PMID- 3984225
TI  - [Changes in motion in the left wall of the heart ventricle during isometric
      loading in patients with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 3984224
TI  - [Prognosis in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia and ventricular
      fibrillation].

PMID- 3984226
TI  - [Chronic ischemic heart disease in persons with chronic bronchitis undergoing
      treatment in a therapeutic facility for tuberculosis and respiratory diseases].

PMID- 3984227
TI  - [Atrial sounds and left ventricular function determined polygraphically in aged
      persons].

PMID- 3984228
TI  - [Risk factors for hypertension in the population of the South Moravia Region].

PMID- 3984229
TI  - [Age--a prognostic factor in Hodgkin's disease].

PMID- 3984230
TI  - [Changes in phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes during
      hemodialysis].

PMID- 3984231
TI  - [Chiraplat, a new hemodialyzer made in Czechoslovakia].

PMID- 3984232
TI  - [Use of amiodarone in the treatment of atrial fibrillation resistant to digoxin.
      I. Ability of amiodarone to convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and its
      short-term maintenance].

PMID- 3984234
TI  - [Smoking and ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 3984233
TI  - [Hemodynamics of acute myocardial infarct. VIII. Noninvasive methods].

PMID- 3984235
TI  - [Differential diagnostic problems in diseases and injuries of the middle ear].

PMID- 3984236
TI  - [A detailed account of a method of determining barbiturates in serum and urine
      using isotachophoresis].

PMID- 3984237
TI  - [Selective care of chronic gangrenous and periapical processes in young soldiers
      during a systematic dental examination].

PMID- 3984238
TI  - [Psychodynamic approach to character neuroses].

PMID- 3984239
TI  - [Anti-HAV and anti-HBs antibodies in immunoglobulin preparations].

PMID- 3984240
TI  - [A proposal for the manufacture of therapeutic suppositories from the Apoteka,
      Osnovna kit].

PMID- 3984241
TI  - [Medical significance of the bacterial extrachromosomal group of genes-
      plasmids].

PMID- 3984242
TI  - [Hemotherapy of hemorrhagic syndromes].

PMID- 3984243
TI  - [Late tamponade after open-heart surgery].

PMID- 3984244
TI  - [Munchausen's syndrome].

PMID- 3984245
TI  - [Malignant neuroleptic syndrome].

PMID- 3984246
TI  - [Rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction in the early post
      hospitalization stage in a suburban sanatorium].

PMID- 3984248
TI  - [Tolerance for physical exertion and its changes in patients with myocardial
      infarction in the second stage of rehabilitation at the Druskininkai health
      resort].

PMID- 3984247
TI  - [Radon therapy in the complex treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease
      and hypertension at the Belokurikha health resort].

PMID- 3984249
TI  - [Hemodynamic and humoral mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of the "travelling"
      impulse magnetic field in hypertension].

PMID- 3984250
TI  - [Determining the intensity of physical loads in patients with hypertension].

PMID- 3984252
TI  - [Effectiveness of pulsating magnetic fields in patients with disorders of spinal
      cord circulation based on data of global and stimulating electromyography].

PMID- 3984251
TI  - [Quantitative thermography after manual therapy].

PMID- 3984253
TI  - [Complex treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Nishka Bania].

PMID- 3984254
TI  - [Effect of water temperature in radon baths on irradiation of the patient's
      body].

PMID- 3984255
TI  - [Modification of the cardiac component in the orthostatic reaction during thermal
      action].

PMID- 3984256
TI  - [Changes in physical work capacity of patients with myocardial infarction under
      the effect of graded bicycle training with preliminary action of magnetic field].

PMID- 3984257
TI  - [Causes of the exacerbation of coronary insufficiency in patients with myocardial
      infarction in the sanatorial stage of rehabilitation].

PMID- 3984258
TI  - [Sodium salicylate electrophoresis and sulfide balneotherapy in the complex
      treatment of children with rheumatism].

PMID- 3984259
TI  - [Health resort treatment and physical therapy in Poland].

PMID- 3984261
TI  - [Manual therapy of vertebrogenic cardialgia].

PMID- 3984260
TI  - [Substantiation of the lower limit of dissolved salts in mineral waters].

PMID- 3984262
TI  - [A device for phonophoresis of the breast].

PMID- 3984263
TI  - [A new ultraviolet irradiation unit, the Elektronika UFO-01-250N].

PMID- 3984264
TI  - [Biological activity of urocanic acid].
AB  - Biological activity of urocanic acid was studied in a culture of CaOV cell in
      vitro and in mice with transferred tumors in vivo. Efficiency of urocanic acid in
      vitro was estimated by the rate of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine as well as 3H
      lysine incorporation into cells, and in vivo by its influence on the tumor mass
      and on life duration of the tumor-bearing mice. Urocanic acid inhibited the
      protein synthesis in tumoral cells at the step of translation, retarding growth
      of various strains of transferring tumors in mice. The use of urocanic acid as an
      antitumoral drug is promising because the palliative effect obtained may be
      reinforced.

PMID- 3984265
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation in myocardial mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in
      short-term impairment of coronary circulation].
AB  - After short-term coronary insufficiency caused by administration of vasopressin,
      content of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates was increased in mitochondria
      and sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit myocardium. The alterations observed were
      prevented by means of preadministration of antioxidant belonging to 1,4
      dihydropyridines.

PMID- 3984266
TI  - [Characteristics of hemoglycolysis in patients with chronic ischemic heart
      disease complicated by circulatory insufficiency].
AB  - Alterations in the patterns of hemoglycolysis (ATP, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate,
      glucose, lactate, pyruvate) were studied after incubation of erythrocytes from 98
      patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and 27 practically healthy persons.
      The incubation of erythrocytes within 2 hrs enabled to detect the typical
      impairments in regulation of glycolysis occurring in erythrocytes of the patients
      as well as to find two main types of its alteration, corresponding to clinical
      manifestations in the circulation insufficiency.

PMID- 3984267
TI  - [Monoamine oxidase in the rat brain in short-term exposure to high temperature].
AB  - Influence of short-term hyperthermia on the activity of mitochondrial monoamine
      oxidase in rat brain stem and kinetic parameters of serotonin deamination were
      studied. A decrease of the MAO activity at low concentrations of serotonin was
      found.

PMID- 3984268
TI  - [Changes in fibronectin biosynthesis in human embryonal fibroblasts with trisomy
      for chromosomes 7 and 9].
AB  - Biosynthesis of fibronectin in 2 strains of aneuploid human fibroblasts with
      trisomy by chromosomes 7 and 9 was about 2-fold decreased as compared with normal
      diploid fibroblasts. The most distinct decrease of the fibronectin biosynthesis
      was observed at the logarithmic phase of the cell culture growth. The cells with
      anomalous karyotype exhibited also the decreased rate of secretion of the impulse
      labelled fibronectin. The decrease in the rate of fibronectin and collagen
      production (main proteins of intercellular substance) in fibroblasts with the
      chromosomes anomalies might be responsible for irreversible impairments of the
      embryo development, resulting in spontaneous abortion.

PMID- 3984269
TI  - [Isolation and various properties of cholesterol esterase from swine liver].
AB  - Neutral cholesterol esterase from cytosol of porcine liver tissue was isolated by
      means of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE- and CM cellulose and gel filtration
      on Sepharose 6B. Specific activity of the isolated cholesterol esterase using
      cholesteryl-14C-oleate as substrate was 61.2 nmole/mg/hr. Total activity of the
      enzyme was increased during ion-exchange chromatography as a result of removing
      of possible inhibitors or endogenic lipids. The enzyme was separated by means of
      gel filtration on Sepharose 6B into 3 active forms with molecular masses,
      approximately 200,000, 60,000 and 30,000 daltons. Cholesterol esterase from
      porcine liver tissue was distinct from the pancreatic enzyme by its ability to
      hydrolyze substrate in absence of bile acids.

PMID- 3984270
TI  - [Teaching of biochemistry in a medical school].

PMID- 3984271
TI  - [Methods of acetylcholine determination].

PMID- 3984272
TI  - [Study of the antioxidative activity of anti-inflammatory agents].
AB  - Antioxidative activity of analginum, amidopyrine, butadion, acetylsalicilic acid,
      ascorbic and mephenamine acids, indometacin, bruphene, voltarene, delagil,
      prednisolone and hydrocortisone was studied. The antioxidative activity was
      estimated by means of inhibition of chemoluminescence in liver mitochondria and
      blood serum as well as by evaluation of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates
      content. Lipid peroxidation was shown to accelerate in inflammation as shown by
      accumulation of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates. The drugs studied
      inhibited lipid peroxidation in intact animals and in animals with experimental
      inflammation.

PMID- 3984273
TI  - [Changes in the phospholipid-phospholipid ratio and lipid peroxidation in the
      heart muscle in experimental myocardial infarction before and after combined
      antioxidant therapy].
AB  - Dynamics of quantitative relations between neutral and acid phospholipids in
      rabbit myocardium was studied with simultaneous registration of lipid free
      radical oxidation (estimated by malonic dialdehyde content) in NADP-dependent
      system of oxidation within various periods after simulation of myocardial
      infarction in the animals treated with alpha-tocopherol and sodium nucleinate 2
      and 25 mg/kg of body mass, respectively) and did not receiving the drugs. The
      complex treatment led to normalization of qualitative and quantitative relations
      between phospholipids in the impaired myocardium and to decrease the lipid
      peroxidation in myocardium infarction.

PMID- 3984274
TI  - [Energy metabolism in the kidney cortex of rats with alloxan diabetes].
AB  - Activity of lactate dehydrogenase was decreased in kidney cortex of rats with
      alloxane diabetes. The lactate dehydrogenase activity, catalyzing the lactate
      transformation into pyruvate, was increased. Activation of the pentosephosphate
      pathway enzymes was the characteristic property of metabolism impairments in
      kidney tissue under conditions of alloxane diabetes.

PMID- 3984275
TI  - [The effect of o,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane on malic enzyme activity of
      the adrenal glands].
AB  - Activity of malate enzymes was studied in human, dog, guinea pig, rat and cattle
      adrenal glands. The malate enzymes were inhibited in dog adrenal glands after
      feeding of the animals with 1,1-dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)
      ethane (o, p-DDD, chloditane, mitotane). The rate of NADP reduction was also
      decreased if o, p-DDD was added into preparations of dog adrenal gland slices or
      homogenates in vitro. At the same time, o, p-DDD did not influence on cytosole
      malate enzymes. Guinea pigs were highly resistant to the adrenocorticolytic
      action of o, p-DDD; activity of malate enzymes in adrenal glands of the animals
      was unaltered after intramuscular or per os administration of the drug. In vitro
      o, p-DDD did not alter the activity of malate enzymes in guinea pig adrenal gland
      slices or cytosole but reduced the activity in homogenates.

PMID- 3984276
TI  - [Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase in progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy].
AB  - In children with progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy distinct impairment in
      activity, of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase from skeletal muscles correlated
      with the step of myodystrophic process. The decrease in activity of monoamine
      oxidase in mitochondria of skeletal muscles, occurred with simultaneous increase
      in intensity of amines deamination in a medium surrounding the organelles, might
      de due to "leakage" of the enzyme as a result of deterioration of mitochondrial
      membranes permeability developed in the disease.

PMID- 3984277
TI  - [Determination of free serum phenol by gas-liquid chromatography in
      hemosorption].
AB  - A modified procedure is developed for estimation of free phenol in blood serum by
      means of gas-liquid chromatography, appropriate in clinico-biochemical assays.
      The method enabled to evacuate the blood serum free phenol in healthy persons as
      well as in various pathologies of abdominal cavity before and after hemosorption.
      After hemosorption a distinct decrease of the free phenol content was observed in
      blood, correlating with improved clinico-biochemical patterns of the patients,
      with a decrease in encephalopathy manifestations as well as with normalization of
      the neurological status.

PMID- 3984278
TI  - [Homocarnosine levels in various regions of the rat brain and blood in hypoxia
      and after hyperbaric oxygenation].
AB  - Content of homocarnosine was studied in rat brain departments and blood after
      hypoxia (9,000 m, 60 min) and hyperoxia (0.3 mPa of oxygen, 60 min) following the
      hypoxia. In hypoxia content of homocarnosine was unaltered in brain hemispheres
      and medulla oblongata, it was increased by 41% in midbrain and cerebellum and by
      80% in blood. Simultaneous effect of hypoxia and hyperbaric oxygenation decreased
      the homocarnosine content in brain hemispheres by 22%, in midbrain and
      diencephalon by 61%, in medulla oblongata by 34%, in cerebellum by 66% and in
      blood by 39%. Thus, therapeutic doses of hyperbaric oxygenation did not normalize
      the homocarnosine content in brain of animals with hypoxia.

PMID- 3984279
TI  - [In vivo activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in various pathological
      conditions].
AB  - Activity of enzymes, metabolizing drugs, was studied in acute kidney
      insufficiency and acute purulent peritonitis of rabbits using antipyrine test. In
      these pathological states the antipyrine half-life was increased and clearance
      was decreased, thus demonstrating the inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes.
      The data obtained suggest that the antipyrine test may exhibit the rate of drug
      metabolism in pathological conditions.

PMID- 3984280
TI  - [Ornithine decarboxylase activity of human leukocytes].
AB  - Activity of ornithine decarboxylase was studied in human leukocytes exhibiting
      various proliferative activity. The enzymatic activity might be estimated without
      obligatory destruction of the cells and fractionation of the cell lysates. In
      leukocytes of healthy persons the rate of ornithine decarboxylase activity
      depended on belonging of the cells to myeloid or lymphoid forms: the enzyme
      activity was higher in lymphocytes as compared with granulocytes. In blast cells
      of blood of patients with acute leukosis the higher activity of ornithine
      decarboxylase was found as compared with adult leukocytes although it did not
      exceed the enzymatic activity in medullar cells of healthy persons. Evaluation of
      the dynamic alterations in ornithine decarboxylase activity in leukocytes of the
      patients with leukoses might be used as a test for early determination of the
      actively proliferated hemopoietic cells.

PMID- 3984281
TI  - [Effect of jogging on lipid peroxidation, blood coagulation and anti-aggregation
      properties of the vascular wall].
AB  - In a group of volunteers of different age, engaged in health-improving running
      for various time, a level of antioxidants and a capacity of vascular wall to
      synthesize the antiaggregating substances were increased as well as blood
      coagulation parameters were decreased. These alterations were especially
      important for men because of the favourable effect of the running on blood
      rheology and microcirculation as well as on metabolism of cell and tissues.

PMID- 3984282
TI  - [Treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis and concomitant
      obesity with a hyposensitizing reducing diet].

PMID- 3984283
TI  - [Nutrition of patients with ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension in
      the general population].
AB  - A representative randomized sample of 525 men aged 40-59 years was examined in
      one of the regions of Moscow. The diet was studied by the method of a one-day
      questionnaire. Coronary heart disease (CHD) was revealed in 59 subjects, arterial
      hypertension (AH) in 51. Analysis of the means of food consumption and energy
      sources in subjects with and without CHD showed significant differences to
      manifest only in less consumption of carbohydrates and calories per kg bw by CHD
      patients. Application of discriminant analysis showed that age and consumption of
      carbohydrates per kg bw are informative signs that distinguish CHD patients from
      subjects without CHD. CHD patients were older and consumed less carbohydrates.
      Analysis of the means of food consumption and energy sources by AH patients and
      subjects without AH revealed differences in food cholesterol consumption per kg
      bw. It appeared to be lower in AH patients. Discriminant analysis demonstrated
      highly significant differences in the age of the examinees as well as in
      cholesterol (in mg per kg bw) and refined sugar consumption (in per cent of the
      energy value). Subjects with AH were older and consumed less food cholesterol and
      refined sugar, which, in all probability, is linked with a change in the pattern
      of nutrition caused by illness.

PMID- 3984284
TI  - [Body function in nutrition with a diet made up of canned products during
      acclimatization to a hot climate].
AB  - Eight physically trained male volunteers living in tropical countries were
      examined. Being under high physical load they were given the diet (for 3 weeks)
      containing food concentrates and canned food with a caloric value of 3860
      calories. Energy expenditures amounted to 3600-4100 kcal/day. According to the
      physiological data the central and peripheral nervous systems and higher nervous
      activity remained unchanged throughout the entire observation period. As shown by
      the PWC170 test, the orthostatic stability and exercise tolerance were lowered at
      the initial period of the living in hot climate. Subjectively this was manifested
      by excessive fatigue toward the end of the working day. All the characteristics
      under study returned to normal by the 10th day of living in hot climate. The data
      obtained indicate that under the conditions of hot climate and appreciable
      physical loading, it is necessary to take into account the changes in body
      function in order to improve the diet for the people to be able to get adapted to
      the conditions in question.

PMID- 3984285
TI  - [Characteristics of lipid metabolic indices of food industry workers].
AB  - Irrational diet is among the risk factors of the development of lipid metabolism
      abnormalities and associated disorders of the cardiovascular system. To prevent
      these conditions, it is necessary to be aware of the content of individual lipids
      in the blood serum and to study the mechanisms of their changes. Lipid metabolism
      was explored in the workers engaged in food industry of the city of Vilnius in
      terms of the relationship to such factors as age, sex, body weight, relative
      weight of the fatty, osseous and muscle tissues. It has been demonstrated that
      the content of cholesterol esters and triglycerides in the blood serum appeared
      helpful in finding differences between the workers' groups from different
      factories. Lipid metabolism was also investigated by means of correlation and
      regression analysis.

PMID- 3984286
TI  - [Effect of food intake on the weight and length of the small intestine in white
      rats exposed to irradiation].

PMID- 3984287
TI  - [Contamination of food products with patulin].
AB  - Based on the method for patulin determination designed by the authors the rate
      and level of contamination of fruit, vegetables and foods manufactured from them
      (juices, purees, jams) with this mycotoxin were studied. Patulin was found in 8
      out of 160 samples of fruit and vegetables, the highest concentration of patulin
      was identified in the berries of sea buckthorn (up to 54 000 micrograms/kg).
      Patulin was found in 28 out of 185 samples of foods manufactured from fruit. The
      concentration of patulin in juices did not exceed the allowable concentrations on
      the average. Patulin was largely identified in apple, sea buckthorn and plum
      juices.

PMID- 3984288
TI  - [Food inhibitors of the formation of carcinogenic nitroso compounds].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of plant preparations, pectin, plantastin,
      tiliaflan, cholosas and carbonic acid phytoextract from the fruit of the
      Umbelliferae family (CO2-EP) on the synthesis of carcinogenous
      nitrosodimethylamine from amidopyrine and sodium nitrite. Gas chromatography made
      in vitro and in short-term experiments on animals demonstrated plantastin to
      display an inhibitory action, which was less marked for tiliaflan, CO2-EP and
      cholosas. The system of experiments in question may be recommended for
      preliminary screening of the inhibitors of nitrosation with a purpose of using
      them for the prophylaxis of carcinogenesis induced by nitroso compounds.

PMID- 3984289
TI  - [Volatile N-nitrosamines in sausage products].
AB  - The authors studied the content of volatile N-nitrosamines (NA) in the most
      common sausage products. It was established that the total content of NA in
      sausage products is not high and ranges from trace amounts up to 10 micrograms/kg
      product. The allowable doses of nitrite in the sausage manufacture being low, no
      relationship was discovered between the content of NA and residual nitrite in
      meat products.

PMID- 3984290
TI  - [Biochemical quality assessment of broiler production using a hydrogen bacteria
      biomass in the diet].
AB  - The authors studied the biochemical composition of the meat of broilers, eggs,
      liver and muscles of laying hens of 3 generations on a 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100%
      (broilers), 10 and 20% (laying hens) replacement of the animal protein quota in
      the diet by protein obtained from the hydrogen bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus L
      1. No deterioration of the quality of the produce was found from the standpoint
      of the main biochemical parameters.

PMID- 3984292
TI  - [Fractional and amino acid composition of krill proteins and the potential for
      obtaining protein preparations].
AB  - Studies of the fractional composition of krill proteins demonstrated that the
      content of protein fractions changes depending on the time of krill catch. The
      highest amount of water-soluble proteins is contained by krill caught in December
      (64%), of salt-soluble by krill caught in June (12%), base-soluble by krill
      caught in May, September and February (34%). Krill protein contains from 50 to
      60% of water- and salt-soluble fractions. Analysis of the amino acid composition
      of krill proteins showed that it does not differ essentially from that of
      adequate food proteins.

PMID- 3984291
TI  - [Oxidative stability of the lipids in whitefish].
AB  - The manometric technique was employed to study the initiated oxidation of 7
      samples of whitefish lipids of varying sites, to measure the kinetic parameters
      depending on the fatty acid composition and concentration of tocopherol. Changes
      in oxidative stability of lipids of varying localization was shown, a higher
      stability of muscle tissue lipids was noted as compared with brain and depot
      lipids. The possibility of testing oxidative stability of lipids according to the
      kinetic parameters is discussed.

PMID- 3984293
TI  - [The need to elaborate a concept of directed (goal-oriented) human nutrition].

PMID- 3984294
TI  - [Role of nutritional disorders in shaping obstructive syndromes in infants in the
      1st year of life suffering from acute respiratory infection].

PMID- 3984295
TI  - [Tocopherol content in whitefish and its products].

PMID- 3984296
TI  - [Experience in using polyunsaturated fatty acids in the combined sanatorium and
      health resort treatment of patients with stage-I ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 3984297
TI  - [Training of specialists from epidemiological health service institutions in the
      problems of nutritional hygiene as a form of introducing scientific
      developments].

PMID- 3984298
TI  - HBeAg/anti-HBe determination with a new monoclonal immunoradiometric assay.
AB  - The performance of two assays for the HBeAg/anti-HBe system associated with
      hepatitis B virus infection, using monoclonal (EBK-Sorin) and polyclonal (HBe
      Abbott) antibodies, has been compared. The results on a random population (1,000
      samples) demonstrated for the monoclonal reagent a higher sensitivity, without
      any loss in specificity, and with the further advantage of the use of lower
      radioactivity levels. The proportion of positives and negatives obtained with the
      two kits was found to remain unchanged in the case of HBeAg, while a markedly
      larger percentage of positives (7% higher) was detected for anti-HBe using the
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 3984299
TI  - Comparative function of centrifugal apheresis devices.
AB  - The function of four apheresis devices has been evaluated to obtain comparative
      data on performance and safety. Granulocyte yields were highest with the CS-3000
      with 1.7 X 10(10) cells, but this preparation also contained 4.5 X 10(11)
      platelets; plateletpheresis gave ranges of 3.4 X 10(11) to 4.5 X 10(11) cells.
      The amount of blood processed to obtain these yields varied greatly, ranging from
      2.4 to 7 liters. Studies done on the donor return line showed no significant
      effects of the process. Comparative results on the efficacy of plasma exchange
      showed relatively little red cell contamination with any of these devices, but
      significant (6.9 X 10(10) platelet removal in the Fenwal bag.

PMID- 3984301
TI  - Stabilization of red blood cells by the plasticizer, diethylhexylphthalate.
AB  - The red blood cells of blood stored in containers made of polyvinylchloride (PVC)
      film are osmotically more stable and lose on average about 1/3 less hemoglobin
      than when blood is stored in another plastic [poly-(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate);
      EEA]. The stability of uniform volumes of stored red blood cells varies directly
      with PVC surface area, whereas changes in EEA surface area have comparatively
      little or no effect. PVC contains high concentrations of the plasticizer,
      diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), known to migrate into blood and to have a high
      potential for toxicity. To determine if DEHP could be the red cell stabilizing
      agent in PVC, whole blood was stored in containers made from EEA into which was
      incorporated varying amounts of DEHP. Incorporation of DEHP into EEA
      significantly reduced erythrocyte osmotic fragility (p = 0.01). The degree of
      reduced fragility correlated with the level of DEHP in the cell phase implicating
      DEHP in PVC containers as the stabilizing agent for red cells.

PMID- 3984300
TI  - Biochemistry of whole blood in poly(ethylene-co-ethylacrylate) experimental blood
      containers.
AB  - The biochemical status of whole blood stored in containers fabricated of ethylene
      ethylacrylate (EEA) film was monitored at several times during 4 weeks of storage
      at 4 degrees C. Fifteen biochemical indicators were studied to reflect on
      erythrocyte integrity, cellular metabolism, plasma protein stability, and
      microaggregate formation. Comparison to storage in polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
      containers was made by distributing aliquots from each unit of blood among the
      containers being compared. Whole blood in EEA developed significantly higher
      levels of plasma hemoglobin, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, and D-glycerate-2,3
      diphosphate (2,3-DPG), and somewhat greater glucose utilization, lactate
      production, and pH. These biochemical differences were not of great magnitude and
      the data suggest that EEA containers are compatible with the storage of whole
      blood.

PMID- 3984302
TI  - 'Partial inhibition' of anti-Rg and anti-Ch reagents. I. Assessment for Rg/Ch
      typing by inhibition.
AB  - Many examples of anti-Rg (Rodgers) and anti-Ch (Chido) have been studied by
      titration-inhibition to assess their ability to detect partial inhibition (p.i.).
      Generally, anti-Rg distinguishes the inhibition type Rg+ from Rg(+) (p.i.) and Rg
      , whereas anti-Ch distinguishes Ch- from Ch+ and Ch(+) (p.i.). Serological
      procedures for the detection of p.i. in random samples and the results of typing
      one family, apparently giving anomalous results, are discussed.

PMID- 3984303
TI  - International Society of Blood Transfusion. A model for a national blood policy.

PMID- 3984304
TI  - Recommendations adopted by the General Assembly of the International Society of
      Blood Transfusion. XVIIIth Congress, Munich, July 22-7, 1984.

PMID- 3984305
TI  - Therapeutic cytapheresis using the Fenwal CS-3000 blood cell separator.
AB  - 20 patients, 16 with acute or chronic leukemia and 4 with thrombocytosis,
      underwent 47 therapeutic cytapheresis procedures using the Fenwal CS-3000 cell
      separator. 16 of the 20 patients had acute clinical signs or symptoms secondary
      to high circulating cell counts; 14 showed symptomatic improvement following
      cytapheresis. An average of 2.0 whole blood volumes was processed per procedure.
      A mean white cell reduction of 64% and a mean platelet reduction of 53% were
      obtained per procedure on patients with leukemia and thrombocytosis,
      respectively. Hemoglobin levels decreased an average of 1.3 g/dl. Therapeutic
      cytapheresis procedures in which more than 1.5 blood volumes were processed did
      not result in significant additional cytoreduction.

PMID- 3984306
TI  - Column ion exchange chromatographic production of human immune serum globulin for
      intravenous use.
AB  - Column ion exchange chromatographic processes were developed for the production
      of immune serum globulin (ISG) for intravenous use. Sequential chromatography on
      two cross-linked agarose gel anion exchangers yielded the same
      immunoelectrophoretic pure ISG as a single column DEAE-Sephadex procedure with
      the advantage of repeated 'in column' cycling. ISG with a low content of
      aggregated IgG and low anticomplementary activity was prepared from plasma with
      53-69% efficiency. The ISG prepared by these processes was characterized with
      respect to the content of IgA, prekallikrein activator (PKA), plasminogen,
      fragmentation, and heavy chain subclass distribution.

PMID- 3984307
TI  - A new assay for fibronectin opsonic activity and its application to plasma and
      plasma fractions.
AB  - A homologous assay system for human plasma fibronectin opsonic activity is
      presented. The system utilizes peripheral leukocytes purified from leukocyte
      concentrates and a metabolizable, radiolabeled lipid emulsion which has been
      gelatin-coated. The uptake of radiolabeled lipid was shown to depend on the
      presence of fibronectin and was stimulated by the addition of heparin. Both
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes were active in this system.
      That at least a portion of the incorporated radiolabeled lipid emulsion was
      phagocytosed was indicated through the use of metabolic inhibitors, trypsin, and
      direct electron microscopic observation. This assay was applied to the analysis
      of donor plasma and plasma fractions. Opsonic activity levels measured with this
      assay system were shown to correlate (p = 0.05) with the level of fibronectin
      antigen in 17 samples of dialyzed normal donor plasma. Fibronectin opsonic
      activity was retained by outdated liquid plasma, cryo-depleted plasma, and
      cryoprecipitate; however, Cohn fraction I appeared to lose considerable
      fibronectin opsonic activity relative to fibronectin antigen.

PMID- 3984308
TI  - Detection of IgG anti-Lewis (a) antibodies in cord sera by kinetic Elisa.
AB  - Lewis blood group antibodies rarely, if ever, cause hemolytic disease of the
      newborn. This observation has been attributed to the absence both of Lewis
      antigens on fetal cells and of maternal IgG Lewis antibody. In the present study,
      sera from 13 mother-infant pairs were tested for the presence of anti-Lewis (a)
      by hemagglutination and by a sensitive and specific kinetic enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. By routine hemagglutination methods, anti-Lea was present in
      all maternal samples but absent in all cord samples. By kinetic enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, IgG anti-Lea was present in 13 of 13 maternal samples and in
      12 of 13 cord samples. These results indicate that IgG anti-Lea antibodies are
      common and do cross the placenta. This suggests that they do not cause hemolytic
      disease of the newborn because of the low levels of Lewis antigens on fetal red
      cells.

PMID- 3984309
TI  - A two-stage immunoradiometric assay with 125I-staphylococcal protein A for the
      detection of antibodies and complement on human blood cells.
AB  - A sensitive two-stage immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using unlabeled specific
      antiglobulin sera followed by binding of radiolabeled staphylococcal protein A
      has been developed for detection of human IgG, IgM, IgA and complement C3 on
      human blood cells. In an experimental model system, purified human
      immunoglobulins (Ig) were coupled onto red blood cells, platelets, and
      leukocytes. The Ig-coated red blood cells were analyzed in parallel by three
      methods: the radioimmune antiglobulin test with radiolabeled anti-Ig; the
      radiolabeled staphyloccal protein A test, and the IRMA. Of the three methods
      evaluated, the latter was found to be sensitive and the easiest to perform. The
      applicability of the IRMA was established by investigating a group of 14 selected
      patients with autoimmune warm type hemolytic anemia. We observed that the IRMA
      detected cell-bound antibodies (IgG and/or IgM) in several cases where
      conventional assays yielded negative results.

PMID- 3984310
TI  - Use of synthetic antigens with the carbohydrate structure of asialoglycophorin A
      for the specification of Thomsen-Friedenreich antibodies.
AB  - The panagglutination phenomenon described by Thomsen and Friedenreich (TF) is due
      to the reaction of naturally occurring TF-antibodies with the carbohydrate group
      beta-D-Gal-(1-3)-D-GalNAc of desialylated glycophorin A, the major glycoprotein
      component of the erythrocyte membrane. The specificity of human TF-antibodies
      reacting with this disaccharide was investigated by hemagglutination inhibition
      assay and radioimmunoassay using various synthetic oligosaccharides and
      neoglycoproteins as well as asialoglycophorin A. The results indicate that TF
      antibodies represent a heterogeneous mixture of carbohydrate-specific antibodies.
      The disaccharide beta-D-Gal-(1-3)-D-GalNAc is the common structure recognized by
      all TF-antibodies. However, the conjugation mode of the carbohydrate to the
      carrier protein is important for defining the specificity of different
      subpopulations of TF-antibodies. The immunological reaction depends on the
      configuration of the glycosidical linkage as well as on the chemical nature of
      the aglycon, which is coupled to the disaccharide. These findings suggest that
      the heterogeneity of natural TF-antigens is due to the wide distribution of the
      carbohydrate structure beta-D-Gal-(1-3)-D-GalNAc. The characterization of TF- or
      TF-like antibodies directed to particular natural TF-antigens (e.g.
      asialoglycophorin A, tumor TF-antigens, glycolipids, bacterial antigens) requires
      TF-analogues, which contain the additional molecular regions together with the TF
      disaccharide. These structures, apart from the TF-hapten, are obviously important
      for defining the immunodeterminant group of TF-antigens of different origin.

PMID- 3984311
TI  - [Myoclonal cerebellar dyssynergia].

PMID- 3984312
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of multiple traumatic meningeal hematomas].

PMID- 3984313
TI  - [Complex treatment of chronic bronchitis in coal miners].

PMID- 3984315
TI  - [Evaluation of work schedules of physicians in infectious disease departments].

PMID- 3984314
TI  - [Experimental-clinical substantiation of treatment with hyperbaric oxygenation of
      patients with dust-induced bronchitis].

PMID- 3984316
TI  - [Organization of the activities of district and city gastroenterologists].

PMID- 3984317
TI  - [Lesions of the gallbladder and biliary tract in periodic disease].

PMID- 3984318
TI  - [Effect of levamisole and sodium nucleinate on immunologic indicators in patients
      with liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 3984319
TI  - [Liver function in patients with alcoholic delirium].

PMID- 3984320
TI  - [Epidural-sacral block in the complex treatment of acute hemorrhoids].

PMID- 3984321
TI  - [Rapid diagnosis of lung diseases using contact liquid crystalline thermography].

PMID- 3984322
TI  - [Phagocytic function of leukocytes in patients with chronic diffuse bronchitis].

PMID- 3984323
TI  - [Effectiveness of intrabronchial administration of rifampicin in the treatment of
      patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 3984324
TI  - [Velospiroergometric tests in the diagnosis of initial stages of coronary and
      cardiac insufficiency in patients with rheumatism].

PMID- 3984325
TI  - [Value of electrocardiographic studies and graded physical loads for the
      detection of latent and torpid forms of rheumatism].

PMID- 3984326
TI  - [Indicators of erythrocytic hemostasis in patients with rheumatism of minimal
      degree of activity].

PMID- 3984328
TI  - [Central and peripheral hemodynamics in patients with chronic ischemic heart
      disease].

PMID- 3984327
TI  - [Myocardial infarction in a patient with cardiac myxoma].

PMID- 3984329
TI  - [Changes in the automatism of the sinoatrial node and sinoatrial conduction in
      patients with paroxysmal forms of atrial fibrillation].

PMID- 3984330
TI  - [Case of transient Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].

PMID- 3984331
TI  - [Clinical significance of prolongation of the Q-T interval on the
      electrocardiogram].

PMID- 3984333
TI  - [Prevention and rehabilitation of patients with cardio-pulmonary insufficiency].

PMID- 3984332
TI  - [Structural basis and morphogenesis of ischemic heart disease in young persons].

PMID- 3984334
TI  - [Functional state of arterioles in patients with hypertension].

PMID- 3984335
TI  - [Work capacity of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 3984336
TI  - [Nootropic drugs in the acute period of cerebral stroke].

PMID- 3984337
TI  - [Lipid spectrum of blood in patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the
      abdominal aorta and arteries of the lower limbs].

PMID- 3984338
TI  - [Renal function in unilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis].

PMID- 3984340
TI  - [Evaluation of changes in serum proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in
      patients with multiple myeloma].

PMID- 3984339
TI  - [Relation between peptic ulcer and gastroduodenitis in chronic tonsillitis].

PMID- 3984341
TI  - [Optimal method of drug therapy of parkinsonism patients].

PMID- 3984342
TI  - [Prostaglandins in the cardiovascular system--of importance clinically?].
AB  - Prostaglandins are biologically extremely active substances and an important role
      has been attributed to them in particular with respect to pathophysiology of the
      cardiovascular system. In contrast to the extremely potent biological effects in
      vitro the therapeutic results have been varied so far. On the basis of these
      reports it has been prematurely concluded that prostaglandins are not of clinical
      importance. The fact that primary defects, as well as defects associated with the
      presence of other diseases, occur in conjunction with a disturbance in
      haemostatic regulation is gaining increasing attention. In contrast to the
      findings with coagulation disturbances, defects in the prostaglandin system seem
      predominantly to affect the arterial system. With increasing specificity of
      detection methods and broadening of the methodological spectrum the number of
      defects detected in the prostaglandin system is increasing. The place of
      prostaglandins in the development of vascular diseases and their importance with
      respect to clinical treatment cannot be assessed definitely as yet in view of the
      insufficiency of information in all areas at present.

PMID- 3984343
TI  - [Effect of 24-day exercise therapy on induced thrombocyte aggregation in
      peripheral arterial occlusive disease in Fontaine stage II].
AB  - ADP and collagen induced platelet aggregation (PA) was studied in 18 patients
      suffering from arterial occlusive disease (stage II Fontaine) before and after a
      standardized treadmill test before and after 24 days of exercise training. At the
      beginning of this therapy collagen induced PA after treadmill testing was
      increased (amplitude +11.29%, p less than 0.05, maximal slope +18.57%, p less
      than 0.05, integrated area +15.23%, p less than 0.05), whereas ADP induced PA
      showed no consistent alteration. After the 24-day treatment period increase in
      collagen induced PA was considerably smaller (amplitude +7.48%, n.s., maximal
      slope +7.35%, n.s., integrated area +11.99%, p less than 0.05), whereas ADP
      induced PA again showed no consistent changes. Since the treadmill exercise
      induced PA showed a negative linear correlation with the claudication provoking
      walking distance the smaller increase in PA after treatment was considered to be
      due to the improved metabolic situation following exercise therapy.

PMID- 3984344
TI  - Platelets in the platelet-vessel wall interaction.
AB  - Ultrastructural and biochemical aspects of reversible and non-reversible platelet
      vessel wall interaction are presented. Special attention is directed towards the
      role of release products of platelets, the plasmatic coagulation factors and the
      prostaglandin system. An up-to-date view of the role of platelet-vessel wall
      interaction in atherogenesis is discussed.

PMID- 3984345
TI  - [Lymphatic reaction presenting as immunocytoma within the framework of
      carcinomas].
AB  - Case histories are presented of 2 patients in whom the occurrence of several
      signs indicated the presence of an immunocytoma. A 56 year-old man presented with
      marked splenomegaly and a lymphocytosis in peripheral blood picture. Lymphatic
      infiltrates were demonstrated in the bone marrow and liver. During the course of
      the disease the initial monoclonal gammopathy and the lymphocytosis disappeared.
      An extensive carcinoma of the stomach became clinically manifest one year later.
      In the second patient, a 74 year-old man, lymph node swelling, monoclonal
      gammopathy and bone-marrow cytology indicated lymphatic disease. There was no
      indication of carcinoma in spite of extensive investigations. The patients died
      three years later of a hypernephroma. Both patients demonstrated no sign of
      lymphatic disease at autopsy and, hence, a lymphatic reaction must be diagnosed
      retrospectively.

PMID- 3984346
TI  - [Prognostic factors in myelodysplastic syndromes: analysis of 72 cases].
AB  - 72 patients were diagnosed as suffering from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
      according to the FAB classification: 16 patients with refractory anaemia (RA), 11
      patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia (AISA), 14 patients with
      refractory anaemia with an excess of blast cells (RAEB), 7 patients with RAEB in
      transformation (RAEB/t) and 24 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia
      (CMML). The duration of the preleukaemic phase was between 2 and 189 months
      (median: 15 months); RAEB in transformation and CMML showed a median phase of
      less than 12 months. Transformation into acute leukaemia (AL) occurred in 46
      patients (64%). Of the clinical signs only thrombocytopenia was a significant
      poor prognostic factor (p less than 0.01). Cytogenetic studies were made in 31
      patients. 14 had clonal aneuploidy: these patients had a higher risk of AL, but
      not a significantly shorter preleukaemic phase (p greater than 0.1). Stem cell
      cultures (CFUc) were carried out in 31 patients. Patients without colony growth
      or only cluster growth showed a high incidence (10/11 and 8/8) of transformation
      into AL; preleukaemic phases were significantly shorter than in patients with
      normal colony growth or cluster + colony growth in all FAB subgroups (p less than
      0.001). The bone marrow blast cell count was indirectly proportional to the
      duration of the preleukaemic phase: thrombocytopenia, cytogenic aberrations and
      failure of in vitro colony growth are additional poor prognostic factors in MDS.

PMID- 3984347
TI  - [Classification of depression].
AB  - The results of recent research indicate that the traditional subdivision of
      depressive disorders into a "biological" ("endogenous") and a "psychosocial"
      ("neurotic") type cannot be upheld in this simple categorical form today. This is
      demonstrated by referring to such new developments as the construction of
      international compromise classification systems, the formulation of operational
      research diagnosis criteria, attempts at validating diagnostic formulations by
      external variables (such as biological markers) and the introduction of
      multiaxial diagnostic systems. The use of a "polydiagnostic" approach to
      psychiatric research is recommended, i.e. to use several diagnostic formulations
      for subtyping depression simultaneously in psychiatric research. It is
      anticipated that by applying the "polydiagnostic" approach the growing
      uncertainty and confusion in the subclassification of depression can be reduced.

PMID- 3984349
TI  - [Depression in childhood and adolescence].
AB  - Depressive syndromes in childhood and adolescence are distinguished by their
      varied and diverse symptomatology. They often lack the leading symptoms
      characteristic of the adult depressive state due to the pathoplasticity which
      accompanies development. Hence, it appears all the more important to achieve
      pragmatically-orientated nosological approach, with due consideration to
      pluralistic modes of therapeutic management. An attempt is made to present such a
      nosological concept on the basis of experience gained in the study of a
      collective of out-patient juveniles with depressive states.

PMID- 3984348
TI  - [Epidemiology of depression].
AB  - The enormous variation in values quoted in the literature concerning the
      occurrence of depressive diseases is caused by the lack of standardized
      diagnostic criteria. The difficulties of epidemiological research arise from
      nosological differentiation within the range of depressive diseases, from case
      identification and case definition. Further problems result from the limiting
      definitions of depressive disturbances, in respect to variations within the
      healthy condition on the one hand, and to signs and symptoms of other diseases,
      on the other hand. Moreover, it is not clear from most of the relevant
      epidemiological literature whether the investigation of depressive states refers
      to nosological diagnoses, to descriptive syndromes or to symptoms. We undertook
      the psychiatric investigation of the entire adult population (1337 in number) of
      an alpine valley. The comprehensive method of case finding in our seven-year
      epidemiological field study revealed an incidence of 3.9% of affective psychoses.
      Hence, the true prevalence rate of endogenous manic-depressive disease seems to
      lie somewhere between 3 and 4% of the total population. This rate is confirmed by
      projection of the results of other studies.

PMID- 3984350
TI  - [Forensic psychiatry problems in depression].
AB  - Forensic complications involving criminal or civil law are generally rare in
      depressive disorders, but are of varied nature and of great consequence to the
      person concerned. Suicide, which is the problem of greatest practical importance
      may have far-reaching consequences with regard to legal insurance, apart from the
      medical responsibility or liability. From the point of view of civil law,
      moreover, the effects of depression on thought and action, as well as on free
      will with respect to legal capacity, testifiability, marriageability,
      actionability and potential considerations of interdiction ought to be examined.
      Last, but not least, consequences of a socio-legal nature may ensue. The spectrum
      of possible crimes by depressed subjects essentially comprises disease
      characteristic offences, amongst which the desperate deed of extended suicide is
      foremost, as well as other criminal acts with a less direct connection to the
      depressive syndrome. Additional factors such as alcohol and medication may
      further complicate the relationship and also the assessment of culpability. In
      the forensic judgment of depressed subjects diagnostic classification is not
      alone decisive, but depends to a greater extent on the nature and severity of the
      psychopathological state and its influence on motivational aspects.

PMID- 3984351
TI  - [Psychotherapy of depression].
AB  - A distinct separation between a pathological grief reaction and "psychosomatic"
      depressive syndromes is suggested, which would offer the possibility of selecting
      a specific psychotherapeutic method. The so-called regrief therapy (Volkan) is
      recommended for the treatment of the pathological grief reaction and supportive
      and expressive psychoanalytical methods for the "psychosomatic" depressive
      syndromes.

PMID- 3984352
TI  - [Depression and suicide].
AB  - Although the phrase "no suicide without depression" may not be quite correct in
      this extreme wording, it must be stressed that the connection between depression
      and suicide is close and that the contribution of depression towards suicide is
      very large. The task of the examining physician is twofold. In the first place he
      has to judge from the phenomenological-psychopathological point of view to which
      extent the patient shows signs of the so-called "pre-suicidal syndrome",
      consisting of multi-dimensional narrowing in, inhibited and self-directed
      aggression, and increasing suicidal fantasies. Secondly, he has to investigate
      the pattern of the existing depression. Endogenous depression, senile depression
      and neurotic depression have to be taken into consideration and the extent of the
      risk of suicide depends, not least, on the type of depression. As to therapy,
      neurotic depression requires psychotherapy, senile depression calls for socio
      therapeutic measures and endogenous depression necessitates the administration of
      antidepressives. In all cases, however, the foundation for successful therapy
      rests on the achievement of a harmonious and genuine doctor-patient relationship.

PMID- 3984353
TI  - [Effect of prenatal care in general practice and in the clinic on the course of
      pregnancy and labor].
AB  - The computerized case histories of 6666 children who were born during the years
      1977 and 1981 at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Univ. of Vienna
      have been evaluated for the clinical and social data of the mothers, the duration
      of pregnancy and the well being of the infants at delivery and during the
      perinatal period. A comparison of three groups according to prenatal care (I no
      prenatal care; II "Mutter-Kind-Pass" program; III "Mutter-Kind-Pass" program plus
      clinical care) showed that a complete perinatal care (group III) leads to
      significantly less preterm deliveries, better Apgar-scores and lower perinatal
      mortality. The differences between groups I and II were minimal. The prenatal
      care therefore can only be judged as optimal if in addiction to the "Mutter-Kind
      Pass" program the diagnostic abilities of a clinic are taken advantage of on time
      and if the gap between the 28th and 35th week of pregnancy can be covered by
      additional check ups.

PMID- 3984354
TI  - [Should the iodination of table salt be increased in Austria?].
AB  - Since the main reason of endemic goiter is the avoidable iodine deficiency, this
      in an unnecessary disease. In Austria an exemplary iodized salt prophylaxis was
      introduced in 1963. Thanks to this iodized salt prophylaxis endemic cretinism has
      died out. The incidence of hypothyroidism in newborns is currently 1 : 4600,
      goiter frequency in the first school year now only 1.1 to 1.5%. In contrast the
      goiter incidence in girls in the twelfth school year increases to 13.4% and up to
      one third of adults are afflicted by goiter. Studies of iodine excretion in
      Feldkirch, Innsbruck, Salzburg, Graz and Vienna on a total of 2627 patients
      showed an iodine excretion of less than 100 micrograms J/g creatinine in the
      majority of the patients. This proves that there is still an inadequate iodine
      supplement. The Austrian Nuclear Medicine Society therefore recommends an
      increase in the potassium iodide content from the present 10 mg potassium
      iodide/kg to 20 mg potassium iodide/kg table salt, in keeping with the procedure
      introduced in Switzerland in 1980. Through this measure a decrease in the goiter
      frequency to less than 3% is to be expected over a longer period. This will
      result in a considerable reduction in the costs of diagnosis and therapy for this
      disease. There might be a temporary increase in hyperthyroidism for a certain
      period as a result of the increase of the content of iodide in the table salt.

PMID- 3984355
TI  - Boston Women's Health Book Collective: women empowering women.

PMID- 3984356
TI  - Hysterectomy as social process.

PMID- 3984357
TI  - Fetal surgery: the social implications of medical and surgical treatment of the
      unborn child.
AB  - Advances in microsurgery provide physicians with the opportunity to correct
      malformations of the fetus prior to birth. However, these techniques are being
      developed at a time when the legal status of the unborn is unclear and the rights
      of pregnant women to determine the nature of their care are not universally
      recognized. This paper examines some of the social implications of medical and
      surgical treatment of the fetus. In attempting to clarify the rights of pregnant
      women in relationship to the rights of the fetus, the authors examine the law
      related to abortion and the protection of the fetus after it has achieved
      viability. Ambiguities in the legal interpretations of viability, coupled with
      societal ambivalence over the rights of women have resulted in confusion. Several
      cases have been reported in which the courts overrode an otherwise competent
      woman's refusal of surgery in the interest of the unborn fetus. Thus, legal
      precedent exists for the judicial suspension of the rights of pregnant women to
      consent or refuse medical or surgical treatment. This trend in the law may
      reflect more conservative values regarding the rights of women. At the same time,
      the benefits to the fetus remains unexamined outside of a medical frame of
      reference.

PMID- 3984358
TI  - Eating more and enjoying it less: U.S. prison diets for women.
AB  - A study of weight gain and dietary adequacy among female prisoners was conducted
      by studying inmate weight changes, nutritional values of prison diets and
      consumption patterns in a jail cafeteria. Inmates were found to incur significant
      weight gains (Mean = 14 lbs.); their diets were inadequate nutritively, and were
      consumed in such a way as to exacerbate the inadequacies. The authors conclude
      that some of these problems could be ameliorated by changing ingredients,
      preparation, and the role of food in the prisoner's life, although for certain
      categories of prisoners with specific health conditions (e.g., pregnancy),
      adequate diets will require major adjustments in jail and prison food management.

PMID- 3984359
TI  - Employment status, employment characteristics, and women's health.
AB  - This study looked at characteristics of employment which are related to positive
      health among women. Aspects of employment which may account for health status
      differences between employed women and those not in the labor force were also
      studied. The subjects were 1140 adult females, aged 18 through 64. Medical record
      data covering seven years of inpatient and outpatient services were linked with
      survey data of the respondents. For all ages, women employed in jobs with a
      higher degree of social support and integration had better health than women in
      jobs with little social support and integration through work. The findings
      suggest that the social support and integration gained through work is a salient
      aspect of employment which contributes to health status differences between
      employed women and those not participating in the labor force.

PMID- 3984360
TI  - Effects of an educational intervention on the rate of recurrent urinary tract
      infections in selected female outpatients.
AB  - This study was designed to prospectively study the effect of health education on
      the recurrence rate of urinary tract infections in female outpatients. Thirty
      four volunteers were randomly assigned to either an experimental education group
      or a control group. Controls were offered routine patient information provided by
      practitioners at the outpatient clinic. Members of the experimental group
      participated in an educational session which addressed urinary tract infections,
      its risk factors, and behavioral changes which might reduce its recurrence. At
      follow-up three months after the educational session, the experimental group had
      a statistically significant (p less than .05) reduction in the recurrence of
      urinary tract infections.

PMID- 3984361
TI  - Magazine versus physicians: the influence of information source on intentions to
      use oral contraceptives.
AB  - College students read either pro or con passages about oral contraceptives. All
      passages contained the same statistical information, differing only in the way
      the information was interpreted. The passages were attributed either to a
      traditional physician, nontraditional physician, traditional magazine, or
      nontraditional magazine. Subjects in the pro condition were more favorable
      towards oral contraceptive use and subjects in the con condition were more
      opposed to oral contraceptive use than they were before reading the stimulus
      materials, thus suggesting that the same statistical information can be used
      persuasively to argue either for or against oral contraceptives. Males were
      significantly more likely to change their attitudes towards oral contraceptives
      than females.

PMID- 3984362
TI  - Experimental and clinical results with a simplified left heart assist device for
      treatment of profound left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 3984364
TI  - Intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma: an entity distinct from squamous cell
      carcinoma of the thyroid.

PMID- 3984363
TI  - Experimental results and future prospects for a nonpulsatile cardiac prosthesis.

PMID- 3984365
TI  - Microwave surgery: hepatectomy using a microwave tissue coagulator.

PMID- 3984366
TI  - Proximal gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer with pyloric
      stenosis: a thirteen-year experience.

PMID- 3984367
TI  - A decade of experience with a left heart assist device in patients undergoing
      open intracardiac operation.

PMID- 3984368
TI  - Chronic acalculous gallbladder disease.

PMID- 3984369
TI  - Differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 3984370
TI  - Experience with the Pierce-Donachy ventricular assist device in postcardiotomy
      patients with cardiogenic shock.

PMID- 3984372
TI  - Reduction of blood trauma in roller pumps for long-term perfusion.

PMID- 3984371
TI  - Temporary and permanent left ventricular bypass: laboratory and clinical
      observations.

PMID- 3984373
TI  - Evaluation of surface-bound heparin and platelet inhibition in a centrifugal pump
      left ventricular assist system.

PMID- 3984374
TI  - Successful treatment of profound left ventricular failure by automatic left
      ventricular assist system.

PMID- 3984375
TI  - Diethylstilbestrol (DES) update. A message from the DESAD Project.

PMID- 3984376
TI  - Child abuse and neglect. The law--explanation and implication.

PMID- 3984377
TI  - Ethical decision-making in the care of seriously ill patients.

PMID- 3984378
TI  - Malignant mesothelioma.

PMID- 3984379
TI  - Intra- and inter-species comparisons of biliary metabolic profiles of butoprozine
      by high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - All detectable biliary butoprozine metabolites can be separated with a specially
      developed analytical approach based on gradient-elution reversed-phase h.p.l.c.
      without extraction steps. The high reproducibility of the h.p.l.c. systems allows
      preliminary intra- and inter-species comparisons based on retention times with
      single wavelength u.v. detection. Diode array u.v. spectrometry, radioactivity
      and mass-spectrometric measurements wee used to confirm the metabolic character
      of peaks in an individual chromatogram, and to obtain more evidence for the
      structure of metabolites with the same retention time in chromatograms of
      different bile fractions. Large inter-species differences in the biliary
      metabolic profiles are seen, indicating that great care must be exercised when
      trying to extrapolate preclinical drug safety evaluations from animals to man.

PMID- 3984380
TI  - The metabolism of the carcinogen 7-methylbenz[c]acridine by hepatocytes isolated
      from untreated and induced rats.
AB  - The metabolic fate of the carcinogenic aza-aromatic hydrocarbon 7-methyl[7
      (14)C]benz[c]acridine (14C-7MBAC) was studied in hepatocytes freshly isolated
      from untreated, phenobarbital-pretreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated
      rats. 14C-7MBAC (4-200 microM) was metabolized in a concentration-dependent
      manner; Michaelis-Menten kinetics were not followed. Using 100 microM 14C-7MBAC,
      the bulk of the ethyl acetate-extractable metabolites were found in the
      incubation medium; about 50% of the total metabolites were not extractable into
      ethyl acetate. The nature of the water-soluble metabolites was examined by enzyme
      hydrolysis of glucuronides and sulphates, and by glutathione-depletion
      experiments. Organo-extractable metabolites were examined by reverse-phase
      h.p.l.c. and quantified by co-chromatography with standards. pretreatment of the
      rats with mixed-function oxidase inducers, phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene
      resulted in 2.85- and 5.70-fold increases, respectively, in total metabolism of
      14C-7MBAC. Major metabolites for all three hepatocyte preparations co
      chromatographed with 7-hydroxymethylbenz[c]acridine, trans-5,6-dihydro-5,6
      dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[c]acridine and trans-8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7
      methylbenz[c]acridine.

PMID- 3984381
TI  - The metabolism of cilostamide in the rat in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The metabolism of N-cyclohexyl'N-methyl-4-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6
      quinolyloxy)butyramide (cilostamide) was studied in vitro and in vivo after oral
      administration to rats. Recovery of orally administered 14C-cilostamide (3 mg/kg)
      and its metabolites in 48 h was 50.5% dose in urine and 47.6% dose in faeces. The
      drug was extensively metabolized. The metabolites of cilostamide in rats wee
      identified by t.l.c., g.l.c.-mass spectrometry and n.m.r. The major route of
      metabolism is hydroxylation at the cyclohexyl ring.

PMID- 3984382
TI  - Distribution and excretion of methamphetamine and its metabolites in rats. III.
      Time-course of concentrations in blood and bile, and distribution after
      intravenous administration.
AB  - The time-course of blood total radioactivity after i.v. administration of 3H
      methamphetamine to rats showed a biphasic curve. The biological half-life of the
      alpha phase (t alpha 1/2) was 6.8 +/- 2.0 min, and that of the beta phase (t beta
      1/2) was 11.3 +/- 0.8 h. The major metabolite in the blood was unconjugated p
      hydroxymethamphetamine. The total radioactivity in bile peaked at 1.5 h after
      i.v. administration. The major metabolite in the bile was p
      hydroxymethamphetamine glucuronide. The major compound excreted in urine was
      unchanged methamphetamine. Whole-body autoradiography was performed using 14C
      methamphetamine, and tissue 3H concn. was determined after i.v. administration of
      3H-methamphetamine to rats.

PMID- 3984383
TI  - Dearylation and other cleavage reactions of diethylstilbestrol: novel oxidative
      pathways mediated by peroxidases.
AB  - Oxidation of diethylstilbestrol (I) by peroxidases from horseradish or mouse
      uterus in the presence of H2O2 in vitro leads to Z,Z-dienestrol (II) and to a
      number of cleavage products, five of which were identified by g.l.c.-mass
      spectrometry and comparison with authentic reference compounds as 4
      hydroxybenzoic acid (III), 4'-hydroxypropiophenone (IV), 1'(4'-hydroxyphenyl)
      propan-1-on-2-ol (V), 1-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1,2-dione (VI) and 3-(4'
      hydroxyphenyl)-hex-2-en-4-one (VII). The formation of 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-hex-2
      en-4-one (VII) from diethylstilbestrol is the first reported example of a
      metabolic dearylation reaction. The amount of cleavage products depends on the
      excess of H2O2 used. The amount of H2O2 does not affect the extent of binding of
      diethylstilbestrol to DNA as mediated by peroxidases. The syntheses of V, VI and
      VII are described.

PMID- 3984384
TI  - Isolation and identification of hydroxylated maprotiline metabolites.
AB  - Lipophilic maprotiline metabolites were extracted from human urine and animal
      excreta, with or without prior enzymic hydrolysis, purified by repeated t.l.c.
      and their structures determined by u.v., n.m.r. and mass spectrometry. Urine from
      patients under treatment with maprotiline contained the isomeric phenols, 2- and
      3-hydroxymaprotiline, the 2,3-dihydrodiol, and an alcoholic metabolite, besides
      smaller quantities of the corresponding N-demethylated compounds. In dog urine
      and/or faeces the same products of aromatic hydroxylation were present as in
      human urine and in addition 3-hydroxy-2-methoxymaprotiline; alcohols were not
      detected. The only metabolites identified in rabbit urine and rat bile were 3
      hydroxy- and 3-hydroxy-2-methoxymaprotiline.

PMID- 3984386
TI  - The metabolism of gliclazide in man.
AB  - Gliclazide, 1-(3-azabicyclo[3,3,0]oct-3-yl)-3-(4-methylphenylsulphonyl)urea, was
      orally administered to five healthy male volunteers at a dose of 40 mg. Urine
      contained seven metabolites classified into two types according to the site of
      biotransformation. Two major metabolites, 1-(3-azabicyclo[3,3,0]oct-3-yl)-3-(4
      carboxyphenylsulphonyl)urea and 1-(3-azabiyclo[3,3,0]oct-3-yl)-3-(4-hydroxymethyl
      phenylsulphon yl)urea, of the first type were oxidized at the methyl group of the
      tolyl group. Five metabolites of the second type including two glucuronides were
      hydroxylated at a specific site in the azabicyclo-octyl ring (b beta, 7 beta and
      7 alpha). The molecular conformation of this type of metabolites could explain
      the existence of conjugates of the beta-hydroxy groups in the azabicyclo-octyl
      ring and the absence of those of the alpha-hydroxy group. Only the unchanged drug
      was detected in plasma. The peak concentration at four hours after dosing was 2.6
      +/- 0.2 microgram/ml, and the elimination half-life in plasma was 8.1 +/- 1.1
      hours which was apparently determined by the rate of metabolism. Identified
      metabolites excreted in urine accounted for 45% of the dose in 24h and 61% in
      96h, indicating that this was the major excretory route.

PMID- 3984387
TI  - [Inpatient morbidity of 5- to under 15-year-old children].

PMID- 3984385
TI  - Formation and metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo, monitored by 14N-stable isotope
      labelling.
AB  - Microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine entails release of molecular
      nitrogen; the extent is determined by 15N stable isotope labelling and mass
      spectrometric isotope ratio measurements. Exhalation of labelled nitrogen by rats
      treated with 15N-dimethylamine and nitrite or 15N-nitrite alone indicates that
      nitrogen may arise from nitrite via two pathways: either directly from
      nitrosation of primary amines or from secondary and tertiary amines with
      subsequent enzymic N-demethylation. The overall yield of nitrosamine formation, N
      demethylation and nitrogen-release represent about 0.3-6% or the administered
      dose of dimethylamine (1.1 mmol/kg), depending upon the dose of nitrite (0.55-2.2
      mmol/kg). 15N-stable isotope labelling and mass-spectrometric isotope ratio
      measurements are powerful tools for assessment of endogenous nitrosamine
      formation from nitrite. One hundred nmol of labelled nitrogen are easily
      detectable in vivo; with further methodological refinement the limit of detection
      may be lowered by two orders of magnitude.

PMID- 3984388
TI  - [Adolescent sexuality and pregnancy--a special aspect of the preventive care of
      adolescents].

PMID- 3984389
TI  - [Increased longevity following manifestations of diabetes].

PMID- 3984390
TI  - [Selected results on the utilization of ambulatory care and ambulatory
      morbidity].

PMID- 3984391
TI  - [Fitness and suitability from the military medicine viewpoint].

PMID- 3984392
TI  - [Role of public health of childhood and adolescence in the formation of a
      scientific procedure for the health protection of children and adolescents in
      East Germany].

PMID- 3984393
TI  - [Inpatient care in the specialty of otorhinolaryngology in East Germany 1970 to
      1980].

PMID- 3984395
TI  - [Recommendations for the evaluation and interpretation of electrocardiograms of
      adolescents and adults. Brief programmed course. 12. Partial program IV: Ischemia
      and infarct diagnosis. 2: Detection and exclusion of infarct signs (A)].

PMID- 3984394
TI  - [Status of conversion of ergonomic requirements in the dentistry work
      environment].

PMID- 3984396
TI  - [Evaluation of the health status in low birth weight children].

PMID- 3984397
TI  - [Bronchoalveolar lavage].
AB  - The BAL is one of the essential methods which are performed as a routine
      diagnostic procedure in interstitial lung disease. Differentiation of cellular
      components and proteins by this method enables a characterization of alveolitis
      which is considered to be at the beginning of every disease of the structural
      elements of the lung. A notable feature is that via an assessment of the
      intensity of alveolitis it is also possible to arrive at a prognosis. Lavage can
      also supply important pointers to suitable therapeutic measures. Referring to the
      literature and own investigations this paper tries to give a review of technique
      of BAL as well as essential findings and interpretation of this subject.

PMID- 3984398
TI  - [Prognosis and indications of corticosteroid treatment of intrathoracic
      sarcoidosis--conclusions from a prospective study].
AB  - Preliminary results of a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the value of
      corticosteroid therapy of intrathoracic sarcoidosis had demonstrated that there
      were no differences between treated and untreated patients with regard to the
      clinical, radiological and functional outcome after several years. In one hundred
      and seventy two patients we could check the former results by identical tests
      after a longer follow-up period (mean 8,9 years) and by additional physiological
      assessments, i.e. Cstat, DLCO, DM, VC, which seem to be more significant for
      early detection of functional disorders in sarcoidosis. Again the findings showed
      no significant differences neither between patients treated with prednisolone for
      12 or 6 months respectively nor when compared to the untreated group. In
      conclusion we do not treat patients with asymptomatic intrathoracic sarcoidosis
      and without extrapulmonary manifestations before the disease shows no regressive
      course within one year or when a progressive course is observed.

PMID- 3984399
TI  - Total and regional lung retention of monodisperse cobalt compound aerosols after
      a single inhalation.
AB  - After a single short term inhalation of monodisperse cobalt compound aerosols
      with preselected physical and chemical parameters the long term retention in
      beagle dogs is determined measuring their radioactive Co-57 label by a gamma
      camera. Additionally the major clearance pathways are estimated by excretion
      analyses. The biological variability of the lung retention is small but it
      depends clearly on the physiochemical properties of the inhaled aerosol
      particles. The predominant clearance mechanism in the lung is a moderate
      dissolution process depending on the specific surface area of the particles. So
      cobalt oxide particles with an adjustable solubility in the lung can be used for
      studies of distinct dissolution processes in the lung. Using a gamma camera the
      dynamics of particle accumulation in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and the
      subsequent clearance are analysed on single dogs.

PMID- 3984400
TI  - [Course study of pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic obstructive
      bronchitis].
AB  - In 73 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis we measured the pulmonary
      artery pressure for a mean period of 3,6 years (max. 7,7 years). Out of 37
      patients with primary normal pressure 11 men (29,7%) developed a latent or
      manifest pulmonary hypertension. At the first examination 28 men had a manifest
      hypertension, 16 of them (57,1%) stayed constantly, but 7 (25%) showed a further
      deterioration. Only 5 patients (17,9%) have improved, 3 of them were normalized.
      Five of eight patients with latent hypertension deteriorated to manifest
      hypertension. An annual FEV1 decline greater than 60 ml we found in 60,9% of all
      patients with increasing pulmonary artery pressure. The unsatisfactory
      specificity of this sign (52%) improved by consideration of arterial oxygen
      tension and the diameter of the right descending branch (RDB) of pulmonary
      artery. We stated an increasing pressure in 64,7% of cases developing arterial
      hypoxemia and in 68,8% of patients with dilatation of RDB (Sensitivity of these
      signs 47,8%, specificity 88 respectively 90%).

PMID- 3984401
TI  - [MEF test--an instrument for the determination of maximal expiratory flow values
      PEF, MEF 75, MEF 50, MEF 25].
AB  - For reduction the working extent in measurement and classification of flow-volume
      curves a device was developed which calculates and indicates digitally the
      maximal expiratory flow values PEF, MEF 75, MEF 50 and MEF 25 directly from the
      flow in forced expiration. We have used an approaching calculation method whereby
      the expense of realization was low. By a comparative examination of 172 patients,
      it could be found that the device has a sufficient measuring accuracy and is
      advantageously applicable to clinics and screening.

PMID- 3984402
TI  - [Long-term effect of oral immunization against influenza with a live vaccine in
      mice].
AB  - NMRI-mice were immunized orally twice within 19 days with live influenza virus
      (A/PR/8/34). Immunization led to the occurrence of specific antibodies in the
      respiratory tract detectable at least for 6 months after booster immunization.
      Immunized animals are protected against aerogenic infection, demonstrable by
      normal lung cell yield, lack of virus shedding, and survival of all mice. The
      used doses was lethal for unimmunized controls.

PMID- 3984403
TI  - [Immunohistochemical findings in intrathoracic tumors. VI. N-acetyl-beta
      glucosaminidase].
AB  - N-Acetyl-beta-Glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was investigated in 50 intrathoracic
      tumors with a histochemical method. Altogether, 22 of 50 (= 44%) different tumors
      showed enzyme activity in tumor tissue. The distribution of positive findings in
      bronchial carcinomas showed a marked difference between epidermoid carcinomas and
      adenoid carcinomas. Twelve of 14 adenocarcinomas and 3 of 3 alveolar cell
      carcinomas contained activities of NAG in tumor tissue, whereas 16 of 17
      epidermoid carcinomas and 4 of 4 large cell carcinomas showed negative findings.
      The fact that also non-differentiated solid adenocarcinomas, often in
      histological picture not to differentiate from large cell carcinomas or non
      differentiated epidermoid carcinomas, exhibit NAG seems to be an useful aid in
      differential diagnosis between these tumor types.

PMID- 3984404
TI  - [Value of computer tomography in bronchopulmonary diseases in childhood].
AB  - In 20 children with bronchopulmonary symptoms and striking x-ray-thorax-findings
      computer-tomography examinations were carried out in addition to the usual
      diagnosis. Mediastinal demand for room and screening for tumor are recognized as
      essential indications in infancy for the application of CT-diagnosis in the
      chest. Computerized tomography is also indicated if an anomaly of blood vessels
      is suspected. In all other pulmonal diseases CT gives valuable information but in
      no case it replaces a bronchologic examination.

PMID- 3984405
TI  - [Clinical aspects and general therapy principles of wound infections].

PMID- 3984406
TI  - [Resistance in wound infection pathogens to chemotherapeutic agents with special
      reference to Staphylococcus aureus].

PMID- 3984407
TI  - [Resistance status of wound infection pathogens in West Germany].

PMID- 3984408
TI  - [Treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis carriers].

PMID- 3984409
TI  - [Intensive therapy of tetanus].

PMID- 3984410
TI  - [Classification of epidemiologic indices of recurrent diseases in an evaluation
      model for the analysis of disease registers exemplified by disease status].

PMID- 3984411
TI  - [Concurrent risks in cause of death statistics].

PMID- 3984412
TI  - [Autonomic cardiac neuropathy in dialysis patients and kidney insufficiency
      patients].
AB  - The variation of the pulse rate under deep breathing was tested for its
      suitability in getting informations on the intactness of the autonomous
      regulation of the heart rate in dialysis patients and those with chronic renal
      insufficiency. 26 dialysis patients and 17 patients with chronic renal
      insufficiency with a serum creatinine over 500 mumol/l were examined in
      comparison to 28 healthy control persons and a group of 10 long-term diabetics,
      in whom a distinct lesion of the autonomous nervous system could be assumed.
      Statistically ascertained in the long-term diabetics as well as in the dialysis
      patients and patients with renal insufficiency a distinct decrease of the
      frequency modulation could be shown which renders possible a clear separation of
      the groups. The correlation of the modulation of the frequency to age is
      unequivocally to be proved only in control persons. It becomes obliterated by the
      conditions of the disease. The clear lesions in the autonomous regulation of the
      heart in the groups of patients examined are significant for a number of clinical
      phenomena and allow conclusion to the necessary regimen of treatment.

PMID- 3984413
TI  - [Radioimmunologic determination of serum testosterone concentration in healthy
      male probands].
AB  - By means of the test set Testosterone-RIA SSW age-depending areas within the
      normal of the total hormone level of testosterone in the serum was established in
      122 healthy male test persons. The examination resulted in an increase of the
      testosterone concentration from the 20th to the 55th year of age and a following
      exponential decrease. The exactness of the intraassay lies in the mean region of
      concentration at 8-12% and the exactness of the interassay between 10-20%. The
      sensitivity of the determination is 2.7 +/- 1.8 nmol testosterone/l.

PMID- 3984414
TI  - [Blood pressure and heart rate behavior of ergometrically stressed patients with
      and without beta receptor blocker].
AB  - It is referred to the importance of bicycle-ergometric examinations for a better
      recognition of the hypertension with limiting value and the labile hypertension.
      According to time of day and the physical and psychic condition very different
      blood pressure values can be measured. Therefore, from this point of view blood
      pressure values may be compared only on the same exterior and interior
      conditions. The interior conditions are only little to be influenced. A
      standardized test method, as it is the bicycle ergometry, therefore under the
      same exterior conditions guarantees comparable and above all reproducible blood
      pressure values. Also the success of therapy under antihypertensive drugs and
      thus the prognosis can exactly be classified after these examinations.
      Furthermore it could be shown that the behaviour of the blood pressure under
      ergometric load with and without beta-receptor blocker is approximately the same.

PMID- 3984415
TI  - [Hybrid ECG and its clinical significance for the detection of coronary heart
      disease].
AB  - 451 male patients with typical or atypical angina pectoris syndrome were examined
      and on account of the degree of severity of the coronary stenosis are subdivided
      into four groups. With the help of the discriminance analysis of a hybrid ECG
      (conventional and body surface ECG after Frank) the patients were coordinated to
      these four groups, in order to test its clinical valency for the recognition of
      the coronary heart disease. It was stated that in a scalar interpretation of the
      body surface ECG in every case the conventional leads V3 and/or II after
      Einthoven must additionally be registered and evaluated. In a scalar and
      vectorial interpretation of the body surface ECG a significant gain of
      information was possible only by taking into consideration a great number of
      scalar parameters of the conventional ECG. The result of the discriminance
      analysis with the optimum quantity (p = 88) of scalar and vectorial parameters of
      the two derivation systems contained a correct classification rate of 84.1%, in
      which case 88.6% of the post-infarction ECG were classified correctly. Neither by
      means of the conventional nor by means of the body surface ECG after Frank an
      equivalent result could be yielded. When a computer technology is existing
      (automatic statement of measuring values with following discriminance analysis)
      therefore in specialized clinics such a hybrid ECG should be used.

PMID- 3984416
TI  - [Responsibilities and tasks of internal military medicine].
AB  - Issuing from several historical facts, object and tasks of internal military
      medicine are explained in a synoptic report. As a result of the revolution in
      military affairs this still relatively young subject of military medicine
      developed. In this article the object and special problems of this
      interdisciplinary field, such as treatment in the base and the medical evacuation
      are analysed. The explanation of methods and techniques concerning the medical
      aid in injured persons of internal profile is the main topic of the paper.

PMID- 3984417
TI  - [Consequences for military medicine of new nuclear weapons developments].
AB  - The development and production of qualitatively new nuclear weapons (e.g. neutron
      weapons) has consequences also for the medical protection under conditions of
      war. In the present paper the peculiarities of these new systems of arms as well
      as the profile of injured persons which is to be expected after use of neutron
      weapons are analysed and general conclusions for the medical service are drawn.

PMID- 3984418
TI  - [Status and trends of development of chemical warfare agents of imperialist
      countries].
AB  - At present the dangerous experiment is made by the USA and their NATO-partners to
      force the armament also in the field of military chemistry. On the basis of the
      structural warfare agents of the NATO, which are produced and stored in large
      quantities and are immediately applicable, with high intensity is worked at the
      further development of chemical warfare agents. Here the development of new
      action means for the realisation of an equivalence of the effect between warfare
      agent and action means is the central point. The principles of action for
      chemical warfare agents incorporate into the strategy of the imperialistic army
      commands in a possible war, which is based on the cooperation of mass
      extermination and conventional arms.

PMID- 3984419
TI  - [Damage caused by chemical warfare agents].
AB  - A survey of potential chemical warfare agents of the NATO and of the injuries
      caused by them is given. After a short characterization of the course and the
      symptomatology of the injuries the paper indicates the possibilities of giving
      medical aid at war and refers to the tasks which are derived from this for the
      education and continued professional training of medical staff.

PMID- 3984420
TI  - [Damage caused by biological warfare agents].
AB  - After a short introduction concerning the development of the biological warfare
      agents is referred to the present possibilities of the action of pathogenic
      microorganisms as biological warfare agents. Furthermore, the peculiarities of
      the course after aerogenic infection as well as the principles of the diagnostics
      and the treatment in the base after an action of biological warfare agents are
      described. It is referred to the significance of the urgent prevention.

PMID- 3984421
TI  - [Recognition and treatment of vital disorders in war].
AB  - The recognition and treatment of vital disturbances in injured persons at war are
      characterized by the disproportion between the number of persons requiring help
      and the possibilities of their comprehensive reanimatological care. Therefore it
      is necessary to direct the diagnostics to few simple, clinically recognizable
      symptoms and to remove immediately a thus recognized acute cardiocirculatory or
      respiratory insufficiency during the treatment in the base with appropriate
      evacuation. This concerns with smaller pressure of time also injured persons with
      acute renal failure.

PMID- 3984422
TI  - [Value and tasks of dermatology in internal military medicine].
AB  - In military medicine dermatology has its firm place and has to fulfill concrete
      tasks in the medical protection of the organs of national defence. As an
      independent scientific field its solves its special tasks in military medicine in
      an actually interdisciplinary and cooperative activity with other branches and
      subjects of military medicine. Under the particular military conditions the
      internal military medicine forms the framework for this cooperation, which
      demands a close connection in research and tuition already in the period of
      peace.

PMID- 3984423
TI  - [Status and tasks of neurology/psychiatry in internal military medicine].
AB  - Within the internal military medicine the subject of neurology and psychiatry is
      relatively independent, which results from the specific demands in military
      medicine to the whole subject and to the peculiar practical and scientific task
      of military psychiatry. At the same time the neurology and psychiatry carry
      markedly interdisciplinary character in medical aid during medical evacuation,
      since it likewise participates in medical aid for injured of surgical and
      internal profile. In the stages of the first medical and qualified medical aid
      this neurological and psychiatric help must be taken over by the physicians of
      other specialties working there. An unrestricted neurological and psychiatric
      help by specialists for neurology and psychiatry can be given only at the level
      of the specialized medical help.

PMID- 3984424
TI  - [Granuloma venereum].
AB  - Granuloma venereum is an infectious disease usually found in tropical and
      subtropical regions. Most of the cases observed in Europe are infections from
      these tropical and subtropical countries. Here we report on a case of granuloma
      venereum which brought us some difficulties regarding differentiation from
      carcinoma of the penis.

PMID- 3984425
TI  - [Swimming pool granuloma--a mycobacteriosis].
AB  - We report on a patient suffering from swimming pool granuloma after having
      handled in fresh-water aquarium. As the causative organism, we could isolate
      Mycobacterium marinum from a nodular, ulcerous lesion.

PMID- 3984426
TI  - [Sporadic, endemic and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Different clinical course
      variants of the tumor demonstrated by 3 typical cases].
AB  - We report on three patients suffering from Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) of the
      classical, endemic, and AIDS-related variant. We point out the uniformity of this
      tumor in terms of histomorphology. We found the characteristic findings of
      angiomatous structures and dense spindle cell formations. All variants of the
      tumor show histochemical and immunohistological evidence for a histogenesis
      probably from endothelial cells of venous capillaries. On the basis of our cases
      and the literature, we discuss to what extent cellular immunity may determine
      both the tumor biology and therapeutical considerations.

PMID- 3984427
TI  - [Metabolism of foreign substances in human skin and hair follicles].
AB  - Human skin has an inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity which is
      dependent on cytochrome P-450. The cutaneous AHH-activity is inhibited by 7,8
      benzoflavone but not by metapyrone, whereas recently published data showed that
      AHH-activity in human liver is enhanced by 7,8 benzoflavone and inhibited by
      metapyrone. These results suggest that AHH activity of human skin depends on
      different isoenzymes compared with those in human liver.

PMID- 3984428
TI  - [Mycological findings in andrological patients. Statistical study in the years
      1971-1981].
AB  - In the years 1971 to 1981, clinical signs of mycotic skin infection were found in
      589 andrological patients (2.7%). Microscopic proof and absence of positive
      microscopic results, respectively, are not sufficient for diagnosis; therefore,
      the culture is a conditio sine qua non for exact diagnosis. A positive mycotic
      culture was found in 13% of the cases with a negative microscopic investigation.

PMID- 3984429
TI  - [Effects of infrared and UVA rays on the human skin and their efficacy in the
      treatment of atopic dermatitis].
AB  - Radiation with ultrared light (UR) and with a supposed pure UVA high pressure
      tube leads to increase of the skin surface temperature, which is linear during UR
      radiation and causes pain at 42 degrees C. During UVA radiation, the skin surface
      temperature increases in a parabolic curve and approximates 42.3 degrees C
      asymptotically. There is no pain. Following both UR and UVA, erythema occurs at
      41.4 degrees C. UVA additionally results in immediate pigmentation dependent on
      the dose between 6 and 20 J/cm2. UR does not induce any pigmentation. The
      erythema induced by UR disappears completely within 6 hours. Corresponding to the
      dose, the erythema persists up to 7 days after UV radiation. Immediate and
      delayed erythema obviously overlap. The pigmentation shows a biphasic reaction.
      There is a maximum immediately at the end of UV radiation, reduction between 6
      and 24 hours after radiation. The course of erythema and pigmentation indicates a
      clinically relevant part of UVB in the emission spectrum supposed to be pure UVA.
      A therapeutical trial was performed in 40 patients suffering from severe atopic
      dermatitis. In a group of 10 patients, daily UR radiation up to beginning pain
      showed good results within 3 weeks. The therapeutic effects were even better in
      another group of patients radiated with suberythematous doses of UVA daily for
      the same time. UVA radiations twice a week for 6 to 8 weeks were less effective.

PMID- 3984430
TI  - [Passive immunotherapy in herpes zoster. A pilot study with intravenous
      hyperimmune globulin].
AB  - While passive immunisation with hyperimmune globulin proved beneficial for the
      prevention of varicella infections in immuno-compromised patients, there has been
      no reliable evidence for such preparations to be effective with the treatment of
      or prophylaxis against zoster complications. This may be partly due to the minor
      significance of the humoral immune response in herpes zoster as well as to
      insufficient bioavailability of the preparation when administered
      intramuscularly. In an openly and prospectively conducted study, a recently
      available varicella-zoster hyperimmune globulin was intravenously given to an
      unselected group of 20 in-patients suffering from herpes zoster. There have not
      been observed any side effects. If therapy was started within the first week of
      manifestation of the disease (15 test persons), the patients showed rapid and
      uncomplicated healing.

PMID- 3984431
TI  - [Differential x-ray therapy of keratoacanthoma. A clinical case].
AB  - Differential radiotherapy is a way of making a diagnosis and treatment for
      keratoacanthoma at the same time. After having taken a punch biopsy in order to
      exclude basal cell carcinoma, we give an X-ray dose of 2500 r. This dose is
      sufficient to induce the healing of keratoacanthoma. If there is no tendency of
      healing, the tumor must be a squamous cell carcinoma. In this case, we apply the
      full tumor dose of totally 5000 r.

PMID- 3984432
TI  - [Skin manifestations in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai
      Dorfman syndrome)].
AB  - We report on a 19-year-old girl suffering from cutaneous manifestation of sinus
      histiocytosis associated with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) (Rosai-Dorfman
      syndrome); as SHML had first appeared at her 7th month of life, the disease had
      taken an uncommonly long period of time. At the age of 15, cutaneous
      manifestations developed on cheeks and left upper arm which histologically showed
      the same infiltrate as affected lymph nodes usually do in SHML. So far,
      participation of the cutaneous system in SHML has been observed in only 12 cases.

PMID- 3984433
TI  - [The Spitz nevus. Spindle cell and/or epithelioid cell nevus--a clinical analysis
      of 652 tumors].
AB  - We report on clinical aspects of 652 Spitz' nevi. In 42.9% of the cases, this
      tumor has been observed in people over 19 years. The female sex with 61.6% was
      much more concerned than the male sex. Most frequently, the lower extremities
      were affected (30.1%). The clinical diagnosis of Spitz' nevus could be definitely
      made in only 13.9% of the cases. We are going to discuss the very variable
      clinical picture of Spitz' nevus.

PMID- 3984434
TI  - [The Spitz nevus. Spindle cell and/or epithelioid cell nevus--a histological
      analysis of 652 tumors].
AB  - 652 Spitz' nevi have been histologically analysed and separated into epidermal
      and dermal changes. There are similarities between Spitz' nevus and melanocytic
      nevus. 44.9% of the examined Spitz' nevi consist of spindle cells only, 34% of
      spindle as well as epithelioid cells, and 21% of epithelioid cells only. We are
      going to discuss the difficulties in histological examination; more or less
      important signs are differentiated in detail. In some cases, Spitz' nevus will
      remain a somewhat dubious and disturbing tumor.

PMID- 3984435
TI  - [Histology of dermabrasion in giant nevi].
AB  - Three female infants suffering from nevocytic giant nevi (GNi) of lumbosacral
      location were treated by means of high-r.p.m. dermabrasion. In the follow-up
      period up to 26 months, the GNi completely healed, and there were no recurrences.
      Before and immediately following dermabrasion as well as after complete healing
      without any irritation, we took biopsies from the affected areas for histological
      examination. By way of dermabrasion, we removed the pigmented nevus cell-tissue
      with its focal arrangement in the upper corium. In the depth of the dermis,
      however, reaching down to the subcutaneous tissue, there were widespread nevus
      cells left together with single hair follicles and sweat glands. In the course of
      healing, we observed the formation of a scar camouflaging the remaining nevus,
      but sharply demarcated from it, and showing no junctional activity. The clinical
      healing of the three nevocytic GNi went without junctional activity which usually
      indicates possible cancerization as mode of development associated with these
      malformations in the dermo-epidermal border line. Thus dermabrasion might reduce
      the risk for melanoma. There is still left some risk coming from the remaining
      nevus cell formations in the depth of the dermis or the proliferating cutaneous
      appendages that may induce junctional activity.

PMID- 3984436
TI  - [Ulcerative dermatitis (pyoderma gangrenosum) with selective IgA deficiency and
      development of an oral carcinoma].
AB  - 17 years ago, selective IgA deficiency was diagnosed in a 45-year-old woman
      suffering from dermatitis ulcerosa. In 1984, this patient developed oral cancer
      with metastases in the regional lymph nodes. Her long-term history of nicotine
      and alcohol abuse in combination with IgA deficiency seemed to be a risk factor
      for oral malignancy.

PMID- 3984437
TI  - [Circumscribed scleroderma combined with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus].
AB  - We report on two patients suffering from circumscribed scleroderma as well as
      lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. The cases are remarkable because it was possible
      to demonstrate histopathologic markers of both conditions in the same specimen.

PMID- 3984438
TI  - [Oral tetracyclins: the therapy of choice in chronic erythema migrans].

PMID- 3984439
TI  - [Circulating K and NK cells in malignant melanoma using monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - K-Cells and NK-Cells are specialized lymphocytes eliciting antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) which may play an important part in the immunologic
      surveillance of various tumors. On the other hand, their cytotoxic impact on
      neoplastic tissue may be reduced by the tumor itself. By means of monoclonal
      antibodies (anti-leu 7 = HNK 1), we determined the number of circulating killer
      cells (K-cells) and natural killer cells (NK-cells) in the peripheral blood of 35
      patients with malignant melanoma (MM). Our studies did not reveal any differences
      in the amount of circulating K-cells or NK-cells between patients with MM at
      various clinical stages (n = 35) and a control group of healthy persons (n = 29);
      neither could there be detected any relation towards the age of the patients in
      both groups. In the advanced clinical stages III and IV of MM (n = 7), however,
      the number of circulating leu 7-positive cells was obviously increased.
      Statistically significant (p less than 0.01) was the increase in MM-pT (greater
      than 3 mm), compared to MM-pT.

PMID- 3984440
TI  - [Combined use of the dermatome and high-speed fraise in the treatment of a
      generalized verrucous nevus (Jadassohn)].
AB  - Since her birth, a 24-year-old woman had suffered from an extensive epidermal
      verrucous nevus on her left trunk. Because of its severe disfigurement and
      resulting negative psychosocial impact, the nevus was first removed in 1980 by
      means of a high-speed fraise; the cosmetic results, however, were not altogether
      satisfactory. Excision was attempted again in 1983 using both dermatome and high
      speed fraise; this time, the cosmetic outcome was excellent.

PMID- 3984441
TI  - [In vitro inactivation of creatine kinase isoenzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid
      and blood plasma].

PMID- 3984442
TI  - [Diagnostic value of lysozyme determination in the urine].

PMID- 3984443
TI  - [Isoelectric focusing on urinary proteins in ultrathin polyacrylamide gels].

PMID- 3984444
TI  - [The hepatocyte as a model for studies of intermediate metabolism].

PMID- 3984445
TI  - [Malondialdehyde determination in the liver, lung and brain of the rat].

PMID- 3984446
TI  - [Automatic electrochemical uric acid determination with the flow-through cell].

PMID- 3984447
TI  - [Laboratory findings visit, an interdisciplinary encounter of the clinic and the
      laboratory].

PMID- 3984448
TI  - Chromosomes of Onchocerca volvulus and O. gutturosa.

PMID- 3984449
TI  - Trypanocidal drugs and the role of kidney forms of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma)
      musculi in immunity of mice against reinfection.
AB  - Adrenals, hearts, kidneys, livers, lungs, and spleens were removed from C3H/Anf
      mice which had been inoculated with Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) musculi and no
      longer exhibited parasitemias. Imprints of each organ were examined
      microscopically, and each was homogenized and injected into recipient mice. It
      was confirmed that trypanosomes could be detected only in the donor kidneys.
      Lampit or Ethidium treatment eliminated bloodstream and kidney forms when
      administration was initiated after the development of patent parasitemias.
      However, mice treated with Lampit on the same day they were inoculated with T.
      musculi developed parasitemias later than animals injected with drug after
      parasites had appeared in their blood. Both Lampit and Ethidium depressed
      antibody production as detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antisera
      from animals having parasitemias at the time of treatment. The elimination of
      kidney forms by Lampit or Ethidium treatment did not reduce the resistance of
      mice to reinfection by T. musculi 12 weeks or 15 and 22 weeks, respectively,
      after the initial inoculation of these animals with the parasites. Kidney forms
      were not required for the sustained protective immunity of the mice against
      reinfection during the intervals of these experiments.

PMID- 3984450
TI  - Leishmania mexicana pifanoi: in vivo and in vitro interactions between
      amastigotes and macrophages.
AB  - Macrophages of the cell line J774 were used in a comparative study of virulence
      involving amastigote stages of Leishmania mexicana pifanoi isolated from
      macrophages (AMA-M) of the aforementioned cell line, amastigote forms grown in
      the UM-54-cell-free medium (AMA-C), and promastigote stages. The macrophage
      cultures were inoculated with AMA-M and AMA-C at the culture cell to parasite
      ratios of 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10. The macrophages were exposed to either kind of
      amastigotes for 24, 48, and 72 h. At the end of each of these periods, and for
      each dilution, the percentages of macrophages harboring the parasites within
      their cytoplasm and the mean numbers of intracellular parasite/macrophage were
      estimated on the basis of examination of 200 phagocytes. When either AMA-M or AMA
      C were employed, after 24 h, the percentages of infected macrophages were,
      respectively, 84.5%, 89.0%, and 94.5% for the three aforementioned dilutions, the
      majority of the phagocytes containing 1-5 parasites. After 48- and 72-h
      exposures, the macrophages harbored 6-11 and 11-20 amastigotes/cell,
      respectively. Evidently intracellular multiplication of the amastigotes has taken
      place. In contrast to the results obtained with amastigote forms, after
      inoculations of the macrophages cultures with promastigotes at the dilutions
      previously used for amastigotes, only 48-78 phagocytes were found to contain
      intracellular stages within their cytoplasm. Many macrophages were parasite-free,
      especially when exposed to fewer promastigotes. Experiments in which 5 X10(6)
      promastigotes, AMA-M, or AMA-C were inoculated into the footpads of hamsters
      yielded the following results with regard to terminal footpad volumes: 1.57,
      3.31, and 3.32 cm3, respectively. Evidently both kinds of amastigotes had equal
      virulence for hamsters; however, the promastigote stages were much les virulent
      for these experimental hosts.

PMID- 3984451
TI  - [Function of the acetabulum of digenetic trematodes, as exemplified by
      Dicrocoelium dendriticum].
AB  - The suckers of animals adhere to the substratum either in air or in aqueous
      fluids. The varying compressibility of these media causes differences in
      function, the principles of which are described. The ventral arch of the
      acetabulum of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, like the remaining body, is limited by
      the integument, basal lamina and skin muscles. The dorsal arch covers a basal
      lamina, which is close to a plexus of diagonal, longitudinal and circular
      muscles. The radical muscles, attached at the ventral basal lamina by thin
      connective tissue, continue in relatively thick contractile fibers, which split
      up into several fibrils, which also attached by thin connective tissue at the
      dorsal basal lamina. In this way the tension of the muscles is likewise
      distributed over the dorsal and ventral arches of the acetabulum. After contact
      with the substratum the sucker creates a partial vacuum and attachment by means
      of the pressure of the radial muscles against the wall of the hole. Because of
      the fluid content of the hole, the volume does not change much. The dorsal arch
      of the sucker withstands the pressure of the radical muscles, because its surface
      area is six times greater than that of the ventral arch and consequently the load
      is six times less. The sucker, covered with basal lamina, has a constant volume;
      its layer of muscles resists deformation and supports the stability of the arch.

PMID- 3984452
TI  - Bulinus tropicus from Central Kenya acting as a host for Schistosoma bovis.
AB  - One hundred and twelve snails were collected from two habitats on the Mau
      Escarpment, Kenya and were provisionally identified as Bulinus tropicus from the
      characteristics of their shell and soft parts, chromosome number (n = 18),
      electrophoresis of egg protein on cellulose acetate strip and isoelectric
      focusing of AcP, GPI, HBDH, MDH and PGM digestive gland enzymes. Of the 55
      specimens examined alive in London, 10 were infected with amphistome and
      schistosome larvae, 9 with amphistome larvae and the remainder were uninfected.
      The GPI and MDH separations of known infected snails showed two distinct areas of
      activity: host and parasite. Individual hamsters were exposed to schistosome
      cercariae emanating from each snail with a double infection (apart from one which
      died prematurely) and examination of the resulting adult worms showed that all
      were monomorphic for AcP with a band of enzyme activity at pH 6.45,
      characteristic of Schistosoma bovis. Examination of eggs found in two infections
      proved to be S. bovis in shape and size. Exposure of laboratory-bred snails of B.
      tropicus from the Mau Escarpment and other populations of B. tropicus proved
      negative. Thus, it is suggested that the presence of the amphistome infection may
      have a suppressive effect on the immune system of the snail, thereby allowing S.
      bovis to develop.

PMID- 3984453
TI  - The effect of Helisoma duryi on the cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni
      infected Biomphalaria alexandrina: evaluation of chemical interferences and
      direct competition.
AB  - The effect of Helisoma duryi or uninfected Biomphalaria alexandrina conditioning
      of water, as well as the effect of direct competition with these, on the total
      cercarial production, growth and survival of Schistosoma mansoni-infected B.
      alexandrina was investigated. The total cercarial production varied considerably
      between experimental groups. No differences were found between groups maintained
      in water-conditioned by H. duryi or by uninfected B. alexandrina with regard to
      the total cercarial production, growth and survival. The cercarial production was
      correlated with snail size, but showed no differences between the two treatments.
      Direct competition with H. duryi resulted in reduced cercarial production and
      growth of infected B. alexandrina as compared with snails in competition with
      uninfected conspecifics.

PMID- 3984454
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and its site of attachment
      to the small intestinal mucosa of the dog.
AB  - The relationship between the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum and the host
      intestinal mucosa in situ has been examined by using an in vivo fixation
      technique and scanning electron microscopy. Heads of the adult worms were buried
      deeply in the mucosa of the dog's small bowel. At some sites of attachment there
      was severe atrophy and ulceration of the immediately surrounding villi.
      Superficial deposits of fibrillar material with many enmeshed erythrocytes were
      associated with these attachment sites. When adult worms became removed after
      fixation, large numbers of erythrocytes could be seen at the base of the ulcers.
      Examination of the morphological details of adult A. ceylanicum revealed the
      characteristic mouthparts of large outer ventral teeth and smaller inner teeth.
      The distance between adjacent transverse cuticular striations was measured as 5.2
      microns. The wide separation of the externolateral ray from the closely related
      mediolateral and posterolateral rays was illustrated together with the functi
      characteristic mouthparts of large outer ventral teeth and smaller inner teeth.
      The distance between adjacent transverse cuticular striations was measured as 5.2
      microns. The wide separation of the externolateral ray from the closely related
      mediolateral and posterolateral rays was illustrated together with the functi
      characteristic mouthparts of large outer ventral teeth and smaller inner teeth.
      The distance between adjacent transverse cuticular striations was measured as 5.2
      microns. The wide separation of the externolateral ray from the closely related
      mediolateral and posterolateral rays was illustrated together with the functional
      relationship of male and female copulating worms.

PMID- 3984455
TI  - [Children's shoe problems. Observation by an orthopedist].

PMID- 3984456
TI  - [Blocking of the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa area].
AB  - Orthopedic surgery on the distal lower extremities can be performed with
      conduction anesthesia of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa, supplemented
      by blocking of the femoral nerve with ischemia or partial deprivation of blood
      supply. The technique of this method of anesthesia is described. It has proved
      its value in patients with high anesthesia risk as well as in out-patients.

PMID- 3984457
TI  - [Lubeck's GT-sliding axis endoprosthesis].

PMID- 3984458
TI  - [Changes in the patellar articular facet in Blauth's endoprosthetic substitution
      of the knee joint. Histological and roentgenological studies of 3 patellas].
AB  - Three patellae from patients with implanted Blauth knee joint prosthesis were
      investigated after patellectomy. Radiological findings on sawn sections and
      macroscopical and histological analysis of the retropatellar surface give
      evidence of osteoarthritic alterations and inflammation.

PMID- 3984460
TI  - [New instruments for the removal of an artificial hip joint from the shaft].
AB  - Two new instruments for the removal of intact of broken stems of artificial hip
      joints are described. The instruments and their application are illustrated in
      the figures 1-4. They produce a force along the longitudinal direction of the
      femur which breaks the metal to bone-cement bond. The use of these instruments
      reduces problems which may arise from fracture of the cortical bone of the
      femoral shaft or from an impairment of sterility.

PMID- 3984459
TI  - [Demonstration of the loosening of hip endoprostheses by computerized
      tomography].
AB  - A pilotstudy was undertaken to evaluate the utilisation of modified computed
      tomography as an early diagnostic means to confirm the loosening of the total hip
      endoprosthesis. In nine of the twelve cases the CT investigation clearly
      indicated the loosening of the endoprosthesis. With respect to the remaining
      three patients, no conclusions could be drawn because of the presence of
      artifacts. It is of further interest to note pertaining to these three, that two
      had been supplied with an endoprosthesis of the hip on both sides and the third
      with an irregular surfaced shaft endoprosthesis. In conclusions one can say,
      despite the problems associated with the modified CT, that it is a suitable
      additional method for the early diagnosis of the loosening of total hip
      endoprosthesis.

PMID- 3984461
TI  - [Can traction with equipment still be recommended for the cervical vertebrae
      syndrome?].

PMID- 3984462
TI  - [Current trends in phonoarthrography].
AB  - The detection of sounds from the human body for diagnostic purposes has a long
      history. In the respiratory and circulatory systems such auscultation is a
      precise science yielding much useful information. The detection and
      interpretation of joint sounds, however, has been much less successful in its
      development. In this paper we outline the history of joint auscultation, of
      phonoarthrography, and of their modern equivalent: vibration arthrography. The
      relative merits of acoustic and vibration based systems are discussed and these
      are illustrated with data from simultaneous recordings of several joint
      phenomena. Finally, we concluded that the future of phonoarthrography as a
      clinical test is based on its further development using accelerometers rather
      than microphones as detectors.

PMID- 3984463
TI  - [Vibration arthrography in the diagnosis of knee joint diseases].
AB  - In this paper, the principles of vibration arthrography are briefly described and
      the analysis of the resulting signals is explained. Using such a system,
      localisation of signals from within the joint is possible. Finally, the
      development of a vibration-based arthrographic system is proposed as a safe,
      relatively inexpensive, and totally non-invasive aid to the diagnosis of internal
      disease of the knee.

PMID- 3984464
TI  - [Significance of the splitting of the lateral patellar retinaculum and the
      mediopatellar synovial fold in the surgical therapy of patellar chondromalacia].
AB  - Using strain gauges we investigated proximal-distal and lateral-medial strain of
      the dorsum patellae before and after cutting of the lateral retinaculum and the
      plica mediopatellaris under flexion. Lateral-medial strain was abolished by the
      lateral release for the larger part and by cutting of the plica for a smaller
      part. Proximal-distal strain was not changed in any case. Therefore we conclude
      that the operation will only lead to a medial positioning, but not to a loosening
      of the extension apparat of the knee.

PMID- 3984465
TI  - [Contact surfaces, compressive forces and pressure distribution in
      osteosynthesis. Model studies using pressure-sensitive foil].
AB  - Previous pressure gauges have been unable to measure exactly the stress over the
      cross-section of fractures or osteotomies. This first became possible with the
      pressure sensitive foil. Known operative procedures were examined with this foil
      using a self-compressing plate and a synthetic tube model. Contact area,
      compressive force, pressure and pressure distribution were measured
      simultaneously and analogously. A straight plate produces extremely little force
      and pressure on the gap. Both are limited to about a quarter of the cross-section
      just below the plate. The consequence is no sufficient stability. Also, using a
      prebent plate results in inhomogeneous pressure distribution with high values,
      but a distinct decrease of the stress on the opposite side of the plate,
      especially by compression applied at the end of the plate. But compression from
      near the fracture side gives the highest values and a most homogeneous force
      distribution. In this case the force recorded 1700 N, the mean pressure 5,2 MPa
      and the contact 90% of the cross-section. The length thrust of the plate ends
      approximately at a torque of screw tightening at 1,0 Nm. Using torques up to 2,5
      Nm, force and pressure increase isometrically. Higher torques have no influence.
      Converging screws result in smaller contact, force and pressure, because they
      produce a vector force away from the gap and a smaller length thrust.

PMID- 3984466
TI  - [Subcutaneous tenotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle as therapy in muscular
      torticollis].
AB  - This study reviews the cases of 49 patients with congenital muscular torticollis
      after an average follow-up of seven years, who were treated with subcutaneous
      sternomastoid tenotomy. An excellent result was found in 18 patients (37%), a
      good result in another 18 patients (37%), while the result of 13 patients (26%)
      must be regarded as unsatisfactory. There were no severe complications to be
      seen. These results are compared with other operative technics of treatment of
      muscular torticollis and the poor results are analyzed. We believe that
      subcutaneous sternomastoid tenotomy is a good method for treatment of muscular
      torticollis, with the advantage of avoiding any ugly scar.

PMID- 3984467
TI  - [Surgical treatment of arthritis of the thumb saddle joint].
AB  - Surgical treatment of rhizarthrosis is indicated in progression of the symptoms
      and increase of functional restriction despite conservative treatment. The
      etiopathogenesis of genuine arthrosis has not yet been clarified completely.
      Recent investigations show the great importance of the first intercarpal ligament
      for the stability of the basal joint of the thumb and its important role in the
      development of arthrosis. Several surgical measures are available to us and
      require differentiated establishment of the indication. First of all, there is
      trapezektomy with and without tendon interposition; this enables an improvement
      of symptoms. However, the increasing shortening of the thumb and the weakness and
      limitation to movement associated with this is to be regarded as disadvantageous.
      A surgical technique for restoration of the ligament connection between the first
      and the second metacarpalia after extirpation of the trapezium is presented. The
      results of this method are compared with those of the conventional technique. In
      all 12 of a total of 20 hands operated on in this way, the proximal displacement
      of the first metacarpum could be largely prevented. The remaining clinical
      parameters are also convincing.

PMID- 3984468
TI  - [Surgical treatment of arthritis of the thumb saddle joint].
AB  - First the etiology, clinical signs and differential diagnosis of the basal joint
      of the thumb are represented. Then a short summary is given about the
      possibilities of conservative and operative therapy. In operative treatment,
      there are techniques of maintaining the flexibility of this joint as well as the
      arthrodesis. In our clinic we prefer operative techniques by removal of the
      multangulum majus or implantation of an artificial joint (Francobal
      endoprosthesis). The results of our 22 patients, who had an operation of an
      arthritis of the basal joint of the thumb were controlled clinically and
      radiologically. We specially controlled the function and stability of the thumb
      and if the patient was able to manage his occupation. In arthritis of the basal
      joint of the thumb, the excision of the multangulum majus had good results and
      may be recommended. The arthroplasty of this joint had good early results, too.
      Here late results remain to be seen.

PMID- 3984469
TI  - [Mechanics of the perilunate carpal bones and their injury patterns including
      post-traumatic instability with reference to rare clinical cases].
AB  - There is given a survey of recent findings of the biomechanics of the carpal
      bones of which the complex of the os scaphoideum, lunatum and capitatum has the
      key role. The mechanism of injury and posttraumatic instability of the wrist are
      presented. Rare injuries like subluxation of the os scaphoideum with DISI
      instability, "scapho-capitate fracture" syndrome, and perilunar dislocation
      associated with scaphoid fracture (de Quervain) with a proximal fragment of the
      scaphoid which is turned over about 180 and 90 degrees, are reported in form of
      clinical cases. In case of subluxation of the os scaphoideum the operation
      described by Dobyns is recommended, using a split of ECRB tendon for dorsal
      ligament reconstruction.

PMID- 3984470
TI  - [Experience with a laterally-reinforced ankle sock].

PMID- 3984471
TI  - [Stress fracture of the calcaneus following aerobic gymnastics].
AB  - A stressfracture of the calcaneus after aerobic-gymnastic was observed. In
      comparance with stressfractures of different localisation there is only little of
      periostal callus. The leading radiological is spongiosasclerosis.

PMID- 3984472
TI  - [Causes and prevention of typical volleyball injuries].
AB  - A survey conducted among 224 volleyball players in the German Federal League
      revealed a high number of serious injuries. The upper ankle joint (55.1% of all
      serious injuries) and the fingers (22.4%) were most commonly affected. The
      principal cause of the accidents was a collision with an opponent at the net.
      There is a close relationship between the player's position, the part he plays in
      the game and the frequency of injury. Aside from other measures a change of one
      of the international volleyball rules would represent a suitable method of
      preventing such injuries.

PMID- 3984473
TI  - [Nodular fasciitis in sport shooting].
AB  - Although nodular fasciitis is one of the most common of the fibroproliferative
      conditions, it has not been widely reported. As it is a reactive and selflimiting
      process, it can be dealt with effectively by surgical excision and recurrences
      are rare. Histological differentiation from sarcomas is still proved to be
      difficult and hence there is the risk that inappropriate treatment may be
      recommended. This case report deals with the onset and natural history of nodular
      fasciitis in the upper arm of a keen marksman. When instructing children in the
      use of a shotgun, he was in the habit of placing the shorter shaft of these
      weapons against the upper third of his arm instead of the shoulder. Here he
      developed a tender swelling which showed increased up-take in a scintigram. One
      year after exstirpation the patient reported pain relief, a recurrence has not
      been observed so far.

PMID- 3984474
TI  - Shock-wave lithotripsy for the removal of kidney stones.

PMID- 3984475
TI  - Percutaneous stone removal in a community hospital.

PMID- 3984476
TI  - Evolution of emergency services in Central Virginia.

PMID- 3984477
TI  - [Systems organization of instrumental feeding behavior in the cat and its
      reflection in readjustment of the spike flow of cerebral cortex neurons].

PMID- 3984478
TI  - [Anticipatory reflection of a changing environment in the activity of central
      neurons].

PMID- 3984479
TI  - [Systems analysis of neurochemical mechanisms of involvement of cortical neurons
      in goal-oriented behavior].

PMID- 3984480
TI  - [Objective manifestations of a functional system of behavior aimed at obtaining
      positive emotional reinforcement].

PMID- 3984481
TI  - [Functional systems of the body as an object of physiologic analysis].

PMID- 3984482
TI  - [Systems mechanisms of behavior in the presence of a growing level of dominant
      motivation in conflict situations].

PMID- 3984483
TI  - [Molecular mechanisms of activation of the dominant motivation of the genetic
      memory apparatus in an alimentary and defensive functional system].

PMID- 3984484
TI  - [Behavioral, autonomic and electrophysiologic correlates of the apparatus of the
      acceptor of the results of an action].

PMID- 3984485
TI  - [Systems mechanisms of the stage of efferent synthesis in the goal-oriented
      behavioral acts of man].

PMID- 3984486
TI  - [Quanta of goal-oriented worker activity in the process of manufacturing electron
      optical systems].

PMID- 3984487
TI  - [Quantitative criteria for the evaluation of a functional system responsible for
      gas homeostasis].

PMID- 3984488
TI  - [The heart as the major link in the functional system supplying energy to
      arterial circulation].

PMID- 3984489
TI  - [Systemogenesis of the behavioral acts of animals in their natural environment].

PMID- 3984490
TI  - [Systemogenesis of the group behavior of animals].

PMID- 3984491
TI  - Conserved sequences and coding of two strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis
      virus (WE and ARM) and Pichinde arenavirus.
AB  - Analyses of the 3' end sequences of the small, S, and large, L, RNA species of
      lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus isolates ARM and WE, and DNA clones of
      LCM-WE, have shown that there are extensive RNA sequence homologies between the
      3' ends of the two RNA species of both LCM strains. Limited sequence data of DNA
      clones representing the LCM-WE L RNA species indicate that a gene product
      (presumably the minor 200 kdalton virion protein) is coded in a viral
      complementary mRNA species. Sequence analyses of LCM-WE S DNA clones indicate
      that approximately 50% of the 2040 nucleotides representing the 3' half of the
      viral RNA species (and its encoded 558 amino acid gene product) are identical in
      type and position to those of Pichinde arenavirus (Auperin, D., et al. (1984a),
      Virology 134, 208-219). For Pichinde virus, it has been shown that the 3'
      proximal gene product (the nucleoprotein, N) is translated from a subgenomic,
      viral-complementary mRNA (Auperin et al., 1984a). Data have recently been
      obtained (Auperin, D., et al. (1984b) J. Virol., in press) that indicate that the
      Pichinde glycoprotein precursor, GPC, is coded in a viral-sense subgenomic mRNA
      species corresponding to the 5' half of the S RNA. The nucleotide sequence that
      immediately follows the N coding region of both LCM-WE and Pichinde viruses can
      be arranged in a hairpin configuration. In view of this, and if, like Pichinde
      virus, LCM has an ambisense S RNA coding strategy, then it is probable that the
      intergenic hairpins function as transcription terminators for the N and GPC mRNA
      species of both viruses.

PMID- 3984492
TI  - Bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin protein.
AB  - Treatment of purified bovine coronavirus (Mebus strain) with pronase destroyed
      the integrity of virion surface glycoproteins gp140, gp120, gp100, reduced the
      amount of gp26 and destroyed the hemagglutinating activity of the virus.
      Bromelain, on the other hand, destroyed the integrity of gp120, gp100 and gp26
      but failed to remove gp140 and failed to destroy viral hemagglutinating activity.
      These experiments suggest that gp140 is the virion hemagglutinin. Immunoblotting
      studies using monospecific antiserum demonstrate that gp140 is a disulfide-linked
      dimeric structure reducible to monomers of 65 kDa.

PMID- 3984493
TI  - Sialic acid is incorporated into influenza hemagglutinin glycoproteins in the
      absence of viral neuraminidase.
AB  - We have analyzed the pronase-derived glycopeptides of the hemagglutinin
      glycoproteins expressed from SV40 vectors carrying cloned cDNA copies of the HA
      gene and of HA isolated from influenza virions (A/Jap/305/57). The glycopeptides
      derived from he HA glycoprotein obtained from cloned genes were heterogeneous,
      ranging in size from 3800 to 2800 daltons. Upon treatment with neuraminidase,
      sialic acid was released from the glycopeptides and their size was reduced to
      2900-2400 daltons. However, under the same conditions, no sialic acid was
      detected in the virion HA. The presence of sialic acid was confirmed by
      monosaccharide analysis of the HA glycoprotein derived from products of cloned
      genes. These results support the idea that during replication of influenza virus,
      the viral neuraminidase cleaves sialic acid from the HA glycoprotein in infected
      cells.

PMID- 3984494
TI  - [Non-synaptic inhibition in the cortex of the cat].
AB  - Experiments were carried out on cats under pentobarbital anaesthesia. Two
      stimulating electrodes (S1 and S2), a recording macroelectrode and K+-selective
      microelectrode were placed on g. suprasylvius. A strong stimulus applied through
      S1 elicited slow negativity (SN) and increase in [K+]o. At that time the
      dendritic potential (DP) evoked by stimulation through S2 was depressed. The
      depression of DP correlated with the voltage of SN and with the level of [K+]o.
      It is suggested that DP depression is caused by presynaptic action of K+ ions.

PMID- 3984495
TI  - [Role of monoaminergic systems in the development of the effect of stimulation of
      acetylcholinergic brain structures in the cat].
AB  - The influence of systemic injection of anticholinesterase substance physostigmine
      on the behaviour of cats was studied under the conditions of pharmacological
      stimulation of monoaminergic cerebral systems. Development of the effect of the
      substance with an increase of its dose was accompanied by a successive
      alternation of three phases each representing an independent form of behaviour.
      Each form of behaviour originating in the process of acetylcholinergic
      stimulation increase was supposed to be caused by an involvement of corresponding
      monoaminergic system: serotonindopamine-, or noradrenergic one.

PMID- 3984496
TI  - [Importance of traces of a preceding unreinforced stimulus to the formation of
      inhibitory conditioned reflexes in the rat].
AB  - The results of experiments with the inhibitory signal presented to rats after the
      positive one, showed the significance of the negative signal memory trace which
      interrupted alimentary behaviour and considerably accelerated its full extinction
      in response to the previously positive signal. Its significance is shown in
      experiments with amnesia produced by electroshock. According to the suggested
      concept negative conditioned reflexes are a result of formation of a temporary
      connection between memory traces of the negative conditioned signal and the non
      reinforcement of this signal.

PMID- 3984498
TI  - [Autonomic correlates of the formation of a functional self-stimulation system].
AB  - Capability of intracerebral electrostimulation to serve as an unconditioned
      reinforcing stimulus in classical conditioning was studied in rabbits. Changes of
      such vegetative characteristics as respiration frequency and ECG were taken as
      criterion of conditioned response (CR) elaboration. In preliminary experiments,
      optimal parameters of stimulation maintaining the highest level of instrumental
      self-stimulation behaviour were found for each of the animals. Isolated
      presentation of the unconditioned reinforcing stimulus led to the increase of
      respiratory rate. Such kind of stimulation induced tachicardia in 5 animals,
      bradicardia in 3 ones, and in the remaining 6 rabbits a biphasic reaction was
      observed with initial tachicardia changing for bradicardia. Reactions were taken
      as CRs if they were similar to those to the unconditioned stimulus and appeared
      at the moment of omitted reinforcement. After 10 pairings of conditioned sound
      stimulus with positive reinforcement, CR changes of the two vegetative parameters
      were observed in 21,4 per cent of cases. After 40 pairings CRs were observed in
      87,5 per cent of trials for cardiac and in 78,5 per cent cases for respiratory
      components. The results obtained confirm the idea of validity and efficiency of
      intracerebral stimulation of self-stimulation zones as a factor of positive
      reinforcement.

PMID- 3984497
TI  - [Paradoxical sleep deprivation, stress and emotionality in the rat].
AB  - 88 adult male rats were divided into 9 groups. Group I and II served as controls.
      The rats of group III were repeatedly aroused during 4 days at the very onset of
      each paradoxical sleep period by direct MRF stimulation. This deprivation reduced
      the daily amount of paradoxical sleep by 70%, while the slow wave sleep was
      reduced by 10% only. In group IV, the animals were given food and water for one
      hour a day only. Groups V and VI were subjected to immobilization and cold
      stress, respectively. Groups VII, VIII and IX were deprived of paradoxical sleep
      on platforms of 15, 11 and 6.5 cm in diameter, respectively. Stress was estimated
      by the classical Selye's triad: weight of adrenals and thymus and gastric
      ulceration. Emotionality was measured in the open field and also by self
      stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Neither emotional behaviour disturbances
      nor stress features were found after paradoxical sleep deprivation in the group
      III. Moreover, this deprivation induced a slight, though significant, reduction
      in adrenals weight. Also, no changes in emotional behaviour were noted in the
      stress-exposed group V and VI. Only the interplay between REM-sleep deprivation
      and stress on the platforms in groups VII, VIII and especially IX led to a
      considerable shift in emotionality.

PMID- 3984499
TI  - [Problems in transplantation into the central nervous system of mammals].

PMID- 3984500
TI  - [Effect of a high-frequency electrical current on the activity of the raphe
      nuclei and the locus coeruleus].
AB  - Recovery cycles of primary evoked potentials to light flashes in the visual
      cortical area of waking rats were studied under conditions of pharmacological and
      electrical influences on serotonin (5-HT)- and noradren (NA)ergic brain systems.
      All factors used induced oscillations of the recovery cycles. Periods of
      oscillations were similar (300-400 ms) during pharmacological suppression of the
      NA-system and during high-frequency (500 Hz) electrical stimulation or lesion of
      locus coeruleus. Analogous influences on 5-HT-system were accompanied by
      oscillations of recovery cycles with a period of 200 ms. Mechanism of inhibitory
      action of high-frequency electrical stimulation on activity of monoaminergic
      systems is discussed.

PMID- 3984501
TI  - [Chemoreactive properties of medial thalamic neurons of the rat in the following
      states: urethane anesthesia, wakefulness and immobilization stress].
AB  - An analysis was carried out by means of microelectrode records and
      microionophoresis of medial thalamus neurones chemical sensitivity to
      acetylcholine and noradrenaline in rats under urethane anaesthesia, in free
      behaviour and in immobilization stress. Significant differences were observed in
      stability of cellular responses to repeated application of mediators under these
      conditions and in the correlation of the cells with qualitatively different
      reactions to these mediators. Along with the functional state of the animals,
      probability and direction of "spontaneous" changes of neuronal chemoreactive
      properties significantly depended on the type of sensibility inherent in them at
      that moment.

PMID- 3984502
TI  - [Effect of electrocoagulation of the septum on the behavior and memory of the
      cat].
AB  - Lesion effects of various areas of the septum on general behaviour, learning and
      memory were studied in cats. It appeared that electrocoagulation of the medial
      septum alone leading to the disappearance of the hippocampal theta rhythm does
      not result in the development of the septal syndrome signs; does not disturb the
      normal structure of the sleep-wakefulness cycle; does not delay the elaboration
      of instrumental alimentary reflexes (to approach two feeders) or their
      extinction, but does entirely disturb the delayed responses to conditioned
      stimuli. In cases when lesion involves also the lateral septum, it produces the
      development of all signs of the septal syndrome (hyperemotionality,
      hyperactivity, rage, hyperphagia, etc.), disturbance of the normal structure of
      the sleep-wakefulness cycle, delay of both the elaboration and extinction of
      instrumental alimentary reflexes, disturbance of pre-elaborated conditioned
      reactions with sound discrimination, entire disturbance of conditioned delayed
      responses. On the basis of these data, the specific significance of hippocampal
      theta-rhythm in the organization of learning and memory is rejected, and a more
      important role is attributed to the descending regulatory influence exerted by
      the hippocampus and other archipaleocortical structures on the activating and
      motivatiogenic structures of mesodiencephalon.

PMID- 3984503
TI  - [Elaboration of a conditioned defensive reflex in mice genetically differing in
      brain weight].

PMID- 3984504
TI  - [Effect of unilateral disruption of auditory perception on the ability of bats to
      determine the direction of adequate ultrasonic signals].

PMID- 3984505
TI  - [Effect of ambient temperature on self-stimulation frequency and seizure
      development in the white rat].

PMID- 3984506
TI  - [Criteria for the functional differentiation of neurons in the rat].

PMID- 3984507
TI  - [Conditioned suppression of action potential generation of an isolated Helix
      pomatia neuron].

PMID- 3984508
TI  - [Features of the formation and dynamics of short-term image memory in the rat].
AB  - Direct and indirect methods of delayed reactions showed that short-term image
      memory of rats elaborated on the basis of conditioned signals in poorly developed
      and its duration is not more than 1 s. While testing this memory, changes in the
      behaviour were seen, pointing to the development of "hard state" in the higher
      nervous activity of animals. Short-term image memory based on complex perception
      was shown to be well developed in rats, and by many characteristics it
      approximated to the memory of highly organized animals. The ability to reproduce
      the short-term image memory on the basis of conditioned signals is supposed to be
      a complex form of psychonervous activity of animals, and in rodents it appears to
      be at an initial stage of development.

PMID- 3984509
TI  - [Natural 1st and 2d degree conditioned food reflexes in the dog in relation to
      space orientation].
AB  - In three dogs formation and performance of spatial alimentary natural conditioned
      responses of the second order was studied when the dog had to find food
      preliminarily shown to it in one of the four food-distributors (psychonervous
      activity directed by a food image in terms proposed by I. S. Beritashvili).
      Characteristics of this form of behaviour were demonstrated and discussed: rapid
      formation, dependence of performance on the delay time, conflict between
      responses of the first and the second order. In the second series of the
      experiments food-procuring behaviour of dogs was studied under conditions of
      conflict between the quality (value) of alimentary reinforcement and probability
      of its finding in certain food-distributor. Such kind of behavior was shown to
      depend on the motivation level and individual characteristics of the dog.
      Interaction of "informational" (anterior areas of the neocortex, hippocampus) and
      "motivational" (nuclei of amigdalar complex, hypothalamus) cerebral structures is
      supposed to underlie the organization of behaviour.

PMID- 3984510
TI  - [Effect of diazepam on the formation and reproduction of conditioned cortical
      reactions in man].
AB  - Intramuscular injections of seduxen (10 mg), a benzodiasepin drug, with expressed
      tranquilizing and alarm suppressing effects, were used with the aim of
      experimental testing of a hypothesis on the neural mechanism of conditioned
      changes of the P300 wave. Under the action of seduxen no temporary connections
      could be formed between a perceived nonverbal visual stimulus and a unrecognized
      emotional word. The seduxen did not suppress the conditioned cortical reaction
      acquired due to combination of nonverbal stimulus with unrecognized emotional
      word. The suggestion is made that the necessary condition of temporary connection
      elaboration by means of a unrecognized verbal stimulus is the implication of the
      limbic structures where negative emotional reactions are integrated.

PMID- 3984511
TI  - [Intercentral correlations in the cerebral cortex according to the EEG coherence
      index after restoration of consciousness and speech following prolonged coma].
AB  - Power spectra and coherence function of EEG of various cortical areas of both
      hemispheres were analyzed in 9 patients with extremely protracted loss of
      consciousness. Five patients were in the state of posttraumatic apallic syndrome
      lasting for more than 4 years in one patient, and 4-9 months with successive
      lethal outcome in 4 patients. One patient for more than 2 years was in a state of
      areactivity to external signals. In 3 patients the process of recovery of
      consciousness and speech began in 1-2 months. At the apallic syndrome, only low
      frequency EEG components were present in spectrograms, and the values of
      coherence function were sharply decreased. With recovering consciousness and
      speech, a gradual appearance of alpha-activity was observed as well as an
      increase of coherence values at the frequency of the alpha-rhythm. The recovery
      of intercentral EEG relations in the motor-verbal cortical area was shown to play
      a special role in further normalization of connections in the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 3984512
TI  - [Effect of negative emotions on various links in visual-motor integration in
      man].
AB  - The influence of emotional stress was studied on different links of the structure
      functional system providing perception of a stimulus and choice of an adequate to
      signals voluntary motor reaction. Presentation of emotionally meaningful words
      was shown to change significantly and nonequivalently the process of stimulus
      recognition and the value of reaction time. The changes were more brief in
      persons with inborn emotional lability and significantly longer in those after
      the brain injury. It was shown that emotional factors might significantly change
      (delay) the process of decision making.

PMID- 3984513
TI  - [Estimation of time intervals during exposure to a static load].
AB  - Ten healthy subjects from 17 to 23 years old participated in the study. The
      subjects had to hold the ergograph load with their right hand thus fulfilling a
      static work. The effort magnitude was 50 per cent of maximal value of voluntary
      strength. The subjects pressed the button on the ergograph handle with their
      thumb depending on the experimental conditions and held it for 0.8 or 2.5 s. The
      work with each interval included three conditions: interval estimation without
      static load (SL), the same with the SL and after SL. At the end of experiment the
      subjects worked with the interval of 2.5 s under the conditions of maximally long
      SL holding as far as it would go. An increase of reaction time (RT) was observed
      at the transition from simple button pressing to interval estimation. RT tended
      to increase with prolongation of a standard interval. SL did not influence
      significantly the RT value if it did not cause the general fatigue. A gradual
      increase of interval estimations was observed under the influence of SL the
      interval of 0.8 s being estimated more accurately. Estimation of various
      intervals was supposed to reflect different mechanisms of their perception.
      Estimation of the interval of 0.8 s was based on the memory trace processes and
      that of 2.5 s interval was connected with conditioned reflex activity. Apparently
      SL did not influence interval estimation directly but by changing the functional
      state of the subject's organism it predetermined a prolongation of the interval
      estimations.

PMID- 3984514
TI  - [Exaltation phenomenon during the teaching of an instrumental defense reflex to
      animals of various ages].
AB  - Dogs of 1.5 and 7 months and rats of 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 80, and 100 days of age
      were given acquisition training in an escape task. The previous observations
      suggested that difficulties in defensive conditioning typically found in young
      animals were connected with their generalized perception of Igarning conditions.
      To facilitate the discrimination of the environmental factors a conditioned
      signal was not applied and the home cage was used as a "safe" compartment. The
      intertrial intervals were increased up to 2 hours for dogs and 24 hours for rats.
      Under such conditions an acquisition of escape reaction was most rapid in animals
      of early age. The period of effective learning (exaltation) in rats began from 20
      and lasted to 60 days of age, the maximal efficiency being observed at 20 days.
      Pups of 1.5 months had learned more quickly than those of 7 months of age.
      Variations of learning efficiency in ontogeny of rats were positively correlated
      with changes of correct escape reaction search activity. Phenomenon of learning
      exaltation in ontogeny was supposed to be connected with the high level of
      activity of perception and association cerebral mechanisms being the result of
      immaturity of inhibitory structures.

PMID- 3984516
TI  - [Differential analysis of the binding forms of iron in various plant foodstuffs].
AB  - In fourteen plant foodstuffs of various composition a differentiation of iron
      contents according to water soluble, in ethylacetate extractable, in labile
      contents and iron(II) or Fe(III) species in the water extract are carried out by
      the spectrophotometric Ferrozine method. High water-soluble labile iron parts and
      high iron(II) contents were found in fruit, high complexed parts in the water
      extract and ethylacetate extractable iron contents in protein rich foodstuffs.
      The iron total contents are situated between 1 and 90 ppm, the water soluble
      parts amount to 6 up to 60% of the total content according to the foodstuffs.

PMID- 3984515
TI  - [Correlations among cortical potentials in the dog during the elaboration of
      motor alimentary conditioned reflexes].
AB  - Background electrocortical activity in a frequency band of 1-100 Hz of dogs with
      electrodes implanted in different neocortical areas was studied before and after
      elaboration of motor (lever pressing) alimentary conditioned responses.
      Conditioning led to a significant change of the distribution histograms of cross
      correlation coefficients (CC) between the cortical potentials, i. e. the
      dispersion of CC values decreased and the level of correlation changed as well.
      In more tranquil animals (with lower CC values before conditioning) the level of
      correlation significantly increased, in excitable ones (with higher CC values
      before conditioning) it decreased. CC distributions after the conditioned
      response elaboration became similar in both cases apparently indicating the
      formation of a uniform state characteristic for the type of a conditioned
      response under study.

PMID- 3984517
TI  - Direct gas chromatographic determination of the two isomeric insecticides,
      aldicarb and butocarboxime and their toxic metabolites: application to residue
      analysis in crops and leaves.
AB  - A gas-chromatographic method is described for determination of residues of
      butocarboxime (Drawin), its structural isomer aldicarb (Temik), and their toxic
      sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites. These compounds were determined intact, by gas
      chromatography employing a thermionic specific detector (TSD). Breakdown of these
      relatively thermally unstable compounds was avoided by lowering the inlet
      temperature to 150 degrees C, by keeping column temperature as low as possible,
      and by using a low-load liquid phase (2% of OV-17 on Gas-Chrom Q). These
      compounds were determined in enriched extracts of samples of tomatoes and apples
      and also in the leaves of citrus and cotton. The method is suitable for the
      separation, differentiation and determination of the two isomers and their
      metabolites at an enrichment level of 0.1 micrograms/g of fresh weight. The
      results were confirmed by gas chromatography--chemical-ionization mass
      spectrometry.

PMID- 3984518
TI  - Gastric tube oesophagoplasty for oesophageal atresia: a follow-up study. Part II:
      Radiologic, endoscopic and histologic controls.
AB  - In 1982 a programme of multi-disciplinary follow-up on 12 patients that underwent
      a gastric tube oesophagoplasty for long-gap oesophageal atresia was started.
      Radiological examination, performed on all gastric tubes but one (died a few days
      after surgery), assessed the morphology and dynamics of gastric tube, either
      distally or proximally based, and stomach 2 to 8 years after surgery. Endoscopic
      backward exploration was performed on 7 cases, to allow a closer analysis of
      stomach, gastric tube mucosa and upper oesophageal stump, demonstrating that the
      gastric transplant is viable and almost undamaged. No evidence of oesophagitis of
      the proximal stump was found. Histological stainings on biopsy specimens and on
      sections from one post-mortem examination, showed a mild degree of dystrophy in
      gastric tube mucosa, progressively shading into proper gastric mucosa. No
      evidence of a progressive change for the worse was found in any of the 7 tubes
      controlled.

PMID- 3984519
TI  - Histochemical acetylcholinesterase activity in the mucosa of the resected bowel
      in Hirschsprung's disease. An analysis of 30 cases.
AB  - Resected bowels from 30 patients with Hirschsprung's disease were consecutively
      investigated as to the length of the aganglionic segment and the extent of the
      increased mucosal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The latter was not always
      in accord with the length of aganglionic segment. The increased AChE activity not
      only did not reach the normal ganglionic segment proximally, but, in almost all
      cases also extended for less than 5 cm from the distal end of the resected
      bowels. In two cases with the ultra-short type of segment and in four with the
      short type of segment increased mucosal AChE activity extended for a short length
      only into the normal bowel segment. The more advanced the patient's age at the
      time of operation, and the more intense the AChE activity in rectal suction
      biopsy, the more proximal was the extent of increased AChE activity. Proximal
      extension of the mucosal AChE activity showed no clear relationship to the
      creation of a colostomy or to the occurrence of preoperative enterocolitis.

PMID- 3984520
TI  - Simultaneous measurement of ventricular fluid and fontanelle pressure in neonates
      and infants with hydrocephalus.
AB  - Simultaneous measurement of fontanelle and ventricular fluid pressure was
      performed during 1-2 hours in 17 neonates and infants with hydrocephalus at a
      mean age of 7 weeks on 19 occasions. The fontanelle pressure recorded by a Ladd
      sensor was on the average 1.1 mmHg lower than the ventricular fluid pressure and
      differed from it by a standard deviation of +/- 3.5 mmHg. The most important
      problem in continuous fontanometry is the evaluation of the precise application
      pressure at the beginning of the examination. Fontanometry is for the present
      appropriate to trend analysis and screening examination, but not to measure the
      exact intracranial pressure.

PMID- 3984521
TI  - [Spleen autotransplantation--comparative animal experiment study of implantation
      sites].
AB  - Iatrogenically induced local splenosis seems to be a method for the partial
      preservation of splenic functions with appealing surgical simplicity.
      Pathophysiological aspects, such as flow direction of splenic venous blood, the
      ectopic occurrence of potential splenic affections, and the formation of
      pseudoabscesses as well as the preconditions for nidation of the autografts have
      not been sufficiently investigated so far. Sixty Wistar-rats, divided into four
      groups according to the surgical procedure performed (sites of implantation:
      omentum majus, liver, retroperitoneal space, pedicular omental flap), were
      subjected to macroscopical and histological studies with regard to the nidation
      of splenic autografts. Based on the results obtained and considering the above
      mentioned criteria, a pedicular omental wrap technique with or without
      retroperitoneal shifting and autograft fixation with fibrin glueing are suggested
      as the most preferable procedure.

PMID- 3984522
TI  - [Diagnosis of isolated tracheo-esophageal fistula by manometry of the esophagus].
AB  - A method for diagnosis of isolated tracheo-oesophageal fistula by oesophageal
      manometry is described. It consists of pull-through registration of intraluminal
      pressures. An abrupt pressure rise in the area of the fistula during inspiration
      is pathological. In principle, this method consists of the graphical tracing of
      the original Koops test which we have slightly modified. The investigation is non
      invasive and accurate in comparison with roentgenological and/or endoscopical
      methods.

PMID- 3984523
TI  - Posterior mediastinal teratoma mimicking foregut duplication.
AB  - The fourth case of a posterior mediastinal teratoma is presented. The clinical
      similarity to foregut cyst and the histology of these lesions are discussed.

PMID- 3984524
TI  - Congenital absence of small intestinal musculature (one case report).
AB  - Intestinal obstruction due to congenital absence of the small intestinal
      musculature in a neonate is presented. This report represents the seventh known
      case of this abnormality. In addition, in our case ectopic oesophageal mucosa and
      ectopic gastric mucosa is detected. The aetiology of this condition is unknown,
      and the diagnosis must simply depend on pathological examination of biopsy
      samples taken from appropriate regions. Unfortunately the regions of this disease
      have no continuity. Therefore, course of treatment cannot be established as the
      extent of the region cannot be correctly identified. To detect change of colour
      tone of the bowel may be helpful in the treatment of the disease.

PMID- 3984525
TI  - Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: a functional
      intestinal obstruction in the female newborn.
AB  - A fatal case of the megacystis-microcolon syndrome in a newborn girl is presented
      and two previously unreported findings are discussed. The umbilical hernia is
      thought to represent a mechanically induced embryological defect, secondary to
      the expanding nonfunctional megacystis which appears to be the dominant component
      from an early stage. Hypertrophic changes of the large intestinal wall
      musculature, adjacent to dilated segments, may indicate an impaired propulsive
      activity in utero, as a result of defective neurotransmission. The latter is
      proposed as the common pathophysiological mechanism for both urinary and
      intestinal malfunction.

PMID- 3984526
TI  - [Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome. Differential diagnosis and treatment of
      clavicular deformity].
AB  - The genesis and clinical characteristics of Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton's syndrome
      (dysostosis cleido-cranialis), of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicula of
      post-traumatic clavicular pseudoarthrosis in childhood determine the differential
      diagnostic considerations of pseudoarthrosis in children in cases which are
      initially not clear. The therapy is, however, independent of the cause of the
      disease: Resection of the pseudoarthrotic bone, filling of the defect via a
      cortico-spongious block and stabilisation via plate osteosynthesis.

PMID- 3984527
TI  - Meningoceles and neurological involvement.
AB  - The term meningocele is used in this communication to include all lesions
      presenting as swellings associated with spina bifida, when neural tissue is not
      exposed on the surface. 144 meningoceles were operated on during an 18-year
      period. The stalk of the meningocele was connected with the neural tissue in 113
      of them. Two distinct types of lesions have been noted in these patients and have
      been designated "meningocele with tethered cord" (52) and "meningocele with
      tethered roots" (56). In both conditions about half the number of cases presented
      clinically before the age of 3 months, when paraplegia was evident in only 5 of
      the 26 infants with tethered cord and 3 of the 25 with tethered roots. In
      contrast, all or the majority of babies reporting after the age of one year, had
      paraplegia. Hence, a case is made out for an early operation in all these
      patients. At surgery the main lesion was a fatty mass in 29 babies with tethered
      cord, and a cystic mass in 30 with tethered roots. While hydrocephalus was
      virtually absent in these babies, there were 5 others who manifested obstructive
      hydrocephalus with meningocele. "Meningomyelocele", the commonest lesion
      associated with spina bifida, presents with an exposed spinal cord at birth, is
      associated with communicating hydrocephalus, and can be clearly distinguished
      from the meningocele.

PMID- 3984528
TI  - [Nosologic and inductive diagnosis of chronic polyarthritis: the logical criteria
      chain].
AB  - The terms of acuteness and chronicity in arthritis are being defined to their
      originally nosologic and fundamentally different dimension in contrast to their
      symptomatologic daily use. "Chronic arthritis" has on principle to be defined as
      being progressive and destructive causing permanent damages. The so-called ARA
      criteria of rheumatoid arthritis are being pushed back to their didactic value
      and their originally epidemiologic purpose. In everyday life of a qualified
      rheumatologist they are at least superfluous, sometimes useless. The analytical
      constructive train of thoughts leads from the symptom by means of methodologic
      steps of evidence and exclusion via nosologic categories to the respective
      diagnostic result. The diagnostic steps of decision are being introduced as
      "logic chain of criteria" and thus make the complex process of findings for our
      reflections at the bedside transparent.

PMID- 3984529
TI  - [Indications for emergency operations in rheumatoid orthopedics].
AB  - In arthritis surgery "urgent" indications are a relatively subjective definition-
      apart from few exceptions. The aim of this paper is to give a substantiated
      classification--under practical aspects--for frequently occurring rheumatoid
      lesions in all parts of the locomotor system requiring surgical treatment.

PMID- 3984530
TI  - [Liberation of the oxygen radical from peripheral human phagocytes (granulocytes
      and monocytes) in patients with chronic polyarthritis].
AB  - Monocytes from patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis show a
      significantly higher release of O2-radicals in the chemiluminescence assay (2925
      X 10(3) cpm) than those of healthy volunteers (267 X 10(3) cpm) (p = 0.01). This
      difference does not appear in a similar test with granulocytes, which in both
      groups tested show a mean chemiluminescence of 2739 X 10(3) and 2547 X 10(3) cpm.
      The chemiluminescence of monocytes is clearly time-course dependent: in the
      morning we saw the least response, at noon the highest. Following our results,
      corticosteroids lower chemiluminescence significantly (p = 0.05), while non
      steroidal antirheumatic drugs and long-term therapy with gold compounds, etc., do
      not affect chemiluminescence.

PMID- 3984531
TI  - [Diagnosis ex juvantibus].

PMID- 3984532
TI  - [Course of chronic polyarthritis].
AB  - The great variety of rheumatoid arthritis is well known. By means of exemplary
      cases subgroups are described, which show more homogeneity in relation to onset
      and course than rheumatoid arthritis as defined by the ARA-criteria. As a result
      of treatment clinical signs of inflammation as joint pain and swelling and
      laboratory findings as ESR and Hb may improve, but there is no change in
      radiological progression. There are correlations between clinical and laboratory
      measurements but not to radiological findings. It is considered that inflammation
      and joint destruction may result from independent pathomechanisms. The conclusion
      is that the pathognomonic process of rheumatoid arthritis, i.e. destruction,
      shown by radiological progression, is not influenced by treatment and is
      reflecting the natural course of the disease.

PMID- 3984533
TI  - [Headache and perception].
AB  - Attacks of migraine can be caused by a spasmodic overexertion of perception which
      has neurotic origins. In such cases massive intolerance with regard to depressive
      episodes and helplessness is observed in the patients. This can be plausibly
      explained on the background of unsolved infantile conflicts. As an attempt at a
      solution on the somatic level the patients employ motor and sensor overexertion
      which may result in overexposure to stimuli and, subsequently, in headache. When
      this development of symptoms is considered as a general model a perfect analogy
      to the development of the psychoneuroses becomes apparent.

PMID- 3984534
TI  - [Migraine reflected in contributions to psychodynamic research. A review of the
      literature].
AB  - Psychosomatic contributions of the migraine are presented to overcome a static-
      caracterological approach pointing out the suitableness of the psychoanalytical
      method and mode of thinking. Migraine can be more extensively understood as a
      psychodynamic process. In consideration of the psychodynamics of migraine
      patients a shift from the structural model of conflict to the object-relation
      theory became apparent. Narcissistic aspects are emphasized.

PMID- 3984535
TI  - [Non-organically-induced vertigo].
AB  - The symptom "vertigo" we find as a sign of many different diseases. A psychogenic
      cause must be considered, if organic failures are excluded by a complete
      examination. Such troubles we see as symptoms of endogenous psychosis and anxiety
      neurosis, especially aerophobia like agoraphobia, gephyrophia, and batophobia. In
      these cases dizziness appears as a covered form of anxiety.

PMID- 3984536
TI  - [Therapeutic problems in chronic suicidal patients].
AB  - Reported is the case of a chronically suicidal female patient who, in one of her
      attempts at suicide, had incurred permanent injuries to her lower extremities.
      The therapeutic problems were focussed on specific aspects of transference and
      counter-transference and, above all, an uncontrolled rage which was actualized
      perpetually by her physical handicap. Her destructive aggression resulted in
      severe stress upon the staff members and inequitable danger to her fellow
      patients so that her treatment had to be discontinued and subsequently resumed at
      another institution. It proved to be particularly important that the patient,
      after having been granted the freedom to leave the ward at her own discretion,
      had the possibility of imagining a renewed attempt at suicide by throwing herself
      from a hospital balcony, until she finally reached the beginning of a
      reorientation of her life.

PMID- 3984537
TI  - [Hormone and metabolism behavior in distress without physical stress].
AB  - The psychological effects on cortisol, human growth hormone (HGH), free fatty
      acids and lactate were investigated in 10 healthy students using a one hour
      television game. To insure that only the psychological aspects of the game were
      being measured, hematocrit, creatininkinase, CK-MB and myoglobin were used as
      controls. The game began 60 minutes after venapuncture of a lower arm vein with
      an indwelling catheter. Blood samples were taken 30 and 60 minutes after
      venapuncture, at intervals of 20 minutes during the game and 30, 60 and 120
      minutes after the end of the game. After an initial rise, plasma cortisol levels
      sank steadily and significantly (alpha = 1%). The HGH level initially fell, but
      as the game progressed, rose and remained at a high level for a considerable
      period after the game had ended. These variations however were not statistically
      significant. The three free fatty acids under investigations, myristinic acid
      (C14), palmitic acid (C16), and stearic acid (C18), all showed similar levels
      over the course of the experiment. During the first 20 minutes of the play, free
      fatty acid levels rose, with stearic acid levels rising the most (52%). The free
      fatty acid levels then sank as the game progressed, with the palmitinic acid
      level showing a significant decline (alpha = 1%). The other parameters remained
      relatively constant during the experiment, with the exception of the CK-MB level,
      which showed severe, hard-to-interpret variations.

PMID- 3984538
TI  - [Psychosocial processing of disease exemplified by multiple sclerosis. Results of
      an empirical study of 27 males].
AB  - First, some details about the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis and about theories
      concerning pathophysiology and etiology are described. After that, results of an
      enquiry into psycho-social coping mechanisms of 27 male patients living with
      Multiple Sclerosis are shown. In detail: To 85% of these patients micturation
      problems were a well-know experience. "Urging need to micturate" made it
      impossible for these patients to participate in public life and brought social
      isolation for them. A feeling of helplessness and impotence was caused by the
      symptom of unnoticed incontinence. No patient were divorced because of Multiple
      Sclerosis, but it seemed that some patients did not marry because of first
      symptoms of the disease. Changes in sexual functioning of these male patients
      depended upon the way of coping with sexuality generally by them, and was not
      merely a constant physiological defect. An investigation was also carried out
      about the length of time between first symptoms and the correct diagnosis,
      between the time of correct diagnosis and the time the patient was informed, as
      well as an investigation about the mourning process itself. For a better
      understanding of a patient having to cope with a chronic disease it is recommend
      to take into consideration also his premorbid life history.

PMID- 3984539
TI  - [The therapeutic process in a patient with anorexia nervosa].
AB  - Described is the intrapsychic process in a male patient (33) suffering from
      mental anorexia. This patient had been treated for a period of 18 weeks on an
      inpatient basis and was released from the hospital in a distinctly improved
      condition. Kafka's short story and was released from the hospital in a distinctly
      improved condition. Kafka's short story "Der Hungerkunstler" (A Hunger Artist) is
      an introduction into the psychodynamics of the disorder. A description of the
      case history in the light of depth psychology, of the symptoms, the triggering
      situation, the personalita structure, and the cause serves to explain the
      "infantile pledge", the psychodynamic formula governing the experience as well as
      the behaviour of the patient. The healing process is presented in four stages and
      documented by means of pictures from an art therapy employed as an extension of
      the patient's individual psychotherapy. In the case presentation the patient is
      given the opportunity to communicate in his own language and pictorial means of
      expression in the manner of a patient-centered case history and healing process.

PMID- 3984540
TI  - [Pleomorphic lipoma. A light and electron microscopy study].
AB  - A case report is given of a pleomorphic lipoma in a 41 year old man. This article
      reviews the histopathologic and clinical features of this rare neoplasm.
      Characteristics distinguishing it from liposarcoma are presented.

PMID- 3984541
TI  - [Liver lesions induced by dihydralazine and propranolol].
AB  - The antihypertensive drugs dihydralazine and propranolol can produce identical
      liver injuries which must be distinguished clinically and morphologically from
      acute viral hepatitis. In 19 cases selected from our biopsy file during the last
      two years, clinical and morphological findings suggested that the liver injury
      diagnosed by light microscopy had been caused by an adverse reaction to
      dihydralazine and/or propranolol. In order to establish a causal relation the
      lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) was performed with dihydralazine in 11 cases.
      Positive results were observed in 9 cases, demonstrating an etiologic role for
      dihydralazine in liver injury in these cases. The dihydralazine and/or
      propranolol induced liver injury consisted mainly of drug-induced hepatitis with
      confluent (bridging) necrosis. Different findings were observed in three cases:
      In two of these drug-induced hepatitis with confluent necrosis was observed
      together with eosinophilic cholangio-cholangiolitis. In one other case the
      histologic changes corresponded to drug hepatitis resembling viral hepatitis.
      Each of the three cases showed conspicuous centrolobular cholestasis, a feature
      which is unusual in drug-induced hepatitis with confluent necrosis irrespective
      of serum bilirubin levels. In one third of our cases we found morphological
      features of hypersensitivity reactions in the liver biopsies. Considered together
      with the results of LPT these features emphasize the role of cell mediated immune
      reaction in the mechanism of liver injury caused by dihydralazine and/or
      propranolol.

PMID- 3984542
TI  - [Diencephalic pilocytic astrocytoma with clinical onset in infancy. Biological
      behavior and pathomorphological findings in 11 children].
AB  - Pilocytic astrocytomas of the diencephalon with onset of signs and symptoms
      during the first year of life are reported in 7 boys and 5 girls. Failure to
      thrive was the initial manifestation in 5 infants. In 2 of them a Russel syndrome
      emerged. The growth rate of the tumors was slow. One child survived without
      treatment for 2.5 years. The survival time of the treated children ranged from 7
      months to 6 years and 4 months. All children died. No obvious indications of
      neurofibromatosis were found. All tumors infiltrated and destroyed the
      hypothalamus. In addition, the tumor infiltrated the optic chiasm in 3 cases and
      extended into the optic nerves in 2 of them. Most of the astrocytomas were large.
      Their maximal diameter exceeded 10 cm in 2 children. All were pilocytic
      astrocytomas grade 1. The grade of malignancy was the same in recurrences as in
      the initial operative material. Rosenthal fibres were uncommon. It is concluded
      that diencephalic pilocytic astrocytomas biologically and morphologically
      resemble most of the pilocytic astrocytomas occurring in early life in other
      parts of the brain. There is, therefore, no justification for regarding them as a
      separate tumor entity.

PMID- 3984543
TI  - [Primary soft tissue tumors of the epididymis, paratesticular tissue and
      spermatic cord].
AB  - The present study comprises 23 primary soft tissue tumors of the epididymis,
      paratesticular tissue and of the spermatic cord. These tumors were reclassified
      according to the diagnostic criteria of the WHO. The most common tumor of the
      paratesticular tissue is the adenomatoid tumor (65%), followed by the leiomyoma
      (17%). Other recognized tumors are: two typical lipomas, one lipo- and one
      leiomyosarcoma. Because of its relatively high frequency the adenomatoid tumor is
      reviewed more in detail with regard to its morphology and histogenesis. Some
      problems of the clinical pathology of paratesticular soft tissue tumors are
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 3984544
TI  - [A possibility of cutting frozen sections of bone tissue in routine pathology].
AB  - A low priced, efficient frozen section cutting device is described to produce 5
      microns sections of frozen undecalcified bone specimen blocks in routine
      pathology. The device was developed by combining two commercially-available
      instruments, namely a frozen section microtome with methyl alcohol cooling and a
      hard tissue microtome. Bore holes were drilled in the hard tissue knife to permit
      cooling, using the methyl alcohol system of the other microtome.

PMID- 3984545
TI  - [Regeneration of liver parenchyma and sinusoidal cells following partial
      hepatectomy].
AB  - Partial hepatectomy (30 percent of the liver weight) was performed in 225 female
      Wistar rats, ages 6 weeks, 6 and 9 months. The animals were sacrificed in
      intervals between 4 hours and 21 d after the operation. The automated microscopic
      image analysis after Simon et al. (1984) and histoautoradiography were utilized
      for evaluation of liver cell regeneration. Despite measurement of more than 1,000
      cells per animal we were not able to confirm enlargement of hepatocytes as the
      first reaction to partial hepatectomy The number of liver cells per unit area
      increased whereas sinusoidal size remained rather constant, corresponding to a
      decrease in average cell size and in the standard deviation of cell area. The
      importance of binucleated hepatocytes in the process is emphasized. Measurement
      of the nucleoli and of the mean extinction values of liver cell nuclei as a
      measure of the DNA content did not provide any essentially new perspectives. The
      investigation did however emphasize the importance of the extent of the hepatic
      resection and the age of the experimental animals on the intensity and subsequent
      course of liver cell regeneration. Proliferation of the sinusoidal cells
      themselves after partial hepatectomy could not definitively be demonstrated to be
      age-dependent.

PMID- 3984546
TI  - [Relations with cancer patients].
AB  - A patient suffering from cancer expects to be cured by surgery, irradiation or
      chemotherapy. Despite of great progress in treating malignant tumours a great
      deal of these patients come to death due to their disease. This fact is known to
      the patients. Therefore, their personal attitude is often characterised by
      anxiety, hopelessness and impairement of their ability to communicate. Surgeons
      should know this and pay more attention to the special psychic situation of their
      tumour patients.

PMID- 3984547
TI  - [Psychological and social behavior of females following radical operation of
      breast cancer].
AB  - 55 women having had radical mastectomy were interviewed. In 40 of them a
      continuing anxiety could be shown to exist. Grief, consternation about the loss
      of attractivity and disfigurement of the body could be found in 50 of them. The
      loss of self confidence may be followed by disturbances of sexuality, marital and
      interpersonal relationships. Reintegration into social live is often difficult,
      relations with the social environment being interrupted. In the course of the
      patient's preoperative information these emotional disturbances must be discussed
      by the surgeon. 17 of these patients were interviewed again after successful
      breast reconstruction. In all of them psychological reactions could be found to
      be lowered and there was a rise of self confidence, too. Therefore rehabilitation
      of women after mastectomy must be considered to be an important part of
      treatment. "Today and in future surgery will include more than mere operations."

PMID- 3984548
TI  - [Anxiety as a state and anxiety as a personality trait in patients with diseases
      of the abdominal organs before and following operation].
AB  - 63 persons were examined by means of psychologic methods: 32 patients with
      surgical diseases of the abdomen and 30 healthy people. The results show that an
      increase of the level of anxiety as an emotional state is mostly caused by the
      somatic disease and situations connected with it. After operation, a
      statistically relevant regression of the results will occur in this scale. In the
      preoperative period the whole population of patients is characterized by an
      emotional lack of balance, viz. tendency to autoaggression and neurotic anxiety.
      In the post-operative period there was no decrease in all factors constituting
      the hypothetical sources of anxiety. In studies of surgical patients it is
      important to differentiate anxiety as a state and anxiety as a personal feature.

PMID- 3984549
TI  - [Inflammatory intestinal diseases from the organic and psychosomatic viewpoint].
AB  - The importance of psychiatric factors in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
      is well recognized. This fact is demonstrated with two characteristic medical
      histories based on the psychoanalytic interview. The question of vicissitudes of
      symptoms following proctocolectomy is discussed on the basis of own
      investigations. The last part of the paper shows problems of patients with
      permanent colo- and ileostomy.

PMID- 3984550
TI  - [Closed and laterally fenestrated speculum for peranal tumor excision].

PMID- 3984551
TI  - [Experiences with the Soviet SPTU stapler device in colon and rectum surgery].
AB  - From 1970-1982, 96 rectal and colonic anastomoses were performed by the stapler
      device SPTU. The results obtained were at least as good as anastomotic sutures
      made by hand.

PMID- 3984552
TI  - [Risk-related surgical treatment of colorectal tumors].
AB  - By long-time follow-up studies the authors maintain that the prognosis of colonic
      cancer is determined by distant metastases whereas the prognosis of rectal cancer
      after surgery for cure is essentially dependent on local recurrences. From that
      the consideration is derived to improve the prognosis of colonic cancer by an
      adjuvant chemotherapy, and of rectal cancer by increasing locoregional radicality
      which can only be attained by preoperative and/or postoperative irradiation. The
      individual risk of recurrence should be the indicator for an adjuvant therapy in
      addition to surgery. Some histological signs (grading of the tumour, cellular
      stromal reaction on the tumour site) correlate with prognosis and risk of
      recurrence. In this way it seems to be possible to define the high risk cases
      which may be improved by an adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 3984553
TI  - [Local peranal treatment of early rectal cancer].
AB  - During a period of 8 years 20 patients suffering from early rectal cancer
      underwent transanal local removal of the tumour. In comparison to postoperative
      mortality rate, survival time and quality of life (colostomy!) after
      abdominoperineal exstirpation of the rectum the transanal local approach yielded
      satisfying results. Accurate diagnosis is imperative. Besides cure the indication
      for this type of surgery is the most important diagnostic method to identify
      small rectal carcinomata.

PMID- 3984554
TI  - [Comparative studies of local recurrence following sphincter preserving anterior
      rectal resection and primary rectal excision 1980-1983].
AB  - From May 1980-May 1983, 57 patients suffering from carcinoma of the distal part
      of the sigmoid colon and the rectum located 7 to 20 cm above the anus had
      anterior resections, with continuity being restored. 19 local recurrences could
      be demonstrated by a follow-up made in November 1983. In a group of 23 cases
      where the tumour was located between 7 to 10 cm above the anus 12 recurrences
      (56%) were found, which were not caused by the degree of malignancy or carcinous
      invasion of the intestinal wall. In the other group of 27 cases with the tumour
      located between 11 and 15 cm above the anus we found 6 local recurrences (22%),
      mostly in high risk tumours. Comparing the total recurrence rate of 36% within 34
      months after anterior resection with a mortality rate of 18% after exstirpation
      of the rectum (18% within 36 months from 986 patients between 1960 to 1981) we
      came to the conclusion that tumours situated lower than 15 cm from the anus
      should only be extirpated, not resected.

PMID- 3984555
TI  - [Current trends in therapy of colorectal cancers].
AB  - There is an increase of colorectal cancer incidence in the GDR. The rate of early
      diagnosis has not improved and the 5-year-survival rate has remained constant
      since 20 years. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory: modern staging,
      typing, grading; screening in high-risk groups; therapy of the adenoma-cancer
      sequence; adjuvant tumour therapy; improvement in preoperative care and surgical
      technique; advance in therapy of local recurrences and metastases; improved
      organization in postoperative care. Own experiences in these different fields
      with 154 patients suffering from rectal cancer are dealt with.

PMID- 3984556
TI  - [Epidemiology of colorectal tumors with special reference to the status in East
      Germany].
AB  - Colorectal cancers are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the GDR and
      affect almost 3% of the population by age 75. The age-standardized incidence rate
      has increased and this probably reflects a true rise in the frequency of
      carcinomas of these sites. At the beginning of the treatment only 42% were in a
      sufficiently localized stage of the disease so that curative radical surgery
      might be attempted. Such operations are widely decentralized in the GDR. Only 15%
      of all patients were alive 5 after treatment was initiated.

PMID- 3984557
TI  - [Value of computer tomography in the diagnosis and development of rectal cancer].
AB  - The accuracy of CT in staging rectal carcinoma was examined on the basis of 172
      preoperative CT-examinations of the pelvis. Especially in cases of advanced
      tumours CT was found to be superior to clinical staging as defined by Mason,
      except for low ventral tumour localisation. On the other hand, routine staging by
      CT is not justified because mesenteric lymph node metastases cannot sufficiently
      be predicted. The value of various diagnostic methods in detecting local
      recurrences was determined in 295 other patients after radical resection of the
      rectosigmoid due to carcinoma. Recommendations for effective follow-up studies of
      those patients are based on these results.

PMID- 3984558
TI  - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of recurrence of rectal and colonic
      cancer].
AB  - Computed tomography as a non-invasive X-ray method offers new possibilities for
      detecting and diagnosing recurrences after colorectal cancer surgery. By CT
      examination we found recurrences in 77 patients who had undergone rectal surgery
      and in 4 patients who had colonic carcinomata. Diagnosing the extent of
      recurrences exactly will help in taking the appropriate therapeutic decision
      (surgery, irradiation). CT examination becomes mandatory after suspecting a
      recurrence (clinical symptoms, CEA level increase).

PMID- 3984559
TI  - [Modern mechanical antibiotic preparation in colorectal operations. Results of a
      prospective study].
AB  - A prospective clinical study was made to compare the effectiveness of a short
      term oral antibiotic prophylaxis (neomycin) and a longacting oral-parenteral
      aerobically and anaerobically effective combination (neomycin, metronidazol,
      chloramphenicol) on the incidence of wound infections. All patients had
      orthograde lavage as a mechanical bowel preparation. Preoperative administration
      of the antibiotic combination before lavage could not reduce the relative aerobic
      bacterial count of the faeces. The incidence of wound infections was nearly
      identical with 4/89 in the neomycin group and 5/114 in the combination group. In
      the neomycin group there occurred 2/44 anastomotic dehiscences, but none in the
      combination group (0/65). Lethal complications were significantly higher in the
      neomycin group (7/89 to 2/114), whereas nonlethal complications were not
      significantly higher in the combination group. These data suggest that long-term,
      oral-parenteral prophylaxis with an antibiotic combination was not superior to a
      short-term, sole neomycin prophylaxis applied after orthograde lavage. Cleansing
      the bowel as completely as possible is a fundamental prerequisite for an
      effective antibiotic prophylaxis.

PMID- 3984560
TI  - [Selection of the treatment method in rectal cancer].
AB  - From 1956 to 1982, 4126 patients suffering from rectal cancer underwent surgery,
      3229 of them had radical operations. The total postoperative mortality rate came
      up to 7.1% (n = 295) in the radical operated group it was 6.6% (n = 214). Between
      1956 to 1982 continence preserving surgical procedures were constantly on the
      increase 1956: 46.4%, 1982: 66.8%). In 160 patients who underwent exstirpation of
      the rectum with final colostomy a closing magnetic device was implanted around
      the colostomy. 40 patients who underwent a rectal pull through had a myoplastic
      operation to substitute a new anal sphincter using a portion of the adductor
      longus femoris muscle. Preoperative X-ray therapy (2000-3000 rad in 5 days) in
      217 patients with rectal carcinoma yielded no significant improvement of the 5
      years survival rate.

PMID- 3984561
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of anorectal injuries].
AB  - Causes and management of anorectal injuries were examined in 16 patients. The
      outcome depends on the extent of local defects, on concomitant injuries and on
      the patient's age. We also stress the importance of immediate diagnosis and
      adequate treatment, which will result in a reduction of complications and
      mortality, ranging from 12 to 15% in patients with larger injuries of the colon
      and rectum. Management of lesions will include primary reconstruction of the
      sphincter muscle, suture or resection of colonic injury and total diversional
      colostomy.

PMID- 3984562
TI  - [Experiences in the field of general surgery in a developing country under the
      special conditions of a conventional war].
AB  - The report deals with the demands set for a general surgeon in a developing
      country, which is in a state of conventional war. The pecularities concerning
      logistics and treatment at the base are dealt with. Conclusions for postgraduate
      surgical qualification are drawn.

PMID- 3984563
TI  - [Experiences with Lezius nailing. Report on 1,090 pertrochanteric femoral
      fractures].
AB  - Between 1968 and 1983, 1090 patients suffering from pertrochanteric fractures of
      the femur were admitted to our clinic. Internal fixation by means of the Lezius
      nail was performed in 644 cases. This method has some striking advantages: load
      stability immediately after operation, hardly measurable loss of blood, short
      duration of the operative procedure and a low rate of complications (6.5%). The
      mortality rate amounted to 17.5%, caused by the high frequency of multimorbidity
      within the patient's group (average age: 80.5 years).

PMID- 3984564
TI  - [Merle d'Aubigne replacement-plasty in irreparable radial paralysis].

PMID- 3984565
TI  - [Pregnancy and serum lipids--possible relations to cholelithiasis].
AB  - The authors follow up the connection between raised lipid levels in serum during
      pregnancy and the occurrence of gall-stones in the woman's family respectively
      later cholecystectomia.

PMID- 3984566
TI  - ["Intrauterine resuscitation" in the curved course of transcutaneous pO2
      measurement in the fetus during labor. 2. Uterine contraction inhibition and
      contraction regulation].
AB  - According to own investigations on the behaviour of transcutaneous pO2
      measurement in cases of labour inhibition there will be stated: the normal
      oxygenation of the fetus cannot be improved. However, there is to state the value
      of labour coordination and inhibition by drugs in cases of threatening fetal
      hypoxia.

PMID- 3984567
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of a uterine varicose vein during labor, simulating
      premature separation of the placenta].
AB  - A case of 35-weeks pregnancy is presented in whom the bleeding from ruptured
      varix of posterior uterine wall imitated premature placental separation. Before
      pregnancy an extensive process of nodular endometriosis of internal genital
      organs was diagnosed and treated with lynestrenol three times during the periods
      of several months.

PMID- 3984568
TI  - [Work disability and invalidism of women following surgically treated genital
      cancer].
AB  - An expert assessment of the fitness for work and vigour of women after
      gynaecological cancer operations has to be made by an experienced medical
      specialist who is well acquainted with the problem. The role of individual
      decisions on the basis of secure scientific knowledge gets more and more
      dominating with emphasis placed on the assessment of functional achievements. 
      Important assessment criteria are the following: stage of tumour, histology,
      degree of differentiation, type of therapy and possible consequences of therapy
      as well as psycho-social factors and elements of working medicine. In any case
      the consideration of individual consequences of illness and medical treatment
      remains the decisive criterion at the time of evaluation. -This paper should
      serve as guidance for the assessment of disablement/disability of women after
      gynaecological cancer operations in the framework of a graduated therapy concept.

PMID- 3984569
TI  - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of space-occupying gynecologic processes.
      3: Use of computer tomography in the diagnosis of recurrence of uterine cancers].
AB  - 150 patients were evaluated because of suspicion of recurrencies with computed
      tomography, lymphography and urography after treatment of carcinomas of the
      cervix respectively endometrial carcinomas. Size and localisation of recurrencies
      can be diagnosed with high security by application of computed tomography.
      Retroperitoneal lymphoma and distant metastasis can be demonstrated in many
      cases.

PMID- 3984570
TI  - [Serous borderline ovarian tumors].
AB  - Proliferating papillary serous cystadenomas that seldom occur are classified into
      the group of ovarian tumours of low malignant potential (borderline tumours). The
      present study includes 33 cases observed in our clinic since 1955. Even though
      the five-year survival rate being 88% was substantially higher than that for
      ovarian carcinomas, the prognosis of individual cases cannot be reliably
      predicted because of the uncertainty as to the biological behaviour in both
      clinical and histological terms. Consequently, the trend to predominantly radical
      surgery appears to be a justified approach. Whenever it is desirable to maintain
      fertility in younger women, conservative surgery would require a unilateral
      tumour without a ruptured capsule and normal histological findings to be obtained
      from wedge excision in the opposite ovary.

PMID- 3984571
TI  - Cytohormonal and cancer screening procedure for endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - The results of cancer-screening (by Papanicolaou) and of cytohormonal
      examinations were evaluated in 208 patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma. The
      occurrence rate of atypical cells in vaginal smears was 44.2%. It was higher in
      the more advanced cases and after the menopause, and an inverse relationship was
      found with the degree of maturation of the vaginal epithelium. -It was concluded
      that the combination of hormonal and cancer-screening cytodiagnostic procedures,
      using vaginal smears alone, can hardly facilitate the early diagnosis of
      endometrial carcinomas. Higher efficiency could only be expected from direct
      endometrial smears and by frequent screening of the population at highest risk.

PMID- 3984572
TI  - [Value of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) in the serum of patients with
      gynecologic cancers].
AB  - Malignant transformation and tumor progression is followed by changing serum
      glycoprotein pattern. More important than glycoproteins are their terminal and
      preterminal carbohydratrests. N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) localized in
      terminal position is of special interest. Considerable variations in the serum of
      patients with malignancies gave rise to the study of NANA in 66 women with
      gynecologic carcinomas. In 30 healthy female controls there was a concentration
      of 2.0 +/- 0.3 mmol . l-1 In the sera of patients with cancers NANA-concentration
      before treatment was between 2.6 +/- 0.3 and 4.3 +/- 0.2 mmol . l-1. After
      therapy it decreases, sometimes it was persistent. In cases without recurrencies
      over a period of some years NANA-serum-concentrations were between 2.3 +/- 0.4
      mmol . l-1 and 2.5 +/- 0.4 mmol . l-1, but in cases with recurrent or progressive
      tumor they increased to values between 4.3 and 5.0 mmol . l-1. The possible
      importance of NANA as a tumor marker in gynecologic oncology is discussed.

PMID- 3984573
TI  - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of space-occupying processes. 4: Can
      computer tomography modify therapy planning in primary endometrial cancer?].
AB  - Prognosis of endometrial carcinoma depends essentially on stage, the lymphonode
      status, depth of myometrial infiltration and tumor grading. Computed tomography
      cannot give a decisive contribution to define these prognostic criteria
      pretherapeutically.

PMID- 3984574
TI  - [Neural proliferation as a concomitant finding in neoplasias and benign ectopias
      of the uterine cervix].
AB  - Histological examinations of the uterine cervix showed neural proliferations
      structurally resembling microscopically small neuromas, neurofibromas and
      vascular neurofibromatoses. They were found regularly (83%) with existing
      epithelial neoplasias, and much less frequently (in 7 of 14 cases) with glandular
      ectopias with focally developed benign metaplastic squamous epithelium. These
      pictures were not found in normal cases with unchanged cylindrical epithelium in
      the cervical canal and unchanged squamous epithelium on the endocervix. The
      neural structures thus prove to be findings accompanying epithelial alterations.
      Their frequency is proportional to the extent of epithelial change. Along with
      other findings, the neural proliferations are taken as an argument against the
      usual concept of the absolute autonomy of cancerous epithelium.

PMID- 3984575
TI  - [Appendicitis and pregnancy].
AB  - In the years of 1981 to 1983 15 pregnant patients had to be operated on because
      of suspected appendicitis. In 10 patients acute symptoms of inflammation of the
      appendix could be proved histologically. Morbidity rate was 2.1 per thousand
      related to a over-all of 4766 births in the 3 years.

PMID- 3984576
TI  - [Phlebography of the uterus--a rare event in hysterosalpingography].
AB  - In one case of hysterosalpingography an influx of the radiopaque contrast medium
      into the venous system of the uterus could be observed.

PMID- 3984577
TI  - [Changes in the electrolyte composition of the heart, liver and kidneys of the
      rat in pre- and postnatal ontogeny].
AB  - From the 19th day of embryonic period, within 4 days, i. e. up to the beginning
      of postnatal life, the weight of the heart in rats increases by 3.3 times, that
      of the liver--by 2.2 times, and kidneys--by 5.7 times, whereas the content of
      water (calculated per dry weight of the organs) decreases. Changes in the content
      of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in these organs are the lowest
      provided calculations are made per wet weight; during organogenesis, gradual
      decrease in the content of electrolytes (calculated per dry weight of the tissue)
      takes place. The value of Na/K ratio decreases during organogenesis. The content
      of iron and copper in these organs is higher in adult animals, than in younger
      ones.

PMID- 3984578
TI  - [Bioelectrical activity of the brain in rabbit fetuses in relation to the
      duration of umbilical cord occlusion].
AB  - Studies have been made on the EEG reactions in 20-, 25- and 28-day rabbit
      foetuses after complete occlusion of the umbilical cord. It was shown that in 20
      day foetuses, EEG after the occlusion of the umbilical cord is presented mainly
      by low frequency waves. Significant decrease in the EEG amplitude took place to
      the 120th min, isoelectric stage was observed at the 150th min. In the frequency
      spectrum, the low frequency activity increased from 22.44 to 30.50%. As revealed
      by ECG control, the survival time after the occlusion of the umbilical cord is
      equal to 150 min. In 25-day foetuses, the decrease in the EEG amplitude was
      observed at the 150th min, isoelectric stage--to the 120th min. All the
      frequencies in the EEG spectrum were decreased. The survival time of foetuses was
      equal to 120 min. In 28-day foetuses, after the occlusion of the umbilical cord,
      a gradual decrease in the amplitude of EEG was observed from the 1st to the 60th
      min. Isoelectric stage occurred at the 105th min. Foetuses survived for 105 min.
      It is concluded that after the occlusion of the umbilical cord, re-arrangement in
      the EEG pattern takes place which includes two critical periods: the first one-
      immediately after the occlusion--is associated presumably with the reflex
      reaction of the organism of the foetus, whereas the second period includes the
      last minutes of survival, when a complete failure in the system of compensatory
      autoregulation is observed.

PMID- 3984579
TI  - [Neuronal reactions of the auditory cortex to sounds of various frequencies in
      rabbits in ontogeny].
AB  - In 7-12-day rabbits, the auditory neurones respond to a narrow range of tonal
      signals of low frequency (500 Hz-4 KHz), but do not change at all, or only
      slightly change their parameters during the increase in stimulation frequency.
      The range of frequencies increases with age; the number of impulses in a
      discharge and the duration of the latent period are monotonously dependent on the
      frequency of a signal. At the end of the 4th week, the auditory neurones respond
      by non-monotonous patterns of impulsation and latent period to changes in tonal
      characteristic of the signal.

PMID- 3984580
TI  - [Determination of prospective trends and the performing of a patent search in the
      field of biotechnology using the structural analysis method].

PMID- 3984581
TI  - [Comparative study of abnormal self-consciousness in mental disorders].
AB  - The state of awareness was studied over time in 449 patients with various forms
      of mental diseases: borderline, endogenic and organic psychoses, delirium tremens
      and chronic alcoholism. The clinical and psychopathological examinations of
      patients were supplemented with a number of new and modified methods of research
      into awareness whose description is given in the paper. It is established that
      the study into the pathology of awareness expands considerably the clinical
      examination of patients and contributes to the development of the optimal
      therapeutic and restorative measures.

PMID- 3984582
TI  - [Variants of personal reactions to disease and features of the social
      occupational adaptation of patients with neurosis-like forms of organic brain
      disease (from the findings of a multi-year follow-up study)].
AB  - The author analyzes the findings of a long-term follow-up of 70 patients with
      neurosis-like forms of organic diseases of the brain (arachnoiditis,
      encephalitides, diencephalitides). The time-course was evaluated by the clinical
      improvement and by the improvement in the patient's social functioning. Three
      groups of patients were identified with regard to a definite type of the personal
      response to the disease and to specific features of social and occupational
      adaptation. It was demonstrated that the distribution of patients into groups and
      thus their clinical and socio-occupational prognosis was largely determined by
      the psychogenic-neurotic component of the illness rather than by the severity of
      the organic lesion.

PMID- 3984583
TI  - [Evaluation of a community-based care system for mental patients].
AB  - The article describes the functioning of the new care system for mental patients
      introduced in 1969 in Manheim (West Germany) which includes the psychiatric
      clinic of the Central Institute of Mental Health and different extrahospital and
      intermediate psychiatric institutions. The authors analyze the activity of this
      system and come to the conclusion as to its beneficial results. However, the
      question is still undecided whether this system of treatment of large populations
      of schizophrenic patients will lead to better conditions of their life as
      compared with the conventional treatment. It is inferred that it would be more
      rational if the management of hostels and protected workshops for mental patients
      by the health authorities are taken over by social services and communities.

PMID- 3984584
TI  - [Arguable positions in the article by A. B. Smulevich and G. P. Panteleeva,
      "Various pressing problems in clinical psychopharmacology"].

PMID- 3984585
TI  - [Indices of thrombocyte conductance and permeability in microwave fields in
      ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients].
AB  - The authors examined 48 patients with hemorrhagic and 72 with ischemic strokes as
      well as 29 patients of the control group. The study of conduction (rho) and
      complex relative dielectric permeability (CRDP) of red blood cells and platelets
      with the help of the Soviet apparatus RIP-10 showed that in the control group,
      the CRDP was 24.3 +/- 0.2 relative units and rho was 35.1 +/- 0.2 cm. In patients
      with hemorrhagic strokes, there was a sharp increase of rho (up to 100-112) and
      CRDP (up to 32-40 relative units). In patients with ischemic strokes, the CRDP
      and rho also differed from the control data constituting 14-20 relative units and
      40-80 cm, respectively. Correlation between the biophysical and the clinical data
      helped to differentiate between hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes with a
      sufficient degree of accuracy.

PMID- 3984586
TI  - [Epidemiology stroke in a large city in Western Siberia according to registry
      statistics (morbidity and mortality)].
AB  - A study of the cerebral stroke morbidity and mortality was first carried out
      using the method of registering cerebral stroke under specific conditions of such
      a large city of Western Siberia as Novosibirsk. The annual incidence of cerebral
      stroke constituted 3.37 and that of mortality 1.2 per 1000 population. The study
      was specific in that it took into account minor (reversible) episodes of cerebral
      stroke, whose annual incidence was 0.52 per 1000 population. The characteristics
      of the morbidity and mortality are described for different age groups with the
      varying nature of stroke. It was noted that the morbidity and mortality
      associated with cerebral infarction were higher as compared with cerebral
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 3984587
TI  - [Clinical picture and dynamics of sensomotor aphasia in cerebrovascular
      pathology].
AB  - Thirty-seven patients (27 with ischemic and 10 with hemorrhagic strokes) were
      examined. The patients were followed up for 1 to 5 years. Clinical and
      neuropsychologic examinations over time and computer-aided tomography of the
      brain were carried out. The syndrome of sensomotor aphasia was shown to be
      heterogeneous. Two variants of the syndrome were specified which differed by the
      clinical manifestations of aphasia, the time-course of recovery of various speech
      functions, and the localization of affection. The correlation between the
      recovery of individual speech functions and the cerebral blood supply is
      discussed.

PMID- 3984588
TI  - [Results of neurologic examination of patients with occlusive lesions of the
      major arteries of the brain in the long-term postoperative period].
AB  - A total of 76 patients were examined, using ultrasonic dopplerography and
      spectral analysis of the EEG followed by computer processing of the data. The
      greatest benefit from operative treatment was observed in patients with transient
      disorders of the cerebral circulation, dyscirculatory encephalopathy and a
      "minor" cerebral stroke.

PMID- 3984589
TI  - [Clinical picture and pathogenesis of extrafocal symptoms in stroke].
AB  - The clinical picture and pathogenesis of the extrafocal symptoms were examined on
      the basis of 254 cases of hemorrhagic and 175 cases of ischemic strokes. The
      significance of these symptoms in the correct assessment of the site of the
      process is demonstrated. The following variants of the pathogenesis of the
      extrafocal symptoms in acute disorders of the cerebral circulation were
      identified: edema and swelling (cranio-basal compression and stem compression in
      the presence of a cerebellar hemorrhage); compression and dislocation (temporo
      tentorial wedging and wedging of the cerebellar tonsils); secondary foci (at a
      distance and symmetrical); impairment of compensation in the earlier damaged
      structures; involvement of the functional systems (tonogenic and motor). The
      pathogenesis of the extrafocal symptoms was attributed to hemorrhagic and
      ischemic foci, death of neurons, focal histiolysis at a distance, etc.

PMID- 3984590
TI  - [Changes in lipid metabolism in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy].
AB  - The characteristics of lipid metabolism investigated in 114 patients with
      dyscirculatory encephalopathy of the atherosclerotic genesis were collated with
      the clinical manifestations of the disease and the results of patients'
      psychological testing. Ten neurological syndromes and symptoms occurring most
      frequently in dyscirculatory encephalopathy were specified. The data of the
      psychological testing also changed with the severity of the disease. The most
      commonly identified abnormalities included dyslipoproteinemia, types II b and IV
      of hyperlipoproteinemias according to Frederickson as well as
      hypertriglyceridemia and an increase in the atherogenic coefficient.

PMID- 3984591
TI  - [Clinico-laboratory examination of patients with incipient cerebral
      atherosclerosis, neurasthenia and apparently healthy subjects of different age
      groups (comparative data)].
AB  - Using unified research methods the authors studied 25 clinically healthy subjects
      aged 20-25 years and 35 subjects aged 35-50 years as well as 25 patients with
      neurasthenia aged 20-25 years and 35 patients aged 35-50 years with initial
      cerebral atherosclerosis (ICA). On the basis of correlations carried out by
      statistical methods, the most informative manifestations of ICA (clinically
      evident or latent), general and differential diagnostic criteria of neurasthenia
      and ICA and also "risk factors" were specified.

PMID- 3984592
TI  - [Serotonin concentration and transport in the blood platelets of ischemic stroke
      patients and their relatives].
AB  - Serotonin levels and transport were studied in patients with ischemic stroke (n =
      31), their relatives (n = 50) and clinically healthy subjects (n = 45). A
      statistically significant difference was found in the absorption of exogenic
      serotonin in the patients and relatives. It has been shown that if judged by
      serotonin levels, the distribution curves in the control subjects patients with
      ischemic stroke and their relatives correspond to a model of the polygenic type
      of the heredity of the traits studied.

PMID- 3984593
TI  - [Therapeutic effect of cavinton in chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency].
AB  - Eighty-one patients with chronic forms of cerebral ischemia were treated with
      cavinton administered by two combined routes (parenteral and oral). The treatment
      brought about a rapid and significant regression of the subjective manifestations
      of the disease, particularly of emotionally-volitional and asthenic disturbances.
      REG findings show that the drug improved the cerebral blood supply through
      increasing the volume of the fraction of the cardiac output which reached the
      brain and a simultaneous decrease in the peripheral resistance of the cerebral
      vessels. The beneficial properties of the drug include a prolonged therapeutic
      effect (from 40 min to 6 hours with intravenous infusion), the absence of the
      intracerebral steal syndrome, a mild effect on the central hemodynamics allowing
      its administration in increasing doses even in elderly and old patients.

PMID- 3984594
TI  - [Effect of nifedipine (adalate) in neurology patients with arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - Using rheoencephalography and gamma-scintigraphy, the cerebrovascular action of
      nifedipine was studied in 38 patients with an ischemic stroke and chronic
      cerebrovascular insufficiency. In patients with a crisis-like increase in the
      blood pressure, the drug induced a rapid and considerable drop in the blood
      pressure, a decrease of the tone and an elevation of the blood content of the
      cerebral vessels. In patients with a moderately elevated stable BP, this effect
      was less marked. An increase in the cerebral blood content was mostly seen in the
      zones of the arteries of the predominantly muscle type. It was effected by both
      the vasodilating action of nifedipine and the autoregulatory mechanism.
      Nifedipine did not induce the effect of intracerebral steal and did not impede
      the outflow of blood from the intracranial veins.

PMID- 3984595
TI  - [Effect of complamin on the systemic and cerebral hemodynamics of atherosclerosis
      patients with chronic cerebral vascular disorders].
AB  - Thirty-eight atherosclerotic patients with chronic disorders of the cerebral
      circulation (CDCC) received 300 mg of complamin by intravenous drip. The clinical
      signs of vasodilation were noted at 5-15 min after the initiation of infusion
      whereas following it the findings observed included a significant reduction in
      the kinetic parameters of the myocardium and globular blood volume, an elevation
      in the peripheral vascular resistance and tone of the cerebral hemisphere
      vessels, a decrease in the pulse vascular resistance and tone of the cerebral
      hemisphere vessels, a decrease in the pulse blood-filling of the left carotid bed
      and deterioration of intracerebral venous congestion. Complamin is recommended
      for use to improve the rheological properties of the blood and microcirculation
      in patients with CDCC with elevated or normal myocardial contractility. Its
      application should be avoided in patients with low cardiac output and heart
      failure, in cases of labile arterial pressure and vascular dystonia with marked
      pulse variations in the cerebral vessels and also when the blood return to the
      cerebral veins is impeded.

PMID- 3984596
TI  - [Problem of the systematics of schizophrenia in light of current clinico
      catamnestic, epidemiologic and clinico-genealogic information].
AB  - On the basis of the results provided by clinical follow-up, clinico
      epidemiological and clinico-genealogical studies, the authors have reviewed the
      systematics of the major forms of schizophrenia developed at the Institute of
      Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and offer a statistical
      characteristics of these forms. The authors specifically discussed the questions
      associated with the characteristics of the syndrome formation and course of
      slowly progressive (torpid) schizophrenia and the place these forms occupy in the
      modern foreign classifications, including the DCM-III). The paroxysm-like form
      was established to run predominantly the course with a small rate of attacks or
      the "one-paroxysm" course. Slowly progressive and psychotic forms of continuous
      schizophrenia were shown to be relatively continuous, being characterized by not
      only the signs of tortuosity of the course but also by those of regression and
      subsidence of the process. Attention is drawn to the necessity of special
      elaboration of the notion "residual schizophrenia". All these postulates are
      illustrated by the appropriate statistical population characteristics.

PMID- 3984597
TI  - [Typology of delusional states in schizophrenic patients].
AB  - A series of 100 adults with the most common variants of delirious schizophrenia
      running both continuous and paroxysmal course were examined. The study
      established the structural unity of delirious states in the above forms of the
      schizophrenia course. The consistency of the considered delirious symptom
      complexes with regard to their growing complexity corresponded to the time-course
      of psychopathological states associated with the development of oneiroid
      psychotic attacks. This suggests that the variability of delirious schizophrenia
      is determined by the level at which the psychotic state was stabilized and also
      by its duration and the degree of the psychopathological symptomatology.

PMID- 3984598
TI  - [Status of the sensory sphere in schizophrenic patients with a cenestopathic
      hypochondriacal syndrome].
AB  - The state of and interrelations between the kinesthetic and visual sensitivity
      were studied in 70 patients and 24 normal subjects by using the technique of
      parallel-sequential sensometry suggested by A. V. Zavyalov. At 30 sec intervals
      at the constant baseline irritation, 16 thresholds of weight differentiation and
      16 thresholds of brightness differentiation were registered. The results were
      subjected to the correlational and informational analysis. It was established
      that hyposensitivity of the sensory systems studied was accompanied with the
      weakening of direct and strengthening of the inverse optical-kinesthetic
      correlation, the absence of the functional predominance of the kinesthetic
      analyzer over the visual one, low orderliness of the parameters of the
      interanalyzer relationship and a sharp liability of the intersensory correlation
      to the effect of the heterosensory irritant. Changes in the systemic organization
      of the sensory sphere seem to be responsible for various cenesthopathies.

PMID- 3984599
TI  - [Psychopathology and clinical picture of coupled affective paroxysms in
      schizophrenia].
AB  - The clinical characteristics of schizophrenia running with double affective
      paroxysms were studied (80 patients). The systematics of manias and depressions
      developing in double paroxysms was elaborated, which included 5 single-type
      variants of polar affective states. The findings obtained point to a great
      variability of the possible combinations of these states: in 64% of cases, there
      were combinations of the psychopathological simple and complex polar affective
      syndromes, in 30% those of simple and in 3% of complex syndromes. Affective
      disturbances were marked by a pronounced dissociation of the clinical
      manifestations of the affective triad. The complex affective syndromes were
      characterized by the development of isolated psychopathological disturbances more
      typical for the directly opposite states. The clinical course of the disease was
      characterized in some cases by a complication and in others by a simplification
      of the psychopathological patterns of double paroxysms. The paroxysmal course was
      inevitably transformed into a continuous one which accounted for the unfavourable
      social and occupational prognosis.

PMID- 3984600
TI  - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute cerebral circulatory disorders].
AB  - A combined dynamic examination of 114 patients with strokes of different nature
      localized in the cerebral hemispheres has shown that the degree of the hemostatic
      changes depends on the severity of the disease and the stage of the DIC syndrome
      at the time of examination. Three stages of DIC have been identified:
      hypercoagulation, incomplete consumption coagulopathy, and marked consumption
      coagulopathy. Drug correction of hemostatic alterations is possible only at
      stages I and II. The guidelines of the drug therapy of the DIC syndrome
      associated with cerebral strokes are presented.

PMID- 3984601
TI  - [Clinical picture and pathologic anatomy of diffuse periaxial encephalitis].
AB  - The data obtained by the authors refute the generally accepted opinion to the
      effect that Schilder's encephalitis is a very rare disease predominantly
      affecting children. Clinical and neurohistological examinations of 16 patients
      have made it possible to establish that demyelinization foci may affect all
      portions of the brain, being found, however, more commonly in the frontal and
      occipital lobes, basal ganglia and brain stem. The spinal cord is also frequently
      involved. The clinical picture of the disease is polymorphic and reflects
      multiple lesions of the associative and projectional conductive pathways. The
      most consistent findings include mental disturbances and symptoms of pyramidal
      tract affection. The development and course of the disease are variable. In some
      cases long-term relapses may develop.

PMID- 3984602
TI  - [Dispensarization of chronic tick-borne encephalitis patients].
AB  - Sixty patients with chronic tick-borne encephalitis underwent dispensarization.
      The author reports on his experience in the organization of dispensarization and
      the techniques of formulating the diagnosis with indications of the clinical
      form, of the neurological syndrome and also of the disease stage and the type of
      its progression. A proposal is made to identify groups to be placed under
      dispensarization, and to determine the frequency of patients' examinations in
      relation to the severity of the neurological syndrome. A treatment regimen is
      described varying with the clinical form and the stage of the disease. A
      conclusion is drawn as to a favourable influence of dispensarization on the
      disease course and outcome in patients with chronic tick-borne encephalitis.

PMID- 3984603
TI  - [Clinical picture and pathogenesis of measles encephalitis and
      meningoencephalitis].
AB  - The results of clinical observations over patients with encephalitides (E) and
      meningoencephalitides (ME) of measles etiology are presented. In the majority of
      patients, E and ME development was related to the severe forms of measles. The
      diseases developed in both the catarrhal period of measles and in the period of
      pigmentation and were characterized by a severe course. Neurological
      complications in patients with measles were most frequently presented by the
      meningoencephalic syndrome and less commonly by ME and E. The pathogenesis of
      central nervous system impairments associated with measles is discussed.

PMID- 3984604
TI  - [Various mechanisms of the pathogenesis and etiotropic therapy of neurologic
      forms of epidemic parotitis].
AB  - Immunoenzymatic, clinical and follow up study of 3500 patients suffering from
      nervous forms of epidemic parotitis was performed. It is concluded that the
      adaptive humoral enzymes, ribonuclease and trypsin, the persistence of antigen to
      epidemic parotitis virus in CSF lymphocytes as well as the immunologic status of
      the patient at the disease onset play the leading role in the pathogenesis of its
      acute phase. It advisable to examine the factors enumerated in order to predict
      the clinical course of the disease. The treatment with adaptive enzymes was of
      great efficacy in 660 patients.

PMID- 3984605
TI  - [Efficacy of piracetam treatment of acute viral neuroinfections].
AB  - Piracetam influence on the depth of consciousness loss and psychic function
      recovery was examined in two groups of 30 patients (study and control) selected
      at random. The study was carried out in conditions of a specialized department
      for patients with acute virus neuroinfections. Accelerated periods of egress from
      unconsciousness (including coma), high rate of reduction of psychoorganic and
      somatovegetative disorders followed by successful rehabilitation were
      characteristic of patients given piracetam from the disease onset. The results
      obtained permit recommending piracetam for wide use in neuroinfections.

PMID- 3984606
TI  - [Role of disorders of the hemostatic system in the pathogenesis of multiple
      sclerosis and ways of correcting them].
AB  - The changes in the hemostatic system were studied in 77 patients with different
      patterns of disseminated sclerosis (DS). The studies demonstrated activation of
      both vasculothrombocytic and coagulation components of hemostasis as well as of
      fibrinolytic blood properties. The latent course of the disseminated
      intravascular coagulation was revealed in 20.7% of cases. The role of hemostatic
      disorders in the pathogenetic mechanisms of DS is discussed. The patients with DS
      received pathogenetic treatment including drugs eliminating hemostatic disorders,
      which was beneficial for most patients.

PMID- 3984607
TI  - [Dynamics of the internal perception of their disease among patients with severe
      forms of arrhythmia treated with permanent cardiac electrostimulation].
AB  - A study of the disease insight in 80 patients with severe arrhythmias has shown a
      different nature of the initial understanding of the disease in patients with
      tachy- versus bradyarrhythmias. Following the surgery, in the majority of
      patients the understanding of the cardiostimulator transforms into the central
      component of the disease insight. The pathological disease insight in the
      postoperative period largely stems from incomplete information about the device
      and distorted interpretation by the patients of information concerning their
      future life with the cardiostimulator. Investigation of the time-course of the
      disease insight by the psychiatrist facilitates the differential therapeutic
      impact on affective and fixed-idea disorders and is helpful in training the
      personnel of the cardiosurgical department in minor psychotherapy methods, which
      contributes to improving the efficacy of rehabilitation measures.

PMID- 3984608
TI  - [Mental disorders in patients with unilateral frontal tumors].
AB  - Using clinical procedures and psychological tests, the authors examined 72
      patients with tumours of the left, and 68 with those of the right frontal lobe of
      the brain. Tumours of the left frontal lobe were shown to be associated with such
      manifestations as an impoverishment of motor activity and facial mobility, speech
      disturbances in the form of efferent motor or dynamic aphasia, slower rate of
      mental processes, impaired verbal memory, diminished capacity for generalization,
      difficulty in switching attention to another subject, and inclination toward
      stereotypy. These disturbances were attended by depressive emotions at the
      initial, and by the apathoabulic syndrome at the later stages. Tumours located in
      the right frontal lobe resulted in excessive elation and euphoria,
      underestimation of the gravity of one's condition and anosognosia, noncritical
      perception of reality, lack of concentration, diminution in the volume of
      perception, and a tendency toward confabular additions, which was particularly
      manifest in the sphere of visual perceptions. The local factor appears to play
      the principal part in the development of psychic disorders related to the left
      frontal tumours, whereas in cases of the right frontal tumours, it is the size
      and the degree of malignancy that matter.

PMID- 3984609
TI  - [1 of the methods of therapeutic action in neuroses].
AB  - The results of treatment of 58 patients with various forms of neurosis by
      intermittent thermal exposure (thermal pulsation) in the respiratory rhythm to
      the nosolabial reflexogenic zone are analyzed using clinical and
      electrophysiological methods. Thermal pulsation was produced with the help of a
      specially designed apparatus (an electronic thermopulsator with a respiratory
      adaptor). The use of impulse thermal energy was shown to bring about positive
      changes on the part of clinical and paraclinical indices in the majority of
      patients. The most prominent effects were observed in the sphere of non
      differential manifestations of neurosis: astheno-depressive disturbances,
      vegetative dysfunction and nocturnal sleep disorders.

PMID- 3984610
TI  - [Clinico-psychopathologic features and typology of acute paranoid episodes in
      schizophrenia].
AB  - The author observed 50 patients with schizophrenia manifested by a delirious
      state in the form of acute paranoid. Along with the general characteristics of
      the psychopathological structure of this syndrome, the schizophrenic patients
      presented considerable differences both in manifestations of the psychosis itself
      and in its time-course. On the basis of the qualitative specific features of
      delirious persecution manifestations and the ratio in the picture of psychosis of
      the components of acute sensual delirium and interpretative delirium, 3 variants
      of acute paranoid were identified: paranoid with the predominance of sensual
      delirium; paranoid with elements of interpretative delirium; and paranoid with a
      tendency to delirium alteration in the direction of fantasy. The author considers
      some characteristics of acute paranoids in schizophrenia and the possibility to
      use the elaborated typology for prognostic purposes.

PMID- 3984611
TI  - [Acoasmatic hallucinosis in tardive schizophrenia].
AB  - A study of late schizophrenia manifested in the syndrome of involutional paranoid
      has allowed the identification of the clinical variant of such psychoses (44
      observations) differing from the classical forms in that the clinical picture was
      predominated by elementary acoustic hallucinations (acoasms). The
      phenomenological analysis has established that the formation of the clinical
      picture is determined by acoasms and also the resulting delirium of imagination
      and delirious interpretations. Two major variants of such psychoses have been
      specified and described ("the syndrome of acoasmatic hallucinosis" and "the
      hallucinational-delirious syndrome with the predominance of acoasms"). It has
      been established that each of these syndromal variants may determine the picture
      of the disease throughout its course or be one of the sequential stages of its
      development.

PMID- 3984612
TI  - [Schizophrenic syndromes and efficacy of unilateral electroconvulsive therapy].
AB  - The authors compared the efficacy of unilateral electroconvulsive therapy in
      schizophrenia in relation to the leading syndrome and the place of electrode
      application. In controlling the affective and catatonic syndromes the best effect
      was achieved when the electrodes were applied to the non-dominant hemisphere. In
      delirious, hallucinatory-delirious and hallucinatory syndromes, the maximal
      effect was achieved by the application of electrodes to the dominant hemisphere.
      The relationship between the effect of local electroconvulsive therapy and the
      semiotics of the syndromes allows making the most rational use of unilateral
      electroconvulsive therapy in the differential treatment of schizophrenia.

PMID- 3984613
TI  - [Features of liver lesions in experimental alcoholism in young animals].
AB  - A comparative evaluation of the morphohistochemical changes in the liver in adult
      and young animals following a two-month alcohol intoxication revealed the
      following changes in the younger animals: the absence of lymphocytic-macrophagal
      infiltrates, a larger number of binuclear cells and the appearance of large
      amounts of lymphocytes with a marked positive reaction to alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 3984615
TI  - [Effect of phenazepam on the nocturnal sleep of patients with the alcoholic
      abstinence syndrome].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of phenazepam, a benzodiazepine derivative, on
      sleep disorders in alcoholic patients at the first period following alcohol
      intake discontinuation. Polygraphic registration of the sleep pattern was
      performed for two nights in 18 patients, receiving the drug and in ten patients
      of the control group. The drug use was associated with the following events: the
      latent period of falling asleep diminished, the total duration of sleep
      increased, the duration of consciousness "inside the sleep" decreased. As a
      result of the second stage recovery, the duration of the phase of slow sleep
      enhanced with no evidence of delta-sleep recovery. The duration of the fast sleep
      phase increased. The patients showed a marked improvement of sleep quality.

PMID- 3984614
TI  - [Age and the tempo of the progression of alcoholism in patients with a history of
      alcoholic delirium].
AB  - The differentiation of psychotic and non-psychotic forms of alcoholism on the
      basis of the epidemiological data on some clinical characteristics of alcohol
      pathology over the period of 1975-1982 has shown that the pathomorphism of the
      clinical manifestations of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis depends on a
      complex of social and biological factors. A more considerable involvement of
      biological factors in determining the age of the onset of alcohol psychoses has
      been demonstrated. The clinico-anthropometric and clinico-statistical studies of
      230 alcoholics of two age groups with a history of delirium tremens has prompted
      the conclusion as to a considerable influence of the age factor on the change in
      the clinical picture of the disease and its progression.

PMID- 3984616
TI  - [Mechanisms of hydrocephalus development in patients with parasagittal
      meningiomas].
AB  - The work deals with the identification of the main mechanisms of hydrocephalus
      development in patients with parasagittal meningiomas who, besides the additional
      volume in the cranial cavity, have some degree of venous drainage disorders as a
      rule. This leads to the development of intracranial hypertension and often to
      hydrocephalus. From the analysis of the quantitative parameters characterizing
      the viscous-resilient properties of the brain, the c.s.f. changes, the intrasinus
      pressure according to the phase of the clinical manifestation of intracranial
      hypertension, and the relation of the tumor to the superior sagittal sinus and
      the falciform process the authors gained important information on changes of the
      brain ventricles in patients with tumors of parasagittal location.

PMID- 3984617
TI  - [Subarachnoid hemorrhages in craniocerebral injuries in children].
AB  - The authors examined 82 patients, aged from 2 months to 14 years, with traumatic
      subarachnoid hemorrhage. In 40 the hemorrhage was complicated by fractures of the
      skull bones. It was established that subarachnoid hemorrhage in injury is always
      evidence of brain contusion of different severity. The clinical course is graver
      in fractures of the skull bones, which indicates that the damage to the brain is
      extensive.

PMID- 3984618
TI  - [Hemodynamic disorders in isolated craniocerebral injuries and craniocerebral
      injuries associated with injuries of the musculoskeletal system].
AB  - Hemodynamic disorders were studied in 60 patients with isolated craniocerebral
      injury and in 145 patients with craniocerebral injury and injury to the locomotor
      apparatus. The authors studied the changes in the mean dynamic arterial pressure,
      the cardiac contraction rate, the cardiac output, the general peripheral vascular
      resistance to blood flow, and the circulation volume. It was found that in
      isolated craniocerebral injury the circulation volume deficiency does not exceed
      13%, the mean dynamic arterial pressure and the cardiac output increase. In cases
      of craniocerebral injury combined with injury to the locomotor apparatus the
      required level of the mean dynamic arterial pressure is maintained by a higher
      cardiac output and an increase in the general peripheral vascular resistance to
      the blood flow. The changes in hemodynamic indices including the circulating
      volume deficiency depend on the degree of injury to the locomotor apparatus and
      of craniocerebral injury.

PMID- 3984619
TI  - [Evaluation of the basal metabolic requirements of patients with grave brain
      lesions].
AB  - Basal metabolism (BM) was studied in 26 patients with a brain lesion treated at
      the neuro-resuscitation department. The complex of examination methods included
      dynamic appraisal of total energy expenditure and contribution of carbohydrates,
      fats, and proteins to the total energy expenditures by indirect calorimetry in
      combination with tests for daily nitrogen excretion, determination of biochemical
      indices characterizing BM: total lymphocyte count, concentration of blood total
      protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. It is shown that the
      character and degree of changes of BM depend on the clinico-neurological features
      of the disease in the postoperative (posttraumatic) period. Aspontaneity of
      various genesis leads to reduction of total energy expenditure by 18-25% of the
      normal values. Increased motor activity and the spasmodic syndrome increase total
      energy expenditure by 30-50%. Concurrent development of infectious complications
      increases total energy expenditure and changes its structure at the cost of
      increase of protein expenditure (proteins become responsible for up to 50% of
      energy expenditure). Indirect calorimetry in combination with tests for daily
      nitrogen losses is recommended for the evaluation and correction of BM disorders
      in patients requiring intensive therapy.

PMID- 3984620
TI  - [Analysis of causes of death in the acute period of ruptured intracranial
      aneurysms].
AB  - The causes of death of 80 patients with ruptured aneurysms of the brain are
      analysed; 37 of them underwent operation. Intracranial hypertension with edema
      and dislocation of the brain was the main cause of death both of patients who
      were operated on and of those not subjected to surgery. Intensive subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, vascular spasm, intracranial hematoma, and the escape of blood into
      the ventricles of the brain lead to the development of intracranial hematoma.
      Besides, in patients who were operated on, edema of the brain developed as a
      consequence of its injury during manipulations and clipping of a large vessel. In
      some cases, death of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms was due to
      extracranial factors.

PMID- 3984621
TI  - [Mechanisms of temperature asymmetries of the skin of the head in focal lesions
      of the brain].
AB  - Analysis of thermograms recorded through intact skin and during operations in 61
      patients with brain tumours differing in histobiological properties and in 63
      patients with compressing forms of craniocerebral injury as well as analysis of
      the results of angiography and rheoencephalography and operative findings
      disclosed the mechanisms of the formation of pathological luminescence of the
      skin on the head.

PMID- 3984622
TI  - [Dynamic study of brain stem evoked potentials in cerebral aneurysms].
AB  - Eleven patients with arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms of the cerebral vessels
      were subjected to 30 repeated examinations of truncal evoked potentials (TEP) to
      acoustic stimulation. The examination was conducted in the acute stage of
      subarachnoid hemorrhages, before and after surgical intervention. It is shown
      that changes in TEP may be recorded along with improvement, deterioration, stable
      disorders. From the degree and character of TEP disorders, not only the trend of
      changes in the functional state of the brain trunk can be judged but also the
      processes underlying these disorders (ischemia, hemorrhage into the trunk,
      tentorial wedging).

PMID- 3984623
TI  - [Autonomic shunting in complete traumatic transection of the spinal cord].
AB  - Study of vasomotor reactions, EEG, and ECG in complete traumatic lesions of the
      spinal cord showed consecutive changes in the functioning of the sympathetic
      apparatus of an isolated spinal system which passed through the following phases:
      the phase of separated vegetative reactions, the phase of their inhibition, phase
      of restoration, phase of afferent vegetative shunting, phase of efferent
      vegetative shunting with restoration of cerebral control of sympathetic
      innervation. The expediency of taking into account these phases in planning
      treatment and rehabilitation of such patients is pointed out.

PMID- 3984624
TI  - [Treatment of pseudarthrosis of the odontoid process of the axis and complicated
      transodontoid posterior subluxation of the atlas].
AB  - A new method is described for reduction and successful treatment of false
      articulation of dens axis and neglected complicated transdens subluxation of the
      atlas to the back by means of skeletal traction applied to the bones of the skull
      with Ilizarov's apparatus in a 8-year-old boy.

PMID- 3984625
TI  - [Rare case of a combination of mucoid cyst of the sella turcica, sphenoid sinus
      and posterior ethmoid cells and aneurysm of the supraclinoid portion of the
      internal carotid artery].

PMID- 3984626
TI  - An improved synthesis of 3,8-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-amine
      ("MeIQx") and its 2-14C-labelled analogue.
AB  - The highly mutagenic title compound (MeIQx) was prepared in 21% overall yield
      from 4-fluoro-o-phenylenediamine. The 3,7-dimethyl isomer may be obtained as a
      minor by-product. The 14C-label was introduced in the last step through
      cyclization with [14C]cyanogen bromide. An alternative synthesis of MeIQx from p
      fluoroaniline avoided the separation of isomers but gave poorer yield.

PMID- 3984627
TI  - The presence of dolichol in liver supernatant.

PMID- 3984628
TI  - The presence of isoprenoid compounds in human organs.

PMID- 3984629
TI  - [The surgical treatment of breast cancer].

PMID- 3984630
TI  - A report of two cases of congenital abnormal rightsided high insertion of the
      diaphragm.
AB  - The authors report two cases of congenital abnormal rightsided high insertion of
      the diaphragm. Though there was no acute respiratory distress in the neonatal
      period, both presented other congenital deformities that required further
      investigation. At one month of age, both children developed severe respiratory
      problems, leading to a semi-urgent surgical intervention, that revealed the final
      diagnosis of high insertion. The discussion, following the embryological
      development, underlines the rarity of this anomaly.

PMID- 3984631
TI  - [Locating and treating nonpalpable breast tumors].
AB  - Between 1980-1984 a total of 40 female patients underwent excision of a
      radiologically diagnosed non-palpable breast tumor. The lesion was malignant in
      42,9% (18 patients); 12 specimens showed invasive carcinoma and 6 carcinoma "in
      situ". "Clustered" microcalcifications were highly suggestive of a malignant
      lesion. The technique of surgical excision is simple, reliable, surgically not
      demanding and readily acceptable to the patient.

PMID- 3984632
TI  - [Sarmiento's method of conservative treatment of leg fractures].
AB  - The authors present a prospective series of 32 fractures of the tibia, treated by
      Sarmiento's technique. Consolidation of the fracture has been obtained in 3 to 4
      months. Five open tibia fractures healed in 4 months. Functional recovery is
      complete in 90% of the cases. Two failures needed late surgical treatment (one
      centro-medullary nailing and one plate-fixation). These fractures are studied in
      detail.

PMID- 3984633
TI  - Intussusception in adults--report of 3 cases.
AB  - Intussusception in the adult is rare. The cases reported here illustrate the
      usual clinical development of the condition: incomplete, subacute, or chronic
      subobstruction. Intussusception is usually associated with a localized lesion,
      mostly a small bowel benign tumor, and a colonic malignant tumor. Diagnosis is
      effected using barium enema, ultrasonography, or CT scanning. Treatment of
      intussusception requires surgical intervention.

PMID- 3984634
TI  - Pancreas divisum: a teenager with calculi in the duct of Santorini. Report of a
      case treated by double drainage procedure.
AB  - Since the age of sixteen, a teenager suffers from acute recurrent pancreatitis
      with a weight loss of 17 kg, without evident etiologic factor. At laparotomy the
      duct of Wirsung is absent; calculi are found in a grossly dilated duct of
      Santorini and the minor papilla is stenosed with periductal fibrosis and a large
      retention pseudocyst. Recurrent pancreatitis is cured by sphincteroplasty of the
      minor papilla and side-to-side pancreatico-jejunostomy. After a follow-up of 17
      months the recurrent pancreatitis seems cured by sphincteroplasty of the minor
      papilla and side-to-side pancreatico-jejunostomy.

PMID- 3984636
TI  - [Preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas: significance, indications and
      results].

PMID- 3984635
TI  - [Idiopathic colectasia: Ogilvie's syndrome].

PMID- 3984638
TI  - [Changes in the shape and structure of the femoral head in coxarthrosis].

PMID- 3984637
TI  - [Significance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in thoracic surgery].
AB  - 45 patients admitted in the thoracic non-cardiac surgery service of the U.L.B.
      between 1966 and 1983 (17 yrs) were short- or longterm survivors of
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In november 1979 the traditional system was
      supplanted by a mobile unit with reduction of the interval between
      cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation to 1 minute. The obtained results are as
      follows: A mobile thoracic wall or intra-thoracic visceral lesions or
      displacement of thoracic content secondary to a recent thoracic intervention or
      serious injury do not constitute a contra-indication. Closed chest massage was
      mainly applied. Displacement of the heart secondary to chronic tuberculosis or
      pneumonectomy or serious thoracic injury are not formal contra-indications. Open
      cardiac massage was applied during surgical interventions or with hypovolemic
      shock secondary to massive intra-thoracic hemorrhage or cardiac tamponade.
      Pulmonary resuscitation with extra-corporeal circulation was only applied when
      mechanical ventilation did not suffice. All patients succumbed due to an
      associated lung involvement with destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma. The use
      of a mobile unit increased the number of successful resuscitations but did not
      change at all the duration of survival of the patients nor the number of
      neurological deficits. The survival time was only affected by 2 factors; the
      primary disease for which the patient was hospitalized and the presumed cause of
      arrest. All the other factors had no influence on the duration of survival; a.
      type of intervention; b. place of C.P. arrest and c. method of resuscitation.

PMID- 3984639
TI  - [Personal experience with Imhauser's operation for epiphysiolysis capitis
      femoris].

PMID- 3984640
TI  - [Long-term results after synovectomy in hemophiliac arthropathy of the knee].

PMID- 3984641
TI  - [Personal experience with the treatment of bursitis retrocalcanearis].

PMID- 3984642
TI  - [Pulsing magnetic fields and their effect on the healing of fractures and
      pseudarthroses].

PMID- 3984643
TI  - [New aspects of carpal injuries. II. Injuries of the ligaments].

PMID- 3984644
TI  - [Emergency care of fractures of the lower extremities in multiple injuries. I].

PMID- 3984645
TI  - [Surgery of knee ligaments based on data of the First Orthopedic Clinic in Brno].

PMID- 3984646
TI  - [Osteomyelitis of neonates and infants].

PMID- 3984647
TI  - [The significance of scintigraphy in the diagnosis of primary and secondary bone
      tumors].

PMID- 3984648
TI  - Electrical activity and arm muscle force in postoperative fatigue.
AB  - Muscle force of elbow flexors and quantitative electromyographic analyses were
      assessed before and 10 and 20 days after uncomplicated elective abdominal surgery
      in 20 patients. The findings were compared with subjective fatigue. Fatigue
      increased significantly from a mean preoperative level of 3.4 +/- 0.4 arbitrary
      units to 7.0 +/- 0.5 and 6.1 +/- 0.5 on postoperative days 10 and 20. Muscle
      force decreased by about 10% postoperatively. The duration of sustained
      contraction (endurance) at a force adjusted to 30% of maximum fell from 426 +/-
      64 sec preoperatively to 301 +/- 22 sec 20 days after surgery (all differences
      significant). Postoperative increase in fatigue correlated significantly to
      decrease in maximum force (r = 0.45) and to decrease in endurance (r = 0.5). The
      electromyographic findings at a force of 2 kg and at 30% of maximum suggested
      activation of fewer motor units during short contraction in the early
      postoperative period. During sustained contraction there was more pronounced
      increase in mean amplitude 20 days postoperatively than before surgery. This may
      suggest that the decreased muscle performance in the late postoperative period
      was secondary to muscle fatigue.

PMID- 3984649
TI  - Salmonella sepsis following posttraumatic splenectomy and implantation of
      autologous splenic tissue.
AB  - A severe complication following implantation of autologous splenic tissue
      occurred in a 51-year-old man. Indirect injury to abdomen resulted in a lesion of
      the splenic artery. Following splenectomy and reimplantation of splenic tissue
      into three pouches, a severe Salmonella sepsis developed within 24 hours. At
      second look laparotomy two pouches were infected. Recently there had been
      moderate signs of gastroenteritis and the same bacteria was cultivated from
      feces. Modifications of the implantation procedure are discussed.

PMID- 3984650
TI  - Postoperative myocardial performance during glucose-induced hypophosphatemia.
AB  - Long-lasting hypophosphatemia was previously found to diminish myocardial
      performance. The present study aimed to elucidate if postoperative glucose
      induced hypophosphatemia is of importance for myocardial performance. Sixteen
      patients undergoing elective colonic or rectal surgery were given 100 g glucose
      intravenously (as 20% glucose solution) on the first and second postoperative
      days. The infusion rate was 0.3 g/kg/hour. On both days the glucose infusion
      caused significant fall in P-phosphate (0.94 to 0.67 and 0.71 to 0.47 mmol/l,
      respectively). No changes were seen in P-calcium, P-potassium or P-sodium.
      Measurements of stroke volume and frequency, central venous pressure and mean
      arterial pressure were made immediately before and after the glucose infusions.
      Stroke volume and cardiac output were unaffected during the infusions, and also
      from the first to the second postoperative day. As the preload (central venous
      pressure) and the afterload (arterial pressure) similarly were unchanged by the
      glucose infusion, glucose-induced hypophosphatemia following elective surgery was
      judged to lack importance for the myocardial performance.

PMID- 3984651
TI  - Reoperation for postoperative haemorrhagic complications. Analysis of a 10-year
      series.
AB  - All 527 postoperative haemorrhagic complications requiring reoperation from 1971
      through 1980 were retrospectively analyzed. These operations constituted 1.2% of
      the total performed. Gastric resection, mastectomy and thyroid/parathyroid
      surgery showed significantly higher than average incidence of bleeding
      complications. No previously unknown cases of bleeding diathesis were detected.
      Drain was used in 34.5% of the primary operations, but rarely contributed to
      diagnosis of bleeding and did not reduce delay before reoperation. Shock or
      preshock was present in 15% of the patients. No source of haemorrhage was
      detected at 14% of the reoperations. Complications of various types were
      associated with 13% of the reoperations, with rebleeding and infectious
      conditions predominant. Complications of reoperation significantly prolonged the
      hospital stay, but did not raise the mortality rate. Mortality, however, was
      significantly higher after the reoperations than after the total primary
      operations during the study period (5.3 vs. 2.7%). Patients who had undergone
      arterial surgery were analyzed in more detail. There were 1.6% reoperations in
      this group. The bleeding emanated from anastomosis or arterial suture in only
      half of these cases and was then of two types--early, from technical causes or
      delayed, caused by infection.

PMID- 3984652
TI  - Orthostatic changes in first-toe blood pressure in normal subjects and in
      patients with occlusive arterial disease.
AB  - Orthostatic changes in first-toe systolic blood pressure, measured with cuff and
      strain-gauge technique, were compared with changes expected according to
      hydrostatic calculations. Twenty-five limbs with occlusive arterial disease were
      studied. When the first toe was lowered 40 cm below the heart, the toe blood
      pressure--corrected for changes in systemic blood pressure--rose on median 3.9 (
      8.7 to 11.4) mmHg more than expected. The difference was statistically
      significant. Elevation of the first toe 40 cm above the heart did not lead to
      significant deviation from the expected blood pressure. Twelve normal limbs
      showed no significant deviations in blood pressure during the orthostatic
      changes. It is proposed that the additional increase in the indirectly measured
      systolic pressure also represents an additional increase in the mean arterial
      blood pressure. The mechanism of this additional increase seems to be reflex
      vasoconstriction in the distal tissues, reducing the pressure gradient across the
      proximal collateral vessels. The additional increment may contribute to the
      abnormalities of local blood flow regulation observed in ischaemic limbs.

PMID- 3984653
TI  - Endoscopic electrocoagulation of major bleeding from peptic ulcer.
AB  - Endoscopic electrocoagulation with a liquid monopolar probe was exclusively
      attempted in 77 patients with major bleeding from peptic ulcer assessed as
      requiring emergency surgery. Endoscopy failed to control bleeding in 14 patients
      (18%), who proceeded directly to surgery. Initial endoscopic hemostasis was
      obtained in 63 patients, but hemorrhage recurred in 18 (29%). Rebleeding required
      surgery in 11 patients and another patient died prior to surgery. Permanent
      endoscopic control was achieved in 51 patients (66%). Without difference in
      transfusion requirement, endoscopy was most likely to succeed in patients with
      superficial acute ulcer, onset of bleeding in hospital, gastric ulcer, no earlier
      history of dyspepsia and in patients with previous ulcer surgery. Endoscopy was
      less likely to succeed in patients with chronic duodenal ulcer or earlier
      dyspepsia, though it controlled major bleeding in more than half of such
      patients. Profuse bleeding, and in particular poor access in a narrowed duodenal
      bulb, were important determinants of endoscopic failure. Of the patients with
      permanent endoscopic hemostasis, 8% subsequently underwent elective ulcer
      surgery. Endoscopic electrocoagulation is safe and has potential to control major
      bleeding, obviating emergency surgery, in two-thirds of the cases. As the less
      invasive method, endoscopy should be attempted before surgery, particularly in
      patients regarded as poor surgical risks or with no history of dyspepsia.

PMID- 3984654
TI  - Endoscopic diagnosis of gastric ulcer. Evaluation of the benefits of endoscopic
      follow-up observation for malignancy.
AB  - Examinations at an endoscopy unit in 1976 gave diagnoses of gastric cancer in 31
      patients, malignant lymphoma in 3 and new benign gastric ulcer in 223 patients.
      Correctness of diagnosis was judged to be verified following surgery, autopsy,
      clinical follow-up or five-year survival. All the malignant lesions were
      macroscopically and/or microscopically recognized at the first examination,
      except for one that was then considered to be a submucosal or extragastric
      tumour, but was correctly diagnosed at surgery prompted by the endoscopic
      findings. Of the 223 benign ulcers, 219 received a correct diagnosis at the first
      examination. In the other four cases malignancy was macroscopically or
      microscopically suspected, but was excluded following surgical excision or repeat
      examination. Based on these data, the authors suggest that routine endoscopic
      follow-up of gastric ulcer to exclude malignancy is unnecessary if the primary
      examination has been performed by an experienced endoscopist, and if both the
      macroscopic and the microscopic (biopsy) judgement unreservedly are that the
      lesion is benign.

PMID- 3984655
TI  - Late mortality following Billroth II resection for duodenal ulcer.
AB  - In a follow-up study of 1 000 patients subjected to Billroth II resection for
      duodenal ulcer in the period 1948-1956, the late mortality up to the end of 1977
      (522 patients) was analyzed. The observed mortality was compared with the
      expected mortality calculated by the life-table method and indirectly
      standardized for age, sex, domicile and time and cause of death. The overall
      mortality rate was significantly increased, mainly due to suicide, which occurred
      at five times the expected rate and could be related to excessive alcohol
      consumption and psychiatric disturbances. Malignant neoplasms, including gastric
      carcinoma, were not more common than expected as causes of death. The same
      applied to pulmonary tuberculosis, other respiratory disorders, cardiovascular,
      gastro-intestinal and urogenital disease and to accidents. It is concluded that
      the main mortality risk factors were psychiatric disease and alcohol consumption.

PMID- 3984656
TI  - Gastric cancer with special reference to prognostic factors. A review of 779
      cases.
AB  - A series of 779 patients with gastric cancer diagnosed in the 20-year period 1960
      1979 is presented. Surgery was performed in 86% of the cases, but was judged to
      be radical in only 28%. The operative mortality in the total period was 14.3%,
      with a fall in the final 5-year period. Patient age, stage of cancer and
      radicality of operation were prognostic factors as regards survival time. The
      overall 5-year survival rate was 12%. The rate was 37% after radical surgery,
      increasing to 49% when corrected for age and sex. The survival rate was unchanged
      during the period of the study. The crude 5-year survival among the patients with
      radical surgery was 41% and was independent of the type of surgery. Median age
      was significantly lower in the patients with early-stage cancer than in the
      series as a whole. The numbers of younger patients increased during the last ten
      years of the study.

PMID- 3984657
TI  - The prognostic value of preoperative serum immunoglobulin and complement
      component concentrations in patients with gastric carcinoma.
AB  - Patients with and without recurrence of gastric carcinoma after potentially
      curative resection (stages I, II and III--pTNM) were studied. The preoperative
      serum concentrations of IgG and C1-INH were significantly different in a group of
      22 patients with recurrence and a group of 33 survivors who were free from
      recurrence. The patients with recurrence had lower concentrations of IgG (8.3 +/-
      2.6 g/l) and higher concentrations of C1-INH (0.4 +/- 0.07 g/l) than the
      recurrence-free survivors (10.8 +/- 3.5 and 0.35 +/- 0.08 g/l, respectively). The
      results indicate that preoperative quantitation of serum immunoglobulins and
      complement components may be helpful in predicting the prognosis in gastric
      carcinoma.

PMID- 3984658
TI  - The prognostic value of postoperative serum immunoglobulin and complement
      component concentrations following gastric resection for carcinoma.
AB  - Patients clinically free from disease after potentially curative resection of
      gastric carcinoma, stages I, II and III (pTNM) were studied. The concentrations
      of immunoglobulins and complement components were quantified at 3-month intervals
      during the first year after surgery. The values in the individual patients showed
      no systematic variation with time while there was no clinical evidence of
      disease. The mean concentrations of C4 and C1-INH, however, were higher in 22
      patients with later recurrence (0.43 +/- 0.10 and 0.43 +/- 0.07 g/l,
      respectively) than in 34 patients who were alive and disease-free at follow-up
      (0.36 +/- 0.07 and 0.36 +/- 0.04 g/l). The mean serum concentrations of IgG, IgA,
      IgM and C3 showed no intergroup difference. High levels of C4 and C1-INH
      postoperatively apparently indicate that the patient still harbours malignant
      disease with poor prognosis.

PMID- 3984659
TI  - Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) mesh graft for protection of esophagogastrostomy. A
      preliminary report.
AB  - Anastomotic leakage from esophagogastrostomy is associated with a high mortality
      rate. Polyglactin 910 mesh grafts were used in 16 cases since 1982 to protect
      anastomoses after resection of the lower esophagus or cardia. No anastomotic
      dehiscence was seen in these patients and none died of leakage from the
      anastomosis.

PMID- 3984660
TI  - Enhanced hypothalamic dopaminergic inhibition of LH, TSH and GH release in
      patients with pathological hyperprolactinaemia.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that patients with prolactinomas have a defect in
      the central regulation of prolactin (Prl) release but it is not clear whether the
      defect results from a true loss of hypothalamic dopamine activity or from a
      functional inability of inherent dopaminergic inhibition to be mediated
      effectively. We have studied this question by the use of monoiodtyrosine (MIT, 1
      g orally), a specific inhibitor of central dopamine synthesis to remove
      dopaminergic inhibitory control of Prl release in 10 normal ovulating women, 8
      women on oral contraceptive steroids (OC) and 8 patients with pathological
      hyperprolactinaemia (PHP). LH, TSH and GH were also measured during the study in
      view of recent reports suggesting that dopaminergic mechanisms may be involved in
      modulating their secretion. Subjects on OC had a significantly higher (P less
      than 0.05) mean basal Prl (353 +/- 34 vs 280 +/- 26 mIU/l) and a significantly
      greater (P less than 0.05) peak response (incremental change 2270 +/- 300 mIU/l
      to MIT than normal controls (1320 +/- 220 mIU/l). Patients with PHP had a highly
      significantly blunted (P less than 0.001). Prl response (incremental chane 290 +/
      95 mIU/l) compared to controls. MIT administration caused a significant increase
      in LH (P less than 0.05), TSH (P less than 0.01) and GH (P less than 0.01) in
      patients with PHP but not in normal or OC-treated subjects. The augmented Prl
      response of subjects on OC is consistent with an increase in dopaminergic
      inhibitory control of Prl release. The lack of Prl response in subjects with PHP
      is indicative of a functional loss of dopaminergic control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984661
TI  - Effect of human growth hormone on proteoglycan synthesis in cultured rat
      chondrocytes.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that hGH stimulates DNA synthesis in cultured
      chondrocytes in the absence of serum. The present study is concerned with the
      effects of hGH on proteoglycan synthesis by cultured chondrocytes. Chondrocytes
      were isolated from rat rib growth cartilage by collagenase digestion, plated in
      plastic dishes, transferred to serum-free MCDB 104 medium, and incubated for 24 h
      to establish growth arrest. The cultures were then preincubated for 0-24 h with
      various concentrations of hGH and ovine prolactin (oPrl) and finally pulse
      labelled for 30 min with radioactive sulphate in the presence of hormone. hGH,
      but not oPrl, stimulated sulphate incorporation with an apparent maximum at 50
      ng/ml (approximately 170%). The stimulatory effect was apparent after 2 h and
      maximal after 3h preincubation. After 12 h the stimulatory effect had decreased
      to insignificant levels. Qualitative analysis of isolated proteoglycans indicated
      that the stimulation of sulphate incorporation by hGH is exerted at the level of
      protein synthesis with little effect on glycosylation and sulphation. Further
      experiments are required to demonstrate whether the stimulatory effect on
      proteoglycan synthesis is a specific phenomenon or represents one aspect of a
      general stimulation on cell metabolism in preparation for DNA synthesis.

PMID- 3984663
TI  - Differences in aetiology and thyroid function in endemic goitre between rural and
      urban areas of the Darfur region of the Sudan.
AB  - To investigate further the possible causes of the difference in goitre frequency
      between the rural and urban areas of Darfur region in the Sudan, urinary iodine
      excretion (UIE) and thyroid hormone concentrations were measured in 97 goitrous
      and 31 non-goitrous subjects from rural Darfur, 62 goitrous subjects from urban
      Darfur and 37 non-goitrous subjects from Khartoum. The mean UIE was equally low
      in goitrous subjects from rural Darfur (56.2 +/- 43.1 micrograms/g creatinine)
      and urban Darfur (46.3 +/- 20.7 micrograms/g creatinine) and both values were
      lower than that in the non-goitrous subjects from Khartoum (83.6 +/- 41.9
      micrograms/g creatinine). Subjects from rural Darfur also had lower mean serum
      thyroxine and higher triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. The
      mean serum thiocyanate level of 3.2 mg/l in goitrous subjects from rural Darfur
      was significantly higher than the values of 1.8 ng/ml in goitrous subjects from
      urban Darfur (P less than 0.001) and 1.7 mg/l in non-goitrous subjects from
      Khartoum (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the additional contribution of
      goitrogenic factors in rural Darfur induces thyroid anomalies to a greater degree
      than are most likely caused by the iodine deficiency alone in subjects from urban
      Darfur.

PMID- 3984662
TI  - Receptor-mediated glucocorticoid inhibition of cell proliferation in mouse growth
      cartilage in vitro.
AB  - The growth hormone of neonatal facial cartilage from ICR mice is inhibited by
      glucocorticoid treatment in vitro. A reduction of the overall tissue weight is
      accompanied by a substantial decrease in the protein content of the tissue. For
      the first 48 h in culture, hormone-treated cartilage undergoes a complete
      standstill in protein gain, and only thereafter the protein content increases,
      yet is markedly smaller than that of control specimens. Further, a significant
      reduction in the DNA content is seen already by 24 h, a feature that intensifies
      by 48 h. A slight recovery takes place thereafter. The reduction in DNA
      concentration is accompanied by a significant decrease in [3H]thymidine
      incorporation in acid-insoluble material. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by
      triamcinolone acetonide is protein- and RNA-synthesis-dependent. Autoradiographic
      examinations reveal that young cartilage cells are heavily labelled with
      [3H]dexamethasone and that this labelling is specific. To further substantiate
      the involvement of glucocorticoid-specific receptors in the latter's inhibitory
      effects, tissues were treated with cortexolone, this apparently 'masking' the
      cytosolic receptors for glucocorticoids, and thereby succeeded to eliminate the
      growth-inhibitory effect of triamcinolone. These results provide evidence for a
      receptor-mediated set of responses to glucocorticoids in these cartilage cells.

PMID- 3984664
TI  - Platelet and adipocyte thermogenesis in hypothyroid patients: a microcalorimetric
      study.
AB  - Direct microcalorimetry was used for measurements of heat production in cell
      suspensions of platelets and adipocytes, obtained from hypothyroid patients
      before and after 3 months on full L-thyroxine substitution. Platelet heat
      production was significantly lower than normal before treatment and increased in
      all 10 patients studied; the mean value increased from 51.3 +/- 1.6 fW/cell
      before to 57.1 +/- 1.8 fW/cell after therapy (P less than 0.001). Similarily,
      adipocyte heat production was initially significantly lower than normal and
      increased during treatment in all 6 patients investigated. The mean value for
      heat production per adipocyte was 18.8 +/- 1.7 pW/cell before and 32.4 +/- 2.5
      pW/cell after therapy (P less than 0.025), which is still below the level
      recorded in lean healthy subjects. The adipocyte size did not change
      significantly. The increase in adipocyte heat production was correlated to the
      increase in S-triiodothyronine levels (r = 0.84, P less than 0.05). In
      hypothyroidism, the total metabolic activity seems to be comparatively more
      reduced in adipocytes than in platelets. A difference may exist between these
      cells with regard to recovery of normal metabolic activity during treatment for
      hypothyroidism. Direct microcalorimetry appears to be an adequate method for
      monitoring net metabolic effects of thyroid hormones in these cells.

PMID- 3984665
TI  - Decreased plasma calcitonin response to a calcium clamp in primary
      hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - In order preoperatively to evaluate the calcium induced plasma calcitonin (CT)
      response in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), 7
      postmenopausal (PM) females with PHPT and 14 PM healthy subjects underwent a 2 h
      calcium infusion. The infusions were performed by means of the 'calcium clamp'
      technique previously described by us in order to obtain an identical calcium
      stimulus in all subjects. Immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) was determined by means
      of a sensitive RIA utilizing rabbit antibodies directed against the carboxy
      terminal amino acid sequence of the CT molecule. All patients with PHPT had
      normal basal plasma iCT levels: 10 +/- 5 pg-eq/ml (mean +/- SD) as a group and
      not different from the control group: 13 +/- 5 pg-eq/ml. In the control group
      significantly increased plasma iCT was seen at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min in contrast
      to that of the PHPT group where a blunted response was observed. The results
      indicate a diminished CT reserve in these patients which may imply an impaired
      defence against the PTH mediated bone resorption seen in patients with PHPT.

PMID- 3984666
TI  - Effects of experimentally-induced diabetes on oestradiol-stimulated changes in
      the ultrastructure of the rat endometrium.
AB  - Alterations in endometrial cell morphology following oestradiol treatment of
      ovariectomized animals were examined in euglycaemic and streptozotocin-induced
      diabetic rats. Endometrial morphology was examined 18, 24, 36 and 48 h after
      oestradiol administration. Nuclei of endometrial cells from saline injected
      euglycaemic and diabetic rats exhibited pleomorphic nuclei with areas of
      heterochromatin dispersed throughout the nucleus. Nucleoli were homogeneous in
      appearance and endometrial cells showed no mitotic chromosome function or cell
      division. The cytoplasm of euglycaemic and diabetic cells contained few
      mitochondria. The mitochondria that were present contained a uniformly dense
      matrix and cristae that extended across the mitochondria. The formation of round
      to oval shaped nuclei with diffuse euchromatin was observed at 18, 24 and 36 h
      following oestradiol administration in euglycaemic animals. Alterations in
      nuclear morphology and the formation of euchromatin were absent or reduced at the
      same time intervals examined in diabetic animals. Nucleoli in oestradiol-treated
      euglycaemic animals at 18, 24 and 36 h post-injections became very prominent and
      displayed easily visible granules and fibrillar material. Comparable changes in
      nucleolar morphology in oestradiol-treated diabetic rats were absent. The
      development of oval to round mitochondria containing short cristae and an
      electron-lucent matrix became apparent at 18 h post-injection of oestradiol in
      euglycaemic control animals. Alterations in mitochondrial morphology did not
      appear in endometrial cells of oestradiol-treated diabetic animals at any of the
      time points examined. At 24 and 36 h post-injection of oestradiol in euglycaemic
      animals, mitotic figures were observed in mitochondrial cells. Cell division and
      mitotic figures were not observed in oestradiol-treated diabetic
      animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984667
TI  - Retrograde degeneration within the dorsal motor vagal nucleus following bilateral
      vagotomy in rabbits.
AB  - The effects of unilateral and bilateral intrathoracic vagotomy on the neuronal
      structure of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus were studied in rabbits.
      Degeneration affected mainly the small neurones which disintegrated and vanished
      from dorsal motor nucleus relative to the survival time after operation. A
      substantial proportion of large neurones was lost or degenerated, but some were
      preserved unchanged. In unilaterally vagotomized rabbits the dorsal motor nucleus
      of the intact side showed scattered neurones with axonal reaction which stands up
      for peripheral crossing of the vagi. The degree of retrograde degeneration was
      largely determined by the survival time. The nucleus ambiguus was bilaterally
      preserved unchanged.

PMID- 3984668
TI  - Possible role of endothelium in the orientation of smooth muscle cells in
      experimental neointima.
AB  - Myointimal cells (MIC) orientation and intimal thickening evolution, induced by
      grafting an autogenous venous patch onto the rat common carotid artery, were
      studied with light microscopy at different times until 14 months after surgery.
      Intimal thickenings in the venous patch were most prominent at an intermediate
      postoperative period, after which their mean size did not change significantly.
      In host artery neointima, the greatest MIC proliferation was observed at a late
      stage of evolution. MIC arrangement was predominantly circumferential to the
      blood stream in venous patch neointima, whereas it was mostly axial in the host
      artery. The interaction between MIC orientation and endothelial regeneration in
      the operated vessel is discussed.

PMID- 3984669
TI  - Anatomical observations in the pharynx of the mouse with special reference to the
      nasopharyngeal hiatus (Wood Jones).
AB  - The mouse pharynx, especially the muscles, was anatomically studied in detail
      considering the structures of the laryngeal cartilages and the hyoid bone. The
      nasopharyngeal sphincter was formed by the palatopharyngeus and the levator
      palati muscles. It was suggested that the former contracted the 'palatopharyngeal
      eminence' (named by the present authors) and the latter drew up the soft palate,
      then the nasopharyngeal hiatus was closed. At the rostral end of the esophagus,
      there existed the 'thyro-pharyngo-esophageus muscle', denominated by the present
      authors. It was suggested to represent in the area of the esophagopharynx and to
      compress the tube by any sphincteric functions.

PMID- 3984670
TI  - Ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the ventral prostate from the hopping
      mouse Notomys alexis.
AB  - The large ventral prostate of the hopping mouse has abundant secretory units
      whose epithelial cells vary in height and which often have nuclei in the apical
      region of the cell. TEM observations indicated two epithelial cell types in which
      some unusual features occurred. Type A cells had granular endoplasmetic reticulum
      (GER) whose membranes often formed intracytoplasmic confronting cisternae. Type B
      cells had more fragmented and vesiculated GER with sparse ribosomes and less
      frequently also intracytoplasmic confronting confronting cisternae. In the latter
      cells, two types of granules were found, one of which was derived from the Golgi
      and the other possibly directly from the GER. Type A cells only had one type of
      granule present. A highly convoluted membrane was also found at the basal region
      in many of the cells. The significance of these unusual ultrastructural features
      has yet to be ascertained.

PMID- 3984671
TI  - Stimulating effect of natural estrogens on proliferation of hepatocytes in adult
      mice.
AB  - A single oral administration of natural principal estrogens, estrone (E1), 17
      beta-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), caused active proliferation of hepatocytes
      of adult mouse liver. Steroid hormones tested (testosterone, progesterone and
      cortisone) other than estrogens were not stimulants of proliferation of
      hepatocytes. Among these three natural estrogens, E3 was found to be the most
      potent stimulant of hepatocyte proliferation and E1 was the weakest. The possible
      mechanism of the hepatocyte-proliferating potency of estrogens was discussed in
      close relationship to their stimulating effect on the reticuloendothelial system.

PMID- 3984672
TI  - [The posterior inferior cerebellar artery].
AB  - The posterior inferior cerebellar artery has a curved course in the region of the
      medulla oblongata. Besides its frequent individual variations, this vessel
      exhibits three morphological types: in type 1 (the commonest type, i.e. more than
      50% of the cases) it curves with its vertex turned upwards; in type 2, the
      posterior inferior cerebellar artery turns in a gentle arch on to the posterior
      surface of the medulla oblongata, so there is no real curve; in type 3, the
      posterior inferior cerebellar artery curves but its vertex turns downwards. In
      all of these cases, the artery is in close relationship with the last four
      cranial nerves. This relationship is most characteristic in the 1st and 3rd
      types. The morphological types could be recognised on the angiograms.

PMID- 3984673
TI  - Iron-containing granules in the syncytiotrophoblast of the human chorionic villi.
AB  - The syncytiotrophoblast of the human chorionic villi during earlier stages of
      gestation contains abundant granules derived from Golgi complexes. The granules
      often include very electron-dense lamellae in their interior, and X-ray
      microanalysis revealed the presence of iron in these lamellae. It is, therefore,
      supposed that iron particles absorbed into the syncytiotrophoblast are
      transported to Golgi complexes and integrated into these lamellae. No evidences
      that the granules are released from the cells by exocytosis have been proved.
      Thus, one possibility to their nature might be considered, that is they play a
      role in lysosomal storage of iron during earlier stages when the capillaries in
      the chorionic stroma are undeveloped and so have little ability to transport iron
      into the fetal circulation.

PMID- 3984674
TI  - [Prognostic factors for therapeutic outcome in normal-pressure hydrocephalus.
      Review of the literature and personal study].
AB  - In view of the unpredictable percentage of NPH patients who benefit from surgery
      and the risk of postoperative complications, the study of predictive parameters
      appears essential. The literature shows many conflicting results in studies which
      focus on predictive values. The present study is based on a series of 63
      patients, all of whom underwent surgery for NPH. Fifty one historical, clinical,
      paraclinical and neuropsychological parameters were submitted to statistical
      analysis on the basis of the postoperative results. Nine of these parameters were
      correlated with the postoperative evolution: aetiology, chronic alcoholism and
      seven neuropsychological signs, in particular verbal signs. A statistical
      analysis by logistical regression allows us to describe an optimum predictive
      model. The most significant results are discussed.

PMID- 3984675
TI  - Towards a taxonomy of aphasic errors. A pilot study.
AB  - Error patterns occurring in an aphasic population performing a naming task were
      explored by factor analysis. This confirmed the existence of two error types: a
      phonemic and a semantic one. The latter was about twice as important as the
      former; as a consequence, a weighting system restoring the balance between both
      was required before submitting patients' scores to cluster analysis. Suitable
      weighting coefficients were computed according to data obtained by factor
      analysis. As defect severity interfered with the results of cluster analysis,
      scores were weighted in order to neutralize the severity dimension.

PMID- 3984676
TI  - [Epidural metastases at the spinal level. Clinical study of 82 cases].
AB  - This is a retrospective review of 82 cases of spinal epidural metastasis. A
      warning vertebral or radicular pain was present in 85% of the cases. In 33% of
      the patients, who complained only of pain without any neurological deficit, a
      complete myelographic block was already present. It is thus of prime importance
      not to neglect a vertebro-radicular pain in cancer patients, and even in patients
      without known cancer since the epidural metastasis was the first manifestation of
      the neoplasm in 30% of our cases. The indications for myelography are defined.
      The functional result (i.e. ability to walk) after treatment depends on the
      neurological state before treatment. In our series, total paraplegia was always
      irreversible. Early diagnosis and treatment are thus very important. The surgical
      treatment alone is judged insufficient. We were not able to prove the superiority
      of one of the following therapeutic modalities: laminectomy followed by
      radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. Radiotherapy is indicated in all cases, often
      as the sole treatment. The indications for surgery are defined; they are based on
      our own experience and the literature. High dose steroids are indicated as
      adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 3984677
TI  - [Spinal cord metastasis of a glioblastoma].
AB  - Two years after surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy of a temporal
      glioblastoma, a 51 year-old woman presented pluriradicular symptoms ascribed to
      compression of the left part of the cauda equina. The second operation confirmed
      the metastatic nature of the compression, and histological investigation proved
      the similarity of the neoplastic tissues taken from the medullary and cerebral
      regions. The authors stress the rarity of the clinical forms of medullary
      metastases of glioblastomas. The factors conducive to this fluid effusion are
      trauma and ventricular effraction by the original tumour. Neither screening nor
      prophylactic irradiation seem necessary in view of the low frequency of these
      metastases.

PMID- 3984678
TI  - Exogenous causes of seizures in children: a population study.
AB  - Of many exogenous causes, difficult birth, neonatal asphyxia, and coiling of the
      umbilical cord might be identified as risk factors predicting an initial febrile
      convulsion. Children with febrile convulsions and exogenous causes are likely to
      have affected family members, and have a risk of recurrence of seizures on 5
      occasions or more. Exogenous causes alone barely raise the risk of recurrence of
      febrile convulsions after 3 years of age or development of afebrile convulsions.
      The incidence of exogenous causes is highest in children who develop afebrile
      convulsions after febrile convulsions, and lowest in children who experience only
      febrile convulsions, although a little higher than in normal controls.

PMID- 3984679
TI  - Influence of blood pressure on tolerance to an intracranial expanding mass.
AB  - In 3 groups of 4 dogs with normotensive, induced-hypotensive and induced
      hypertensive blood pressure respectively, continuous expansion of an extradural
      supratentorial balloon led to respiratory arrest at inflation volumes which
      increased with increasing blood pressure. This positive correlation between the
      volume tolerance to an expanding lesion and blood pressure was also found in
      similar experiments on 4 hypotensive and 4 hypertensive cats. Monitoring
      cerebrospinal fluid pressures in the cerebral lateral ventricles, in the
      posterior fossa and in the spinal subarachnoid space showed that absolute
      pressures in the various compartments as well as the intercompartmental pressure
      gradients at the moment of respiratory arrest were increased in proportion to the
      level of the systemic arterial pressure in each case. These observations do not
      support current concepts that brain-stem distortion alone or that stimulation of
      baroreceptors in the posterior fossa are responsible for eliciting the Cushing
      response. The fact that the supratentorial perfusion pressure was the only
      parameter which did not differ significantly under the different experimental
      conditions suggests that the mechanism responsible for the respiratory arrest is
      local brain tissue ischemia, probably near the tentorial incisure. The magnitude
      of gain in volume tolerance, when mean arterial pressure was varied from 60 mmHg
      to 190 mmHg, was 87% suggesting that the blood pressure may have a critical role
      in an intracranial lesion. These findings have clinical implications.

PMID- 3984680
TI  - Antioxidant treatment in Spielmeyer-Sjogren's disease.
AB  - The data for 125 patients with Spielmeyer-Sjogren's disease is presented.
      Antioxidant therapy was given to 49. 27 received a combination of vitamin E,
      vitamin C, methionine and BHT. As the disease began to progress, the treatment
      was changed to a combination of sodium selenite and vitamin E in 14 of the 27
      patients. The same therapy was also given to 22 children who had not received
      previous antioxidant supplementation. The number of positive and negative
      responses was nearly equal in the 2 treatment groups. However, the quality of the
      response was better in the selenite group and it has been possible in some cases
      to stop for several years, at least, the deterioration which began during the
      original therapy.

PMID- 3984681
TI  - Appearance of antibodies to two viruses in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      aseptic meningitis.
AB  - Two cases of aseptic meningitis with simultaneous presence of antibodies to
      lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) and mumps viruses were observed. In the 1st
      patient antibodies to both viruses appeared in sera and cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF). The 2nd patient displayed rising serum antibodies to both viruses and CSF
      antibodies to mumps virus. Immunological findings and clinical features of the
      patients are discussed.

PMID- 3984682
TI  - The blink reflex and somatosensory evoked potential in optic neuritis in south
      India.
AB  - Optic Neuritis (ON) proceeds to multiple sclerosis (MS) in a considerable number
      of patients. The blink reflex (BR) and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) are
      useful non-invasive tests that can detect silent lesions in the central nervous
      system in patients with clinically suspect MS. In the present study, the BR and
      SSEP were done in 20 healthy controls and 20 patients with ON. Abnormalities of
      the SSEP were seen in 20%, and of the BR in 30% of the patients with ON. On
      combining the results of SSEP and BR studies, 45% of the ON patients were seen to
      have abnormalities. Over a short period of follow-up, 2 of the 20 ON patients
      developed clinical MS and both of them had had abnormalities of the BR. These
      findings suggest that ON proceeding to MS in India may be more common than
      suspected at present.

PMID- 3984683
TI  - Immediate spasticity with acute hemiplegia is a sign of basal ganglia hemorrhage.
AB  - Acute appearance of hemiparesis or hemiplegia with initial marked spasticity was
      observed in 8 stroke patients. All had intracerebral hematomas and in 7 it was
      located in the region of the basal ganglia. By contrast, none of 121 hemiplegic
      patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke hospitalized during the same period had
      increased muscle tone in the involved limbs at stroke onset. Study indicates that
      association of hemiplegia with immediate spasticity at stroke onset is a clinical
      clue to a possible deeply located intracerebral hematoma.

PMID- 3984684
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine in platelets of torsion dystonia patients.
AB  - In an effort to explore possible changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism
      in idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD), platelets from patients were studied.
      Platelet 5-HT concentrations did not differ from those in matched controls. 5-HT
      uptake by the platelets was also studied, and the results demonstrated
      significantly higher Km values, but Vmax values were normal among patients.
      Inhibition by imipramine of 5-HT uptake by platelets taken from ITD patients was
      also normal. The therapeutic implications of the low affinity of 5-HT to its
      platelet receptors are discussed.

PMID- 3984685
TI  - Result of chronic levodopa therapy and its modification by bromocriptine in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - 15 years' experience with Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa was compared
      to the 15 years before the advent of levodopa. Progression to severe disability
      and death was prolonged, at each stage of severity, by 3 to 5 years. At each
      duration of illness, the percentage of patients with severe disability was
      reduced significantly. There was some indication that independence was prolonged
      by early treatment. Life expectancy was increased to approximately that of the
      unaffected population. However, especially with patients with onset of disease
      before the age of 50, fluctuations of therapeutic response and severe abnormal
      involuntary movements interfered with satisfactory therapeutic results.
      Supplemental bromocriptine produced a smoother therapeutic response and decreased
      "off" period dystonia and leg pains in over 70% of patients. At dosages below 20
      mg daily, it was not particularly effective in severely affected disabled
      patients. Adverse reactions prevented the use of bromocriptine in less than 20%
      of patients.

PMID- 3984686
TI  - Lipolytic activity in the placentas of chronically deprived fetuses.
AB  - Intracellular lipolytic activity and lipoprotein lipase activity were determined
      in healthy human placental tissue, in placentas obtained from patients with
      severe pre-eclampsia, and from cases of intra-uterine growth retardation. The
      level of lipoprotein lipase, which is responsible for the transfer of fatty acids
      across membranes, was found to be much higher compared with the intracellular
      lipase and had increased further during pregnancy. Lipoprotein lipase activity
      was significantly greater in placentas of pre-eclamptic women and in the
      placentas of intra-uterine growth retarded fetuses. The intracellular lipolytic
      activity was significantly lower, however, than in controls. The levels of
      triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly higher in the cord blood of
      newbornes of women who had pre-eclampsia and in the intra-uterine growth retarded
      fetuses. The present study indicates that in situations causing fetal distress
      there are changes in the placenta leading to an increased supply of free fatty
      acids to the fetus. The role of lipids in fetal metabolism and their transfer
      across the placenta are poorly understood. The main precursor of fetal lipids in
      man is believed to be either carbohydrate (5) or maternal blood lipids (10).
      There is no evidence for the trans-placental flow of intact triglycerides. The
      plasma free fatty acids (FFA) constitute the only lipid fraction known to cross
      the placenta and could supply a significant proportion of the fetal requirements
      (8, 19).

PMID- 3984687
TI  - Vitamin B12 binding proteins in amniotic fluid.
AB  - The cobalamin-binding proteins in amniotic fluid are determined by assaying the
      unsaturated cobalamin-binding capacity of haptocorrin (R-proteins, cobalophilin,
      or transcobalamin I-like protein and any coexisting intrinsic factor) and non
      haptocorrin. Forty-five specimens obtained by amniocentesis, and ninety-two
      obtained at parturition are analysed. The haptocorrin cobalamin-binding capacity
      increases rapidly after a gestational age of about 15 weeks. At parturition the
      concentration varies from 1.4 to 26.8 nmol/l. The non-haptocorrin cobalamin
      binding capacity is less than 1% of the total binding capacity. The unsaturated
      cobalamin-binding capacities do not correlate significantly with birth weight,
      placental weight, or total protein concentration of the amniotic fluid. The ratio
      between haptocorrin concentration in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma is about
      3:1. The unsaturated cobalamin-binding capacity of haptocorrin in amniotic fluid
      is significantly higher in pregnancies with female than with male fetuses, and is
      relatively high in one case of twins. It is suggested that haptocorrin in
      amniotic fluid originates mainly from the fetus, and may have a bacteriostatic
      effect.

PMID- 3984688
TI  - Treatment of vaginal candidosis with tioconazole 2% vaginal cream.
AB  - Six hundred and three women in a contraceptive clinic were examined for the
      presence of C. albicans in the vagina and questioned about symptoms. Twenty-nine
      women with C. albicans accompanied by symptoms were treated with tioconazole 2%
      in a vaginal cream for 3 days, repeated once after an interval of 1 week. The
      mycological cure rate was 88.5%. At the same time, 34 women with vaginal C.
      albicans but without symptoms were examined. The spontaneous cure rate in these
      patients was 58.8%. In the symptomatic group, rectal C. albicans was observed in
      56.5% of patients before treatment. After vaginal treatment, a rectal cure rate
      of 100% was achieved, but with a recurrency frequency after 2-4 weeks of 17.4%.
      Comparative vaginal recurrency frequency was 10.3%. Three were not cured. The
      method used has shown itself to be very acceptable for the patient and to have a
      cure frequency that is fully equal to previously used, longer lasting treatments.

PMID- 3984689
TI  - 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha used for induction of delivery in the case
      of intra-uterine fetal death.
AB  - 102 pregnant women with intra-uterine fetal death after the 12th week of
      gestation were treated with 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha
      intramuscularly with doses of 125-250 micrograms at 2-3 hourly intervals. In all
      cases abortion or delivery was completed within 30 hours. The average time in
      primigravidae was 9 hours 43 minutes, and in multigravidae 9 hours and 59
      minutes. In approximately two-thirds of the patients, mild or moderate
      gastrointestinal side effects were recorded in spite of prophylactic treatment
      with Retardin or Loperamide + Diphenoxylate. The therapy was found to be
      effective, easy to administer and the side effects acceptable. No serious side
      effects were recorded.

PMID- 3984690
TI  - Predictive value of antepartum fetal heart rate non-stress test in high-risk
      pregnancy.
AB  - For antepartum evaluation of high-risk pregnancies the non-stress test (NST) was
      performed in order to predict favorable or adverse fetal outcome. Between January
      1, 1980 and December 31, 1980, 4078 NSTs were performed on 454 women with high
      risk pregnancies. The NSTs were evaluated for pathology by a CTG pathology score.
      The NST interpretation were normal 95%, slight pathological 4% and severe
      pathological 1%. The group of women in whom all NST results were normal gave
      birth to healthy babies. In tact with an increasing number of pathologica-NSTs
      and with worsening CTG pathology score, a significant increase was found for
      cesarean section rate, acute operative delivery, low Apgar score, low umbilical
      cord artery pH and infants born small for gestational age or clinically
      dysmature. The frequence of perinatal morbidity was almost the same, irrespective
      of whether the NSTs showed accelarations or not on one or more occasions. To
      identify fetuses suffering from retarded intra-uterine growth the predictive
      value of normal NST was 97.3% and the predictive value of pathological NST was
      34.8%. To identify perinatal morbidity the predictive values were 87.4% and 55.1%
      respectively. The NST appears to be a reliable test for antepartum assessment of
      fetal well-being in high-risk pregnancies.

PMID- 3984691
TI  - The outcome of pregnancy after threatened abortion.
AB  - A prospectively collected group of 93 pregnancies complicated by threatened
      abortion was carefully monitored throughout pregnancy, during birth and in the
      perinatal period, and any deviation from a completely uneventful course was
      registered. Comparison was made with a selected group of 282 non-risk pregnant
      women. A significant association was found between threatened abortion and the
      overall number of complications in the second half of pregnancy requiring medical
      intervention and/or admission to hospital, impending pre-term birth requiring
      betamimetics, pre-term birth, retention of the placenta, birth weight below 2000
      g, light-for-dates infants in case of pre-term birth or birth weight below 2000
      g, and hyperbilirubinemia in infants with birth weight below 2000 g. The
      incidences of perinatal mortality and congenital malformations did not differ
      significantly from those of the control group. Pregnancies complicated by
      threatened abortion constitute a risk group requiring careful obstetric and
      perinatal supervision and follow-up.

PMID- 3984693
TI  - Supravaginal uterine amputation with peroperative electrocoagulation of
      endocervical mucosa. Description of the method.
AB  - Discussion on the advantages of abdominal hysterectomy versus supravaginal
      uterine amputation has concentrated on the incidence of carcinoma in the
      remaining stump, mortality, and other serious complications. During the period
      1952-78 we have performed 2712 supravaginal amputations with peroperative
      electrocoagulation of endocervical mucosa. The incidence of stump carcinoma was
      0.11% in this material. In our prospective studies we have shown that
      supravaginal amputation has certain advantages over abdominal hysterectomy as
      regards long-term morbidity. In this paper we describe the method we are using
      when performing supravaginal uterine amputation.

PMID- 3984692
TI  - Experimental mastitis in mice induced by coagulase-negative staphylococci
      isolated from cases of mastitis in nursing women.
AB  - Coagulase-negative staphylococci are frequently isolated from the milk of women
      with signs of puerperal mastitis. In order to evaluate the pathogenicity of these
      bacteria, strains of S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus isolated from cases of
      mastitis in nursing women were inoculated into the mammary glands of lactating
      mice. Although clinical signs of mastitis were absent, by histological
      examination, mastitis was demonstrated in 78-93% of the glands. Abscesses were
      found in a few cases only. The inoculated bacteria were re-isolated in 41-61% of
      the cases, and when inoculated in numbers of 10(2) to 10(4) c.f.u. the bacteria
      multiplied above input levels in several cases. It is concluded that coagulase
      negative staphylococci isolated from the milk of women with puerperal mastitis
      can produce mastitis in mice and should be considered as a possible etiologic
      agent of mastitis in nursing women.

PMID- 3984694
TI  - Intra-uterine pressure in dysmenorrhea.
AB  - Intra-uterine pressure recordings in normal and dysmenorrheic women during the
      menstrual period were analysed regarding amplitude, duration, frequency and peak
      area of contractions and the resting pressure. The activity of the myometrium
      showed large between subject variability and no significant difference was found,
      between the two groups in amplitude and duration of contractions or their
      frequency. However, there was a consistent difference in peak area at the onset
      of the menses (p less than 0.01) and there was also a significant decrease in
      peak area during the menses in the group with dysmenorrhea, with maximum uterine
      work being performed on the day when the pain was at its worst. The contribution
      of the pattern of contractility to the etiology of dysmenorrhea is discussed.
      Abnormal uterine activity as a cause of primary dysmenorrhea was first suggested
      in the 1930s and 1940s on the basis of intra-uterine pressure recordings (Moir,
      1936; Woodbury et al., 1947). Since then, intra-uterine pressure has been
      measured in a number of studies using a micro-balloon (Lundstrom et al., 1976;
      Bygdeman et al., 1979). With the introduction of the highly sensitive micro
      transducer catheter it has been possible to make accurate quantitative
      estimations (Akerlund et al., 1978; Ulmsten & Andersson, 1979) but, to our
      knowledge, no detailed analysis and quantification of intrauterine pressure
      recordings in primary dysmenorrhea has been reported. In this paper we publish
      the results of a study in which daily recordings obtained from women suffering
      from primary dysmenorrhea were compared with those from a group of women with
      very similar menstrual patterns but with minimal or no symptoms.

PMID- 3984695
TI  - On the value of placental alkaline phosphatase as a marker for gynecological
      malignancy.
AB  - A sensitive catalytic assay for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) was used to
      quantify enzyme levels in sera from women with malignant gynecological tumors,
      i.e. cervical carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma and carcinoma of the breast. Values
      were compared with those of a reference group of 155 healthy individuals. In this
      group, basic mean levels of the enzyme amounted to 0.06 +/- 0.08 mumoles X min-1
      X 1(-1) (mean +/- SD), which corresponds to 0.3 +/- 0.4 ng/ml (mean +/- SD)
      purified placental alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme levels were not significantly
      affected by age, whereas sex gave slightly higher values for women in all age
      groups. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). The
      discriminating capacity of PLAP as a tumor marker was analysed with this assay
      and compared in sensitivity with a radio-immunoassay. A cut-off level of 0.2
      mumoles X min-1 X 1(-1), corresponding to 1 ng/ml enzyme protein as measured by
      the radio-immunoassay, detected 23-68% of the tumor patients, giving false
      positive results from the control group in the order of 5%. Corresponding values
      at a cut-off level of 0.3 mumoles X min-1 X 1(-1) (1.5 ng/ml) gave values 20-44%
      and 2%, respectively. The present investigation emphasizes that sensitivity in
      assays of placental alkaline phosphatase, whether catalytic or immunological,
      must not exceed ng-level.

PMID- 3984696
TI  - Congenital dislocation of the knee.
AB  - Congenital dislocation of the knee is a very rare condition, the incidence in
      Scandinavia hitherto not being known with certainty. Thirteen patients treated
      during the years 1960 to 1983 with 19 affected knees were reviewed and followed
      up. Findings of muscular imbalances in nine of these cases and of spinal
      abnormalities in four cases strongly indicate neuromuscular imbalance as an
      aetiological factor. The minimum incidence was estimated to be 0.017 per mille or
      approximately 1 per cent of the incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip.
      Recommendations for treatment are that manipulation should be carried out gently,
      and if not successful within 2-3 months and in all cases of Grade III, an
      operation is indicated. Too many newborn children in this series had manipulation
      fractures or slipped epiphyses. However, signs of fracture had disappeared at
      follow-up in most cases.

PMID- 3984697
TI  - Epidemiology of hip fractures in Norway.
AB  - During the 2-year period 1978-1979, a total of 2109 hip fractures (of the
      proximal end of the femur) occurred in Oslo. The age- and sex-specific annual
      incidence was the highest ever reported. A previous hip fracture had occurred in
      13 per cent of the women and 6.8 per cent of the men. In 1979, a total of 5920
      hip fractures was reported in Norway. Compared with Oslo, all other counties had
      a lower incidence. The number of fractures in Oslo was five times greater in 1982
      compared with 1950. This increase cannot be explained only by the increasing
      number of elderly persons.

PMID- 3984698
TI  - Consumption of hospital resources for hip fracture. Discharge rates for fracture
      in Norway.
AB  - The hospital discharge rate for the period 1977-1981 in a population of 1.08
      million was 1.91 per 1000 inhabitants for hip fractures and 3.89 for other
      fractures (skull fractures excluded). Discharges for fractures constituted 4.3
      per cent of the discharges from the somatic hospitals. Hip fracture consumed one
      fourth of all somatic hospital bed-days for the oldest patients.

PMID- 3984699
TI  - Biomechanical factors in loosening of the Stanmore hip.
AB  - A series of 33 Stanmore total hip replacements with aseptic loosening was
      compared to a matched control series without loosening. Risk factors were
      previous hip surgery and osteopenia of the proximal femur. Biomechanical factors,
      notably varus position of the femoral stem and insufficient cementation, were of
      significance for the implant loosening. Alteration of the operative technique is
      recommended, emphasizing a correct valgus or neutral position of the femoral
      component and improved cementation.

PMID- 3984700
TI  - Open reduction of congenital hip dislocation. Advantages of the Ferguson medial
      approach.
AB  - Between 1974 and 1982, 56 hips of 51 children with congenital hip dislocation
      were treated by open reduction via the medial approach according to Ferguson. The
      mean age at operation was 7 (3-15) months. After 4 months of plaster cast
      immobilization, 41 hips had a normal acetabular index. Three hips required
      supplementary surgery: Salter's pelvic osteotomy in one case and a varus
      osteotomy in two cases. Of the remaining 53 hips, 26 received supplementary
      abduction treatment. During the first 2 years after reduction, 19 hips showed
      slight lateral displacement due to capsular laxity. The follow-up averaged 3 (0.5
      8) years. All children older than 3 years now had stable, concentrically reduced
      hips without special treatment of the lateralization; in 9 of the 56 hips the
      acetabular roof was still dysplastic at follow-up. There was no difference in
      anteversion and neck-shaft angle between the treated and the contralateral hips.
      As vascular lesions were observed in only two hips and lateralization disappeared
      spontaneously, the Ferguson procedure seems safe.

PMID- 3984701
TI  - Simultaneous ipsilateral trochanteric and femoral shaft fracture.
AB  - Thirteen cases of concomitant trochanteric and shaft fracture of the same femur
      are reported. The hip fracture was initially missed in two cases. Osteosynthesis
      of both fractures was performed in ten cases. Both fractures healed in the 12
      cases followed for 6 months or more. Osteosynthesis of both fractures is
      recommended, preferably by fixation with angled or straight plates, and Ender
      nailing in selected cases.

PMID- 3984702
TI  - Effects on bone of vascular interruption. Turnover and morphology in isotope
      prelabelled rats.
AB  - The effects of bone devascularization were evaluated histologically and
      metabolically in rats prelabelled with 45Ca, 3H-tetracycline and 3H-proline by
      quantifying cortical bone resorption and formation. The interruption of blood
      supply to bone without invading its integrity resulted in a marked increase in
      bone turnover (resorption and formation) during the first and second months. The
      stimulated increase in bone resorption and formation did not affect the resultant
      mass of collagen and calcium. Thus, the increase in bone resorption was
      compensated by an equivalent increase in bone formation.

PMID- 3984703
TI  - Vascular reactions during electrical stimulation. Vital microscopy of the hamster
      cheek pouch and the rabbit tibia.
AB  - Vital microscopy during electrical stimulation was performed in the hamster cheek
      pouch and the rabbit tibia. Stimulation with DC of 5,20 or 50 microA or AC of 20
      microA was demonstrated to cause macromolecular capillary leakage as evidenced by
      FITC-dextran fluorescence and histological demonstration of extravasated white
      blood cells. It was further demonstrated that the vascular leakage was blocked by
      administration of indomethacin. Pulsed electromagnetical fields did not visibly
      affect the vascular permeability within 3 h. As the same DC electrical stimulator
      has been demonstrated to increase the osteogenic capacity in similar titanium
      implants in the rabbit tibia, it is suggested that the observation of
      macromolecular leakage may predict a positive osteogenic response.

PMID- 3984704
TI  - Bone healing stimulated by plasma factor XIII. Osteotomy experiments in sheep.
AB  - Sheep had their right metatarsals osteotomized midshaft and stabilized by plate
      and screws. One group was injected with 1250 units of Factor Thirteen for 9 days
      postoperatively, and a control group received placebo injections. After 8 weeks,
      the bones were evaluated biomechanically, histomorphologically and by
      densitometry. The bones of the treated group had a significantly higher tensile
      strength than the bones of the control animals. The correlation of biomechanical
      and morphological results demonstrated that the tensile strength increased with
      an increasing number of osteons crossing the osteotomy gap. The hydroxyapatite
      content of the bone healing zone was 7.3 per cent higher for the treated bones
      than for the control bones.

PMID- 3984705
TI  - Bone growth into glassy carbon implants. A rabbit experiment.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the growth of bone into porous glassy carbon
      cylinders. Porous carbon cylinders were implanted in 30 rabbits intra-articularly
      in the metaphysis of the femur opposite from the patella. The rabbits were
      sacrificed up to 24 weeks after the operation. The bone samples were examined by
      histologic, fluorochrome and microradiographic methods. The amount of bone
      ingrowth was measured histomorphometrically. Fluorochrome uptake was seen in the
      implant pores, which indicated new bone growth originating from surrounding bone.
      After 3 weeks, microradiographs revealed new bone formation in the pores and with
      time the bone spicules became more dense. The amount of bone tissue in the pores
      grew and reached a maximum at 12 weeks, when 45 per cent of the total pore volume
      was incorporated with bone tissue. No adverse tissue responses were observed.

PMID- 3984706
TI  - Age-related changes in proprioception and sensation of joint position.
AB  - With a clinical goniometer we measured the ability of 29 normal women to (a)
      reproduce the perceived position of each knee with that of the other knee, and
      (b) reproduce from memory the perceived resting position of each knee following
      its return to rest. Fifteen subjects were under 30 years old and 14 were over 60.
      The younger group scored higher in all trials. This study suggests the existence
      of an age-related change in proprioception and static joint position sensation in
      women and provides a basis for further investigation of contributory factors of
      musculoskeletal trauma in the elderly.

PMID- 3984707
TI  - Radiographic diagnosis of biceps tendinitis.
AB  - The radiographic findings and arthrographic image of the intertubercular groove
      and the biceps tendon were analysed in 143 patients with chronic shoulder pain.
      Forty-eight patients had been operated on, and of these 33 had tendinitis, caused
      by attrition in a narrow intertubercular groove in 17 cases, by medial
      dislocation of the biceps tendon in 11 cases, and by impingement associated with
      rupture of the rotator cuff in five cases. Plain radiographs revealed
      degenerative changes in the walls of the groove in half of the patients with
      biceps tendinitis. A shallow groove was seen in cases of medial dislocation of
      the biceps tendon, but also in many with a normal tendon. The arthrogram,
      however, showed whether a shallow groove was associated with dislocation of the
      tendon. In patients with attrition tendinitis the groove had a depth of 4.8 mm or
      more or an inclination of the medial wall of 58 degrees or more. Radiographic
      measurements of the dimensions of the intertubercular groove may provide valuable
      information on the state of the biceps tendon.

PMID- 3984708
TI  - Osteotomy of the neck of the humerus for traumatic varus deformity.
AB  - Seven patients had osteotomy for traumatic varus deformity of the humeral neck
      following fracture. Indications for the operations were limited active abduction
      and forward flexion of the arm. The result was good in five cases.

PMID- 3984709
TI  - Reoperations of hip fractures.
AB  - The incidence and type of reoperations after osteosynthesis of cervical and
      trochanteric femoral fractures in the city of Goteborg, Sweden was studied from
      1965 through 1981. The yearly incidence of reoperations decreased for both types
      of fractures over the years. Reoperations after cervical fractures were frequent,
      occurring in about 30 per cent. There were few reoperations after trochanteric
      fractures on the other hand, 3.6 per cent in 1981. Arthroplasties comprised the
      greatest number of reoperations, with a fairly constant relative frequency of
      about 18 per cent during the study period.

PMID- 3984710
TI  - Myositis ossificans articulating with the pelvis. A case report.

PMID- 3984711
TI  - Extraskeletal ossifying chondroma in the knee. A case report.

PMID- 3984712
TI  - Familial aggressive fibromatosis of the lower extremities. A report of two cases.
AB  - Aggressive fibromatosis occurred in a father and his son. Both are alive without
      signs of recurrence 3 and 10 years after below-knee amputation and exarticulation
      of the hip joint, respectively. When possible, this tumour should be excised
      radically.

PMID- 3984713
TI  - Finger tendon rupture secondary to fracture of the hamate. A case report.
AB  - Rupture of the flexor tendon of a finger secondary to fracture of the hook of the
      hamate is extremely rare; only seven previous cases have been published. We
      report an additional case and discuss the functional anatomy, diagnosis and
      treatment.

PMID- 3984714
TI  - Ribonuclease in different types of saliva from cystic fibrosis patients.
AB  - The flow rate, the activity of ribonuclease (RNAase) and the concentration of
      protein were determined in whole saliva and in parotid and submandibular saliva
      from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and from healthy controls, both before
      and after stimulation of the salivary secretion. Lower flow rates were found in
      all types of saliva from CF-patients than in control saliva. Increased activity
      of RNAase was found in CF saliva, both before and after stimulation of the
      secretion. The concentration of protein was also increased, but to a lesser
      degree. No correlation was found between either RNAase activity or protein
      concentration and severity of the disease or age of the children. It is therefore
      unlikely that these disturbances are secondary to progression of the disease.
      Considerable variations in RNAase activity and protein concentration were
      observed, especially within the CF group, and therefore despite the significant
      increase in these variables in CF their estimation is of limited diagnostic
      value.

PMID- 3984715
TI  - Interferon production in children with respiratory diseases.
AB  - In 110 children aged between 6 months and 18 years the ability of leukocytes to
      produce the leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha) in vitro was studied. The decrease
      or disappearance of IFN-alpha production was observed in some children with
      chronic or repeated respiratory diseases and in the majority of children who had
      been treated with prednisone. Increased production of IFN-alpha was found in a
      child with hypogammaglobulinemia and bronchopneumonia. In children affected by
      allergic or autoimmune diseases or bacterial infections IFN-alpha production was
      mostly normal. Age and sex had no influence on the production of IFN-alpha.

PMID- 3984716
TI  - Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia and glomerulopathies in children.
AB  - Serum HBsAg positivity prevalence was studied on 98 children affected by various
      nephropathies or obstructive uropathies and on a control group of 71 children,
      consecutively admitted into the same clinical ward, suffering from other than
      hepatic or renal diseases. No significant difference was found between the group
      of children with non-glomerular nephropathies or obstructive uropathies and the
      control group. The prevalence of HBsAg positivity was significantly higher in
      male children with membranous glomerulopathy and in those with lipoid nephrosis
      than in the control group. All HBsAg positive children with glomerulopathies were
      chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus. However, though left undemonstrated,
      there still lies a probable pathogenetic relationship between the hepatitis B
      virus infection and membranous glomerulopathy. The authors hypothesize that an
      impaired immune response in male children with lipoid nephrosis may account for
      both the hepatitis B virus infection and the development of the glomerular
      disease.

PMID- 3984717
TI  - Diagnosis of familial dysautonomia in the neonatal period.

PMID- 3984718
TI  - Lyme disease in a 12-year-old girl.
AB  - We report the case of a 12-year-old girl with erythema chronicum migrans, aseptic
      meningitis and knee arthralgia. Rise of specific antibody titre against an Ixodes
      ricinus spirochaete was demonstrated. Circulating immune complexes and high
      levels of C1r-C1s-C1IA complexes indicating activation of the complement system
      via the classical pathway were found. The clinical features and the laboratory
      findings warranted a diagnosis of Lyme disease.

PMID- 3984719
TI  - Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytoma. A clinical, histological and
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - A 2 300 g male infant presented at birth with multiple, firm, bluish skin
      nodules, petechiae and thrombocytopenia. Physical examination was otherwise
      normal and no biochemical signs of organ dysfunction were found. A skin biopsy,
      done on the second day of life, was consistent with self-healing
      reticulohistiocytoma by light and electron microscopy. The nodules spontaneously
      resolved during the following months. At one year follow-up, he was without
      evidence of disease, the only sequelae being occasional discrete scarring. The
      major problem with this rare entity lies in its dramatic presentation and the
      chance of possible hazardous "overtreatment".

PMID- 3984720
TI  - Sensorineural deafness in congenital hypopituitarism with severe hypothyroidism.
AB  - Marked sensorineural hearing loss was documented in an 18-year-old boy with
      untreated congenital anterior panhypopituitarism. The clinical manifestations of
      the hypothalamic thyroid failure were unusually severe in this patient. Seemingly
      this is the first case report of perceptive-cochlear deafness in a subject with
      non primary congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 3984721
TI  - Chronic granulomatous disease associated with chronic glomerulonephritis.
AB  - A boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) developed glomerulonephritis at
      the age of 12 years. The glomerulonephritis progressed to terminal uraemia at age
      15 when maintenance haemodialysis was started. The clinical course was
      complicated by pulmonary aspergillosis and Pseudomonas septicaemia from which he
      eventually died. The glomerulonephritis was of unknown origin, and a possible
      relationship between CGD and glomerulonephritis is discussed.

PMID- 3984722
TI  - Some reflections on trace elements in paediatrics.

PMID- 3984723
TI  - Children of alcoholic mothers. Growth and motor performance compared to matched
      controls.
AB  - Twenty-one children born 1970-76, selected from 103 children of 30 alcoholic
      women, were paired to controls matched for sex, age, birth weight and gestational
      age. The sample (10 girls, 11 boys) was representative of the whole group with
      regard to weight, length and head circumference at birth. At follow-up (mean age
      70 months) the study group was significantly leaner, shorter and had smaller mean
      head circumference than the control group. The controls had significant catch-up
      growth from birth to follow-up of weight, height and head circumference to the
      mean for Swedish children. The study group had no catch-up growth. Compared to
      controls the study group had significantly lower fine and gross motor age test
      scores and inferior coordination. One child had cerebral palsy (spastic
      hemiplegia) and in 6 other children slight tremor and ataxia were observed.
      Malformations and/or other signs of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were found
      in 10 cases. Study group children with FAS had significantly slower growth of
      head circumference than others without FAS. Children placed in foster home care
      (n = 11) were found to have significantly (p less than 0.05) lower birth weight,
      birth length and head circumference than children raised at home (n = 10). There
      were no significant differences at follow up between study group children raised
      in foster homes or in homes of their biological mother.

PMID- 3984724
TI  - Children of alcoholic mothers. Developmental, perceptual and behavioural
      characteristics as compared to matched controls.
AB  - From a retrospective material including all the 103 children of 30 alcoholic
      women, the 21 youngest born 1970-76, were paired to controls matched for sex,
      age, birth weight, gestational age and living area. IQ scores were measured with
      Griffiths and WISC scales. Controls tested within the normal range for Swedish
      children, while the study group scored 15-19 IQ points below controls (p less
      than 0.01), the means of the study group corresponding to -1.6 SD below means of
      the controls. Significant differences between the groups were found in all
      subscales. Visual perception was measured with Frostig's test. Perceptual age was
      generally equal to mental age except in the most severely affected cases where
      perceptional age was lower than mental age. A marked perceptual delay exceeding 1
      year was found in 8/17 tested cases in the study group, while all controls were
      normal. Developmental levels evaluated from Human Figure Drawings according to
      Koppitz was in accordance with IQ test results. Indicators of emotional
      instability were found significantly more often in the study group than in
      controls. Hyperactivity, distractability and short attention span were found in
      12/21 cases and perseveration in 6/21 cases but not among controls. Members of
      the study group with traits of the fetal alcohol syndrome (10/21) had
      significantly lower IQ and perceptual delay was more pronounced than in members
      without such signs. No significant IQ difference was found between subjects
      reared in foster homes and in biological homes.

PMID- 3984725
TI  - Breast-feeding and social factors.
AB  - Information about every tenth child aged 14 to 38 months was collected by means
      of a questionnaire in Turku, Finland in March, 1983. This paper reports on
      duration of breast-feeding and its relation to social factors. The average
      duration of breast-feeding was 5.7 months. Length of breast-feeding was
      unaffected by sex, number of siblings, and birth order among siblings. The
      socioeconomic status of the father was associated with duration of breast
      feeding: children in high status families were breast-fed longer than children in
      low status families. Mothers with occupations in the health service, education,
      and the social sector breast-fed longer than mothers in other occupations.
      Mothers who were working at the time of the study had breast-fed longer than
      housewives. For further promotion of breast-feeding, information must be made
      more effective in the lower social groups and among fathers.

PMID- 3984726
TI  - Susceptibility of riboflavin and vitamin A in breast milk to photodegradation and
      its implications for the use of banked breast milk in infant feeding.
AB  - Up to 50% of the riboflavin and up to 70% of the vitamin A in human drip breast
      milk samples were destroyed during controlled exposure to daylight, either in
      translucent polythene bottles, or where the milk was pumped through naso-gastric
      tubing from a syringe to mimic the conditions of enteral feeding. Losses were
      also observed in milk which was exposed to standard phototherapy illumination
      under conditions similar to those encountered in the ward, and in this case
      riboflavin was destroyed to a greater extent than vitamin A. Photodegradation of
      riboflavin may contribute to the high incidence of biochemical riboflavin
      deficiency reported in preterm infants receiving breast milk without vitamin
      supplements. The implications of these findings for feeding high risk term and
      preterm infants on donor milk are discussed, and the use of low actinic vessels
      and tubing to minimise photodegradation is recommended.

PMID- 3984727
TI  - The composition of the faecal microflora in breastfed and bottle fed infants from
      birth to eight weeks.
AB  - Recent technical advances have improved the possibilities to classify anaerobic
      bacteria. The aim of the present study was to examine the validity of the time
      honoured opinion that the faecal flora is dominated by bifidobacteria in
      breastfed infants but not in bottle fed ones. The composition of the faecal flora
      of 15 breastfed and of 7 bottle fed infants was followed from birth to 8 weeks.
      Strictly anaerobic conditions were carefully applied. At 5 days and 3 weeks the
      incidence of Staph. epidermidis was significantly greater in the breastfed group
      compared to the bottle fed one. We were unable to confirm earlier reports of
      difference in the anaerobic flora between breastfed and bottle fed infants. In
      both feeding groups Bacteroides dominated among the anaerobic bacteria and
      bifidobacteria occurred in less than half of the faecal specimens. The results of
      the study add to other recent observations that it has been increasingly
      difficult to demonstrate bifidobacteria in babies delivered in large, urban
      hospitals. We found different frequencies of bifidobacteria in infants from
      different wards, suggesting the importance of environmental factors in gut
      colonization after delivery.

PMID- 3984728
TI  - Composition of postnatal weight loss and subsequent weight gain in small for
      dates newborn infants.
AB  - Using a sucrose and deuterium oxide dilution technique body water compartments
      and solids were serially determined in small for dates newborn infants at birth,
      at the moment of maximum postnatal weight loss and on recovery of birth weight.
      Compositions of weight loss and subsequent weight gain were calculated from the
      differences in body water compartments and solids between the first and the
      second and the second and the third study, respectively. Birth weight of the
      infants was 1.55 +/- 0.46 kg (mean +/- SD) (N = 7), gestational age was 35.7 +/-
      3.1 weeks. Results show that despite changes in extra- and intracellular water
      volumes during weight loss, total body water volume and solids per unit of body
      weight remained remarkably constant throughout the study. Compositions of weight
      loss and subsequent weight gain were similar to body composition. This suggests
      that in small for dates newborn infants postnatal weight loss is the result of
      catabolism rather than dehydration and subsequent weight gain is the result of
      growth rather than rehydration.

PMID- 3984729
TI  - A 14-year follow-up of children with normal and abnormal birth weight for their
      gestational age. A population study.
AB  - Mortality, major neurological handicaps--including mental retardation, cerebral
      palsy and epilepsy--educational subnormality and height at 14 years of age were
      studied by birth weight percentiles in a birth cohort of 12 000 children from
      northern Finland. Infant mortality was significantly higher below the mean -2 SD,
      10th and 25th percentiles, than in the median class, from 25th to 75th
      percentiles, but mortality from one to 14 years only in the lowest weight class.
      Educational subnormality, including mental retardation +/- some other handicap,
      was highly significantly more frequent in all the percentile classes lower than
      the median class but showed no significant tendency to be less frequent in the
      percentiles over the median. It was also highly significantly more frequent among
      the preterm than the term infant. The number of children with a major
      neurological handicap but normal school performance did not vary significantly by
      birth weight percentiles or by gestational age. Height at 14 years increased
      significantly by birth weight percentiles. The height of the boys with birth
      weight mean - and +2 SD was nevertheless within the 25th-75th percentiles for
      height at 14 years in general, while the height of the girls came close to these
      percentile limits. The preterm infants were significantly shorter than the term
      infants at 14 years.

PMID- 3984730
TI  - Mortality in the first week of life and mode of delivery.
AB  - 11 923 singletons with birthweight greater than 775 g born consecutively at the
      2nd School of Medicine of Naples during a four-year period (November 1975 to
      October 1979) were the subjects of the study. Mortality in the first week of life
      was 10.9, 9.7, 6.7 and 10.7 per 1 000 respectively in the four years. The total
      variability of the crude death rates was reduced by 21.4% after standardization
      for birthweight distribution alone and by 28.6% when both birthweight and mode of
      delivery were taken into account. Therefore only a small fraction of the
      variations in mortality can be ascribed to changes in the distribution of modes
      of delivery during the study period. Most of these variations are probably
      related to the quality of perinatal care, which seems to have improved only for
      babies under 1 526 g. Birthweight specific mortality in relation to mode of
      delivery is further discussed.

PMID- 3984731
TI  - Reduced vascular reactivity in diabetic children and its relation to diabetic
      control.
AB  - The vascular reactivity in response to ischaemia was studied by a non-invasive
      method of measuring transcutaneous oxygen tension used at 37 degrees C, in 28
      children with type I diabetes mellitus. Postischaemic hyperaemia was
      significantly reduced in the diabetic children compared with 34 healthy children.
      The degree of reduction in vascular reactivity correlated to both short-term and
      long-term diabetic control. Among tested variables, urinary glucose excretion
      during the night preceding the test showed the highest coefficient of correlation
      to the peak of the postocclusive reactive hyperaemia (r = -0.59, p less than
      0.01). This peak was only weakly correlated to triglycerides and glycosylated
      haemoglobins and showed no significant correlation to fasting plasma glucose or
      to the duration of the disease. It was weakly correlated to the total daily
      insulin dosage but not to the dosage of insulin/kg body weight. Multiple linear
      regression analysis revealed that urinary glucose excretion, plasma glucose,
      haemoglobin A1, serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol, duration of diabetes,
      and insulin dosage per kg body weight together explained 54% of the variation in
      vascular reactivity. The reduced vascular reactivity found in diabetic children
      could not be explained by the usual parameters of carbohydrate control alone.
      This new non-invasive method is able to reveal a reduction in vascular function
      in diabetic children and should therefore be of value in attempts to find the
      causes of vascular dysfunction in diabetics.

PMID- 3984732
TI  - Urinary tract infection in children with type I diabetes.
AB  - The prevalence and incidence of bacteriuria in 304 girls and 337 boys with type I
      diabetes was studied by screening for bacteriuria at their regular outpatient
      controls. In 90 girls and 108 boys a urine specimen was sampled every third month
      during a year. The prevalence of bacteriuria was 3/304 in girls and 0/337 in
      boys. During the one year follow-up one of the 90 girls had pyelonephritis and
      two cystitis while none of the boys had bacteriuria. It is concluded that the
      rate of urinary tract infection in young diabetic persons does not differ from
      that present in healthy young people.

PMID- 3984733
TI  - Nosocomial acute gastroenteritis in a paediatric department, with special
      reference to rotavirus infections.
AB  - Nosocomial acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus as well as by non-rotavirus
      gastroenteritis was registered during a 12-month period in the paediatric
      department of a district hospital. The number of patients in the two groups
      amounted to 27% (rotavirus) and 7% (non-rotavirus) of the total number of
      patients hospitalised with the corresponding type of acute gastroenteritis. The
      seasonal and age distributions for the two types of nosocomial acute
      gastroenteritis followed the pattern of the respective types of hospitalised
      community-acquired acute gastroenteritis. Nosocomial non-rotavirus
      gastroenteritis was found to occur scattered with regard to time and locality
      within the department. The same applied to one half of the cases with nosocomial
      rotavirus gastroenteritis, whereas the other half occurred during an epidemic
      outbreak in the general infant/toddler ward. Vomiting and diarrhoea were less
      significant in nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis as compared with community
      acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis. As to the other manifestations no difference
      was found between the two groups. Nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis prolonged
      the stay in hospital with on the average 3.8 days. Guidelines are suggested for
      isolation of patients with acute gastroenteritis in order to reduce particularly
      the frequency of nosocomial rotavirus infections.

PMID- 3984734
TI  - Clinical features in hospitalised children with acute gastroenteritis. Does the
      rotavirus syndrome exist?
AB  - In a prospective study of children referred to hospital, rotavirus was identified
      in 37% of 128 patients with acute gastroenteritis. As compared with patients with
      non-rotavirus gastroenteritis, those with rotavirus gastroenteritis showed the
      following clinical characteristics: Age between 5 months and 4 years. Occurrence
      of the rotavirus infection almost exclusively during the winter season. Severe
      vomiting. Absence of gross blood in the stools. However, these signs did not form
      a safe basis for the clinical diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis. One or more
      signs of upper respiratory illness were observed in 36% of the patients with
      rotavirus gastroenteritis and in 35% of those with non-rotavirus gastroenteritis.
      Consequently, the existence of a rotavirus syndrome is questioned. It is argued
      that upper respiratory illnesses in patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis could
      be due to a separate infection occurring coincidentally.

PMID- 3984735
TI  - Depth of invasion and tumor thickness in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. A
      study of 2012 cases.
AB  - In 2012 patients with primary malignant melanoma of the skin the primary lesion
      was reviewed microscopically and the depth of invasion was staged and the tumor
      thickness was measured. It was possible to improve the prognostic value of
      Clark's method by dividing Clark's level IV (reticular dermis) into 2 subgroups,
      level IV A and level IV B, corresponding to the upper half and the lower half of
      the reticular dermis, respectively. Level IV A lesions were correlated with a
      significantly better prognosis than level IV B lesions (p less than 0.0025). By
      combining depth of invasion and tumors thickness it was found that for each level
      of invasion (except for level II) the prognosis deteriorated significantly with
      increasing tumor thickness. Level II indicated an excellent prognosis regardless
      of tumor thickness. Conversely, it was found that for each subgroup of thickness
      (except for 0.76 - 1.50 mm) the prognosis was not influenced by level of
      invasion. In melanomas measuring 0.76 - 1.50 mm in thickness the survival rate
      was significantly deteriorated, the deeper the invasion (p = 0.0003). The
      prognostic value of measuring tumor thickness was superior to that of staging
      depth of invasion. In melanomas 0.76 - 1.50 mm thick, however, additional
      classification of depth of invasion improved the prognostic value significantly.

PMID- 3984737
TI  - Enzyme histochemical investigations on bone and soft tissue tumours.
AB  - Histochemical staining for three hydrolytic enzymes were performed in 35 bone
      tumours and 43 soft tissue tumours, malignant as well as benign. Osteosarcoma,
      intra-osseous as well as extra-osseous, revealed characteristic rich staining for
      alkaline phosphatase, no matter how dedifferentiated the tumour was.
      Haemangioendothelioma (and normal endothelium), too, showed strong reaction for
      alkaline phosphatase whereas haemangiopericytoma did not. Alkaline phosphatase
      furthermore was found in slight to moderate amounts in fibrous proliferations.
      All other tumours examined were negative. Acid phosphatase was found in almost
      every tumour investigated except Ewing sarcoma and chondromyxoid fibroma.
      However, high activity was characteristic of giant cell tumours and malignant
      fibrous histiocytoma. The inhibition of acid phosphatase by tartrate was complete
      except in osteosarcoma and giant cell tumours, where only a partial inhibition
      was seen. There were non-specific esterase reactions in a variety of tumours, but
      very strong reactions were characteristic of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and
      giant cell tumours. The reaction could be completely inhibited by the addition of
      fluoride. In an era of increasing application of immunohistologic techniques in
      surgical pathology it might be of value to remember that simple enzyme
      histochemical stainings may provide helpful diagnostic features in the
      classification of bone and soft tissue tumours.

PMID- 3984736
TI  - Prostatic carcinoma reproducibility of histologic grading.
AB  - The inter- and intraobserver variations of the histologic grading systems of
      prostatic carcinoma proposed by Gleason and by Bocking et al. were tested by the
      authors. Both grading systems have previously been shown to have good correlation
      with prognosis. After studying 91 cases of prostatic carcinomas, the
      interobserver agreements of the Gleason pattern score and the Bocking combined
      grade were found to be 36% and 69% respectively. Both observers regraded 31
      randomly selected prostatic carcinomas. With the Gleason pattern score
      intraobserver agreements of 65% and 42% were found, whereas the intraobserver
      agreements of the Bocking combined grade were 90% and 71% respectively. Since the
      percentages of inter- and intraobserver agreements were higher with the system of
      Bocking et al., this system is recommended prior to the system of Gleason as a
      means of evaluating the prognosis of patients with prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 3984738
TI  - Uremic arterial disease in rabbits with special reference to the coronary
      arteries.
AB  - In rabbits with chronic renal failure of 9 months' duration, the distribution and
      morphological characteristics of uremic arterial disease were investigated, with
      special reference to the coronary arteries. All major systemic arteries were
      affected, large vessels more severely than smaller ones, and within each artery
      the changes were most pronounced in the proximal part of the vessel. The intimal
      lesions consisted primarily of smooth muscle cells without calcification or lipid
      accumulation. A reduction of the lumen exceeding 50% of the normal cross
      sectional area was not seen and mural thrombosis was not encountered. In the
      media, degenerative changes with increased amounts of proteoglycans and
      calcifications were prominent, but foci of increased cellularity were also seen.
      There was no evidence of lipid accumulation in the media either. Similar changes
      were found in the coronary arteries, but coronary angiography revealed no
      irregularities or stenosis. The calcified medial degenerative changes and intimal
      cellular lesions without lipid accumulation in non-cholesterol-fed rabbits
      distinguish uremic arterial disease from atherosclerosis.

PMID- 3984739
TI  - The thymus in congenital heart disease.
AB  - Some cases of thymus developmental defects (DiGeorge's syndrome) are associated
      with the development of defects of the heart and great vessels. To see if
      anomalies of the heart are also associated with anomalies of the thymus, a
      material of thymus tissue removed during operation for congenital heart disease
      was compared with thymus tissue from a forensic autopsy material representing the
      same age group, but without cardiac lesions. Among 27 cases of congenital heart
      disease, occurrence in the thymus of solid epithelial cords were seen in 6 and
      cyst- or duct-like structures were found in 7. Among 47 forensic cases, 1 showed
      cords and another showed duct-like structures. Of these, one had congenital
      anomalies in the form of hepatic hamartomas and nesidioblastosis, whereas the
      other had died from morbilli, raising the possibility of congenital immune
      deficiency. Anyhow, a striking occurrence of minor morphological deviations in
      the structure of the thymus was found in children with congenital heart disease.
      Such material therefore may be less suitable for studying the morphology and
      biology of the normal thymus gland.

PMID- 3984740
TI  - The fat composition of a mouse diet modifies the effects of levamisol on growth
      and spread of a murine tumor.
AB  - The fat composition of the diet fed to C57BL/6J mice influenced the effect of
      Levamisol on the growth and spread of LLT. The timing of feeding of different
      diets as well as of the administration of Levamisol in relation to tumor
      transplantation was of importance. The tumor-suppressive effect of Levamisol
      given on day 9 was counteracted by a diet containing 2% soy oil instead of animal
      fat and given from day 1. Levamisol given on day 1 counteracted the facilitation
      of tumor growth and spread by the soy oil diet given from day 9. The soy oil diet
      was shown to suppress the immune response to SRBC. We conclude that
      standardization of the laboratory diets is necessary.

PMID- 3984741
TI  - Etiologic importance of coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae isolated from blood
      cultures.
AB  - Coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae from blood cultures were classified
      biochemically according to Baird-Parker and to Kloos & Schleifer and by means of
      antibiotic susceptibility testing, in an attempt to distinguish between bacterial
      growth due to contamination and growth due to bacteremia. S. epidermidis biotype
      1 (according to Baird-Parker) accounted for c. 60% of the isolates and for c. 85%
      of the isolates considered to be of clinical importance. The more time- and
      resource-demanding classification of Kloos & Schleifer provided no further
      clinically useful information, as the predominant number of isolates turned out
      to be S. epidermidis. Isolates other than S. epidermidis (according to Kloos &
      Schleifer) accounted for c. 45% of the total number of isolates but for only 20%
      of the isolates considered of clinical importance. Resistance to multiple
      antibiotics was recorded more often in isolates from patients with positive
      clinical information than in isolates thought to be contaminators. The frequency
      of blood cultures contaminated with coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae was
      estimated at c. 1.5%. Records from 91 patients were reviewed. By correlating the
      clinical findings to biochemical classification, resistance types, and the
      massiveness of growth it was suggested that the quantitative rather than the
      qualitative findings are suitable for determining clinical significance of
      isolates of coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae from blood cultures.

PMID- 3984742
TI  - Value of CSF lactate in the differential diagnosis between bacterial meningitis
      and other diseases with meningeal involvement.
AB  - Lactate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of 104 patients were determined
      by the Monotest Lactate Kit. Lactate values were found higher in cases of
      bacterial meningitis than in patients not suffering from acute CNS disorders.
      Elevated lactate levels were also found in patients suffering from aseptic
      meningitis, septicemia, CNS trauma and cerebrovascular accidents, seizures and
      diabetes mellitus. The highest levels were found in cases of bacterial
      meningitis, but there was considerable overlapping between the groups. CSF
      lactate thus appears to have limited diagnostic value in the differential
      diagnosis between bacterial meningitis and other diseases with meningeal
      involvement.

PMID- 3984743
TI  - Outer membrane proteins and plasmids in different Yersinia enterocolitica
      serogroups isolated from man and animals.
AB  - Human clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica (serogroups 0:3, 0:8, and 0:9)
      harboured a 40-45 megadaltons plasmid, which was shared by strains isolated from
      cases of yersiniosis in animals (0:2 and 0:5) and from healthy swine (0:3 and
      0:9). Possession of such plasmids was invariably correlated with expression of
      three temperature-regulated characteristics related to the bacterial surface:
      when cultivated at 37 degrees C, all plasmid-bearing strains, unlike their
      plasmid-cured mutants, (i) underwent autoagglutination, (ii) produced a distinct
      mannose-resistant haemagglutinin, and (iii) simultaneously synthesized ancillary
      outer membrane proteins (OMPs). None of these characters was expressed
      phenotypically at 22 degrees C. Dominant among the plasmid-associated,
      temperature-regulated OMPs was a high molecular weight protein of approximately
      180 kilodaltons, which was found in strains of five different serogroups (0:2,
      0:3, 0:5, 0:8, and 0:9) regardless of the source of isolation. Strains isolated
      from diseased animals and from healthy swine were quite similar, if not
      identical, to human clinical isolates with respect to these ancillary OMPs. In
      contrast to the plasmid-associated OMPs expressed only at 37 degrees C, a number
      of plasmid-independent OMPs were produced mainly at 22 degrees C.

PMID- 3984744
TI  - Antibody-coating and haemagglutination by Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
AB  - Cocci coated with IgG, IgA and IgM occurred in 21, 20 and 9 of 28 urine
      specimens, respectively, containing Staphylococcus saprophyticus. There was no
      correlation between the occurrence of antibody-coated cocci and symptoms from the
      upper or lower urinary tract. Nor was antibody-coating correlated to the
      occurrence of proteinuria or haematuria. Antibody-coated cocci occurred more
      often, however, in patients with symptoms for 7 days or more than in patients
      with symptoms for a shorter duration. Direct haemagglutination of sheep
      erythrocytes was demonstrated in 30 of 61 washed urine sediments containing S.
      saprophyticus. There was a significant correlation between non-haemagglutinating
      specimens and the occurrence of antibody-coated bacteria in these specimens.

PMID- 3984745
TI  - Determination of species- and laboratory-related interpretive breakpoints for
      doxycycline susceptibility testing using single-strain regression analysis.
AB  - Single-strain Regression Analysis (SRA) was performed for doxycycline on a total
      of 68 bacterial strains representing 16 different species. Species- and
      laboratory-related zone diameter breakpoints were determined and compared with
      histograms of zone diameter values obtained from 942 routine susceptibility
      tests. Calculated breakpoints were similar within individual species. When
      considering the homogeneity of susceptibility groups within bacterial species,
      the calculated breakpoints gave rise to relatively few interpretive errors. In
      contrast, general breakpoints for doxycycline as recommended by the Swedish
      Reference Group (SRG) (R less than = 20 mm and S greater than = 26 mm) would give
      rise to a high proportion of false interpretations in the present laboratory.
      Fifty-three per cent of H.influenzae strains would have been assigned to the
      wrong susceptibility group. For E.coli and K.pneumoniae, 22 and 35 per cent,
      respectively, would have been erroneously categorized using SRG breakpoints.
      E.cloacae and E.aerogenes would have been assigned another category in 39 and 50
      per cent, respectively. The procedure for setting species-specific and laboratory
      related interpretive breakpoints is described. Determination of species- and
      laboratory-related interpretive breakpoints using SRA provides a new approach
      towards improved accuracy of disc-diffusion susceptibility testing.

PMID- 3984746
TI  - Ultrafiltration as a means to eliminate inhibition of the Limulus Amoebocyte
      Lysate (LAL) assay.
AB  - Inhibition of the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay for the detection of
      endotoxin is often a problem when testing parenteral solutions with actual
      concentrations of chemical substances. Seven samples of sterile, pyrogen-free
      solutions widely used in Norwegian hospitals, with inhibiting effect on the LAL
      test, were spiked with endotoxin, and ultrafiltered with different volumes of
      diluent. For six of the seven samples the inhibition was reduced or eliminated.

PMID- 3984747
TI  - Amyloid-related serum protein (SAA) during and after pregnancy in healthy women
      and women with rheumatic disease.
AB  - The usefulness of amyloid-related serum protein (SAA) as an indicator of disease
      activity has been evaluated in 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 2
      patients with psoriatic arthritis (PA) and 13 patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis (AS) prospectively studied during and after pregnancy. For
      comparison, SAA levels were recorded serially during and after pregnancy in 28
      healthy pregnant women. SAA levels were unaltered by gestation and thus within
      the normal range during normal pregnancy, but were raised in healthy pregnant
      women with episodes of intercurrent infections. In RA and AS patients, SAA
      concentrations correlated to disease activity during and after pregnancy. Serial
      levels of SAA and C-reactive protein in healthy women and patients paralleled
      each other with the most pronounced inflammatory response displayed by SAA. We
      conclude that SAA is a sensitive and reliable indicator of inflammatory events
      both in the pregnant and non-pregnant state.

PMID- 3984748
TI  - A skin chamber technique for leukocyte migration studies; description and
      reproducibility.
AB  - An in vivo skin chamber method, using lesions obtained by suction, was evaluated
      for studying leukocyte migration. No dyspigmentation or scar was seen after two
      months. The number of leukocytes accumulated in the collection chamber was 6.9 X
      10(7)/cm2 and was correlated to the area of the lesion (r = 0.964).
      Reproducibility, essentially unchanged over an extended period, was 19% for one
      skin chamber and 13.6% for determinations with duplicate chambers; by comparison,
      with an under-agarose technique, the coefficient of variation for migration was
      low on consecutive days (6%), but much higher (29%) when determined over a longer
      period. No correlation was found between the skin chamber technique and
      chemotaxis or random migration determined with the under-agarose technique (r = 
      0.38 and 0.12 respectively). Zymosan-activated serum attracted a higher number of
      leukocytes than did fresh serum, whereas heat-inactivated serum attracted a lower
      number. This attraction seems to be partly caused by C5a, as a higher C5a
      concentration was detected in zymosan-activated serum and in fresh serum after 24
      hours in a collection chamber than in heat-inactivated serum.

PMID- 3984749
TI  - Functional properties of polymorphonuclear leukocytes accumulated in a skin
      chamber.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes harvested from a skin chamber were compared with
      peripheral blood leukocytes by examining their migration under agarose, their
      bactericidal capacity and their chemiluminescence. The chamber leukocytes were
      chemotactically de-activated and their bactericidal capacity reduced. The
      chemiluminescent response of chamber leukocytes was increased. In response to
      stimulation with formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (first peak),
      chemiluminescence was far more marked in chamber leukocytes (10-30 times) than in
      blood leukocytes, whereas in response to stimulation with opsonized zymosan it
      was only moderately more marked (3-5 times). Exposed to zymosan activated serum,
      blood leukocytes showed a similar functional modification as leukocytes harvested
      from a skin chamber, and our findings suggest that the altered function of
      leukocytes at an inflammatory focus is largely the result of their exposure to
      chemotactic factors.

PMID- 3984750
TI  - Granulocyte and lymphocyte membrane receptors in aseptic meningitis, infectious
      mononucleosis and other viral infections.
AB  - Granulocytes and lymphocytes from 44 patients with acute viral infections were
      examined for membrane receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E-R), for the Fc portion
      of IgG (Fc gamma-R) and for complement component C3b (C3b-R). Aseptic meningitis
      was associated with a decrease in Fc gamma-R and C3b-R bearing granulocytes but
      an increase in the proportions of lymphocytes bearing the same receptors.
      Patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) had a decreased percentage of C3b-R
      bearing granulocytes, an increase of E-R bearing T lymphocytes and a slight
      decrease in the proportion of Fc gamma-R and C3b-R bearing lymphocytes.
      Cerebrospinal fluid from IM patients contained 92-98% T lymphocytes. The group of
      patients with other viral infections showed a decreased percentage of
      granulocytes bearing Fc gamma-R and C3b-R, and of E-R bearing lymphocytes. The
      decrease of Fc gamma-R and C3b-R bearing granulocytes in viral infections may be
      of importance in relation to the increased risk of bacterial superinfection in
      these patients.

PMID- 3984751
TI  - Clearance of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide in vivo.
AB  - The clearance of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bacteroides fragilis was
      studied, using wound chambers implanted subcutaneously in rabbits. The primary
      skin inflammatory reaction, the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test and the
      haemagglutination inhibition test all demonstrated a more rapid elimination of
      LPS from the wound chambers after the second injection, compared to the
      elimination rate after the first injection given three days earlier. The
      clearance rate of LPS was significantly higher (0.003 greater than or equal to p
      greater than or equal to 0.0006) and the number of accumulated leukocytes in the
      inflammatory exudate significantly lower (p less than or equal to 0.05) after the
      second injection. Antibodies to B. fragilis LPS in the exudate before the second
      endotoxin injection was of the 19S IgM class. This suggests that phagocytes in
      the granulation tissue lining the chamber walls may be of importance in the
      elimination of endotoxin.

PMID- 3984753
TI  - Lithium, animal behavior and monoamines: five questions and possible ways of
      answering them.

PMID- 3984752
TI  - Effects of antidepressant drugs on cerebral serotonin receptor mechanisms.

PMID- 3984754
TI  - Adrenaline and MAO-inhibition in CSF and brain.

PMID- 3984755
TI  - A viscoelastic model of mechanically induced and spontaneous contractions of
      vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - A new viscoelastic model was developed for the mathematical characterisation of
      mechanically induced and intrinsic contractional responses of the vascular smooth
      muscle. To this end, the elastic and viscous analogue elements were supplemented
      with a new active element generating stress proportional to its momentary
      elongation. The four-element model consisting of an active element, a parallel
      viscous element and both series and parallel elastic elements predicted biphasic
      or damped oscillatory stress relaxation and creep responses which were similar to
      that found experimentally earlier. Above a certain exciting frequency the model
      exhibited dissipative and below energy producing behaviour, as indicated by the
      sign change of the hysteresis loop area. In the case of sinusoidal modulation of
      the stress generation parameter the model showed parametric resonance, which was
      regarded as a simulation of intrinsic oscillation of the smooth muscle.

PMID- 3984756
TI  - Influence of lithium on biliary electrolyte and bile acid excretion in young and
      adult rats.
AB  - The influence of a three-day lithium treatment on the biliary electrolyte and
      bile acid output was determined in 20- and 105-day-old rats. The osmolarity of
      bile and the biliary concentrations of cations (Na+, K+, Ca++, H+) and chloride
      were higher in untreated young rats than in adults, although bile flow and bile
      acid excretion rates of the young and adult animals were comparable. Lithium
      increased the biliary excretion of sodium, potassium and calcium and decreased
      the excretion of chloride and bicarbonate ions in both age groups. In contrast,
      lithium treatment reduced bile acid excretion only in adult rats. The lithium
      induced alterations in biliary ion elimination may be caused by an intracellular
      replacement of sodium and/or potassium. These results indicate that after lithium
      treatment cation loss occurs in the young as well as in the adult organism not
      only via urine and faeces but also via bile.

PMID- 3984757
TI  - Effects of Litoralon (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine) and its analogues on fear
      motivated behaviour of rats.
AB  - The effects of a single post-trial intraperitoneal administration of the
      dipeptide Litoralon (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine) and some of its analogues were
      tested on the passive avoidance latency of male and female Wistar rats. The
      avoidance latency was significantly decreased by Litoralon and gamma-aminobutyryl
      ethanolamine phosphate but lengthened by DL-beta-aminoisobutyryl-ethanolamine
      phosphate. No differences were observed between the responses of immature male
      and female rats following Litoralon treatment. The observed inter-group
      differences in passive avoidance behaviour following dipeptide administration
      were also demonstrable in tests of the open-field activity of the animals
      examined immediately after the 24-hour retention test. The results are discussed
      on the basis of a central Litoralon effect on emotional arousal and the anti
      conflict potencies of the dipeptide.

PMID- 3984758
TI  - Effects of AET and MEA treatment of mice on the first day of pregnancy.
AB  - Porton female mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2
      aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET) or cysteamine hydrochloride
      (MEA) in a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight on the first day of pregnancy. On the
      last, nineteenth, day of gestation, taking into consideration females in whose
      uterus live fetuses were observed, the increase in their body weight throughout
      pregnancy, the number of fetuses in the uterus, the body weight of fetuses, and
      placental weight were found smaller in mice treated with AET or MEA, than in
      control ones. Among the injected compounds, AET appeared to be less toxic than
      MEA.

PMID- 3984760
TI  - A comparison of two methods to measure the recovery of nerve fibre excitability.
AB  - A methodological study was performed on single myelinated dorsal root fibres of
      rats. The recovery of excitability following a conditioning electrical stimulus
      delivered through the same electrode as the test stimulus and following a
      conditioning propagated nerve impulse were compared. Using low test stimulus
      strength, the recovery time permitting a propagated test impulse was 2.31 +/-
      0.72 ms (mean +/- SD) after a conditioning electrical stimulus and 1.96 +/- 0.78
      ms after a conditioning propagated impulse (P less than 0.001). The difference
      and its significance for clinical refractory period measurements are discussed.

PMID- 3984759
TI  - Tubuloglomerular feedback in hypertensive rats of the Milan strain.
AB  - In rats of the Milan hypertensive strain (MHS) the disease can be transplanted
      with the kidney to rats of the Milan normotensive strain (MNS). It has been found
      that GFR, salt and volume regulation differ between MHS and MNS rats.
      Tubuloglomerular feedback control mechanism (TGF) is important for body volume
      regulation and we therefore wanted to study the TGF control in MHS and MNS rats.
      Whole kidney and micropuncture experiments were done before and during saline
      volume expansion (5% of body weight). In an initial series of experiments
      measurements were made of total kidney GFR, urine excretion rate of sodium and
      potassium and subcapsular interstitial hydrostatic pressure (psc); interstitial
      oncotic pressure (pi int) was estimated from hilar lymph protein concentration.
      In a second series, proximal tubular stop-flow pressure (psf) was determined
      upstream from a wax block while the distal nephron was being perfused with Ringer
      solution at a flow rate varying from 0 to 40 nl X min-1. In this way the maximal
      drop in stop-flow pressure (delta psf) and also the turning point (TP), the
      tubular flow rate at which 50% of this response was achieved, could be determined
      after saline volume expansion and after 2 h of complete ureteral occlusion. The
      results showed that GFR was similar in MHS and MNS rats in the control situation,
      but that during volume expansion it was significantly lower in the MHS group.
      Interstitial psc and pi int and net interstitial pressure (psc - pi int) were
      similar in MHS and MNS rats both under control conditions and during volume
      expansion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984761
TI  - Blood flow heterogeneity in the renal cortex during burn shock in dogs.
AB  - Blood flow distribution and occurrence of intermittent, patchy ischaemia in the
      renal cortex were investigated in anaesthetized dogs before and during burn
      shock. Severe or moderate thermal injury was induced by scalding 30% of body
      surface by 90 degrees C or 70 degrees C hot water. Local blood flow in outer and
      inner cortex was measured by microspheres and by electrodes recording hydrogen
      gas washout rates. The haematocrit rose much more in the moderately than in the
      severely scalded dogs, due to marked haemolysis in the latter group. Cortical
      blood flow was reduced more after severe than after moderate thermal injury. A
      significant redistribution of blood flow from outer to inner cortex was not
      demonstrated. Abrupt shifts in local washout rates were observed in most dogs
      during shock, but was consistently more frequent in the moderately scalded dogs.
      Such episodes of patchy intermittent ischaemia were not seen after inhibition of
      prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin. Thus, prostaglandins may mediate focal
      vasoconstriction in the renal cortex during burn shock in dogs.

PMID- 3984762
TI  - Longitudinal studies of drug abuse in a fifteen-year-old population. 5.
      Prognostic factors.
AB  - In an attempt to identify prognostic factors, non-drug users and abusers in the
      Gothenburg year cohort of 1953 were compared with reference to background data.
      Individuals with chronic abuse differed most from the "normal" group. Prognostic
      factors for drug abuse were: member of a multiproblem family, child psychiatric
      care, contact with the Social Welfare Administration at an early age, truancy,
      placement in special class, premature drop-out from school, admitted high
      frequency drug use in a school questionnaire, for boys early registration for
      crimes and for girls nervous complaints. The results indicate the necessity of
      earlier and more effective prevention.

PMID- 3984763
TI  - Life events and schizophrenia. A replication.
AB  - 54 schizophrenic patients paired for age, sex, marital status and social class
      with 54 normal subjects were investigated with Paykel's Interview for Recent Life
      Events. The interview covered life events occurring in the 6 months preceding
      admission to hospital for a schizophrenic episode for the patients and screening
      for the normal subjects. The schizophrenics reported more life events than the
      normal controls in the areas of work, health, and social and familial relations,
      and also experienced more events with a moderate to severe objective negative
      impact than the latter. While these results confirm the hypothesis that
      threatening life events can, in many patients, be considered risk factors for the
      development of an acute schizophrenic episode, they do suggest the need to
      examine the life event-schizophrenic relation according to a multifactorial
      approach, such as that provided by the vulnerability model, which includes an
      evaluation of the role of moderating variables.

PMID- 3984764
TI  - Attempted suicide in Denmark. I. Some basic social characteristics.
AB  - During a 6 months' period, 99 persons, randomly chosen among patients admitted
      for attempted suicide to the Department of Psychiatry, Odense University
      Hospital, were interviewed. This paper, which is the first in a series, deals
      with the theoretical and methodological background of the survey and the validity
      of the sample and also with some basic social characteristics of the suicide
      attempters. The majority of the suicide attempters were found to be single and
      many of them were living alone or alone with children. The sample could also be
      characterized by a low level of vocational education and by lack of association
      with the labour market. The suicide attempters could not, however, be
      unequivocally described as being in bad financial circumstances, neither were
      they solely from the lower social classes; the social status profile of the
      suicide attempters was closer to the status profile of suiciders, with relatively
      many persons from both upper and lower classes and few from the middle class.

PMID- 3984765
TI  - Suicide in the island of Singapore.
AB  - In a study of suicide in Singapore in 1980 there were 230 cases and the suicide
      rate for the general population was 9.5 per 100,000. The age-specific rates
      increased steeply after 50 years and there was a male preponderance especially in
      the age group 60 years and over. Comparing the three major ethnic groups in
      Singapore, the highest rate was seen in the Indians and Chinese, whereas the
      Malays had the lowest. Amongst the suicides there were 59 (25.7%) with mental
      illness, mainly schizophrenia, and they were of a younger age group, 20-39 years.
      The commonest method of suicide was jumping from high-rise flats.

PMID- 3984766
TI  - Depressive neurosis. A long-term prospective and retrospective follow-up study of
      former inpatients.
AB  - The results of a 7-year follow-up study of 50 former psychiatric inpatients with
      a diagnosis of depressive neurosis (ICD 300.4) who met the RDC criteria for Major
      Depression are reported. The follow-up assessment of the patients included the
      use of standardized social, psychological and psychopathological instruments. In
      addition, the course of illness as well as the utilization of medical services
      and periods of working disability were evaluated. The results indicate a rather
      unfavourable course and outcome in terms of symptoms for approximately 40% of the
      sample, including six patients who had committed suicide after index discharge.
      Almost 40% of the sample showed mild chronic symptoms with persistent impairments
      in social functioning especially in the area of social interaction, whereas only
      20% of the sample were classified as satisfactorily improved or completely
      remitted.

PMID- 3984767
TI  - The relationship of concurrent benzodiazepine administration to seizure duration
      in ECT.
AB  - The relationship of concurrent benzodiazepine administration to seizure duration
      in ECT was examined. Administration of a standard oral dose of 10 mg diazepam to
      a series of patients suffering from major depressive disorder produced a
      significant reduction in men seizure length during ECT compared to length of ECT
      induced seizure in those patients when they were benzodiazepine free. This
      finding is discussed.

PMID- 3984768
TI  - Factors associated with psychiatric morbidity in women--a general practice
      survey.
AB  - 1517 women between 20 and 59 years of age were screened for current psychiatric
      disturbance using the General Health Questionnaire, and 382 of the subjects were
      also interviewed. The women gave information on a variety of family, demographic
      and reproductive or gynaecological items. Items concerning personal relationships
      with mother, husband and father were significantly associated with high scores on
      the GHQ as were demographic items such as marital status, numbers of children and
      social class and gynaecological items such as sterilization and painful, heavy or
      irregular periods. The many cross associations between items included in the
      study need to be considered when interpreting the findings. In particular the
      highly significant association of relationship and demographic factors with
      psychiatric morbidity in women must be taken into account when investigating the
      impact of reproductive physiology and gynaecological procedures on mental health.

PMID- 3984769
TI  - Factors associated with psychiatric morbidity in men--a general practice survey.
AB  - A survey of men aged from 20 to 59 years from a general practice list using the
      General Health Questionnaire and a questionnaire of social and domestic items
      yielded 1011 respondents. Several items were shown to be linked with
      psychological disturbance including ill health, ill health or psychiatric history
      in wife, poor relationship with wife, being unemployed, poor or divorced and
      lower social class. The results are compared with those of a similar sample of
      women.

PMID- 3984770
TI  - The condition of "tightness": the somatic complaints of Turkish migrant women.
AB  - This article is based on intensive interviews made with 75 Turkish migrant women
      living in Denmark. The interviews were conducted in the women's own homes, in
      their own language, and special care was taken to establish an atmosphere of
      confidence. The methodological problems involved in this kind of research are
      discussed. The purpose of the study was to obtain information on the women's own
      evaluation of their physical, psychological and social conditions in the host
      country. Only 8% of the informants reported that they were in good health. The
      remaining had complaints of somatic character and considered themselves as being
      ill. There were no cases of severe psychopathology. The background of the women's
      illnesses is analysed at three levels: the physical, the psychosocial and the
      cultural levels respectively, in an attempt to elucidate their multifactorial
      etiology as well as to give a more comprehensive picture of the meaning of
      illness in a societal context.

PMID- 3984771
TI  - Withdrawal of trihexyphenidyl.
AB  - Trihexyphenidyl, a synthetic anticholinergic, used to control extrapyramidal
      symptoms arising from neuroleptic drug therapy has been a subject of controversy
      regarding the need for continuous antiparkinsonian therapy. In a group of 22
      psychiatric patients receiving long-term antipsychotic medication concurrently
      with trihexyphenidyl the effects of trihexyphenidyl withdrawal were studied
      double-blind and placebo controlled. Anxiety, psychotic symptoms, extrapyramidal
      symptoms and salivary flow were monitored. Blood pressure, pulse, sleep duration,
      weight and body temperature were recorded daily. The result was a recognizable
      withdrawal syndrome indicated by an increase in anxiety with various physical
      complaints, as well as evidence of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia. A
      temporary deterioration was noted in psychotic symptomatology and extrapyramidal
      symptoms. The majority of the parameters regained baseline values, indicating the
      symptoms were related to the discontinuation of trihexyphenidyl and supporting
      the existence of a withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 3984772
TI  - Developmental differentiation of anxiety and affective neuroses.
AB  - One hundred and fifty anxiety neurotic and neurotic depressive twin probands were
      differentiated into three groups by means of discriminant analysis, 50 in each
      group. The groups were named pure anxiety neurosis, mixed anxiety-depression and
      pure neurotic depression. Childhood environmental factors seemed important in the
      development of pure neurotic depression, while mixed anxiety-depression seemed to
      be determined by environmental factors in adult life. Further investigation
      showed that loss of a parent before the age of 16, and moving before the age of
      14 seemed important in the development of pure neurotic depression. Loss, or
      threat of loss, of love objects appeared to be the most common precipitating
      event for the neurotic depression and mixed anxiety-depression groups, while
      pregnancy and childbirth seemed to be of great significance in the development of
      pure anxiety neuroses. Furthermore, unmarried status was most frequent in the
      mixed anxiety-depressive group of probands.

PMID- 3984773
TI  - The couvade syndrome and side preference in child holding.
AB  - In a prospective study of expectant couples 20% of the men suffered from the
      couvade syndrome. About 80% of both women and men hold their newborn infant to
      the left and 20% to the right, irrespective of handedness. Compared with others,
      men with the syndrome more frequently developed a right-side preference in child
      holding. Right-holding men more often had sons than daughters. Right-holders with
      the couvade syndrome were more often attached to and more closely identified with
      their mothers than were right-holding non-sufferers.

PMID- 3984775
TI  - Speed-accuracy trade-off and time of day.

PMID- 3984774
TI  - Planning speech: a picture's words worth.

PMID- 3984776
TI  - High incentive effects on vigilance performance during 72 hours of total sleep
      deprivation.

PMID- 3984777
TI  - Branched chain amino acid transaminase and branched chain alpha-ketoacid
      dehydrogenase activity in the brain, liver and skeletal muscle of acute hepatic
      failure rats.
AB  - Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) transaminase activity increased in both the
      mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of brain from hepatic failure rats, in
      which a partial hepatectomy was performed 24h following carbon tetrachloride
      (CCl4) administration, although the activity of liver and skeletal muscle was the
      same as in control rats. The elevation of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase
      activity in liver-injured rats was partly due to increased activity of brain
      specific Type III isozyme. Branched chain alpha-ketoacid (BCKA) dehydrogenase in
      the brain homogenates was not significantly altered in acute hepatic failure
      rats, while the liver enzyme activity was markedly diminished. BCKA dehydrogenase
      activity in the brain homogenates was inhibited by adding ATP to the assay
      system, and was activated in vitro by preincubating the brain homogenate at 37
      degrees C for 15 min. These findings suggest that brain BCAA catabolism is
      accelerated in acute hepatic failure rats.

PMID- 3984778
TI  - Comparative diagnosis of alcoholic liver diseases by multivariate and
      histological analysis.
AB  - Sixty-seven cases of alcoholic liver disease were histologically classified into
      4 groups: alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), alcoholic
      liver fibrosis (ALF) and alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). They were statistically
      reclassified by the likelihood method using age, total alcohol intake,
      hepatomegaly and 12 liver function tests. A score table for likely diagnosis was
      constructed from the incidences of each range. The cases were re-evaluated using
      the score table, with an overall correct diagnosis rate of 73%. The best
      combination of 5 parameters included the indocyanine green plasma disappearance
      rate, total alcohol intake, cholesterol, choline esterase and glutamic
      oxaloacetic transaminase/glutamic pyruvic transaminase ratio. A correct diagnosis
      rate of 75% was attained using these 5 parameters, and 94% of patients were
      correctly diagnosed by the first or the second likelihood diagnosis. Differential
      diagnosis of alcoholic liver diseases was easily and confidently obtained with
      the likelihood score table.

PMID- 3984779
TI  - Polyamine levels in gynecologic malignancies.
AB  - Polyamines are closely related to many aspects of cell growth. Since increased
      amounts of polyamines in the urine of human cancer patients were reported in
      1971, polyamines have been studied from the standpoint of tumor markers. In this
      study, polyamines in erythrocytes, plasma and urine were determined in 42
      controls and 105 patients with gynecologic malignant tumors. The changes in
      polyamine levels were investigated before and after treatment. With advances in
      the stage of uterine cervical cancer, the frequency of abnormal levels of
      polyamines (concentrations greater than two standard deviations above the mean
      control level) became greater, and reached nearly 80% in recurrent and ovarian
      cancer. In the early stage of cancer, the diagnostic value was low. Comparison
      with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was also performed. The polyamines lack
      specificity for malignant diseases, but they can be used to some extent as a
      tumor marker in the gynecologic field.

PMID- 3984780
TI  - Angioarchitecture of rabbit iris.
AB  - We made a scanning electron-microscopic study of the angioarchitecture of the
      rabbit iris using vascular resin casts, and compared the vascular structure in
      miosis to that in mydriasis. There were three vascular layers in the iris: the
      anterior capillary layer, arteriolo-venular layer and posterior capillary layer.
      The anterior capillary layer was a network which covered the anterior surface of
      the iris. The posterior capillary layer was a peculiar network composed of many
      capillary folds, which were arranged radially. The arteriolo-venular layer was
      sandwiched between the two capillary layers. In this layer, arterioles and
      venules ran radially toward the pupil. The peripupillary region lacked the
      posterior capillary layer. In miosis, the vessels of the peripheral iris were
      straightened radially, while those in the peripupillary region were folded. In
      mydriasis, the vessels were very tortuous in the peripheral region, while those
      in the peripupillary region were stretched laterally. The change in the
      angioarchitecture of the iris was suited to pupillomotoric activity.

PMID- 3984781
TI  - Atropine-sensitive, tetrodotoxin-resistant contraction induced by noradrenaline
      in isolated cat rectum.
AB  - Effects of noradrenaline (NA) on the isolated rectal circular muscle of the cats
      were studied in comparison with the effects on the internal anal sphincter (IAS).
      NA (10(-8)-10(-7) g/ml) caused tonic contraction in four of 15 strips of the
      rectum taken from 15 animals, and in all 15 strips of the IAS. Phenylephrine also
      induced rectal and IAS contraction. Rectal contraction induced by NA was
      resistant to phentolamine, yohimbine, propranolol, hexamethonium and
      tetrodotoxin, but blocked by atropine. IAS contraction induced by NA was
      resistant to propranolol, atropine, hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin, but blocked
      by phentolamine and yohimbine. It is suggested that an atropine-sensitive
      excitatory adrenergic mechanism other than the excitatory alpha-adrenergic
      mechanism exists in the rectal circular muscle.

PMID- 3984782
TI  - A vegetable protein-rich diet for the treatment of liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Twelve patients were administered a vegetable protein-rich diet, which was low in
      methionine and high in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) to aromatic amino
      acid (AAA) molar ratio, and an animal protein-rich diet, high in methionine and
      low in the BCAA/AAA molar ratio. These diets were administered successively for
      one week each. Actually ingested amounts of tyrosine and methionine were
      significantly lower during the feeding of the vegetable protein-rich diet than
      the animal protein-rich diet. Serum methionine concentrations increased while on
      the animal protein-rich diet and decreased following the switch to the vegetable
      protein-rich diet. No other amino acid concentrations were affected. Significant
      differences were not observed in nitrogen balance or serum protein
      concentrations.

PMID- 3984783
TI  - Cerebral edema associated with acute hepatic failure.
AB  - The clinicopathological findings of cerebral edema were investigated in patients
      with acute hepatic failure autopsied at Okayama University Hospital between 1970
      and 1980 retrospectively. Nine (64%) of 14 hepatic failure cases were found to
      have cerebral edema during a post-mortem examination of the brain. Clinical
      features of the patients with cerebral edema were not significantly different
      from those of the patients without cerebral edema. However, general convulsions
      were observed more frequently in patients later found to have cerebral edema.
      Moreover, the length of time from deep coma to death was much shorter in the
      brain edema cases with cerebral herniation than without herniation.

PMID- 3984784
TI  - [Drug-induced iatrogenic disease].

PMID- 3984785
TI  - [Infectious endocarditis revisited--considerations apropos of a recent case
      list].

PMID- 3984786
TI  - [Legal medicine in the hospital].

PMID- 3984787
TI  - [Cardiac insufficiency. New physiopathological approaches and therapeutic
      implications].

PMID- 3984788
TI  - [Plasma cells in the epithelial layer of mouse jejunum].

PMID- 3984789
TI  - Surgical management of acute cerebellar infarction.
AB  - After reviewing the literature, a personal series of 10 adult patients with
      cerebellar infarction diagnosed by CT scan is described. The clinical picture in
      young adult men is characterized by rapid onset of headache, vomiting, vertigo,
      ataxia and blurred vision. After this sudden onset the patients may present a
      stable course or a rapid or delayed onset of brain stem compression, revealed by
      impairment of consciousness. CT scan is the diagnostic method of choice. The
      correlation between angiographic and CT localization of the infarction is not
      good. For therapy the following policy is suggested: in alert and clinically
      stable patients: medical treatment (mannitol, glycerol, dexamethason), ICP and
      serial CT monitoring; in alert patients with hydrocephalus or mass effect:
      medical treatment and monitoring as mentioned before; ventricular drainage if ICP
      surpasses 350 mm H2O; in patients with impaired consciousness and hydrocephalus
      or mass effect: immediate ventricular drainage. If it is not followed by prompt
      improvement of the level of consciousness, an emergency suboccipital craniectomy
      with removal of the infarcted tissue should be done.

PMID- 3984790
TI  - Ventricular shunt survival in children with neural tube defects.
AB  - Ventricular shunting has dramatically improved the care of children with
      hydrocephalus. Yet shunt malfunctions are extremely common and cause significant
      morbidity. To document shunt problems in children with a neural tube defect and
      hydrocephalus, 67 children born since 1973 were studied via life-table analysis.
      28% of the shunts failed within the first 6 months after insertion, 37% failed
      within the first year and 50% failed by 4 1/2 years after insertion. Shunt
      survival was similar in children whether or not they had previous shunt failures.
      The brand of shunt system and pressure rating, the level of neurological
      function, the interval between closure of the neural tube lesion and shunt
      insertion, and head circumference percentile at the time of insertion were also
      not correlated with shunt failure. However, shunts inserted in the first year of
      life were much more likely to fail than those inserted after one year of age (p
      less than 0.05). 68% of the revisions required replacement of the ventricular
      catheter. Shunt failure from all causes of hydrocephalus accounted for
      approximately 1% of paediatric admissions to Strong Memorial Hospital in 1982
      with a mean cost of $4,543 and a mean length of stay of 9 days. Thus shunt
      problems remain both common and serious.

PMID- 3984792
TI  - Anatomical considerations of the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 3984791
TI  - Occlusion of the internal carotid artery after radiation therapy for the chiasmal
      lesion.
AB  - Occlusion of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery were
      encountered in two cases with suprasellar tumours, who had received irradiation
      therapy previously and shown excellent clinical improvement postoperatively.
      Clinical features and the angiographic characteristics were analysed in these two
      cases and the results were compared with reports in the literature. The occlusive
      effect of radiation on the arterial wall was conceived as the cause of carotid
      obstruction. In order to avoid this side effect of radiation therapy, especially
      for brain tumours of low malignancy in childhood, careful estimation of the
      radiation dose should be required and cerebral angiographic follow-up during and
      after the treatment with radiation is indicated, particularly when the patient
      develops cerebral transient ischaemic symptoms.

PMID- 3984793
TI  - Thoracodorsal sympathectomy en bloc. Anatomical variations versus results.

PMID- 3984794
TI  - Treatment of sweating and blushing by endoscopic surgery.

PMID- 3984795
TI  - "Gestalt" therapy in blushing and sweating.

PMID- 3984796
TI  - A psychiatrist's point of view.

PMID- 3984797
TI  - Extradural and intradural microsurgical approaches to lesions of the optic canal
      and the superior orbital fissure.
AB  - Within 3 years, 34 patients with lesions of the posterior part of the orbit, the
      optic canal, and the superior orbital fissure were operated using different
      surgical approaches. The results on the functional and cosmetic outcomes were
      compiled. The pterional approach was shown to be the most useful one. It can be
      used in intradural as well as in extradural and combined operations. It allows an
      excellent view of basal cerebral structures as well as the frontal base of the
      skull. The operative results are dependent on the type and the location of the
      lesion, and, especially in meningiomas, on their relationship to the cavernous
      sinus.

PMID- 3984799
TI  - Increasing community independence for adolescents with spina bifida.
AB  - This project sought to determine if a community-based habilitation program
      focusing on normalization and individual goal setting was effective in enhancing
      levels of independence in teenagers with spina bifida (myelomeningocele). The
      results of our formal and informal evaluation suggest that the program was
      effective. Using the goal-attainment scale for formal evaluation, the program
      averaged a score of 50.8, which reflects slightly better than expected outcomes.
      The greatest strength in the program was support and socialization among the
      teenagers. In addition, recommendations for practitioners in programming for
      teenagers are provided.

PMID- 3984798
TI  - The radiotherapy of cystic craniopharyngioma with intracystic installation of 90Y
      silicate colloid.
AB  - The authors describe the intracavital treatment with 90Y silicate colloid in 9
      cases of cystic craniopharyngioma. The method has been applied since 1975 in the
      National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest. The intracavital treatment was only
      one among several applied treatment forms. In all patients a partial removal of
      the tumour has also been performed. The possibilities of evaluation of the
      effectiveness of the internal cyst irradiation are therefore limited. In most
      cases the intracavital treatment resulted in shrinkage of the cyst, or even was
      followed by its practical disappearence and the condition of the patients shows a
      decisive improvement. The growth of solid tumour parts is not influenced by this
      kind of treatment. Therefore the clinical improvement of the patient's condition
      depends also on the ratio between cyst and solid tumour volume. The optic nerve
      impairment did not improve in all cases. As a side-effect an oculomotor nerve
      paresis developed in several patients. Its possible explanations have been
      discussed, including lasting damage from tumour pressure.

PMID- 3984800
TI  - Successful rural black adolescents: a psychosocial profile.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate important psychosocial variables
      associated with the educational development of black adolescents in a southern
      rural environment. The study explored factors related to academic and social
      success among rural black adolescents. The focus of the investigation was on
      identifying psychological and social variables which may successfully influence
      the transaction between black youth and the rural educational system. Such
      success variables are important for research because of the traditional emphasis
      in the social sciences on concepts of deficit in the person-environment
      interactions of black youth. This article presents a profile of successful black
      adolescents in a rural school system in the Southeast. The profile was developed
      from personal interviews with 68 black students identified by teachers as
      successful, often despite social or economic hardship. The implications for
      future research and rural educational policy and program from the profile are
      discussed.

PMID- 3984801
TI  - Family factors in the lives of drug users and abusers.
AB  - A review of the literature suggested nine family factors which had an impact upon
      drug use: parental absence, discipline, scapegoating, hypocritical morality,
      parent-child communication gap, parental divorce, mother-father conflicts, family
      breakup, and the use of "psychological crutches" to cope with stress. In
      addition, data were collected on the closest family member to the drug-taking
      subject, the subject's perception of the most powerful family member, the family
      member who used "psychological crutches," and situations where the most powerful
      person in the family used "psychological crutches." A paired analysis between
      drug users and drug abusers yielded significant differences on the use of two
      "psychological crutches" to cope with stressful situations: drugs and denial.
      Drug users were less likely to come from families where there was a communication
      gap and more likely to come from families which used democratic disciplinary
      techniques. Drug abusers came from families where there was a communication gap
      and either laissez faire or authoritarian discipline. Drug abusers also came from
      families where the person whom they defined as most powerful tended to use
      "psychological crutches" to cope with stress.

PMID- 3984802
TI  - An exploratory study of delinquency, criminal offenses, and juvenile status
      offenses via the cross-validation design.
AB  - This article reports the results of an exploratory study of thirty variables that
      may have an effect on delinquency, criminal offenses, and juvenile status
      offenses. The study is based on secondary data, and the split-sample cross
      validation procedure is used for analysis. Prediction equations were generated in
      Sample 1; Sample 2 was used for validation. In Sample 1, seven significant
      predictors of delinquency were found, five for criminal offenses, and five for
      juvenile status offenses. When these prediction equations were subjected to
      validation in Sample 2, the number of significant predictors was reduced from
      seven to four for delinquency, from five to four for criminal offenses, and from
      five to three for juvenile status offenses. The researchers interpreted these
      findings within the framework of the cross-validation procedure.

PMID- 3984803
TI  - Somatic deviations in adolescence: reactions and adjustments.
AB  - Many of the changes which occur in adolescence are sources of joy and pride, but
      present problems as well. One such problem concerns the adjustments adolescents
      have to make to deviations, especially those that relate to physical norms. While
      some of these deviations are due to the processes and timing of development, and
      are therefore temporary, others are a result of genetics and/or trauma, and
      therefore permanent. The reactions of adolescents vary widely, but most need
      understanding and guidance in making realistic adjustments to these deviations.
      Guidelines are suggested for parents, teachers and counselors.

PMID- 3984804
TI  - Adolescents' visual preference for color over form.
AB  - This study is concerned with the visual preference for color over form among the
      Yoruba adolescents of Nigeria. The hypothesis is that Yoruba adolescent boys are
      more likely to demonstrate superior performance in a task involving cultural
      differences in visual selective attention preference for color over form than
      girls. One hundred 16-year-old adolescent boys and girls were randomly drawn from
      two secondary schools for this study. The instrument used was the Visual
      Selective Attention Color-Form Matching Experiment. Computation was carried out
      with a chi-square 2 X 2 contingency analysis. Results indicated that the
      hypothesis reached a .001 statistical level of significance. The theoretical
      implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 3984805
TI  - Who is responsible? Adolescents' acceptance of theoretical child abuse models.
AB  - Three primary theoretical models have been presented to explain child abuse:
      psychopathological, sociological, and ecological. Four hundred forty-seven later
      adolescents were surveyed to determine which approach was most consistent with
      their beliefs, attitudes and opinions. Overwhelmingly, adolescents indicated that
      their views were most closely aligned with the psychopathological model, followed
      by the ecological model. Subjects maintained that parental psychological factors
      and characteristics of victims contributed strongly to maltreatment. Societal
      factors were perceived as relatively unimportant causative agents or correlates
      of abuse. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for parent education
      programs.

PMID- 3984806
TI  - A longitudinal study of the self-concept of low-income youth.
AB  - Children in grades five and six were interviewed in 1969 and a follow-up phase
      was conducted in 1978 using those children who had answered the 1969 phase and
      who were now out of high school. The purpose was to determine the stability of
      self-concept over a decade, and to investigate changes or differences that
      occurred within and between the groups over time. Data were analyzed using self
      concept as the dependent variable. The independent variables measured in relation
      to self-concept were sex, race, and place of residence. Pearson product-moment
      correlations and paired t-tests indicated that the majority of youth undergo
      minimal changes during this age span.

PMID- 3984807
TI  - Adolescents' contribution to household production: male and female differences.
AB  - This study develops a model to predict the contribution adolescent males and
      females make to household work, based upon family characteristics, human capital
      of the adolescent, geographic location, and societal expectations. Only
      adolescents in two-parent, two-child households were studied. Separate analyses
      were run for first-born and second-born males and females. School day was the
      only variable that explained variance in each of the four prediction equations.
      Adolescent females worked longer than adolescent males, regardless of birth
      order. Time use for household work was largely unaffected by family
      characteristics.

PMID- 3984808
TI  - The influence of male and female best friends on adolescent sexual behavior.
AB  - Using panel data from a junior high school system in an urban area of Florida, we
      examine whether adolescents' best same-sex and best opposite-sex friends' sexual
      intercourse behavior increases the likelihood that respondents who are virgins at
      round 1 will make the transition to intercourse between rounds of our study. We
      find no significant influence effects of friends of either sex for black males or
      females, or white males. In contrast, white females are influenced by the sexual
      behavior of both their best female friend and best male friend. A virgin white
      female whose best friends of both sexes were sexually experience at round 1 was
      almost certain to have sexual intercourse within the two years of our study.

PMID- 3984809
TI  - Spiritual and religious concerns of the hospitalized adolescent.
AB  - One of the tasks of adolescence is the development of a value system. The way in
      which these values are expressed in relationship to illness in adolescence,
      however, has not been studied. The authors conducted a social science survey to
      study the spiritual concerns of hospitalized adolescents. One hundred and
      fourteen hospitalized adolescents, ranging in age from 11 to 19, answered a
      Likert scale questionnaire on Spiritual and Religious Concerns (SRQ). Analysis of
      variance was performed to correlate responses with sex, race, religion, type of
      school, and severity of illness. A subgroup of hospitalized adolescents, those
      with more serious disease, experienced intensified spiritual and religious
      concerns. In response to the questionnaire, over 15% of the patients requested
      further help. Our findings suggest that training in adolescent health care and
      the provision of services to teenagers ought to include teaching in the area of
      spiritual and religious values of teenagers, with emphasis on the hospitalized
      adolescent.

PMID- 3984810
TI  - Teaching janitorial skills to autistic adolescents.
AB  - In the Special Education Clinic at the University of Texas at El Paso, a study
      was conducted to teach janitorial skills to retarded adolescents with autism. The
      study was designed to examine the efficacy of using three levels of prompts on
      three autistic clients' acquisition of 18 response sequences in cleaning a
      restroom. The restroom cleaning behavior was task analyzed prior to the
      implementation of the ten training sessions which were conducted once a week for
      one hour. The results indicated that, as compared to the pretraining
      competencies, the training was effective in teaching restroom cleaning skills.
      However, without prompts the skills acquired remained at about a 70% proficiency
      rate, which appeared to be a plateau under the training situation. Clients were
      also able to generalize without prompts approximately 83% of the acquired (or 52%
      of the total) sequences to new and similar restrooms. The study demonstrates
      that, to a certain degree, autistic adolescents with mental retardation can learn
      and transfer restroom cleaning skills. More research is needed on ways to
      increase the fluency of their responses, decrease reliance on physical prompts,
      and to improve generalization to other vocational settings.

PMID- 3984811
TI  - The transmission of racial attitudes from fathers to sons: a study of blacks and
      whites.
AB  - This study examines relationships between racial attitudes of fathers and sons.
      The sample includes one hundred white fathers and sons and an equal number of
      black fathers and sons. Three measurements of social distance were undertaken.
      The fathers indicated their own racial attitudes, while sons indicated their
      perceptions of their fathers' racial attitudes, as well as their own. The
      findings indicated that sons of both races perceive their fathers to be more
      prejudiced than they actually are. There is a relationship between fathers'
      perceived racial attitudes and sons' attitudes in the white sample, but black
      fathers appear to have no influence on the racial attitudes of their sons. It
      appears that adolescents' perception of parental attitudes is more relevant to
      socialization than actual attitudes. With regard to racial attitudes, black
      families appear to be less influential in the socialization process.

PMID- 3984812
TI  - A longitudinal study of the impact of parental divorce on adolescents'
      evaluations of self and parents.
AB  - Children's evaluations of their parents and themselves were obtained over a three
      year period. In the interim, as well as prior to the study, some of these
      children experienced parental divorce and/or unhappy intact families. This report
      will compare these children's evaluations of themselves and their parents to the
      evaluations of children who had experienced an intact familial configuration.
      Notably, two sets of troubled children emerged from this study--an acutely
      troubled group and a chronically troubled group. These findings are discussed.

PMID- 3984814
TI  - Older adolescent females' knowledge of child development norms.
AB  - This study, the first of three designed to investigate different age groups'
      knowledge of developmental norms of children, focused on older adolescent female
      university students. Data were collected from 280 midwestern university students
      through a questionnaire consisting of 16 items focusing on physical and social
      development of children from birth to three years of age. Results showed that
      knowledge of normal development was both over- and underestimated regardless of
      age of student or year in school. These findings are discussed within the context
      of the importance of knowledge of developmental norms for future parents.

PMID- 3984813
TI  - Communication and contraceptive practices in adolescent couples.
AB  - This study presents a descriptive analysis of the content, frequency, and timing
      of couple communication regarding birth control among stable, sexually active
      adolescent couples, and the effect of communication on actual contraceptive
      practices. The sample consisted of 83 couples in which the female partner was 15
      18 years old. All couples had been sexually active at least two months prior to
      the interview. The majority of couples had discussed birth control on at least
      one occasion, but discussions prior to first intercourse were atypical. Couples
      with good communication patterns were more likely to practice effective
      contraception. One-fourth of the respondents felt that contraception had not been
      adequately discussed, and these individuals were found to be most at risk to an
      unintended pregnancy.

PMID- 3984815
TI  - Attitudes of adolescents toward division of labor in the home.
AB  - A statewide study of adolescents' attitudes toward division of labor in the home
      was conducted to determine if adolescents are becoming more egalitarian in their
      approach to sex roles. This investigation attempted to examine adolescents'
      attitudes toward household tasks based on gender and maternal employment. A
      survey-research design was employed to collect data on 893 students in grades 7
      to 12 as part of a larger study to develop a profile of today's adolescents. In
      general, the findings indicated that adolescents' attitudes were still somewhat
      traditional. Although some variations in sex-role performance of tasks were
      evident between males and females and students with employed and unemployed
      mothers, these differences were not significant.

PMID- 3984816
TI  - The influence of socializing agents in the female sport-participation process.
AB  - This study investigated the influence of socializing agents on the female
      athletes who participated in the Empire State Games in Syracuse, New York (N =
      587). When comparisons were made across life-cycle states (under-13, junior high,
      and senior high), it was discovered that statistically significant differences
      existed (p less than 0.0001). It was apparent that the socializing agent
      influences changed from being mostly parental at the under-13 life-cycle stage to
      mostly coach/teacher oriented during junior and senior high school years. No
      significant differences occurred across the three life-cycle stages when the
      following items were examined: (a) the number of sports in which the female
      athletes participated, (b) the number of sports learned by the female athletes,
      and (c) the amount of sport interest developed. It was concluded that socializing
      agent influences do exist, but change during different periods in the life cycle.

PMID- 3984817
TI  - Adolescents' reactions to counseling interviews.
AB  - Fifty subjects aged 12 to 16 were interviewed according to one of five counseling
      techniques: Modeling 1, Modeling 2, reflecting, probing, and a control condition;
      and were seen either individually or in a group. Interviews were 30 minutes for
      five sessions during which a theme was discussed. It was questioned whether low
      intimate or medium-intimate themes would be more facilitative of self-expression.
      It was hypothesized and confirmed that subjects are stimulated to disclose though
      the modeling intervention and group conditions. However, the question was asked
      as to the adolescents' feelings and opinions during these interviews. At the end
      of the last session all subjects were given a questionnaire probing their
      reactions. The individual control subjects indicated a nonsignificant technique
      effect, and likewise disclosure was not facilitated during the interviews. Sixty
      eight percent of the subjects seen individually preferred these conditions
      whereas 92 percent of the group participants were satisfied. The most interesting
      topic was of low-intimacy value. Statistical analyses of the subjects' quantity
      of self-expression by techniques, individual and group conditions, and themes
      corresponded to their reported reactions to these variables. Results were
      explained in terms of the importance of the interview conditions in meeting the
      adolescents' developmental needs.

PMID- 3984818
TI  - Profiles of adolescents' clothing practices: purchase, daily selection, and care.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the clothing practices in the daily
      selection, care, and purchase of clothing by adolescents in order to determine
      the extent these practices are performed independently or influenced by others,
      and to identify the factors involved in the activities. Clothing Practice
      Profiles were developed for both sexes in the three age groups corresponding to
      divisions in the Oregon 4-H program. The age group comparison revealed increasing
      frequency of independent activity in all three clothing practice areas
      (selection, care, and purchase) as age increased. Parental influence appeared to
      decrease with increasing age. Siblings' influence was minimal. Peer influence on
      selection and purchase practices increased. Media influence on daily clothing
      selection practices and clothing purchase practices in terms of wearing or buying
      identical or similar clothing was minimal. Media influence in advertisements
      increased with age, but purchases of advertised clothing items remained about the
      same. Age group comparisons were also made for selection factors and other care
      and purchase practices, including responsibilities for care of the member's and
      family's clothing, planning clothing purchases, sources of funds and methods of
      paying for clothing, use of clothing label information, and purchase factors.

PMID- 3984819
TI  - End of the routine chest x-ray.

PMID- 3984821
TI  - Mucoid impaction of the bronchus.

PMID- 3984820
TI  - The cardiac examination in children.
AB  - The physical examination requires careful palpation of pulses and measurement of
      blood pressure, evaluation of heart sounds (including detection of the third
      heart sound) and appreciation of clicks and murmurs. Combined with the chest x
      ray and electrocardiographic findings, these steps usually lead to the most
      common diagnoses: innocent murmur; left-to-right shunt (atrial or ventricular
      septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus); obstructive lesion (pulmonic or aortic
      stenosis, coarctation of the aorta), and mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 3984822
TI  - Discontinuing antiepileptic therapy.
AB  - Prognosis for successful withdrawal of antiepileptics is excellent in selected
      patients. Studies indicate that therapy should be maintained for at least three
      seizure-free years before antiepileptics are discontinued. The decision to
      withdraw medication in an epileptic patient hinges on the likelihood of seizure
      recurrence and a critical assessment of the benefits of discontinuing therapy as
      compared with the possible consequences of a recurrent seizure.

PMID- 3984823
TI  - Flatulence: pathophysiology and treatment.

PMID- 3984824
TI  - Antibiotic therapy for anaerobic infections.

PMID- 3984825
TI  - Who provides psychiatric care?

PMID- 3984826
TI  - Nonprescription drugs and drug interactions.

PMID- 3984827
TI  - Prognostic significance of ventricular late potentials in coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - By means of high-gain ECG and signal-averaging techniques, we tried to determine
      the prevalence and prognostic significance of ventricular late potentials (VLPs)
      in coronary artery disease (CAD). No VLPs were detected in normal subjects (n =
      25) or in patients with various noncoronary cardiopathies with sustained
      ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation (VT/VF) (n = 10). Among 92 CAD
      patients, VLPs were apparent in 35% (32 of 92) at the beginning of the study. The
      prevalence of VLPs increased to 48% (19 of 40) in the presence of ventricular
      aneurysm (VA) and to 82% (14 of 17) in the presence of a history of previous
      sustained VT/VF. To determine the prognostic significance of VLPs, a prospective
      analysis was conducted during a mean of 7.4 months (range 1 to 22 months). During
      the follow-up period, 11 patients (12%) presented with an episode of sustained
      VT/VF, and six of them died from documented VT/VF. Three other patients died from
      cardiogenic shock. An episode of sustained VT/VF occurred in 31% (10 of 32) of
      the patients with VLPs vs 2% (1 of 58) of the patients without VLPs (p less than
      0.001), and six patients with VLPs died from sustained VT/VF vs none in the group
      of patients without VLPs (p less than 0.01). This VLP-related increase in
      arrhythmic risk was still present in the particular subgroup of patients with a
      history of previous sustained VT/VF (n = 17) and in patients with VA (n = 40).
      The risk of developing sustained VT/VF was also influenced by the length of the
      VLP and by a low mean ejection fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984828
TI  - Abnormal cardiocoronary thromboxane A2 production in patients with unstable
      angina.
AB  - Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), the stable metabolite of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), was
      measured in the coronary sinus and in aortic blood before and after cold pressor
      test (CPT) in 21 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease (7 affected by
      stable effort angina and 14 by unstable angina) and in 12 patients not suffering
      from myocardial ischemia (control group) during coronary angiography. Aspirin (10
      mg/kg intravenously) was administered before catheterization in order to prevent
      platelet and leukocyte TXA2 formation. Control subjects and patients with effort
      angina had TXB2 resting levels lower than unstable angina patients without a
      transcardiac gradient which, on the contrary, was found in unstable angina
      patients. Only in these patients CPT resulted in a significant TXB2 increase more
      marked in the coronary sinus (from 50.0 +/- 18.9 pg/ml to 73.0 +/- 35.1 pg/ml, p
      less than 0.001) than in the aorta (from 33.4 +/- 17.1 pg/ml to 42.6 +/- 24.0
      pg/ml, p less than 0.05), so that the transcardiac TXB2 gradient significantly
      increased. In all but two unstable angina patients, TXB2 elevation was not
      associated with a fall of cardiac lactate extraction. The resting and CPT-induced
      TXB2 gradients were unrelated to the presence and severity of coronary
      angiographic lesions. These results indicate that unstable angina patients show
      an abnormal cardiocoronary capacity to synthesize TXA2, which seems not to be
      elicited by the occurrence of myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 3984829
TI  - Intracoronary platelet activation in ischemic heart disease: effects of
      ticlopidine.
AB  - Plasma levels of platelet factor 4 have been measured in the aortic and coronary
      sinus blood of 35 patients: group I (n = 12) with normal coronary arteriograms;
      group II (n = 15) with angiographically proven coronary artery disease; and group
      III (n = 8) composed of patients with ischemic heart disease who were being
      treated with the antiaggregant agent ticlopidine at the time of cardiac
      catheterization. The mean increase in platelet factor 4 levels through the
      coronary circulation was 27.4 +/- 21.9 ng/ml (mean +/- standard deviation) in
      group II, compared with -1 +/- 4.5 ng/ml in group I (p less than 0.01). In group
      III plasma levels of platelet factor 4 in aortic and coronary sinus samples were
      all within the normal range. Thus, we conclude that platelet activation
      constantly occurs in the coronary circulation of patients with stable coronary
      artery disease, and can be prevented with ticlopidine.

PMID- 3984831
TI  - Scintigraphic characterization of Q wave and non-Q-wave acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - This study examines the scintigraphic features of patients in Killip class I or
      II after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with relation to ECG changes. The 41
      consecutively studied patients (23 men and 18 women) with first AMI were divided
      into two groups: group 1 (n = 25) had Q wave AMI, and group 2 (n = 16) had non-Q
      wave AMI. Rest thallium-201 myocardial scintigrams and radionuclide
      ventriculograms were obtained 10 days (mean) after AMI. The thallium images were
      divided into 15 segments in three projections and assessed qualitatively and
      quantitatively. Fixed perfusion defects were present in at least one segment in
      23 patients (92%) in group 1 and in eight patients (50%) in group 2 (p = 0.007).
      All but one patient in group 1 (4%) and three patients in group 2 (19%) had
      perfusion defects (fixed or reversible). The number of segments with perfusion
      defects was 5.6 +/- 2.6 in group 1 and 2.9 +/- 2.3 in group 2 (p = 0.002); the
      peak creatine kinase was 1280 +/- 880 Units/L in group 1 and 360 +/- 340 Units/L
      in group 2 (p less than 0.001); the left ventricular ejection fraction was 38 +/-
      14% in group 1 vs 43 +/- 15% in group 2 (p = NS). Thus fixed perfusion defects
      are present in 92% of patients with Q waves and in 50% of patients with no Q
      waves.

PMID- 3984830
TI  - Transient appearance of collaterals during vasospastic occlusion in patients
      without obstructive coronary atherosclerosis.
AB  - Coronary angiography of both right and left coronary arteries, using the Sones
      technique, was performed during the attack of total spastic obstruction in 11
      patients with clinically documented history of variant angina. None of the
      patients had more than 70% stenosis of organic atherosclerosis in any coronary
      artery and none had a history of myocardial infarction. Total spastic obstruction
      occurred spontaneously in 3 of 11 patients, and was provoked by ergonovine
      maleate in eight patients. Six patients had total spastic obstruction in the left
      anterior descending coronary artery, four patients had total obstruction in the
      right coronary artery, and one patient had total obstruction in the left anterior
      descending and right coronary arteries. In 7 of 11 patients, the coronary artery
      distal to the total spastic obstruction received collaterals from the nonspastic
      artery. The collaterals disappeared promptly when the spastic coronary artery was
      patent. These patients had ST segment elevation in the ECG during the attacks. In
      the remaining four patients, the spastic artery did not receive any collaterals
      from the nonspastic artery, associated with ST segment elevation during the
      attacks. These findings suggest that the brief, repetitive total occlusion of the
      coronary artery may stimulate the enlargement of collaterals. These collaterals
      may not always function to prevent the ischemia of the myocardium on the ECG.

PMID- 3984832
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction: period prevalence, case fatality, and comparison of
      black and white cases in urban and rural areas of South Carolina.
AB  - Community surveillance revealed 1085 prevalent cases of acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) during 1978 in urban metropolitan Columbia and rural Pee Dee
      areas of South Carolina. Six hundred fifty-eight hospitalized cases met our
      criteria and were classified as definite or probable. Death certificates
      identified 427 who died before admission to the hospital and who were classified
      as unvalidated. However, there is need to verify death certificate diagnosis in
      out-of-hospital deaths which account for approximately two thirds of total cases
      in blacks and about one third of white cases. Other findings were: White males
      had higher AMI rates in the rural Pee Dee area than in urban Columbia, while
      black males and black females had higher rates in Columbia than in the Pee Dee
      area and white females had similar rates in both areas. Rates for out-of-hospital
      AMI mortality were higher in blacks than in whites. Out-of-hospital AMI mortality
      rates in Columbia and the Pee Dee area were four times higher than in Minneapolis
      St. Paul in 1978. For definite and all criteria AMI, white males had the highest
      rates, double the black male rate except for all criteria AMI in Columbia, where
      white male and black male rates were similar. Urban cases of both races
      experienced more anterior infarctions than rural cases.

PMID- 3984833
TI  - Fate of nonobstructive aneurysmatic coronary artery disease: angiographic and
      clinical follow-up report.
AB  - The incidence of coronary aneurysmatic dilatation without coronary stenosis is
      rare, and the clinical course of such an entity is unknown. We present five adult
      patients, four men and one woman, with such an anatomic finding. The age range
      was 44 to 60 years. In four patients the aneurysmatic dilatations involved
      multiple coronary sites. The clinical course in all five patients was suggestive
      of coronary insufficiency. Despite no obstructive disease, two of the patients
      developed transient ischemic ECG changes accompanied by chest pain, and another
      two patients demonstrated ischemic exercise nuclear ventriculography response. In
      time, all five patients developed acute myocardial infarction and
      recatheterization revealed complete occlusion of a previously nonstenosed
      aneurysmatic vessel. More information is needed in order to guide therapy.
      However, prevention of thrombus formation and close follow-up is highly
      recommended.

PMID- 3984834
TI  - Diagnostic precision of echocardiography in mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - In order to determine the precision with which currently used echocardiographic
      criteria can be applied for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, three
      independent observers (A, B, and C) blindly analyzed the separate M-mode and two
      dimensional echocardiograms of 50 patients, 27 of whom had previously been
      identified clinically as having echocardiographic evidence of prolapse. Observer
      A's intraobserver repeatability for M-mode echocardiography was 92%, Observer B's
      was 84%, and Observer C's was 90%. For two-dimensional echocardiography, Observer
      A's intraobserver repeatability was 98%, Observer B's was 80%, and Observer C's
      was 82%. We believe that the variability in intraobserver repeatability is
      related to the frequency with which individual observers diagnosed prolapse. The
      interobserver repeatability for M-mode echocardiography for Observer A versus B
      was 64%, for Observer A versus C it was 80%, and for Observer B versus C it was
      66%. The interobserver repeatability for two-dimensional echocardiography for
      Observer A versus B was 54%, for Observer A versus C it was 70%, and for Observer
      B versus C it was 52%. There was no significant difference between the inter- and
      intraobserver variability of M-mode versus two-dimensional echocardiography.
      Review of cases in which readings were discrepant revealed that these cases
      usually had relatively mild changes. Clinicians should be aware of the inherent
      variability of echocardiographic interpretation when they make a diagnosis of
      mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 3984835
TI  - Inverse relation between patient age and chronic stimulation threshold in
      permanent endocardial ventricular pacing.
AB  - The influence of age of the adult pacemaker patient upon postoperative threshold
      rise and chronic stimulation threshold was investigated by means of noninvasive
      threshold measurements in a group of 47 patients (aged 50 to 93 years), all
      provided with porous endocardial ventricular electrodes (Cardiac Pacemakers,
      Inc.) and Siemens-Elema Vario pulse generators. The voltage threshold recorded at
      implantation showed no age dependence; however, the threshold rise within 1 month
      after implantation, maximal recorded threshold, as well as the chronic threshold
      were inversely related to age--i.e., in older patients lower values were
      obtained. These results probably reflect a lesser local tissue reaction at the
      site of the electrode tip in the elderly. In the individual patient no relation
      could be found between stimulation threshold at implantation and maximal or
      chronic threshold.

PMID- 3984836
TI  - Catheter electrode defibrillation in dogs: threshold dependence on implant time
      and catheter stability.
AB  - A catheter-mounted electrode system designed for intracavitary ventricular
      defibrillation was implanted in the right ventricular apex of 12 dogs.
      Defibrillation thresholds were obtained in all dogs at the time of implant using
      an external defibrillator. Roentgenograms obtained 3 weeks after catheter
      implantation revealed that six dogs had catheters intact at the site of implant
      (group A) and six dogs had catheters that had dislodged from the original implant
      site (group B). There were no statistically significant differences (p less than
      0.05) in mean body weight or mean defibrillation threshold between group A and
      group B dogs, respectively, at implant. Defibrillation thresholds were obtained
      for both groups of animals at 5, 12, and 26 weeks after catheter implantation. At
      all post implant monitors mean threshold for group B was significantly higher (p
      less than 0.05) than mean threshold for group A. Moreover, mean defibrillation
      threshold for both groups had increased by week 5 and remained stable through
      week 26. Catheter dislodgement increases defibrillation threshold, but does not
      prevent successful defibrillation. Also, defibrillation threshold increases to a
      stable value by 5 weeks post implant.

PMID- 3984838
TI  - Detrimental arrhythmogenic and sustained beneficial hemodynamic effects of oral
      salbutamol in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - The long-term efficacy and potential side effects of oral sympathomimetic amines
      in the treatment of advanced congestive heart failure remain controversial. We
      studied the acute and chronic hemodynamic and arrhythmogenic effects of the beta
      2 agonist, salbutamol, 6 mg by mouth four times/day, in 20 patients with NYHA
      classes III to IV congestive heart failure. Acutely, salbutamol increased the
      cardiac index (1.9 to 2.3 L/min/m2, p less than 0.01) and heart rate (92 to 97
      bpm, p less than 0.01) while it decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (35
      to 31 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Salbutamol increased the number of patients
      having episodes of ventricular tachycardia from two to six and increased the
      number of episodes of ventricular tachycardia from 2 to 27. Once salbutamol was
      discontinued, no further episodes of ventricular tachycardia occurred in these
      six patients. Six patients did not have long-term hemodynamic studies because of
      serious arrhythmias and two died. In the 12 patients who had long-term studies,
      the initial beneficial hemodynamic effects of salbutamol were maintained. Thus,
      although salbutamol may have beneficial long-term hemodynamic effects, it may
      cause serious arrhythmias in patients predisposed to develop arrhythmias.

PMID- 3984837
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effects of cibenzoline.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias were referred for
      evaluation of their arrhythmias using programmed electrical stimulation to guide
      antiarrhythmic therapy. Cibenzoline succinate, a new antiarrhythmic agent, was
      compared to procainamide in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Cibenzoline
      was given intravenously, initially 1.0 mg/kg, then in 1 mg/kg increments to a
      maximum of 3.0 mg/kg, during electrophysiologic testing. The results were
      compared to procainamide, which was also administered intravenously to 1000 and
      then to 1500 mg. Cibenzoline provided protection against ventricular tachycardia
      induction in 16 of 33 patients. The PR interval increased 13%, QRS duration
      widened 26%, and QTc interval was prolonged by 7%. There was a 9% fall in mean
      arterial blood pressure. Procainamide prevented ventricular tachycardia induction
      in 21 out of 31 patients tested. The PR interval increased 11%, QRS duration
      widened 27%, and QTc interval prolonged by 8%. Cibenzoline was given orally to 13
      patients for chronic treatment. Chronic oral cibenzoline therapy after a mean
      follow-up of 8.8 months caused a reduction of ventricular ectopy from 666 to 190
      beats/hr. Ventricular tachycardia events decreased per Holter monitor recording
      from 6 to 0.6. Cibenzoline therapy was discontinued in 5 of 13 patients due to
      break-through arrhythmias (nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitor
      and recurrence of symptoms). Cibenzoline may be an effective antiarrhythmic agent
      in selected patients.

PMID- 3984839
TI  - Prazosin alters free and total plasma digoxin levels in dogs.
AB  - Digoxin has been associated with a variety of drug interactions. Studies in our
      laboratory indicate that single doses of prazosin may alter plasma steady-state
      digoxin levels. Adult mongrel dogs were given digoxin tablets orally (0.008
      mg/kg, twice daily) until steady-state levels of digoxin were reached. Dogs were
      then tested in a cross-over study with prazosin and saline. Plasma samples were
      assayed for both free and total plasma digoxin via radioimmunoassay. Free drug
      was separated from protein bound drug utilizing a micropartition system. Plasma
      binding of digoxin as well as nonspecific tissue binding was reduced by prazosin
      and resulted in an increased fraction of free digoxin in plasma. The increase in
      free digoxin leads to an increase in the pool of digoxin available for
      pharmacologic activity. Acute experiments demonstrated such an increased
      pharmacologic effect of digoxin in the presence of prazosin. Prazosin
      pretreatment prior to a continuous digoxin infusion significantly increased the
      positive inotropic effect of digoxin compared to dogs receiving only digoxin.

PMID- 3984840
TI  - Moderate alcohol and decreased cardiovascular mortality in an elderly cohort.

PMID- 3984841
TI  - Regional diastolic functional images utilizing time-domain analysis of gated
      radionuclide ventriculograms.

PMID- 3984842
TI  - Pseudo-atrial rhythm due to electrical ventricular separation.

PMID- 3984843
TI  - Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta high above
      the left posterior sinus of Valsalva of a bicuspid aortic valve.

PMID- 3984844
TI  - 19-year longevity of isolated tricuspid valve replacement.

PMID- 3984845
TI  - Clotted hemopericardium post myocardial infarction presenting as effusive
      constrictive pericarditis.

PMID- 3984846
TI  - Administration of intracoronary streptokinase during menstruation.

PMID- 3984847
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic demonstration of a bullet in the heart.

PMID- 3984848
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiography of congenital absence of pericardium.

PMID- 3984849
TI  - Diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis by endomyocardial biopsy in an adult with
      dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 3984850
TI  - Treatment of mild hypertension: new results on MRFIT, sodium.

PMID- 3984851
TI  - Theophylline with food: Theo-24.

PMID- 3984852
TI  - Home blood pressure monitoring.

PMID- 3984853
TI  - Potential hazards of rubbing alcohol.

PMID- 3984855
TI  - Pharmacists need a better understanding of the law.

PMID- 3984854
TI  - New drugs 1984.

PMID- 3984856
TI  - Marketing and distribution of pharmaceuticals in the 21st century: two scenarios.

PMID- 3984857
TI  - Exercise testing in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - Exercise testing using a modified Bruce treadmill protocol was performed by 17
      children with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. All had intracardiac
      electrophysiology studies as well. Endurance time, heart rate and blood pressure
      were normal during exercise. Ventricular premature complexes were seen with
      exercise in 2 patients and supraventricular tachycardia with exercise testing was
      seen in 2. Disappearance of the delta wave with exercise correlated with a long
      anterograde effective refractory period of the Kent bundle (360 to 390 ms).
      Children with partial normalization of the QRS during exercise had a longer
      anterograde effective refractory period of the Kent bundle than those in whom
      preexcitation persisted. In 1 patient, disappearance of the delta wave with
      exercise confirmed the diagnosis of WPW syndrome. Preexcitation was seen only
      after exercise in 1 patient. Exercise testing is of value in the evaluation of
      children with WPW syndrome; children with WPW syndrome who have total
      normalization of the QRS interval during exercise and few or no symptoms of
      tachycardia do not require electrophysiologic study.

PMID- 3984858
TI  - Significance of ventricular pauses of three seconds or more detected on twenty
      four-hour Holter recordings.
AB  - The natural history of patients with asymptomatic prolonged ventricular pauses
      and the indications for permanent pacing are controversial. To examine this
      problem, 6,470 consecutive 24-hour Holter recordings were reviewed between 1979
      and 1983 for the presence of ventricular pauses of at least 3 seconds. Fifty-two
      patients (0.8% of total), 22 men and 30 women, were identified with an average
      longest pause duration of 4.1 seconds. Holter recordings were requested to
      evaluate syncope in 14 patients (27%), dizziness in 9 (17%) and other reasons in
      29 (56%). Causes of the pauses were sinus arrest in 22 patients, atrial
      fibrillation with slow ventricular response in 18 patients and atrioventricular
      block in 12. Holter recordings were also evaluated for the presence of
      tachyarrhythmias. Six patients had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and 7 had
      supraventricular tachycardia. Five of the 52 patients (10%) had dizziness or
      syncope during pauses. Twenty-six patients (50%) received permanent pacemakers.
      The paced (26 patients) and unpaced (26 patients) groups were similar in the
      length and etiology of pause, associated tachyarrhythmias, presence of
      bradycardia-related symptoms, prevalence of organic heart disease, medications
      and length of follow-up. Four patients in the paced group and 2 in the unpaced
      group died, yielding 3-year actuarial survival probabilities of 78% and 85%,
      respectively. It is concluded that ventricular pauses of 3 seconds or longer are
      uncommon, these pauses usually do not cause symptoms, and the presence of these
      pauses does not necessarily portend a poor prognosis or the need for pacing in
      asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 3984859
TI  - Effect of bradycardia on dispersion of ventricular refractoriness.
AB  - The effect of bradycardia on dispersion of ventricular refractoriness was
      evaluated. Refractory periods were measured at 3 right ventricular sites in 16
      patients with severe bradycardia (average heart rate 39 +/- 5 beats/min) and were
      compared with those measured in 11 control subjects, (average heart rate 72 +/-
      12 beats/min). Patients with bradycardia had significantly longer effective (377
      +/- 36 ms) and functional (421 +/- 39 ms) refractory periods (ERP and FRP) than
      control subjects (ERP 296 +/- 25 ms, FRP 346 +/- 18 ms) (p less than 0.001).
      However, dispersion of refractoriness was similar in the 2 groups. Dispersion of
      ERP was 43 +/- 38 ms and FRP was 48 +/- 35 ms in patients with bradycardia. In
      control subjects dispersion of ERP was 37 +/- 12 ms, and FRP was 36 +/- 20 ms.
      Pacing of 120 beats/min significantly decreased ERP and FRP in both groups.
      Pacing shortened dispersion significantly in control subjects. In patients with
      bradycardia, pacing failed to significantly decrease dispersion. Compared with
      control subjects with normal heart rates, patients with bradycardia have longer
      absolute refractory periods but do not have significantly increased dispersion of
      refractoriness. Single and double, twice threshold ventricular extrastimuli (S2
      and S3) failed to induce ventricular tachycardia in any patient during
      bradycardia. Bradycardia alone does not appear to be a factor in the induction of
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 3984861
TI  - Sleep apnea syndrome and essential hypertension.
AB  - More than half of patients with essential hypertension have sleep apnea. The
      incidence of unrecognized sleep apnea in patients with essential hypertension was
      assessed. Twenty-three patients taking antihypertensive medication were selected
      at random from a hypertension clinic. They were evaluated by questionnaire for
      symptoms of sleep apnea, and during 3 hours of sleep, measurements were made of
      respiratory patterns using an impedance pneumograph, arterial O2 saturation with
      an ear oximeter and air flow at the mouth or nose with a face mask
      pneumotacograph. Abnormal sleep apneas (average 20 seconds) lasting for an
      average of 19% sleep time were found in 11 patients (48%). Significant arterial
      O2 desaturation, defined as a decrease of at least 4% and to less than 90%, was
      observed in 7 of these 11 (30%), with an average saturation of 87% at the end of
      the apneic episodes. Thus, almost one-third of patients randomly selected had
      significant arterial O2 desaturation during sleep because of sleep apnea, and it
      is suggested that sleep apnea may play a part in the development of essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 3984860
TI  - Initial and long-term effects of prazosin on sympathetic vasopressor responses in
      essential hypertension.
AB  - In 10 untreated hypertensive patients who received an initial dose of 3 to 5 mg
      prazosin, supine blood pressure (BP) decreased significantly, from an average of
      171 +/- 24/96 +/- 10 to 157 +/- 22/90 +/- 10 mm Hg (p less than 0.025). The
      Valsalva overshoot, response to cold pressor test and digital vasoconstrictor
      response to a deep breath were not inhibited. However, during 55 degrees passive
      headup tilt there was a significant decrease in BP. Seven patients received
      prazosin for a period of 3 months. After long-term therapy BP returned to
      baseline levels and a dose of prazosin similar to that given initially produced
      an average decrease in BP from 174 +/- 20/101 +/- 8 to 167 +/- 23/99 +/- 7 mm Hg.
      Upright tilting no longer resulted in a decrease in BP. The Valsalva overshoot,
      cold pressor test and digital vasoconstrictor responses remained unchanged.
      Orthostatic hypotension after the first dose of prazosin without blockade of the
      other sympathetic reflex responses suggests that the drug has a greater blocking
      effect on capacitance vessels than on resistance vessels. Prazosin showed a loss
      of antihypertensive effectiveness during long-term treatment.

PMID- 3984862
TI  - Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction response to exercise in chronic
      congestive heart failure: difference between dilated cardiomyopathy and previous
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - To determine if cause influences the left ventricular (LV) volume and ejection
      fraction (EF) response to exercise, 24 patients with chronic congestive heart
      failure (CHF) (13 dilated cardiomyopathy [DC], CHF-DC group; 11 previous
      myocardial infarction [MI], CHF-MI group) and 6 age-matched control subjects
      underwent simultaneous hemodynamic monitoring and radionuclide ventriculography
      during semiupright bicycle exercise. Both CHF groups had similar hemodynamic
      values, LV volumes and EF at rest. Exercise hemodynamics were also similar, but
      LV volume and EF responses to exercise were different. In the CHF-DC group LV end
      diastolic volume increased by 15% during exercise, significantly less (p less
      than 0.01) than the 44% increase in CHF-MI group. During exercise, EF increased
      in CHF-DC group, but did not change in CHF-MI group because of a larger increase
      in end-systolic volume. The slope of mean pulmonary wedge pressure-LV end
      diastolic volume relation was steeper in CHF-DC group than in CHF-MI group (p
      less than 0.01). The study suggests that LV volume and EF response to exercise in
      patients with CHF depends on the origin of the CHF.

PMID- 3984863
TI  - Intact systolic left ventricular function in clinical congestive heart failure.
AB  - Clinical congestive heart failure (CHF) is traditionally associated wtih
      significant left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Over a 1-year period, 58
      patients with CHF and intact systolic function (LV ejection fraction [EF] 62 +/-
      11%) were identified. An objective clinical-radiographic CHF score was used to
      document the clinical impression. Based on radionuclide evaluation of peak
      filling rate, 38% of these patients were found to have a significant abnormality
      in diastolic function as measured by peak filling rate (less than 2.50 end
      diastolic volume/s). An additional 24% of the patients had probable diastolic
      dysfunction with borderline abnormal peak filling rate measurements (2.5 to 3.0
      end-diastolic volume/s). The disease states most frequently associated with CHF
      and intact systolic function were coronary artery disease and systemic
      hypertension. During a 3-month sampling period 42% of patients with clinical
      diagnosis of CHF referred to the nuclear cardiology laboratory were found to have
      intact systolic function; thus, intact systolic function is not uncommon in
      patients with clinical CHF. Abnormal diastolic function is the most frequently
      encountered mechanism for the occurrence of CHF. Definition of systolic and
      diastolic function appears relevant for development of optimal therapeutic
      strategies for the treatment of patients with CHF.

PMID- 3984864
TI  - Correlates and prognostic implication of exercise capacity in chronic congestive
      heart failure.
AB  - Previous studies have shown poor correlations between exercise tolerance and
      measurements of left ventricular (LV) function during rest in patients with
      congestive heart failure (CHF). To further evaluate the determinants of exercise
      tolerance and their relation to prognosis, we performed rest and exercise
      hemodynamic measurements and blood pool scintigraphy in 27 patients with CHF. All
      patients were treated with digitalis and diuretic drugs, but not vasodilator
      drugs. Exercise capacity was assessed by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
      during upright bicycle ergometry. Both right ventricular (RV) and LV ejection
      fractions were measured by radionuclide techniques, and arterial, right atrial
      and pulmonary artery pressures, cardiac output, and derived hemodynamic indexes
      were determined. As a group, patients with severely impaired exercise tolerance
      (group 1, VO2max less than 10 ml/min/kg) had significantly higher rest pulmonary
      capillary wedge and right atrial pressures (30 +/- 4 vs 23 +/- 6 and 12 +/- 4 vs
      7 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively) than those with a VO2max of 10 to 18 ml/min/kg
      (group 2). They also had lower LV and RV ejection fractions (16 +/- 4% vs 21 +/-
      4% and 19 +/- 12% vs 27 +/- 7%, respectively). However, overlap among individual
      patients was considerable, and only pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest
      correlated significantly (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001) with VO2max.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984865
TI  - Combined first-pass and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography and comparison
      with left ventricular/right ventricular stroke count ratio in mitral and aortic
      regurgitation.
AB  - Effective and total left ventricular (LV) stroke volume were assessed in 31
      patients with verified aortic or mitral regurgitation, or both, and in 22
      patients with normal valvular function using combined first-pass and equilibrium
      radionuclide ventriculography. The difference between these 2 volumes as a
      fraction of LV stroke volume was taken as the radionuclide regurgitant fraction.
      The results were compared with the LV/right ventricular (RV) stroke count ratio
      and with the angiographic regurgitant fraction according to the method of Sandler
      and Dodge. Radionuclide regurgitant fraction derived from 2 determinations with a
      time interval of 1 week showed good reproducibility (n = 15, r = 0.96, SEE =
      9.1). Sensitivity was 100% for radionuclide regurgitant fraction and 87% for
      LV/RV stroke count ratio at equal specificity (100%). Radionuclide regurgitant
      fraction was more sensitive, especially in severely ill patients, in whom
      additional RV volume overload led to false-low or false-negative ratios.
      Angiographic and radionuclide regurgitant fraction showed linear correlation (r =
      0.79, p less than 0.001). In contrast, because 5 patients had RV volume overload,
      only a weak correlation could be noticed between angiography and LV/RV stroke
      count ratio (r = 0.47, p less than 0.05). Excluding these patients, correlation
      substantially improved (r = 0.74, p less than 0.001). The combination of first
      pass and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography is a sensitive, specific and
      well reproducible method for the evaluation of mitral and aortic
      regurgitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984866
TI  - Response of the right ventricle to exercise in isolated mitral stenosis.
AB  - Eight patients in sinus rhythm, with varying degrees of isolated mitral stenosis
      (mitral valve area 0.6 to 1.3 cm2 and total pulmonary vascular resistance 5.0 to
      17.5 U-m2), underwent supine rest and symptom-limited exercise radionuclide
      ventriculography to determine right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular
      ejection fraction (EF). Cardiac catheterization with hemodynamic measurements at
      rest and at peak exercise was performed within 24 hours of radionuclide
      ventriculography. Four of the 8 patients underwent corrective mitral surgery
      resulting in normal mean pulmonary artery pressures and total pulmonary vascular
      resistance at rest. These 4 patients had repeat radionuclide ventriculography at
      rest and during exercise 1 to 2 months after surgery. Preoperatively, all 8
      patients had an abnormal exercise RVEF response (mean change +/- standard
      deviation [SD], -5.0 +/- 4.5%), coincident with an increase in mean pulmonary
      artery pressure during exercise (mean change, 15 +/- 5.0 mm Hg). The change in
      RVEF from rest to exercise, corrected for duration of exercise, correlated with
      peak exercise mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = -0.71, p = 0.05), as well as
      total pulmonary vascular resistance at rest (r = -0.82, p = 0.02).
      Postoperatively, all 4 patients who underwent surgical correction showed a normal
      RVEF response during exercise (mean change +/- SD, +6.8 +/- 4.0%). Thus, in
      patients with acquired mitral stenosis and no coronary artery disease (1) loading
      conditions and not contractility are prime determinants of RV exercise response,
      and (2) an exercise-induced decrease in RVEF may be a sensitive marker for
      increased total pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 3984867
TI  - Tricuspid regurgitation during pregnancy: two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler
      echocardiographic observations.
AB  - Although precordial murmurs occur frequently during pregnancy, their origin is
      rarely known. To investigate the nature of these murmurs, 2-dimensional (2-D) and
      pulsed Doppler echocardiography was performed in 81 asymptomatic pregnant women
      who had new systolic precordial murmurs. End-systolic right atrial dimensions,
      early diastolic tricuspid anular diameters, and end-diastolic right ventricular
      diameters were measured from the apical 4-chamber view and compared with
      measurements from 26 young nonpregnant women without known heart disease.
      Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was detected by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in
      35 of 81 pregnant women. Thirty-two pregnant women had normal 2-dimensional and
      pulsed Doppler echocardiographic findings. Other valvular or congenital lesions
      were detected in 14 pregnant women. The right-sided intracardiac diameters were
      larger in all groups of pregnant women than in non-pregnant control subjects (p
      less than 0.001). The tricuspid anular diameter was larger in the pregnant women
      with TR than in pregnant women with normal pulsed Doppler echocardiographic
      findings (24 +/- 2 vs 22 +/- 3 mm, p less than 0.015). No patient had clinical
      difficulty associated with a murmur. Functional TR, therefore, often occurs in
      pregnancy and appears to be a result of dilation of the tricuspid anulus. TR may
      contribute to the development of murmurs in pregnant women.

PMID- 3984868
TI  - Relation of angina pectoris to coronary artery disease in aortic valve stenosis.
AB  - One hundred three patients with isolated, severe aortic stenosis (AS) were
      retrospectively analyzed to determine the relation of angina pectoris to
      angiographically significant coronary artery disease (CAD). All patients
      underwent coronary angiography regardless of the presence or absence of angina.
      Angina was significantly associated with CAD (p less than 0.002), with a
      sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 53%. However, 25% of the patients without
      angina had angiographically significant CAD, and in these patients there was a
      70% prevalence of 1-vessel disease. Patients with isolated, severe AS should
      undergo coronary angiography to identify coexistent CAD accurately. The absence
      of angina does not reliably exclude angiographically significant CAD.

PMID- 3984869
TI  - Digoxin and the susceptibility of the canine heart to countershock-induced
      arrhythmia.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of therapeutic and subtoxic doses of digoxin
      on the risk of ventricular tachycardia (VT) after graded, transthoracic shocks in
      anesthetized dogs. A series of direct current shocks (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150
      and 200 J) was delivered to 33 normal dogs and 6 dogs with a healed (32 +/- 7
      days) myocardial infarct (MI). In 10 untreated dogs, the duration of post-shock
      VT was highly reproducible when 3 separate series of shocks were delivered at 2
      hour intervals. In 6 normal dogs treated with oral digoxin (0.5 mg/day for 5 to 7
      days), a series of shocks delivered before and during treatment (serum levels 1.5
      +/- 0.5 ng/ml) resulted in the same duration of post-shock VT. In 18 normal and 6
      dogs with MI, a series of shocks was given before and 90 minutes after a
      therapeutic dose of digoxin (0.05 mg/kg intravenously). At this dose of digitalis
      (serum level 2.5 +/- 1.0 ng/ml), there was no difference in the duration of post
      shock VT in either normal dogs or dogs with MI. A third series of shocks was
      given after achieving subtoxic digitalization with additional intravenous digoxin
      (0.01 mg/kg) every 30 minutes until a premature ventricular stimulus evoked a
      repetitive ventricular response. The subtoxic doses of digitalis (serum levels
      13.9 +/- 4.7 ng/ml) increased the duration of post-shock VT in both normal dogs
      (100%) and dogs with MI (700%) (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3984870
TI  - Endocardial activation mapping and endocardial pace-mapping using a balloon
      apparatus.
AB  - The relation between endocardial activation mapping and endocardial pace-mapping
      was evaluated in 8 dogs while they were on cardiopulmonary bypass. Pacing or
      recording was accomplished by using a balloon apparatus (with 32 bipolar
      electrodes) inserted through a left apical ventriculotomy. Ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) was produced by occlusion followed by reperfusion of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery. During each VT, activation mapping was
      performed and early sites determined. Pace-map correlates (sites at which
      endocardial pacing produced a similar QRS morphology to that of the VT) were also
      determined. Isochronous maps were constructed for activation mapping and pace
      mapping. There was a total of 29 morphologically distinct VTs. Groups were
      delineated according to correlations between activation mapping and pace-mapping.
      In 14 episodes of VT (group 1), pace-mapping confirmed the findings of activation
      mapping with all early sites being pace-map correlates (total number of early
      sites (tES) = 19; total number of pace-map correlates (tPMC) = 88; tES same as
      tPMC = 19). In 9 episodes of VT (group 2), there was a partial correlation
      between pace-mapping and activation mapping, such that pace-mapping when used
      with activation mapping appeared to further delineate the region of
      arrhythmogenesis (tES = 31; tPMC = 59; tES same as tPMC = 14). In 6 episodes of
      VT (group 3), there was no correlation between pace-mapping and activation
      mapping (tES = 15; tPMC = 0). With the balloon apparatus, endocardial activation
      mapping can be performed without the need for sustained monomorphic VT, and
      endocardial pace-maps may be generated easily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984871
TI  - Ectopic ventricular tachycardia sensitive to calcium antagonists in acute
      myocardial infarction in dogs.
AB  - The effects of antiarrhythmic agents on automatic ventricular tachycardia (VT),
      which emerged in the early stage of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), were
      examined in 30 closed-chest mongrel dogs. Antiarrhythmic agents were administered
      intravenously when the rate of VT became almost equal to sinus rate (5.6 +/- 1.4
      hours). VT was slowed significantly by verapamil (0.15 or 0.3 mg/kg), diltiazem
      (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg), propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) and amiodarone (5 mg/kg), but not by
      procainamide (20 mg/kg), lidocaine (2 or 4 mg/kg), nifedipine (0.01 mg/kg) and
      nicorandil (0.03 mg/kg). The number of ventricular premature complexes was
      reduced most effectively by verapamil. The significant suppressive effects of
      calcium antagonist drugs (verapamil and diltiazem) and propranolol indicate that
      an inward calcium current during diastole may play a critical role in the
      abnormal enhancement of ventricular automaticity in the early stage (4 to 8
      hours) of AMI.

PMID- 3984872
TI  - Estimation of mechanical stresses on closed cusps of porcine bioprosthetic
      valves: effects of stiffening, focal calcium and focal thinning.
AB  - The magnitude and distribution of mechanical stresses acting on the closed cusps
      of porcine bioprosthetic valves (PBVs) were estimated using a finite element
      model. The effects of leaflet stiffening, focal calcium and focal thinning on
      leaflet stresses were determined. In a normal closed PBV leaflet, stresses
      increased as pressure was increased. At a pressure of 80 mm Hg, the maximal
      normal principal stresses were 11 g/mm2 near the center of the leaflet and
      increased to 19 g/mm2 at a pressure of 160 mm Hg. These observations suggest that
      the closed valve in the mitral position would experience higher mechanical
      stresses than the closed valve in the aortic position. Tissue stiffening
      increased stresses throughout the leaflet and introduced a site of stress
      concentration near the center of the leaflet. At a pressure of 80 mm Hg, the
      maximal principal normal stress increased 55% when the leaflet was stiff in
      comparison to the normal leaflet. Focal calcium and focal thinning caused marked
      gradients of stress between the sites of calcium or thinning and the immediate
      surrounding tissue. The magnitude of these stress gradients increased with
      increasing pressure. These sites of mechanical stress concentration or stress
      gradients appear to be compatible with sites of leaflet calcification or
      disruption. Such stresses may contribute to spontaneous degeneration of PBVs.

PMID- 3984873
TI  - Measurement of severity of aortic stenosis experimentally produced in dogs
      without inserting a catheter into the left ventricle.
AB  - When flow passes through an orifice, pressure loss does not occur in the laminar
      core of the jet distal to the stenosis, but occurs in the region more distal to
      the stenosis, where the laminar core disappears and turbulence develops.
      Therefore, if total pressure is measured in the laminar core of the jet some
      distance downstream of a stenotic aortic valve, it should be equal to total
      pressure on the left ventricular side of the aortic valve. An experimental study
      was performed in 5 dogs to test this hypothesis. The results revealed that left
      ventricular pressure during the ejection period can be determined by measuring
      the pressure in the laminar core. A preliminary evaluation of the clinical
      applicability of our method was performed during catheterization in a patient
      with severe aortic valve stenosis. In this case, the pressure obtained in the jet
      downstream of the aortic valve was slightly lower than that obtained in the left
      ventricle.

PMID- 3984874
TI  - Recording and analysis of circadian blood pressure patterns.

PMID- 3984875
TI  - Premature atrial stimulation during regular atrial pacing: a new approach to
      study of sinus node.

PMID- 3984876
TI  - Intravenous urokinase in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To achieve reperfusion early, an intravenous bolus of 2 million units of
      urokinase was administered in 50 patients with transmural acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) 1.8 +/- 2.5 hours after the onset of symptoms. Coronary
      angiography performed 1.1 +/- 0.6 hours after urokinase therapy revealed patent
      coronary arteries in 30 patients (60%), with no significant difference between
      those with anterior and those with inferior AMI. Reocclusion occurred in only 1
      of 24 patients restudied. Failure to achieve reperfusion was not related to the
      degree of systemic fibrinolytic activity, which was equally high in patients who
      did and those who did not achieve reperfusion, as evident from serially obtained
      fibrinogen measurements (77 +/- 52 vs 84 +/- 24 mg/dl, difference not
      significant). Plasmin activity, measured serially from 15 minutes to 24 hours
      after urokinase in 7 patients, was maximal at 15 minutes and undetectable after 3
      hours. Wall motion at the infarct site measured from contrast ventriculograms was
      significantly better at follow-up only in patients in whom reperfusion was
      achieved and who received urokinase within 2 hours after the onset of symptoms as
      compared with patients in whom reperfusion was not achieved (-1.2 +/- 1.4 vs -2.4
      +/- 0.9 standard deviations from normal, p less than 0.05). Peak serum creatine
      kinase level was significantly lower in patients in whom reperfusion was achieved
      than in those in whom it was not or those who had rethrombosis (802 +/- 763 vs
      1,973 +/- 1,071 U/liter, p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984877
TI  - Factors that determine the direction and magnitude of precordial ST-segment
      deviations during inferior wall acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Sixty-one patients with inferior acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and no
      evidence of prior AMI were studied to determine which factors influence the
      magnitude of precordial ST-segment depression. In the total study group, there
      was a significant but weak correlation between the magnitude of precordial ST
      segment depression and the magnitude of inferior ST-segment elevation (r = -0.46,
      p less than 0.001). In the 29 patients with evidence of concomitant right
      ventricular (RV) involvement, precordial ST-segment depression was significantly
      smaller both in absolute terms (-1.3 +/- 1.8 vs -2.8 +/- 1.9 mm, p less than
      0.01) and relative to the magnitude of inferior ST-segment elevation (ratio of 
      0.2 +/- 1.0 vs -1.1 +/- 0.5, p less than 0.01), whereas in the 15 patients with
      lateral ST-segment elevation (greater than or equal to 1 mm in lead V6),
      precordial ST-segment depression was significantly greater both in absolute terms
      (-3.5 +/- 2.3 vs -1.6 +/- 1.7 mm, p less than 0.01) and relative to the magnitude
      of inferior ST-segment elevation (ratio of -1.1 +/- 0.8 vs -0.5 +/- 0.9, p less
      than 0.02). Consistent with these findings, the correlation between the
      magnitudes of precordial and inferior ST-segment deviations was considerably
      improved when only the 24 patients with neither evidence of RV involvement nor
      lateral ST-segment elevation were analyzed (r = 0.89, p less than 0.001, n = 24).
      These data suggest that in patients with inferior AMI, there is a reciprocal
      relation between precordial and inferior ST-segment deviations, which is
      distorted by concomitant RV involvement and by concomitant lateral left
      ventricular wall involvement.

PMID- 3984878
TI  - Coronary artery reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: assessment by pre-
      and postintervention thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging.
AB  - In a randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase (STK) therapy in acute
      myocardial infarction, 44 patients (21 control subjects and 23 patients treated
      with STK) underwent sequential thallium-201 planar imaging before angiography and
      after 4 hours (redistribution), 4 days and 6 weeks. Patients were classified
      according to the presence or absence of angiographic reperfusion of the infarct
      related artery. The semiquantitative score of myocardial thallium uptake was
      expressed as percent of maximal defect score. Both in control and in STK-treated
      groups, thallium defect scores decreased over time, but this decrease was smaller
      in the control group (before angiography, 33 +/- 4%; redistribution, 29 +/- 4%; 4
      days, 25 +/- 4%; and 6 weeks, 22 +/- 4%) than in the STK group (44 +/- 4%, 38 +/-
      4%, 26 +/- 4% and 21 +/- 3%, respectively). In patients in whom reperfusion was
      achieved (20 STK-treated, 6 control subjects), a marked decrease in thallium
      score was observed (before angiography, 40 +/- 4%; redistribution, 32 +/- 4%; 4
      days, 20 +/- 5%; and 6 weeks, 14 +/- 22%) compared with patients in whom
      reperfusion was not achieved (37 +/- 4%, 36 +/- 5%, 33 +/- 5% and 33 +/- 4%,
      respectively). These results indicate that serial thallium imaging is an accurate
      method of assessing changes in myocardial perfusion after acute myocardial
      infarction. Restoration of thallium uptake was observed after reperfusion of the
      infarct-related artery whether this recanalization was seen spontaneously or
      after successful thrombolysis.

PMID- 3984879
TI  - Importance of the terminal portion of the QRS in the electrocardiographic
      diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction.
AB  - The scalar electrocardiograms of 64 patients with inferior wall myocardial
      infarction (MI) and 87 normal subjects were quantitatively analyzed to determine
      the respective contributions of the initial and terminal portions of the QRS to
      the diagnosis of inferior MI. Of the 10 best individual electrocardiographic
      criteria for inferior MI, 7 were Q-wave criteria and 3 were criteria that
      consisted of delayed termination of the QRS in leads II or III. Combining the
      best terminal QRS criterion (the QRS in lead III ending at least 20 ms later than
      the QRS in lead I) with the 7 best Q-wave criteria and the best Q-wave criterion
      (Q wave 40 ms or longer in lead aVF) with the 3 best terminal QRS criteria,
      resulted in criteria with better sensitivities and overall diagnostic
      performances than those of the individual criteria. Analyzing the
      vectorcardiograms that were also available in 26 of the patients with inferior MI
      and 34 of the normal subjects showed that the delayed inscription of the end of
      the QRS in leads II and III in patients with inferior MI is due to redirection of
      the terminal forces of ventricular depolarization. The terminal portions of the
      QRS complexes in the limb leads, considered both alone and in conjunction with
      traditional measurements of Q waves, contain information that is useful for
      diagnosing inferior MI.

PMID- 3984880
TI  - Prolonged electrical systole and QT greater than QS2 secondary to coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Dyssynchronous depolarization-repolarization in the left ventricular (LV)
      myocardium may produce QT greater than QS2 or long QT. In 41 patients with
      coronary artery disease (CAD) and LV aneurysm, 46 patients with CAD and a history
      of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) but no LV aneurysm, and 52 patients with CAD
      without previous AMI, QT and QS2 were measured simultaneously at a speed of 100
      mm/s within 48 hours of cardiac catheterization. Patients receiving class I
      antiarrhythmic drugs were excluded. The incidence of QT greater than QS2 was
      significantly greater in patients with LV aneurysm (71%) than in those with
      previous AMI (22%) and those with CAD but no previous AMI (20%) (p less than
      0.001). Likewise, the incidence of long QT corrected for heart rate was
      significantly greater in patients with LV aneurysm (54%) than in those with
      previous AMI (7%) and those with CAD and no previous AMI (6%) (p less than
      0.0001). The incidence of QT greater than QS2 in another 19 patients with
      previous AMI who were receiving digitalis therapy was significantly greater (65%)
      than in those with previous AMI but not receiving digitalis therapy (22%) (p less
      than 0.001). The incidence of long QT corrected for heart rate and QT greater
      than QS2 was not statistically different between patients with previous AMI and
      those with CAD but no previous AMI. The QT greater than QS2 or long QT in
      patients with aneurysm is probably a result of dyssynchronous depolarization or
      repolarization within or in the border zone of the LV aneurysm.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984881
TI  - Prognosis with chest pain and normal thallium-201 exercise scintigrams.
AB  - The goal of this study was to determine the prognostic value of a normal exercise
      thallium-201 (TI-201) scintigram by quantitative criteria in a consecutive series
      of 349 patients with chest pain. Follow-up was obtained in 345 patients (99%)
      from 8 to 45 months (mean 34 +/- 7). Of these, 60% were men, 26% had typical
      angina, 21% had chest pain during exercise testing, 29% were unable to achieve
      85% or more of maximal predicted heart rate, and in 9% ischemic ST depression
      (1.0 mm or greater) developed during exercise. At the time of exercise testing,
      45% of patients were taking nitrates and 38% were receiving a beta-blocking drug.
      During the follow-up period, there were 5 cardiac deaths (0.51%/year), of which 2
      were sudden, 6 patients had a nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) (0.61%/year).
      Two of the 5 patients who died and 1 who had MI had angiographically normal
      coronary arteries. The event rate was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in
      patients referred for early catheterization (5 of 53; 9%) compared with the rate
      for those not undergoing early angiography (6 of 298; 2%). However, the event
      rate was similar in those who underwent catheterization with angiographically
      normal coronary arteries and in those who had significant coronary artery
      disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984882
TI  - Detecting and excluding significant left main coronary artery narrowing by
      echocardiography.
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) of the left main coronary artery
      (LMCA) was attempted in 50 patients undergoing arteriography to evaluate 2-D echo
      for recognition of significant stenosis of the LMCA. Although the
      echocardiographer was experienced and used rigorous technique, visualization of
      the LMCA adequate for making a judgment regarding lumen reduction was possible in
      only 37 patients (74%). Of the 10 studies with suspected positive findings for
      LMCA stenosis by 2-D echo, 4 yielded true-positive and 6 false-positive results.
      A study from 1 other patient with LMCA stenosis by angiography was erroneously
      interpreted as negative by 2-D echo. Analysis of arteriograms in the 6 patients
      with false positive 2-D echo readings failed to implicate significant proximal
      left anterior descending artery narrowing as the cause of the errors. Although 2
      D echo was correct in indicating the presence or absence of LMCA stenosis in 30
      of 37 patients, and the predictive value of a negative 2-D echo response was 96%,
      the noninvasive method appears to be inadequate as a screening test. Widespread
      use of the procedure is limited by the 26% failure rate for adequate studies in
      experienced hands, and the implications of the occasional false-negative finding.
      If LMCA stenosis is suspected by 2-D echo in a patient who needs arteriography,
      the special care given to this possibility by the arteriographer should not harm
      the patient.

PMID- 3984885
TI  - Ventricular activation in normal sinus rhythm: abnormalities with recurrent
      sustained tachycardia and a history of myocardial infarction.
AB  - Left ventricular activation was studied in 21 patients: 7 with normal
      electrocardiograms (group I), 7 with prior transmural myocardial infarction
      (group II) and 7 with prior transmural myocardial infarction (MI) and recurrent
      sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) (group III). Fragmented electrograms were
      defined as those less than 3 mV in amplitude and longer than 60 ms in duration.
      Such electrograms were found in no group I patients, 6 of 7 group II patients and
      all 7 group III patients. An average of 2 of the 12 sites mapped in each patient
      displayed fragmented electrograms in group II; an average of 6 of the 12 sites
      displayed fragmented electrograms in group III (p less than 0.01). Twelve of the
      84 total sites mapped in group II displayed fragmented electrograms, whereas 39
      of the 84 sites mapped in group III patients did (p less than 0.01). The longest
      fragmented electrogram found in the 6 group II patients in whom such electrograms
      were found was shorter in duration than the longest electrogram found in each of
      the 7 group III patients with fragmented electrograms (76 ms vs 135 ms, p less
      than 0.005). The duration of endocardial activation was longer in group II
      patients (79 +/- 7 ms) than in group I patients (39 +/- 4 ms, p less than 0.001).
      Duration of activation was also longer in group III patients (151 +/- 12 ms) than
      in either of the other groups (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3984883
TI  - Flecainide: electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic properties in refractory
      ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with coronary artery disease and spontaneous ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) underwent intracardiac
      electrophysiologic evaluation and, when possible, ambulatory monitoring before
      and after therapy with flecainide (mean dose 418 +/- 87 mg [mean +/- standard
      deviation]). An average of 4 antiarrhythmic agents were used and were
      unsuccessful before therapy with flecainide was begun. During 64 +/- 16 hours of
      control Holter monitoring in 16 patients, all had 1 or more salvos of VT, as well
      as ventricular premature complexes (VPCs). Programmed stimulation during the
      control period induced VT in 17 of 22 patients. After flecainide therapy, Holter
      monitoring showed elimination of all forms of VT in all but 1 patient, as well as
      significant reduction of paired VPCs by 95% (p less than 0.03) and single VPCs by
      70% (p less than 0.005). Electrophysiologic study during flecainide therapy
      showed significant increases in AH, HV, PR, QRS and QTc intervals, and the
      ventricular effective refractory period. Programmed stimulation in 17 patients
      taking flecainide, with a mean plasma level of 1,075 +/- 521 ng/ml, showed
      ablation of inducible VT in only 2 patients, a worsening in 5 and continued VT
      inducibility in 10. Adverse effects that required drug withdrawal were infrequent
      and encountered in patients who received higher drug levels: 1 patient with
      congestive heart failure and 1 with severe sinus bradycardia. Thus, although
      flecainide suppresses complex ventricular arrhythmias on Holter recordings, it
      rarely alters the response to programmed stimulation. Caution is recommended in
      its use for recurrent sustained VT or VF and in the interpretation of
      electrophysiologic studies until the predictive value of programmed stimulation
      with flecainide therapy is established.

PMID- 3984884
TI  - Effects of hyperkalemia on the electrocardiogram of patients receiving digitalis.
AB  - In a prospective and a retrospective study, the effects of hyperkalemia on the
      electrocardiogram (ECG) of patients treated with customary maintenance doses of
      digoxin were examined and the results were compared with the effects of
      hyperkalemia in patients not receiving digitalis. The prospective study included
      11 patients treated and 11 not treated with digitalis, and the retrospective
      study 27 patients treated and 61 not treated with digitalis. In all patients
      serum potassium concentrations (Ks) were determined within 1 hour of the recorded
      electrocardiogram. Serum digoxin concentrations, measured in 11 patients in the
      prospective and in 4 in the retrospective study, ranged from 0.7 to 5.0 ng/ml,
      and exceeded 2.0 ng/ml in 10 of 15 patients. Since the results of the prospective
      and of the retrospective study were similar, they were combined. In patients
      treated with digitalis, Ks ranged from 5.5 to 6.6 mEq/liter in 21 patients, from
      6.7 to 7.5 mEq/liter in 17 and from 7.6 to 8.5 mEq/liter in 6; the Ks was 9.1
      mEq/liter in 1 patient. The ventricular rate in patients treated with digitalis
      ranged from 48 to 140 beats/min, and was not significantly different from that in
      untreated patients within each range of Ks. Atrioventricular (AV) junctional
      rhythm occurred more frequently in the electrocardiograms of digitalis-treated
      patients (15 of 45 vs 2 of 76, p less than 0.001). The average PR intervals were
      longer in patients treated with digitalis who had Ks greater than 6.6 mEq/liter,
      but no patient in the study had greater than first-degree AV block, and no
      patient required a pacemaker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984886
TI  - Relation of late potentials to site of origin of ventricular tachycardia
      associated with coronary heart disease.
AB  - Signal-averaged electrocardiograms and endocardial catheter mapping were
      performed in 41 patients with coronary artery disease and sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) to determine the relation between signal-averaged late
      potentials (SA-LPs) and catheter-mapped late activity (CM-LA) to the site of
      origin of VT. The 41 patients had 79 morphologically distinct VTs. Either CM-LA
      or SA-LP was present during sinus rhythm in 37 of 41 patients (90%). Twenty-two
      out of 30 patients (73%) had CM-LA corresponding to SA-LP during normal sinus
      rhythm. Patients with SA-LP had a significantly greater number of sites of CM-LA,
      which were later and longer in duration than patients without SA-LP present
      during sinus rhythm. In a select group of patients, those with both SA-LP and CM
      LA, the site of origin of VT was located at or adjacent to a site of CM-LA during
      sinus rhythm in 38 of 44 (86%); however, 36 of 78 sites (46%) of CM-LA were
      clearly distant from the site of origin of VT. In conclusion, CM-LA corresponding
      to SA-LP in patients with VT is sensitive but not specific for the site of origin
      of VT.

PMID- 3984887
TI  - Hemodynamic benefits of synchronized 1:1 atrial pacing during sustained
      ventricular tachycardia with severely depressed ventricular function in coronary
      heart disease.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of atrial pacing were studied in 8 patients who had
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) during electrophysiologic testing. These patients
      had chronic recurrent VT associated with organic heart disease and depression of
      left ventricular function (ejection fraction = 0.23 to 0.35). Hemodynamic
      variables were recorded during sinus rhythm (58 to 103 beats/min), pacing-induced
      VT (133 to 214 beats/min) and synchronized 1:1 triggered atrial pacing (atrium
      paced, ventricle sensed and triggered mode) during VT. For the latter, the
      ventriculoatrial coupling interval was adjusted to produce a maximal blood
      pressure response; the optimal interval was observed to be between 60% and 73% of
      the RR interval. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased after the onset of VT (90
      +/- 11 to 79 +/- 14 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) but increased again when atrial
      pacing was added, to 98 +/- 12 mm Hg. Cardiac index decreased during VT (2.2 +/-
      0.5 to 1.8 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2 p less than 0.05), but in each case improved by
      the addition of atrial pacing, to 1.9 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2. Evidence from
      pressure recordings suggested that optimal atrial pacing resulted in atrial
      contraction in early left ventricular diastole. Thus, appropriately timed atrial
      pacing during VT can result in significant increases in blood pressure and a
      consistent increase in cardiac index. In addition to offering insight into the
      mechanisms of hemodynamic compromise during VT, the clinical use of this
      technique may be to improve hemodynamic values in patients with hemodynamically
      unstable VT.

PMID- 3984888
TI  - Postvagal tachycardia.
AB  - Twenty-one patients were studied to investigate whether cardiac acceleration
      above control values occurred after cessation of enhanced vagal tone (postvagal
      tachycardia), and to determine the effects of selective autonomic blockade on
      postvagal tachycardia. Patients had neither sinus arrhythmia nor sinus nodal
      dysfunction. Enhanced vagal tone was induced by neck suction using a lead neck
      collar connected to a vacuum source. For each patient intracollar negative
      pressures of 50 to 60 mm Hg were induced for 2 seconds on 10 occasions. For all
      patients, sinus cycle length increased from 821 +/- 99 to 1,067 +/- 241 ms (p
      less than 0.001) during neck suction and decreased to 760 +/- 96 ms after
      termination of neck suction, a value significantly (p less than 0.001) less than
      control. Five of 16 patients had no postvagal tachycardia. Maximal shortening of
      sinus cycle length occurred 3 to 8 complexes after cessation of neck suction.
      Neck suction was induced in 7 patients before and during propranolol
      administration, 0.15 mg/kg intravenously, and the degree of postvagal tachycardia
      was unchanged. Atropine, 0.03 mg/kg intravenously, prevented neck suction-induced
      sinus slowing and acceleration in 3 of 3 patients. We conclude that postvagal
      tachycardia occurs and is not mediated through beta-adrenergic activity, but is
      inhibited by muscarinic blockade.

PMID- 3984889
TI  - Radionuclide assessment of ventricular contraction at rest and during exercise
      following the Fontan procedure for either tricuspid atresia or single ventricle.
AB  - Ventricular contraction was evaluated in 18 patients studied at a mean of 2.6
      years after Fontan repair. The diagnosis was tricuspid atresia in 9 patients and
      single ventricle in 9. Gated first-pass and gated equilibrium radionuclide
      ventriculography were performed at rest and during exercise. Abnormally low
      ventricular ejection fraction (EF) at rest was present in 8 of 18 patients by the
      gated equilibrium technique and 6 of 13 technically adequate gated first-pass
      studies. An abnormal response to exercise (failure of EF to increase less than or
      equal to 5% from rest to maximal exercise) was found in 10 of 16 patients by the
      gated equilibrium technique and in 8 of 12 by the gated first-pass technique.
      Only 2 patients by each radionuclide technique had both normal EF at rest and
      normal exercise response. Thus, this study confirms the frequent presence of
      abnormalities in ventricular contraction after the Fontan procedure at rest or
      during exercise or both despite absence of symptoms. Both EF response and the
      hemodynamic response during exercise were more abnormal in the presence of an
      atriopulmonary than an atrioventricular connection.

PMID- 3984890
TI  - Hemodynamic determinants of exercise-induced ST-segment depression in children
      with valvar aortic stenosis.
AB  - To evaluate the hemodynamic factors associated with treadmill-induced ST-segment
      depression in children with valvar aortic stenosis, 12 patients (mean age 13
      years) with ST-segment depression during treadmill exercise and 5 patients (mean
      age 13 years) without ST-segment depression during treadmill exercise underwent
      exercise testing during cardiac catheterization. The left ventricular (LV)
      systolic pressure and LV outflow tract gradient at rest (177 +/- 25 vs 138 +/- 8
      mm Hg and 59 +/- 18 vs 23 +/- 7 mm Hg, respectively) and corresponding pressures
      during maximal supine exercise (248 +/- 37 vs 189 +/- 17 mm Hg and 112 +/- 34 vs
      52 +/- 14 mm Hg) were significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the patients
      with exercise-induced ST-segment depression, although overlap existed. The LV-O2
      supply-demand ratio during maximal supine exercise was significantly less (6.4 +/
      2.7 vs 11.8 +/- 0.7; p less than 0.005) in patients with than in those without
      exercise-induced ST-segment depression. In fact, an LV-O2 supply-demand ratio
      less than 11.0 was 100% sensitive and specific in predicting treadmill-induced ST
      segment depression. These results suggest that although the development of ST
      segment depression during treadmill exercise is related to LV systolic pressure
      and LV outflow gradient, its major hemodynamic determinant is the LV-O2 supply
      demand ratio.

PMID- 3984891
TI  - Complete transposition of the great arteries: visualization of left and right
      outflow tract obstruction by oblique subcostal two-dimensional echocardiography.
AB  - Subcostal oblique 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed in 64 infants
      younger than 2 years with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
      (situs solitus, concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculoarterial
      connections). All patients examined before cardiac catheterization had a correct
      diagnosis by 2-dimensional echocardiography using the subcostal oblique views.
      Twelve patients had associated left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction
      and 7 had right ventricular (RV) outflow obstruction. The standard parasternal
      views failed to diagnose obstruction in 1 patients with LV outflow obstruction
      and 5 with RV outflow obstruction; the subcostal left oblique cut and long axis
      of the left ventricle visualized all left-sided obstructions, and right-sided
      obstructions were correctly displayed in 5 of 7 cases using a combination of left
      oblique and right oblique cuts. Two-dimensional echocardiographic subcostal
      oblique views allow an excellent definition of the morphologic characteristics of
      RV and LV outflow tracts in patients with TGA and improve the diagnosis of the
      outflow obstruction in these malformations.

PMID- 3984893
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic estimation of right ventricular area change and
      ejection fraction in infants with systemic right ventricle (transposition of the
      great arteries or hypoplastic left heart syndrome).
AB  - A reproducible, noninvasive method for estimating right ventricular (RV) function
      would greatly facilitate evaluation of infants in whom the RV supplies the
      systemic circulation. Therefore, 2-dimensional echocardiographically derived
      parameters, RV area-change fraction and RV ejection fraction (EF), were evaluated
      in 19 preoperative infants (age 1 to 30 days, mean 7 days), 12 with hypoplastic
      left heart syndrome and 7 with transposition of the great arteries. The area
      enclosed by the RV was measured in both a subxiphoid long-axis (coronal plane)
      and short-axis (parasagittal plane) view. From these measurements end-systolic
      and end-diastolic volumes were derived using Simpson's rule and the EF was
      calculated. The total area change fraction was calculated as the average of the
      long and the short-axis area change fraction. Similar measurements were made
      independently from biplane cineangiograms obtained within 3 days of the
      echocardiogram. The echocardiographically derived EF and area-change fraction
      were compared with the angiographic EF using linear regression analysis. The
      echocardiographic EF (mean 49 +/- 11) correlated well with the angiographic EF
      (mean 51 +/- 12, r = 0.84). The echocardiographic area-change fraction was
      somewhat less closely correlated with the angiographic EF (r = 0.79). Comparing
      short- and long-axis area-change fraction to echocardiographic EF, the short-axis
      measurements were better correlated than long-axis measurements (r = 0.86 and
      0.75, respectively). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984892
TI  - Subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiographic identification of tricuspid valve
      abnormalities in transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal
      defect.
AB  - Tricuspid valve morphology was examined using subxiphoid 2-dimensional
      echocardiography (2-D echo) in 39 infants aged 2 years or younger who had
      transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD)
      (group I). Age-matched control groups were 21 patients with simple TGA (group
      II), 30 patients with VSD and normally related great arteries (group III), and 15
      normal patients (group IV). Valve abnormalities, consisting of chordal
      attachments to the infundibular septum or ventricular septal crest, straddling,
      overriding or some combination of these, were identified in 25 of 39 patients
      (64%) in group I, no patients in groups II or IV and 6 of 30 patients (20%) in
      group III. Intraatrial baffle repair was performed in 27 patients in group I
      (median age at surgery 3.5 months) and 19 patients in group II (median age 4
      months). Preoperative right ventricular angiography, performed in all patients
      with TGA, demonstrated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with biventricular
      dysfunction in 1 patient in group I. After surgery, TR was present in 9 of 17
      group I patients and none of the 8 group II patients who underwent
      catheterization. All patients in whom TR was not present preoperatively had
      abnormal chordal attachments; 3 required valve replacement. These results
      demonstrate that tricuspid valve abnormalities are common in patients with TGA
      and VSD and may be identified preoperatively using 2-D echo. Patients with
      abnormal chordal attachments are at increased risk for TR after intraatrial
      baffle repair and should be considered for arterial switch repair.

PMID- 3984894
TI  - Evaluation of atrioventricular septal defect by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Electrocardiographically gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was successfully
      performed in 9 patients with atrioventricular (AV) septal defect: 6 had complete
      AV canal and 3 had partial AV canal. The defect was readily visualized in all
      patients on transverse scans taken at the level of the AV valve. The size and
      extent of the defect could be easily determined. All patients demonstrated a
      similar underlying morphologic pattern on MRI scans, consisting of deficiency of
      the primum atrial septum and inlet ventricular septum and a "common" AV valve
      ring with absence of the cardiac crux. The 3 patients with isolated atrial septal
      defect could be distinguished from the 6 with complete AV canal by the dense,
      fibromuscular bridging tissue, which coursed from the AV valve to the crest of
      the ventricular septum, obliterating the interventricular communication. Four
      patients had angiographically proved ventricular hypoplasia, which was also
      detected by MRI. AV valves and their patterns of chordal attachment were
      accurately imaged in 7 patients on systolic sections; accessory chordae were
      identified in 6 patients. MRI is a useful noninvasive imaging modality that can
      depict the underlying morphologic abnormalities in AV septal defect as well as
      important anatomic variations.

PMID- 3984895
TI  - Transatrial septal velocity measurement by Doppler echocardiography in atrial
      septal defect: correlation with Qp:Qs ratio.
AB  - Right atrial velocities measured perpendicular to the atrial septum by Doppler
      echocardiography in patients with atrial septal defects (ASD) have a discernible
      morphology that may bear a relation to shunt magnitude. The integral of the right
      atrial Doppler waveform was compared with shunt magnitude measured at cardiac
      catheterization or nuclear shunt scan in 17 ASD patients. For control subjects,
      the mean right atrial velocity was 15 +/- 4 cm/s (+/- standard deviation) and
      that for ASD patients was 41 +/- 11 cm/s (p less than 0.001). Doppler pulmonary
      to-systemic flow ratio (Qp:Qs) correlated with catheterization Qp:Qs ratio (n =
      9, r = 0.85, SEE = 0.27) and with nuclear Qp:Qs ratios (n = 8, r = 0.60, SEE =
      0.51). Mean transatrial septal velocity in ASD patients correlated with
      catheterization Qp:Qs ratio (n = 9, r = 0.8, SEE = 6.0) and with simultaneous
      Doppler Qp:Qs ratio (n = 16, r = 0.89, SEE = 4.9, y = 16.2 +/- 8.3). Although
      Qp:Qs ratio can be approximated by measuring pulmonary and systemic flow by
      Doppler echocardiography in many ASD patients, this newly described method allows
      estimation of Qp:Qs ratio. It is useful when these more conventional measurements
      cannot be performed because of turbulence or when inadequate imaging prevents
      Doppler pulmonary to systemic flow measurement.

PMID- 3984896
TI  - Relation of electrocardiographic R-wave amplitude to changes in left ventricular
      chamber size and position in normal subjects.
AB  - Although exercise-induced changes in electrocardiographic R-wave amplitude have
      been ascribed to changes in left ventricular (LV) size, QRS axis, heart rate and
      ischemia, the physiologic mechanism remains unclear. To clarify the relation
      between R-wave amplitude and changes in LV size and position, simultaneous 9-lead
      electrocardiograms and targeted M-mode echocardiograms were recorded from 15
      normal subjects. Recordings were made at rest, during Valsalva maneuver and
      during methoxamine infusion. LV diastolic dimension increased with methoxamine
      and decreased with Valsalva maneuver (p less than 0.001). R-wave amplitude in
      leads V5 and V6 varied directly with LV dimensions (p less than 0.001). The
      correlation coefficient between the change in R-wave amplitude in V5 or V6 and
      the change in LV dimension was 0.81 (p less than 0.01). No significant changes in
      R-wave amplitude were seen in electrocardiographic leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL,
      aVF or V1. Distance from the chest wall to the LV posterior wall correlated with
      change in R-wave amplitude (r = 0.79, p less than 0.001). Change from supine to
      left lateral position moved the left ventricle closer to the lateral chest wall
      in association with a 41 +/- 8% increase in R-wave amplitude in V5 and V6 (p less
      than 0.001). In conclusion, there is a direct and a dynamic relation between R
      wave amplitude and LV chamber size. Chamber size and distance from the left
      ventricle to leads V5 or V6 interact as major determinants of R-wave amplitude.

PMID- 3984897
TI  - Effects of age on ventricular-vascular coupling.
AB  - The effects of age on the interrelation between the physical properties of the
      arterial tree (aortic input impedance) and left ventricular performance (cardiac
      output) were studied in 45 subjects, aged 19 to 62 years, without apparent
      cardiovascular disease. Ascending aortic pulsatile pressure and blood flow
      velocity were measured with a multisensor catheter and cardiac output by green
      dye or the Fick method. Heart rate and end-diastolic aortic pressure remained
      unchanged with age, whereas aortic systolic, mean and pulse pressures and aortic
      radius increased. In subjects younger than 30 years, early systolic pressure
      usually exceeded late systolic pressure (type C beat); in subjects older than 50
      years, late systolic pressure usually exceeded early systolic pressure (type A
      beat). In 55% of subjects aged 30 to 50 years, early and late systolic pressures
      were essentially equal (type B beat). The impedance spectra from all subjects
      showed fluctuations about the characteristic impedance (index of elastance) that
      were greater in the older subjects. Peripheral resistance increased 37% (r =
      0.47, p less than 0.001) over the age range of 20 to 60 years, whereas
      characteristic impedance increased 137% (r = 0.66, p less than 0.001). The
      fundamental impedance modulus increased, and the impedance modulus minimum
      shifted to a higher frequency. These changes in the impedance spectral pattern
      indicate that the ascending aorta becomes stiffer and the cross section of the
      peripheral vascular bed decreases with age, causing increased pulse wave velocity
      and wave reflection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3984898
TI  - Identification of photoproducts liberated by in vitro argon laser irradiation of
      atherosclerotic plaque, calcified cardiac valves and myocardium.
AB  - To determine how laser light effects alterations in cardiovascular tissue,
      photoproducts liberated as the result of argon laser irradiation of
      atherosclerotic plaque, myocardium and calcified aortic valve leaflets were
      analyzed by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and
      absorbance spectroscopy. The products formed in gas phase are those expected when
      proteins and porphyrins are pyrolyzed--light hydrocarbon fragments, carbon
      monoxide and water vapor. The laser-generated products dissolved in solution are
      those expected when a protein chain or porphyrin ring is degraded in a thermal
      reaction, namely protein fragments and nitrogen heterocyclic ring fragments.
      These photoproducts are those typical of combustion or thermal degradation, and
      indicate that the fundamental nature of laser irradiation of coronary plaque,
      myocardium and calcified valve leaflets is thermal rather than photochemical.
      Thermal degradation of myocardium is more extensive than thermal degradation of
      atherosclerotic arteries or calcified valves because the red hue of myoglobin
      containing myocardium enhances the absorption of the blue-green argon laser
      light. In contrast, the yellow-white hue of both atherosclerotic plaque and
      calcified aortic valve leaflets allows less complete absorbance of the argon
      laser light, leading to a lesser amount of converted heat and, therefore, less
      complete thermal degradation.

PMID- 3984899
TI  - Reproducibility of stand-alone continuous-wave Doppler recordings of aortic flow
      velocity across bioprosthetic valves.
AB  - Continuous-wave Doppler spectra of aortic flow velocity were recorded in
      duplicate in 20 consecutive patients with aortic porcine valves by 1 technician
      and 3 occasions: initially and 1 week and 1 month later. The highest maximal
      aortic velocity recorded from at least 2 transducer locations was taken from 5
      consecutive beats that did not vary. The 120 tracings were coded and read by 1
      observer. In blinded fashion, 20 records were read twice and 26 were read by 2
      interpreters. Variability was calculated from the square root of pooled variances
      and expressed in meters per second and also related to the mean velocity and
      expressed as percent coefficient of variation for the following categories:
      interpretive [intraobserver +/- 0.019 (0.8%), interobserver +/- 0.071 (2.7%)],
      technical [duplication +/- 0.048 (1.9%)], temporal/biologic [+/- 0.125 (5.0%)].
      Doppler measurements of aortic velocity can achieve excellent reproducibility by
      maintaining constant technique. With a methodologic variability of +/- 2%, the
      variability associated with the passage of time was significantly different at +/
      5% and was a result of fluctuations in the physiology of a few subjects. Thus,
      the technique can distinguish small method errors from minor drifts of the
      biology and, by implication, detect the onset of bioprosthetic degeneration.

PMID- 3984900
TI  - Holter recording during treadmill testing in assessing myocardial ischemic
      changes.
AB  - One hundred forty-four patients underwent a Bruce protocol treadmill exercise
      test during which an electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded simultaneously with a 2
      channel Holter recorder with bipolar V3- and V5-like leads and by a conventional
      12-lead system. Sixty-eight patients had no ST depression on either the Holter or
      on the 12-lead ECG during the exercise test, whereas in 70 patients ischemic
      changes were recorded by both methods; thus, in 138 of the 144 patients (96%),
      the results of the 2 tests were concordant. The severity of ST depression, as
      judged by the heart rate at which ischemic changes were first noted and the
      maximal ST depression observed, were similar on both recording systems. The
      Holter system identified 6 of the 7 patients whose ischemic changes were confined
      to the inferior wall on the 12-lead ECG. The addition of the V3 lead as a second
      ischemic lead increased the ischemia detection by 10%. Ninety-five patients also
      underwent coronary arteriography. In these patients the sensitivity of the Holter
      system during exercise in detecting significant coronary artery disease was 81%
      and that of 12-lead ECG was 84%, the specificity was 85% and 85%, respectively,
      and the positive predictive value 91% and 91%, respectively. Thus, the 2-channel
      Holter recording system with bipolar V3- and V5-like leads was as accurate as the
      12-lead system in detecting ischemic changes during exercise and proved that
      ambulatory monitoring system can reliably reproduce ST segment.

PMID- 3984902
TI  - Occluding clot in the left main coronary artery with survival long enough to
      develop massive left ventricular wall necrosis.

PMID- 3984903
TI  - Right ventricular infarction with electrocardiographic anterior left ventricular
      infarction and thrombosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

PMID- 3984901
TI  - Physiologic assessment of the inotropic, vasodilator and afterload reducing
      effects of milrinone in subjects without cardiac disease.
AB  - Milrinone increases left ventricular (LV) shortening. Whether these changes
      result from vasodilation alone or from a combination of vasodilation and a
      positive inotropic action is controversial. Load-independent end-systolic indexes
      of LV contractility were measured over a wide range of aortic pressures generated
      by methoxamine infusion before and during milrinone administration. Sixteen
      studies were performed using echocardiography and calibrated carotid pulse
      tracings in 11 normal subjects. Milrinone loading doses of 30, 45 or 60
      micrograms/kg were given intravenously over 10 minutes, followed by a maintenance
      infusion to achieve steady-state drug levels. Milrinone induced a dose-dependent
      decrease in baseline (i.e., before methoxamine) total systemic resistance (p less
      than 0.05) and afterload as measured by end-systolic wall stress (p less than
      0.001). The associated changes in the end-systolic pressure-dimension, stress
      shortening and stress-velocity of fiber shortening relations were characteristic
      of a positive inotropic intervention. All end-systolic indexes of LV
      contractility demonstrated greater inotropic effect at the higher milrinone
      plasma concentrations. Thus, load-independent indexes of LV contractility show
      that milrinone has a dose-related positive inotropic effect separate from its
      vasodilator (total systemic resistance) and afterload (end-systolic stress)
      reducing effects.

PMID- 3984904
TI  - Verapamil-induced retrograde conduction block in a concealed atrioventricular
      bypass tract.

PMID- 3984905
TI  - Paradoxical delay in accessory pathway conduction during long R-P' tachycardia
      after interpolated ventricular premature complexes.

PMID- 3984906
TI  - Catheter atrioventricular junction ablation for recurrent supraventricular
      tachycardia with nodoventricular fibers.

PMID- 3984907
TI  - Mitral valve cleft without cardiac septal defect causing severe mitral
      regurgitation but allowing long survival.

PMID- 3984908
TI  - Home treatment of infective endocarditis with oral amoxicillin.

PMID- 3984909
TI  - Familial aggregation of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 3984910
TI  - Focal cardiomyopathy and ectopic atrial tachycardia in Beckwith syndrome.

PMID- 3984911
TI  - Parasternal cross-sectional echocardiographic determination of aortic arch situs:
      a new approach.

PMID- 3984912
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic localization of residual atrial shunts after
      the Senning procedure.

PMID- 3984913
TI  - Cryptococcal myocarditis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

PMID- 3984914
TI  - Shock late after implantation of a permanent transvenous cardiac pacemaker.

PMID- 3984915
TI  - Nonpenetrating traumatic ventricular septal defect: two-dimensional
      echocardiographic and angiographic findings.

PMID- 3984916
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in aortic valve, ascending aortic and isthmic aortic
      disease.

PMID- 3984917
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic demonstration of multiple needles in the heart.

PMID- 3984918
TI  - Medical student research awards in cardiovascular science: the Stanley J. Sarnoff
      Endowment.

PMID- 3984919
TI  - Effects of different levels of vitamin C intake on the vitamin C concentration in
      human milk and the vitamin C intakes of breast-fed infants.
AB  - The influence of maternal intake of vitamin C on the vitamin C concentration in
      human milk and on the vitamin C intakes of breast-fed infants has not been
      demonstrated conclusively. This study examined these influences of diet and
      supplementation in 25 lactating women administered 90 mg of ascorbic acid for 1
      day followed by 250, 500 or 1000 mg/day for 2 days or unsupplemented for 1 day
      followed by either 0 or 90 mg ascorbic acid supplement for 2 days. Vitamin C
      content in milk and urine was determined by the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
      method. Vitamin C intakes of infants were calculated from milk volume, as
      determined by the test-weighing method and from vitamin C levels in milk samples
      obtained at each feeding. Total maternal intakes of vitamin C, which exceeded
      1000 mg/day or 10-fold the RDA for lactation (100 mg/day), did not significantly
      influence the vitamin C content in milk or the vitamin C intakes of infants.
      However, maternal vitamin C intake was positively correlated (r = 0.7) with
      maternal urinary excretion. These differences in milk and urine response to
      vitamin C intake suggest a regulatory mechanism for vitamin C levels in milk.

PMID- 3984920
TI  - Gustation as a determinant of ingestion: methodological issues.
AB  - To better characterize the relationship between taste function and dietary
      intake, measures of taste sensitivity, perceived intensity and preference for
      sweet (sucrose) and bitter (urea) stimuli were assessed in 35 healthy adults
      using aqueous and food tastants. Observations were then correlated with the
      proportions of calories contributed by carbohydrate, protein, fat and foods
      characterized by subjects as predominantly sweet or bitter on 7-day diet records.
      No significant association was noted among single measures of taste function and
      any of the five intake parameters, although taste profiles comprised of multiple
      taste ratings accounted for approximately a third of the variance in sweet and
      bitter calorie consumption. Levels of nutrient intake could not be predicted at
      better than chance levels using taste responses. Taste function plays a
      subordinate role to other determinants of food and nutrient intake, although
      taste profiles may facilitate the prediction of preferred tastes of diets.

PMID- 3984921
TI  - Depressed plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in adult asthmatics.
AB  - In 15 adult patients with bronchial asthma, plasma and erythrocyte pyridoxal
      phosphate (PLP) concentrations were significantly lower than in 16 controls (P
      less than 0.0001 and P less than 0.005, respectively). Oral supplementation of
      seven asthmatics with 50 mg pyridoxine as pyridoxine X HC1 twice daily failed to
      produce a sustained elevation of PLP in either the plasma or erythrocytes.
      However, all subjects reported a dramatic decrease in frequency and severity of
      wheezing or asthmatic attacks while taking the supplement. The reasons for the
      failure of a uniform elevation in plasma and erythrocyte PLP concentration and
      for the apparent beneficial effects of pyridoxine supplementation on the
      asthmatic symptoms of the patients are unknown at present.

PMID- 3984922
TI  - Circadian variations in serum zinc (Zn) concentrations: correlation with blood
      ionized calcium, serum total calcium and phosphate in humans.
AB  - Serum zinc (Zn) concentrations were determined in sequentially drawn blood
      samples from six healthy adult males. Each subject had blood sampling performed
      every 30 minutes for 24 hours. Mean Zn concentrations at each time point (n = 6,
      48 time points) were plotted and fitted by a polynomial regression of the data
      against time. A "U" shaped curve was derived; we found peak Zn levels at 9:30 AM,
      a midtrough at 8 PM and a peak-trough difference of 19 micrograms/dl. Correlation
      with a similarly derived 24-h ionized calcium pattern was strikingly high, r =
      .923, p less than .001. An intermediate correlation between the Zn and phosphate
      patterns was observed, r = -.493, p less than .01; and no significant correlation
      occurred between Zn and total calcium rhythms, r = .167. These data conclusively
      demonstrate the presence of a circadian rhythm in serum Zn in healthy adult
      males. Furthermore, the high correlation between the Zn and ionized calcium
      patterns suggests a common regulator.

PMID- 3984923
TI  - Erythrocyte, plasma, urine and dialysate zinc levels in patients on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Abnormalities in zinc metabolism of patients with renal disease have been
      reported. However, accurate descriptions regarding zinc content in various
      biological compartments of a patient population on continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) including a dietary zinc intake assessment, are
      lacking. This study measured zinc content of erythrocytes, plasma, urine and
      dialysate in patients on CAPD, non-dialyzed chronically azotemic patients and a
      control group. Zinc and protein intake, serum albumin, protein and creatinine
      were quantified. Zinc analysis of erythrocytes, plasma, urine and dialysate was
      performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with special emphasis on
      immediate and complete separation of erythrocytes from plasma. Zinc levels in
      erythrocytes of patients on dialysis were increased whereas plasma zinc was
      slightly decreased compared to normal controls (p less than 0.05). It is
      concluded that zinc in CAPD patients is distributed similarly to non-dialyzed
      azotemic patients and that CAPD does not alter zinc distribution in erythrocytes
      and plasma.

PMID- 3984924
TI  - Iron stores in users of oral contraceptive agents.
AB  - A comparison of serum ferritin and other parameters of iron status was made
      between 46 women taking oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) for two or more years
      continuously and 71 women who never took OCAs. The mean serum ferritin level for
      the OCA users was 39.5 +/- 21.5 ng/ml and the control group mean level was 25.4
      +/- 15.96 ng/ml, which is significantly different at p less than 0.001. Serum
      transferrin, serum iron, TIBC, MCH and MCHC levels were significantly greater for
      the OCA users group. Significantly lower RBC and hematocrit levels were found for
      OCA users while other parameters, hemoglobin, MCV and percent transferrin
      saturation, were not significantly different. No major differences in subject
      characteristics and dietary traits were evidenced, except a difference in
      reported menstrual cycle losses and a higher heme iron content in the diet of the
      OCA users.

PMID- 3984925
TI  - The distribution of endogenous cobalamin among cobalamin-binding proteins in the
      blood in normal and abnormal states.
AB  - Our information about cobalamin transport in the blood is largely based on
      studies of unsaturated cobalamin-binding proteins. Therefore, the distribution of
      endogenous cobalamin among these proteins was examined. Normally, R binder
      (transcobalamin I) carries most of the cobalamin circulating at any given moment,
      but the proportion varies greatly. Transcobalamin II carries a larger fraction of
      the cobalamin present in portal vein blood than in hepatic and axillary vein
      blood. In disease, transcobalamin II occasionally holds the bulk of the vitamin
      present in peripheral blood. Such was observed in three patients showing
      quantitative changes of unsaturated binder (either diminished R binder or
      increased transcobalamin II), but in two cases of chronic liver disease this was
      independent of unsaturated transcobalamin levels. Four patients with low serum
      cobalamin levels maintained normal distribution, indicating proportional
      cobalamin depletion from both binder pools. Small amounts of vitamin were
      attached in many sera to minor binders, and occasionally seemed to circulate
      free. These results demonstrate that assumptions that cobalamin is always
      attached largely to transcobalamin I are not warranted. Cobalamin distribution
      appears to be governed by many factors, of which the amounts of the binding
      proteins is only one.

PMID- 3984926
TI  - Plasma activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and lecithin: cholesterol
      acyltransferase in patients considered for parenteral nutrition with fat
      emulsion.
AB  - Intralipid is a fat emulsion which is widely used for intravenous nutrition in
      very ill patients. In order to know more about the capacity of these patients to
      metabolize exogenous triglycerides, the plasma activities of lipoprotein lipase
      (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), the
      key enzymes in the metabolism of serum lipoproteins were measured by a
      radioisotope technique in 23 critically ill patients and 20 patients with recent
      major surgery. Compared with normal volunteers, the activities were significantly
      decreased. On the other hand, the capacity to clear intravenously given
      Intralipid (0.1 g/kg), expressed as fractional removal rate (K2), was retained in
      patients. It is suggested that the measurement of K2 could not be useful to
      evaluate the capacity of Intralipid administration to satisfy the metabolic needs
      and also that its utilization must be reevaluated in terms of potential harmful
      effects.

PMID- 3984927
TI  - Energy expenditure before and during energy restriction in obese patients.
AB  - Twenty-four hour energy expenditure (24 EE), resting metabolic rate (RMR),
      spontaneous physical activity and body composition were determined in 7 obese
      patients (5 females, 2 males, 174 +/- 9% IBW, 38 +/- 2% fat mass) on 2 different
      occasions: before weight reduction, and after 10 to 16 weeks on a hypocaloric
      diet as outpatients, the recommended energy intake varying from 3500 to 4700
      kJ/day depending on the subject. Mean body weight loss was 12.6 +/- 1.9 kg, ie
      13% of initial body weight, 72% being fat. Twenty-four hour energy expenditure
      (24 EE) was measured in a respiration chamber with all the subjects receiving
      10418 kJ/d before weight reduction and an average of 3360 +/- 205 kJ/d while on
      the diet. When expressed in absolute values, both 24 EE and RMR decreased during
      the hypocaloric diet from 9819 +/- 442 to 8229 +/- 444 and from 7262 +/- 583 to
      6591 +/- 547 kJ/d respectively. On the basis of fat-free-mass (FFM), 24 EE
      decreased from 168 +/- 6 to 148 +/- 5 kJ/kg FFM/d whereas RMR was unchanged
      (approximately 120 kJ/kg FFM/d). Approximately one half of the 24 EE reduction
      (1590 kJ/d) was accounted for by a decrease in RMR, the latter being mainly
      accounted for by a reduction in FFM. Most of the remaining decline in 24 EE can
      be explained by a decreased thermic effect of food, and by the reduced cost of
      physical activity mainly due to a lower body weight. Therefore, there seems
      little reason to evoke additional mechanisms to explain the decline in energy
      expenditure during dieting.

PMID- 3984928
TI  - Fatty acid composition of breast milk from three racial groups from Penang,
      Malaysia.
AB  - The fatty acid composition of samples of breast milk obtained from 51 mothers (26
      Malay, 15 Chinese, 10 Indian) residing in Penang, Malaysia was determined by gas
      chromatography. Despite living in close physical proximity the mothers from the
      three racial groups showed distinct cultural differences in dietary intake. These
      differences were reflected in differences in the fatty acid composition of breast
      milk samples. The milk of Chinese mothers was generally less saturated (41%) than
      that of Malay and Indian mothers (52 and 50% respectively). The milk of Chinese
      mothers was also richer in linoleic acid (17%) than that of Malay and Indian
      mothers (9% and 11% respectively). Overall the level of individual fatty acids
      fell within the range of values reported for Western mothers on well nourished
      diets and pointed to breast milk of high standard despite large variations in the
      diet of Malaysian mothers.

PMID- 3984929
TI  - Pyridoxine status in preschool children in northeast Thailand: a community
      survey.
AB  - Pyridoxine status was investigated in four hundred and twenty-four village
      preschool children aged 1-60 months in Khon Kaen, and Nakorn Rachseema, Northeast
      Thailand using the erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (EAST) test and
      pyridoxal-5-phosphate activation coefficient (AC). Twenty-two percent of the
      children had pyridoxine deficiency, of which 15 percent had an AC greater than or
      equal to 3.37 and 7 percent had border-line deficiency (AC between 3.08-3.36).
      The prevalence of pyridoxine deficiency increased with age from 11 percent in the
      first year to 31 percent in the age range of 49-60 months.

PMID- 3984930
TI  - The relationship of diabetes with race, sex, and obesity.
AB  - Noninsulin-dependent diabetes typically has its onset in the adult years, and
      appears to have both genetic and non-genetic factors in its etiology. Data from
      the 1976 National Health Interview Survey were used to study the independent and
      interactive relationship of race, sex, obesity, and age with the reported
      prevalence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes. The percent of the population
      reported with this type of diabetes ranged from about 0.5 among Black and
      Caucasian (white) people of both sexes 20-44 years of age in the least obese
      group to 20.2 percent among black males 65 years and over in the most obese
      group. Black people were slightly more likely to report diabetes than white
      people, especially at the older ages and in the more obese groups. Diabetes
      generally increased more rapidly with obesity among women than among men, but
      there was no other consistent sex difference. Diabetes was reported more
      frequently with increasing levels of obesity, especially at the older age.

PMID- 3984931
TI  - A sex difference in serum cobalamin and transcobalamin levels.
AB  - In healthy young adults, serum levels of cobalamin, unsaturated and total
      cobalamin binding capacity, and transcobalamin (TC) II are significantly higher
      in females, while TC III is higher in males. These findings have relevance to the
      reference values in normals for these tests.

PMID- 3984933
TI  - Assessment of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance measurements of the
      human body.
AB  - A method which involves the measurement of bioelectrical resistive impedance (R)
      for the estimation of human body composition is described. This method is based
      upon the principle that the electrical conductivity of the fat-free tissue mass
      (FFM) is far greater than that of fat. Determinations of R were made in 37
      healthy men aged 28.8 +/- 7.1 yr (mean +/- SD) using an electrical impedance
      plethysmograph with a four electrode arrangement that introduces a painless
      signal (800 microA at 50 kHz) into the body. FFM was assessed by
      hydrodensitometry and ranged from 44.6-98.1 kg. Total body water (TBW) determined
      by D2O dilution and total body potassium (TBK) from whole body counting were 50.6
      +/- 10.3 L and 167.5 +/- 38.1 g, respectively. Test-retest correlation
      coefficient was 0.99 for a single R measurement and the reliability coefficient
      for a single R measurement over 5 days was 0.99. Linear relationships were found
      between R values and FFM (r = -0.86), TBW (r = -0.86), and TBK (r = -0.79).
      Significant (p less than 0.01) increases in the correlation coefficients were
      observed when the predictor Ht2/R was regressed against FFM (r = 0.98), TBW (r =
      0.95), AND TBK (r = 0.96). These data indicate that the bioelectrical impedance
      technique is a reliable and valid approach for the estimation of human body
      composition. This method is safe, noninvasive, provides rapid measurements,
      requires little operator skill and subject cooperation, and is portable. Further
      validation of this method is recommended in subjects with abnormal body
      composition.

PMID- 3984932
TI  - Breast milk composition: fat content and fatty acid composition in vegetarians
      and non-vegetarians.
AB  - Milk from vegetarians contained a lower proportion of fatty acids derived from
      animal fat and a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from
      dietary vegetable fat. No significant differences were observed between dietary
      groups in percent fat in the milk or in proportions of fatty acids synthesized de
      novo in the mammary gland. Among women consuming less than 35 g animal fat per
      day, percent milk fat was significantly correlated with animal fat intake. Among
      women consuming greater than 35 g animal fat, percent fat in milk was positively
      correlated with percent of C10:0, C12:0, and C18:3 and negatively correlated with
      percent of C16:0 and C18:0 in the milk fat. These findings suggest that there is
      a maximum amount of C16:0 and C18:0 that can be taken up from the blood and
      subsequently secreted into the milk.

PMID- 3984934
TI  - What is behavior therapy? A very short description of behavioral weight control.
AB  - Behavior therapy of obesity is very widely used and is the subject of numerous
      reports in the medical literature. The background of this therapy is described
      and a table lists the 49 most commonly used elements of behavioral weight control
      as abstracted from five of the most widely read publications on the topic.

PMID- 3984935
TI  - The urinary myeloma cast. Frequency of detection and clinical correlations in 30
      patients with multiple myeloma.
AB  - The authors examined urine specimens from 30 patients with multiple myeloma (MM)
      to determine the usefulness of cytodiagnostic urinalysis in evaluating such
      patients. Nine patients had clinical evidence of renal failure. In six of these
      nine patients (67%), or 20% of all patients, the urine sediment contained unique
      "MM-casts." These were characterized by a waxy to granular matrix surrounded by
      reactive, syncytial, giant cells with occasional renal cells embedded in the cast
      matrix. These casts were not observed in urine specimens from patients with
      normal renal function. Renal biopsy in two patients with MM-casts confirmed that
      cytologic diagnosis of "MM-kidney." The patient groups with or without MM-casts
      were comparable with respect to age, sex, and clinical stage of disease. In
      contrast, those with MM-casts were more likely to have clinical evidence of renal
      disease (100% vs. 13%), Bence Jones proteinuria (100% vs. 35%), hypercalcemia
      (50% vs. 8%), and hyperuricemia (50% vs. 4%). The two groups could not be
      distinguished reliably by urine physicochemical determinations. However, there
      were marked differences in the frequency of microscopic abnormalities. All
      patients with MM-cast formation excreted other pathologic casts as well and had
      evidence of tubular injury, while five of six had evidence of ischemic necrosis.
      This compared with 17%, 13%, and 21%, respectively, of those without MM-casts.
      Thus, cytodiagnostic urinalysis is of value in distinguishing MM-kidney from the
      numerous other causes of renal failure in patients with MM.

PMID- 3984936
TI  - Benign vascular invasion in vasitis nodosa.
AB  - Vasovasostomy specimens were examined for vascular changes in 50 cases of vasitis
      nodosa. In five, benign gland- or ductule-like structures were seen invading
      small veins and, in one, also the small arteries. The intravascular ductules
      appeared benign, and there was no clinical evidence of malignancy. The presence
      of ductules in the blood vessels always was accompanied by marked elastosis. In
      12 additional cases, elastosis of arteries and veins was seen without
      intravascular ductules. These changes suggest that proliferating ductules in
      vasitis nodosa invade the blood vessels after they have become obliterated by
      regressive and reparative processes.

PMID- 3984937
TI  - Benign lichenoid keratosis.
AB  - The microscopic spectrum of benign lichenoid keratosis (BLK) was studied by
      examination of 30 examples. BLK consists of a segment of hyperplastic epidermis
      accompanied by a lymphoid infiltrate in the papillary dermis. Although termed
      "lichen planus-like," saw-tooth acanthosis predominated in only seven lesions,
      whereas irregular acanthosis was widespread in 23. The infiltrate had both a band
      like (lichenoid) and perivascular arrangement, but a lichenoid appearance
      predominated in only half the specimens. Liquefaction of the basal layer was
      widespread, and hydropic change often involved the midepidermis. Mild cytologic
      atypicality was present in each case, but other features of actinic keratosis
      were lacking. Changes of senile lentigo were observed adjacent to 17 lesions.
      Partial involution was present in several cases. BLK often is confused clinically
      with a variety of other cutaneous tumors. Nevertheless, the diagnosis usually can
      be made on histologic grounds alone when the history indicates a solitary lesion.

PMID- 3984939
TI  - The histopathology of Mycobacterium marinum synovitis.
AB  - Eight patients with culture-proven Mycobacterium marinum synovitis had synovial
      specimens with a remarkably similar histologic appearance. There was considerable
      synovial hyperplasia, and the synovium was thickened by a moderately intense
      lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, notably devoid of plasma cells. Fibrin covered some
      synovial surfaces. Giant cells were both of the Langerhans' and foreign body
      types. Granulomas were noncaseating but varied in frequency and degree of
      definition. Knowledge of this morphologic picture has proved to be useful in
      patient care.

PMID- 3984938
TI  - Binding of estrogen and progesterone to human endometrium in the different phases
      of the menstrual cycle. A histochemical study.
AB  - Specific estrogen and progesterone binding in human endometrium was studied
      histochemically using fluorochrome-labeled steroids (estradiol-17 beta-BSA-FITC
      and progesterone-BSA-TMRITC), endometrial samples from 36 women being
      investigated. The binding pattern was similar with both reagents. The
      relationship between the bindings to glands and to stroma, however, varied with
      the menstrual phase of the tissue. The specific fluorescence was more intense in
      the epithelial structures in the proliferative phase. In the secretory phase, the
      fluorescence from stromal cells was as intense as, or more intense than, that
      from the glands. The localization of the fluorophores in the glandular epithelial
      cells also varied by menstrual phase. In the proliferative phase, the
      fluorescence was most intense in the basal part or the whole cytoplasm of the
      glandular epithelial cells, while in the secretory phase the fluorescence was
      most intense in the apical and sometimes also in the basal part of the epithelial
      cells.

PMID- 3984940
TI  - The bone marrow in disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection.
AB  - Thirteen cases of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI),
      representing a total of 27 bone marrow specimens, were studied. The patients
      ranged from 25 to 46 years of age and included ten immunocompromised and three
      immunocompetent hosts. Peripheral blood findings included anemia in all patients,
      leukopenia in 73%, thrombocytopenia in 45%, and pancytopenia in 45%. Fourteen of
      the specimens (52%) showed granulomas ranging from small, subtle
      lymphohistiocytic aggregates to larger lymphohistiocytic lesions and clusters of
      epithelioid histiocytes; almost half of these lesions were missed initially. Rare
      acid-fast bacilli were seen in only one case, but 53% grew MAI on culture. In one
      case of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, culture was positive in the
      absence of inflammation or AFB on staining. These findings are not significantly
      different from those reported in disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      infection.

PMID- 3984941
TI  - Laboratory test changes in young abstinent male alcoholics.
AB  - Data collected over time from an abstaining young alcoholic population were
      analyzed together with data from a nonalcoholic population, which served as a
      reference group. The laboratory tests of the abstaining alcoholics were measured
      at baseline (zero weeks), three weeks, and six weeks, while those of the
      nonalcoholic group were measured once, at baseline. The analysis attempts to
      reveal how abstinence from beverage alcohol consumption in an alcoholic
      population affects 25 commonly ordered laboratory tests over time and whether
      cigarette smoking mediates any observed effects. The primary findings of this
      detailed examination of clinical chemistries in abstaining alcoholics indicate
      that drinking and smoking have independent effects and that the effects of
      drinking persist even after six weeks of abstinence.

PMID- 3984942
TI  - Education, training, professional certification, and work patterns of directors
      in interstate laboratories.
AB  - Education, professional training, certification, and work patterns of 988
      laboratory directors employed in 440 clinical laboratories licensed under the
      Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act of 1967 are examined. Directors of hospital
      laboratories as opposed to independent laboratories were more likely to be
      physicians (82.8% vs. 68.0%), to have completed a formal residency program (75.5%
      vs. 62.0%), and to be certified in both anatomic and clinical pathology (65.3%
      vs. 57.1%). Only 51.9% of pathologists confined their work to a single
      laboratory, while 64.8% of directors with Ph.D.s or other doctorates directed
      only one laboratory. Most laboratories (81.5%) have at least one associate
      director. Hospital directors are more often full time (30 or more hours per week)
      than their independent laboratory counterparts, 74.4% vs. 42.4%, respectively.
      When the education and experience of individuals entering the field between the
      1950s and 1970s are examined, it is evident that fewer individuals with
      bachelor's or master's degrees now are able to qualify as laboratory directors.

PMID- 3984943
TI  - Occult blood testing using tetramethylbenzidine in an extraction procedure for
      patients on unrestricted diets.
AB  - An extraction test for stool occult blood was developed using 3,3', 5,5'
      tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), which gave reliable results in the presence of
      interfering substances, such as vitamin C, meat fibers, and vegetable enzymes.
      The new test was applied to 1,320 fecal specimens from hospitalized patients not
      on dietary restrictions. Of 189 specimens unequivocally positive by slide tests,
      48 were negative by the extraction test, 42 were trace reactions, and 99 were 2+
      to 4+. Extraction testing was performed on 351 of the 1,082 specimens negative by
      slide tests. Four of these were from patients taking supplemental vitamin C. Two
      of these specimens were extraction test positive ( ) and two were extraction test
      negative. One other specimen, from a patient not on supplemental vitamin C, was
      extraction test positive. Forty-nine specimens gave equivocal results, with two
      commercial slide tests for occult blood. By the extraction test, 26 of these were
      negative, 13 had trace amounts of blood, and 10 were 2+ or 4+.

PMID- 3984944
TI  - Inhibition of cold-promoted activation of the prothrombin time studies of new
      siliconized borosilicate collection tubes in normals and patients receiving
      warfarin.
AB  - Studies of the prothrombin time in normals and patients receiving oral
      anticoagulant therapy revealed a partial inhibition of the in vitro cold-promoted
      activation of Factor VII and shortening of the prothrombin time when blood was
      collected in a new commercial siliconized borosilicate tube (Becton-Dickinson,
      Rutherford, NJ, 6418 and 6419). The data collected with normal blood indicated
      that the cold-promoted activation was almost totally inhibited, while the
      patients had only a mean reduction of 50% of the cold-promoted activation. In
      pregnant patients there was no inhibition of the cold-promoted activation of the
      prothrombin time or Factor VII using the new siliconized tubes.

PMID- 3984945
TI  - Polypoid nasal pseudolymphoma.
AB  - An unusual polypoid lesion of the nasal cavity in a 48-year-old woman with
      chronic obstruction consisted of aggregated nodules of benign lymphoid tissue
      with germinal center formation. She had no lymphadenopathy or other evidence of a
      systemic lymphoid disorder. To the authors' knowledge, this nonneoplastic
      lymphocytic proliferation, analogous to so-called "pseudolymphoma" at other
      sites, has not been reported heretofore in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.

PMID- 3984946
TI  - Diabetes insipidus caused by extramedullary hematopoiesis.
AB  - Myeloid metaplasia involving the central nervous system is a rare occurrence most
      frequently found as an incidental finding at autopsy. A case is presented of a 56
      year-old man with myeloid metaplasia and myelofibrosis, who developed diabetes
      insipidus. Postmortem examination revealed posterior pituitary involvement by
      extramedullary hematopoiesis with fibrosis and gliosis. Diabetes insipidus caused
      by extramedullary hematopoiesis is a rare event and is thus noteworthy.

PMID- 3984947
TI  - Polycythemia vera, primary hyperparathyroidism, and dysplastic nevus syndrome:
      report of a case.
AB  - Polycythemia vera and primary hyperparathyroidism is diagnosed in a patient with
      dysplastic nevus syndrome. A 59-year-old white man is noted to have numerous
      pigmented lesions found predominantly over the upper aspect of the back and
      chest. A biopsy revealed the atypical nevi found in dysplastic nevus syndrome.
      Over a 13-year period, three superficial spreading malignant melanomas were
      excised. The patient subsequently had polycythemia vera and primary
      hyperparathyroidism develop. Atypical pigmented skin lesions were not seen in
      family members, although two family members died of metastatic malignant
      neoplasms, one from endometrial carcinoma and the second from prostatic
      adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 3984948
TI  - Gaucher's disease: a case history with extensive lipid storage in the brain.
AB  - Patients with acute infantile or type II neuropathic Gaucher's disease
      demonstrate neurologic deficits that are seemingly greater than the extent of the
      central nervous system involvement found at autopsy. Examination of the brain of
      an affected child shows widespread deposition of lipid in a pattern not
      recognized heretofore. Based on these observations, the authors hypothesize that
      widespread deposition of the Gaucher glucocerebroside elicits a mild tissue
      response, which functionally becomes highly significant.

PMID- 3984950
TI  - SI units: one step closer.

PMID- 3984949
TI  - Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides in a
      patient cured of Hodgkin's disease. A case report.
AB  - The immune deficiencies of Hodgkin's disease persist to some degree even after
      the patients are clinically cured; these may be amplified by loss of splenic
      immunologic functions after staging laparotomy and splenectomy. The authors
      submit a case report wherein a bacterium of relatively low virulence, Plesiomonas
      shigelloides, was associated with a rapidly fulminant septicemia, disseminated
      intravascular coagulation, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, and death in a
      splenectomized patient free of Hodgkin's disease for approximately five years.
      This emphasizes the need for prolonged observation, rapid diagnosis, and
      aggressive intervention in immunocompromised patients, especially those
      supposedly cured of previous hematologic malignancy.

PMID- 3984951
TI  - Correction of error: goblet, not signet ring cell.

PMID- 3984952
TI  - Evaluating a primary prevention program for children of divorce.
AB  - The effectiveness of a primary prevention program for children of divorce is
      evaluated. Subjects included 82 mother-child pairs. Mothers had been separated
      for 33 months or less and did not have prior histories of using mental health
      services. Subjects were assigned to one of four conditions: (a) the Children's
      Support Group alone (CSG), (b) the CSG and the Single Parents' Support Group
      (SPSG), (c) the SPSG alone, or (d) a no-treatment control group. Data collected
      before, after, and 5 months following intervention, were analyzed using analyses
      of covariance with preintervention scores as covariates and pre-post and post
      follow-up difference scores as dependent measures. Children in the CSG-alone
      condition improved most in self-concept and parents in the SPSG-alone condition
      improved the most in adjustment. Improvements were either maintained or did not
      change differentially across groups at follow up. Adaptive social skills of CSG
      alone children compared to children in the CSG/SPSG groups showed significant
      post-to-follow-up improvements.

PMID- 3984953
TI  - Effects of community placement on chronic mental patients.
AB  - Patients judged ready for release from a state mental hospital were interviewed
      to determine their levels of depression and psychosocial functioning. This
      interview was repeated for 31 of the patients 8 weeks after their release and
      simultaneously repeated for 31 similar patients who remained in the hospital. In
      comparison with the matched controls, released patients became less depressed,
      less socially isolated, and less irritable. No differential improvement was found
      in their self-image. These findings, controlled for certain potential biases in a
      quasi-experimental design, identify some specific benefits of community placement
      for chronic mental patients.

PMID- 3984954
TI  - Parental separation/divorce and adolescents: an examination of factors mediating
      adaptation.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between differences in current adjustment as
      they related to a number of demographic, personal, and situational factors for 65
      late adolescents/young adults who had experienced this life transition. Utilizing
      multiple regression analyses, several factors emerged as particularly salient
      mediators of the adolescents' postdivorce adjustment, including distance from
      home, coping style, family cohesion, conflict and organization, and the use of
      family members for support. The importance of clarifying the role of
      psychological and situational mediating factors in order to understand the
      consequences of parental divorce and to organize preventive and ameliorative
      efforts for this population is discussed.

PMID- 3984955
TI  - Nonprofessional counselors: revisiting selection and impact issues.
AB  - This study examined two issues related to the use of nonprofessional counselors
      (n = 159) within the context of a diversion program for juvenile offenders.
      First, the relationship of the nonprofessionals' personality traits and general
      attitudes to client outcome was examined. No statistically significant
      correlations were observed. Second, the differential impact of various training
      and supervision factors was examined in terms of nonprofessional satisfaction,
      attitudes, and locus of control. Results suggested that training intensity,
      training content, and supervision setting may influence nonprofessionals'
      attitudes towards various social groups and their satisfaction with the
      nonprofessional experience.

PMID- 3984956
TI  - Emergency bone marrow infusions.

PMID- 3984957
TI  - Technological use and the future of pediatrics.

PMID- 3984958
TI  - United States physicians in Nicaragua.

PMID- 3984959
TI  - Henoch-Schonlein vasculitis following varicella.

PMID- 3984960
TI  - Acute rheumatic fever.

PMID- 3984961
TI  - Bradycardia and neurologic disorders associated with ranitidine in a child.

PMID- 3984962
TI  - Fiberoptic guide for endotracheal intubation.

PMID- 3984963
TI  - Long-term use of verapamil for control of persistent supraventricular
      tachycardia.

PMID- 3984964
TI  - Primary renal candidiasis.

PMID- 3984965
TI  - Standardizing the mortality risk for newborns with very low birth weights.

PMID- 3984966
TI  - Management of the very young diabetic.

PMID- 3984967
TI  - Salicylate-induced hepatitis in rheumatic fever.
AB  - In a 4 1/2-year retrospective study of hospitalized patients with rheumatic fever
      treated with salicylates, we determined that five of 34 children manifested
      salicylate-induced hepatitis. The average serum salicylate level in those
      patients with hepatotoxicity was 30.9 mg/dL, while the average serum salicylate
      level in the rest of the patients was 19.7 mg/dL. An awareness of this potential
      complication is important when treating children with salicylates at doses
      previously considered to be nontoxic. Serum salicylate levels should be
      maintained at approximately 15 to 25 mg/dL during such therapy.

PMID- 3984968
TI  - Childhood ingestions as symptoms of family distress.
AB  - Familial, child developmental, and demographic concomitants of serious ingestions
      in preschool children were measured in 23 hospitalized children and controls
      matched on age, race, and socioeconomic status. A precoded maternal interview
      focused on family stress, parental discipline, parental emotional history, as
      well as childhood temperament and social maturity. A regression analysis was
      performed on variables that discriminated between ingestion cases and controls.
      Sixteen variables from the regression equation were entered into a stepwise
      discriminant function analysis. Significant descriptors of ingestion victims
      included the following: lack of extended family low Vineland Social Maturity
      quotient, few maternal opportunities to escape caregiving, good health, a high
      frequency of physical punishment in the mother's childhood, and increased current
      advocacy needs. Using these six variables as a screening device, the discriminant
      function correctly classified 87% of the subjects as either cases or controls.
      These data suggest that ingestions are symptoms of familial and, especially of
      maternal, distress. These healthy, active, but delayed children appear to
      overwhelm their caregivers.

PMID- 3984970
TI  - Survival rates of infants with birth weights between 501 and 1,000 g. Improvement
      by excluding certain categories of cases.
AB  - Reported survival rates of infants with birth weights under 1,001 g vary greatly;
      by implication, high survival rates may be used as a measure of the standard of
      perinatal care. To illustrate the importance of precisely defining the population
      sample, we determined the survival rate to 2 years of 238 infants with birth
      weights of 501 to 1,000 g, born between 1977 and 1980. The rate was 33.6%;
      however, by excluding certain categories of patients, the survival rate was
      augmented to 46.9%. There were 36 infants who died in the delivery room and an
      additional 34 who died before the age of 3 hours in the intensive care unit;
      together they contributed 29.4% to the total mortality of 66.4%. This group is
      especially liable to influence reported survival rates. Although exclusion of
      patients is legitimate, the criteria need to be precisely defined if data between
      centers are to be compared.

PMID- 3984969
TI  - Isolated deafness following recovery from neurologic injury and adult respiratory
      distress syndrome. A sequela of intercurrent aminoglycoside and diuretic use.
AB  - We report two children who survived neurologic injury (near-drowning and Reye's
      syndrome) and adult respiratory distress syndrome and who required prolonged
      ventilatory support. Follow-up examination in both children showed steady
      neurologic recovery, but five months following discharge from their acute
      illness, profound hearing loss was diagnosed in both children. A review of the
      literature is reported and the hypothesis that combined aminoglycoside antibiotic
      and loop diuretic therapy caused the hearing loss is presented. Recommendation is
      made for audiologic assessment within six months of recovery from critical
      illness of pediatric patients in whom therapy has included loop diuretic and
      aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 3984971
TI  - Probability of vaginal foreign body in girls with genital complaints.
AB  - We used Bayes' theorem to evaluate the probability of vaginal foreign bodies in
      girls with genital complaints. The prevalence of vaginal foreign bodies in
      outpatient girls under 13 years of age with gynecologic disorders was found to be
      4%. Review of the charts of 17 pre-menarcheal girls who had foreign bodies on 19
      occasions and of 28 girls with infectious or nonspecific vaginitis demonstrated
      that patients with foreign bodies reported vaginal bleeding more frequently than
      discharge (14 and two of 15 symptomatic cases, respectively), while in contrast,
      patients with infectious or nonspecific vaginitis reported vaginal discharge more
      often than bleeding (23 and five of 28 symptomatic controls, respectively).
      Bayes' theorem indicates that, in populations resembling the one we studied,
      approximately 18% of preteenage girls with vaginal bleeding with or without
      discharge and 50% of those with bleeding and no discharge will prove to have
      vaginal foreign bodies.

PMID- 3984972
TI  - Home recording of peak expiratory flow rates and perception of asthma.
AB  - Fourteen asthmatic children, aged 7.9 to 18.0 years (mean, 11.3 years), recorded
      peak expiratory flow rates three times a day at home for four weeks in an attempt
      to improve perception of their airway obstruction. Pulmonary function tests were
      performed and a subjective severity score was recorded before and after this
      period. The accuracy of the parents' perceptions of their child's airway
      obstruction was also assessed. These children were unable to accurately predict
      their degree of airway obstruction, and no improvement in prediction was seen
      following the learning period. Parents' perceptions of the child's airway
      obstruction were also inaccurate. Recording of peak expiratory flow rate at home
      did not improve the child's perception of his asthma. Rational management of
      troublesome asthma requires the use of an inexpensive peak flowmeter to provide
      continual objective measurements of lung function.

PMID- 3984973
TI  - Frequency of milk expression and milk production by mothers of nonnursing
      premature neonates.
AB  - The relationship between frequency of expression and milk output was studied in
      25 healthy mothers of premature infants with gestational ages at birth of 28 to
      37 weeks. Mothers expressed milk from days 5 to 11 post partum based on card
      selection, either four or more times per day or three or less times per day using
      an electric pump. Based on a second card selection, milk expression was either
      maintained at the same frequency or changed to the opposite frequency for a
      second week. On days 11 and 18, all milk expressed was quantitated. Of the 25
      mothers studied, nine mothers changed expression frequency from four or more
      times per day to three or less times per day or vice versa, while nine expressed
      at the same frequency both weeks. These data indicate that frequent expression
      was associated with a significantly greater milk production (342 +/- 229 mL) than
      infrequent expression (221 +/- 141 mL). Thus, a low-cost, noninvasive method of
      enhancing milk production by mothers of nonnursing, prematurely delivered infants
      was to encourage frequent milk expression.

PMID- 3984974
TI  - Antipyretic use among children during the 1983 influenza season.
AB  - We conducted a telephone survey in Houston in March 1983 to assess the level of
      aspirin use among children during the influenza season. We completed interviews
      of 200 households with 346 children aged 12 years or younger. Fifty-two percent
      of the 346 children experienced at least one acute illness in the preceding three
      months. Fever was measured with a thermometer in 114 ill children, 103 of whom
      had at least one measured temperature of 37.7 degrees C or greater. Fourteen
      percent of these 103 children received aspirin only, 61% received acetaminophen
      only, and 20% received both. Among a subgroup of 44 children with temperatures of
      at least 39.4 degrees C, 11% received aspirin only, 59% received acetaminophen
      only, and 27% received both. Only 60% of the 200 parents interviewed had heard of
      Reye's syndrome. Forty-two percent knew of the association between Reye's
      syndrome and aspirin use. The survey suggests that acetaminophen has replaced
      aspirin as the major antipyretic used by children in Houston. If the decline in
      aspirin use in Houston is representative of the population in the United States,
      and if aspirin is causally related to Reye's syndrome, the incidence of Reye's
      syndrome may decline.

PMID- 3984975
TI  - Factors influencing adolescents' responses to regimens of naproxen for
      dysmenorrhea.
AB  - The efficacy of different regimens of naproxen sodium for relief of dysmenorrhea
      in female adolescents was compared and the effect of other social/psychologic
      factors on the response to treatment tested. Following pretesting, 45 female
      adolescents were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to one of five
      treatment regimens and were followed up after 1, 2, and 3 months of treatment.
      There was a dose-related response to naproxen sodium therapy, with subjects
      receiving loading doses of 550 mg reporting better symptom relief than subjects
      receiving loading doses of 275 mg. During the first month of treatment,
      adolescents who reported increased life crisis events experienced greater symptom
      severity following naproxen therapy. Also, adolescents who reported more severe
      dysmenorrhea symptoms following three months of naproxen therapy had
      significantly lower self-concepts than adolescents who reported less symptoms
      following treatment.

PMID- 3984976
TI  - Apple juice. An unappreciated cause of chronic diarrhea.
AB  - Chronic nonspecific diarrhea (CNSD) remains a common pediatric problem. Previous
      reports have suggested disordered small intestinal motility, food intolerances,
      dietary fat restriction, and excessive fluid consumption as possible contributory
      factors. We have recently encountered a subset of children with CNSD in whom
      nonexcessive apple juice intake seemed to cause their diarrhea. In five subjects,
      ingestion of 240 mL of apple juice disclosed evidence of significant carbohydrate
      malabsorption by breath-hydrogen testing and resulted in diarrhea. Withdrawal of
      apple juice from the diets of these subjects was curative in all cases. Before
      embarking on an expensive and time-consuming evaluation for CNSD in otherwise
      healthy children, a brief restriction of apple juice intake may be warranted.

PMID- 3984977
TI  - Individual interviews of children with unexplained symptoms.
AB  - Individual interviews were conducted with 24 children (ages, 5 to 12 years) as
      part of an evaluation of unexplained physical symptoms. All of the children had
      refractory symptoms that had resulted in multiple medical evaluations and
      considerable disability. At the time of referral, all of the families suspected
      an organic cause and denied a major impact of psychological influences on the
      symptoms. Interviews with the children alone disclosed major sources of anxiety
      in 18 of the 24 children. The newly exposed anxieties were dealt with in a family
      context. Therapeutic strategies concerning the anxieties led to rapid symptom
      improvement in 15 of the 18 patients in whom the individual interview revealed
      specific sources of anxiety.

PMID- 3984978
TI  - Aplasia cutis congenita and intestinal lymphangiectasia. An unusual association.
AB  - Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare skin defect usually localized to the
      vertex. It has been reported in association with other disorders involving mainly
      ectodermal and mesodermal structures. We discovered the association of ACC and
      intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) in a patient and probably in his brother. At
      birth, the propositus had ACC of the vertex and edema, which persisted for six
      months. At 3 years of age he presented with generalized edema and was found to
      have hypoproteinemia and lymphopenia. Radioisotope studies and a small-intestinal
      biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of IL. On a fat-free, medium-chain triglyceride
      containing diet, clinical and laboratory findings returned to normal. A sibling
      born one year after his brother's presentation had nonpitting limb edema and
      extensive ACC of the vertex with an underlying bony defect. He died in shock at 2
      months of age, after sudden profuse bleeding from the sagittal sinus. The
      association between ACC and IL is another example of combined anomalies with both
      ectodermal and mesodermal involvement that is most probably not coincidental.

PMID- 3984979
TI  - Inaccuracy of measuring wounds on autopsy photographs.
AB  - This paper demonstrates the inaccuracy of using a ruler placed in an autopsy
      photograph for measuring wounds shown in that photograph. Wounds should be
      measured, not on the photographs, but on the body, and dimensions should be
      recorded in the autopsy protocol.

PMID- 3984980
TI  - Importance of examination of the clothed victim. Fingerprint identification of
      assailant from skin fragment on knifing victim's clothing.
AB  - During the examination of the outer garments of a stabbing victim, a small piece
      of skin from the assailant's finger was discovered on the shirt. This evidence
      provided the decisive link leading to the speedy arrest and conviction of the
      murderer. The danger of excessive utilization of the services at autopsy of
      mortuary attendants is stressed.

PMID- 3984981
TI  - Homicide in childhood. The Metro-Dade County experience from 1956 to 1982.
AB  - This study is concerned with all homicides in Metro-Dade County in victims 12
      years of age or less during the 27-year period from 1956 to 1982. Cases were
      readily subdivided into two groups--those exhibiting child abuse and those that
      did not. These two groups were further categorized by age, race, sex, cause of
      death of victim, and perpetrator of fatal act. Distinct differences were apparent
      such that one could conclude that not all homicides in childhood involve child
      abuse.

PMID- 3984982
TI  - Sudden unexpected death associated with atlanto-occipital fusion.
AB  - A case of sudden, unexplained death in a 24-year-old male is presented. There
      were two previous spells of loss of consciousness. There was remarkable narrowing
      of the foramen magnum with indentation of the medulla. The atlas was partly fused
      with the occipital bone and a portion of abnormal bone compromised the foramen
      magnum from anterior reducing its anteroposterior dimensions to 16 mm (n 25-35
      mm). Close clinical examination of this area in patients with acute intermittent
      symptomatology, or at the time of autopsy in cases of sudden unexpected death is
      stressed.

PMID- 3984983
TI  - A fatal maprotiline intoxication.
AB  - A fatal maprotiline intoxication is presented. The postmortem anatomical and
      toxicologic findings are discussed, as is the mechanism of maprotiline toxicity.
      This report is, to the best of our knowledge, the sixth fatal maprotiline
      poisoning in the medical literature.

PMID- 3984985
TI  - The telltale steamer trunks.

PMID- 3984984
TI  - Homosexual panic and murder.
AB  - The following case study shows the important motive relationship between
      homosexual panic and lust murder. By case analysis, the selected rationale system
      of the subject is discussed and illustrated.

PMID- 3984987
TI  - The 1983 South Australian bushfire disaster.

PMID- 3984988
TI  - Subscleral hemorrhage.

PMID- 3984986
TI  - The mathematical versus anatomical methods of stature estimate from long bones.
AB  - The mathematical and anatomical methods of estimating living stature from long
      limb bones are discussed. In forensic cases, when one has a nearly complete
      skeleton, the anatomical method is preferable to the mathematical method. The
      anatomical method may also be used to derive stature estimation equations in
      samples where living statures or cadaver lengths are unavailable, such as some
      dissection hall and museum collections.

PMID- 3984989
TI  - Transition from nutcracker esophagus to diffuse esophageal spasm.
AB  - The nutcracker esophagus is a newly defined subset of primary esophageal motility
      disorders that can be responsible for dysphagia and/or chest pain. Any possible
      relationship between this entity and diffuse esophageal spasm is poorly
      understood. Herein we report a case of nutcracker esophagus that showed a
      transition to classical diffuse esophageal spasm during 1 year follow-up. This
      transition supports the hypothesis that nutcracker esophagus and diffuse
      esophageal spasm may be related disorders.

PMID- 3984990
TI  - Gastroesophageal scintigraphy and endoscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal reflux
      and esophagitis.
AB  - The value of gastroesophageal (G/E) scintigraphy in the diagnosis of
      gastroesophageal reflux was assessed in 51 subjects, who presented with heartburn
      and had endoscopic evidence of reflux esophagitis. G/E scintigraphy was done
      using 99mTc sulfur-colloid in acidified orange juice. The G/E reflux index was
      calculated according to previous reports. The mean (+/- SD) G/E reflux index in
      18 patients with severe esophagitis and 30 patients with moderate esophagitis
      were 1.6% (+/- 1.5) and 3.2% (+/- 5.0), respectively. The mean G/E reflux index
      in 14 control subjects was 2.4% (+/- 1.1). There was no significant difference
      between the esophagitis and control groups. Furthermore, if 4% was taken as upper
      limit of normal, this will include almost all the esophagitis patients and
      controls. It is concluded that the G/E reflux index based on G/E scintigraphy is
      of little value in the diagnosis of G/E reflux.

PMID- 3984991
TI  - Gardner's syndrome associated with carcinoma of the duodenal bulb: report of a
      case.
AB  - A 49-year-old woman with Gardner's syndrome, who underwent total proctocolectomy
      in 1982, was found to have a cancer of the duodenal bulb. Subsequently, resection
      of the stomach and duodenal bulb was performed in 1983. The surgical specimen
      showed an ulcerating tumor in the duodenal bulb which was a moderately
      differentiated adenocarcinoma histologically. Multiple adenomas were present in
      the gastric antrum and the duodenum. Duodenal cancer so far reported has been
      mostly confined to the periampullary region, and cancer of the duodenal bulb
      associated with familial polyposis coli has not been reported.

PMID- 3984992
TI  - CT diagnosis of duodenal lipoma.
AB  - A case of duodenal lipoma presenting as chronic abdominal pain is reported. The
      value of CT scanning and endoscopy in the diagnosis of duodenal lipomas is
      emphasized.

PMID- 3984993
TI  - Heterotopic gastric mucosa: a case report.
AB  - A case of heterotopic gastric mucosa in discrete nodules of the duodenum is
      presented. Its radiographic and endoscopic appearance is described. The light and
      electron microscopic features are analyzed. Ultrastructural examination of its
      organization, cellular and subcellular components revealed similarities to normal
      fundic gastric mucosa. The histological and clinical differences between
      heterotopic gastric mucosa and duodenal metaplastic change are discussed.

PMID- 3984994
TI  - Aphthous ulcers in ischemic gastroenterocolitis: a case report.
AB  - Extensive occlusive mesenteric vascular disease is described in a 41-year-old
      man, resulting in aphthous ulcers of the stomach, small bowel, and colon.
      Ischemic disease was confirmed angiographically and ultimately by surgical
      intervention. No evidence of inflammatory bowel disease was detected. Occlusive
      vascular disease must be considered in the differential diagnosis of aphthous
      ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract. The risks of angiography may be warranted
      in the presence of atypical and unresponsive inflammatory bowel disease,
      especially when it coexists with vascular disease elsewhere.

PMID- 3984995
TI  - Gastrointestinal tumors in acromegalic patients.
AB  - More than 30 years ago the association between growth hormone and certain tumors
      was established in animal studies. However, the few clinical studies on
      acromegalic patients usually failed to demonstrate such a link. It was only
      recently that acromegaly was found to be associated with other endocrine tumors
      and with a high incidence of colonic polyps. In a retrospective study we looked
      for gastrointestinal cancer in 48 acromegalic patients. Five were identified, two
      cancers of the stomach, two of the colon, and one of the rectum. One patient with
      stomach cancer and one with sigmoid carcinoma also had recurrent colonic polyps.
      It is postulated that in our patients, by some yet to be identified mechanisms,
      the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer is significantly increased in
      acromegaly.

PMID- 3984996
TI  - Diffuse papillomatosis of the gallbladder.
AB  - Herein we document the first case of diffuse papillomatosis of the gallbladder.
      The lesion occurred in a patient with a history of chronic ulcerative colitis and
      sclerosing cholangitis with secondary biliary cirrhosis. Of further interest was
      the presence of Paneth cells in the gallbladder lesion. The unique aspects of
      this case as well as the significance of papillomas or adenomas of the
      gallbladder are discussed.

PMID- 3984997
TI  - A large retroperitoneal encapsulation of bile from a spontaneous perforation of
      the common bile duct.
AB  - We report a patient with spontaneous rupture of the common bile duct. This is an
      extremely rare condition which produces free leakage of bile into the peritoneal
      cavity. There has been no previous report concerning the formation of a large
      retroperitoneal encapsulation of bile. The preoperative diagnosis in our patient
      was very difficult and endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography and
      cystography by ultrasound guidance were helpful.

PMID- 3984998
TI  - Postoperative cholecystitis.

PMID- 3985000
TI  - Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on splanchnic hemodynamics in patients with
      chronic liver disease.
AB  - Effects of two histamine H2 receptor antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, on
      systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics were studied in patients with chronic liver
      disease by simultaneous catheterization of the portal vein and the right hepatic
      vein and measurement of portal venous flow using the ultrasound doppler system or
      cineangiography. Neither infusion of 200 mg of cimetidine nor 50 mg of ranitidine
      reduced cardiac output, portal venous pressure, the gradient between wedged
      hepatic venous pressure and free hepatic venous pressure, hepatic blood flow, and
      portal venous flow. It is unlikely that histamine is an important modulator of
      flow via the H2 receptor.

PMID- 3984999
TI  - Mucus-producing tumors with mucinous biliary obstruction causing jaundice:
      diagnosed and treated endoscopically.
AB  - Two case histories of jaundice due to bile duct obstruction by mucinous masses
      due to a mucous-producing pancreatic tumor and a hepatic adenocarcinoma are
      presented. The diagnoses were made by endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreaticography. Endoscopic papillotomy provided useful symptomatic
      relief.

PMID- 3985001
TI  - Postinfantile giant cell hepatitis in a patient with multiple autoimmune
      features.
AB  - A 21-year-old man, with chronic remitting liver disease and multiple autoimmune
      features is described. Examination of a liver specimen revealed numerous
      multinucleated giant hepatocytes. There were no signs of a viral etiology. The
      patient fits well into the picture described as "postinfantile giant cell
      hepatitis."

PMID- 3985002
TI  - Gardner's syndrome and mesenteric desmoids.

PMID- 3985003
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse in sickle cell disease: manifestation of a generalized
      connective tissue disorder.
AB  - Previous studies have shown an association of sickle cell disease with
      generalized connective tissue disorders such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum. We
      recently documented an unexpectedly high prevalence of mitral valve prolapse, a
      connective tissue disorder, in sickle cell disease. To investigate this
      association, skin biopsies were analyzed from 32 sickle cell disease patients, 11
      of whom had mitral prolapse. Total and type III collagen, collagen solubility,
      and uronic acid were not different between the patients with or without mitral
      prolapse (p greater than 0.05). Computerized morphometric quantitation of the
      volume fraction of elastic fibers was greater in sickle cell disease patients
      than in 10 normals (3.1 +/- 0.1 mean +/- SEM vs 2.0 +/- 0.3%; p less than 0.01)
      but less than in three patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (9.7 +/- 0.6%; p
      less than 0.001). Desmosine radioimmunoassay (an index of elastic fibers) was
      greater in sickle cell disease patients with mitral prolapse than those without
      (239.3 +/- 9.3 vs 171.7 +/- 25.4 ng/mg wet weight; p less than 0.02).
      Histopathologic grading showed a similar trend (p = 0.07). The combined
      probabilities of these three independent tests of elastic fiber quantity showed
      an increased elastic fiber concentration in mitral prolapse patients compared to
      those without mitral prolapse (p less than 0.02). Thus, there is no evidence for
      a specific collagen defect; rather, sickle cell disease appears to be associated
      with a spectrum of elastic tissue disorders, a feature that could predispose to
      mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 3985004
TI  - Hematologic genetic disorders among Southeast Asian refugees.
AB  - Resettlement of Southeast Asian refugees has introduced into the Western
      Hemisphere many persons of all major ethnic groups from Indochina. They represent
      several distinctive cultural, genetic, and linguistic groups, and the prevalence
      of genetic traits among them varies accordingly. We studied 778 Southeast Asian
      persons resettled in the upper Midwest who belonged to 182 unrelated families
      from the five major Southeast Asian ethnic groups. High prevalences of hemoglobin
      E, alpha- and beta-thalassemia disorders, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      deficiency were found. The prevalences of these four conditions in the refugees
      are among the highest known in the world. For these groups, iron deficiency is an
      uncommon cause of microcytosis; instead, the most frequent causes are hemoglobin
      E and alpha-thalassemia-1. Very serious thalassemic disorders occur with
      unusually high frequency in the refugees, especially in the Tai-Dam.

PMID- 3985005
TI  - Adenosine deaminase (ADA) in leukemia: clinical value of plasma ADA activity and
      characterization of leukemic cell ADA.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was measured in plasma, erythrocytes, and
      mononuclear cells from 18 patients with acute and chronic leukemia. High levels
      of ADA activities were found in plasma, erythrocytes, and mononuclear cells from
      patients with acute leukemia, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and
      blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Serial determination of plasma ADA
      activities was done in 9 patients with acute leukemia. All patients untreated or
      in relapse had an elevation of plasma ADA activity, which decreased to normal or
      subnormal levels during complete remission. On starch gel electrophoresis, plasma
      ADA in leukemic patients separated into two bands. The major band showed a
      mobility identical to that of normal red cells and mononuclear cells, and the
      minor band corresponded to that of normal plasma ADA. Enzymatic and immunological
      studies were performed on ADA from leukemic cells of acute myeloid and
      lymphoblastic leukemia. There were no differences in Michaelis constant for
      adenosine, thermostability, electrophoretic mobility, immunological reactivity,
      and specific activity between ADA of leukemic cells and normal mononuclear cells.
      These results strongly suggest that the increased ADA activity in leukemic cells
      is caused by an increased synthesis of a structurally normal enzyme and that
      increased plasma ADA activity in leukemic patients reflects an increment of
      leukemic cells in bone marrow. Therefore, serial determination of plasma ADA
      activities seems to provide a good indicator of the total mass of leukemic cells
      in bone marrow.

PMID- 3985006
TI  - A marked increase of calcium uptake in the ATP-depleted red cells of patients
      with iron deficiency.
AB  - Calcium (Ca) uptake was markedly increased in ATP-depleted red cells of patients
      with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) compared to ATP-depleted normal red cells. The
      extent of increased Ca uptake was related to the severity of iron deficiency as
      judged by decreased mean cell volume. Moreover, the increased Ca uptake returned
      to normal levels after oral iron supplementation therapy. The net calcium content
      of fresh red cells from iron-deficient individuals was the same as in red cells
      from normal subjects. Sodium influx and ferric ion uptake appeared to be
      virtually unaffected in the iron deficient red cells.

PMID- 3985007
TI  - Pseudotumor of hemophilia in the orbit: the role of radiotherapy in management.
AB  - A case of pseudotumor of hemophilia is presented that occurred in the right orbit
      of a boy with severe factor VIII deficiency and an inhibitor. After a period of
      observation and conservative management, low-dose radiotherapy (750 rads) and
      Proplex was used. Eighteen months after radiotherapy significant healing had
      occurred. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of hemophilic pseudotumor is
      reviewed.

PMID- 3985008
TI  - Role of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in determining normal plasma lipid and
      lipoprotein variation.
AB  - The structural gene locus for apolipoprotein E (apo E) is polymorphic. Three
      common alleles (epsilon 2, epsilon 3, epsilon 4) code for three major isoforms in
      plasma and determine six apo E phenotypes that may be identified by isoelectric
      focusing on polyacrylamide. To establish what fraction of the inherited variation
      in a normal plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile is attributable to the
      segregation of the common alleles at the apo E gene locus, we have estimated the
      average apo E allelic effects on plasma cholesterol (C), triglycerides, very low
      density lipoprotein (VLDL)-C, VLDL-apo B, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, LDL
      apo B, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C in a representative sample of
      normolipidemic individuals from Ottawa, Canada. Data from published studies were
      also analyzed by the same statistical procedures. As much as 16% of the genetic
      variance (8.3% of the total variance) for LDL-C could be accounted for by the apo
      E gene locus. After correction for differences in age, sex, height, and weight,
      it was found that the epsilon 2 allele lowered and the epsilon 4 allele raised
      total cholesterol, LDL-C, and LDL-apo B. No other gene has been identified that
      contributes as much to normal cholesterol variability. Analysis of these data and
      those of others also indicates that the apo E locus imparts a differential
      susceptibility to a variety of factors that promote hyperlipidemia. The
      hypothesis is proposed that the epsilon 2 allele protects against coronary heart
      disease (CHD) and, hence, gives a reproductive advantage that is balanced by a
      predisposition to CHD when the epsilon 2 is combined with a second, independent
      causative factor to give a reproductive disadvantage. A similar mechanism is
      proposed for the maintenance of the epsilon 4 allele in the population.

PMID- 3985009
TI  - Incidence in Italy, genetic heterogeneity, and segregation analysis of cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Taking advantage of the availability of an archive of consanguineous marriages
      that gives accurate estimates of consanguinity in Italy, it has been possible to
      calculate the increase of first- and second-cousin marriages among 624 couples of
      cystic fibrosis (CF) parents over the general population. From these estimates,
      the incidence of CF in Italy has been found to correspond approximately to
      1/2,000. In turn, the same data have been used to test the hypothesis of genetic
      heterogeneity of CF, recently proposed, which is based on the presence of two
      distinct genetic disorders having similar frequencies. If such a hypothesis were
      true, the number of first-cousin marriages among CF parents should be
      significantly higher than that observed in our present study. Finally, the
      segregation analysis of 624 CF sibships has yielded under multiple selection a
      segregation ratio of 0.252, confirming the recessive mode of inheritance.

PMID- 3985010
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABAT) polymorphism among ethnic groups in
      Singapore--with report of a new allele.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABAT, E.C.2.6.I.19) was phenotyped by
      starch-gel electrophoresis in post-mortem liver samples from 650 unrelated
      subjects of either sex, comprising 289 Chinese, 177 Indians, 140 Malays, and 44
      from other racial groups from Southeast Asia. The estimated gene frequencies of
      GABAT1 and GABAT2 were found to be .5779 and .3806 in Chinese, .5678 and .3955 in
      Indians, and .6214 and .3250 in Malays. The frequency of GABAT1 was .5909 in the
      mixed group of other races. There was no significant difference in the phenotypic
      distribution between sexes. A new slow (less anodal) variant (GABAT3) has been
      observed in low frequency in all the groups (.0415, .0367, 0536, and 0536, and
      .0568 in Chinese, Indians, Malays, and the mixed-group, respectively). The
      distribution of GABAT phenotypes was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all the
      ethnic groups studied.

PMID- 3985011
TI  - Paternal-age and birth-order effect on the human secondary sex ratio.
AB  - Because of conflicting results in previous analyses of possible maternal and
      paternal effects on the variation in sex ratio at birth, records of United States
      live births in 1975 were sorted by offspring sex, live birth order (based on
      maternal parity), parental races, and, unlike prior studies, ungrouped parental
      ages. Linear regression and logistic analysis showed significant effects of birth
      order and paternal age on sex ratio in the white race data (1.67 million births;
      10,219 different combinations of independent variables). Contrary to previous
      reported results, the paternal-age effect cannot be ascribed wholly to the high
      correlation between paternal age and birth order as maternal age, even more
      highly correlated with birth order, does not account for a significant additional
      reduction in sex-ratio variation over that accounted for by birth order alone.

PMID- 3985012
TI  - Estimation of inbreeding by isonymy in Iberoamerican populations: an extension of
      the method of Crow and Mange.
AB  - The method of isonymy for the estimation of inbreeding levels was extended to use
      the potentialities offered by the Iberoamerican surname system, in which a child
      inherits his surnames both from the father and the mother. Four possible types of
      isonymy were recognized between the family names of a husband-wife pair. It was
      found that, limited to simple consanguinity, the ratio between isonymy and the
      inbreeding coefficient of consanguineous individuals, starting from first
      cousins, is constant and equal to 16. Consanguinity levels were studied in four
      Venezuelan groups, Isla de Toas, Los Teques, Quibor, and Colonia Tovar, using
      genealogies, classical isonymy, and the extended method. It was found that, for
      Iberoamerican populations, the extended method is more precise than the classical
      method.

PMID- 3985013
TI  - Animal studies and prediction of human tumors can be aided by graphical sorting
      of animal data: neoplastic risk from B(a)P, benzene, benzidine, and chromium.
AB  - This work is a graphical study of all known dose-response data for neoplasia
      induced by B(a)P, benzene, benzidine, and chromium administered to test animals.
      Doses are put in units of lifetime intake given in micromoles of chemical per
      kilogram body weight, and responses are in percent increased effect per unit
      dose. Space limitations do not permit experiment-by-experiment critiques;
      however, computer graphics have been used to compare the relationship of any
      individual dose-response point estimate to other such point estimates for the
      chemical of interest. Graphics are also used to study variability resulting from
      different experimental parameters such as species, route of intake, number of
      treatments, pathological classification of neoplasia, etc. Graphical sorting,
      according to various physical and biological classification parameters, permits
      one to judge, from visual inspection, such questions as whether mice as a species
      are more sensitive than rats as a species, whether intravenous injection is
      generally more effective than inhalation, whether a single well-defined dose
      response function, which ignores these classification parameters, can be
      evaluated numerically from the composite data base deriving from all oncogenic
      studies with a given chemical, etc.

PMID- 3985014
TI  - Mortality studies of dockyard workers (longshoremen) in Italy.
AB  - A polycentric mortality study was performed in five Italian harbours: Savona,
      Marina di Carrara, Livorno, Civitavecchia, and Ravenna. The cohort included
      active and retired workers (longshoremen), who had been employed between 1960 and
      1981. Causes of death were ascertained from death certificates; expected numbers
      of deaths were generated from age, sex, calendar year, and cause-specific
      national mortality rates. A low overall mortality was found, which is in
      agreement with procedures of health selection, typical of physically demanding
      jobs; an excess of lung cancer was, however, found in four out of five harbours.

PMID- 3985015
TI  - Proportionate mortality study of workers in the garment industry exposed to
      formaldehyde.
AB  - In order to evaluate the human carcinogenicity of formaldehyde, we conducted a
      proportionate mortality study of garment workers engaged in the production of
      shirts from formaldehyde-treated cloth. This study included three plants, and was
      based upon 256 deaths identified from a death-benefit insurance fund. No deaths
      due to nasal cancer were observed, and the mortality from respiratory cancer (11
      cases, PMR = 95) was slightly less than expected. Statistically significant (p
      less than .05) elevations in proportionate mortality were observed for malignant
      neoplasms of the "buccal cavity" (three cases, PMR = 750), for "biliary passages
      and liver" (four cases, PMR = 313) and for "other lymphatic and hematopoietic
      sites" (four cases, PMR = 400). A proportionate cancer mortality (PCMR) analysis
      also was conducted, and cancer of the "buccal cavity" (three cases, PCMR = 682),
      and other "lymphatic and hematopoietic sites" (four cases, PCMR = 342) were still
      significantly elevated. The observed excesses in cancer mortality were primarily
      experienced by white females, who made up the major portion of the workforce, and
      workers with more than 10 years of latency and duration of exposure, a criterion
      for inclusion for most workers in the study group. The neoplasms observed were
      not equally distributed among the three facilities included in the study. Because
      of the small number of deaths involved and the lack of consistency with other
      studies, we believe that these findings should be viewed cautiously, pending the
      outcome of more definitive studies.

PMID- 3985016
TI  - Mortality of a municipal worker cohort: I. Males.
AB  - A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted on 11,499 full-time
      municipal employees of the City of Buffalo, New York, who were employed at least
      one day between January 1, 1950 and October 1, 1979 and worked a minimum of five
      years. This paper outlines the method of the study and presents the all cause and
      cause-specific mortality for the male cohort of 10,128. Statistically significant
      deficits in mortality are seen for infectious diseases, diseases of the
      circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, and all external causes.
      Statistically significant increased mortality is seen for both malignant and
      benign neoplasms. All cause mortality was significantly lower than expected for
      professional, manager, and clerical workers. White-collar workers exhibit a
      decreased risk of mortality from all diseases of the circulatory system, all
      diseases of the respiratory system, and all external causes of death. No
      statistically significant increased or decreased risk of mortality from specific
      cancer sites is seen for white-collar workers. Blue-collar workers show
      statistically significant deficits in mortality from infectious diseases, all
      diseases of the circulatory system, all respiratory diseases, and all external
      causes. Blue-collar workers exhibit statistically significant increases for
      benign and malignant neoplasms and in particular, malignant neoplasms of the
      esophagus, large intestine, and rectum. The meaning of these findings will be
      clarified through analyses of specific worker groups.

PMID- 3985018
TI  - Career management: an active process.
AB  - The self-assessment, goal-setting, and career-planning techniques of career
      management are discussed, and the organization's role in career management is
      discussed. Career management is a planned process, initiated and carried out by
      an individual with the assistance of others. Because work and nonwork activities
      are so interrelated, career and life management planning can maximize a
      pharmacist's personal success. The career- and life-management process begins
      with the development of a personal definition of success. A self-assessment must
      be made of one's values, needs, interests, and activities. The next step of the
      process involves setting goals and establishing a plan or strategy to achieve
      them. Establishing a career path requires researching alternate career goals.
      Career competencies are identified that can increase an employee's chances of
      success. The employer shares the responsibility for career development through
      coaching, job structuring, and keeping the employee aware of constraints. Through
      the integration of the roles of the individual and the organization in the career
      management process, employees can optimize their contribution to an organization.
      Pharmacists can successfully manage their careers by applying the techniques of
      self-assessment, goal setting, and career planning.

PMID- 3985019
TI  - Feasibility of prime vendor purchasing for a state university hospital.
AB  - The economic feasibility of implementing a prime vendor purchasing system for
      pharmaceuticals was evaluated in a midwestern university hospital. Inventory
      costs, personnel costs, and check processing costs under the current purchasing
      system were compared with costs estimated for a proposed prime vendor purchasing
      system. For each step in the purchasing process that would be changed under the
      proposed system, work measurement techniques were used to determine personnel
      costs. The total savings from reductions in inventory holding costs, personnel
      costs, and check processing costs under the proposed prime vendor system was
      +98,396.37, or 2.4% of the value of pharmaceuticals purchased. Since the pharmacy
      department could not negotiate a contract in which the prime vendor's service fee
      was 2.4% or less, implementing a prime vendor purchasing system would not have
      been cost effective. Therefore, the hospital retained its existing purchasing
      system. Through detailed analysis of the major costs involved in pharmaceutical
      purchasing, the hospital was able to determine that it was not cost effective for
      it to use prime vendor purchasing.

PMID- 3985017
TI  - Pancreas cancer is unrelated to the workplace in Los Angeles.
AB  - From 1975 to 1981, 490 cases of exocrine adenocarcinoma of the pancreas,
      representative of those occurring in the working-age population of Los Angeles
      County, were compared to matched neighborhood controls. Among the items of
      information obtained from each subject was a lifetime job history and a history
      of specific workplace exposures; this came directly from both case and control in
      124 pairs. Although the matched cases and controls were generally comparable,
      they were not matched with respect to job history. While other strong risk
      factors for pancreas cancer were found in the same study, no significant or
      suggestive differences in the jobs or perceived chemical or process exposures
      between cases and controls were found. Those minor differences which were found
      did not suggest credible mechanisms of carcinogenesis when examined in detail.
      Our study does not point to the workplace as an important determinant of pancreas
      cancer in the economically diversified urban area of Los Angeles.

PMID- 3985020
TI  - Pharmaceutical services in a United States Army field hospital.
AB  - Pharmaceutical services in a United States Army field hospital are described. The
      field hospital was deployed to Honduras to support United States troops during
      military exercises. Pharmaceutical services were provided from a large tent near
      the hospital, which consisted of an emergency treatment facility, two operating
      rooms, and a small medical-surgical ward. One pharmacist and four technicians
      provided outpatient pharmaceutical services 10 hours per day, seven days per
      week; pharmacy personnel were on call at other times. The majority of pharmacy
      time was spent prepackaging and labeling medications for use by medical teams
      visiting local villages to provide health care to Honduran natives. The
      pharmacy's drug distribution, inventory control, and intravenous admixture
      activities in light of limited personnel and storage space, long supply lines,
      and lack of an aseptic working area are described. Pharmacist-physician
      interactions regarding drug therapy and common ailments of United States troops
      and Honduran natives are also discussed. During a two-month period, the field
      hospital pharmacy dispensed approximately 24,000 prescriptions. Pharmaceutical
      services played an important role in the success of the field hospital's mission
      and provided aid to the population of an impoverished country that might not
      otherwise have received it.

PMID- 3985021
TI  - Implementation and cost analysis of a syringe pump system for intermittent i.v.
      drug delivery.
AB  - Implementation of a syringe pump system for delivery of intermittent i.v. drug
      doses in a 452-bed teaching hospital is described; the system was evaluated for
      cost effectiveness one year after implementation. Drugs to be administered by
      syringe pump were diluted to concentrations recommended for i.v. push
      administration and then administered over 22-30 minutes. For batch preparation of
      more than 100 syringe doses, an automated dispensing pump was used. Before the
      syringe pump system was implemented hospitalwide, costs were predicted on the
      basis of data from the pharmacy's computerized i.v. administration records. In
      the first year after hospitalwide implementation of the system, 4687 patients
      received 113,898 doses of intermittent i.v. medications by syringe pump; this
      represented approximately 73% of all intermittent i.v. doses. The remaining doses
      were dispensed in minibags, and no substantial problems resulted from concurrent
      use of both systems. Based on current contract prices, use of the syringe pump
      system resulted in savings of more than +79,000 during the first year.
      Implementation of a syringe pump system for administration of most intermittent
      i.v. medications resulted in substantial cost savings.

PMID- 3985022
TI  - Pharmacy-initiated implementation of a syringe pump infusion system.
AB  - The approach taken by a pharmacy department of a 310-bed community hospital to
      evaluate and implement a syringe infusion pump system is described. The cost of
      the minibag system used by the hospital was compared with the cost of the syringe
      system. A trial of the system involving three medications was implemented in two
      patient-care areas. After a six-week period, nurses favored expansion of the new
      system. After a detailed cost comparison was presented to hospital
      administration, hospitalwide conversion to the new system was approved. Groups of
      drugs were gradually added to the dispensing list. At the end of a five-month
      period, 80% of secondary intravenous medications were administered via the new
      system. Advice is offered to other hospitals considering the system. A smooth
      transition to a syringe infusion system was the result of the well-planned
      approach.

PMID- 3985023
TI  - Stability of dopamine hydrochloride exposed to blue-light phototherapy.
AB  - The stability of dopamine hydrochloride in 5% dextrose injection when exposed to
      blue-light phototherapy was assessed. Solutions of dopamine hydrochloride (1000
      micrograms/mL) were prepared, and samples were subjected to one of three light
      sources (fluorescent, dark, phototherapy) and two flow rates (2 mL/hr and no
      flow) at ambient room temperature. Irradiation levels were maintained between 5.1
      and 6.6 microwatts/sq cm throughout the experiment. Samples obtained at 0 to 36
      hours were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. There were no
      significant differences in dopamine stability among the sample groups exposed to
      the various light and flow conditions over the 36-hour study period. Dopamine
      hydrochloride in 5% dextrose injection exposed to phototherapy is stable for 36
      hours at 1000 micrograms/mL. It is not necessary to protect dopamine solutions
      from blue-light irradiance to ensure clinically acceptable stability.

PMID- 3985024
TI  - pH-dependent effect of magnesium sulfate on the stability of penicillin G
      potassium solution.
AB  - The effect of magnesium sulfate on the stability of penicillin G potassium
      solutions (0.5 mg/mL) was investigated using a stability-indicating high
      performance liquid chromatography method. The penicillin G potassium powder
      buffered with and without citrate was used. Twelve aqueous duplicate penicillin
      solutions with various concentrations of magnesium sulfate and with or without
      buffers were prepared and stored at room temperature. Data on clarity, pH values,
      and HPLC assay results were determined at intervals during the 10-day storage
      period. The results indicated that the presence of high concentrations of
      magnesium sulfate in unbuffered penicillin solutions can cause large pH changes
      and the degradation of penicillin. However, the effect of magnesium sulfate on
      the stability of penicillin G potassium was negligible in the buffered solutions.
      Solutions with a constant pH value of 5.6 prepared using 0.1 M acetate buffer
      with and without magnesium sulfate showed similar apparent first-order
      degradation after the 10-day storage period at 24 degrees C. During
      decomposition, the pH values of the unbuffered solutions decreased for three days
      and then started increasing in most solutions. The degradation of penicillin G
      potassium by magnesium sulfate in aqueous solutions resulted from decreases in pH
      values of the solutions.

PMID- 3985025
TI  - Effect of various storage conditions on a fluorescence polarization immunoassay
      for tobramycin.
AB  - The effects of various storage conditions on the results of a fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay for tobramycin were studied. Two venous blood samples
      (150 mL each) were drawn one hour and six hours after a single intramuscular dose
      of tobramycin. From each of these samples, which represented peak (6
      micrograms/mL) and trough (1 microgram/mL) concentrations, aliquots of whole
      blood and of serum were prepared and stored in both glass and polypropylene
      containers. Serum samples were stored at -20 degrees C and assayed for tobramycin
      at intervals of 1-372 days. Samples of serum and whole blood were stored at 4 and
      25 degrees C and assayed on days 1, 3, and 7. Mean tobramycin concentrations over
      time and between-run coefficients of variation were calculated for each set of
      samples. There was no substantial variation in tobramycin concentrations over
      time. Significant differences between tobramycin concentrations were noted only
      for peak serum samples in glass versus plastic containers at -20 degrees C and
      for trough serum samples stored in glass at -20 degrees C versus 25 degrees C.
      However, these differences were small and are unlikely to be clinically
      important. Under the conditions tested, the results of a fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay for tobramycin do not appear to be affected by storage
      time, storage temperature, container material, or storage medium (whole blood
      versus serum).

PMID- 3985026
TI  - Quality assurance standards for purchasing and inventory control.
AB  - A process is described for quality assurance in pharmaceutical purchasing and
      inventory control. A quality assurance program should ensure that quality drugs
      are purchased at the lowest price, drug products are available when needed, the
      system is managed efficiently, internal controls are provided, drug products are
      stored under appropriate conditions, and laws, regulations, accreditation
      standards, and procedures are followed. To meet these objectives, product
      quality, vendor performance, the department's system of internal controls,
      purchasing data, and storage conditions should be monitored. A checklist for
      evaluating purchasing and inventory practices and a sample audit form listing
      quality assurance criteria, standards, procedures, and recommended actions are
      provided. A quality assurance program for pharmaceutical purchasing and inventory
      control should define institution-specific criteria and standards and use these
      standards for continual evaluation of all aspects of the purchasing and inventory
      control system. Documentation of quality assurance activities should be provided
      for use by the purchasing department, hospital administration, and regulatory
      bodies.

PMID- 3985027
TI  - Effect of various concentrations of flucytosine on the accuracy of serum
      creatinine determinations.

PMID- 3985028
TI  - Referral approach for patient education in an ambulatory-care pharmacy.

PMID- 3985029
TI  - Documenting pharmacists' interventions.

PMID- 3985031
TI  - Acute necrotizing pneumonitis and hyperglycemia after amiodarone therapy.

PMID- 3985030
TI  - Influence of two piston-type infusion pumps on hemolysis of infused red blood
      cells.

PMID- 3985032
TI  - The kindly stress of hospitalization.

PMID- 3985033
TI  - Has the case for irradiating blood products been made?

PMID- 3985034
TI  - Order and human biology.

PMID- 3985035
TI  - Nosocomial legionellosis, Paris, France. Evidence for transmission by potable
      water.
AB  - During a five-week period in 1981, six cases of legionellosis due to Legionella
      pneumophila serogroup 1 were recognized in a hospital in Paris, France. Four
      cases were clearly nosocomial in origin. There was a direct association between
      development of disease and exposure to potable hot water (p = 0.003). The entire
      hot water system was contaminated with L. pneumophila serogroup 1; monoclonal
      antibody testing demonstrated that the case isolate and the potable water
      isolates belonged to the same subgroup. Although serogroup 1 was isolated from
      both the cooling tower and its drift, the cooling tower isolate was antigenically
      distant from the case isolate. In other nosocomial outbreaks of legionellosis,
      multiple sources have been found within the hospital environment, but an
      epidemiologic association of disease with potable water had not been shown. The
      significant association of cases with exposure to the potable hot water supply,
      and the identification of case and potable water isolates of the same subtype,
      suggest that the potable hot water was responsible for transmission of disease in
      this outbreak.

PMID- 3985036
TI  - Relationship of psychologic factors to frequent symptomatic ventricular
      arrhythmia.
AB  - Since there is very little available systematic information on the psychological
      profile of patients with cardiac arrhythmia, a battery of 12 standardized
      personality inventories was administered to 102 patients ranging in age from 19
      to 69 years. Thirty-eight patients with frequent ventricular premature beats
      (more than 30 per hour) without myocardial infarction were significantly more
      psychologically symptomatic than 34 age- and sex-matched general medical/surgical
      patients. The variables found to be significant portray the patient with frequent
      ventricular premature beats without myocardial infarction: high scores for
      hysteria, less moral orientation, more anxiety, depression and social alienation,
      and an inhibited and low respectful style. This combination of psychological
      variables produced a discriminant function (p less than 0.001) that accounted for
      53 percent of the variance between the arrhythmia/no myocardial infarction group
      and the medical/surgical control group and could correctly predict group
      membership in 83.3 percent of cases. These results may have further implications
      in nonpharmacologic and psychotropic adjuncts to antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 3985037
TI  - Abnormal retinal artery responses to stress in patients with type I diabetes.
AB  - The brachial artery pressure and retinal artery pressure responses to a one
      minute cold pressor test were evaluated simultaneously in 14 patients with type I
      diabetes mellitus (six with and eight without diabetic retinopathy) and 10 age
      matched control subjects. Five patients with type I diabetes had autonomic
      neuropathy. Mean baseline brachial artery pressure and retinal artery pressure
      were similar in patients with type I diabetes and control subjects. After cold
      pressor testing, the brachial artery pressure increased significantly (p less
      than 0.01) compared with baseline values in both groups. Retinal mean arterial
      pressures increased significantly (p less than 0.001) after cold pressor testing
      compared with the baseline values only in patients with type I diabetes. Positive
      correlation was found between the brachial and retinal mean arterial pressures
      after cold pressor testing (r = 0.48; p less than 0.05) in the diabetic patients
      but not in the control subjects (r = 0.10; p = NS). No correlation was found
      between the retinal artery pressure and age of onset of diabetes, duration of
      diabetes, the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy, and glycemic control.
      Four patients with autonomic neuropathy and low retinal artery pressures, which
      remained unchanged after cold pressor testing, had no diabetic retinopathy. The
      fifth patient with autonomic neuropathy and exaggerated systolic brachial artery
      pressure (175 mm Hg) and retinal artery pressure (more than 80 mm Hg) responses
      had severe background diabetic retinopathy. In conclusion, abnormal retinal
      artery responses to stress are present in patients with type I diabetes. This may
      be modified by the presence or absence of both autonomic neuropathy and
      hypertension. The biologic significance of these findings is yet to be
      determined.

PMID- 3985038
TI  - Carotid sinus massage. Its diagnostic and therapeutic value in arrhythmias.
AB  - Carotid sinus massage is a simple bedside maneuver that helps to clarify the type
      and sometimes also the mechanism of different rhythm disturbances. The major
      indication for carotid sinus massage is the diagnosis of tachyarrhythmias in
      which the atrial activity is either absent or intermittently present. Carotid
      sinus massage is also useful in some patients with normal heart rates; increased
      vagal tone may normalize a bundle branch block or localize the site of type I
      second-degree atrioventricular block and can be used for evaluation of the
      sensing function of permanent pacemakers. Carotid sinus massage is also an
      important diagnostic procedure in patients with suspected hypersensitivity of the
      carotid sinus. Massage of the carotid sinus is contraindicated in patients with
      diseased carotid arteries because of the risk of cerebrovascular accident. In
      rare instances, carotid sinus massage may initiate ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 3985040
TI  - Eosinophilic meningitis and the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - The hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare disease characterized by infiltration of
      numerous tissues with eosinophils, leading to organ dysfunction and eventual
      death. Although patients often have neurologic symptoms and occasionally have
      been found to have central nervous system infiltration with eosinophils, a well
      documented case of the hypereosinophilic syndrome has not been previously
      reported in association with cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia and biochemical
      evidence for meningitis. Such a case is described and the literature dealing with
      brain and meningeal involvement in the hypereosinophilic syndrome is reviewed.

PMID- 3985039
TI  - Aerosol beclomethasone in patients with steroid-responsive chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - Some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have favorable responses
      to treatment with oral corticosteroids with increase in one-second forced
      expiratory volume of 30 percent or more above the baseline. The benefit of long
      term steroid therapy may be outweighed by the side effects. Twelve patients who
      had previously demonstrated a response to oral corticosteroids were studied in a
      double-blind randomized crossover trial comparing prednisone (30 mg daily) with
      beclomethasone (metered-dose inhaler, 16 puffs daily) for two weeks each with a
      two-week washout period between the two regimens. Those who were taking
      prednisone tapered the dose to 5 mg daily and those taking beclomethasone
      discontinued it for two weeks before the beginning of the study. History,
      physical examination, and pulmonary function were monitored. The mean one-second
      forced expiratory volume increased from 0.65 to 1.00 liter after prednisone
      therapy and it increased from 0.63 to 0.81 liter after aerosol beclomethasone
      (difference significant, p less than 0.01 by paired t test). Only five of 12
      patients had an increase in one-second forced expiratory volume with steroid
      aerosol, an increase that was at least 50 percent that achieved by prednisone. In
      most patients with steroid-responsive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
      aerosol beclomethasone is not an adequate substitute for oral steroids.

PMID- 3985041
TI  - Solitary pulmonary nodule due to Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis.
AB  - This report describes a rare combined infection of Cryptococcus neoformans and
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis that manifested as a solitary pulmonary nodule in a
      nonimmunocompromised patient. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy was
      initially nondiagnostic, and histopathologic and culture confirmation of the
      diagnosis was eventually attained after wedge resection of the nodule. An
      extensive review of the English literature failed to reveal any reported cases of
      such a combined infection with a similar clinical presentation. The variable
      morphologic features of C. neoformans in tissue sections and the protean
      histologic features of pulmonary cryptococcosis can lead to diagnostic
      difficulties, as illustrated by this case.

PMID- 3985042
TI  - Acquired dysfibrinogenemia. Paraneoplastic syndrome in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Acquired dysfibrinogenemia has not been previously reported as a paraneoplastic
      marker for malignancy. This report describes the clinical course of a patient who
      at the time of diagnosis of nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma had
      dysfibrinogenemia characterized by prolongation of the thrombin and Reptilase
      times and increased sialic acid content of the purified fibrinogen. The thrombin
      and Reptilase times returned toward normal values after nephrectomy but became
      abnormal with the development of nonhepatic metastases. It is concluded that
      acquired dysfibrinogenemia can be part of a paraneoplastic syndrome and is a
      sensitive plasma marker for tumor progression.

PMID- 3985043
TI  - Cutaneous infection at dog bite wounds associated with fulminant DF-2 septicemia.
AB  - Severe DF-2 sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy developed
      following dog bites in two patients who had undergone prior splenectomy.
      Eschariform lesions developed at the site of the animal bite in both patients. DF
      2 is an unusual animal-borne slow-growing gram-negative rod that can cause
      fulminant sepsis in splenectomized patients. Splenectomized patients should be
      aware of the hazards from a dog bite. The presence of eschariform lesions in such
      patients should provide a clinical clue to the presence of DF-2 infection.

PMID- 3985044
TI  - Fanconi syndrome associated with a non-ossifying fibroma of bone.
AB  - A 20-year-old man presenting with osteomalacia was found to have the Fanconi
      syndrome, as evidenced by hypophosphatemia with hyperphosphaturia, glycosuria in
      the presence of normoglycemia, and generalized aminoaciduria. After removal of a
      non-ossifying fibroma of the left tibia, the renal tubular abnormalities promptly
      resolved with subsequent healing of the osteomalacia. A humoral factor released
      from the tumor may have caused the disorder in proximal renal tubular cell
      transport.

PMID- 3985045
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma limited to the adrenal gland with adrenal insufficiency.
AB  - A 81-year-old man presented with bilateral adrenal masses found pathologically to
      be a large cell, non-follicular center, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. His clinical
      course was remarkable for the lack of macroscopic extra-adrenal tumor and for
      adrenal insufficiency in response to stress and cosyntropin stimulation. This is
      believed to be the first reported case of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma limited to the
      adrenal glands with associated adrenal insufficiency.

PMID- 3985046
TI  - "Experimentation" with chloroform.
AB  - A young patient presented with unconsciousness, cardiac arrhythmias, arterial
      hypotension, and mild intravascular hemolysis after intentional inhalation of
      chloroform. After the initial complications had resolved, nausea, loss of
      appetite, and mild transitory jaundice developed. Chloroform-associated
      hepatotoxicity was biochemically and histologically documented. Facilitating
      factors included long-term moderate alcohol consumption and an initial episode of
      arterial hypoxemia. Chloroform inhalation for recreational purposes is probably
      uncommon. Yet, because of its delayed onset, chloroform poisoning should be
      considered in acute liver disease without a clear antecedent cause.

PMID- 3985047
TI  - Femoral pseudoaneurysm following nonpenetrating trauma in a patient with aortic
      insufficiency.
AB  - Although not uncommon after penetrating vascular trauma, arterial pseudoaneurysms
      rarely develop following blunt trauma. A patient is described in whom indirect
      trauma led to pseudoaneurysm of the profunda femoris artery, and persistent
      bleeding required surgical intervention. In this case, the coexistence of
      significant aortic valvular regurgitation suggests that wide pulse pressure may
      predispose to this arterial complication.

PMID- 3985048
TI  - Lactic acidosis--emphasis on the carbon precursors and buffering of the acid
      load.
AB  - We have compared the capacity of major organs to produce lactic acid from
      endogenous sources relative to their ability to buffer that proton load. We
      deduced that the ultimate source for the rapid production of a very large amount
      of lactic acid must be hepatic and/or muscle glycogen or exogenous glucose,
      because the quantity of endogenous glucose is quite small and the rate of net
      protein catabolism is too slow. Of the organs examined, only the liver of fed
      persons can produce sufficient lactic acid to markedly overwhelm its own buffer
      capacity plus that of the ECF and other tissues. Moreover, it is important to
      realize that a fasted (low hepatic glycogen) subject who lacks the stimulus for
      muscle glycogenolysis can only develop a modest degree of acute lactic acidosis
      owing to a limited precursor availability; under these circumstances,
      hypoglycemia and/or localized tissue necrosis could be the major threats to that
      patient. We present two examples with more chronic lactic acidosis without
      hypoxia emphasizing that tissue catabolism may be necessary to support high rates
      of lactic acid production, and we suggest that a high plasma lactate
      concentration need not be present to observe a large turnover of this metabolite.

PMID- 3985050
TI  - Hypoxemia from right to left shunting through patent foramen ovale.
AB  - We report a patient with severe hypoxemia from a large (41%) right to left shunt
      through a patent foramen ovale after right ventricular myocardial infarction, and
      review 18 previous descriptions of patients with right to left shunting through
      patent foramen ovale. These shunts occur when right atrial pressure is elevated
      above left atrial pressure, or when the anatomic relationship of the interatrial
      septum to the inferior vena cava is altered. Since 15-35% of the population have
      a potentially patent foramen ovale, interatrial right to left shunting may occur
      more frequently than had previously been recognized, and should be considered in
      a differential diagnosis of hypoxemia.

PMID- 3985049
TI  - Macro serum CK-BB in a woman with severe primary hypothyroidism.
AB  - We report the case of a woman with severe hypothyroidism and without concomitant
      myocardial damage, in whom elevated CK-MB values were measured by
      radioimmunological and enzymatic methods before and after thyroid replacement
      therapy. The patient's CK-MB activity was shown to be actually due to an atypical
      CK band between CK-MM and CK-MB (also termed "macro CK" or "idiopathic serum CK
      BB").

PMID- 3985052
TI  - Ethics in obstetrics and gynecology.

PMID- 3985051
TI  - It's what you learn after you know it all that really counts. Presidential
      address.

PMID- 3985054
TI  - Dynamics of human chorionic gonadotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone in serum
      and amniotic fluid throughout normal human pregnancy.
AB  - This study was performed to establish the dynamics of human chorionic
      gonadotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone throughout pregnancy in serum and
      amniotic fluid. Two hundred fifty healthy women at 8 to 42 weeks' gestation were
      studied. The highest serum human chorionic gonadotropin level was measured
      between weeks 8 to 12 (53,715 +/- 3574 mIU/ml, mean +/- SEM), with a decline to a
      mean plateau of 11,806 +/- 1250 mIU/ml from week 18. Amniotic fluid human
      chorionic gonadotropin had a similar pattern with a mean of 68,100 +/- 8422
      mIU/ml at weeks 8 to 10, declining from week 18 to a plateau of 2005 +/- 260
      mIU/ml. Human chorionic gonadotropin showed a significant correlation (r = 0.85,
      p less than 0.001) between levels of both compartments demonstrating an even
      distribution. Prolactin levels showed a dichotomy of patterns and levels. Serum
      prolactin showed a continuous rise from 45.3 +/- 14 ng/ml at week 8 to 224 +/- 20
      ng/ml at week 36. In contrast, amniotic fluid prolactin remained low until week
      14 (33.1 +/- 0.8 ng/ml), followed by a sharp and significant (p less than 0.001)
      increase to a plateau of 3750 +/- 200 ng/ml between weeks 18 to 26, declining to
      a second plateau of 500 +/- 50 ng/ml at week 36. Serum growth hormone increased
      from a mean of 3.5 +/- 1.4 ng/ml seen at weeks 8 to 10 to a mean of 14 +/- 2.0
      ng/ml at weeks 28 to 30, followed by a plateau of similar levels. The pattern of
      growth hormone secretion in amniotic fluid demonstrated a sharp increase during
      the 14-16 interval with a maximum mean level of 15.5 +/- 1.5 ng/ml and a slow
      steady decline thereafter. In conclusion, the similar pattern and concentration
      of human chorionic gonadotropin throughout pregnancy in both maternal and
      amniotic fluid are probably the result of direct human chorionic gonadotropin
      diffusion from the placenta. The dissimilar pattern and concentration of
      prolactin are the result of two different sources of prolactin secretion during
      pregnancy. Serum prolactin originates from the pituitary and amniotic fluid
      prolactin from the decidua. Since the pattern of growth hormone secretion
      resembles that of prolactin, it is possible that growth hormone, like prolactin,
      is secreted by the same sources.

PMID- 3985053
TI  - Relationship of fetal oxygen consumption and acid-base balance to fetal
      hematocrit.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of alterations in fetal hematocrit on fetal oxygenation
      in 10 chronically catheterized fetal lambs. Hematocrit was varied from 10% to 55%
      by slow isovolemic exchange transfusions with plasma or packed red blood cells
      obtained freshly from donor fetuses. At each hematocrit studied, we measured
      umbilical blood flow (Qumb) and the oxygen concentrations in umbilical venous
      blood (CUVO2) and arterial blood (CAO2) and calculated fetal oxygen delivery
      (Qumb X CUVO2), oxygen extraction [(CUVO2 - CAO2)/CUVO2], and oxygen consumption
      [Qumb (CUVO2 - CAO2)]. Fetal oxygen delivery was maximal at a fetal hematocrit of
      33% (mean oxygen delivery = 23 ml of oxygen per minute per kilogram of fetus) and
      decreased as hematocrit was raised or lowered from that value. Despite these
      reductions in oxygen delivery, fetal oxygen consumption was relatively stable (at
      about 7 ml of oxygen per minute per kilogram) at hematocrits ranging from about
      16% to 48% because of compensatory increases in fetal oxygen extraction.
      Regardless of whether oxygen delivery decreased because of anemia or
      polycythemia, fetal oxygen consumption was maintained as long as oxygen delivery
      was greater than about 14 ml of oxygen per minute per kilogram of fetus. When
      oxygen delivery was less than 14 ml of oxygen per minute per kilogram, fetal
      oxygen consumption fell while arterial blood base deficit increased, indicating
      that oxygen supply was inadequate for fetal oxygen demands. These results
      indicate that fetal aerobic metabolism can be sustained over a wide range of
      fetal hematocrits. Furthermore, our data support the concept that the level of
      fetal oxygen delivery is an important determinant of the adequacy of fetal
      oxygenation.

PMID- 3985055
TI  - Uterine blood flow and catecholamine response to repetitive nicotine exposure in
      the pregnant ewe.
AB  - In order to simulate human smoking, experiments were designed to determine what
      dose of nicotine in the pregnant sheep would produce those plasma nicotine
      concentrations observed in human smokers and to measure uterine blood flow and
      plasma catecholamines in response to repetitive exposure (every 30 minutes) to
      that nicotine dose. Utilizing seven chronically catheterized pregnant sheep
      equipped with electromagnetic flow probes around both uterine arteries, we
      observed that a nicotine dose of 0.2 mg/min for 5 minutes results in mean plasma
      nicotine concentrations of 23.1 +/- 1.1 ng/ml SEM (n = 17) immediately following
      infusion. This dose of nicotine was then infused every 30 minutes for 4 hours,
      and aliquots of blood were drawn immediately before and after nicotine infusion
      for determination of plasma catecholamines. No significant alterations in plasma
      epinephrine and norepinephrine were observed throughout the experiments (n = 8),
      and no significant changes in uterine blood flow occurred at any time during the
      experiment (n = 30). We conclude that there is a species difference between sheep
      and man with respect to the nicotinic threshold for catecholamine release.

PMID- 3985056
TI  - Endometrial cancer: how does cigarette smoking influence the risk of women under
      age 55 years having this tumor?
AB  - This analysis of the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicenter, population
      based case control investigation of hormone use by women of reproductive age and
      endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancer shows that cigarette smoking is not
      associated with either an increased or a decreased risk of endometrial cancer.
      This study included 437 women with endometrial cancer and 3200 control subjects,
      all of whom were between the ages of 20 and 54 years at the time of interview.
      The absence of any alteration of the risk of endometrial cancer and smoking was
      found consistently no matter which variable was used as a measure of smoking-
      ever or never smoked cigarettes, former or current smoking, light or heavy
      smoking, or age smoking began.

PMID- 3985057
TI  - Influence of cytoplasmic steroid receptor content on prognosis of early stage
      endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - The clinicopathologic associations and effect on prognosis of cytoplasmic steroid
      receptor content were studied in 168 patients with clinical Stage I and II
      endometrial carcinoma. Cytoplasmic estrogen receptor status was associated (p
      less than 0.01) with histologic differentiation, nuclear differentiation, and
      histologic documentation of extrauterine metastases. Progesterone receptor status
      was related (p less than 0.05) to histologic differentiation and histologic cell
      type, and combined estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status was associated
      (p less than 0.05) with histologic differentiation, peritoneal cytology,
      extrauterine metastases, and histologic cell type among the 105 patients who had
      determination of both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Single-factor analysis
      revealed significant (p less than 0.05) effects of estrogen receptor status,
      progesterone receptor status, and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status
      on disease-free survival. All other clinicopathologic features significantly (p
      less than 0.05) affected prognosis, except for peritoneal cytology. With use of
      stepwise regression analysis of proportional hazards, estrogen receptor,
      progesterone receptor, and combined estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor
      status were significant independent prognostic factors, replacing histologic
      assessment of glandular or nuclear differentiation in the models. These data
      suggest that receptor status of primary endometrial carcinomas provides important
      information relevant to tumor behavior which complements the information provided
      by conventional clinicopathologic analysis.

PMID- 3985058
TI  - Application of Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of fetal cardiac
      disease.
AB  - Pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used in conjunction with real-time two
      dimensional and M-mode ultrasound techniques in 19 fetuses between 28 and 40
      weeks of gestation. Of these, nine also had echocardiographic examination
      performed neonatally. In one fetus with complete heart block, pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography showed tricuspid regurgitation. The ventricular and atrial rates
      were accurately determined by M-mode ultrasound; pericardial effusion was noted
      in the two-dimensional examination. The left ventricular stroke volume, as
      measured by the Doppler technique, was 13.5 ml, and the minute output was 486
      ml/min. In another fetus, Doppler studies assisted two-dimensional
      echocardiography in detecting pulmonary aneurysm. Neonatal echocardiography
      confirmed this and also showed the presence of tetralogy of Fallot. In three
      fetuses with ventricular ectopy, 30% to 50% reduction in the right ventricular
      stroke volume was recorded by the Doppler technique. This study demonstrates the
      clinical potential of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in assessing fetal cardiac
      disorders and justifies further investigation to define its clinical utility.

PMID- 3985059
TI  - Plasma vitamin C and uterine cervical dysplasia.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of vitamin C were determined in a case-control study of
      women (n = 80) who had sought a Papanicolaou test in the Bronx Municipal Hospital
      Center. Controls (n = 34) were women having negative cytologic tests, negative
      colposcopic findings, and no known gynecologic dysfunction. Cases (n = 46) were
      defined as women who had either one positive or two consecutive suspicious
      Papanicolaou smears in a 12-month period. The mean concentration of vitamin C in
      the plasma was significantly lower in the cases than in the controls (0.36 versus
      0.75 mg/dl, p less than 0.0001). Cases were further stratified according to the
      histopathologic diagnosis. The data direct attention to a possible etiologic
      association of vitamin C in human cervical epithelial abnormalities. A clinical
      trial with vitamin C intervention is suggested.

PMID- 3985060
TI  - Premature rupture of the membranes: the enigma of the obstetrician.
AB  - Decisions in regard to the management of patients with premature rupture of the
      membranes depend on the relative risks of prematurity, infection, and hypoxia for
      the fetus or neonate and infection and cesarean section for the mother. These
      risks vary primarily with gestational age. Because of the many variables and new
      technologies involved, the management of these patients is extremely
      controversial. In this article, the controversies are reviewed and management
      plans are presented for several different gestational age groups.

PMID- 3985061
TI  - Survival of nonsurgically staged patients with negative lymphangiograms who had
      Stage IIB carcinoma of the cervix treated by pelvic radiation plus hydroxyurea.
AB  - Twenty patients with Stage IIB carcinoma of the cervix who did not undergo
      pretherapy para-aortic lymphadenectomy, but who had negative preradiation therapy
      lymphangiograms, were treated with pelvic radiation plus hydroxyurea. Patients
      received a median of 5020 rads of pelvic radiation plus 4000 rads of radium to
      point A. During radiation therapy and for a total of 12 weeks, patients received
      hydroxyurea administered at a dose of 80 mg/kg of body weight every 3 days if the
      white blood cell count was greater than or equal to 2,500/mm3 and platelets were
      greater than or equal to 75,000/mm3. The median follow-up time was 28 months (6
      to 83 months). The estimated 5-year survival rate was 92%. Seventeen patients are
      alive with no evidence of disease (median, 28 months); one died of intercurrent
      disease with no evidence of disease (17 months); one is alive with no evidence of
      disease after recurrence (18 months); and one died of cervical cancer (22
      months). The survival rate of patients with nonsurgically staged negative
      pretherapy lymphangiograms who had Stage IIB cervical cancer treated by pelvic
      radiation therapy plus hydroxyurea approximated the improved survival rate
      reported for patients with negative pretherapy para-aortic lymphadenectomy who
      were treated with pelvic radiation therapy plus hydroxyurea. Both studies would
      suggest that pelvic radiation plus hydroxyurea improves the rate of survival in
      patients with Stage IIB cervical cancer.

PMID- 3985062
TI  - Risk factors and recurrent patterns in Stage I endometrial cancer.
AB  - Clinical Stage I carcinoma of the endometrium was evaluated in 222 patients.
      Twenty-five percent of patients were found to have pathologic findings thought to
      require postoperative external irradiation; of these, 20 of 57 (35%) had
      recurrence. During the 36- to 72-month follow-up period, only 14 of 165 (8.3%)
      treated only with operation (68 patients or 31%) or operation plus intracavitary
      radium (97 patients or 44%) manifested a recurrence. Furthermore, of all
      recurrences, 27 of the 34 (79%) were outside the pelvis. In these surgically
      staged cases, the absence of definable, demonstrable extrauterine disease was
      associated with a 7% recurrence rate versus a 43% recurrence rate if disease was
      found anywhere outside the uterus. Recurrence and death were correlated with
      other prognostic factors, which are outlined in this report.

PMID- 3985063
TI  - Perinatal events and intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage in the very low
      birth weight infant.
AB  - One hundred nineteen very low-birth weight infants were studied to see whether
      intrapartum fetal distress with or without acidosis correlated with the
      development of intraventricular and subependymal hemorrhage. Of 112 infants
      studied prospectively, 24% (27/112) had intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage
      documented by real-time ultrasound studies shortly after birth; only 4.4 (5/112)
      had severe hemorrhage (grade 3/4). Ominous fetal heart rate patterns occurred in
      50% of monitored infants with severe intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage
      compared to 8% of matched controls (p less than 0.01). Reassuring fetal heart
      rate patterns were more predominant in infants without
      intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage (p less than 0.05). Neonatal depression
      and the need for assisted ventilation beyond the immediate delivery period were
      more frequent in infants who developed intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage.
      Antepartum and intrapartum complications, fetal presentation, cesarean section,
      duration of labor, hyaline membrane disease, and volume expansion appeared to
      play no role in the incidence of intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage.
      Preliminary data presented here suggest that intrapartum fetal distress and
      acidosis may be significant factors in predicting which very low-birth weight
      infant will develop intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage. The condition of
      the infant at birth may be more significant with respect to the extent of
      intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage than a variety of obstetric variables.
      Aggressive management of appropriately selected patients and judicious
      resuscitation of the very low-birth weight infant may keep the incidence of
      severe intraventricular/subependymal hemorrhage at a minimum, thereby optimizing
      neurological outcome for this high-risk group.

PMID- 3985065
TI  - Superficial laser vulvectomy. I. The efficacy of extended superficial ablation
      for refractory and very extensive condylomas.
AB  - Sixteen refractory (present for more than 1 year) and 16 very extensive
      (affecting greater than 60% of the vulva or multiple lesions greater than 1 cm)
      condylomas were treated by superficial carbon dioxide laser ablation of all
      papillomavirus-infected epithelium within the lower genital tract. Accurate depth
      control was maintained by using a special surgical technique to create a plane
      that limited penetration to the basement membrane. All patients were healed
      within 3 to 5 weeks, without scarring or significant complications. Of 16
      patients with extensive condylomas, 15 were cured by the first laser therapy and
      the other patient by a second treatment. In contrast, only five of 16 refractory
      condylomas responded to the first operation, seven to a second procedure and
      another three to a third treatment. Thirty-one of these 32 patients were finally
      cured by superficial laser vulvectomy. The other patient required deep dermal
      destruction and skin grafting. This 97% eventual success rate is encouraging,
      particularly since there are no other satisfactory alternatives in such difficult
      cases.

PMID- 3985064
TI  - Glycosylated serum protein levels in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnant patients:
      an indicator of short-term glycemic control in the diabetic patient.
AB  - Measurement of the level of nonenzymatic glycosylation of blood proteins with
      more rapid turnover times than hemoglobin has been suggested as an indicator of
      time-averaged glucose control in nonpregnant diabetic patients. Using affinity
      chromatography, we have measured the levels of glycosylated serum proteins during
      pregnancy in 14 normal volunteers and 15 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. No
      relationship was noted between the percentage of glycosylated serum proteins in
      serum from normal patients and the gestational age at the time of sampling in the
      second and third trimesters of pregnancy. When the relative frequency
      distribution of glycosylated serum protein levels in normal patients was compared
      with that in diabetic patients, a significant difference was noted between the
      two groups, with a higher percentage of glycosylated serum protein levels in
      diabetic patients being at elevated values compared to those in normal patients.
      Normal patients had measured glycosylated serum protein levels of 12.5% +/- 2.2%
      whereas diabetic patients had glycosylated serum protein levels of 14.0% +/-
      3.6%. When peak fasting serum glucose and high Chemstrip glucose levels were
      compared with glycosylated serum proteins in the diabetic population, a
      significant correlation for each was noted. The best correlation resulted from a
      comparison of an average Chemstrip glucose level (mean of 49 glucose values
      during the previous week) and the glycosylated serum protein value obtained at
      the end of that week. This inexpensive assay can be adapted to any clinical
      laboratory and should provide an objective means to evaluate short-term glycemic
      control, complementing the evaluation provided by self-glucose monitoring
      (immediate control) and intermittent assay of glycosylated hemoglobin (long-term
      control).

PMID- 3985066
TI  - Clinical amniotic fluid infection and its effect on the neonate.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the effects of clinical amniotic fluid
      infection on the neonate in terms of bacterial infection, hyaline membrane
      disease, asphyxia, and mortality. A retrospective chart review was made of 107
      mothers with clinical amniotic fluid infection and their infants at this
      institution over a 3-year period. The next live-born infant with a birth weight
      within 100 gm and gestational age within 2 weeks was chosen as a control for each
      study patient. The rate of prematurity in the study group was 71%. When
      prematurity was controlled for, there was no significant difference in regard to
      asphyxia, hyaline membrane disease, bacterial sepsis, and death between the study
      and control groups. These findings suggest that the adverse outcome for infants
      delivered to mothers with clinical amniotic fluid infection at this institution
      was related primarily to their prematurity.

PMID- 3985067
TI  - Clinical sequelae of the extended nonstress test.
AB  - Two hundred eighty-one high-risk gravida women undergoing a collective total of
      661 nonstress tests entered a protocol to determine whether extending initially
      nonreactive tests improved the positive predictive value of this test modality.
      Reactivity required the occurrence of at least three fetal heart rate
      accelerations (15 bpm, 15 seconds' duration), associated with fetal movement
      during a 30-minute episode. Tests failing these criteria were extended by
      sequential 30-minute increments until a reactive 30-minute window appeared or 90
      minutes had elapsed. After 90 minutes, a nonreactive test was followed by a
      contraction stress test. Reactive tracings occurred in 266 patients (95%) and in
      all cases were evident by the end of 70 minutes. Corrected perinatal mortality
      and morbidity in this group were 0% and 5.6%, respectively. Nonreactive fetuses
      not only produced abnormal (positive or persistently equivocal) contraction
      stress tests in nearly all cases (93.3%) but had mortality and morbidity rates of
      6.7% and 93.3%, respectively. Furthermore, in five of 15 instances, the
      contraction stress test was associated with profound fetal heart rate
      decelerations necessitating emergency delivery. We conclude that prolonged
      nonreactivity, in the absence of significant immaturity, congenital
      abnormalities, or pharmacologic agents, identifies significant fetal jeopardy.
      Expeditious termination of pregnancy should be considered and, under these
      circumstances, a subsequent contraction stress test may be relatively
      contraindicated.

PMID- 3985068
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of complete heart block.
AB  - Two cases of complete heart block diagnosed prenatally are presented. Proper
      evaluation of such cases by fetal echocardiography is necessary. In the absence
      of obstetric complication, vaginal delivery of such cases can be expected with
      biophysical and biochemical monitoring of the fetus in a tertiary care center.

PMID- 3985069
TI  - The excretion of pentoxifylline and its metabolites into human breast milk.
AB  - The methylxanthine pentoxifylline enters human breast milk after a single oral
      dose, with a milk-plasma ratio of 0.87 +/- 0.62 at 4 hours.

PMID- 3985070
TI  - Tocolytic and hemodynamic effects of nifedipine in the ewe.
AB  - The ability of the calcium antagonist nifedipine to inhibit uterine contractions
      during labor and in the postpartum period was measured in the ewe. The
      hemodynamic effects of tocolytic doses of this drug were measured and compared
      with the hemodynamic effects of equivalent doses of ritodrine. Intravenous
      nifedipine was found to be a potent tocolytic agent that completely inhibited
      uterine activity even in advanced labor when administered at infusion rates that
      resulted in only mild hemodynamic effects. At tocolytically similar infusion
      rates nifedipine produced significantly less increase in maternal heart rate than
      did ritodrine.

PMID- 3985071
TI  - Cervical cerclage following prior delivery.

PMID- 3985072
TI  - "Fig leaf" ferning and positive Nitrazine testing: semen as a cause of
      misdiagnosis of premature rupture of membranes.

PMID- 3985073
TI  - Circulatory and renal effects of ritodrine infusion.

PMID- 3985074
TI  - Steroid receptors in endometrial carcinoma.

PMID- 3985076
TI  - Factors influencing the outcome of laser trabeculoplasty.
AB  - We applied multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis to the preoperative
      data for 153 glaucomatous patients to determine the predictive value of different
      variables in the outcome of laser trabeculoplasty. One hundred patients had
      capsular glaucoma and 53 patients had simple glaucoma. Of the 14 preoperative
      variables included in the analysis, the following best predicted successful
      outcome of the laser treatment: laser trabeculoplasty performed as primary
      therapy, low maximum pretreatment intraocular pressure, a diagnosis of capsular
      glaucoma, no preoperative treatment with pilocarpine, and the operator's
      experience with the procedure. Age, sex, pigmentation of the angle, the energy
      level used, the number of burns, the use of preoperative medication other than
      pilocarpine, and the occurrence of an immediate postoperative increase in
      intraocular pressure could not be shown to have predictive value as to the
      outcome of the treatment. Inclusion of postoperative follow-up period did not
      improve the model.

PMID- 3985075
TI  - Race and primary open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - A comparison of racial distributions for three groups of patients showed that 115
      of 140 patients (81.6%) with open-angle glaucoma, 221 of 392 patients (56.4%)
      with ocular hypertension, and 1,028 of 2,109 patients (48.7%) in a random sample
      were black. Average age at diagnosis was significantly (P = .006) higher for
      whites than for blacks (69.1 years vs 63.7 years). Black patients with primary
      open-angle glaucoma had a significantly larger mean cup-disk ratio (P less than
      or equal to .002) and a higher but not significantly higher mean intraocular
      pressure at the time of diagnosis. Advanced glaucomatous visual field loss was
      more frequent at the time of diagnosis in blacks (43 of 129 patients or 33.3%)
      than in whites (five of 27 patients or 18.5%), but this difference was not
      significant.

PMID- 3985077
TI  - Two-stage argon laser trabeculoplasty in open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - Forty-five adults with primary open-angle glaucoma received argon laser
      trabeculoplasty in two stages (180 degrees in each session) separated by one
      month. The indication for argon laser trabeculoplasty in each case was
      uncontrolled glaucoma consisting of progressive optic disk cupping and visual
      field loss despite maximally tolerable medication. A P value of .01 by Student's
      two-tailed paired t-test was used for statistical significance in the analysis of
      the intraocular pressure data. In most cases, the greatest reduction in
      intraocular pressure followed stage 1. Some patients received no additional
      benefit from stage 2; in other cases, the second stage was not only beneficial
      but provided most of the reduction in pressure. The pretreatment intraocular
      pressure level influenced the response to laser therapy. Patients with the
      highest pretreatment intraocular pressures received the most benefit. Both stages
      were complicated by a transient postoperative increase of 5 mm Hg or more in 12
      patients (approximately 19%).

PMID- 3985078
TI  - Comparison of standard and computerized tonography instruments on human eyes.
AB  - We compared the outflow facility coefficient results after indentation tonography
      obtained with a standard tonography unit and with a new computerized tonography
      machine. Goldmann applanation tonometry was followed by standard tonography on
      one eye and computerized tonography on the other. After a one-hour equilibration
      period, tonometry was repeated and followed by tonography with the testing units
      used on the opposite eyes. In nine of 60 eyes the results were discarded because
      of poor tracings or high error. Results of initial indentation intraocular
      pressure measured by the two units were not statistically different from those
      measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Mean outflow facilities determined by
      the standard unit and by the computerized machine with the average scleral
      rigidity program showed no statistically significant difference by the paired t
      test.

PMID- 3985080
TI  - Blepharochalasis syndrome.
AB  - Patients with chronic forms of blepharochalasis often develop eyelid deformities
      characterized by blepharoptosis and prolapse of the orbital fat and lacrimal
      gland. Some individuals have an acquired form of blepharophimosis, secondary to
      the dehiscence of the canthal tendons. In this late stage of the condition, the
      tendons still adhere to the periosteum of the orbital rims and loss of fixation
      occurs at the distal attachment between the tendons and the eyelid tissues. This
      results in a horizontally shortened palpebral fissure and a rounded deformity of
      the lateral canthal angle. Surgery remains the primary treatment.

PMID- 3985079
TI  - Changes in lower eyelid resting position, movement, and tone with age.
AB  - In a study of lower eyelid movement, resting position, and tone in 185 normal
      white patients ranging in age from 15 to 89 years, the mean vertical eyelid
      excursion from downgaze to upgaze was 5.29 mm. There was, however, a decrease in
      vertical eyelid movement with age of 0.05 mm/yr. The mean horizontal lower eyelid
      excursion with eyelid closure or gentle blink was 3.3 mm and horizontal eyelid
      movement decreased 0.015 mm/yr. The decrease in vertical and horizontal eyelid
      movement with aging was closely correlated with the increase in eyelid laxity in
      elderly patients (P less than .001). The lower eyelids of elderly patients rested
      against the globe at a position inferior to that of younger patients, a finding
      that correlated with increased eyelid laxity (P less than .001).

PMID- 3985081
TI  - Idiopathic macular holes.
AB  - We monitored 132 patients (148 eyes) with idiopathic, full-thickness macular
      holes for a mean of 52 months. Ninety-six of the patients were women and 61 were
      in their 60s. The initial sizes of the macular holes correlated highly with
      initial visual acuity (P less than .0001). Although most macular holes enlarged
      during the study, long-term visual acuity was stable. Although these patients had
      a significantly (P less than .05) higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease,
      the incidences of hysterectomies and estrogen supplements were not unusually
      high. Seventy-one patients had some type of pigment epithelial disease (P less
      than .05).

PMID- 3985083
TI  - Creating smaller eyedrops by reducing eyedropper tip dimensions.
AB  - The risk of toxicity and adverse systemic effects from eyedrops is increased
      because of the large size of conventional eyedrops. Although the tear film
      normally contains only 7 to 10 microliters, commercial eyedrops are 50 to 70
      microliters. Much of the excess is pumped into the nasolacrimal system where it
      is systemically absorbed and capable of causing toxicity. A smaller eyedrop can
      achieve a maximal tear film concentration with far less systemic absorption. We
      found that changes in the outer and inner diameters of an eyedropper tip can
      alter eyedrop volume markedly. By selecting appropriate tip dimensions we
      produced eyedrops of less than 25 microliters; in some cases they were as small
      as 11 microliters.

PMID- 3985082
TI  - Adult vitelliform macular detachment occurring in patients with basal laminar
      drusen.
AB  - We studied 41 young and middle-aged adults who developed innumerable, small,
      round, uniformly sized, yellow, subretinal nodules that were often arranged in
      clusters throughout the posterior fundus. Angiographically, they fluoresced
      discretely during the early arteriovenous phase. In middle or later life 17 of
      these patients developed visual loss caused by vitelliform retinal detachment in
      the macula of one or both eyes. Spontaneous resolution of the detachment and
      retention of good visual acuity occurred frequently. We found evidence indicating
      that the multiple, small, subretinal nodules are probably focal areas of pigment
      epithelial attenuation overlying nodular thickenings of the basement membrane of
      the pigment epithelium. The term basal laminar drusen would distinguish these
      nodules from those of typical drusen, which are caused by focal detachments of
      attenuated pigment epithelium and its usually normal-thickness basement membrane
      from the inner collagenous zone of Bruch's membrane.

PMID- 3985085
TI  - The effect of a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide) on tear production in humans.
AB  - The effect of an orally administered diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide, on tear
      production in 11 normal young human subjects (five men and six women, 18 to 35
      years old) was measured in a single-masked study. Schirmer tests with topical
      anesthetic showed a significant (P = .02) decrease in basal aqueous tear
      production on days when these subjects were taking the diuretic. The average
      decrease was 2.1 mm of wetting in five minutes.

PMID- 3985084
TI  - Azlocillin levels in human tears and aqueous humor.
AB  - We administered 4 g of azlocillin sodium intravenously to 24 patients scheduled
      to undergo elective intraocular surgery and collected specimens of serum, tears,
      and aqueous humor from zero to six hours after infusion for assay by high
      pressure liquid chromatography. We found that azlocillin is distributed into
      tears and penetrates into the aqueous humor of human volunteers with noninflamed
      eyes after a single intravenous dose. Levels of 4.17 micrograms/ml and 4.44
      micrograms/ml were achieved in tears and aqueous humor, respectively.

PMID- 3985086
TI  - Evolution of laser technology in ophthalmology.

PMID- 3985087
TI  - Endoexcimer laser intraocular ablative photodecomposition.

PMID- 3985088
TI  - Delayed wound healing after radial keratotomy.

PMID- 3985089
TI  - Ocular findings in the candidiasis-endocrinopathy syndrome.

PMID- 3985090
TI  - Bilateral sequential migrainous ischemic optic neuropathy.

PMID- 3985092
TI  - Biomicroscopic examination of the ocular fundus with a +60-diopter lens.

PMID- 3985091
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic study of pial septa of the optic nerve in humans.

PMID- 3985093
TI  - The indirect ophthalmoscope lens and eye movement disorders.

PMID- 3985094
TI  - New disposable electroretinographic electrode made of anomalous polyvinyl alcohol
      gel.

PMID- 3985095
TI  - Angle-closure glaucoma and transient ischemic attacks.

PMID- 3985097
TI  - Posttraumatic transient glaucoma and myopia.

PMID- 3985096
TI  - Intraocular graphite pencil lead without reaction.

PMID- 3985098
TI  - Results of surgical treatment of intermittent divergent strabismus.
AB  - Inasmuch as surgery is often suggested as the primary treatment for intermittent
      exotropia, we undertook an extensive literature search to ascertain the outcome
      of this treatment. Surprisingly, only 22 papers were located which gave
      presurgical and postsurgical results for intermittent exotropia using reasonably
      clear success criteria. Many other papers were located but were excluded because
      they either failed to state the criteria used, lumped exotropia and esotropia
      together in their reported successes, or used orthoptics along with surgery. The
      total number of cases reported in the 22 acceptable papers was analyzed in terms
      of four levels of success to permit comparison across studies. These four levels
      were: functional success, motor alignment, cosmetically acceptable, and
      unsuccessful (no change or worse). The data are tabulated and summarized.

PMID- 3985099
TI  - Correlation between stereo ability and the recovery of structure-from-motion.
AB  - Many dynamic graphics displays appear three-dimensional (3D) because of our
      ability to reconstruct a rotating 3D configuration from its two-dimensional (2D)
      projection. This ability to infer 3D shape from 2D motion might be considered to
      be independent of stereopsis because only one eye's view is necessary. On the
      contrary, however, our data suggest that the mechanisms for both stereopsis and
      depth-from-motion are not independent but rather must share some components.

PMID- 3985100
TI  - Influence of field size on the spectral sensitivity of the eye in the photopic
      and mesopic range.
AB  - The relative spectral sensitivity was measured at luminance levels ranging from
      scotopic to near photopic vision. This was done for various photometric field
      sizes of 3 to 64 degrees in diameter. The spectral absorption of the macular
      pigment seems to account for the difference in the blue part of the spectrum
      occurring between small and larger fields. The influence of the field size in
      mesopic levels depends on the spectral region. In order to define the mesopic
      standard observer, the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) has
      suggested a set of curves which were partly based on experiments obtained under
      different conditions. It could be shown that these curves nearly coincide with
      those obtained with the 64 degrees field. The V10 degrees(lambda) curve derived
      from color equation measurements could be confirmed as a luminance efficiency
      curve obtained by direct brightness match measurements.

PMID- 3985101
TI  - Shape of the Stiles-Crawford function for traverses of the entrance pupil not
      passing through the peak of sensitivity.
AB  - A simple mathematical proof for the constancy of the shape factor in the analysis
      of the psychophysically determined Stiles-Crawford data is presented.

PMID- 3985102
TI  - Comparison of oxygen tension measurement methodologies: further studies.
AB  - The oxygen quantifying techniques of Hill and Rasson and Fatt have been compared
      by Roscoe and Wilson, who have also derived an "average" equivalent oxygen
      percentage (EOP) calibration equation. This study provides additional data which
      support their conclusions. Eight subjects wore three different hydrogel contact
      lens types of various center thicknesses and oxygen transmissibilities. Open
      eyelid oxygen polarographic data were taken for each of these lenses worn by the
      subjects. The "average" EOP calibration equation was used to calculate the EOP
      values. The relation between center thickness and the ratio of the oxygen tension
      values derived by the two methods agrees relatively well with that found
      previously.

PMID- 3985103
TI  - Amorphic lenses: a mobility aid for patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - An amorphic lens, designed by William Feinbloom, was tested on 69 patients with
      retinitis pigmentosa. The results showed that one-half of the patients
      experienced immediate improvement in mobility and one-third of the patients
      fitted with the amorphic lens reported (after wearing the lenses for 2 weeks)
      improved mobility compared to their mobility before using the lens.

PMID- 3985104
TI  - Comparative analysis of the corneal response to the fit of a styrene-type gas
      permeable hard (GPH) lens.
AB  - This study compares, by use of a common protocol, the corneal physiological
      response to variations in fit of a new styrene-type gas-permeable hard (GPH) lens
      to those of other contact lens materials previously studied. Each of 10 subjects
      was fitted with lenses in five different relations and corneal thickness change
      was measured by pachometry after 1, 2, and 4 hr of wear. A prediction equation
      was developed by multiple regression analysis which allowed the effect of fit and
      other factors on corneal physiological response to be evaluated. Comparison with
      other materials revealed the new lens offers significant physiological
      advantages. When optimally fitted the styrenic lens produces considerably less
      corneal thickness change than other GPH lenses and some soft lenses.

PMID- 3985105
TI  - Norms for hand-held rotary prism vergences.
AB  - Norms of clinically useful techniques provide a means to measure and compare
      patient performance against a large clinical population of asymptomatic subjects.
      This study establishes mean values for vergence ranges (break and recovery) at 6
      m and 40 cm using hand-held rotary prisms. Secondary effects of eye preference
      (dominance), order of prism presentation, and differences of results between
      clinicians were evaluated and found to have no statistical significance. This is
      another example of the trend to establish normal values for functions routinely
      measured in the optometric examination. Values are now available for the most
      commonly used vergence testing methods: the binocular rotary prism in the
      phoropter, the prism bar, and the handheld rotary prism. Testing can now be
      accomplished with or without a phoropter and comparisons can be made to normal
      values.

PMID- 3985106
TI  - Theoretical reliability of visual evoked response-based acuity determinations.
AB  - The process of determining acuities from visual evoked responses (VER's) was
      computer modeled. Based on amplitude variability data from earlier studies, the
      reliability and validity of the acuity determinations for normal subjects were
      assessed. For subjects who had poor quality VER data [low signal-to-noise (S/N)
      ratios], considerable variability and an artifactual shift toward elevated
      (better) acuity determinations were found.

PMID- 3985107
TI  - Identifying amblyopia using associated conditions, acuity, and nonacuity
      features.
AB  - Reduced visual acuity is the most notable feature of functional amblyopia--so
      much so that it is common to think that it is the only, main, or even the
      fundamental defect. To identify all amblyopic eyes by acuity alone would require
      an acuity criterion of 6/6 (20/20) or somewhat better acuity--a criterion that
      would necessarily include more normal than amblyopic eyes. The association of
      amblyopia with strabismus and anisometropia is sufficiently specific to make
      these two nonacuity features useful in identifying amblyopia. The diagnosis of
      amblyopia derives from a syndrome of features, most of which are nonacuity
      features. Two recently quantified nonacuity features--spatial uncertainty and
      distortion--are not only clinically useful but they may be the fundamental
      defects in strabismic amblyopia, with impaired resolution being fundamental in
      anisometropic amblyopia.

PMID- 3985108
TI  - Validation study of the New York State Optometric Association (NYSOA) Vision
      Screening Battery.
AB  - The New York State Optometric Association (NYSOA) Vision Screening Battery was
      administered to 1983 grade school children. Complete visual examinations were
      performed on 125 children. A consensus method for determining a diagnosis was
      developed and a double-blind paradigm was used to validate the screening battery.
      The sensitivity was found to be 71.7% and the specificity to be 65%. When
      compared to the Snellen test, the NYSOA battery is far more sensitive. The
      Snellen test is 100% specific but misses 75.5% of the children found to have
      vision problems when given a complete visual examination.

PMID- 3985109
TI  - Comparison of refraction obtained by "near retinoscopy" and retinoscopy under
      cycloplegia.
AB  - This study compared refractive error obtained by the "near retinoscopy" method as
      described by Mohindra and static retinoscopy under cycloplegic conditions. Twenty
      two patients between the age of 3.6 and 10.0 years were objectively refracted.
      The examiner performed a near retinoscopy on each patient. Immediately after this
      procedure, 2 drops of 1% Cyclogyl (cyclopentolate) were administered to each eye,
      5 min apart. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed 35 to 40 min after the 2nd
      drop was administered. In order to reduce examiner bias, the specific powers of
      the neutralizing lenses were unknown to the examiner throughout the entire
      procedure. On average, retinoscopy under cycloplegic conditions revealed +0.50 to
      +0.75 D more plus than near retinoscopy. Although the Student's t-test indicated
      the values were significantly different on an absolute basis, a Pearson's r of
      +0.85 was found when all meridians were compared. In addition, if a "cut" factor
      is introduced to adjust for normal accommodative tonus eliminated under
      cycloplegic conditions, the two procedures produce essentially the same results.

PMID- 3985110
TI  - Effects of fluorescein on tear breakup time and on tear thinning time.
AB  - A simple, noninvasive method of in vivo precorneal tear film stability analysis
      is described. The method involves observing the first catoptric (first Purkinje)
      image. The effect of fluorescein on the results and the relation with standard
      tear breakup time (BUT) are presented.

PMID- 3985111
TI  - Repetitively pulsed small spot light flashes. Depression of steady-state pattern
      visual evoked potentials.
AB  - Steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEP's) were elicited from human volunteers
      by contrast reversal of a 43% contrast checkerboard pattern resolvable with 6/24
      (20/80) Snellen acuity. Superimposed on the fixation point was a Xenon flash lamp
      subtending 0.358 degrees visual angle, which produced a 0.05 J/cm2 sr flash in 2
      microseconds (full width, half maximum). Single pulses of light had no
      significant effect on the VEP. Increasingly significant decreases in VEP signal
      magnitude were noted with 2 and 5 pulses of 20 Hz white light. No disruption of
      VEP phase entrainment was noted with any of the flash exposures. Partial
      reciprocity was demonstrated between number of flashes at this frequency and
      response decrement.

PMID- 3985112
TI  - Characteristics of the optic disc cup.
AB  - The frequency distribution of the optic cup/optic disc ratio (CDR) and the optic
      cup depth (OCD) were investigated using clinical data. The mean CDR is 0.30 (SD =
      0.13), and the mean OCD is 2.10 D (SD = 0.89 D). Seventy-four percent of 1352
      eyes had a CDR of 0.3 or less, and 68% of 1168 eyes had an OCD of 2 D or less.
      The distribution of the CDR's differs from a normal distribution, but that of the
      OCD's is nearly normal.

PMID- 3985113
TI  - Vergence-adaptive change with a prism-induced noncomitant disparity.
AB  - Oculomotor adaptation to a magnified motor field in one eye can occur as a result
      of the vergence system responding either to (1) the magnification of the field,
      or (2) via small adaptive fields. This was investigated by monitoring adaptation
      with the whole oculomotor field magnified in one experiment, and just the central
      motor field magnified in another experiment. It was shown that adaptation in the
      periphery occurred at a much slower rate when it was occluded. It is concluded
      that adaptation in the periphery occurs via adaptive spread from central
      positions and not via a direct response to the magnification of the oculomotor
      field.

PMID- 3985114
TI  - Simulating refractive errors: source and observer methods.
AB  - There are two principal methods of simulating refractive errors. Either the
      retinal image can be defocused by an optical system, usually a positive lens,
      placed in front of an observer's eye (observer method), or the source of the
      retinal image can be defocused as it is projected onto a screen or photograph
      (source method). There are significant differences between the two methods,
      differences that make it difficult to compare results. However, the source
      method, which is the more artificial, seems to be superior for a number of
      reasons. The results of these two methods can be compared using a common or
      interchangeable parameter for specifying the level of defocus. A convenient
      parameter is the size of the defocused image of a point, measured either in image
      space (linear or angular diameter on the retina) or in object space (angular
      diameter of the blur disc projected back into object space), with the angular
      diameter measured from the respective nodal point of the eye. Methods of
      measuring the angular blur-disc diameter for both methods are discussed and the
      validity of the formula omega = D delta L, is investigated, where omega is the
      angular diameter of the blur disc, D is the observer's pupil diameter, and delta
      L is the dioptric defocus.

PMID- 3985115
TI  - Corneal responses to acid measured in vivo.
AB  - With the use of a micropolarographic system, the effects of a series of
      unbuffered hydrochloric acid concentrations on oxygen uptake by the corneal
      epithelium of rabbit were measured in vivo. Based on an exposure model of 60 s,
      followed by a saline rinse, concentrations of 0.50 N and less were found to
      produce initial flux variations, which did, however, return to near normal levels
      within 20 min. But a concentration of 0.75 N for that duration was found to
      produce an abrupt and sustained decrease in oxygen uptake. This time-strength
      combination was noted to be substantially greater than that required to produce a
      similar effect with alkali. A concentration of 1.0 N HCI produced responses
      indistinguishable from a cornea denuded of its epithelium.

PMID- 3985116
TI  - Effect of stimulus parameters on fusional and stereoscopic performance.
AB  - The effect of stimulus size and complexity on the horizontal divergent diplopia
      threshold, stereoscopic range, reappearance of stereopsis, and re-fusion point
      was examined. It was found that the addition of random-dot (RD) backgrounds
      significantly increased both the diplopia threshold and re-fusion point, whereas
      the further addition of multiple depth planes did not. Stereopsis and diplopia
      were found to coexist in RD stereograms both when the disparity increased past
      the diplopia threshold and when it was decreasing toward the re-fusion point.
      This suggests that monocularly distinguishable contours must be added to RD
      stereograms to render them suitable for the measurement of fusional amplitudes.

PMID- 3985117
TI  - The Sharpton C-Thru Tangimeter. A new generation tangent screen.

PMID- 3985118
TI  - Ultrastructural substrates of dystrophic calcification in porcine bioprosthetic
      valve failure.
AB  - Calcific degeneration is the main cause of porcine bioprosthetic valve failure.
      This dystrophic phenomenon has been studied by transmission electron microscopy
      in 26 explants; six normally processed unimplanted xenografts and a pig aortic
      valve from the slaughterhouse served as controls. Loss of endothelial lining and
      proteoglycans were a regular finding in all the commercially processed valves. In
      order to detect initial calcifications, we investigated in particular areas
      apparently devoid of mineralization at x-ray. Three main ultramicroscopic
      features were found: 1) intracytoplasmic and interstitial calcospherulae in 22
      explants, 2) calcified collagen fibrils in 15, and 3) platelike calcium deposits
      upon amorphous material in 3. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive
      microanalysis identified Ca2+ deposits as crystals of hydroxyapatite. From these
      findings there is evidence that debris and membrane fragments of the pig cusp
      cells represent one of the initial nuclei of calcification.

PMID- 3985119
TI  - Relation of the hepatic and splenic microcirculations to the development of
      lesions in experimental amyloidosis.
AB  - By the use of a perfusion technique for identifying blood vessels, it was found
      that amyloid lesions in mice have a close relation to the underlying
      microcirculation. The earliest lesions develop about arteriolar capillaries. With
      the onset of the lesions, circulation of plasma not only continues through the
      affected vessels but also extends into the entire volume of the surrounding
      lesions. Progression of the lesions follows the underlying microcirculation, and
      there is a continuing presence of circulating proteins. Other observations, from
      tracer studies using labeled plasma proteins and studies of unfixed, frozen,
      tissue sections following saline extraction, indicate that much of the early
      amyloid lesions in these animals is circulating plasma. It would appear that the
      onset and site of formation of the lesions is determined by arteriolar capillary
      injury rather than by polymorphism of SAA proteins. Structural amyloid fibril
      proteins may gain access to the lesions by either entry from the circulation or
      local formation.

PMID- 3985120
TI  - Ultrastructural studies of vascular lesions in experimental amyloidosis of mice.
AB  - Definite lesions of arteriolar capillaries have been demonstrated in early
      amyloid lesions of mice. Pathologic changes include multiple endothelial gaps,
      the loss of an identifiable basal lamina, variable degrees of endothelial
      alteration, and the presence of the developing amyloid lesions surrounding the
      affected vessels. Despite these changes, the vessels remain functional part of
      the local microcirculation as demonstrated by intravascular injection of electron
      dense markers. These structural changes of arteriolar capillaries explain the
      presence of circulating plasma as a constant and major component of the early
      amyloid lesions in these animals and on this basis may determine the time of
      onset and site of formation of the lesions. The vascular injury appears to be
      caused by immunologic reactions to injected foreign antigens which gain a close
      relation to the structures of these vessels.

PMID- 3985122
TI  - Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung. NHMI-induced squamous-cell carcinoma in the
      lungs of rats.

PMID- 3985121
TI  - Healing of focal injury in the rat liver.
AB  - The healing process of focal hepatic injury produced by thrusting a liquid
      nitrogen-cooled or fire-heated needle in rat liver was investigated by light and
      electron microscopy and autoradiography. Twenty-four hours after the injury,
      necrotic areas were sharply demarcated from the surrounding normal hepatic
      tissue, and their margin was infiltrated with monocytes, macrophages,
      neutrophils, and platelets. Following the inflammatory infiltration, Ito cells,
      cholangiolar cells, and capillary endothelial cells proliferated in the
      peripheral areas of the necrosis. In accordance with the proliferation of Ito
      cells, collagen fibers markedly increased. Autoradiography demonstrated that
      cells proliferating in necrotic areas were predominantly Ito cells, and that
      hepatocytes adjacent to the damaged sites showed DNA synthesis. Necrotic and
      fibrotic areas were gradually decreased in size; and by 2 weeks, damaged sites
      were restored to almost normal histologic appearance, occasional scars remaining.
      The results of this study indicate that small focal hepatic injury is repaired
      locally by a mechanism resembling that of wound healing, and that Ito cells play
      an important role in that process.

PMID- 3985123
TI  - Mast cells and tumors. The specific enhancement of tumor proliferation in vitro.
AB  - Mast cells were found to be unique among the peritoneal leukocytes by virtue of
      their capacity to enhance profoundly the proliferation of a variety of tumors in
      vitro. This phenomenon occurs at mast cell/tumor ratios which reflect the
      stoichiometry of host cell/tumor relationships in vivo. The growth factor was
      found to reside in mast cell granules and was identified as heparin by sequential
      purification and enzymatic degradation. This cellular interaction was tumor
      specific, although isolated granules could enhance fibroblast proliferation. The
      findings are discussed in relation to previous morphologic studies, reports of in
      vitro mast-cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity, and the role of mast cells in
      angiogenesis and connective tissue proliferation.

PMID- 3985126
TI  - Use of prophylactic antibiotics in otologic and neuro-otologic surgery.

PMID- 3985127
TI  - Bell's palsy: delayed recovery after one year with surgical confirmation.
AB  - An instance of Bell's palsy with complete flaccid peripheral facial paralysis at
      one year with surgical confirmation by total facial nerve decompression and
      incision of the intratemporal facial nerve sheath confirmation is presented. This
      individual, with a most unusual duration of total facial paralysis in an instance
      of Bell's palsy, nevertheless developed eventual recovery typical of the delayed
      recovery from Bell's palsy, with considerable improvement in facial symmetry at
      rest, eyelid closure, and facial motion.

PMID- 3985128
TI  - Vascular supply of the facial canal in the rat: a scanning electron microscopic
      study with the microcorrosive technique.
AB  - The vascularity of the facial canal in the rat was studied with the
      microcorrosive technique and scanning electron microscopy. The vascular casts
      thus created demonstrated the larger feeding vessels and the extrinsic vascular
      supply, but gave above all a good three-dimensional comprehension of the fine
      blood vessels within the nerve proper, the intrinsic vascular supply. The facial
      nerve is supplied by a rich anastomosing network of these fine blood vessels.
      Vascular loops and arteriovenous anastomoses are common, thus avoiding the
      creation of end-arterial systems. The blood vessels of the facial nerve also
      communicate widely with the rest of the temporal bone through small bony canals
      present in the lining of the facial canal. The architecture and distribution of
      the fine blood vessels are of great clinical interest, especially with regard to
      the etiology of idiopathic peripheral facial palsy, since it is at this level
      that the exchange of fluids, elecrolytes, and metabolites takes place.

PMID- 3985125
TI  - Mediators of lung injury in mice following systemic activation of complement.
AB  - Acute lung injury has been produced in mice by the intravenous injection of cobra
      venom factor. The marked attenuation of lung injury in C5-deficient mice
      indicates an absolute requirement for C5 in the development of lung injury.
      Similar studies carried out in beige mice suggest that leukocytic proteinases
      play, at best, a limited role in the injury. Neutrophil or platelet depletion
      resulted in a marked reduction in the extent of lung injury, suggesting that both
      platelets as well as neutrophils contribute to the injury. Treatment of mice with
      catalase provided a marked degree of protection from the lung injury, while
      treatment with superoxide dismutase produced limited protection, which suggests
      that H2O2 or its derivatives are involved in the induction of acute lung injury.
      By the use of transmission electron microscopy, areas of lung vascular injury, as
      manifested by extensive blebbing of endothelial cells, were associated with
      intravascular aggregates of platelets, neutrophils, and fibrin. Finally,
      lipoxygenase and thromboxane synthetase inhibitors afforded some protection
      against cobra venom factor-induced acute lung injury, while cyclooxygenase
      inhibitors gave variable results. These data suggest that acute lung injury in
      mice following systemic activation of complement has an absolute requirement for
      C5, is dependent on a role of both neutrophils as well as platelets, and can be
      linked to the generation of toxic oxygen products by neutrophils.

PMID- 3985124
TI  - Human dendritic cells and macrophages. In situ immunophenotypic definition of
      subsets that exhibit specific morphologic and microenvironmental characteristics.
AB  - Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and antisera in situ, the authors have
      defined subsets of human dendritic cells and macrophages that exhibit specific
      morphologic and microenvironmental characteristics. All subsets contained cells
      that reacted with antibodies directed against HLA-A,B,C, HLA-Dr, leukocyte
      common, Leu-M3, and Leu-3(T4) antigens. R4/23 and anti-S100 defined three major
      subsets. R4/23+, S100- cells constituted the B-cell-related follicular dendritic
      cells, which were identified only within the germinal center/mantle
      microenvironment of lymphoid follicles. R4/23-, S100+ cells constituted the T
      cell-related dendritic cell subset. Anti-Leu-6(T6) further subdivided this group
      into Leu-6(T6)- interdigitating cells within the T-cell microenvironments of
      lymphoid organs and Leu-6(T6)+ Langerhans cells found predominantly in epithelial
      microenvironments, especially the skin. R4/23-, S100- cells constituted the
      nondendritic tissue macrophage subset which was widely distributed, primarily
      outside of dendritic-cell microenvironments. These data indicate that although
      dendritic cells and macrophages share several common antigenic features,
      morphologically and microenvironmentally distinct subsets express distinct
      immunologic phenotypes. Such data may provide insight into the ontogeny and
      function of these subsets and constitute a basis for the comparison of normal
      dendritic cells and macrophages to various histiocytic proliferative disorders.

PMID- 3985129
TI  - Health care providers' and peers' impressions of elderly hearing aid wearers.
AB  - This study investigated whether (1) health care providers (nursing home and
      hospital staff personnel) and elderly peer observers formed negative initial
      impressions of elderly persons shown in three conditions of hearing aid use; (2)
      whether the groups differed in their ratings; and (3) whether size of the aid
      affected their ratings. Stimuli were 36 photographic slides, three each of six
      male and six female elderly persons shown wearing a body hearing aid, a
      postauricular aid, and no aid. Observers rated the 12 stimulus subjects on a 16
      item semantic differential. Factor analysis of the ratings resulted in three
      factors: achievement, personality, and appearance. Analysis of variance revealed
      that no "hearing aid effect" was present, since none of the observer groups rated
      the stimulus subjects lower on any of the three factors when they were shown
      wearing hearing aids. Further, the groups did not differ in their observations,
      and size of the hearing aid did not affect their ratings. The findings differ
      somewhat from earlier studies and have implications for counseling potential
      hearing aid users.

PMID- 3985130
TI  - Hypertrophy of the tensor tympani muscle presenting as a middle ear mass.
AB  - A wide variety of benign and malignant middle ear masses have been reported in
      the literature. We present here an example of a previously unreported type of
      lesion, a case of hypertrophy of striated muscle, probably the tensor tympani
      muscle, presenting as a middle ear mass in a 17-year-old male. Clinical
      evaluation revealed a marked conductive hearing loss and eustachian tube
      obstruction.

PMID- 3985131
TI  - Middle ear surgery in fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone.
AB  - Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone is uncommon. When it does occur, surgery
      may be necessary because of cholesteatoma or chronic infection behind bony
      obstruction of the external auditory canal. Cosmetic surgery may also be
      performed because of bony deformity. When a surgical procedure is undertaken for
      hearing improvement, special problems may be encountered. The case presented
      illustrates middle ear pathologic changes found with fibrous dysplasia and
      specific surgical difficulties.

PMID- 3985132
TI  - Bilateral chondrodermatitis helicis: case presentation and literature review.
AB  - Chondrodermatitis helicis is a benign, painful lesion of the auricle affecting
      the elderly population, particularly men. These lesions usually affect the helix
      of the ear, although the antihelix and, less commonly, the antitragus may be
      involved. The lesions are most frequently unilateral, although bilateral
      involvement has been reported. An unusual case of bilateral involvement of the
      antitragus is presented. The etiologic and pathologic manifestations are reviewed
      and current treatment modalities outlined.

PMID- 3985133
TI  - Open or closed tympanomastoidectomy for cholesteatoma in children.

PMID- 3985134
TI  - Cholesteatoma surgery in children.
AB  - We recently reviewed the records of 1024 operations for aural cholesteatoma, of
      which 181 were in children. Our surgical management was the same as for adults.
      Complications of the disease (labyrinthine fistula, facial paralysis, total
      sensorineural impairment, and meningeal complications) were less common in
      patients under 16 years of age. This appears to be related to duration of disease
      rather than to age. The disease in children tends to be more difficult to
      eradicate. Staging the operation is required more frequently and there is a
      higher incidence of residual disease at planned second-stage operations.
      Postoperative serous otitis media, though infrequent, was more common in those
      patients 16 years of age and older than in children. Persistence of this middle
      ear fluid, requiring a ventilation tube, was more common in younger children. The
      functional results of reconstructive middle ear surgery were the same in adults
      and children.

PMID- 3985135
TI  - University of Colorado School of Medicine otolaryngology training program.

PMID- 3985136
TI  - Developmental and nutritional determinants of pregnancy outcome among teenagers.
AB  - To investigate the determinants of low birth weight in infants born to adolescent
      mothers, we studied the obstetric population attended at the Maternity Hospital
      of Lima, Peru. From this population, 1256 gravidas, ranging in age from 12 to 25
      years, volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric and biochemical
      measurements were used to evaluate the nutritional status and physiological
      maturity of the mother and newborn. For analytical reasons the young teenaged
      mothers (less than 15 years) were classified as either still-growing or having
      completed their growth, depending on their height relative to their parents'
      height. Similarly, the young teenagers were classified as either gynecologically
      immature or gynecologically mature depending on whether their gynecological age
      was less than or greater than 2 years. Our results indicate that young still
      growing teenagers, even when matched for nutritional status, have smaller
      newborns than adult mothers. The data also demonstrate that maternal
      gynecological age per se does not affect prenatal growth. As inferred from
      multivariate analyses, it appears that the reduction in birth weight among young
      teenagers can be explained in part by a decreased net availability of nutrients
      resulting from the competition for nutrients between the mother's growth needs
      and the growth needs of her fetus and by an inability of the teenage placenta to
      maintain placental function adequately for active fetal growth.

PMID- 3985137
TI  - Cortical bone maintenance and geometry of the tibia in prehistoric children from
      Nubia's Batn el Hajar.
AB  - The relationship between advancing age in adults and patterns of cortical bone
      maintenance has been extensively documented for archaeological populations
      (Dewey, et al., 1969; Van Gerven et al., 1969; Perzigian, 1973). Most recently,
      this research has been expanded to include a more thorough consideration of the
      geometric properties of bone in relationship to adult age changes (Martin and
      Atkinsin, 1977; Ruff and Hayes, 1983). To date, however, few studies have
      documented subadult patterns of cortical bone maintenance in archaeological
      populations and none have incorporated the relationship between patterns of
      cortical bone loss and gain and the changing geometric properties of growing
      bone. Using a sample of 172 tibias from children excavated from the Medieval
      Christian site of Kulubnarti, located in Nubia's Batn el Hajar, the present
      research examines the relationship between percent cortical area, bone mineral
      content, and cross-sectional moments of inertia. Among these children, bone
      mineral content increases steadily from birth in spite of a reduction in percent
      cortical area during early and late childhood. It appears, therefore, that tissue
      quality of the bone is not adversely affected by the reduction. Furthermore, the
      reduction in percent cortical area in later childhood corresponds to a dramatic
      increase in bending strength measured by cross-sectional moments of inertia.
      Thus, whether this cortical reduction is due entirely or in part to either normal
      modeling or nutritional stress, the tissue and organ quality of the bone is not
      adversely affected.

PMID- 3985138
TI  - Comparison of body composition in middle-aged and elderly males using computed
      tomography.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) scans were taken of 21 middle-aged men (mean age 46.3
      years) and 20 older men (mean age 69.4 years) to measure differences in body
      composition with age. Overall, the older men weighed 8.2 kg less than the middle
      aged men, and this difference was primarily the result of their having less lean
      tissue. Although fat mass (by whole body potassium counting) was only slightly
      less in older men, there were distributional differences in fat between the age
      groups. Total abdomen adipose tissue area (from CT) was similar in both groups,
      although the subcutaneous portion of the abdomen adipose tissue was less in the
      older men, and they had correspondingly more adipose tissue within the abdominal
      cavity. Muscle areas of the leg and arm were significantly less in the older men,
      as were all lean tissues of the abdomen and chest. When these data were corrected
      for differences in body weight with age, the results were still significant,
      suggesting a centripetalization and internalization of fat with age. Causes of
      this apparent fat redistribution and decrease of lean tissue with age were not
      revealed by this study and are presently unknown.

PMID- 3985139
TI  - Observations on the formation and persistence of radiopaque transverse lines.
AB  - The formation and persistence of radiopaque transverse lines have been assessed
      in the living in clinical studies of growth, nutrition, and disease. Lines have
      also been used by many researchers in the analysis of patterns of childhood
      stress in prehistoric skeletal materials, although most of this research has been
      undertaken on adult bones. However, how reliable and useful are transverse lines
      for interpretations of stress? The precise etiologies for their appearance are
      varied and controversial, and lines are also known to resorb during both
      childhood and the adult years. Sex differences in both their formation and
      persistence have also been reported. To assess better the viability of lines as
      indicators of stress, the present research analyzes rates of formation,
      distribution frequencies, and the persistence of transverse lines in individuals
      aged birth to 50+ years from a single archaeological population. The results
      suggest that while transverse lines may be analytically useful as subsidiary
      criteria for more fully understanding the biological well-being of prehistoric
      populations, caution should be exercised in the interpretations made concerning
      childhood stress, particularly when using adult bones.

PMID- 3985140
TI  - Isolation by distance, linguistic similarity, and the genetic structure on
      Bougainville Island.
AB  - Previous research has revealed extensive genetic variation among villages on
      Bougainville, in the Solomon Islands. Using previously published gene frequency
      data for seven loci, the role of isolation by distance in structuring genetic
      variation on Bougainville was reanalyzed. Newer methods of kinship estimation
      show that earlier estimates of the isolation by distance parameters were low. The
      fit of the model is highly significant (R2 = 0.409; P less than 0.001), and the
      parameter estimates indicate high isolation: a = 0.0538, b = 0.1978, L = -0.0057.
      Several methods of residual analysis were applied in order to determine factors
      affecting the fit of the model. Linguistic similarity has a significant effect on
      genetic variation once the effects of geographic distance are taken into account.
      Population-specific deviations from the expected model may be explained, in part,
      in terms of population history. Compared to other human populations, Bougainville
      Island shows an even greater among-group variation than has been suggested
      previously.

PMID- 3985142
TI  - Neonatal adaptation: greater sympathoadrenal response in preterm than full-term
      fetal sheep at birth.
AB  - A marked increase in sympathoadrenal activity at birth has been described in
      animals and humans. Studies to determine whether the magnitude and duration of
      the catecholamine surge at birth in preterm lambs is similar to full-term lambs
      were undertaken using an acutely exteriorized fetal lamb. To maintain a
      physiologically stable preparation, all preterm lambs were given natural sheep
      surfactant intratracheally before the first breath. Base-line catecholamine
      values were similar in the full-term and preterm lambs. After umbilical cord
      cutting there was a marked increase in circulating norepinephrine (NE) and
      epinephrine (E) in both full-term and preterm animals. The preterm animals
      exhibited a delayed but exaggerated elevation of both NE and E relative to term
      animals. The peak preterm value for NE (3.8 +/- 1.2 ng/ml) occurred at 60 min and
      exceeded the peak NE value 1.2 ng/ml observed at 15 min in full-term animals. The
      peak E concentration in preterm animals was over 9 ng/ml between 2 and 3 h of
      age, whereas full-term animals reached a peak value of 1.1 ng/ml at 5 min. Heart
      rate and blood pressure rose abruptly to peak values by 5-15 min in full-term
      animals. Changes in heart rate and mean arterial pressure were less profound and
      more gradual in preterm animals. Full-term animals also demonstrated a five-to
      sevenfold increase in plasma free fatty acids, whereas concentrations in preterm
      animals increased only two- to threefold. There was a similarly blunted response
      in blood glucose in preterm animals. The catecholamine surge at birth may be an
      important adaptive phenomenon with physiological implications.

PMID- 3985141
TI  - Steroid secretion by rat testes perfused with perfluorochemicals as oxygen
      carriers.
AB  - Organs perfused in vitro are important experimental models for physiological
      studies. Perfusion medium supplemented with artificial oxygen carriers would at
      physiological flow rates supply sufficient oxygen to organs and would be superior
      to medium containing erythrocytes because it is more defined.
      Perfluorotributylamine (FC-43), a perfluorochemical, is an artificial oxygen
      carrier that has been previously reported to be ineffective in maintaining
      endocrine organs perfused in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine
      the efficacy of FC-43 as an oxygen carrier for rat testes perfused in vitro. The
      effects of FC-43 on testicular function and structure were assessed by comparing
      the results of experiments using perfusion medium containing either FC-43 or
      erythrocytes. The results suggest that perfusion medium containing
      perfluorochemicals must be prepared by standardized procedures and defined as to
      its physiochemical parameters. The study resulted in the first successful in
      vitro perfusion of an endocrine organ with perfluorochemicals as oxygen carriers.
      The results not only provide the basis for an improved perfusion medium but also
      support in vitro perfused testes as effective experimental tools for testing
      perfluorochemical-based blood substitutes.

PMID- 3985143
TI  - Effects of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids on compensatory adrenal growth
      in rats.
AB  - The rapid compensatory growth seen in the remaining adrenal gland of the rat
      after unilateral adrenalectomy appears to require a functioning neural arc
      between the adrenal glands and the hypothalamus, but the role of adrenal or
      pituitary hormones is unclear. We have examined the effect of several steroids on
      the compensatory adrenal growth (CAG). Female and male rats (average wt 140 g)
      were unilaterally adrenalectomized and treated with aldosterone (2.1
      micrograms/day), corticosterone (B, 28 micrograms/day), dexamethasone (28
      micrograms/day), 9 alpha-fluorocortisol (9 alpha FC, 28 micrograms/day), or
      deoxycorticosterone (DOC, 28 micrograms/day) by continuous infusion for 3 days
      and then killed. The growth in the remaining adrenal was compared both with sham
      operated rats treated with steroid infusions and with noninfused controls. In
      rats of this size females have larger adrenals than males; untreated male rats
      have significantly heavier left than right adrenals. In male rats the extent of
      CAG after no treatment or treatment with aldosterone B, 9 alpha FC, or DOC
      depended on the size of the adrenal gland removed. In both male and female rats
      CAG was not significantly affected by aldosterone, in contrast with a recent
      report, nor by B, 9 alpha FC, or DOC; no significant CAG was seen after
      dexamethasone. Taken together, these results and previous reports suggest that
      neurally mediated activation of pituitary and/or local adrenal growth factors may
      be responsible for CAG.

PMID- 3985144
TI  - Ischemic conduction failure and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic
      neuropathy.
AB  - We examined the effect of ischemia on nerve conduction in experimental diabetic
      neuropathy (EDN) and related electrophysiological changes to nerve adenosine
      triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), and lactate under anoxic conditions.
      Rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin had a resistance to ischemic
      conduction block (RICB). Caudal nerve action potential (NAP) was well maintained
      for 10 min in controls and for 15 min in EDN, after which time NAP declined in
      both groups but more rapidly in normal rats. Time to 50% reduction in nerve ATP
      and CP was 10 and 3 min, respectively, in controls and delayed to 20 and 8 min in
      EDN. Rate of utilization of high-energy phosphate (approximately P) was linear
      for 5 min in controls to be followed by a progressive decline. In EDN rate of
      utilization of approximately P was linear to 15 min to be followed by a more
      gradual decline than in normal nerves. These findings suggest that the
      maintenance of nerve transmission in anoxic-ischemic states depends on anaerobic
      metabolism and that RICB in EDN is due in part to the ability of diabetic nerves
      to maintain a higher level of anaerobic glycolysis and for a longer time than
      normal nerves.

PMID- 3985145
TI  - Minimizing false-positive errors in hormonal pulse detection.
AB  - To explore the problem of type I (false-positive) statistical errors associated
      with enumerating endocrine pulses, we used the analysis of immunoactive
      luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses as a paradigm. In this system, the distribution
      of measurement error was found to approximate a Gaussian pattern. Moreover, the
      choice of a fixed threshold criterion to identify a hormone pulse (as generally
      undertaken to date) was shown to yield significantly different false-positive
      error rates under different experimental conditions. Therefore, we developed a
      technique to minimize the detection of false-positive signals and to maintain an
      essentially uniform error rate among different experimental groups. This simple
      technique requires that the pulse-detection threshold be adjusted in relation to
      the degree of intra-assay measurement error present. Our method should facilitate
      the valid comparison of endocrine pulse frequencies in normal physiological
      states vs. those associated with hormonal deficiency when measurement error is
      typically greater. In addition, this approach will aid in a more meaningful
      assessment of pulse concordance between two or more different hormonal species
      (i.e., in different assays) and will assist in comparisons of pulse properties
      quantitated in different laboratories. In summary, rates of false-positive pulse
      detection using conventional fixed-threshold criteria are materially influenced
      by even small differences in within-assay variance. We present a technique to
      minimize this type I statistical error and to maintain an essentially uniform
      error rate among different experimental groups.

PMID- 3985146
TI  - Recycling of an amino acid label with prolonged isotope infusion: implications
      for kinetic studies.
AB  - To investigate whether recycling of a labeled amino acid would occur after 24 h
      of infusion, two groups of normal volunteers were infused with [3H]leucine and
      alpha-[14C]-ketoisocaproate for 4 h and [2H3]leucine for either 4 or 24 h (groups
      I and II, respectively). Entry of [2H3 )leucine at steady state into the plasma
      space was indistinguishable from its infusion rate for group I but 30% higher (P
      less than 0.001) than this rate for group II, demonstrating significant recycling
      of label. After discontinuation of the infusions, isotope disappearance from the
      plasma space was followed for 2 h. The 3H and 14C decay data for both groups
      suggest that plasma leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate are derived from a single
      intracellular pool in the postabsorptive state. In group I, the 3H and 2H labels
      decayed identically; whereas, in group II, the decay of [2H3]-leucine and alpha
      [2H3]ketoisocaproate was slower (P less than 0.01) than the decay of [3H]leucine
      and alpha-[3H]ketoisocaproate, confirming re-entry of label after a 24-h
      infusion. Therefore kinetic values calculated from models assuming no recycling
      of labeled amino acids are most likely not quantitative and must be interpreted
      with care when flux does not change or decreases.

PMID- 3985147
TI  - Variability of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the fasted unanesthetized
      opossum.
AB  - The opossum has served as a useful animal model for in vivo studies of lower
      esophageal sphincter (LES) function. Previous investigations, however, have been
      confined to studies on anesthetized animals. In 10 opossums we investigated LES
      pressure during fasting cycles of the gastrointestinal migrating myoelectric
      complex (MMC) and examined the influences of anesthesia and feeding on LES
      pressure. Intraluminal pressure from the esophageal body, LES, and gastric antrum
      was recorded by a manometric assembly that incorporated a sleeve device.
      Myoelectric activity was recorded from the gastric antrum and duodenum via
      implanted electrodes. MMCs were readily recorded from all animals. MMC cycle
      length was 86 +/- 2.9 (SE) min. The LES exhibited cyclic changes in intraluminal
      pressure that occurred in synchrony with the gastric MMC cycle. During phase I of
      the gastric MMC cycle, LES pressure was essentially stable, although intermittent
      spontaneous oscillations at 3-4/min were sometimes noted. Forceful phasic LES
      contraction started during phase II of the gastric MMC, became maximal during
      phase III, and disappeared during phase I. The MMC-related phasic LES contraction
      occurred at a maximal rate of 1.4 +/- 0.05/min with amplitudes of 60-150 mmHg and
      were temporally associated with spike bursts and contractions in the gastric
      antrum. Pentobarbital sodium-induced anesthesia abolished MMC-related phasic LES
      activity and caused a transient rise in basal sphincter pressure. Phasic LES
      activity was also inhibited by atropine and feeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3985148
TI  - Effects of varying hematocrit on intestinal oxygen uptake in neonatal lambs.
AB  - We chronically catheterized 15 newborn lambs (9.5 +/- 2.8 days) and measured
      intestinal blood flow (Qi) by the radionuclide microsphere technique at
      hematocrit levels ranging from 10 to 55%. Seven animals were made progressively
      anemic and eight polycythemic by means of exchange transfusions. Using the Fick
      principle, we calculated intestinal oxygen delivery (Di o2), oxygen consumption
      (Vi o2), and oxygen extraction. Initial base-line values were Qi = 195.5 ml . min
      1 . 100 g intestine-1, Di o2 = 22.1 ml . min-1 . 100 g-1, Vi o2 = 4.8 ml . min-1
      . 100 g-1, and O2 extraction = 22.5%. As the hematocrit was lowered, Di o2
      decreased and O2 extraction increased and vice versa when the hematocrit was
      raised. Vi o2 remained constant, but Qi did not correlate with changes in
      hematocrit. However, intestinal blood flow, as a percent distribution of total
      blood flow, decreased with lower hematocrit levels. At no time was there any
      evidence of anaerobic metabolism as measured by excess lactate production. Our
      data indicate that the intestines of neonatal lambs are capable of maintaining
      their metabolic needs over a wide range of oxygen availability induced by a
      changing hematocrit. The primary mechanism is through alteration of oxygen
      extraction. Within the range of our experiments, no critically low oxygen
      availability was attained at which anaerobic metabolism became significant.

PMID- 3985149
TI  - Regulation of capillary exchange capacity in the dog stomach.
AB  - The capillary exchange capacity of the isolated, perfused dog stomach was
      investigated during vasoconstriction (norepinephrine) and vasodilation
      (isoproterenol) and compared with values obtained when blood flow to the stomach
      was decreased or increased mechanically. The capillary filtration coefficient
      (Kf,c) was used as an index of capillary exchange capacity. Under resting
      conditions, Kf,c in the isolated stomach was 0.20 +/- 0.02 ml . min-1 . mmHg-1 .
      100 g-1. Vasoconstriction and mechanical reduction in blood flow caused Kf,c to
      fall to 68 and 58% of control, while vasodilation and mechanical increase in
      blood flow caused Kf,c to rise to 176 and 231% of control, respectively.
      Pentagastrin produced an increase in gastric oxygen consumption and a 50%
      increase in Kf,c. In all instances, capillary exchange capacity appeared to be
      correlated with gastric blood flow. The data suggest there is little local
      control of precapillary sphincter tone in the stomach and that capillary exchange
      capacity may be governed by local pressure within the microvasculature.

PMID- 3985150
TI  - Hepatic uptake and disposition of human polymeric IgA1 in perfused rat liver:
      evidence for incomplete biliary excretion and intrahepatic degradation.
AB  - The hepatic uptake of polymeric immunoglobulin A (IgA) is mediated by secretory
      component; the resulting secretory IgA is excreted intact into bile. To define
      the hepatic metabolism of polymeric IgA, we quantitated the uptake and transport
      of human polymeric IgA1 after a single pass through the perfused rat liver.
      Uptake of polymeric IgA1 was compared with that of asialoorosomucoid, a
      glycoprotein whose uptake is mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Single
      pass hepatic uptake of 125I-polymeric IgA1 and of 125I-asialoorosomucoid averaged
      18.0 +/- 3.1% (SE) and 71.8 +/- 2.8%, respectively. The uptake of 125I-polymeric
      IgA1 was inhibited by excess unlabeled polymeric IgA1 but not by
      asialoorosomucoid. Only 13.0 +/- 1.6% of the 125I-polymeric IgA1 extracted by the
      liver was excreted into bile, whereas three-fourths was released into the hepatic
      venous effluent in degraded form. Thus, both the uptake and biliary excretion of
      polymeric IgA1 by the rat liver are inefficient processes. Polymeric IgA1 follows
      two distinct pathways after uptake by the liver: a small proportion is excreted
      intact into bile, while the majority is degraded and released back into the
      circulation.

PMID- 3985151
TI  - Induction in vitro of a specific pattern of jejunal propulsive behavior by
      cholecystokinin.
AB  - Experiments were conducted in vitro to determine whether arterial infusion of the
      C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) into cat jejunal segments could
      elicit propulsive behavior when a segment must do hydrostatic work to expel
      fluid. Oral and aboral ends of jejunal segments, 17 cm in length, were connected
      to a propulsion evaluation system that imposed input-output conditions of
      constant capacitance and negligible resistance. Infusion of 1 X 10(-10) to 3 X
      10(-9) M CCK-8 produced an initial simultaneous ejection of approximately equal
      volumes of fluid from both ends of the segments. This reduction in luminal volume
      lasted for approximately 4 min. Concurrent with this initial reduction in luminal
      volume were phasic ejections of fluid that often did not occur simultaneously or
      with equal magnitude from both ends of a segment. This pattern persisted
      throughout the period of CCK-8 infusion. Arterial infusion of atropine sulfate
      (10(-6) M) or hexamethonium sulfate (2.8 X 10(-7) M) prevented the induction of
      propulsive behavior by CCK-8. These results indicate that arterial infusion of
      CCK-8 can induce a specific pattern of jejunal propulsive behavior by triggering
      neural activity in the enteric nervous system and that CCK-8 may have a
      physiological role in regulating propulsion.

PMID- 3985152
TI  - Effects of sulfodeoxycholate on rat and rabbit small intestine.
AB  - To determine how sulfation alters the biological properties of dihydroxy bile
      acids, we compared the effects of 3-sulfodeoxycholate (SDC) and deoxycholate (DC)
      in the rat and rabbit intestine. While 5 mM DC induced water and electrolyte
      secretion and inhibited glucose absorption in the rat, SDC enhanced jejunal and
      ileal water and solute absorption. SDC had no effect in the rabbit ileum. In the
      rat jejunum DC caused mucosal injury and enhanced mucosal permeability while SDC
      had no effect. In vitro in the rabbit ileum, 10 mM SDC enhanced net sodium flux
      and decreased net residual flux, while 0.5 mM DC reduced net sodium flux and
      induced Cl- secretion. Both bile acids increased short-circuit current and
      potential difference and decreased tissue conductance. During reversed-phase,
      high-performance liquid chromatography SDC was more polar than DC. Sulfation
      reduced the ability of DC to destroy large unilamellar liposomes by a factor of
      10. Thus, sulfation abolishes the effects of DC on the intestine by enhancing the
      polarity of this molecule. The enhancement of intestinal solute and water
      absorption by SDC requires further study.

PMID- 3985153
TI  - High-affinity calcium binding sites in luminal and basolateral renal membranes.
AB  - We evaluated Ca binding by highly purified luminal (L) and basolateral (BL)
      tubular membranes prepared from beef kidney. Ca binding was measured by using
      45Ca and a rapid-filtration technique. After Ca uptake reached equilibrium, the
      vesicles were lysed and the amount of 45Ca retained in the membranes was
      considered the bound Ca. Ca binding in both membranes accounted for approx. 80%
      of total Ca uptake. Analysis of binding data by Scatchard plot revealed the
      presence of two distinct types of binding sites in both L and BL membranes. The
      high-affinity binding sites showed a similar affinity constant of 10(-5)M for
      both L and BL membranes, but the maximum number of binding sites was 0.75 and 1.6
      nmol/mg protein, respectively. In contrast, the low-affinity binding sites were
      similar regarding affinity constant and maximum number of binding sites in the
      two membranes. In L and BL membranes, high-affinity binding sites were selective
      for Ca, as high concentrations of divalent cations were required to inhibit Ca
      binding. In both membranes Ca binding was inhibited by ruthenium red, LaCl3, and
      detergents, and it was stimulated by calmodulin inhibitors (trifluoperazine,
      calmidazolium), ionophore A-23187, and ATP. These results demonstrate that L and
      BL membranes possess high-affinity binding sites with different capacities but
      similar characteristics as regards affinity constant and stimulation and
      inhibition of binding. The data further demonstrate that most of Ca uptake by
      these membranes represents binding.

PMID- 3985154
TI  - Effect of parathyroid hormone on the determinants of glomerular filtration in
      dogs.
AB  - Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) often are associated with reduced
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans. Although PTH has been reported to
      reduce the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) in rats, GFR declined only if they
      were plasma expanded. In contrast, PTH does not reduce GFR in dogs, despite
      filtration pressure disequilibrium. To evaluate this apparent discrepancy, the
      determinants of GFR were measured in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized dogs. In
      the absence (n = 8) and presence (n = 10) of synthetic bovine PTH, GFR was 29 +/-
      3 and 26 +/- 2 ml/min; Single nephron glomerular filtration rate was 58 +/- 4 and
      51 +/- 3 nl/min; glomerular plasma flow was 248 +/- 22 and 250 +/- 24 nl/min;
      glomerular capillary pressure was 58 +/- 2 and 61 +/- 3 mmHg; Bowman's space
      pressure was 19 +/- 2 and 19 +/- 1 mmHg; and systemic oncotic pressure was 19 +/-
      0.8 and 18 +/- 0.5 mmHg. Average effective filtration pressure (EFP) was
      significantly greater in the presence (18.6 +/- 1.3 mmHg) than in the absence
      (14.6 +/- 0.9 mmHg) of PTH. Therefore, Kf per glomerulus calculated from these
      data was significantly (P less than 0.01) less in the presence than in the
      absence of PTH (2.91 +/- 0.29 and 3.98 +/- 0.16 nl X min-1 X mmHg-1,
      respectively). It is concluded that PTH reduced Kf. Whereas this effect predicts
      reduced GFR in dogs, given filtration pressure disequilibrium, a concomitant
      increase in EFP maintained GFR in the present study.

PMID- 3985155
TI  - Adaptive changes in renal acidification in response to chronic respiratory
      acidosis.
AB  - To examine whether chronic respiratory acidosis results in adaptive changes in
      renal acidification, rats were housed for 3 days in an environmental chamber with
      an ambient CO2 content of 10% and their kidneys were perfused in vitro according
      to two protocols. To assess hydrogen ion secretory capacity of the distal
      nephron, perfusions were carried out with a low bicarbonate concentration, in the
      absence of ammoniagenic substrate, and with saturating quantities of the buffer
      creatinine. Under these conditions, the titration of creatinine at a pH less than
      6.0 (TA pH 6.0) reflects the H+ secretory capacity of a discrete functional
      segment of the distal nephron. Kidneys from rats with chronic respiratory
      acidosis exhibited a significantly lower urine pH and higher rate of TA pH 6.0
      than controls perfused in this fashion, indicative of an adaptive increase in the
      distal nephron capacity for proton transport. This adaptation was comparable with
      that reported previously for rats exposed to chronic metabolic acidosis.
      Furthermore, evidence of adaptation persisted in the presence of amiloride (10(
      5) M), suggesting that it reflects, at least in part, a sodium-independent
      mechanism of proton transport. Hydrogen ion secretion by the proximal nephron was
      assessed by performing standard bicarbonate titration curves with kidneys from
      rats with chronic respiratory acidosis, chronic metabolic acidosis, and controls
      using a perfusate equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3985156
TI  - Conductive properties of the rabbit outer medullary collecting duct: inner
      stripe.
AB  - Segments of outer medullary collecting duct were dissected from the inner stripe
      of the rabbit kidney (OMCDi) and perfused in vitro. The conductive properties of
      the tubule epithelium and individual cell membranes were determined by means of
      cable analysis and intracellular voltage-recording microelectrodes. In 35 tubules
      the transepithelial voltage (VT) and resistance (RT) averaged 17.2 +/- 1.4 mV,
      lumen positive, and 58.6 +/- 5.3 k omega X cm, respectively. The basolateral
      membrane voltage, (Vbl) was -29.2 +/- 2.1 mV (n = 23). The apical cell membrane
      did not contain appreciable ion conductances, as evidenced by the high values of
      apical cell membrane fractional resistance (fRa = Ra/Ra + Rb), which approached
      unity (0.99 +/- 0.01; n = 23). Moreover, addition of amiloride or BaCl2 to the
      tubule lumen was without effect on the electrical characteristics of the cell, as
      was a twofold reduction in luminal [Cl-]. The conductive properties of the
      basolateral cell membrane were assessed with bath ion substitutions. A twofold
      reduction in bath [Cl-] depolarized Vbl by 14.7 +/- 0.4 mV (theoretical, 17 mV),
      while a 10-fold increase in bath [K+] resulted in only a 0.9 +/- 0.4 mV
      depolarization (theoretical, 61 mV). Substituting bath Na+ with
      tetramethylammonium (from 150 to 75 mM) was without effect. Reducing bath [HCO-3]
      from 25 to 5 mM (constant PCO2) resulted in a steady-state depolarization of Vbl
      of 8.4 +/- 0.4 mV that could not be attributed to conductive HCO-3 movement.
      Thus, the basolateral cell membrane is predominantly Cl- selective.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985157
TI  - Evidence that aldosterone influences transport in target tissues by dissimilar
      mechanisms.
AB  - The present study was performed to answer the question: Is the action of
      aldosterone on electrolyte transport and electrical properties similar in all
      target tissues? Studies were performed in vivo in control animals and rats with
      secondary hyperaldosteronism, caused by a sodium-free diet, to compare the
      effects of hyperaldosteronism on distal colon with hormone-induced changes in
      proximal colon. In distal colon aldosterone increased net sodium absorption and
      potassium secretion approximately threefold. Transmural potential difference
      increased from -15 +/- 2 to -83 +/- 3 mV (lumen negative) and ISC rose from 167
      +/- 26 to 1,023 +/- 17 microA X cm-2. These aldosterone-induced responses were
      completely inhibited by 0.1 mM amiloride. In contrast, in proximal colon
      potential difference was unchanged or increased slightly in experimental animals
      and ISC increased only 28% above control, although increases in net sodium and
      potassium transport were similar to changes observed in distal colon. Amiloride
      did not reduce sodium absorption in proximal colon of animals with
      hyperaldosteronism; ISC was decreased by 43%. These studies demonstrate that rat
      proximal colon is an aldosterone-sensitive tissue, but that the mechanism by
      which aldosterone influences sodium transport is not identical in distal and
      proximal portions of colon.

PMID- 3985159
TI  - Lactate production in isolated segments of the rat nephron.
AB  - Lactate production was measured directly in individual segments of the rat
      nephron. Tubules were dissected and then incubated in vitro with glucose as the
      only metabolic substrate. Each segment was incubated with and without antimycin
      A, an inhibitor of oxidative metabolism. Proximal tubules produced no lactate
      with or without antimycin A. The distal segments all produced lactate. The rate
      of lactate production without antimycin A ranged from 0.4 to 0.9 pmol X min-1 X
      mm-1 in all distal segments except one, the inner medullary collecting duct,
      which produced lactate at the significantly higher rate of 2.8 pmol X min-1 X mm
      1. Antimycin A increased lactate production significantly in all of the distal
      segments. The increase was largest in medullary thick ascending limbs (1,400%)
      and cortical (798%) and outer medullary collecting ducts (357%). Increments were
      smaller in cortical thick ascending limbs (98%) and distal convoluted tubules
      (98%) and least in the inner medullary collecting ducts (28%). We conclude that
      lactate production occurs only in distal segments of the nephron and that under
      anoxic conditions significant amounts of ATP are produced by anaerobic glycolysis
      in these segments.

PMID- 3985158
TI  - Phosphate loading attenuates renal tubular dysfunction induced by maleic acid in
      the dog.
AB  - The metabolic pathogenesis of the complex renal tubular dysfunction of type II
      renal tubular acidosis and Fanconi's syndrome (RTA II/FS) acutely induced by
      maleic acid could depend on the occurrence of a positive feedback loop in cells
      of the proximal renal tubule: impaired mitochondrial oxidation----increased
      glucose uptake----increased formation and concentration of phosphorylated
      glycolytic intermediates----limitation on availability of cellular inorganic
      phosphate----more severely impaired mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. To test
      this hypothesis we intravenously administered maleic acid both alone and after
      initiating intravenously administered neutral sodium phosphate, sodium sulfate,
      or sodium chloride to 10 unanesthetized trained female dogs undergoing water
      diuresis. We made the following observations: 1) Administration of maleic acid
      alone predictably induced dose-dependent increments in urine flow (V) and in
      renal clearance of HCO3-, Na+, K+, and alpha-aminonitrogen and a pronounced
      increase in the renal clearance and excretion of citrate. 2) Prior phosphate
      loading, which increased the plasma concentration of phosphate from 2.5 +/- 0.20
      to 11.3 +/- 2 mg/dl: a) attenuated the increment in renal clearance of HCO3- by
      one-half even though the filtered load of bicarbonate was higher by 37%, owing to
      the higher values of both GFR and plasma bicarbonate concentration that obtained
      with phosphate loading; b) prevented the increment in renal clearance and
      excretion of alpha-aminonitrogen; c) significantly attenuated the increments in V
      and renal clearance of K+; but d) did not affect the increment in renal clearance
      and excretion of citrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985160
TI  - Localization of diuretic action in microperfused rat distal tubules: Ca and Na
      transport.
AB  - Experiments were performed in rats to examine the distal site of action of
      thiazide diuretics and the additive hypocalciuric properties of thiazides and
      amiloride. In clearance experiments, the maximal natriuretic and hypocalciuric
      dose of chlorothiazide was established. When amiloride was added, there was
      further augmentation of Ca reabsorption (P less than 0.025) but no additional
      natriuresis. Amiloride blunted thiazide-induced kaliuresis (P less than 0.001).
      Localization of the thiazide effect was studied in early and late distal tubules
      microperfused in vivo with control and thiazide-containing solutions. The
      maximally effective luminal drug concentration, 5 X 10(-4) M, inhibited Na
      transport (P less than 0.001) and enhanced Ca transport (P less than 0.01) in the
      early distal segments; late segments were on the average unaffected. It is
      suggested that thiazides interact with the distal convoluted tubule cell, whose
      predominant location is the early distal tubule. In two long distal tubules, with
      early and late segments, a maximal concentration of chlorothiazide increased Ca
      transport and decreased Na transport. Addition of 10(-5) M amiloride caused an
      additional increment in Ca reabsorption. As amiloride's action is located in the
      late distal tubule, it is suggested from these experiments that a basis for
      additive hypocalciuric actions of thiazides and amiloride is separate sites of
      action in the distal tubule.

PMID- 3985161
TI  - Biochemical characterization of renal epithelial cell cultures (LLC-PK1 and
      MDCK).
AB  - The expression of enzymes in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells was used to study the
      retention of differentiated properties of the renal epithelial cell lines by a
      biochemical approach. Activities of marker enzymes, for which intracellular and
      intranephron localization is known, were determined from crude cell homogenates
      of LLC-PK1 and MDCK monolayer cultures. The activity patterns of the particular
      enzymes found were then compared with the in vivo distribution of the enzymes
      along the rat nephron. LLC-PK1 cells exhibit high activities of apical membrane
      enzymes when compared with MDCK cells, whereas in the latter high activity of Na
      K-ATPase could be detected. The activities of lysosomal enzymes, mitochondrial
      enzymes, and transaminases were higher in LLC-PK1 than in MDCK cells. Glycolytic
      enzymes, however, displayed identical activity levels in both the LLC-PK1 and
      MDCK cells, which may be due to the fact that these are continuous cell lines and
      to the culture conditions used, since glucose is a major energy source in the
      culture media.

PMID- 3985162
TI  - Renal handling and production of plasma and urinary adenosine.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the renal handling of plasma
      adenosine and the relative contribution of the kidney to the adenosine in the
      renal venous plasma and urine. Injections of radiolabeled adenosine, as a tracer
      of arterial adenosine, along with reference compounds (either inulin or 9-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyl hypoxanthine, an analogue of adenosine that does not occupy the
      nucleoside carrier) were coupled with measurements of endogenous adenosine in the
      arterial and renal venous plasma and urine of 11 anesthetized dogs. The arterial
      and venous concentration of endogenous adenosine was 60 +/- 16 and 52 +/- 10 nM,
      respectively. Urinary adenosine concentration was 312 +/- 53 nM and the
      fractional excretion was 0.71 +/- 0.14. Of the radiolabeled adenosine injected
      into the renal artery, approximately 53 +/- 3% of the filtered tracer was
      recovered in the urine, and only 11 +/- 1% of the tracer was recovered in the
      venous plasma. These results demonstrate uptake of adenosine from both the
      tubular and vascular compartments, and analysis of single-injection multiple
      indicator curves indicates that a substantial amount of the extracted arterial
      adenosine enters and remains in cells. We conclude that arterial plasma
      contributes significantly to adenosine excreted in the urine but only minimally
      to renal venous adenosine. Furthermore, any intervention that alters cellular
      uptake and metabolism of adenosine may lead to significant changes in
      extracellular adenosine.

PMID- 3985163
TI  - Cellular heterogeneity of uridine incorporation in collecting tubules: effect of
      DOCA.
AB  - In previous studies we showed that in vitro uridine incorporation along the renal
      tubule is heterogeneous and that DOCA induces a stimulation of RNA synthesis in
      distal cortical and medullary structures. The present work examines by
      autoradiography of isolated tubules and renal tissue sections the cellular
      heterogeneity of the connecting (CNT) and cortical collecting (CCT) tubules after
      in vivo injection of [3H]uridine in normal and DOCA-treated rabbits. Data
      confirmed the profile of uridine incorporation along the tubule, which was found
      in in vitro experiments, and the DOCA-induced stimulation of RNA synthesis. In
      microdissected CNT and CCT of control kidneys, statistical analysis of the
      distribution of labeling revealed the presence of two distinct cell populations:
      one with low labeling (2-3 silver grains per nucleus) and one with high labeling
      (10-13), which represent 64 and 36%, respectively (CNT), and 74 and 26%,
      respectively (CCT), of the whole population. Histological data showed that the
      respective proportions of intercalated cells (29% in CNT; 21% in CCT) and
      connecting tubule cells (65%) or principal cells (79%) are close to those of the
      populations with high or low labeling. In addition, autoradiographs on renal
      sections directly demonstrated that the labeling of intercalated cells (19.3
      silver grains/100 micron2 nuclear surface in CNT; 14.7 in CCT) was three times
      higher than that of connecting (6.6) or principal (5.8) cells. In isolated CNT
      and CCT, DOCA induced similar absolute increases in the labeling of the two
      populations. However, the relative increase was more than two times higher in the
      population with low labeling (+131% in CNT, +210% in CCT) than in the one with
      high labeling (+71% and +98%). We conclude that cell population of the collecting
      cortical tubule (CNT and CCT) is heterogeneous with regard to uridine
      incorporation, reflecting RNA synthesis.

PMID- 3985165
TI  - Maleate-induced stimulation of glutamine metabolism in the intact dog kidney.
AB  - Studies were performed in anesthetized normal dogs to evaluate the effects of
      maleate on renal metabolism. Intravenous administration of maleate (50 mg/kg)
      markedly increased urinary excretion of glutamine, glutamate, alpha
      ketoglutarate, alanine, lactate, pyruvate, and citrate. Despite a fourfold rise
      in renal cortical concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamine utilization
      expressed per 100 ml glomerular filtration rate almost doubled following maleate
      administration, whereas total ammonia production increased threefold, most of
      this ammonia being diverted into the renal vein. The renal production of alpha
      ketoglutarate rose in a spectacular fashion and was almost equal to the renal
      utilization of glutamine, indicating a metabolic block at the alpha-ketoglutarate
      dehydrogenase step. Maleate reduced renal alanine production but did not change
      lactate utilization. These findings suggest that 1) in the intact dog the
      mitochondrial entry of glutamine is not regulated only by alpha-ketoglutarate; 2)
      the deamination of glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate is accelerated by maleate,
      probably through an impaired mitochondrial NADH production; 3) the resulting
      decrement in intramitochondrial glutamate concentration deinhibits the phosphate
      dependent glutaminase.

PMID- 3985164
TI  - Carrier-mediated concentrative urate transport in rat renal membrane vesicles.
AB  - [2-14C]Urate uptake and efflux were studied in brush border and basolateral
      membrane vesicles of rat renal cortex that were exposed to 20 microM copper
      chloride. In the presence of inwardly directed NaCl gradients urate uptake was
      maintained at levels in excess of chemical equilibrium. Comparison of glucose and
      chloride uptakes revealed that equilibrium glucose uptake was not affected by
      copper, but chloride failed to reach equilibrium in copper-exposed vesicles. It
      is suggested that the persistence of an electrolyte gradient could provide a
      driving force to raise the concentration of free intravesicular urate above that
      in the media. Preincubation of vesicles with unlabeled urate failed to diminish
      uptake of added urate; rather, urate uptake was trans stimulated. Uptake of
      labeled urate was also significantly accelerated when an outward gradient for
      unlabeled urate was created. Pyrazinoic and oxonic acids also trans stimulated
      urate uptake. The demonstration of accelerated homeo- and heteroexchange
      diffusion indicates that transport is carrier mediated in both brush border and
      basolateral vesicles. Outwardly directed hydroxyl gradients failed to influence
      urate uptake in either the presence or absence of copper or NaCl. Thus, this
      carrier, which is active only in the presence of trace amounts of copper, is
      distinct from a urate/anion exchanger.

PMID- 3985166
TI  - Potassium excretion by the isolated perfused kidney from the potassium-adapted
      rat.
AB  - Adaptation to a high potassium diet leads to an enhanced ability to excrete an
      acute potassium load. The aim of this study was to examine whether the enhanced
      kaliuretic ability is an intrinsic renal adaptation or is secondary to extrarenal
      mediators such as aldosterone. Kidneys from control rats and rats on a high
      potassium diet were isolated and perfused in a cell-free medium (glomerular
      filtration rate 0.5 ml/min, fractional sodium reabsorption 95%). Feeding in the
      24 h prior to perfusion had a profound effect on fractional K+ excretion in rats
      on high K+ (fed 1.4 +/- 0.11, fasted 0.70 +/- 0.07) but not in control (fed 0.59
      +/- 0.05, fasted 0.64 +/- 0.05) rats. After feeding but not fasting, rats on high
      K+ had a greater fractional K+ excretion than control K+ rats. Spironolactone
      inhibited fractional K+ excretion in fed rats on high K+ but not in control rats
      (high K+ 1.45 +/- 0.18, high K+ + spironolactone 0.95 +/- 0.15; control 0.59 +/-
      0.05, control + spironolactone 0.46 +/- 0.02). Although these experiments do not
      exclude an intrinsic renal adaptation in potassium excretion, a major component
      of the increased potassium excretion relates to the increased potassium intake,
      probably mediated via aldosterone.

PMID- 3985168
TI  - Renal nerves and sodium conservation in conscious rats.

PMID- 3985167
TI  - Regulation of the maximum rate of renal ammoniagenesis in the acidotic dog.
AB  - Metabolism of glutamine results in the net production of ATP; however, cells
      cannot sustain an ATP production rate greater than their rate of ATP utilization.
      The purpose of these studies was to determine whether the rate of ATP turnover in
      the kidney could set an upper limit on renal glutamine metabolism and thereby
      renal ammoniagenesis. The acidotic dog kidneys extracted glutamine, lactate,
      citrate, and oxygen from the arterial blood and added ammonium and alanine to the
      venous blood. Renal glutamine metabolism was responsible for almost all the
      ammonium production. Renal ATP production was estimated from the rate of oxygen
      consumption and appeared to be derived roughly equally from the oxidation of
      glutamine and lactate. There was no apparent renal glucose production from ATP
      balance calculations and this impression was supported when the inhibitor of
      gluconeogenesis, 3-mercaptopicolinate, did not inhibit ammoniagenesis.
      Approximately 90% of the ATP synthesized was utilized to reabsorb sodium. When
      the amount of ATP utilized for sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted
      tubule (assumed to be 60% of filtered sodium) was compared with the amount of ATP
      produced from glutamine metabolism, the values were similar despite the fact that
      the glomerular filtration rate in individual dogs varied more than fourfold. When
      the quantity of ATP expended for sodium reabsorption was decreased by the
      infusion of ouabain or by the constriction of one renal artery without reducing
      glutamine delivery, the kidney lowered its rate of ammoniagenesis to a
      quantitatively predictable amount.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985169
TI  - Left ventricular function of the isolated, genetically obese rat's heart.
AB  - We sought to determine if left ventricular (LV) function of the heart from the
      adult, chronically obese animal is impaired. Hearts from 50 wk-old genetically
      obese female Zucker rats (624 +/- 13 g) and their lean littermate controls (275
      +/- 5 g) were isolated during ether anesthesia, supported metabolically by
      retrograde aortic perfusion (6 ml/min, 35 degrees C) with physiological solution
      containing suspended canine erythrocytes (hematocrit, 20%), and the ventricles
      were paced at 180 beats/min. A distensible, fluid-filled balloon was placed in
      the LV, and pressure-volume (PV) relationships were obtained. The obese and lean
      end-diastolic PV curves were not different, and therefore the obese and lean LV
      chamber compliances were similar. Comparison of the systolic PV relationships
      demonstrated that the obese rat's heart had a greater pressure-generating
      capability, which probably was a reflection of its increased LV mass (0.96 +/-
      0.03 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.02 g). The calculated average meridional (or circumferential)
      peak systolic wall stress in the LV of the obese rat's heart, however, was
      significantly reduced compared with control. This diminished ability to develop
      systolic stress from the same end-diastolic volumes suggests that the
      hypertrophied LV of the middle-aged obese rat's heart is dilated or that its
      contractility is depressed, or both.

PMID- 3985170
TI  - An antihypertensive substance associated with erythrocytes.
AB  - An extract was prepared from hemolyzed erythrocytes of spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR) which inhibits lanthanum-resistant calcium uptake by aortic segments
      and lowers blood pressure in several models of hypertension. Erythrocyte
      hemolysates were extracted with Triton X-100 and partially purified by boiling
      and Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. The effects of the extract on calcium
      uptake by aortic segments in vitro were reversible and dose dependent. The
      extract was administered by intraperitoneal injection to male and female SHR,
      deoxycorticosterone-NaCl hypertensive rats (DOCA-NaCl), one-kidney one-clip
      (1K,1C) and two-kidney, one-clip (2K,1C) renovascular hypertensive rats, and
      their appropriate control groups. At 24 h postinjection, the antihypertensive
      factor (AHF) lowered the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the conscious SHR male
      (200 +/- 7 to 132 +/- 11 Torr), SHR female (172 +/- 4 to 117 +/- 11), DOCA-NaCl
      (187 +/- 6 to 121 +/- 8), 2K,1C (165 +/- 8 to 127 +/- 7), and 1K,1C (167 +/- 8 to
      146 +/- 13) models of hypertension. The duration of the effect on the SBP was
      model dependent. The SBP was significantly decreased for 4-8 days in SHR, 4 days
      in 1K,1C and 2K,1C, and 2 days in DOCA-NaCl. In contrast to the results obtained
      in hypertensive rats, AHF had little effect on the SBP of normotensive animals.
      Both the blood pressure and calcium effects were abolished by digestion with
      phospholipase D, tentatively suggesting that the compound(s) inducing these
      effects may be a phospholipid or have a phospholipid moiety.

PMID- 3985171
TI  - Circulatory responses to onset of exercise: role of arterial and cardiac
      baroreflexes.
AB  - Six rabbits were exercised on a moving belt at 13 m/min for 60's. Heart rate
      (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac index (CI), and systemic vascular
      resistance index (SVRI) were measured. Exercise was done under the following four
      permutations of input from baroreceptors (B) and cardiac receptors (C): BC, both
      inputs present; B, only baroreceptor input (intrapericardial procaine); C, only
      cardiac receptor input (surgical barodenervation); 0, both inputs deleted. The
      reflex effects on SVRI of the two inputs were calculated as (B - 0) and (C - 0)
      and their interaction as (BC - 0) - [(B - 0) + (C - 0)]. The effects of
      baroreceptor input plus interaction on all cardiovascular variables were also
      calculated, as (BC - C). At rest, (B - 0) and (C - 0) each tonically depressed
      SVRI without interacting, and (BC - C) tonically depressed SVRI, MAP, and HR.
      Within 10 s of the start of exercise these tonic effects were abolished, although
      a small, SVRI-lowering interaction appeared. Suppression of the tonic reflex
      effects of arterial baroreceptor and cardiac receptor input supported systemic
      vascular resistance at the onset of exercise and contributed to the rise of
      arterial pressure.

PMID- 3985172
TI  - Norepinephrine on venous compliance and unstressed volume in cat liver.
AB  - Hemodynamic relationships between flows, pressures, and blood volume have been
      examined in the denervated liver of cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Portal
      and hepatic lobar venous pressures, portal and total hepatic flows, and hepatic
      blood volume were recorded when portal flow was varied from 0 to 240 ml X min-1 X
      100 g liver-1 and when hepatic outflow pressure was varied from 0 to 9.5 mmHg,
      before, during, and after intravenous infusion of norepinephrine (2 micrograms X
      min-1 X kg body wt-1). Portal pressure was 1-2 mmHg higher than lobar venous
      pressure and 8-9 mmHg higher than inferior vena caval pressure, showing that the
      major site of resistance in the portal circuit was in the large hepatic veins.
      Intrahepatic pressure was linearly related to total hepatic flow, and
      norepinephrine increased the intercept but not the slope of this relationship.
      Hepatic blood volume was linearly related to intrahepatic pressure with a
      calculated compliance of 2.5-3.0 ml X mmHg-1 X 100 g liver-1 and a calculated
      unstressed volume at zero pressure of 10-15 ml/100 g liver. Norepinephrine did
      not significantly change vascular compliance but caused a marked reduction of 15
      20 ml/100 g liver in calculated unstressed volume. Thus norepinephrine reduced
      hepatic blood volume by 15-20 ml/100 g liver at any given intrahepatic pressure.
      It is concluded that venoconstriction in the hepatic bed occurs by a decrease in
      unstressed volume with little change in compliance. Unstressed volume represents
      a true blood volume reserve, independent of passive influences, which can be
      mobilized by the central nervous system.

PMID- 3985173
TI  - Stroke volume effect of changing arterial input impedance over selected frequency
      ranges.
AB  - We investigated the effect of changing arterial input impedance over three
      selected frequency ranges on stroke volume (SV) in nine isolated canine left
      ventricles. The input impedance was simulated with a three-element Windkessel
      model (i.e., resistance, characteristic impedance, and compliance) and was
      imposed on the ventricles with a servo-controlled loading system. Under a
      constant end-diastolic volume [33.1 +/- 1.5 (SE) ml], we changed the modulus of
      the afterloaded impedance over a low frequency range (below 0.13 Hz) by changing
      the resistance, over a transitional frequency range (in which the impedance
      modulus decreases from total resistance to characteristic impedance) by changing
      the compliance, and over a high frequency range (above 2.0 Hz) by changing the
      characteristic impedance. Each of the impedance components was changed from
      control to 50 and 200% of control. SV sensitively decreased from 16.1 +/- 0.7 to
      7.4 +/- 0.5 ml in response to the increase in the low-frequency impedance
      modulus. SV was relatively insensitive, however, to the same percent increase in
      the impedance modulus over the transitional frequency range (from 11.2 +/- 0.6 to
      12.3 +/- 0.7 ml) and over the high frequency range (from 11.9 +/- 0.6 to 11.6 +/-
      0.7 ml). The average relative sensitivities of SV to the increase and decrease in
      impedance moduli in these frequency ranges were 1.2:0.12:0.04. We conclude that
      the modulus of impedance in the low frequency range is, by far, a more important
      determinant of SV than those in the transitional and high frequency ranges.

PMID- 3985174
TI  - Effect of erythrocyte storage and oxyhemoglobin affinity changes on cardiac
      function.
AB  - Storage of blood can depress erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels and
      thereby increase oxyhemoglobin affinity and potentially decrease capillary-to
      tissue oxygen transport. We measured myocardial function and metabolism in
      isolated rabbit hearts with fixed coronary flow under basal conditions and during
      isoproterenol stress at 37 and 30 degrees C, comparing high and low oxyhemoglobin
      affinity (OHA) erythrocytes. The high OHA state resulted from standard storage
      conditions, which caused depressed values of DPG and P50 (the oxygen tension at
      which hemoglobin is 50% saturated). The low OHA erythrocytes were initially
      stored and then underwent biochemical treatment to restore the DPG and P50 values
      to normal. The low OHA cells released more oxygen, and myocardial oxygen
      consumption and contractile function were increased relative to the high OHA
      cells during both the basal and stress states at both 37 and 30 degrees C. These
      observations may be relevant for patients with limited coronary flow when such
      patients receive large transfusions of stored blood.

PMID- 3985175
TI  - Effects of vasopressin on the coronary circulation: reserve and regulation during
      ischemia.
AB  - In 18 dogs, intracoronary infusion of vasopressin produced a 40% reduction in
      coronary flow without significantly affecting systemic hemodynamics. The blood
      flow reduction occurred in a uniform transmural pattern without evidence of a
      gradient. The reduction in coronary flow resulted in a decrease in regional
      contractility as determined by isometric strain gauge arches. The decrease in
      regional contractility was transiently reversed by bolus injection of adenosine
      into the perfusion line. This suggests that the reduction of blood flow due to
      vasopressin was causing ischemia. Evidence for ischemia was also supported by
      measurements of local vein and tissue lactate production. Despite the apparently
      ischemic conditions, the vascular bed demonstrated evidence for significant
      reserve and regulation. Pressure-flow relationships performed under control and
      during vasopressin infusion demonstrated that the coronary vasculature retained
      its ability to regulate or defend a given level of coronary flow over a range of
      coronary perfusion pressures. Vasopressin produced a mild decrease in the peak
      hyperemic flow after a 15-s coronary occlusion and shortened the duration of
      reactive hyperemia. These overall findings are compatible with a predominant
      vasoconstrictor effect on the distal coronary vasculature. A role for a myogenic
      factor in the control of the coronary circulation is suggested, which is
      amplified by vasopressin.

PMID- 3985176
TI  - Effects of loading conditions and inotropic state on rapid filling phase of left
      ventricle.
AB  - Afterload, activation sequence, inotropism, and extent of shortening affect the
      time constant (T) of left ventricular (LV) isovolumic pressure decay, yet it is
      unknown if they modify peak lengthening velocity of the LV minor axis
      [(dD/dt)/D]. Accordingly, we studied their effects on (dD/dt)/D, measured by
      sonomicrometry, in nine anesthetized open-chest dogs during atrial pacing at 2
      Hz. Afterload was increased 20-40 mmHg by 1) constricting the ascending aorta and
      2) occluding the descending aorta for four beats. Activation was altered by right
      ventricular pacing. These interventions, plus constriction of venae cavae, were
      studied during four inotropic states. Aortic stenosis increased (dD/dt)/D (P less
      than 0.05), whereas occlusion of the descending aorta, vena caval constriction,
      and right ventricular pacing decreased (dD/dt)/D (P less than 0.05). Left atrial
      pressure was constant except during vena caval constriction. Alterations in
      inotropic state modified (dD/dt)/D (P less than 0.001). Extent of shortening and
      (dD/dt)/D were directly related (r = 0.80, P less than 0.001). Changes in
      (dD/dt)/D and T were inversely related (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001), and
      alterations in the interval from -dP/dtpeak to the end of rapid filling were
      directly related to changes in T (r = 0.75, P less than 0.001). We conclude that
      (dD/dt)/D can be modified by systolic and diastolic load perturbations,
      activation sequence, and inotropic interventions. These effects relate to changes
      in extent of shortening, time course of inactivation, or both.

PMID- 3985177
TI  - Brain stem area with C1 epinephrine neurons mediates baroreflex vasodepressor
      responses.
AB  - In anesthetized, paralyzed rats, bilateral electrolytic lesions of rostral
      ventrolateral medulla (RVL) containing epinephrine neurons of the C1 group 1)
      abolished the reflex hypotension and bradycardia elicited by electrical
      stimulation of the left vagus nerve or stretch of the left carotid sinus and 2)
      reduced arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) to values comparable to spinal
      cord transection. Combined lesions of the right nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)
      and left or right C1 area did not alter AP. However, lesions of right NTS
      combined with lesions or microinjection of kainic acid into the left, but not
      right, C1 area abolished vasodepressor reflexes. Vasodepressor reflexes were
      unchanged by midcollicular decerebration, bilateral lesions of the parabrachial
      complex of the pons, or (after right NTS lesions) by lesions of the raphe or
      other reticular areas of the left half of the medulla. We conclude that neurons
      of the RVL, possibly belonging to the C1 epinephrine group, mediate vasodepressor
      responses from arterial baro- and other cardiopulmonary receptors, the pathway
      may be via a direct NTS-RVL projection, neurons in the C1 area of RVL are
      necessary for maintaining resting levels of arterial pressure.

PMID- 3985178
TI  - Model studies on distributions of blood cells at microvascular bifurcations.
AB  - To model the flow behavior of white and red blood cells at microvascular branch
      points, the distribution of neutrally buoyant spherical and disk-shaped particles
      at a symmetric T bifurcation was investigated for low Reynolds number flows (0.01
      0.1). The particle distribution was represented by the fractional particle flux
      to a daughter branch as a function of the fractional volumetric bulk flow to the
      same branch. Particle-to-tube diameter ratios of 0.32-0.79 were studied for the
      spherical particles and 0.4-0.8 for the disks. As the particle dimensions
      approach that of the tube, the relation between the fractional particle flux and
      fractional bulk flow changes from a linear relation of unity slope to a nonlinear
      S-shaped curve. Measurements of the flow divider at the entrance to the
      bifurcation and the eccentricity distributions for the spheres and disks were
      used to develop a model that permits prediction of the observed particle
      distributions. These results can be used to interpret the distribution of white
      and red blood cells in microvascular bifurcations with dimensions close to the
      cell size.

PMID- 3985179
TI  - Statistical constraints on microvascular measurements using fluorescent
      erythrocytes.
AB  - We show that two separate estimators of microvessel hematocrit (H) using the same
      fluorescent cell technique are not equally precise. The precision of H (indicated
      by the coefficient of variation, CV) depends on in vivo labeled cell counts (m),
      the labeled fraction (p), and for time-averaged H estimates, the mean cell
      velocity (v). Thus, for length-dependent estimates of H, CV2(HL) = 1/E(m) +
      CV2(p) and for time-averaged H estimates, CV2(Ht) = 1/E(m) + CV2(p) + CV2(v).
      Because CV(p) can be made small arbitrarily and independently, the precision of H
      is principally dependent on the expected value of m. Practical sampling
      constraints and minimum sampling intervals are identified and used to define
      strategies to minimize CV(H). We show that Ht is preferable to HL because it is
      more precise and the useful in vivo sampling range of m and p is more flexible.
      In addition, Ht allows simultaneous determination of cell flux and mean cell
      velocity.

PMID- 3985180
TI  - Determination of gluconeogenesis in vivo with 14C-labeled substrates.
AB  - A mitochondrial model of gluconeogenesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, where
      pyruvate is metabolized via pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, and
      pyruvate kinase is examined. The effect of the rate of tricarboxylic acid flux
      and the rates of the three reactions of pyruvate metabolism on the labeling
      patterns from [14C]pyruvate and [24C]acetate are analyzed. Expressions describing
      the specific radioactivities and 14C distribution in glucose as a function of
      these rates are derived. Specific radioactivities and isotopic patterns depend
      markedly on the ratio of the rates of pyruvate carboxylation and decarboxylation
      to the rate of citrate synthesis, but the effect of phosphoenolpyruvate
      hydrolysis is minor. The effects of these rates on 1) specific radioactivity of
      phosphoenolpyruvate, 2) labeling pattern in glucose, and 3) contribution of
      pyruvate, acetyl-coenzyme A, and CO2 to glucose carbon are illustrated. To
      determine the contribution of lactate or alanine to gluconeogenesis, experiments
      with two compounds labeled in different carbons are required. Methods in current
      use to correct for the dilution of 14C in gluconeogenesis from [14C]pyruvate are
      shown to be erroneous. The experimental design and techniques to determine
      gluconeogenesis from 14C-labeled precursors are presented and illustrated with
      numerical examples.

PMID- 3985181
TI  - Blood pressure and norepinephrine spillover during propranolol infusion in
      humans.
AB  - To determine whether a reflex increase of sympathetic nervous system activity
      contributes to maintenance of blood pressure during acute beta-adrenergic
      blockade, we measured plasma norepinephrine levels and norepinephrine kinetics
      during propranolol administration. During a 90-min infusion of propranolol (10 mg
      iv + 80 micrograms/min) in 12 normal subjects, heart rate fell from 56 +/- 2 to
      49 +/- 2 (SE) beats/min (P less than 0.001), but there was no fall in mean
      arterial blood pressure (84 +/- 3 mmHg before and 86 +/- 3 mmHg after
      propranolol). Arterial plasma norepinephrine levels rose from 183 +/- 20 to 250
      +/- 29 pg/ml during propranolol (P less than 0.001), suggesting increased
      sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. However, isotope dilution studies using
      tritiated norepinephrine infusion showed that arterial plasma levels of tritiated
      norepinephrine rose from 743 +/- 78 to 1,002 +/- 101 dpm/ml during propranolol (P
      less than 0.001), indicating a reduction in the rate of norepinephrine clearance
      from plasma. The calculated fall in clearance from 1.90 +/- 0.13 to 1.42 +/- 0.11
      1/min (P less than 0.001) entirely accounted for the rise in plasma
      norepinephrine, since the calculated rate of norepinephrine spillover into plasma
      remained at the base-line level of 340 +/- 40 ng/min during propranolol. In
      control studies on four subjects, arterial plasma norepinephrine levels and
      norepinephrine kinetics did not change from base line during the control period.
      We conclude that maintenance of blood pressure during propranolol infusion is not
      due to a reflex generalized increase of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone.

PMID- 3985182
TI  - Extraretinal photoreception in the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis: phase response
      curve.
AB  - All submammalian vertebrates have extraretinal photoreceptors (ERR) that can
      mediate entrainment of circadian rhythms to 24-h light-dark (LD) cycles. Phase
      response curves (PRC) for 6-h fluorescent light pulses were generated for lizards
      (Sceloporus occidentalis) previously subjected to sectioning of both optic nerves
      (ONX). The PRC for ONX lizards (only ERRs present) shows a threefold increase in
      the amplitude of both the advance and delay portions of the PRC compared with a
      PRC previously generated for sighted S. occidentalis. Also, in contrast to
      sighted lizards the area of the advance part of the PRC of ONX lizards is greater
      than the delay portion. Consistent with the shape of the respective PRCs in ONX
      vs. sighted lizards are the following facts. 1) The range of entrainment to LD
      cycles is greater in ONX lizards; some sighted lizards free-ran when exposed to
      LD 6:21.5 or LD 6:23.5 but entrained after ONX lizards reentrained to an 8-h
      shift in the phase of a LD 6:18 cycle significantly faster than sighted lizards.
      3) Forty-two percent of ONX lizards showed a shorter free-running period (tau) in
      LL than DD, whereas 90% of sighted lizards showed a longer free-running period in
      LL than in DD. In those lizards in which tau LL greater than tau DD, the the
      average tau change in ONX lizards in was significantly less than that observed in
      sighted lizards. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the eyes
      have an "inhibitory" role in the circadian system of S. occidentalis.

PMID- 3985183
TI  - Mammals: an allometric study of metabolism at tissue and mitochondrial level.
AB  - Body composition, mitochondrial volume density, and mitochondrial membrane
      surface area were measured in six species of mammals representing a 100-fold
      weight range (18-2,067 g). The mammals examined included three eutherian species,
      two marsupial, and one monotreme species. The tissues examined were liver,
      kidney, brain, lung, heart, and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius). Allometric
      equations were derived for tissue weight, and the allometric exponents ranged
      from 0.69 (brain) to 1.01 (skeletal muscle). Allometric relationships for
      mitochondrial membrane surface area were also determined both per milliliter
      tissue and per total tissue. Small mammals had a higher mitochondrial membrane
      surface area per milliliter tissue than large mammals in all tissues examined.
      These differences were significant in liver, kidney, brain, and heart. Total
      mitochondrial membrane surface area per tissue had allometric exponents ranging
      from 0.55 (kidney) to 0.78 (skeletal muscle). When total mitochondrial membrane
      surface area was summated for the major internal organs examined (liver, kidney,
      heart, and brain), the allometric equation was mitochondrial membrane surface
      area (m2) = 3.04 body wt0.59 (g). This was similar to the exponent of standard
      metabolic rate against body weight in the species examined (i.e., 0.62). The
      inclusion of skeletal muscle and lung into the summated mitochondrial membrane
      surface area increased the exponent to 0.76. This is compared with the
      relationship between maximal O2 consumption and body size in mammals.

PMID- 3985184
TI  - Exercise training-induced hypervolemia in greyhounds: role of water intake and
      renal mechanisms.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if the chronic hypervolemia that
      accompanies endurance exercise training is due only to an increase in the rate of
      water intake or if there were contributions from renal mechanisms. Four greyhound
      dogs, previously sedentary for 3 yr, were utilized. During the 28-day experiment
      each dog was trained on a treadmill ergometer for 14 consecutive days at 65% of
      its pretraining maximal work intensity. After training, plasma volume increased
      472 ml (27.5%, P less than 0.05). The rate of water intake increased 328 ml/day
      (33%, P less than 0.05), whereas urine output increased 87 ml/day (20.8%, P less
      than 0.05). The mean resting 24-h values for clearance of sodium increased 0.29
      ml/min (90.3%, P less than 0.05), and clearance of potassium decreased 1.51
      ml/min (16.1%, NS). Glomerular filtration rate, free water clearance, and osmotic
      clearance were not significantly altered. These data suggest that the primary
      mechanism for the exercise training-induced hypervolemia in dogs is a net
      positive water balance via increased water consumption without significant
      contribution from an increase in renal water reabsorption.

PMID- 3985185
TI  - Short-latency tachycardia evoked by stimulation of muscle and cutaneous
      afferents.
AB  - The short-latency effect on heart rate of peripheral nerve stimulation was
      studied in decerebrate cats. Selective activation (17-40 microA, 100 Hz, 1 s
      long) of low-threshold fibers in the nerves to the triceps surae muscle yielded
      isometric contractions of maximal force that were accompanied by a cardiac cycle
      length shortening within 0.4 s from the start of stimulation. This effect was
      abolished by pharmacologically induced neuromuscular blockade. The cardiac cycle
      length shortening during paralysis reappeared after a 6- to 10-fold increase of
      the stimulation strength. Cutaneous (sural) nerve stimulation (15-25 microA, 100
      Hz, 1 s long) elicited reflex contractions in the stimulated limb, which were
      also accompanied by a cardiac acceleration with similar latency. Paralysis
      prevented the reflex contractions and reduced the cardiac response in some cats
      and abolished it in others. The response reappeared in either case after a 5- to
      10-fold increase of the stimulus strength. It is concluded that muscle nerve and
      cutaneous nerve activity both cause a similar cardiac acceleration with a latency
      of less than 0.4 s. The response to muscle nerve stimulation is elicited by
      activity in group III afferents. It is excluded that the cardiac response to
      nerve stimulation is secondary to a change in the respiratory pattern.

PMID- 3985186
TI  - Level of satiety: fatty acid and glucose metabolism in three brain sites
      associated with feeding.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to determine if the level of satiety alters fatty
      acid and glucose metabolism in selected brain areas. Rats received 150, 100, or
      50% of normal intake by gastric intubation for 7 days. Thus the impetus for
      spontaneous feeding would be impaired in 150% fed rats (anoretic), potentiated in
      50% fed rats (hungry), and maintained in 100% fed (control) rats. In vitro
      metabolism of glucose and palmitate was examined in liver, cortex, ventrolateral
      hypothalamus (VLH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and area postrema nucleus of
      the solitary tract. The VLH of hungry (50%) rats had a 40% increase in palmitate
      oxidation and a 9% decrease in glucose oxidation compared with controls (100%).
      The VLH of anoretic rats (150%) had a 36% decrease in palmitate oxidation and a
      20% increase in glucose oxidation compared with controls. Hepatic metabolic
      differences were similar to those seen in VLH. Total fatty acid synthesis was 37%
      higher in anoretic and 29% lower in hungry compared with control rats.
      Recognition of excess, sufficient, or deficient peripheral energy status may be a
      process that monitors both VLH energy utilization and VMH energy storage in an
      attempt to depict metabolic adaptations of the periphery.

PMID- 3985187
TI  - Level of satiety: GABA and pentose shunt activities in three brain sites
      associated with feeding.
AB  - The hypothesis addressed was that metabolic activity within specific brain areas
      may be altered to depict peripheral metabolic status. Sixty-three female Sprague
      Dawley rats (225 g) received 150, 100, or 50% of normal intake by gastric
      intubation for 7 days. The incentive for spontaneous feeding would be inhibited
      in 150% fed rats (anoretic), stimulated in 50% fed rats (hungry), and maintained
      in 100% fed rats (control). Glucose flux through the gamma-aminobutyric acid
      shunt of the ventrolateral hypothalamus was 32% lower in hungry rats and 35%
      higher in anoretic rats relative to control values. Glucose flux through the
      pentose shunt of the ventromedial hypothalamus was 111% lower in hungry rats and
      152% higher in anoretic rats relative to control values. Pentose shunt activity
      in the area postrema nucleus of the solitary tract (AP NTS) was 116% lower in
      hungry rats and 60% higher in anoretic rats relative to control values; however,
      hungry and anoretic rats had AP NTS pentose shunt activities that were not
      different from control values but were different from each other. The data
      demonstrate that within selective brain sites, specific pathways for glucose
      oxidation are affected by energy intake and may be used by the rat to assess and
      respond to changes in peripheral energy status.

PMID- 3985188
TI  - Oral stimulation alters digestion of intragastric oil meals in rats.
AB  - Rats were fed corn oil by gastric catheter, and plasma levels of triglycerides
      were measured 1-6 h later. In previous studies intragastric feeding of oil
      resulted in a more rapid rise in plasma triglycerides, followed by a more rapid
      fall, than oral feeding of the same amount of oil. In the present study
      administration of a small amount of oil or saccharin to the mouths of rats
      immediately before intragastric feeding prolonged the elevation in blood
      triglycerides 4 h later. This latter effect appeared only in rats having previous
      experience with oil paired with the taste. Oral stimulation with saccharin also
      increased the amount of fat remaining in the stomach 1 h after the intragastric
      meal. The amount of free fatty acids remaining in the stomach 1 h after
      intragastric feeding was not significantly influenced by oral stimulation,
      suggesting that lingual lipase is not responsible for the observed effects. These
      findings demonstrate that a taste which has been paired with fat intake can
      acquire the ability to influence the digestion of fat.

PMID- 3985189
TI  - Disordered drinking in developing spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Eating and drinking in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY)
      rats were measured at 5-17 wk of life. The SHR drank significantly more water in
      24 h than WKY as early as wk 9, spilled more dry food than did WKY, and exhibited
      an inverse relation between 24-h water intake and dry food spilled. When eating a
      meal of dry food after 12 h food deprivation, SHR drank earlier and drank more in
      a 1-h test than WKY rats. Moreover, SHR exhibited (as early as wk 7) a striking
      pattern of interrupting eating to drink. This pattern was not present when SHR
      ate liquid food, and it was attenuated by infusion of water through a cheek
      fistula. Adult SHR (22 wk) salivated less than WKY in response to intraperitoneal
      3.25 mg/kg pilocarpine nitrate. When developing SHR and WKY were maintained on
      liquid and solid food, SHR gained disproportionately more weight than WKY during
      development. When young SHR were permitted to drink no more water than WKY rats,
      the development of hypertension was retarded, and body weight gain was slowed.
      Because restricted access to food, which produced an equivalent slowing of body
      weight gain as did restricted access to water, also retarded development of
      hypertension, it appears that restricted access to water retards development of
      hypertension due to delayed growth. These results demonstrate that hyperdipsia,
      apparently caused by deficient salivary function, is not necessary for the
      development of hypertension in SHR.

PMID- 3985190
TI  - Model of a pattern generator for locomotion in mammals.
AB  - This paper presents an analytic model of a limb pattern generator that can
      produce complex muscle activation patterns such as those shown to control the
      limbs of cats. The limb pattern generator is considered to have a tonic input and
      six outputs; this provides for flexion and extension of representative muscles
      for each of the three joints of the limb. The pattern generator functions as a
      community of labile synthesized relaxation oscillators that alters its output in
      response to input. This model was studied using electromyographic data from an
      experiment conducted on an acute postmammillary cat preparation. The results
      suggest that the limb pattern generator can be represented as three subsystems:
      an oscillator that produces the fundamental frequency of the output in response
      to the tonic signal, nonlinear shaping functions that mold the oscillator output
      into the basic complex pattern, and appropriate weighting functions that generate
      the muscle activity pattern from basic waveforms. The model can account for speed
      changes in locomotion with a relatively smooth change of system parameters. The
      pattern generator model is generative, amenable to simulation studies, and can be
      realized by a neural network.

PMID- 3985191
TI  - Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates suppression of food intake by cholecystokinin.
AB  - Capsaicin, the pungent principal in red pepper, has been shown to damage small
      diameter peptide-containing sensory neurons. Suppression of feeding by
      cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK OP) was attenuated after systemic pretreatment
      with capsaicin. Capsaicin pretreatment did not attenuate suppression of food
      intake by intragastric preloads. Pretreatment of rats with microgram quantities
      of capsaicin injected into the fourth ventricle, near the sites of vagal afferent
      termination, also attenuated CCK OP-induced suppression of food intake. These
      results suggest that the satiety-inducing effects of CCK OP are mediated, at
      least in part, by capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons.

PMID- 3985192
TI  - Body images of one's self and of others: developmental and clinical significance.
AB  - The author presents a new concept of the term "body image." He also introduces
      the term "extraneous body image," i.e., one's mental representation of others'
      appearance and behavior. The formation of one's own and extraneous body images
      and their role in the development of self-concept, concept of others,
      interpersonal relationships, and mind-body interactions, as well as their
      clinical implications, are discussed.

PMID- 3985193
TI  - Psychiatric aspects of traffic accidents.
AB  - The authors review the literature pertaining to the roles of psychopathology and
      personality variables in traffic accidents. They review studies of nonpsychiatric
      and psychiatric samples and examine the roles of suicide, life events, alcohol,
      and drugs. Certain personality characteristics and psychopathology--such as low
      tension tolerance, immaturity, personality disorder, and paranoid conditions-
      appear to be risk factors for traffic accidents. Although the role of alcohol is
      relatively well established, the roles of most other drugs are less clear. The
      results of further investigation of psychopathology's role in traffic accidents
      may have implications for prevention.

PMID- 3985194
TI  - A validity study of axis II of DSM-III.
AB  - The authors examine DSM-III personality disorders in a longitudinally followed
      community sample of middle-aged inner city men. Eighty-six (23%) of the subjects
      received an axis II diagnosis of personality disorder. Although these men
      received relatively little psychiatric attention, they were severely impaired in
      terms of how they felt about themselves, how others saw their global mental
      health, and their ability to work and to love. When the strong overlap with
      alcoholism was controlled for, personality disorder was clearly related to
      adaptive problems that manifested by early adolescence. The evidence suggests
      that early deficiencies of biology, environmental support, and ego strength
      contribute to the development of personality disorder.

PMID- 3985195
TI  - Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study of patients
      hospitalized with suicidal ideation.
AB  - The authors intensively studied 207 patients hospitalized because of suicidal
      ideation, but not for recent suicide attempts, at the time of admission. During a
      follow-up period of 5-10 years, 14 patients committed suicide. Of all the data
      collected at the time of hospitalization, only the Hopelessness Scale and the
      pessimism item of the Beck Depression Inventory predicted the eventual suicides.
      A score of 10 or more on the Hopelessness Scale correctly identified 91% of the
      eventual suicides. Taken in conjunction with previous studies showing the
      relationship between hopelessness and suicidal intent, these findings indicate
      the importance of degree of hopelessness as an indicator of long-term suicidal
      risk in hospitalized depressed patients.

PMID- 3985196
TI  - Family interaction patterns among Japanese-American and Caucasian families in
      Hawaii.
AB  - The authors compared the family interaction patterns of Japanese-American and
      Caucasian families in Hawaii by rating videotapes of structured family
      interactions. There were significant differences between the two groups in many
      aspects of family interaction, such as power, coalition, closeness, negotiation,
      clarity of self-disclosure, responsibility, invasiveness, affect, and empathy.
      The differences in family interaction could be explained by the cultural
      differences between the two groups and indicate that profiles of healthy families
      differ between distinct cultures, and there is a need to establish a culturally
      relevant family interaction profile; otherwise normal interactions in families
      outside the mainstream could be misinterpreted as pathological.

PMID- 3985198
TI  - The criminality of the mentally ill: a dangerous misconception.
AB  - A longstanding controversy is the relative dangerousness and criminality of the
      mentally ill. The author presents observational data from 1,072 police-citizen
      encounters in an urban area. The data show that persons exhibiting signs of
      serious mental disorder were not suspected of serious crimes at a rate
      disproportionate to their numbers in the population. The patterns of crime for
      mentally disordered persons and for non-mentally-disordered persons were
      substantially similar. These data help dispel the myth that the mentally ill
      constitute a dangerous group prone to violent crime.

PMID- 3985197
TI  - Depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in adolescents.
AB  - Depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in 64 adolescent psychiatric patients
      were assessed by a structured interview and the Schedule for Affective Disorders
      and Schizophrenia. The medical seriousness of suicidal behavior was associated
      with conscious intent to die and with the number of previous nonlethal suicide
      attempts. Suicidal behavior was associated with depressed mood, negative self
      evaluation, anhedonia, insomnia, poor concentration, indecisiveness, lack of
      reactivity of mood, psychomotor disturbance, and alcohol and drug abuse. The
      results suggest that adolescents can be reliable reporters of their suicide
      potential and that clinicians need to be sensitive to symptoms of major
      depressive disorder in assessing potentially suicidal adolescents.

PMID- 3985199
TI  - Potentiation of antidepressant medications by phase advance of the sleep-wake
      cycle.
AB  - Four patients with major depression who were unresponsive to antidepressant
      medications rapidly improved and remained euthymic after an advance of the sleep
      wake cycle. Phase advance of the sleep-wake cycle and antidepressant treatment
      may have complementary effects on the circadian system. The authors suggest that
      the combination may be useful in treating drug nonresponders and in hastening
      response to antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 3985200
TI  - The psychosocial adjustment of Australian Vietnam veterans.
AB  - The authors reviewed the case records of a random sample of 126 Australian
      Vietnam veteran inpatients, recorded the diagnostic and background data, and made
      new DSM-III diagnoses. Neurotic disorders accounted for 49% of the primary or
      secondary diagnoses. Only 10% of the overall sample had a primary diagnosis of
      posttraumatic stress disorder but 27% of the veterans who had seen combat had a
      primary diagnosis of the disorder. Twenty-nine percent of the overall sample were
      given a primary diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence. The early developmental
      environment of the overall sample frequently included poor parent-child
      relationships, high rates of parental separation, and family histories dominated
      by parental alcohol abuse.

PMID- 3985201
TI  - Scaled ratings of DSM-III personality disorders.
AB  - The authors describe the use of a 4-point rating scale for DSM-III axis II
      categories in a hospital-based outpatient clinic. Fifty-one percent of the sample
      met the criteria for one or more DSM-III personality disorders. This increased to
      88% when the sample also included patients rated as having "some traits" or
      "almost meets DSM-III criteria." Frequency distributions were obtained for each
      of the 11 personality disorders, and a factor analysis was derived that was
      similar to the groupings described in DSM-III.

PMID- 3985202
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test in depressed, dysthymic, and nondepressed
      children.
AB  - Dexamethasone suppression tests were given to seven children with major
      depression, six dysthymic children, and 17 children without affective disorders.
      The test showed sensitivity for major depressive disorder (87%) but a low
      specificity (53%).

PMID- 3985203
TI  - Diagnosing schizophrenia in 1982: the effect of DSM-III.
AB  - In 1982, 2 years after the introduction of DSM-III, the authors sent
      questionnaires to 1,313 psychiatrists in the United States asking what criteria
      they used to diagnose schizophrenia. They received responses from 341 and
      compared these with responses of 301 psychiatrists to the same question in
      October 1980, 3 months after the introduction of DSM-III. The results indicate
      that DSM-III did not have a major effect on the diagnostic practices of
      psychiatrists from 1980 to 1982. A high number of psychiatrists continued to
      approach the diagnosis of schizophrenia in an individualistic, unsystematic way.

PMID- 3985204
TI  - Preliminary data on DSM-III associated features of major depressive disorder in
      children and adolescents.
AB  - Fifty-nine subjects 5-16 years old with major depressive disorder were assessed
      for the presence of separation anxiety and antisocial behavior, mentioned in DSM
      III as associated features of the disorder in children and adolescents. The
      findings of the study support the existence of these associated features.

PMID- 3985205
TI  - Diagnosis of "myxedema madness".

PMID- 3985206
TI  - Contracting AIDS as a means of committing suicide.

PMID- 3985207
TI  - Alcohol consumption and latitude in the United States.

PMID- 3985208
TI  - Permeability of the blood-brain barrier in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 3985209
TI  - Attempted suicide by a patient with severe coronary artery disease.

PMID- 3985210
TI  - Delusional loving and the self.

PMID- 3985211
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test and residual schizophrenia.

PMID- 3985212
TI  - Medical students' perception of psychiatry.

PMID- 3985213
TI  - ECT regulation and the two-tiered care system.

PMID- 3985214
TI  - Opioids, dopamine, and restless legs syndrome.

PMID- 3985215
TI  - Possible impact of weekly DSTs on thyroid function in patients with affective
      disorders.

PMID- 3985216
TI  - Lithium as an adjunct treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PMID- 3985217
TI  - On Freud and Husserl.

PMID- 3985218
TI  - Chest X-ray and laboratory findings in a private psychiatric hospital population.

PMID- 3985219
TI  - Stelazine advertisement "dismays" readers.

PMID- 3985220
TI  - Research performed upon the mass-media stage--questions of reliability and
      ethics.

PMID- 3985221
TI  - Follow-up five years after attempted suicide at age 7.
AB  - Of 101 adolescents and young adults admitted to a depression inpatient unit, and
      independently evaluated by researchers and clinicians, only one had ever made a
      prepubertal suicide attempt. Despite progressively severe primary affective
      disorder that ultimately led to hospitalization at age 12 1/2, the patient never
      again attempted to kill himself. In this report we discuss D.'s developmental
      history, family and individual psychodynamics, psychopathology and treatment.
      Since the patient had been evaluated by mental health professionals repeatedly
      from age 5, we had access to a well-documented longitudinal view of his life. His
      motivation to attempt suicide involved interactions between individual and family
      dynamics. In addition, however, the occurrence by coincidence of meaningful
      stress at a phase-specific time of vulnerability was of clinical significance. In
      our opinion, stressful events which actually occurred and were not the products
      of fantasy enhanced the likelihood that D.'s only suicide attempt occurred at the
      point of his life when it did.

PMID- 3985222
TI  - Panic attacks, hypochondriasis, and agoraphobia: a self-psychology formulation.
AB  - The clinical and theoretical material presented points to the value of looking at
      the syndrome of panic attacks, hypochondriasis, and agoraphobia from a self
      psychology perspective. From this vantage, the nature of the constellation of
      symptoms and its relationship to premorbid personality characteristics can be
      understood and a coherent view of the syndrome can be constructed.
      Phenomenologically and pathogenetically, panic attacks, hypochondriasis, and
      agoraphobia are related to states of self-fragmentation. Despite longstanding
      faulty anxiety-regulatory mechanisms, from which arises the vulnerability to self
      fragmentation, a cohesive self may be formed in childhood through compensatory
      and defensive structures. If these structures are undermined, cohesion is lost
      and as the self experiences fragmentation, panic ensues. The panic state has far
      reaching consequences by setting in motion a regression to a precohesive state
      and evoking powerful feelings as well as the need for selfobjects appropriate to
      that early troubled developmental period. Hypochondriasis and agoraphobia arise
      out of this regressed matrix: hypochondriasis as a somatic representation and
      elaboration on the state of self-fragmentation, and agoraphobia as a defense
      against and an attempt to repair self-fragmentation. Transference phenomena
      during the treatment of patients with the syndrome can best be understood in the
      light of this formulation.

PMID- 3985223
TI  - Focal behavioral psychotherapy for acute narcissistic injury: "de mopes"--report
      of a case.
AB  - In order to be equal to the task of serving the mental health needs of the
      community, mental health professionals must develop methodology which is both
      effective and affordable, avoiding both undertreatment and overtreatment of those
      who need and seek their services. This fact is underscored by epidemiological
      data which suggest that up to 25 percent of the U.S. population suffers some form
      of demoralization, either alone or in combination with a diagnosable psychiatric
      disorder. Using a case example drawn from the classical folk literature, the
      author presents a model for understanding the demoralized state and treating it
      through a simple focal model of psychotherapy based on behavioral prescription.
      This technique is held to be humane and cost-effective. The author considers the
      possible reasons for the traditional psychiatric community's neglect of the
      ubiquitous problem of demoralization and its behavioral concomitant, moping.

PMID- 3985224
TI  - Prognostic indicators in the psychotherapy of borderline patients.
AB  - Although diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties, including countertransference
      problems, in borderline patients make prognostic estimates hazardous, practical
      necessity often requires a prognostic judgment regarding treatability. This paper
      proposes a list of prognostic indicators in borderline patients which may be
      useful to the psychotherapist in the evaluation of treatability. Unfavorable
      prognostic indicators include history of brutalized early environment, severe
      behavior problems in childhood, antisocial behavior, addictions, egosyntonicity,
      superficial or highly disturbed relationships, marked narcissistic features,
      injurious social environment; and, in the course of therapy, strong negative
      reaction of the therapist toward the patient, and antisocial acting out.
      Suggesting a more favorable prognosis for psychotherapy are: nonspecific
      personality traits which may promote the therapeutic relationship (likeableness,
      warmth, reliability, or interest in people), and intact sublimatory outlets
      (talents, skills). In general, the quality of object relations, especially the
      therapist-patient relationship, including the countertransference, is crucial to
      prognosis. The unfavorable prognostic implications of certain atypical forms of
      anxiety, depression, and dependency, as well as anhedonia and abulia, are
      discussed. Borderline patients with infantile features probably have better
      prognosis than is generally recognized; with narcissistic features, a worse
      prognosis than generally recognized.

PMID- 3985225
TI  - Psychoanalytic listening II.
AB  - This paper employs a rhetorical form designed to clarify and sharpen the focus of
      the very special stance required--which must be painstakingly learned under
      careful supervision--in order to effectively tune in to communications coming
      from the unconscious of the patient. This is the hardest task that must be
      mastered to become truly empathic and sensitive in dyadic relationships, a unique
      expertise that marks the psychiatrist as a genuine specialist in medical
      practice. Regardless of theoretical orientation, neither the form or content of
      any therapeutic intervention can be appropriate unless it is empathically based.
      Clinical vignettes illustrate the lack of such empathy, and readings are
      suggested that enhance our approach to learning this skill, borrowing especially
      from Kohut and Bion. The great importance of the often ignored "background" of
      the patient's communication is emphasized, and is illustrated from the field of
      music in the work of John Cage and Anton Webern. The congruence between this
      clinical psychiatric problem and the main thrust of Continental philosophy, which
      attempts to put man back in touch with himself, is described. Suggestions are
      offered to supervisors how to develop these skills in the novice. Finally, a
      discussion is presented of the effect on the professional and personal life of
      the therapist who has not developed these skills, emphasizing the dangers of
      "burn-out" in therapists and the implicit philosophy of life in a money-oriented
      practice of psychotherapy. The dangers of not attending to such matters even
      during residency training are pointed out, in an attempt to raise the
      consciousness level of the therapist to the extreme importance of background
      practices both in the patient and the therapist.

PMID- 3985226
TI  - DSM III and the narcissistic personality.
AB  - In order to achieve more understanding of the term narcissistic personality,
      particularly as it relates to DSM III, the works of Kohut and Kernberg are
      examined in much detail. Focus is placed on descriptive and dynamic aspects of
      these works, along with the question of the relationship of the narcissistic
      personality to the borderline. The descriptive aspects of both Kohut's and
      Kernberg's works are each recast in a symptom-oriented check-list approach, to
      provide direct comparisons to DSM III. The DSM III criteria for the narcissistic
      personality are found to nicely represent a descriptive compilation of the work
      of these two predominant psychoanalysts. Although the DSM III criteria do not yet
      supply reliability or validity, they do describe a distinct group of patients,
      appear highly useful clinically, and are viewed very favorably.

PMID- 3985227
TI  - Is there life after tenure?
AB  - Within academic medical settings, the issue of tenure is highly controversial.
      Advocates maintain that tenure is necessary to protect academic freedom and
      reward accomplishment; critics claim that it promotes sloth and encourages
      incompetence. Unfortunately, the available facts do not support any clear-cut
      answer. Studies on the scholarly, research, and service activities of faculty do
      not reveal any clear relationship between tenure and a decline in productivity.
      Nor, for that matter, does tenure seem to have any bearing on the exercise of
      academic freedom. As to the viability of tenure, economic and political factors
      may have more of an impact than the presumed merits or weaknesses of this system.

PMID- 3985228
TI  - The life-story method in psychotherapy and psychiatric education: the development
      of confidence.
AB  - The disease concept and the life-story method are perspectives of psychiatry that
      have different consequences for the education and practice of house officers. The
      premises of the disease concept are taught in medical school, and provide a
      familiar basis for the explanation of certain psychiatric conditions. As the
      house officer sees how the disease concept is applied to such problems, he
      rapidly becomes confident in his abilities to diagnose and treat them. For other
      conditions, however, the disease concept is inappropriate, and the life-story
      method should be chosen. The premises of this way of understanding suffering are
      rarely taught in a formal manner before residency training begins, and thus, when
      confronted with a patient for whom psychotherapy is the treatment of choice, the
      fledgling psychiatrist is often bewildered. An understanding of the life-story
      method and its implications for the process of psychotherapy should help give
      confidence to the practice of beginners.

PMID- 3985229
TI  - Psychotherapeutic treatment of chronic insomnia.
AB  - Although psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with chronic insomnia can be
      difficult and frustrating, a psychotherapeutic approach in which the therapist
      actively explores and uncovers problem areas can be beneficial. Since chronic
      insomniac patients tend to internalize their feelings, which leads to increased
      psychologic arousal and insomnia, the therapist must consistently re-orient the
      patient toward awareness and expression of feeling. An active therapeutic
      approach also helps derail the chronic insomniac's tendency to focus on the
      daytime effects of insomnia rather than on the emotional factors that generate
      the symptoms. By utilizing the specific technical approaches described in this
      paper, gratifying therapeutic results may be achieved.

PMID- 3985230
TI  - The reality and the image of God in psychotherapy.
AB  - I have suggested that the plea for increased respect for the religious patient's
      perspectives demands a willingness on the psychotherapist's part to acknowledge
      the unique reality of the patient's relationships with religious objects, a
      reality which extends beyond the assumptions and predicates of standard
      interpersonal models of human behavior. At the same time, the psychotherapist can
      legitimately expect of the religious patient a willingness (notwithstanding the
      customary resistances) to expose his or her religious feelings and relationships
      to the type of analysis which attempts to clarify the nature and quality of the
      interpersonal or psychodynamic bases and implications of religious material. The
      psychotherapist can not arbitrate moral claims and decisions for the patient, nor
      rightfully present himself as possessing the single, "true" understanding of
      religious experience. Yet the therapist can invite the patient to examine the
      moral implications of his psychological experiences and the psychological impact
      and consequences of his religious experiences. What knowledge we as
      psychotherapists possess about human nature can be used to influence changes in
      the lives of our patients which they find useful and relevant for living in the
      world they have created for themselves. But we must, I think, humbly anticipate
      qualities of human nature and relationship whose ultimate meanings may defy every
      convention and paradigm.

PMID- 3985231
TI  - The two-way street: aspects of regression in psychotherapy with aging patients.
AB  - In the history of psychotherapy, regression has been generally regarded as a
      pathologic defense and as a resistance to treatment, and only occasionally as a
      productive element of the treatment process. Work with aging patients offers a
      useful vantage point for understanding this latter function, as the extended
      longitudinal perspective helps clarify the patterns of regressive phenomena.
      Three such therapies are presented, with particular focus on regressions in
      content and transference. The classical view of regression as a pathologic
      process fails to explain the observations adequately. The process is more fully
      understood when the curative potential of regression is appreciated. Flowing
      spontaneously from patients in the wake of empathic interventions by the
      therapist, it enables patients to re-experience earlier attitudes and
      perceptions. Interpreting these earlier positions furthers therapeutic growth.
      Patients can also use regression outside the context of therapy to expand their
      repertoire of adaptive skills.

PMID- 3985232
TI  - Training issues in the treatment of severely disturbed patients.
AB  - When beginning psychotherapists undertake the treatment of severely disturbed
      patients, we see a confluence of factors involving both patients and therapist
      which predispose to the development of predictable countertransferential
      responses. These have a strong impact on patient treatment as well as therapist
      training. Patients may bring to this process their difficulty establishing a
      working alliance, use of primitive ego defenses, and ambivalence about closeness.
      Therapists may bring their identification with patients, lack of professional
      identity, and limited development of introspective capacity. Supervisors,
      therefore, need to maintain an awareness of the unique needs of inexperienced
      therapists, and pay careful attention to the parallel process as a reflection of
      the therapist's identification with patient, facilitate a teaching-learning
      alliance which meets the student's needs both for praise from and emulation of a
      powerful therapeutic role model, grant permission for countertransferential
      feelings, and finally acknowledge joint responsibility between patient and
      therapist for such responses.

PMID- 3985233
TI  - The scope of occupational health in developing countries.

PMID- 3985234
TI  - Infant feeding and gastrointestinal illness.

PMID- 3985236
TI  - AIDS and sexual behavior reported by gay men in San Francisco.
AB  - In November 1983, we surveyed 655 gay men in San Francisco regarding their sexual
      practices during the previous month and the same month one year ago. The sample
      was selected to include men in situations that would lead to high risk of sexual
      activities related to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) transmission
      (i.e., men frequenting bathhouses and gay bars) as well as men in low-risk
      situations (those going to neither place and men in primary relationships). The
      Bath group showed little change in frequency of bathhouse use and in number of
      sexual partners from that location. The other groups showed substantial
      reductions in frequency of sexual contacts from bars, baths, T-rooms, or parks.
      Men in monogamous relationships showed little change in sexual behavior within
      their relationship. Men in non-monogamous relationships and men not in
      relationships reported substantial reductions in high-risk sexual activity, but
      not a corresponding increase in low-risk sexual behavior. Knowledge of health
      guidelines was quite high, but this knowledge had no relation to sexual behavior.
      Using sex to release tension, use of sex to express gay identity, and knowledge
      of persons with AIDS in the advanced stages of disease were related to frequency
      and type of sexual behavior.

PMID- 3985235
TI  - Cancer risk in adulthood from early life exposure to parents' smoking.
AB  - We obtained data on smoking by parents from 438 cancer cases and 470 controls to
      investigate whether cancer risk in adult life is related to transplacental or
      childhood exposure to cigarette smoke. Cancer cases were between ages 15 and 59
      at time of diagnosis. All sites but basal cell cancer of the skin were included.
      Cancer risk was increased 50 per cent among offspring of men who smoked.
      Increased risk associated with father's smoking was not explained by demographic
      factors, social class, or individual smoking habits, and was not limited to known
      smoking related sites. Relative risk (RR) estimates associated with father's
      smoking tended to be greatest for smokers, males, and non-Whites. There was only
      a slight increase in overall cancer risk associated with maternal smoking.
      Mother's and father's smoking were both associated with risk for hematopoietic
      cancers, and a dose-response relationship was seen. The RR for hematopoietic
      cancers increased from 1.7 when one parent smoked to 4.6 when both parents
      smoked. Although they should be considered tentative, study findings suggest a
      long-term hazard from transplacental or childhood passive exposure to cigarette
      smoke.

PMID- 3985237
TI  - Government regulation of occupational safety: underground coal mine accidents
      1973-75.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of federal mine safety
      inspections on underground coal mine accidents. An economic incentives model is
      developed to relate federal enforcement activities to accident rates. The
      determinants of accident rates are analyzed for 535 coal mines during the period
      1973-75. Estimates based on these data when applied to the model indicate that
      increasing inspections by 25 per cent would have produced a 13 per cent decline
      in fatal accidents and an 18 per cent decline in disabling accidents.

PMID- 3985238
TI  - Effects of unemployment on mental and physical health.
AB  - From a prospective study of the impact of stress on health in 300 men assessed
      every six months, men who became unemployed after entering the study were
      compared with an equal number, matched for age and race, who continued to work.
      Psychological and health data after unemployment were compared between the two
      groups by multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. After unemployment,
      symptoms of somatization, depression, and anxiety were significantly greater in
      the unemployed than employed. Large standard deviations on self-esteem scores in
      the unemployed group suggested that some men coped better than others with job
      loss stress. Further analysis showed those with higher esteem had more support
      from family and friends than did those with low self-esteem. Furthermore,
      unemployed men made significantly more visits to their physicians, took more
      medications, and spent more days in bed sick than did employed individuals even
      though the number of diagnoses in the two groups were similar.

PMID- 3985240
TI  - Neurologic dysfunction from exposure to 2-t-butylazo-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexane
      (BHMH): a new occupational neuropathy.
AB  - Seven cases of subacute central and peripheral neurologic dysfunction developed
      in 18 workers employed in the manufacture of reinforced plastic bathtubs. Cases
      were characterized by weight loss, dizziness, paresthesias, muscle weakness,
      incontinence, memory loss, and loss of peripheral, color, and night vision.
      Neuropathies began distally, involved both sensory and motor function, and were
      associated with prolonged sensory latency, muscle fibrillation, and reduced
      numbers of functioning motor units. One patient developed posterior lenticular
      cataracts. Slow improvement occurred on removal from exposure, but residual
      neuropathies persisted for as long as two years. Epidemiologic investigation
      disclosed that the first case developed approximately two weeks after
      introduction of a new plastic foaming agent, 2-t-butylazo-2-hydroxy-5
      methylhexane (BHMH). All cases occurred in workers exposed directly to BHMH. No
      new cases developed after use of BHMH was discontinued. A survey of the firm
      which produced BHMH and of 68 user firms found two additional clusters of mild
      neuropathy which may have been caused by BHMH. BHMH was withdrawn from
      distribution following discovery of these cases. Subsequently, BHMH has been
      shown in rats to be a potent neurotoxin. Adequate premarket testing could have
      averted this outbreak.

PMID- 3985241
TI  - Supports, stressors, and depressive symptoms in low-income mothers of young
      children.
AB  - We investigated the association of social supports and stresses with depressive
      symptoms in a sample of 111 predominantly low-income mothers of young children.
      The prevalence of high depressive symptoms, as measured by the Center for
      Epidemiologic Studies--Depression Scale (CES-D), was 48 per cent. Among unmarried
      women, everyday stressors were strongly associated with depressive symptoms,
      while life events were weakly related. Associations between these variables were
      not found for married women. Comparing the relative importance of two different
      types of support--the quality of primary intimate relationships, and the social
      network--only the quality of the husband-intimate relationship was associated
      with CES-D scores among married women, whereas the social network demonstrated a
      moderate, inverse association with CES-D scores among unemployed women.

PMID- 3985239
TI  - Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes?
AB  - We propose the hypothesis that a vegetarian diet reduces the risk of developing
      diabetes. Findings that have generated this hypothesis are from a population of
      25,698 adult White Seventh-day Adventists identified in 1960. During 21 years of
      follow-up, the risk of diabetes as an underlying cause of death in Adventists was
      approximately one-half the risk for all US Whites. Within the male Adventist
      population, vegetarians had a substantially lower risk than non-vegetarians of
      diabetes as an underlying or contributing cause of death. Within both the male
      and female Adventist populations, the prevalence of self-reported diabetes also
      was lower in vegetarians than in non-vegetarians. The associations observed
      between diabetes and meat consumption were apparently not due to confounding by
      over- or under-weight, other selected dietary factors, or physical activity. All
      of the associations between meat consumption and diabetes were stronger in males
      than in females.

PMID- 3985243
TI  - Motorcycle headlight-use laws and fatal motorcycle crashes in the US, 1975-83.
AB  - Fatal motorcycle crashes in the United States from 1975 to 1983 were analyzed. In
      the 14 states that had motorcycle headlight-use laws during the study period,
      about 600 daytime crashes of the type included in the study were prevented by
      these laws. This reduction corresponds to a 13 per cent reduction in fatal
      daytime crashes and to an average reduction of about five fatal crashes per year
      for each of the 14 states. About 30 states did not have motorcycle daytime
      headlight laws in effect during the study period. If all of these states had such
      laws, in an average year, approximately 140 additional fatal motorcycle crashes
      would have been prevented.

PMID- 3985242
TI  - Economic development and occupational health in Latin America: new directions for
      public health in less developed countries.
AB  - Occupational Health is increasingly recognized as an area of importance in Latin
      American public health. In the agricultural sector of the region, the
      concentration of arable land into large holdings devoted to the production of
      export crops has resulted in the formation of a large migrant work force and
      greatly increased use of pesticides. The manufacturing sector of Latin America
      has grown rapidly in size and importance. Throughout the continent, increasing
      numbers of workers are employed in high-hazard industrial jobs. Limited studies
      of occupational disease in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing suggest that
      there is a high prevalence of work-related illness in the populations at risk.
      Trade unions are generally weak, and the high rate of unemployment and
      underemployment render occupational health a low priority for many workers.
      Engineering controls and personal protective equipment are unknown or inadequate
      in many industries, and there is a shortage of trained occupational health
      professionals in the region. Steps are being taken by many Latin American
      governments to begin to address this problem. Needed are: increased worker and
      professional training; a uniform set of exposure standards; control of
      multinational marketing and usage of hazardous substances; the development of
      technical equipment appropriate for local use and increased research on
      occupational exposure in populations in less developed countries.

PMID- 3985244
TI  - Motorcycle headlight-use laws: a contrasting view.

PMID- 3985245
TI  - Meningitis: describing the community health problem.
AB  - We identified all 391 cases of meningitis hospitalized in a metropolitan
      community (population 367,094) over a four-year period to assess incidence,
      morbidity, and mortality. The crude incidence rate was 27 per 100,000 person
      years; the incidence rate for children under 5 years of age was 174 per 100,000
      person years. The case fatality rate was 3 per cent. Bacterial organisms were
      identified in 33 per cent of all cases, with H. influenzae most commonly observed
      (53 per cent). Only 16 per cent of hospitalized cases were known to the county
      health department.

PMID- 3985246
TI  - Working life of New York State physicians, 1980.
AB  - Physicians' working life tables are constructed to summarize the New York State
      physicians' activity patterns. Male physicians could be expected to spend 47.0
      years in full-time activity, 65 per cent of their total lifetime. Female
      physicians could be expected to spend 41.3 years, 53 per cent of their total
      lifetime, in full-time activity. Full-time activity refers to working 30 hours or
      more per week in clinical practice, research, teaching, or other professional
      activity.

PMID- 3985247
TI  - Identification and immunization of medical students susceptible to measles and
      rubella: a nationwide survey.
AB  - Responses to a questionnaire regarding student immunization from 101 of 129
      allopathic medical schools (78.3 per cent) indicated that 16 schools (15.8 per
      cent) do not request historical information or perform serologic tests on their
      students. Only 47 of 85 schools (55.3 per cent), who do screen students, utilize
      antibody titers.

PMID- 3985248
TI  - Duffy antigens and hypertension in a black population.
AB  - Skin color and social class have been suggested as reasons to explain the greater
      prevalence of hypertension in Blacks as compared to Whites. The presence of Duffy
      red blood cell proteins, a measure of "whiteness" in Blacks, was unrelated to the
      presence of elevated blood pressure in 722 Black hospital patients. The finding
      suggests that social class rather than skin color is associated with the greater
      prevalence of hypertension in Blacks.

PMID- 3985249
TI  - Cesarean delivery in northeast region of Brazil, 1978-80.
AB  - This study presents information on cesarean section rates for the last baby born
      to 1,746 women in Northeast Brazil between January 1978 and the date of a 1980
      household survey. For hospital deliveries, the c-section rate is 19 per cent.
      Rates were highest in the major urban areas and lowest in rural areas. Within
      residence categories, the section rate was related directly to education, early
      prenatal care, and delivery in private hospitals.

PMID- 3985251
TI  - Tuberculosis screening.

PMID- 3985250
TI  - Grassroots environmentalism under legal attack: dandelions, pesticides, and a
      neighbor's right-to-know.

PMID- 3985252
TI  - Reproductive microbiology: future perspectives.

PMID- 3985253
TI  - Increased NK activity is responsible for higher cytotoxicity to HEF cells by
      lymphocytes of women with threatened preterm delivery.
AB  - Recently we have shown that lymphocytes of pregnant women with threatened preterm
      delivery (risk group) exerted significantly higher cytotoxic activity to human
      embryonic fibroblast (HEF) cells than those of healthy pregnant women. The
      purpose of this study was to get information on the mechanism of this
      cytotoxicity. The possibility of prior sensitization to embryonic antigen was
      excluded, since no difference could be demonstrated between cytotoxic activity of
      lymphocytes obtained from women with two or more previous pregnancies and that of
      lymphocytes from never-pregnant women. For determining the effector cell type
      responsible for cytotoxicity, lymphocytes of 50 healthy pregnant women and those
      of 50 risk patients were tested in different cytotoxicity tests using HEF and K
      562 target cells. The proportion of NK cells among lymphocytes was determined by
      counting large granular lymphocytes (LGL), IgG Fc receptor bearing cells, and
      cells positively stained by NK specific monoclonal antibody. Though no difference
      in the proportion of NK cells between the two groups was found, risk patients'
      lymphocytes were significantly more cytotoxic to K-562 target cells than those of
      healthy pregnant women. Investigations at the single-cell level made it obvious
      that this higher cytotoxic activity originated from increased target cell lysing
      ability of their lymphocytes, while their conjugating capacity did not differ
      significantly from that of lymphocytes obtained from healthy pregnant
      women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985254
TI  - An improved sperm immobilization test based on multiple exposure photography.
AB  - An improved method for objective evaluation of results in the complement
      dependent sperm immobilization test, with the aid of the multiple exposure
      photography (MEP) method is described. With this method it is possible to
      determine the percentage of residual motility of spermatozoa quantitatively after
      incubation with sera suspected of having immobilizing activity in the presence of
      complement. Long term storage of information, reexamination of data and
      comparison of results after various treatment are routinely possible with this
      method.

PMID- 3985255
TI  - Experimental autoimmunity to rat male accessory glands (MAG): circulating
      antibodies, immunoglobulins bound to target glands, and immunoglobulins-secreting
      cells.
AB  - A correlation between spleen B-cell antibody production against MAG antigens and
      the presence of different antibodies in circulation or antibodies bound to target
      glands was attempted. The number of 7S and 19S Ig-secreting cells (ISC) found in
      the spleen and the number of ISC generated after in vitro stimulation of the
      cells with MAG antigens were evaluated by using the hemolytic plaque assay. Low
      numbers of 7S and 19S ISC--less than 0.01% of spleen cells--were generated in
      response to MAG immunization, and no significative increase was observed after in
      vitro culture of spleen cells with MAG antigens, suggesting that secretory
      activity of the B-cells can not be improved when liberated from humoral
      homeostatic mechanisms. The humoral response of MAG-immunized rats, investigated
      by complement fixation and immunodiffusion assays, has proved negative, and in
      only two out of 17 rats a weak haemagglutinating activity was observed. Attempts
      to detect antibodies bound to cellular MAG antigens by immunofluorescence have
      shown a weak fluorescence in the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in only
      two rats. In both cases a concomitant tissue damage was observed, but in nine out
      of 11 cases with histological alterations no fluorescence was observed in the
      target glands. The medium value of rosette-forming cells (RFC) found in the
      spleen of MAG-immunized rats did not significantly differ from the value of the
      HSA-treated control group, although both groups differ in their specific humoral
      response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985256
TI  - An activity derived from rabbit serum causing interruption of pregnancy in mice.
AB  - Certain preparations of rabbit gamma-globulins (Cohn Fraction II) contain an
      activity which, if administered intravenously to pregnant mice, causes either
      complete fetal resorption in virtually 100% of cases when given during the second
      trimester equivalent or abortions when given later in pregnancy. All mouse
      strains tested are sensitive to the activity with slight differences in dosages
      and kinetics. Unlike vaccines raised xenogeneically against rodent placenta, the
      activity does not cross-react with kidney or result in any maternal pathology; it
      can be adsorbed on mouse placental and testicular tissue. Within 1 hr of
      injection, there is massive venous congestion of the basal decidua and placenta
      associated with fetal death. There is, however, no evidence of an acute
      inflammatory reaction or of vascular thrombosis. Expression of the activity can
      be blocked by pretreatment of the animal with heparin; antihistamines,
      anticholinergics, and anti-inflammatory agents are without effect. The activity
      is heat-labile and sensitive to reduction-alkylation and periodation. Virtually
      all treated females can be successfully remated at a later time.

PMID- 3985257
TI  - Sixth International Symposium on Immunology of Reproduction. May 30-June 2, 1985.
      Varna, Bulgaria. Abstracts.

PMID- 3985259
TI  - Pelvic stress fractures in long distance runners.
AB  - We describe five cases of radiographically proven stress fracture of the pubic
      ramus in serious runners, three of whom were elite female marathoners. In a
      further two cases in which radiography failed to support the clinical diagnosis,
      there was bone scintigraphic evidence of stress fracture. Another five cases had
      the identical clinical presentation, but the diagnosis was not confirmed
      radiologically and bone scanning was not performed. Most patients experienced
      persistent groin discomfort during any activity for the first 4 weeks after
      injury, but all recovered completely after 8 to 12 weeks of rest, in particular,
      avoidance of running. In common with other studies, we found that the injury
      occurred in competitive runners, especially females, and was likely to develop
      during competitive races or intensive training sessions. We suggest that a
      diagnosis of pelvic stress fracture or stress fracture syndrome can be made with
      confidence, even in the absence of radiographic evidence, if the following three
      features are present in a long distance runner presenting with groin pain: First,
      activity causes such severe discomfort in the groin that running is impossible.
      Second, the athlete develops discomfort in the groin when standing unsupported on
      the leg corresponding to the injured side (positive standing test). In some cases
      the pain is so severe that standing on one leg is impossible. Third, deep
      palpation reveals extreme, exquisite nauseating tenderness localized to the pubic
      ramus and not to the overlying soft tissues. The diagnosis can be confirmed by
      bone scintigraphy where such facilities exist.

PMID- 3985258
TI  - Surgical treatment of anterolateral rotatory instability. A follow-up study.
AB  - Anterolateral rotatory instability in 31 acutely injured knees and 31 chronically
      unstable knees was surgically stabilized with a previously unreported method of
      iliotibial band tenodesis. The anterior cruciate ligament was stretched, torn, or
      absent in all 62 knees. Thirty-one patients, 20 with acute injury and 11 with
      chronic instability, were reviewed at a minimum of 2 years. A meniscal tear was
      present in 80% of the acute and in 91% of the chronic injuries. The anterior
      cruciate ligament was repaired, in addition to the iliotibial band tenodesis in
      16 of the 20 acute injuries; there was no difference in the overall results
      between those repaired and not repaired. The evaluation of the patients was based
      on four subjective criteria (including functional parameters) and five objective
      criteria. Ninety-three percent of the patients had returned to competitive or
      recreational athletic activities involving cutting or pivoting movements. Both
      subjective and objective results were excellent or good in 93.6% of the patients.
      These results, based on our evaluation, warrant continued use of this procedure,
      according to the prescribed indications and technique.

PMID- 3985260
TI  - Serious ski jumping injuries in Norway.
AB  - Injuries caused by ski jumping have been poorly investigated. Among approximately
      2,200 licensed jumpers in Norway, there occurred at least 12 injuries with a
      permanent medical disability of greater than or equal to 10%. The risk of being
      seriously injured is approximately 5% in a 5 year period (1977 to 1981); it is
      higher in the age group 15 to 17 years. Seven injuries were very serious [four
      central nervous system (CNS) lesions, two leg amputations, and one blindness of
      one eye], and five were less serious (sequelae to fractures of the lower
      extremities). The first jump of the day is particularly dangerous, and so is the
      beginning and end of the season. It seems dangerous to use more than one standard
      heel block. Poor preparation of the jump may have contributed to the accidents.
      Based on the findings, several prophylactic measures are suggested.

PMID- 3985261
TI  - Achillodynia and loss of heel pad shock absorbency.
AB  - The heel pad, with its specially organized elastic adipose tissue, and the
      importance of heel pad shock absorption loss (soft heel pads) in the
      pathophysiology of achillodynia (particularly in heel strikers) is described and
      illustrated by case histories of three athletes. All had unusual, soft, flattened
      heel pads; all were heelstrikers; and all were successfully treated with added
      external heel shock absorption. A diagnostic method to evaluate the shock
      absorbing ability of the heel pad is the "visual compressibility index"
      calculated on the basis of x-ray films of the heel, loaded and unloaded by body
      weight.

PMID- 3985262
TI  - True aneurysms of the hand resulting from athletic injury. Report of two cases.
AB  - We report two cases of true aneurysms arising in the vasculature of the hand
      after blunt athletic trauma. This relatively rare tumor of the hand should be
      included as part of the differential diagnosis of masses arising in the hand
      after athletic injury.

PMID- 3985263
TI  - Diagnostic and operative arthroscopy of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. A
      case report.
AB  - Arthroscopy of the knee and shoulder has become a commonly practiced procedure.
      The availability of specialized arthroscopic instruments (Fig. 1) now makes
      diagnostic and operative arthroscopies of the smaller joints of the body
      possible. This is a case where arthroscopy of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint
      facilitated the care and rehabilitation of a professional athlete.

PMID- 3985264
TI  - A modification of the Bristow procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder
      dislocation and subluxation.
AB  - A modification of the Bristow procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder
      dislocation and subluxation is presented. This report includes 20 shoulders in 20
      patients available for adequate followup operated on by senior author from April
      1976 to August 1981. The average follow-up period was 42.5 months (3.5 years).
      The average age at the time of surgery was 24.7 years. No recurrences were noted
      in the follow-up period. Complications related to screw fixation with Woodruff
      screws occurred early in the series in three patients (15%), but did not result
      in instability. Range of motion measurements postoperatively emphasized
      quantitation of external rotation at 90 degrees of abduction in the operated as
      compared to the nonoperated shoulder. The average loss of external rotation was
      10.3 degrees. Excluding one poor result, this equated to an average loss of only
      7.4 degrees. Fourteen of 16 operated dominant arms (87.5%) returned to throwing
      and overhead motion sports postoperatively. A description of the operative
      procedure and postoperative rehabilitation course is included. This modification
      emphasizes accurate and firm repair of the Bankart lesion under excellent
      operative exposure allowing institution of early range of motion exercises.

PMID- 3985265
TI  - The soleus syndrome. A cause of medial tibial stress (shin splints).
AB  - Radionuclide bone scans have demonstrated linear uptake along the posterior
      medial border of the tibia in patients with shin splints. This area was
      investigated by anatomical dissection (14 human cadavers), electromyographic
      (EMG) and muscle stimulation studies (10 patients), and open biopsy (1 patient).
      Histologically, the increased metabolic activity manifested on the radionuclide
      scan is due to a periostitis with new bone formation. The soleus muscle and its
      investing fascia are anatomically and biomechanically implicated in the
      production of these stress changes, particularly when the heel is in the pronated
      position. The soleus muscle and fascia form a tough "soleus bridge" over the deep
      compartment which is thought to be important in patients requiring surgical
      decompression.

PMID- 3985266
TI  - Three-dimensional cinematographic analysis of water polo throwing in elite
      performers.
AB  - Thirteen members of the United States Men's Water Polo Team were filmed using two
      synchronized cameras while shooting at a goal. Three-dimensional (3D) coordinates
      of the throwers' shoulder, elbow, wrist, and the ball were used to estimate elbow
      angle, elbow angular velocity, and ball velocity at release. Ball release
      velocities ranged from 14.5 to 25.8 m/sec, with peak elbow angular velocities
      averaging 1137 degrees/sec. Peak elbow angular velocity typically was reached
      just prior (x = 28 msec) to release as the elbow approached full extension.
      Results are significant in establishing the efficacy of 3D techniques in
      evaluating throwing mechanics and may prove useful in: identifying
      characteristics of superior performers, assessing differences in throwing
      technique between injured and non-injured populations, and providing a kinematic
      data base for further studies of throwing kinetics and potential injury
      mechanisms.

PMID- 3985267
TI  - Frequency, associated factors, and treatment of breaststroker's knee in
      competitive swimmers.
AB  - Thirty-six competitive breaststroke swimmers were interviewed and examined for
      knee pain specifically related to the breaststroke kick. Eighty-six percent of
      the subjects had a history of at least one episode of breaststroke knee pain,
      while 47.2% had breaststroke knee pain that occurred at least once a week. There
      was a significant relationship between more frequent knee pain and increasing
      swimmer's age, increasing years of competitive swimming, increasing breaststroke
      training distance, and decreasing warm-up distance. The subjects with frequent
      knee pain were found to have less internal rotation at the hip joint. The most
      common site of breaststroke knee pain was the medial portion of the knee, with
      specific sites differing among the individuals. The medial synovial plica
      syndrome may be a cause of breaststroke knee pain, since 47% of subjects with
      weekly knee pain had tender, thickened medial plicae. Palpation of those plicae
      produced pain similar to that experienced with the breaststroke kick. The
      findings in this study suggest that reducing or eliminating breaststroke training
      distance should be an initial measure in treatment. Applications of ice, changes
      in kick technique, stretching exercises to increase hip rotation, and
      administration of aspirin may also be effective. The breaststroke training
      distance should be increased very gradually in the early season, and warm-up
      distance should be adequate to help prevent the symptoms of breaststroker's knee.

PMID- 3985269
TI  - Autochthonous cutaneous-subcutaneous leishmaniasis on Taiwan.
AB  - Leishmaniasis was not considered to be endemic on Taiwan, but during and after
      World War II a number of cases of kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal
      leishmaniasis have been seen. The majority of the cases occurred in soldiers
      (Japanese and Chinese) who acquired infections on the China mainland. This paper
      presents the first reports of autochthonous cutaneous-subcutaneous leishmaniasis
      in 2 native-born aborigine Taiwanese.

PMID- 3985268
TI  - Abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation in acute murine Chagas' disease.
AB  - Chronic Chagasic heart disease has many features characteristic of other
      congestive cardiomyopathies, including ventricular and atrial chamber
      enlargement, hypertrophy, focal scarring, and mural thrombi. Histologically,
      there is often lymphocytic inflammation, spotty necrosis, and few parasites.
      Although immunologic mechanisms have been invoked to explain the development of
      myocardial degeneration, there have been suggestions that the focal alterations
      in the heart are secondary to abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation.
      Based on work from our laboratories which has demonstrated microvascular
      hyperreactivity in several other models of congestive cardiomyopathy, we
      investigated whether the cardiac microcirculation of mice acutely infected with
      Trypanosoma cruzi was also abnormal. We perfused animals at 15-17 days post
      infection with silicone rubber which fills the arterioles, capillaries, and
      venules of the beating heart. After clearing the tissue, we observed numerous
      areas of focal vascular constriction, microaneurysm formation, dilatation, and
      proliferation of microvessels which were not present in control animals. These
      lesions were similar to those we have observed in other congestive
      cardiomyopathies. Since at this stage of infection there is minimal cardiac
      degeneration or fibrosis, the presence of these vascular lesions even early in
      Chagas' disease, may be significant for the pathogenesis of focal myocardial
      damage. These observations during acute infection provide additional support for
      the suggestions of others that the myocardial microcirculation is abnormal in
      Chagas' disease.

PMID- 3985271
TI  - Modification of sand fly biting behavior by Leishmania leads to increased
      parasite transmission.
AB  - To attempt rodent-sand fly-rodent transmission of Leishmania major, laboratory
      reared Phlebotomus doboscqi were fed on L. major-infected mice and then refed on
      uninfected mice 21 days later. Flies which refed either probed 1-2 times and took
      a full blood meal in less than 10 min or probed 3 or more times and took little
      or no blood during a period of 15 min or more. When dissected, 7 of 8 flies which
      experienced difficulty in obtaining a blood meal had flagellates in their
      cibaria, an observation supporting the hypothesis that parasites in this part of
      the alimentary canal modify normal blood feeding behavior. None of the infected
      females which probed 1-2 times had similar anterior station infections. Infected
      sand flies transmitted L. major to uninfected mice and a single fly, transferred
      from 1 mouse to the next while repeatedly attempting to take blood, infected 5
      mice. During a year-long survey in Baringo District, Kenya, we collected 9,182
      female sand flies. Only 2 of the 278 P. duboscqi captured during this collection
      were infected with L. major; however, 18 of the 789 small rodents from this area
      were infected with L. major. Parasite interference with normal blood feeding may
      explain how a relatively small population of P. duboscqi, only a few of which are
      infected with L. major, can amplify parasite transmission thereby maintaining a
      disproportionately large reservoir in local rodents.

PMID- 3985270
TI  - Enhancement of Glucantime therapy of murine Leishmania donovani infection by a
      synthetic immunopotentiating compound (CP-46,665-1).
AB  - The therapeutic efficacy of CP-46,665-1, a synthetic lipoidal amine with proven
      immunomodulatory and anti-tumor properties, in combination with chemotherapy was
      evaluated in L. donovani-infected C57Bl/6 mice. Immunostimulation and drug
      treatment resulted in a 10-fold lesser infection level than in untreated mice,
      while animals treated with Glucantime alone exhibited only a modest amelioration
      of the infection. We also studied the capacity of CP-elicited peritoneal
      macrophages of C57Bl/6 mice cultured alone or in combination with Glucantime
      and/or lymphokine to eliminate intracellular L. donovani amastigotes. When CP
      elicited cells were incubated with Glucantime, they exhibited a significantly
      higher killing potential than did drug treated thioglycollate-elicited cells. CP
      macrophages stimulated with lymphokine alone or in combination with antimonial
      drug, killed amastigotes more rapidly and efficiently than similarly treated
      thioglycollate-elicited macrophages. In vivo and in vitro results of this study
      show that a combined regimen of immunostimulation with CP and antimonial drug is
      more effective in treatment of L. donovani infection than either treatment alone.

PMID- 3985272
TI  - The gonotrophic cycle of wild Simulium ochraceum and the associated development
      of Onchocerca volvulus.
AB  - A total of 1,700 host-seeking Simulium ochraceum were allowed to feed to
      repletion on human volunteers heavily infected with Onchocerca volvulus and then
      were marked and released. Seventy-three (4.3%) of the flies were recaptured. The
      gonotrophic cycle of S. ochraceum, including the host seeking and oviposition
      phases, was approximately 74-97 hr in duration; however, for a few flies the
      cycle was up to an additional 24 hr in length. The frequency distribution of
      recaptured flies indicated that 2 gonotrophic cycles may be completed in 7-8
      days. The large proportion of flies recaptured with sac-stage follicular
      dilatations indicates that S. ochraceum may begin to search for and can rapidly
      locate a new host almost immediately after oviposition. Larvae of O. volvulus
      were found in 15 (20.6%) of the recaptured flies. Early first stage larvae were
      present in host-seeking flies that had completed 1 gonotrophic cycle: 12 of 13
      infected flies recaptured between 74 and 97 hr had early first stage larvae.
      Development of O. volvulus larvae to the infective stage was estimated to require
      approximately 11 days at the study site. During this time, S. ochraceum would
      normally have completed 3 gonotrophic cycles and be in the host seeking phase of
      a fourth at approximately 11 days after ingesting microfilariae.

PMID- 3985273
TI  - Reversal of hepatic fibrosis after praziquantel therapy of murine
      schistosomiasis.
AB  - We examined the effect of parasitologic cure of S. mansoni infection on liver
      fibrosis in mice. Praziquantel, 250 mg/kg body weight, was administered orally to
      mice 8 weeks after infection with 50 S. mansoni cercariae. We assessed liver
      fibrosis by chemical measurement of collagen content as measured by the
      estimation of hydroxyproline and by histologic examination at the time of
      treatment, and at 10 and 20 weeks post-treatment, in comparison with the same
      measurements in untreated S. mansoni-infected mice and age-matched normal control
      mice. The extent of infection was monitored by liver egg counts. Compared to
      normal uninfected mice, mice with untreated S. mansoni infection showed steady
      accumulation of liver collagen at the 3 measurement periods, reaching an average
      level of 15-fold greater than that found in normal mice at 28 weeks after
      infection. Mice treated with praziquantel showed a prompt decrease in S. mansoni
      liver egg load with no viable eggs 10 weeks after treatment. Liver fibrosis was
      modestly diminished in treated mice compared to untreated controls 10 weeks after
      treatment; fibrosis was arrested and liver collagen content had diminished to
      normal levels by 20 weeks after treatment. No praziquantel toxicity was noted.
      The survival of treated mice was markedly greater than that of untreated infected
      animals. We conclude that parasitologic cure of murine S. mansoni infection is
      followed by arrest and eventual partial reversal of liver fibrosis under the
      conditions employed.

PMID- 3985274
TI  - Urinary iron loss and physical fitness of Kenyan children with urinary
      schistosomiasis.
AB  - Daily urinary iron loss and physical fitness were determined in Kenyan primary
      school children who had low-medium (16-177 eggs/10 ml adj) or high (200-1,194
      eggs/10 ml adj) S. hematobium egg counts compared with a matched group of control
      or uninfected children before and after antischistosomal treatment with
      metrifonate. The 3 groups did not differ significantly before treatment in age,
      sex ratio, anthropometry or prevalence of other parasite infections. Before
      treatment, mean iron loss in the high egg count group (n = 14) was 652
      micrograms/24 hr and was significantly higher than losses in the low-medium and
      control groups (losses = 278, 149 micrograms; n = 19, 12 respectively). Iron loss
      in infected children was correlated with egg count (r = 0.40) and log of egg
      count (r = 0.56, P less than 0.0003). After treatment iron loss decreased in the
      infected groups and post-treatment iron losses did not differ significantly.
      Physical fitness scores, measured with the Harvard Step Test, showed that the
      control group (score 81) was significantly more fit than the high egg count group
      (score 69) before treatment. Fitness scores improved significantly in both
      infected groups after treatment, and post-treatment fitness scores did not differ
      significantly between the 3 groups. This study provides evidence that relatively
      heavy infections of S. hematobium can cause urinary iron loss which, if it
      persists, is great enough to produce iron deficiency anemia and can also reduce
      physical fitness of children, but that both of these negative effects are
      reversible with treatment.

PMID- 3985275
TI  - Schistosoma haematobium in Upper Egypt: analysis of dispersion patterns.
AB  - Statistical methods analyzing changes in dispersion patterns of parasites among
      hosts were applied to Schistosoma haematobium egg excretion data from a five-year
      study of a cohort of 1,400 boys in 3 villages in Upper Egypt. Despite significant
      changes in mean density of the parasites in the first 4 years, the degree of
      aggregation of S. haematobium among the cohort did not change markedly in
      analysis of egg count data obtained semiannually. Two other related measures of
      dispersion, mean crowding and patchiness, were also obtained and compared to
      prevalence and mean intensity, the components determining mean density of
      schistosomes among hosts. Anti-schistosomal chemotherapy with metrifonate in the
      cohort did not succeed in appreciably reducing the mean density of S. haematobium
      over a one-year follow-up. The dispersion pattern of S. haematobium among the
      study group was not markedly altered. Prevalence and mean intensity were useful
      indicators of changes in the degree of aggregation of S. haematobium among hosts.
      The inability of chemotherapy to provide a persistent decline in the mean density
      parameter is reflected in the rise of mean intensity and prevalence of S.
      haematobium 1 year post-therapy. It is suggested that analysis of quantifiable
      changes in dispersion patterns of S. haematobium among their hosts can be a
      useful aid in planning and assessment of control strategies.

PMID- 3985276
TI  - Effect of a cryopreserved live vaccine on resistance in mice with a pre-existing
      Schistosoma mansoni infection.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of anti-schistosomal vaccine
      exposure on the level of pre-existing resistance in mice with a bisexual
      Schistosoma mansoni infection. C57BL/6 mice with light S. mansoni infections of 8
      weeks duration were injected with 10 Krad-irradiated, cryopreserved and thawed
      schistosomules. Four weeks later the mice were exposed to normal cercariae, and
      adult worms collected by perfusion 6 weeks post-challenge. In 4 experiments, the
      baseline levels of resistance in infected mice ranged from 19% to 50% reduction
      in challenge worm burden (mean of 36%). Although vaccine administration slightly
      raised the overall level of resistance in infected mice (mean of 49%), in only 1
      experiment was the increase over that in infected mice statistically significant.
      The levels of resistance attributed to the patent infection and vaccine exposure
      were not additive. Vaccine exposure had no effect on recovery of the adult worms
      of the primary infection.

PMID- 3985277
TI  - Mice as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete.
AB  - In evaluating the white-footed mouse as a reservoir host for the Lyme disease
      spirochete, we compared spirochete infection in vector ticks (Ixodes dammini)
      having different histories of attachment to these mice, estimated their relative
      importance as hosts for immature I. dammini and compared the seasonality of tick
      activity and spirochetemia in mice. Infection in trapped white-footed mice
      appears to be universal. Prevalence of spirochetal infection in I. dammini
      correlates with frequency of attachment to mice, and in mice, with the season of
      vector activity. The relative abundance of this mouse makes it numerically the
      most important host for I. dammini. Most immature I. dammini appear to attach to
      white-footed mice. Taken together, these considerations demonstrate that the
      white-footed mouse serves as reservoir for the Lyme disease spirochete in coastal
      Massachusetts.

PMID- 3985278
TI  - Fleas on roof rats in six areas of Los Angeles County, California: their
      potential role in the transmission of plague and murine typhus to humans.
AB  - Roof rats (Rattus rattus) in southern California are rarely involved with plague
      epizootics and murine typhus. Little evidence exists implicating these rodents as
      sources of human infection. This might be explained by the absence of fleas
      capable of transmitting these 2 diseases. From February 1981 through January
      1982, roof rats were live-trapped and examined for fleas each month in 4 areas of
      Los Angeles County. Two other areas were trapped for 9 and 3 months respectively.
      Areas sampled were in or near the suburban-wilderness fringe where plague and
      murine typhus occur, and where roof rats coexist with a variety of wild and
      domestic mammals and humans. From 1,206 roof rats, 827 fleas belonging to eight
      species were collected. Leptopsylla segnis (54%) and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (39%)
      were the most abundant and together comprised 93% of all fleas. Xenopsylla
      cheopis was not found. The relative abundance and diversity of fleas on roof rats
      varied considerably between areas, making it difficult to predict flea diversity
      and abundance in unsurveyed areas where similar conditions exist. However, the
      overall low flea indices and the absence of X. cheopis help to explain why roof
      rats in Los Angeles County are rarely involved with plague and murine typhus.

PMID- 3985280
TI  - Biologic fate of valves in reversed and nonreversed arterial vein grafts.
AB  - The cusps of valve-bearing segments of canine cephalic, femoral, and jugular
      veins were completely divided and were used in interposition grafts in the
      femoral and carotid arteries in the nonreversed position. Three control grafts
      had intact valves in the reversed position, and one control graft in the reversed
      position had division of the leaflets. Nine grafts were studied up to 2 months
      postoperatively with gross and microscopic observations. The cusp tissue, which
      shrinks immediately after complete division, disappears very early in the
      postoperative period in the reversed and nonreversed positions. Two reversed
      intact valves were still grossly microscopically normal 5 and 7 weeks
      postoperatively. The complete disappearance of the divided valve with a
      nonreversed coronary graft 101/2 months postoperatively has been documented at
      autopsy for the first time in a human subject. The significance of these findings
      and the superiority of the valveless nonreversed autogenous vein graft in
      clinical cardiovascular surgery has been discussed.

PMID- 3985279
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rift Valley fever virus
      antigen in mosquitoes.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the quantity of
      Rift Valley fever (RVF) viral antigen in infected Egyptian Culex pipiens.
      Infectivity, as measured by plaque assay, was significantly correlated with viral
      antigen, as measured by the ELISA, in all groups of mosquitoes regardless of the
      time interval after the infectious blood meal. The proportion of noninfectious
      viral antigen in these groups increased with time. When individual mosquitoes
      were assayed the plaque assay and the ELISA techniques had similar sensitivity
      (100% vs. 93%, respectively) and specificity (94% vs. 94%, respectively) in
      detecting mosquitoes capable of transmitting virus to susceptible hamsters. The
      ELISA may be useful in detecting RVF-infected arthropods in the field because it
      provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific test.

PMID- 3985281
TI  - Predictors of outcome in early revascularization after acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - We have reviewed 44 consecutive patients undergoing myocardial revascularization
      from 1 to 42 days after myocardial infarction. Operation within 12 days of
      transmural myocardial infarction carried a substantially high risk, particularly
      in patients with poor ventricular function. Patients with subendocardial
      infarction may be safely operated on shortly after infarction has occurred. In
      those with transmural infarcts, it may be advantageous to delay operation if
      early and aggressive medical therapy can effectively control the symptoms. This
      has to be counterbalanced, however, by the realization that the situation should
      not be allowed to slide into one of irreparable ventricular damage from infarct
      extension.

PMID- 3985282
TI  - Measurement of central somatosensory conduction time in patients undergoing
      cardiopulmonary bypass: an index of neurologic function.
AB  - It is feasible to monitor somatosensory evoked potentials and central
      somatosensory conduction times during open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary
      bypass with moderate or profound hypothermia. Central conduction times are
      reproducible, have acceptably low interpatient and intrapatient variability, and
      are not significantly affected by fentanyl-induced anesthesia. There is a
      predictable logarithmic relationship between central conduction times and
      temperature with the central conduction time increasing by 6.6 percent for a 1
      degree C decrease in temperature. These data indicate that somatosensory
      conduction times may be a useful index of central nervous system integrity during
      open heart surgery that utilizes cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.

PMID- 3985283
TI  - Role of computerized tomography in assessment of the mediastinum in patients with
      lung carcinoma.
AB  - Over a 28 months period, 75 patients with pathologically confirmed lung carcinoma
      had computerized tomographic scanning of the mediastinum as a staging procedure.
      The scan had a sensitivity of 85 percent and a specificity of 89 percent for
      mediastinal lymph node metastases, making routine mediastinoscopy unnecessary.
      Tissue confirmation of most positive scans is advisable since false-positive
      results can deny some patients potentially curative resection. Invasive staging
      should also be employed in the face of negative scans in selected patients.
      Computerized tomographic scanning provides anatomic information that is helpful
      in directing these invasive staging procedures.

PMID- 3985284
TI  - Impact of a trauma service on trauma care in a university hospital.
AB  - This study describes the experience in a major university hospital for a year
      before and a year after the institution of a trauma service. Demographic data and
      severity of injury were similar before and after the trauma service was
      instituted. Nonetheless, mortality for all trauma patients admitted to an
      intensive care unit decreased somewhat (from 16.1 to 11.8 percent) in the second
      period of study. When outcome for trauma patients admitted to the surgical
      intensive care unit was examined, the differences was more impressive, with a
      reduction in mortality from 27 percent to 6.1 percent. This reduction seemed to
      be due largely to a decrease in the number of patients who died from sepsis,
      multiple organ failure, or both. We suggest that trauma care can be significantly
      improved by an organized approach to the care of the multiply injured patient. A
      powerful argument can be made for organizing care of injured patients in major
      hospitals along the lines of a dedicated trauma service.

PMID- 3985285
TI  - Management of giant cystic hygromas in infants.
AB  - Giant cystic lymphangioma is a rare lesion that presents major therapeutic
      challenges. Four infants presented in the first weeks of life with diffuse cysts
      in the neck. The tongue was involved in three, the mediastinum in one, and the
      pharynx and supraglottic larynx in two. These lesions are characterized by
      hundreds of cysts that infiltrate in and around muscles, nerves, and vessels.
      Complete excision is not possible without damaging the normal structures. All
      four infants initially had partial removal with unroofing and drainage of the
      remaining cysts and temporary tracheostomy to protect the airway. One infant died
      from a thrombosed sagittal sinus. She had severe venous congestion of the head
      and neck postoperatively which may have been caused by an overzealous attempt to
      remove all of the cysts. The other three have required nine additional operations
      for removal of recurrent neck cysts (one operation), removal of mediastinal cysts
      (one operation), partial glossectomy (three operations), and laser excision of
      lymphangiomas of the pharynx and supraglottic larynx (four operations). Two
      patients have required partial glossectomy which should be performed early to
      protect the airway, to allow normal speech development, and to prevent
      malocclusion and prognathism from constant pressure of the tongue against the
      teeth. Removal of wedges of tissue from each side and from the center of the
      dorsum of the tongue reduces bulk with minimal risk to the lingual arteries and
      nerves. Recurrent tongue enlargement is common and can be treated by repeated
      partial glossectomy. Lymphangiomatosis of the pharynx and supraglottic larynx is
      difficult to treat. The carbon dioxide laser allows very precise excision of
      individual cysts with minimal drainage to adjacent mucosa, but in our limited
      experience it has not prevented recurrence. Despite the extensive nature of these
      lesions, the impossibility of complete excision, and the need for multiple
      operations, the long-term results in the three surviving patients have been
      satisfactory. Asymmetry of the neck and face due to lymphedema tends to improve
      with time. All three children have an acceptable appearance and normal speech for
      their ages.

PMID- 3985286
TI  - Evolving changes in the pathogenesis and treatment of the perforated gallbladder.
      A combined hospital study.
AB  - Perforation of the gallbladder occurred in 35 patients in this 6 year review,
      with a 2.3:1 male predominance in contrast with a female dominance in
      nonperforated acute cholecystitis. Thirty-three percent of patients with
      gallstones had a history of symptomatic cholelithiasis which emphasizes that if
      elective cholecystectomy had been performed, this complication could have been
      avoided. Further, a large number of cases (40 percent) were found to be of the
      acalculous variety which suggests a possible changing trend in the pathogenesis
      of perforated gallbladder. Cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography
      and adequate drainage appears to be the procedure of choice, and aggressive
      operative intervention without delay is thought to contribute to the relatively
      low mortality of 8.6 percent in this series.

PMID- 3985287
TI  - In situ saphenous vein bypass grafts for limb salvage. A current fad or a viable
      alternative to reversed vein bypass grafts?
AB  - Revascularization of the lower extremity using the in situ saphenous vein bypass
      graft has resurfaced as a clinical alternative to reversal of the saphenous vein.
      Early patency rates have been excellent, however, concern has been raised about
      the durability of the in situ technique. Our total experience with this technique
      has been reviewed to evaluate its effectiveness on a teaching vascular service.
      Seventy-six limbs in 71 patients were revascularized using the in situ technique.
      The distal anastomosis was created at the below-the-knee popliteal level in 26
      limbs and at the infrapopliteal level in 50 limbs. Operative assessment of the
      vein quality showed 42 percent to be phlebitic or less than 4 mm in diameter.
      Hospital mortality was 0 and late mortality was 8 percent. Cumulative life table
      analysis showed the graft patency rate to be 89 percent 1 month postoperatively,
      82 percent at 1 year, 77 percent at 2 years, and 72 percent up to 4 year
      postoperatively. Patency was independent of runoff to the pedal arch and the
      level of the distal anastomosis. Limb salvage at 4 years was 83 percent for
      distal popliteal grafts and 79 percent for infrapopliteal reconstructions. Our
      results indicate that the long-term durability of the in situ saphenous vein
      graft is excellent despite suboptimal veins and poor runoff. When performed
      properly, it is the preferred technique for arterial reconstruction below the
      knee joint.

PMID- 3985288
TI  - Improvements in the diagnosis and management of aortoenteric fistula.
AB  - To assess the impact of an aggressive approach (early operation, graft removal,
      and extraanatomic bypass) adopted by us 5 years ago in patients with aortic
      synthetic grafts and gastrointestinal bleeding, we reviewed our 15 year
      experience with aortoenteric fistula in 13 patients. The courses of six patients
      from the recent series (1979 through 1984) were contrasted with those of seven
      patients from our earlier series (1968 through 1978). Twelve of 13 patients
      presented with gastrointestinal bleeding (usually low volume), and no patient
      presented in shock. Six of seven patients in Series I (earlier series) had
      positive blood cultures, whereas only two of six in Series II (recent series) had
      this finding. Of the 13 patients, 10 underwent preoperative endoscopy. It was
      only with consistent visualization of third and fourth portions of the duodenum
      that a diagnosis of aortoenteric fistula was established (three of four patients
      75 percent). Although the upper gastrointestinal series was abnormal more
      frequently (five of seven patients, 71 percent) than arteriograms (three of nine
      patients, 33 percent), the latter was more specific for a predisposing lesion. At
      surgery, nine (70 percent) patients had an anastomotic fistula and four (30
      percent), a false aneurysm. Although only one of seven patients in Series I
      survived (14 percent), four of six patients in Series II were alive at last
      follow-up in September 1984 (67 percent). Early diagnosis followed by prompt
      operation with removal of the synthetic graft and extraanatomic bypass is
      associated with an improved survival for patients with aortoenteric fistula, but
      the degree of preoperative sepsis as indicated by positive blood cultures appears
      to be an important prognostic sign.

PMID- 3985289
TI  - Adverse effects of hypothermia in postoperative patients.
AB  - The effect of intraoperative and postoperative temperature on morbidity,
      mortality, and other clinical risk factors was evaluated in 100 consecutive
      general surgical patients admitted postoperatively to a surgical intensive care
      unit. Hypothermia (temperature less than 97 degrees F) was present in 77 percent
      of the patients intraoperatively, in 53 percent at the end of surgery, and in 21
      percent at 4 hours. Mortality was increased with patient age greater than 55
      years, emergency surgery, operative blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg, operative
      fluid requirements greater than 1,500 ml/hour, temperature less than 97 degrees F
      at 2, 4, and 8 hours postoperatively, and presence of postoperative
      complications. Intraoperative fluid requirements were significantly greater for
      patients with mortality risk factors. Patients over 55 years of age were more
      often hypotensive and hypothermic than younger patients, but mortality was
      increased only for patients less than 55 years of age with a temperature of less
      than 97 degrees F at 8 hours or an operative blood pressure of less than 100 mm
      Hg. Mortality after general surgical procedures is increased with operative
      hypotensive and prolonged postoperative hypothermia. Hypothermic patients with
      mortality risk factors should be aggressively rewarmed postoperatively.

PMID- 3985290
TI  - Long-term functional results of selective treatment of hand burns.
AB  - Four hundred seventy-eight patients with hand burns (786 hands) were treated at
      the burn service of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Long-term evaluation
      showed that early incision and immediate autografting of deep second degree,
      mixed second and third degree, and third degree full-thickness hand burns
      resulted in 93 percent, 95 percent, and 93 percent, respectively, excellent to
      good functional results. There was no significant differences in results in
      patients with superficial second degree burns treated nonsurgically with silver
      nitrate dressings and early physical therapy compared with results in patients
      with deep second degree, mixed second and third degree, and third degree hand
      burns treated with early excision and grafting. No patient with fourth degree
      burns had excellent to good results. Permanent damage was related to extent of
      original injury to the extensor tendons and joint capsules. On the basis of this
      broad experience, it is believed that all burned hands judged unlikely to heal
      within 3 weeks will benefit from early excision and grafting by experienced
      surgical personnel.

PMID- 3985291
TI  - Natural history of parathyroid carcinoma. Diagnosis, treatment, and results.
AB  - From 1948 to 1983, 28 patients with parathyroid carcinoma underwent treatment and
      analysis at the Massachusetts General Hospital. This represents about 2 percent
      of the 1,200 patients with hyperparathyroidism managed during the period. Patient
      ages ranged from 18 to 72 years (mean 45 years) with equal numbers of both sexes
      (14 women and 14 men). There are several hallmarks that are clues to an increased
      index of suspicion preoperatively. Nine of the patients (32 percent) presented
      with palpable neck masses. Eleven patients (39 percent) had a serum calcium level
      greater than 14 mg/100 ml. Significant elevations of the parathyroid hormone
      level were noted with values two to three times normal. The incidence and
      severity of metabolic complications were prominent. These complications included
      renal stones in 18 patients (64 percent), bone disease in 14 patients (50
      percent), peptic ulcer disease in 5 patients (18 percent), parathyroid crisis in
      4 patients (14 percent), and pancreatitis in 2 patients (7 percent). Eleven of
      the patients underwent previous surgical therapy at other institutions, and 17
      patients had their initial operation at our institution. Cervical parathyroid
      carcinomas that ranged from 1.5 to 27 g and 1.5 to 6 cm were excised. The
      characteristic appearance was a gray-white, stone hard parathyroid mass with
      invasion of adjacent tissue. The outcome was favorable for 16 surviving patients,
      with 14 (50 percent) showing no evidence of recurrence 2 to 17 years
      postoperatively and 2 alive with persistent disease 3 years after operation.
      Twelve patients died. Of these, eight had unsuccessful initial operative
      intervention with capsular rupture and dissemination of cancer, one had advanced
      disease with mediastinal extension which was unresectable, and three died from
      unrelated causes. Recurrences became apparent within 6 months to 3 years after
      operation and unfortunately denoted incurable disease. The mean survival time
      after operation in patients with recurrent disease was 7.6 years, ranging from 1
      to 22 years. Carcinoma of the parathyroid gland is a rare entity. Although it is
      difficult to diagnose preoperatively, there should be an increased index of
      suspicion in those hyperparathyroid patients with palpable neck masses, profound
      hypercalcemia (greater than 14 mg/100 ml), marked increase in the parathyroid
      hormone level to greater than twice normal, and significant metabolic
      complications. The initial operation must be aggressive yet meticulous with en
      bloc resection of the parathyroid tumor and all adjacent invaded tissues,
      avoiding capsular violation or tumor spillage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3985292
TI  - Fatal overwhelming postsplenectomy infection.
AB  - A total of 776 patients underwent splenectomy at the Massachusetts General
      Hospital between 1962 and 1972. Follow-up information was obtained on 637
      patients (82 percent), including 584 adults and 53 children. There was a total of
      4,837 person-years of follow-up with a mean observation interval of 8.4 years.
      Four cases of fatal overwhelming postsplenectomy infection were identified. In
      our pediatric population, the incidence of fatal overwhelming postsplenectomy
      infection was 3.77 percent, which was significantly higher than the incidence of
      0.34 percent in our asplenic adults. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection is a
      unique clinical entity distinguishable from other infections. It may occur during
      the lifetime of any asplenic patient and especially in those patients who have
      had a splenectomy in childhood. In asplenic adults, the incidence is low. The
      aggressive approach to splenic preservation in the adult should be tempered by
      these results.

PMID- 3985293
TI  - Gallbladder disease in the morbidly obese.
AB  - During a 7 year period, 200 consecutive morbidly obese patients underwent a
      standardized gastric exclusion procedure. Group A was composed of the first 120
      patients and Group B of the last 80 patients. In Group A, 22 patients had
      undergone a previous cholecystectomy and 12 patients had a cholecystectomy at the
      time of gastric exclusion because of positive diagnostic studies or palpation of
      stones. Of the remaining 87 patients in this initial group who were at risk for
      the development of gallbladder disease, 24 (27.6 percent) required a
      cholecystectomy in the first 3 postoperative years (mean 15.6 months). Twelve
      patients had acute cholecystitis, 3 patients had choledocholithiasis, and 1
      patient had acute gallstone pancreatitis. In Group B, 18 patients had a previous
      cholecystectomy, 15 had positive diagnostic studies (ultrasonography and oral
      cholecystography) preoperatively, and 47 had negative studies. Cholecystectomy
      was routinely performed at the time of gastric exclusion surgery in the 62
      patients with gallbladders in Group B. Of the 47 patients who had normal
      preoperative diagnostic studies, 40 (85.1 percent) had abnormal histologic
      findings in the gallbladder. Only seven patients in Group B had a normal
      gallbladder (14.7 percent). We conclude that gallbladder disease is considerably
      more frequent in the morbidly obese population (91.3 percent) than has previously
      been recognized, that diagnostic studies are frequently inaccurate, and that
      postoperative gallbladder disease is common (28.7 percent). On the basis of these
      results, routine cholecystectomy at the time of gastric exclusion surgery is
      recommended.

PMID- 3985294
TI  - Metastatic melanoma to the lung: long-term results of surgical excision.
AB  - The only long-term survivor of multiple bilateral pulmonary metastases from
      malignant melanoma after staged thoracotomies has been described, and a series of
      18 patients who underwent pulmonary resection for metastatic malignant melanoma
      at one clinic have been reviewed. Median survival was 16.5 months and the 5 year
      survival rate was 11.1 percent. Forty-four percent of the patients had multiple
      metastases and 11.1 percent had bilateral metastases. There was no correlation
      between length of survival and disease-free interval, number of metastases, or
      the presence of unilateral versus bilateral tumor nodules. Twenty-seven percent
      of the patients had more metastases found intraoperatively than suspected
      preoperatively. Unfavorable results occurred when the extent of the disease
      required pneumonectomy. The current literature has also been reviewed and
      arguments have been made to support the surgical approach to carefully selected
      patients with metastatic melanoma to the lung.

PMID- 3985295
TI  - [Vestibular thermal response. Study of the correlations between various nystagmic
      parameters].

PMID- 3985296
TI  - [Laryngeal localization of a multiple myeloma. A clinical case].

PMID- 3985297
TI  - [Otorhinolaryngologic, logopedic and phoniatric study of 20 cases of cerebral
      paralysis].

PMID- 3985298
TI  - [Current technics for reestablishing the cervical digestive tract after circular
      pharyngo-laryngectomy].

PMID- 3985299
TI  - [Myxoid neurofibroma of the nasal vestibule].

PMID- 3985300
TI  - [Problems in the refusal of blood transfusion].
AB  - Three examples of refusal of blood transfusion by patients (Jehovah's witnesses)
      are presented to discuss the medicolegal and ethical problems anaesthetists may
      be faced with in daily clinical routine. For many cases deliberate hypotension is
      recommended. The primary aim has to be to comply with the patient's wish, but in
      case of acute and extraordinary bloodloss, there might develop a conflict from an
      ethical as well as a legal view between the patient's desire and the medical
      opinion.

PMID- 3985301
TI  - [PEEP ventilation without hyperinflation of the lungs. A primary ventilatory
      pattern of controlled respiration based on expiratory volume curves].
AB  - When starting controlled ventilation with PEEP, a ventilation within the mid
      third of the inspiratory capacity (IC) with a tidal volume (VT) of IC/3 ("primary
      VT") is recommended, to increase functional residual capacity (FRC) effectively
      and to avoid adverse haemodynamic effects related to hyperinflation of the lung.
      The quasi-static expiratory pressure-volume curves (VPE) of 28 patients with
      acute respiratory failure were graphically analyzed to evaluate the PEEP which
      could be expected to increase FRC by 1/3 of the IC ("primary PEEP"). the volume
      by which VT must be reduced, to keep the endinspiratory lung volume constant, if
      a higher PEEP would be desired. The "primary PEEP" was found to be 12,2 +/- 2,5
      cmH2O, thus confirming the clinical practice to use preferentially 10 cmH2O. In 3
      patients with progressive pulmonary failure and severely reduced IC as well as in
      3 grossly obese patients the "primary PEEP" was markedly higher (15-18 cmH2O).
      The volume-pressure relation in the steep linear mid-third of the VPE correlated
      closely with the IC (r = 0.92). This means that the increase in FRC per 1 cmH2O
      PEEP in this range can be expressed as a nearly constant fraction of the IC
      (delta FRC/ delta PEEP = IC/32). Hence, to avoid endinspiratory hyperinflation of
      the lung, it is recommended to reduce the "primary VT" by IC/32 or, which means
      the same, by VT/10 per 1 cmH2O PEEP exceeding 10. If, however, a ventilatory
      pattern has to be chosen with respect to gas exchange, where hyperinflation
      cannot be excluded, this should be done under close haemodynamic control using a
      Swan-Ganz catheter.

PMID- 3985302
TI  - [Oleic acid-induced interstitial lung edema in the dog: comparison of PEEP with
      high-frequency jet superimposed ZEEP ventilation].
AB  - Oleic acid (0.12 ml/kg) was used to induce pulmonary edema in 10 mongrel dogs. To
      treat the consequent hypoxaemia we used either positive end expiratory pressure
      (PEEP) ventilation (n = 5) or zero end expiratory pressure ventilation (ZEEP)
      plus additional high frequency jet support (n = 5). Hypoxaemia, which paralleled
      the dramatic increase in lung water, was significantly improved (aADO2) by PEEP
      but not by ZEEP plus jet. Also venous admixture was significantly lowered by PEEP
      only. Cardiac output and pulmonary arterial pressure in the two groups were not
      significantly different. This demonstrates that ZEEP plus jet is not superior to
      PEEP in the case of oleic acid induced edema, though we obtained good clinical
      results with the former system in the treatment of atelectasis. In addition,
      histological evaluation of the dog lungs showed emphysematous lung injury by the
      jet system, which indicates that such a jet system should be used with caution.

PMID- 3985303
TI  - [Cardiocirculatory effects of a new sympathomimetic, amezinium methyl sulfate.
      Results of human pharmacological studies].
AB  - Changes in haemodynamic, inotropic state, and myocardial oxygen consumption were
      investigated in a total of eight patients with coronary artery disease after
      intravenous injection of 0.07 mg/kg amezinium methyl sulfate (LU 1631,
      Supratonin). It was demonstrated, that the principal effects of amezinium are
      consistent with those of a sympathomimetic agent which stimulates vascular alpha-
      and beta 1-adrenoreceptors. Amezinium (0.07 mg/kg) increased cardiac index, mean
      arterial pressure and total systemic resistance and dp/dtmax, while there were
      only minor changes in stroke index, mean pulmonary pressure and total pulmonary
      vascular resistance. In accordance with the changes in haemodynamics there was a
      21.5% increase in myocardial oxygen consumption. But there were no signs of
      imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand.

PMID- 3985304
TI  - [Experiences with a new EEG spectral analyzer in carotid surgery].
AB  - Spectral analysis with the compressed spectral array display (CSA) and
      calculation of spectral edge frequency (SEF) was performed in 43 cases undergoing
      endarterectomy of the carotid bifurcation. New neurologic deficit appeared in 2
      patients (= 4.6%). One of them died postoperatively (= 2.3%), the other suffered
      from permanent paralysis of the hand. Another 9 patients showed loss of high
      frequency activity (= decrease in SEF) without a new deficit in the postoperative
      period. A significant EEG event was defined as a decrease in SEF after carotid
      cross clamping for at least 5 min. Fisher's exact probability test revealed a
      close correlation between these EEG events and neurologic outcome. The
      sensitivity of the test, which was calculated on true positive and false negative
      events, was 100%, the specificity, based on true negative and false positive
      events, was 76%. The predictability of the test, based on all EEG events, was
      18%; respectively 40% when calculated on significant events.

PMID- 3985305
TI  - [Acute right bronchial blockade following intubation with a left-swing Robertshaw
      tube].
AB  - After proper insertion of an intact leftsided Robertshaw endotracheal tube an
      acute block of the right main bronchus occurred in two patients. The cause was
      seen in too short a distance between the upper tracheal and the lower bronchial
      cuff of the tube. In case of a greater distance between the cuff-bearing segments
      this problem was never encountered. A careful measurement of all Robertshaw tubes
      demonstrated segments of various length between the upper and lower cuffs.
      Information from the manufacturer Malinckrodt New York/Grossostheim revealed that
      this problem has been solved by standardized segments of greater length. Also the
      Portex company Hythe/Hamburg appears to be aware of this problem.

PMID- 3985306
TI  - [The modified Kleinsasser tube: the ideal in difficult intubation].
AB  - The modified Kleinsasser tube is commonly used for laryngeal tumour diagnosis.
      The tube has a semilunar cross-section with a radius of 2.5 cm and a diameter of
      3 cm. Its lower third contains a cold light lamp placed so that it cannot become
      covered by blood or tumour masses. After insertion of the endotracheal tube into
      the patient the Kleinsasser tube is placed at the entrance of the larynx.
      Operations are done through the inner lumen of the Kleinsasser tube. The
      Kleinsasser tube has proved a reliable instrument for insertion of endotracheal
      tubes in patients whose vocal cords could not be seen by ordinary laryngoscopy,
      e.g. patients with a short neck and unable to recline, with severe hypopharyngeal
      haemorrhage, with obstruction at the base of the tongue and partial occlusion of
      the laryngeal entrance by tumour. After introduction the vocal cords may be
      inspected in their entire length and under bright light the endotracheal tube may
      be brought safely through the Kleinsasser tube into endotracheal position using
      Magill forceps as an auxiliary instrument.

PMID- 3985307
TI  - Synthesis and purification of oligoribonucleotides using T4 RNA ligase and
      reverse-phase chromatography.
AB  - T4 RNA ligase has been used to construct a series of defined
      oligoribonucleotides. Hexamer or pentamer blocks were synthesized first by
      multiple additions of mononucleotide diphosphates to trimers with T4 RNA ligase
      and removal of the terminal phosphate with alkaline phosphatase; inhibitors of
      the ligase were removed by passing the sample over a 1-ml reverse-phase
      octadecasilyl column. The two nucleotide blocks were then ligated to give
      undecamers. Yields for the individual ligations ranged from 85 to 100% for
      acceptors lacking uridines and at least 70% for those containing uridines. The
      overall yield of the undecamer relative to the starting trimers was about 10%.
      Each round of ligation averaged about 8 h; the time required to synthesize each
      undecamer was 1 to 2 weeks. Optimization of the steps to achieve this is
      described in detail.

PMID- 3985308
TI  - A radiochemical study of irreversible protein loss on high-performance liquid
      chromatography column frits.
AB  - Much success has been achieved in the separation and purification of a wide range
      of proteins using various high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques.
      Quantitative analyses of proteins which require 100% mass recovery of the protein
      are still beset with problems, especially when the total injected amount of
      protein decreases to below 10 micrograms. Stainless-steel frits have been cited
      for their deleterious effects on chromatography in general. In addition, the
      frits have specifically been found to be a significant contributor to
      irreversible protein loss--particularly when protein sample sizes are on the
      order of 1 microgram or less. The findings presented below should therefore be of
      concern to those using HPLC for protein work.

PMID- 3985309
TI  - A carbene-yielding amino acid for incorporation into peptide photoaffinity
      reagents.
AB  - 3-[p-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]phenyl]alanine has been prepared in 10
      steps from p-bromobenzyl alcohol. The alcohol was converted to 3-(alpha-iodo-p
      tolyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirine, which was used to alkylate N
      (diphenylmethylene)glycine ethyl ester. After deprotection the amino acid was
      obtained with an overall yield of 18%. The D- and L-isomers of 3-[p-[3
      (trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]phenyl]alanine have also been resolved, and 3
      [p-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]phenyl]alanine labeled with tritium has
      been prepared. The advantages of using this amino acid as a building block for
      peptide photoaffinity reagents is discussed.

PMID- 3985310
TI  - Procedures for measuring cytochrome P-450-dependent hydroxylation activity in
      reproductive tissues.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 is present in the endoplasmic reticulum at varying
      concentrations in almost all tissues. However, the existence and role of
      cytochrome P-450 in normal and neoplastic reproductive tissues has not been
      clearly demonstrated. Our interest lies in the possibility that variations in
      cytochrome P-450 levels may influence the responsiveness of breast and
      endometrial carcinomas to endocrine therapy. This may be of particular importance
      with agents such as tamoxifen where hydroxylation reactions are known to alter
      therapeutic activities. Therefore, a simple, sensitive spectrophotometric assay
      for determining levels of cytochrome P-450-dependent cyclohexane hydroxylase
      activity in breast and uterine microsomes has been developed. Cyclohexane was
      chosen as a substrate because of the relatively high levels of cyclohexane
      hydroxylase activity in tumor microsomes and because cyclohexane serves as a
      substrate for several forms of cytochrome P-450. In order to confirm the results
      of the spectrophotometric assay, a direct method utilizing isotope dilution gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been developed for detecting low
      levels of the hydroxylated product, cyclohexanol. By employing a stable
      isotopically labeled analog of cyclohexanol (cyclohexanol-d12), good agreement
      was demonstrated between the simple, indirect method (measuring NADPH oxidation
      at 340 nm) and the more complex, direct method (measuring cyclohexanol formation)
      utilizing GC/MS. The agreement of results obtained using these two techniques
      indicates that they are equally valid measures of NADPH-dependent cyclohexane
      hydroxylase activity. The use of the spectrophotometric method is proposed for
      rapid, multiple assays such as in the clinical setting, reserving GC/MS analysis
      for use as a research tool.

PMID- 3985311
TI  - Concomitant purification of three porcine heart mitochondrial enzymes: citrate
      synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malate dehydrogenase.
AB  - The mitochondrial enzymes citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and aspartate
      aminotransferase were purified to homogeneity from porcine hearts by use of Bio
      Rex 70, carboxymethylcellulose CM32, and Affi-Gel blue chromatography. This
      procedure provides relatively rapid, large-scale preparation of the three enzymes
      based on their differential binding to commercially available cation-exchange
      resins followed by a final affinity chromatography step.

PMID- 3985312
TI  - Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis without gel manipulation.
AB  - The apparatus and procedure to perform two-dimensional agarose gel
      electrophoresis without manipulating the gel used for the first electrophoresis
      (first-dimension gel) have been developed. The procedure is less complex, less
      damaging to first-dimension gels, and more precise than procedures that require
      manipulation of the first-dimension gel. When combined with gel-embedding
      techniques, the procedure presented can be used to perform the second
      electrophoresis in a gel different from the first-dimension gel. A first
      dimension gel too dilute to be manipulated and a more concentrated gel for the
      second electrophoresis have been used to separate DNA open circles from a mixture
      of variable-length linear DNAs.

PMID- 3985313
TI  - A time-saving thin-layer chromatography plate-scraping system.
AB  - A system for efficiently scraping thin-layer chromatography plates is described.
      A height-adjustable rack for holding the thin-layer chromatography plate is
      constructed of transparent acrylic plate. The base provides a surface on which to
      slide vial holders and also gives stability to the rack. The plate is scraped
      with a single-edge razor blade cut to an appropriate width and the scrapings fall
      into a polypropylene funnel which sits on a vial that is in either a test tube
      rack or a cassette from a scintillation counter. The plate-scraping system
      reduces scraping time by more than 60% and increases the accuracy of results.

PMID- 3985314
TI  - Concentration and purification of influenza virus from allantoic fluid.
AB  - A simple procedure which enables the concentration and purification of influenza
      virus, using an angular rotor, is described. Virus is concentrated over a sucrose
      step gradient. The same gradients are reused and volumes up to 4 liters are
      concentrated in 1 day. The concentrated virus is further purified by a simplified
      density-gradient technique. No host cell protein is detectable in the final
      product. The technique offers a broad application potential for concentrating and
      purifying other viruses.

PMID- 3985315
TI  - Differentiation of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites and single-strand breaks in DNA by
      formamide- and alkaline-sucrose gradient sedimentation.
AB  - The excision repair of DNA damaged by physical or chemical agents may produce
      either apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites or single-strand breaks (SSB) in the DNA.
      Alkaline-sucrose gradient sedimentation and alkaline elution, techniques
      generally used for the study of DNA repair which depend upon high pH to denature
      the DNA, cannot differentiate between these possibilities. A simple method for
      the quantitative measurement of SSB in DNA which leaves any AP sites intact is
      presented. This method relies upon the separation by size of the fragments
      resulting from the denaturation of the DNA under neutral conditions by
      sedimentation through gradients of sucrose in formamide. By combining the use of
      both formamide- and alkaline-sucrose sedimentation methods, we can quantify both
      AP sites and SSB in DNA.

PMID- 3985317
TI  - Rational design and evaluation of improved o-phthalaldehyde-like fluorogenic
      reagents.
AB  - Evidence was presented suggesting that the fluorescent isoindole produced by
      reaction of o-phthalaldehyde (OPA), ethanethiol, and primary amine was formed by
      initial imine formation followed by conversion to an alpha
      alkylaminobenzylsulfide and subsequent ring closure to form the isoindole
      nucleus. This mechanism suggested that the minimum structural requirement for
      condensation to an isoindole was an o-diacyl benzene in which one of the carbonyl
      groups was aldehydic. A major drawback of OPA as an analytical reagent is the
      limited stability of the fluorescent 1,2-disubstituted isoindole. Since isoindole
      instability is related to autoxidation at C-3, the use of o-(formyl) arylketones
      as alternatives to OPA is attractive in increasing the lifetime of the
      fluorescent species in that such reagents would form 1,2,3-trisubstituted
      isoindoles. Two compounds, o-acetylbenzaldehyde (OAB) and o-benzoylbenzaldehyde
      (OBB), were synthesized and evaluated as potential fluorogenic reagents. Both
      formed fluorescent products. The rate of formation of isoindole from the latter
      was too slow to make it of practical analytical value; however, OAB formed
      isoindoles with t1/2 less than 10 s and offered markedly improved stability over
      that observed with OPA.

PMID- 3985316
TI  - Plasma membrane isolation and fatty acid analysis of membrane lipids from murine
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Plasma membranes have been isolated in high yield by a novel method from splenic
      lymphocytes of BALB/c mice. These membranes were purified in predominantly
      envelope form, essentially right-side out, by zinc stabilization and sucrose
      density gradient centrifugation. A simple, rapid method was used for
      derivatization and analysis of fatty acids in plasma membrane lipids.

PMID- 3985318
TI  - Determination of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in brain tissue by high
      performance liquid chromatography with on-line radiochemical detection.
AB  - A sensitive assay for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity by high
      performance liquid chromatography with on-line radiochemical detection was
      described. The method was based on the measurement of 3H-labeled 3-O- and 4-O
      methylated products of the substrate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, using S-adenosyl
      L-[methyl-3H]methionine as the methyl donor, or the measurement of 14C-labeled 3
      O- and 4-O-methylated products of the substrate, [7-14C]dopamine. The reaction
      products were determined from the incubation mixture after removal of protein by
      injecting an aliquot into the liquid chromatograph. The detection limit with
      counting efficiency of 40% was 0.45 pmol 3H-labeled product, and 0.04 pmol 14C
      labeled product with 61% counting efficiency. The method is suitable for assaying
      membrane-bound and soluble COMT activities in the brain tissue and for
      calculation of meta/para product ratios.

PMID- 3985319
TI  - Single-run high-performance liquid chromatography of nucleotides, nucleosides,
      and major purine bases and its application to different tissue extracts.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the
      separation and quantitation of nucleotides, nucleosides, purine bases, and
      related compounds in one single run. The separation of a standard mixture of at
      least 24 components is achieved within 35 min on glass columns (30 cm, 3-mm i.d.)
      with C-18 reversed-phase particles of 5 micron, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
      (0.15 M, pH 6.00) and a slow linear gradient of methanol/acetonitrile (to 15%) as
      eluting solvent. The method has been applied to microsamples of different cells
      and tissues. Samples (2.5 mg dry wt) were cooled in liquid nitrogen, lyophilized,
      and extracted with 0.6 N perchloric acid. After neutralization with potassium
      bicarbonate, the extract (20 microliter) was directly injected into the column.
      To illustrate the wide applicability of the method, representative chromatograms
      are shown of extracts of biopsies from heart tissue, skeletal muscle, and brain
      and liver and from hepatocytes, erythrocytes, and yeast cells, under different
      conditions, known to induce changes in purine metabolism.

PMID- 3985320
TI  - The mechanism of increased elution volume of proteins by polyethylene glycol.
AB  - Larger elution volumes of proteins in gel filtration in the presence of
      polyethylene glycol than in its absence were explained in terms of the
      unfavorable interactions between polyethylene glycol and both the proteins and
      the gel matrix. This should favor the protein molecules being in the cavity of
      the gel matrix, leading to their slower elution, since, in this situation, the
      unfavorable interactions are decreased.

PMID- 3985321
TI  - Determination of intact-tissue glycerophosphorylcholine levels by quantitative
      31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and correlation with
      spectrophotometric quantification.
AB  - A method for the dynamic quantification of glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) levels
      in intact tissue by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was developed and
      verified by a spectrophotometric technique. Intact tissue nuclear magnetic
      resonance areas were quantified utilizing an external standard and were corrected
      for magnetization saturation. Interactive computerized spectral fitting through
      Lorentzian lineshape analysis and subsequent integration with normalization to
      the external standard was utilized for the absolute quantification of GPC
      concentration. Hemodynamically and metabolically uncompromised Langendorff
      perfused rabbit hearts contained 1.70 +/- 0.23 mumol GPC/g wet wt. This value was
      not statistically significantly different from the value of 1.45 +/- 0.23 mumol
      GPC/g wet wt determined by an analytical technique employing glycerophosphoryl
      [Me-3H]choline as an internal standard with spectrophotometric quantification.
      Both methods were accurate with a standard error of 11 and 10%, respectively. The
      recovery of internal standards utilizing the spectrophotometric technique was 95
      +/- 8%. The application of these methods should facilitate the quantification of
      changes in tissue levels of glycerophosphorylcholine noted in several disease
      states.

PMID- 3985322
TI  - Conformational effects in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography of
      ribonuclease A.
AB  - This paper examines the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic behavior of
      ribonuclease A (RNase) using an n-butyl chemically bonded phase and a gradient of
      10 mM H3PO4 and l-propanol. At a column temperature of 25 degrees C, a broad band
      followed by an overlapped late-eluting sharp peak is observed. As the temperature
      is raised, the sharp peak grows at the expense of the broad band until at 37
      degrees C, only a single narrow-eluting band is found. Using an absorbance ratio
      of A288/A254, it is demonstrated that the broad band represents a folded or
      native state of RNase and the late-eluting band a denatured state. Based on
      postcolumn absorbance ratio changes in the denatured state as a function of time
      and the known behavior of the protein, reversible refolding or renaturation is
      proposed to take place in solution. RNase is denatured upon adsorbing to the
      bonded phase, and upon migration down the column, reversible refolding takes
      place in the mobile phase. The relaxation time for native state formation is
      assumed to be comparable to the time spent by RNase in the mobile phase. As
      temperature is raised, both the native and denatured states exist at equilibrium
      in solution, thus slowing the refolding process, until at 37 degrees C only the
      denatured peak appears. Changes in peak shape with flow rate provide further
      evidence for this model. The use of HCl or H2SO4 instead of H3PO4 yields similar
      results except that the temperature at which only the denatured peak is observed
      follows the order of salt stabilization of the native state.

PMID- 3985323
TI  - Picric acid methods greatly overestimate serum creatinine in mice: more accurate
      results with high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The creatinine levels of blood and urine from humans, rats, and mice were
      measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. These were compared to the
      alkaline picrate analysis of creatinine performed by standard colorimetric,
      kinetic, and AutoAnalyzer techniques. For human serum and urine the values
      obtained using the HPLC technique gave good agreement with four out of five
      alkaline picrate techniques. For black or white mice, the serum creatinine
      concentration was 8.7 +/- 0.4 microM by HPLC but 44.9 +/- 1.9 microM by the
      lowest alkaline picrate method. Mouse urine creatinine concentrations were 3.24
      +/- 0.19 mM by HPLC and 4.59 +/- 0.39 mM by the nearest alkaline picrate method.
      Rat serum creatinine concentrations analyzed by HPLC were about half the values
      obtained by AutoAnalyzer. Mouse and rat samples seemed to have substances which
      gave nonspecific color and thus interfered with the analysis of creatinine by the
      alkaline picrate methods. While the alkaline picrate analysis of creatinine was
      adequate for human samples, it was necessary to use HPLC to accurately measure
      rodent creatinine. The fractional excretion of creatinine was determined by
      measuring creatinine in mouse urine and plasma by both the kinetic and HPLC
      methods and comparing these values to urine and plasma inulin. Using the kinetic
      method, creatinine was cleared at 43 +/- 3% of the rate of inulin. Using the HPLC
      method, creatinine was cleared at 170 +/- 11% of the rate of inulin.

PMID- 3985324
TI  - Protein blotting in uniform or gradient electric fields.
AB  - Experimental data and computer mapping were used to analyze electric fields
      generated by a variety of electrode arrays in protein blotting apparatus.
      Asymmetric electrode arrays were found to generate nonuniform fields that
      effected uneven transfers of 125I-labeled albumin from gels to nitrocellulose
      membranes. Symmetric arrays with multiple (four), independent wire electrodes,
      supplied individually with electric current, generated the most uniform fields
      and effected the most even transfers of the test protein. With multiple
      independent electrodes, gradient electric fields can be generated in which
      differences in electrophoretic elution between large and small proteins can be
      eliminated. Transfer apparatus with either uniform or gradient electric fields
      are expected to improve qualitative results and make possible quantitation of
      protein blotting.

PMID- 3985325
TI  - Fractionation of polyclonal antibody by isoelectric focusing and
      chromatofocusing: separation of high-affinity rabbit clonotype anti-thyroxine
      antibody.
AB  - Immunoglobulin G fractions prepared from conventional rabbit anti-thyroxine (T4)
      antisera were fractionated by agarose gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the range
      of pH 3 to 10, and by chromatofocusing using a Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography
      (FPLC) system. The clonotype antibodies were recovered from the fractions and
      subjected to Scatchard plot analysis. The highest affinity constants of the
      initial antibody (shown in parentheses) and those of the antibodies recovered
      were IEF, 1.8 X 10(9) to 8.3 X 10(9) M-1 (2.2 X 10(9) M-1); FPLC, 2.4 X 10(9) to
      6.0 X 10(9) M-1 (2.5 X 10(9) M-1). A sensitive radioimmunoassay of T4 was
      achieved with the isolated high-affinity anti-T4 antibody. The minimum detectable
      concentration of T4 was 6.3 X 10(-15) to 1.5 X 10(-14) mol/tube, which was three
      to five times lower than detectable with the initial antibodies.

PMID- 3985326
TI  - Automated fluorimetric determination of furfurals.
AB  - Hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural can be estimated automatically at 60 samples/h
      in a continuous-flow system. The hydrazone of the furfural with 5
      hydroxybenzoylhydrazine is formed in aqueous solution and dialyzed into methanol
      or other lower alcohols on the recipient side of the dialyzer. The fluorescence
      of the zinc chelate of the hydrazone is measured. The procedure has applications
      for estimating the extent of hemoglobin glycosylation and for measuring the
      levels of hydroxymethylfurfural in some beverages. For more exacting work it can
      be used in conjunction with corrections from a blank channel or after preliminary
      specimen purification. Its specificity, though limited, compares favorably with
      other methods, while having advantages in sensitivity and capacity for high
      throughput batch processing.

PMID- 3985327
TI  - Quantification of choline and ethanolamine phospholipids in rabbit myocardium.
AB  - To facilitate evaluation of the influence of myocardial phospholipid metabolites
      on the development of electrophysiologic abnormalities induced by ischemia, a
      method for the quantification of choline and ethanolamine phospholipids suitable
      for accurate and reproducible analysis of small amounts of myocardium was
      developed. The procedure combines chloroform and methanol extraction of
      phospholipids after tissue homogenization with subsequent separation by
      sequential thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Phosphorus in
      purified lipid classes was determined with the correction for recovery based on
      14C-labeled internal standards.

PMID- 3985328
TI  - A microassay for the determination of binding parameters of estrogen and androgen
      receptors employing affinity immobilization on Cibacron blue 3GA-Sepharose 6B.
AB  - The problems of currently available ligand-binding assays for sex-steroid
      receptor proteins include the relatively large mass of tissue required, the
      interference by sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and use in the androgen
      receptor (AR) assay of the unstable synthetic ligand methyltrienolone. To
      overcome these difficulties the stabilizing effect of the dye Cibacron blue 3GA
      on AR and estrogen receptor (ER) proteins, and its ability to bind to these
      proteins, was utilized in developing an assay system for each receptor that could
      be applied to small samples. Use of the affinity gel Cibacron blue 3GA-Sepharose
      6B (Blue gel) for the immobilization of AR, ER, and the steroid ligands bound to
      these receptors in the standard two-tier column assay system enabled the use of a
      1:100 (original tissue weight:volume) concentration, making possible full (5-7
      point) Scatchard analysis on tissue specimens of a mass as low as 15-20 mg.
      Significant stabilization of AR and ER was observed and association constants for
      these receptors were of a similar order of magnitude to those obtained either by
      Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration or the dextran-coated charcoal adsorption
      technique. Inactivation by dilution was shown to be largely prevented based on
      results obtained with cytosol concentrations from 1:5 to 1:100 (original tissue
      weight:volume). Because Blue gel does not bind SHBG, the natural steroid 5 alpha
      androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one (DHT) may be employed as a ligand in the AR
      assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985329
TI  - A selective postcolumn o-phthalaldehyde-derivatization system for the
      determination of histamine in biological material by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - Based on studies of the reaction between histamine and o-phthalaldehyde in
      alkaline solution, a method optimized for the determination of histamine in
      biological samples by means of HPLC and postcolumn o-phthalaldehyde
      derivatization has been developed. The method permits determination of histamine
      even at low-picomolar levels. By means of a valve, placed immediately after the
      column outlet, the eluent stream can be switched between the fluorimetric and an
      electrochemical detector system whereby electroactive biogenic amines may also be
      studied under the same chromatographic conditions.

PMID- 3985330
TI  - Search for new alkaloids in Pachycereus weberi by tandem mass spectrometry.

PMID- 3985331
TI  - Adsorptive stripping voltammetry of riboflavin and other flavin analogues at the
      static mercury drop electrode.

PMID- 3985332
TI  - Determination of proteins and denaturation studies by flow injection with a
      nickel oxide electrode.

PMID- 3985333
TI  - Colorimetric determination of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the presence of other
      amino acids.

PMID- 3985334
TI  - Determination of unsulfonated aromatic amines in D&C red No. 33 by the
      diazotization and coupling procedure followed by reversed-phase liquid
      chromatographic analysis.

PMID- 3985335
TI  - Analysis of marine sediment and lobster hepatopancreas reference materials by
      instrumental photon activation.

PMID- 3985336
TI  - Determination of metals at the microgram-per-liter level in blood serum by
      simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace
      atomization.

PMID- 3985338
TI  - Application of pyrolysis/gas chromatography/pattern recognition to the detection
      of cystic fibrosis heterozygotes.

PMID- 3985337
TI  - 7-[(Chlorocarbonyl)methoxy]-4-methylcoumarin: a novel fluorescent reagent for the
      precolumn derivatization of hydroxy compounds in liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3985339
TI  - Role of thermal dissociation in the direct gas-liquid chromatographic
      determination of amine maleate salts.

PMID- 3985340
TI  - Determination of conjugated glucuronic acid by combining enzymatic hydrolysis
      with lucigenin chemiluminescence.

PMID- 3985341
TI  - Analytical chemistry in the drug development process.

PMID- 3985342
TI  - Novel ion-selective electrode system for the simultaneous determination of
      fluoride and calcium in acid solution.

PMID- 3985343
TI  - Evaluation of the L'vov platform and matrix modification for the determination of
      aluminium in serum.

PMID- 3985344
TI  - Polarographic determination of nitroxazepine hydrochloride in tablets.

PMID- 3985345
TI  - Fluorimetric determination of tin at the nanograms per millilitre level in canned
      beverages.

PMID- 3985346
TI  - Determination of olaquindox in medicated animal feeds by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Analytical Methods Committee.

PMID- 3985347
TI  - Simple and sensitive method for monitoring zopiclone in plasma by high
      performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

PMID- 3985348
TI  - Method for measuring nitrate-nitrogen in vegetables using anion-exchange high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3985349
TI  - Determination by atomic-absorption spectrometry of lead in tin coatings intended
      to come into contact with food.

PMID- 3985350
TI  - Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of some thiols with aminophenols
      and iron (III).

PMID- 3985351
TI  - Determination of ascorbic acid in soft drinks and fruit juices. Part 1.
      Background correction for direct ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

PMID- 3985352
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of oxyphenbutazone by diazo coupling and
      subsequent chelation reactions.

PMID- 3985353
TI  - Determination of free boric acid in cosmetic products.

PMID- 3985354
TI  - Anatomy of the inferior colliculus in rat.
AB  - This paper defines the pattern of subdivision of the inferior colliculus in rat.
      It is based on serial sections of brains of albino and hooded rats cut in the
      frontal, sagittal and horizontal planes using Golgi, Nissl and a combined cell
      myelin method. In rat, like in other mammals, the inferior colliculus consists of
      a central nucleus, an external cortex, and a dorsal cortex. The central nucleus
      is flattened in the frontal plane and confined to the caudomedial part of the
      inferior colliculus. It is characterized by a lamellar organization of disc
      shaped neurons interspersed with multipolar cells. The cells are small to medium
      sized. Although there is a dorsoventral gradient in size and packing density of
      cells within the nucleus, the overall size is smaller and the packing density
      larger than in adjacent subdivisions. The two cortices each consists of three
      layers. The outer-most layer is common to the two cortices, forming a
      fibrocellular capsule continuous along most of the circumference of the inferior
      colliculus. The external cortex is located lateral, rostral, ventral and
      ventrocaudal to the central nucleus. Its second layer, deep to the superficial
      capsule, is characterized by clusters of many small and a few medium-sized
      neurons in a myelin-dense neuropil. Layer 3, which constitutes the major portion
      of the subdivision, consists of relatively scattered, small, medium and large
      cells, the most characteristic element being large multipolar neurons with coarse
      Nissl granules. The dorsal cortex is located dorsocaudal and dorsomedial to the
      central nucleus. Its second layer is composed of small neurons, while the third,
      deep layer in addition contains medium-sized neurons. The cell density is
      intermediate to that of the central nucleus and the deep part of the external
      cortex. We have tried to facilitate the parcellation by reference to easily
      recognizable, nearby structures and to standard stereotaxic coordinates.

PMID- 3985356
TI  - The structure of the kidney from the freshwater teleost Carassius auratus.
AB  - The structure of the kidney of the crucian carp (Carassius auratus; a freshwater
      teleost, Cypriniformes) was studied by means of reconstruction from serial
      paraffin and semithin sections. In C. auratus, the Wolffian duct traverses the
      entire kidney. At various levels collecting ducts of different length and
      thickness join the Wolffian duct at right angles. Each collecting duct accepts a
      large number of connecting tubules, which are established by the joining of many
      nephrons. A regular pattern concerning the distribution of nephrons and the
      fusion of renal tubules is not apparent. Four segments have been distinguished in
      renal tubules; 1) proximal tubule, 2) distal tubule, 3) connecting tubule and 4)
      collecting duct. A neck and an intermediate segment are absent. The proximal
      tubule is established by proximal tubule cells which bear a brush border and have
      a conspicuous apical cytoplasmic rim containing few cell organelles, ciliated
      cells, mucous cells and dark cells. In the first part of the proximal tubule the
      brush border and the apical cytoplasmic rim of proximal tubule cells are well
      developed. Ciliated cells are interposed between proximal tubule cells,
      decreasing in number toward the end of this part. In the second part ciliated
      cells are absent and dark cells are numerous. In the third part the brush border
      and the apical cytoplasmic rim of proximal tubule cells are scarcely developed.
      Ciliated cells reappear and increase in number toward the distal tubule. The
      distal and connecting tubule are similar in epithelial structure. Connecting
      tubules are joined distal tubules and thus they belong to two or more
      nephrons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985355
TI  - Membrane specializations and their relation to HRP transport in the medial
      habenular nucleus of the rat.
AB  - In the medial habenular nucleus of the rat, ependymal and endothelial membrane
      specializations were studied with TEM and freeze-fracturing. They comprise
      ependymal adherent junctions - not manifest in freeze-fracture replicas-, gap
      junctions, and membrane-associated orthogonal particle complexes ("assemblies") -
      not identifiable in thin-sectioned material. Ependymal tight junctions being
      absent, no brain-liquor barrier exists. The capillary endothelium is provided
      with tight junctions only. Intraventricularly injected HRP was transported in
      large amounts through the ependyma, mainly through the intercellular spaces and
      additionally by way of massive pinocytosis through the cytoplasm of particular
      ependymal cells only, and finally through the parenchymal intercellular
      compartments towards habenular capillaries. Following intravenous injection of
      HRP, considerable transport of the enzyme took place by means of transendothelial
      pinocytosis, followed by some pinocytotic transport through diverse parenchymal
      elements and markedly profuse incorporation and lysis within pericytes. The
      habenular blood-brain barrier appeared to be considerably leaky with respect to
      HRP.

PMID- 3985357
TI  - The distribution of plasma proteins in the neocortex and early allocortex of the
      developing sheep brain.
AB  - The histogenesis of the cerebral neocortex and early allocortex of the sheep has
      been described and, using an immunohistochemical technique, five plasma proteins
      have been identified in the telencephalic wall and their distribution followed
      during its differentiation. The development of the neocortex was studied from 18
      days gestation, when the neural tube was still open, to 120 days, when the adult
      structure was established. A primordial plexiform layer was formed above the
      ventricular zone by 25 days and by 35 days this layer was divided by the
      differentiating cortical plate into an outer marginal zone and an inner subplate
      zone. The appearance of the subventricular and intermediate zones by 50 days
      gestation completed the formation of the neocortical layers. The differentiation
      of the allocortex was generally less advanced than the neocortex up to 40 days
      gestation, when the primordium of the pyramidal layer was beginning to develop.
      The five plasma proteins identified, fetuin, alpha-fetoprotein, albumin,
      transferrin and alpha 1-antitrypsin, are quantitatively the most important in the
      csf and plasma of the sheep fetus. Fetuin was the earliest plasma protein to be
      detected in the brain and it was also the most widespread; positive staining for
      this protein was seen in cells and fibres of all layers as they differentiated
      and could still be identified in some mature neurons at 120 days. alpha
      Fetoprotein and albumin had a limited distribution, appearing in cells in the
      developing cortical plate for a short period early in gestation (35-40 days), but
      mainly confined to the ventricular zones later and barely detectable by 80 days
      gestation. Transferrin appeared to have a different distribution, being detected
      in fibres first in the primordial plexiform layer and then in the marginal and
      subplate zones, only later being identified in cells of the cortical plate. From
      their distribution it is suggested that fetuin and transferrin may play an
      important role in the differentiation of the cortex and the establishment of
      correct connections between fiber systems and migrating cells at certain stages
      of development. alpha 1-Antitrypsin was only found in a few cells during a
      restricted period of gestation. All five plasma proteins were identified in
      precipitated csf and plasma at most ages examined, although at 18 days gestation
      albumin, transferrin and alpha 1-antitrypsin and at 120 days, alpha-fetoprotein,
      could not be detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3985359
TI  - Morphology of primary afferents to the spinal cord of the turtle Pseudemys
      scripta elegans.
AB  - The morphology of primary afferents to the spinal cord of the turtle Pseudemys
      scripta elegans was studied by means of intra-axonal injections of horseradish
      peroxidase. A total of 74 collaterals arising from 34 different afferents in 22
      animals was investigated. Within this sample, a division into three
      morphologically distinct collateral types appeared possible. Collaterals of the
      same parent axon could always be classified to the same type. Type A collateral
      arborizations could be found within area I-II and III of the spinal grey matter.
      The number of presynaptic boutons per collateral varied considerably. However,
      collaterals of the same parent axon usually possessed a similar general
      appearance. Type B collaterals terminated within area IV and V-VI. The general
      shape and number of boutons could differ considerably between collaterals of
      different parent fibers but also between collaterals of the same axon. Type C
      collaterals formed terminal arborizations in the lateral parts of areas IV, V, VI
      and VII-VIII and demonstrated a fair constancy in general appearance and number
      of presynaptic boutons. Type A collaterals are thought to be derived from fibers
      innervating various cutaneous receptors. Terminal arborizations of type C
      collaterals are fully overlapping with the dorsal dendritic trees of turtle
      lumbar motoneurons. It is suggested that type C collaterals form contacts with
      these motoneurons and arise from muscle spindle innervating afferents. The origin
      of type B collaterals is less clear, attractive possibilities may be found in
      joint and/or tendon organs.

PMID- 3985358
TI  - Lipofuscin granules in cerebellar interneurons after long-term alcohol
      consumption in the adult rat.
AB  - Lipofuscin deposition in nerve cells is one of the most reliable and consistent
      neurocytological features correlated with ageing. Purkinje cells of long-term
      alcohol-fed rats show large agglomerates of lipofuscin granules after six months
      of alcohol experiment, whereas in normal biological ageing, this happens only
      after 25 months of age. Cerebellar interneurons have specific patterns of
      lipofuscin accumulation during ageing concerning both its morphological type and
      chronology of deposition. We studied the effects of chronic alcohol treatment on
      cerebellar interneurons taking particular account of lipofuscin pigment
      accumulation. Control and alcohol-fed groups for 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months were
      used. A precocious and progressive accumulation of lipofuscin granules occurred
      in granule, Golgi and basket cells. Stellate cells remained pigment-free. The
      lipofuscin deposited in the granule and Golgi cells was of the granular type,
      whereas that of basket and stellate cells was lamellar (fingerprint-like
      pattern). These results parallel those observed during normal ageing, and
      reinforce the hypothesis of the existence of a close relationship between chronic
      alcohol consumption and precocious nerve cell ageing.

PMID- 3985360
TI  - The effect of nerve growth factor on developing primary sensory neurons of the
      trigeminal nerve in chick embryos.
AB  - The response to nerve growth factor (NGF) of two sensory neuron populations of
      the trigeminal nerve was studied in chick embryos. NGF promoted neuronal survival
      and cellular hypertrophy in the Gasserian ganglia with minimal effect on the
      neuron population of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. NGF induced prolific
      neurite outgrowth from cultured Gasserian ganglia, in contrast, cultured
      mesencephalic trigeminal neurons remained refractory to NGF treatment. The
      apparent lack of response of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons to NGF may be
      explained either by their derivation from placodal material rather than from the
      neural crest, or their lost sensitivity to NGF due to interaction with the local
      environment in the central nervous system.

PMID- 3985361
TI  - Alterations of the retina in chick embryos induced by systemic alpha-bungarotoxin
      application.
AB  - The application of alpha-bungarotoxin onto the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick
      embryos between the 11th and 18th day of incubation leads to alterations of
      retinal development. The most significant qualitative change is the appearance of
      retinal rosettes formed by receptor cells. These rosettes are infoldings of the
      receptor cell layer. Quantitatively, an enlargement in volume of the receptor and
      outer nuclear layer can be found together with a simultaneous decrease of the
      other retinal layers. The toxin seems to suspend the naturally occurring nerve
      cell death in the receptor cell population

PMID- 3985362
TI  - Developmental microvascular architecture of the rat cerebellar cortex.
AB  - External and internal microvascular architectures of the developing rat
      cerebellar cortex, from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 14 and in adults, were
      studied using a cerebrovascular casting method for scanning electron-microscopic
      observation. The external vascularization of the developing cerebellum showed the
      most significant alteration in vascular morphology at the stage of intensive
      proliferation of matrix cells in the external granular layer (EGL) from birth to
      postnatal day 4. It consisted of multiple luminal protrusion of the vessels,
      septum formation in the lumina, and small, ring-like anastomoses. Moreover, at
      the end of this stage, these structures of the vessels disappeared and the
      subarachnoid space was filled with newly-formed microvascular networks.
      Thereafter, architectural change of the developing pial vessels was mainly
      accomplished by elongation of each contorted vessel of the network. Concerning
      internal vascularization, a few vessels connected with the pial vessels were
      observed in the cerebellar plate forming a loose, simple network in the deeper
      neural parenchyma before the stage of foliation began. During the period of
      thickening of the EGL, however, there was no alteration in vascularity of the
      parenchyma other than the architectural changes proportionate to the newly-formed
      folia. It was during the synaptogenetic stage in the internal granular layer that
      the earliest intraneural vascular plexuses were formed. The vascular network in
      the molecular layer was formed after disappearance of the EGL. These findings
      suggest that vascular proliferation correlated with EGL-formation pertains to the
      pial vessels, and not the intraneural ones, which develop after neuronal cell
      migration in the developing cerebellum has taken place.

PMID- 3985363
TI  - Structure of the musculature of the chicken small intestine.
AB  - The small intestine of the chicken was studied by light and electron microscopy.
      The musculature, measuring about 180 microns in thickness in the distended
      intestine, consists of four layers (outer longitudinal, outer circular, inner
      circular and inner longitudinal) which are directly apposed to one another. There
      is no layer of connective tissue equivalent to the submucosa of mammalian
      intestine, and the intestinal glands lie close to the inner longitudinal muscle.
      Mucosal folds are not formed during isotonic contraction of the intestine. The
      muscle cells of the chicken small intestine are characterized by large, numerous
      and sharply outlined dense bodies, by the presence of an extremely thin basal
      lamina, by prominent dense bands at the cell surface but relatively few
      intermediate junctions. There are many areas of direct apposition between cell
      membranes of adjacent cells and little collagen between the muscle cells. The
      four muscle layers have each distinctive structural features. Gap junctions
      between muscle cells occur only in the outer circular layer. The outer circular
      and outer longitudinal layers are closely apposed and numerous junctions of the
      adherens type link cells of the two layers. Intramuscular blood capillaries are
      rare and are found virtually only in the outer circular layer; their endothelial
      cells are joined by tight junctions. In the outer circular layer (but not in the
      other layers) there are two further cell types, fibroblasts and interstitial
      cells, which can be clearly distinguished from one another. The latter cells are
      intimately related to nerve bundles and are connected by gap junctions to some
      muscle cells.

PMID- 3985364
TI  - Chicken gizzard. The muscle, the tendon and their attachment.
AB  - The fine structure and the organization of muscle and connective tissue in the
      middle portion of the chicken gizzard (muscular stomach) has been studied by
      light and electron microscopy. The musculature is divided into long, well-defined
      bundles arranged circularly and concentrically and extending between the two
      tendons (tendinous aponeurosis). The muscle bundles are inserted onto the inner
      surface of the tendon at an angle of about 45 degrees. In addition to muscle
      cells (which are ultrastructurally similar to those of the small intestine) the
      musculature contains fibroblasts and interstitial cells and a small number of
      nerve bundles and capillaries. The gizzard tendons are very compact, made of
      parallel fascicles of collagen fibrils with interposed stellate tendon cells;
      ultrastructurally they are very similar to the tendon of skeletal muscles of this
      and other species. Their collagen fibrils range in size from 30 to 160 nm. The
      muscle cells that approach the tendon develop longitudinal invaginations of the
      cell membrane and then break into finger-like terminal processes heavily
      encrusted with dense bands. The membrane of the invaginations and the terminal
      processes are surrounded by a basal lamina material which embeds a conspicuous
      web of small collagen fibrils. The boundary between tendon and muscle is sharp,
      without interpenetration of the two tissues. A novel type of cell is found at the
      interface of muscle and tendon (junctional cells), filled with intermediate
      filaments and some rough endoplasmic reticulum and displaying a trace of a basal
      lamina.

PMID- 3985365
TI  - Cytodifferentiation of the interstitial cells of Cajal related to the myenteric
      plexus of mouse intestinal muscle coat. An E.M. study from foetal to adult life.
AB  - The cytodifferentiation of the interstitial cells of Cajal (Type I) related to
      the myenteric plexus of the mouse intestinal muscle coat was studied in foetuses
      at term, neonates not yet fed, suckling animals, weaning animals and adult
      animals. In foetuses at term, interstitial cells of Cajal and their precursor
      cells are not identifiable. In neonates not yet fed, presumed precursor cells of
      the interstitial cells of Cajal, i.e. ICC-blasts, can be identified as cells
      surrounding the developing myenteric plexus and interposed between the circular
      and longitudinal muscle layers. These ICC-blasts are poorly differentiated but,
      like the adult interstitial cells, are always related to nerve endings and
      possess large and numerous mitochondria. In suckling animals these cells
      gradually develop, and are fully differentiated only after the end of the weaning
      period.

PMID- 3985366
TI  - Distribution patterns of orthogonal arrays and alkaline phosphatase in plasma
      membranes of satellite cells in rat spinal ganglia.
AB  - The plasmalemmal structure of satellite cells in the lumbar spinal ganglia of rat
      was examined by freeze-fracture and by a cytochemical method for the
      demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity. Plasma membranes of satellite
      cells are the only ones in the ganglia to contain, in addition to globular
      intramembrane particles, orthogonal arrays of particles 6-7 nm in diameter. The
      arrays are most concentrated in the portions of the membranes contacting the
      basal lamina, or outer membranes; they decrease considerably in number in lateral
      membranes, and are rare in the membrane regions adjacent to the neuronal
      perikaryon, or inner membranes. Such gradual decrease in array density in
      satellite cells suggests regional differences of plasma membrane properties
      within the same cell. Alkaline phosphatase, which was chosen as a cytochemical
      marker for membrane activity because of its relation to transport function,
      localizes to inner and lateral membranes, and not to outer membranes of satellite
      cells. The absence of correlation between localization of orthogonal arrays and
      such enzymatic activity suggests that the membranes provided with many arrays
      possess some characteristics different from other membranes that may exclude
      transport activity. The possible significance of orthogonal arrays and their
      close association with the basal lamina are discussed.

PMID- 3985367
TI  - The effect of sciatic nerve transection on myelinated fibers in the L5 dorsal
      root and lumbar dorsal column. A Marchi study in the rat.
AB  - The occurrence of Marchi-positive structures (MPS) in the L5 dorsal root and
      lumbar dorsal column was examined 1-18 weeks after unilateral sciatic nerve
      transection in rats, and compared to the occurrence of MPS during Wallerian
      degeneration seen after transection of L4 and L5 dorsal roots. There was an
      increasing number of MPS centrally to the junction between the peripheral (PNS)
      and central nervous system (CNS) and in the lumbar dorsal column ipsilateral to
      sciatic nerve transection throughout the examined time period. In the portion of
      the root distal to the PNS-CNS junction MPS were rare before 12 weeks
      postoperatively after which time small groups of MPS appeared. At all stages the
      incidence of MPS was just a fraction of that seen during Wallerian degeneration.
      From these observations it is inferred that few ganglion cells with myelinated
      central processes undergo complete disintegration after peripheral nerve
      transection. In addition, some of the myelinated central ganglion cell processes
      appear to be more severely affected proximal to the PNS-CNS junction than
      distally to it.

PMID- 3985368
TI  - Cell degeneration and mitosis in the buccopharyngeal and branchial membranes in
      the mouse embryo.
AB  - The frequencies of cell degeneration and mitosis were investigated in the
      rupturing buccopharyngeal membrane (BPM) and in the persistent first branchial
      membrane (BM). In the BPM, cell degeneration starts many hours before rupture is
      visible, but mitotic figures are absent. In the BM this situation is reversed:
      mitotic figures are regularly observed, but a degenerating cell only
      occasionally. It is concluded that the ratio between the numbers of degenerating
      and dividing cells regulates the fate of both the BPM and the BM.

PMID- 3985369
TI  - The structure of the tupaia placenta. I. Histology and vascularisation.
AB  - The placenta of the tupaia is bidiscoidal, labyrinthine and endotheliochorial in
      structure. The two placental discs show a characteristic partition into three
      broadly fusing main lobules on the mesometrial, and some very small accessory
      lobules on the antimesometrial side. The accessory lobules are separated
      incompletely from each other. Their inner lobular structure is rather
      homogeneous. All vessels seem to exhibit a rather random distribution. The
      maternal vessels of the three main lobules are regularly arranged in such a way
      that each lobule can be subdivided into three zones. The lobular centre is the
      maternal inflow area. The intermediate zone surrounding the centre is composed of
      maternal and fetal capillaries; the peripheral capsule collects the maternal
      blood into coarse networks of veins. Each lobule corresponds to one maternal
      circulatory unit in which up to ten fetal circulatory units are included. The
      fetal vertical lobular arteries are evenly distributed. Fine networks of fetal
      capillaries spread out centrifugally towards small collecting veins. Opposite the
      maternal veins the fetal ones do not form meshworks. Within the main lobules
      fetal and maternal capillaries are arranged parallel, antiparallel or in varying
      angles to each other, resulting in a complex crosscurrent flow system.

PMID- 3985370
TI  - The structure of the tupaia placenta. II. Ultrastructure.
AB  - Both placental discs of the tupaia placenta consist of three large mesometrial
      and numerous additional smaller antimesometrial lobules. The larger lobules can
      be subdivided into a central (maternal arterial inflow), intermediate (maternal
      capillaries, exchange area), and a peripheral zone (maternal veins). The
      ultrastructure of the intermediate lobular zone has been studied from day 21
      until day 41 of pregnancy. The materno-fetal barrier is endotheliochorial in
      structure. The voluminous maternal endothelium is highly differentiated. The
      adjacent basement membrane, separating endothelium and trophoblast, is constantly
      interrupted by endothelial and trophoblastic extensions, forming intense
      interdigitations between both tissue layers. The trophoblast is a multinuclear
      continuous layer, syncytial or plasmodial in nature. Cytotrophoblast is missing
      in all stages studied so far. Towards term, the trophoblast differentiates into
      three distinct types, arranged beneath each other in a mosaic-type pattern:
      trophoblast with rough e.r. and trophoblast with smooth e.r. as dominating
      organelles, as well as thin trophoblastic lamellae, almost devoid of organelles.
      The connective tissue is composed of very compact, epithelium-like cells, whereas
      connective tissue fibres and interstitial space are virtually absent.
      Macrophages, undifferentiated fibroblasts and highly differentiated fibroblasts
      can be observed. There are structural transitions between connective tissue and
      neighbouring fetal capillary endothelium.

PMID- 3985371
TI  - Synaptic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the adult
      hamster. An electron microscope study using degeneration and horseradish
      peroxidase tracing techniques.
AB  - The synaptic organization of the alpha sector of the dorsal lateral geniculate
      nucleus has been examined by electron microscopy in normal adult hamsters and in
      adult hamsters subjected to unilateral eye enucleation or intravitreal injection
      of horseradish peroxidase. Two types of neuropil are apparent. Islands of complex
      neuropil partially enclosed by astrocyte processes (synaptic glomeruli) are
      surrounded by a sea of simpler non-glomerular neuropil. The latter is dominated
      by small axon terminals with spherical synaptic vesicles and Gray type 1
      axodendritic contacts (SR-boutons) and also contains axon terminals with
      flattened synaptic vesicles (F-boutons). The glomerular neuropil contains
      exclusively postsynaptic dendrites and dendritic protrusions of presumptive
      projection cells; pre- and postsynaptic pleomorphic-vesicle-containing P-boutons
      (interpreted as appendages of the dendrites of interneurons); large axon
      terminals containing spherical synaptic vesicles and large pale mitochondria (R
      boutons) which were experimentally identified as retinal terminals and which are
      presynaptic to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons at Gray type 1
      contacts; F-boutons (minority component). F-boutons and P-boutons are presynaptic
      to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons and P-boutons are the
      intermediate elements of various serial synapses including triplet (triadic)
      synapses. Medium-large terminals with spherical synaptic vesicles and dark
      mitochondria (RLD-boutons) which were commonly invaginated by dendritic spines of
      projection cells in small glomerulus-like formations were also identified. The
      origin of RLD-boutons is unknown but SR-boutons probably derive chiefly from
      ipsilateral visual cortex and possibly also from superior colliculus, and non
      glomerular F-boutons probably originate in the ipsilateral thalamic reticular
      nucleus. No differences in synaptic organization were found between the part of
      the nucleus which receives uncrossed retinal input and the part which receives
      crossed input, nor were differences seen in the size, fine structure or
      relationships between the terminals of identified crossed and uncrossed retinal
      axons.

PMID- 3985373
TI  - Three-dimensional analysis of dendritic spines. III. Glial sheath.
AB  - The glial envelope of dendritic spines in the visual and cerebellar cortices was
      evaluated by analysis of serial sections. Three-dimensional reconstructions of
      the protoplasmic astrocyte processes were made and the quantitative proportions
      of the glial cover on dendritic spines were measured and compared. Whereas
      dendritic spines on spiny branchlets of Purkinje cells are, with the exception of
      afferent axon terminals, completely covered by the glial sheath (74.44%),
      dendritic spines of pyramidal cells are only partially covered (28.89%), so that
      spine stalks and even synaptic clefts frequently lack glial isolation. A new,
      relatively frequent configuration of subsurface cistern--astrocyte process-
      dendritic spine is described. A possible functional significance of the
      differences in the glial ensheathment of dendritic spines in visual and
      cerebellar cortices is discussed.

PMID- 3985374
TI  - A practical method for staging metamorphosis in the tiger salamander Ambystoma
      tigrinum.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop a set of practical metamorphic stages for
      the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum that would 1) provide an early and
      quantifiable marker of the onset of metamorphosis and 2) not be dependent on
      knowledge of maximal values of gill length or tail height. Twenty morphological
      parameters were obtained from Ambystoma tigrinum larvae as they progressed
      through laboratory-induced metamorphosis (21 degrees C, continuous light). These
      parameters included measures of body weight, gill length, and tail height.
      Initiation or duration of metamorphosis could not be predicted when parameters
      were expressed relative to the number of days larvae were held in laboratory
      conditions. Early phases of metamorphosis were characterized by regression of the
      lower tail fin. Selected morphological parameters were expressed relative to the
      day on which each subject exhibited complete regression of the lower fin. This
      technique made it possible to order these parameters into a progressive series of
      metamorphic phases. Seven stages of metamorphosis were derived from this series,
      ranging from larvae (stage I) to complete regression of the gills (stage VII).
      Application of these stages does not require prior knowledge of maximal (initial)
      values of gill length or tail height.

PMID- 3985372
TI  - Three-dimensional analysis of dendritic spines. II. Spine apparatus and other
      cytoplasmic components.
AB  - A total of 342 dendritic spines (193 from the visual and 149 from the cerebellar
      cortex of the mouse) were analyzed in serial and several hundred of thousands of
      them in single sections, with respect to the presence and organization of the
      spine apparatus and other cytoplasmic components. The continuity of the spine
      apparatus with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the dendritic trunk was shown
      in three-dimensional reconstructions. The dense material of the spine apparatus
      was divided into "inner dense plate" and "outer dense plate". The close
      relationship between the outer dense plate and the postsynaptic density suggests
      that the spine apparatus functions as a postsynaptic protein synthesizing centre.
      The material from the outer dense plate could be used for a dynamic extension of
      the synaptic active zone. An extraspinous spine apparatus of the axon initial
      segment was partially reconstructed. Polyribosomes were found in all large spines
      of the visual cortex but were not so frequent in small spines and in Purkinje
      cell dendritic spines. Microfilamentous network and intermediate filaments
      occurred in the spines. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of Purkinje cell
      dendritic spines was reconstructed. No spine apparatus and dense material were
      present in these spines.

PMID- 3985375
TI  - The effect of adriamycin on rat incisor one day after administration.
AB  - The effect of adriamycin on rat incisor was investigated 1 day after
      administration. Rats were injected intravenously with adriamycin at a dose of 5
      mg/kg body weight and sacrificed by perfusion with a 2.5% phosphate buffered
      glutaraldehyde solution. The principal effect of the drug on the incisor was the
      production of cell degeneration. This was extensive in the apical region, being
      present along the entire periphery of the dental papilla. In sections examined
      more incisally, cell degeneration gradually disappeared from the labial portion
      of the incisor but was present in the lingual portion. This degeneration of cells
      was not present at the site where mature odontoblasts had differentiated on the
      lingual surface of the pulp chamber. It appears that the affected cells were
      early preodontoblasts and the precursors of preodontoblasts. However, as these
      cells became more differentiated they apparently became more resistant to the
      drug's effect.

PMID- 3985376
TI  - The external genitalia of female pygmy chimpanzees.
AB  - The external genitalia of four adult female pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) were
      examined during a 2-year period. It was found that the labia majora are retained
      in adults of this species and that, when tumescent, the labia minora effectively
      relocate the frenulum and clitoris so that they point anteriorly between the
      thighs. When detumescent, the configuration of the labia minora and clitoris
      resembles that of immature common chimpanzees (P. troglodytes). It is suggested
      that the simple, structural relocation of the clitoris from the normal condition
      noted in adult P. troglodytes makes possible the homosexual, intergenital rubbing
      observed in P. paniscus, when ventroventral juxtaposition of the individuals
      permits eye-to-eye contact. In addition, this change probably increases sexual
      stimulation of the female during heterosexual, ventroventral copulations. The
      possibility of intense, face-to-face sexual interactions has been achieved by P.
      paniscus without the evolution of bipedalism and the consequent reorientation of
      the genitalia seen in Homo sapiens.

PMID- 3985377
TI  - Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on thyroid follicles of
      blind Syrian hamsters.
AB  - Since previous studies have shown that an active pineal gland exerts an
      inhibitory effect on circulating levels of thyroxin in the Syrian hamster, a
      study was conducted to determine whether the histology and ultrastructure of the
      thyroid gland supported the conclusions drawn from the hormone data. The
      ultrastructure of thyroid glands of blinded male Syrian hamsters was compared to
      that of intact controls kept under a 14L/10D photoperiod, to that of blinded
      hamsters also pinealectomized, and to that of blinded hamsters receiving 80
      micrograms/ml of melatonin in the drinking water. Serum thyroxin (T4) and serum
      thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. After 10
      weeks serum thyroxin concentrations were less than 50% of controls and
      concentrations were significantly reduced. EM examination revealed that blinded
      hamsters had an increased number of follicular cells with flattened epithelium
      and nondilated endoplasmic reticulum compared to intact controls. In blinded
      hamsters that were pinealectomized or treated with melatonin in the drinking
      water, the ultrastructure of the thyroid was not different from controls and
      serum thyroxin concentrations were restored to near normal. These ultrastructural
      data support the conclusion that the pineal gland is required to obtain
      inhibition of the pituitary-thyroid axis in blinded hamsters and that melatonin
      has a counter-inhibitory effect when administered via the drinking water.

PMID- 3985378
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of vimentin in human peripheral
      lymphoid tissues.
AB  - The distribution of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in peripheral
      lymphoid tissues was determined using a monoclonal antibody. Frozen sections of
      tissue were stained using an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. The antibody
      stained endothelial cells in spleen, lymph node, and tonsil. Unusual rod-like
      structures were revealed in the sinusoid-lining cells of the spleen. A variety of
      reticulum cells was detected, including fibroblastic reticulum cells, histiocytic
      reticulum cells (tingible body macrophages), and splenic marginal zone
      macrophages. Very few lymphocytes were immunoreactive. Only weak cytoplasmic
      immunoreactivity was observed in lymphocytes of the periarteriolar lymphocyte
      sheath of the spleen. The monoclonal antibody employed appears to be of limited
      usefulness in detecting normal lymphocytes, but is strongly reactive with
      endothelial structures and some types of reticulum cells.

PMID- 3985379
TI  - The distribution and spatial organization of the extracellular matrix encountered
      by mesencephalic neural crest cells.
AB  - Cephalic neural crest (NC) cells enter a cell-free space (CFS) that contains an
      abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). Numerous in vitro investigations have shown
      that extracellular matrices can influence cellular activities including NC cell
      migration. However, little is known about the actual ECM composition of the CFS
      in vivo, how the components are distributed, or the nature of NC cell
      interactions with the CFS matrix. Using ultrastructural, autoradiographic, and
      histochemical techniques we analyzed the composition and spatial organization of
      the ECM found in the CFS and its interaction with mesencephalic NC cells. We have
      found that a specific distribution of glycoproteins and sulfated polyanions
      existed within the CFS prior to the translocation of NC cells and that this ECM
      was modified in areas occupied by NC. The interaction between the ECM components
      and the NC cells was not the same for all NC cells in the population.
      Subpopulations of the NC cell sheet became associated with ECM of the ectoderm
      (basal lamina) while other NC cells became associated with the ECM of the CFS.
      Trailing NC cells (NC cells that emerge after the initial appearance of NC cells)
      encountered a modified ECM due to extensive matrix modifications by the passage
      of the initial NC cell population.

PMID- 3985380
TI  - Formation of new rod photoreceptor synapses onto differentiated bipolar cells in
      goldfish retina.
AB  - In goldfish new rods are continuously added to the entire retina at a rate that
      assures stable rod density, while the densities of other neurons decrease. The b1
      bipolar, known to contact every rod within its dendritic domain, was used to
      determine the fate of these newly formed rods. Golgi-stained b1 bipolars were
      sectioned serially at 0.5 micron in the plane of the receptor terminals and
      reconstructions of their rod and cone contacts were prepared from camera lucida
      drawings. The newly formed rods are accommodated within the dendritic trees of
      already-formed b1 bipolars at a rate of about one new rod synapse/bipolar/month.
      During growth from about 6 months to 5 years of age the number of synapses onto
      each b1 bipolar increases by 50%. Concomitantly the dendritic tree area increases
      by about 50%, and the density of rod-b1 synapses remains constant at about one
      synapse/11 micron 2. Assuming a dendritic coverage factor of 1, the b1 bipolars
      will contact every retinal rod. The numbers of cones contacted and not contacted
      do not significantly change. The overall dimensions of b1 bipolars increase with
      retinal growth and new branches are added to their dendritic trees. These
      observations show that new rods added to adult goldfish retina form synapses with
      old bipolars. Some functional inferences are also made.

PMID- 3985381
TI  - Spinal tanycytes in the adult rat: a correlative Golgi gold-toning study.
AB  - In Golgi impregnated transverse sections through the cervical spinal cord of the
      7-12-week-old adult rat, numerous tanycytes were observed radiating from the
      ependyma into the gray matter that surrounds the central canal. The tail
      processes of these tanycytes terminated as foot processes in association with
      blood vessels. Spinal tanycytes were classified into ependymal (E) and
      subependymal (S) types on the basis of the shape and position of the soma. The
      soma of the E tanycyte was shaped as a column and was entirely located within the
      ependyma. In contrast, the soma of the S tanycyte was flask shaped, with the
      widest portion of the flask located subependymally and the elongated portion
      extending through the ependyma ultimately reaching the luminal surface. Selected
      Golgi impregnated sections were gold toned and deimpregnated for direct
      correlative analysis at the ultrastructural level. Gold-toned tanycytes contained
      the fine clusters of gold particles underlying the plasma membrane of the cell
      body and coarse clusters of gold particles throughout the tail and foot
      processes. The apical surface of tanycytes was characterized by numerous
      microvilli and large cytoplasmic protrusions that evaginated from the apical
      surface into the lumen of the central canal. At the luminal surface, adjacent
      tanycytes were joined laterally by junctional complexes with punctate tight
      junctions and zonulae adhaerentes associated with fibrils and microtubules. In
      contrast, gap junctions, hemidesmosomes, and puncta adhaerentia were found
      between adjacent tail processes of tanycytes. The foot processes interdigitated
      with one another and abutted the basal lamina around the perivascular space of
      blood vessels. The basal lamina was continuous around the lateral walls of foot
      processes and filled the spaces between membranous infoldings of the lateral
      walls. These basal membrane labyrinths were continuous with the basal lamina of
      the blood vessel and may provide an extensive surface relation between the
      perivascular space and the neighboring extracellular compartment. The findings of
      the present study support the contention that tanycytes may modify the
      composition of substances moving between the perivascular and extracellular
      spaces.

PMID- 3985382
TI  - Autoradiographic localization of 3H-digoxin binding by neural cells in the
      medulla.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to localize binding sites for the cardiac
      glycoside digoxin in the medulla of the rat in vivo. Adult male Sprague-Dawley
      rats were injected (IV) with 3H-digoxin and killed 30 minutes later.
      Autoradiographs of medullas showed evidence of 3H-digoxin binding to small- and
      medium-sized neural cells in the regions of the nucleus solitarius, dorsal motor
      nucleus of the vagus, area postrema, and in the zone between the area postrema
      and the underlying neuropil. However, the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
      of the dorsal motor nucleus were not labeled. The 3H-digoxin-labeled cells in the
      medulla were located mainly in the commissural and medial portions of nucleus
      solitarius at the level of the area postrema. Animals injected with unlabeled
      digoxin followed by 3H-digoxin showed reduced binding of radioactivity. The small
      and medium-sized neurons of the caudal portions of the nucleus solitarius are
      internuncial in position with respect to cardiovascular afferents of the
      glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and sympathetic and parasympathetic
      cardiovascular efferent neurons of the medulla. The results of this study suggest
      that these 3H-digoxin-labeled cells, presumably neurons of nucleus solitarius,
      may possess high affinity binding sites for digoxin. Further, the area postrema,
      which lacks a blood-brain barrier, may provide a portal of entry for 3H-digoxin
      into regions of the medulla known to contain neurons that play a role in the
      regulation of cardiac rhythm.

PMID- 3985383
TI  - PGE2 stimulates both resorption and formation of bone in vitro: differential
      responses of the periosteum and the endosteum in fetal rat long bone cultures.
AB  - The ability of PGE2 to stimulate bone resorption in vitro and in vivo is well
      established but the effects of this compound on bone formation are still
      controversial. Recent clinical reports have suggested that long-term infusion of
      PGE in infants with cyanotic heart diseases led to a stimulation of periosteal
      bone formation and to hyperostosis. In the present report, we describe the
      effects of PGE2 (10(-5) M) in bone organ cultures on bone resorption, measured by
      the release of 45Calcium and the number of osteoclasts in sections of cultured
      bones, and bone volume, by measuring separately medullary and cortical areas.
      PGE2 induced a marked increase in 45Ca release and in cortical and medullary
      osteoclast numbers over 4 days in vitro; despite this increase in bone
      resorption, cortical bone volume remained constant, indicating a parallel
      increase in bone resorption and formation at this site. Morphological and
      quantitative data demonstrated a higher extent of osteoblastic surface along the
      periosteum of PGE2-treated bones when compared with control cultures. Medullary
      bone volume, on the other hand, decreased sharply during the culture period,
      demonstrating a lack of parallel increase in bone formation at this site. It is
      concluded that, under these experimental conditions, prostaglandin E2 stimulated
      both resorption and formation along the periosteum and only bone resorption along
      the endosteum of the cultured bones. The overall effect of PGE2 on bone as a
      whole, however, was net bone loss.

PMID- 3985384
TI  - Ultrasonic microdissection of the mouse mandible: exposure of the vasculature of
      alveolar bone and myelinated axons of the pulp.
AB  - The present scanning electron microscopic study describes a new method for the
      exposure of blood vessels of mouse alveolar bone and myelinated nerves of the
      dental pulp. This technique differs from others because it does not remove the
      periodontal ligament, allowing study of the vascular continuity between alveolar
      bone and periodontal ligament. Fixed and demineralized mandibles are digested
      with bacterial collagenase (1 mg/ml) at 37 degrees C for 12 hours, exposed to
      buffered osmium tetroxide for 24 hours, and ultrasonicated at 80 kHz for 5
      minutes. The technique demonstrates that the vascular distribution of the
      interdental and interradicular septa is different. Vessels pass horizontally
      through the interdental septum and are continuous with vessels of the adjacent
      periodontal ligament. Vessels of the interradicular septum branch from a central
      vessel, pass toward the adjacent periodontal ligament, and become continuous with
      its vessels. Thus, the pattern of vessel distribution of the interdental septum
      of the mouse has little similarity to that of man or of research animals. The
      present study provides an improved method for demonstration of bone vasculature
      and pulpal axons while retaining valuable anatomical landmarks.

PMID- 3985385
TI  - Is there light at the end of the tunnel?

PMID- 3985386
TI  - In vivo MAC values and in vitro experimentation.

PMID- 3985387
TI  - Cardiac electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects related to plasma levels of
      bupivacaine in the dog.
AB  - To investigate electrophysiologic and hemodynamic responses to various plasma
      levels of bupivacaine, especially those in the range normally seen during
      regional anesthesia, bupivacaine was given intravenously as a bolus dose followed
      by continuous infusion in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Cardiac
      electrophysiology was studied by His bundle electrography, programmed electrical
      stimulation, and monophasic action potential recordings. At plasma bupivacaine
      concentrations below 1000 ng/ml, no significant electrophysiologic or hemodynamic
      effects were observed. This indicates that systemic responses to absorbed
      bupivacaine do not contribute to the cardiac electrophysiologic effects recently
      demonstrated during thoracic epidural analgesia. At a plasma level of about 2000
      ng/ml, a level occasionally achieved during regional anesthesia, bupivacaine
      prolonged impulse conduction time in all parts of the heart, prolonged atrial and
      AV nodal refractoriness, decreased left ventricular inotropy, but had no effect
      on ventricular refractoriness or monophasic action potential duration. These
      electrophysiologic effects may enhance susceptibility to reentrant arrhythmias.

PMID- 3985388
TI  - Negative inotropic effect of etomidate in rabbit papillary muscle.
AB  - The effect of etomidate on the developed force of isometrically contracting
      rabbit papillary muscles in modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate medium was
      evaluated under various stimulation conditions to gain insight into the mechanism
      underlying the negative inotropic effect of this anesthetic. Myocardial
      depressant effects of etomidate (2 and 4 mg/L) on steady-state contractions at
      low stimulation frequencies (0.1-0.5 Hz) were more pronounced than the effects on
      either steady-state contraction at high stimulation frequencies (1.0-2.0 Hz) or
      the effects on post-rest potentiated state contractions. Increases in the
      concentration of extracellular Ca2+ from an initial level of 2.5 mM to 3.4-4.0 mM
      reversed the effect of 2 mg/L of etomidate, whereas an increase to 4.6-5.0 mM was
      required to reverse the effect of 4 mg/L of etomidate. The dependence of post
      rest potentiation on the duration of the preceding rest period was virtually
      unaffected by etomidate. These results suggest that etomidate inhibits the influx
      of extracellular Ca2+ but has little effect on the availability of intracellular
      Ca2+ required for the activation of myocardial contractile activity. Because the
      concentrations of etomidate required to produce negative inotropic responses in
      the present study are substantially greater than those likely to be achieved
      under clinical conditions, the present results also suggest that negative
      inotropism is unlikely in patients with normal hearts.

PMID- 3985390
TI  - Sign of complete sympathetic blockade: sweat test or sympathogalvanic response?
AB  - The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the cobalt blue and ninhydrin sweat
      tests were compared with the sympathogalvanic response (SGR) in assessment of
      complete sympathetic blockade. Patients were randomly assigned to receive
      epidural administration of either preservative-free physiologic saline solution
      and 80 mg methylprednisolone (group I, control group, 9 patients) or 1.5%
      lidocaine with 80 mg methylprednisolone (group II, sympathetic blocked group, 10
      patients). In group I, there was one false positive SGR (absence of SGR) before
      the block and there were four false positive SGRs after the block. In comparison,
      there were no false positive sweat tests (absence of sweating) before and after
      injection in group I. In group II, there were three false positive SGRs and no
      false positive sweat test before injection. After injection, one patient with an
      upper level of sensory blockade at T5 had persistent SGRs and positive sweat
      tests (false negative results). The study showed the sensitivity of the SGR and
      the sweat tests to be 90%. The specificity of the SGR was 56% compared to 100%
      for the sweat tests. The accuracy of the SGR was 74% compared to 95% for the
      sweat tests.

PMID- 3985389
TI  - The effect of Fluosol-DA on induction of inhalation anesthesia.
AB  - The liquid/gas partition coefficients of three inhalation anesthetics in Fluosol
      DA 20% (Fluosol), a perfluorocarbon blood substitute, were determined in vitro.
      The high values found (6.68 for halothane, 7.54 for enflurane, and 7.20 for
      isoflurane) suggested that induction with these agents would be prolonged in
      patients treated with Fluosol. Induction of isoflurane anesthesia (as a
      representative agent) at constant inspired concentration was studied in five
      mongrel dogs before and after replacement of about 25% of each animal's blood
      volume with Fluosol. Inspired and end-tidal isoflurane and carbon dioxide
      concentrations were recorded breath by breath, together with cardiac output.
      There was a significant delay in rise of end-tidal isoflurane concentration after
      Fluosol infusion. However, because cardiac output could not be held constant
      during each experiment, and because cardiac output also affects the rate of rise
      of alveolar anesthetic concentration, a physiological computer model was used to
      compare the isoflurane blood/gas partition coefficients that must have existed to
      account for the observed end-tidal levels before and after Fluosol infusion,
      while taking cardiac output variation into account. Post-Fluosol blood/gas
      partition coefficients calculated in this way (2.59 +/- 0.51 SD) were
      significantly different (P less than 0.001) from pre-Fluosol levels (1.45 +/-
      0.15 SD) and were not significantly different from post-Fluosol partition
      coefficients calculated by volume-weighted averaging (2.91 +/- 0.36 SD). This
      indicates that the delay observed was attributable in large part to increased
      solubility of isoflurane in blood after addition of Fluosol. Based on their
      similar liquid/gas partition coefficients in Fluosol, similar delays should occur
      with halothane and enflurane.

PMID- 3985392
TI  - Acute abstinence syndrome after epidural injection of butorphanol.

PMID- 3985391
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia: is etomidate safe?
AB  - The safety of etomidate for induction of anesthesia in malignant hyperthermia
      susceptible (MHS) pigs was evaluated in a two-phase experiment. Two litters of
      Purebred Poland China pigs, one MHS (n = 4) and the other malignant hyperthermia
      resistant (MHR) (n = 4) were used. Phase I compared MHS vs MHR animals in terms
      of cardiovascular, metabolic, and skeletal muscle rigidity responses to etomidate
      and fentanyl anesthesia and to a subsequent malignant hyperthermia (MH) challenge
      with halothane-succinylcholine. When three of the four criteria for the diagnosis
      of MH occurred (rigidity, tachycardia, or increases in temperature or end-tidal
      CO2) in an animal, phase I was terminated. In phase II, only the MHS animals were
      used and experimental procedures were as in phase I except thiopental replaced
      etomidate. In phase I, evidence was inadequate to support the diagnosis of MH
      based upon responses of MHS pigs to the infusion of etomidate even though the
      infusion of etomidate in MHS pigs was associated with statistically significant
      increases in body temperature and plasma lactate levels above those observed in
      MHR pigs. Heart rate and bicarbonate levels were lower in MHS than in MHR pigs
      during etomidate infusion. With discontinuation of etomidate and a subsequent
      challenge with halothane-succinylcholine, all four pigs developed the MH syndrome
      within 15-30 min. Thiopental replacement of etomidate in the phase II experiment
      resulted in a twofold greater time (45-75 min) for halothane-succinylcholine to
      trigger MH in the susceptible pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985394
TI  - Epidural buprenorphine for postoperative pain relief.

PMID- 3985393
TI  - Comparison of lumbar and thoracic epidural morphine for relief of postthoracotomy
      pain.

PMID- 3985396
TI  - Guide wire complication during central vein catheterization.

PMID- 3985395
TI  - Epidural blood patch in outpatients: a simpler approach.

PMID- 3985397
TI  - Anesthetics and theophylline metabolism.

PMID- 3985398
TI  - A complication caused by an adhesive plastic drape.

PMID- 3985399
TI  - Nimodipine improves outcome when given after complete cerebral ischemia in
      primates.
AB  - Twenty-seven pigtailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were subjected to 17 min of
      complete cerebral ischemia followed by 96 h of intensive care treatment. Fourteen
      of the monkeys were assigned randomly to the treatment group and received
      nimodipine 10 micrograms . kg-1 5 min postischemia followed by 1 microgram . kg-1
      . min-1 for 10 h. Six monkeys (three treated) failed to meet preestablished
      protocol criteria and were excluded. The remaining treated and untreated monkeys
      were well matched for age, sex, and other physiologic variables. Neurologic
      outcome at 96 h postischemia was significantly better in the nimodipine-treated
      monkeys than in the controls. Eight of the 11 treated animals had an apparent
      normal level of consciousness; four of these had no detectable neurologic
      deficits and a fifth had only a slight motor apraxia. Only two of the 10
      untreated animals had an apparent normal level of consciousness, and all had
      major neurologic deficits. Histopathologic examination showed variable ischemic
      neuronal change and infarction to involve gray matter in distal arterial
      perfusion zones. Significant white matter changes were not observed. A
      histopathologic scoring system yielded a significantly better mean score for the
      treated group than for the untreated group, and there was significant correlation
      between neurologic function and histopathologic findings. The authors conclude
      that nimodipine improves the neurologic outcome when given after an episode of
      complete cerebral ischemia in primates, and they recommend controlled clinical
      trials in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest.

PMID- 3985400
TI  - Cerebral and systemic effects of hypotension induced by adenosine or ATP in dogs.
AB  - The authors evaluated the systemic and cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic effects
      of 1 h of hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of either 50 mmHg or 40 mmHg
      induced by intravenous adenosine or ATP in dogs maintained on 70% nitrous oxide
      and 0.1% halothane. Following the hypotensive period, brain biopsy specimens were
      taken for the determination of cerebral metabolites and calculation of the energy
      charge. Hypotension induced by either adenosine or ATP produced a marked 40-62%
      decrease in systemic vascular resistance with little change in cardiac index or
      oxygen consumption but resulted in a mild metabolic acidosis. Because of a
      profound decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure with hypotension (to 31-33 mmHg
      at an MAP of 50 mmHg and 22-24 mmHg at an MAP of 40 mmHg) CBF decreased 54-65%
      and was inadequate to meet the unchanged cerebral oxygen demands, resulting in
      some anaerobic metabolism with an accumulation of lactate. While the ease with
      which one can induce and maintain hypotension with these agents may be
      advantageous in clinical practice, the effects of adenosine and ATP on cerebral
      hemodynamics and metabolism may offer no advantage over other hypotensive agents.

PMID- 3985401
TI  - Scopolamine, morphine, and brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in awake
      monkeys.
AB  - The effects of scopolamine and morphine sulfate on brain-stem auditory evoked
      potentials (BAEPs) were studied in 10 rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. Study
      drugs were given intravenously to unanesthetized animals and BAEPs recorded at 3
      min and 30-min intervals after administration of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.32 mg/kg of
      scopolamine and 15 min after administration of 3.2 mg/kg morphine at the end of
      the experiment. No significant change in either latency or amplitude of different
      components of BAEPs was observed.

PMID- 3985402
TI  - Intestinal circulation during inhalation anesthesia.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the influence of inhalational agents on the
      intestinal circulation in an isolated loop preparation. Sixty dogs were studied,
      using three intestinal segments from each dog. Selected intestinal segments were
      pumped with aortic blood at a constant pressure of 100 mmHg. A mixture of 86Rb
      and 9-microns spheres labeled with 141Ce was injected into the arterial cannula
      supplying the intestinal loop, while mesenteric venous blood was collected for
      activity counting. A very strong and significant correlation was found between
      rubidium clearance and microsphere entrapment (r = 0.97, P less than 0.0001),
      suggesting that the shunting of 9-microns spheres through the intestines reflects
      the arteriovenous shunting of blood. Nitrous oxide anesthesia was accompanied by
      a higher vascular resistance (VR), lower flow (F), rubidium clearance (Cl-Rb),
      and microspheres entrapment (Cl-Sph) than pentobarbital anesthesia, indicating
      that the vascular bed in the intestinal segment was constricted and flow (total
      and nutritive) decreased. Halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane anesthesia were
      accompanied by a much lower arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVDO2) and
      oxygen uptake than pentobarbital or nitrous oxide. Compared with pentobarbital,
      enflurane anesthesia was not accompanied by marked differences in VR, F, Cl-Rb,
      and Cl-Sph; halothane at 2 MAC decreased VR and increased F and Cl-Rb while
      isoflurane increased VR and decreased F. alpha-Adrenoceptor blockade with
      phentolamine (1 mg . kg-1) abolished isoflurane-induced vasoconstriction,
      suggesting that the increase in VR was mediated via circulating
      catecholamines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985403
TI  - Halothane concentration does not alter the threshold for epinephrine-induced
      arrhythmias in dogs.
AB  - Halothane lessens the dose of epinephrine necessary to induce ventricular
      arrhythmias. However, results of a previous study in dogs anesthetized at two
      halothane concentrations suggested, but did not confirm, that at the higher
      concentration (1.7%) myocardial sensitization to epinephrine was less pronounced.
      This study was designed to determine the myocardial sensitizing effect of
      halothane at four concentrations: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2%. To define the
      appropriate time interval between repeated epinephrine infusions, plasma
      epinephrine decay curves were assessed. These data indicated that at 7 min the
      contribution of the residual epinephrine level to the peak level was negligible.
      Therefore, 7 min was selected as the interval between epinephrine infusions. The
      arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was measured at four concentrations of
      halothane, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%. To determine the ADE at the subanesthetic
      concentration of halothane (0.5%), anesthesia was supplemented with etomidate. In
      a preliminary study, the authors confirmed that this intravenous hypnotic agent
      did not affect the halothane-epinephrine arrhythmogenic interaction. By analysis
      of variance, halothane concentration was shown to have no significant influence
      on the ADE (P greater than 0.05). The authors' data indicate that, over a
      clinically appropriate range, halothane concentration does not alter the
      threshold for the development of epinephrine-induced ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 3985404
TI  - Monitoring of sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of nurse-anesthetists.
AB  - Cytogenetic methods are used increasingly for monitoring exposure to potential
      mutagens/carcinogens in the environment. By one such method, the sister chromatid
      exchange (SCE) test, comparison of different groups of hospital personnel has not
      indicated any mutagenic effect of occupational exposure to waste anesthetic
      gases. Since no information is available on repeated examinations of operating
      room personnel during a longer period of occupational exposure, the authors
      examined SCE in lymphocytes in a total number of 191 venous blood samples drawn
      from 14 previously unexposed nurses before and during up to 32 months of training
      as nurse-anesthetists. The initial SCE/cell ranged from 8.03 to 13.13 SCE/cell.
      Individual linear regressions were performed for the transformed variable, y =
      (sum SCE)1/2 + (sum SCE + 1)1/2, on time; and for the first 6-month period, the
      weighted mean of individual slopes was b0 = -0.119 +/- 0.088, not significantly
      different from zero. Calculated for the whole observation period, b0 = 0.030 +/-
      0.014, P = 0.034 (two-tailed t test). Converted into SCE/cell, SCE would decrease
      0.10 SCE/cell for each 6-month period of exposure (95% confidence limits 0.07
      0.13 SCE/cell). The reason for this apparent decrease remains unknown. The
      results of the present study were in accord with previous studies of operating
      room personnel and of patients anesthetized with inhaled anesthetics. It was
      concluded that there is no indication, from the SCE test, of a mutagenic action
      due to exposure in vivo to currently used inhalation anesthetics.

PMID- 3985405
TI  - Effects of intravenous anesthesia on VA/Q distribution: a study performed during
      ventilation with air and with 50% oxygen, supine and in the lateral position.
AB  - Distribution of ventilation and perfusion in relation to ventilation-perfusion
      ratio (VA/Q) were studied in 14 patients, with a mean age of 59 yr, before
      elective lung surgery, in the supine position when awake, during intravenous
      anesthesia and mechanical ventilation with air, after increasing the fraction of
      inspired oxygen (FIO2) to 0.5, and in the lateral position. Before anesthesia,
      small inert gas shunts and perfusion of low VA/Q regions, indicating some degree
      of VA/Q mismatch, were observed in several patients. After induction, FIO2 =
      0.21, the major changes were a significant decrease in cardiac output and an
      increase in log SD for perfusion from 0.77 +/- 0.45 (SD) to 1.13 +/- 0.50 (SD),
      while the shunt remained low at 1% of cardiac output and arterial oxygen tension
      (PaO2) was unchanged. An increase to FIO2 = 0.5 induced only small changes with a
      shunt of 2.5% of cardiac output. In the lateral position, the shunt was 4.0% and
      increases in ventilation to high VA/Q regions were observed. The lack of marked
      changes in the VA/Q distribution after induction either could be a result of only
      minor alterations in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion or an
      effective vascular response to alveolar hypoxia (hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction, HPV).

PMID- 3985406
TI  - Acute tolerance to the analgesic action of nitrous oxide does not develop in
      rats.
AB  - The time course of nitrous oxide analgesia was studied in rats with a behavioral
      criterion, the tail-flick test to radiant heat. All rats were placed individually
      in a Plexiglas tube and exposed to either nitrous oxide, 75% in oxygen, or room
      air (control) for 2 hr. Analgesic potency was evaluated by prolongation of the
      time required to induce tail-flick. Although individual animals showed
      variability in the tail-flick time during exposure to nitrous oxide, no animal
      showed a tendency toward the development of tolerance, and a statistically
      significant sustained prolongation of tail-flick time was produced.

PMID- 3985407
TI  - Factor IX induced hypercoagulable state.

PMID- 3985408
TI  - Diagnostic application of an axillary block in an infant.

PMID- 3985409
TI  - A comparison of two automated indirect arterial blood pressure meters: with
      recordings from a radial arterial catheter in anesthetized surgical patients.

PMID- 3985410
TI  - Aspiration of a nasal airway: a case report and principles of management.

PMID- 3985411
TI  - Compressed spectral array EEG monitoring during cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

PMID- 3985412
TI  - Another example of hypoxic gas mixture delivery.

PMID- 3985413
TI  - Concerning the actions and efficacy of different antacids.

PMID- 3985414
TI  - Detection of defective equipment by proper preanesthetic checks.

PMID- 3985415
TI  - Proximal port dysfunction in pulmonary artery catheters inserted from the right
      subclavian vein.

PMID- 3985416
TI  - [Mondor's disease. Presentation of a new case].

PMID- 3985417
TI  - [Platelet aggregation and Raynaud's phenomenon].

PMID- 3985418
TI  - [Notes on a technic in axillo-femoral bypass].

PMID- 3985419
TI  - [Aneurysm of the hepatic artery].

PMID- 3985420
TI  - The late asthmatic response.
AB  - Since LARs are associated with increases in airways reactivity, their
      significance may go well beyond the increase in symptoms due just to the allergen
      exposure. This is especially true since the increase in non-specific airways
      reactivity can last for weeks after a single exposure to allergen. Every effort
      should be made to search for possible allergic triggers in patients suspected to
      have LARs. Careful attention to historical information and skin test reactivity
      are critical in this evaluation. In situations where this approach is not
      revealing and where serious concerns remain about potential environmental
      triggers, a bronchial challenge to the suspected antigen can be considered. Since
      the nonspecific airways reactivity in patients with LAR may possibly be due to
      inflammation in the airways, the potential risk of transient induction of airways
      inflammation must be carefully weighed against the value of information that can
      be obtained from this procedure. Bronchial challenge should be performed only in
      an inpatient setting by experienced personnel under the supervision of a
      physician. A full explanation of the potential risks and benefits of this type of
      evaluation must be given to the patient and family. Treatment is primarily
      directed at allergen avoidance with use of a prophylactic drug, such as cromolyn
      sodium, when allergen avoidance is not possible.

PMID- 3985421
TI  - Effect of N-acetylcysteine on the ciliary beat frequency of human bronchial
      explants.
AB  - The effect of N-acetylcysteine on human bronchial cilia was evaluated by
      measuring the changes in ciliary beat frequency (CBF) on human bronchial explants
      exposed to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% concentrations of N-acetylcysteine solution in
      nutrient medium. There was a progressive reduction in CBF at increasing
      concentration, indicating an inhibitory effect on human ciliary activity in vitro
      (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 3985423
TI  - The effect of diet on the metabolism of long acting theophylline.
AB  - Recently some concern has been expressed of the effect of diet on the metabolism
      of theophylline. This brief trial in normal healthy adults observed the effect of
      fasting, high fat, low fat, and liquid fat/low carbohydrate diet on the
      metabolism of a sustained-release theophylline preparation (Theo-Dur). On
      analysis of the mean theophylline level values, there were no significant
      differences in the theophylline levels between the diets. However, in certain
      individuals there were differences in the theophylline absorption rates between
      diets. No consistent pattern was seen.

PMID- 3985422
TI  - Theophylline-associated seizures in children.
AB  - Four patients are reported who experienced seizures in association with serum
      theophylline concentrations which were in the mildly toxic range. In three
      patients, erythromycin administration was a probable factor contributing to the
      elevated theophylline levels. One patient suffered severe neurologic damage as a
      result of the seizure.

PMID- 3985424
TI  - Use of acetylcysteine in bronchial asthma--another look.
AB  - Acetylcysteine is a potent mucolytic agent. When utilized as a 10% solution with
      a bronchodilator by pressure machine, clearance of tracheobronchial secretions
      can be achieved in asthmatic subjects without inducing bronchospasm.

PMID- 3985425
TI  - Anaphylactoid reaction to corticosteroid: case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - It has been suggested that corticosteroids can cause allergic reactions including
      anaphylaxis. Thirty-five patients have been reported to have anaphylaxis-like
      reactions following exposure to hydrocortisone in topical and parenteral
      preparations. We describe a further case of a nonatopic woman who developed
      urticaria during intravenous infusion of hydrocortisone. A review of the
      literature reveals that IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity has not been
      definitely proven in any case. We conclude that the clinical manifestations
      occasionally experienced after receiving hydrocortisone are most likely
      pseudoallergic reactions.

PMID- 3985426
TI  - The evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with bronchial
      asthma.
AB  - Lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and extended pH monitoring of the
      distal esophagus were assessed in 15 asthmatic children in order to evaluate the
      most important symptoms of suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER)-asthma. As a
      result, episodes of asthmatic attacks after overeating were closely correlated
      with GER as determined by decreased LESP and high pH score.

PMID- 3985427
TI  - [Effects of injectable flunitrazepam on hepatic and cardiac output in man].
AB  - The effects of intravenous flunitrazepam (0.03 mg X kg-1) on the estimated
      hepatic plasma output (DPHE), compared with the cardiac output (Q), were studied
      before its injection and 1 min afterwards. The question asked was whether the
      decrease in venous return led to a fall in hepatic perfusion. This study was made
      on patients in neurological coma without any organic lesion. The DPHE was
      measured by applying Fick's principle, using a continuous infusion of indocyanine
      green (ICG). The DPHE was given by the amount of ICG perfused in mg X min-1
      divided by the arterial concentration of ICG less the concentration of ICG in the
      hepatic vein (in mg X 1(-1)). Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution.
      Flunitrazepam did not significantly modify either DPHE or Q; they fell by 5.6%
      and 3.4% respectively. None of the seven cardiovascular parameters changed during
      the time of the study. Thus, in unconscious patients with satisfactory
      haemodynamic conditions prior to the intravenous injection, flunitrazepam did not
      significantly modify hepatic perfusion.

PMID- 3985428
TI  - [Systematic preoperative phlebography in patients with leg injuries, surgically
      treated after a delay].
AB  - Post-traumatic preoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was studied by routine
      bilateral venography in 98 orthopaedic patients admitted more than 48 h (mean: 7
      days) after the limb trauma, who had not been given prophylactic anticoagulation.
      All these patients had undergone long distance travel under medical supervision,
      having been injured a long way from the medical centre. Ages ranged from 15 to 77
      years (mean age: 38 years). 85 patients had been previously free of any of the
      usual risk factors for DVT. Routine venography showed up DVT in 39 patients
      (40%). Four DVT were bilateral; only seven were symptomatic. When DVT was proved,
      heparin treatment by infusion pump was given for 15 days before surgery was
      performed.

PMID- 3985429
TI  - [Postoperative analgesic effect of pethidine injected epidurally].
AB  - Postoperative pain was treated by epidural administration of 30 to 50 mg
      pethidine (5 mg X ml-1) in a group of 36 patients who had undergone retropubic
      prostatectomy. Surgery was carried out under epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine.
      Pain was assessed by means of the visual analogue scale. A general study of the
      effects of injections and reinjections showed that analgesia thus obtained was
      excellent at the first hour after injection and lasted 3 to 5 h. The effect of
      the first postoperative injection on spontaneous pain was studied in 14 patients.
      Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon test) demonstrated that the fall in pain score was
      significant at the first and third hours after injection, but not significant at
      the fifth hour. The analgesia to that pain produced by coughing was studied in 11
      patients. There was a significant decrease in pain at the first hour after
      injection; differences in pain scores at the third hour were not significant. No
      noticeable side-effect was observed. It was concluded that low doses of epidural
      pethidine were efficient on postoperative pelvic abdominal pain, but that doses
      should be increased if painless coughing was required.

PMID- 3985431
TI  - [Post-traumatic hyperthyroxinemia or hyperthyroidism].
AB  - A fifteen year-old girl presented with several fractures after a road traffic
      accident. Five days later, fat embolism occurred, complicated by adult
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and disseminated coagulation (DIC). She was
      successfully managed in the intensive therapy unit, and was transferred to a
      general surgery after five weeks. Tachycardia and fever persisted without any
      other sign of infection. Clinical examination showed exophthalmos and a thyroid
      murmur. The venous concentration of T4 was increased: 204 nmol . 1(-1) (N: 70
      150), whereas that of T3 was normal: 2.3 nmol . 1(-1) (N: 1-1.25). No other
      investigations were performed. The regression of clinical symptoms and a
      normalization of T4 were seen after treatment (carbimazole and acebutolol). Post
      traumatic hyperthyroidism is discussed. Although classical, this syndrome was not
      well documented, as was shown in the literature survey. After trauma or an acute
      illness, an early fall in thyroid hormone concentrations was usually seen; a late
      increase in T4 was a rare occurrence.

PMID- 3985430
TI  - [Enflurane and extracorporeal circulation. Peripheral vascular effects and
      consequences of hypothermia on its biotransformation].
AB  - The effects of enflurane on systemic vascular resistance and venous capacitance,
      and its biotransformation during hypothermia, were studied in patients undergoing
      cardiovascular surgery with enflurane anaesthesia. When administered during
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), cardiac regulatory mechanisms being therefore
      excluded, enflurane induced an arteriolar vasodilation related to the
      concentration inhaled. An inspired concentration of 2.5% in hypothermia (28
      degrees C) produced a drop in systemic vascular resistance of 30% from control
      level. In the same conditions, venous capacitance was not altered. The rise in
      the blood gas solubility coefficient during hypothermia was only partly balanced
      by haemodilution. Therefore, inspired enflurane concentration should be higher
      during hypothermic CPB than during normothermic anaesthesia to obtain the same
      effects. For the same amount of enflurane inhaled, the fraction of enflurane
      metabolized was higher in hypothermia than in normothermia, but the inorganic
      fluoride plasma concentration at its highest never reached the level of 50 mumol
      X 1(-1) regarded as the nephrotoxic threshold.

PMID- 3985432
TI  - [Laryngeal paralysis after tracheal intubation for anesthesia].
AB  - A 17 year old man was anaesthetized for osteosynthesis of a fractured left
      femoral diaphysis. Endotracheal intubation was easy, anaesthesia and surgery were
      both uneventful. On recovery, some hoarseness was noticed. Two months later, an
      ENT examination showed signs of laryngeal paralysis. The presumed explanation was
      compression of the recurrent nerve by the high-positioned balloon of the tracheal
      tube. Recovery was complete four months later.

PMID- 3985433
TI  - [A new model electric syringe: sequential injector for anesthesia].
AB  - A new type of syringe injector has been studied. Its major characteristic was the
      ability to compute the time and drug doses required for induction of anaesthesia,
      as well as those doses required for its maintenance. The staggering of induction
      time (from 1 to 9 min) should help reduce the severity of anaphylactoid reactions
      and the cardiovascular effects of anaesthetic induction in critically ill
      patients. Because of its computerized system, all types of syringes (5 to 60 ml)
      could be used with this new electrical injector.

PMID- 3985435
TI  - [Prevention of mediastinitis caused by anaerobic ondotogenic anaerobes].

PMID- 3985436
TI  - [A simple and precise method for administering vasoactive drugs].

PMID- 3985437
TI  - [Hypovolemia and capillary permeability].

PMID- 3985434
TI  - [Computerized records for obstetrical epidural analgesia].
AB  - An original recording and exploiting data programme has been built. It is in
      Basic language for Apple II. The data programme allows the care of obstetric
      peridural analgesic records. The medical interest is the record edition which is
      possible when the patient comes back. The scientific interest is statistics
      produced quickly from a great number of records. The record, record edition and
      statistical edition are described.

PMID- 3985438
TI  - [Peroperative flush in digestive surgery].

PMID- 3985439
TI  - Safe and effective IV regional anesthesia for use in the emergency department.
AB  - The mini-dose Bier block, a technique of intravenous (IV) regional anesthesia
      that uses low-dose lidocaine and provides safe and effective anesthesia for
      outpatient closed reductions of upper extremity fractures and dislocations, is
      presented. This procedure was evaluated in two hospital emergency departments in
      105 patients (ages 2 to 86). Ninety-five percent achieved adequate anesthesia
      (minimal or no pain on closed reduction). No significant complications were
      noted. Full neurologic function returned in ten minutes in all cases. Both
      patient and physician satisfaction with the procedure were high. The mini-dose
      Bier block creates the potential for significant cost savings in cases previously
      treated in the operating room by providing a safe, effective technique of IV
      regional anesthesia for outpatient use.

PMID- 3985440
TI  - Rapid flow rates for the resuscitation of hypovolemic shock.
AB  - Nine dogs were hemorrhaged to approximately 40% of their blood volume and then
      were resuscitated with a crystalloid solution (Normosol) at various flow rates.
      Three study groups with three dogs in each group were resuscitated at 15
      mL/min/kg (Group 1), 6 mL/min/kg (Group 2), and 4 mL/min/kg (Group 3). Central
      venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), mean arterial
      pressure, and cardiac output (CO) were monitored during the hemorrhage and the
      resuscitation from shock. During the infusion of fluids, Group 1 animals
      demonstrated an elevation of the PAWP of 31 mm Hg and elevation of CVP to 23.2 mm
      Hg; CO rose to 8.4 L/min. In Group 2 animals CO rose to 6.1 L/min; CVP was 10.5
      mm Hg; and PAWP was 25 mm Hg. Group 3 animals had a rise in CO to 5 L/min; CVP
      and PAWP rose to 4.5 mm Hg and 6.8 mm Hg, respectively. In this experimental
      shock study, infusion of crystalloids at 6 mL/min/kg appeared to result in an
      improved physiologic response, although no statistical difference was
      demonstrated. Further studies are necessary to demonstrate the optimum flow rate
      for resuscitation of hypovolemic shock using crystalloids.

PMID- 3985441
TI  - Technical limitations in the rapid infusion of intravenous fluids.
AB  - We compared fluid delivery, both in vitro and in vivo, using various combinations
      of fluid sets and intravenous catheters. Administration sets were a minidrip, a
      maxidrip, and a blood infusion set. The catheters included 14-, 16-, 18-, and 20
      gauge short catheters, 16- and 19-gauge long catheters, and an 8 French catheter
      introducer for flow-directed pulmonary arterial lines. Blood infusion tubing
      alone delivered fluid at 3.12 +/- .07 mL/second, significantly faster than either
      the maxidrip (2.59 +/- .06, P less than .01) or the minidrip (0.56 +/- .02, P
      less than .001). The 8 French introducer provided no additional resistance to the
      flow of the maxidrip or blood infusion set when used in combination with an
      anesthesia extension. All the other catheters slowed flow significantly.
      Percutaneous insertion of an 8 French catheter introducer connected to blood
      administration tubing allows for rapid delivery of fluids and for subsequent
      insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter, which is often necessary in critically ill
      patients.

PMID- 3985442
TI  - Utility of the plain abdominal radiograph for diagnosing ureteral calculi.
AB  - Our study was designed to measure sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and
      accuracy of the plain abdominal radiograph (PAR) for diagnosing ureteral calculi
      (UC) in our emergency department (ED), and to determine if obtaining this test in
      the ED provides clinically useful diagnostic information. Records of 206 adult
      patients (147 men, 59 women) who underwent emergency excretory urography as part
      of an ED evaluation for possible ureteral stones were reviewed. A retrospective
      scoring index was devised to estimate the clinical probability of a ureteral
      stone for each patient. All patients had a PAR shortly before the excretory
      urogram (EXU) was performed. Each PAR was separated from the corresponding EXU,
      and both were independently reviewed for radiographic evidence of
      ureterolithiasis. The results of the PAR and EXU interpretations were compared.
      There were 92 true-positive PARs (45%), 19 false positives (9%), and 39 true
      negatives (19%), yielding a sensitivity of 62% and a specificity of 67%. In
      patients with a high estimated clinical probability of a ureteral calculus, the
      PAR had a positive predictive value of 86% and a negative predictive value of
      22%. In the remaining patients, the positive and negative predictive values of
      the PAR were 69% and 72%, respectively. Each patient's clinical index score was
      compared to his or her EXU results. For detecting UC, the sensitivity of our
      scoring index was 82%, and the specificity was 51%; the positive predictive value
      of the scoring index was 82%, and the negative predictive value was 52%.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985443
TI  - Usefulness of abdominal flat plate radiographs in patients with suspected
      ureteral calculi.
AB  - A total of 120 plain abdominal radiographs (PARs) from intravenous pyelograms
      (IVPs) were presented without patient history in a random manner to a staff
      radiologist and staff emergency physician (EP). Scout films were used as the PAR
      to minimize calculus movement. Each reader examined each film for the presence of
      ureteral calculi. The readers localized all calculi and rated the likelihood of
      their presence. Fifty-one PARs from IVPs demonstrated ureteral calculus disease;
      40 of these films demonstrated 41 radiopaque calculi, while 11 films demonstrated
      obstruction without radiopaque calculi. These readings were then matched to the
      known IVP results. Together the readers were correct on 50% of the predictions
      (radiologist, 51%; EP, 48%). The EP and the radiologist had similarly correct
      percentages on PARs from positive IVPs (33% and 36%, respectively) and on PARs
      from negative IVPs (60% and 64%). True-positive (33% and 25%), true-negative (76%
      and 71%), false-positive (27% and 35%), and false-negative (36% and 55%) rates
      were constructed for the radiologist and EP, respectively. Our study demonstrates
      that PARs are unreliable and do not appear to add useful information in the
      evaluation of suspected ureteral colic.

PMID- 3985444
TI  - Use of a lighted stylet for guided orotracheal intubation in the prehospital
      setting.
AB  - Management of the airway in acutely injured patients demands special skills of
      the emergency physician. A technique of light-guided orotracheal intubation has
      been described in the literature and was performed under protocol by resident
      physicians in an urban mobile intensive care system. The method utilizes a
      flexible lighted stylet to provide a guide to correct placement through
      transillumination of the soft tissues of the neck. During the 12-month period of
      the study, 24 intubations were attempted in 21 patients using this technique.
      Twenty-one attempts (88%) were successful. The average time for intubation was 20
      seconds, with none requiring more than 45 seconds. Fourteen intubations (67%)
      were successful on the first attempt. Of the three unsuccessful procedures, two
      were attempted in bright sunlight, and all three patients had vomited prior to
      the attempts. Trauma to the soft tissues in one successfully intubated patient
      was the only complication reported with the technique. The advantages of this
      method, including rapidity of intubation, ability to intubate without
      manipulation of the head or neck, and the apparently few complications, make it
      particularly attractive to emergency personnel. We conclude that guided
      orotracheal intubation using a lighted stylet is an effective and safe method of
      emergency intubation, even in the adverse prehospital environment.

PMID- 3985445
TI  - Financial analysis of an inner city trauma center: charges vs collections.
AB  - The changes in the economy and in tax rules have caused hospitals to assess the
      financial viability of different areas within their institutions. While emergency
      departments generally have become recognized as a cost-effective portal of entry
      for patients, trauma centers, particularly those located in the inner city,
      usually are seen as areas of large investment and small financial return. This
      study looks at a large, inner-city trauma service and the charges, collections,
      and demographics of the trauma population it serves. For patients admitted to the
      trauma service, total collections were 77% of charges. There was no difference in
      collections between those patients with blunt injuries and those with penetrating
      injuries; violent vs nonviolent injuries; patients transferred in vs primary
      receivals; or patients transferred out after stabilization vs those retained at
      the trauma center.

PMID- 3985447
TI  - Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol.
AB  - Although hypothermia has been described as an emergency in suspended animation,
      severe degrees of hypothermia mandate appropriate aggressive intervention.
      Because of cardiac instability with core temperature below 28 C, aggressive
      invasive rewarming by F-F partial bypass is often ideal in this setting. In
      contrast, a gentle approach in other therapeutic maneuvers is equally important
      to prevent iatrogenic induction of VF in nonarrested victims. If the only
      definite criterion for diagnosis of death in hypothermia is failure to respond to
      resuscitation and rewarming, successful resuscitation must carefully balance
      aggressive and gentle interventions. Because CPR protocols involve legal as well
      as medical questions, additional prospective data are especially critical for
      resolving controversies in the initial management of profound exposure
      hypothermia.

PMID- 3985446
TI  - A simple radiographic diagnosis of occult blow-out fractures.
AB  - Standard radiographs of the orbit may not provide conclusive diagnosis of a blow
      out fracture. Conventional and computed tomography have been employed effectively
      to resolve questionable cases. These imaging modalities generally are unavailable
      after hours and on weekends. The exaggerated Waters views are plain film
      radiographs easily and routinely obtainable that can demonstrate an occult
      fracture of the orbital floor.

PMID- 3985448
TI  - Surfer's rib: isolated first rib fracture secondary to indirect trauma.
AB  - A case of anterolateral first rib fracture produced by indirect trauma in a
      surfer is presented. A 17-year-old man was seen in the emergency department with
      the complaint of left shoulder pain that developed while he performed a so-called
      lay back maneuver on a surfboard. No history of direct trauma was elicited. After
      physical examination revealed point tenderness high in the left axilla,
      radiographic evaluation of the chest showed an isolated fracture of the
      anterolateral aspect of the left first rib. No morbidity was associated with this
      fracture which, when produced by other forces, can have serious sequelae.

PMID- 3985449
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - We present the case of a 35-year-old man who developed symptoms of the
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) after taking prescribed, moderately high,
      therapeutic doses of haloperidol. When brought to the emergency department, he
      was comatose, hypotensive, and had rigid muscle tone and a core body temperature
      of 42.2 C. Although initial treatment was supportive, intubation, ventilator
      support, and further care in the intensive care unit were necessary. Ensuing
      disseminated intravascular coagulation was treated successfully and the patient
      was weaned from the ventilator on the third day after admission. He was
      discharged from the hospital 11 days after admission. Recently recognized drug
      therapy for NMS, such as bromocriptine mesylate and dantrolene sodium, was not
      used in this case.

PMID- 3985450
TI  - Catatonia in the emergency department.
AB  - The catatonic syndrome has a wide differential diagnosis that includes both
      psychiatric and organic disorders. We present the cases of two patients with
      catatonia seen acutely in the emergency department. In these cases, the striking
      clinical picture proved to be secondary to psychiatric disturbances, and were
      accompanied by dementia in the second patient. The examining physicians were
      confused by the presentations, and the correct diagnosis and disposition were
      delayed. The clinical presentation of the catatonic complex, its differential
      diagnosis, and the pertinent physical signs are discussed.

PMID- 3985452
TI  - Fatal aspiration pneumonia caused by an esophageal foreign body.
AB  - Esophageal foreign body accompanied by respiratory complications is a rare
      condition. A few cases have been reported, only two of them in adults. We
      describe the case of a 34-year-old mentally retarded patient who was hospitalized
      for aspiration pneumonia and died 48 hours after admission. At autopsy, the
      prominent finding was a 3 X 3-cm stone impacted into the upper esophagus and
      compressing the trachea from behind. The possibility of an esophageal foreign
      body should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained respiratory
      distress or aspiration pneumonia in adults.

PMID- 3985453
TI  - Pediatric arrest card.

PMID- 3985451
TI  - Warfarin-induced iliopsoas hemorrhage with subsequent femoral nerve palsy.
AB  - We present the case of a 28-year-old man on chronic warfarin therapy who
      sustained a minor muscle tear and developed increasing pain and a flexure
      contracture of the right hip. Surgical exploration revealed an iliopsoas hematoma
      and femoral nerve entrapment, resulting in a femoral nerve palsy and partial loss
      of quadriceps functions. Anticoagulant-induced femoral nerve palsy represents the
      most common form of warfarin-induced peripheral neuropathy; it is characterized
      by severe pain in the inguinal region, varying degrees of motor and sensory
      impairment, and flexure contracture of the involved extremity.

PMID- 3985454
TI  - MAST and adrenergic-resistant anaphylaxis.

PMID- 3985455
TI  - Effect of implementation of a regional trauma system.

PMID- 3985456
TI  - Resuscitation time and ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 3985457
TI  - Tactile orotracheal intubation.

PMID- 3985459
TI  - Nasotracheal intubation: myth vs reality.

PMID- 3985458
TI  - The future of emergency medicine residency training.

PMID- 3985460
TI  - Intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Intravenous (IV) fibrinolytic therapy, a recent area of research, has a great
      deal of applicability in emergency medicine. We report our experience with 30
      patients treated with this method. Thirty consecutive patients in the early
      stages of acute evolving myocardial infarction (AMI) were assigned to receive
      high-dose IV streptokinase, 1.5 million units over a 30-minute period. Patients
      presented to the treating hospital at a mean time of 1.21 +/- 1.08 hours, and
      treatment commenced at a mean time of 2.77 +/- 1.31 hours after the onset of
      symptoms. Using standard clinical criteria, 86.7% (n = 26) of the patients
      reperfused initially. Two, however, reoccluded within the first 48 hours, and
      their clinical symptoms of myocardial infarction reappeared. By clinical
      observation 80% (n = 24) of the patients reperfused, and myocardial salvage was
      observed. Twenty-four patients with clinical reperfusion and one additional
      patient had patency of the affected artery, yielding a reperfusion rate of 83.3%
      (n = 25) as judged by angiography within one week of AMI. Both patients who had
      reoccluded clinically also were found to be occluded on angiography. Clinical and
      angiographic methods yield very similar results for the judgment of reperfusion
      (80% vs 83%, respectively, with no significant difference, P not significant).
      The results of our study tend to confirm the efficacy of IV streptokinase as a
      valuable management tool for early myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3985461
TI  - Serum chemistry abnormalities in adult patients with seizures.
AB  - To determine whether checking serum chemistries is a useful procedure, records
      were reviewed to identify patients presenting to a university hospital emergency
      department (ED) with seizures. In a six-month period, 112 adult patients made 126
      visits for evaluation and treatment of recent seizures. Analyzing each visit
      individually, 111 patients (88.1%) had serum electrolytes determined; 96 (76.2%)
      had a serum calcium level measured; and 92 (73%) had a serum magnesium level
      measured. The overall incidence of seizures due primarily to derangements in
      serum chemistry was 2.4%, including two hypoglycemic seizures and one seizure
      related to hemodialysis. Severe aberrations in serum chemistries occurred most
      frequently in alcoholics; nonalcoholics had relatively few abnormal test results
      unless they had preexisting renal failure or diabetes mellitus. In ED patients,
      the incidence of seizures due primarily to derangements in serum chemistry is
      very low. Grouping of patients by medical history can help direct test ordering
      by identifying those at risk for abnormalities in serum chemistry.

PMID- 3985463
TI  - Diagnosis of intraperitoneal extravasation of urine by peritoneal lavage.
AB  - The diagnosis of intraperitoneal extravasation of urine in the multiple trauma
      patient is often delayed, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. To
      determine if intraperitoneal extravasation of urine can be detected by peritoneal
      lavage, an animal study was designed to investigate whether urea nitrogen and
      creatinine levels in the urine, serum, and lavage fluid would be predictive of
      urinary extravasation. Seventeen adult mongrel dogs, weighing 21 to 30 kg, were
      divided into two groups. The six dogs in Group 1 were utilized as controls, and
      had peritoneal lavage (15 mL normal saline/kg) performed using the open technique
      (direct visualization of the peritoneum). Blood, urine and lavage urea nitrogen
      and creatinine and lavage red cell count were measured. Group 2 (11 dogs) had
      varying amounts of urine (5 mL to 330 mL) instilled into the peritoneal cavity.
      Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was performed 30 to 45 minutes after the
      instillation of urine in all Group 2 animals. Group 2A (nine dogs) had urine
      instilled under direct visualization through a peritoneal lavage catheter. As
      bladder dome rupture is the most common cause of intraperitoneal urine
      extravasation, Group 2B (two dogs) had bladder dome ruptures performed by
      cystoscopic approach using the resectoscope. Cystograms were obtained in the
      bladder-ruptured dogs after completion of the peritoneal lavage to confirm
      intraperitoneal extravasation of bladder contents. In these animals, urine was
      instilled back into the bladder following bladder rupture. Results demonstrate
      that urea nitrogen and creatinine can be measured in peritoneal lavage fluid when
      extravasation of urine is in amounts of 15 mL or greater, and not measurable in
      amounts of 5 mL or less.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985462
TI  - Iced gastric lavage for treatment of heatstroke: efficacy in a canine model.
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate a central cooling technique for heatstroke,
      gastric lavage with iced tap water, for speed of cooling and efficacy of
      treatment in an anesthetized canine heatstroke model. Eleven mongrel dogs were
      anesthetized, shaved, and externally heated until core temperature reached 43.0 C
      (109.4 F). Control animals (n = 6) were cooled passively in room air. Treatment
      animals (n = 5) were cooled with the addition of gastric lavage with iced tap
      water through a large-bore orogastric tube. Temperatures were monitored using
      thermocouples in the brain, pulmonary artery, rectum, and subcutaneous tissue of
      the chest wall. Serial enzymatic and hematologic laboratory studies and
      hemodynamic parameters were measured prior to heating, at the end of heating, and
      at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 12 hours after heating. Animals were sacrificed 12 hours
      after heatstroke induction and gross and microscopic pathologic examination was
      performed. Central cooling rates achieved in the lavage group were five to six
      times faster than in the control group, (P less than .01) and are comparable with
      those reported in the literature for external cooling techniques. No significant
      complications were induced by tap water lavage. Rapid cooling in the lavage group
      resulted in a statistically significant improvement in serum creatinine and LDH
      after heatstroke induction (P less than .05). Gastric lavage with iced tap water
      appears to be an effective alternative or adjunctive cooling technique for
      heatstroke in the dog.

PMID- 3985464
TI  - Accelerated hearing loss in urban emergency medical services firefighters.
AB  - A group of 192 firefighters serving in a busy urban emergency medical services
      (EMS) system was randomly selected for hearing tests. Total number of hours of
      siren noise exposure was calculated for each man and was compared to the outcome
      of hearing tests. Hearing loss was defined by the amount of sound intensity
      required to sense both midfrequency and high-frequency tones. Results indicated a
      correlation between hearing loss and the duration of siren noise exposure. The
      loss could not be attributed to non-job-related sources. In addition, the rate of
      hearing loss over time was 150% of that expected in age-matched, non-noise
      exposed men. These findings confirm the observations of others that EMS personnel
      are at risk for hearing loss beyond that expected from aging alone, and they
      document that the hearing loss correlates with the duration of intense siren
      noise exposure.

PMID- 3985465
TI  - Coin ingestion: does every child need a radiograph?
AB  - We studied 80 children who presented to the emergency department (ED) with a
      complaint of coin ingestion to determine whether radiographs are necessary in all
      situations and to determine which symptoms or signs are predictive of esophageal
      coins. Radiographs were considered positive if the coin was in the esophagus.
      Radiographs were positive in 25 (31%) of patients, of whom 11 (14%) had no
      symptoms or signs in the ED. Fifty-five (69%) of the 80 patients had
      subdiaphragmatic foreign bodies (44 [55%]), or no foreign bodies (11 [14%]) seen
      on films. Fourteen (18%) of the children required removal of the coin. Variables
      correlating with positive radiograph, in order of significance, included
      localization, choking at ingestion, drooling in the ED, vomiting, and chest pain
      (P less than .05). Symptom type was predictive of radiographic findings, and it
      may be predictive of need for removal. All 14 patients with symptoms or signs in
      the ED had positive films, as compared to 11 of 66 (16.6%) with no symptoms (chi
      square = 33.555; P less than .001). Although this relationship is significant,
      the finding of esophageal foreign body in 17% of patients with no symptoms leads
      us to recommend that all patients have a chest radiograph if coin ingestion is
      suspected.

PMID- 3985466
TI  - Clinical findings and legal resolution in sexual assault.
AB  - Female sexual assault victims who received medical evaluation at Detroit
      Receiving Hospital from July to December 1980 and were seen by the Rape
      Counseling Center (RCC) were evaluated. Data were abstracted from the emergency
      department record, RCC file, and gynecology clinic; 372 patients were evaluated.
      One hundred twenty-seven patients (34%) were given DES, including 17 women who
      had been raped at least once before. Data regarding DES dosage were available
      only on 34 patients, with 27 stating they took the entire course; 5, an
      incomplete course; and 2 refusing to answer. DES is still approved for post
      coital contraception in rape. However, if there is one major concern about its
      administration, it is that close follow-up be provided to anticipate or eliminate
      complications, especially those associated with inadvertent pregnancy. The
      extremely poor medical follow-up, the surprising lack of an "appropriate chief
      complaint" when follow-up does occur, the large number of sexual assault victim
      repeaters in an inner city population, and the socioeconomic and demographic
      characteristics of an urban, inner-city sexual assault victim population which
      make it impossible to determine the effectiveness of DES are strong arguments for
      the severe restriction of use of DES in the urban, inner city setting. There is
      no need for pretreatment GC cultures or VDRL assays. Patients should be treated
      in conformity with current CDC recommendations. Where a rape counseling center is
      available, it is suggested that the unit assume close and direct responsibility
      of directing patients for medical follow-up, regardless of emergency department
      treatment.

PMID- 3985467
TI  - Objectifying testing of the MEGA CODE station: a system of shorthand.
AB  - We have developed a system of shorthand for MEGA CODE that allows advanced
      cardiac life support (ACLS) instructors to record accurately the events of
      simulated codes as they occur in the teaching and testing of this station. The
      method is easy to learn. Incorporation of the method into the ACLS provider
      course would enable instructors to more accurately reconstruct arrest scenarios
      and facilitate the process of providing the student with meaningful feedback. The
      instructor's flexibility in making up the code is maximized, and a lasting
      document of a student's performance is produced.

PMID- 3985468
TI  - Angina and sudden death resulting from papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic
      valve.
AB  - A 75-year-old woman presented with recurrent severe chest pain radiating to her
      back. The initial ECG was normal, and clinically an aortic dissection was
      suspected. The patient became hypotensive during a chest computed tomography scan
      with infusion, had subsequent repeated cardiac arrests, and died. Autopsy
      revealed a 1.5-cm polypoid lesion, a papillary fibroelastoma, on the aortic
      valve, which effectively occluded the ostium of the left coronary artery in a
      ball-valve effect. In addition, an embolic fragment of the tumor was found in the
      left anterior descending artery. This is the sixth reported case of angina and/or
      sudden death resulting from this lesion. Of the 75 cases reported in the
      literature, most are incidental necropsy findings, although neurologic emboli and
      outflow tract obstruction have been described.

PMID- 3985469
TI  - Core content for undergraduate education in emergency medicine.

PMID- 3985470
TI  - Outcome studies of sexual assault cases.

PMID- 3985471
TI  - Entrepreneurism and emergency medicine.

PMID- 3985472
TI  - Batteries not included.

PMID- 3985473
TI  - Endotracheal diazepam in status epilepticus.

PMID- 3985474
TI  - Heavy-metal herbs.

PMID- 3985475
TI  - EMT defibrillation.

PMID- 3985476
TI  - LSD intoxication.

PMID- 3985477
TI  - Research using intentional deception. Ethical issues revisited.

PMID- 3985478
TI  - Prevention perspectives. From Vermont to Washington.

PMID- 3985479
TI  - Recent history of federal initiatives in prevention policy.

PMID- 3985480
TI  - Health promotion in the workplace. A prescription for good health.

PMID- 3985481
TI  - Contributions of health-related biobehavioral research to the prevention of
      cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 3985482
TI  - Foreign bodies of the esophagus.
AB  - The incidence of esophageal foreign bodies is probably declining. The majority of
      patients are still in the pediatric age group. Clinical history and radiologic
      studies usually establish the diagnosis. Rigid esophagoscopy is still the
      standard method of therapy, but alternative methods can be employed with proper
      patient selection. The practicing physician must be familiar with the advantages
      and disadvantages of available methods of therapy. Observation for up to 24 hours
      is probably safe, and the proper method of therapy must be carefully selected
      according to the age of the patient, the type of the impacted foreign body, the
      location of impaction, the duration of impaction, and the available medical
      resources and skills. Major complications are to be expected with prolonged or
      missed impaction of foreign bodies in the esophagus. Prevention, high index of
      suspicion, and early treatment are important factors that can decrease the
      possible complications of impacted foreign bodies in the esophagus.

PMID- 3985483
TI  - Endoscopic balloon dilation of outlet stenosis after gastric bypass.
AB  - Eighteen of 22 patients with stenotic gastrojejunostomies following gastric
      bypass surgery were successfully corrected by endoscopically placing a guidewire
      through the narrowed outlet and then passing a dilating balloon catheter over the
      wire. No complications occurred. All procedures were done without general
      anesthesia, and 64 per cent were done without hospitalization. This procedure can
      spare patients prolonged hospitalization for nasogastric decompression or
      reoperation, the two standard approaches to this problem. Successful use of this
      technique to dilate obstructed gastric partitions and distal esophageal
      strictures suggests that it may be considered for any gastrointestinal stenosis
      within reach of the endoscope.

PMID- 3985484
TI  - Greater curvature gastroplasty. Follow-up at 34 months.
AB  - This retrospective study analyzes the results of 198 consecutive greater
      curvature gastroplasties performed in 23 male and 175 female patients with morbid
      obesity. The gastroplasty consisted of the creation of a 30-50 cm3 proximal
      gastric pouch by a double application of the TA-90 stapler, modified by removing
      three staples near the pin and trimming the cartridge to prevent crushing of the
      stomach at the outlet. The outlet was calibrated to a diameter of 1 cm and
      reinforced with a polypropylene seromuscular suture. No deaths occurred;
      postoperative complications included 32 superficial wound infections (16.2%), 24
      incisional hernias (12.0%), 15 staple-line disruptions (7.6%), seven gastric
      outlet obstructions (3.5%), five subphrenic abscesses (2.5%), three perforations
      (1.5%), one splenic infarction, and one enterocutaneous fistula. One hundred
      sixty-one (81%) patients have been followed for a mean of 34 months (range 24 to
      56 months); their mean weight loss is 36.4 per cent +/- 32.9 per cent of excess
      body weight. Only 45.5 per cent of these patients can be considered to have had
      satisfactory weight loss. Because this is not as effective as other forms of
      surgical therapy, the authors do not recommend greater curvature gastroplasty for
      the treatment of morbid obesity.

PMID- 3985485
TI  - Tube gastrostomy. A routine adjunct in major abdominal operations.
AB  - In this study of 217 major and varied abdominal operations (larger than
      cholecystectomy), tube gastrostomy was performed as a routine adjunct.
      Satisfactory gastrointestinal (GI) decompression was maintained in more than 98
      per cent of patients. Advantages of this approach over the use of a nasogastric
      tube are discussed. Important technical aspects are also highlighted.
      Complications other than malfunction of the gastrostomy tube were few and
      included minor bleeding in four patients and percutaneous ascites fluid drainage
      in two patients. Considering that a tube gastrostomy is simple to perform,
      functionally effective, has many advantages including enhanced patient comfort,
      is versatile in its possible uses including nutritional support or
      supplementation if needed, and carries a low morbidity and complication rate: a
      case is made for its use as a routine adjunct in major abdominal operations.

PMID- 3985486
TI  - Morbid obesity. Second gastric operations for poor weight loss.
AB  - This is a report of a clinical investigation of weight gain occurring after
      initial good weight loss following an operation performed to treat morbid
      obesity. The reasons for weight gain or poor weight loss after the first
      operation, the indications for a second operation, and the effectiveness and
      complications of four different "second" operations were examined. Thirty-five
      patients who were weight loss failures, a subgroup of 556 patients upon whom one
      of five bariatric operations had been performed, provided the clinical material
      for this investigation. The findings indicate that technical and nontechnical
      patient factors are responsible for the failure of the initial bariatric
      operation. The most effective second operation to treat weight loss failures was
      gastric bypass with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy (GBRY). More difficult to perform
      than when done as the first bariatric operation, GBRY when done as a second
      operation is associated with a higher complication rate.

PMID- 3985487
TI  - Patterns of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in the pediatric patient is a frequently recognized
      problem. Unlike the adult, in whom symptoms relating to esophagitis predominate,
      the infant and child may present with a variety of respiratory problems, vomiting
      and/or growth failure. GER is often seen in association with other conditions and
      must be considered in the evaluation of any pediatric patient with chronic
      recurring respiratory problems, vomiting or failure to thrive (FTT). Thirty-eight
      pediatric patients have been surgically managed at West Virginia University from
      1977-1983 for GER. The patients fall into several different patterns of
      presentation and associated problems. Nine premature infants all with
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have undergone fundoplication for FTT, worsening
      BPD, and pneumonia. Seven infants and two older children had GER associated with
      previous esophageal atresia repairs. Esophagitis, vomiting and growth failure
      were the predominant complaints in this group, though all nine patients had
      recurring respiratory symptoms as well. Syndromes involving mental retardation
      and neurologic dysfunction affected another group of five patients, all of whom
      presented with the complications of long-term esophagitis. The remaining 15
      children were otherwise healthy infants who had predominantly respiratory
      symptoms due to GER. The benefits of fundoplication in these severely affected
      infants and children far outweigh the relatively few complications. In the
      carefully selected patient, surgical management of GER is dramatically
      successful.

PMID- 3985488
TI  - Appendicitis versus pelvic inflammatory disease. A diagnostic dilemma.
AB  - In order to determine whether any clinical or laboratory findings were helpful in
      differentiating acute appendicitis (AP) from acute pelvic inflammatory disease
      (PID), this retrospective study was undertaken. Records of all female patients 12
      to 50 years of age, undergoing laparotomy with a preoperative diagnosis of AP
      over the past 15 years, were reviewed and pertinent data recorded. In comparing
      AP (n = 106) with PID (n = 39), longer duration of symptoms, relationship of
      onset of pain to the menstrual cycle, and frequent requests for gynecological
      consultation distinguished the PID from the AP cases. Although complete reliance
      cannot be placed on any clinical or laboratory finding in differentiating AP from
      PID, the final satisfactory outcome justifies laparotomy when the diagnosis
      cannot be established by other means.

PMID- 3985489
TI  - Esophagogastrostomy using the EEA stapling instrument.
AB  - A technique of esophagogastric anastomosis using the end-to-end anastamotic (EEA)
      stapler following esophagectomy is described in detail. Twenty-two patients
      underwent esophagectomy for carcinoma at various levels. There were no
      anastomotic leaks and no operative mortalities. Complications included wound
      infection (3), pneumonia (1), and late stricture (2). The strictures resulted
      from use of the small (25-mm) cartridge and responded to dilatation. Technical
      details of the technique include complete division of the esophagus before
      inserting the stapler, use of the pursestring instrument, use of "guy" sutures to
      aid in introduction of the anvil, and use of a proximal esophageal "traction
      clamp" to avoid tearing the esophagus. The 31-mm cartridge is used whenever
      possible. It is concluded that EEA is a very safe method of esophagogastrostomy
      when used with strict attention to technical details.

PMID- 3985490
TI  - Early thoracotomy and decortication for nontuberculous empyema in adults with and
      without underlying disease. A twenty-five year review.
AB  - The present review deals with 63 adult patients having acute nontuberculous
      empyema treated by early thoracotomy and decortication, during the period from
      1955 through 1979. Group I (38 patients) had postpneumonic empyema, but no
      underlying disease. Group II (25 patients) had acute empyema and one or more
      serious associated diseases. Positive cultures were present in 45 of 63 patients
      (71.4%). Most surgeons have customarily recommended conservative management,
      especially for patients in Group II, because of the supposedly "high risk"
      involved in decortication. Consequently, the mortality is extremely high. The
      empyema must be cured; a "well drained" or "controlled" empyema will not suffice.
      The severely ill patient can better withstand the ordeal of a major operation
      than the deleterious effects of a lingering empyema. The critically ill patient
      is best managed by the primary procedure of open thoracotomy and decortication.
      The author's experience confirms that such patients can expect an outlook (8%
      mortality) approaching the zero mortality of Group I patients.

PMID- 3985491
TI  - Simultaneous determination of brachial and femoral arterial pressures during
      reactive hyperemia and papaverine vasodilation.
AB  - Accurate assessment of aortoiliac occlusive disease often requires direct
      intraarterial pressure determination. Since these measurements may alter systemic
      pressure, brachial arterial pressure (BAP) and femoral arterial pressure (FAP)
      were obtained simultaneously to quantitate these changes. BAP and FAP were
      measured at rest, and then during vasodilation produced by postischemic reactive
      hyperemia and intra-arterial injection of papaverine. The gradient between FAP
      and BAP was used to assess the significance of an aortoiliac stenosis. Sixty
      eight observations were performed in 19 limbs. During reactive hyperemia (n =
      28), BAP was 142 +/- 7 mm Hg, which was not significantly different from the
      baseline BAP of 142 +/- 5 mm Hg. However, during thigh tourniquet inflation, BAP
      increased significantly to 158 +/- 7 mm Hg. Following papaverine injection (N =
      21) BAP was 144 +/- 8 mm Hg, which was significantly different from both the
      baseline BAP (150 +/- 6 mm Hg) and the preinjection BAP (156 +/- 6 mm Hg).
      Postischemic reactive hyperemia and papaverine vasodilation produced comparable
      brachial to femoral pressure gradients. Use of baseline BAP is recommended for
      calculating gradients during reactive hyperemia, since the BAP is significantly
      elevated during tourniquet occlusion. Simultaneous recording of brachial and
      femoral pressures is recommended with intra-arterial papaverine injections, since
      the BAP varies significantly throughout the examination.

PMID- 3985492
TI  - Serum phosphate levels in acute bowel ischemia. An aid to early diagnosis.
AB  - Serum phosphate levels were studied in 18 patients with acute intestinal
      infarction as proved by laparotomy. Serum phosphate was increased preoperatively
      (6.12 +/- 0.75 mg/dl) in 94.4 per cent of cases. False-positive results were not
      recorded. The rise in phosphate was observed 4-12 hr (6.82 +/- 2.65) after the
      beginning of symptoms and was significantly higher when compared with both normal
      limits (3-5 mg/dl) and phosphate levels of 24 patients with acute abdominal
      conditions not associated with intestinal ischemia. This study suggests that
      determination of serum phosphate should be used as screening method for early
      detection and treatment of patients with acute intestinal ischemia.

PMID- 3985493
TI  - [Schoenlein-Henoch nephropathy in childhood. Clinical and histologic study of 31
      cases].
AB  - A series of 31 cases of children affected by nephropathy, out of a total of 120
      presenting with Schonlein-Henoch syndrome, observed in a period of seven years is
      reviewed. 87% of the patients evidenced renal involvement in the first month of
      disease. The manifestations of nephropathy were: Isolated hematuria. Hematuria
      proteinuria less than 40 mg/m2/h. Nephrotic syndrome. Hematuria-nephrotic
      syndrome. Hematuria-nephrotic syndrome renal insufficiency. Biopsy was performed
      in 13 cases (41.9%). With regard to the ISKDC rules, the histological
      classification was: type I, one patient; type II, three patients; type III, seven
      patients; type V, one patient; type VI, one patient. Evolution was favorable in
      30 cases, independently of treatment applied, and a complete remission was
      obtained in all of them.

PMID- 3985494
TI  - [Study of non-hypophysiary growth retardation treated with formebolone].
AB  - Results of a treatment with a derivative of androstane, named formebolone, are
      observed in 20 children (12 boys and eight girls), with non-pituitary growth
      retardation and normal values in hGH stimulation test. Initial heights were, most
      of them, far below--2 standard deviations and most bone ages showed more than two
      years retardation in comparison with the chronological ages. Results show a more
      significant height increase in pubertal cases as well as an acceleration of bone
      age that does not jeopardize final height.

PMID- 3985496
TI  - [Trisomy 9p. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Two cases of trisomy 9p are presented. The different cytogenetic mechanism given
      in these cases shows us that with independence of it, it exists a triplication of
      the half distal short arm of chromosome 9 which gives specificity to these
      phenotypic features. It might be a possible meiotic origin of the chromosomic
      rearrangement on both translocations, the formation of satellited chromosomes and
      isochromosomes of the short arm on chromosome 9 and the consequently wrong
      segregation of each one of them. The non-existence of chromosomic material with
      activity in the transcription, confers to both situations the category of a pure
      trisomy 9p. The prenatal diagnosis through amniocentesis might be useful, even in
      the so called "de novo" cases, in order to avoid the repetition of this kind of
      structural aberration or some others that could appear due to fragility of
      certain chromosomic regions.

PMID- 3985495
TI  - [Vertical transmission of hepatitis B from a maternal HBeAg-negative and antiHBe
      positive carrier].
AB  - A case of vertical transmission of hepatitis B in an infant, born to a carrier
      mother HBeAg negative an anti Hbe positive, who developed and hyper-acute
      hepatitis, is presented. It was thought until quite recently, that perinatal
      hepatitis B was only transmitted by those HBsAg carrier mothers with positive
      HBeAg and negative anti Hbe. The infant here presented shows that all HBsAg
      carrier mothers are potential transmitters, and that all their newborns must have
      immunoprophylaxis. The current impression also confirms that, in the case of
      these children being infected, it does not follow that they will remain chronic
      carriers, as is so often seen when the mother is a positive HBeAg carrier.

PMID- 3985497
TI  - [Recurrent urinary infection in girls. Natural history and therapeutic response].
AB  - A group of 39 girls with urinary tract infection are studied to analyse the
      clinical findings, response to treatment and natural history of the disease. All
      of them had more than three episodes of infection per year and renal function and
      initial cysto-urographic study were normal. Mean age at diagnosis was 4.8 years
      and the mean follow-up 3.4 years. In 7.6% of cases familial incidence was
      observed. During infection free periods, 35.8% of patients had urinary
      incontinence. 25% of recurrences were asymptomatic. Only one case developed
      during the follow-up a unilateral polar scar associated with grave II
      vesicoureteral reflux. Recurrence rate/girl/year, decrease from 3.8 during the
      first year to 1.5 at 5th year of follow-up. Patients who received prophylaxis
      with nitrofurantoin showed a clear decrease in rate of recurrence.

PMID- 3985498
TI  - [Intestinal invagination: 12 years of experience].
AB  - One hundred and forty two cases of intussusception were treated in our hospital
      since 1970 to 1982. Patients were divided for analysis into two groups, each
      consisting of 71 consecutively treated patients. In the second group (1977-1982)
      the hydrostatic pressure reduction was attempted under general anaesthesia an was
      successful in 50% of the patients. We compare both groups from the point of view
      of hydrostatic pressure reduction and conclude that anaesthesia significantly
      reduces the number of surgical procedures in children with intussusception.

PMID- 3985500
TI  - [Salmonella septic arthritis of the hip in the infant].

PMID- 3985499
TI  - [Tracheomalacia in a child with atresia of the esophagus: surgical treatment by
      aortopexy].
AB  - A child who developed apneic spells during feeding, following repair of
      oesophageal atresia is reported. Symptoms were relieved by suspending the aortic
      arch to the undersurface of the sternum. Tracheomalacia, its diagnostic and
      management is discussed.

PMID- 3985501
TI  - [Trisomy 9p, apropos of a case].

PMID- 3985502
TI  - [Congenital contracture with arachnodactyly. Apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 3985503
TI  - [Nanism with high values of GH and no generation of somatomedin after hGH
      (Laron's syndrome). Clinico-biochemical study of 8 cases].
AB  - Eight familial cases with Laron type dwarfism (LTD) are presented. An autosomic
      recessive transmission seems to be possible with clear predominance in females
      (6/2). This syndrome first described in Jewish people is probably frequent in our
      country, with clear historic Jewish antecedents in some of our cases. Some
      features like prenatal growth deficiency, disproportion between face and
      calvarium and high levels of inmunoreactive GH distinguish clearly LTD from
      isolated GH-deficiency. The incapability of hGH to increase low somatomedin
      activity confirms diagnosis. Moreover low or null nitrogen retention after hGH
      excludes an inactive GH as a cause of dwarfism.

PMID- 3985504
TI  - [Comb-like rhythm: an EEG pattern peculiar to leucinosis].
AB  - EEG and clinical aspects of a newborn baby with maple syrup urine disease are
      presented. EEG shows in central areas "Comb-like rhytms" with pseudo-periodic
      background activity. These patterns seem peculiar to maple syrup urine disease
      according to Trottier et al. (1975). EEG findings may suggest screening for
      aminoacids.

PMID- 3985505
TI  - [Neuroblastoma IV-S. A series of 7 cases].
AB  - A review of the findings in seven cases of stage IV-S neuroblastoma, that have
      been observed between 1966 and 1984. Patients under one year stage IV-S
      neuroblastoma have a favorable prognosis; survival rate was 71%. Primary tumor in
      some may be relatively small. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may not be
      necessary in the management of certain children.

PMID- 3985506
TI  - [Breast feeding. 10 current questions].

PMID- 3985507
TI  - [A case of cystinosis appearing as Bartter's syndrome].

PMID- 3985508
TI  - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia after scarlet fever].

PMID- 3985509
TI  - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the course of measles].

PMID- 3985510
TI  - [Possible risks in the ingestion of batteries].

PMID- 3985511
TI  - Pericholangitis in chronic ulcerative colitis: primary sclerosing cholangitis of
      the small bile ducts?
AB  - Review of liver biopsy specimens, autopsy specimens, and clinical records of 107
      patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and hepatobiliary diseases showed
      "pericholangitis" (defined as small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis) in 37
      (35%), primary sclerosing cholangitis (defined as large-duct primary sclerosing
      cholangitis) in 18 (17%), chronic active hepatitis in 14 (13%), cryptogenic
      cirrhosis in 12 (11%), and miscellaneous lesions including malignancies in 26
      (24%). Documented cirrhosis was present or developed in 37 patients (35%). The
      spectrum of histologic features of small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis was
      indistinguishable from that of confirmed large-duct primary sclerosing
      cholangitis. In 6 of the 18 patients who eventually developed the large-duct
      disease, biopsy evidence 1 to 12 years earlier had shown small-duct primary
      sclerosing cholangitis. Thus, small-duct and large-duct primary sclerosing
      cholangitis seem to be components of a disease spectrum.

PMID- 3985512
TI  - Botulism and botulism-like illness in chronic drug abusers.
AB  - From 1982 to 1983 we received reports of a neurologic illness characterized by a
      symmetric descending paralysis in six drug abusers from widely separated
      geographic areas. Botulism was confirmed in two patients; type B botulinal toxin
      was found and Clostridium botulinum was isolated from a small abscess in one, and
      type A botulinal toxin was found in the serum of the other. The clinical illness
      in the remaining four patients, although not laboratory confirmed, was also
      compatible with botulism. None of the patients had histories suggestive of
      foodborne botulism, and wound botulism was suspected as the cause of illness.
      There are several reports of tetanus associated with parenteral drug abuse; wound
      botulism is another toxin-mediated clostridial infection that may occur as a
      complication of chronic drug abuse.

PMID- 3985513
TI  - Malabsorption and mucosal abnormalities of the small intestine in the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Diarrhea and weight loss may accompany the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We
      studied 30 patients with the syndrome, 20 of whom had diarrhea and weight loss
      and 10 of whom did not. Patients with identifiable enteric infections or small
      intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma were excluded. Malabsorption was common in the
      patients with diarrhea and weight loss, as shown by abnormal D-xylose and 14C
      glycerol-tripalmitin absorption tests. In these patients, duodenal biopsy
      specimens showed a histiocytic infiltrate containing numerous acid-fast organisms
      in 5 and a mild-moderate chronic inflammation in 13. In asymptomatic patients,
      duodenal biopsy specimens were normal in 6 and showed chronic inflammation in 4.
      These results suggest that malabsorption is common in patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome with chronic diarrhea and may contribute to their
      weight loss.

PMID- 3985514
TI  - Post-herpetic erythema multiforme prevented with prophylactic oral acyclovir.

PMID- 3985515
TI  - National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower: IX. Internal medicine residency and
      fellowship training: 1984 update.
AB  - After 12 years of annual expansion, the number of entrants into internal medicine
      training did not increase in 1983-84. In addition, the number of United States
      citizens with medical degrees from other countries entering first-year residency
      positions in internal medicine declined in 1983-84 for the first time in many
      years. The number of trainees who, upon completion of residency training, chose
      to become subspecialty fellows increased, and the period of subspecialty training
      has lengthened to 3 years for one third of the fellows. The total budgets for
      residency stipends have not increased in real dollars since 1976-77 despite
      substantial rises in the number of trainees. In fact, stipend levels per resident
      and fellow have declined in real dollars. Internists make up about 25% of all
      practicing physicians. With the continuing growth in the number of practicing
      internists and the high rate of their subspecialization, some adjustments will be
      made in practice patterns over the next 2 decades.

PMID- 3985517
TI  - Counseling patients to counsel physicians on future care in the event of patient
      incompetence.
AB  - Physicians and patients share a common interest in clarifying and maximizing the
      powers and protection of advanced directives for future care in the event of
      patient incompetence. Although the complexity and unpredictability of health care
      circumstances make it impossible to guarantee complete control over therapeutic
      measures to be used when survival is in question, physicians should offer their
      patients the opportunity to reflect on their values and wishes and to express
      them explicitly. The ideal advanced directive should clearly state the author's
      intentions; contain clear documentation regarding authorship; be flexible,
      allowing family and caregivers to respond appropriately to changing
      circumstances; be available when needed; and be supported by legal powers that
      grant patients the right of enforcement and grant health care providers
      protection from liability. Advanced directives can be set as instruction
      directives or proxy directives, each form having advantages and disadvantages.

PMID- 3985516
TI  - The effectiveness of continuing medical education in changing the behavior of
      physicians caring for patients with acute myocardial infarction. A controlled
      randomized trial.
AB  - A randomized controlled trial was done to assess the ability of continuing
      medical education to change physicians' knowledge and behavior in the care of
      patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patient care practices on eight
      objectives were audited 6 months before and after physicians completed a 2-hour
      educational program. Sixty-three physicians from eight randomly selected
      communities constituted the experimental group and 40 physicians from four
      similar communities served as controls. The average score for desired care
      practices over all objectives increased from 48.5% to 60% (p less than 0.001).
      Three objectives showed significantly greater gains for physicians in the
      experimental group. The generalizability of these effects was also studied in two
      additional educational contexts: a multitopic and a unitopic university-based
      continuing medical education program. Similar significant changes in behavior
      resulted in both contexts. Significant overall increases in knowledge occurred
      and persisted for all groups. Continuing medical education can effect changes in
      physicians' knowledge and care practices that can persist for at least 6 months.

PMID- 3985518
TI  - Inflammation and the onset of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3985519
TI  - Internists: more specialists or more generalists?

PMID- 3985520
TI  - Very-low-calorie diets and electrocardiographic changes.

PMID- 3985521
TI  - Computerized analysis of Holter monitor tapes.

PMID- 3985522
TI  - Dysosmia, dysgeusia, and diltiazem.

PMID- 3985523
TI  - Mortality rates for ischemic heart diseases.

PMID- 3985524
TI  - Pseudocancer symptoms and mourning.

PMID- 3985525
TI  - Factitious anemia due to surreptitious phlebotomy through a Hickman catheter.

PMID- 3985526
TI  - Hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding due to cefoperazone.

PMID- 3985527
TI  - Fansidar and hepatic granulomas.

PMID- 3985528
TI  - Medical education and the humanities.

PMID- 3985529
TI  - Preparing for the practice of internal medicine.

PMID- 3985530
TI  - Women, men, and examination scores.

PMID- 3985531
TI  - Referrals to allergists.

PMID- 3985532
TI  - [A new enzymatic variant of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, agent of cutaneous
      leishmaniasis in northern Algeria].
AB  - For the first time, the pathogenic agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the North
      of Algeria has been identified as Leishmania infantum s.1. The parasite was found
      to be a newly discovered enzymatic variant (zymodeme 24) differing by two
      electromorphs from a variant isolated in France (zymodeme 11) from the same type
      of lesion. Until now, the dermotropic zymodemes of Algeria and France have not
      been seen in cases of visceral leishmaniasis of the Mediterranean Basin.

PMID- 3985533
TI  - [Morphological study of 2 pinworms parasitic in man: Enterobius vermicularis and
      E. gregorii].
AB  - The two pinworms parasitic in Man are studied and compared. Enterobius
      vermicularis (L., 1758) has the larger spicule (100 to 140 micron). E. gregorii
      Hugot, 1983 has the shorter spicule (70 to 80 micron). The two species can also
      be differentiated by the cuticular ornamentation associated to the cloacal
      opening in the males.

PMID- 3985534
TI  - [2 new filariae of a monkey, Saimiri sciureus, in Guyana].
AB  - Description of two new Filariae, parasites of Saimiri sciureus L. (Georgetown
      type, karyotype 14/7) from Guyana. Dipetalonema robini n. sp., fourth species of
      the genus, is frequent and associated with the morphologically similar species,
      D. gracile (Rud., 1809); D. robini differs from D. gracile by structure of caudal
      lappets of female, vagina, microfilaria and area rugosa. The second filaria, also
      frequent, belongs to the subgenus Tetrapetalonema which contains a dozen species;
      Mansonella (T.) mariae n. sp. is similar to M. (T.) marmosetae Faust, 1935 and M.
      (T.) tamarinae Dunn & Lambrecht, 1963 but is distinguished by the position of the
      head papillae, the cuticular ornamentation of the body and the microfilaria.

PMID- 3985535
TI  - [Experimental transmission of Monanema nilotica El Bihari & coll., 1977, a
      filaria with skin-dwelling microfilaria parasitic in African murids].
AB  - The value of Monanema of murids as experimental models of ocular lesions due to
      onchocerciasis would be greatly increased if we could experiment with several
      host and parasite species since, in many cases, the lesions induced are more
      significant when the host-parasite association is poorly adapted. The life cycle
      of 2 isolates of Monanema nilotica is completed, one from Lemniscomys striatus
      from the Central african Republique and the other from Arvicanthis niloticus of
      Mali. As in M. globulosa, infective larvae develop in Ixodidae (Rhipicephalus
      sanguineus and Hyalomma truncatum); 20 to 30 larvae inoculated into the murids
      suffice for a patent infection.

PMID- 3985536
TI  - [Presence of Leishmania major Yakimoff and Schokhor, 1914 in Mali. Enzymatic
      identification of a strain of human origin].
AB  - The first case of oriental sore reported to Leishmania major is identified in
      Mali. The characterization of the stain isolated from a left arm lesion of a 30
      years old european woman is carried out by electrophoretic analysis using
      enzymes, i.e. PGM, PGI, G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, IDH, MDH, ME, GOT.

PMID- 3985537
TI  - [Diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma. Apropos of 50 cases].

PMID- 3985538
TI  - [Pulmonary lesions in Wegener's disease].

PMID- 3985539
TI  - [Pseudothrombophlebitis caused by rupture of a popliteal cyst in Behcet's
      disease. Apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 3985540
TI  - [Preoperative radiologic diagnosis of retractile mesenteritis. Prolonged efficacy
      of localized resection].

PMID- 3985541
TI  - [Cystic dilatation of the pelvic ureter. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 3985542
TI  - [A rare cause of air bronchogram: malignant pleural mesothelioma. Apropos of a
      case].

PMID- 3985543
TI  - [Multiple cysts of the pancreas associated with bilateral renal adenocarcinoma.
      Apropos of a case].

PMID- 3985544
TI  - [Microfilms and capitalization of graphic, radiographic and transparent 16 mm
      format images].

PMID- 3985545
TI  - [Ampullary cancer. Apropos of 26 surgically resected tumors].

PMID- 3985546
TI  - [Principles of the surgical treatment of intestinal radiation injuries. Apropos
      of 17 cases].

PMID- 3985547
TI  - [Gastric leiomyoblastoma in children. Report of a case and review of the
      literature].

PMID- 3985548
TI  - [The anterior intermaxillohyoid retropharyngeal approach and osteosynthesis in
      recent fractures of pedicles of the axis].

PMID- 3985549
TI  - [Alveolar sarcoma of soft tissues in the right psoas muscle].

PMID- 3985550
TI  - [Value of delayed-absorption mesh in abdominal surgery. Clinical study, apropos
      of 55 case].

PMID- 3985552
TI  - [Abdominal suppurations: point of view of an infectious disease specialist].

PMID- 3985551
TI  - [Metastatic extradural spinal tumors. Apropos of 130 cases].

PMID- 3985553
TI  - [Prolonged benefit of dobutamine treatment in decompensated myocardiopathies].
AB  - Prolonged infusions of dobutamine improve, often rapidly, nonobstructive
      decompensated cardiomyopathies. This improvement may sometimes persist over
      several months even without changing maintenance therapy.

PMID- 3985554
TI  - [Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human myocardium obtained
      from endomyocardial biopsies].
AB  - The distribution of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in myocardial tissue
      obtained by biopsies from within the right ventricle can be studied by
      electrophoresis in a similar manner to that for making serum determinations.
      Results are comparable to radioimmunologic dosing (Peters) and
      microelectrophoresis (Schultheiss) and complete the findings obtained from the
      histological study of biopsied fragments.

PMID- 3985555
TI  - [Prospective study of the prevalence of coronary involvement in isolated aortic
      stenosis].
AB  - From 1980 to 1982, 148 consecutive patients with isolated aortic stenosis (AS)
      were studied prospectively with coronary angiography. Significant coronary artery
      disease was discovered in 27 patients (18.4 percent of cases), with involvement
      of the left main coronary artery 4 times (15 percent of cases), three-vessel
      involvement 10 times (37 percent of cases), two-vessel involvement 8 times (30
      percent of cases), and single-vessel involvement 9 times (33 percent of cases).
      Clinical information such as age, sex, the existence of angina (present in 81 out
      of 148 patients, or 54.7 percent of cases), or electrocardiographic findings
      could not accurately predict coronary artery involvement except for the previous
      history of a myocardial infarction. Five patients with coronary artery lesions
      had no manifestations of angina, comprising 18.5 percent of patients with
      coronary artery disease, 3.4 percent of the entire group of 148 patients with AS,
      and 7 percent of patients without angina. This study's originality resides in the
      fact that it is a prospective study which demonstrates that coronary artery
      lesions associated with AS can often be severe and can not be predicted without
      coronary angiography. No other examination can reliably identify the association
      of these two conditions, making coronary angiography a routine part of the
      preoperative evaluation of AS if these lesions are to be discovered.

PMID- 3985557
TI  - [Emboligenic abscess of the aortic ring disclosing gonococcal endocarditis. Value
      of echocardiography].
AB  - Echocardiography has become a valuable diagnostic modality in bacterial
      endocarditis and of even more importance in following the subsequent course of
      the infection while on medical therapy. It can play an extremely important role
      in certain clinical circumstances, even before blood culture results are
      available or hemodynamic or auscultatory abnormalities appear. Nevertheless, in
      spite of this usefulness, the limitations of echocardiography should be
      recognized. The examination lacks absolute specificity and sensitivity which
      could result in inaccurate or delayed information in diagnosing a lesion or in
      recognizing local or regional complications. These advantages and limitations are
      well illustrated in an unusual case due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a causative
      agent whose incidence may increase over the years to come.

PMID- 3985556
TI  - [Left intraventricular thrombosis. From diagnosis to treatment].
AB  - Left ventricular thrombi are the source of much concern in numerous conditions
      affecting the ventricles. Refinement in echocardiographic and isotopic techniques
      is enabling earlier diagnosis and a more rational approach to therapy. These
      thrombi occur very frequently, and are most often asymptomatic (more than 2 to 3
      times out of 4), and their natural course is not well known. Recent studies have
      dealt with acute ischemic cardiopathies, but these should not obscure the fact
      that thrombi occur with similar frequency in chronic conditions, in particular,
      hypokinetic cardiomyopathies. Three recent cases emphasize this, demonstrate the
      frequency of these thrombi, and help illustrate available diagnostic methods and
      a practical approach to this condition. These recent developments only confirm
      the importance of effective anticoagulation in all patients at risk and the
      necessity of optimal treatment with inotropic agents which do not suppress
      thrombus formation, but appear to prevent their complications.

PMID- 3985558
TI  - [Internal jugular venous pulse. An interesting diagnostic tool].
AB  - Examination of the internal jugular veins is little if at all taught in French
      medical schools. However, it is useful for two reasons: estimation of the central
      venous pressure, the internal jugular veins acting as manometers, and the
      configuration of the jugular venous pulse which reliably reflects the pressure
      curve of the right atrium. Thus, by simple inspection, examination of the
      internal jugular veins can reveal important hemodynamic information from the
      right side of the heart.

PMID- 3985559
TI  - Computer models for metabolic studies on plasma proteins.

PMID- 3985560
TI  - Glucose tolerance test and glycosylated haemoglobin measurement for diagnosis of
      diabetes mellitus--an assessment of the criteria of the WHO Expert Committee on
      Diabetes Mellitus 1980.
AB  - Fasting glycosylated haemoglobin was analysed in 535 consecutive patients having
      an oral 75 g glucose tolerance test for diagnostic purposes. A reference range
      for fasting glycosylated haemoglobin was established from patients with a non
      diabetic glucose tolerance test as defined by the World Health Organisation
      Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus. The predictive value of a glycosylated
      haemoglobin of over 10.0% (mean normal +/- 3 SD) for detecting a diabetic glucose
      tolerance test was 89% but sensitivity was only 43%. A raised glycosylated
      haemoglobin is useful for confirming the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in
      patients with long-standing hyperglycaemia but glycosylated haemoglobin is within
      the reference range in many patients with newly developed diabetes or other minor
      abnormalities of glucose tolerance. The glucose tolerance test must remain the
      test of choice in these patients.

PMID- 3985561
TI  - Glycosylated haemoglobin as an alternative to the glucose tolerance test for the
      diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A comparison was made between the results of a standard 75 g oral glucose
      tolerance test and total haemoglobin A1 in 168 subjects referred by their general
      practitioners for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The subjects were
      classified as having normal, impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance using WHO
      criteria. Of 108 subjects with normal glucose tolerance only three had
      haemoglobin A1 concentrations over 8%. Of 10 with impaired glucose tolerance two
      had haemoglobin A1 concentrations over 8%. Of 47 with diabetic responses, eight
      had haemoglobin A1 concentrations below 9%. There was a significant difference
      between the haemoglobin A1 concentration when fasting and that 2 hours after the
      glucose load in the subjects with a diabetic glucose tolerance response, but no
      significant difference between the two values in the other subjects.

PMID- 3985562
TI  - Affinity chromatography: a precise method for glycosylated albumin estimation.
AB  - A method is described for the estimation, in plasma, of glycosylated albumin,
      using the commercially available affinity chromatographic material Glycogel B
      (immobilised m-aminophenylboronic acid on an agarose support) to separate the
      glycosylated and non-glycosylated albumin, followed by the analysis of albumin
      concentration using rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Glycosylated albumin and
      glycosylated haemoglobin showed good correlation (r = 0.91) when both are
      estimated by affinity chromatography. The glycosylated albumin method displays
      good within-batch (2.8-4.4% CV) and between-batch (2.9-5.4% CV) precision, and
      the method is not affected by haemolysis. Using this method a reference range of
      2.0-5.4% was found for glycosylated albumin. Levels of glycosylated albumin in
      diabetics (10.06 +/- 3.23%) were found to be significantly higher (P less than
      0.001) than those in non-diabetics (3.72 +/- 0.85%). It was found that loading
      more than 3 mg of albumin on to a 1 mL affinity column must be avoided, as this
      appears to overload the column.

PMID- 3985563
TI  - Some aspects of calcium metabolism in a fatal case of ethylene glycol poisoning.
AB  - Laboratory results are presented for a patient who died following ingestion of an
      antifreeze solution containing ethylene glycol. It was observed that the
      measurement of osmolality, which is of value in the early stages of ethylene
      glycol poisoning, may give normal results if there are many hours delay between
      ingestion and admission. The hypocalcaemia which frequently accompanies ethylene
      glycol poisoning is shown to develop over several hours.

PMID- 3985564
TI  - Lack of comparability between CEA analyses using three different methods.
AB  - Three different methods for the assay of carcinoembryonic antigen were
      investigated--radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and a commercial
      immunoradiometric assay. Two standard preparations of CEA were used: the 1st
      British Standard (73/601) and a commercial preparation obtained as a component of
      the IRMA kit. Serum samples were assayed by each method against each standard
      material. Significant differences between results were obtained when the
      different methods were compared. When using the two standards in the same assay
      system no significant differences were found between results. A possible
      explanation and the implications of these findings for the routine assay of CEA
      are discussed.

PMID- 3985565
TI  - An "in-house" method for the assay of serum total oestriol in pregnancy using
      125I label.
AB  - Commercial RIA kits for the assay of serum total oestriol using 125I label are
      used widely in monitoring fetal well-being in pregnancy; they are, however, very
      expensive for large-scale routine use. An 'in-house' assay using commercially
      available [125I]oestriol label and antiserum produced by the S.E. and S.W. Thames
      Regional Antibody Production Unit has been developed. Technical aspects of the
      method are described. The assay is compared with two commercial kits and
      correlates very well with one of them. The assay gives good precision and can be
      used with substantial savings in cost.

PMID- 3985566
TI  - A survey of heights and weights of adults in Great Britain, 1980.
AB  - A survey of the heights and weights of a sample representative of the adult
      population of Great Britain aged 16 to 64 years was conducted in 1980. At the
      same time a questionnaire was administered to everyone in the sample so that sub
      groups could be identified and their measurements compared. Tables of the heights
      and weights by sex and age are given, including a breakdown of heights by social
      class. The mean height of 20-30-year-old men was 175.7 cm and of 20-30-year-old
      women 161.7 cm. The difference in heights in these age groups between men in
      social class I/II and in class IV/V was about 3 cm, in women about 2 cm. Tables
      of weight for height for each age group and each sex are presented; average
      height, weight and body mass index are also provided for different regions of
      Great Britain. Persons living in Wales are shorter than others; those living in
      Scotland are the second shortest group. Persons living in the south of England
      are around 1 cm taller than those living in the north.

PMID- 3985567
TI  - An analysis of the mid-growth and adolescent spurts of height based on
      acceleration.
AB  - Height growth between four weeks and 20 years of 45 boys and 45 girls from the
      Zurich Longitudinal Growth Study (1955-1976) was analysed using kernel estimates.
      Timings of the mid-growth spurt (MS) and of the pubertal spurt (PS) were
      determined in an automatic way from the individual acceleration curves, together
      with height, percentage of height, velocity and acceleration at these ages. The
      small mid-growth spurt is a consistent phenomenon, peaking at 6.4 years (M,F) in
      acceleration and at 7.7 years (M) and 7.5 years (F) in velocity. There are no
      significant sex differences in its intensity. In girls, the PS follows in close
      succession to the MS; in boys there is a substantial period in between. In
      addition to the age of peak height velocity, ages of onset, maximal acceleration
      and end of the PS are defined. Sex differences in timing and size of the pubertal
      peak previously established were again verified. New results relate to the
      asymmetry of the PS, which is more pronounced in girls, and to sex differences in
      intensity and duration of the first rising phase of the PS. After this phase,
      boys and girls do not differ in timing but only in the intensity of deceleration.

PMID- 3985568
TI  - Menarche, pregnancy, birth spacing and menopause among the Agta women foragers of
      Cagayan province, Luzon, the Philippines.
AB  - The reproductive histories of 74 post-menarcheal Agta Negrito women, tropical
      foragers of Cagayan province, north-eastern Luzon, the Philippines are described
      and analysed in comparison with data collected by Howell on Dobe !Kung hunter
      gatherers. Among the Agta, mean age at menarche is 17, mean age at first live
      birth is 20.14 years, mean completed parity is 6.53 and mean age at menopause is
      44. Average height is 141.24 cm and average weight 36.72 kg. No time trends were
      detected in age at menarche and age at first live birth among the Agta. Average
      spacing between live births where an infant survives until the birth of the next
      sibling was 2.85 years. Compared to the Dobe !Kung, Agta women have later
      menarche, but shorter birth spacing and a longer active childbearing span.

PMID- 3985569
TI  - Effects of smoking and physical activity on serum uric acid in a Jerusalem
      population sample.
AB  - In 932 adult males and 531 adult females, we found large independent correlations
      of serum uric acid (SUA) with body mass and serum creatinine. In males, but not
      in females, SUA was lower in smokers than in non-smokers and in men who reported
      themselves to be physically active, compared to non-active men. After controlling
      for confounding variables by multiple regression analysis, we found that smoking
      remained a significant predictor of SUA in males (P = 0.003) but the effects of
      reported physical activity dropped to borderline significance (P = 0.056). In
      females, no significant relationship of SUA with reported physical activity was
      seen. These results, the first from an unselected free-living Israeli population,
      are generally in agreement with previously reported studies.

PMID- 3985570
TI  - [Abnormalities of the sensation of the need to urinate in multiple sclerosis.
      Clinical and urodynamic study. Apropos of 100 cases].
AB  - A hundred patients with multiple sclerosis and urinary disorders were examined
      clinically and by gas or water cystometry. Particular attention was paid to
      abnormalities in the voiding need sensation. These abnormalities can best be
      studied by cystometry combined with urethral striated sphincter electromyography.
      When the sequence of the three degrees of need (usual need, pressing need and
      urgent need) is respected, there is a good correlation between the progression of
      the voiding need during the filling phase of the cystometry and during the
      detrusor action. When there is interference with the sequence of these three
      degrees of the voiding need, especially the absence of the sensation normally
      contemporaneous with the detrusor action or immediately preceding it, there is
      exaggeration of either the hyperactivity or the hypoactivity of the bladder, and
      this aggravates vesical sensitivity: premature contraction of the detrusor muscle
      eliminates the first two degrees (usual need and pressing need), while
      progressive distension of the detrusor muscle eliminates all three stages. As the
      multiple sclerosis evolves a stage is reached at which there are functional
      mictional disorders exclusively connected with the interference with the degrees
      of voiding need pollakiuria and urgency.

PMID- 3985571
TI  - [Antibiotics and pregnancy].

PMID- 3985572
TI  - [Vesico-renal reflux and pregnancy].
AB  - By modifying the anatomical location of the bladder and ureter, and by favoring
      urinary stasis and pyuria, pregnancy may reveal or aggravate an existing vesico
      renal reflux. In reporting six cases of vesico-renal reflux in pregnant women,
      revealed by attacks of feverish lombalgia, or mictional disorders associated with
      pyuria, and confirmed postpartum by intravenous urography, retrograde cystography
      and cystoscopy, the authors recall the factors associated with pregnancy which
      favor the appearance of a reflux, mechanical, hormonal and metabolic action.
      Surgical correction of refluxes associated with pyuria and detected during
      pregnancy would seem indicated.

PMID- 3985573
TI  - [Bladder exstrophy and pregnancy. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors report two cases of pregnant women suffering from exstrophy of the
      bladder. One of the patients had been operated on in childhood for reconstruction
      of the bladder, and the other had undergone Coffey's operation, so that both were
      able to lead practically normal lives in adulthood. Three children were born by
      prophylactic cesarean. Exstrophy of the bladder is often associated with other
      urological, genital or, on occasion, orthopedic, malformations. This article
      analyzes the consequences of these malformations on the course of pregnancy and
      delivery, and the consequences of pregnancy on the urinary tract or on the
      different types of surgical reconstruction. The indications for the type of
      delivery (natural passages or cesarean section) are discussed in the light of the
      author's personal experience and a review of the literature.

PMID- 3985574
TI  - [Impact of pregnancy on the bladder and urethra. Prospective study].
AB  - In connection with a prospective study of 200 expectant mothers, the authors
      discuss the disorders of the lower urinary tract in the course, and at the end,
      of pregnancy, which are reversible in the vast majority of cases. They also
      describe the physiopathological mechanisms of lasting sequelae and the
      precautions to be taken at the time of childbirth in women identified as high
      risk vesico-urethral cases.

PMID- 3985575
TI  - [Urinary tuberculosis and the pregnant woman].
AB  - A 35 years old woman presenting with urinary tuberculosis underwent classical
      antitubercular treatment. The ureteral stricture was treated by a winged
      catheter. This procedure, which is often effective, precludes the need for a
      difficult surgical operation in pregnant women.

PMID- 3985576
TI  - [Right ovarian vein syndrome].
AB  - Right ovarian vein syndrome is revealed in pregnancy by right lumbar pains, and
      even by nephritic colics. It results from a congenital malposition of the right
      ovarian vein, which presses the right ureter on the external iliac artery.
      Diagnosis is by intravenous urography and retrograde ureteral pyelography. If
      pain persists despite treatment by analgesics, it may be necessary to place a
      double-J catheter, and to operate after delivery to ligate the ovarian vein.

PMID- 3985578
TI  - Multiloculated fluid-blood level with subdural hematoma.

PMID- 3985577
TI  - Leptomeningeal metastases: reduction in regional cerebral blood flow and
      cognitive impairment.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with recently diagnosed leptomeningeal metastases underwent
      multiple diagnostic procedures in order to assess possible cerebral parenchymal
      involvement. Pretreatment studies included detailed neurological examination,
      computed tomographic scan, electroencephalogram, neuropsychological assessment,
      psychiatric evaluation, and measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
      using the xenon 133 inhalation technique. At diagnosis 50% of the patients had
      symptoms and signs of cerebral dysfunction. Computed tomographic scanning and
      electroencephalography detected abnormalities in 42% and 58%, respectively.
      Scoring was abnormally low on at least three neuropsychological tests in 93% of
      the patients. The mean rCBF was reduced in 88% of patients by 16.1 +/- 2.5% (mean
      +/- SEM; range, 8 to 45%) compared with age-matched controls (p less than 0.001).
      rCBF was reduced and cognition was impaired in patients with or without overt
      cerebral manifestations. Neuropsychological testing and rCBF measurement may be
      helpful in early detection of cerebral dysfunction in patients with
      leptomeningeal metastases.

PMID- 3985579
TI  - Quantitation of the synthesis of immunoglobulin G within the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 3985580
TI  - IgG production within the central nervous system: a critical review of proposed
      formulae.
AB  - Demonstration of intrathecal IgG production is employed in the diagnosis of
      various neurological disorders. This pathological IgG fraction in cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) can be visualized directly as oligoclonal bands by electrophoresis or
      isoelectric focusing or can be calculated as "excess" or "synthesized" IgG
      according to different formulae. A comparison of the results obtained with
      isoelectric focusing and with five formulae showed that even though three of the
      formulae discriminated well between a reference population and patients with
      multiple sclerosis, all five gave wrong and misleading results in the presence of
      blood-brain barrier damage, as defined by an abnormally raised CSF/serum albumin
      ratio. A mathematical and statistical evaluation of the different formulae showed
      only those based on covariance between CSF/serum IgG and CSF/serum albumin to be
      valid, and these only when values of CSF/serum albumin were normal. Among the
      five formulae the IgG index (equal to CSF/serum IgG:CSF/serum albumin) is unique
      in having a comparatively small and constant maximal relative error resulting
      from the variation coefficients of the IgG and albumin assays. In the case of
      blood-brain barrier damage, there exists currently no valid procedure to
      calculate intrathecally produced IgG; in such instances sensitive electrophoretic
      or isoelectric focusing methods demonstrating oligoclonal IgG bands are most
      appropriate to demonstrate intrathecal IgG production.

PMID- 3985581
TI  - The basis of intra-blood-brain-barrier IgG synthesis.
AB  - We hold that the intra-blood-brain-barrier (BBB) IgG synthesis (SYN) rate can be
      quantitated reliably and validly. Although several formulas distinguish patients
      with multiple sclerosis from normal controls equally well, only the SYN rate
      formula has been validated in humans using isotopic tracer techniques. Our
      formula for the IgG SYN rate is reducible to Reiber's formula; therefore, both
      can be used to quantify the IgG SYN rate in a manner not possible using the IgG
      index. Although our SYN rate formula has been validated for a modest range of BBB
      abnormalities (cerebrospinal fluid/serum albumin ratios), there is evidence to
      suggest that it may be used even in patients having severe BBB damage. We
      question the acceptance of unique cerebrospinal fluid IgG bands as indisputable
      evidence of intra-BBB IgG SYN in the presence of a modest to severely damaged
      BBB. Finally, the utility of quantitation and detection of intra-BBB IgG SYN by
      standardized methods in a group of asymptomatic, normal individuals compared with
      a group of patients with clinical definite multiple sclerosis is presented.

PMID- 3985582
TI  - Clinical and experimental neurotoxicity of 2-t-butylazo-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexane.
AB  - Seven workers developed weight loss, sensorimotor neuropathy, visual dysfunction,
      impaired mentation, and emotional lability shortly after the introduction of a
      new synthetic catalyst in a plant manufacturing reinforced bathtubs. The newly
      introduced catalyst, 2-t-butylazo-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexane, is shown to produce a
      similar syndrome in rats. Axonal degeneration of optic nerves, ascending and
      descending spinal tracts, and peripheral nerves appears to underlie this
      syndrome.

PMID- 3985583
TI  - High-resolution computed tomography in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Eighty-five patients were classified as having definite (n = 34), probable (n =
      18), or possible (n = 33) multiple sclerosis using the criteria of Poser. Each
      patient had an enhanced computed tomographic examination, and most had
      cerebrospinal fluid and evoked response studies at the same time. Abnormalities
      including focal decreased brain density, abnormal enhancement, and cerebrospinal
      fluid space enlargement were found in 62% of patients (85% of those with
      definite, 39% of those with probable, and 52% of those with possible multiple
      sclerosis), and abnormal enhancing areas were demonstrated in 29% (44% of those
      with definite, 17% of those with probable, and 21% of those with possible
      disease). In the subgroup of patients with definite multiple sclerosis and recent
      clinical exacerbation (within the prior 8 weeks), abnormal enhancement was
      present in 89%. There was a strong correlation between clinical exacerbation and
      abnormal contrast enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid studies (IgG, white blood cell
      count, total protein) had no correlation with exacerbation or abnormal
      enhancement. Maps of low-density and enhancing areas were similar to those
      previously described in postmortem studies. Computed tomography thus provides an
      in vivo, objective, and anatomically specific map of the brain parenchyma and the
      integrity of the blood-brain barrier that is useful in research studies
      evaluating the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It is also useful in patients in
      whom the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is suspected but not certain on the
      basis of clinical and laboratory evaluation.

PMID- 3985584
TI  - Idiopathic dystonia-parkinsonism with marked diurnal fluctuation of symptoms.
AB  - Studies were performed on 5 patients with idiopathic dystonia-parkinsonism, each
      of whom had minor dystonic movements and parkinsonian symptoms with marked
      diurnal fluctuation. Levels of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      were not different from those in controls. Considerable improvement in dystonic
      movements and parkinsonian symptoms was obtained with a small dose of L-dopa,
      trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, amantadine, or bromocriptine hydrochloride.
      Electrophysiological investigation confirmed that the dystonic movements, which
      became remarkably worsened on attempted movement, contributed importantly to the
      diurnal fluctuation of symptoms.

PMID- 3985585
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase activity in senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer type.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      samples from 36 individuals, including 12 persons with Alzheimer's disease, 12
      normal controls, and 12 patients with other dementias. AChE activity also was
      measured in 47 normal subjects whose ages ranged from 20 to 84 to evaluate the
      effect of age on AChE activity. CSF from patients with senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer type showed significantly lower mean AChE activity than in age-matched
      controls and patients with other dementia syndromes. No correlation was found
      between duration of illness, age, or severity of illness (as measured by the Mini
      Mental State Examination score) and CSF AChE activity in Alzheimer's disease.
      AChE increased significantly over the age range of 20 to 84. CSF AChE activity
      may prove to be a useful diagnostic test to confirm the clinical diagnosis of
      moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 3985586
TI  - Ocular palsy preceding chronic relapsing polyneuropathy by several weeks.
AB  - Three patients exhibited an unusual variant of chronic relapsing polyneuritis in
      which extraocular muscle palsies developed 19 days, 20 days, and 3 1/2 months,
      respectively, before the neuropathy affected the limbs. The peripheral neuropathy
      evolved over 7 to 12 weeks, lasted 15 months to 13 years, and relapsed in every
      case. Each patient had dysphagia, areflexia, sensory loss, and weakness of all
      four limbs, which in two was asymmetrical. Slowed motor nerve conduction and
      prolonged F wave latencies were present, and the cerebrospinal fluid protein
      level was elevated without increased cell count. No patient recovered fully
      despite treatment with immunosuppressant drugs.

PMID- 3985587
TI  - Autosomal recessive distal muscular dystrophy: a comparative study with distal
      myopathy with rimmed vacuole formation.
AB  - To clarify the clinical and morphological characteristics of distal muscular
      dystrophy, clinical and pathological material from 4 affected persons was
      compared with similar studies in 4 patients with distal myopathy with rimmed
      vacuole formation. Although these two forms of autosomal recessive distal
      myopathy with onset in young adulthood were highly similar in their clinical
      symptoms, histochemical and electron microscopic findings of muscles subjected to
      biopsy were quite different. The muscle abnormalities in distal muscular
      dystrophy were almost the same as those in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, showing
      massive fiber necrosis followed by active fiber regeneration. In contrast, distal
      myopathy with rimmed vacuole formation showed a progressive muscle fiber atrophy
      and loss, rimmed vacuoles in the sarcoplasm, and no apparent fiber necrosis or
      regeneration.

PMID- 3985588
TI  - Hypophysectomy mitigates skeletal muscle fiber damage in hamster dystrophy.
AB  - Ablation of the pituitary gland by a radiofrequency lesion markedly retarded the
      musculoskeletal growth of young dystrophic hamsters. The prevalence of
      centronucleated muscle fibers, which is a reliable cumulative index of the
      microscopic pathological expression of dystrophy, was drastically reduced in
      quadriceps muscles of 35- and 45-day-old hypophysectomized dystrophic hamsters,
      compared with sham-operated controls. Mitigation of skeletal muscle fiber damage
      by musculoskeletal growth retardation may also occur in human dystrophy.

PMID- 3985589
TI  - In vivo estimation of muscle protein synthesis in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - The rate of muscle protein synthesis in patients with myotonic dystrophy has been
      studied, and results correlated with total muscle mass. Whole body and skeletal
      muscle protein synthesis were estimated by stable isotope methodology with a
      primed, continuous infusion of 1-[13C]leucine with measurement of incorporation
      of [13C]leucine into muscle protein in biopsy samples. Whole body leucine flux,
      protein synthesis, and protein breakdown were only slightly depressed, but muscle
      protein synthesis was markedly decreased, in myotonic dystrophy. This depression
      of muscle protein synthesis in myotonic dystrophy correlates with previous
      observations of impaired insulin-induced muscle uptake of amino acids and
      supports the suggestion that muscle wasting in this disease is the consequence of
      defective anabolism in muscle.

PMID- 3985590
TI  - The frequency of multiple sclerosis in Italy: a descriptive study in Ferrara.
AB  - Results of intensive prevalence surveys on multiple sclerosis carried out in
      different small regions of Italy have suggested that this country falls into the
      high-frequency zone for the disease. To verify this hypothesis by studying a
      large population, we conducted intensive incidence and prevalence survey in the
      province of Ferrara, northern Italy (mean population, 386,000). Based on 128
      patients, the mean incidence per year for the period 1965 through 1979 was 2.2
      cases per 100,000. On October 24, 1981, the prevalence rate was 46.1 cases per
      100,000. The results support the view that northern Italy is a high-risk area for
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 3985591
TI  - Electrophysiological analysis of the mode of action of muscle relaxants in
      spasticity.
AB  - Variations in four electrophysiological tests (H/M, T/M, vibratory inhibition,
      and recovery curve of Hoffmann's reflex following stimulation at the ankle) were
      studied following a single administration of four myorelaxant drugs: diazepam (10
      mg intramuscularly), baclofen (20 mg intramuscularly), tizanidine (4 mg orally),
      and idrocilamide (60 mg intramuscularly). Fifty-one spastic patients, divided
      into four groups, were tested. All four drugs reduced the H/M and T/M ratios very
      slightly. Only diazepam and tizanidine reinforced vibratory inhibition. Diazepam
      and tizanidine did not modify the abnormal recovery curves, however, whereas
      baclofen and idrocilamide did. Reinforcement of vibratory inhibition suggests an
      increase in presynaptic inhibition mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid; changes
      in recovery curves are likely due to modifications of interneuronal reactivity.
      Matching myorelaxants to the predominant pathophysiological abnormality detected
      by electrophysiological exploration may lead to better treatment of spasticity.

PMID- 3985592
TI  - Crystalline encephalopathy: cerebral immunoprotein deposits and isolated
      angiitis.
AB  - Brain biopsy specimens from a 38-year-old woman with adversive seizures and
      bifrontal mass lesions evident on computed tomographic scans showed extracellular
      and intracellular deposits of crystallized proteins. These were morphologically
      identical to the immunoglobulin crystals seen in reactive or neoplastic plasma
      cells and by peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods were found to contain polyclonal
      immunoglobulins. In addition, severe angiitis of the intracerebral blood vessels
      was present.

PMID- 3985593
TI  - Comparative in vitro antibacterial activity of Sch 34343, a novel penem
      antibiotic.
AB  - Using agar and broth dilutions, Sch 34343 was found to be highly active against
      gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic
      bacteria, with the exceptions of enterococci, methicillin-resistant
      staphylococci, and Pseudomonas spp., which were resistant. Comparisons were made
      with imipenem, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, gentamicin, clindamycin, and
      metronidazole.

PMID- 3985594
TI  - Susceptibility of intra- and extracellular Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare to
      cephem antibiotics.
AB  - Intra- and extracellular susceptibility of 35 clinically isolated Mycobacterium
      avium-intracellulare strains to cefotaxime (CTX), ceftizoxime (CZX), and
      cefoperazone was studied. MICs for 50% of the isolates in vitro were 6.25
      micrograms/ml for CTX and CZX and 25 micrograms/ml for cefoperazone. A strain
      susceptible to CTX (MIC, 0.78 micrograms/ml) and CZX (MIC, 1.56 micrograms/ml)
      infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of 20%
      autologous plasma. The mycobacteria replicated exclusively in monocytes under the
      above culture condition. Concentrations of CZX 1- to 16-fold higher than its in
      vitro MIC had little effect on intracellular replication of the strain. A
      concentration of CTX 16-fold higher than its in vitro MIC was bacteriostatic to
      the mycobacteria, but CTX of lower concentrations showed no effect on
      intracellular replication. Thus, ineffectiveness of the cephems on the therapy of
      M. avium-intracellulare infection was suggested.

PMID- 3985595
TI  - Inosine analogs as chemotherapeutic agents for African trypanosomes: metabolism
      in trypanosomes and efficacy in tissue culture.
AB  - Certain purine analogs, the pyrazolopyrimidines, are effective chemotherapeutic
      agents against Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi both in vitro and in some
      clinical models. Heretofore they have not been effective against the African
      trypanosomes; this suggested that these organisms were not comparable to the
      other pathogens with respect to their purine metabolism. We have studied the
      efficacy and metabolism of the pyrazolopyrimidine bases allopurinol and
      thiopurinol, their respective ribonucleosides, and the C-nucleosides formycin B
      and 9-deazainosine in Trypanosoma brucei subsp. gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei
      subsp. rhodesiense. The efficacy of these compounds was dependent on the purine
      content of the culture medium. The C-nucleosides were the most effective, with
      90% effective doses for formycin B and 9-deazainosine of 0.01 and 2
      micrograms/ml, respectively. Metabolism was the same in both the bloodstream and
      culture forms and identical to that reported for Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi.
      Both agents were phosphorylated to the ribonucleotide and then aminated to
      produce adenine nucleotide analogs. Growth inhibition studies were performed with
      three inosine analogs (allopurinol riboside, formycin B, and 9-deazainosine) on
      trypomastigotes grown in bone marrow tissue culture. Both C-nucleosides
      eradicated the infection at a concentration of 0.25 micrograms/ml. Unlike
      formycin B, 9-deazainosine is not known to be aminated by mammalian cells and
      appears to be relatively nontoxic in three different mammalian tissue culture
      systems. This nucleoside was very active against all pathogenic leishmaniae and
      trypanosomes investigated and is worthy of further study.

PMID- 3985597
TI  - In vitro activities of 47 antimicrobial agents against three Campylobacter spp.
      from pigs.
AB  - The in vitro activities of 47 antimicrobial agents against 30 isolates of
      Campylobacter species from pigs were determined by the agar dilution technique.
      The isolates were obtained from pigs with proliferative enteritis and included 10
      strains each of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis, and
      "Campylobacter hyointestinalis Gebhart et al." (this name is not on the Approved
      Lists). Carbadox, furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, and dimetridazole
      were the most active drugs, inhibiting all three Campylobacter species with a MIC
      for 50% of the isolates of 2 micrograms/ml or less. Trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole, cefazolin, sulfachloropyridazine, novobiocin, vancomycin,
      sulfathiazole, cyclohexamide, bacitracin, p-arsanilic acid, and colistin were the
      least active, with MICs for 50% of the isolates ranging from 16 to greater than
      or equal to 128 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 3985596
TI  - Antibiotic uptake by alveolar macrophages of smokers.
AB  - Cigarette smoking, particularly when associated with chronic pulmonary disease,
      increases the risk of respiratory tract infection. Thus, we elevated the uptake
      of antibiotics by alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage
      from persons who smoke and have associated pulmonary abnormalities, circumstances
      which adversely affect certain macrophage functions. The entry of radiolabeled
      drugs into AM was determined by a velocity-gradient centrifugation technique, and
      uptake was expressed as the ratio of cellular to extracellular antibiotic
      concentration (C/E). Cefamandole and penicillin G were taken up poorly by the AM
      obtained from smokers (C/E less than or equal to 1). Cellular levels of
      isoniazid, gentamicin, and tetracycline were similar to their extracellular
      concentrations. The lipid-soluble drugs lincomycin, chloramphenicol, and rifampin
      were concentrated severalfold by the AM from smokers (C/E = 3 to 11). Ethambutol
      also entered macrophages readily (C/E = 11). Erythromycin and clindamycin were
      massively concentrated by the AM from smokers (C/E = 23 to 56). The AM of smokers
      accumulated a lipid-soluble antibiotic (rifampin) and actively transported agents
      (erythromycin propionate, clindamycin) more avidly than did the AM of nonsmokers.
      Augmented uptake of these antibiotics by the AM of smokers may be related to
      structural and functional alterations induced by smoking.

PMID- 3985598
TI  - Penetration and clearance of cefoperazone and moxalactam in pleural fluid.
AB  - The penetration of cefoperazone and moxalactam into pleural fluid was studied in
      11 patients after intravenous infusion of 2-g doses of these agents. Clearance of
      these agents from pleural fluid was studied in seven patients after instillation
      of 1-g doses into the pleural space. The concentrations in pleural fluid after
      intravenous infusion of 2-g doses reached a peak of 7 to 25 micrograms/ml for
      cefoperazone and 9 to 35 micrograms/ml for moxalactam at 4 to 6 h after
      administration. These levels exceeded reported MICs for most susceptible
      organisms. The elimination half-life of both agents was about two to five times
      longer in pleural fluid than in serum. These prolonged elimination rates of both
      agents might be of great advantage for killing bacteria in the pleural space.

PMID- 3985600
TI  - Comparative in vitro activity of cefbuperazone against anaerobic bacteria
      isolated from community hospitals.
AB  - The activity of cefbuperazone against 266 strains of anaerobic bacteria was
      determined by the agar dilution method and compared with cefoxitin, moxalactam,
      piperacillin, and clindamycin. All strains were recent clinical isolates from
      community hospitals. All agents tested showed good activity against Bacteroides
      fragilis, Fusobacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp., Clostridium septicum,
      Clostridium perfringens, and the anaerobic, gram-positive cocci and gram-negative
      cocci. Cefbuperazone, cefoxitin, and moxalactam had poor activity against
      Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides distasonis. The
      susceptibility of other Clostridium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Eubacterium
      lentum was variable. Our community hospital isolates showed a difference in
      susceptibility patterns from those reported from university and research centers.
      This supports the recommendation that clinical microbiology laboratories,
      including those in community hospitals, need to perform susceptibility testing on
      representative clinical isolates.

PMID- 3985599
TI  - Activities of the tetrahydrofuran derivative, BA-41,799, against Plasmodium
      cynomolgi infections in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - BA-41,799, a tetrahydrofuran derivative that at one time attracted considerable
      interest as an antimalarial agent because of a combination of structural novelty
      with activities against infections with Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium berghei
      yoelii in mice, has been evaluated for its capacities to effect prophylaxis and
      radical cure in rhesus monkeys challenged or already infected with sporozoites of
      the drug-susceptible Ro strain or the pyrimethamine-resistant Ro/PM strain of
      Plasmodium cynomolgi, and for its capacity to effect suppressive cure of
      infections with trophozoites of these strains. At doses up to the maximum
      tolerated, BA-41,799 had only marginal activity against infections with the Ro
      strain and none against the Ro/PM strain. On the basis of past experiences, the
      above results suggest that BA-41,799 would have little to offer for prophylaxis,
      radical cure, or suppression of human infections with Plasmodium vivax.

PMID- 3985602
TI  - Once-daily ceftriaxone therapy for serious bacterial infections in children.
AB  - Ceftriaxone administered as a single daily dose of 50 mg/kg was evaluated in the
      treatment of 35 children with a variety of nonmeningitic bacterial infections. In
      two of the patients, the drug was discontinued before the response to the drug
      could be evaluated. All of the remaining patients had a satisfactory response. In
      22 of the patients, plasma was available for the determination of ceftriaxone
      levels 1 h after a dose and immediately before the next dose. All but one of
      these patients had trough ceftriaxone levels which exceeded the MIC of the
      infecting organism, although marginally so for Staphylococcus aureus. Ceftriaxone
      appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of a variety of bacterial
      pathogens in children when administered at a single daily dose of 50 mg/kg. This
      drug may be especially useful in those patients in whom outpatient antibiotic
      therapy is contemplated or in whom maintenance of intravenous access is
      difficult.

PMID- 3985601
TI  - Involvement of oxidative damage in erythrocyte lysis induced by amphotericin B.
AB  - Lysis of human erythrocytes induced by amphotericin B was retarded when the
      oxygen tension of the incubation mixture was reduced or when the antioxidant
      catalase was added; lysis was accelerated when cells were preincubated with the
      prooxidant ascorbate. In the atmosphere of reduced oxygen tension, the
      erythrocytes containing carboxyhemoglobin lysed at a slower rate than did the
      cells containing oxyhemoglobin. Consistent with a role for oxidative damage in
      lysis, the mixture of erythrocytes and amphotericin B showed an increase in
      malonyldialdehyde, the product of peroxidation, which paralleled the progression
      of hemolysis. In contrast, the permeabilizing effect of amphotericin B, measured
      as a decrease in intracellular K+, was not affected by changes in oxygen tension,
      catalase, or ascorbate treatment. These results imply that oxidant damage is
      involved in the lytic, but not in the permeabilizing, action of amphotericin B.

PMID- 3985603
TI  - Single-dose pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in healthy Chinese adults.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone were investigated in six healthy mainland
      Chinese adults (four males and two females). A single 1.0-g dose was administered
      intravenously or intramuscularly in a two-way crossover design. Plasma and saliva
      samples were collected on 11 occasions between 0 and 36 h after dosing.
      Ceftriaxone was not detected in any saliva samples. The mean volume of
      distribution and mean elimination half-life of ceftriaxone in plasma were 8.5
      liters and 8.1 h, respectively. The mean total body clearance after intravenous
      administration was 0.68 liter/h. The mean Tmax and Cmax after intramuscular
      injection were 1.4 h and 131 micrograms/ml, respectively. The area under the
      plasma concentration-time curves after intravenous and intramuscular
      administrations were 1,507 and 1,493 micrograms X h/ml, respectively. The
      bioavailability for a 1.0-g intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone was calculated to
      be 100%. These pharmacokinetic parameters for ceftriaxone in healthy Chinese
      adults were very similar to those previously reported in the literature. Thus,
      ceftriaxone may be administered to treat Chinese patients without any major
      modification in the standard dosing regimen.

PMID- 3985605
TI  - Isolation and preliminary characterization of erythromycin-resistant variants of
      Legionella micdadei and Legionella pneumophila.
AB  - Erythromycin-resistant Legionella spp. variants were obtained by a single passage
      of the naturally occurring bacteria on medium containing various concentrations
      of erythromycin. By disk diffusion susceptibility testing, at least three
      different phenotypic patterns of cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and
      streptogramin B antibiotics were observed among the 26 erythromycin-resistant
      strains examined.

PMID- 3985604
TI  - Single-dose tinidazole for the treatment of giardiasis.
AB  - Sixty-three expatriate residents and travellers in Bangladesh, infected with
      Giardia lamblia, participated in two studies to compare the therapeutic efficacy
      of tinidazole and metronidazole. In the first trial 33 randomly selected patients
      were treated with tinidazole (50 mg/kg of body weight to a maximum of 2 g) or
      metronidazole (60 mg/kg of body weight to a maximum of 2.4 g) in a single oral
      dose. Patients were followed for 4 weeks after the end of therapy for the
      presence of G. lamblia in their stools. Sixteen (94%) of 17 patients receiving
      tinidazole were free of G. lamblia during that period, compared to only 9 (56%)
      of 16 patients who had received metronidazole (P less than 0.02). In the second
      trial patients were randomly allocated to a treatment schedule of either
      metronidazole as a single dose on 3 successive days (50 mg/kg of body weight to a
      maximum of 2 g daily) or tinidazole as a single oral dose (50 mg/kg of body
      weight to a maximum of 2 g). All 15 patients treated with tinidazole and 14 (93%)
      of 15 patients treated with metronidazole were free of G. lamblia during the 4
      week follow-up period. A single oral dose of tinidazole is a highly effective
      treatment for giardiasis and is equal in efficacy to a 3-day therapy with
      metronidazole.

PMID- 3985606
TI  - Mode of action of ribavirin: effect of nucleotide pool alterations on influenza
      virus ribonucleoprotein synthesis.
AB  - Ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, is a broad spectrum antiviral agent which is
      effective in the treatment of influenza. In this study, the effect of ribavirin
      on influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) synthesis and nucleotide pool sizes
      was simultaneously measured. Ribavirin (100 microM) reduced viral RNP synthesis
      94% as measured by UTP incorporation. Intracellular GTP pools, measured by high
      performance liquid chromatography, were reduced approximately 45% in ribavirin
      treated cells, while other nucleotides remained near control values. Attempts to
      reverse ribavirin's inhibitory effects on viral RNP synthesis by addition of
      exogenous guanosine (50 microM) resulted in only a partial restoration of viral
      RNP synthesis, despite full restoration of the GTP pool. Dose-response
      experiments indicated that the GTP pool was significantly reduced (65% of
      control) at 25 microM ribavirin, and increasing concentrations of the drug caused
      only a small further reduction in the GTP pool (5-10% at 100 microM). In
      contrast, RNP synthesis was inhibited by 50% at 25 microM ribavirin and was
      further decreased to 5% of control at 100 microM ribavirin. Thus, ribavirin's
      antiviral activity may result from a reduction of the GTP pool size combined with
      direct effects on viral replicative enzymes.

PMID- 3985607
TI  - Effect of ribavirin triphosphate on primer generation and elongation during
      influenza virus transcription in vitro.
AB  - These studies examine the effect of ribavirin triphosphate (RTP) on two
      replicative functions associated with influenza virus nucleocapsids, primer
      generation and its subsequent elongation. To study primer generation influenza
      virus cores were added to beta-globin mRNA in the presence of only [32P]GTP. To
      examine elongation, ATP and CTP were added to the reaction mixture to permit
      limited elongation, and products from both reactions were separated on
      polyacrylamide gels and quantified. Under these conditions, the 50% inhibitory
      concentration of RTP for primer generation was 3.0 mM, and the 50% inhibitory
      concentration for elongation was 0.6 mM. RNA polymerase activity associated with
      cores isolated from clinical strains of influenza A and B viruses reacted as did
      the laboratory strain of influenza virus and was equally susceptible to
      inhibition by RTP.

PMID- 3985608
TI  - Fermentation by a new daunomycin-producing organism, Streptomyces insignis ATCC
      31913.
AB  - A new organism belonging to the grey series of streptomycetes is described which
      produces 55 to 75 micrograms of daunomycin per ml in a sparged fermentor. This
      organism is not taxonomically related to other known daunomycin producers. Its
      proposed name in Streptomyces insignis ATCC 31913.

PMID- 3985609
TI  - Legionella anisa: a new species of Legionella isolated from potable waters and a
      cooling tower.
AB  - Between March 1980 and June 1981, five strains of Legionella-like organisms were
      isolated from water. Four were recovered from potable water collected from
      hospitals in Chicago, Ill., and Los Angeles, Calif., during outbreaks of
      nosocomial legionellosis. The fifth strain was isolated from water collected from
      an industrial cooling tower in Jamestown, N.Y. The strains exhibited biochemical
      reactions typical of Legionella species and were gram-negative motile rods which
      grew on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar but not on blood agar, required
      cysteine, and were catalase positive, urease negative, nitrate negative,
      hippurate negative, and nonfermentative. All strains were positive for oxidase
      and beta-lactamase and produced a brown, diffusible pigment. Of the five strains,
      four exhibited blue-white autofluorescence under long-wavelength UV light. The
      fatty-acid composition and ubiquinone content of these strains were consistent
      with those of other Legionella species. Direct fluorescent-antibody examination
      of the five strains with conjugates to previously described Legionella species
      demonstrated no cross-reactions except with the conjugates to L. longbeachae
      serogroup 2 and L. bozemanii serogroup 2. Four strains gave a 4+ reaction to the
      L. longbeachae serogroup 2 conjugate and the fifth strain gave a 1+ reaction.
      Each of the five strains gave a 4+ reaction with the conjugate to L. bozemanii
      serogroup 2. DNAs from the five strains were highly related (84 to 99%) and
      showed 5 to 57% relatedness to other Legionella species. These strains constitute
      a new species in the genus Legionella, and the name Legionella anisa sp. nov. is
      proposed. The type strain of L. anisa is WA-316-C3 (ATCC 35292).

PMID- 3985610
TI  - Optimum conditions for ursodeoxycholic acid production from lithocholic acid by
      Fusarium equiseti M41.
AB  - Ursodeoxycholic acid dissolves cholesterol gallstones in humans. In the present
      study optimum conditions for ursodeoxycholic acid production by Fusarium equiseti
      M41 were studied. Resting mycelia of F. equiseti M41 showed maximum conversion at
      28 degrees C, pH 8.0, and dissolved oxygen tension of higher than 60% saturation.
      Monovalent cations, such as Na+, K+, and Rb+, stimulated the conversion rate more
      than twofold. In the presence of 0.5 M KCl, the initial uptake rate and
      equilibrium concentration of lithocholic acid (substrate) were enhanced by 5.7-
      and 1.7-fold, respectively. We confirmed that enzyme activity catalyzing 7 beta
      hydroxylation of lithocholic acid was induced by substrate lithocholic acid. The
      activity in the mycelium was controlled by dissolved oxygen tension during
      cultivation: with a dissolved oxygen tension of 15% and over, the activity peak
      appeared at 25 h of cultivation, whereas the peak was delayed to 34 and 50 h with
      5 and 0% dissolved oxygen tension, respectively. After reaching the maximum, the
      7 beta-hydroxylation activity in the mycelium declined rapidly at pH 7.0, but the
      decline was retarded by increasing the pH to 8.0. Several combinations of
      operations, such as pH shift (from pH 7 to 8), addition of 0.5 M KCl, and
      dissolved oxygen control, were applied to the production of ursodeoxycholic acid
      in a jar fermentor, and a much larger amount of ursodeoxycholic acid (1.2
      g/liter) was produced within 96 h of cultivation.

PMID- 3985611
TI  - N-cyclo-[Leu5]enkephalin: a rational approach for the synthesis of
      conformationally restricted cyclic pentapeptides.
AB  - The enkephalins are neuropeptides belonging to the class of endogenous opioids.
      The conformationally restricted analog, N-cyclo-[Leu5]enkephalin, was recently
      synthesized. Since the synthesis of cyclic pentapeptides which lack proline and
      contain amino acids with bulky side chains is problematic, the synthesis,
      purification, and analytical characterization of N-cyclo-[Leu5]enkephalin is
      described in detail. This conformationally restricted cyclic pentapeptide was
      prepared from H-Gly-Phe-Leu-[O-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)-Tyr]-Gly-NHNH2, which was
      synthesized by the solid-phase method of peptide synthesis. Cyclization was
      accomplished through an azide intermediate at high dilution, using high-pressure
      liquid chromatography to monitor the reaction. The desired cyclic monomer was
      isolated and purified by semipreparative HPLC. The structure of the purified
      cyclic product was confirmed by multiple chemical techniques including amino acid
      analysis, lack of an amino terminus (as assessed by reaction with ninhydrin and
      Edman reagent), and mass spectroscopy.

PMID- 3985612
TI  - Initiation factors eIF4A and C1 from wheat germ and the formation of mRNA X
      ribosome complexes.
AB  - The binding of ribosomes to mRNA is analyzed in a fractionated system from wheat
      germ with [3H]uridine-labeled poly(A)+ RNA prepared from germinating wheat
      embryos. The reaction requires factors eIF3, eIF4C, and eIF5; Met-tRNA and the
      Met-tRNA binding system; either GTP or GMP-PNP; ATP; and factors C1 and eIF4A.
      These requirements are identical to those previously found to be necessary for
      formation of ribosome X Met-tRNAMeti complexes, with the exception of ATP, and
      factors C1 and eIF4A. The function of factors C1 and eIF4A is therefore
      specifically related to the mRNA attachment reaction. The presence of GTP in the
      mRNA binding reaction results in the formation of 80 S ribosome complexes, while
      with GMP-PNP only 40 S ribosome complexes are formed. Ribosome binding to native
      reovirus RNA in the fractionated wheat germ system is similar to the reaction
      with poly(A)+ RNA, strongly requiring ATP and factors C1 and eIF4A. Binding to
      inosine-substituted reovirus RNA, however, is only partially dependent upon ATP,
      and both the ATP-dependent and the ATP-independent binding reactions strongly
      require factor C1 and are substantially stimulated by factor eIF4A. The ATP
      independent reaction is inhibited by pm7GDP, has a strong requirement for Met
      tRNAMeti, and the 40 S ribosome complex is stable to RNase. These results
      indicate that the ATP-independent binding of ribosomes to inosine-substituted
      reovirus RNA proceeds through the normal initiation process. They further suggest
      that neither factor C1 nor eIF4A function exclusively to unwind mRNA secondary
      structure. Since eIF4A is required for the ATP-independent binding to inosine
      mRNA, and at the same time interacts with ATP in the reaction with ATP-requiring
      mRNAs, this factor may have two roles in protein chain initiation, one related to
      the mRNA X ribosome interaction, and one related to the function of ATP.

PMID- 3985613
TI  - Globin proteins of the normal and anemic duck.
AB  - The red blood cells of normal adult ducks contain two main hemoglobins. The most
      abundant type, HbA, comprises approximately 80% of the total, with the remaining
      20% being made up of HbD. An attempt was made to determine whether during
      hemolytic anemia a special alpha globin chain (alpha s) replaces the alpha chain
      of HbA found in normal animals. This special stress alpha globin, whose existence
      has been seriously questioned, was originally postulated to explain the sequence
      discrepancies obtained between alpha chains of normal and anemic chickens and
      ducks. Using gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and HPLC peptide mapping
      techniques no qualitative differences between the alpha A globins of normal and
      anemic animals were found. The nature of the beta globin chains present in adult
      ducks has also never been rigorously established. In this work, a variety of
      techniques, including HPLC, gel electrophoresis, and microcolumn amino acid
      analysis, were used to examine the beta chains from each hemoglobin. Using these
      methods, no differences were found between the beta globin chains of the two
      hemoglobins.

PMID- 3985614
TI  - A toxic thionin from Pyrularia pubera: purification, properties, and amino acid
      sequence.
AB  - A low-molecular-weight cytotoxic protein has been purified from Pyrularia pubera
      Michx. (Santalaceae). By comparison with the behavior of proteins of known
      molecular weight during Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and denaturing
      electrophoresis, a molecular weight of somewhat less than 6000 is indicated.
      Purification involves ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by either gel
      filtration on Sephadex G-75 or separation on a carboxymethyl cellulose CM52
      column. At concentrations of 0.04 mg/ml the protein causes visible disruption of
      cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells. The complete amino acid sequence has been
      determined. The toxin contains 47 amino acids arranged as follows:Lys-Ser-Cys-Cys
      Arg-Asn-Thr-Trp-Ala-Arg-Asn-C ys-Tyr-Asn-Val-Cys-Arg-Leu-Pro-Gly-Thr-Ile-Ser-Arg
      Glu-Ile-Cys-Ala-Lys- Lys-Cys-Asp-Cys-Lys-Ile-Ile-Ser-Gly-Thr-Thr-Cys-Pro-Ser-Asp
      Tyr-Pro-Ly s-OH. The protein is clearly a thionin, as shown by its close
      resemblance to the thionins from wheat and barley, to the viscotoxins from
      mistletoes, and to crambin.

PMID- 3985615
TI  - Cumene hydroperoxide effected hydroperoxidation by cytochrome P-450.
AB  - 9-Methylfluorene was found to be oxygenated to 9-hydroperoxy-9-methylfluorene and
      9-hydroxy-9-methylfluorene by cytochrome P-450 in the presence of cumene
      hydroperoxide. Molecular oxygen is required and carbon monoxide is inhibitory.
      The reaction is inhibited by SKF-525A and metyrapone. Metyrapone and cumene
      hydroperoxide also retard the conversion of 9-hydroperoxy-9-methylfluorene to 9
      hydroxy-9-methylfluorene. The reaction is different from hydroperoxide-supported
      oxygenation, since the cumene hydroperoxide appears to act as an effector of the
      enzyme rather than oxygen donor. It is suggested that substrates with stable
      radicals can be dioxygenated in this manner.

PMID- 3985616
TI  - Hydroperoxidation by cytochrome P-450 oxygenase: metabolism of 9-methylfluorene.
AB  - 9-Methylfluorene was metabolized by rat liver microsomes to 9-hydroperoxy-9
      methylfluorene and 9-hydroxy-9-methylfluorene. The results were confirmed by
      using a reconstituted cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system purified from
      phenobarbital-induced rat liver which established its involvement. SKF-525A
      strongly inhibited the formation of both oxygenation products. Cytochrome P-450
      alone brought about the conversion of the hydroperoxide to its alcohol. NADPH
      augmented the peroxidative reaction, but the presence of NADPH-cytochrome P-450
      reductase was without effect. Certain microsomal preparations and reconstituted
      enzyme yielded little or no detectable amounts of hydroperoxide. This was due to
      a too rapid conversion of the hydroperoxide to its alcohol. The addition of
      metyrapone, a compound that inhibited such conversion, resulted in accumulation
      of 9-hydroperoxy-9-methylfluorene for positive identification. Incubation of 9
      methylfluorene with microsomes and NADPH resulted in covalent binding of its
      metabolite to microsomal proteins. Incubation of 14C-labeled 9-hydroperoxy-9
      methylfluorene caused covalent binding of label to proteins, RNA, and DNA.

PMID- 3985617
TI  - Purification and characterization of two leaf polypeptide inhibitors of leaf
      protease from alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
AB  - Two polypeptides with antiproteolytic activities have been isolated from alfalfa
      leaves. Polypeptide I resembles the previously described plant protease
      inhibitors in both structural and functional features; it has a molecular weight
      of 15,000, a random coil secondary structure, and inhibits exogenous protease as
      well as alfalfa leaf protease. Polypeptide II is a novel type of plant inhibitor
      with a molecular weight of 6300 and a highly organized structure with a high (40
      50%) alpha-helix content. It only inhibits endogenous protease with a molar
      stoichiometry polypeptide/enzyme protein of 1.

PMID- 3985618
TI  - Regulation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase: kinetic modulation independent
      of subunit interaction.
AB  - Porcine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), a dimeric enzyme
      of Mr = 70,000, is both allosterically activated and inhibited by citrate. Using
      an affinity elution procedure based upon citrate binding to malate dehydrogenase,
      the isolation of pure heterodimer (a dimeric species with one active subunit and
      one iodoacetamide-inactivated subunit) has been achieved. Investigations
      utilizing this heterodimer in conjunction with resin-bound monomers of malate
      dehydrogenase have allowed the formulation of a definite conclusion concerning
      the role of subunit interactions in catalysis and regulation of this enzyme. The
      citrate kinetic effects, oxaloacetate inhibition, malate activation, and the
      effects of 2-thenoyl-trifluoroacetone (TTFA) are shown to be independent of
      interaction between catalytically active subunits. Previous kinetic data thought
      to support a reciprocating catalytic mechanism for this enzyme may be
      reinterpreted upon closer analysis in relation to an allosteric, conformationally
      specific binding model for malate dehydrogenase.

PMID- 3985619
TI  - Novel features of prephenate aminotransferase from cell cultures of Nicotiana
      silvestris.
AB  - A prephenate aminotransferase enzyme that produces L-arogenate was demonstrated
      in extracts from cultured-cell populations of Nicotiana silvestris. The enzyme
      was very active with low concentrations of prephenate, but required high
      concentrations of phenylpyruvate or 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to produce activity
      levels that were detectable. It is the most specific prephenate aminotransferase
      described to date from any source. Only L-glutamate and L-aspartate were
      effective amino-donor substrates. Prephenate concentrations greater than 1 mM
      produced substrate inhibition, an effect antagonized by increasing concentrations
      of L-glutamate cosubstrate. The enzyme was stable to storage for at least a month
      in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, EDTA, and glycerol, and exhibited an
      unusually high temperature optimum of 70 degrees C. The identity of L-arogenate
      formed during catalysis was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography.
      DEAE-cellulose chromatography revealed two aromatic aminotransferase activities
      that were distinct from prephenate aminotransferase and which did not require the
      three protectants for stability. The aromatic aminotransferases were active with
      phenylpyruvate or 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate as substrates, but not with prephenate.
      Both of the latter enzymes were similar in substrate specificity, and each
      exhibited a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C for catalysis. The primary in
      vivo function of the two aromatic aminotransferases is probably to transaminate
      between the aspartate/2-ketoglutarate and glutamate/oxaloacetate couples, since
      activities with the latter substrate combinations were an order of magnitude
      greater than with aromatic substrates. The demonstrated existence of a specific
      prephenate aminotransferase in N. silvestris meshes with other evidence
      supporting an important role for L-arogenate in tyrosine and phenylalanine
      biosynthesis in higher plants.

PMID- 3985621
TI  - Adenosine aminohydrolase activity in the regenerating rat liver.
AB  - The specific activity of adenosine aminohydrolase in the regenerating rat liver
      is significantly increased 12 h after partial hepatectomy. There is a twofold
      increase in enzyme activity at 48 h, after which the activity begins to decline.
      However, increased values still persist 7 days postsurgery. The enzyme is located
      mainly in the soluble supernatant (90-95%) of the cell. The purified enzyme from
      48-h regenerating liver and control liver has similar kinetic properties (Km 54
      58 microM for adenosine), similar molecular weights (30,000-35,000), and are
      equally inhibited by an irreversible transition-state analog and a reversible
      competitive inhibitor. It is concluded that adenosine aminohydrolase in
      regenerating liver is an integral component of a salvage pathway designed for the
      reutilization of nucleotides, and thus helps maintain a "growth state" for the
      regenerating liver.

PMID- 3985620
TI  - Phospholipase activities of the P388D1 macrophage-like cell line.
AB  - The murine macrophage (M phi) cell line, P388D1, was employed as a source of M
      phi phospholipases in order to characterize the enzymatic properties and
      subcellular localization of these enzymes because of their importance for
      prostaglandin biosynthesis. Phospholipase activity was assessed with
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as substrate. Phospholipases were
      characterized with respect to divalent cation dependence, pH optima, and
      localization in subcellular compartments using linear sucrose gradients. By these
      criteria a number of different phospholipases were identified. Most importantly,
      a single Ca2+-dependent activity with a pH optimum of 8.8 was identified in
      membrane-rich fractions (plasma membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic
      reticulum) and could be clearly separated from the remaining activities, which
      are Ca2+ independent and exhibit pH optima of 7.5, 5.1, and 4.2. The
      phospholipases with acidic pH optima may be associated with subcellular
      components containing lysosomal enzymes and both phospholipase A1 and
      phospholipase A2 activities are observed. In contrast, the phospholipase activity
      with a pH optimum of 7.5 sediments with the cytosolic proteins and is inhibited
      by 5 mM Ca2+. No significant phospholipase C activity was detected in assays
      performed with or without added Ca2+ at pH's 4.2, 5.1, 7.5, or 8.8 using DPPC as
      substrate. However, the P388D1 cells do contain a lysophospholipase that is at
      least 20 times more active than the phospholipase A activities identified. Its
      presence must be taken into account in evaluating the positional specificities
      and properties of the macrophage phospholipases.

PMID- 3985622
TI  - Characterization of cell surface glycoproteins recognized by the granulocyte
      specific monoclonal antibody, AHN-1.
AB  - Major surface-iodinated proteins of Mr 105,000 and 145,000 of normal human
      neutrophils are immunoprecipitated by a number of monoclonal antibodies (AHN-1 to
      AHN-6), which react specifically with granulocytes among peripheral blood cells
      and selectively inhibit phagocytosis. These proteins, and an Mr 60,000 component,
      were purified by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography, molecular sieve
      chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each of the
      three purified proteins was immunoprecipitated by all six antibodies.
      Nevertheless, tryptic peptide maps of the three proteins indicated that each was
      a distinct component. AHN-1 to AHN-6 also bound to glycolipid fractions of human
      neutrophils, and the binding of each antibody to human neutrophils was blocked by
      the carbohydrate sequences, lacto-N-fucopentaose III. The data indicate that a
      predominant antigenic determinant of human neutrophils is lacto-N-fucopentaose
      III, or related carbohydrates, present on three distinct proteins as well as
      glycolipids. At least one of these molecules appears to be involved in the
      process of phagocytosis.

PMID- 3985623
TI  - Properties of a microsomal enzyme system from Linum usitatissimum (linen flax)
      which oxidizes valine to acetone cyanohydrin and isoleucine to 2-methylbutanone
      cyanohydrin.
AB  - Microsomal preparations from flax seedlings have recently been shown to convert L
      valine to acetone cyanohydrin, the precursor of the cyanogenic glucoside
      linamarin [A. J. Cutler and E. E. Conn (1981) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 212, 468
      474]. Further details of this four-step biosynthetic sequence and also details of
      the analogous reactions in lotaustralin biosynthesis have been obtained. The
      lotaustralin precursor, 2-methylbutyraldoxime, is the best substrate for cyanide
      production (Vmax = 413 nmol h-1 g fresh wt-1) and inhibits the conversion of
      valine and isoleucine into products. Similarly, the linamarin precursor
      isobutyraldoxime is an excellent substrate (Vmax = 400 nmol h-1 g fresh wt-1) and
      also inhibits oxidation of the amino acids. The substrate specificity of the
      oxime-metabolizing step is low and a variety of aliphatic oximes are converted to
      cyanide. On the other hand, the activity of the microsomal extract is highly
      selective with regard to the amino acid substrate since, of the aliphatic amino
      acids tested, only valine and isoleucine are metabolized. We were unable to
      demonstrate product formation from isobutyronitrile (a linamarin precursor) but
      did observe detectable cyanide formation from 2-methylcyanobutane, the
      corresponding precursor of lotaustralin. Competition experiments showed that the
      biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin is not likely to be catalyzed by
      separate enzyme systems.

PMID- 3985624
TI  - Localization and synthesis of prenylquinones in isolated outer and inner envelope
      membranes from spinach chloroplasts.
AB  - The prenylquinone content and biosynthetic capabilities of membrane fractions
      enriched in outer and inner envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts were
      analyzed. Both envelope membranes contain prenylquinones, and in almost similar
      amounts (on a protein basis). However, the outer envelope membrane contains more
      alpha-tocopherol than the inner one although this prenylquinone is the major one
      in both fractions. On the contrary, plastoquinone-9 is present in higher amounts
      in the inner envelope membrane than in the outer one. In addition, it has been
      demonstrated that all the enzymes involved in the last steps of alpha-tocopherol
      and plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis, i.e., homogentisate decarboxylase
      polyprenyltransferase, S-adenosyl-methionine:methyl-6-phytylquinol
      methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-methionine: alpha-tocopherol methyltransferase,
      homogentisate decarboxylase solanesyltransferase, S-adenosyl-methionine:methyl-6
      solanesylquinol methyltransferase, and possibly 2,3-dimethylphytylquinol cyclase,
      are localized on the inner envelope membrane. These results demonstrate that the
      inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope plays a key role in chloroplast
      biogenesis, and especially for the synthesis of the two major plastid
      prenylquinones.

PMID- 3985625
TI  - Casbene synthetase: regulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis in Ricinus communis L.
      seedlings. Purification of casbene synthetase and regulation of its biosynthesis
      during elicitation.
AB  - Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seedlings responded to stress by producing the
      antifungal diterpene, casbene. Casbene synthetase, the enzyme catalyzing the
      production of casbene from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, was purified 4700-fold
      to a final specific activity of 4.2 nkat/mg protein by a combination of ion
      exchange and dye-ligand chromatographic procedures. Approximately 500 micrograms
      of purified enzyme was recovered from 1600 seedlings that had been infected with
      the fungus, Rhizopus stolonifer. The purified enzyme showed a single protein
      band, by Ag staining, of Mr 59,000 +/- 1000 after sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic analysis of the
      immunoprecipitate obtained from a crude enzyme extract and polyclonal rabbit
      antibodies raised against the purified enzyme revealed no contaminants or cross
      reacting components. In vitro translation of polysomal RNA pools obtained from
      healthy castor bean seedlings and seedlings at various times after exposure to
      pectic fragment elicitors coupled with immunoprecipitation showed that healthy
      seedlings have nondetectable levels of casbene synthetase mRNA and that seedlings
      exposed to elicitor show a rapid increase in casbene synthetase mRNA which
      reaches a maximum after 6 h. Casbene synthetase activity increases to a maximum
      10 h after elicitation under comparable conditions. These results show that
      increases in the activity of mRNA for casbene synthetase after elicitation by
      pectic fragments precede the appearance of casbene synthetase activity as would
      be expected if the enzyme were being synthesized de novo.

PMID- 3985626
TI  - Effects of pH and exocyclic substitution on flavosemiquinone reactivity with
      redox proteins and inorganic oxidants.
AB  - The effect of pH on the reaction of free flavosemiquinone analogs generated by
      laser-flash photolysis with oxidized Chromatium vinosum high-potential iron
      sulfur protein, other iron-containing redox proteins, and nonbiological one
      electron oxidants has been investigated. The results demonstrate that the second
      order rate constant for the oxidation of lumiflavin flavosemiquinone increases
      dramatically with increasing pH for the redox proteins and some of the other
      oxidants. The pH-rate constant profiles for the redox proteins closely follow the
      ionization of the proton at the N-5 position of the neutral lumiflavin
      flavosemiquinone, suggesting a higher intrinsic reactivity for the anionic
      lumiflavin flavosemiquinone. This increased reactivity apparently results from
      changes in the redox potential and in the electron spin density distribution
      between the two protonic forms of the semiquinone. Similar pH dependencies are
      observed for a number of other flavin structural analogs, yielding estimates of
      the N-5 pK values for these analogs. The data are consistent with the involvement
      of both the N-5-dimethylbenzene ring portion and the C-4a position of the flavin
      macrocycle in flavosemiquinone oxidation by one-electron oxidants.

PMID- 3985627
TI  - Dealkylation of pentoxyresorufin: a rapid and sensitive assay for measuring
      induction of cytochrome(s) P-450 by phenobarbital and other xenobiotics in the
      rat.
AB  - The O-dealkylation of pentoxyresorufin (7-pentoxyphenoxazone) by rat liver
      microsomes was examined. The reaction appeared highly specific for certain
      phenobarbital inducible forms of cytochrome P-450 and was increased 95- to 140
      fold by animal pretreatment with phenobarbital (75 mg/kg/day, four ip injections)
      and approximately 50-fold by Aroclor 1254 (500 mg/kg, one ip injection) while
      animal pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (50 mg/kg/day, three ip injections)
      resulted in less than a 2-fold increase over the rate detected in control
      microsomes. It was observed that this activity, in microsomes for Aroclor
      pretreated rats, was dependent on O2 and was inhibited by metyrapone and SKF 525
      A, indicative of cytochrome(s) P-450 mediation in the reaction. When antibodies
      directed against purified cytochrome(s) P-450s were employed to inhibit the
      pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation reaction, antibodies to P-450PB-B greatly
      inhibited the reaction (greater than 90%), while antibodies to P-450PB-C or P
      450PB/PCN-E had minimal effects. Assay of hepatic microsomes from rats which were
      pretreated with varying doses of phenobarbital (0.9-75 mg/kg/day, four ip
      injections) indicated that while aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity was induced
      only 2-fold at the maximum dose (75 mg/kg/day), pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase
      activity was induced approximately 140-fold at this dose and approximately 4-fold
      by a dose of phenobarbital as low as 0.9 mg/kg.

PMID- 3985628
TI  - Entropy-driven polymerization of ribgrass virus protein.
AB  - Holmes ribgrass virus (HRV), because of serological results, is regarded as a
      distantly related strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). HRV protein differs
      substantially in amino acid sequence from TMV protein, especially in that it
      contains one histidine residue and three methionine residues, compared to none of
      either for TMV protein. Ultracentrifugation and hydrogen ion titration data on
      HRV protein, similar to those obtained previously for the early stage
      polymerization of TMV and E66 proteins, demonstrated some similarities and more
      distinct differences from those of the other two proteins. The major similarities
      are that the early polymerization of HRV protein is entropy driven and the first
      major polymerized product is a 20 S component, presumably a double disk or two
      turn helix, as in the case of the other proteins. The major differences are that
      the unpolymerized HRV protein sediments at 3 S rather than at the 4 S for the
      others; it is presumably a dimer of the polypeptide chain. The enthalpy of
      polymerization per mole of A protein, delta H*, is 18,400 cal for HRV protein,
      compared to about 30,000 for TMV protein. One mol of H+ ion/mol HRV A protein,
      compared to 1.5 for TMV and E66 proteins, is bound during polymerization to the
      20 S state. Contrasted with the other proteins, very little if any electrical
      work contribution was detected for the HRV protein. A major difference was found
      in hydrogen ion titration. Unpolymerized HRV protein binds hydrogen ions
      significantly in the unpolymerized A protein state, unlike the A proteins from
      the other two viruses.

PMID- 3985630
TI  - Light and dark adaptation of halorhodopsin.
AB  - Dark incubation of envelope vesicles derived from a strain of Halobacterium
      halobium that lacks bacteriorhodopsin but contains halorhodopsin and a third
      rhodopsin-like pigment caused a decrease in the flash yield [the amplitude of a
      transient absorbance change of flash reactive component(s) by flash] of
      halorhodopsin but not the rhodopsin-like pigment. The flash yield decreased to
      reach a low steady level after incubation for about 4 days in the dark. The flash
      yield of halorhodopsin at any stage of dark incubation was increased by actinic
      illumination of the vesicles. The flash yield at 490 nm (absorbance increase) was
      found to be approximately proportional to that at 590 nm (absorbance decrease).
      These results indicate that halorhodopsin in the envelope vesicles has two forms,
      dark and light adapted, and that the halorhodopsin phototransient absorbing at
      490 nm is originated from the light-adapted form. A difference spectrum between
      these two forms of halorhodopsin shows that the light-adapted halorhodopsin was
      red-shifted from the dark-adapted form. The light-induced membrane potential was
      measured by tetraphenylphosphonium uptake. The uptake by the dark-adapted
      vesicles was slower than that by the light-adapted vesicles, suggesting that only
      the light-adapted halorhodopsin has ion-transporting activity.

PMID- 3985629
TI  - Characterization of the O2-induced manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from
      Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - A manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been isolated from
      extracts of O2-induced Bacteroides fragilis. The enzyme, Mr 43,000, was a dimer
      composed of noncovalently associated subunits of equal size. A preparation whose
      specific activity was 1760 U/mg had 1.1 g-atoms Mn, 0.3 g-atoms Fe, and 0.2 g
      atoms Zn per mol dimer. Exposing the enzyme to 5 M guanidinium chloride, 20 mM 8
      hydroxyquinoline abolished enzymatic activity. Dialysis of the denatured
      apoprotein in buffer containing either Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2 or MnCl2 restored O2-.
      scavenging activity. The iron-reconstituted enzyme was inhibited 89% by 2 mM
      NaN3, similar to other Fe-containing superoxide dismutases. The Mn-reconstituted
      and native MnSOD were inhibited approximately 50% by 20 mM NaN3. Addition of
      ZnSO4 to dialysis buffer containing either the iron or manganese salt inhibited
      restoration of enzymatic activity to the denatured apoprotein. MnSOD migrated as
      a single protein band coincident with a single superoxide dismutase activity band
      in 7.5 or 10% acrylamide gels. Isoelectric focusing resulted in a major isozymic
      form with pI 5.3 and a minor form at pI 5.0. Mixtures of the MnSOD and the iron
      containing superoxide (FeSOD), isolated from anaerobically maintained B. fragilis
      [E. M. Gregory and C. H. Dapper (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 220, 293-300],
      migrated as a single band on acrylamide gels and isoelectrically focused to a
      major protein band (pI 5.3) and a minor band at pI 5.0. The amino acid
      composition of MnSOD was virtually identical to that of the FeSOD. The data are
      consistent with synthesis of a single superoxide dismutase apoprotein capable of
      accepting either Mn or Fe to form the holoenzyme.

PMID- 3985631
TI  - Active transport of nonpolar amino acids in Chromatium vinosum.
AB  - The photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium, Chromatium vinosum, takes up the
      amino acids, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine, via two apparently different
      electrogenic, H+/amino acid symports. Na+ serves as an allosteric modulator for
      leucine transport, lowering the Km for leucine from 66 to 15 microM. C. vinosum
      cells also contain a system that transports both isoleucine and valine. The
      isoleucine/valine system has the attributes of a H+/amino acid symport at pH less
      than 7.5 but appears to function as a H+/Na+ (Li+)/amino acid symport at pH
      greater than or equal to 7.5. Na+ gradients produce an allosteric lowering of the
      Km values for both isoleucine and valine, from 14 to 7 microM and from 34 to 17
      microM, respectively. C. vinosum also accumulates D-alanine in an energy
      dependent reaction. The transport process appears to involve the electrogenic
      cotransport of D-alanine and Na+. The Km value for D-alanine was determined to be
      9 microM. Unlike the previously characterized C. vinosum L-alanine/Na+ symport,
      Na+ gradients did not affect the Km for D-alanine transport. L-Alanine and
      glycine, but not alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, act as competitive inhibitors for D
      alanine transport.

PMID- 3985632
TI  - [International-cooperative studies on carcinogenicity evaluation of environmental
      chemicals].
AB  - Motivated by the epidemiological evidence suggesting that the majority of human
      cancers result from exposure to environmental carcinogens, an international
      cooperative project aiming at the primary prevention of cancers has been in
      progress to test a number of chemicals for potential carcinogenicity in animals.
      With accumulation of the test data, it has become apparent that for assessment of
      carcinogenic risk in humans, one sometimes needs, 2 kinds of additional
      information concerning the mechanism by which, and how intensely the test
      compounds can induce cancers in experimental animals. With regard to the
      mechanistic issues, extensive studies are now being conducted in various
      countries to establish a scientific basis for classifying chemical carcinogens
      into 3 categories, genotoxic (primary) carcinogens, epigenetic (secondary)
      carcinogens and promoters. As an approach to quantitative risk assessment of
      carcinogens, attempts have been made to estimate the "Virtually Safe Dose (VSD)"
      or carcinogenic doses at extremely low risk levels by downward extrapolation of
      animal dose-response data. Finally, it must be emphasized that most human cancers
      are probably etiologically attributable to a complex interaction of multiple
      factors. Therefore, the development of a methodology for evaluating the effect of
      combined or sequential exposure to 2 or more carcinogens is now regarded as an
      important project in cancer research.

PMID- 3985633
TI  - ["International cooperation in cancer research" research on radiation
      carcinogenicity].
AB  - Since it is impossible to estimate radiation carcinogenesis in man, particularly
      its type and the magnitude of risk, from data obtained from animal experiments,
      it is necessary to conduct studies directly using epidemiological data on human
      populations. In addition to A-bomb survivors, populations subject to occupational
      exposure and medical exposure are considered as samples for epidemiological study
      of radiation carcinogenesis. With regard to A-bomb survivors, the Japanese
      National Institute of Health and the Atomic Bomb Causality Commission (ABCC) of
      the U.S. initiated joint programs in 1947, two years after the bombings, and they
      have energetically engaged in research activities since then. Especially after
      1950 a fixed population of approximately 110,000 individuals, composed of A-bomb
      survivors and non-exposed subjects as controls, was established and a large-scale
      epidemiological prospective study has been conducted for a long-term follow-up of
      the population. In 1970 the JNIH-ABCC was reorganized as the Radiation Effects
      Research Foundation, a joint U.S.-Japan research organization, but the research
      programs have been continued. The results are often cited as the most reliable
      data available in the reports of both the United Nations Scientific Committee on
      the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR report) and the U.S. Committee on the
      Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR report), and are also regarded as
      important data in the calculation of permissible dose (dose limit) by the
      International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Scientists from
      various countries other than the U.S., such as the United Kingdom, Israel, the
      People's Republic of China and Indonesia in the capacity of visiting research
      fellows have engaged in collaborative studies in the fields of epidemiology,
      immunology, cytogenetics and pathology at the REF Recently a British
      biostatistician, engaged in an analysis of the follow-up study for a fixed
      population of approximately 20,000 individuals who underwent radiotherapy for
      ankylosing spondylitis in the United Kingdom, joined the Foundation to make a
      comparative study of research data concerning a fixed population of A-bomb
      survivors, especially the mortality rate from cancer, using the same analytical
      method as that employed in England and confirmed that the developmental pattern
      of radiation-induced cancer is almost the same in the two populations. This is
      one typical example of the collaborative studies being carried out. At present,
      reassessment of radiation dosimetry, which provides a basis for risk estimation,
      is being conducted with the cooperation of radiation physicists in U.S. and
      Japan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3985634
TI  - [Genetically high risk group for cancer associated with DNA repair deficiency].
AB  - Since the discovery of a DNA repair defect in xeroderma pigmentosum, which had
      been known as a hereditary cancer-prone disease, the presence of a genetically
      high risk group for cancer has been clearly recognized. Clinical and cellular
      investigations on xeroderma pigmentosum patients in Japan in comparison with
      those carried out in the United States and Europe have revealed that the
      characteristics of Japanese patients are considerably different from those in
      other countries. Similar differences have been noted in other related diseases
      like Bloom's syndrome. These results suggested that each ethnic group might have
      unique features with regard to the genetic background of carcinogenesis. Our
      research over the last 10 years has always been in good collaboration with
      colleagues in the USA, Europe and Korea thanks to support from the Japan Society
      for the Promotion of Sciences and the US-Japan Cooperative Medical Science
      Program, which has enabled us to perform comparative experimental work in foreign
      countries and to standardize methods and evaluation criteria.

PMID- 3985635
TI  - [Specificity of gene expression in tumor cells].
AB  - We have isolated gene sequences which are expressed abundantly in tumor cells but
      must less so in normal tissues from a cDNA clone library that was constructed
      using poly (A)+ RNAs from azo-dye-induced rat ascites hepatomas. These clones
      were categorized into 2 groups, with respect to their size distribution of mRNAs
      from which the clones were derived. The first group was complementary to a single
      distinct species of poly (A)+ RNA, and was considered to be derived from protein
      coding genes. The second group showed no distinct bands but a smear on the RNA
      blot, and was shown to be transcribed from middle repetitive sequences of DNA. On
      the other hand, a certain species of highly repetitive sequences is also
      expressed in many lines of ascites hepatomas. Semiquantitative RNA dot blot
      assays have revealed the sequences of these clones to have a very low level of
      expression, if at all, in normal and regenerating livers, while being generally
      high in many species of tumors. The transcription of these gene sequences is
      considered to be closely related to the establishment of tumor phenotypes.

PMID- 3985636
TI  - [Aldolase isozyme gene: on the structure and the tissue-specific expression of a
      muscle type aldolase gene].
AB  - A muscle-type aldolase gene known to be a tumor marker enzyme was analyzed. It
      was found that three different molecular species of the mRNA exist and are
      expressed in a tissue-specific manner. These mRNAs have identical coding and 3'
      noncoding sequences and differ only at the 5' end of the sequence. Genomic DNA
      analysis indicated that a single aldolase gene for one muscle type specifies
      three different mRNAs by organizing as a leader sequence a region corresponding
      to each distinct 5' end of the mRNA followed by a shared common structural gene
      in the genome.

PMID- 3985637
TI  - [Rat aldolase isozyme gene: structure and expression in the liver during both
      fetal development and chemical carcinogenesis].
AB  - Changes in the gene expression of aldolase A and B isozymes in rat liver during
      both fetal development and chemical carcinogenesis were analyzed using cDNA
      probes. The structure of the rat aldolase B gene was also determined, and was
      discussed in relation to its expression.

PMID- 3985638
TI  - [Novel transforming genes detected in human stomach cancer cells].
AB  - The DNAs of six human stomach cancer cell lines were analysed, and specific gene
      amplification was observed; namely, an 8-fold amplified c-Ki-ras-2 gene (1 case)
      and a 20-fold amplified c-myc gene (1 case). In addition, it was found that a
      single 11-kbp-Eco-R1 fragment, having weak homology to the Ki-ras gene, was
      amplified 5-10 fold in three out of the six cell lines. The DNAs of two of these
      three cell lines gave rise to foci upon transfection into NIH3T3 cells and the
      primary and secondary transformants seemed to carry a similar 11-kbp-Eco-R1
      fragment. It was also found that one of the DNAs from human stomach cancers gave
      rise to NIH3T3 cell foci upon DNA transfection. DNAs of secondary transformants
      commonly retained six Eco-R1 fragments that contained human Alu repeats. The size
      of this gene was estimated to be about 50 kbp. The Southern blot hybridization
      profile of this gene revealed it to be clearly different from known active human
      oncogenes. Furthermore, about 70% of this gene has been isolated and portions of
      it used as probes to test for homologies to known viral oncogenes. The gene
      appears to be unrelated to 14 viral oncogenes so far tested.

PMID- 3985639
TI  - [Reciprocal regulation of growth and differentiation in hepatocytes by cell
      surface modulator and loss of regulation during carcinogenesis].
AB  - In primary monolayer cultures of mature rat hepatocytes, cell growth and
      hepatocyte-specific functions were mediated by a cell surface component (named
      the cell surface modulator) via cell-cell contact. The modulator activity was
      heat-labile and trypsin-sensitive. Activity was also found in plasma membranes
      from kidney, brain, lung, and erythrocytes. The modulator was solubilized by 4%
      octylglucoside plus 4M guanidine HCl from liver membranes. The molecular weight
      of the modulator was 670KD determined by Sephacryl S-400 gel filtration. Hepatoma
      cells established from Reuber and Morris hepatoma did not show any cell density
      dependency on either cell growth or hepatocyte-specific function. However, these
      hepatoma cells had strong cell surface modulator activity. These results suggest
      that hepatoma cells have lost their cell density-dependent regulation because
      they have lost the ability to respond to the cell surface modulator.
      Characterization of the cell surface modulator and its mechanism of transmitting
      a signal for gene regulation would be helpful in understanding the process by
      which cells assemble into tissues in vivo and the mechanism of changes in gene
      expression in tissue during development, regeneration and carcinogenesis.

PMID- 3985640
TI  - [Clinicopathological study of esophageal cancer in the early stage and its later
      development].
AB  - Ninety-five specimens taken from 82 cases of superficial esophageal cancer
      limited within the submucosal layer were studied to clarify the developmental
      changes of early esophageal cancer. Esophageal epithelium was also open to
      cancerous or dysplastic changes. Cancers limited to the mucosal layer were
      grossly classified as follows. 1) those progressing to carcinoma in situ of
      several millimeters to 2-5 cm in size, then invading deep beyond the mucosa, and
      2) those invading beyond the mucosal layer to proliferate before reaching several
      millimeters in extent. Most of the resected cases belonged to type 1. which was
      flat in form with redness, erosive appearance or sclerohypertrophic appearance of
      the mucosa. These findings depended on the degree of cellular atypism and
      histological differentiation. Almost all submucosal cancer lesions less than 2 cm
      in size were of macroscopically protruding or depressed type. Many cases were
      simple type without intraepithelial spreading around the primary lesion and
      seemed to develop with in micro-cancer nests. Superficial circularly spreading
      cancer was one of the complex types observed with intraepithelial cancer around
      the primary lesion. Most superficial spreading cancers originating as large flat
      epithelial lesions, and the protrusions or depressions found in the lesions were
      considered to have developed as secondary changes occurring during the course of
      change. Vessel-invasion of superficial esophageal cancer was also discussed.

PMID- 3985641
TI  - [Atypical hyperplasia and latent carcinoma of the prostate as an early stage of
      carcinoma].
AB  - The prostate gland exhibits various borderline lesions and latent prostatic
      carcinoma is important as a preceding lesion of clinically manifest carcinoma. In
      this report, we describe a study of these lesions which was carried out using
      preparations from five different races. Atypical hyperplasia (AH) is the most
      important of these borderline lesions. Histologically, latent carcinoma exhibits
      a wide range, from poorly to well differentiated types, and is widely accepted to
      be the preceding state of clinically manifest carcinoma. Both lesions were common
      in all five races with a frequency several hundred times greater than the
      mortality rate for prostatic carcinoma. A significant correlation was found
      between the prevalences of AH and latent carcinoma, both of which had a tendency
      to show multifocal growth. Although there were many latent carcinoma cases
      exceeding 130 mm3 in size and poorly or moderately differentiated, rare cases
      would advance to clinically manifest carcinoma. Since the formation of tiny
      carcinomas and progression to clinically manifest carcinoma are two different
      phenomena, it is considered important to study the factors affecting the latter
      phenomenon.

PMID- 3985642
TI  - [Non-specific killer cells in tumor immune response].
AB  - This article focuses on the roles of natural killer (NK) cells and lymphokine
      activated killer (LAK) cells in immune surveillance against malignant tumors. NK
      cells have a natural and also rapidly activatable ability to lyse a variety of
      tumor cell lines. There is considerable evidence for the ability of NK cells to
      eliminate metastatic tumor cells and thereby resist tumor spread. There is also a
      correlation between increased tumor incidence (primarily lymphoma) and depressed
      NK activity. Therefore, NK cells appear to contribute to antitumor resistance,
      especially against the microevolution of tumor cells and metastasis. LAK cells,
      which can be induced by a lymphokine, interleukin 2, in a subset of NK cells,
      express cytotoxic activity toward an extensive spectrum of histologically
      distinct fresh autologous tumor cells. Fresh tumor cells resistant to lysis by NK
      cells are extremely sensitive to lysis by LAK cells. Although the biological role
      of these cells is presently unknown, their characteristics also point toward an
      important function in immune surveillance.

PMID- 3985643
TI  - [Functional characterization of microcirculation in tumors: chemotherapeutic
      implications].
AB  - This report describes some aspects of tumor vessels and the functional
      characteristics of tumor microcirculation with regard to selective increase in
      tumor blood flow. Elevation of the mean arterial blood pressure to about 150mmHg
      by angiotensin II resulted in a several-fold increase in blood flow in tumor
      tissues without increasing blood flow in normal tissues. Pressure elevation by
      angio-tensin II also selectively increased tumor blood flow in intra-corneally
      transplanted microfoci and influx of lymph flow from the primary lesion to lymph
      node metastatic lesions. New techniques for analyzing microhemodynamics of tumor
      vessels showed that the vascular level in tumor tissues and the hydrostatic
      pressure difference between the tumor vessels and extravascular tissue were
      enhanced. Thus a new approach to cancer chemotherapy (ATII-induced hypertension
      chemotherapy) has been demonstrated in which the delivery to tumor tissue of
      systemically administered anticancer drugs can be selectively enhanced.

PMID- 3985644
TI  - Phase I and II studies of cytostatic hexitol derivatives: the role of alkylating
      metabolites?

PMID- 3985645
TI  - [Biochemical modulation in cancer chemotherapy].
AB  - With advances in the understanding of intracellular nucleic acid metabolism, the
      biochemical modulation of the action of antimetabolites by MTX was discussed as
      an approach towards the development of more selective chemotherapy. Using high
      performance liquid chromatography, the sequential changes occurring in the acid
      soluble intra cellular nucleotide pools of L1210 mouse leukemic cells were
      analysed after treatment with MTX, and a reduction of the dTTP pool to 46% of the
      control level was observed. Declines in the dCTP, ATR and GTP pools were also
      reduced to 36%, 30% and 24%, respectively, of the control level after treatment
      with MTX. Using MTX-5-FU combination chemotherapy, pretreatment with MTX enhanced
      the intracellular level of FUTP which is one of the active metabolites of 5-FU.
      There was, however, no significant difference in the value of dTTP levels between
      MTX-5-FU and 5-FU alone. One of the mechanisms of the synergistic interaction
      between MTX and 5-FU might therefore be stimulated phosphorylation of 5-FU with
      an increased PRPP level, which occurs as a result of the MTX-blocked purine de
      novo pathway. Using MTX-ara C combination chemotherapy, MTX enhanced the
      intracellular production of ara-CTP, which occurs as a result of MTX reducing the
      intracellular dCTP pools, following activation of deoxycytidine kinase. More
      clarification of the effects on intracellular nucleic acid metabolism will aid
      the development new and increasingly effective drug combinations involving
      thiopurines. The methods of combination chemotherapy will become more
      sophisticated as the biochemical modulation effect of the drug is clarified.

PMID- 3985647
TI  - [Failure to augment the tissue concentration of Adriamycin by simultaneous intra
      arterial application of urokinase].
AB  - A previous study by the authors has made it clear that regional arterial infusion
      of Adriamycin (ADM) increases the drug concentration in the gastric tissue and
      the regional lymph nodes. In order to obtain further augmentation of the ADM
      concentration, simultaneous arterial infusion of ADM and Urokinase (UK), as a
      lysosome labilizer, was tried in the present study. ADM and UK were infused in
      three different ways through the left gastric artery on laparotomy, that is, a
      mixture of both in the first group, ADM followed by UK in the second group and
      ADM after UK in the third group. No augmentation of tissue ADM was obtained by
      any of these three methods and ADM concentration in gastric tumors, gastric wall
      and regional lymph nodes was rather lower than that using ADM only. A similar
      tendency was observed in the adjacent organs; liver, pancreas and spleen.
      Furthermore, the three-year survival rates of these groups were not statistically
      significant against the control group treated with ADM only.

PMID- 3985646
TI  - [Diagnostic values of serum type III procollagen N-terminal peptide in type IV
      gastric cancer].
AB  - Since increased synthesis of collagen has been demonstrated in tissue of type IV
      gastric cancer, we attempted to distinguish type IV gastric cancer from other
      cancers by measuring serum levels of type III procollagen N-terminal peptide
      (type III-N-peptide). Mean serum levels in type IV gastric cancer patients
      without metastasis were found to be elevated above normal values and developed a
      tendency to be higher than those in types I, II and III gastric cancer patients
      without metastasis. Highly positive ratios were found in patients with liver
      diseases including hepatoma and colon cancer, biliary tract cancer, and
      esophageal cancer patients with liver, lung or bone metastasis, but only 2 out of
      14 of these cancer patients without such metastasis showed positive serum levels
      of type III-N-peptide. Positive cases in patients with type IV gastric cancer
      were obtained not only in the group with clinical stage IV but also in the groups
      with clinical stages II and III. In addition, high serum levels of type III-N
      peptide in patients with type IV gastric cancer were seen not only in the cases
      with liver, lung or bone metastasis but also in cases with disseminated
      peritoneal metastasis alone. These results suggest that if the serum level of
      type III-N-peptide is elevated above normal values, type IV gastric cancer should
      be suspected after ruling out liver diseases, myelofibrosis and liver, lung or
      bone metastasis.

PMID- 3985648
TI  - [Effects of combination therapy of carmofur and nicardipine of human gastric
      cancer in nude mice].

PMID- 3985649
TI  - Reference ranges for IgG subclasses in preschool children.
AB  - A normal range for IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 subclasses has been established for
      children aged 6 months to 5 years using commercially available monoclonal
      antisera. Of particular interest were the very low concentrations of IgG2 in some
      healthy children, a finding which casts doubt on the importance of IgG2
      deficiency reported in some patients with otherwise unexplained infections. It
      was not possible to construct a normal range for IgG4 values probably because
      these segregate into two populations in normal subjects.

PMID- 3985650
TI  - Immunoglobulin profile of the preterm baby.
AB  - Immunoglobulin concentrations were determined in 64 consecutively born preterm
      babies at birth and serially throughout each baby's stay in the neonatal unit. No
      significant IgG generation was found during the first 15 weeks of life,
      regression analysis giving an exponential decay model. Concentrations fell to 2
      g/l or less in 10 (16%) babies (gestational age 25 to 32 weeks), and were as low
      as 1 g/l in four babies (gestational age 25 to 29 weeks). The effects of
      gestational age and birthweight on the concentration of IgG at birth were highly
      interdependent and significant. Most babies had no detectable IgA at birth, and
      no effect of gestational age or birthweight, or both, on either initial IgA or
      IgM concentrations could be shown.

PMID- 3985651
TI  - Impact of neonatal intensive care.
AB  - Mortality in infants less than 33 weeks' gestation and in those of very low
      birthweight in Brighton has fallen since 1978. This reduction is not due simply
      to a decline in the incidence of major congenital abnormalities; evidence
      indicates that it can be attributed to the introduction of respiratory support.

PMID- 3985652
TI  - Feeding, growth, and biochemical studies in very low birthweight infants.
AB  - Fifty infants of gestational age 28 to 32 weeks and birthweight less than 1501 g
      were reviewed on the expected date of delivery and at conceptional ages of 4, 8,
      and 12 months. All infants were at home by the expected delivery date, were fed
      on demand, and weighed regularly. On the expected delivery date and at 4 months,
      the amounts of formula milk and weaning food accepted were recorded; energy and
      protein intakes were calculated; and serum sodium, potassium, urea, protein, and
      osmolality were measured. The birthweight of these infants ranged between the 3rd
      and 75th centiles (on average about the 20th) but at the expected delivery date
      was, on average, below the 3rd centile. Infants who had been weaned in the first
      4 months after the expected delivery date (n = 26) had similar energy and protein
      intakes and similar biochemical indices to those weaned later (n = 24). They
      achieved catch up growth (below 3rd to 10-25th centile) by 1 year, irrespective
      of the time of weaning and without any differences in metabolic 'stress'.

PMID- 3985653
TI  - Humidification of incubators.
AB  - The effect of increasing the humidity in incubators was examined in 62 infants of
      less than 30 weeks' gestation. Thirty three infants nursed in high humidity for
      two weeks were compared retrospectively with 29 infants from an earlier study who
      were nursed under plastic bubble blankets or with topical paraffin but without
      raised humidity. Humidification reduced skin water loss and improved maintenance
      of body temperature from birth, but did not delay the normal postnatal maturation
      of the skin. Infants nursed without humidity frequently became hypothermic in
      spite of a high incubator air temperature. These advantages must be weighed
      against the finding that overheating was more common and Pseudomonas was more
      commonly isolated from the infants. It is recommended that incubator humidity is
      raised for babies under 30 weeks' gestation in the first days of life but
      meticulous attention should be paid to fluid balance, avoiding overheating, and
      cleansing of the humidifier reservoir.

PMID- 3985654
TI  - Serum antibodies to Legionella agents in bronchial asthma.
AB  - The prevalence of seropositivity to Legionella species was studied in 184
      children with bronchial asthma and 80 control children, age and sex matched,
      without respiratory tract infections. The sera were examined by indirect
      immunofluorescence with antigens of six Legionella species. The asthmatic
      children showed a significantly high percentage of seroreactions to L pneumophila
      compared with the control children. In the asthmatic children, no association was
      found between age, sex, onset of asthmatic symptoms, living conditions,
      corticosteroid treatment, or exposure to aerosols and seropositivity to
      Legionella. No relation could be found between the asthma severity score and the
      titre of serum antibodies to L pneumophila. None of the 32 sera with titres of
      1:256 or higher were reactive for Legionella specific IgE antibodies. A high
      prevalence of antibodies to L pneumophila was found in children suffering
      bronchial asthma. Further studies are necessary to clarify the clinical
      relevance.

PMID- 3985655
TI  - Prognosis and treatment of polymyositis with particular reference to steroid
      resistant patients.
AB  - Eight boys and six girls with polymyositis examined between 1967 and 1982 were
      studied. The mean age of disease onset was 5 years 5 months. The initial regimen
      was prednisolone, 1.2 to 2.3 mg/kg/day, and after four weeks this dose was
      decreased gradually to a maintenance level of 5 to 20 mg on alternate days. The
      total treatment period was 3 years 6 months on average. Eleven of the 14 children
      had a uniphasic course, and steroids were stopped without a resurgence of the
      disease: three were refractory to steroid treatment. One of these died of a
      cardiomyopathy seven years after the onset of the illness despite treatment with
      steroids and cyclophosphamide; the second was treated with adrenocorticotrophic
      hormone after prednisolone, but without benefit; and in the third a series of
      treatment with lympho-plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide resulted in some
      improvement. As cardiac involvement in polymyositis may become overt if the
      disease persists for many years, patients refractory to steroids should be given
      alternative treatment.

PMID- 3985656
TI  - Headache and school absence.
AB  - The amount of time missed from school in two small town school populations was
      estimated by measuring absence from school and attendance at sickbay, and stated
      causes were analysed. School absence related to headache (expressed as percentage
      of pupil days missed out of possible pupil days, during two 12 week periods) in
      children aged 5 to 14 years, was 0.05%. This represented approximately 1% of all
      school absence, and was recorded (usually only once) in 3.7% of children. The
      duration of absence was one day or less on 85% of occasions. This low absence
      rate was in contrast with the high prevalence of headache reported by children
      aged 9 to 14 of between 76 and 94% according to age and sex. Attendance at school
      sick bay because of headache was recorded in 3.6% of children aged 5 to 19 (only
      0.5% then left school early because of headache) in one 12 week period. It is
      concluded that although headache prevalence is high in the age groups studied, it
      is not a prominent cause of time missed from school.

PMID- 3985657
TI  - Detection of Clostridium difficile enterotoxin in neonates by latex
      agglutination.
AB  - Clostridium difficile enterotoxin (D-1) was detected in 13 symptomatic and nine
      asymptomatic neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit by latex agglutination
      test but was not found in 18 healthy neonates in two other newborn nurseries.
      Environmental contamination in the intensive care unit may have been the cause.
      An association between the presence of enterotoxin and clinical symptoms is
      discussed.

PMID- 3985658
TI  - Medical management of bilateral renal malakoplakia.
AB  - Renal malakoplakia is reported in an 11 year old girl with myelomeningocele and
      associated neuropathic bladder. She is the first reported child to have survived
      bilateral renal malakoplakia with full recovery of renal function after medical
      management.

PMID- 3985659
TI  - Nebulised fenoterol compared with metered aerosol.
AB  - The effect of nebulised fenoterol was compared with that of a similar dose
      administered by metered aerosol in 14 children, aged 7 to 17 years with
      moderately severe asthma. The initial response to fenoterol delivered by metered
      aerosol or nebuliser was the same, but a second dose by nebuliser after a dose by
      metered aerosol produced maximum potential bronchodilatation which was not seen
      when a second dose by metered aerosol was given after that by nebuliser.
      Administration of a bronchodilator by nebuliser does seem advantageous in the
      treatment of some children.

PMID- 3985660
TI  - Amino acid and protein requirements in a preterm infant with classic
      phenylketonuria.
AB  - A preterm infant with classic phenylketonuria required rather less than 90 mg/kg
      of phenylalanine and between 270 and 290 mg/kg tyrosine daily to achieve a rate
      of weight gain of around 20 g/kg per day. Using Lofenalac as the low
      phenylalanine food, the intake of tyrosine, an essential amino acid for patients
      with phenylketonuria seemed to be limiting in respect of growth.

PMID- 3985661
TI  - Fatal hepatitis B in infant born to a HBsAg carrier with HBeAb.
AB  - Fulminant hepatic failure occurred in an 11 week old baby of a Caucasian mother
      who was hepatitis B surface antigen positive, B e antigen negative, and B e
      antibody positive. Infants of hepatitis B e antigen positive mothers receive
      immunoprophylaxis against hepatitis, unlike those born to mothers who are B e
      antibody positive.

PMID- 3985662
TI  - Scalp changes after fetal monitoring.
AB  - We prospectively studied 535 newborn infants who had been monitored during labour
      with scalp electrodes. Daily examination of scalp changes showed frequent
      transient mild lacerations, while severe complications were rare: seven (1.3%)
      had scalp ulceration and one (0.2%) developed scalp abscess.

PMID- 3985663
TI  - Cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 3985664
TI  - Therapeutic approach to sexual abuse.

PMID- 3985665
TI  - Reflex anoxic seizures.

PMID- 3985666
TI  - Exercise test for growth hormone deficiency.

PMID- 3985667
TI  - Inhaled non-radio-opaque foreign bodies.

PMID- 3985668
TI  - Effect of zinc pyrithione on mitotic activity in normal human skin.
AB  - Two concentrations (0.02% and 0.002%) of zinc pyrithione (ZPT) in water and a
      water control were applied to normal forearms - both on normal skin (six
      subjects) and also where the skin had been stripped to the 'glistening layer'
      (six subjects) with adhesive tape. Measurements of labelling index (LI), mean
      epidermal thickness (MET), mean stratum-corneum thickness (MSCT), total epidermal
      thickness (TET) and basal/granular cell ratio (B/G) showed no significant
      differences between the three treatments on normal skin or the parameters studied
      in stripped skin. It is concluded that ZPT has no effect on epidermal renewal in
      normal skin in vivo.

PMID- 3985670
TI  - The effect of aromatic retinoid Ro 10-9359 (etretinate) on fingernail growth.
AB  - Fingernail growth was studied in 28 patients who were receiving systemic
      treatment with the aromatic retinoid, Ro 10-9359 known as Tigason (etretinate;
      AR). A group of 15 patients with psoriasis was compared with a group of 13
      patients with other dermatoses which are known to have a good response to AR
      therapy. In the second group, oral therapy with AR appeared to have no effect on
      the daily growth rate of fingernails (99 +/- 4 microns). With AR treatment, the
      nail-plate growth rate in the psoriatics increased to 132 +/- 5 microns.

PMID- 3985669
TI  - Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on phagocytic functions.
AB  - Although a number of skin diseases are characterized by the presence of an
      increased number of phagocytes in their lesions, the effects of alcohol on
      phagocytic functions are not clearly understood. Therefore, we measured the
      influence of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the generation of oxygen radicals,
      chemotaxis and the release of lysosomal enzymes from human phagocytes. We added
      0.03%-3% ethanol and 0.005%-0.25% acetaldehyde to cell cultures. We found that
      both ethanol and acetaldehyde suppressed the generation of oxygen radicals from
      granulocytes and monocytes; the ID50 was achieved at concentrations of
      approximately 0.25% for ethanol and 0.03% for acetaldehyde. A significant
      inhibition of granulocyte chemotaxis was first noted with 0.063% ethanol and
      0.016% acetaldehyde. Ethanol and acetaldehyde inhibited the release of the
      lysozyme of monocytes at concentrations of greater than 0.75% and greater than
      0.03% respectively, but granulocytes were unaffected; the release of beta
      glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase remained stable. Due to the high
      volatility of the agents, especially acetaldehyde, under the experimental
      procedures employed, the actual concentrations of the agents were probably lower
      and similar to those measured in vivo. Our results indicate that defined
      phagocytic functions are strongly inhibited by concentrations of ethanol and
      acetaldehyde which are associated with moderate to severe inebriation.

PMID- 3985672
TI  - Abnormal fibrous protein patterns in the uncombable hair syndrome.

PMID- 3985671
TI  - Changes in three-dimensional structure of cultured S91 mouse melanoma cells
      associated with growth inhibition and induction of melanogenesis by retinoids.

PMID- 3985673
TI  - Experimental contribution to the dithranol-brown problem.

PMID- 3985674
TI  - Sensitivity and subsequent "down regulation" of sensitivity induced by
      chlorocresol in guinea pigs.
AB  - Chlorocresol was shown to have great potential for contact sensitization in the
      guinea-pig maximization test at the Day-21 challenge; 2 weeks later, the
      reactivity was significantly decreased. Cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg) was
      interperitoneally injected and used as a modulator for the immune response. When
      cyclophosphamide was administered 3 days before the first challenge, the decrease
      in reactivity from Day 21 to Day 35 was reversed. This indicates that the
      reduction in sensitivity was caused by an immunologic mechanism--probably the
      formation of suppressor cells. This phenomenon is called the "down regulation" of
      sensitivity and may operate in eczema patients who have lost patch-test
      reactivity.

PMID- 3985676
TI  - Retinoids inhibit the differentiation of embryonic-mouse mesenchymal cells in
      vitro.
AB  - The influence of all-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoid acid and two aromatic
      retinoids (Ro 10-1670, Ro 11-1430) on the chondrogenic differentiation of
      mesenchymal cells in vitro was studied electron-microscopically. Organ cultures
      of limb buds from mouse embryos (Day 11) and high-density cultures of embryonic
      mouse mesenchymal cells (Day 12) were used as experimental models. After a 6-day
      culture in the control medium, the development of hyaline cartilage was observed
      in both systems. In cultures which were treated with retinoids from Day 1 through
      Day 3 and then incubated in the control medium for 3 more days, the mesenchymal
      cells still maintained the morphological features of the blastema stage;
      cartilage synthesis was reduced (low retinoid concentrations) or completely
      absent (high retinoid concentrations). These findings indicate that the treatment
      of embryonic-mouse mesenchymal cells with retinoids induces a persistent and dose
      dependent inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation, which in quantitative
      terms, is variably expressed during treatment with different retinoids. These
      inhibitory effects of retinoids on chondrogenesis are probably implicated in the
      pathogenetic mechanisms of their teratogenic action in vivo.

PMID- 3985677
TI  - Toxicities of butoxyethanol ester and propylene glycol butyl ether ester
      formulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) to juvenile salmonids.

PMID- 3985675
TI  - An acidic glycoprotein (100-K fucose-rich glycoprotein) from calf skin.
AB  - A new acidic glycoprotein was isolated from 4 M-guanidiunium chloride which had
      been extracted from neutral-salt-insoluble fractions of neonatal calf skin.
      During the process of purification, the glycoprotein co-migrated with
      proteodermatan sulphate and its sugar components mainly consisted of fucose,
      mannose and hexosamine. A broad band obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that the molecular weight was
      100,000. High-voltage electrophoresis, revealed acidic fragments in its tryptic
      peptides, while its oligosaccharide chains were shown to have on acidic nature by
      electrophoresis on a cellulose acetate membrane. These results show that the
      glycoprotein differs from other glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin, entactin,
      nidogen and the 31-K protein of chondrocyte membrane) which have been reported in
      connective tissues.

PMID- 3985678
TI  - Detection and analysis of interactions between atrazine and sodium
      pentachlorophenate with single and multiple algal-bacterial populations.

PMID- 3985680
TI  - Onset of mercury toxicity in young chickens.

PMID- 3985679
TI  - Persistence and fate of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons deposited on slash burn
      sites in the Cascade Mountains and Coast Range of Oregon.

PMID- 3985682
TI  - [Pinealocytoma with neuroganglional differentiation].

PMID- 3985681
TI  - Effects of selenium and methylmercury upon glutathione and glutathione-S
      transferase in mice.

PMID- 3985683
TI  - Gas gangrene following antibiotic-associated enterocolitis in hereditary
      neutropenia.

PMID- 3985684
TI  - [Fetal and congenital candidiasis].

PMID- 3985685
TI  - [Epithelial cells of normal human breast in culture. Ultrastructural aspects and
      changes under the effects of hormones (estradiol, prolactin)].

PMID- 3985686
TI  - [Difficulties in the cytological diagnosis of ascites].

PMID- 3985687
TI  - [Fundic pedunculated polyp: silent gastrinoma].

PMID- 3985689
TI  - [A new case of cribriform breast carcinoma associated with histiocytic giant cell
      reaction].

PMID- 3985688
TI  - [Anatomopathological data on a case of myocardiopathy with defective fatty acid
      oxidation].

PMID- 3985690
TI  - Circulating immune complexes containing secretory IgA in jejunoileal bypass
      disease.
AB  - Thirteen patients were studied after jejunoileal bypass (JIB) surgery. Seven
      developed arthritis and six did not. Circulating immune complexes containing IgG
      and IgA were detected in the sera of patients with and without arthritis. IgA
      complexes were shown to contain secretory component, a protein predominantly
      associated with intraluminal IgA, in significantly higher levels in patients with
      arthritis. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed complexes of approximately 10 X
      8S, consistent with the size of secretory IgA. Arthritis after JIB appears to be
      associated with circulating immune complexes containing secretory IgA.

PMID- 3985691
TI  - Serum C-reactive protein measurement in the detection of intercurrent infection
      in Oriental patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - In a prospective study serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were
      measured during 28 febrile episodes in 27 Oriental patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE). Although active SLE was associated with only a modest rise
      in serum CRP level, intercurrent infection provoked substantially higher levels.
      Serum CRP thus provides a sensitive objective test for this complication in SLE
      patients of all ethnic groups.

PMID- 3985692
TI  - Verbal pain descriptors used by patients with arthritis.
AB  - Eighty patients with a diagnosis of either rheumatoid arthritis, localised
      osteoarthritis, or generalised osteoarthritis were asked to describe their pain
      by selecting words from a standardised list of pain descriptors. Words on this
      list were taken from the sensory class of pain descriptors found in the McGill
      pain questionnaire. Discriminant analysis was used to identify distinctive
      characteristics for each of these pain syndromes. On the basis of this analysis
      verbal responses for each patient were classified into one of the three
      diagnostic categories. Correct classification occurred in 65% of cases. An
      estimate of the technique's performance in prospective validation was derived by
      a split sample approach.

PMID- 3985693
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus, and the contraceptive pill.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the absence of
      chronic parenchymal lung disease or pulmonary emboli is rare. We report such a
      case with an acute and rapidly progressive onset of symptoms in a patient who had
      started taking the contraceptive pill eight months previously.

PMID- 3985694
TI  - Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip in an adolescent Indian girl is
      reported. The association between idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip and primary
      protrusio acetabuli (Otto's pelvis) is discussed.

PMID- 3985695
TI  - Is amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis always secondary?
AB  - The case is reported of a patient with systemic AA amyloidosis associated with
      non-specific mesenteric lymphadenitis and chronic sideropenia. Renal, small
      bowel, and rectal biopsies showed amyloid deposits containing AA protein, as
      defined by potassium permanganate sensitivity and by reactivity with AA
      antiserum. Reversal of the nephrotic syndrome occurred during steroid
      azathioprine therapy.

PMID- 3985696
TI  - Lupoid sclerosis: a possible pathogenetic role for antiphospholipid antibodies.
AB  - The case of a 45-year-old woman is described who developed transverse myelitis
      over a one-year period. Serological tests suggested a lupus-like illness.
      Antibodies to cardiolipin of the IgM class were detected in high titres in her
      serum. These may have played a part in the pathogenesis of her disease.

PMID- 3985697
TI  - Metabolic bone disease in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

PMID- 3985698
TI  - Use of D-penicillamine in osteoarthrosis.

PMID- 3985699
TI  - Antibodies to peptidoglycan in spondylarthritis?

PMID- 3985700
TI  - Blood dyscrasia associated with azapropazone therapy.

PMID- 3985701
TI  - A serological survey of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats and sheep in
      southern Tanzania.

PMID- 3985702
TI  - Chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) in the squirrel
      monkey (Saimiri sciureus).
AB  - The relationship of the numbers of amastigotes in the liver to the duration of
      infection with two lines of a Khartoum strain of Leishmania donovani [designated
      the parent (P) line and the meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) resistant (MAR)
      line] and the effect of meglumine antimoniate on these two lines of Leishmania
      were studied in the squirrel monkey. All experimental monkeys were inoculated via
      the saphenous vein with 32.5 X 10(6) amastigotes (per kg body weight), obtained
      from heavily-infected hamster spleens. Subsequently in Experiment I, liver biopsy
      samples were taken chronologically from all monkeys. Imprints of liver were made
      on glass slides and stained with Giemsa's staining solution, and parasite density
      per gram of liver tissue was determined. The parasites reached a maximum density
      of 6.2 X 10(6) amastigotes per gram between two to four weeks and 9.4 X 10(7)
      amastigotes per gram between four to six weeks in the monkeys receiving the P
      line and the MAR line, respectively. Parasite numbers then decreased, and all the
      livers and spleens of all monkeys became microscopically negative for Leishmania
      eight to 13 weeks post-infection. Comparison of the multiplication of the two
      lines of Leishmania indicated that the MAR line persisted longer in the livers
      than did the P line. A slight decrease in body weight was observed at eight weeks
      post-infection. Packed cell volume and haemoglobin were low at four to eight
      weeks post-infection, but were within the normal range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3985703
TI  - Meningo-encephalitis accompanying retinochoroiditis in a murine model of
      congenital toxoplasmosis.
AB  - A histopathological study of the brains of adult mice infected in utero with
      Toxoplasma gondii and presenting manifestations of ocular toxoplasmosis is
      reported. All brains contained Toxoplasma tissue cysts. A sub-acute/chronic
      meningo-encephalitis was the main feature of the inflammatory response in the
      brain. Microscopical features suggest that autoimmune processes may play a part
      in the disease. We suggest that our mouse model will provide a simple and
      inexpensive tool for the investigation of histopathological processes in the CNS
      resulting from congenital Toxoplasma infection.

PMID- 3985705
TI  - Echinococcus granulosus: diagnosis of hydatid disease in man.
AB  - Several antigen fractions were prepared from sheep hydatid fluid and scolices of
      Echinococcus granulosus by salting out with ammonium sulphate. Sera from subjects
      with hydatid disease and from uninfected controls were assayed by the IHA, Latex,
      ELISA and Complement Fixation tests. The greatest sensitivity was given by the
      hydatid fluid 0.8 M fraction in the IHA test. This antigen also gave good results
      with the ELISA technique. Antigens from sheep fertile fluid were diagnostically
      superior to those from scolices. The specificity was excellent for all antigens
      examined.

PMID- 3985706
TI  - Hydatid disease in the Turkana District of Kenya, IV. The prevalence of
      Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs, and observations on the role of the
      dog in the lifestyle of the Turkana.
AB  - The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the Turkana District of
      Kenya was 39.4% of 695 examined. Of these, 98 (35.8%) had heavy Echinococcus worm
      burdens (10(3)-5 X 10(4) ), while 54 (19.7%) and 122 (44.5%) had medium (201
      1000) and light (1-200) burdens. The possible sources of these infections are
      discussed. The prevalence rate differed in various parts of the district, ranging
      from 63.5% in the northwest, where the highest incidence of human hydatidosis
      also occurs, to nil along the shores of Lake Turkana. Infection rates of 32.0%
      and 16.7% were recorded at Lokitaung (north-east) and Lodwar (central), while in
      the south 48.9% of dogs harboured Echinococcus. This latter figure is surprising
      as the area has a low incidence of human hydatidosis. The Turkana keep a large
      number of dogs, and the reasons for this and the social role of the dog in the
      district is discussed. No difference in susceptibility was found between Turkana
      type dogs and those of mixed breeds from Nairobi when they were experimentally
      infected with hydatid protoscolices from man, camels, cattle, sheep and goats.
      However, it proved difficult to infect the Turkana-type of dogs with viable
      protoscolices of cattle origin. The reasons for this and its epidemiological
      implications remain unclear. It is suggested that droughts, which affect Turkana
      every six to ten years, may play an important role in the perpetuation of hydatid
      disease in the area.

PMID- 3985704
TI  - Studies on the sero-epidemiology of endemic diseases in Libya. III.
      Schistosomiasis.
AB  - An ELISA system showed a positive rate for Schistosoma mansoni infections of
      33.4% in Tauorga school-children; qualitative stool examination detected only
      6.9%. Subsequent sampling of the school population indicated that a
      mollusciciding programme involving the major water body in the area had prevented
      any overall increase in prevalence and had apparently produced a decrease in
      prevalence in certain locations. New housing, piped water, sanitary disposal of
      wastes and health education were additional favourable factors.

PMID- 3985707
TI  - Some observations on cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Blood flow was recorded with an electromagnetic flow probe on one internal
      carotid artery (ICA) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in 5 patients. The ICA
      flow was monitored continuously along with arterial blood pressure, epidural
      intracranial pressure, and cerebral electrical activity using a cerebral function
      monitor (3 patients). The ICA flow increased by 50 to 100% at the inception of
      extracorporeal circulation. This rapid enhancement of flow occurred within a
      thirty-second period and was due to rapid arterial hemodilution caused by
      introduction of the priming solution. A transitory fall in ICA flow was observed
      during subsequent minutes when the well-recognized drop in blood pressure took
      place and the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = blood pressure - epidural
      intracranial pressure) was reduced to less than 30 mm Hg. In only one instance,
      however, when CPP fell to 15 mm Hg, was the fall in flow lower than the prebypass
      level. Throughout the rest of CPB, with steady-state hemodilution and CPP levels
      in the range of 30 to 50 mm Hg, ICA flow was markedly enhanced (50 to 100% above
      the prebypass level). The flow pattern, however, disclosed a pressure-passive
      system, indicating that cerebral autoregulation was impaired or that the CPP
      levels were lower than the individual lower limit of cerebral autoregulation
      during the period of steady-state hemodilution on CPB. A transient depression of
      cerebral electrical activity was seen in 2 patients shortly after the
      introduction of CPB. This phenomenon is suggestive of qualitatively insufficient
      perfusion and was observed even when ICA bulk flow was increased (hematocrit
      values, 13 to 17%).

PMID- 3985708
TI  - Verapamil potassium cardioplegia and cardiac conduction.
AB  - This clinical study analyzes the effect of potassium cardioplegic solution
      containing verapamil hydrochloride (1 mg/L) on cardiac conduction after release
      of the aortic cross-clamp and throughout recovery. Fifty consecutive patients
      undergoing open-heart operation were studied as a unit for postoperative
      conduction abnormalities. They were also analyzed in groups based on spontaneous
      ventricular conversion to regular rhythm (54%) and the need for single DC
      cardioversion (32%), or multiple DC cardioversions (14%). Results showed that
      spontaneous ventricular conversion had no relationship to aortic cross-clamp time
      and that DC cardioversion using 10 Ws had no detrimental effects on the
      myocardium or incidence of conduction abnormalities. The need for transient
      intraoperative pacing was lowest with spontaneous ventricular conversion, but not
      statistically different from single or multiple DC cardioversions. Only 3
      patients (6%) required pacing in the intensive care unit. The incidence of
      postoperative atrial and ventricular arrhythmias was similar in all groups, and
      no deaths or episodes of malignant ventricular arrhythmias occurred. This study
      concludes that verapamil potassium cardioplegia is associated with excellent
      myocardial protection and a high incidence of transient intraoperative
      dysfunction of the atrioventricular node (70%) but a low incidence of
      postoperative pacing. Benign postoperative arrhythmias occur, but at hospital
      discharge, few conduction abnormalities (10%) persist.

PMID- 3985709
TI  - Cricothyroidotomy for prolonged ventilatory support after cardiac operations.
AB  - Forty-nine patients required prolonged ventilatory support after cardiac
      operations. Cricothyroidotomy was used routinely in these patients after
      approximately 7 days of endotracheal intubation. There were no infections of the
      median sternotomy wounds despite frequent colonization of the stoma. The only
      immediate complication was mild stomal bleeding in a patient taking
      anticoagulants. Nineteen patients (39%) died of underlying disease. The average
      duration of cricothyroidotomy was 59 days (range, 3 to 270 days). Cannulas were
      successfully removed in all survivors after an average of 38 days (range, 6 to
      187 days). All of the patients were followed by personal interview, telephone
      contact, or contact with the referring physician. The average length of follow-up
      was 17 months (range, 2 to 50 months). All symptomatic patients were evaluated by
      laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. One patient required endoscopic removal of
      granulation tissue from the stomal site; 2 others required tracheal resection for
      stenosis at the balloon site. There were no instances of subglottic stenosis.
      There were 4 late deaths, none of which was related to the cricothyroidotomy.
      Based on these findings, we suggest that cricothyroidotomy, with its low
      complication rate, is the procedure of choice for patients requiring prolonged
      mechanical ventilation after cardiac operations.

PMID- 3985710
TI  - Upper rib fractures following median sternotomy.
AB  - First and second rib fractures occurred in 11 (16%) of 69 patients undergoing
      median sternotomy. Although 6 patients had no symptoms related to the rib
      fractures, 5 patients had postoperative chest, shoulder, and arm pain suggestive
      of angina pectoris or postpericardiotomy syndrome. The correct diagnosis of pain
      related to postoperative upper rib fracture may be made by direct visualization
      of the fracture on supine anteroposterior radiographs, elicitation of pain by
      palpation of the rib or motion of the upper extremity, lack of response to
      nitroglycerin, and negative electrocardiogram and cardiac enzyme levels. Upper
      rib fractures following median sternotomy are usually radiographically detectable
      within the first three postoperative days. Placement of the Ankeney sternal
      retractor with the upper blade in a lower position (fourth intercostal space) may
      reduce the incidence of this postoperative complication.

PMID- 3985711
TI  - Ulnar nerve injury with open-heart surgery.
AB  - The effects of different arm positions during open-heart surgery on the incidence
      of ulnar nerve injury were studied prospectively in 35 patients. It was concluded
      that ulnar nerve damage was common and was due to nerve compression at the elbow.
      A significant reduction in the incidence of nerve injury can be effected by
      placing the forearms above the head rather than at the patient's side.

PMID- 3985712
TI  - The use of glycerol-preserved homologous dura mater grafts in cardiac surgery:
      the Southampton experience.
AB  - Dura mater obtained from human cadavers and preserved in glycerol was used as
      patch grafts in various positions in the repair of acquired and congenital
      cardiac defects in 107 patients over a four-year period. The ages of the
      recipients ranged from 2 days to 75 years. The mean duration of preservation of
      the dura mater before use was 25.2 +/- 8.1 weeks. The dural grafts were used as
      an aortic root gusset in 38 patients (35.5%) undergoing aortic valve replacement,
      for enlargement of the pulmonary artery or right ventricular outflow tract or
      both in 38 patients (35.5%), and for repair of coarctation of the aorta in 10
      patients (9.4%). The grafts also were used for closure of atrial septal defects,
      for a variety of other congenital cardiac anomalies, and for replacement of
      segments of the aorta (2 patients). There were no complications attributable to
      the use of dura mater. Dura mater preserved in glycerol would seem to be a
      suitable material for repair of various cardiac defects because of its strength,
      low antigenicity, athrombogenicity, ease of handling, availability in large
      sizes, and rapid bonding to host tissue. However, long-term follow-up is
      important to assess the lasting properties of dura mater.

PMID- 3985713
TI  - The technique of the Fontan procedure with posterior right atrium-pulmonary
      artery connection.
AB  - A detailed technique is described for use of a modified Fontan procedure
      applicable to transposed as well as nontransposed anatomy. In the modified
      procedure, the use of circumferential grafting is eliminated, as are the
      complications arising from an anterior conduit in front of the aorta. Clinical
      results are reported for 9 young adults undergoing this operation.

PMID- 3985715
TI  - Gruentzig balloon catheter dilation for acquired bronchial stenosis in an infant.
AB  - A long stricture of the left main bronchus, which was resistant to the
      traditional methods of treatment, developed in a 992-gm twin who was ventilated
      for 114 days. The patient had two bronchial dilations with the Gruentzig balloon
      catheter placed under fluoroscopic control and inflated to 6 atm of pressure. The
      treatment was well tolerated by the patient, and one year after the Gruentzig
      balloon dilation she had a normal chest roentgenogram. Gruentzig balloon catheter
      dilation is a new technique for repairing bronchial stenosis in infancy without
      major intrathoracic surgical intervention.

PMID- 3985714
TI  - Transventricular balloon catheter aortic valvotomy in neonates.
AB  - Surgical intervention for critical aortic stenosis in neonates is associated with
      an appreciable risk. Refinements in the technique of aortic valvotomy have been
      developed in an attempt to lower the operative mortality. This case report
      summarizes our experience with transventricular balloon dilation of critical
      aortic stenosis in 2 neonates. Both patients survived operation with objective
      evidence of hemodynamic improvement.

PMID- 3985716
TI  - Successful surgical treatment of dissecting left atrial aneurysm after mitral
      valve replacement.
AB  - Dissecting aneurysm of the left atrium is extremely rare. A patient with such an
      aneurysm, which developed after mitral valve replacement is described. The
      diagnosis was established by cineventriculography of the left ventricle and two
      dimensional echocardiography. The aneurysm was successfully treated by closure of
      the communicating opening through the left thoracotomy incision.

PMID- 3985717
TI  - Transoral cervical esophagogastrostomy using the EEA stapling device.
AB  - The use of automatic stapling devices in gastrointestinal surgery is becoming
      more common. We describe a technique using the EEA stapling device in a high
      cervical esophageal position to simplify a sometimes difficult anastomosis.

PMID- 3985718
TI  - A simple test to determine the efficiency of mammary artery grafts during
      operation.
AB  - A simple test is presented to measure the efficiency of mammary artery-left
      anterior descending coronary artery anastomosis. While the aorta is still cross
      clamped and a pronounced temperature gradient exists between the warm patient and
      the hypothermic heart, a thermoprobe is inserted into the apex of the heart and
      the flow through the mammary artery pedicle is released. Rapid warming of the
      cardiac apex indicates good function of the anastomosis.

PMID- 3985719
TI  - Polypropylene suture fracture.

PMID- 3985720
TI  - Traumatic transection of the thoracic trachea.

PMID- 3985721
TI  - Hypomagnesemia in the patient receiving digitalis.

PMID- 3985722
TI  - Hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis. The puzzle finally solved.

PMID- 3985723
TI  - Clinical practice, clinical ethics.

PMID- 3985724
TI  - Lasers in medicine.

PMID- 3985725
TI  - An apparent cluster of aplastic anemia in a small population of teenagers.
AB  - Four teenagers with severe aplastic anemia, initially diagnosed and evaluated
      over a seven-year period at The Johns Hopkins Bone Marrow Transplant Unit,
      Baltimore, were residents of the same small town in South Carolina. Estimated
      annual incidence for that age group in the town, based on the four cases, was 100
      times the expected rate. All four of the teenagers had attended one of two junior
      high schools. An exploratory survey of all high-school students, comparing risk
      factors of those who had attended the "affected" junior high school with those
      who had attended the "unaffected" junior high school, showed no associations with
      exposure to glue, paint or varnishes, pesticides, history of hepatitis or
      infectious mononucleosis, or use of chloramphenicol or other suspected drugs.
      Weak associations were found between the affected junior high school and
      employment in the textile industry and in agriculture (specifically peach
      orchards).

PMID- 3985726
TI  - Postural influences on the hemodynamic responses to vasodilating drugs in
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - Supine and upright hemodynamic measurements were performed in 58 patients with
      congestive heart failure to assess the effects of postural change on the
      hemodynamic responses to vasodilating drugs. The patient population was divided
      into three treatment groups and was studied before and after isosorbide
      dinitrate, nifedipine, or clonidine treatment. When the hemodynamic responses in
      the upright position were compared with the supine values, isosorbide dinitrate
      (40 mg orally) evoked a greater reduction in mean systemic blood pressure and
      stroke volume with augmented increases in heart rate, mean pulmonary artery
      pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance while the patient was upright.
      Nifedipine (10 mg orally) when studied in the upright position caused additional
      augmentation of cardiac output and stroke volume index with further reduction in
      total systemic vascular resistance compared with supine values. No position
      related changes in hemodynamic measurements were noted with clonidine (0.1 mg
      orally).

PMID- 3985727
TI  - Propranolol for portal hypertension. Evaluation of therapeutic response by direct
      measurement of portal vein pressure.
AB  - Portal vein pressure was measured before and after a week of oral propranolol
      hydrochloride therapy in 27 patients with alcoholic liver disease. Mean net
      portal pressure fell (14.5 +/- 3.3 to 12.5 +/- 4.5 mm Hg), but there was wide
      variation in individual response to the drug. Simultaneous transhepatic portal
      vein pressure and wedged hepatic vein pressure were similar before and one hour
      after a single oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol hydrochloride in six additional
      patients. Arterial, portal, and hepatic vein oxygen content did not change
      significantly. Propranolol hydrochloride appears not to dissociate portal and
      wedged hepatic vein pressure or to impair liver oxygenation. Because of
      variability of response, the portal hypotensive effect of propranolol should be
      documented before beginning therapy with the drug.

PMID- 3985728
TI  - The hypersplenic spleen. A contractile reservoir of granulocytes and platelets.
AB  - Epinephrine-induced mobilization of noncirculating granulocytes and thrombocytes
      was evaluated in 13 subjects with marked variation in spleen size and correlated
      with the sonographically recorded contraction of the spleen. The effects of
      epinephrine on blood granulocyte and thrombocyte counts correlated highly with
      splenic contraction but not with spleen size. The findings provide further
      insight into mechanisms of hypersplenism, suggest that the big spleen of
      hypersplenism mimics the contractile reservoir function of the spleen of certain
      animals, and point out that the "marginal" granulocyte pool mobilized by
      epinephrine is not randomly distributed throughout the body.

PMID- 3985729
TI  - Frequency of hypomagnesemia in hospitalized patients receiving digitalis.
AB  - We examined the frequency of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia in patients receiving
      digitalis. Serum sodium, magnesium, and potassium levels were determined in 136
      serum samples sent to the laboratory for digoxin assay. Hyponatremia (less than
      or equal to 130 mEq/L) occurred most frequently (21%), followed by hypomagnesemia
      (less than or equal to 1.25 mEq/L) in 19%, hypokalemia (less than or equal to 3.5
      mEq/L) in 9%, and hypermagnesemia (greater than or equal to 2.25 mEq/L) in 7%.
      The twofold frequency of hypomagnesemia (19%) contrasted with hypokalemia (9%)
      indicates that clinicians are more attuned to avoiding hypokalemia than
      hypomagnesemia in patients receiving digitalis. Because hypokalemia and/or
      hypomagnesemia may contribute to the toxic effects of digitalis, our observation
      suggests that hypomagnesemia may be a more frequent contributor than hypokalemia
      to induction of toxic reactions to digitalis. Routine serum magnesium
      determination in patients receiving digitalis, who often are also receiving
      potent diuretics, may assist in identifying additional patients at risk for the
      toxic effects of digitalis.

PMID- 3985730
TI  - Denial in clinical medicine. A reexamination of the concept and its significance.
AB  - It is argued that, due to the diversity of meanings attaching to the term
      "denial" considerable imprecision exists in the clinical use both of the term
      itself and of its associated concepts. An obvious danger in this situation is
      that the term should be rendered unserviceably vague. Less obvious dangers
      include infringements of patients' rights and a tendency to foster paternalistic
      decision making. Amending the term's clinical usage is made with recommendations.

PMID- 3985731
TI  - When was a "negative" clinical trial big enough? How many patients you needed
      depends on what you found.
AB  - "Negative" clinical trials that conclude that neither of the treatments is
      superior are often criticized for having enrolled too few patients. These
      criticisms usually are based on formal sample size calculations that compute the
      numbers of patients required prospectively, as if the trial had not yet been
      carried out. We suggest that this "prospective" sample size calculation is
      incorrect, for once the trial is over we have "hard" data from which to estimate
      the actual size of the treatment effect. We can either generate confidence limits
      around the observed treatment effect or retrospectively compare it with the
      effect hypothesized before the trial. If the observed effect is small, the risk
      of the false-negative conclusion (and the sample size required to draw negative
      or equivalency conclusions) is often much less than that generated by the
      "prospective" calculation.

PMID- 3985732
TI  - Limiting treatment in a social vacuum. A Greek chorus for William T.

PMID- 3985733
TI  - Current concepts in sick sinus syndrome. II. ECG manifestation and diagnostic and
      therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 3985734
TI  - Legionnaires' disease associated with rash and renal failure.
AB  - Legionnaires' disease is recognized as a multisystemic illness. Afflicted
      patients may have pulmonary, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system
      complications. However, dermal involvement is not well documented and renal
      insufficiency is uncommon and usually of mild severity. We report two consecutive
      cases of proven Legionella infection that were unusual in that a macular rash and
      profound renal failure requiring hemodialysis were noted. Skin biopsy specimens
      of the rash and autopsy findings suggest that these atypical features may have
      been mediated by the Legionella infection. Although it is not entirely clear from
      these two cases, we suggest that the skin and renal involvement may have been
      mediated by either a "toxin" elaborated by the organism, an immunologic response
      of the host to the organism, or some other unidentified mechanism.

PMID- 3985735
TI  - Total hemiatrophy. Association with localized scleroderma, Schonlein-Henoch
      nephritis, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
AB  - In the clinical course of a patient with progressive facial hemiatrophy
      associated with ipsilateral body atrophy (total hemiatrophy), signs and symptoms
      of localized scleroderma were noted. The patient subsequently was found to have
      Schonlein-Henoch purpura with renal involvement and, later, paroxysmal nocturnal
      hemoglobinuria. To our knowledge, such an association has not been reported
      before.

PMID- 3985736
TI  - Fulminant respiratory failure and death in a patient with idiopathic
      bronchiolitis obliterans.
AB  - A middle-aged man with fulminant respiratory failure was found to have idiopathic
      bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia on lung biopsy specimen. His
      course was atypical in that it was not altered by steroid therapy and led to
      fulminant respiratory failure and death.

PMID- 3985737
TI  - Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis inducing epilepsy in a patient with
      beta-thalassemia--hemoglobin E.
AB  - Generalized epileptiform seizures developed in a 23-year-old patient with beta
      thalassemia-hemoglobin E. A computed tomographic scan suggested an intracranial
      mass. Surgery disclosed an extramedullary hematopoietic mass compressing the
      brain. Removal of the mass followed by irradiation of the area resulted in
      disappearance of the convulsions.

PMID- 3985738
TI  - Spurious hyperphosphatemia due to hyperlipidemia.
AB  - A patient had hyperlipidemia associated with apparent hyperphosphatemia. Further
      tests on his serum and on the lipemic sera from 15 additional patients revealed a
      method-dependent overestimation of inorganic phosphorus values. The degree of
      overestimation was found to correlate positively with the serum triglyceride
      concentration. Unexplained elevation of the serum phosphorus level should alert
      the physician to the possibility of spurious hyperphosphatemia due to
      hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 3985739
TI  - Nortriptyline-induced severe hyperventilation.
AB  - A 61-year-old man with end-stage renal disease developed severe hyperventilation
      following nortriptyline hydrochloride usage for depression. He required
      mechanical ventilation and paralysis to correct severe respiratory alkalosis. To
      our knowledge, nortriptyline usage has not been previously associated with
      hyperventilation.

PMID- 3985740
TI  - Hepatic vein obstruction in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.
AB  - We report an association between idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome and
      obstruction of the hepatic veins (Budd-Chiari syndrome). Budd-Chiari syndrome was
      assessed by liver biopsy and hepatic phlebography and documented by computed
      tomography. Postmortem examination revealed fibrous occlusion of the hepatic
      venous tree, as well as fibrosis of the endocardium and of myocardial and
      pulmonary vessels. To our knowledge, the association between idiopathic
      hypereosinophilic syndrome and Budd-Chiari syndrome has never previously been
      reported. Since it has been suggested that hypereosinophilia might cause
      endothelium damage, a link between these two entities is postulated.

PMID- 3985741
TI  - Azathioprine. An alternative treatment for recurrent idiopathic retroperitoneal
      fibrosis.
AB  - Ureteral obstruction resulting from idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF)
      generally requires a surgical approach sometimes associated with the
      administration of a corticosteroid. Corticosteroids alone have also been used
      successfully for recurrences of IRF after the surgical procedure; however, their
      success is not uniform. We treated a patient with IRF and ureteral obstruction
      who showed a dramatic recurrence soon after treatment with prednisone was
      discontinued. Azathioprine was then considered as an alternative treatment. A six
      week course of azathioprine (150 mg/day) resolved all the biologic signs of
      inflammation, normalized renal function, and greatly improved ureteral
      obstruction. We discuss the choice of immunosuppressive drugs in the management
      of the disease and propose azathioprine treatment for the recurrent forms.

PMID- 3985742
TI  - Angiographic contrast agent-induced acute hemolysis in a patient with hemoglobin
      SC disease.
AB  - Radiographic contrast media used for angiographic procedures are hyperosmolar and
      induce sickling in vitro of erythrocytes from patients with sickle cell
      disorders. We treated a 51-year-old black woman with hemoglobin SC disease, but
      without a history of painful crises, who developed severe intravascular hemolysis
      and pulmonary infiltrates following administration of a contrast agent for
      coronary angiography and ventriculography. This case emphasizes the potential for
      severe complications following administration of the currently available contrast
      agents to patients with sickle cell disease. We suggest that newer contrast
      agents with lower osmolality than the commonly used ones need to be carefully
      evaluated for radiologic studies in patients with sickle cell disease.

PMID- 3985743
TI  - Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome.

PMID- 3985744
TI  - More on adult spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

PMID- 3985745
TI  - The impact of bias in the Tri-State Toxic-Shock Syndrome Study.

PMID- 3985746
TI  - Thyroid needle biopsy.

PMID- 3985747
TI  - Repression and inhibition of cephalosporin synthetases in Streptomyces
      clavuligerus by inorganic phosphate.
AB  - Cephalosporin production by growing cells of Streptomyces clavuligerus was
      reduced by 100 mM inorganic phosphate. Resting cell production was repressed by
      prior growth in high phosphate and inhibited by phosphate. The cell-free activity
      of desacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase (ring expansion activity) was repressed
      by prior growth in high phosphate and inhibited by phosphate. Isopenicillin N
      synthetase (cyclase) was inhibited but not repressed. Penicillin epimerase was
      neither inhibited nor repressed by phosphate.

PMID- 3985748
TI  - Functional domains of colicin M.
AB  - The structure of colicin M of Escherichia coli was studied with regard to its
      organization into functional domains. A proteolytic fragment with an Mr of 24,000
      was isolated which comprised the carboxyterminal portion of the protein. It
      adsorbed to the outer membrane receptor protein and inhibited killing of cells by
      colicin M and by phage T5 that uses the same receptor. The fragment killed cells
      when the outer membrane was rendered permeable to macromolecules for a short time
      by the osmotic shock procedure. It is concluded that the fragment contains the
      receptor binding site and the active center but is lacking the sequence required
      for transport into cells. The carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence-Lys-Arg of the
      fragment was identical to that obtained from colicin M. Release of lysine and
      arginine led to inactivation of colicin M. The sequence of the first 39 amino
      acids of the amino terminal end of colicin M was determined.

PMID- 3985749
TI  - [Long-term responsibilities of the pediatrician].

PMID- 3985750
TI  - [Treatment of Duchenne's myopathy with early physiotherapy. Critical analysis].
AB  - The efficiency of a therapeutic modality in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is
      difficult to judge. The usual criterion used is the time period between the
      beginning of walking and its loss. Thirty-five patients treated with early
      intensive physiotherapy were compared with 28 untreated ones. On average, the
      prolongation of walking in the treated group was 8 months. However, average age
      of death was 18 years 8 months in treated patients and 20 years 2 months in
      untreated patients. In order to judge the benefits of a treatment it is
      absolutely essential to consider the whole of the evolution of the disease,
      without omitting the wheelchair bound stage when the most severe complications
      occur.

PMID- 3985751
TI  - [Urinary lithiasis in children. Apropos of 92 cases].
AB  - The charts of 92 children with urinary calculi were reviewed. There were 69 boys
      (75%) and 23 girls (25%), 20 (22%) were infants. Calculi were in kidney (74 times
      but were often multifocal. Fourteen children (15%) presented with a lithogenic
      metabolic disorder, 28 (30%) had a malformation of the urinary tract, in 4 (4.3%)
      a permanent urinary derivation had been performed for the treatment of a
      malformation or a neurologic bladder. The other children presented with
      apparently idiopathic lithiasis. However, urinary tract infection was found in
      70%. Predisposing factors, whether stasis, urinary tract infection or some
      urinary malformations, were often intricate. The spontaneous elimination of
      calculi was rare. Even when difficult, the extraction of calculi had generally
      moderate functional consequences. There was one secondary renal atrophy. Relapse
      occurred in 11 patients. Etiologic inquiry, bacteriologic monitoring of urines
      and ultrasonography supervision over years are the essential means to a better
      evaluation of the risk of relapse.

PMID- 3985752
TI  - [The future of children cured of cancer: later morbidity].
AB  - The 476 children treated for solid malignant tumor from 1947 to 1968 at the
      Institut Gustave-Roussy, and living NED at 5 years, were reviewed after 5 to 36
      years of follow-up (median 17 years). Two children were affected in the sibship
      in 9 families. Thirty patients died after 7 to 32 years, 15 from late evolution
      of their primary tumor, 7 from second cancer, and 8 from other causes. Late
      sequellae (3 lethal), mainly neurologic, orthopedic, endocrine, and others were
      observed in 271 patients, and not known in 48. A second tumor (19 malignant, 46
      benign) occurred from 7 to 26 years after treatment, more than half in the
      previously irradiated area. These patients have presently 164 known children; two
      died in infancy, two have malformations. None has had tumor up until now. The
      long-term cure of cancer remains true in 95% of cases in our span of follow-up,
      with sequellae compatible with a useful life in most cases.

PMID- 3985753
TI  - [Acute drug-induced esophagitis].
AB  - Esophageal lesions due to treatment with medication in the form of tablets are
      frequent. The authors report the case of a 10 year-old child who presented with
      extended mucosal necrosis of the esophagus after having been given a tablet of
      Rhinasal in the evening, without concomitant ingestion of water. A fiberoptic
      endoscopy was performed 3 days after the onset and showed the recovery of the
      mucosal inflammatory lesions, without local or general treatment, allowing oral
      feeding of the child after the 4th day.

PMID- 3985754
TI  - [Acute endocarditis caused by Kingella kingae in an infant].
AB  - A case of bacterial endocarditis in a one year-old boy is reported. There was no
      underlying heart disease. The organism was a Kingella kingae, an aerobic Gram
      negative bacillus, a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract. It has
      rarely been implicated as a pediatric pathogen. Occasionally it can cause bone
      and joint infections and exceptionally endocarditis.

PMID- 3985755
TI  - [Acquired toxoplasmic chorioretinitis with a late onset].
AB  - Maternal toxoplasma infection was responsible for congenital toxoplasmosis with
      ocular and cerebral manifestations in the infant. The acquired character of the
      toxoplasmosis in the 5th month of pregnancy was confirmed by serologic data and
      isolation of the parasite from the placenta. Five years later, an evolutive
      chorioretinitis was found in the mother. The toxoplasma origin of the ocular
      injury was proven by the study of aqueous humor. This case report is compared
      with the rare similar cases in the literature. The late discovery of ocular
      impairment is discussed.

PMID- 3985756
TI  - [Hepatic calcifications and esophageal stenosis of herpetic origin in an infant
      (radiological case of the month)].

PMID- 3985758
TI  - [Aortic and valvular lesions in pseudoxanthoma elasticum].

PMID- 3985757
TI  - [Fever in the infant].

PMID- 3985759
TI  - Plasma cortisol determination for the dexamethasone suppression test. Comparison
      of competitive protein-binding and commercial radioimmunoassay methods.
AB  - Quality control serum samples and postdexamethasone plasma pools were used to
      compare 16 commercial cortisol radioimmunoassay kits with the competitive protein
      binding assay for plasma glucocorticoids that we used to standardize the
      dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Thirteen radioimmunoassays gave higher
      criterion values for the DST than those established using the competitive protein
      binding assay. The range of radioimmunoassay criterion values was 4.34 to 8.70 mu
      mg/dL. Possible explanations are given for these findings, and their importance
      to the clinical utility of the DST are emphasized. Each laboratory should
      validate its own criterion cortisol value for depression based on local data,
      including appropriate control groups.

PMID- 3985760
TI  - Psychosocial functioning in prepubertal major depressive disorders. I.
      Interpersonal relationships during the depressive episode.
AB  - Psychosocial environment and relationships with parents, peers, and siblings of
      115 prepubertal children were measured by interview with their parent(s) for the
      three-month period preceding the assessment. The children had a current diagnosis
      of major depression (52 children) or nondepressed neurotic disorder (23) or were
      assessed to be normal (40). Most aspects of psychosocial relationships were found
      to be significantly impaired in the psychiatric groups. This impairment was
      generally worse in the depressives and significantly worse for aspects of verbal
      and affective communication with parents and siblings. Prepubertal children with
      major depressive disorder regularly present social relation deficits in which two
      components can be distinguished: one general to childhood psychiatric disorder
      and another specific to major depression.

PMID- 3985761
TI  - Psychosocial functioning in prepubertal major depressive disorders. II.
      Interpersonal relationships after sustained recovery from affective episode.
AB  - Psychosocial relationships with parents, peers, and siblings, as well as school
      functioning, were measured at two points in time by parental interview in 21
      prepubertal children: during an episode of major depression and after they had
      sustained an affective recovery from the index episode for at least four months.
      School functioning was completely normalized, but deficits in the child's
      intrafamilial and extra-familial relationships had improved only partially. The
      pattern of improvement was merely quantitative. Moderate deficits during the
      depressive episode reached, after affective recovery, the level of the normal
      control group. In contrast, severe deficits only improved to a moderate level of
      severity. It is suggested that treating the affective disorder is not sufficient
      in many children with major depression and that efficacy studies of
      psychotherapeutic interventions in affectively recovered children are needed.

PMID- 3985762
TI  - Seizures and trazodone therapy.

PMID- 3985763
TI  - A sensitive, outpatient dexamethasone suppression test.

PMID- 3985764
TI  - Trazodone and cocaine abuse.

PMID- 3985765
TI  - [Transplantation immunity to a UV-induced murine sarcoma by injection of a
      glycoprotein fraction from the tumor].
AB  - One single subcutaneous injection of 100 micrograms protein of a glycoprotein
      fraction from UV light-induced mouse sarcoma produces transplantation resistance
      against the same tumor. The glycoprotein fraction was isolated by 2% Triton X-100
      and 3M KCl from enriched membranes. As measured by immunogenicity a tenfold
      enrichment of a tumor-associated antigen was obtained when compared with the 3M
      KCl extract on the basis of protein concentration.

PMID- 3985766
TI  - [Changes in selected parameters of carbohydrate metabolism during short term
      hyperglycemia therapy in Jensen's sarcoma].
AB  - Biochemical investigations of short term hyperglycemia together with tumor-lysing
      clostridia were undertaken in order to optimize the use of this combined anti
      tumor therapy model. Repeated intraperitoneal glucose injections resulted in an
      increased concentration of glucose in tumor tissue which lasted several hours and
      paralleled the blood sugar level in tumor bearing animals. At the same time a
      tumor dependent deterioration in glucose tolerance appeared likely.
      Characteristic changes in the intratumor lactate concentration were demonstrable.
      Tumor acidosis lasted 4 to 7 hours. Tumor pyruvate concentrations varied little
      with hyperglycemia. Simultaneous blood lactate and pyruvate levels did not differ
      from those of controls. LDH activity as measured in the tumor and in blood serum
      gave no clear indication of tumor cell damage.

PMID- 3985767
TI  - [Tissue distribution of iso-metronidazole and metronidazole in tumor-bearing C3H
      inbred mice].
AB  - Among the group of nitroimidazole radiosensitizers, predominantly misonidazole
      and metronidazole have so far been submitted to an extensive clinical testing.
      However, neurotoxic side effects have limited the dose of the substance necessary
      to obtain a maximal effect of sensibilization. Therefore, extensive efforts are
      being undertaken in the search for new compounds of equally good radiosensitizing
      action but with less side effects. One approach is to use substances of lower
      lipophilicity which will reduce penetration into the cerebral tissue. Proceeding
      from these considerations, comparative investigations were carried out with
      metronidazole (1-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole) and iso
      metronidazole (1-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole), since in vitro but
      also in animal experiments the both substances showed an equally good
      radiosensitizing action while the lipophilicity of iso-metronidazole is much
      lower. Whereas for the metronidazole about the same distribution of the substance
      was found in all the organs investigated and also in the tissue of the mammary
      adenocarcinoma of C3H mice, the maximal concentration of iso-metronidazole in the
      cerebral tissue reached only about 50% of that in tumor tissue. This property,
      combined with the improved solubility, make the iso-metronidazole appear more
      appropriate for clinical testing than metronidazole.

PMID- 3985768
TI  - Comparative cytomorphometric and cytospectrophotometric investigations of gastric
      lesions.
AB  - Comparative cytomorphometric and cytospectrophotometric investigations have been
      carried out on Hematoxylin-Eosin and Feulgen stained paraffin sections from 150
      patients with normal gastric mucosa, chronic atrophic and hypertrophic gastritis,
      benign and malignantly transformed stomach ulcers and adenomatous polyps and
      adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The changes in the small and large nucleus (cell)
      diameters; nucleus, cell and cytoplasma area (volume) and nucleus/cell and
      nucleus/cytoplasma ratio for area and volume as well as the nuclear DNA content
      values have been presented in the pathway from normal stomach mucosa to gastric
      cancer. The presented results give us more information about the dynamics of
      malignant cell transformation.

PMID- 3985769
TI  - [Anticoagulant 3-aryl-5-(phenylmethylene)tetronic acids].

PMID- 3985770
TI  - [Simultaneous polarographic determination of nitrofurantoin and phenazopyridine
      in tablets].

PMID- 3985771
TI  - Ankle-foot orthoses: effect on gait abnormalities in tibial nerve paralysis.
AB  - To study the biomechanical effects of gastrocnemius-soleus dysfunction and its
      potential remediation, the gait patterns of six able-bodied young adults were
      analyzed before and after induced temporary tibial nerve paralysis. Ambulation
      with the tibial nerve block was performed with and without the assistance of an
      ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) with a rigid anterior stop adjusted to either 5 degrees
      plantarflexion or 5 degrees dorsiflexion. The gait abnormalities resulting from
      tibial nerve paralysis include delayed advancement of the center of pressure,
      delayed ipsilateral heeloff and early contralateral heelstrike, decreased
      steplength, decreased ankle dorsiflexion moment, and increased knee flexion
      moment. This study provides quantitative information on the degree to which these
      abnormalities were corrected by appropriately adjusted AFOs. When using an AFO
      with an anterior stop, subjects with tibial nerve paralysis had improved
      advancement of the center of pressure (p less than 0.01). The body's ground
      reactive force line moved forward more normally, pivoting over the metatarsal
      head area and raising the heel earlier than observed with uncorrected tibial
      nerve paralysis, thus approximating the normal ankle dorsiflexion moment, normal
      timing of gait events, normal advancement of the hip, and normal steplength. The
      AFO with the anterior stop set at 5 degrees plantarflexion was more effective in
      restoring the values to normal than the AFO with the anterior stop set at 5
      degrees dorsiflexion, but still did not consistently achieve the normal values.
      Only by using the AFO with the anterior stop set at 5 degrees plantarflexion was
      the increased knee flexion moment observed during the block reduced to normal
      levels (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985772
TI  - Diaphragmatic function following cervical cord injury: neurally mediated
      improvement.
AB  - Vital capacity measurements from 36 people rendered quadriplegic by traumatic
      cervical cord injuries generally increased during the first ten months after
      injury, indicating spontaneous improvement in respiratory muscle function.
      Reasoning that a renewal of neural supply to the diaphragm would probably be
      accompanied by a parallel renewal of neural supply to other muscles having
      adjacent motor pathways, the present study compared vital capacity measurements
      with concomitant muscle function evaluations from 20 of these people.
      Qualitatively, increases in vital capacity were invariably accompanied by
      increases in the function of a group of muscles (primarily of the shoulder and
      upper arm) having some segmental innervation in common with the diaphragm (C3-C5)
      but were only sometimes accompanied by increases in the function of a group of
      muscles (primarily of the forearm and wrist) having segmental innervation below
      that of the diaphragm (C6-C8). These findings suggest that the spontaneous
      improvement in vital capacity observed in quadriplegic people is mediated in part
      by corresponding improvement in the neural supply to the diaphragm.
      Quantitatively, however, linear regression analysis indicated that neither the
      rate nor the absolute amount of improvement in vital capacity could be predicted
      with any reliability from pulmonary function tests, neurologic examinations, or
      muscle function evaluations performed in the early stage of recovery.

PMID- 3985773
TI  - Strength training effect in young and aged women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of isometric strength
      training of the nondominant left abductor digiti minimi muscles of young and aged
      women. The ten young subjects, mean age 22.6 years, were all nursing students.
      The ten older subjects, mean age 69.2 years, did not constitute a similar
      homogeneous group, although they all lived in the metropolitan area of Richmond,
      VA. All subjects were volunteers. Training consisted of each subject performing
      20 maximal isometric contractions of the left abductor digiti minimi three times
      weekly for six weeks. A pretest and six weekly measurements of strength were made
      on a strain gauge. Significant strength increases were found for the pretest
      posttest measurements within each group at the same p less than 0.0001 level.
      When both groups were compared on the initial strength measurement and on the six
      weekly measurements, no statistically significant differences were found.
      Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted.

PMID- 3985774
TI  - Occult head injury: its incidence in spinal cord injury.
AB  - This study investigated the suspicion that a significant proportion of
      individuals having spinal cord injury (SCI) also sustain a concomitant
      undiagnosed occult head injury during the trauma accident. The criteria for high
      risk of head injury included the following: (1) quadriplegia with high energy
      deceleration accident, (2) loss of consciousness at time of injury, (3) brainstem
      or cortical neurologic indicators, or (4) respiratory support required at time of
      injury. In this study, 67 patients admitted to the rehabilitation unit were given
      a neuropsychologic evaluation a median of 48 days after injury. Motor free scales
      used were the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT), Quick Test, Raven
      Progressive matrices, serial 7s, Shipley Hartford, Stroop Color/Word
      Interference, and the Wechsler Memory Scale Associate Learning Tests. Forty-three
      of the 67 patients (64%) scored mildly to profoundly impaired on the test
      battery. Evidence of poor premorbid academic history was present in 19 (44%) of
      those with impaired performance on the neurologic evaluation and in only three
      (13%) of those scoring unimpaired. Consequently, 56% (24/43) of the impaired had
      no previous record of scholastic difficulties, presumably acquiring cognitive
      impairment at the time of injury. The implications of this high incidence of
      impaired cognitive functioning for treatment of individuals with SCI are
      significant.

PMID- 3985775
TI  - Stimulus artifact reduction in nerve conduction.
AB  - Techniques recommended to reduce stimulus artifact (SA) include modifications of
      electrodes, electrode contact, and stimulus circuitry. Twenty-two subjects were
      studied to evaluate two electrode positioning techniques to reduce the SA in
      sensory nerve conduction velocity recordings. In 16 normal subjects, rotating the
      stimulator anode around the cathode 70-105 degrees flattened the baseline and
      permitted recording a clear take-off of the sural evoked response. In the
      remaining six subjects, other angles were optimal. Reconfiguring location of the
      reference and ground electrodes to increase common mode rejection was not
      consistently effective in reducing the SA in the eight patients tested.
      Isopotential lines produced by the stimulator electric dipole are described to
      explain the findings. This technique is simple and effective in reducing SA.

PMID- 3985776
TI  - Lumbar extension in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: effect on lateral curvature.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that a lumbar pad
      producing extension of the lumbar spine is of value in posture support seats for
      children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Our method was to establish whether or
      not an increase in lumbar lordosis produced any increase in resistance to static
      lateral curvature of the supine lumbar spine. Nine boys with Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy were studied at an age when they were about to go into a wheelchair or
      had recently become wheelchair mobile. In each case the child lay supine on low
      friction material on an x-ray table while the spine was flexed first to the right
      and then to the left, with and without a lumbar pad, by a predetermined force.
      The degree of lateral curvature was measured from anteroposterior radiographs.
      While lateral forces were applied when the boys were supine rather than seated,
      the results failed to show a difference in curvature with or without the lumbar
      pad.

PMID- 3985777
TI  - Augmented auditory information in the control of upper-limb prostheses.
AB  - The present study compared the effects of augmented auditory information on the
      linear positioning performance of individuals with natural or prosthetic limbs.
      Subjects were ten male volunteers, five of whom had above-elbow amputations and
      had used their prosthetic devices for an average of 8.3 years. The other five
      subjects were selected from a volunteer pool. Movements were made and measured on
      a standard linear slide whose cursor had a pulsing infrared diode attached
      opposite the subject. An infrared camera and microprocessor translated diode
      movement into a corresponding change in voltage. The voltage was simultaneously
      applied to an audio device which supplied the augmented feedback. The movement of
      the cursor by the subject was paralleled by a linearly-related change in audible
      frequency (Hz). The subjects performed 15 trials at each of three retentions
      (immediate, 15-sec filled, and 15 sec unfilled), both with and without the
      augmented feedback, for a total of 90 trials. The results of group X feedback X
      retention intervals analysis of variance on absolute and variable error indicated
      both a group X retention and a group X feedback interaction. Subjects using a
      prosthetic limb to produce the movement were less accurate and more variable than
      the "normal" subjects when augmented feedback was not concurrent with response.

PMID- 3985778
TI  - Special mattresses: effectiveness in preventing decubitus ulcers in chronic
      neurologic patients.
AB  - Thirty-two chronic neurologic patients between 19 and 60 years of age were
      randomly assigned, for a period of three months, to either an alternating air
      mattress or a silicore mattress to test the preventive qualities of special
      mattresses in the occurrence of decubitus ulcers. The two groups were comparable
      on the variables of age, weight, diagnoses, history of disease process, history
      of being wheelchair bound, history of previous pressures, and mean scores on
      Norton's scale of risk, which is based on the subject's physical condition,
      mental alertness, ambulation, mobility and incontinence. No significant
      differences were observed in the preventive qualities of the two types of special
      mattresses in terms of the incidence, location, severity, or healing duration of
      the subjects' decubitus ulcers. Improved studies of common special mattresses are
      suggested.

PMID- 3985779
TI  - Dynamic splint to reduce the passive component of hypertonicity.
AB  - A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a newly designed dynamic
      splint in reducing the passive component of hypertonus. Splinting and P-ROM
      exercise were compared among eight elderly subjects matched by age and sex with
      hemiparesis, one year after cerebrovascular accident. Spring-weighted scale
      measurements of the passive force of the wrist from 0 degrees flexion/extension
      towards flexion were used as dependent measures. Measurements were taken three
      days per week for six weeks. Data demonstrated that a significant reduction of
      hypertonus occurred among the splinted group but not the P-ROM group. A further
      comparison with previously published data on the effects of static splinting
      demonstrated that dynamic splinting led to a greater reduction of hypertonus than
      static splinting and P-ROM exercises.

PMID- 3985780
TI  - Body composition in spinal cord injury.
AB  - A study of body composition was conducted on 45 patients with spinal cord injury
      (SCI) and 12 able-bodied healthy subjects who served as controls. Body
      composition was assessed in terms of water (W), fat (F), protein (P), and mineral
      (M) content. SCI patients exhibited lower absolute amounts of W, F, and P, but no
      differences in the the amounts of these components when expressed relative
      (percentage) to gross body weight (BW). As estimated in this study, the amount of
      bone mass constituted a higher percentage of the gross BW. This suggests that,
      although SCI patients lose calcium in the early stages of the disease, the loss
      of weight that follows SCI is principally due to the loss of W, F, and P.

PMID- 3985781
TI  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case with prolonged survival.
AB  - We report the case of a patient with confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy who
      lived a useful and improved life until age 34. He was first seen in our Muscular
      Dystrophy Clinic when he was 14; at that time he was functionally quadriplegic
      and required assistance for all activities of daily living. At age 17,
      ventilatory insufficiency developed and the patient was provided with a positive
      pressure device (mouthpiece) to augment his ventilation. A year later he learned
      the technique of glossopharyngeal breathing. After surviving acute pneumonia at
      age 24, he became a licensed real estate salesman and was married at age 29 to
      his attendant (the marriage ended in divorce). He eventually enrolled as a
      student at Ohio State University, lived on campus, and moved about in a powered
      wheelchair. He died an accidental death by drowning at age 34 when his wheelchair
      veered suddenly into a pond eight feet deep.

PMID- 3985782
TI  - Transverse myelopathy: influence of body position as a cause.
AB  - A 37-year-old man developed an acute onset of paraplegia after traveling about 4
      1/2 hr in the cab of a moving truck, sitting "crouched over, Indian style," with
      trunk flexed forward and the lower extremities in flexion, abduction, and
      external rotation. A diagnosis of transverse myelitis with probable spinal cord
      infarct was made. The sudden onset in this case supports a vascular origin, with
      body position as an important factor leading to vascular compromise of the spinal
      cord.

PMID- 3985783
TI  - Stubby prostheses: an alternative to conventional prosthetic devices.
AB  - Stubby prostheses offer potential advantages over conventional prosthetic devices
      in terms of safety, stability, and energy efficiency. Although cosmesis is
      compromised in the process, these short nonarticulated pylon prostheses may be a
      viable option to consider in bilateral A-K or knee disarticulation amputee
      patients under the following circumstances: (1) as a training tool to determine
      whether progression to full-length articulated devices is feasible; (2) as
      permanent prostheses for the patient whose primary need for ambulation is within
      his own home; (3) for the elderly bilateral amputee in whom ambulation is
      feasible but safety and energy efficiency are of particular importance; and (4)
      as a definitive device in the patient who expresses a preference for them. Two
      patients who have become successful users of stubby prostheses are presented to
      illustrate these points.

PMID- 3985784
TI  - Rapid intra-abdominal spread of pancreatic cancer. Influence of multiple
      operative biopsy procedures.
AB  - Intra-abdominal spread of tumor is a common cause of treatment failure in
      patients with pancreatic cancer. We have reviewed 62 patients with pancreatic
      cancer undergoing repeat laparotomy in order to learn what factors are associated
      with the high risk of intra-abdominal metastases. Patients who underwent two or
      more operative biopsy procedures were at a markedly increased risk of developing
      intra-abdominal tumor seeding. These metastases were not detectable by
      preoperative computed tomography scan or ultrasound. This information affirms
      that multiple biopsies of pancreatic tumors increase the risk of local disease
      failure, and regimens based on nonoperative staging are likely to incorrectly
      minimize the extent of tumor involvement.

PMID- 3985785
TI  - Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in fasting and nonfasting canine models of
      ileus.
AB  - We studied postoperative gastrointestinal (GI) tract myoelectric activity (MEA)
      in three fasting and nonfasting models of ileus. After implantation of a gastric
      cannula and bipolar electrodes in the antrum, duodenum, proximal jejunum,
      midjejunum, terminal ileum, and ascending and descending colon, five dogs
      underwent ileus-producing laparotomies, including handling, in which the entire
      GI tract was manually crushed, obstruction, in which a distal ileal obstruction
      was created and released 24 hours later, and peritonitis, in which an ileal
      perforation was created and closed 24 hours later. The fasting 24-hour
      postoperative colonic MEA in the handling and obstruction models was
      significantly less than control levels but returned to normal by 48 hours. The
      nonfasting 24-hour postoperative duodenal and jejunal MEA in the obstruction
      model was significantly less than control levels. These significantly decreased
      MEA levels persisted for 72 hours. Nonfasting 24-hour postoperative ileal and
      colonic MEA in the peritonitis model was significantly greater than control
      levels and remained significantly elevated for 48 to 72 hours before returning to
      normal.

PMID- 3985786
TI  - Efficacy of low-dose streptokinase in acute arterial occlusion and graft
      thrombosis.
AB  - In a review of 35 patients undergoing local thrombolysis using selective infusion
      of low-dose streptokinase, the overall success rate was 43%. Streptokinase
      appears to be most effective in occlusion of native arteries, in high-flow
      segments, and in autogenous saphenous vein grafts. Local streptokinase was least
      effective in occluded prosthetic grafts in the femoropopliteal segment (19%
      success). Distal embolization and progression of thrombosis of the distal
      arterial tree may occur while the patient is undergoing local thrombolysis and
      may result in limb loss. Hence, local thrombolysis is not recommended when
      surgical treatment is an alternative. Despite the low dose, systemic fibrinolytic
      effects and hemorrhagic complications were common occurrences; hence, routine
      hematologic monitoring is mandatory in patients undergoing lytic therapy with
      local infusion of streptokinase.

PMID- 3985787
TI  - Postgastrectomy phytobezoars--endoscopic diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Thirty-three consecutive patients with 38 bezoars were identified since 1975.
      Twenty-nine patients (87.8%) had undergone previous gastric surgery. The average
      interval between surgery and bezoar diagnosis was 7.7 years. There were 14 men
      and 19 women (mean age, 61.5 years). Epigastric distress (84%) and weight loss
      (31%) were the most common complaints. Twenty-two (75.9%) of 29 barium studies
      were falsely negative. Attempts at prior enzymatic dissolution had failed in
      three patients. Three (13.6%) of 22 patients available for follow-up had multiple
      episodes of bezoar formation. All patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy
      for diagnosis and concomitant fragmentation and "flushing" of the bezoar for
      resolution. The success rate was 100%; no complications occurred.

PMID- 3985788
TI  - Prediction of heparin requirements in acute thromboplastic venous disease.
AB  - It has been suggested that early heparin requirements are greater in patients
      with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Heparin
      requirements were recorded for 73 patients with suspected DVT and PE. The
      maintenance dosage (days 1 through 4) of heparin sodium required to achieve
      therapeutic partial thromboplastin times (PTTs) was significantly higher in
      patients with DVT (n = 54; mean +/- SD dosage, 1,151 +/- 246 units/hr) compared
      with patients with no DVT (n = 19; mean +/- SD dosage, 952 +/- 190 units/hr). The
      first posttreatment PTT was significantly lower in patients with DVT (mean +/- SD
      PTT, 68.74 +/- 27.96 s) compared with control patients (mean +/- SD PTT, 89.41 +/
      23.25 s). This study supports the clinical impression that initial heparin
      requirements are greater and heparin clearance is more rapid in patients with
      acute DVT and PE.

PMID- 3985789
TI  - Oxidation-reduction maintenance in organ preservation.
AB  - The isolated perfused organ is more sensitive to the toxicity of oxygen since
      hypothermia reduces the activities of enzymes responsible for minimizing oxygen
      toxicity. To protect the organ under these conditions reducing agents must be
      added to the perfusate. Quantitation of the resulting reduction is best obtained
      by measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential of the perfusate. A device
      was designed for this purpose and, by electrochemical principle, controlled
      reduction of the oxidized form of the oxidation-reduction couple was affected.
      Kidneys were perfused with cryoprecipitated plasma. With the electrochemical cell
      in the circuit, the oxidation-reduction potential of the perfusate was adjusted
      by the addition of ascorbic acid and glutathione and the cell was driven by a
      battery-powered potentiostat. Kidneys subjected to 60 minutes of warm ischemia
      had optimal survival at -20 mV. Preservation for six days in a monitored group
      had no survivors, whereas kidneys with oxidation-reduction support maintained
      life. Optimal oxidation-reduction support maintained life. Optimal oxidation
      reduction was at or near -17 mV. These data show a requirement of an optimal
      oxidation-reduction potential to reverse warm ischemia damage and to prolong the
      period of ex vivo preservation of isolated perfused organ.

PMID- 3985790
TI  - Surgical management of perforated colonic diverticulitis.
AB  - Between 1960 and 1983, 116 patients had surgical treatment for acutely perforated
      colonic diverticulitis. Sixty-five patients had immediate or primary resection
      and 51 had delayed or staged resection. The two groups were comparable as to age,
      sex, and associated diseases. The mortality rate (12% v 20%), duration of
      hospital stay (36 days v 52 days), and duration of disability (81 days v 148
      days) were all lower for the primary resection than the staged resection group.
      We believe that, whenever possible, the perforated segment of colonic
      diverticulitis should be resected primarily.

PMID- 3985791
TI  - Role of activated carbon hemoperfusion in the recovery of livers exposed to
      ischemic damage.
AB  - Adequate hepatic assistance by artificial liver support systems after ischemic
      damage would allow for the possibility of liver regeneration. This study assessed
      the efficacy of activated carbon hemoperfusion (ACH) for artificial liver support
      after ischemically induced hepatic failure. Severe liver failure was induced in
      18 adult mongrel dogs by cross clamping of the portal vein and hepatic artery for
      40 minutes after creation of a portacaval shunt. Group 1 (n = 8) animals served
      as untreated controls and survived for only two to 22 hours after the procedure
      (10.6 +/- 8.8 hours, mean +/- SD). A significant improvement in survival was seen
      in group 2 animals (n =10), which received one ACH treatment after ischemic
      injury (range of survival, two to more than seven days). These results encourage
      further development of this procedure for possible clinical application.

PMID- 3985792
TI  - Actuarial analysis of the risk of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 1,598 patients
      with mechanical and bioprosthetic valves.
AB  - We reviewed the charts of 1,598 patients undergoing valve replacement at the
      National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, from 1956 through 1981.
      Retrospective analysis disclosed that 43 patients had prosthetic valve
      endocarditis (PVE). Twelve patients had early (less than 60 days after operation)
      and 31 patients had late (greater than 60 days after operation) endocarditis. The
      cumulative risk was 3% at five years and 5% at ten years. We also calculated the
      interval risk of PVE. The high risk of early PVE development peaked 15 days after
      operation. The peak risk was 45 episodes per 100,000 patient days. The risk then
      declined rapidly and from 150 days to 20 years remained stable at approximately
      one episode per 100,000 patient days. Nine hundred fifty-two patients had valve
      replacement with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis and 363 patients had valve
      replacement with a bioprosthetic valve; there was no significant difference in
      the risk of PVE in either group. Neither the valve make, position, model, nor the
      number of valves implanted affected the frequency of PVE or the mortality.
      Actuarial techniques disclosed the high early risk of PVE, the prolonged risk of
      PVE up to 150 days after operation, and the low but persistent risk late after
      operation. There was no significant difference in the risk of PVE in patients
      with bioprosthetic v mechanical valves.

PMID- 3985793
TI  - Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in thyroid gland surgery related to operations
      and nerves at risk.
AB  - Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is rare, but it is the most common complication
      in thyroid gland surgery. Depending on whether the measurement of the rate of
      occurrence is based on the number of operations or on the number of nerves at
      risk, the rate may vary widely. The elapsed time from the operation to when the
      palsy is considered permanent has also differed among various studies. In a ten
      year series of 514 thyroid gland operations at a county hospital, all patients
      with a postoperative palsy were examined six months to ten years after the
      operation. After a primary operation almost 50% of the palsies were temporary,
      reducing the permanent palsy rate to 5.8% based on the number of operations, or
      3.6% based on the number of nerves at risk. With more extensive surgery, the rate
      increased. This series illustrates the importance of the method by which the
      recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rate is defined and calculated. The rates also
      show that the complication rate may be kept at a low level even in a
      nonspecialized unit.

PMID- 3985794
TI  - Systolic properties of normal and septic isolated rat hearts. The effect of
      branched chain amino acids.
AB  - Systolic properties and coronary flow were studied in Langendorff preparations of
      normal and septic rat hearts paced at 100, 200, 300, and 400 beats per minute. In
      addition, the effects of amino acid formulations differing in their branched
      chain amino acid (BCAA) concentration in normal and septic rat hearts were
      investigated. Our experiments demonstrated the following: in the normal isolated
      rat heart, Krebs plus glucose and Krebs plus glucose plus 42% BCAA are most
      effective in maintaining systolic properties, while Krebs plus glucose plus 15%
      or 100% BCAA were considerably less effective. Sepsis results in a significant
      decrease in the systolic properties of the isolated rat heart, and in a loss of
      the negative linear correlation between contractility and heart rate, probably
      the result of a diminishing intracellular load of contractile calcium. In the
      isolated septic rat heart, mechanical washout during perfusion has a beneficial
      effect, suggesting the presence of a myocardial depressant substance in sepsis.
      The use of a balanced amino acid mixture containing 42% BCAA exerts the greatest
      benefit in maintaining systolic properties and in improving coronary flow in the
      isolated septic rat heart.

PMID- 3985795
TI  - Western Surgical Association, Colorado Springs, Colo, Nov 12-14, 1984. The
      presidential address.

PMID- 3985796
TI  - Selective nonoperative management of blunt liver injury using computed
      tomography.
AB  - Computed tomographic (CT) scans are used to evaluate victims of blunt trauma for
      abdominal injury when reasons for immediate laparotomy are not present. Twenty
      four patients whose CT scans showed liver injuries that were small parenchymal
      lacerations or intrahepatic hematomas were managed without laparotomy. Intra
      abdominal blood was absent or estimated to be less than 250 mL in volume. None of
      the patients were in shock; six patients required transfusions, none for acute
      abdominal bleeding. None of these patients subsequently required laparotomy or
      showed hepatobiliary problems at a follow-up examination less than one year
      later. Five follow-up scans showed varying degrees of resolution. Two patients
      died of severe head injury, but the liver injury did not contribute to the cause
      of death. Other patients with more severe blunt liver injury who were treated
      nonoperatively developed significant complications that required delayed surgery.
      It seems that patients with limited liver injury diagnosed by CT scan and
      selected by strictly applied criteria can be managed safely without laparotomy in
      a setting where rapid evaluation and treatment of any potential complication is
      available.

PMID- 3985797
TI  - Needle localization of nonpalpable breast masses.
AB  - A series of 146 women underwent 150 preoperative localizations of
      mammographically suspicious but nonpalpable breast lesions. The lesions were
      localized using the hook-wire method of Frank in 133 of these patients. Carcinoma
      was discovered in 24 (16%) of the women; 18 (75%) of these women had invasive and
      six women (25%) had noninvasive carcinomas. Sixty-seven patients demonstrated
      calcification, and of these, 16 patients (24%) turned out to have malignancies.
      Eighty percent of the cancers were less than 1 cm in diameter, and 38% met the
      criteria of minimal carcinoma as described by Gallagher and Martin in 1969.
      Fourteen percent of the patients with carcinoma had lymph node metastases. We
      conclude that this is a safe, rapid, and accurate method for localizing small,
      potentially highly curable breast cancers with minimal sacrifice of breast
      tissue.

PMID- 3985798
TI  - Recurrent aneurysms and late vascular complications following repair of abdominal
      aortic aneurysms.
AB  - Between 1970 and 1976, 1,112 patients underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
      Follow-up, ranging from six to 12 years, was complete in 1,087 patients (97.7%).
      The most frequent cause of late deaths was coronary artery disease (45.6%), but
      significant morbidity related to the peripheral vascular system had developed in
      94 patients, and led to 8.4% (48 patients) of all late deaths. Forty-nine true,
      14 anastomotic, and five dissecting aneurysms were detected in 59 patients (5.4%)
      a mean (+/- SD) of 5.2 +/- 3.1 years after the initial aneurysm repair. These
      aneurysms were located in the thoracic (24), thoracoabdominal (five), or
      abdominal aorta (11), and in the iliac (six), femoral (17), popliteal (four), and
      renal arteries (one). Only one of 26 patients presenting with a rupture of one of
      these secondary aneurysms survived. There was a significant association between
      preoperative hypertension and recurrent aneurysm. These findings suggest that
      subsequent vascular disease, including recurrent aneurysms and graft
      complications, cause significant late morbidity and mortality after repair of
      abdominal aortic aneurysm. Careful follow-up and adequate control of hypertension
      may allow reduction in morbidity and an improvement in late survival.

PMID- 3985799
TI  - Arterial thromboembolism. A 20-year perspective.
AB  - Our experience with 739 patients with lower extremity thromboembolism since the
      advent of the balloon catheter has led us to several important observations: As
      the etiology has shifted from rheumatic to atherosclerotic, we treat a more
      complex group of patients, one fourth of whom have severe, preexisting peripheral
      occlusive disease. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential to decrease the
      mortality and morbidity, which has ranged about 25% +/- 10%. Anticoagulation must
      be continued in the postoperative period, accepting wound hematomas as a fair
      "trade-off" to prevent recurrent embolus and distal thrombosis in areas
      inaccessible to the catheter. Postoperative use of heparin "buys time" to further
      assess marginal results of embolectomy allowing arteriography and careful
      planning of secondary operations to assure not only a viable but a functional
      limb. There is little mention in the literature to emphasize this approach, which
      we think is essential for long-term salvage. Early in the series, patients were
      treated with heparin or embolectomy alone. There were 161 secondary operations in
      135 patients following embolectomy consisting of repeated thromboembolectomy,
      popliteal exploration, sympathectomy, bypass graft(s), angioplasty, and
      endarterectomy. Additionally, 44 patients had a direct attack correcting the
      cardiac source of their embolism. Our overall mortality (12%) and limb salvage
      (95%) shows marked improvement compared with earlier reports. Therefore, we
      recommend combined embolectomy and heparin as the primary choice of therapy.

PMID- 3985800
TI  - Neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy.
      Their role in the dumping syndrome.
AB  - This study evaluated the effect of gastric bypass on the glucose, insulin,
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neurotensin, and motilin response to orally
      administered glucose in eight morbidly obese patients before and after operation.
      Preoperatively, all eight patients remained asymptomatic during an oral glucose
      tolerance test, which showed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinism. Plasma VIP,
      neurotensin, and motilin remained below detectable levels for the entire test. At
      three months following gastric bypass (21% weight loss), all eight patients
      became acutely ill during a repeated oral glucose tolerance test and had the
      following symptoms: facial flushing (eight patients), palpitations (eight
      patients), nausea (seven patients), abdominal fullness (seven patients), pallor
      (four patients), diaphoresis (two patients), vomiting (two patients), and
      diarrhea (two patients). Significant release of neurotensin occurred in seven
      patients while three patients had release of VIP, further implicating these two
      peptides as part of the pathophysiologic spectrum of the "dumping syndrome."

PMID- 3985801
TI  - Splenectomy in the treatment of hemolytic anemia.
AB  - In 113 patients with hemolytic anemia splenectomy was performed, without
      mortality and with minimal morbidity. Fifty-three patients with congenital
      spherocytosis and two with congenital elliptocytosis had postoperative increases
      in hematocrit to normal or near-normal levels. Three patients with pyruvate
      kinase deficiency and three with thalassemia variants were improved. Splenectomy
      in 52 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia resulted in an excellent response
      in 64% (no further steroid therapy) and an improved status in another 21%
      (prednisone requirements, 15 mg/day or less). For conditions other than
      congenital spherocytosis, in which splenectomy is uniformly of value, a decision
      to remove the spleen should be based on severity of the hemolytic process,
      failure to respond to other therapies, and the potential for achieving
      significant improvement in anemia and other associated cytopenias.

PMID- 3985803
TI  - Anal carcinoma presenting as a perirectal abscess or fistula.
AB  - In five years, 15 patients were seen with anal carcinomas presenting as
      perirectal abscesses or fistulas. Nine patients had acute abscesses without
      histories of chronic anorectal disease, and six patients had long-standing
      anorectal disease in which carcinoma developed. Operative exploration was needed
      to establish the diagnosis in all patients. Early definitive surgery would
      certainly have prevented most if not all of the cancers from developing in the
      group with chronic anorectal disease.

PMID- 3985802
TI  - Controlled open drainage of severe intra-abdominal sepsis.
AB  - Controlled open drainage of the abdomen (gauze in plastic intestinal bag/surgical
      glove packing of abscesses; wound closure only to the degree needed to prevent
      evisceration) was compared with closed drainage (soft rubber or sump drains;
      complete fascial closure) in 31 patients with severe intra-abdominal sepsis.
      Three (23%) of 13 patients died after open drainage vs eight (44%) of 18 after
      closed drainage. The difference was attributable to a lower incidence of
      recurrent abscesses in the former group (one recurrence) than in the latter (six
      recurrences). Thus, controlled open drainage may improve survival in this highly
      lethal condition.

PMID- 3985804
TI  - Colorectal carcinoma in pregnancy.
AB  - Colorectal carcinoma in pregnancy is rare. The symptoms frequently are masked by
      the symptoms associated with normal pregnancy, resulting in delayed diagnosis.
      Based on our experience with five patients and review of the literature, we
      developed a management regimen that takes an aggressive approach to tumor
      excision, yet maintains the pregnancy and fertility if possible. The prognosis is
      poor for most patients because the stage of the tumor is usually advanced at the
      time of diagnosis. The key to improved survival, as with all cancers, is early
      diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 3985805
TI  - [Vitamin A requirement of growing swine. 2. Effect of the vitamin A supply on the
      vitamin A concentrations in the liver and plasma of piglets and fattening swine].
AB  - In 9 experiments the vitamin A content of the livers of 64 newborn (still births
      and deaths up to 48 h p.p.) and 69 weaned piglets, 122 growers and 110 fattening
      pigs was investigated after slaughtering or autopsy. Liver samples were taken
      from 78 growers by means of biopsy after latarotomy. A fluorometric analysis of
      the plasma vitamin A level was made. At the time of birth the vitamin A content
      of the piglet livers was less than 100 IU/g and did not show any differences
      between the experiments. At the time of weaning, however, the livers of piglets
      from large-scale production showed a three times higher content (175 IU/g liver)
      in comparison to those from traditional production. Highly significant linear
      relations were established between the vitamin A content of the feed and the
      liver. According to these, a liver content of vitamin A of approximately equal to
      30 IU/g is ensured by approximately equal to 2,000 IU in weaning piglets and by
      approximately equal to 800 IU vitamin A/kg feed in fattening pigs. The vitamin A
      activity of the beta-carotene in weaners was ascertained as less than 100 IU/mg.
      The plasma vitamin A level indicated the vitamin A status only in the range of
      deficient supply. A different plasma content could not be detected between 1,000
      and 4,000 IU vitamin A/kg feed. According to this, a semilogarithmic relation was
      calculated according to the model of a saturation curve between the vitamin A
      content of the plasma and the liver. The threshold value for the decrease of the
      plasma level under 45 IU vitamin A/dl is 35 IU/g liver. Due to the low
      definiteness measure (B = 0.52) the relation cannot be applied to the individual
      animal. A contamination of 1,000 mg nitrite/kg feed had a low, and in the course
      of the experiment decreasing, influence on the vitamin A content of plasma and
      liver.

PMID- 3985806
TI  - [The bacterial fraction in swine feces].
AB  - By a treatment with a solution of detergent, subsequent sedimentation and
      centrifugation faeces samples taken from 12 growing female pigs were divided
      into: fraction A (coarse particles), fraction B (finer particles), fraction C
      (bacteria fraction). N-, AA- and diamino pimelic acid (DAP) analyses as well as
      microscopic analyses were carried out with the complete samples and the
      fractions. By means of fractioning, 55% of the faecal N and 80% of the DAP could
      be concentrated in fraction C, fraction A contained approximately 23% of the N
      and 20% of the DAP. From the DAP: N quotient of fraction C, which was 65 mg DAP/g
      N, a quota of nearly 70% bacteria-N in the total faecal N of the pigs was
      calculated.

PMID- 3985808
TI  - Importance of evaluating the central visual field in occipital lobe lesions.

PMID- 3985807
TI  - Immunological and biochemical characterization of human adenoviruses from
      subgenus B. I. Antigenic relationships.
AB  - 47 adenovirus strains related to Ad11, 14, 16, 21, 34, and 35 (including all
      subgenus B prototypes) were studied in neutralization and hemagglutination
      inhibition with 40 antisera, prepared against 16 virus strains, to determine
      their antigenic relatedness. Wild strains of Ad11-14 (14), Ad14, and a group of
      16 strains related to Ad21 proved to be identical within their respective groups,
      whereas strains related to Ad11, 34, and 35 showed serological differences.
      Prototype strains of Ad11, 21, 34, and 35 fit the species definition (22) if
      selected antisera of known specificity are used. All virus strains with Ad16
      hemagglutinin showed a bilaterial cross-neutralization either with Ad4, Ad14,
      Ad3, or Ad21. Doubly neutralizable strains with one hemagglutinin were Ad11 +
      35/H11, Ad3 + 16/H16, Ad21 + 16/H16 (H stands for 'hemagglutinin'). Preliminary
      identification of subgenus B viruses (others than Ad3 and 7) may be performed by
      HI.

PMID- 3985809
TI  - Solitary cerebellar metastases. Clinical and computed tomographic correlations.
AB  - Seventeen patients with computed tomographic (CT) evidence of a solitary
      cerebellar metastasis were studied. In 11 of 17 cases, neurologic symptoms
      preceded systemic evidence of carcinoma. Initial neurologic symptoms included
      gait instability (13 cases) and headache and vomiting (four cases). All patients
      had evidence of gait or limb ataxia on neurologic examination. Fourteen patients
      underwent craniotomy and subsequent irradiation, and three had radiotherapy
      without initial surgical biopsy. One patient with lung carcinoma had clinical and
      CT evidence of intracranial recurrence 14 months later but no evidence of
      widespread systemic carcinoma. Fifteen patients later showed evidence of systemic
      carcinoma but then died without subsequent development of recurrent cerebellar
      dysfunction or other neurologic abnormalities. Furthermore, in six of these
      patients with widespread systemic carcinoma, scans taken two to six months after
      completion of surgery and/or radiation therapy for the solitary metastasis showed
      no evidence of recurrent intracranial disease.

PMID- 3985810
TI  - Channels of emotional expression in patients with unilateral brain damage.
AB  - The contribution of facial, intonational, and speech channels to spontaneous
      emotional expression was examined in right brain-damaged (RBD), left brain
      damaged (LBD), and normal control (NC) subjects. Subjects were videotaped while
      viewing and responding to a series of emotionally laden slides; the videotapes
      were then rated for the three channels of communication. Overall, RBDs used
      facial expression and intonation less frequently than the other two groups. When
      the speech output channel was analyzed, oral expression of feelings in the RBDs,
      relative to the LBDs and NCs, was less appropriate, more propositional than
      prosodic, and more descriptive than affective. When the ratings for the three
      channels of communication were examined, facial expression and intonation were
      significantly correlated for all subjects.

PMID- 3985811
TI  - Coffin-Siris syndrome. Neuropathologic findings.
AB  - We studied the neuropathologic features of a patient with Coffin-Siris syndrome.
      Two previously reported cases showed Dandy-Walker (D-W) malformations. In the
      present case there was no evidence of D-W malformation; instead there were
      hindbrain abnormalities of inferior and medial accessory olives, large arcuate
      nuclei, heterotopic olivary nuclei, and heterotopic nuclei in the white matter of
      the cerebellum. Although the hindbrain abnormalities in this case are different
      from those previously reported, they all have in common an intimate developmental
      relationship with the same embryological areas. This study suggests that the
      Coffin-Siris syndrome is a neurocutaneous disorder with hindbrain abnormalities
      in cerebellum and brain stem.

PMID- 3985812
TI  - Cholecystokinin and neurotensin gradients in human CSF.
AB  - In successive samples of human lumbar CSF, concentrations of two neurally active
      peptides, cholecystokinin (CCK) and neurotensin (NT), were compared with levels
      of homovanillic acid (HVA), the major metabolite of dopamine. Although HVA values
      progressively increased between the first and 20th milliliter samples, no
      significant change occurred in the concentration of either peptide. Thus, lumbar
      CSF levels of CCK and NT, unlike levels of HVA, may not closely reflect amounts
      of these peptides in supraspinal CSF or brain.

PMID- 3985813
TI  - Cerebellar venous angiomas. A continuing controversy.
AB  - We have studied three patients with angiographically documented cerebellar venous
      angioma (CVA). One patient had a subacute cerebellar hematoma and underwent
      posterior fossa craniotomy for evacuation of the hematoma and excision of the
      malformation. A hemorrhagic venous infarction of the brain stem and cerebellum
      occurred, and the patient died three weeks postoperatively. A second patient with
      an unruptured CVA had a history of headaches, tinnitus, and vertigo. Conservative
      treatment was elected, and the patient's condition remains unchanged after 11
      months of follow-up. The third patient, recently diagnosed as having an
      unruptured CVA had episodic vertigo and disequilibrium. Conservative treatment
      was chosen, and he is asymptomatic after six months of follow-up. Based on a
      review of 24 other cases of CVA plus our experience we could not conclude any
      definite trend regarding natural history or treatment. However, conservative
      treatment seems the logical choice in patients with unruptured CVA.

PMID- 3985814
TI  - Congenital heart defects in live-born children of epileptic parents.
AB  - In a study of congenital heart defects (CHD) in 2,461 live-born children of an
      unselected group of 979 male and 1,093 female epileptics, 18 children with CHD
      were recorded; eight had epileptic fathers and 10 epileptic mothers. The
      prevalence of CHD does not differ significantly from that of the background
      population. Many different CHD types were recorded with no single defect being
      predominant. Likewise, no association with a specific type of anticonvulsant
      treatment was noted. The fact that the prevalence of CHD among children of male
      and female epileptics and of the background population was similar supports the
      view that antiepileptic treatment is no major factor in the etiology of CHD in
      the off-spring of epileptics.

PMID- 3985815
TI  - Asymptomatic carotid bruit. Stenosis or ulceration, a conservative approach.

PMID- 3985816
TI  - The scope of neurologic practice. Evidence from a practice study.

PMID- 3985817
TI  - Preserved stenography reading in a patient with pure alexia. A model for
      dissociated reading processes.
AB  - A proficient stenographer who had had cerebral metastases suffered from pure
      alexia for normal print but could still read stenography with ease. It is
      suggested that especially the visuospatial properties of stenography made
      possible "alternative" reading, most likely via the right hemisphere.

PMID- 3985818
TI  - Bank keratopathy after orbicularis extirpation for essential blepharospasm.

PMID- 3985820
TI  - Automobile driving with telescopic aids.

PMID- 3985819
TI  - Occlusion therapy for optic nerve glioma.

PMID- 3985821
TI  - A formula correction.

PMID- 3985822
TI  - Pilocarpine and acetylcholine synthesis.

PMID- 3985823
TI  - A repetitive forced closure test.

PMID- 3985824
TI  - Oscillatory potentials.

PMID- 3985825
TI  - Rehabilitation personnel in ophthalmology.

PMID- 3985826
TI  - Compliance and prognosis in glaucoma.

PMID- 3985827
TI  - Two-year results of radial keratotomy.
AB  - This article presents the one- and two-year results of radial keratotomy on the
      first 386 surgeries performed by one of us (H.S.). Follow-up visits were obtained
      on 285 (74%) of these eyes. The mean spherical equivalent before surgery was -4.3
      diopters, average keratometry was 44.11 D, and 75% of eyes had uncorrected
      distance acuity of 20/400 or more. Average change in spherical equivalent was 3.5
      D at two years. Uncorrected visual acuity was at least 20/40 in 70% of eyes
      examined at two years, and at least 20/20 in 26%. Refractive, keratometric, and
      visual results all were stable at 12 months and showed no significant change from
      one to two years after surgery. Of the patients in this study, 11.9% required
      second procedures and 8% of surgeries had perforations, but none with negative
      sequelae. The results of our analysis indicate that radial keratotomy surgery is
      safe, effective, and with stable results two years after surgery.

PMID- 3985828
TI  - Intraocular pressure and the corneal endothelium after neodymium-YAG laser
      posterior capsulotomy. Relative effects of aphakia and pseudophakia.
AB  - We studied intraocular pressure (IOP) changes and specular microscopic findings
      in 118 consecutive neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy procedures; 37 cases
      were aphakic, and 81 were pseudophakic. There was a significantly greater rise in
      IOP one hour after Nd-YAG laser treatment in the aphakic group than in the
      pseudophakic group (8.2 mm Hg vs 3.5 mm Hg, respectively). At one week
      postoperatively, IOPs in the aphakic group were still significantly elevated over
      baseline levels (3.6 mm Hg), while those in the pseudophakic group had returned
      to baseline levels. Differences in treatment between the aphakic and pseudophakic
      groups in total number of pulses, average energy, and total energy did not
      explain the differences in IOP. No significant change in endothelial cell
      densities was seen between pretreatment measurements and those taken one week
      after Nd-YAG laser treatment.

PMID- 3985829
TI  - Factors associated with poor predictability by intraocular lens calculation
      formulas.
AB  - In this study, we evaluated and compared two groups of posterior chamber
      intraocular lens (IOL) implantation cases. One group consisted of patients whose
      postoperative refraction was accurately predicted by IOL calculation formulas,
      while the other group included patients whose postoperative refraction was poorly
      predicted by the same formulas. We found that although postoperative astigmatism
      was greater in the poorly predicted group, preoperative to postoperative changes
      in astigmatism did not differ between the two groups. The poorly predicted group
      also had a shorter average axial length, a greater proportion of females, and an
      increased variability in most of the measurements we performed. The two groups
      did not differ significantly in terms of measured postoperative anterior chamber
      depth, age at the time of the surgery, IOL power and style implanted,
      complication rate, or preoperative corneal integrity.

PMID- 3985830
TI  - Rod saturation perimetry. Testing of the cone function with achromatic objects.
AB  - Restriction of the visual fields in bright illumination and return of the
      peripheral field in lower illumination were the main complaints of a 59-year-old
      woman with slowly progressive cone dysfunction and normal rod function. She had
      normal central visual acuity, normal central color vision, and normal visual
      fields when tested with the standard Goldmann perimeter. A large ring scotoma was
      demonstrated in both of her eyes, using tangential perimetry employing a white
      background of 85% reflection and test objects darker than the background. Using a
      background of 250 candelas/sq m, which caused a complete saturation of the rod
      function, the scotoma was absolute. Black test objects of 5% reflection were not
      seen.

PMID- 3985831
TI  - Autosomal dominantly inherited retinitis pigmentosa. Visual acuity loss by
      subtype.
AB  - Sixty-eight patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa were divided
      into two distinct subtypes and studied for visual function using a life-table
      analysis. Type 1 patients (n = 23) had diffuse pigmentation, concentric visual
      field loss, and no recordable electroretinogram. Type 2 patients (n = 45) as a
      group had regionalized pigmentation, sectorial field loss, and some recordable
      electroretinogram. The cumulative probability of maintaining a visual acuity of
      6/12 (20/40) or better over each decade of life decreased rapidly in eyes of type
      1 patients; for type 2 eyes, this probability remained above 90% through the
      fifth decade of life. The presence of an atrophic-appearing foveal lesion was
      associated with a reduction in visual acuity to 6/15 (20/50) or worse in a
      majority of patients. Data from this study indicate that investigators should
      look for subtypes within the major genetic groupings of retinitis pigmentosa for
      more accurate assessment of a patient's potential for maintaining good central
      visual acuity.

PMID- 3985832
TI  - Progression of visual field defects in glaucoma. Relation to compliance with
      pilocarpine therapy.
AB  - In patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, compliance with pilocarpine therapy
      was studied with an electronic medication monitor. The visual fields and
      intraocular pressure (IOP) readings were followed up retrospectively during two
      years before and two years after the compliance measurements. Progression of
      visual field defects was significantly more common in patients with capsular
      glaucoma than in patients with simple glaucoma. Eyes with more extensive visual
      field defects showed progression more often than did eyes with smaller defects,
      and so did eyes with a high mean IOP as compared with those with a low mean IOP.
      Visual field defect progression was not significantly more common among patients
      with "poor" than among patients with "good" compliance, which indicates that
      noncompliance is less important for the outcome than are the type of glaucoma,
      the stage of visual field defects, and the mean IOP.

PMID- 3985833
TI  - Familial congenital fourth cranial nerve palsy.
AB  - Few reports of hereditary transmission patterns in congenital superior oblique
      palsy have been made in the past. In this study, three families with congenital
      superior oblique palsies have been identified and examined. Two members of each
      family had a superior oblique palsy. After full history, eye examination, and
      sensory testing, the patterns in each family have been analyzed. Deviations
      varied from binocular fusion and orthophoria to large vertical deviations,
      especially in adduction. Sensory patterns were compatible with the congenital
      nature of the palsy. A discussion of possible causes for a congenital superior
      oblique palsy is offered and the congenital superior oblique palsies are
      analyzed. A definite genetic transmission pattern could not be found, but
      possible explanations are considered. Regardless of etiology, therapy for this
      problem is unchanged from that for all superior oblique palsies. Occurrences of
      congenital trochlear palsies in multiple family members should be considered when
      a patient with this problem is diagnosed.

PMID- 3985834
TI  - The levator-trochlear muscle. A supernumerary orbital structure.
AB  - A supernumerary extraocular muscle was present in seven of 98 cadaver orbits. The
      muscle originates from the medial border of the levator palpebrae superioris and
      has a diaphanous insertion on the fascia in the region of the trochlea and other
      nearby structures. Innervation is from a branch of the superior division of the
      oculomotor nerve. The muscle has been called the tensor trochleae in the past,
      but since its action is not apparent, it is more appropriately named the levator
      trochlear muscle. It could be the cause of otherwise poorly understood forms of
      ocular deviations.

PMID- 3985835
TI  - Acquired and progressive myelinated nerve fibers.
AB  - Follow-up data are presented on a previously described child in whom myelinated
      nerve fibers presumably developed 5 1/2 months after an optic nerve
      decompression. During the subsequent five years, the myelinated nerve fibers have
      progressively enlarged. Five years after surgery, myelinated nerve fibers
      appeared in the patient's fellow eye. An additional two cases of documented
      acquired myelinated nerve fibers without any predisposing factors are reported.
      Myelinated nerve fibers can appear and progress after infancy.

PMID- 3985836
TI  - Congenital lacrimal fistulas.
AB  - Twenty-one patients had surgical procedures for symptomatic cogenital lacrimal
      fistulas. The symptoms were epiphora from birth in 18 patients and late-onset
      epiphora in three cases. Thirteen patients had nasolacrimal obstruction at the
      upper duct or sac level. There were 21 dacryocystorhinostomies with fistula
      excision and canalicular intubation, and one patient had excision of the fistula
      tract only. The fistulas originated from the tear sac in only four cases and from
      the common canaliculus in 17; in one, the upper and lower canaliculus and the
      lacrimal fistula each had a separate opening into the lateral sac wall. The
      functional success rate was 95%. We recommend dacryocystorhinostomy with common
      canalicular dissection, fistula excision, and canalicular intubation for all
      patients with symptomatic congenital lacrimal fistulas to facilitate outflow and
      to avoid common canalicular obstruction.

PMID- 3985837
TI  - The focal nature of retinal illumination from the operating microscope.
AB  - A photographic demonstration of the focal nature of the retinal illumination from
      the operating microscope is presented. It illustrates that under normal anterior
      segment operating procedures, the side-mounted and coaxial illuminators are
      imaged as small, intense spots on the retina. The irradiance (in watts per square
      centimeter) of these spots is reduced by their defocusing in aphakia. Cautionary
      attention is drawn to the danger of allowing these retinal hot spots to be imaged
      on or near the macula during surgery.

PMID- 3985838
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum involving the eyelid.
AB  - A 62-year-old man was seen with an ulcer of the left upper eyelid of two weeks'
      duration. Over the previous 40 years, similar ulcers had intermittently developed
      elsewhere on his skin and spontaneously resolved over several months leaving
      atrophic scars. A biopsy specimen of the eyelid lesion showed epidermal
      ulceration with acute inflammation and liquefactive necrosis of the underlying
      dermis. Microorganisms and vasculitis were not present. On the basis of the
      clinical history and a compatible biopsy specimen, the diagnosis of pyoderma
      gangrenosum was made. This is an uncommon, idiopathic, ulcerating skin disease
      that may also have ocular manifestations. Eyelid ulcers have not previously been
      reported, to our knowledge. The diagnosis is established by clinical history and
      exclusion of other causes of ulceration.

PMID- 3985839
TI  - Pilomatrixoma. An unusual case with secondary corneal ulcer.
AB  - A 51-year-old man presented with a three-month history of a red and painful right
      eye. A corneal ulcer was diagnosed, and laboratory workup failed to disclose an
      etiologic factor. A white tumor, with an irregular and calcified surface, found
      in the superior tarsal conjunctiva, was considered to be the cause of the corneal
      ulcer. The tumor proved to be a pilomatrixoma that presumably developed from a
      congenitally ectopic hair follicle.

PMID- 3985840
TI  - Persistent cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia of the face with conjunctival
      involvement.
AB  - Lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital conjunctiva has not, to our knowledge,
      been previously reported as a phenomenon of secondary involvement following long
      standing cutaneous lymphocytic infiltration of the face. We encountered a woman
      with facial cutaneous lymphocytic infiltration pursuing a benign but persistent
      course, with eventual involvement of the conjunctiva after 15 years, which
      responded to low-dose radiation therapy.

PMID- 3985841
TI  - Actin in human corneal epithelium.
AB  - Actin, a major protein involved in muscle cell contraction, is also associated
      with cell motility, cell-substrate adhesion, and cell-shape changes in non-muscle
      cells. By electrophoresis and scanning densitometry, actin was found to
      constitute about 4% to 6% of the total cellular protein in the human corneal
      epithelium. The fluorescent probe, NBD-phallacidin, which specifically binds to
      filamentous actin (F-actin), was used to demonstrate the distribution of this
      protein in cultured corneal epithelial cells obtained from human eyebank eyes.
      Actin was present in the cytoplasm in two, often coexisting, patterns: (1) within
      numerous parallel and convergent linear bundles known as stress fibers, and (2)
      diffusely in the cytoplasm, with a cortical region of increased density in the
      peripheral cytoplasm adjacent to the plasmalemma. Actin has been implicated in
      the generation of cellular movement forces during the migration phase of corneal
      epithelial healing. Stress fibers, however, may not be absolutely necessary for
      the generation of the actual locomotive forces, but may function instead in
      anchoring the cell to the substrate and in elaborating cell-shape changes during
      cell spreading.

PMID- 3985842
TI  - Ocular blood flow after experimental alkali burns and prostaglandin
      administration.
AB  - Ocular blood flow was determined using radioactive strontium 85 microspheres
      after an alkali (sodium hydroxide [NaOH]) burn to the eye. With 20 microL of
      NaOH, blood flow was significantly increased in the iris, ciliary processes, and
      choroid from two through four hours. This correlated well with the sustained
      increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) seen after a 20-microL burn. A 50-microL
      burn increased blood flow at one hour, but it returned toward normal levels
      beyond two hours. In general terms, there appeared to be a meaningful correlation
      between IOP changes and altered blood flow following ocular alkali burns. The
      blood flow changes paralleled those occurring after the topical application of
      prostaglandins and supported the concept that ocular blood flow dynamics are
      mediated by prostaglandins.

PMID- 3985843
TI  - Ab interno retinochoroidectomy in primates.
AB  - Primates underwent the ab interno removal of up to a 6 X 7-disc diameter area of
      the retina and choroid adjacent to the optic disc. The area of resection was
      treated three weeks before surgery with an encircling row of xenon arc
      photocoagulation. Surgery involved photocoagulation of the entire resected area
      and removal of the retina and choroid using a wide-angle cutter vitrophage.
      Vitreous fluid was replaced in 50% of the eyes with sodium hyaluronate (Healon).
      The majority of eyes in which the vitrectomy fluid was replaced with saline
      solution became phthisical. All but one eye containing sodium hyaluronate
      recovered preoperative intraocular pressures and maintained the integrity of the
      remaining intraocular structures.

PMID- 3985844
TI  - Platelet-derived growth factor is chemotactic for human retinal pigment
      epithelial cells.
AB  - The presence of blood or serum in the vitreous cavity has been associated with
      the formation of cellular membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and after
      penetrating ocular trauma. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are an
      important component of these membranes. For RPE cells to effectively spread
      throughout the vitreous cavity and form contractile membranes, cell migration
      must occur. Serum has been shown to initiate RPE cell migration. Fibronectin
      (FN), a glycoprotein found in serum, stimulates RPE cell migration but accounts
      for only part of the stimulatory effect of serum. We report that another serum
      component, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), also stimulates RPE cell
      migration. Furthermore, the effect of PDGF and FN are additive and together
      probably account for a large part of the chemotactic activity found in serum.

PMID- 3985845
TI  - A study of optical zone size and incision redeepening in experimental radial
      keratotomy.
AB  - The effects of optical clear zone size and incision redeepening following four-
      and eight-incision radial keratotomy were studied in a series of human cadaver
      eyes. Keratometry was measured with both the Terry keratometer and corneascope
      photographs. After eight incisions, induced corneal flattening for each clear
      zone (Terry keratometry readings) was 3.0 mm, 9.06 diopters; 4.0 mm, 6.44 D; 5.0
      mm, 5.23 D; and 6.0 mm, 2.29 D. Differences were statistically significant,
      except for the 4.0-mm and 5.0-mm zones. Induced corneal flattening following
      eight incisions (corneoscopy) was 3.0 mm, 9.83 D; 4.0 mm, 8.87 D; 5.0 mm, 6.04 D;
      and 6.0 mm, 2.59 D. Differences were statistically significant, except for the
      3.0-mm and 4.0-mm zones. Peripheral redeepening of the incisions did not
      significantly increase the amount of corneal flattening for any optical zone, as
      measured by the Terry keratometer. However, the 3.0-mm optical zone flattened an
      additional 1.23 D after the redeepening incisions, as measured by corneoscopy.
      The redeepening incisions were complicated by perforations in 38% of the eyes.
      Titrating the effect of radial keratotomy by varying the size of the optical zone
      appears to be valid, but the value of peripheral redeepening in the acute
      laboratory situation is not supported by these data.

PMID- 3985846
TI  - An illuminated suction needle for air-fluid exchange after vitrectomy.
AB  - We have developed an illuminated suction needle for air-fluid exchange and
      internal drainage of subretinal fluid. When combined with an indirect
      ophthalmoscope, this instrument simplifies these intraoperative maneuvers in air
      filled phakic eyes.

PMID- 3985848
TI  - Counseling the patient with tinnitus.

PMID- 3985847
TI  - Ophthalmology in Japan.

PMID- 3985849
TI  - Infections of the nose and paranasal sinuses in adult patients with
      immunodeficiency.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and 18 patients
      with selective IgA deficiency were examined with respect to previous and present
      infections of the upper respiratory tract (URT), especially of the nose and
      paranasal sinuses. Recurrent acute rhinosinusitis was common in both groups of
      patients, but the development of chronic rhinosinusitis was only found in
      patients with CVID, indicating the more severe nature of this condition compared
      with selective IgA deficiency. The infections of the URT occurred several years
      before the appearance of lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections. Once the
      infections of the LRT had started, the patients had a tendency to neglect the
      symptoms from the URT. Early detection of antibody deficiency syndromes is of
      vital importance for prevention of repeated and chronic infections often causing
      tissue damage in the respiratory tract.

PMID- 3985850
TI  - Lidocaine plasma concentrations following administration of intraoral lidocaine
      solution.
AB  - Seventeen healthy male volunteers received 15 mL of 2% solution (300 mg) of
      lidocaine hydrochloride every three hours for eight consecutive doses. Modes of
      administration were as follows: (A) each dose washed throughout the oral cavity,
      then spit out without swallowing; (B) each dose washed, then swallowed; and (C)
      each dose swallowed directly. Plasma levels of lidocaine and its two metabolites
      (monoethylglycinexylidide [MEGX] and glycinexylidide [GX]) were measured during
      and after the period of dosage. In trial A, levels of all three compounds were
      very low, in no case exceeding 0.3 microgram/mL. During trial C, the mean peak
      levels of lidocaine and MEGX, respectively, were 0.5 and 0.6 microgram/mL after
      the first dose, and 0.8 and 1.3 microgram/mL after the eighth dose. Both
      compounds were essentially undetectable by 12 hours after the last dose. Levels
      in trial B were very similar to those in trial C. Thus, recommended topical oral
      cavity use of 2% lidocaine leads to negligible systemic levels of lidocaine and
      metabolites. Even when doses are swallowed, systemic levels do not approach a
      toxic range.

PMID- 3985851
TI  - Eustachian tube function in the chinchilla.
AB  - Eustachian tube function (ETF) was evaluated in 22 ears of 18 chinchillas using
      the inflation-deflation and forced-response protocols. The results of the ETF
      tests showed an unusual function in the chinchilla. Of the 22 tests, one
      indicated a patulous eustachian tube (ET) and 20 suggested a semipatulous ET.
      This was evidenced by a passive, pressure-dependent, complete reduction of
      applied positive or negative ME pressures in these ears. This phenomenon has no
      counterpart in the ETF of rhesus monkeys or humans. Discrete changes in the
      continual leakage of applied pressures, indicative of active tubal dilation, were
      only observed during tests in four ears. Passive tubal resistance was similar to
      that of humans, though all values were characterized by large variances. Active
      tubal resistance could only be defined for four of the test ears. The ET of eight
      ears constricted with swallowing. In nine test ears, neither constriction or
      dilation was observed during the forced-response test, and four tests showed
      dilation of the ET with swallowing. These results show that the ETF of the
      chinchilla is radically different from that of humans or monkeys.

PMID- 3985852
TI  - Brain-stem evoked response waveform variation associated with recurrent otitis
      media.
AB  - Two cases suggest that long-standing recurrent otitis media contributes to
      delayed brain-stem evoked response wave III and V latencies persisting after
      resolution of the otitis media. The persistence of the delayed waves may not
      reflect structural damage, but rather may still reflect a slowly recovering
      system.

PMID- 3985853
TI  - Treatment and prognosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the pediatric age group.
AB  - Although mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary neoplasm
      in adults, it occurs rarely in the pediatric age group. A retrospective study of
      15 pediatric cases from 1954 to 1984 showed that 13 of the patients were 10 to 15
      years old, and 11 were female. The parotid (11/15) and the palate (4/15) were the
      sites involved. Tumors were graded into three categories: well differentiated
      (grade I), moderately differentiated (grade II), and poorly differentiated (grade
      III). Tumor grade influenced the method and outcome of treatment. Wide local
      composite resection was used for palatal tumors, and total parotidectomy (with or
      without nerve resection) and nodal dissection was the technique selected for
      parotid tumors. No nodal or distant metastases were present in the poorly
      differentiated tumor category (2/15). A follow-up period of ten years or more was
      possible in 90% of the cases. The prognosis for those studied is excellent, and
      there have been no deaths attributable to the malignant process.

PMID- 3985854
TI  - The forehead lift. A review.
AB  - Our forehead lift technique is a modification of several techniques that have
      evolved since Lexer first elucidated a surgical approach to diminish the signs of
      aging in the upper part of the face. It essentially consists of the development
      of a forehead advancement-rotation flap through a coronal incision to deal with
      ptosis, and muscle incision and excision to deal with forehead and glabellar
      creases. The surgical goals are achieved readily in the vast majority of cases.
      Morbidity is minimal, but real, and can be decreased by astute observance of the
      details of the surgical techniques outlined. A review of 51 cases assessed
      success in achieving the surgical goals and the morbidity associated with the
      procedure.

PMID- 3985855
TI  - Extended palatal island mucoperiosteal flap.
AB  - The extended palatal island mucoperiosteal flap was used in 53 cases over a ten
      year period. Its many uses include reconstruction of the soft palate and
      resurfacing of retromolar and cheek defects. Its reliability with a success rate
      of 96% and spontaneous epithelialization of the donor site at three months makes
      it an attractive method of reconstruction.

PMID- 3985856
TI  - Atypical facial pain and orbital cancer.
AB  - A patient complaining of facial pain was found to have primary squamous cell
      cancer of the orbit. The treatment included surgery and radiotherapy. The patient
      having this extremely rare disease has been followed up for seven years with no
      evidence of recurrence.

PMID- 3985857
TI  - Dysphagia as the presenting symptom of tetanus.
AB  - Tetanus is an infectious disease affecting the neuromuscular system. Two of its
      most common symptoms, trismus and dysphagia, fall within the expertise of the
      otolaryngologist, and may result in the patient with the disease seeking his
      attention initially. Since the diagnosis of tetanus is a purely clinical one and
      does not involve diagnostic laboratory tests, it is of paramount importance for
      the practicing otolaryngologist to be thoroughly familiar with the clinical
      presentation of the disease.

PMID- 3985858
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 1. Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC).

PMID- 3985859
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 2. Benign adenoma of middle ear.

PMID- 3985860
TI  - Facial nerve meeting in Bordeaux.

PMID- 3985861
TI  - Facial palsy.

PMID- 3985862
TI  - Infections of the female genitalia. Pictorial essay.

PMID- 3985863
TI  - Management of common problems in general practice. Giving medical advice to the
      traveller.

PMID- 3985864
TI  - Medicine and the law. The concept of negligence.

PMID- 3985865
TI  - Is there a hero in heroin addiction?

PMID- 3985867
TI  - Regionalising the training programme in NSW.

PMID- 3985866
TI  - Sexual counselling with spinal cord injured persons.

PMID- 3985868
TI  - Nutritional stress as a cause of thymic atrophy in broiler chickens.
AB  - A study was conducted to examine the effect of nutritional stress on the
      development of the thymus, bursa, and pancreas of 7-to-14-day-old commercial meat
      type chickens. One group of 7-day-old chickens was given access to food for only
      30 minutes daily for 7 days. The birds were necropsied, and the thymus, pancreas,
      and bursa were compared with those of the control chickens fed ad libitum and
      necropsied at 7 and 14 days of age. The thymuses from birds on the restricted
      diet were atrophied (0.45 +/- 0.08 g) and congested compared with the thymuses
      from chickens fed ad libitum (1.32 +/- 0.31 g). The bursae from chickens on a
      restricted diet were also smaller (0.26 +/- 0.08 g) than the bursae from birds
      with free access to food (0.74 +/- 0.11 g). The restricted diet did not appear to
      cause any gross or histological pancreatic changes. The thymic lesions produced
      by nutritional stress were similar to those observed in the runting/stunting
      syndrome.

PMID- 3985869
TI  - Infectious stunting and pancreatic fibrosis in broiler chickens in Saskatchewan.
AB  - Two broiler flocks contained 0.5 and 3% small chickens. The small chickens were
      approximately one-third the size of their penmates, were very active, and
      retained much of their chick down. They had distended abdomens with full
      intestinal tracts, often containing undigested feed. In many, the pancreases were
      thin, white, and firm because of loss of exocrine tissue and replacement by
      fibrous tissue. Many had skeletal changes suggestive of rickets. In a survey of
      48 broiler flocks for small birds and pancreatic lesions, five flocks had a
      noticeable incidence of small chickens, varying from less than 1% to a maximum of
      2%. In 33 of the flocks surveyed, a low incidence of pancreatic lesions was found
      in birds at the processing plant. No correlation was found between a noticeable
      number of small birds at the farm and pancreatic lesions found at processing.

PMID- 3985870
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody against avian
      influenza virus.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detecting antibody
      to type A avian influenza (AI) virus. The sensitivity and group specificity of
      the AI-ELISA were compared with those of the agar-gel-precipitin test (AGPT) and
      the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test under conditions of both controlled and
      field exposure. During the course of temporal experimental infection (0-76 days)
      of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with AI subtype Hav9N2, the AI-ELISA was
      able to detect specific AI antibody as early as 8 days postinoculation (PI), and
      it measured rising levels of antibody through 35 days PI, at which time the
      chickens were re-exposed to AI virus. Conversely, AGP tests were negative through
      35 days PI, and HI tests began to detect low levels of AI antibody only at 21
      days PI. Following a secondary infection at 35 days PI with the same AI subtype,
      all tests measured rising levels of AI-specific antibody (35-76 days PI).
      However, the AGP test was positive at only the 7- and 14-day samplings
      postsecondary immunization. Under field conditions, the AI-ELISA was able to
      detect serum AI antibody in flocks from which highly pathogenic AI was isolated,
      but the AGP tests of these sera were negative.

PMID- 3985871
TI  - Studies on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline in turkeys: serum levels and
      tissue residues following injection.
AB  - Forty 6-week-old large white commercial turkeys were injected subcutaneously with
      a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (69 mg/lb). The turkeys were divided
      into four groups of 10 birds each, and the birds in each group were bled twice at
      different times between 4 and 144 hours postinjection (PI) to determine serum
      levels of oxytetracycline. Two additional groups of turkeys were also given the
      long-acting oxytetracycline formulation mixed with either neomycin or a bacterin
      for Pasteurella multocida to determine if either of these compounds interfered
      with absorption of the oxytetracycline. Serum levels of oxytetracycline were 5.38
      micrograms/ml, 1.59 microgram/ml, and 0.93 microgram/ml at 24, 48, and 72 hours
      PI, respectively, following an average dose of 69 mg/lb of body weight. These
      levels are all considered therapeutic. There appeared to be no interference with
      absorption of oxytetracycline when mixed with either neomycin or the bacterin.
      Tissue residues of oxytetracycline in the muscle, liver, and kidney were within
      tolerance levels by 3 weeks PI.

PMID- 3985872
TI  - Divergent selection of chickens for antibody production to sheep erythrocytes:
      age effect in parental lines and their crosses.
AB  - Age dependency of antibody response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antigen was
      measured in lines of chickens divergently selected for this trait and in
      reciprocal crosses between them. At 7 days of age, there were differences among
      populations for frequency of responders to SRBC antigen. This qualitative pattern
      persisted in the quantitative context of the antibody titers of those who
      responded, demonstrating genetic differences in both the event and subsequent
      levels of antibody. Although chickens from the high line had significantly higher
      titers than those from the low line and cross populations, all reached
      serological maturity by 14 days of age. From this age, high-line chickens had
      higher bursa and spleen weights and lower thymus weights relative to body weight
      than those from the low line: relative to body weight, spleen and bursa weights
      increased at a faster rate through 19 and 25 days of age, respectively, and then
      plateaued. In contrast, there was a progressive increase in thymus weight
      relative to body weight through 40 days of age.

PMID- 3985873
TI  - Antibiotic aerosolization: the effect on experimentally induced Alcaligenes
      rhinotracheitis in turkeys.
AB  - Oxytetracycline hydrochloride was delivered by aerosol twice daily for 3 days to
      uninfected turkeys and to turkeys experimentally inoculated with Alcaligenes
      faecalis. The clinical, microbiological, and histological changes in the upper
      respiratory tracts were studied. No lesions were observed in the tracheas of
      uninoculated poults exposed to the aerosol. In experimentally infected poults,
      clinical signs included ocular and nasal discharges and open-mouthed breathing.
      Histologic lesions included progressive bacterial colonization of ciliated
      epithelium, loss of cilia, depletion of mucin from goblet cells, and accumulation
      of inflammatory cells within the tracheal lumen. Aerosolization of
      oxytetracycline effected a temporary decrease in bacterial colonization and a
      delay in clinical signs and histologic lesions in infected treated poults
      compared with untreated infected poults. Bacterial colonization and histologic
      lesions in the tracheas of both treated and untreated infected poults were
      similar by 4 days after the treatment was discontinued. This study indicates
      additional research with bactericidal antibiotics is needed to further evaluate
      antibiotic aerosolization as a treatment for alcaligenes rhinotracheitis.

PMID- 3985874
TI  - In ovo pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains in the presence and
      absence of maternal antibody.
AB  - Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) strains showing marked variation in pathogenicity
      were examined for virulence in ovo. No correlation was found between in ovo
      pathogenicity and other in vivo or in vitro methods for pathogenicity evaluation.
      For certain highly pathogenic strains, there was a clear relationship between the
      titer of MG inoculated and the embryo mortality and time of death; an LD50 for
      these strains could be calculated by yolk-sac inoculation. However, not every
      strain that caused lesions in the respiratory tract in vivo caused embryo
      mortality. Less pathogenic strains that grow well and colonize the respiratory
      tract usually caused embryo mortality during the later stages of incubation, and
      there was no strict correlation between titer of inoculum and embryo mortality.
      It appeared that embryo death in these cases may have resulted from generalized
      stress due to mass multiplication of the MG. Embryo mortality due to virulent MG
      was completely blocked in eggs containing maternal antibody to MG, although the
      mycoplasma could be reisolated from the yolk-sac membrane of the live embryonated
      egg after 17 days of incubation. Attempts to mimic the effect of maternal
      antibody by injecting exogenous MG antiserum were not successful.

PMID- 3985875
TI  - Host range of A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus.
AB  - The highly pathogenic A/Chicken/Penn./1370/83 (H5N2) avian influenza virus, which
      caused 80% mortality in chickens in Pennsylvania, produced only mild transient
      illness in experimentally infected pheasants, little or no clinical signs in ring
      billed gulls and pigs, and no clinical signs in pekin ducks. Virus could be
      recovered from only the upper respiratory tract of gulls and pigs for 1-2 days.
      Infection in ducks resulted in intestinal replication of virus in only 1 out of
      12 ducks. By contrast, pheasants shed virus in feces (10(4.7) EID50) for at least
      15 days. These studies reinforce wildlife surveillance findings indicating that
      gulls and ducks are unlikely to have transmitted virus between chicken farms
      during the 1983 outbreak. Although experimental data suggest that wild
      gallinaceous birds such as pheasants are potentially capable of virus
      transmission, there has been no evidence of this from wildlife surveillance in
      Pennsylvania. Experimental infection of chickens with H5N2 virus isolated from
      wild ducks one year before the Pennsylvania outbreak or a gull virus (H5N1)
      isolated in the quarantine area in 1983 resulted in asymptomatic infections and
      virus replication occurring only in the upper respiratory tract. These studies
      suggest that if the first H5N2 virus infecting chickens in Pennsylvania
      originated from waterbirds, changes in host specificity and pathogenicity for
      chickens and other gallinaceous birds probably occurred during emergence of the
      Chicken/Penn./83 virus. It is recommended that attention be given in the future
      to the isolation of domestic poultry from contact with wild aquatic birds.

PMID- 3985876
TI  - Atypical Pasteurella haemolytica type A from poultry.
AB  - Atypical strains of Pasteurella haemolytica that failed to ferment maltose were
      isolated from nodular necrosis in the liver and heart blood of domestic fowl
      (Gallus domestica). These strains did not typically behave like either of the two
      well-known biotypes of P. haemolytica. The strains utilized trehalose and
      produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thus behaving like P. haemolytica type T, and
      produced acid in xylose but not in salicin, thus behaving like P. haemolytica
      type A. Most of the properties of the strains, however, conformed closely to
      those of P. haemolytica type A. Detailed characteristics of the isolates are
      described and discussed.

PMID- 3985877
TI  - Cartilage lesions associated with shaky-leg lameness in turkeys.
AB  - Shaky-leg lameness is a poorly defined, mild to very severe, painful lameness
      occurring mainly in 10-to-18-week-old fast-growing male turkeys. Since there are
      no significant gross or microscopic lesions in early or uncomplicated cases, the
      cause of the lameness is likely soft-tissue (muscle or tendon) pain. A case
      history of a flock problem of shaky-leg lameness is described, and it is
      suggested that stiffness and inactivity secondary to footpad dermatitis in these
      turkeys was responsible for the severe shaky-leg lameness in the flock. The
      cartilage lesion described is an avascular lesion and appeared to be the result
      of inactivity rather than the cause of lameness in these turkeys.

PMID- 3985878
TI  - Polymelia in a broiler chicken.
AB  - A polymelus monster was observed in a 7-week-old slaughterhouse chicken. The
      supernumerary limbs were smaller than the normal appendages but contained an
      equal number of digits.

PMID- 3985879
TI  - Inhibition of turkey herpesvirus replication by anti-cellular serum.
AB  - Quail embryo fibroblasts were used to investigate how rabbit and chicken antisera
      against chicken erythrocytes carrying different B alleles of the major
      histocompatibility antigens affect the neutralization of herpesvirus of turkeys
      (HVT). Although the neutralizing activities of these antisera were rather low,
      the HVT propagated in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) from certain genotypic
      embryos was neutralized more by the antisera to the corresponding erythrocytes.
      After absorption of these antisera with homologous erythrocytes, the neutralizing
      activity of the absorbed sera was reduced slightly. These results reveal that the
      virion antigens of HVT might be partially associated with the host cell antigens
      of the fibroblast infected with the virus. The virus grown in these cells might
      incorporate the host cell antigens, including histocompatibility antigens, into
      the virion envelope.

PMID- 3985880
TI  - Safety testing of Pasteurella multocida vaccines and bacterins in turkeys.
AB  - When U.S. Department of Agriculture-licensed Pasteurella multocida vaccines and
      bacterins were administered to healthy turkeys under controlled laboratory
      conditions, they did not cause an increase in death loss.

PMID- 3985881
TI  - Respiratory disease (rhinotracheitis) in turkeys in Brittany, France, 1981-1982.
      I. Field observations and serology.
AB  - During the summer of 1981, a respiratory disease epidemic occurred in turkeys in
      Brittany, France. Since this initial epizootic, which lasted through fall,
      epizootic waves similar to the initial one have occurred at approximately 6-month
      intervals, with smaller peaks at 2-month intervals. The epidemiology, clinical
      signs, and postmortem findings were highly suggestive of an epizootic of
      chlamydiosis. Serological tests for chlamydia, paramyxoviruses, avian influenza,
      adenovirus 127, mycoplasma, and Alcaligenes faecalis were conducted. The
      chlamydia tests were the only ones consistently positive.

PMID- 3985882
TI  - Respiratory disease (rhinotracheitis) in turkeys in Brittany, France, 1981-1982.
      II. Laboratory findings.
AB  - After discovering that numerous turkey flocks experiencing rhinotracheitis in
      Brittany, France, had antibodies against chlamydia, laboratory studies were
      conducted to determine whether chlamydia and/or viruses would explain the
      respiratory disease observed. Although both lentogenic paramyxoviruses of type 1
      (Newcastle disease virus) and Chlamydia psittaci were isolated, it was concluded,
      based on epidemiologic and other laboratory findings, that C. psittaci was the
      primary cause of the disease.

PMID- 3985883
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to
      Mycoplasma gallisepticum in experimentally infected chickens.
AB  - An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and tested
      for its ability to detect humoral response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in
      chickens. Two antigens were used in the solid phase of the assay. Antigen 1 was a
      membrane-derived sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-solubilized preparation; Antigen 2
      was prepared in the same manner as Antigen 1 but was passed through an
      immunoadsorbent column containing rabbit anti-medium antibodies. Test conditions
      were optimized for incubation times and temperatures. Antigen, serum, and enzyme
      conjugate concentrations were standardized, and reproducibility was determined. A
      baseline value, representing a positive or negative result, was established
      independently for both antigens. The assay was then used to detect anti-M.
      gallisepticum antibodies in experimentally infected chickens. Serum samples
      collected at 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days postinfection (PI) were
      analyzed by serum plate agglutination (SPA), hemagglutination-inhibition (HI),
      and ELISA with both Antigens 1 and 2. ELISA was found to be less sensitive but
      more specific than SPA and more sensitive than HI. The ELISA was more sensitive
      with Antigen 1 than with Antigen 2. The former assay correctly identified 79% of
      the serum samples positive for M. gallisepticum by 7 days PI and 100% of the
      positive birds by 35 days PI. When the absorbance values for each group of birds
      were averaged, the ELISA successfully identified the M. gallisepticum-infected
      birds as uniformly positive 7 through 35 days PI and correctly identified all
      other groups negative for M. gallisepticum through 35 days PI.

PMID- 3985884
TI  - Antibody response to Newcastle disease virus given by two different routes as
      measured by ELISA and hemagglutination-inhibition test and associated tracheal
      immunity.
AB  - The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the conventional
      hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test were compared for their ability to measure
      the primary serological response of chickens inoculated by the intranasal
      intraocular (IN-IO) routes with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the secondary
      response after intratracheal (IT) challenge. In addition, these responses were
      compared with the temporal antibody response of chickens inoculated only once by
      the IT route. Both tests detected NDV-specific antibody by 7 days postinoculation
      (PI) in the IN-IO-inoculated group, while ELISA and the HI test detected antibody
      at 4 and 7 days, respectively, in the IT-inoculated group. Titers measured by
      each test were parallel in quantifying the antibody response, and titers rose
      anamnestically in response to secondary IT challenge at 21 days PI. ELISA titers
      remained high at 42 days PI, but the HI titers began to decline at this time.
      There was a good agreement (R = 0.94) between the results of the two tests
      throughout both primary and secondary responses. Conversely, there was little
      agreement between the results of the two tests after 21 days PI in the absence of
      secondary challenge. Antibody levels were higher when inoculation was by the
      primary IT route, and they persisted throughout the experiment (86 days). Ciliary
      activity served as a measure of tracheal immunity or infection of tracheal
      epithelium. It was reduced as early as 2 days PI and was nearly or completely
      absent by 5-6 days PI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985885
TI  - Alcaligenes faecalis infection in turkeys: effects on serum corticosterone and
      serum chemistry.
AB  - The serum levels of corticosterone, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, protein,
      sodium, and potassium were determined for turkey poults from 1 to 42 days of age.
      Corticosterone levels were higher at days 10, 14, 21, and 28 in Alcaligenes
      faecalis-infected turkeys than in uninfected poults. The corticosterone responses
      in this study indicate that A. faecalis infection stimulates adrenal cortical
      function even in the very young poult, which ordinarily does not show adrenal
      cortical responsiveness to various environmental and physical stressors. No
      differences were observed between infected and uninfected turkey poults in other
      serum chemistries.

PMID- 3985886
TI  - An epizootiological study of acute death syndrome and leg weakness in broiler
      chickens in western Canada.
AB  - In a survey of 51 broiler chicken flocks, the incidence of chickens dying from
      acute death syndrome and of those with skeletal deformities varied from 0.71 to
      4.07% and from 0.46 to 4.08% among the flocks, respectively. The average
      incidence of those with skeletal deformities was 1.72%; 1.10% were culled in the
      field, and 0.62% were condemned or downgraded as carcasses. The major types of
      skeletal deformities were valgus deformation of the intertarsal joint (70%),
      varus deformation of the intertarsal joint (9%), tibial rotation (7%), and
      spondylolisthesis (14%). The strain and source of chickens and the management and
      nutritional practices were recorded for each flock. Statistical analyses were
      conducted in an attempt to identify factors that might correlate with the
      incidence of either chickens dying from acute death syndrome or those with
      skeletal deformities. Results of these analyses are discussed.

PMID- 3985887
TI  - Sustained performance with short evening and morning sleeps.
AB  - The effect which early evening sleep may have on overnight and subsequent daytime
      performance, and the effect which morning sleep may have on daytime performance
      after overnight sleep deprivation has been studied in six healthy male
      volunteers. It would appear that relatively short periods of natural and drug
      induced (brotizolam 0.125 mg) sleep have a beneficial effect on subsequent
      performance even in the absence of preceding sleep debt. In the event of
      disturbed sleep in shiftwork an hypnotic may be helpful, and in this context, one
      which is rapidly eliminated and sustains sleep is appropriate.

PMID- 3985888
TI  - Efficacy of phosphatidylcholine in the modulation of motion sickness
      susceptibility.
AB  - This study evaluated the efficacy of pharmacological doses of phosphatidylcholine
      (lecithin) in the modulation of motion sickness induced by exposure to coriolis
      stimulation in a rotating chair. Subjects received daily dietary supplements of
      25 grams of lecithin (90% phosphatidylcholine) and were tested for their
      susceptibility to motion sickness after 4 h, 2 d, and 21 d. A small but
      statistically significant increase in susceptibility (+ 15%) was noted 4 h after
      supplemental phosphatidylcholine, with four of nine subjects demonstrating a
      marked increase in susceptibility. We attributed this finding to choline's
      stimulatory action on cholinergic systems, an action which opposes that of the
      classical antimotion sickness drug scopolamine. Chronic lecithin loading revealed
      a trend towards reduced susceptibility, possibly indicating the occurrence of
      adaptive mechanisms such as receptor down-regulation. Withdrawal from lecithin
      loading, perhaps coupled with anticholinergic treatment, might prove to be a
      potent prophylactic regimen and ought to be tested.

PMID- 3985889
TI  - Displays, deja vu.
AB  - Developments in electronic displays and computers have enabled avionics designers
      to present the pilot with ever-increasing amounts of information in greater
      detail and with more accuracy. However, technicological developments have not
      always brought about enhancement of the pilot's role as aircraft systems manager.
      In fact, there is evidence that the new technology may add to the pilot's
      workload to the extent that his performance decreases. Recent articles and
      reports of research indicate that application of human factor principles and
      procedures to: (1) develop appropriate display formats, (2) consider the total
      avionics suite as an integrated system, and (3) simplify or summarize related
      data will significantly improve total aircraft performance. Indeed, development
      of the "chip" and new display techniques create an imperative demand for human
      factor considerations early in system design, ensuring that user evaluation,
      information integration, and simplification are intrinsic qualities of the
      system.

PMID- 3985890
TI  - Speech technology: present and future applications in the airborne environment.
AB  - Advanced speech technology systems, specifically voice recognition and voice
      synthesis systems are being considered as viable solutions to the problem of
      distributing pilot workload in today's increasingly complex airborne environment.
      The U.S. Air Force has funded various projects in this area over the past few
      years including studies defining and establishing priorities for candidate tasks
      to be accomplished by voice control, as well as a developmental hardware program
      which entered a flight test phase in December 1982. The applications of this
      technology are constrained only by the rate of its evolution. Certain tasks have
      already been identified as excellent candidates for control by a voice system and
      the present hardware is capable of being configured to perform these tasks. Other
      tasks have been identified as potential candidates. Although these candidates are
      tasks which would impact pilot workload, present technology is incapable fo
      supporting them.

PMID- 3985891
TI  - Aircraft automation: the problem of the pilot interface.
AB  - Aircraft operations, particularly in the IFR environment, are rapidly becoming
      very complex. Studies have shown that this complexity can frequently lead to
      accidents and incidents. Results of studies performed at NASA and elsewhere are
      presented to show that one of the major themes evident in both the accidents and
      incidents and in the research performed to solve the problems associated with
      them is that of human error. Examples of various incidents and blunders, recorded
      in several studies, illustrate and emphasize the hypothesis: "As systems become
      more and more automated and complex, the more they become prone to human error.
      The problem can be eliminated or reduced only if good human factor principles are
      incorporated in the implementation of the systems, to guarantee a good
      man/machine interface". Aircraft systems technology, however, (e.g.: electronics,
      avionics, automation) is evolving and developing at a very high rate. Examples of
      research are presented showing where this emerging technology has been employed
      to reduce the complexity and enhance the safety and utility of the aircraft
      operations.

PMID- 3985892
TI  - Pilot judgment: an operational viewpoint.
AB  - The process of decision making is poorly understood in our aviation environment.
      Accidents may demonstrate instances where incorrect decisions were made, but
      current investigative techniques do not necessarily give a clear understanding of
      why such decisions were made. The elements of the decision-making process need to
      be better understood so proper attention may be given to pilot training and
      developing operational procedures . A study of the Aviation Safety Reporting
      System data base was conducted to gain a better understanding of the actual
      operational impact of decision making.

PMID- 3985893
TI  - Helicopter copilot workload during nap-of-the-earth flight.
AB  - Two automatic navigation systems, a Doppler radar system and a projected map
      system, and a hand-held map were examined for their effects on copilot/navigator
      workload and performance. The automatic navigation systems reduced the number of
      navigation errors and the size of deviations from intended tract. The Doppler
      system reduced the time devoted to navigating and the number of verbal navigation
      messages exchanged between the pilot and copilot. The projected map system
      reduced visual workload. However, with all three navigation systems, more than
      80% of the copilots' time was spent on navigation tasks, less than 10% of their
      time was visual "free time" that could be used for other tasks, and greater than
      20% of the aircrew's time was occupied with navigation communications.

PMID- 3985894
TI  - The influence of the autonomic system upon atrio-ventricular accessory pathways
      conductive performance.
AB  - In this report, the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the accessory
      pathway (Kent and Mahaim fibers) is discussed, based on electrophysiological and
      centrifuge examination results in two military pilots. We demonstrated that
      catecholamines reduce the effective refractory period (ERP) and improve
      conductivity in both the atrio-ventricular node (A-V node) and the accessory
      pathway. We concluded that the pattern of intermittent preexcitation may be
      connected with phenomenon of the 3rd and 4th phase block of the functional
      potential in the accessory pathway, and that in some cases the +Gz
      gravitoinertial tolerance test performed on the human centrifuge may help in
      distinguishing subjects with the intermittent preexcitation syndrome. Finally we
      concluded that all pilots with preexcitation syndrome should be dismissed from
      flying.

PMID- 3985895
TI  - Rapid changes in rate-corrected and uncorrected systolic time intervals during
      cold pressor test.
AB  - The changes in heart rate and systolic time intervals were studied in a group of
      10 young healthy male volunteers during immersion of their hand in ice water for
      1 min. The heart rate and systolic time intervals were measured from electro-,
      phono-, and impedance cardiograms in the standard way. When the cold immersion
      was done in the supine position the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and the
      electromechanic systole (Q-S2Tc) shortened, and when corrected for the heart rate
      the Q-S2Tc lengthened in the beginning of the immersion. In the head-up position
      the Q-S2T shortened in the beginning of the immersion while the rate-corrected
      systolic time intervals remained unchanged. Most of the changes in the systolic
      time intervals disappeared before the last quarter of the cold immersion. It was
      observed that during the cold immersion the linear regression coefficients
      between the heart rate and the Q-S2T in the supine position as well as between
      the heart rate and the LVET, Q-S2T and the PEP in the head-up position were
      greater than the regression coefficients used in the rate correction.

PMID- 3985896
TI  - Plasma lactic dehydrogenase activities in men during bed rest with exercise
      training.
AB  - Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) and basal total activity of lactic dehydrogenase
      (LDH-T) and its five isoenzymes were measured in seven men, 19-21 years old,
      before, during, and after three 2-week bed rest (BR) periods, each separated by 3
      week recovery periods. For 1 h X d-1 during BR, they performed isometric (250
      kcal X -1) leg exercise, or no exercise. LDH-T was reduced (p less than 0.05)
      with all three regimens by day 10 of BR, but the decrease occurred at different
      rates. The earliest significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in LDH-T with the no
      exercise regimen was associated with the greatest decrease in peak VO2 of 12.3%;
      isotonic exercise was next with a peak VO2 decrease of 9.2%; finally, isometric
      exercise had the least decrease in peak VO2 at 4.8%. Irrespective of the exercise
      regimen during BR, the increases in isoenzyme activities occurred mainly in LDH-1
      and LDH-2 (heart subunits). Isometric (aerobic) muscular strength training
      appears to maintain skeletal muscle integrity and, perhaps, oxygen uptake
      capacity better during bed rest than isotonic exercise training. Reduced
      hydrostatic pressure during bed rest, however, ultimately overrides effects of
      both moderate isometric and isotonic exercise training (metabolism) in the
      resulting decrease in LDH-T.

PMID- 3985898
TI  - The effects of an augmented and the standard recruit physical training program on
      fitness parameters.
AB  - An investigation was conducted to compare fitness changes elicited by standard
      Navy recruit physical training with a similar but more intense version of
      standard training. The sample population included 224 Navy recruits between the
      ages of 17-30 (means = 19.7 years) participating in 8-week Navy basic training at
      the Recruit Training Command, San Diego, CA. Subjects were drawn from three
      recruit companies. Two companies of recruits served as controls and participated
      in the standard Navy running/calisthenic program. A single experimental company
      participated in an augmented version of standard training. A battery of fitness
      measures administered during the initial and final stages of training provided
      data to contrast training program effects. Study findings indicate that
      participation in the standard physical training program does not significantly
      alter the overall fitness level of the average recruit. Participation in the
      augmented training program provides superior stamina but not muscular strength
      gains when compared to the standard training format.

PMID- 3985897
TI  - Visceral predictors of cardiovascular deconditioning in late middle-aged men.
AB  - A major task for space biologists is to try to delineate methods which can be
      used to predict the degree of cardiovascular deconditioning that given
      individuals might develop while in space. Toward that end, we have studied a
      number of different visceral and behavioral variables in a group of late middle
      aged men (55-65 years) on day 1 and day 5 of a bedrest regimen. During each 8-h
      study period, data were collected every 15 min. Mean arterial blood pressure and
      plasma cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher on
      the day 5 than on the day 1 of bedrest; heart rate, core temperature, plasma
      epinephrine and subjective arousal were unchanged. Pair-wise correlations between
      each of these variables and the time to blackout on a +3-Gz test of acceleration
      tolerance administered on day 9 of bedrest (mean decrease in latencies from
      prebedrest was 52%) revealed a significant correlation for the mean arterial
      blood pressure variable. Thus, these data indicate that men in this age span with
      relatively low resting blood pressures are at greater risk for developing
      clinical signs relating to their cardiovascular deconditioning than other men
      with higher basal blood pressures.

PMID- 3985899
TI  - The effect of the UK aircrew chemical defence assembly on thermal strain.
AB  - The thermal strain imposed on helicopter aircrew by chemical protective (NBC)
      clothing in summer in Germany has been assessed in a laboratory simulation. The
      environmental conditions used were dry bulb temperature 35 degrees C, wet bulb
      temperature 19 degrees C and a wind speed of 2.0 m X s-1. The NBC equipment
      imposed a significant thermal strain on the crewman when compared with standard
      summer flying clothing, but not on the pilot whose tasks involve lower energy
      expenditures. Deep body temperature exceeded 37.6 degrees C and a significant
      degree of dehydration (1% of body weight) also occurred, despite the availability
      of a drinking facility in the respirator. It is recommended that the only
      practical way of preventing thermal strain in helicopter crewmen under NBC
      conditions is by providing personal conditioning.

PMID- 3985900
TI  - Effect of simulated hyperemia on the flow field in a mildly atherosclerotic
      coronary artery casting of man.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine changes in the flow field due
      to mild atherosclerosis using a main coronary artery casting of man with maximum
      obstruction of about 50% by area. Local pressure changes were measured using six
      pressure tap holes drilled flush to the wall along the casting. The test fluid
      used was a 33% sugar-water solution to simulate the viscosity of blood. Flow
      visualization results were obtained by injecting blue dye slowly through the
      pressure tap holes. The local pressure measurements clearly demonstrated a
      significant Reynolds number effect. At physiological Reynolds numbers of 80-710,
      a local pressure rise was observed downstream of the mild atherosclerotic
      constriction of 50% because of momentum changes. The flow visualization study
      indicated that the critical Reynolds number for flow separation to occur in the
      divergent region of this coronary casting was about 330. Flow separation has been
      implicated in the genesis of atherosclerosis but there is little information on
      the extent of flow separations in vivo in arteries of man. These results are
      believed to be important in obtaining a quantitative relation between coronary
      morphology and the fluid dynamic consequences of mild diffuse disease especially
      under conditions of maximum cardiac demand i.e., higher coronary flow rates, and
      thus Reynolds numbers associated with space and/or atmospheric flight.

PMID- 3985901
TI  - Anthropometric changes at high altitude.
AB  - Eight white males (18-25 yr) were evaluated before, during and after 18-d
      residence on the summit of Pikes Peak, CO (4300 m; high altitude, HA) to describe
      the anthropometric changes associated with weight loss and to test the accuracy
      of a number of previously published prediction equations in assessing any
      alteration of the relative fat-to-lean tissue ratio during exposure to HA. Body
      weight (BW), 10 circumference (C), and 7 skinfold (SF) measurements were obtained
      preprandial at sea level (SL) and on days 2,4,6,9,12,16, and 18 at HA. Body
      density was estimated by hydrostatic weighing (HW) pre- and post-HA. BW differed
      from SL (p less than 0.01) after day 9 at HA. HW indicated that the pre- to post
      HA weight loss was partitioned into a 2.06 kg loss in fat-free body mass (p less
      than 0.001) and an insignificant increase in fat wt (0.58 kg). Percent body fat
      (BF) increased from 16.6 to 17.7 (p less than 0.02). After day 9 of HA, the sum
      of SF and C measurements increased (p less than 0.02) and decreased (p less than
      0.05) from SL, respectively. The largest changes occurred in the chest and
      scapula SF and in the C of the hip, neck, calf, and two abdominal sites. The
      alterations in triceps, waist, and total SF were related to the increase in fat
      weight and BF (r greater than 0.71).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3985902
TI  - The effects of task performance on ocular accommodation and perceived size.
AB  - Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that performance of cognitive
      tasks tends to induce outward shifts in ocular accommodation that, in turn,
      result in changes in perceived size. In the first study, 12 subjects participated
      in each of 4 conditions; rest or performance of a running-memory task each with
      either visual or auditory stimuli. In each condition, subjects made four size
      judgments and their mean accommodation was measured using an infrared optometer.
      Dark focus of accommodation was measured before and after the experiment. There
      were no reliable differences among the four conditions, nor between the pre- and
      postexperiment dark-focus measures. A second study was conducted in which the
      accommodative state of 10 subjects was recorded during 4 min of rest and 4 min of
      performing a backward-counting task. The difference between the mean
      accommodative state during the last minute of rest and task performance
      approaches statistical reliability. It was concluded that outward shifts in
      accommodation may be associated with performance of tasks that involve distant
      targets (e.g., other aircraft in the surrounding airspace) and/or require complex
      mental transformations (e.g., predicting future position of an intruder aircraft
      relative to your own aircraft).

PMID- 3985903
TI  - Cold and performance: the effects of information load, analgesics, and the rate
      of cooling.
AB  - In the first experiment, 8 subjects took part in two experimental sessions--one
      after receiving one of two kinds of analgesic and the other after receiving a
      placebo. For each session, subjects completed 8- and 4-choice versions of a
      serial choice reaction time (SCRT) task at three times: before, during, and after
      exposure in a cold room at -5 degrees C. Body temperatures were monitored
      throughout and comfort ratings were recorded. The results indicated that cold
      increased error rate on the SCRT task, particularly for the 8-choice version
      which was also associated with faster RTs. However, a speed-accuracy tradeoff
      explanation for the data was discounted on the grounds that, although overall
      latencies were faster in the cold compared with precold, these were no faster
      than postcold RTs. The analgesics had no effect on comfort nor did they have an
      interpretable effect on performance. In experiment 2, where cooling was much
      slower for 5 subjects, no such increase in error rate on the SCRT task was
      observed. Similarly slow cooling did not impair general intellectual ability as
      measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices.

PMID- 3985904
TI  - Pilot error as a symptom of inadequate stress coping.
AB  - Over 700 psychological questionnaires, completed on naval aviators who had been
      involved in major aircraft mishaps over a 4-year period were divided into two
      groups. Those collected on aviators who were causally involved in their mishaps
      were compared with those who had no culpability in their mishaps. Those who were
      assigned pilot error demonstrated symptoms of having problems with interpersonal
      relationships, an indication of "acting out" behavior. "Acting out" would be a
      very typical reaction for the aggressive, non-introspective individual who is not
      coping with life stresses well. It is hypothesized that the pilot factor mishap
      might be a symptom of inadequate stress coping as well.

PMID- 3985905
TI  - Enhancement of military pilot reliability by hypnosis and psychophysiological
      monitoring: preliminary inflight and simulator data.
AB  - Subjects were Royal New Zealand Air Force pilots and this investigator (N = 8).
      Skin conductance response (SCR) was measured during a localizer approach for both
      inflight and simulator phases of the study. SCR's were noted following all ground
      controller altitude and heading change instructions and for all pilot-initiated
      heading and altitude changes employed to comply with the localizer approach
      plate. Inflight SCR's following ground controller instructions were substantially
      greater than those related to pilot initiated responses to cockpit information.
      In the flight simulator phase, posthypnotic suggestions for increased vigilance
      performance were administered with counterbalancing for hypnosis-no-hypnosis
      order conditions. Cockpit instrument data was video taped. Posthypnotic
      instructions for enhanced vigilance performance were found to dramatically
      increase SCR's to cockpit based information and to significantly reduce heading
      and altitude error correction time.

PMID- 3985906
TI  - Color discrimination as a function of saturation, field size, and adaptation
      level.
AB  - The purpose of our research was to investigate color discrimination under
      conditions of ambient illumination that may reduce CRT display saturation and
      contrast. Our research measured both the variability of color matching and the
      offsets from a match necessary for a 100% discrimination difference. We did this
      for four dominant wavelengths each at five saturation levels. Our subjects were
      tested at low, medium, and high adaptation levels for both large and small test
      stimulus sizes. In general, our results for the low luminance color matching
      conditions are in agreement with the published literature. For the high luminance
      and small field conditions, our data suggest that color discrimination should not
      be predicted from the 1960 CIE Uniform Chromaticity Space data. Color
      discrimination varies dramatically with dominant wavelength; reds and greens are
      more difficult to discriminate than yellows and yellow-greens.

PMID- 3985907
TI  - Measuring the effects of neurotoxicants on flight simulator performance.
AB  - The Aviation Research Laboratory has developed a methodology for evaluating
      toxicant effects on pilot performance. Flight data are collected using a digital
      flight simulator, the ILLIMAC (ILLInois Micro Aviation Computer), during holding
      patterns and instrument landing system approaches. The flight data are recorded
      by a separate microcomputer, which also presents the Sternberg memory searching
      task. A preliminary study examined pilot performance in the simulator and
      cholinesterase inhibition by insecticides in agricultural pilots. The correlation
      between the physiological parameters and the pilot performance data was
      determined. Experiments are planned to determine the effects of a variety of
      drugs on pilot performance. Neurotoxicants to be studied include ethanol, three
      antiemetic drugs, and atropine sulfate.

PMID- 3985908
TI  - The USAF pilot selection and classification research program.
AB  - A multi-year research program to improve the selection of pilot trainees and the
      classification of student pilots for either fighter or heavy aircraft training is
      described. A battery of experimental tests measuring psychomotor skills,
      personality traits, and cognitive abilities is being given via computer prior to
      training. The subjects' performance in training and operational flying is then
      tracked and analyzed. The preliminary results and future directions of this
      ongoing program are discussed.

PMID- 3985909
TI  - Mechanical ventilation of critically ill newborns on scheduled flights of
      commercial passenger aircraft.
AB  - Transport of critically sick neonates of any gestation on scheduled commercial
      passenger aircraft is practical, safe, and cost effective. There is no disruption
      to boarding or egress of passengers and no seats need be removed or rearranged.
      Civil Aviation and Federal Aviation Authority regulations are obeyed. Power
      supply modifications and strengthening of the transport incubator are necessary.
      Other standard neonatal intensive care equipment can be used in battery mode.
      Replacement of an endotracheal tube in-flight is not difficult.

PMID- 3985910
TI  - Gene mapping studies with the syndrome of autism.

PMID- 3985911
TI  - Female discrimination of male odors correlated with male genotype at the T locus:
      a response to T-locus or H-2-locus variability?

PMID- 3985912
TI  - A multivariate analysis of the genetics of fearfulness in potential guide dogs.

PMID- 3985913
TI  - A comparison of data produced by different behavioral assessment techniques with
      implications for models of social-skills inadequacy.

PMID- 3985914
TI  - Acquisition of blood and dental phobia and anxiety response patterns in clinical
      patients.

PMID- 3985915
TI  - The Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia.

PMID- 3985916
TI  - Return of fear in the treatment of a fear of vomiting.

PMID- 3985917
TI  - An experimental investigation of some assumptions underpinning psychological
      treatments of migraine.

PMID- 3985918
TI  - Case histories and shorter communications. Agoraphobia: a test of the separation
      anxiety hypothesis.

PMID- 3985919
TI  - Agoraphobia, the panic attack and the hyperventilation syndrome.

PMID- 3985920
TI  - The external validity of analogue outcome research: evaluation of cognitive and
      behavioral interventions.

PMID- 3985921
TI  - Visual and auditory feedback for head tilt and torsion in a spasmodic torticollis
      patient.

PMID- 3985922
TI  - Cyclical coronary flow reductions in conscious dogs equipped with ameroid
      constrictors to produce severe coronary narrowing.
AB  - In conscious dogs equipped with ameroid constrictors to produce gradual coronary
      occlusion, coronary flow velocity was monitored prior to complete occlusion when
      coronary constriction was severe (resting flow velocity reduced by 10-50% from
      control recordings made days after ameroid implantation). In six of the ten dogs,
      we observed spontaneous cyclical variations in coronary flow velocity,
      characterized by gradual reduction in flow followed by very abrupt restoration of
      flow. The cyclic coronary flow reductions were observed between 20 and 31 days
      after ameroid implantation. These changes in flow bear striking similarity to
      those observed by previous investigators using anesthetized, open-chest canine
      preparations, in which the role of platelets was clearly demonstrated.
      Consequently, we hypothesize that spontaneous platelet aggregation and de
      aggregation within the severely narrowed coronary lumen (enclosed by the ameroid
      constrictors) could account for our observations.

PMID- 3985923
TI  - Adrenergic innervation of coronary arteries and ventricular myocardium in the
      pig: fluorescence microscopic appearance in the normal state and after ischemia.
AB  - A fluorescence histochemical study was performed to describe the adrenergic
      innervation of the coronary arteries and the left ventricular myocardium in the
      pig. Large bundles of adrenergic nerve fibres were almost exclusively found
      running along the large coronary arteries. The arteries usually show a dense
      innervation of the vessel wall, evenly distributed throughout the adventitia in
      the larger arteries and more concentrated to the adventitia-medial border in the
      smaller arteries and arterioles. Most parts of the left ventricular myocardium
      showed a dense adrenergic innervation, however, a moderate dense and in some
      areas even sparse innervation was observed towards the apex of the left
      ventricle. Following 10 or 20 min of ischemia a small reduction in fluorescence
      intensity was observed in 2 out of 6 hearts. In 4 of the hearts other changes of
      the appearance of the adrenergic terminals were found, e.g., an unsharp, spread
      out or interrupted appearance.

PMID- 3985925
TI  - Spontaneous oscillations of systemic arterial pressure during cardiopulmonary
      bypass in man.
AB  - Extracorporeal blood circulation (ECC) provides a steady flow and minimal
      pulmonary circulation in the absence of cardiac function. Oscillations of
      systemic arterial pressure were observed in 70 patients during ECC. At the onset
      of oscillations the frequency was as a rule 4 cycles per minute but depended on
      the temperature and showed a positive correlation with it. Correspondingly, the
      amplitude was about 6 mm Hg and depended on aortic pressure and showed a positive
      correlation with it. During the cooling phase of ECC the frequency decreased and
      the amplitude increased. The oscillations were independent of central venous
      pressure and ventilation. The oscillations disappeared either at the beginning of
      restitution of cardiac function or with decreasing arterial pressure caused by
      drug administration or rewarming. Arterial blood pressure oscillations have been
      described in experimental animals under various conditions but also in conscious
      man. The mechanisms underlying these oscillations are suggested to be nervous in
      origin, as is possible also in the present findings.

PMID- 3985924
TI  - Prevention of the "no reflow" phenomenon in the canine heart by mioflazine.
AB  - The effects of oral pretreatment with mioflazine (2.5 mg X kg-1) on regional
      myocardial reflow, infarct size reduction and hemodynamic recovery were studied
      in 24 anesthetized open-chest dogs undergoing 90 minutes of acute left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion followed by 150 minutes of
      reperfusion. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with tracer
      microspheres, and infarct size was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
      staining. Pretreatment with mioflazine resulted in a reduced diastolic aortic
      pressure (p less than 0.05) and an elevated cardiac output and LV dpdt max (p
      less than 0.05). These effects persisted throughout the experiment. In control
      animals (n = 12) a hyperemic reflow response was found in the perfusion area of
      the LAD during the first minutes of reperfusion. After 150 min of reperfusion,
      however, the viable myocardium of the LAD area became underperfused, and almost
      no reflow was found in the infarcted zones. In the animals pretreated with
      mioflazine (n = 12) the hyperemic response persisted throughout the reperfusion
      phase and the no-reflow phenomenon was prevented. Infarct size (expressed as
      percentage of perfusion area) tended to be smaller in this group: 23.7 +/- 12.4%
      versus 33.7 +/- 19.2% (p greater than 0.05). Left atrial pressure increased
      during LAD occlusion in both groups but normalized completely in the drug
      pretreated animals (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that pretreatment with
      mioflazine prevents the no-reflow phenomenon after reperfusion of an evolving
      infarction, tends to reduce infarct size and improves hemodynamic recovery.

PMID- 3985926
TI  - PY 108-068, a dihydropyridine derivative, and verapamil interact differently with
      the ouabain effects on the heart and the peripheral circulation.
AB  - In previous experiments PY 108-068 (PY) has been found to have more potent
      calcium antagonistic effects on vascular smooth muscle than on myocardial tissue.
      We now investigated the effects of PY and verapamil (V) on the increases in
      myocardial contractile force (measured with a strain gauge) and regional
      vasoconstriction (measured with tracer microspheres) effected by an infusion of
      40 micrograms/kg ouabain into anaesthetized cats. Ouabain significantly increased
      contractile force of the left ventricle and caused vasoconstriction in the heart,
      stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen and skin, but not in the kidneys,
      brain, adrenals and liver. PY (30 micrograms/kg i.v.) and V (0.3 mg/kg i.v.)
      antagonized the vasoconstrictor effects of the glycoside in all organs except the
      skin, i.e. also in organs, where the calcium antagonists normally do not cause
      vasodilatation. However, PY did not affect the increase in contractile force,
      whereas V attenuated both the cardiac and peripheral vascular effects of ouabain.
      The results demonstrate the preferential action of PY on peripheral blood vessels
      as opposed to left ventricular myocardial tissue. Heart rate was decreased by
      both PY and V but the PQ-interval was lengthened only by V suggesting that PY in
      contrast to V preferentially acts on the sinus node rather than A-V conduction. A
      combination of PY with a glycoside might be beneficial in the treatment of
      cardiac failure, since this calcium antagonist apparently does not antagonize the
      positive inotropic action of ouabain on the heart while reducing afterload and
      reversing the undesirable vasoconstriction induced by cardiac glycosides.

PMID- 3985928
TI  - [Personal experiences with uniaxial knee prostheses in chronic polyarthritis].

PMID- 3985929
TI  - [Tension-wire arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in chronic
      polyarthritis].

PMID- 3985927
TI  - Nifedipine limits infarct size for 24 hours in closed chest coronary embolized
      dogs.
AB  - We studied the ability of nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, to limit infarct size
      in the closed chest, coronary embolized dog. Immediately after embolization 141Ce
      labelled microspheres were administered into the left ventricle. Myocardium not
      receiving microspheres was considered to be the region at risk. The nifedipine
      group (10 dogs) received a bolus (16 micrograms/kg i.v. over 8 minutes as a
      loading dose) followed by continuous infusion (1,000 micrograms/24 hours) 10 min
      after embolization. The control group (9 dogs) received an equal volume of
      saline. Twenty-four hours after embolization the dogs were sacrificed, the heart
      sectioned into 4-mm slices and the slices were stained with tetrazolium to reveal
      the infarct. The region at risk was determined by autoradiography of the
      microspheres in the heart slices. Infarct and risk zone volume were determined by
      planimetric methods. The nifedipine group had a significantly smaller infarct
      volume to risk zone volume ratio than the control group (38.7 +/- 4.7% vs. 79.5
      +/- 4.3%, p less than 0.001). We conclude that nifedipine produces a sustained
      limitation of infarct size following permanent occlusion of a dog's coronary
      artery.

PMID- 3985930
TI  - [Characteristic morphological changes of the M. vastus lateralis in gonarthrosis
      (gonarthromuscular tissue pattern)].

PMID- 3985931
TI  - [Congenital coxa vara--a long-term case observation].

PMID- 3985932
TI  - [The treatment of purulent gonarthritis. Case reports].

PMID- 3985933
TI  - [Early surgical treatment using an external fixation device in traumatic
      paraplegia].

PMID- 3985934
TI  - [Results of long-term studies of salmonella (1977-1983)].

PMID- 3985935
TI  - [Humoral immune response of goats, rabbits and guinea pigs following vaccination
      with a Q fever vaccine].

PMID- 3985936
TI  - [Comparative studies of the development of Schistosoma japonicum in hamsters,
      mice and rats].

PMID- 3985937
TI  - [Incidence of antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica in swine sera in
      relation to the serological differentiation of Brucella infections].

PMID- 3985938
TI  - Purification of nucleotide-requiring enzymes by immunoaffinity chromatography.
AB  - Monospecific (affinity-purified) anti-(yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)
      IgG inhibits three different NADPH-requiring enzymes, chicken liver dihydrofolate
      reductase, pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase and chicken liver malic enzyme. The
      inhibition of all three enzymes was approx. 50% in a 2h incubation with 100
      micrograms of IgG. Similarly, with several different NADH-requiring enzymes, an
      immunocrossreactivity was observed. Monospecific anti-(rabbit muscle
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) IgG inhibited yeast alcohol
      dehydrogenase and pig heart malate dehydrogenase by 39% and 55% respectively. The
      cross-reactivity observed was tested by affinity chromatography. Immunoaffinity
      columns made with each monospecific IgG were able to bind each of the enzymes it
      immunotitrated. Enzymes were eluted with a nondenaturing solvent with little loss
      of activity. The immunoaffinity column with monospecific anti-(glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase) IgG as the bound ligand was also used to purify
      partially (over 150-fold) both isocitrate dehydrogenase and dihydrofolate
      reductase from crude rat liver homogenate.

PMID- 3985940
TI  - Effect of sucrose starvation on sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell carbohydrate
      and Pi status.
AB  - The mobilization of stored carbohydrates during sucrose starvation was studied
      with sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells. When sucrose was omitted from the
      nutrient medium, the intracellular sucrose pool decreased rapidly during the
      first hours of the experiment, whereas the starch content remained practically
      unchanged. After 10h of sucrose starvation, starch hydrolysis replaced sucrose
      breakdown. From this moment, the phosphate-ester pool and respiration rate
      decreased with time. Conversely, the intracellular Pi concentration increased.
      31P n.m.r. of intact sycamore cells indicated that, under these conditions, most
      of the Pi accumulated in the vacuole. These results strongly suggest that starch
      breakdown, in contrast with sucrose hydrolysis, is not rapid enough to maintain a
      high cellular metabolism.

PMID- 3985939
TI  - Fragmentation and reduction of bovine secretory component. Preparation of a
      biologically active fragment and some evidence for a multiple-domain structure.
AB  - A tryptic fragment (A) of Mr 25000 was prepared from bovine secretory component.
      The fragment binds polymeric immunoglobulin, although 9 times less effectively
      than secretory component on a molar basis. The fragment has four buried half
      cystine residues and two exposed half-cystine residues. It gives rise to two
      fragments of Mr 11000-13000 on prolonged digestion with trypsin, and these do not
      bind polymeric immunoglobulin. It is proposed that fragment A consists of two
      immunoglobulin-like domains. Bovine secretory component was found to have 9-11
      buried half-cystine residues and four exposed half-cystine residues. Reduction
      and alkylation of the exposed residues decreases the binding of polymeric
      immunoglobulin by 3-fold. Initial tryptic cleavage of bovine secretory component
      gives a fragment (Q) disulphide-bridged to a further fragment (T). Fragment Q is
      similar in size to a three-domain immunoglobulin fragment, and fragment T is
      similar in size to a two-domain immunoglobulin fragment. The two-domain fragment
      A is derived from fragment Q by further tryptic cleavage. The results are
      compatible with the proposal by Mostov, Friedlander & Blobel [(1984) Nature
      (London) 308, 37-43] that secretory component consists of multiple immunoglobulin
      like domains. The results also indicate that optimal binding of polymeric
      immunoglobulin involves several domains stabilized by an exposed disulphide
      bridge.

PMID- 3985941
TI  - Degradation of erythrocyte-microinjected and scrape-loaded homologous cytosolic
      proteins by 3T3-L1 cells.
AB  - Homologous cytosol was introduced into 3T3-L1 cells by two different methods.
      Erythrocytes loaded with radiolabelled cytosolic proteins extracted from 3T3-L1
      cells were fused with the aid of Sendai virus to 3T3-L1 cells, which were then
      seeded to confluent and non-confluent cultures. Cytosolic proteins were also
      introduced into cells by the technique of scrape-loading. In confluent cells,
      injected cytosolic proteins were recovered largely (54-93%) in a sedimentable (6
      X 10(6) gav.-min) fraction from recipient cells irrespective of the method of
      introduction or of radiolabelling of the injected proteins [( 125I]iodination,
      reductive methylation with NaB3H4 and backbone labelling with L-[4,5-3H]leucine).
      The degradation of microinjected cytosolic proteins was in all cases inhibited by
      the lysosomotropic agent NH4Cl to a greater extent (32-75%) than that observed
      for endogenous cytosolic (less than or equal to 19%) proteins (labelled with L
      [4,5-3H]leucine). In growing cells both endogenous total cell proteins and
      microinjected proteins were degraded at a slower rate than in confluent cell
      monolayers. The inhibition by NH4Cl of the degradation of both the endogenous and
      microinjected proteins is decreased compared with the inhibition observed in
      confluent monolayers. The results are discussed in terms of the cytoplasmic
      capacity to segregate microinjected homologous proteins before protein
      degradation can take place.

PMID- 3985942
TI  - Synthesis of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase of rat liver peroxisomes on free
      polyribosomes as a larger precursor. Induction of thiolase mRNA activity by
      clofibrate.
AB  - The site of synthesis and induction by clofibrate of peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA
      thiolase (acetyl-CoA acyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.16) was investigated. Free and
      membrane-bound polyribosomal RNA species from the livers of normal rats and rats
      treated with clofibrate, a hypolipidaemic drug that causes marked proliferation
      of peroxisomes, were translated in a nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte-lysate
      cell-free protein-synthesizing system with [35S]methionine as label. The cell
      free translation products were immunoprecipitated with monospecific X rabbit anti
      thiolase serum and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis and fluorography. Thiolase mRNA was found predominantly in free
      polyribosomes, in both normal and clofibrate-treated rats. Clofibrate treatment
      increased mRNA activity for thiolase approx. 20-fold. The translation product of
      clofibrate-induced thiolase mRNA migrated slightly faster in sodium dodecyl
      sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis than did the translation product of
      normal thiolase mRNA. Both the normal and the clofibrate-induced translation
      products were approx. 6000 Da larger than the 41000-Da subunit of the purified
      enzyme. Immunoblot analysis of liver homogenates, isolated peroxisomes and the
      purified enzyme indicated that the thiolase subunit was approx. 41000 Da in all
      samples, ruling out proteolysis during the purification of thiolase. Thiolase
      biogenesis thus differs from that of rat liver peroxisomal proteins studied
      previously in that it is synthesized as a larger precursor, implying post
      translational import of thiolase into peroxisomes with proteolytic processing.
      Clofibrate apparently alters the size as well as the amount of the translation
      product.

PMID- 3985943
TI  - Effect of glucose on 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide production in periportal and
      pericentral regions of the liver lobule.
AB  - The effect of starvation and glucose addition on glucuronidation was assessed in
      sublobular regions of the lobule in perfused livers from phenobarbital-treated
      rats. Fibre-optic micro-light guides were placed on periportal and pericentral
      areas on the surface of livers to monitor the fluorescence (excitation 366 nm,
      emission 450 nm) of free 7-hydroxycoumarin from the tissue surface. After
      infusion of 7-hydroxycoumarin (80 microM) under normoxic conditions, steady-state
      increases in fluorescence were reached in 6-8 min in both regions. Subsequently,
      the formation of non-fluorescent 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide was inhibited
      completely by perfusion with N2-saturated perfusate containing 20 mM-ethanol. The
      difference in fluorescence between anoxic and normoxic perfusions was due to
      glucuronidation under these conditions. In livers from fed rats, rates of
      glucuronidation in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule were 8
      and 19 mumol/h per g, respectively. In contrast, rates of glucuronidation were 3
      and 9 mumol/h per g, respectively, in periportal and pericentral regions of
      livers from starved rats. Infusion of glucose (20 mM) had no effect on rates of
      glucuronidation in livers from fed rats; however, glucose increased rates of
      glucuronidation rapidly (half-time, t0.5 = 1.5 min) in periportal and pericentral
      regions to 7 and 17 mumol/h per g, respectively in livers from starved rats.
      These results indicate that the rapid synthesis of the cofactor UDP-glucuronic
      acid derived from glucose is an important rate-determinant for glucuronidation of
      7-hydroxycoumarin in both periportal and pericentral regions of livers from
      starved rats.

PMID- 3985944
TI  - A two-molecule mechanism of haem degradation.
AB  - Coupled oxidation of octaethylhaemin and phenylhydrazine hydrochloride with
      16,16O2 and 18,18O2 produced octaethyl[16O]verdohaemochrome and octaethyl[18O]
      verdohaemochrome respectively. Reactions of these products with 16,16O2 in the
      presence of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride yielded octaethyl[16O, 16O]biliverdin
      and octaethyl[18O, 16O]biliverdin. The same reactions with 18,18O2 yielded
      octaethyl[16O, 18O]biliverdin and octaethyl[18O, 18O]biliverdin. Accordingly, the
      two oxygen atoms of biliverdin are incorporated from different O2 molecules in
      separate reactions, namely the formation of verdohaemochrome and the conversion
      of verdohaemochrome into biliverdin. These reactions account for a "two-molecule
      mechanism' of biliverdin formation from haem with verdohaemochrome participating
      as an intermediate product.

PMID- 3985945
TI  - Effect of ouabain on amino acid uptake by mouse ascites-tumour cells in the
      presence of nigericin.
AB  - Mouse ascites-tumour cells oxidizing lactate, in a modified Ringer solution,
      concentrated 2-aminoisobutyrate, L-methionine or 2-(methylamino)isobutyrate about
      20-fold from a 0.4 mM solution in the presence of 2-3 micrograms of nigericin/mg
      cellular dry wt. The ionophore increased cellular [Na+] to almost 100 mM when
      extracellular [Na+] was about 45 mM. Either valinomycin or the two mitochondrial
      inhibitors oligomycin and antimycin acting together each markedly lowered the
      extent to which the tumour cells concentrated amino acid, from the above factor
      of about 20 to roughly 2-fold. Ouabain (1 mM) had a similar effect, and further
      raised cellular [Na+]. The sodium pump appeared to be closely involved in amino
      acid uptake under these conditions.

PMID- 3985947
TI  - Homology between legumin-like polypeptides from cereals and pea.
AB  - The presence of legumin-like constituents within the globulin fractions of wheat
      (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale) and corn (maize, Zea mays) was
      demonstrated. Two-dimensional analysis of wheat globulins in the presence and
      absence of a reducing agent revealed the existence of reducible approximately 60
      kDa polypeptides. Western-blot analysis with 125I-labelled antibodies raised
      against the oat (Avena sativa) 12S globulin holoprotein or its alpha-subunits
      demonstrated, firstly, the immunological homology between the alpha- and beta
      subunits of pea (Pisum sativum) legumin and oat 12S globulin, and secondly, the
      similar occurrence in wheat of antigenically homologous approximately 20kDa and
      approximately 40 kDa polypeptides that associate via disulphide linkage to form
      approximately 60 kDa dimers. Western blotting also showed the presence of
      disulphide-linked approximately 20 kDa and approximately 40 kDa legumin-like
      subunits within the globulin fractions of rye and corn.

PMID- 3985946
TI  - Inhibition of catalase by 3,3'-diaminobenzidine.
AB  - 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine strongly inhibits bovine liver catalase in two distinct
      ways. One of these was competitive with respect to H2O2, approached a limit of
      100% inhibition and was rapidly reversed by dilution or by dialysis. The other
      was dependent upon H2O2, approached a limit of 60% and was not reversed by
      dilution or dialysis. Exposure to diaminobenzidine followed by dialysis did not
      modify the electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme, its Km for H2O2 or its optical
      spectrum, although Vmax. was halved. Diaminobenzidine protects catalase against
      the irreversible inactivation imposed by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole plus H2O2. CN
      protected catalase against the apparently irreversible inhibition by
      diaminobenzidine, and dialysis against CN- reversed this inhibition. Ethanol was
      similarly protective, and ethanol plus H2O2 reversed the inhibition by
      diaminobenzidine. Several other aromatic diamines inhibited in a fashion similar
      to that of diaminobenzidine, but were less effective. A scheme of reactions that
      accounts for these observations is proposed.

PMID- 3985948
TI  - Correction of the amino acid sequences of erabutoxins from the venom of the sea
      snake Laticauda semifasciata.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of erabutoxins a and b were reinvestigated. The
      previously reported sequences of Gln-His at positions 6 and 7, and of Pro-Ser at
      positions 18 and 19 of erabutoxins a and b were corrected to His-Gln and Ser-Pro
      respectively.

PMID- 3985949
TI  - Intercellular pathway of leucine catabolism in rat spermatogenic epithelium.
AB  - A unique intercellular pathway of leucine catabolism was observed in vitro in rat
      spermatogenic epithelium. Sertoli cells convert leucine via transmination into 4
      methyl-2-oxovalerate, and spermatocytes and spermatids reduce exogenous 4-methyl
      2-oxovalerate to 2-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate, which is then released by the
      spermatogenic cells. The NADH-dependent reduction of 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate could
      be catalysed by the male-germ-cell-specific lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme LDH
      C4 in the cytosol of the spermatogenic cells, concomitant with the NAD+-dependent
      conversion of exogenous lactate into pyruvate.

PMID- 3985950
TI  - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of bovine proinsulin.
AB  - The application of Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry to the measurement of
      small differences in molecular weight is discussed in relation to the spectra of
      bovine proinsulin and a genetic variant.

PMID- 3985951
TI  - Interaction of rhodamine 123 with mitochondria isolated from drug-sensitive and 
      resistant Friend leukemia cells.
AB  - Mitochondria isolated from Friend leukemia cell lines sensitive (FS) and
      resistant (FR) to rhodamine 123 (Rho123), showed respiratory control and ADP/O
      ratios indicative of well-coupled oxidative phosphorylation activity. When Rho123
      was added to mitochondria from both cell lines, respiratory State 4 increased.
      The increase was higher in mitochondria isolated from resistant than from
      sensitive cells. Respiratory State 3 was slightly more inhibited by Rho123 in
      resistant than in sensitive cell mitochondria (98 and 82% inhibition,
      respectively). While it is not clear how the uncoupling-like effects of Rho123 on
      State 4 contribute to cellular toxicity, our results indicate that differential
      cellular sensitivity to the drug does not correlate with inhibition of oxidative
      phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from drug-sensitive and -resistant
      cells.

PMID- 3985952
TI  - The interaction and inhibition of muscle lactate dehydrogenase by the alkaloid
      caffeine.
AB  - Kinetic analysis showed that the alkaloid caffeine is a competitive inhibitor of
      the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase with respect to substrate pyruvate, and a non
      competitive inhibitor with respect to the coenzyme NADH. The inhibitor constant
      Ki is 0,54 mM. Scatchard analysis determined the dissociation constant for a
      single independent binding site of the ternary lactate dehydrogenase - NADH -
      caffeine complex (KE-NADH-CAFFEINE) and the number of binding sites to be 0,14 mM
      and 3,83 respectively. Caffeine binds to a hydrophobic domain in the substrate
      binding site. Alternate nucleophilic - electrophilic functionalities within the
      inhibitor molecule are proposed to be the fundamental reason for the inhibition.

PMID- 3985953
TI  - The distribution of chromatographic characterization of an amino-terminal
      fragment of cholecystokinin (CCK) 58 in rat brain.
AB  - Utilizing a specific antiserum against CCK 58, a single immunoreactive peptide of
      about 1750 daltons was detected in rat brain extracts. It is distributed in all
      rat brain regions containing CCK 8, though it is most abundant in areas where CCK
      terminals predominate (septum, striatum and olfactory tubercle/nucleus
      accumbens). Based on its molecular weight, it is probably the amino terminal
      portion of CCK 58 left when CCK 39 is cleaved, and it may represent an
      intermediate in the processing of pre-pro-CCK. The presence of this peptide in
      CCK terminal areas implies that the proteolytic cleavage of CCK 58 occurs late in
      the processing, possibly in synaptic vesicles. It is also possible that this
      peptide can be released along with CCK 8 and exert an influence on synaptic
      transmission.

PMID- 3985954
TI  - The role of pinocytosis in the cellular uptake of an amino acid.
AB  - Uptake of L- and D-alanine by the rat visceral yolk sac has been studied in vitro
      in incubations of short duration. It is concluded that much of the uptake of D
      alanine is due to fluid-phase pinocytosis and that the plasma membrane L-alanine
      porter is more stereospecific than has hitherto been supposed.

PMID- 3985955
TI  - Partial amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chains of botulinum
      neurotoxin type E.
AB  - The dichain type E botulinum neurotoxin, a product of nicking the single chain
      protein by trypsin, is composed of a heavy and light chains. Sequence of the
      first 13 and 20 N-terminal residues of these two chains were determined. Also,
      proof is provided here that (i) the light chain of the nicked (dichain) is
      derived from the N-terminal one-third of the parent single chain neurotoxin, and
      (ii) molecular events leading to the activation, of the single chain neurotoxin
      cannot involve tryptic cleavage at or very close to the N-terminal of the single
      chain protein. The partial amino acid sequence of the light chain of botulinum
      type E and tetanus neurotoxins show significant similarity between the two
      clostridial neurotoxins.

PMID- 3985956
TI  - Exclusive activation of aromatic amines in the marine mussel Mytilus edulis by
      FAD-containing monooxygenase.
AB  - Microsomes from the marine mussel Mytilus edulis possess the enzyme activity that
      selectively metabolizes primary aromatic amines and not polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons. This activity is NADPH-dependent and has a pH optimum at 8.4. By
      these characteristics this enzyme is identical with the purified pig liver FAD
      containing monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.8, dimethylaniline monooxygenase). The
      exposure of mussels to Diesel-2 oil does not induce the enzyme activity. These
      results are discussed in terms of possible ecological and environmental
      significance.

PMID- 3985957
TI  - Binding of oxygenated cholesterol metabolites to antiestrogen binding sites from
      chicken liver.
AB  - High affinity (KD 2-4 nM) binding sites (AEBS) for the triphenylethylene
      antiestrogen, tamoxifen, are found in chicken liver cytosol preparations. These
      sites exhibit affinity for triphenylethylene derivatives typical of those
      reported for AEBS in other systems. Although steroids and cholesterol do not
      compete for the sites, certain oxygenated cholesterol metabolites, particularly 7
      ketocholesterol, do so. Hot ethanol extracts of chicken and human serum contain
      AEBS inhibitory activity. This activity is chromatographically heterogeneous, but
      a sterol-containing fraction has been isolated in which the 7-ketocholesterol
      concentration can account for the AEBS inhibitory activity of the fraction.

PMID- 3985958
TI  - Unexpected increase in catecholamines in adrenals of rats treated with 3
      deazaadenosine.
AB  - Using electrochemical detection, 3-deazaadenosine, a proximal inhibitor of
      methylation via the inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, perturbed the
      metabolism of catecholamines in the adrenals of rats. In adrenals of rats treated
      with 3-deazaadenosine, both norepinephrine and epinephrine increased
      significantly by about two-fold. 3-Deazaadenosine may inhibit the release of
      catecholamines from the adrenals by affecting membrane functions of the adrenals.

PMID- 3985959
TI  - Immunological analysis of eukaryotic transcription factor S-II in a HeLa cell
      lysate.
AB  - Previous experiments using antibody suggested that a stimulatory protein of RNA
      polymerase II termed S-II is an essential component of accurate transcription in
      a HeLa cell lysate (1). In this work a radioimmunoassay system for S-II was
      developed and it was demonstrated that S-II and RNA polymerase II in a HeLa cell
      lysate could be separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This
      suggested that S-II and RNA polymerase II do not exist as a complex in the HeLa
      cell lysate. Probably, S-II is integrated into the initiation complex when
      appropriate template DNA and nucleoside triphosphates are added to the lysate.

PMID- 3985960
TI  - Spectra of chloroperoxidase compounds II and III.
AB  - Chloroperoxidase was present as Compound II during the peroxidatic oxidation of
      ascorbic acid. Compound III (oxy-form) was formed when excess hydrogen peroxide
      was added to Compound II. By decreasing the temperature it was possible to
      measure the spectra of Compounds II and III in the Soret and visible regions.
      Each spectrum was found to resemble that of the corresponding form of
      lactoperoxidase. Under the experimental conditions, chloroperoxidase Compound III
      was apparently converted to Compound II in parallel with the decomposition of
      hydrogen peroxide and finally to the ferric enzyme.

PMID- 3985961
TI  - Mono- and bidimensional 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of a synthetic pentasaccharide
      corresponding to the binding sequence of heparin to antithrombin-III: evidence
      for conformational peculiarity of the sulfated iduronate residue.
AB  - 1H-NMR spectra of the synthetic pentasaccharide (N-sulfate-6-0-sulfate-alpha-D
      glucosamine) 1----4 (beta-D-glucuronic acid) 1----4 (N-sulfate-3,6-di-0-sulfate
      alpha-D-glucosamine) 1----4 (2-0-sulfate-alpha-L-iduronic acid) 1----4 (N-sulfate
      6-0-sulfate-alpha-D-glucosamine), corresponding to the active site of heparin for
      antithrombin (AT-III), have been resolved at 500 MHz and assigned by mono- and
      bidimensional techniques. Vicinal proton coupling constants of the D-glucosamine
      residues are similar to those in the regular sequences of heparin, indicating
      that the 4C1 conformation of the ring, and preference for the g,g conformation of
      the sulfated hydroxymethyl groups of these residues are neither affected by the
      unique 3-0-sulfo group nor by sequence effects. By contrast, an unusually large
      coupling between H-2 and H-3 of the sulfated L-iduronic acid residue suggests a
      greater departure from the 1C4 conformation of this residue. when present in the
      binding sequence to AT-III than in the regular sequences. Such a departure,
      leading to different orientation and spacing of essential sulfate groups, may
      have implications for high-affinity binding to AT-III.

PMID- 3985963
TI  - A possible correlation between the growth rate and the extent of DNA damage
      induced by radiodecay in mouse lymphoma cells.
AB  - The extent of DNA single strand breaks resulting from the beta radiodecay of
      incorporated [3H]thymidine in DNA of mouse lymphoma cells appears to be related
      to the degree of growth inhibition. The extents of damage to DNA and inhibition
      of growth seem to be functions of the concentration of radioactivity as well as
      the specific activity of the radiolabeled precursor in the medium. The
      differences in both concentration (muCi/ml) and in the specific activity of
      radiolabeled precursors, may help to explain the different responses encountered
      when using [3H] and [14C]thymidine. When cells exposed to [3H] TdR are
      transferred to fresh medium, the DNA damage can be repaired. The repair is
      followed by an increase in the cell number with the rate of growth being similar
      to that of unexposed cells. Cells exposed continuously to [3H] TdR in the medium
      can accommodate to the radioactive stressor by repairing the DNA damage and
      maintaining this repair capability throughout the exposure.

PMID- 3985962
TI  - Introduction of macromolecules into hemopoietic stem cells with an erythrocyte
      ghost-mediated system.
AB  - We have developed a method of introduction of macromolecules into normal human
      hemopoietic stem cells. The erythrocyte ghosts were loaded with diphtheria toxin
      fragment A (molecular weight = 22,000 daltons), which exerts cytotoxicity only in
      the intracellular space. Granulocyte-macrophage colonies of human bone marrow
      cells incubated with the above ghosts in the presence of Sendai virus decreased
      in number to about 10% of the control. This means that the cell fusion and the
      subsequent introduction of the fragment A into granulocyte-macrophage progenitors
      occurred at a high incidence (about 90%). This method will be useful to study
      intracellular events during the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic
      stem cells.

PMID- 3985964
TI  - Anti-oxidant/pro-oxidant reactions of vitamin K.
AB  - Experiments were designed to measure O2 consumption caused by the oxidation of
      linoleic acid. These experiments show that vitamin K has antioxidant activity and
      that the reduction in linoleic acid oxidation is directly dependent upon vitamin
      K concentration. Conversely, vitamin K hydroquinone enhances linoleic acid
      oxidation in the absence of iron catalyst, again in a concentration dependent
      manner. At equilmolar concentrations vitamin K is about 80% as effective as
      vitamin E as an antioxidant. Vitamin E inhibits the oxidation of linoleic acid
      catalyzed by vitamin K hydroquinone. Vitamin E also strongly inhibits vitamin K
      dependent formation of both vitamin K epoxide and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid
      (gla). The significance of these observations to vitamin K action in vivo is
      discussed.

PMID- 3985965
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of the oxygen and desthio analogues of glutathione
      as dead-end inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase.
AB  - The oxygen analogue, gamma-L-Glu-L-SerGly (GOH) and desthio analogue, gamma-L-Glu
      L-AlaGly (GH) have been synthesized by a simple three step procedure involving
      active ester coupling of N-t-BOC-alpha-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-glutamate to L-SerGly
      and L-AlaGly, respectively. The two peptides are excellent dead-end inhibitors of
      isozymes 3-3 and 4-4 of rat liver glutathione S-transferase. At low fixed
      concentrations of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) GOH and GH are linear
      competitive inhibitors of isozyme 3-3 vs glutathione with KI values of 13.0 and
      116 microM, respectively. Both peptides are non-competitive (mixed-type)
      inhibitors vs CDNB when glutathione is the fixed substrate. Similar results are
      obtained with both peptides and isozyme 4-4. The results rule out ordered or ping
      pong kinetic mechanisms where the electrophile adds first.

PMID- 3985966
TI  - Vitamin B12-binding proteins of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus.
AB  - Vitamin B12-binding proteins were detected in the body fluids and/or tissues of
      horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus), clams and sponges. Among the biological
      specimens tested the Limulus plasma was especially rich in free B12-binding
      proteins. Gel filtration experiments revealed that Limulus plasma contains two
      classes of B12-binding proteins. One class of proteins, molecular weight in
      excess of 100,000, bind B12 preferentially with affinity constant of 5 X 10(11)M
      1. The second type of proteins, molecular weights around 50,000, bind B12 with
      specificity approaching that of mammalian intrinsic factors. The binding constant
      of these proteins for B12 is around 10(11)M-1.

PMID- 3985967
TI  - Tetanus toxin affects the K+-stimulated release of catecholamines from nerve
      growth factor-treated PC12 cells.
AB  - Tetanus toxin specifically binds to neuronal surfaces and interferes with the
      release of transmitters. The effect of tetanus toxin pretreatment of PC12 cell
      line, taken as a model of neuronal cells in culture, was studied and found that
      it depresses depolarization-dependent catecholamines secretion. This effect is
      limited to PC12 cells fully differentiated by the action of Nerve Growth Factor
      (NGF) and is indicative of the expression of specific binding sites for tetanus
      toxin during transition from the undifferentiated state. Specific binding of
      [125I] tetanus toxin to NGF-treated PC12 was demonstrable. The toxin has no
      effect on the 45Ca accumulation coupled with the depolarization dependent release
      of catecholamines.

PMID- 3985968
TI  - Purification and properties of gamma-oxalomesaconate hydratase from Pseudomonas
      ochraceae grown with phthalate.
AB  - Pseudomonas ochraceae produced inducibly a hydro-lyase which catalyzes the
      reversible conversion of gamma-oxalomesaconate into (-)-gamma-oxalocitramalate.
      The enzyme has been purified to homogeneity from the bacteria grown with
      phthalate. The enzyme was a dimeric protein (pI=4.9) with a Mr of 68,000 and
      showed a high specificity for gamma-oxalomesaconate (Km=14 microM) and (-)-gamma
      oxalocitramalate (Km=6.4 microM). Equilibrium constant for the hydration of gamma
      oxalomesaconate at pH 8.0 and 24 degrees C was 2.5. Various thiols activated the
      enzyme.

PMID- 3985969
TI  - Possible role of calcium mediators in parathyroid hormone action on phosphate
      transport in rabbit renal brush border membrane.
AB  - The possibility of the involvement of intracellular calcium in the action of
      parathyroid hormone on phosphate transport in renal brush border membrane was
      examined. Preincubation of rabbit renal proximal tubules with parathyroid hormone
      or 8-bromo-cAMP induced a significant inhibition on phosphate uptake by the brush
      border membrane vesicles isolated therefrom. The addition of intracellular Ca
      antagonists, trifluoperazine or W-7, to the preincubation medium, alone was
      without effect on phosphate uptake by the brush border membrane vesicles, but
      abolished the inhibitory effects of parathyroid hormone and 8-bromo-cAMP.

PMID- 3985970
TI  - The N-terminal sequence of antileukoprotease isolated from bronchial secretion.
AB  - Antileukoprotease (ALP) was isolated from bronchial secretion. The amino acid
      composition as well as the N-terminal sequence were determined. No homology with
      other low molecular weight proteinase inhibitors was found.

PMID- 3985971
TI  - Clonazepam and diltiazem both inhibit sodium-calcium exchange of mitochondria,
      but only diltiazem inhibits the slow action potentials of cardiac muscles.
AB  - Clonazepam, up to concentrations of 5 x 10(-5) M produced only 15% inhibition of
      contraction without effecting isoproterenol-induced slow action potentials (APs)
      of guinea pig papillary muscles. On the other hand, 10(-6) M diltiazem completely
      inhibited both slow APs and contractions. Both clonazepam and diltiazem inhibited
      Na+-induced Ca2+ release from isolated mitochondria. The half-maximum effect of
      clonazepam and diltiazem occurred at 7 and 8 x 10(-6) M respectively. The results
      suggest that clonazepam more specifically inhibits the Na+-induced Ca2+ release
      process of mitochondria.

PMID- 3985972
TI  - Remarkable substrate-inhibitor properties of nicotine enantiomers towards a
      guinea pig lung aromatic azaheterocycle N-methyltransferase.
AB  - The kinetics of nicotine methylation by guinea pig lung homogenates has been
      investigated. An interesting stereospecificity has been observed for nicotine
      enantiomers. R-(+)-Nicotine is a substrate Km = 1.42 X 10(-5)M for an SAM
      dependent guinea pig lung aromatic azaheterocycle N-methyltransferase, whereas S
      (-)-nicotine acts as a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 6.25 X 10(-5)M) of the N
      methylation of its antipode.

PMID- 3985974
TI  - Measurement of the helix opening rate in Z-DNA by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance
      relaxation spectroscopy.
AB  - The exchange rate of the hydrogen-bonded guanine imino protons N(1) in the high
      salt form of Poly(dG-dC) was measured by following the non-selective inversion
      recovery of their 1H NMR signal at 360 MHz, in the temperature range between 77
      degrees C and 90 degrees C. In a 4.5M NaCl solution, Poly(dG-dC) is believed to
      adapt the left-handed Z-conformation, and the results reported here represent the
      first quantitative measurements of this rate process for Z-DNA by Nuclear
      Magnetic Resonance, complementing previous measurements made by tritium exchange
      at 0 degrees C (Ramstein, J. and Leng, M. (1980) Nature 288, 413-414). The
      results confirm that this process is much slower in the Z-form, compared to the B
      structure, and that this difference in rates results mainly from a large decrease
      in the entropy of activation for Z-DNA.

PMID- 3985973
TI  - A highly active chemotactic peptide analog incorporating the unusual residue 1
      aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid at position 2.
AB  - Analogs of chemotactic peptides (Formyl-Met-X-Phe-OMe) containing the
      stereochemically constrained residues alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), 1
      aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (Acc5) and 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
      (Acc6) at position 2 are compared with the parent sequence (X = Leu) for their
      ability to induce lysozyme release in rabbit neutrophils. The Acc6 analog is
      about 78 times more active than the parent peptide, For-Met-Leu-Phe-OH, whereas
      Aib and Acc5 analogs are approximately 3 and 2 times, respectively, less active
      than the parent peptide. NMR and model building studies clearly favour a Met-Acc6
      beta-turn solution conformation in the Acc6 analog, suggesting that the
      neutrophil receptor is capable of recognizing a folded peptide structure. The
      significant differences in the activities of the Acc5 and Acc6 analogs suggest an
      important role for the residue 2 sidechain in receptor interactions.

PMID- 3985975
TI  - Glutathione S-transferases catalyzed conjugation of 1,4-disubstituted butanes
      with glutathione in vitro.
AB  - Rat liver glutathione S-transferases catalyzed the conjugation of 1,4
      diiodobutane with glutathione in vitro. The reaction followed saturation kinetics
      and was dependent on the concentration of the enzyme, substrate and glutathione
      in the incubation media. S-Benzylglutathione inhibited the enzymatic conversion
      of 1,4-diiodobutane to product. The cyclic sulfonium compound, gamma-glutamyl
      beta-(S-tetrahydrothiophenium) alanyl-glycine was identified as the product of
      this conjugation reaction. This product was stable under physiological conditions
      in presence of rat liver cytosol but rapidly and quantitatively decomposed at pH
      greater than or equal to 12 to give tetrahydrothiophene.

PMID- 3985976
TI  - Adrenergic receptor characteristics of cardiac myocytes cultured in serum-free
      medium: comparison with serum-supplemented medium.
AB  - Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes cultured in serum-free medium coexpress both
      alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors as determined by radioligand binding studies. In
      cells exposed to serum for 48 hr surface area increased 3.69 fold, but the
      maximum number of binding sites ([125I]-iodocynanopindolol) only increased 1.5
      fold from 12956 +/- 7579 to 19676 +/- 5181 sites/cell (n = 5, p less than .05)
      yielding a value of 2.48 sites/um2 for cells grown in serum-supplemented medium
      compared with 6.96 sites/um2 for cells grown in serum-free medium. Thus serum
      induced hypertrophy is associated with a decrease in beta 1 receptor density
      relative to cell size; however, adenylate cyclase response is unaffected. This
      cell culture system constitutes an excellent model for studying interventions
      that may influence the regulation of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy by
      nonhemodynamic factors, particularly through the adrenergic receptor system.

PMID- 3985977
TI  - Structure of a glycolipid reacting with monoclonal IgM in neuropathy and with HNK
      1.
AB  - An acidic glycolipid antigen that reacts with monoclonal IgM in patients with
      demyelinating neuropathy and with the mouse monoclonal antibody, HNK-1, was
      purified from human peripheral nerves. This lipid sharing antigenic determinants
      with the myelin-associated glycoprotein was shown to be an unusual glucuronic
      acid-containing sulfated glycosphingolipid with five sugars, but without sialic
      acid. Mild acid methanolysis converted the GlcUA to its methyl ester, removed the
      acidic sulfate group and abolished the antigenicity. Results from chemical,
      enzymatic, infrared, and mass spectral analysis suggested the following structure
      with a sulfate in a position that remains to be determined: GlcUA beta 1----3Gal
      beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1 ceramide.

PMID- 3985978
TI  - Chemical methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by S-adenosylmethionine.
AB  - The chemical methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by S-adenosyl
      methionine (SAM) is most active when carried out at alkaline pH's.
      Phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME) and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine
      are less effective reactants. The PE present in the microsomal and myelin
      membrane can serve as an acceptor in this reaction. Thin layer chromatography
      indicates the formation of the expected products.

PMID- 3985979
TI  - Phosphate ion inactivation of rabbit skeletal muscle aldolase in the crystalline
      state.
AB  - Catalytically active crystals of rabbit skeletal muscle aldolase are inactivated
      by phosphate ion and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Four moles of phosphate are
      incorporated per mole of tetrameric enzyme. The inactivation rates are first
      order in time and demonstrate saturation behaviour. Competition inactivation
      experiments are consistent with the two substrates competing for the same site on
      the enzyme. Protection is afforded by substrates binding to the active site on
      the enzyme. No phosphate inactivation is observed in solution under identical
      experimental conditions and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate inactivation in solution
      is unaffected by phosphate ion concentrations. Inactivation by phosphate is
      apparently due to an unique enzyme conformation stabilized upon protein
      crystallization.

PMID- 3985980
TI  - Decarbamoylating activity of ornithine transcarbamoylase.
AB  - We have purified from beef liver an enzyme which decarbamoylates carbamoyl
      hemoglobin and to a much lesser extent carbamoyl histones. Carbamoyl casein was a
      poor substrate while carbamoyl trypsin, fibrinogen and ovoalbumin were not
      affected. The optimal pH is 7.4. Addition of Mg++, Mn++ or Ca++ was without
      effect. On testing citrulline as a substrate we found high activity leading us to
      suspect that the activity of the decarbamoylase preparation was due to
      contaminating ornithine transcarbamoylase activity. Evidence for this is the
      similar ratio of transcarbamoylase to decarbamoylase activities of both ornithine
      transcarbamoylase and of the purified preparation of decarbamoylase from beef
      liver. Also, delta-PALO, the specific inhibitor of ornithine transcarbamoylase
      inhibited both preparations to the same extent. Interestingly, ornithine
      transcarbamoylase from bacteria also has decarbamoylase activity while aspartic
      transcarbamoylase does not.

PMID- 3985981
TI  - The calcium-ryanodine receptor complex of skeletal and cardiac muscle.
AB  - [3H]Ryanodine binds with high affinity to saturable and Ca2+-dependent sites in
      heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preparations from rabbit skeletal and cardiac
      muscle. Ruthenium red, known to interfere with Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from SR
      vesicles, inhibits [3H]ryanodine specific binding in both skeletal and cardiac
      preparations whereas Mg2+, Ba2+, Cd2+ and La3+ selectively inhibit the skeletal
      preparation. The toxicological relevance of the [3H]ryanodine binding site is
      established by the correlation of binding inhibition with toxicity for seven
      ryanoids including two botanical insecticides. These findings provide direct
      evidence for Ca2+-ryanodine receptor complexes that may play a role in excitation
      contraction coupling.

PMID- 3985982
TI  - A rapid, novel high performance liquid chromatography method for the purification
      of glutathione S-transferase: an application to the human placental enzyme.
AB  - A simple High Performance Liquid Chromatography procedure is detailed for the
      purification of Glutathione S-transferase. The human placental transferase was
      used to assess its potential. Unlike conventional methods of purification, the
      procedure is rapid and resolution of the various forms is achieved in less than
      20 min. Since recovery is essentially complete, it is possible to isolate
      different minor forms. Three forms, one major and two minor, were separated. The
      major form represented about 97% of the total recovered activity and exhibited a
      specific activity of 254.94 mumoles/min/mg protein with a purification of 1342
      fold. Electrophoresis of the major form revealed the presence of a single band,
      suggesting homogeneity.

PMID- 3985983
TI  - Studies on the identity of the heme-binding cysteinyl residue in rabbit liver
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozyme 2.
AB  - The reaction of purified rabbit liver microsomal P-450 isozyme 2 with 4,4'
      dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) exhibits first order kinetics and results in
      the modification of a single thiol, but causes no net loss of the native ferrous
      carbonyl spectrum. Inclusion of both phospholipid and a tight-binding nitrogenous
      ligand, 1-benzylimidazole, in the reaction medium produces a burst-phase of DTNB
      modification, but the stoichiometry remains one thiol modified per polypeptide
      chain. The site of isozyme 2 rapidly labeled by DTNB and by monobromobimane, a
      fluorescent reagent for thiol groups, was shown to be Cys152. Results obtained
      strongly suggest that Cys152 does not provide the proximal thiolate ligand to the
      heme iron atom. Since Cys152 represents one of the two highly conserved cysteine
      containing regions in the P-450 cytochromes, it appears likely that the other
      region, containing Cys436 in this rabbit cytochrome (corresponding to Cys355 in
      bacterial P-450 cam, Cys436 in rat P-450 b or e, Cys461 in rat P-450 c, Cys456 in
      rat P-450 d or mouse isozyme 3, and Cys458 in mouse isozyme 1) is the source of
      the thiolate ligand to the heme.

PMID- 3985984
TI  - Myosin switches in skeletal muscle development of an urodelan amphibian,
      Pleurodeles waltlii. Comparison with a mammalian, Mus musculus.
AB  - The isomyosins from dorsal axial muscle, which appear successively through
      metamorphosis of P.waltlii, are shown to be composed of identical fast-type light
      chains but of distinct heavy subunits. We observe that this modification goes
      with a change in ATPase activity as also in the case of mouse. Metamorphosis in
      amphibian as well as birth in mammalian are thus both accompanied by the
      synthesis of new myosins of higher catalytic efficiency.

PMID- 3985985
TI  - Alterations in hepatic heme metabolism in fish exposed to sublethal cadmium
      levels.
AB  - A study on hepatic heme metabolism with special emphasis to ALA synthetase, ALA
      dehydratase and heme oxygenase was carried out in cadmium exposed freshwater fish
      Channa punctatus to enlighten the mechanism of cadmium induced toxicity. Cadmium
      exposure (0.5-5.0 mg/1) for 7 days increased the hepatic level of ALA, along with
      the depletion in heme content, which are characteristic to chemical porphyria.
      The resultant enhancement in the activities of ALA synthetase and heme oxygenase
      were further shown to be dose dependent. ALA dehydratase activity on the other
      hand was enhanced only at higher exposure. Time course studies on the enzyme
      activities and heme content showed that ALA synthetase started to increase after
      24 hrs., reached maximum at 7 days and came back nearly to normal level after 30
      days of exposure. Simultaneously maximum depletion in heme level occurred on 7
      days of exposure, tending to return to normal on 30 day. In addition, attempt has
      been made to correlate alterations in heme metabolism due to cadmium with the
      histopathological manifestations in liver.

PMID- 3985986
TI  - The NADP binding site on rabbit muscle aldolase.
AB  - Rabbit muscle aldolase binds NADPH with a 1:1 stoichiometry and with a
      dissociation constant 18 microM. Three sites of the dinucleotide are involved in
      the binding: the adenosyl diphosphate moiety, the nicotinamide-ribose, and the
      nicotinamide ring. These data show the existence of a specific dinucleotide
      binding site in the aldolase molecule.

PMID- 3985987
TI  - Selenite: a good inhibitor of rat-liver DNA methylase.
AB  - DNA methylase from rat liver was partially purified through a DEAE sephacel
      column and characterized in an in vitro assay with respect to time, protein, DNA
      and S-adenosylmethionine curves. The Km for S-adenosylmethionine was 2.5 microM.
      Sodium selenium inhibited the methylation of DNA in a dose dependent fashion when
      added to the assay. It was also demonstrated that selenite non-competitively
      inhibits rat-liver DNA methylase with a Ki of 6.7 microM. Dithiothreitol had no
      effect on selenite inhibition and increasing amounts of DNA did not alter the
      inhibition. However, increasing amounts of protein overcame the inhibition,
      suggesting that selenite is reacting with the DNA methylase protein. DNA
      methylase isolated from selenite treated animals had only 43% of the activity as
      enzyme from control rats. It appears that selenite is a good inhibitor of DNA
      methylase.

PMID- 3985988
TI  - Mechanism of action of 2-haloethylnitrosoureas on deoxyribonucleic acid. Pathways
      of aqueous decomposition and pharmacological characteristics of new anticancer
      disulfide-linked nitrosoureas.
AB  - We have examined the pharmacological characteristics of three dinitrosated
      isomers of N,N'-bis[N(2-chloroethyl)-N-carbamoyl]cystamine [CNCC-(D), 1C1G1325]
      differing in the relative positions of the nitroso substituents [CNCC-(C), (1,1'
      dinitroso); CNCC-(S), 3,3' dinitroso); and CNCC-(M), (1,3'-dinitroso)] and which
      were designed to be subject to preferential bioreductive activation in hypoxic
      tumors. The decomposition products of the isomers formed under physiological
      conditions [both in the absence and in the presence of dithiothreitol (DDT)] were
      identified and quantified. For example, CNCC-(S) in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and
      37 degrees gave rise to 2-chloroethylisocyanate, bis(2-chloroethyl)urea and bis(2
      hydroxyethyl)disulfide, whereas in the presence of DTT it afforded 2
      chloroethylisocyanate, bis(2-chloroethyl)urea, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide,
      thiirane and 2-mercaptoethanol. Control aqueous decomposition profiles were
      performed with two known metabolites of CNCC, namely 3-(2-chloroethyl)-1-(2
      thioethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 3-(2-chloroethyl)-1-(2-methylthioethyl)-1
      nitrosourea. CNCC-(C) caused 20% interstrand cross-linking of lambda-DNA in 2 hr,
      whereas in the presence of DTT the extent of cross-linking increased to 38% in
      the same time period. In contrast, isomer (S) showed no detectable cross-linking
      in 7 hr. This thiol potentiation of cross-linking which is observed with other 2
      chloroethylnitrosoureas is explained by nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl group
      and subsequent stereoelectronically controlled decomposition of the tetrahedral
      intermediate. The relative extents of carbamoylating activity of the CNCC isomers
      were obtained using a [14C]-lysine assay which showed (S) approximately equal to
      (M) greater than (C). Inhibition of glutathione reductase for both Walker 256
      resistant (WR) and Walker 256 sensitive (WS) strains showed that isomer (S)
      inactivated the enzyme more effectively than isomer (C) in accord with the
      carbamoylating activity results. The higher carbamoylators (S) and (M) also
      showed greater effects on the intracellular thiol pools in both WR and WS cells
      indicative of sulfhydryl conjugation and efflux and/or inhibition of the GSH
      metabolic enzymes. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with human DU 145 prostatic
      carcinoma cells showed the isomer cytotoxicity was (M) greater than (C) greater
      than (S) over a 24-hr incubation period. The reduced cytotoxic potential of CNCC
      (S) in both the Walker 256 cells and in the human prostatic carcinoma cells may
      be a function of an interaction between GSH and the drug thereby protecting other
      more critical nucleophilic targets within the nucleus.

PMID- 3985989
TI  - Monoamine oxidase in single nerve cell bodies from locus coeruleus of the rat. A
      microgasometric study.
AB  - The magnetic diver microgasometer was used for determination of MAO activity in
      single nerve cell bodies isolated from the locus coeruleus of the rat. Tyramine
      was used as a substrate. Both molecular forms of MAO, MAO A and MAO B, are
      present in single nerve cell as shown by clorgyline, a selective inhibitor of MAO
      A molecular form. The activity of MAO in nerve cell bodies from locus coeruleus
      was compared to the activities in seven other types of nerve cells.

PMID- 3985990
TI  - Interaction of streptomycin and streptomycylamine derivatives with negatively
      charged lipid layers. Correlation between binding, conformation of complexes and
      inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase activities.
AB  - Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce a lysosomal phospholipidosis in kidney proximal
      tubules after conventional therapy in animals and man. We have previously
      demonstrated that these drugs bind to negatively charged phospholipid bilayers at
      acid pH and inhibit the activity of lysosomal acid phospholipases in vitro and in
      vivo. A combined biochemical and conformational study [Brasseur et al., Biochem.
      Pharmac. 33, 629 (1984)] showed major and consistent differences between 6
      aminoglycosides in current clinical use with respect to the stability of the
      complexes they form with phosphatidylinositol, their inhibitory potency towards
      the activity of lysosomal phospholipases and their current toxicity ranking (e.g.
      gentamicin greater than amikacin greater than streptomycin). In the present study
      we have extended this approach to experimental derivatives of streptomycin. The
      derivatives examined were: dihydrostreptomycin, dideguanyldihydrostreptomycin,
      streptomycylamine, dideguanylstreptomycylamine, N-butyl- and N-benzyl
      dideguanylstreptomycylamine. These compounds were examined for (i) their binding
      to negatively charged liposomes, measured by gel permeation on Sepharose 4B; (ii)
      their interactions with phosphatidylinositol assessed by semi-empirical
      conformational analysis and (iii) their inhibitory effect on the activities of
      lysosomal phospholipases towards phosphatidylcholine present in negatively
      charged liposomes. Streptomycin and gentamicin were also used as reference
      compounds with low and high affinity (and inhibitory potency), respectively. Our
      observations can be summarized as follows: (i) the replacement of the aldehyde in
      the streptose ring by a methylamino group strikingly changes the conformation of
      the molecule, allowing a better interaction with phosphatidylinositol. Thus,
      streptomycylamine binds much more tightly to phospholipid bilayers and shows a
      higher inhibitory potency towards phospholipase activity, as compared to
      streptomycin. The conformational analysis shows, however, that this effect is
      only partially due to the additional cationic charge carried by
      streptomycylamine. Other modifications of the streptomycin molecule, such as the
      replacement of the guanidinium groups by aminogroups or the addition of
      hydrophobic moieties (butyl or benzyl groups) to the streptose do not markedly
      further strengthen the interactions of the molecule with phosphatidylinositol.
      (ii) Even though some derivatives (e.g. dideguanylstreptomycylamine) bind as
      tightly to phospholipids as gentamicin, they remain much less inhibitory towards
      lysosomal phospholipases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3985991
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of benzimidazole carbamates as inhibitors of
      mammalian tubulin, in vitro.
AB  - The structure-activity relationships of thirty-two methyl (5(6)-substituted
      benzimidazol-2yl) carbamates as inhibitors of the rate of polymerisation of
      mammalian tubulin have been investigated. The size or some colinear physico
      chemical characteristic of the substituent in the 5 (or 6)-position has a
      profound effect on potency. The presence of branching with or without a
      commensurate increase in the polarity of the 5(6)-substituent adjacent to the
      benzimidazole ring (alpha-position) resulted in a loss of activity. The nature of
      the overall site, as reflected by the quantitative models, could relate to either
      the hydrophobicity or molar volume of the 5 (or 6)-substituents.

PMID- 3985992
TI  - Effects of mixed-function oxidase modifiers on neurotoxicity of acrylamide in
      rats.
AB  - The effects of modifiers of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system on
      acrylamide-induced hind-limb paralysis were investigated in rats. Pretreatment of
      rats with phenobarbital, trans-stilbene oxide or dichloro diphenyl
      trichloroethane (DDT) resulted in an earlier onset and subsequent development of
      acrylamide-induced hind-limb paralysis than that observed in animals treated only
      with acrylamide. Cobalt chloride pretreatment of rats caused a significant delay
      in the onset and development of hind-limb paralysis. Our results suggest that an
      intermediate formed by the cytochrome P-450 system may be responsible for
      acrylamide neurotoxicity.

PMID- 3985994
TI  - Effects of doxorubicin and verapamil on calcium uptake in primary cultures of rat
      myocardial cells.

PMID- 3985993
TI  - Biochemical and antitumor activity of tiazofurin and its selenium analog (2-beta
      D-ribofuranosyl-4-selenazolecarboxamide).
AB  - 2-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-4-selenazolecarboxamide (selenazofurin, CI-935), the
      selenium analog of tiazofurin (CI-909), was 3- to 10-fold more cytotoxic to
      murine or human tumor cells in vitro than tiazofurin and was also more active
      against P388 mouse leukemia in vivo. In vitro cytotoxicity could be reversed by
      guanosine or guanine but not by other purine nucleosides or bases. Three human
      tumor cell lines selected for selenazofurin or tiazofurin resistance showed cross
      resistance between selenazofurin and tiazofurin. Treatment with tiazofurin,
      selenazofurin, or mycophenolic acid decreased guanylate pools and caused an
      accumulation of IMP in WIL2 human lymphoma cells. The decrease in guanylate pools
      was accompanied by inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis. The NAD analogs of
      tiazofurin and selenazofurin were inhibitors of L1210 IMP dehydrogenase (IMP:NAD
      oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.14), and both showed uncompetitive inhibition with
      respect to NAD having Kii values of 5.7 X 10(-8)M and 3.3 X 10(-8)M respectively.

PMID- 3985995
TI  - Changes in the cholesterol level, cholesterol-to-phospholipid mole ratio, and
      membrane lipid microviscosity in rat brain induced by age and a plant oil
      mixture.

PMID- 3985996
TI  - Biological activity of two novel inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase.

PMID- 3985997
TI  - Relation between hepatic microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosamines and cytochrome P
      450 species.
AB  - Effects of SKF 525A (0.1 mM), metyrapone (0.1 mM), alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF)
      (0.5 mM) and pyrazole (1.0 mM) on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N
      nitrosomethylbutylamine (NMBuA) and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBeA) metabolism
      by hepatic microsomes from rats pretreated with inducers were investigated. NDMA
      demethylation was weakly increased by phenobarbital (PB) treatment. The
      demethylation was inhibited by SKF 525A and enhanced by metyrapone in non-treated
      and PB-treated microsomes, and weakly inhibited by ANF in 3
      methylcholanthrene(MC)-treated microsomes. NMBuA demethylation was increased by
      PB treatment and inhibited by SKF 525A in all microsomes. Metyrapone inhibited
      the demethylation in PB-treated microsomes. NMBuA debutylation was increased by
      PB and MC treatments, and inhibited by metyrapone in all microsomes. The
      strongest inhibition by metyrapone was observed in PB-treated microsomes. The
      debutylation was inhibited by SKF 525A in non-treated and PB-treated microsomes
      and by ANF in MC-treated microsomes. NMBeA demethylation was decreased by MC
      treatment and weakly inhibited by SKF 525A in all microsomes. The effects of the
      inducers and inhibitors on NMBeA debenzylation were almost the same as those on
      NMBuA debutylation except that the increasing effect of MC was small. Pyrazole
      was a relatively selective inhibitor of NDMA demethylation. These results suggest
      the following: NDMA demethylation is catalyzed by PB-induced cytochrome P-450
      species (P450-PB) and MC-induced cytochrome P-450 species (P448-MC). But their
      specific activity is low and the other cytochrome P-450 species demethylate NDMA.
      NMBuA demethylation is catalyzed by P450-PB. But the specific activity is not
      high and the other cytochrome P-450 species also demethylate NMBuA. NMBuA
      debutylation is catalyzed by P450-PB and P448-MC. Almost all of NMBeA
      demethylation is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 species other than P450-PB and
      P448-MC. NMBeA debenzylation is catalyzed by P450-PB and P448-MC, but the
      specific activity of P448-MC is not high.

PMID- 3985998
TI  - Effects of phencyclidine and analog drugs on acetylcholine receptor of cultured
      muscle cells.
AB  - Myotubes grown in culture provided a convenient experimental system for the study
      of the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) and analog drugs on both acetylcholine
      receptor (AChR) function and on its binding properties. The extent of PCP
      retention by these cells was studied on the same preparations. PCP, N-ethyl-l
      phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE), PCP methiodide (PCPMeI), 1-[1-(3-aminophenyl)
      cyclohexyl] piperidine (NH2PCP) and 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP)
      were found to inhibit carbamylcholine (CbCh)-induced 22Na and 45Ca ion fluxes
      with 50% inhibition (I50) at 2-6 microM drug concentration. The I50 for CbCh
      induced 42K+ efflux was 8-20 microM. Ketamine was less efficient with an I50 of
      100 microM. Binding of [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin [( 125I]alpha-BGT) was not
      affected at drug concentrations that cause 100% inhibition of ion fluxes.
      Retention of [3H]PCP by the myotubes was a saturable process with half-maximal
      saturation at approximately 20 microM PCP. It was inhibited by PCP and several
      tertiary analogs, with and I50 of approximately 20 microM. PCPMeI was much less
      effective, with an I50 of 1 mM. PCPMeI was, however, as potent as PCP in its
      inhibition of the AChR function although the amount retained by the cells was 50
      fold lower than that of PCP. These results are consistent with the theory that
      PCP and analog drugs affect AChR at a site other than the alpha-BGT binding site,
      possibly at the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor.

PMID- 3985999
TI  - Studies on the biliary efflux of GSH from rat liver due to the metabolism of
      aminopyrine.
AB  - The biliary efflux of GSH and GSSG due to aminopyrine was studied using perfused
      rat livers. The infusion of 0.8 mM aminopyrine led to a rapid rise in the amount
      of GSH released into the bile with only a small increase in the amount of GSSG
      released; caval GSH + GSSG efflux was unaffected. N-Benzylimidazole, an inhibitor
      of cytochrome P-450, completely blocked the response while phenobarbital
      pretreatment of the rats doubled the rate of GSH efflux. H2O2 and selenium
      containing glutathione peroxidase were not involved since livers from selenium
      deficient rats perfused with aminopyrine released GSH at the same rate as control
      livers. Aminopyrine injected i.p. into conscious rats also stimulated biliary GSH
      efflux to the same extent as with perfused livers. Biliary release of GSH in the
      perfused livers could be duplicated by infusing formaldehyde. It is proposed that
      formaldehyde produced during the N-demethylation of aminopyrine by cytochrome P
      450 combines reversibly with GSH to form S-hydroxymethylglutathione which is
      oxidized by formaldehyde dehydrogenase to S-formylglutathione. Formaldehyde
      formed in excess of its capacity to be metabolized enzymatically is released into
      the bile as S-hydroxymethylglutathione which then dissociates to its initial
      reactants.

PMID- 3986000
TI  - In vivo and in vitro metabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in strain A mice.
AB  - The elimination and metabolism of a single dose (100 mg/kg) of 2,4-dinitrotoluene
      (2,4-DNT) in A/J mice were examined. After intraperitoneal administration,
      elimination was rapid, with 70% of the dose appearing in the urine within 4 hr.
      Four hours after oral administration, only 28.5% of the dose was excreted in the
      urine, which increased to 66% after 8 hr. Elimination via the feces was minimal
      (less than 2.1% of the dose) in both cases. From 0.5 to 4 hr after
      intraperitoneal administration, 3.6 to 8.8% of the urinary metabolites was
      unconjugated while 2.4 to 8.8% was present in the glucuronide fraction. After
      oral administration these amounts were 5.5 to 6.8% and 20.5 to 28.2%
      respectively. After both intraperitoneal and oral administration, no unchanged
      2,4-DNT could be detected in the urine, and 2,4-dinitrobenzyl alcohol (2,4
      DNBAlc) represented the most abundant identifiable neutral metabolite. Small
      amounts of 2,4-diaminotoluene, 2-amino-4-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2-(N-acetyl)amino-4
      nitrotoluene, 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4A2NT), and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2A4NT)
      were also present. In almost all cases the largest proportion of metabolites
      represented unknowns, some of which exhibited the chromatographic properties of
      carboxylic acid metabolites. Metabolism of 2,4-DNT by liver and lung microsomes
      yielded mainly 2,4-DNBAlc with lower amounts of 4A2NT and 2A4NT, and their
      formation was dependent on the presence of oxygen and NADPH. Pretreatment of the
      animals with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin resulted in increased yields of
      all three metabolites. Aerobic metabolism of 2,4-DNT by explants of the small
      intestine, large intestine, or by cecal contents yielded 2,4-DNBAlc, 2A4NT, 4A2NT
      and 4-(N-acetyl)amino-2-nitrotoluene (4Ac2NT). The proportion of reduced
      metabolites (2A4NT, 4A2NT, and 4Ac2NT) was much higher in these systems than with
      liver or lung microsomes and their formation by small intestine and cecal
      contents was enhanced several-fold under anaerobic conditions, while that of 2,4
      DNBAlc was abolished. It is concluded that 2,4-DNT metabolism in the A/J mouse is
      rapid and complete and that the major neutral urinary metabolite is 2,4-DNBAlc.
      Minor amounts of reduced or partially reduced products appear to be formed mainly
      in the intestine, with a major role by its microflora.

PMID- 3986001
TI  - Toxic effects of daunorubicin on isolated and cultured heart cells from neonatal
      rats.
AB  - Various aspects of the cardiotoxicity of the anthracycline derivative and
      antineoplastic drug daunorubicin were investigated using isolated and cultured
      cells from neonatal rat hearts as a model system. Treatment of the cells with
      concentrations of daunorubicin of the same order of magnitude as those used in
      chemotherapy was accompanied by marked toxic effects, e.g. a decreased or
      abolished contraction, and release of lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate and
      oxidized glutathione to the medium. A decreased frequency of contraction appeared
      to be the most sensitive probe of daunorubicin toxicity, followed by release of
      pyruvate and oxidized glutathione/lactate dehydrogenase. Daunorubicin and/or its
      metabolites also bound to cellular protein and DNA. Exposure to daunorubicin was
      shown to be accompanied by a rapid induction of primarily DT-diaphorase and a
      slower induction of glutathione transferase. The latter observations are
      interpreted to indicate a protective role of quinone- and peroxide-metabolizing
      enzymes, respectively, and support the hypothesis that daunorubicin toxicity
      involves generation of free radical derivatives, which initiate lipid
      peroxidation. This conclusion is further substantiated by the demonstration that
      addition of daunorubicin leads to an increased oxygen consumption.

PMID- 3986002
TI  - Altered induction response of hepatic cytochrome P-450 to phenobarbital, 3
      methylcholanthrene, and beta-naphthoflavone in organotin-treated animals.
AB  - The effects of tricyclohexyltin hydroxide on the induction of cytochrome P-450 in
      liver by phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and beta-naphthoflavone were
      studied. A single dose of the organotin (15 mg/kg body wt) prevented the full
      extent of phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450 from occurring; this was
      the case whether tricyclohexyltin was given 48 hr preceeding a single injection
      of phenobarbital, or administered simultaneously with the first of three daily
      doses of the drug. Elevation of hepatic heme oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.3) activity
      accompanied these changes in cytochrome P-450, but the induction of this enzyme
      was not affected by phenobarbital treatment. The induction of cytochrome P-448 by
      3-methylcholanthrene and beta-naphthoflavone was not affected to the same extent
      by a single injection of tricyclohexyltin, while heme oxygenase induction was
      less pronounced when these cytochrome P-448 inducers were given together with the
      organotin. The changes in cytochrome P-450 content and in its functional activity
      resulting from the various treatments were further examined by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the microsomal fractions. The
      electrophoretic profiles illustrate clearly that the apoprotein moieties of the
      various cytochrome P-450 subspecies are affected to a considerable extent by
      treatment with tricyclohexyltin hydroxide alone, and staining in these bands was
      noticeably reduced even when phenobarbital was administered together with the
      organotin. In contrast, tricyclohexyltin failed to decreased the 3
      methylcholanthrene- or beta-naphthoflavone-induced cytochrome P-450 subspecies.
      These data suggest that significant metabolic interactions can occur from
      exposure to a combination of environmental chemicals and drugs resulting in an
      altered metabolism of heme and cytochrome P-450.

PMID- 3986004
TI  - [Localization of the adrenodoxin-binding fragment of cholesterol hydroxylating
      cytochrome P-450 from adrenal cortex mitochondria].
AB  - The interaction between cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin has been studied
      using cleavable cross-linking reagents and limited trypsinolysis. The data
      obtained indicate that the site responsible for adrenodoxin binding is located on
      the NH2-terminal fragment F1 of cytochrome P-450scc.

PMID- 3986003
TI  - [The use of theoretical conformation analysis in the study of the mechanism of
      interaction of carbohydrate components of cardiac glycosides with receptor].
AB  - The conformational possibilities for sugar components of cardiac monoglycosides
      have been analyzed. A comparison of spatial disposition of oxygen atoms in the
      energetically allowed conformations of these residues permitted unambiguous
      determination of 1) monosaccharide bioactive conformations; 2) their functional
      groups involved in the receptor binding; 3) coordinates of the region wherein the
      oxygen atom should be accomodated in order to be bound to the receptor. It was
      shown that the conformational lability and the presence of several oxygen
      containing groups in the first monosaccharide residue underlie the possibility
      for coexistance of several productive conformations. The rules for qualitative
      predictions of the carbohydrate contribution into biological activity of cardiac
      glycosides were formulated. A number of monosaccharide residues were
      distinguished that should have either favorable or unfavorable effects on the
      biological activity of cardenolides.

PMID- 3986005
TI  - The effect of glucocorticoids on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
      Influence of menopausal state.
AB  - We studied 97 patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fifty
      four patients (19 premenopausal women, 25 postmenopausal women, and 10 men) had
      been treated with low-dose glucocorticoids for at least 12 months (mean dose less
      than 10 mg/day). The remaining 43 patients (15 premenopausal women, 17
      postmenopausal women, and 11 men) had been treated with penicillamine, and served
      as a patient control group. The distal forearm bone mineral content (BMC) was
      measured in all patients by single photon absorptiometry using 125I, and the
      total body bone mineral (TBBM) was measured in 61 patients by dual photon
      absorptiometry using 153Gd. Compared with normal controls, both treatment groups
      had significantly decreased BMC and TBBM (0.01 less than P less than 0.001). When
      the patients were stratified according to pre- and postmenopausal state, we found
      significantly lower BMC and TBBM values in the premenopausal glucocorticoid
      treated women than in penicillamine-treated women. However, no differences in BMC
      and TBBM values were found in the corresponding postmenopausal groups. In the
      premenopausal women treated with glucocorticoids, the duration of treatment and
      cumulative dose correlated with BMC. No such correlations were found in the
      postmenopausal women. We conclude that 1) RA is associated with loss of bone
      mass, 2) systemic glucocorticoid treatment further aggravates the bone loss, 3)
      in postmenopausal RA patients, the bone loss resulting from menopause and from
      the disease itself is not accelerated by low-dose glucocorticoids, and 4) in
      premenopausal RA patients, however, the bone mass is significantly affected by
      glucocorticoid treatment. We therefore suggest that these factors be considered
      when prescribing glucocorticoids, in order to minimize the bone loss.

PMID- 3986006
TI  - Phagocytosis and intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear cells from patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis and Felty's syndrome.
AB  - The present in vitro study concerned the phagocytosis and intracellular killing
      by polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) of 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
      12 patients with Felty's syndrome (FS). PMN phagocytosis was assessed by
      microbiologic and morphologic methods, and intracellular killing was measured
      independently of continuous phagocytosis of viable bacteria (Staphylococcus
      aureus). PMN from patients with RA or FS ingested S aureus opsonized with
      immunoglobulins and complement as effectively as did PMN from healthy donors.
      However, the capacity of patient PMN to ingest S aureus opsonized with sera
      lacking complement activity, e.g., heat-inactivated donor serum and the sera of 2
      patients with FS, was lower than that of healthy donor PMN. This decreased
      ingestion is associated with diminished expression of Fc receptors on the
      membrane of PMN from patients who have RA or FS. As with sera lacking complement
      activity, decreased capacity to ingest S aureus was observed after preloading
      donor PMN with immune aggregates, which also decreased the expression of Fc
      receptors. PMN from patients with RA or FS were found to be as active in killing
      S aureus as cells from healthy donors.

PMID- 3986007
TI  - Cartilage response to mechanical force in high-density chondrocyte cultures.
AB  - High-density cultures of chick embryonic chondrocytes were exposed to
      intermittent compressive force (ICF) of physiologic magnitude for 24 hours.
      Proteoglycan synthesis was significantly increased in chondrocyte cultures
      exposed to ICF as compared with control cultures. Similar effects were found in
      explants of epiphyseal cartilage. Proteoglycans extracted with guanidine-HCl from
      cultures exposed to ICF aggregated better with hyaluronic acid than did control
      cultures, as shown by Sepharose 2B gel chromatography. In addition, the amount of
      non-extractable proteoglycans was increased in ICF cultures. We conclude that ICF
      not only increases the synthesis of proteoglycans but also improves the
      aggregating capacity of proteoglycans and the coherence of proteoglycans with
      other matrix components. High-density cultures of epiphyseal chondrocytes provide
      a suitable model to study the processes involved in the perception of and the
      subsequent cellular response to compressive force by cartilage.

PMID- 3986008
TI  - Myocarditis in adult Still's disease.

PMID- 3986009
TI  - Bowel involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: Crohn's disease or lupus
      vasculitis?

PMID- 3986010
TI  - Rheumatology training at internal medicine and family practice residency
      programs.
AB  - The Medical Research Education Subcommittee of the American Rheumatism
      Association surveyed a random selection of large and small programs in internal
      medicine and family practice residency programs in order to evaluate their
      rheumatology training. Formal rheumatology training is offered in 90% of these
      residency programs, but many available positions are not being filled. A full
      time staff rheumatologist was present at 69% of large internal medicine programs,
      32% of small internal medicine programs, and 11% of family practice programs. The
      methods of rheumatology training are similar in most programs, although small
      internal medicine programs and family practice programs more often utilize
      physicians' offices or outside medical centers for the rheumatology elective
      training. A majority of the directors of these residency programs thought that
      many basic skills and techniques were not taught adequately and that the training
      of their rheumatology residents was not equal to that of residents in cardiology
      or gastroenterology.

PMID- 3986011
TI  - Popliteal cyst presenting as an anterior tibial mass.

PMID- 3986012
TI  - Cholesterol oxidation derivatives and arterial endothelial damage.
AB  - Three groups of New Zealand male while rabbits were given either 2.5 mg/kg of 25
      hydroxycholesterol, cholestane-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol or vehicle only,
      intravenously. 24 h after treatment, the luminal surfaces of aortae of rabbits
      receiving 25-hydroxycholesterol were examined by scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM) and showed numerous balloon-like protrusions and crater-like defects as
      well as circulating, formed elements adhering on the luminal surface. The luminal
      surface of aortae of rabbits given cholestane-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-triol had
      similar but more frequent lesions when compared with those of the 25
      hydroxycholesterol group. Microthrombi were occasionally found. The aortae of the
      control group had significantly fewer lesions. Transmission electron-microscopic
      studies showed intracytoplasmic vacuoles and diffuse subendothelial edema in the
      aortae of the two groups receiving the oxidation derivatives of cholesterol. The
      balloon-like protrusions and crater-like defects observed by SEM appeared to
      represent the initial sterol-induced endothelial cell injury. Repeated episodes
      of arterial injury followed by thrombus formation could eventually lead to
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 3986013
TI  - Lack of relationship between changes in adiposity and plasma lipids following
      endurance training.
AB  - In order to study the effect of alterations in fat morphology and metabolism
      induced by exercise-training on plasma lipids, 13 healthy young men were
      subjected to a 20-week aerobic training program on bicycle. Training
      significantly increased maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) (P less than 0.001) and
      decreased per cent body fat (P less than 0.001). A significant reduction of mean
      adipocyte diameter and an increase in isolated fat cell epinephrine-stimulated
      lipolysis were also observed following training. However, with the exception of
      total cholesterol, no changes were noted in plasma lipids. Neither before nor
      after training were triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL
      C) correlated with VO2 max, fat cell diameter and adipocyte-stimulated lipolysis.
      The present study demonstrates that an important fat loss (mean loss of fat = 3
      kg) and a significant gain in VO2 max induced by endurance training do not
      necessarily produce an increase in HDL-C levels in normal male subjects.
      Moreover, changes in VO2 max, body fatness and in fat cell epinephrine-stimulated
      lipolysis produced by endurance training are not related to modifications in
      plasma lipids in healthy men.

PMID- 3986014
TI  - Secretion of cholesteryl ester-enriched very low density lipoproteins by the
      liver of cholesterol-fed rabbits.
AB  - The output of lipids and lipoproteins by isolated perfused livers of normal-fed
      and cholesterol-fed rabbits has been examined. There was a comparable output of
      triglyceride by the livers of both groups, resulting in an accumulation of 40-50
      mg triglyceride/liver/2 h in the perfusate in each case. The output of
      cholesteryl esters, however, was very much greater from the livers of cholesterol
      fed (45 mg/liver/2 h) than from normal-fed (3.3 mg/liver/2 h) rabbits. The major
      lipoproteins in liver perfusates from both groups of animals were very low
      density lipoproteins (VLDL). In the perfusate of normal livers the VLDL were
      enriched with triglyceride and depleted of cholesteryl esters when compared with
      plasma VLDL from normal animals. VLDL in the perfusate of livers from cholesterol
      fed rabbits, on the other hand, were markedly enriched with cholesteryl esters;
      cholesteryl esters accounted for 33% by mass of VLDL from cholesterol-fed livers
      and only 3.1% of VLDL from normal livers. The cholesteryl esters in the plasma
      lipoproteins of cholesterol-fed rabbits were relatively enriched with cholesteryl
      oleate when compared to those in normal plasma. Similarly, cholesteryl oleate
      predominated in the VLDL in the liver perfusate of the cholesterol-fed animals,
      consistent with an hepatic acyl CoA/cholesterol acyltransferase origin. Thus,
      cholesterol-feeding in the rabbit results in a marked increase in the hepatic
      secretion of cholesteryl esters as a component of VLDL.

PMID- 3986016
TI  - Effects of estradiol and progesterone on the increased synthesis of collagen in
      atherosclerotic rabbit aortas.
AB  - The effects of sex hormones on atherosclerosis and collagen synthesis in blood
      vessels were studied in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet. Ovariectomy without
      hormone replacement resulted in significantly greater degree of atherosclerosis
      and collagen synthesis in the aortic arch when compared with the intact state.
      The administration of estradiol to ovariectomized rabbits resulted in a degree of
      atherosclerosis and collagen synthesis similar to that of intact rabbits.
      Ovariectomized rabbits administered progesterone on the other hand resembled the
      ovariectomized rabbits without hormone replacement. Specific activity of
      hydroxyproline in individual specimens of the arch correlated strongly with
      degree of atherosclerosis. An analysis of regional variation demonstrated
      declining values for collagen synthesis in the caudal direction along the aorta.
      Collagen synthesis was much higher in the portal vein as compared with the
      inferior vena cava. Plasma cholesterol values were higher in the ovariectomized
      rabbits than in the intact rabbits. Tissue deposition of cholesterol paralleled
      the degree of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 3986015
TI  - Effect of egg yolk feeding on the concentration and composition of serum
      lipoproteins in man.
AB  - The effect of egg yolk consumption on the composition of LDL and on the
      concentration of HDL subclasses was studied in healthy subjects. Six volunteers
      consumed a diet low in cholesterol for 10 days and then daily added 6 egg yolks
      to their diet for another 10 days; the experiment was repeated 1 year later with
      the same subjects. Egg yolk consumption caused the cholesterol intake to increase
      by 1600 mg/day, and the fat intake by 7 energy % at the expense of carbohydrates;
      this increase was due almost exclusively to monounsaturated fatty acids. Upon egg
      yolk feeding the mean level of serum total cholesterol rose by 13%; the bulk of
      this rise was due to LDL cholesterol, which increased by 21%. VLDL and IDL
      cholesterol decreased by 19 and 11%, and serum total triglycerides by 17%. Marked
      relative increases of 35 and 36% were seen in the cholesterol level of the HDL
      subfractions with densities of 1.055-1.075 g/ml (HDL1) and 1.075-1.100 g/ml
      (HDL2), respectively. The HDL2/LDL cholesterol ratio increased by 16%. No change
      in cholesterol in HDL3 (d greater than 1.100 g/ml) was observed. The increase in
      cholesterol in HDL isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation significantly
      exceeded the increase in cholesterol in heparin-Mn2+ soluble HDL. This suggests
      the formation of apo E-containing HDL, i.e. HDLc, which has HDL density but is
      not soluble in heparin-Mn2+. The composition of the LDL particles was
      significantly altered; the core became enriched in esterified cholesterol at the
      expense of triglycerides, and the ratio of core components to surface components
      increased by 7%.

PMID- 3986017
TI  - Influence of age and sex on composition and lipid fluidity in miniature swine
      plasma lipoproteins.
AB  - Age- and sex-related differences were observed in the plasma cholesterol level,
      the plasma concentrations of certain lipoprotein components, and the HDL lipid
      phase fluidity in miniature swine from post-weaning (6 weeks) through puberty (6
      months), maturity (2-6 years), and old age (10-12 years). Age effects were more
      dominant in the males, with VLDL protein; LDL protein, triacylglycerol, and
      phospholipid; and HDL triacylglycerol, phospholipid, cholesterol, and
      polyunsaturated fatty acids showing statistically significant negative
      correlations with age. These effects were not observed in females. HDL
      cholesterol was positively correlated with age in females. Total plasma
      cholesterol decreased with age in males only, but plasma triacylglycerol was not
      influenced by age in either sex. Higher concentrations of all lipoprotein lipids
      were observed in the female minipigs regardless of age. HDL lipids became less
      fluid with age in the males alone suggesting a physical chemical basis for the
      lower incidence of heart disease among females. The more fluid HDL circulating in
      the female may be more capable of mobilizing peripheral tissue cholesterol for
      catabolism thus protecting her from developing atherosclerotic lesions.

PMID- 3986018
TI  - Anti-inflammatory drugs in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 6. Combination
      therapy with steroid and non-steroid agents.
AB  - The pathological changes which accompany enhanced cholesterol deposition in
      atherosclerosis include inflammatory responses mediated by the prostaglandin
      cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase-leukotriene metabolite of the arachidonic acid
      cascade. Cortisone suppresses arachidonic acid release, whereas non-steroid anti
      inflammatory drugs inhibit principally the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Groups of New
      Zealand white rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Diets of
      selected groups were further supplemented daily with the non-steroid anti
      inflammatory drugs phenylbutazone (100 mg), oxyphenylbutazone (240 mg),
      flufenamic acid (100 mg), either singly or in combination with cortisone acetate
      (10 mg or 5 mg), or 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (30 micrograms or 200
      micrograms). Serum lipid levels were measured at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, and
      atherosclerotic plaque intensity in thoracic aorta was measured at 12 weeks using
      a planimetric technique: serum cholesterol levels in control groups increased
      from 38 +/- 5 to 1190 +/- 139 mg/100 ml. Neither the rate of increase nor the
      final lipid values attained were significantly changed by the non-steroid drugs.
      The non-steroid drugs reduced plaque coverage by about one third (phenylbutazone
      34 +/- 10%, flufenamic acid 36 +/- 11%) compared to controls. In combination
      therapy, addition of cortisone acetate resulted in further plaque suppression.
      Cortisone 10 mg + phenylbutazone gave 100% suppression; cortisone 5 mg +
      phenylbutazone gave 82 +/- 18%, and cortisone 5 mg + flufenamic acid gave 84 +/-
      3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986019
TI  - Lipoprotein distribution and composition in the human nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Plasma lipoprotein profiles were quantitated in 9 patients with the nephrotic
      syndrome. Six subjects were studied both during an active proteinuric phase and
      during a remission phase without proteinuria. During the proteinuric phase, the
      plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and apo B levels were markedly increased,
      whereas the HDL cholesterol, apo A-I, and apo A-II concentrations were normal.
      Analysis of the distribution and composition of the lipoprotein subclasses,
      separated by isopycnic ultracentrifugation, showed typical patterns characterized
      by: (1) elevated apo B-rich VLDL and LDL fractions, (2) the presence of a denser
      LDL subfraction, floating at d 1.053 g/ml, which contained about 35% of LDL
      cholesterol and apo B and (3) a redistribution among HDL subclasses. The HDL2b (d
      1.063-1.100 g/ml) fraction was markedly decreased, while the HDL2a + 3a (d 1.100
      1.150 g/ml) and HDL3b + 3c (d 1.150-1.210 g/ml) subclasses were moderately
      elevated. The decreased cholesterol and apo A-I contents of HDL2b therefore
      counterbalanced their increase in HDL2a + 3a and HDL3b + 3c, resulting in normal
      plasma HDL cholesterol and apo A-I concentrations. When reinvestigated during a
      remission phase without proteinuria, the nephrotic patient's overall lipoprotein
      distribution and composition were similar to those in healthy controls. The
      combination of several factors such as the presence of elevated apo B-rich VLDL,
      IDL and LDL, together with decreased HDL2 cholesterol and HDL2 apo A-I suggests
      that nephrotic patients are at increased risk for atherosclerosis.

PMID- 3986020
TI  - [Atenolol in the control of parkinsonian tremor].

PMID- 3986021
TI  - Telephone transmission of fetal monitor data.
AB  - A telephone system was established to transmit fetal monitor data to a tertiary
      center from small rural hospitals with limited experience in interpreting such
      tracings. This type of program fosters sound obstetric management and appropriate
      therapeutic intervention of monitored patients in rural areas. We believe that
      similar service can be established by other tertiary hospitals.

PMID- 3986022
TI  - A knot of the subclavian venous catheter in a premature neonate.
AB  - The percutaneous subclavian venous catheter is used in administration of total
      parenteral nutrition in premature neonates. Most of the complications observed
      include catheter-related sepsis, cracking or obstruction of the line, and
      accidental removal. We encountered an unusual complication when an intravascular
      knot in the catheter was formed upon removal of the line. If care is taken when
      advancing the catheter, this complication can be avoided.

PMID- 3986023
TI  - Gestational age and the management of preterm labor in obstetric programs.
AB  - The gestational age at which obstetric training programs aggressively manage and
      attempt to salvage preterm vertex fetuses in distress was determined by survey.
      More than half the programs initiate fetal monitoring and perform cesarean
      section for certain cases of fetal distress by 26 weeks gestational age. By 28
      weeks gestational age, most programs consistently perform a cesarean delivery for
      a vertex fetus in distress. Management practices in university training programs
      appear to be more aggressive than those in nonuniversity programs. Not all
      programs--either within or outside the university--try aggressively to salvage
      fetuses in distress at 28 weeks gestational age or more, however, despite the
      excellent chance for survival and normal development.

PMID- 3986024
TI  - Incomplete baroreceptor responses in newborn infants.
AB  - Previous studies of the baroreceptor response to a 45 degree head-up tilt in
      preterm and mature infants during the first 3 days of life failed to demonstrate
      a significant tachycardia while eliciting a 25% reduction in limb blood flow. In
      order to determine if maturity or respiratory distress affected the presence of
      tachycardia after tilting, 34 infants between 28 and 40 weeks gestation,
      including 15 infants with RDS, were studied serially during their hospitalization
      in a neonatal intensive care unit. In the first 5 seconds after a rapid (1
      second) tilt to 45 degrees, individual infants responded with changes in heart
      rate (HR) ranging from a fall of 8 beats/min to an increase of 13 beats/min.
      Individual responses were not predictable on the basis of maturity at birth, age
      after birth, or presence of clinical respiratory distress. The group as a whole
      demonstrated a statistically significant increase of 2 +/- 4 beats/min in the
      first 5 seconds immediately after tilting. This may be compared to a coefficient
      of variation of +/- 4-5% in the resting HR of the same group of infants. Because
      of the unpredictability of individual responses and the small magnitude of the
      response for the group as a whole, it can be concluded that the HR component of
      the baroreceptor response is poorly developed during the neonatal period.

PMID- 3986025
TI  - VATER association: analysis of growth and development.
AB  - The growth and development of 15 patients with VATER association were
      prospectively followed for 1-4 years. Prenatal growth retardation was frequent
      but at least 50% of children with early growth deficiency demonstrated long-term
      catch-up growth. Mental development was normal in 12 of 15 children but 8 of 13
      children had delayed motor skill development. Early postnatal growth deficiency
      was an indicator of children at risk for developmental problems. Parents should
      be reassured that most children with VATER association display normal
      development.

PMID- 3986026
TI  - Placenta previa: an analysis of three years experience.
AB  - A retrospective study of 45 cases of complete placenta previa is presented.
      Expectant management of the premature infant using tocolytics, blood transfusion,
      and cesarean section was practiced. All patients were suspected of having
      placenta previa based upon ultrasound examination; 90% reported third-trimester
      bleeding; 48% required prepartum blood transfusion; and 80% experienced one or
      more complications. Premature delivery occurred in 67% of patients; tocolysis was
      initiated in 53%. Patients with previa were older, of higher parity, and more
      likely to have had a previous cesarean section or abortion than matched controls.

PMID- 3986027
TI  - Radiographic clues to chest tube perforation of neonatal lung.
AB  - A premature infant with hyaline membrane disease who developed a pneumothorax and
      was treated by a thoracostomy tube subsequently died of intracranial hemorrhage.
      At autopsy the tube was unexpectedly found to have penetrated completely through
      the right upper lobe. Observation of the course of a thoracostomy tube on both
      frontal and lateral radiographs may give additional evidence for perforation of
      the lung if the tube is not located peripherally and if it does not lie in the
      expected location of an interlobar fissure. In turn, a heightened index of
      suspicion may lead to more timely operative intervention if complications ensue
      after placement or after removal of a thoracostomy tube that has lacerated the
      lung.

PMID- 3986028
TI  - Defending the malpractice case--fighting back. Part Two.

PMID- 3986029
TI  - [Characterization of the pelvic presentation].

PMID- 3986030
TI  - [Poisonings in pediatrics. Findings on 100 cases].

PMID- 3986031
TI  - [Hepatic amebiasis in the child and its functional repercussions].

PMID- 3986032
TI  - [Volvulus caused by massive intestinal ascariasis].

PMID- 3986033
TI  - [Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Gunther disease)].

PMID- 3986034
TI  - [Types of publications in medical periodicals].

PMID- 3986036
TI  - [Concentration of vitamin C in the final phase of pregnancy and in the early
      stage of lactation].

PMID- 3986035
TI  - [Levels of lead in children with hyperactivity and attention deficits. Response
      to the administration of D-penicillamine].

PMID- 3986037
TI  - [Clicks by bone conduction versus bone-conducted masking for evaluations of brain
      stem auditory evoked potentials in pediatric patients].

PMID- 3986038
TI  - [Editorial aspects of the Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico].

PMID- 3986040
TI  - [Vomiting as a clinical indicator of diarrhea caused by rotaviruses].

PMID- 3986041
TI  - [Newborn infants born to toxemic mothers (toxemic fetopathy)].

PMID- 3986039
TI  - [Perinatal mortality risk factors in a case-control study].

PMID- 3986042
TI  - [Correction of water-electrolyte imbalance in newborn infants using rehydration
      by the oral route].

PMID- 3986043
TI  - [Frequency and types of congenital malformations observed at necropsy].

PMID- 3986044
TI  - [Anthropometry in the evaluation of nutritional status].

PMID- 3986045
TI  - Isolation and characterization of gangliosides from pig lymphocytes.
AB  - Two major gangliosides from pig spleen lymphocytes, accounting for 57% of the
      total lipid-bound sialic acids, were isolated and purified to homogeneity by
      column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and silica gel. They were identified as
      GM3 (II3Neu5GcLacCer), and GD3 (II3(Neu5Gc)2LacCer), by thin-layer chromatography
      in comparison with standards and by analysis of the constituent sugars. The major
      fatty acids of these gangliosides were stearic acid and myristic acid,
      respectively. In addition to these gangliosides, GD2 and bands comigrating on
      thin-layer chromatography with authentic GM2, GM1, GD1a and GD1b were found.
      These compounds also occur in pig peripheral blood lymphocytes, where, however,
      GD3 represents about 70% of the total lipid-bound sialic acid.

PMID- 3986046
TI  - Isolation of the hypertrehalosaemic factors I and II from the corpus cardiacum of
      the Indian stick insect, Carausius morosus, by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography, and amino-acid composition of factor II.
AB  - The separation of two peptides with hypertrehalosaemic activity from the corpus
      cardiacum of the Indian stick insect, Carausius morosus, was achieved by reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a Nucleosil C-18 column with a
      trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile gradient. The eluant was monitored at 210 nm
      and the hypertrehalosaemic activity was detected in ligated stick insects using a
      bioassay. In addition, the isolated material was potent in causing hyperlipaemia
      in migratory locusts and also in raising blood carbohydrates in the American
      cockroach. The amino-acid composition of the major peptide, hypertrehalosaemic
      factor II, was determined after acid hydrolysis with HCl or methanesulfonic acid.
      The analyses suggest that factor II is a nonapeptide which contains the following
      amino-acid residues: Asp, 2 Thr, Glu, Pro, Gly, Leu, Phe and Trp. This
      composition is almost identical to that of locust adipokinetic hormone I, lacking
      only one Asp residue.

PMID- 3986047
TI  - Altered membrane sialoglycoproteins in human erythrocytes lacking the Gerbich
      blood group antigens.
AB  - The sialoglycoproteins (glycophorins) in human red cell membranes of rare
      individuals lacking totally (Ge-1,-2,-3 phenotype) or partially (Ge-1,-2,3
      phenotype) the Gerbich (Ge) blood group antigens and two Ge-1,-2,-3 heterozygotes
      were studied by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. Two
      sialoglycoproteins (components D and E) were not detectable in the membranes from
      the homozygotes and found to be decreased by about 50% in those from the
      heterozygotes. Ge--1,-2,-3 and Ge-1,-2,3 cells were found to contain a 'new'
      component (mol. masses about 29 and 30 kDa, respectively) possibly representing a
      D/E hybrid molecule. This sialoglycoprotein was not detectable in membranes from
      the Ge-1,-2,-3 heterozygotes, suggesting that the Ge-1,-2,-3 phenotype may be
      caused by at least two different alleles at the Ge blood group antigen locus.
      Hemagglutination or hemagglutination inhibition tests involving anti-Ge 1,2,3 and
      -Ge 1,2 as well as native and enzyme-treated normal red cells (phenotype Ge
      1,2,3) or membrane and sialoglycoprotein fractions from normal erythrocytes
      indicate that the receptors of these sera are located within the glycosylated
      domain(s) of the D and/or E sialoglycoprotein(s). Our data suggest that the Ge
      locus encodes the polypeptide sequences of the D and E sialoglycoproteins.

PMID- 3986048
TI  - Plasma hypoxanthine and xanthine levels in the early newborn period in problem
      free preterm babies and those with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - The use of hypoxanthine measurements for quantitative monitoring of intrauterine
      asphyxia is generally accepted. A high level in blood or in CSF is a consequence
      of tissue hypoxia. Hypoxanthine and xanthine were measured by selective high
      pressure liquid chromatography in mature newborns, in healthy, symptom-free
      preterm babies, and in preterm babies affected by idiopathic respiratory distress
      syndrome. The measurements were carried out from peripheral venous blood within
      three hours after birth and at the age of 48-72 hours. In mature newborns the
      mean hypoxanthine level was 11.10 mumol/l in the early determinations, and 8.45
      mumol/l in the second set of measurements. In unaffected prematures there were
      significantly higher levels, and the highest values (44.22 +/- 15.13 mumol/l)
      were encountered in premature babies subsequently dying of severe hypoxia.
      Xanthine showed a similar course. In addition to establishing normal values for
      prematures we desired to clarify the changes in the levels of purine metabolites
      during idiopathic respiratory distress and their prognostic value. Hypoxanthine
      and xanthine levels were found to be informative in postnatal hypoxia, especially
      together with other parameters.

PMID- 3986049
TI  - Breast feeding as prophylaxis for atopic eczema: a controlled study of 368 cases.
AB  - The present study was undertaken in an attempt to draw data whether breast
      feeding is beneficial in prevention of atopic eczema. Three-hundred and sixty
      eight babies given different feeding modalities were examined for the presence of
      atopic eczema at the age of three and six months. Seven percent of breast-fed
      infants developed eczema compared to 10% of formulae-fed and 6% of mixed breast
      and formulae-fed infants. No difference in the severity of atopic eczema was
      recorded in the three study groups. Our experience demonstrates the absence of a
      protective effect of breast-feeding against the development and severity of
      atopic eczema.

PMID- 3986050
TI  - The effect of fenoterol on fetal metabolism: cord blood studies.
AB  - Albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides,
      blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
      levels were determined in the serum of cord blood of neonates born to mothers
      previously treated with the betamimetic drug fenoterol. The results were compared
      with those of untreated controls. More deviations from the control were found if
      the interval between termination of treatment and delivery was shorter than 48
      hours. A longer drug-free interval seems more favourable for the metabolic
      balance of the newborns. Newborns whose mother has received beta-sympathomimetic
      tocolytic treatment need careful supervision.

PMID- 3986051
TI  - The thyroxine screening index in congenital hypothyroidism screening.
AB  - A modification of the RIA total thyroxine assay from a dry drop of blood has been
      applied in 5-day-old neonates for the screening of congenital hypothyroidism. For
      first classification, the thyroxine screening index was used in 13 500 newborns;
      it proved to be simple, rapid and economically acceptable. In borderline cases,
      more detailed examinations were carried out, viz. estimation by RIA of thyroid
      stimulating hormone, thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin from venous blood.
      The incidence of permanent and transient impairment of thyroid function is shown
      in a special graph.

PMID- 3986052
TI  - Complete recovery from paraquat poisoning causing severe unilateral pulmonary
      lesion.
AB  - Poisoning by paraquat, a plant-protecting agent, its clinical manifestations and
      treatment are discussed. The case of a 5-year-old boy who had ingested an unknown
      quantity of paraquat is described. Peritoneal dialysis proved to be effective in
      overcoming renal and hepatic failure. Subsequently, a pulmonary lesion with
      unilateral preponderance developed; this showed marked radiological regression
      and in a year nearly complete functional recovery ensued.

PMID- 3986053
TI  - Wolman disease in twins.
AB  - In newborn twins at three hours of age adrenal calcification has been detected.
      In addition to hepatomegaly, vomiting and diarrhoea, characteristic radiological
      findings confirmed the diagnosis of the rare heritable lipidosis, Wolman's
      disease.

PMID- 3986054
TI  - Is a family history of coronary heart disease an independent coronary risk
      factor?
AB  - The importance of a positive family history as a primary risk factor for coronary
      heart disease was examined in a case history study. Of 792 consecutive male
      patients aged under 60 years who survived a first episode of unstable angina or
      myocardial infarction, 326 had a negative family history, 298 had a positive
      history, and in 168 a family history could not be established with certainty.
      There was no significant difference in the distribution of the three primary
      coronary risk factors--cigarette smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia
      -between those with and those without a positive family history. The 133 subjects
      with a positive family history of premature coronary heart disease (occurrence in
      near relatives under 60 years) were significantly younger than those with a
      negative family history. It is concluded that there is little evidence to confirm
      a positive family history as an important independent risk factor for coronary
      heart disease, although there may be familial aggregation of subjects with a high
      susceptibility to the effects of the three primary risk factors, cigarette
      smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia.

PMID- 3986055
TI  - Family history of myocardial infarction as an independent risk factor for
      coronary heart disease.
AB  - The hypothesis that a family history of heart attack before the age of 60 years
      is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease was examined in a random
      sample of 1044 men aged 40-70. Data on personal and family history, smoking,
      weight, height, plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, blood pressure, and
      resting and exercise electrocardiograms were collected according to the standard
      Lipid Research Clinics protocol. A history of heart attack in first degree
      relatives was ascertained by interviewing the participants. Evidence of coronary
      heart disease was found in 123 men (reported heart attack in 20,
      electrocardiographic findings of ischaemic heart disease at rest in 40, and
      electrocardiographic findings during heart rate limited exercise in 63). Subjects
      with coronary heart disease had considerably higher concentrations of total
      cholesterol, higher blood pressures, and lower concentrations of high density
      lipoprotein cholesterol than those without. Twenty nine per cent of the subjects
      with coronary heart disease reported a history of heart attack in a first degree
      relative before 60 years of age compared with 19% of those without. In a
      multivariate logistic model, the coefficients for age, cholesterol
      concentrations, and hypertension were all positive and statistically significant.
      The coefficient for HDL cholesterol concentration was negative and significant. A
      family history of heart attack showed a significant positive association,
      indicating a relation with coronary heart disease that is independent of the
      other variables in the model. The relation persisted in apparently asymptomatic
      patients with coronary heart disease.

PMID- 3986056
TI  - Ventricular arrhythmias. A guide to their localisation.
AB  - An electrocardiographic atlas of ventricular tachycardias was produced by pacing
      27 epicardial sections of the heart and the mitral papillary muscles to simulate
      focal ventricular arrhythmias and simultaneously recording their 12 lead
      electrocardiographic appearances. One hundred and twenty nine patients undergoing
      cardiac surgery were studied. In five patients all 27 epicardial sites were paced
      at operation and in 124 individual sections were paced postoperatively with
      temporary epicardial wires and the electrocardiograms analysed in terms of
      frontal and horizontal plan QRS axis, maximum limb lead QRS amplitude, and QRS
      duration. Each ventricular region paced produced a distinctive 12 lead
      electrocardiographic pattern. Simulated right ventricular arrhythmias had either
      inferior frontal plane QRS axes (from the anterobasal region) or superior frontal
      plane QRS axes (from the apical and posterior right ventricular sections).
      Horizontal plane QRS axes were directed leftwards, with some posterior shift in
      the anteroapical regions. Simulated arrhythmias from the base of the left
      ventricle (anteriorly and laterally) had inferior frontal plane QRS and
      anterorightward horizontal plane QRS axes. Left ventricular arrhythmias with a
      superior frontal plane QRS axis were readily distinguished by their horizontal
      plane QRS axes: posterorightwards from the anterior and anterorightwards from the
      posterior left ventricular sections. Standard errors of the paced QRS axes for
      the various epicardial sections paced postoperatively ranged from 3.0 degrees to
      6.0 degrees using the frontal plane axis. The electrocardiogram was most accurate
      in localising ventricular arrhythmias from the anterior left ventricle and least
      accurate for those arising from the inferior right ventricle. The appearance of
      the paced electrocardiograms was slightly modified by underlying disease such as
      myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy. This atlas may be useful
      in comparing the localisation of ventricular tachycardia with the site of
      underlying cardiac disease and may facilitate mapping in patients with refractory
      ventricular tachycardia requiring ablation (either surgical or by high energy
      impulses).

PMID- 3986057
TI  - Relation between mitral valve closure and early systolic function of the left
      ventricle.
AB  - In order to investigate relations between mitral valve closure and mechanical
      events at the onset of left ventricular systole, simultaneous M mode
      echocardiograms and phonocardiograms were recorded with the apexcardiogram and
      its first differential (dA/dt) in 25 normal subjects and 88 patients with heart
      disease. The timing of mitral and aortic valve closure and the onset and peak
      rate of rise of the apexcardiogram with respect to the Q wave of the
      electrocardiogram were measured. There was considerable variation in the
      intervals from Q to mitral valve closure (Q-MVC) and from Q to peak dA/dt and in
      the isovolumic contraction time between normal subjects. There was no consistent
      abnormality of these intervals in patients with coronary artery or valvar
      disease, and no relation between the interval from Q to mitral valve closure and
      end diastolic pressure. When the timing of the first heart sound and peak dA/dt
      were considered together, however, clear abnormalities became apparent. In normal
      subjects, the intervals Q-MVC and Q to peak dA/dt were significantly correlated.
      In coronary artery disease, the expected relation between Q-MVC and Q to peak
      dA/dt was found only when end diastolic pressure was normal and was lost when end
      diastolic pressure was raised. Mitral stenosis was associated with delayed mitral
      closure in a few cases only, but in chronic aortic regurgitation closure was
      consistently early with respect to the apexcardiogram. In patients with atrial
      fibrillation and a normal mitral valve the timing of mitral valve closure with
      respect to the apexcardiogram was normal, which is inconsistent with an atrial
      contribution to the timing of mitral valve closure. Thus when considered in
      isolation the timing of mitral valve closure and the duration of isovolumic
      contraction time gave little information about cardiac function. Nevertheless, a
      predictable relation exists between mitral valve closure and the onset of left
      ventricular mechanical systole in normal subjects, which can be used to identify
      characteristic alterations in patients with heart disease.

PMID- 3986058
TI  - Mustard's operation for patients with ventriculoarterial concordance. Report of
      two cases and a cautionary tale.
AB  - Three patients with ventriculoarterial concordance and an abnormal
      atrioventricular connexion were investigated. One patient had total anomalous
      pulmonary venous connexion to a left vertical vein. In 1972 this was repaired and
      a ventricular septal defect was closed, but the presence of atrioventricular
      discordance was missed and the patient died. In the other two patients, Mustard's
      operation resulted in survival. One patient had situs solitus and
      atrioventricular discordance with an associated ventricular septal defect, which
      was closed. The other had left isomerism (quasi solitus) with an ambiguous
      atrioventricular connexion (quasi discordant). A previously noted ventricular
      septal defect had spontaneously closed.

PMID- 3986059
TI  - Normal intracardiac and great artery blood velocity measurements by pulsed
      Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - One hundred and 10 normal subjects were studied by pulsed Doppler velocimetry to
      determine the range of values of blood velocity across the cardiac valves and in
      the great vessels. Modal peak velocities of 1.55 m/s occurred in the left heart,
      but right heart peak velocities were lower. In most sites a statistically
      significant inverse relation between peak velocities and age or body surface area
      was found. Time to peak velcocity in the pulmonary artery and ascending aorta
      increased significantly with age and was shorter in the aorta than in the
      pulmonary artery. These data were developed to serve as standards for the
      assessment of values recorded in patients with congenital and acquired cardiac
      disease.

PMID- 3986060
TI  - Use of amiodarone and digoxin specific Fab antibodies in digoxin overdosage.
AB  - A 61 year old man with mild aortic stenosis and chronic depression took 12.5 mg
      digoxin in a suicide attempt. Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation were
      resistant to lignocaine and to phenytoin but responded to intravenous amiodarone,
      with restoration of pacing. Because of persistent hyperkalaemia he was also
      treated with Fab fragments of digoxin specific antibody, which bound most of the
      ingested digoxin. It is suggested that the treatment of choice in severe digoxin
      poisoning is amiodarone for ventricular arrhythmias followed by pacing if
      necessary and the use of Fab antibody fragments if hyperkalaemia persists.

PMID- 3986061
TI  - Coronary sinus type atrial septal defect in a child with pulmonary atresia and
      Ebstein's anomaly.
AB  - At birth an infant was found to have an unusual series of abnormalities with a
      coronary sinus type atrial septal defect complicating pulmonary atresia with an
      intact ventricular septum and Ebstein's anomaly. The functionally important
      anomalies were diagnosed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. The
      coronary sinus defect and Ebstein's anomaly were detected only at necropsy.
      Although only a single case, the features of this heart favour Bull's revised
      classification of pulmonary atresia.

PMID- 3986063
TI  - Submaximal exercise testing early after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3986062
TI  - Mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node.
AB  - A patient with Mobitz type 2 heart block caused by a mesothelioma of the
      atrioventricular node died of a subarachnoid haemorrhage at the age of 33 two
      years after implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Mesothelioma of the
      atrioventricular node is rare, and reported cases have all been diagnosed post
      mortem. Mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of heart block in children or young adults. This is the
      first case to be reported in Japan.

PMID- 3986064
TI  - "He looks a little blue down this end". Monitoring oxygenation during
      anaesthesia.

PMID- 3986065
TI  - Use of a continuous infusion of althesin in neuroanaesthesia. Changes in cerebral
      blood flow, cerebral metabolism, the EEG and plasma alphaxalone concentration.
AB  - Ten patients with small supratentorial tumours were studied during craniotomy.
      Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in the contralateral hemisphere by a
      modification of the Kety and Schmidt technique using xenon-133 i.v. With an
      Althesin infusion rate of 0.2 ml kg-1 h-1, CBF was 24.4 +/- 5.4 ml min-1/100 g
      and CMRO2 1.87 +/- 0.44 ml min-1/100 g at PaCO2 4.1 +/- 0.7 kPa (mean +/- SD).
      During constant infusion rates of Althesin, steady values of CMRO2 were obtained,
      while an increase in infusion rate of 150% was associated with an increase in
      plasma alphaxalone concentration, a decrease in CMRO2 and a tendency of further
      EEG suppression. However, great inter- and intraindividual variations were
      present, and correlations between CMRO2, EEG activity and plasma alphaxalone
      concentration were weak.

PMID- 3986066
TI  - Jet ventilation using low or high frequencies, during bronchoscopy.
AB  - Jet ventilation, through a bronchoscope, was evaluated using a lung model (normal
      compliance and increased airway resistance). Three I/E ratios (0.25, 0.43, 0.67)
      and seven rates of ventilation (from 20 to 230 cycles per min (c min-1) were
      studied with the bronchoscope either unoccluded or partially occluded by a
      telescope. Increases in I/E ratio induced increases in minute ventilation, peak
      airway pressure, end-expiratory pressure and lung volume. Increase in the rate of
      ventilation decreased peak airway pressure, increased end-expiratory pressure and
      lung volume; minute ventilation increased in parallel with the increase in the
      rate of ventilation or remained constant when a high I/E ratio was used. The
      introduction of the telescope reduced minute ventilation, as a result of a
      decrease in the amount of air entrained, and increased end-expiratory pressure
      and lung volume. The risk of barotrauma as a result of high peak pressure is
      reduced during high frequency jet ventilation, but the increase in lung volume,
      particularly when the telescope is introduced, may be of clinical importance.

PMID- 3986067
TI  - Effects of the extradural administration of morphine or bupivacaine, on the
      metabolic response to upper abdominal surgery.
AB  - The influence of thoracic extradural local anaesthetics (0.5% bupivacaine) or
      extradural morphine on the metabolic response to upper abdominal surgery was
      compared with the administration of morphine i.v. in the period after operation.
      The extradural local anaesthetic group had significantly lower blood glucose and
      plasma FFA concentrations and consistently, but not significantly, lower blood
      glycerol and lactate concentrations than both the other groups. At 4 h both
      extradural groups had significantly lower plasma FFA and blood 3-hydroxybutyrate
      concentrations than the control group. Blood alanine concentration decreased in
      all three groups with a minimum at 24 h. There were no differences in serum
      insulin concentrations between the groups. It is concluded that thoracic
      extradural morphine differs from thoracic extradural local anaesthetics in being
      much less able to suppress the metabolic response associated with upper abdominal
      surgery.

PMID- 3986068
TI  - Effects of the extradural administration of local anaesthetic agents and morphine
      on the urinary excretion of cortisol, catecholamines and nitrogen following
      abdominal surgery.
AB  - Twenty patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were allocated randomly to
      receive either general anaesthesia with low-dose fentanyl plus intermittent
      systemic morphine for postoperative pain or the same general anaesthetic plus
      extradural analgesia during and following surgery (local anaesthetics from before
      skin incision until 24 h after skin incision plus extradural morphine 4 mg every
      12 h from 3 h to 72 h after skin incision). Postoperative pain scores were lower
      (P less than 0.05) in the group receiving extradural analgesia, but this regimen
      failed to prevent the increase in the urinary excretion of cortisol, adrenaline,
      noradrenaline and nitrogen both on separate days and on cumulative measurements
      over 4 days. Pain scores did not correlate to urinary excretion of the various
      endocrine-metabolic indices either on separate days or over the cumulative 4-day
      period. It is concluded that the relief of pain per se has no major influence on
      the catabolic response to abdominal surgery.

PMID- 3986069
TI  - Effect of postoperative extradural morphine on ADH secretion.
AB  - The effect of extradural morphine on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion was
      assessed for the first 6 h after surgery in three groups of patients. Surgery was
      conducted under extradural bupivacaine: thereafter patients in group I (n = 6)
      received further injections of bupivacaine, patients in group II (n = 6) received
      an extradural injection of morphine and in patients in group III (n = 5) both
      bupivacaine and morphine, were administered extradurally. In group I, plasma ADH
      values remained unchanged throughout the study. In contrast, in the two groups of
      patients receiving extradural morphine a delayed and stepwise increase in plasma
      ADH concentration was documented. These results indicate that extradural morphine
      induces ADH secretion and suggest that this effect is the consequence of the
      migration of morphine to the brainstem.

PMID- 3986070
TI  - Zomepirac, dihydrocodeine and placebo compared in postoperative pain after day
      case surgery. The relationship between the effects of single and multiple doses.
AB  - Zomepirac 100 mg and dihydrocodeine 30 mg were compared with placebo in a
      controlled randomized, double-blind, single-dose postoperative study. Patients
      continued to receive either zomepirac or dihydrocodeine for pain relief for 5
      days at home in a double-blind study, being allowed to titrate the consumption of
      tablets to their degree of pain. The efficacy and side effects of the medication
      were evaluated. In the single-dose phase, both active treatments were
      significantly better than placebo. In the multiple dosing phase, zomepirac was
      statistically better than dihydrocodeine. Non-parametric statistical tests
      indicated highly significant correlations between single- and multiple-dose
      analgesic measurements for both zomepirac and dihydrocodeine.

PMID- 3986071
TI  - Porphyrinogenicity of etomidate and ketamine as continuous infusions. Screening
      in the DDC-primed rat model.
AB  - The porphyrinogenicity of etomidate and ketamine administered as continuous i.v.
      infusions was screened in the DDC-primed rat model of latent variegate porphyria.
      Ketamine produced no change from control in 5-aminolaevulinate synthase (ALAs)
      activity and haem intermediate production in either untreated or DDC-primed rats,
      and would appear to be safe for use in the patient with genetic porphyria.
      Etomidate, while producing no significant changes in these parameters in
      untreated rats, caused a statistically significant 47% increase in hepatic ALAs
      activity with a corroborative 85% increase in coproporphyrin and a 40% increase
      in protoporphyrin content, in DDC-primed rats. On these grounds, etomidate must
      be regarded as potentially porphyrinogenic when administered as a continuous
      infusion for total i.v. anaesthesia.

PMID- 3986072
TI  - Neurological toxicity of the subarachnoid infusion of bupivacaine, lignocaine or
      2-chloroprocaine in the rat.
AB  - Neurotoxicity after subarachnoid infusion of bupivacaine, lignocaine and 2
      chloroprocaine was studied in a chronic rat model. Hartmann's solution 100
      microliter h-1 was infused as a control, and 0.5% bupivacaine, 1.5% lignocaine
      and 2.0% 2-chloroprocaine were infused at 100 microliter h-1 for 3, 6 or 24 h, to
      five rats in each group. No residual paralysis occurred in the control group, but
      27 of 45 rats (60%) which received an infusion of local anaesthetic had residual
      paralysis lasting until sacrifice at 7 days. The incidence of paralysis was
      dependent on the duration of exposure to the local anaesthetic, but there were no
      significant differences in incidence between any of the local anaesthetics
      tested. Abnormal histology, in the form of neuronal vacuolation, was not a
      sensitive index, being present in control rats, but more intense in those
      receiving lignocaine and 2-chloroprocaine than in those given bupivacaine; no
      correlation with clinical findings could be established. The neurotoxic effects
      of each local anaesthetic tested as a continuous intrathecal infusion were dose
      related in the rat, which may be a useful model for screening other local
      anaesthetics.

PMID- 3986074
TI  - EEG changes during carotid endarterectomy: drug effect and embolism.
AB  - Clinical neurological status and the electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored
      during right carotid endarterectomy under regional anaesthesia in a patient who
      had suffered two prior cerebral infarctions. No change in EEG or clinical status
      was seen with occlusion of the carotid artery, but generalized encephalopathic
      changes were seen after a small dose of narcotic given before carotid occlusion.
      Bihemispheric changes in EEG and neurological status occurred upon release of
      carotid occlusion. This case demonstrates three important points. First, EEG
      changes can be seen with sedative or anaesthetic agents in patients who have
      previously suffered brain injury. Second, temporary neural dysfunction may be
      seen remote from the site of a localized injury to the brain--a phenomenon known
      as diaschisis. Finally, this report reiterates the observation that the risk of
      injury to the brain during carotid endarterectomy is not limited to the period of
      possible ischaemia during occlusion of the carotid artery.

PMID- 3986073
TI  - Invasive v. non-invasive measurement of arterial pressure. Comparison of two
      automatic methods and simultaneously measured direct intra-arterial pressure.
AB  - Two indirect arterial pressure monitors, the Finapres and the Accutorr, were
      investigated and compared with the direct measurement of intra-arterial pressure.
      Pressures in patients in a variety of circulatory states were measured and
      analysed in relation to two types of random error: first, the "intra-individual
      standard error" (within one session of measurement) and second, the "inter
      individual standard error" (between sessions). (This distinction is important,
      since in routine monitoring of arterial pressure one is usually dealing with the
      first type of error only.) This study showed that sudden changes in pressure were
      closely followed by the Finapres. A pressure reading of the Accutorr takes about
      15-20 s, meaning that, within this period, variations will not be observed. The
      accuracy or reproducibility of each method, as expressed in intra-individual
      variance, diminished in the order Intra-Arterial-Line, Finapres, Accutorr. The
      inter-individual variation decreased in the order Intra-Arterial-Line, Accutorr,
      Finapres. Most of the inter-individual variance of the Finapres is probably real
      because of the more peripheral position of its cuff. A correlation between
      malfunctioning of the Finapres and vasoconstriction or hypothermia of the finger
      could not be demonstrated.

PMID- 3986075
TI  - Pneumopericardium: an unusual complication of endotracheal laser surgery.
AB  - The case report is presented of a patient with a left upper lobe tumour of the
      lung in whom use of laser photocoagulation induced a pneumopericardium. The
      possible causes of the complication are considered.

PMID- 3986076
TI  - Protein binding and CSF penetration of phenytoin following acute oral dosing in
      man.
AB  - Prophylactic phenytoin (DPH) has been evaluated in 20 patients undergoing
      diagnostic myelography. DPH (0.75 g) was ingested at 20.00 h the night before and
      0.5 g at 08.00 h on the morning of the procedure. Total DPH concentrations at
      myelography (mean +/- s.d.: 12.7 +/- 4.3 mg l-1; range 6.3-21.5 mg l-1)
      correlated with CSF values (1.3 +/- 0.46 mg l-1; range 0.7-2.2 mg l-1; r = 0.83,
      P less than 0.001). DPH protein binding at that time varied two-fold (9.2-18.5%)
      and free drug levels (1.7 +/- 0.6 mg l-1) correlated with CSF (r = 0.83, P less
      than 0.001) and total (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001) plasma DPH concentrations.
      There were significant negative correlations between patient weight (n = 17) and
      total (r = 0.57, P less than 0.05) and CSF (r = -0.55, P less than 0.05) DPH
      concentrations at myelography. Total plasma DPH levels 8 h (14.5 +/- 3.9 mg l-1;
      range 7.3-20.6 mg l-1) and 24 h (12.3 +/- 3.8 mg l-1; range 5.0-19.8 mg l-1)
      after myelography were largely within the 'therapeutic range' of 10-20 mg l-1 for
      the drug. No patient suffered a seizure although, in two, spike discharges were
      seen on a post-myelography electroencephalogram. A simple regime involving two
      doses of DPH would provide acceptable plasma CSF concentrations as a basis for
      controlled studies in seizure prophylaxis following neuroradiological
      investigations involving intrathecal contrast.

PMID- 3986077
TI  - Renal excretion of intravenously infused amoxycillin and ampicillin.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether concentration-dependent renal
      clearance of ampicillin and amoxycillin occurs. The drugs were given as single 20
      min i.v. infusions in doses ranging from 1.9 to 2.8 g to nine healthy volunteers
      using a cross-over design. Plasma and urinary concentrations were determined by a
      selective liquid chromatographic method using frequent sampling up to 10 and 30 h
      respectively after termination of the infusion. The renal clearance of the drugs
      was independent of the plasma concentration. The mean (s.d.) renal clearances of
      ampicillin and amoxycillin were 167 (24) and 157 (20) ml min-1 1.73 m-2
      respectively. The net secretion was about 50% of the total renal clearance of
      both drugs. The plasma concentration and urinary excretion rate versus time
      curves indicated a polyexponential decline, which could be described by both a
      biexponential and a triexponential equation. The former proved to be more
      reliable, especially in the calculation of micro rate constants. There was a
      tendency to more sustained plasma concentrations after amoxycillin, also
      illustrated by a significantly lower mean (s.d.) plasma clearance of this drug,
      viz. 185 (30) ml min-1 1.73 m-2, as compared to ampicillin, 210 (24) ml min-1
      1.73 m-2 (P less than 0.04). There were no major differences in the disposition
      rate constants and the distribution volumes of ampicillin and amoxycillin. The
      mean (s.d.) plasma half-life was 1.7 (0.3) h for both drugs. The urinary
      excretion rate indicated a slower terminal disposition rate however, with
      ampicillin and amoxycillin half-lives of 3.4 (2.0) and 3.9 (1.2) h respectively.
      The longer half-life in the terminal phase may be due to increased tubular
      reabsorption at low urinary concentrations. It was not possible to determine in
      this study whether the half-life was affected by changes in clearance or volume
      of distribution. The urinary solubility of the drugs was dependent on pH. This
      could explain the massive macroscopic crystalluria seen in one subject after
      amoxycillin. Three hours after termination of the infusion, crystals could no
      longer be found in the sediment. There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of
      renal damage.

PMID- 3986078
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in patients with varying degrees of renal
      failure.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency were given a
      single intravenous dose of metronidazole (500 mg). Plasma and urinary
      concentrations of metronidazole and two major metabolites were determined using a
      specific high performance liquid chromatographic assay. The pharmacokinetic
      parameters of metronidazole elimination half-life, area under the metronidazole
      concentration against time curve, apparent volume of distribution, metronidazole
      clearance and predicted degree of accumulation of metronidazole on repeated
      dosing were not statistically significantly affected by renal inadequacy of any
      degree. The urinary excretion of metronidazole in patients with moderate or
      severe renal insufficiency was approximately half the value in healthy
      volunteers. The renal clearance of metronidazole was significantly greater in
      healthy volunteers compared to renally insufficient patients, but accounted for
      less than 10% of the total metronidazole clearance in all groups. The elimination
      half-life and predicted accumulation (on three times daily dosing) of metabolite
      I [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole] were significantly
      increased with decreasing renal function from 9.2 h and 2.3, respectively, in
      healthy volunteers to 34 h and 6.7, respectively, in patients with total renal
      failure. The degree of accumulation of this metabolite on repeated dosing is
      probably of limited clinical significance in all patients except those with
      severe or total renal failure for reasons detailed in the text. The elimination
      half-life and predicted accumulation on three times daily dosing of metabolite
      II, [2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-acetic acid] increased rapidly with decreasing
      renal function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986079
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ornidazole in patients with renal insufficiency; influence of
      haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of ornidazole (Tiberal) was studied after intravenous
      administration of a single 500 mg dose in eight patients with advanced chronic
      renal failure (ACRF) (creatinine clearance 2-16 ml/min), in seven patients
      treated by haemodialysis (residual renal creatinine clearance 0-5 ml/min) and in
      five patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
      (residual renal creatinine clearance 0-6 ml/min). In ACRF patients, the half-life
      of ornidazole was 10.8 +/- 1.4 h, the total plasma clearance 46.3 +/- 2.3 ml/min
      and the volume of distribution 0.73 +/- 0.06 l/kg. During haemodialysis,
      ornidazole was partly removed: the dialyser extraction ratio was 42 +/- 5% and
      the dialysis clearance 64 +/- 7 ml/min. During CAPD, peritoneal excretion was
      low: the dialysis clearance was 3.0 +/- 0.4 ml/min and in 48 h 6.0 +/- 1.1% of
      the administered dose was found in the peritoneal fluids. In these patients, the
      half-life of ornidazole was 11.8 +/- 0.8 h and total plasma clearance was 48.3 +/
      5.5 ml/min, values which were close to those determined in non dialysed
      patients. In patients with end-stage renal disease, the half-life of ornidazole
      is comparable to that of subjects with normal renal function. This is due to the
      predominantly extra-renal elimination of the drug. Therefore, there is no need to
      modify the usual dosage of ornidazole for these patients. Because of the large
      elimination of the drug during haemodialysis it is necessary to administer the
      drug after the dialysis session.

PMID- 3986080
TI  - Effects of ranitidine on the disposition of metoprolol.
AB  - The effects of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol were examined in
      two studies. In the first study, pharmacokinetics of single doses of metoprolol
      were examined in six subjects before, during and after ranitidine administration
      for 1 week. Peak concentrations of metoprolol were increased on ranitidine but
      its half-life and clearance were unaltered. In the second study, 12 subjects
      received metoprolol twice daily for 1 week; once with ranitidine and once with
      placebo. Ranitidine had no effects on the chronic-dose pharmacokinetics or
      pharmacodynamics of metoprolol. The chronic dose study suggests no inhibition of
      the metabolism of metoprolol by ranitidine. The single dose study suggests,
      however, that some interaction of an as yet unknown nature, cannot be excluded.

PMID- 3986081
TI  - Comparison of the urinary metabolite profile of caffeine in young and elderly
      males.
AB  - The urinary metabolite profile of caffeine was compared in a group of seven
      healthy young men aged 18-29 years and in a group of five healthy elderly men
      aged 66-71 years. All subjects were given 5 mg/kg doses of caffeine as an aqueous
      oral solution or an intravenous infusion on two separate occasions in a
      randomized crossover design. Urine samples were collected for 24 h after dosing
      and analysed for caffeine and eleven of its metabolites by high-performance
      liquid chromatography. The effects of age, route of administration, and order of
      administration by route on the metabolite profile of caffeine were examined. The
      route of administration and the order of administration by the two routes were
      found not to influence the urinary metabolite pattern significantly. The urinary
      metabolite profile did not vary substantially with age except for the observation
      that significantly greater amounts of 1-methyluric acid, 7-methyluric acid and
      1,7-dimethyluric acid were excreted by the elderly subjects.

PMID- 3986082
TI  - Nicotine pharmacokinetics and its application to intake from smoking.
AB  - Five subjects were given 25 micrograms/kg nicotine intravenously over 1 min,
      before and after a loading period involving the smoking of six cigarettes. Plasma
      nicotine concentrations declined in a biphasic manner, the half-lives of the
      initial and terminal phases averaging 9 min and 133 min respectively. Terminal
      half-lives before and after the loading period were essentially the same
      suggesting the absence of saturation kinetics at nicotine concentrations that
      build up during smoking. The plasma clearance of nicotine and the volume of
      distribution were very high averaging 915 ml/min and 1731, respectively. Two
      approaches were used to calculate the nicotine intake from smoking. The average
      dose of nicotine absorbed from one cigarette was 1.06 mg which was 82% of the
      standard machine-smoked yield of 1.3 mg. To illustrate their potential use in
      'nicotine titration' studies, these approaches were used to compare nicotine
      intake from smoking a high (2.4 mg) and low (0.6 mg) nicotine cigarette. The dose
      of nicotine absorbed averaged 1.14 mg and 0.86 mg per cigarette respectively,
      being 48% and 143% of the machine-smoked yields.

PMID- 3986083
TI  - The effects of age and smoking on the plasma protein binding of lignocaine and
      diazepam.
AB  - In 63 healthy ambulant subjects 18 to 88 years of age, the plasma protein binding
      of diazepam (principally bound to albumin) decreased with age. Diazepam binding
      in plasma correlated positively with plasma albumin concentration which also
      decreased with age. In contrast, the plasma protein binding of the basic drug,
      lignocaine (predominantly bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein [AAG]), tended to
      increase slightly with age. Lignocaine binding in plasma correlated positively
      with plasma AAG concentration which also increased slightly with age. Smoking did
      not affect the plasma protein binding of diazepam or lignocaine or the plasma
      concentrations of albumin, AAG or nonesterified fatty acids. These results
      suggest that age-related changes in plasma protein binding of lignocaine and
      diazepam are determined in part by age-related changes in the concentrations of
      the binding proteins in plasma. The ageing process alone causes only small
      changes in the plasma protein binding of these drugs compared with the effect of
      disease states, however.

PMID- 3986084
TI  - Comparison of the effects of binodaline and amitriptyline on peripheral autonomic
      functions in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in five experimental sessions
      separated by weekly intervals. At the beginning of each session the subjects
      received one single oral dose of the following drugs, according to a double
      blind, balanced cross-over design: binodaline hydrochloride (50 mg or 100 mg);
      amitriptyline hydrochloride (50 mg or 100 mg); lactose placebo. Salivation and
      resting pupil diameter were assessed before and 2 h after the ingestion of the
      drugs; baseline sweating, carbachol- or phenylephrine-evoked sweating were
      measured 2 h following drug taking. Binodaline, like placebo, had little effect
      on salivary output, whereas amitriptyline caused a dose-dependent decrease in
      salivation. None of the drugs caused any significant change in resting pupil
      diameter or in baseline sweating. Carbachol-evoked sweating did not differ
      significantly following the ingestion of binodaline or placebo; on the other hand
      responses to carbachol were significantly reduced following amitriptyline.
      Phenylephrine-evoked sweating was reduced by both binodaline and amitriptyline.
      The lack of effect of binodaline on salivation, resting pupil diameter, baseline
      and carbachol-evoked sweating is in agreement with the results of animal
      experiments indicating the lack of an interaction of this drug with cholinergic
      mechanisms. The reduction in phenylephrine-evoked sweating would be indicative of
      an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking property of this drug.

PMID- 3986085
TI  - The effect of secoverine hydrochloride on stimulated sigmoid motility: a double
      blind, placebo controlled cross-over study in irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - The effect of oral secoverine hydrochloride on neostigmine-stimulated sigmoid
      motility in 12 patients with irritable bowel syndrome was studied in a double
      blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Both spontaneous and stimulated motor
      activity were significantly reduced by the compound in comparison with placebo.
      The most sensitive indices were the frequency of wave activity, maximum amplitude
      and motility index. Two patients reported mild dizziness after secoverine.

PMID- 3986086
TI  - The plasma noradrenaline and growth hormone response to alpha-methyldopa and
      clonidine in hypertensive subjects.
AB  - The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of alpha-methyldopa was compared
      with clonidine by administering equipotent single doses of clonidine (0.2 mg) and
      alpha-methyldopa (750 mg) to nine hypertensive patients. Plasma noradrenaline was
      followed for 8 h thereafter as an index of peripheral sympathetic activity. alpha
      Methyldopa and clonidine produced the same hypotensive response at 6 and 8 h
      after dosing with a similar fall in plasma noradrenaline levels at these times.
      Linear regression analysis between the systolic blood pressure fall and the
      corresponding plasma noradrenaline fall, showed that the slopes of the two
      regression lines were similar for alpha-methyldopa as for clonidine. Equipotent
      doses of alpha-methyldopa and clonidine produce the same fall in plasma
      noradrenaline. This supports the current hypothesis that an alpha-methyldopa
      metabolite acts centrally, like clonidine, to reduce peripheral sympathetic
      activity.

PMID- 3986087
TI  - Influence of advanced age on the disposition of acetazolamide.
AB  - The disposition kinetics of acetazolamide (AZ) has been studied in four young and
      four elderly healthy volunteers, each of whom received an intravenous bolus dose
      of 5 mg/kg. The concentration time profile of AZ was determined in plasma, plasma
      ultrafiltrate, erythrocytes and urine. While the mean area under unbound plasma
      concentration-time curves was 81% higher in elderly subjects, areas based on
      total drug concentrations were similar in both groups. The mean renal plasma
      clearance was similar in both groups. The mean renal plasma clearance was similar
      between young and old for total AZ, but was significantly lower in the elderly
      for unbound drug (8.88 ml min-1 kg-1 vs 15.7 ml min-1 kg-1). Renal clearance of
      unbound AZ correlated well with creatinine clearance (r = 0.846, P less than
      0.01). Peak erythrocyte levels were 45% higher in the elderly group (37.2
      micrograms/ml vs 25.3 micrograms/ml) and were paralleled by a 46% increase in the
      mean area under the erythrocyte concentration-time curve for this age group. The
      unbound fraction of AZ in plasma was significantly greater in elderly than
      younger subjects (6.9 vs 4.1%, P less than 0.05). Integrated AZ erythrocyte
      concentrations correlated positively with AZ free fraction in plasma and
      inversely with its unbound renal clearance. These observed differences in AZ
      disposition between elderly and young have served to clarify host factors which
      may importantly influence susceptibility to adverse effects.

PMID- 3986089
TI  - Pharmacokinetic interaction of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole.
AB  - It is often recommended that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dipyridamole should
      be given together in order to obtain secondary prophylaxis against certain
      ischaemic diseases. Therefore, the possible pharmacokinetic interactions between
      these agents were assessed following single-dose exposures in 14 healthy
      volunteers. The plasma concentrations of ASA, salicylic acid (SA) and
      dipyridamole were measured by selective h.p.l.c. techniques. It was found that,
      while dipyridamole kinetics were unaffected by concurrent ASA, concurrent
      dipyridamole significantly enhanced the peak concentration (24%) and AUC (27%) of
      ASA. Thus, co-administered dipyridamole might influence the anti-platelet effect
      of ASA.

PMID- 3986088
TI  - Oxaprozin pharmacokinetics in the elderly.
AB  - A series of 42 healthy male and female volunteers aged 21 to 89 years received a
      single 1200 mg oral dose of oxaprozin. Kinetics were determined from multiple
      plasma oxaprozin concentrations measured by h.p.l.c. during 14 days after the
      dose. Peak plasma oxaprozin concentrations were reached between 3 and 6 h after
      dosage the majority of subjects, probably reflecting slow absorption from the
      gastrointestinal tract. Elimination also was slow with a mean half-life of 59 h
      (range 36 to 92 h). Owing in part to extensive protein binding (mean free
      fraction 0.0023%), oxaprozin distribution was limited, with apparent volume of
      distribution averaging 0.25 l/kg. Apparent volume of distribution declined with
      increasing age, probably reflecting the reduction in lean mass relative to total
      weight that occurs in the elderly. Total apparent oxaprozin clearance declined
      with age in men (r = -0.58, P less than 0.01), but was not significantly related
      to age in women (r = -0.25, NS). This is consistent with the previously described
      gender-specific reduction in hepatic oxidizing capacity association with
      increasing age. Thus oxaprozin is a slowly eliminated nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory agent that should be suitable for once daily or every other day
      administration.

PMID- 3986090
TI  - Verapamil disposition--effects of sulphinpyrazone and cimetidine.
AB  - The effects of separate 7 day pretreatments with sulphinpyrazone (800 mg daily)
      and cimetidine (1 g daily) on the disposition of (+/-)-verapamil have been
      examined in eight healthy volunteers (four male, four female). Each subject
      received single oral (80 mg) and intravenous (0.15 mg/kg) doses of verapamil on
      different occasions before and after each pretreatment. Following sulphinpyrazone
      pretreatment, verapamil apparent oral plasma clearance (CLpo) increased from 4.27
      to 13.77 l h-1 kg-1 (s.e. mean 0.51--ANOVA) (P less than 0.001); CL increased
      from 1.05 to 1.20 l h-1 kg-1 (s.e. mean 0.05) (P less than 0.05) and Fpo
      decreased from 27 to 10% administered dose (s.e. mean 2) (P less than 0.001). Vss
      and t1/2,z were unchanged. There was no sex difference for any dispositional
      parameter in the control phase, but the increase in CLpo following
      sulphinpyrazone pretreatment was more marked in males (4.04 to 17.33 l h-1 kg-1)
      than in females (4.49 to 10.21 l h-1 kg-1) (s.e. mean 0.72) (P less than 0.01).
      There was no significant change in any verapamil disposition parameter following
      cimetidine pretreatment. Verapamil unbound fraction in plasma was 0.157 (s.e.
      mean 0.001, n = 40). There was no alteration in verapamil plasma protein binding
      associated with increasing verapamil concentration (25-250 micrograms l-1) or
      addition of sulphinpyrazone (50-500 mg l-1) or cimetidine (0.5-5 mg l-1). The
      results suggest that sulphinpyrazone induces the metabolic clearance of (+/-)
      verapamil with a sex difference in the response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986091
TI  - Pharmacokinetic interaction of propoxyphene with ethanol.
AB  - In order to study the effects of ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of propoxyphene,
      six healthy male volunteers were each given (1) propoxyphene 65 mg p.o. preceded
      by 1 h by ethanol 0.9 g/kg lean body weight and followed for 7.5 h by ethanol
      dosed to maintain breath ethanol at 800-1000 mg/l; and (2) propoxyphene 65 mg
      p.o. with orange juice in the same volume and frequency as ethanol. Ethanol did
      not induce any significant changes in apparent t 1/2 or Cmax of propoxyphene or
      norpropoxyphene. The average norpropoxyphene/propoxyphene ratio decreased by a
      mean 36%.

PMID- 3986092
TI  - A comparison of cephazolin plus metronidazole versus ticarcillin in the
      prevention of post-operative sepsis following abdominal surgery.

PMID- 3986093
TI  - Quadruple therapy for resistant hypertension.

PMID- 3986095
TI  - Report of Scottish general practitioner open multicentre study of isoxsuprine
      (Duvadilan Retard) in the management of intermittent claudication.

PMID- 3986094
TI  - A comparative study of Propain and a dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol combination
      analgesic.

PMID- 3986096
TI  - Pancreatic heterotopia in the presence of Crohn's disease.

PMID- 3986097
TI  - Congenital duodenal diaphragm in an adult--a cause of duodenal obstruction.

PMID- 3986098
TI  - Intrauterine tuberculosis as a complication of early pregnancy.

PMID- 3986100
TI  - Drug safety--the role of doctors, pharmaceutical companies and the medical press.

PMID- 3986099
TI  - Traumatic bitemporal hemianopia.

PMID- 3986101
TI  - Registrar's corner acute pancreatitis: updated.

PMID- 3986102
TI  - Food intolerance: clinical features, diagnosis and management.

PMID- 3986103
TI  - Primary malignant tumours of the small intestine.

PMID- 3986104
TI  - The effects of ketonuria in labour.

PMID- 3986105
TI  - Giant cell arteritis presenting as a breast lump.

PMID- 3986106
TI  - Hazards of B-blockers in the elderly: severe bradycardia due to Sotacor overdose.

PMID- 3986107
TI  - Infection and immunology in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: a report of 4
      cases.

PMID- 3986108
TI  - Can simple augmented histamine test be useful for screening dyspeptic patients
      for duodenal ulcer diagnosis?

PMID- 3986110
TI  - Sarcoidosis in Caucasians, Blacks and Asians in London.
AB  - The incidence and clinical features of sarcoidosis were studied in a
      retrospective survey of 156 patients attending two South London hospitals between
      1969 and 1982. Sixty-eight patients were Caucasian, 59 were Black West Indian or
      African immigrants and 29 were immigrants racially derived from Indo-Pakistan
      (Asians). The annual incidence of sarcoidosis in the local community in 1977-78
      was 19.8 per 10(5) for Blacks and 16.8 per 10(5) for Asians compared with 1.5 per
      10(5) for Caucasians. Erythema nodosum was a more common presenting feature in
      Caucasians than in Blacks (P less than 0.001) or Asians (P less than 0.05).
      Blacks developed sarcoidosis at a later age than Caucasians (P less than 0.05)
      and were less likely to present as a chance finding on a chest radiograph (P less
      than 0.05). They had more widespread extrathoracic disease than Caucasians (P
      less than 0.001) and were more commonly treated with corticosteroids (P less than
      0.001). In the Asians there was a male predominance compared with Caucasians (P
      less than 0.01). Asians also had more extrathoracic sarcoidosis than Caucasians
      (P less than 0.001) and more of them were treated with corticosteroids (P less
      than 0.05). A stage 2 chest radiograph at presentation (P less than 0.05) and
      skin sarcoidosis (P less than 0.05) were less common in Asians than in Blacks,
      but otherwise there were no significant differences between the two groups. In
      this study the incidence of sarcoidosis in Asians approached that in Blacks,
      while the clinical features were intermediate in severity between Blacks and
      Caucasians. In both Blacks and Asians the disease was more common, more severe
      and more extensive than in Caucasians.

PMID- 3986109
TI  - Use of gas liquid chromatography in the clinical diagnosis of anaerobic
      pleuropulmonary infection.
AB  - Evidence of anaerobic infection was sought in 83 patients with pulmonary disease
      with anaerobic culture and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of mucopurulent
      sputum, or pleural fluid where appropriate. Saliva samples from nine healthy
      controls and 14 patients with cystic fibrosis were examined by the same methods
      to assess anaerobic content. Clinically significant anaerobic pleuropulmonary
      infection was not found in our patients with bronchitis, bronchiectasis and
      cystic fibrosis and occurred in only some of our patients with empyema and lung
      abscess. GLC of pleural fluid (empyema) or sputum (lung abscess) was helpful in
      identifying these cases, when a strongly positive reading was obtained. The gas
      liquid chromatogram was negative or only weakly positive in those patients where
      the presence of anaerobes was clinically insignificant, most probably resulting
      from contamination of the sputum samples by saliva. Results were rapidly
      available and the need for transtracheal aspiration to obtain specimens of
      bronchial secretion uncontaminated by mouth flora was avoided. The
      semiquantitative GLC would therefore appear to be a useful method for
      investigating specimens from patients with suspected anaerobic pleuropulmonary
      infection.

PMID- 3986112
TI  - How well do asthma clinic patients understand their asthma?
AB  - Fifty asthmatic patients attending a hospital asthma clinic were interviewed to
      determine their understanding of their asthma and its treatment. Serious defects
      were found in their ability to judge the severity of their asthma, in their
      knowledge of medication, and in the correct action to take when deterioration in
      control occurred. Several risk factors previously identified in studies of asthma
      deaths were also present in this living population--in particular, delay in
      seeking medical help until critically ill, and lack of awareness of danger signs.
      There was evidence of poor patient-doctor contact and unsuccessful patient
      education.

PMID- 3986111
TI  - Clearance of 99m-technetium-labelled DTPA in asbestos-exposed subjects without
      clinical or radiological evidence of interstitial lung disease.
AB  - The half-time clearance of an inhaled aerosol of 99m-technetium-labelled
      diethylene triamine pentacetate from lung to blood (T1/2LB) was measured using a
      gamma camera in 20 non-smoking subjects (mean age 54, range 40-69 years) with
      previous occupational asbestos exposure, but no clinical or radiological evidence
      of asbestosis, and 20 non-smoking normal subjects (mean age 54, range 40-62).
      Mean T1/2LB was 44.7 minutes (range 12-102) in exposed subjects, significantly
      less than 57.2 minutes (range 30.5-109) in normal subjects (P less than 0.05).
      There was no correlation between age and T1/2LB in either group. In exposed
      subjects T1/2LB showed a weak rank correlation with the membrane component of
      DLco (Dm) (r = 0.40, P less than 0.05) but no significant correlation with FVC,
      TLC, DLco, Kco, resting Pao2 or change in Pao2 on exercise. In six exposed
      subjects T1/2LB was shorter than in any of the normal subjects. These six did not
      differ from the other 14 exposed subjects in any physiological variables. T1/2LB
      is abnormal in some asbestos-exposed subjects without clinical, radiological or
      physiological evidence of asbestosis. Follow-up will show whether it is an early
      indicator of development of interstitial lung disease.

PMID- 3986113
TI  - A study of the use of ultrasonically nebulized lignocaine for local anaesthesia
      during fibreoptic bronchoscopy.
AB  - The use of nebulized lignocaine, with and without intravenous diazepam
      premedication, was compared with lignocaine given by bolus in 52 patients
      undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB). Changes in airflow, cardiac rhythm, and
      transcutaneous PO2 were recorded, and patient acceptability, blood lignocaine
      levels, and the duration of the procedure were also monitored. Nebulized
      lignocaine alone provide adequate anaesthesia and the procedures were performed
      more quickly (P less than 0.05) than when bolus lignocaine was used. Nebulized
      lignocaine without diazepam was acceptable to the patients and was not associated
      with the significant (P less than 0.03) falls in transcutaneous PO2 which
      followed diazepam administration. Nebulized lignocaine, with and without,
      diazepam premedication is a safe, effective and acceptable method of inducing
      topical anaesthesia for FOB.

PMID- 3986114
TI  - Abnormal nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with rhinitis and its
      relationship to concomitant chest disease.
AB  - Nasal mucociliary clearance was measured using a saccharin technique in 172
      patients with perennial rhinitis (76 also had asthma) and in 121 patients with
      chronic infected rhinosinusitis (40 had asthma, 35 had bronchiectasis). All
      patient groups had significantly longer mean nasal mucociliary clearance times
      than that of a group of healthy subjects. Grossly prolonged clearance (greater
      than 60 minutes) occurred in significantly more patients with the clinical
      syndrome of chronic infected rhinosinusitis and bronchiectasis than in the
      syndromes of chronic infected rhinosinusitis with or without asthma, and
      perennial rhinitis with or without asthma. The abnormal clearance was shown not
      to be due to an intrinsic ciliary defect by in vitro examination of nasal cilia
      but probably to be due to a combination of mucus and ciliary factors in vivo.

PMID- 3986115
TI  - Pulmonary carcinosarcoma: a case study and review of the literature.
AB  - A case report of pulmonary carcinosarcoma and a review of the literature is
      presented. This is the only case where diagnosis has been obtained by thin needle
      percutaneous biopsy.

PMID- 3986116
TI  - Oophorectomy for pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a case report.
AB  - We report a patient with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis successfully treated
      by pleurectomy and oophorectomy.

PMID- 3986117
TI  - The Philip Ellman lecture. The circadian rhythm of asthma.

PMID- 3986118
TI  - Use of protected telescoping brush system in the management of bacterial
      pulmonary infection in intubated patients.
AB  - The diagnosis of pulmonary infection remains a major problem in the management of
      intubated patients with respiratory failure. We performed fibreoptic bronchoscopy
      and protected telescoping catheter brushing in 25 such patients, in order to
      assess the role of this technique in the diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary
      infection. All patients were intubated, demonstrated lung field opacities on
      chest radiograph and 23 had bacteria grown from tracheal aspirate culture. A
      single microorganism was recovered from plugged telescoping catheter (PTC) brush
      in eight patients, two or more organisms in nine patients and eight had a sterile
      culture. These results led to a specific management decision in 13 patients. All
      patients were ventilated with positive pressure and a pneumothorax, attributable
      to the procedure, developed in two. The difficulties in assessing the sensitivity
      and specificity of this technique in human studies are outlined. This procedure
      appears to have a useful role in the diagnosis of pneumonia in these patients and
      in further evaluating the importance of bacterial colonization of the airways and
      its relationship to parenchymal lung infection.

PMID- 3986119
TI  - The form and presentation of tuberculosis over a 10-year interval in Leeds.
AB  - Over the 10-year period 1973-82 1958 cases of tuberculosis were notified in Leeds
      (population 728 000). Records were traced for 1673 patients and analysed for age,
      race, sex, sputum status, site of tuberculosis, route of diagnosis and
      occupation. These results are presented. The tuberculosis screening service at
      the Leeds Chest Clinic diagnosed 172 cases of tuberculosis from 13 794 contacts
      screened and 41 cases from 12 572 newly arrived immigrants representing 10.3% and
      2.4% respectively of the cases for whom records could be traced. Of these cases
      discovered by the tuberculosis screening service 25 were sputum positive. A
      further 15 cases were diagnosed from 2638 contacts screened by the static Mass
      Miniature Unit. The cost of the screening service at the Leeds Chest Clinic is
      estimated to be a minimum of 2000 pounds for every case of tuberculosis
      diagnosed.

PMID- 3986120
TI  - The use of parenteral aminophylline in patients taking slow release theophylline
      preparations: an observation of clinical practice.
AB  - Parenteral theophylline usage was studied in 53 patients with worsening airflow
      obstruction who had been prescribed slow release theophylline drugs and were
      admitted to a hospital lacking facilities for rapid serum theophylline
      concentration estimation. Individual clinicians varied in their practice with
      respect to parenteral aminophylline, but in general its use was favoured in
      patients with asthma rather than simple chronic airflow obstruction. There was no
      significant difference in admission serum theophylline concentrations between 31
      patients who were subsequently given intravenous aminophylline and 22 who were
      not. There was also no significant difference in admission serum theophylline
      concentrations between ten patients given an aminophylline bolus and an infusion,
      seven patients given a bolus alone and 14 patients given an infusion alone.
      Individual patient's serum theophylline concentrations were variable during
      infusions and often suboptimal. The results indicate that the use of parenteral
      aminophylline in patients receiving slow release theophyllines is imprecise and
      possibly hazardous without facilities for prompt serum theophylline concentration
      estimations. This facility should be available in hospitals where parenteral
      aminophylline is used.

PMID- 3986121
TI  - An evaluation of the foot pump as a driving source for nebulizer solutions.
AB  - The foot pump was used to drive a 'Minineb' nebulizer for 10 minutes with 2 ml of
      solution. It was found that when the operator employed a rate of his own choosing
      the output varied from 0.9 to 1.9 ml and the oxygen uptake doubled. With a stroke
      rate of 30/min the output was 1.2 ml and at 60/min 1.4 ml. At 60 strokes/min the
      average flow rate is 9.1 litres/min which would give a suitable particle size for
      administration of bronchodilator therapy. It is concluded that the foot pump is
      useful for occasional use in emergencies as the energy expenditure necessary
      limits its value in regular therapy and that a fixed stroke rate should be
      employed.

PMID- 3986122
TI  - Results of simple aspiration of pneumothoraces.
AB  - The results of simple aspiration in 30 cases of pneumothorax are presented. The
      procedure was successful in 33% of cases with known pre-existing lung disease,
      and in 83% of those without. Aspiration was also more successful in those
      patients under 50 years of age and if the estimated degree of lung collapse was
      less than 50%.

PMID- 3986123
TI  - The relationship between airway size and lung size.
AB  - To investigate the association between airway size and lung size, the
      relationships between upstream conductance (reflecting airway size) and vital
      capacity (reflecting lung size) was explored in 22 male and 15 female subjects
      free of respiratory disease. The size-corrected maximal flows and size-corrected
      upstream conductances were not significantly correlated with vital capacity in
      males or females suggesting an association between lung and airway size. This was
      corroborated by other data from the literature analysed in a similar manner. The
      data further suggested that for a given lung size, the airways of females were on
      average as large or larger than those of males.

PMID- 3986124
TI  - A drug identification chart for the asthma clinic.
AB  - In a disease such as asthma, where the patient may be supervised from both the
      GP's surgery and a hospital clinic, there are likely to be problems in the
      physician appreciating the complete therapy the patient is actually receiving.
      Accordingly, the indicated drug identification chart was designed and its use in
      the asthma clinic at Bristol Children's Hospital examined.

PMID- 3986125
TI  - Intrapleural perforation of peptic ulcer in association with diaphragmatic
      hernia.
AB  - Two patients with perforation of intrathoracic peptic ulcer in association with
      paraoesophageal hiatus hernia are described. This unusual complication of hiatus
      hernia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting
      with spontaneous hydropneumothorax.

PMID- 3986126
TI  - Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, chronic active hepatitis and autoimmune
      haemolytic anaemia in the same patient.
AB  - A unique case is reported in which cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, chronic
      active hepatitis and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia occurred together. An
      underlying systemic disorder, possibly autoimmune, may have been responsible. The
      clinical course and HLA antigen status support this hypothesis.

PMID- 3986127
TI  - Ascorbic acid-induced regression of amyloidosis in experimental animals.
AB  - Ascorbic acid was found to accelerate amyloid degradation in an experimental
      animal model. Based on experiments in vitro which demonstrated the ability of
      ascorbic acid to restore the amyloid-degrading activity of amyloidotic human
      serum, the effect of orally administered ascorbic acid was tested in casein
      induced murine amyloidosis. Histopathological examination of splenic tissue of
      mice killed at different times after the termination of the amyloidogenic
      stimulus showed a markedly decreased amyloid deposition in ascorbic acid-treated
      animals as compared to the controls. The effect of ascorbic acid was to a certain
      degree dose-dependent. Colchicine blocked amyloid synthesis when administered
      during amyloid induction. In animals which were given the drug during the post
      induction period it had no effect. The amyloid-degrading activity of mouse serum
      was reduced in amyloidotic mice. Administration of ascorbic acid partially
      restored the amyloid-degrading activity of these animals.

PMID- 3986128
TI  - Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi cardiomyopathy in BALB/c mice: histochemical
      evidence of hypoxic changes in the myocardium.
AB  - Mice inoculated three times at intervals of 15 days with epimastigote forms of an
      'avirulent' strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and challenged 30 days after the last
      inoculation with trypomastigote forms of the 'Colombia' strain of T. cruzi
      develop a cardiomyopathy very similar to that observed in the chronic phase of
      Chagas' disease in man. The most conspicuous histopathological finding in both
      human and experimental chagasic cardiomyopathy is focal myocardial necrosis and
      degeneration. Based on the nature of cell necrosis and degeneration, and the
      association of this lesion with intravascular platelet aggregation in the
      experimental model, we suggested that the microcirculation could be involved, via
      transient ischaemia, in the pathogenesis of chagasic cardiomyopathy. Additional
      support to this hypothesis is given by the results of the present study showing
      histochemical evidence of hypoxic changes in the myocardium of mice chronically
      infected with T. cruzi.

PMID- 3986129
TI  - Effect of (+)-cyanidanol-3 on rat brain lipid peroxidation.
AB  - Non-enzymic lipid peroxidation was stimulated in homogenates, plasma membrane
      fractions and microsomes of rat brain in vitro by incubation with ascorbic acid.
      Malondialdehyde formation was determined by the thiobarbituric acid test. It has
      been established that (+)-cyanidanol-3 inhibits the ascorbic acid-stimulated
      lipid peroxidation in various fractions of rat brain. On the basis of these
      results it is suggested that (+)-cyanidanol-3 treatment protects brain
      suspensions against lipid peroxidation by acting as a free radical scavenger in
      vitro.

PMID- 3986130
TI  - Levan-induced glomerulitis in rabbits: a possible role for direct complement
      activation in situ.
AB  - Since high-molecular-weight levan is known to reduce capillary permeability to
      large molecules, an experiment was designed to investigate whether this agent may
      attenuate the glomerulonephritis associated with acute serum sickness in rabbits.
      The study, in fact, demonstrated an enhancing effect of levan, which caused
      increased glomerular proliferative changes and leucocyte infiltration and,
      possibly, increased IgG deposition in this experimental model. In addition,
      rabbits injected only with levan also demonstrated mild glomerulitis and C3
      deposition. In one of four rabbits examined, this was accompanied by a marked
      fall in the serum level of total haemolysing complement. Levan was demonstrated
      to cause activation of complement when incubated with normal rabbit serum in
      vitro. We believe that these findings are best explained on the basis of
      complement activation in situ by levan in the glomeruli, probably via the
      alternative pathway, with the resulting inflammatory response. In the case of BSA
      injected rabbits, this response is believed to be additive to that of the
      classical immune complex-mediated complement activation.

PMID- 3986131
TI  - The effect of acute liver damage on circulating ferritin levels in vivo and in
      the isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - The effects of minimal acute liver injury on circulating ferritin levels have
      been examined in the rat both in vivo and in the isolated perfused liver. Liver
      damage produced by 6 mmol/kg of D-galactosamine (GalN) in vivo resulted in a
      marked rise in plasma ferritin levels 4 h after administration, 2 h before any
      significant increase in plasma aspartate transaminase. In the isolated perfused
      liver, damage produced by 5mM GalN introduced into the perfusate also produced an
      early increase in circulating ferritin before any evidence of release of
      intracellular enzymes, or alteration in liver histology as assessed by light
      microscopy was apparent. It is concluded that minimal acute liver damage results
      in a pronounced increase in circulating ferritin levels before other evidence of
      liver dysfunction. This is unlikely to be due solely to increased release from
      damaged cells but may rather result from an alteration in the mechanism
      responsible for ferritin homeostasis.

PMID- 3986133
TI  - Thrombin increases the adhesion of washed human platelets to collagen.
AB  - Thrombin stimulates the adhesion of washed human platelets to fibrillar collagen.
      This phenomenon occurs also when platelets, before thrombin stimulation, are
      resuspended in the presence of prostaglandin E1 to minimize the release reaction.
      Enzymatic activity of thrombin is not necessary for the enhancement of platelet
      adhesiveness, since phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride inhibited thrombin is effective
      in this respect. Detachment of thrombin from thrombin treated platelets by the
      use of hirudin restores normal platelet adhesiveness to collagen.

PMID- 3986132
TI  - Behaviour of influenza virus point-inoculated onto the mucous membrane of the
      chick tracheal explant.
AB  - Influenza virus was point-inoculated on to the chick tracheal mucous membrane
      cultivated on a solid medium (L-15 agar medium) with a platinum microloop (ca
      0.03 microliter of inoculum). Following the rapid adsorption of the inoculated
      virus on the mucosal surface, the explant was infected with a high efficiency.
      The 50% minimal explant infectious doses (MEID50) of influenza A virus strains
      (A/PR8/34, A/Kumamoto/79 and A/Bangkok/79) were less than one pfu. Influenza B
      virus (B/Lee/40) was also adsorbed to the mucous membrane but this virus failed
      to infect the chick tracheal mucous membrane (MEID50 greater than 10(3.3) pfu).
      By point-inoculation of virus on to the large tracheal explant (2 X 12 mm), it
      was possible to trace the behaviour of the infecting virus on the tracheal mucous
      membrane. Thus, influenza virus A/Kumamoto/79 was shown to be infective at the
      point-inoculated site by overcoming mucociliary clearance. Thereafter, depending
      on virus production and the ciliary activity of the infected epithelial cells,
      the infection spread rapidly to the laryngeal side but more slowly to the
      bronchial side of the tracheal explant.

PMID- 3986134
TI  - Studies of platelets from patients with the grey platelet syndrome.
AB  - The grey platelet syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by a marked
      decrease or absence of alpha-granules and of platelet-specific alpha-granule
      proteins. By utilizing platelets from two patients with this syndrome, we here
      demonstrate that the initial response of human platelets to alpha-thrombin does
      not require the presence of alpha-granules nor the effective release of their
      constituents. Furthermore, these platelets respond to thrombin with a normal,
      dose-dependent membrane potential change, and a normal secondary release of diS
      C3-(5) thought to be released in parallel with beta-glucuronidase from the
      lysosomal granules. These results give new insight into the initial steps in the
      thrombin response of normal platelets.

PMID- 3986135
TI  - Megakaryocytic cells in mixed haemopoietic colonies (CFU-GEMM) from the
      peripheral blood of normal individuals.
AB  - The cellular composition of mixed haemopoietic colonies CFU-GEMM from the
      peripheral blood of normal individuals was investigated using both an improved in
      vitro culture assay and a monoclonal antibody reactive with the earliest
      megakaryocytic precursor cells. The frequency of CFU-GEMM was found to be 22 +/-
      7/ml blood (mean +/- SE; n = 8) and 4.9 +/- 1.8/10(6) mononuclear cells. Double
      labelling of single colonies with monoclonal antibodies against megakaryocytic as
      well as granulocytic cells revealed that only 18% of mixed colonies from the
      peripheral blood contained megakaryocytic cells as compared to 87% of mixed
      colonies from the bone marrow, while no difference existed with regard to
      granulocytic cells. It is concluded that circulating multilineage progenitor
      cells either require different culture conditions to express their megakaryocytic
      component or, alternatively, that the circulating pluripotent stem cell pool
      mainly consists of bipotent rather than multipotent progenitor cells.

PMID- 3986137
TI  - Hyperleucocytic leukaemias.

PMID- 3986136
TI  - Staging systems for multiple myeloma: a comparison.
AB  - In 152 patients with multiple myeloma who had been treated with cytostatic agents
      the prognostic value of seven staging systems was evaluated: Carbone et al
      (1967); Acute Leukemia Group B (ALGB) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
      (ECOG) (Costa et al, 1973); Southeastern Cancer Study Group (SECSG) (1975); Durie
      & Salmon (1975); Alexanian et al (1975); Merlini et al (1980); British Medical
      Research Council (1980). The staging systems of the ALGB (Costa et al, 1973) and
      SECSG (1975), both dividing patients into 'good risk' and 'poor risk' groups,
      showed significantly different survival curves. Nevertheless, despite statistical
      significance the observed differences were rather small. In the systems of
      Carbone et al (1967), Merlini et al (1980), Alexanian et al (1975) and Durie &
      Salmon (1975) some of the differences in the survival curves were statistically
      significant while others were not. Our data best fitted into the British Medical
      Research Council (1980) staging system, the survival curves of all three stages
      showing significant differences, with median survival time dropping from 83
      months in stage A to 52 months in stage B and 26 months in stage C. Nevertheless,
      none of those systems was clearly superior to single risk factors, especially
      creatinine and haemoglobin.

PMID- 3986138
TI  - Detection of abnormal haemoglobins by the Technicon H6000 automated cell counter.

PMID- 3986139
TI  - One simple set of regulations.

PMID- 3986140
TI  - No acute behavioural effects of exposure to styrene: a safe level of exposure?
AB  - To determine whether exposure to low levels of styrene (below 110 mg/m3) causes
      acute behavioural effects and symptoms that may be related to concentrations of
      styrene in air or urinary mandelic acid or both, 12 men occupationally exposed to
      styrene were studied and compared with a reference group of 10 unexposed men.
      Simple reaction time was measured before and after work and information about
      symptoms was obtained by questionnaire. Active and passive sampling of airborne
      styrene was carried out and urinary mandelic acid concentrations were measured.
      Although the size of the study groups is small, the results indicate that
      exposure to styrene below 110 mg/m3 does not cause any acute adverse effects on
      the central nervous system.

PMID- 3986141
TI  - Dechlorination of halocarbons by microsomes and vesicular reconstituted
      cytochrome P-450 systems under reductive conditions.
AB  - A spectrophotometric assay of the reductive dechlorination of halocarbons was
      developed and used to determine the kinetic characteristics of dechlorination of
      a range of haloethanes catalysed by microsomes from rat and rabbit liver.
      Analysis of the typical reaction of hexachloroethane shows that the reaction is
      catalysed by cytochrome P-450 and results in the formation of olefinic products
      as well as less chlorinated alkanes: in other respects the reaction resembles
      that known to occur with carbon tetrachloride. The dechlorination of haloethanes
      catalysed by a vesicular reconstituted system of cytochrome P-450 enzymes from
      rabbit liver was also studied and found to be similar to that catalysed by
      microsomes: both reductase and a phenobarbital inducible form of cytochrome P-450
      were essential. There is no substantial dependence of maximum dechlorination rate
      on compound structure, suggesting that the reduction of substrate is not the rate
      limiting step in the overall reaction. The main factor in determining the
      apparent binding constant to the enzyme is the partition coefficient into the
      lipid membrane, as assessed by calculated log P values.

PMID- 3986142
TI  - Clinical and immunological reactions to Aspergillus niger among workers at a
      biotechnology plant.
AB  - The workforce at a biotechnology plant producing citric acid by fermentation of
      molasses with a strain of Aspergillus niger was studied. A combination of a
      respiratory questionnaire and clinical assessment identified 18 subjects (4.9% of
      the workforce) with work related bronchospasm. In nine of these evidence of
      sensitisation to A niger was obtained by skin prick tests and radioallergosorbent
      test (RAST) using as an antigen an extract of the A niger culture fluid from the
      process. Of the 325 subjects without work related bronchospasm, only nine (2.7%)
      had a positive prick test. There were no subjects with symptoms of extrinsic
      allergic alveolitis. Investigation into the source of the antigen showed that
      whereas, in some areas of the plant, A niger spores were present, in others there
      were no detectable spores. In these areas, however, extracts of filters from air
      samplers were shown by RAST inhibition to contain A niger antigens, indicating
      that the culture fluid was generating airborne antigen. RAST inhibition studies
      showed that the A niger culture fluid used in the process contained antigens that
      were not present in a commercially available A niger extract, thus emphasising
      the importance in this type of investigation of using antigens prepared from
      material to which the workers are exposed.

PMID- 3986144
TI  - Accident liability.
AB  - The idea of accident proneness, which originated in the early 1900s, has proved
      to be ineffectual as an operational concept. Discrete econometric methods may be
      useful to find out which factors are at work in the process that leads to
      accidents and whether there are individuals who are more liable to accidents than
      others.

PMID- 3986143
TI  - Rates of sickness absenteeism among employees of a modern hospital: the role of
      demographic and occupational factors.
AB  - Sickness absenteeism, of hospital employees particularly, is a problem of concern
      due to its negative economic and morale impacts. The aim of the first stage of
      the study was to identify according to some demographic (sex, age, marital
      status) and occupational (occupational group, duration of hospital employment)
      variables those groups of hospital employees who are at higher risk of sickness
      absenteeism. A comparison with the data of the study performed in the same
      hospital about 15 years ago showed a rise in the duration of absences with a
      simultaneous reduction in their incidence. Sickness absenteeism was higher among
      female, mainly unskilled, workers, presently or previously married, aged from 45
      to 60, and employed in the hospital for over ten years. Continuous social and
      medical surveillance of these employees is suggested as a promising way of
      reducing sickness absenteeism.

PMID- 3986145
TI  - Risk factors for radiogenic cancer: a comparison of factors derived from the
      Hanford survey with those recommended by the ICRP.
AB  - A model for cancer induction in man exposed to low doses of radiation and based
      on the analysis of a survey of workers from a nuclear fuel processing plant is
      examined and compared with that adopted by the ICRP to limit risks to radiation
      workers. It is shown that claims that ICRP has significantly underestimated the
      risk apply primarily to those exposed in later life, and arise from assumptions
      regarding the age dependence of sensitivity to radiation which are questionable.
      A preliminary attempt is made to test the proposed model using the United Kingdom
      luminiser population. Deaths from cancers in four tissues believed to be
      sensitive to radiation induced carcinogenesis are examined and the observed
      number of deaths in the study population is compared with the number predicted by
      the model. Taken individually, only one of these sites rejects the model but
      taken together these four sites, which comprise about half the cancer observed in
      the luminiser population, provide a conclusive rejection of the model.

PMID- 3986146
TI  - Some factors influencing interobserver variation in classifying simple
      pneumoconiosis.
AB  - Three experienced physician readers assessed the chest radiographs of 743 men
      from a coal mining community in West Virginia for the signs of simple
      pneumoconiosis, using the ILO U/C 1971 Classification of Radiographs of the
      Pneumoconioses. The number of films categorised by each reader as showing
      evidence of simple pneumoconiosis varied from 63 (8.5%) to 114 (15.3%) of the 743
      films classified. The effect of film quality and obesity on interobserver
      agreement was assessed by use of kappa-type analytic procedures for measuring
      agreement on categorical data. Poor film quality and obesity both affected
      agreement adversely. Poor quality films were disproportionately frequent in obese
      individuals, as defined by the Quetelet index. On control of film quality by
      stratification, the effect of obesity on interobserver profusion agreement was no
      longer evident.

PMID- 3986147
TI  - Asymmetric rapidly progressive lung fibrosis: a cause of pseudotumour in
      asbestosis.

PMID- 3986149
TI  - Cognitive theory, object relations and the self.
AB  - The main concepts of object relations theory are considered. While the clinical
      value of the theory is unquestionable, the persistent reification of intrapsychic
      processes is seen as a barrier to clear thinking and as a cause of the isolation
      of psychoanalytic thought from general psychology. An account is offered in
      cognitive terms of how a person's schemes or procedures for interpersonal
      relating and for structuring the self develop and are maintained. It is suggested
      that the insights of object relations theory can be restated in these terms.

PMID- 3986148
TI  - Reticulocyte haem synthesis in occupational exposure to trinitrotoluene.

PMID- 3986150
TI  - A note on explanation and understanding in psychology.
AB  - Hetherington has recently argued that psychology's concern with anecdotal
      evidence, introspective data and rare or one-off events renders the methodology
      and explanatory model of the natural sciences inappropriate and inadequate; and
      as such psychology needs to develop its own methods of inquiry. However, an
      examination of his arguments reveals that psychological data do not require
      explanation of a radically different kind from that employed in the natural
      sciences. Hetherington is correct in emphasizing that what is distinctive about
      the subject matter of psychology is its concern with intentional content;
      however, the conclusions he draws about the special nature of psychological
      explanation are unwarranted.

PMID- 3986151
TI  - Delusions: problems in definition and measurement.
AB  - A review is made of definitions of 'delusion'. Problems with these are considered
      in terms of clarity and consistency with the evidence. Questions concerning the
      issues of fixity and intensity of delusions are raised and a proposal is made for
      attempting to operationalize these concepts using a 'personal questionnaire'
      method. The measurement in a pilot study of the fixity and intensity of the
      beliefs of two patients using this method is described and the results reported.

PMID- 3986152
TI  - 'Psychic sensitivity', mystical experience, head injury and brain pathology.
AB  - The 'psychic' experiences of 17 students (sensitives) from the College of Psychic
      Studies were compared with those of 17 church-going control subjects, who were
      matched for age, sex, and approximate intellectual level. At interview, 67 items
      of information relating to the medical history, family history, 'psychic gifts',
      head injuries, and mystical experiences were obtained. The shortened WAIS, the
      Benton Visual Retention Test, with tests of both dominant (Wechsler Logical
      Memory) and non-dominant temporal lobe function (the Rey-Osterreith Test) were
      given. The results showed that the sensitive population contained more single or
      divorced people, and people who had sometime consulted a psychiatrist. They had
      experienced more head injuries and serious illnesses than the controls. Sixty-six
      per cent showed evidence of right hemisphere and right temporal lobe dysfunction
      and, of these, 35 per cent had poor visual memories. There was evidence to
      suggest that some 'psychic' experiences were associated with brain dysfunction.
      Despite an increased occurrence of head injury, no clear correlation with the
      onset of 'psychic' sensitivity was found. Mystical experiences showed a trend
      towards being related to non-dominant hemisphere dysfunction. Vagueness about the
      position of the sensitive's 'psychic helper' in physical space was also
      associated with non-dominant hemisphere dysfunction.

PMID- 3986153
TI  - Development and application of criteria for classes of psychotherapy based on
      patients' requests for service.
AB  - Discrepancy frequently exists between the perspectives of psychotherapists and
      their patients about what problems and which patients are suitable for
      psychotherapy and how psychotherapy should be conducted. Lazare et al.'s (1972,
      1975a) negotiated 'customer' approach attempts to correct this deficiency by
      providing mental health services that more fully take into account the specific
      service requests of patients. Lazare's 14 identified services were applied to
      develop profiles of each of four service types, including two classes of
      psychotherapy. Applying the criteria developed, 52.6 per cent of patients
      evaluated could be classified into one of four classes of service. Only two
      patients presented a pattern of service requests consistent with a broadly
      defined supportive psychotherapy. The three largest patient groups were then
      compared with respect to several classes of variables. Major differences were
      found between the non-psychotherapy group and the two psychotherapy groups, but
      not between the psychotherapy groups. Service requests of patients generally
      paralleled those perceived by the interviewers.

PMID- 3986154
TI  - Complaints of patients presenting for psychotherapy in 1938 versus 1978.
AB  - Reported complaints of psychotherapy out-patients in 1938 are compared with those
      of patients in 1978. Both men and women complain less of bodily malfunctioning
      and more of anger, guilt, suicidal thoughts, and of sexual difficulties. Unlike
      men, women show a significant increase in interpersonal problems, sleep
      difficulties, depression and feelings of inadequacy or inferiority.

PMID- 3986155
TI  - Pattern of discussion in traditional and novel ward-round procedures.
AB  - A novel ward-round procedure was introduced on an acute psychiatric admissions
      ward. There was an equal balance in number of staff and patients attending the
      meetings simultaneously, and all team members participated in the interviewing
      and discussion. This was compared to the traditional type of ward-round procedure
      in which one patient attends at any given time, and the consultant is the
      exclusive interviewer and director of team discussion. The content of negotiation
      in the traditional ward round was compared to that in the novel style of meeting
      and it was found that the novel format produced a swing away from medical and
      diagnostic issues to domestic and social matters.

PMID- 3986156
TI  - Attitudes and treatment expectancies of patients and general hospital staff in
      relation to alcoholism.
AB  - Attitudes to treatment were investigated in medical and nursing staff and
      alcoholic patients at a district general hospital. Significant differences were
      found between the two groups, indicating that patients prefer a strict medical
      approach to their problems rather than a psychological one. The implications of
      these findings for the planning of therapeutic strategies for alcoholics are
      discussed.

PMID- 3986157
TI  - Depression in the young unemployed and those on Youth Opportunities Schemes.
AB  - Using interviews and psychometric measures, this study compared the experiences
      and opinions of unemployment of four small groups of young people who were:
      unemployed, on a Youth Opportunities Placement Scheme, on a Youth Opportunities
      Project Scheme, or employed apprentices. It was found by means of the Beck
      Depression Inventory, that there were significant differences between the groups,
      with the employed being less depressed than the other three groups. The two
      groups on Youth Opportunities Schemes were intermediate but not significantly
      different from the unemployed. No significant differences were found using the
      Neuroticism scale of the EPI. This measure of depression, and the general
      attitudes expressed in discussion, support the conclusion that although the Youth
      Opportunities Scheme tends to reduce depression from being unemployed, it does
      not provide the psychological benefits of permanent employment, as suggested by
      previous research. This discrepancy in findings is discussed and the question
      raised as to whether the positive benefits of training programmes are sustained
      over time.

PMID- 3986158
TI  - An evaluation of three crisis intervention programmes for general hospital
      patients.
AB  - Three crisis intervention programmes were implemented on the basis of prior
      research and observation with patients in a general hospital. Programme 1 had
      been designed to decrease their anxiety and depression, programme 2 to decrease
      their indirectly expressed anger and increase anger which was directly expressed,
      and programme 3 to decrease the feelings of helplessness and increase their
      levels of competence. Examination of the psychological states of the sample of
      ill and injured patients on admission showed that those who were judged to have a
      poor counselling prognosis were found, as hypothesized, to be highly anxious,
      depressed and helpless, and to be expressing their anger only indirectly. The
      goals of the programmes therefore seem to have been appropriately selected to
      meet the psychological needs of the patients. After crisis intervention
      counselling, these differences on admission were no longer apparent on discharge
      or on follow-up 12 months later. Programme 1 did not prove differentially
      effective on discharge or follow-up. Programme 2 was not found to be more
      effective than the other programmes on discharge but, as hypothesized, was
      associated with direct expression of anger and decreased anxiety and depression
      more at follow-up. Programme 3 increased patients' expressions of competence and
      decreased their anxiety more on discharge; but on follow-up it proved more liable
      to maintain their depression than to have beneficial effects.

PMID- 3986159
TI  - Mood and pulmonary function in adult asthmatics: a pilot self-monitoring study.
AB  - The relationship between mood and fluctuations in peak expiratory flow rate (PEF)
      was studied in seven mildly asthmatic adult men and seven non-asthmatic controls.
      Participants completed visual analogue mood scales and measured PEF four times
      per day for 24 days, and the Profile of Mood States was also filled in at the end
      of each day. Significant correlations between mood and PEF were found in six of
      the asthmatics. No specific asthma-related profile was identified, since each
      person showed idiosyncratic associations between mood and pulmonary function. The
      non-asthmatics did not show consistent correlations above a level expected by
      chance. Possible explanations of these results and their relevance to the
      management of asthma are discussed.

PMID- 3986160
TI  - Awareness of cognitive defences and stress management.
AB  - There is considerable disagreement regarding whether defences operate
      unconsciously, represent deliberate styles of coping with problems, or fall
      somewhere between. The present study considered the role of awareness in
      mediating the relation between defence and stress by establishing whether the
      conscious or unconscious nature of a given defence was associated with a distinct
      level of stress. The results for projection and rationalization confirmed the
      classical Freudian version of defence as an unconscious mechanism that reduces
      the stress of painful thoughts. Unconscious projectors and rationalizers reported
      singularly low levels of stress over the previous year. Repression without
      awareness was associated with a distinctly high level of stress, whereas denial
      with awareness was related to lower stress. While these results provide some
      support for the view that defences must be unconscious to work effectively, they
      also suggest the diversity among defences in the role played by awareness in
      coping with stress.

PMID- 3986161
TI  - Type A behaviour pattern, choice of active coping strategy and cardiovascular
      activity in relation to threat of shock.
AB  - Thirty-three subjects were allowed to choose between actively monitoring a visual
      channel for warning of a possible aversive event, or passively watching a
      distracting visual channel. Subjects could switch between channels as little or
      as often as they wished. Heart-rate was recorded throughout the experiment. In
      accordance with hypothesis, Type A subjects, as measured by the Framingham Scale,
      chose the active coping strategy more consistently than Type B subjects. Type A
      subjects also exhibited higher heart-rate while anticipating the start of the
      experiment. The results are discussed with reference to the literature on Type A
      and controllability and on active coping and cardiovascular activity.

PMID- 3986162
TI  - Research on early human embryos from in-vitro fertilization (IVF): the Warnock
      recommendations.

PMID- 3986164
TI  - Improvements in the registration and analysis of fetal heart rate records at the
      bedside.
AB  - A microprocessor system is described for on-line analysis of the fetal heart rate
      detected by conventional Doppler systems. A brief account is given of the
      instrumentation and program structure. The system has been tested by analysing
      normal and abnormal antenatal fetal heart rate records. Pulse Doppler with
      autocorrelation measurement of the fetal pulse interval reduced the signal loss
      in clinical practice by a factor of 10, to an average of 2.1% in 629 records from
      uncomplicated pregnancies. Yet it is still necessary to identify signal loss,
      because it occasionally rises to unacceptable levels in association with fetal
      movements or hiccups. Medium-term measures of fetal heart rate variation (within
      16-0.1 cycles/min) varied with gestational age, but were a better index of fetal
      well-being than longer-term measures. The application of the system to fetal
      monitoring is illustrated.

PMID- 3986163
TI  - Outcome of pregnancy following induced abortion. Report from the joint study of
      the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Royal College of Obstetricians
      and Gynaecologists.
AB  - A total of 1590 general practitioners and 795 gynaecologists in England, Scotland
      and Wales are participating in a long-term, prospective study concerning the
      sequelae of induced abortion. In the present report a comparison is made between
      the outcome of the first post-index pregnancy in 745 women whose index pregnancy
      ended in an induced abortion (cases) and that in 1339 women who had an unplanned
      index pregnancy but were not referred for induced abortion (controls). There were
      no statistically significant differences between cases and controls. The
      increased relative risk which was found amongst the induced abortion group of non
      viable outcome, low birthweight and shortened gestation, could have arisen by
      chance. Further analysis of a larger number of pregnancies is required to permit
      confident interpretation of these observations. The present data provide no
      reason for alterations in the current management of induced abortion, or the
      subsequent pregnancy.

PMID- 3986165
TI  - Correlation of the interpretation of fetal heart rate records with cord plasma
      erythropoietin levels.
AB  - On the basis that fetal levels of plasma erythropoietin (Ep) may reflect fetal
      oxygenation the primary purpose of the present study was to assess the relation
      between Ep measured in cord plasma at delivery and the intrapartum fetal heart
      rate (FHR) record. A scoring system for interpreting FHR recordings blindly was
      prospectively utilized in 41 selected human pregnancies during the 4 h
      immediately preceding birth. The correlation of the overall mean FHR score for
      each individual patient with cord plasma Ep was significant such that the highest
      Ep levels were observed in those infants with the most abnormal FHR scores.
      Furthermore, when the birthweights of the infants were adjusted for gestational
      age, sex, and birth order, birthweight centile was negatively correlated with
      cord plasma Ep. When both FHR score and birthweight were simultaneously
      correlated with cord plasma Ep using multiple regression, the combined effect of
      these two factors improved the association of either alone with both contributing
      approximately equally.

PMID- 3986166
TI  - Iatrogenic neonatal and maternal hyponatraemia following oxytocin and aqueous
      glucose infusion during labour.
AB  - Maternal and umbilical cord serum sodium and osmolality were studied
      prospectively in 140 deliveries to investigate whether transplacental
      hyponatraemia, seen following oxytocin infusion during labour, was due to the
      antidiuretic effect of oxytocin or was secondary to the infusion of aqueous
      glucose used as a vehicle for oxytocin, or both. Forty-five women received
      oxytocin in aqueous glucose for induction or augmentation of labour (oxytocin
      group), 43 received aqueous glucose infusion alone (glucose group) and 52 did not
      receive any intravenous infusions (control group). Mean cord sodium levels were
      significantly lower in the oxytocin (131.4, SD 3.6 mmol/l) and glucose groups
      (132.5, SD 3.2 mmol/l) than in the control group (135.0, SD 3.0 mmol/l).
      Hyponatraemia (Na less than 130 mmol) was seen in 47% and 30% of the infants in
      the oxytocin and glucose groups respectively, in contrast to only 5.8% of the
      infants in the control group. Significant negative linear correlations were seen
      between serum sodium and the dose of oxytocin (P less than 0.01) and log of the
      volume of glucose solution infused (P less than 0.001). The hyponatraemic newborn
      infants had a significantly higher incidence of transient neonatal tachypnea
      (7/37, 19%) than the normonatraemic infants (2%). Our results strongly suggest
      that infusion of oxytocin and glucose both cause maternal and transplacental
      hyponatraemia, even in recommended doses. This should be taken in account while
      planning a safe dose of oxytocin and glucose for infusion during labour.

PMID- 3986167
TI  - Effectiveness of vaginal administration of progesterone.
AB  - Vaginal administration of 200 or 400 mg of progesterone in a wax suppository
      every 12 h in normal women was effective in rapidly achieving and maintaining
      serum progesterone concentrations at physiological levels appropriate to the
      midluteal phase of the ovarian cycle and early pregnancy. Given in the follicular
      phase for 5 days in five subjects at each of two doses, progesterone reached
      concentrations in serum after 4 and 12 h of 21-105 nmol/l (mean 46.4 nmol/l SD
      17.2, n = 50) with 200 mg dosage and 21-101 nmol/l (mean 53.8 nmol/l SD 16.6, n =
      49) with 400 mg dosage. There was no significant reduction in levels between 4
      and 12 h after administration, in contrast to previously reported findings,
      suggesting that the wax base led to slow release of the hormone. The uptake of
      progesterone in the midluteal phase was assessed in 10 subjects by comparing
      successive cycles treated with progesterone or placebo in a randomized double
      blind manner. Using only the 400 mg dosage, the mean serum progesterone level was
      raised by 69%, the untreated level being normal (38.17 SD 10.01 compared with
      64.49 SD 23.22 nmol/l, n = 10). This was despite an assumed concomitant fall in
      endogenous hormone production as suggested by a 28% reduction in oestradiol-17
      beta levels. Thus vaginal administration of progesterone in wax appears to be
      effective and convenient, and preferable to the use of other progestogens in
      various circumstances in which a fetus may be exposed to the drug.

PMID- 3986168
TI  - The treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by laser vaporization.
AB  - Of 711 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) treated by laser
      vaporization 675 (95%) remain colposcopically and cytologically free from disease
      after a median follow-up of 20 months. Thirty-six patients needed other forms of
      treatment to eradicate suspected residual disease. One patient presented with
      invasive carcinoma of the cervix 34 months after treatment with the carbon
      dioxide laser. It is concluded that in selected cases laser vaporization is an
      effective method of treating pre-invasive disease of the cervix.

PMID- 3986169
TI  - Correlation between cytoplasmic steroid receptors and tumour differentiation and
      invasion in endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - The incidence and levels of cytoplasmic steroid receptors were studied in 155
      endometrial carcinomas: oestrogen receptors (ER) were measured in all samples,
      progesterone receptors (PR) in 148 and androgen receptors (AR) in 118. Well
      differentiated adenocarcinomas were significantly more likely to contain ER, PR
      and AR than were poorly-differentiated tumours, and mean values of ER and PR
      content were significantly higher in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas than in
      less-differentiated tumours. Receptor profiles in adenosquamous carcinomas and
      clear-cell carcinomas were similar to those in adenocarcinomas. Deeply invasive
      tumours were significantly less likely to be ER, PR or AR positive and, even when
      positive, such tumours had significantly lower mean levels of ER and PR. Poorly
      differentiated tumours were significantly more likely to be ER-negative PR
      positive than well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas.

PMID- 3986170
TI  - A prospective trial of computed tomography in the staging of ovarian malignancy.
AB  - Thirty patients, thought clinically to have ovarian tumours, were studied
      prospectively by pre-operative computed tomographic (CT) scans of the abdomen and
      pelvis. In six patients (20%) small metastases in mesentery, omentum and on
      subdiaphragmatic peritoneum were not detected by the scans. CT did not improve
      the accuracy of staging or assist the surgeons by drawing their attention to
      disease which they might otherwise have missed. Although CT gives an elegant
      demonstration of anatomy, it is not an alternative to extended laparotomy in
      patients with ovarian tumours.

PMID- 3986171
TI  - Recurrent pregnancy-induced thyrotoxicosis presenting as hyperemesis gravidarum.
      Case report.

PMID- 3986172
TI  - Complete psammomatous degeneration of the ovary. Case report.

PMID- 3986173
TI  - Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with adenocarcinoma of
      endometrium. Case report.

PMID- 3986174
TI  - Mullerian adenofibroma. Case report.

PMID- 3986175
TI  - Correlation in isolated nuclei of template-engaged RNA polymerase II, ovalbumin
      mRNA synthesis, and estrogen receptor concentrations.
AB  - Template-engaged and total RNA polymerase II molecules were quantitated in
      isolated nuclei at various stages of estrogen withdrawal and secondary
      stimulation by using [3H]amanitin titration assays. Estrogen receptors, RNA
      transcriptional activity, and ovalbumin mRNA were also measured, and comparisons
      were made between these parameters to determine whether any significant
      correlations exist. In isolated nuclei, the highest positive correlations existed
      between template-engaged RNA polymerase II, ovalbumin mRNA synthesis in vitro,
      and estrogen receptor concentration. Interestingly, restimulation of estrogen
      withdrawn chicks results in replenishment of RNA polymerase II activity to
      prewithdrawal levels within 4 h; however, the recovery of the numbers of template
      engaged polymerase II molecules, ovalbumin gene transcription, and nuclear
      receptor binding lags behind. These findings suggest that the estrogen effect on
      RNA polymerase activity is more rapid than the increase in template-engaged RNA
      polymerase II and ovalbumin-specific gene transcription. The excellent
      correlation that exists between nuclear estrogen receptor concentrations,
      template-engaged RNA polymerase II, and ovalbumin gene transcription strongly
      supports the hypothesis that estrogen receptors mediate RNA polymerase II binding
      to sequences associated with preferential transcription of the ovalbumin gene.

PMID- 3986176
TI  - Spectroscopic examination of the active site of bovine ferrochelatase.
AB  - Spectrofluorometric techniques have been employed to examine the active site of
      the terminal enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, ferrochelatase (protoheme
      ferrolyase, EC 4.99.1.1). The fluorescence of both endogenous tryptophan and
      exogenous 2-(4-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (MIANS) has been
      examined. The fluorescence emission of the enzyme's active site bound MIANS is at
      428 nm while the enzyme tryptophan(s) yielded a single fluorescence emission
      maximum at 347 nm. These values are characteristic of a polar environment for
      tryptophan and a relatively nonpolar environment for the MIANS. The dynamic
      fluorescence quenching constants for acrylamide of MIANS and tryptophan are 3.00
      M-1 and 1.85 M-1, respectively. Quenching constants for KI of both fluorescent
      centers were approximately 1 M-1. These data suggest that both fluorophores are
      poorly accessible to the external anionic contact quencher but that an unchanged
      quencher, while larger, is still better able to penetrate the enzyme's active
      site. The extrapolated anisotropies (r0) for ferrochelatase-bound MIANS and
      tryptophan are 0.198 and 0.307. The dissociation constant (KD) determined by
      fluorescence anisotropy of protoporphyrin was 1.5 microM with the calculated
      number of porphyrin binding sites as 1.0 per 40000 daltons. A model is presented
      for the active site of ferrochelatase based upon the data presented here and
      previously. This model proposes that the active site is a hydrophobic pocket
      similar in nature to the heme binding crevices found in many hemoproteins.

PMID- 3986177
TI  - Increased stability of the higher order structure of chicken erythrocyte
      chromatin: nanosecond anisotropy studies of intercalated ethidium.
AB  - Internal motion of the DNA in chicken erythrocyte chromatin fibers was studied by
      measurement of the fluorescence anisotropy decay of ethidium intercalated in the
      linker region. A comparison of the decay curves of the dye in chicken erythrocyte
      chromatin with those of calf thymus chromatin [Ashikawa, I., Kinosita, K., Jr.,
      Ikegami, A., Nishimura, Y., Tsuboi, M., Watanabe, K., Iso, K., & Nakano, T.
      (1983) Biochemistry 22, 6018-6026] revealed greater suppression of nucleosome
      movement in chicken erythrocyte chromatin. Furthermore, the transition of this
      chromatin to the compact (solenoidal) structure occurred at lower solvent
      concentrations of Na+ or Mg2+ than those for calf thymus chromatin. These results
      demonstrated increased stability of the higher order structure (the solenoid) of
      chicken erythrocyte chromatin, which may be related to the reduction of nuclear
      activity in the chicken erythrocyte cell. In addition to intact chicken
      erythrocyte chromatin, we studied the structural transitions of H1-depleted and
      H1,H5-depleted chromatins. The result indicated that histone H5 of this chromatin
      stabilizes the higher order structure in the presence of magnesium (or divalent)
      cation and did not induce the transition in the solution containing only sodium
      cation.

PMID- 3986178
TI  - Methyl branching in short-chain lecithins: are both chains important for
      effective phospholipase A2 activity?
AB  - Several seven-carbon fatty acyl lecithins with varied acyl chain branching have
      been synthesized and characterized as potential phospholipase A2 substrates.
      Micellar bis(4,4-dimethylpentanoyl) phosphatidylcholine, bis(5
      methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine, bis(3-methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine, and
      bis(2-methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine are poor substrates for phospholipase A2
      (Naja naja naja). These branched lecithins also inhibit the hydrolysis of
      diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine by the enzyme with Ki values comparable to or
      smaller than the apparent Km of the linear compound. The terminally branched
      lecithins are excellent substrates for another surface-active hydrolytic enzyme,
      phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. When only one acyl chain bears a methyl
      group, the hybrid lecithins 1-heptanoyl-2-(2-methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine
      and 1-(3-methylhexanoyl)-2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine are substrates comparable
      to diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine. Analysis of micellar structure and dynamics by
      1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, quasi-elastic light scattering, and comparison of
      critical micellar concentrations indicates little significant difference in the
      conformation and dynamics of these seven-carbon fatty acyl lecithin micelles,
      even when the methyl groups are adjacent to the carbonyls. Phospholipase A2 UV
      difference spectra induced by phospholipid binding imply different enzyme
      conformations or aggregation states caused by linear-chain and asymmetric-chain
      lipids compared to bis(methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholines. The differences in
      hydrolytic activity of phospholipase A2 against the branched-chain micellar
      lecithins can then be attributed to an enzyme-lipid interaction at the active
      site. The species with both fatty acyl chains branched bind to phospholipase A2
      but are not turned over rapidly. Since poor enzymatic activity only occurs for
      lecithins with both chains methylated, the interaction of both chains with the
      enzyme must be important for catalytic efficiency.

PMID- 3986179
TI  - Hypoxanthine-guanine exchange by intact human erythrocytes.
AB  - The uptake and release of [14C]hypoxanthine by human erythrocytes, suspended in a
      tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)-glucose-NaCl isotonic medium (pH 7.4),
      have been studied at 37 degrees C. The uptake of hypoxanthine, mediated by its
      incorporation into inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), was markedly stimulated by
      preincubating the cells in phosphate-buffered saline. After a lag time, [14C]IMP
      enriched erythrocytes released [14C]hypoxanthine in the medium. Formycin B, at
      concentrations known to inhibit purine nucleoside phosphorylase in intact
      erythrocytes, affected hypoxanthine uptake and release and led to an increase in
      the intracellular concentration of inosine, suggesting that the main catabolic
      path of IMP is the sequential degradation of the nucleotide to inosine and
      hypoxanthine. The addition of guanine to a suspension of [14C]IMP-enriched
      erythrocytes led to an increase in the rate of [14C]hypoxanthine release, which
      was unaffected by the presence of formycin B. During the guanine-induced
      hypoxanthine release, guanine was taken up by the cells as GMP. These results
      suggest that the presence of guanine in the incubation medium activates a
      catabolic path in human erythrocytes leading to IMP degradation without formation
      of inosine.

PMID- 3986180
TI  - Mammalian glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase: purification and some
      properties.
AB  - Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase, the first of the two formyl group
      transferases of de novo purine biosynthesis requiring 10-formyltetrahydrofolate,
      has been purified 1500-fold, nearly to homogeneity, from the murine lymphoma cell
      line L5178Y. Purification of the enzyme was facilitated by the use of a gelatin
      protease "affinity" resin. This mammalian enzyme is a monomer of approximate Mr
      110 000. The kinetic studies are consistent with a sequential reaction mechanism
      and yield Michaelis constants of 0.4 mM for the substrate, glycinamide
      ribonucleotide, and 0.25 microM for the cofactor analogue 10-formyl-5,8
      dideazafolate. A minimum Vmax of 2 mumol/(min . mg) was obtained for the purified
      enzyme, from which a turnover number of 4 s-1 was calculated.

PMID- 3986181
TI  - Protein structural changes accompanying formation of enzymatic transition states:
      tryptophan environment in ground-state and transition-state analogue complexes of
      adenosine deaminase.
AB  - The accessibility of protein tryptophan fluorescence to the quenching agent
      acrylamide has been studied in adenosine deaminase and in binary complexes of the
      enzyme with ground-state or transition-state analogues. Although the enzyme
      contains three tryptophan residues, Stern-Volmer plots are linear with all the
      fluorescence quenchable at high acrylamide concentrations. Tryptophan
      fluorescence is less easily quenched in the binary complexes than in the free
      enzyme, indicating a decrease in the accessibility of these residues. The
      greatest decrease in accessibility is found for the transition-state analogue
      complexes. Although the affinities of the transition-state analogues studied span
      a range of 10(6), the Stern-Volmer constants of the complexes are the same within
      experimental error. Thus, as measured by this technique, changes in enzyme
      conformation accompanying formation of these complexes are similar for all
      transition-state analogues. Resonance energy transfer from tryptophan as donor to
      ligand as acceptor successfully explains the differing abilities of ligands to
      quench the enzyme's intrinsic fluorescence upon formation of complexes in the
      absence of acrylamide. On the basis of Forster distance calculations, it is
      likely that the residues partially quenched upon formation of transition-state
      analogue complexes are distant from the active site.

PMID- 3986182
TI  - Kinetics of cholesterol and phospholipid exchange from membranes containing cross
      linked proteins or cross-linked phosphatidylethanolamines.
AB  - Mono- and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine derivatives have been synthesized
      and used to evaluate the role of cross-links between the amino groups of two
      phospholipid molecules in the rate of cholesterol movement between membranes.
      Incorporation of the cross-linked phospholipids into small unilamellar vesicles
      (the donor species) decreased the rate of spontaneous cholesterol exchange with
      acceptor membranes (small unilamellar vesicles or Mycoplasma gallisepticum
      cells). These results suggest that the cross-linking of aminophospholipids by
      reactive intermediates, which may be one of the degenerative transformations
      associated with peroxidation of unsaturated lipids and cellular aging, can
      inhibit cholesterol exchangeability in biological membranes. The rates of
      spontaneous [14C]cholesterol and protein-mediated 14C-labeled phospholipid
      exchange from diamide-treated mycoplasma and erythrocyte membranes have also been
      measured. The formation of extensive disulfide bonds in the membrane proteins of
      M. gallisepticum enhanced the 14C-labeled phospholipid exchange rate but did not
      affect the rate of [14C]cholesterol exchange. The rates of radiolabeled
      cholesterol and phospholipid exchange between erythrocyte ghosts and vesicles
      were both enhanced (but to different extents) when ghosts were treated with
      diamide. These observations suggest that diamide-induced oxidative cross-linking
      of sulfhydryl groups in membrane proteins does not lead to random defects in the
      lipid domain.

PMID- 3986184
TI  - Purification of lumazine proteins from Photobacterium leiognathi and
      Photobacterium phosphoreum: bioluminescence properties.
AB  - Bright strains of the marine bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi
      produce a "lumazine protein" in amounts comparable to that previously found in
      Photobacterium phosphoreum. New protocols are developed for the purification to
      homogeneity of the proteins from both species in yields up to 60%. In dimmer
      strains the amounts of lumazine protein in extracts are less, and also there is
      an accompanying shift of the bioluminescence spectral maximum to longer
      wavelength, 492 nm. Both types of lumazine proteins have identical fluorescence
      spectra, with maxima at 475 nm, so it is suggested that, whereas lumazine protein
      is the major emitter in bright strains, there is a second emitter also present
      with a fluorescence maximum at longer wavelength. The two species of lumazine
      protein have the same 276 nm/visible absorbance ratio, 2.2, but differ in visible
      maxima: P. phosphoreum, 417 nm; P. leiognathi, 420 nm. For the latter the bound
      lumazine has epsilon 420 = 10 100 M-1 cm-1, practically the same as in free
      solution. The two lumazine proteins also differ quantitatively in their effect on
      the in vitro bioluminescence reaction, i.e., at blue shifting the bioluminescence
      spectrum or altering the kinetics. The P. phosphoreum lumazine protein is more
      effective with its homologous luciferase or with P. leiognathi luciferase than is
      the lumazine protein from P. leiognathi. These differences may have an
      electrostatic origin.

PMID- 3986183
TI  - Distribution of 5-methyldeoxycytidine in products of staphylococcal nuclease
      digestion of nuclei and purified DNA.
AB  - We have compared the distribution of 5-methyldeoxycytidine (m5dC) between
      staphylococcal nuclease (SN) sensitive and resistant regions of human diploid
      fibroblast chromatin to the corresponding distribution in purified DNA. After SN
      digestion of fibroblast nuclei or purified DNA, nuclease-resistant products were
      separated from sensitive products by perchloric acid or ethanol precipitation;
      the radioactively labeled nucleosides were then fractionated by high-performance
      liquid chromatography and quantitated. Our results indicate that m5dC is
      preferentially associated with SN-resistant regions of both chromatin and
      purified DNA. The magnitudes of these preferences in fibroblast chromatin and DNA
      are similar; we find that the enrichment of m5dC content in SN-resistant
      fractions of nuclei and DNA relative to the corresponding sensitive fractions is
      approximately 2-3-fold. Therefore, highly methylated regions of DNA have an
      intrinsic resistance to digestion by SN that is of sufficient magnitude to
      explain the high degree of nuclease resistance of chromatin containing highly
      methylated DNA.

PMID- 3986185
TI  - Chemical characterization of lumazine protein from Photobacterium leiognathi:
      comparison with lumazine protein from Photobacterium phosphoreum.
AB  - The properties of lumazine proteins purified from the marine bioluminescent
      bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum, a psychrophile, and Photobacterium
      leiognathi, a relatively thermophilic species, are compared. An accurate 1:1
      stoichiometry of binding of the ligand 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine to each
      lumazine protein is established by back-titration of the apoprotein with the
      authentic ligand, using both fluorescence and absorption measurements. Neither
      protein contains metal cofactors, organic phosphorus, or carbohydrate. Both
      proteins are anionic and hydrophilic. They each contain a single Trp residue and
      have blocked amino terminals but otherwise differ in amino acid composition and
      other properties (P. phosphoreum and P. leiognathi, respectively): Met
      (internal), 1, 2; Cys, 2, 1; Arg, 4, 7; pI, 4.78 and 4.83, 4.38 and 4.45; Mr, 19
      750, 21 300. In the P. phosphoreum protein both Cys residues are accessible, but
      in the P. leiognathi protein the single Cys is "buried". Modification of this
      buried Cys and at least one Cys in the P. phosphoreum protein prevents binding of
      the ligand. The UV and visible absorption spectra of both lumazine proteins
      denatured in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride can be accurately modeled by using the
      number of equivalents of the lumazine derivative and blocked aromatic amino acid
      model compounds determined by chemical and spectrophotometric analyses for Trp,
      Tyr, and Phe.

PMID- 3986186
TI  - Spectral properties and function of two lumazine proteins from Photobacterium.
AB  - The spectral properties are compared for two 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine
      proteins from marine bioluminescent bacteria, one from a psychrophile,
      Photobacterium phosphoreum, and the other from a thermophile, Photobacterium
      leiognathi. The visible spectral properties, which are the ones by which the
      protein performs its biological function of bioluminescence emission, are almost
      the same for the two proteins: at 2 degrees C and 50 mM Pi, pH 7, fluorescence
      quantum yield phi F = 0.59 and 0.54, respectively; fluorescence lifetime tau =
      14.4 and 14.8 ns, respectively; fluorescence maxima, both 475 nm; absorption
      maximum, 417 and 420 nm, respectively; circular dichroism minima at around 420
      nm, both -41 X 10(3) deg cm2 dmol-1. The ligand binding sites therefore must
      provide very similar environments, and arguments are presented that the bound
      ligand is relatively exposed to solvent. The dissociation equilibrium was studied
      by steady-state fluorescence polarization. The thermophilic protein binds the
      ligand with Kd (20 degrees C) = 0.016 microM, 10 times more tightly than the
      other protein [Kd (20 degrees C) = 0.16 microM]. The origin of the binding
      difference probably resides in differences in secondary structure. The tryptophan
      fluorescence spectra of the two proteins are different, but more significant is
      an observation of the decay of the tryptophan emission anisotropy. For the
      psychrophilic lumazine protein this anisotropy decays to zero in 1 ns, implying
      that its single tryptophan residue lies in a very "floppy" region of the protein.
      For the other protein, the anisotropy exhibits both a fast component and a slow
      one corresponding to rotation of the protein as a whole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986187
TI  - Physical characterization of lumazine proteins from Photobacterium.
AB  - The physicochemical properties of Photobacterium lumazine proteins have been
      investigated. The molecular weights obtained by several physical techniques are
      in good agreement, and the averages are 2% and 8% higher than the minimum
      molecular weights from amino acid and ligand content. The average molecular
      weights, sedimentation coefficients, and molecular radii are respectively the
      following: Photobacterium leiognathi lumazine protein, 21 200 +/- 300, 2.18 S,
      and 22.9 A; Photobacterium phosphoreum lumazine protein, 21 300 +/- 500, 2.16 S,
      and 23.0 A. The hydrations of the lumazine proteins, estimated in several ways,
      indicate less hydration for P. leiognathi than for P. phosphoreum. The frictional
      ratios corrected for hydration give axial ratios less than 1.3 for both lumazine
      proteins. These values agree with those obtained by a combination of rotational
      and translational frictional parameters and elimination of the common hydrated
      volume terms. There is insufficient area on the exterior surface to accommodate
      hydration when the lumzine proteins are considered as smooth-surfaced ellipsoids.
      The required surface area can be accommodated however by surface roughness with a
      minimum of 30% internal water.

PMID- 3986188
TI  - Determination of rotational correlation times from deconvoluted fluorescence
      anisotropy decay curves. Demonstration with 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and
      lumazine protein from Photobacterium leiognathi as fluorescent indicators.
AB  - The experimental and analytical protocols required for obtaining rotational
      correlation times of biological macromolecules from fluorescence anisotropy decay
      measurements are described. As an example, the lumazine protein from
      Photobacterium leiognathi was used. This stable protein (Mr 21 200) contains the
      noncovalently bound, natural fluorescent marker 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine,
      which has in the bound state a long fluorescence lifetime (tau = 14 ns).
      Shortening of the fluorescence lifetime to 2.6 ns at room temperature was
      achieved by addition of the collisional fluorescence quencher potassium iodide.
      The shortening of tau had virtually no effect on the rotational correlation time
      of the lumazine protein (phi = 9.4 ns, 19 degrees C). The ability to measure
      biexponential anisotropy decay was tested by the addition of Photobacterium
      luciferase (Mr 80 000), which forms an equilibrium complex with lumazine protein.
      Under the experimental conditions used (2 degrees C) the biexponential anisotropy
      decay can best be described with correlation times of 20 and 60 ns, representing
      the uncomplexed and luciferase-associated lumazine proteins, respectively. The
      unbound 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine itself (tau = 9 ns) was used as a model
      compound for determining correlation times in the picosecond time range. In the
      latter case rigorous deconvolution from the excitation profile was required to
      recover the correlation time, which was shorter (100-200 ps) than the measured
      laser excitation pulse width (500 ps).

PMID- 3986189
TI  - The histidine-rich glycoprotein of serum has a domain rich in histidine, proline,
      and glycine that binds heme and metals.
AB  - Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) from rabbit serum was digested with plasmin,
      reduced, and carboxymethylated, and the fragments produced were resolved by
      reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Several peptide fractions
      were obtained that contain unusually high contents of histidine, proline, and
      glycine. One His-Pro-Gly-rich peptide (apparent Mr 30 000) was obtained in
      sufficient yield and purity for further study. This peptide is 29 mol %
      histidine, 37% proline, and 16% glycine, indicating that most of these three
      amino acids are located in one region of HRG. The peptide contains 9% by weight
      carbohydrate and is devoid of tyrosine or tryptophan. The far-ultraviolet
      circular dichroism spectrum of the peptide has a minimum at 203 nm, indicating
      that the peptide contains polyproline II helical sections. The peptide represents
      a binding domain of HRG since it retains much of the ability of intact HRG to
      bind heme and metals including Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+. As with the parent HRG
      molecule, interaction of the peptide with heme and metals is dependent on pH and
      intact histidine residues.

PMID- 3986190
TI  - Theory for the folding and stability of globular proteins.
AB  - Using lattice statistical mechanics, we develop theory to account for the folding
      of a heteropolymer molecule such as a protein to the globular and soluble state.
      Folding is assumed to be driven by the association of solvophobic monomers to
      avoid solvent and opposed by the chain configurational entropy. Theory predicts a
      phase transition as a function of temperature or solvent character. Molecules
      that are too short or too long or that have too few solvophobic residues are
      predicted not to fold. Globular molecules should have a largely solvophobic core,
      but there is an entropic tendency for some residues to be "out of place",
      particularly in small molecules. For long chains, molecules comprised of globular
      domains are predicted to be thermodynamically more stable than spherical
      molecules. The number of accessible conformations in the globular state is
      calculated to be an exceedingly small fraction of the number available to the
      random coil. Previous estimates of this number, which have motivated kinetic
      theories of folding, err by many tens of orders of magnitude.

PMID- 3986191
TI  - Denaturation behavior of antithrombin in guanidinium chloride. Irreversibility of
      unfolding caused by aggregation.
AB  - The structural stability of the protease inhibitor antithrombin from bovine
      plasma was examined as a function of the concentration of guanidinium chloride
      (GdmCl). A biphasic unfolding curve at pH 7.4, with midpoints for the two phases
      at 0.8 and 2.8 M GdmCl, was measured by far-ultraviolet circular dichroism.
      Spectroscopic and hydrodynamic analyses suggest that the intermediate state which
      exists at 1.5 M GdmCl involves a partial unfolding of the antithrombin molecule
      that exposes regions of the polypeptide chain through which slow, intermolecular
      association subsequently takes place. The partially unfolded molecule can be
      reversed to its fully functional state only before the aggregation occurs. Upon
      return of the aggregated state to dilute buffer, the partially unfolded
      antithrombin remains aggregated and does not regain the spectroscopic properties,
      thrombin-inhibitory activity, or heparin affinity of the native inhibitor. This
      behavior indicates that the loss of the functional properties of the proteins is
      caused by the macromolecular association. Comparative experiments gave similar
      results for the human inhibitor. Analyses of bovine antithrombin in 6 M GdmCl
      indicated that the second transition reflects the total unfolding of the protein
      to a disulfide-cross-linked random coil. This transition is spectroscopically
      reversible; however, on further reversal to dilute buffer, the molecules
      apparently are trapped in the partially unfolded, aggregated, intermediate state.
      The results are consistent with the existence of two separate domains in
      antithrombin which unfold at different concentrations of GdmCl but do not support
      the contention that the thrombin-binding and heparin-binding regions of the
      protein are located in different domains [Villanueva, G. B., & Allen, N. (1983)
      J. Biol. Chem. 258, 14048-14053].

PMID- 3986192
TI  - Formation of a 55 000-weight cross-linked beta crystallin dimer in the Ca2+
      treated lens. A model for cataract.
AB  - Incubation of lens in Ca2+-containing media, considered by several investigators
      to be a useful model of cataract formation, gave rise to significant alterations
      in the covalent structures of various proteins. In rabbit lens, when sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used after reduction of
      disulfides in urea, the most readily observable changes were (i) disappearance of
      210K, 95K, and 60K proteins, (ii) modifications of alpha crystallin subunits,
      (iii) alterations of beta H crystallins, and (iv) de novo production of 55K and
      higher molecular weight polymers. The addition of leupeptin inhibited the
      disappearances of 210K, 95K, and 60K proteins and the alteration of alpha
      crystallins, suggesting that all these were caused by a Ca2+-activated protease.
      The proteolytically sensitive 60K species was identified as vimentin, a component
      of intermediate filaments. Formation of the 55K material and of higher molecular
      weight polymers during Ca2+ treatment of the lens could be prevented by
      histamine, a compound known to inhibit the transglutaminase-mediated cross
      linking of proteins by epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine peptide bonds in other
      biological systems. It could also be shown by immunoblotting that an antibody
      raised against the 55K material reacted selectively with beta crystallins of
      normal lens. This indicates that the 55K product is in all likelihood an
      essential intermediate toward higher polymers and that the 55K product is a cross
      linked dimer of certain polypeptides of beta crystallin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986193
TI  - kappa-Bungarotoxin: complete amino acid sequence of a neuronal nicotinic receptor
      probe.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of kappa-bungarotoxin, a neurotoxin isolated
      from the venom of the banded krait Bungarus multicinctus, has been determined by
      automated Edman analyses of the intact protein and peptides derived from digests
      with trypsin and chymotrypsin. kappa-Bungarotoxin consists of a single
      polypeptide chain of 66 amino acids with a molecular weight of 7313. It contains
      10 cysteinyl residues, presumably arranged in 5 disulfide bonds, and is
      completely devoid of methionine and tryptophan. The amino acid sequence of kappa
      bungarotoxin shows greatest homology to the curaremimetic postsynaptic long
      neurotoxins of which alpha-bungarotoxin is also a member. However, there are some
      striking differences between kappa-bungarotoxin and other members of this group
      which may explain its unusual ability to block neuronal acetylcholine receptors.

PMID- 3986195
TI  - The kinetics of quinone pools in electron transport.

PMID- 3986194
TI  - Molecular weights of apoprotein B obtained from human low-density lipoprotein
      (apoprotein B-PI) and from rat very low density lipoprotein (apoprotein B-PIII).
AB  - Human low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were isolated from single donors by
      differential centrifugation between densities of 1.020 and 1.050 g/mL. The LDL
      were reduced and alkylated in 7 M guanidine hydrochloride, and the lipid was
      removed by multiple extractions in the cold with a mixture of diethyl ether and
      ethanol. Sedimentation studies on the resultant human apoprotein B (apoprotein B
      PI) at low concentrations in 6.00 M guanidine hydrochloride showed a single sharp
      boundary with a sedimentation coefficient of 2.15 +/- 0.04 S at 25 degrees C,
      uncorrected for viscosity or density. Diffusion experiments performed in the same
      solvent at low speeds in the analytical ultracentrifuge gave a D25 = 0.694 +/-
      0.043 Fick. Combining these values with an apparent specific volume of 0.703 mL/g
      yielded a molecular weight of 387 000, indistinguishable from that obtained by
      sedimentation equilibrium analysis in 7 M guanidine hydrochloride. Similar values
      were also obtained by calibrated sedimentation analysis, by Sepharose 2B
      chromatography in guanidine hydrochloride, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rat very low density lipoproteins (VLDL),
      isolated from sera of Triton WR1339 treated animals, were used as the source of
      rat apoprotein B-PIII. The delipidated VLDL were solubilized in sodium dodecyl
      sulfate, and apoprotein B-PIII was isolated by Sepharose 4B chromatography. With
      appropriate corrections for density and viscosity, the behavior of rat apoprotein
      B-PIII was identical, upon analytical ultracentrifugation, in 6 and 7.7 M
      guanidine hydrochloride, corresponding to sedimentation and diffusion
      coefficients of 1.47 S and 0.92 Fick, respectively, in 6 M guanidine
      hydrochloride. These data may be combined to yield a molecular weight of 210 000.
      Similar values were obtained by calibrated sedimentation analysis, by Sepharose
      2B chromatography in guanidine hydrochloride, and by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate.

PMID- 3986196
TI  - Effect of bacterial endotoxin on the transmembrane electrical potential and
      plasma membrane fluidity of human monocytes.
AB  - In order to gain insight into the physical interaction between bacterial
      endotoxins and the surface of human monocytes, we investigated the effects of
      Salmonella typhi endotoxin and lipid A on two functional properties of the plasma
      membrane of these cells: (1) the transmembrane electrical potential and (2) the
      fluidity of the lipid bilayer. Using the fluorescent lipophilic cationic probe
      3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine (di-S-C3(5] to monitor the transmembrane
      electrical potential, we found that neither endotoxin nor lipid A induced
      depolarization of the monocyte's plasma membrane or impeded its ability to
      undergo depolarization in response to phorbol myristate acetate. When the resting
      transmembrane potential of the monocyte was analyzed by exposing di-S-C3(5)
      labeled cells suspended in media containing incremental concentrations of
      potassium ion (K+) to valinomycin, no difference between the response of control
      cells and cells pretreated with endotoxin was noted. We next examined the effect
      of endotoxin and lipid A on the fluidity of the monocyte's plasma membrane by
      monitoring the intensity of the fluorescence of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. By
      quantifying the intensity of parallel and perpendicular polarized light emitted
      by this membrane-embedded probe between 8 and 56 degrees C, measurements of
      molecular anisotropy were used to identify temperature-dependent phase
      transitions within the hydrocarbon region of the plasma membrane and to estimate
      the relative microviscosity of the lipid bilayer before and after exposing the
      cells to endotoxin or lipid A. Although the temperature at which phase
      transitions occurred was the same in all experimental groups of cells,
      preincubation of monocytes with either endotoxin or lipid A appeared to increase
      both the apparent microviscosity of the cell membrane and the order of the lipid
      bilayer as reflected by a decrease in its flow-activation energy. Our data
      indicate that when endotoxin molecules contact the surface of the monocyte, the
      lipid A moiety appears to become incorporated into the plasma membrane,
      increasing the microviscosity of the lipid bilayer without significantly altering
      its ionic permeability. We therefore conclude that the metabolic activation of
      monocytes by endotoxin is not coupled to, or initiated by, membrane
      depolarization.

PMID- 3986197
TI  - High-affinity, sodium-gradient-dependent transport of choline into vesiculated
      presynaptic plasma membrane fragments from the electric organ of Torpedo
      marmorata and reconstitution of the solubilized transporter into liposomes.
AB  - Vesiculated fragments of presynaptic plasma membranes have been isolated from the
      purely cholinergic electromotor nerve terminals of Torpedo marmorata.
      Synaptosomes, generated from the terminals by homogenization, were separated on a
      discontinuous Ficoll gradient and then lysed by osmotic shock at 2 degrees C, pH
      8.5 in the presence of 0.1 mM MgCl2. These conditions for lysis were optimal for
      choline transport. Electron micrographs of lysed synaptosomes showed vesiculated
      membranes with diameters smaller than those of synaptosomes; occasionally,
      synaptic vesicles were observed attached to them. Intact mitochondria or
      synaptosomes and basal laminae were not present. High-affinity (KT = 1.7 microM)
      uptake of choline into these vesiculated membrane fragments showed: an absolute
      dependence on the Na+ gradient (outside greater than inside), a transient Na+
      gradient-dependent accumulation of choline over the equilibrium concentration
      (over-shoot), electrogenicity and rheogenicity, since the uptake was further
      stimulated in the presence of a Na+ gradient by valinomycin, dependence on the
      presence of external Cl-, and partial dependence on a Cl- gradient (outside
      greater than inside), high-affinity (Ki = 25 nM) inhibition by hemicholinium-3
      and temperature sensitivity. The plasma membranes were further purified by
      centrifugal density gradient fractionation on a 4-12% Ficoll gradient. Several
      enzymes and polypeptides copurified with the specific binding sites for choline
      present in the membranes. The fraction with the most binding sites was one denser
      than 12% Ficoll. This was also the fraction richest in acetylcholinesterase, 5'
      nucleotidase and polypeptides of relative molecular mass, Mr (X 10(-3)) of
      greater than 200, 140, 68 (doublet), 57, 54 and 28. Acetylcholinesterase was
      positively identified as a Mr 68 000 component by immune blot. By contrast the
      ouabain-sensitive ATPase showed a negative correlation with choline binding
      sites. When the solubilized proteins of the vesiculated membranes were
      transferred to liposomes, they conferred on the latter the capacity to take up
      choline in a manner closely resembling its transport in natural membranes but
      with an initial (one minute) rate of uptake approximately 10-times greater per mg
      of protein. Several proteins were selectively transferred to the liposomes
      including ones of Mr (X 10(-3)) 34, 42, 47, 54, 60, 68, 92, 160 and greater than
      200. The polypeptides of Mr (X 10(-3)) 140, 57 and 28 were lost in the
      transfer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3986198
TI  - Kinetic studies of human erythrocyte membrane resealing.
AB  - Following lysis in hypotonic media, human erythrocyte membranes will
      spontaneously reseal and regain their original low permeability for polar
      solutes. It is generally accepted that resealing will only occur when the
      membranes are heated above a critical temperature, and that the membrane lesions
      are stable under cold conditions. Contrary to these prevailing notions, a
      detailed investigation of the temperature dependence of resealing kinetics over
      the temperature range 0-22 degrees C revealed that resealing occurs at measurable
      rates at temperatures as low as 0 degree C, even in buffers of low ionic
      strength. At all temperatures studied, initial resealing rates were approximately
      first-order, and Arrhenius plots of these rates revealed a sharp, singular
      discontinuity at approx. 7 degrees C.

PMID- 3986199
TI  - Reciprocal effects of phenothiazines and naphthalene sulfonamides on the external
      ATP-dependent permeability change in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - External ATP causes a great increase in passive permeability to phosphorylated
      metabolites in several transformed cells, but not in untransformed cells. We have
      previously demonstrated that the external ATP-dependent permeability change was
      induced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, CHO-K1, only in the presence of a
      mitochondrial inhibitor (rotenone, KCN) or a cytoskeleton-attacking agent,
      vinblastine (Kitagawa, T. and Akamatsu, Y. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 649, 76-82
      (1981); 734, 25-32 (1983]. A similar ATP-dependent permeability change was also
      induced in CHO cells when the cells were treated with 10-30 microM
      trifluoperazine. This permeability change, like the previously mentioned ones,
      was found to be reversible and the treated cells remained viable. The
      permeability change induced by ATP and trifluoperazine was independent of changes
      in cellular ATP concentration and this property was the same as that of the
      permeability change with external ATP and vinblastine. Since trifluoperazine is
      known to interact with calmodulin and to inhibit calmodulin-dependent cellular
      functions, these results may indicate that calmodulin associated with the
      cytoskeleton plays an important role in control of the permeability change,
      although nonspecific perturbation by the drug of the membranes cannot be ruled
      out. Chlorpromazine and a naphthalene sulfonamide, W-7, also induced an ATP
      dependent permeability change. However, these drugs, like mitochondrial
      inhibitors, reduced the cellular ATP concentration to induce the permeability
      change. Thus, a clear difference in the action of these drugs in intact cells was
      also shown in this study. Possible mechanisms for the ATP-dependent permeability
      change in mammalian cells are discussed.

PMID- 3986200
TI  - Lanosterol and cholesterol have different effects on phospholipid acyl chain
      ordering.
AB  - 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR) spectra of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
      labelled at positions 9 and 10 in the acyl chains of the phospholipid were
      obtained in the presence of cholesterol and lanosterol. The spectra show in all
      cases three quadrupole splittings. One is due to the deuterium on position 10 of
      the sn-1 chain and another to the deuterium on position 10 of the sn-2 chain. The
      third deuterium quadrupole splitting arises from the deuterium at position 9 of
      both chains. Cholesterol, at increasing concentration, produces an increase in
      the quadrupole splitting from position 9, corresponding to an increase in order
      of that C-D bond segment arising from the inclusion of cholesterol in the
      membrane. Little effect is noted on the quadrupole splittings arising from
      position 10 of either chain. Lanosterol appears to have no effect on the
      quadrupole splittings from position 9. Lanosterol, likewise, has no effects on
      the quadrupole splittings from position 10 of both chains. These data therefore
      suggest little disorganization of the membrane structure due to the 14-methyl
      group. However, the 14-methyl group prevents lanosterol from causing the increase
      in motional order of the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains characteristic of
      cholesterol.

PMID- 3986201
TI  - Glucose transport across the basal plasma membrane of human placental
      syncytiotrophoblast.
AB  - Transfer of glucose from maternal to fetal circulations requires transport across
      both the microvillous (maternal-facing) and basal (fetal-facing) plasma membranes
      of the placental syncytium. We have previously reported transport properties of
      the microvillous membrane and we now report those of the basal membrane. Basal
      plasma membrane vesicles were prepared by selective sonication and density
      gradient centrifugation. Glucose or glucose analogues were rapidly transported
      across these membranes by facilitated diffusion. Transport was inhibited by
      cytochalasin B, phloretin and phloridzin. L-Glucose at 1 mM was transferred at
      only 1/700 of the rate of D-glucose, which indicated an insignificant nonspecific
      diffusion component. Transport was independent of sodium gradients, and kinetic
      studies under equilibrium-exchange conditions demonstrated a Km of 23 mM.
      Competition studies demonstrated that aldohexoses in the C-1 chair conformation
      were the preferred substrates. Placental steroids estriol and progesterone
      inhibited transport. In contrast to other polarized epithelia, the basal and
      microvillous membranes of the human placental syncytium possess transport systems
      with similar properties. Thus, the directionality and rate of transfer of glucose
      across the intact syncytium are likely to be direct functions of the materno
      fetal concentration gradient and the total transport capacities of the two plasma
      membranes.

PMID- 3986202
TI  - A rapid and efficient procedure for the purification of mitochondrial beta
      hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
AB  - A new, rapid and efficient procedure for the purification of the mitochondrial
      enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.30) to homogeneity is
      described. It involves the following steps. The mitochondria are solubilized with
      potassium cholate and the 100 000 X g supernate is fractionated with ammonium
      sulfate. This is followed by precipitation of the enzyme at pH 5.2 and then
      selective solubilization at pH 8.8. This key step removes eighty percent of the
      contaminating proteins and allows subsequent DEAE-Sepharose and glass bead column
      chromatography to be performed in the absence of detergents. The overall yield is
      consistently around 35% and the purified protein is homogeneous on polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme is absolutely dependent upon
      phosphatidylcholine for activity.

PMID- 3986203
TI  - Synthesis of phospholipids containing photoactivatable carbene precursors in the
      headgroups and their crosslinking with membrane proteins.
AB  - Many integral membrane enzymes require for their activity interactions with the
      polar headgroups of phospholipids, in addition to the hydrophobic interactions
      within the lipid bilayer. The interactions with the polar headgroups may have
      preferential or absolute specificity. To study such interactions, phospholipids
      have been synthesized which carry photoactivable moieties in their headgroups.
      Three types of phospholipids, PL-I, PL-II and PL-III, were synthesized. The
      synthetic phospholipids, PL-I and PL-II were able to reconstitute enzymatic
      activity of the membrane proteins which were studied. Covalent crosslinking
      between these phospholipids and the membrane proteins was demonstrated after
      photolysis of the reconstituted phospholipid-protein complexes.

PMID- 3986205
TI  - Effects of fasting compared to low phosphorus diet on the kinetics of phosphate
      transport by renal brush-border membranes.
AB  - Changes in the kinetics of sodium gradient-dependent brush border Pi transport in
      response to dietary phosphorus deprivation were analysed using initial rate
      conditions. In rats adapted to low phosphorus diet the apparent Vmax, determined
      from a double-reciprocal plot, was increased 2-fold but the apparent Km was not
      different compared to control rats fed normal phosphorus diet. In contrast when
      renal adaptation to low phosphorus diet was reversed by fasting the apparent Vmax
      was not significantly different but the apparent Km was increased 5-fold. The
      results suggest that regulation of renal Pi transport in vivo may occur not only
      through changes in the apparent Vmax of the brush border Pi transport system but
      also, in certain circumstances, through changes in the apparent Km.

PMID- 3986204
TI  - Alcohol effects on rapid kinetics of water transport through lipid membranes and
      location of the main barrier.
AB  - The effect of 1-alkanols (from 1-butanol up to 1-dodecanol) on the water
      permeability of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes was studied by
      measuring the osmotic swelling rate as functions of 1-alkanol concentrations and
      temperatures above the gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition. For 1-butanol
      and 1-hexanol, the activation energy for water permeation was invariant with the
      addition of alkanols, whereas for 1-octanol, 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol, the
      activation energy decreased depending on the alkanol concentration, and the
      extent of the decrease was larger for alkanol with a longer hydrocarbon chain.
      These results suggests that hydrocarbon moiety beyond seven or eight carbon atoms
      from the head group in phospholipid molecules constitutes the main barrier for
      water permeation through the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle membrane. The
      relative volume change of the vesicle due to osmotic swelling increased with the
      addition of 1-alkanols. Presumably, the membrane structural strength is weakened
      by the presence of 1-alkanols in the membrane. Contrary to the dependence of the
      swelling rate upon the alkanol carbon-chain length, no significant difference in
      the effect on the relative volume changes was seen among the 1-alkanols. This
      result suggests that weakening of the membrane structure is caused by
      perturbation of the membrane/water interface induced by incorporation of 1
      alkanols into the membrane.

PMID- 3986206
TI  - Terbium(3+) as a probe of nucleic acids structure. Does it alter the DNA
      conformation in solution?
AB  - At low ionic strength, Tb3+ binding strongly alters the secondary structure of
      DNA. Circular dichroism and electro-optical techniques are more sensitive than
      fluorescence to study these alterations in double-stranded DNA, at low Tb3+/DNA
      phosphate (I/P) ratios. Both techniques yield the following conclusion: as I/P is
      increased, native and sonicated DNA undergo a transition from the B- to psi-form,
      the latter being a compact structure characteristic of aggregated DNA. Our study
      of alkylated DNA establishes that the accessibility of N-7 guanine to Tb3+ is
      clearly required for structural alterations in an aggregated state to occur. The
      chelation of the phosphate group and of the N-7 guanine by Tb3+ simultaneously
      alters the geometry of the sugar-phosphate backbone and the stacking interaction
      between the bases in double-stranded DNA.

PMID- 3986208
TI  - DNA damage repair in quiescent murine mammary carcinoma cells in culture.
AB  - Murine mammary carcinoma cells (line 67) were grown in unfed cultures for up to 9
      days. In cultures (day 2-3) in which cells were proliferatively active and in day
      3-5 (transition) cells, a large fraction of nuclear DNA was retained on
      polycarbonate filters when assayed by the alkaline filter elution technique. In
      contrast, the fraction of DNA retained on filters was significantly reduced for
      nonproliferating (Q, quiescent) cells from unfed 7-9 day cultures. The increase
      in endogenous DNA breaks followed both the decrease in proliferative state and
      clonogenicity in these cells. When day 7 Q cells were refed these endogenous DNA
      breaks were removed with a half-time of about 2.5 h. When the cells were exposed
      to X-irradiation and the integrity of their nuclear DNA measured by the alkaline
      filter elution assay, as much as a 2-fold greater frequency of radiation-induced
      DNA breaks was produced in Q versus P cells. DNA breaks were also removed from
      irradiated Q cells at a rate which was 0.23 that observed in P cells. We suggest
      that the depressed capacity for DNA damage removal in Q cells is responsible for
      their greater radiosensitivity, and the impaired DNA damage repair is probably
      due to a reduced level of energy sources in these unfed Q cell cultures.

PMID- 3986207
TI  - DNA methylation is not increased in mouse-human somatic cell hybrids.
AB  - The level of DNA methylation in three mouse-human cell lines that retained
      different human chromosomes and in the parental mouse and human lines has been
      determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The level of
      methylation is similar in the hybrid and parental cells, indicating that
      interspecific somatic cell hybridization followed by preferential chromosome
      segregation can occur without an increase in overall DNA methylation.

PMID- 3986209
TI  - Observation of the FeIV=O stretching vibration of ferryl myoglobin by resonance
      Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - We have directly observed the oxyferryl group of ferryl myoglobin by resonance
      Raman spectroscopy. The FeIV = O stretching vibration is observed at 797 cm-1 and
      confirmed by an 18O-induced isotopic shift to 771 cm-1. The porphyrin center-to
      nitrogen distance of ferryl myoglobin is significantly less than that previously
      observed for horseradish peroxidase compound II, which also contains an FeIV = O
      heme. The FeIII-CN- stretch of myoglobin (FeIII) cyanide is observed at 454 cm-1,
      which shifts to 449 cm-1 upon substitution with [13C]cyanide.

PMID- 3986210
TI  - Purification of liver glutamate dehydrogenase by affinity precipitation and
      studies on its denaturation.
AB  - In the presence of glutaric acid, N2,N2'-adipodihydrazido-bis(N6-carbonylmethyl
      NAD+)(bis-NAD+ ) forms cross-links between molecules of glutamate dehydrogenase,
      resulting in precipitation. The dependence of this process on bis-NAD+ and enzyme
      concentration has been investigated. This procedure has been shown to be
      effective in the purification of glutamate dehydrogenase from rat and ox liver,
      and a procedure is presented in which this affinity precipitation procedure is
      used instead of the affinity chromatography used in an earlier method (McCarthy,
      A.D., Walker, J.M. and Tipton, K.F. (1980) Biochem. J. 191, 605-611). The ox
      liver enzyme prepared in this way had not suffered the limited proteolysis that
      occurs during the preparation of the enzyme by other commonly used procedures.
      After the purified enzyme had been denatured by treatment with urea, guanidine
      hydrochloride, or low pH, no recovery of activity could be demonstrated following
      dilution or, in the last case, dialysis.

PMID- 3986212
TI  - Ammodytoxin A, a highly lethal phospholipase A2 from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes
      venom.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of ammodytoxin A, the most toxic presynaptically active
      phospholipase A2 isolated from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom, was determined.
      The primary structure was deduced from peptides obtained by Staphylococcus aureus
      proteinase and trypsin digestion of reduced and carboxymethylated protein and
      from the automated Edman degradation of the N-terminal part of the non-reduced
      molecule. According to the sequence, the enzyme classifies to the subgroup IIA of
      the phospholipase A2 family of enzymes. The location of basic residues believed
      to be responsible for the toxic activity of presynaptically active phospholipases
      differs substantially from those in the highly toxic enzymes of other subgroups.
      Comparison of the sequence with sequences of other snake venom enzymes indicates
      that the toxic site(s) may not be the same in all subgroups of presynaptically
      active phospholipases.

PMID- 3986211
TI  - Subunit dissociation of Busycon canaliculatum hemocyanin.
AB  - The hemocyanin of the channeled whelk, Busycon canaliculatum, is a multisubunit
      protein with a molecular weight close to 9 X 10(6). The increase in pH above
      neutrality and the addition of 0-5 M urea and 0-2 M GdnHCl is found to dissociate
      the whole molecules to half-molecules and smaller dimeric and monomeric fragments
      of one-tenth and one-twentieth mass of the parent hemocyanin. The molecular
      weight transitions investigated at constant protein concentration of 5 X 10(-2) g
      X l-1 show no clearly discernible plateau regions, where essentially only half
      molecules and one-tenth molecules are present. The ultracentrifugation patterns
      in much of the dissociation region produced by urea at pH 6.9 suggests the
      presence of three distinct components consisting of whole molecules, half
      molecules and largely one-tenth molecular weight fragments. At pH 8.2 and higher,
      where whole molecules are largely absent, the effects of urea on the dissociation
      of half-molecules to tenths and tenth-molecules to twentieth molecule was
      investigated by means of light scattering. Analysis of the urea data based on a
      decamer to dimer and dimer to monomer scheme of dissociation used in our earlier
      studies gave apparent estimates of about 90 amino acid groups at the contact
      areas of the dimers in the half-molecules and 110 groups at the monomer contacts
      forming the dimers. The latter relatively large estimate of groups suggests that
      the dissociation of the tenth molecules or dimers must occur by longitudinal
      splitting of the contact areas along both the folded domains and the connecting
      chain segments of the twentieth molecules. Circular dichroism, absorbance and
      viscosity data suggest that the secondary structure and conformation of the
      folded domains of the hemocyanin subunits are largely retained at both high pH
      and in 3-8 M urea solutions. The molecular weights at pH 9.0-10.6 and in 3-8 M
      urea are found to be (4.2-4.7) X 10(5), close to one-twentieth of the mass of the
      parent hemocyanin. Denaturation and unfolding of the subunit domains is observed
      between 3 and 6 M GdnHCl solutions, as evidenced by the abolition of the
      characteristic copper absorbance in the neighborhood of 346 nm and the relatively
      pronounced changes in circular dichroism at 222 nm and intrinsic viscosity. The
      further decrease in molecular weights to about (2.6-3.2) X 10(5), below one
      twentieth of the mass of hemocyanin suggests the presence of hidden breaks or
      scissions in the polypeptide chains suffered during isolation, which become
      exposed as a result of complete unfolding in GdnHCl solutions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3986213
TI  - A statistical technique for predicting membrane protein structure.
AB  - A statistical technique has been developed for predicting the transmembrane
      segments of membrane proteins from their amino acid sequences. A protein's amino
      acid sequence is represented by a sequence of membrane propensity values derived
      from the frequency of occurrence of the amino acids in a number of putative
      transmembrane segments. A running average over this numeric sequence yields a
      membrane propensity profile from which transmembrane segments may be chosen. When
      this method is applied to a pool of ten putative membrane proteins, the predicted
      intra- and extramembrane regions agree 93.6% on a residue-by-residue basis with
      previously suggested structures. Predictions of transmembrane segments in
      cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II and III and cytochrome b from several species
      are given, and structural homology between species is examined using membrane
      propensity profiles. Conclusions are then made about the functionality of several
      regions in these proteins.

PMID- 3986214
TI  - Changes in the state of subunit association of lactate dehydrogenase from
      Bacillus stearothermophilus.
AB  - Time-resolved measurements of the fluorescence anisotropy of an extrinsic dye
      group attached to lactate dehydrogenase from B. stearothermophilus revealed that
      the rotational correlation time of the enzyme at low concentrations is 55 ns,
      while at high enzyme concentrations or in the presence of fructose 1,6
      bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2) the correlation time increases to 95 ns. These
      correlation times are consistent with a change in Mr from 85 000 +/- 12 000
      (dimer) to 150 000 +/- 22 000 (tetramer) and show that the tetrameric state can
      be induced either by raising the protein concentration or by the addition of the
      ligand. We have confirmed this change in molecular weight by gel-filtration
      experiments. In the ligand-induced tetramer, two Fru-1,6-P2 molecules are bound.

PMID- 3986215
TI  - Pressure-induced dissociation of aggregates of myelin proteolipid protein.
AB  - Sedimentation velocity and equilibrium experiments have revealed an extremely
      pressure-sensitive aggregation of myelin proteolipid protein in the presence of
      Triton X-100, dissociation of the protein aggregate being observed at pressures
      that are several orders of magnitude lower than those effecting disaggregation of
      many other proteins. These results highlight the need to employ a range of
      angular velocities in sedimentation studies of intrinsic membrane protein.

PMID- 3986216
TI  - The effect of glyoxalase I on the metabolism of 4,5-dioxovaleric acid.
AB  - Biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid in mammalian cells is catalyzed by
      aminolevulinic acid synthase in a condensation reaction utilizing glycine and
      succinyl X coenzyme A. An alternate pathway in mammalian cells may involve the
      biosynthesis of aminolevulinic acid via a transamination reaction in which L
      alanine is the amino donor and 4,5-dioxovaleric acid is the acceptor. This
      transamination reaction, or one very similar, is employed by plants for the
      biosynthesis of aminolevulinic acid which is ultimately converted to chlorophyll.
      The effect of glyoxalase I on the diversion of dioxovaleric acid to other
      products was tested using both purified glyoxalase I and crude tissue
      homogenates. Glyoxalase I is a metalloenzyme and glutathione is a co-substrate.
      Purified glyoxalase I reduced the amount of aminolevulinic acid formed in the
      presence of dioxovaleric acid, L-alanine, glutathione, and purified L-alanine:
      4,5-dioxovaleric acid aminotransferase (dioxovalerate transaminase). The
      conversion of dioxovaleric acid to aminolevulinic acid was inhibited by the
      addition of glutathione when a dialyzed bovine liver homogenate served as the
      source of both glyoxalase I and dioxovalerate transaminase. Removal of metals
      from bovine liver homogenates produced an 85% decrease in glyoxalase I activity.
      These 'metal-free' homogenates still affected the conversion of dioxovaleric acid
      to aminolevulinic acid after preincubation with MgSO4. The effect of glyoxalase I
      on the metabolism of dioxovaleric acid was also studied using a fluorometric
      enzyme assay for the quantification of dioxovaleric acid via a coupled enzyme
      reaction converting it to uroporphyrin. Homogenates of both liver and barley
      diminished the amount of dioxovaleric acid detected by the coupled assay, but
      this effect could be prevented by dialysis of the homogenates. Addition of
      glutathione to dialyzed homogenates markedly reduced the amount of uroporphyrin
      generated from dioxovaleric acid. Metal-free homogenates supplemented with
      glutathione reduced the conversion of dioxovaleric acid to uroporphyrin in the
      coupled assay, but preincubation with MgSO4 greatly augmented this effect. These
      studies point out the difficulty in evaluating dioxovaleric acid as a heme
      precursor using whole cell homogenates.

PMID- 3986217
TI  - Calcium binding to cardiac myocytes protected from proteolytic enzyme activity.
AB  - Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle is dependent on extracellular
      calcium and calcium bound to the surface of the myocardial cell. In this study,
      we examined the physical characteristics of calcium binding to adult guinea pig
      ventricular myocytes disaggregated mechanically in oxygenated tissue culture
      medium containing a proteinase inhibitor (aprotinin), and separated from cellular
      debris by Cytodex beads. Cells prepared in this manner excluded Trypan blue and
      showed no evidence of spontaneous contraction or contracture. Scatchard plots of
      calcium binding determined by continuous flow equilibrium dialysis revealed a
      high-affinity, low-capacity pool, Ka = 65 X 10(3) M-1 and Bt = 1.3 nmol X mg-1
      and a low-affinity, high-capacity pool, Ka = 141 M-1 and Bt = 138 nmol X mg-1.
      The low-affinity pool was not detectable after lanthanum, trypsin or collagenase
      treatment or in cells prepared without aprotinin in the isolation medium. Both
      neuraminidase and phospholipase C reduced Bt of the low-affinity pool by one
      half, but only neuraminidase affected the affinity constant of this pool. Ka was
      increased to 516.7 M-1, similar to the apparent affinity constant for calcium
      binding estimated from dP/dtmax measured at several extracellular calcium
      concentrations (470 M-1). The results suggest that calcium bound to sarcolemmal
      phospholipids represents the superficial calcium involved in excitation
      contraction coupling in the heart.

PMID- 3986218
TI  - Osmotic fragility of chromaffin granules prepared under isoosmotic or
      hyperosmotic conditions and localization of acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - In chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, catecholamines are stored in
      secretory granules. Different methods have been described to purify chromaffin
      granules. In the present study, storage granules were prepared using isoosmotic
      self-generating Percoll gradients or hyperosmotic sucrose gradients, and a
      comparison of their physical properties in response to osmotic changes was made.
      Catecholamines, dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity and protein were detected both
      in the external medium and in the granule fraction according to the medium
      osmolality. Suspension turbidity was used as a measure of organelle integrity.
      Acetylcholinesterase activity was found to be associated with both isoosmotically
      and hyperosomotically prepared granules. The total acetylcholinesterase activity
      was determined after adding Triton X-100 to the assay medium. When adrenal
      medullary tissue was homogenized in buffers containing echothiopate, an inhibitor
      of acetylcholinesterase, only 15-20% of enzyme activity was inhibited, excluding
      the possibility that main granule acetylcholinesterase could be due to
      contamination by plasma membrane fragments, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
      membranes. When granules were suspended in hypoosmotic buffers, a soluble
      acetylcholinesterase form was released into the external medium, while an
      insoluble acetylcholinesterase form was still found associated with the membrane
      fraction. Soluble acetylcholinesterase was found to be released differently than
      soluble dopamine beta-hydroxylase, indicating that acetylcholinesterase may be
      associated with a more osmotically resistant granule population.

PMID- 3986220
TI  - Characterization of nontransformed and transformed androgen receptor from rat
      submandibular gland.
AB  - Rat submandibular gland cytosol contained androgen receptor which had a single
      class of specific binding and an apparent dissociation constant of (1.1-1.2) X
      10(-9) M. The process of transformation was investigated by a slightly modified
      minicolumn method in which the transformed receptor complexes were separated from
      the nontransformed receptor and meroreceptor. 10 mM ATP or pyrophosphate at 0
      degrees C induced transformation of androgen receptor as did heat or salt
      treatment. 20 mM of sodium molybdate completely inhibited transformation that
      resulted from ATP, heat or salt treatment. The nontransformed androgen receptor
      complexes sedimented at 8 S and eluted at 250-260 mM KCl from DEAE-Sephacel, and
      its molecular weight was found to be 220 000 on Sephacryl S300 gel
      chromatography. On the other hand, the transformed androgen receptor complexes
      sedimented at 4.1-4.3 S (ATP or KCl treatment) or 3.5-3.8 S (heat treatment) and
      eluted at 60-80 mM KCl from DEAE-Sephacel. The molecular weight of the
      transformed androgen receptor complexes was 80 000-85 000 (ATP or KCl treatment)
      or 70 000-80 000 (heat treatment). These results suggest that the transformation
      of androgen-receptor complexes from rat submandibular gland was induced by the
      subunit dissociation and that salt bridges may be involved in the subunit
      interaction.

PMID- 3986221
TI  - Enhancement of the autocatalytic activation of trypsinogen to trypsin by bile and
      bile acids.
AB  - The activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the small intestine can occur by the
      action of enterokinase or, alternatively, as an autocatalytic process catalysed
      by trypsin itself. We have found that bile salts and human bile cause a
      significant enhancement of the autocatalytic activation of trypsinogen. This
      effect is dependent on the calcium ion concentration and is most marked around pH
      5.4 and 7.8. An optimum concentration exists for each bile salt at which the
      greatest enhancement occurs. At this concentration, certain bile salts have been
      shown to produce activation effects of up to 55-fold. It is suggested that this
      activation of the autocatalytic process by bile plays an important role in
      protein digestion in the small intestine, since it has been shown previously that
      duodenal trypsin levels are abnormally low in patients with an impairment of bile
      secretion.

PMID- 3986219
TI  - Salt-induced transformation of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex in the
      presence of molybdate.
AB  - The glucocorticoid hormone-receptor complex has been shown to exist in several
      forms. The transformation status of various forms of the complex isolated from
      rat thymus cytosol in the presence of molybdate was determined. The non
      transformed receptor had a higher affinity for DEAE-cellulose than the
      transformed receptor. The rate at which the non-transformed complex was
      transformed to a smaller form with a low affinity for DEAE-cellulose by exposure
      to salt was greater in the absence of molybdate than in its presence. We conclude
      that salt-induced transformation of the complex is retarded but not prevented by
      molybdate and is associated with subunit dissociation.

PMID- 3986222
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of olfactory reception. VI. Kinetic characteristics of
      camphor interaction with binding sites of rat olfactory epithelium.
AB  - Camphor binding to a possible receptor of rat olfactory epithelium has been
      studied within the ligand concentration range 10(-11)-10(-6) M. At these
      concentrations camphor is bound by a set of receptors. They are distinguished by
      both the affinity to the ligand (K1 = 5 X 10(-10) M, K2 = 3.5 X 10(-8) M, K3
      approximately equal to 10(-6) M) and their amount in the epithelium. The
      differences in the affinities are due to different values of the association rate
      constant of camphor (k1), which varies from 10(6) M-1 X s-1 for the receptors
      with high affinity up to 2 X 10(2) M-1 X s-1 for those with low affinity. These
      data are discussed in terms of equilibrium and kinetic models of the receptor
      stimulus interaction.

PMID- 3986223
TI  - [Differential spectrophotometry of iodinated proteins and amino acids in heavy
      water].
AB  - Differential absorption spectra of alkaline solutions of monoiodotyrosine and
      thyroxine with 90% D2O as perturbant were measured and characterized. The
      obtained spectra are mainly determined by the difference of dielectric constants.

PMID- 3986224
TI  - [Identification of signals in overlapping NMR spectra of proteins by the
      differential spin echo method].
AB  - A novel method for identification of the spin systems of Thr and Ala amino acid
      residues in H--NMR spectra of proteins is proposed.

PMID- 3986225
TI  - [Theory of the toroidal compact form of DNA in a polymer solution].
AB  - A diagram of the states of single long rigid DNA macromolecule in solution of
      short flexible polymer was plotted. It has been shown that the compacting effect
      of the polymer solvent on DNA can be interpreted as hydrostatic pressure of coils
      gas on impermeable "walls" of the DNA globule. Conditions were found for the
      existence of compact (globular) states in the form of a sphere (stable for a very
      long DNA) and tore (for a relatively short one). Possibility of intramolecular
      liquidcrystalline orderliness of DNA segments in a globule was analyzed. Regions
      of realization of both regimes were studied: when compression with an added
      polymer was equalized by the forces of steric repulsion of DNA segments and when
      it was balanced by the elasticity of the DNA chain bendings.

PMID- 3986226
TI  - [Cholesterol ester increases the permeability of erythrocyte membrane].
AB  - The effect of cholesteryl palmitate on erythrocyte membrane permeability for K+
      and hemoglobin was studied. Cholesterol ether was incorporated into the
      erythrocyte membrane by liposomes containing cholesteryl palmitate and lecithin
      or by dispersion of cholesteryl palmitate. It was shown that cholesteryl
      palmitate considerably increases permeability of the erythrocyte membrane for K+
      and hemoglobin. The leakage of K+ and hemoglobin from red blood cells is not
      accompanied by cell destruction.

PMID- 3986227
TI  - [Changes in the permeability of nerve fiber membranes during the initiation of
      lipid peroxidation].
AB  - The role of lipid oxidation in the mechanism of ion transport was investigated.
      During initiation of lipid oxidation by actin "Fe2+--ascorbic acid" in the crab
      nerve 45Ca and 22Na accumulation and level of lipid oxidation were increased, but
      electric stimulation of the nerve greatly changed ion accumulation. Increased
      Na+Ca2+ accumulation during the initiation of lipid oxidation is explained not
      only by changes in the lipid phase of excitable membranes but by the effects of
      rhythmic excitation on potential-dependent channels.

PMID- 3986228
TI  - [Dependence of Retzius' neuron reaction to succinic acid on its initial
      functional state].
AB  - It has been shown on leech Retzius neuron that the effect of succinic acid on
      impulse activity, respiration and redox state of flavin nucleotides depends on
      initial values of these parameters with the exception of membrane potential. In
      this case independent of its initial value the membrane potential becomes equal
      to 35 +/- 6 mV. The analysis of the evidence obtained has shown that the higher
      is the activation of cell respiration under the effect of succinic acid, the less
      are changes in redox-reaction of flavin nucleotides. At stronger activation of
      respiration the frequency of impulse activity is increased and the value of
      membrane potential decreased. At smaller changes of respiration the impulse
      activity frequency is not changed while the membrane potential increases as a
      rule.

PMID- 3986229
TI  - [Low-angle x-ray diffraction of the erythrocyte membrane].
AB  - Using low-angle X-ray diffraction technique it has been shown that preparing
      procedures can induce the phase separation in red blood cell membranes in the
      course of which proteins are removed from lipid bilayers. The latter form rather
      extensive regions and the diffraction pattern of asymmetric type changes to a
      symmetric one.

PMID- 3986231
TI  - [Ability of a phosphocreatine-myofibrillar creatine kinase system to prevent the
      rigor tension of myocardial fibers].
AB  - In the calcium-free medium the EGTA-treated rat myocardial fibres developed rigor
      tension dependent on the concentration of MgATP in the bathing solution: half
      maximal tension was recorded at 2.5 mM MgATP and the maximal tension at 0.1 mM.
      However, in the presence of 15 mM phosphocreatine without added creatine kinase a
      decrease of MgATP concentration to 0.1 mM did not result in any development of
      rigor tension. In the presence of MgADP phosphocreatine decreased rigor tension
      more rapidly and to the higher extent than MgATP. At 5 mM MgADP half-maximal
      rigor tension was observed in the presence of 2 mM phosphocreatine which is close
      to the km value for phosphocreatine in the creatine kinase reaction. These
      results demonstrate that the native creatine kinase in the EGTA-treated fibres is
      able to create high local ATP concentration in the myofibrillar compartment at
      the expense of phosphocreatine under the conditions of deficiency or even absence
      of ATP. It appears that at the energy supply disturbances the myocardial
      contracture develops at least partially due to low activity of the myofibrillar
      creatine kinase because of phosphocreatine deficiency.

PMID- 3986230
TI  - [Characteristics of the structure of plasma lipoprotein crystals].
AB  - Lipoproteids of human blood plasma in the norm and in pathology are studied by
      means of microscopy in polarized light. It is shown that lipoproteids in solid
      state have structure characteristics. Possible reasons of the observed structure
      characteristics of lipoproteid crystals are discussed.

PMID- 3986232
TI  - [Dynamics of relaxation of the triboelectric charge on the surface of the horny
      layer of the epidermis].
AB  - Some results are presented of relaxation process of the triboelectric charge
      placed on the outer surface of human epidermis ("stratum cornium"). In
      measurements the characteristic time of the relaxation process was equal to tau
      approximately 10 divided by 10(3) sec. The measured values of tau and capacity of
      the high-resistivity stratum of epidermis (C approximately 10(+4) pF/sm2) lead to
      resistivity of "stratum cornium" R approximately 10(9) divided by 10(11) omega X
      sm2.

PMID- 3986233
TI  - [Correction of lipid metabolism in rats with limited mobility by an alternating
      magnetic field of infra-low frequency].
AB  - The effect of changing magnetic field at the frequency of 8 Hz and intensity at
      4.1 A/M on rats lipid metabolism state in the exposition of continuous
      hypokinesia was investigated. It was found that changing magnetic field of such
      parameters greatly restricted the development of hyperlipidemia of rats with a
      low level of mobile activity.

PMID- 3986235
TI  - [Vibration activity of muscles].
AB  - Experimental research of autooscillations of biomechanical links in the
      equilibrium state was carried out. It is found that the induced vibrations of all
      the links of biomechanical systems can be described by the equations being true
      for mechanical oscillator vibrations. With the muscular strain being constant and
      moment inertia of the biomechanical system changing the energy of mechanical
      vibrations is constant, but the ratio of kinetic energy of the biomechanical
      oscillator to oscillation frequency is invariant under the muscular strain
      changes.

PMID- 3986234
TI  - [Mathematical model of electromechanical coupling in the rat myocardium].
AB  - A mathematical modelling approach was used to study the negative staircase in the
      rat papillary muscle. This phenomenon was found to be associated with an excess
      of the steady-state Ca++-influx in the myocardium cells. The model with a single
      chamber intracellular Ca-pool simulates satisfactory the experimental data
      obtained with a standard set of parameter values. It is concluded that the rat
      myocardium sarcoplasmic reticulum is loaded by Ca++-ions which enter the cell as
      a potential-independent Ca-influx presumably.

PMID- 3986236
TI  - [Condition of optimum conduction of synaptic excitation along the dendritic
      fiber].
AB  - Existence of an optimum radius of fibre is shown, when physical parameters of the
      intracellular medium and the nonexcitable dendritic membrane are determined and
      the length and load resistances are fixed. It provides the maximum potential for
      one end of the fibre if synaptic conductance is determined for another one.
      Conductance of excitation along the dendritic fibre of changing thickness is
      optimum for little synaptic conductance when the fibre radius increases and for
      high conductance when the radius decreases. The formula for calculating an
      optimum dendritic spine neck radius is proposed.

PMID- 3986237
TI  - [Formation of gas bubbles in biological tissues in decompression (a mathematical
      model)].
AB  - A mathematical model simulating transport of gases between a bubble resulted from
      decompression and tissue around is presented. With the help of the model the
      influence of gas mixture and density of the bubble forming centres upon the
      growth rate was studied. An important part of CO2 in the bubble forming was found
      out. The bubbles with He have been shown to grow faster than those with N2. At a
      5-10-fold decrease of the outer pressure during 1-2 seconds the bubbles can reach
      sizes which violate hemodynamics in the system of microcirculation.

PMID- 3986238
TI  - [Changes in the circular dichroism spectra and melting parameters of complexes of
      histones with DNA of different GC-composition].
AB  - It was shown that there existed a correlative connection between total clip
      activity and circular dichroism relative ellipticity. It is supposed that the
      parameters of total clip activity also may carry information about DNA
      conformation in the complexes with histones.

PMID- 3986239
TI  - [Effect of a high-frequency electromagnetic field on the isolated snail brain].
AB  - Microwave effect on the pacemaker neurons of Lymnea Stagnalis has been studied.
      Microwaves (at SAR-8-12 W/kg) inhibited firing rate of the neurons up to 15%.

PMID- 3986240
TI  - [Synaptic regulation of the state of excitable membranes].
AB  - Hodgkin-Huxly equations accounting for (stationary) control signals (synaptic
      conductivity and current) have stationary and periodic solutions. The domain of
      unstability of stationary solutions determined on the control signals plane
      (excitation and inhibition). On one part of the domain boundary a decrease of
      excitation and increase of inhibition suppress oscillations. On another part of
      the boundary they induced oscillations, which were not explained previously in
      accordance with the experimental data.

PMID- 3986241
TI  - [Formation of the complex of the triterpene glycoside holothurin A with
      cholesterol in liposomal membranes].
AB  - Interaction between holothurin A triterpene glycoside and lipid-cholesterol
      liposomes was studied by differential scanning microcalorimetry. Partial
      restoration of the peak of basic phase transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl
      choline was shown to be related to the formation of holothurin A (in the
      membrane)-cholesterol complex. The data obtained are in favor of "sterol"
      hypothesis of the mechanism of membrane-tropic action of holothurin A.

PMID- 3986242
TI  - [Phase transitions of free and bound water in muscle contraction].
AB  - Quantitative alterations in the correlation of bound and unbound water in the
      state of muscle contracture and relaxation were investigated.

PMID- 3986243
TI  - [Changes in the static electric field in restrained animals].
AB  - The paper states that restraint of an animal causes transition from one
      quasistationary level of the static electric field to another.

PMID- 3986244
TI  - [Subcellular localization, inhibiting specificity and catalytic properties of
      several aminooxidases from the human placenta].
AB  - Human placenta was shown to contain practically all known types of aminooxidase,
      i.e., Membrane-bound and soluble monoamine oxidases A that predominantly oxidize
      serotonin (Km approximately 0.05 and 0.2 mM) and tyramine (Km approximately 0.03
      and 0.085 mM), partly oxidize phenylethylamine (Km approximately 0.013 and 0.1
      mM) and slightly oxidize benzylamine; Monoamine oxidase B and its intermediate
      form, B', with equal sensitivity towards the inhibitors, Lilly 51641 and
      deprenyl. The main substrates for these enzymes are phenylethylamine (Km = 0.011
      mM for the membrane-bound and 0.019 mM for the soluble enzymes); Membrane-bound
      and soluble benzylamine oxidases that are stable to MAO inhibitors but are highly
      labile towards semicarbazide and aminoguanidine and that predominantly oxidize
      benzylamine. The Km value for the soluble enzyme is 0.19 mM, its specific
      activity is 0.058 nmol aldehyde/min/mg protein, which markedly exceeds that for
      serum benzylamine oxidase (i.e., 0.014 nmol/min/mg) and thus excludes its serum
      origin; Diamine oxidase that oxidizes putrescine (Km = 0.025 mM), histamine and
      cadaverine and only slightly oxidizes benzylamine. One characteristic feature of
      the placenta is the presence of soluble MAO as well as MAO incorporated into the
      endoplasmic reticulum membrane (microsomes). In all probability, these enzymes
      are precursors of the mitochondrial enzyme. The concentration of MAO A in the
      mitochondria is approximately 1.3%, that in microsomes--approximately 1%, kcat =
      270 and 320 min-1, respectively.

PMID- 3986245
TI  - [Kinetics of the biosynthesis and distribution of labelled actin-like proteins in
      rat liver submitochondrial fractions].
AB  - Affinity adsorption on immobilized DNAase I and the measurements of the protein
      mobility upon SDS-PAGE electrophoresis were used for the identification of the
      actin-like protein as well as for the study of its biosynthesis is liver
      mitochondria of hepatectomized rats. The kinetics of biosynthesis showed a
      maximum on the 10th min after intraperitoneal injection of the label.
      Fractionation of mitochondria demonstrated that more than 50% of the whole amount
      of the "de novo" synthesized protein is localized in the intermembrane space,
      approximately 30%--in the mitochondrial matrix. The purity of the fractions was
      controlled by analyzing the polypeptide content of the samples and by measuring
      the marker enzyme activity. Besides, additional identification of the actin-like
      protein was carried out directly in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane
      space by two-dimensional electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel performed by the
      O'Farrell method. The subsequent staining of the gels with silver revealed the
      presence of two basic isoforms of non-muscle action (beta- and gamma-actins). The
      presence of the actin-like protein in the inner mitochondrial compartments
      characterized by a high rate of metabolism may be regarded as compelling evidence
      of its mitochondrial localization.

PMID- 3986246
TI  - [Determination of DNA methylase activity in animal tissue extracts].
AB  - An express method for measuring the level of in vitro DNA methylation in
      homogenates and nuclei from animal tissues as well as during initial steps of DNA
      methylase isolation and purification when methylase activity is low and hardly
      testable by other methods has been suggested. The method is based on the
      measuring the radioactivity incorporated in filter adsorbed DNA (acid-insoluble
      material) 3H-label from S-adenosile-L-methionine as a result of in vitro DNA
      methylation. The advantage of the method consists in the replacement of a long
      duration repeated deproteinization procedure traditionally used by a relatively
      simple procedure (15 min incubation of the mixture at 80 degrees C with 10
      volumes of the 8M urea, 5 mM EDTA, 5% n-butanol, 2% sodium dodecilsulfate, 1 M
      sodium chloride solution) and the absence of any loss of DNA. The method is fit
      for the fast serial assay of DNA methylase activity taking into consideration
      that about one third of the total acid-insoluble radioactivity is due to the
      radioactivity in 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA.

PMID- 3986247
TI  - [Micromorphology of the malpighian tubules in the louse Pediculus humanus
      corporis (Anoplura)].
AB  - The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubes in human louse Pediculus humanus
      corporis has been studied. The cells of the Malpighian tubules have the uniform
      structure: the apical surface is covered with microvilli, the basal plasmatic
      membrana forms relatively small invaginations. The microvilli are most developed
      in cells of the proximal department of the Malpighian tubules. Microvilli of the
      apical surface of the cells do not contain mitochondria which are localized
      mainly in supranuclear part of the cell. Cells are lined with a homogenous basal
      membrane.

PMID- 3986248
TI  - [Structure of the binding center of the serotonin S2 receptor].
AB  - On the basis of literary data on the relative efficiency of interactions between
      different ligands and receptors the model of binding site of S2-serotonin
      receptor has been carried out. The binding site consists of anion centre and two
      donor acceptor groups, its topography satisfies the stereochemical requirements
      and phisico-chemical characteristics of receptor-ligand interaction for wide
      range compounds.

PMID- 3986249
TI  - [Changes in the membrane surface charge and the potentiation of phospholipase A2
      as affected by the cytotoxin from the venom of the Central Asian cobra].
AB  - The interaction of iodine labelled cytotoxin of the middle-asian cobra venom with
      erythrocyte membranes has been studied. The pretreatment of erythrocytes by
      cytotoxin results in the sensitivity to the lytic action of pure phospholipase A2
      of the same venom. Using I-labelled serum albumin it has been proved that
      cytotoxin promotes the binding of acid proteins on the membrane such as
      phospholipase A2 interacted with it synergetically. In the course of study of
      cytotoxin effect on the time of adhesion hemispheres of artificial bilayer
      phospholipide membranes it has been established that due to the basic properties
      cytotoxin neutralizes the negative charge of the membrane surface. This effect of
      cytotoxin plays an important role in the potentiation of membrane action of
      phospholipase A2.

PMID- 3986250
TI  - [Characteristics of plastic metabolism and inorganic phosphorus absorption in
      Lymnaea stagnalis L. in prolonged exposure to a toxic agent].
AB  - The influence of fungicide trimethyltinchloride upon the metabolism and K2H32PO4
      uptake in Limnaea stagnalis L. in the process of its growth has been examined.
      The mollusks sensitivity of the different age groups to the toxic effect of this
      compound are determined.

PMID- 3986251
TI  - Essential fatty acids interconversion in the human fetal liver.
AB  - In order to study the role played by the fetoplacental unit in providing the
      human fetus with arachidonic acid, delta 5- and delta 6-desaturase activities
      were studied in microsomes from human fetal liver and placenta after 18 and 22
      weeks of gestation. We evidenced for the first time delta 5- and delta 6
      desaturase activities in fetal liver microsomes. As in adult liver, delta 6
      desaturation is the rate-limiting step of arachidonic acid synthesis. No activity
      was found in the placenta. Arachidonic acid concentrations were higher in fetal
      serum than in maternal serum while the opposite was observed for linoleic acid.
      The fetal liver microsomal content in arachidonic acid was low. Taken together
      the data suggest that arachidonic acid is supplied to the fetus through a
      preferential transfer across the placenta.

PMID- 3986252
TI  - Alanine production by the human fetus at term gestation.
AB  - In a previous study, we demonstrated the complete dependence of the human fetus
      on the mother for its glucose needs. As alanine is considered the major
      glucogenic amino acid synthesized endogenously and an important source of urea
      nitrogen, in the present study we examined whether the human fetus at term
      gestation can produce alanine. 5 normal pregnant women, undergoing elective
      cesarean section, were given a constant infusion of [2,3-13C2]alanine in trace
      quantities for a period of 4 h prior to and during surgery. Isotopic steady state
      was achieved in the maternal blood by 1.5 h and maintained through anesthesia and
      surgery. The 13C enrichment (mol% excess) of alanine was measured in the
      peripheral blood of the mother and in the simultaneously obtained umbilical
      arterial and venous blood at delivery. Even though the umbilical venous and
      arterial concentrations of alanine were similar, a 42% decrease in 13C enrichment
      of alanine occurred between umbilical vein and artery, 1.00 +/- 0.23 and 0.58 +/-
      0.15%, respectively (mean +/- SD). These data suggest that the human fetus at
      term gestation following an overnight maternal fast produces alanine
      endogenously. This may serve to transfer nitrogen from fetal muscle to the liver
      for urea synthesis.

PMID- 3986253
TI  - Evolution of the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus during postnatal
      development in the albino rat. Effect of age, body weight, renal weight and sex.
AB  - The postnatal development of the juxtaglomerular apparatus was studied by
      fluorescent microscopy in a series of 275 albino Wistar rats aged from 2 to 90
      days. After treatment of kidney sections with thioflavine T, the appearance and
      evolution of secretory function in the terminal segment of the afferent
      glomerular arteriole were assessed in terms of the granular cell index (GCI) and
      the juxtaglomerular cell granulation index (JGI). Variations in these indices
      were analyzed in function of age, body weight, renal weight and sex of the
      animals. It emerges quite clearly from these studies that granular cell
      differentiation and maturation takes place in four successive stages: (a) a
      growth and differentiation phase lasting from the 2nd day to the beginning of the
      5th week of extra-uterine life; (b) a critical phase around day 30; (c) a
      declining phase from day 30 to day 45, and (d) a stabilization phase from day 45
      onwards. Until day 30 this evolutionary pattern is paralleled by rising body
      weight in animals of both sexes; afterwards it becomes independent of the
      parameters studied, in the males as well as in the females. The pattern of kidney
      weight parallels that of growth in body size and weight and does not constitute a
      more specific variable than body weight in the study of the developing granules
      in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

PMID- 3986254
TI  - Effect of fetal decapitation on unbound rat plasma corticosterone concentration
      at the end of pregnancy.
AB  - In normal fetuses from day 16 to 21 of pregnancy, unbound plasma corticosterone
      concentration increases slowly from day 16 to 17, and rapidly from day 17 to 19,
      remaining high until birth. Fetal decapitation on day 18 produces a fall in
      unbound plasma corticosterone only when the mother is adrenalectomized. The
      ability of corticosterone to cross the placental barrier from mother to fetus or
      inversely is discussed.

PMID- 3986255
TI  - In vitro permeability of the pig placenta in the last third of gestation.
AB  - The pig placenta is membranous throughout gestation and is suitable for
      investigation as a membrane system. The site of maternal-fetal exchange in vivo
      is used for permeability measurements in vitro and its surface area can be
      measured morphometrically. Fetal weight, placental weight, placental DNA content,
      placental macroscopic surface area, epithelio-chorial membrane area and
      thickness, and permeability in vitro to urea, tritiated water and sodium were
      measured in eight conceptuses aged between 79 and 111 days. These solutes were
      selected in order to facilitate comparison with data for sheep. Urea permeability
      per unit DNA increased throughout the last third of gestation although placental
      weight and DNA content ceased to increase before term.

PMID- 3986256
TI  - Hypercalcemia in the etiology of puerperal psychosis.
AB  - The serum calcium of 53 recently delivered mothers hospitalized for severe
      puerperal psychiatric illness, which represented the whole intake from a defined
      catchment area, was compared with that of 35 female psychiatric patients and that
      of 49 normal postnatal women. The mean corrected and ionized serum calcium values
      of the puerperal psychiatric patients with no personal or family history of
      psychiatric disorder were markedly above the normal range. They were also
      significantly higher than those of the puerperal psychiatric patients with a
      personal or family history of psychiatric illness and those of the two control
      groups. There was a modest positive correlation between the degree of
      hypercalcemia and the severity of the psychiatric illness. The follow-up of 16
      puerperal psychiatric patients indicated that the fall in ionized serum calcium
      levels correlated positively and significantly with the improvement in rated
      symptomatology. Patients with severe puerperal psychiatric disorder can be
      divided etiologically into two groups. The larger proportion is psychiatrically
      vulnerable, but in the remainder (about a third of the total number), the
      psychiatric illness appears to be related to a disorder of calcium homeostasis in
      the puerperium.

PMID- 3986257
TI  - Internight variability of REM latency in major depression: implications for the
      use of REM latency as a biological correlate.
AB  - The internight variability in REM latency in 92 drug-free inpatients with major
      depressive illness was recorded for 4 consecutive nights and subsequently
      assessed. Individual coefficients of variation in REM latency [CV = (standard
      deviation of mean REM latency for 4 recording nights/4-night mean REM latency) X
      100] ranged from 5.1 to 121.7, with a mean of 37.0 (SD = 27.3) and a median of
      27.4. CV was positively correlated with both age (p less than 0.05) and age at
      onset of depressive illness (p less than 0.01). Male patients showed more
      variability in REM latency than female patients (p less than 0.05); likewise, the
      subgroups of patients who either were incapacitated or had bipolar II illness
      showed greater variability in REM latency in comparison with the remainder of the
      sample (p less than 0.05). When the entire patient sample was stratified by CV
      into three equal subgroups, the subgroup of patients defined by the highest CV
      presented the longest sleep latency (p less than 0.05) and the shortest REM
      latency (p less than 0.0001). No other clinical or polysomnographic correlates of
      REM latency variability were noted nor was REM latency variability related to
      severity of illness, other subtypes of illness, or clinical response to
      antidepressant therapy. In selecting REM latency data for assessment of
      diagnostic sensitivity, the use of the shortest REM latency from at least 3
      consecutive nights yielded a higher sensitivity (74%-81%) than did the use of any
      one individually specified night (50%-56%) or different internight means (49%
      52%). The same conclusion applied when patient age was taken into account. These
      results have implications for standardizing the use of REM latency as a
      biological correlate in major depression.

PMID- 3986258
TI  - Missed and brief seizures during ECT: differential response between unilateral
      and bilateral electrode placement.
AB  - The number of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) stimulations over a course of
      treatment that resulted in brief or no seizure activity was evaluated for
      depressed patients (N = 58, treated for DSM-III diagnosed major depressive
      disorder) who had been randomly assigned to either bilateral or unilateral
      nondominant ECT in a double-blind study. Comparable treatment efficacy between
      both groups was found. Although there were no group differences in brief
      seizures, unilateral nondominant ECT resulted in more missed seizures (p less
      than 0.01) and required more restimulations than bilateral ECT. Of 27 unilateral
      ECT patients, 63% had at least one missed seizure over the course of treatment,
      compared to 29% of 31 bilateral ECT patients (p less than 0.02). Although more
      missed seizures occurred early in treatment, brief seizures occurred later in
      treatment. As missed seizures are not always detected clinically, it is possible
      that without seizure monitoring, patients with unilateral nondominant ECT will
      not improve at the same rate as patients with bilateral ECT. Lack of seizure
      monitoring in the clinic is one likely explanation for the discrepancy between a
      number of research studies reporting equivalent efficacy for bilateral and
      unilateral ECT and the clinical impression that bilateral ECT is more effective.

PMID- 3986259
TI  - Predominant sensorimotor area left hemisphere dysfunction in schizophrenia
      measured by brain electrical activity mapping.
AB  - Using a newly developed system of brain electrical activity mapping (Alvar
      Electronics, Paris), we studied 10 right-handed, schizophrenic subjects who had
      been treated with neuroleptics (5 of the disordered and 5 of the paranoid type)
      and compared them with 10 controls by applying a cortical activation schedule
      involving a multisensorimotor coordination task. All tasks were referenced to
      resting states after a specially designed relaxation program. In schizophrenics,
      we found high, predominantly bifrontal, delta and theta power values, which is in
      agreement with the literature, and low beta power values, which are possibly due
      to the neuroleptic treatment. The major result, however, was a widespread left
      hemisphere dysfunction during multisensorimotor activation, with a predominance
      over the primary sensory and motor cortical areas. The area of the supplementary
      motor regions was not affected. Combined with the evidence of genetic and
      psychometric studies, our results lend further support to the hypothesis that
      left hemisphere functioning in schizophrenia is impaired. They also suggest that
      there is a special and independent sensory and motor processing system impairment
      in schizophrenia.

PMID- 3986260
TI  - Dissociation of motor response from mood and cognition in a parkinsonian patient
      treated with ECT.

PMID- 3986262
TI  - Melatonin as depression marker.

PMID- 3986261
TI  - Factor analytic derivation of the MHPG/NM ratio: implications for studying the
      link between physical fitness and depression.

PMID- 3986263
TI  - Modulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion by ovarian steroids in the
      rat.
AB  - In this study, we have examined the effects of estradiol and progesterone on
      pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the rat. In the first experiment,
      regularly cycling rats were ovariectomized on metestrus and a Silastic implant
      containing estradiol in oil (7.5, 15 or 30 micrograms/ml) or crystalline
      progesterone (0.7 or 3 cm long) was placed s.c. immediately after surgery. Rats
      were cannulated 3 days later and frequent blood samples collected (every 10 min
      for 4 h) the next day. Estradiol treatment alone produced a dose-dependent
      suppression in mean LH by decreasing LH pulse amplitude without altering
      interpulse interval. Progesterone treatment alone had no effect, but when the low
      progesterone dose was combined with a subthreshold estradiol treatment, the
      combination decreased LH pulse amplitude, but had no effect on the interval
      between pulses. The combination of high progesterone and low estradiol completely
      suppressed LH secretion. In the second experiment, rats were bled 7 days
      postovariectomy to increase the postcastration LH rise and examine higher steroid
      treatments. Three progesterone treatments (0.7, 1.5 and 3 cm long implants) were
      combined with the low estradiol treatment; the high estradiol dose (30
      micrograms/ml) was also tested. All treatments decreased LH pulse amplitude
      without altering interpulse interval, although the highest progesterone treatment
      again completely suppressed LH in most rats so that no statistical analysis could
      be performed. No firm conclusions can be drawn about the effects of the high
      steroid treatments that completely suppressed LH; such an effect could reflect
      either inhibition of pulse frequency or amplitude.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3986265
TI  - Effects of placenta and maternal serum on prolactin secretion in vitro.
AB  - The effects of the placenta and maternal sera on the secretion of prolactin (Prl)
      were examined in vitro. Placentae were obtained on each of Days 8-11 of pregnancy
      and extracted in 2.0% butanol-saline. To determine if these extracts could
      inhibit Prl secretion in vitro, dispersed anterior pituitary cells were incubated
      with placental extracts containing 1.0 placental equivalent obtained on each of
      Days 8-11 of pregnancy. Prl secretion was not affected by extracts of placentae
      obtained on Day 8 but was significantly inhibited by placental extracts obtained
      on Days 9-11 of pregnancy. In fact, progressively more mature placentae induced
      greater degrees of Prl inhibition. Extracts of placentae that were obtained on
      each of Days 8-11 of pregnancy, normalized on the basis of protein and tested for
      a 24-h period in the dispersed pituitary bioassay, caused the same degree of
      inhibition over Prl release. Additionally, placental protein from any given day
      (Days 8-11) of pregnancy induced a highly significant dose-dependent inhibition
      over Prl secretion. Equivalent amounts of a nonspecific protein, bovine serum
      albumin, had no effect. These findings indicate that the placenta does indeed
      contain a Prl inhibitory factor whose specific activity remains relatively
      constant between Days 8 and 11 of pregnancy. To determine if the inhibitory
      activity is humoral, maternal sera collected on each of Days 8-11 of pregnancy
      were placed in culture with dispersed pituitary cells at a concentration of
      15.0%. Concomitant with gestational maturity, there was a progressively greater
      inhibition of Prl release. These findings indicate that the placenta may secrete
      a substance into the blood which suppresses Prl release directly at the level of
      the pituitary gland.

PMID- 3986264
TI  - Effect of feed and water deprivation or force-feeding on plasma prolactin
      concentration in turkey hens.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of prolactin (Prl), glucose, corticosterone, and D(-)-3
      hydroxybutyrate (DBHB) were compared in nonlaying, nonincubating turkey hens
      subjected to feed and/or water deprivation. Neither Prl nor corticosterone
      concentrations were significantly (P greater than 0.05) altered by any of the
      treatments, whereas fasting significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the
      concentration of glucose and increased the concentration of DBHB. Plasma levels
      of Prl in incubating hens were significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by nest
      deprivation either in the absence of feed and water or when the hens were force
      fed the normal intake for a laying hen. After 48 h of nest deprivation, the hens
      resumed nesting within 5 min of being returned to the pen although the plasma
      levels of Prl were low. Neither nest attentiveness nor the concentration of Prl
      were affected by force-feeding the hens while they were incubating eggs. The
      concentration of glucose increased in response to force-feeding or nest
      deprivation, whereas the concentration of corticosterone was increased only by
      force-feeding. These results suggest that Prl may not be involved in the striking
      changes in both intermediary and water metabolism which occur during incubation
      in the turkey hen. Furthermore, since incubation behavior can occur in the
      presence of low concentrations of Prl, elevated levels of Prl during broodiness
      appear to be maintained by a stimulus associated with the nest itself or some
      other aspect(s) of the environment.

PMID- 3986266
TI  - An analysis of the age-related decline in testicular steroidogenesis in the rat.
AB  - The effect of aging in rats on serum and intratesticular testosterone levels,
      microsomal steroidogenic enzyme activities and microsomal cytochrome P-450 was
      studied. Serum testosterone levels were highest in 11-wk-old rats, declined at
      age 16 wk and further declined between ages 7 and 21 mo. Intratesticular
      testosterone levels in 21-mo-old rats were significantly lower than those of the
      other groups. The activity of 17 alpha-hydroxylase and C17-20 lyase, as well as
      cytochrome P-450, decreased significantly in 21-mo-old rats. The activity of 17
      beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase increased from 11 wk to 16 wk of age and then
      declined by 21 mo of age to the levels of 11-wk-old animals. Similar changes in
      delta 5-3,3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase coupled with delta 5-delta 4 isomerase
      activities were observed, but were not statistically significant. These results
      suggest that the decline in testosterone production in old rats is predominantly
      a result of decreased oxygenase activity. Inasmuch as oxygenases are gonadotropin
      dependent, our results support the hypothesis that gonadotropin deficiency is the
      major factor responsible for Leydig cell dysfunction in old rats. Further, the
      decline in the ratio of 17 alpha-hydroxylase to C17-20 lyase with aging suggests
      that other factors affect these enzymes as well as the reduction in cytochrome P
      450.

PMID- 3986267
TI  - Spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rabbit and mouse epididymal spermatozoa:
      dependence of rate on temperature and oxygen concentration.
AB  - The rate of spontaneous lipid peroxidation, as measured by formation of
      malonaldehyde (MA), was determined as a function of O2 concentration and
      temperature in mouse and rabbit spermatozoa released from the cauda epididymidis.
      The peroxidation rate was linear in O2 concentration in the suspending medium up
      to 210 microM (the concentration at PO2 of ambient air at 34 degrees C) for sperm
      from both species over the temperature range 34-40 degrees C. This is the range
      over which the reaction is measurable for both species: below 34 degrees C, the
      rates become too slow to be measured accurately for rabbit sperm by our methods,
      while above 40 degrees C the rates for mouse sperm become too rapid. This narrow
      range is characteristic of a high activation energy (EA) for the peroxidation
      process. Values of EA were calculated from plots of kox versus (T)-1, where kox
      is a second order rate constant with the units (10(8) cells/ml)-1 min-1. It is
      defined by the equation: vma = kox (Sp) (O2), where vma is the rate of
      malonaldehyde production, (Sp) is concentration of sperm cells and (O2) is the O2
      concentration in the suspending medium. For mouse sperm, EA was calculated to
      78.7 kcal/mol (329 KJ/mol); for rabbit sperm, the value was 77.6 kcal/ml (324
      KJ/mol). These high EAs and consequent steep dependence of the spontaneous lipid
      peroxidation rates on temperature favor long sperm life in the epididymis at
      around 32 degrees C and low PO2 in these scrotal animals, while allowing for a
      relatively short life at 37 degrees C at higher PO2 in the oviduct.

PMID- 3986269
TI  - Radioautographic analysis of the secretory pathway for glycoproteins in principal
      cells of the mouse epididymis exposed to [3H] fucose.
AB  - The secretory process for glycoproteins in principal cells of the mouse caput
      epididymis was studied by electron microscope radioautography at intervals after
      exposure to [3H] fucose in vitro. The large Golgi apparatus showed very heavy
      labeling at the initial interval, followed by a steady decline in percent of
      grains and relative grain concentrations. Conversely, the epididymal lumen and
      the apical cell surface began low and increased in radioactivity at the 30-min
      interval. The extensive sparsely granulated endoplasmic reticulum showed modest
      increases in percent of grains and relative grain concentrations 30 min after
      administration of the percursor. Subdivision of the sparsely granulated reticulum
      into "intermediate" profiles (some ribosomes attached to the membranes) and
      "smooth" profiles (lacking ribosomes) showed that this increase was due to silver
      grains assigned to the smooth portions. After the initial interval, high relative
      grain concentrations were calculated for vesicles. The results indicate that
      glycosylation of epididymal secretory glycoproteins occurs in the Golgi
      apparatus, which is, therefore, not bypassed as its morphological features had
      suggested. The kinetics of the secretory process in the principal cells includes
      15 to 30 min for synthesis of the polypeptide parts of secretory products and
      addition of sugars in the Golgi apparatus, and a similar time for subsequent
      release from the Golgi apparatus, transport to the apical end of the cell and
      discharge to the lumen. Ribosome-studded (intermediate) portions of the sparsely
      granulated endoplasmic reticulum are probably involved in synthesis of
      polypeptide parts of secretory products, while vesicles or smooth portions of the
      sparsely granulated reticulum may play a role in intracellular transport of
      glycoproteins.

PMID- 3986268
TI  - Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and
      androstenedione levels during the breeding season and anestrus in Siberian
      tigers.
AB  - Seasonal analysis of 1239 captive births of Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris
      altaica) indicated a peak in April to June (P less than 0.001). Studies on seven
      animals in Minnesota indicated that behavioral heat cycles and ovarian follicular
      phase cycles began in late January and ceased in early June. Behavioral
      observation of 12 heat cycles in four tigers yielded an estrous length of 5.3 +/-
      0.2 days and an interestrous interval of 25.0 +/- 1.3 days. Hormone assays on
      weekly blood samples (N = 180) from three female tigers indicated 16 cycles in
      two breeding seasons. Peak estradiol-17 beta levels were 46.7 +/- 6.0 pg/ml (N =
      17) and interestrous concentrations were 8.7 +/- 0.66 pg/ml (N = 28) during the
      breeding season. Anestrous estradiol levels were 4.2 +/- 0.5 pg/ml (N = 70). The
      interestrous interval between estradiol peaks was 24.9 +/- 1.3 days (N = 9) with
      two outliers of 42 days. Serum progesterone concentrations from February to June
      were 1.2 +/- 0.15 ng/ml (N = 32), providing no evidence for ovulation or corpus
      luteum formation. Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were 0.56 +/- 0.04 ng/ml (N =
      180). Serum testosterone (r=0.71, P less than 0.001) and androstenedione levels
      (r=0.75, P less than 0.001) were correlated with estradiol during the breeding
      season. The duration of anestrus was 8 mo in two of these tigers. The interval
      was shortened in one tiger by exposure to a 16L:8D photoperiod. The Siberian
      tiger appears to be a polyestrous seasonal breeder and an induced ovulator whose
      breeding season may be synchronized by photoperiod.

PMID- 3986270
TI  - Surface changes in chimpanzee sperm during epididymal transit.
AB  - Intact chimpanzee caput and cauda epididymal sperm, sperm cell lysates, and caput
      and cauda epididymal fluid were radiolabeled by enzymatic iodination with
      lactoperoxidase and Na125 I and were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Caput epididymal sperm showed nine labeled
      macromolecular components of 90, 64, 56, 48, 38, 31, 20, 18 and 16 Kd and cauda
      epididymal sperm showed eleven macromolecular components of 90, 64, 55, 47, 42,
      33, 27, 18, 17, 15 and 11 Kd. Six of the components labeled on caput sperm (90,
      64, 56, 48, 18 and 16 Kd) were detected in equal amounts of cauda sperm and two
      (38 and 20 Kd) were detected at greatly reduced labeling intensities. In the
      cauda epididymidis, four new components (33, 27, 17 and 11 Kd) became prominent
      features of the sperm surface. Analysis of labeled caput and cauda sperm cell
      lysates resolved components distinct from those detected on sperm surfaces.
      Electrophoresis of caput epididymal fluid showed five labeled components of 66,
      56, 47, 41 and 37 Kd, while electrophoresis of cauda epididymal fluid showed
      eight labeled components of 92, 66, 56, 48, 31, 27, 24 and 11 Kd. Three
      components (66, 56 and 47 Kd) were present in both caput and cauda fluid, two (41
      and 37 Kd) in caput fluid only, and five (92, 31, 27, 24 and 11 Kd) in cauda
      fluid only. Components of 37 Kd were labeled in caput fluid and on caput sperm
      but not on cauda sperm, whereas components of 27 Kd and 11 Kd were labeled in
      cauda fluid and on cauda sperm but not on caput sperm. These data show that
      chimpanzee sperm undergo extensive surface modifications during epididymal
      maturation and that some of these modifications may be related to exogenous
      proteins/glycoproteins in epididymal fluids.

PMID- 3986271
TI  - Relationship between human oocyte maturation and different follicular sizes.
AB  - The relationship between the follicular size in the human ovary and oocytes
      capable of resuming meiosis in vitro was examined in each phase of the menstrual
      cycle. Intact healthy oocytes with corona cells obtained from small (3-4 mm
      diameter), medium (5-8 mm diameter) and large (9-15 mm diameter) antral follicles
      were cultured at 37 degrees C for 43 h. At the end of the culture period the
      denuded oocytes were examined morphologically to determine whether the resumption
      of meiosis had occurred. In the follicular phase, the percentage of oocytes
      resuming meiosis (polar body extruded: PB) in the large-follicle group was
      significantly higher than that in the small-follicle group (P less than 0.05).
      The incidence of oocyte maturation including only nuclear maturity seemed to
      increase as follicles increase in size. However, in the luteal phase the
      incidence was fairly constant, irrespective of the follicular size. These results
      suggest that the capacity of human oocyte maturation is closely correlated with
      follicular maturation.

PMID- 3986272
TI  - Treatment with different antiestrogens in the neonatal period and effects in the
      cervicovaginal epithelium and ovaries of adult mice: a comparison to estrogen
      induced changes.
AB  - Female mice of the NMRI strain were treated for the first 5 days after birth with
      the following compounds: diethylstilbestrol (DES), MER-25 (ethamoxytriphetol),
      tamoxifen, ICI 47.699 (the cis-isomer of tamoxifen, an estrogen agonist),
      clomiphene, nafoxidine or 17 beta-estradiol-3-benzoate (E2). Females were killed
      at 8 wk or 6 mo and, in the case of tamoxifen also at 12 mo. The cervicovaginal
      region and the ovaries were prepared for histological studies. MER-25 had no
      effect on either the cervicovaginal epithelium or ovarian histology. Tamoxifen,
      clomiphene and nafoxidine resulted in extensive regions with a heterotopic
      columnar epithelium (HCE) in the cervicovaginal preparations. At 8 wk these
      regions were more widespread than those observed after treatment with DES and E2.
      While earlier studies have shown a progressive development of DES-induced HCE,
      that induced by the antiestrogens regressed with time. All ovaries from adult
      females treated with DES or E2 lacked corpora lutea. For the antiestrogens there
      were ovaries with or without corpora lutea, and this treatment was not
      incompatible with fertile females. It is concluded that in the neonatal period,
      the cervicovaginal epithelium is more sensitive to antiestrogens than central
      structures (hypothalamic nuclei), but for DES the opposite is true.

PMID- 3986273
TI  - Comparison of media proteins from ovariectomized rat uteri following estrogen
      treatment.
AB  - Ovariectomized rats were treated with estradiol for 3 days after which their
      uteri were incubated in vitro and radioactive media proteins were analyzed by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Media were
      also chromatographed on G-25 Sephadex Blue Sepharose columns to isolate subsets
      of proteins. The results demonstrate that two proteins are consistently increased
      following estrogen treatment. These proteins have molecular weights of 104,000
      and 65,000. Neither protein binds to Blue Sepharose to a great extent. The use of
      the protein synthesis inhibitors, emetine and actinomycin D, demonstrates that
      the proteins are synthesized de novo. These two proteins may serve as markers for
      genomic response to estradiol in the rat uterus.

PMID- 3986274
TI  - [Measuring system for electrophysiologic signals using a personal computer].

PMID- 3986275
TI  - [Stability of ultrasound osteosynthesis].

PMID- 3986276
TI  - Variation of aortic geometry in various animal species.

PMID- 3986277
TI  - [Arterial and coronary venous blood gas analysis with a pressure difference
      catheter].

PMID- 3986278
TI  - Laser Raman spectra of calf thymus chromatin and its constituents.
AB  - Extensive Raman measurements have been made on calf thymus chromatin, core
      chromatin, the (H3,H4)/DNA complex, and isolated DNA. The results indicate that
      the alpha-helical content of the nucleosomal histones gradually increases as they
      form the heterocomplexes that lead to the formation of the octameric nucleosome
      core. The secondary structure of the latter is not modified as it binds to DNA.
      The spectra indicate that the DNA essentially retains its B conformation in
      nucleosomes, although slight changes probably occur in the ribose-phosphate
      backbone. No specific interactions between the nucleosomal histones and DNA can
      be established from the spectra, but histone H1 possibly interacts selectively
      with the thymine bases.

PMID- 3986280
TI  - Alignment of microscopic particles in electric fields and its biological
      implications.
AB  - It is well known that electromagnetic fields cause mechanical forces. If one
      applies an electrical field to a suspension of microscopic particles, these
      particles realign themselves along the direction of the field and form pearl
      chain-like aggregates. These chains are mostly single stranded but they are
      frequently multistranded. This phenomenon has been investigated by a number of
      groups. Here we discuss the dependence of threshold field strength on particle
      size and frequency. Also, pulsed fields have been thought to be more effective
      than continuous fields of the same average power in evoking biological effects.
      Our measurement of the threshold power requirement for the pearl-chain formation
      indicates that pulsed fields require as much power as continuous fields. The
      biological significance of pearl-chain formation is briefly discussed.

PMID- 3986279
TI  - Dynamic morphology of calcium-induced interactions between phosphatidylserine
      vesicles.
AB  - Structural changes in phosphatidylserine vesicles exposed to calcium chloride for
      various times have been observed by means of video-enhanced light microscopy and
      freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Large flat double-bilayer diaphragms form at
      the contacts between aggregated vesicles within milliseconds. Bilayers at and
      outside of diaphragms rupture and allow vesicles to collapse completely by
      flattening against each other within seconds. Collapse through intermediate
      states to a stable multilamellar phase is complete within minutes. The Ca-induced
      attraction energy and the resultant flattening at contacts between vesicles is
      far beyond that needed to stress bilayers to the point of rupture. Although the
      destabilizing response to this stress is preferential to the diaphragm region,
      40% of adhering pairs rupture outside of the diaphragm region rather than fuse
      with each other. In this respect the mechanism of fusion between these vesicles
      may be fundamentally different from the controlled fusion process in cells.

PMID- 3986281
TI  - Movement of a fluorescent lipid label from a labeled erythrocyte membrane to an
      unlabeled erythrocyte membrane following electric-field-induced fusion.
AB  - A short burst of electric field pulses was used to induce nearly simultaneous
      fusion among 50% or more of a population composed of unlabeled erythrocytes and
      erythrocytes labeled with the fluorescent lipid analogue DiI (1,1'-dihexadecyl
      3,3,3'',3'-tetra-methylindo carbocyanine perchlorate). Fusion products that ended
      in an hourglass shape were selected for analysis. The net movement of the label
      from the labeled membrane to the adjacent unlabeled membrane in each of the
      hourglass-shaped fusion products was recorded by micrography at various known
      times after the fusion took place, but before equilibrium was achieved. The
      lateral concentration gradients were measured by densitometry and compared with
      predictions based on Huang's model (Huang, H.-W., 1973, J. Theor. Biol., 40:11
      17) for lateral diffusion on a spherical membrane. The average lateral diffusion
      coefficients, 3.8 and 8.1 X 10(-9) cm2/s in pH 7.4 isotonic phosphate buffer at
      23-25 degrees C and 35-37 degrees C, respectively, compare very favorably with
      the results of three published photobleaching studies of the lateral diffusion of
      DiI in erythrocyte membranes. While the fusion approach to measuring lateral
      diffusion is not new, it has not enjoyed widespread use because of the
      uncertainty in the degree of fusion synchrony and low fusion yield. This study
      shows that the use of pulsed electric fields to induce synchronous fusion is a
      promising approach to overcome both of these drawbacks and yield results
      comparable to those obtainable by the photobleaching approach.

PMID- 3986283
TI  - Measurement of a wide range of intracellular sodium concentrations in
      erythrocytes by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance.
AB  - The accuracy of the 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for measuring
      the sodium concentration in erythrocytes was tested by comparing the NMR results
      to those obtained by emission-flame photometry. Comparisons were made on aqueous
      solutions, hemolysates, gels, ghosts, and intact erythrocytes. The intra- and
      extracellular 23Na NMR signals were distinguished by addition of the dysprosium
      tripolyphosphate [Dy(PPP)7-2] shift reagent to the extracellular fluid. The intra
      and extracellular volumes of ghosts and cells were determined by the isotope
      dilution method. Our results indicate that greater than 20% of the intracellular
      signal remains undetected by NMR in ghosts and cells. When the cells are
      hemolyzed, the amount of NMR-detectable sodium varies depending on the importance
      of gel formation. In hemolysates prepared by water addition, the NMR and flame
      photometry results are identical. The loss of signal in ghosts, cells, and
      undiluted hemolysates is attributed to partial binding of the Na+ ion to
      intracellular components, this binding being operative only when these components
      exist in a gel state. In a second part, 31P NMR was used to monitor the
      penetration of the shift reagent into the cells during incubation. Our data
      demonstrate that free Dy3+ can slowly accumulate inside the red cell.

PMID- 3986282
TI  - Naturally crystalline hemoglobin of the nematode Mermis nigrescens. An in situ
      microspectrophotometric study of chemical properties and dichroism.
AB  - A dichroic microspectrophotometer was used to measure isotropic and dichroic
      absorbance spectra of this unique cytoplasmic hemoglobin and its derivatives. A
      perfusion slide enabled changing the media bathing the Mermis head. The native
      spectrum, which has an exceptionally low alpha-band extinction, was shown to be
      entirely due to oxyhemoglobin. The CO-hemoglobin spectrum is more typical,
      however, the alpha- and beta-bands are unusually closely spaced. A ferric
      hemochrome was formed on oxidation with ferricyanide or hydroxylamine and was
      readily converted to ferric hemoglobin cyanide on adding cyanide. Aquoferric
      hemoglobin and ferric hemoglobin fluoride were not easily formed.
      Deoxyhemoglobin, identified by its typical absorption spectrum, was formed only
      under the extremely low O2 pressures attainable in the presence of dithionite. A
      glucose oxidase, catalase solution deoxygenated hemoglobin in human erythrocytes
      but not in adjacent Mermis preparations. The affinity for O2 is much greater than
      for CO. Also, spectral evidence points to an oxyheme environment that is
      different than in vertebrate hemoglobin and myoglobin. The polarization ratio
      (PR) magnitude and the PR spectrum were unaffected by perfusion with high
      refractive index solvents; therefore, form dichroism due to the rodlike crystals
      is negligible. Maximum extinction is approximately perpendicular to the long axis
      of the microscopic crystals, which are oriented parallel to the body axis within
      the hypodermal cells. The PR spectra of the hemoglobin derivatives strongly
      resemble the corresponding spectra previously reported of single crystals made of
      horse hemoglobin, whale myoglobin, or Aplysia myoglobin and change appropriately
      when the ligand is changed. This confirms that the intracellular crystals of
      Mermis are of oxyhemoglobin.

PMID- 3986284
TI  - Ionic strength dependence of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by
      Al3+.
AB  - Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by Al3+ has been examined by initial
      velocity kinetics and by a first-order kinetic method. Both methods yield an
      inhibition constant of approx. 1.7 mM at 0.1 M ionic strength. The initial
      velocity study indicates a noncompetitive mechanism of inhibition by Al3+.
      Inhibition at 10 mM ionic strength shows a Ki of 0.03 mM. Evaluation of the ionic
      strength dependence concurs with the results of Nolte et al. (Biochemistry 19
      (1980) 3705). An effective charge in the binding site of -9 predicts the ratio of
      inhibition constants at high and low ionic strength. Extrapolation to zero ionic
      strength gives a Ki0 = 0.34 microM.

PMID- 3986285
TI  - Peptide homologs, isosteres, and isomers: a general approach to structure
      activity relationships.

PMID- 3986286
TI  - Membrane proteins as light-energy transducers.

PMID- 3986287
TI  - Energetics of protein structure and folding.

PMID- 3986288
TI  - Conformational analysis of lac promoters using the nuclease activity of 1,10
      phenanthroline-copper ion.

PMID- 3986289
TI  - The octamers d(CGCGCGCG) and d(CGCATGCG) both crystallize as Z-DNA in the same
      hexagonal lattice.

PMID- 3986290
TI  - Enzyme diffusion and action on soluble and insoluble substrate biopolymers.

PMID- 3986292
TI  - Light-scattering study on chick-embryo cartilage proteoglycan type H (PG-H).

PMID- 3986291
TI  - Rheological studies of creep and creep recovery of unligated fibrin clots:
      comparison of clots prepared with thrombin and ancrod.

PMID- 3986293
TI  - A simple and novel interpretation of the three-dimensional structure of globular
      proteins based on quantum-mechanical computations on small model molecules. I.

PMID- 3986294
TI  - Reaction pathway for the quaternary structure change in hemoglobin.

PMID- 3986295
TI  - Efficient Monte Carlo method for simulation of fluctuating conformations of
      native proteins.

PMID- 3986296
TI  - Properties of the aminotyrosine derivatives of calmodulin.

PMID- 3986297
TI  - Role of interstrand loops in the formation of intramolecular cross-beta-sheets by
      homopolyamino acids.

PMID- 3986298
TI  - Estimation of number of receptor sites: a misconception.

PMID- 3986299
TI  - Comparison of nonlinear pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from the sinusoidal
      perfusion and venous equilibrium models.
AB  - It is shown that the intrinsic and steady-state clearances and the values of Vm
      and Km of the Michaelis-Menten equation estimated via the sinusoidal perfusion
      model are different from the corresponding values estimated via the venous
      equilibration model. The liver blood flow rates estimated by two theories (from
      plasma data) are identical. The comparison was made using the single dose oral
      and intravenous and steady-state oral plasma concentration-time data for
      verapamil in six subjects previously published.

PMID- 3986300
TI  - Relationship between total body clearance of caffeine and urine flow rate in
      elderly men.
AB  - The total body clearance (CL), renal clearance (CLR), and nonrenal clearance
      (CLNR) of caffeine from plasma were determined following the intravenous
      administration of caffeine (4 mg kg-1) to ten healthy men (aged 66-86 years) on
      three separate occasions. Positive correlations were observed between CL and
      urine flow rate (UFR), between CLR and UFR, and between CLNR and UFR (r = 0.8947,
      p = 0.0002; r = 0.8832, p = 0.0003; and r = 0.8920, p = 0.0002, respectively).
      Previous studies have established similar relationships between CLR and UFR for
      caffeine and its initial dimethylxanthine metabolites; theophylline, theobromine,
      and paraxanthine. A relationship between CL and UFR has not been reported
      previously.

PMID- 3986301
TI  - On pharmacokinetics in target tissues.
AB  - Based on a two-compartment organ model the total exposure in a target tissue, the
      mean tissue residence time and the peak time of the tissue concentration are
      evaluated in terms of tissue to blood partition coefficient and permeability
      coefficient (membrane permeability) of the drug, as well as the organ volume and
      blood flow. The total exposure is dependent upon the partition coefficient
      whereas the mean residence time is also affected by the permeability coefficient
      of the target organ. The peak time of tissue concentration following bolus
      intravenous injection appears to be mainly determined by the mean organ transit
      time and the time course of blood concentration. A tissue specific therapeutic
      ratio is defined using the concept of total exposure and the advantages of a
      local route of drug administration are discussed in this respect.

PMID- 3986302
TI  - Bioavailability studies with ciglitazone in beagles. I. Effect of a meal on the
      bioavailability of three ciglitazone dosage forms.
AB  - Three separate Latin square crossover studies were conducted in beagles to
      examine the effect of a meal on the bioavailability of a ciglitazone tablet,
      suspension, and solution. In these studies, drug was administered to fasted
      animals with either 50 ml water or with 180 g Purina Dog Chow and 20 g butter.
      The data indicated that the meal significantly increased the AUC by about 40 per
      cent for both the tablet and the suspension but had no significant effect on the
      solution treatment. Comparisons across studies indicated low bioavailability in
      fasted animals from either the tablet or suspension relative to the solution.
      When drug was co-administered with a meal, however, bioavailability appeared to
      be independent of dosage form.

PMID- 3986303
TI  - Bioavailability studies with ciglitazone in beagles. II. Effect of propantheline
      bromide and metoclopramide HCL on bioavailability of a tablet.
AB  - Bioavailability studies in fasted dogs with ciglitazone (CGZ), an oral
      hypoglycemic agent, suggested that an absorption window could contribute to the
      poor oral availability of CGZ. If so, propantheline bromide (PPB) could increase
      the residence time of CGZ at absorption sites and increase its bioavailability.
      Using this rationale, a Latin square study was conducted with CGZ in fasted dogs
      (n = 10) using treatments of a single 125 mg tablet with and without 1.2 mg kg-1
      i.m. PPB. PPB was given in a single dose 1 h prior to administration of CGZ.
      Plasma concentrations of CGZ were assayed by HPLC. PPB significantly increased
      the AUC of CGZ by a ratio of 1.2:1 (p less than 0.01). PPB also increased Tmax
      from 2-8 h (p less than 0.001), and appeared to produce first order absorption of
      CGZ. In a separate CGZ study using fasted dogs (n = 10), a single 125 mg tablet
      was administered with and without i.v. metoclopramide HC1 (MCP). A 10 mg dose of
      MCP was given 15 min prior to dosing with CGZ and repeated 1 h after dosing. MCP
      increases GI motility and was expected to decrease residence time of CGZ. MCP had
      no effect on Tmax, but significantly decreased AUC by 8 per cent (p = 0.05). MCP
      also reduced Cmax by 16 per cent (p = 0.06). Taken as a whole, these data suggest
      that the effect of meals to increase bioavailability of CGZ could be mediated at
      least in part, through an increase in GI residence time.

PMID- 3986304
TI  - Acute tolerance development to the diuretic effect of furosemide in the rat.
AB  - Furosemide was given to rats as five different i.v. bolus doses (2.5-100 mg kg
      1), or as an i.v. infusion to a steady-state concentration in plasma of 14
      micrograms ml-1. The urinary furosemide excretion rate (delta Ae/delta t) and the
      diuretic effect (volume of urine) were measured. A parallel shift in the
      excretion-response curve was seen as a fivefold increase in (delta Ae/delta t)50
      [delta Ae/delta t) at half-maximal effect) between the i.v. bolus doses from 2.5
      to 40 mg kg-1. The slope factor did not change. During infusion, a decrease in
      efficiency to 20 per cent of the initial value was seen. These results are
      indicative of an acute tolerance development to the diuretic effect of
      furosemide. Some intrarenal feedback inhibition mechanism might be involved, as
      the extracellular fluid volume seems to be of great importance to the effect
      obtained. The resulting effect can be compared with the influence of a
      competitive antagonist.

PMID- 3986306
TI  - Isoproterenol induces a ribosomal modification in the heart and the skeletal
      muscle of hamsters.
AB  - The protein synthesis activity of heart, skeletal muscle and liver polysomes from
      isoprotenerol-treated and control hamsters has been compared in an in vitro non
      initiating translation system. Heart and skeletal muscle polysomes from treated
      hamsters were less active than controls and required a higher magnesium
      concentration for optimal protein synthesis. These results suggest that there is
      a conformational modification in heart and skeletal muscle ribosomes from
      isoprotenerol-treated hamsters. No such change was observed with ribosomes from
      the liver of isoproterenol-treated hamsters.

PMID- 3986305
TI  - Comparison of liposome entrapment parameters by optical and atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry.
AB  - Methods for the complete characterization of liposomes prepared by ether
      injection are described in detail. The validity of atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry for measuring markers of trapped volume was checked by
      comparative determinations of markers with established optical
      spectrophotometrical methods. The favorable results using atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry to quantitate the marker Mn2+ are of particular relevance as
      manganese ion is also the paramagnetic probe in n.m.r. measurements of water
      permeability of liposomes; our results indicate that in such measurements no
      other marker need be incorporated.

PMID- 3986308
TI  - Control of tissue carnitine contents: effects of partial hepatectomy and liver
      regeneration on carnitine concentrations in liver and extrahepatic tissues of the
      rat.
AB  - The liver is the sole site of carnitine biosynthesis in the rat. However, the
      first 24 h after the surgical removal of two-thirds of the liver mass are not
      associated with depletion of carnitine either in the liver remnant or in a number
      of extrahepatic tissues with relatively short turnover times of carnitine (less
      than 24 h; heart, spleen, kidney). Dietary carnitine was not supplied. The
      results suggest that the capacity of the remnant liver for carnitine biosynthesis
      is sufficient to maintain tissue carnitine contents. Liver regeneration
      influenced the relative proportions of hepatic free and acylated carnitines in a
      manner compatible with changes in fat disposition in the proliferating tissue.

PMID- 3986307
TI  - DNAse I-actin complex: an immunological study.
AB  - DNAse I-actin complex formation is studied in the presence of different anti
      actin antibody populations. The binding of DNAse I to actin is shown to be
      affected by antibodies specific to a central region in actin sequence (168-226).
      The C- and N-extremities of actin are shown to be in spatial proximity at the
      surface of the actin monomer and far from the binding area of DNAse I.

PMID- 3986309
TI  - Effect of a cold stimulus on the synthesis of uncoupling protein in brown adipose
      tissue of rats and newborn rabbits.
AB  - Rats are known to respond to a cold stimulus by increasing the activity and
      amount of the uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue. A 48 h cold stimulus
      was found to increase the synthesis of uncoupling protein 3.8-fold in 4-5 week
      old rats whereas no change was observed with newborn rabbits. The lack of
      response in the latter case may reflect a difference between rabbits and rats or
      that synthesis is already maximal in newborn rabbits.

PMID- 3986310
TI  - A possible adenine nucleotide storage form in normal and ischaemic rat heart.
AB  - Perfusion of Langendorff rat hearts with [14C]adenosine yields an acid-insoluble,
      radioactive product whose concentration falls during ischaemia. The properties of
      the substance show that it is a polyribonucleotide. It is suggested that it may
      be mitochondrial poly A acting as a storage form of adenine nucleotides.

PMID- 3986311
TI  - Proteoglycan-type I collagen fibril interactions in bone and non-calcifying
      connective tissues.
AB  - The association of proteoglycans with type I collagen fibrils in skin, tendon,
      cornea and bone has been determined by electron microscopy using an electron
      dense dye, Cupromeronic blue, in the critical electrolyte concentration mode,
      backed up by biochemical analysis and digestion by hyaluronidase or keratanase. A
      major proteoglycan of the soft tissues, containing dermatan sulphate, is shown to
      be regularly and orthogonally arranged at the surface of the fibrils. Uranyl
      acetate counterstaining revealed that the main specific binding site is the 'd'
      band, which previous work indicated is very close to the initial site of
      calcification of type I collagen fibrils. Bone, demineralized by a 'non-aqueous'
      technique which preserves the proteoglycan in the tissue, does not contain
      orthogonal arrays; the interfibrillar proteoglycan filaments are oriented
      parallel to the fibril axis. The main proteoglycan in bone is chondroitin
      sulphate-rich. It is suggested that dermatan sulphate proteoglycan plays a role
      in preventing soft connective tissues from calcifying.

PMID- 3986312
TI  - Polypeptide compositions of amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium
      discoideum separated by partitioning during development.
AB  - Amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum at 8 h or 10 h
      development were separated into two populations by countercurrent distribution in
      a dextran-poly (ethylene glycol), two-phase system. Two-dimensional,
      polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was then used to separate the polypeptides
      from the populations of amoebae. The two populations of amoebae at 8 h
      development differed 9n polypeptide composition as did the populations separated
      at 10 h development. This confirms that cell differentiation is initiated in D.
      discoideum prior to 8 h development.

PMID- 3986314
TI  - Thermogenic and metabolic consequences of thyroid hormone treatment in brown and
      white adipose tissue.
AB  - Male rats were treated with triiodothyronine in the drinking water for 12 days.
      In vitro rates of isoprenaline stimulated lipolysis were significantly greater in
      brown but not white adipose tissue. Rates of [14C]glucose incorporation into
      triacylglycerols were significantly reduced in BAT (brown adipose tissue) and WAT
      (white adipose tissue) under basal and isoprenaline stimulated conditions. In a
      second experiment, hyperthyroid animals showed impaired weight gain, despite
      increased food intake during 19 days' treatment. Energy expenditure on days 5 and
      12, and BAT core temperature differences (TBAT - TCORE) on day 19, were
      significantly greater than in control animals. Epididymal white fat pad weight
      was reduced and interscapular brown fat pad weight increased by triiodothyronine
      treatment.

PMID- 3986313
TI  - High affinity GDP binding sites on brown adipose tissue mitochondria of
      genetically obese 'fa/fa' rats.
AB  - The number of high affinity [3H]GDP binding sites in brown adipose tissue
      mitochondria is normal in obese (fa/fa) rats in contrast to the reduced number of
      low affinity GDP binding sites. Adrenalectomy corrected the loss of low affinity
      binding sites in fa/fa rats but had no effect on the number of high affinity
      sites in either lean or obese rats. Equilibrium dialysis was used to show the
      presence of both high and low affinity binding sites on the purified 32 kdalton
      protein.

PMID- 3986315
TI  - Motion and deformation of a red blood cell in a shear flow: a two-dimensional
      simulation of the wall effect.
AB  - The motion and deformation of a single red blood cell in a simple shear flow
      between two parallel walls is studied theoretically. A two-dimensional deformable
      microcapsule is adopted as a model for the cell, which has a thin moving
      membrane, like a tank-tread, around the interior and is deformed into an
      elliptical shape with a constant area. Applying the finite element method to the
      Stokes equations, the tank-tread motion and deformation is determined in a
      stationary motion, under fluid dynamic interaction between the cell and the
      walls. It is shown that the motion and deformation of the microcapsule crucially
      depends on the channel width between the two walls. As the width decreases, the
      microcapsule is more elongated and the frequency of tank-tread motion decreases
      at a constant shear rate. In addition, the angle of inclination decreases at the
      low range of the viscosity ratio of internal to external fluids and increases at
      the high range. The results obtained are compared with experimental observations
      and applied to the behavior of cells under mutual interaction.

PMID- 3986316
TI  - Rapid deoxygenation of red cells and hemoglobin solution using hollow capillary
      fibers.
AB  - A newly designed capillary deoxygenator has been constructed by using microporous
      polypropylene hollow fibers sealed into an airtight plexiglass housing.
      Oxygenated red cell suspensions and hemoglobin solutions flowing through the
      hollow fibers were subjected to deoxygenation with a gas mixture composed of 95
      percent N2 and 5 percent CO2 passed through the housing. At a given flow rate of
      the oxygenated fluid, the outgoing fluid pO2 varied directly with hematocrit and
      inversely with the residence time. With a deoxygenator composed of 144 parallel
      100-micrometers fibers with an active length of 10 cm, 2 ml of blood at 10
      percent hematocrit can be converted from arterial to venous pO2 in approximately
      1 min. The design of this deoxygenator provides a method for rapid deoxygenation
      of blood without red cell membrane damage or hemolysis.

PMID- 3986317
TI  - Measurement of erythrocyte orientation in flow by spin labeling II-
      phenomenological models for erythrocyte orientation rate.
AB  - We present two phenomenological models describing the flowing erythrocyte
      orientation rate. The first concerns the onset of a stable orientation in a very
      dilute erythrocyte suspension. It is based on a simple formula for erythrocyte
      elongation as a function of shear stress, and we assume that beyond a threshold
      of elongation, erythrocytes take on a stable orientation, while below this
      threshold, they have a flipping motion. We extend this model to high hematocrit
      values assuming that the effect of red cell collisions imposes a random moment to
      each erythrocyte, shifting it from its stable orientation. We obtain an
      approximate expression for erythrocyte orientation rate as a function of shear
      rate and then we compare these results to our experimental data in part III of
      this series.

PMID- 3986318
TI  - Measurement of erythrocyte orientation in flow by spin labeling III--erythrocyte
      orientation and rheological conditions.
AB  - The measurements of erythrocyte orientation, obtained through a spin labeling
      technique, are compared with a phenomenological model. Several rheological
      conditions are varied: hematocrit, suspending medium viscosity, blood age,
      artificial reversible aggregation. We found that the onset of orientation is very
      sensitive to any variation of these conditions, and that its measurement would be
      a good method to assess erythrocyte deformability. A critical shear rate for the
      orientation process is then determined and compared to the corresponding
      parameter obtained from viscosity measurements of identical suspensions. A close
      qualitative relationship is found between the two sets of values of the critical
      shear rate.

PMID- 3986319
TI  - In vitro study of modifications of blood flow patterns induced by a bifurcation.
AB  - Velocity profiles obtained with atheromatous and normal bifurcation castings in
      the presence of various types of flows are proposed. In the atheromatous
      bifurcation, with steady flow, we observe radial positive or negative velocities
      at distance to the wall smaller than 1 mm, which may be attributed to small local
      eddy motions. The maximum of velocity needs a larger distance from the apex than
      in the case of the "normal" bifurcation to be again located on the axes. With
      periodical flows, the effects are strongly damped. The wall velocity gradients on
      several geometries of tubings are investigated to separate the effects of the
      local rugosity of the wall from those incidental to the geometry of the
      bifurcation. The alterations caused by the atheroma do not seem to be induced by
      local modifications or rugosity, but by slow modifications of the local diameter.
      As a consequence, the variations of the velocity gradient caused by atheroma in
      the total bifurcation, are more likely due to distance effects of the geometry
      itself than to local effects of rugosity.

PMID- 3986320
TI  - Alteration of red cell membrane viscoelasticity by heat treatment: effect on cell
      deformability and suspension viscosity.
AB  - The membrane shear elastic modulus (mu) and the time constant for extensional
      shape recovery (tc) were measured for normal, control human red blood cells (RBC)
      and for RBC heat treated (HT) at 48 degrees C. Three separate methods for the
      measurement of mu were compared (two used a micropipette and one employed a flow
      channel), and the membrane viscosity (n) was calculated from the relation n = mu.
      tc. The deformability of HT and control cells was evaluated using micropipette
      techniques, and the bulk viscosity of RBC suspensions at 40% hematocrit was
      measured. The shear elastic modulus, or "membrane rigidity", was more than
      doubled by heat treatment, although both the absolute value for mu and the
      estimate of the increase induced by heat treatment varied depending on the method
      of measurement. Heat treatment caused smaller increases in membrane viscosity and
      in membrane bending resistance, and only minimal changes in cell geometry. The
      deformability of HT cells was reduced: 1) the pressure required for cell entry
      (Pe) into 3 micrometers pipettes was increased, on average, by 170%; 2) at an
      aspiration pressure (Pa) exceeding Pe, longer times were required for cell entry
      into the same pipettes. However, when Pa was scaled relative to the mean entry
      pressure for a given sample (i.e, Pa/Pe), entry times were similar for control
      and HT cells. Bulk viscosity of HT RBC suspensions was elevated by approximately
      12% on average (shear rates 75 to 1500 inverse seconds). These findings suggest
      that alteration of RBC membrane mechanical properties, similar to those induced
      by heat treatment, would most affect the in vivo circulation in regions where
      vessel dimensions are smaller than cellular diameters.

PMID- 3986321
TI  - Surface rheological properties of hyaluronic acid solutions.
AB  - Using an oscillating ring surface rheometer, surface shear rheological studies of
      hyaluronic acid solutions at physiological pH have demonstrated the elastico
      viscous nature of the surface films. The properties of these surface films change
      with time and are shown to be related to bulk concentration, ionic strength and
      pH. This ageing behaviour can be explained on the basis of molecular
      conformational changes and molecular segmental kinetics. The results are
      discussed in relation to the postulated function of hyaluronic acid in synovial
      fluid.

PMID- 3986322
TI  - Swelling pressure of the inervertebral disc: influence of proteoglycan and
      collagen contents.
AB  - In this study we have considered how equilibrium water content of the human
      nucleus pulposus varies with applied pressure for discs of various spinal levels
      and of various ages. In all cases hydration decreased as pressure increased but
      the level of equilibrium hydration depended on the relative amounts of collagen
      and PG in the tissue. Provided we accounted for the exclusion of PGs from the
      intra-fibrillar space, the swelling pressure curve and the osmotic pressure curve
      of equivalent PGs were found to coincide. The result implies that under
      physiological hydrations the mechanical forces exerted by the collagen network of
      the nucleus are insignificant and that the osmotic pressure of the proteoglycans
      is balanced by the applied pressure arising from body weight and muscle and
      ligament tension alone. Since aged discs often have a low proteoglycan to
      collagen ratio, their equilibrium hydration also tends to be low. Moreover a far
      larger proportion of the total water is associated with the collagen than in the
      younger disc.

PMID- 3986323
TI  - Studies of hydration and swelling pressure in normal and osteoarthritic
      cartilage.
AB  - An experimental study was carried out which involved comparing cartilage from
      normal and osteoarthritic joints with respect to (a) swelling pressure and (b)
      variation of hydration with applied pressure. The main conclusion was that whilst
      osteoarthritic cartilage is undoubtedly less able to resist water loss under a
      given applied pressure than normal cartilage, this is not due to a change in the
      "quality" of the proteoglycans, resulting in a change in the osmotic pressure of
      the latter, but simply to a decreased fixed charge density. The latter decrease
      is either caused by an increase in the water content - and this we attribute to a
      weakened collagen network - and/or to a loss of part of the proteoglycans from
      the tissue.

PMID- 3986324
TI  - Particle flow behavior in models of branching vessels. II. Effects of branching
      angle and diameter ratio on flow patterns.
AB  - To further elucidate the role of fluid mechanical factors in the localization of
      atherogenesis and thrombogenesis, we have studied the 3-dimensional flow patterns
      in square T-junctions with branching angles theta from 30 degrees to 150 degrees
      and diameter ratios d/D (side: main tube) from 1.05/3.0 to 1.0. Cine films of the
      motions of tracer microspheres in dilute suspensions were taken at inflow
      Reynolds numbers from 15 to 400 and flow ratios (main: side tube) from 0.1 to
      4.0. Flow patterns with suspension entering through the main tube were similar to
      those previously described in uniform 3 mm diameter T-junctions: paired vortices
      (spiral secondary flows) symmetrical about the common median plane formed at the
      entrances of the main and side daughter tubes. Particles circulated through the
      main vortex, some crossing above and below the mainstream into and through the
      side vortex. At the geometrical flow ratio, the main vortex became smaller and
      smaller as the branching angle (theta less than 90 degrees) and diameter ratio
      decreased, and was confined to a thin side tube was a minimum. In obtuse angle T
      junctions the stagnation point shifted from the flow divider into the side tube,
      enhancing the flow disturbance there. The velocity distributions in main and side
      tubes were skewed towards the inner walls close to the flow divider. When flow
      entered through the side tube, a pair of recirculation zones formed in the main
      tube at the inner wall of the bend with a sharper angle.

PMID- 3986325
TI  - [Geniculate relay of interhemispherical transmission of visual information].
AB  - Electrophysiological experiments were made on conscious cats with different
      degree of dissection of the classical and commissural optic tracts to the lateral
      geniculate body. The data obtained indicated that dissection of the direct
      retinal tracts to the lateral geniculate body (unilateral dissection of the optic
      tract) leads merely to the reduction in the amplitude of evoked potentials in
      response to light flashes. However, the latent period of the first component of
      the response in this structure appeared the same as in intact animals. Comparison
      of these data with those obtained in analogous experiments made on the visual
      cortex allows the conclusion that the geniculate body is the main subcortical
      relay of the visual commissural effects which are transmitted from the retina to
      the cortical regions of the brain.

PMID- 3986326
TI  - [Participation of the cholinergic nervous mechanism in regulating adequate blood
      supply to the rabbit cerebral cortex].
AB  - Dilatation of the pial arteries and their active segments (sphincters of the
      offshots and precortical arteries) was studied in rabbits under the conditions of
      enhanced neuronal activity of the brain cortex, induced by application of 0.5%
      strychnine to its surface. The blockade of the cholinergic transmission by
      microapplication of atropine to vessel walls caused a significant inhibition of
      the dilatatory responses of the study microvessels. Reduction of functional
      dilatation was most demonstrable in the precortical arteries, less marked in the
      sphincters of the offshots and still less marked in the small pial arteries. No
      differences in the responses of the large pial arteries were discovered either
      before or after atropine microapplications. The author suggests that the
      cholinergic mechanism plays an important part in regulation of adequate brain
      blood supply and that such a regulation may be performed locally within the area
      of a single radial artery occupying ca. 1/5 mm2 of the brain surface in rabbits.

PMID- 3986327
TI  - [Arteriovenous difference in antithrombin III activity and the antiaggregation
      properties of the vessel wall].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the data on the arteriovenous difference in
      antithrombin III activity and antiaggregation properties of the aortal and
      inferior vena cava walls in Wistar rats. A correlation between the changes
      identified and different thromboresistance of the arteries and veins is
      suggested.

PMID- 3986328
TI  - [Characteristics of the electrical activity in hippocampal slices in mice with
      Corazol kindling].
AB  - It has been shown in experiments on hippocampal slices of (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 mice
      with corazol kindling that the threshold of the appearance of the induced seizure
      discharge (ISD) in the area CA1 was decreased by stimulation of Schaffer
      collaterals. Diazepam provoked an increase in seizure susceptibility to corazol
      and penicillin and reduction of the ISD. The data suggest that alterations in
      neuronal reactivity, which follow kindling, can be found in an individual
      hippocampal segment, thus making it possible to investigate this phenomenon at
      the synaptic and molecular levels.

PMID- 3986329
TI  - [Effect of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating heart rhythm during burst
      stimulation of the vagus nerve].
AB  - In cat experiments, the right inferior cardiac nerve was stimulated at a
      frequency of 2 and 4 Hz and the right vagus by bursts of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
      impulses. Stimulation of the inferior cardiac nerve shifted the ranges of the
      heart rate control up the frequency scale. The shift of the range boundaries was
      mainly determined by the intensity of sympathetic regulation and by the number of
      impulses in a burst which stimulates the vagus nerve.

PMID- 3986330
TI  - [Effect of preliminary local myocardial hypoxia on the development of immune
      heart damage].
AB  - The changes in hemo- and cardiodynamics, myocardial contractility and its
      structural and histochemical alterations were studied in two series of
      experiments (immune and combined hypoxic and immune action on the myocardium) on
      27 mongrel dogs anesthesized with chloralose and urethane. It was established
      that preliminary short-term hypoxia of the myocardium essentially increases the
      alterative effect of immune factors, causing a rise in the involved area as well
      as in the degree of metabolic shifts in this area and in the intensity of the
      disorders of heart function and hemodynamics.

PMID- 3986331
TI  - [Role of the sympathetic nervous system during reparative regeneration and
      compensation of heart function in experimental myocardial infarct].
AB  - Experiments on chemically sympathectomized rats have revealed a double effect of
      the sympathetic nervous system on compensation and adaptation of heart function
      and reparative regeneration in myocardial infarction. It has been established
      that if the sympathetic influences are excluded, the elements of the connective
      tissue are activated, which leads to myocardial infarction healing at a shorter
      period of time. At the same time it has been demonstrated that sympathectomy
      inhibits the development of the compensatory reactions and limits adaptation
      possibilities of the heart.

PMID- 3986332
TI  - [Early postresuscitation centralization of the blood circulation].
AB  - Experiments on cats were made to study the cardiac output and its main fractions
      supplying blood to the epi- and subdiaphragmal parts of the body during the
      postresuscitation period. The phenomenon of early postresuscitation
      centralization of circulation was established, correlating with the gravity of
      the sustained terminal state in the severity and duration.

PMID- 3986333
TI  - [Liver regeneration at different stages of mononuclear infiltration induced by
      zymosan granules].
AB  - The relationship between regeneration of the liver of (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice and
      the degree of its mononuclear infiltration was studied. Resection of the 2/3 of
      the liver mass was performed 1 and 5 days and 2 months after zymosan-induced
      mononuclear infiltration. The synthesis of DNA and mitotic activity of
      hepatocytes in the liver with infiltrations was higher as compared with control.
      The rate of liver regeneration was dependent on the scope of the mononuclear
      infiltration, reaching a maximum provided liver resection was made 5 days after
      injection of zymosan granules.

PMID- 3986334
TI  - [Reasons for disorders of fatty acid oxidation in isolated heart mitochondria
      during ischemia].
AB  - The influence of malate and cytochrome c on fatty acid oxidation under control
      and ischemic conditions was investigated. In the medium without malate,
      cytochrome did not make fatty acid oxidation decreased during ischemia return to
      normal. Oxidation in the media containing malate and cytochrome did not differ
      from control only when it was measured after preliminary oxidation of endogenous
      substrates. The ratio of palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoyl carnitine to the respiration
      rates at state 3 was unchanged at 60 min ischemia. Apparently, no changes in
      carnitine acyltransferase playing a role in oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA took
      place. Thus, the decrease of fatty acid oxidation at early periods of ischemia is
      largely caused by a reduction in the content of cytochrome c and intermediates of
      Krebs cycle in the mitochondria.

PMID- 3986335
TI  - [Effect of heparin on DNA].
AB  - It was found that heparin is capable of increasing the sedimentation coefficient
      of DNA over alkaline and neutral sucrose density gradients as well as of reducing
      the intrinsic viscosity of native DNA. Irreversible compactization of DNA induced
      by heparin apparently by means of intramolecular aggregation of DNA with
      involvement of residual protein underlies the above-described phenomena. The
      influence of heparin on DNA is potentiated in more concentrated solutions. This
      should be taken into account in the assay of DNA-containing systems in the
      presence of heparin.

PMID- 3986336
TI  - [Effect of tuftsin on the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in peritoneal
      macrophages].
AB  - Cytochemistry was used to measure the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SOD),
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in
      rat peritoneal macrophages under the action of the endogenous immunostimulant
      tuftcin (tre-lys-pro-arg) during phagocytosis of latex particles and at rest.
      Tuftcin did not affect the activity of the study enzymes in non-phagocytic cells.
      Elevation of the peptide concentration to 0.25 micrograms/ml and higher in
      phagocytic macrophages activated G-6-PDH and lowered the activity of LDH. Tuftcin
      did not alter the activity of SOD in phagocytic macrophages.

PMID- 3986337
TI  - [Binding of 3H-spiperone in the mouse brain after intraperitoneal injection].
AB  - In experiments on mice 3H-spiperone binding after intraperitoneal injection was
      studied. The binding of 3H-spiperone was saturable in the frontal cortex and
      subcortical structures, whereas in the cerebellum, the amount of radioactivity
      increased in a linear manner and was referred to as nonspecific binding. The
      neuroleptics haloperidol, chlorpromazine and sulpiride given 0.5 h before 3H
      spiperone displaced 3H-spiperone in the subcortical structures in a dose-related
      manner. Although the level of the specific 3H-spiperone binding after
      intraperitoneal injection was lower than after intravenous injection, the
      intraperitoneal method is simpler, well reproduced and given results comparable
      with the intravenous method.

PMID- 3986338
TI  - [Inotropic effect of strophanthin in combination with calcium on the heart
      muscle].
AB  - The effect of strophanthine-g and its combination with different concentrations
      of calcium in Tyrode solution was studied in guinea-pig auriculi atrii
      contracting under the effect of isometric electric stimulation. Addition to
      Tyrode solution of strophanthine-g combined with calcium promoted the reduction
      of the positive inotropic effect of the former substance. During perfusion of the
      muscles with Tyrode solutions containing no calcium, the maintenance of the
      contractile function of the muscles is secured adequately enough by addition of
      strophanthine-g combined with low concentrations of calcium. Combinations of the
      cardiosteroid and calcium calculated on the basis of the stability constants of
      their complexes appeared effective. It is inferred that cardiosteroids should be
      combined with small amounts of calcium in order to attain a positive inotropic
      effect.

PMID- 3986339
TI  - [Human colonic cancer lines transplanted in athymic mice and rats].
AB  - A number of human colonic cancer strains from operative specimens transplanted to
      nude mice and rats are described. Histologic characteristics of the strains
      completely correspond with those of the primary tumor. The strains contain mainly
      human cells, which is proved by 5 peaks of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes
      detected at electrophoresis in agar gel.

PMID- 3986340
TI  - [Characteristics of cell structure and proliferative activity of organ cultures
      of normal embryonic lung tissue of mice resistant (C57BL) and predisposed (A) to
      lung blastomogenesis].
AB  - Linear differences were discovered in the quantitative ratio and proliferative
      activity of the cells of the epithelium and mesenchyma of organ cultures of the
      normal embryonal pulmonary tissue of mice resistant (C57BL) and predisposed (A)
      to lung blastomogenesis. In A mouse embryos, the index of the cell labels of the
      bronchiolar epithelium and fibroblast-like cells of the mesenchyma which migrate
      on the surface of the membrane filter was several times higher than that in C57BL
      mice. The number of the mesenchymal cells capable of migration in A mouse
      explants was essentially greater, that of the mesenchymal cells being in a direct
      contact with the epithelium of alveoloid and bronchiolar structures was, on the
      contrary, lower than in C57BL mouse explants. It is suggested that the
      differences described, particularly epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, are of
      importance for realization of the genetically determined sensitivity of these
      mice to spontaneous and induced lung blastomogenesis, which manifests as early as
      during prenatal ontogenesis.

PMID- 3986341
TI  - [Effect of compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney on the ability of splenocytes
      to induce a regional graft versus host reaction].
AB  - The ability of C57BL/6 mouse splenocytes to induce regional GVHR during uni- and
      bilateral nephrectomy, ligation of the ureter and sham operations was studied. It
      was shown that any kidney operation enhances the ability of splenocytes to induce
      the GVHR in contrast to uni- and bilateral sham operations. This phenomenon was
      first observed during bilateral nephrectomy (after 5 h), unilateral nephrectomy
      (after 24 h) and ligation of the ureter (after 72 h). The data indicate that
      deficiency of the tissue is the main cause of changes in the immunity system
      status rather than changes in antigen properties and functional insufficiency of
      the kidneys.

PMID- 3986342
TI  - [Effect of a low-intensity CO2 laser on the process of reparative regeneration of
      experimental wounds].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of CO2 laser with an energy density ranging from
      0.1 to 300 mVt/cm2 on reparative regeneration of experimental wounds. The
      criteria of the efficacy of laser therapy were the wound surface area, the
      surface of the necrotic area, cellular composition and the content of collagen
      and glycosaminoglycans in the granulation tissue. Laser radiation with an energy
      density of 0.5 and 4 mVt/cm2 and exposure of 2 min appeared to produce the most
      beneficial effect on reparative regeneration.

PMID- 3986344
TI  - [Circadian rhythms of adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion in man in normal
      conditions and after alcohol intake].
AB  - Circadian rhythms of adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion with urine in health
      and during 3 days after a single intake of 40 degrees alcohol from 5 to 6 p.m. in
      a dose of 6.2 ml/kg bw were examined in 20 healthy male volunteers aged 20 to 26
      years, in spring. The data obtained were processed according to the "cosinor"
      program. Alcohol intake resulted in the tension of the sympathoadrenal system,
      with that tension being observed over 2 days and not removed after ethanol
      elimination. Circadian rhythms of catecholamine excretion essentially changed.
      Within the first day after alcohol intake, mesor and rhythm amplitudes increased,
      acrophases displaced for a time following alcoholization. By the second day the
      increase of the mesors was preserved, the acrophases returned to normal. Complete
      recovery of the normal circadian time structure took place during the third
      circadian cycle after alcohol intake.

PMID- 3986343
TI  - [Stathmokinetic effect of cryoprotectors].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of cryoprotectors, both penetrating the cell
      (glycerin) and non-penetrating it (polyethylene oxide, m.w. 400), in different
      concentrations on the mitosis kinetics of short-lived cultures of human
      peripheral blood cells and continuous fibroblast-like cells of Chinese hamsters.
      Changes in the kinetics of the proliferation of the cultures under study,
      manifesting in a decrease of the mitotic index, accumulation of metaphases and an
      increase in the number of k-mitotic cells, depended on the concentration of the
      cryoprotectors. The stathmokinetic effect of the cryoprotectors was discovered to
      be related to the dehydrating properties shared by these substances, with the
      intensity of the effect being consequent on their penetrating ability.

PMID- 3986345
TI  - [Renewal of hematopoietic stem cell clones in long-term bone marrow cultures].
AB  - In long-term cultures of murine bone marrow, clonal succession of hemopoietic
      cells was observed as measured by karyologic analysis. There were high
      oscillations in self-renewal of CFUs in the cultures. A close correlation between
      the CFUmix karyotype and mitotic non-adherent cells in culture (but not between
      these cell types and CFUs) was revealed.

PMID- 3986346
TI  - [Change in the mitochondria of the left heart ventricle in the intact rabbit
      during the course of the day (based on scanning electron microscopic data)].
AB  - The myocardium of the left ventricle of intact rabbit was investigated by
      scanning electron microscopy during 24 hours, namely at 0, 6 a.m., noon and 6
      p.m. It was discovered that the mitochondria reach the maximal volume at 6 p.m.
      and the minimal at 6 a.m. The qualitative differences in the mitochondria at
      different periods of the day are described. A correlation was established between
      the swelling of the mitochondria and some indices of heart function.

PMID- 3986347
TI  - [Reactive motility of dendrites].
AB  - The neurohistological data on the nonspecific reactive phenomenon the dendrite
      neuroplasm excrescences were compared with intravital data on reactive mobility
      of the processes of the surviving neurons and nerve cells in tissue cultures. It
      was demonstrated that static pictures on histological preparations correspond to
      the stages of reactive reconstruction of live dendrites, such as retraction,
      extrusion and autotomy. The neuroplasmic excrescences reflect the reverse
      displacement of the neuroplasm associated with the process retraction rather than
      enhancement of its proximodistal flow.

PMID- 3986348
TI  - [Adrenaline-induced damage to the myocardium in rats with genetically determined
      arterial hypertension].
AB  - Genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats were subjected to acute myocardial
      injury by a single subcutaneous injection of adrenaline (0.5 mg/100 g bw). The
      animals were sacrificed one day later. The lesions showed the signs of focal
      coagulative necrosis and intracellular myocytolysis. The damaged cardiomyocytes
      with high sarcolemmal permeability for blood plasma proteins were more widespread
      in the hypertensive versus normotensive rats. Intracellular myocytolysis, which
      is not associated with alterations in the cell membrane, was found in both
      experimental groups at an equal rate. The data agree with the concepts of
      alterations in biological membranes in genetically determined arterial
      hypertension.

PMID- 3986349
TI  - [Lipid granularity and topographic characteristics of renomedullary interstitial
      cells in genetically spontaneous hypertension in rats].
AB  - Light microscopy was used to study lipid granularity of the renomedullary
      interstitial cells (IC) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) aged 4 months
      and in Wistar rats (control) of the same age. Altogether 2000 IC were examined
      per animal on an average. The concentric distribution of the granular IC in the
      renal papilla was demonstrated. Lipid granularity of the IC was discovered to be
      lowered and the zone of granular IC to be enlarged in the whole papilla in SHR
      rats as compared with control. Also, the differences were found in lipid
      granularity of the IC in individual zones of the papilla in both SHR and
      normotensive animals, which seems likely to indicate different functional
      significance of the individual parts of the renal papilla.

PMID- 3986350
TI  - [Decrease in the electrostimulation threshold of the heart by saturating the
      electrode with glucocorticoids].
AB  - A pacing electrode with a porous surface saturated with glucocorticoids has been
      designed in order to diminish the pacing threshold of the heart. The data
      obtained in animal studies show that saturation of the electrode with
      dexamethasone before implantation significantly reduces the pacing threshold.

PMID- 3986351
TI  - [Multicomponent detoxifying system in albino rat liver].
AB  - Experiments on white rats were made to study the system of xenobiotic
      detoxifying. The measurements were taken of the content of cytochromes P-450 and
      b5, of the activity of NADP X H- and NAD X H-dependent monoxygenases, of the
      levels of microsomal albumin, thiol groups, and of the mass index of the liver in
      intact animals and in those injected with phenobarbital and SKF-525A. The most
      informative indicators determining the detoxifying system functioning were
      identified by factor analysis. Correlations were also established between
      components of the system. It turned out that transformation of the correlations
      in question was the result of phenobarbital and SKF-525A injection. The authors
      discuss the importance of the character and degree of this transformation for
      evaluation of the tension of the xenobiotic detoxifying system functioning and
      measures aimed at ensuring its reliability under the effect of harmful
      environmental factors.

PMID- 3986352
TI  - [Morphogenesis of inflammation of the lungs with changed immunity].
AB  - Two-week pneumonia was induced in Wistar rats by introduction of a foreign body
      into the trachea under the effect of heparin, cyclophosphamide,
      phytohemagglutinin, and liquid paraffin. The morphological and immunological
      features of the processes were studied. It was discovered that modification of
      the inflammatory process provoked by the use of the above-mentioned substances is
      not connected with their immunoregulatory effects or with the induced changes in
      the humoral and cellular immune response. The data obtained are regarded as
      evidence for the possibility of the absence of the relationship between the
      development of the inflammatory process and the status of immunity.

PMID- 3986353
TI  - [Immunomorphological study of cytochrome P-450PB induction in the liver of rat
      embryos and pregnant females after phenobarbital administration].
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 PB localization in the livers of embryos, pregnant, non-pregnant
      female, and male Wistar rats was investigated immunomorphologically after
      phenobarbital (PB) treatment. The highest level of cytochrome P-450 PB induction
      was observed in the livers of male rats where the antigen invaded almost the
      whole liver lobule. About half of the cells within the lobule of non-pregnant
      female rat livers were stained and were located around the central vein area.
      Pregnant females had two times less indication than the non-pregnant group and
      only a quarter of the cells in the lobule of the liver adjacent to the central
      vein were stained for P-450 PB. The indication of cytochrome P-450 PB was absent
      from 17-18-day-old embryonal livers which were subjected to the transplacental
      action of the inducer. Only in one case out of seven were small groups of cells
      and single cells in the embryonal liver stained positively for cytochrome P-450
      PB. It is obvious that during pregnancy, the mother's body exerts a significant
      influence on the detoxifying function of the fetal liver.

PMID- 3986354
TI  - [Effect of hemosorption on the ultrastructure of hepatocytes in toxic liver
      damage].
AB  - Extracorporeal perfusion of toxic blood via carbonic sorbents is an effective
      method for correcting severe disturbances of hemostasis. Ultrastructural
      alterations in hepatic cells were studied in experimental toxic liver injury
      before and after hemosorption. It was established that after hemosorption the
      processes of intracellular regeneration were significantly activated in the liver
      parenchyma. The number of crysts in the mitochondria increased as did the
      electronic density of the matrix. At the same time the number of lysosomes rose
      as well. However, in persistent unresolved cholestasis, destructive alterations
      in the hepatic tissue progressed despite the performance of hemosorption.

PMID- 3986355
TI  - [Characteristics of destructive-regenerative processes in the kidneys of albino
      rats in conditions of necronephrosis caused by corrosive sublimate].
AB  - Study of serial semi-thin (0.5 micron) metacrylate and paraffinic (8 microns) of
      rat kidney sections 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after subcutaneous injection of mercury
      bichloride at a dose of 0.6 mg/100 g bw has revealed that injury to different
      parts of the canalicular nephron is of heterogeneous character. The proximal part
      of the nephron demonstrates both complete and partial necrosis of nephrocyte
      cytoplasm. The distal parts of the nephron and collecting tubules are
      characterized by partial necrosis of the apical cytoplasm. Within the period
      between 12 and 24 h after the mercury bichloride injection, intracellular
      reparative processes are observed, in addition to destruction, in partially
      damaged but viable nephrocytes, which is confirmed by the enlargement of the
      nucleolic size. Regeneration of the tubular epithelium due to cellular
      restoration was unmarked 24 h after the mercury bichloride injection.

PMID- 3986356
TI  - [Ultrastructural and enzyme chemical changes in dog testicles as affected by
      temporary interruption of blood circulation and use of cardiac massage].
AB  - Slight ultrastructural and metabolic changes in the spermatogenic epithelium of
      the testicles were identified 10 min after cardiac arrest. One hour after direct
      mechanical cardiomassage (DMCM) a moderately pronounced edema of the
      intercellular spaces in the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium,
      normal content of lactate and succinate dehydrogenases, and a certain decrease in
      the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and NAD- and NADP-diaphorases
      were noted. Preservation of tight junctions between Sertoli cells, presenting an
      impermeable testicular barrier, both after cardiac arrest and DMCM suggest that
      the hypoxic alterations in the structure and metabolism do not interfere with the
      use of the testicles for transplantation.

PMID- 3986357
TI  - [Method of inserting thin-walled polymeric cannulas and catheters into vessels of
      diameter up to 0.2 mm].
AB  - To facilitate cannulation of thin blood vessels, a removable sharpened metal wire
      was inserted into a catheter. It made it possible to cannulate vessels under 0.2
      mm in diameter with thin-walled soft flexible plastic tubes.

PMID- 3986358
TI  - [Role of the commissural channels of the somatosensory system in the conduction
      of feedback signals during the control of voluntary movements].
AB  - The time-course of formation of the conditioned defence reflex and
      electromyograms of the working forelimb were studied on cats with classical and
      commissural somatosensory pathways transections. It was established that
      exclusion of the classical somatosensory projections only reduces the rate of the
      skill formation that is related to the possibility of conducting feedback signals
      via the remaining commissural pathways. However, the commissural channel in
      question is not effective enough, since its isolated functioning is accompanied
      by an increase in the duration of instrumental movement. The combined transection
      of the classical and commissural somatosensory pathways excludes the possibility
      of formation of the conditioned reflex on the "deafferented" limb. The lack of
      direct visual control over the moving forelimb does not essentially affect the
      behavioral and electromyographic data.

PMID- 3986359
TI  - [Mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of the stellate ganglion on cardiac
      activity].
AB  - The mechanisms of cardiac activity inhibition caused by stimulation of the
      stellate ganglion were studied in acute experiments on 28 dogs and 37 cats and
      chronic experiments on 12 cats. It was shown that inhibition of cardiac activity
      is caused by stimulation of the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus, anastomozing
      with stellate ganglion branches and ingoing as part of these fibers to the heart.
      The hypothesis of change over of the sympathetic nerve fibers to the intracardial
      cholinergic neurons and the hypothesis of the cholinergic component in the
      mechanism of catecholamine release by the sympathetic nerve terminals was not
      confirmed. Therefore, the known Dale's principle as to that one neuron exerts its
      efferent effect with the aid of one transmitter is quite just. alpha
      Adrenoreceptors does not produce any noticeable effect on cardiac activity.

PMID- 3986360
TI  - [Controlled sinus arrhythmia during burst stimulation of the vagus nerve].
AB  - In experiments on anesthesized cats and rats the desynchronization of the heart
      rate and burst stimulation of the vagus brought about severe sinus arrhythmia.
      Analysis of the functional dependence between the P--S interval (atrial wave of
      the ECG--moment of vagus stimulation) and the P--P interval showed periodical
      alterations in pacemaker sensitivity to the effect of the vagus during each
      cardiac cycle. It is supposed that natural vagus arrhythmia is the result of
      discoordination between heart automacy and efferent vagus bursts of central
      origin.

PMID- 3986361
TI  - [Effect of hypokinesia and muscle training on catecholamine levels of the
      myocardium of rats in postnatal ontogeny].
AB  - Following muscular training and hypokinesia in postnatal ontogenesis (10 weeks)
      rats were examined by fluorometry for the content of catecholamines at rest and
      after extreme exertion (swimming). Regular muscular training led to an increase
      in catecholamine concentration in the myocardium. Hypokinesia decelerated
      catecholamine accumulation by the myocardium. A single extreme swimming exercise
      brought about a decrease in catecholamine concentration in the myocardium. The
      minimal adrenaline concentration was the same, being equal to 0.04 microgram/g
      crude tissue whatever the age and locomotion pattern.

PMID- 3986362
TI  - [Role of the lymphatic system in the transport of biologically active substances
      in shock of various etiologies].
AB  - The content of histamine, serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline in the thoracic
      and lymphatic duct lymph and blood as well as absolute quantity of lymph
      transported biogenic amines and mediators into the general circulation were
      studied on 68 dogs during anaphylactic and endotoxin shock (ASh and ESh,
      respectively). Both ASh and ESh were accompanied by considerable changes in the
      hemodynamics, lymph circulation, content of biologically active substances in
      lymph and blood and in their lymph transport to the blood stream. The most
      profound and early changes in the content of biologically active substances
      during ASh and ESh were found in the lymph, which shows an important role of the
      lymphatic system in their resorption and transport from organs and tissues into
      the general circulation.

PMID- 3986363
TI  - [Compensation of experimental insular insufficiency by altering the portal blood
      flow].
AB  - Experimental insular insufficiency and hyperglycemia in dogs was induced by
      subtotal resection of the pancreas. The diverting of venous blood from the
      pancreas into the systemic circulation via the spleno-caval venous anastomosis
      promoted a reduction of insulin metabolization in the liver on the first passage.
      This led to an increase in peripheral blood insulin and rapid compensation for
      hyperglycehia induced by resection of 80% pancreas. No gross morphological
      changes in the liver were revealed during 4 months after anastomosis
      establishment. A decrease in the glycogen content in the liver and peripheral
      muscles was noted after blood shunting. The subtotal resection of the pancreas
      coupled with pancreatic duct ligation resulted in gross fibrotic changes in the
      pancreas and atrophy of the exocrine tissue. On the other hand, the endocrine
      tissue gets hypertrophied, being less prone to fibrosis.

PMID- 3986364
TI  - [Action of retinoic acid on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes in vitro].
AB  - It has been shown in experiments in vitro that preincubation of rat liver
      microsomes with an ethanol solution of all-trans-retinoic acid in the final
      concentration 7.0 X 10(-5) M results in a decrease of both NADPN-dependent and
      spontaneous lipid peroxidation (to 53 and 70% of control, respectively) but did
      not influence ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation. Retinol at the same
      concentration induces more pronounced inhibition of all types of microsomal lipid
      peroxidation. The rate of NADPN-dependent lipid peroxidation decreases linearly
      as the retinoic acid concentration in the incubation medium is raised, whereas
      the rate of ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation drastically lessens only after
      the retinoic acid concentration in the medium is increased to 1.4 X 10(-4) M. The
      data obtained provide evidence in favour of the concepts of a possible role of
      vitamin A in LPO regulation in the body and point to the necessity of taking into
      consideration the antioxidant properties of retinol and retinoic acid while
      analysing their pharmacological action.

PMID- 3986365
TI  - [Liver and blood enzyme spectra of rats with model anthracosis based on feeding a
      diet with additional amounts of methionine and pyridoxine].
AB  - The data obtained during studies of the enzymic spectrum of the liver and blood
      of rats with experimental anthracosis fed the diet containing additional quota of
      methionine and pyridoxine are presented. It was established that introduction of
      additional quota of methionine and pyridoxine in the animals' diet with an
      optimal fat content reduced the negative manifestations on the part of the
      enzymic systems of the liver and blood characteristic of experimental anthracosis
      and thus promoted retardation of fibrous process in the lungs. Additional
      introduction into the diet of rats with experimental anthracosis of methionine
      alone appeared ineffective.

PMID- 3986366
TI  - [Nicotinamide coenzyme content in the normal and regenerating liver of rats].
AB  - The content of NADH and NADPH was measured in the intact and regenerating rat
      liver. In the intact rat liver, the content of NAD+, NADH, NADP+ and NADPH was
      235 +/- 6.4, 66.6 +/- 4.3, 73.3 +/- 2.5 and 148.0 +/- 4.6 micrograms/g crude
      liver weight, respectively. Seasonal alterations in the rat liver content of
      coenzymes were established. No changes were found in the content of nicotinamide
      coenzymes in the regenerating liver 4 and 18 h after operation. Twenty-four hours
      after operation, a 25.6% increase in the content of NAD+ and a 57.8% reduction in
      the NADH content were recorded in the liver of hepatectomized animals. At the
      same time the total content of NAD+ plus NADH changed but insignificantly
      (14.7%). The total content of NADP+ plus NADPH dropped by 29.8% (within the above
      period). Thirty-two hours after operation the content of all the nicotinamide
      coenzymes returned to the initial level.

PMID- 3986368
TI  - [Effect of ubiquinone on phospholipid metabolism in radiation injury].
AB  - The synthesis and phospholipid content in the liver, intestine and spleen in
      normal and irradiated rats administered ubiquinone-9 were studied with the use of
      3H-serine. Ubiquinone markedly activated decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine
      and suppressed transformation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine
      in rat liver and spleen. The effect was also observed in the organs of irradiated
      animals. In rat intestine, administration of ubiquinone normalized a sharp gamma
      irradiation-induced inhibition of transformation of phosphatidylcholine from
      phosphatidylethanolamine. The catabolism of phospholipids under the action of
      ubiquinone and radiation was inhibited in the liver and, on the contrary, was
      activated in radiosensitive organs.

PMID- 3986367
TI  - [Comparative study of zixoryn and phenobarbital as enzyme inducers of the liver
      mono-oxygenase system].
AB  - It has been shown in rat experiments that administration of zixoryn brings about
      an increase in the liver weight and the content of cytochromes P-450 and b5, and
      activates the aniline-hydroxylase reaction. The induction activity pattern of
      zixoryn is similar to that of phenobarbital-type inducers. However, it is
      inferior to phenobarbital in the degree of activity and causes an atypically
      dramatic increment of the content of cytochrome b5. It is assumed that the
      mechanism of zixoryn action is linked with acceleration of the synthesis of
      microsomal oxidation enzymes and stabilization of cytochrome P-450 in a
      catalytically active state.

PMID- 3986369
TI  - [Action of neurotropic substances on gamma-aminobutyric acid release from brain
      synaptosomes during K+ depolarization].
AB  - The effects of aminazine (0.25 mM), phthoracyzine (0.5 mM), trifluperidole (0.5
      mM) and imipramine (0.5 mM) on GABA release from rat brain synaptosomes
      depolarized with K+ (50 mM) were investigated. Incubation of synaptosomes with
      aminazine led to a 2-fold and that with phthoracyzine, trifluperidole and
      imipramine to a 1.5-fold increase in GABA release from synaptosomes as compared
      with its basic level. The raising of K+ in the incubation medium to 50 mM brought
      about a 2-fold augmentation of GABA release. Exposure of synaptosomes to drugs
      and a higher K+ concentration at a time did not change GABA release as compared
      to its basic level. Introduction into the incubation medium of the Ga-ionophore
      A23187 together with 50 mM K+ and trifluperidole or with K+ and imipramine led to
      the same increase in GABA release from synaptosomes as that produced by the
      psychotropic drugs as regards native synaptosomes. It is assumed that the lack of
      the influence of the psychotropic drugs under study of GABA release from
      synaptosomes depolarized with K+ is caused by blockade of synaptic membrane
      conductibility for Ca2+.

PMID- 3986370
TI  - [Detection of autoantibodies to blood coagulation factors by the passive
      hemagglutination reaction and by an immunoenzyme (ELISA) method].
AB  - Plasma of healthy persons and intact animals contains antibodies to blood
      coagulation factors IIa and Xa of autologous origin demonstrated by passive
      hemagglutination and ELISA. During fibrin formation, autoantibodies are bound and
      thus are not detectable in the serum. The importance of the facts described for
      hemostasis control is discussed.

PMID- 3986371
TI  - [Establishment of human tumor strains from cell lines transplanted into athymic
      mice and rats].
AB  - The authors describe human cancer strains established from 6 cell lines
      transplanted to nude mice and rats: cancer of the liver, colon, lung, bladder and
      Burkitt's lymphoma. In spite of a long history (for several years) of cell line
      transfers in vitro, on transplantation of tumor cells, nude animals established
      tumors histologically identical to the primary cancer.

PMID- 3986372
TI  - [Cytotoxic action of natural killer cells on human tumor cells].
AB  - Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was studied in a 18-hour 51Cr-release assay in
      the cultures of human tumor target cells: K562 leukemia and lung adenocarcinoma
      (LAC) cells. The mean cytotoxic value was similar for K562 and LAC cells: 36.13
      +/- 3.23% and 40.78 +/- 3.43%, respectively, although significant individual
      variability was recorded. The similar cytolytic action of blood mononuclear cells
      (MNC) on the two tumor lines was observed in 30% of normal donors. MNC from 30%
      donors produced more pronounced lytic action on K562 cells while MNC from other
      30% donors lysed mainly LAC cells. In the competitive inhibition test cold K562
      cells more effectively than cold LAC cells suppressed the MNC-induced lysis of
      both K562 and LAC cells.

PMID- 3986373
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the action of thymic and cerebral GD3 gangliosides on
      the sensitivity of tumor cells to natural splenic effectors].
AB  - Thymic gangliosides GM3 and GD3 and LacCer incorporated into the membrane of the
      tumor target cell leukemia (YAC) increase its sensitivity to the membrane toxic
      action of spleen effectors. Unlike thymic gangliosides GD3, ganglioside GD3 of
      the brain origin substantially reduces tumor cell sensitivity to spleen
      effectors. Some other brain glycosphingolipids differing essentially in the
      structure of the carbohydrate part of the molecule exert the same action. It has
      been shown in model experiments with incorporation into the tumor cell membrane
      of brain ganglioside GD3 combined with thymic LacCer or with egg
      phosphatidylcholine that the increase in the sensitivity of the tumor cell
      membrane to spleen effectors is linked with a change in the properties of the
      lipid membrane matrix under the effect of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. in
      experiments with phosphatidylcholine). It follows from the data presented that
      the capability of influencing the sensitivity of tumor cells to natural spleen
      effectors largely depends on the differences in the structure of the cearamide
      part of brain and thymic GD3.

PMID- 3986374
TI  - [Development of lung tumors in Syrian hamsters with a mixed Mycoplasma pneumoniae
      and influenza virus infection].
AB  - The authors studied morphological alterations in the lungs of Syrian hamsters
      infected intranasally with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and influenza virus. The animals
      were first infected with M. pneumoniae and after 7 days with influenza A/PR8
      virus. On days 1-3 after infection with influenza virus (days 8-11 following
      infection with M. pneumoniae) the animals showed the appearance of multiple foci
      of bronchiolar epithelium proliferation. At the later stages of experiment the
      size of the foci of proliferation increased. On days 14-21 after infection with
      influenza virus (days 21-28 of experiment) the animals developed lung tumors.

PMID- 3986375
TI  - [Evaluation of the nucleolar organizer activity of tumor cells in patients with
      esophageal and stomach cancers].
AB  - Silver impregnation findings of normal and cancer cell nucleoli are given for 30
      cancer patients with esophageal (16) and gastric (14) carcinoma and 5 controls.
      It has been shown that the content of silver granules per cell (35.3 +/- 2.4) and
      per nucleolus (13.3 +/- 0.7) in tumor cells were significantly higher than in
      normal ones (11.4 +/- 1.9 and 5.3 +/- 0.5, respectively). The importance of these
      findings for clinical oncology is discussed.

PMID- 3986376
TI  - [Strain of Yoshida sarcoma with induced pafencil resistance].
AB  - Pafencyl, a new antineoplastic drug, approved for use in the USSR, was
      administered orally to Wistar rats bearing subcutaneous Ioshida's sarcomas
      (during 5 days, 1 to 10 mg/kg bw). Administration of the drug during several days
      induced drug resistance. Since the 28th transplant generation accompanied by
      pafencyl administration drug resistance became stable and the maximal tolerable
      dose (MTD) 40 mg/kg, which causes regression of the sensitive strain, was
      ineffective. In rats bearing bilaterally transplanted resistant and sensitive
      tumors, pafencyl in MTD and lower doses completely inhibited the growth of the
      sensitive line with a zero or stimulation effect on the tumor-resistant one. The
      resistance index was 30.9. The drug resistance remained unchanged for 2 years
      under cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C. This tumor-resistant
      model can be used for studying the mechanisms of drug resistance, cross
      resistance and preclinical testing of new drugs.

PMID- 3986377
TI  - [Human melanoma strains transplantable into athymic mice and rats].
AB  - Malignant melanoma operative specimens from 3 patients, containing a substantial
      proportion of melanin as well as the MeWo cell line also containing the pigment,
      gave rise to human melanoma strains transplanted to nude mice and rats. All the
      strains demonstrated a rapid decrease in melanin production compared to the
      original material. The pigment was detectable by electron microscopy alone.

PMID- 3986378
TI  - [Characteristics of a staphylococcal infection in guinea pigs with delayed
      hypersensitivity to staphylococcal alpha-toxin].

PMID- 3986379
TI  - [Ultrastructural aspects of the reversible nature of sclerotic changes in the
      liver].
AB  - Experiments on mice have demonstrated ultrastructural changes in collagen and
      hepatocytes during reverse development of liver cirrhosis. Progressive lysis of
      collagenous fibers has been noted. Changes in hepatocytes point to a rise in the
      synthetic and endocytosis activity in these cells. It is suggested that
      exocellular lysis of collagen in the process under consideration is initiated by
      collagenase whereas subsequently it takes place under the action of lysosomal
      enzymes secreted by hepatocytes to the exocellular space.

PMID- 3986380
TI  - [Hospital teaching of oncology].
AB  - Theoretical teaching of oncology was improved, 15 years ago, by individualizing a
      special university course during medical studies in France. However medical
      students need also practical exercising by relation with cancer patients. The
      main goals may be defined and given to students at the beginning of practical
      course and training in an oncology department. Students have to be guided to
      improve their attitudes. Some experiences are reviewed and permit to help
      teachers by giving general principles.

PMID- 3986381
TI  - [Pericarditis after radiotherapy for breast cancer].

PMID- 3986382
TI  - [Biochemical and microscopic (optic and electron) comparative study of normal and
      tumoral thyroid tissues in man].

PMID- 3986383
TI  - Mercury in human breath from dental amalgams.

PMID- 3986384
TI  - Hand harvester exposure to maleic hydrazide (MH) in flue-cured tobacco.

PMID- 3986385
TI  - The role of acetylcholine in rhythmic spontaneous contractions of rat's duodenal
      smooth muscle.

PMID- 3986386
TI  - Recovery and reproducibility in determination of volatile halocarbons in water
      and blood.

PMID- 3986388
TI  - Preliminary study of organochlorine compounds in milk products, human milk, and
      vegetables.

PMID- 3986387
TI  - Dechlorination and trihalomethane yields.

PMID- 3986390
TI  - Organochlorine concentrations, whole body weights, and lipid content of black
      skimmers wintering in Mexico and in south Texas, 1983.

PMID- 3986389
TI  - Residue levels of organochlorine insecticides in lamb and beef from Baghdad.

PMID- 3986391
TI  - Rapid and low-cost method for monitoring determination of selected chlorinated
      pesticides in feed mixtures.

PMID- 3986392
TI  - Persistence of benomyl and captan and their effects on microbial activity in
      field soils.

PMID- 3986394
TI  - Zinc phosphide in subterranean burrow systems.

PMID- 3986393
TI  - Dissipation of atrazine residues from soils.

PMID- 3986395
TI  - Acute and residual toxicity of a new pyrethroid insecticide, WL85871, to honey
      bees.

PMID- 3986396
TI  - Metal concentrations in the sediments from the Arabian Gulf coast of Saudi
      Arabia.

PMID- 3986397
TI  - Levels of selenium in relation to levels of mercury in fish from Mjosa, a
      freshwater lake in southeastern Norway.

PMID- 3986398
TI  - Impact of trichloroethylene contaminated groundwater discharged to the main canal
      and Indian River lagoon, Vero Beach, Florida.

PMID- 3986399
TI  - Microbial immobilization of phosphorus as a potential means of reducing
      phosphorus pollution of water.

PMID- 3986401
TI  - Coupling of a slow and a fast oscillator can generate bursting.

PMID- 3986400
TI  - Quantitative study of testicular recrudescence in the fresh water teleost, Channa
      punctatus (Bl.) exposed to pesticides.

PMID- 3986402
TI  - Simultaneous analysis of the cardiac electric and magnetic fields using the
      scalar multipole expansion.

PMID- 3986403
TI  - Arterial flow under periodic body acceleration.

PMID- 3986404
TI  - Distribution of stresses in the left ventricular wall of the intact heart.

PMID- 3986406
TI  - Physiology of cardiac conduction.

PMID- 3986405
TI  - Mode analysis of a tubular structure of coupled non-linear oscillators for
      digestive-tract modelling.

PMID- 3986408
TI  - Chronic tachyarrythmias.
AB  - The term "chronic tachyarrhythmia" implies a permanent or established abnormal
      cardiac rhythm that is faster than the previous or expected sinus rhythm. It may
      or may not be associated with symptoms, and therapy may only be indicated if
      cardiac dysfunction develops or if symptoms are troublesome.

PMID- 3986407
TI  - Acute arrhythmias.
AB  - The choice of treatment for acute arrhythmias presents the physician with
      difficult and sometimes controversial decisions. Action may have to be taken
      quickly by junior staff against a background of rapid haemodynamic deterioration.

PMID- 3986409
TI  - Rape--victiminological and psychiatric aspects.
AB  - Rape is a violent crime in which sexuality is used to express power, anger, and
      aggression. The nature of the victim's reactions, which resembles those of other
      violent crimes, is discussed in relation to its origin in the doctrine of
      victimology. The distress experienced by victims of rape should entitle them to
      the same standards of care and sympathy as victims of other life crises.

PMID- 3986410
TI  - Ageing and the skin.
AB  - Advances in our understanding of ageing in the skin mean that many of the
      undesirable stigmata of growing old may be delayed or prevented. This is
      important not merely for reasons of vanity but also because ageing in the skin is
      associated with the development of a variety of tumours.

PMID- 3986411
TI  - Melanoma: issues of importance to the clinician.
AB  - The prognosis of melanoma is no longer hopeless. It can be diagnosed at an early
      biological stage when simple surgical excision is curative. Public and
      professional education is necessary to achieve and maintain the successful
      management of this potentially dangerous tumour.

PMID- 3986412
TI  - Private practice--7.

PMID- 3986413
TI  - Creeping euthanasia.

PMID- 3986414
TI  - Argon laser therapy for cutaneous lesions.
AB  - This paper presents a review of the results of treatment of a series of cutaneous
      vascular lesions with the argon laser. The lesions were evaluated before
      treatment, both clinically and histologically. Argon laser therapy appears to be
      most effective for purple port wine stains on the faces of adults and
      telangiectatic lesions involving the nose and forehead. Complications seem to be
      particularly associated with its use in children and about the upper lip and
      chin.

PMID- 3986415
TI  - Argon laser photocoagulation of various angiomas.
AB  - This paper presents the experience of the authors in treating over a hundred
      patients with a variety of cutaneous vascular lesions, using the argon laser. The
      value of using the ophthalmological laser with its microscope is stressed,
      particularly for facial lesions.

PMID- 3986416
TI  - Cross-finger flaps from scarred skin in burned hands.
AB  - An innovation is described in the secondary repair of two types of longstanding
      post-burn flexion contracture of the little finger. The correction of the PIP
      joint flexion contractures caused by palmar burns can result in a defect on the
      palmar side of the finger after incision or excision of the scar. The
      reconstruction of the post-burn buttonhole flexion deformity of the PIP joint,
      can result in a defect on the extensor surface of the PIP joint after excision of
      the dorsal scarred skin. Both acquired defects were covered by two different
      cross-finger flap techniques, despite extensive scarring of the adjacent finger.
      It is evident that mature post-burn scarred skin on the dorsum of the finger can
      be utilised for a cross-finger flap procedure.

PMID- 3986417
TI  - Silastic sheet interposition arthroplasty for the painful rheumatoid wrist: a
      long-term review.
AB  - Silastic sheet interposition arthroplasty was performed in 20 patients with
      persistently painful but stable wrists. Synovial recurrence with progression of
      symptoms was seen in one patient. Quantitative analysis of pain demonstrated an
      87% improvement in their perception of pain in the remaining 19 patients, with an
      average follow-up of 8.5 years. The postoperative range of motion was 58 degrees
      Total Active range of Motion (TAM) (range 27 degrees - 97 degrees). Nine patients
      showed later ulnar translocation of the carpus, and 10 patients had continuing
      carpal collapse. There was no relation between these changes and the degree of
      pain relief at the radio-carpal joint. Those patients operated on within 18
      months of the onset of symptoms showed a significantly greater post-operative
      range of motion (68 degrees) compared to those whose symptoms had persisted from
      2 to 4 years (48 degrees).

PMID- 3986419
TI  - Monitoring free vascularised jejunum grafts.
AB  - A reliable method of monitoring free vascularised jejunum to the head and neck
      region has been used in six patients. Preliminarily, the jejunum island flap is
      subdivided into major and minor segments. Transferred to the neck, the major part
      is used to reconstruct the oesophageal or pharyngeal defect, while the minor part
      supplied by the same segmental mesenteric artery is exteriorised through the neck
      incision. After five days direct monitoring, the marker segment is clamped, tied
      and excised before suturing the neck wound under local anaesthesia. No failures
      of the graft occurred. The effectiveness of this technique has surpassed all
      previously published and unpublished methods.

PMID- 3986418
TI  - The cutaneous blood supply of the neck: relevance to incision planning and
      surgical reconstruction.
AB  - Previous descriptions of the blood supply of the neck have been contradictory.
      Neck dissections were performed on 17 adult cadavers after perfusion with radio
      opaque microfil silicone rubber compound. In four cadavers cervical incisions
      were created and flaps elevated prior to perfusion to help demonstrate vascular
      pathways. In all cadavers myocutaneous perforators were seen passing from the
      sternocleidomastoid, strap muscles, and trapezius to supply the dermal-subdermal
      plexus. Also, there were consistently identifiable branches of the superior
      thyroid, posterior auricular, occipital, facial and transverse cervical arteries,
      which supply both the platysmal vascular plexus and the overlying dermal
      subdermal plexus. The dermal-subdermal plexus is continuous across the midline
      and this contralateral pathway is supplied chiefly from branches of the superior
      thyroid artery, facial artery, and myocutaneous perforators of the strap muscles.
      This information may be useful in the planning of cervical incisions and the
      design of platysma myocutaneous flaps.

PMID- 3986420
TI  - Rib-latissimus dorsi osteomyocutaneous flap in reconstruction of a mandibular
      defect.
AB  - This report describes a one-stage reconstruction of a complete hemi-mandibular
      defect caused by osteoradionecrosis due to radiation and ablation for cancer of
      the tongue with a compound rib-latissimus dorsi osteomyocutaneous flap. The
      entire flap including the bone took well and the viability of the transplanted
      tissue was confirmed by X-ray, bone scans and surgical biopsy.

PMID- 3986421
TI  - Reconstruction of a posterior defect of the elbow joint using an extensor carpi
      radialis longus myocutaneous flap: case report.
AB  - An extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) myocutaneous flap was successfully used
      for the repair of a posterior defect of the elbow joint in a physically
      handicapped female with Parkinsonism. This muscle is of value for a one-stage
      reconstruction of an elbow lesion.

PMID- 3986422
TI  - Sclerotherapy for venous flare.
AB  - The aetiology of venous flare is discussed and a method of microsclerotherapy
      described. Visualisation of the injection of the sclerosant has been seen to be
      helped by the addition of a gelatin solution.

PMID- 3986423
TI  - An objective study of the dimensions of the ischial pressure point and its
      correlation to the occurrence of a pressure sore.
AB  - A simple non-invasive technique has been used to study the dimensions of the
      ischial pressure point in normal and paraplegic individuals. The same technique
      charts the surface area of the gluteal impression. The data obtained in these two
      groups of patients (normal and paraplegic) have been analysed to see if it is
      possible to predict the greater susceptibility of certain individuals to suffer
      from pressure sores over the ischial tuberosity.

PMID- 3986424
TI  - Total reconstruction of the ear with auditory function: a two stage procedure.
AB  - The rational treatment of severe microtia or anotia should be to restore not only
      the form but also the auditory function of the ear. To achieve this aim it is
      obvious that plastic surgeons must co-operate closely with an otologist: yet this
      degree of co-operation is seldom seen. This paper describes a two-stage procedure
      for total ear reconstruction with auditory function. In stage I, a tympanoplasty
      is performed before transplantation of the carved cartilage framework. Stage II
      consists of elevation of the reconstructed auricle and transplantation of a full
      thickness skin graft to the post-auricular defect. Certain modifications of the
      operative techniques that we have found useful are discussed in detail.

PMID- 3986425
TI  - The noselift procedure for rhinoplasty in the older patient.
AB  - It is contended that, contrary to previous beliefs, many older patients can
      benefit from an orthodox cosmetic rhinoplasty but they usually require a nasal
      "skin lift" procedure in addition. This refinement is described and illustrated.

PMID- 3986427
TI  - A modified halo frame to assist omentum transfer to the scalp.
AB  - A modification of the halo frame to facilitate management of major scalp wounds
      is described. It has been used successfully in the management of a major scalp
      defect covered by a microvascular omental free flap. It has potential application
      in managing a replanted scalp.

PMID- 3986426
TI  - A study of the extent and pathology of experimental avulsion injury in rabbit
      arteries and veins.
AB  - A comparison was made between operating microscope observations and
      histopathological examination of the ruptured ends of experimentally avulsed
      rabbit femoral arteries and veins. Under the operating microscope no damage was
      evident in arteries or veins more than 0.8 cm (on average) from the rupture site,
      the common lesions being tears, holes, bruising, sleeving and dilatations. In
      light microscope and electron microscope studies arterial and venous lesions were
      often noted up to 4 cm from the rupture site both proximally and distally. Severe
      circumferential skip lesions involving the tunica intima and media in the
      arteries were noted, and commonly deep clefts also extended through all three
      tunicae at arterial bifurcations. In avulsed veins complete tears through all
      tunicae or partial loss of intima and media were observed. The extensive nature
      of these lesions is the most likely reason for the lower success rate of avulsed
      digits in replantation surgery.

PMID- 3986429
TI  - Antagonism of inhibitory amino acids by the steroid derivative RU5135.
AB  - The steroid derivative RU5135 has been tested for its ability to antagonize
      glycine and the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue muscimol on isolated
      preparations of rat optic nerve and cuneate nucleus, respectively. On the cuneate
      nucleus, RU5135 antagonized muscimol in a competitive manner with a pA2 value of
      8.31. RU5135 shared a common site of action with bicuculline that was separate
      from the picrotoxin site. On the optic nerve, RU5135 antagonized glycine with a
      pA2 of 7.67. It shared a common site of action with strychnine.

PMID- 3986428
TI  - A pharmacological analysis of the responses of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle
      of the bat to transmural and periarterial nerve stimulation.
AB  - A comparative study of the responses of the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea
      pig and of the fruit-eating bat Eidolon helvum to transmural nerve stimulation
      (TNS) was made. The stomach and rectum of the guinea-pig, the bat and the guinea
      pig ileum contracted in response to TNS. These contractions were cholinergic in
      nature because atropine blocked and physostigmine potentiated them. Tetrodotoxin
      reversibly abolished these contractions suggesting that they were nerve-mediated.
      The bat isolated ileum usually responded to TNS with mixed motor and inhibitory
      components. In some cases, there were only motor or inhibitory components. The
      motor component was abolished by atropine and potentiated by physostigmine.
      However, the inhibitory component was non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic (NANC).
      Tetrodotoxin abolished the motor component without influencing the inhibitory
      components. Periarterial nerve stimulation of the bat ileum produced a relaxation
      that was blocked by bretylium, propranolol, phentolamine, reserpine and
      tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that the bat gastrointestinal smooth muscle, like
      the guinea-pig, has cholinergic excitatory innervation; however, the bat ileum
      has both a cholinergic excitatory innervation and a nonadrenergic and non
      cholinergic inhibitory component.

PMID- 3986430
TI  - Trigeminal antidromic vasodilatation and plasma extravasation in the rat: effects
      of acetylcholine antagonists and cholinesterase inhibitors.
AB  - Antidromic stimulation of sensory peripheral branches of the trigeminal system
      (mental nerve) leads to cutaneous vasodilatation and increases vascular
      permeability in the rat. Antidromic vasodilatation is observed only at high
      intensity stimulation (10 V, 15 Hz, 0.2 or 5 ms) supporting the participation of
      afferent C-fibres in cutaneous dilator responses. Both antidromic vasodilatation
      and neurogenic plasma extravasation are significantly reduced by muscarinic
      antagonists suggesting that a cholinergic component may be involved in these
      trigeminal neurogenic responses. Neurogenic plasma extravasation remains
      unchanged by hexamethonium while antidromic vasodilatation is reduced. This
      latter effect may be merely a consequence of the dramatic fall in arterial
      pressure produced by the ganglion blocker. Antidromic vasodilatation is increased
      or unaffected by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. On the other hand, the
      reduction of the plasma extravasation observed with these drugs could be due to
      their known ability to decrease the amount of acetylcholine released.

PMID- 3986431
TI  - Changed sensitivity to antigen in a gut epithelium treated with bile salts.
AB  - Colonic epithelia from guinea-pigs, sensitized by feeding with cow milk,
      responded to antigen (beta-lactoglobulin) challenge when applied to the serosal,
      but not the mucosal, side of the tissue. The response, under short circuit
      conditions, was an inwardly directed current due to chloride secretion. Two
      detergents, deoxycholate and Triton X-100, caused the basal short circuit current
      to decrease and transepithelial conductance to increase when applied to the
      mucosal surface. After removing detergents from the bathing solution tissues now
      responded to antigen challenge from the mucosal side, without impairment of the
      overall response. There was a correlation between the conductance change induced
      by detergents and the fraction of the total response which could be elicited form
      the mucosal side of the tissue. It was concluded that models of local
      hypersensitivity reactions to ingested foodstuffs require both development of
      immunological sensitivity plus increased permeability to antigen. The role of
      bile salts in inducing the latter is discussed.

PMID- 3986432
TI  - The influence of diltiazem and nifedipine on renal function in the rat.
AB  - The effect of intravenous administration of the calcium-entry blocking drugs,
      diltiazem and nifedipine, on renal haemodynamic and tubular function was examined
      in denervated kidneys of pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rats. Infusion of vehicle
      for the compounds had no effect on renal function which was stable for the
      duration of the experiments. Diltiazem was infused at 5, 10 and 20 micrograms kg
      1 min-1. Blood pressure did not change following 5 micrograms kg-1 min-1
      diltiazem but was significantly reduced, by 12 mmHg, after 10 micrograms kg-1 min
      1 and by 17 mmHg after 20 micrograms kg-1 min-1. Renal blood flow was not
      affected by any dose of diltiazem while at the lowest dose of drug, glomerular
      filtration rate (g.f.r.) was significantly increased, by 24%. Absolute and
      fractional sodium excretion were increased significantly, 154% and 77%
      respectively, by 5 micrograms kg-1 min-1 diltiazem, 20% and 24% respectively, by
      10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 diltiazem, but were unchanged by 20 micrograms kg-1 min
      1. Infusion of nifedipine at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms kg-1 min-1 decreased
      systemic blood pressure by 9, 9 and 20 mmHg, respectively. Renal blood flow was
      increased (7%) by 1.0 microgram kg-1 min-1 only, while g.f.r. did not change at
      any dose. Urine flow, absolute and fractional sodium excretions were increased,
      127%, 96% and 90% respectively, by 0.5 microgram kg-1 min-1 nifedipine, 127%,
      197% and 194% respectively, by 1.0 microgram kg-1 min-1, while these variables
      remained unchanged by a dose of 2.0 micrograms kg-1 min-1. 6 These data show that
      doses on diltiazem and nifedipine, which had little or no effect on blood
      pressure, had minimal actions on renal haemodynamics. However, at 5 and 10 jig kg
      1 min- diltiazem and 0.5 and 1.0 jig kg-' min-' nifedipine these compounds
      exhibited direct tubular actions, causing both a diuresis and natriuresis, while
      at the highest dose of each drug these actions were masked by a concomitant
      reduction in blood pressure.

PMID- 3986433
TI  - A comparison of the effects of bethanidine, meobentine and quinidine on the
      electrical activity of rat hearts in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Glass microelectrodes were used to record transmembrane electrical activity from
      cells located just beneath the endocardial surface of segments of the right
      ventricular free wall of the rat heart during superfusion and electrical
      stimulation in vitro at 37 degrees C. The sulphates of bethanidine, meobentine or
      quinidine (4 to 20 microM) applied in vitro caused a prolongation of action
      potential duration and a delayed and slowed return of electrical excitability
      following an action potential. Intracardiac electrical stimulation of the
      urethane-anaesthetized rat heart in situ was used to measure ventricular
      refractory periods from the electrocardiogram. Intravenous administration of
      bethanidine, meobentine or quinidine (10 to 20 mg kg-1) caused a prolongation of
      ventricular refractory periods. Quinidine had a briefer duration of action than
      either of the other two drugs tested. Urethane-anaesthetized open-chested rats
      which were subjected to left coronary artery occlusion displayed ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias in their electrocardiogram. These arrhythmias occurred during
      the period of occlusion and even more prominently after release of the occlusion.
      Intravenous administration of bethanidine, meobentine or quinidine (1 to 20 mg kg
      1) protected rats against these arrhythmias. The protective effect of quinidine
      was briefer than that of either of the other two drugs tested.

PMID- 3986435
TI  - The familial occurrence of agoraphobia.
AB  - Agoraphobia is believed to run in families, but this belief is not well supported
      by the literature. Data were gathered on the risk of agoraphobia in parents and
      siblings of 60 agoraphobic probands; 12 1/2% of the relatives were reported to
      have or have had agoraphobia. This risk is significantly greater than estimates
      of the population incidence, and requires explanation. The details of the
      pedigrees do not directly support simple genetic models while investigations into
      environmental factors in agoraphobia by other workers have been inconclusive. As
      a putative case has been established for the familial occurrence of agoraphobia,
      further work is required to shed light on whether genetic or cultural factors are
      paramount.

PMID- 3986436
TI  - Familial transmission of major affective disorders. Is there evidence supporting
      the distinction between unipolar and bipolar disorders?
AB  - The two-threshold multifactorial polygenic (MFP) model was applied to blind
      family study data, collected in a long-term follow-up and family study of major
      affective disorders. This model tested whether bipolar and unipolar disorders are
      manifestations of the same underlying factors or if they are independently caused
      disorders. The hypothesis that bipolar and unipolar disorders are, respectively,
      severe and mild forms of the same disorder was supported. There was little
      evidence for different familial aetiologies for bipolar and unipolar disorders in
      our sample.

PMID- 3986434
TI  - Adenosine and dipyridamole: actions and interactions on the contractile response
      of guinea-pig ileum to high frequency electrical field stimulation.
AB  - The action of adenosine on the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips from
      guinea-pig ileum to high frequency electrical field stimulation (10 Hz) was
      investigated. Electrically induced contractions were reduced markedly by
      tetrodotoxin (0.2 microM) and atropine (1 microM), and partially by noradrenaline
      (3 microM) and morphine (3 microM). Adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)
      and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of
      the high frequency contractions over the range of 0.1-100 microM, the most potent
      being adenosine. The concentration-response curve for adenosine was significantly
      shifted to the left by dipyridamole (10 nM), while dipyridamole at higher
      concentrations (30 nM-10 microM), depressed the contraction markedly by itself.
      Dipyridamole decreased [3H]-adenosine uptake into strips of ileum in a
      concentration-dependent manner. There was a significant correlationship between
      the reduction of adenosine uptake and the inhibition of the contraction induced
      by dipyridamole (r = 0.970). In strips desensitized to adenosine or treated with
      adenosine deaminase, the inhibitory effect of dipyridamole was significantly
      reduced. The present investigation revealed that adenosine depressed responses of
      guinea-pig ileum to high frequency electrical stimulation and suggested that the
      inhibitory effect of dipyridamole may be closely associated with the behaviour of
      endogenous adenosine or related compounds.

PMID- 3986437
TI  - Close encounters in general practice: experiences of a psychotherapy liaison
      team.
AB  - Experiences arising from the work of a multi-disciplinary psychotherapy liaison
      team in the primary care setting are described. Special emphasis is given to the
      difficulties encountered in working relationships. Attention is drawn to the
      complexity of the inter-professional relationship, its unconscious roots, and its
      influence on the quality of patient care.

PMID- 3986438
TI  - Professional and non-professional intervention for highly anxious primiparous
      mothers.
AB  - Primiparous women (n = 627) were screened on state and trait anxiety measures in
      the post-partum period; sub-groups of highly anxious (n = 89), moderately anxious
      (n = 29), and minimally anxious (n = 29) mothers were derived and subsequently
      interviewed. The high-anxiety mothers were randomly assigned to a professional
      intervention, to a non-professional intervention, and to a control group, and
      their progress was reviewed over the following 12 months. Compliance, both in
      responding to progressive assessments and in accepting therapeutic intervention,
      was extremely high. Changes in anxiety levels for mothers not receiving an
      intervention were minimal over the study. In the high-anxiety sub-groups, there
      was a 19% reduction in state anxiety levels for those receiving a professional
      intervention, a 12% reduction for those receiving a non-professional
      intervention, and a 3% reduction in the controls. A planned contrast analysis
      determined that only professional intervention had a significant effect,
      intervention successfully lowering state anxiety levels to a value comparable
      with the moderately anxious mothers.

PMID- 3986439
TI  - Does the dexamethasone suppression test predict antidepressant treatment success?
AB  - The 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was carried out in patients with a
      major depressive illness in order to establish whether the results of this test,
      given before antidepressant or ECT treatment, could predict eventual therapeutic
      outcome. No significant difference could be detected in overall therapeutic
      improvement between those patients with a normal or abnormal DST response
      respectively, based on the 50 ng/ml cortisol cut-off point. However, using 100
      ng/ml as a cut-off point it was found that patients with an abnormal DST response
      (i.e. a post-DST plasma cortisol concentration greater than or equal to 100
      ng/ml) responded significantly better than those who had a normal DST response.
      These observations were statistically significant for those patients receiving
      antidepressants and in the combined treatment groups of those patients receiving
      either antidepressants or ECT.

PMID- 3986440
TI  - Depressive illness and morbid distress. Onset and development data examined
      against five-year outcome.
AB  - A cluster analysis was done on items concerned with the onset and development
      (including life events) of depressive illness derived from standardised
      interviews on 70 in-patients with that diagnosis. The resulting groups were
      compared for symptoms derived from the Present State Examination (PSE) and
      outcome, five years later. New Groupings were sought, based on onset and
      development data, to test their predictive power, and to observe how closely they
      replicated existing binary classifications and whether or not suggestions emerged
      for narrowing the concept of depressive illness. The groups were clinically
      recognisable, and measures of five-year outcome differed significantly between
      the groups. They have been designated as forms of 'Somatic depression', type I
      'Slow onset--depression of middle age'; type II 'Rapid onset--depression of
      middle age'; type III 'Slow onset--depression of younger age'; type IV 'Rapid
      onset--depression of younger age, and morbid distress. It is suggested that no
      simple binary classification is likely to prove as satisfactory for depression as
      a multi-axial method; the concept of 'morbid distress' is advanced as a way of
      narrowing the over-extended rubric of depressive illness.

PMID- 3986441
TI  - Short-term cognitive effects of unilateral and bilateral ECT.
AB  - We administered an extensive battery of primarily non-memory neuropsychological
      tasks to 37 patients with endogenous depression, randomly assigned to either
      bilateral (B/ECT) or unilateral (U/ECT) electroconvulsive therapy. Testing was
      done prior to therapy and again shortly after the sixth induced seizure. The two
      groups did not significantly differ in cognitive impairment, either before or
      after treatment, and within-group cognitive changes following treatment were
      small. We conclude that neither B/ECT nor U/ECT substantially worsen non-memory
      cognitive performance in depressed patients, yet both result in significant
      clinical improvement.

PMID- 3986442
TI  - Homicide in a psychiatric institution.
AB  - A unique case of a homicide committed by a young male psychotic inpatient on a
      fellow-patient is reported and discussed with regard to the special victim
      offender relationship, the relationship between suicide and homicide, the
      phenomenon of aggression and the question of the management of a highly suicidal
      psychotic patient, including the issue of continuous observation.

PMID- 3986443
TI  - Dysmorphophobia.

PMID- 3986444
TI  - Retroviruses and schizophrenia.

PMID- 3986445
TI  - A comparison of diuresis renography, the Whitaker test and renal pelvic
      morphology in idiopathic hydronephrosis.
AB  - Diuresis renography and the Whitaker test are established methods of diagnosing
      obstruction in dilated renal pelves. These techniques have been compared in 36
      patients with radiologically demonstrated idiopathic hydronephrosis and
      evaluated, where possible, against renal pelvic morphological features. The
      agreement between the results of the tests was as follows: diuresis
      renography/Whitaker test 67%; diuresis renography/renal pelvic morphology 74%;
      Whitaker test/renal pelvic morphology 58%. Both diuresis renography and the
      Whitaker test are indicated in some cases of idiopathic hydronephrosis.

PMID- 3986446
TI  - Management of patients with renal and ureteric calculi presenting with chronic
      renal insufficiency.
AB  - Of 403 patients with renal and ureteric calculi treated during the last 4 years,
      64 presented with features of chronic renal insufficiency: 59 of these underwent
      surgery. Good pre-operative preparation and conservative renal surgery restored
      normal renal function in 14 patients and 27 improved significantly. The remainder
      either did not improve or continued to have progressive renal failure. It is
      emphasised that these patients are considerably worse off compared with their
      counterparts with normal renal function. The overall mortality rate was 17%.
      Patients whose post-operative serum creatinine levels did not stabilise to less
      than 884 mumol/l seemed to make poor progress in the follow-up period.

PMID- 3986447
TI  - Use of a ureteric nipple in the surgical management of bilharzial ureteric
      strictures.
AB  - Experience in the use of a ureteric nipple in ten patients with bilharzial
      strictures of 15 ureters is presented. It is recommended that this method should
      be the procedure of choice in the surgical management of selected cases of
      bilharzial ureteropathy. The need for further experience in its use in calcified
      ureters is stressed.

PMID- 3986448
TI  - Patterns and significance of the sacral evoked response (the urologist's knee
      jerk).
AB  - Neurological examination may fail to demonstrate any abnormality in patients who
      have neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Standard clinical methods will include full
      examination of segmental nerves to the level of S1 but will not include the lower
      sacral segments which control sphincter function. We describe a simple method of
      measuring the integrity and function of these segments of the cord. The method
      and the common patterns of response are described. The stimulus is physiological
      (not supramaximal), the response is measured with surface mounted electrodes at
      the urethral and anal sphincters and each measurement is the average response
      after 100 stimuli.

PMID- 3986449
TI  - Minor defects of the sacrum and neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
AB  - Minor defects of the sacrum are common and often dismissed as normal. The
      radiographs of 100 patients with urinary incontinence revealed sacral
      abnormalities in 43. Sacral evoked responses were measured and compared
      independently with the radiological findings. Patients who had defective closure
      of the dorsal neural arches of S1 or S2 all had abnormal nerve studies. We
      suggest that incomplete development of the bones of the dorsal neural arches of
      the upper sacrum may be a marker of incomplete neurogenesis of the sacral nerves.
      The sacral neurological deficit is subtle and difficult to demonstrate, but it is
      real and may be important in the pathogenesis of incontinence.

PMID- 3986450
TI  - Pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of
      the bladder with pelvic nodal disease.
AB  - Past and present methods of treatment for patients with stage D1 (T1-4 N+ MO)
      transitional cell cancer of the urinary bladder have proved to be largely
      ineffective. This report on 57 patients with stage D1 disease confirms this
      impression and demonstrates that radical operation alone is associated with a 5
      year survival rate of only 10%. Survival is related to tumour grade and to the
      number of pelvic lymph nodes involved; furthermore, complete lymphadenectomy may
      contribute to improved patient survival. Effective treatment programmes for stage
      D1 bladder cancer are lacking and efforts should be directed toward developing
      treatment protocols that combine radical cystectomy and meticulous pelvic node
      dissection with an effective adjuvant systemic treatment programme.

PMID- 3986451
TI  - Ileocaeco-urethroplasty after total cystectomy for bladder cancer.
AB  - Eleven cases of ileocaeco-urethroplasty, performed over a 2-year period, are
      presented. The patients had low grade bladder cancer infiltrating into but not
      extending beyond the muscle layer (B-T3a). Following radiotherapy a total
      cystectomy was performed up to the verumontanum; afterwards the prostatic cuff
      was anastomosed to an ileocaecal segment. The patients have been followed up for
      13 to 39 months. One died from metastases after 30 months. The others are alive
      and in good psychological condition, with satisfactory micturition. We believe
      this surgical option deserves more careful consideration.

PMID- 3986452
TI  - Flutamide therapy for advanced prostatic cancer: a phase II study.
AB  - A non-steroidal antiandrogen (flutamide) was used to treat 17 patients with
      advanced prostatic cancer. Twelve of 14 patients who had already failed to
      respond to conventional hormone therapy were dead within 12 months of starting
      flutamide therapy and there was a high incidence of side effects. Of three
      patients who had not received prior hormone therapy, two showed an early partial
      response and one showed no evidence of response to therapy.

PMID- 3986453
TI  - The control of male stress incontinence by implantable prostheses.
AB  - Twenty-six patients were treated by implantable prostheses in a 10-year period,
      22 by primary Kaufman III and four by primary Rosen. Sixteen of 22 patients
      having the Kaufman III procedure were cured or markedly improved over a follow-up
      period of 6 months to 10 years. The Rosen prosthesis, whilst simple to install
      and making the patient continent, eventually produced urethral fistulae in all
      cases. The Kaufman III prosthesis appears to be the procedure of choice in
      uncomplicated male stress incontinence.

PMID- 3986454
TI  - Familial torsion of the testicle.

PMID- 3986455
TI  - Treatment of hydrocele of the testis with aspiration and injection of
      tetracycline.
AB  - Ten males over the age of 60 with primary hydrocele of the testis were treated by
      aspiration and injection of tetracycline. Nine were cured and one patient had a
      small recurrence but was satisfied with the result. There were no cases of
      haematoma or infection. We recommend this method since it can be carried out as
      an out-patient procedure with minimal side effects and at low cost.

PMID- 3986456
TI  - Varicocele and puberty--the critical factor?
AB  - In some boys varicocele develops before puberty, when the testis is immature and
      vulnerable. Based on testicular size, evidence suggests that the time of
      development of a varicocele in relation to puberty may be the critical factor in
      the subsequent development of infertility. The recognition and treatment of an
      early-developing varicocele may help to reduce the infertility associated with
      this condition.

PMID- 3986457
TI  - The value of fine needle aspiration cytology in the management of metastatic germ
      cell tumours.
AB  - Review of 19 patients with advanced metastatic malignant teratomas has revealed
      five serious complications possibly related to the surgical biopsy procedure,
      three of which led to the patient's death. Preliminary results from a small
      series of patients diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology suggest
      that this procedure is a reliable alternative method for diagnosing these
      patients. In addition, when used after chemotherapy this procedure may save
      patients with residual malignancy from having to undergo post-treatment surgical
      staging. However, the absence of malignant cells in the aspirate cannot exclude
      malignancy because of the focal distribution of residual tumour in these masses.

PMID- 3986458
TI  - Vasography, its indications and complications.
AB  - A retrospective study was undertaken of the results of vasography in 440 male
      partners of infertile marriages who had undergone scrotal exploration and in a
      group of 42 men with a variety of genital tract disorders. Abnormalities were
      observed in 10% of 265 azoospermic men and in 4% of 175 other men with
      infertility. There was no evidence that vasography caused damage to the vas
      deferens and no oligozoospermic man became azoospermic. A high incidence
      radiological of abnormalities was seen in haemospermia but the incidence of
      abnormalities in selected men with ejaculatory problems or testicular pain was
      low.

PMID- 3986460
TI  - Urinary infection in adult men: a laboratory perspective.
AB  - During a 10-week period all mid-stream urine specimens from males aged 15 years
      and upwards, excluding hospital in-patients, with symptoms suggesting urinary
      tract infection were examined by techniques capable of detecting aerobes and
      fastidious organisms. Five hundred and eighty-five such specimens were received;
      85% were sent by general practitioners and 182 were from men aged less than 45
      years, indicating that urinary symptoms are commoner in young men than is usually
      believed and that diagnosis and treatment are usually undertaken by general
      practitioners. One hundred and seventy-nine specimens yielded aerobic pathogens
      and 140 yielded fastidious organisms; 70% of the former and 33% of the latter
      showed pyuria. Only 12% of the 196 specimens showing pyuria yielded a negative
      culture. The possibility of prostatic infection and its relevance to treatment
      are discussed. Some post-treatment data are presented.

PMID- 3986459
TI  - The clinical presentation of Chlamydia trachomatis in a urological practice.
AB  - Fifty-nine men with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection have been studied.
      Epididymitis was the most common presentation (26) compared with urethritis (8)
      and prostatitis (9). Only 13 patients gave a history of a urethral discharge.
      Fifteen of 21 female consorts screened were CT positive and 13 of these were
      asymptomatic. This demonstrates the major aetiological role of CT in lower
      genitourinary infection and indicates the importance of screening and treating
      consorts.

PMID- 3986461
TI  - Prevention of wound infection following vasectomy.
AB  - A prospective study on 90 patients undergoing vasectomy as day cases is reported.
      The use of a chlorhexidine gluconate bath or shower on day 1 and day 2 post
      operatively reduced the wound infection rate from 37.8 to 6.7%. It is suggested,
      therefore, that this technique is an economical and successful way of reducing
      the incidence of infection in these patients.

PMID- 3986462
TI  - DNA content of human semen--an objective measurement of sperm density.
AB  - In this study we have adapted a well tried and sensitive fluorometric assay for
      DNA that uses m-diamino benzoic acid (DABA) for its reaction with deoxyribose
      which is cleaved by perchloric acid from DNA. We have confirmed that this is
      easily measured in human semen. The method has been used on 200 samples of semen
      from patients attending the Infertility Clinic and men attending before and after
      vasectomy to give a wide range of sperm density. The objective DNA estimation has
      been compared with sperm density measurement made by an experienced laboratory
      observer using the Makler chamber and making his observations in ignorance of the
      DNA estimations. There was good correlation between DNA concentration and sperm
      density. The experimental accuracy of the two methods was found to be comparable.
      The advantage of the method is its objectivity. However, its disadvantages are
      its cost in terms of time and material and it cannot be used to confirm post
      vasectomy azoospermia because the method also measures DNA in leucocytes.

PMID- 3986463
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the heterologous oocyte penetration (HOP) test.
AB  - The heterologous oocyte penetration (HOP) test, using zona-free hamster oocytes,
      was used to assess the fertilising capacity of human spermatozoa. There was good
      correlation between the ability of ejaculated spermatozoa to penetrate the zona
      free hamster oocytes and intact human oocytes. Using epididymal spermatozoa, the
      HOP test results showed that the ability to penetrate oocytes was acquired during
      their passage through the epididymis. Applied clinically, the HOP test enables a
      group of infertile men to be identified with a functional defect of their
      spermatozoa; these men may not be identified at routine seminal fluid analysis.
      Men with two negative HOP test results were confirmed as being infertile since
      their wives, if normal, conceived rapidly when donor spermatozoa were
      artificially inseminated.

PMID- 3986464
TI  - Primary malignant lymphoma of the bladder.

PMID- 3986465
TI  - Accidental urethrocutaneous fistula.

PMID- 3986466
TI  - A pararenal pseudocyst of unusual aetiology.

PMID- 3986467
TI  - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostatic-urethral region in an adult.

PMID- 3986468
TI  - Urodynamic changes following removal of a large ovarian cyst.

PMID- 3986470
TI  - Bladder reconstruction after cystectomy for cancer: use of the ileal reservoir.

PMID- 3986469
TI  - Unilateral renal cortical necrosis.

PMID- 3986471
TI  - Trials and tribulations for surgeons.

PMID- 3986472
TI  - A score system for evaluating random control clinical trials of prophylaxis of
      abdominal surgical wound infection.
AB  - We devised 33 rules for the evaluation of random control trials (RCT) and used
      them to assess 56 RCTs listed in Index Medicus during 1980-82 on antibiotic
      prophylaxis of surgical wound infection. We asked 15 questions about design and
      conduct, 10 about analysis and 8 about presentation. Out of a maximum score of
      100 only 16 papers scored over 70, the highest being 89 and the lowest 34.
      Defects in presentation were not common, and 17 papers scored over 90 per cent.
      Defects in analysis included the incorrect use of statistical tests and ignoring
      the Type II error in 'negative' trials; only 13 papers scored over 70 per cent.
      Defects in design and conduct included transgressions of ethical principles,
      inappropriate regimens, ill-defined end points and biased randomization or
      assessment; only 20 papers scored over 70 per cent. We conclude that there is
      room for improvement in the performance of RCT and that the application of the 33
      rules would be helpful not only to researchers but also to editors and referees
      of scientific journals, and to their readers.

PMID- 3986473
TI  - Antibiotic treatment during surgery for diffuse peritonitis: a prospective
      randomized study comparing the effects of cefuroxime and of a cefuroxime and
      metronidazole combination.
AB  - In a prospective randomized open study of patients operated upon for diffuse
      peritonitis, the effects of two different antibiotic regimens were evaluated.
      Cefuroxime given as a single drug (Group I; n = 59) was compared with a
      combination of cefuroxime and metronidazole (Group II; n = 63). Bacteriological
      cultures, both aerobic and anaerobic, were obtained peroperatively and in the
      event of any complication. The antibiotic sensitivities of isolated bacteria, and
      the serum and tissue concentrations of cefuroxime were determined. Postoperative
      infectious complications occurred in 22 per cent of Group I patients
      (cefuroxime), and in 17.5 per cent of Group II (cefuroxime plus metronidazole).
      The mortality rates were 5 per cent for Group I and 8 per cent for Group II.
      Tissue concentrations of cefuroxime were well above the MIC (minimal inhibiting
      concentration) values for most of the bacteria isolated. From a few patients in
      Group I, however, cultures were obtained with isolates sensitive to metronidazole
      but resistant to cefuroxime. Our findings suggest that, in the antibiotic
      treatment of patients operated for diffuse peritonitis, an agent which is
      primarily effective against aerobic bacteria (but not entirely without effect on
      anaerobes) is as effective as combination therapy covering both aerobic and
      anaerobic bacteria.

PMID- 3986474
TI  - Long term results of the enteromesenteric bridge operation in the treatment of
      primary lymphoedema.
AB  - Eight patients with primary lymphoedema secondary to iliac lymph node and vessel
      obstruction were treated in 1977 and 1978 by the construction of an
      enteromesenteric bridge. All patients have been followed clinically for periods
      of 2.5-7 years. Six patients showed sustained clinical improvement. Two failed to
      improve and subsequently required leg reducing operations. Contrast lymphography
      was performed in the early postoperative period on all cases and showed function
      of the bridge in five. Isotope lymphography 6-7 years postoperatively showed
      normal clearance of isotope from three of the four limbs studied. In one patient
      contrast lymphography, performed 7 years postoperatively, confirmed continued
      conduction of lymph by the enteromesenteric bridge. These results have encouraged
      us to reintroduce this operation for suitable patients.

PMID- 3986475
TI  - Effect of venous hypertension on canine hind limb lymph.
AB  - The effect of acute and chronic venous hypertension on the lymph draining from
      the hind limb has been studied in 10 dogs. Acute venous hypertension was produced
      by venous occlusion, and chronic venous hypertension by fashioning an
      arteriovenous fistula in the groin. Acute venous hypertension trebled the lymph
      flow and doubled its fibrinogen concentration thus increasing the net transport
      of fibrinogen across the interstitial space by 600 per cent. Chronic venous
      hypertension had a similar effect and caused the appearance of alpha-2
      antiplasmin in the lymph. The fibrinolytic activity of the lymph did not change
      significantly in either group of experiments. These results suggest that the
      deposition of interstitial fibrin seen in the skin of the postphlebitic limb is
      related to an increased concentration of interstitial fluid fibrin, and to the
      appearance of the fibrinolytic inhibitor, alpha-2-antiplasmin, without a
      concomitant increase of fibrinolytic activator.

PMID- 3986476
TI  - Resection of 'inoperable' rectal cancer following radiotherapy.
AB  - Forty-two patients with fixed inoperable adenocarcinoma of the rectum due to
      local extension in the pelvis have been treated using high dose radiotherapy
      followed by surgery when possible. Inoperability was determined initially by
      laparotomy in 15 patients and in the remainder by examination under anaesthetic.
      Twenty-nine patients underwent laparotomy following radiotherapy and resection
      was performed in 18. In three of these cases there was no residual tumour in the
      operation specimen. The median survival of the resected group was 28 months
      compared with 7 months for the unresected group. Treatment related mortality in
      the resected group was confined to five patients, two postoperative deaths and
      three small bowel fistulae which developed as late complications. Analysis of
      prognostic factors indicates that patients most likely to benefit from this
      approach are those with no evidence of distant metastases or of urinary
      obstruction at presentation. Patients who have a good clinical response to
      radiotherapy are more likely to achieve resection and subsequent long-term
      survival.

PMID- 3986478
TI  - Spontaneous postoperative perforation of previously asymptomatic irradiated
      bowel.

PMID- 3986477
TI  - Local radiotherapy in the management of squamous carcinoma of the anus.
AB  - This paper describes the results of treating 74 patients with squamous cell
      carcinoma of the anal canal and perianal skin using interstitial radiotherapy as
      primary treatment. This technique does not involve irradiation of regional lymph
      nodes. The local control rate for patients with tumours smaller than 5 cm and
      with negative inguinal nodes was significantly better than for the remaining
      patients (64 versus 23 per cent). Only 3 of 41 patients with tumours less than 5
      cm diameter had clinically significant nodes at presentation, while in 33
      patients with tumours larger than 5 cm there were 6 with involved nodes at
      presentation. Local treatment using interstitial radiotherapy is suggested as
      useful primary treatment for small, node-negative carcinomas, with surgery held
      in reserve for failures.

PMID- 3986479
TI  - Platelet count in radiation bowel disease: an aid to diagnosis.
AB  - This study reports the results of serial observations of simple haematological
      indices (haemoglobin concentration, white cell count and platelet count) in 25
      patients who developed radiation bowel disease as a late complication of pelvic
      radiotherapy for malignancy. It is compared with a control group of 25 women
      patients who received pelvic radiotherapy but did not develop radiation bowel
      disease. There is a highly significant elevation in the platelet count (P less
      than 0.0001) at a time when the patients develop radiation bowel disease. The
      platelet count returns to normal after successful excision of the disease but the
      elevation recurs if further radiation disease develops in the urinary or
      gastrointestinal tracts. It is suggested that the platelet count may have a
      useful role in the diagnosis of radiation bowel disease.

PMID- 3986480
TI  - Early gastric carcinoma in Japanese patients under 30 years of age.
AB  - The clinicopathological characteristics of early gastric carcinoma (EGC) in 23
      Japanese under 30 years of age were reviewed and the findings compared with data
      on 53 patients over age 70. In the young patients, there was a female
      preponderance, a macroscopic solitary lesion and the cancer was of the poorly
      differentiated type without intestinal metaplasia in the surrounding mucosa. In
      the old patients, there was a male preponderance; about half the number of
      patients had macroscopically elevated lesions and 10 of the 53 had a multifocal
      gastric carcinoma. Here, most lesions were well to moderately differentiated
      types with intestinal metaplasia in the surrounding area. Growth patterns of EGC
      in the young patients were analysed. Curative operations with dissection of
      regional lymph nodes were done in all the young patients. Metastases to the
      regional lymph nodes were present in only 2 of 23. Twenty of twenty-three
      followed for 5 years or longer are well.

PMID- 3986481
TI  - Malignant large bowel obstruction.
AB  - Of 4583 patients in the Large Bowel Cancer Project, 713 (16 per cent) were
      obstructed. The site of greatest risk was the splenic flexure (49 per cent).
      Advanced stage was neither the full reason why some patients obstructed nor for
      their subsequent poor prospects (age-adjusted 5-year survival: not obstructed, 45
      per cent; obstructed, 25 per cent). Also, there was no greater risk of vascular
      invasion, no heavier lymph node burden and no worse tumour differentiation in
      patients with obstruction. In-hospital mortality was high (23 per cent), was not
      reduced by either a policy of primary or staged resection and was not influenced
      by the site of obstruction. There was no survival advantage for either policy,
      but hospital stay after primary resection was half that of staged. Immediate
      anastomosis in the obstructed left colon had a high clinical leak rate (18 per
      cent versus 6 per cent elective; P less than 0.001). Both registrars and
      consultants had similar mortality rates for elective primary resection and for
      the management of obstruction itself (as evidenced by results after the first
      stage of a staged resection). Selection probably accounts for the very much
      better results achieved by consultants for primary resection in the presence of
      obstruction (in-hospital mortality: consultants, 13 per cent; registrars, 24 per
      cent).

PMID- 3986482
TI  - Fracture of the penis.
AB  - An experience with six cases of fractured penis is described. A 'rolling sign'
      accurately identifies clot at the fracture site and facilitates a direct and
      rapid approach to the torn corpus cavernosum. Early operation hastens recovery
      and limits deformity.

PMID- 3986483
TI  - Gas explosion during diathermy colotomy.

PMID- 3986484
TI  - Familial chronic calcific pancreatitis: a family study.

PMID- 3986485
TI  - Large bowel obstruction due to pelvic lipomatosis.

PMID- 3986486
TI  - Circumferential skin blood flow measurements in the ischaemic limb.
AB  - Skin blood flow (SBF) values were estimated on the posterior, medial and lateral
      aspects of the lower leg in 47 patients presenting for assessment of amputation
      level. Measurement was made using a radioisotope (iodoantipyrine) clearance
      technique. Medial SBF was 9.0 +/- 5.2 ml 100 g-1 min-1; posterior SBF was 8.3 +/-
      5.0 ml 100 g-1 min-1 and lateral SBF was 6.5 +/- 4.1 ml 100 g-1 min-1. The
      results gave significantly higher SBFs on the medial and posterior aspects of the
      ischaemic leg. The finding of an uneven distribution of blood flow at the below
      knee amputation level has important implications in the planning of amputation
      flaps.

PMID- 3986487
TI  - Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: is prophylactic endarterectomy justifiable?
AB  - Carotid endarterectomy is well established in the treatment of selected cases of
      atherosclerosis of the carotid bifurcation; however, its role in the management
      of asymptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery remains controversial.
      Over a 4 year period 190 patients with 209 asymptomatic stenoses of the internal
      carotid artery were prospectively studied by means of Doppler ultrasound in
      combination with real time spectral analysis to determine the natural history of
      asymptomatic carotid stenosis. We report a cumulative stroke-free survival of 97
      per cent at 3 years and we therefore question the merit of prophylactic
      endarterectomy in the management of asymptomatic carotid disease.

PMID- 3986488
TI  - Atypical claudication.
AB  - In a prospective study the incidence, causes and management of atypical
      claudication have been investigated. All patients had a clinical assessment,
      Doppler ultrasound studies and X-rays of the lumbosacral spine, some had epidural
      injections, myelography with computerized axial tomography and arteriography. The
      incidence of atypical claudication was low, 13 per cent of all claudicants
      referred to our department, and although difficulties in diagnosis were
      encountered an approximately equal incidence of spinal and arterial causes was
      found. Only one patient had a definite central spinal stenosis. The need for
      invasive investigations was low (18 per cent) and even lower for surgery (7 per
      cent); the majority of patients' symptoms responded to conservative management.

PMID- 3986489
TI  - Aortofemoral bypass and the role of concomitant femorodistal reconstruction.
AB  - A consecutive series of 200 patients having aortofemoral bypass grafts were
      studied in order to determine the effect of femoropopliteal occlusive disease on
      the results and the role of concomitant femorodistal bypass. Bifurcated aortic
      grafts were used in 177 patients and unilateral aortofemoral grafts in 23 giving
      377 limbs for study. Of the 377 limbs, 184 (49 per cent) had minimal
      femoropopliteal disease (Group 1), 24 (6.4 per cent) had a femoropopliteal
      stenosis (Group 2) and 169 (44.6 per cent) had complete femoropopliteal occlusion
      (Group 3). In Group 3 aortofemoral bypass was carried out alone in 106 cases
      (Group 3a): in the other 63 cases femorodistal bypass was carried out at the same
      time as aortoiliac reconstruction (Group 3b). The cumulative patency at 5 years
      for all aortofemoral grafts together was 91 per cent. However, that for grafts in
      Group 3a was only 65 per cent compared with 98 per cent for Groups 1 and 3b and
      94 per cent for Group 2. The cumulative patency rate for grafts in Group 3a was
      significantly lower than for all other groups (P less than 0.001). The operative
      mortality for those patients who had concomitant aortofemoral and femorodistal
      grafts (Group 3b) did not differ significantly from that of any of the other
      groups (P greater than 0.1). Of the cases in Group 3a, 21 (26 per cent) required
      femoropopliteal reconstruction at a later date. The results indicate that in the
      presence of combined aortoiliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease concomitant
      reconstruction of both arterial segments yields significantly better results than
      aortoiliac bypass alone.

PMID- 3986490
TI  - Surgery of oesophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 3986491
TI  - Treatment of peritonitis.

PMID- 3986492
TI  - Benign bile duct stricture following cholecystectomy: critical factors in
      management.

PMID- 3986493
TI  - Complications of whole gut irrigation.

PMID- 3986494
TI  - Thyroid hormone metabolism in primary cultures of fetal rat brain cells.
AB  - The metabolism of thyroxine 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine, (T4) and 3,5,3'
      triiodothyronine (T3) was studied in primary cultures of dispersed fetal rat
      brain cells. Cultured brain cells actively metabolized both T4 and T3 by enzyme
      catalyzed deiodination reactions which increase (type II 5'-deiodinase) or
      decrease (type I 5'-deiodinase and type III 5-deiodinase) the bioactivity of
      thyroid hormone. Homogenates of cultured brain cells showed both type I and type
      II 5'-deiodinating activities and these two enzymes tended to differ in their
      time course of appearance. Cultures exposed to 10 microM cytosine arabinoside for
      16 h showed up to a 70% reduction in type I activity without decreasing the type
      II enzyme suggesting that the type II enzyme is associated with non-dividing
      neuronal cells. The predominant pathway for T4 and T3 metabolism in situ was
      tyrosyl-ring or type III 5'-deiodination which followed first order kinetics with
      a t1/2 of 70 min. T4 to T3 conversion by the type II enzyme was consistently
      observed after correcting for the degradation of newly formed T3 by the type III
      enzyme. In situ, both type II and type II enzymes were thiol-dependent and both
      activities were inhibited by iopanoic acid. Type III 5-deiodination of T4
      produced 34 fmol 3,3,5'-triiodothyronine (rT3)/h per 10(6) cells at 10 mM
      dithiothreitol (DTT) and 97 fmol of rT3/h per 10(6) cells at 50 mM DTT. T3
      production by the type II enzyme was 1.2 and 4.4 fmol of T3/h per 10(6) cells at
      10 and 50 mM DTT, respectively. Thyroid hormone deficient culture conditions
      increased type II enzyme activity by 4-5-fold within 48 h and this was prevented
      in a dose-dependent fashion by supplementing the media with increasing amounts of
      T3. These data indicate that primary cultures of dispersed brain cells mimic the
      intact cerebral cortex with respect to the metabolism of thyroid hormone and the
      regulatory mechanisms which defend cerebrocortical T3 levels. The vigorous
      metabolism of both T4 and T3 by these cultures may explain some of the
      difficulties in demonstrating thyroid hormone-dependent biochemical changes at
      physiologically relevant levels of thyroid hormone.

PMID- 3986495
TI  - The effects of anaesthetics and remote noxious stimuli on the jaw-opening reflex
      evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation in the cat.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that the threshold of the jaw opening reflex (JOR)
      evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation is much lower in cats subjected to minimal
      surgical trauma and a short period of anaesthesia than in animals prepared for
      stereotaxic recording from the brainstem. Experiments have been carried out to
      determine whether the higher JOR thresholds observed in the latter group of cats
      could be attributed to the duration of the anaesthesia or the greater surgical
      trauma to which they were subjected. The effects on the JOR evoked by tooth-pulp
      stimulation of brief episodes of noxious and high intensity electrical
      stimulation of other tissues have been studied in anaesthetized cats. In lightly
      anaesthetized, control animals, the reflex threshold was usually below 100
      microA, 0.1 ms and maintained anaesthesia did not affect this.
      Alphaxalone/alphadolone, methohexitone and alpha-chloralose produced similar
      results. Noxious or high intensity electrical stimuli applied to a paw, a pinna
      or the scalp caused either no change or a decrease in the JOR threshold of cats
      lightly anaesthetized with alphaxalone/alphadolone. With deeper anaesthesia,
      these same conditioning stimuli caused a maintained increase in JOR threshold
      which could be reversed by decreasing the anaesthetic dose. The results suggest
      that the high threshold of the JOR observed in earlier experiments was not due to
      anaesthesia but may have been caused by trauma.

PMID- 3986496
TI  - Astrocytes secrete basal lamina after hemisection of rat spinal cord.
AB  - Basal lamina is reconstructed over the lesioned surface of the spinal cord. The
      following experiment (90 rats) studies the ultrastructure of the formation of
      this membrane and the immunohistochemistry of laminin production (a major
      secreted component of basal lamina). After hemisection of the spinal cord at T6
      animals were prepared for electron microscopy or antilaminin-biotin-avidin
      peroxidase incubation. Three-5 days posthemisection, antilaminin reaction product
      was observed in astrocytes and their processes which faced the lesion, endothelia
      of blood vessels or pia. Ultrastructurally (3 days), basal lamina was
      polymerizing as small projections on the surface of astrocytic membranes facing
      the lesion, endothelia or pia. By 5 days the basal lamina was a single membrane,
      folded multiple sheets or in swirls. At 6-10 days the antilaminin reaction and
      the basal lamina (except for duplications) did not differ from normal. Reactive
      astrocytes secrete laminin for at least 3-5 days after hemisection and form basal
      lamina on the lesioned surface of the spinal cord after spinal cord hemisection.

PMID- 3986497
TI  - The effects of transverse cuts caudal to the preoptic recess on the fine
      structure of paraventricular nuclei in rats.
AB  - Lesions of the tissue surrounding the preoptic recess (anteroventral third
      ventricle (AV3V) region) have been shown to severely impair normal mechanisms of
      body fluid homeostasis, including the antidiuretic response. In an earlier
      investigation of the pathways affected by these lesions, coronal cuts were placed
      between the level of the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis in the AV3V region
      and the level of the supraoptic nuclei. Rats with such cuts exhibited hyperdipsia
      and polyuria, but their plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) were
      elevated. The fine structure of the supraoptic nucleus, a major site of ADH
      production, and of the neural lobe of the hypophysis, where ADH is released, were
      observed in rats with similar cuts. Although neural lobes showed evidence of
      hormone depletion and degenerating axons and terminals were present in supraoptic
      nuclei, there was no morphological evidence that neurosecretory cell bodies in
      supraoptic nuclei were affected by these cuts. Therefore, in this investigation
      we observed the ultrastructural effects of such cuts on paraventricular nuclei,
      which are the other major source of ADH. Degenerating axons and terminals were
      common in paraventricular nuclei of lesioned rats, both in the major
      magnocellular subnucleus and in the periventricular region. Cell bodies and
      nuclei of neurosecretory cells were not significantly larger in lesioned animals,
      but morphometric evaluations revealed dispersion of the Golgi complex and
      alterations in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the cells. In addition, more
      multiple nucleoli were present, and nucleoli tended to lie adjacent to the
      nuclear envelope more frequently. We conclude that the neurosecretory cells in
      the paraventricular nuclei become more active in rats with these knife cuts.

PMID- 3986498
TI  - Comparative effects of sciatic nerve stimulation, blood pressure, and morphine on
      the activity of A5 and A6 pontine noradrenergic neurons.
AB  - The changes in the firing rate of A5 and A6 (locus coeruleus, LC) noradrenergic
      neurons induced by sciatic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine-induced elevations
      of blood pressure (BP) and systemic administration of morphine were studied in
      rats anesthetized with urethane, paralyzed and ventilated. Stimulation of the
      contralateral sciatic nerve with single shocks of low intensity (0.2 ms, 0.5 mA)
      produced a strong excitation of LC neurons with a latency of 14-18 ms. By
      contrast, shocks of similar intensities were ineffective in driving A5 cells.
      Higher stimulus intensities produced a low efficacy driving of A5 cells with a
      very long latency (120-250 ms). The efficacy of the stimulation could be
      increased by delivering trains of 4-8 stimuli but the latency remained very long.
      Norepinephrine-induced elevation of arterial pressure (140-160 mm Hg range)
      silenced the vast majority of A5 neurons. By contrast, the effects of blood
      pressure on locus coeruleus cells were of small amplitude, poorly reproducible
      and their time course was generally not correlated with the blood pressure
      alterations. Finally, the administration of 5 mg/kg of morphine i.v. silenced
      virtually all LC neurons while the majority of A5 cells were excited by the drug.
      These results provide evidence for the existence of a differential innervation of
      the two groups of pontine noradrenergic neurons investigated.

PMID- 3986499
TI  - A comparison of electromyographic and mechanical fatigue properties in motor
      units of the cat hindlimb.
AB  - Single motor units were isolated in medial gastrocnemius (MG) or soleus (Sol)
      muscles of the cat. Single shocks delivered to the motor axon elicited EMG
      waveforms which were recorded in the muscle. The amplitude of each individual EMG
      waveform as well as the area under the full-wave rectified waveform were
      measured. Mechanical properties of the motor units were then measured so that
      each unit could be classified as FF, FR or S according to the criteria of Burke.
      Finally, each unit was stimulated continuously at 80 pulses per second (pps), and
      changes in electrical and mechanical responses were recorded and compared. IEMG
      was positively correlated with maximum tetanic tension of motor units in MG. The
      relationship could be fitted with a parabola showing that 'large' motor units
      produce relatively more electrical activity than do 'small' motor units. Two
      types of electrical changes were seen during continuous stimulation of motor
      units at 80 pps: a smooth continuous decline in IEMG was attributed to electrical
      changes occurring at a site or sites distal to the neuromuscular junction; and
      random, abrupt changes in unit-EMG waveform and hence IEMG amplitude, were
      attributed to failure of the action potential to propagate past axonal branch
      points, resulting in the intermittent failure of groups of muscle fibers to
      respond to stimuli. The rates of decline of electrical and mechanical activity
      were compared for motor units. It was found that in fast fatiguing motor units,
      tetanic tension declined more rapidly than did IEMG, while in slowly fatiguing
      motor units, IEMG declined more rapidly than did force. We conclude that fatigue
      of motor units induced by continuous 80 pps stimulation can occur at different
      sites in the motor unit, and that the site of fatigue depends on motor unit
      properties or motor unit type.

PMID- 3986500
TI  - Effects of enkephalin and 5-hydroxytryptamine on solitary tract neurones involved
      in respiration and respiratory reflexes.
AB  - Both enkephalin and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) have been implicated in neural
      mechanisms underlying the central control of respiration. In view of the role of
      the nuclei tractus solitarii (NTS) in respiratory regulation, we carried out a
      study in artificially ventilated, chloralose-anaesthetized cats of the effects of
      the microiontophoretic application of [D-Ala2, Met5]-enkephalinamide (DAME) and 5
      HT on functionally identified NTS neurones implicated in the control of
      respiration and respiratory tract reflexes. The neurones examined belonged
      primarily to two groups: respiratory neurones having a rhythmic activity in phase
      with the simultaneously recorded phrenic nerve rhythm (viz inspiratory neurones),
      and presumed reflex interneurones which had no rhythmic activity but which could
      be orthodromically excited by vagus nerve (X) or superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)
      stimulation. Application of DAME produced a slow, prolonged depression in 9 of 20
      respiratory neurones and 4 of 5 reflex interneurones tested: the remaining
      neurones showed no change in activity with DAME. The DAME-induced depression was
      reversed by the intravenous administration of naloxone in the 4 neurones tested.
      The predominant effect of 5-HT on the 26 respiratory neurones examined was a
      facilitatory effect of slow onset and long duration; this was noted in 15
      neurones. A small number (n = 2) showed a prolonged depression, and the remaining
      9 were unaffected. With the reflex interneurones, in contrast, facilitation was
      not seen with the application of 5-HT; instead, 4 were depressed and 4
      unaffected. These findings on functionally identified NTS neurones provide
      support for the view that both endogenous 5-HT and opiate-related mechanisms are
      involved in the control of respiration and respiratory tract reflexes. Our
      findings suggest that they may operate, at least in part, by differing modulatory
      actions on neurones in the NTS involved in these respiratory-related functions,
      with enkephalin exerting depressive actions and 5-HT having both facilitatory and
      depressive effects.

PMID- 3986501
TI  - The characteristics of the antidromic discharge of cat dorsal raphe neurons
      during repetitive activation.
AB  - Slowly discharging neurons in the cat dorsal raphe could be classified into 3
      types according to the behavior of antidromic spike discharges during repetitive
      stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle at 10 Hz. In the types 1 and 2, the
      latency of antidromic discharge was gradually prolonged to reach an asymptote,
      whereas no marked change occurred in the type 3. The type 2 neurons, which had a
      slower conduction velocity, showed a greater prolongation than the type 1
      neurons. The maximum length of this prolongation was not significantly correlated
      with the initial latency. During 10 Hz stimulation some neurons showed repeatedly
      a conduction block after a sequence of initial decrease and later increase in
      latency. The spontaneous discharge was strongly suppressed during 10 Hz
      stimulation. During 1 Hz stimulation just after the cessation of 10 Hz
      stimulation, the prolonged antidromic latency was gradually restored in parallel
      with the recovery of the spontaneous discharge. Circumstantial evidences seem to
      be in favor of the idea that hyperpolarization of the axonal and somatic
      membranes is mainly responsible for the observed behavior of antidromic spikes of
      type 1 and 2 neurons.

PMID- 3986503
TI  - Enhanced sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to iontophoretically-applied
      serotonin in thiamine deficiency.
AB  - Electrophysiological aspects of thiamine depletion in the rat induced by dietary
      deficiency are described. Behavioral changes as well as qualitative and
      quantitative alterations in the sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to
      iontophoretically-applied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were observed. Thiamine
      deficient rats were characterized essentially by ataxia, piloerection, paresis,
      apparent weakness, and hypothermia after 4-6 weeks on a thiamine-free diet. Basal
      Purkinje cell firing frequency was unaffected by thiamine deficiency. The
      response of Purkinje cells to iontophoretically-applied 5-HT was solely
      inhibitory in deficient rats. In control rats, however, responses to 5-HT were
      excitatory, biphasic, or inhibitory. Neurons in the thiamine-deficient animals
      were more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of 5-HT, as demonstrated by a
      significant parallel shift to the left of the dose-response curve. Durations of 5
      HT effects were similar in both groups. Dose-response relationships for GABA
      induced inhibition of Purkinje cell firing from thiamine deficient and control
      rats did not differ from one another. These data demonstrate a relatively
      selective effect of thiamine depletion on cerebellar serotonergic
      neurotransmission assessed electrophysiologically. We believe there is up
      regulation of 5-HT receptors on Purkinje cells caused by thiamine deficiency
      induced impairment of indoleamine input to the cerebellum from raphe and related
      nuclei.

PMID- 3986502
TI  - Brainstem activation of the adrenal medulla in the cat.
AB  - Stimulation of the locus coeruleus in 40 cats leads to generalized activation of
      the sympathetic nervous system characterized by an immediate pressor response
      which was followed in the post-stimulus period by an increase of 49 +/- 10 and 44
      +/- 6% in common carotid arterial resistance ipsilateral and contralateral to
      stimulation, respectively. This later response was not affected by vagotomy or
      bilateral cervical sympathectomy but was blocked by high spinal cord section. The
      post-stimulus carotid vasoconstrictor response could be entirely eliminated by
      acute bilateral physiological adrenalectomy in the form of adrenal hilar
      clamping, an effect which was reversible if the clamps were removed. The carotid
      vasoconstrictor response was associated with a rise in the circulating level of
      noradrenaline (260%) and adrenaline (196%), which was prevented by clamping the
      adrenal hilum. This response was not mediated via the hypothalamus because it
      persisted in the decerebrate animal, nor was it merely excitation of fibers of
      passage since it was reproduced by microinjection of glutamate into the locus
      coeruleus. The response was blocked by phentolamine suggesting it is mediated by
      alpha-adrenoceptors. These data represent the first conclusive demonstration that
      cell bodies in the brainstem are capable of activating the adrenal medulla. This
      fact is central to our present concept of the organization of the sympatho
      adrenal axis.

PMID- 3986504
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of phosphonoglycosphingolipids in the nervous
      tissue of Aplysia.
AB  - A group of novel phosphonoglycosphingolipids was isolated from the tissues of
      Aplysia. In the present experiment, antiserum was raised against total
      phosphonoglycosphingolipids isolated from the ganglia. This antiserum seems
      specific to the oligosaccharide moiety of the glycolipids. It did not react with
      gangliosides isolated from mammalian brain. Of the total
      phosphonoglycosphingolipids of the ganglion. GGL-V was strongly reactive, but GGL
      I was hardly reactive with the antiserum. The indirect immunoperoxidase method in
      combination with light microscopy revealed staining of fibrous structures in the
      neuropil of ganglia, connective tracts and peripheral nerves. These fibrous
      structures often interconnected with supporting cells (glia cells). However, the
      neuron and its processes were stained not distinctly. Thus our results indicate
      that some of the major glycolipids isolated from the ganglion are mainly present
      in extraneuronal components in the nervous tissues of Aplysia.

PMID- 3986505
TI  - Mechanoreceptive submodality channel interactions: psychophysical observations on
      differential activation of flutter and vibration.
AB  - Psychophysical studies on masking of sensations induced by sinusoidal mechanical
      stimuli were conducted in human subjects to characterize the interactions within
      and between the submodalities of flutter and vibration. Using a conditioning-test
      stimulus paradigm, we found that the threshold of a test stimulus was elevated
      (masking) when the test stimulus was paired with a twice-threshold conditioning
      stimulus that activated the same submodality. Detection theory analysis further
      indicated that the observed elevation in threshold resulted in part from a change
      in stimulus detectability (i.e.d'). In contrast, when the test stimulus and the
      twice-threshold conditioning stimulus activated different submodalities, no
      elevation in test stimulus threshold (no masking) was observed. Thus, for stimuli
      that activate either flutter or vibration, masking (and the inhibitory operations
      by which it is presumably mediated) is restricted to a given submodality and not
      distributed across submodalities. This finding suggests that these submodality
      channels function independently.

PMID- 3986506
TI  - Mechanoreceptive submodality channel interactions: single unit analysis of
      afferent inhibition in the primary somatosensory cortex of the cat.
AB  - This study examined whether afferent inhibition generated by activation of one
      mechanoreceptive submodality influences the response of neurons of the other
      submodality tested. Response properties of quickly adapting hair and Pacinian
      neurons in primary somatosensory cortex of the cat were evaluated to assess
      afferent inhibition generated by single-cycle sinusoidal mechanical stimuli.
      Animals were lightly anesthetized with sodium thiopental. Stimulation at 20 Hz
      (low-velocity stimulus) was used to activate hair cells, the receptive fields of
      which were located in the skin; stimulation at 200 Hz (high-velocity stimulus)
      was used to activate Pacinian cells, the receptive fields of which were located
      in the deeper tissues. The skin was partially dissected from the deeper tissue in
      order to uncouple mechanically the effective receptive surfaces and to achieve
      greater selectivity. Hair and Pacinian cell test responses were paired with
      single-cycle 20 and 200 Hz conditioning stimuli. A 20 Hz stimulus, more effective
      in activating hair cells than Pacinian cells, strongly inhibited the test
      response of hair cells only and a 200 Hz stimulus, which is more effective in
      activating Pacinian cells than hair cells, markedly inhibited the test response
      of Pacinian cells only. Our data indicate that afferent inhibition generated by
      activation of one submodality channel is largely confined to that submodality
      channel and is not distributed to the other.

PMID- 3986507
TI  - Integrated lateral hypothalamic neural responses to natural and artificial
      rewards and cue signals in the rat.
AB  - Effects of natural and intracranial electrical rewarding stimuli and cue signals
      were investigated while recording from single neurons in the rat lateral
      hypothalamus. The rat obtained both rewards using identical behavior, viz.
      licking. When both rewarding stimuli influenced a neuron, the responses were
      usually similar, i.e. both excitatory or both inhibitory. Only neurons that
      responded to either or both rewards acquired responses to tone cues, and these
      acquired responses were in the same direction as reward responses. The data
      indicate that the same single neuron in the lateral hypothalamus might be
      implicated in reward processes and learning.

PMID- 3986508
TI  - The frequency and distribution of medium-sized neurons with indented nuclei in
      the primate and rodent neostriatum.
AB  - Nuclear morphology is known to distinguish two classes of medium-sized neurons in
      the neostriatum, spiny projection neurons which have an unindented nucleus and
      aspiny interneurons which exhibit enfoldings of their nuclear envelope. The
      frequency and distribution of medium-sized neostriatal neurons with indented
      nuclei were examined in the light microscope in semi-thick sections. Results
      showed that the proportion of neostriatal neurons with nuclear indentations was
      greater in the monkey (23%) than in the mouse and rat (4-5%). Also, nuclear
      enfoldings were found in more neurons of the monkey caudate than putamen, whereas
      in the rodent regional differences were not observed. Findings suggest that
      aspiny interneurons play a greater role in the integrative and functional
      organization of the neostriatum in the primate than in the rodent brain.

PMID- 3986509
TI  - Long-term retention of a peripherally induced flexor reflex alteration in rats.
AB  - The long-term nature of peripherally induced spinal fixation was examined in the
      present study. Sixty-three anesthetized rats received 45-90 min of hindlimb
      stimulation. After a 24-72 h waiting period, the animals were given a midthoracic
      spinal section and hindlimb asymmetry was assessed. Our results indicate that a
      compensatory mechanism was activated after stimulation to correct the postural
      imbalance. Long-lasting effects of stimulation were manifested, however, when the
      compensatory influence was eliminated by spinal section.

PMID- 3986510
TI  - Effects of sensory deafferentation on glucose metabolism of muscles during
      locomotion.
AB  - We measured the uptake of a radiolabeled analogue of glucose ([3H]FDG) into
      muscles during treadmill walking so as to determine whether sensory
      deafferentation of a limb affects the muscles' metabolic response to the
      exercise. The muscles on the deafferented side took up less tracer than those in
      the intact side with exercise, but not at rest. Extensor muscles were more
      affected than flexors by deafferentation. This agrees with the proposal that
      "reflex" inputs adjust the level of recruitment of motor units by central pattern
      generators.

PMID- 3986511
TI  - Sensitivity of cat primary auditory cortex (AI) neurons to the direction and rate
      of frequency modulation.
AB  - Responses of 65 single auditory cortex (AI) neurons to frequency-modulated (FM)
      sweeps with different rates and direction of frequency change were examined
      quantitatively. Most units responded differentially depending on the
      characteristics of the FM sweep stimulus. Sixty-five percent of the units
      encountered responded at least twice as well for one direction of the FM sweep as
      for the other direction. Of these direction selective neurons, 67% preferred
      downward-directed FM sweeps (i.e. changing from high to low frequencies) while
      only 33% preferred upward-directed FM sweeps. The preference for downward
      directed FM sweeps was especially clear in EI cells. In addition, cortical
      neurons often displayed sensitivity to the rate of frequency modulation (speed
      sensitivity).

PMID- 3986512
TI  - Dexamethasone affects radioactive choline uptake in rat diaphragm nerve endings
      and not in muscle fibres.
AB  - The initial rate of radioactive choline (Ch) uptake in the endplate-rich area
      (EPA) of both stimulated and unstimulated hemidiaphragms is significantly
      increased by 0.2 microM dexamethasone (Dex) in the presence of 10 microM Ch. In
      autoradiographs, the mean grain densities above the muscle fibres are not altered
      by Dex. The mean grain densities above the nerve endings are significantly
      increased in the presence of Dex in stimulated tissue, and slightly but not
      significantly increased in unstimulated tissue. There is a positive correlation
      between the initial rate of Ch uptake in the EPA and the amount of isotope in the
      nerve terminals, in the absence and presence of Dex. Without correcting for the
      large amount of diffusion which occurs, the ratio of the grain densities above
      the nerve terminals to that above the muscle fibres in the presence of Dex is
      2.12 in stimulated tissue, and 1.40 in unstimulated tissue. The ratio in the
      stimulated tissue is significantly greater than the control ratio in the absence
      of Dex (1.66). Therefore, Dex affects radioactive Ch uptake in nerve endings and
      not in muscle fibres in the rat diaphragm. The stimulation-induced increase in
      the uptake of isotope into the nerve endings is abolished in a Na+-depleted
      medium, and in the absence of Ca2+. Dex has no effect on this abolition. We
      conclude that relatively low concentrations of Dex affect Ch transport in rat
      diaphragm nerve endings by a mechanism as yet to be defined.

PMID- 3986513
TI  - Cholecystokinin octapeptide-like immunoreactive material in neurons of the
      intralaminar nuclei of the cat's thalamus.
AB  - Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive material (CCK-IR) was revealed in the cat's
      thalamus by using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The most dense collection
      of perikarya containing CCK-IR was seen in the rostral group of the intralaminar
      nuclei, in rostral parts of the rhomboid nucleus and the anterodorsal nucleus.
      Cells with CCK-IR were also found in the caudal group of the intralaminar nuclei,
      in the paraventricular nucleus and the parataenial nucleus. The remaining
      thalamic nuclei were void of CCK-IR. By combining immunohistochemistry with
      retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, CCK-IR was shown to be present in
      neurons of the intralaminar nuclei projecting to the neocortex. Our findings
      suggest that CCK might act as a transmitter in the efferent projections of the
      intralaminar and midline nuclei of the cat's thalamus.

PMID- 3986514
TI  - A qualitative investigation of the topographical representation of masticatory
      muscles within the motor trigeminal nucleus of the rat: a horseradish peroxidase
      study.
AB  - The topographical representation of the masticatory muscles of the rat was
      investigated by studying retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      from individual muscles. Contrary to the classically accepted scheme, the
      temporalis and masseter are separately represented dorsolaterally, the pterygoids
      dorsomedially and the jaw-opening mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
      ventrally within the motor nucleus, corresponding to the arrangement of the
      muscles on the head. Phylogenetic and ontogenetic justifications for this
      organization are adduced.

PMID- 3986515
TI  - Lobular distribution of visual climbing fiber responses in the cerebellum.
AB  - The visual pathway was electrically stimulated at the optic disc, optic nerve and
      pretectal region in the albino rat. Field potentials of climbing fiber activation
      of Purkinje cells were explored in a large area of the cerebellum, and obtained
      in flocculus and posterior vermis. The responses in the posterior vermis were
      identified in the medial region of lobules VIa-c, VIII, IX, and the dorsal region
      of lobule X of Larsell. No response was obtained in lobule VII.

PMID- 3986516
TI  - Central versus peripheral actions of Leu-enkephalin on acquisition of a one-way
      active avoidance response in rats.
AB  - A comparison was carried out of the effectiveness of intracerebroventricular or
      intraperitoneal administration of Leu-enkephalin to affect acquisition of a one
      way active avoidance response, locomotor activity or shock sensitivity. Leu
      enkephalin impaired acquisition of the avoidance response only when administered
      peripherally. In contrast, either central or peripheral administration of Leu
      enkephalin increased locomotor activity in the open field, and Leu-enkephalin
      also produced analgesia when administered directly into the brain. The pattern of
      results suggests that Leu-enkephalin acts at a peripheral site to influence
      avoidance conditioning.

PMID- 3986517
TI  - An isolated mammalian brainstem-spinal cord preparation suitable for the
      investigation of descending control of motor activity.
AB  - An in vitro, hemisected brainstem-spinal cord preparation which allows bulbo
      spinal interactions to be investigated, has been developed using 25-33 g golden
      hamsters. Spinal reflexes showing both monosynaptic and polysynaptic components
      were recorded from the lumbar ventral roots following stimulation of the
      corresponding dorsal roots. Trains of conditioning stimuli delivered to the
      caudal region of the medulla caused inhibition of the monosynaptic component and
      potentiation of the polysynaptic component of the spinal reflex.

PMID- 3986518
TI  - Removal of optic tectum prolongs the cell body reaction to axotomy in goldfish
      retinal ganglion cells.
AB  - Injury to the optic axons of goldfish elicits dramatic changes in the cell bodies
      of the neurons from which these axons arise, the retinal ganglion cells. The
      changes include a large increase in cell size and in synthesis and axonal
      transport of protein. The cells begin to return to normal about 3 weeks after the
      injury, when the axons invade the contralateral (homotopic) lobe of the optic
      tectum, and recovery is essentially complete by 8-10 weeks after the lesion.
      However, if the homotopic lobe of the tectum was removed at the time of nerve
      crush, we found that the cell body reaction was greatly prolonged. The cells
      remained enlarged, and [3H]proline incorporation and fast axonal transport of
      protein remained elevated, until at least 10-12 weeks after nerve crush, although
      by this time most of the regenerating axons had probably regained their normal
      length and many had entered the remaining ipsilateral (heterotopic) lobe of the
      tectum. The cells showed partial recovery by the latest time tested, 26 weeks
      after nerve crush, when the projections from the two eyes had segregated into
      separate bands in the heterotopic tectal lobe.

PMID- 3986520
TI  - Observations on the astrocyte response to a cerebral stab wound in adult rats.
AB  - The temporal and spatial distribution of immunocytochemically identified reactive
      astrocytes is described following a cerebral stab wound in adult rats. Different
      patterns of reactivity were observed in the cerebral cortex, the corpus callosum
      and the deep structures of the hemisphere. In the cerebral cortex, the zone of
      astrocytic reactivity was initially limited to the vicinity of the wound but
      spread with time to encompass the entire ipsilateral cortex, then regressed; in
      the deep structures only a spreading phase was observed and this was slower than
      in the cortex; reactivity in the corpus callosum was slight and always restricted
      to the immediate vicinity of the lesion. Reactive astrocytes were never observed
      in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. The reorganization of reactive
      astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of the lesion into a membrana gliae limitans
      accessoria was also observed. On the basis of these observations, the hypothesis
      is proposed that astrocytes respond primarily to the mechanical disruption
      consequent to injury and that the response promotes the restoration of the
      structural integrity of the lesioned tissue.

PMID- 3986519
TI  - Self-stimulation of an 'aversive' brain structure: the mesencephalic central gray
      area.
AB  - Four experiments were performed in BALB/c mice implanted either in the lateral
      hypothalamus (LH) or in the dorsal part of the mesencephalic central gray area
      (CG) or both in LH and CG. In the first 3 experiments the animals were placed in
      a Y-maze where they could successively trigger and turn off continuous electrical
      stimulation. Expt. 1 showed that mice stimulated in CG (like animals stimulated
      in LH) are able to discriminate between the reinforced and the non-reinforced arm
      of the Y-maze in order to self-administer the stimulation. This behavior was
      observed whether the experimental situation was a simple spatial discrimination
      or a more complex light-dark discrimination. During the second experiment, the
      animals could choose between stimulation of low intensity (in one arm) or high
      intensity (in the other arm). We observed that, like LH animals, CG implanted
      mice chose the higher stimulation, despite its strong aversive component. On the
      other hand, Expt. 3 showed that when the animals could chose between CG
      stimulation, whose intensity was progressively increased, and LH stimulation
      whose intensity remained constant (low) they preferred the latter. When the mice
      were placed in a lever-press box where they could obtain 0.2 s of electrical
      stimulation (last experiment), LH animals showed vigorous self-stimulation
      behavior, whereas CG animals showed only a weak response rate. These results show
      that, in spite of its aversiveness, dorsal CG stimulation has an appetitive
      component whose magnitude may vary under different experimental conditions.

PMID- 3986521
TI  - Activation of fine articular afferent units by bradykinin.
AB  - The responses of single fine articular afferent units to close intra-arterial
      injection of KCl and bradykinin were recorded from filaments of the saphenous
      nerve of the cat's right hindlimb. All units included in this study were
      sensitive to local mechanical probing of the medial and anteromedial aspects of
      the knee joint. The units were identified by conduction velocity as belonging
      either to group III (2.5-20 m/s, 17 units) or group IV (less than 2.5 m/s, 23
      units). Prior to bradykinin administration the responses of all units to passive
      limb movements were recorded in order to classify the units as belonging to one
      of the following 4 categories: activated by non-noxious movements; weakly
      activated by non-noxious movements; activated only by noxious movements; not
      activated by movements. Bolus injections of KCl were used to test the
      accessibility of the units via the blood vessels. Such injections elicited a
      rapid burst of impulses at short latencies of less than 1 s. If this discharge
      did not occur, no test with bradykinin was carried out. There was no difference
      in latency and time course between such discharges in group III and group IV
      units. With only 3 exceptions the 40 units excited by KCl were also activated by
      bradykinin which was applied in doses from 0.026 to 26 micrograms. Higher doses
      were not used. For most group III and IV units the minimal effective dose of
      bradykinin for a clear excitation was usually either 0.26 or 2.6 micrograms. In
      both groups of units the bradykinin-evoked discharge generally had a uniform
      latency and a time course with a total duration well under 1 min. In the course
      of repetitive injections at intervals of 3-5 min, the latency of the evoked
      discharge increased gradually and its magnitude became successively smaller. This
      tachyphylaxis was usually very pronounced, regardless of whether low or high
      doses of bradykinin were administered. No differences in the bradykinin
      sensitivity were found between units with very low to very high thresholds to
      local mechanical stimulation (tested with von Frey hairs) and between units
      belonging to the 4 different categories of response behavior to passive innocuous
      and noxious joint movements. These results indicate that the sensitivity to
      bradykinin is shared by all fine articular afferent units, regardless of their
      thresholds to local mechanical stimulation and joint movement and, hence, their
      functional role in signaling innocuous or noxious mechanical events at the knee
      joint.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3986522
TI  - Effects of clonidine on neuronal firing evoked by a noxious stimulus.
AB  - When norepinephrine was applied microiontophoretically to certain neurons in the
      pontine reticular formation of rats, it produced an increase in neuronal firing
      like that produced by noxious stimulation. Previous studies have shown that both
      noxious stimulus- and norepinephrine-evoked increases in neuronal firing are
      mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors. These neurons were unresponsive to non-noxious
      stimuli, suggesting that they might play a role in nociception.
      Microiontophoretic or systemic administration of the selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist clonidine significantly attenuated noxious stimulus-evoked
      firing, but had little effect on firing evoked by norepinephrine. This effect of
      clonidine could be prevented by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists piperoxan
      and yohimbine. These antagonists, when given alone, increased noxious stimulus
      evoked firing, but had no effect on firing evoked by norepinephrine. In contrast,
      the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist ARC-239 (2-(2,4-(o-methoxyphenyl)
      piperazin-1-yl)ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-(2 H,4) isoquinolindione dihydrochloride)
      attenuated both noxious stimulus- and norepinephrine-evoked firing. These data
      are consistent with the hypothesis that presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      modulate the release of norepinephrine. Furthermore, these data suggest that the
      pontine reticular formation is one site at which clonidine could act to produce
      analgesia.

PMID- 3986523
TI  - Antagonism of brain opioid peptide action reduces hibernation bout duration.
AB  - The effect of continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of
      naloxone on the duration of individual bouts of hibernation was investigated in
      the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis). Following entrance into
      hibernation, naloxone was continuously administered by an osmotic minipump at a
      rate of 1 microliter/h through a chronically implanted unilateral i.c.v. cannula
      guide. Naloxone (1, 5 and 7.5 micrograms/microliter) produced a dose-dependent
      reduction in hibernation bout duration ranging from 1 to 4 days (13.9-62.3% of
      expected bout duration). These data suggest that selected endogenous opioid
      system neurons may contribute to the CNS maintenance of the hibernating state
      and, consequently, to the overall conservation of energy in this species.

PMID- 3986525
TI  - Specificity in mammalian peripheral nerve regeneration at the level of the nerve
      trunk.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that distal stumps of transected rat peripheral nerves
      secrete 'tropic' factors which can attract/support axonal regeneration over
      distances of several mm in vivo. The present study was undertaken in order to
      determine if there is specificity of neurotropic interaction at the level of the
      nerve trunk. Proximal stumps of transected peroneal or tibial nerves were
      inserted into the single inlet end of Y-shaped Silastic implants and offered
      alternative 'lures' at the paired outlet ends (specifically, grafts of peroneal
      vs tibial distal stump tissue). Several weeks later, the overwhelming majority of
      preparations showed exclusive growth of nerve fibers in implant forks attached to
      'native' (originally associated) nerve stumps. Inversion of the distal stump
      grafts (such that the proximal stump was facing an analogous native distal stump,
      but a different region of it) diminished the frequency and extent of native
      preference. Taken together, data suggest the possibility that there can be a
      specificity of nerve regeneration at the level of the nerve trunk.

PMID- 3986524
TI  - Brain size and shape in strongly and weakly lateralized mice.
AB  - Mice from two selected lines differing markedly in their degree of
      lateralization, and from a random-bred control line, were studied. The brains of
      strongly lateralized mice were found to be heavier, and those of weakly
      lateralized mice to be lighter, than those of control mice of equivalent body
      weight; the degree of cerebral asymmetry was found to be least in weakly
      lateralized mice; and the corpora callosa of both selected lines were smaller
      than those of control mice. These findings are tentatively interpreted in terms
      of the effects of different behavioral strategies on the development of the
      central nervous system.

PMID- 3986526
TI  - Tropic factors in reactive mammalian central nervous system tissue.
AB  - Previous studies suggest that distal stumps of transected peripheral nerves
      contain diffusible factors which can attract/support axonal regeneration over
      distances of several mm in vivo. The present experiments were undertaken to
      determine if this is so for distal regions of traumatized central (i.e., optic)
      nerves. Proximal stumps of transected rat sciatic nerves were inserted into the
      single inlet ends of 6 mm long Y-shaped Silastic implants. Alternative 'lures'
      were attached to the paired outlets, the ability of these lures to
      attract/support regeneration of nerve fibers in their associated forks assessed
      3.5 weeks postoperatively. Exclusive or preferential growth of nerve fibers
      occurred in implant forks associated with optic nerve grafts, of Elvax pellets
      containing homogenate obtained from previously crushed (reactive) optic nerves.
      Grafts of tendon, as well as homogenate from unoperated optic nerve had no
      effect. Results suggest that, with respect to the assay used, degenerating optic
      nerve tissue contains factor(s) which can attract/support regenerating nerve
      fibers.

PMID- 3986527
TI  - Effect of cytosine arabinofuranoside (AraC) on reactive gliosis in vivo. An
      immunohistochemical and morphometric study.
AB  - Glial reactivity is believed to contribute to the lack of functional recovery
      after injury to the mammalian central nervous system. The role of glial mitosis
      in the progression of events associated with reactive gliosis has received little
      attention. In the present study, the expression of reactive gliosis distal to the
      site of crush in rat optic nerves was assessed in the presence and absence of a
      chronically administered mitotic inhibitor, cytosine arabinofuranoside (AraC).
      Right optic nerves were crushed and animals sacrificed 1, 2 or 3 weeks later.
      Parameters assessed were (1) glial hypertrophy, (2) degradation of myelin sheaths
      and (3) ability of tissue to stain with antisera raised against glial filament
      protein (GFA), actin and vimentin. In saline treated animals, greater than 90% of
      the myelin sheaths distal to the site of axonal injury had degraded within 7 days
      postoperatively. Glial hypertrophy was evident by the second week after after
      crush and increased progressively. The number of GFA-positive profiles (i.e.,
      cells) increased between 1 and 3 weeks postoperatively. Vimentin staining
      increased 4-fold between 1 and 2 weeks after injury and subsequently showed no
      change. Actin staining rose 3-fold between 1 and 2 weeks after injury, but
      decreased by the third postoperative week. In AraC treated animals, almost 50% of
      the myelin sheaths distal to the injury site were preserved a week after surgery.
      A delay in myelin degradation continued until the second postoperative week.
      Glial hypertrophy was evident at the 2 and 3 week time points. However, the
      extent of hypertrophy was substantially lower in drug (vs saline) treated
      animals. Vimentin staining never rose above minimal levels in AraC treated
      animals. Actin staining in AraC rats at 2 weeks postoperatively was equivalent to
      that in saline injected animals, but in contrast to the results in the latter
      group, increased (3-fold) between 2 and 3 weeks after crush. Results indicate a
      delay in the expression of reactive gliosis with chronic administration of AraC.
      It is proposed that this might be due to a delay in the appearance of 'signals'
      (e.g., myelin debris) which initiate the process of reactive gliosis.

PMID- 3986528
TI  - Hippocampal-dentate theta disturbance after selective CA1 pyramidal cell damage
      in the rat.
AB  - The contribution of the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus to both superficial
      and deep theta recorded from the dorsal hippocampal formation was assessed in
      rats anesthetized with ether. CA1 area cells were destroyed unilaterally by local
      injection of 2 micrograms of ibotenic acid dissolved in 0.1 microliters of
      phosphate buffer. Limited destruction of CA1 resulted in partial suppression of
      both superficial and deep theta, whereas extensive destruction resulted in almost
      total suppression of both theta's. A good correlation was found between the
      extent of the lesion and the theta disruption. Control preparations involving
      destructions by means of this neurotoxin of the hippocampal CA3 area or lower
      blade of the dentate gyrus failed to alter either superficial or deep theta.
      These data suggest that neuroanatomical integrity of the CA1 area of the dorsal
      hippocampus is a necessary condition for the normal appearance and maintenance of
      both superficial and deep theta as recorded from the dorsal hippocampal formation
      of the ether-anesthetized rat.

PMID- 3986529
TI  - Comparison of electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions in the lateral hypothalamus.
AB  - Electrolytic lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) seriously affect ingestive
      behavior and sensorimotor functions in the rat. We here report that bilateral
      infusions of the neurotoxin, ibotenic acid (IBO) in the LH yield a decrease in
      body weight, but not to the same extent as electrolytic lesions. The sensorimotor
      impairments were most severe after electrolytic lesions. When tested in a
      residential maze on days 5-7 and 18-20 after surgery, both lesioned groups showed
      no lack of motivation to seek food and water. Histological examination of the LH
      following IBO exposure revealed extensive degeneration of neuronal cell bodies
      with little evidence of non-specific damage. Biochemical analysis of the rostral
      forebrain content of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) revealed that the
      fibers passing through the LH remained largely intact in the IBO treated rats.
      The results suggest that the observed aphagia and adipsia is not due to a lack of
      motivation, but rather reflects changes in the process which operate to initiate
      eating and drinking. Furthermore, selective neuronal degeneration induced the
      same behavioral changes as the electrolytic ones, though not to the same extent.

PMID- 3986530
TI  - Central dopamine agonist activity on the 8-alpha-amino-ergoline CU 32-085.
AB  - The effects of the 8-alpha-amino-ergoline CU 32-085 on central dopamine neuronal
      systems was investigated. Two h after administration of CU 32-085 a slight
      increase of dopamine levels was observed in the nucleus caudatus-putamen.
      Radioligand binding studies in vitro have shown that CU 32-085 has a low affinity
      for striatal dopamine receptors labeled by [3H]n-propylapomorphine or
      [3H]spiroperidol. However, CU 32-085 effectively displaces in vivo [3H]n
      propylapomorphine and [3H]spiroperidol from their respective binding sites in the
      mouse striatum. Functional studies have shown that CU 32-085 elicits
      contralateral rotation in rats with unilateral 6-OH-dopamine induced lesions of
      the meso-striatal dopamine neurons, and ipsilateral rotation in rats with
      unilateral intrastriatal ibotenic acid lesions. CU 32-085 relieves tremor in
      monkeys with ventromedial tegmental lesions and produces only slight abnormal
      involuntary movements. The biochemical and functional studies suggest that CU 32
      085 and/or its metabolite exerts central dopamine agonist activity in vivo.
      Studies in monkeys with ventromedial tegmental lesions suggest that CU 32-085
      might be an effective antiparkinsonian agent which produces less dyskinesias than
      the other tested dopamine agonists.

PMID- 3986531
TI  - Cortical topography of thalamic intralaminar nuclei.
AB  - The cortical projection of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei (ILN) has been
      studied by injecting little amounts of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the
      cerebral cortex of the rat. All of the cortical areas (except area 17) receive
      ipsilateral projections from at least one nucleus of the ILN. The nucleus
      centralis lateralis had the largest number of labeled neurons, principally after
      injections in frontal, temporal and occipital cortical areas. The nucleus
      paracentralis presented only moderate numbers of HRP positive neurons from the
      frontal cortex, and very few from parietal and temporal areas. The nucleus
      parafascicularis showed labeled somata after frontal injections as well as
      parietal and temporal areas. In comparison to the other ILN, the amount of
      labeled neurons in this nucleus is relatively small. The nucleus centralis
      medialis presented the least number of labeled neurons regardless of injected
      area. Its cortical efferents remain restricted to small areas of the dorsal
      aspects of frontal, anterior cingular and temporal cortices. Each of the ILN
      contains neurons which connect with more than one cortical zone, according to a
      characteristic topographic distribution.

PMID- 3986532
TI  - Lengthy regrowth of cut axons from ganglion cells after peripheral nerve
      transplantation into the retina of adult rats.
AB  - Ganglion cell axons regrew to approximately their normal length (2 cm) when
      autologous peripheral nerve segments were inserted into the retina of adult rats
      for 4-18 weeks. Retrograde labeling from the graft with HRP or combinations of
      two different fluorescent dyes applied to the optic tract and graft demonstrate
      that axons growing into the nerve transplants originated from axotomized ganglion
      cells rather than by sprouting of undamaged neurons. Axonal injury and graft
      proximity to neuronal somata appear as requisites for the elongation of these
      fibers.

PMID- 3986533
TI  - Connections between the cerebellum and hypothalamus in the tree shrew (Tupaia
      glis).
AB  - Following injections of a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP)
      conjugate into representative areas of cerebellar cortex of tree shrew (Tupaia
      glis) retrogradely labeled cells were found in posterior, lateral and dorsal
      hypothalamic areas and in the lateral mammillary nucleus. These represent
      monosynaptic hypothalamocerebellar cortical projections. Anterogradely labeled
      axons were also traced into various areas of the contralateral hypothalamus
      subsequent to injections of WGA-HRP into the cerebellar nuclei. These results
      identify a direct cerebellar nucleohypothalamic pathway. These
      hypothalamocerebellar and cerebellohypothalamic connections represent potential
      circuits through which the cerebellum may interact with visceral centers.

PMID- 3986534
TI  - Naloxone specifically blocks the linear locomotion in mice.
AB  - The effects of naloxone on mouse behavior were investigated by using a multi
      dimensional behavioral analyzer. No significant changes in behavior were seen
      after 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg doses of naloxone. Within 15 min following the start of
      observation, however, naloxone significantly suppressed linear locomotion at the
      30 mg/kg dose, while the same dose of naloxone did not markedly affect other
      behaviors such as rearing and grooming. These results suggest that naloxone
      specifically disrupts linear locomotion in the mouse.

PMID- 3986535
TI  - Direct connections of primary afferent fibers with central cervical nucleus
      neurons projecting to the cerebellum in the cat.
AB  - The synaptic organization of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in the cat was
      examined by means of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish
      peroxidase and the anterograde degeneration tracing technique. Light microscopic
      studies confirmed that cervical primary afferents terminate heavily in the region
      of CCN cerebellar projection neurons and electron microscopic findings
      demonstrated that primary afferent fibers of cervical dorsal roots form synapses
      mainly with distal dendrites of CCN neurons projecting to the cerebellum.

PMID- 3986536
TI  - Uncoupling of CA3 pyramidal neurons by propionate.
AB  - The influence of cytoplasmic acidification on dye-coupling between CA3 pyramidal
      neurons was examined by Lucifer yellow injections in guinea pig hippocampal brain
      slices. Neurons were believed to be acidified by exposure to 100 mM propionate.
      Dye-coupling was reduced significantly to 6% (n = 35) in propionate versus 28% (n
      = 39) in control solution (P less than 2%). Propionate may be a useful tool for
      experimental manipulation of coupling in the mammalian CNS.

PMID- 3986537
TI  - Taurine and hypotaurine inhibit light-induced lipid peroxidation and protect rod
      outer segment structure.
AB  - Exposure of isolated frog rod outer segments to light (5000 lux) induces membrane
      disorganization and swelling. An increase of about 50% on lipid peroxidation,
      measured by the extent of malonaldehyde formation, accompanied the light-induced
      damage. Taurine and hypotaurine (25 mM) prevented the increase in lipid
      peroxidation, and provided an entire protection of rod outer segment structure.

PMID- 3986538
TI  - On the origin of dopamine and its metabolite in predominantly noradrenergic
      innervated brain areas.
AB  - The origin of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite in predominantly noradrenergic
      brain areas was investigated in rats with a unilateral electrolytic lesion of the
      locus coeruleus. Using the unlesioned side as a control, levels of DA,
      noradrenaline (NA), and the DA metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      (DOPAC), were measured in lateral hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal cortex,
      occipital cortex, brainstem and striatum. Lesion of the locus coeruleus decreased
      brain NA levels in those regions innervated by this nucleus, but had no effect on
      levels of DA and DOPAC in any of the regions studied. It is concluded that even
      in regions of very low DA concentration, DA and DOPAC probably originate from
      dopaminergic neurons rather than via NA formation in noradrenergic neurons.

PMID- 3986539
TI  - An apparent genetic polymorphism for a protein present in the hypothalamus of
      Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, an apparent genetic polymorphism was
      detected in the hypothalamus of a group of inbred Sprague-Dawley rats. The
      proteins involved in this polymorphism have a molecular weight of 57,000 daltons
      and isoelectric points ranging from 6.1 to 6.3. These proteins met four criteria
      that should be met before a positional shift on two-dimension gels can be
      attributed to a genetic polymorphism. This is the first report of the existence
      of a genetic polymorphism in the brains of a group of inbred Sprague-Dawley rats.
      The functional significance of this polymorphism is currently under
      investigation.

PMID- 3986540
TI  - Chemical activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the
      precollicular-postmammillary transected cat is known to induce controlled
      locomotion on a treadmill. We have been able to induce and block locomotion in
      this preparation by using localized infusions of transmitters and their agonists
      and antagonists. Infusions of the GABA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin
      into the MLR elicit locomotion at low concentration (5 mM). Applications of
      muscimol (5 mM) or GABA (0.5 M) were found to block chemically-induced
      locomotion, as well as electrically-elicited and spontaneous walking. Priming
      infusions of Diazepam amplified the blockage of locomotion by GABA. On the other
      hand, applications of strychnine (10 mM) were ineffective in inducing stepping,
      as were infusions of the excitatory agents glutamic acid, acetylcholine and
      norepinephrine. These findings suggest that the MLR is under inhibitory GABAergic
      input. The substantia nigra is the only known afferent to the MLR located
      posterior to the brainstem transection, and is a likely source for this input. A
      model is proposed to account for our results, as well as those of others, and it
      provides a working hypothesis for the neurochemical events occurring in brainstem
      centers which modulate locomotor events.

PMID- 3986541
TI  - The characteristics of the electro-olfactogram (EOG): its loss and recovery
      following olfactory nerve section in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - Electro-olfactograms (EOGs) were recorded from both sensory and non-sensory
      epithelia on the olfactory lamellae and from other areas within the rosette of
      rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The trout EOG induced by amino acids was a
      monophasic negative voltage composed of a phasic component which declined to a
      steady level (tonic component) that was maintained throughout stimulus duration.
      The time period (2 min) for complete recovery of the EOG was obtained by applying
      two identical stimuli (10(-5) mol/liter L-serine for 5 s) successively at
      increasing intervals. EOG response to amino acids increased nearly exponentially
      with concentration and no saturation was reached. Gradual deterioration of
      olfactory receptor cells occurred within 14 days after olfactory nerve section
      (axotomy) as indicated by phospholipid staining. Regeneration of the receptor
      cells started at 56 days postaxotomy, reached approximately normal density and
      the elongate form of mature neurons at 84 days. In axotomized fish the magnitude
      of EOG response decreased relative to the controls at 7 days with minimal
      sensitivity between 14 and 28 days postaxotomy. EOGs were not evoked by L-serine
      nor L-leucine in most fish 17-22 days postaxotomy. Restoration of the EOG
      response coincided with morphological repopulation of receptor neurons after 84
      days. EOG recovery was only 50% of the control values at 230 days. The EOG
      responses evoked by HCl in sensory and non-sensory epithelia were
      indistinguishable from each other, indicating that receptor neurons are not
      likely to be their primary origin.

PMID- 3986542
TI  - The encoding of thermal stimuli applied to the tail of the rat by lowering the
      excitability of trigeminal convergent neurones.
AB  - Recordings were made from convergent neurones in the nucleus caudalis of the
      trigeminal complex. They could be excited by both innocuous and noxious stimuli
      applied to their excitatory receptive field located on the ipsilateral part of
      the muzzle. The responses to A- and C-fibre activation induced by supramaximal
      transcutaneous electrical stimulation of their receptive fields were conditioned
      by thermal stimuli applied to the tail, and the relationship between the
      conditioning temperatures and their ability to induce inhibitions of the evoked
      discharges of convergent neurones were investigated. During sequences of
      repetitive stimulation, the posterior two-thirds of the tail were immersed in a
      waterbath at various temperatures (36-52 degrees C) and the resultant inhibitions
      of responses were calculated. The threshold for obtaining an inhibitory effect
      ranged between 40 and 44 degrees C. Above this level, there was a highly
      significant correlation between the conditioning temperature and the degree of
      inhibition, which was very strong for the highest temperature (i.e. for 52
      degrees C: 54.4 +/- 7.3 and 92.3 +/- 3.7% inhibitions being obtained for A- and C
      fibre-evoked responses respectively); such a correlation concerned the
      inhibitions observed both during immersion of the tail and after the removal of
      the conditioning stimuli. In further experiments, identical conditioning stimuli
      were tested upon responses of trigeminal convergent neurones to
      microelectrophoretic applications of an excitatory amino acid, DL-homocysteate,
      and very similar results were obtained: a threshold for inhibition in the 40-44
      degrees C range and a significant correlation between the conditioning
      temperature and the degree of inhibition in the 44-52 degrees C range (52 degrees
      C giving inhibitions of 98.8 +/- 0.4%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986543
TI  - Distribution of motor nerve sproutings in the mouse gastrocnemius muscle after
      partial denervation.
AB  - The distribution and frequency of motor nerve sproutings in the mouse
      gastrocnemius muscle were examined after a partial denervation. Terminal and
      nodal sproutings could be seen for a period of 7-28 days after transecting one of
      the two muscular nerves in the medial head. They grew out not only from the
      endplates and terminal nerves, but also from the preterminal nerve regions of
      both the intra- and extramuscular nerve. The terminal sproutings originated from
      endplates close to the denervated portion and subsequently they were seen farther
      away in the medial head. Upon regeneration of the originally transected nerve the
      terminal sproutings were withdrawn in the reverse sequence, i.e., first from the
      region farthest from the denervated area and last from the region adjacent to the
      denervation. The frequency of terminal sproutings was constant in the area
      immediately bordering the denervated portion (11-15% of the total number of
      endplates). In other areas more distant from the denervated portion, however, it
      showed a gradient which varied with the time course. The higher the frequency of
      terminal sproutings, the more actively each endplate produced two or three
      terminal sproutings without significant difference in length.

PMID- 3986544
TI  - Ciliary motility in brain ventricular system and trachea of hamsters.
AB  - Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in various parts of brain ventricular system, as
      well as in trachea of hamsters, was examined. Coronal sections of brain and
      tracheal rings were maintained in a thermostatically controlled perfusion chamber
      and CBF measured by a photoelectric system equipped with a fiber-optic probe. CBF
      (Hz) values of lateral ventricle, aqueduct and fourth ventricle were 27.9 +/-
      4.6; 30.7 +/- 7.7 and 31.9 +/- 7.8 Hz, respectively. CBF in the third ventricle-
      19.8 +/- 7.1 Hz--was significantly lower than in other segments of ventricular
      system. CBF in choroid plexus cilia was very slow, 5-10 Hz, whereas in tracheal
      rings amounted to 13.7 +/- 3.1 Hz. Bovine cervical mucus and mucus stimulant
      reversibly inhibited CBF in brain but not in trachea. Brain cilia in contrast to
      those in trachea were not capable of transporting particles. In addition to
      demonstrating differences between tracheal and ependymal cilia, this work
      suggests that cilial motility plays a functional role in local mixing of
      cerebrospinal fluid, but does not relate to the bulk flow within the ventricular
      system.

PMID- 3986545
TI  - Functional interactions between inferotemporal and prefrontal cortex in a
      cognitive task.
AB  - Monkeys were trained to perform a visual short-term memory task (delayed matching
      to sample). In some of the animals, cooling probes were implanted over
      dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, covering sulcus principalis and adjacent areas;
      microelectrode pedestals were implanted over inferotemporal cortex. Other animals
      were fitted with converse implants: cooling probes over a portion of the
      inferotemporal cortical convexity and microelectrode pedestals over prefrontal
      cortex. In the awake and behaving monkeys, bilateral cooling of either the
      prefrontal or the inferotemporal region (to 20 degrees C) induced, in the other
      region, reversible changes of spontaneous and task-related cell discharge. In the
      two cortices remote cooling induced augmentations and diminutions of cell
      reaction to the color samples which the animal had to retain for correct
      performance of the task. The same was true for cell discharge during the delay,
      the retention period which followed each sample. However, a net effect of remote
      cooling was, in both cortices, a diminution of color-dependent differences in the
      reactions and delay-discharge of some cells. Concomitantly, errors of task
      performance increased. Cells that as a result of remote cortical cooling showed
      changes of reaction to the color samples were found more commonly in
      supragranular than infragranular layers. The results are interpreted as evidence
      of mutual influences between inferotemporal and prefrontal areas, probably
      mediated by corticocortical connections. The single-cell data, together with the
      behavioral data, suggest that those influences are functionally important for
      visual discrimination and short-term memory.

PMID- 3986546
TI  - Effects of lesions in the amygdala and periventricular hypothalamus on striatal
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity.
AB  - Somatostatin has been found in substantial amounts in the basal ganglia by
      radioimmunoassay and has been demonstrated in both neurons and nerve terminals.
      Since the levels of somatostatin have been shown to vary in Huntington's and
      Alzheimer's disease it was of interest to see whether such changes could be
      produced experimentally. Lesions of the periventricular nucleus of the
      hypothalamus and knife cuts adjacent to this nucleus had no effect on striatal
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI). Similarly lesions of medio-dorsal
      frontal cortex, and those isolating pyriform cortex or the olfactory bulb had no
      effect on striatal SLI. Removal of the amygdala resulted in significant increases
      in SLI in the ipsilateral striatum and nucleus accumbens, suggesting loss of an
      inhibitory interaction. Stria terminalis lesions failed to reproduce this effect
      suggesting that it is mediated via amygdalo-striatal projections traveling in the
      dorsal longitudinal bundle. Other findings support a somatostatin projection to
      the amygdala from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and one from the
      amygdala to the ventromedial hypothalamus.

PMID- 3986547
TI  - Alterations of local cerebral glucose utilization during chronic dehydration in
      rats.
AB  - The quantitative autoradiographic deoxyglucose method was used to study changes
      in local cerebral glucose utilization in conscious dehydrated rats. Animals were
      either given saline to drink or were deprived of water for 5 days. Saline
      ingestion did not alter the rates of glucose metabolism in any brain region when
      compared to the rates of glucose metabolism in animals which had free access to
      water. Glucose utilization was increased by 140%, however, in the pituitary
      neural lobe. Water deprivation produced both increases and decreases in glucose
      metabolism, depending on the particular structure. In 20 of 44 brain structures
      analyzed, there were significant decreases from -18 to -34% in glucose
      utilization. Four forebrain structures, the subfornical organ, septal triangular
      nucleus, and hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, had increases in
      glucose utilization of 30-73%. The rate of glucose utilization in the pituitary
      neural lobe was increased by 367% in water-deprived rats. The results demonstrate
      that metabolic activity is stimulated in some, but not all, of the structures
      participating in fluid regulation during an intense thirst challenge. Many brain
      regions have depressed metabolism in chronic severe dehydration.

PMID- 3986548
TI  - Cortical projections of the nucleus centralis superior and the adjacent reticular
      tegmentum in the mouse.
AB  - After horseradish peroxidase-injections into different cortical areas of the
      mouse, labeled neurons were observed in the n. centralis superior and in the
      bilateral adjacent reticular tegmentum, especially in the zone dorsal to the
      medial lemniscus and the n. reticularis tegmenti pontis. Labeled cells in the n.
      centralis superior were nearly always concurrent with labeled paramedian cells,
      the topographical distribution of which was independent of the site of injection.

PMID- 3986549
TI  - The aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin, fails to block increases in miniature
      endplate potential frequency induced by the sulfhydryl reagent, N-ethylmaleimide,
      in low calcium solutions.
AB  - N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) increases the frequency of miniature endplate potentials
      (MEPPs) at the adult rat hemidiaphragm. This sulfhydryl-alkylating agent produces
      comparable effects in the absence of added calcium (2 mM EGTA), suggesting that
      the drug releases calcium from internal stores, or promotes calcium-independent
      release by depolarizing the nerve terminal or interacting more directly with the
      release mechanism. These increases in frequency are not blocked by the
      aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin; although the latter agent reduces quantal
      content and the elevations in MEPP frequency induced by high potassium solutions.
      The results suggest that gentamicin and NEM act at different sites at the
      presynaptic terminal, and that the aminoglycosides block voltage-dependent
      presynaptic calcium influx.

PMID- 3986550
TI  - Specificity of innervation among Xenopus twitch muscle fibers.
AB  - More than 50% of the Xenopus pectoralis twitch muscle fibers with two distant
      endplates are innervated at both sites by the same neuron. This study indicates
      that there are three separable twitch motor unit types in this muscle which show
      very little overlap in innervation. This study also shows that each motor unit is
      topographically localized and that similar type units are shifted relative to one
      another. It is concluded that these two factors may contribute importantly to the
      observed high incidence of mononeuronal innervation.

PMID- 3986551
TI  - During stepwise cue deletion, rat place behaviors correlate with place unit
      responses.
AB  - The place behaviors of intact rats, and of those receiving fornix lesions, were
      examined in the radial-arm maze. A cue-restricted environment was constructed
      wherein the location of arms with food rewards were identifiable only by their
      position in relation to an intermittently rotated 4-cue set. Food obtainment was
      measured during a procedure in which either 1, 2 or 3 of the cues were removed
      during a block of test sessions. Control animals demonstrated place navigation
      abilities robust to the deletion of any 1 or 2 cues. The performance of lesioned
      rats declined in a manner consistent with the number of absent stimuli. The
      results indicate that the behavioral expressions of place knowledge relate to the
      responsiveness of hippocampal place cells.

PMID- 3986552
TI  - Electrophysiological measurement of glucose uptake into motor nerve terminals of
      mature adult and aged rats.
AB  - Glucose uptake into motor nerve terminals innervating the extensor digitorum
      longus (EDL), diaphragm and soleus, was monitored indirectly in mature adult and
      aged rats by recording changes in quantal transmitter release induced by glucose.
      Glucose entered the nerve terminals innervating the EDL more rapidly than either
      the diaphragm or the soleus. There was an age-related decrease in glucose uptake
      into the nerve terminals innervating all 3 muscles, although this change was not
      significant statistically.

PMID- 3986553
TI  - Galactocerebroside antiserum causes demyelination of cat optic nerve.
AB  - A model of immune-mediated optic nerve demyelination is described. Micro
      injection of small volumes (less than 5 microliter) of high titer polyclonal anti
      Gal-C serum into the cat optic nerve resulted in a focal, highly selective
      demyelinative lesion followed by remyelination. Demyelination appears to be due
      to a dual effect on myelin and on oligodendrocytes. The numbers of these cells
      within the lesion were initially reduced but subsequently increased as
      remyelination occurred.

PMID- 3986554
TI  - Studies on pain. Effects of morphine on a spinal nociceptive flexion reflex and
      related pain sensation in man.
AB  - The nociceptive flexion reflex and the corresponding subjective pain score
      elicited by sural nerve stimulation were studied in 6 healthy volunteers. A
      significant correlation was found between the respective recruitment curves of
      the reflex and of the pain score as a function of stimulus intensity.
      Consequently, the reflex (Tr) and the pain (Tp) thresholds were found to be
      almost identical (mean: 10.6 and 10.3 mA, respectively). Similarly, the threshold
      of the maximal reflex response (Tmr) was very close to that of intolerable pain
      (Tip): 37.1 and 38.8 mA, respectively. These four parameters were studied before
      and after intravenous administration of morphine chlorhydrate (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and
      0.3 mg/kg) and subsequent administration of naloxone hydrochloride (0.02 mg/kg;
      i.v.). While 0.05 mg/kg morphine remained without any effect, higher doses
      produced an increase in the four thresholds (Tr, Tp, Tmr, Tip). Furthermore, a
      very significant linear relationship was found between the importance of the
      increase and the dose of morphine. Morphine also depressed in a dose-dependent
      fashion, the nociceptive reflexes elicited by a constant stimulation intensity
      (1.2-1.3 Tr). All these effects were immediately reversed by subsequent naloxone.
      During all the pharmacological situations, variations in Tr and Tp as well as in
      Tmr and Tip were found to be very significantly linearly related, indicating a
      close relationship between the effects of morphine on the nociceptive reflex and
      on the related pain sensation. These results suggest that, in our model involving
      a brief 'epicritic' nociceptive stimulus, the mechanisms of morphine-induced
      analgesia in man can be explained by a depressive effect on the nociceptive
      transmission directly at a spinal level.

PMID- 3986555
TI  - Decrease in the number of synapses formed by subcortical inputs to the striate
      cortex of binocularly deprived cats.
AB  - The density of synapses was determined from electronmicrographs taken from area
      17 of cats binocularly deprived of pattern vision for 6 months and in normally
      reared litter mates. In each cat the optic radiation was transected on one side 4
      days before sacrifice and the density of synapses of subcortical origin was
      estimated by comparing the density of normal synapses remaining on the lesioned
      side with the density of synapses on the unlesioned side. In normal animals 36%
      of the synapses were formed by subcortical afferents, but in the binocularly
      deprived animals this figure was reduced to only 17%. A decrease found in the
      total synaptic density in the deprived visual cortex was not statistically
      significant. Thus, binocular deprivation seems to selectively diminish the
      subcortical contribution to the synaptic density in the visual cortex.

PMID- 3986557
TI  - Activity changes in nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in relation to skilled
      forelimb movement in rats.
AB  - Adult hooded rats were trained to reach for food pellets into a narrow plexiglass
      tube and the movement of the preferred forelimb was photo-electrically detected.
      Multiple unit activity (MUA) or single unit activity in n. reticularis
      gigantocellularis (NGC) was recorded during reaching. Depression of MUA was
      observed about the onset of the forepaw movement and lasted during its execution.
      There was a correlation between MUA changes and the depression of activity of
      individual neurons observed in a part of NGC.

PMID- 3986556
TI  - Invariance of retinal output during visual learning.
AB  - Visually conditioned heart-rate change in the pigeon has been developed as a
      vertebrate model system for the cellular analysis of associative learning. This
      development included identifying the visual pathways that transmit the
      conditioned stimulus information. That, in turn, established a foundation for
      neurophysiological analyses during conditioning to determine whether these
      pathways behave merely as input lines or undergo training-induced modification.
      We began this analysis at the visual periphery, the retina. By recording the
      activity of single optic tract fibers over the acquisition of the conditioned
      response it was demonstrated that neither the maintained nor CS-evoked activity
      of retinal ganglion cells are modified during non-associative or associative
      paradigms. Thus, the data (a) describe the temporal properties of the CS-evoked
      retinal response, (b) exclude various possibilities that might have modified this
      response during learning, and (c) establish a firm foundation for cellular
      neurophysiological analysis of central visual structures involved in transmitting
      the CS information.

PMID- 3986558
TI  - Coupling of electrical activity from contralateral sinus glands.
AB  - Bursts of electrical activity recorded extracellularly from the sinus gland (SG)
      of the isopod, Oniscus asellus, occur synchronously in right and left SGs.
      Synchronization results from the electrical activity of two physiologically
      identifiable neurosecretory cell (NSC) types in one SG being coupled to the
      electrical activity of their respective contralateral counterparts. Furthermore,
      the coupling mechanism which serves to coordinate hormone release from
      contralateral SGs appears to differ for each of the two NSC types.

PMID- 3986559
TI  - Cervical dorsal root ganglion cells with collaterals to both shoulder skin and
      the diaphragm. A fluorescent double labelling study in the rat. A model for
      referred pain?
AB  - Rat cervical spinal ganglion cells were retrogradely double-labelled with
      fluorescence dyes following injection of one dye into a cutaneous shoulder nerve
      and the other into the diaphragm. We suggest that the peripheral dichotomization
      of these ganglion cells could form the structural basis for the referred
      'phrenic' pain in the shoulder region that can follow irritation of the
      diaphragm.

PMID- 3986560
TI  - Neurotoxicity of dipiperidinoethane due to in vivo conversion to a selective
      cholinesterase inhibitor.
AB  - Dipiperidinoethane (DPE) administration produces seizures and CNS lesions. Here
      we elucidate the cholinergic origin of DPE toxicity. DPE is both an
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and a muscarinic antagonist. This dual
      action negates most of the toxic effects of the compound in vivo. The
      neurotoxicity is believed to arise from oxidative conversion to DPE-N-oxide,
      which selectively inhibits AChE. Cytotoxicity does not involve muscarinic
      neurons, since binding parameters were unchanged following in vivo exposure.

PMID- 3986561
TI  - Striatonigral and pallidonigral pathways studied by a combination of retrograde
      horseradish peroxidase tracing and a pharmacohistochemical method for gamma
      aminobutyric acid transaminase.
AB  - The pharmacohistochemical neuronal staining method for gamma-aminobutyric
      transaminase (GABA-T) combined with retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      staining was used to define more precisely the descending striatonigral and
      pallidonigral pathways. Previous studies have established that GABA-T intensive
      cells in the basal ganglia and other structures correspond with reported glutamic
      acid decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells and are therefore presumed to use GABA
      as their neurotransmitter. Following injection of HRP into the substantia nigra,
      many HRP-labeled cells were detected in the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus.
      Two separate groups of cells were doubly labeled for GABA-T and HRP and seemed to
      represent two distinct GABA-T-rich descending pathways to the substantia nigra.
      One component came from medium-sized cells in the lateral aspect of the globus
      pallidus. It represented a majority of all descending cells from that nucleus.
      The other came from the lateral aspect of the caudate-putamen and represented
      only a minority of descending cells from that structure. These data suggest that
      the majority of striatonigral fibers are non-GABA containing while the majority
      of pallidonigral fibers are GABA-containing. The precise location of the GABA-T
      intensive cells making up these two pathways helps to explain much confusing data
      in the literature on the source of descending GABA fibers to the substantia
      nigra.

PMID- 3986562
TI  - Extrahypothalamic neurohypophysial peptides in the rat central nervous system.
AB  - Vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) have been identified in a number of
      extrahypothalamic areas, both by immunohistochemistry and by radioimmunoassay.
      Because of the incomplete nature of the data available, we have conducted a
      survey of the VP and OT concentrations in the rat central nervous system. VP and
      OT were readily detectable in all areas studied. With the exception of the
      amygdala, OT concentrations were generally 2-4 times those of VP. The
      physiological function of neurohypophysial hormones in these extrahypothalamic
      areas is essentially unknown.

PMID- 3986563
TI  - pH sensitivity of calmodulin distribution in nervous tissue fractions.
AB  - Alkalinization of nervous system extracts of the mollusk, Pleurobranchaea, from
      pH 7.0 to 8.0 markedly increases the ratio of soluble to total calmodulin. This
      effect is independent of pH effects on free Ca2+ concentration and is pronounced
      at micromolar (near intracellular) levels of Ca2+. These data may relate to
      recent evidence that Ca2+/calmodulin-activated cyclic nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase mediates the effects of small changes in intracellular pH (0.1
      0.2 units) on the electrical activity of neurons. Calmodulin redistribution could
      reflect altered availability to stimulate phosphodiesterase activity and supports
      a role for calmodulin in mediating effects of intracellular pH fluxes on cellular
      activity.

PMID- 3986564
TI  - Effect of capsaicin upon fluoride sensitive acid phosphatases in selected ganglia
      and spinal cord and upon neuronal size and number in dorsal root ganglion.
AB  - A quantitative method for the analytical separation of the fluoride sensitive
      acid phosphatases of rat spinal cord and peripheral nervous tissues into tartrate
      sensitive and tartrate-resistant forms (TSAP and TRAP, respectively) is
      described. Evidence supporting the use of L-(+)-tartrate rather than fluoride as
      an inhibitor is presented. The method is used for the quantitative description of
      the consequences of neonatal capsaicin treatment, and the results appear to
      justify the attribution of the TRAP activity to the capsaicin sensitive neurons.
      In the first experiment, rats were killed at weekly intervals after neonatal
      capsaicin treatment. In controls, both TRAP and TSAP activities in dorsal root
      ganglia (DRG) increased during the second postnatal week and remained constant
      thereafter. At all ages (1-4 weeks) TRAP activity was reduced 50-60% in capsaicin
      treated DRG. Reduction of TSAP activity was much less. In a second experiment,
      rats were treated neonatally with capsaicin or vehicle (control) and allowed to
      grow to adulthood (4 months). TRAP activity was found to be decreased 38% in the
      dorsal half of the lumbar spinal cord (L3-L5), decreased 33% in nodose ganglion,
      and unchanged in superior cervical ganglion of the capsaicin treated animals.
      TSAP activity was unchanged in dorsal spinal cord and superior cervical ganglion
      and decreased 33% in nodose ganglion. The number of neurons in C8 DRG was found
      to be reduced 28% in capsaicin treated animals. The loss appeared to be among the
      small neurons. The number of large neurons was actually increased in ganglia from
      capsaicin-treated animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986565
TI  - The distribution and origin of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum.
AB  - The distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum was studied
      using the indirect antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique of
      Sternberger. Furthermore, the origin of these chemically defined cerebellar
      afferents was studied using a procedure which combines the retrograde transport
      of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with the PAP technique. Serotoninergic fibers and
      varicosities distribute throughout the cerebellar cortex. However, within the
      cortex there are density variations in the distribution of this indoleamine to
      the granule cell and molecular layers as well as differences in the spatial
      orientation of labeled elements, especially in the latter lamina. Serotonin
      positive fibers are also present in the Purkinje cell layer. Some of the fibers
      pass from this layer into the overlying molecular layer while others form a
      plexus around the somata of Purkinje cells. Subsequent to injections of HRP into
      the vermis and immediately adjacent portions of the cerebellar cortex, several
      reticular and raphe nuclei (n.) were found to project to the cerebellum including
      the paramedian reticular nucleus, n. raphe pallidus, n. raphe obscurus, n. raphe
      magnus, n. reticularis gigantocellularis, n. reticularis paragigantocellularis,
      n. pontis oralis, n. reticularis tegmenti pontis and n. centralis superioris.
      Double-labeling experiments, however, reveal that the neurons giving rise to
      serotoninergic afferents to the cerebellum are located almost exclusively in the
      n. reticularis gigantocellularis, the n. reticularis paragigantocellularis and
      the n. pontis oralis. In conclusion, the findings of the present study further
      support the view that the cerebellar cortex is not uniform in its histological
      structure. Although serotoninergic elements are distributed throughout the
      cerebellar cortex, there are lobular variations in the laminar distribution of
      this indoleamine. These data suggest that serotonin may be exerting its
      physiological effect on different populations of cortical neurons in different
      lobules. Thus this putative neurotransmitter may play different roles in the
      circuitry of the cerebellum in disparate regions of the cortex. Further, the data
      obtained in the double-label experiments demonstrate a fairly restricted origin
      for serotoninergic afferents in the medullary and pontine reticular formation.
      Moreover, the majority are not located in the raphe nuclei.

PMID- 3986566
TI  - Combined electrophysiological and autoradiographic delimitation of retrocochlear
      dysfunction in a mouse mutant.
AB  - The hereditary retrocochlear dysfunction in the quivering (qv) mouse was
      investigated with autoradiography and single unit recordings. Whilst the cochlea
      appears to function normally, earlier studies had indicated some single unit
      dysfunction detectable at the level of the cochlear nucleus (CN) and abnormality
      of auditory evoked potentials recorded at the inferior colliculus (IC). The
      present study investigated the possibility of progressive deterioration of
      function at successive higher levels in the auditory system. The 2-deoxyglucose
      technique illustrated auditory activity in the CN of quivering mice similar to
      that seen in normally-hearing control animals. There was only a slight increment
      in metabolic activity detectable at the level of the IC. Electrophysiology
      demonstrated that this minimal IC activity was the result of abnormally raised
      thresholds associated with all single units recorded, rather than of activity in
      a few normally responding cells. There was no evidence from autoradiography for
      any enhanced auditorily evoked metabolic activity in either the superior olivary
      complex or the lateral lemniscus. This study suggests that the retrocochlear
      dysfunction in quivering mice is due to a specific abnormality at a low stage in
      the auditory pathway rather than being non-specific and cumulative over stages.

PMID- 3986567
TI  - The Purkinje cell dendritic tree: a computer-aided study of its development in
      the cat and in culture.
AB  - Golgi-prepared cerebella from 1, 10, 13 and 30-day-old kittens were analyzed and
      compared with 30-45 days in vitro (DIV) HRP-stained organotypic cultures of
      newborn kitten cerebella. Computer reconstructions and morphometric parameters
      allowed a quantitative analysis of the Purkinje cell (P-cell) dendritic trees. In
      intact animals the dendritic organization appeared monoplanar as early as one day
      after birth and biplanar in 85% of the cells at day 13; however, by day 30, 90%
      of the cells were monoplanar. During the first 4 postnatal weeks, the dendritic
      expansion was due mostly to an increase in the total number of segments and the
      total dendritic length, whereas the overall mean segment length remained almost
      unchanged. In culture, the 30-45 DIV P-cell dendritic trees always appeared
      reduced in size when compared to their in vivo counterparts due mostly to a
      reduction in the total number of segments. Nevertheless, these cells retained
      several primary dendritic trunks and their overall mean segment length was
      longer. These supposedly 'mature' cultured P-cells never reached full adult
      development: a discriminant analysis classified them as resembling those from
      intact animals of 13 days but often maintaining some properties of newborn
      animals. These results demonstrate that the presence of all normal inputs is
      required to achieve the full elaboration and the planar disposition of the P-cell
      dendrites.

PMID- 3986568
TI  - Monitoring of cell viability in suspensions of embryonic CNS tissue and its use
      as a criterion for intracerebral graft survival.
AB  - Neuronal cell suspensions, prepared by trypsination and mechanical disruption
      from embryonic CNS tissue, are currently used for intracerebral neuronal grafting
      to deep brain sites. In the present study the viability of suspended neurons from
      different brain regions has been monitored with a fluorescent vital stain, and
      studied as a function of time after dissociation and age of the donor rat
      embryos. Subsequently, the validity of the in vitro viability rates as a
      criterion for the in vivo survivability of each individual suspension was tested
      for suspensions prepared from the developing mesencephalon, rich in dopamine
      containing neurons. The results indicate that mechanically dissociated embryonic
      CNS neurons remain viable for several hours in a simple glucose-saline solution
      at room temperature. The in vitro viability scores declined faster in suspensions
      prepared from mesencephalon than in those prepared from telencephalon (striatum
      and basal forebrain), and they declined faster in suspensions prepared from older
      embryos. The fetal cells were sensitive to the mechanical trauma caused by
      excessive pipetting, and tissue from older embryos seemed generally more
      vulnerable in the trypsination-dissociation procedure. The grafting experiments
      showed a good correlation between the in vitro cell viability counts and in vivo
      neuronal survival after grafting, indicating that the vital stain, at least under
      certain conditions, can be used as a simple and practical routine test to check
      and standardize cell suspensions to be used in intracerebral grafting
      experiments.

PMID- 3986569
TI  - Transfer between chemical and electrical kindling in the septal-hippocampal
      system.
AB  - We re-investigated the interaction between chemical and electrical kindling in
      two anatomical locations: the amygdaloid region and the septal-hippocampal
      complex. Amygdaloid animals were implanted with a chemitrode into the left
      basolateral amygdala, which could then be stimulated electrically (400 microA, 1
      s, 60 Hz, AC) or chemically by injection of carbachol (1 microliter, 2.7 nmol,
      sterile, isotonic). Septal-hippocampal animals were implanted with an electrode
      high in the medial septum, a cannula in the dorsal hippocampus. In both groups,
      half the animals were kindled electrically, and after one week of rest chemical
      kindling was begun. The other half were kindled chemically first, then
      electrically. The result differed with the anatomical location. With amygdaloid
      implants, no significant transfer was observed. In the septal-hippocampal group,
      by contrast, significant interactions were observed in both directions. These
      results suggest that chemical and electrical kindling involves similar
      mechanisms, and that the extent to which transfer occurs reflects the degree to
      which they share a common chemical anatomy.

PMID- 3986570
TI  - Learning: neural analysis in the isolated brain of a previously trained mollusc,
      Pleurobranchaea californica.
AB  - The neural manifestations of food avoidance learning in the mollusc,
      Pleurobranchaea, survive the surgical reduction of the preparation to the nearly
      isolated brain. These manifestations include increased synaptic inhibition and
      reduced synaptic excitation of the phasic paracerebral feeding command
      interneurons (PCps) in the brain in response to food stimulation of chemosensory
      structures left attached to the brain. The same changes are not evident, however,
      in brains removed from naive, control or satiated specimens. Therefore the nearly
      isolated brain preparation permits analysis of the cellular substrates of
      learning in relative isolation from non-associative motivational variables. The
      isolated brain preparation is here used to show that the increased synaptic
      inhibition consequent to associative training is distributed not only to the PCps
      but also to their identified central presynaptic inputs, including other
      identified feeding command interneurons (PSEs and ETIIs; ref. 21). The decrease
      in PCp excitation is explained in part by a training-induced inhibition of
      excitatory inputs to the PCps, and in part by a training-induced reduction in the
      efficacy of an identified polysynaptic excitatory pathway presynaptic to the
      PCps.

PMID- 3986571
TI  - Molecular forms and solubility of acetylcholinesterase during the embryonic
      development of rat and human brain.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) form
      homologous sets of multiple molecular forms. The central nervous system of
      mammals contains mostly tetramers (G4) and monomers (G1). Their proportions have
      been shown to vary during maturation in rat brain. In order to examine whether a
      similar evolution occurs in the human, we performed parallel studies of the
      activity, solubility and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in rat and human
      brains at various stages. We find both similarities and differences: in rat
      brain, the enzyme increases mostly postnatally but in human brain
      acetylcholinesterase reaches a maximum at birth. There is an increase in the
      proportion of G4 and a decrease in the solubility of this from in the absence of
      detergent in human as well as in rat brain. These changes occur around birth in
      rat, but during early pregnancy, before 11 weeks in human brain. In both species,
      the solubility of the enzyme in detergent-free buffers decreases progressively
      from more than 50% before birth to about 10-20% in the adult. In addition we
      analyzed butyrylcholinesterase as well as the levels of the neuron-specific
      enolase and of the glial S-100 protein. In human, gamma gamma-enolase rises to
      its adult level after birth, but before the S-100 protein.

PMID- 3986572
TI  - An investigation of the dorsal root reflex using an in vitro preparation of the
      hamster spinal cord.
AB  - A detailed description is given of an hemisected spinal cord preparation from
      adult golden hamsters and this preparation has been used to investigate the
      physiology of the dorsal root reflex. In addition to antidromic reflex discharges
      which could be recorded from lumbar dorsal roots following stimulation of
      adjacent dorsal roots or the dorsal columns, spontaneous firing was also recorded
      from the dorsal roots. This activity reached a peak at 27 degrees C and was
      abolished at temperatures above 35 degrees C. Both the evoked and the spontaneous
      dorsal root activity were demonstrated to be travelling antidromically along the
      dorsal roots out of the cord, and replacement of the calcium in the bathing
      medium by manganese showed them to be of synaptic origin. Stimulation of a lumbar
      dorsal root was found to evoke a reflex in up to 4 adjacent spinal segments in
      both rostral and caudal directions, and a period of depressed activity was
      demonstrated following both evoked and spontaneous discharges. A time-locked
      relationship was found between the dorsal root reflex and the slow dorsal horn
      potential recorded from within the spinal cord.

PMID- 3986573
TI  - The graded and quantal nature of opioid analgesia in the rat tailflick assay.
AB  - Opioid agonists routinely increase the latency to respond in the rodent tailflick
      assay. The nature of this effect was investigated in 5 experiments using several
      parametric variations and routes of administration. Morphine and methadone were
      found to produce both quantal and graded effects in all experiments. In cases
      where quantal effects were observed, the majority of animals also responded in a
      graded manner during subsequent testing. The increase in latency to respond in
      the tailflick assay produced by opioid agonists is not accurately characterized
      as predominantly quantal.

PMID- 3986574
TI  - Quantitative development of the subcommissural organ in hypothyroid mice.
AB  - The postnatal development of the global volume of the subcommissural organ (SCO)
      and of the karyometric changes of the ependymocytes in the SCO and the adjacent
      ventricle is studied in male albino mice aged from 25 to 160 days, and in a
      hypothyroid group treated with propylthiouracil with and without interruption of
      the treatment at 35 days. Hypothyroidism produces a decrease of the global volume
      of the SCO and of the nuclear size of the ependymocytes in the SCO and the
      adjacent ventricle.

PMID- 3986575
TI  - Vasodilator and vasoconstrictor neurones of the ventrolateral medulla in the cat.
AB  - Microinjections of D,L-homocysteic acid into the ventrolateral medulla, in the
      region of nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGL) which lies caudal to the
      facial nucleus and adjacent to the rostral third of the inferior olive, evoke a
      rise in arterial blood pressure and vasoconstriction in hindlimb muscle.
      Activation of a group of neurones located in a more rostral strip of tissue
      ventral to the facial nucleus produces vasodilatation in the hindlimb but no
      significant change in blood pressure. It appears that the ventrolateral medulla
      contains several subpopulations of neurones which can alter resistance to blood
      flow and hence distribution of flow and level of blood pressure by selective
      control of individual vascular beds.

PMID- 3986576
TI  - Estrogen responsive cells in the arcuate nucleus of the rat contain glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD): an electron microscopic immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Twenty-one days after ovariectomy (OVX) an increased frequency of lamellar
      cytoplasmic organelles, termed 'whorl' bodies (WB), was observed in neurons of
      the rat arcuate nucleus (AN). When estradiol valerate (2 mg s.c.) was injected
      either at the time of OVX or one week later, the frequency of WB at 21 days was
      reduced. The estrogen treatment resulted in a concomitant rise in the frequency
      of 'nematosomes' (NS), filamentous electron-dense cytoplasmic structures. In the
      medial part of the AN glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunopositive symmetric
      (Gray II) synapses were observed in contact with WB- and NS-containing cells.
      After colchicine treatment, GAD immunoreactivity was observed in the WB- and NS
      containing perikarya in the medial AN. Some of the NS-containing cells in the
      lateral AN of the colchicine-pretreated animals remained immunonegative for GAD.

PMID- 3986577
TI  - Visual acuity of neurones in the cat lateral suprasylvian cortex.
AB  - The spatial acuity was measured for cells of the posteromedial lateral
      suprasylvian area (PMLS) of the cat. Acuities were found to be 2 cycles/degree
      (15 mins arc) at best, and 1 cycle/degree (30 mins arc) on average. Both best
      acuity and average acuity remained constant with receptive field eccentricity
      within 20 degrees of the area centralis, and then fell gradually with
      eccentricity. Acuity was good, given receptive field size, and was not correlated
      with receptive field size. Comparisons are drawn with other visual structures.

PMID- 3986578
TI  - Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in the organ of Corti: high performance liquid
      chromatography and immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - The opioid octapeptide Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MERGL) was identified and
      quantified in the guinea pig cochlea using high performance liquid chromatography
      and a specific radioimmunoassay. The presence of MERGL immunostaining in efferent
      endings (coming from the brainstem) within the inner spiral bundle and the tunnel
      spiral bundle was demonstrated using a pre-embedding immunoelectronmicroscopic
      technique. Axo-dendritic synapses were observed between the MERGL immunostained
      varicosities and auditory dendrites. It is hypothesized that MERGL could act,
      together with Met-enkephalin and other pro-enkephalin A-related peptides, as an
      efferent neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in the organ of Corti.

PMID- 3986579
TI  - PC12 neurite regeneration and long-term maintenance in the absence of exogenous
      nerve growth factor in response to contact with Schwann cells.
AB  - We have investigated mouse and rat ganglionic Schwann cells as possible sources
      of neurite outgrowth-promoting factors by co-culturing Schwann cells with nerve
      growth factor (NGF)-responsive PC12 pheochromocytoma cells primed by pretreatment
      with NGF. NGF-primed PC12 cells are capable of neurite regeneration when provided
      with an appropriate neurite promoting factor such as NGF. When primed PC12 cells
      were co-cultured with Schwann cells in the absence of exogenous NGF, PC12 cells
      that directly contacted Schwann cells became enlarged and flattened, attaining a
      neuron-like morphology within one day. When contact with Schwann cells was
      established, PC12 cells regenerated neurites by the first day of co-culture and
      these were maintained throughout the experiments (7 weeks). Most PC12 cells
      cultured in the same collagen-coated dishes with Schwann cells, but not directly
      in contact with them, failed to regenerate neurites. Instead, they began to
      proliferate, forming cell clusters. Neurite regeneration by PC12 cells in contact
      with Schwann cells was not blocked by antibody to NGF. These results demonstrate
      the presence of a neurite-promoting activity localized to the vicinity of the
      Schwann cell surface which is capable of eliciting regeneration and long-term
      maintenance of PC12 neurites in the absence of exogenous NGF. This activity does
      not appear to be due to NGF.

PMID- 3986580
TI  - The development of the dorsal root potential and the responsiveness of primary
      afferent fibers to gamma-aminobutyric acid in the spinal cord of rat fetuses.
AB  - The development of the dorsal root potential (DRP) and the responsiveness of
      primary afferent fibers to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were investigated in
      the isolated spinal cord of rat fetuses. At embryonic day 15.5, stimulation of
      the lumbar dorsal root was first effective in eliciting the DRP, which was not
      inhibited by bicuculline. A bicuculline-sensitive component of the DRP appeared
      at embryonic day 17.5. GABA (10 microM to 1 mM) caused a dose-dependent
      depolarization of the primary afferent fibers from embryonic day 13.5. The
      amplitude of the depolarization gradually increased with age until embryonic day
      17.5 and was maintained thereafter. If the bicuculline-sensitive DRP solely
      reflects GABAergic activity, it is suggested that GABAergic activity develops at
      embryonic day 17.5 and the development of the responsiveness of primary afferent
      fibers to GABA precedes the functional onset of GABAergic neurons.

PMID- 3986581
TI  - Neuronotrophic and neurite-promoting factors: effects on early postnatal
      chromaffin cells from rat adrenal medulla.
AB  - Adrenal chromaffin cells from early postnatal rats maintained in culture have
      previously been shown to grow neuritic processes and survive better in the
      presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). In the present study we have quantitated
      the effects on chromaffin cell (postnatal day (D) 8) survival and neurite
      outgrowth of: NGF, ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF), activities contained in
      various types of conditioned media (CM), and various substrata (laminin,
      fibronectin and polyornithine-binding neurite-promoting factor from RN 22
      Schwannoma cells - PNPF). At saturating concentrations CNTF (50 ng/ml) and C6
      glioma cell CM, (50-fold concentrated) supported survival over the 4-day culture
      period of all the chromaffin cells present in culture 2 h after seeding. NGF (50
      ng/ml) and the non-concentrated CMs from primary Schwann cell and astrocytes as
      well as Schwannoma and C6 glioma cell cultures, achieved the maintenance of only
      about half the number of cells above the baseline survival as compared to CNTF
      and the concentrated C6-CM. These results are compatible with two subsets of D8
      chromaffin cells, one only supported by CNTF and the concentrated CM and the
      other supported by either NGF or CNTF. Either NGF or CNTF elicited neurite
      outgrowth from 15-20% of the surviving cells. Combination of maximal doses of NGF
      and CNTF caused a small increase in neurite recruitment beyond that elicited by
      either factor alone. Low doses of CNTF added to the effect of NGF, shifting the
      NGF titration curve by about 4-fold. Neurite outgrowth was also induced by the
      concentrated, but not the unconcentrated C6-CM. Laminin, fibronectin and PNPF did
      not affect the fibronectin and PNPF did not affect the recruitment of neurites as
      compared to a polyornithine substratum unless the cultures were supplemented with
      a neuronotrophic factor and carried for 7 days. However, even before showing
      effects on neurite recruitment these substrata affected various neuritic
      performances, such as length, neurite numbers and endings per cell.

PMID- 3986582
TI  - Ontogeny of neural discharge patterns in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the
      mongolian gerbil.
AB  - Discharge patterns were recorded extracellularly from single neurons in the
      ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of Mongolian gerbils ranging in age from 10 days
      after birth (DAB) to adult, a period which includes the onset of responsiveness
      to acoustic stimulation. At 10 DAB none of the neurons encountered within the VCN
      responded to acoustic stimulation. At 12 DAB approximately 15% of the neurons
      isolated in VCN were responsive. This coincided with the earliest cochlear
      microphonic potentials and preceded the appearance of the cochlear compound
      action potential (AP) by two days. At 14 DAB, or older, the great majority of
      neurons isolated in VCN responded to acoustic stimulation. Most parameters of VCN
      neural function exhibited significant changes between 12 and 18 DAB: neural
      thresholds improved approximately 100 dB; mean spontaneous discharge rate
      increased; the high-frequency range of characteristic frequency (CF) values
      increased from 10.0 to 24.0 kHz; the upper limit for phase locking increased from
      0.8 kHz to 3.0 kHz; dynamic range increased from 16 dB to 44 dB, and the
      proportion of units with well-defined initial onset peaks in their post-stimulus
      time (PST) response patterns increased from 40% to 100% of units. Most of the
      neural parameters examined achieved adult characteristics by 18 DAB. Frequency
      tuning (Q10dB) matured earlier for high-CF units. The most sharply tuned neurons
      with high CFs (greater than 4 kHz) at 12 DAB had Q10dB values equal to those for
      adults. None of the neurons with low CFs (less than 4 kHz) had Q10dB values
      greater than 1.2 at this age. Classical 'on' PST response patterns were not seen
      at 12 and 14 DAB. A unique PST response type, characterized by very long latency
      phasic discharge, was observed only at 12 DAB. None of the VCN neurons recorded
      from 12 DAB subjects displayed rhythmic 'bursting' or 'pulsing' PST response
      patterns, as has been reported at the earliest stages of functional development
      in the VCN of the cat. Most units were capable of sustained discharge, even with
      long stimulus durations. Units with 'primary-like' PST response patterns at 12
      exhibited greater variability in first spike latency and less pronounced initial
      rates of firing than was characteristic in adults, resulting in poorly defined
      onset peaks. In contrast, units with chopper PST response patterns showed well
      defined onset peaks.

PMID- 3986583
TI  - On the formation of eye dominance stripes and patches in the doubly-innervated
      optic tectum of the chick.
AB  - By surgically dividing the region of the presumptive optic chiasm in chick
      embryos on the third day of incubation (around stage 15), we have been able to
      induce substantial numbers of optic nerve fibers to grow aberrantly into the
      ipsilateral optic tract. As a result, many of the visual centers that are
      normally innervated only by fibers from the contralateral retina received fibers
      from both eyes. The proportion of fibers going to each tectal lobe varied from
      case to case, but in about one-third of the animals the tectal lobes received
      approximately equal numbers of fibers from each eye. In animals that survived
      until embryonic days 17-19 (which is beyond the period of retinal ganglion cell
      death) labeling of the two eyes with WGA-HRP and [3H]proline respectively,
      revealed a pattern of sharply defined eye dominance stripes or patches in the
      stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS) of the optic tectum, and in the
      ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Less clearly segregated eye dominance zones
      were seen in the ectomammillary nucleus and the nucleus externus. The size and
      distribution of the stripes varied depending on the number of fibers projecting
      from each eye to a given tectal lobe; the minimum size was about 75 micron, while
      the maximum was large enough to occupy almost the entire tectal lobe. In animals
      in which the tectal input from the two eyes was roughly equal, the stripes varied
      in width between 75 micron and about one-third of the surface of the tectal lobe.
      The orientation of the stripes was consistently orthogonal to the direction of
      fiber ingrowth from the optic tract. From the earliest stages of optic fiber
      ingrowth, the fibers from the two eyes are completely intermixed in the stratum
      opticum (SO). However, on embryonic day 12, shortly after they have begun to
      penetrate into the SGFS, they are already segregated into stripes, although the
      stripe borders are very fuzzy. This suggests that the fibers from the two eyes
      may overlap at this stage. The phase of stripe formation coincides with that of
      naturally occurring retinal ganglion cell death, and we suggest that the two
      processes are interlinked.

PMID- 3986584
TI  - Cerebellum plus locus coeruleus in tissue culture: I. Catecholamine
      histofluorescence and extracellular electrophysiology.
AB  - Neonatal mouse cerebellar cultures with incorporated dorsal pons contained groups
      of catecholamine histofluorescent locus coeruleus neurons that projected axons to
      cerebellar cortical regions. Electrical stimulation of local areas of the dorsal
      pontine fragments evoked complex inhibitory extracellular cortical responses that
      resembled cerebellar cortical responses to locus coeruleus stimulation in vivo.
      The apparent structural and functional integrity of the coeruleo-cerebellar
      system in tissue culture indicates that this model might reasonably be used for
      biochemical studies of catecholamine development and metabolism.

PMID- 3986585
TI  - Survival, morphology and adhesion properties of cerebellar interneurones cultured
      in chemically defined and serum-supplemented medium.
AB  - Cultures obtained from early postnatal rat cerebellum, grown in either chemically
      defined or in serum-supplemented medium containing 25 mM K+, contained
      predominantly (greater than 90%) small interneurones, mostly granule cells, with
      good and comparable viability (assessed by the retention of preloaded 51Cr).
      Neuronal survival was prolonged in the chemically defined medium, nerve cells
      living up to two weeks longer than in serum-supplemented medium, although the
      proportion of non-neuronal cells was not greatly increased. In the serum
      supplemented medium neurones became organised into clumps connected by thick,
      fasciculated bundles of neurites by about one week in vitro. In comparison, in
      the chemically defined medium aggregation of neurones and fasciculation of
      neurites was markedly reduced even after 4 weeks in culture. The possible
      relationship between the organisation of neurones and the nature of the
      substratum, chemical factors in the medium as well as the surface properties of
      the cells is discussed.

PMID- 3986586
TI  - Subcortical projections of area 17 in the anophthalmic mouse.
AB  - Anterograde and retrograde tracing methods were used to compare the subcortical
      projections of area 17 in ZRDCT-an, anophthalmic mice with those of sighted C57BL
      mice. In both groups, area 17 projected to the dorsocaudal striatum, the
      reticular, lateral and lateral posterior nuclei, the dorsal and vental lateral
      geniculate nuclei, the zona incerta, the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei,
      the stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus and the dorsolateral
      pons. Occasional labeled fibers in both groups were also seen in the ventrobasal
      nucleus, but it was not clear whether or not any axons terminated in this region.
      The projections to the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
      were analyzed in greater detail. In both normals and blind mice the striate
      corticotectal projection arose from cells in layer V and that to the geniculate
      from neurons in lamina VI. The topographic organizations of these projections in
      the two groups were indistinguishable. The striate corticotectal projection to
      the colliculus in the anophthalmic mice did appear to terminate more dorsally in
      the stratum griseum superficiale than that in sighted animals. These data
      demonstrate that a signal from the retina is not required for either the
      restriction of 'visual' cortical axons to their normal subcortical targets or the
      achievement of normal topography within those target nuclei.

PMID- 3986587
TI  - Purkinje cell growth beyond the twenty-third postnatal day.
AB  - Purkinje cell dendritic trees from adult and weanling cerebella were analyzed
      with an image analysis system following Golgi-Cox impregnation. Measurements of
      the mean length, number and total length of primary trunks, smooth branches and
      spiny branchlets were taken to assess the amount of growth between postnatal days
      23 and 150. These results revealed a significant post-weanling growth in the
      length and number of smooth branches and spiny branchlets.

PMID- 3986588
TI  - Brain gangliosides in birds with different types of postnatal development
      (nidifugous and nidicolous type).
AB  - Developmental profiles of 14 different brain gangliosides were followed from the
      first day after hatching to the adult stage in two bird species representing
      different strategies of posthatch development: the nidifugous type (leaving the
      nest directly post-hatch, e.g. quail) and the nidicolous type (remaining for
      longer period in the nest, e.g. finch). In the zebra finch, parallel with a
      striking increase in ganglioside concentration, two main postnatal changes in the
      ganglioside composition occurred: after hatching, concomittantly to an increased
      outgrowth of nerve fibers and synaptogenesis, the polysialogangliosides GQ1b and
      GP decreased in favour of the less polar fractions GD1b, GD1a and GT1b. The
      second period of changes started with the onset of myelination and was
      characterized by an increase of GM1 and GM1'. The results obtained for quails
      were in close agreement with those of chicken, showing only slight postnatal
      changes due to the nearly completed morphological differentiation. These data
      show that gangliosides are useful biochemical markers for brain development,
      indicating successive periods of brain maturation by means of preferential
      biosynthesis of specific fractions regardless of the type of development.

PMID- 3986589
TI  - Isolation and immunohistochemical localization of a lectin-like molecule from the
      rat cerebellum.
AB  - A lectin with a mannose specificity was isolated from the cerebellum of young
      rats. The method of purification was based on the observation that during
      homogenization of the tissue, the lectin binds to a class of mannose-rich
      glycoproteins highly insoluble in Triton X-100. Sequential extractions in saline
      buffer devoid of, then containing, 0.5% Triton X-100 allowed the elimination of a
      great part of other proteins. Using the same buffer containing 0.5 M mannose, a
      specific class of protein can be solubilized. This fraction was enriched by
      affinity adsorption on insolubilized mannose-rich glycoproteins followed by
      specific detachment with mannose. One of the protein subunits, of molecular
      weight (MW) 130,000, was isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis. Upon re
      electrophoresis, this compound gives two bands of MW 65,000 and 130,000, which
      appear to be a monomer and a dimer of a molecule called R1. Antibodies were
      raised against R1 which react with the monomer and the dimer and not against
      other proteins of the rat cerebellum. The immunohistochemical localization of
      this lectin was performed in cerebella of 20-day-old rats. The antigen is
      concentrated in endothelial cells and in large and intermediate size neurons
      (Purkinje, Golgi, basket and deep nuclei neurons). Granule cell bodies are
      lightly stained and no label at all was found in glial cells. At the level of
      electron microscopy, the antigen was found to be very concentrated in
      multivesicular bodies and lysosomes of large neurons, on parts of the endoplasmic
      reticulum, on some mitochondrial outer membranes and on the plasma membrane of
      the dendrites. The possible role of this lectin in cerebella of young rats is
      discussed in relation to its interaction with a specific class of mannose-rich
      glycoproteins.

PMID- 3986590
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of a lectin-like molecule, R1, during the
      postnatal development of the rat cerebellum.
AB  - The immunohistochemical localization of an endogenous lectin R1 isolated from the
      rat cerebellum was studied during its postnatal development. The lectin is
      present in the cerebellum from birth to adulthood, essentially in lysosomes,
      multivesicular bodies, and parts of the endoplasmic reticulum, principally of
      large and intermediate size neurons. During the period of massive synaptogenesis
      in the molecular layer, there is a sprouting of R1 in some distal dendrites of
      Purkinje cells. The lectin appears to be particularly concentrated on their
      plasma membranes, in coated pits, in coated vesicles, multivesicular bodies and
      lysosomes. At the same period, in cerebella of rats treated with chloroquine (an
      inhibitor of lysosomal function), both the lectin and mannose-rich glycoproteins
      of newly formed parallel fibres (able to bind specifically this lectin) are found
      in the same non-functional lysosomes of Purkinje cells. It is thus suggested that
      both this lectin (with a high-affinity for the glycans of the mannose-rich
      glycoproteins of the membrane of the newly formed parallel fibres) and these
      glycoproteins could be the recognition molecules allowing a specific contact
      between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells at the period of synaptogenesis.

PMID- 3986591
TI  - Cell surface proteins of cerebellar interneurones and astrocytes cultured in
      chemically defined and serum-supplemented media.
AB  - Lactoperoxidase catalysed 125I-iodination of cerebellar interneurone enriched
      cultures grown in serum-supplemented or in serum-free, chemically defined medium
      was studied. It was observed that the differences in the adhesion properties of
      nerve cells under these conditions are accompanied by differences both in the
      degree of 125I-iodination of the proteins on the plasma membrane of nerve cells
      and in the profile of the labelled polypeptides resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. The relative labelling of the major 125I-iodinated
      polypeptides changed with time in both types of cultures, suggesting that
      alterations in the overall organisation of the neuronal plasma membrane occur
      during the development of the cells under both culture conditions. The
      developmental changes affecting the D2 protein (which is nerve cell specific in
      these cultures) were significantly retarded in the neuronal cultures grown in the
      serum-free medium compared with those grown in the serum-containing medium: the
      increase in D2 content was reduced by 7 DIV and the maturational change in the
      molecular form of D2 was retarded significantly during the whole cultivation
      period. The degree of surface 125I-iodination of cerebellar astrocytes in culture
      was only a fraction (7-20% depending on cultivation time and conditions) of that
      of the neuronal cultures and the labelled polypeptide profiles obtained from the
      two types of cultures were markedly different. In comparison with cultures in the
      serum-supplemented medium, astrocytes under the serum-free conditions showed only
      minor and transient differences in the profile of surface 125I-iodinated
      proteins, although the morphology of the cells was markedly different.

PMID- 3986592
TI  - Appearance of H and B antigens in primary sensory cells of the rat olfactory
      apparatus and inner ear.
AB  - In the rat olfactory apparatus and inner ear the H antigen was first detected at
      the 15th day of gestational age. The B antigen appeared at the 16th day. In the
      olfactory apparatus H and B antigens were first detected in cells of the
      olfactory mucosa and of the olfactory bulb primordium. Towards the 16th and 17th
      days many small positive cells were seen between these two areas. In newborn and
      adult rats, olfactory bulb H and B antigens were restricted to the processes of
      the peripheral primary sensory cells. Both H and B antigens were detected in the
      epithelium of the inner ear and were later concentrated in the hair cells of the
      organ of Corti, the utricle and the saccule.

PMID- 3986594
TI  - Evidence for self-absorption of terminals by developing axons of retinal ganglion
      cells in the chick.
AB  - The appearance of membrane-bound degenerative organelles in chick optic nerve
      axons was studied at the electron microscopic level. A semiquantitative analysis
      revealed a sharp increase in the number of axons containing accumulations of such
      organelles during the second day after hatching. In dark-reared chicks this
      increase was retarded, suggesting the presence of a light-influenced event in the
      early post-hatch period.

PMID- 3986593
TI  - Effects of alcohol exposure during different periods of development: changes in
      hippocampal mossy fibers.
AB  - Exposure to 10-12 g/kg/day of alcohol either during days 1-10 or 11-21 of
      gestation had no detectable effect on hippocampal mossy fiber development.
      Exposing artificially reared rat pups to 7.0-7.5 g/kg/day of alcohol during days
      1-10 postpartum dramatically altered the organization of the Timm-stained mossy
      fiber terminal field when the animals were examined as adults, suggesting that
      alcohol exposure during a period equivalent to the human third trimester is more
      deleterious to brain development than exposure during periods equivalent to
      either the first or second trimesters.

PMID- 3986595
TI  - Visual patching of one eye produces changes in saccadic properties in the
      unseeing eye.
AB  - When vision is blocked in one eye by means of a patch, a small change in saccadic
      magnitude as well as post saccadic drift develops exclusively in the unseeing
      eye. Subsequent unpatching restores normal function. Thus the saccadic system is
      capable of independently adjusting the command to each eye.

PMID- 3986596
TI  - On the distribution and probable origin of axonal bundles in the pigment
      epithelium of the eyecup.

PMID- 3986597
TI  - Comparison of the effects of laminin and the polyornithine-binding neurite
      promoting factor from RN22 Schwannoma cells on neurite regeneration from cultured
      newborn and adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of two neurite promoting factors (NPFs)--laminin
      and the semipurified polyornithine-binding neurite promoting factor (PNPF-1) from
      RN 22 Schwannoma cells--on neurite regeneration from dissociated newborn and
      adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons during 24 and 48 h culture periods
      in the absence of exogenous neuronotrophic factors. Both laminin and PNPF, when
      used to pretreat the polyornithine substratum, significantly enhanced neurite
      recruitment from surviving newborn and adult DRG neurons as compared to an
      untreated polyornithine substratum. However, the responses of newborn neurons at
      saturating concentrations of laminin and PNPF were consistently greater (46%
      neurite-bearing cells at 24 h, 81% at 48 h) than those of adult neurons (14 and
      45%, respectively). The responsive neurons of both newborn and adult DRG
      displayed extensive neuritic networks at 48 h. The ED50 of laminin, or PNPF was
      0.15-0.2 micrograms/ml for both newborn and adult neurons. The similarities in
      the responses of newborn and adult DRG neurons to NPFs validate the use of
      neurons from embryonic and newborn animals for the in vitro assays of NPFs that
      can be collected from injured and regenerating adult peripheral nervous tissues.

PMID- 3986598
TI  - Distinguishing topography and somatotopy in the thalamocortical projections of
      the developing rat.
AB  - We placed discrete injections of HRP into the somatosensory cortex of the rat on
      the day of birth and found discrete, ordered patterns of retrogradely labelled
      cells in the ventral posterior nucleus. We interpret these results as suggesting
      that topographic relations between thalamus and cortex develop independently of
      the periphery.

PMID- 3986599
TI  - Early postnatal development of the monkey visual system. I. Growth of the lateral
      geniculate nucleus and striate cortex.
AB  - The postnatal growth of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and the
      striate cortex (SCx) was compared in the same monkeys, by estimating LGNd volume,
      and the volume, surface area, and thickness of the SCx at birth, 1, 2, 4, 8 and
      17 weeks. Shrinkage during histologic manipulations was determined in individual
      animals, and the above measurements were adjusted accordingly so that final
      volumes reflected a common, and, therefore, comparable state before processing.
      The volume of the LGNd increases approximately 17% between 2 and 4 weeks, and
      this growth primarily reflects that of the parvocellular laminae, the
      magnocellular components contributing a stable amount in absolute terms. Lamina 1
      is larger than lamina 2 at all ages sampled. In contrast, the SCx expands about
      75% in volume from birth to the oldest age examined without reaching an asymptote
      during the period of study. During the first 2 postnatal months, the growth
      results from increases in the thickness of the SCx whereas in the second 2 months
      it is caused by expansion in surface area. A comparison of exposed vs buried SCx
      does not reveal differences in the developmental patterns of regions subserving
      central vs peripheral visual fields, respectively, the exposed cortex being
      consistently greater in volume and area but thinner than the buried segment. No
      significant right/left asymmetries are found across the subjects in either of the
      structures studied. The findings indicate that the early postnatal development of
      the monkey visual system proceeds in a sequential fashion with the LGNd preceding
      that of the SCx.

PMID- 3986600
TI  - Postnatal changes in the termination pattern of recurrent axon collaterals of
      triceps surae alpha-motoneurons in the cat.
AB  - alpha-Motoneurons innervating the triceps surae and short plantar muscles were
      stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in 0-44-day-old kittens
      and adult cats. The terminal arborizations of the recurrent axon collaterals in
      the spinal cord were studied in the light microscope (LM). The short plantar
      motoneurons lacked axon collaterals in all age groups. With a few exceptions in
      the youngest kittens (0-1 days of age), the projection field of the axon
      collaterals of triceps surae motoneurons did not change during development. The
      exceptional motoneurons had axon collaterals projecting ventromedial to the adult
      termination areas in Rexed's laminae VII and IX. Within all parts of the
      projection field, there was a substantial postnatal reduction in the number of
      axon collateral swellings, interpreted as synaptic terminals, and a total
      elimination of short and thin axonal processes without swellings. The findings
      are discussed in relation to earlier demonstrated loss of synaptic terminals on
      the motoneurons and elimination of polyneuronal innervation of muscle fibers
      postnatally.

PMID- 3986602
TI  - Innervation pattern of muscles of one-legged Xenopus laevis supplied by
      motoneurons from both sides of the spinal cord.
AB  - In Xenopus tadpoles one limb bud was removed before innervation and motoneurons
      from both sides of the spinal cord were induced to innervate the remaining limb.
      When examined after metamorphosis the motor innervation of the limb had the
      following characteristics. In agreement with previous findings a large proportion
      of contralateral motoneurons survived (51-82% of the ipsilateral numbers) and
      sent axons to the limb. By acetylcholinesterase staining and intracellular
      recording from muscle fibers of the response to electrical stimulation of the two
      limb innervations, the neuromuscular junctions from contralateral motoneurons
      were indistinguishable from those from the ipsilateral side in their morphology,
      spacing along the fiber, and physiological properties. Many single muscle fibers
      shared innervation from both sides of the cord by symmetrically placed spinal
      nerves. By the same techniques junctions in one-legged frogs were morphologically
      indistinguishable from those in normal frogs, but the quantal content of
      transmitter release was increased by up to 63%. Recording twitch and tetanic
      tensions from individual motor units from the gastrocnemius muscle showed that
      the one-legged animals had many more and smaller motor units than do normal
      frogs. We confirm that the hind-limb musculature has the ability, normally
      unexpressed, to sustain, through the period of normal developmental cell death,
      up to twice the usual number of motoneurons. In maturity, motoneurons accommodate
      themselves to the limb muscles by making fewer than the normal number of
      synapses. The above suggests that developmental motoneuron death is not primarily
      a mechanism for adjusting the number of motoneurons to the size of the peripheral
      musculature and is likely to be related to mechanisms for securing specific
      neuromuscular connections.

PMID- 3986601
TI  - Parameters of neuritic growth from ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro: influence
      of laminin, schwannoma polyornithine-binding neurite promoting factor and ciliary
      neuronotrophic factor.
AB  - Ciliary ganglion neurons extend neuritic processes when cultured for 24 h in
      medium containing ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF) and on a polyornithine
      substratum precoated with either laminin or a Schwannoma-derived neurite
      promoting factor (PNPF). We have examined the roles of laminin, PNPF and CNTF for
      each of four parameters of neuritic growth, including: initiation time, neuronal
      polarity, neuritic branching and average neurite output (lengths) with time.
      Increasing laminin and PNPF levels were found to advance the time of neurite
      initiation as well as shift the majority (70-80%) of the neurons from a unipolar
      to multipolar neuritic morphology. The polarity imposed by any given
      concentration of either neurite promoting factor remained constant over the 24 h
      culture period examined. The average lengths from the longest neurites per neuron
      over a 10-28 h culture interval were not affected by increasing levels of laminin
      or PNPF, but total neuritic output per neuron was increased. This increased total
      neuritic output could be attributed to a combination of earlier neuritic
      initiation time and an increased neuronal polarity at high laminin or PNPF
      levels. CNTF at threshold survival levels did not promote initiation time,
      neuronal polarity or total neuritic output. However, cultures receiving less CNTF
      than that required for maximal neuronal survival displayed an increased neuronal
      polarity and a reduced neuritic output before any apparent loss of neurons.
      Neuritic branching was not affected by either the neurite promoting or trophic
      factors after 24 h of culture. Laminin and PNPF were found to be
      indistinguishable in their effects on the ciliary ganglion neurons in each of the
      four parameters studied.

PMID- 3986603
TI  - Motoneurone survival is induced by immature astrocytes from developing avian
      spinal cord.
AB  - Dissociated spinal cords of 6-day chick embryos were grown on monolayers
      consisting primarily of either flat (relatively immature) or process-bearing
      (relatively mature) astrocytes. Cultures rich in flat astrocytes maintained about
      80% of the motoneurones originally plated for 48 h in vitro. However, process
      bearing astrocytes were unable to support motoneurone survival. Medium
      conditioned by contact with the monolayers of flat astrocytes also promoted
      motoneurone survival for 48 h. Maximal activity occurred over the concentration
      range 55-110 micrograms/ml protein. After 48 h, the number of motoneurones
      dropped to control levels both in the conditioned medium and on the monolayers.
      This effect could not be reversed by the introduction of fresh conditioned media
      at 48 h. This indicated a decrease in the requirements of more mature
      motoneurones for this media as muscle-conditioned medium could support 80% of the
      motoneurones initially plated for 96 h. Thus, relatively immature astrocytes were
      capable of supporting the survival of 6-day montoneurones in vitro for up to 48 h
      and this effect is mediated through the release of a soluble substance.

PMID- 3986604
TI  - Ontogeny of electrical activity of main olfactory bulb in freely-moving normal
      and malnourished rats.
AB  - Electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded from the main olfactory bulb
      (MOB) in freely-moving, normally-nourished, (NP, normal-protein diet) and
      malnourished (LP, low-protein diet) rats from 4 days of age through adulthood.
      MOB EEG was analyzed for dominant frequency components using power spectral
      techniques. For NP rats, a single dominant frequency component (induced wave) was
      present in the MOB EEG at 4-6 days of age. From 10 days of age through adulthood,
      the MOB EEG contained two dominant frequency components (induced and intrinsic
      waves). Both the induced wave and intrinsic waves increased in center-frequency
      to reach maturity at approximately 30 days of age. Rats reared on low-protein
      diets (8% casein, prenatal and postnatal) displayed relatively permanent
      retardation in the development of induced wave center-frequencies and a delay in
      the development of the intrinsic wave center-frequencies. These results closely
      parallel the morphological development of the MOB in normally-nourished and
      malnourished rats.

PMID- 3986605
TI  - Observations on Golgi epithelial cells and granule cells in the cerebellum of the
      reeler mutant mouse.
AB  - Cerebella of reeler mutant mice at two months of age were studied by the Golgi
      impregnation method to elucidate the detailed configurations of the Golgi
      epithelial cells and granule cells. On the basis of configuration of their
      Bergmann fibers, the Golgi epithelial cells of the reeler were relatively normal,
      or assumed inverted, swan neck, stellate, bipolar, small, or fan shapes, although
      their morphological changes were continuous rather than abrupt. Radially
      ascending Bergmann fibers, as well as disoriented ones, arose from the soma of
      these varieties of Golgi epithelial cells. In many areas, the granule cells were
      normally aggregated under the molecular layer and constituted the granular layer,
      although several granule cells were regionally arrested in migration within the
      molecular layer in some small areas. The axon of the granule cells ascended
      sinuously or obliquely, extended horizontally, looped around, or descended. In
      some cases, the granule cells had no T-like bifurcation of the axon, and assumed
      a bipolar form.

PMID- 3986606
TI  - CSF-brain permeability in the immature sheep fetus: a CSF-brain barrier.
AB  - The permeability of the neuroependyma between CSF and brain extracellular space
      has been studied in fetal sheep of 60 and 125 days gestation. Both radioactive
      ([3H]inulin, [14C]sucrose, [125I]albumin) and visible (horseradish peroxidase)
      markers have been perfused through the ventricular system for periods of up to 5
      h in anaesthetized exteriorized fetal sheep whose physiological condition was
      monitored continuously. A previously undescribed barrier between CSF and brain
      extracellular fluid has been discovered in the immature (60-day) fetal sheep.
      Horseradish peroxidase penetration was confined to a limited depth of the
      neuroependyma and was mainly into the cells lining the cerebral ventricles; in
      older fetuses there was extracellular penetration to a distance of several
      millimetres from the ventricular surface, as previously described in adult
      animals. The volumes of distribution of sucrose and insulin were less in the
      immature brain than in the more mature brain, which may be a reflection of
      restricted diffusion across the neuroependyma in the younger brains. The
      morphological nature of the barrier in fetuses of 60 days and younger appears to
      be a membrane specialization between the cells of the neuroependyma. It is of a
      type not previously described; it seems to have the effect of narrowing rather
      than obliterating the extracellular pathway between CSF and brain. The possible
      functional significance of this observation is discussed.

PMID- 3986607
TI  - Retinal growth in carp of the same age: density and number of dopamine neurons.
AB  - Research has shown that an increase in the size of retina with fish growth is
      accompanied by a reduction in the density of monoamine neurons along with an
      increase in their cell number per retina. The age of fish, however, has not been
      considered in relation to the above. In the present study, juvenile carp (6.4 +/-
      0.7 cm in body length), hatched 2 months earlier, were reared for 10 months under
      2 different sets of conditions; one group was kept in a small aquarium at room
      temperature (RT, 9-26 degrees C), and the other was kept in a large aquarium in
      which the water temperature was constant (CT, 22 degrees C). The left eye of fish
      transferred into the RT aquarium was intravitreally injected with 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT; 1.0 microgram) to destroy indoleamine-accumulating
      (IA) neurons. The fish grew faster in the CT (16 +/- 1.6 cm) than in the RT
      aquarium (9.3 +/- 1.7 cm), resulting in a wide variation among fish of the same
      age. In fluorescent retinal flatmounts, the density of dopamine (DA) neurons was
      found to be lower, but their cell number per retina greater in the CT than in the
      RT group; these differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.001).
      The data suggest that the above parameters depend on the size of carp but not on
      their age. In the fish treated with 5,7-DHT and reared in the RT aquarium for 10
      months, the growth zone of the retina was determined by circumferential addition
      of IA cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986608
TI  - Postnatal development of sensory influences on neurons in the ventromedial
      hypothalamic nucleus of the rat.
AB  - Extracellular unitary records were obtained from neurons in the ventromedial
      hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) of very young (1-25 days of postnatal age) and adult
      rats. Spontaneous unitary activity and evoked responses to both external
      (somatic, gustatory, and olfactory) and internal sensory (systemic administration
      of hypertonic saline and glucose solutions) stimulation were determined in order
      to assess the functional development of VMH neurons and their afferents. The
      basic electrophysiological characteristics of VMH neurons were established
      prenatally. From the date of birth, many VMH neurons had: spontaneous action
      potential generation; evoked responses to external or internal sensory
      stimulation; and convergent sensory inputs. In contrast, the major developmental
      change in the neurophysiological properties of VMH neurons was the diminution
      with increasing age of the convergence of external and internal sensory
      influences. This developmental 'fine-tuning' of a complex functional feature of
      VMH neurons is important because the maturation of convergence coincides with a
      'critical period' of VMH ontogenesis demonstrated in behavioral and experimental
      brain damage reports.

PMID- 3986609
TI  - The development of the glucocorticoid receptor system in the rat limbic brain. I.
      Ontogeny and autoregulation.
AB  - In order to characterize the development of the glucocorticoid receptor system in
      the brain, we examined [3H]dexamethasone binding in rat pups at various ages.
      Using an in vitro, cytosol, receptor assay we found evidence for low levels of
      glucocorticoid receptors perinatally with a subsequent increase in receptor
      concentrations that began by about the end of the first week of life. We have
      also shown that receptors during this period have a ligand specificity similar to
      that of receptors in adult animals. The postnatal increase in receptor levels
      parallels an increase in circulating corticosterone titers. Thus, receptor and
      hormone levels increase coincidentally. In adult animals, however, increasing
      levels of corticosterone are associated with a decrease in receptor levels and
      vice versa, such that corticosterone is thought to regulate its own receptor
      (i.e. autoregulation). This suggested an absence of autoregulation during
      development. We then determined hippocampal receptor concentrations of rats
      treated for 5 days with corticosterone, or adrenalectomized (ADX) 5 days prior to
      assay, examining whether up- or down-regulation occurs throughout development. In
      adults corticosterone treatment decreased (-45%) and long-term adrenalectomy
      increased (211%) glucocorticoid receptor concentrations. In contrast, at the
      youngest age tested (Day 10), the effects of manipulations of corticosterone
      titers on receptor concentrations were negligible. The potential for
      autoregulation emerged gradually throughout development. Thus, it appears that
      corticosterone regulation of its own receptors emerges only by about the time of
      puberty, and that this permits an increase in receptor levels to occur despite
      the concurrently increasing levels of circulating corticosterone.

PMID- 3986610
TI  - The development of the glucocorticoid receptor system in the rat limbic brain.
      II. An autoradiographic study.
AB  - We report here the results of an autoradiographic analysis of the postnatal
      development of the hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor system in the rat brain.
      Quantitative analysis of the autoradiograms revealed a varied pattern of gradual
      development towards adult receptor concentrations during the second week of life.
      Receptor concentrations in the dentate gyrus increased dramatically between Days
      9 and 15, while the changes during this period in the pyramidal layers of Ammon's
      horn seemed to reflect both structural changes in these regions as well as
      increases in receptor concentrations.

PMID- 3986611
TI  - The development of the glucocorticoid receptor system in the rat limbic brain.
      III. Negative-feedback regulation.
AB  - In the neonatal rat, there are parallel increases with age in the concentrations
      of glucocorticoid receptors in the limbic system, and in the sensitivity of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to negative-feedback inhibition by
      circulating glucocorticoids. We speculated that the increasing receptor
      concentrations may mediate this increasing sensitivity of the HPA axis to the
      suppressive effects of glucocorticoids. To examine this idea we treated rats with
      exogenous corticosterone from days 29 to 34, resulting in a down-regulation of
      glucocorticoid receptors in the brain at Day 35 to levels similar to those of
      younger animals. Subjects whose maturational increase in receptors was reversed
      in this manner were less sensitive to feedback inhibition of glucocorticoids.
      Specifically, compared to controls they continued to secrete corticosterone after
      the end of stress, and were relatively insensitive to the suppressive effects of
      the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, on corticosterone titers. Our data
      specifically implicate the hippocampus in modulating feedback sensitivity, as
      down-regulation was extensive in this structure, and did not occur in the septum,
      amygdala, hypothalamus or pituitary.

PMID- 3986612
TI  - The development of Ammon's horn and the fascia dentata in the cat: a
      [3H]thymidine analysis.
AB  - The present [3H]thymidine autoradiographic analysis of neurogenesis demonstrates
      that the neurons which populate the adult cat hippocampus are born between
      embryonic day (E)22 and E42. In contrast, although neuronal production in the
      fascia dentata begins on the same day, granule cells in this area continue to be
      produced throughout prenatal life and into early postnatal life, and probably
      continues at an extremely low rate well into adulthood. Three major sets of
      spatiotemporal gradients characterize the production of neurons in Ammon's horn
      and the fascia dentata. The first set involves the radial axis. Within the
      hippocampus there exists an inside-out gradient. The reverse gradient is present
      in the fascia dentata, i.e. outside-in. The second set of gradients involves the
      transverse or rhinodentate axis. In general the CA3 neurons are born earlier than
      the CA1 neurons. Within both neuronal layers of the fascia dentata, the hidden
      blade cells tend to be born earlier than those of the exposed blade. Again, the
      pattern in the fascia is the reverse of that in the hippocampus proper. A
      temporal to septal gradient is also present, but this is the weakest of the
      gradients.

PMID- 3986613
TI  - Growth and restriction of the ipsilateral retinocollicular projection in the
      opossum.
AB  - The distribution of optic nerve fibers and terminals in the superior colliculus
      (SC) was followed throughout its development in pouch young opossums in order to
      establish the normal sequence of events leading to the formation of mature
      patterns. Up to 7 days of life in the pouch, labeled fibers can be followed only
      as far as the rostral aspect of the optic tract. The earliest evidence for
      crossed retinal projections in the SC is found at 10 days of age. In parasagittal
      sections, the label extends along the rostrocaudal tectal axis from the rostral
      border to the presumptive caudal pole of the SC. Unequivocal evidence for
      ipsilateral retinocollicular projection is found at 15 days extending to all but
      the caudal 5th of the rostrocaudal extent of the SC. The projections from both
      eyes overlap extensively in the SC at 22 days and after this age significant
      changes occur, mostly at the ipsilateral side: a sub-pial tier of fine label
      develops excluding both rostral and caudal collicular poles; a deeper tier of
      coarse label extends from the rostral to the caudal pole and a third, patchy tier
      of label is found at the prospective strata griseum superficiale and griseum
      intermediate. By 47 and 60 days the tangential distribution of the projections is
      virtually indistinguishable from the adult pattern although laminar segregation
      does not seem as sharp as in the adult. Comparisons of the changeable patterns of
      ipsilateral retinocollicular projections from 22 to 34 days with the invariant,
      aberrant pattern in adult animals submitted to uniocular enucleation at either
      age suggests that the preservation of a juvenile pattern does not provide a
      comprehensive explanation for the formation of aberrant projections.

PMID- 3986614
TI  - Changes in the subcellular distribution of calmodulin-kinase II during brain
      development.
AB  - Subcellular fractions prepared from rodent forebrain at different postnatal ages
      were examined for calmodulin-binding proteins using [125I]calmodulin and a gel
      overlay technique. Synaptic junction (SJ) fractions from newborn brain, which
      display purity comparable to adult SJ fractions, contain low but detectable
      amounts of 60 and 50 kdalton calmodulin-binding polypeptides; the latter being
      the major postsynaptic density protein. These polypeptides have recently been
      shown to be the calmodulin-binding protein subunits of calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II). CaM-kinase II polypeptides represented the
      predominent calmodulin-binding proteins in nearly every subcellular fraction
      examined, regardless of postnatal age. Large increases were observed in the CaM
      kinase II content of every subcellular fraction throughout postnatal development.
      During development, a striking shift in the subcellular distribution of CaM
      kinase Ii was observed. Over 4 times as much CaM-kinase II was cytosolic relative
      to particulate in newborn brain while this ratio was completely reversed in adult
      brain. Large age-dependent increases in particulate-associated CaM-kinase II were
      observed in highly purified synaptic plasma membrane (5-fold) and SJ (14-fold)
      fractions. The CaM-kinase II content of SJ fractions increased approximately 70%
      between days 24 and 90, a period in development that follows the most active
      stages of synapse formation in situ. In adult brain, approximately 60% of CaM
      kinase II in crude synaptosomal fractions (P2-INT) was recovered in SJ fractions.
      The CaM-kinase II in SPM fractions from all developmental ages resists
      solubilization in Triton X-100 and greater than 90% is recovered in SJ fractions.
      These studies indicate that during brain development the accumulation of SJ
      associated CaM-kinase II represents an important process in the molecular and
      enzymatic maturation of CNS postsynaptic structures.

PMID- 3986615
TI  - Projections of growth-cone-bearing fibers of retinal ganglion cells within co
      cultured tectal explants: early branching depends on age of target tissue.
AB  - The projections of retinal ganglion cell axons within co-cultured tectal explants
      were analyzed in order to investigate some of the factors that determine the
      earliest responses of retinal axons to cues present in an isolated target tissue.
      Half retinas and superior colliculi (tecta) from the embryonal mouse were
      explanted, separated by a 0.5 mm gap. After 5 days in vitro retinal ganglion
      cells were labeled by extracellular ionophoresis of HRP into the optic nerve head
      region. Cleared co-cultures were studied as whole mounts. Growth-cone-bearing
      retinal fibers were studied in standard tectal co-cultures, and in cases where
      tectum had been explanted 2 weeks prior to retina. The heterochronously prepared
      cultures had a higher proportion of fibers with complex branching patterns than
      the synchronous explants. Cultures in which retinas were explanted 1 week after
      tecta exhibited intermediate proportions of such fibers. These observations
      suggest that older tecta facilitate branching of ingrowing retinal fibers,
      although other alterations during in vitro development must be evaluated. The
      growth patterns of axons originating in nasal and temporal hemi-retinas were
      analyzed in terms of possible positional cues provided by the target tecta. Axons
      originating in temporal hemi-retinas did not show evidence of preferential
      branching in, or growth toward, appropriate anterior regions of co-cultured
      tectal explants. In contrast, the majority of nasal retinal axons showed enhanced
      terminations and complex branching in, and bending towards, the posterior tectum.

PMID- 3986616
TI  - Neurotrophic stimulation of fetal rat retinal explant neurite outgrowth and cell
      survival: age-dependent relationships.
AB  - Serum-free tissue culture conditions have been defined where stimulation of
      neurite outgrowth from fetal rat retinal explants occurred only in the presence
      of an active fraction (BE) prepared from a pig brain extract purification
      procedure. Under these conditions, 18-20-day fetal retinal explants survived and
      continued to extend long radial neurites for at least 3 weeks in the presence of
      BE. However, if fibronectin was not equilibrated onto the basic collagen/poly-L
      lysine substrate the neurite outgrowth was restricted to a short halo about the
      circumference of the explant. In addition, a dose-response relationship was
      demonstrated in the presence of increasing concentrations of BE with respect to
      the neurite growth index. The half-maximal response for BE was estimated to be
      between 5 and 10 micrograms/ml. In addition a number of important age-dependent
      relationships were observed with respect to BE stimulation of retinal neurite
      outgrowth and cell survival. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between
      increased developmental age and responsiveness to BE. After 1 week in culture,
      there was a 3-fold reduction in retinal neurite length measured from the 2-day
      neonatal explant when compared to that of the 18-day fetus. There was also a
      significant inverse relationship demonstrated between the length of time before
      BE was added to the culture medium and the ability of 20-day fetal explants to
      extend neurites onto the culture substrate. If BE was added as late as 2 weeks
      after initial explant culture, the various neurite outgrowth indices were
      significantly lower than in those situations where BE was added at the time of
      culture or 1 week later. These results imply that BE not only is required for
      stimulating neurite outgrowth from fetal rat retinal explants, but may be
      important in survival and maturation of developing retinal neurons. This
      hypothesis was confirmed when morphometric analysis was performed on 16- and 20
      day explants cultured for a week in the presence or absence of BE. The number of
      necrotic cells in the developing retinal ganglion plexiform-cell layer of 20-day
      fetal explants was significantly lower when treated with BE. Conversely, the
      density of identifiable differentiating retinal ganglion-like cells was
      significantly greater in response to BE treatment in both 16- and 20-day retinal
      explants.

PMID- 3986617
TI  - Promotion of neurite outgrowth and cell survival in dissociated fetal rat retinal
      cultures by a fraction derived from a brain extract.
AB  - We have reported previously that a fraction (BE) derived from a pig brain extract
      stimulated neurite outgrowth and cell survival from fetal rat retinal explants.
      The BE effects were dose dependent and could not be altered by NGF or its
      antiserum. In the present study we have observed that under similar culture
      conditions BE was also capable of stimulating neurite outgrowth and cell survival
      from fetal rat dissociated retinal cells. More specifically, the neurite
      promoting activity of BE was found to be dose dependent over a concentration
      range of 0-50 micrograms/ml with a half-maximal response between 5 and 10 mg/ml.
      The ability of BE to stimulate neurite outgrowth was also age-related. There was
      a progressive decrease in the BE-mediated response between fetal day 17 and the
      second neonatal day. Viable process bearing cells could also be maintained in
      culture for at least two weeks in the presence of BE (25 micrograms/ml). In
      contrast, after 1 day in culture control cells began to rapidly degenerate and by
      days 3-5 no process-bearing cells were observed. The BE was found to exert its
      action primarily through a soluble factor(s) in the culture medium. However, we
      also report evidence for a substrate bound component of the BE which may aid in
      the attachment and/or neurite outgrowth phenomena.

PMID- 3986618
TI  - Neuronotrophic activity for ciliary ganglion neurons. Induction following injury
      to the brain of neonatal, adult, and aged rats.
AB  - The induction of neuronotrophic activity following injury to the brain of
      neonatal, adult, and aged Sprague-Dawley rats was compared using an improved in
      vitro assay. The maximal levels of activity in tissue surrounding the wound were
      reached at 3, 10-15, and about 15 days postlesion in neonatal, adult, and aged
      animals, respectively. Tissue neuronotrophic levels were always much lower in
      neonatal animals relative to the older animals. Accumulation of neuronotrophic
      activity in the gelfoam placed into the wound cavities in neonatal and adult
      animals lagged behind the levels in tissue by 4-5 days, suggesting that either
      the neuronotrophic factor itself or the cells which produce it are transferred
      from the tissue into the gelfoam. Relatively little activity accumulated in the
      gelfoam taken from aged Sprague-Dawley rats, and this observation was confirmed
      in aged Fischer rats. Aged animals seem to be unable to produce or release one of
      a number of neuronotrophic factors in response to injury.

PMID- 3986619
TI  - Pathological changes during the development of the vestibular sensory and
      ganglion cells of the Bronx waltzer mouse. Scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy.
AB  - Vestibular receptors and ganglia of homozygous Bronx waltzer (bv/bv) mice were
      investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy at various stages
      between 3 days and 90 days after birth. Scanning electron microscopy revealed
      that there was already a considerable lack of hair bundles in the maculae
      utriculi, as well as in the cristae ampullares by the 3rd day after birth. During
      development, the growth of the remaining hair bundles was observed but the most
      of them exhibited morphological abnormalities. Transmission electron microscopy
      revealed early degeneration of sensory cells followed by delayed maturation of
      the remaining sensory cells. The sensory cells which seem unaffected displayed
      immature features in adult animals. In type I hair cells, the calyces were
      incomplete, contacts between the cell and the afferent calyces were immature and
      synaptic bodies persisted. In some type II hair cells, there was an abnormal
      overabundance of afferent nerve endings, which implies that these type II cells
      could be immature type I cells. Immature features were also observed in the
      vestibular ganglia, particularly the absence of the myelin sheath around the
      perikarya. We discuss the relationship between these vestibular morphogenetic
      abnormalities and those described in the cochlear system.

PMID- 3986620
TI  - Hypothalamic deoxyribonucleases and DNA content during development of the
      androgenized female rat.
AB  - The DNA content and activity of acid and alkaline deoxyribonucleases (DNases)
      were measured through age 60 days in the hypothalamus of female rats injected
      s.c. with 1.25 mg testosterone propionate 48 h after birth. DNA significantly
      increases through age 60 days, however, androgenization does not affect the
      DNases or DNA content. It is suggested that masculinization of the female
      hypothalamus does not involve alterations in net DNA synthesis and/or
      degradation.

PMID- 3986621
TI  - Striatal acetylcholinesterase-containing interneurons innervate hippocampal
      tissue in co-cultured slices.
AB  - Co-cultures of hippocampal and striatal slices were prepared from 7-day-old rats.
      After a month in vitro they were examined by histochemical and
      electrophysiological techniques. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers,
      originating in presumed cholinergic local circuit neurons of the striatum,
      invaded the adjacent hippocampus, resulting in a functional innervation
      displaying the characteristics of muscarinic inputs. These observations
      demonstrate that interneurons, when offered an appropriate target, are capable of
      mimicking projection neurons. Such a target-induced change in growth
      characteristics can take place even during relatively advanced phases of their
      development.

PMID- 3986622
TI  - Sizes of neurons in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus during normal
      development.
AB  - Measurements of cell area have been made in the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGNs)
      of 18 normal rhesus monkeys aged from 8 days to fully adult. There is much less
      variability between individual animals than had been thought from measurements of
      undeprived cells in experimental animals following visual deprivation. It is
      therefore possible to make reliable comparisons of cell size between different
      animals. There is no change in size of cells in the parvocellular laminae between
      8 days of age and adulthood, although cells in the magnocellular laminae grow a
      little. In the primate, unlike the cat, the period of maximum sensitivity to
      visual deprivation does not correspond to a period of rapid cell growth in the
      LGN.

PMID- 3986623
TI  - Effects of monocular closure at different ages on deprived and undeprived cells
      in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - This study has examined the effects of monocular visual deprivation on cells in
      the lateral geniculate nucleus of the primate by comparing the sizes of cells in
      deprived and undeprived LGN laminae of experimental rhesus monkeys with those of
      cells in the corresponding laminae of normal animals. A number of conclusions may
      be drawn from this comparison: monocular visual deprivation has major effects on
      cells in the undeprived LGN laminae and these vary with age at closure; the
      initial effect of monocular closure from birth is to cause marked hypertrophy of
      undeprived parvocellular cells with little shrinkage of the deprived
      parvocellular cells, whereas late monocular closure (after 2 months of age)
      causes marked shrinkage of both undeprived and deprived parvocellular cells;
      following monocular closure at birth, the LGN abnormality continues to evolve
      until at least 3 months of age, with a marked parallel shrinkage affecting both
      deprived and undeprived parvocellular cells. The initial hypertrophy of the
      undeprived cells is reversed and the deprived cells become smaller than normal;
      cells in the monkey LGN are sensitive to visual deprivation until about 1 year of
      age, much later than previously thought. Visual experience, however, modifies
      this sensitivity so that the effects of monocular visual deprivation are both
      qualitatively and quantitatively different at different ages; there are important
      differences between the susceptibility of cells in the magnocellular and
      parvocellular laminae to visual deprivation; and actual shrinkage of cells to
      markedly below normal size occurs and the smaller size is not simply failure of
      growth.

PMID- 3986624
TI  - Effect of reopening an eye after a period of monocular deprivation on sizes of
      neurons in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - Following monocular closure shortly after birth the deprived eye of 4 rhesus
      monkeys was reopened at different times. Following long-term recovery, cells in
      the undeprived laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus of these animals were of
      normal size and those in the deprived laminae were markedly shrunken. Comparisons
      with animals monocularly deprived for similar periods indicate, however, that in
      3 of these animals the undeprived parvocellular cells would have been markedly
      hypertrophied at the time of reopening the deprived eye, and in two of the
      animals, little shrinkage of the deprived parvocellular cells would have occurred
      by this time. Both undeprived and deprived parvocellular cells have therefore
      undergone marked shrinkage after the deprived eye had been reopened. The parallel
      shrinkage of deprived and undeprived parvocellular cells which occurs following
      closure at birth thus appears to be a consequence of the initial abnormalities
      produced by monocular closure rather than a direct result of the continuing lack
      of visual input to one eye.

PMID- 3986625
TI  - Temporal relationships of latency and magnitudes of Limulus ventral photoreceptor
      potentials elicited by two light pulses.
AB  - As the dark interval between two stimulating light pulses increases, the latent
      period of the ensuing receptor potential increases to an asymptote reached about
      midway during the latency and is, thereafter, constant. The latent period is thus
      divisible into two segments, the first of which is light sensitive and the second
      not. The possible significance of these segments has been explored [12]. During
      the time the latent period is increasing toward its limiting value, the
      magnitudes of both components of the receptor potential are constant and maximal.
      The magnitude of the first component of the receptor potential begins to decline
      at a pulse interval of 15 msec, signify that the contribution of photons incident
      on the photoreceptor from the second pulse is diminishing. The magnitude of the
      second component of the receptor potential begins to decline at a pulse interval
      of 20 msec, suggesting that the contribution of photons delivered by the first
      pulse is diminishing. These results demonstrate that the two pulse stimulating
      paradigm reveals two segments of the receptor potential latent period and the
      ability of the photoreceptor to integrate radiant energy incident during the
      latent period, as measured by receptor potential magnitude.

PMID- 3986626
TI  - The identification of brainstem neurones projecting to thoracic respiratory
      motoneurones in the cat as demonstrated by retrograde transport of HRP.
AB  - Brainstem neurones which project to the immediate vicinity of the spinal
      motoneurones which supply the intercostal and abdominal respiratory muscles were
      identified by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
      A combined electrophysiological and histological technique was used in which
      recording of phasic inspiratory or expiratory motoneurone activity within upper
      (T3-T4) or lower (T8-T9) thoracic segments was followed by the ion-tophoretic
      injection of HRP at these recording sites. HRP labelled cells were concentrated
      in those brainstem regions known to contain phasic respiratory neurones, namely
      the ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract (vl-NTS) or dorsal respiratory
      group (DRG), the ambiguus complex or ventral respiratory group (VRG) and the
      parabrachial pontine (PB) nuclei. In 18 cats, 248 cells were labelled in these
      three respiratory regions of the brainstem while 668 were much more diffusely
      distributed in other regions of the medulla and pons. The ipsilateral and
      contralateral contributions within the respiratory regions were respectively;
      23%:77% (DRG), 33%:67% (VRG), 95%:5% (PB). These results are considered in the
      general context of previous electrophysiological and histological findings, but
      also with particular reference to a related study of the projections from
      brainstem neurones to the phrenic nucleus [32].

PMID- 3986627
TI  - Cells of origin of corticospinal projections to phrenic and thoracic respiratory
      motoneurones in the cat as shown by retrograde transport of HRP.
AB  - A combined electrophysiological and histological approach was employed to
      identify neurones within the motor cortex which project to the vicinity of spinal
      respiratory motoneurones, and which may be involved in the alteration of the
      pattern of breathing under certain conditions. Recording of respiratory phased
      activity from phrenic, or from thoracic motoneurones within either the upper (T3
      4) or lower (T8-9) segments, was followed by the iontophoretic injection of HRP
      at these recording sites. After injections within the cervical or thoracic
      ventral horn, 219 cells were retrogradely labelled in 14 experiments. The
      majority of these cells (88%) were labelled contralateral to the injection site.
      Following the injection of HRP into the phrenic nucleus, labelling was observed
      at two major sites within the anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG), one along the
      anterolateral edge of the cruciate sulcus, and the other along the ventrolateral
      border of the ASG. In contrast, cells labelled after injections into the thoracic
      ventral grey matter were located more medially within the ASG and the posterior
      sigmoid gyrus (PSG). The populations of cells labelled following phrenic and
      thoracic injections overlapped, primarily at the lateral edge of the cruciate
      sulcus. The somas of labelled cells were pyramidal, round or oval. The mean
      diameters of cortical cells labelled after injections into the lower or upper
      thoracic segments were 30.5 +/- 6.2 and 31.5 +/- 5.6 respectively, which were not
      significantly different in size. However, they were significantly larger than the
      mean diameter of the cells labelled from injections into the phrenic nucleus
      (22.7 +/- 4.2 micron).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986629
TI  - GM1 ganglioside does not stimulate reinnervation of the striatum by substantia
      nigra grafts.
AB  - Ganglioside GM1 has been reported to promote reinnervation of the striatum by
      dopaminergic fibers following brain hemisection in the rat. In the present study,
      the possibility that chronic ganglioside GM1 (10 or 50 mg/kg day for 3 weeks)
      would promote reinnervation of the dopamine-denervated striatum by embryonic
      substantia nigra grafts was studied. No enhancement of the ingrowth of fibers
      from the grafts was observed. It is concluded that under this circumstance, the
      growth of catecholaminergic fibers is restricted by factors other than the
      availability of ganglioside GM1.

PMID- 3986628
TI  - Enhanced acetylcholinesterase staining in hippocampal area CA3 after lesion of
      granule cells by infusion of colchicine.
AB  - Unilateral infusion of colchicine into the lateral ventricle produced relatively
      selective destruction of dentate granule cells in the ipsilateral dorsal
      hippocampal formation of the rat. Timms silver sulfide stain is markedly reduced
      in the mossy fiber layer on the colchicine treated side but is normal
      contralaterally. After colchicine treatment, an increase in acetylcholinesterase
      staining is apparent in the apical dendritic zone of CA3 pyramidal cells. This
      enhanced staining is localized in the proximal apical dendritic layer of CA3, a
      region normally occupied by the mossy fiber terminals of dentate granule cells.
      These results suggest that cholinergic fibers proliferate in CA3 after granule
      cell lesion and may participate in reinnervation of the denervated area.

PMID- 3986630
TI  - [Structural and metabolic characteristics of brown adipose tissue in rats with
      congenital obesity].

PMID- 3986631
TI  - [The effect of acetylcholine and histamine on blood flow through the abdominal
      organs].

PMID- 3986632
TI  - [Development of changes in blood and hematopoiesis in rats exposed to prolonged
      irradiation with exponentially decreasing doses of gamma rays].

PMID- 3986633
TI  - [The effect of calcium channel blockers on electrogenic transport of Ca2+ in
      microsomal membranes from the bovine cerebellar cortex].

PMID- 3986634
TI  - [Problems with blood pressure in neonates, infants and preschool-age children].

PMID- 3986635
TI  - Is there an air freshener syndrome?

PMID- 3986636
TI  - Testicular tumours: establishment of a regional marker assay service and a
      treatment study group.

PMID- 3986637
TI  - Experiences in a coagulation referral clinic in Bristol.

PMID- 3986638
TI  - Self-inflicted burns: a 5-year retrospective study.
AB  - Forty-two patients who had attempted suicide by burning were admitted to the
      North West Thames Regional Burns Unit over a 5-year period. Over three-quarters
      of these patients had previous psychiatric illness and a quarter had previously
      attempted suicide. In no case was political or religious protest a motive. The
      number of non-Caucasians was higher than expected from population statistics and
      fatal burns were more common in this group. The mean age was 36 years and the
      overall mortality rate was 48 per cent. The mortality was not significantly
      higher than for accidental burns of comparable severity.

PMID- 3986639
TI  - The effect of different cooling temperatures and immersion fluids on post-burn
      oedema and survival of the partially scalded hairy mouse ear.
AB  - One ear of NMRI hairy mice was first scalded and then immediately immersed in
      cold water or saline at 8 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C or
      30 degrees C for a period of 30 min in order to study oedema formation and the
      therapeutic effect at 4 days. Oedema was determined by wet-dry weight
      measurements of punch biopsies from the ear and expressed as an increase in
      tissue water content. The therapeutic effects at 4 days were determined by
      observing the survival of the ear; the area of necrosis was expressed in per cent
      of the total area of the ear. Significant oedema was found in all scalded ears. A
      partial (15 per cent) dry necrosis of the untreated burned ear had developed
      within 4 days. Cooling in 8 degrees C water or saline for 30 min post-burn
      significantly reduced oedema in this model as determined 2h post-burn. However, 4
      days post-burn all cooled ears showed a 15 per cent necrosis.

PMID- 3986640
TI  - Nailfold retraction due to burn wound contracture. A surgical procedure.
AB  - Burn scar contracture on the dorsal aspect of fingers or toes often leads to
      retraction of the protecting nailfold, which may be extremely annoying to the
      patient. A surgical procedure for relocation of the nailfold is presented.

PMID- 3986641
TI  - Classification and management of burned thumb contractures in children.
AB  - Based on the position of the thumb metacarpal, 102 burned thumb contractures in
      children were classified into four categories: adduction, opposition, extension
      and flexion. The contractures were further classified as mild, moderate or
      severe, based on the amount of motion lost. All thumbs were surgically released.
      Coverage was obtained with local flaps or Z-plasties, skin grafts or a
      combination of local flaps and skin grafts. Factors influencing the results were
      as follows: Classification category: Extension contractures generally did poorly,
      whereas flexion contractures did well. Severity of contracture: The more severe
      the contracture, the worse the final results. Complexity of contracture:
      Contractures with a subluxated or dislocated joint did not do as well as those
      with undisturbed bony alignment. Type of surgical release: There was a trend
      towards better results when skin grafts (as opposed to local flaps) were used,
      especially in the treatment of moderate and severe contractures.

PMID- 3986642
TI  - Some observations on the surface structure of collagen in hypertrophic scars.
AB  - The structure of the interface between epidermis and dermis was examined in
      normal skin and in hypertrophic scars using the scanning electron microscope. The
      hypertrophic scar was found to show a completely different structure of fibrous
      tissue (collagen) at this surface when compared to normal skin. As the
      hypertrophic scar matured this surface was remodelled to resemble more closely
      the surface observed in normal skin. The study suggests that the attachment of
      epidermal cells to the surface of the fibrous tissue developing in the burn wound
      may be an important aspect of the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scarring.

PMID- 3986644
TI  - Tissue deposition of silver following topical use of silver sulphadiazine in
      extensive burns.
AB  - Silver sulphadiazine has been applied to the burn wounds of 509 patients during
      the past 10 years. Eleven patients with burns covering more than 20 per cent of
      the body surface showed silver deposits in the mucosa of the lips, gingiva and
      cheeks. The colour of the burn wound was also slightly darker than in patients
      not treated with silver compounds. This darker colour spontaneously disappeared
      during the year following discharge from hospital. The pathogenesis of silver
      deposition has been discussed in relation to other published studies.

PMID- 3986643
TI  - Phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in burns.
AB  - The phagocytic function of neutrophils has been studied in 50 Egyptians of both
      sexes and of various ages, suffering from burns of different depths and extents,
      and the results compared with data from 50 normal persons of similar sex and age.
      The nitro blue tetrazolium test (Gifford and Malawista, 1970), and the bacterial
      killing test (Quie et al., 1967), have been used during the first 24 hours, and
      then repeated at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. The phagocytic power showed no
      change during the study except in two patients with extensive burns during fatal
      septicaemia. The bactericidal capacity, and the formazan cell formation showed
      similar changes with a steady decrease from the first to the third weeks,
      followed by a rise during the fourth week. Similar changes were noticed in the
      serum albumin levels. The decline was more marked in burns of more than 50 per
      cent of the body surface area and during severe sepsis. Improvement coincided
      with healing.

PMID- 3986645
TI  - Survival of an extensively burned infant following purulent pericarditis.
AB  - This is a report of the treatment and survival of an extensively burned infant
      following purulent pericarditis with massive pericardial effusion due to
      Staphylococcus aureus. A 2-year-old boy fell into a bathtub and suffered scalds
      covering at least 70 per cent of the body surface area. Pericarditis with massive
      pericardial effusion was diagnosed on post-burn day 36. As conservative treatment
      was ineffective pericardiotomy and pericardial drainage were carried out. Whole
      body oedema disappeared promptly and entirely and the patient was discharged from
      hospital with healed burns and free of cardiac symptoms.

PMID- 3986646
TI  - Infected pseudo-aneurysm of the femoral artery caused by a monitoring catheter.
AB  - A patient suffering from severe burns developed a mycotic aneurysm in the femoral
      artery as a result of insertion of a monitoring catheter. Treatment with
      antibiotics and repeated arterial surgery failed and a below knee amputation was
      finally performed. The use of monitoring intraarterial catheters in burn patients
      is to be avoided, because of impaired immunity, wound infection and septicaemia
      in this type of patient which could facilitate the development of septic
      aneurysm. If, however, a monitoring catheter is mandatory, it should be inserted
      and cared for by highly experienced staff who appreciate the risks involved. A
      peripheral site of insertion should reduce morbidity.

PMID- 3986647
TI  - Follow-up of burned patients in the United Kingdom.
AB  - The nature of follow-up procedure practised by burn treatment units in the United
      Kingdom was investigated using a questionnaire sent to 30 units. Information from
      23 units who replied indicated that all units consider that follow-up is
      essential and pressurized patients by a variety of means to attend. All units
      also recognized that medical, nursing and a variety of rehabilitation staff are
      required for follow-up care. There was a lesser involvement of social workers and
      a minimal involvement of psychiatric staff. All units obviously utilize a variety
      of clinics to follow patients after discharge from the burns unit. There appears
      to be no standard form of follow-up, units having made pragmatic arrangements to
      cover problems identified in clinical practice.

PMID- 3986648
TI  - The boiled potato peel as a burn wound dressing: a preliminary report.
AB  - This paper discusses the suitability of potato peel as a burn wound dressing in
      developing countries. Clinical trials have demonstrated that epithelial growth
      occurs under the potato peel dressing in superficial partial thickness skin loss
      burns. In deep partial, full skin thickness burns and in the late granulating
      burn wound the results are not so favourable. More experience is required.

PMID- 3986649
TI  - Continuous infusion epidurals for obstetric analgesia.

PMID- 3986650
TI  - Intrapulmonary shunting during deliberate hypotension with nifedipine, diltiazem
      and labetalol in dogs.
AB  - Pulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) was calculated in 49 mongrel dogs weighing 18-20 kg
      during mechanical ventilation, before and during deliberate hypotension with
      either nifedipine (group N), diltiazem (group D), labetalol (group L), or ethyl
      alcohol and polyethylene glycol (group E). A 30 per cent decrease in mean
      arterial blood pressure occurred after two minutes of nifedipine infusion, two
      minutes after diltiazem, and three minutes after labetalol; these effects lasted
      two hours after nifedipine administration, 90 minutes after diltiazem and three
      hours after labetalol. There was an accompanying significant decrease in systemic
      and pulmonary vascular resistance. Qs/Qt and cardiac output increased
      significantly after nifedipine infusion. Shunt increased (mean +/- S.E.) from 9.7
      +/- 0.8 to 18.25 +/- 1.05 per cent at two minutes (p less than 0.0005); 19.05 +/-
      1.2 per cent at 30 minutes (p less than 0.005); 17.5 +/- 1.6 per cent at two
      hours (p less than 0.01); and 12 +/- 1.1 per cent at three hours (p less than
      0.025). No increase in shunt occurred after the administration of diltiazem,
      labetalol or polyethylene glycol and ethyl alcohol. Arterial oxygen tension
      (PaO2) decreased significantly after nifedipine infusion from 146 +/- 11.5 to 105
      +/- 3.5 mmHg two minutes after infusion; to 89.5 +/- 3 mmHg 30 minutes after; 115
      +/- 4.75 mmHg two hours after; and 130 +/- 10.75 mmHg three hours later. PaO2 was
      not significantly different after diltiazem, labetalol, or polyethylene glycol
      and ethyl alcohol administration. With nifedipine cardiac output increased from
      2.25 +/- 0.3 to 3.95 +/- 0.25 after two minutes (p less than 0.005) to 3.85 +/-
      0.35 after 30 minutes (p less than 0.005), 3.7 +/- 3 after two hours (p less than
      0.01) to 2.9 +/- 1.1 after three hours. No significant increase in cardiac output
      occurred in groups D or L. These results suggest that only nifedipine infusion
      significantly alters oxygenation in dogs and therefore its use warrants caution
      in the presence of a preexisting abnormal Qs/Qt.

PMID- 3986651
TI  - Occupational Hazards of anaesthesia. A panel discussion.

PMID- 3986652
TI  - Perioperative complications in patients with anthracycline chemotherapeutic
      agents.
AB  - The anaesthetic records of 68 patients ranging in age from 0.5 to 22 years were
      reviewed to determine the incidence of perioperative cardiovascular complications
      in patients with a history of anthracycline drug therapy. One hundred and eleven
      anaesthetics were retrospectively reviewed and seven cardiovascular complications
      (hypotension) were identified for an incidence of 6.3 per cent. Of these, only
      two could be definitely attributed to perioperative myocardial dysfunction. Both
      of these patients had a history of congestive heart failure. Three of four
      patients with a history of congestive heart failure developed complications. In
      evaluating possible preoperative predictions of perioperative cardiovascular
      complications, only a history of congestive heart failure bore a statistical
      significant relationship. There was no relationship between anaesthetic technique
      and perioperative cardiovascular complications. Two additional cardiovascular
      complications occurred more than 48 hours postoperatively and their significance
      is discussed.

PMID- 3986653
TI  - Ankylosis of the temporo-mandibular joint after temporal craniotomy: a cause of
      difficult intubation.
AB  - It is not generally appreciated that surgery in the region of the temporal fossa
      commonly produces, within a few weeks, a contracture of the temporalis muscle
      with "pseudo" ankylosis of the jaw. This usually, but not always, resolves within
      six months. The aetiological possibilities include, singly or in combination:
      Postincisional scar formation within the muscle. A Volkman's contracture due to
      devascularization of the muscle. Organization of haematoma. It is recommended
      that active and passive jaw exercises be started early after surgery in the
      temporal fossa and that such postcraniectomy patients be carefully assessed for
      jaw ankylosis prior to undertaking anaesthesia.

PMID- 3986654
TI  - Induction of anaesthesia with etomidate in a patient with acute intermittent
      porphyria.
AB  - This is a case report of a 35-year-old female with acute intermittent porphyria
      who presented for elective vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The diagnosis of porphyria
      was made two years previously when she developed acute abdominal pain and lower
      motor neurone paralysis following ingestion of a barbiturate. The urine
      porphobilinogen test was positive. The patient had no other acute attack of
      porphyria and had not had a previous anaesthetic. Anaesthesia was induced with
      etomidate 0.3 mg X kg-1 IV. Muscle relaxation was obtained with pancuronium 6 mg
      IV and ventilation was mechanically controlled. Intraoperative analgesia was with
      66 per cent nitrous oxide in oxygen and intermittent doses of fentanyl. The
      patient was stable during anaesthesia and surgery. The postoperative period was
      uneventful and patient did not have an acute attack of porphyria. This experience
      suggests that etomidate is safe for intravenous induction of anaesthesia in acute
      intermittent porphyria. However, reports of its use in more patients with this
      disease will be necessary before a final conclusion can be made.

PMID- 3986655
TI  - Anaphylactoid reactions to vancomycin during anaesthesia: two clinical reports.
AB  - Vancomycin is becoming increasingly used for prophylaxis, and treatment against
      resistant forms of penicillinase-producing staphylococci. This drug, and the
      aminoglycosides as a group, have serious side-effects and organ toxicity, and may
      interact with anaesthetic drugs, particularly muscle relaxants. Two cases of
      anaphylactoid reactions to vancomycin are reported. The first patient
      subsequently developed oliguria and marked oedema, while the second developed non
      cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.

PMID- 3986656
TI  - Anaesthetic management for the elderly patient.

PMID- 3986657
TI  - Anaesthesia and emesis. Clinical usefulness of metoclopramide.

PMID- 3986658
TI  - Intraoperative failure of a Fluotec Mark II vapourizer.

PMID- 3986659
TI  - Nitrous oxide analgesia and the endogenous opioid system.

PMID- 3986660
TI  - Correlation of central venous and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures.

PMID- 3986661
TI  - Metallothionein synthesis and localization in relation to metal storage in rat
      liver during gestation.
AB  - The metallothionein (MT) content of fetal rat liver was measured daily during the
      final week of gestation, by both cadmium saturation and polarographic methods. MT
      levels rise sharply at day 18 of gestation and continue to increase into the
      neonatal period. In late gestation, MT serves to bind Cu and Zn from the
      preexisting hepatic pools of these metals, as well as to accumulate additional
      amounts of both metals. The fetal MT is similar to the adult rat protein both in
      terms of its protein composition and metal-binding properties. Perinatally the
      Zn/MT ratio remains constant for several days suggesting a carefully regulated
      process. At birth, most of the hepatic Zn and a significant amount of hepatic Cu
      are bound to MT. Immunohistochemical localization MT shows a progressive increase
      in cytoplasmic MT with the appearance of nuclear MT by day 20 of gestation in
      fetal rat liver. The results are discussed in terms of a model for regulation of
      MT synthesis and for the metal storage role of MT in perinatal development.

PMID- 3986662
TI  - Development of a monoclonal antibody to the rabbit 8.5S uterine progestin
      receptor.
AB  - Nonactivated (8.5S) rabbit uterine progestin receptor was enriched 10- to 30-fold
      by chromatography on columns of spheroidal hydroxylapatite and DEAE-cellulose. A
      total of approximately 25 micrograms of receptor (purity approximately 1%) was
      injected at multiple sites into a BALB/c mouse. After several injections, splenic
      lymphocytes were fused with P3x63Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells. This fusion
      produced in excess of 240 hybridomas, which were screened by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA), solid-phase radioimmunoassay, and sucrose gradient
      centrifugation. One colony (KN 382/EC1) produced a mouse immunoglobulin G1 which
      bound rabbit 8.5S uterine progestin receptor. The cell line has been repeatedly
      cloned under conditions of limiting dilution and expanded in mice as ascitic
      tumors. Antibody was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, DEAE-cellulose
      chromatography, and affinity chromatography with protein A - Sepharose CL-4B.
      Specificity of the antibody was determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation and
      solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The antibody bound to progestin receptors from
      rabbit uterus and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It did not react with progestin
      receptors from rat uterus, guinea pig uterus, or chick oviduct, nor did it bind
      to estrogen receptors from any of the tissues we tested.

PMID- 3986663
TI  - Effects of bovine serum albumin on the interaction of concanavalin A and succinyl
      concanavalin A with phospholipid bilayers.
AB  - Under physiological conditions, concanavalin A interacts with the surface of
      phospholipid liposomes through two distinct classes of binding sites, a
      relatively small number of high affinity sites and a much larger number of lower
      affinity sites. Addition of bovine serum albumin induces extensive additional
      binding of concanavalin A to liposomal membranes and this binding is saturable
      and "specific" (alpha-methyl mannoside inhibitable). Fraction V and high purity
      albumin both induce almost identical levels of concanavalin A binding to
      liposomes. Scatchard plots of the binding data demonstrated the induction of a
      large number of new, relatively high affinity lectin-binding sites on addition of
      albumin. Albumin-induced binding of concanavalin A to the bilayer surface shows a
      broad pH optimum and is not inhibited by 40% (w/v) ethylene glycol, suggesting
      that hydrophobic forces are relatively unimportant. In contrast, divalent
      succinyl-concanavalin A shows very little tendency to bind to liposomes, either
      in the absence or presence of albumin. Passage of high purity albumin down a
      concanavalin A affinity column or treatment with periodate completely eliminates
      the additional lectin binding. It thus seems likely that albumin-induced
      concanavalin A binding to liposomes is related to the presence of a concanavalin
      A-binding component. This phenomenon may have important implications for lectin
      binding studies carried out on membranes which have been exposed to serum
      proteins.

PMID- 3986664
TI  - The effect of the divalent cations Mg2+ and Mn2+ on adenylate cyclase activity in
      white and brown adipose tissue of lean and obese (ob/ob) mice.
AB  - The divalent cations Mg2+ and Mn2+ in excess of the concentrations required to
      complex with ATP (excess Mg2+ or Mn2+) modulate the activity of adenylate
      cyclase. As a substrate, Mn X ATP was at least as effective as Mg X ATP in
      supporting adenylate cyclase activity in white and brown adipose tissue
      membranes. Both excess Mg2+ and Mn2+ had quantitatively different effects on the
      enzyme of lean and ob/ob mice and qualitatively different effects in white and
      brown adipose tissue. In white adipocyte membranes excess Mg2+ increase basal
      activity, as well as activity owing to guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) (with
      or without isoproterenol) and NaF. Maximal activation by Gpp(NH)p + isoproterenol
      required a higher concentration of Mg2+ in tissue from ob/ob than lean mice.
      Excess Mn2+ prevented the activation of the enzyme by Gpp(NH)p or Gpp(NH)p +
      isoproterenol in a dose-dependent manner. Mn2+ inhibited even in the presence of
      maximally effective Mg2+ concentrations. The enzyme of the ob/ob mouse membrane
      required a significantly higher dose of Mn2+ to achieve 50% inhibition. In brown
      adipose tissue, specific activities of the isoproterenol + Gpp(NH)p and NaF
      stimulated enzyme were significantly lower in the obese mice under all conditions
      studied. Except that NaF-stimulated activity was increased significantly more in
      the membranes of lean mice by the combination of Mg2+ + Mn2+, these cations did
      not produce significantly different dose-dependent effects in membranes from lean
      and ob/ob mice. Maximal activation occurred at lower concentrations MgCl2 (3-5
      versus 10-20 mM) and required higher concentrations of MnCl2 (3-5 versus 1 mM) in
      brown than in white adipose tissue membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986665
TI  - Properties of purified bovine platelet-derived growth factor stimulating
      proliferation of human and mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was isolated from platelets obtained from
      fresh bovine blood. The platelet lysates were extracted with acid-ethanol,
      according to the classic procedure that has been applied to the preparation of
      various protein hormones and transforming growth factors, but not until now to
      PDGF isolation. Bovine PDGF was further purified by ion-exchange chromatography
      on DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex, and finally by molecular sieving on Sephadex G
      100. Bovine PDGF has an isoelectric point of 9.45-10.6 and a molecular weight
      ranging from 28 000 to 31 000. Reduction of bovine PDGF with 2-mercaptoethanol
      revealed the presence of two polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately
      14 000 and 15 000. A simple biologic microassay of cell multiplication
      stimulating activity has been developed in our laboratory. Purified bovine PDGF
      stimulated the proliferation of BALB/c 3T3 or human fibroblasts at minimal
      concentrations of 0.36-1.5 ng/mL.

PMID- 3986666
TI  - The cross-linking of human Met-hemoglobin with [14C]dimethyl adipimidate.
AB  - Met-hemoglobin, cross-linked with [14C]dimethyladipimidate (cross-linking span 9
      A; 1 A = 0.1 nm), yields four distinct molecular weight products (monomer, dimer,
      trimer, and tetramer) as observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide
      gels. The dimer species was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration. It was
      proteolytically degraded using a combination of Staphylococcus aureus V8
      protease, pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. The resultant peptides were
      fractionated using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography methods. Two
      cross-links were unambiguously identified: (i) alpha 1Lys7-alpha 1Lys11 and (ii)
      beta 1Lys82-beta 2Lys82. The identified cross-links correlated well with the
      known structure of hemoglobin. However, attempts to isolate and identify a
      greater number of cross-linked peptides were unsuccessful owing to the complexity
      of the peptide mixtures. The complexity was a direct result of the chemical
      modification of the hemoglobin molecule. Therefore, attempts to employ chemical
      cross-linking as a means of examining sites of protomer contact within large
      oligomeric proteins should be approached with caution.

PMID- 3986668
TI  - Discrimination of the isozymes of human placental hexosaminidase by kinetic
      parameter estimation.
AB  - Human placental beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) (HEX) is a lysosomal
      glycosyl hydrolase with an acidic pH optimum. Four isozymes (HEX B, HEX I1, HEX
      I2, and HEX A) have been isolated from human placenta. HEX BA derived from the
      subunit rearrangement of HEX A was also prepared. To determine if the isozymes of
      hexosaminidase differ in their kinetic parameters, the conditions for 4
      methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide hydrolysis were optimized for
      each isozyme. The Km values were essentially similar and varied from 0.64 +/-
      0.06 for HEX BA to 0.85 +/- 0.13 for HEX I1. The Vmax values were similar only
      for HEX I1 (3.90 +/- 0.28 kat kg-1) and HEX I2 (4.40 +/- 0.17). Vmax values
      varied significantly between HEX A (9.68 +/- 0.52), HEX B (8.00 +/- 0.75), HEX BA
      (4.81 +/- 0.17), and the HEX I values.

PMID- 3986667
TI  - The interaction of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin-T fragments with troponin-I.
AB  - The interactions of troponin-I (Tn-I) with a variety of fragments spanning the
      length of the troponin-T (Tn-T) polypeptide chain have been reinvestigated at
      physiological ionic strength by affinity chromatographic, gel filtration, and
      circular dichroism methodologies. Strong binding was observed with fragment T2
      (residues 159-259) mimicking that observed with whole Tn-T and Tn-I. Partial
      binding was seen with the shorter cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments of Tn-T in the
      order CB4 (residues 176-230) greater than CB6 (residues 239-259) or CB5 (residues
      152-175). No interaction with Tn-I was observed with fragments (CB2, CB3, T1)
      encompassing residues 1-158 of Tn-T. Based on the present results and the work of
      others, the binding region for Tn-I includes residues 159-259 and perhaps extends
      into the highly helical CB2 region (residues 71-151) of Tn-T. No evidence has
      been obtained by ourselves or others for the interaction of the CB3 region (1-70)
      with Tn-I. A significant increase (11.6%) in alpha-helical content was observed
      when an equimolar amount of fragment T2 (residues 159-259) was mixed with Tn-I, a
      result similar to that seen with whole Tn-T and Tn-I.

PMID- 3986669
TI  - A statistical comparison of parameter estimation for the Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics of human placental hexosaminidase.
AB  - To enable the most effective method of kinetic discrimination between a group of
      isozymes such as those of human placental hexosaminidases (HEX), three methods
      estimating the parameters of the Michaelis-Menten equation were evaluated.
      Computer-simulated experiments were performed under various conditions. They
      indicated that, in the presence of constant absolute or relative errors, the
      method of unweighted nonlinear least squares yielded slightly more precise and
      accurate parameters than the method of the direct linear plot. Parameters
      calculated from the Lineweaver-Burk plot were very imprecise and inaccurate. The
      direct linear plot was comparatively resistant to outlier observations; however,
      only when outliers were substantial did the method become superior to nonlinear
      least squares. The calculation of a confidence limit is necessary for the
      evaluation of any resulting differences in the kinetic parameters for a set of
      isozymes. This can easily be calculated from either the Lineweaver-Burk plot or
      the nonlinear least-squares method. However, those calculated from the Lineweaver
      Burk plot are biased, especially at higher levels of experimental errors.
      Therefore, the nonlinear least-squares method is the one most suited for the
      discrimination of a group of enzymes based on their kinetic parameters.

PMID- 3986670
TI  - Recovery of normal protein synthesis in heat-shocked chicken myotubes by liposome
      mediated transfer of mRNAs.
AB  - Exposure of chicken myotube culture to 45 degrees C induced the synthesis of
      three heat-shock polypeptides of 25 000, 65 000, and 81 000 daltons. Recovery to
      the normal pattern of protein synthesis was judged by the decrease in the
      synthesis of heat-shock polypeptides. This recovery to normal protein synthesis
      required de novo synthesis of mRNAs for normal cellular proteins. Inhibition of
      RNA synthesis by actinomycin D during recovery at 37 degrees C blocked the
      recovery process and resulted in the continued synthesis of heat-shock
      polypeptides. Large unilamellar vesicles were used to examine the effect of
      delivery of mRNAs isolated from both normal and heat-shocked myotubes on the
      recovery of these cells from heat-shock treatment. The results presented here
      show that liposome-mediated delivery of normal mRNAs to heat-shocked cells
      relieved the block of recovery by actinomycin. On the other hand, when mRNAs from
      heat-shocked cells were used during recovery, the synthesis of heat-shock
      polypeptides was stimulated. These observations suggest that the relative
      abundance of mRNAs in the cytoplasm plays a critical role in regulating protein
      synthesis in chicken myotube cultures.

PMID- 3986671
TI  - Effect of selection for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance on the
      uptake and breakdown of DDT in Aedes aegypti L.
AB  - Aedes aegypti larvae and adults were selected to high levels of resistance with
      dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) along separate lines. The larval-selected
      line showed three responses associated with larval resistance: increased
      detoxication of DDT by dehydrochlorination to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane DDE
      (demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro), increased tolerance to unmetabolised
      ("residual") DDT and, a reduction in uptake of DDT. Larval selection caused very
      little change in adult resistance or the uptake of DDT by adults, but there was
      an increase in dehydrochlorination. In the adult-selected line
      dehydrochlorination was increased by selection and was significantly correlated
      with resistance.

PMID- 3986672
TI  - Meiosis readiness in Lilium.
AB  - It was observed in five cultivars and two hybrids of Lilium that premeiotic
      prophase is retarded in anthers approaching meiosis. The occurrence of premeiotic
      despiralization was related to the degree of retardation of premeiotic prophase.
      It is proposed that meiosis is initiated by stimuli arising outside the
      premeiotic cells. It is suggested that an accumulation of meiosis-inducing
      substances in the cytoplasm of the premeiotic cells causes prophase to slow down;
      when a critical level ("meiosis readiness") is reached, mitotic division is no
      longer possible and cells in premeiotic prophase despiralize to interphase.

PMID- 3986673
TI  - Haploidy in preattachment bovine embryos.
AB  - Four of twenty-four bovine embryos (day 5-7) subjected to chromosome analysis had
      haploid cells in metaphase. Two were clearly n/2n. The origin of the haploid
      cells was determined to be male in two embryos, owing to the presence of a Y
      chromosome or a male marker chromosome suggesting spermatozoa in division.

PMID- 3986674
TI  - Moraxella bovis hemagglutinins: effect of carbohydrates, heating and
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Several properties of the adhesins of eight isolates of Moraxella bovis recovered
      from cattle suffering from infectious keratoconjunctivitis, were studied.
      Adhesions were detected through autoagglutination in saline and hemagglutination.
      Autoagglutinating strains agglutinated red blood cells of the chicken, rabbit,
      sheep and swine, but not those of the guinea pig. The adhesins were not inhibited
      by D-mannose or D-galactose and resisted heating at 100 degrees C for 15 minutes.
      Magnesium chloride at a final concentration of 10% inhibited autoagglutination
      and hemagglutination. The value of the hemagglutination test for monitoring
      synthesis of fimbriae by M. bovis, is discussed.

PMID- 3986675
TI  - Double outlet right ventricle in a calf.
AB  - Double outlet right ventricle, a rare congenital heart anomaly of either animals
      or man, was diagnosed in a three day old Brangus heifer. The clinical course was
      brief, consisting of terminal recumbency, dyspnea and cyanosis. Upon necropsy,
      the heart was enlarged as a result of marked dilatation of the right atrium and
      the right ventricle. The aorta arose from the right ventricle while the left
      ventricle ended blindly near the ventral cusp of the left atrioventricular valve.
      The wall of the left ventricle was thickened, reducing the ventricular lumen.

PMID- 3986676
TI  - A mail survey of the efficacy of prophylactic medication in feed and/or water of
      feedlot calves.
AB  - A mail survey of feedlot owners was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of
      prophylactic antimicrobials, given in the water, or in the ration at preventing
      illness and/or death. One hundred and twenty-seven farmers from southwestern
      Ontario collaborated in the study. The percentage of calves requiring individual
      antimicrobial treatment, for any reason within 28 days of arrival was 22.6%
      (median 17.8%) and 0.6% (median 0.2%) died in that period. The use of medicated
      starter rations was not associated with either treatment or mortality rates until
      the effects of a number of other variables were controlled, analytically.
      Thereafter, the use of medicated feed was associated with a decrease in mortality
      rate, but was unrelated to morbidity rate. Overall, the use of medicated water
      was not associated with treatment or mortality rates. The use of sulphonamides
      was associated with decreased morbidity, but increased mortality rates. After
      controlling, analytically using multiple regression, the effects of other
      variables, the use of medicated water was associated with a significant increase
      in mortality rates. The other major factors which influenced mortality rates were
      the number of calves per group, the number of subgroups of calves in each group
      and whether the group contained cattle from different sources; all were related
      to increased mortality rates. During a two year period, more feedlot owners
      appeared to be using medicated rations as opposed to medicated water, as a means
      of providing antimicrobials to their newly arrived calves.

PMID- 3986677
TI  - Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: an epidemiological perspective.
AB  - Epidemiological studies on bovine ocular carcinoma were reviewed. Reports on the
      frequency and the distribution of the disease indicate that it is still a very
      prevalent and economically important disease. It is recognized throughout North
      America, but is more frequent in lower latitudes under range conditions.
      Etiological factors including ultraviolet light, circumocular apigmentation and
      viruses, as well as the pathogenesis, are considered in light of current
      knowledge on carcinogenesis of this tumor. It is likely that the induction of
      bovine ocular carcinoma is multifactorial and the precise roles played by each of
      the various factors are not yet understood.

PMID- 3986678
TI  - Reproductive efficiency and calf survival in Ontario beef cow-calf herds: a cross
      sectional mail survey.
AB  - A survey of the efficiency of production of Ontario beef cow-calf herds was
      conducted using a stratified systematic random sample of Ontario producers. In
      general, about 87% of females exposed to breeding produced a live calf and 6% of
      these died before reaching four weeks of age. The herd to herd variation in these
      rates was quite large, the coefficient of variation being about 17%. The
      stillbirth rate was 1.7% and the abortion rate 1.2%. In general, herds in
      northern Ontario and herds whose owners kept breeding and calving records, had
      reduced livebirth rates, the latter probably reflecting accuracy of data. Herds
      with a restricted (less than three months) breeding season had increased
      livebirth rates. Herds using injectable vitamins ADE, and prophylactic
      antibiotics, had increased neonatal losses. Herds with a restricted calving
      season (less than or equal to 3 months) and/or feeding free choice salt to cows
      had decreased neonatal losses. Herdsize and calf mortality rate were directly
      related, but this did not appear to be due to increased density of cows at
      calving time. In herds, where calving occurred during the spring, using scour
      vaccines in calves was associated with increased calf mortality.

PMID- 3986679
TI  - An appraisal of bone marrow biopsy in assessment of sick dogs.
AB  - Dogs were classified into a number of disease categories according to
      hematological, cytological and serochemical changes. Aspiration and core bone
      marrow biopsies were examined in 128 dogs in the various disease categories and
      compared to marrow samples in 36 dogs which appeared clinically normal.
      Differential cell counts on bone marrow smears were examined in relation to the
      blood variables in all animals. Blood and bone marrow data (group means) were
      compared among the normal and disease groups. Anemia, responsive and poorly
      responsive was the most frequent blood abnormality. Most dogs in the
      thrombocytopenia group had increased numbers of megakaryocytes in the marrow but
      two dogs had a marked decrease. The frequency of serious alteration of marrow
      production of the erythroid, myeloid and megakaryocytic series was less than
      anticipated. Marrow hemopoiesis was not significantly compromised in dogs with
      lymphoma or in dogs with other types of cancer. Bone marrow examination was
      necessary for the diagnosis of myelofibrosis and pancytopenia and was very
      helpful in the groups with insufficient change in the blood to permit a
      definitive diagnosis to be made. The myeloid-erythroid ratio was a useful
      indicator of marrow response while the erythroid maturation index and the myeloid
      maturation index were useful for identification of altered patterns of maturation
      (ineffective hemopoiesis). The reticulocyte response in absolute numbers is the
      most efficient and clinically relevant measure of erythroid response.

PMID- 3986680
TI  - The incidence of cystic ovaries in dairy cattle housed in a total confinement
      system.
AB  - The incidence of cystic ovaries following 1830 calvings of 1061 dairy cows
      maintained in total confinement was evaluated. The overall incidence was 14% of
      lactations and 22% of cows during a three year period. Fewer primiparous than
      multiparous cows became cystic, 5.7% vs 18%, respectively. There was an
      unexplained higher incidence (18%) among calvings in 1979 than in 1980 (12%) and
      1981 (13%). There were no effects due to season of calving or genetic line of
      cow. During the last year of the study milk production by cystic cows was
      significantly greater than that by non-cystic cows.

PMID- 3986681
TI  - Characterization of Pasteurella species isolated from lungs of calves with
      pneumonia.
AB  - During routine bacteriological examination of pneumonic calf lungs it was
      experienced that many Pasteurella multocida-like isolates had a fermentation
      pattern different from what is generally accepted for P. multocida sensu stricto.
      Forty-one out of 50 strains selected for further investigation were
      phenotypically related and formed a group of indole-, mannitol-and sorbitol
      negative P. multocida-like strains, which was tentatively designated taxon 13.
      Deoxyribonucleic acid/deoxyribonucleic acid hybridizations including both
      ornithine positive and ornithine negative strains of taxon 13 allowed the
      classification of the former as P. multocida biovar 6 and the latter as V factor
      independent strains of Haemophilus avium.

PMID- 3986682
TI  - Comparative virulence of porcine Haemophilus bacteria.
AB  - The virulence of strains of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1, 2, 3, 7 and
      strains of the "minor-group" and Haemophilus parasuis were compared by
      inoculating specific pathogen-free pigs into the lower airways with specified
      doses of bacteria. Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, strain W, serotype 1, given in 1
      X 10(8) colony-forming units, produced a lethal acute pleuropneumonia in four
      pigs. Nonlethal localized pulmonary necrosis was induced in four groups of two
      pigs given 1 X 10(7), 1 X 10(6), 1 X 10(5) and 1 X 10(4) respectively of the same
      strain. Two groups of four pigs developed chronic lesions when inoculated with 1
      X 10(7) colony-forming units of H. pleuropneumoniae, strain Shope 4074, serotype
      1 and 1 X 10(7) colony-forming units of H. pleuropneumoniae, strain WF83,
      serotype 7, respectively. Of 20 pigs given 1 X 10(8) colony-forming units of
      strain 1536, serotype 2, two died of acute pleuropneumonia and 18 had lesions of
      pulmonary necrosis or abscessation and pleuritis. A dose of 4 X 10(9) colony
      forming units of strain BC181, serotype 3, induced pulmonary necrosis similar to
      the lesions in pigs given 10(7) colony-forming units or less of strain W,
      serotype 1, suggesting that the serotype 3 strain is less virulent. No clinical
      signs, but focal areas of pulmonary fibrosis and pleural adhesions were induced
      in four pigs inoculated with 4 X 10(9) colony-forming units of the "minor-group"
      strain 7ATS. Similarly, four pigs inoculated with "minor-group" strain 33PN did
      not show clinical signs, but had focal necrotic and fibrotic pulmonary lesions
      and pleural adhesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986683
TI  - Infectivity of Canadian isolates of Trichinella spiralis nativa for swine, rats
      and carnivores.
AB  - The infectivity of Trichinella spiralis nativa isolates from widely separated
      geographic areas of Canada was determined by feeding infected musculature to
      swine, laboratory rats and carnivores (cats, foxes, ferrets). Low infectivity for
      swine and rats and high infectivity for carnivores were observed. Light
      infections were established in four of 16 swine examined between 25 and 53 days
      postinfection. Feeding of infected porcine musculature to ferrets demonstrated
      that Trichinella spiralis nativa can be passaged through swine even though the
      infectivity rate is low.

PMID- 3986685
TI  - Comparison of serological techniques to measure antibody to Pasteurella
      haemolytica A1.
AB  - Analysis of 45 sera was performed employing five techniques which are currently
      in use in three laboratories to measure anti-Pasteurella haemolytica antibodies.
      The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, passive hemagglutination, complement
      fixation and direct and indirect bacterial agglutination assays were employed and
      a relationship between tests in the measurement of anti-P. haemolytica antibodies
      was demonstrated. Regression analysis together with prediction and confidence
      intervals were tabulated also. The conclusion drawn from statistical analysis was
      that all five tests are similar in their ability to detect immune responses
      (antibody and antigen(s) interactions) to Pasteurella haemolytica.

PMID- 3986686
TI  - 1983 Upjohn Award lecture. Endocrine dysfunction and cardiac performance.
AB  - Studies were carried out to study the effect of endocrine changes on rat cardiac
      performance, biochemistry, and responses to drugs. Hyperthyroidism increased
      contractility in rat hearts and enhanced the phosphorylase response to
      catecholamine. The inotropic response may be due to an increase in cardiac mass
      while the enzyme changes may be due to several factors. Hypothyroidism decreased
      force of contraction, enhanced alpha-adrenergic inotropic and chronotropic
      responses, and decreased beta-adrenergic responses in isolated atrial
      preparations. An interaction between cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP is suggested as a
      possible explanation. Diabetes induced by alloxan or streptozotocin produced a
      decrease in cardiac performance after 42 days which was correlated with a
      decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ uptake. Insulin treatment reversed
      or prevented both SR and functional changes; other treatments were not as
      successful. Responses to cardiotonic drugs were altered by the diabetic state.
      The phosphorylase response to isoproterenol was enhanced while the inotropic
      response was not affected. An initial subsensitivity to carbachol at 30-100 days
      of diabetes subsequently converted to a supersensitivity to the muscarinic agent.
      Ouabain responses were decreased in atrial and papillary preparations from
      diabetic animals. Studies are continuing to elucidate the mechanisms involved in
      the altered pharmacological responses seen in hearts from diabetic animals.

PMID- 3986684
TI  - Fatal placental hemorrhage in pregnant CD-1 mice following one oral dose of T-2
      toxin.
AB  - Forty-eight hours after oral administration of a single dose (3.0 mg/kg BW) of T
      2 toxin to mice on days 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 of pregnancy, 17% maternal mortality
      following vaginal hemorrhage was encountered. Necropsy examination of the dead
      females revealed that massive hemorrhages originating from the placental regions
      had occurred into the reproductive tract. This observation supports the studies
      in which hemorrhagic disease has been described as characteristic for
      intoxications with T-2 toxin. The results suggest that fatal hemorrhage during
      pregnancy can occur in hemochorial and hemoendotheliochorial placental mammals as
      a result of T-2 toxin administration.

PMID- 3986687
TI  - After-hyperpolarization and receptor potential attenuation following bursts of
      action potentials in an insect mechanoreceptor.
AB  - The receptor potential in the sensory neuron of the cockroach femoral tactile
      spine was recently observed by raising the axon into an oil bath and measuring
      the decrementally conducted receptor current. Although action potential discharge
      in this receptor adapts rapidly, there was no evidence of adaptation in the
      receptor potential. In the present work we report that bursts of action
      potentials in the neuron produce a prolonged after-hyperpolarization and
      attenuate the receptor potential. Both of these effects could be important in
      receptor adaptation and we sought to identify their origin. It was impossible to
      control ionic concentrations in the fluid surrounding the sensory neuron because
      of an effective glial barrier, but it was possible to infuse the tissues with
      chemical agents which are known to block ionic membrane processes. Cobalt and
      cadmium, which inhibit calcium influx, eliminated the effects of action
      potentials, and ouabain had similar effects. These results suggest that both a
      calcium-activated potassium conductance and an electrogenic sodium pump are
      involved in these phenomena. However, it is argued that the former is probably
      more important.

PMID- 3986689
TI  - Skeletal muscle histochemical and biochemical characteristics in sedentary male
      and female subjects.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between muscle fiber
      type distribution and enzymatic characteristics in sedentary male and female
      subjects. Muscle biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis muscle of 38 females
      and 37 males were analyzed to determine the fiber type composition (I, IIa, and
      IIb), the fiber size, and maximal activities of enzyme markers of energy
      metabolic pathways. Significant correlations were found (p less than 0.05)
      between percent fiber type I area and hexokinase (r = -0.39), phosphofructokinase
      (r = -0.39), lactate dehydrogenase (r = -0.41), and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (r
      = 0.33) activities, whereas such correlations with total phosphorylase (r = 
      0.02), malate dehydrogenase (r = 0.12), and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (r =
      0.12) activities were not significant. The results of the present study also
      suggest the presence of a significant but low covariation of less than 30%
      between the fiber type distribution and muscle enzyme activities. They confirm
      the presence of an important metabolic heterogeneity independent of the muscle
      fiber type distribution in sedentary male and female subjects. Moreover, these
      results indicate that sedentary males exhibit a lower mean value of percent fiber
      type I and higher glycolytic enzyme activities than sedentary females.

PMID- 3986688
TI  - The release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis from guinea pig lung:
      effects of calcium antagonists.
AB  - The effects of three calcium antagonists, verapamil, lanthanum, and 8-(N,N
      diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) were studied on the release
      of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from ovalbumin-sensitized
      chopped guinea pig lung parenchyma in calcium-containing and calcium-free media.
      The SRS-A levels (mean +/- SEM) obtained from tissues incubated in normal and
      calcium-free Krebs-bicarbonate buffer were 51 +/- 8 (N = 19) and 21 +/- 4 (N =
      14) U/mL, respectively. TMB-8 (0.1-10 microM), a reported intracellular calcium
      antagonist, reduced antigen-stimulated SRS-A release from lung tissue incubated
      in calcium-containing, but not calcium-free, medium; A23187-induced SRS-A release
      from normal guinea pig lung was not significantly altered by TMB-8 at
      concentrations up to 10 microM. Verapamil and lanthanum consistently reduced SRS
      A release only at high concentrations (100 microM and 1mM, respectively). The
      quantities of SRS-A released from lung tissue incubated in the presence of
      verapamil in normal medium were similar to those obtained in calcium-free medium.
      Tissues incubated in the presence of potassium chloride (60 and 100 mM) did not
      release significant quantities of SRS-A, and release which did occur was not
      blocked by verapamil, suggesting that antigen-induced SRS-A release is not
      dependent on membrane depolarization and that verapamil was not exerting
      inhibition via blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels. These data suggest
      that although intracellular calcium is important for the regulation of SRS-A
      secretion from guinea pig lung tissue, extracellular calcium is necessary for
      optimal release of SRS-A.

PMID- 3986690
TI  - Force-velocity constants in smooth muscle: afterloaded isotonic and quick-release
      methods.
AB  - In using pharmacologic stimuli, force-velocity (FV) curves are usually obtained
      by the method of quick release (QR) and redevelopment of shortening at peak
      tetanic tension; the advantage of the method being that the active state is at
      maximum. However, the QR may itself reduce the intensity of the active state and
      result in reduced values of FV constants. We tested this by delineating FV curves
      in canine tracheal smooth muscle using both conventional afterloaded isotonic
      contractions (ALI), and redevelopment of shortening after QR methods. For both
      these studies a supramaximal tetanizing electrical stimulus was used. The
      analysis of 11 experiments revealed that the latter method resulted in
      statistically significant reductions of all FV constants except for Po (maximum
      isometric tetanic tension). The means and standard errors for the sets of
      constants for the ALI and QR, respectively, are as follows: Vmax (maximum
      velocity of shortening) = 0.275 lo (optimal muscle length)/s +/- 0.024 (SE), and
      0.216 lo/s + 0.023; a (hyperbolic constant with units of force) = 294 g/cm2 +/-
      35 and 236 g/cm2 +/- 32; b (hyperbolic constant with units of velocity) = 0.059
      lo +/- 0.004 and 0.039 lo/s +/- 0.005; a/Po = 0.214 +/- 0.028 and 0.182 +/-
      0.026; and Po = 1.362 kg/cm2 +/- 0.106 and 1.294 kg/cm2 +/- 0.097. These data
      clearly show that the quick-release method for measuring force-velocity
      relationships in canine smooth muscle results in significant underestimates of
      muscle shortening properties.

PMID- 3986691
TI  - Effect of food restriction on cold adaptability of rats.
AB  - To determine the role of the nutritional state in nonshivering thermogenesis
      during cold adaptation, cold adaptability was compared between cold-adapted (5
      degrees C for 4-5 weeks) rats fed ad libitum and cold-adapted rats pair fed with
      warm controls having the same food intake. Cold-adapted pair-fed rats suffered a
      significant loss in body weight during cold exposure. However, brown adipose
      tissue (BAT) in both cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold-adapted pair-fed rats
      was enlarged to the same extent as compared with that in control rats. Fat-free
      dry matter in BAT also increased in cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold-adapted
      pair-fed rats to the same extent. Cold tolerance as assessed by the change in the
      colonic temperature at -5 degrees C was improved relative to control rats and was
      the same for cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold-adapted pair-fed rats.
      Nonshivering thermogenesis as estimated by the noradrenaline-induced increase in
      oxygen consumption was significantly greater in the cold-exposed rats and there
      was no significant difference between cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold
      adapted pair-fed rats. These results suggest that an improved cold tolerance by
      means of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is closely related to
      the low temperature itself but not the increased food intake which occurred in
      the cold.

PMID- 3986692
TI  - Influence of hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis on the plasma kinetics and tissue
      distribution of digoxin in the conscious dog.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of hypoxemia
      combined with respiratory acidosis on the kinetics of digoxin in conscious dogs.
      One group of three beagles was exposed to air and 7 days later to 10% O2, 10%
      CO2, and 80% N2. In a second group of three dogs, the order of exposure to the
      two atmospheric conditions was reversed. The dogs received 25 micrograms/kg
      digoxin and blood and urine samples were collected over the next 29 h. At the
      conclusion of the second treatment, the dogs were sacrificed to determine digoxin
      concentrations in the left ventricle, liver, renal cortex, and skeletal muscle.
      Digoxin total body clearance increased from 6.2 +/- 0.9 in control to 9.0 +/- 1.0
      mL X min-1 X kg-1 in hypoxemic and hypercapnic dogs (p less than 0.05). The
      digoxin apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was increased in
      the dogs with hypoxemia and hypercapnia (11.63 +/- 1.11 vs. 8.62 +/- 0.41 L/kg in
      the controls, p less than 0.05). As a consequence the digoxin plasma half-life
      remained unchanged (18.6 +/- 1.5 h in hypoxemic and hypercapnic dogs versus 20.1
      +/- 2.8 h in the controls). In dogs with hypoxemia and hypercapnia, the ratio of
      tissue to plasma digoxin concentrations tended to increase in the liver, in the
      renal cortex, and in the left ventricle and remained unchanged in the left hind
      leg muscle. In vitro studies showed that the digoxin total binding to erythrocyte
      membranes was slightly increased in the dogs with hypoxemia and hypercapnia,
      resulting from an increase in the apparent intrinsic association constant for
      digoxin (p less than 0.003). It is concluded that hypoxemia combined with
      respiratory acidosis changes digoxin disposition in the conscious dog and is the
      cause of a digoxin redistribution into the tissues.

PMID- 3986693
TI  - Effect of strontium on the contractile properties of postnatally developing rat
      heart ventricles.
AB  - The effects of substitution of calcium (Ca) by an equimolar concentration of
      strontium (Sr) on isometric contractions of isolated ventricular muscle from
      postnatally developing rat heart were studied. The duration of contraction and
      the time-to-peak tension were increased in all age groups although much less in
      the adult rats than in the neonates. The contractile force was increased in the
      muscles of rats between 1 and 14 days of age but was depressed in the older
      animals. The prominent rest-twitch potentiation of neonatal rat heart in Ca
      Tyrode was totally eliminated by Sr, whereas a clear rest-twitch potentiation was
      induced by this cation in the adult rat heart, in which tissue the potentiation
      is normally absent in Ca-Tyrode. The maximal twitch potentiation by rest in Ca
      Tyrode and the positive inotropic effect of Sr substitution grew from birth up to
      day 9 and from then gradually declined towards the level of adult rat heart by
      the end of the 3rd postnatal week. The phase of increasing rest-twitch
      potentiation coincides fairly well with the known development of sarcoplasmic
      reticulum and the phase of decline with the appearance of the T system of the
      sarcolemma. It is suggested that the qualitative changes in the contractile
      properties of developing rat heart during the 3rd postnatal week are due to the
      more efficient utilization of intracellular calcium stores, owing to the
      development of the T system.

PMID- 3986694
TI  - Estimates of Na+-K+ pumping in intact canine iliac arteries.
AB  - Estimates of Na+ pumping capacity were made using Na+-loaded canine iliac
      arteries. Ouabain-sensitive uptake of 204Tl or 86Rb was used to measure near
      maximal pump rates and [3H]ouabain binding to measure the number of pump sites.
      Compared with Rb+, Tl+ had the higher affinity for the pump and showed better
      signal-to-noise characteristics. Maximal uptakes were 0.545 mumol . g-1 . min-1
      for Rb+ and 0.40 mumol . g-1 . min-1 for Tl+. Specific ouabain binding (Kd: 28.62
      +/- 0.58 nM) was inhibited by external K+, Tl+, and Rb+ and a maximal binding of
      51.6 pmol/g wet weight translated into 3.2 X 10(13) sites per gram wet weight.
      Using these values, the maximal values of K+ transported per pump site per minute
      lie between 7752 and 10562. If each activation of the pump moves 2K+, the
      turnover rates could lie between 3876 and 5281 per minute.

PMID- 3986695
TI  - Vagal effects on sinoatrial and atrial conduction studied with epicardial mapping
      in dogs: the influence of pacemaker shifts on the measurement of sinoatrial
      conduction time.
AB  - The influence of pacemaker shifts on sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was
      studied by investigating the effects of vagal stimulation on SACT and atrial
      conduction in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Isochronal maps were drawn from
      unipolar electrograms simultaneously recorded at 60 epicardial sites on the right
      atrial free wall and the inferior and superior vena cava. Vagal stimulation
      caused atrial conduction velocity to increase from 0.99 +/- 0.10 m/s (mean +/-
      SD) to 1.23 +/- 0.23 m/s (p less than 0.01), and the pacemaker to shift to lower
      positions along the superior vena cava - right atrial junction. As a result of
      the changes, the distances and the atrial conduction times from the stimulating
      and recording electrodes to the pacemaker site varied, and hence, the SACT values
      obtained indirectly by premature atrial stimulation varied. The isochronal maps
      were used to measure the atrial conduction times from stimulating to recording
      electrodes (a), from stimulating electrode to pacemaker site (b), and from
      pacemaker site to recording electrode (c). Indirect SACT was lengthened by vagal
      stimulation from 43 +/- 16 to 64 +/- 22 ms (p less than 0.02). After correcting
      by subtracting the atrial conduction time (b + c - a), these values became 26 +/-
      6 ms (control) and 40 +/- 11 ms (vagal stimulation) (p less than 0.01). SACT
      values measured directly from the electrograms were 27 +/- 7 ms (control) and 42
      +/- 10 ms (vagal stimulation) (p less than 0.01). Corrected indirect SACTs were
      closer to direct SACTs than were the uncorrected indirect SACTs.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986696
TI  - Oesophageal peristalsis in the cat: the role of central innervation assessed by
      transient vagal blockade.
AB  - Studies were performed on five cats to assess the role of extrinsic vagal
      innervation in the control of peristalsis in the smooth muscle oesophagus.
      Transient vagal nerve blockade was accomplished by cooling the cervical
      vagosympathetic nerve trunks previously isolated in skin loops on each side of
      the neck. Peristalsis throughout the body of the oesophagus was monitored using a
      continuously perfused multilumen manometry tube. Striated and smooth muscle
      portions of the esophagus were delineated by abolishing smooth muscle activity
      with atropine. Secondary peristalsis was assessed by intra-oesophageal balloon
      distension studies. The threshold volume for balloon-induced secondary
      peristalsis was lower in the smooth muscle oesophagus. Unilateral vagal blockade
      reduced the incidence of primary and secondary peristalsis in the striated muscle
      oesophagus but not in the smooth muscle oesophagus. Bilateral vagal nerve
      blockade abolished primary swallow-induced peristalsis and secondary peristalsis
      in both the smooth and striated muscle cat oesophagus. Administration of
      cholinergic agents or adrenergic blocking agents failed to restore secondary
      peristalsis in the smooth muscle oesophagus during vagal cooling. We conclude
      that connections to the central nervous system via the vagal nerve trunks are
      required for normal secondary as well as primary peristalsis in both the smooth
      and striated muscle portions of the cat oesophagus.

PMID- 3986697
TI  - Pulmonary vascular responsiveness in cold-exposed calves.
AB  - The pulmonary vascular responses to acute hypoxia and to infusions of histamine
      and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were recorded in unanesthetized standing bull
      calves under neutral (16-18 degrees C) and cold (3-5 degrees C) temperature
      conditions. Cold exposure alone resulted in a significant increase in pulmonary
      arterial wedge pressure from 10.2 +/- 3.5 to 15.9 +/- 4.9 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322
      Pa). Resistance to blood flow between the pulmonary wedge and the left atrium
      significantly increased from 0.50 +/- 0.51 to 1.21 +/- 0.78 mmHg . L-1 . min-1 (1
      mmHg = 133.322 Pa) with cold exposure. This apparent pulmonary venoconstrictor
      response to cold exposure was further evaluated to determine if hypoxia,
      histamine, or 5-HT responsiveness was altered by cold exposure. Twelve minutes of
      hypoxia increased pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial pressures, heart rate,
      and respiratory rate similarly in cold and neutral temperatures. Cold exposure
      did not alter the dose-related reductions of systemic arterial and pulmonary
      arterial pressures in response to histamine. Similarly, the decreases in systemic
      arterial pressure and heart rate and increases in pulmonary arterial and left
      atrial pressures in response to 5-HT were not significantly different in cold and
      neutral conditions. It was concluded that acute, mild cold exposure results in an
      increase in resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary venous circulation without
      a general increase in pulmonary vascular reactivity, as measured by responses to
      hypoxia, histamine, and 5-HT.

PMID- 3986698
TI  - Dopamine production by isolated glomeruli and tubules from rat kidneys.
AB  - To locate the sites of dopamine (D) production in rat renal cortex, we separated
      glomeruli and proximal tubules by sieving or centrifugation in Percoll after
      collagenase digestion. After centrifugation layer I contained 60-80% glomeruli
      and 20-40% tubule fragments, half of which did not stain with alkaline
      phosphatase, layer II contained 0-5% glomeruli, 10-25% tubule fragments other
      than proximal tubules, and 70-85% proximal tubule fragments. Layer IV contained
      85-95% proximal tubules. Gluconeogenic rates were (micromoles per hour per gram
      wet weight) as follows: I, 4 +/- 1; II, 7 +/- 2; and IV, 16 +/- 1. Norepinephrine
      (NE) content was (picomoles per gram wet weight) I, 310 +/- 30; II, 540 +/- 40;
      IV, 195 +/- 60. D content was (picomoles per gram wet weight) I, 26 +/- 6; II, 46
      +/- 13; IV, 33 +/- 7. Surgical denervation 4-6 days previously reduced the
      norepinephrine content of layers I and II to 35 +/- 10 (p less than 0.001) and of
      IV to 60 +/- 20 (p less than 0.05) and the D content of layers I and II to 13 +/-
      6 and 6 +/- 6 pmol/g, respectively (p less than 0.01); D content of layer IV was
      unchanged. D production from 10(-7) M 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was
      (nanomoles per gram per minute) I, 0.2 +/- 0.03; II, 0.7 +/- 0.1; IV, 1.0 +/-
      0.04. DOPA consumption was (nanomoles per gram per minute) I, 0.6 +/- 0.1; II,
      1.4 +/- 0.3; and IV, 1.8 +/- 0.2. Denervation did not change D production or DOPA
      consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986699
TI  - Levels of hippocampal calcium and zinc following kindling-induced epilepsy.
AB  - Hippocampal calcium and zinc content was determined using atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry in control and commissural-kindled rats. In animals exhibiting
      5-10 consecutive motor seizures hippocampal calcium was slightly elevated (356.7
      parts per million (ppm), dry weight) but not significantly different from
      controls (329.8 ppm), whereas the amount of zinc was significantly higher (101.6
      ppm) than in nonstimulated animals (88.3 ppm). These results are indicative of
      certain pathophysiological changes in kindled hippocampi, most likely localized
      to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus where the bulk of hippocampal zinc is
      confined.

PMID- 3986700
TI  - Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by metaiodobenzylguanidine, a new radiodiagnostic
      agent.
AB  - Metaiodobenzylguanidine, which is used in the diagnosis and treatment of
      pheochromocytoma, produced 50% inhibition of monoamine oxidase at a concentration
      of 8 X 10(-6) M in vitro. These results suggest that a careful study of the
      structure of a new radiodiagnostic agent should be done to anticipate and prepare
      for possible unwanted biological effects when administering the preparation to
      patients.

PMID- 3986701
TI  - Differential pharmacokinetics for oral and intraperitoneal administration of
      ethanol to the pregnant guinea pig.
AB  - The disposition of ethanol was studied in third-trimester pregnant guinea pigs
      (56-59 days gestational age) following maternal administration of ethanol, 0.5
      g/kg total body weight, by oral intubation and by intraperitoneal injection. For
      oral administration, exposure of the fetus to ethanol involved bidirectional
      placental transfer of ethanol between the maternal and fetal compartments. For ip
      administration, there was distribution of ethanol from the peritoneal space
      across the uterus and chorioamniotic membranes into the amniotic fluid in
      addition to absorption into the maternal blood circulation and subsequent
      placental transfer into the fetus. This resulted in exposure of the fetus to very
      high ethanol concentration in the amniotic fluid immediately following ethanol
      administration. The data indicate that the ip route of ethanol administration
      does not mimic ingestion of ethanol and should be avoided in future studies of
      the fetal alcohol syndrome in rodent animal models.

PMID- 3986702
TI  - Effect of calcitonin on fractional delivery of sodium and solutes to the
      juxtamedullary end-descending limb of the rat.
AB  - The purpose of the present studies was to examine, by micropuncture, the effect
      of salmon calcitonin on fractional sodium and solutes deliveries to the
      juxtamedullary end-descending limb of the rat. All animals were postprandial and
      thyroparathyroidectomized Munich-Wistar rats. Group 1 (N = 8) consisted of time
      control water-diuretic rats; group 2 (N = 8) received synthetic salmon calcitonin
      (10 mU/min) intravenously while undergoing water diuresis; group 3 (N = 8) was
      treated as group 2 but also received calcium intravenously to prevent the
      calcitonin-induced fall in plasma calcium. Calcitonin, alone and with calcium,
      produced a marked fall in urine flow rate and a marked increase in urinary
      osmolality. Concomitant fractional water delivery to the end-descending limb fell
      significantly (28 +/- 0.8 to 21 +/- 1.0%, p less than 0.05), while fractional
      solute and sodium deliveries increased significantly (36 +/- 1.3 to 55 +/- 2.6%,
      p less than 0.05; 34 +/- 2.0 to 48 +/- 3.5%, p less than 0.05, respectively). The
      three groups did not significantly differ in fractional water and sodium
      deliveries to the superficial end-accessible proximal tubule. We conclude that
      salmon calcitonin is antidiuretic in the rat and that it also produces an
      increase in fractional sodium and total solute deliveries to the end-descending
      limb, which we suggest is due to transepithelial sodium addition. The
      physiological significance of these observations to water homeostasis in vivo
      remains to be determined.

PMID- 3986703
TI  - Thoracoabdominal motion during hypercapnia, hypoxia, and exercise.
AB  - We measured, in 11 healthy volunteers, the contributions of rib cage and abdomen-
      diaphragm compartments to increased ventilation caused by hypercapnia, hypoxia,
      and exercise to determine whether different stimuli produce similar or different
      patterns of ventilation with respect to the motion of rib cage and abdominal
      compartments. Progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia and progressive isocapnic hypoxia
      were induced by rebreathing methods and graded exercise performed on a treadmill,
      and compartmental tidal volume (VT) was measured by respiratory inductive
      plethysmography. For each stimulus, the wide range of VT responses among
      individuals was determined primarily by the range of rib cage contributions to
      VT, the abdominal compartment VT response slopes accounting for less of this
      range. There were no significant differences between hypercapnia and hypoxia in
      either rib cage or abdominal contributions to ventilation (for both, p less than
      0.3). However, exercise rib cage and abdominal contributions to ventilation were
      significantly different from those during chemically driven breathing: for the
      rib cage compartment, p less than 0.0001 and for the abdominal compartment, p
      less than 0.05. Whereas, in 8 of 10 subjects the rib cage contribution to VT
      during exercise was similar to or exceeded that during rebreathing, in 7 of 10
      subjects the abdomen-diaphragm contribution fell below that measured during both
      hypercapnia and hypoxia. There was a significant correlation between hypercapnia
      and hypoxia in the VT contribution of each compartment at equivalent levels of
      ventilation (rib cage, p less than 0.0001; abdomen, p less than 0.0005), but
      there was no significant correlation in the VT contribution of either compartment
      between exercise and hypercapnia or exercise and hypoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986705
TI  - Mechanics of caudal artery relaxation in control and hypertensive rats.
AB  - Alterations of smooth muscle function can just as easily stem from mechanical
      alterations in its ability to relax as from alteration in contraction. Since a
      failure of arterial smooth muscle to relax may contribute to the development of
      hypertension, we felt it necessary to study the relaxation process in greater
      depth. The effect of load on the time course of relaxation of rat caudal artery
      smooth muscle was analyzed either by comparing afterloaded contractions against
      various loads or by imposing abrupt alterations in load. Unlike mammalian
      striated muscles in which relaxation was reported sensitive to loading
      conditions, relaxation in the smooth muscle of the rat caudal artery (n = 17) was
      found to be largely independent of loading conditions. This type of relaxation
      has been termed "inactivation-dependent" relaxation; it is typical of muscle
      tissue in which the calcium sequestering apparatus is poorly developed. Our
      results suggest that calcium resequestration, or some biochemical process
      downstream to it, is the rate-limiting step during relaxation in arterial smooth
      muscle and that this is not qualitatively different for hypertensive arterial
      smooth muscle. These analytic techniques were used in the study of relaxation of
      hypertensive vessels. Quantitative analysis of the relaxation curves showed that
      both isometric and isotonic relaxation time was prolonged in hypertensive
      arterial smooth muscle. Prolonged isotonic relaxation indicates that hypertensive
      arteries remain narrowed for prolonged periods compared with normotensive
      vessels. Such narrowed vessels may be a factor in the increased total peripheral
      resistance seen in genetic hypertension.

PMID- 3986704
TI  - Functional interactions between organic calcium channel antagonists in smooth
      muscle.
AB  - The Ca2+ channel antagonists D-600, diltiazem, and nifedipine are competitive
      antagonists of Ca2+ responses in K+-depolarized guinea pig taenia coli and rat
      mesenteric artery preparations. pA2 values for D-600, diltiazem, and nifedipine
      in taenia coli were 8.28, 7.44, and 9.27, respectively and in mesenteric artery,
      9.6, 7.83, and 10.4, respectively. The combination of nifedipine plus diltiazem
      gave in both tissues antagonism greater than that calculated on the basis of
      additivity. This suggests, consistent with published 3H-labelled radioligand
      binding data, that diltiazem and nifedipine interact at distinct sites. However,
      the combination nifedipine plus D-600 yielded antagonism consistent with
      additivity of response.

PMID- 3986706
TI  - Measurement and characterization of swine uterine estradiol receptors: the
      effects of puberty induction on estradiol receptors and corpus luteum function.
AB  - Two types of cytoplasmic 17 beta-estradiol (E2) binding activity were identified
      and characterized in the uteri of pregnant, cycling and prepubertal, cycle
      induced (400 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS) + 200 IU human
      chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)) gilts. Overall, type I affinity and capacity were
      Kd 1.94 +/- 0.51 nM and 5.410 +/- 1.09 pmol/mg protein, respectively; type II
      apparent dissociation constant and capacity were Kd 21.34 +/- 6.83 nM and 62.58
      +/- 15.96 pmol/mg protein, respectively. Cytoplasmic luteal E2 receptors were
      undetectable in all groups. Uterine E2 receptor activity was eluted from
      diethylaminoethyl columns by a 0.05-0.15 M KCl gradient. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a molecular weight of 70 400-79 000.
      Excluding gilts with cystic ovarian follicles (16.67%), prepubertal gilts treated
      with PMS + hCG versus cycling sows had lower serum progesterone on days 6 and 9
      13 of the estrous cycle and lower 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha
      levels on days 0-9 and 13-17 of the cycle. Implants, containing 200 mg estrone
      inserted subcutaneously on days 12-19 after PMS + hCG treatment in gilts, had no
      discernible effects on these parameters. These results indicate that the
      diminished reproductive capacity of the gilt, in which cycle activity is induced
      by PMS + hCG, is likely due to decreased luteal progesterone secretion.
      Preliminary data also suggest that the lack of E2 receptors may contribute to the
      low reproductive performance in gilts with cystic ovarian follicles.

PMID- 3986707
TI  - Plasma vasopressin during increases and decreases in blood volume in
      anaesthetized dogs.
AB  - In chloralose-anaesthetized dogs, plasma vasopressin concentration was measured
      by radioimmunoassay during step changes in blood volume of 4 mL/kg over a range
      of blood volume from +20 to -12 mL/kg. Blood volume was both increased and
      decreased over this range. There was a logarithmic relationship between blood
      volume and plasma vasopressin concentration over the range of blood volume
      examined. There was also a logarithmic relationship between blood volume and mean
      left atrial pressure. Linear regression between the natural logarithm of plasma
      vasopressin concentration and mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and mean left
      atrial pressure gave the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.94) between
      vasopressin and mean arterial pressure. The results support the hypothesis that
      there are sensitive mechanisms controlling the release of vasopressin in response
      to changes in blood volume. Observations were also made of changes in atrial
      pressure and activity of left atrial receptors during changes in blood volume
      over the same range. The results suggest that changes in atrial receptor activity
      are unlikely to be the major cause of the large increases in plasma vasopressin
      concentration associated with hypovolemia.

PMID- 3986708
TI  - Assessing the pressure at zero flow in canine epigastric skin flaps.
AB  - The pressure at zero flow was examined using three independent techniques in
      island epigastric skin flaps in dogs under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. (i)
      The flap was perfused from a reservoir which was varied in height to supply a
      range of pressures. The corresponding flows were measured by electromagnetic
      blood flowmetry and the pressure at zero flow was determined by extrapolation to
      zero flow. (ii) Arterial inflows as low as 2.2 microL/min were delivered by a
      Harvard pump and corresponding pressures were measured. The pressure at zero flow
      was determined by inspection. (iii) The artery supplying the flap was occluded
      with a microclip and the plateau following the decay of pressure was read as the
      pressure at zero flow. The pressure decay technique was the simplest, most
      reproducible method and was verified by the other two methods. It gave a pressure
      at zero flow of 5.8 +/- 0.4 mmHg (0.77 +/- 0.05 kPa). The critical closing
      pressure is discussed and related to the pressure at zero flow.

PMID- 3986709
TI  - Recent advances in the understanding of luteal function.

PMID- 3986710
TI  - Purification and chemical characterization of an exopolysaccharide isolated from
      Capnocytophaga ochracea.
AB  - Purification and chemical characterization of an immunosuppressive
      exopolysaccharide from Capnocytophaga ochracea strain 25 are described. This
      polysaccharide was extracted from spent culture medium by cold ethanol
      precipitation. Purification was accomplished by trichloroacetic acid and pronase
      treatments in combination with diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose and concanavalin A
      Sepharose chromatography. Purity of the exopolysaccharide was ascertained by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using periodic acid--Schiff staining. The
      exopolysaccharide was free of protein, nucleic acid, and lipopolysaccharide, but
      contained large amounts of mannose with lesser quantities of glucose, galactose,
      glucuronic acid, and glucosamine.

PMID- 3986711
TI  - Improved recovery of fecal coliforms from the Ottawa River by membrane filters in
      the presence of food debris.
AB  - In the absence of food debris, Sartorius and Millipore HA filters recovered
      substantially fewer fecal coliforms from Ottawa River water than did Millipore
      HC. On addition of a small quantity of sterile blended carrot to water samples,
      recovery by the poorer filters equalled that on Millipore HC. Scanning electron
      microscopy revealed bacteria sheltered in crevices formed by carrot fibres and
      thus protected from the normal stresses of exposure. Addition of carrot debris
      (e.g., 0.03 g carrot to 100 mL of sample) thus provides a convenient and
      inexpensive means of reducing variations in fecal coliform recovery between
      brands of membrane filters.

PMID- 3986712
TI  - Evaluation of differential media for the identification of Corynebacterium
      genitalium and Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium (group JK corynebacteria).
AB  - Tween purple agar containing 1% fructose (TFP agar) differentiated
      Corynebacterium genitalium from C. pseudogenitalium, which respectively formed
      colorless and yellow colonies after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees C aerobically
      or in 5-10% CO2 in air. Thus TFP agar is a differential medium. Corynebacteria
      like colonies grown on nonspecific urethritis (NSU) chocolate agar from
      urogenital material were identified as C. genitalium, C. pseudogenitalium, or
      commensals when subcultured on TPF agar. TFP agar was unsuitable for their
      primary isolation since the commensals turned the medium yellow with 24 h
      incubation. Gentamicin cannot be employed as a selective agent in medium for the
      isolation of these corynebacteria. TFP agar containing 10 micrograms/mL entamicin
      inhibited most strains of C. pseudogenitalium and C. genitalium isolated from
      urogenital infections. It did not inhibit isolates of these corynebacteria from
      cancer patients or suppress the normal bacterial flora of the urogenital tract.
      Evidence that gentamicin-resistant strains are characteristic of nosocomial
      infections is presented.

PMID- 3986713
TI  - Specificity of virus adsorption to clay minerals.
AB  - Competitive adsorption studies indicated that reovirus type 3 and coliphage T1
      did not share common adsorption sites on kaolinite and montmorillonite. Compounds
      in the minimal essential medium (e.g., fetal bovine serum, amino acids) in which
      the reovirus was maintained blocked adsorption of coliphage T1 to kaolinite and
      partially to montmorillonite in synthetic estuarine water, but they had no effect
      on coliphage adsorption to montmorillonite in distilled water or on the
      adsorption of the reovirus to either clay. The blockage of positively charged
      sites on kaolinite or montmorillonite by treatment of the clays with sodium
      metaphosphate or with the supernatants from montmorillonite or kaolinite,
      respectively, had no effect on adsorption of the reovirus. These data indicate
      that there was a specificity in adsorption sites for mixed populations of
      reovirus type 3 and coliphage T1 and emphasize the importance of using more than
      one type of virus, especially in combination, to predict virus behavior (e.g.,
      adsorption, loss of infectivity) in soils and sediments containing clay minerals.

PMID- 3986714
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the peptidoglycans from selected gram-positive
      and gram-negative periodontal pathogens.
AB  - The peptidoglycans from several Gram-negative and Gram-positive periodontal
      pathogens were isolated, purified, and characterized both morphologically and
      chemically. In addition, the effects of the mureolytic enzymes, lysozyme, M-1 N
      acetyl-muramidase, and the AM-3 endopeptidase, on the peptidoglycans were
      examined. These enzymes were found to be highly effective in the degradation of
      the purified peptidoglycans; however, a Bacteroides capillus peptidoglycan
      protein complex exhibited a greater resistance to these enzymes. Morphologically,
      the peptidoglycans consisted of large saccular sheets which, when viewed by
      scanning electron microscopy, contained numerous holes and tears. Chemically, the
      peptidoglycans consisted of muramic acid, glucosamine, alanine, glutamic acid,
      and meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP). One Bacteroides species, Bacteroides
      gingivalis strain W, contained glycine and LL-DAP, suggestive of an indirectly
      cross-linked A3 gamma peptidoglycan.

PMID- 3986715
TI  - Effects of peptidoglycans from periodontal pathogens on selected biological
      activities of CD-1 murine peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Resident CD-1 murine peritoneal macrophages were exposed to various
      concentrations of purified peptidoglycan isolated from members of the genera
      Bacteroides, Eikenella, and Actinomyces. Macrophage viability, the release of
      lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and prostaglandins E1 and E2 were assayed as a
      function of peptidoglycan concentration and time. Macrophages responded as a
      function of peptidoglycan concentration with increased release of acid
      phosphatase and prostaglandins; all cells remained greater than 90% viable during
      the course of the experiments. However, concentrations of peptidoglycan greater
      than 50 micrograms/mL were toxic to the macrophages, while the peptidoglycan from
      B. capillus strain 925.08 and Actinomyces viscosus strain T14AV consumed
      complement by both the classical and the alternate pathways. Cellular lysozyme
      activity and phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were significantly reduced
      in the presence of peptidoglycan. When viewed by scanning electron microscopy,
      the activated macrophages were rounded, lacked distinct pseudopod extensions, and
      possessed an increased number of microvilli and plasma membrane associated
      vesicles. These morphological alterations occurred as early as 3 h. Transmission
      electron microscopy revealed the purified peptidoglycan to have been taken up
      into numerous phagosomes; however, even after 24 h incubation, it was only
      partially degraded.

PMID- 3986716
TI  - The role of encapsulation in the pathogenesis of anaerobic gram-positive cocci.
AB  - The pathogenicity of 22 anaerobic and facultative Gram-positive cocci (AFGPC) was
      investigated by inoculating them into mice and determining their ability to cause
      subcutaneous abscesses. Only 11 heavily encapsulated isolates (greater than 50%
      of the cells were encapsulated) induced abscesses. However, when the other 11
      isolates were injected with Bacteroides sp. or facultative and aerobic bacteria,
      abscesses were formed in 8 of the 11 combinations. The AFGPC recovered from the
      mixed infections contained many encapsulated cells. Encapsulation also occurred
      in cocci injected with capsular material or with Formalin-killed cells of
      Klebsiella pneumoniae or capsule-positive Bacteroides sp. After acquisition of
      capsules, these strains could induce abscesses on reinoculation in mice.

PMID- 3986717
TI  - Description of an unusual gram-negative anaerobic rod isolated from periodontal
      pockets.
AB  - A Gram-negative rod which grew with an unusual colonial "water-drop" form was
      isolated from periodontal pocket samples from 12 patients. Six strains were
      characterized by biochemical tests, cell wall analyses, malate dehydrogenase
      mobilities, protein profiles, and serology. By these criteria, the organisms
      formed a group of similar strains which were anaerobic, nonmotile, nonsporing,
      Gram-negative rods resembling Bacteroides. Comparison of the isolates to American
      Type Culture Collection strains of Bacteroides showed that they represented a
      closely related group, distinct from the described species of oral Bacteroides.
      Initial results on the DNA of the isolates suggested a base ratio of 54-57% G +
      C. Despite the DNA G + C base ratios currently accepted for the Bacteroides (28
      61 mol% G + C), many species fall into a narrower range of 40-52 mol% G + C. This
      range would exclude the organisms described here and suggests that placing them
      into the genus Bacteroides may be inappropriate.

PMID- 3986718
TI  - The humanities in the general professional education of the physician: can
      Canadian schools meet the challenge?

PMID- 3986719
TI  - Exodus of physicians.

PMID- 3986720
TI  - Radiation oncology in Canada.

PMID- 3986721
TI  - Ampicillin-cefotaxime for initial treatment of bacterial meningitis in children.

PMID- 3986722
TI  - The primum noli nocere of medical writing.

PMID- 3986723
TI  - What can the synovial lymphocyte tell us?

PMID- 3986724
TI  - Guidelines for the use of theophylline in children with asthma. Allergy Section,
      Canadian Paediatric Society, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

PMID- 3986725
TI  - Patterns of preventive practice in New Brunswick.
AB  - A survey of active general practitioners was conducted in New Brunswick to
      ascertain their patterns of preventive practice with respect to cancer of four
      anatomic sites: the breast, the cervix, the colon and rectum, and the lung.
      Ninety-two percent of the physicians reported that they taught breast self
      examination to their female patients, 98% that they performed breast
      examinations, 98% that they did Papanicolaou smears routinely, and 97% that they
      provided counselling against smoking. Few of the physicians reported that they
      submitted women aged 50 to 59 years to annual mammography (3%) or examined stool
      samples from asymptomatic patients over 44 years of age for occult blood (20%).
      Many (77%) said they still routinely performed chest roentgenography for early
      detection of lung cancer; an estimated 49% of the physicians said they performed
      cytologic screening of sputum samples for the same purpose. Preventive practices,
      when used, were usually carried out during major encounters with patients, such
      as general check-ups. The potential for prevention through this clinically based
      approach is still largely unrealized.

PMID- 3986726
TI  - Prevalence and control of hypertension in an Ontario county.
AB  - A survey of a representative population sample was carried out to evaluate the
      prevalence and control of hypertension in Middlesex County, Ontario. Of the 3067
      subjects selected 2735 completed the initial interview. If the diastolic blood
      pressure was greater than 89 mm Hg in three readings, up to two further visits
      were made. The prevalence rate of hypertension in the sample was estimated to be
      115/1000. Only 5.1% of the hypertensive subjects were unaware of their condition,
      and 5.4% were aware but not receiving treatment. In 16.9% the hypertension was
      treated but uncontrolled, while in 72.6% it was treated and controlled. The
      prevalence rate was significantly higher in the older subjects (p less than
      0.0001). Control was better in the women and the older subjects. The results
      indicate that physicians in Middlesex County are detecting and treating most
      patients with hypertension; screening programs are thus not needed. Control of
      hypertension could be further improved by determining why the condition in those
      receiving treatment is not being controlled.

PMID- 3986727
TI  - Impact of patient care appraisal on physician behaviour in the office setting.
AB  - The effect of patient care appraisal on physicians' management of patients'
      problems was assessed. Sixteen family physicians were involved. The eight in the
      experimental group helped in the selection of two of the five disease conditions
      to be audited and in the generation of optimal criteria of care for two of the
      conditions. Participation in the generation of optimal criteria was followed by a
      significant improvement in the physicians' behaviour, but involvement in the
      selection of the conditions to be audited caused no change. The patient care
      appraisal did not lead to significant improvement of physicians' management of
      the conditions. In a second analysis, in which only essential criteria of care
      were considered, the physicians who participated in the patient care appraisal
      significantly improved their management of patients' problems. However,
      participation in the selection of the conditions and in the generation of the
      criteria of care had no effect on their performance. Patient care appraisal is an
      effective tool in continuing medical education and leads to improvement in the
      quality of care, provided the process focuses on essential criteria of care.

PMID- 3986728
TI  - Screening of newborn infants for galactosemia in British Columbia.
AB  - With simple microbiologic and fluorescent tests, we detected two cases of classic
      galactosemia, confirmed by specific enzyme assays, in the first 25 000 newborn
      infants in British Columbia screened for this disorder. The results were
      equivocally abnormal for another 31 infants, and a second blood sample was
      requested from each, either for repeat screening or for enzyme assays. The two
      infants with galactosemia were in hospital with an undiagnosed acute illness and
      had only a trace of non-glucose reducing substances in the urine when the
      screening tests were done. Screening for galactosemia fits well with our
      established programs of screening for phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism and
      costs less than $1 per infant tested.

PMID- 3986730
TI  - Severe hematologic and neurologic reaction to carbamazepine.

PMID- 3986729
TI  - Congenital hydrocephalus and the basal cell nevus syndrome.

PMID- 3986731
TI  - Incidence of pertussis in Canada.

PMID- 3986732
TI  - Pertussis and pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 3986733
TI  - Patient dumping: the ignoble face of American medicine.

PMID- 3986734
TI  - Mold-sensitive asthma.

PMID- 3986736
TI  - Viruses, genes, and cancer. II. Retroviruses and cancer genes.

PMID- 3986735
TI  - Occupational lung disease induced by reactive chemicals.

PMID- 3986737
TI  - Cyproterone acetate in the treatment of metastatic cancer of the male breast.
AB  - Ten male patients with advanced cancer of the breast were treated with
      cyproterone acetate, an anti-androgenic compound with additional progestational
      properties. Seven patients achieved a response, for a median duration of 8
      months. Plasma testosterone and estradiol levels fell significantly during
      therapy, but quantitatively this drop was not related to the therapeutic
      response. Cyproterone acetate is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for
      metastatic male breast cancer.

PMID- 3986738
TI  - Gonadal effects of cancer therapy in boys.
AB  - A retrospective study of testicular histology was carried out in 21 prepubertal
      boys and in 11 intrapubertal or postpubertal boys who died from 1 day to 1 year
      after treatment with chemotherapy (CT) with or without radiation therapy (RT) for
      extragonadal solid tumors. Based on autopsy findings, profound histologic changes
      were found in six prepubertal boys and in all but one of the intrapubertal and
      postpubertal boys. For three of the prepubertal and five of the postpubertal boys
      with altered testicular histology, the contribution of pelvic RT could not be
      excluded. When prepubertal patients were evaluated according to nutritional
      status, a thickened tubular wall and absent or severely reduced spermatogonia
      were found in only 1 of 11 adequately nourished boys as compared with 5 of 10
      malnourished boys. In intrapubertal and postpubertal boys, the tubular wall was
      thickened in six and these changes were independent of nutritional status. All
      malnourished intrapubertal and postpubertal patients demonstrated impaired
      spermatogenesis (versus 67% of age-matched malnourished controls), whereas
      similar impairment was noted in 60% with adequate nutrition versus 20% of
      controls. The diffuse damage of germ cells and tubules in malnourished younger
      boys suggests that the prepubertal male is not necessarily protected against the
      reproductive effects of cancer therapy.

PMID- 3986740
TI  - Comparison of the working formulation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with the
      Rappaport, Kiel, and Lukes & Collins classifications. Translational value and
      prognostic significance based on review of 658 patients treated at a single
      institution.
AB  - Six hundred fifty-eight cases of previously untreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen
      between 1970 and 1979 at the Medical Department, the Finsen Institute, were the
      basis for a comparative study of the prognostic value of the Rappaport, Kiel, and
      Lukes & Collins classifications and the new translation system, the Working
      Formulation of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Each histopathologic system proved equally
      effective in separating patients into subgroups with a spectrum of prognoses
      ranging from a median survival of less than 1 year to greater than 7 years. The
      established classifications were compared with the Working Formulation in order
      to evaluate its translational value. The Working Formulation was more similar to
      the Rappaport and the Lukes & Collins systems than to the Kiel system, since 82%,
      89%, and 75% of the cases, respectively, were translatable following the
      guidelines outlined in the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored study.
      Similarities among the four systems were demonstrated in lymphomas with
      follicular growth pattern, and in diffuse lymphomas composed of small mature
      appearing lymphocytes or small cleaved lymphocytes. Incongruity among the systems
      was more marked in lymphomas composed of large lymphoid cells or in lymphomas of
      mixed cellular composition. A comparison was performed for each classification
      against the Working Formulation. All such subdivided subsets were tested for
      prognostic heterogeneity and the following conclusions were reached: the diffuse
      poorly differentiated lymphocytic category of Rappaport was separated into two
      subgroups (malignant lymphoma [ML] small cleaved cell and ML lymphoblastic) with
      different prognoses (P = 0.01); the diffuse "histiocytic" lymphomas were
      prognostically homogeneous, since none of the newer systems were able to identify
      subpopulations with significantly different prognoses; the subtypes of the Kiel
      classification were prognostically homogeneous; the only weakness of the Lukes &
      Collins classification was the undefined cell subtype, encompassing two
      populations with different prognoses; and (5) the importance of follicular growth
      pattern was confirmed for small cleaved cell and mixed cell cytology, whereas
      large cell cytology implied a poor prognosis regardless of pattern. By the use of
      the Cox regression model it could be demonstrated that the Working Formulation
      can substitute any of the established classifications in terms of prognostic
      value.

PMID- 3986739
TI  - Gonadal effects of cancer therapy in girls.
AB  - The gonadal histology of 21 prepubertal, intrapubertal, and postpubertal girls
      who died 1 day to 2 months after cessation of therapy for extragonadal solid
      tumors was reviewed. In addition to focal or diffuse cortical fibrosis, a
      reduction in follicle numbers and impaired follicular maturation were observed in
      cancer patients independent of their pubertal age. These changes appeared to be
      more severe in malnourished patients and in girls who received multiple agent
      chemotherapy, with or without irradiation. Both before and after the age of 10
      years, most cancer patients had a total number of follicles similar to that of
      age- and nutrition-matched controls. However, the majority of these girls
      displayed impaired follicular maturation as demonstrated by reduced numbers of
      growing and antral follicles compared to controls. Histologic evidence of ovarian
      damage suggests that the future reproductive performance may be impaired in some
      female cancer patients treated even before puberty.

PMID- 3986741
TI  - Carcinoembryonic antigen and steroid receptors in the cytosol of carcinoma of the
      breast. Relationship to pathologic and clinical features.
AB  - Cytosols of 159 primary breast carcinomas were assayed for estrogen and
      progesterone receptors and 60 of these for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The
      relationships of pathologic and clinical features previously shown to be of
      prognostic significance and the biochemical parameter measured were examined. It
      was found that degree of histologic differentiation was significantly related to
      receptor status. There were significant inverse relationships between estrogen
      receptor and lymphocytic infiltrate as well as tumor necrosis. Relationships
      between estrogen, but not progesterone, receptor and patient age, menstrual
      status, and race existed. Cytosol CEA, on the other hand, related only to
      pathologic stage and not to histologic differentiation and other pathologic
      variables. Therefore, steroid receptors and CEA appear to provide information
      about different biologic characteristics of a carcinoma. Furthermore, the
      information provided by CEA appears to be independent of many known pathologic,
      clinical, and biochemical prognostic indicators.

PMID- 3986742
TI  - Carcinoid tumorlets of the lung with metastasis to a peribronchial lymph node.
      Report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of a rare entity, pulmonary tumorlets that metastasized to a peribronchial
      lymph node, is reported. The patient, a 38-year-old man, underwent a right
      pneumonectomy for end-stage lung disease caused by bronchiectasis, chronic
      bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis. No tumors were detected on radiologic or on
      gross examination of the lung. Microscopically, multiple tumorlets were
      identified in the fibrotic pulmonary parenchyma. Five peribronchial lymph nodes
      were found and appeared grossly normal. A microscopic focus of metastatic tumor,
      histologically identical to the pulmonary tumorlets, was discovered in one of
      these nodes. This metastasis was identified only because a diligent search for
      peribronchial lymph nodes was undertaken, and because sections of each node were
      obtained. Pathologists usually do not extensively examine peribronchial lymph
      nodes in cases of chronic inflammatory disease of the lung, even when small
      tumorlets are discovered as incidental findings, because it is presumed that the
      tumorlets have not metastasized. As shown by our case, this presumption is not
      always correct. Pulmonary tumorlets may metastasize to peribronchial lymph nodes
      more frequently than has been previously recognized.

PMID- 3986743
TI  - Estrogen and progestin receptors in human prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Cytosol receptors for estrogens (ER) and progestins (PR) were assayed in human
      prostatic carcinoma (CaP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Specimens were
      obtained from either the peripheral or the periurethral zone of the prostate.
      Stringent criteria were used to identify and measure 7-8S specific receptor using
      sucrose gradient analysis in a vertical tube rotor. Progesterone receptor was
      found in 14 BPH samples assayed and in 12 of 13 prostate cancers. In contrast,
      the 7-8S estrogen receptor was found in none of the nine benign samples assayed
      and in all prostate cancers. BPH samples were taken from either peripheral or
      periurethral zones and gave similar results. The histology of individual
      specimens did not correlate with either the ER or PR present, and, in the
      cancers, there was no correlation between the pathologic stage or the Gleason
      score and receptor content.

PMID- 3986744
TI  - Prognostic factors in liposarcoma.
AB  - In a series of 99 liposarcomas, the prognostic impact of the various diagnostic
      and therapeutic factors was analyzed. The analysis indicated that the tumor size,
      histologic subtype, and x-ray density are important prognostic factors. The
      prognosis is also influenced by operability and treatment modalities employed.
      Treatment strategy should be radical, irrespective of the actual prognostic
      factors.

PMID- 3986745
TI  - Hodgkin's disease in married couples.
AB  - The case of a husband and wife who both developed Hodgkin's disease of the same
      cellular subtype is reported. This represents only the fifth reported case of
      marital Hodgkin's disease that is well-documented histologically. The relevant
      literature and potential implications are reviewed.

PMID- 3986746
TI  - Evaluation of treatment for gastric cancer with liver metastasis.
AB  - In 161 cases of gastric cancer with liver metastasis but without peritoneal
      dissemination, evaluations were executed to find effective treatment. The most
      favorable results with best prognosis were obtained in the group receiving
      gastrectomy + hepatectomy + chemotherapy, followed by gastrectomy + chemotherapy,
      and gastrectomy alone. The most unfavorable outcome was in nonresected cases.
      Chief chemotherapy to be used after gastrectomy was FML (5-fluorouracil (5-FU) +
      mitomycin C [MMC] + lentinan) continuous intra-arterial infusion. Hepatectomy was
      found to be effective as an active measure for tumor reduction in cases of liver
      metastasis so far as the metastatic lesions are only a few scattered ones in both
      lobes.

PMID- 3986747
TI  - Illness-related and treatment-related factors in psychological adjustment to
      breast cancer.
AB  - Seventy-eight breast cancer outpatients were interviewed and their medical
      records were reviewed to document illness-related and treatment-related factors
      associated with psychosocial adjustment. Poor prognosis and more radical surgery
      both independently predicted poor psychological adjustment. The effect of type of
      surgery appeared to be mediated by the patient's sense of disfigurement and by
      changes in the sexual and affectional patterns in the marriage, rather than by
      prognosis or disability. Degree of dysfunction and whether or not the patient had
      radiation therapy or chemotherapy had no independent effects on psychological
      adjustment. Results point to the problematic psychosocial outcomes associated
      with mastectomy and, more generally, to the illness- and treatment-related
      factors that may place a breast cancer patient at risk for psychosocial
      adjustment problems.

PMID- 3986748
TI  - Cytogenetic evidence that the malignant event in multiple myeloma occurs in a
      precursor lymphocyte.
AB  - Multiple myeloma is traditionally thought of as a disease of plasma cells.
      Evidence from studies using antiodiotype antibodies, however, suggests that
      malignant events may take place in a precursor lymphocyte perhaps as early as the
      pre-B cell. In this study, we present cytogenetic evidence to support the latter
      view. Peripheral blood was obtained from a patient with plasma cell leukemia and
      light chain disease. Karyotypic analysis, using Giemsa banding techniques, showed
      an abnormal karyotype: 44,XY,-6,-8,-13,-16,-22,+mar1,+
      mar2,+mar3,del(1)(p22,p32),11p+,13q+,14q+. A suspension culture was established
      and a plasma cell line was grown. It was characterized by transmission electron
      microscopy as having an eccentric nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, and extensive
      endoplasmic reticulum. A subculture of this line was subsequently grown that was
      characterized by transmission electron microscopy as a lymphoid cell with
      diminished quantity of cytoplasm without extensive endoplasmic reticulum.
      Karyotypic analysis of the smaller cell demonstrated a modal number of 88
      chromosomes and was a tetraploid derivative of the first. Our study provides
      cytogenetic evidence that cells with a lymphocytic phenotype show karyotypic
      abnormalities seen in the malignant plasma cell of the same patient, and thus,
      can be considered as evidence favoring the initiating cell of plasma cell myeloma
      as being an early B lymphocyte.

PMID- 3986749
TI  - Chromosome damage and sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocyte cultures from
      patients with two primary cancers.
AB  - Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome damage were scored in lymphocyte
      cultures from 11 patients with two or more primary cancers and were compared with
      normal controls. None of the patients had a constitutional chromosome anomaly,
      but six showed evidence of chromosome instability, which could not be accounted
      for by treatment, expressed either as elevated SCE frequency or increased
      nonspecific chromosome damage and chromosome loss. Chromosome damage included
      major rearrangements as well as deletions and gaps. The possibility of common
      mechanisms in chromosome instability leading to susceptibility to a heterogeneous
      group of primary cancers is discussed.

PMID- 3986751
TI  - Leukocyte concentration and the yields of metaphase cells in cultured peripheral
      blood of leukemic patients with hyperleukocytosis.
AB  - The optimal concentration of leukocytes for maximizing the yields of metaphase
      cells was examined using PHA-stimulated and unstimulated peripheral blood cells
      of various leukemic patients with hyperleukocytosis, including 5 acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemias, 4 Ph-positive chronic myelocytic leukemias, one acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia, and one malignant lymphoma at a leukemic phase. The
      yields of metaphases reached maximum at leukocyte concentrations of either 1 X
      10(6) or 2 X 10(6)/ml in both stimulated and unstimulated blood cultures of each
      patient, except for one patient with malignant lymphoma who exhibited no
      metaphases at any cell concentration level in the unstimulated culture. Metaphase
      yields in the stimulated and unstimulated cultures correlated with neither the
      percentages of blast cells and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the
      leukemia patients nor with the type of leukemia studied.

PMID- 3986750
TI  - Inhibition of bromodeoxyuridine-associated sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's
      syndrome cells with cycloheximide.
AB  - Effects of cycloheximide (CH) and deoxycytidine (dC) on the frequency of sister
      chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in normal and Bloom's syndrome (BS) cells labeled with
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during first, second, and third cell cycles were
      evaluated using endomitotic and three-way differentiation analyses. When CH at
      0.2 and 2.0 ng/ml was added to normal and BS cultures of BrdU-labeled
      endomitoses, the rate of single SCEs was significantly decreased in BS cells,
      though the rate of reduction in single SCEs was slight in normal cells. No
      significant change was detected in the twin SCE rate. In BS cells, treatment with
      CH at 0.2 and 2.0 ng/ml produced significant reductions in SCEs in both the
      second (SCE2) and third (SCE3) cell cycles, sometimes reaching the normal level.
      Treatment with dC at 13 and 26 micrograms/ml resulted in almost no significant
      changes in rates of SCE during first, second, and third cell cycles. When CH was
      added to BrdU-labeled normal and BS cell cultures, the cell growth rates improved
      from 35% to 70% over the control level in the BS cells, though in normal cells,
      the addition of CH resulted in a close-dependent lower cell growth rate.
      Deoxycytidine did not noticeably affect the cell growth rates in BrdU-labeled
      normal and BS cultures. The finding that the reduction of BrdU-induced SCEs in BS
      is paralleled by cell growth improvement is of special interest.

PMID- 3986752
TI  - Translocation (11;22) in Ewing's sarcoma.
AB  - A cytogenetic study carried out by a direct method on the tumor of a patient with
      Ewing's sarcoma showed a t(11;22) in the six cells studied. The fact that this
      structural alteration was detected by a direct method indicates that the
      translocation is present in Ewing's sarcoma cells and that this alteration, when
      detected in established cell lines and short-term cultures, is not an alteration
      induced by the conditions of culture.

PMID- 3986753
TI  - Challenging problems in cocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 3986755
TI  - Rates of hydrolysis and extents of DNA binding of 5-methylchrysene dihydrodiol
      epoxides.
AB  - The rates of hydrolysis in the absence and presence of native and denatured DNA,
      and the extents of DNA binding of five dihydrodiol epoxides derived from 5
      methylchrysene (5-MeC) and chrysene have been determined. The compounds studied
      were: trans-1,2-dihydroxy-anti-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-MeC; trans-7,8
      dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5-Mec; trans-1,2-dihydroxy-syn-3,4
      epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-MeC; trans-7,8-dihydroxy-syn-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10
      tetrahydro-5-MeC; and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-anti-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydrochrysene. In the absence of DNA, at pH 7 and 37 degrees C half-lives of
      trans-1,2-dihydroxy-syn-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-MeC and trans-1,2
      dihydroxy-anti-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-MeC were similar, t 1/2 = 62 and 59
      min, while trans-7,8-dihydroxy-syn-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5-MeC
      hydrolyzed faster than trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5
      MeC, t 1/2 = 5.4 versus 17.5 min; trans-1,2-dihydroxy-anti-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydrochrysene had the slowest rate of hydrolysis, t 1/2 = 104 min. Studies
      of the effects of native and denatured DNA on the rates of hydrolysis of the
      dihydrodiol epoxides indicated that native DNA remarkably accelerated these rates
      for all dihydrodiol epoxides, but the degree of acceleration varied for the
      different dihydrodiol epoxides. The acceleration of hydrolytic rates by native
      DNA relative to that by denatured DNA was correlated with the covalent binding of
      these dihydrodiol epoxides with DNA in vitro. The catalytic effect of DNA in
      enhancing the rates of hydrolysis of dihydrodiol epoxides and the relative
      extents of covalent binding of the dihydrodiol epoxides to DNA were in the
      following order: trans-1,2-dihydroxy-anti-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-MeC
      greater than trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5-MeC
      greater than trans-1,2-dihydroxy-anti-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene
      greater than trans-1,2-dihydroxy-syn-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-MeC greater
      than trans-7,8-dihydroxy-syn-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5-MeC. The results of
      this study suggest that physical interactions with DNA are important in
      determining the relative extents of binding of these dihydrodiol epoxides to DNA
      in vitro.

PMID- 3986754
TI  - In vitro and in vivo light dose rate effects related to hematoporphyrin
      derivative photodynamic therapy.
AB  - In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the parameter of
      light dose rate as it relates to the efficiency of hematoporphyrin derivative
      (HPD)-induced photosensitization. Exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary
      cells were incubated with HPD (25 micrograms/ml) and were then exposed to red
      light (630 nm) delivered at different dose rates. A total of five dose rates
      (0.5, 5.0, 15, 23, and 60 milliwatts/sq cm) were examined following a 1-hr HPD
      incubation, two dose rates (1 and 20 milliwatts/sq cm) were examined after a 12
      hr HPD incubation, and three dose rates (0.4, 4, and 40 milliwatts/sq cm) were
      examined following a 16-hr incubation and a 30-min serum wash protocol. The
      effect of light dose rate was determined from cell survival curves obtained by
      standard clonogenic colony formation assays. Similar levels of cellular toxicity
      were obtained when cells from each HPD incubation group were treated with equal
      doses of red light delivered at different dose rates. For in vivo experiments,
      albino mice were given injections of HPD (7.5 mg/kg) and 24 h later the right
      hind leg of each mouse was treated with localized red light (630 nm). A total
      dose of 270 J/sq cm was delivered to the right hind leg at dose rates of 5, 25,
      or 125 milliwatts/sq cm. The resulting acute skin damage induced by HPD
      photosensitization was scored over a 30-day period, and skin response curves for
      the three dose rates were obtained. Comparable levels of damage were induced in
      each of the three experimental groups. The results obtained from both in vitro
      and in vivo studies indicate that the photosensitizing efficiency of HPD
      photodynamic therapy is not affected by nonthermal variations in clinically
      relevant dose rates of delivered light.

PMID- 3986757
TI  - Development of thermotolerance in mouse fibroblast LM cells with modified
      membranes and after procaine treatment.
AB  - Mouse fibroblast LM cells have been modified with respect to the content of
      polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chains of the membrane phospholipids. The
      membranes of the modified cells were enriched in PUFA chains and were more fluid
      as compared to the normal cells, as judged by fluorescence polarization
      measurements. The thermosensitivity of the PUFA-substituted cells was enhanced.
      Thermotolerance in the PUFA-substituted fibroblasts could be induced to the same
      extent as in the nonsubstituted cells. The thermosensitivity in both the PUFA and
      the nonsubstituted fibroblasts could be enhanced by the treatment of procaine.
      Procaine could inhibit the triggering as well as the induction of
      thermotolerance. It is supposed that the mechanism of heat sensitization by
      procaine is different from the mechanism of preventing thermotolerance induction.
      The clinical implications of this finding are discussed.

PMID- 3986756
TI  - Potential for selective enhancement of the in vivo metabolism of 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine in rats by thymidine pretreatment.
AB  - In this study, the ability of deoxythymidine (dThd) to enhance selectively the
      metabolism of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) in rats bearing
      transplantable colon carcinoma was investigated. A steady-state plasma level of
      375 microM dThd was achieved within 3 h after initiation of a 24-h infusion of
      dThd (7 g/kg/day) with a concomitant 80% reduction in circulating 2'
      deoxycytidine levels. Complete recovery to control values occurred within 6 to 8
      h after termination of the infusion. Under the conditions of dThd infusion, the
      intracellular levels of 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate rose from 0.15 to 60
      pmol/mg tumor tissue, from 2.5 to 15 pmol/mg intestinal tissue, and from 0.07 to
      0.25 pmol/10(6) bone marrow cells. During the steady-state plasma concentration
      of dThd, the intracellular concentration of 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate in
      tumor tissue was reduced by 50% at 6 h after the initiation of dThd treatment
      with a complete recovery 9 h thereafter. Differences in the capacity of tumor and
      host normal tissues to recover from the effects of dThd pretreatment were
      evaluated by measuring decreasing 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'
      triphosphate formation with time following dThd infusion. The ability to
      accumulate 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate was reduced by 60 to
      80% in normal tissues by 3 h after cessation of the dThd infusion but was
      decreased by only 15% in the tumor. These results suggested that delaying ara-C
      administration following dThd might result in less host toxicity while
      maintaining the antitumor effect. Sequential infusion of dThd (7 g/kg/day) for 24
      h followed 3 h later by a 48-h infusion of ara-C (175 mg/kg/day), was as
      effective in reducing tumor mass as was dThd infusion immediately prior to ara-C
      and resulted in reduced host toxicity (less weight loss). The best schedule for
      the dThd-ara-C combination was two courses of alternating 24-h sequential
      infusions of dThd and ara-C with a 3-h delay in ara-C administration following
      dThd. These data show that under the conditions used, reductions in intracellular
      2'-deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate pools by dThd in vivo do not appear to
      correlate with the antitumor activity of the dThd-ara-C combination.
      Intracellular 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate accumulation,
      however, was prolonged in rat colon tumor compared to normal tissues, and
      selectivity of the dThd-ara-C combination in favor of the tumor could be achieved
      by schedule modification.

PMID- 3986758
TI  - Effect of phenobarbital and other liver monooxygenase modifiers on
      dimethylnitrosamine-induced alkylation of rat liver macromolecules.
AB  - The effects of phenobarbital (PB) and other liver monooxygenase modifiers on
      dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced alkylation of rat liver DNA and protein were
      investigated at different carcinogen doses. In rats given single injections of
      radioactively labeled DMN, pretreatment with PB (80 mg/kg body weight,
      administered for 5 days) resulted in a small but significant decrease in the
      formation of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine per mole of guanine in liver
      DNA associated with a decrease in the O6/N7-methylguanine ratio. The specific
      radioactivity of liver protein was also lowered in PB-pretreated rats. The degree
      of PB interference was independent of DMN dose within a carcinogen dose range of
      0.5 microgram to 10 mg/kg body weight. In parallel experiments, the effects of
      pretreatment with PB, Aroclor 1254, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile, butylated
      hydroxytoluene, beta-naphthoflavone, and ethanol on DMN-induced alkylation of
      liver DNA were studied at a DMN dose of 5 micrograms/kg body weight. In general,
      pretreatment with these modifiers of liver monooxygenase resulted in a decrease
      in specific alkylation of DNA and in the ratio of 7-methylguanine to guanine. If,
      however, 7-methylguanine levels were related to total liver DNA, these
      differences in DNA alkylation between controls and pretreated rats became
      substantially smaller, partially being negligible, since these inducers led to an
      increase in relative liver weight with concomitant increase in the content of
      liver DNA. Thus, when expressed per total liver, no significant changes in the
      overall extent of metabolic activation of DMN were evident. These findings are
      not consistent with the results of in vitro studies on DMN metabolism in
      microsomal systems which favored the hypothesis that changes in the metabolism of
      hepatocarcinogens are responsible for the reduction of liver tumor response in
      animals treated simultaneously with inducers of the liver monooxygenase system
      and hepatocarcinogens. Our findings suggest that these effects might rather be
      related to drug-mediated changes on the cellular level.

PMID- 3986759
TI  - Immunological and biological stability of immunotoxins in vivo as studied by the
      clearance of disulfide-linked pokeweed antiviral protein-antibody conjugates from
      blood.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against human T-cell antigen 3A1, human transferrin
      receptor, and mouse Thy 1.1 antigen were linked to pokeweed antiviral protein
      (PAP) by a disulfide bond. Because the ability of the immunotoxin to home on
      target cells in vivo and the eventual internalization of the hemitoxin
      polypeptide depends in part on the stability of the conjugate in circulation, the
      clearance of antibody-PAP conjugates from blood was investigated. Blood samples
      collected from rabbits at different times after the injection of immunotoxin were
      analyzed for: (a) total mouse IgG; and (b) intact antibody-PAP conjugate in
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further, antibody-PAP conjugate was separated
      from PAP by differential precipitation using polyethyleneglycol, and the PAP
      content of the fractions were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Free PAP is removed
      very rapidly from blood, and 95% is cleared within 2 h. Our results showed that
      the immunotoxin did not dissociate in circulation immediately, and about 90% of
      the initial concentration of the conjugate was still present for more than 4 h.
      Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a 4- to 8-h lag period in
      which immunotoxin concentrations were relatively unchanged. This was followed by
      a steady decline, and the half-life of the conjugate in circulation then ranged
      between 17 and 24 h. Not only did the immunotoxins remain intact immunologically,
      but they also retained their biological activity as measured by the ability of
      blood-borne immunotoxins to efficiently block protein synthesis of target cells
      in vitro. These data show that the disulfide linkage of toxin to antibody is
      reasonably stable and that the immunotoxin retains the biological properties of
      both the antibody and the hemitoxin polypeptide in circulation.

PMID- 3986761
TI  - Triggering of DNA strand breaks by 45 degrees C hyperthermia and its influence on
      the repair of gamma-radiation damage in human white blood cells.
AB  - Human peripheral white blood cells, freshly isolated from normal individual
      donors, were exposed to hyperthermia. Heat-generated DNA strand break damage and
      white blood cell capacity to repair radiation-induced breaks were determined by a
      fluorometric alkaline unwinding assay. Strand breaks could be readily detected
      when white blood cells were incubated in a physiological salt solution at
      temperatures between 41 degrees and 46 degrees C, for times up to 90 min. The
      time course of strand break induction at 45 degrees C was characterized by a
      short initial lag, followed by a period of rapid break induction and subsequently
      a lower rate. Evidence is presented which suggests that the induction of DNA
      damage involved a "triggering" mechanism; a short treatment at 45 degrees C (10
      to 20 min) initiated a cellular event which led to a rapid increase in the number
      of strand breaks during subsequent incubation of 37 degrees C. Continuous
      incubation at 45 degrees C produced less DNA damage than an initial period at 45
      degrees C followed by incubation at 37 degrees C. This apparent "triggering
      phenomenon" was not due to a triggering of the respiratory burst in phagocytic
      cells, since no O2- could be detected; in fact, a 30-min treatment at 45 degrees
      C largely blocked the capacity of the cells to respond normally to a soluble
      stimulator of the respiratory burst. Unlike gamma-ray-induced breaks, 45 degrees
      C hyperthermia-induced breaks did not rejoin during subsequent incubation for up
      to 1 h at 37 degrees C. Additionally, 45 degrees C hyperthermia treatment
      progressively inhibited the ability of the cells to repair subsequent gamma-ray
      induced breaks (4 Gy). This inhibition occurred during the period in which 45
      degrees C heat rapidly induced strand breaks. Hyperthermia (41 degrees C), which
      did not trigger strand breaks, did not cause detectable inhibition of this repair
      capacity. There was no indication that hyperthermia sensitized cells to radiation
      induced strand breaks.

PMID- 3986760
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of tiazofurin in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus
      monkeys.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic disposition of tiazofurin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
      was examined in rhesus monkeys. Tiazofurin was readily detectable in both plasma
      and cerebrospinal fluid within 20 min of commencement and for 24 h after a short
      i.v. infusion of the drug. The mean clearance of tiazofurin from plasma was 70 +/
      23 (SD) ml/min/sq m after a dose of 100 mg/kg and 106 +/- 38 ml/min/sq m after a
      dose of 500 mg/kg with no evidence of dose dependency. The data for plasma
      elimination of tiazofurin were fit to a triexponential equation for comparison
      with data from other species. The t 1/2 alpha was 0.23 h, t 1/2 beta was 1.9 to
      2.0 h, and t 1/2 gamma was 6.8 to 7.1 h. The ratio of area under the
      cerebrospinal fluid drug concentration-time curve to the area under the plasma
      drug concentration-time curve was 0.28, which suggests significant penetration of
      the blood-brain barrier. These results demonstrate the propensity of tiazofurin
      to enter the cerebrospinal fluid and, probably, the brain, and suggest a
      potential role for this agent in the treatment of central nervous system cancer.

PMID- 3986762
TI  - Chromatin degradation in isolated nuclei of normal and transformed baby hamster
      kidney cells.
AB  - In a transformed cell line, derived from baby hamster kidney cells by treatment
      with ethylnitrosourea, degradation of DNA in isolated nuclei by endogenous
      nuclease was studied. Compared to the nontransformed cell line, the nuclear DNA
      of the transformed cells was found to be degraded to a much greater extent. This
      was reflected by a markedly lower proportion of DNA attached to the nuclear
      protein matrix in the transformed compared to the nontransformed cells. These
      observations can be accounted for by assuming that the chromatin of the
      transformed cell line has a conformation different from that of the
      nontransformed cells.

PMID- 3986763
TI  - Kinetics of formation and persistence of ethylguanines in DNA of rats and
      hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine.
AB  - The kinetics of formation and persistence of 7-ethylguanine (e7Gua) and O6
      ethylguanine (O6eGua) were determined in rat liver and kidney DNA following i.p.
      injection with 12.5, 50, 100, or 200 mg DENA per kg body weight. The rate of
      ethylguanine formation in hepatic DNA was independent of carcinogen dose;
      however, the maximum level of DNA ethylation reached was linearly related to DENA
      dose. Persistence of O6eGua but not e7Gua in rat liver DNA appeared to be dose
      dependent; the rate of decline in O6eGua concentration slowed as the dose of DENA
      increased. Ethylation of rat kidney DNA was quantifiable only following treatment
      with 200 mg DENA per kg body weight, and maximum concentrations of e7Gua and
      O6eGua were approximately ten times less than those in hepatic DNA of these
      animals. Nevertheless, elimination of e7Gua and O6eGua from DNA occurred at
      similar rates in these tissues. Whereas lung DNA from DENA-treated rats contained
      no detectable ethylguanines, both e7Gua and O6eGua were detected in lung DNA from
      treated hamsters. The half-life of e7Gua in hamster lung DNA was 28 h, while
      O6eGua persisted longer, exhibiting a half-life of 91 h. Only trace quantities of
      e7Gua and O6eGua were detected in hamster kidney DNA, precluding an accurate
      estimation of the kinetics of DNA alkylation in this tissue. The rate of
      formation of ethylguanines in hepatic DNA was faster in hamster than in rat,
      while maximum levels of e7Gua and O6eGua were similar in these two species.
      Persistence of both e7Gua and O6eGua was markedly different in hepatic DNA of
      rats and hamsters. e7Gua was eliminated at a faster rate in the hamster (half
      life of 20 h), as compared to the rat (half-life of 35 h). Conversely, O6eGua
      persisted longer in hamster than in rat liver DNA; a half-life of 34 h was found
      for the hamster, compared to a half-life of 14 h for the rat. The half-lives of
      e7Gua and O6eGua in hepatic DNA of DENA-treated rats and hamsters were similar to
      those reported previously for m7Gua and O6mGua in these species, suggesting that
      the same enzymatic DNA repair systems act upon these structurally related DNA
      adducts. The formation and prolonged persistence of O6eGua in lung DNA of DENA
      treated hamsters may be related to the sensitivity of this species to the
      induction of respiratory tract neoplasms following exposure to DENA.

PMID- 3986764
TI  - 4,6-Benzylidene-D-glucose, a benzaldehyde derivative that inhibits protein
      synthesis but not mitosis of NHIK 3025 cells.
AB  - The effect of the benzaldehyde derivative 4,6-benzylidene-D-glucose (BG) on cell
      cycle kinetics, protein synthesis, and cell survival of human NHIK 3025 cells has
      been investigated. The effects are compared with results reported previously for
      benzaldehyde, which was shown to inhibit protein synthesis as well as induce
      metaphase inhibition. BG exerted an effect on protein synthesis similar to that
      of benzaldehyde, but did not affect metaphase. Inhibition of protein synthesis
      was measured as a reduction in the rate of incorporation of [3H]valine and is
      thus a measure of the rate of total protein synthesis. The quantitative effect on
      the rate of protein synthesis was equal for the two drugs when compared on a
      concentration basis. Both drugs induced inhibition of cell-cycle progression
      during interphase, which is thought to be a secondary result of the protein
      synthesis inhibition. The concentration of BG and the hydrolysis product
      benzaldehyde were determined in cell culture medium by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. BG was not found to be hydrolyzed to free benzaldehyde when in
      contact with cells or in a cell sonicate. The results indicate that BG is not
      metabolized but acts in the form of BG.

PMID- 3986765
TI  - Radiation survival parameters of antineoplastic drug-sensitive and -resistant
      human ovarian cancer cell lines and their modification by buthionine sulfoximine.
AB  - The optimum integration of chemotherapy and irradiation is of potential clinical
      significance in the treatment of ovarian cancer. A series of human ovarian cancer
      cell lines have been developed in which dose-response relationships to standard
      anticancer drugs have been determined, and the patterns of cross-resistance
      between these drugs and irradiation have been established. By stepwise incubation
      with drugs, sublines of A2780, a drug-sensitive cell line, have been made 100
      fold, 10-fold, and 10-fold more resistant to Adriamycin (2780AD), melphalan
      (2780ME), and cisplatin (2780CP). Two additional cell lines, NIH:OVCAR-3nu(Ag+)
      and NIH:OVCAR-4(Ag+), were established from drug-refractory patients. 2780ME,
      2780CP, OVCAR-3nu(Ag+), and OVCAR-4(Ag+) are all cross-resistant to irradiation,
      with DOS of 146, 187, 143, and 203, respectively. However, 2780AD remains
      sensitive to radiation, with a DO of 111, which is similar to that of A2780
      (101). Glutathione (GSH) levels are elevated in 2780ME, 2780CP, OVCAR-3nu(Ag+),
      and OVCAR-4(Ag+) to 4.58, 6.13, 12.10, and 15.14 nmol/10(6) cells as compared to
      A2780, with 1.89 nmol/10(6) cells. However, the GSH level in 2780AD is only
      minimally higher than that in A2780 (2.94 nmol/10(6) cells). Buthionine
      sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis, significantly increases the
      radiation sensitivity of 2780ME (changing the DO from 143 to 95) and 2780CP to a
      lesser extent, suggesting that intracellular GSH levels may play an important
      role in the radiation response of certain neoplastic cells. These results suggest
      that the sequential use of irradiation following chemotherapy with melphalan and
      cisplatin may be less effective than a combined modality approach, which
      integrates radiation and chemotherapy prior to the development of drug resistance
      and cross-resistance to irradiation.

PMID- 3986766
TI  - Growth kinetics of human colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the influence of some of the variables of the
      thymidine labeling index (TLI) in human colorectal carcinoma. These variables
      were: cell suspensions versus tissue fragments; incubation with 5-fluoro-2'
      deoxyuridine; method of tissue procurement; location in the large bowel; and TLI
      distribution in different areas of the tumor. Mean TLI values for cell
      suspensions and tissue fragments were 3.4 (range, 0.1 to 7) and 1 (0.1 to 2.6),
      respectively. Incubation with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine significantly reduced
      tritiated thymidine incorporation. There were no differences in TLI values
      between biopsy and surgical samples and in different areas of the large
      intestine. Median TLI of cell suspensions in 47 tumors was 2.25 (0.1 to 10.1).
      These results show that the TLI of colorectal carcinoma is low and correlates
      with its slow growth. Cell suspension provides a more representative and unbiased
      sample than tissue fragments in cell kinetics studies.

PMID- 3986767
TI  - Application of a human tumor colony-forming assay to new drug screening.
AB  - The applicability of a human tumor colony-forming assay to drug screening was
      investigated in terms of feasibility, validity, and potential for discovering new
      antitumor drugs. Feasibility was addressed in a pilot study during which basic
      methods, appropriate assay quality controls, and a standardized protocol for
      screening were developed. Considerable variability was noted in the availability
      and colony growth of different tumor types. The majority of the evaluable
      experiments utilized breast, colorectal, kidney, lung, melanoma, or ovarian
      tumors. For many tumor types, little evidence of growth was observed, or only
      rare specimens formed colonies. Colony-forming efficiencies ranged from 0.05 to
      0.11% for the six most useful tumors listed above. A set of quality control
      measures was developed to address technical problems inherent in the assay.
      Testing of standard agents in the pilot study established that most of these
      agents could be detected as active. However, it also identified three assay
      limitations: compounds requiring systemic metabolic activation are inactive;
      medium constituents may block the activity of certain antimetabolites; and
      compounds without therapeutic efficacy may be positive in the assay. The assay
      categorized nontoxic clinically ineffective agents as true negatives with 97%
      accuracy. Of 79 compounds which were negative in the current National Cancer
      Institute prescreen (leukemia P388), 14 were active in the assay. Several
      demonstrated outstanding in vitro activity and are structurally unrelated to
      compounds already in development or in clinical trials. A subset of these active
      compounds were found to lack activity in a P388 in vitro colony-forming assay.
      This indication of differential cytotoxicity to human tumor cells makes this
      subset of compounds particularly interesting as antitumor drug leads. The
      demonstrated sensitivity to most standard agents, discrimination of nontoxic
      compounds, reproducibility of survival values within assays and between
      laboratories, and evidence of ability to identify active compounds which were
      negative in the in vivo prescreen suggest that the human tumor colony-forming
      assay may be a valuable tool for antitumor drug screening. However, because of
      technical limitations inherent in the current assay methodology, this must be
      confined to selected tumor types and limited to screening on a moderate scale.

PMID- 3986768
TI  - Inhibition of DNA ligase from human thymocytes and normal or leukemic lymphocytes
      by antileukemic drugs.
AB  - Human DNA ligase was purified from both normal and leukemic peripheral
      lymphocytes and normal thymocytes. The activity of the purified enzymes was
      assayed in the presence of several widely used antileukemic drugs. Melphalan and
      prednisone at 5 mM had no effect. Carmustine, chlorambucil, and cyclophosphamide
      were more effective at inhibiting the enzyme from leukemic cells, whereas
      Adriamycin and vinblastine and their derivatives were stronger inhibitors of the
      enzyme from normal cells. Vincristine and etoposide inhibited DNA ligase from
      thymocytes and normal lymphocytes with a low Ki but were totally ineffective on
      the enzyme from leukemic cells. The three classes of intercalating
      anthracyclines, Vicia alkaloids, and podophyllotoxin derivatives, were the only
      drugs found to markedly inhibit DNA ligases from normal cells. Less substituted
      molecules of the Vicia alkaloids and podophyllotoxin classes were the more active
      inhibitors, whereas in the intercalating anthracycline group, it was the more
      substituted compounds. The clinical consequences of these observations are
      discussed with respect to the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication and repair.

PMID- 3986769
TI  - Varying degrees of amplification of the N-ras oncogene in the human breast cancer
      cell line MCF-7.
AB  - The oncogene N-ras has been found to be amplified (congruent to 20 copies) in the
      human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. The amplified sequences have been
      localized to a marker chromosome by in situ hybridization. Sublines of MCF-7,
      serially passaged in different laboratories, have marked variation in the degree
      of N-ras amplification. The differing degrees of amplification of N-ras are
      further evidence of heterogeneity within MCF-7 subclones. The phenomenon may not
      have general relevance for breast cancer, since other breast cancer cell lines
      and DNA from patient biopsies failed to show evidence of N-ras amplification.

PMID- 3986770
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens shared by chemically induced mouse
      bladder carcinomas.
AB  - Rats were immunized with cultured cells from chemically induced transitional cell
      carcinomas of the mouse urinary bladder, and their spleen cells were hybridized
      with NS-1 mouse myeloma cells. Following initial screening of antibodies made by
      hybridoma clones, the tissue distribution of antigens defined by the antibodies
      was established by using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique with frozen
      sections of a variety of mouse tumors, as well as normal adult and embryonic
      tissues. Two antibodies were identified which detected antigens with bladder
      carcinoma specificity. One antibody (3B12) reacted weakly with epithelial cells
      from several sources, including normal bladder, while the second antibody (6.10),
      which bound strongly to bladder carcinoma cells, was negative on bladder
      epithelium and bound (weakly) to only a small fraction of all epithelial cells
      tested except for epidermal cells and periosteum from embryos. Both antibodies
      should be useful to assess the immunotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic effects
      of monoclonal antibodies to tumor-type specific oncofetal antigens.

PMID- 3986771
TI  - Induction of thermotolerance and heat shock protein synthesis in normal and
      respiration-deficient chick embryo fibroblasts.
AB  - Normal and transformed chick embryo cells and their respective ethidium bromide
      treated derivatives that are devoid of a functional respiratory chain were
      comparatively evaluated for their responses to hyperthermia treatment. No
      significant difference was found between the control and the respiration
      deficient cells. The cells have a similar intrinsic thermosensitivity as judged
      by their capacity to form colonies after treatment at supraoptimal temperatures,
      and heat triggers in both cases an equal production of heat shock proteins and a
      strong induction of thermotolerance. In addition, sodium arsenite, carbonyl
      cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, oligomycin, and antimycin A induce a similar
      heat shock protein response in the control and the treated cells. Based on these
      results, it is concluded that the inhibition by heat of the mitochondrial energy
      production does not constitute an obligatory rate-limiting event in hyperthermic
      cell killing and that the intracellular signal triggering development of
      thermotolerance or heat shock protein production does not obligatorily originate
      from damages to the respiratory chain. Moreover, the results indicate that the
      modifications responsible for the increased heat resistance of thermotolerant
      cells may not, or do not necessarily, involve a stabilization of the
      mitochondrial energy production.

PMID- 3986772
TI  - Double labeling of S-phase murine cells with bromodeoxyuridine and a second DNA
      specific probe.
AB  - A rapid method has been developed which combines immunofluorescence and
      autoradiography and permits the double labeling of DNA. P388 murine leukemic
      cells were incubated with bromodeoxyuridine and tritiated thymidine
      simultaneously. After fixation, the sample was first processed with a monoclonal
      antibody to bromodeoxyuridine (RPMB I) so that any cell in S-phase was brightly
      fluorescent (RPMB technique). Next, tritiated thymidine grains were developed by
      autoradiography, and the result demonstrated fluorescence as well as black grains
      in each S-phase cell. P388 cells sensitive (P388S) and resistant (P388R) to 1
      beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) were incubated with bromodeoxyuridine and
      [3H]ara-C simultaneously. Processing by autoradiography and RPMB techniques
      revealed that all S-phase cells in the P388S sample demonstrated vivid "double
      labeling," whereas P388R cells only revealed bright green fluorescence in S-phase
      cells, but no grains, confirming a lack of ara-C incorporation into the DNA by
      this line. Finally, a computerized digital analysis system attached to a
      microphotometer was used to quantitate fluorescence and grains per cell, and the
      data demonstrated that the number of [3H]ara-C grains in each P388S cell was
      inversely proportional to the degree of fluorescence in that cell, indicating
      that DNA synthesis was inhibited by ara-C. In conclusion, a simple, easy-to-use
      double-labeling method has been introduced which will be useful to a wide variety
      of researchers, because this technique together with the digital analysis system
      offers the possibility of measuring drug sensitivities in individual cells.

PMID- 3986773
TI  - Binding of formyl peptides to Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells and the chemotactic
      response of these cells.
AB  - N-Formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP) induces chemotaxis in leukocytes, the
      response being mediated by peptide binding to a receptor on the plasma membrane.
      In tumor cells, this peptide has been reported to induce cellular swelling and
      chemotaxis in vitro and to enhance the localization of circulating tumor cells in
      vivo. In the Boyden chamber, we evaluated the migratory responses of Walker
      carcinosarcoma 256 cells to varying concentrations of fMLP. Sigmoidal dose
      response curves were obtained with the dose of chemotactic factor that elicits a
      half-maximal chemotactic response of 5.0 +/- 2.5 X 10(-8) M. Checkerboard
      analysis indicated that these responses were dependent upon a concentration
      gradient of fMLP with increases in migration of circa 2 to 2.5 times that of
      random movement. To examine the binding of fMLP, the tumor cells were incubated
      with 5 X 10(-9) M fML-[3H]P in Hanks' balanced salt solution. Specific binding
      (0.5 to 1% of total radioligand, to whole cells inhibited by 5 X 10(-6) M fMLP)
      approached equilibrium after 4 to 6 h at 4 degrees C and after 6 to 10 h at 22
      degrees C. Autoradiographic studies demonstrated heterogeneous binding of the
      peptide by tumor cells and also showed its intracellular localization. In
      homogenates of Walker cells prepared in 0.1 M Tris HCl, pH 7.4, with 10 mM MgCl2
      and bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml), specific binding of approximately 0.5% of
      total fML-[3H]P reached equilibrium after 60 min at 4 degrees C. In whole cells
      and homogenates, binding was reversible by addition of unlabeled fMLP. In whole
      cells, displacement curves demonstrated a Kd of 1.9 +/- 0.1 X 10(-7) M, whereas
      in homogenates there was a background of low affinity (Kd greater than 10(-5) M)
      nonsaturable binding, but also a high-affinity component with Kd of 4.9 +/- 1.8 X
      10(-8) M. Both chemotaxis and binding were inhibited by the oligopeptide, N
      carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanyl-L-methionine, which is a competitive inhibitor of
      formyl peptide-induced neutrophil chemotaxis. These data suggest that fMLP
      stimulates chemotaxis in tumor cells by a receptor-mediated pathway.

PMID- 3986774
TI  - Control of growth, morphology, and alkaline phosphatase activity by butyrate and
      related short-chain fatty acids in the retinoid-responsive 9-1C rat prostatic
      adenocarcinoma cell.
AB  - The actions of butyrate and related short-chain fatty acids were analyzed on the
      9-1C retinoid-responsive rat prostatic adenocarcinoma cell. The 9-1C cells, which
      are inducible for alkaline phosphatase (AP) by retinoic acid, were also inducible
      for the enzyme by three- to six-carbon fatty acids. The most effective inducer
      was the four-carbon acid, butyrate, which caused an essentially linear increase
      in AP activity in the concentration range of 2 to 10 mM. A comparison of AP
      induction by butyrate and retinoic acid showed the retinoid to be a more potent
      inducer of the enzyme by several orders of magnitude. Butyrate and related short
      chain fatty acids also suppressed 9-1C cell growth, an effect which is not
      mediated by retinoic acid in these cells. Total growth suppression was achieved
      at butyrate concentrations of 5 mM and above; 1.5 mM caused 50% inhibition. As in
      the case of AP induction, all three- to six-carbon fatty acids suppressed growth
      to some extent, although butyrate was the most effective. The order of carbon
      chain length effectiveness for both AP induction and growth suppression by the
      fatty acids was 4 greater than 5 greater than 3 greater than 6. Butyrate appeared
      to be unique among the various fatty acids in causing an increase in cell
      protein. The protein content of 9-1C cells cultured in the presence of 4 mM
      butyrate for 72 h was more than 4-fold greater than that of control cells. This
      observation paralleled observations on cell volumes analyzed by forward-angle
      light-scatter flow cytometry, which showed a concentration-related increase in
      the cross-sectional areas of 9-1C cells following butyrate treatment. This effect
      has also been shown, in a recent study, to be mediated by retinoids. One of the
      most striking effects of butyrate treatment was on cellular morphology. The fatty
      acid caused 9-1C cells, which normally grow in a disorganized array with no
      apparent affinity for each other, to spread out and become organized into
      parallel tracts through the monolayer.

PMID- 3986775
TI  - Induction of chromosomal damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells by soluble and
      particulate nickel compounds: preferential fragmentation of the heterochromatic
      long arm of the X-chromosome by carcinogenic crystalline NiS particles.
AB  - Treatment of intact Chinese hamster ovary cells with crystalline NiS and NiCl2
      resulted in the induction of chromosomal aberrations which included gaps, breaks,
      and exchanges. The incidence of these aberrations increased in a time- and
      concentration-dependent fashion. NiCl2 was more potent in inducing chromosomal
      aberrations in cells that were maintained with a salts/glucose medium during
      metal treatment than when cells were treated in culture growth medium.
      Chromosomal aberrations induced by NiCl2 occurred randomly among the autosomal
      arms; however, the heterochromatic centromeric regions of the chromosomes were
      preferentially damaged. In addition to inducing the same type of aberrations
      found with NiCl2, crystalline NiS particles also caused the selective
      fragmentation of the heterochromatic long arms of the X-chromosomes. This
      fragmentation was attributed to the difference in the mechanism of delivery of
      nickel ions from phagocytized crystalline NiS particles which aggregate around
      the nuclear membrane and release large amounts of nickel ions from a dissolving
      phagocytized particle. Previous studies have demonstrated that treatment of
      intact cells with crystalline NiS particles produces a considerably higher level
      of nickel in the nucleus compared with similar exposure to water-soluble NiCl2.
      Since heterochromatin is known to form the inside lining of the interface
      nucleus, nickel ions, as they are solubilized from a phagocytized particle and
      enter the nucleus, are likely to encounter heterochromatin before they interact
      with euchromatin. In contrast, nickel ions derived from NiCl2 do not
      preferentially accumulate in the cell, and those ions that enter the cell are
      taken up by a nonphagocytic mechanism. It is proposed that when cells are treated
      with high levels of NiCl2 in an attempt to achieve the cellular levels of nickel
      produced by NiS phagocytosis, this overloading results in cytotoxic responses
      rather than the preferential fragmentation of heterochromatin observed with
      particles. Since liposome-mediated delivery of NiCl2 also results in
      fragmentation of the long arm of the X-chromosome, the selective breakage of
      heterochromatin by NiS particles may be due solely to the mechanism of Ni2+
      delivery in cells.

PMID- 3986776
TI  - Carbamoylation of glutathione reductase and changes in cellular and chromosome
      morphology in a rat cell line resistant to nitrogen mustards but collaterally
      sensitive to nitrosoureas.
AB  - A Walker 256 rat carcinoma cell line (WR) with acquired resistance to nitrogen
      mustards has been found to lack cross-resistance to nitrosoureas. Although total
      cellular glutathione pools were similar in the parent (WS) and resistant cell
      lines (WS, 2.5 X 10(-6); WR, 2.0 X 10(-6) mol/mg protein), glutathione reductase
      activity was 3.98 in WR compared to 8.67 nmol reduced nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate oxidized per microgram protein per min in WS cells.
      Treatment of cells with a carbamoylating nitrosourea, N,N'-bis(trans-4
      hydroxycyclohexyl)-N'-nitrosourea, produced a dose-dependent inhibition of
      glutathione reductase and depletion of thiols in both cell lines. The drug caused
      no direct DNA strand breakage, but a differential mitotic spindle-chromosome
      stain showed that spindle formation was inhibited in WR cells at N,N'-bis(trans-4
      hydroxycyclohexyl)-N'-nitrosourea concentrations of greater than 50 microM. In WS
      cells, mitotic figures were still visible at 100 microM. Chromosomal damage was
      expressed in both cell lines at concentrations of 25 microM. The number and
      extent of these aberrations were greater in WR than WS. Observed karyotypic
      abnormalities included polyploidy, chromosome decondensation, and
      endoreduplication. In interphase cells, transmission electron microscopy showed
      that the most prevalent drug-induced lesions included (a) disappearance of plasma
      membrane filopodia, (b) appearance of membrane blebbing, and (c) development of
      irregular crescent-shaped nuclei. These morphological and cytogenetic changes
      correlate with cytotoxic responses of these cell lines to N,N'-bis(trans-4
      hydroxycyclohexyl)-N'-nitrosourea and would be consistent with drug-induced
      inhibition of glutathione reductase.

PMID- 3986777
TI  - Serum vitamin levels and the risk of cancer of specific sites in men of Japanese
      ancestry in Hawaii.
AB  - Serum specimens were obtained from over 6800 men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii
      from 1971 to 1975. Since then, the following numbers of newly diagnosed cancer
      cases have been identified: 81 colon, 74 lung, 70 stomach, 32 rectum, and 27
      urinary bladder. The stored sera of the cases and 302 controls were tested to
      determine their beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E levels. There was no
      association of either vitamin A or E with any of the cancers. For serum beta
      carotene, there was a significant association only with lung cancer (20.0
      micrograms/dl in cases versus 29.0 in controls, P less than 0.005). The lung
      cancer odds ratio for men in the lowest quintile of beta-carotene was 3.4
      relative to men in the highest quintile. These findings suggest that a low serum
      beta-carotene level is a predictor of increased lung cancer risk in men.

PMID- 3986778
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate in leukemic
      cells after intravenous and subcutaneous administration of 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine.
AB  - The concentration of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate was
      determined in leukemic cells from 5 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
      during treatment with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (50 mg/sq m every 12 h).
      The drug was administered both s.c. and i.v. (bolus injection) to all patients.
      After various periods of time, venous blood samples were collected and leukemic
      cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. The intracellular
      concentration of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate was assayed by
      high-performance liquid chromatography. The peak concentration of 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate was significantly higher after s.c.
      injection than after i.v. injection (P less than 0.05). The area under the
      concentration versus time curve was twice as large after s.c. injection as it was
      after i.v. injection (P less than 0.01). The results are consistent with clinical
      findings indicating that the therapeutic effect of 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine is better when it is administered s.c. than when given
      as i.v. bolus injections.

PMID- 3986779
TI  - Radioimmunoimaging in malignant melanoma with 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody
      96.5.
AB  - A radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (96.5) reactive with an Mr 97,000 antigen
      found on over 80% of melanoma cell lines and tissue extracts was examined for its
      ability to detect malignant melanoma metastases in vivo. For imaging purposes, it
      was conjugated with diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid and subsequently labeled with
      111In by chelation. Thirty-one patients with metastatic melanoma received single
      injections of monoclonal antibody 96.5 at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20
      mg and at specific activities of 111In ranging from 0.125 to 4 mCi/mg. Total-body
      scans were performed at various time intervals following administration. No
      serious side effects were observed. Of a total of 100 previously documented
      metastatic sites, 50 imaged for a specificity of 50%. The number of sites imaged
      increased significantly as the amount of antibody administered increased relative
      to the average radiation dose. Considerable background uptake of isotope was
      observed in blood pool and other organs with gradual acquisition of label in
      tumor sites by 48 to 72 h. Hence, tumor imaging of melanoma using 111In-labeled
      monoclonal antibody 96.5 appeared feasible, especially at antibody doses above 2
      mg.

PMID- 3986781
TI  - Bioavailability of bromodeoxyuridine in dogs and toxicity in rats.

PMID- 3986780
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of 111In-labeled anti-p97 monoclonal antibody in patients with
      metastatic malignant melanoma.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with metastatic malignant melanoma received anti-p97 murine
      monoclonal antibody (96.5) infused over 2 h at doses between 1 and 20 mg coupled
      to either 2.5 or 5.0 mCi of 111In by the bifunctional chelating agent
      diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid. Clearance of 111In from plasma closely fit an
      open, one-compartment mathematical model (r2 greater than 0.90). The overall half
      life of 111In plasma was approximately 31 h and did not appear to be dependent on
      the total dose of antibody administered. The apparent volume of distribution of
      the 111In label approximated the total blood volume (7.8 +/- 0.7 liters) at the 1
      mg dose and decreased to 3.0 +/- 0.14 liters at the 20-mg dose, suggesting
      saturation of antigenic or other extravascular binding sites at higher antibody
      doses. The clearance of the murine monoclonal antibody itself from plasma was
      measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The pharmacokinetics for the
      murine antibody in plasma also fit an open, one-compartment mathematical model.
      All pharmacokinetic parameters for unlabeled antibody closely paralleled those
      found for 111In-labeled antibody pharmacokinetics. This suggests that the 111In
      radiolabel remains complexed to the monoclonal antibody after in vivo
      administration. The cumulative urinary excretion of the 111In label over 48 h was
      between 12 and 23% of the total administered dose and is assumed to represent
      111In-labeled chelate complex unattached to antibody. Analysis of the 111In label
      in spleen, liver, heart, and kidney showed that the concentration of label in
      liver tissue was reduced with increasing antibody doses and coincided with
      changes in the apparent volume of distribution. These studies show that murine
      monoclonal antibodies are cleared slowly from the circulation in humans and that
      early, rapid distribution of labeled antibody to the liver can be reduced by
      increasing the dose of unlabeled antibody. This may be particularly important in
      limiting hepatic toxicity when administering antibody coupled to drugs,
      radionuclides, or toxins.

PMID- 3986782
TI  - Stability of the "second stage" promoter 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate.
AB  - To provide guidelines for handling the very labile phorbol ester, RPA,2 its
      stability under various laboratory conditions was studied. RPA will remain
      undecomposed for 8 weeks if stock solutions are made in ethanol, ethyl acetate,
      or DMSO and stored in absolute darkness at -20 degrees C. When exposed to light
      RPA readily isomerizes to 13'-cis-RPA. Structure/activity investigations of
      irritant polyfunctional diterpene esters of phorbol, ingenol, and resiniferonol
      with saturated and unsaturated aliphatic or with aromatic acids indicate that
      their irritant activity is a necessary, yet insufficient prerequisite for
      initiation- (or tumor-) promoting activity (e.g., Refs. 3 and 4). For further
      testing of this hypothesis, the retinoic acid analogue of the mouse skin irritant
      and initiation-promoter TPA, i.e., RPA, was designed (7). In initiation/promotion
      experiments of skin of NMRI mice, it proved to be an irritant almost as active as
      TPA, but only marginally active as a promoter. In combination with TPA, it turned
      out to be a "second stage" promoter (PII-promoter) (1, 6) in our strain of mice
      (2, 7). RPA is a much more labile compound than TPA (5), especially in the solid
      form. If stored in solution, special precautions have to be taken to ascertain
      that the concentration or dose intended is represented by undecomposed RPA.

PMID- 3986783
TI  - Modification of human leukocyte interferon pharmacology with a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - The antitumor and antiviral properties of the interferons have been well
      established. However, the usefulness of the interferons may be limited, in part,
      because of rapid clearance from the plasma and degradation by plasma or tissue
      enzymes. A monoclonal antibody (IFG-252.2) was developed which binds to
      recombinant DNA-produced human alpha-interferon (rIFN-alpha A) without measurably
      reducing its in vitro antiviral or antiproliferative properties. Pharmacokinetic
      studies of rIFN-alpha A:antibody complex in the intact, anesthetized rat showed
      that rIFN-alpha A activity cleared from plasma 3-fold slower than found after
      injection of free rIFN-alpha A. This resulted in a 15-fold increase in its
      calculated area under concentration curve compared to that of free rIFN-alpha A.
      These studies suggest that interferon bound to a monoclonal antibody may provide
      a means to prevent the normal clearance and degradation of free interferon and
      may result in prolonged antitumor and antiviral plasma activity in vivo.
      Furthermore, it suggests that monoclonal antibodies to various biologically
      active agents may be used to favorably alter their pharmacokinetics while leaving
      their biological activity unaltered.

PMID- 3986784
TI  - Measurements of in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in neuroectodermal
      tumors for the evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy.
AB  - The effects of chemotherapy on living tumor tissue in hamsters and rats were
      investigated by measuring the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra using
      topical magnetic resonance. Human neuroblastoma, human glioblastoma, and rat
      glioma tumor cells were inoculated s.c. in the lumbar region of the animals.
      After the diameter of the tumors increased to 1.5 cm, in vivo 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectra were measured selectively in the tumors with a TMR-32
      spectrometer. Adenosine triphosphate, inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphodiester,
      and phosphomonoester peaks were observed. The phosphocreatine peak was hardly
      detectable, adenosine triphosphate and phosphomonoester peaks were high, and
      tissue pH, calculated from the chemical shift of Pi, declined. Regardless of the
      tumor origin or the histological type, the spectral pattern of each
      neuroectodermal tumor was found to be essentially the same. After i.v. injection
      of a large dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, adenosine triphosphate peaks
      decreased and Pi increased gradually, resulting in a dominant Pi peak pattern
      after 6 to 12 hours. However, during the same period, there were no observable
      changes in the spectra of normal organs. These findings indicated that the drugs
      have a selective and direct action on the energy metabolism of tumor cells. With
      lower drug doses, no remarkable changes were seen in the spectrum. Measurement of
      in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra is valuable not only to
      investigate the energy metabolism in tumor tissue but also to evaluate the
      effects of chemotherapy.

PMID- 3986785
TI  - Lack of miscoding properties of 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine, the major vinyl chloride
      DNA adduct.
AB  - Chloroethylene oxide, an ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl chloride, was
      reacted with poly(deoxyguanylate-deoxycytidylate); the nucleic acid base adducts,
      7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine and 3,N4-ethenocytosine, were analyzed by reverse-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography. Chloroethylene oxide-modified
      poly(deoxyguanylate-deoxycytidylate) was assayed as template in a replication
      fidelity assay with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, and the newly synthesized
      product was subjected to nearest-neighbor analysis. Misincorporation rates of
      deoxyadenosine monophosphate and thymidine monophosphate were found to increase
      with the level of template modification. About 80% of the mispairing events were
      located opposite minor cytosine lesions. 7-(2-Oxoethyl)guanine, the major adduct
      identified (greater than 98% of the adducts), did not miscode for either thymine
      or adenine, failing to support an earlier hypothesis that the cyclic hemiacetal
      form, O6,7-(1'-hydroxyethano)guanine, could, by analogy with O6-methyl- and O6
      ethylguanine, simulate adenine. Our results indicate that direct miscoding of 7
      (2-oxoethyl)-guanine may contribute only slightly to the induction of mutations
      by chloroethylene oxide or vinyl chloride.

PMID- 3986786
TI  - Evidence from rat hepatocytes of an unrecognized pathway of 5-fluorouracil
      metabolism with the formation of a glucuronide derivative.
AB  - Isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension were exposed to [3H]-5-fluorouracil for
      intervals over 2 h, following which the cells were removed from the media and
      sonicated, and the cytoplasm was sampled. High-performance liquid chromatography
      was used to separate 5-fluorouracil (FUra) from its known anabolites and
      catabolites, with subsequent quantitation of these metabolites by measurement of
      radioactivity. As the extracellular concentration of FUra was increased above 30
      microM, the intracellular levels of FUra increased, with detection of a new peak
      of radioactivity distinct from any of the known anabolites or catabolites. This
      new metabolite, "G," increased in concentration as the extracellular
      concentration of FUra was raised above 1 mM. Inhibition of FUra catabolism by 2
      mM thymine resulted in a further increase in intracellular FUra (approaching the
      extracellular FUra concentration) and was accompanied by a further increase in
      the intracellular concentration of "G," demonstrating that "G" was not formed via
      the catabolic pathway. The increase in intracellular FUra and "G" was not
      accompanied by an increase in intracellular anabolites, suggesting that "G" was
      formed via a novel metabolic pathway. "G" was retained within the hepatocytes,
      although it was not bound to intracellular macromolecules. "G" was converted to
      FUra in the presence of beta-D-glucuronidase; this reaction was inhibited with
      the addition of saccharo-1,4-beta-lactone, a specific inhibitor of the beta-D
      glucuronidase. This data, together with evidence from hepatocyte homogenates in
      which formation of "G" was shown to be dependent on the concentration of uridine
      5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid, demonstrates that "G" is a glucuronide of FUra. The
      formation of "G" suggests that FUra is metabolized via a previously unrecognized
      metabolic pathway.

PMID- 3986787
TI  - Sister chromatid exchange induction in human lymphocytes exposed to benzene and
      its metabolites in vitro.
AB  - Previous in vivo studies have shown that low-dose benzene exposure (10 to 28 ppm
      for 4 to 6 h) in mice can induce sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in peripheral
      blood B-lymphocytes and bone marrow as well as micronuclei in bone marrow
      polychromatic erythrocytes. Because benzene is metabolized to a variety of
      intermediate compounds and two of these, catechol and hydroquinone, have been
      reported to be potent SCE-inducers, it is possible that other known and proposed
      metabolites could have chromosome-damaging effects in lymphocytes. Induced SCE
      frequencies, mitotic indices, and cell cycle kinetics were quantitated in human
      peripheral blood T-lymphocytes exposed to benzene, phenol, catechol, 1,2,4
      benzenetriol, hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, or trans,trans-muconic acid. Three
      proposed metabolites of phenol, 4,4'-biphenol, 4,4'-diphenoquinone, and 2,2'
      biphenol, which can be generated by a phenol-horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen
      peroxide system were also examined. Benzene, phenol, catechol, 1,2,4
      benzenetriol, hydroquinone, and 1,4-benzoquinone induced significant
      concentration-related increases in the SCE frequency, decreases in mitotic
      indices, and inhibition of cell cycle kinetics. Based on the slope of the linear
      regression curves for SCE induction, the relative potencies were as follows:
      catechol greater than 1,4-benzoquinone greater than hydroquinone greater than
      1,2,4-benzenetriol greater than phenol greater than benzene. On an induced SCE
      per microM basis, catechol was approximately 221 times more active than benzene
      at the highest concentrations studied. trans,trans-Muconic acid had no
      significant effect on the cytogenetic parameters analyzed. 2,2'-Biphenol induced
      a significant increase in SCE only at the highest concentration analyzed, and
      4,4'-biphenol caused a significant increase in SCE frequency that was not clearly
      concentration related. However, both 2,2'- and 4,4'-biphenol caused significant
      cell cycle delay and mitotic inhibition. 4,4'-Diphenoquinone caused only a
      significant decrease in mitotic activity. These data indicate that in addition to
      phenol, di- and trihydroxybenzene metabolites play important roles in SCE
      induction. Furthermore, the results suggest either that benzene alone can induce
      SCE or, a more likely possibility, that mononuclear leucocytes have a limited
      capability to activate benzene.

PMID- 3986788
TI  - Antiproliferative and immunomodulatory actions of beta-interferon and double
      stranded RNA, individually and in combination, on human bladder tumor xenografts
      in nude mice.
AB  - A cell line, RT4, derived from a human transitional cell carcinoma of the
      bladder, was grown as a xenograft in athymic mice. The growth of the xenografts
      was inhibited by beta-interferon (IFN-beta), polyriboinosinic
      acid.polyribocytidilic acid, the mismatched double-stranded RNA analogue r(I)n .
      r(C12,U)n, and to a lesser extent recombinant IFN-beta, when treatment was
      initiated at the time of tumor inoculation. In contrast, the growth rate of
      established tumors, approximately 6 mm in diameter at the initiation of therapy,
      was inhibited by both double-stranded RNAs, but not natural IFN-beta, indicating
      a possible tumor size dependence on the effectiveness of IFN-beta. Combinations
      of natural or recombinant IFN-beta with either polyriboinosinic
      acid.polyribocytidilic acid or r(I)n.r(C12,U)n gave an antagonistic effect
      regardless of tumor mass at the initiation of treatment. This antagonism could be
      overcome by alternating r(I)n. r(C12,U)n and natural IFN-beta treatment. Natural
      killer cell activity against RT4 cells in culture was augmented in the spleens of
      mice treated with r(I)n.r(C12,U)n, but not in those treated with natural IFN
      beta. RT4 cells treated in culture with IFN-beta, however, were significantly
      less efficient as targets for natural killer cells from r(I)n.r(C12,U)n-treated
      and control spleens. These results indicate that: the effectiveness of IFN-beta
      may be related to the tumor mass; double-stranded RNAs appear to work, at least
      partially, in an indirect, immunomodulatory manner; combination therapy can yield
      an antagonistic rather than an additive or synergistic antitumor effect; and
      strategic scheduling can overcome the antagonistic effect of combination therapy.

PMID- 3986790
TI  - Photosensitization and split-dose recovery in cultured human urinary bladder
      carcinoma cells containing nonexchangeable hematoporphyrin derivative.
AB  - The photosensitization and survival recovery of cultured EJ human urinary bladder
      carcinoma cells containing nonexchangeable hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) were
      studied. Cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C in growth medium supplemented
      with HPD (50 micrograms/ml) and 5% fetal bovine serum for 12 h followed by
      incubation in HPD-free medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum for 9 or 18 h. The
      levels of porphyrin remaining in the cells (termed the "nonexchangeable"
      intracellular porphyrin component) were not significantly different at these
      times, and as a result sensitivities to broad-band red light (greater than 580
      nm) were also identical. Shouldered survival curves were obtained in each case,
      indicating the ability to accumulate sublethal photodamage. Recovery from
      photosensitized damage using a split-dose technique was examined. Single,
      attached, asynchronously growing cells containing nonexchangeable HPD (12 h HPD
      uptake plus 9 h in porphyrin-free medium) were exposed to red light (1.2 kJ/sq m)
      and, after various intervals at 37 degrees C in the dark, a second dose of 1.2
      kJ/sq m. Survival rapidly increased and reached a maximum at about 9 h between
      light doses. Analysis of dose-response curves revealed a partial reappearance of
      the curve shoulder (Dq = 0.22 kJ/sq m) and a markedly reduced curve slope (D0 =
      0.82 kJ/sq m) for fractionated irradiations with a 9-h interval in comparison
      with graded, single light exposures (Dq = 0.48 kJ/sq m; D0 = 0.41 kJ/sq m). These
      observations suggest that the cells developed an increased tolerance to
      photosensitized damage after prior HPD-light treatment. No significant change in
      intracellular HPD levels between irradiations was detected, indicating that the
      increased survival was not due to a loss of sensitizer from inside the cells.
      These results demonstrate that EJ cells accumulate and recover from HPD
      sensitized photodamage; analogous to the accumulation and recovery from sublethal
      damage (Elkind recovery) in other mammalian cultures treated with ionizing
      radiation.

PMID- 3986789
TI  - Catalysis of the covalent binding of 3-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3
      b]indole to DNA by a L-proline- and adenosine triphosphate-dependent enzyme in
      rat hepatic cytosol.
AB  - An enzymatic mechanism involved in the activation of 3-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-5H
      pyrido[4,3-b]indole (N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2), a mutagenic intermediate of a tryptophan
      pyrolysate, was studied in vitro. In hepatic cytosol supplemented with adenosine
      triphosphate and L-proline, N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 was converted to a form which
      reacts readily with DNA. The enzyme responsible for the activation was partially
      purified and identified as prolyl transfer RNA synthetase as judged by their
      cofactor requirements, inhibition by pyrophosphate or adenosine monophosphate,
      and copurification of their activities. The prolyl transfer RNA-dependent
      covalent binding of N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 to DNA of hepatic cytosol was highest in
      rats, followed by mice, hamsters, rabbits, and guinea pigs in that order. The
      capacity for the binding of N-hydroxy-Trp-P-2 was largely consistent with their
      prolyl transfer RNA synthetase activity. With regard to the ultimate form of N
      hydroxy-Trp-P-2 for the covalent binding, a possible formation of N,O-prolyl-3
      amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole was proposed.

PMID- 3986792
TI  - Effect of 42 degrees C hyperthermia on murine normal and tumor tissues.
AB  - The effect of one or two heat treatments at 42.0 degrees C was studied in murine
      normal and tumor tissues. Early-generation isotransplants of a spontaneous
      fibrosarcoma, FSa-II tumors, were used. Single-cell suspension was transplanted
      into the mouse foot. Tumor growth time, the time required for half the treated
      tumors to reach 1000 cu mm from treatment day was the end point. For normal
      tissue studies, the foot reaction was scored according to our numerical score
      system. Hyperthermia was given in a constant temperature water bath. Tumors were
      treated when they reached an average diameter of 4 (35 cu mm) or 8 mm (270 cu
      mm). The 4-mm tumor responded poorly to a single heat treatment at 42.0 degrees
      C, while the 8-mm tumor showed a substantial initial response, followed by the
      development of thermal resistance. The dose-response curve for the foot reaction
      was characterized by a large shoulder followed by a linear relationship. Thermal
      resistance developed in the 8-mm tumor following a continuous treatment of 150
      min while in the foot tissue, 800 min were required before the development of
      thermal resistance. The kinetics of thermal resistance were studied following the
      first dose of 150 min. Substantial resistance developed in both 4- and 8-mm
      tumors, as well as in the foot tissue, and reached maximum within 1 day. The
      decay of thermal resistance in the 8-mm tumor and in the foot was incomplete even
      at 5 days after the first heat dose, while the analysis was difficult for the 4
      mm tumor because of continuous tumor growth. Comparison with treatments at 43.5
      degrees C and 45.5 degrees C gave a conclusion that (a) a short single heat
      treatment of the 8-mm tumor at 42.0 degrees C (below 43.0 degrees C) resulted in
      a differential response between tumor and foot tissues, but a longer treatment
      did not; (b) the treatment temperature above 43.0 degrees C was highly
      recommended; and (c) fractionated heat treatment at 42.0 degrees C was not the
      choice of treatment for both 4- and 8-mm tumors.

PMID- 3986791
TI  - Effects of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzoyl peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide on
      cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells.
AB  - The effects of several aldehydes and peroxides on growth and differentiation of
      normal human bronchial epithelial cells were studied. Cells were exposed to
      formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), or hydrogen peroxide (HPO).
      The effect of each agent on the following parameters was measured: (a) clonal
      growth rate; (b) squamous differentiation; (c) DNA damage; (d) ornithine
      decarboxylase activity; (e) nucleic acid synthesis; (f) aryl hydrocarbon
      hydroxylase activity; and (g) arachidonic acid and choline release. None of the
      agents were mitogenic, and their effects were assessed at concentrations which
      reduced growth rate (population doublings per day) to 50% of control. The 50% of
      control concentrations for the 6-h exposure were found to be 0.065 mM BPO, 0.21
      mM formaldehyde, 1.2 mM HPO, and 30 mM acetaldehyde. BPO-exposed cells were
      smaller than controls (median cell planar area, 620 sq microns versus 1150 sq
      microns), and acetaldehyde-exposed cells were larger than controls (median cell
      planar area, 3200 sq microns). All agents increased the formation of cross-linked
      envelopes and depressed RNA synthesis more than DNA synthesis. HPO caused DNA
      single-strand breaks, while formaldehyde and BPO caused detectable amounts of
      both single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links. Other effects included
      increased arachidonic acid and choline release due to HPO. The similarities and
      differences of the effects of these aldehydes and peroxides to those caused by
      tumor promoters are discussed.

PMID- 3986793
TI  - Mechanisms of human cell neoplastic transformation: X-ray-induced abnormal clone
      formation in long-term cultures of human diploid fibroblasts.
AB  - Early passage cultures of a strain of normal human diploid fibroblasts were
      exposed to various doses of X-rays. The cells were serially passaged and followed
      throughout their life span in vitro. G-banded metaphase chromosome preparations
      were examined at each subculture to determine the presence of abnormal clones,
      i.e., groups of cells bearing identical chromosomal rearrangements. It was found
      that X-irradiation induced random chromosomal rearrangements which persisted
      throughout the life span of the cells. No abnormal clones were observed among the
      progeny of four nonirradiated cultures, nor in seven of nine cultures exposed to
      single radiation doses. On the other hand, multiple abnormal clones emerged among
      the progeny of cells in all five cultures exposed to multiple sequential
      radiation doses (three doses of 400 or 600 rads each). Evidence of clonal
      expansion and attenuation and of clonal succession during serial passaging
      occurred in these populations. In several cases, these clones expanded to include
      most of the cell population before the cultures became senescent. These findings
      are discussed in terms of their possible role in the transformation of human
      diploid cells by radiation.

PMID- 3986794
TI  - Purine enzymology of human colon carcinomas.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to elucidate the purine enzymic programs of human
      primary colorectal carcinomas. Marked alteration in the enzymology of the human
      colon neoplasm clearly distinguished it from that of the normal colon mucosa. In
      the human colon mucosa, the activities of ribonucleotide reductase, inosine
      phosphate dehydrogenase, formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthetase, guanosine
      phosphate synthetase, and amidophosphoribosyltransferase were 0.042, 5.2, 5.6,
      8.2 and 36.0 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively, and in the colon carcinomas the
      activities increased to 755, 575, 295, 280, and 294% of the normal values. The
      activities of the salvage enzymes, adenine and hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferases, were 310, 249, and 602 nmol/h/mg protein,
      respectively, whereas in the tumors, only the activity of adenine
      phosphoribosyltransferase was increased (2-fold). The markedly higher absolute
      enzymic capacity for salvage in the tumors accounts, in part at least, for the
      lack of chemotherapeutic success of inhibitors of enzymes of de novo synthesis
      that have been used in the clinical treatment of colorectal carcinomas.
      Combinations of inhibitors of de novo biosynthesis and blockers of the salvage
      enzymes or of salvage transport (e.g., dipyridamole) should improve the
      chemotherapy of colon neoplasms. Since in the colon carcinoma the activities of
      glutamine-utilizing enzymes (guanosine phosphate and formylglycinamidine
      ribonucleotide synthetase and amidophosphoribosyltransferase) were markedly
      increased, and the glutamine concentration was decreased (50%), treatment with an
      antiglutamine agent (e.g., acivicin) should be of relevance. Since the activity
      of ribonucleotide reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of nucleic acid
      biosynthesis, was markedly increased in the colon neoplasms, combination
      chemotherapy might include drugs against this enzyme.

PMID- 3986795
TI  - Pharmacology and toxicology of a seven-day infusion of 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine plus uridine in dogs.
AB  - In vitro studies of certain lymphoid tumor cells show potentiation of 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) effects by uridine because it elevates
      intracellular uridine triphosphate, resulting in increased ara-C triphosphate
      levels. Seven-day continuous i.v. infusions of uridine at 123 mg/kg/h (2.5 g/sq
      m/h) were studied in 5 male beagles. Steady state levels of uridine were reached
      within 4 to 6 h and ranged from 2 to 5 X 10(-4) M over the course of the
      infusion. Steady state uracil levels ranged from 4 to 10 X 10(-4) M. After the
      end of infusion, uridine and uracil levels fell with a half-life of approximately
      15 and 18 min, respectively. Toxicity in 2 dogs treated at this dose was limited
      to minimal diarrhea and a transient rise of alkaline phosphatase to 2 to 3 times
      normal. No drug toxicity was evident at sacrifice on Days 7 or 72. Three dogs
      received a 7-day infusion of ara-C plus uridine followed approximately 4 weeks
      later by an infusion of ara-C alone (or the same drugs in the reverse sequence).
      Coinfusion of 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg/day (50 or 100 mg/sq m/day) of ara-C had no
      significant effects on uridine plasma levels or postinfusion half-lives.
      Similarly, no consistent effect was seen of uridine on ara-C plasma levels.
      Uridine coinfusion with ara-C resulted in a definite potentiation of
      myelosuppression; at 5.0 mg/kg/day X 7 of ara-C white blood cell and platelet
      nadirs (X 10(3)/microliters) were 0.8 and 15 as compared to 3.6 and 66,
      respectively, with ara-C alone. One-third of the dogs developed reversibly
      elevated transaminases with the combination treatment. The results show that a
      minimally toxic dose of uridine enhances bone marrow and probably hepatic
      toxicity of coadministered ara-C.

PMID- 3986796
TI  - Characterization of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase
      isozymes in normal and neoplastic fetal rat brain cells.
AB  - Fetal brain cells from rats given a transplacental pulse of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea
      progressively acquire malignant characteristics and dedifferentiate when grown in
      vitro. One aspect of this dedifferentiation is a decreased morphological response
      to cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP). In the present study, we have
      characterized and compared the isozymes (I, II) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      in fetal brain cells and in the neoplastically transformed, dedifferentiated BT5C
      glioma cell line. This is a first approach to find the mechanism behind the
      subresponsiveness of such cells towards cAMP. It is also part of a broader
      investigation of the cAMP effector system in cells showing various rates of
      normal and malignant growth. We found the regulatory and catalytic subunits of
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase to be expressed to a similar degree in both cell
      types. Sixty % of the enzyme was located in the 30,000 X g supernatant. The
      glioma cell line had a significantly higher ratio (1.2) between protein kinase I
      and II than did the normal fetal cells (0.5). This difference in isozyme
      distribution was not apparent using conventional methods for enzyme separation
      and detection, the use of specific antibodies being essential for that purpose.
      Of the chromatographically separated forms (a, b) of protein kinase II, Form IIa
      was selectively decreased in the glioma cell line. The alterations of the protein
      kinases in the glioma cell line described above may be of importance for some of
      the neoplastic properties of these cells. However, the subdued response of such
      cells towards cAMP is not explained since the concentrations of cAMP or its
      analogues required for activation of the kinases were similar for the enzymes
      from normal and neoplastically transformed cells.

PMID- 3986798
TI  - Inheritance of acquired changes in growth capacity of spontaneously transformed
      BALB/3T3 cells propagated in mice and in culture.
AB  - Five subclones were derived from a spontaneously transformed BALB/3T3 clone soon
      after its isolation. Despite their common clonal origin, the subclones were
      different from each other in appearance, colony-forming efficiency in agar
      (CFEag), and rate of tumor formation in mice. A comparison of growth properties
      during repeated passages in culture was made between the cells derived from the
      tumors and the cells used to initiate the tumors. In most cases, the tumor
      derived cells had a much lower CFEag than did their parental in vitro-propagated
      cells, and the CFEag was restored slowly to the original level or remained at a
      reduced level during the period of study. In a few cases, the tumor-derived cells
      had almost as high a CFEag as their parental cells or were quickly restored to
      this level during cultivation. It was shown by karyotypic and clonal analysis
      that the reduced CFEag of the tumor-derived cells arose from a change in the
      transformed cells; i.e., it was not due to the presence of normal host cells in
      the explanted tumor. Clones of the tumor-derived cells tended to show the same
      patterns of change in CFEag as the uncloned tumor cell populations, but there
      were cases of individual variation in pattern among the tumor cell clones. Tumor
      cells with greatly reduced CFEag also grew a little more slowly on plastic than
      did the parental nontumor cells, and their growth rate tended to increase along
      with CFEag in long-term culture. Clonal analysis of one of the five original
      subclones failed to reveal cells which had the CFEag properties of its progeny
      tumor cells. This suggests that the reduction of CFEag during tumor formation
      arose by adaptation rather than selection of preexisting variants. A similar
      conclusion was drawn about the restoration of CFEag during cultivation of the
      tumor-derived cells. Although the decrease in CFEag which accompanied tumor
      formation varied in magnitude and stability, some tumor cell populations retained
      their reduced capacity through months of weekly passaging in culture, involving
      up to 100 cell divisions. The results are therefore consistent with the heretical
      notion of inheritance of acquired characteristics. In addition, the wide
      variation of in vitro growth capacity among tumors initiated by different
      subclones, and even among tumors initiated by the same subclone, raises the
      possibility that the complete chain of causality underlying the variation is
      intrinsically indeterminate.

PMID- 3986797
TI  - Mechanism of mouse skin tumor promotion by chrysarobin.
AB  - The skin tumor-promoting ability of 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone
      (chrysarobin) was compared with that of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA) and 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone (anthralin) in SENCAR mice. Although dose
      response comparisons indicated that chrysarobin was several orders of magnitude
      less potent than TPA for promoting papilloma formation, this anthrone was 1.5 to
      2 times more potent than anthralin. Maximal papilloma responses were achieved by
      15 weeks of promotion with TPA whereas at least 25 weeks of promotion were
      necessary to achieve maximal papilloma responses with chrysarobin or anthralin
      indicating marked differences in tumor latency between the two classes of
      compounds. Interestingly, at optimal promoting doses, chrysarobin gave a
      carcinoma response (22% with 0.3 carcinomas per mouse at 45 weeks) similar to
      that of TPA suggesting that this compound may be more efficient at promoting
      carcinomas than papillomas. In two-stage promotion experiments, chrysarobin was
      incapable of functioning independently as a Stage I or II promoter despite its
      complete promoting activity. Chrysarobin and TPA were compared at optimal
      promoting doses for their ability to induce: (a) skin edema, (b) epidermal
      hyperplasia, and (c) epidermal ornithine decarboxylase. In each case, distinct
      differences were noted between the two compounds. When taken together, the data
      support the hypothesis that anthracene-derived skin tumor promoters work at least
      in part by a mechanism different from the phorbol esters.

PMID- 3986799
TI  - Relationship between the expression of estrogen-regulated genes and estrogen
      stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 mammary tumor cells.
AB  - The growth of MCF-7 cells was arrested by 24 h of isoleucine deprivation.
      Following replenishment of the medium, the incorporation of uridine and thymidine
      into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material began to increase slowly and
      gradually rose to the level of cycling cells. The addition of 5 X 10(-9) M
      estradiol to growth-arrested cells dramatically shortened the time of onset of
      macromolecular synthesis and increased the overall amount of precursor
      incorporation 2- to 4-fold over the level obtained by arrested control cells. The
      increase in uridine incorporation preceded the increase in thymidine
      incorporation by 6 h. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide blocked
      the recovery of macromolecular synthesis in both control and estrogen-treated
      cells. Actinomycin D was ineffective in blocking the estrogen-stimulated recovery
      of macromolecular synthesis at concentrations known to inhibit pre-rRNA synthesis
      (10(-8) M). At higher concentrations, uridine and thymidine incorporation were
      inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity
      with alpha-amanitin similarly blocked both the recovery of the cells from
      isoleucine starvation and the potentiation of this by estradiol. Dihydrofolate
      reductase and thymidine kinase activities are both stimulated by estradiol in MCF
      7 cells. In cycling cells, estrogen stimulates a 2-fold increase in their
      messenger RNAs (mRNAs) within 24 h. The level of dihydrofolate reductase mRNA is
      unaffected by isoleucine starvation, and estrogen caused no change in
      dihydrofolate reductase mRNA levels over a 24-h period following reversal of
      growth arrest. Similar results were observed for the 600-nucleotide pS2 mRNA that
      has been identified as an estrogen-induced RNA in MCF-7 cells. In contrast,
      thymidine kinase mRNA was found to be increased by estrogen at 24 h, but not at
      12 h, following reversal of growth arrest. This increase correlates with
      increases in thymidine, but not uridine incorporation. These data indicate that
      the estrogen-stimulated increase in thymidine incorporation following release
      from growth arrest is dependent on new RNA synthesis. However, the hormone did
      not increase the levels of three estrogen-regulated mRNAs coordinately with the
      increases observed in uridine incorporation.

PMID- 3986800
TI  - Reversal of resistance to rhodamine 123 in adriamycin-resistant Friend leukemia
      cells.
AB  - Pleiotropic resistance to rhodamine 123 (Rho-123) in Adriamycin (ADM)-resistant
      Friend leukemia cells was circumvented by cotreatment with 10 microM verapamil.
      Increased cytotoxicity corresponded to higher intracellular Rho-123 levels. The
      verapamil-induced increase of drug accumulation in resistant cells is accounted
      for at least in part by the blockage or slowing of Rho-123 efflux from these
      cells. In contrast, accumulation and consequent cytotoxicity of Rho-123 in
      sensitive cells are not increased by verapamil. Similar results were obtained
      when ADM was used in this cell system. These results suggest that the efflux
      system for Rho-123 and ADM in sensitive cells is either reduced or absent.
      Although Rho-123 accumulates specifically in mitochondria and ADM mainly in the
      nucleus, the loss of these two different classes of compounds from resistant
      cells appears to occur via a similar or common mechanism. The similarities in
      drug transport between Rho-123 and ADM may have important implications when
      applied to an in vivo environment.

PMID- 3986801
TI  - Transplantation of human renal carcinomas into athymic mice.
AB  - Thirty-one primary human renal carcinomas were transplanted into athymic mice of
      which ten produced tumors in the mouse host. Only tumors with a nuclear grade of
      3 or 4 were successfully transplanted. The nuclear grades of the human tumor and
      transplant were similar; however, the cellular histology often varied. Patient
      prognosis appeared to be inversely related to successful tumor transplantation.
      In the transplant group, the 1-year survival was 30% in contrast to a 1-year
      survival of 83% among patients with renal cancers of similar stage and grade
      which did not produce tumors in the mice.

PMID- 3986802
TI  - Properties of rat cells transformed by DNA plasmids containing adenovirus type 12
      E1 DNA or specific fragments of the E1 region: comparison of transforming
      frequencies.
AB  - In this paper, we describe for the first time the transformation of normal rat
      cells by DNA equivalent to adenovirus type 12 Early Region 1 (E1A). This DNA was
      30-fold less efficient at transformation than DNA encoding the entire E1 region.
      Those established lines expressing a full complement of adenovirus type 12 E1
      proteins were phenotypically indistinguishable from adenovirus type 12 virus
      transformed cell lines. However, cell lines produced by plasmids carrying
      subgenomic fragments of E1 DNA and therefore not expressing E1B Mr 52,000 protein
      took longer to establish and produced tumors only after a protracted latent
      period. A Giemsa-banding study showed that adenovirus transformation can occur
      without disruption of the normal rat karyotype.

PMID- 3986803
TI  - Phorbol ester-mediated inhibition of intercellular communication in BALB/c 3T3
      cells: relationship to enhancement of cell transformation.
AB  - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters reversibly inhibit intercellular communication
      between BALB/c 3T3 cells. In order to study the possible role of blocked
      intercellular communication in the promotion step in cell transformation, we
      investigated the effect of phorbol ester tumor promoters on cell transformation
      and intercellular communication in BALB/c 3T3 A31-1-1 cells by a dye-transfer
      method. When the cells are in the growing phase, inhibition of dye transfer by
      phorbol esters is complete but transient; more than 90% inhibition was observed 4
      h after treatment of the cells with either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      or phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, but the extent of dye transfer returned to the
      control level after 24 h of treatment. However, when these phorbol ester-treated
      cells were cultured beyond confluence in the presence of tumor promoters, the
      capacity to transfer dye decreased again and was inhibited continuously for at
      least 5 weeks of culture. In control cultures, the extent of dye transfer between
      cells did not decrease at their confluence. The ability of 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and phorbol-12,13-didecanoate to induce
      continuous inhibition of dye transfer between these cells correlated well with
      their capacity to promote transformation of BALB/c 3T3 cells initiated with 20
      methylcholanthrene. These results suggest that the continuously blocked
      intercellular communication after confluence, rather than its transient
      inhibition during the growing phase, might play an important role in the
      promotion of in-vitro two-stage transformation of BALB/c 3T3 cells.

PMID- 3986804
TI  - In situ selection of a human rhabdomyosarcoma resistant to vincristine with
      altered beta-tubulins.
AB  - In order to simulate more closely conditions in which resistance to vincristine
      (VCR) is selected in human solid tumors, a human rhabdomyosarcoma grown as a
      xenograft in immune-deprived mice has been selected for resistance in situ.
      Karyotype analysis showed the resistant line, HxRh18/VCR-3, to have a diploid
      modal number, with no apparent translocations, whereas the predominant population
      in the parental, sensitive HxRh18 xenograft demonstrated a modal number near
      tetraploid with many marker chromosomes. From the rapid rate at which resistance
      was selected and from karyotypic evidence, data strongly suggest that HxRh18/VCR
      3 was a subpopulation within the parent tumor. When grown in the same host,
      HxRh18/VCR-3 tumors accumulated less drug, and the rate of [3H]VCR loss was 5
      fold greater than in HxRh18 tumors. Thus, accumulation and retention of [3H]VCR
      in HxRh18/VCR-3 resistant tumors was identical to that of [3H]vinblastine (VLB)
      in HxRh18 xenografts. HxRh18 xenografts are intrinsically resistant to VLB.
      Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of [3H]VCR:protein complexes
      in HxRh18 cytosols indicated one binding species (Mr 95,000 to 116,000), probably
      the tubulin heterodimer. Of interest was the observation that beta-tubulin
      species, identified on Western blots by monoclonal antibody, differed in these
      tumors. In HxRh18/VCR-3, less acidic beta-tubulins of HxRh18 were decreased or
      absent, with three additional more acidic isoforms present in the resistant line.
      As vincristine may bind to the beta-subunit of tubulin, this may have importance
      to vincristine resistance in vivo.

PMID- 3986805
TI  - Relation of estrogen receptor expression to clonal growth and antiestrogen
      effects on human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Expression of estrogen receptor (ER) was studied in the ER-positive human breast
      cancer cell line MCF-7 using immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies
      to ER. Using a soft agar colony assay and liquid culture, effects of growth and
      the antiestrogen tamoxifen were examined. Heterogeneity in expression of ER was
      observed between different clones in the agar cultures as well as among cells
      within the same clone. Clonal expression of ER increased progressively with
      increasing cell number within a clone. At pharmacological doses, tamoxifen
      significantly reduced clonal growth but also markedly reduced the expression of
      ER within clones that grew despite the presence of the antiestrogen. These
      findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ER-positive colonies arise from
      ER-negative progenitors and that ER expression occurs along with differentiation
      of cells within clones. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with tamoxifen
      exerting its antineoplastic action beyond the level of the tumor stem cell. Such
      therapy would therefore be capable of suppression but not eradication of breast
      cancer clonal progenitors.

PMID- 3986806
TI  - Comparison of the effects of vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinepidine
      on microtubule dynamics and cell proliferation in vitro.
AB  - Vinepidine, a new derivative of vincristine, and three clinically used
      Catharanthus derivatives, vinblastine, vincristine, and vindesine, were examined
      for their abilities to inhibit net tubulin addition at the assembly ends of
      bovine brain microtubules at steady state. Although all four derivatives were
      generally similar in potency, their relative abilities to inhibit tubulin
      addition were distinguishable. Vinepidine and vincristine were the most potent
      derivatives (Ki, 0.079 +/- 0.018 (SD) microM and 0.085 +/- 0.013 microM,
      respectively), followed by vindesine (Ki, 0.110 +/- 0.007 microM) and vinblastine
      (Ki, 0.178 +/- 0.025 microM). In contrast to their relative abilities to inhibit
      microtubule assembly in vitro, vinblastine and its derivative, vindesine, were
      generally more potent than vincristine and vinepidine in inhibiting cell
      proliferation in culture. Vinblastine was nine times more potent than the weakest
      derivative, vinepidine, in B16 melanoma cells. In L-cells, vinblastine completely
      inhibited growth at 40 nM, whereas vincristine and vindesine caused about 25%
      inhibition, and vinepidine was inactive. When B16 melanoma cells were treated
      with drug before being injected into mice, retardation of tumor growth was best
      achieved with vindesine, one of the weaker of the four derivatives in vitro. The
      results demonstrate that chemical differences among the Catharanthus derivatives,
      which affect to small extents the abilities of the derivatives to inhibit
      microtubule assembly in vitro, result in significant differences in the order and
      the magnitude of the abilities of the drugs to inhibit cell growth.

PMID- 3986807
TI  - Cutaneous changes during prolonged application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate on mouse skin and residual effects after cessation of treatment.
AB  - The epidermal and dermal effects of protracted 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate (TPA) treatment (2 micrograms TPA twice weekly) of Sencar mouse skin were
      studied using cell kinetics and morphometric techniques. In addition, regression
      of TPA-induced changes was evaluated after cessation of 56 topical applications.
      During the first week of treatment a reactional hyperplasia, characterized by
      cell damage, edema, and acute inflammation in both epidermis and dermis,
      occurred. This picture changed gradually during the following 3 weeks: an
      epidermal hyperplasia devoid of involutional or inflammatory features was
      accompanied by a moderate to mild chronic inflammation of the dermis and a
      hyperplasia of the hair follicles. This remained throughout the experimental
      period until the topical TPA treatment ceased. Although TPA induced papillomas in
      only 5% of the animals (maximum = 2 papillomas/animal and no carcinomas), all
      sustained marked epidermal hyperplasia of approximately 4 to 5 times the normal
      thickness, and increased the number and volume of hair follicles. The
      [3H]thymidine pulse-labeling index of the basal layer was approximately 32%
      (normal congruent to 6%). The level of dark keratinocytes remained constant;
      i.e., 8% of the basal cells were identified as dark cells during the entire
      experiment. At the subepidermal level the dermal thickness and total cellularity
      increased, although the proportion of the different cell types changed during the
      treatment. The mast cell population increased remarkably. After TPA treatment
      ceased, most of these parameters regressed abruptly during the first 2 weeks. Two
      to 4 months later, the epidermis was slightly thinner, and the labeling index was
      50% lower than normal (2.8%). This study shows that prolonged repetitive TPA
      applications induced a steady-state hyperplasia without tachyphylaxis, and that
      this alteration regressed rapidly after treatment ceased. In addition, labeling
      index values lower than normal were reached soon after normalization, suggesting
      that a possible selection of keratinocytes, dependent on TPA for proliferation,
      took place during the chronic administration of topical TPA. The number of hair
      follicle, capillary vessels, mast cells, and the dermal thickness never reached
      normal values after treatment. These important changes in the dermis and hair
      follicles indicate that the target cells for tumor promoters are not confined to
      the epidermis alone, and that these tissues could participate actively in
      carcinogenesis directly, either as tumor-originating tissues (hair follicles), or
      as inducers or helpers of neoplastic growth (connective tissue cells).

PMID- 3986808
TI  - Physiological studies of whole-body hyperthermia of dogs.
AB  - Whole body hyperthermia to 42 degrees C was induced in five normal beagles, using
      a humidity- and temperature-controlled chamber. Core temperatures of 41.2-43.0
      degrees C were achieved in 50 min and maintained for 60 min. Cardiopulmonary
      responses included marked tachypnea and tachycardia. Blood gases underwent
      progressive drops in both PO2 (mean, 117 torr) and PCO2 (mean, 22 torr),
      suggesting the possibility of the development of a diffusion barrier during
      heating. Increased anion gaps in the face of respiratory alkalosis indicated that
      a metabolic acidosis developed in the heated dogs. Transient but significant
      drops in serum potassium and phosphorus were also observed during hyperthermia.
      Other physiological data, including serum chemistries, complete blood count,
      colony-forming units, and urine electrolyte excretion, did not change
      significantly.

PMID- 3986809
TI  - Control of phenotypic expression of cultured B16 melanoma cells by plant
      glycosides.
AB  - The effects of two plant glycosides, ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2, on the growth and
      differentiation of mouse melanoma (B16) cells in culture were studied. These
      plant glycosides have a dammarane skeleton resembling a steroid skeleton as an
      aglycone. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits the growth of B16 melanoma cells, causes
      morphological alterations, and stimulates melanogenesis at high cellular density.
      When ginsenoside Rh2 was removed after 2 or 6 days of treatment, the growth rate
      recovered slightly but not completely, during the period of observation (4 days
      after removal). On the other hand, ginsenoside Rh1 does not inhibit the growth of
      melanoma cells even at concentrations over 100 microM but stimulates the
      expression of the melanotic phenotype. Ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2, possessing a
      glucose molecule at C-6 and C-3, respectively, have very similar chemical
      structures, but their effects on B16 melanoma cells differ remarkably. While it
      appears that the degree of differentiation is inversely related to cell growth,
      the present observations suggest that the differentiation and growth capacity of
      this B16 melanoma subline are independent phenotypic expressions.

PMID- 3986810
TI  - Inhibition of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced respiratory tract carcinogenesis by
      piperonylbutoxide in hamsters.
AB  - The influence of pretreatment with piperonylbutoxide (PIP) on the biological
      effects of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) in vivo in Syrian golden hamsters was
      investigated. PIP pretreatment significantly reduced covalent binding of N-[ethyl
      1-14C]DEN to tissue macromolecules in trachea, lung, and liver, while it did not
      change the tissue distribution of the parent compound. In a chronic experiment,
      hamsters treated with PIP before each DEN injection did not develop any tumors or
      precancerous changes in the lungs, while 60% of the animals given DEN alone
      developed lung tumors with the morphology of Clara cells and endocrine cells.
      Tumor incidence in the trachea was also significantly reduced by PIP, but to a
      lesser extent than in the lungs.

PMID- 3986812
TI  - Phase I clinical study with pharmacokinetic analysis of 2-beta-D
      ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (NSC 286193) administered as a five-day
      infusion.
AB  - A Phase I trial of 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (NSC 286193,
      tiazofurin) was conducted using a 5-day continuous infusion schedule. Twenty-four
      patients with advanced cancer were entered on this trial. Dose levels ranged from
      360 to 2350 mg/sq m/day for 5 days. Neurotoxicity was dose limiting and occurred
      in six patients. Neurotoxicity was expressed as confusion, lethargy, or
      obtundation and was associated with focal neurological deficits in four of six
      patients: hemiparesis, three; cortical blindness and bilateral upper extremity
      weakness, one. Neurotoxicity was not clearly dose related, occurring at 900 mg/sq
      m/day for 5 days (two patients), 1100 mg/sq m/day for 5 days (two patients), 1850
      mg/sq m/day for 5 days, and 2350 mg/sq m/day for 5 days (one patient each). Other
      toxicities seen were myelosuppression, desquamation of palms and soles, malar
      erythema, and hyperpigmentation, stomatitis, chest pain, drug fever, and
      increased serum creatine phosphokinase. Administered drug [71.5 +/- 11.2% (SE)]
      was recovered intact in the urine within 24 h of administration. Terminal-phase
      mean harmonic half-life was 8.0 h. The unpredictable neurotoxicity seen following
      continuous infusion therapy with tiazofurin suggests that Phase II trials of this
      schedule are not indicated until better understanding of the biochemical effects
      of tiazofurin is achieved.

PMID- 3986811
TI  - Prognostic importance of serum ferritin in patients with Stages III and IV
      neuroblastoma: the Childrens Cancer Study Group experience.
AB  - Ferritin was measured in sera obtained at diagnosis from 241 patients with
      neuroblastoma to determine (a) the incidence of elevated ferritin and (b) the
      relationship between ferritin level and outcome. Ferritin was infrequently
      elevated in sera from patients with Stages I and II disease but was abnormally
      elevated in 37 and 54% of those with Stages III and IV neuroblastoma,
      respectively. The mean and median levels for each stage were compared and were
      highest for Stages III and IV disease. Analysis of progression-free survival for
      children with Stages III and IV disease indicated that elevated ferritin was
      associated with a significantly poorer prognosis than was normal ferritin and
      that this correlation was independent of stage and age at diagnosis. Progression
      free survival at 24 months of follow-up for patients with Stage III disease with
      normal ferritin was 76% and with elevated ferritin was 23%. For those with Stage
      IV disease, progression-free survival was 27 and 3% with normal and elevated
      ferritin, respectively. We conclude that determination of the level of ferritin
      in serum at diagnosis is useful for selecting appropriate therapy for patients
      with Stage III neuroblastoma. Those with normal ferritin (63% of patients) have a
      good outcome with current therapy, but those with elevated ferritin (37%) do
      poorly and require more effective therapy. Although ferritin defines subgroups
      with Stage IV disease, the outcome of all groups must be improved.

PMID- 3986814
TI  - Increased mutation frequency following treatment with cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - The relationship between somatic mutation and cancer was studied by measuring in
      vivo mutation frequency and in vitro mutability using lymphocytes from 28
      untreated adult patients with solid tumors, 14 untreated patients with lymphoma,
      and 27 patients with solid tumors or lymphoma who had been treated with
      chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In vivo mutation frequency in untreated
      patients did not differ from that of controls, except perhaps in patients with
      lymphoma, who showed a slight increase. Lymphocytes from untreated patients with
      solid tumors or lymphoma did not show a greater increase in mutations induced
      after X-radiation or UV radiation than did lymphocytes from controls. For all the
      untreated patients, the geometric mean mutation frequency was 6.72 X 10(-6), and
      it was significantly increased to 19.57 X 10(-6) following chemotherapy and 34.40
      X 10(-6) following chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The results suggest that
      excessive systemic exposure to mutagens or inherent susceptibility to mutagenesis
      are not important etiological factors in at least the majority of patients with
      cancer. The mutations produced by treatment may be related to the late side
      effects of therapy such as second neoplasms.

PMID- 3986813
TI  - Phase I evaluation and pharmacokinetics of tiazofurin (2-beta-D
      ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide, NSC 286193).
AB  - Tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide, TCAR, Riboxamide, NSC
      286193) is a novel C-nucleoside with antitumor activity against several murine
      tumor models, including Lewis lung carcinoma. The mechanism whereby this compound
      exerts its antineoplastic effects is most likely related to a state of guanine
      nucleotide depletion whereby the anabolite, thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine
      dinucleotide, potently inhibits inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase. This
      Phase I study was designed to determine the maximally tolerated dose of
      Tiazofurin administered on a 5-day, every-28-day schedule. Tiazofurin levels were
      measured using a high-pressure liquid chromatography assay, and pharmacokinetic
      studies were performed in patients treated at each dose level. Nineteen patients
      received a total of 24 courses of the drug in doses ranging from 550 to 2200
      mg/sq m. The dose-limiting toxicities were pleuropericarditis and a general
      illness best described as a "viral-like" syndrome (manifested by severe malaise,
      headaches, myalgias, fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea). Other toxicity
      included myelosuppression, hyperuricemia, elevated serum creatine phosphokinase
      and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, conjunctivitis, mucositis, and
      desquamation of the palms of the hands. Plasma clearance of Tiazofurin followed a
      biexponential pattern with a harmonic mean terminal half-life of 7.6 h. The mean
      volume of distribution at steady state was 30 liters/sq m, and the mean plasma
      clearance was 3 liters/h/sq m. The total cumulative urinary excretion ranged from
      15 to 49%. The maximally tolerated dose of Tiazofurin on a 5-day schedule was
      1650 mg/sq m. The recommended dose for Phase II evaluations is 1100 mg/sq m for 5
      days. However, exploration of other schedules which might allow administration of
      more Tiazofurin combined with biochemical studies including thiazole-4
      carboxamide adenine dinucleotide measurements would be desirable.

PMID- 3986815
TI  - Comparison of nuclear DNA content in primary and metastatic papillary thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - Nuclear DNA values were determined in 40 primary papillary thyroid carcinomas, as
      well as in 52 corresponding local recurrences and metastases were observed either
      at the time of diagnosis or up to 20 years later. The patient population
      consisted of 34 survivors and 6 nonsurvivors. In survivors, both the primary
      tumors and their recurrences and metastases exhibited a majority of cells with
      DNA values within the normal diploid region, whereas nonsurvivors showed
      increased and scattered DNA values. In all cases, the primary tumors and the
      corresponding recurrences and metastases showed similar DNA distribution patterns
      even if many years had passed between the detection of the primary tumor and the
      metastases. The results indicate that in papillary thyroid carcinomas, the DNA
      distribution patterns in the primary tumor and the corresponding recurrences or
      metastases are generally similar throughout the entire period of disease.

PMID- 3986816
TI  - Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and
      malignant human breast tissue.
AB  - The endogenous concentrations and subcellular distribution of estrone and
      estradiol were measured in malignant and nonmalignant human breast tissue from
      pre- and postmenopausal women. The most striking finding was the significantly
      higher concentration of estradiol per g of tissue in the malignant tissues than
      in the nonmalignant tissues. The tissue concentrations of estradiol in pre- and
      postmenopausal women were similar despite the large differences in the peripheral
      plasma levels. No correlation was found between the estradiol receptor content
      and endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estradiol. No
      difference in the estrone tissue concentration was found between malignant and
      nonmalignant tissues. In comparison with human uterine tissues, which we have
      reported previously, human breast tissue "handles" estrogenic hormones
      differently from human uterine tissue. At equal concentrations of the estradiol
      receptor, concentrations and subcellular distribution of the estrogens are
      different in both tissues. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of
      estradiol via its receptor, a mechanism mainly based on studies in animal uterine
      tissue, applies only qualitatively to human breast cancer tissue.

PMID- 3986817
TI  - Cancer of the respiratory tract: predisposing factors.

PMID- 3986818
TI  - Enhancement of lung tumor formation in mice.
AB  - There is now a great deal of data available that show that BHT enhances the
      development of lung tumors in mice. In many ways BHT behaves like a promoting
      agent. Interestingly, it also has tumor enhancing or promoting properties in
      other organs than mouse lung, such as rat liver, rat bladder, possibly rat GI
      tract, and in in vitro systems. The development of lung tumors by BHT may be
      influenced by comparatively low exposure regimens; the minimum dose found so far
      to be effective is 6 intraperitoneal injections of 50 mg/kg of BHT of feeding a
      diet containing 500 ppm of BHT for 2 weeks. While these findings seem to require
      that the continued use of BHT as a food additive needs to be reevaluated, it
      should be mentioned that other considerations have led to the conclusion that the
      use of BHT probably has a large margin of safety. This makes it important to
      establish the mechanism of action of BHT which at this time remains unknown.

PMID- 3986820
TI  - Perspective on pathologic predisposition to lung cancer in humans.

PMID- 3986819
TI  - Effects of tumor promoters, aldehydes, peroxides, and tobacco smoke condensate on
      growth and differentiation of cultured normal and transformed human bronchial
      cells.

PMID- 3986821
TI  - Heterogeneity in responses of human and rodent respiratory epithelial cells to
      tumor promoters in culture.
AB  - Phorbol ester tumor promoters enhance the ability of primary normal rat tracheal
      epithelial cells to form colonies in a time-dependent fashion. The potency of
      phorbol derivatives in inducing this effect is relative to their potency as tumor
      promoters in mouse epidermis. Agents which do not interact with the putative TPA
      receptor are not effective. In contrast, both hamster tracheal and human
      bronchial epithelial cells are inhibited from forming colonies by phorbol esters.
      The sensitivity of human cells varied among individuals but could not be related
      to age, smoking history, or presence of a cancerous condition. These results bear
      some similarity to those of Harris et al. where levels of BP-DNA binding were
      measured in organ cultures of human bronchus. An interindividual variation of 120
      fold was observed in 37 specimens of human bronchus, however, no correlation was
      apparent between levels of binding and whether the specimens were from patients
      with cancer. It would be of interest to determine if there is a relationship
      between carcinogen metabolism or binding and the ability to respond to promoters
      in specimens from normal and lung cancer patients. It is conceivable that lung
      cancer arises in individuals that have rare peculiarities in carcinogen
      metabolism combined with peculiarities in their responses to promoters present in
      cigarette smoke. Several conclusions can be drawn from these data. Species vary
      in response to tumor promoting agents, and the type of response may be a result
      of the biochemical events which are triggered by interaction with protein kinase
      C or another cellular receptor. Both responses, that of enhanced growth of
      epithelial cells observed in the rat, or that of inhibition of growth (induction
      of terminal differentiation) seen in human and hamster epithelial cells are
      consistent with proposed mechanisms by which tumor promoters may function. A
      general enhancement of cell proliferation may lead to fixation or expansion of
      genetic damage in initiated cells, while induction of terminal differentiation in
      normal cells could lead to expanded cell proliferation in initiated cells
      resistant to differentiation controls. This indicates that both responses may be
      useful in detecting environmental promoting agents. In light of these studies
      perhaps the hamster trachea may more closely mimic the responses of the human
      bronchus than does the rat. This is consistent with observations of the
      difficulty in transforming hamster tracheal epithelium (Dr. Brooke Mossman,
      personal communication) and human bronchial epithelium compared with rat
      tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3986822
TI  - Contrasting responses of normal and transformed rat tracheal epithelial cells to
      the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
AB  - The data presented here are part of an ongoing effort to examine the response of
      rat tracheal epithelium to tumor promoting agents and to elucidate the mechanisms
      of tumor promotion in that epithelial tissue (see Steele, this volume). Previous
      studies indicated that airway epithelium is responsive to the tumor promoter TPA
      and that TPA can promote the tumor response in rat tracheal epithelium But what
      are the mechanisms involved? We have divided this question into two main
      elements: 1) Which stages of neoplastic development are affected by TPA, i.e.,
      which preneoplastic cell populations are targets for TPA action resulting in the
      acceleration and enhancement of the process of neoplastic development? 2) What
      effects does TPA have on various preneoplastic cell populations and how do such
      effects result in promotion? The experiments discussed here relate to the second
      part of the question. They suggested that TPA elicits a marked cytotoxic response
      in stably transformed RTE cell variants (see Fig. 1). These preneoplastic cell
      variants are clearly different from untransformed RTE cells which are triggered
      into cell cycle as indicated by an increase in CFE. This difference between
      normal and transformed cells is of considerable interest in itself since it
      points to a fundamental, biochemical alteration in the transformed cells.
      Evidence exists that transformed RTE cell lines have TPA receptors and that at
      least some of the responses elicited by TPA exposure, such as the induction of
      ornithine decarboxylase activity, are receptor-mediated. Whether the cytotoxic
      response elicited by TPA is receptor-mediated is presently not known.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986823
TI  - Cocarcinogenic and tumor promoting properties of asbestos and other minerals in
      tracheobronchial epithelium.
AB  - Epidemiologic and experimental studies document a synergistic effect of asbestos
      and smoking in the induction of bronchogenic carcinoma. Whereas the increased
      risk of these cancers in nonsmoking asbestos workers is 4-fold or less in
      comparison to nonsmokers in the general population, individuals who smoke and are
      exposed to asbestos occupationally have a 80-90 fold increased risk. The
      observations summarized above provide substantial insight into the interactions
      between asbestos and chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke at the cellular
      level (Fig. 8). On the one hand, asbestos fibers and other particulates appear to
      act as condensation nuclei for PAH in the occupational setting or environment.
      They then facilitate the transfer of these chemical carcinogens into target
      cells, i.e., those destined to develop into tumor cells. As a result, the adduct
      formation of PAH to DNA is encouraged, an event linked intrinsically to
      initiation of transformation. Alternatively, asbestos appears to enhance and
      modulate the further development of initiated cells to neoplastic cells by a
      process resembling tumor promotion in mouse skin. In this regard, the most
      dramatic example illustrating the importance of asbestos in two-stage
      carcinogenesis is an experiment by Topping and Nettesheim. These investigators
      inserted the PAH, 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the lumen of rat
      trachea which then were implanted on syngeneic animals. Subsequently, chrysotile
      asbestos was introduced, and grafts were removed for histology when palpable
      tumors occurred. At non-tumorigenic (i.e., initiating) amounts of DMBA, asbestos
      promoted the development of malignancies, although two neoplasms were observed
      with use of asbestos alone. Asbestos was not carcinogenic at these amounts, but a
      low incidence (5%) of squamous cell carcinoma was observed with use of chrysotile
      alone at much higher concentrations. These results suggest that asbestos is a
      weak carcinogen, but more importantly a promoter of carcinogenesis in the
      respiratory tract. Studies in this laboratory show striking effects of asbestos
      fibers on cell proliferation and differentiation although these responses appear
      to occur also after exposure of tracheobronchial cells to nonasbestos fibers
      including fiberglass.

PMID- 3986824
TI  - Enhancement of lung cancer by cigarette smoking in uranium and other miners.
AB  - There are substantial animal and epidemiological data related to cigarette
      smoking and lung cancer among miners exposed to elevated levels of radon
      daughters that appears to be in disagreement. An hypothesis is advanced that
      explains most of this disagreement as being derived from temporal differences of
      cancer expression. The hypothesis is that a given radiation exposure induced a
      finite number of lung cancers, which have shorter latent periods due to the
      cancer promotion activity of smoke among cigarette smokers. According to this
      hypothesis, the life-shortening effect is greater among smoking miners than
      nonsmoking miners, and the ultimate number of lung cancers among smoking miners
      will be only a little larger than among nonsmokers. The greater number will
      derive from the additive effect of radiation and smoking, plus the greater force
      of competing causes of death among elderly nonsmokers.

PMID- 3986825
TI  - New aspects of tobacco carcinogenesis.
AB  - In tobacco smoke, catechols represent a major group of cocarcinogens. Model
      studies have indicated that polyphenols and polysaccharides are two major groups
      of precursors for the catechol formation during smoking. Results from the
      application of BP together with catechol on mouse skin indicate that the
      detoxification path of BP metabolism is decreased and the formation of the BP-7,8
      diol is increased in comparison to the metabolism pattern observed when BP is
      applied alone. It remains to be demonstrated that the increased BP-7,8-diol
      formation leads also to increased formation of BP-DNA adducts in epithelial
      tissues. The nicotine-derived N-nitrosamines represent a major group of
      carcinogens in chewing tobacco, snuff, and tobacco smoke. Their concentrations in
      processed tobacco and smoke exceed by far those of carcinogenic nitrosamines in
      other environmental materials. Whereas it has been shown that nicotine gives rise
      to NNN and NNK during tobacco chewing, the endogenous formation of these potent
      carcinogens upon smoke inhalation has so far not been demonstrated. However, the
      formation of N-nitrosoproline in cigarette smokers and snuff dippers proves that
      smoke and snuff have a measurable potential for the endogenous formation of
      carcinogenic nitrosamines. Finally, the data presented here indicate that the
      individuals subjected to passive smoke exposure under controlled conditions take
      up measurable amounts of particulate matter. The nicotine level in the saliva of
      nonsmokers reflect recent passive smoke exposure and levels of nicotine and
      cotinine in urine reflect the long-term exposure to smoke particulates. The
      indicators, measured in saliva and serum, make it clear that uptake of
      particulates due to passive smoke exposure corresponds only to a low percentage
      (less than 2%) of the particulates that represent the uptake of a 1 pack-a-day
      adult smoker. However, in special settings, such as in the exposure of infants to
      the smoke pollutants generated by their mothers, uptake of smoke constituents can
      reach levels which raise concerns as to possible long range toxic effects. A
      broader base of subjects and a wider range of pollution situations need to be
      tested in order to substantiate the significance of the dosimetry of uptake
      executed to date. Such measurements constitute an attempt at more accurate risk
      assessment for nonsmokers in smoke polluted environments.

PMID- 3986827
TI  - Effects of ethanol, phenol, formaldehyde, and selected metabolites on metabolic
      cooperation between Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblasts.

PMID- 3986826
TI  - Studies on the tumor initiating, tumor promoting, and tumor co-initiating
      properties of respiratory carcinogens.

PMID- 3986829
TI  - Initiation and promotion in cultures of C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts.
AB  - Studies conducted in numerous laboratories have demonstrated that the
      transformation of C3H10T1/2 cells can proceed through discrete stages of
      initiation and promotion. Indeed, multiple operational aspects of initiation and
      promotion in this system closely mimic the essential characteristics of
      initiation and promotion on mouse skin. The sensitivity of this system to the
      effects of different tumor promoters also appears to parallel that of mouse skin,
      and there is evidence to suggest that the C3H10T1/2 system is most sensitive to
      agents acting as stage II tumor promoters on mouse skin. Sensitivity to compounds
      active at other tissue sites in rodents and perhaps man has also been observed.
      At this time it is difficult to assess the relevance of the C3H10T1/2 system for
      the study of agents capable of modulating respiratory carcinogenesis. The process
      of promotion can possess extreme tissue and species specificity and effects
      observed in murine fibroblasts of embryonic origin may have little practical
      bearing upon effects to be anticipated in the tracheal epithelium of the rat or
      the bronchial epithelium of man. This is not to say that the C3H10T1/2 system is
      irrelevant to respiratory carcinogenesis. However, due recognition must be taken
      of the probable natural limitations of this system for the study of promoters of
      respiratory carcinogenesis. As the data base for the use of this system is
      expanded, the relationship between promotion in C3H10T1/2 cells and the
      respiratory tract of man and rodents will become better defined. Until such time
      as this relationship is firmly established, it is perhaps best to regard the
      C3H10T1/2 system as an interesting model with which results obtained using
      respiratory tissue can be compared or contrasted.

PMID- 3986828
TI  - Enhancement and inhibition of transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells.
AB  - Diploid Syrian hamster embryo cells are particularly appropriate for the study of
      the transformation phenomenon in target cells. In vitro morphologic
      transformation occurs in a dose-dependent manner and is characterized by random
      crisscrossing and piling of cells; it correlates with tumorigenicity because
      individually transformed cell colonies can be isolated, cell lines can be
      developed, and the formation of tumors can be demonstrated after the injection of
      the transformed cells into either Syrian hamsters or athymic nude mice. HEC can
      also be used to investigate stages of carcinogenesis, initiation, and promotion.
      The susceptibility of normal HEC to transformation by environmental carcinogens
      including asbestos, bisulfite, nitrated non-carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons,
      and X- or ultraviolet irradiation has made possible the determination of a
      variety of cell responses as they proceed to the neoplastic state. The initiation
      is usually a hereditary process involving single-hit kinetics and the
      transformation data indicate there is no measurable threshold response to
      carcinogens. The promotional aspects of transformation are readily modulated by
      environmental factors and have a threshold, as well as a maximal effect. The
      results of transformation studies using hamster cells indicate that in vitro
      studies are relevant to carcinogenesis and indicate that the various steps
      involved can be identified. Therefore, it should be possible to intervene with
      the various stages or steps leading to neoplasia so that cancer can be prevented.

PMID- 3986830
TI  - Lung cancer etiology: challenges of the future.
AB  - The 1982 Report of the Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health Service
      concluded that "cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality
      in the United States" and that "85 percent of lung cancer cases are due to
      smoking". Thus, major emphasis should be placed on school health education
      programs designed to prevent young people from smoking. Those students who are
      already cigarette smokers should be provided with an opportunity to attend
      smoking cessation courses with the hope that they stop. However, as long as
      society condones tobacco usage, millions of people will smoke, and millions of
      others will be involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke. In this communication we
      have discussed the need for future research on the etiology of lung cancer. This
      includes the observation of a shift toward an increasing proportion of
      adenocarcinoma compared to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in men, more
      detailed knowledge of the effects of macro- and micronutrients in the etiology of
      lung cancer, a clear delineation of the impact of tumor initiators, tumor
      promoters, and cocarcinogens in the development of lung cancer in cigarette
      smokers, and a study of the effects of the low-yield cigarette on the lung cancer
      risk of smokers. Finally, we reviewed the present knowledge as to the possible
      association of passive smoke exposure and lung cancer. Here we have placed major
      emphasis on the need for a close cooperation between epidemiologists and clinical
      biochemists in risk assessment.

PMID- 3986831
TI  - Multi-event model of carcinogenesis: a mathematical model for cancer causation
      and prevention.

PMID- 3986832
TI  - Tumor promotion and tumor progression.

PMID- 3986833
TI  - Relevance of tumor promotion to carcinogenesis in human populations.

PMID- 3986834
TI  - Enhancement and promotion in respiratory cancer.

PMID- 3986835
TI  - Relevance of enhancement to human respiratory tract carcinogenesis.

PMID- 3986836
TI  - Types of enhancement of carcinogenesis and influences on human cancer.

PMID- 3986837
TI  - Glass fibers and vapor phase components of cigarette smoke as cofactors in
      experimental respiratory tract carcinogenesis.
AB  - Syrian golden hamsters were given intratracheal instillations of glass fibers
      with or without BP suspended in saline, once a fortnight for 52 weeks; the
      experiment was terminated at week 85. No tumors of the respiratory tract were
      observed in hamsters treated with glass fibers alone. There was no indication
      that glass fibers enhanced the development of respiratory tract tumors induced by
      BP. In another study Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to fresh air or to a
      mixture of 4 major vapor phase components of cigarette smoke, viz. isoprene (800-
      --700 ppm), methyl chloride (1000----900 ppm), methyl nitrite (200----190 ppm)
      and acetaldehyde (1400----1200 ppm) for a period of at most 23 months. Some of
      the animals were also given repeated intratracheal instillations of BP or
      norharman in saline. Laryngeal tumors were found in 7/31 male and 6/32 female
      hamsters exposed only to the vapor mixture, whereas no laryngeal tumors occurred
      in controls. The tumor response of the larynx most probably has to be ascribed
      entirely to the action of acetaldehyde. Simultaneous treatment with norharman or
      BP did not affect the tumor response of the larynx. Acetaldehyde may occur in the
      vapor phase of cigarette smoke at levels up to 2000 ppm. Chronic inhalation
      exposure of rats to acetaldehyde at levels of 0 (controls), 750, 1500 or 3000---
      1000 ppm resulted in a high incidence of nasal carcinomas, both squamous cell
      carcinomas of the respiratory epithelium and adenocarcinomas of the olfactory
      epithelium. It was discussed that acetaldehyde may significantly contribute to
      the induction of bronchogenic cancer by cigarette smoke in man. No evidence was
      obtained for a role of isoprene, methyl chloride or methyl nitrite in the
      induction of lung cancer by cigarette smoke.

PMID- 3986838
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid and extracellular fluid: their relationship to pressure and
      duration of canine hydrocephalus.
AB  - Fifteen greyhound dogs were made hydrocephalic by the transsphenoidal injection
      of silicone into the basal cisterns at the level of the tentorial incisura. Six
      of these animals had ventriculocisternal perfusions 4 weeks later and six at 8
      weeks, half at 150 and half at 100 mm H2O. Three 12-week dogs were perfused at
      150 mm H2O. Serial sections of brain from the ependyma of the left frontal horn
      to the overlying pia were counted for 14C inulin and 3H methotrexate uptake.
      Tissue concentrations of both markers varied indirectly with distance from
      ependyma and from pia, and varied directly with perfusion pressure. The data
      indicate that the diffusional pathway between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and
      extracellular fluid (ECF) can be modified by CSF pressure changes, i.e., CSF
      flows from the ventricles and subarachnoid space into the extracellular space
      when CSF pressures are raised. Brain uptake of inulin and methotrexate was
      significantly increased in the dogs made hydrocephalic 4 weeks prior to
      perfusion, but was less so in the 8-week hydrocephalics. Uptake of the tracers in
      three 12-week animals was similar to that found previously in normal dogs at
      elevated pressures. These findings correspond in location and time to the
      periventricular lucencies that are seen by computed tomography in human subacute
      hydrocephalus. They are apparently due to pressure-related changes in the volume
      of the ECF.

PMID- 3986839
TI  - Surgically confirmed myelographic classification of congenital intraspinal lipoma
      in the lumbosacral region.
AB  - Twenty-four cases of histologically confirmed congenital intraspinal lipoma of
      the lumbosacral region were studied by means of myelography with metrizamide. The
      findings were compared with intraoperative observations. Myelography with
      metrizamide clearly revealed the detailed intrathecal structures and allowed a
      classification of intraspinal lipomas into four types, in terms of their
      insertion into the conus medullaris: dorsal type, either with direct or indirect
      (via an intrathecal stalk) insertion of the extrathecal lipoma into the dorsal
      aspect of the conus medullaris; caudal type; combined type; and filar lipoma.
      Based on our surgical experience in untethering and decompression of the lesions,
      the classification was found to be useful in designing a safe and effective
      surgical procedure which minimized all possible trauma to the intrathecal neural
      structures.

PMID- 3986840
TI  - Oligodendroglial tumors in childhood.
AB  - A series of 20 hemispheric tumors in children less than 16 years of age, over a
      period of 20 years, is presented. Among them, 8 were oligodendroglial tumors, a
      proportion well above the level reported in the literature. The World Health
      Organization (WHO) classification, which includes mixed oligoastrocytomas, in the
      oligodendrogliomas was used. This addition does not explain this unusually high
      proportion. Selection of cases and the correct histological diagnosis are
      probably important.

PMID- 3986841
TI  - Intraventricular tumors in tuberous sclerosis.
AB  - Eleven of our own cases of tuberous sclerosis with intraventricular tumor and 34
      cases from the literature are reviewed. Initial symptoms and identification of
      tuberous sclerosis and tumor are reviewed. Results of surgical treatment,
      including direct radical excision and shunting are given. On gross examination,
      the tumor was most often loosely connected to ependyma near the foramen of Monro,
      causing hydrocephalus. Giant cell subependymal astrocytoma was frequently found
      on microscopic examination. The glial origin of the tumor is discussed and direct
      surgical approach of the tumor is proposed as the best treatment of these
      lesions.

PMID- 3986842
TI  - Functional prognosis of surgical treatment of craniosynostosis.
AB  - Twenty-three cases of craniosynostosis were studied with regard to age at
      operation, symptoms, operative methods, and long-term results. Long-term results
      of 20 cases that were followed up for more than 1 year after surgery showed that
      mental retardation remained in 8 cases; a slight improvement in mental function
      was observed in only 2 cases. Of the 8 patients with mental retardation, 7 were
      operated on more than 6 months after birth, 7 showed striking digital impression
      on skull X-ray films and 5 were suffering from oxycephaly. Of the 8 patients with
      mental retardation, 5 had suffered from perinatal asphyxia or had seizures during
      delivery and subsequent past history. From these observations, factors affecting
      prognosis are: (1) age at operation; (2) the degree and duration of increased
      intracranial pressure; (3) the extent and degree of suture closures; (4)
      perinatal asphyxia and seizure disorders.

PMID- 3986843
TI  - Steric control in the polymerization of 1,2-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D
      mannopyranose.
AB  - Polymerization of 1,2-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-mannopyranose under acid
      catalysis has led to a series of polymers varying in anomeric configuration from
      approximately 90% alpha to 70% beta. Optical rotations follow 13C-n.m.r.
      estimates of anomeric composition linearly over this range. Low-temperature
      polymerization with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride as initiator favors mainly
      cis-opening of the anhydro ring, presumably through the intermediary of a
      macroester. These results are compared with related glycosylation and
      polymerization reactions on 1,2-anhydro sugar derivatives, and some mechanistic
      conclusions are proposed.

PMID- 3986844
TI  - Synthesis and antitumor activity of 3'-C-methyl-daunorubicin.
AB  - Reaction of 1,5-anhydro-4-O-benzoyl-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-trifluoro-acetami
      no-L-lyxo-hex-1-enitol with daunomycinone in the presence of anhydrous toluene-p
      sulfonic acid in benzene, followed by removal of the N- and O-protecting groups
      under mild conditions, gave 3'-C-methyldaunorubicin. The antitumor activity of
      the new anthracycline glycoside has been evaluated.

PMID- 3986845
TI  - Glycogen of high molecular weight from mammalian muscle.
AB  - Glycogen of high molecular weight has been isolated from mammalian muscle, in
      contrast to the material of low molecular weight commonly described. The large
      polysaccharide is similar to liver glycogen in the structure of its individual
      beta-particles and also, partially, in the mode of assembly into the gross alpha
      particles. The large particles may be disrupted by 2-mercaptoethanol, but not to
      the same extent as their liver counterparts.

PMID- 3986846
TI  - Structure of two new oligosaccharides isolated from human milk: sialylated lacto
      N-fucopentaoses I and II.
AB  - The structures of two minor oligosaccharides isolated from human milk have been
      investigated. By using f.a.b.-mass spectrometry, methylation analysis, and
      partial formolysis as the principal methods of structural investigation, these
      oligosaccharides were identified as IV2-alpha-Fuc-III6-alpha-NeuAc-LcOse4 and IV3
      alpha-NeuAc-III4-alpha-Fuc-LcOse4. This latter oligosaccharide has been recently
      found to be the carbohydrate moiety of a ganglioside isolated from a colorectal
      carcinoma cell-line (see ref. 12).

PMID- 3986848
TI  - The crystal structure of anhydrous alpha,alpha-trehalose at -150 degrees.
AB  - The crystal structure of alpha,alpha-trehalose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D
      glucopyranoside), C12H22O11, is monoclinic, P2(1), Z = 2, with unit cell
      dimensions at -150 degrees [20 degrees] of a = 12.971(5) [13.003(5)], b =
      8.229(4) [8.252(4)], c = 6.789(3) [6.799(3)] A, beta = 98.12(4) [98.33(4)]. The
      crystal structure was solved by using MULTAN, and refined to R = 0.059, Rw =
      0.048 for 1564 intensities, measured with MoK alpha radiation. The molecular
      structure is very similar to that observed in the dihydrate crystals. It has
      approximate C2 symmetry. Both glucopyranosyl groups are in the 4C1 conformation.
      The linkage torsion angles, O-5-C-1-O-1-C-1, are +60.8 degrees and +60.1 degrees.
      The primary alcohol groups are oriented gauche/gauche and gauche/trans, as in the
      dihydrate structure. A comparison of the cross-polarization, magic-angle-spinning
      (c.p.-m.a.s.), 13C-n.m.r. spectra for powders of the crystalline anhydrous and
      dihydrate forms shows differences in resonances assigned to C-1 and C-4 that
      would not be anticipated from the results of the crystal-structure analyses.

PMID- 3986847
TI  - Effect of sulfated derivatives of chitosan on some blood coagulant factors.
AB  - The effect of some sulfated derivatives of chitosan on several blood-coagulant
      factors was examined in comparison with those of heparin (174 units/mg). The
      anticoagulant activity (units/mg) with respect to activated partial
      thromboplastin time was 331-379 for O-sulfated N-acetylchitosan (2), 190-287 for
      N, O-sulfated chitosan (1), and 21-31 for sulfated O-carboxymethylchitosan (3).
      The activity (units/mg) with respect to thrombin time was 70-87 for 2, 44-70 for
      1, and 14-22 for 3. The activity (units/mg) with respect to antithrombin activity
      was 4.9-9.0 for 2, 4.7-8.7 for 1, and 3.3-6.0 for 3. No anti-(factor Xa) activity
      was observed with 1-3. A 6-sulfate group in the hexosaminyl moiety was a main
      active site; although a 3-sulfate group was not essential, it promoted the
      activity of the 6-sulfate group. N-Sulfate was not a prerequisite for activity.
      The biological activities were also related to molecular weight in the sequence 2
      (26,000) greater than heparin (21,000) greater than 1 (12,000) greater than 3
      (540,000). For the Methylene Blue complexes, 1, but neither 2 nor 3, exhibited a
      negative, induced Cotton effect similar to that of heparin.

PMID- 3986849
TI  - Sinus node responses to perfusion pressure changes, ischaemia and hypothermia in
      the isolated blood-perfused dog atrium.
AB  - Sinus node responses to perfusion pressure changes, ischaemia and hypothermia
      were evaluated in 22 isolated blood-perfused dog atria. Sinus cycle length (SCL)
      was measured and sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was estimated using the
      premature atrial stimulation technique (PAS) and the constant atrial pacing
      method (CAP). There was a good correlation between the results obtained with both
      techniques (r = 0.8297) but CAP had less depressing action on sinus node
      automaticity. Increasing the perfusion pressure from 100 to 200 mmHg did not
      influence estimated SACT nor SCL. However, a reduction in perfusion pressure
      (from 100 to 50 mmHg) markedly shortened SCL without significantly decreasing
      estimated SACT. Lowering temperature from 37 to 25 degrees C caused a linear
      increase in estimated SACT and SCL. Occlusion of the sinus node artery induced a
      sinus tachycardia which was not blocked by sotalol. Estimated SACT was
      significantly shorter 1 min after occlusion and longer 3 min after occlusion;
      this increase was significantly inhibited by atropine infusion. Thus, the
      increase in estimated SACT seen after occlusion might be related to cholinergic
      activity. However, the sinus tachycardia following a decrease in perfusion
      pressure might be due to activation of the stretch-receptors while the one seen
      after reduction in blood flow and occlusion of the sinus node artery seems more
      likely to be a consequence of ischaemia.

PMID- 3986850
TI  - Coronary sinus blood flow determination by the thermodilution technique:
      influence of catheter position and respiration.
AB  - By measuring the coronary sinus blood flow using the thermodilution technique the
      influence of "thermodilution catheter" withdrawal from the great cardiac vein to
      the ostium of the coronary sinus was investigated in 41 patients. In addition,
      the influence of normal and forced respiration on coronary sinus blood flow was
      measured in 16 of the patients. Mean great cardiac vein flow was measured to 54
      +/- 25 ml X min-1. Catheter withdrawal revealed coronary sinus blood flows of 80
      +/- 32, 103 +/- 35, 145 +/- 39 and 213 +/- 61 ml X min-1 when the catheter was
      moved by steps of 1 cm towards the coronary sinus ostium. The coronary sinus
      blood flow changed between 116 +/- 34 ml X min-1 and 128 +/- 41 ml X min-1 on
      expiration or inspiration during normal respiration, respectively, when the
      catheter was placed in a mid-coronary sinus position. Forced respiration changed
      the coronary sinus blood flow from 98 +/- 41 ml X min-1 during expiration to 196
      +/- 76 ml X min-1 during inspiration. The data show that coronary sinus blood
      flow changes from 23 to 68 ml X min-1 per cm catheter movement, the nearer the
      ostium the greater the change. Therefore comparison of coronary sinus blood flow
      between groups of patients would be a comparison between different catheter
      positions. Normal respiration moves, as judged by the coronary sinus blood flow,
      the thermodilution catheter by less than 0.5 cm while forced respiration moves
      the catheter up to 2 cm within the coronary sinus.

PMID- 3986851
TI  - Improvement in recovery of left ventricular function during reperfusion with
      coenzyme Q10 in isolated working rat heart.
AB  - To investigate the protective effect of coenzyme Q10 on left ventricular function
      during ischaemia and reperfusion, we studied isolated working rat hearts
      contracting 300 times per min perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37
      degrees C. There was no significant difference in left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure and left ventricular dP/dt between the coenzyme Q10-treated group
      (intravenous injection of 0.0115 mmol per kg of body weight, n = 7) and the
      vehicle-treated control group (n = 7) throughout 45 min of ischaemia and 30 min
      of reperfusion. The left ventricular peak systolic pressure in the coenzyme Q10
      treated group was higher than in the vehicle-treated control group (48.7 +/- 10.9
      versus 29.7 +/- 10.0 mmHg, p less than 0.05) after 30 min of reperfusion,
      although there was no significant difference between the two groups before and
      during ischaemia (45 min). During 5 to 30 min of the recovery period, the
      coronary sinus flow in the coenzyme Q10-treated group was greater than in the
      control group (5.4 +/- 1.8 versus 3.1 +/- 0.5 ml X min-1 after 30 min of
      recovery, p less than 0.05). It was concluded that coenzyme Q10 improved recovery
      of the left ventricular peak systolic pressure and the coronary sinus flow.
      Although it is possible that coenzyme Q10 facilitated ATP production and improved
      recovery, it is more likely that coenzyme Q10, which is an antioxidant, protected
      the myocardium against free radical damage during reperfusion.

PMID- 3986852
TI  - Pulmonary vascular input impedance in the newborn and infant pig.
AB  - The input impedance of the main pulmonary artery in 26 pigs aged from 1 h to 2
      weeks has been calculated from measurements of pressure and flow. From these data
      we have derived estimates of the hydraulic power output of the right heart. The
      impedance spectra were similar in form to those in many other studies and were
      consistent with the presence of a single reflection site within the lung. The
      frequency of the (single) minimum decreased steadily with increasing age as did
      the corresponding zero crossing point on the phase curve. From estimates of
      propagation velocity the position of this "reflection site" was found to coincide
      with the position of the lung periphery in each age group. An overall fall in
      characteristic impedance with increasing age was found to be due to the
      increasing diameter of the pulmonary artery rather than to changes in its
      elasticity. The total power output/body weight of the right heart fell from 10.4
      to 4.8 mW X kg-1 from birth to 4 weeks of age. During this period the ratio of
      pulsatile to steady power fell from 0.5 to 0.31. We conclude that this fall is
      related to a reduction in the effective reflection of pressure and flow waves
      within the lung due to increasing attenuation and possibly to a reduction in the
      magnitude of the lumped reflection coefficient itself.

PMID- 3986853
TI  - Stress ventricular function test in conscious, nonthoracotomised dogs to assess
      cardiac drug efficacy.
AB  - The measurement of left ventricular (LV) function is frequently performed in
      unconscious or thoracotomised animals in the resting state; these conditions may
      seriously affect the basal haemodynamic state. To assess myocardial function in
      conscious animals, a technique was developed to place a catheter across the
      atrial septum into the left ventricle without a thoracotomy. A stress ventricular
      function test (SVFT) was performed by raising the systemic blood pressure with
      methoxamine in the conscious dog. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of
      the SVFT in the detection of a decrease in ventricular function, a SVFT was
      performed before and after the acute infusion of verapamil to determine resting
      and reserve LV function. A slope relating systolic aortic pressure to the LV end
      diastolic pressure was obtained in 10 dogs using a low dose (0.005) and in four
      dogs a high dose (0.01 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) verapamil (V). The mean slope
      before V was 3.6 +/- 1.2 and after 2.0 +/- 0.92 (p less than 0.001). The day-to
      day variability of the SVFT was less than 22% (coefficient of variability). The
      SVFT is a sensitive, reproducible method to assess resting and increased or
      decreased myocardial contractility and is useful in selecting appropriate doses
      of cardiac drugs to determine their effect on the myocardium during acute and
      chronic infusion studies in the conscious, nonthoracotomised dog.

PMID- 3986854
TI  - Adaptation of human atrial muscle repolarisation after high rate stimulation.
AB  - We analysed the effect of a sudden change from a high rate of stimulation to a
      "physiological" rate upon the repolarisation of human atrial muscle.
      Microelectrode technique was used to study the effect upon the action potential
      (AP) recorded from myocardial specimens obtained during open heart surgery in
      nine patients. Suction electrodes were used to record monophasic action
      potentials (MAPs) in 12 patients undergoing electroconversion of atrial
      fibrillation. The abrupt change from 30 min of high-rate stimulation of the
      atrial specimen to a pacing rate of 60 per min resulted in a successive
      prolongation of the atrial myocardial AP duration so that 50% of the prolongation
      was reached after 3 min according to an exponential analysis. A similar
      prolongation of repolarisation was seen in the MAP recordings after conversion of
      atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and during regular atrial stimulation at a
      rate of 100 per min. In these recordings, the time needed to reach 50% of the
      prolongation of the MAP after DC conversion was about 7 min. The findings
      demonstrate that human atrial muscle undergoes an adaptation of repolarisation
      after abrupt slowing from a fast stimulation rate. A steady-state level of the AP
      or MAP duration is reached 10 to 15 min after the change of rate. Together with
      earlier studies, these experiments indicate, that when right atrial MAP recording
      is done for assessment of the likelihood of the patient's remaining in sinus
      rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation, the recording must be made within
      a few minutes of the conversion.

PMID- 3986855
TI  - Instantaneous and steady-state pressure-flow relations of the coronary system in
      the canine beating heart.
AB  - Steady-state and instantaneous pressure-flow relations were both obtained from
      the pump-perfused left coronary bed of the beating heart in seven mongrel dogs.
      The steady-state pressure-flow relation was obtained by changing flow, and
      measuring pressure after it reached a steady level; it showed a sigmoid shape,
      with flow-regulation around 70 ml . min-1 . 100 g-1, and it had an average zero
      flow pressure intercept of 1.9 kPa (14 mmHg). This curve was represented by an
      equation, using four parameters. The quality of regulation of the coronary bed
      could be quantified with this equation by determining the pressure range, when
      flow was changed from 25% below to 25% above control level. We found this
      pressure range to be 8.7 +/- 2.4 kPa (65 +/- 18 mmHg) on the average. The tangent
      at each point of steady-state pressure-flow relation was called differential
      resistance. Instantaneous pressure-flow relations were obtained by superimposing
      stepwise changes of flow of different amplitude, at several steady-state levels
      of flow. Pressure followed these steps with a time-constant of 0.3 +/- 0.1 s, due
      to capacitive effects, then remained constant during 3 to 4 s, and thereafter
      changed due to regulation. Pressure was measured during the plateau, assuming it
      to be a regulation-free period. The instantaneous pressure-flow relations were
      found to be linear, and the slope was called instantaneous resistance. In the
      physiological range of flows, instantaneous resistance increased with flow. The
      ratio between instantaneous and differential resistance, the regulatory index, is
      suggested to quantify regulation at each point of the steady-state curve. This
      index was between one and zero up to the upper limit of the regulatory range; at
      higher flows it was negative. In the maximally vasodilated bed the instantaneous
      pressure-flow relations fell along the steady-state relation, and the regulatory
      index was thus equal to zero at all flow-levels.

PMID- 3986856
TI  - Evaluation of a rat model for assessing interventions to salvage ischaemic
      myocardium: effects of ibuprofen and verapamil.
AB  - Coronary ligated rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of 6.24,
      12.52, and 25.00 mg . kg-1 ibuprofen and 5.00 and 10.00 mg . kg-1 verapamil 1 h
      before ligation, 1 h after ligation, and then every 8 h for 48 h. Ibuprofen at
      50.00 mg . kg-1 was administered 1 h before ligation, 1 h after ligation and 5 h
      after ligation. Infarct size was determined either by weighing the stained
      excised infarcted area or by measuring the creatine kinase activity from the
      excised left ventricle. Ibuprofen and verapamil treatment resulted in less
      myocardial damage after 48 h than placebo treatment but the differences were
      generally not statistically significant. The reduction in infarct size was
      greater in the ibuprofen treated animals compared with verapamil treated rats. In
      addition, there was a lower mortality with ibuprofen treatment than for either
      verapamil or placebo. This rat model was useful as a screening tool for the
      initial evolution of therapeutic interventions to reduce myocardial infarct size.
      It required substantially less time than large animal models and can be used to
      examine a variety of treatment doses. These experiments also demonstrated the
      importance of randomisation to treatment and control groups because of the
      possibility of disproportionate mortality affecting infarct size.

PMID- 3986857
TI  - Effects of peripheral vasoconstriction on the measurement of blood pressure in a
      finger.
AB  - Using noninvasive techniques only, the fall in mean pressure and the pulse
      amplification between brachial and finger arterial pressure were measured in six
      anaesthetised female subjects during surgery. Brachial pressure was measured
      every 2 min with an oscillometric technique. Finger pressure was measured
      continuously using an arterial volume clamp method. In addition changes in the
      degree of peripheral vasoconstriction were established on an adjacent finger with
      a photo reflection plethysmograph. On the average finger mean pressure is 10 mmHg
      below brachial pressure. The difference tends to decrease with increasing
      constriction. The change in the difference between full constriction and maximal
      dilatation is 8 mmHg. The average finger to brachial pulse amplitude ratio
      changes from 110% at maximal dilatation to 170% at full constriction. Finger
      systolic pressure overshoot is responsible for the pulse wave amplification. On
      the average it is + 7 mmHg and ranges between maximal dilatation and full
      constriction over 26 mmHg. The standard error deviation on the volume clamp
      method could be established at 5% for mean pressure, about equal to that of the
      oscillometric technique in the literature.

PMID- 3986858
TI  - Effect of smoking and dietary saturated fats on platelet functions in Scottish
      farmers.
AB  - Coagulation and platelet aggregation to thrombin and adrenaline, before and 10
      min after smoking one high nicotine cigarette, were studied in 40 healthy male
      farmers (40 to 45 years) from the South-West and North-East of Scotland. These
      tests were conducted in association with detailed dietary studies. In the West
      group the intake of dairy fats, saturated fats and P/S ratio as well as most of
      the platelet function tests estimated were significantly higher than in the East
      group. Serum cholesterol (total and HDL) was similar in the two regions, while
      triglycerides were lower in the West. Smoking one cigarette considerably enhanced
      the platelet functions in both areas but the increases were more marked in the
      West group. The increase in the response of platelets to smoking was additive to
      that apparently induced by the intake of saturated fat in such a way the response
      of platelets to thrombin and epinephrine after smoking one cigarette in the West
      was approximately four times this obtained before smoking (or in a non-smoker) in
      the East. These additive effects of cigarette and saturated fat might be relevant
      to the reported higher incidence of coronary heart disease in the West of
      Scotland.

PMID- 3986859
TI  - Effect of aspirin and indomethacin on exercise-induced changes in blood pressure
      and limb blood flow in normal volunteers.
AB  - To evaluate the possible role of prostaglandins in exercise-induced changes in
      blood pressure and limb blood flow we have compared the effects of aspirin and
      indomethacin in a double-blind placebo controlled study in a group of normal
      volunteers. Nine men undertook treadmill exercise after pretreatment with
      placebo, aspirin and indomethacin. Indomethacin caused a greater increase in
      systolic blood pressure during exercise than aspirin (p less than 0.05) and a
      smaller fall in diastolic pressure than either placebo or aspirin (p less than
      0.02 and p less than 0.01). Compared with placebo both aspirin and indomethacin
      attenuated to a similar degree the increase in calf blood flow (p less than 0.05
      and p less than 0.03) and the changes in forearm blood flow following exercise.
      These results suggest that although aspirin and indomethacin both inhibit
      prostaglandin production they have different effects on exercise-induced changes
      in blood pressure. They have, however, similar effects on limb blood flow.

PMID- 3986860
TI  - Albendazole in the treatment of intestinal helminthiasis in children.
AB  - One hundred sixteen children between 2 and 15 years of age entered a clinical
      trial of albendazole after examination of their stools revealed ova of one or
      more intestinal helminths. The drug was administered as a single 400-mg dose (20
      ml of 2% suspension) to all the patients except those having Hymenolepis nana
      infection, who received treatment for three consecutive days. The stools were
      reexamined on days 7 and 14 posttreatment and after three months for Taenia
      infections. Patients were considered cured if all parasitological examinations of
      the feces were negative after treatment. After a single oral dose, albendazole
      was highly effective in ascariasis (91.9%), ancylostomiasis caused by Ancylostoma
      duodenale (87.2%), and H nana infection (71.4%). The drug was well tolerated, and
      no abnormalities were observed in hematological or blood chemistry values. Since
      the drug is safe and effective as a single-dose treatment of common helminthic
      infections, it should be considered for mass therapy in the community.

PMID- 3986862
TI  - Hemodynamic measurements as aids to choosing drug treatment of essential
      hypertension.
AB  - A hemodynamic measurement system incorporating echocardiography with Doppler, the
      Evans-Blue method, and sphygmomanometry enables the clinician to estimate cardiac
      output, blood volume, cardiac contractile force, and total peripheral resistance.
      These determinations can be used by the clinician to choose appropriate
      antihypertensive therapy without resorting to the usual trial-and-error approach.
      With the aid of hemodynamic measurements, the treatment of hypertension can
      evolve from merely lowering blood pressure to correcting the whole hemodynamic
      derangement. In this study, the accuracies and normal ranges of the measurements
      were critically examined. Results of a comparative trial showed that use of
      hemodynamic measurements decreased the incidence of side effects and improved
      compliance of patients to the prescribed antihypertensive regimen.

PMID- 3986861
TI  - Bioavailability of oral and intramuscular molindone hydrochloride in
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - This study was designed to assess the bioequivalence of intramuscular molindone
      hydrochloride and marketed oral molindone. Ten schizophrenic patients (mean age,
      30.2 years) received oral molindone in single daily doses of 100 or 150 mg for
      four to eight days followed by intramuscular molindone in single daily doses of
      50 or 75 mg for four days. On the last day each molindone formulation was given,
      plasma samples were collected at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours
      after administration. The pharmacokinetic measures of area under the curve and
      maximum concentration show that intramuscular molindone is 1.49 to 1.67 times
      more bioavailable than oral molindone. This finding indicates that once a
      patient's acute psychotic episode has been stabilized with intramuscular
      molindone, therapy can continue without interruption by substituting 1.5 mg of
      oral molindone for every 1 mg of intramuscular molindone. The time to maximum
      concentration occurred significantly earlier (P = 0.05) with intramuscular
      molindone (0.6 hours) than with oral molindone (1.1 hours). Elimination half-life
      values were approximately two hours for both formulations.

PMID- 3986863
TI  - Classification and recognition of seizures.
AB  - Inappropriate drug therapy for epilepsy may do more harm than good. Therefore it
      is important that the clinician appreciate differences among the various forms of
      epilepsy and choose the safest and most effective drug for the individual. The
      currently used classification of seizure types is summarized, and conditions that
      need to be distinguished from epilepsy are mentioned.

PMID- 3986864
TI  - Drug therapy for seizures.
AB  - Phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, and
      ethosuximide are important in anticonvulsant therapy. Each drug's structure
      determines its properties and its activity against particular seizure types.
      Single-drug therapy is generally preferable to multiple-drug therapy. Absorption,
      half-life, metabolism, and other pharmacokinetic characteristics are important
      considerations in the selection of an anticonvulsant drug.

PMID- 3986866
TI  - Identifying and referring patients with epilepsy for surgery.
AB  - Surgery appears to be useful for a number of medically refractory epileptic
      patients. Temporal lobectomy, the most common surgical procedure, achieves
      significant reductions in seizures for most treated patients. With recent
      advances in technology, successful epilepsy localization can be performed in many
      patients without the need for invasive intracranial recordings.

PMID- 3986865
TI  - Anticonvulsant use during pregnancy.
AB  - Although antiepileptic medications may play a role in fetal malformations, this
      risk appears no greater than the risk associated with either the seizures
      themselves or a change in medication during pregnancy. In general, the number and
      the dose of antiepileptic medications should be minimized during pregnancy.
      Potential complications during the pregnancy must be anticipated. Drug levels
      must be monitored. Because the fetus is at a somewhat higher risk, ultrasound
      studies may be useful in monitoring the pregnancy. Delivery should take place in
      a center where appropriate facilities are available if intervention is required
      during labor or if the baby is malformed. Both the infant and the mother should
      be monitored closely after the delivery.

PMID- 3986867
TI  - Status epilepticus.
AB  - Convulsive status epilepticus is a life-threatening disorder. Every emergency
      room that treats patients with this problem should have a treatment protocol
      prepared in advance to allow for prompt and appropriate therapy. The recommended
      treatment is an intravenous infusion of 20 mg/kg of phenytoin. Lorazepam or
      diazepam may be used to stop a convulsion in progress. If seizures persist, the
      second step may be an intravenous infusion of phenobarbital. If convulsions
      persist beyond the first hour and have not responded to the above, a barbiturate
      coma should be induced.

PMID- 3986868
TI  - Haemopoietic modulation in tumour-bearing animals: enhanced progenitor-cell
      production in femoral marrow.
AB  - Altered haematopoiesis in the femoral marrow was observed in mice bearing the
      Lewis lung carcinoma (LLca). During tumour growth, a marked reduction was
      observed in the myeloperoxidase-positive cells (granulocytes) of the marrow 7
      days after inoculation of the LLca tumour reaching a nadir (17% of control) by
      day 28. Accompanying this suppression of mature white cells was a gradual
      expansion of the CFUc-GM compartment followed by an increase in the number of
      femoral CFUs. Humoral-stimulating activity (HSA) increased through day 14 in the
      serum of these animals; then returned to control levels by day 28. During this
      same interval, the more primitive erythroid progenitor (BFUe) compartment
      expanded to 168% of control, while the more differentiated (CFUe) compartment was
      reduced (45% of control at day 28). Reductions in both 59Fe-incorporation and
      erythroblasts/femur confirmed the suppression of erythroid differentiation in
      marrow during tumour growth. Similar results were observed following the daily
      injection (188 mg equivalent dose; q 24 hr X 10) of the supernatant prepared from
      LLca tissue. Marked differences were observed between the response of the spleen
      and the marrow to the supernatant. The data suggest that the growth of the LLca
      tumour results in a dissociation of the normal continuity of haematopoietic
      steady-state differentiation in the marrow of tumour-bearing animals.

PMID- 3986869
TI  - Kinetics of micronucleus expression in synchronized irradiated Chinese hamster
      ovary cells.
AB  - The kinetics of expression of radiation-induced micronuclei (MN) in synchronized
      Chinese hamster cells (CHO) was examined. The purpose of the study was to
      determine if the cell cycle distribution of a population significantly influences
      the levels of radiation induced MN, thereby obscuring the exact quantification of
      the radiation effect. Cells were synchronized by centrifugal elutriation,
      irradiated, and then different phases of the cell cycle were examined for: cell
      cycle progression, division probability, and temporal expression of MN. The
      results demonstrate that the time interval for maximal MN expression is long
      enough that the position of cells in the cell cycle and radiation induced
      division delays do not prevent the majority of cells from completing their first
      post-irradiation mitosis, therefore, expressing MN. By following the progression
      of synchronized cell populations by flow cytometry and also examining the time of
      division of individual cells for 24 hr after irradiation, we observed that the
      maximum number of cells from all phases of the cell cycle are in their first post
      irradiation interphase at that time, thus explaining the MN results.

PMID- 3986870
TI  - Crypt fission and crypt number in the small and large bowel of postnatal rats.
AB  - The aim of this investigation was to study crypt fission, a process which may be
      instrumental in regulating crypt number in the intestine. Young Holtzman rats
      were killed at various times after parturition and samples of the small intestine
      and colon were removed and processed. A microdissection technique was used to
      separate crypts from other structures. Crypts were scored as normal or
      fissioning. The percentage of crypts in fission (PCF) reached peak values of 25%
      and 52% in the small bowel and colon, respectively, at 21 days post-parturition.
      From this time onward, the PCF dropped until the adult value of approximately 7%
      was reached in each site. During this same period, the number of crypts increased
      from 1.9 X 10(6) to 3.3 X 10(6) in the small bowel and 2.2 X 10(5) to 6.5 X 10(5)
      in the colon. Thus an inverse relationship between the percentage of crypts in
      fission and crypt number was found. Distribution of fissure heights in fissioning
      crypts did not change as the animal aged. The majority of the fissures were found
      in the lower 1/4 of the fissioning crypts. This suggests that as soon as the
      fissure extends beyond the stem cell zone, division into two crypts soon occurs.

PMID- 3986871
TI  - Vindesine as a stathmokinetic agent in human rectal tumours in organ culture.
AB  - Organ culture, using human colorectal mucosa and tumours, is a good system in
      which to test a new stathmokinetic agent such as vindesine. Using this system we
      have found that vindesine has similar metaphase-arresting properties to
      vincristine, including at least a 6-fold dose response difference in its ability
      to arrest mitosis in mucosa and tumour, mucosa being the more sensitive.
      Vindesine is a satisfactory stathmokinetic agent, but in view of its greater cost
      offers no particular advantages over vincristine.

PMID- 3986872
TI  - Estimation of circadian variations in cell cycle phase durations in murine
      epidermal basal cells.
AB  - Circadian variations in the proliferative activity of squamous epithelia are well
      known. However, circadian variations in the duration of the various cell cycle
      phases (S, G2 and mitosis) have been disputed. The percent labelled mitoses
      method, which is traditionally used to obtain duration of cell cycle phases, is
      poorly suited for identification of circadian variations. Therefore methods
      combining changes in compartment size (cell cycle phase) and cellular flux
      through the compartments have been used. Three different methods using such data
      are presented. These incorporate various simplifying assumptions that cause
      methodological errors. Limits for use of the different methods are indicated. The
      use of all three methods gives comparable and pronounced circadian variations in
      the duration of S and G2 phase. These results are also compatible with circadian
      variations in the mitotic duration, but they may also represent artefacts due to
      sensitivity to model errors.

PMID- 3986873
TI  - Metaphase-arrest technique applied to human cervical epithelium. II. Cell
      production rates in normal and pathological cervical epithelium.
AB  - An application of the metaphase-arrest technique to human cervical epithelium, in
      vivo, was utilized to obtain cell birth rate data for seventy-six patients with
      normal and pathological cervical epithelium. Mean cell production rates for basal
      and parabasal layers of normal epithelium were 0.91 and 0.92 cells/1000 cells/hr
      respectively. Histologically normal epithelium adjacent to CIN (cervical intra
      epithelial neoplasia) had a significantly higher rate for the parabasal layer
      compared to the 'normal' group (P less than 0.05). Values for the lower two
      thirds of CIN III were 8-10 times higher than for normal epithelium, with
      microinvasive carcinoma having the highest rates of all. Values for wart-affected
      cervical epithelium (NCWVI) were intermediate between normal and CIN, but there
      was activity in the superficial layer, possibly reflecting activity of the
      papilloma virus. Large variation in birth rates between individuals in the same
      histological category was noted for each group, this being particularly the case
      in six patients with early invasive carcinoma. The data is used to attempt to
      elucidate some of the uncertainties surrounding the aetiology and biological
      behaviour of cancer of the cervix and its precursors. Sources of inaccuracy are
      emphasized and practical difficulties discussed.

PMID- 3986874
TI  - Use of a mouse chimaeric model to study cell migration patterns in the small
      intestinal epithelium.
AB  - The pattern of cells migration in the small intestinal epithelia of a RIII/ro---
      C57BL/6J mouse aggregation chimaera is demonstrated using Dolichos biflorus
      agglutinin-peroxidase (DBA) conjugate as a strain-specific marker. Using serial
      tangential sections of heterogeneously stained villi and plotting the
      distribution of labelled/unlabelled cells with a drawing tube, and by three
      dimensional reconstruction with the aid of computer graphics, we show the
      migration pathway to be in tight cohorts of similar DBA-peroxidase staining type,
      which move upwards in straight lines. There is little cell mixing either on the
      villus or along the crypt-villus junctions. Our observations also show for the
      first time that a single crypt can feed cells to more than one villus. They also
      suggest that either cell loss is not confined to the villus tips but can take
      place from the villus sides, or that there is marked asynchrony of cell
      production between crypts.

PMID- 3986875
TI  - Phagocytotic and iron-storing capacities of stromal cells in the rat endometrium.
      A histochemical and ultrastructural study.
AB  - Cytoplasmic pigment inclusions of rat endometrial stromal cells were studied by
      histology, histochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray
      microprobe analysis. It is shown that a number of endometrial perivascular
      stromal cells contain numerous free cytoplasmic ferritin particles as well as
      hemosiderin vacuoles. The larger pigment inclusions reveal also positive PAS- and
      Schmorl reactions indicating that they contain polysaccharide and lipofuscin
      material, respectively. These pigment-storing stromal cells also display acid
      phosphatase activity; they avidly phagocytose instillated latex particles. No
      pigment-storing cells occur within the surface or glandular epithelium, either in
      the basal endometrium or in the myometrium. It is demonstrated that the
      endometrial iron-storing cells function as iron depots; they take part in the
      phagocytosis and endocytosis of extracellular tissue components and therefore can
      be named phagocytes. Our data show that "fibroblastoid" endometrial stromal cells
      may differentiate into endometrial resident phagocytes, which ensure interstitial
      proteolysis and hence facilitate the drainage of extracellular fluid into the
      venous blood capillaries.

PMID- 3986876
TI  - Cell junctions in early embryos of squid (Loligo pealei).
AB  - Squid embryos examined by freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy
      exhibit identifiable gap junctions during mid-cleavage stages (stages 7-8), and
      junctional complexes composed of adherent appositions, elaborate septate
      junctions and gap junctions at slightly later stages (stages 12-13). During
      germinal layer establishment (stages 12-13) cytoplasmic bridges frequently link
      the embryonic cells. The presence of gap junctions in cleavage-stage embryos
      provides the morphological substrate for a demonstrated pathway of direct cell
      cell communication that is modifiable by experimental treatments and may be
      physiologically regulatable. The existence of septate junctions and adherent
      contacts at later stages suggests that some functional specialization, perhaps
      the establishment of a strongly joined framework of cells at the surface of the
      embryo, accompanies the formation of germinal layers.

PMID- 3986878
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase activity in nerve endings of tails of Rana japonica and R.
      catesbeiana during metamorphosis.
AB  - In anuran tadpole tails, the myelinated motor nerve fibers branch in the
      myoseptum to innervate both red and white muscle fibers at, or near, their ends.
      There are no significant ultrastructural differences between the nerve endings of
      the two types of muscle fibers. Intense acetylcholinesterase reaction product was
      observed in synaptic clefts and junctional folds, as well as in transverse
      tubules. As metamorphosis proceeded, the junctional folds of the nerve endings
      disappeared, however, acetylcholinesterase reaction product was still observed in
      the synaptic clefts. As muscle fibers began to degenerate, nerve endings began to
      separate from them. However, after nerve endings were completely separated from
      the surfaces, degenerated muscle fibers, synaptic and cored vesicles were still
      well preserved although no acetylcholinesterase reaction product was found. It
      seems clear that the mechanism of the muscle degeneration in the tadpole tail
      during metamorphosis is not the result of the degeneration of its nerve endings.

PMID- 3986879
TI  - Uptake and transport of intact macromolecules in the intestinal epithelium of
      carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and the possible immunological implications.
AB  - Two protein antigens, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ferritin, have been
      administered to the digestive tract of carp. Electron-microscopical observations
      reveal considerable absorption of both antigens in the second segment of the gut
      (from 70 to 95% of the total length) and also, although to a lesser extent, in
      the first segment (from 0 to 70% of the total length). Even when administered
      physiologically with food, a large amount of ferritin is absorbed by enterocytes
      in the second gut segment. HRP and ferritin are processed by enterocytes in
      different ways. HRP seems to adhere to the apical cell membrane, probably by
      binding to receptors, and is transported in vesicles to branched endings of
      lamellar infoldings of the lateral and basal cell membrane. Consequently, most of
      the HRP is released in the intercellular space where it contacts intra-epithelial
      lymphoid cells. Only small amounts of HRP become localized in secondary lysosomes
      of enterocytes. Ferritin does not bind to the apical cell membrane; after uptake
      by pinocytosis, it is present in small vesicles or vacuoles that appear to fuse
      with lysosome-like-bodies. In the second segment, intact ferritin ends up in the
      large supranuclear vacuoles (after 8 h), where it is digested slowly. Although no
      ferritin is found in the intercellular space, ferritin-containing macrophages are
      present between the epithelial cells, in the lamina propria and also to a small
      extent in the spleen. The transport of antigens from the intestinal lumen,
      through enterocytes, to intra-epithelial lymphoid cells or macrophages may have
      immunological implications, such as induction of a local immune response and
      prospectives for oral vaccination.

PMID- 3986877
TI  - Microthread-like filaments connecting the epithelial basal lamina with underlying
      fibrillar components of the connective tissue in the rat trachea. A real
      anchoring device?
AB  - The structural relationship between the basal lamina and the underlying reticular
      tissue was studied, with special attention to the relationship among basal lamina
      associated anchoring fibrillar (AF) arcs (Kawanami et al. 1978, 1979) and other
      fibrillar components, in the epithelium-denuded trachea of the rat. Quantitative
      analysis of a large number of AF arcs reveals that the majority of the AF arcs
      has no other fibrillar components of passage. This suggests that most AF arcs do
      not serve as a real anchoring device, connecting the basal lamina with the
      underlying reticular tissue, as has so far been suggested by Kawanami et al.
      (1978). Ruthenium-red staining reveals the presence of a unique meshwork of
      microthread-like filaments connecting the undersurface of the basal lamina or the
      AF arcs with the underlying fibrillar components with a remarkable continuity,
      suggesting that the filaments act as a real anchoring device; these filaments
      link, instead of the AF arcs, the basal lamina, to the subjacent reticular
      tissue. Various enzymatic treatments of the filaments indicate that their
      chemical nature is probably non-collagenous (glyco)protein without
      glycosaminoglycan moieties.

PMID- 3986880
TI  - Uptake of horseradish peroxidase by bone cells during endochondral bone
      development.
AB  - To investigate the mechanisms whereby bone cells absorb organic bone-matrix
      components during endochondral bone development, rat humeri were examined,
      employing horseradish peroxidase as a soluble protein tracer. Intravenously
      injected peroxidase filled the osteoid layer and penetrated into the osteocyte
      lacunae and canaliculi, but did not enter the mineralized bone matrix. Whereas
      osteocytes rarely took up exogenous peroxidase, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
      actively endocytosed peroxidase in pinocytotic coated vesicles, tubular
      structures, and vacuoles. They also formed endocytotic vacuoles containing
      peroxidase in the Golgi area. The Golgi apparatus and dense bodies of these bone
      cells were, however, free of reaction products. Osteoclast ruffled borders were
      responsible for peroxidase absorption. In the osteoblast, osteocyte and
      osteoclast, endogenous peroxidatic reaction was detected only in mitochondria and
      not in other membrane-bounded vesicles and bodies. These results strongly suggest
      that both osteoblasts and osteoclasts participate in the resorption of bone
      matrix organic components during bone remodelling.

PMID- 3986881
TI  - Ultrastructure of mouse incisor ameloblasts after vascular perfusion with
      colchicine.
AB  - In order to revalue the effects of colchicine on incisor secretory ameloblasts,
      entire mice were perfused with Krebs solution supplemented with a buffer and
      amino acids, through the right common carotid artery. The normal ultrastructure
      of the cells was maintained for 2 h with the perfusate alone. When colchicine
      (0.3-3.0 micrograms/ml) was added to the perfusate, it induced ultrastructural
      changes, such as the loss of cytoplasmic microtubules, the loss of secretory
      granules in Tomes' process, the abnormal accumulation and secretion of secretory
      granules, disarranged Golgi apparatus and the fragmentation of rough endoplasmic
      reticulum. Vesicles (150-400 nm in diameter) resembling immature secretory
      granules also accumulated, the degree of accumulation depending on the duration
      of colchicine treatment. The accumulation of secretory granules and these
      vesicles suggests that the intracellular transport system was affected by
      colchicine but that the production of secretory granules was continuous
      throughout the experimental period. The present perfusion system has enabled us
      to treat ameloblasts with an agent that is a useful experimental tool for
      elucidating cell functions, despite being lethal to animals in vivo.

PMID- 3986882
TI  - Nerve cells and synaptic connections in the intestinal nerve of the snail, Helix
      pomatia L. An ultrastructural and HRP study.
AB  - The ultrastructure of nerve cells and the fine-structural organization of
      synaptic contacts have been investigated in the intestinal nerve in the snail
      Helix pomatia. Three types of nerve cells, occurring singly or in groups, can be
      distinguished on the basis of the ultrastructure of their perikaryon and content
      of granules. The peripheral output of these nerve cells has been verified by
      retrograde CoCl2 and NiCl2 staining. Both axosomatic and axo-axonic specialized
      synaptic contacts occur in the intestinal nerve. Presynaptic elements of these
      synaptic contacts contain 100-120 nm granular vesicles or 120-200 nm
      neurosecretory-like granules. Following intracellular horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) labelling of identified central neurons responsible for peripheral
      regulatory processes, several labelled axons running toward the periphery can be
      followed throughout the branches of the intestinal nerve. These labelled axon
      processes (either primary axon or small collaterals) form specialized synaptic
      contacts, inside the intestinal nerve, and are always in a postsynaptic position.
      The occurrence of peripheral axo-somatic and axo-axonic synapses provides a
      morphological basis for integrative processes taking place in the intestinal
      nerve (peripheral nervous system) of Helix pomatia.

PMID- 3986883
TI  - Transfer of extracellular matrix components between germ layers in chimaeric
      chicken-quail blastoderms.
AB  - A chemical basis for the transmission of signals during gastrulation has been
      investigated by using chimaeric embryos resulting from the combination of 3H
      glucosamine-labelled and unlabelled hypoblast with epiblast taken from chicken
      and quail embryos at stage 3 of Vakaet (1970). The ability to distinguish chicken
      from quail cells on the basis of their different nuclear distribution of
      heterochromatin after Feulgen staining made it possible to determine the origin
      of the cells in the chimaerae. Tritiated quail hypoblast (after incubation of the
      embryo in the presence of 3H-glucosamine) was transplanted onto unlabelled
      chicken blastoderm deprived of its hypoblast. After culture of the chimaera for 5
      h, the autoradiographic pattern shows silver grains not only over the graft, but
      also at the ventral surface of the epiblast of the host. Transfer of label may
      occur to mesoblast cells, but not between chicken and quail hypoblast cells.
      Chase experiments exclude the possibility that unprocessed, tritiated glucosamine
      is transferred. Chemical fixation of the host before transplantation of a
      labelled quail hypoblast also allows visualization of a transfer of
      macromolecules from hypoblast to the basement membrane of the epiblast,
      suggesting that an intervention of the epiblast cells in this process is not
      necessary. The morphology of the chimaeric embryos, as studied by scanning
      electron microscopy, suggests a direct deposition of these macromolecules by
      filopodia of the dorsal surface of the hypoblast. The possibility of diffusion of
      free macromolecules has been considered and can reasonably be discarded on the
      basis of several observations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986884
TI  - Myelogenesis and estimation of the number of axons in the anterior commissure of
      the chick (Gallus gallus).
AB  - By use of light- and electron microscopy the anterior commissure of the chick was
      studied at different times during development. Between the 19th day of incubation
      and the 35th day after hatching the cross-sectional area of the anterior
      commissure, as determined from mid-sagittal sections, undergoes a 6-fold increase
      in size. Thereafter the area remains fairly constant. The total number of fibres
      in the anterior commissure was estimated to be 89000. The full complement of
      fibres is already present by the 19th day of incubation. Myelogenesis occurs
      mainly between the 19th day of incubation and the 35th day after hatching,
      concomitant with the increase in cross-sectional area. From the 35th day after
      hatching, myelinated fibres comprise approximately 40% of the total number of
      fibres. The median diameter of unmyelinated fibres is about 0.35-0.40 micron. The
      median diameters of myelinated axons and fibres are 0.8-1.0 micron and 1.1-1.3
      micron, respectively.

PMID- 3986885
TI  - Cone photoreceptor shedding in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangerii).
AB  - Tree shrews were sacrificed at various times during a 12 h light-12 h dark cycle
      and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was examined for phagosomes. Analysis of
      photoreceptor densities showed that the tree-shrew retina consists of
      approximately 96% cone photoreceptors. Therefore, phagosomes in the RPE were
      assumed to be mostly those of cones. A peak in the number of RPE phagosomes was
      found about one hour after the onset of light. The number of phagosomes/mm RPE
      during the light cycle varied from 17.02 at the peak to 2.49 ten hours after
      light onset. During the dark cycle, values ranged from 0.10 to 0.61 phagosomes/mm
      RPE. Size profiles of phagosomes showed that large phagosomes peak in number 1/2
      h after light onset, while smaller sizes peak at about 1 h after light onset.
      This may indicate that maximal shedding and phagocytotic activity occurs sometime
      before the peak in the total number of phagosomes is reached. Statistical
      corrections for phagosome size, section thickness and phagosomal degradation time
      were applied to the data in order to assess outer segment renewal time for tree
      shrew cones.

PMID- 3986886
TI  - Retinal projections in the caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia,
      Gymnophiona).
AB  - The retinal projections of the caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis were
      investigated by anterograde transport of HRP. The optic tract forms two bundles
      in the diencephalon, a narrow medial bundle in the optic tectum, and a basal
      optic tract consisting of few fibres. Terminal fields are in the thalamus,
      pretectum, tectum, and as a circumscribed basal optic neuropile in the tegmentum.
      Thalamic, pretectal and tectal projections are contralateral as well as
      ipsilateral. The reduced but existing visual projection corresponds to a reduced
      but existing visually guided behaviour.

PMID- 3986887
TI  - Heterogeneity among macrophages cultured from mouse bone marrow. Morphologic,
      cytochemical and flow cytometric analyses.
AB  - The development of macrophages in culture from mouse bone marrow was followed for
      14 days by light and electron microscopy, ultrastructural cytochemistry, and flow
      cytometric analysis. By 10 days greater than 97% of the cells in culture were
      mononuclear phagocytes, and by 12 days greater than 99% were identifiable as
      macrophages. Ultrastructurally, three subpopulations of mononuclear phagocytes
      were distinguished based on the appearance of cytoplasmic structures. Early in
      culture, cells containing large, membrane-bounded vesicles predominated. With
      increasing time in culture these cells were replaced to varying degrees first by
      cells that contained vesicles filled with relatively dense, osmiophilic material
      and, finally, by macrophages that contained granules of various sizes, shapes and
      staining densities. Cytochemical (peroxidase and acid phosphatase) and colloidal
      gold uptake studies at the ultrastructural level suggested that many, if not all,
      of these cytoplasmic structures arose by pinocytosis and subsequent fusion of
      pinocytic vesicles with lysosomes. Analysis of DNA content of propidium iodide
      stained nuclei by flow cytometry, coupled with the examination of cells treated
      with colchicine to arrest mitosis in metaphase, suggested that cell cycling was a
      negligible contributor to heterogeneity within cultured populations. Thus, by
      waiting until 12-14 days after bone marrow cultures were initiated, with partial
      replenishment of the culture medium at 7 days, heterogeneity could be greatly
      reduced in cultured macrophage populations. Taking this fact into consideration
      could help to reduce the variability seen in functional studies of macrophage
      populations that are less homogeneous.

PMID- 3986888
TI  - Increased numbers of neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) in lungs of fetal rhesus
      monkeys following maternal dexamethasone treatment.
AB  - Numbers of neuroepithelial bodies in the lungs of fetal Rhesus monkeys increase
      in a dose-dependent manner when mothers are treated antenatally with
      dexamethasone. Maternal doses of 15 mg/kg result in numbers of neuroepithelial
      bodies in lungs of fetuses of 135-day gestational age not different from those of
      the mature control group at 162 days. Controls at 135 days are significantly
      different from those at 162 days. Serotonin immunoreactive neuroepithelial bodies
      were localized by immunocytochemistry.

PMID- 3986889
TI  - Salmonella Heidelberg enteritis--an outbreak in the neonatal unit Harare Central
      Hospital.

PMID- 3986890
TI  - Aetiology of mental retardation in Nigerian children around Enugu.

PMID- 3986891
TI  - Reconstruction of the chest wall in malignant disease.

PMID- 3986892
TI  - An assessment of the Harding and Somogyi-Nelson procedures for plasma glucose
      estimation, for use in the rural hospitals.

PMID- 3986893
TI  - Classification of headache: the need for a radical revision.

PMID- 3986894
TI  - Migraine in patients with cluster headache.
AB  - One hundred and twenty seven patients with cluster headache have been compared
      with 122 patients with migraine. Twenty of the patients with cluster headache
      have had migraine attacks but only 2 still have migraine attacks after the onset
      of cluster headache. No migraine patients had cluster headache. Among the 127
      patients with cluster headache, one of the parents suffered from cluster headache
      in 4.7% of the cases. Among the 122 patients with migraine, 0.8% had a parent
      with cluster headache. Among the 122 patients with migraine 54.9% had parents
      with migraine, and in the cluster headache group 23.6% of the patients had one
      parent with migraine. The coexistence of migraine and cluster headache is rare.
      The two types of headache, as far as the heredity pattern is concerned, are
      independent entities.

PMID- 3986896
TI  - Bilaterality of cluster headache. An hypothesis.

PMID- 3986895
TI  - Metoprolol and pizotifen in the prophylactic treatment of classical and common
      migraine. A double-blind investigation.
AB  - The prophylactic anti-migraine effect of the serotonin antagonist pizotifen and
      the beta 1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist metoprolol was compared in a
      double-blind cross-over study. The dosage of pizotifen was 0.5 mg t.i.d. and that
      of metoprolol 50 mg b.i.d. Thirty-five patients with classical or common migraine
      were included in the investigation. Five patients withdrew during the course of
      the study; four because of side effects (three on pizotifen, one on metoprolol)
      and one because of unassociated illness. The results show that there was no
      statistically significant difference in efficacy between metoprolol and
      pizotifen. The tolerance, especially regarding weight gain, was the major
      drawback with pizotifen, while metoprolol was generally well tolerated.

PMID- 3986897
TI  - Hemodynamic evaluation of stenotic cardiac valves: I. Effect of ventriculography
      and atropine on mitral stenosis.
AB  - Mitral area is the parameter used for quantitating mitral stenosis (MS) severity.
      When mitral gradient (MG) is low and reduction of mitral valve area (MVA) might
      be critical, interventions presumably increasing mitral valve flow (MVF), such as
      stress or atrial pacing, have been carried out. The purpose of this study was to
      analyze in 28 patients the combined effect of left ventriculography (LVG) and
      intravenous atropine (ATR) in the hemodynamic evaluation of MS. The rationale for
      combining these two interventions is to add up the ATR-positive chronotropic
      effect to the LVG potentiation of cardiac output. The LVG plus ATR markedly
      accelerated heart rate (from 80 +/- 14 to 104 +/- 18 bts/min, P less than 0.001),
      mildly increased cardiac index (from 2.6 +/- 0.6 to 2.9 +/- 0.6 1/min/m2, P less
      than 0.05), and importantly increased MVF (from 136 +/- 30 to 172 +/- 46 ml/bt, P
      less than 0.001). Pulmonary wedge pressure increased (from 14 +/- 5 to 21 +/- 5
      mmHg, P less than 0.001) because of an important increment of MG (from 12 +/- 6
      to 18 +/- 7 mmHg, P less than 0.001). None of six cases with mild MS (MVA greater
      than 1.5 cm2) and nine of ten cases with severe MS (MVA less than or equal to 1.0
      cm2) had MG after LVG plus ATR greater than 12 mmHg. The remaining case with
      severe MS and the two cases (out of 12) with moderate MS having MG after LVG plus
      ATR less than or equal to 12 mmHg had, at surgical evaluation, noncritically
      reduced MVA. This study shows that LVG plus ATR is a valid and easy intervention
      for increasing MVF during cardiac catheterization. It also allows the
      reclassification of patients with low baseline MG and reduced MVA into two
      subgroups: Cases with critically reduced MVA at surgery achieve a
      postintervention MG greater than 12 mmHg and those cases with noncritically
      reduced MVA achieve a postintervention MG less than or equal to 12 mmHg.

PMID- 3986899
TI  - Isolated aortic stenosis with severe pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Severe pulmonary hypertension is rare in patients with aortic stenosis. When
      present, it usually implies either associated mitral valve disease, poor left
      ventricular function, or pulmonary disease. In this case report, severe pulmonary
      hypertension was present in a patient with isolated aortic stenosis and normal
      left ventricular systolic function. Pulmonary hypertension was probably related
      to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Following successful aortic valve
      replacement, pulmonary pressures declined but symptoms of shortness of breath
      persisted and the patient still required daily diuretics.

PMID- 3986898
TI  - Hemodynamic evaluation of stenotic cardiac valves: II. Modification of the
      simplified valve formula for mitral and aortic valve area calculation.
AB  - Since the introduction by Gorlin and Gorlin of the hydraulic formulae for
      calculating valve area, it has become the best parameter for quantitating valve
      stenosis. Recently Hakki et al proposed a simplified formula for valve area
      calculation that does not take into account either heart rate (HR) or left
      ventricular filling or ejection time. The purpose of this study was to analyze
      the validity of Hakki's formulae under different physiological conditions and to
      propose an easy correction to improve its accuracy. Our study suggests: (1) that
      an easy correction for heart rate in certain cases, dividing by 1.35 when HR less
      than 75 beats per min in mitral stenosis and when HR greater than 90 beats per
      min in aortic stenosis, significantly improves the accuracy and validity of
      Hakki's formulae (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.05); (2) the instantaneous
      valve gradients (peak gradient for aortic stenosis and average of instantaneous
      early, middle, and late diastolic gradients for mitral stenosis) are as valid as
      mean planimetric gradients for valve area calculation. Thus the simplified
      formulae proposed in this study allow mitral and aortic valve area calculations
      by means of instantaneous gradients, cardiac output, and heart rate.

PMID- 3986900
TI  - A less traumatic catheter for coronary arteriography.
AB  - A deformable soft-tipped angiographic catheter has been designed and developed to
      reduce vascular trauma during coronary arteriography. In order to test the
      ability of the catheter tip glide over vascular endothelium, the coefficient of
      resistance was tested using fresh human aortic tissue. The mean frictional
      coefficients of resistance (FRc) for the soft-tipped catheter, as compared with
      two commonly used catheters (N = 10/group), were .78 +/- .08 units for the soft
      tipped catheter and 1.10 +/- .10 (p less than .006) and .98 +/- .10 (p less than
      .034) for the conventional catheters. This demonstrates a significant 23%
      reduction in FRc with the soft-tipped catheter. The ease of penetration into a
      wax media was also measured using the soft-tipped catheter and compared with the
      same two conventional catheters. The indentation depths for the soft-tipped
      catheter and the two other catheter groups (N = 7/group) were 140 +/- 18 micron,
      246 +/- 15 micron and 318 +/- 20 micron, respectively. This represents a 56%
      decrease in indentation depth with the soft-tipped catheter. Histologic studies
      in canines have demonstrated considerably less endothelial damage and subsequent
      intimal proliferation in the aorta and coronary ostia with the soft-tipped
      catheters compared with control catheters. It is concluded that a soft-tipped
      angiographic catheter is less traumatic to vascular tissue and may offer a safer
      approach to intravascular studies.

PMID- 3986902
TI  - Factory fixation of an arc curve into brachial coronary artery catheters of the
      manipulative type: a new curve for Sones' type catheters.
AB  - Advantage was found in factory fixing an approximation of the curve that has long
      been hand-formed at the tableside by angiographers using the manipulative type
      brachial-coronary technique. It consists of a 7 cm arc of a circle of 10 cm
      diameter. Used in 68 different patients, it was found to definitely facilitate
      and speed selective cannulation of the coronary artery ostia as compared to
      previous curves.

PMID- 3986901
TI  - Percutaneous transfemoral catheterization in aortic stenosis with a USCI Sones
      catheter curve A type 1 (7540).
AB  - We report our experience with the use of a USCI Sones catheter curve A type 1
      (7540) to cross the aortic valves of 45 patients with clinically significant
      aortic stenosis. The technique was successful in all our patients with a
      fluoroscopic time of less than 3 min. A gradient of up to 200 mmHg across the
      aortic valve area was recorded, and the smallest valve area calculated was less
      than 0.2 cm2. The method obviated the need for a guidewire and satisfactory left
      ventriculograms were obtained. No major complication was observed. We conclude
      that the technique is a simple, rapid, and safe means of obtaining left
      ventricular hemodynamic and angiographic information in patients with aortic
      stenosis of various degrees of severity.

PMID- 3986903
TI  - Right heart catheterization in the evaluation of patients with suspected coronary
      artery disease.

PMID- 3986904
TI  - Determinants of heat shock-induced chromosome puffing.
AB  - Modified Drosophila heat shock genes were introduced into the germ line by P
      element transformation. The genes were altered such that several factors could be
      tested for their influence upon chromosome puffing. Deletion of promoter
      sequences upstream of position -73 of an hsp70-IacZ hybrid gene was sufficient to
      abolish puffing. Analysis of progressive 5' deletions defines a 16 bp interval
      that contains sequences required for both heat-induced puffing and gene
      expression. An internal deletion of the hsp70-IacZ gene that reduces the
      transcript size from 9 kb to 0.8 kb results in a dramatic reduction in puff size.
      The chromosomal insertion sites of 26 variant hsp70 or hsp26 genes fail to
      influence puffing greatly with one marked exception. This transformant possesses
      an insert that fails to puff and exhibits a tissue-restricted pattern of
      expression. These results indicate that variation in either promoter strength or
      transcript length have profound effects on puffing.

PMID- 3986905
TI  - Transmembrane orientation of glycoproteins encoded by the v-fms oncogene.
AB  - The retroviral oncogene v-fms encodes a glycoprotein whose transport to the
      plasma membrane is required for transformation. Tryptic digestion of microsomes
      from transformed cells yielded membrane-protected amino-terminal fragments 40 kd
      smaller than intact molecules. These fragments were glycosylated, and they
      included v-fms-coded epitopes expressed at the cell surface. Deletion of the
      predicted membrane-spanning peptide generated polypeptides that were completely
      sequestered within microsomes. The mutant glycoproteins acquired more asparagine
      linked oligosaccharide chains than did wild-type molecules, lacked kinase
      activity in vitro, were not transported to the cell surface, and had no
      transforming activity. Thus, the membrane-spanning segment in the middle of the
      glycoprotein interrupts translocation of nascent chains into the endoplasmic
      reticulum, ultimately orienting the amino-terminal domain outside the cell and
      the carboxy-terminal kinase domain in the cytoplasm. These topological features
      are similar to those of several growth factor receptors, suggesting that v-fms
      transforms cells through modified receptor-mediated signals.

PMID- 3986906
TI  - Limits to growth: In biology, small science is good science.

PMID- 3986907
TI  - Processing of the intron-containing thymidylate synthase (td) gene of phage T4 is
      at the RNA level.
AB  - The interrupted T4 phage td gene, which encodes thymidylate synthase, is the
      first known example of an intron-containing prokaryotic structural gene. Analysis
      of td-encoded transcripts provides evidence in favor of maturation at the RNA
      level. Northern blotting with T4 RNA and with region-specific probes revealed
      three classes of RNA: diffuse premessage (ca. 2.5 kb), a low-abundance mature
      mRNA (ca. 1.3 kb), and an abundant free intron RNA (ca. 1.0 kb). The existence of
      covalently joined mature mRNA was suggested by hybridization and S1 protection
      experiments and was confirmed by primer extension analysis of the splice
      junction. In analogy to expression of interrupted eukaryotic genes, these results
      are consistent with an RNA processing model that would account for the direct
      gene transcript serving as precursor for both free intron RNA and a spliced mRNA
      that is colinear with the thymidylate synthase product.

PMID- 3986908
TI  - Translational regulation of protein synthesis, in response to light, at a
      critical stage of Volvox development.
AB  - In Volvox cultures synchronized by a light-dark cycle, juveniles containing
      presumptive somatic and reproductive cells are produced during the dark, but
      their cells do not differentiate until after the lights come on. The pattern of
      protein synthesis changes rapidly after the lights come on. Action spectra and
      effects of photosynthesis inhibitors indicate that this protein synthetic change
      is not simply a consequence of renewed flow of energy from illuminated
      chloroplasts. Actinomycin, at a level adequate to block the response to heat
      shock, has virtually no effect on the response of the same cells to light;
      furthermore, RNAs isolated from unilluminated and illuminated juveniles yield
      indistinguishable in vitro translation products. We conclude, therefore, that
      this effect of light is exerted almost exclusively at the translational level,
      generating one of the most striking examples of translational regulation yet
      described.

PMID- 3986909
TI  - A 46-nucleotide promoter segment from an IFN-alpha gene renders an unrelated
      promoter inducible by virus.
AB  - A hybrid gene consisting of the human IFN-alpha 1 promoter and a beta-globin
      transcription unit is expressed correctly only after viral induction. To
      determine the region required for inducibility, 25 hybrid promoters consisting of
      varying upstream IFN-alpha 1 and downstream beta-globin promoter moieties were
      analyzed, and 5'-deletion analysis was performed on an inducible hybrid promoter.
      An IFN promoter region from position -109 to -64 conferred maximal inducibility
      on downstream beta-globin promoter segments and even on the intact beta-globin
      promoter. This region is strikingly conserved among human IFN-alpha and -beta
      genes. As constitutive expression of the beta-globin gene was not diminished by
      placing IFN promoter fragments in various positions, induction is attributed
      largely to positive, rather than to negative control.

PMID- 3986910
TI  - Human beta-interferon gene expression is regulated by an inducible enhancer
      element.
AB  - We have localized the regulatory sequence required for viral or poly(I)-poly(C)
      activation of human beta-interferon gene expression to a region located between 
      37 and -77 from the mRNA cap site. This sequence has the characteristics of an
      inducible enhancer element: it can act upstream or downstream of the beta
      interferon gene regardless of its orientation, and at distances up to
      approximately 1 kilobase from its normal location. Moreover, this element can
      confer inducibility on a heterologous promoter. Further analysis has identified a
      minimal regulatory element of 14 base pairs within this enhancer. Sequences
      closely related to this element are present five times within the 5'-flanking
      regions of both the alpha- and beta-interferon genes. The number of these minimal
      regulatory elements required for maximal beta-interferon gene expression appears
      to differ in different cell lines.

PMID- 3986911
TI  - N4 virion RNA polymerase sites of transcription initiation.
AB  - Coliphage N4 virion encapsulated RNA polymerase shows a marked preference for
      denatured N4 DNA as a template. We show that initiation on denatured N4 virion
      DNA occurs with in vivo specificity. The location of the in vivo and in vitro
      initiation sites and the corresponding DNA sequences were determined. The N4
      virion RNA polymerase promoters contain extensive sequence homology from position
      -18 to position 1, with a conserved GC-rich heptamer centered at -12, and two
      sets of short inverted repeats. We suggest that the N4 virion RNA polymerase
      recognizes the promoter only in a novel single-stranded form, and that the
      formation of the initiation complex is facilitated in vivo by supercoiling and E.
      coli single-stranded DNA binding protein.

PMID- 3986912
TI  - Ribocharin: a nuclear Mr 40,000 protein specific to precursor particles of the
      large ribosomal subunit.
AB  - Using a monoclonal antibody (No-194) we have identified, in Xenopus laevis and
      other amphibia, an acidic protein of Mr 40,000 (ribocharin) which is specifically
      associated with the granular component of the nucleolus and nucleoplasmic 65S
      particles. These particles contain the nuclear 28S rRNA and apparently represent
      the precursor to the large ribosomal subunit in nucleocytoplasmic transit. By
      immunoelectron microscopy ribocharin has been localized in the granular component
      of the nucleolus and in interchromatin granules. During mitosis ribocharin
      containing particles are associated with surfaces of chromosomes and are
      recollected in the reconstituting nucleoli in late telophase. We suggest that
      ribocharin is a specific component of precursor particles of the large ribosomal
      subunit, which dissociates from the 65S particle before passage through the
      nuclear envelope, and is reutilized in ribosome biogenesis.

PMID- 3986913
TI  - A monoclonal antibody inhibits calcium accumulation and skeleton formation in
      cultured embryonic cells of the sea urchin.
AB  - The assembly of the spicules (primitive skeleton) of the sea urchin embryo is
      being studied in primary mesenchyme cells cultured in vitro. A monoclonal
      antibody (1223) has been prepared that inhibits the deposition of CaCO3 into the
      spicules. This antibody reacts with a 130,000 Mr cell-surface protein that is
      concentrated on the surface of approximately 5% of the cells of dissociated
      gastrula stage embryos. When primary mesenchyme cells in the embryo or cells
      cultured in vitro are examined, the 1223 antigen is detected on the surface of
      the cells and on the extracellular material associated with the spicule. We
      conclude that the 1223 antibody recognizes a cell-surface protein that plays an
      essential role in spicule formation.

PMID- 3986914
TI  - The anatomy, ultrastructure and fluid dynamics of the developing vasculature of
      the embryonic chick wing bud.
AB  - The spatiotemporal sequence of vascular pattern development in the embryonic
      chick wing bud and surrounding shoulder, flank and belly regions is detailed for
      Hamburger-Hamilton (1951) stages 20-25. Vasculature was microinjected with an
      unreactive aqueous tracer (aniline blue), and major traffic patterns were
      visualized. Formation of extensive avascular regions and the emergence of
      chondrogenic phenotypes are correlated with the retreat of the vasculature from
      the wing core. Ultrastructural studies of vascular cells show that vessels remain
      monolayered and undifferentiated until stage 25, after the adult vascular pattern
      has been laid down. Vascular cytodifferentiation occurs only in the cells of the
      brachial artery until stage 35, with the veins and capillaries retaining an
      'early' morphology. This vascular pattern may be an important component
      reflecting or directing limb pattern development.

PMID- 3986915
TI  - Vesicle interactions as a model for the retinal cell-cell recognition mediated by
      R-cognin.
AB  - The action of R-cognin, a chick neural retina cell recognition glycoprotein, was
      investigated in vesicles of retina cell membranes. It was found that the
      aggregation of the vesicles was dependent on membrane proteins, and specifically
      R-cognin, as vesicle aggregation was inhibited by R-cognin antibody (Fab'). The R
      cognin content of the vesicles, and their ability to aggregate, decreased with
      increasing embryonic age of the tissue. R-cognin mediated aggregation of the
      vesicles was not dependent on exogenous calcium. Thus, R-cognin was calcium
      independent in its membrane linking activity.

PMID- 3986916
TI  - Ultrastructural and functional variations in the spermatid nucleolus during
      spermiogenesis in the mouse.
AB  - The localization, structure, and activity of the nucleolus-organizers (NORs) were
      studied during spermiogenesis in the mouse by light and electron microscopy
      procedures including NOR-silver-staining and actinomycin D treatment. After the
      two meiotic divisions the NORs resume their activity during the Golgi phase of
      spermatid differentiation (steps 1-3), and the nucleolus displays a specific
      'padlock' structure containing the fibrillar components of an active nucleolus.
      This activity drops during the cap phase (steps 4-7) during which the nucleolus
      undergoes a segregation process of its components. No nucleolar structure is
      visible during the acrosomal and maturation phases of spermatid differentiation.

PMID- 3986917
TI  - Effects of factors derived from a tumor clonal cell line on DNA synthesis of
      transformed and non transformed cells.
AB  - Conditioned medium from neoplastic thyroid cell cultures, extracts of tumors
      developed by identical cells in isogeneic Fisher 344 rats and serum from those
      tumor-bearing animals, were tested in pulse thymidine labelled experiments on a
      transformed and two non transformed cell lines. Tumor extract and conditioned
      medium inhibited DNA synthesis. Tumor-bearing rat serum increased DNA synthesis
      in a cerebellar transformed cell line, but no in chick embryo fibroblasts or in
      aorta non transformed cells.

PMID- 3986918
TI  - The survival of cytochalasin-induced multinucleation following irradiation of
      Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultured for up to 280 hr in medium containing
      1.75 mcg/ml cytochalasin B. The distribution of the number of nuclei per cell in
      unirradiated cultures on the 6th day was unimodal with some cells containing 27
      or more nuclei. The DNA content distribution was in contrast polymodal with the
      means of the two terminal major peaks occurring at approximately 40 and 80 units
      of DNA content (antimodes at 29 and 58 units), where 1 unit is the content of
      untreated G1 cells. Irradiation (gamma, 137-Cs) at doses up to 10 Gy caused an
      exponential reduction in the proportion of plated cells able to reach high
      nucleus- or DNA-contents. The reduction due to 5 Gy was stable at least up to 280
      hr in culture. The accumulation of total DNA in the culture was well-fitted by a
      Gompertz function, with little further increase after 230 hr when the average DNA
      content per cell reached about 90 units.

PMID- 3986919
TI  - The transition point for protein synthesis in late S-G2 may be delayed by genome
      bromosubstitution without affecting the time of entry into mitosis.
AB  - Bromosubstitution for most of the S period in synchronous populations of Allium
      cepa L. meristematic cells resulted in a delay in the late S-G2 transition point
      where protein synthesis is needed for later mitotic entrance to occur. This
      retardation in the position of the transition point was not accompanied by the
      expected delay in the entrance into mitosis, suggesting that such protein
      synthesis is a requisite, but not a timer for prophase triggering.

PMID- 3986920
TI  - An H1-like protein from the sperm chromatin of Mytilus galloprovincialis.
AB  - We have isolated and purified a sperm-specific protein (S3) from the mussel M.
      galloprovincialis. Antibodies against S3 were raised in rabbits and used for its
      immunological comparison to somatic histones. The results showed that S3 did not
      share common immunological determinants with H2b or any other core histone
      contrary to the suggestion that it was an H2b-like protein (Ausio and Subirana,
      1982). With H1 there was a crossreaction between S3 and anti-H1 as well as with
      H1 and anti-S3. Although similar to somatic H1, S3 is not identical with it. This
      fact makes S3 an interesting example of another protein of the H1-H5 type,
      present in a completely inactive chromatin.

PMID- 3986921
TI  - CA++ in fertilization and mitosis: the phosphatidylinositol cycle in sea urchin
      gametes and zygotes is involved in control of fertilization and mitosis.
AB  - We determined that the phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycles in both sea urchin sperm
      and eggs are necessary for normal fertilization, and that the PI cycle in sea
      urchin zygotes is involved in control of mitosis. The PI cycle is involved in
      Ca++ homeostasis so our data are direct evidence that Ca++ is involved with
      control of mitosis and fertilization. We implicated the PI cycle by adding Li+ to
      sea urchin eggs, sperm, or zygotes: those effects of Li+ due to effects on the PI
      cycle were overcome by myo-inositol but not by its optical isomer, scyllitol, and
      not by mannitol.

PMID- 3986922
TI  - Identification of Acanthamoeba alpha tubulin by immunoblotting.

PMID- 3986923
TI  - The structure and function of the hepatopancreas of a terrestrial isopod,
      Armadillidium vulgare.
AB  - The fine structure of the hepatopancreas of the isopod, Armadillidium vulgare was
      studied in intact and in experimentally treated animals. The gross anatomy of the
      hepatopancreas of this species is simpler than that of decapods, but
      microscopically the cells are similar in both. Accordingly, the function of this
      organ is probably the same in decapods and Armadillidium. Some phylogenetic
      considerations are also presented. In a previous paper Miyawaki et al. (1984),
      presented experimental results which indicated that the hepatopancreas of the
      crayfish, Procambarus clarki, had an important role in the absorption of digested
      food materials. These results confirmed earlier reports by Yonge (1924) and van
      Weel (1955) on the decapods, Nephrops norvegicus and Atya spinides, respectively.
      In the present study, we wished to determine whether the isopod hepatopancreas
      has a function like that of the decapods. A terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium
      vulgare collected on the University campus, and reared in the laboratory at room
      temperature was used. The methods of study were similar to those employed in the
      study with Procambarus clarki (Miyawaki et al., 1984).

PMID- 3986924
TI  - Quantitative determination of collagen types present in the ductal infiltrating
      carcinoma of human mammary gland.
AB  - Further analyses about collagen present in ductal infiltrating carcinoma of human
      mammary gland indicate that a large amount of it is represented by type I
      omotrimer that has been separated from the two other present species, type I
      eterotrimer and type III, by means of fractionated saline precipitation.
      Quantitative determinations of the three types, extracted by mild pepsin
      digestion, are also reported.

PMID- 3986925
TI  - Symposium on the knee.

PMID- 3986926
TI  - Diagnosis of extensor mechanism disorders.
AB  - A comprehensive physical examination of the patellofemoral joint and the entire
      lower extremity is often required to detect some of the more subtle extensor
      mechanism disorders. The standing, sitting, and supine examinations of the
      patient with patellar complaints are presented. In addition, the various
      radiographic techniques available to evaluate the patellofemoral joint are
      reviewed.

PMID- 3986927
TI  - Scientific basis of extensor mechanism disorders.
AB  - The authors discuss the pathomechanics of abnormal patellar tracking and
      excessive patellofemoral contact force that results in patellofemoral pain,
      chondromalacia, and patellofemoral arthrosis. An understanding of the
      pathomechanics implies a rational approach to treatment that includes methods to
      correct the tracking problem and reduce the load on the patellofemoral joint.

PMID- 3986928
TI  - Systematic evaluation of acute knee injuries.
AB  - The high percentage of significant injury associated with a hemarthrosis
      correlates with the findings of Noyes, DeHaven, and others. The development of
      significant knee swelling immediately after injury should be an alarming sign.
      Our study revealed a significant probability of anterior cruciate ligament tear
      or meniscal tear in the acute hemarthrosis. Arthroscopy in acute hemarthrosis
      certainly should be considered and, in many cases, performed. Although not within
      the scope of this article, acute arthroscopic repair of a torn meniscus,
      evaluation of the degree of tear of the anterior cruciate ligament, and
      arthroscopic repair of osteochondral fractures are all benefited by acute
      arthroscopic examination. Decisions in diagnosis are helped by the knee
      aspiration.

PMID- 3986929
TI  - Philosophy and rationale for the management of anterior cruciate injuries and the
      resultant deficiencies.
AB  - Deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) results in the loss of the
      fine tuning of the knee joint. Either acute loss or chronic insufficiency of ACL
      function results in instability, tricking, and giving way, and subsequently the
      fluid gliding mechanics of the knee joint are significantly altered. Regardless
      of the length of time from injury to evaluation, it is imperative that a correct
      and complete diagnosis be made before a treatment program is selected. Functional
      stability, the goal, can be accomplished only by limiting clinical laxity through
      a combination of appropriate surgery and functional rehabilitation.

PMID- 3986930
TI  - Operative treatment of acute and chronic knee problems.
AB  - Attention to detail and anatomic precision is essential to accurate diagnosis.
      Accurate diagnosis is the keystone of care for the acute or chronic knee problem.
      The arthroscope is an essential diagnostic tool. Uniplanar instability can
      usually be treated nonoperatively with good results providing that secondary
      supporting structures are not anatomically disrupted, the ligaments are protected
      during their plastic healing phase, and the patient is committed to a complete
      rehabilitation program. Rotatory instabilities require surgery if a high
      functional level is desired by the patient, and the secondary restraints are
      anatomically compromised. Isometric reconstruction with provision for
      revascularization, whether intra- or extra-articular, is the key to successful
      surgery for rotatory instability. Multiple back-up procedures and "dynamic
      transfers" too often compromise a result that would have stood quite well alone.
      The foregoing may seem to be oversimplified, but the principles have proved
      satisfactory both in laboratory and clinic settings. When these principles are
      applied diligently in an active sporting community, the reinjury rate is low and
      patient satisfaction is high.

PMID- 3986931
TI  - [Radioimmunoanalysis of total urinary testosterone in men].

PMID- 3986932
TI  - [New original preparations developed at the VUFB in Prague].

PMID- 3986933
TI  - [Comparison of the biological availability of retard and non-retard lisuride
      tablets in dogs].

PMID- 3986934
TI  - [Relation between the chemical structure of substances and their
      antimycobacterial activity against atypical strains. I. 2-Aklylthio-6
      aminobenzothiazol].

PMID- 3986935
TI  - [Methods of preparing, incubating and maintaining brain slices in vitro].

PMID- 3986936
TI  - [Abstracts of reports on the physiology of domestic animals. 7-9 December 1983,
      Liblice].

PMID- 3986937
TI  - International workshop: Emergence of resistance during therapy with the newer
      betalactam antimicrobial agents. Venice, December 14, 1984.

PMID- 3986938
TI  - The emergence of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics during treatment of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections: is combination therapy
      the solution?
AB  - Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections with beta
      lactam antibiotics alone (beta-lactam monotherapy) has been thought to result in
      a high incidence of therapeutic failure due to the emergence of multiply
      resistant strains on the basis of induction of a chromosomal beta-lactamase.
      Review of published experience in patients without granulocytopenia or cystic
      fibrosis suggests that favorable clinical responses can be obtained in 80-90% of
      cases, and bacteriological cures in 45-55%, using any of the newer beta-lactam
      antipseudomonal agents alone (data from cefsulodin, cefoperazone, azlocillin and
      piperacillin). Resistance develops in 30-40% of the infecting organisms, and is
      associated with treatment failure in 10-20% of cases (data from cefsulodin,
      ticarcillin and carbenicillin). Cross-resistance to other beta-lactams and to
      aminoglycosides can occur but seems unlikely to be on the basis of induction of a
      chromosomal beta-lactamase (data from cefsulodin). The addition of an
      aminoglycoside antibiotic (combination therapy) has been recommended to prevent
      these outcomes. Retrospective comparison with results obtained using combination
      therapy in patients without granulocytopenia or cystic fibrosis suggests that the
      addition of an aminoglycoside cannot be expected to prevent either the
      development of resistance or therapeutic failure (which are frequently
      unassociated). Treating every patient with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa lower
      respiratory tract infection with combination therapy will expose all of them to
      the toxicity of an aminoglycoside but will rarely repay this risk with the
      prevention of a multiply resistant strain or the salvage of a patient destined to
      fail beta-lactam monotherapy.

PMID- 3986939
TI  - Occurrence of cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacter during therapy of cardiac surgery
      patients.
AB  - During 1981-1984, nine patients were treated with second or third generation
      cephalosporins for deep post-operative wound, respiratory, and blood infections
      with Enterobacter. In at least 50-60% of cases, therapy failed due to emergence
      of broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance. Laboratory testing of two strains
      that became resistant showed that they were more likely to develop high level
      resistant mutants, which had greater ability to bind cefotaxime. Although these
      surgery patients represent an extreme case, spread of their resistant strains to
      other patients in hospital could lead to wide-spread nosocomial resistance.

PMID- 3986940
TI  - Shifting of the penicillin binding proteins that are the target for inhibition by
      beta-lactams as a likely mechanism of resistance to antibiotics during therapy.
AB  - The penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that in Streptococcus faecium are the
      targets for inhibitory activity of beta-lactam antibiotics were analyzed both in
      cells growing at their fastest and at reduced rates. It was found that while
      under the former conditions the PBPs showed the highest affinity for penicillin,
      under the latter the target is shifted to PBP (PBP5) that has a very low affinity
      for penicillin and other beta-lactams. The possibility that conditions met by
      Enterococci in human infections cause a shifting of the penicillin target and the
      possible role of such shifting in resistance to beta-lactams during therapy are
      discussed.

PMID- 3986941
TI  - Bacterial resistance to antibiotics in American hospitals.
AB  - A total of 5,825,243 strains of bacteria were isolated in 242 American hospitals
      during a period of twelve years (1971 to 1982). The susceptibility to antibiotics
      of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp. Proteus mirabilis,
      Haemophilus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. did not change significantly during this
      period of time. The susceptibility to tetracycline for E. coli and S. aureus
      increased. Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis showed a
      decrease in susceptibility.

PMID- 3986942
TI  - Dynamics of resistance to cephalosporins.
AB  - Bacterial susceptibility to various cephalosporins of nine of the most frequently
      isolated organisms were analyzed for the five-year period 1980 to 1984. The disk
      diffusion susceptibility to cephalosporins of 1,640,031 strains of bacteria
      isolated from 242 hospitals in the United States were compared. No significant
      change has occurred in the susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus faecalis
      for this period; Enterobacter aerogenes showed a slight decrease in
      susceptibility to moxalactam, cephalothin, cefoxitin and cefamandole. Slight
      increases in susceptibility were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to
      cefotaxime and moxalactam and for Bacteroides fragilis to cefoxitin and
      cefamandole. Staphylococcus aureus showed slight decreases in susceptibility to
      cefoperazone and ceftizoxime and slight increase to moxalactam.

PMID- 3986943
TI  - Mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AB  - The complex mechanism of resistance towards beta-lactam antibiotics in Gram
      negative bacteria can be described by a simple equation in which the hydrolytic
      activity of the enzyme, the affinity to the penicillin binding protein in
      competition to the affinity to the beta-lactamase, the quantity of the enzyme and
      the ability of the drug to penetrate the outer membrane are considered. Depending
      on the characteristics of the drug, the beta-lactamase, and the microorganisms,
      the hydrolysis of the drug, its binding, or the reduced penetration can be the
      predominant factors.

PMID- 3986944
TI  - Epidemiological study of Enterobacter cloacae resistant to 3rd generation
      cephalosporins: a preliminary report.
AB  - In 1983 an increase in the resistance rate of cefotaxime against Enterobacter
      cloacae strains was observed in "Laikos General" hospital, that reached 59.3% in
      the 2nd half of the same year. All strains resistant to cefotaxime were found
      resistant to cefamandole, moxalactam and ceftriaxone while 61.8% were also
      resistant to amikacin. Urine represented the main source of isolation,
      particularly from the catheterized patient of the Renal Transplantation Unit in
      whom cefuroxime was mostly over used. Multiresistant strains were virulent since
      5 patients died of septicemia. Mechanisms of resistance to cefotaxime are
      speculated upon because resistance work-up has not yet been completed. SHV, was
      exclusively isolated in the limited number of strains which have been studied up
      to now.

PMID- 3986945
TI  - Penicillin binding proteins and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in
      Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 3986946
TI  - Susceptibility test methods which may be able to predict the emergence of
      resistance to newer beta- lactam antibiotics.
AB  - Several antimicrobial susceptibility test methods in current use including the
      agar dilution, broth microdilution, Kirby-Bauer, and rapid automated instrument
      test methods have been criticized for failing to detect resistance due to
      chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases of certain Gram-negative bacteria. The
      older broth macrodilution test may be the most reliable method for recognition of
      low numbers of drug resistant mutants. In vitro induction of beta-lactamases by
      drugs such as cefoxitin may serve only to reaffirm the presence of the
      chromosomal gene in those species known to possess this mechanism of drug
      resistance.

PMID- 3986947
TI  - The emergence of resistance and the therapy of septicaemia.
AB  - There were 658 positive blood cultures in St. Thomas' Hospital during 1982-1984,
      from which 301 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Most were of species that do not
      usually produce inducible class I beta-lactamases but 39 of the isolates were of
      species that do. Many of these strains were resistant to the older cephalosporins
      but resistance to cefuroxime was uncommon and resistance to ceftazidime or
      cefotaxime was confined to five isolates of Enterobacter cloacae (four of which
      were from patients who had been previously treated with beta-lactams). In only
      two cases did initially cefuroxime-sensitive strains unambiguously develop
      resistance during treatment (one strain each of Enterobacter aerogenes and
      Citrobacter freundii--both treated with amoxycillin).

PMID- 3986948
TI  - [Nutrition studies in the mid-valley of Senegal. 1. Evolution of food consumption
      since 1958 and current structure of rations].
AB  - A food consumption survey was performed in 5 villages in the Senegal mid valley,
      including 55 households. In order to study the situation on a lapse of 25 years,
      the results of this survey were compared with those of a survey done in 1958.
      Nutritional value of intakes did not change: the same deficiencies are noticed.
      Food origin have changed, meaning a deep social transformation. Food risk is
      already present.

PMID- 3986949
TI  - [Epidemiologic aspects of tuberculosis in Yaounde (Republic of Cameroon)].
AB  - A retrospective investigation was carried out in March 1984 on files of 447
      tubercular patients traced in 1982 in the Unit of Pneumophthisiology of the Jamot
      Hospital in Yaounde. It demonstrates that: 80% of the patients have a pulmonary
      localization, 95% of the pulmonary tuberculosis are diagnosed by bacilloscopy
      often after a long latency, 60% of two-sided forms and 64% of forms with
      excavation, by radiological examination, 65% of the recorded patients live
      outside Yaounde, a one year standard treatment follow-up leads to 50% cures, 50%
      of the patients do not come back before six months and 50% after six months. The
      epidemiological findings done from this investigation lead to suggest adaptations
      of the fight-programme relevant to the bacilloscopic tracing, the curative
      protocols and the BCG vaccination.

PMID- 3986950
TI  - [1st cases of adiaspiromycosis observed in small mammals in Turkey. 3 new host
      species].
AB  - The authors examine the lungs of 193 small mammals caught in different places in
      West Turkey and belonging to 11 different species. Six species have one or many
      adiaspores in their lungs. Those are Microtus arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis and
      A. sylvaticus already found parasited by Chrysosporium parvum in many countries
      particularly France. These are M. guentheri, Pitymys majori and A. mystacinus
      which have never been mentioned before this day having adiaspiromycosis.

PMID- 3986951
TI  - [49 cases of tinea of the scalp observed in a tropical disease clinic in Paris].
AB  - Tinea capitis among school children population is still a public health problem.
      We described 49 cases of tinea capitis that have been diagnosed at the out
      patient clinic of Claude-Bernard Hospital, Paris. 44 of them were recently
      immigrated african children. 4 of them were children born in France from african
      parents. One case occurred on a caucasian girl, who never left metropolitan
      France. The pathologenic agent that heve been identified were: T. soudanense, M.
      audouinii var. Langeronii, T. schoenleinii and M. canis. The result of treatment
      with ketoconazole or griseofulvine are discussed.

PMID- 3986952
TI  - [The 2 first cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania mexicana
      amazonensis in French Guiana].
AB  - The authors report the two first proven cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to
      Leishmania mexicana amazonensis in French Guiana. They present some observations
      on the situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis epidemiology in this country.

PMID- 3986953
TI  - [Beach sand nematodes in Guadeloupe: associated public health problems].
AB  - During a parasitological investigation in 1982, sparse samples extracted from
      sand of different frequentation beaches were analysed according to three methods
      (Baermann, floating, screening). Larva of hookworms of animal origin (Ankylostoma
      caninum, Ankylostoma tubaeforme, Ankylostoma braziliense and perhaps Ankylostoma
      ceylanicum) were identified, sometimes in important quantity, just as eggs of
      Toxocara sp. Clinical cases of cutaneous Larva migrans are frequent in the West
      Indies, contrary to cases of visceral Larva migrans. Some prophylactic measures
      are proposed.

PMID- 3986954
TI  - [Schistosoma haematobium bilharziosis and urinary infections. Study of their
      relationship in 2 villages of Niger].
AB  - In order to assess the relation between urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract
      infections (U.T.T.), a study of two villages in the surroundings of Niamey (Rep.
      of Niger) was undertaken. In the first village located near a rice plantation
      irrigation scheme, the global prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 77%.
      Boys between 5 to 14 years of age were all infected and their mean egg output was
      500 eggs/10 ml of urine. In the second village, where water is supplied from
      wells, schistosomiasis was almost absent. Urinary tract infections were diagnosed
      upon the cytologic count of the urinary sediment and the urine culture.
      Comparison between S. haematobium infected and non-infected villages showed that
      the prevalence of U.T.I. was 3.8 times higher among the females of the infected
      village. This was also noticed for old men and especially for boys aged 5 to 14
      (5.2% U.T.I.) for whom urinary infection is usually uncommon. However the mean
      blood pressure and the creatininemia showed no difference between the two
      populations. If schistosomiasis increases the risk of chronic pyelonephritis,
      that increase could not be accounted for with the measures of these two
      variables.

PMID- 3986955
TI  - [Familial study of Hb A2 Babinga (delta 136 Glyc----Asp) in South America].
AB  - In November 1983, HB A2 Babinga was found in a Columbian male in Paris. Blood
      samples from Columbia showed that his mother and one of his brothers were also Hb
      A2 Babinga carriers and that his mother and another brother and his sister were
      Hb S carriers.

PMID- 3986956
TI  - Dermal collagen metabolism during tumor promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate in mouse skin.
AB  - Treatment of the skin with the tumor promoting phorbol ester 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate leads to a reduction of the collagen content of
      the dermis of the mouse. The collagen degradation as well as synthesis is
      affected by the tumor promoter, the effect on degradation being more pronounced
      at the beginning of the treatment. The collagenolytic activity that can be
      extracted from the dermis is increased 5- to 6-fold during the first five
      applications and approximately 2-fold at later times. The uptake of [14C]proline
      in both total protein and NaCl-soluble collagen is doubled, but the increase of
      collagen synthesis does not restore a normal collagen content in the dermis, as
      it is accompanied by an elevated level of collagenolytic activity.

PMID- 3986957
TI  - On the analysis of 1-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene in
      cigarette smoke.
AB  - A method was developed for the analysis of 1-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene, and
      6-nitrochrysene in mainstream cigarette smoke, using [14C]1-nitronaphthalene,
      [14C]1-nitropyrene, and [14C]6-nitrochrysene as tracers and internal standards.
      Cigarette smoke condensate was collected and the appropriate fractions containing
      the labelled standards were obtained by a series of solvent partitions and column
      chromatography. Recovery of internal standards ranged from 60 to 70%. The
      fractions were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture
      detection and by combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 1
      Nitronaphthalene (less than 10 ng/cigarette), 1-nitropyrene (less than 10
      ng/cigarette), and 6-nitrochrysene (less than 1 ng/cigarette) were not detected
      in the mainstream smoke of the University of Kentucky 1R1 cigarette, a US
      commercial 85 mm non-filter cigarette, or a French commercial 70 mm non-filter
      cigarette.

PMID- 3986958
TI  - On the pharmacokinetics of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in Fischer rats.
AB  - Methods were developed to determine the biological half-lives and rates of
      distribution and elimination of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine
      (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in the F344 rat. The formation
      and persistence of an in vivo equilibrium between NNK and NNAL were also studied.
      The method consists of extraction and elution of the nitrosamines through a Clin
      Elut column with ethyl acetate, followed by concentration and analysis by a gas
      chromatography-thermal energy analyzer. The biological half-lives for NNN and NAT
      were 184 and 540 min, those for NNK and NNAL ranged from 25 to 37 and 184 to 298
      min, respectively. A relatively short biological half-life for the TSNA suggests
      a correlation with carcinogenic potency.

PMID- 3986959
TI  - Studies on the tumour promoter-induced release of fibronectin from human lung
      fibroblasts, and its counteraction by retinoic acid.
AB  - The purpose of the experiments reported here is to improve our understanding of
      the mechanism whereby tumour promoters (e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate, TPA) stimulate increased release of fibronectin (FN) from human lung
      fibroblasts (HLF) in culture. We investigated whether pretreatment of these
      cultures with a brief pulse of TPA would be sufficient to cause this effect, or
      whether continuous presence of TPA is required. We found that a pretreatment of 5
      15 min with TPA caused the increased FN release when followed by a 2-h TPA-free
      incubation. The increased release did not cease upon removal of TPA. Longer
      exposure to TPA (1-2 h) also gave higher FN release than control cultures, but
      the effect was less pronounced. Pretreatment with retinoic (RA) for up to 30 min
      did not counteract the subsequent TPA effect after the RA was removed, even
      though we could show with labeled RA that it had entered the cells. Therefore, RA
      must be present simultaneously with TPA; it presumably acts on the cell surface
      when antagonizing the effect of TPA on FN release. When all cell-surface FN was
      removed by trypsinization and the cells were incubated with TPA, an increased
      release of FN into the medium occurred and a decreased accumulation of cell
      associated FN compared to controls. These results suggest that FN is released
      even if the pericellular matrix is absent and that TPA interferes with the
      subsequent build-up of the matrix.

PMID- 3986960
TI  - Effects of dietary indoles and isothiocyanates on N-nitrosodimethylamine and 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone alpha-hydroxylation and DNA
      methylation in rat liver.
AB  - Dietary-related indoles, isothiocyanates, and the allyl isothiocyanate
      glucosinolate, sinigrin, were administered to F344 rats in the diet for 2 weeks
      (chronic protocol) or by gavage 2 h before sacrifice (acute protocol) and the
      effects of these pretreatments on the alpha-hydroxylation of two carcinogenic
      nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3
      pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), were evaluated. alpha-Hydroxylation was measured in
      vitro by quantitation of formaldehyde formation upon incubation of the
      nitrosamines with liver microsomes, and in vivo by quantitation of levels of 7
      methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in hepatic DNA, 4 h after nitrosamine
      treatment. Compounds shown to be inhibitory in the in vitro assay were selected
      to be further evaluated using the in vivo assay. The results of the in vitro
      assays showed that indoles were inducers of the demethylation of both
      nitrosamines. Indole, L-tryptophan and indole-3-carbinol were strong inducers of
      NDMA and NNK demethylation, respectively. In contrast, isothiocyanates such as
      phenethyl isothiocyanate and phenyl isothiocyanate demonstrated a wide range of
      inhibitory activities toward demethylation of these nitrosamines in both the
      acute and chronic studies. Chronic, but not acute, pretreatment with sinigrin
      also caused a significant decrease in the demethylation of NDMA and NNK. In view
      of their promising inhibitory activities, the effects of phenethyl
      isothiocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate and sinigrin on the in vivo methylation of
      DNA by NDMA and NNK were evaluated. The results were parallel to those obtained
      in the in vitro assays. Phenethyl isothiocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate and
      sinigrin generally inhibited the formation of 7-methylguanine and O6
      methylguanine in rat hepatic DNA. The results of this study suggest that these
      compounds could be anticarcinogenic to NDMA and NNK.

PMID- 3986961
TI  - In vivo nitrosation of amidopyrine in humans: use of 'ethanol effect' for
      biological monitoring of N-nitrosodimethylamine in urine.
AB  - Under normal conditions a possible N-nitrosodimethylamine formation in vivo
      cannot directly be monitored in urine due to high metabolic conversion rate
      (greater than 99.9%). Own experiments showed an increased excretion rate (up to
      2.4%) if ethanol was administered simultaneously. This model was used for
      monitoring experiments with respect to in vivo formation of N
      nitrosodimethylamine. Amidopyrine, as a compound which is easily nitrosated, was
      administered (single oral dose of 500 mg) to volunteers. Under the influence of
      20-30 g ethanol it was possible to detect N-nitrosodimethylamine in urine. From
      negative control experiments it must be concluded that this appearance of N
      nitrosodimethylamine derives from in vivo nitrosation of the drug. The amount
      excreted in urine varied between 0.5 and 10 micrograms N-nitrosodimethylamine
      within 8 h and seemed to be influenced by salivary nitrite concentrations which
      ranged from 5 to 220 p.p.m. NO-2. In comparison with earlier excretion studies in
      humans it can be assumed that only 1-2% of the originally formed nitrosamine was
      found in urine. To our knowledge this is the first time that in vivo formation of
      N-nitrosodimethylamine was directly shown to occur in humans.

PMID- 3986962
TI  - Analysis of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced DNA damage in
      tumor cell strains from Japanese patients and demonstration of MNNG
      hypersensitivity of Mer xenografts in athymic nude mice.
AB  - Among 15 human tumor cell strains from Japanese patients, one strain derived from
      a patient with thyroid cancer showed inability to support the growth of
      adenovirus 5 treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). When
      plated on this Mer- strain, adenovirus 5 showed 3-4 times higher sensitivity to
      MNNG-induced killing than when plated on any of the other 14 Mer+ tumor cell
      strains. Biochemical analysis showed that the Mer- strain was defective in
      demethylation repair of O6-methylguanine produced by MNNG treatment. The
      sensitivities of 12 of the 15 human tumor strains, including the Mer- strain, to
      MNNG were compared by measuring their colony-forming abilities. All the strains
      tested showed the Rem- phenotype (having higher sensitivity to MNNG-produced cell
      killing than normal fibroblasts). The differential killing effects of MNNG on Mer
      and Mer+ tumor cells under in vivo conditions were tested using the Mer+ HeLa S3
      strain and its Mer- variant. Mer+ cells and Mer- cells were implanted
      subcutaneously into the left and right flanks, respectively, of 10 nude mice and
      the next day, MNNG solution (0.25 ml at 1 mg/ml) was injected into the
      implantation sites of eight mice. Mer- tumor cells in six of eight treated mice
      showed no growth and those in the other two mice did grow, but regressed after
      approximately 3 weeks. In contrast, Mer+ tumor cells continued to grow in all the
      eight mice treated, indicating that Mer- tumor cells may be selectively
      inactivated by suitable therapeutic regimens with appropriate methylating drugs.

PMID- 3986963
TI  - Age- and sex-dependent induction of liver microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase
      activity in rats treated with pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN).
AB  - The present studies were undertaken to resolve conflicting reports on the
      inducibility of liver microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity in rats
      treated with pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN). Several studies have shown
      that treatment of Long Evans rats with PCN causes a 5- to 10-fold induction of
      benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity, whereas little or no induction occurs in
      Sprague-Dawley or Wistar rats. Studies with one-month-old-male Long Evans,
      Sprague-Dawley, Wistar and Holtzman rats failed to reveal an anticipated strain
      difference in the inducibility of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity by PCN.
      Studies with immature and mature male and female Long Evans rats revealed that
      the inducibility of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity decreases with age in
      male but not female rats, i.e., PCN induced benzo[a]Pyrene hydroxylase activity 5
      to 8-fold in immature male, immature female and mature female rats but only 2
      fold in mature male rats. The age-dependent decrease in inducibility by PCN in
      male rats coincided with an age-dependent increase (2.4-fold) in the basal
      activity of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase. These sex-dependent developmental changes
      can be explained by an age-dependent increase in the constitutive levels of the
      major PCN-inducible form of cytochrome P-450 (cytochrome P-450-PCN) in male but
      not female rats. Electrophoresis of liver microsomes and studies on the binding
      of metyrapone to dithionite-reduced cytochrome P-450 provided additional evidence
      for age- and sex-dependent differences in the levels of microsomal cytochrome P
      450-PCN. In addition to reconciling the conflicting literature reports, the age-
      and sex-dependent differences in cytochrome P-450-PCN levels account, at least in
      part, for age and sex differences in certain liver microsomal enzyme activities,
      including benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity.

PMID- 3986964
TI  - Differential repair of O4-alkylthymidine following exposure to methylating and
      ethylating hepatocarcinogens.
AB  - Recent experiments have demonstrated that O6-alkylguanine is rapidly removed from
      hepatocyte DNA following continuous exposure to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine or
      diethylnitrosamine. In contrast, O4-ethyldeoxythymidine accumulates to
      concentrations more than 50 times greater than O6-ethyldexyguanosine. Studies on
      the formation and persistence of O4-methyldeoxythymidine in vivo have not been
      reported. This study reports the development of sensitive radioimmune assays to
      O4-methyldeoxythymidine and O4-ethyldeoxythymidine. Utilizing this method, the
      accumulation and removal of O4-methyldeoxythymidine and O4-ethyldeoxythymidine in
      liver DNA from rats exposed to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine or diethylnitrosamine were
      measured. The results demonstrated that O4-methyldeoxythymidine was formed at an
      O6-methylguanine/O4-methyldeoxythymidine ratio of approximately 100/1 and was
      repaired with a half-time of approximately 20 h. In contrast, O4
      ethyldeoxythymidine removal was 13 times slower with a t 1/2 of approximately 11
      days after both pulse dose and cessation of continuous DEN administration.
      Combined with previously reported data, results presented here suggest that (i)
      despite a lower rate of formation, O4-methyldeoxythymidine becomes nearly equal
      in importance to O6-methylguanine as a promutagenic adduct in hepatocytes from
      continuously exposed rats and (ii) differential repair of O4-alkylthymidine
      adducts provides a mechanism that may explain in part the superior ability of
      ethylating versus methylating agents to induce hepatocellular carcinomas in the
      rat.

PMID- 3986965
TI  - Hepatocarcinogenicity of hexachlorobenzene in rats and the sex difference in
      hepatic iron status and development of porphyria.
AB  - Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was fed to male and female F344 rats as 0.02% of the diet
      for 15 weeks. Females developed a massive porphyria, due to depression of
      uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, whereas males did not. Although hepatic
      non-haem iron levels in control females were 3-5 times greater than males (iron
      is implicated in the pathogenesis of this condition) preloading the latter with
      iron did not increase their susceptibility. After 90 weeks of HCB treatment 100%
      of surviving females had multiple liver tumours which were strongly gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) positive and histologically classified as
      neoplastic nodules or hepatocellular carcinomas. In contrast, only 16% of males
      developed tumours which were smaller and fewer in number per liver than those in
      females. Accumulation of porphyrins was still significantly less in males than
      females although no uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was detected in
      treated livers of either sex. No differences in porphyrin levels or enzyme
      activity were found between tumours and surrounding tissue showing that tumours
      did not revert to a non-porphyric state. The sex difference in tumour response
      could not be explained by differences in hepatic HCB concentrations. Non-haem
      iron concentrations of livers fell after HCB treatment for 90 weeks in both sexes
      and were even lower in tumours. These studies demonstrate that not only are
      female rats far more sensitive than males to the porphyrinogenic effects of HCB
      but also to the hepatocarcinogenic actions, suggesting a link between these two
      manifestations of toxicity that may also apply to other polyhalogenated
      aromatics.

PMID- 3986966
TI  - Modification by five antioxidants of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-initiated colon
      carcinogenesis in F344 rats.
AB  - The effects of antioxidants given in the post initiation phase of colon tumor
      development were investigated in male F344 rats treated with 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Animals (20/group) were given s.c. injections of DMH at
      a dose of 20 mg/kg once a week for four consecutive weeks. One week after the
      last injection, rats were fed diet containing 5% sodium L-ascorbate (SA), 0.5%
      butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), 0.8% ethoxyquin (EQ), 1.0% propyl gallate or 0.5%
      butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for 36 weeks. A control group was fed the basal
      diet not containing antioxidants. The experiment was terminated 40 weeks after
      the first injection of DMH and all intestinal tumors were confirmed
      histologically. SA significantly increased the incidence of adenomas and the
      number of tumors per rat of the colon (especially of the distal colon). Although
      EQ and BHT did not affect the number of rats with colon tumors, the number of
      tumors per rat occurring in the distal colon was significantly increased by EQ
      while being decreased by BHT. No modification of tumor development was observed
      with BHA or PG. Thus, modification of tumor development by SA, EQ and BHT was
      apparent, mainly in the distal colon.

PMID- 3986967
TI  - Similar carcinogenic effects in rats of 1-ethyl-1-nitroso-3-hydroxyethylurea and
      1-hydroxyethyl-1-nitroso-3-ethylurea.
AB  - The two isomeric N-nitroso derivatives of the dialkylurea, 1-ethyl-3-(2
      hydroxyethyl)urea, were given by gavage to 20 male F344 rats for 30 weeks at
      equimolar doses. The tumorigenic responses were compared with those to a similar
      dose of nitrosoethylurea or nitroso-2-hydroxyethylurea. Each of the
      nitrosomonoalkylureas caused death from tumors more rapidly than the analogous
      nitrosodialkylurea. Each of the nitrosodialkylureas induced a broader spectrum of
      tumors in the rats than did either nitrosoethylurea or nitroso-2
      hydroxyethylurea, including neoplasms of the thyroid, lung, skin, colon,
      mesotheliomas and neoplasms of the brain and liver in high incidence, the last
      two of which were not seen in animals given the nitrosomonoalkylureas. On the
      other hand, there were fewer tumors of the forestomach in rats given the
      nitrosodialkylureas than with the nitrosomonoalkylureas. The major difference
      between 1-nitroso-1-ethyl-3-hydroxyethylurea and 1-nitroso-1-hydroxyethyl-3
      ethylurea was that the former induced only neoplastic nodules in the liver of 30%
      of the rats, while the latter induced hepatocellular carcinomas in 55% of the
      rats; approximately half of the rats given either compound had brain neoplasms,
      which included astrocytomas, gliomas and oligodendrogliomas.

PMID- 3986968
TI  - Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and retinoids on intercellular
      junctional communication measured with a citrulline incorporation assay.
AB  - Inhibition of intercellular junctional communication by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate (TPA) and retinoids was investigated using a citrulline incorporation
      assay. This new assay uses metabolic co-operation between argininosuccinate lyase
      deficient human fibroblasts and arginosuccinate synthetase-deficient cells as a
      measure of junctional communication. Short-term exposure to TPA resulted in
      virtually complete inhibition of metabolic co-operation when V79 cells were used
      as the synthetase-deficient type. When synthetase-deficient human fibroblasts
      were used, inhibition by TPA was only partial. Exposure to high concentrations of
      TPA for prolonged periods resulted in partial reversal of communication
      inhibition and a refractory state in which cells were unresponsive to TPA.
      Retinoic acid and other retinoids also inhibited metabolic co-operation, but did
      not cause desensitisation of the type seen with TPA after prolonged exposure.
      Cultures which had been made refractory to TPA remained sensitive to inhibition
      by retinoic acid and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, indicating
      that these latter compounds inhibit junctional communication by a mechanism
      different from TPA. Simultaneous exposure of cultures to TPA and retinoic acid
      showed that the inhibitory effects on metabolic co-operation of these compounds
      were additive. Fluocinolone acetonide did not antagonise the effect of TPA. These
      results suggest that retinoic acid and fluocinolone acetonide exert their anti
      tumor-promoting action by mechanisms which are not mediated by intercellular
      junctional communication.

PMID- 3986969
TI  - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) promotes the transformation of
      C3H/10T1/2 cells.
AB  - Continuous treatment of C3H/10T1/2 cells with low concentrations (greater than or
      equal to 4 pM) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) enhanced focus
      production in cultures pretreated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
      Maximal enhancement occurred at 40 pM TCDD, a concentration 10 000-fold lower
      than that required to produce an optimal response with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate. Single treatments with 0.06 nM-5 microM TCDD did not transform
      C3H/10T1/2 cells or initiate the process of transformation in cultures
      subsequently exposed to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
      Promotion of transformation is thus the predominant effect of TCDD in the
      C3H/101/2 cell transformation system.

PMID- 3986970
TI  - Differential capacities for DNA repair in Clara cells, alveolar type II cells and
      macrophages of rabbit lung.
AB  - The ability to repair damaged DNA was determined in different cell populations of
      rabbit lung cells isolated by centrifugal elutriation. DNA excision repair,
      measured as unscheduled DNA synthesis, was examined in in vitro confluent primary
      cultures. A dose dependent level of DNA excision repair was observed in alveolar
      type II cells after exposure to the direct acting alkylating agents N-methyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and methyl methansesulphonate.
      Furthermore, O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity was easily detectable
      in alveolar type II cells and alveolar macrophages. In contrast, non-ciliated
      (Clara) cells had 4 to 20-fold lower levels of DNA excision repair and non
      detectable levels of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Uracil-DNA glycosylase
      activities in Clara cells and alveolar type II cells were in the same range and
      had 3-fold lower activity than alveolar macrophages. Our findings indicate that
      various lung cells differ in DNA repair capacity and may thus differ in
      sensitivity to some carcinogens.

PMID- 3986971
TI  - Effects of altered site of electrical activation on myocardial performance during
      inotropic stimulation.
AB  - The effects of altering the site of electrical activation on responses to
      isoproterenol (ISO) and treadmill exercise were examined in mongrel dogs
      instrumented for long-term measurement of left ventricular pressure, left
      ventricular dP/dt, coronary blood flow, cardiac output, left ventricular
      diameters, and mean arterial pressure and O2 content in the coronary sinus and
      aorta. During spontaneous rhythm, 0.2 micrograms/kg/min ISO increased heart rate
      by 90 +/- 7 beats/min, left ventricular dP/dt by 2479 +/- 301 mm Hg/sec, cardiac
      output by 3.5 +/- 0.9 liters/min, coronary blood flow by 30.4 +/- 3.9 ml/min, and
      myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) by 3.91 +/- 0.84 ml/min. During right atrial
      pacing at 193 +/- 7 beats/min, the effects of ISO were not different from the
      effects during spontaneous rhythm, with the exception of a lesser increase in
      coronary blood flow and lesser reductions in coronary resistance and left
      ventricular end-diastolic diameter and pressure. During right ventricular pacing
      at an identical rate, ISO increased left ventricular dP/dt (1140 +/- 158 mm
      Hg/sec) and cardiac output (2.2 +/- 0.5 liters/min) significantly less (p less
      than .025) than during either sinus rhythm or right atrial pacing, while MVO2
      rose to a higher value. During right ventricular pacing the changes in mean
      arterial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic diameters with ISO were not
      significantly different from those during right atrial pacing. Treadmill exercise
      induced significantly smaller (p less than .025) increases in left ventricular
      dP/dt during right ventricular pacing as compared with during either right atrial
      pacing or sinus rhythm, while MVO2 rose to a higher value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986972
TI  - Assessment of papillary muscle function in the intact heart.
AB  - A technique is described to localize the anterolateral papillary muscle and to
      assess its performance in vivo. Using this technique, we measured sequentially
      the pressure generated within the anterolateral papillary muscle and its changes
      in length during the cardiac cycle in eight open-chest anesthetized dogs.
      Pressure within the anterolateral papillary muscle was measured with a 1.6 mm
      diameter micromanometer probe. Its dimensional changes were measured with
      ultrasonic crystals. Pressure within the anterolateral papillary muscle exceeded
      left ventricular pressure throughout the entire cardiac cycle. A difference of
      200 +/- 23 mm Hg was present between systolic pressure in the anterolateral
      papillary muscle and left ventricular systolic pressure (348 +/- 25 vs 149 +/- 6
      mm Hg) (p less than .001). Shortening of the anterolateral papillary muscle began
      25 +/- 2 msec after the upstroke of the aortic pressure, continued throughout
      isovolumic relaxation, and was maximal 68 +/- 5 msec after the apex of the aortic
      incisura. The extent and velocity of shortening of the anterolateral papillary
      muscle were maximal when pressure within the muscle was lowest. This temporal
      dissociation between pressure and dimensional changes of the anterolateral
      papillary muscle appeared to result from cyclic changes of loading imposed on the
      muscle.

PMID- 3986973
TI  - Effects of coronary artery reperfusion on regional myocardial blood flow and
      function in conscious baboons.
AB  - The effects of coronary artery reperfusion initiated 1 hr and 3 hr after coronary
      artery occlusion were evaluated on measurements of overall and regional left
      ventricular function and on regional myocardial blood flow. These experiments
      were conducted in conscious baboons 2 to 3 weeks after recovery from
      instrumentation with a solid state left ventricular pressure gauge, aortic and
      left atrial catheters, a hydraulic occluder around the mid left anterior
      descending coronary artery, and pairs of ultrasonic transducers implanted in the
      endocardium of the left ventricular free wall or across the free wall to measure
      endocardial segment shortening and wall thickening, respectively. Coronary artery
      occlusion induced similar effects in both groups. At 1 hr after occlusion, the
      ischemic zone was characterized by severe and equal reductions in both
      endocardial (-97 +/- 1%) and epicardial (-95 +/- 4%) blood flows and complete
      loss of regional systolic function, which was replaced by paradoxical wall
      motion. Reperfusion initiated after 1 hr of ischemia was associated with a marked
      transient increase in endocardial (+386 +/- 51%) and epicardial (+544 +/- 79%)
      blood flows. During the subsequent 4 weeks, segment shortening and wall
      thickening tended to improve. However, at 4 weeks after reperfusion, segment
      shortening was still depressed by 45 +/- 12% and wall thickening by 58 +/- 14%.
      In contrast, reperfusion initiated after 3 hr of ischemia was not associated with
      a significant hyperemic response, and systolic segment shortening and wall
      thickening did not recover during the subsequent 4 week period.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986974
TI  - Regional function and perfusion at the lateral border of ischemic myocardium.
AB  - To determine whether function is depressed in areas of myocardium adjacent to an
      area of myocardial ischemia, 16 open-chest dogs were studied with both two
      dimensional echocardiography and ultrasonic microcrystals. Regional myocardial
      blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres during control periods and
      after coronary arterial ligation. Segments of myocardium adjacent to the area of
      ischemia were found to have no significant change in transmural blood flow (1.02
      +/- 0.38 ml/g/min control vs 0.95 +/- 0.3 ml/g/min after ligation) or
      subendocardial flow (1.18 +/- 0.41 ml/g/min control vs. 1.19 +/- 0.37 ml/g/min
      after ligation). Regional function assessed echocardiographically as percent
      change in segment area was significantly depressed in these normally perfused
      adjacent areas (69.5 +/- 18.8% control vs 52.5 +/- 19.8% after ligation; p less
      than .01). There was a significant relationship between proximity to border of
      infarction and degree of adjacent dysfunction (r = .50, p less than .01 for
      echocardiography; r = .70, p less than .01 for ultrasonic microcrystals). It is
      concluded that systolic performance is depressed in nonischemic myocardium
      directly adjacent to the lateral border of an area of acute myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 3986975
TI  - Impaired thickening of nonischemic myocardium during acute regional ischemia in
      the dog.
AB  - To study the regional function of nonischemic myocardium after the onset of
      regional ischemia, graded circumflex coronary arterial stenosis was induced in 18
      open-chest anesthetized dogs. Two-dimensional echocardiographic views were
      obtained at each degree of occlusion in a cross-sectional plane marked by two to
      three metal beads sewn to the left ventricular epicardium. Percent systolic
      thickening was measured at 16 equally spaced points around the left ventricle and
      correlated with microsphere-determined regional myocardial blood flow. Baseline
      thickening averaged 44.9 +/- 6.4%. During transmural ischemia percent systolic
      thickening decreased to -16.1 +/- 4.0% in the ischemic region and also decreased
      in adjacent nonischemic regions (to 2.4 +/- 2.4% in segments closest to the
      ischemic region [adjacent 1] and to 15.5 +/- 3.9 in segments further away
      [adjacent 2]), but was unchanged in segments directly opposite the ischemic
      region (remote region). During subendocardial ischemia, percent systolic
      thickening fell only in the ischemic and adjacent 1 regions (1.4 +/- 5.2% and
      24.9 +/- 5.0%, respectively). Dipyridamole, 0.21 to 0.42 mg/min iv, given to
      seven dogs during transmural ischemia, caused a three- to fivefold increase in
      flow to the nonischemic and no change in flow to the ischemic region; function
      was not altered in any region. Propranolol, 0.1 mg/kg iv, was given to five dogs
      during transmural ischemia to depress contractility in the remote region. Percent
      systolic thickening fell in the remote (from 50.0 +/- 7.7% to 34.6 +/- 5.6%), but
      increased in adjacent 1 (from -0.25 +/- 3.7% to 15.2 +/- 3.9%) and in adjacent 2
      (from 17.4 +/- 2.8% to 33.4 +/- 3.9%) regions, and remained unchanged in the
      ischemic region. We conclude the following: During transmural ischemia percent
      systolic thickening is markedly impaired in nonischemic myocardium immediately
      adjacent to the ischemic region, and is impaired to a lesser degree in regions
      located relatively far from the ischemic border. Dysfunction therefore
      overestimates the extent of regional ischemia after total coronary occlusion.
      During subendocardial ischemia function ceases in the ischemic region and
      functional impairment of nonischemic myocardium is restricted to immediately
      adjacent regions. Dysfunction of adjacent regions is not caused by "relative
      ischemia" related to increased local oxygen demands or to a steal phenomenon.
      Mechanical tethering of nonischemic myocardium adjacent to ischemic regions,
      secondary to changes in left ventricular shape during contraction, may contribute
      to the impairment of systolic thickening in adjacent regions during transmural
      ischemia.

PMID- 3986976
TI  - Reduction of infarct size with intracoronary perfluorochemical in a canine
      preparation of reperfusion.
AB  - The effect of low-dose (15 ml/kg) intracoronary perfluorochemical (Fluosol-DA) on
      infarct size, regional myocardial blood flow, and ventricular function was
      studied in 20 anesthetized closed-chest dogs subjected to 11/2 hr of proximal
      left anterior descending occlusion. In this preparation reperfusion was simulated
      with fibrinolytic therapy. The animals were randomly assigned one of two
      treatment groups and given 15 ml/kg of either oxygenated intracoronary
      perfluorochemical (n = 9) or saline (n = 11). Contrast ventriculograms were
      obtained at baseline, 1 hr after occlusion, and at 24 hr after reperfusion and
      were analyzed with a radial fractional shortening method. Regional myocardial
      blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. At 24 hr the area at risk
      was defined in vivo with monastryl blue staining and the area of necrosis was
      estimated after incubation of left ventricular slices with triphenyltetrazolium
      chloride. No significant changes were noted in heart rate, blood pressure,
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or dP/dt during the experimental protocol.
      Infarct size was significantly reduced (p less than .02) in the perfluorochemical
      treated group, both when expressed as a percentage of the total left ventricular
      mass (7.9 +/- 1.7% vs 14.7 +/- 2.5%) and as a percentage of the area at risk
      (20.1 +/- 5.0% vs 46.8 +/- 8.5%). This was associated with significant
      improvement in fractional shortening in the jeopardized zone at 24 hr after
      reperfusion. Although endocardial blood flow was significantly greater in the
      central ischemic zone and lateral region at risk immediately after reperfusion in
      the perfluorochemical-treated group, no difference was found 1 hr after
      reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986977
TI  - Predictive survival models for resuscitated victims of out-of-hospital cardiac
      arrest with coronary heart disease.
AB  - Resuscitated victims of cardiac arrest with coronary heart disease represent a
      group of patients with an accelerated mortality rate. Among 227 such patients in
      our follow-up study, 20% had died at 1 year and 50% were dead in slightly over 3
      years. Predictors of death were related to use of digitalis, elevated blood urea
      nitrogen, cerebral vascular accident, previous myocardial infarction, and age. In
      a subset of 103 patients in whom ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings were
      available within 3 months of the arrest event, the presence of complexity and
      high-frequency ventricular premature beats (VPBs) (greater than or equal to
      25/hr) were added to the mortality predictors of digitalis and diuretic therapy
      and elevated blood urea nitrogen. An almost equal number of patients died
      suddenly and nonsuddenly. Predictors of sudden death were treatment with
      quinidine and paired VPBs. Occurrence of arrhythmias was an important addition to
      the previous mortality predictors related to left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 3986978
TI  - Lipoprotein predictors of the severity of coronary artery disease in men and
      women.
AB  - In this study we examined the relationships between levels of several components
      of plasma lipoproteins and severity of coronary artery disease in 65 men and 42
      women who underwent coronary arteriography for suspected coronary disease.
      Severity of coronary atherosclerosis was scored as the extent of disease seen at
      arteriography. Univariate analyses of the relationships between the plasma
      lipoprotein parameters and score for severity of atherosclerosis revealed a
      marked difference between men and women. In men, the score for severity of
      atherosclerosis was strongly related to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations, whereas in women it was related
      to the triglyceride concentrations in plasma intermediate-density lipoprotein
      (IDL) and LDL and to the cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations in IDL.
      The significance of these correlations was not negated by possible confounding
      factors such as alcohol intake, diabetes, and treatment with thiazides and beta
      adrenergic blockers. Stepwise regression analyses of data adjusted for weight and
      age indicated that 22% of the variation in the score for severity of
      atherosclerosis could be accounted for by levels of LDL cholesterol in men. No
      other lipoprotein parameter could account for any further variation. In contrast,
      cholesterol did not account for any variation in the score for severity of
      atherosclerosis in women, whereas plasma triglyceride accounted for 16% of the
      observed variation in this group. No relationships were found between score for
      severity of atherosclerosis and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or plasma
      apolipoprotein A-I concentrations in either group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3986979
TI  - Simultaneous assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction
      during pacing-induced ischemia.
AB  - Both systolic and diastolic dysfunction have been described during pacing-induced
      ischemia, but the temporal sequence of systolic and diastolic impairment has not
      been established. Accordingly, 22 patients with coronary artery disease were
      paced at increasing heart rates and studied with simultaneous hemodynamic
      monitoring, electrocardiographic recording, and radionuclide ventriculography. In
      addition, with synchronized left ventricular pressure tracings and radionuclide
      volume curves, three sequential pressure-volume diagrams were constructed for
      each patient corresponding to baseline, intermediate, and maximum pacing levels.
      Eleven patients (group I) demonstrated a nonischemic response to pacing
      tachycardia without chest pain, significant electrocardiographic changes, or
      significant rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in the
      immediate postpacing period. These patients demonstrated a progressive decrease
      in LVEDP, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume, no change in cardiac
      output or left ventricular ejection fraction, and a progressive increase in left
      ventricular diastolic peak filling rate and the end-systolic pressure-volume
      ratio. Pressure-volume diagrams shifted progressively leftward and slightly
      downward, suggesting both an increase in contractility and a mild increase in
      left ventricular distensibility. The remaining 11 patients (group II) exhibited
      an ischemic response to pacing tachycardia, with each patient experiencing angina
      pectoris, demonstrating greater than 1 mm ST segment depression on the
      electrocardiogram, and exhibiting greater than 5 mm Hg rise in LVEDP immediately
      after pacing. LVEDP, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume in these
      patients initially decreased and then subsequently increased during angina, with
      no change in cardiac output but a decrease in ejection fraction. Left ventricular
      peak diastolic filling rate and the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume
      ratio both increased at the intermediate pacing rate but fell at maximum pacing.
      Pressure-volume diagrams for these patients shifted leftward initially, then back
      to the right, during intermediate and peak pacing levels, often with an upward
      shift in the diastolic pressure-volume relationship. LVEDP in group II was
      significantly higher than that in group I at the intermediate pacing level with
      no difference in end-diastolic or end-systolic volumes, suggesting decreased left
      ventricular distensibility in these patients before the onset of systolic
      dysfunction at the maximum pacing level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3986980
TI  - The QRS complex during transient myocardial ischemia: studies in patients with
      variant angina pectoris and in a canine preparation.
AB  - We made continuous electrocardiographic recordings on magnetic tape during 15
      episodes of ischemia in five patients with variant angina to determine the
      characteristics of the QRS changes. Orthogonal leads were used and the
      electrocardiograms were analyzed visually and by digital computer. Changes were
      quantified by subtracting baseline electrocardiograms from those obtained during
      ischemia. Large changes in the QRS occurred during ischemia but the waveform
      quickly returned to baseline when the episode subsided. In all patients there was
      prolongation of the QRS duration and an increase in QRS voltage during the
      terminal 40 msec of the waveform in the lead(s) showing the most marked ST
      displacement. The increase in the terminal QRS could be represented by a vector
      directed toward the ischemic zone. In a given patient the amplitude of ST
      displacement varied between episodes, presumably because of variation in the
      intensity of ischemia, but the QRS changes were directionally similar in each
      episode. In two patients there was also a smaller change involving the initial 40
      msec of the QRS that could be represented by a vector directed away from the
      ischemic zone. To determine the possible mechanism for the electrocardiographic
      changes, ischemic episodes of 120 to 150 sec were produced in seven dogs and
      electrocardiographic recording and analysis techniques similar to those used in
      patients were employed. Myocardial conduction velocity was measured in three
      directions in the ischemic zone and was correlated with simultaneous
      electrocardiographic recordings from the body surface. The electrocardiographic
      changes in the dog preparation were virtually identical to those in the patients
      and strongly correlated with a fall in myocardial conduction velocity. We
      conclude that the QRS changes during variant angina result from the altered
      excitation pattern produced by conduction delay in the ischemic zone. The
      probable cause for the increase in terminal QRS voltage is delayed (and
      uncancelled) activation of the ischemic zone.

PMID- 3986981
TI  - Fibrinopeptide A: a marker of acute coronary thrombosis.
AB  - To determine whether coronary thrombosis in vivo is reflected by elevations in
      levels of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) in plasma, we sequentially characterized plasma
      FPA levels associated with evolving infarction in patients admitted to the
      cardiac care unit early after the onset of symptoms, in patients with transmural
      infarction admitted later, and in patients with nontransmural infarction. Studies
      were also performed in patients in whom the diagnosis of infarction was suspected
      but subsequently excluded. FPA values were significantly higher in patients with
      transmural infarction (42.3 +/- 11.2 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM], n = 53) compared with
      those in patients with nontransmural infarction (4.8 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, n = 17) or
      with those in patients in whom infarction was subsequently excluded as a
      diagnosis (3.5 +/- 0.6 ng/ml, n = 17, p less than .01 for both). Elevations in
      FPA level were greatest in patients with transmural infarction from whom samples
      were obtained soon after the onset of symptoms. Thus, in 39 patients from samples
      were obtained within 10 hr after the onset of symptoms, FPA levels were
      significantly higher than in 14 patients from whom samples were obtained
      initially more than 10 hr after the onset of symptoms (55.5 +/- 14.7 vs 4.9 +/-
      1.4 ng/ml, p less than .01). In 30 of the 39 patients with evolving transmural
      infarction from whom samples were obtained within the first 10 hr after the onset
      of symptoms, the level of FPA was greater than 8 ng/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3986982
TI  - Carotid sinus hypersensitivity: evaluation of the vasodepressor component.
AB  - The basis of the vasodepressor response in patients with carotid sinus
      hypersensitivity (CSH) is unknown, and prevention of recurrent vasodepressor
      induced hypotension in these patients has not been possible. In this study we
      assessed the effectiveness of atrioventricular sequential pacing and
      pharmacologic interventions in the prevention of carotid sinus massage (CSM)
      induced vasodepressor responses in eight patients with CSH. Maintenance of
      constant heart rate (80 beats/min) and atrioventricular synchrony
      (atrioventricular interval 150 msec) with sequential pacing did not significantly
      alter mean CSM-induced fall in systolic pressure (CSM control, -60 +/- 12 mm Hg
      vs CSM with atrioventricular sequential pacing, -48 +/- 19 mm Hg). Similarly,
      neither pharmacologic muscarinic blockade nor combined muscarinic and beta
      adrenergic blockade significantly attenuated CSM-induced fall in systolic
      pressure (CSM with atropine, -43 +/- 16 mm Hg; CSM with atropine plus
      propranolol, -47 +/- 18 mm Hg; both p = NS vs atrioventricular sequential pacing
      alone). On the other hand, intravenous norepinephrine and oral ephedrine blunted
      the CSM-induced drop in systolic pressure (CSM with norepinephrine, -19 +/- 12 mm
      Hg; CSM with ephedrine, -21 +/- 11 mm Hg; both p less than .01 vs
      atrioventricular sequential pacing alone). Thus, vasodepressor responses were not
      prevented by control of heart rate, maintenance of atrioventricular synchrony,
      pharmacologic muscarinic blockade, or combined muscarinic and beta-adrenergic
      blockade, but were attenuated by drugs believed to be predominantly alpha
      adrenergic agonists. Consequently, atrioventricular sequential pacing alone may
      be inadequate to prevent hypotension in patients with pronounced vasodepressor
      responses, whereas administration of vasoconstrictors such as ephedrine may
      diminish symptoms.

PMID- 3986983
TI  - Increase in myocardial oxygen consumption indexes by exercise training at onset
      of ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - It has been unclear whether exercise training of patients with coronary artery
      disease increases the level of myocardial oxygen consumption, as indicated by
      heart rate and double product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, at which
      electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia develops. To assess this
      question we evaluated the experience of 10 patients with coronary artery disease
      who underwent a modest-level exercise training program for 6 months. All of these
      subjects had achieved a training effect, had developed electrocardiographic
      evidence of ischemia during initial exercise testing, had not increased the
      amount of cardiac medication taken, and had not been taking digoxin. After
      completion of the training period, the mean heart rate at which
      electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia developed increased from 107 +/- 19 to
      119 +/- 23 beats/min (p less than .05) and the mean double product increased from
      166 +/- 18 to 209 +/- 51 X 10(2) mm Hg X beats/min (p less than .05). Eight of
      the 10 patients demonstrated an increase in heart rate at onset of ischemia (p
      less than .02), and seven of the eight in whom double product could be assessed
      manifested an increase in this parameter at onset of ischemia (p less than .05).
      Thus the rate of myocardial oxygen consumption at which myocardial ischemia
      develops, as indirectly assessed by heart rate and double product, can be
      favorably altered by 6 months of moderate-level exercise training.

PMID- 3986984
TI  - Effects of milrinone on coronary hemodynamics and myocardial energetics in
      patients with congestive heart failure.
AB  - To examine the effect of milrinone on myocardial energetics in patients with
      congestive heart failure, we measured systemic, pulmonary, and coronary
      hemodynamics in 18 patients before and after intravenous administration of
      milrinone (125 +/- 36 micrograms/kg). There was a 45% increase in cardiac index
      (2.1 +/- 0.5 to 3.0 +/- 0.6 liters/min/m2; p = .0001), a 39% fall in the
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (28 +/- 8 to 17 +/- 8 mm Hg; p = .0001), and a
      42% increase in left ventricular external work (3758 +/- 1419 to 5340 +/- 1598 g
      m/min; p = .0001). Both the heart rate-blood pressure product (9624 +/- 2272 to
      9380 +/- 2428 mm Hg-beats/min; p = NS) and regional left ventricular myocardial
      oxygen consumption (7.6 +/- 2.9 to 8.1 +/- 3.1 ml O2/min; p = NS) were unchanged
      after milrinone, resulting in a 45% increase in calculated left ventricular
      external efficiency (p = .004). Although myocardial oxygen consumption did not
      change, regional great cardiac venous blood flow increased significantly (73 +/-
      32 to 85 +/- 34 ml/min; p = .02) as a result of a 30% reduction in regional
      coronary vascular resistance (1.32 +/- 0.99 to 0.93 +/- 0.54 mm Hg-min/ml; p =
      .004), a decrease comparable to the concurrent 37% and 38% falls seen in systemic
      and pulmonary vascular resistance, respectively. These changes were associated
      with an 11% fall in the transcoronary arterial-venous oxygen difference (111 +/-
      24 to 99 +/- 21 ml/O2/liter; p = .0001), which is consistent with a primary
      coronary vasodilator effect of milrinone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3986985
TI  - Investigation of genesis of gallop sounds in dogs by quantitative
      phonocardiography and digital frequency analysis.
AB  - Several investigators have noted external gallop sounds to be of higher amplitude
      than their corresponding internal sounds (S3 and S4). In this study we hoped to
      determine if S3 and S4 are transmitted in the same manner as S1. In 11 closed
      chest dogs, external (apical) and left ventricular pressures and sounds were
      recorded simultaneously with transducers with identical sensitivity and frequency
      responses. Volume and pressure overload and positive and negative inotropic drugs
      were used to generate gallop sounds. Recordings were made in the control state
      and after the various interventions. S3 and S4 were recorded in 17 experiments
      each. The amplitude of the external S1 was uniformly higher than that of internal
      S1 and internal gallop sounds were inconspicuous. With use of Fourier transforms,
      the gain function was determined by comparing internal to external S1. By inverse
      transform, the amplitude of the internal gallop sounds was predicted from
      external sounds. The internal sounds of significant amplitude were predicted in
      many instances, but the actual recordings showed no conspicuous sounds. The
      absence of internal gallop sounds of expected amplitude as calculated from the
      external gallop sounds and the gain function derived from the comparison of
      internal and external S1 make it very unlikely that external gallop sounds are
      derived from internal sounds.

PMID- 3986986
TI  - Linearity of the Frank-Starling relationship in the intact heart: the concept of
      preload recruitable stroke work.
AB  - The Frank-Starling relationship generally has been examined with filling pressure
      as the index of preload, resulting in a curvilinear function that plateaus at
      higher filling pressures. To investigate this relationship further in the intact
      heart, 32 dogs were chronically instrumented with left ventricular and pleural
      micromanometers and with regional (10 dogs) or global (22 dogs) ultrasonic
      dimension transducers. Seven days after implantation, left ventricular pressure
      and regional or global dimensions were recorded in the conscious state. After
      autonomic blockade, preload was varied by vena caval occlusion. Myocardial
      function was assessed by calculating regional or global stroke work, and preload
      was measured as end-diastolic segment length or chamber volume. The relationship
      between stroke work and either end-diastolic segment length or chamber volume
      (termed the preload recruitable stroke work relationship) was highly linear in
      every study (mean r = .97) and could be quantified by a slope (MW) and x
      intercept (LW). Previous nonlinear relationships between stroke work and filling
      pressure seemed to reflect the exponential diastolic pressure-volume curve. Over
      the physiologic range of systolic arterial pressures produced by infusion of
      nitroprusside or phenylephrine, no significant change was observed in MW or LW in
      the normal dog. Calcium infusion increased both regional and global MW by 71 +/-
      19% and 65 +/- 9%, respectively (p less than .02), with no significant change in
      LW. To normalize for ventricular geometry and heart rate, stroke work was
      computed from circumferential stress-strain data and converted to myocardial
      power output, which was then plotted against end-diastolic circumferential
      strain. This relationship also was highly linear, and the slope, Mmp (mW/cm3 of
      myocardium), is proposed as a potential measure of intrinsic myocardial
      performance independent of loading, geometry, and heart rate.

PMID- 3986987
TI  - Properties of creatine kinase-BB from canine and human brain tissues.
AB  - Creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) BB isoenzyme (CK-BB) was purified to homogeneity
      from canine and human brain tissues. The purified protein from both sources
      exhibits Mr of 84,700 daltons. The canine isoenzyme exhibits several properties
      similar to human isoenzyme with respect to reactive and total thiol groups, UV
      spectra, isoelectric points and reaction kinetics. While both canine and human CK
      BB isoenzymes are unstable compared to other CK isoenzymes, canine CK-BB is even
      less stable than the human enzyme, losing most of its activity within 20 h at 4
      degrees C at pH 5.0. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol does not prevent rapid loss of
      the enzyme activity. Increasing the pH to 9.0, however, increases the stability
      of both CK-BB isoenzymes. Agarose electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of MM
      as well as BB isoenzyme in various parts of brain tissues. BB was present at an
      activity of 90.8-93.3 U/mg and MM at 6.7-9.2 U/mg.

PMID- 3986988
TI  - Inter-laboratory quality control of estrogen and progesterone receptor assays in
      breast cancer tissue using lyophilised cytosols.
AB  - In 1981 a quality control (QC) program for estrogen and progesterone receptor
      assays was organized among six laboratories in Ontario, Canada. Twenty-three
      vials of lyophilised cytosol prepared from human breast tumor tissues were
      analysed by each laboratory over a two-year period. Samples of each batch of QC
      material were analysed at least twice: either in the same batch or on separate
      occasions. The present study demonstrates the stability of the QC material,
      defines the relative accuracy of the receptor assays, and provides estimates of
      within-batch and between-batch precision of the receptor assays.

PMID- 3986989
TI  - Validation of a simple rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method for
      amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios.
AB  - A simple, rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of L/S ratios in
      amniotic fluids is described. The method is based on isocratic separation in the
      normal phase with UV detection. The procedure has good precision and was
      validated clinically and by comparison with a routine TLC method. Although L/S
      ratios differed from those obtained by TLC, the clinical correlation between
      these methods was good. In single and serial samples from 39 mothers (42 babies)
      the HPLC method predicted respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in all 9 babies
      with L/S ratios less than 7. No babies with ratios above 7 developed RDS. This
      method has potential clinical usefulness for the assessment of fetal lung
      maturity.

PMID- 3986990
TI  - Evaluation of a mini-column chromatographic procedure for the measurement of
      hemoglobin A1c.
AB  - An ion-exchange chromatographic procedure is described which facilitates the
      determination of beta-chain aminoterminal modified glycated hemoglobin. The
      procedure includes an erythrocyte lysis reagent which eliminates the labile
      aldimine component (pre-A1c) and a two-stage elution step which separates HbA, 1a
      + b from HbA1c. This procedure also includes calibrator material which aids in
      correcting for temperature fluctuations during the analysis. Within-run CV's for
      samples with HbA1c levels between 4.0% and 13.7% were 1.4 to 3.2%. The between
      run CV for an HbA1c control was 5.5%. A comparison of the present test to an ion
      exchange HPLC method yielded the equation: HPLC = 0.96 (present method) -0.2% (n
      = 101 and r = 0.984). Two separate reference range studies yielded comparable
      results (n = 220/65, mean = 4.77/4.78%, S.D. = 0.68/0.55). Studies with pooled
      erythrocytes and various lipemic plasmas did not reveal any assay interferences.
      Various abnormal hemoglobins were studied for their effect on the assay.

PMID- 3986991
TI  - Enzymatic measurement of serum glycerol using a COBAS-BIO centrifugal analyzer.
AB  - An enzymatic method for the measurement of glycerol using glycerol kinase coupled
      to pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase was adapted to a COBAS-BIO
      centrifugal analyzer. Routine standardization is not required under the optimized
      conditions since the calculation factor derived from the measurement of pure
      glycerol standard was found to be identical to the theoretical value. Excellent
      correlation between the method and the DuPont ACA triglyceride method was
      obtained. The coefficients of variation for within-run and day-to-day precision
      were less than 4%. Only 2 microL of serum is required, making this an excellent
      means for monitoring therapeutic glycerol administration in premature infants
      with hydrocephalus. The method has the sensitivity to measure glycerol
      concentrations as low as 0.1 mmol/L. This, together with the rapid analysis time
      (28 specimens in 10 min), makes it suitable for the correction of glycerol
      interference in the measurement of serum triglyceride.

PMID- 3986992
TI  - Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and folate blood levels in geriatric reference group as
      measured by two kits.
AB  - For serum vitamin B12 levels there was little apparent difference between a
      geriatric healthy reference group and a hospitalized group for the total
      population studied; however, the hospitalized males did have an increased
      prevalence of values less than normal range. The frequency distribution for both
      sexes of the geriatric reference group gave lower range limits than
      manufacturer's normal range. (68-632 vs 133-708 pmol/L for Becton Dickinson, and
      125-609 vs 179-930 pmol/L for Bio-Rad, using 95% non-parametric limits). For
      folate there was an increased incidence in values of less than normal in the
      hospitalized group versus the geriatric reference group, but there was no
      difference in the ranges calculated for the latter compared to either
      manufacturer's normal range derived from a younger population. Comparison of
      results by two manufacturers' kit methods confirmed Bio-Rad's claim to increased
      low-end sensitivity of standard curve in range of clinical interest.

PMID- 3986993
TI  - Cortisol and catecholamines response to venisection by humans with different
      blood groups.
AB  - Hormonal response following a minor physiological stress induced by bleeding in a
      blood donor clinic was investigated in 134 humans with different blood groups.
      After venisection, serum cortisol concentration (mean +/- SD) was found highest
      in blood group A donors (455 +/- 217 nmol/L), followed by group B (364 +/- 206),
      AB (325 +/- 154) and O (297 +/- 110). In 14 subjects of blood group A compared to
      an equal number of blood group B subjects, mean plasma adrenaline level was
      higher in group A (0.23 +/- 0.09 nmol/L) than in group B (0.15 +/- 0.12) but the
      difference was not statistically significant. Blood group A individuals responded
      to a stressful situation with higher levels of cortisol, and possibly of
      adrenaline. These observations tend to support findings of previous studies
      demonstrating a high risk of diseases related to stress (coronary heart diseases
      and gastrointestinal diseases), in men with A blood group.

PMID- 3986995
TI  - The clinical use of laser-excited fluorometry.
AB  - Many areas of spectroscopy have benefited from the use of laser radiation
      sources. I present a discussion of the basic properties of the laser and how
      these properties can be advantageous when laser excitation is used in
      fluorometry. Although the laser has not yet been accepted as a routine instrument
      in the clinical laboratory, its unique properties have rendered it useful in
      several analytical methodologies that are based on fluorometry and used in the
      clinical or biological fields. Accordingly, I briefly review the practical
      aspects of some clinical applications of laser-excited fluorometry.

PMID- 3986994
TI  - Better laboratory evaluations of instruments and kits are required.
AB  - There are many published protocols for evaluating instruments and reagent-kit
      sets, and a plethora of papers describe the results of evaluations performed. It
      might be assumed, therefore, that this facet of clinical chemistry has no
      problems, but examination of evaluations of instruments published in the first
      half of 1984 shows flaws in some aspects of experimental design and execution,
      statistical analysis, and interpretation of data. We believe that clinical
      chemists, manufacturers and suppliers, and journal editors and referees can all
      contribute to improvement of this situation, and we suggest some guidelines for
      each of these groups.

PMID- 3986997
TI  - Liquid chromatography of serotonin and adenine nucleotides in blood platelets,
      illustrated by evaluation of functional integrity of platelet preparations.
AB  - In this relatively rapid liquid-chromatographic procedure the endogenous
      serotonin in blood platelets is quantified by fluorometry. We used this
      experimental procedure to estimate the platelet-release reaction as an indicator
      of the functional integrity of stored platelets. a decrease in the platelet
      release reaction more sensitively indicates platelet changes during storage than
      do alterations in total ATP concentration or adenylate energy charge. The
      described method for quantifying serotonin is convenient enough for routine use
      in blood banks.

PMID- 3986996
TI  - Gas-chromatographic determination of cholesterol in serum: candidate reference
      method.
AB  - We present a candidate Reference Method for determination of total cholesterol in
      serum. The method is based on high-resolution capillary gas chromatography, and
      we took special precautions with respect to weighing, calibration, and
      chromatographic peak integration. Analytical recovery of added cholesterol was
      essentially complete (99.99%, SD 0.48%) and reproducibility was excellent (total
      CV 0.35-0.50%). When cholesterol was determined in a reference serum certified by
      means of an established candidate Definitive Method, no significant bias could be
      detected.

PMID- 3986998
TI  - Direct spectrophotometry of magnesium in serum after reaction with hexokinase and
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - We describe a simple method for determining magnesium in serum by using
      hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49). The
      method is based on determination of the reaction rate of hexokinase activated by
      Mg2+, which participates in the hexokinase reaction as the substrate in the form
      of a Mg X ATP2- complex. The reaction rate is determined from the change in
      absorbance at 340 nm as NADPH is produced by the action of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase. This simple and rapid spectrophotometric method does not require
      expensive instrumentation, but results correlate satisfactorily with those
      obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Thus, the present method gives a
      "true" value for magnesium in serum, a value appreciably lower than that obtained
      by an earlier colorimetric method, the Xylidyl Blue II method (Biochem Med 7: 208
      217, 1973), which lacks specificity.

PMID- 3986999
TI  - Quality control of reflectometric determinations of glucose in dried blood spots
      on filter paper.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of sampling of capillary blood on filter paper on the
      later analysis for glucose. We found the method simple and reliable.
      Determination at the central laboratory of glucose in blood collected onto filter
      paper and comparison of the results with those obtained with test strips read in
      reflectometers at outpatient units is easy. Collecting duplicate samples on
      filter paper facilitates quality control by avoiding the complications that arise
      from using quality-control solutions that are not directly comparable with fresh
      blood, and it avoids the disturbances of test strip chemistry attributable to the
      glycolysis inhibitors added to blood samples intended for quality control.

PMID- 3987002
TI  - Dry-reagent strips used for determination of theophylline in serum.
AB  - A reagent strip for quantifying theophylline in serum or plasma has been
      developed for use with the Apoenzyme Reactivation Immunoassay System (ARIS) with
      the Ames Seralyzer reflectance photometer. The test takes 80 s and involves
      comparison with a two-point calibration line, which can validly be stored in the
      instrument for two weeks. Results for theophylline in clinical serum samples
      correlate well (r greater than 0.98) with results by liquid chromatography,
      fluoroimmunoassay, and enzyme immunoassay procedures. The within-run CV for four
      concentrations of controls ranged from 3.5 to 6%; the between-run CVs ranged from
      3 to 5%. This assay for use in therapeutic drug monitoring is convenient, rapid,
      and simple, and thus is appropriate for use in emergency rooms, physician's
      offices, and small laboratories.

PMID- 3987001
TI  - Differences in cerebrospinal fluid proteins between patients with schizophrenia
      and normal persons.
AB  - A survey of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins from normal persons and patients
      with schizophrenia reveals differences between the two populations. Computer
      assisted densitometry of 68 proteins, resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis
      and made visible by silver staining, shows six changes. Compared with their
      occurrence in the normal group, two proteins are increased in the schizophrenic
      patients by 22% and 27%, while four proteins are decreased by 29%, 46%, 20%, and
      37% (p less than 0.005). Furthermore, two additional 40 000-Da proteins are found
      in CSF from 31.5% of the schizophrenic patients. Although these disease
      associated proteins have not yet been found in 12 other neurological and
      psychiatric conditions, they have been found in patients with herpes simplex
      encephalitis (90%), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (67%), multiple sclerosis (13%),
      Parkinson's disease (12%), and a single case of Guillain-Barre syndrome. These
      two 40 000-Da proteins have never been found in CSF from any of 99 normal
      persons.

PMID- 3987000
TI  - Fluorometric assay for phospholipase A2 in serum.
AB  - In this fluorometric assay for phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) in serum we use the
      fluorescent phospholipid analog 1-octacosanyl-2-(pyren-1-yl)hexanoyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphatid yl monomethyl ester as substrate. The optimized conditions are: 28
      mumol of the substrate per liter of Tris buffer (20 mmol/L, pH 7.4). The
      hydrolytic reaction is allowed to proceed for 30 min at 37 degrees C. The
      fluorescent reaction product, (pyren-1-yl)hexanoic acid, is then separated from
      the unreacted substrate by liquid-liquid phase partition. The concentration of
      the liberated fatty acid analog is determined fluorometrically. The detection
      limit is approximately 6 pmol min-1 mL-1. Forty duplicate samples can be assayed
      in about 2 h. The activity of this enzyme in serum of 20 healthy volunteers
      averaged 69 pmol min-1 mL-1. For seven patients with clinically diagnosed
      pancreatitis the average activity was 1092 pmol min-1 mL-1.

PMID- 3987003
TI  - Six methods for isolating high-density lipoprotein compared, with use of the
      reference method for quantifying cholesterol in serum.
AB  - Using 90 serum specimens, we compared six routine procedures for high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) isolation to determine the biases, if any, of each. Use of the
      Reference Method for cholesterol (Duncan et al., Centers for Disease Control,
      Atlanta, GA) and automated dispensing equipment helped ensure the accuracy of the
      cholesterol measurements and minimized errors from sample and reagent
      manipulations. Regression analysis of the results showed significant differences
      between most HDL isolation methods, except for those involving precipitation with
      heparin-MnCl2 (1.0 mol/L) or polyethylene glycol 6000, which yielded comparable
      results with a slope close to one and a zero intercept. The dextran sulfate (Mr
      500 000)-MgCl2 method had the largest proportional and constant bias with respect
      to those two methods. All the methods produced comparable results in the
      clinically important low HDL-cholesterol range (250 to 350 mg/L), but biases were
      significant at high concentrations. We conclude that these increased biases in
      the upper ranges of HDL-cholesterol concentrations are the result of increased
      heterogeneity of HDL and the different mechanisms involved in forming the
      insoluble complexes between lipoproteins and the various precipitation reagents.

PMID- 3987004
TI  - Determination of L-carnitine in serum, and implementation on the ABA-100 and
      CentrifiChem 600.
AB  - Deproteinization of serum samples by heating to 100 degrees C, then freezing,
      allows up to 60% of the volume of the sample to be recovered. Concentrations of L
      carnitine in samples so treated are comparable with those obtained by more
      sophisticated and expensive methods, and precision and accuracy are similar to
      those of other available techniques. There is no medically significant difference
      between results obtained in the ABA-100 and CentrifiChem 600, and the method is
      suitable for screening studies. Concentrations in the serum of presumably healthy
      adults ranged from 29.3 to 66.1 mumol/L. As little as 3 mumol of L-carnitine per
      liter can be determined.

PMID- 3987005
TI  - Two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance "maps" of acetaminophen
      metabolites in human urine.
AB  - Two-dimensional proton-proton correlated NMR spectra of concentrated urine from a
      subject who had ingested a 1-g dose of acetaminophen are reported. These "maps"
      provide a considerable simplification of the spectrum in comparison with
      conventional one-dimensional NMR spectra. In the present case, peaks for all the
      major acetaminophen metabolites, including the L-cysteinyl conjugate, can be
      unambiguously assigned.

PMID- 3987006
TI  - Variations in total phospholipids and high-density lipoprotein phospholipids in
      plasma from a general population: reference intervals and influence of
      xenobiotics.
AB  - The influence of different factors on variations in the concentrations of total
      phospholipids and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) phospholipids in plasma was
      studied in a presumably healthy population of 2000 subjects, four to 70 years
      old. Age is the major factor associated with variation of total phospholipids. In
      females, this is due in part to age-related changes in hormonal status. The use
      of oral contraceptives affects only HDL phospholipid values. Use of tobacco does
      not influence plasma phospholipid values, but alcohol consumption increases
      values for both total and HDL phospholipids. We propose reference intervals for
      total plasma phospholipids and HDL phospholipids, adjusted for age and sex.
      Screening for lipid status can now include determinations of phospholipids as
      well as cholesterol and triglycerides.

PMID- 3987007
TI  - (Lankenau Hospital case conference) Mixed cryoglobulinemia causing
      pseudoleukocytosis.

PMID- 3987008
TI  - Rapid estimation of urinary citrate by use of a centrifugal analyzer.

PMID- 3987009
TI  - Design of a multirotor cuvette washer for use with the Cobas-Bio and FARA
      centrifugal analyzers.

PMID- 3987010
TI  - Simple removal of lipids from serum.

PMID- 3987011
TI  - Short-term changes in iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, and
      transferrin in serum after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3987012
TI  - Synthetic peptides as alternative antigens in the production of antibodies
      against human apolipoproteins.

PMID- 3987013
TI  - Quantification of phenylalanine in serum with a centrifugal analyzer.

PMID- 3987014
TI  - Heterogeneity of calcitonin in patients with neoplasia.

PMID- 3987016
TI  - A fast preliminary test for acetaminophen in serum.

PMID- 3987015
TI  - Differentiation of mislabeled samples by LDH isoenzyme assay.

PMID- 3987017
TI  - Assessment of carryover in discrete analyzers.

PMID- 3987018
TI  - Effect of long-term storage on the assay of iron and iron-binding capacity in
      serum.

PMID- 3987019
TI  - Hemoglobin interference with the BMD total bilirubin assay in the Hitachi 705
      analyzer, and its relation to the hemolytic index.

PMID- 3987020
TI  - Immunofixation of cryoglobulins: pitfalls and solutions.

PMID- 3987021
TI  - Benefits of vaginal estriol cream combined with clonidine HCL for menopausal
      syndrome treatment.
AB  - In a group of 25 post menopausal women mean age 57.2 years, treatment with
      Estriol vagina cream (Ovestin cream from Organon-Holland) gives rise (but within
      normal limits) to cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol, the protective
      factor against M. I. A rise in glycohemoglobin (HbA1C) statisticaly significant
      was noted, as a sign of slight glucose intolerance, but in no case was there a
      diabetic pattern. Vaginal Estriol cream was able to prevent osteoporosis. After a
      few weeks of treatment urinary calcium/creatinine ratio decreased. In the light
      of our own findings, Ovestin being a weak estrogen does not induce endometrial
      proliferation or breakthrough bleeding and does not modify the blood
      biochemistry, and can be recommended for postmenopausal syndrome even in familial
      hyperlipidemia diabetes, and for prevention of osteoporosis.

PMID- 3987022
TI  - Evaluation of the central dopaminergic activity in gestational
      hyperprolactinaemia by means of the electroretinographic technique.
AB  - Electroretinography, a simple, bloodless technique commonly used in
      ophthalmological diagnostic practice, seems to give important informations on the
      level of activity of the retinal and/or other central dopaminergic systems. The
      Authors have employed this technique in a group of 30 normal pregnant women in
      the ninth month of gestation, in order to evaluate the dopaminergic activity in a
      condition of physiological hyperprolactinemia, such as pregnancy, and in a group
      of 25 normal nonpregnant control women. The b wave amplitude of the
      electroretinographic traces was significantly higher in pregnant women than in
      controls, suggesting an over-activity of dopaminergic systems in late pregnancy.
      The possible interpretations of these data are discussed.

PMID- 3987023
TI  - Study of erythrocyte deformability in physiological pregnancy.
AB  - In the capillary areas erythrocyte deformability plays a significant part in
      determining perfusion and exchanges between blood and tissues. In fact, in the
      capillary areas, when the perfusion pressure diminishes, the erythrocytes no
      longer follow their linear trajectory movement but proceed randomly, thus
      favouring the phenomena of aggregation. In pregnancy we find a physiological
      haemodilution consequent upon the proportionally greater increase in the
      plasmatic volume in respect to the cellular one. In physiological conditions such
      haemodilution reaches equilibrium between the plastic and cellular components
      which, according to data shown would favor erythrocytic distortion and
      consequently the perfusion of the peripheral areas. The deformability expressed
      by VRBC increases up to the 26th-28th week of pregnancy, then remains constant
      until full term.

PMID- 3987024
TI  - Prepubertal torsion and infarction of normal adnexa (a case report).

PMID- 3987025
TI  - Evaluation of urinary estriol by latex agglutination inhibition reaction.
AB  - The urinary estriol values of a morning sample determined by a new
      semiquantitative method was correlated with the total 24 hour estriol excretion
      determined by colorimetric method on patients with normal and pathologic
      pregnancy. The correlation coefficient, calculated on 240 assays operated on
      urine samples obtained from 70 normal pregnant women, is highly significant
      statistically (P less than 0.001). The profiles of the serial assays, obtained by
      these two procedures on patients with pathologic pregnancy, show a very strong
      analogy. The Authors believe that such a method, just for its simple and rapid
      realization, may be applied alternatively to RIA assay or colorimetric method for
      the cases which are believed to be in need of rapid evaluation of estriol and/or
      when another method is unfeasible.

PMID- 3987026
TI  - Simple and rapid control of chorion biopsy in first trimester antenatal
      diagnosis.
AB  - A new endoscopic technique for chorion biopsy is presented. The significance of
      stereomicroscopy by learning morphological features of chorionic tissue is
      stressed.

PMID- 3987027
TI  - Confirmation of serum salicylate levels in Reye's syndrome: a comparison between
      the Natelson colorimetric method and high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Serum was obtained from 11 patients with Reye's syndrome at admission and
      analyzed for the presence of salicylates by the Natelson colorimetric technique
      and high performance liquid chromatography. Salicylate levels obtained by the
      Natelson method had a mean of 6.00 mg/dl +/- 4.58; the mean HPLC salicylic acid
      level was 5.09 mg/dl +/- 5.14. The correlation coefficient was 0.985 with a
      linear regression line y = 0.8788x + 1.527. No other salicylate metabolites nor
      interfering substances were identified. Once the accuracy of the Natelson method
      was confirmed, the charts of 82 patients were reviewed for admission salicylate
      levels. The overall mean was 8.63 mg/dl (survivors, 8.45 mg/dl +/- 8.56;
      fatalities, 9.28 mg/dl +/- 5.34). There was no correlation found between
      admission salicylate level and peak ammonia level, another important index of
      disease severity.

PMID- 3987028
TI  - Immunonephelometric quantitation of the apolipoprotein C-III in human plasma.
AB  - A quantitative assay, based on endpoint immunonephelometry, was developed for
      human apolipoprotein C-III (Apo C-III) in plasma and lipoprotein fractions. The
      standard curve was constructed either with purified Apo C-III2 as a primary
      standard or with plasma as a secondary standard. It was linear between 50 and 400
      ng Apo C-III per sample, corresponding to 1 microliter undiluted plasma. The
      intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV values) were 2.2 and 6.3%,
      respectively. The Apo C-III immunoreactivity was not influenced by detergents,
      denaturants nor by delipidation. The use of a non-ionic detergent (Apovax, 0.1
      g/l) avoided the need for organic solvent extraction for plasma containing up to
      4 g of triglycerides/l by reducing the sample turbidity. As measured in 126
      normolipidemic subjects, the plasma Apo C-III concentration was 0.118 +/- 0.028
      g/l (mean +/- SD). Apo C-III concentrations were only slightly elevated in
      patients with Fredrickson type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia. The Apo C-III levels
      were nearly 3 times higher in type I, IIb, III and IV patients, while subjects
      with type V hyperlipaemia had about a 5-fold increase in Apo C-III compared to
      the healthy. The plasma Apo C-III values were strongly correlated with the plasma
      triglyceride concentrations (r = 0.80, n = 201). The Apo C-III distribution among
      the various lipoprotein fractions showed a higher proportion of Apo C-III in VLDL
      in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects compared to normolipaemic subjects.

PMID- 3987029
TI  - Spectrin extractability from erythrocytes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients
      and carriers and in other myopathies.
AB  - Spectrin extractability was measured in the erythrocyte membranes from patients
      with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), from DMD definite carriers (in whom serum
      creatine kinase (CK) was also measured) and patients affected by other
      myopathies. After the extraction of spectrin from ghosts with EDTA, membrane
      proteins were examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Spectrin extractability was also investigated in the presence of
      an excess of calcium. Spectrin extraction from erythrocyte ghosts was
      significantly reduced with respect to controls in DMD patients, in DMD definite
      carriers and in patients affected by limb-girdle dystrophy, but not in patients
      suffering from other non-dystrophic myopathies. Fifty percent of DMD definite
      carriers showed a reduced extraction of spectrin and some of them had normal
      serum CK. Reduced extractability was also observed in red blood cells incubated
      in media containing excess calcium. Our results could suggest that reduced
      spectrin extractability is connected with a modification of intracellular calcium
      levels.

PMID- 3987030
TI  - Decreased susceptibility of red blood cells to lipid peroxidation in patients
      with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Red blood cells from alcoholics with and without liver cirrhosis and control
      subjects were examined for the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Red blood
      cells of patients with liver cirrhosis were found to be less sensitive to
      hydrogen peroxide-induced peroxidation measured by a new, reliable and sensitive
      method: the release of pentane during red blood cell lipid peroxidation. Changes
      of sensitivity to lipid peroxidation correlated with the severity of the liver
      malfunction, but not with abnormalities of the lipid composition of red cell
      membranes which are apparent in patients with liver disease. In alcoholics
      without liver cirrhosis, only minor changes in the susceptibility of red cells to
      peroxidation were observed.

PMID- 3987032
TI  - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - We describe changes in the levels of different molecular forms of
      acetylcholinesterase in four cases of Hirschsprung's disease linked to the
      transition from aganglionic to normal bowel. In addition changes in a control
      case with histologically normal bowel is reported. In all patients with
      Hirschsprung's disease there is a marked increase in the level of the tetrameric
      form of the enzyme in the aganglionic region. The changing level of this form of
      the enzyme correlates well with the histochemical appearance suggesting that
      quantitative measurement of this molecular species might form the basis of an
      improved diagnostic test for the disease.

PMID- 3987031
TI  - Unusual serum bile acid pattern in children with the syndrome of hepatic ductular
      hypoplasia.
AB  - Fasting bile acids in serum of eight children with the syndrome of hepatic
      ductular hypoplasia were analyzed by gas chromatography. The children did not
      receive any kind of treatment during the month before the analysis. Serum
      concentrations of total bile acids ranged from 110.8-303.7 mumol/1. The
      predominant bile acids were chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids accounting for 62.8
      86.5% of the total. The ratio of cholic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid ranged
      between 0.43 and 1.11. Monohydroxylated bile acids were found in increased
      amounts in all patients (5.1-23.9%), 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid being the
      major monohydroxylated bile acid (3.1-17.1%). Other unusual bile acids such as
      ursodeoxycholic acid and 12-oxo-3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid
      (7.3-14.9%) were also detected. Neither 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic nor
      lithocholic acid levels were statistically correlated to cholic or
      chenodeoxycholic acids. However, a statistically significant correlation between
      total bile acid levels and 12-oxo-3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic
      acid levels was found. These findings are interesting as far as the origin of the
      unusual bile acids found in this cholestatic syndrome is concerned. The large
      amounts of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid measured in children with the syndrome
      of hepatic ductular hypoplasia could indicate the existence of an alternative
      fetal pathway of bile acid synthesis.

PMID- 3987034
TI  - Discrepancies in ribonucleotide concentrations in human lymphocytes isolated from
      heparinized and defibrinized blood.

PMID- 3987033
TI  - Conflict between classifications based on free thyroxine and thyroid stimulating
      hormone concentrations in thyroxine-treated patients.
AB  - The use of free thyroxine assay as the basis for monitoring patients on thyroxine
      replacement therapy was assessed. Patients with normal free thyroxine levels were
      divided into sub-groups on the basis of serum TSH levels. Of these, patients with
      normal TSH levels had higher serum free thyroxine and free 3,5,3'
      triiodothyronine concentrations than patients with elevated TSH levels. No
      significant differences were seen in the level of duration of replacement
      therapy. Patients were almost equally divided between the high and normal TSH sub
      groups. It was concluded that free thyroxine assay had little role to play in the
      monitoring of these patients.

PMID- 3987035
TI  - Plasma glutathione S-transferase measurements by radioimmunoassay: a sensitive
      index of hepatocellular damage in man.
AB  - Plasma glutathione S-transferase (GST) basic and N/A2b concentrations have been
      measured by specific radioimmunoassay in serial samples taken from patients
      admitted following a paracetamol overdose. The activity of alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were also measured.
      The sensitivities of the various measurements for detecting hepatocellular damage
      were compared. The measurement of either basic or N/A2b GST proved equally
      sensitive for detecting liver damage and both were superior to aminotransferase
      measurements. The abnormalities in GST were, on average, approximately 5- to 10
      fold greater than the conventional aminotransferase measurements provided that
      correct timing of sampling was employed. The data presented suggest GST
      measurement is a sensitive non-invasive method for investigating acute drug
      induced hepatotoxicity. The short plasma half-life of GST also allows early
      recognition of when active cellular damage has ceased.

PMID- 3987037
TI  - The occurrence of lactyl lactate and succinyl lactate in the urine of patients
      screened for inherited metabolic disease.
AB  - The gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric identification of lactyl lactate
      and succinyl lactate, both present in human urine, is described. In the gas
      chromatogram lactyl lactate (as TMS derivative) presented as two peaks: the L,L-
      and/or D,D-form as well as the D,L- and/or the L,D-enantiomer. Both L- and D
      lactyl succinate were excreted simultaneously. Lactyl lactate was observed in
      many patients; succinyl lactate only a few times and only together with lactyl
      lactate. No correlation with (endogenous) urinary lactate could be established.
      Presumably these compounds are products of the intestinal bacteria.

PMID- 3987036
TI  - Guanidino compounds in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid of hyperargininemic
      patients during therapy.
AB  - The concentrations of guanidino compounds were determined in urine, plasma and
      cerebrospinal fluid of two patients with hyperargininemia during dietary therapy.
      alpha-Keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid, N-alpha-acetylarginine, argininic acid
      and gamma-guanidinobutyric acid were increased in urine. In plasma, these
      compounds together with creatine, guanidinoacetic acid, arginine and homoarginine
      were also increased. In cerebrospinal fluid, only arginine, homoarginine and
      argininic acid were increased. Trace amounts of alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric
      acid were found in cerebrospinal fluid of the patient treated with only a low
      arginine diet. The concentrations of guanidinosuccinic acid are decreased in
      urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. During a low-arginine diet, together with
      sodium benzoate therapy, the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid arginine values
      returned to normal. There was also a normalization of plasma guanidinoacetic acid
      and a marked decrease in plasma N-alpha-acetylarginine and argininic acid.

PMID- 3987038
TI  - Screening of UV-absorbing solutes in uremic serum by reversed phase HPLC--change
      of blood levels in different therapies.
AB  - In order to screen UV-absorbing solutes in large numbers of uremic serum samples,
      an automated liquid chromatographic method was developed. The method proved to be
      reliable and reproducible in more than 500 analyses. HPLC separation was
      performed using gradient elution on a 25-cm Ultrasphere Octyl reversed phase
      column, with 5 microns particles. Characteristic profiles for the uremic state
      were obtained in the analyses of serum samples of 43 uremic patients before and
      just after artificial kidney treatment; hemodialysis (n = 14), hemodiafiltration
      (n = 13) and hemofiltration (n = 16). In these profiles 20-40 peaks were resolved
      of which nine were 'quantitated' by peak height relative to a standard. Of these
      solutes creatinine, uracil, uric acid, hypoxanthine, indoxylsulfate, tryptophan
      and hippuric acid were identified. The heterogeneity of the population of uremic
      patients, with respect to the UV-absorbing solutes, was estimated. Significant
      differences of solute blood level changes during hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration
      and hemofiltration, were observed.

PMID- 3987039
TI  - Quantitative measurement of plasma hemoglobin by second derivative
      spectrophotometry.
AB  - The development and validation of a second derivative spectrophotometric assay
      for hemoglobin in plasma is reported. Using the oxyhemoglobin absorbance peak at
      578 nm, the method was found to be linear for standard samples in the range of 3
      2,000 mg/l oxyhemoglobin. Because of one dilution step this range is doubled for
      plasma samples. Correlation with an enzymatic assay was excellent (r2 = 0.985).
      Within-run and between-run precision analysis showed CV values ranging from 0.5
      6.5% for specified calculation conditions. Icteric or lipemic backgrounds did not
      influence the results. All calculations of derivative spectra were carried out
      for three different wavelength intervals. The largest interval (delta gamma = 6
      nm) showed the best performance. The method is simple and rapid and it has been
      introduced successfully in our laboratory for routine clinical use.

PMID- 3987041
TI  - Rapid profiling of plasma organic acids by high performance liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 3987040
TI  - Cholesterol determination in HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 fractions after polyanion
      precipitation: a comparison between chemical extractive and totally enzymatic
      procedures.

PMID- 3987042
TI  - An algorithm for correcting observed count rates for cross-talk between counting
      channels in combined vitamin B12 and folate radioassays.

PMID- 3987043
TI  - Stable isotopes of calcium as tracers: methodology.

PMID- 3987044
TI  - Urinary glycosaminoglycans in aspartylglycosaminuria: evidence for disturbed
      proteoglycan metabolism.
AB  - An abnormal excretion pattern of urinary glycosaminoglycans was found in patients
      with aspartylglycosaminuria, a lysosomal storage disorder of glycoprotein
      metabolism. The mean daily GAG excretion, measured as uronic acids, was within
      the reference range, though higher than that of matched controls. However, in AGU
      patients fractionation of isolated urinary glycosaminoglycans revealed markedly
      increased proportions of heparan sulfate which were nearly 50% of the total
      glycosaminoglycans. The changes observed in glycosaminoglycan excretion reflect
      abnormalities of proteoglycan metabolism. They offer further evidence for the
      presence of a generalized connective tissue disorder in aspartylglycosaminuria.
      Increase of heparan sulfate may also refer to abnormalities of glycosaminoglycan
      metabolism in the central nervous system with a possible role in the neurological
      manifestations of the disorder.

PMID- 3987045
TI  - Sialidase activity in the sera of patients and rabbits with clostridial
      myonecrosis.
AB  - The origin and nature of gas gangrene can be diagnosed exactly only by time
      consuming bacteriological tests. In order to improve the diagnostic procedures,
      rabbits were infected with strains of Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium
      septicum or Clostridium sordellii. Sialidase activity was found to increase
      rapidly in serum; elevated creatine kinase activities were observed, too. High
      sialidase concentrations were found in sera (up to 1.6 mU/ml) and in tissues of
      wounded regions (up to 110 mU/g) of patients diagnosed to be infected with C.
      perfringens. By inhibition of enzyme activity with antibodies specific for the
      sialidase from this Clostridium species, it was possible to identify the
      clostridial origin of the sialidase activities. In the same material from other
      patients supposed to suffer from gas gangrene, but where no Clostridia could be
      detected, significant sialidase activity was not found. Thus, sialidase may be a
      useful tool for the diagnosis of myonecrosis due to clostridial infection.

PMID- 3987046
TI  - Glycosidase activities in sera from convalescent patients who ingested a toxic
      oil.
AB  - Some glycosidase activities have been determined in blood sera from 21 patients
      who ingested a toxic oil (rapeseed oil denatured with aniline(s) and treated by a
      thermal process). The samples were collected from the same patients on 3 or 4
      occasions during a period of 11-12 mth. During this period, the clinical state of
      the patients improved and, generally, they were restored to health. beta-N
      Acetylglucosaminidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, beta-D
      glucosidase and alpha-D-mannosidase activities, which were higher in patients
      than in 17 controls during the first mth decreased to normal values in the period
      studied, 11-12 mth. In contrast, beta-D-galactosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase and
      alpha-D-glucosidase activities, which were initially lower in patients than in
      controls, were finally similar or higher than in controls. One explanation for
      these results could be the possible alteration of the cell membrane(s) by the
      toxic substance(s).

PMID- 3987047
TI  - Electrochemical measurement of breath-alcohol concentration: precision and
      accuracy in relation to blood levels.
AB  - This paper deals with the precision and accuracy of an electroanalytical device
      (Alcolmeter AE-D1) used for the determination of alcohol in human breath.
      Experiments were made under in vitro conditions with air-ethanol vapour mixtures
      and in vivo with human volunteers after they consumed alcohol. The standard
      deviation (SD) of single determinations of ethanol in breath or standard vapour
      increased with increase in the concentration in the samples. At a mean
      concentration of about 50 mg/dl blood ethanol equivalent, the SD in vitro was 1.5
      mg/dl and in vivo 1.6 mg/dl. The blood and breath concentration-time profiles
      were well-matched after ethanol intake of 0.54, 0.72 and 0.90 g/kg body wt. The
      regression equation relating breath instrument reading (y) with blood alcohol (x)
      was y = -0.20 + 0.93x. The y intercept was not significantly different from zero
      and the correlation coefficient was 0.98. The breath alcohol determinations were,
      however, more variable at higher levels of blood-ethanol and the results were
      therefore evaluated with log transformations. The regression equation now became
      y = 0.91x with 95% confidence limits of y = 0.72x and y = 1.16x. For unbiased
      estimates of blood-ethanol concentration the instrument should be calibrated with
      a blood/breath ethanol ratio of 2,300:1.

PMID- 3987048
TI  - Extra heating of amino acids.

PMID- 3987049
TI  - The production and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody to thyroxine.

PMID- 3987050
TI  - ICSH/ICTH recommendations for reporting prothrombin time in oral anticoagulant
      control.

PMID- 3987051
TI  - Glycosylation of nail in diabetics: possible marker of long-term hyperglycemia.
AB  - Fingernail samples from 32 patients with diabetes mellitus and from 26 non
      diabetics were analyzed in order to determine the protein glycosylation rate in
      nail. Nail glycosylation was assayed by the thiobarbituric acid reaction. Blood
      was taken from both diabetics and non-diabetics at the same time for measurement
      of hemoglobin glycosylation. In non-diabetics, the protein glycosylation in nail
      and glycosylated hemoglobin were found to be 8.35 +/- 2.7 nmol fructosamine/mg
      nail and 2.24 +/- 0.45 mumol fructosamine/g hemoglobin, respectively. In
      diabetics, however, there was an extremely high glycosylation in both nail
      protein and hemoglobin: 16.0 +/- 7.35 nmol fructosamine/mg nail and 5.17 +/- 1.17
      mumol fructosamine/g hemoglobin (p less than 0.001 for both). A significant
      correlation was found between nail glycosylation and glycosylated hemoglobin in
      diabetics (r = 0.923, p less than 0.001). Also, there was a correlation between
      diabetic fasting blood glucose and protein glycosylation in nail (r = 0.947, p
      less than 0.001). Our findings show that it might be useful in the investigation
      of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus to evaluate the possibility
      of nail glycosylation providing a stable long-term measure of tissue
      glycosylation.

PMID- 3987052
TI  - Urinary excretion of methylthioadenosine in immunodeficient children.
AB  - A procedure is described for the separation and determination of
      methylthioadenosine in human urine. The procedure has been applied to urine from
      normal children, children with severe combined immunodeficiency and to children
      with other immunodeficiencies. Methylthioadenosine excretion in normal children
      was 0.16 +/- 0.03 nmol/mumol creatinine. Elevated urinary excretion was noted in
      six of seven children with severe combined immunodeficiency (0.41-5.2 nmol/mumol
      creatinine). A low excretion level (0.046 nmol/mumol creatinine) was noted in a
      child with severe combined immunodeficiency who was germ-free.

PMID- 3987053
TI  - Loss of vitamin A in long-term stored, frozen sera.
AB  - Vitamin A (retinol) was measured by a high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) method in human serum samples stored frozen at -20 degrees C for 2-6 yr.
      In 40% of the sample, both vitamin A and the internal standard, vitamin A acetate
      (retinyl acetate) which was added at the time of assay, were destroyed.
      Controlled studies of each phase of the assay showed that the vitamin A began to
      degrade during the extraction step immediately after ethanol was added to the
      serum. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and beta-carotene also degraded concurrently
      with vitamin A. Vitamin A may be lost because of free radical oxidation after the
      vitamin is released from its serum binding protein (retinol-binding protein),
      following the addition of ethanol to the serum sample. The loss of vitamin A is
      eliminated completely if ascorbic acid (0.1% w/v) is added to the ethanol before
      it is used in the preassay extraction.

PMID- 3987054
TI  - The effects of pH, temperature and storage on urine oxalate.

PMID- 3987055
TI  - Measurement of urinary oxalate in the presence of ascorbic acid.

PMID- 3987056
TI  - The turbid specimen as an analytical medium: hemoglobin determination as a model.
AB  - The quantitation of chemical constituents in lipemic samples is a major problem
      confronting the clinical laboratory. Currently, a number of cumbersome and time
      consuming methods are used to clarify samples before analysis. However, the use
      of enzymic hydrolysis of triglycerides along with efficient chemical removal of
      the formed non-esterified fatty acids is exemplified here as an excellent
      alternative to the current methods of clarification such as ultracentrifugation,
      extraction or chemical precipitation of low density and very low density
      lipoproteins. This method of clarifying milky serum has been used by us to assay
      hemoglobin in severely lipemic blood samples as an analytical model.

PMID- 3987057
TI  - Activation of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex by alpha
      chloroisocaproate in normal and enzyme-deficient fibroblasts.
AB  - A method has been developed for the activation of the branched-chain alpha
      ketoacid dehydrogenase complex by alpha-chloroisocaproate, an inhibitor of
      branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase in human cultured skin
      fibroblasts. The enzyme could be activated by pretreating the cells with alpha
      chloroisocaproate before they were disrupted for measurement of the activity.
      After this treatment, the activity was 2- to 3-fold that of untreated cells (24.8
      81.4 pmol/min per mg protein). The enzyme activity in fibroblasts from a patient
      with maple syrup urine disease was measured by this procedure. After activation
      by alpha-chloroisocaproate, the activity of fibroblasts from the patient was only
      10-14 pmol/min per mg protein (10% of that of controls), and was almost the same
      as that of the untreated cells from this patient. These results show that it is
      important to consider the activation state of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid
      dehydrogenase complex when assaying it in disrupted cells.

PMID- 3987058
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid beta-glucuronidase activities in patients with central
      nervous system metastases.
AB  - beta-Glucuronidase activities were determined in cerebrospinal fluid from 249
      patients suffering from various neurological diseases. Reference values were
      established as 9-27 mU/l. Marked elevations of cerebrospinal beta-glucuronidase
      activities were observed in patients with bacterial and carcinomatous meningitis.
      Slight elevations of cerebrospinal beta-glucuronidase activities were observed in
      epidural and parenchymal metastases from solid tumours. Comparison was made with
      the determination of total protein, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase in
      cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal beta-glucuronidase activity appeared the most
      useful test in monitoring patients at risk in developing meningeal metastases
      from solid primary tumours.

PMID- 3987059
TI  - Plasma uric acid: mass spectrometric method for control and comparison of intra-
      and interlaboratory studies.
AB  - We propose a preliminary study for the utilization of isotope dilution and mass
      fragmentography for the measurement of plasma uric acid. Using stable isotopes it
      is possible to measure this compound in comparison with the molecule labelled
      with three 15N atoms (1,3,9). We achieved the determination at the molecular
      peak. A linear calibration curve is obtained from standard solutions between 0
      and 600 mumol/l. The method has good precision and the results obtained with
      different quality control materials demonstrate the need for better accuracy.
      This method could, after more detailed studies, be a good candidate for a
      definitive method.

PMID- 3987060
TI  - Frequency of alkaline phosphatase-immunoglobulin complex among diseased and
      healthy populations.
AB  - Serum alkaline phosphatase-immunoglobulin complex was surveyed by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Its frequency among apparently healthy blood donors was
      1/3,015 or 0.03%. A significantly higher frequency, 8/2,400 or 0.33%, was
      observed among patients under 60 years of age. There was an apparently age
      related, sharp increase among patients over 60 years.

PMID- 3987061
TI  - An application of the cycloborate formation of steroids to the analysis of
      urinary neutral steroids by gas-liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3987062
TI  - A sensitive latex slide assay for fibrin(ogen) fragment E.

PMID- 3987063
TI  - Immunoturbidimetric assay of delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA D) on a
      centrifugal fast analyser.

PMID- 3987064
TI  - Rapid quantitative analysis of phospholipids in biological fluids after thin
      layer chromatography.

PMID- 3987065
TI  - Clinical significance of unconjugated 3 alpha,5 beta-tetrahydroaldosterone and 5
      beta-dihydroaldosterone measured by radioimmunoassay.
AB  - Radioimmunoassays of two unconjugated reduced metabolites of aldosterone were
      developed. Excretion rates of unconjugated 5 beta-dihydroaldosterone (5 beta
      DHAld) and 3 alpha,5 beta-tetrahydroaldosterone (3 alpha,5 beta-THAld) were
      measured in 192 hypertensive patients and 16 normal subjects and results were
      compared with urinary tetrahydroaldosterone-glucuronide(TH-Aldo-glu), aldosterone
      18-glucuronide (Aldo-18-glu) and 'free' aldosterone. Generally, values of
      unconjugated reduced metabolites correlated with one another but in some cases
      were exceptionally elevated indicating alteration of urinary bacterial flora or
      impairment of the enzymatic system regulating the conjugation reaction. We
      suggest that in those cases of hypertension and suspected primary aldosteronism
      when aldosterone-18-glucuronide and tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide values
      remain within normal range, determination of the free metabolite fraction may be
      diagnostically helpful.

PMID- 3987067
TI  - Effect of fusaric acid (a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) on
      phaeochromocytoma.
AB  - Fusaric acid, an inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine
      to noradrenaline, lowered the blood pressure and induced a subjective improvement
      in patients with phaeochromocytoma. These effects may be due either to an
      impairment of catecholamine biosynthesis or to a direct action on the blood
      vessels. The use of this drug in the treatment of patients with inoperable
      malignant phaeochromocytoma or neuroblastoma may improve symptoms and prolong
      survival.

PMID- 3987068
TI  - Lack of thirst, osmoreceptor dysfunction, early puberty and abnormally aggressive
      behaviour in two boys.
AB  - Two unrelated boys (C.C. 13 years; J.W. 18 years) presenting with early puberty
      and episodes of aggressive behaviour were found to have hypernatraemia and
      hypodipsia. Plasma vasopressin (AVP) levels were inappropriately low in relation
      to plasma osmolality, but the patients did not have diabetes insipidus since 24 h
      urinary volumes were less than 1 litre and the maximal urinary osmolality was
      1232 in C.C. and 950 in J.W. Plasma renin activity was elevated (greater than
      2000 mg AI/1/h) although aldosterone concentrations were normal. Excretion of a
      water load (20 ml/kg) was delayed, but plasma renin and aldosterone fell with
      increased naturesis. An infusion of 0.85 mol/l saline produced a rise in AVP in
      C.C. but not in J.W. Insulin and hypotension resulted in the release of AVP in
      both boys suggesting a selective defect of osmoreceptor function.
      Hyperprolactinaemia and an exaggerated PRL response to TRH were also noted but no
      intracranial lesion was demonstrable on CT scan. These boys appear to have a
      hypothalamic syndrome with early puberty, hyperprolactinaemia, hypodipsia and
      osmoreceptor dysfunction which may be associated with aggressive behaviour.

PMID- 3987066
TI  - Comparative study of nursing mothers in Africa (Zaire) and in Europe (Sweden):
      breastfeeding behaviour, nutritional status, lactational hyperprolactinaemia and
      status of the menstrual cycle.
AB  - A total of 1036 nursing mothers were investigated for their nursing behaviour,
      status of nutrition and menstrual cycle, serum prolactin and progesterone; 61 in
      Sweden, 457 in an urban area of Zaire (Bukavu, Kivu) and 518 in a rural area of
      the same region (Kabare, Kivu). Lactational hyperprolactinaemia is influenced by
      the frequency but not by the duration of suckling. The return of luteinization of
      follicles, but not that of menstrual bleeding, was inversely related to the
      degree of lactational hyperprolactinaemia. Significant luteinization took place
      in only some 10% of the mothers during the first three months of lactation in
      Sweden and within the first year in Zaire. In these mothers with luteinized
      follicles the average progesterone was only slightly above 1.0 ng/ml indicating
      poor luteinization. Lactational hyperprolactinaemia, the return of menstruation
      and luteinization during lactation were not related to the nutritional status as
      evaluated by the body weight indices and serum albumin. However, suckling and
      hyperprolactinaemia do not appear to be the only factors involved in the control
      of fertility during lactation. When serum prolactin levels were equally low, i.e.
      below 500 microU/ml, twice the number of lactating mothers with signs of
      luteinization were found in the urban than in the rural population of Zaire.

PMID- 3987069
TI  - Inhibition of physiological growth hormone secretion by atropine.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of atropine (specific muscarinic cholinergic
      inhibition) on the nocturnal secretion of GH during the first cycle of stage IV
      sleep in six normal volunteers and three tall adolescents. Atropine was
      administered orally in a dose of 0.6 mg (n = 8) or 1.8 mg (n = 4) 30 min before
      expected sleep and the sampling repeated. Peak GH level without atropine was 45.3
      mU/l (range 5.7 to 92.0): both doses of atropine abolished sleep associated GH
      secretion. Spontaneous daytime GH secretion was demonstrated during five 6 h
      sampling periods in three normal adults. There was a significant decrease in
      spontaneous daytime GH secretion when the sampling was repeated after atropine
      0.6 mg or 1.8 mg. We conclude that inhibition of GH secretion using
      anticholinergic drugs should be further investigated in the management of
      excessive growth hormone secretion.

PMID- 3987070
TI  - A new and distinctive albumin variant with increased affinities for both
      triiodothyronines and causing hyperthyroxinaemia.
AB  - A new variant albumin with increased affinities for iodothyronines has been
      identified. A euthyroid woman had raised total serum concentrations of T4 (155
      nmol/l), T3 (3.0 nmol/l) and rT3 (700 pmol/l) but normal levels of all three
      iodothyronine-binding proteins. The affinity constant for T3 binding to the
      albumin was substantially raised (2.2 x 10(5) l/mole; normal immeasurable), that
      for rT3 (1.4 x 10(6) l/mole) was increased three-fold. This new albumin binds the
      analogues of T4 and T3 used in Amerlex free-hormone assays more strongly than
      does normal albumin, resulting in erroneously elevated estimates of serum free-T4
      and free-T3 by this method. The new variant albumin was indistinguishable from
      normal albumin in molecular size and by electrophoretic and immunological
      techniques. Three distinct variant albumins exhibiting differential binding of
      iodothyronines have now been defined: Type I causes a raised total serum T4 only;
      Type II produces increased total T4 and rT3; Type III (the present example)
      results in elevated total T4, rT3 and T3. All three variants have normal free-T4
      by dialysis but spuriously raised results by the Amerlex free-T4 method. Type III
      also causes an artificial increase in Amerlex free-T3. The pattern of thyroid
      function test results in Type III can readily be confused with both
      hyperthyroidism and with partial peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones.

PMID- 3987071
TI  - Naloxone reduces the fenfluramine-induced prolactin release in man.
AB  - In order to ascertain whether there is a relation between opioids and the
      serotoninergic system in prolactin (PRL) secretion increase, we investigated in
      seven healthy men (21 to 26 years of age) the effect of naloxone, a specific
      opioid antagonist, on PRL secretion induced by fenfluramine, a drug that
      stimulates serotonin release and inhibits its re-uptake. We observed that
      subjects receiving fenfluramine (60 mg orally) had a significantly (P less than
      0.001) higher increase in PRL plasma levels than the controls receiving placebo.
      In all subjects naloxone infusion at a dose of 15 mg caused a significant
      reduction (P less than 0.0005) in the PRL response to fenfluramine. Higher doses
      of naloxone (30 mg) do not further inhibit the PRL secretion induced by
      fenfluramine. These results suggest that naloxone may interact with opiate
      receptors on serotonin neurons thereby reducing the synthesis and release of
      serotonin. It seems that in man, therefore, there is an interplay between opiates
      and the serotoninergic system in the facilitatory influence on PRL release.

PMID- 3987072
TI  - A case of 'essential' hypernatraemia due to resetting of the osmostat.
AB  - We describe a 24-year-old short, obese girl who has bizarre episodic neurological
      abnormalities related to hyperosmolality due to hypernatraemia. Investigation of
      osmoregulation by water loading and infusion of hypertonic saline revealed (i)
      hypodipsia with thirst onset raised to plasma osmolality of 332 mmol/kg and (ii)
      elevation of the threshold for vasopressin release (plasma osmolality 320
      mmol/kg) but normal slope of the plasma vasopressin-plasma osmolality curve.
      Baroregulated vasopressin release was also grossly subnormal. Other hypothalamo
      pituitary investigations showed deficiencies of releasing hormones for
      gonadotrophins and growth hormone, but prolactin response to combined
      hypoglycaemia and TRH was blunted She demonstrated other anomalies including
      hyperlipoproteinaemia and defective lymph drainage of the legs. Skull X-rays,
      together with computerized tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance scans of the
      hypothalamo-pituitary region and the rest of the brain were normal. We believe
      that this is the first case of essential hypernatraemia documented with direct
      evidence of resetting of the osmostat.

PMID- 3987073
TI  - Portal hypertension.

PMID- 3987074
TI  - Pulmonary arterial hypertension in portal hypertension.

PMID- 3987075
TI  - Non-cirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension in adults.

PMID- 3987076
TI  - Portal hypertension in schistosomiasis.

PMID- 3987077
TI  - Computed tomographic findings in manifesting carriers of Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - Clinical and computed tomographic (CT) findings in 3 manifesting carriers of
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy are reported. CT proved to be an important adjunct to
      the clinical examination: in all our 3 cases a decrease in density was found in
      various non-paretic muscles.

PMID- 3987078
TI  - Inherited tandem duplication dup(X) (q131-q212) in a male proband.
AB  - A tandem duplication dup(X) (q131-q212) has been diagnosed neonatally because of
      the peculiar appearance. Family investigation demonstrated that the duplication
      has segregated through phenotypically normal female carriers for at least three
      generations. Inactivation studies showed that the aberrant X was preferentially
      late replicating. The difficulties related to prenatal diagnosis of minor X
      chromosome aberrations in males are discussed.

PMID- 3987079
TI  - Mosaic tetrasomy 21 is mosaic tetrasomy 12p some of the time.

PMID- 3987080
TI  - European Society of Human Genetics: abstracts from symposium on cancer and
      genetics in 1984. Essen, Federal Republic of Germany, June 1-3, 1984.

PMID- 3987082
TI  - Is steroid tachyphylaxis preventable?

PMID- 3987083
TI  - Impact of methotrexate therapy on the folate status of psoriatic patients.

PMID- 3987081
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of clobetasol propionate from novel ointment and cream
      formulations.

PMID- 3987084
TI  - Clinical signs of response to treatment in psoriasis--a cell kinetic and
      histological assessment using the IBAS II image analyser.

PMID- 3987086
TI  - Epidermal thickness in systemic sclerosis and morphoea.

PMID- 3987085
TI  - Facial psoriasis.

PMID- 3987087
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum and leucocytoclastic vasculitis.

PMID- 3987088
TI  - Dyskeratosis congenita with pancytopenia.

PMID- 3987089
TI  - Immune complexes and the pathogenesis of meningococcal arthritis.
AB  - Immune complex levels were measured in serum and synovial fluid obtained from 10
      patients who developed arthritis 3-8 days after the onset of meningococcal
      meningitis. Mean serum immune complex levels were lower in these patients than in
      eight age matched control patients with meningococcal disease who did not develop
      late complications. This observation suggests that meningococcal arthritis
      follows local formation of immune complexes in the synovium rather than
      deposition of circulating immune complexes. Purified meningococcal polysaccharide
      antigen-induced synovitis when injected into the knee of rabbits previously
      sensitized by i.v. injection with heat killed meningococci.

PMID- 3987090
TI  - Eosinophil involvement in rheumatoid arthritis as reflected by elevated serum
      levels of eosinophil cationic protein.
AB  - Circulating levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), an eosinophil specific
      granule protein, and numbers of peripheral eosinophils were determined in 42
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. At the time of the investigation the patients
      were without drug treatment. They had normal blood counts of eosinophils but on
      average a five-fold increase of the serum ECP values compared with healthy
      subjects. The intracellular content of ECP in eosinophils isolated from 14
      patients was normal. High serum levels of ECP were particularly observed in
      patients with a disease of rather short duration but with a more aggressive
      course. Other factors associated with high ECP values were blood eosinophil
      counts in the upper normal range, high rheumatoid factor titre and increased
      inflammatory activity as defined by elevated serum haptoglobin and blood platelet
      counts. No relation was found between serum ECP and circulating immune complexes
      or serum total IgE. Synovial fluids obtained from 14 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis contained very high concentration of ECP; on average nine times higher
      than those in the circulation of the patients. During corticosteroid but not
      NSAID therapy serum ECP decreased on average about 50% compared with pre
      treatment values. Although eosinophils are not a notable feature of the synovial
      membrane infiltrate or cellular joint exudate, data obtained indirectly indicates
      their participation in the inflammatory reaction in RA.

PMID- 3987091
TI  - Family studies of erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 levels: reduced levels
      in patients with SLE are acquired, not inherited.
AB  - It has been claimed that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an
      inherited deficiency of erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (CR1, with ligand
      binding specificity for C3b, iC3b and C4b). CR1 functions as the only cofactor
      for factor I-mediated cleavage of iC3b to C3c and C3dg. The activity of this
      receptor on red cells may be an important mechanism for handling immune complexes
      which have bound C3b or iC3b. Radioligand binding studies were performed using a
      monoclonal antibody to CR1, E11, to enumerate these receptors accurately. The
      results confirmed that patients with SLE have a reduced number of CR1 molecules
      per red cell, but showed no reduction in CR1 levels amongst their consanguineous
      relatives. Study of 13 normal families suggested the presence of heritable
      factors controlling the numbers of erythrocyte CR1 molecules; in particular there
      was a correlation between mean parental CR1 numbers and CR1 numbers in their
      children. However, amongst 17 families of 19 patients with SLE, four families
      were identified in which genotypically 'high CR1' SLE patients had persistently
      low phenotypes. This is not compatible with the hypothesis that the reduction in
      erythrocyte CR1 numbers in these patients is inherited.

PMID- 3987092
TI  - The mechanism of action of corticosteroids on glomerular injury in acute serum
      sickness in rabbits.
AB  - Macrophages have recently been identified as the predominant mediators of the
      glomerular injury in acute serum sickness (AcSS) in rabbits. Corticosteroids have
      been shown to prevent this lesion, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown.
      As corticosteroids are potent anti-macrophage agents, the effect of prednisolone
      treatment (2 mg/kg/day) on glomerular macrophage accumulation and injury was
      assessed in rabbits developing AcSS. Eleven untreated animals all developed a
      proliferative endocapillary glomerulonephritis (mean 71.7 +/- 1.9 sem cells per
      glomerular cross section, c/gcs) with glomerular macrophage accumulation (46.3 +/
      5.7 macrophages per glomerulus, macs/glom) and proteinuria (555 +/- 379 mg/24
      h). Eight animals were treated with prednisolone commencing not more than 48 h
      prior to immune elimination (IE). Glomerular injury was markedly attenuated with
      significantly less cellular proliferation (49.1 +/- 2.1 c/gcs, P less than .005),
      fewer macrophages within glomeruli (10.5 +/- 7.7 macs/glom, P less than .005) and
      minimal proteinuria (19.3 +/- 5.5 mg/24 h, P less than 0.01). Treatment did not
      alter the amount of circulating BSA-anti-BSA immune complex; its time of IE (11.1
      +/- 0.4 days treated, 11.4 +/- 0.4 days untreated) its renal deposition (2.36 +/-
      0.64 micrograms BSA/g renal cortex treated, 2.66 +/- 0.52 mg BSA/g renal cortex
      untreated) or its glomerular localization. These results indicate that
      prednisolone treatment can effectively reduce the glomerular injury of AcSS. This
      effect is not dependent on any alteration of immune complex formation or
      deposition, but involves reduction of macrophage accumulation at the inflammatory
      site.

PMID- 3987093
TI  - Enhancement of human eosinophil- and neutrophil-mediated killing of schistosomula
      of Schistosoma mansoni by reversed type (IgE-mediated) anaphylaxis, in vitro.
AB  - Using human peripheral blood leucocytes we have developed a model for studying
      the effect of in vitro anaphylaxis on granulocyte-mediated killing of helminthic
      larvae (schistosomula (Sch) of Schistosoma mansoni). Leucocytes were incubated
      with either an F(ab')2 rabbit anti-human IgE (alpha E) or a control F(ab')2
      prepared from non-specific rabbit IgG (alpha Ec). A time-dependent enhancement of
      eosinophil- and neutrophil-mediated complement (C) or antibody- (Ab) dependent
      killing of Sch was observed following incubation with alpha E, but not alpha Ec.
      Optimal enhancement of granulocyte killing was dependent on the concentration of
      alpha E, pre-incubation of granulocytes with alpha E prior to addition to C
      coated Sch, as well as the granulocyte: Sch ratio. Baseline killing of Ab and/or
      C coated Sch by eosinophil rich cells was significantly greater than neutrophil
      rich suspensions and both were proportionally increased following incubation with
      alpha E. Enhanced eosinophil and neutrophil killing by alpha E required the
      presence of mononuclear cells containing basophils, whereas there was no
      difference in the killing of C or Ab coated Sch when eosinophils or neutrophils
      alone were incubated with alpha E or alpha Ec. This IgE and leucocyte-dependent
      model might facilitate the isolation and identification of the pharmacological
      mediator(s) of hypersensitivity which enhance eosinophil or neutrophil killing of
      appropriately opsonized helminthic larvae.

PMID- 3987095
TI  - A radioimmunoassay for wheat gliadin to assess the suitability of gluten free
      foods for patients with coeliac disease.
AB  - Coeliac disease is a clinical condition characterised by malabsorption secondary
      to abnormalities of the small intestine. The condition is known to be exacerbated
      by wheat gliadin, rye, barley and possibly oats. The only assays that are
      available for testing for the presence of wheat gluten in foods are double
      diffusion against rabbit anti-gliadin antiserum and measurement of Kjeldahl
      nitrogen in products derived from wheat flour. We have developed a
      radioimmunoassay for wheat gliadin with a detection limit of 1 ng. Nominally
      gluten free foods based on wheat starch have been shown to contain up to 1.9 X
      10(-2)% wheat gliadin. Bread made from Nutregen wheat starch which has now been
      withdrawn contains 6.4 mg gliadin per standard 30 g slice. A radioimmunoassay for
      wheat gliadin could be used to define standards for the suitability of gluten
      free products based on wheat starch for patients with coeliac disease.

PMID- 3987094
TI  - Antigen-induced inhibition of human in vitro spontaneous IgE synthesis. I.
      Factors and kinetic studies.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with hypersensitivity to L.
      perenne and D. pteronyssinus were incubated with specific antigen. They were then
      cultured for 7 days in the absence of antigen and the IgE contained in the
      supernatants was determined using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Pre-incubation
      of the cells with antigen produced an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous IgE
      synthesis in most of the cases (101 of the 134 individual studied). This
      inhibition was more pronounced and more frequent in those cultures with an
      elevated spontaneous production of IgE (3,000-10,000 pg/ml). This effect depended
      on the dose of antigen and the duration of cell exposure. Both spontaneous IgE
      production kinetics and antigen-mediated inhibition were studied. A study of the
      IgE content of the cell pellets indicated that the antigen did not induce
      inhibition of the IgE release. We therefore believe that the inhibition observed
      must be due to some kind of IgE synthesis suppression.

PMID- 3987096
TI  - Cell surface analyses of the age-dependent changes in the electrokinetic
      properties of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
AB  - The age-dependent changes in the surface electrical charge of human peripheral
      blood lymphocytes were analyzed by establishing the differences between the
      surface density of four types of chemical groups on lymphocytes isolated from the
      blood of individuals of increasing ages. Similar determinations were carried out
      on cord blood lymphocytes which were shown previously to exhibit either a low or
      a high electrical charge density reflected in the experimentally determined
      parameter, the anodic electrophoretic mobility (EPM), differing by about 30%. The
      surface density of carboxyl group of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), protein side
      chain epsilon-amino groups, and phosphate groups were different for the two
      subpopulations of CBL. Differences were also observed between the surface density
      of these groups on the two subpopulations of CBL and the lymphocytes of older
      individuals, with the exception of carboxyl groups. In some experiments on
      lymphocytes from adults, the carboxyls of NANA were much more numerous on nearly
      1% of the cells.

PMID- 3987097
TI  - Diminished bactericidal activity in megalocytic interstitial nephritis.
AB  - The first case of favorable evolution under conservative treatment for acute
      renal failure caused by megalocytic interstitial nephritis and the ongoing
      transitory impairment of the polymorphonuclear bactericidal ability are
      described. This case report has been included in a critical overview of the cases
      previously reported.

PMID- 3987098
TI  - Peripheral focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

PMID- 3987099
TI  - IgA nephropathy associated with seronegative spondylarthropathies: efficacy on
      non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

PMID- 3987101
TI  - Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, cell deformability and secondary
      hyperparathyroidism in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - The possible relationship between erythrocyte (RBC) function and secondary
      hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was examined in 35 uremic patients on maintenance
      hemodialysis. Mechanical tests (i.e., osmotic fragility and deformability) were
      used to assess RBC function. Secondary HPT was evaluated by means of serum
      biochemistry (parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase)
      and radiographic examinations (X-ray films of the hand skeleton). Sixteen sex and
      age-matched normal volunteers acted as controls. This study shows that the
      mechanical properties of RBC were indeed markedly altered in hemodialysis
      patients when compared with controls. No significant correlations between either
      the osmotic fragility or the deformability of RBC and the hematochemical changes
      associated with secondary HPT were found. No differences in RBC function tests
      were found as far as the activity (alkaline phosphatase) or the severity (X-ray
      findings) of secondary HPT are concerned. Effective treatment of secondary HPT by
      either pharmacological means (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) or surgical removal
      was not associated with consequent improvement in RBC function. These findings
      clearly speak against secondary HPT as a major cause of RBC dysfunction in uremic
      patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

PMID- 3987100
TI  - Discriminant analysis in renal histological diagnosis of primary glomerular
      diseases.
AB  - Differences in clinical and laboratory findings between different renal
      histological lesions were examined in 138 patients with primary glomerular
      diseases, and discriminant analysis was carried out in 72 patients to determine
      whether each histological type could be distinguished by the linear combination
      of these findings. The histological types were classified into 7 groups: minimal
      change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS); focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS); membranous
      nephropathy (MN); membranoproliferative GN (MPGN); proliferative GN (PGN); PGN
      with focal crescents (P X fc); and minor glomerular lesions (MGL). Ten variantes
      were selected from the clinical and laboratory findings in the early stage of the
      disease: sex, age of onset, acute onset, oliguria, urine protein, RBC in urinary
      sediment, serum albumin, serum total cholesterol, serum creatinine, and systolic
      blood pressure. In the discriminant analysis made regarding all these items
      collectively as continuous variantes, there was a significant difference (p less
      than 0.001) in the combination patterns of the variantes among histological
      types. Therefore, further analysis was performed using canonical axes and a multi
      stage discriminant method. The canonical score and data obtained by a multi-stage
      discriminant method demonstrated that MCNS, MN, MPGN, and the group of PGN, P X
      fc and MGL could be distinguished from each other well, but that the degree of
      proliferation or the presence of focal lesions could not be predicted. As a
      result of these studies, we obtained a discriminant formula with which we could
      predict, with fairly high accuracy, some histological types on the basis of data
      on the 10 items mentioned.

PMID- 3987102
TI  - Elevated serum and urine sialic acid levels in renal diseases of childhood.
AB  - Serum and urine sialic acid levels were measured in various renal diseases of
      childhood. Serum sialic acid levels were found to be elevated in patients with
      idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) at onsets and relapses, acute
      poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) and chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
      found by chance proteinuria and/or hematuria. A large amount of bound sialic
      acids were excreted in the urine in INS at onsets and relapses, although the
      serum sialic acid levels were increased. Sephadex G-200 column chromatography
      revealed three separate peaks with sialoglycoproteins in a patient with INS at
      onset, but only two peaks in a normal control subject. These results suggest that
      some sialoglycoproteins are involved in the development of INS, PSGN and CGN.

PMID- 3987103
TI  - Left ventricular function in uremia: echocardiographic and radionuclide
      assessment in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - Echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography were performed in 37 uremic
      patients on maintenance hemodialysis with no apparent coronary artery disease,
      pericardial effusion, valvular heart disease or heart failure. These non-invasive
      studies were performed during the interdialytic period (about 18 hours after a
      dialysis). Sixty-two percent of our patients had abnormal left ventricular
      function with one or more abnormal echocardiographic parameters. The significant
      abnormalities were enlargement of the left ventricular cavity, a reduction of
      myocardial contractility, and thickening of the left ventricular posterior wall.
      Similar findings were found in 10 undialyzed uremic patients. Measurement of
      cardiac index and ejection fraction were found to be inadequate for a full
      assessment of left ventricular function and other parameters such as the mean
      velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and mean normalized posterior wall
      velocity should be included. There is a significant number of hemodialysis
      patients (7/37) with congestive cardiomyopathic features on the echocardiogram.
      Their clinical features are no different from the other patients in this study,
      except they have a significantly higher prevalence of uremic hyperparathyroidism.
      Our findings support that the existence of a specific uremic cardiomyopathy and
      uremic hyperparathyroidism may play an important role in the pathogenesis.

PMID- 3987104
TI  - Constipation, bladder instability, urinary tract infection syndrome.
AB  - Forty-seven children with recurrent urinary tract infection were noted to have
      large fecal reservoirs by rectal examination and rectal manometry. Constipation
      was accompanied in the majority by enuresis and/or encopresis. Urodynamic studies
      indicated uninhibited bladder contractions. Aggressive treatment of the
      constipation resulted in cessation of infection in 44 patients, enuresis in 22 of
      32 patients and encopresis in 20 of 21 patients and an improvement in bladder
      function with cessation of all other forms of treatment.

PMID- 3987105
TI  - Correction of citrate concentration is necessary in platelet aggregometry studies
      in uremia.

PMID- 3987106
TI  - The red blood cell membrane.

PMID- 3987107
TI  - Pitfalls in the diagnosis of tricuspid atresia: report of a new
      angiocardiographic sign.
AB  - Two patients with the classical clinical, angiographic, and echocardiographic
      signs of tricuspid atresia are reported, where the correct diagnoses were made at
      operation; one child had cor triatriatum dexter, the other child total anomalous
      systemic venous drainage to the left atrium. The literature on cor triatriatum
      dexter and total anomalous systemic venous drainage is discussed and a new
      angiographic sign for the differentiation from tricuspid atresia is reported:
      nonopacification of the right atrial appendage with right atrial
      angiocardiography.

PMID- 3987108
TI  - Potential prevention of myocardial rupture resulting from acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The clinical characteristics of 30 cases of myocardial rupture resulting from
      acute myocardial infarction were analyzed. Predisposing factors of myocardial
      rupture appeared to be the following (1) age 60 years or older, (2) female, (3)
      no previous history of angina or myocardial infarction, (4) hypertension on
      admission, (5) persistent or recurrent chest pain, (6) physical activity and/or
      emotional unrest, (7) less than 10 days since the onset of myocardial infarction.
      From 1979 to 1982, we tried to eliminate these risk factors in the acute stage of
      myocardial infarction, of which hypertension appeared to be the most important
      and main correlating factor. The incidence of myocardial rupture before
      elimination of risk factors was 31.2% (26 of 84 patients) which was reduced to
      8.8% after elimination. In the years 1981 and 1982, only two cases of myocardial
      rupture were found in each year, 4.3% and 5.6% of MI patients, respectively.

PMID- 3987109
TI  - Poor responsiveness of heart rate to treadmill exercise in vasospastic angina.
AB  - Heart rate response to submaximal graded treadmill exercise was measured in 45
      patients with vasospastic angina, 31 with effort angina, and 40 normal controls.
      There was no difference of resting heart rate among the three groups. Vasospastic
      angina showed significantly poor responsiveness of heart rate to exercise at
      every stage: stage 1, 2.5 km/h (10%), stage 3, 4.5 km/h (10%), stage 5, 5.5 km/h
      (14%), stage 7, 5.5 km/h (22%), when compared with those in normal controls. The
      effort angina group also showed lower heart rates at stages 3 and 5 than those in
      control subjects, although their heart rate at stage 1 was not different from
      that in normals. When abnormal response suggesting vasospastic angina was defined
      as heart rate at each stage lower than values of mean heart rate +/- 1 SD in
      normal controls, positive test results were obtained in 15 of 45 patients (33%).
      The use of heart rate criteria in addition to ischemic criteria raises
      sensitivity from 27 to 51% (p less than 0.02).

PMID- 3987110
TI  - Improvement in exercise capacity and associated changes in hemodynamics and left
      ventricular function after the addition of metoprolol to nifedipine in patients
      with stable exertional angina.
AB  - In 10 men with stable exertional angina, the changes in exercise capacity,
      hemodynamics, and left ventricular (LV) function were measured after 20 mg
      sublingual nifedipine (N) and again after adding 100 mg oral metoprolol (M).
      Nifedipine alone did not significantly improve exercise workloads (+18%) and
      duration (+21%), but the addition of metoprolol increased both parameters by a
      further 37 and 32%, respectively (both p less than 0.005 vs. N). After nifedipine
      the onset of angina was slightly delayed (5.14 +/- 2.41 min placebo (P), 6.00 +/-
      2.31 min N, p less than 0.1) and occurred at higher workloads (36 +/- 17 W P, 43
      +/- 8 W N, p less than 0.1). After the addition of metoprolol, the onset of
      angina was delayed substantially more (9.57 +/- 2.22 min, p less than 0.001 vs. P
      and N) and occurred at much higher workloads (62 +/- 20 W, p less than 0.001 vs.
      P and N). At rest (R) and during exercise (E), nifedipine decreased systemic
      vascular resistance (-36% R, -27% E, both p less than 0.001) and mean arterial
      pressure (-18% R, -21% E, both p less than 0.001), and increased heart rate (+15%
      R, +11% E, both p less than 0.001), Pulmonary artery wedge pressure on exercise
      increased less (22 +/- 7 mmHg P, 13 +/- 5 mmHg N, p less than 0.001). After
      adding metoprolol, the major change was a reduced heart rate (-25% vs. N at R and
      E, both p less than 0.001), and arterial pressure was unaltered. Pulmonary artery
      wedge pressure on exercise increased to 18 +/- 5 mmHg (p less than 0.05 vs. N).
      Exercise LV ejection fraction and volume did not change significantly after
      adding metoprolol despite marked improvement in angina. In this acute exercise
      study in patients with stable exertional angina, metoprolol added to nifedipine
      markedly improved exercise capacity by preventing the increase in heart rate seen
      with nifedipine. In our patients with relatively normal LV function at rest, the
      combination was safe and produced no deleterious effects on LV function.

PMID- 3987111
TI  - Detection of different blood flow patterns in the true and false lumina with
      aortic root dissection by pulsed Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - We report a 53-year-old man with aortic dissection, in whom pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography showed two different flow patterns within the dilated aorta.
      Although two-dimensional echocardiography has been successful in making the
      diagnosis of aortic root dissection, several conditions producing false positives
      have also been noted. Simultaneous recording of pulsed Doppler echocardiography
      may be useful to provide additional diagnostic clues in selected cases.

PMID- 3987112
TI  - Chest pain and electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation occurring in the
      recovery phase after exercise in a patient with normal coronary arteries.
AB  - Exercise-induced ST-segment elevation usually occurs in patients with coronary
      artery disease. We report a case in which ST-segment elevation occurred during
      the recovery phase of exercise in a patient with normal coronary arteries.

PMID- 3987113
TI  - Right-to-left interatrial shunt secondary to an extensive right ventricular
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - This case report describes a rare complication of right ventricular myocardial
      infarction. Hypoxemia in this setting has only been described in two previous
      cases with a right-to-left interatrial shunt. This is surprising, given the high
      incidence of probe patent foramen ovale in randomly selected necropsy cases. Two
      dimensional echocardiography with contrast is the method of choice for detecting
      this abnormality.

PMID- 3987114
TI  - Psychosocial aspects of surviving sudden cardiac death.
AB  - The psychosocial problems faced by the survivor of "sudden cardiac death" are
      discussed from the point of view of the patient, the family, and the physician.
      The patient faces a battery of intensive diagnostic tests, as well as concern for
      future capability to resume function as "spouse, parent, and citizen." Emotions
      such as depression, anger, anxiety, frustration, and fear must be dealt with in a
      constructive manner. Management includes education, support, encouragement of
      adaptive denial, anxiolytic medication if necessary, and relaxation techniques
      when helpful. Our approach begins with education of the patient and family in
      regard to the medical aspects of the illness. Next, we provide support for the
      patient and allow the patient to express his or her concerns at an individual
      pace. Adaptive denial is encouraged and maladaptive denial addressed. Appropriate
      medication is prescribed when necessary, and finally, relaxation techniques may
      have a role in some patients. A strong physician-patient relationship is
      necessary for successful evaluation and therapy. The unique stresses of the
      cardiologist and the electrophysiology team are described.

PMID- 3987115
TI  - Fluosol-DA causes pulmonary hypertension and increased lung lymph flow in
      unanesthetized sheep.
AB  - Test doses (0.5 ml) of the perfluorochemical blood substitute Fluosol-DA causes
      pulmonary hypertension in some patients. To investigate this phenomenon we
      infused Fluosol-DA into unanesthetized sheep with chronic vascular catheters on
      ten occasions. In six of these experiments lung lymph flow was measured. Since
      other fluorochemical blood substitutes alter the coagulation cascade we also
      sampled blood to perform coagulation screening tests and look for evidence of
      thrombin generation as assessed by the survival of 125I labelled sheep
      fibrinogen. Test doses (0.5 ml) of Fluosol-DA resulted in transient but marked
      pulmonary hypertension in nine of ten experiments (17 +/- 1.2 SE to 43 +/- 3.9 SE
      torr). Cardiac output decreased by an average of 30%, and lung lymph flow
      transiently increased without a change in the lymph to plasma protein
      concentration (L/P) ratio in five of six experiments. When 50 ml of Fluosol-DA
      was administered one hour later the pulmonary hypertension was more prolonged but
      less severe (18 +/- 1.0 SE to 34 +/- 3.2 SE torr). Lymph flow again increased
      without a change in the L/P ratio for protein. The activated partial
      thromboplastin and prothrombin times, and survival in plasma of 125I labelled
      sheep fibrinogen were unaffected by administration of Fluosol-DA. We conclude
      that Fluosol-DA causes pulmonary hypertension in sheep and increases lung lymph
      flow. This results from vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels and subsequent
      recruitment of the pulmonary microvasculature and not from thromboembolic
      phenomena.

PMID- 3987116
TI  - Factors influencing the survival of patients with cancer of the stomach.
AB  - During the period 1969 through 1973, 332 male and 135 female patients diagnosed
      with stomach cancer were registered with the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton,
      Alberta. These patients were followed up to December 31, 1981. Therefore, we were
      able to observe eight year survival times for all patients. Rates for one to
      eight years of survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The
      results showed poor survival experience for male and female patients, similar to
      survival reported in other countries. Stomach cancer in Alberta belongs to the
      ten most common cancers and a search for factors influencing survival is
      therefore important. A large number of environmental factors and factors
      pertaining to the patients' lifestyle, as well as clinical factors related to
      stage of disease and treatment were examined using Cox's proportional hazard
      model. Surgical treatment and the presence of metastases were found to be
      important determinants of survival for both sexes. In males, increased age and
      British ethnicity were associated with poor survival prospects. Relative hazards
      of dying are presented for various combinations of factors.

PMID- 3987117
TI  - Effect of plasma, serum and platelets from diabetics on DNA synthesis in cultured
      vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Abnormalities in the regulation of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle are
      believed to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. This study
      addresses the question of whether altered levels or activity of circulating
      factors in diabetes may influence the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells and
      fibroblasts. Plasma prepared from a group of patients with insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus was less capable of stimulating DNA synthesis in cultured
      vascular smooth muscle cells and human lung fibroblasts than plasma from control
      subjects. In contrast a platelet lysate prepared from the same patients caused
      significantly greater DNA synthesis than did a platelet lysate prepared from the
      controls. Thus both increased and decreased growth promoting activity exist in
      diabetes. The end result of these abnormalities may depend on the sensitivity of
      the target organ and platelet function, but may be related to the increased risk
      of atherosclerosis amongst the diabetic population.

PMID- 3987118
TI  - The physician episode of care: a framework for analyzing physician behavior
      regarding use of clinical and technical resources.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of style of practice on
      physicians' use of clinical resources, that is office visits and telephone calls,
      and technical resources, that is X-rays and laboratory procedures, in the context
      of ambulatory care. The universe of the study consists of 34 internists
      practicing in the prepaid group practice setting of Kaiser in Portland, Oregon,
      in 1970. Style of practice is conceptualized and operationalized by referring to
      the physician episode of care. This provides a framework for explaining
      variations in the use of clinical and technical resources by physicians. Such
      factors as being a regular rather than a temporary physician, and referral
      activity, appear to be important in determining the use of clinical and technical
      services by physicians.

PMID- 3987119
TI  - Forearm vascular responses in normotensives and hypertensives after sublingual
      nifedipine.
AB  - Some hemodynamic variables of ten untreated hypertensives and nine normotensives
      were compared before and at 10, 30, and 60 min after nifedipine 10 mg
      sublingually. Serum nifedipine concentration was measured at each of these times,
      and was similar between groups. Resting forearm venous compliance did not differ
      between groups, and did not change after nifedipine. Nifedipine did not change
      mean arterial pressure significantly, but heart rate was increased in both
      groups. Resting forearm blood flow was significantly higher in hypertensives than
      normotensives and forearm vascular resistance was correspondingly lower. Forearm
      blood flow increased and vascular resistance fell after nifedipine in
      normotensives, but did not change significantly in hypertensives. Our data do not
      suggest any effect of nifedipine on peripheral venous compliance. We do not
      confirm the reported decrease in forearm venous compliance in hypertensives, but
      the characteristics of blood flow, vascular resistance, and lack of effect of
      nifedipine on blood pressure likely reflect a predominance of early hypertensives
      in our study population.

PMID- 3987120
TI  - Sex differences in morbidity and mortality from peptic ulcer in Canada, 1950
      1981.
AB  - Mortality from peptic ulcer disease in Canada declined significantly for males
      from 1950-1981, but changed little for females. Gastric and duodenal ulcer
      mortality, and mortality from perforated and bleeding peptic ulcer showed similar
      trends. Rates of hospitalization for male duodenal ulcer subjects also declined,
      with lesser effects among males with gastric ulcer, and females with either
      gastric or duodenal ulcer. Rates of partial gastrectomy and vagotomy and
      pyloroplasty or gastrojejunostomy declined from 1968-1981, especially for males.
      These changes in trends in peptic ulcer disease were contrasted with the overall
      mortality rate in Canada during the same period, which demonstrated a similar
      decline for both sexes. The trend to lower mortality, hospitalization and
      surgical procedures for peptic ulcer disease during this period was associated
      with a change in cigarette smoking habits in males but not females. The trends
      identified could not be correlated with the introduction of H2 antagonists for
      specific therapy of peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 3987121
TI  - Myocardial infarction diagnosis with body surface potential mapping,
      electrocardiography, vectorcardiography and thallium-201 scintigraphy: a
      correlative study with left ventriculography.
AB  - In 35 subjects with typical or atypical angina and/or documented myocardial
      infarction (MI), body surface potential maps (BSPMs), ECG, VCG and rest Thallium
      201 (T1-201) have been compared to left ventriculography (LVG). BSPMs were
      recorded with 26 ECGs, and BSPM abnormalities for MI cases were considered to be
      areas of normally positive potentials that have become negative. Subjects with MI
      were classified according to the segmental localization and degree of asynergy on
      LVG. Moderate anterolateral and apical asynergy were found to correlate with BSPM
      diagnosis of anterolateral MI and ischemia, severe anterolateral and apical
      asynergy with BSPM diagnosis of anterolateral MI and ischemia, and moderate
      diaphragmatic and/or posterobasal asynergy with BSPM diagnosis of posterior MI.
      Simultaneous anterior and posterior asynergy were found for BSPM diagnosis of
      anterior with posterior MI. Subjects with no LVG asynergy had normal BSPMs. BSPM
      diagnosis had the highest correlation coefficient with the LVG diagnosis (r =
      0.88). ECG and VCG showed similar results with r = 0.65 and 0.71 respectively,
      while T1-201 had r = 0.55. The examination of our BSPMs, as well as the ECG, VCG
      and T1-201, did not permit to detect apical damage in presence of anterior MI,
      and posterobasal damage in the presence of inferoposterior MI. It is concluded
      that BSPMs are slightly superior to ECG and VCG for diagnosis of MI.

PMID- 3987122
TI  - Trouble in academe.

PMID- 3987124
TI  - Obstetric coagulopathies.

PMID- 3987123
TI  - Permeability of single capillaries.
AB  - The development and use of electrophysiological methods in the study of the
      permeability of single capillaries are described. On the whole, the values
      obtained with single vessels correspond satisfactorily to those obtained from
      whole organs by use of tracer techniques. The findings support the contention
      that whole organ techniques allow assessment of capillary permeability with a
      reasonable accuracy. There is a large range of small solute permeabilities among
      different 'continuous' capillaries spanning from 7 x 10(-4) cm sec-1 in the
      mesentery to 3 x 10(-7) cm sec-1 in the brain. The finding of different
      permeabilities between capillaries in various organs can be rationalised in terms
      of the pore theory. Thus the results comply with a physical membrane having pore
      densities ranging from 10 per micron2 (mesentery) to 0.01 per micron2 (brain).
      Since-in all likelihood-ion permeation primarily takes place via the junctional
      zones between endothelial cells these differences probably refer to subtle
      differences in the nature and complexity of junctional contacts.

PMID- 3987125
TI  - Vulvar disease.

PMID- 3987126
TI  - Vulvodynia versus pruritus vulvae.

PMID- 3987128
TI  - Vulvar dystrophy.

PMID- 3987127
TI  - The vestibule.
AB  - The vestibule, or introitus, is a unique area in the lower genital canal. Of
      major importance is the understanding of the embryology of the area if the
      lesions are to be interpreted adequately. It is a "collision zone" formed at the
      junction of different germ layers. The newly recognized syndrome of severe
      dyspareunia caused by inflammation of the minor vestibular glands affects many
      women. At present, ablative therapy is all that can be offered to these patients.
      While excisional surgery is highly successful, medical therapy awaits the
      elucidation of the true cause of this disorder. Vestibular mucous cysts and
      vestibular papillae are common benign conditions which must be recognized as
      such, lest inappropriate therapy be recommended.

PMID- 3987129
TI  - Superficial invasive carcinoma of the vulva.

PMID- 3987130
TI  - Carcinoma in situ of the vulva.

PMID- 3987131
TI  - Intrauterine fetal demise and hemostatic failure: the fetal death syndrome.

PMID- 3987132
TI  - Amniotic fluid embolism.

PMID- 3987133
TI  - Hypertensive disorders.

PMID- 3987134
TI  - Sepsis and coagulation.

PMID- 3987135
TI  - Oral contraception and coagulation.

PMID- 3987136
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in healthy volunteers and in patients with
      dementia.
AB  - In 56 healthy volunteers short, middle and long latency somatosensory evoked
      potentials were recorded bilaterally. The median nerve was electrically
      stimulated at the wrist. The impact of arm length and age on the peak latencies
      of the identified SEP components was investigated. Arm length relates to shoulder
      and neck SEP and to the N20, the primary cortical response. Age relates to all
      components of the SEP. A pilot study was performed in a small number of patients
      with senile dementia. A significant delay of the middle and long latency
      potentials compared to healthy volunteers was shown.

PMID- 3987138
TI  - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a case of acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome.
AB  - The case of a 40-year-old homosexual male with A.I.D.S. (Acquired Immune
      Deficiency Syndrome) and P.M.L. (Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy) is
      described. The importance of a brain biopsy for diagnostic procedures, especially
      in the case of a patient with A.I.D.S. is stressed. The diagnosis P.M.L. has been
      made by means of light- and electronic microscopical examination, and the
      presence of JCV-DNA in the brain tissue has been confirmed by dot hybridization.
      Various antiviral treatments did not show any effect on the course of the P.M.L.

PMID- 3987137
TI  - Neuromuscular complications in patients given Pavulon (pancuronium bromide)
      during artificial ventilation.
AB  - This paper reports on 12 patients in a 3-year period (from 1st July 1980 to 1st
      July 1983) who were treated with artificial ventilation and with the muscle
      relaxant pancuronium bromide (Pavulon), over a period of 6 days or longer. After
      discontinuation of this drug these patients developed severe tetraparesis with
      areflexia, sometimes combined with disturbances of the extraocular and facial
      muscles and diffuse muscular atrophy, without sensory disturbances. Seven
      patients recovered completely after 2-5 months, two made an incomplete recovery
      and three died due to the primary disease. It is suggested that these
      neuromuscular complications were caused by prolonged high-dosage Pavulon
      treatment in combination with renal and hepatic disturbances and/or the use of
      aminoglucosides.

PMID- 3987139
TI  - Albumin and immunoglobulin-G in the cerebrospinal fluid and the diagnosis of
      multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a diagnosis based mainly on clinical criteria.
      Definitive diagnostic tests are, despite numerous attempts, not available.
      However, some laboratory tests like electrophoresis of the cerebrospinal fluid
      proteins or the determination of immunoglobulin G in cerebrospinal fluid have
      proved useful in increasing the probability of MS. This paper describes how these
      laboratory tests have to be interpreted in relation to pathophysiological
      phenomena and how they correlate with each other. The electrophoresis of CSF
      proteins and the diagnostic quotients (Ralb and CSF-IgG-index) are valuable aids
      to the clinician. It especially can substantiate the diagnosis MS. The magnitude
      of the index cannot be correlated with the clinical stage of MS. The usefulness
      of these tests in terms of a possible gain of information in the diagnostic
      process is discussed.

PMID- 3987140
TI  - Non-familial periodic ataxia responding to acetazolamide.
AB  - A 44-year-old man presented with symptoms of periodic ataxia, dysarthria, nausea
      and excessive sweating during the last twenty years. These symptoms could be
      provoked by physical or emotional stress and disappeared after bedrest for
      several hours. No other members of his family were known to have such complaints.
      Acetazolamide (Diamox) proved effective in preventing these symptoms. A
      disturbance of tryptophan metabolism is suggested as a cause of this disorder.

PMID- 3987141
TI  - Recurrent neuralgic amyotrophy with vagus and phrenic nerve involvement.

PMID- 3987142
TI  - Choreoathetosis in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Extrapyramidal symptoms are extremely rare in multiple sclerosis. We examined a
      patient with a ten year history of multiple sclerosis, who developed
      choreoathetoid movements of both upper extremities. To our knowledge this is the
      second case report of this association.

PMID- 3987143
TI  - Pure sensory stroke with lacunar infarction in the posterior ventral thalamus on
      CT.
AB  - A hypertensive male patient is described who suffered a pure sensory stroke. CT
      revealed a small lacunar infarct in the contralateral posterior part of the
      ventral thalamus. This is the second described case with a CT verified single
      ischemic lesion restricted to the thalamus.

PMID- 3987144
TI  - A rare cause of lumbosacral plexus neuropathy.
AB  - This is the second report of a case in which a uterine myoma, one of the most
      common benign tumours of women, was the cause of a lumbosacral plexus neuropathy.
      The possibility of uterine myoma should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of neuropathy of the lumbosacral plexus in women.

PMID- 3987145
TI  - Enlarged persistent anterior fontanel following head injury. A case report.
AB  - A 2-year-old child is reported with an unusual large anterior fontanel. The boy
      sustained a head injury at the age of 10 months. Post traumatic skull X-rays
      showed a parietal bone fracture. At the age of 2 years a leptomeningeal cyst
      underlying the anterior fontanel was found on CT. A causal relation between the
      persistent anterior fontanel and the roentgenographic findings is discussed.

PMID- 3987146
TI  - Syphilitic spinal neuroarthropathy with paraplegia.
AB  - The case of a 46-year-old male with syphilitic spinal neuroarthropathy
      complicated by paraplegia is reported. Marked sclerosis and osteophytes
      restricted to lumbo-dorsal spine, absence of ligamentous calcification and lack
      of long standing spinal symptoms in spite of the florid radiologic changes should
      raise the suspicion of neurogenic spinal arthropathy.

PMID- 3987147
TI  - Esophageal scintigraphy. Esophageal bronchus.
AB  - In this report, an esophageal bronchus was identified with radionuclide
      esophageal imaging. The esophageal bronchus, which arises independently from the
      esophagus, was demonstrated at the time of gastroesophageal reflux, with tracer
      being seen in the right lung.

PMID- 3987148
TI  - Asymmetrical ventricular enlargement secondary to recent cerebrovascular accident
      as demonstrated by cisternography.

PMID- 3987149
TI  - Gallium imaging in sarcoid dactylitis.

PMID- 3987150
TI  - Radionuclide esophageal transit (RET) study. The effect of body posture.

PMID- 3987151
TI  - Detection of metastatic liver disease with Tc-99m MAA during a
      thromboscintigram/lung scan.

PMID- 3987152
TI  - In-111-labeled leukocyte scan demonstrating septic meningitis complicating a
      spinal epidural abscess.

PMID- 3987153
TI  - Tc-99m glucoheptonate scintigraphy in a case of renal vein thrombosis.
AB  - Tc-99m glucoheptonate flow and static studies with computer-assisted analysis
      provided specific diagnostic information in unilateral renal vein thrombosis
      complicating a case of nephrotic syndrome. Decreased flow with congestion, a
      large kidney with parenchymal thickening, pelvocalyceal thinning, good function,
      and no obstruction in the proper clinical settings indicated the diagnosis of a
      chronic form of renal vein thrombosis with compensating collateralization. The
      differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 3987155
TI  - Baker's cyst. Radionuclide arthrographic findings.
AB  - Radionuclide arthrography of the knee is described using Tc-99m sulfur colloid,
      which is injected into the synovial cavity following partial distension of the
      joint space with saline. The preliminary findings in Baker's cyst are described.
      There appear to be four patterns: 1) a herniation or cyst that can be posterior,
      inferior, medial or lateral to the knee synovial space; 2) a limited leak
      inferiorly toward the calf or superiorly toward the thigh; 3) extensive leak:
      giant cyst found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; 4) multiple "cysts" or
      communications with the knee synovial space. The series is small, and more work
      is needed before these preliminary findings can be used as firm categories.
      Radionuclide arthrography should be considered in patients with unexplained calf
      pain or pain behind the knee, especially with a history of previous internal knee
      derangement, or rheumatoid arthritis in whom ruptured cysts can closely mimic
      acute thrombophlebitis. Radionuclide arthrography has certain advantages over
      contrast arthrography and also arthroscopy in the diagnosis of Baker's cyst.

PMID- 3987154
TI  - Positive In-111 white cell scan in a patient with multiple metastases.
AB  - A case of increased uptake of In-111-labeled leukocytes in bony metastases from
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. Bone scintigraphy, subsequent to the
      white cell study, showed virtually identical abnormalities as the indium scan.
      Clinical course and laboratory data supported the diagnosis of widespread
      metastatic carcinoma. Although the exact cause(s) is unclear, possible mechanisms
      are discussed.

PMID- 3987156
TI  - The I-131 rose bengal excretion test is not dead.
AB  - One hundred and thirty I-131 Rose Bengal Excretion Studies (RBI) were performed
      on 84 patients over nine years. In 90% (56/60) of cases with biliary atresia, the
      72-hour RBI was less than or equal to 7%. In only 12.5% (3/24) of cases with
      neonatal hepatitis was the 72-hour RBI less than or equal to 7%. The accuracy of
      the test was 91% with a specificity of 88%. Thirty patients later were studied
      following a Kasai procedure. The RBI test reliably predicted the patency of the
      anastomosis. The authors conclude that the 72-hour RBI is a reliable test in the
      diagnosis of biliary atresia and in the documentation of biliary patency
      following surgery, provided adequate care is taken in stool collection and
      measurement.

PMID- 3987157
TI  - Evaluation of scrotal edema in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. A case report.
AB  - A 50-year-old man placed on peritoneal dialysis for end stage renal disease
      developed unilateral (left) scrotal edema following infusion of dialysis fluid
      into the peritoneum. The left side of the scrotum and left inguinal canal were
      surgically explored and a left hydrocele was removed. Following surgery, the
      patient again demonstrated left scrotal edema during peritoneal dialysis. Tc-99m
      MAA (5.0 mCi, 185 mBq) was injected into a 2-liter bag of dialysis fluid, which
      was subsequently infused into the peritoneum. The communication between the
      peritoneal cavity and the left inguinal canal was demonstrated.

PMID- 3987158
TI  - Interstitial lymphoscintigraphy for diagnosis of lymphocele.
AB  - A patient with the development of a post-surgical mass in the thigh, at the site
      of surgery, is described. Lymphoscintigraphy was important in solving the
      clinical dilemma.

PMID- 3987159
TI  - Demonstration of collateral pathways in superior vena cava syndrome by means of
      radionuclide venography.
AB  - Radionuclide venography was used to study lesions producing obstruction in the
      superior vena caval system. This procedure is a simple and safe diagnostic
      method; it offers precise information regarding the site and degree of venous
      obstruction and the extent of the collaterals. It is useful not only in
      diagnosis, but also in radiotherapy planning and follow-up evaluation.

PMID- 3987160
TI  - Pseudo-vascular tumor in a renal flow study.
AB  - A case in which, for the first time, the superior mesenteric artery caused an
      appearance mimicking vascular tumor on a kidney radionuclide angiogram (RNA)
      obtained posteriorly, is reported. A subsequent contrast arteriogram showed that
      the superior mesenteric artery caused that appearance and confusion with possible
      vascular tumor on RNA. No similar cases with mesenteric blush simulating vascular
      tumor have been found in the literature. Mesenteric blushes on RNAs obtained
      posteriorly have been described only in cases of kidney agenesis and post
      nephrectomy. This pattern should be kept in mind when interpreting RNAs to avoid
      subjecting patients to invasive diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 3987161
TI  - Lymphedema secondary to filariasis.
AB  - A 1-year-old immunodeficient boy developed brawny edema of the left foot.
      Lymphoscintigraphy revealed no evidence of left inguinal activity following pedal
      injection of Tc-99m-Sn phosphate. Over the next two months, the patient developed
      lymphedema on the right and repeat scintigraphy demonstrated no movement of
      isotope from the dorsum of either foot. Subsequent studies identified
      microfilaria in a nocturnal blood smear, which were thought to represent Brugia
      beaveri acquired by mosquito transmission in Oklahoma.

PMID- 3987162
TI  - Scintiangiographic demonstration of parasitization of systemic blood supply by
      inflammatory lung disease.
AB  - An unusual case in which a computed tomogram demonstrated abnormal, enlarged
      vessels in the right lower lobe of the lung and suggested an arteriovenous
      malformation is presented. A scintiangiogram showed abnormal systemic supply to
      this area in the aortic phase. Contrast angiography demonstrated hypertrophy of
      the right inferior phrenic artery with abnormal systemic supply to the pleura and
      parenchyma of the right lower lobe, presumably on the basis of old infection.

PMID- 3987163
TI  - Tc-99m red blood cell venography in deep venous thrombosis of the lower limb. An
      overview.
AB  - Tc-99m red blood cell venography is a simple and sensitive technique for the
      diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb. The static high count blood
      pool images of the deep venous system of the leg are readily interpretable and
      show good correlation with contrast venography. The advantages and limitations of
      this technique in the clinical setting are discussed in detail in this review.

PMID- 3987164
TI  - Evaluating drug effectiveness in an office setting for children with attention
      deficit disorders.
AB  - Stimulant medications have been demonstrated to be useful in treating groups of
      children with attention deficit disorders, but placebo effects and situational
      differences in behavior in individual cases need to be followed and assessed. A
      simple procedure for systematically assessing these factors in the individual
      child in the office setting is described and illustrated. The procedure provides
      an objective means of determining the drug and placebo effects on the reported
      problem behavior and the differences between parent and teacher perceptions of
      the behavior.

PMID- 3987165
TI  - Factors affecting visitation of sick newborns.
AB  - A study of visiting patterns to an intensive care nursery over a 6-month period
      was undertaken. Data on visits were obtained from 167 admissions, 99 of which
      were from infants transferred from other towns. In addition, the parents were
      interviewed to determine factors precluding visiting. Inborn (Group A) and out-of
      town (Group B) data were analyzed. For Group A, the mean number of weekly visits
      was 6.59 (range, 1.7-16.5) and the total cost of visiting during hospitalization
      was $135.00 (range, 5.76-649.36); for Group B, the figures were 3.6 (range, 0.1
      12.4) and $328.00 (range, 12.96-1523.36), respectively. Parents in Group B
      visited less often, made fewer telephone inquiries, and earned a lower salary
      than parents in Group A. Frequency of visits was correlated to social class. The
      most commonly identified factors limiting visiting were care of siblings, demands
      of work, cost of the trip, and distance.

PMID- 3987166
TI  - Metoclopramide as a lactogogue.
AB  - Thirty-two mothers with no or inadequate breast milk were treated with
      metoclopramide. Improved lactation occurred in 66.67 percent of mothers with no
      breast milk and 100 percent of those with inadequate milk output. Improvement
      persisted after discontinuing the treatment. No untoward effects were noticed in
      any of the mothers or their infants.

PMID- 3987167
TI  - A comparative analysis of newborn outcome in a hospital-based birthing center.
AB  - Medical records of babies born in a hospital-based birthing center were reviewed
      to determine whether a birthing center alternative to traditional hospital care
      of the newborn is safe and cost-effective. A cohort of 123 hospital-based
      birthing center low-risk deliveries was compared to 100 control low-risk
      deliveries born in the traditional setting at the medical center during the same
      time period. Morbidity was assessed using the Hollister Classification as
      reference and was based on treatment need. The analysis of the babies' status at
      birth, 24 hours, and 72 hours revealed no difference in immediate morbidity. Cost
      of hospitalization was reduced by $340.00 per cohort baby. These data suggest
      that this alternative can be safe and cost-effective. This study applies only to
      hospital-based birthing centers, because the safety of free-standing birthing
      centers has not been established and because screening for low risk can not
      eliminate morbidity.

PMID- 3987168
TI  - Lead encephalopathy. A case report and review of management.
AB  - Acute lead encephalopathy has become a rare syndrome in the United States. Early
      recognition of the disease, with institution of specific chelation therapy, is
      critical in order to minimize mortality and morbidity. Lead intoxication,
      however, may mimic other more common diseases. We report an 8-year-old child with
      known sickle cell anemia who presented initially with findings suggestive of vaso
      occlusive crisis but who deteriorated rapidly and was found to have severe lead
      poisoning. We present her hospital course and review the management of lead
      encephalopathy in detail.

PMID- 3987169
TI  - Asymptomatic varicocele in an infant.
AB  - Varicoceles are a common cause of male infertility. The incidence of varicoceles
      at puberty is approximately 16 percent, but in prepubertal males, they are rare.
      We present a case of a varicocele in a 1 1/2-year-old male and discuss whether
      early recognition and surgical correction may preserve male fertility potential.

PMID- 3987170
TI  - Mycobacterium marinum infection in a 4-year-old child.
AB  - Infections with Mycobacterium marinum are uncommon in children but should be
      considered by a physician confronted with chronic, poorly healing skin lesions. A
      case of such an infection in a 4-year-old child is presented. Presenting signs
      and symptoms, differential diagnosis, and treatment of these infections are
      discussed.

PMID- 3987171
TI  - Propranolol: pooled Michaelis-Menten parameters and the effect of input rate on
      bioavailability.
AB  - Average steady-state propranolol plasma concentration (Css) were calculated from
      published steady-state propranolol clearance data for dose rates (Ro) of 40, 80,
      160, 240, and 320 mg/ day in divided doses every 6 hours. The Css-Ro data for
      each of four subjects were fit essentially perfectly by the equation: Css = KmRo/
      (Vm-Ro). Very similar Vm and Km values were obtained with the Vmi and Kmi values
      for four parallel Michaelis-Menten pathways of propranolol metabolism. It is
      shown by use of the mean Vm and Km values that the propranolol input rate
      profoundly affects its bioavailability, which is expected for a first-pass drug
      that follows Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics after oral dosing. This most
      likely explains the poor bioavailability of propranolol after a sustained-release
      formulation. The decreased bioavailability of propranolol when the number of
      subdivisions of the daily dose is increased is also explained.

PMID- 3987172
TI  - Propranolol antagonism of phenylpropanolamine-induced hypertension.
AB  - Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) overdose can cause severe hypertension, intracerebral
      hemorrhage, and death. We studied the efficacy and safety of propranolol in the
      treatment of PPA-induced hypertension. Subjects received propranolol either by
      mouth for 48 hours before PPA or as a rapid intravenous infusion after PPA. PPA,
      75 mg alone, increased blood pressure (31 +/- 14 mm Hg systolic, 20 +/- 5 mm Hg
      diastolic), and propranolol pretreatment antagonized this increase (12 +/- 10 mm
      Hg systolic, 10 +/- 7 mm Hg diastolic). Intravenous propranolol after PPA also
      decreased blood pressure. Left ventricular function (assessed by
      echocardiography) showed that PPA increased the stroke volume 30% (from 62.5 +/-
      20.9 to 80.8 +/- 22.4 ml), the ejection fraction 9% (from 64% +/- 10% to 70% +/-
      7%), and cardiac output 14% (from 3.6 +/- 0.6 to 4.1 +/- 1.0 L/min). Intravenous
      propranolol reversed these effects. Systemic vascular resistance was increased by
      PPA 28% (from 1710 +/- 200 to 2190 +/- 700 dyne X sec/cm5) and was further
      increased by propranolol 22% (to 2660 +/- 1200 dyne X sec/cm5). We conclude that
      PPA increases blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance and
      cardiac output, and that propranolol antagonizes this increase by reversing the
      effect of PPA on cardiac output. That propranolol antagonizes the pressor effect
      of PPA is in contrast to the interaction in which propranolol enhances the
      pressor effect of norepinephrine. This is probably because PPA has less beta 2
      activity than does norepinephrine.

PMID- 3987174
TI  - Dissociation of co-regulatory control of debrisoquin/phenformin and sparteine
      oxidation in Ghanaians.
AB  - The ability to oxidize sparteine to form 2- and 5-dehydrosparteine was studied in
      154 healthy Ghanaians. Although the urinary metabolic sparteine/dehydrosparteines
      ratio varied widely (from 0.14 to 12.5), in contrast to observations in several
      Caucasian population groups the ratios were not bimodally distributed and no
      phenotypically poor oxidizers of sparteine were found. The ability of these same
      subjects to oxidize debrisoquin and phenformin was also studied in 141 and 143
      subjects. Of the 141 subjects dosed with debrisoquin, 10 proved to be poor
      oxidizers, and of the 143 subjects dosed with phenformin, 11 were poor oxidizers.
      All the poor oxidizers of debrisoquin were also poor oxidizers of phenformin. The
      10 confirmed poor metabolizers of debrisoquin, who had debrisoquin metabolic
      ratios ranging from 14.4 to 52.0, had sparteine metabolic ratios ranging only
      from 0.15 to 12.5. Whereas Caucasian poor metabolizers of sparteine excrete less
      than 2.0% of a dose as dehydrosparteines, the mean excretion of dehydrosparteines
      in our 10 subjects was 20.6% +/- 13.2%. The overall rank correlation between the
      sparteine and debrisoquin metabolic ratios was low (rs = 0.47), while the
      coefficient of determination for linear regression (r2) was only 0.17. Our data
      show that the ability of Ghanaians to oxidize sparteine is largely independent of
      their capacity for debrisoquin oxidation and is indicative of a major interethnic
      difference in the genetic control of these reactions.

PMID- 3987173
TI  - Pyridostigmine kinetics in healthy subjects and patients with myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Comparative pyridostigmine kinetics in plasma were measured in 10 healthy
      subjects given 4 mg iv and 60 mg oral pyridostigmine bromide. As determined from
      the AUC ratio, oral availability was 11.5% to 18.9% (means = 14.3%). Mean t 1/2
      of the plasma level decline after oral dosing was 200 minutes, twice as long as
      the terminal elimination t1/2 after intravenous infusion (97 minutes). Thus
      absorption may proceed at a slower rate than elimination. Comparison of
      intraindividual data revealed strict dependence of the AUC on the infused dose
      (2, 4, and 8 mg) in one subject and variability in AUC up to a factor of two when
      two subjects took oral pyridostigmine three times. Patients with myasthenia who
      were receiving continuous therapy with oral pyridostigmine had AUC values per
      unit dose corresponding to those in healthy subjects. Storage stability of
      pyridostigmine in plasma required acidification of samples and storage at -75
      degrees C. When native plasma was kept at -20 degrees C, there was appreciable
      loss of pyridostigmine within 1 to 2 months, the extent of which depended on the
      initial concentration.

PMID- 3987175
TI  - Single-dose ceftriaxone kinetics in the newborn.
AB  - Ceftriaxone kinetics were characterized after a single, 2-minute, intravenous
      infusion of 50 mg/kg to 20 sick infants 1 to 8 days old who weighed 1.78 to 4.36
      kg. Plasma binding parameters could be determined by equilibrium dialysis in 16
      of the infants, in whom kinetic parameters for free ceftriaxone in plasma were
      also determined. Compared with corresponding values in adults, the elimination
      t1/2 was longer in infants (19 and 8.4 hours) because of reduced total systemic
      clearance (4.48 and 8.51 ml/min/m2). The apparent steady-state volume of
      distribution was of the same order in infants and adults (5,130 and 5,350 ml/m2).
      Both renal and nonrenal clearance of free ceftriaxone were reduced in infants,
      but these decreases were partially offset by an increased free fraction; plasma
      binding affinity and capacity constants for infants were about half the adult
      values. The mean fraction of dose excreted unchanged in urine was estimated at
      70% in the neonates and 46% in adults. There were no clinically significant
      correlations between the kinetic parameters and either age since birth or age
      since conception. The fraction of free ceftriaxone in plasma inversely correlated
      with age since conception and was lower in female infants, which decreased the
      systemic clearance and volume of distribution of total drug in the female infants
      compared with the male infants. Values for the volume of distribution and
      clearance parameters were not related to body size (weight or body surface area).
      From our results, a ceftriaxone dosage of 50 to 100 mg/day is recommended during
      the first week of life for newborn infants who weigh between 1.8 and 4.4 kg.
      Impaired renal function may require a reduction in dosage.

PMID- 3987176
TI  - Effects of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelium and
      platelets.
AB  - Endothelial damage and platelet activation may mediate increased cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality in tobacco cigarette smokers. Our study was designed to
      determine whether acute effects of tobacco smoking on endothelium and platelets
      could be avoided by the substitution of non-tobacco cigarettes. Twenty healthy
      nonsmokers smoked two tobacco cigarettes in 20 minutes and on another occasion
      (separated by 1 week) smoked two cigarettes made from wheat, cocoa, and citrus
      plants. Mean endothelial cell counts from venous blood before and after smoking
      tobacco cigarettes were 2.3 and 4.8 and before and after smoking non-tobacco
      cigarettes counts were 2.5 and 3.0. Mean platelet aggregate ratios before and
      after smoking tobacco cigarettes were 0.80 and 0.65 and before and after smoking
      non-tobacco cigarettes they were 0.81 and 0.78. Much greater effects of tobacco
      smoking on endothelial cell counts and platelet aggregate ratios suggest the
      possibility that non-tobacco cigarette smoking may be less harmful to the
      cardiovascular system than is tobacco cigarette smoking.

PMID- 3987177
TI  - Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on the conversion of prednisone to
      prednisolone.
AB  - Prednisone is a glucocorticoid that must be converted in vivo to prednisolone for
      pharmacologic activity. We examined the effects of the H2-receptor antagonists
      cimetidine and ranitidine on the time course of plasma prednisolone
      concentrations after an oral dose of prednisone. Nine healthy men received each
      of three oral treatments in a double-blind, balanced, crossover manner:
      cimetidine (300 mg every 6 hours), ranitidine (150 mg twice a day), or placebo
      for 4 days, with prednisone (40 mg) taken also on day 4. Serial blood and urine
      samples were collected for 30 hours after prednisone dosing. Prednisone and
      prednisolone plasma and urine concentrations were analyzed by HPLC. No
      differences were found between treatments in the maximum prednisolone plasma
      concentration, t1/2, apparent volume of distribution, and AUC. Cimetidine reduced
      the mean (+/- SD) ratio of prednisone dose to the plasma prednisolone AUC (16.6
      +/- 2.9 L/hr) below that ratio after ranitidine (19.2 +/- 4.2 L/hr) and placebo
      (19.3 +/- 2.8 L/hr), and resulted in the lowest fractional excretion of
      prednisolone in the urine (5.2% +/- 2.2%, 9.8% +/- 4.5%, and 12.4% +/- 4.9%,
      respectively). The minor alterations in prednisolone kinetics during concomitant
      cimetidine dosing are not likely to induce clinically significant alterations in
      steroid effect.

PMID- 3987178
TI  - Effects of histamine-2 receptor blockade on lidocaine kinetics.
AB  - The hypothesis that the H2-receptor blockers cimetidine and ranitidine have
      different effects on the disposition of lidocaine, a microsomally metabolized
      drug dependent on hepatic blood flow for elimination, was tested. Six normal men
      received lidocaine infusions (2 mg/kg over 10 minutes) and lidocaine levels were
      determined by HPLC. Lidocaine kinetics were studied in the untreated state (O)
      and in a double-blind, double-dummy design after 2 days of placebo (P),
      cimetidine (C, 300 mg every 6 hours by mouth), or ranitidine (R, 160 mg every 12
      hours by mouth). Model-independent kinetics were estimated by the statistical
      moment theory. The steady-state volume of distribution was lower after cimetidine
      (means +/- SD: O, 156 +/- 39 L; P, 156 +/- 48 L; C, 123 +/- 20 L; and R, 174 +/-
      38 L). A trend toward decreased lidocaine clearance after cimetidine was also
      noted (O, 1011 +/- 140 ml/min; P, 1087 +/- 227 ml/min; C, 886 +/- 214 ml/min; and
      R, 1143 +/- 225 ml/min). Elimination rate constants were of the same order in all
      four treatments. Only higher levels of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein appeared to
      limit the lidocaine steady-state volume of distribution. Cimetidine and
      ranitidine have distinctly different effects on lidocaine kinetics in normal
      subjects. The absence of ranitidine effects on the disposition of lidocaine, a
      high-extraction, high-clearance drug, suggests that H2-receptor blockade may not
      decrease hepatic blood flow, and that cimetidine impairs drug elimination only by
      inhibition of hepatic microsomal enzymes. Such interactions are not likely to
      occur with ranitidine.

PMID- 3987179
TI  - Effects of doxylamine and acetaminophen on postoperative sleep.
AB  - The separate and combined effects of doxylamine succinate (25 mg) and
      acetaminophen (1 gm) on sleep were studied by interview procedures and
      information from medical records of 2,931 postoperative patients. The sample
      contained 1,617 patients with mild or moderate pain and 1,314 who were free of
      pain. Each received either doxylamine alone (S), acetaminophen alone (A), a
      combination of both drugs (C), or placebo (P). Drug treatment was double blind
      and randomized separately for the pain and pain-free subsamples. Twelve measures
      of sleep were determined. C was more beneficial than S or A, and S and A were
      each superior to P. For all 12 sleep measures, the effect of the combination (C -
      P) approximated or exceeded the sum of the two separate effects (S - P) + (A -
      P). The presence of either drug tended to enhance the sleep benefit of the other.
      The sedative and analgesic benefits to sleep were at least additive, and some
      outcome measures suggested synergism. In the total sample, the contributions of
      sedative and analgesic similar. Among patients with pain, contributions of the
      analgesic surpassed those of the sedative. For patients free of pain, the
      sedative was better, but even pain-free patients had enhanced sleep after the
      analgesic. The analgesic, but not the sedative, reduced pain; the analgesic
      induced the feeling of being well rested and not tired; the sedative induced a
      feeling of being drugged. Nondrug variables (e.g., pain, sex, age, and sleep
      expectations) influenced sleep outcome at least as much as drugs, but
      randomization and the large sample prevented those extraneous variables from
      biasing drug comparisons.

PMID- 3987180
TI  - Nifedipine: influence of renal function on pharmacokinetic/hemodynamic
      relationship.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects and kinetics of nifedipine were examined in four groups
      of five subjects with different degrees of impaired renal function. In a
      randomized order, each subject received nifedipine by an intravenous infusion
      (4.5 mg in 45 minutes) and by mouth as a sustained-release tablet (20 mg). Plasma
      concentrations of nifedipine and urinary metabolite excretion were measured by
      liquid chromatography. Heart rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow, and plasma
      norepinephrine levels were examined serially. After intravenous nifedipine
      infusion, the elimination t1/2 was 106 +/- 24 minutes in controls and increased
      gradually across the groups to 230 +/- 94 minutes in the group with severe renal
      impairment. In these same groups, the volume of distribution at steady state was
      0.78 +/- 0.23 and 1.47 +/- 0.24 L/kg, but total systemic clearance did not
      differ. Plasma protein binding decreased from 96.0% +/- 0.5% in controls to 93.5%
      +/- 0.4% in severe renal insufficiency. Except for systemic clearance, kinetics
      were closely related to creatinine clearance, as was the urinary excretion of the
      main nifedipine metabolite. Except for systemic availability, which tended to
      decrease, the kinetics of nifedipine tablets were not influenced by the degree of
      renal failure. Hemodynamic effects after intravenous nifedipine could be fit to
      plasma concentrations under a sigmoidal model. When compared with control values,
      the maximal effect on diastolic blood pressure was more than doubled in severe
      renal failure. The inverse correlation between maximal effect on diastolic blood
      pressure and creatinine clearance (r = -0.68) was independent of pretreatment
      values. Neither free drug levels corresponding to 50% of the maximal effect on
      diastolic blood pressure nor the slope of the concentration-effect curve was
      influenced by the degree of renal impairment. The maximal effect on forearm blood
      flow tended to increase in renal failure, whereas the effect on heart rate was
      unchanged. Blood pressure changes after oral nifedipine were of the order of
      those after intravenous infusion. We conclude that, although nifedipine kinetics
      differ in patients with renal failure, these changes do not explain the greater
      blood pressure lowering effect.

PMID- 3987181
TI  - Kinetics and electrocardiographic changes after oral 3-OH-quinidine in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - 3-OH-quinidine, a major quinidine metabolite, has been reported to have
      antiarrhythmic activity in animals and is suspected to contribute to the effect
      of quinidine in man. Four healthy subjects received 3-OH-quinidine in increasing
      oral doses (35, 100, 300 mg) to achieve serum concentrations in the range of
      those after quinidine dosing in patients. Blood and urine were collected up to 48
      hours and blood pressure, heart rate, and averaged ECG complexes were recorded
      during 12 hours after dosing. Kinetic analysis revealed differences from
      published data for the parent drug. Renal clearance was 16 L/hr. The elimination
      t1/2 was 12.4 hours, substantially longer than that of quinidine. No systematic
      ECG changes were observed in two subjects with maximum concentrations of 55 and
      215 micrograms/L. In the other two subjects who achieved higher maximum
      concentrations (447 and 918 micrograms/L), there was a significant relationship
      between the length of the corrected QT interval and the serum concentration of 3
      OH-quinidine. These first dynamic results indicate that 3-OH-quinidine exerts
      effects in man resembling those of quinidine and may contribute to the
      antiarrhythmic activity of quinidine.

PMID- 3987182
TI  - Bumetanide kinetics in renal failure.
AB  - To study the effects of renal failure on bumetanide kinetics, we administered
      single intravenous doses of 1.0 mg/3.08 microCi 14C-bumetanide to six healthy
      subjects and 22 patients with variable degrees of renal failure. The kinetics of
      14C-bumetanide and total 14C were adequately described by a two-compartment open
      model in the control subjects and in the patients. The volume of the central
      compartment and the distribution t1/2 were of the same order in both groups,
      whereas the mean (+/- SE) volume at steady state was larger (22.1 +/- 1.6 and
      16.9 +/- 1.0 L) and the elimination t1/2 was longer (1.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.4 +/- 0.1
      hours) in patients with renal failure than in healthy controls. Bumetanide renal
      clearance was lower (10 +/- 3 and 90 +/- 13 ml/min) in patients than in subjects
      and correlated with creatinine clearance (r = 0.784) and log serum creatinine
      level (r = -0.843), whereas nonrenal clearance was significantly higher in the
      patients (153 +/- 14 and 99 +/- 6 ml/min). Bumetanide total plasma clearance did
      not significantly change. The non-protein-bound, free fraction of bumetanide was
      higher in patients and correlated with plasma albumin levels (r = -0.777). The
      kinetics of total 14C showed similar but greater changes than those of 14C
      bumetanide. Thus the most important changes in bumetanide kinetics in patients
      with renal failure are low renal clearance and a high free fraction, with a
      consequent increase in nonrenal clearance, volume of distribution, and
      elimination t1/2.

PMID- 3987184
TI  - Symposium on horizons in plastic surgery.

PMID- 3987183
TI  - Intramuscular meptazinol and morphine in postoperative pain.
AB  - Meptazinol is an agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic believed to be unique in its
      selectivity for mu1 (high affinity) receptors and its cholinergic activity. Our
      objectives were to determine the relative analgesic potency of intramuscular
      meptazinol and morphine and to compare mood and side effects in 102 patients with
      cancer who have postoperative pain. Meptazinol (50, 100, and 200 mg) and morphine
      (4, 8, and 16 mg) were given for moderate to severe pain in a double-blind,
      randomized but balanced, incomplete block design. Serial multiple assessments of
      pain, relief, mood, and side effects were made. The most precise estimates of
      relative analgesic potency indicate that meptazinol is equivalent to 10 mg
      morphine at 120 mg (95% confidence interval 80 to 170 mg) for peak effect and at
      175 mg (95% confidence interval 125 to 270 mg) for total effect. Mean (+/- SE)
      times to peak effect and to remedication were 0.9 +/- 0.1 and 3.6 +/- 0.2 hours
      for meptazinol and 1.4 +/- 0.1 and 4.8 +/- 0.4 hours for morphine at
      equianalgesic peak effects. The percentages of subjects with one or more side
      effects were 18, 49, and 73 for graded meptazinol doses and 32, 49, and 65 for
      graded morphine doses. Mean numbers of side effects per subject were 0.3, 1.5,
      and 3.5 for meptazinol and 0.5, 0.7, and 1.7 for morphine. Profiles of side
      effects differed. Mood improvement and overall satisfaction were dose related and
      greater for morphine than for meptazinol. Side effects may limit the use of
      meptazinol in doses that relieve severe postoperative pain.

PMID- 3987186
TI  - Thermocouple probe monitoring for free tissue transfer, replantation, and
      revascularization procedures.
AB  - As the field of microsurgery has expanded over the past decade, the need for a
      reliable method to monitor the patency of microvascular anastomoses has become
      increasingly evident. Thermocouple probe monitoring for free tissue transfer,
      replantation, and revascularization procedures has been done at the Massachusetts
      General Hospital over the past four years. The authors explain how this method of
      tissue viability monitoring can be a practical and useful adjunct to clinical
      surveillance in these complex methods of reconstruction.

PMID- 3987185
TI  - Pharmacologic manipulation of the microcirculation in cutaneous and myocutaneous
      flaps in pigs.
AB  - The vascular effects of isoxsuprine, diazoxide, and isoproterenol were studied in
      arterial buttock flaps and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps in pigs. Capillary
      blood flow to the skin and muscle of these flaps was measured by the radioactive
      microsphere (15-mu diameter) technique 6 hours postoperatively under
      pentobarbital anesthesia. It was observed that isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic
      receptor agonist, was not effective in augmentation of skin blood flow in the
      arterial buttock flaps. However, isoproterenol significantly increased capillary
      blood flow to the arterialized portion of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps
      compared with controls. Isoxsuprine and diazoxide (vascular smooth muscle
      relaxants) significantly (p less than 0.05) increased total capillary blood flow
      to the skin of arterial buttock flaps and to the skin and muscle of the
      latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps. However, the increase in capillary blood
      flow occurred mainly in the arterialized portion of these flaps. The capillary
      blood flow, which was supplied by the small arteries in the distal portion of the
      arterial buttock and latissimus dorsi flaps, was not increased by treatment with
      isoxsuprine or diazoxide. Therefore, there was also no increase in the maximum
      distance of capillary blood flow from the pedicle to the distal end of the flaps.
      These observations led us to hypothesize that different sizes (diameters) of
      arteries in the skin and muscle have different reactivity (or sensitivity) to
      vasodilatory drugs. In the present experiment, the large dominant artery of the
      arterial buttock and latissimus dorsi flaps responded to isoxsuprine or diazoxide
      (vascular smooth-muscle relaxants), resulting in an increase in blood supply to
      the capillaries in the proximal portion of the flaps. On the other hand, the
      small arteries in the distal portion (random portion) of these flaps were not
      sensitive to isoxsuprine or diazoxide. Therefore vasodilation did not occur, and
      there was no increase in blood supply to the capillaries in the distal portion of
      arterial buttock and latissimus dorsi flaps. This explanation also lent support
      to our previous report that treatment with isoxsuprine did not augment skin
      viability in the distal portion of arterial buttock and latissimus dorsi flaps.
      It is suggested that research in pharmacologic manipulation of skin blood flow
      and viability in skin flap surgery should emphasize the sensitivity of small
      arteries to various drug actions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3987187
TI  - The augmentation of soft tissue with injectable collagen.
AB  - Clinical experience has demonstrated the value of injectable collagen in treating
      small soft-tissue defects. Among the lesions that respond best to injectable
      collagen therapy are nasolabial and glabellar lines as well as areas of atrophy
      and soft scars. This material is a useful adjunct to surgical procedures and can
      correct contour irregularities that may follow rhinoplasty or rhytidectomy. The
      safety of injectable collagen has also been well demonstrated. The nature and
      incidence of treatment reactions (less than 3 per cent) remains unchanged since
      the close of clinical trials. Reactions have been localized, and although some
      have been cosmetically undesirable, none has been health-threatening. All
      ultimately resolve without therapeutic intervention. Immunologic studies have
      confirmed the benign nature and specificity of reactions to injectable collagen.
      The importance of proper injection technique cannot be overstated. Immediately
      upon injection, tissue blanching followed by whealing and overcorrection should
      be evident. These indicate the desired superficial placement of the material. The
      overcorrection helps to compensate for the loss of carrier saline, and it quickly
      dissipates. When properly injected, injectable collagen can be used safely and
      effectively to correct an array of soft-tissue contour irregularities.

PMID- 3987188
TI  - Computerized imaging for soft tissue and osseous reconstruction in the head and
      neck.
AB  - Recent developments in computer-aided medical imaging coupled with the related
      emergence of computer-aided design and manufacturing technology have had a
      significant effect on our management of patients with congenital and acquired
      head and neck deformities. In our institution, plain film skull radiography,
      cephalometry, and pluridirectional tomography have been largely replaced by high
      resolution CT scanning augmented by planar reformations and three-dimensional
      surface reconstructions. A sophisticated computer-assisted radiologic imaging
      unit has been established to assist the surgeon and researcher. This marriage of
      advanced radiographic techniques, industrial computer-aided design technology,
      and clinical surgery have allowed us to better define aberrant anatomy, design
      new operative solutions for familiar as well as unusual problems, and quantitate
      changes of surgery and growth over time.

PMID- 3987189
TI  - [NMR tomography in confirmed multiple sclerosis. An assessment of 21 cases].
AB  - The authors report on 21 cases of confirmed multiple sclerosis examined by both
      CT and magnetic resonance tomography. To safeguard the results, strict criteria
      were applied in accordance with the suggestions made by neurological work teams.
      Pathological lesions were seen in 20 patients; the MR image did not reveal
      anything abnormal in one case. On the average, 10.3 lesions were seen in the MR
      tomogram, whereas CT images showed on the average only 2.1 foci. The size and
      number of lesions in the MR tomogram were independent of the duration of the
      disease, the presented clinical symptoms, or the type of treatment at the time of
      examination. Evidently the sensitivity of MR tomography is very high in MS
      patients, but it has not yet been clarified to what extent this applies also to
      the specificity. Further research is mandatory. First experiences made by us show
      that lesions of a similar kind can also occur in diseases such as malignant
      lymphoma involving the brain, in vitamin B 12 deficiency syndrome, or
      encephalitis, and can become manifest in the MR tomogram.

PMID- 3987190
TI  - [Malignant diffuse pleural mesothelioma: a comparison between computed tomography
      and the conventional chest x-ray].
AB  - The rate of incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma is increasing although
      diagnosis of this disease may be very difficult. Computed tomography examinations
      and conventional chest x-rays of 30 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma
      were reviewed independently, to evaluate the role of both modalities. CT offered
      the following advantages over conventional chest x-ray examinations: CT was more
      sensitive in detecting the smooth and nodular changes of malignant pleural
      mesothelioma, especially at the diaphragm and lower parts of the thorax, tumours
      could be better demonstrated at the pericardium and in the greater fissure, in
      some cases, where chest films showed just abnormal widening of the mediastinum,
      CT could differentiate between tumour involvement of the mediastinal pleura and
      local invasion of the mediastinum by the tumour, CT was more effective in
      detecting pleural calcifications and thickening of the contralateral pleura. CT
      proves more accurate in assessing the extent of the disease, and gives additional
      diagnostic help.

PMID- 3987192
TI  - [Localization of the thymus in the lower area of the neck].
AB  - In a 16-year-old girl with slight swelling of the lower neck, computed tomography
      combined with fine needle puncture demonstrated an ectopic thymus.

PMID- 3987191
TI  - [Computed tomography following facial surgery].
AB  - During the first four to six weeks after surgery, a reaction in the paranasal
      sinuses can be demonstrated by CT. Similar opacifications appearing later were
      due to tumor recurrency. Tumor recurrency leads to an increase of soft tissue
      structures, disappearance of vascular structures, and an increase of bone
      destruction. The bone destruction can show characteristic fragmentation, with the
      fragments at a certain distance from each other. If the recurrence is known, CT
      shows the extension, similar to normal preoperative CT. Follow-up examinations
      improve safety of interpretation.

PMID- 3987193
TI  - Personnel needs for clinical research: role of the clinical investigator.

PMID- 3987194
TI  - Boundaries of the General Clinical Research Center in an academic medical center.

PMID- 3987195
TI  - Additional basic approaches in clinical research.

PMID- 3987196
TI  - The priority of patient-oriented research for NIH.

PMID- 3987197
TI  - Synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 3987198
TI  - Long-term results of knee synovectomy in early cases of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Five hundred and eight cases of early synovectomy of the knee in rheumatoid
      arthritis are reported from nine clinics in a retrospective multi-center follow
      up study. Observation time covers at least ten years in each case. Sixty-five per
      cent of the cases are reported as being subjectively and objectively good. The
      mean roentgenological grade, according to Larsen, was 1.7 preoperatively and 2.7
      at follow-up.

PMID- 3987199
TI  - Late results of synovectomy of wrist, MP and PIP joints. Multicenter Study.

PMID- 3987200
TI  - Present definition of recurrent synovitis after surgical synovectomy.

PMID- 3987201
TI  - Joint sepsis as a complication of sero-negative arthritis.
AB  - Septic arthritis is a recognised complication of rheumatoid arthritis but has not
      been well described in sero-negative spondarthritis. We report 3 patients with
      sero-negative inflammatory joint disease who developed joint sepsis early in the
      course of the disease. In none was there a recognisable source of infection. Two
      cases were complicated by osteomyelitis and in one the sepsis has been recurrent
      over thirty years.

PMID- 3987203
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus infection complicating haemarthroses in elderly patients.
AB  - The case histories of 3 elderly patients who developed haemarthrosis of
      osteoarthritic joints with subsequent infection with staphylococcus aureus, are
      described. Trauma to the affected joints was a predisposing factor in 2 patients
      and, while only one patient developed clinical signs of sepsis, all had marked
      elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Although suspicion of joint
      sepsis was obscured by the presence of a coexistent haemarthrosis, routine
      culture of joint aspirates showed infection with staphylococcus aureus and all
      patients recovered well with antibacterial therapy.

PMID- 3987202
TI  - Septic arthritis of the knee due to Neisseria mucosa.
AB  - We report a case of septic arthritis of the knee due to Neisseria mucosa a
      widespread commensal of the oropharynx following an infiltration of the joint.
      Evolution was favorable in ten weeks, with antibiotics (amoxicillin then
      erythromycin), and without surgery.

PMID- 3987204
TI  - Chronic active hepatitis and Behcet's syndrome.
AB  - In a patient with Behcet's syndrome the finding of five times the normal level of
      serum transaminase accompanied by weakness may be correlated to the syndrome
      itself. We performed needle biopsy of the liver in our patient which showed
      piecemeal necrosis and portal lympho-monocytic infiltration extending into the
      lobule. It is interesting that HLA B5 and B27 antigens were present. Simultaneous
      occurrence of chronic active hepatitis and Behcet's syndrome may imply the same
      autoimmune pathogenesis, as we suggest in this work.

PMID- 3987205
TI  - HLA and Heberden's nodes in Mexican Mestizos.

PMID- 3987206
TI  - Piroxicam suppositories for the treatment of acute and chronic rheumatic
      diseases.

PMID- 3987207
TI  - Data acquisition from a multiplex, quadrupole mass spectrometer.
AB  - Although various methods have been used to correct the output of a respiratory
      mass spectrometer for the delay and rise time in its response, thereby reducing
      the error in measured gas concentrations, there are additional considerations in
      the case of a multiplex mass spectrometer. The measured signal from the detector
      is a series of discrete samples of the concentration of several different gases
      rather than a continuous monitor of a single gas concentration as generated by
      other types of mass spectrometer. If the time constant of the mass spectrometer
      is of the same order as the interval between samples of a gas in the multiplex
      mode, correction techniques based on continuous-time analysis would not be as
      valid as those based on discrete-time analysis. Such correction techniques were
      compared to the use of a simple time shift. For multibreath gas washout analysis
      with simulated worst-case 'square wave breathing' it was found that, because of
      the complex nature of the response of the mass spectrometer, a simple time shift
      provided a reduction in error nearly equal to that of an additional first order
      response correction, and that such further corrections may be unnecessary or even
      invalid under some circumstances.

PMID- 3987208
TI  - Factors affecting the 'alveolar deposition' of 5 microns inhaled particles in
      healthy subjects.
AB  - The long-term lung retention fraction of insoluble inhaled aerosols--'alveolar
      deposition' (AD)--may be assessed in healthy subjects from lung retention at 24
      h. For persons inhaling long-lived hazardous particles this represents their long
      term dose commitment; in clinical tests of mucociliary function with inert
      particles it represents the fraction of particles not available to act as tracers
      of mucus transport. AD (24 h retention) was measured with 99Tcm-labelled, 5
      microns diameter polystyrene particles which were inhaled at various flow rates;
      a post-inspiratory breath-hold of 3 s maximised AD efficiency. In 32 tests on
      young non-smokers (age less than or equal to 30 y), AD was significantly related
      to flow rate (r = 0.61, p less than 0.001). Intersubject variability about the
      regression line was not related to variability of airway calibre as detected by
      conventional spirometry. Significant dependence of AD on flow rate but not lung
      function was found in young asymptomatic cigarette smokers and in older non
      smokers. In older smokers (age greater than 30 y) dependence on flow rate was
      significant but dependence on lung function equivocal. Smoking was associated
      with decreased AD. A considerable intersubject variability of AD could not be
      attributed to variability of inhalation conditions or lung function. AD should
      therefore be directly measured whenever possible in occupational hygiene
      assessments and clinical aerosol applications.

PMID- 3987209
TI  - A calorimetric system for metabolic studies of newborn babies.
AB  - This paper describes a closed circuit calorimetric system designed to determine
      the amount of energy required for synthesis of new tissue in a newborn baby. This
      amount can be estimated from the difference between indirect and direct
      calorimetric measurements. The system allows the simultaneous measurement of
      oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, evaporative water loss and heat
      loss through convection and radiation in newborn babies under 2.5 kg bodyweight.
      The babies are exposed to a well defined climate, they can be observed
      continuously and are fed via a nasogastric tube during the experiment, which may
      last 24 h or more. Special features of the system are the compensation methods
      for O2 and CO2 measurements and the double gradient layer for the measurement of
      dry heat loss. The overall accuracy of the system is of the order of 0.1 W. The
      value obtained for the energy cost of growth is in close agreement with Hommes'
      theoretical estimate.

PMID- 3987210
TI  - A new method for measuring unidirectional transplacental flux.
AB  - A new method for measuring unidirectional transplacental flux has been developed.
      Unlike indicator-dilution techniques, it does not depend on the use of a second
      reference tracer to study the substance of interest, nor on assumptions that the
      placenta can be modelled as a series of long, parallel, tubular capillaries. The
      only assumptions required are that the placenta behaves as a linear, time
      invariant system and does not distinguish between tracer and tracee. The method
      was validated by measuring unidirectional flux rates of Evans Blue dye in an
      hydraulic model in which the true flux rates were controlled by peristaltic
      pumps. There was excellent agreement between the calculated and true flux rates.
      A preliminary experiment was carried out in vitro using a dually perfused human
      placenta to measure the unidirectional flux rates of L-lactate. At a steady state
      lactate concentration of 25.5 mM, maternal to foetal flux rate was 30.1 mumol min
      1 and foetal to maternal flux rate was 34.0 mumol min-1, in agreement with
      measurements reported by other workers.

PMID- 3987211
TI  - Recommendations for the safe use of NMR equipment.

PMID- 3987212
TI  - Cimetidine-induced alopecia.

PMID- 3987213
TI  - I.v. amantidine sulfate for extrapyramidal crisis.

PMID- 3987214
TI  - Management of maldigestion associated with pancreatic insufficiency.
AB  - The etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, dietary management, and
      drug therapy of maldigestion associated with pancreatic insufficiency are
      reviewed. Maldigestion can occur in a number of conditions that lead to
      pancreatic insufficiency but is seen most frequently in patients with alcohol
      related chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis. Destruction of pancreatic tissue
      and obstruction of the ducts that lead into the small intestine prevent
      pancreatic secretions from reaching the small intestine and result in weight
      loss, anorexia, abdominal distention, and changes in the appearance and frequency
      of stools. The goal of dietary intervention in patients with maldigestion is to
      provide sufficient calories and protein to maintain weight while limiting fat
      intake to an amount tht the patient can tolerate. Medium-chain triglycerides can
      be substituted for dietary fat in patients whose symptoms continue despite
      dietary fat restriction. Drug therapy involves supplementing deficient pancreatic
      enzymes with pancreatin or pancrelipase. Regimens must be individualized for each
      patient because of problems with gastric inactivation of orally administered
      enzymes, lack of standardization of commercially available preparations, and
      large interpatient variation in response. In selecting an enzyme supplement
      preparation, the amount of available enzyme activity, dosage form, number of
      dosage units needed per dose, dosage schedule, and product cost must be
      considered. When enzyme supplementation alone does not adequately control the
      symptoms of maldigestion, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or antacids may be
      added to the therapeutic regimen. Although complete resolution of the symptoms of
      maldigestion is difficult to achieve, a regimen of dietary modification and
      pancreatic-enzyme replacement can improve patients' quality of life.

PMID- 3987215
TI  - Nontraditional analgesics for the management of postherpetic neuralgia.
AB  - The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of herpes zoster and postherpetic
      neuralgia and the use of nontraditional analgesics in the management of
      postherpetic neuralgia are reviewed. Herpes zoster represents the reactivation in
      an immunocompromised host of dormant varicella-zoster virus (Herpesvirus
      varicellae) contracted during a previous episode of chickenpox. Fever, neuralgia,
      and paresthesia occur four to five days before skin lesions develop. Acute herpes
      zoster pain usually does not last more than two weeks after all skin lesions have
      healed. Postherpetic neuralgia is defined as pain that persists in the affected
      dermatomes after the disappearance of all skin crusts. The neuralgia can vary
      from "lightninglike" stabbing pain to constant, burning pain with hyperesthesia;
      it can persist for years and is often refractory to traditional analgesic
      therapy. A number of nontraditional analgesic agents have been used in the
      management of postherpetic neuralgia. Tricyclic antidepressants, especially
      amitriptyline, have been used alone and in combination with phenothiazines or
      anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate sodium), with good results.
      The effectiveness of phenothiazines or anticonvulsants as sole therapeutic agents
      has not been demonstrated. Although the intralesional administration of
      corticosteroids appears to be beneficial, considerable fear about the potential
      for these agents to precipitate widespread viral dissemination exists. Positive
      results have been reported with levodopa, amantadine, and interferon, but the
      role of these agents in the prevention of postherpetic neuralgia remains unclear.
      Nontraditional analgesic agents are useful in the management of postherpetic
      neuralgia, but patients must be selected and monitored appropriately. A tricyclic
      antidepressant (especially amitriptyline) is a reasonable first choice.

PMID- 3987216
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in subjects with renal insufficiency.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone was studied in 14 men and women volunteers
      with renal insufficiency. Subjects were grouped by renal function: those with end
      stage renal disease (CLcr less than 15 mL/min/1.73 sq m) but not receiving
      dialysis, those with severe renal insufficiency (CLcr 16-30 mL/min/1.73 sq m),
      and those with moderate renal insufficiency (CLcr 31-60 mL/min/1.73 sq m).
      Ceftriaxone 1 g as the sodium salt was administered by i.v. infusion over 30
      minutes, and blood and urine samples were collected before and up to 48 hours
      after drug administration. The pharmacokinetic data were described using a
      nonlinear least-squares computer program. For volunteers with a creatinine
      clearance of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 sq m, the mean half-life was 15.6 hours.
      For subjects with a creatinine clearance of 31-60 mL/min/1.73 sq m, the mean half
      life was 11.9 hours. Plasma ceftriaxone concentrations measured at the conclusion
      of the infusion (mean peak concentration 122 +/- 53.1 micrograms/mL) or 24 hours
      after the infusion (mean concentration 20.2 +/- 6.14 micrograms/mL) were similar
      in each study group. A dose of ceftriaxone 1 g every 24 hours in patients with
      renal insufficiency is probably adequate for inhibiting most susceptible gram
      positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

PMID- 3987217
TI  - Altered gentamicin pharmacokinetics during the perioperative period.
AB  - The effect of surgery on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin sulfate in
      hospitalized patients was studied. Patients with cancer undergoing surgery of the
      head and neck were given gentamicin sulfate in doses calculated to achieve peak
      serum concentrations of 6-8 micrograms/mL and trough concentrations of 1-2
      micrograms/mL. Each patient received a loading dose at the time of surgical
      incision, followed by five maintenance doses at eight-hour intervals. Steady
      state peak and trough serum gentamicin concentrations were predicted using a one
      compartment open pharmacokinetic model and literature values for volume of
      distribution (V) and first-order elimination rate constant (k). Serum gentamicin
      concentrations were measured 0.25 hours before and at 0.5, 3.5, and 6.5 hours
      after completion of infusion of the second maintenance dose. Peak and trough
      serum concentrations were obtained by extrapolation from these measured
      concentrations using weighted, nonlinear least squares regression. Predicted
      versus measured serum gentamicin concentrations and estimated versus observed
      values for V and k were compared. Eight men and seven women had evaluable serum
      gentamicin concentrations. Patients received a mean calculated maintenance dose
      of 4.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg/day. Mean extrapolated peak and trough serum gentamicin
      concentrations were significantly lower than predicted, and observed values of V
      and k were significantly greater than estimated values. Gentamicin dosages
      calculated using standard pharmacokinetic variable values may not produce
      therapeutic concentrations in patients undergoing surgery. Monitoring of serum
      concentrations with dosage adjustment when indicated is necessary for optimal
      therapy in these patients.

PMID- 3987218
TI  - Predicting plasma procainamide concentrations resulting from a sustained-release
      preparation.
AB  - Two methods of predicting plasma procainamide concentrations (PPCs) for a
      sustained-release procainamide (SRP) dosage form were compared using previously
      published data on 12 healthy subjects. Methods A and B were both based on a one
      compartment pharmacokinetic model requiring an elimination rate constant and area
      under the concentration-time curve from an immediate-release oral procainamide
      dosage form and in vitro dissolution data from the SRP product. Method A also
      used an absorption rate constant. The predicted versus measured PPCs for two sets
      of peak and trough concentrations in each subject were evaluated using linear
      regression. The mean predicted PPCs by both methods followed the measured PPCs
      closely; however, the time of peak concentration was predicted more accurately by
      method A. The evaluation of predictive performance showed good precision and a
      small but statistically significant bias with either method, peak values were
      overpredicted and trough values were underpredicted. These two methods adequately
      predicted plasma procainamide concentrations in healthy subjects following a
      sustained-release procainamide preparation.

PMID- 3987219
TI  - Phenytoin therapy and immune response to influenza vaccine.
AB  - The effect of long-term phenytoin therapy on the immune response to inactivated
      influenza vaccine was evaluated. The patients were 31 white men who were
      receiving long-term phenytoin therapy for seizure disorders and 31 age-matched
      controls. Prevaccination blood samples were collected, and the patients were
      vaccinated subcutaneously with 0.5-mL inactivated whole-virion trivalent
      influenza vaccine. Venous blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24
      weeks after vaccination and stored at -20 degrees C until analysis. Total serum
      phenytoin concentrations were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay.
      Immune response was measured by assaying the sera for hemagglutinin-inhibiting
      antibody to each of the three antigenic strains. Seroconversion was defined as a
      fourfold or greater increase in serum antibody titer following vaccination. In
      the phenytoin-treated patients, the mean (+/- S.D.) serum phenytoin concentration
      before vaccination was 9.9 +/- 6.1 micrograms/mL. Prevaccination geometric mean
      titers were high enough in both groups to indicate that these patients had been
      exposed to these or related antigens, and medical records confirmed that some of
      the patients had been vaccinated the year before. The percent of patients
      demonstrating seroconversion to each antigen at week 4 was low in both groups,
      and there were no significant differences between the two groups. The cumulative
      seroconversion responses observed up to week 24 were also not significantly
      different. Long-term phenytoin therapy should not affect the efficacy of
      influenza vaccine in patients who have been previously exposed to infection or
      vaccination with identical or related strains.

PMID- 3987220
TI  - Intermittent dobutamine hydrochloride infusions in outpatients with chronic
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - Patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure were treated with
      intermittent dobutamine hydrochloride infusions administered on an outpatient
      basis with a portable infusion device. Eleven patients (eight women and three
      men), ages 28-71 years, were given initial dobutamine hydrochloride infusions at
      a rate of 1-2 micrograms/kg/min, and the dose was gradually increased to a
      maximum dose of 15 micrograms/kg/min. Patients were considered dobutamine
      responders if their cardiac output increased by at least 30% and pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure did not rise. After a sustained hemodynamic response was
      demonstrated, the infusion was discontinued to assess the patients' symptoms
      during drug-free intervals. The patients were instructed and trained in proper
      catheter care after a venous-access catheter was surgically implanted. Patients
      were also shown how to use the ambulatory infusion pump. The patients were
      treated with long-term intermittent dobutamine hydrochloride infusions for 3-24
      months. All patients adjusted easily to the routine of catheter and pump care and
      drug administration. The mean dose of dobutamine hydrochloride resulting in the
      maximum improvement in cardiac index was 9.4 micrograms/kg/min. All patients
      observed an improvement in their symptoms of congestive heart failure during the
      drug infusions and the intervals between the infusions. There was a mean
      reduction of 1.2 in New York Heart Association functional class. There were 18
      congestive heart failure-related hospital readmissions among the 11 patients
      during 108 cumulative months of long-term dobutamine therapy. The intermittent
      administration of dobutamine hydrochloride via a portable infusion system appears
      to have improved the functional capacity of the 11 patients studied. This may be
      a viable treatment alternative for selected ambulatory patients with severe heart
      failure who demonstrate hemodynamic improvement with dobutamine.

PMID- 3987221
TI  - Bioavailability assessment of a new liquid controlled-release pseudoephedrine
      product.
AB  - Development of a liquid controlled-release pseudoephedrine product is described.
      Two bioequivalence studies were conducted. In a single-dose study involving 20
      subjects, the bioavailabilities of five controlled-release suspensions with a
      broad range of drug-release rates were compared with an immediate-release form of
      pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in a four-way crossover, incomplete block, sequence
      randomized study. Serial blood sampling up to 36 hours after drug ingestion
      provided area-under-the-curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and
      time to peak (tmax). In the multiple-dose study, involving 18 subjects, the
      bioavailability of the optimal formulation determined from the single-dose study
      was compared with a reference pseudoephedrine hydrochloride syrup. Serial blood
      sampling up to 12 hours after drug ingestion was performed to determine AUC,
      Cmax, and tmax. The single-dose investigation showed that all formulations were
      bioequivalent except the product with the slowest release rate, which had lower
      AUC and Cmax values. The results of the multiple-dose study confirmed these
      findings with the reference syrup. The use of a series of drug formulations with
      a wide range of release rates permitted selection of an optimal product in
      addition to providing the information needed to ensure continuous production of
      bioequivalent products.

PMID- 3987222
TI  - Propranolol-induced depression and psychosis.
AB  - Episodes of depression and acute psychosis in two patients receiving propranolol
      hydrochloride are described, and the literature on propranolol-induced depression
      and psychosis is reviewed. A 42-year-old woman developed severe depression,
      marked apathy, social withdrawal, and anorexia after taking propranolol
      hydrochloride (80 mg/day) for three months to control her hypertension. Five days
      after the dose was reduced to 40 mg/day, there was a major improvement in her
      depressive symptoms, with a complete resolution in eight days. Upon rechallenge
      with 80 mg/day of propranolol, she again experienced depressive symptoms.
      Atenolol 50 mg/day was substituted for the propranolol therapy, and she exhibited
      a complete remission of her depression. The second patient was a 63-year-old man
      who had been taking propranolol hydrochloride 160 mg/day for three months without
      incident. Because of an increased frequency of anginal attacks, the dosage was
      increased to 240 mg/day. Within two days, he demonstrated such agitation,
      excitement, and combativeness that he had to be controlled with a 25-mg dose of
      methotrimeprazine. When the propranolol dose was reduced to 160 mg/day, his
      psychotic symptoms rapidly cleared. However, when the dose was subsequently
      increased to 200 mg/day, he again showed increased agitation. After substituting
      atenolol 100 mg/day for propranolol, the patient's mental status returned to
      normal. Both of these patients experienced symptoms that were temporarily
      associated with propranolol. Both patients were subsequently controlled without
      symptoms with atenolol therapy. Propranolol is a highly lipophilic beta blocker
      that achieves high concentrations in the brain. When continued beta-blocking
      therapy is necessary or beta blockade is indicated, a weakly lipophilic agent
      such as atenolol is indicated.

PMID- 3987223
TI  - Life-threatening anaphylaxis following subcutaneous administration of isosulfan
      blue 1%.

PMID- 3987224
TI  - Carbamazepine-induced thrombocytopenia in a young child.

PMID- 3987225
TI  - Energy conservation and the housing environment: the need for risk management.

PMID- 3987226
TI  - The potability of rural water supplies--a pilot study.

PMID- 3987227
TI  - Automated remote temperature measurement in small animals using a
      telemetry/microcomputer interface.
AB  - Temperatures can be obtained from small animals by implanting commercially
      available radio-telemetry probes (Mini-Mitters), thereby avoiding handling
      induced artifacts. We have developed an inexpensive microcomputer interface to
      automatically collect data from Mini-Mitters. The interface hardware detects the
      signal and converts it to a TTL pulse train compatible with the Commodore PET
      microcomputer. The software converts the frequency to temperature, controls the
      sampling schedule, and can selectively measure any one of eight cages.
      Temperature measurements can thus be made around the clock with no technician
      present.

PMID- 3987229
TI  - Computerized detection of low-level fetal signals in the maternal abdominal
      electrocardiogram.
AB  - This paper describes a method for detecting low-level fetal ECG signals in
      maternal abdominal ECG recordings. Detection is based on a systematic application
      of the principle that the fetal ECG contains proportionately greater high
      frequency components than does the maternal ECG. Adaptive subtraction of the
      maternal high-frequency components is used to detect the fetal R-waves. The
      method is found to detect the fetal ECG even in many cases where the maternal and
      fetal R-waves coincide or occur in close proximity to each other. Recursive time
      coherent averaging is then used to significantly improve the signal-to-noise
      ratio of the fetal ECG to the point where the fetal P and T waves may be
      observed.

PMID- 3987228
TI  - A method for volume estimation by two-dimensional echocardiography: examination
      with excised animal left ventricles.
AB  - Applicability of a newly developed volume estimation method was examined with
      excised left ventricles of pigs and dogs. Serial oblique-sectional images of a
      left ventricle were recorded with a two-dimensional echocardiograph. The probe of
      the echocardiograph was fixed at one point and was tilted stepwise. Contours of
      the left ventricle in the images were traced to put into a computer and volume
      was calculated. Calculated volume of 19 left ventricles agreed well with true
      volume in wide range (r = 0.982 for left ventricular myocardium and r = 0.989 for
      left ventricular cavity).

PMID- 3987230
TI  - Laboratory instrument interface system (LIIS): a unit for the acquisition,
      temporary storage and transfer of data to a microcomputer.
AB  - A simple method of interfacing clinical and research laboratory equipment with a
      microcomputer is described. A four-channel buffer system has been constructed
      which stores data generated from laboratory instruments and then transmits the
      data directly to a microcomputer. The system is highly flexible with respect to
      the type of laboratory equipment and model of computer that can be interfaced,
      and it allows for virtually automatic data acquisition and analysis.

PMID- 3987231
TI  - Comparison of receiver operating curves derived from the same population: a
      bootstrapping approach.
AB  - The receiver operating curve (ROC) gives a representation of sensitivity and
      specificity of a prediction model when varying the cutpoint of a decision rule on
      a whole spectrum. Evaluation of two models established (or tested) in the same
      population of patients warrants a valid statistical comparison of their ROC
      curves. Hanley et al. recently provided a method for overall comparison of ROC
      curves (J. A. Hanley and B. J. McNeil, Radiology 148, 839-843, 1983). Often ROC
      curves cross, or differ in only a part of their courses. Bootstrapping of ROC
      curves is proposed as a graphical check for the statistical significance of
      differences confined to a part of the curve. An example comparing two models of
      prediction of coronary artery disease progression is given to illustrate this new
      approach.

PMID- 3987232
TI  - Stochastic simulation of Taylor's dispersion in the airways.
AB  - A stochastic simulation was devised in order to obtain a more correct solution of
      the phenomenon of convection combined with axial and radial diffusion, which is
      also called Taylor's dispersion, as it could occur in the pulmonary tract. The
      fit with Aris' moments which can be deemed as a reference since they are obtained
      analytically without approximation, was quite good. On the other hand, Taylor's
      solution usually led to large discrepancies with these moments. Taylor's
      stipulation that his solution be used only under certain conditions was therefore
      confirmed. This solution is not applicable in the lungs.

PMID- 3987233
TI  - Selection of optimal dose.
AB  - Dose and dilution levels for quantal response bioassays and dilution assays are
      selected rather arbitrary. Some guidelines for designing experiments for binary
      data arising in such fields as bioassay studies, dilution series assays, and dose
      response curves are provided. It is shown that for estimation purposes, the study
      should be designed in such a way so that the experimental doses lie around a
      critical interval. Failure to do so many produce serious bias in the Maximum
      Likelihood estimates. This critical interval, however, depends on the unknown
      parameters. With the help of extensive computer simulations for the logit model
      ways of overcoming this difficulty are outlined.

PMID- 3987234
TI  - Computed tomographic evaluation of ocular trauma.
AB  - The CT scans of 10 traumatized patients with demonstrable ocular injuries were
      reviewed. The CT findings were correlated with the clinical findings in each
      case. CT manifestations of a variety of ocular and orbital injuries are reported
      and a systematic approach to the CT evaluation of ocular trauma is presented.

PMID- 3987235
TI  - A metastatic ovarian tumor involving the dura: seen on myelography and CT.
AB  - The authors report a rare case of an ovarian tumor metastasizing to the dura at
      L2-L3. It was seen at myelography to be intradural and by CT to be within the
      spinal canal. The latter exam eliminated a lipoma or a dermoid (both possible
      intradural or extramedullary-intradural tumor) from consideration.

PMID- 3987236
TI  - Primary yolk sac tumor of the neck metastasizing to the spine: seen on CT.
AB  - The authors present the first case of a primary yolk sac tumor of the neck
      metastasizing to the spine, demonstrated by computed tomography. It caused a
      partial block.

PMID- 3987237
TI  - Applications of dynamic-CT, or angio-CT in neuroradiology. A disappointing
      experience.
AB  - The authors expose their experience in neuroradiological applications of dynamic
      CT (D-CT) or angio-CT. The examinations are performed by means of a G.E. 8.800
      CT/T. A special software offers automatic analysis of the region of interest.
      Vascular and tumoral patients are examined trying to evaluate: (a) the blood flow
      in patients suffering from transient ischaemic attacks and (b) to estimate the
      possibilities of D-CT in the evaluation of tumoral vascularity and in the
      identification of characteristic curves for different kinds of tumors.

PMID- 3987239
TI  - Cervical diastematomyelia: uncommon presentation of a rare congenital disorder.
AB  - Cervical diastematomyelia is a very rare entity. We present a case in a 20-yr-old
      girl, associated with anomalous bone in the neck.

PMID- 3987238
TI  - CT diagnosis of emphysematous pyelonephritis.
AB  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a rare but frequently fatal complication of renal
      infection in the diabetic patient. The diagnosis is usually only made
      roentgenographically. We present a patient in whom the initial plain abdominal
      film was normal and renal sonogram was nondiagnostic. The correct diagnosis was
      made only on the subsequent CT scan.

PMID- 3987240
TI  - Intra-abdominal ovarian pathology: a potential pitfall in CT diagnoses.
AB  - The ability of CT to detect abdominal and pelvic masses is well accepted. The
      location of the mass and its CT characteristics aid in the formulation of a
      diagnosis. Awareness that ovarian pathology can present as intra-abdominal rather
      than the usual pelvic mass will diminish misdiagnosis.

PMID- 3987241
TI  - The signs and symptoms of schizophrenia.

PMID- 3987242
TI  - Ages of onset of DSM-III anxiety disorders.

PMID- 3987243
TI  - Folie a deux: psychosis by association or genetic determinism?

PMID- 3987244
TI  - Agreement between two structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews: DIS and the
      PDI.

PMID- 3987245
TI  - Verbal recall in schizophrenia: differential effect of retroactive interference
      in nonparanoid patients.

PMID- 3987246
TI  - Life events and the endogenous-nonendogenous distinction in the treatment and
      posttreatment course of depression.

PMID- 3987247
TI  - Therapeutic alliance and long-term hospital treatment outcome.

PMID- 3987248
TI  - Noncomparability of research results that are related to psychiatric diagnoses.

PMID- 3987249
TI  - A comparison of panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks.

PMID- 3987251
TI  - Contact dermatitis to Hedera helix (common ivy).

PMID- 3987250
TI  - Contact dermatitis from clotrimazole.

PMID- 3987252
TI  - Ketoprofen photodermatitis.

PMID- 3987253
TI  - Dermatitis from lignocaine.

PMID- 3987254
TI  - Simultaneous allergy to perfume ingredients.

PMID- 3987255
TI  - Ethnic contact urticaria to alcohol.

PMID- 3987256
TI  - Contact dermatitis to ketoprofen.

PMID- 3987258
TI  - Publication of allergens.

PMID- 3987257
TI  - Nickel in tap water.

PMID- 3987259
TI  - Nickel allergy: analysis of metal clothing objects and patch testing to metal
      samples.
AB  - In 22 nickel-sensitive subjects, 57 metal clothing objects were said to be not
      tolerated (37) or tolerated (20). They were analysed by X-ray energy dispersion
      in electron microscopy, and by the dimethylglyoxime spot test. The correlation
      between the analytical results and the statements of patients is discussed. Patch
      tests to nickel-plated metal samples with various thicknesses of chromium (0.25
      mu to 1 mu) or gold/copper/cadmium (0.5 mu) were performed in human subjects or
      in guinea pigs sensitive to nickel. Surface-plating and anticorrosive techniques,
      as well as the results in nickel-sensitive subjects, are described and discussed.
      Good tolerance will not be obtained under experimental conditions if nickel in
      any form is a component of the object. It is to be hoped that appropriate
      regulations will prohibit the use of nickel in the manufacture of clothing
      objects.

PMID- 3987260
TI  - Kathon CG: cosmetic allergy and patch test sensitization.
AB  - Three cases of contact allergy to Kathon CG, a preservative for cosmetics and
      toiletries containing, as active ingredients, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3
      one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one are presented. In two patients, Kathon CG
      was contained in a moisturizing cream, and the third was sensitized by a
      diagnostic patch test. Although it has been used extensively in cosmetics and
      toiletries for 9 years in Europe and 4 years in the USA, these appear to be the
      first case reports of non-occupational sensitization to Kathon CG.

PMID- 3987261
TI  - Contact allergy to phenol-formaldehyde resins.
AB  - Adverse reactions to phenol-formaldehyde resins include depigmentation, irritant
      dermatitis, chemical burns and allergic contact dermatitis. Allergic contact
      dermatitis from phenol-formaldehyde resin has mainly been ascribed to resins
      based on paratertiary-butyl phenol and formaldehyde, and such a resin is included
      in the ICDRG standard patch test series. When 1220 patients were patch tested
      with this resin as well as with 2 other phenol-formaldehyde resins, based on
      phenol and formaldehyde, 26 patients were positive to at least 1 resin. The
      figures for positive reactions to paratertiary-butyl phenol-formaldehyde resin
      and the 2 other resins were 0.8%, 1.0% and 3.0% (440 tested subjects),
      respectively. Therefore, a battery of phenol-formaldehyde resins should be used
      for screening purposes, since patch testing with the paratertiary-butyl phenol
      formaldehyde resin is not sufficient to identify patients with contact allergy to
      phenol-formaldehyde resins. Several of the 26 patients were patch tested with the
      basic substances phenol, formaldehyde and paratertiary-butyl phenol, but only 1
      positive reaction to formaldehyde was noted. The sensitizing capacity of 2
      methylol phenol, 4-methylol phenol and 2,4,6-trimethylol phenol, all 3 compounds
      being possible ingredients of resins based on phenol and formaldehyde, was
      demonstrated; 5 of 14 resin positive patients reacted to at least 1 of these
      methylol phenols.

PMID- 3987262
TI  - Patch tests with fragrance materials and preservatives.
AB  - 179 patients suspected of cosmetic allergy were patch tested with a series of 16
      fragrance materials and 9 preservatives. In 67 patients (37.4%), 1 or more of
      these substances gave positive reactions. In the group of fragrance materials,
      the largest numbers of positive patch test reactions were seen to isoeugenol, oak
      moss, geraniol, alpha-amylcinnamic alcohol, and a mixture of alpha-amylcinnamic
      aldehyde and alpha-hexylcinnamic aldehyde. The fragrance mix in the ICDRG
      standard series detected nearly 80% of cases of contact allergy to fragrance
      materials other than its constituents. In the group of preservatives, Kathon CG
      and quaternium-15 scored the highest number of positive reactions. It is argued
      that the commonly used patch test concentrations of 2% for oak moss and geraniol
      may be too low to detect all cases of sensitization.

PMID- 3987264
TI  - Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in polycythemia vera.

PMID- 3987263
TI  - Carcinoma of unknown primary: a 20 year retrospective analysis.

PMID- 3987265
TI  - A new sample collecting and testing system for the detection of occult blood in
      feces.

PMID- 3987266
TI  - Consensus development summaries. Mood disorders: pharmacologic prevention of
      recurrences. National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 3987268
TI  - The physician and the dying patient: judicial council. Connecticut AMA
      Delegation.

PMID- 3987267
TI  - The living will.

PMID- 3987269
TI  - Financial criteria, medical practice, and the hospital medical staff.

PMID- 3987270
TI  - Report of Ad Hoc Commission on vaccine injury compensation. AMA Board of
      Trustees.

PMID- 3987271
TI  - Changing medical practice arrangements. AMA Center for Health Policy Research.

PMID- 3987272
TI  - Effect of Malvaviscus conzattii flower extract on male fertility.
AB  - Chronic administration of Malvaviscus conzattii (MCV) flower extract at a dose
      level of 800 mg/kg b.w. for 30 consecutive days in male rats significantly
      reduced sperm counts and motility together with histological changes in testes.
      Mating with these treated animals three weeks following the drug schedule proved
      to be consistently infertile.

PMID- 3987273
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis and the oestrogen content in oral contraceptives. An
      epidemiological analysis.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have pointed to a correlation between the oestrogen
      content of oral contraceptives and the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The
      correlation has been strongest in studies which partially consisted of adverse
      drug reaction reports to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee
      (SADRAC). The present study analyzes the epidemiological basis of the adverse
      drug reaction reports on DVT in women on oral contraceptives to SADRAC. It
      verifies the reported correlation between the oestrogen content of the pills and
      the risk of DVT but it also demonstrates that this correlation probably was
      secondary to differences in the diagnostic standard of DVT, to differences in
      reporting policies to SADRAC and to an age difference between women on low
      oestrogen-pills and those on high-oestrogen pills and is thus due to bias. It is
      concluded that adverse drug reaction reporting on oral contraceptives has been
      very unreliable, for which reason it cannot support any epidemiological
      conclusion concerning the relative thrombogenicity of high-oestrogen pills
      compared with that of low-oestrogen pills.

PMID- 3987274
TI  - Ethynyl-estradiol (EE-2) retained in blood and endometrium during and after
      steroidal contraception.
AB  - Thirty-six women under norgestrel + EE-2 interrupted the medication after 2 to 36
      months of regular use. A single venous blood and a single endometrial sample were
      simultaneously obtained from each subject on different days of the cycle to
      measure the synthetic estrogen content. Samples were collected during the last
      month of contraception and in the month after the medication. The EE-2 values
      (means +/- SE) during and after the "pill" were as follows: endometrial = 90 +/-
      18 vs 234 +/- 5 ng/g wet tissue (P less than 0.001), and in blood = 90 +/- 18 vs
      234 +/- 32 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). In a hysterectomized woman 30 micrograms of
      oral EE-2/d/20 d, yielded plasma EE-2 concentrations up to 979 pg/ml, descending
      to 30 pg/ml under no treatment. The results demonstrate that in intact women,
      exfoliation of the endometrium after one month of no steroidal ingestion, did not
      achieve the complete synthetic estrogen elimination from tissue, while blood
      levels of EE-2 increased during the same period of observation.

PMID- 3987275
TI  - The inhibitory effects of beta-momorcharin on endometrial cells in the mouse.
AB  - beta-Momorcharin purified from the seeds of Momordica charantia L. suppressed the
      decidual response of pseudopregnant mouse uterus to mechanical stimulus. In the
      beta-momorcharin-treated uterus, stromal cells failed to decidualise, uterine
      glands distended, and a diminished cell proliferation was found in the
      endometrium and myometrium. beta-Momorcharin also inhibited the biosynthetic
      activity of the cultured endometrial cells. The rate of incorporation of 3H
      thymidine, 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine was all depressed by beta-momorcharin. The
      termination of the early pregnancy in the mouse may have resulted from an
      inhibitory effect of the abortifacient protein on the differentiating
      endometrium.

PMID- 3987276
TI  - (-)-Gossypol: an active male antifertility agent.
AB  - The enantiomers of gossypol have been resolved by preparative HPLC of
      diastereomeric Schiff's base derivatives on a chiral bonded phase. Whereas (+)
      gossypol has previously been reported to be inactive, (-)-gossypol is now shown
      to be active as a male oral antifertility agent in hamsters.

PMID- 3987277
TI  - Inhibition by (+) and (-) isomers of gossypol of testosterone release from mouse
      Leydig cells in vitro.
AB  - Racemic (+/-) mixtures of gossypol isomers exert an antifertility effect by
      inhibiting sperm motility and spermatogenesis. Purified (+) gossypol has been
      shown to be without these actions. In this study pure preparations of both (+)
      and (-) gossypol were found to inhibit, in a similar manner, both basal and LH
      stimulated release of testosterone by isolated Leydig cells at concentrations
      down to 21 microM. It is possible that use of low doses of pure (-) gossypol
      could inhibit fertility with less endocrine side effects.

PMID- 3987278
TI  - Inhibition by gossypol of testosterone production by mouse Leydig cells in vitro.
AB  - Gossypol, a polyphenolic compound prepared from cotton seed, has potential uses
      as a male contraceptive. It inhibits spermatogenesis and sperm motility but has
      toxic side effects and furthermore may have effects on endocrine function though
      evidence for this is contradictory. In this study, gossypol had a dose-dependent
      inhibitory action on release of testosterone from dispersed mouse Leydig cells.
      Doses down to 20 microM and 10 microM significantly inhibited unstimulated and LH
      stimulated release, respectively.

PMID- 3987279
TI  - Chloroquine and premature evacuation of uterine conceptus in rats.
AB  - Bilateral spaying on day 18 of pregnancy in rats made the refractory uteri highly
      reactive to a single injection of chloroquine (25 mg/kg). Complete evaluation of
      the uterine conceptus resulted by 24-48 hours following chloroquine
      administration. It was moreover observed that the amount of luteal progesterone
      which was found to be sufficient to maintain pregnancy until term, failed to
      reverse the abortifacient efficacy of chloroquine.

PMID- 3987280
TI  - Competition between seminal and exogenous proteinase inhibitors for sites on
      murine epididymal sperm.
AB  - Sixteen proteinase inhibitors were tested for their ability to compete with the
      natural seminal inhibitor for binding to the surface of murine epididymal sperm.
      The most effective competitors, 4-methylumbelliferyl-p-quanidinobenzoate (MUGB)
      and p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate (NPGB), are also effective inhibitors of
      both murine acrosin and in vitro fertilization of mouse gametes. The data support
      the suggestion that the inhibition of fertilization by these inhibitors may be
      effected by their action on the sperm surface rather than binding to enzymes
      located within the acrosome. Since the surface acceptor molecule recognizes a
      number of inhibitor types, as well as substrates for such enzymes as trypsin and
      acrosin, the acceptor's binding site may be similar to the active site on the
      enzyme.

PMID- 3987281
TI  - In vitro amplification of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by intravaginal devices.
AB  - Super-absorbent tampons and an exotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus have been
      associated with the recent emergence of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). In the
      majority of cases, when a TSS strain of S. aureus was cultivated in the presence
      of various tampons and a contraceptive sponge, increased amounts of toxic shock
      syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) were observed to be produced into the blood medium by
      the bacterium. The amplification of toxin by these products adds support to the
      epidemiologic data in establishing the causal link between tampons and TSS.

PMID- 3987282
TI  - Disputed issues in renal failure therapy. Proceedings of the dialysis workshop,
      Bernried, March 29-31,1984.

PMID- 3987283
TI  - The next generation of dialysis membranes--barriers or pathways?

PMID- 3987284
TI  - Diet and dialysis patients--theory versus practice.

PMID- 3987285
TI  - The benefits and proper role of CAPD.

PMID- 3987287
TI  - Problems in hemofiltration.

PMID- 3987286
TI  - Hemofiltration--an improved method of treatment for chronic renal failure.

PMID- 3987288
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration: a physiologic and effective kidney
      replacement therapy.

PMID- 3987289
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration--really an easy treatment?

PMID- 3987290
TI  - Treatment of renal failure in the light of increasingly limited resources.

PMID- 3987291
TI  - 2-h dialysis: a realistic goal?

PMID- 3987292
TI  - Hemodiafiltration--an avenue to shorter dialysis?

PMID- 3987293
TI  - Shortened treatment time by combined hemodialysis and hemoperfusion.

PMID- 3987294
TI  - Short dialysis increases morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 3987295
TI  - Naturally occurring nasal obstructions in 11 sheep.
AB  - Eleven adult sheep of various breeds were examined due to inspiratory dyspnea.
      Fiberoptic examinations conducted in 8 of the sheep revealed masses to be
      obstructing the nasal passages. Identification of the masses through
      histopathologic examination showed 7 to be adenocarcinomas, 1 a papillary
      adenoma, and 4 were cases of glandular hyperplasia with lymphoplasmacytic
      infiltration (nasal polyps). One ewe had both an adenocarcinoma and a polyp.
      Surgical removal of the masses was attempted on 6 of the sheep. Four of the 6
      surgically-treated sheep have survived between 2 mo. - 2 years without recurrence
      of the obstruction.

PMID- 3987296
TI  - An outbreak of equine influenza at a harness horse racetrack.
AB  - An outbreak of an influenza-like illness affected approximately 1/3 of the 1050
      race horses stabled at a standardbred racetrack and resulted in a 3-day
      suspension of racing. A/Equi-2 influenza virus was isolated from 1 affected horse
      and 8 of 10 horses sampled seroconverted. Threshold protective levels of HI
      antibody against A/Equi-2 influenza virus were not demonstrated in unaffected
      horses. Resistance in unaffected horses was assumed to result from other factors
      following previous exposure. Few of the horses had been vaccinated against equine
      influenza. It was felt that an outbreak of this magnitude might have been
      prevented if a vaccination program had been followed.

PMID- 3987299
TI  - Guideposts for clinical trials.

PMID- 3987298
TI  - Glycogen depletion patterns in horses competing in day 2 of a three day event.
AB  - Muscle biopsy samples were collected from the left middle gluteal muscle of the
      horses participating in day 2 (speed and endurance test) of a three day event.
      Six Thoroughbred horses were biopsied the day before and within 30 minutes of
      completion of the speed and endurance test. Serial muscle sections were reacted
      histochemically for myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity after acid pre
      incubation to demonstrate Type I, IIA and IIB fibers and the glycogen content in
      the individual fibers was assessed using the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction.
      Total glycogen in muscle was measured fluorometrically after hydrolysis to
      glucose. A significant decrease (P less than 0.001) in total muscle glycogen of
      306.0 +/- 34.6 mmoles glucose units/kg (dry weight) (mean +/- SE) occurred when
      samples collected before exercise were compared to those collected following
      exercise. A significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in the percentage of Type I
      fibers having medium PAS staining intensity occurred when pre and post-exercise
      samples were compared. Significant decreases (P less than 0.01 and P less than
      0.001 respectively) in the percentage of Type IIA and IIB fibers classified as
      having high PAS staining intensity occurred when post-exercise samples were
      compared with those pre-exercise. There were significant increases (P less than
      0.01 and P less than 0.001 respectively) in the percentage of Type IIA and IIB
      fibers classified as having medium PAS staining intensity when the samples
      collected after the exercise were compared with those before the exercise.

PMID- 3987297
TI  - Narthecium asiaticum Maxim. Poisoning of grazing cattle: observations on
      spontaneous and experimental cases.
AB  - A total of 39 Holstein cattle were grazed in tracts of wild grassland on account
      of shortage in pasture grass. Twenty-nine cattle were affected and 26 of them
      died during a 21-day period. The main signs were depression, anorexia, ascites,
      and oliguria. There was elevated serum urea nitrogen and sugar and protein in the
      urine. Pathological examination revealed turbid swelling of the kidney, an
      increase in the amount of fluid in the body cavity, edema in the perirenal
      adipose tissue and hemorrhage in various visceral organs and tissues.
      Histologically, acute tubular necrosis in the kidney, hypoplasia of the
      erythroblast series in the bone marrow, atrophy and degeneration of the lymphatic
      tissue and focal necrosis of the liver were observed in many of the cattle. Among
      cows experimentally fed Narthecium asiaticum Maxim., Polygonum sachalinense Fr.
      Schum., and Vitis coignetiae Pulliat which were presumed to have been ingested in
      large amounts by grazing cattle in the field, the cows fed N. asiaticum revealed
      the clinical, biochemical and pathological changes similar to those noticed in
      naturally affected cattle. Cows fed P. sachalinense and V. coignetiae showed no
      distinct systemic symptoms except transient anorexia and hypothermia.

PMID- 3987300
TI  - Uses and abuses of analysis of covariance in clinical trials.
AB  - Measurement of improvement in clinical trials in chronic diseases commonly
      compares baseline data to endpoint values by performing t-tests or analysis of
      variance (ANOVA) on raw gains or percentage changes. This procedure can be
      misleading and the use of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) should be
      considered. Properly used, ANCOVA increases statistical power in a clinical
      trial. However, its advantage over t-tests can be nullified by small numbers of
      patients, violations of assumptions, and incorrect application of the techniques.
      An evaluation of ANCOVA in chronic disease studies is given, with examples of its
      strengths and weaknesses as seen in several drug trials in the rheumatic
      diseases. Recommendations on its use and a decision tree for the nonstatistician
      are provided.

PMID- 3987301
TI  - Curtailed binomial sampling procedures for clinical trials with paired data.
AB  - The use of curtailed sampling procedures in designing clinical trials with a
      dichotomous response and paired data is reviewed. Tables of expected sample size
      savings and a simple to evaluate asymptotic formula for the expected sample size
      savings are presented where the sample size savings is calculated relative to the
      fixed sample size test. Comparisons are made among fixed sample size, curtailed,
      and repeated significance hypothesis testing procedures. In view of the
      substantial savings in sample size available under certain conditions and the
      accuracy of the approximating formula, it is recommended that curtailed
      procedures be given serious consideration in the design of clinical trials.

PMID- 3987302
TI  - A computerized patient registration and treatment randomization system for multi
      institutional clinical trials.
AB  - Computerized registration and randomization for a cooperative clinical trials
      group is a useful addition to its data gathering and managing process. An
      automated system eliminates unnecessary paperwork, allows more sophisticated
      randomization algorithms to be implemented, and makes available a variety of
      computer-generated reports such as confirmation of registration forms, accrual
      results, and other statistical tables. This paper describes the design and
      implementation of such a system for a relatively large cooperative group, the
      Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), as well as gives general
      recommendations for conversion of a manual registration and randomization process
      to an automated one. Our general interactive system, known as PRS for Patient
      Randomization System, was designed to be easily expandable as its functions
      increase over time, and transportable to other clinical trials settings.

PMID- 3987303
TI  - Prognosis in valvular heart disease. I. Description of purpose, organization,
      data collection techniques, estimates of statistical power, and criteria for
      termination of patient entry. VA Cooperative Study Group on Valvular Heart
      Disease.
AB  - This report describes the design of a multicenter study with two major goals: the
      identification of valvular heart disease patients at risk for death or a serious
      complication, and the comparison of hemodynamic function and late outcome of a
      mechanical prosthetic valve (Bjork-Shiley) with a bioprosthesis (Hancock porcine
      heterograft valve). Strengths of the study design are quantitative assessment of
      valvular and left ventricular function before and 6 months after valve
      replacement, measurement in a central laboratory of critical data items such as
      valve orifice area and left ventricular volumes, and assignment of cause of death
      and valve-related complications by a committee blinded to valve type. Statistical
      power calculated by a simulation technique shows only modest loss of power with
      frequent examination of outcome compared to infrequent examination. Guidelines
      for premature termination of the study because of superiority of one valve type
      are described; this includes a critical region with a sloping boundary, which
      allows for greater chance variation early in the study when the number of
      patients and events is small, gives the greatest statistical power, and yet
      appears to provide adequate protection for the subjects in the study.

PMID- 3987304
TI  - The American character and medical research.

PMID- 3987305
TI  - Sustained attention and sustained effort after closed head injury: detection and
      0.10 Hz heart rate variability in a low event rate vigilance task.
AB  - In closed head injury patients impaired sustained attention has been used to
      explain poor performance of complex tasks. However, this basic capacity was never
      adequately investigated. We investigated sustained attention in an auditory
      vigilance task and found no evidence at all for an impairment. With an interval
      of about three months 8 patients, tested in the first half year after closed head
      injury, and 8 healthy control subjects were confronted twice with a low event
      rate vigilance task. This yielded measures of signal detection and response
      latency. Also the amplitude of 0.10 Hz Heart Rate Variability, a power spectral
      measure, was calculated to indicate sustained effort. Hypotheses that patients
      would manifest stronger effects of time-on-task on performance and effort were
      not supported. Independent of sustained attention patients differed from controls
      in terms of response latencies and sensitivity of discriminating small
      differences of loudness especially on the first occasion.

PMID- 3987306
TI  - A case of visual agnosia showing a disorder of pre-semantic visual
      classification.
AB  - A case (J.R.) of associative visual agnosia (loss of meaning for visually
      presented objects without any serious sensory disorder) is reported. When asked
      to match a given name to sample the patient made both visual and semantic errors.
      Whereas semantic errors were reduced by priming, visual errors were intractable.
      It is argued that there is a disorder at the stage of pre-semantic abstraction,
      similar to that postulated elsewhere for some cases of deep dyslexia,
      contributing to the agnosia.

PMID- 3987307
TI  - Apraxia of the left limbs in a case of callosal disconnection: the contribution
      of medial frontal lobe damage.
AB  - A 40 year old right-handed woman suffered hemorrhage from an anterior cerebral
      artery aneurysm. CT scan showed destruction of the anterior two thirds of the
      corpus callosum, both cingulate gyri, and the white matter underlying the medial
      frontal lobes. The left limbs displayed apraxia on verbal command, in imitation,
      and in actual object use. There were antagonistic actions of both hands, and the
      patient accused her left hand of disobeying her. We interpret the leftsided
      apraxia as resulting from a lack of interhemispheric transfer combined with a
      deficit in ipsilateral motor control stemming from damage to the left
      supplementary motor area. Right frontal lobe damage may have impaired the motor
      learning capacity of the right hemisphere and thus its ability to compensate for
      the lack of left hemisphere motor control.

PMID- 3987308
TI  - "Psychometric" assessment during transient global amnesia.
AB  - A patient "psychometrically" assessed during an attack of transient global
      amnesia showed total inability to form new long term memories but normal
      immediate recall. There was nearly perfect preservation of other psychological
      functions with good recall of distant events and no dysphasia, dyslexia,
      dysgraphia, dyspraxia, right-left disorientation, constructional apraxia or
      visual agnosia. Calculation was probably also normal. Some of the 5 previously
      reported patients, who have been similarly studied during attacks of transient
      global amnesia, showed evidence of damage to the brain beyond the hippocampal
      forniceal system. The present patient demonstrates the market selectivity of
      memory disturbance in "pure transient global amnesia".

PMID- 3987309
TI  - Development of hemiface size asymmetry.
AB  - Facial size asymmetries for the upper and lower face were measured from
      photographs of 40 neonates (3 days old), 40 preschoolers (2-4 years), and 40
      young adults (18-24 years), approximately equally divided by sex. The right
      hemiface was significantly larger than the left in the three age groups, and
      there were no differences in the distributions of asymmetry as a function of age.

PMID- 3987310
TI  - Crossed aphasia: one or more syndromes?
AB  - Seven strongly right-handed patients developed aphasia following a right
      hemisphere vascular lesion documented by computerized tomography. One patient had
      a severe unilateral neglect, indication of its presence were evident in three and
      absent in three patients. The Token Test scores were significantly higher than in
      matched controls. Two patients had Broca aphasia, four had Wernicke aphasia and
      one had agraphia. The correlation between type of aphasia and locus of lesion was
      not much different from that normally found in standard left hemisphere brain
      damaged aphasics.

PMID- 3987311
TI  - Strategy and impairment in sentence understanding by Broca's and Wernicke's
      aphasics.
AB  - 15 Broca's aphasics and 14 Wernicke's aphasics, both German and Dutch speaking
      patients, were presented with a sentence-picture matching task. Both syntactic
      and semantic distractor pictures were used. Sentences were either reversible or
      non-reversible, had a topicalized or a non-topicalized word order and contained
      either of three types of prepositions that were labelled 'syntactic' (case
      marking), 'obligatory' (subcategorized) and 'lexical' (locative). Results
      indicated (a) a significant difference between reversible and non reversible
      sentences for both Broca's and Wernicke's; (b) no significant differences between
      these two groups in the differences scores reversible minus non-reversible; (c)
      an above-chance performance on reversible sentences for both groups. To explain
      the pattern of differences between the various types of sentences, two schemes of
      interpretation are presented. The first scheme assumes that both Broca's and
      Wernicke's have lost basic (but different) syntactic abilities and that they can
      understand reversible sentences by non-syntactic strategies only. The second
      scheme assumes that there is no such loss, but that the impairment in Broca's and
      Wernicke's aphasia is such that the more syntactic analysis is required, the more
      errors are made. Patients are assumed to approach this task by trying to limit
      their syntactic analysis to the beginning of the sentence.

PMID- 3987312
TI  - Stimulus effects in unilateral neglect?
AB  - Unilaterally brain-damaged subjects and normal controls were administered
      parallel verbal and nonverbal forms of a visual cancellation task. The
      attentional theory of unilateral neglect, which predicts less manifest neglect on
      tasks that preferentially engage the damaged hemisphere, was not supported.
      Subjects who exhibited neglect did so to a comparable degree on both verbal and
      nonverbal tasks. The data are consistent with a model of right hemisphere
      dominance for attention across the visual field.

PMID- 3987314
TI  - Confusion of laterally inverted mirror-images: a relationship to brain anatomy?
AB  - Whereas in the monkey brain the representation of spatial direction (left/ right)
      is the same for visual and for tactual inflow, in the human brain visual and
      tactual lateral directions are not aligned with respect to one another. This
      anatomical feature of the human brain may account in part for the particular
      difficulty young sighted children have with laterally inverted forms. A small
      group of children who were totally blind since birth distinguished mirror pairs
      by touch significantly more easily than did sighted children of comparable age;
      and monkeys succeeded at cross-modal recognition of laterally inverted mirror
      pairs better (relative to control pairs) than did sighted children.

PMID- 3987313
TI  - Left-handed and right-handed aphasics with left hemisphere lesions compared on
      nonverbal performance measures.
AB  - This study examined the performance of 21 left-handed (LH) and 57 right-handed
      (RH) aphasics with unilateral left hemisphere lesions on standardized measures of
      nonverbal ability, derived from the WAIS Performance Scale (Wechsler, 1958) and
      the Parietal Lobe Battery (Goodglass and Kaplan, 1972). The handedness groups
      were initially compared on a number of demographic, neurological, diagnostic, and
      language variables and found to be equivalent. When compared on measures of
      nonverbal ability, LHs were significantly more impaired than RHs particularly on
      tasks involving visuo-spatial organization and construction. This finding
      suggests that LH aphasics may have more left hemisphere representation than RH
      aphasics on some tasks for which the right hemisphere is typically dominant.
      Finally, this study provides some data to address the issue regarding the
      percentage of LHs relative to RHs who become aphasic from unilateral lesions. Out
      of 323 aphasics who were seen at the Aphasia Unit over a ten-year period, 43
      (13%) were left-handed. Twenty-four percent of LHs, but only one percent of RHs,
      were aphasic due to lesions of the right hemisphere.

PMID- 3987316
TI  - Coagulopathy related to dilution and hypotension during massive transfusion.
AB  - A retrospective review of 64 patients receiving more than 10 units of red cell
      concentrate plus crystalloid within 12 h revealed two consecutive patterns of
      elevation of the partial thromboplastin time (PTT). The PTT at 3 to 4 h (PTT3-4)
      correlated with the number of liters of crystalloid (LC) infused over the first 3
      h (PTT3-4 = 37 + 7 LC, r = .7643, p less than .001); the PTT thereafter (PTT4+)
      correlated with the number of hours of closely antecedent hypotension (AH) (PTT4+
      = 37 + 21AH, r = .8680, p less than .001). These data indicate a transient
      dilutional coagulopathy, followed by coagulopathy related to the duration of
      closely AH. Whether this latter is due to impaired production, disseminated
      intravascular coagulation, or dilution due to internal shifts of fluids and/or
      proteins, remains to be clarified. Therapeutic implications of these data are
      discussed.

PMID- 3987315
TI  - Profile of medical ICU vs. ward patients in an acute care hospital.
AB  - Demographic characteristics, severity of illness, resource utilization, and
      outcome were compared for 351 medical ICU (MICU) and 329 ward patients of a
      large, urban, tertiary care hospital. Patients were similar in age, race, sex,
      and insurance coverage. Both MICU and ward patients had similar health status
      distributions 3 to 6 months before hospitalization. Severity of illness, as
      measured by the Acute Physiology Score was significantly higher in the MICU
      patients, although there was considerable overlap in the distributions. Resource
      utilization, as measured by the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS),
      was also significantly higher in the MICU; again, the distributions of the two
      groups overlapped, although mostly for low values of TISS. Of the MICU sample,
      28% to 30% never required active therapeutic interventions; 11% of the ward
      sample received active treatment. The significant overlap between MICU and ward
      distributions of severity of illness and resource utilization has implications
      for admission and discharge policies.

PMID- 3987317
TI  - Emergency department use of transcutaneous pacing for cardiac arrests.
AB  - Transcutaneous cardiac pacing is a rapid technique for pacing the heart using
      skin electrodes to pass repetitive electrical impulses through the thorax. This
      paper reports the results of transcutaneous pacing in a series of 52 emergency
      department patients. Patients were selected for pacing if they were unconscious
      and in asystole (30 patients) or unconscious with a pulseless or hemodynamically
      ineffective bradycardia (22 patients). In all cases, transcutaneous pacing was
      attempted after initial resuscitative drug therapy failed. Of the 26 patients
      with successful ECG capture, 14 were initially in asystole, 11 were initially in
      a pulseless bradycardia, and one had a hemodynamically ineffective bradycardia.
      Of the eight patients developing a pulse, four developed a measurable BP. The
      four patients who developed a measurable BP were young (ages 22 to 39 yr) and
      only one had an underlying cardiac etiology for his cardiac arrest. No patient
      survived to be discharged from the hospital. Twenty-five of the 52 patients also
      had a transvenous pacemaker inserted, with successful electrical capture in five
      of the patients. Only one of the transvenously paced asystolic patients
      subsequently developed a BP. There were no patients successfully paced
      transvenously who were not successfully paced transcutaneously.

PMID- 3987318
TI  - Therapy of cytotoxic mushroom intoxication.
AB  - Poisoning by cytotoxic mushrooms (Amanita phalloides and related species) is
      associated with severe morbidity and a high mortality rate. Due to the difficulty
      of performing controlled studies and to the poor knowledge of the
      pharmacodynamics of toxins in human poisoning, there is considerable debate about
      appropriate treatment, particularly the feasibility and the efficacy of
      detoxification. Because circulating amatoxins can be detected in the serum of
      poisoned patients as long as 30 h after ingestion, a detoxification treatment
      should ideally increase the rate of toxin elimination in order to minimize the
      toxic exposure of highly susceptible cells, such as hepatocytes. We found forced
      diuresis to be the most effective procedure for toxin removal. Other techniques,
      such as plasmapheresis and peritoneal dialysis, proved much less useful for this
      purpose. The administration of cathartics, adsorbent agents, and gastroduodenal
      lavage, are indicated for preventing further absorption of toxins from the gut.
      An important part of therapy is early and vigorous volume replacement, to correct
      the severe hypovolemia which results from massive fluid loss during the cholera
      like phase of intoxication. Use of this therapeutic approach in 53 patients with
      amatoxin poisoning resulted in a high survival rate and a low incidence of severe
      liver injury.

PMID- 3987319
TI  - Effects on intracranial pressure of resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock with
      hypertonic saline versus lactated Ringer's solution.
AB  - Hypertonic saline (2400 mOsm/L) has been used successfully for fluid
      resuscitation of dogs subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock. This study compared
      the effects of resuscitation with hypertonic saline vs. lactated Ringer's
      solution on intracranial pressure (ICP) in dogs subjected to 30 min of sustained
      hypovolemic shock. Hypotension was produced by rapid withdrawal of blood until
      mean arterial pressure was 50 mm Hg, maintained at that level by withdrawal or
      infusion of blood over the next 30 min as necessary. Eight animals were
      resuscitated with hypertonic saline solution and nine with lactated Ringer's
      solution. Both solutions restored systolic blood pressure and cardiac output to
      control values. However, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure did
      not return to control values. The most prominent difference between the two
      groups was in ICP measured after resuscitation. ICP was lower in dogs
      resuscitated with hypertonic saline than in dogs resuscitated with lactated
      Ringer's solution (p = .029). Hypertonic saline fluid resuscitation may represent
      a potential alternative when aggravation of intracranial hypertension during
      resuscitation would place a patient at greater risk.

PMID- 3987320
TI  - Resolution of pneumothorax in neonates.
AB  - The resolution time of pneumothorax in neonates requiring tube thoracotomy is not
      known. We found that 28%, 50%, and 83% of 54 pneumothoraces in 40 neonates
      resolved within 24, 96, and 168 h of tube thoracotomy, respectively.
      Pneumothoraces that persisted beyond 168 h were in infants requiring ventilatory
      assistance. Moreover, a significantly (p less than .05) greater number of preterm
      infants with persistent pneumothorax developed chronic lung disease compared to
      preterm infants in whom pneumothorax resolved by 168 h.

PMID- 3987321
TI  - Immediate hemodynamic effects of high-dose furosemide in normovolemic and
      hypovolemic dogs.
AB  - We investigated whether the large dose (7 mg/kg) of iv furosemide often
      recommended for patients with oliguric acute renal failure impaired hemodynamic
      function in dogs. Six normovolemic and six hypovolemic animals were anesthetized,
      intubated, and ventilated. Femoral and pulmonary artery catheters were inserted.
      After a stable baseline period, the animals received 7 mg/kg of iv furosemide
      over 30 sec. Mean systemic artery pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure
      (MPAP), CVP, and ECG were continuously monitored. Cardiac output and mean
      pulmonary arterial occlusion (wedge) pressures (WP) were recorded 2, 6, 12, 18,
      24, 30, and 46 min after injection. Neither group demonstrated significant
      immediate changes in MAP, CVP, MPAP, heart rate (HR), cardiac output, or systemic
      and pulmonary vascular resistances (SVR and PVR, respectively). Later in the
      observation period, cardiac output decreased and SVR and PVR increased
      significantly. The changes were probably associated with decreased plasma volume
      causing compensatory increases in baroreceptor activity and vascular tone.

PMID- 3987322
TI  - Microcomputer-assisted monitoring system for measuring and processing
      cardiorespiratory variables: preliminary results of clinical trials.
AB  - A microcomputer-assisted monitoring system was developed for the continuous
      measuring and processing of cardiorespiratory variables, including: systemic and
      pulmonary arterial pressures, CVP, minute ventilation, inspired and expired O2
      and CO2 concentrations, temperature, and heart rate. The primary data were
      converted to digital form, processed, displayed on a CRT monitor, and also stored
      for later evaluation. This system automatically calculated and displayed on-line
      and in real-time both primary measurements and derived cardiorespiratory
      variables, including: oxygen consumption, CO2 production, left and right
      ventricular stroke work, pulmonary venous admixture, and systemic and pulmonary
      vascular resistances. Printouts of the variables and trend graphs could be
      obtained for any desired time period. During its development, we tested this
      monitoring system in 30 critically ill patients, finding that the real-time
      calculation of cardiorespiratory variables was a great advantage during
      monitoring and treatment.

PMID- 3987323
TI  - Cimetidine and hepatic blood flow in polytrauma patients.
AB  - Recent reports suggest that cimetidine acutely reduces liver blood flow in normal
      healthy subjects. To determine whether this finding is applicable to critically
      ill patients, we studied nine polytrauma patients admitted to a surgical ICU. All
      patients were being monitored with pulmonary artery catheters; all were stable
      with normal liver function. Liver blood flow was estimated by indocyanine green
      clearance, before and after administration of a single dose of 600 mg cimetidine.
      Hemodynamic variables were measured at the same times. Cimetidine did not
      significantly alter either hepatic blood flow or cardiovascular status in these
      critically ill patients.

PMID- 3987324
TI  - Clinical diagnosis of massive hemoptysis using the fiberoptic bronchoscope.
AB  - Pulmonary resection, when possible, is the conventional treatment of massive
      hemoptysis. Alternatives include bronchial artery embolization, Fogarty catheter
      balloon tamponade, and pharmacologic approaches. We used endotracheal intubation
      and flexible bronchoscopy to locate the bleeding site in three of four patients
      with massive hemoptysis. These cases are used to review the etiology of massive
      hemoptysis and the usefulness of flexible bronchoscopy to localize the source of
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 3987325
TI  - Clonidine withdrawal syndrome in a patient with heart failure.
AB  - Clonidine withdrawal syndrome is described in a patient with heart failure and
      suspected cardiogenic shock. Hemodynamic monitoring disclosed hypertension and a
      very high systemic vascular resistance. Treatment consisted of nitroprusside
      followed by captopril.

PMID- 3987326
TI  - Cardiac tamponade from ventricular rupture: value of two-dimensional
      echocardiography in guiding acute surgical management.
AB  - In a patient with suspected cardiac tamponade after a recent myocardial
      infarction, the use of two-dimensional echocardiography rapidly clarified the
      underlying cause and provided additional diagnostic information useful in guiding
      acute surgical management.

PMID- 3987327
TI  - Insertion of central venous catheters.

PMID- 3987328
TI  - Multiple cerebral aneurysms associated with left-sided inferior vena cava and
      hemiazygos continuation: a case report.
AB  - A case of multiple saccular cerebral aneurysms in association with a left-sided
      inferior vena cava and hemiazygos continuation is presented. To our knowledge,
      this association has not previously been recorded in the literature.

PMID- 3987329
TI  - Evaluation of complex carpal trauma: thin-section direct longitudinal computed
      tomography scanning through a plaster cast.
AB  - Direct longitudinal computed tomography of the wrist, with a plaster cast on the
      forearm, is described. In a case of complex carpal injuries, the advantages of
      this method are compared with those of conventional radiographic studies.

PMID- 3987331
TI  - Enhancement of pulmonary vasculature in pulmonary consolidation as seen by
      computed tomography.
AB  - Computed tomography of the chest is often useful in evaluating lung consolidation
      and endobronchial obstruction. Our case demonstrates a consolidated lung
      associated with endobronchial obstruction and an interesting finding of enhanced
      pulmonary vasculature contrasted against surrounding pulmonary parenchyma of low
      density. We believe this represents the computed tomography appearance of drowned
      lung.

PMID- 3987330
TI  - Computed tomography findings in clinically normal and abnormal thyroid patients.
AB  - Fifty normal volunteers had unenhanced thyroid computed tomography scans. A range
      of normal computed tomography densities and volumes was established for each age
      group. Pre- and postcontrast scans were done on 47 abnormal patients with
      hemorrhagic cysts, multinodular goiter, thyroiditis, papillary carcinoma, and
      benign adenomas. The computed tomography characteristics of each of the
      pathologic groups was noted for both the abnormal areas and the uninvolved part
      of the gland. Preliminary observations of the computed tomography characteristics
      of each abnormality are discussed.

PMID- 3987332
TI  - Association of posttraumatic spinal arachnoid cyst and syringomyelia.
AB  - A patient developed a painful progressive paraparesis following trauma.
      Metrizamide myelography revealed an arachnoid cyst. A delayed metrizamide
      computed tomography scan of the area confirmed the cyst and demonstrated a syrinx
      at that level that was not appreciated on the myelogram. The association of these
      two lesions after trauma are perhaps more common than appreciated and the
      importance of a computed tomography scan of the abnormal area on myelography is
      emphasized.

PMID- 3987333
TI  - Herniated thoracic intervertebral disks.
AB  - The diagnosis of herniated thoracic disks has historically been confusing for the
      clinician and difficult for the radiologist. Its protean manifestations lead it
      to mimic many diseases including spinal cord tumors and degenerative diseases.
      Radiographically, its diagnosis has been difficult by both routine radiography
      and myelography. Our two cases demonstrate post-metrizamide (Amipaque) myelogram
      computed tomography to be a valuable aid in the diagnosis of herniated thoracic
      disks.

PMID- 3987334
TI  - Coarctation of the aorta associated with intercostal artery aneurysms--computed
      tomography diagnosis.
AB  - A coarctation of the thoracic aorta associated with intercostal collateral
      arterial aneurysms was diagnosed with computed tomography in a mildly
      hypertensive 59-year-old woman.

PMID- 3987335
TI  - Computer tomography demonstration of pulmonary artery calcification in
      Eisenmenger's syndrome.
AB  - Atherosclerotic change and pulmonary artery calcification is known to occur in
      patients with pulmonary artery hypertension. We present such a patient with
      Eisenmenger's syndrome. Computed tomography demonstrated atheromatous plaques and
      calcification of the pulmonary arteries.

PMID- 3987336
TI  - Computed tomography appearance of subcutaneous endometrioma.
AB  - Endometriosis in the subcutaneous tissue is an uncommon finding, but one reported
      in association with surgical incisions and scars. The use of ultrasound, but not
      computed tomography, has been reported in the diagnosis of such lesions. Reported
      here is a case of abdominal subcutaneous endometrioma detected by CT in a patient
      with confusing symptoms.

PMID- 3987337
TI  - Computed tomography characterization of anterior mediastinal tumors.
AB  - The computed tomography manifestations of 39 patients with histologically proved
      anterior mediastinal tumors were studied by categorizing the tumors by content as
      solid homogeneous, cystic homogeneous, and heterogeneous. Among 24 solid tumors,
      thymomas were easily distinguished by their lack of invasiveness from malignant
      lymphomas and germ-cell tumors. Among 11 cystic tumors, pericardial and thymic
      cysts were differentiated from cystic teratomas and bronchogenic cysts by their
      lack of recognizable capsules with or without calcification. The differential
      diagnosis of a variety of tumors of the anterior mediastinum was facilitated by
      computed tomography in all but a few exceptional cases.

PMID- 3987338
TI  - Computed tomography of diaphragmatic lipoma.
AB  - Five cases of lipomas of the diaphragm are reviewed, and findings on computed
      tomography and conventional radiography are compared. Due to the high specificity
      of computed tomography in identifying fat-containing structures, the diagnosis of
      lipoma was established with certainty. In repeated chest roentgenograms during an
      average follow-up of 14 months, there was no change in the appearance of the
      masses in the patients' diaphragms.

PMID- 3987339
TI  - Adrenal pseudotumor: gallbladder simulating a right adrenal mass.

PMID- 3987340
TI  - Malignant melanoma presenting as a mass obstructing the common bile duct.
AB  - Pathologic and computed tomographic correlation of an obstructing common bile
      duct mass, found to be malignant melanoma, is presented. No tumour was
      demonstrated elsewhere. Such a pattern of presentation has not previously been
      described in this condition. Malignant melanoma, even in the absence of disease
      elsewhere, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such lesions
      seen on computed tomography.

PMID- 3987341
TI  - Psyche, soma, and society: the social construction of psychosomatic disorders.
AB  - This pilot-study examines the self-perceptions, and explanatory models, of 42
      patients with either respiratory or gastrointestinal psychosomatic disorders. For
      several reasons, these disorders comprise an anomalous category within the
      biomedical model. It is suggested that clinicians explain their chronic,
      unpredictable course by 'psychologization'--shifting responsibility for etiology,
      exacerbations or therapeutic failure to patients' emotions, personality, or
      lifestyle. Evidence is presented that psychologization is socially constructed,
      in clinical encounters over time. Patients respond to this process by reifying
      pathogenic emotions, personality traits, or malfunctioning body parts, and thus
      separating them from an idealized concept of the social self. It is also
      suggested that patients with gastrointestinal or respiratory conditions differ in
      their self-perceptions and explanatory models: a proportion of patients in each
      group organize their experiences around a central natural symbol--respiration or
      digestion/excretion. These 2 images link physiological experiences to concepts of
      pathogenic emotions or personality, physical weakness, and types of social
      relationships.

PMID- 3987342
TI  - Symptomatic differences between the sexes in rural Mexico.
AB  - This paper addresses the problem of the differential presentation of illness by
      women and men in two Spiritualist temples and a physician's office situated in
      rural Mexico. Women's morbidity raises the broader anthropological questions of
      the interplay between symptomatic expression and women's unequal status in the
      social structure, their cognitive evaluation of specific life experiences,
      cultural etiological explanations and Western models of dysphoria. Symptoms
      presented by patients in different health care delivery sites are compared and
      case vignettes of patients' illnesses and attributions are presented to
      demonstrate the ways in which culturally constructed illness attributions and
      illness expressions comprise a somatic grammar for the articulation of
      experimental distress. The sick population is compared with a control group of
      healthy women to highlight the socio-cultural and psychosocial variables that
      promote illness in women from the same sociocultural strata of rural Mexico.
      Collective understandings of the role of life events and emotional expression in
      illness attributions legitimize somatization as a coping style under adverse
      existential conditions.

PMID- 3987343
TI  - Issues for cross-cultural psychiatric research in South Africa.
AB  - South Africa's heterogenous society offers many opportunities for cross-cultural
      psychiatric research, but researchers in the country are subject to a number of
      restraints. Apart from legally enforced segregation, there are strict censorship
      laws and restricted access to certain types of information. The issues
      surrounding categorization of cultures and factors affecting publishing research
      from South Africa have important implications for the type of work that is done.
      It is a central argument of this article that the issues affecting research in
      South Africa are relevant to other countries as well, and parallels between the
      local and international context are drawn. The South African experience suggests
      that analysis of the research enterprise itself is a useful part of the business
      of cross-cultural psychiatric research.

PMID- 3987344
TI  - Regional distribution of lipids and phospholipase A2 activity in normal and
      cataractous rat lens.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of the great
      difference in the concentration of phospholipids between the cortex and nucleus
      of the ocular lens and to further investigate the mechanism of cataract induction
      by the sterol synthesis-inhibitor U18666A. The nucleus of the young rat lens was
      found to contain less than one-third the concentration (micrograms/mg lens
      region, dry wt) of total phospholipid present in the cortex. The sterol to
      phospholipid molar ratio in the nucleus was more than double that in the cortex.
      Phosphatidylcholine plus phosphatidylethanolamine were the principal
      phospholipids in both the lens cortex and nucleus. The activity of phospholipase
      A2 (PLA2), an enzyme important for turnover of cellular phospholipids, was
      measured in the total water-insoluble fraction from whole lenses and from
      isolated lens regions by the release of 1-14C-linoleic acid from the number two
      position of a synthetic phosphatidylcholine. The cortex was found to possess
      about 75% of the total PLA2 activity in the lens. Most of the remaining activity
      was in the nucleus. The low concentration of phospholipid in the lens nucleus
      could be due to breakdown of phosphoglycerides by PLA2 in the cortex as
      equatorial fiber cells shift toward the nucleus with aging. The cataract induced
      in rats by the sterol synthesis inhibitor U18666A was found to involve a major
      loss of total sterol from the lens cortex and almost total substitution of
      desmosterol for the cholesterol remaining in this region. By comparison, nuclear
      sterols were little affected by drug treatment and cataract development.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987345
TI  - The effect of the retinal circulation on vitreal oxygen tension.
AB  - Detailed measurements have been made of the pre-retinal partial pressure of
      oxygen (PO2) in the cat eye to determine the effect of the local geometry of the
      retinal circulation on vitreal PO2 values. Measurements were made with oxygen
      sensitive microelectrodes for two ventilation conditions: air and 100% O2
      breathing. PO2 gradients, which may extend as far as 800 micron from the internal
      limiting membrane, have been shown to exist in the vicinity of retinal arteries.
      Close to a retinal vein there is either a very shallow PO2 gradient or none at
      all. Coarse vitreal PO2 profiles which were measured out to the "mid vitreous"
      show that the gradients are very shallow to within 1 mm of the retina. The close
      agreement between "mid vitreous" PO2 and retinal venous PO2 implies that the
      retinal venous PO2 sets the PO2 value of the main bulk of the vitreous. Absolute
      PO2 values indicate that the retinal arterial walls offer easy diffusion for
      oxygen, and that at 100% O2 breathing almost all the oxygen offloaded from the
      retinal circulation is from dissolved oxygen. Alterations in the physiological
      condition of the eye such as those due to changes in the ventilation gas, blood
      pressure or intraocular pressure may cause relative movement between the
      microelectrode and the retina. This movement can lead to apparent changes in
      vitreal PO2 when it occurs in a region in which substantial PO2 gradients exist.

PMID- 3987346
TI  - Intraocular penetration of systemically administered antifungal agents.
AB  - Amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine (5-FC), and ketoconazole levels were estimated in
      vitreous and aqueous samples taken from four patients undergoing therapeutic
      vitrectomy for fungal endophthalmitis. The levels of amphotericin B in the
      vitreous of three patients were low (.04 - .17 microgram/ml). However, 5-FC was
      present in a concentration of 22.2 micrograms/ml in one patient. In another case
      the aqueous level of ketoconazole was 0.35 microgram/ml. The vitreous in the same
      patient contained 0.71 microgram/ml of the drug.

PMID- 3987347
TI  - Detergents modify uveal flow and intraocular pressure.
AB  - Detergents were administered intra-arterially to isolated arterially perfused
      eyes of rabbits and cats. Tween 80, Triton X-100, digitonin and sodium dodecyl
      sulphate (SDS) constricted uveal vessels and raised intraocular pressure (IOP)
      except for SDS which lowered IOP. Digitonin, a type B detergent was more active
      than three other detergents of type A. None of the four detergents did affect
      pupil size. After preconstriction with epinephrine low concentrations of nonionic
      detergents dilated uveal vessels but the fall in IOP by epinephrine was not
      affected; higher doses raised IOP. After preconstriction by eserine + Ach there
      were no effects of detergents on uveal flow and IOP. Mepacrine decreased the
      ocular effects of detergents suggesting that at least part of the effects from
      detergents is due to liberation of phospholipids.

PMID- 3987348
TI  - Survival of isolated rabbit cornea and free radical scavengers.
AB  - The survival time of perfused endothelium is doubled in presence of the free
      radical scavengers superoxide dismutase and catalase.

PMID- 3987349
TI  - Decreased intraocular pressure and aqueous humor turnover rate during
      longitudinal ocular studies in the rabbit.
AB  - One group of 5 pigmented rabbits, during a period of 10 weeks, and two groups of
      8 albino rabbits, during 16 weeks, showed a fall in aqueous turnover rate and
      outflow facility of about 30%. A fall in intraocular pressure also occurred of
      about 10 mm Hg. The biochemical correlative mechanism, systemic and/or local, is
      conjectural (reduction of "stress"; homeostasis). Empirically a parallel
      completely untreated control group should accompany any longitudinal study group
      in order to differentiate these temporal trends from experimental effects.

PMID- 3987350
TI  - Peptide-maps of procollagen (I) from corneas and tendons of 17-day-old chick
      embryos.
AB  - Corneas and tendons dissected from 17-day-old chick embryos were labeled with
      [35S]methionine in the presence of 0.3 mM alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl. The
      unhydroxylated, 35S-labeled pro alpha chains and alpha chains were isolated by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The pro alpha and
      alpha chains were then subjected to peptide-map analysis by proteolytic digestion
      with trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin, papain or proteinase K. The peptide-maps
      derived from cornea and tendon pro alpha 1(I) chains are identical. Similar
      results were obtained from cornea and tendon alpha 1(I) chains. There were
      differences in the peptide maps derived from cornea and tendon pro alpha 2(I)
      chains. However, no difference was observed in alpha 2(I) chains. These results
      suggest that cornea and tendon pro alpha 1(I) chains are probably identical in
      primary structures, whereas the cornea pro alpha 2(I) chain may be different from
      the tendon pro alpha 2(I) chain within pepsin sensitive regions of the
      procollagen molecule. The reason for difference in the peptide-maps of pro alpha
      2(I) chains remain unknown. One of the possible explanations is the variation of
      posttranslational modification within the propeptides of the pro alpha 2(I)
      chain. However, this hypothesis needs to be further investigated. Nevertheless,
      the finding that the peptide-maps of alpha 2(I) chains from tendons and corneas
      are identical fail to support the two genes hypothesis for pro alpha 2(I) chains.

PMID- 3987352
TI  - Anal profilometry, a method of investigating the physiology of the anal canal and
      the pelvic floor.
AB  - Fifty women and 50 men without diseases in their minor pelvis were investigated
      with anal profilometry. The method were tested with different sizes of catheters
      and different perfusion rates. The profiles have been superimposed to demonstrate
      similaryties. To demonstrate the influence of the levator any muscles on the
      profile 5 patients were investigated, before, during and after extradural
      analgesy.

PMID- 3987351
TI  - Retinal damage in pigmented and albino rats exposed to low levels of cyclic light
      following a single mydriatic treatment.
AB  - The present study demonstrated that less than three days of exposure to low
      levels of normally cycled ambient illumination are sufficient to cause death to
      photoreceptor cells in adult pigmented and albino rat. Cyclic light levels as low
      as 133 and 320 lux were found to destroy photoreceptor cells. A single mydriatic
      treatment with atropine immediately preceding the three-day exposure was
      sufficient to permit the effect in pigmented rats. No mydriasis was required for
      albino rats. When pigmented rats were reared in either 3 lux or 100 lux, it was
      found that these different light histories did not significantly affect the rats'
      subsequent susceptibility, during mydriasis, to retinal damage by cyclic
      illumination.

PMID- 3987353
TI  - Spontaneous progression of valvular aortic stenosis.
AB  - In 11 adult patients with isolated valvular aortic stenosis, the progression of
      the disease was assessed by two heart catheterisations without intervening aortic
      valve surgery. Four patients had bicuspid valves, whereas the remaining seven
      were considered to have acquired aortic stenosis. Significant differences between
      the two catheterisations were found for left ventricular peak systolic pressure
      (LVPSP), left ventricular aortic mean pressure gradient (LV-AO gradient), and for
      aortic valve area (OA). The rate of progression varied considerably. In one case
      the pressure gradient increased 43 mm Hg in 68 months, whereas in another case it
      remained almost unchanged for 103 months. One patient developed aortic valve
      regurgitation. ECG, chest X-ray and phonocardiography gave only poor estimates of
      the degree of progression. Thus having established a mild aortic stenosis at
      heart catheterisation, recatheterisation usually remains necessary to give the
      final indication for operation.

PMID- 3987355
TI  - Alzheimer's disease. Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Aging of the brain.

PMID- 3987354
TI  - A new method for estimation of illegal abortions.
AB  - For the years 1974, 1975, and 1976, the Danish National Board of Health has
      published statistical material showing the percentage of known conceptions
      (births, legal abortions, and other cases of hospitalized abortion) which end in
      spontaneous abortion. For the above-mentioned three-year period, the proportion
      was eight percent. The author shows that by employing this figure and the figures
      for births, legal abortions, and all other hospitalized abortion cases, the
      hospitalized illegal abortion cases can be estimated. The proportion of illegal
      abortions during the years 1960-71 have previously been estimated. By applying
      this new method of calculation to the same material, the author finds a much
      smaller figure for illegal abortion. The old method yielded certain maximum,
      medium and minimum figures for this material; the result of the new method
      corresponds approximately to the minimum figures of the old method, which
      employed percentages of six and eight for minimum and medium figures for
      spontaneous abortion. The author quotes literature which shows that these figures
      today are regarded as far too low. The application of these figures in the
      calculations might explain the disagreement between the results of the two
      methods. Some of the errors are examined.

PMID- 3987356
TI  - Neurotransmitter changes in the aging brain.

PMID- 3987357
TI  - Cerebral blood flow in dementias.

PMID- 3987358
TI  - Differential diagnosis with special reference to treatable dementias and
      pseudodementia conditions.

PMID- 3987359
TI  - Psychological evaluation in dementia and depression.

PMID- 3987360
TI  - Behavior of patients with dementia.

PMID- 3987361
TI  - The general practitioner and the dementia patient.

PMID- 3987362
TI  - Education in dementia for the caring professions.

PMID- 3987363
TI  - The institutionalization of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 3987365
TI  - Ten Kerselaere: a contemporary approach to geriatric care in Belgium.

PMID- 3987364
TI  - Promoting independent living in a municipality with 25 percent elderly.

PMID- 3987366
TI  - Dementia and the family.

PMID- 3987367
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension in the interstitial lung diseases.

PMID- 3987368
TI  - Hemodynamic effect of hydralazine in interstitial lung disease patients with cor
      pulmonale. Immediate and short-term evaluation at rest and during exercise.
AB  - Hydralazine was administered short-term to 13 patients who had stable
      interstitial lung disease (ILD), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); mean
      pulmonary arterial pressure ( [PAP]=26 +/- 9 mm Hg), and cor pulmonale (CP). All
      patients were studied at rest and during exercise. After intravenous hydralazine
      at rest, there were statistically significant increases in cardiac index (CI) (p
      less than 0.001), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) (p less than 0.01), and mixed
      venous saturation (S-vO2) (p less than 0.01). Pulmonary vascular resistance (Rp)
      (p less than 0.005) and systemic resistance (Rs) decreased (p less than 0.001),
      and PAP did not change. During exercise, PAP did not change; however, CI (p less
      than 0.01), PaO2 (p less than 0.001), and S-vO2 (p less than 0.01) increased
      further. The increase in Rp was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01). After
      continuation of oral hydralazine therapy in 12 patients for 7 days, PAP at rest
      was not statistically different from control; Rp and Rs remained decreased (p
      less than 0.001). The same results were found for CI, PaO2, S-vO2, and Rs during
      exercise. Although PAP did not change from control values, the drug significantly
      reduced the increase in Rp (p less than 0.005). Vasodilator therapy with
      hydralazine could be useful in patients with stable ILD who have inflammation
      with minimal to moderate fibrosis and PAH and might be used as an adjunct to
      conventional therapy for ILD and CP.

PMID- 3987369
TI  - Comparison of forceps used for transbronchial lung biopsy. Bigger may not be
      better.
AB  - Transbronchial lung biopsy is a useful procedure to obtain an alveolar specimen
      in the evaluation of diffuse lung infiltrates. Large forceps (cup and alligator)
      are expected to result in larger specimens and improve diagnostic yield. We
      performed transbronchial lung biopsy in 20 patients using two different sized
      forceps in each patient. We compared the histology and histopathologic diagnoses
      obtained by small cup forceps, large cup forceps, and large alligator forceps.
      Small and large cup forceps provided equally good results; however, the large
      open end of the alligator forceps often prevented distal passage through
      narrowing airways, engaging proximal bifurcating bronchial wall and cartilage
      rather than lung parenchyma. Small and large cup forceps are more likely to
      obtain the desired alveolar specimen.

PMID- 3987370
TI  - Subjective and objective measurement of tidal volume in critically ill patients.
AB  - Subjective assessment of the respiratory rate and the adequacy of tidal
      ventilation are the oldest and most widely practiced forms of respiratory
      monitoring in critically ill patients. Surprisingly, this method of assessment
      has itself never been evaluated in patients. The estimation of tidal volume in
      nine patients was performed by full-time intensive care unit (ICU) personnel and
      compared to the objective measurement of using a calibrated and validated
      respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP). Linear correlation analysis was
      performed. Poor correlation between clinical estimation by ICU personnel and
      actual measurement by RIP was revealed in all cases. A widespread and potentially
      dangerous tendency to overestimate tidal volume was noted. These data suggest
      that subjective assessment of tidal volume is inaccurate in critically ill
      patients and that the development of techniques of continuous, nonobtrusive and
      objective monitoring are to be encouraged.

PMID- 3987371
TI  - Oxygen delivery in critically ill patients. Relationship to blood lactate and
      survival.
AB  - Forty-four critically ill patients with or without adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS) were studied in an attempt to define critical levels of oxygen
      delivery. Blood lactate was used as the indicator of tissue hypoxia independent
      of cardiac output. Survival was good (55 percent) and blood lactate near normal
      for those with oxygen delivery more than 8 ml/kg/min. Below this level, survival
      was poor (14 percent) and blood lactate markedly increased. There were
      significant nonlinear correlations of lactate with O2 delivery (r = - .735, p
      less than .001) and cardiac output (r = - .602, p less than .001). Mixed venous
      oxygen was not a reliable indicator of blood lactate, survival, oxygen delivery,
      or oxygen consumption.

PMID- 3987372
TI  - Reduced pulmonary capillary blood volume as a long-term sequel of ARDS.
AB  - Lung function was evaluated in nine survivors of ARDS. All patients were
      asymptomatic at rest at the time of the study, ie, 5.5 to 19 months after
      extubation (mean 12.5). Six had mild to moderate exertional dyspnea. Chest x-ray
      films showed no gross parenchymal abnormalities. Spirometry and pulmonary
      mechanics were either normal or minimally altered, particularly in smokers. At
      submaximal exercise levels, effort was limited by tachycardia in eight patients;
      one subject showed ventilatory and cardiovascular limitations. It was concluded
      that spirometry and pulmonary mechanics are restored to normal within six months
      after extubation, and gas exchange abnormalities persist after ARDS and might be
      related to intrapulmonary shunts at rest, whereas during exercise a decreased
      pulmonary capillary blood volume might be the primary factor.

PMID- 3987373
TI  - The inspiratory work of breathing during assisted mechanical ventilation.
AB  - We quantified the mechanical work of breathing in six normal subjects during
      assisted mechanical ventilation. Using two volume-cycled ventilators of different
      design, we investigated the influence of minute ventilation (VE) and machine
      settings of trigger sensitivity and flow during CO2-driven hyperventilation to
      moderate and high levels (12-24 L/min). Work estimates were derived from plots of
      esophageal and airway pressure against inflation volume. Peak flow and trigger
      sensitivity were important determinants of the energy expended, and for each
      combination of machine settings the work done by the subject per liter of
      ventilation increased with VE. During assisted ventilation the subject expended
      energy equivalent to 33-50 percent of the work of passive inflation, even under
      the most favorable conditions of VE, sensitivity and flow. Under the least
      favorable conditions of VE, sensitivity and flow, the subject's inspiratory work
      of breathing substantially exceeded the energy needed by the ventilator to
      inflate the passive thorax. These observations imply that exertion of the
      respiratory muscles continues throughout inflation during assisted mechanical
      ventilation and call attention to the possibility that inappropriate selection of
      ventilatory mode or machine settings may contribute to respiratory muscle fatigue
      and dyspnea.

PMID- 3987374
TI  - Effect of metabolic acidosis upon sleep apnea.
AB  - The effects of metabolic acidosis upon the pattern of apnea during sleep were
      assessed in ten sleep apnea patients. Four had pure obstructive apnea, two pure
      central apnea, and four had mixed apnea. Acidosis was induced with acetazolamide.
      Acid-base shifts had little effect in pure obstructive and pure central apnea,
      but had a significant effect in mixed apnea. In two of the mixed apneic patients,
      metabolic acidosis converted predominantly central apnea into nearly pure
      obstructive apnea, prolonging apneic periods and worsening hypoxemia. A suggested
      explanation for this is the greater stimulating effect of acidosis upon the lower
      bellows muscles than upon the muscles which act to maintain patency of the upper
      airways. The observation that some patients with mixed sleep apnea appear to have
      central apnea while relatively alkalotic and obstructive apnea while acidotic
      emphasizes the need for more careful and detailed characterization of apneic
      disorders with respect to their responses to body states and therapeutic agents.

PMID- 3987375
TI  - Serial electrophysiologic studies of the effects of oral diltiazem on paroxysmal
      supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - In 16 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, electrophysiologic
      studies were done before and serially at hourly intervals for eight hours after
      the third oral dose of 90 mg diltiazem given every eight hours. Diltiazem
      increased both the longest atrial paced cycle length producing type 1
      atrioventricular block and the effective refractory period of the
      atrioventricular conducting system at all measurements. Before diltiazem, all 16
      patients had induction of sustained tachycardia. After diltiazem, sustained
      tachycardia could not be induced in ten patients at any measurements; in these
      patients, either echo or nonsustained tachycardia was induced. In the remaining
      six patients, sustained tachycardia was induced, particularly after six hours.
      Follow-up observations in 12 patients receiving the same dosage of oral diltiazem
      for 6 +/- 2 months (mean +/- SD), showed that of the eight patients in whom
      electrophysiologic testing induced either echo or nonsustained tachycardia, six
      were asymptomatic and two experienced transient palpitation. Of the other four
      patients with induction of sustained tachycardia, three had transient palpitation
      and one had occasional attacks of sustained tachycardia requiring modification of
      therapy. Thus, oral diltiazem increases atrioventricular nodal refractoriness,
      with an effect lasting up to eight hours. It is an effective agent for the
      prophylaxis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 3987376
TI  - Reflex heart rate control in asthma. Evidence of parasympathetic overactivity.
AB  - The bronchial hyperreactivity characteristic of asthma may be related to enhanced
      parasympathetic nervous activity. We postulated that an abnormality in the
      autonomic control of airway caliber might be reflected by a parallel change in
      the reflex control of heart rate. We examined the heart-rate variations induced
      by deep breathing (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), the Valsalva maneuver, and
      standing up from the recumbent position in asthmatic subjects and nonasthmatic
      control subjects. The asthmatic patients had evidence of enhanced parasympathetic
      neural drive to the sinoatrial node, as manifested by a significantly greater
      magnitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, than the controls (p less than
      0.0005). We were unable to induce a similar change in normal subjects by
      resistance breathing. A statistical analysis suggested the presence of a
      relationship between the magnitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and the degree
      of bronchial hyperreactivity in a group of asthmatic patients. Our results
      support the hypothesis that enhanced parasympathetic activity is an important
      factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.

PMID- 3987377
TI  - The effects of oral slow-release terbutaline on the circadian variation in
      spirometry and arterial blood gas levels in patients with chronic airflow
      obstruction.
AB  - The circadian variation of spirometry and blood gases was studied in eight male,
      normoxemic, patients with chronic air flow obstruction and complaints of early
      morning dyspnea. The patients were selected for a high amplitude in circadian
      variation of PEFR. They were treated for eight days with placebo and slow-release
      terbutaline tablets (5 mg at 8 am and 10 mg at 8 pm). Thereafter, arterial blood
      gas levels were measured at four-hour intervals over 24 hours. Just after blood
      sampling, FEV1 measurements were performed. The results on placebo therapy were
      compared with results in eight healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and
      smoking habits. The circadian rhythms of FEV1, PaO2, and SaO2 in these patients
      showed a higher amplitude than in normal subjects. The decrease of FEV1 in the
      patient group at 8 am coincided with the decrease in PaO2 and SaO2. In normal
      subjects no significant nocturnal fall in FEV1, PaO2, or SaO2 occurred.
      Administration of slow-release terbutaline tablets for eight days, providing
      comparable diurnal and nocturnal serum levels, prevented the nocturnal decrease
      of FEV1, PaO2, and SaO2. The increase of the FEV1 at all hours of observation
      showed a significant correlation with the increase of the PaO2.

PMID- 3987378
TI  - Pyridoxine deficiency in children treated with isoniazid.
AB  - Isoniazid-induced deficiency of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is reportedly not
      uncommon in adults but rare in children. In the present study, 38 children had
      serum levels of pyridoxine tested while receiving therapy with isoniazid. A
      biologic assay using the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila determined pyridoxine
      status after 2 to 18 months of therapy with isoniazid. Five children (13 percent)
      were deficient. None had definitive clinical symptoms or signs consistent with
      pyridoxine deficiency. Three had normal nerve conduction velocity. Children
      receiving isoniazid in dosages greater than 10 mg/kg/day had a higher incidence
      of deficiency. Present recommendations for withholding pyridoxine prophylaxis
      from children receiving isoniazid therapy must be reconsidered in light of these
      findings, particularly in those children who are debilitated or have a poor
      nutritional history with a known pyridoxine deficit prior to therapy with
      isoniazid.

PMID- 3987379
TI  - Intrapulmonary lymph nodes. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features.
AB  - The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic material from ten patients with
      intrapulmonary lymph nodes was analyzed, along with information from all
      previously reported cases. In our series the median age was 56 years, and 80
      percent (eight) of the patients were men. All patients are or were cigarette
      smokers. Sixty percent (six) had a history of exposure to either asbestos,
      nonfibrous silicates, or both. There were no characteristic symptoms attributable
      to the intrapulmonary lymph nodes. Forty percent (four) had an unexplained
      pulmonary nodule or nodules on the chest roentgenogram, which prompted further
      diagnostic studies, including thoracotomy, to rule out a malignant neoplasm.
      Radiographically, in our cases and in the literature, almost all cases of
      intrapulmonary lymph nodes are subpleural, inferior to the level of the carina,
      and less than 2.0 cm in diameter. Thirty-five percent are multiple.
      Pathologically, in our cases, all intrapulmonary lymph nodes were markedly
      anthracotic, and 60 percent were additionally silicotic. Although their
      histogenesis is uncertain, intrapulmonary lymph nodes are probably hyperplastic
      lymphoid nodules related to inhalation of irritant dusts and attendant distortion
      of local lymphatic vessels. Precise clinical and radiographic analysis correlated
      carefully with cytologic and histologic material obtained by percutaneous needle
      biopsy should obviate exploratory thoracotomy in most instances.

PMID- 3987380
TI  - Echocardiographic findings after tricuspid valvectomy.
AB  - Resection of the tricuspid valve without prosthetic replacement has successfully
      been performed in patients with tricuspid valvular endocarditis. Using M-mode,
      two-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiograms, we studied four patients who
      underwent tricuspid valvectomy. All patients had previous history of intravenous
      drug abuse and staphylococcal endocarditis with tricuspid valvular involvement.
      In all patients, M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiograms showed that the
      tricuspid valve was absent. The right ventricle was dilated, and the
      interventricular septum had paradoxical motion in each patient. In each patient
      the right atrium was dilated, and with each ventricular systole, it expanded and
      its short axis increased by 20 to 33 percent. This caused shift of the
      interatrial septum toward the left atrium, with compression of its cavity.
      Doppler echocardiographic studies showed retrograde flow during systole in the
      right atrium, inferior vena cava, and hepatic vein. Echocardiographic findings in
      patients with tricuspid valvectomy correlate with the pathophysiologic findings
      of this condition.

PMID- 3987381
TI  - Hemoptysis and recurrent pneumonias in a 62-year-old man.

PMID- 3987382
TI  - Sinoatrial block with complicating sinoatrial reciprocation.
AB  - This presentation reflects an atypical manifestation of sinoatrial block in a
      patient with chronic renal failure and hyperkalemia (7.8 mEq/L). An allorhythmic
      distribution of P-P intervals permits the interpretation of sinoatrial block
      complicated by sinoatrial reciprocation.

PMID- 3987384
TI  - Uncomplicated torsion of the right upper lobe secondary to spontaneous
      pneumothorax.
AB  - The diagnosis of torsion of the lung, a rare but potentially fatal condition,
      depends entirely on radiographic recognition. In this article, the first case of
      lobar torsion following spontaneous pneumothorax is reported, the literature is
      reviewed, and the radiographic manifestations and clinical correlations are
      presented.

PMID- 3987383
TI  - Free-floating left atrial thrombus and systemic embolization.
AB  - A patient with mitral stenosis and systemic thromboemboli is presented. Two
      dimensional echocardiography demonstrated a spherical thrombus floating freely
      within the left atrium which was corroborated by postmortem examination. This
      case is unique in its clinical outcome and provides insight into the pathogenesis
      of such left atrial thrombi.

PMID- 3987385
TI  - Intravascular knotting of a subclavian catheter. Nonsurgical removal.

PMID- 3987386
TI  - Estimation of alveolar pressure variations during panting.

PMID- 3987387
TI  - Lights out! A preventable complication of endotracheal intubation.

PMID- 3987388
TI  - Pigmented polypoid obstructive endobronchial tuberculosis.

PMID- 3987389
TI  - Bilateral pneumothorax after transtracheal aspiration.

PMID- 3987390
TI  - A disadvantage of Velcro as an endotracheal tube anchor.

PMID- 3987391
TI  - Problems with the pneumothorax catheter.

PMID- 3987392
TI  - 27th Aspen Lung Conference: Asthma.

PMID- 3987393
TI  - Effects of mechlorethamine on lysosomal enzyme release from HeLa and 3T3 cells.
AB  - The growth of the established malignant HeLa cells was much more inhibited by
      mechlorethamine (HN2) than that of the nonmalignant 3T3 cells. An initial growth
      inhibition was followed by complete inhibition even if HN2 was removed from the
      culture medium. Significant cell death did not occur during the first 24 h of HN2
      treatment, but well later on. Incubation with 2.5 micrograms/ml HN2 caused
      increased release of lysosomal enzymes into the medium and decreased
      intracellular enzyme activities after a latency period of at least 6 h. The
      lysosomes from HeLa cells did not seem to be more fragile than those from 3T3
      cells. Incubation with 0.25 micrograms/ml HN2 did not alter the intra- or
      extracellular enzyme levels the first 24 h, but well later on even after
      refeeding with medium without HN2. This study indicates that lysosomal enzymes
      are not involved in the genesis of the process leading to cell inactivation by
      HN2, but may well be correlated with the cytotoxic effects leading to cell death.

PMID- 3987394
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone and its relation to concentrations in
      extravascular compartments. Comparison with cefotaxime.
AB  - Two of the 3rd generation cephalosporins, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, have an
      almost identical antibacterial spectrum, but completely different
      pharmacokinetics. After an intravenous dose of 1 g, peak levels of both
      cephalosporins were greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml. Cefotaxime levels
      fall rapidly with a T 1/2 of 1.1 h, whereas ceftriaxone persists for 24 h with an
      unique T 1/2 of 8 h. Cefotaxime is eliminated by the kidneys and metabolized to
      desacetyl-cefotaxime resulting in a high total clearance. In contrast,
      ceftriaxone is not metabolized and highly protein bound with a total clearance of
      only 14 ml/min. Peak concentrations of antibiotics are lower in extravascular
      compartments than in serum. They depend on the dose administered and the serum T
      1/2; they are lower with highly bound drugs. Concentrations of ceftriaxone and
      cefotaxime were measured by Andrews and Wise in blister fluids, in ascites and
      pleural fluid by us. We found concentrations of 20-26 micrograms/ml ceftriaxone
      up to 12 h in ascites, but only 7-15 micrograms/ml cefotaxime. The levels
      persisted for 24 h for ceftriaxone, whereas they fell rapidly for cefotaxime.
      Because the minimum inhibition concentrations increase in the presence of
      proteins, and because free, unbound, microbiologically active ceftriaxone is
      lower than the measured total antibiotic concentrations, we suggest that 2-gram
      doses should be administered--at least at the beginning of the treatment of an
      infectious disease--and for prophylaxis.

PMID- 3987395
TI  - Attachment classification from the perspective of infant-caregiver relationships
      and infant temperament.
AB  - Recently a number of investigators have suggested that classification differences
      in the Ainsworth Strange Situation (anxious and secure patterns of attachment)
      may be due largely or in part to endogenous temperamental variation. In doing so,
      these investigators have suggested a dimensional-trait approach in place of a
      qualitatively different taxonomic approach. Moreover, much evidence is directly
      contrary to a strong temperament interpretation of attachment patterns (changing
      attachments, differing attachments with different caregivers, prospective data on
      the early characteristics of infants later classified as securely or anxiously
      attached). Other interactionist temperament models currently have not been tested
      sufficiently. At the same time, a host of research findings support the
      interpretation that Ainsworth assessments capture aspects of the relationship
      between infant and caregiver, as derived from the history of their interaction.
      This includes direct evidence from observations of infants and mothers over time,
      the influence of varying patterns of care within and between cultures, the impact
      of factors presumed to influence quality of care (e.g., social support, life
      stress, caregiver family history), and predictions of later parent behavior from
      strange situation assessments of infant behavior. The importance of understanding
      attachment as a relational concept is twofold: it represents a theoretical and
      paradigmatic shift of importance for many aspects of developmental psychology,
      and it opens the way for more productive research on temperament, the interaction
      between temperament and experience, and important process studies of the
      unfolding of the infant-caregiver relationship.

PMID- 3987397
TI  - Laterality and motor skills in four-year-olds.
AB  - From a population of 512 4-year-olds attending preschools, 41 children were
      identified as left-handed and 23 as lacking definite hand preference. Using the
      McCarthy Motor Scales and a fine-motor scale designed by the investigator, these
      children were compared with right-handers matched for age, sex, and preschool
      attended. T tests indicated no difference between left-handers and right-handers
      of either sex, but the children lacking hand preference had lower scores than
      right-handers. Implications for the education of children lacking handedness and
      possible sex differences are discussed.

PMID- 3987396
TI  - Automatic processing of word meaning: intralingual and interlingual interference.
AB  - Automatic processing of word meaning was studied in bilingual children and
      children in various stages of second-language acquisition in 2 experiments. A
      picture-word interference task was used. The children named outlined pictures as
      rapidly as possible while attempting to ignore distractor words printed inside
      the pictures' borders. For children proficient in the 2 languages (Experiment 1),
      the printed distractors interfered with naming on both intralingual trials, for
      which the distractor and naming language were the same, and on interlingual
      trials, for which they were different. The pattern of interference across 6
      levels of name-distractor relation was similar for the intralingual and
      interlingual conditions and indicated that at least part of the interference
      occurred at a semantic level. For children who were in various phases of learning
      a second language (Experiment 2), second-language words were automatically
      processed to the level of meaning early in the course of second-language reading
      instruction. As was found for the more proficient groups, both the pattern and
      the amount of interlingual interference matched that for intralingual
      interference. The results question whether an "input switch" operates for
      bilingual word processing.

PMID- 3987398
TI  - Precursors of mnemonic strategies in very young children's memory.
AB  - In 4 studies with 18-24-month-old children, evidence was obtained of strategy
      like behaviors in a memory-for-location task in which the child had to remember
      in what natural location a toy had been hidden. The children exhibited behaviors
      that resemble the mature strategies of rehearsal and monitoring, including
      talking about the toy or its hiding place and looking or pointing at it during
      the delay interval. In Experiments 1 and 2, these strategy-like behaviors were
      engaged in differentially as a function of familiarity, both of the setting in
      which the task was embedded and of the task itself. Significantly more target
      behaviors occurred in an unfamiliar than in a familiar setting, and more target
      behaviors occurred on the first than on the second day of observation. In
      Experiment 3, when the basic memory task was modified to remove the memory
      demands from the child, very few of the strategy-like behaviors occurred,
      indicating that they were indeed memory specific. In the fourth experiment, the
      rehearsal-like behaviors were shown to be related to subsequent retrieval. We
      interpret these results as evidence of an early natural propensity to keep alive
      what must be remembered, a rudimentary and imperfect version of what will later
      become more elaborate and planful mnemonic strategies.

PMID- 3987399
TI  - Differences in memory retrieval: a construct validity investigation.
AB  - Long-term memory retrieval efficiency was investigated as a potential underlying
      source of individual and developmental differences in cognitive functioning.
      Fourth-grade, eighth-grade, and college-aged subjects participated in a task
      using the Posner letter-matching paradigm. Letter pairs were presented
      simultaneously under physical-match and name-match instruction conditions.
      Reaction times were used to estimate parameters of long-term memory retrieval
      efficiency, basic encoding, decision, and response time, and name and physical
      output interference. Psychometric tests of verbal and spatial ability were
      included to assess convergent and discriminant validity of hypothesized
      relationships between aptitude test performance and basic cognitive processes.
      Developmental differences were observed in most but not all of the processing
      variables. Individual difference analyses indicated that less confounded
      estimates of processing parameters were not systematically related to verbal
      ability at any age level. Basic encoding and response speed was the most
      consistent correlate of spatial ability. The results suggest difficulties in
      previous interpretations of NIPI-verbal ability relationships. The study of
      cognitive processes in interaction and embedded in meaningful tasks is discussed.

PMID- 3987400
TI  - The rhythmic structure of mother-infant interaction in term and preterm infants.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to quantify social interaction rhythms in 3- and 5
      month-old term and preterm infants and their mothers. Infant-mother dyads were
      videotaped in a 3-min face-to-face paradigm. For each second of the interaction,
      separate scores were assigned to infant and mother indicating levels of affective
      involvement, creating 2 180-sec time series. Spectral and cross-spectral
      techniques were used to quantify periodicities in each member of the dyad and to
      estimate the synchrony or coherence of interactional rhythms between each infant
      and mother. Results showed the existence of periodicities in the behavior of each
      infant and mother at 3 and 5 months, with most subjects showing spectral peaks
      between .022 and .10 Hz. Increases from 3 to 5 months in behavioral periodicities
      were found for infants and mothers as well as for the coherence between infant
      mother dyads. Term dyads showed higher coherence than preterm dyads at both 3 and
      5 months. Term infants more often led the interaction at both ages. These results
      were taken as evidence that behavioral periodicities, which may be biologically
      based, underlie early mother-infant interaction and provide a temporal structure
      for the organization of cognitive and affective experience. Differences in
      synchrony between term and preterm infants may explain later reported differences
      in language between these groups.

PMID- 3987401
TI  - "Don't forget to take the cupcakes out of the oven": prospective memory,
      strategic time-monitoring, and context.
AB  - Strategies employed by children in tasks requiring prospective memory (i.e.,
      remembering to do something in the future) were investigated to illuminate the
      nature of the processes involved, and their developmental and contextual
      determinants. Efficient strategy use was expected to increase with age but to
      decrease in an unfamiliar setting or on a task associated with higher sex-role
      expectations. Children were instructed to perform future activities after waiting
      30 min. Children's clock-checking during the waiting period was assessed in their
      own homes or a university psychophysics laboratory. As predicted, strategic time
      monitoring occurred less frequently in the laboratory than in the home. The
      anticipated differences associated with higher sex-role expectations and age were
      most salient for older boys in the laboratory setting. The findings indicate
      that, when observed in a familiar setting, children can be shown to employ
      sophisticated cognitive strategies. Emphasis is placed on the scientific power of
      the laboratory as a contrasting context for illuminating developmental processes.

PMID- 3987402
TI  - Intellectual development within transracial adoptive families: retesting the
      confluence model.
AB  - The confluence model of intellectual development was estimated for a within
      family sample of 321 children from 101 transracial adoptive families. Mental ages
      of the children and their parents, as well as birth or adoption intervals, were
      used in a nonlinear least-squares estimation procedure to obtain children's
      predicted mental ages. Contrary to an earlier report using these data, the
      confluence model performed quite well, accounting for up to 50% of the variance
      in mental age. When the relationship between chronological and mental age was
      taken into account, the predictive power of the model was reduced but not
      eliminated. The confluence model was also fitted separately to various
      subsamples. The model generated a good fit to the data from both biological and
      adopted children and fit the data from early-adopted children much better than
      the data from later-adopted children. Both findings were taken as evidence that
      the confluence model provides an environmental account of intellectual
      development within the family.

PMID- 3987403
TI  - The cultural context of gender segregation in children's peer groups.
AB  - Recent American research has explored developmental trends in gender segregation
      of children's peer groups. It is important to differentiate, however, systematic
      trends in children from systematic changes in their environments. Observational
      data are presented from 152 rural Kenyan children ages 18 months to 9 years.
      There is no gender segregation in peer groups until around age 6, at which time
      changes in settings, parental expectations, and customary duties result in an
      increase in the proportion of same-sex peers. Even within this pattern, however,
      there is some evidence that children do not interact more with same-sex peers,
      given their greater presence. A contrast is drawn with the adult pattern of
      gender segregation and emphasis is given to the importance of culture and
      development as interactive systems.

PMID- 3987404
TI  - Sex and aggression: the influence of gender label on the perception of aggression
      in children.
AB  - To investigate the influence of gender label on adults' perceptions of aggression
      in children, a videotape of 2 preschool children playing roughly in the snow was
      shown to 175 college students (139 females, 36 males) who were asked to judge the
      degree of aggression displayed by 1 of the children (the target child). In the
      videotape, the children's snowsuits disguised their actual gender, and 4
      experimental conditions were created by varying the gender label of both the
      target and the other (nonrated) child. Hence, the 4 conditions consisted of all
      possible combinations of gender; boy-boy, boy-girl, girl-boy, and girl-girl. All
      subjects viewed the same film; only the gender labels used to describe the
      children varied. Subjects' aggression ratings of the target child varied
      significantly as a function of the gender label attributed to both the target and
      the nonrated child. Specifically, the boy-boy condition was rated as
      significantly less aggressive than the other 3 conditions, which did not differ
      in level of perceived aggression. This effect was particularly strong among
      subjects with more experience with children. The results have interesting
      implications for understanding the process of social category perception.

PMID- 3987405
TI  - Social cognition and competence in middle childhood.
AB  - 2 aspects of social cognition--interpersonal understanding and means-ends problem
      solving ability--were evaluated in fourth- to seventh-grade children and related
      to sex, age, IQ, social class, and multiple dimensions of competence. Results
      indicated that both social-cognitive components were significantly correlated
      with IQ, while interpersonal understanding was also correlated with age and
      social class. Nevertheless, interpersonal understanding and means-ends problem
      solving ability made significant contributions in accounting for variance in
      several competence variables even after IQ and other important status variables
      were taken into account. Implications for social cognition research are
      discussed.

PMID- 3987406
TI  - Age differences in the reliability of the psychiatric interview of the child.
AB  - The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, a highly structured
      interview covering a broad range of clinically relevant symptoms and behaviors,
      was administered to 242 disturbed children and their parents. Parent and child
      were interviewed separately and were assessed twice at a median interval of 9
      days. Intraclass correlations between symptom scores derived from the interviews
      indicated that parents were generally more reliable than children in reporting
      child symptoms. However, test-retest reliabilities showed an opposite age pattern
      for parent and child. The reliability of the child's report increased with age
      and was lower for children aged 6-9 than those aged 10-13 and 14-18. Conversely,
      the reliability of the parent's report decreased with the age of the child and
      was slightly higher for children aged 6-9 than those aged 10-13 and 14-18. These
      findings were interpreted in terms of children's cognitive development and age
      related shifts in parents' perceptions and awareness of their children's
      behavior.

PMID- 3987407
TI  - The relation between neonatal heart period patterns and developmental outcome.
AB  - Developmental psychophysiologists have long been interested in a means for
      evaluating infants at risk for cognitive disabilities. The current research
      addressed the utility of a noninvasive measure of cardiac vagal tone in
      predicting developmental outcome. At 40 weeks conceptional age, 3 min of resting
      EKG were recorded from 80 infants. Four groups of infants were evaluated:
      prematures who had no medical complications in the postnatal period; prematures
      who experienced respiratory distress syndrome during the postnatal period; term
      infants who experienced birth asphyxia during labor and/or postdelivery; and
      healthy term infants. The mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Mental Development
      was administered at 8 and 12 months conceptional age. Heart period data were
      analyzed to derive mean heart period, heart period variability, and estimates of
      vagal tone for each subject. Analyses of the relationship between the heart
      period variables and 8- and 12-month outcome (i.e., Bayley Scales) indicated that
      infants with high vagal tone at 40 weeks conceptional age always had positive
      developmental outcome at both eight and 12 months of age. Infants with low vagal
      tone had varied outcomes. Measures of medical complications and other measures of
      heart period variability were not related to developmental outcome. The results
      suggest that measurement of cardiac vagal tone may provide an important means for
      assessing risk in birth stressed populations.

PMID- 3987408
TI  - The generalized discrimination of facial expressions by seven-month-old infants.
AB  - 2 experiments were conducted to examine 7-month-old infants' perception of the
      facial expressions happy and fear. Using a paired-comparison procedure, infants
      in the first experiment were able to generalize their discrimination of these 2
      expressions across the faces of 4 male and female models if they were first
      presented with the set of happy faces, but not if they were first presented with
      the set of fear faces. A second experiment was conducted to examine the source of
      the stimulus presentation order effect. Here a second group of 7-month-old
      infants was presented with a single male or female face posing both the happy and
      fear expressions simultaneously. The results revealed significantly longer
      looking to the fear face. This preference to look at fear faces is discussed, as
      are its implications for studies of expression recognition in general.

PMID- 3987409
TI  - The understanding heart: aging parents and their favorite children.
AB  - This paper compares the characteristics of adult children who provide comfort and
      sympathy and serve as confidants to parents with those whom parents perceive as
      disappointing. Interview information from 117 couples having children who had
      left home was analyzed using aggregate and intrafamilial strategies. The latter
      analyses compared the characteristics of the selected child with those of her or
      his sibs instead of comparing the aggregate of selected children with the
      aggregate of their siblings. Differences in the findings from the 2 techniques
      are discussed. The findings confirmed the importance of daughters who live nearby
      as understanding children. More important than proximity among the factors
      influencing parental judgments on disappointing and understanding children were
      intergenerational shared interests and values.

PMID- 3987410
TI  - Generational boundary dissolution between mothers and their preschool children: a
      relationship systems approach.
AB  - A particular perspective on relationship systems served as the basis for this
      research. Postulates within this perspective include qualitative aspects of
      relationships are stable over time, and there are lawful relations among
      relationships within the same system. Previously, a concept of seductive mother
      toddler relationships was initially validated. From the theory surrounding this
      concept, later forms of this pattern were conceived, and a hypothesis concerning
      complementary mother-daughter relationships was formulated. In the present
      research we showed first that the pattern of "seductiveness" was stable, though
      transformed, from 24 to 42 months. Second, the same mothers were not found to be
      seductive with male or female siblings. Third, mothers who showed the seductive
      pattern (almost always with boys) were, as predicted, hostile toward their
      daughters in a particular way ("derision"). 2 other scales used at 42 months
      ("nonresponsive intimacy" and "generational boundaries") were elevated for target
      mother-male dyads and not for mother-daughter pairs. In fact, mothers who were
      seductive with sons were rated significantly lower on the intimacy scale when
      seen with daughters than were control mothers. It is suggested that maternal
      relationships across siblings are coherent, however distinct, and that these
      connections derive from the totality of the mother's relationship history.

PMID- 3987411
TI  - Single parents, extended households, and the control of adolescents.
AB  - This paper uses a representative national sample of adolescents to study the
      interrelationships among family structure, patterns of family decision making,
      and deviant behavior among adolescents. Mother-only households are shown to be
      associated with particular patterns of family decision making and adolescent
      deviance, even when family income and parental education are controlled. In
      contrast to adolescents in households with 2 natural parents, youth in mother
      only households are perceived as more likely to make decisions without direct
      parental input and more likely to exhibit deviant behavior. The presence of an
      additional adult in a mother-only household, especially for males, is associated
      with increased parental control and a reduction in various forms of adolescent
      deviance. Finally, patterns of family decision making and family structure both
      make independent contributions to adolescent deviance, and the impact of family
      structure on deviance of adolescent males is hardly affected by controlling for
      patterns of family decision making.

PMID- 3987412
TI  - Marital and parent-child relationships in family of origin and marital change
      following the birth of a baby: a retrospective analysis.
AB  - In order to explore the relationship between recollected experiences in one's
      family of origin and changes in marriage following the birth and rearing of a new
      baby, data collected as part of a larger and more extensive study of infant and
      family development were analyzed. Multiple regression analyses revealed that
      retrospective reports of how one was reared by parents and of how parents got
      along as husband and wife in one's family of origin reliably predicted changes in
      marriage from the last trimester of pregnancy through the time the baby was 9
      months of age. Most significantly, results indicated that husband-wife
      differences in evaluations of marital adjustment increased over time when
      individuals recalled being reared in a cold-rejecting as opposed to warm
      supportive manner, especially when individuals also recalled their own parents as
      not having an especially harmonious marital relationship. These findings are
      discussed in terms of potential processes by which experiences in one's family of
      origin may affect the way couples adjust to the birth and rearing of a new baby.

PMID- 3987413
TI  - Linking family hardship to children's lives.
AB  - The impact of drastic income loss on children is mediated by a number of family
      adaptations, including the shift toward more labor-intensive households and
      altered relationships. Using newly developed codes on parenting behavior during
      the Great Depression, this study investigates the role of parental behavior
      (rejecting, nonsupportive) in linking economic hardship to children's lives in
      the Oakland Growth Study. The results extend beyond those reported in Children of
      the Great Depression by showing that economic hardship adversely influenced the
      psychosocial well-being of girls, but not boys, by increasing the rejecting
      behavior of fathers. The parenting behavior of mothers did not vary significantly
      by income loss. In addition, the rejecting influence of hard-pressed fathers was
      more pronounced in relation to less attractive daughters, as judged by physical
      features. Attractive daughters were not likely to be maltreated by their fathers,
      no matter how severe the economic pressure. These outcomes on family mediation
      and conditional effects underscore the importance of viewing economic decline in
      relation to both the child's characteristics and parenting behavior. An
      understanding of the effects of economic decline in children's lives requires
      knowledge of parent and child behavior within the family and life course.

PMID- 3987415
TI  - Experimenting with the family in the newborn period.
AB  - Families randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups that varied across 2
      orthogonal dimensions were compared at 1, 3, and 9 months to examine the effects
      of a neonatal intervention. In half of the families mothers and fathers were the
      target of intervention, and in the remaining half of the families mother was the
      sole target of intervention. The intervention itself consisted of passive or
      active exposure to the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment; half of the
      parents in each target-of-intervention group (mother only, mother and father)
      actively elicited responses from their newborn under the direction of a
      facilitator (active exposure) and the other half of the parents listened to a
      detailed verbal description of their infant's performance on the exam.
      Assessments of mother-infant interaction in the dyad and mother-infant, father
      infant, and husband-wife interaction in the triad revealed no effects of the
      experimental intervention across groups. Discussion emphasizes the need to be
      cautious about the effectiveness of minor interventions and the need to be
      critical about past reports of success.

PMID- 3987414
TI  - Effects of family support intervention: a ten-year follow-up.
AB  - The delivery to impoverished mothers of a coordinated set of medical and social
      services, including day-care for their children, had effects that were evident a
      decade after the intervention ended. Intervention mothers were more likely to be
      self-supporting, and they had higher educational attainment and smaller family
      sizes than did control mothers. Intervention children had better school
      attendance, and boys were less likely to require costly special school services
      than were corresponding control children. The financial implications of these
      results were considerable, totaling about $40,000 in extra estimated welfare
      costs and documented school service costs needed by the 15 control families in
      the single year in which these follow-up data were gathered. There were no
      indications that the intervention had lasting effects on the children's IQ
      scores. The results suggest that family support procedures, including quality day
      care, have considerable promise as a general model for intervention programs.

PMID- 3987416
TI  - Patterns of interaction in family relationships and the development of identity
      exploration in adolescence.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to develop a model of individuation in family
      relationships that focuses on communication processes, and to assess the links
      between them and adolescent identity exploration. Expressions of the 4 dimensions
      of the model--self-assertion, separateness, permeability, and mutuality--were
      predicted to be positively associated with identity exploration in adolescents. A
      sample of 84 Caucasian, middle-class, 2-parent families, each including an
      adolescent and 1 or 2 siblings, was observed in a Family Interaction Task
      designed to elicit the expression and coordination of a variety of points of
      view. Multiple regression analyses revealed differentiated results concerning
      father-son, father-daughter, mother-son, mother-daughter, and marital
      relationships as well as both positive and negative contributions of
      communication variables to identity exploration when verbal ability and
      sociability were controlled. Results are discussed in terms of recent
      formulations of the progressive redefinition of the parent-child relationship
      during adolescence.

PMID- 3987417
TI  - Effective family problem solving.
AB  - Effective family problem solving was studied in 97 families of elementary-school
      aged children, with 2 definite-solution tasks--tower building (TWB) and 20
      questions (TQ), and 1 indefinite-solution task--plan-something-together (PST).
      Incentive (for cooperation or competition) and task independence (members worked
      solo or jointly) were manipulated during TWB and TQ, yielding 4 counterbalanced
      conditions per task per family. On TQ, solo performance exceeded joint
      performance; on TWB, competition impaired joint performance. Families effective
      at problem solving in all conditions of both definite-solution tasks tried more
      problem-solving strategies during TWB and deliberated longer and reached more
      satisfactory agreements during PST. Family problem-solving effectiveness was
      moderately predicted by 2 parents' participation in the study. Parental
      education, parental occupational prestige, and membership in the family of an
      academically and socially competent child were weaker predictors. The results
      indicate that definitions of effective family problem solving that are based on
      directly observed measures of group interaction are more valid than definitions
      that rely primarily on family characteristics.

PMID- 3987418
TI  - Children's perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships.
AB  - Although many studies of family constellations exist, only recently have
      investigators begun to examine the qualities of sibling relationships. The
      purpose of the present investigation was to develop a systematic framework for
      describing and assessing such relationship qualities. In the first study, upper
      elementary school children were interviewed about their perceptions of the
      qualities of their sibling relationships. These interviews yielded a list of 15
      salient qualities. In the second study, a self-report questionnaire that assessed
      their perceptions of these qualities was administered to a sample of 198 fifth-
      and sixth-grade children. A principal components analysis yielded 4 underlying
      factors: (a) Warmth/Closeness, (b) Relative Status/Power, (c) Conflict, and (d)
      Rivalry. Relative Status/Power was found to be strongly related to the relative
      ages of the child and sibling. The other 3 factors were also related to various
      family constellation variables, but these relations were modest in size. Because
      family constellation variables and the qualities of sibling relationships are not
      isomorphic with one another, it is important to study relationship qualities
      directly, rather than simply examining family constellation variables. Some of
      the determinants of such qualities are discussed.

PMID- 3987420
TI  - Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and parental control among Korean
      adolescents.
AB  - Korean youths' perceptions of parental control are correlated positively with
      perceived parental warmth and low neglect. These results contrast sharply with
      the findings of studies on North American youth. Cultural factors contributing to
      the distinctly different pattern of correlations among the Korean versus American
      studies are discussed.

PMID- 3987419
TI  - Assessing child-rearing behaviors: a comparison of ratings made by mother,
      father, child, and sibling on the CRPBI.
AB  - This study of the reliability and validity of scales from the Child's Report of
      Parental Behavior (CRPBI) presents data on the utility of aggregating the ratings
      of multiple observers. Subjects were 680 individuals from 170 families. The
      participants in each family were a college freshman student, the mother, the
      father, and 1 sibling. The results revealed moderate internal consistency (M =
      .71) for all rater types on the 18 subscales of the CRPBI, but low interrater
      agreement (M = .30). The same factor structure was observed across the 4 rater
      types; however, aggregation within raters across salient scales to form estimated
      factor scores did not improve rater convergence appreciably (M = .36).
      Aggregation of factor scores across 2 raters yields much higher convergence (M =
      .51), and the 4-rater aggregates yielded impressive generalizability coefficients
      (M = .69). These and other analyses suggested that the responses of each family
      member contained a small proportion of true variance and a substantial proportion
      of factor-specific systematic error. The latter can be greatly reduced by
      aggregating scores across multiple raters.

PMID- 3987421
TI  - [Anorectal malignant melanomas: report on 7 personal cases and 374 cases from the
      literature. Report of the experiences of a tumor center].
AB  - Seven cases of anorectal malignant melanoma are described and presented together
      with 374 cases reported on in the literature. The therapeutic procedure in stage
      I and II disease relies on radical surgery (abdominosacral rectum amputation),
      combined in cases of local metastasation with adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy using
      DTIC and BCG. In stage III disease therapeutic measures can achieve palliation
      only.

PMID- 3987422
TI  - [Myoelectric activity of the colostomy with sphincter muscle replacement].
AB  - A continent colostomy was performed on 15 mongrel dogs by free transplantation of
      autologous smooth muscle. The myoelectrical observations of this colostomy and of
      a 3 years old human transplant show a vital and high active sphincter mechanism.

PMID- 3987423
TI  - [Acute pseudoobstruction of the colon (Ogilvie syndrome)].
AB  - Pseudo-obstruction of the colon was observed in six patients. The cardinal
      feature is acute distension of the large bowel without distal obstruction. Apart
      from few idiopathic cases, the syndrome usually is associated with postoperative,
      posttraumatic or metabolic disorders of extraintestinal origin. Without
      treatment, increasing distension leads to cecal perforation with a high
      mortality. Treatment is conservative initially. If decompression by colonoscopy
      fails, cecostomy or right hemicolectomy are mandatory. The pathophysiologic
      mechanism of acute colonic pseudoobstruction is unknown. Whether Ogilvie's
      syndrome is a genuine clinical entity or a complication of associated diseases is
      still on question.

PMID- 3987424
TI  - [Emergency esophageal replacement in thoracic perforation and rupture].

PMID- 3987425
TI  - [Severe ileus and icterus following heterotopic autotransplantation of the
      spleen. Case report].

PMID- 3987426
TI  - [Congenital arteriovenous dysplasia: treatment indications, angiographic
      documentation, combined percutaneous and operative treatment].

PMID- 3987427
TI  - [Indications and technics in pelvic and leg vein thromboses].

PMID- 3987428
TI  - [New aspects in varicose vein surgery].

PMID- 3987429
TI  - [Urologic complications following vascular prosthetic interventions in the
      aortofemoral area].
AB  - After vascular graft surgery within the pelvic area, urological complications
      occur in about ten percent of the patients. Overlooking 310 cases, four patients
      suffered from ureteral lesions and 21 patients had ureteral obstructions.
      Possible causes for ureteral obstructions are positioning of the ureter between
      vessel and prosthesis, hematoma, lymphoma, anastomotic aneurysm, prosthesis
      infection, Morbus Ormond as well as trophical lesions of the ureter wall. Use of
      ureteral splint could prevent surgical intervention in many cases. Application of
      prophylactic pre-operative splinting is recommended in case of large aneurysm,
      previously injured kidney and single kidney.

PMID- 3987430
TI  - [Pleuropulmonary injuries].

PMID- 3987431
TI  - [Injuries of the trachea and bronchi].

PMID- 3987432
TI  - [Traumatic diaphragmatic ruptures].

PMID- 3987433
TI  - [Functional studies in blunt thoracic trauma with special reference to perfusion
      and ventilation scintigraphy].
AB  - In 10 patients we carried out a routine chest X-ray examination together with an
      arterial blood gas analysis, spirometry and a combined pulmonary
      perfusion/ventilation scintigram. Scintigraphy was shown to be the most sensitive
      method in the detection of impaired post-traumatic pulmonary function. Since it
      is a time-consuming method requiring sophisticated equipment it is of limited
      value for routine examinations. Spirometric results during the immediate post
      traumatic period are difficult to interpret as a result of severe chest pains
      which may inhibit respiratory movements. Arterial blood gas analysis which is
      easily performed is of high value in accessing the actual pulmonary function.

PMID- 3987434
TI  - [Symptoms and therapy of aortic bifurcation embolism].
AB  - 31 patients underwent embolectomy for acute embolism of the aortic bifurcation.
      In most instances paralysis of the extremity (84%) was present, sudden onset of
      pain (16%) was less common. Neurological disease had been considered in 55%. The
      heart was source of emboli in 92%. Postoperative complications were mainly due to
      renal failure (23%) and irreversible limb ischemia (10%) requiring amputation.
      Mortality after embolism of the bifurcation was 39%. The major cause of death was
      cardiac failure (58%) followed by renal failure and pulmonary embolism. Even
      after long delay (4 weeks) successful operation is possible due to adequate
      collateral circulation supplying the extremity until the blockade is removed.

PMID- 3987435
TI  - [Histologic studies in the course of programmed peritoneal lavage].
AB  - A programmed peritoneal lavage was done in 20 patients. During this lavage,
      tissue samples were withdrawn for histological control. During the therapeutical
      lavage, the morphological signs of inflammation decreased. For the sanitation of
      peritonitis, the cause of the disease must be eliminated. The morphological signs
      of healing start during the first three days postoperatively. Peritoneal repair
      prevails after the second or third postoperative day. Peritonitis will be lethal
      without focus sanitation and with microorganisms resisting any therapy, although
      lavage having been done.

PMID- 3987436
TI  - [Bimechanical rectum anastomosis (double stapling technic)].

PMID- 3987437
TI  - [Stercoral wall necrosis and perforation of the colon].

PMID- 3987438
TI  - The pattern of pairing that is effective for crossing over in complex B-A
      chromosome rearrangements in maize II.
AB  - The problem of meiotic homologue pairing is approached by comparing chiasma
      frequencies in rearranged chromosome segments that differ substantially in
      relative length and intrachromosomal location. Results are consistent with
      affirmative answers to some questions previously raised: (1) whether there may be
      an underlying direct relationship between frequency of pairing and length of
      segment, (2) whether pairing commonly can be initiated independently in
      intercalary regions, and (3) whether there also can be a role for extension of
      pairing in adjoining regions for the establishment of pairing in intercalary
      regions, which requires pairing partner change. In addition, results here suggest
      that there may be: (1) greater capacity for establishment of pairing of more
      distal compared to proximal regions in a way that may also be dependent on their
      lengths, at least when these are relatively short, and additionally in a way
      which cannot be attributed to special properties of telomeres, (2) nearly random
      distribution of pairing of any two genetically long intercalary region
      representatives where three are present, without regard to the matching of the
      remainder of the chromosomes involved, and (3) a strong tendency for change of
      pairing partner in long distal segments when these are present in triplicate.
      Although sharp heterogeneities of pairing capacity were not found, it is
      suggested that they may exist with spacing too close for easy detection with the
      resolving power available.

PMID- 3987439
TI  - Protein composition of the chromosomal scaffold and interphase nuclear matrix.
AB  - Residual protein structures were prepared from isolated chromosomes and
      interphase nuclei of in vitro cultured bovine liver cells and the protein
      compositions were analysed. Chromosomes with minimal cytoplasmic contamination
      were obtained by a simple procedure using a pH 8 isolation medium containing
      Triton X-100 and polyamines, and residual protein-DNA complexes were prepared by
      extraction with 2 M NaCl. Residual protein structures were also obtained by
      digesting isolated chromosomes with staphylococcal nuclease. Protein compositions
      of both structures as obtained by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were
      essentially the same. Residual protein structures were prepared from isolated
      nuclei by the same procedures. The major nuclear matrix proteins, i.e., the
      lamins A, B, and C, were not found in the chromosomes and chromosome scaffolds.
      On the other hand, the residual chromosome structures contained two major
      polypeptides of 37 and 83 kilodalton relative molecular weights that were absent
      from the nuclear matrix preparations. A few polypeptides with the same or very
      similar electrophoretic mobilities were found in the residual structures of both
      the nuclei and the chromosomes.

PMID- 3987440
TI  - The distribution of quinacrine on chromosomes as determined by X-ray
      microanalysis. II. Comparison of heterochromatic and euchromatic regions of mouse
      chromosomes.
AB  - The distribution of quinacrine and protein sulphur has been compared with that of
      DNA in euchromatic and heterochromatic regions of mouse chromosomes stained with
      the fluorescent dye quinacrine, using X-ray microanalysis. Heterochromatin tends
      to bind relatively more quinacrine than euchromatin, and contains a greater
      concentration of sulphur. Measurements of quinacrine fluorescence, when compared
      with quinacrine binding, show that the excitation of fluorescence is more
      efficient when the dye is bound to euchromatin than when it is bound to
      heterochromatin. Although this observation is consistent with the hypothesis that
      the dull quinacrine fluorescence of mouse centromeres is due to quenching by
      guanine residues, two other factors should also be considered: the lower absolute
      amount of dye bound to the centromeres, and a concentration-dependent quenching
      of fluorescence.

PMID- 3987442
TI  - Uninterrupted DNA synthesis during S-phase in untransformed diploid hamster
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Untransformed Syrian hamster fibroblasts in exponential growth were exposed to a
      pulse of [3H]-thymidine for 5 min, followed immediately by bromodeoxyuridine, and
      serial samples were taken up to 16 h. Preparations were autoradiographed and
      stained for replication banding. No cell with replication bands was found without
      significant [3H]-thymidine uptake, although the extent of uptake varied between
      sub-phases of S. Thus there is no indication of a total cessation of synthesis at
      any period during S-phase.

PMID- 3987441
TI  - Structural organization of an active, chromosomal nucleolar organizer region
      (NOR) identified by light microscopy, and subsequent TEM and STEM electron
      microscopy.
AB  - The three-dimensional arrangement of the chromatin components within the
      nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) from living oocyte nuclei was investigated. As
      a suitable cell system we chose vitellogenic oocytes of the orthopteran insect
      Acheta. This cell type is particularly attractive for analysis of nucleolar
      chromatin, since structural and functional aspects of NORs during early oogenic
      stages (including the association of NORs with amplified rDNA copies) are
      particularly well known (Lima-de-Faria 1974). In the course of the present study
      we first identified putative chromosomal NORs in isolated nuclei of mid-diplotene
      oocytes according to morphological characteristics using differential
      interference contrast (DIC) or phase contrast light microscopy. The presence of
      actively transcribing chromosomal NORs during this late stage of Acheta oogenesis
      obviously had been overlooked by previous investigators, probably due to
      difficulties of chromosome visualization. For a more detailed ultrastructural
      analysis, NORs were gently sedimented from opened nuclei and processed for
      sectioning using a modified "end-embedding" procedure (Mott and Callan 1975;
      Spring and Franke 1981). A small number of thick and thin sections could be made
      from individual NORs. Sections were analyzed by light microscopy, conventional
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron
      microscopy (STEM). Whereas the structural connection of NORs to the chromosome
      axis and also the general arrangement of active nucleolar genes within the NOR
      complex could be seen with TEM, the visualization of individual nucleolar genes
      and the organization of transcription complexes was only possible using bright
      field STEM of thick sections at low temperature.

PMID- 3987443
TI  - The evolutionary history of Drosophila buzzatii. IX. High frequencies of new
      chromosome rearrangements induced by introgressive hybridization.
AB  - Introgression of a chromosome segment from Drosophila serido into the genome of
      its sibling D. buzzatii brought about the release of mutator potential in the
      hybrids. Mutator activity was determined by examining the frequency of new
      chromosomal rearrangements, that appeared only in the progeny of hybrid
      individuals. Mutation frequency was 30 times greater in the progeny of hybrid
      males than in that of hybrid females. There was a remarkable influence of the D.
      buzzatii genetic background on the frequency of production of these new
      rearrangements. The appearance of a new rearrangement did not depend on the
      genotype of the larva that bore it, but only on that of its hybrid progenitor.
      Among the new rearrangements there were inversions, translocations, and
      duplications. The number of translocations was significantly lower than that of
      inversions or duplications; this last type was the most frequently recorded. The
      distribution of the aberrations among the four major autosomes seemed to be
      homogeneous, although the total number of breakpoints was significantly greater
      in chromosome 4 than in the others. No rearrangement was found on the X
      chromosome. Breakpoints within three of the four affected autosomes were not
      randomly distributed.

PMID- 3987444
TI  - Meiosis in Mesostoma ehrenbergii ehrenbergii (Turbellaria, Rhabdocoela). III.
      Univalent chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division in
      spermatocytes.
AB  - At metaphase I of meiosis in spermatocytes of Mesostoma ehrenbergii ehrenbergii
      [2n = 10] three bivalents and four univalents form. The same two chromosome pairs
      always form the univalents. Analysis of metaphase I, anaphase I and metaphase II
      configurations in fixed testis material suggested that the distribution of the
      four univalents is not a random process but the correct segregation of one member
      of each pair to each pole is actively achieved before the end of metaphase I. In
      live preparations of testis material univalents were observed to move between the
      poles of metaphase I cells, eventually reaching the correct segregation. All
      cells observed to enter anaphase I had the correct segregation of univalents. It
      is proposed that the univalent movement during metaphase I is directed towards
      obtaining the correct segregation of univalents before the cells enter anaphase.

PMID- 3987445
TI  - [The lupus band test and its clinical significance].

PMID- 3987447
TI  - [Serum copper levels in malignant lymphomas].

PMID- 3987446
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 151 hemophilic patients].

PMID- 3987448
TI  - [Diagnosis of latent WPW syndrome with transesophageal atrial pacing].

PMID- 3987449
TI  - [Sleep apnea: a report of 5 cases].

PMID- 3987450
TI  - [Inferior vena cava and hepatic vein obstruction syndrome (Budd-Chiari syndrome)-
      an analysis of 22 cases].

PMID- 3987451
TI  - [Disorder of magnesium metabolism in hyper- and hypothyroid patients].

PMID- 3987452
TI  - [Neurological and psychiatric manifestations of hypoparathyroidism--report of 71
      cases].

PMID- 3987453
TI  - [Effect of oxygen at various pressures on intracranial pressure].

PMID- 3987454
TI  - [Clinical manifestations and mode of inheritance of hereditary spastic paraplegia
      in 20 families].

PMID- 3987455
TI  - [Fisher's syndrome--report of 7 cases].

PMID- 3987456
TI  - [Preliminary study on the handedness of schizophrenics with special reference to
      its psychopathological phenomenon].

PMID- 3987457
TI  - [Comparative study on the dexamethasone suppression test in major depression and
      acute schizophrenia].

PMID- 3987458
TI  - [Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate in school children with minimal
      brain dysfunction syndrome].

PMID- 3987459
TI  - [Radiation tolerance of brain tissue of patients with Cushing's disease--effect
      of cortisol on radiation damage to brain tissue].

PMID- 3987460
TI  - [The validation of diagnosis of manic-depressive disorder and reestimation of its
      admission rate].

PMID- 3987461
TI  - [Diagnosis and taxonomy of periodic psychosis].

PMID- 3987462
TI  - [Extracranial and extracranially invasive meningiomas].

PMID- 3987463
TI  - [Medial plantar island skin flap for repair of soft tissue defects of the heel:
      report of 3 cases].

PMID- 3987464
TI  - [Epiphyseal distraction for leg lengthening: report of 55 cases].

PMID- 3987465
TI  - [Calcific tendinitis of m. longus colli: report of 2 cases].

PMID- 3987466
TI  - [Experience in diagnosing and treating ectopic ureters].

PMID- 3987467
TI  - [Use of electrolytic hydrogen clearance for hemodynamic measurement of peripheral
      nerve blood flow].

PMID- 3987468
TI  - [Experimental observations on occlusion of the pancreatic duct with radiopaque
      liquid silicone rubber].

PMID- 3987469
TI  - [Experimental study on burns, blast and combined burn-blast injuries].

PMID- 3987470
TI  - [Traumatic disruption of unilateral main bronchus: its diagnosis and management].

PMID- 3987471
TI  - [Surgical treatment of stricture of esophagogastric anastomoses].

PMID- 3987472
TI  - [Early secondary thoracotomy in the treatment of intrathoracic
      esophagogastrostomy leakage].

PMID- 3987473
TI  - [Extra-abdominal desmoid].

PMID- 3987474
TI  - Anismus in chronic constipation.
AB  - Among patients complaining of constipation, a group can be defined in which there
      is slow whole gut transit shown by retention of radiopaque markers but a rectum
      and colon of normal width judged by measurements of barium enema radiographs
      compared with control observations. It is not known whether their symptoms are
      due to an abnormality of colonic motility or to a failure of the defecatory
      mechanism. Defecation was simulated experimentally in a group of these patients
      by asking them to expel a water-filled rectal balloon. The constipated patients
      were not able to expel the balloon, whereas normal subjects could do so.
      Electromyography of the striated pelvic floor muscles during attempts at
      expulsion of the balloon in the constipated patients showed failure of the normal
      inhibition of resting activity. Failure of external and sphincter relaxation on
      attempted defecation may contribute to the symptoms of some patients who complain
      of constipation.

PMID- 3987475
TI  - Effect of brain-stem lesion on colonic and anorectal motility. Study of three
      patients.
AB  - The supraspinal control of colonic motility and anorectal motility is poorly
      documented. We had the opportunity to study colonic function, esophageal
      function, and urinary bladder function in three patients who presented with
      vascular lesions limited to the anterior (case 1) or the posterior area (cases 2
      and 3) of the pons. Esophageal manometry, urodynamic examination, whole and
      segmental transit time measurements (using radiopaque markers) and anorectal
      motility were systematically performed. The results were the following: (1) in
      the first case esophageal motility was not altered, whereas abnormal micturition,
      right colonic inertia, and absence of rectoanal inhibitor reflex were observed;
      (2) in cases 2 and 3, there was a poor esophageal coordination, the micturition
      and rectoanal inhibitor reflex were normal, and the transit time of the left
      colon was increased. Our observations are consistent with the previously
      described localization of neurological areas controlling swallowing and
      micturition; they also favor the pons as the possible level of supraspinal
      control of colonic and anorectal motility.

PMID- 3987477
TI  - Plasma secretin in response to pure bile salts and endogenous bile in man.
AB  - The effect of exogenous bile salts on plasma concentrations of secretin was
      studied by infusion of chenodeoxycholate, cholate, glycocholate, and taurocholate
      into the duodenum of normal subjects. The effect of endogenous bile on plasma
      secretin was studied by ingestion of a liquid test meal, by reinfusion of
      postprandial duodenal aspirates with known contents of bile salts, and by
      stimulation of gallbladder contraction by cholecystokinin. Each experiment was
      performed in groups of seven subjects. The relative secretin-releasing potencies
      of glycocholate, cholate, taurocholate and chenodeoxycholate (2.25 mmol) were
      1.0:1.3:1.9:3.2. Hydrochloric acid (0.5 mmol) was, on a molar basis,
      approximately ten times more potent than sodium cholate. The effect of
      taurocholate was diminished when a liquid meal was used as vehicle instead of
      saline. Endogenous bile did, in no circumstance, elicit release of secretin. It
      is concluded that although bile salts have the ability to stimulate secretin
      release, endogenous secretin release is of minor, if any, importance for secretin
      release when physiological conditions are approached.

PMID- 3987476
TI  - Increased interdigestive pancreatic trypsin secretion in alcoholic pancreatic
      disease.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that chronic alcohol consumption in man is
      associated with an increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes. Precise
      quantitation of the output of protein and trypsin in the interdigestive state has
      not been possible because of large variations and small volume of pancreatic
      juice. We utilized a multilumen, marker-perfused duodenal catheter to
      simultaneously monitor intraluminal pressures and collect mixed duodenal juice at
      the ligament of Treitz in five groups of patients: normal volunteers (group I),
      alcoholics without pancreatitis (group II), alcoholics who had recovered from
      acute pancreatitis (group III), alcoholics with chronic pancreatitis (group IV),
      and nonalcoholics who had recovered from acute pancreatitis secondary to biliary
      tract disease (group V). The output of trypsin and protein during 30 min of phase
      II and 60 min of CCK-OP 40 ng/kg/hr was determined in each group. The output of
      trypsin during phase II was 1.3 +/- 1.2 and 3.0 +/- 2.5 mg/kg/hr in groups II and
      III, respectively, compared to 0 +/- 0.1 in group IV (normal = 0.6 +/- 0.5). The
      outputs in group V were similar to normals. The output of protein during the
      interdigestive state was 15.7 +/- 13.7 mg/min in group III, compared to 4.5 +/-
      3.6 in normals (group I). The duodenal contraction rate was 4.6 +/- 3.0 and 3.3
      +/- 2.7 contractions/min in groups III and II, respectively (significantly
      greater than the normal rate of 2.2 +/- 1.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987478
TI  - Lipid accumulation in jejunal and colonic mucosa following chronic cholestyramine
      (Questran) feeding.
AB  - The hypolipidemic agent, cholestyramine (Questran), when fed to rats inhibits
      intestinal absorption of cholesterol and triglycerides and causes significant
      epithelial cell damage in both small and large intestine. In this study, we
      report significant accumulation of lipids in the mucosal layer of both jejunum
      and colon in rats administered 2% cholestyramine for a four-week period, when
      compared to a control group maintained on regular chow. The total lipid increment
      with cholestyramine was 4.7-fold in the jejunum and 3.7-fold in the colon. The
      triglyceride fraction increased substantially in the small but not the large
      intestine. Relative phospholipid levels decreased in the treated jejunum but not
      in the colon. The biochemical data were reflected in morphological evidence of
      lipid-laden enterocytes obtained by light and transmission electron microscopy.
      Since cholestyramine has been shown to sequester 99.8% of micellar phospholipid
      in vitro, it is concluded that the presence of cholestyramine in the intestinal
      lumen may interfere with phospholipid availability for chylomicron synthesis and
      serosal lipid exit from the epithelium. This unusual deposition of lipid within
      the mucosal layer may also be correlated with the known cocarcinogenic effect of
      this resin in experimentally induced intestinal cancer.

PMID- 3987479
TI  - Alterations in calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc metabolism by dietary
      cholestyramine.
AB  - Cholestyramine is an effective drug for the reduction of plasma cholesterol
      because of its ability to sequester intestinal bile acids. Since metabolic
      alterations, including diminished intestinal absorption of vitamin D and
      osteomalacia have been reported with long-term use of this resin, the influence
      of cholestyramine on dietary balance of four mineral elements has been
      investigated. Wistar-strain rats were fed either a 2% cholestyramine or control
      diet for one month. Dietary intakes and fecal and urinary excretions of calcium,
      magnesium, iron, and zinc were determined using atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry during three, 3-day balance periods. Cholestyramine-fed rats
      had a net negative balance for calcium and a lower net positive balance for
      magnesium, iron, and zinc than the controls. Other effects of cholestyramine were
      an increased urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, a decreased urinary
      zinc, and an alkalinization of urine. Blood and tissue cation content was
      unchanged except for a reduction in serum magnesium with resin feeding.
      Alterations in calcium, magnesium, and zinc metabolism might be explained by
      inadequate vitamin D absorption from the intestine followed by an increased
      secretion of parathyroid hormone. A diminished iron absorption due to resin
      binding could account for the reported disturbance in iron balance.

PMID- 3987480
TI  - Absorption studies after massive small bowel resection and antiperistaltic colon
      interposition in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - An experimental model of massive (80%) small bowel resection and antiperistaltic
      colon interposition in between the remnant jejunum and ileum was created in
      rhesus monkeys. The gastrointestinal functions were assessed preoperatively and
      at different periods after the operation. Progressive increase in the transit
      time and enhanced absorption of D-xylose and vitamin B12 was observed in these
      animals. The transit time marginally increased till three months postoperatively,
      and a significant increase was observed later (4-12 months) in the colon
      autografted monkeys. After three months, the D-xylose absorption in the colon
      interpositioned animals was nearly equal to that of normal monkeys. There was no
      significant difference in the vitamin B12 absorption in the normal and operated
      animals up to three months, but a significant rise was observed in the latter
      group after this period. The fecal fat excretion was 33-44% initially, and it
      gradually decreased to near normal values after nine months. The antiperistaltic
      colon interposition was effective in improving the early postoperative survival
      in animals after massive small bowel resection and enhanced the bowel absorption
      considerably.

PMID- 3987482
TI  - A case of ulcerative colitis presenting as vasculitic purpura.
AB  - A patient with ulcerative colitis presenting with vasculitic purpura is reported.
      Abnormal liver function and purpura responded to panproctocolectomy. Purpura
      preceded the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis by three years.

PMID- 3987481
TI  - Selenium absorption by canine jejunum.
AB  - Deficiency of the trace element selenium causes disease in domestic animals and
      may also be implicated in the pathogenesis of some human illness. In this study,
      the triple-lumen perfusion method was used to measure the rate of absorption of
      trace quantities of selenium (50 micrograms/liter in a physiological electrolyte
      solution) from the jejunum when given as D,L-selenomethione, D,L-selenocystine,
      or sodium selenite to healthy dogs in vivo. Selenium absorption from the test
      segment (expressed as percent administered dose per centimeter +/- SEM) was 1.97
      +/- 0.04 from D,L-selenomethionine, 1.15 +/- 0.06 from D,L-selenocystine, and
      0.51 +/- 0.07 from sodium selenite (P less than 0.01, N = 5). In separate studies
      in four anesthetized dogs, the jejunum was perfused with L-[75Se]
      selenomethionine while concentrations of 75Se were measured in the portal venous
      blood; these studies established that [75Se]selenomethionine disappearing from
      the gut lumen corresponded quantitatively to 75Se appearing in the portal venous
      effluent (74 +/- 6%) and incorporated into intestinal tissue (24 +/- 5%). These
      results are consistent with the hypothesis that the absorption of amino acid
      bound selenium is accelerated by the specific amino acid active transport
      mechanisms in the gut mucosa. Sodium selenite is absorbed more slowly, possibly
      by simple diffusion through the intestinal mucosa, than the amino acid-bound
      selenium compounds.

PMID- 3987483
TI  - Gastric mucosal prolapse.

PMID- 3987484
TI  - Isoamylase distribution.

PMID- 3987485
TI  - Atherosclerotic emboli.

PMID- 3987486
TI  - Antibiotic treatment of neonates--does route of administration matter?
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin (19 babies), benzylpenicillin (7 babies),
      mecillinam (15 babies), cefuroxime (15 babies), ceftriaxone (37 babies), and
      latamoxef (27 babies) were compared following intravenous or intramuscular
      administration in the neonate. The effect of oral or intravenous administration
      of chloramphenicol was examined in 47 babies. The pharmacokinetics following
      either intravenous or intramuscular administration were essentially the same.
      Cmax was equivalent after both routes except for gentamicin (Cmax higher
      following intravenous administration) and latamoxef (Cmax lower following
      intravenous administration). Although Tmax ranged between 0.4 and 1.5 h
      therapeutically effective serum concentrations were attained within 15 min of
      intramuscular administration of all antibiotics. Clinical rather than
      pharmacokinetic considerations should therefore dictate which route should be
      used. Oral administration of chloramphenicol resulted in significantly lower
      steady-state serum concentrations and therefore this route should be avoided in
      the young premature neonate.

PMID- 3987487
TI  - Effects of prenatal exposure to tricyclic antidepressants on adrenergic responses
      in progeny.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to examine the effects on cardiovascular function in
      progeny of rats treated maternally with the tricyclic antidepressants, doxepin
      and imipramine. Doxepin was administered once daily during the first trimester
      (days 1-7), second trimester (days 8-14) or third trimester (days 15-21) of
      pregnancy, while imipramine was administered during the third trimester only.
      Exposure to doxepin during the first or second trimester increased infant
      mortality rate, while third trimester exposure to imipramine, but not doxepin,
      enhanced infant mortality. Additionally, third trimester imipramine, but not
      doxepin, exposure reduced birth weight and growth rate of progeny. Tests of
      cardiac and aortic response to adrenergic stimulation revealed that third
      trimester exposure to either of these tricyclic antidepressants enhance the
      responsiveness of the beta-adrenergic system in the aorta, while doxepin exposure
      during the other trimesters was without effect on aortic beta-response. Prenatal
      exposure to these antidepressants did not alter blood pressure or the contractile
      response of aortic tissues to alpha-receptor stimulation. Collectively, these
      studies reveal that at doses of tricyclic antidepressants which do not cause
      dysmorphic effects on the fetus, subtle alterations occur in selective adrenergic
      functions which can persist into adulthood in the rat.

PMID- 3987489
TI  - Inulin space studies in fetal sheep.
AB  - Extracellular volume was estimated in fetal sheep by measuring the 14C inulin
      space in 6 in situ unanesthetized fetal lambs at gestational ages ranging from
      120 to 145 days (term = 150 days). The total inulin space ranged from 979 to
      1,510 ml. A positive correlation between total inulin space and gestational age
      (r = 0.65) was noted, such that fetal lambs of 120 days gestation had a predicted
      inulin space of 1,072 ml and fetal lambs near term at 145 days gestation had an
      inulin space of 1,422 ml. However, since fetal weight increases with gestation,
      inulin space expressed as a percent of body weight actually decreased with
      gestational age (r = -0.80), so that at 120 days gestation the fetus would have
      an estimated inulin space of 59% of body weight and at 145 days the fetus would
      have an inulin space of only 34% of body weight.

PMID- 3987488
TI  - Effects of nitrous oxide on maternal and embryonic folate metabolism in rats.
AB  - Deficiency of the vitamin, folic acid, or exposure to the anesthetic gas, nitrous
      oxide (N2O), has been reported to be teratogenic in rats. N2O oxidizes the
      vitamin B12 prosthetic group of methionine synthetase. This enzyme converts the
      plasma folate form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, to tetrahydrofolate and catalyzes
      the methylation of homocysteine to methionine. To assess the effects of N2O on
      folate levels in embryos, pregnant rats were exposed to a mixture of 50% N2O:50%
      O2 for 4, 24 or 48 h. Animals were sacrificed on day 14 of gestation immediately
      following treatment. Exposure to N2O was not acutely embryotoxic. It
      significantly inhibited methionine synthetase activity in maternal liver as well
      as embryonic tissue. Exposure to N2O for 48 h led to a loss of folates from liver
      and embryos and marked changes in the distribution of folates within these
      tissues. Specifically, the levels of nonmethylated folates including
      tetrahydrofolate in embryonic tissue were reduced by 50%, a loss which could be
      very significant in regard to embryonic macromolecular synthesis.

PMID- 3987490
TI  - Influence of theophylline on fetal rat lung phosphatidylcholine synthesis in
      vivo.
AB  - In an attempt to resolve conflicting reports on the effectiveness of theophylline
      in stimulating fetal lung surfactant production in vivo, we examined the
      influence of theophylline on fetal rat lung phosphatidylcholine synthesis.
      Intraperitoneal administration of theophylline to the pregnant rat produced
      elevated serum levels in both mother and fetus. The fetal:maternal ratio was
      0.85:0.90. Doses of theophylline ranging between 5 and 180 mg/kg/day resulted in
      no increase in the rate of incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine or
      its disaturated species. There was also no increase in the lung tissue
      concentration of these phospholipids. Theophylline does not appear to stimulate
      fetal rat lung phosphatidylcholine synthesis at nontoxic serum levels.

PMID- 3987491
TI  - A retrospective study of ocular findings in patients treated with PUVA.
AB  - Photochemotherapy combined with psoralen, now widely used in the treatment of
      psoriasis, vitiligo, Andrews' disease and some other skin conditions, has been
      accepted as one of the potential factors that might contribute to the development
      of cataract. This view is based upon experimental animal studies. In the present
      study 408 patients receiving PUVA treatment in the period between 1977 and 1983
      have been followed up for up to 6 years after the initiation of therapy. Repeated
      ophthalmological examinations were performed, particularly in order to detect any
      early signs of lens changes. In 20 patients development or increase of lens
      opacities could be observed. There is some evidence that in 3 of these 20
      patients cataract formation was attributable to PUVA.

PMID- 3987493
TI  - Optic disc drusen and central vein occlusion.
AB  - The blind and painful right eye of a 34-year-old woman with the Sturge-Weber
      syndrome had to be enucleated on account of keratitis e lagophthalmo.
      Histopathological examination revealed drusen of the optic disc, which had caused
      central retinal vein occlusion.

PMID- 3987492
TI  - Lacrimal gland enlargement as one of the ocular manifestations of Wegener's
      granulomatosis.
AB  - Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by chronic, focal, necrotizing and
      granulomatous vasculitis. The localized form involves mainly the upper or lower
      respiratory tracts, or both. In the commoner generalized form, the kidneys are
      also affected. Literature findings suggest that ocular manifestations are a
      predominating sign in about 30% of cases. Ocular findings may include
      conjunctivitis, keratitis and sclerouveitis, pseudotumor of the orbit or
      proptosis. We report on a patient who showed bilateral episcleritis, keratitis,
      nasolacrimal duct obstruction and enlargement of the lacrimal gland. The latter
      finding was confirmed by CT scan.

PMID- 3987495
TI  - An analysis of the results and complications of implantation of 130 Pearce
      lenses.
AB  - The short-term results and complications of 130 lens extractions with
      implantation (generally a Pearce tripod lens) are described. In 89% of the cases
      a post-operative visual acuity of at least 0.5 was obtained.

PMID- 3987496
TI  - Pars plana vitrectomy in a case of amyloidosis of the vitreous.
AB  - A pars plana vitrectomy was performed in a case of vitreous opacities caused by
      generalized amyloidosis. Vision improved from 2/300 to 5/5 after surgery. The
      vitreous specimen stained orange-red with congo-red staining and showed the
      typical yellow-green birefringence with polarized light. The literature on the
      surgical treatment of amyloidosis of the vitreous is reviewed.

PMID- 3987494
TI  - Cyclosporin A treatment in two cases of corneal peripheral melting syndrome.
AB  - One patient with the clinical diagnosis of Wegener's disease suffered from
      bilateral progressive uveitis and corneal melting which did not react to steroid
      and immunosuppressive therapy. Cyclosporin A produced dramatic improvement within
      5 days, of both the uveitis and the corneal melting. The second patient had
      severe progressive corneal melting and scleral melting in one eye, which did not
      react to corticosteroid therapy or grafting of the defects. The corneal melting
      stopped completely on cyclosporin A therapy for two months. Gum hypertrophy was
      only seen as a side effect of cyclosporin A therapy in one patient, no severe
      side effects such as kidney or liver dysfunction were noted.

PMID- 3987497
TI  - Conjunctival sarcoidosis.
AB  - A biopsy from the lower conjunctival fornix, whether or not taken from follicles,
      is a method which yields a positive result in +/- 25% of cases of suspected
      sarcoidosis. We saw a patient with chronic recurrent follicular conjunctivitis of
      the upper eyelid, without further ocular symptoms. He was known to suffer from
      allergy and chronic respiratory disease. As the conjunctivitis did not improve a
      biopsy was taken from the conjunctiva of the upper eyelid. The specimen showed
      non-necrotizing epithelioid-cell granulomata with multinucleate giant cells and
      asteroid bodies, and an increase in reticular fibres. The diagnosis of
      sarcoidosis was confirmed by finding parabronchial granulomata and a raised level
      of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the serum. Prolonged local corticoid therapy
      then gradually cleared up the conjunctival condition.

PMID- 3987498
TI  - One year's experience with the Pearce tripod posterior chamber intraocular lens.
AB  - Anatomical and functional results in 72 eyes after (extracapsular cataract
      extraction) and implantation of a Pearce vaulted tripod posterior chamber lens
      are analysed after a short follow-up period.

PMID- 3987499
TI  - Safe all-in-the-bag pseudophakia with a new lens design (the moustache lens).
AB  - A classification of intraocular lenses is given that does justice to their
      clinical merits. There is a significant difference between a lens supported by
      cellular tissue and one supported by the collagen capsule of the crystalline
      lens. A new design of a wholly retropupillary lens for placement in the capsular
      bag ('moustache lens') is presented. The surgical technique is described in
      detail. The most important features of this lens are the ease of insertion and
      the guaranteed intracapsular and central position of the lens.

PMID- 3987500
TI  - Motility disorders in endocrine ophthalmopathy.

PMID- 3987501
TI  - Effect of acetazolamide (Diamox) on tear secretion.
AB  - The side effects of acetazolamide (Diamox) on lacrimation were measured in rats
      by means of the cotton-thread tear test. After a daily oral 1-mg dose
      (administered for five days), comparable to the dose used for adult humans on a
      drug-to-bodyweight basis, tear production remained unaffected but the lacrimal
      peroxidase secretion decreased by 60% of the baseline level. After withdrawal of
      acetazolamide the peroxidase secretion returned to the baseline level.

PMID- 3987502
TI  - Effects of straylight on visual acuity in pseudophakia.
AB  - A new method is presented to study the effect of straylight on visual acuity
      using a spectacle frame fitted with concentric light-emitting diodes as a glare
      source. Preliminary results showed that intraocular lenses scatter about 2.3
      times more than healthy human lenses.

PMID- 3987503
TI  - Complications of hard and soft contact lenses.
AB  - The number of contact lenses worn has increased steadily in the last decades. The
      number and types of complications have increased in approximately the same
      degree. New, hitherto unknown, complications are continually described. The
      complications are classified according to the factors which cause them:
      complications of mechanical origin; complications due to metabolic disorders;
      allergic reactions; exogenous infections; disorders of tear production. The
      lesions found in the cornea and the conjunctiva are described. The complications
      caused by hard lenses are usually noticed earlier by the patient than those due
      to soft lenses, because the lesions caused by hard lenses are usually painful,
      whereas those due to soft lenses are not.

PMID- 3987504
TI  - Treatment of amblyopia in strongly anisometropic eyes.
AB  - Following a hypothesis concerning the image-size on the retina the problem is
      discussed as to which of the various correction methods is to be preferred in the
      case of severe anisometropia. We treated nine anisometropic patients for
      amblyopia using contact lens correction. After amblyopia treatment we measured
      the aniseikonia in all the subjects by means of Phase Difference Haploscope. The
      aniseikonia appears to be less serious than might have been expected. Perhaps a
      more physiological situation can be created by means of early contact lens
      correction and as little aniseikonia as possible.

PMID- 3987505
TI  - [Macrophages do not inhibit the nuclei of nonmalignant proliferating cells
      entering into DNA synthesis in heterokaryons].

PMID- 3987506
TI  - [Tumors in athymic mice induced by DNA from transformed human cells].

PMID- 3987507
TI  - [Changes in the growth kinetics of experimental Lewis carcinoma and its
      sensitivity to chemotherapy during aging].

PMID- 3987508
TI  - [Comparative study of the antimutagenic activity of sterically hindered phenols].

PMID- 3987509
TI  - [Liquid-crystal state of complexes of DNA with biologically active compounds].

PMID- 3987510
TI  - [Platinum derivatives--cross-linking reagents for research on tRNA interaction
      with aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases].

PMID- 3987511
TI  - [Covalently cross-linked, functionally active complex of cholesterol
      hydroxylating cytochrome P-450 with adrenodoxin].

PMID- 3987512
TI  - [Effect of altering the antigenic activity of human erythrocytes in an ultrasound
      radiation field].

PMID- 3987514
TI  - Guidelines for managing the drug misuser.

PMID- 3987513
TI  - [Malate dehydrogenase polymorphism in Crithidia (Protozoa, Mastigophora)].

PMID- 3987515
TI  - Dipivefrin: an adrenaline pro-drug for glaucoma.

PMID- 3987516
TI  - An evaluation of the compatibility between aluminium Finn Chambers and various
      mercurials dissolved in water or dispersed in petrolatum.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate compatibility between aluminium
      Finn Chambers and various mercurials either dissolved in water or dispersed in
      petrolatum (at the concentrations used in patch test clinics). Aluminium chambers
      were corroded by aqueous solutions of mercuric oxycyanide, ammoniated mercury and
      thiomersal, but not by solutions of other mercurials. No corrosion was noted when
      mercurials had been dispersed in petrolatum, even after 6 months at 37 degrees C.
      Patch test series of mercurials dispersed in petrolatum were applied on the skin
      of guinea pigs and in man for 48 h, using aluminium Finn Chambers. No clinical
      sign of skin irritation was observed. It can be concluded that aluminium Finn
      Chambers may be safely used for patch testing mercurials if these are dispersed
      in petrolatum.

PMID- 3987517
TI  - [Quantitative aspects of the percutaneous uptake of wool wax alcohols (cetyl
      alcohol) and paraffins (octadecane) from different ointment bases].
AB  - Since topical vehicles are partly responsible for the effects of active agents-
      both the wanted and the unwanted effects--attempt was made to obtain quantitative
      data on the possible penetration of cetyl alcohol contained in an aqueous
      hydrophilie cream (DAB 8) and in a wool fat alcohol ointment (lanoline) (DAB 8).
      Also the behaviour of the long-chained hydrocarbon, paraffin (octadecan), in
      these vehicles and in petrolatum (DAB 8) was studied. We found that the
      emulsifying agent in a W/O emulsion was detectable in the epidermis in low
      concentrations after 100 min, but the same agent in O/W emulsions only after 1000
      min. It is, therefore, unlikely that cetyl alcohol penetrates the intact skin in
      allergicologically relevant concentrations. However, with diseased skin, a marked
      percutaneous absorption of cetyl alcohol, but not with paraffin, must be
      expected.

PMID- 3987519
TI  - [Predictive experimental animal test of contact allergenicity. Relevance of the
      methods of the OECD and EEC guidelines. The organization for Economic Co
      operation and Development].
AB  - In the first part of this article a historical note is given on the development
      of predictive contact allergenicity tests in guinea pigs starting with the Draize
      test, including epidermal methods and at least induction procedures using Freund
      complete adjuvant as a nonspecific enhancer of immunoreactivity. The tests of the
      OECD and EEC guidelines are listed and classified according to their predictive
      sensitivity. It is recommended to test reference allergens by different test
      methods in one's own laboratory to obtain personal experience with the various
      methods. Comparisons of the different methods based only on the literature are
      difficult, because there are so many influences on the performance of
      sensitization tests and because one is often not sure how the animals were termed
      positive, i.e. the threshold of a positive erythema score is often not clearly
      defined. Correlations between test results obtained in guinea pigs and man are
      presented for the Draize test, the maximization and the optimization test. It is
      emphasized that guinea pig tests are performed to assess the contact allergenic
      potential of a compound or formulation, but that the risk assessment is dependent
      on many other factors and should, therefore, be evaluated separately.

PMID- 3987520
TI  - Hypocholesterolemic agents: a comparison of the relative effectiveness of
      cholestyramine and pectin in rats.
AB  - Studies were carried out to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of
      cholestyramine and pectin as hypocholesterolemic agents. Circulating levels of
      serum cholesterol and lipoprotein-associated cholesterol were measured in rats
      fed high cholesterol diet supplemented with either cholestyramine or pectin. When
      compared with controls, a significant decrease in the level of total cholesterol
      was observed in rats fed either cholestyramine or pectin (p less than 0.001, 43%
      reduction in cholesterol, and p less than 0.04, 25% reduction in cholesterol,
      respectively) and this was due exclusively to the lowering of low density
      lipoprotein. Further statistical evaluation of data revealed no significant
      difference between the cholesterol levels of rats fed either cholestyramine or
      pectin (p greater than 0.07). The data acquired in this study suggest that both
      cholestyramine and pectin are comparable and effective hypocholesterolemic agents
      and the observed hypocholesterolemic effect of these agents is mediated through
      lowering of cholesterol associated with the low density lipoprotein.

PMID- 3987518
TI  - [Contact allergy to fludroxycortid and cetyl alcohol].
AB  - A 66-year-old female developed increasing eczematous reactions after treatment of
      her leg ulcer with a corticoid ointment. When patch tested with the constituents
      she reacted positive to fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone) and cetyl alcohol.
      Contact allergy to this fluorinated corticosteroid has not been described before.

PMID- 3987521
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of dixyrazine: low bioavailability, improved by food intake.
AB  - The single-dose kinetics of the psychotropic phenothiazine dixyrazine was
      assessed in eight young healthy volunteers given the drug at three occasions: 10
      mg intravenously, 25 mg orally in the fasting state, and 25 mg orally together
      with a standardized breakfast of 1,840 kJ. The plasma concentrations of
      dixyrazine were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Like some other
      lipophilic weakly basic drugs, dixyrazine showed a rapid disappearance from
      plasma, having an elimination half-life of 3.4 h, a clearance of about 1,200
      ml/min, and an apparent volume of distribution of 5.9 l/kg. Dixyrazine was found
      to have a very low and interindividually varying bioavailability; in the fasting
      state, dixyrazine bioavailability was only 1% in one subject, 3-6% in five
      others, and 11 and 24% in the remaining two subjects. The mean fasting
      bioavailability was 7.4%. After intake with breakfast, the mean bioavailability
      was increased to 12.4% (p less than 0.01), with a range of 2-29%. Probably, the
      low oral bioavailability is due to extensive presystemic (hepatic) degradation,
      and the food effect to a reduction of this process.

PMID- 3987522
TI  - Development of riboflavin deficiency in alcohol-fed hamsters.
AB  - Riboflavin deficiency may be induced by dietary restriction or by drugs. High
      incidence of rifoflavin deficiency in alcoholics might be due to diet, to the
      toxic effect of alcohol, or to an interaction of these variables. Aims of this
      study were to investigate the effects of alcohol on the riboflavin status of
      Syrian hamsters fed three different levels of riboflavin in a liquid diet. Male
      Syrian outbred hamsters of 5 weeks of age, acclimated to liquid diets, were
      randomly assigned to groups that received alcohol-containing diets (AR0, AR1,
      AR2) or nonalcohol-containing diets (OR0, OR1, OR2) where R1 = 0.5 microgram
      riboflavin/kcal added and R2 = 1.5 microgram riboflavin added/kcal. No alcohol
      groups were pair-fed to the alcohol groups. Riboflavin status was monitored by
      repeated erythrocyte glutathione reductase assays. Animals were sacrificed at 13
      weeks of age and liver flavins were determined. Riboflavin depletion occurred
      during the first 2 weeks of the study and this was followed by a 4-week period of
      relative improvementin riboflavin status. Thereafter riboflavin depletion
      continued in all groups but most severely in the alcohol group as measured by
      erythrocyte glutathione reductase assays. Total liver flavins were lowest in the
      alcohol-fed, riboflavin-restricted group, indicating that chronic alcohol feeding
      can induce riboflavin deficiency when intake of the vitamin is marginal.

PMID- 3987523
TI  - [Early diagnosis of autonomic diabetic neuropathy using sensitivity to
      temperature].
AB  - Testing temperature sensitivity thresholds and sensory nerve velocity in 76 type
      I diabetics and 16 healthy controls gave the following results: In 24 patients
      with dysfunction of one or more autonomic nervous system functions (histamine
      test reaction, erectile impotence, gastroparesis, orthostatic hypotension and
      bladder atonia) temperature sensitivity of the lower limbs, as an early
      manifestation of distal diabetic neuropathy, was markedly impaired compared with
      healthy controls as well as patients without autonomic dysfunction (n = 52);
      sensory nerve velocity (sural nerve) was similar in the two groups; metabolic
      parameters (blood glucose 1 hour postprandial morning and noon; glucose in 24-h
      urine, and HbA1a-c) also failed to demonstrate any difference between the two
      patient groups.

PMID- 3987524
TI  - [Long-term observations of Wegener's disease. Results of treating recurrences].
AB  - Four patients with Wegener's disease (three women; one man) were followed from
      three to eleven years. Patient 1 has been free of recurrence for 11 years, six of
      them without treatment. Patient 2 had a probable recurrence after seven years,
      six of them without treatment. Patient 3 had a recurrence after 11 years (ten
      without treatment) requiring renewed treatment, with good response. Patient 4
      (male) has required continued treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisone for
      the last three years.

PMID- 3987526
TI  - [Periodic hypersomnia and intermittent juvenile icterus. Coincidence or
      pathogenetic connection?].

PMID- 3987525
TI  - [Diagnostic significance of nuclear spin(MR)-tomography in gastroenterology].

PMID- 3987527
TI  - [Microcytosis and hypochromia and change in erythrocyte indices].

PMID- 3987528
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia during mental stress].

PMID- 3987529
TI  - [Electrocardiogram in acute anterior wall infarct after restoration of the blood
      supply].
AB  - Changes in QRS complexes and ST-T segments were measured in 70 patients after
      acute anterior-wall myocardial infarction. Intracoronary streptokinase infusion
      was undertaken in the acute phase in 58 patients, 12 other patients treated
      conventionally without infusion serving as controls. Precordial ECG mapping
      employed 48 unipolar precordial leads. If recanalization of an occluded coronary
      artery was achieved, there was a significant rise in R amplitude (sum of R-wave
      amplitudes in the 48 leads) from 12.4 +/- 10.9 to 16.2 +/- 11.2 mV, within a
      period of up to four months after the acute stage. If thrombolysis failed or only
      conventional treatment had been practised, there was no rise in R-wave amplitude.
      Renewed occlusion of a vessel previously re-opened by streptokinase infusion
      produced a reduction in R-wave amplitude from 14.0 +/- 13.0 to 9.8 +/- 11.0 mV.
      The S-T segment elevation regressed immediately after recanalization of the
      coronary artery. The S-T segments were iso-electric after four months. Re
      occlusion caused renewed S-T segment elevation up to monophasic form. Precordial
      ECG mapping is thus well suited for serial controls after various re-perfusion
      measures.

PMID- 3987530
TI  - [Isolated elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase].
AB  - The isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) were determined in 17 children
      and 3 adults who had transiently or persistently raised serum AP levels without
      clinical, laboratory or radiographic evidence of hepatobiliary or bone disease.
      Liver and bone AP were both raised in 8 of 11 children having transient
      hyperphosphatasia whereas a rise in only one of the two enzymes (liver- or bone
      AP) was detected in the serum of children and adults having persistent
      hyperphosphatasia. Isolated hyperphosphatasaemia is an anomaly having no
      pathological significance which, when found, has importance since expensive and
      invasive investigation methods that come into question can be avoided.

PMID- 3987531
TI  - [Differential therapy with calcium antagonists. Hemodynamic studies using
      nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem].
AB  - The haemodynamic effects of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem were measured and
      compared in an open randomized parallel investigation on 44 patients with
      coronary heart disease and compensated myocardial function. Each set of
      parameters was measured during a control phase and serially after a single dose
      (nifedipine in retard form, 20 mg; verapamil, 160 mg; diltiazem, 120 mg) over a
      period of 180 minutes at rest and after a standardized exercise. All three drugs
      produced a significant fall in systemic arterial pressure of 10-14% and of left
      ventricular stroke work of 10-20% from the initial level. The main differences
      between the three drugs concerned heart rate and stroke volume. Nifedipine
      produced a significant rise in heart rate, while it fell by 8-10% below the
      control value after verapamil and diltiazem. On the other hand, verapamil caused
      a significant fall in stroke-volume index, while after nifedipine and diltiazem
      it remained unchanged. These results suggest differential therapeutic use of the
      various calcium antagonists.

PMID- 3987533
TI  - [Self-manipulated disease].

PMID- 3987534
TI  - [Clinical significance of the anion gap].

PMID- 3987532
TI  - [Determination of serum theophylline concentration in ambulatory practice].
AB  - Serum-theophylline concentration was measured in 486 ambulatory patients from 407
      referring practitioners. They had been on maintenance treatment of 350 mg
      theophylline (Bronchoretard) twice daily. The concentration was within
      therapeutic range (8 to 20 mg/l) in 53% of patients, while it was below it in 43%
      and above in 4%. About half the patients receiving this dose would thus need
      individual adaptation of dosage, guided by clinical findings and serum
      concentration, in order to achieve optimal use of the drug's prophylactic and
      therapeutic potential. It is concluded that (1) theophylline dosage based
      entirely on standard dose will lead to an unacceptably high percentage of under
      dosing; (2) schematic consideration of body-weight, sex, age, living habits, and
      accompanying diseases proved to be unreliable and insufficient for individual
      dose determination; (3) dose adaptation to individual clinical situations and
      serum concentration is necessary in theophylline treatment of ambulatory patients
      and, in the light of present technical facilities, is cost-effective.

PMID- 3987535
TI  - [Legal validity of autopsy clauses in hospital admitting contracts].

PMID- 3987536
TI  - [Autopsy of a child's cadaver].

PMID- 3987537
TI  - [Computer tomography in chronic osteomyelitis].

PMID- 3987538
TI  - [Injuries caused by volleyball].

PMID- 3987539
TI  - First International Meeting on Felodipine. Proceedings of an international
      symposium. Montreux, Switzerland, 16-17 June 1984.

PMID- 3987540
TI  - Effect of felodipine and metoprolol on muscle and skin arteries in hypertensive
      patients.
AB  - The antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of felodipine, a new calcium
      antagonist of the dihydropyridine group, were examined in 15 patients with
      moderate to severe hypertension. Flow was measured simultaneously at the calf and
      finger using a venous occlusion ECG-triggered plethysmograph. Measurements were
      made at rest, during handgrip and during reactive hyperaemia. Felodipine (12.5
      mg, orally) was given after placebo treatment and after 3 weeks' treatment with
      metoprolol. It was also given for 3 weeks in combination with metoprolol.
      Felodipine caused a significant decrease in blood pressure which was similar in
      the supine, sitting and standing positions without causing any orthostatic
      reaction. The antihypertensive effect was accompanied by an increase in heart
      rate, dilatation of calf arteries and, to a lesser degree, dilatation of finger
      arteries. However, the degree of vasodilatation diminished with long term
      treatment. Metoprolol prevented the increase in heart rate but not
      vasodilatation. Felodipine decreased the potential for further dilatation in
      certain situations, as shown during reactive hyperaemia, although vasoconstrictor
      responses during the handgrip test remained unimpaired.

PMID- 3987542
TI  - Felodipine as an alternative to minoxidil in severe refractory hypertension.

PMID- 3987541
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of intravenous felodipine in normotensive and hypertensive
      subjects.
AB  - The effects of intravenous administration of a new calcium antagonist,
      felodipine, were studied in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients.
      Felodipine infused at a rate of 0.01 mg/min in 10 normotensive volunteers caused
      gradual haemodynamic and hormonal changes compatible with a direct vasodilatory
      mechanism of action; it also had a diuretic and natriuretic effect. When infused
      at a mean dose of 0.02 mg/kg bodyweight over 20 to 120 minutes in 7 patients with
      a hypertensive emergency, felodipine caused a rapid reduction in blood pressure
      with a maximal fall in mean arterial pressure of 30.4 +/- 7.3% (mean +/- 1 SD) in
      30 minutes. No serious side effects were observed. The haemodynamic effectiveness
      of an infusion rate of 0.01 mg/min was confirmed in a pilot study of 5 patients
      with refractory hypertension. On the basis of these findings, a schedule for the
      treatment of acute hypertension with intravenous felodipine is proposed.

PMID- 3987543
TI  - Acute haemodynamic effects of felodipine and verapamil in man, singly and with
      metoprolol.
AB  - In a single-blind randomised study in 9 healthy men we compared the acute
      haemodynamic effects of the calcium antagonists felodipine and verapamil, singly
      and in combination with metoprolol. Three different cumulative intravenous doses
      of 0.25, 0.75 and 1.5 mg felodipine and of 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg verapamil or
      placebo were given as constant infusions over 5 minutes on 3 occasions and were
      followed by intravenous metoprolol (15 mg). Felodipine caused a significant and
      dose-dependent decrease in the total peripheral resistance, and an increase in
      the forearm blood flow by 8, 48 and 163% with progressively increasing doses
      showing that the drug is a potent arteriolar vasodilator. A significant and dose
      dependent increase in heart rate and a decrease in the pre-ejection period/left
      ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) ratio of up to 15% was also recorded, mainly
      reflecting a reflexogenic increase in the sympathetic tone. Total peripheral
      resistance, forearm blood flow, heart rate and the systolic time intervals were
      mainly unchanged after verapamil, whereas the PQ interval was prolonged.
      Metoprolol given after the 2 calcium antagonists caused a decrease in heart rate
      and blood flow and an increase in the total peripheral resistance and PEP/LVET
      ratio. The tolerability was good to all infusions.

PMID- 3987544
TI  - Acute haemodynamic and platelet effects of felodipine in hypertensive patients.

PMID- 3987545
TI  - Effects of felodipine on renal function in animals.
AB  - The effects of felodipine on renal function were evaluated in dogs and rats using
      renal clearance, haemodynamic and micropuncture techniques. Unilateral renal
      arterial infusion of felodipine in anaesthetised dogs produced an ipsilateral
      diuresis and natriuresis without changing the mean arterial blood pressure, renal
      blood flow or glomerular filtration rate. In similar studies, the non-calcium
      antagonist vasodilator, hydralazine, produced antidiuresis and antinatriuresis.
      Continuous intravenous administration of felodipine in anaesthetised normotensive
      rats also produced a diuresis and natriuresis without changing mean arterial
      blood pressure, renal blood flow, whole kidney or single nephron glomerular
      filtration rate. Renal tubular reabsorption of water and sodium were inhibited in
      the distal tubule and collecting duct; neither potassium excretion nor
      reabsorption were affected. Bolus intravenous administration of felodipine to
      conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats produced dose-related decreases in mean
      arterial blood pressure and renal vascular resistance which were associated with
      increases in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urinary flow rate and
      sodium excretion; urinary potassium excretion was not affected. The non-calcium
      antagonist vasodilator minoxidil produced antidiuresis and antinatriuresis.
      Felodipine, a calcium-antagonist vasodilator used as an antihypertensive,
      possesses beneficial diuretic and natriuretic properties which are due to its
      direct effect on renal tubular water and sodium reabsorption.

PMID- 3987546
TI  - Acute diuretic/natriuretic properties of felodipine in man.
AB  - The natriuretic/diuretic effect of felodipine was investigated in 2 studies. The
      first was performed as an open study using intravenous and oral felodipine in
      healthy male subjects. The second was a double-blind study where a high and a low
      dose of oral felodipine were given to hypertensive patients on long term
      treatment with beta-blockers; the different doses of felodipine were chosen to
      decrease and to have no effect on the blood pressure, respectively. In both
      studies an oral placebo solution was used as a reference. Felodipine caused a
      significant increase in natriuresis. Compared with placebo and corrected for
      total 24-hour excretion, the sodium output during the first 4 hours after drug
      administration was increased by 219 +/- 53% (mean +/- SEM) after intravenous
      administration in healthy subjects (p less than 0.01) and by 80 +/- 43% in the
      first 3 hours after the high dose in hypertensive patients (p less than 0.05).
      For the same period, the urine excretion was increased by 114 +/- 38% (p less
      than 0.05) in the healthy subjects and by 36 +/- 22% in the hypertensive patients
      (not significant). However, the 24-hour excretion of urine, Na+ and K+ was not
      significantly changed from placebo. A significantly lower blood pressure was
      recorded after the higher dose (0.10 mg/kg) when given to hypertensive patients,
      but no such effect was seen after the lower dose (0.01 mg/kg) or in healthy
      subjects. The changes in diastolic blood pressure seem to be negatively
      correlated with the diuretic but not with the natriuretic effect.

PMID- 3987548
TI  - Renal effects of felodipine in hypertensive patients with reduced renal function.
AB  - The new calcium antagonist felodipine with a pronounced arteriolar dilating
      capacity was used to treat 11 patients with severe hypertension resistant to
      treatment (4 with essential hypertension, 5 with renoparechymatous hypertension,
      2 with renovascular hypertension). Mean glomerular filtration rate for 10
      patients was 34 +/- 27 ml/min/1.73 m2 body surface area (51Cr-EDTA clearance)
      before felodipine. One patient was on haemodialysis treatment. Mean arterial
      blood pressure in the outpatient clinic was 206 +/- 39/119 +/- 18 mm Hg in spite
      of treatment with 3 or more antihypertensive drugs. All but 2 patients had been
      given an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor without success. All
      vasodilating agents were discontinued and the following morning 5 to 10 mg
      felodipine was given orally. This resulted in a reduction of average supine blood
      pressure from 190/110 mm Hg to 150/90 mm Hg during the first hour. The
      antihypertensive effect was unchanged during 6 hours and the drug was
      subsequently administered twice or three times a day. Mean systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure after 1 month was 155 +/- 19/91 +/- 12 mm Hg. Eight patients
      showed a favourable long term response with a mean systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure of 154 +/- 17/89 +/- 6mm Hg after 6 months. One patient died from his
      underlying disease after 2 months and 1 patient discontinued treatment because of
      ankle oedema after 6 weeks. In the long term treated patients with glomerular
      filtration rates greater than 15 ml/min/1.73m2 all but 1 showed an improved renal
      function by 26 +/- 19% (n = 5) after initiation of felodipine therapy. In 2 cases
      with very low glomerular filtration rate (6 to 7 ml/min/1.73m2) the deterioration
      of renal function continued after felodipine, but at a slower rate. It is
      concluded that felodipine decreased blood pressure dramatically in patients with
      severe hypertension where a majority of the cases had been resistant to a
      previous therapy. The drug appeared safe also in advanced renal insufficiency.

PMID- 3987547
TI  - Antihypertensive and water and sodium balance effects of felodipine, a new
      vasodilating calcium antagonist, in hypertensive patients.
AB  - Felodipine, a new dihydropyridine derivative with a selective action on vascular
      smooth muscle, was investigated in 2 short term studies in hypertensive patients.
      In the first study, oral administration of felodipine 12.5 mg three times daily
      in a preliminary tablet formulation for 3 days significantly reduced supine and
      upright blood pressure with only a slight increase in heart rate and no
      clinically relevant signs of sodium and water retention. By increasing each dose
      to 25 and 50 mg three times daily, there was a further, but quite moderate,
      decrease in blood pressure; however, this was accompanied by an increase in heart
      rate and a tendency towards a reduction of creatinine clearance and urinary
      sodium output. In the second study, a new oral formulation containing 10 mg
      felodipine, administered twice daily for 7 days, was effective in lowering blood
      pressure without a clinically relevant tachycardia. Following the first dose of
      felodipine, urinary sodium excretion was slightly increased while potassium
      excretion showed only minor changes. The new calcium antagonist, felodipine,
      lowers blood pressure without the clinically relevant adverse reactions commonly
      related to other direct vasodilator antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 3987550
TI  - Effect of felodipine on blood pressure, heart rate, forearm blood flow and the
      response to venous occlusion in normal man.

PMID- 3987549
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of single-dose felodipine in normal man.
AB  - The haemodynamic effects of an oral solution of 15 mg felodipine were studied in
      8 healthy males. Maximal plasma concentrations of felodipine were seen 30 to 40
      minutes after administration, when significant decreases in diastolic and mean
      blood pressures were noted. Heart rate increased maximally by 45% after 30
      minutes, accompanied by a 57% increase in cardiac output and 175% increase in
      forearm blood flow. Total peripheral resistance decreased by 40% and forearm
      vascular resistance by 66%. Apparent hepatic blood flow was unchanged.

PMID- 3987551
TI  - Effects of felodipine on red blood cell deformability.

PMID- 3987553
TI  - Studies with felodipine in congestive heart failure.
AB  - Felodipine is a new calcium antagonist with a high degree of vascular
      selectivity. Its potential role in the treatment of congestive heart failure was
      examined in short and long term oral studies. Short term felodipine 5 to 15 mg in
      11 patients increased (p less than 0.001) cardiac index (from 2.1 +/- 0.1 to 3.3
      +/- 0.2 L/min/m2), and reduced systemic resistance (from 26 +/- 2 to 12 +/- 2
      units) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 26 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 2mm
      Hg) without affecting heart rate. Left ventricular max dp/dt did not change, but
      max dp/dt/p increased from 19 +/- 1 to 24 +/- 1 sec-1 (p less than 0.001). Left
      ventricular unloading was reflected by a shift in the end-systolic pressure
      dimension relationship downwards and to the left. Myocardial oxygen supply to
      demand ratio improved significantly; coronary flow increased from 141 +/- 11 to
      176 +/- 15 ml/min and myocardial oxygen consumption fell from 18 +/- 2 to 14 +/-
      1 ml/min (p less than 0.05). Long term therapy with felodipine 30 mg daily in 10
      patients improved treadmill exercise tolerance after 4 weeks by 24% (p less than
      0.001). Stroke index at submaximal exercise increased from 37 +/- 3 to 47 +/- 2
      ml/beat/m2 (p less than 0.001). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure fell
      significantly (22 +/- 5 to 10 +/- 3mm Hg), as did arteriovenous oxygen difference
      (12.7 +/- 0.9 to 9.7 +/- 0.6 vols/100ml). Importantly, these beneficial effects
      with felodipine were sustained during 4 weeks' therapy without evidence of
      tachyphylaxis. These data indicate that the selective vasodilator properties of
      felodipine may extend the clinical application of calcium antagonists to include
      the management of heart failure.

PMID- 3987552
TI  - Vascular selectivity of felodipine.
AB  - Felodipine, a new antihypertensive 'calcium antagonist', was tested in animal
      experiments which specifically demonstrated its vascular selectivity. In vitro
      inorganic and organic calcium antagonists were added cumulatively to the
      spontaneously active rat portal vein, and the paced papillary muscle of the rat,
      residing in the same organ bath. Felodipine was the first compound tested to
      display a 100-fold vascular selectivity in this test system. In the portal vein
      the spontaneous activity and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)-induced responses are
      reduced by the drug in therapeutic concentrations in an insurmountable way,
      indicating that felodipine prevents activation of the vascular effector cells or
      interferes with the contractile process, possibly due to an intracellular action
      on Ca2+-binding proteins. The negative myocardial effect of felodipine,
      attainable only in vitro, is characterised by surmountable antagonism of the
      inotropic response to added adrenergic agonists or Ca2+ and is compatible with
      calcium influx inhibition. In vivo, felodipine was given to conscious dogs with
      indwelling arterial and venous catheters. The animals were studied in the
      horizontal position and at 45 degrees tilt. Felodipine (1 mumol/kg) and minoxidil
      (4 mumol/kg) lowered mean arterial blood pressure by 20 to 25%, due to reduced
      peripheral resistance with a reflex rise in cardiac output. Following head-up
      tilt (2 min) there was no orthostatic hypotension, and stroke volume was well
      maintained. This strongly indicates that arterial resistance vessels, but not
      venous capacitance vessels or myocardium, were directly affected by felodipine.

PMID- 3987554
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of felodipine.
AB  - Oral felodipine (10mg) was given to 11 patients undergoing routine invasive
      electrophysiological studies. Systolic blood pressure fell by 31 mm Hg from 130
      +/- 17.5 to 99 +/- 10 mm Hg (mean +/- SD, p less than 0.001) while diastolic
      pressure fell from 78 +/- 9 to 60 +/- 8mm Hg (p less than 0.001), thus confirming
      its vasodilator properties. Heart increased from 64 +/- 10 to 78 +/- 16 beats/min
      (p less than 0.001). The A-H interval was significantly prolonged from 97 +/- 14
      to 110 +/- 24 msec (p less than 0.01) while there was no change in the H-V
      interval. Sinus node recovery time showed no change when corrected for heart
      rate. The effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node was shortened
      from 317 +/- 38 to 287 +/- 27 msec (p less than 0.01) as was the effective
      refractory period of the ventricular Purkinje fibres from 251 +/- 18 to 237 +/-
      20 msec (p less than 0.005). These haemodynamic and electrophysiological changes
      suggest that this compound is an effective vasodilator and may have potential
      antiarrhythmic properties.

PMID- 3987555
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of felodipine in combination with metoprolol.
AB  - The combined use of some beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents with calcium channel
      blockers may cause adverse pharmacodynamic drug interactions: hypotension, heart
      block or even asystole may be precipitated. The electrophysiological effects of
      combined administration of intravenous metoprolol 10mg and the vasodilating
      calcium antagonist felodipine (0.1 mg/kg/bodyweight) were assessed in an open
      study by invasive methods. Following metoprolol, the heart rate was reduced from
      69 +/- 24 to 60 +/- 16 beats/min (mean +/- SD, p less than 0.05) with a minor
      prolongation of the sinus node recovery time. The A-H interval was increased from
      94 +/- 25 to 109 +/- 16 msec (p less than 0.005) and the H-V interval was
      unchanged. The effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node was
      prolonged from 327 +/- 54 to 361 +/- 62 msec (p less than 0.01) with a minor
      prolongation of the effective refractory period of the ventricular Purkinje
      fibres. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed a mean reduction of 11 (p
      less than 0.001) and 6mm Hg (p less than 0.05), respectively. Following
      felodipine, the changes in heart rate and effective refractory periods of the
      atrioventricular node and ventricular Purkinje fibres returned towards control
      values. No further prolongation of the A-H interval resulted and further blood
      pressure changes were minor. The absence of adverse haemodynamic or
      electrophysiological effects suggests that this combination of agents may be
      safely used.

PMID- 3987556
TI  - Acute haemodynamic effects of felodipine in patients with coronary artery
      disease.

PMID- 3987557
TI  - Absorption, distribution and elimination of felodipine in man.
AB  - The objectives of these investigations were to study the absorption and
      disposition characteristics of felodipine in young healthy male volunteers
      following acute administration of different intravenous and oral doses, and to
      study urinary metabolites of [14C]felodipine following oral administration.
      Felodipine is rapidly and extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
      but owing to presystemic elimination, probably primarily in the liver, only 15%
      on average is systemically available. The systemic availability is independent of
      the oral dose in the 5 to 40 mg dose interval. The major fraction of the
      felodipine dose is localised extravascularly with a volume of distribution of
      about 10 L/kg. Less than 1% is confined to the blood. Felodipine is extensively
      bound to plasma proteins (greater than 99%). The mean elimination half-life of
      felodipine is greater than 10 hours. The urinary metabolic pattern of felodipine,
      using high pressure liquid chromatography, reveals 3 major metabolites
      (carboxylic acids of oxidised felodipine) in human urine.

PMID- 3987559
TI  - [The health of the world's children].

PMID- 3987560
TI  - [Causes and prevention of perinatal brain damage].

PMID- 3987561
TI  - [Long-term exclusive breast feeding].

PMID- 3987558
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of short and long term administration of felodipine in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Short term administration of felodipine to spontaneously hypertensive rats
      reduced mean arterial pressure, due to peripheral vasodilatation. This
      vasodilatation is generalised, since blood flow, determined by the microsphere
      technique, is maintained or increased in most vascular beds despite substantial
      mean arterial blood pressure reduction. The resistance and mean arterial blood
      pressure reduction after felodipine was counterbalanced by an increase in cardiac
      output. In short term therapy, cardiac output increased because of an increase in
      both heart rate and stroke volume. Following long term administration of
      felodipine cardiac output remained elevated owing to an increase in stroke
      volume. The lack of tachycardia during long term felodipine administration was
      shown to be due to a rapid resetting of the baroreflex control of heart rate. The
      marked increase in stroke volume after long term administration is suggested to
      be due to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and structural rebuilding of
      the heart towards that characteristic of the well-trained athlete. Thus, the
      haemodynamic pattern induced by short term felodipine administration, and
      probably also other antihypertensive drugs, will become modified by neurogenic
      and structural adaptations upon prolonged administration.

PMID- 3987562
TI  - [Evaluation of childhood growth].

PMID- 3987563
TI  - [Evaluation of a febrile child].

PMID- 3987564
TI  - [Sudden increase in intracranial pressure].

PMID- 3987565
TI  - [Can allergic diseases be prevented?].

PMID- 3987566
TI  - [Drug therapy in children and its pharmacological basis].

PMID- 3987567
TI  - [Aging and sleep].

PMID- 3987568
TI  - [Localization of a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid fistula using metrizamide CT
      cisternography].

PMID- 3987569
TI  - [Pregnancy toxemia with thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and hepatic
      dysfunction].

PMID- 3987571
TI  - [Treatment of acute urinary tract infections].

PMID- 3987570
TI  - [Drug-induced hepatitis in a diabetic patient].

PMID- 3987572
TI  - Fetal motor activity in breech presentation.
AB  - Intrauterine motor activity was studied in breech presenting but otherwise normal
      fetuses. In the first part of the study, 48 fetuses were examined in the 33rd
      gestational week with an objective method using four piezo-electric crystals
      attached to the maternal abdomen for recording fetal movements. Of the 48
      fetuses, 25 remained in breech presentation until delivery, while 23 assumed the
      vertex presentation before birth. In the second part of the study, 63 pregnant
      women with breech-presenting fetuses in the 33rd gestational week subjectively
      recorded perceptible movements every evening. Spontaneous cephalic version
      occurred in 40 cases, and 23 fetuses persisted in the breech presentation until
      delivery. Neither in the objective nor in the subjective study were any
      quantitative differences in motor activity found between fetuses subsequently
      born in breech presentation and these born in vertex presentation.

PMID- 3987574
TI  - Learning achievement and behavior at school of anemic and non-anemic infants.
AB  - In a prospective study the learning achievement and behaviour of second grade
      children who were anemic in infancy (n = 20) was compared with that of non-anemic
      children (n = 55). All children received preventive care and were under
      surveillance from birth at the Community Health and Research Center of Hadassah
      in Jerusalem. The anemic children had a hemoglobin level of less than 10.5 g/dl
      whereas the comparison group had more than 11.5 g/dl at 9 months of age. The
      learning achievement score was significantly lower in the anemic group 9.3 S.D.
      3.8, than in the non-anemic group 11.5 S.D. 2.9 (P = 0.009). The positive task
      orientation was also significantly lower in the anemic group, though on
      additional behavior scores no differences were found. Differences remained
      significant even after controlling for maternal education and sex of child in a
      multivariate analysis. It is possible that an iron deficiency state which
      persists during the critical period of brain development in infancy has long
      lasting effects on cognitive functioning. Prevention of iron deficiency may
      contribute to promotion of child development and better achievement.

PMID- 3987573
TI  - Growth and development in preterm infants during the first 18 months.
AB  - In a long-term prospective study 46 unselected infants born before 35 completed
      weeks of gestational age were followed up, and compared to 26 fullterm infants.
      At 9 and 18 months of chronological age their height and weight were still lower
      than that of fullterms, but the difference disappeared when age was corrected for
      gestational age at birth. The motor and neurological maturity and language
      development was delayed in the preterms still at 18 months, which could possibly
      also be explained by their lower biological age. Ten of the preterm infants
      showed, at one or several occasions during follow up, definite neurological
      abnormality. At 18 months of age two of them were handicapped, one with
      retrolental fibroplasia, nearly blind, and another with cerebral palsy (slight
      spastic diplegia). Five of them had late psychomotor development, while two were
      borderline and one normal. We defined pre- and perinatal risk groups, but found
      that development at 18 months was not correlated to degree of risk. Neither was
      there any correlation between neurological examination at term and later handicap
      or psychomotor retardation. We found more illness, mostly due to common
      infections, during the first 18 months in the preterm group, as measured by the
      number of visits to a doctor and days spent in hospital.

PMID- 3987575
TI  - Screening for intrauterine growth retardation in late pregnancy.
AB  - A prospective study was performed on an unselected area-based population in order
      to improve the antenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The
      clinical importance of simple clinical tests to follow fetal growth (measurements
      of the symphysis-fundus (SF) distance and recordings of maternal pregnancy weight
      gain) was investigated. Risk factors for IUGR, appearing in late pregnancy
      (vaginal bleeding, non-proteinuric pregnancy hypertension and pre-eclampsia) were
      also studied. A pathological SF curve (frequency 3.5%) was found to be valuable,
      but mainly as a screening instrument rather than a diagnostic tool for IUGR. Pre
      eclampsia was the only risk factor appearing in late pregnancy that could be
      associated with IUGR. Previously we have recommended early pregnancy screening
      for the following high risk factors for IUGR: smoking, previous birth of a low
      birth weight infant, low pre-pregnancy weight, renal disease and addiction. When
      also screening for pre-eclampsia, 22% of the population exhibited at least one
      screening factor. Retrospectively we identified all severely growth-retarded
      infants (birth weight for gestational age less than or equal to -2 S.D.) born in
      1980 (n = 27). 23 of these infants were delivered to mothers exhibiting high-risk
      factors for IUGR or a pathological SF curve. In this way a high-risk group for
      IUGR can be identified, which should be monitored more carefully during the last
      period of pregnancy.

PMID- 3987576
TI  - Serum haptoglobin appearance during neonatal period is associated with acid
      phosphatase (ACP1) phenotype.
AB  - Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1) is a polymorphic enzyme found in many tissues
      and acts in vivo as a flavin-mononucleotide phosphatase. We have recently
      observed a relation between this enzyme and length of gestation. The present
      study shows that the pattern of appearance of serum haptoglobin during the
      neonatal period is associated with ACP1 phenotype suggesting some important
      function of this polymorphic enzyme in human development.

PMID- 3987577
TI  - Observations made on severe apneic spells in two infants at risk for sudden
      death.
AB  - We have studied the sequence of events during prolonged apneic spells in two
      infants who, by virtue of multiple risk factors or ultimate death, were at risk
      for sudden death. Using techniques to quantitate airflow and pharyngeal airway
      pressures, we have reported many descriptive aspects of the apnea in these
      infants. Specifically, we have noted that severe apneic spells in these infants
      were accompanied by a wide spectrum of lengths and types of shorter apneas. In
      the case of infant A, the most severe spells occurred in clusters. Physiologic
      phenomena usually considered normal (sighs, swallows, etc.) often occurred in
      association with the apneic spells. In addition, we found that: 1) mixed apnea
      was the clinically significant form of apnea; 2) in mixed apnea, the site of
      obstruction was in the pharynx; 3) obstruction often occurred at the beginning of
      the spells; and 4) this obstruction occurred progressively over a series of
      breaths prior to the spell and resolved in a similar fashion. Theophylline, in
      one infant, decreased the incidence of apnea.

PMID- 3987578
TI  - Neonatal sucking as an outcome variable: comparison of quantitative and clinical
      assessments.
AB  - A quantitative neonatal sucking measure and a clinical neonatal sucking measure
      were significantly related to one another, but only the quantitative measure was
      significantly related to prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure. The clinical
      measure did not provide adequate precision to warrant its recommendation as an
      outcome variable at moderate exposure levels.

PMID- 3987579
TI  - Identification of viral infections in pregnancy by assay of (2'-5')-oligo
      isoadenylate synthetase.
AB  - Interferons are produced in response to viral infections. Among the biochemical
      changes they cause in cells is the induction of the enzyme (2'-5')-oligo
      isoadenylate synthetase. The activity of this enzyme can be measured and this can
      indicate exposure and response of cells to interferon. The efficacy of such an
      assay of peripheral blood of pregnant women may aid in establishing screening
      guidelines for potentially teratogenic viral infections. The blood of 44
      primigravidas with complaints of fever, myalgia, cough, vaginal discharge and/or
      costovertebral angle tenderness was assayed for activity of the enzyme (2'-5')
      oligo-isoadenylate synthetase and compared to assays of the enzyme activity in a
      group of 37 healthy primigravidas which served as a control group. It was found
      that the group with viral infections had an increase in enzyme activity from
      twice to 15 times the normal value, with characteristic rises of enzyme activity
      in several viruses known or suspected to cause human defects. Several general
      guidelines are proposed to assist the obstetrician in determining a viral
      etiology of acute illness in pregnancy, It is suggested that the assay of enzyme
      activity of (2'-5')-oligo-isoadenylate synthetase may provide a simple tool for
      rapid diagnosis of viral infections in pregnancy.

PMID- 3987580
TI  - Zinc deficiency: a problem with preterm breast milk.
AB  - We report a breast-fed preterm infant (31 weeks gestation) who developed
      nutritional zinc deficiency 13 weeks post delivery. Serial samples of his mothers
      breast milk from early lactation (2 weeks post delivery) contained very low zinc
      concentrations, although her serum zinc and sweat zinc concentrations were
      normal. Following the birth of her second baby at 38 weeks gestation, her breast
      milk contained normal amounts of zinc. We conclude that the low breast milk zinc
      values obtained following the first pregnancy may have been due to immaturity of
      the milk. Units that feed very low birth-weight babies preterm milk should check
      its zinc concentration or at least have a high index of suspicion for this
      nutritional deficiency.

PMID- 3987581
TI  - The relation between erythrocyte acid phosphatase and gestational length: present
      status.

PMID- 3987583
TI  - Growth charts and the assessment of infant feeding practices.

PMID- 3987582
TI  - Embryology of the middle third of the face.
AB  - This article compares the midface appearance of two histological sections, one an
      embryo at the 6 mm stage of development and another at the 28 mm stage. It
      demonstrates the considerable cellular differentiation and development that takes
      place, and suggests that this area is liable to anomalies if the rapid,
      sequential and considerable amount of growth in this area is disturbed by
      inherited or environmental factors.

PMID- 3987584
TI  - An arsenic-binding protein in rainbow trout.
AB  - A pulse dose of 5 microCi 74As-labeled arsenic acid was given in diet contained
      in No. 4 gelatin capsules to two groups of rainbow trout (90 +/- 6 g). These
      groups consisted of the control and the treatment group which was preexposed to
      22.8 mg As/kg diet for 2 weeks. An extract of cytosol prepared from the liver of
      both control and pretreated fish sacrificed 48 hr after the pulse dose was found
      to contain an arsenic-binding protein with molecular weight of about 19,000. This
      protein accounted for less than 25% of the extracted cytosol in both the control
      and preexposed fish. Arsenic may not induce the synthesis of thionein in the
      liver as the molecular weight of 19,000 is outside the range previously reported
      for metallothionein. The binding of arsenic to this protein may not be of any
      adaptive significance.

PMID- 3987585
TI  - Effect of mercuric ion on attraction to light of artemia sp nauplii.
AB  - Living organisms exhibit a phototactic response which can be altered by certain
      environmental toxic chemical species. The analysis of photobehavior can help in
      elucidating environmental factors that influence photomotility reactions of the
      organisms. A method has been developed that measures the phototactic response of
      Artemia nauplii under the influence of mercuric ion (Hg2+) in synthetic seawater.
      The phototactic response of Artemia nauplii was manifested by movement of the
      organisms from a darkened half to lighted half of an experimental vessel
      containing synthetic seawater. The density as a function of time of Artemia
      nauplii is determined by removing aliquots from both light and dark sides and
      then plating on agar for counting under the dissecting microscope. Measurements
      consistently show a significant movement of nauplii to the lighted side within 45
      min of the start of the experiments. The present investigation demonstrated that
      at concentrations as low as 0.010 mg HgCl2/liter there is an enhancement of
      phototactic effect on Artemia nauplii by mercuric ion as compared with control.
      The phototactic response of Artema nauplii is altered by mercuric ion in a dose
      related manner, but the mechanism of this effect is presently unknown.

PMID- 3987586
TI  - Effects of various organic chemicals on the regreening of red colored Chlorella
      zofingiensis.
AB  - Under nitrogen-deficient culture conditions Chlorella zofingiensis decomposes the
      chlorophylls, synthesizes secondary cartenoids, and thus develops red colored
      resting stages (akinetes). On transfer of the akinetes into nitrogen-containing
      fresh culture medium the algae regreen completely within a short period. The
      results of the experiments presented in this study show that the regreening
      process reacts with high sensitivity to the addition of environmentally hazardous
      chemicals. This system proved to be much more sensitive than other methods of
      testing for ecotoxicity. This screening test is universally applicable and
      offers, in addition, the possibility of testing volatile compounds since it is
      carried out in air-tight culture vessels. A phytotoxicity of 50% calculated as
      inhibition of the chlorophyll biosynthesis during exposure for 48 hr was found
      for paraquat at concentrations of 0.15 microM (added as methysulfate) and 0.28
      microM (added as chloride) and for pentachlorophenol (PCP) at 0.16 microM. The
      chemicals 2- and 4-nitrophenol, however, proved to be much less toxic. Here, a
      50% inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis was observed at 49 and 75 microM. When
      exposed to 4-chloroaniline even concentrations of 200 microM were not sufficient
      to cause a 50% inhibition of the regreening process. In additional experiments
      the influence of increasing salt concentrations (NaCl stress) and simultaneous
      exposure to the toxicants was examined. A step-by-step increase in the salinity
      of the experimental medium resulted in a drastic reduction of the toxicity caused
      by the addition of paraquat. This effect was much less pronounced when PCP was
      employed as toxicant. A different result was obtained with 2-nitrophenol: Here
      the toxic action was slightly enhanced. Differences in the time-dependent toxic
      response were also observed using the diverse toxicants. Probable causes are
      discussed.

PMID- 3987587
TI  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships and mixture toxicity of organic
      chemicals in Photobacterium phosphoreum: the Microtox test.
AB  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships were calculated for the inhibition
      of bioluminescence of Photobacterium phosphoreum by 22 nonreactive organic
      chemicals. The inhibition was measured using the Microtox test and correlated
      with the partition coefficient between n-octanol and water (Poct), molar
      refractivity (MR), and molar volume (MW/d). At log Poct less than 1 and greater
      than 3, deviations from linearity were observed. Introduction of MR and MW/d
      improved the quality of the relationships. The influences of MR or MW/d may be
      related with an interaction of the tested chemicals to the enzyme system which
      produces the light emission. The sensitivity of the Microtox test to the 22
      tested compounds is comparable to a 14-day acute mortality test with guppies for
      chemicals with log Poct less than 4. The inhibition of bioluminescence by a
      mixture of the tested compounds was slightly less than was expected in case of
      concentration addition. The Microtox test can give a good estimate of the total
      aspecific "minimum toxicity" of polluted waters. When rather lipophilic compounds
      or pollutants with more specific modes of action are present, this test will
      underestimate the toxicity to other aquatic life.

PMID- 3987588
TI  - The use of cohorts and populations in chronic toxicity studies with Daphnia
      magna: a cadmium example.
AB  - Two semistatic life table experiments with Daphnia magna were carried out on
      reconstituted and Lake IJssel water. The "nontoxic concentrations" for cadmium
      with respect to the intrinsic rate of natural increase, derived from age-specific
      survival and fecundity were 1 and 3.2 micrograms/liter, respectively. Body length
      appeared to be a sensitive parameter. A third intermittent-flow experiment was
      started with small, exponentially growing populations. These populations had a
      stable age distribution, were composed of cohorts of different ages and showed an
      almost perfect logistic growth. Cadmium was shown to reduce the upper numerical
      limit (carrying capacity) for D. magna and was inversely related to this
      parameter: log Y = 2.85 -0.20 log [Cd]; r = -0.99. A "nontoxic concentration"
      could not be established. Based on the "background" concentration of cadmium, a
      freshwater quality criterion of 0.1 microgram/liter is proposed. The results are
      used to discuss several shortcomings of the current methods. Finally it is stated
      that the introduction of the concepts of population dynamics in reproduction
      tests with D. magna is a realistic step towards ecotoxicology.

PMID- 3987589
TI  - Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in the blood of rats exposed to tin and
      zinc.
AB  - Ninety rats of the Wistar strain were divided into 18 groups (5 animals in each).
      Stannous chloride was administered to animals by different routes
      (subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intragastrically). Zinc was given
      intraperitoneally and lead was given subcutaneously, both every other day.
      Control animals received 0.9% NaCl. Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD)
      activity was clearly decreased due to the double tin dose (total dose 4 mg
      Sn/kg), whereas 7 doses (altogether 14 mg Sn/kg) resulted in almost complete
      enzyme inhibition. ALAD inhibition in rat blood was similar, whatever the SnCl2
      administration route. Greater inhibition was noted when this enzyme measured at
      pH 6.8. Zinc administered intraperitoneally (without tin) was also found to
      inhibit ALAD activity. The zinc doses applied did not protect ALAD activity
      against inhibition by tin, administered either intragastrically or
      intraperitoneally.

PMID- 3987590
TI  - A study of the mutagenic effect of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on the somatic cells of
      the mouse.
AB  - 3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol is a resultant metabolite inside the organism when
      fenitrothion (O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) thiophosphate)-containing
      pesticides undergo a chemical change due to the action of liver cell enzymes. It
      is also used as a basic compound for synthesis in the chemical industry. Groups
      of CFLP strain mice were treated ip with single doses (25 mg/kg) of this chemical
      in aqueous or alcoholic solution. Another group was treated ip with the same dose
      on ten weekly occasions. Chromosomes were prepared from the bone marrow cells 24
      and 48 hr after the treatment. The results do not exclude the possibility of a
      mutagenic effect.

PMID- 3987591
TI  - A respirometric method for the assessment of ready biodegradability: results of a
      ring test.
AB  - A collaborative exercise involving twelve laboratories was organized for the
      European Economic Community to check the validity of an enclosed respirometric
      method for assessing the ready biodegradability of test chemicals, including
      insoluble substances. The method, based partly on the OECD-Japanese Ministry of
      International Trade and Industry (MITI) I method (301C) and partly on the U.K.
      method, allowed the use of a less restrictive, natural inoculum and a wider
      variety of respirometers than the original MITI I method. Eight compounds of a
      wide range of degradative behavior were tested over an incubation period of 28
      days. The agreement between participating laboratories in the lag period before
      biodegradation started and in the proportions of theoretical oxygen uptake
      achieved was at least as good as in other ring tests; it is proposed that the
      method be accepted. Differences in behavior of pentaerythritol reported here and
      in the literature are examined and suggestions for future study are discussed.

PMID- 3987592
TI  - The derivation of nitrosamines from some therapeutic amines in the human
      environment.
AB  - Five therapeutic drugs which are secondary and tertiary amines were investigated
      by reaction mechanisms for the derivation of nitrosamines in the human
      environments. These drugs are chlorpromazine (tranquilizer), methadone
      (analgesic), chloroquine (antimalarial), primaquine (antimalarial), and
      phenacetin (analgesic). Phenacetin is an N-acetylated secondary amine;
      chloroquine and primaquine are secondary amines; methadone and chlorpromazine are
      tertiary amines; and chloroquine is also a tertiary amine. In the human
      environments of the gastrointestinal tract, stomach, and bladder which generate
      the nitrosating agent, the derivation of various nitrosamines from these drugs
      has been presented. Dimethyl nitrosamine has been derived from methadone and
      diethylnitrosamine has been generated from chlorpromazine and chloroquine,
      respectively. Chlorpromazine, methadone, chloroquine, primaquine, and phenacetin
      have also produced by reaction mechanisms various nitrosamines of hitherto
      unknown carcinogenicity. The dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine derived
      from methadone, chlorpromazine, and chloroquine are of proven carcinogenicity in
      experimental animals and they therefore constitute a hazard to humans.

PMID- 3987593
TI  - The role of immunoassay in the analysis of microcontaminants in water samples.
AB  - Concentrations of natural and synthetic steroids and an anticancer drug
      (methotrexate) have been determined in water by adapting established immunoassay
      procedures. The limits of detection for the assays used were 10 ng/liter for
      norethisterone, 5 ng/liter for ethinyl estradiol and progesterone, and 6.25
      ng/liter for methotrexate. Results below the level of detection were obtained in
      all the samples examined (8 river samples and 6 potable supply samples) except
      for 2 river samples (17 ng/liter) for norethisterone, and 1 river sample and 1
      potable water sample for progesterone (6 ng/liter). A concentration of 1
      microgram/liter of methotrexate was found in a sample of hospital effluent. There
      appears to be no evidence of adverse effects from reused water resources which
      may be contaminated from the normal use of such highly active therapeutic agents.

PMID- 3987594
TI  - The influence of surfactants on gill physiology and cadmium uptake in perfused
      rainbow trout gills.
AB  - Cadmium transfer through and the retention of metal in perfused gills from
      rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) has been studied in the presence of two
      detergents, LAS (linear alkylaryl sulphonate) and NP-10EO (nonylphenol
      ethoxylate). Accordingly, the effects of the metal and the surfactants on gill
      viability (vascular resistance, oxygen diffusion capacity, sodium net flux) was
      measured. Cd had no effect on gill viability either at 0.008 or at 9.0
      mumol/liter during a 60-min perfusion period. The viability of the gills
      deteriorated markedly during 60 min of exposure to 100 mumol/liter LAS and to NP
      10EO, or to a mixture of 100 mumol/liter surfactant + 8.1-8.3 mumol/liter Cd.
      LAS, 100 mumol/liter, reduced Cd transfer, whereas NP-10EO had no effect. NP-10EO
      increased Cd retention in gill tissue. LAS more than doubled Cd transfer through
      the gills when tested in concentrations expected to be found in a polluted
      recipient (0.9 micrograms/liter Cd + 0.05 mg/liter LAS). NP-10EO had no effect on
      the transfer when tested under these environmentally relevant conditions.

PMID- 3987595
TI  - Contamination and effects in freshwater ditches resulting from an aerial
      application of cypermethrin.
AB  - Cypermethrin (Ripcord) was applied at 25 g ai ha-1 by fixed-wing aircraft to a
      large field (11.6 ha) of winter wheat bordered on three sides by drainage
      ditches. About 60% of the nominal application rate was deposited on the crop and
      about 6% (maximum) was deposited over the water surface. The amount of spray
      drift deposited upwind declined sharply with increasing distance from the treated
      field. Downwind, the spray drift was small but occurred over a much greater
      distance. Very low (0.03 micrograms liter-1 maximum) concentrations of
      cypermethrin were found in subsurface water samples and these declined rapidly
      after spraying. Bioassay tests, using a sensitive indicator species, confirmed
      that only a small amount of cypermethrin contamination had occurred in the ditch
      adjacent to the downwind perimeter of the field. Frequent sampling of the
      zooplankton and macroinvertebrate fauna of the ditches indicated that there were
      no marked biological effects resulting from the cypermethrin application. Only a
      few air-breathing corixids and the highly susceptible water mites showed minor
      short-term reductions in abundance after spraying. No effects were observed on
      either caged or indigenous fish stocks and no significant residues of
      cypermethrin were found in fish tissues.

PMID- 3987596
TI  - Formation and fate of bound residues of [14C]benzene and [14C]chlorobenzenes in
      soil and plants.
AB  - Outdoor experiments with [14C]hexachlorobenzene, [14C]pentachlorobenzene,
      [14C]1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and [14C]benzene in soil-crop systems indicate that
      the formation rate of bound residues in soil and plants, expressed as bound
      residues in percentage of total residue in the sample, decreases with increasing
      number of chlorine in the molecule and, thus, with increasing chemical stability.
      The time course of formation and fate of bound residues in soil and plants is
      characterized by a very slow decrease of residue levels in soil, indicating that
      biodegradation of bound residues hardly exceeds their reformation from the parent
      compound during one vegetation period, and by a decrease of residue levels in
      plants. The portion of bound residues as compared to the total residue increases
      with time, indicating that bound residues are more persistent than the parent
      compounds and their soluble metabolites; benzene is an exception. Cress plants,
      in general, contain less bound residues than do barley plants. Again, benzene is
      an exception. In deeper soil layers, soil-bound residues occur also. The ratio
      between bound and extractable residues does not differ to a larger extent between
      the soil layers.

PMID- 3987597
TI  - A comparison of physiological changes in carp, Cyprinus carpio, induced by
      several pollutants at sublethal concentrations. I. The dependency on exposure
      time.
AB  - Carp were exposed to 10 different pollutants at sublethal concentrations for 6,
      24, or 72 hr. Blood, liver, and white muscle samples were taken after the
      exposure time together with samples of control handled fish. Serum concentrations
      of glucose, cortisol protein, and cholesterol were determined. Similarly, the
      liver and muscle glycogen contents were measured. The effects of the following
      pollutants were examined: aldrin (100 micrograms/liter), atrazine (100
      micrograms/liter), DDT (50 micrograms/liter), dieldrin (20 micrograms/liter),
      endrin (2 micrograms/liter), hexachlorbenzene (100 micrograms/liter), lindane
      (100 micrograms/liter), methanol (1 ml/liter), 4-N-phenol (100 micrograms/liter),
      toluene (100 microliters/liter). The rises in serum glucose and cortisol were the
      most frequent changes occurring after exposure to the pollutants. A decline in
      plasma protein and cholesterol content was also often observed. Liver glycogen
      concentration increased first in most cases and was reduced after longer
      exposure. Muscle glycogen was affected differently, sometimes reduced by exposure
      to the pollutants. The experimental design allows for the gradual increase in
      toxicity of the pollutants used regarding the applied concentrations.
      Furthermore, the aim of the paper is to evaluate the tests for proof of toxicity
      of those chemicals. The determination of serum glucose and cortisol levels can be
      proposed as mostly useful. The clearest changes in all parameters were found
      after treatment with 100 micrograms/liter atrazine and 50 micrograms/liter DDT.
      When serum glucose and cortisol concentrations were quickly elevated, signs for
      exhaustion could be seen after 72 hr of exposure.

PMID- 3987598
TI  - Effects of methylmercuric chloride administered to pregnant rats during the
      preimplantation period.
AB  - Female rats were treated on Day 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of pregnancy with 5 mg/kg
      methylmercuric chloride ip. Some dams were killed on Day 5 of gestation in order
      to evaluate toxic effects on the early embryos or blastocysts. The remaining rats
      were sacrificed at the end of pregnancy to verify any embryofetotoxic and
      teratogenic effects. Unlike what has been found by other authors with in vitro
      experiments, no clear toxic effects in the blastocyst on Day 5 of pregnancy were
      evident. A slight embryofetotoxic effect was found when the females were killed
      at the end of pregnancy.

PMID- 3987599
TI  - Accumulation and transport of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid in plant cuticles.
      II. Permeability of the cuticular membrane.
AB  - Diffusion of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) across plant cuticles from
      10 species was investigated at 25 degrees C using enzymatically isolated
      cuticles. Permeance coefficients (P) and extrapolated holdup times (te) were
      measured and permeability (P), diffusion (D), and partition coefficients (K) were
      calculated. Permeance coefficients ranged from 2.72 X 10(-8) (Capsicum fruit) to
      1.00 X 10(-10) m/sec (Ficus leaf). Extraction of soluble cuticular lipids from
      cuticular membranes increased permeances by up to four orders of magnitude. This
      demonstrates that permeance is determined by the soluble cuticular lipids
      associated with the cutin, rather than by cutin alone. Mean diffusion
      coefficients calculated from holdup times were 4.0 X 10(-15) (fruit cuticular
      membranes) and 1.71 X 10(-16) m2/sec (leaf cuticular membranes), respectively.
      Since a common diffusion coefficient exists for both leaf and fruit cuticles,
      differences in permeability coefficients between species can be attributed to
      differences in the partition coefficients. However, partition coefficients
      calculated from transmembrane diffusion are lower than those determined directly
      in a sorption experiment by a factor of from 6 to 200. Thus, the high resistance
      of plant cuticles to transport of 2,4-D can be attributed to both low diffusion
      and partition coefficients in the transport-limiting layer made up of cutin and
      soluble lipids which are densely packed and highly ordered. A linear equation is
      derived and permits the prediction of permeability coefficients of plant cuticles
      from partition coefficients determined in a simple sorption experiment.

PMID- 3987600
TI  - Metabolism in the rat of cadmium biocomplexes from edible mussel exposed to
      109CdCl2.
AB  - The metabolism in the rat of 109Cd biocomplexes present in the tissues of the
      edible mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, previously exposed to 109CdCl2, was
      studied. The tissue distribution and binding of 109Cd were compared to those
      caused by an equal dose of 109Cd as CdCl2 or rat liver Cd-metallothionein.
      Administration of mussel 109Cd to rats resulted in an initial accumulation of
      109Cd in the kidneys due to the presence of 109Cd-metallothionein, which
      constituted 25% of the 109Cd in the tissues of the mussels. Other 109Cd
      biocomplexes present in the mussel tissues were metabolized in the rat in a way
      similar to that of inorganic cadmium, i.e., initial accumulation in the liver.
      These findings indicate that the ingestion of seafood rich in metallothionein may
      give rise to a faster increase of renal cadmium levels than the consumption of a
      similar amount of inorganic cadmium.

PMID- 3987601
TI  - The effects of lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, growth,
      hemoglobin content, and reproduction in Daphnia magna.
AB  - The effects of continuous exposure to lead for various periods and recovery in
      clean water on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity, hemoglobin
      content, growth, and reproduction were studied in Daphnia magna. Steady-state
      inhibition of ALA-D activity was reached within 2 days in 16, 64, and 256
      micrograms Pb liter-1, but restoration in clean water was prolonged in relation
      to previous exposure. In spite of the inhibition of ALA-D activity hemoglobin
      content increased after 2 days in 16 and 24 micrograms Pb liter-1. Furthermore,
      hemoglobin content in previously exposed animals increased during recovery in
      clean water. Maximum hemoglobin content (2.9 times control value) was found after
      2 days recovery of animals exposed to 64 micrograms Pb liter-1. These findings
      suggest that some enzyme(s) other than ALA-D in the biosynthetic pathway of
      hemoglobin formation is (are) more sensitive to lead. Growth, in contrast to
      reproduction, was stimulated by low concentrations of lead (less than 64
      micrograms Pb liter-1), although in 256 micrograms Pb liter-1 growth was also
      significantly impaired. After 19 days the 16 and 50% reproductive impairment
      concentrations were less than or equal to 1 and 10 micrograms Pb liter-1,
      respectively.

PMID- 3987602
TI  - The teratogenic, embryotoxic, and prenatal mutagenic effect of 3-methyl-4
      nitrophenol in the mouse.
AB  - The teratogenic, embryotoxic, and prenatal mutagenic effects of 3-methyl-4
      nitrophenol were investigated in CFLP strain pregnant mice treated with the
      compound at the dose of 3 X 25 mg/kg. After treatment on the 7th, 9th, and 11th
      days of pregnancy, the embryos were examined on the 18th day of pregnancy for
      obvious malformations and bone preparations were made with alizarin red S
      staining. The examination of chromosome aberrations in samples from liver cells
      of embryos was performed by the method of P.K. Datta, H. Rigger, and E.
      Schleiermacher (in Chemical Mutagenesis in Mammals and Man, F. Vogel and G.
      Rohrborn, eds., pp. 198-206, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 1970).
      3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol at the applied dosage did not result in teratogenic or
      prenatal chromosome damage in contrast to the damaging effect of 4,6-dinitro-o
      cresol which was previously reported.

PMID- 3987603
TI  - Lifetime toxicity of chloroform and bromodichloromethane when administered over a
      lifetime in rats.
AB  - Chloroform (CHCl3) and bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2) are the two most common
      haloorganic contaminants of chlorinated drinking water. A significantly increased
      incidence of hepatic neoplastic nodules was found in female rats when each of
      these compounds was administered in drinking water to Wistar rats throughout
      their life span. Hepatic adenofibrosis was also produced by chronic ingestion of
      these two halomethanes.

PMID- 3987604
TI  - New contributions to the study of somato-sensory potentials in hemiplegics.
      Intrahemispheric conduction delay in some severely involved hemiplegic patients.

PMID- 3987605
TI  - Short latency SEP to median nerve stimulation: recording methods, origin of
      components and clinical application.

PMID- 3987606
TI  - Quantitative assessment of co-contraction at the ankle joint in walking.

PMID- 3987607
TI  - The carpal tunnel syndrome: electrophysiological aspects of 639 symptomatic
      extremities.

PMID- 3987608
TI  - Height influences F response parameters in the upper extremity.

PMID- 3987609
TI  - A study of risk factors for nerve conduction abnormalities in diabetes.

PMID- 3987610
TI  - Clinical neuro-physiology and rehabilitative functional microsurgery.

PMID- 3987611
TI  - Meaning of mid and long latency evoked potential components. The law of 3.5
      revisited.

PMID- 3987612
TI  - The active principles of plant extracts with antithyrotropic activity: oxidation
      products of derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid.
AB  - We have recently reported that freeze-dried extracts (FDE) of certain plants form
      high molecular weight adducts with bovine TSH (bTSH), preventing it from binding
      to and stimulating adenylate cyclase in human thyroid membranes. We have now
      studied 34 pure compounds identical or structurally related to compounds present
      in FDE from Lycopus or Lithospermum, 2 of the 3 species of active plants studied
      previously. In studies conducted at 4 C in 20 mM Tris-HCl-0.5% BSA buffer, pH
      7.45, eight 3,4-dihydroxylated compounds, all structurally related to cinnamic
      acid, inhibited the binding of [125I] bTSH to human thyroid membranes. Of these,
      4 (caffeic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, and ellagic acids) are present in the
      plants, and 4 (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, deoxyepinephrine, adenochrome, and
      nordihydroguaretic acid) are structurally related thereto. These compounds were
      inactive when tested directly but became active when allowed to undergo auto
      oxidation. With all 8 compounds, half-maximum inhibition of [125I]bTSH binding
      required quantities of oxidized product equivalent to 20-80 micrograms/ml (60-195
      microM) of the original compound. Half-maximum inhibitory concentrations of
      oxidized caffeic and ellagic acids were increased 2- to 4-fold when experiments
      were performed at 37 C in medium containing 50 mM NaCl. Preincubation of
      membranes with active oxidation products in concentrations up to 100
      micrograms/ml, followed by washing, had no effect on the subsequent binding of
      [125I]bTSH. As has been shown in the case of FDE, when [125I]bTSH was
      preincubated with oxidation products of caffeic and ellagic acids and was then
      chromatographed on Sephadex G-100, its elution pattern was advanced from an
      apparent mol wt of 30,000 to the void volume, and [125I]bTSH in the early eluting
      fractions displayed greatly reduced binding to thyroid membrane preparations.
      Addition of a large excess of unlabeled bTSH during preincubation prevented the
      shift in the elution pattern of [125I]bTSH produced by these oxidation products.
      To ascertain whether FDE and active compounds interact with the protein or
      carbohydrate moieties of bTSH, studies of their effects on the binding and
      chromatographic behavior of 125I-deglycosylated-bTSH (dg-bTSH) were also
      performed. Effects were similar to those observed for intact bTSH, suggesting
      that they do not interact with the carbohydrate moiety of TSH. Preincubation of
      both bTSH and dg-bTSH with either active FDE or oxidation products of caffeic or
      rosmarinic acid also greatly decreased their activity in the McKenzie mouse
      assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3987613
TI  - The effect of thyroid status on the calmodulin content of several tissues in the
      rat.
AB  - The present studies represent an initial effort to evaluate a possible
      relationship between thyroid status and calmodulin and were undertaken because of
      evidence that some actions of the thyroid hormones are calmodulin mediated. To
      this end, the effects of hypothyroidism and of thyroid hormone excess on the
      concentration of calmodulin in several tissues of the rat were evaluated. In
      thymocytes, liver, heart, and brain, but not in skeletal muscle, calmodulin
      concentrations were markedly increased in the thyrotoxic rat (140-203% of values
      in normal controls); values were unchanged in hypothyroid animals. These changes
      were evident regardless of whether calmodulin concentrations were expressed per
      cell (thymocytes), or in relation to either the wet wt or protein content of the
      tissues. These findings are apparently the first to demonstrate that thyroid
      hormone, unlike other hormones tested thus far, can influence tissue calmodulin
      content. In view of the fact that many metabolic systems that are influenced by
      calmodulin are similarly affected by thyroid hormones, the findings support the
      possibility that some actions of thyroid hormone are calmodulin mediated.

PMID- 3987614
TI  - Calcitonin stimulates maturation of mammalian growth plate cartilage.
AB  - To determine whether calcitonin (CT) might effect maturation of mammalian growth
      plate cartilage, we administered salmon CT (sCT) to young rats and used the
      growth plate from the distal metatarsal as our in vivo growth plate model. Growth
      plate alkaline phosphatase activity and histological examination were assessed
      after 3 days of sCT treatment. Alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of
      hypertrophied chondrocytes, increased 85%, and the zone of maturation enlarged in
      rats receiving sCT. In addition, sCT treatment was associated with an increased
      growth plate 35SO4 incorporation 84% above animals receiving buffer alone. We
      tested whether this might be a direct effect of CT by using an in vitro model,
      the growth plate from the fetal pig scapula. Organ culture of these cartilages in
      serum-free medium with and without sCT (1 U/ml) was performed for 3 days. sCT
      stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity 49% above growth plates incubated in
      medium alone. Furthermore, sCT treatment increased the number of hypertrophied
      chondrocytes leading to widening of the zone of maturation. These studies suggest
      that CT might have a role growing mammals by promoting maturation of growth plate
      cartilage.

PMID- 3987615
TI  - Cationized serum albumin enhances response of cultured fetal rat long bones to
      parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The effects of cationized serum albumin on the resorptive response to PTH and
      other agents were examined in organ cultures of fetal rat long bones. Human serum
      albumin (HSA) was cationized to an isoelectric point greater than 9.5 by addition
      of hexamethylene diamine. When cationized albumin (C-HSA) replaced HSA or BSA in
      the medium, resorption could be stimulated by 10- to 30-fold lower concentrations
      of synthetic (1-34) human or bovine PTH or intact 1-84 bovine PTH. Using C-HSA,
      significant resorption was obtained in some experiments with the concentration of
      PTH as low as 25 pM, but in most experiments 100 pM-400 pM concentrations were
      required. In contrast, 6.25 nM 1-34 PTH was required for a response in HSA. The
      sensitivity to stimulation of resorption by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D and
      prostaglandin E2 was not increased. Hence, the increased sensitivity to PTH is
      most likely due to a selective protective effect of C-HSA, which might decrease
      nonspecific binding or degradation of the hormone.

PMID- 3987616
TI  - Mitochondrial cholesterol availability during gonadotropin-induced Leydig cell
      desensitization.
AB  - In order to define the early lesion (before pregnenolone formation) of the
      androgen biosynthetic pathway induced by human CG (hCG) or LH in the Leydig cell,
      we initially have optimized the use of aminoglutethimide to obtain maximal and
      sustained inhibition of steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Aminoglutethimide
      inhibited Leydig cell steroidogenesis in vitro at a dose of 100 micrograms/ml.
      The minimal serum concentration of aminoglutethimide necessary for maximal
      inhibition of testosterone in vivo was also 100 micrograms/ml (1 h after the ip
      injection of 20 mg aminoglutethimide). However, testosterone levels were normal
      12 h later, coincident with a marked fall in the serum aminoglutethimide levels.
      The t 1/2 of the circulating aminoglutethimide was 5 +/- 0.7 h on the first day
      of treatment but was reduced to 3.0 +/- 0.4 and 2.25 +/- 0.35 h at 2 and 3 days
      of treatment. At the dose eliciting maximal and sustained steroid inhibition (60
      mg/day) aminoglutethimide was able to prevent the estradiol-dependent late
      steroidogenic lesion (after pregnenolone formation) induced by 1 microgram hCG,
      with no effect on the early lesion (before pregnenolone formation) caused by 10
      micrograms hCG. The aminoglutethimide-induced in vivo accumulation of cholesterol
      in the inner mitochondrial membrane (by 50%) was associated with an increase in
      the production of testosterone and pregnenolone by the Leydig cell when
      subsequently incubated in vitro. Similar increases in the steroidogenic capacity
      were observed after initial exposure of Leydig cells to aminoglutethimide in
      vitro, even after acid wash to remove the surface-bound endogenous LH. The
      steroidogenic cholesterol was also increased in desensitized Leydig cells (by 50
      70%); however, the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone was substantially
      blocked in animals with the early lesion. Our findings define the requirement of
      increasing high levels of aminoglutethimide to inhibit cholesterol metabolism and
      provide a dose schedule suitable for studies on cholesterol availability and
      inhibition of steroidogenesis in the rat. These results support our proposal that
      the early lesion observed in desensitized Leydig cells is due to inhibition of
      the side-chain cleavage activity rather than to a decrease in the amount of
      metabolically available cholesterol.

PMID- 3987617
TI  - Desensitization of the chick oviduct to estrogen: mediation at different levels
      of gene expression.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of changing the dosage or kind of estrogen
      administered to immature chicks on the synthesis of two egg white proteins,
      ovalbumin and conalbumin, and the accumulation of their mRNAs. The results
      suggest that the oviduct can become desensitized to estrogen. Ovalbumin accounted
      for 25% of oviduct protein synthesis in chicks treated with low dose of
      diethylstilbestrol (DES; 0.5 mg/day) for 14 days. Within several days after the
      dosage of estrogen had been increased 10-fold, ovalbumin synthesis fell to
      undetectable levels. The synthesis of conalbumin also became undetectable when
      the dosage of estrogen was increased. Throughout the above experiment both
      ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA activity, as measured by cell-free translation,
      remained elevated. This implies that expression of the ovalbumin and conalbumin
      genes may be regulated at the level of translation. In a separate experiment,
      ovalbumin and conalbumin synthesis also decreased when chicks primed with DES
      pellets were given an increased dosage of estrogen. Ovalbumin synthesis
      fluctuated, but overall decreased from 25% of oviduct protein synthesis after
      priming with DES pellets to 16% of oviduct protein synthesis after 7-12 days of
      injections of estradiol benzoate (1 mg/day). At the same time, conalbumin
      synthesis decreased from 10% to 6% of oviduct protein synthesis. In contrast with
      the previous results, changes in ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA activity
      paralleled changes in ovalbumin and conalbumin synthesis. Thus, not only can the
      oviduct become desensitized to estrogen, desensitization can be mediated at
      different levels of gene expression.

PMID- 3987618
TI  - Bipotential actions of estrogen on progesterone biosynthesis by ovarian cells. I.
      Relation of estradiol's inhibitory actions to cholesterol and progestin
      metabolism in cultured swine granulosa cells.
AB  - In short term, serum-free cultures of granulosa cells, estradiol inhibited basal
      progesterone production by more than 84% in a time- and dose-dependent fashion.
      Half-maximal inhibition (ID50) was observed at a mean estradiol concentration of
      70 ng/ml. The acute inhibitory effects of estradiol were independent of cell
      density or maturational status of the parent follicle (small, medium, or large
      follicles). Estrogen decreased total progesterone biosynthesis, rather than
      merely progesterone secretion by granulosa cells. In addition, the production of
      progesterone and its 20 alpha-reduced metabolite were suppressed in parallel over
      a 30-fold range of inhibitory effects. Moreover, estradiol inhibited progesterone
      production from both endogenous and exogenous (25-hydroxycholesterol) substrate.
      In contrast to its inhibition of progesterone production, estradiol acutely
      enhanced pregnenolone accumulation and led to a 14- to 20-fold increase in the
      ratio of pregnenolone to progesterone. Inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase activity was confirmed by demonstrating estrogen's ability to
      antagonize the conversion of exogenously supplied pregnenolone to progesterone in
      intact granulosa cells (ID50, 74 ng/ml) and to directly inhibit enzymic activity
      in ovarian homogenates (ID50, 79 ng/ml). On the other hand, estradiol did not
      alter the incorporation of [14C]acetate into cholesterol and specific progestins
      or influence the time-dependent hydrolysis of prelabeled cholesteryl ester stores
      in granulosa cells. In summary, in short term cultures of swine granulosa cells,
      estradiol significantly inhibits basal progesterone biosynthesis in a time- and
      dose-dependent fashion, encompassing estradiol concentrations attainable in vivo.
      Estrogen's inhibition is accomplished by mechanisms that are independent of
      cytotoxicity, cell density, and maturational stage of the parent follicle. The
      predominant locus of estrogen action is blockade of pregnenolone's conversion to
      progesterone, rather than accelerated metabolism of progesterone to its 20 alpha
      reduced metabolite. Moreover, estradiol simultaneously enhances functional
      cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity without suppressing de novo cholesterol
      biosynthesis or impairing the mobilization of cellular cholesteryl ester stores.
      Thus, we infer that increasing concentrations of estradiol attained in antral
      follicular fluid during the later stages of follicle maturation could effectively
      limit the premature secretion of large quantities of progesterone before
      ovulation without impairing the cell's capacity for de novo cholesterol
      biosynthesis or cholesteryl ester hydrolysis.

PMID- 3987619
TI  - Rat uterine growth and induction of progesterone receptor without estrogen
      receptor translocation.
AB  - The rat uterus responds to estradiol (E2) and E2 benzoate stimulation with an
      increase in progesterone receptor production and with growth. These responses
      were also elicited to varying degrees by a series of estrogenic (ICI 77,949 and
      ICI 47,699) and antiestrogenic triphenylethylene derivatives [tamoxifen (TAM), 4
      hydroxy-TAM (4-OH-TAM), and 4-CH3-TAM]. These compounds have a range of
      affinities for the estrogen receptor (ER) and are able to compete with [3H]E2
      binding in the uterus in vivo. Within 1-2 h of a sc injection of high affinity
      ligands (E2, E2B, and 4-OH-TAM), there was decrease in cytosol ER. This decrease
      was also observed with TAM, which is metabolized to 4-OH-TAM in vivo. In
      contrast, there was no decrease in cytosolic ER in animals treated with low
      affinity compounds (ICI 77,949, ICI 47,699, and 4-CH3-TAM) at any time before the
      onset of an estrogenic response. Furthermore, the nuclear ER increased after
      administration of a high affinity ligand (E2), as measured by exchange assay, but
      no increase in nuclear ER was observed after administration of low affinity
      ligands (ICI 77,949 and 4-CH3-TAM), although estrogenic responses were produced.
      From these data we have suggested a functional model to explain ER-mediated
      events in the rat uterus that supports the recent proposal that unoccupied ER is
      located in the nuclear compartment. In this model, the majority of unoccupied ER
      may reside in the nucleus in vivo; however, when the cells are disrupted in
      vitro, the unoccupied receptor or dissociation of low affinity ligand-ER complex
      causes unoccupied receptor to fall out of the nucleus and be incorporated into
      the cytosolic fraction. The high affinity ligand-ER complexes are retained in the
      nucleus. This would suggest that the apparent translocation of the ER from the
      cytoplasm to the nucleus may be an artifact. The data may reflect differential
      extraction of unoccupied receptors from the nucleus rather than transfer of
      receptor complexes to the nucleus.

PMID- 3987620
TI  - Scheduled feeding and 24-hour rhythms of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin in rats.
AB  - Male rats, kept under a lighting condition of 14-h light, 10-h dark, were
      subjected to scheduled feeding regimens. Food was available either in the early
      light phase or the early dark phase. The 24-h rhythms of serum corticosterone and
      of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and melatonin (MT) in the pineal and serum were
      determined. It was found that whereas serum corticosterone and NAS rhythms
      responded to the feeding schedules, the rhythms of pineal NAS and of serum and
      pineal MT remained synchronized with the light-dark cycle. These findings
      indicated that the pineal was not the major source of circulating NAS. Whereas
      environmental lighting was the dominant "Zeitgeber" for the NAS rhythms in the
      pineal and the MT rhythms in the pineal and serum, for serum NAS rhythm, food
      presentation was the stronger Zeitgeber.

PMID- 3987621
TI  - Androgen aromatization and 5 alpha-reduction in ferret brain during perinatal
      development: effects of sex and testosterone manipulation.
AB  - Ferrets of both sexes were killed 8 or 5 days before expected parturition as well
      as 7, 15, 30, or 51 days after birth, and the activities of aromatase (using 19
      [3H]hydroxyandrostenedione as substrate) and of 5 alpha-reductase (using [3H]
      testosterone as substrate) were assayed in whole homogenates of preoptic area
      plus anterior hypothalamus (POA), mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), temporal lobe
      (TL), and cerebral cortex. Aromatase and testosterone 5 alpha-reductase
      activities were also measured in these regions in adult gonadectomized male and
      female ferrets. Compared with adults of both sexes in which aromatase activity
      was low in all brain regions studied, fetal ferrets had high levels of aromatase
      activity in POA plus MBH and in TL. At these prenatal ages, aromatase activity in
      POA plus MBH was significantly higher in males than in females. Aromatase
      activity in POA, MBH, and TL remained high in both sexes on postnatal days 7, 15,
      and 30, before declining by postnatal day 51. Cortical aromatase activity was
      uniformly low across all perinatal ages. The existence of a sex difference in
      aromatase activity in fetal POA plus MBH cannot be explained by a concurrent sex
      difference in circulating testosterone. Administration of testosterone to
      pregnant female ferrets over days 30-41 of gestation caused 150- to 350-fold
      increases in maternal plasma concentrations of testosterone and 2- to 5-fold
      increases in fetal plasma testosterone. However, aromatase activity was not
      affected in the POA and MBH of fetuses or mothers, although activity was
      significantly increased in the TL of mothers given testosterone. Furthermore,
      castration of neonatal or adult breeding males decreased plasma androgen levels
      by factors of 8 and 480, respectively, but resulted in only modest reductions in
      POA, MBH, and TL aromatase activity (a significant reduction occurred only in the
      adult male TL). Relatively high levels of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase activity
      were found in all brain regions across all perinatal ages, as well as in
      gonadectomized adult ferrets; there was no sex differences at any postnatal age
      studied. Prenatally, males had higher levels of 5 alpha-reductase activity than
      females only on day -8 in the POA plus MBH. The results show that estrogen and 5
      alpha-reduced androgens can be synthesized in the brains of ferrets of both sexes
      during the perinatal period of sexual differentiation. A functional role for this
      neural metabolism of androgen remains to be demonstrated in this carnivorous
      species.

PMID- 3987622
TI  - Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure alters murine uterine responses to
      prepubertal estrogen stimulation.
AB  - Prepubertal estrogen stimulation was used to investigate the effects of prenatal
      diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure on subsequent growth, secretory activity, and
      cellular differentiation of the mouse uterus in vivo. Secretory activity was
      examined using sensitive silver staining of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
      of uterine luminal fluid (ULF). Decreased uterine growth response, decreases in
      ULF quantity and protein concentration, alterations in specific ULF proteins, and
      altered cellular differentiation were found. This system provides a method for
      evaluation of the effects of prenatal exposure to DES or other compounds on the
      estrogen-induced secretory activity of the uterus. The alterations found in this
      study may be partially responsible for the decreased fertility in this mouse
      model and may have implication for DES-exposed women.

PMID- 3987623
TI  - The internal milieu of the pregnant rat is not growth promoting for maternal
      tissues and it reduces growth of fetal paw transplants.
AB  - We have investigated whether the internal milieu of the pregnant female rat is
      growth promoting to fetal or adult tissues. Adult female littermates were divided
      into two groups, one of which remained virginal while the other was bred
      repeatedly. Four successive pregnancies did not affect skeletal growth (i.e. tail
      length increase) or BW gain. Three-month-old females were hypophysectomized (HX)
      or sham HX on day 13 of pregnancy. Age-matched virgins were treated similarly.
      Eight days after surgery, the width of the tibial epiphysial plate of the HX
      virgins had decreased from 146.2 +/- 5.6 mu to 98.4 +/- 2.5 mu. In the pregnant
      rats, the width of the plate in the shams was reduced to 120.8 +/- 7.6 mu, and
      hypophysectomy tended to further reduce its width to 103.2 +/- 8.4 mu. Paws from
      14- to 15-day fetal rats were transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult
      nonpregnant or pregnant hosts and grown there for 6 or 11 days. In the
      nonpregnant hosts the paws grew substantially during both periods, but in gravid
      females their growth was inhibited by about 35%. Paws were also transplanted to
      the kidney of HX pregnant and HX nonpregnant females to determine whether the
      internal milieu of the gravid female retains more growth-promoting/growth
      supporting activity after pituitary removal than does that of HX virgin hosts. In
      both types of HX hosts, transplant growth was inhibited to the same degree (65
      70%) relative to growth in intact hosts. The growth-inhibiting properties of the
      internal environment of the gravid hosts were not due to ovarian steroids because
      injections of estradiol plus progesterone had no effect on transplant growth. We
      also tested the effects of placental transplants and placental extracts on the
      growth of transplanted paws in juvenile female hosts. Both placental treatments
      caused inhibition of transplant growth by 25-30%. Overall, our results indicate
      that the internal milieu of the pregnant rat is not somatotrophic for her
      tissues, and it actually suppresses growth of fetal tissue transplants. The
      placenta may be responsible for this growth-inhibitory effect.

PMID- 3987624
TI  - In vitro and in vivo antagonistic regulation by estradiol and progesterone of the
      rat pituitary domperidone binding sites: correlation with ovarian steroid
      regulation of the dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in vitro.
AB  - The influences of in vivo and in vitro estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P)
      treatments on the characteristics of [3H]domperidone binding to intact and
      ovariectomized (OVX) rat pituitary membranes were analyzed and compared to the
      modulation by these steroids of dopamine (DA) inhibition of PRL secretion in
      vitro from intact and OVX rat pituitaries. Using intact rat pituitaries, high and
      low affinity binding sites for domperidone were detected; the dose-dependent DA
      inhibition curve of PRL secretion was biphasic (range, 10(-13) - 10(-10) M DA,
      IC50 = 6 X 10(-12) M; range, 10(-10) - 10(-6) M DA, IC50 = 2 X 10(-8) M). Using
      OVX rat pituitaries, only the high affinity sites for domperidone were detected,
      and the dose-dependent DA inhibition curve of PRL secretion was monophasic
      (range, 10(-10) - 10(-6) M DA, IC50 = 10(-8) M). E2 and P did not modify the
      characteristics of the high affinity sites either after in vivo treatment or when
      directly added to the in vitro binding assay. However, using in vivo and in vitro
      tests, a modulation of the low affinity sites by E2 and P was demonstrated. When
      E2 is in excess and P levels are low or undetectable, these sites are not
      detectable, and P is able to restore there presence. A parallelism has been
      established between this antagonistic E2 and P regulation and the modulation of
      DA inhibition of PRL secretion (range, 10(-13) - 10(-10) M DA). When intact rat
      pituitaries are perifused in the presence of 10(-8) M E2, the biphasic dose
      dependent inhibition curve of the control is changed into the monophasic curve of
      the OVX rat pituitaries. Conversely, when OVX rat pituitaries are perifused in
      the presence of 10(-6) M P, the monophasic curve of the control is changed into
      the biphasic curve of the intact rat pituitaries. Thus, the DA inhibition in the
      range 10(-13) - 10(-10) M might result from an interaction between DA and the low
      affinity site for domperidone. In summary, the biological regulation of PRL by DA
      at the pituitary level may be mediated by two different DA sites, one being
      submitted to an antagonistic E2 and P regulation directly at the membrane level.
      The consequence of this regulation is that, whereas E2 decreases the sensitivity
      of the cell to DA, P is necessary for a normal DA response of the lactotroph.

PMID- 3987625
TI  - Serotonergic elements of the mammalian pituitary.
AB  - Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is a constituent of the mammalian
      pituitary gland. We have used light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry
      to locate immunoreactivity in the pituitary glands of mice and bats. In addition,
      we have compared the distribution of endogenous 5-HT immunoreactivity with that
      of exogenous [3H]5-HT taken up by elements of the pituitaries and detected by
      radioautography. 5-HT immunoreactivity was found in neurites in the posterior and
      intermediate lobes of the glands. These neurites also took up [3H]5-HT. The
      neural elements reactive with antisera to 5-HT or which labeled with [3H]5-HT
      differed in their distribution from neurites that labeled with [3H]dopamine or
      [3H]norepinephrine; moreover, lesioning of catecholaminergic neurites with 6
      hydroxydopamine had no effect on the serotonergic structures. 5-HT
      immunoreactivity was also found in endocrine cells of the anterior lobes of the
      pituitaries of both species. No 5-HT was detected in neural elements of the
      anterior lobe, and in fact, no staining with nerve-specific antibodies to
      neurofilament proteins was found in the anterior pituitary. The ultrastructure of
      the granules of the 5-HT-immunoreactive endocrine cells suggested that they might
      be a subset of gonadotrophs, the cell type previously shown to take up exogenous
      [3H] 5-HT. 5-HT immunoreactivity was found within the granules of these cells. In
      bats, 5-HT immunoreactivity was present in the anterior pituitaries of active
      animals when 5-HT levels were high, but was greatly diminished in glands of
      hibernating animals when the 5-HT content was low. It is concluded that some
      cells that may be gonadotrophs contain endogenous 5-HT and also have an uptake
      mechanism for the amine. The function of 5-HT in the anterior pituitary remains
      to be determined, but 5-HT has previously been shown to inhibit the secretagogue
      action of LHRH on gonadotrophs.

PMID- 3987626
TI  - The distribution of serum albumin in the rat testis, studied by electron
      microscope immunocytochemistry on ultrathin frozen sections.
AB  - The distribution of serum albumin is of interest in the rat testis because this
      protein is the principal carrier for testosterone in the plasma and interstitial
      fluid of this species. We have localized extravascular serum albumin in the rat
      testis at the electron microscope level, using gold particle immunocytochemistry
      on ultrathin frozen sections of tissue fixed lightly by perfusion. The same
      localization was obtained with three different antisera. Preabsorption and normal
      rabbit serum controls were negative, and Western blots of testis extracts showed
      major activity only at the molecular weight of albumin. Serum albumin occurred in
      substantial concentration throughout extracellular space in the interstitial
      tissue, as well as in the space between the boundary layer and the base of the
      seminiferous epithelium. Immunoreactivity extended between Sertoli cells, as well
      as around spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes (to stage 11), but did
      not traverse the Sertoli-Sertoli junctions that comprise the blood-testis
      barrier. Macrophages in the interstitial tissue showed some endocytic activity.
      If perfusion fixation was carried out in a manner that flushed most of the
      albumin from the interstitial space, then a layer of albumin remained on the
      surface of Leydig cells and many macrophages but was minimal or absent on the
      surface of other cell types that are normally in contact with albumin, such as
      Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, myoid cells, lymphatic endothelium, fibroblasts, or
      cells of blood vessels.

PMID- 3987628
TI  - Prolactin metabolic clearance and resistance to dopaminergic suppression in acute
      uremia.
AB  - A nephrectomized rat model was developed to examine PRL resistance to
      dopaminergic suppression, which is frequently present in humans with renal
      insufficiency. The MCR and the response of PRL to a dopamine (DA) infusion (0.4
      microgram/kg . min) were measured in 24-h totally nephrectomized (TN) and sham
      nephrectomized (SN) rats concurrently treated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
      (AMPT), an inhibitor of DA synthesis. TN rats became significantly
      hyperprolactinemic within 1 day [36.2 +/- 7.1 vs. 18.5 +/- 2.5 (+/- SE) ng/ml; P
      less than 0.05]. SN and TN rats responded to AMPT with significant and sustained
      3- and 5.5-fold increases in PRL, which DA reduced by 85% and 24%, respectively.
      Total nephrectomy decreased the PRL MCR by 58% (TN, 0.51 +/- 0.03; SN, 1.22 +/-
      0.13 ml/min; P less than 0.001) and significantly increased the PRL secretion
      rate (TN, 79 +/- 10; SN, 37 +/- 8 ng/min; P less than 0.01). In the absence of DA
      infusion, AMPT reduced plasma DA to undetectable levels, while the median
      eminence DA contents in TN and SN rats were reduced to similar levels. Our data
      suggest that the totally nephrectomized rat is a suitable model to study PRL
      resistance to dopaminergic suppression, and that because DA does not cross the
      blood-brain barrier, the defect in uremia probably occurs at the level of the
      lactotroph.

PMID- 3987627
TI  - Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. XVIII. The effect of an opioid antagonist on
      luteinizing hormone secretion.
AB  - Endogenous opioid-like peptides influence gonadotropin release in adult animals
      and man; however, the role of these peptides in the regulation of fetal LH
      secretion is not known. We administered naloxone hydrochloride (1.3 mg/kg iv), a
      specific opioid receptor antagonist, to 22 chronically catheterized ovine fetuses
      of gestational ages 94-143 days (term = 147 days). As a control, each fetus also
      received the vehicle on a separate occasion, the sequence of the studies being
      randomized. After the administration of naloxone, LH secretion increased from
      38.6 +/- 5.8 to 114 +/- 21 ng/h ml-1 (P less than 0.001); LH release was not
      affected by administration of the vehicle. Morphine (13 mg/kg) and naloxone (1.3
      mg/kg) were administered together to three fetuses (gestational age 94-105 days);
      LH secretion was sharply reduced from 411 +/- 14.3 ng/h ml-1 after naloxone alone
      to 53 +/- 17.5 ng/h ml-1 after the administration of both naloxone and morphine
      (P less than 0.01). The response to naloxone varied with gestational age. Fetuses
      of 94-115 days showed a significantly higher increment in LH secretion when given
      naloxone (112.3 +/- 30.7 ng/h ml-1) than did older fetuses of gestational age 126
      143 days (64.8 +/- 20.8 ng/h ml-1) (P less than 0.02). These findings indicate
      that, in the ovine fetus endogenous opioid-like peptides exert a tonic
      suppressive effect on LH secretion at least as early as 94 days gestation.
      Moreover, the effectiveness of naloxone in augmenting LH release decreases with
      advancing gestational age. This latter observation supports the concept that, in
      the ovine fetus, endogenous opioid tone is not the sole factor involved in the
      dampened fetal LH secretion which is characteristic of late gestation.

PMID- 3987630
TI  - p-Tyramine, a natural amine, inhibits prolactin release in vivo.
AB  - p-Tyramine, an endogenous amine with sympathomimetic action, is found in the
      mammalian hypothalamus. When injected ip, p-tyramine reduced serum PRL without
      altering LH and TSH serum titers in adult orchidectomized rats and rats subjected
      to ether or immobilization stress. The hyperprolactinemia achieved by this last
      procedure was inhibited by both tyramine and dopamine; tyramine produced the same
      effect as dopamine at a dose 5 times greater. When PRL levels were increased by
      pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or haloperidol, once again both
      tyramine and dopamine lowered PRL titers. The hypoprolactinemic effect of p
      tyramine was also observed in median eminence-lesioned animals, suggesting a
      pituitary site of action. These results show that low amounts of tyramine, a
      naturally occurring amine, can inhibit in vivo increases in PRL levels achieved
      physiologically or pharmacologically.

PMID- 3987629
TI  - Inhibition of iron-sulfur protein-mediated reduction of cytochrome P-450SCC by
      specific antibodies.
AB  - The mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol side-chain cleavage by specific
      antibodies was studied systematically. The antibodies had no effect on substrate
      binding as determined by optical spectroscopy or on the heme environment of the
      cytochrome P-450 insofar as was detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance
      spectroscopy. They did not bind to either iron-sulfur protein or its reductase.
      The antibodies had no effect on chemical reduction of the P-450 or on P-450-CO
      complex formation. They did inhibit the NADPH-dependent reduction of P-450 and
      subsequent formation of the P-450-CO complex. This inhibitory effect was
      concentration dependent and was correlated with the inhibitory effect of the
      antibodies on enzymatic cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Similar results were
      obtained using Fab fragments. These results indicate that the antibodies inhibit
      side-chain cleavage by binding to a region close to the iron-sulfur protein
      binding site, thereby preventing transfer of reducing electrons to the cytochrome
      P-450.

PMID- 3987631
TI  - The mitogenic, but not differentiative, response of crop tissue to prolactin is
      circadian phase dependent.
AB  - The circadian time of PRL administration is an important determinant of its
      stimulatory activity in pigeon crop tissue. Based on previously published
      experiments we chose two phases of the entrained circadian cycle (0 and 9 h after
      light onset) which represent minimum and maximum crop sensitivity and examined
      several specific biochemical markers of mitogenesis and differentiation. These
      included DNA synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase activity, total RNA
      concentration, polyadenylated RNA concentration, and a specific PRL-induced
      messenger RNA. In confirmation of previous studies, crop weight was increased
      twice as much by ovine PRL (0.5 micrograms/g BW X 3 days) injected 9 h after
      light onset compared with the 0 h time of injection. A single local injection of
      10 micrograms of ovine-PRL increased DNA synthesis by 4-fold when injection was
      made at 9 h but had no effect when injection was made at 0 h after light onset.
      In contrast, PRL stimulation of gene expression, including total RNA,
      polyadenylated RNA, and a specific PRL-induced messenger RNA, were quantitatively
      identical at each phase of the circadian cycle. Corollary with its central role
      in cell proliferation, ornithine decarboxylase activity was induced by PRL
      injected at 9 h after light onset. The mitogenic and differentiational PRL
      effects in crop are therefore partially dissociable and may depend on distinct
      mechanisms.

PMID- 3987632
TI  - Regulation by calmodulin of adenylate cyclase activity in anterior pituitary.
AB  - The control of adenylate cyclase activity is exerted through separate components:
      receptors, guanyl nucleotide-binding protein, catalytic subunit, calmodulin
      (CaM), and divalent cations. We examined the roles of CaM, Mg+2, and Ca+2 in the
      regulation of adenylate cyclase activity in plasma membranes from anterior
      pituitary. Adenylate cyclase activity was reduced with 2.5 mM EGTA, 125
      micrograms/ml compound 48/80, and 200 microM trifluoperazine, which are known
      inhibitors of CaM in a variety of tissues. Mg+2, in excess of ATP, stimulated
      adenylate cyclase activity. Ca+2 produced a biphasic effect on adenylate cyclase
      activity over the concentration range of 0.1-10 mM, exhibiting inhibition up to
      2.0 mM and stimulation above that. GTP, 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, and F- each
      enhanced adenylate cyclase activity, but activity stimulated after each of these
      agents was reduced or returned toward control values by administration of
      compound 48/80 or trifluoperazine. In the absence of free Mg+2 (i.e. Mg+2 in
      excess of ATP concentrations), 10 mM Ca+2 produced marked stimulation of
      adenylate activity which was not reduced by trifluoperazine. We concluded that
      the plasma membranes from anterior pituitary possess a CaM-dependent adenylate
      cyclase and that activation of adenylate cyclase by guanyl nucleotide-binding
      protein requires CaM. Ca+2 may have allosteric binding sites on the catalytic
      subunit, and Ca+2 and Mg+2 appear to have antagonistic effects at different
      binding sites.

PMID- 3987633
TI  - Endoscopic evaluation of the porta hepatis in patients with biliary atresia.
AB  - Endoscopic inspection of the porta hepatis was undertaken through external
      enterostomy in nine postoperative patients with biliary atresia. The endoscopic
      appearance of bile flow in the porta hepatis was classified into three types. 1)
      Ductal type (D-type), which revealed good bile flow from distinct bile duct
      orifices (4 cases); 2) Oozing type (O-type), which showed adequate bile flow, but
      no definite bile duct (3 cases); and 3) Covered type (C-type), in which the porta
      hepatis was covered with bile "clots" and fibrous tissue (2 cases). The clinical
      course of the D-type was excellent with immediate disappearance of jaundice and
      relatively good liver function. In the case of the O-type, jaundice disappeared
      in 2 but persisted in one. Two patients with C-type died of hepatic failure or
      sepsis in the early postoperative period. In the D-type intrahepatic bile ducts
      were well visualized by cholangiography; however, those of the O-type were not so
      clear. Endoscopic inspection of the porta hepatis is very useful for evaluation
      of the postoperative state of bilioenteric fistulae in patients with biliary
      atresia.

PMID- 3987634
TI  - Radiographic and endoscopic findings in penicillin-related non-pseudomembranous
      colitis.
AB  - The characteristic findings of barium enema and colonofiberscopic studies and
      their changes over time were investigated in 10 patients with penicillin-related
      non-pseudomembranous colitis. Radiographic examination within 6 days of onset
      revealed abnormal findings such as narrowing of the lumen, loss of haustral
      markings, thumb-printing, transverse ridging, and saw-toothed irregularities.
      These findings tended to be more pronounced on the right than on the left side of
      the colon. Endoscopy revealed lesions characterized by mucosal reddening, edema,
      and hemorrhage, without definite ulceration or erosion. In 5 of the 10 patients,
      non-continuous distribution of the lesions was noted. In 4 patients, the rectum
      was unaffected. Reversion to normal occurred within an average of 15.7 days
      following onset of the symptoms. Thus, for an accurate diagnosis of this disease,
      barium enema and/or total colonoscopy should be performed within 6 days of onset.

PMID- 3987635
TI  - Pancreatic sphincterotomy and pancreatic endoprosthesis.
AB  - Recently, endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), developed as a treatment of bile duct
      stone or papillary stenosis, has been used for transpapillary biliary drainage in
      cases of extrahepatic biliary stenosis. For the nonoperative treatment of chronic
      pancreatitis, we have developed this procedure into a technique for opening the
      pancreatic duct orifice. Pancreatic sphincterotomy was performed successfully in
      10 out of 13 cases with chronic pancreatitis and improved the clinical symptoms
      in 9 cases. Moreover, in 3 cases we succeeded in inspecting the intrapancreatic
      duct by peroral pancreatoscopy, and in removing stones from the main pancreatic
      duct in 2 cases in this series, using the basket. Also through the opened
      pancreatic orifice, a pancreatic endoprosthesis was placed endoscopically into
      the main pancreatic duct in 3 cases to improve pancreatic drainage. This report
      discusses method, evaluation, and complications of pancreatic sphincterotomy in
      the endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis, and describes successful cases
      of the basket removal of pancreatic stones and the placement of pancreatic
      endoprosthesis through the opening of the pancreatic orifice.

PMID- 3987637
TI  - Spontaneous intramural oesophageal perforation.
AB  - Spontaneous intramural oesophageal perforation appears at any level, but
      preferably on the posterior wall, and is usually longitudinal. Unlike the Mallory
      Weiss and the Boerhaave syndromes, females are more frequently affected. It
      appears with sudden retrosternal pain radiating to the epigastrium, neck and
      back, followed by haematemesis of small quantity and dysphagia. Vomiting is rare.
      In contrast to complete rupture, neither pneumomediastinum nor emphysema is
      observed, barium swallow being the diagnostic test of choice whenever this
      pathology is suspected. However, when the symptoms are not typical, endoscopy is
      a useful method for diagnosis. Treatment must be conservative, while surgery is
      suggested in the case of recurrent symptoms or big intramural haematomas with a
      high risk of perforation. A 74-year-old woman is presented. Endoscopy was
      performed as an emergency in suspected food impaction in the oesophagus. This
      case was diagnosed as spontaneous intramural oesophageal perforation. The patient
      also presented with oesophageal diverticulum and hiatal hernia. Conservative
      treatment was given, and the lesion cured.

PMID- 3987636
TI  - Double early epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus in columnar epithelium.
AB  - Two epidermoid, identical but independent tumors of the middle esophagus, arising
      in columnar lined esophagus (Barrett's esophagus or endobrachyesophagus) are
      reported. Both were diagnosed endoscopically and resected. The upper tumor
      involved only the mucosa, the aboral one the mucosa and submucosa.

PMID- 3987638
TI  - Endoscopic papillotomy in Caroli's disease twenty-year follow-up of a previously
      reported case.
AB  - A patient diagnosed in 1963 as having congenital dilation of intrahepatic bile
      ducts, presented in 1982 with common bile duct lithiasis. Endoscopic papillotomy
      and stone extraction were followed by an unusual complication, hiccups lasting
      one week. We suggest that endoscopic papillotomy should be considered in selected
      patients with Caroli's disease. Typical and atypical features of this case
      presentation are discussed.

PMID- 3987639
TI  - Preoperative tattooing of polypectomy site.
AB  - A simple method of marking polypectomy site is described. It involves submucosal
      injection of supravital dye via the colonoscope. It permits identification of
      site of pathology at the time of surgery.

PMID- 3987640
TI  - Postoperative complications of gallbladder stones.

PMID- 3987641
TI  - Intestinal spirochaetosis of the colon diagnosed with colono-ileoscopy and
      multiple biopsies.
AB  - This paper deals with the clinical history, the histopathological and TEM
      features of a case of intestinal spirochaetosis associated with ulcerative
      colitis and tubular adenomas of the colon. It is the fifth described case of
      intestinal spirochaetosis in Sweden, and the first in the literature in which a
      complete colonoscopy with multiple biopsies has been performed. Intestinal
      spirochaetosis might lead to minor complaints as distension and vague abdominal
      discomfort, as in this case, but also to more prominent symptoms such as
      diarrhoea. Heavy infestation of the gut surface epithelium by spirochaetes was
      seen in the total colon, but was not found in the distal ileum.

PMID- 3987642
TI  - The transverse organisation of ubiquinones in mitochondrial membranes as
      determined by fluorescence quenching. Evidence for a two-site model.
AB  - The transverse organisation of ubiquinone in mitochondrial membranes was
      investigated by quenching a set of fluorescent fatty acids. We show that the
      fluorescent moiety of the probes is located at a graded series of depths in the
      mitochondrial membrane. The probes sense the characteristics of the lipid phase
      and do not significantly perturb mitochondrial function as measured by the
      respiratory control ratio and the ADP/O ratio. The anthroyloxy fatty acids are
      readily quenched by ubiquinone-10. A recently developed method in the analysis of
      quenching data was used to obtain the subvolume of the membrane within which the
      quenching interactions are confined. The results indicate that ubiquinone-10 is
      restricted to two sites in the transverse plane of the membrane: one near the
      surface and the other close to the bilayer centre. The implications of these
      findings for the "two-pool" model of ubiquinone organisation are discussed.

PMID- 3987643
TI  - Motility of bovine spermatozoa studied by laser light scattering.
AB  - Laser light scattering has been employed to determine the swimming speed
      distribution and the fraction of motile cells in samples of bovine spermatozoa.
      As predicted from theory, average trajectory velocities determined by laser light
      scattering were approximately four times the average translational speed
      estimated using light microscopy. The proportion of motile spermatozoa decreased
      with time at the same rate when samples were prepared in either HEPES or
      phosphate buffers. However, whereas the mean swimming velocity declined slowly in
      HEPES buffer, it dropped rapidly when phosphate buffer was used. Dilution (in the
      range 40 - 0.4 X 10(6) spermatozoa X ml-1) in either of these two buffers reduced
      the fraction of motile spermatozoa in the sample, but the mean swimming velocity
      of the remaining active spermatozoa was unchanged. Lowering the temperature from
      37 degrees C to 15 degrees C reduced the mean swimming speed by a factor of 2-3
      and the fraction of motile cells by a factor of 4-5.

PMID- 3987644
TI  - Availability and distribution of antiepileptic drugs in developing countries. III
      and IV Commissions on Antiepileptic Drugs of the International League Against
      Epilepsy.
AB  - The results of an inquiry by the Commission on Antiepileptic Drugs of the
      International League Against Epilepsy on the availability of antiepileptic drugs
      (AEDs) in 35 developing countries are reported. In general, the data indicate a
      nonhomogeneous distribution and availability of currently marketed AEDs. Older
      and less efficacious compounds (such as phenobarbital) are the AEDs available to
      most patients, whereas newer and more efficacious compounds are either not
      available or restricted to a very limited number of cases. Possible factors
      responsible for such a situation are discussed. The Commission considers the
      present situation alarming.

PMID- 3987645
TI  - The influence of cimetidine on single-dose carbamazepine pharmacokinetics.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of cimetidine on
      carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy adults, since carbamazepine toxicity in
      a patient has been attributed to an interaction with cimetidine and in vitro and
      in vivo studies in rats have shown that cimetidine inhibits carbamazepine
      metabolism. Eight healthy volunteers received a single 600-mg oral dose of
      carbamazepine on two occasions, separated by 1 month. In a randomized crossover
      sequence, cimetidine 1,200 mg/day or placebo was taken for 48 h before and
      continuing for 7 days after each carbamazepine dose. Plasma concentrations of
      carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and urine concentrations of
      carbamazepine, the 10,11-epoxide, and the transdiol metabolite were measured in
      samples collected for 154 h following each carbamazepine dose. Cimetidine
      treatment was associated with increases of 26 and 18% in carbamazepine area under
      the concentration-time curve (AUC) and elimination half-life, respectively. There
      was also an increase in carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide AUC (27%) and t 1/2 (12%)
      during cimetidine treatment. There was no difference in the ratio of the 10,11
      epoxide to the carbamazepine AUC between treatments. The urinary excretion
      (expressed as molar percentage of the administered dose) of carbamazepine, 10,11
      epoxide, and transdiol metabolite all increased with cimetidine. Although
      cimetidine appears to inhibit carbamazepine elimination based on the increased
      elimination half-life, the effect must be on carbamazepine metabolic pathways
      that we could not measure and that account for greater than 80% of the
      administered dose. The clinical significance of this interaction should be
      verified under steady-state conditions when carbamazepine autoinduction is
      present.

PMID- 3987646
TI  - Developmental hyperthermic seizures alter adult hippocampal benzodiazepine
      binding and morphology.
AB  - Experimental hyperthermic seizures in 15-day-old rats resulted in both an
      alteration in the benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding site in the hippocampal region and
      morphologic changes in hippocampal neurons. These alterations were not apparent
      until adulthood. Experimental adult animals also showed a reduced anticonvulsant
      response to a selective BDZ ligand when challenged with pentylenetetrazol.
      Developmental hyperthermic seizures may initiate dynamic changes in the
      hippocampus that contribute to adult functional impairment.

PMID- 3987647
TI  - Potassium, pentylenetetrazol, and anticonvulsants in mouse hippocampal slices.
AB  - We studied the effect of varying potassium (K+) concentrations on spontaneous and
      pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced population burst discharges in mouse hippocampal
      slices. Standard techniques were used to obtain extracellular recordings in the
      CA3 region of hippocampal slices from Swiss-Webster mice (21-28 days old). No
      spontaneous burst discharges occurred at 3.25 mM K+, but population bursts were
      observed in 20 and 90% of the slices at 6.25 and 9.25 mM K+, respectively. In the
      presence of 3.25 mM K+, PTZ produced bursts in 12% of the slices at a
      concentration of 200 micrograms/ml, in 36% at 300 micrograms/ml, and in 40% at
      400 micrograms/ml. Slices exhibiting no burst discharges in the presence of 6.25
      mM K+ could be induced to do so with the addition of PTZ; bursts were produced in
      11% of these slices at a PTZ concentration of 100 micrograms/ml, in 65% at 150
      micrograms/ml, and in 87% at 200 micrograms/ml. The PTZ-induced bursting activity
      was reversible. Clonazepam abolished the bursting elicited with 200 micrograms/ml
      PTZ at 6.25 mM K+, and phenytoin reduced, but did not stop, bursting activity.
      Ethosuximide (ETH) was ineffective in stopping or reducing the burst discharges
      at a concentration of 125 micrograms/ml ETH was there a consistent reduction in
      the frequency of population bursts. The induction of PTZ discharges in the
      hippocampal in vitro preparation offers the advantage of a simplified model for
      studying the pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 3987648
TI  - Effect of midbrain and pontine tegmental lesions on audiogenic seizures in
      genetically epilepsy-prone rats.
AB  - A bilateral mechanical lesion of the midbrain and pontine tegmentum was found to
      abolish completely the tonic components of sound-induced seizures in genetically
      epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR) that display tonic-clonic seizures. Correlations
      between varied lesions placements and effects on maximal audiogenic seizures
      provided evidence that damage to the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO) of
      the midbrain and pontine reticular formation (RF) was responsible for the seizure
      attenuating effects. Moreover, electrolytic lesions of the pontine RF involving
      the RPO nucleus were found to abolish the tonic components of the maximal
      audiogenic seizure. Additionally, bilateral mechanical lesions involving the RPO
      nucleus were found to attenuate the clonic components of sound-induced seizures
      in GEPR that display only running seizures and clonus. These findings are
      consistent with previous studies showing that pontine tegmental lesions attenuate
      the tonic components of maximal electroshock- and pentylenetetrazol-induced
      seizures, and lend further support to the hypothesis that all generalized tonic
      seizures share a common neural substrate. The role of the brainstem RF in tonic
      versus clonic convulsions is discussed in light of the present findings.

PMID- 3987649
TI  - The effects of phenytoin on serum and organ concentrations of zinc and copper in
      cat.
AB  - The effects of phenytoin (PHT) on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in
      serum and different organs have been studied in cats. Five cats were treated with
      PHT 5 mg/kg body weight each day. Increased serum concentrations of Zn and Cu
      were found after 12 weeks of treatment. Increased Zn concentrations were found in
      the kidney and increased Cu concentrations in the liver and kidney. There wee
      signs of fatty degeneration of the liver. It is postulated that the drug acts as
      a chelator of the minerals and enhances their absorption from the intestine. A Cu
      accumulation may occur during PHT treatment.

PMID- 3987650
TI  - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in fly ash and cinders
      collected from several municipal incinerators in Japan.
AB  - Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated
      dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in fly ash and cinders collected from nine municipal
      incinerators in Japan was made. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in this
      study were generally in the same range as those in Europe and North America.
      However, the rather different congener composition compared with those published
      already were found: higher percentages of lower chlorinated (di- and tri-)
      dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and no or trace levels of the octachloro
      compounds, O8CDD and O8CDF. One possible explanation for this difference may be
      the higher incineration temperature in Japan. The same ranges of concentrations
      of PCDDs and PCDFs were found in cinders as well as fly ash. The volumes of the
      cinders are much larger than those of fly ash and therefore the fate and impact
      of PCDDs and PCDFs in dump sites of these cinders should be studied.

PMID- 3987651
TI  - Perspectives on polyhalogenated aromatic compounds.

PMID- 3987652
TI  - Biochemical changes in the rat during experimentally induced acute
      ochratoxicosis.
AB  - Biochemical changes in rat urine and tissues treated with five consecutive daily
      doses of ochratoxin A (10 mg/kg body weight) were studied. Urine volume and
      urinary proteins were moderately raised during the first few days of ochratoxin
      treatment, and were then highly elevated towards the end of the investigation.
      Urinary muramidase excretion was significantly raised (p less than 0.01) 24 h
      after the first insult with the toxin. The urinary output of alkaline and acid
      phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were
      all elevated but very much later, during the course of injections with ochratoxin
      A. Kidney alkaline and acid phosphatases, LDH and GDH were correspondingly
      reduced 7 days from the beginning of ochratoxin A administration. Liver LDH
      activity was reduced while serum LDH was raised. Liver glycogen level was
      significantly (p less than 0.0001) increased. Experimental evidence was presented
      to show that the initial point of interaction of ochratoxin A with the rat renal
      system may be at the first portion of the proximal convoluted tubular cell
      region.

PMID- 3987653
TI  - Effects of acute physical exercise on some serum enzymes in healthy male subjects
      between the ages of 40 and 64 years.
AB  - The study purported to compare the effects of acute physical exercise on the
      serum enzymes, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic
      transaminase (GPT), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in two groups of
      older men ranging in age from 40 to 64 years. The exercise consisted of walking
      on a motor driven-treadmill until the subjects reached approximately 90% of their
      predicted maximal heart rate. The enzymes' activity of CPK, GOT, and GPT were
      increased significantly in the younger group. Only GOT increased significantly in
      the older group. There was a correlation between the enzyme activity of GOT and
      GPT in both the younger and older age groups.

PMID- 3987654
TI  - Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase of human lung: apparent identity with
      osteoclastic acid phosphatase.
AB  - Extracts of human lung tissue contain appreciable activities of a tartrate
      resistant acid phosphatase which is apparently identical with the analogous
      enzyme in bone extracts, with respect to electrophoretic mobility, apparent
      molecular weight (ca. 37,000), Michaelis constants and relative rates of
      hydrolysis of various substrates. The acid phosphatase appears to be a
      constituent of alveolar macrophages. Lung provides a convenient source for the
      preparation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.

PMID- 3987655
TI  - Activity of lysosomal hydrolases in human placenta, amnion, decidua and
      myometrium in the 2nd and 3rd trimester.
AB  - Six lysosomal hydrolases were studied in tissues of human placenta, amnion,
      decidua, and myometrium obtained in the 2nd and 3rd trimester. No significant
      increase in the activity of any lysosomal hydrolase was found in the 3rd
      trimester values compared with those obtained in the 2nd trimester. Thus, the
      increased activity of lysosomal hydrolases in maternal serum at term, previously
      described in several studies, seems not to be paralleled by a corresponding
      increase in the activity of these enzymes in the tissues of the pregnant uterus.
      We speculate that the increase in maternal serum towards term may reflect a
      macrophage activation initiated by elevated estrogen concentrations in the 3rd
      trimester.

PMID- 3987656
TI  - Human hepatic beta-glucuronidase: an enzyme kinetic study.
AB  - beta-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) was purified from human liver and its activity
      was determined by enzyme kinetic method employing phenolphthalein glucuronic acid
      (PGA) and conjugated bilirubin, primarily bilirubin diglucuronide purified from
      human bile, as substrates in the absence or presence of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone.
      The enzyme was capable of acting on both PGA and conjugated bilirubin with
      Michaelis constants of 0.435 mmol/l at 56 degrees C and 1.02 mmol/l at 37 degrees
      C, respectively. Both reactions were beta-glucuronidase-specific because both
      were inhibited by D-glucaro-1,4-lactone in a competitive fashion. Conjugated
      bilirubin acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme for PGA in a two
      substrate system. The study indicates that these two substrates bind at different
      catalytic sites of the enzyme and, on molar base, conjugated bilirubin had higher
      affinity for the enzyme and less degree of inhibition by D-glucaro-1,4-lactone
      than PGA. Whether such catalytic sites are also common for other beta-D
      glucuronid ethers and esters remains to be proven.

PMID- 3987658
TI  - Sacroiliac lesions as a cause of chronic poor performance in competitive horses.
AB  - The histories and clinical signs in 11 horses with longstanding poor performance
      attributed to chronic sacroiliac damage are described. The main clinical feature
      was a lack of impulsion from one or both hindlimbs causing a restriction in the
      hind gait or lowgrade lameness. A temporary improvement was often achieved using
      anti-inflammatory medication, but eventually all the horses were killed because
      of unsatisfactory progress at exercise. Post mortem examination revealed that
      changes were confined to the sacroiliac joints. The macroscopic and histological
      findings varied considerably and in only two cases could the changes be
      classified histologically as arthrosis. In the other nine horses there was
      increased joint surface area or irregular outline associated with extensions of
      the joint on the caudomedial aspect. These changes were interpreted as indicating
      a chronic instability of the joint leading to restriction of hindlimb impulsion.
      The underlying cause of the problem was not ascertained but the significance and
      possible pathogenesis of the lesions are discussed.

PMID- 3987657
TI  - Sixteen fractures of the shoulder region in the horse.
AB  - The clinical and radiological features of fractures of the shoulder region in 16
      horses are described. High quality radiographic views were essential for an
      accurate diagnosis. This sometimes necessitated general anaesthesia. The
      limitations of radiography are discussed. Nine horses had articular fractures of
      the supraglenoid tuberosity and eight of these were destroyed because of
      persistent lameness. The possibility of surgical removal of the fracture
      fragment(s) is discussed and the importance of early diagnosis emphasised. Seven
      other fractures of the shoulder region are described. The clinical outcome
      depended upon the location and nature of the fracture.

PMID- 3987659
TI  - Turbidimetric measurement of IgG(T) in the serum of healthy Thoroughbreds and
      ponies.
AB  - The turbidimetric analysis of IgG(T) in the serum of horses is described.
      Reference values are provided for 'worm-free' ponies (2.6 +/- 0.7 g/litre),
      stabled Thoroughbreds two years old and over (4.1 +/- 1.3 g/litre), grazing
      Thoroughbred broodmares (7.1 +/- 2.4 g/litre) and regularly wormed adult and
      young ponies grazing pasture contaminated with intestinal parasite eggs and
      larvae.

PMID- 3987661
TI  - Use of guaiacol glycerine ether in clinical anaesthesia in the horse.
AB  - A total of 103 anaesthetic inductions were performed in horses for a variety of
      elective procedures. All cases were premedicated with acepromazine maleate (0.02
      to 0.05 mg/kg body weight [bwt] intramuscularly [im]). In 50 cases (Group A)
      anaesthesia was induced by a single intravenous (iv) bolus of thiopentone sodium
      (11.1 mg/kg bwt or 1 g/90 kg bwt) followed immediately by a bolus of
      suxamethonium chloride (0.1 mg/kg bwt). In 53 cases (Group B) anaesthesia was
      induced using iv guaiacol glycerine ether (GGE) (approximately 50 mg/kg bwt)
      followed by a bolus of thiopentone at half the usual dose rate (5.6 mg/kg bwt or
      1 g/180 kg bwt). Induction of anaesthesia was uneventful in both groups although
      in Group B it was particularly smooth. Following endotracheal intubation
      anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen administered via a circle
      system. The duration of anaesthesia was comparable between the two groups;
      however, the mean (+/- sd) time to standing in Group B, 35 +/- 22 mins, was
      significantly shorter than in Group A, 48 +/- 25 mins. The use of the
      GGE/thiopentone technique is discussed.

PMID- 3987660
TI  - Maximal anaerobic (lactic) capacity and power of the horse.
AB  - Blood lactate concentrations were determined in 16 horses (three Thoroughbreds,
      seven Standardbreds and six polo ponies) before and 5 mins after they galloped
      over distances of 200, 300 and 400 m at maximal speed. The highest net lactate
      concentration (delta Lamax) of 14 to 15 mmol/litre was attained by the polo
      ponies and the highest speed by the Thoroughbreds. The maximal rate of lactate
      production (delta Lamax) was about 35 mmol/litre X min for the polo ponies and 20
      to 25 mmol/litre X min for the Standardbreds and the Thoroughbreds. Values for
      delta Lamax and delta Lamax were similar to those measured in human athletes
      after exhaustive work. delta Lamax increases with the speed (v) and can be
      described by the equation delta La = a (v-v1), where a is a proportionality
      constant representing the amount of lactate needed to cover a unit distance and
      v1 the theoretical speed at which delta La = 0 X v1 was highest for the
      Thoroughbreds and lowest for the polo ponies; this difference could be caused by
      the effect of training and/or to genetic differences among the different breeds
      of horses X v1 could be a useful index of the fitness of a horse following a
      training programme.

PMID- 3987663
TI  - Endoscopic examination of the equine thorax.

PMID- 3987662
TI  - Lag screw fixation of sagittal navicular bone fractures in five horses.
AB  - A sagittal fracture of the navicular bone in five horses was treated by means of
      lag screw. Intra-operative radiographic monitoring and a specially developed
      guide apparatus was necessary to implant the screw precisely along the transverse
      axis of the navicular bone. Internal fixation resulted in progressive
      radiographic narrowing of the fracture zone. In all five patients the fracture
      healed (bony union) without superfluous callus formation.

PMID- 3987664
TI  - Panniculitis in an aged pony resembling Weber-Christian disease in man.

PMID- 3987665
TI  - Practical guidelines for the conduct of field anaesthesia in the horse.

PMID- 3987666
TI  - Internal parasites of the horse and their control.

PMID- 3987667
TI  - Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic uses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs in the horse.
AB  - Weak organic acids possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic
      properties--commonly known as aspirin-like drugs--have been used in equine
      medicine for almost 100 years. These non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (NSAIDs) may be classified chemically into two groups; the enolic acids such as
      phenylbutazone and carboxylic acids like flunixin, meclofenamate and naproxen.
      All NSAIDs have similar and possibly identical modes of action accounting for
      both their therapeutic and their toxic effects. They block some part of the cyclo
      oxygenase enzyme pathway and thereby suppress the synthesis of several chemical
      mediators of inflammation, collectively known as eicosanoids. The available
      evidence indicates that some of the newer NSAIDs have a reasonable safety margin
      but further studies are required. The toxicity of phenylbutazone in the horse has
      been investigated very thoroughly in recent years and it has been shown to cause
      renotoxicity and, most significantly, ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract
      when relatively high doses are administered. Several factors may predispose
      towards phenylbutazone toxicity in the horse, including breed and age, but high
      dosage is considered to be particularly important. The absorption into, and fate
      within, the body of NSAIDs are considered and particular attention is drawn to
      the ways in which these pharmacokinetic properties relate to the drugs' toxicity
      and clinical efficacy. In reviewing current knowledge of the clinical
      pharmacology of this important group of drugs, it is hoped to provide the
      clinician with a rational, scientific basis for their safe and effective use in
      equine practice.

PMID- 3987668
TI  - In utero nature versus nurture.

PMID- 3987669
TI  - Birthweight of hospital-delivered neonates in Gondar, north-western Ethiopia.

PMID- 3987670
TI  - A comparative study of two regimens of cimetidine in the treatment of active
      duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 3987671
TI  - Hearing in Ethiopian and Swedish children: a brief comparative field study.

PMID- 3987672
TI  - Ulcer surgery in 725 patients in Ethiopia.

PMID- 3987673
TI  - Human hydatidosis in Ethiopia.

PMID- 3987675
TI  - Medical student attrition in Gondar, Ethiopia.

PMID- 3987674
TI  - Addison's disease and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism in a Sudanese family: case
      reports.

PMID- 3987676
TI  - Effect of iron on neonatal gut flora during the first week of life.
AB  - Faecal specimens from 23 infants during the first week of life were compared. Ten
      infants received breast milk, six received cow-milk preparation supplemented with
      iron (+/- 5 mg/l) and seven unfortified cow-milk preparation (iron concentration
      less than 0.5 mg/l). Those on breast milk had low faecal pH, high counts of
      bifidobacteria and low counts of Enterobacteriaceae, bacteroides and clostridia.
      Infants receiving fortified cow-milk preparation had a high faecal pH and high
      counts of Enterobacteriaceae and putrefactive bacteria such as bacteroides and
      clostridia. Counts of bifidobacteria were also high. In those on unfortified cow
      milk preparation a slow rise was observed in counts of Enterobacteriaceae
      followed by an increase in counts and isolation frequency of bifidobacteria: the
      latter was still rising on day 7. It is concluded that a low iron content in
      standard preparations of cow's milk enhances resistance of the neonatal gut to
      colonization.

PMID- 3987678
TI  - Microbial colonization of the oropharynx, esophagus and stomach in patients with
      gastric diseases.
AB  - The microbial colonization of the oropharynx, the esophagus and the stomach were
      studied in 60 patients. Patients with gastritis, carcinoma and a history of
      gastric resection harboured more microorganisms in their stomachs than patients
      with gastric or duodenal ulcers. Patients with gastric carcinoma were colonized
      with the highest numbers of different microorganisms.

PMID- 3987677
TI  - Impact of short perioperative courses of cefotaxime on aerobic bacterial flora in
      patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection.
AB  - The influence of short-term prophylactic courses of cefotaxime on the microbial
      environment was studied. The distribution of bacterial species and their
      antibiotic resistance was recorded in isolates collected over a six-year period,
      during which time cefotaxime was used for perioperative prophylaxis in patients
      undergoing transurethral prostatic resection. In three consecutive studies
      covering the six-year observation period, the species distribution and antibiotic
      resistance patterns remained essentially unchanged for both cefotaxime and
      ampicillin. Examination of the faecal coliform flora in 23 patients given
      cefotaxime revealed no marked qualitative or quantitative change in the flora. It
      is concluded that short-term prophylactic courses of cefotaxime do not promote
      the emergence of resistance in the aerobic bacterial flora.

PMID- 3987679
TI  - A micromethod for endotoxin assay in human plasma using Limulus amoebocyte lysate
      and a chromogenic substrate.
AB  - A modified micromethod for endotoxin assay is reported which involved incubation
      of plasma extract with Limulus amoebocyte lysate for 30 min followed by
      incubation with chromogenic substrate S-2423 for another 8 min. Absorbance is
      measured in microtitre plates. The sensitivity is less than 5 pg/ml (0.058
      Endotoxin Units/ml).

PMID- 3987680
TI  - Woodchuck hepatitis virus infection: serologic and histopathologic course and
      outcome.
AB  - Five out of seven American woodchucks inoculated with woodchuck hepatitis virus
      developed antigenemia after 2 to 13 weeks followed by an antibody response. One
      animal became a carrier, and another animal exhibited a primary antibody
      response. Clinical disease was not obvious and aminotransferase elevation could
      not be demonstrated. Liver biopsy showed mononuclear portal infiltration and
      little parenchymal cell necrosis.

PMID- 3987681
TI  - Elimination of fecal flora by cefoperazone.

PMID- 3987682
TI  - Effect of inoculum size on in vitro susceptibility of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus to eighteen antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 3987683
TI  - In vitro activity of five quinoline derivatives against nosocomial isolates of
      Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species.

PMID- 3987684
TI  - Mycoplasma-like structures in a Kaposi's sarcoma not associated with AIDS.

PMID- 3987685
TI  - Mechanism of action of an antiprogesterone, RU486, in the rabbit endometrium.
      Effects of RU486 on the progesterone receptor and on the expression of the
      uteroglobin gene.
AB  - RU486 is a recently described antiprogesterone. In order to be able to understand
      its mechanism of action it is necessary to analyze its effect on a discrete gene
      product. We show here that the induction of uteroglobin mRNA by progesterone in
      the rabbit endometrium may be a suitable model for such studies since RU486
      totally inhibits this effect without itself exerting any agonistic activity.
      Moreover, RU486, which does not bind to the estrogen receptor and is devoid of
      general antiestrogenic activity, partially inhibits the induction by estradiol of
      uteroglobin mRNA. Studies of the interaction between [3H]RU486 and the
      progesterone receptor have been undertaken with the aim of understanding the
      antagonistic effect of this compound. The binding to DNA-cellulose of heat
      activated [3H]RU486-receptor complexes was slightly decreased (37%) when compared
      with that of the agonist [3H]R5020-receptor complexes (47%). Detailed analysis of
      this difference showed that it was due to both a decreased activation of
      complexes and to a diminished affinity of activated complexes towards DNA. The
      change in activation was shown by the fact that at high concentrations of DNA,
      where all activated complexes are bound, agonist-receptor complexes were bound to
      DNA in higher proportion than antagonist-receptor complexes. Moreover a
      difference was also observed when studying the binding of agonist-receptor and
      antagonist-receptor complexes to charged resins (phosphocellulose, DEAE
      cellulose) which are known to discriminate between activated and non-activated
      complexes. Decreased affinity to DNA of antagonist-receptor complexes was shown
      by studying their binding at various concentrations of DNA, either in crude
      cytosol or after isolating a homogenous population of activated-receptor
      complexes by DNA-cellulose chromatography and by comparing the salt extraction
      from DNA-cellulose of agonist-receptor and antagonist-receptor complexes. Both
      effects (decreased activation and diminished affinity towards DNA) were
      relatively moderate and could account only for a small decrease in the agonistic
      activity of RU486. Thus, the fact that this compound is a complete antagonist
      without any agonistic activity can only be explained by a defect in some further
      step of hormone action as, for instance in the specific interaction with the
      regulatory regions of the uteroglobin gene. No immunological difference could be
      detected between [3H]R5020-receptor and [3H]RU486-receptor complexes, both
      interacted with the five monoclonal antibodies raised against purified R5020
      receptor complexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3987686
TI  - Purification and molecular characterization of bovine pregastric lipase.
AB  - A pregastric lipase was purified from calf pharyngeal tissues. The purification
      procedure was based on chromatographies on octyl-Sepharose and lentil-lectin
      Sepharose followed by gel filtration. The final preparation, with an overall
      recovery of 26% of activity, gave a single protein band on dodecyl
      sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a Mr of 55000. The Mr on gel
      filtration was 44-48000. The discrepancy may be due to the fact that pregastric
      lipase is a glycoprotein containing approximately 10% (w/w) of carbohydrate. The
      pI was around 7.0 and the enzyme protein is characterized by a high content of
      branched, aliphatic amino acid residues. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence is:
      H2N-Phe-Leu/(Ile)-Gly-. Rabbit antibodies to the purified preparation detected
      only one component in the crude starting material in immuno-blotting experiments.
      Preincubation with antiserum resulted in loss of enzyme activity, showing that
      the antibodies were directed against the lipase.

PMID- 3987687
TI  - NADPH oxidation catalyzed by the peroxidase/H2O2 system. Iodide-mediated
      oxidation of NADPH to iodinated NADP.
AB  - Oxidation of NADPH catalyzed by the peroxidase/H2O2 system is known to require
      the presence of mediating molecules. Using either lactoperoxidase or horseradish
      peroxidase, we demonstrated that in the peroxidase/H2O2 system, NADPH oxidation
      was mediated by iodide. The oxidation product was the iodinated NADP. This
      product was shown to possess spectral characteristics different from those of
      NADP+ and NADPH, since for iodinated NADP, increased absorbance was observed in
      the 280-nm region and was directly proportional to the rate of iodination. It is
      suggested that oxidation and iodination of NADPH proceed via a single reaction
      between the intermediary iodide oxidation species and NADPH. Experiments with
      different molecules of NADPH analogues indicated that iodination occurred in the
      nicotinamide part of the NADPH molecule.

PMID- 3987688
TI  - The occurrence, subcellular localization and partial purification of diamine
      acetyltransferase in the yeast Candida boidinii grown on spermidine or putrescine
      as sole nitrogen source.
AB  - The yeast Candida boidinii when grown on spermidine, diaminopropane, putrescine
      or cadaverine as sole nitrogen source contains an N-acetyltransferase capable of
      acetylating the primary amino groups of spermine, spermidine, acetylspermidines,
      acetylputrescine and alpha, omega-diaminoalkanes. In the case of spermidine, the
      products were N1-acetylspermidine and N8-acetylspermidine in the ratio 50:45 with
      traces of other unidentified products. The enzyme was partially purified and the
      stoichiometry determined, together with apparent Km and V values for a number of
      substrates. The pH optimum was about 8.8 for putrescine and 9.3 for spermidine.
      The unstable enzyme was partially stabilized by 10% (v/v) glycerol or bovine
      serum albumin (5 mg/ml). The kinetic parameters were determined with putrescine
      as substrate and the mechanism shown to be of the sequential type. The enzyme was
      shown to be located in the mitochondria of C. boidinii, in contrast to mammalian
      N-acetyltransferases. The enzyme was found in a number of other yeast species
      when grown on spermidine or putrescine, but was only present in those species
      that had previously been found to contain polyamine oxidase. It is suggested that
      in C. boidinii, as in mammals, acetylation of spermidine and putrescine must
      precede their catabolism.

PMID- 3987689
TI  - Peroxisomal beta-oxidation system of Candida tropicalis. Purification of a
      multifunctional protein possessing enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase activities.
AB  - A multifunctional protein from oleate-grown cells of Candida tropicalis has been
      purified and partially characterized. A simple two-step purification has been
      developed involving ion-exchange chromatography followed by dye-ligand
      chromatography on blue Sepharose CL-6B. Homogeneous enzyme with a subunit Mr of
      102 000 is obtained in 60% yield. The native relative molecular mass, determined
      by three different methods, yielded values which suggest that the enzyme is
      dimeric. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the
      purified protein revealed a single polypeptide band and reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography indicated a single component suggesting that
      this protein may consist either of two identical or very similar subunits. Three
      beta-oxidation activities, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
      and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase, co-purified with this protein. The ratio of the
      three beta-oxidation enzyme activities remained constant during purification and
      was unchanged by additional chromatographic methods (adsorption and affinity
      chromatography), thus indicating the multifunctional nature of this protein.
      Enzymatic staining of the purified protein for 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
      and epimerase, following electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide density gradient,
      further supported the multifunctionality of this protein. After isopycnic
      centrifugation of a particulate fraction from oleate-grown cells in a linear
      sucrose gradient the activities of all individual beta-oxidation enzymes
      cosedimented with catalase and with the glyoxylate bypass enzymes. This result
      demonstrated the peroxisomal localization of the multifunctional enzyme. The
      relationship of this multifunctional protein to the two bifunctional beta
      oxidation enzymes isolated from peroxisomes of rat liver and from glyoxysomes of
      cucumber seeds is discussed.

PMID- 3987690
TI  - Localization of the sites of ADP-ribosylation and GTP binding in the eukaryotic
      elongation factor EF-2.
AB  - Tryptic cleavage of EF-2, molecular mass 93 kDa, produced an 82-kDa polypeptide
      and a 10-kDa fragment, which was further degraded. By a slower reaction the 82
      kDa polypeptide was gradually split into a 48-kDa and a 34-kDa fragment.
      Similarly, treatment with chymotrypsin resulted in the formation of an 82-kDa
      polypeptide and a small fragment. In contrast to the tryptic 82-kDa polypeptide
      the corresponding chymotryptic cleavage product was relatively resistant to
      further attack. The degradation of the 82-kDa polypeptide with either trypsin or
      chymotrypsin was facilitated by the presence of guanosine nucleotides, indicating
      a conformational shift in native EF-2 upon nucleotide binding. No effect was
      observed in the presence of ATP, indicating that the effect was specific for
      guanosine nucleotides. After affinity labelling of native EF-2 with oxidized
      [3H]GTP and subsequent trypsin treatment the radioactivity was recovered in the
      48-kDa polypeptide showing that the GTP-binding site was located within this part
      of the factor. Correspondingly, tryptic degradation of EF-2 labelled with
      [14C]NAD+ in the presence of diphtheria toxin showed that the site of ADP
      ribosylation was within the 34-kDa polypeptide. By cleavage with the tryptophan
      specific reagent N-chlorosuccinimide the site of ADP-ribosylation could be
      located at a distance of 40-60 kDa from the GTP-binding site and about 4-11 kDa
      from the nearest terminus.

PMID- 3987692
TI  - FAD analogues as prosthetic groups of human glutathione reductase. Properties of
      the modified enzyme species and comparisons with the active site structure.
AB  - Human glutathione reductase (NADPH + GSSG + H+ in equilibrium with NADP+ + 2 GSH)
      is a suitable enzyme for correlating spectroscopic properties and chemical
      reactivities of protein-bound FAD analogues with structural data. FAD, the
      prosthetic group of the enzyme, was replaced by FAD analogues, which were
      modified at the positions 8, 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6, respectively, of the isoalloxazine
      ring. When compared with a value of 100% for native glutathione reductase, the
      specific activities of most enzyme species ranged from 40% to 17%, in the order
      of the prosthetic groups 8-mercapto-FAD greater than 8-azido-FAD = 8-F-FAD = 8-C1
      FAD greater than 4-thio-FAD = 1-deaza-FAD greater than 2-thio-FAD. The enzymic
      activities indicate a correct orientation of the bound analogues. The enzyme
      species containing 5-deaza-FAD and 6-OH-FAD, respectively, had no more
      glutathione reductase activity than the FAD-free apoenzyme. 5-Deaza-FAD X
      glutathione reductase was crystallized for X-ray diffraction analysis. Detailed
      studies were focussed on position 8 of the flavin. 8-Cl-FAD X glutathione
      reductase and 8-F-FAD X glutathione reductase reacted only poorly with HS- to
      give 8-mercapto-FAD X glutathione reductase, which suggests that the region
      around Val61 hinders the halogen anion from leaving the tetrahedral intermediate.
      Other experiments showed that position 8 is accessible to certain solvent-borne
      reagents. 8-Mercapto-FAD X glutathione reductase, for instance, reacted readily
      and stoichiometrically with the thiol reagent methylmethanethiosulfonate. 8
      Mercapto-FAD X glutathione reductase does not exhibit a long wavelength charge
      transfer absorption band upon reduction, as it is the case for the 2-electron
      reduced FAD-containing enzyme. This behaviour indicates that the charge transfer
      interaction between flavin and the thiolate of Cys63 in the native enzyme is not
      per se essential for catalysis. The absorption spectrum of the blue anionic 8
      mercapto-FAD bound to glutathione reductase suggests that the protein concurs to
      the stabilization of a negative charge in the pyrimidine subnucleus. In light of
      the protein structure this effect is attributed to the dipole moment of alpha
      helix 338-354 which starts out close to the N(1)/C(2)/O(2 alpha) region of the
      flavin. 1-Deaza-FAD binds as tightly as FAD to the apoenzyme. The resulting
      holoenzyme was found to be enzymically active but structurally unstable. In this
      respect 1-deaza-FAD . glutathione reductase mimics the properties of the enzyme
      species found in inborn glutathione reductase deficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 3987691
TI  - Rat liver glutaminase. Regulation by reversible interaction with the
      mitochondrial membrane.
AB  - Partially purified rat liver mitochondrial glutaminase shows a sigmoidal
      dependence on glutamine concentration, and an absolute requirement for inorganic
      phosphate as activator. Reconstitution with a mitochondrial membrane fraction
      changes the kinetic properties of the enzyme making the glutamine dependence more
      hyperbolic and reducing the concentration of phosphate required for half-maximum
      activation. Glutaminase activity in isolated mitochondria is known to be
      increased as a result of mitochondrial swelling. In mitochondria suspended in
      isotonic medium, the properties of glutaminase resemble of the isolated enzyme
      while in swollen mitochondria the kinetic properties revert to those exhibited by
      the enzyme in association with the mitochondrial membrane. It is postulated that
      mitochondrial glutaminase is regulated in situ by reversible association with the
      inner mitochondrial membrane which is mediated by mitochondrial swelling. This
      mechanism may explain the short-term hormonally induced activation of the enzyme
      observed in isolated hepatocytes.

PMID- 3987693
TI  - Characterization of an enzyme which catalyzes isomerization and epimerization of
      D-erythrose 4-phosphate.
AB  - The enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of D-erythrose 4-phosphate to D
      erythrulose 4-phosphate and D-threose 4-phosphate has been purified to
      homogeneity from a crude extract of beef liver. Analysis of the purified enzyme
      by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis revealed it to be a dimer of relative molecular mass 43 000. From
      the gas chromatography/mas spectrometry analyses of the enzymatic reaction
      products, it appeared that about 90% of the total amount of tetrose 4-phosphate
      was present as D-erythrulose 4-phosphate after equilibration. The purified
      enzyme, which is tentatively called 'erythrose-4-phosphate isomerase' had no
      significant isomerase activities on D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, D-ribose 5
      phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate, but a strong D
      ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase activity was co-purified with the erythrose-4
      phosphate isomerase activity through every step in the isolation. Both the
      erythrose-4-phosphate isomerase and D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase activities
      were inactivated at the same rate at the elevated temperature, and also inhibited
      to the same extent by various inhibitors. It is likely, that both activities are
      catalyzed by the single enzyme protein.

PMID- 3987694
TI  - Flavobacterium heparinum 3-O-sulphatase for N-substituted glucosamine 3-O
      sulphate.
AB  - A novel bacterial sulphatase has been discovered in an extract of Flavobacterium
      heparinum. The enzyme hydrolyses the 3-O-sulphate from 2-deoxy-2-sulphamido-3-O
      sulpho-D-glucose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-sulpho-D-glucose. The activity was
      purified 10 800-fold by chromatography successively on CM-Sepharose CL-6B,
      hydroxyapatite, taurine-Sepharose CL-4B and CM-Sepharose CL-6B. Sodium
      dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the enzyme to be
      homogeneous and of relative molecular mass 56 000. Two novel assays were
      developed using 2-[14C]acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-sulpho-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-2
      sulphamido-3-O-sulpho-D-glucose as respective substrates. The purified 3-O
      sulphatase was shown to be free of all other known heparin-degrading enzymes.
      Optimal activity was at pH 7.5 for the disulphated substrate and pH 8.0 for the N
      acetylated substrate. Enzyme activity was virtually unaffected by Na+, K+ or Mg2+
      ions. A 1.2-fold enhancement of activity was effected by 0.002 mol dm-3 Ca2+.
      Inorganic phosphate and sulphate inhibited 3-O-sulphatase activity. The Km value
      of the N-acetylated substrate was determined to be 42 mumol dm-3. No activity was
      detected with 2-amino-2-deoxy-3-O-sulpho-D-glucose.

PMID- 3987695
TI  - Purification of the 25-kDa Vibrio cholerae major outer-membrane protein and the
      molecular cloning of its gene: ompV.
AB  - The 25-kDa peptidoglycan-associated outer-membrane protein and most likely porin
      of Vibrio cholerae is a major immunogenic species. It has been purified by ion
      exchange elution on hydroxyapatite followed by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P150
      both in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. This protein, of greater than 90%
      purity as judged by Western blotting, has been used to raise antibodies in
      rabbits. The antisera were then used to screen V. cholerae gene banks,
      constructed in Escherichia coli K12, and this has enabled us to isolate several
      colonies harbouring the cloned gene. The plasmids in these colonies have been
      designated pPM451, pPM455 and pPM472. These plasmids have a 5.3 X 10(3)-base
      BamHI fragment of V. cholerae DNA in common. Restriction endonuclease mapping of
      these plasmids has been performed and the protein identified both by Western blot
      analysis and in E. coli K12 minicells. The protein is not efficiently expressed
      in E. coli K12. It is proposed to use the name ompV to describe the structural
      gene, present in the cloned DNA, for this V. cholerae outer membrane protein.

PMID- 3987696
TI  - Uptake and processing of liposomal phospholipids by Kupffer cells in vitro.
AB  - We investigated the intracellular metabolic fate of [Me-14C]choline-labeled
      phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelin taken up by rat Kupffer cells in
      maintenance culture during interaction with large unilamellar liposomes composed
      of cholesterol, labeled choline-phospholipid and phosphatidylserine (molar ration
      5:4:1). With both labeled compounds only small proportions of water-soluble
      radioactivity were found to accumulate in the cells and in the culture medium,
      suggesting limited phospholipid degradation. However, after a lag period of 30
      min progressively increasing proportions of cell-associated liposomal
      phospholipid were found to be converted to cellular phospholipid, nearly all of
      which was phosphatidylcholine. This conversion as well as the limited release of
      water-soluble label from the cells was inhibited by the lysosomotropic agents
      ammonium chloride and chloroquine. With [Me-14C]choline-labeled
      lysophosphatidylcholine, label was found to become cell-associated far in excess
      of an encapsulated liposomal label, [3H]inulin. Without a lag period virtually
      all of this was rapidly converted to phosphatidylcholine, a process which was not
      inhibited by the lysosomotropic agents. It is concluded that Kupffer cells, after
      endocytosis of liposomes, degrade the liposomal phospholipids effectively but
      reutilize the choline moiety for de novo synthesis of cellular
      phosphatidylcholine.

PMID- 3987697
TI  - World health organisation inter-laboratory comparison study in 12 countries on
      quality performance of nuclear medicine imaging devices.
AB  - Twelve countries participated in the WHO intercomparison for which transmission
      CAP (College of American Pathologists) brain and CAP liver phantoms and emission
      London liver phantoms were used. A total of 157 imaging devices were tested.
      Overall results from the phantoms revealed a wide range of targets detected. For
      the CAP-phantoms target detectability dropped below 50% for target sizes less
      than 9 mm and below 60% for target contrast less than 0.84:1. On average one
      false positive and six false negative results were reported using CAP-brain
      phantoms and one false positive and one false negative result using CAP-liver
      phantoms. For the London liver phantoms containing the tissue equivalent rubber
      abdominal simulation the target of 1 cm was never visualised. Two targets in this
      phantom (2 cm and 2.5 cm) were correctly identified in 34% of studies and one of
      these targets in 52% of studies. Equivocal and false positive results were
      reported in 42%. The WHO inter-comparison demonstrated the need to establish new,
      or to improve the existing, quality control programmes.

PMID- 3987698
TI  - Computerized analysis of equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography time-activity
      curve in the assessment of left ventricular performance: comparison of two
      methods.
AB  - Two methods for the analysis of left ventricle time-activity curve (TAC) of
      equilibrium gated ventriculography were compared in three groups of subjects [8
      controls, 13 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), 11 patients with
      myocardial infarction (MI). The first method was based on third-degree polynomial
      fitting, the second on Fourier analysis. The following parameters were
      calculated: peak ejection rate (PER), peak filling rate (PFR), time to PER and
      PFR, and filling fraction at the first third of diastole. A preliminary study of
      changing values of PER and PFR and of the mean error with increasing number of
      harmonics summed in order to obtain the best fitting of TAC demonstrated that
      beyond the sum of the first four harmonics there was no further significant
      improvement. The advantages of Fourier analysis are as follows: it is independent
      of the operator and fits only one function to the whole cardiac cycle; it
      requires less computer time; it provides better differentiation between controls
      and CAD patients. All of the 13 CAD patients had abnormal PFR on Fourier
      analysis, only 9 on polynomial analysis. At rest, 9 of the CAD patients had wall
      motion abnormalities, while only two had an abnormal ejection fraction.

PMID- 3987699
TI  - Metabolism of 15 (p 123I iodophenyl-)pentadecanoic acid in heart muscle and
      noncardiac tissues.
AB  - The uptake and turnover of omega(p 123I iodophenyl-)pentadecanoic acid (I-PPA), a
      radioiodinated free-fatty-acid analog, was examined in the heart, lung, liver,
      kidneys, spleen, and skeletal muscle of rats. At 2 min post injection, a high
      cardiac uptake of 4.4% dose per gram had already been achieved; this was followed
      by a rapid, two-component, tracer clearance. The kinetics of tissue
      concentrations of labeled hydrophilic catabolites indicated a rapid oxidation of
      I-PPA and the subsequent washout of I-PPA catabolites from heart-muscle tissue.
      The fractional distribution of the labeled cardiac lipids compared favorably with
      previously reported values for 3H-oleic- or 14C-palmitic-acid-labeled myocardial
      lipids. Typical patterns of I-PPA metabolism were observed in tissues depending
      on primary fatty-acid oxidation, lipid metabolism regulation, or I-PPA-catabolite
      excretion. The tissue concentrations and kinetics of I-PPA and its metabolites in
      the heart muscle indicated that general pathways of cardiac-lipid metabolism are
      traced by this new gamma-emitting isotope-labeled radiopharmaceutical.

PMID- 3987700
TI  - Difference quantitation of planar and tomographic heart scintigrams with
      identification of segments using reconstructive three-dimensional reference
      modelling.
AB  - A patient-specific three-dimensional rotational ellipsoidal shell was
      reconstructed from planar myocardial scintigrams. This model was homogeneously
      filled with radioactivity ('ideal') and then projected onto the same planes as
      the actual scintigrams, including the absorption of heart and background. After
      normalization and inhomogeneous background correction, the actual and 'ideal'
      images were compared in order to quantify the myocardial, ischemic and infarcted
      volumes (difference quantitation). 201Tl defects appeared as hot spots. The a
      priori three-dimensional model was cut into 14 segments by six planes.
      Tomographic sectional views in any desired plane made possible the identification
      of the 14 spatial myocardial segments on slice images for difference
      quantitation. The orientation of the long axis of the left heart responsible for
      different inseparable overprojections of segments was accounted for. The
      mathematics of segmentation and reconstructive three-dimensional modelling is
      described. Computed examples are given. A total of 624 201Tl scintigrams from 78
      patients were analysed according to this method. The results obtained for the
      myocardial, ischemic and infarcted volumes, the orientation of the left heart's
      axis in the thorax and the identification of spatial myocardial segments on
      projected and tomographic images, as well as the global myocardial and background
      kinetics of 201Tl are discussed. The procedure of reference modelling and
      difference quantitation might also be useful in other imaging modalities, such as
      emission-computed tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography,
      computed tomography or nuclear magnetic resonance.

PMID- 3987701
TI  - Serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer
      during suppression therapy: study on 429 patients.
AB  - Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) was measured in 429 patients with well-differentiated
      thyroid carcinoma, during thyroid hormone suppression therapy. 324 patients out
      of 429 were considered free of disease; 44 had only remnants in the thyroid bed;
      61 had metastases, of them 40 were detected by TBS and 21 were nonfunctioning and
      were detected by other diagnostic procedures. Tg was measured by a RIA method in
      257 patients and by an IRMA method in 277 patients. The correlation between the
      two methods was very good (r = 0.914) for values higher than 25 ng/ml with the
      RIA method. The cut-off limit to distinguish pathological from nonpathological
      values was considered the mean value found in the patients free of disease plus
      2SD. The cut-off limit for the RIA method was 24.2 ng/ml and 3.0 ng/ml for the
      IRMA method. Of patients with high Tg levels 92% had metastases, either nodal or
      distant; only 8% had remnants in the thyroid bed. Tg levels were high in 80% of
      the patients with metastases, all but two of the patients with metastases and low
      Tg levels had nodal metastases. Moreover, Tg levels were high in 76% of the
      patients with metastases unable to take up radioiodine. IN CONCLUSION: patients
      with low levels of serum Tg during suppression therapy have a high probability of
      being free of disease, even though the presence of tumors cannot be excluded. On
      the other hand a value greater than the cut-off limit suggests the presence of
      metastases despite a negative scan.

PMID- 3987702
TI  - Splenic rotation as demonstrated by 99mTc SCOL.
AB  - The spleen is free to move around on its pedicle, since it is not fixed in the
      abdomen. We describe the case of a woman who demonstrated a temporary rotation of
      the spleen 90 degrees from its usual axis as shown by liver-spleen scintigraphy
      using technetium Tc-99m sulfur colloid (99mTc SCOL). The reason for this rotation
      is discussed. Other previously reported causes of splenic displacement are also
      reviewed.

PMID- 3987703
TI  - [125I] radioiodinated metaraminol: a new platelet-specific labeling agent.
AB  - In our search for a platelet-specific labeling agent, metaraminol (MA), a low
      toxic pharmaceutical for the treatment of hypotension and cardiogenic shock,
      attracted our attention. Its active incorporation and accumulation by platelets
      have been recognized. At first, the preparation of 125I radioiodinated
      metaraminol (125I-MA) was carried out using the chloramine-T method. Then, upon
      the harvest of platelets as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), their labeling with this
      new radiopharmaceutical was easily performed by incubation for 10 min at 37
      degrees C. The cell-labeling efficiency was dependent on cell density, reaching
      63.0% +/- 3.1% at 2.4 X 10(9) cells/ml. The specific incorporation of 125I-MA by
      an active transport system similar to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) as well
      as by passive diffusion was demonstrated. In in vitro studies, the unaltered
      state of 125I-MA-labeled platelets with their cellular functions fully retained
      was estimated. In vivo studies carried out in rabbits with induced thrombi in the
      femoral artery showed a rather rapid disappearance of the radioactivity from
      circulating blood, reaching a high thrombus-to-blood activity ratio of 19.8 +/-
      4.3 within 30 min of the administration of 125I-MA-labeled autologous platelets.
      Thus, with the potential availability of 123I, 123I-MA-labeled platelets appear
      to be a promising agent for thrombus imaging using single-emission computed
      tomography (CT) studies.

PMID- 3987704
TI  - Synthesis of 4-[18F]fluoroantipyrine and its biodistribution in mice.
AB  - The synthesis of 4-[18F]fluoroantipyrine (1) and its biodistribution in mice are
      described. Compound 1 was synthesized either by direct fluorination of antipyrine
      with [18F]F2 or CH3CO2 18F, or by an isotopic exchange method. While direct
      fluorination of antipyrine with [18F]F2 gave compound 1 in about a 20% yield, the
      isotopic exchange method gave compound 1 in only a 1%-2% yield. The
      biodistributions of compound 1 and 4-[131I]iodoantipyrine (3) in mice indicated
      that both compounds reached apparent equilibrium concentration in the bloodstream
      at approximately 0.5 min postinjection and compound 1 was found in higher
      concentrations than the iodinated analog in the well-perfused tissues. The 18F
      activity in the mouse brain persisted for about 2 min. The ratio of activity in
      the brain to bone was approximately 2:1. After 10 min, the 18F activity in the
      brain decreased markedly while the 18F activity in bones rose sharply resulting
      in a brain to bone ratio of approximately 1:2. This would suggest that compound 1
      defluorinated in vivo to give fluoride as one of the metabolites. The mean
      octanol/pH 7 buffer solution partition coefficients of 4-[18F]fluoroantipyrine
      and 4-[131I]iodoantipyrine were 5.18 +/- 0.10 and 11.34 +/- 0.28, respectively.

PMID- 3987705
TI  - The detection and evaluation of drug-induced changes in the gastrointestinal
      motility of beagle dogs using a 111In-labelled resin mixed into a standard meal
      as tracer.
AB  - An investigation was performed to establish the usefulness of 111In-labelled
      polymer beads mixed into a standard meal as a tracer of gastrointestinal(GI)
      motility changes due to the influence of various drugs. The labelled polymer
      beads were well mixed into the food, which was then fed to healthy beagle dogs
      undergoing drug therapy. GI motility was monitored using a gamma camera and data
      processor. The results were compared to those obtained from corresponding placebo
      studies on the same dogs. A significant acceleration of gastric emptying and
      colon transit was noted under the influence of a gastric and intestinal
      prokinetic coded R51619. No influence on GI motility could, however, be detected
      after the administration of a calcium-blocking agent to the dogs.

PMID- 3987706
TI  - Application of the parametric scan in the investigation of uteroplacental blood
      flow.
AB  - We developed a new radioisotope technique to measure placental blood flow for the
      early detection of placental insufficiency. Using the parametric scan, placental
      perfusion was measured in 80 late-pregnant women. The T-maximum pictures obtained
      made it possible to differentiate between the vascular and intervillous phases of
      placental blood flow. The time period of intervillous phase calculated as the
      percentage of the whole placental Tmax was given as the intervillous perfusion
      index (IPI). It was demonstrated that the IPI was significantly higher in
      pregnancies complicated with intrauterine growth retardation (64.2% +/- 16.5%),
      hypertension (60.0 +/- 15.2) and oedema (57.9% +/- 10.1%) than in the control
      group (33.7% +/- 10.5%). These data suggest that the first sign of placental
      insufficiency is the prolongation of the IPI which is likely to precede the
      quantitative reduction of placental perfusion.

PMID- 3987707
TI  - Urinary catecholamine levels in the newborn infant.
AB  - The urinary concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline were
      measured by a radioenzymatic method in 212 full-term and premature newborns. The
      ranges, means and standard deviations from birth to 4 days + are presented. The
      excretion of dopamine was ten times that of noradrenaline or adrenaline. The
      absolute concentrations of each catecholamine were reduced as birth weight
      decreased. The values were increased in babies with fetal distress. Any changes
      found in hypoglycaemic or jaundiced infants were attributable to prematurity.
      Very high levels were found in a few infants given tolazoline. We speculate that
      the role of dopamine production and excretion in the newborn has been
      underestimated. Dopamine may have an important role to play in the homeostatic
      mechanisms of the newborn.

PMID- 3987709
TI  - Lymphocyte phosphorylase kinase activities in the sex-linked form of liver
      phosphorylase kinase deficiency.
AB  - Lymphocyte phosphorylase kinase activities were measured in normal controls and
      in patients with the sex-linked form of liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency.
      The reaction due to phosphorylase kinase activity in normal lymphocytes (2.7 X
      10(6) in the reaction tube) was found to be linear within 20-60 min at 30 degrees
      C. The reaction was directly proportional to the concentration of lymphocytes
      within 1.5 X 10(6)-9.0 X 10(6), at 30 degrees C for 60 min. The phosphorylase
      kinase activity in normal lymphocytes, which were pre-incubated at 50 degrees C
      or 95 degrees C for 1 min, decreased to 60% at 50 degrees C and 10% at 95 degrees
      C of that after pre-incubation at 0 degree C for 1 min. The activity of normal
      controls was 125 +/- 23.5 U/10(10) lymphocytes. Those of the patients with liver
      phosphorylase kinase deficiency due to the sex-linked form were 43.5 U in case 1,
      54.5 U in case 2, and 51.3 U in case 3, respectively and those of the mothers
      were within the normal range. These results suggest that phosphorylase kinase in
      lymphocytes might be form intermediate between liver and muscle phosphorylase
      kinase.

PMID- 3987708
TI  - Prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus--a report on three cases.
AB  - In three children (patients 1, 2 and 3) insulin-dependency was predicted 28, 32
      and 4 months, respectively before the disease became clinically manifest, by the
      finding of islet cell antibodies at that time. These retrospective findings
      support the evidence for a long pre-diabetic phase in childhood diabetes, marked
      by the presence of islet cell antibodies, as well as the linkage of HLA-antigens
      to the susceptibility to this disease. The possibility of detecting pre-diabetic
      states in children before the endogenous insulin secretion decreases to the point
      of producing clinical symptoms support efforts by basic scientists to develop
      techniques for immunological intervention early in the course of the disease.

PMID- 3987711
TI  - Transient acute disc swelling associated with improved metabolic control in an
      adolescent with type-I diabetes: role of dexamethazone therapy.
AB  - Acute disc swelling in type-I diabetic patients is a distinct syndrome that may
      be distinguished clinically, particularly from papilloedema due to increased
      intracranial pressure. This paper reports the first detailed case of this rare
      condition in which disc swelling seems to be associated with rapid improvement of
      metabolic control. We suggest that the pathogenesis of disc swelling is related
      to a local breakdown of the blood retinal barrier at the level of the optic
      nerve, resulting in an intense leakage. Compression of the optic nerves secondary
      to this vasculopathy appeared to be reversed by administration of dexamethazone.
      It is suggested that in diabetic patients with long-standing poor metabolic
      control, rapid conversion to good metabolic control could have this result.
      However further information is necessary to substantiate this relationship.

PMID- 3987710
TI  - The effect of age and body size on the urinary excretion of C-peptide from birth
      to 14 years of age.
AB  - The daily excretion of C-peptide in the urine was measured in 105 healthy infants
      and children from birth to 14 years of age. For technical reasons no studies were
      performed from 1-3 years of age. The excretion of C-peptide showed a close
      positive correlation with age and weight. The relationship with weight was
      already apparent in the 1st days of life. The C-peptide/weight and the C
      peptide/creatinine ratios were constant throughout most of childhood with the
      exception of the age range of 1 month-1 year when the C-peptide/creatinine was
      significantly higher. In obese children the C-peptide/weight and C
      peptide/creatinine ratios were similar to those found in children with normal
      weight. In growth hormone deficiency these ratios were low and increased during
      the 1st week of growth hormone therapy. It is concluded that urinary C-peptide is
      a reliable indicator of integrated insulin production and gives new information
      about insulin secretion in various conditions.

PMID- 3987712
TI  - Effects of propranolol during pregnancy and development of rats. II. Adverse
      effects on development.
AB  - High doses of propranolol administered to rats during pregnancy and lactation
      cause inhibition of growth of the neonatal rats. Growth remains inhibited if drug
      treatment is continued after weaning. Cessation of drug administration after
      weaning leads to a nearly normal growth rate but a relatively long period elapses
      before normal weight is attained. The administration of large doses of
      propranolol to young growing rats also causes inhibition of growth. This
      inhibition is quickly reversed upon cessation of drug treatment.

PMID- 3987713
TI  - Acute and chronic effects of carbamyl glutamate on blood urea and ammonia.
AB  - Carbamyl glutamate injected into normal rats produced no change in blood urea
      levels. Rats fed a high-protein diet or starved for 48 h had increased blood
      urea. Carbamyl glutamate injection induced a further increase in the levels of
      urea in their blood. Also, carbamyl glutamate administered in the drinking water
      of normal mice produced an increase in blood urea, which was accompanied by a
      decrease in blood ammonia. The application of these findings to the treatment of
      urea cycle enzymopathies is discussed.

PMID- 3987714
TI  - Oral BVDU treatment of varicella and zoster in children with cancer.
AB  - In the period June 1980-April 1983, 21 children with malignant disease were
      admitted because of an intercurrent varicella or zoster infection. They were
      treated with the new antiviral drug BVDU [(E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine].
      The drug was administered orally at a dose of 15 mg/kg per day for 5 days. All
      our patients responded promptly to BVDU treatment and recovered completely from
      their varicella or zoster infections without complications. No toxic side-effects
      due to the drug were observed.

PMID- 3987715
TI  - A case of lipogranulomatosis Farber: some clinical and ultrastructural aspects.
AB  - A 20-month-old girl showed typical clinical signs of Farber disease: hoarseness
      since birth, and periarticular subcutaneous painful nodules. Complete deficiency
      of acid ceramidase activity was found in cultured skin fibroblasts. An electron
      microscopic examination of a dermal nodule disclosed pathognomonic tubular
      inclusions in histiocytes. In epidermal cells zebra-body-like and needle-like
      lysosomal inclusions were found. Their ultrastructure is different from that of
      the intrahistiocytic lysosomal inclusions. Probably three clinical types of
      Farber disease may be distinguished according to the symptomatology and the
      course of the disease: a severe type, an intermediate type and a relatively mild
      type. The activity of acid ceramidase does not correlate with prognosis of the
      disease, while a correlation between first appearance of dermal nodules and
      clinical course appears likely.

PMID- 3987716
TI  - Pharyngeal dermoid leading to respiratory failure in a neonate.
AB  - Difficulty in resuscitating a neonate using bag and mask ventilation was followed
      by later episodes of apnoea and cyanosis. Intubation relieved the respiratory
      failure and revealed a large fleshy polyp obstructing the posterior pharynx.
      Computerised tomography showed there was no superior extension of the lesion and
      the polyp was removed completely on operation. Histological examination showed
      this lesion to be a dermoid or "Hairy Polyp".

PMID- 3987717
TI  - Intestinal obstruction due to peritoneal adhesions as a complication of
      peritoneal dialysis for neonatal hyperammonemia.
AB  - A male infant with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency developed massive
      neonatal hyperammonemia and was treated with peritoneal dialysis. He later
      developed intestinal obstruction due to peritoneal bands which originated at the
      site of the previous peritoneal catheter. In this infant the blood concentration
      of ammonia could not be lowered below 1000 micrograms/dl using peritoneal
      dialysis, while treatment with sodium benzoate led to control within 24 h. In
      view of the possibility of this and other complications of peritoneal dialysis,
      pharmacologic therapy of neonatal hyperammonemia should be considered as an
      initial modality of treatment.

PMID- 3987718
TI  - Intestinal perforation associated with indomethacin treatment in premature
      infants.
AB  - Within 9 months we observed intestinal perforations in three very low birth
      weight (VLBW) infants undergoing indomethacin treatment for symptomatic patent
      ductus arteriosus (sPDA). The three patients exhibited striking similarities in
      their clinical courses and predisposing factors. Although clinical and
      histological criteria did not differentiate the perforations from necrotising
      enterocolitis (NEC), a well-known entity in premature infants, these events were
      remarkable to us since we had observed no other cases of NEC in recent years.
      From animal experiments and pathophysiological data, a role for indomethacin in
      gastrointestinal ischaemic damage must be considered. This communication is not
      meant to discredit indomethacin treatment. However, awareness of potential
      complications and careful monitoring during treatment is warranted.

PMID- 3987721
TI  - Cushing's disease due to an unusually large adenoma of the pituitary gland in
      infancy.
AB  - We report an 18-month-old girl with Cushing's disease caused by a large adenoma
      of the pituitary gland. Tumour size and extension were determined by X-ray, CT
      scan and angiographic studies. The endocrinological findings were typical for
      this disease: elevated plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
      (17-OHP) and testosterone, elevated urinary excretion of 17-Ketosteroids (17-KS)
      and 17-Hydroxycorticoids (17-OHCS). Dexamethasone failed to suppress ACTH and
      cortisol plasma levels. TRH induced only a minimal TSH increase. Following LH-RH
      injection gonadotropin levels rose to pubertal values. The hGH response to
      insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was subnormal. After resection of the tumour the
      infant died because of non-treatable arrhythmia. Histological findings showed a
      non-differentiated adenoma with extension into the subarachnoid space and into
      nerve tissues. In vitro lysine-vasopressin (LVP) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP)
      exhibited only weak stimulatory effects on the ACTH secretion of the tumour
      cells.

PMID- 3987719
TI  - Primary hypothyroidism associated with pituitary enlargement, slipped capital
      femoral epiphysis and cystic ovaries.
AB  - A case of primary hypothyroidism with pituitary enlargement, slipped capital
      femoral epiphysis and cystic ovaries is reported. The pituitary abnormality and
      cystic ovaries disappeared dramatically after thyroid hormone therapy. Hip
      pinning was performed. The recognition of these associations may eliminate
      unnecessary surgery and lead to the choice of hormone replacement therapy.

PMID- 3987720
TI  - Pseudotumor cerebri and nutritional rickets.
AB  - A bulging fontanelle due to benign increased intracranial pressure is not
      generally recognized as a manifestation of nutritional rickets but should be
      considered in the appropriate clinical setting. Two children who we saw presented
      with bulging anterior fontanelles were found to have pseudotumor cerebri in
      association with nutritional rickets.

PMID- 3987722
TI  - The distribution of radiant power in a phototherapy unit equipped with a metal
      halide lamp.
AB  - The effective radiant power of a metal halide lamp for phototherapy of neonatal
      jaundice was measured in an incubator. This new lamp is characterised by an
      extremely heterogeneous field of irradiance with a high intensity in the centre
      and a marked decrease towards the sides. The mean radiant intensity in a central
      area (20 X 40 cm) of the incubator can be compared with the values achieved with
      standard fluorescent lamps in an incubator lined with white cloth. As the field
      of irradiance is more homogeneous in the latter case, advances in therapy are not
      to be expected from the use of metal halide lamps in their present form.

PMID- 3987723
TI  - The Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome in four sibs including one with associated
      congenital hypothyroidism.
AB  - Two boys and two girls from a sibship of six, affected with the Wiedemann
      Beckwith syndrome (WBS), are reported. One of the patients also had congenital
      hypothyroidism, an association hitherto undescribed and possibly fortuitous.
      Neither stigmata of WBS in other family members nor parental consanguinity were
      found, indicating a possible autosomal dominant inheritance comprising either a
      delayed mutation of an unstable premutated gene or non-penetrance.

PMID- 3987724
TI  - Neonatal hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 3987725
TI  - Abstracts: 21st Workshop for Pediatric Research. Gottingen, February 28-March 1,
      1985.

PMID- 3987726
TI  - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: recent advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis and
      treatment.
AB  - The diagnosis and management of patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
      demands knowledge of various aspects of both clinical and laboratory medicine.
      There is an apparent gap of communication between the serologist and the clinical
      physician due to the high specialization of both. The purpose of this annotation
      is to close some of these gaps by relating the serological data to the diagnosis,
      severity of disease, treatment, and prognosis.

PMID- 3987727
TI  - Infant sleep apnea profile: preterm vs. term infants.
AB  - By means of polygraphic sleep recording, the sleep apnea profile with respect to
      the number and duration of inactive, obstructive and mixed apneic episodes as
      well as periodic breathing has been investigated in infants born preterm at 40,
      52 and 64 weeks conceptional age and compared to that of term infants. At 40
      weeks preterm infants showed significantly more apnea and periodic breathing
      compared to term infants. The difference was essentially due to obstructive and
      mixed apnea in non-REM sleep. There was a sharp decrease in all apneic variables-
      inactive, obstructive and mixed apnea as well as of periodic breathing--at 52
      weeks conceptional age in infants that were previously preterm. Both groups
      exhibited a rather identical sleep apnea profile at 64 weeks. Two prospectively
      studied infants in the preterm group later became SIDS victims. One of them might
      have been identified as being at risk on the basis of his apnea profile compared
      to the normative data now available.

PMID- 3987729
TI  - Pulmonary oedema following choking: report of two cases.
AB  - Two children, aged 3 1/2 and 5 1/2 years, are described. Both developed pulmonary
      oedema (PE) following a short episode of choking on a sweet and an orange,
      respectively. On admission diagnosis was made by chest X-ray. One child was
      asymptomatic despite PE while the other showed only mild respiratory distress.
      Both children recovered spontaneously and chest X-rays showed a return to normal
      within 24 h. The mechanism of PE production is discussed. It is suggested that
      oedema formation occurs during the obstruction and that it is due to hypoxia and
      the severe negative pleural pressure resulting from attempts to inspire against
      the obstructed airway. both hypoxia and severe negative pleural pressure cause an
      increase in pulmonary capillary pressure and transduration of fluid across the
      capillary membrane.

PMID- 3987730
TI  - Severe respiratory infection with Branhamella catarrhalis in an African child.
AB  - A pure growth of Branhamella catarrhalis was obtained from a purulent bronchial
      exudate in a 28-month-old Rwandese girl, hospitalized for acute inspiratory
      dyspnoea with fever. The outcome was favourable under treatment with ampicillin,
      although the isolate was shown to produce a beta-lactamase in vitro.

PMID- 3987728
TI  - Congenital folate malabsorption.
AB  - A Turkish girl presented with a history of fever, diarrhoea, convulsions,
      recurrent infections and failure to thrive from the age of 5 months.
      Megaloblastic anaemia was present and profound folate deficiency was evidenced in
      plasma and in CSF. Treatment with oral folic acid cured the anaemia, diarrhoea
      and infections but failed to prevent convulsions and the appearance of mental
      retardation and cerebral calcifications. Loading tests with folic acid and its
      derivatives led to the conclusion that the folate deficiency was caused by a
      defect in folate transport both across the gut and the blood-brain barrier. Low
      plasma concentrations of methionine prompted a therapeutic trial with methionine
      associated with vitamin B12 and folic acid that spectacularly improved the
      convulsions.

PMID- 3987731
TI  - Metastatic neuroblastoma in an infant: translocation (1;11), deletion (2) and
      double minute chromosomes.
AB  - An extensive chromosomal analysis was performed in cells of primary tumour and
      bone marrow metastases from an 8-month-old girl with disseminated neuroblastoma
      prior to therapy. A modal chromosome number of 46 was found. Consistent
      abnormalities in the karyotype were seen: in particular, a translocation (1;11),
      a deletion (2)(p21) and a chromosome 7p+. Furthermore, double minute chromosomes
      of two distinct sizes were found in 50%-80% of metaphases in the cell populations
      examined. These extra chromosomal double minutes might be the cytogenetic form of
      amplified cellular oncogene-DNA.

PMID- 3987732
TI  - Precocious breast development: a case of unilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal
      cortex.
AB  - The case of a 14-month-old girl presenting with precocious breast development due
      to adrenal hyperplasia is reported. The endocrine studies revealed a slight
      elevation of the plasma progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone
      and oestrone levels, and an increased urinary oestrogen excretion. The findings
      of the ultrasound examination and the evidence that the oestradiol concentration
      in the left adrenal vein was higher than in the right adrenal vein confirmed the
      diagnosis of left adrenal hyperfunction. Surgical exploration revealed unilateral
      hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. After adrenalectomy the plasma hormone levels
      and urinary oestrogen excretion fell to normal, with concomitant regression of
      breast tissue. The girl shows no signs of recurrence of the disorder in a 2 year
      follow-up. This adrenal hyperplasia might be a benign adrenal disorder causing
      precocious breast development.

PMID- 3987734
TI  - A new case of partial trisomy of 17 long arm. Densitometric analysis of
      aberrations.
AB  - Partial trisomy of the long arm of the chromosome 17 was found in a male infant
      with severe psychomotor retardation and numerous developmental anomalies.
      Differential staining with GTG, QFQ and CBG methods revealed an excess of genetic
      material on the short arm of chromosome 14, which was preliminarily identified as
      the distal part of chromosome 17q. Using an automatic picture analyser,
      chromosome break points were found in the 17q12 and 14p12 bands. The patient's
      karyotype was identified as 46,XY,t(14;17) (14qter----14p12:17q12----17qter).

PMID- 3987733
TI  - Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in acrodermatitis enteropathica before
      and after zinc supplementation.
AB  - The fatty acid composition of different plasma lipid fractions has been estimated
      in a 6-month-old girl with acrodermatitis enteropathica before and after zinc
      supplementation. Linoleic acid and its metabolites were extremely reduced in
      triglycerides and sterol-esters. In contrast, n-3-fatty acids were increased in
      sterol-esters and phospholipids. Zinc supplementation led to quick clinical
      improvement, and linoleic and arachidonic acid increased rapidly in triglycerides
      and sterol-esters to the values of healthy infants. Fatty acids of phospholipids
      remained relatively stable. Our findings could be explained by impaired enteral
      absorption of linoleic acid. Further attention should be directed to the supply
      and metabolism of essential fatty acids in acrodermatitis enteropathica.

PMID- 3987735
TI  - Variability in the Proteus syndrome: report of an affected child with progressive
      lipomatosis.
AB  - In 1983 the Proteus syndrome was delineated by Wiedemann et al. [12]. We report a
      10-month-old girl, a further child affected by the new syndrome. The typical
      signs are macrodactyly, hemihypertrophy, pigmented nevi, hyperkeratosis, and
      subcutaneous hamartomatous tumours. Our patient shows an aggressive lipomatosis
      on the trunk and local relapses after surgical interventions in the regions
      involved. Histology of the adipose tissue showed considerable anisocytosis and
      increased cell volume.

PMID- 3987736
TI  - Evidence for infectious origin of isolated transient hyperphosphatasemia.

PMID- 3987737
TI  - A family study of psychotic symptomatology in schizophrenia, schizoaffective
      disorder, unipolar depression, and bipolar disorder.
AB  - An evaluation was made of schizophrenics (140), schizoaffectives (40), unipolar
      depressives (59), and bipolars (30), and their relatives who had a chart
      diagnosis of psychosis or depressive neurosis. The purpose was to determine
      whether the psychosis (delusions and hallucinations) was transmitted
      independently of the illness itself. If this were true, there would be an excess
      of pairs of probands and relatives both positive for psychosis and pairs of
      relatives and probands both negative for psychosis when compared to relatives and
      probands who were not concordant for the variable. This was found to be true in
      schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder and is probably the result of the
      simple transmission of an illness which includes the presence of psychotic
      symptoms in the definition. Thus, this would be a manifestation of the genetic
      propensity in schizophrenia. For the affective disorders there was no evidence
      that psychotic probands were more likely than the nonpsychotic to have psychotic
      relatives. So far the reason why some patients have psychosis and others not in
      the affective disorders remains unexplained.

PMID- 3987738
TI  - The diagnostic value in assessing mood congruence in delusions and hallucinations
      and their relationship to the affective state.
AB  - An examination was carried out on 140 schizophrenics, 34 schizoaffective manics,
      6 schizoaffective depressives, 59 unipolars, and 30 bipolars to determine the
      variables of affective states and mood-congruent and mood-incongruent psychotic
      symptoms. These patients had been admitted to a hospital in Zurich and were
      systematically diagnosed, using both clinical and computer-derived systems. Forty
      eight patients (18%) had both mood-congruent and incongruent psychotic symptoms.
      However, the affective disorders usually showed mood-congruent symptoms and the
      schizophrenics the mood-incongruent types. The schizoaffectives were likely to
      show both types. There was a marked dissociation between affective states and
      mood congruence in the schizophrenics. Though the majority of these patients
      showed depressive syndromes, they were quite unlikely to have mood-congruent
      symptoms. Likewise, 25% of the schizophrenics had manic-like syndromes, which
      contrasted with the fact that they rarely had mood-congruent psychotic delusions
      and hallucinations.

PMID- 3987739
TI  - Stability of psychotic symptomatology (delusions, hallucinations), affective
      syndromes, and schizophrenic symptoms (thought disorder, incongruent affect) over
      episodes in remitting psychoses.
AB  - A study was made on 140 schizophrenics, 40 schizoaffectives, 59 unipolar
      depressives, and 30 bipolar affective disorder patients in order to determine the
      quality of psychopathology over multiple episodes. The schizoaffectives were the
      most likely to have multiple episodes. Among the schizophrenics, there were few
      episodes that lacked psychotic symptoms, but almost half of the episodes for the
      schizoaffectives were associated with an absence of psychotic symptoms. Three
      quarters of the patients with unipolar depression and bipolar illness showed no
      psychotic symptoms either congruent or noncongruent. There was a striking finding
      that all diagnoses were associated with a decrease in psychotic symptoms over
      time. These psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) became particularly
      more scarce among the schizoaffectives, unipolars, and bipolars. There was a 50%
      to 67% decrease of episodes with psychotic symptoms as more episodes occurred.
      For schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder the first ten episodes were very
      similar to each other for affective syndromes, formal thought disorder and/or
      incongruent affect, and delusions and hallucinations. It was not until much time
      had passed that the symptom pictures changed.

PMID- 3987740
TI  - [Does sex modify referral for inpatient psychiatric treatment? A model supported
      analysis based on utilization data].
AB  - Since 1968, a comprehensive community mental health care system was implemented
      step by step in Mannheim. This concept includes arrangements with respect to the
      accessibility to inpatient care. We analyzed data of a cohort of 126
      schizophrenic patients using a multivariate model of utilization. The uneven
      distribution of sexes in two inpatient facilities can be accounted for by
      duration of illness and modalities of admission.

PMID- 3987742
TI  - [Dexamethasone suppression test in anorexia nervosa].
AB  - In patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (n = 20) a significant correlation
      was found between pathological DST results and weight loss. In this respect,
      patients with bulimic symptomatology do not differ from the main anorectic group.
      In addition, the correlation was unaltered by the length of the disease. These
      results are interpreted as indicative of secondary regulatory disturbances of the
      hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis, whereas they are inconsistent with a close
      connection between anorexia nervosa and endogenous depression. As demonstrated by
      other authors, weight change exerts an influence on DST results in endogenous
      depression as well.

PMID- 3987741
TI  - [Results of a study of a family with aggregated occurrence of bilateral
      symmetrical basal ganglia calcinosis].
AB  - We present a familial study (45 members), in which 31 members have been examined.
      Seven were afflicted with bilateral symmetrical calcification of the basal
      ganglia (Fahr's syndrome), as verified by CT scans. The case history and
      biochemical results for one additional proband, who had died, strongly indicate
      that this patient also had Fahr's syndrome. The wide range of examinations used
      in our study were aimed at excluding differential diagnoses of bilateral
      symmetrical calcification of the basal ganglia, other than when the origin was
      suspected to be in the parathyroid. The examinations had to be undertaken on an
      outpatient basis. Some of the variables, such as Fe, Cu, and Mg in the plasma,
      are connected with results that have been published on the composition of the
      apatite deposits. Psychiatric, psychological, neurological, and EEG examinations
      are emphasized. Together with the case reports they are meant to illustrate the
      neuropsychiatric aspects of this syndrome, the composite view of which has often
      been previously neglected. Nineteen of 31 probands showed neurological,
      psychopathological, psychological, and encephalographical deviations. We also
      noted a high incidence of organic brain syndromes that are phenomenologically
      similar to affective disorders. We believe these deviations to be directly
      related to morphological alterations of the basal ganglia, possibly due to errors
      in phosphorous and calcium metabolism. Although the CT scan has greatly
      facilitated the diagnosis of intracerebral calcifications, we assume that basal
      ganglia alterations under the CT-density threshold may also be of clinical
      importance. Our metabolic results, genetic issues, and neuropsychiatric findings
      are discussed.

PMID- 3987743
TI  - Social disability in schizophrenia: the controlled prospective Burgholzli study.
      I. Case-finding, research design, and characteristics of samples.
AB  - The Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (Burgholzli') is taking part in the
      'WHO Collaborative Study on the Assessment and Reduction of Psychiatric
      Disability'. This multicenter project aims to assess the development of social
      disability for schizophrenic psychoses of relatively recent onset. This paper
      provides a brief review of underlying concepts, the prospective procedure, and
      the screening criteria applying to all centers. The research team at 'Burgholzli'
      has greatly extended the general design. Apart from the "obligatory" assessment
      of 69 first admitted schizophrenics (initial assessment on first hospitalization
      or outpatient treatment and follow-ups after 1, 2, and 5 years) we have also
      interviewed a control sample of 60 healthy persons (including a 2-year follow-up)
      and an 'extreme' sample of 46 chronic schizophrenic outpatients legally entitled
      to disability pension. Moreover, we have used several supplementary assessment
      instruments. This paper is to discuss the purpose of our extended research
      design. All cohorts are described with respect to screening criteria, sampling
      procedure, and some basic characteristics; furthermore, a review is given of the
      additional assessment instruments. It is intended to provide basic information
      for subsequent papers dealing with results from the study.

PMID- 3987744
TI  - Social disability in schizophrenia: the controlled prospective Burgholzli study
      II. Premorbid living situation and social adjustment--comparison with a normal
      control sample.
AB  - The assessment of premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia has gained increasing
      interest in psychiatric research. Numerous studies have provided evidence on the
      predictive power of premorbid adjustment in the course and outcome of
      schizophrenic psychoses, but only little systematic research has been done on
      this topic comparing schizophrenics and healthy persons. In this study we have
      analyzed the premorbid life situation and social adjustment of 69 first onset
      schizophrenics in contrast to 60 healthy subjects. The comparisons between these
      samples showed significant differences for nearly all areas assessed, indicating
      a premorbid disablement of the schizophrenics both for quantitative and
      qualitative aspects of social functioning. Compared to that of healthy people,
      the size of the schizophrenics' social network is markedly reduced and often
      characterized by a strong link to their family of origin. In general, the
      schizophrenics fail to establish close relationships or engage in social contact.
      Moreover, they tend to withdraw from existing relationships, especially
      heterosexual ones. Even when the schizophrenics appear quite normal on formal
      criteria (such as partnership or employment situation), further analyses often
      reveal problems, e.g., conflicts at work or reticence with partners. The results
      of this study clearly demonstrate the necessity of assessing not only formal
      criteria but also behavioral patterns and emotions of the persons concerned.

PMID- 3987745
TI  - Prediction of tumour progression in superficial bladder carcinoma.
AB  - In a retrospective study, prognostic factors have been analyzed in 45 patients
      with superficial bladder carcinoma (Tis, Ta, T1) with subsequent progression to
      invasive (T2, T3, T4) and/or metastatic (M+) disease. The findings are compared
      with those from a control group of 17 patients with no subsequent invasive or
      metastatic disease. In a single-parameter analysis the following parameters were
      significantly associated with a high risk of developing invasive disease: tumour
      multiplicity; tumour invasion of blood and/or lymph vessels; increasing
      histological grade, and the history of previous surgical treatment. In a
      multivariate analysis, multifocality, small vessel infiltration and previous
      treatment per time (TPT factor) were significantly related to the risk of
      subsequent progression. An arbitrary score system revealed that progression could
      be predicted significantly in patients with a high score.

PMID- 3987746
TI  - Management of uric acid renal obstruction by intravenous lactate.
AB  - 6 patients presenting with uric acid renal obstruction were managed by
      alkalization of urine using intravenous perfusion of 0.16 (1/6) M sodium lactate.
      Despite obstructive renal failure in 3 patients, rapid relief of obstruction was
      obtained and surgery was not necessary in any patient. Lysis of uric acid stones
      by urine alkalization is well documented [1, 4-12]. Intravenous infusion of 0.16
      (1/6) M sodium lactate provides rapid urinary alkalization and is effective in
      the relief of obstruction by dissolution of uric acid calculi.

PMID- 3987747
TI  - Examination of the urinary potential of hyperuricosuric patients to retard
      calcium oxalate precipitation.
AB  - In the present study it has been found that hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate
      (CaOx) stone formers do not differ from idiopathic CaOx stone formers in their
      urines' potential to retard in vitro precipitation of CaOx. On the other hand,
      urines of hyperuricosuric patients with no history of CaOx stone formation have
      the same potential to inhibit CaOx precipitation as those of normal controls.
      Reduction of urinary uric acid concentrations by either incubation of specimens
      with sodium urate or by treatment of hyperuricosuric patients with allopurinol
      had no effect on the urines' potential to retard CaOx precipitation.

PMID- 3987748
TI  - Simple aid to ureteroscopy.
AB  - Initial experience with the rigid ureteroscope showed that despite ureteral
      dilation and guide wire followers, introduction of the ureteroscope can be
      difficult due to bladder mucosa catching on the instrument. A simple, cheap
      disposable device using a modified ureteric catheter is presented that overcomes
      this problem.

PMID- 3987749
TI  - Solitary kidney with blind-ending ureteral duplication.
AB  - The first case of blind-ending ureteral duplication with contralateral renal
      agenesis is presented. Ureteroureteral reflux due to asynchronous peristaltic
      activity is presumed to be responsible for functional obstruction and recurrent
      infection. Surgical intervention offered cure. Relevant literature is reviewed.

PMID- 3987751
TI  - Horseshoe kidney with retrocaval ureter.
AB  - The third case of horseshoe kidney with retrocaval ureter is presented together
      with a review of the literature. In this case the presence of the calculus
      augmented the hydronephrosis to a degree that extirpation of the affected portion
      of the kidney was necessary.

PMID- 3987750
TI  - Upper tract tumours in patients with vesico-ureteral reflux and recurrent bladder
      tumours.
AB  - 27 patients with recurrent low-grade, low-stage transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
      of the bladder and uni- or bilateral vesico-ureteral reflux were followed for up
      to 18 years in order to study a possible higher incidence of TCC of the upper
      tract. None of the patients developed tumours of the upper collecting system
      during the follow-up period. Routine bladder instillations with Thiotepa may be
      one explanation of such a finding.

PMID- 3987752
TI  - Ureter obstruction as a complication of Wegener's granulomatosis.
AB  - Wegener's granulomatosis affects renal function in the majority of cases by a
      focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis. In this case report we describe a patient
      in whom ureteral obstruction due to a retroperitoneal localization preceded this
      renal manifestation.

PMID- 3987753
TI  - Posterior urethral polyps in infants and children.
AB  - Two cases of posterior urethral polyps are reported. The literature was reviewed
      in regard to its frequency, origin, pathology, clinical presentations and
      treatment. It is considered that it is a non-neoplastic congenital defect.
      Because of its obstructive qualities, it is of clinical significance and should
      be considered as a separate entity in the evaluation of young boys with lower
      urinary tract symptoms.

PMID- 3987754
TI  - Localized Ewing's sarcoma of bone: ten years' experience at the Istituto
      Ortopedico Rizzoli in 124 cases treated with multimodal therapy.
AB  - The results obtained in the treatment by multimodal therapy (surgery, radiation
      therapy and chemotherapy) of 124 cases of Ewing's sarcoma are presented. At a
      medium follow-up of 65 months 48% of the patients are disease-free. One patient
      died of leukemia and two patients developed an irradiation-induced sarcoma.
      Analysing the data, three factors seem to be correlated to prognosis: location of
      the initial lesion outside the pelvis and sacrum, a four-drug chemotherapy
      protocol and the use of surgery in the treatment of the initial lesion seem to
      give better results.

PMID- 3987755
TI  - Metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site: abnormalities of cellular DNA
      content and survival.
AB  - Using a new flow cytometric technique we measured the cellular DNA content of
      tumour biopsies taken from 152 patients presenting with metastatic adenocarcinoma
      or undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown primary site. One hundred and six (70%)
      contained populations of cells with an abnormal cellular DNA content and the
      remainder were diploid. The incidence of aneuploidy was similar for the two sexes
      and bore no obvious relationship to the various patterns of metastatic
      involvement. Median survival of patients with diploid tumours was 4.2 months and
      for patients with aneuploid tumours, 4.8 months. Nine of the 46 patients with
      diploid tumours (i.e. 18%) survived for more than 2 yr compared to 10 of 106 (9%)
      of those with aneuploid tumours. These results indicate that the incidence of
      aneuploidy in this heterogeneous group of patients is similar to that reported
      for adenocarcinomas of known histogenesis, such as breast or colorectal cancer.
      In contrast to many of these tumour types, however, patients with metastatic
      adenocarcinomas of unknown primary which are diploid do not on the whole have a
      more favourable prognosis.

PMID- 3987756
TI  - Phase II study of ametantrone in a human tumor cloning assay.
AB  - The anticancer activity of ametantrone was investigated in a human tumor cloning
      assay. Tumor samples were freshly obtained from 105 patients. Cells were exposed
      for 1 hr to drug concentrations of 1 and 10 micrograms/ml. A reduction in the
      number of tumor colony-forming units by 50% or more was seen in 2/31 breast
      cancers, 2/25 ovarian cancers, 1/10 primaries of unknown origin, 1/10 melanomas,
      2/8 non-small cell lung cancers, 1/5 small cell lung cancers and 1/3 colon
      cancers. Only three of these in vitro responses were consistently obtained at the
      probably more relevant concentration of 1 microgram/ml. These findings indicate
      that low efficacy should be expected in cancer patients with ametantrone. The
      predictive value of these in vitro phase II data remains to be demonstrated.

PMID- 3987757
TI  - Multiple estrogen binding sites in malignant mouse Leydig cells and their role in
      cell proliferation.
AB  - Incubation of dispersed cells derived from an estrogen-responsive mouse Leydig
      cell tumor with [3H]estradiol in the presence or absence of unlabeled estradiol
      showed the existence of two types of binding components with high (Kd
      approximately 10(-9) M) and low (Kd approximately 1.5 X 10(-8) M) affinity
      respectively. The use of unlabeled diethylstilbestrol as a competitor, however,
      abolished the low-affinity binder, resulting in the demonstration of the high
      binding site. This diethylstilbestrol-suppressible binding site was exclusively
      located in the nuclear fraction, even without hormonal stimuli. A long (5-hr)
      exposure of these cells to estrogen caused the decrease in the number of nuclear
      estrogen binding sites, which was similar to so-called 'processing' of putative
      nuclear estrogen receptor. The direct stimulative effect of estrogen on the
      proliferation of these cells was demonstrated by measuring cell numbers as well
      as thymidine incorporation into DNA in the cultured condition. These results
      would indicate that estrogen directly exerts its effects on this malignant Leydig
      cell through this unique nuclear binding site.

PMID- 3987758
TI  - The influence of AZQ on the DNA distribution of human cerebral tumours in short
      term culture.
AB  - The influence of AZQ, a chemotherapeutic agent, on the DNA-distribution of human
      cerebral tumours in short-term culture was studied by means of a MPV II
      cytofluorometer. The cell cultures were exposed to increasing concentrations of
      AZQ during 5 days. The results showed that AZQ has no cell phase-specific
      activity. The influence on the DNA-distribution varied considerably in the
      examined tumours. It is hypothesised that the effect of AZQ might depend upon the
      initial DNA-distribution of human cerebral tumours, hyperdiploid tumours being
      more vulnerable.

PMID- 3987759
TI  - Hairy cell leukemia. Ultrastructural and cytochemical evaluation of leukemic
      colonies grown in a semi-solid medium.
AB  - We examined the fine structure and enzymatic activity of cells composing colonies
      grown from blood and/or spleen of eight patients with hairy cell leukemia.
      Mononuclear cells (MNC) were plated over an agar layer in a medium containing
      methylcellulose and leukocyte-conditioned medium. After 7-10 days incubation
      colonies were harvested for cytologic study. Colony cells possessed a euchromatic
      nucleus with an occasional nucleolus. Their cytoplasm contained a prominent Golgi
      region, numerous mitochondria and small vesicles, many short strands of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and an infrequent phagosome. Well-developed ribosome
      lamella complexes and what may have been their intermediate forms appeared in
      colony cells from three patients. Strong activity for tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase, localized in the RER, nuclear envelope and some Golgi vesicles, was
      evident in 50-95% of all colony cells. Our results indicate that a high
      proportion of MNC forming colonies in this culture system maintain the
      characteristic morphology and cytochemical activity of hairy cells.

PMID- 3987760
TI  - Differences in chemosensitivity between subcutaneous and pulmonary tumours.
AB  - The response of a murine tumour to cyclophosphamide has been studied in two sites
      (subcutis and lungs) over a wide range of tumour sizes. The site of tumour growth
      has been shown to have a marked influence on chemosensitivity for tumours of
      equivalent size. Pulmonary metastases are much more sensitive than subcutaneous
      implants. In the lung there is a simple decrease in curability as the tumour
      grows, presumably reflecting the increase in clonogenic cells per tumour. In the
      subcutis the pattern is more complex. An initial sensitivity is followed by a
      decline during the avascular phase of growth. As the vascular network develops
      the tumours regain their chemosensitivity. There is no correlation between volume
      doubling time and chemosensitivity. This study indicates that it is impossible to
      predict the response of pulmonary deposits from a study of subcutaneous implants.

PMID- 3987761
TI  - Failure to warfarin to affect the tissue factor activity and the metastatic
      potential of murine fibrosarcoma cells.
AB  - Vitamin K deficiency, either dietary or pharmacologically induced by warfarin,
      was unable to affect the metastatic capacity of cells from a benzopyrene-induced
      fibrosarcoma in C57BL/6J mice. The same cells had a procoagulant activity, of
      tissue thromboplastin type, which was also completely unaffected by vitamin K
      antagonism or deficiency. In another murine model of spontaneous metastasis we
      previously suggested that depression of a particular procoagulant such as a
      direct factor X activator might contribute to the antimetastatic activity of
      warfarin. The failure of vitamin K deficiency to affect both the procoagulant and
      the metastatic capacity of the model reported here offers strong negative support
      to the same concept.

PMID- 3987762
TI  - Epidemiology of breast cancer.

PMID- 3987763
TI  - Factors associated with the employment status of handicapped youth exiting high
      school from 1979 to 1983.

PMID- 3987764
TI  - Transition: a look at the foundations.

PMID- 3987765
TI  - Implementing a prereferral intervention system: Part II. The data.

PMID- 3987766
TI  - Commentary on "A rationale for the merger of special and regular education" or,
      is it now time for the lamb to lie down with the lion?

PMID- 3987767
TI  - Serum digoxin concentrations in a representative digoxin-consuming adult
      population.
AB  - As part of health examination of a representative sample of an adult population
      (n = 8000) serum digoxin concentration was measured in 661 patients on continuous
      digoxin therapy. The prescribed mean daily dose of digoxin was significantly
      higher in men (223 micrograms) than in women (201 micrograms); the dose
      significantly decreased with increasing age. The mean serum digoxin concentration
      was the same in men and women and it differed insignificantly between age groups,
      although older persons tended to have a higher concentration. The age - adjusted
      mean steady state digoxin concentration was 1.02 ng/ml in men and 0.98 ng/ml in
      women; in about 60% the concentration was within the "therapeutic" range (0.80
      2.00 ng/ml). The concentrations were clearly related to daily dose of digoxin. At
      equal dose levels old persons tended to have higher concentrations than younger
      persons. The interindividual variation in serum digoxin concentrations was very
      wide. However, when digoxin measurements in the same subjects were repeated about
      three months later, a good correlation between the two measurements was found.
      The interval between the last dose of digoxin and the collection of blood (up to
      41 h) had relatively little effect on individual serum digoxin concentrations.
      Patients on concomitant thiazide or loop diuretic therapy had the same mean serum
      digoxin concentration as those not-receiving a diuretic. The mean concentration
      was significantly higher in patients taking a thiazide or loop diuretic combined
      with triamterene. The difference may have been due to an interaction between
      triamterene and digoxin.

PMID- 3987768
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of isosorbide-dinitrate after intravenous and
      oral administration.
AB  - The bioavailabilities of a conventional and two slow release 20 mg isosorbide
      dinitrate (ISDN) formulations were compared after oral administration in a three
      way cross-over study in 8 male volunteers. In a further group of 6 male
      volunteers the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ISDN were investigated after
      intravenous infusion of a median dose of 14.1 mg for 2.5 h. A new analytical
      procedure was developed for the determination of isosorbide-5-mononitrate-2
      glucuronide (IS-5-MN-2-Glu) and of isosorbide (IS). Kinetic data analysis on a
      molar basis was performed by the program package KIN-PAK providing model
      independent parameters. The median elimination half-lives of ISDN, IS-5-MN, IS-2
      MN and IS-5-MN-2-Glu were 0.7, 5.1, 3.2 and 2.5 h, respectively. The systemic
      clearance of ISDN was 3.71/min and the distribution volume 2521 (3.1 l/kg). Apart
      from IS-5-MN-2-Glu, with a renal clearance of 5.9 l/min which suggested
      substantial glucuronidation in the kidney, the renal clearances of ISDN, IS-5-MN,
      IS-2-MN and the corresponding amounts excreted were negligible. 27.8% of the
      administered ISDN was excreted as IS-5-MN-2-Glu (8.7%) and IS (19.1%).
      Calculations based on the two mononitrate metabolites formed from ISDN showed an
      incomplete recovery of 84.1%, leading to the assumption that a simultaneous
      denitration to IS must have occurred. The rate of denitration at each nitro group
      in ISDN was almost twice as high as for the same position in the corresponding
      mononitrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987769
TI  - Comparison of inhaled salbutamol powder and aerosol in asthmatic patients with
      low peak expiratory flow level.
AB  - The short-term bronchodilator effects of dry salbutamol powder and a pressurized
      salbutamol aerosol were compared in 22 patients with severe asthma, on 3
      consecutive mornings, in a double-dummy cross-over study. Only patients with peak
      expiratory flow (PEF) rate lower than 250 l/min, were recruited. PEF measurement
      was employed to assess changes in ventilatory function induced by inhalation of
      the drugs. No significant difference was found between the PEF changes induced by
      the dry salbutamol powder (400 micrograms) and the pressurized aerosol (200
      micrograms). Both forms of the drug produced a significant rise in mean PEF
      values. The study shows that even in asthmatic patients with poor ventilation, a
      dry powder inhaler and pressurized aerosol are effective means of drug delivery
      to the lungs.

PMID- 3987770
TI  - Drug binding in the undernourished: a study of the binding of propranolol to
      alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.
AB  - The binding of propranolol, a drug commonly used in cardiovascular disorders, to
      alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was studied in vitro in malnutrition. Compared to
      normal and hospital controls, the level of AGP was found to be elevated in
      undernourished subjects with and without infection. In the same patients the free
      drug percentage was significantly diminished. A significant inverse relationship
      was observed between the percentage of free drug and the level of AGP. The
      finding suggests that there may be need for an altered dosage regimen in the
      undernourished.

PMID- 3987771
TI  - Interindividual differences in the binding of antidepressives to plasma proteins:
      the role of the variants of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.
AB  - Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) is one of the plasma proteins that bind basic
      drugs, like amitriptyline (AT) and its metabolite nortriptyline (NT). Two types
      of genetic polymorphism have been described for AAG: polymorphic forms which, on
      electrophoresis of the native protein, give four patterns with 5, 6, 7 or 8
      bands, and the variants which on by electrophoresis of the desialysed protein,
      give three patterns with 2 bands, FF, FS and SS. In 31 depressive patients,
      treated daily with 150 mg AT for 3 weeks, free and total plasma AT and NT were
      determined, as well as the AAG polymorphic forms and variants. There was only a
      weak negative correlation between the free fractions of AT and NT and total
      plasma AAG, but free AT and NT were strongly correlated with the S form (but not
      the F form) of AAG variants. The differences in binding might be the expression
      of a further genetic factor determining the steady-state plasma levels of
      tricyclic drugs.

PMID- 3987772
TI  - Bromocriptine reduces plasma noradrenaline and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in
      normal and hypotensive subjects.
AB  - The effect of a single oral dose of bromocriptine 2.5 mg was evaluated in 11
      normotensive and 6 hypertensive volunteers. 150 min after drug administration, a
      significant decrease in plasma noradrenaline concentration from 202 to 124 pg/ml
      in normotensive and from 197 to 119 pg/ml in hypertensive patients was observed.
      Plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, a major metabolite of dopamine, fell from
      1132 to 956 pg/ml in normal subjects and from 1242 to 807 pg/ml in hypertensives.
      No change in plasma adrenaline was found. At the same time, mean arterial
      pressure showed a significant decrease from 90 to 81 and from 132 to 111 mmHg in
      normotensive and hypertensive subjects, respectively. Bromocriptine also
      inhibited the increase in noradrenaline level that occurred when the subjects
      changed from the supine to the standing position. The inhibition was more evident
      in hypertensive subjects. It is suggested that the hypotensive effect of
      bromocriptine is mediated by the inhibition of noradrenaline release due to the
      stimulation of dopamine receptors on noradrenergic nerve terminals.

PMID- 3987773
TI  - CSF and plasma pharmacokinetics of intramuscular morphine.
AB  - Morphine concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in
      58 elderly patients after intramuscular administration of 10 mg morphine. The
      assay employed gas chromatography with electron capture detection. From 49 of the
      patients undergoing urological procedures plasma and lumbar CSF samples were
      obtained simultaneously as spinal analgesia was given, and in addition, repeated
      venous samples were obtained over 4 hours from 35 of the patients. A plasma
      morphine concentration vs time plot was drawn from the mean values and a CSF
      morphine vs time plot was calculated by pooling individual CSF concentrations and
      using the sliding mean technique. The individual CSF/plasma-morphine
      concentration ratio vs time was also plotted. In addition, 2 or 3 CSF and plasma
      samples were collected simultaneously from 3 patients undergoing thoracotomy.
      Large interindividual variation in the CSF concentration was found. The peak CSF
      level was reached after 3 h and, following pseudoequilibrium, CSF-morphine levels
      appeared only slightly lower than those found in plasma. The availability to
      spinal CSF amounted to no more than 0.005% of the administered dose. CSF-morphine
      concentrations were not related to plasma protein or albumin concentrations.

PMID- 3987774
TI  - Plasma salicylate levels and platelet function after acute and chronic
      administration of slow-release acetylsalicylic acid (Monobeltin).
AB  - The relationships between the antiplatelet effects and the pharmacokinetics of a
      slow release formulation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) have been investigated.
      After acute intake of 750 mg ASA in a slow-release formulation (Monobeltin), a
      slow increase in plasma ASA was paralleled by a gradual decrease in certain
      platelet functions. During chronic medication (750 mg twice daily), ASA was
      present in plasma at all times accompanied by full inhibition of platelet
      aggregation. For chronic antiplatelet therapy, this slow release formulation of
      ASA appears to be very effective, unless rapid inhibition of platelet function
      must be achieved.

PMID- 3987776
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and distribution of flucloxacillin in pacemaker patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of flucloxacillin in plasma and tissue fluid after i.v.
      infusion of 1 g was analyzed according to an open two-compartment model in 19
      patients with bradyarrhythmias (mean age 70.8 years) admitted for implantation or
      replacement of a permanent pacemaker system. After the first infusion of
      flucloxacillin (5 min), the distribution phase was rapid (t 1/2 alpha = 0.13 h).
      The plasma half-life of elimination (t 1/2 beta) was 1.51 h, which is almost
      twice as long as reported in healthy volunteers. Total plasma clearance (93.1
      ml/min) was also lower than is usually found in healthy individuals, due to low
      renal clearance of flucloxacillin (60.2 ml/min). The total apparent volume of
      distribution during the beta-phase (Vdarea) was 0.172 l/kg and distribution in
      the central compartment (Vc) 0.064 1/kg. In each patient plasma protein binding
      and drug distribution to plasma water, proteins and blood cells in whole blood
      were determined. Binding in plasma to proteins was 91.0% and distribution to
      blood cells in whole blood 13.8%. The mean distribution volume of free
      flucloxacillin during the beta-phase (Vd beta free) was 2.18 1/kg, which exceeds
      total body water, suggesting possible intracellular distribution and substantial
      tissue binding. Plasma concentrations of flucloxacillin after the fourth dose (1
      g t.i.d.) were very similar to those obtained after the first infusion and those
      predicted from the single dose kinetics. The concentration of flucloxacillin in
      fluid from the pacemaker pockets in 5 patients averaged 12.1 micrograms/ml and
      9.5 micrograms/ml at 1 and 5 h, respectively, which was more than ten times the
      MIC-values for Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987775
TI  - Osmosin: its effect on plasma and synovial fluid kinetics of indomethacin.
AB  - 'Osmosin' (sodium indomethacin trihydrate, now withdrawn) produced a constant
      rate of release of indomethacin into the gut. Paired plasma and synovial fluid
      samples were obtained at regular intervals following a single dose of 'Osmosin'
      (19 patients) and after continuous daily dosing (15 patients). Indomethacin is
      rapidly absorbed and plasma concentrations maintained in the range 0.3 to 0.6
      micrograms/ml after the first 4 h. Equilibrium between plasma and synovial fluid
      occurs, with SF/plasma ratios 0.74 to 0.82 12-24 h after a single dose and up to
      0.96 thereafter. The indomethacin synovial fluid/plasma profile is changed by
      Osmosin from the pattern of a short half-life drug to the pattern typical of a
      long half-life drug. Results from serial samples obtained by use of indwelling
      cannulae (in vein and knee joint) show close agreement with our single paired
      sampling technique. Our method may have theoretical disadvantages but it has many
      practical advantages.

PMID- 3987777
TI  - Alizapride, a new substituted benzamide, as an antiemetic during cancer
      chemotherapy.
AB  - In early clinical trials alizapride showed a better antiemetic activity with
      fewer side effects than metoclopramide. Alizapride has now been evaluated in an
      open dose-ranging study in 24 patients receiving strongly emetic chemotherapy.
      Alizapride 4-8 mg/kg was given as a 15 min infusion 0.5 h before and 1.5, 3.5,
      5.5 and 8.5 h after the chemotherapy. At the dose levels of 6 and 8 mg/kg x 5,
      respectively 6 out-of 9 and 4 of 4 patients experienced side effects
      (hypotension, dizziness, profuse sweating, general malaise and diarrhoea). At 4
      mg/kg x 54 of 15 patients experienced side effects due to alizapride (dyspnoea 1,
      diarrhoea 2, extrapyramidal syndrome 1 patient). Overall, 9 of 24 patients were
      partially or completely protected from nausea and vomiting. Based on this
      experience alizapride has antiemetic activity and few side effects in the dose of
      4 mg/kg x 5.

PMID- 3987779
TI  - Monitoring serum bupivacaine levels during arthroscopy.
AB  - Arthroscopy was carried out after subcutaneous injection of lignocaine to produce
      local anaesthesia, using controlled pressure-irrigation with bupivacaine,
      followed by final rinsing with an isotonic solution. This procedure, which was
      painless for the patient and had no systemic toxic effects, gave very good
      distension of the joint and clear visualization of its structure. A sharp peak in
      the serum bupivacaine level (Cmax: 76.2 ng/ml) was observed only 5 min after the
      start of the irrigation, which was attributed to synovial resorption. This was
      followed by a slight increase in blood concentration 4 to 5 h after the end of
      the arthroscopy, probably as a result of absorption by the peripheral soft
      tissues. Bupivacaine concentrations never exceeded 350 ng/ml (much lower than the
      toxic level). The drug persisted in blood for 36 to 48 h (terminal half-life 12.1
      h).

PMID- 3987778
TI  - Relationship between lipid composition and drug metabolizing capacity of human
      liver.
AB  - The relationship between hepatic glycerolipids and microsomal drug-metabolizing
      enzymes was studied in liver biopsies from 41 subjects. The series included
      obese, diabetic, epileptic and chronic alcoholic patients, all of whom were
      hospitalized for suspected hepatic ailments (fatty liver, hepatitis or
      cirrhosis). Therapy with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants was associated with high
      phospholipid and cytochrome P-450 and low triacylglycerol concentration in the
      liver. In patients with fatty liver or cirrhosis low phospholipid and cytochrome
      P-450 and high triacylglycerol concentrations were observed. There was a
      significant correlation (r (Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient) =
      0.91) between the hepatic phospholipid and cytochrome P-450 concentration. The
      cytochrome P-450 concentration was inversely related (r = -0.74) to the
      triacylglycerol concentration. The positive correlation between hepatic
      phospholipids and drug-metabolizing enzymes could be interpreted as indicating
      that in human liver phospholipid and cytochrome P-450 synthesis share common
      regulators, or that phospholipids are necessary for the maximum rate of
      cytochrome P-450 synthesis.

PMID- 3987780
TI  - Cardioversion with flecainide in patients with atrial fibrillation of recent
      onset.

PMID- 3987782
TI  - Prazosin once or twice daily?
AB  - In 20 patients with long-standing essential hypertension, a comparison was made
      in a randomized cross-over study of the effect of once and twice daily prazosin
      administration on blood pressure levels. Concurrent medication (beta-blocker
      and/or saluretic once daily) remained constant throughout the study. Blood
      pressure measurements were carried out by a nurse using a Hawksley random zero
      sphygmomanometer, both in the clinic and at home, and using a Roche Kontron
      Arteriosonde SR-2 at home. Observations made in the morning and in the evening
      showed no significant difference in blood pressure between the once and twice
      daily treatments. Eight patients complained of dizziness and faintness half an
      hour after taking the once daily dose. However, they felt quite well on the twice
      daily regimen. The mean daily dose in these 8 patients was prazosin 8.4 mg, range
      6-12 mg. No indication was found that the subjective adverse side effects were
      correlated with the serum prazosin level. The complaints noted may possibly be
      overcome by taking the once daily dose late in the evening, just before retiring.
      Better still, the development of a slow-release formulation for daily dosages of
      6 mg and over is suggested.

PMID- 3987781
TI  - Effect of food ingestion on nifedipine absorption and haemodynamic response.
AB  - The absorption of nifedipine (10 mg) and haemodynamic response were studied in 10
      patients with myocardial infarction before (Phase A) and after (Phase B) a
      standardized breakfast. In Phase A, the peak nifedipine concentration (Cmax) and
      maximum haemodynamic changes were found 1 h after drug administration. In Phase
      B, the Cmax was lower than that in phase A (43 +/- 6 vs 136 +/- 23 ng/ml, p less
      than 0.001), and both Cmax and maximum haemodynamic changes were delayed to the
      fourth hour after administration. Nifedipine plasma concentration correlated
      significantly with the percent changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      and heart rate. This study suggests that not only dose but also the time
      intervals between nifedipine administration and food intake are important in
      determining the haemodynamic effects.

PMID- 3987783
TI  - Nadolol in combination with indapamide and xipamide in resistant hypertensives.
AB  - Twenty-four hypertensive patients have been studied. All had blood pressure
      recordings greater than 160/95 mmHg on 3 occasions whilst taking a beta blocker
      and two other antihypertensive agents in therapeutic doses. Compliance was
      checked by intermittent urine analysis for the relevant beta-blocker. These
      difficult to control hypertensives were treated with nadolol alone, nadolol plus
      indapamide and nadolol plus xipamide each for 2 months in random order. The aim
      was to reduce the blood pressure to below 160/95 mmHg. The supine blood pressure
      on nadolol alone (167/100 mmHg) was comparable to that on the previous three drug
      regimens (157/100 mmHg), the other two treatments were more effective (145/90 and
      148/93 mmHg respectively). Hypokalaemia (serum potassium below 3.5 mmol/l)
      occurred in six individuals but occurred more frequently on xipamide than on
      indapamide.

PMID- 3987784
TI  - Atenolol inhibits the elimination of disopyramide.
AB  - The effect of atenolol on the total elimination of disopyramide and its main
      dealkylated metabolite was studied in 6 patients and 3 volunteers. During
      administration of 50 mg atenolol b.i.d. the clearance of disopyramide decreased
      significantly (p less than 0.02) from 1.90 +/- 0.71 (mean +/- SD) to 1.59 +/-
      0.68 ml/kg/min, while its half-life, concentration of the metabolite, and the
      volume of distribution remained unchanged. The reduction in the clearance of
      disopyramide by atenolol might contribute to the alleged pharmacodynamic
      interaction between disopyramide and beta-blocking drugs.

PMID- 3987785
TI  - Disopyramide pharmacokinetics in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To study the effects of acute myocardial infarction on the pharmacokinetics of
      disopyramide a single oral dose of disopyramide base (200 mg) was administered to
      6 patients with myocardial infarction both in the acute (Study I) and recovery
      (Study II) phases. An intravenous tracer dose of 14C-disopyramide (2.5
      micrograms/0.3 mg) was given simultaneously with the oral dose. On the basis of
      the intravenous tracer data, the volume of distribution, binding to plasma
      proteins, total plasma clearance, renal clearance and elimination half-life of
      disopyramide and mono-N-dealkyl disopyramide were the same in Studies I and II.
      The peak serum concentrations of disopyramide after oral dosing in Studies I and
      II were 2.6 +/- 1.2 (SEM) and 6.4 +/- 1.9 microgram/ml, respectively (p less than
      0.05), the peak times 3.29 +/- 1.22 and 1.21 +/- 0.39 h (N.S.) and the AUCINF
      38.0 +/- 7.7 and 60.7 +/- 9.9 micrograms . h . ml-1 (p less than 0.05). The
      recovery of disopyramide in urine over 3 days averaged 46% and 47% of dose, and
      that of mono-N-dealkyl disopyramide 22% and 16% of the dose, respectively. Thus,
      the gastrointestinal absorption of disopyramide was disturbed, resulting in low
      plasma concentrations after oral dosing, whereas the elimination of disopyramide
      was unaltered in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3987786
TI  - Bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide during long-term treatment of
      chronic respiratory failure.
AB  - The bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide 40 mg administered orally
      for at least 6 months have been compared in patients with chronic respiratory
      failure and in healthy controls. The mean urinary recovery of unchanged drug was
      11.5 mg and 9.41 mg in 24 h after pre- and postprandial administration to 10
      patients, whereas the recovery was 14.4 mg in 10 healthy subjects. The diuretic
      effect, in terms of urine flow and sodium ion excretion in the 6 h after
      administration, was also less in patients than in healthy subjects. This was
      ascribed to the lower bioavailability of furosemide in patients, based on the
      urinary recovery of unchanged drug, and not to a lower level of response to
      furosemide than in healthy subjects. The mean absolute bioavailability of
      furosemide in 6 patients was 41.3% and 63.4%, respectively, calculated from
      unchanged drug and total drug (unchanged plus glucuronide conjugate).
      Approximately 53.9% of the dose of furosemide was excreted as the glucuronide
      conjugate after oral administration, and 34.2% after i.v. injection in the 6
      patients. In 3 of the 6 patients studied, a distinct first-pass effect for
      glucuronidation of furosemide was observed after oral administration. In another
      study, the mean glucuronide fraction recovered in 24-h urine was 20.7% and 7.3%
      (p less than 0.01) in 38 patients and 12 healthy subjects, respectively. The
      fraction in urine was not affected by changing the dose of furosemide from 20 to
      120 mg. The lower bioavailability in patients as compared to healthy subjects is
      ascribed to enhanced glucuronidation and incomplete drug absorption.

PMID- 3987787
TI  - Limitation on the use of amiloride in early renal failure.
AB  - The effect of a single oral dose of 10 mg amiloride was studied on urinary
      excretion of Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ in healthy subjects and in patients with
      varying degrees of renal impairment. Amiloride produced a moderate diuresis and
      sodium excretion, and a slight calciuresis. Urinary excretion of potassium was
      significantly reduced as compared to the controls. Despite its diuretic and
      natriuretic effects, amiloride did not change the excretion of Mg++ as compared
      to the pretreatment period. When the creatinine clearance was below 50 ml/min,
      the net excretion of Na+ and Ca++ was drastically reduced. However, K+ retention
      and neutrality of Mg++ excretion were maintained down to end-stage renal disease.
      In the healthy volunteers the mean elimination half-life of amiloride was 20 h,
      and it rose to about 100 h in end-stage renal disease. This was because about 3/4
      of native amiloride was eliminated through the kidney. Nonrenal elimination of
      amiloride was calculated to amount to only 1/4 of the total elimination.
      Therefore, the anticaliuretic amiloride is a valuable comedication in subjects
      with normal kidney function to prevent K+ and Mg++ loss. However, its use is
      hazardous if plasma creatinine is raised.

PMID- 3987788
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of procyclidine in man.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of procyclidine (10 mg) after oral and
      intravenous administration were studied in six healthy volunteers. Treatment
      order was randomised and the study was placebo-controlled and conducted blind.
      After oral dosing the mean peak plasma concentration was 116 ng/ml and mean
      bioavailability was 75%. After both oral and intravenous dosing the mean values
      for the volume of distribution, total body clearance and plasma elimination half
      life of procyclidine were in the order of 1 l/kg, 68 ml/min and 12 h
      respectively. Autonomic effects were maximal within 0.5 h of intravenous
      administration and at about 1-2 h after oral dosing. Significant effects on pupil
      diameter, visual near point, salivary secretion and heart rate occurred after
      intravenous treatment and similar but less marked effects occurred after the oral
      dose. Significant autonomic effects were still detectable 12 h after both forms
      of treatment.

PMID- 3987790
TI  - Generalization of distribution--free confidence intervals for bioavailability
      ratios.
AB  - The confidence interval approach to bioavailability assessment depends first on
      selection of the confidence level, usually 95%, and then determination of the
      confidence limits for the expected bioavailability ratio
      AUC(Test)/AUC(Reference). In practice, however, it is sometimes of greater
      interest to know the probability that the expected bioavailability will fall
      below a critical value, for example 0.75, or within a clinically set
      bioequivalence range, for example 0.80 to 1.25. Up to now, posterior probability
      distributions have been suggested, based on classical analysis of variance
      (ANOVA) with its rather restrictive assumptions, including that of a
      (logarithmic) normal distribution. In this report, a distribution-free confidence
      interval based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank statistic has been generalized so that
      confidence probabilities can be obtained for any given confidence limits. In the
      case of unimodal and almost symmetrical sampling distributions, the results
      obtained are very similar to those of the ANOVA-based posterior probability
      distribution. However, skewed or multimodal sampling distributions are better
      reflected by the proposed distribution-free method, and more valid information is
      obtained in these cases, as demonstrated by examples.

PMID- 3987789
TI  - Inter-ethnic difference in sparteine oxidation among Ghanaians and Germans.
AB  - Sparteine oxidation, which exhibits genetic polymorphism in various Caucasian
      populations, was studied in 154 unrelated Ghanaian subjects. Mean total urinary
      recovery of sparteine and 2- and 5-dehydrosparteines (56.6 +/- 16.6% of the dose)
      was not different from Caucasians. In contrast to Caucasians, amongst whom 6.3 to
      9% of the population are poor metabolizers (PM), no PM subject was observed in
      the Ghanaian population sample. The data appear to indicate allelic differences
      between Caucasians and Ghanaians in the gene encoding the synthesis of the P-450
      isozyme involved in polymorphic sparteine oxidation.

PMID- 3987791
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of oral moclobemide in healthy human subjects and effects on MAO
      activity in platelets and excretion of urine monoamine metabolites.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of the MAO-inhibitor moclobemide (Ro 11-1163) were
      determined in six healthy male subjects after oral (tablets) administration.
      Effects on MAO activity in platelets and excretion of monoamine metabolites in
      urine were investigated. The design of the study was a double-blind cross-over
      study with single oral doses of placebo, 50, 100 and 200 mg of moclobemide. The
      elimination profile of the drug showed that the half life of the unchanged drug
      ranged between 1 and 2 h except in one subject with a half-life of about 4 h. The
      mean bioavailability calculated using flow model concepts was F = 0.43 after 50
      mg, F = 0.47 after 100 mg and F = 0.59 after 200 mg. The outlier with a t 1/2 of
      4 h was found to have a bioavailability of more than 0.80 after all 3 doses. The
      slightly increasing bioavailability with higher doses was interpreted as evidence
      of saturable hepatic first-pass elimination of the drug. MAO activity in
      platelets was measured before and 2, 6 and 24 h after drug administration. No
      inhibition of platelet MAO was obtained at any point in time or dose level, as to
      be expected since moclobemide preferentially inhibits MAO A. Urine excretion of
      the monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      (DOP-AC), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MOPEG) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      (5-HIAA) was followed during 48 h after placebo, 50 and 200 mg of moclobemide.
      Time but not dose contributed significantly to the variability in excretion of
      the monoamine metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987792
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of sulphinpyrazone and its major metabolites after a single dose
      and during chronic treatment.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of sulphinpyrazone and its major metabolites (sulfide,
      sulfone, p-hydroxysulfone and p-hydroxy-sulphinpyrazone) were investigated in 9
      volunteers after a single oral dose as well as after chronic treatment for 23
      days. Chronic administration of sulphinpyrazone, in comparison with a single oral
      dose, led to significant changes in plasma AUC (115.86 to 42.90 mg/l . h), in
      renal clearance (1.06 to 1.80 l/h), in hepatic intrinsic clearance (319.0 to
      598.0 l/h), and in the unbound fraction in plasma 1.15 to 1.69%) and in tissue
      (2.73 to 1.31%). The volume of distribution changed from 20.24 to 52.04 l. The
      steady state concentrations predicted from the single dose were significantly
      higher than the values found after chronic treatment. The results suggest that
      sulphinpyrazone induces its own metabolism. The metabolism of the sulfone, p
      hydroxysulfone and the p-hydroxy-sulphinpyrazone to further degradation products
      was also induced. Chronic treatment with sulphinpyrazone reduced the plasma AUC
      of the sulfide and caused a decrease in its elimination half-life (20.9 to 14.3
      h). Since considerable amounts of the sulfide are formed in the G.I. tract, it is
      suggested that besides the induction of metabolism, bacteria which reduce
      sulphinpyrazone to the sulfide may also be responsible for the observed
      pharmacokinetic changes.

PMID- 3987793
TI  - Separate and combined effects of nadolol and nifedipine on the cardiac response
      to exercise.
AB  - In a placebo controlled exercise protocol using healthy volunteers the effects of
      nadolol 80 mg and 160 mg orally and of nadolol 80 mg during treatment with
      nifedipine 20 mg 8 hourly were compared. Resting systolic and diastolic blood
      pressures were reduced by both nifedipine (p less than 0.05) and nadolol (p less
      than 0.01) acting alone. An unexpected finding was that nifedipine alone
      significantly inhibited exercise tachycardia (p less than 0.01) (8 to 12 h post
      dose). Predictably both doses of nadolol produced significant reduction in
      exercise tachycardia which was still apparent at 24 h. There was a linear
      relationship between log10 plasma nadolol concentration and reduction in exercise
      heart rate. The combined inhibitory effects of nifedipine and nadolol 80 mg on
      exercise heart rate showed partial additivity but did not summate. There was no
      pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 drugs. The inhibition of exercise
      tachycardia by nifedipine, not previously documented, is consistent with an
      effect of the drug on the sinus node, as has been reported in in-vitro studies,
      and may contribute to the drugs efficacy in angina.

PMID- 3987795
TI  - Maximal aerobic power and blood pressure in normotensive subjects after acute and
      chronic administration of metoprolol.
AB  - The acute and long-term effects of the beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking agent
      metoprolol on blood pressure and maximal aerobic power (Wmax) were studied in 10
      healthy subjects. Progressive maximal bicycle ergometer tests were performed
      after intravenous administration of placebo and metoprolol (0.15 mg . kg-1 and
      0.30 mg . kg-1), and at the end of 4-week treatment periods with placebo,
      conventional metoprolol (C-M) and slow-release metoprolol (SR-M). The reduction
      in maximal exercise heart rate (HRmax) was correlated with the log plasma
      metoprolol concentration. Despite a reduction in HRmax of 23 beats/min after 0.15
      mg . kg-1 metoprolol, Wmax was unaffected. After 0.30 mg . kg-1 HRmax was reduced
      by 40 beats/min and Wmax by 5.0%. During chronic treatment, the reductions in
      HRmax and Wmax were 48 beats/min and 7.5% (C-M) and 45 beats/min and 6.9% (SR-M),
      respectively. Resting systolic blood pressure was not changed after acute
      administration of metoprolol but it was reduced during chronic beta-blocker
      treatment. Resting diastolic blood pressure was not affected after acute or
      chronic treatment. Exercise systolic blood pressure remained unchanged after 0.15
      mg . kg-1 metoprolol i.v. The fall in exercise systolic pressure after 0.30 mg .
      kg-1 metoprolol i.v. (18 +/- 5 mmHg) was significantly smaller than that during
      chronic treatment (30 +/- 6 mmHg C-M; 30 +/- 6 mmHg, SR-M). During chronic
      metoprolol treatment a certain % HRmax corresponded to a higher % Wmax than
      during placebo treatment, but the shift appeared to be of minor practical
      importance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987794
TI  - Effects of atenolol, labetalol and propranolol on the peripheral circulation in
      hypertensive patients without obstructive vascular disease.
AB  - In an observer-blind, randomised cross-over trial, in 12 patients, the effects on
      the peripheral circulation of antihypertensive doses of atenolol, labetalol and
      propranolol and placebo were compared. After a placebo period of at least 4
      weeks, patients were allocated at random to one of the three active drug
      treatments. After active treatment for at least 6 weeks and a fall in diastolic
      pressure (DP) to less than 90 mmHg subjects were switched to the next medication.
      At the end of each period, photo-electric plethysmography (PHELP) was done on all
      fingers of one hand cooled over 4 min in water in steps of 3 degrees C from 33
      degrees to 12 degrees C, and subsequently warmed in room air (20 degrees C) for a
      period of 10 min. Blood flow changes during cooling were expressed as a
      percentage of the initial PHELP value (% PHELP). Areas under the curves,
      representing the % PHELP/cooling period and % PHELP/warming-up period, showed
      that within the temperature range normally encountered in daily life, labetalol
      preserved finger blood flow significantly better than propranolol and marginally
      better than placebo. With atenolol, finger blood flow was not significantly
      different from that during the three other regimens, but there were significantly
      fewer other side-effects. It is concluded that labetalol may be the drug of
      choice for hypertensive patients treated with beta-blocking agents whose
      peripheral arterial circulation seems inadequate at low temperatures.

PMID- 3987796
TI  - Comparison of renal excretion of pethidine (meperidine) and its metabolites in
      old and young patients.
AB  - In a previous study old subjects were found to eliminate pethidine and its active
      metabolite norpethidine more slowly than young people. To investigate whether
      this was due to the decline in renal function with age, the urinary output of
      pethidine and its metabolites pethidinic acid, norpethidine and norpethidinic
      acid was compared in old and young patients. The cumulative urinary excretion of
      pethidine and pethidinic acid over 24 h was similar in old and young patients.
      The slower elimination rate of pethidine from plasma might therefore be due to
      slower biotransformation of pethidine to norpethidine and norpethidinic acid. The
      cumulative urinary excretion of norpethidine and norpethidinic acid during 24 h
      was significantly lower in old patients than in young: 2.7% versus 7.1% (p less
      than 0.001), and 5.5% versus 10.5% (p less than 0.001). The renal clearance of
      norpethidine was inversely correlated with age. Thus, the slower disappearance of
      norpethidine from plasma in old patients is due to slower renal excretion of this
      metabolite. The renal clearance of pethidine showed pH-dependence and was usually
      smaller than the creatinine clearance. In contrast, renal clearance of
      norpethidine was correlated with creatinine clearance and was of the same
      magnitude. The difference in renal handling may be explained by the more polar
      character of norpethidine compared to its parent compound. The present study
      shows that not only the excretion of unchanged drugs may decline with increasing
      age but also that of drug metabolites, which may therefore reach higher plasma
      levels in old patients. If they are pharmacologically active they will increase
      and prolong the response to medication and possibly increase the risk of side
      effects.

PMID- 3987797
TI  - Effect of trimebutine on colonic myoelectrical activity in IBS patients.
AB  - The effect of trimebutine 100 mg i.v. and placebo on colonic myoelectrical
      activity was investigated in 10 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
      (5 constipated and 5 diarrhoeic), using an intraluminal probe supporting 8 groups
      of electrodes. At each site examined from transverse to sigmoid colon, the
      electromyograms exhibited two kinds of spike bursts: short spike bursts (SSB)
      localized at one electrode site and appearing rhythmically at 10.3/min, and long
      spike bursts (LSB), isolated or propagated orally or aborally. Computerized
      analysis of the duration of each kind of spike burst showed that, as compared to
      the control, trimebutine 100 mg, selectively inhibited by 43 to 73% the mean
      duration of LSB activity in the transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, from 0
      to 30 min after administration. The inhibitory effect was similar in constipated
      and diarrhoeic patients. Placebo injection did not significantly affect (p
      greater than 0.05) the duration of LSB and SSB activity. Variance analysis
      indicated that the inhibitory effect of trimebutine was significantly greater (p
      less than 0.05) on LSB activity in the transverse than the descending colon, and
      that it was absent from the sigmoid colon. The results suggest that trimebutine
      selectively inhibits the propulsive activity of the proximal two thirds of the
      colon in IBS patients, and that this effect cannot entirely explain its
      therapeutic efficacy in IBS.

PMID- 3987798
TI  - Increased peritoneal permeability in patients with peritonitis undergoing
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - The distribution of cefuroxime (250 mg) was studied in patients with renal
      failure undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). 10
      uninfected patients received the drug intravenously and intraperitoneally, while
      9 patients with peritonitis were randomly allocated to intravenous or
      intraperitoneal administration. Samples were taken over the first 6 hour dialysis
      period. In the infected patients, more drug (p less than 0.01) crossed into the
      peritoneal cavity following intravenous injection and reached the systemic
      circulation following intraperitoneal administration than in the uninfected
      group. This increased permeability of the peritoneal membrane during infection
      may result in unexpected systemic toxicity in patients treated with
      intraperitoneal antibiotics.

PMID- 3987799
TI  - Effect of a single oral dose of doxycycline on polymorphonuclear leukocyte
      migration in a casein gradient.
AB  - Tetracyclines, especially doxycycline, have been reported to inhibit the in vitro
      migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Twelve healthy probands were
      treated with doxycycline 200 mg. No inhibition of PMN migration in a casein
      gradient was demonstrated 24 h later. It is suggested that the effect of oral
      treatment with doxycycline on PMN chemotaxis is negligible.

PMID- 3987800
TI  - Pharmacokinetic study of i.v. infusions of adriamycin.
AB  - The plasma pharmacokinetics of adriamycin has been studied in 21 cancer patients
      (31-85 years old) without liver tumours after short (3.00 min) and prolonged (45
      min-16 h) i.v. infusions. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve and
      the maximum plasma concentration compensated for dose variation showed a more
      than 3-fold individual variation. The pharmacokinetics of adriamycin was linear.
      There was no pharmacokinetic rational for variation of the dose with the age of
      the patients. There was good agreement between the measured plasma concentration
      time curves for prolonged infusions and curves predicted from pharmacokinetic
      data from short term infusions.

PMID- 3987801
TI  - Determination of thiamine in human plasma and its pharmacokinetics.
AB  - A sensitive assay for thiamine suitable for clinical use has been developed. It
      is based on precolumn oxidation of thiamine to thiochrome followed by HPLC
      separation and fluorescence detection. The assay is applicable to various
      biological materials, including human plasma. The minimum amount detectable was 5
      fmol, minimum plasma concentration 0.5 nmol/l and minimum sample volume 0.3 ml
      plasma. Each chromatographic run took 3 min. Inter- and intra-assay relative
      standard deviations (RSD) were 8.3% and 6.3%, respectively, at a stock plasma
      concentration of 10.8 nmol/l. At 38.8 nmol/l, interassay RSD was reduced to 3.4%.
      The recovery of 5 nmol/l added thiamine was 102 (SD +/- 17)%, that of 30 nmol/l
      was 94 +/- 5%. Plasma levels in 91 volunteers ranged from 6.6 to 43 nmol/l,
      showing a log normal distribution with a median of 11.6 nmol/l. Thiamine kinetics
      were studied in plasma and urine from 8 men after intravenous and oral doses of
      50, 100 and 200 mg thiamine hydrochloride. In all individuals, nonlinear renal
      elimination kinetics were demonstrated by plotting the fractional amount of
      thiamine excreted unchanged in urine against the corresponding area under the
      plasma concentration-time curve.

PMID- 3987803
TI  - Food reduces the rate but not the extent of the absorption of theophylline from
      an aqueous solution.
AB  - The effect of food on the rate and extent of absorption of theophylline was
      studied in healthy adults given a single dose of theophylline (aqueous solution
      of choline theophyllinate containing 270 mg of theophylline) in the evening
      either on an empty stomach or together with supper. Food appeared to decrease the
      absorption rate of theophylline significantly, tmax being prolonged from 1.34 h
      (mean) to 4.40 h and cmax decreased from 7.82 mg . l-1 to 5.47 mg . l-1. The area
      under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) after drug intake with supper was
      slightly but not significantly smaller, indicating that theophylline (as a
      solution of choline theophyllinate) can be taken together with food without
      substantial loss of the quantity of drug absorbed. The elimination rate was not
      influenced by concomitant intake of supper.

PMID- 3987802
TI  - Effect of calcium entry blockade on ethanol-induced changes in bronchomotor tone.
AB  - The effect of various Calcium Entry Blockers (CEBs; nifedipine, flunarizine,
      diltiazem, verapamil) on ethanol-induced bronchoconstriction was studied in
      normal healthy volunteers. Nifedipine and diltiazem inhibited the
      bronchoconstriction and verapamil and flunarizine had no effect. The data favour
      the general hypothesis of differential tissue sensitivity to the various CEBs.
      The activity of CEBs on bronchomotor tone may be of therapeutic value in patients
      in whom bronchodilator activity is recommended in addition to the cardiovascular
      action.

PMID- 3987805
TI  - A central anti-DNA idiotype in human and murine systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - The monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibody A52 (IgG2b) was obtained from a (NZB X
      NZW)F1 (B/W) hybridoma. Two rabbits were immunized with the pure monoclonal
      antibody and produced anti-idiotypic (Id) antibodies. The purified anti-Id
      reacted with three different B/W monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies at or close to
      their DNA binding sites. Moreover, the rabbit antibodies had a profound
      inhibitory effect on the polyclonal anti-DNA activity in the majority of sera
      derived from B/W mice and human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The
      A52 IgG must, therefore, represent a major cross-reactive Id of anti-DNA
      immunoglobulins. In addition, the rabbit anti-Id antibodies may act as the
      "internal image" of antigen and should prove useful in modulation of the
      autoimmune response to DNA in SLE.

PMID- 3987804
TI  - Effect of concomitant food intake on absorption kinetics of erythromycin in
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - The steady state absorption of erythromycin from enteric-coated pellets of
      erythromycin base was compared with that from enteric-coated tablets in a
      randomized, two-way cross-over study in 24 healthy adult volunteers. A higher
      mean individual peak concentration (p less than 0.01), and a greater mean area
      under the serum concentration-time (0-8 h) curve (AUC, p less than 0.01) was
      produced by the enteric-coated pellets, when the preparations were administered 1
      hour before breakfast. No significant differences in the kinetic parameters
      between the two preparations were observed when they were taken during a non
      standardized breakfast, as concomitant food intake was found to reduce both the
      peak levels and the AUC-values (p less than 0.01) produced by the pelleted
      preparation.

PMID- 3987806
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of bethanidine sulfate on guinea-pig papillary
      muscle.
AB  - Bethanidine, a chemical analog of bretylium, increased the plateau phase of the
      action potential of guinea-pig papillary muscle in 2.7 mM K+ Tyrode solution
      without changing other electrophysiological parameters. In 25 mM K+ Tyrode
      solution, the amplitude, duration and Vmax of the Ca2+-dependent action potential
      were increased in a dose-dependent manner by bethanidine. It is speculated that
      the mechanism of antiarrhythmic effect of bethanidine might be due to the
      prolongation of action potential by an increase of the slow inward current.

PMID- 3987807
TI  - Vasopressin metabolite peptide (AVP-(4-9)) binding sites in rat kidney:
      distribution distinct from vasopressin binding sites.

PMID- 3987808
TI  - An investigation of amphetamine-induced release of 5-HT from rat hippocampal
      slices.
AB  - The spontaneous release of [3H]5-HT from hippocampal slices, preincubated with
      [3H]5-HT, was increased by dopamine (P less than 0.001) and d-amphetamine (P less
      than 0.001) in a dose-dependent way. d-Amphetamine (10(-5) M) also increased (P
      less than 0.05) the release evoked by KCl (26 mM) whereas dopamine did not. The
      effects of dopamine and d-amphetamine on spontaneous [3H]5-HT release were
      antagonised by haloperidol and cis-flupenthixol. The release of [3H]HT evoked by
      KCl (26 mM) was reduced by noradrenaline (P less than 0.001) for conc. of 10(-5)
      M. It is concluded that the effects of d-amphetamine on [3H]5-HT release are
      probably mediated, in part by presynaptic dopamine receptors located on the 5-HT
      nerve terminals and that this response may depend upon the release of dopamine
      from adjacent terminals.

PMID- 3987809
TI  - Daily LSD administration selectively decreases serotonin2 receptor binding in rat
      brain.
AB  - The effect of ten daily injections of saline or d-lysergic acid diethylamide
      (LSD) (260 micrograms/kg i.p.) on serotonin1 (5-hydroxytryptamine1, 5-HT1) and 5
      HT2 receptor binding was determined in brain membranes from rats killed 24 h
      after the last injection. [3H]LSD (3.0 nM) was used with either 30.0 nM 5-HT or
      70.0 nM cinanserin to estimate 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively. LSD
      administration decreased 5-HT2 binding in cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and
      diencephalon/midbrain without altering 5-HT1 or total specific binding.

PMID- 3987810
TI  - Two 5-HT receptors linked to adenylate cyclase in guinea pig hippocampus are
      discriminated by 5-carboxamidotryptamine and spiperone.

PMID- 3987811
TI  - Reduced sensitivity of synaptosomal dopamine autoreceptors following increase in
      synaptosomal dopamine synthesis.

PMID- 3987812
TI  - Effects of urapidil, clonidine, prazosin and propranolol on autonomic nerve
      activity, blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized rats and cats.
AB  - The influence of urapidil, clonidine, prazosin and propranolol on autonomic nerve
      activity was determined in anaesthetized cats and rats. The effects of these
      drugs on blood pressure and heart rate were also evaluated. Impulse output was
      recorded in the splanchnic and vagus nerve of the cat, and in the cervical
      sympathetic trunk of the rat. Urapidil increased activity in sympathetic and
      parasympathetic nerve fibres in cats at low doses without affecting blood
      pressure and heart rate. At higher doses which lowered blood pressure, urapidil
      reduced sympathetic impulse output in cats and rats while vagal output was
      increased. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, prazosin, did not affect
      activity in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres while the beta
      adrenoceptor blocking agent, propranolol, increased activity in these nerves in
      cats. The alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, reduced sympathetic impulse
      output at all doses tested in both rats and cats. The results provide evidence
      that urapidil, in addition to its peripheral alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking properties, affects cardiovascular regulation by a central action.
      Blockade of alpha- or beta-adrenoceptors in the brain is probably not responsible
      for the central effect of urapidil.

PMID- 3987813
TI  - Modification of the antiepileptic actions of phenobarbital and phenytoin by the
      taurine transport inhibitor, guanidinoethane sulfonate.
AB  - We investigated whether chronic administration of guanidinoethane sulfonate, an
      inhibitor of taurine uptake, could modify the antiepileptic actions of
      phenobarbital and phenytoin on maximal electroshock seizures in mice. Treatment
      with 1% guanidinoethane sulfonate decreased the taurine concentration in the
      brain to 76% of the control value. Under these conditions, neither the severity
      of tonic convulsions of maximal electroshock seizures nor the threshold for tonic
      extension caused by electroshock was altered. However, treatment with
      guanidinoethane sulfonate lessened the antiepileptic actions of phenobarbital and
      phenytoin on electroshock seizures. The brain concentrations of phenobarbital and
      phenytoin were unaltered by administration of guanidinoethane sulfonate. The
      brain concentrations of guanidinoethane sulfonate and total guanidino compounds
      were unchanged by the injection of either phenobarbital or phenytoin. It is
      suggested that the observed loss of anticonvulsive potency of phenobarbital and
      phenytoin may have been related to the decrease in taurine concentration produced
      by guanidinoethane sulfonate.

PMID- 3987814
TI  - Further examination of the effects of ageing on the adrenoceptor responsiveness
      of the rat vas deferens.
AB  - Age-related changes in presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors were investigated in
      prostatic and epididymal portions of vasa deferentia from young adult (2-3
      months) and old (24-29 months) Sprague-Dawley rats, using the alpha 2-selective
      agonists xylazine and clonidine. In prostatic portions the inhibitory effects of
      clonidine against the isometric contractions to single pulse field stimulation
      were complicated by a postsynaptic action in old animals, but in epididymal
      portions in the presence of nifedipine both xylazine and clonidine were 3 times
      less potent in old rats. However, there were no significant differences between
      young and old in the potency of xylazine at inhibiting the overflow of tritium or
      the isometric contraction evoked by 5 Hz stimulation for 3 min in tissues pre
      incubated with [3H]noradrenaline. It is suggested that there is reduced
      responsiveness of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the vas deferens of old
      rats, but that this can only be demonstrated using a sensitive measure of the
      presynaptic potency of agonists: the isometric contraction to a single stimulus.

PMID- 3987815
TI  - Evidence of dopamine involvement in the effect of repeated treatment with various
      antidepressants in the behavioural 'despair' test in rats.
AB  - Daily treatment for 7 days with 5 mg/kg nomifensine, 20 mg/kg amineptine, 10
      mg/kg mianserin or 20 mg/kg iprindole reduced the immobility time in the
      behavioural 'despair' test in rats. No stimulation of motor activity was found
      with any of the drugs, and iprindole and mianserin actually reduced the activity
      of rats in an open field. The anti-immobility effect of the various
      antidepressants was significantly counteracted by 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol or 100
      mg/kg sulpiride. These doses of neuroleptics alone did not significantly modify
      the immobility time of rats not treated with the antidepressant compounds. As
      previously found for desipramine and amitriptyline, the data suggest that
      dopamine is involved in the anti-immobility effect in rats of repeated treatment
      with nomifensine, amineptine, mianserin and iprindole.

PMID- 3987816
TI  - Anomalous binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine to rat brain muscarinic receptors.
AB  - In the present studies, we investigated the binding properties of
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and [3H]N-methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS) to
      muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in rat brain homogenates. Our results
      indicate that the hydrophilic receptor ligand, [3H]NMS, is able to interact with
      high affinity only with a fraction of the receptor sites available to the
      lipophilic ligand, [3H]QNB. Furthermore, displacement experiments demonstrated
      that while both unlabeled QNB and NMS displaced [3H]NMS binding according to the
      law of mass-action, NMS, but not QNB, displayed binding heterogeneity when
      [3H]QNB was used as a ligand. Our data suggest that the lipid solubility of a
      particular mAChR ligand might play an important role in determining its profile
      of binding to the receptor.

PMID- 3987817
TI  - The supersensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to apomorphine in rats following
      chronic haloperidol.
AB  - Supersensitivity to apomorphine's inhibitory effect on dopamine neurons was
      induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by chronically administering haloperidol. It is
      concluded that the increased sensitivity of dopamine neurons to apomorphine may
      be linked to its influence on autoreceptors. The possibility that autoreceptor
      supersensitivity could contribute to enhancement of antipsychotic therapy is
      discussed.

PMID- 3987818
TI  - Cardiotonic effects of anthopleurin-A (AP-A), a polypeptide from a sea anemone,
      in dogs with a coronary artery stenosis.
AB  - The positive inotropic effect of AP-A was studied in anesthetized dogs with a
      severe stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Peak positive
      dP/dt (mm Hg/s) and % segment shortening (%SS) were used as indices of
      contractile function. AP-A (1.5-5.0 micrograms/kg, i.v.) produced positive
      inotropic effects globally (dP/dt, 1700 +/- 100 to 2650 +/- 250 mm Hg/s) and
      locally in the ischemic zone (%SS, 6.7 +/- 1.7 to 13.7 +/- 1.5%) without changing
      heart rate, mean arterial pressure or myocardial blood flow. These data suggest
      that AP-A may be potentially useful in the management of heart failure.

PMID- 3987819
TI  - Bacterial translocation from the intestines.
AB  - Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable bacteria from the
      gastrointestinal (GI) tract through the mucosal epithelium to other sites, such
      as the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver and blood. This paper reviews
      results from animal models utilized to obtain information concerning the defense
      mechanisms operating in the healthy host to confine bacteria to the GI tract.
      Gnotobiotic and antibiotic-decontaminated mice colonized with particular bacteria
      demonstrated that the indigenous GI flora maintains an ecologic equilibrium to
      prevent intestinal bacterial overgrowth and translocation from the GI tract.
      Studies with athymic (nu/nu) mice, thymus-grafted (nu/nu) mice, neonatally
      thymectomized mice, and mice injected with immunosuppressive agents demonstrated
      that the host immune system is another defense mechanism inhibiting bacterial
      translocation from the GI tract. Ricinoleic acid given orally to mice disrupted
      the intestinal epithelial barrier allowing indigenous bacteria to translocate
      from the GI tract. Thus, bacterial translocation from the GI tract of healthy
      adult mice is inhibited by: (a) an intact intestinal epithelial barrier, (b) the
      host immune defense system, and (c) an indigenous GI flora maintaining ecological
      equilibrium to prevent bacterial overgrowth. Deficiencies in host defense
      mechanisms act synergistically to promote bacterial translocation from the GI
      tract as demonstrated by animal models with multiple alterations in host
      defenses. Bacterial translocation occurred to a greater degree in mice with
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes, mice receiving nonlethal thermal injury, and
      mice receiving the combination of an immunosuppressive agent plus an oral
      antibiotic than in mice with only a primary alteration in host defenses. The
      study of bacterial translocation in these complex models suggests that
      opportunistic infections from the GI tract occur in discrete stages. In the
      healthy adult animal, bacterial translocation from the GI tract either does not
      occur or occurs at a very low level and the host immune defenses eliminate the
      translocating bacteria. Bacterial translocation does take place if one of the
      host defense mechanisms is compromised, such as a deficiency in the immune
      response, bacterial overgrowth in the intestines, or an increase in the
      permeability of the intestinal barrier. In this first stage, the bacteria usually
      translocate in low numbers to the mesenteric lymph node, and sometimes spleen or
      liver, but do not multiply and spread systemically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 3987820
TI  - [Studies on coccidiosis in guinea pigs. 1. Clinico-pathological observation].
AB  - Clinico-pathological and parasitological studies have been performed on
      spontaneous and experimental coccidiosis in guinea pigs. Among 11,244 Hartley
      guinea pigs purchased from suppliers during 1968, 410 (3.6%) of the animals had
      diarrhea due to coccidiosis. The incidence rate was high in the spring and fall
      with a mortality rate of 14.4 per cent. A particularly high number of fatal cases
      were found in the spring. In experimentally induced coccidiosis, clinical signs
      observed were diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss and death. The diarrhea
      developed in all animals on the eleventh day after infection and continued for
      one to five days. Food and water intakes were markedly reduced after the
      appearance of diarrhea, followed by anorexia and dehydration. Correlating with
      the appearance of diarrhea was a striking drop in body weight of the guinea pigs.
      Death usually occurred on the third to fifth day after the onset of diarrhea. The
      mortality rate was 30 per cent. The major macroscopic findings were characterized
      by a markedly thickened wall from the ascending to the descending colon and
      gelatinous edema of the mesenterium of the spiral of the ascending colon.
      Histologically, there was marked hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium in the
      colon and numerous coccidia at different stages of development within the mucus
      membrane. In the advanced stages of the disease, there was degeneration and
      desquamation of the epithelia, marked edematous change and infiltration of
      neutrophil leukocytes and lymphocytes into the lamina propria and submucosa, many
      oocysts in the lumen of the intestine and in the intestinal glands.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987821
TI  - [Studies on coccidiosis in guinea pigs. 2. Epizootiological survey].
AB  - An epizootiological survey has been carried out on naturally occurring
      coccidiosis in Hartley guinea pigs (weight, 250g) purchased by the National
      Institute of Health, Tokyo during the period 1964 to 1982. Coccidial infections
      in breeding colonies of guinea pigs were observed very frequently in weaned
      animals but scarcely in adult and suckling animals. Oocysts of Eimeria caviae
      were detected in 53.8% of the 7,162 fecal samples collected from transportation
      boxes and coccidiosis occurred in 39% of the 1,461 dead or culled animals
      obtained during the routine one week quarantine period. In the period 1964 to
      1971, particularly high rates of prevalence of oocysts, between 55-86%, and
      incidence of coccidiosis, between 55-76%, were observed. These rates were clearly
      reduced in the period 1972 to 1982, with a lower rate of isolation of oocysts
      ranging from 14-48% and les than 20% incidence of coccidiosis (except in 1981 and
      1982). The monthly fluctuation of occurrence rates of oocysts and clinical
      coccidiosis differed over the period of study. From 1964 to 1971, the high
      prevalence of oocysts was consistently observed accompanied by a bimodal pattern
      of incidence of coccidiosis in April (85%) and October (78%). In the period 1972
      to 1982, both parameters showed a single peak, for prevalence of oocysts in June
      (60.7%) and for incidence of coccidiosis in May (45%). Oocysts in feces
      disappeared in February and March and coccidiosis occurred irregularly in 1981
      and 1982.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987822
TI  - Clinical disorders observed in a beagle breeding colony.
AB  - Disorders in a beagle breeding colony were discussed, based on 472 clinical
      charts made in 1974-1983. In 201 neonates less than a week old, hypothermia
      associated with pneumonia was mostly seen. In 31 puppies from one week to two
      months old and in 46 young dogs from two months to a year old, pneumonia, canine
      parvovirus infection, dermal abscess and dermatosis were mostly found. In 91 dogs
      aged from one to five, trauma, intervertebral disc protrusion, dermal abscess,
      dystocia, claudication and otohematoma were frequently noted. In 103 animals over
      five years old, intervertebral disc protrusion, tumors, abscess, trauma and
      otohematoma were observed most often.

PMID- 3987823
TI  - Gestation period of the laboratory reared volcano rabbit (Romerolagus diazi).
AB  - The period of gestation of the volcano rabbit (Romerolagus diazi) was measured.
      Females were cohabited within one hour after confirmation of coitus or were
      separated from the males after cohabiting overnight. In 12 females which gave
      birth 20 times in total, the gestation period was 39 days in 35%, 40 days in 50%
      and 41 days in 15%; 85% of animals showed a gestation period of 39 or 40 days.

PMID- 3987824
TI  - Composition of cholesterol esters in blood plasma of mouse, rat and rabbit.
AB  - Mixtures of cholesterol estes were extracted from the blood plasma of mouse
      (C3H/He, C57BL/6J and Jcl : ICR), rat (Wistar) and rabbit (JW-NIBS/Rabiton) and
      purified by thin-layer chromatography. Fatty acid moieties of the esters were
      methylated with BF3-methanol and analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography.
      Although linoleate was most abundant (over 30% of the total esters) and myristate
      was found only in traces, the composition of the esters varied markedly among the
      species. Mice had 15.3 to 17.4% of arachidonate, but only a trace of linolenate
      and no stearate. In rats, arachidonate and linoleate were found in almost equal
      quantities, but stearate, linolenate and docosahexaenoate were present in only
      trace amounts. Rabbits had more palmitate and oleate and less arachidonate and
      eicosapentaenoate than the other two animals, but no docosahexaenoate.

PMID- 3987825
TI  - [Persistent pupillary membranes in a cynomolgus monkey].
AB  - Three thousand and five apparently healthy cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) were examined for the finding of the anterior part of the oculi by
      using an ophthalmoscope. One drop of the mixed solution of 0.5% tropicamide and
      0.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled into each eye of the animal. Then,
      those monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine-HC1 at the dose level of 10 mg/kg
      B. W.. One monkey had opaque membranes of tan to brown color, extending from some
      part of collarette of the iris to the other part of collarette like the network
      over the pupil. This finding was diagnosed to be bilateral persistent pupillary
      membranes. Further breeding studies will be carried to determine if this case in
      hereditary.

PMID- 3987826
TI  - An epizootic form of Tyzzer's disease in a rat colony.
AB  - An epizootic form of Tyzzer's disease was experienced in a rearing facility of
      laboratory rats with an infectivity and morbidity of 36 to 80% and 5 to 30%,
      respectively. With liver tissue from an affected rat, a spore-forming causative
      agent was successfully transmitted to other rats by oral inoculation in
      association with cortisone, producing 10(6) to 10(7) spores/g liver tissue.

PMID- 3987827
TI  - Spontaneous arthritis in nude rats of Rowett hooded strain.
AB  - Spontaneous arthritis was found in 19 of 55 Rowett hooded strain rats with rnu
      gene. Most cases were in the male rnu/rnu (15/19) but a few occurred in the male
      rnu/+ (3/10) and female rnu/rnu (1/8). The lesions were first noted as reddened
      swelling due to exudative inflammation of periarticular soft tissues including
      synovial membranes in the tarsal and/or carpal joints. Most of the affected
      animals cured leaving slight induration but in a few male rnu/rnu ankylosis with
      pannus formation and exostosis developed. No sign of mycoplasmal or bacterial
      infection was noticed in the colony.

PMID- 3987828
TI  - High food supply in perinatal life appears to favour the development of insulin
      treated diabetes mellitus (ITDM) in later life.
AB  - Men who were born in war and post-war periods with shortage of food supply (1943
      47) showed a markedly low prevalence of insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (ITDM),
      but not of non-insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (NITDM) in later life. A
      significant increase (+54%) of ITDM prevalence was observed between 1976 and 1982
      for subjects at 26-31 years of age, who were born in a post-war period (1945-50)
      with shortage and a peace period (1951-56) without shortage of food supply,
      respectively. By contrast, there was not found an increase--but even a slight
      decrease (-14%)--of ITDM prevalence between 1976 and 1982 for subjects at 38-43
      years of age, who were born in a peace period (1933-38) without shortage and a
      war period (1939-44) with shortage of food supply, respectively. A similar clear
      dependence of diabetes prevalence on food supply in perinatal life could not be
      observed for NITDM. On the other hand, the prevalence of NITDM appeared to be
      significantly dependent--in contrast to ITDM--on food supply in adulthood.

PMID- 3987829
TI  - Clinical course in insulin-dependent diabetics undergoing hemodialysis.
AB  - Nephropathy continues to be the most serious complication in type I-diabetics.
      When we started chronic hemodialysis in these patients 15 years ago survival
      figures were poor. Later on the survival rate for diabetics undergoing
      hemodialysis has improved progressively. The aim of this report was to present
      our own experience in hemodialysis treatment of insulin-dependent diabetics. The
      cumulative survival rate of 46 insulin-dependent diabetics undergoing
      hemodialysis has increased progressively and now amounts to 70% after one year,
      and 50% after two years of treatment. At the same time we could attain a certain
      improvement of metabolic control. Nutrition has also been improved, as indicated
      by increased transferrin (p less than 0.05) and stable serum protein levels.
      Systolic blood pressure control became better (p less than 0.05) but, a fluid
      overload was still present. Here, further improvements are necessary to increase
      the survival rate. Therefore, the survival of diabetic patients with hemodialysis
      may be approaching that of non-diabetics. In some patients retinopathy was
      improved after one year of treatment. Despite a better prognosis for survival in
      diabetics treated by chronic hemodialysis we suggest that the successful renal
      transplantation should be the treatment of choice in patients suffering from
      diabetic nephropathy. In general, hemodialysis and renal transplantation should
      be started earlier than hitherto, i.e. already at creatinine levels of about 600
      mumol/l, and at urea levels of 30 mmol/l. Strict metabolic and blood pressure
      control, as well as early laser coagulation therapy of retinopathy should be
      instituted for patients with creatine levels above 200 mumol/l, in close
      cooperation of a diabetologist, nephrologist, and ophthalmologist. This will be
      our future therapeutic strategy for these patients.

PMID- 3987830
TI  - The influence of CSII treatment on the function of the peripheral and visceral
      nerves in type I diabetics.
AB  - The distal latencies, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, and
      respiratory heart arrhythmia (RHA) were measured in 14 patients with type I
      diabetes but without clinical signs of polyneuropathy. The electroneurographic
      parameters tended to improve as the HbA1 value decreased. The RHA was not
      affected.

PMID- 3987831
TI  - In vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into proliferating cells in the marrow
      and its effects on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells.
AB  - Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), a potential radiosensitizing drug, was given by
      intravenous infusion at 650-1000 mg/m2/day for up to 12 days. In vivo
      incorporation into human bone marrow was assayed by differential chromatid
      staining as well as by comparison of in vitro radiation survival curves of
      granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells scored at both day 7 and day 14. Although
      a difference was found in the radiation survival of control (untreated) day-7
      progenitor cells (Do = 1.39 Gy) and day-14 progenitor cells (Do = 0.89 Gy), a
      similar degree of in vitro radiosensitization was found for BUdR-treated bone
      marrow progenitor cells scored at day 7 and day 14. The culture technique
      provided a bioassay for the in vivo action of BUdR. BUdR treatment produced
      transient moderate myelosuppression that probably resulted from BUdR
      incorporation into normal marrow cells.

PMID- 3987833
TI  - Myelosuppressive effects of antineoplastic drugs.

PMID- 3987832
TI  - Human multilineage progenitor cell sensitivity to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide.
AB  - This institution has documented consistent reconstitution of hematopoiesis in
      patients treated with marrow lethal chemoradiotherapy who are "rescued" by
      reinfusion of autologous cryopreserved marrow cells incubated with 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) for in vitro purging of occult tumor cells.
      After 4-HC incubation, the reinfusion marrow cells showed marked reduction in
      committed progenitor cell (BFU-E, CFU-GM) frequency, and often total absence of
      detectable progenitors, without significant loss of marrow reconstituting
      ability. Since BFU-E and CFU-GM assays did not predict marrow reconstituting
      ability after 4-HC incubation, we sought to determine whether multilineage
      progenitor cells (CFU-GEMM) might be more resistant to 4-HC incubation and
      therefore a more reliable predictive assay in this setting. We found that BFU-E,
      CFU-GM, and CFU-GEMM all show similar dose-related sensitivity to in vitro
      incubation with 4-HC and do not appear representative of the cell(s) responsible
      for marrow reconstitution.

PMID- 3987834
TI  - Animal models for evaluating the myelosuppressive effects of cancer
      chemotherapeutic agents.
AB  - An important objective of new anticancer drug discovery programs is
      identification of agents that are less myelosuppressive than those currently
      available. We have developed several animal models to evaluate these drugs for
      myelosuppression. Our screening model measures changes in neutrophil counts in
      mice as an indicator of myelosuppression. This model correctly predicted the
      myelosuppressive effects of 13 (76%) of 17 known agents. Cisplatin, carboplatin,
      spiroplatin, and marcellomycin caused no reduction in the neutrophil counts,
      representing four (24%) of 17 false negatives. Our secondary evaluation system is
      the more labor-intensive murine CFU-C assay on femoral bone marrow cells from
      drug-treated mice. Known myelosuppressive drugs such as mitomycin C, doxorubicin,
      and BCNU, as well as the false negatives from the mouse neutropenia model
      (cisplatin, carboplatin, spiroplatin, and marcellomycin) caused marked inhibition
      of colony formation 24 h after dosing; bleomycin was inactive. Advanced
      evaluations are performed using ferrets in which neutrophil counts can be
      monitored in the same animal for 28 days after treatment. Mitomycin C,
      doxorubicin, and BCNU caused significant reductions in the neutrophil counts
      whereas bleomycin had no effect. Importantly, cisplatin and marcellomycin also
      caused significant reductions in the neutrophil counts. Although the mouse
      neutropenia model is a rapid assay, there is potential for false-negative
      predictions. It is important that other test systems be used for more advanced
      evaluation of drugs identified by this model as being less myelosuppressive than
      reference drugs. The mouse CFU-C and ferret hematology models are suitable for
      this purpose in that they can identify the false-negative predictions as well as
      identify less myelosuppressive drugs such as bleomycin.

PMID- 3987835
TI  - Correlation of hematologic toxicity of antineoplastic agents with their effects
      on bone marrow stem cells: interspecies studies using an in vivo assay.
AB  - The effects of 22 anticancer agents on bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage
      committed colony-forming cells (CFC) have been studied using the agar diffusion
      chamber (ADC) assay, which allows in vivo metabolism of the injected drug by the
      chamber-bearing mouse. Dose-response curves at 18 h were obtained using mouse,
      dog, and human bone marrow in the chamber, and mouse marrow in situ. Comparisons
      between intrinsic sensitivities of CFC from different species were thus possible,
      as were also comparisons of the effect of different drugs on the same species.
      When possible, correlations were made with available in vivo clinical or
      toxicologic data, using the effect of a single intravenous dose on the blood
      granulocyte concentration. Dose-response curves were either exponential or formed
      a plateau, the latter reflecting phase specificity of the agent being studied.
      Species CFC sensitivities were highly variable between different drugs and the
      order was not predictable. Good correlation between rank order of drug efficacy
      in vivo and in the assay was observed for drugs in the same species. Drugs with
      little or no myelosuppressive effects in vivo were likewise inactive in the assay
      (e.g., spirogermanium). Prospective trials of new agents in the drug development
      process (toxicology and phase-I clinical trials) using the ADC assay are
      warranted.

PMID- 3987837
TI  - Antineoplastic chemotherapy myelosuppression: mechanisms and new approaches.
AB  - Most antineoplastic drugs have diverse effects on the hematopoietic system.
      Certain drugs are directly cytotoxic to myeloid stem cells or their progenitors
      whereas others affect hematopoiesis indirectly. In most instances, drugs with a
      direct effect cause reductions in circulating blood cells and in bone marrow
      cellularity, and at very high doses they may induce bone marrow aplasia. Usually
      this type of toxicity is reversible unless the aplasia is severe. Antineoplastic
      drugs can also alter normal hematopoiesis by their effect on the bone marrow
      microenvironment, by interactions with cells or factors that regulate normal
      hematopoiesis, or by interactions with lymphoid cells. The most common means of
      directly assessing the myelosuppressive effects of antineoplastic drugs involves
      measurement of circulating blood cells or of bone marrow cellularity. More
      detailed analyses include assessment of hematopoietic stem cells or of bone
      marrow reserve. Marrow microenvironmental abnormalities are difficult to evaluate
      critically in man, as are effects on the immune system. The recent development of
      assays of hematopoietic growth regulatory factors (erythropoietin, colony
      stimulating activity, interleukins) permits a more precise basis for assessment
      of drug effects on bone marrow function. It is likely that an increased
      understanding of the mechanisms of myelosuppression induced by antineoplastic
      drugs will lead to the development of agents with an increased therapeutic ratio
      and to the more effective use of current drugs.

PMID- 3987838
TI  - Methods for measuring suppression of hematopoiesis.
AB  - Mature blood cells have a finite life span and therefore continued production is
      required to maintain a constant level in tissues. Continuous replenishment is
      achieved by a constant feed-in from normal functioning hematopoietic stem cell
      compartments. The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) system is characterized as
      follows: A totipotent hematopoietic stem cell (THSC) gives rise to all
      hematopoietic cells. Separate cells exist that are more differentiated progeny of
      THSC and are pluripotent for the myeloid system (PMSC: CFU-S, CFU-GEMM) and for
      the lymphoid system (PLSC). The PMSC gives rise to still more differentiated
      progenitor cells committed to erythrocytes (BFU-E, CFU-E), neutrophil-macrophages
      (CFU-NM) and megakaryocytes (CFU-MEG). One class of PMSC (CFU-S) is assayed in
      vivo. A second class of PMSC (CFU-GEMM), and most other types of progenitors (CFU
      E, CFU-NM, CFU-MEG, etc.), are assayed in vitro. The mouse is the usual vehicle
      for the in vivo study of the CFU-S (colony-forming unit-spleen). Bone marrow
      cells are infused into lethally irradiated recipient mice, lodge in the spleen,
      and proliferate to form macroscopic colonies on the surface. There is no similar
      assay available in man, but the ability to clone mixed colonies (CFU-GEMM) in
      vitro allows one to study human pluripotent stem cells. In the presence of
      appropriate stimuli, CFU-GEMM form colonies in soft gel that contain
      granulocytes, erythroid cells, macrophages, and megakaryocytes. In addition to
      this class of PMSC, the differentiated progenitors that are committed to produce
      erythroid cells, neutrophils, megakaryocytes, or monocytes-macrophages also form
      colonies in vitro. A third method of determining the effect of antineoplastic
      agents on marrow cells is by use of the diffusion chamber (DC) culture technique.
      Marrow cells are inoculated into a diffusion chamber that is then implanted into
      the peritoneum of a mouse. After various time periods, chambers are removed and
      the number and differentiated cell types are determined. Modifications of the DC
      chamber technique include suspending marrow cells in a plasma clot or in agar
      within the chambers, which permits the growth of colonies within the chamber. A
      fourth method of assessing toxicity is by the use of the continuous long-term in
      vitro culture system. In this system, proliferation of marrow cells is supported
      by an adherent layer of marrow stromal cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3987839
TI  - Management of infection in myelosuppressed patients: clinical trials and common
      sense.
AB  - In the past fifteen years, enormous research effort has been expended in pursuit
      of the "ideal" approach to the management of infection in the myelosuppressed,
      i.e., granulocytopenic, patient. In the welter of clinical trials, some
      "commonsense" fundamentals have been lost or submerged, while other ideas seem to
      have become "modern myths." Among those commonsense approaches that should not be
      forgotten are the following: Granulocytopenia often precludes even the most
      skilled observer from assessing whether a febrile patient is truly infected. The
      epidemiology of infection at the local institution should be the principal
      determinant of the empiric antibiotic regimen in use. There is no ideal empiric
      antibiotic regimen. In particular, there is no absolute necessity for
      antipseudomonal penicillins, for aminoglycosides or for combinations of
      antibiotics. Some modern myths that seem to have been widely accepted without
      adequate data are: Antibiotic "synergism" is an essential prerequisite to a
      successful outcome of infection in the granulocytopenic patient. In the febrile
      granulocytopenic patient who responds to treatment, antibiotics should be
      continued until the granulocytopenia resolves. In the febrile granulocytopenic
      patient who does not respond to treatment, all such patients should receive
      amphotericin B for empiric antifungal treatment. These and other modern myths and
      aspects of common sense will be discussed in light of recent clinical trials.

PMID- 3987836
TI  - Comparative toxicity of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin on hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Mitoxantrone (DHAD) is a recently developed cancer chemotherapeutic drug proposed
      as a possible substitute for the older established chemotherapeutic, doxorubicin
      (adriamycin, or ADR). We have directly compared the toxicity of DHAD and ADR
      against normal hematopoietic progenitors in a mouse model. Using doses that
      produced equal depressions in spleen weight, we examined the recovery patterns
      for pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-S), myeloid cell progenitors (CFU
      GM), and reticulocyte (Retic) production. The spleen weight depression assay
      indicated that, on a mg/kg basis, DHAD was more toxic to the organ than ADR, with
      17.5 mg of ADR required to produce the same level of effect as 10 mg of DHAD.
      Recovery of splenic mass after exposure to these doses was also poorer in the
      DHAD-treated mice. CFU-S studies showed that the initial direct killing effects
      of pluripotent stem cells by the two drugs were equivalent, but that CFU-S
      recovery was better after ADR exposure than after DHAD exposure. By 12 days after
      exposure to ADR, the number of CFU-S per spleen had not only regained normal
      levels, but exceeded the normal by a factor of 2. In contrast, in the DHAD
      treated mice the number was only half normal at this same time. The results
      suggest that there is a delay in recovery of the pluripotent stem cell
      compartment after DHAD exposure that may be due to some type of unrepaired damage
      to the support tissue in the spleen on which the CFU-S are dependent. Analysis of
      the effects of DHAD and ADR on CFU-GM indicated an initial toxic effect that was
      roughly equivalent for the two drugs at the doses used. However, the timing of
      the points of maximum suppression were different--earlier after exposure to DHAD
      than after ADR. Subsequently, the recovery patterns were quite similar for both
      drugs, and at 14 days the CFU-GM numbers were virtually normal. Reticulocyte
      assay indicated that both ADR and DHAD severely depressed red blood cell
      production. Recovery was rapid and complete by nine days, however, with
      significant overshoots, especially in the case of ADR exposure. Serial white
      blood cell (WBC) counts were also carried out. Reduction in total WBC number was
      evident between two and 11 days after exposure and more severe with DHAD than
      with ADR. However, neither the extent of suppression nor its duration accurately
      reflected the events occurring in the CFU-S or CFU-GM progenitor
      compartments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3987840
TI  - Effect of prolonged expansion of marrow progenitor compartments following
      doxorubicin (ADR) on subsequent radiation tolerance.
AB  - The long-term effects of a maximum tolerated dose of doxorubicin (ADR) (10 mg/kg,
      LD10/60) on the recovery of the hematopoietic compartments of the femoral marrow
      from radiation (450 rad) were investigated over a 32-week interval using a mouse
      model. Comparative radiation response curves, estimating hematopoietic
      proliferative potential, were used to establish response deficits (RD) for
      individual compartments of ADR-treated marrow. The RD data suggest that two
      potentially discrete lesions result from ADR treatment: one lesion associated
      with acute toxicity and a second developing 8-16 weeks after drug treatment. A
      depletion of the older hematopoietic stem cell (CFU-S8d) compartment was observed
      to accompany the development of the second lesion. Data are presented suggesting
      that both initial stem cell kill, as well as an accelerated aging of the CFU-S8d
      by prolonged expansion of progenitors, eventually lead to a depletion of stem
      cell reserve manifested by a progressive loss of radiotolerance with time.

PMID- 3987841
TI  - Orientation bias of brisk-transient y-cells of the cat retina for drifting and
      alternating gratings.
AB  - Brisk-transient ganglion cells of the cat's retina were examined for orientation
      bias using two different stimuli: drifting gratings and alternating gratings,
      both of fixed contrast (50%) and fixed temporal frequency (2 Hz). Some cells were
      strongly biassed for both stimuli, some were not biassed for either while still
      others were strongly biassed for only one or other stimulus. The preferred
      orientations for the two types of grating tended to be the same, on average, but
      substantial differences were not uncommon. A systematic preference for radially
      oriented gratings was evident when the stimulus was drifting but there was an
      additional preference for tangentially-oriented gratings when the stimulus was
      alternating. Orientation bias for drifting gratings often extended over a broad
      range of spatial frequencies and was maximum near the resolution limit. For
      alternating gratings, bias was evident only at the highest spatial frequencies.
      Results indicate that the arrangement of receptive field components responsible
      for linear and nonlinear kinds of behaviour may sometimes possess different axes
      of symmetry.

PMID- 3987842
TI  - The responses of cat motor cortical units to electrical cutaneous stimulation
      during locomotion and during lifting, falling and landing.
AB  - Experiments were performed to examine the influence of cutaneous information on
      motor cortical cells during movement in intact, awake cats. The movements
      investigated were locomotion and a sequence in which the animal was repeatedly
      lifted and dropped. Electrical stimuli to distal skin areas were delivered
      periodically during the movements and responses of motor cortical cells were
      examined. The animals used in these experiments were chronically implanted with
      cortical microelectrodes, a pyramidal tract stimulating electrode, cutaneous
      stimulating electrodes in the forepaw, and a recording cuff electrode around the
      median nerve. EMG electrodes were implanted in several forelimb muscles and a
      length gauge was implanted across the elbow joint. Results included in this
      report were obtained from three cats. The twenty-two cortical units analysed in
      this study (seven were PT units) were selected from a larger sample by the
      following criteria: cutaneous receptive fields which included the distal part of
      the limb, consistent short latency responses to electrical cutaneous stimulation
      and spontaneous activity modulated in consistent patterns during the movement
      investigated. Sixteen units were recorded during locomotion, 12 during the
      lifting and dropping cycle and 6 of these during both conditions. Most of the
      cells were influenced by the cutaneous input during locomotion. Three units had
      no response to peripheral stimulation during locomotion though they were
      responsive to this stimulus when the animal was sitting quietly. All the cells
      were responsive to the cutaneous input during the lifting and dropping cycle. The
      responses to cutaneous stimuli were found to be modulated in relation to phases
      of the step cycle and the lifting and dropping cycle. In 13 units this modulation
      did not parallel the modulation of the unit's spontaneous firing during these
      activities. For these units a common finding during locomotion was that the
      response to cutaneous stimuli increased throughout stance, reached maximum during
      the flexion part of the swing, and then declined to a minimum during the
      beginning of the next stance. During the lifting and dropping cycle, the
      responses were greatest when the animal was held in the air and when starting to
      fall, and minimal just prior to and after landing. In both movements, cutaneous
      responses were reduced when the limb was used to support the animal's weight.
      There is apparently a movement phase-related modulation of cutaneous input to
      some motor cortical cells. This modulation of cutaneous input resembled the
      modulation of cutaneous reflexes during locomotion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 3987843
TI  - Dissociation between components of spatial memory in rats after recovery from the
      effects of retrohippocampal lesions.
AB  - A series of 4 experiments examined the performance of rats with retrohippocampal
      lesions on a spatial water-maze task. The animals were trained to find and escape
      onto a hidden platform after swimming in a large pool of opaque water. The
      platform was invisible and could not be located using olfactory cues. Successful
      escape performance required the rats to develop strategies of approaching the
      correct location with reference solely to distal extramaze cues. The lesions
      encompassed the entire rostro-caudal extent of the lateral and medial entorhinal
      cortex, and included parts of the pre- and para-subiculum, angular bundle and
      subiculum. Groups ECR 1 and 2 sustained only partial damage of the subiculum,
      while Group ECR+S sustained extensive damage. These groups were compared with
      sham-lesion and unoperated control groups. In Expt 1A, a profound deficit in
      spatial localisation was found in groups ECR 1 and ECR+S, the rats receiving all
      training postoperatively. In Expt 1B, these two groups showed hyperactivity in an
      open-field. In Expt 2, extensive preoperative training caused a transitory saving
      in performance of the spatial task by group ECR 2, but comparisons with the
      groups of Expt 1A revealed no sustained improvement, except on one measure of
      performance in a post-training transfer test. All rats were then given (Expt 3)
      training on a cueing procedure using a visible platform. The spatial deficit
      disappeared but, on returning to the normal hidden platform procedure, it
      reappeared. Nevertheless, a final transfer test, during which the platform was
      removed from the apparatus, revealed a dissociation between two independent
      measures of performance: the rats with ECR lesions failed to search for the
      hidden platform but repeatedly crossed its correct location accurately during
      traverses of the entire pool. This partial recovery of performance was not (Expt
      4) associated with any ability to discriminate between two locations in the pool.
      The apparently selective recovery of aspects of spatial memory is discussed in
      relation to O'Keefe and Nadel's (1978) spatial mapping theory of hippocampal
      function. We propose a modification of the theory in terms of a dissociation
      between procedural and declarative subcomponents of spatial memory. The
      declarative component is a flexible access system in which information is stored
      in a form independent of action. It is permanently lost after the lesion. The
      procedural component is "unmasked" by the retrohippocampal lesion giving rise to
      the partial recovery of spatial localisation performance.

PMID- 3987844
TI  - Operant control of the pattern of licking in rats.
AB  - In an attempt to slow down the highly regular rate of licking by instrumental
      conditioning, 10 rats were trained to obtain their daily ration of water in an
      apparatus equipped with a retractable drinking spout. Termination of a
      photoelectrically monitored lick started a computer controlled delay during which
      the spout was made inaccesible. The subsequent return of the spout was either
      permanent or limited to a time window (D or W conditions). The cycle was reset by
      each lick. With stationary spout, the interlick intervals (ILIs) were around 210
      +/- 16 ms (median and interquartile range). The spout return was gradually
      delayed during 22 sessions from 140 to 260 ms and limited to a 260-340 ms window
      during 11 sessions. A session consisted of 512 licks with stationary spout
      followed by 7 X 512 licks under D or W conditions. Two rats were able to smoothly
      adjust to the limited spout availability by increasing median ILI to 290 ms. Four
      rats generated bimodal ILI distributions indicating gradual reduction of tongue
      protrusion to an undetected lick followed by abrupt increase of lick amplitude.
      Three rats increased the median ILI to 260 ms and the interquartile range to 80
      150 ms. The above changes of lick pattern allowed the rats to attain tongue-spout
      contact in 41 to 89% licks. It is concluded that the rats can substantially slow
      down their lick rate provided that they receive feedback information about the
      failure or success of each lick.

PMID- 3987845
TI  - A quantitative analysis of stimulus- and movement-related responses in the
      posterior parietal cortex of the monkey.
AB  - The posterior parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7) in monkeys has been described as a
      higher association cortex and as such, area 5 has been attributed a complex
      somaesthetic function. More recently, a role in the formation of motor commands
      has been postulated for these two cortical areas. We have been particularly
      interested in the role area 5 neurons may have in movement initiation. Single
      neuron activity was recorded in area 5 during the performance of a trained
      forelimb movement in monkeys and neuronal responses which occurred prior to
      movement were observed. In the present report, we have examined the neuronal
      discharge data trial by trial using a technique of data analysis which enabled us
      to separate the changes in neuronal activity into stimulus- or movement-related
      responses. Both stimulus- and movement-related responses were identified. The
      stimulus-related responses were not simple sensory responses since they were also
      influenced by the timing of the onset of movement. These results suggest that
      certain area 5 neurons may be involved in the linking of sensory inputs with
      motor outputs. Cerebrocerebellar loops may be a pathway in this linkage. The
      latencies of the movement-related responses were such that corollary discharge
      from the motor cortex may have played a role in this activity. Such corollary
      discharge may be a form of information used by the animal to execute movement in
      the absence of peripheral feedback.

PMID- 3987846
TI  - Spinal projections of the gigantocellular reticular formation in the rat.
      Evidence for projections from different areas to laminae I and II and lamina IX.
AB  - We have used the autoradiographic method to study the organization of spinal
      projections from the gigantocellular reticular nucleus in the rat. Of particular
      note was the evidence obtained for projections to laminae I, II and IX. Reticular
      projections to laminae I and II arise more rostrally in Gi than those to lamina
      IX. Projections to laminae III-VIII and X as well as to autonomic nuclei have
      also been documented. Our results suggest that the gigantocellular reticular
      nucleus of the rat can be subdivided on connectional grounds.

PMID- 3987847
TI  - Image analysis of GFA-positive astrocytes from adolescence to senescence.
AB  - Smears of fresh rat brain tissue combined with immunohistochemistry using
      antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) were used to visualize
      individual astrocytes in different cortical regions of rats ranging in age from 1
      to 30 months. By computerized image analysis, the cell area and the cell
      perimeter were determined. Using 4-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, it was
      found that GFA-positive astrocytes from cerebellum and hippocampus were
      significantly larger, both in terms of cell area and cell perimeter, than similar
      cells from cortex cerebri. The temporal development was carefully followed in
      smears of the hippocampal formation where a continuous increase in cell size was
      observed from 1 to 30 months of age. During the first few postnatal months a
      rapid increase in both cell area and cell perimeter was observed using Sprague
      Dawley rats. For studies of senescent animals, Fisher 344 rats specifically bred
      for aging studies were obtained. Using such animals, a second, highly significant
      slower growth phase which continued until the longest time points studied was
      observed. A separate experiment using Sprague-Dawley rats also showed large
      differences in both cell area and cell perimeter of GFA-positive cerebellum and
      cortical astrocytes taken from 6-week- and 18-month-old animals. In conclusion,
      the present study shows that maturation of GFA-positive astrocytes is a process
      which continues for several months postnatally. This relatively rapid growth
      phase is followed by a slower increase in cell size, probably continuing
      throughout life.

PMID- 3987849
TI  - Spontaneous and evoked release of endogenous Zn2+ in the hippocampal mossy fiber
      zone of the rat in situ.
AB  - In rats anaesthetized with urethane, push pull cannulae were stereotaxically
      introduced in the hippocampus (bilaterally) and Zn2+ assayed in the perfusate by
      atomic absorption spectrophotometry. When the cannula was located in the
      immediate vicinity of the mossy fiber zone, both spontaneous and K+ evoked
      release of Zn2+ were observed, this release was associated with a reduction in
      the histologically demonstrable Zn2+ as assessed by means of the Timm's stain.
      Neither spontaneous nor evoked release of Zn2+ was observed when the cannula was
      located in the medial part of CA1, the fimbria or the thalamus. These
      observations suggest that Zn2+ is released in the mossy fiber zone.

PMID- 3987848
TI  - Axonal branching in parasagittal zones of the rat olivocerebellar projection: a
      retrograde fluorescent double-labelling study.
AB  - Axonal branching in the olivocerebellar projection was investigated using the
      retrograde fluorescent double-labelling method. Combinations of true blue and
      diamidino yellow injections (50 nl) were made in the cerebellar cortex of
      anaesthetized rats to investigate branching within single longitudinal zones and
      branching between such zones. The topographical arrangement of the projection was
      similar to that previously described, but additionally it was found that lateral
      parts of the inferior olive project more rostrally within a longitudinal zone and
      medial parts project more caudally in the same zone. Double-labelled olivary
      neurones, with axons branching rostrally and caudally within a single zone, were
      found to lie in an intermediate position between the two groups of single
      labelled neurones. No such double-labelled neurones occurred when branching
      between zones was investigated. The correlation between these anatomical findings
      and earlier physiological work is discussed.

PMID- 3987850
TI  - Unit activity related to spontaneous saccades in frontal dorsomedial cortex of
      monkey.
AB  - Single unit activity was studied in the dorsomedial edge of the frontal lobe,
      above the superior arcuate sulcus in three trained monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).
      Gaze and head movements were recorded with two magnetic search coils. Discharges
      preceding spontaneous eye movements in a preferred direction were consistently
      observed in light and in dark, in a limited cortical territory at the anterior
      border of the supplementary motor area. Microstimulation at these sites elicited
      saccades in the unit preferred direction. Five presaccadic units were studied
      head fixed and head free and showed the same saccade-related activity under both
      conditions. Preliminary data suggest that the area studied may be a supplementary
      eye field distinct from the arcuate frontal eye field.

PMID- 3987851
TI  - Sensory receptors in ankle joint capsules of normal and arthritic rats.
AB  - The responses of afferent fibers innervating the capsule of the ankle joint have
      been investigated in 34 normal and 19 arthritic anaesthetised rats. Afferent
      fiber diameter and conduction velocity were in the same range in normal and
      arthritic rats. All receptors examined were excited by mechanical stimulation of
      the joint capsule and the majority adapted slowly. A resting discharge was absent
      in normal rats in contrast to the arthritic animals where it was present in about
      25% of the sample. The mechanical thresholds of the responses, measured using
      either von Frey hairs or the force transducer, ranged from 4.6 mN to 65 mN for 11
      units recorded in normal and exceeded 80 mN for 11 others. For 30 units recorded
      in arthritic animals the thresholds ranged from 0.4 to 46 mN. When tested,
      pressure on the ankle or small degrees of flexion or extension produced a high
      rate of discharge in receptors of arthritics while similar stimuli were
      ineffective in normals. Repeated indentation at short intervals caused a
      progressive reduction in response to 10 to 15% of control values in normal and
      almost to extinction in arthritic rats. Recovery occurred within minutes in
      normals but was delayed in arthritics. These results suggest that the changes in
      responsiveness of somatosensory neurons and in behaviour, previously described in
      arthritic rats, can be partly accounted for in terms of the altered properties of
      the joint capsule receptors.

PMID- 3987852
TI  - Observations on the secondary vestibulocerebellar projections in the macaque
      monkey.
AB  - The distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in the nuclei of the vestibular
      nuclear complex following injections of horseradish peroxidase in various parts
      of the cerebellar cortex (except the nodulus and paraflocculus) has been mapped
      in the macacus rhesus monkey. In the main the findings correspond to those made
      in other mammalian species (cf. Table 1). The flocculus receives afferents
      bilaterally from the superior, medial and descending vestibular nucleus, group y,
      the interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve and also from the abducent
      nucleus. The projection to the posterior vermis (lobules VIII and IX), especially
      to lobule IX, is more abundant than that to lobules VI-VII. The projection to the
      anterior lobe vermis appears to be modest. Evidence for projections to the
      cerebellar hemispheres was not obtained. Whether the lateral vestibular nucleus
      projects to the cerebellum in the macaque is uncertain. The regular occurrence of
      weakly labeled cells among heavily labeled ones suggests that many of the
      cerebellar projecting cells may have axonal branches passing to other
      destinations. The findings lend support to the notion that there are precise
      topical relations within the entire secondary vestibulocerebellar projection. For
      example, in the medial nucleus the sites of origin of fibers to the flocculus and
      uvula are different. Surprisingly, many cells in group z were found to project to
      the uvula and - to a lesser extent - to lobule VIII. The group z may, therefore,
      not be a pure relay nucleus in a spinothalamic pathway, as generally assumed. The
      rather marked cerebellar projection of the abducent nucleus, especially to the
      flocculus, is of interest for the analysis of cerebellar control of eye movements
      in the macaque.

PMID- 3987853
TI  - Somatic receptive-field properties of single fibres in the rostral portion of the
      corpus callosum in awake cats.
AB  - In fifteen awake, chronic cats single-unit recordings were obtained from 316
      fibres isolated in the rostral portion of the corpus callosum (CC). Altogether,
      304 units were reactive to peripheral stimuli. They were fired by hair bending,
      light touch or light pressure (S units; 79.3%) or by gentle rotation of joints
      and/or by pressure on muscle bellies or tendons (D units; 20.7%). All the
      reactive units were endowed with small and unilateral receptive fields (RFs)
      located in trigeminal (49.7%) or segmental (50.3%) regions. Trigeminal and
      forepaw units had the smallest RFs. All the trigeminal units were of the S type.
      Their RFs were located in either the ophthalmic, maxillar, and mandibular face
      districts or in the oral vestible. The vast majority of segmental units (146 out
      153 fibres) had RFs in the forelimb. Very few units were fired by stimulation of
      the trunk (6 fibres), and only one had its RF in the tail. Almost half of the
      forelimb units (69 fibres) were fired by stimulation of the most proximal parts
      of the forelimb and of the shoulder; about one third (57 fibres) exhibited RFs
      located in the forepaw; the remaining units (20 fibres) had their RFs in the
      intermediate region of the forelimb. Neither the trigeminal nor segmental RFs
      ever extended across the midline. The distribution of the fibres within the CC
      conformed to a somatotopic pattern. The representations of the trigeminal and
      segmental regions were largely coextensive. Along the rostro-caudal axis of the
      CC, units with RFs in the mandibular, maxillar and ophthalmic divisions of the
      trigeminal region tended to lie in this order in the rostralmost 4 mm.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987854
TI  - Retrograde HRP study of neurons in the cervical enlargement projecting to the
      cerebellum in the cat.
AB  - After cerebellar HRP injections in kittens labeled neurons were found in laminae
      V-VIII in the cervical enlargement. Most of the labeled neurons were localized in
      two groups, one in laminae V-VI, the other centrally in lamina VII. Labeled
      neurons were also observed in the medial part of lamina VII of C5 and T1 and a
      few in lamina VIII. Neurons in the cervical enlargement seem to terminate largely
      in cerebellar lobules IV-V of the anterior lobe. Some neurons in laminae V-VI
      terminated in the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Neurons in laminae V-VI and
      central lamina VII of C5-T1 had uncrossed axons. Neurons in medial lamina VII of
      C5, in lamina VIII and neighbouring parts of lamina VII of C6-T1 had crossed
      axons. The ramifications of proximal dendrites and axons of the labeled neurons
      are described using the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method for HRP histochemistry.
      The neurons in the various laminae differed in their characteristic morphology.
      In conclusion, the findings of Matsushita et al. (1979) concerning the
      localization and axonal course of cerebellar projecting neurons in the cervical
      enlargement are confirmed. In addition new data concerning the morphology of the
      labeled neurons are presented.

PMID- 3987855
TI  - Further studies on peripeduncular-hypothalamic pathways involved in sexual
      behavior in the female rat.
AB  - A series of preliminary experiments demonstrated that injection of 22 mM sodium
      pentobarbital in the brain of the rat blocked synaptic transmission at the site
      of injection; the same concentration of pentobarbital did not block fiber
      conduction. Based on the latter information, 22 mM pentobarbital was applied to
      different parts of the peripeduncular-hypothalamic pathways responsible for the
      conduction and generation of potentials evoked in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN)
      by stimuli applied to the peripeduncular nucleus (PPN), to determine whether
      participation of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis involves
      the transynaptic activation of neuron somas at these places or the operation of
      passing fibers only. We determined that potentials evoked in the VMN by PPN
      stimulation involves synaptic activity in both the lateral amygdaloid nucleus and
      the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Both structures receive PPN-originated
      activity independently, and both structures contribute to the generation of PPN
      VMN evoked responses, presumably through temporal or spatial summation of inputs
      in the VMN. We also showed that activity in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus is
      conducted toward the VMN along fibers in the stria terminalis. We propose that
      the synaptic interactions thus demonstrated serve as integrating relays for
      different sensory modalities and hormone actions regulating sexual behavior.

PMID- 3987856
TI  - Establishment of status epilepticus by limbic system stimulation in previously
      unstimulated rats.
AB  - A syndrome of convulsive status epilepticus developed in 4 of 18 rats which had
      been treated with continuous sine wave stimulation incrementally raised to 40
      microA through limbic system electrodes. The syndrome was characterized by
      recurrent behavioral seizures, continuous EEG spiking, and marked neuropathology.
      In three other animals, the stimulation treatment produced a syndrome of
      nonconvulsive status epilepticus manifested by an electrophysiologic record of
      continuous seizure activity, without accompanying tonic-clonic movements. The
      poststimulatory effect was correlated with the animals' response to the
      stimulation, and was independent of whether the electrode was positioned in the
      hippocampus or amygdala. If an animal developed repeated convulsive seizures
      during the stimulation, such seizures were likely to persist after the
      stimulation offset. These results indicate that persistent limbic system
      activation can produce a syndrome of recurrent seizures similar to that caused by
      either neurotoxic drugs or by limbic system activation in kindled rats.

PMID- 3987857
TI  - Spinal control of pelvic floor muscles.
AB  - A prevalent notion in the literature is that the pelvic floor muscles behave as a
      unitary mass. We examined this proposition experimentally. In spinal cats, we
      recorded EMG activity from the following pelvic floor muscles: the sphincter ani
      externus (SAE), the abductor caudae internus (coccygeus), and the levator ani
      (pubiocaudalis) muscles. The epaxial sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis muscle was
      also exposed and prepared for recording. Electrical stimulation of S2 ventral
      roots elicited twitch responses of the sphincter ani externus and of the
      sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis muscles. Stimulation of S3 and Cx1 ventral roots
      elicited responses in the other two muscles studied, the levator ani and abductor
      caudae internus. Thus a clear segregation of the segmental motor neuron pools
      innervating the different pelvic floor muscles was demonstrated. The various
      muscles of the pelvic floor region could be reflexly activated either
      individually or as a mass unit depending on the intensity of stimulation. Tactile
      or electrical stimulation of pudendal regions on either side of the body elicited
      responses of the sphincter ani externus. In contrast, activation of the levator
      ani and abductor caudae internus muscles could be lateralized: tactile or
      electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral surfaces at the base of the tail
      region elicited ipsilateral responses from these muscles. Section of one pudendal
      nerve did not alter the level of tonic activity (2 to 4/s) of the sphincter ani
      externus. However, bilateral section of the pudendal nerve entirely abolished
      both tonic activity and phasic responsiveness of the SAE without affecting the
      activity of the levator ani and abductor caudae internus muscles. Pudendal nerve
      stimulation elicited only polysynaptic reflex responses from S2 ventral roots.
      The results presented show that the neural apparatus of the striated musculature
      of the pelvic floor is capable of activating individually the different muscles
      that make up the system, and that the sphincter ani externus from one side, and
      muscles that conform the diaphragm pelvis from the other, are subserved by
      different neuronal circuits.

PMID- 3987858
TI  - Volumetric asymmetry in the human striate cortex.
AB  - A sample of 31 serially sectioned human brains, in age from 33 weeks of gestation
      through 94 years, was examined for volumetric asymmetries in the striate cortex.
      The right striate cortex was found to be larger than the left in 24 of 31 cases.
      On the average, the right striate cortex was larger than the left by about 5%;
      this difference was statistically significant. Although past studies indicated
      that the posterior cerebrum is anatomically asymmetrical, no consistent pattern
      had been found, and no study had examined the actual volume of the striate cortex
      in the two hemispheres. The demonstration of asymmetries in the striate cortex is
      important because differences exist between the hemispheres in a wide range of
      perceptual and spatial skills related to vision. I suggest that the striate
      cortical asymmetry is related to the right hemisphere's superiority in
      visuospatial functioning.

PMID- 3987859
TI  - Further studies on quantification of drug-induced tremor in mice: effects of
      antitremorgenic agents on tremor frequency.
AB  - The effects of diazepam, dantrolene and atropine on drug-induced tremors were
      investigated in mice from the point of view of the tremor frequency. The study
      involved a power spectral analysis of the random current induced by movement of a
      magnet (attached to the mouse) on a wire coil. To induce tremor, tremorine and
      harmaline were subcutaneously injected. The power spectral density function
      defined the frequency composition of the tremor and its severity was determined
      quantitatively in terms of the mean square value of the data in any frequency
      range of concern. Diazepam markedly depressed the power spectral density of the
      tremorine- and harmaline-induced tremor and reduced the tremor frequency. With
      higher doses of diazepam, the peak frequency of the tremorine-induced tremor
      shifted to the lower frequency side as if the tremor components were taken into
      the component of the spontaneous motor activity. Dantrolene and atropine
      suppressed the power spectral density without affecting tremor frequency. The
      relationship between the change of tremor frequency and the site of action of
      antitremorgenic agents are discussed.

PMID- 3987860
TI  - Axonotmesis as treatment for neurotmesis.
AB  - The effect of proximal nerve crush on regeneration after unrepaired nerve
      transection was studied in feline cutaneous nerves. Delays between the initial
      transection and the subsequent nerve crush varied between 0 (immediate crush) and
      13 months. A survival time of 6 to 12 months after the crush was allowed for
      regeneration to complete. Data from these animals was compared with data from
      animals in which the nerve was simply transected. Four measures of regeneration
      success were used to assess the degree of functional recovery: (i) the number of
      fibers crossing the neuroma and regenerating down the distal stump; (ii) the
      conduction velocity and diameter of individual fibers in the distal stump
      relative to their conduction velocity and diameter in the proximal stump; (iii)
      the number of fibers reinnervating cutaneous mechanoreceptors; and (iv) the
      number of cutaneous type I mechanoreceptors present after regeneration. As a
      whole, the data showed a statistically significant increase in the number of
      fibers entering the distal stump and in the number of fibers reinnervating the
      skin when the nerve was crushed 6 months after transection compared with nerves
      that were only transected. There was also an increase in the size and conduction
      velocity of fibers in the distal stump of nerves that had been crushed 4 to 6
      months after transection.

PMID- 3987861
TI  - Acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase accumulate at the nerve-muscle
      contacts of de novo grown human monolayer muscle cocultured with fetal rat spinal
      cord.
AB  - Adult human biopsied muscle grown de novo from myoblasts in monolayer was
      cocultured with spinal cord explants of 13- to 14-day-old rat embryos. Cocultures
      were established 15 days after myoblast fusion. Autoradiography of 125I-alpha
      bungarotoxin and acetylcholinesterase staining were carried out on 27- to 56-day
      old muscle-cord cocultures. Large clusters of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin, indicating
      clusters of acetylcholine receptors, were present at nerve-muscle contacts but
      not elsewhere on the muscle fibers. Accumulation of acetylcholinesterase was also
      present at nerve-muscle contacts. This study demonstrates that monolayer cultured
      adult human muscle can be innervated by embryonic rat spinal cord neurons and
      thus there is no requirement for an original basal lamina tube as it is present
      when organ-cultured human muscle is innervated.

PMID- 3987862
TI  - Posttraumatic autoimmune reaction in peripheral nerve: effect of a single injury.
AB  - This study was conducted to show that local autoimmune reactions could be
      observed in rat sciatic nerve after a single injury. Furthermore, we attempted to
      correlate the intensity of the immunological reaction with the severity of nerve
      damage, with the type of surgical treatment and with the degree of functional
      recovery. Through the use of direct immunofluorescence techniques, we found that
      the severity of the initial damage was associated with the intensity of the local
      immunological response assessed 2.5 months after surgery. There was an
      association between type of surgical treatment and intensity of the autoimmune
      reaction. A correlation between autoimmune reaction and degree of long-term
      functional impairment was not immediately clear. The probable factors that
      underlie these results are discussed.

PMID- 3987863
TI  - Amygdala kindling in totally cerebellectomized cats.
AB  - This work describes the effect of total cerebellectomy on the development of
      kindled seizures produced by daily electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe
      amygdala. When the kindling was established, the cerebellectomized cats showed an
      increase in the afterdischarge and in the duration of generalized seizures.
      Henceforth, this duration increased persistently in the experimental cats,
      whereas it did not in the controls. Prior to the establishment of generalized
      seizures, no kindling behavioral stages or EEG differences were observed between
      experimental and control cats, despite the motor activity in the
      cerebellectomized cats being associated with persistent ataxia. In these animals
      there was also an increase in postictal EEG spikes after the establishment of
      generalized seizures. We conclude that total cerebellectomy induces anatomical
      and functional changes in the brain stem structures (mainly in the inferior olive
      and red nucleus) leading to a facilitation of tonic-clonic neocortical activity.

PMID- 3987864
TI  - The epileptic nature of rodent electrocortical polyspiking is still unproven.
AB  - Electrocortical polyspiking has been reported in guinea pigs, tottering mice, and
      several strains of laboratory rats. Some investigators have interpreted the
      polyspiking activity (PSA) to be epileptic in nature, specifically analogous to
      human petit mal spike-wave discharges; others have assumed PSA to be the rodent
      equivalent of human mu and feline sensorimotor rhythms. This article provides
      additional data on PSA in rats, consistent with previous reports that it is
      associated with behavioral immobility, occurs spontaneously, is bilaterally
      symmetrical, has a frequency of about 7 to 9/s, and is associated with vibrissa
      tremor. The PSA frequency varied in relation to the difference between fast and
      slow vibrissa tremor, as reported previously. A review of these data and the nine
      earlier publications on PSA reveals that the epileptic nature of PSA is still
      unproven, and there is strong support for the proposal that it is a normal EEG
      pattern.

PMID- 3987865
TI  - Effects of applied vibration on triphasic electromyographic patterns in
      neurologically ballistic head movements.
AB  - Vibration of agonist or antagonist muscle tendon produced changes in the
      triphasic electromyographic pattern of neck muscles; EMG signals were rectified,
      averaged, and also integrated by planimetry. The triphasic EMG envelopes obtained
      during fast horizontal head rotation showed unmodified early agonist pulse, the
      action pulse (PA), under all conditions; increased antagonist pulse, the braking
      pulse (PB), only with antagonist muscle vibration; and increase of late agonist
      pulse, the clamping pulse (PC), only with agonist muscle vibration. Vibration
      experiments can be considered as a model for studying interactions between
      central and peripheral effects on control of normal movements.

PMID- 3987866
TI  - Effects of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on thermoregulatory responses of rats to
      different ambient temperatures.
AB  - Rats 4 weeks after bilateral transections of the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve
      displayed a thermoregulatory deficit. Rectal and skin temperatures and metabolic
      rate were reduced at ambient temperatures of 22 and 8 degrees C. However, these
      vagotomized animals maintained their body temperatures within the normal limits
      displayed by normal animals at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C.

PMID- 3987867
TI  - Muscle fluorometry: a determination of the depth of penetration.
AB  - Fluorometric recordings of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) were made on
      rabbit papillary muscles. The specimens were placed between the UV light source
      and a small window of the detection stage. As the muscle was moved over the
      window in a transverse direction, simultaneous measurements could be taken of
      transmitted UV light and fluorescent light for various thicknesses of tissue. It
      is concluded that a muscle thickness of 0.65 mm is optimal before absorption of
      the incident light decreases the fluorescence signal.

PMID- 3987868
TI  - Morphine selectively facilitates the inspiratory-inhibitory vagal reflex in adult
      rabbits.
AB  - In rabbits naive to opiates or pretreated with morphine a selective morphine
      induced facilitation of the Breuer-Hering inflation reflex is described.

PMID- 3987869
TI  - An analysis of the distribution of the myelinated nerve fibers in the optic
      fascicle of a beagle dog.
AB  - The composition of both optic fascicles of a Beagle dog was studied in
      topographically oriented, semithin transections of whole nerve stained with
      toluidine blue. About 165,000 myelinated fibers were present in each nerve, their
      maximum caliber reaching 11 micron; large, less densely arranged fibers occurred
      especially in the dorso-temporal region.

PMID- 3987870
TI  - Changes in brush-border enzyme activities of intestinal epithelial cells isolated
      from the villus-crypt axis during the early phase of alloxan diabetes in rats.
AB  - The sucrase activity in enterocytes isolated from the villus crypt axis was found
      to increase in all regions of the villus from day 2 after induction of diabetes,
      and the increase continued until day 4. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase
      activity increased mainly in the apical one-third of the villus-crypt column, and
      the increase occurred abruptly on day 4 with increase in food intake.

PMID- 3987871
TI  - NADP-isocitric dehydrogenase of gerbil adrenal mitochondria: support of steroid
      hydroxylation.
AB  - In gerbil adrenal cortex the activity of intramitochondrial NADP-linked isocitric
      dehydrogenase (IDH) is up to 10-fold greater than the NAD-linked IDH. The NADP
      IDH, apparent Km 0.58 mM, Vmax 280 nmoles/min/mg mitochondrial protein, appears
      to be the major source of reducing equivalents to support adrenal mitochondrial
      steroid 11B- and 19-hydroxylation in this species.

PMID- 3987872
TI  - Androstenedione or corticosterone treatment during pregnancy alters estrous cycle
      of adult female offspring in mice.
AB  - Female offspring from mice injected with androstenedione during late pregnancy
      showed lengthened vaginal cycles, persistent estrus and decreased incidence of
      pro-estrus and diestrus, whilst offspring from mice injected with corticosterone
      showed increased incidence of diestrus. These observations give qualified support
      to the hypothesis that stress during pregnancy alters the female offspring
      reproductive system through the action of adrenal steroids.

PMID- 3987873
TI  - Hyperprolactinemia and estrogen-induced rhythms in LH and prolactin release in
      the ovariectomized rat.
AB  - Short-term (9 days) hyperprolactinemia induced by pituitary grafts reduced basal
      plasma LH levels in ovariectomized rats whereas long-term (31 days) grafts
      increased basal LH levels. Although long-term grafts inhibited estradiol-induced
      prolactin surges, hyperprolactinemia had no effect on the LH surge. It is
      concluded that the estrogen-treated ovariectomized rat is not suitable for
      studying the effects of hyperprolactinemia on LH release.

PMID- 3987875
TI  - Experimental analysis of the extensive pigmentation in the Silkie fowl embryo:
      evidence for an environmental regulatory process.
AB  - Heterospecific coelomic grafts, associated with the quail-chick marker system,
      showed that quail embryo melanoblasts exhibit the same invading behavior as
      Silkie fowl melanoblasts, when they came into contact with Silkie embryo organs.
      Thus the colonization or noncolonization of the organs of the Silkie fowl embryo
      by melanoblasts seems to depend on environmental cues.

PMID- 3987874
TI  - Effect of aminoglutethimide on murine fetal hepatic erythroid colony formation.
AB  - Pretreatment of pregnant mice with aminoglutethimide phosphate, an inhibitor of
      glucocorticoid synthesis, increases the content of fetal liver erythroid colony
      forming cells (CFU-E), as assessed by the formation of erythroid colonies in
      vitro by fetal liver cells in plasma clots containing exogenous erythropoietin.
      In addition, the inability of aminoglutethimide to influence erythroid colony
      formation in vitro suggests that endogenous glucocorticoids exert a suppressive
      effect on the number of functional CFU-E in the fetal liver.

PMID- 3987877
TI  - Thinking about thinking in family therapy.
AB  - Epistemological comparison reveals congruence between the reality-defusing though
      rules of new science, Batesonian evolution, and ecosystemic thinking with
      families and family therapy. These rules provide a base for a technology of
      therapy in which the therapist functions as a benign detective, seeking out with
      the family and others the event-shape in time-space (the Storey) that contains
      the reported distress. Intervention consists of action that adds to the Storey in
      a manner designed to alleviate the distress. A Storey is presented that
      illustrates the difference between medical, paradoxical, and ecosystemic
      interventions.

PMID- 3987876
TI  - Defensive steroids from a carrion beetle (Silpha americana).
AB  - The defensive anal effluent discharged by Silpha americana in response to
      disturbance contains a mixture of steroids stemming from a glandular annex of the
      rectum. The compounds have been characterized as 15 beta-hydroxyprogesterone (1,
      principal component), 5 beta-pregnan-15 beta-ol-3,20-dione (2), 5 beta-pregnan-3
      alpha, 15 beta-diol-20-one (3), 5 beta-pregnan-7 beta, 15 beta-diol-3,20-dione
      (4), 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha, 7 beta, 15 beta-triol-20-one (5), 5 beta-pregnan-16
      alpha-ol-3,20-dione (6), and 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha, 16 alpha-diol-20-one (7),
      none previously found in insects. Bioassays with jumping spiders showed compounds
      1 and 6 to be feeding deterrents at the 1 microgram level.

PMID- 3987878
TI  - Rites of passage in families with adolescents.
AB  - In previous generations society defined expectations and constructed events to
      promote individual development, a functional family organization, and cultural
      continuity. Culturally defined and accepted rites of passage that were previously
      observed in families with adolescents have given way to a more vague and
      meaningless set of adolescent expectations and affirmations. It is proposed that
      this change has interfered with the mission of the family to promote functional
      adolescent development and with the ability of the family during this life cycle
      stage to operate with a sense of community attachment. This paper addresses the
      importance of rites of passage as they pertain to family development and change
      and presents ideas about making them explicit in family therapy to change family
      interaction and structure. Prescribed family rituals that are straightforward,
      developmentally relevant, and interactional can be effective without
      consideration to whether they are paradoxical. Three clinical illustrations are
      presented to highlight this therapeutic approach.

PMID- 3987879
TI  - Twenty years of family therapy in Israel: a personal journey.
AB  - This article is a personal statement of my beliefs and practice of family
      therapy, from the time I first introduced the concept to Israel over twenty years
      ago to the present day. It reflects the evolution and changes in my clinical work
      against the background of major developments in the field of family therapy.

PMID- 3987880
TI  - Integrative shifts for the theory and practice of family systems therapy.
AB  - This paper describes several disagreements among approaches to family therapy and
      proposes two conceptual shifts providing a more integrative perspective. The
      first shift focuses on the implications of different ways therapists orient
      themselves to the developing structures of the therapy system and to the disabled
      structures of the client system. The second shift reconsiders theoretical
      approaches in terms of the types of distance they require of the therapist and
      the types of information these distances provide and ignore. Finally, the paper
      also discusses a means for classifying the different types of goals therapists
      establish for their clients, emphasizing that these goals must be consistent with
      the clients' views of themselves and the world.

PMID- 3987881
TI  - Feminism and family therapy.
AB  - Feminism has had a profound effect on contemporary culture and on thinking in
      most academic fields, including psychoanalysis. Interestingly, until very
      recently it had made virtually no impact on the theory and practice of family
      therapy. This paper proposes an explanation for this peculiar phenomenon and
      argues that family therapy has been considerably handicapped by its insularity
      from the feminist critique. Utilizing feminist scholarship in psychoanalysis,
      history, and sociology, the paper analyzes the structural contradictions in
      family life that family therapists have essentially ignored and then outlines
      their clinical implications. Key points in the discussion include the argument
      that systems theory is an inadequate explanatory matrix from which to build a
      theory of the family, that the archetypal "family case" of the overinvolved
      mother and peripheral father is best understood, not as a clinical problem, but
      as the product of a historical process two hundred years in the making, and that
      power relations between men and women in families function in terms of
      paradoxical, incongruous hierarchies that reflect the complex interpenetration
      between the structure of family relations and the world of work. This conceptual
      model then provides the basis for an analysis and critique of sexual politics as
      they emerge in the prototypical clinical situation.

PMID- 3987882
TI  - Men and the family.
AB  - Based on interviews with a sample of occupationally successful men, a description
      is offered of the competing engagements of work and the family and of the
      contributions these men see their families making to their functioning. Attention
      is given to reasons for limited discussion of work events with wives and for the
      control of emotion and its expression.

PMID- 3987883
TI  - Early interactional change and its relationship to family therapy outcome.
AB  - In the present study, a tailoring methodology was employed to investigate the
      detection of early interactional change in the course of family therapy and the
      possible prognostic value of such change for therapy outcome. The predicted
      relationship received partial support and suggested a model of change in
      families, with early interactional change as a mediating factor.

PMID- 3987884
TI  - Single-case experimental designs in family therapy research: limitations and
      considerations.
AB  - Recent authors have encouraged the use of single-case experimental design in
      family therapy research. However, several issues related to the application of
      these designs have not been addressed. The present article suggests that the
      applicability of single-case methods to family therapy research may be limited.
      The first issue raised is the general lack of adequate dependent measures of
      family interaction that fulfill the requirements of the single-case experimental
      designs. Suggestions for development of appropriate measures are given. Second,
      the necessary reliance on relatively weak single-case designs often allows only
      relatively weak conclusions. Finally, the strategy of beginning the single-case
      study of family functioning and family therapy in laboratory settings is
      suggested.

PMID- 3987885
TI  - A systems theory conceptualization of incest.
AB  - In this paper, father-daughter incest is examined from the perspective of general
      systems theory. Three characteristics of an open system--information exchange
      with the environment, negentropy, and dynamic homeostasis--are described and
      examined with respect to the functioning of incestuous families. Two case studies
      of families with father-daughter incest illustrate the tendency of these families
      to be more characteristic of the "closed" end of the continuum. The role of the
      environment in the origin and maintenance of the incestuous symptom is also
      examined. Implications for treatment are presented within the context of this
      theoretical perspective.

PMID- 3987886
TI  - Adaptation in family systems: a developmental perspective.
AB  - Adaptation involves a dialectic between permanence and change. At lower levels of
      organization, mechanisms of permanence and change are split and in opposition; at
      a higher level of organization, they are integrated so that change can occur
      while identity is preserved. Current family theory does not account for the
      ability of families to change while simultaneously maintaining continuity;
      rather, mechanisms of permanence (morphostasis) and change (morphogenesis) are
      treated as operating singly or sequentially. Current theory, therefore, accounts
      only for a lower level of adaptive functioning. Piaget's notion of "regulations"
      is used to supplement the description of this lower level of adapting. In
      addition, Piaget's notion of "operations" is used to describe a higher level of
      adaptive process in which permanence and change are integrated. Because adaptive
      functioning is tied to degree of organization, one must increase the degree of
      organization of a family to raise its adaptive level.

PMID- 3987887
TI  - A model for the structural organization of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in
      mammalian cells.

PMID- 3987888
TI  - Structural interpretation of low-temperature heme-ligand recombination rates in
      myoglobin.
AB  - The nonexponential recombination of photodissociated heme-CO and heme-O2 in
      myoglobin, which is geminate at T less than 180 K, is interpreted as being due to
      a narrow, random distribution of ligand transfer distances in the heme pocket.
      This permits evaluation of the most probable recombination rate which is shown to
      be consistent with ligand tunneling.

PMID- 3987889
TI  - Isolation of a teratocarcinoma stem cell lectin implicated in intercellular
      adhesion.
AB  - We have previously identified a cell surface teratocarcinoma stem cell lectin
      with a fucan/mannan specificity. We now report the purification of the
      hemagglutinin (lectin) from stem cell conditioned medium by exclusion on a
      Sepharose 2B column, followed by elution with 0.5M NaCl from DEAE-cellulose,
      providing an overall purification of about 90-fold. When this material was
      analyzed, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a major band of Mr 56000 was
      consistently observed. Hemagglutination activity was renatured from the gels and
      localized exclusively to a region of the gel that, as detected by fluorography,
      contains only the 56-kDa component. This suggested that this polypeptide
      comprises the lectin.

PMID- 3987891
TI  - Tissue-specific modulation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter by magnesium
      ions.
AB  - This paper analyzes the kinetics of the Ca2+ uniporter of mitochondria from rat
      heart, kidney and liver operating in a range of Ca2+ concentrations near the
      steady-state value (1-4 microM). Heart mitochondria exhibit the lowest activity,
      and physiological Mg2+ concentrations inhibit the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter by
      approx. 50% in heart and kidney, and by 20% in liver. At physiological Ca2+ and
      Mg2+ concentrations the external free Ca2+ maintained by respiring mitochondria
      in vitro is higher in heart and kidney with respect to liver mitochondria. This
      behaviour could represent an adaptation of different mitochondria to their
      specific intracellular environment.

PMID- 3987890
TI  - Study of hepatic binding protein activity in jejuno-ileal by-passed rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The kinetic constants of internalization of asialoorosomucoid were determined for
      normal and jejuno-ileal by-passed rat hepatocytes. In by-passed rats the maximum
      velocity of asialoorosomucoid internalization is decreased 3-fold, without any
      modification of apparant constant of internalization. Moreover, the rate constant
      of internalization was the same in the two groups of rats. These data suggest
      that the process of asialoorosomucoid internalization is not altered in by-passed
      hepatocytes and that the decrease of maximal velocity is only due to a decrease
      of total uptake receptor number.

PMID- 3987892
TI  - Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation dependent on an ethanol-inducible
      form of rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.
AB  - Treatment of rats with ethanol or rabbits with either imidazole or pyrazole,
      agents known to induce the ethanol-inducible form of liver microsomal cytochrome
      P-450 (P-450 LMeb), caused, compared to controls, 3-25-fold enhanced rates of
      CCl4-dependent lipid peroxidation or chloroform production in isolated liver
      microsomes. No significant differences were seen when the rate of CCl4-dependent
      lipid peroxidation was expressed relative to the amount of P-450 LMeb in the
      various types of microsomal preparations. In reconstituted membranous systems,
      this type of P-450 was a 100-fold more effective catalyst of CCl4 metabolism than
      either of the cytochromes P-450 LM2 or P-450 LM4. It is proposed that the
      induction of this isozyme provides the explanation on a molecular level for the
      synergism seen of ethanol on CCl4-dependent hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 3987893
TI  - Fractionation of chromatin fragments on columns of Biogel A50-m at different salt
      concentrations.
AB  - Nuclease fragmented chromatin was chromatographed on Biogel at various NaCl
      concentrations. The yield of eluted chromatin, and its H1/core histone ratio was
      minimal at 0.18 M NaCl where the ratio of H1 subtypes H1c/H1ab was maximal.
      Therefore, the eluted material was aggregation-resistant chromatin while
      aggregatable chromatin remained on the columns. Previous results were interpreted
      as H1 depletion of chromatin by ion-exchange properties of Biogel, but the
      primary phenomenon is now seen as a separation of classes of chromatin that
      differ in sensitivity to salt-induced aggregation. At very low salt
      concentrations, Biogel chromatography can be used without concern for H1
      depletion.

PMID- 3987894
TI  - Water permeability of chloroplast envelope membranes. In vivo measurement by
      saturation-transfer NMR.
AB  - In tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) leaves, the proton NMR signal from
      chloroplast water is resolved from that of water in other leaf compartments. We
      used the saturation-transfer NMR method to measure the mean water molecule
      residence time within a chloroplast, (88 +/- 17) ms at 20 degrees C. From the
      measured chloroplast dimensions, we calculate an effective permeability
      coefficient of (9 +/- 2) X 10(-4) cm/s for the chloroplast envelope membrane.
      This is the first in vivo measurement of chloroplast water permeability.

PMID- 3987895
TI  - Synthesis of a nonacosapeptide (beta-fragment) corresponding to the N-terminal
      sequence 1-29 of human liver metallothionein II and its heavy metal-binding
      properties.
AB  - A nonacosapeptide (beta-fragment) corresponding to the N-terminal sequence 1-29
      of human liver metallothionein II was synthesized by the fragment condensation
      method. The Cd-binding ability of the beta-fragment was much stronger than that
      of cysteine as thionein and synthetic alpha-fragment corresponding to the C
      terminal sequence 30-61 of human liver metallothionein II. Both the alpha- and
      beta-fragments bound preferentially to Cu ions rather than Cd ions.

PMID- 3987896
TI  - Introns, protein syntheses and aging.
AB  - In the fungus Podospora, a correlation has recently been established between the
      presence of circular DNA molecules arising from the mitochondrial genome (SEN
      DNAs) and the senescence syndrome. Here, I propose a hypothesis which accounts
      for the initial event which leads to the first SEN-DNA. A molecule in the most
      frequent situation where the SEN-DNA is an intron which might code for a
      maturase. This hypothesis is based upon several observations made either in
      Podospora or in the yeast S. cerevisiae. It assumes that mitochondrially
      synthesized maturases are unspecific nucleases able to work at the level of RNA
      and DNA molecules. Their specificity for RNA splicing instead of DNA is given by
      cytoplasmic proteins. Therefore, if the balance between cytoplasmic and
      mitochondrial protein syntheses is disturbed in favour of the mitochondrial
      compartment, the maturase would be accumulated and allowed to splice introns from
      DNA instead of RNA molecules. This hypothesis can account for aging of higher
      eucaryotic cells by postulating analogous processes in their nuclear compartment.

PMID- 3987897
TI  - Disassembly and reconstitution of the Ca2+-sensitive thin filaments of vascular
      smooth muscle.
AB  - The Ca2+-sensitive thin filaments of aorta smooth muscle have been, disassembled
      into their constituent proteins, actin, tropomyosin and a 120-kDa protein. The
      120-kDa protein bound to aorta actin-tropomyosin and inhibited its ability to
      activate myosin MgATPase. This inhibition correlated with the binding of one 120
      kDa protein molecule per 29 actin monomers. Upon the addition of calmodulin to
      the actin-tropomyosin-120-kDa protein complex, the inhibition was relieved in 10(
      4) M Ca2+ but not 10(-9) M Ca2+. The full release of inhibition was not
      accompanied by a full release of 120-kDa protein binding to actin-tropomyosin. A
      fully active, Ca2+-sensitive aorta thin filament has thus been reconstituted from
      just four components: actin, tropomyosin, 120-kDa protein and calmodulin.

PMID- 3987899
TI  - Measurement of the sodium membrane potential by NMR.
AB  - Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we have developed a method of
      noninvasively determining the transmembrane sodium potential in erythrocytes by
      measuring intracellular and extracellular sodium concentrations. The experimental
      values correlated well with values obtained from standard flame photometric
      methods.

PMID- 3987898
TI  - Regulation by thyrotropin of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase in cultured
      thyroid cells.
AB  - ACAT activity measured in microsomes of thyroid cells cultured for 4 days in the
      presence of TSH (1 mU/ml) was two or three times lower than that of the control
      cells cultured for the same period in the absence of TSH. The pool of cellular
      cholesterol which served as the ACAT substrate, was not exchangeable with
      exogenous cholesterol provided in the form of liposomes. However, the incubation
      of microsomes with liposomes made it possible to increase the cholesterol content
      in the microsomes by 35%, and this resulted in the activation of ACAT activity.
      Nevertheless, maximum activity measured after activation in the microsomes of the
      control cells remained higher than that of the microsomes of cells cultured in
      the presence of TSH. These findings would suggest that TSH acted by diminishing
      the cellular content in ACAT enzyme, as well as modifying the distribution of
      cholesterol in the intracellular membranes.

PMID- 3987900
TI  - Visualization of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor in rats by
      sequential scintiscans.
AB  - The usefulness of a gamma camera system for external imaging of the degradation
      sites of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is demonstrated in rats. [131I]LDL was
      injected intravenously in normal rats and rats pretreated with 17 alpha-ethinyl
      estradiol for LDL receptor induction. Distribution of the radioligand was
      followed for 20 min, for perfusion control [131I]albumin was administered. Rats
      pretreated with 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol showed a marked increase in the LDL
      uptake by the liver, which was not competed by the preinjection of physiological
      amounts of unlabelled LDL. It is concluded that the injection of small amounts of
      [131I]LDL is sufficient to image the hepatic LDL receptor and that the endogenous
      LDL does not compete effectively at physiological LDL levels.

PMID- 3987901
TI  - Glutathione transferases in primary rat hepatomas: the isolation of a form with
      GSH peroxidase activity.
AB  - A previously uncharacterized glutathione (GSH) transferase which is not apparent
      in normal liver, accounts for at least 25% of the soluble GSH transferase content
      of primary hepatomas induced by feeding N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene. This
      enzyme is readily isolated, has an isoelectric point of 6.8, is composed of two
      identical subunits of apparent Mr 26000 and has GSH transferase activity towards
      a number of substrates including benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-oxide. It is
      unusual in that it has GSH peroxidase activity towards fatty acid hydroperoxides
      but not towards the model substrates, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl
      hydroperoxide. It has been shown by tryptic peptide analysis to be distinct from
      GSH transferases composed of subunits 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 and has been designated GSH
      transferase 7-7.

PMID- 3987902
TI  - Purification of human intrinsic factor using high-performance ion-exchange
      chromatography as the final step.
AB  - Human intrinsic factor was purified 1430-fold from gastric juice with a yield of
      75% using two steps: labile ligand affinity chromatography and high-performance
      ion-exchange chromatography. Intrinsic factor precipitated in the presence of
      specific autoantibodies and 15% sodium sulfate, had an estimated Mr of 59 000 in
      5% SDS electrophoresis and could bind to the specific ileal receptor in vitro.
      Its carbohydrate composition could be related to N-lactosaminic and O-glycosidic
      chains. High-performance ion-exchange chromatography was a mild, rapid and
      efficient procedure to separate completely intrinsic factor from haptocorrin
      (another glycoprotein of gastric juice which binds cobalamin) and from other
      contaminating proteins.

PMID- 3987903
TI  - Effect of dinucleotides on wheat germ translation system.
AB  - The effect of ribodinucleoside monophosphates on total protein synthesis was
      studied in a wheat germ cell-free system, using brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA as a
      messenger. Dinucleotides inhibit total protein synthesis to different extents. Of
      those tested the most inhibitory is CpA. The inhibitory effect of dinucleotides
      is due to their adverse effect on initiation and not on elongation of polypeptide
      synthesis. It seems that the dinucleotides complementary to the initiation codon
      are able to compete with the initiator tRNA during initiation of protein
      synthesis. The comparison of the effect exerted by different dinucleotides
      suggests that under conditions of the in vitro protein synthesis RNA 4 is an mRNA
      molecule with the initiation codon and its immediate neighbourhood being exposed.

PMID- 3987904
TI  - The phospholipid organisation in the membranes of McLeod and Leach phenotype
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The phospholipid composition, the distribution of phospholipids over the two
      membrane layers as well as the phosphatidylcholine-specific transfer protein
      mediated exchangeability of phosphatidylcholine from the membrane, has been
      investigated in two types of abnormal erythrocytes--the McLeod phenotype and the
      Leach phenotype. The acanthocytic McLeod cells appeared to have a normal
      phospholipid composition and distribution, but the exchangeability of
      phosphatidylcholine was found to be markedly enhanced. Unlike control
      erythrocytes, in which 75% of all of the phosphatidylcholine can be exchanged
      during an 8 h incubation, the McLeod cell showed a complete exchange of this
      phospholipid within the same time period. This obviously indicates an enhanced
      transbilayer mobility of phosphatidylcholine in the membrane of McLeod cells.
      Erythrocytes of the Leach phenotype showed an elliptocytic shape and increased
      osmotic fragility, but no abnormalities were observed as to the composition and
      organisation of the phospholipid complement of their membranes.

PMID- 3987905
TI  - Incorporation of isoleucine into protein by a soluble fraction from spermatozoa.
AB  - A heat-labile, non-dialyzable factor(s) in soluble fractions from porcine, bull,
      rabbit and cock spermatozoa was found to incorporate the radioactivity of
      [14C]isoleucine into a 95 degrees C CCl3COOH-insoluble fraction. The
      incorporation required ATP, Mg2+, casein and 2-mercaptoethanol. Trypsin and alpha
      chymotrypsin inhibited the incorporation, while RNase A and DNase I did not. A
      mixture of 19 amino acids other than isoleucine had no effect on the
      incorporation. The reaction product was identified as protein. The incorporated
      moiety was the isoleucyl moiety of isoleucine and it retained a free alpha-amino
      group in the product protein. Some other characteristics of this incorporation
      are also described.

PMID- 3987906
TI  - Stimulation of the respiratory and phosphorylating activities in rat brain
      mitochondria by idebenone (CV-2619), a new agent improving cerebral metabolism.
AB  - The effects of 6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (CV
      2619) on the respiration and non-respiratory oxygen consumption induced by
      ascorbate and Fe2+ in rat brain mitochondria were studied. When CV-2619 (100 and
      300 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats for 3 days, it increased the state 3
      respiration stimulated by ADP, slightly decreased the state 4 respiration after
      the consumption of ADP and resulted in a significant increase of the respiratory
      control index (RCI) by 14-19% for glutamate oxidation (p less than 0.01) and 10
      17% for succinate oxidation (p less than 0.05), respectively. The RCI increasing
      effect of CV-2619 was dose dependent, but the compound had no effect on the ADP/O
      ratio. CV-2619 significantly suppressed by about 10% the non-respiratory oxygen
      consumption (p less than 0.02), which closely associated with non-enzymatic
      reactions such as lipid peroxidation, membrane lysis and swelling of
      mitochondria. Thus, CV-2619 may contribute to stimulate the net ATP formation by
      the well-coupling of electron and energy transfer, and by the reduction of non
      respiratory oxygen consumption in cerebral metabolism.

PMID- 3987908
TI  - Depressive illness and lung cancer. I. Depression before diagnosis.
AB  - Twenty-two (16%) of 134 lung cancer patients had symptoms of a major depressive
      illness at the time they first presented to hospital. This was a higher
      prevalence than that found in patients with non-malignant chest conditions, or in
      controls without serious disease. A past history of psychiatric illness, and the
      presence of metastatic disease, were the most significant correlates of
      depression. The depressive symptoms had often preceded the physical ones and
      apparently arisen in reaction to social stress.

PMID- 3987907
TI  - Changes in the size of isolated chromaffin granules in ATP-evoked catecholamine
      release.
AB  - The average size of chromaffin granules isolated from bovine adrenal medullae was
      analyzed by a quasi-elastic laser light scattering method. The granule diameter
      increased by a factor of 1.3 by addition of Mg-ATP in the medium. The ATP effect
      was completely suppressed in the presence of an anion transport blocker (SITS),
      and partly depressed by a proton transport blocker (DCCD).

PMID- 3987909
TI  - Depressive illness and lung cancer. II. Follow-up of inoperable patients.
AB  - Fifty patients with inoperable lung cancer were interviewed by a psychiatrist 2-3
      months after diagnosis. Eight (16%) had a major depressive illness, which was
      receiving treatment in two cases only. Patients treated by radiotherapy or
      cytotoxic chemotherapy generally considered treatment worthwhile, whereas
      patients who had not had active treatment were more likely to be depressed or
      dissatisfied. Sixteen (32%) would have liked more information about their
      illness, but 12 (24%) neither knew their diagnosis nor wanted information.
      Distress among patients, spouses appeared frequent.

PMID- 3987910
TI  - The detection of premalignant histology in patients with dyspepsia.
AB  - The pattern of conditions detected in 129 patients attending an open access
      endoscopy clinic with dyspepsia has been evaluated. In 46 patients less than 45
      years, benign conditions only were detected. In 83 patients over 45 years, three
      (one in 30) had gastric cancer and seven (8%) had premalignant histological
      changes. The significance of these findings to a modified gastric cancer
      screening programme is discussed.

PMID- 3987911
TI  - Adult Hodgkin's disease in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Hodgkin's disease (HD) has variable clinical and pathologic features in different
      geographic regions. The reasons behind this are not completely clear. We reviewed
      81 cases of adult HD who presented to the Adult Oncology Unit of the King Faisal
      Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1982. Fifty-seven
      (70.4%) were males and 24 (29.6%) were females with median ages of 29.9 and 23
      years, respectively. The male:female ratio was 2.38:1. Two distinct age peaks at
      18 and 48 years were seen in both sexes, with bimodality being more striking in
      females. The most common histologic subtype encountered was mixed cellularity
      (59.3%). Most of the patients (67.9%) were either Stage III or Stage IV at the
      time of diagnosis. These patterns differ significantly from those seen in
      reported Western series, but are similar to those reported from other areas in
      the Middle East.

PMID- 3987912
TI  - Cystadenoma of the pancreas--an unusual presentation.
AB  - Cystadenoma is a rare lesion of the pancreas. A case is reported in which the
      tumour was initially misdiagnosed as a pseudocyst and inappropriate surgery
      performed. The patient subsequently presented with gastro-intestinal haemorrhage
      and the tumour was resected. The diagnosis and management of cystic lesions of
      the pancreas are discussed, stressing the need for complete pre-operative
      investigation in order that incorrect treatment is avoided.

PMID- 3987913
TI  - Carcinoid tumour of the ampulla of Vater.
AB  - A 60 year old female with a carcinoid tumour of the ampulla of Vater is
      presented. The importance of considering this diagnosis in localized lesions of
      common bile duct or ampulla of Vater and thus avoiding more radical surgery is
      stressed.

PMID- 3987914
TI  - Nipple oedema: an unusual presenting sign of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 3987915
TI  - A policy of selective excision for primary cutaneous malignant melanoma.
AB  - A policy of selective conservative excision of cutaneous malignant melanoma based
      upon clinical assessment of tumour type has been studied prospectively in 163
      patients treated over a 10-year period. Melanomas have been divided into three
      groups after clinical assessment--impalpable, palpable but not nodular, and
      overtly nodular--and excised with 1, 2 and 3-5 cm margins respectively. These
      clinical groups have been shown to correspond broadly to thickness ranges of less
      than or equal to 0.75 mm, 0.76-1.49 mm and greater than or equal to 1.50 mm
      respectively. Two to 12-year follow-up has shown no adverse effect on outcome in
      terms of both local and regional recurrence. One in four patients had a 1 cm
      clearance, and 67.5% of patients were saved a conventional 5 cm clearance with
      its cosmetic and functional consequences. The width of excision for melanoma can
      confidently be reduced on a selective basis to the levels used in this study.
      Additional prospective studies are required before any further reduction can be
      recommended.

PMID- 3987916
TI  - Different effects of vasopressin and angiotensin II on baroreflexes.
AB  - Our data indicate that vasopressin facilitates baroreflex inhibition of lumbar
      sympathetic nerve activity by two mechanisms: it sensitizes baroreceptors locally
      and shifts the stimulus-response curve so that a lower carotid sinus pressure
      results in a certain level of reflex sympathetic inhibition; it also produces a
      corresponding shift when given i.v. and excluded from baroreceptors implicating a
      second, central mechanism for facilitation of baroreflexes. In contrast,
      angiotensin II attenuates baroreflex inhibition of peripheral sympathetic
      function and this is accounted for totally by a central action. Why these
      differences occur present challenging new questions for future investigation.

PMID- 3987917
TI  - Epilepsy: brain-stem seizure mechanisms and drug action. An overview.

PMID- 3987918
TI  - Isolated hepatocytes as experimental material for nutritional research.
      Introduction.

PMID- 3987919
TI  - Compartmentation of enzymes: ATP citrate lyase in hepatocytes from fed or fasted
      rats.
AB  - Compared with traditional techniques of tissue homogenization, digitonin
      fractionation of isolated hepatocytes provides a much more rapid and, in some
      instances, more accurate determination of enzyme compartmentation. Results with
      ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) illustrate the information that uniquely can be
      obtained. Although the enzyme was previously thought to be entirely cytosolic,
      digitonin fractionation has shown that a portion of total cellular ATP citrate
      lyase is bound to mitochondria or some other structure, and the amount bound
      varies with the animal's nutritional state. In hepatocytes from rats that were
      starved for 2 days, fed NIH stock diet ab libitum, or starved for 2 days and then
      refed a fat-free diet for 2 days, the noncytosolic activity was, respectively,
      52, 21, or 24% of total cellular lyase. However, because starvation/refeeding
      greatly induces lipogenic enzymes, the amount of bound lyase activity in this
      dietary state was 10-12 times greater than that in rats that were starved or fed
      ad libitum. The association of citrate lyase with a subcellular organelle is also
      influenced by CoA. Addition of 20 microM CoA to the digitonin fractionation
      medium caused all of the lyase to be released from cells like a cytosolic enzyme.
      Conversely, when cellular free CoA was decreased by incubating hepatocytes with
      the hypolipidemic agent 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, the amount of bound
      lyase was increased. These results suggest the possibility that the noncytosolic
      ATP citrate lyase may have a special role in lipogenesis.

PMID- 3987921
TI  - The in vitro fertilization pregnancy rate: let's be honest with one another.

PMID- 3987920
TI  - Nutritional control of branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase in rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.4) complex, the rate
      limiting enzyme of branched chain amino acid catabolism in most tissues, is
      subject to regulation by covalent modification, with phosphorylation inactivating
      and dephosphorylation activating the complex. The enzyme complex from liver of
      chow-fed rats is mainly in the active form but that from liver of rats fed a low
      protein diet is mainly in the inactive form. Isolated hepatocytes were used to
      identify factors that affect interconversion of branched chain alpha-ketoacid
      dehydrogenase. The enzyme present in hepatocytes of rats fed a low-protein diet
      appears much more responsive to regulation by covalent modification than the
      branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase present in hepatocytes of normal chow
      fed rats. alpha-Chloroisocaproate, a specific inhibitor of the kinase responsible
      for phosphorylation and inactivation of the complex, greatly stimulates oxidation
      of alpha-keto[1-14C]isovalerate by hepatocytes prepared from rats fed a low
      protein diet but not from normal chow-fed rats. Oxidizable substrates are also
      much more effective inhibitors of branched chain alpha-ketoacid oxidation with
      hepatocytes from rats fed a low-protein diet than from normal chow-fed rats.
      Activity measurements with cell-free extracts suggest that changes in flux
      through the dehydrogenase with intact hepatocytes prepared from rats fed a low
      protein diet are explained in large part by changes in the proportion of the
      enzyme in the active, dephosphorylated form. Regulation of liver branched chain
      alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase by covalent modification functions to conserve
      branched chain amino acids for protein synthesis during periods of restricted
      dietary protein intake.

PMID- 3987922
TI  - Congenital malformations among offspring exposed in utero to progestins, Olmsted
      County, Minnesota, 1936-1974.
AB  - Comparison of a cohort of 988 offspring exposed in utero to exogenous progestins
      with a matched cohort of unexposed offspring did not result in detection of an
      association of congenital anomalies with exposure. The conclusions are based
      primarily on outcomes of pregnancy with exposure to progesterone and 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and may not apply to androgenic progestins.
      Offspring exposed to combinations of progestins and estrogens were excluded from
      this study and may have a different distribution of anomalies.

PMID- 3987923
TI  - Evaluation of early pregnancy by serial chorionic gonadotropin determinations: a
      comparison of methods by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.
AB  - Two methods of evaluating early pregnancies by serial human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) determinations were evaluated by receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The first method used normal values (mean
      and upper confidence limits) of the hCG doubling time (DT) determined by a linear
      regression analysis of hCG concentrations from 35 normal pregnancies during the
      first 42 postmenstrual days. In the second method, normal values were determined
      at multiple sampling ranges of hCG concentrations from 49 normal pregnancies. In
      the evaluation of 91 pregnancies of which 58 progressed to viability, 25
      spontaneously aborted, and 8 were ectopic gestations, the ROC curves demonstrated
      that for any given false-positive rate, the use of multiple normal values of DT
      was more sensitive than the use of a single mean DT determined by linear
      regression analysis. The study indicates that a more precise definition of the
      normal values of the hCG-DT results in improved early detection of abnormal
      pregnancies.

PMID- 3987924
TI  - Cyclic changes in ciliation, cell height, and mitotic activity in human tubal
      epithelium during reproductive life.
AB  - The percentage of ciliated cells, the height, and the mitotic index of human
      oviductal epithelium were studied during the menstrual cycle and under
      progestogens. A total of 141 fallopian tubes were examined. During the menstrual
      cycle, a process of ciliation and deciliation was observed. Maximal ciliation was
      attained around the time of ovulation, particularly in the fimbria where
      significant differences were noted. Deciliation was observed under progestogen
      therapy, but this progestogen effect was easily reversible. The decrease of
      epithelial height observed after ovulation was also found after progestogen
      therapy. Cyclic mitotic activity was noted during the menstrual cycle. Estrogens
      influence the mitotic activity of tubal epithelium, whereas endogenous
      progesterone and progestogens inhibit this estrogenic effect.

PMID- 3987925
TI  - In vitro fertilization using cryopreserved donor semen in cases where both
      partners are infertile.
AB  - The incidence of pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF) was studied in a
      group of 38 couples (55 cycles) where both partners were infertile. Cryopreserved
      donor semen (IVF-D) was used in all cycles. Results were compared with those in a
      control group of couples where the husband's semen was considered normal and only
      the wife was infertile. No significant differences were found between the IVF-D
      and control groups in the incidence of fertilization (80% versus 72%), pregnancy
      per cycle (33% versus 29%), and abortion (18% versus 20%), despite the
      considerably lower percentage of motile spermatozoa in the IVF-D group. Forty
      percent of patients, each treated unsuccessfully with at least 12 artificial
      inseminations with donor semen, became pregnant after one or two IVF-D cycles. It
      is concluded that IVF with frozen donor semen is a beneficial treatment for
      couples where both partners are infertile.

PMID- 3987927
TI  - Inhibiting effect of artificial cryptorchidism on spermatogenesis.
AB  - In order to provide a contraceptive method in man, an attempt at inhibition of
      spermatogenesis was made by means of thermogenesis induced by artificial
      cryptorchidism. This experimental protocol consists of pushing up the testicles
      into the inguinal canal and keeping them there, each day during waking hours, by
      means of an adapted athletic supporter. Fourteen men volunteered for this
      protocol during a 6- to 12-month period. They all had a normal semen analysis
      before starting the experiment. The total sperm count, the sperm count per
      milliliter, the motility, the motile sperm count per milliliter, and the total
      motile sperm count dropped significantly after the first or second month; they
      reached their lowest values after the sixth month and remained stable during the
      next 6 months. At that time the average values reached were a total sperm count
      of 12 to 34 X 10(6)/ejaculate, a sperm count of 3 to 10 X 10(6)/ml, a motility of
      21% to 34%, a motile sperm count of 1 to 3 X 10(6)/ml, and a total motile sperm
      count of 4 to 12 X 10(6)/ejaculate.

PMID- 3987926
TI  - The management of varicoceles by microdissection of the spermatic cord at the
      external inguinal ring.
AB  - A new technique for the management of varicoceles was carried out on 71 infertile
      men. The procedure combined microdissection of the spermatic cord at the external
      inguinal ring, ligation of the dilated veins, and controlled sclerosis of small
      cross-collateral veins. These procedures were performed on an outpatient basis
      and usually with local anesthesia. The surgery was completed within 20 to 30
      minutes, and the postoperative morbidity was minimal. Twenty-four cases were
      followed for at least 18 months postoperatively. Among this group, the mean
      values for sperm density and sperm motility increased after surgery. The
      difference between the means were significant (P less than 0.001). The pregnancy
      rate among this group was 29.3%.

PMID- 3987928
TI  - Scoring sperm morphology from fertile and infertile cigarette smokers using the
      scanning electron microscope and image analysis.
AB  - Image analysis was applied to photographs of sperm samples obtained using a
      scanning electron microscope. This technique is too time-consuming for routine
      use but could, if automated, provide an objective assessment of sperm morphology.
      In order to test the technique, sperm samples were evaluated from four groups of
      men: fertile and infertile smokers and fertile and infertile nonsmokers. There
      was a significant increase in the numbers of abnormalities in samples from
      infertile men. There was no association between the numbers of abnormal sperm and
      cigarette smoking.

PMID- 3987929
TI  - Pergolide mesylate inhibits exercise-induced prolactin release in man.
AB  - The effects of Pergolide, a potent dopamine agonist, on exercise-induced plasma
      prolactin (PRL) changes were studied in normal men. Exercises consisted of a
      graded bicycle ergometer test and of a 20-km endurance run. In both
      circumstances, treatment with Pergolide, when compared with placebo or control
      values, resulted in a significant suppression of basal PRL (P less than 0.001) as
      well as of exercise-induced PRL increase (P less than 0.01). From these
      experiments it was concluded that augmented levels of PRL in plasma, as seen
      during or after muscular exercise, are caused by increased pituitary secretion,
      rather than decreased elimination.

PMID- 3987930
TI  - Protein O-carboxylmethyltransferase in spermatozoa from normal and infertile men.
AB  - In confirmation of several reports, suspensions of normal washed human
      spermatozoa exposed to a nonionic detergent exhibited considerable activity of
      the enzyme protein O-carboxylmethyltransferase (PCM), which catalyzes the methyl
      esterification of carboxyl groups of dicarboxylic amino acid residues in
      proteins. Various methods for assay of human spermatozoal PCM levels were
      evaluated, and some properties of the enzyme were studied. Normal human
      spermatozoa appear to be devoid of other types of protein methyltransferases that
      catalyze N-methylations of arginyl or lysyl residues in proteins. Spermatozoal
      PCM levels in infertile patients with motile sperm cells tended to be somewhat
      higher than those of normal control subjects, especially in those instances where
      the spermatozoal populations contained abnormally high proportions of immature
      forms of spermatozoa. Although totally immotile spermatozoa obtained from certain
      patients exhibited very low PCM activities (as recently reported by other
      investigators), in this study no invariant relationship between zero motility
      indexes and spermatozoal PCM was observed. These results are discussed in light
      of various current hypotheses regarding the functions of PCM in animal cells.

PMID- 3987931
TI  - Simultaneous intrauterine twins and tubal pregnancy after conservative
      microsurgery for ectopic pregnancy in a patient with a single tube: case report.

PMID- 3987932
TI  - Cryosurvival of Chlamydia trachomatis during cryopreservation of human
      spermatozoa.

PMID- 3987933
TI  - Vasectomy failure after use of an open-ended technique.

PMID- 3987934
TI  - The diagnosis of Sheehan's syndrome.

PMID- 3987935
TI  - Sperm factors and fertilization in vitro.

PMID- 3987936
TI  - BCMP test in split ejaculates.

PMID- 3987937
TI  - Development of acromegaly in a patient with prolactinemia.

PMID- 3987938
TI  - [Effect of the short term exposure to heat on the adreno- and cholinosensitivity
      of the small intestine in the rat].
AB  - A 10-day study of the dynamics of adreno- and cholinosensitivity of isolated
      fragments of the small intestine of Wistar rats exposed to temperature of 45
      degrees C for 30 and 60 min, revealed an increase in adreno- and
      cholinosensitivity in hyperthermia. A significant correlation exists between the
      body temperature and adrenoreactivity. Normalizing of body temperature is
      followed by reciprocal changes in adreno- and cholinosensitivity.

PMID- 3987939
TI  - [Effect of resection and dissection of the distal portion of the small intestine
      on the adrenergic inhibition of gastric secretion].
AB  - The removal of the distal third of the intestine was found to reduce the
      inhibition of the "spontaneous" gastric secretion caused by adrenalin in
      semichronic and chronic experiments on rats with the fistula of the gastric
      prepyloric area. The intestinal dissection on the level of proximal and caudal
      resection borders does not affect adrenergic inhibition. The enteral mechanisms
      seem to take part in the adrenal inhibition of the gastric secretion. The humoral
      mechanisms of the intestine are supposed to play a more important part in the
      actualization of the adrenergic inhibition of the gastric secretion as compared
      with the nervous those.

PMID- 3987940
TI  - [Effect of morphine on autonomic reflexes induced by stimulation of afferent
      fibers in the stomach].
AB  - In anesthetized cats, afferents of the gastric branch of the dorsal vagal trunk
      were stimulated (20 Hz, 5-10 V, 1 ms) prior to and after i.v. administration of
      morphine (1 and 10 mg/kg). Firing rate in sympathetic efferents of the left
      splanchnic nerve and potentials in smooth muscles of the stomach and small
      intestine were recorded. Morphine abolished dose-dependently the sympatho
      inhibitory effects of the stimulation of vagal afferents. The activating effect
      of gastric fibers was more pronounced in the intestine than in the stomach.
      Morphine abolished the activating effects in the intestine. Gastric responses
      after morphine varied from weak activating to inhibitory ones.

PMID- 3987941
TI  - [Effect of vitamin D on inorganic phosphorus transport and alkaline phosphatase
      activity of the small intestine of chickens].
AB  - Effect of vitamin D on the intensity of inorganic phosphorus absorption and the
      activity of unspecific alkaline phosphatase in the shick small intestine was
      studied in vitro on everted gut sacks. Repletion of rachitic chicks with vitamin
      D3 (500 IU) 72 hrs prior to decapitation enhanced the transport rate 3.5-fold.
      Concomitantly, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased 1.8-fold. Analysis
      of the data obtained shows the important role that the interaction of alkaline
      phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus transport plays in phosphorus absorption
      from sources of organic nature.

PMID- 3987943
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the effect of extracts of the mucosa of the proximal
      and distal segments of the intestines on food intake].

PMID- 3987942
TI  - [Effect of enkephalins on the motor function of smooth-muscle cells of the
      stomach and mesenteric lymphatic vessels].

PMID- 3987945
TI  - Infections due to Cryptococcus neoformans.

PMID- 3987944
TI  - Screening of newborns for hemoglobinopathies: results in 5,484 patients.

PMID- 3987946
TI  - Food asphyxiation in adults.

PMID- 3987947
TI  - The medical supermarket: futuristic or decadent?

PMID- 3987948
TI  - Dysgerminoma of the ovary: incidental finding during cesarean section.
AB  - Two cases are presented of dysgerminoma found incidentally at the time of
      cesarean section. The first was an elective repeat operation and in the second
      case operation was carried out for fetal distress. In both cases a unilateral
      salpingooophorectomy was performed. Both patients have been free of recurrence 3
      years following the diagnosis. One of them delivered a healthy baby 2 years after
      the operation. Since dysgerminoma is more prevalent among young females, its
      coexistence with pregnancy is more expected. Early diagnosis and treatment for
      pure dysgerminoma provides a good prognosis and fertility can be preserved in
      selected cases.

PMID- 3987949
TI  - Acute urinary retention as presenting symptom of torsion of a wandering spleen.
AB  - A case has been reported of acute torsion of a wandering spleen in a young woman.
      The presenting symptom was acute urinary retention, most probably due to pressure
      of the enlarged, ptotic spleen on the bladder. Acute abdomen with signs of
      peritonitis made laparotomy with resection of a necrotic spleen imperative, with
      complete recovery of the patient.

PMID- 3987950
TI  - Modulation of spontaneous myometrial activity in chronically instrumented
      ovariectomized sheep.
AB  - The uterine electromyogram (EMG) and intrauterine pressure curves (IUP) were
      investigated as indicators of myometrial activity in chronically instrumented,
      ovariectomized ewes. Spontaneous electrical activity was characterized by
      rhythmic patterns of trains of bursts accompanied by IUP waves. Administration of
      adrenergic (propranolol or phentolamine) or cholinergic (atropine) blocking
      agents had no effect on spontaneous uterine activity. Both oxytocin and PGF2
      alpha appeared to stimulate spontaneous myometrial activity. 17beta-Estradiol
      temporarily depressed uterine activity in a dose-dependent fashion. The period of
      relaxation was followed by a pronounced increase in activity. Progesterone
      treatment resulted in long-term suppression of myometrial activity. Oxytocin and
      PGF2alpha increased EMG and IUP activity during estradiol suppression but not
      after progesterone treatment. These results indicate that the myometrium is
      active in chronically instrumented, ovariectomized ewes. The autonomic nervous
      system or its receptors do not play a role in the maintenance of spontaneous
      myometrial activity, estradiol and progesterone suppress myometrical activity but
      by different mechanisms.

PMID- 3987951
TI  - Depression of uterine blood flow during total umbilical cord occlusion in sheep.
AB  - The effect of total umbilical cord occlusion upon maternal blood flow in the
      internal iliac and median uterine arteries was studied in eight chronically
      instrumented pregnant sheep. Occlusion of the umbilical cord was performed with
      an inflatable balloon occluder around the total cord. Blood flow was measured
      with electromagnetic flow transducers. Total umbilical cord occlusion of short
      duration (mean 40.1 s) caused a significant decrease in the maternal internal
      iliac and median uterine arteries at the end of the occlusion to respectively
      93.9% and 91.7% of the control values. The decrease in internal iliac and median
      uterine artery blood flow is attributed to an elevated fetal capillary pressure
      in the placenta, leading to an increased fetal placental tissue pressure which in
      turn compresses the maternal placental capillaries, resulting in a heightened
      vascular resistance and a decrease in uterine blood flow.

PMID- 3987952
TI  - Neurological morbidity in newborn twins.
AB  - Forty-six twins were compared with an equal number of singletons, matched for
      gestational age, birthweight and mode of delivery. The neurological findings in
      the neonatal period were similar in the matched groups, but twins were
      significantly more often deviant than a large unselected sample of singletons. It
      is concluded that both in twins and in singletons growth retardation, preterm
      birth and birth trauma are important causes of neonatal neurological abnormality,
      but that twins are not more susceptible to the effects of these variables than
      singletons.

PMID- 3987953
TI  - A comparative study of human placental and fetal liver catalase during
      development.
AB  - The activity and a few properties of catalase have been compared in the
      developing human placenta and fetal liver. The presence of the enzyme in both the
      tissues is discernible as early as in the 6th wk of gestation and the activity
      increases gradually with the advancement of pregnancy. Maximum enzyme activity in
      both placenta and fetal liver is found to be associated with the soluble
      supernatant fraction obtained by centrifuging the tissue homogenates at 105000 X
      g. Kinetic studies reveal the enzymatic decomposition of H2O2 to follow first
      order kinetics at lower substrate concentrations, and then to deviate from the
      original linearity, demonstrating mixed-order kinetics. Thermostability of
      placental catalase increases with prenatal development, while the enzyme from
      fetal liver remains moderately heat-stable throughout the gestation. Treatment of
      the homogenates with Triton X-100 is found to be most effective in increasing
      catalase activity in each of these tissues.

PMID- 3987954
TI  - Fluctuations in quantitative features of intermediate cells in normal cervical
      smears during the menstrual cycle of ovulating women and contraceptive users.
AB  - In this study we report on the variation in nuclear and cytoplasmic size of
      intermediate cells in normal cervical smears, in relationship to the week of the
      menstrual cycle and in relationship to the mode of contraception. A total of
      18000 cells from 360 different women was studied. A significant difference in
      nuclear size of intermediate cells in smears from ovulating women not using
      contraception was found in comparison with intermediate cells in smears from
      women using contraceptive pills (ANOVA: F(1.312) = 4.98, p less than 0.02). Also
      a significant difference in the nuclear size of intermediate cells in smears from
      women using norgestrel- (or levonorgestrel)-containing formulas compared with
      lynestrenol-containing formulas was found (ANOVA: F(1.232) = 5.82, p less than
      0.01). The influence of exogenous and endogenous hormones on cell populations in
      cervical smears is discussed. It is concluded that in studies on intermediate
      cells in cervical smears the contraceptive status of the women has to be taken
      into account.

PMID- 3987955
TI  - Demonstration of progestin receptors in human vaginal epithelium.
AB  - The presence of a high-affinity and limited-capacity progestin receptor was
      demonstrated in the human vaginal epithelium. The sedimentation coefficients of
      the receptor were 8.5 S and 5 S. Both nuclear and cytosol progestin receptor
      concentrations varied considerably during both the follicular and the luteal
      phase of the cycle. In postmenopausal women no correlation was found between the
      receptor concentrations and the dose and type of estrogens given.

PMID- 3987956
TI  - Shaping and bending of the avian neuroepithelium: morphometric analyses.
AB  - Changes in the size and shape of the neuroepithelium were measured from serial
      transverse sections of 30 plastic-embedded chick embryos at stages 4-11. The
      neural plate folds into a neural tube during this period. Changes in volume,
      length, apical and basal widths, apical and basal surface areas, and thickness of
      the neuroepithelium were measured and correlated with the amount of folding that
      had occurred. These measurements were made to provide data for comparison with
      those available from other systems, to gain insight into the mechanisms of
      shaping and bending of the neuroepithelium, and to obtain normal parameters for
      eventual comparison with those obtained from embryos with induced neural tube
      defects. During stages 4-11, the volume, length, apical and basal surface areas,
      and lateral thickness of the neuroepithelium increase, whereas apical and basal
      widths and median thickness of the neuroepithelium decrease. Models are presented
      to demonstrate the effects of possible changes in neuroepithelial cell number,
      position, and size on the shaping of the neural plate.

PMID- 3987957
TI  - Early axon patterns of the spinal cord: experiments with a computer.
AB  - In the vertebrate central nervous system, most axons appear in one of two
      elemental patterns--sheets or bundles. Many developmental mechanisms are involved
      in the formation of the elemental axon patterns, and these mechanisms often act
      simultaneously. The major axon-patterning mechanisms include differential
      adhesivity, internal growth constraints on axons, and initial orientation of
      axonal outgrowth. To evaluate the effects of these mechanisms on the formation of
      axon patterns, a computer was used to model axonal growth. Experiments with the
      computer model suggest that axon sheets are produced by the cooperative action of
      more than one mechanism. Furthermore, in the appropriate combination, these
      mechanisms produce orderly axon sheets even on patternless substrates. On the
      other hand, to transform the sheets into axon bundles, the substrate must be
      patterned.

PMID- 3987958
TI  - Prestalk/prespore differentiation tendency of Dictyostelium discoideum cells as
      detected by a stalk-specific monoclonal antibody.
AB  - By the use of a prestalk- and stalk-specific monoclonal antibody, production of
      prestalk antigen was examined with non-glucose grown [G(-)] and glucose grown
      [G(+)] cells of Dictyostelium discoideum AX2. Unlike wild type (NC4), some growth
      phase cells of AX2 were reactive with the antibody. However, G(-) cells contained
      much more antigen than G(+) cells and the difference between the two remained
      during the preaggregation period. Besides glucose, the addition of metabolizable,
      but not nonmetabolizable sugars to both growth phase and preaggregation cells
      suppressed the production of the prestalk antigen on the one hand and stimulated
      the accumulation of glycogen on the other hand. When mixed, G(-) cells which
      produced more prestalk antigen during the preaggregation period remained prestalk
      cells after aggregation, while G(+) cells which produced less antigen were
      converted to prespore cells. G(+) cells collected at the stationary phase
      [G(+)st] were stronger in prestalk sorting tendency than G(+) cells but weaker
      than G(-) cells. The prestalk antigen content of G(+)st cells prior to
      aggregation was an intermediate between those of G(-) and G(+) cells. These lead
      to the conclusion that the prestalk antigen content of preaggregation cells
      reflect the tendency of the cells toward either prestalk or prespore
      differentiation after aggregation.

PMID- 3987959
TI  - Formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters at neuromuscular junction in Xenopus
      cultures.
AB  - The formation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters at the neuromuscular
      junction was investigated by observing the sequential changes in AChR cluster
      distribution on cultured Xenopus muscle cells. AChRs were labeled with
      tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin (TMR-alpha BT). Before
      innervation AChRs were distributed over the entire surface of muscle cells with
      occasional spots of high density (hot spots). When the nerve contacted the muscle
      cell, the large existing hot spots disappeared and small AChR clusters (less than
      1 micron in diameter) initially emerged from the background along the area of
      nerve contact. They grew in size, increased in number, and fused to form larger
      clusters over a period of 1 or 2 days. Receptor clusters did not migrate as a
      whole as observed during "cap" formation in B lymphocytes. The rate of
      recruitment of AChRs at the nerve-muscle junction varied from less than 50
      binding sites to 1000 sites/hr for alpha BT. In this study the diffusion-trap
      mechanism was tested for the nerve-induced receptor accumulation. The diffusion
      coefficient of diffusely distributed AChRs was measured using the fluorescence
      photobleaching recovery method and found to be 2.45 X 10(-10) cm2/sec at 22
      degrees C. There was no significant difference in these values among the muscle
      cells cultured without nerve, the non-nerve-contacted muscle cells in nerve
      muscle cultures, and the nerve-contacted muscle cells. It was found that the
      diffusion of receptors in the membrane is not rate-limiting for AChR
      accumulation.

PMID- 3987960
TI  - Sulfated glycosaminoglycan deposition and processing at the basal epithelial
      surface in branching and beta-D-xyloside-inhibited embryonic salivary glands.
AB  - We investigated whether the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis and salivary
      branching morphogenesis by beta-D-xyloside was related to the deposition and
      processing of newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans at the basal epithelial
      surface that correlates with normal branching activity. Forty eight-hour cultures
      of control and 0.5 mM beta-xyloside-treated submandibular rudiments were labeled
      for 2 hr with [35S]sulfate and fixed and processed for autoradiography,
      immediately or after 2, 4, 6, or 8 hr of postlabeling chase in nonradioactive
      medium. The data demonstrated that deposition of chondroitin sulfate-rich
      material at the basal epithelial surface was strikingly reduced in beta-xyloside
      treated rudiments, while patterns of label loss during postlabeling chase were
      not altered.

PMID- 3987961
TI  - Cellular behavior in the anteroposterior axis of the regenerating forelimb of the
      axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.
AB  - Cellular behavior along the anteroposterior axis of the regenerating axolotl
      forelimb was studied by use of triploid (3N) tissue grafted into diploid (2N)
      hosts and three-dimensional computer reconstructions. Asymmetrical upper
      forelimbs were surgically constructed with one half (anterior or posterior) 3N
      and the other half 2N. Limbs were amputated immediately after grafting or were
      permitted to heal for 5 or 30 days prior to amputation. When regenerates had
      attained the stage of digital outgrowth, the limbs were harvested and sectioned
      in the transverse axis for histological analysis. When all limbs bearing anterior
      grafts were considered as a group, 77% of the 3N mesodermal cells were observed
      in the anterior side of the regenerates and 23% were located in the posterior
      side of the regenerates. When all limbs bearing posterior grafts were considered
      as a group, 76% of the 3N mesodermal cells were found in the posterior side of
      the regenerate and 24% had crossed into the anterior side. Healing times of 0, 5,
      or 30 days prior to amputation had no effect on the experimental outcome. Three
      dimensional computer reconstructions revealed that most 3N cells of mesodermal
      origin underwent short-distance migration from anterior to posterior or from
      posterior to anterior and intermixed with diploid mesodermal cells near the
      midpoint of the regenerated anteroposterior axis. Some 3N cells were observed at
      greater distances from the graft-host interface. By contrast, labeled epidermal
      cells from both anterior and posterior grafts exhibited long-distance migration
      across all surfaces of regenerated limbs. Details of a computer-assisted
      reconstructive method for studying the three-dimensional distribution of labeled
      cells in tissues are presented.

PMID- 3987962
TI  - Changes in levels of polymeric tubulin associated with activation and
      dorsoventral polarization of the frog egg.
AB  - The level of polymeric tubulin was measured during the first cell cycle of the
      electrically activated and the fertilized egg of Xenopus laevis. Eggs were
      homogenized in a microtubule-stabilizing medium, and the amount of tubulin
      pelleted by centrifugation was determined by quantitative Western blots. The
      pelleted tubulin (polymer) was in the form of microtubules based on the presence
      of microtubules in the pellet and on the effects of cold, nocodazole, and D2O.
      Unactivated eggs had a high level of polymer (greater than 0.1 microgram/egg)
      which disappeared within minutes of activation. The level of polymer stayed low
      (less than 0.02 microgram/egg) until halfway through the cell cycle (0.5 on a
      normalized time scale) when the level rose to the preactivation value. There was
      a decrease associated with metaphase (0.85 normalized time) and a return to a
      high level at first cleavage (1.0 normalized time). Fertilized eggs showed a
      similar pattern although the amount of polymer increased earlier (0.3-0.5
      normalized time), presumably due to the spermaster. The depolymerization of
      microtubules at activation indicates that there is a dramatic change of the
      cytoskeleton at this time. The polymerization at 0.5 normalized time coincides
      with the start of the cytoplasmic shift leading to dorsoventral polarity. This
      result, together with previous inhibitor studies, shows that microtubules are
      involved in dorsoventral polarization of the embryo.

PMID- 3987963
TI  - Mast-cell precursors in the skin of mouse embryos and their deficiency in embryos
      of Sl/Sld genotype.
AB  - Concentration of mast-cell precursors in the skin and liver of mouse embryos was
      evaluated by the limiting dilution analysis. The concentration of mast-cell
      precursors in the liver of (WB X C57BL/6)F1 (hereafter WBB6F1)-+/+ embryos
      reached the maximum level at Day 15 of the pregnancy, whereas the concentration
      in the skin at Day 17. The concentration of 17-day skin was about 10 times as
      high as that of 15-day liver. Appearance of morphologically identifiable mast
      cells in the skin followed the increase in concentration of the skin precursors.
      Concentrations of mast-cell precursors in the skin and liver of mutant embryos of
      Sl/Sld genotype were also measured to clarify the mechanism of mast-cell
      depletion in this mutant. Although the concentration of mast-cell precursors in
      the liver of WBB6F1-Sl/Sld embryos was comparable to that of the WBB6F1-+/+
      embryos, the concentration in the skin of the Sl/Sld embryos was about 1% that of
      the +/+ embryos. Moreover, the concentration of morphologically identifiable mast
      cells in the skin of the Sl/Sld embryos was about 0.1% that of the +/+ embryos.
      Thus, mast-cell production in Sl/Sld embryos seemed to be suppressed at two
      stages; (1) during deficient invasion of liver-derived precursors into the skin,
      or the decreased proliferation of these cells, or both of these causes, (2)
      during differentiation of the precursors into mast cells.

PMID- 3987964
TI  - gamma-Amino butyric-N-acid sensitivity of mouse and human oocytes.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-sensitivity was studied in mouse and human oocytes
      using electrophysiological techniques. Isolated mouse oocytes at the germinal
      vesicle (GV) or metaphase II stage, and human oocytes at the GV stage or
      following resumption of meiosis in culture, were sensitive to GABA. The
      transmitter usually hyperpolarized the membrane, with a concomitant decrease
      followed by an increase in membrane conductance, at threshold concentrations as
      low as 10(-10) M. GABA response was not evoked in Cl-free medium. Bicuculline
      (10(-5)-10(-6) M) reversibly blocked GABA (10(-9)-10(-4) M) responses. In
      contrast mouse fertilized eggs were insensitive to GABA at concentrations of 10(
      5) M or lower. A possible biological role of the neurotransmitter GABA is
      discussed.

PMID- 3987965
TI  - Electrophoretic similarity of the ciliary ganglion survival factors from
      different tissues and species.
AB  - The survival of dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons is promoted by extracts of
      several different embryonic and adult tissues from two species. The survival
      promoting activity in each of these extracts survives exposure to sodium dodecyl
      sulfate (SDS) and sulfhydryl-reducing agent and can, therefore, be subjected to
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Upon electrophoresis, the survival
      promoting activity is recovered in a discrete peak at an apparent molecular
      weight of approximately 21,800 for all of the tissues examined. These results
      suggest that a similar molecule in each of these different tissues and species
      may be responsible for their ability to promote the survival of ciliary ganglion
      nerve cells in culture.

PMID- 3987966
TI  - Gonadotropins and the timing of progesterone-induced meiotic maturation of
      Xenopus laevis oocytes.
AB  - Isolated oocytes from 30 unstimulated Xenopus laevis females required from 2.50
      +/- 0.13 to 14.59 +/- 0.77 hr after progesterone exposure for the first 50% of
      each group to complete meiotic maturation. Injecting 8 females with an amount of
      hCG not causing ovulation (25 micrograms, 96 IU) lowered oocyte maturation times
      by 45-83%. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the blood of 18
      unstimulated animals found a constituent which bound to anti-hCG in amounts
      (equivalent to 0-1.03 micrograms/ml hCG) that had a direct relationship to the
      rates of GVBD in oocytes. Preincubation of manually isolated follicles in 0.25
      1.25 micrograms/ml hCG shortens oocyte maturation times by 18-50% in a direct,
      nonlinear fashion and this priming effect is reversed when hCG is withdrawn. The
      action of gonadotropins in facilitating germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) mimics
      the previously reported priming effect produced by preincubation of oocytes in
      subthreshold levels of progesterone. Evidence suggests that individual variation
      in the time course of progesterone-induced meiotic maturation of amphibian
      oocytes is the result of priming differences caused by the action on follicle
      cells of fluctuating blood levels of an LH-like hormone.

PMID- 3987967
TI  - delta- and beta-Crystallin mRNA levels in the embryonic and posthatched chicken
      lens: temporal and spatial changes during development.
AB  - The levels of delta- and beta-crystallin mRNAs were examined by cDNA
      hybridization in the embryonic and posthatched chicken eye lens. Four different
      cloned beta-crystallin cDNAs were used, allowing discrimination among different
      members of the beta-crystallin family. Each crystallin mRNA displayed a
      characteristic temporal and spatial pattern in the developing lens. delta
      Crystallin mRNA accumulated rapidly during early embryonic development; by
      contrast, the beta-crystallin mRNAs began to accumulate rapidly near the end of
      embryogenesis. Both delta- and beta-crystallin mRNAs increased in the lens for
      the first month after hatching and began to decrease 3 months after hatching. The
      levels of the delta- and the different beta-crystallin mRNAs were also
      differentially regulated in cultured embryonic lens epithelia. The most fiber
      cell specific crystallin gene product in the differentiating lens was the beta 35
      mRNA. These experiments provide a quantitative basis for exploring the
      differential expression of the delta- and beta-crystallin gene families in the
      chicken lens.

PMID- 3987968
TI  - A quantitative analysis of the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on the pattern
      of chick wing development.
AB  - Small, positively charged beads that slowly release known amounts of all-trans
      retinoic acid have been implanted below the apical ectodermal ridge at the
      anterior margin (opposite somite 16) of wing buds of 3 1/2 day-old chick embryos.
      The continuous release of retinoic acid is shown to create an anteroposterior
      concentration gradient of retinoic acid in the limb field that is stable with
      time, despite the fact that this compound is metabolized by the limb tissue. With
      beads that release increasing amounts of retinoic acid, the normal 234 digit
      pattern is progressively altered to a 2234, to a 32234, and then to a 432234
      pattern. The tissue concentrations of all-trans-retinoic acid required to change
      the digit pattern in this way range between 1 and 25 nM. When the same amounts of
      retinoic acid are released from posteriorly implanted beads (placed below the
      apical ectodermal ridge opposite somite border 19/20 or somite 20), the normal
      digit pattern is unaffected. Implantations of beads that release all-trans
      retinoic acid are thus identical in their effect to grafts of cells from the limb
      polarizing region, which cause similar dose-dependent changes in the digit
      pattern when grafted to the anterior margin of the bud (but not when grafted
      opposite somites 19 or 20). Because of the low concentrations of retinoic acid
      required for its biological effect, the graded response observed, and the fact
      that a concentration gradient is established across the limb field, all-trans
      retinoic acid closely mimics the putative morphogen that has been postulated to
      be emitted by polarizing region cells during normal development.

PMID- 3987969
TI  - The role of feeding regimens in the growth of neonate broad-banded water snakes,
      Nerodia fasciata confluens, and possible effects on reproduction.
AB  - The effect of different feeding regimens on the growth pattern of Nerodia
      fasciata confluens was tested using a litter of 18 captive-born neonates. The
      snakes were divided among three feeding groups: one group fed once per week,
      another fed twice per week, and the third fed on alternate days. The once per
      week and the twice per week groups were offered the same weight of food each
      week, while the alternate-day group was offered food in excess of ingestion
      levels during each feeding session. The results indicate that there is a shift in
      the allocation of energy for growth in weight, snout-vent length, and tail length
      with a change in the feeding regimen. Females were affected more than the males.
      The results are discussed in relation to their possible effect on reproduction.

PMID- 3987970
TI  - Cue significance and response regulation in 3- to 6-year-old children's learning
      of multiple choice discrimination tasks.
AB  - The learning of multiple choice discrimination tasks of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year
      old children was compared using the components of learning of cue significance
      and response regulation. No significant differences between age groups were found
      in the occurrence of cue significance learning, although the younger children's
      cue significance responses were less accurately related to task solution. On the
      two easier tasks, the component of response regulation improved significantly
      over the age range of 3-5 years. On the two more difficult tasks 6-year-olds'
      response regulation was significantly better than that of 4- and 5-year-olds. In
      a second experiment involving two different training procedures, 5-year-olds
      performed better than 4-year-olds. Only for 5-year-olds was performance with the
      procedure emphasizing response regulation superior to performance with the
      procedure emphasizing cue significance. These results are discussed in terms of
      an association between development of response regulation and maturation of
      hippocampal-prefrontal cortex systems.

PMID- 3987971
TI  - Development of locomotor activity of rat pups in figure-eight mazes.
AB  - In a series of four experiments, social and experiential factors that influence
      the development of motor activity in rat pups were examined. Motor activity was
      monitored from postnatal Days 13 to 21 as photocell interruptions in figure-eight
      mazes and comparisons were made between pups maintained in a nest box containing
      a dam and siblings and allowed access to the maze for 23 hr/day, pups tested
      daily for 1 hr/day vs pups tested only on postnatal Days 15, 18, or 21, pups
      tested daily for either 5 min, 30 min, or 1 hr/day, and pups tested daily for 30
      min/day either singly in a maze, paired with a littermate, or paired with an
      anesthetized pup of the same age. A monotonic increase in activity was seen for
      nest-box testing, minimal developmental change was seen for pups tested on only a
      single day or for pups tested with an anesthetized pup, whereas all other groups
      showed an inverted U-shaped profile of activity which was influenced by the
      duration of testing and/or the presence of a littermate. These data emphasize the
      relevance of environmental factors as determinants of preweaning behavior.

PMID- 3987972
TI  - Effects of social experience on visually imprinted maternal preferences in Peking
      ducklings.
AB  - If Peking ducklings are given social experience with agemates after their initial
      exposure to a maternal imprinting model (a stuffed mallard hen) their subsequent
      maternal preferences in simultaneous choice tests are different from those of
      isolate-reared ducklings. Early in development (at 48 hr after hatching), they
      show a visual preference for the mallard over a redhead model, a difficult
      discrimination that isolated birds do not make (Experiment I). However, later in
      development (at 72 hr after hatching) the social experience interferes with the
      birds' maternal preferences, in that socially reared birds do not show a visual
      preference for the mallard over a pintail model, a preference that isolated birds
      do show at that age (Experiment II). It was found that it is the later social
      experience with agemates (between 48 and 72 hr) that actively interferes with the
      preference for the mallard model, because birds that have had only early social
      experience with agemates (between 24 and 48 hr) prefer the familiar mallard to
      the pintail model at both 48 and 72 hr (Experiment III). The conventional view of
      visual imprinting is that it serves to establish a maternal bond that does not
      require further experience with the mother to be maintained. Our results suggest
      that in the natural situation, where potentially interfering social stimulation
      is provided by siblings, continual exposure to the mother may be necessary to
      maintain the maternal bond even after it has been established.

PMID- 3987973
TI  - Control of suckling and feeding by methysergide in weaning albino rats: a
      determination of Y-maze preferences.
AB  - To assess the effects of serotonergic receptor blockade on the weaning process,
      20-, 25-, and 30-day-old albino rat pups were injected with methysergide and were
      permitted to choose between suckling and feeding in a Y maze. At every age,
      progressively larger doses of methysergide enhanced pup preferences for the
      suckling goal, increased the frequency of suckling when in the suckling goal, and
      decreased the frequency of feeding when in the feeding goal. These results, with
      the support of other findings, suggest that the weaning process may be, in part,
      the result of emerging or changing serotonergic neurological mechanisms.

PMID- 3987974
TI  - Nonenzymatic glycation of fibronectin and alterations in the molecular
      association of cell matrix and basement membrane components in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - This study reports the nonenzymatic glycation of plasma fibronectin in vivo in
      diabetic dogs and also in vitro by incubation of human plasma fibronectin with
      excess glucose. Although no difference is observed in the total plasma
      fibronectin level, the nonenzymatic glycation of fibronectin is increased 2.3
      fold in inbred male beagle dogs made diabetic with alloxan in comparison with age
      matched controls. The extent of non-enzymatic glycation of fibronectin is shown
      to be proportional to blood glucose levels. HPLC reverse-phase analysis of the
      hydrolyzed amino acids and glyco-amino acids from plasma fibronectin samples of
      normal and diabetic dogs show that nonenzymatic glycation occurs only on lysine
      residues. When purified human plasma fibronectin was incubated in vitro with 500
      mM glucose, the extent of nonenzymatic glycation of fibronectin was observed to
      increase proportionately with time. Ligand binding assays conducted in solution
      with varying concentrations of 3H-heparin in the presence of a constant amount of
      normal or nonenzymatically glycated human plasma fibronectin gave virtually
      identical binding curves. However, the binding of 3H-heparin to normal
      fibronectin could be increased fourfold by the concomitant addition of normal
      gelatin (denatured calfskin collagen). If in vitro glycated fibronectin and/or in
      vitro glycated gelatin are added under this latter condition with 3H-heparin,
      there is a tremendous decrease in the expected heparin binding seen with normal
      levels of nonenzymatic glycation. Other experiments were performed to quantitate
      the binding of 3H-labeled fibronectin to gelatin-coated nitrocellulose filters.
      Nonenzymatic glycation of fibronectin in vitro resulted in markedly decreased
      binding of 3H-fibronectin to collagen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987975
TI  - Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes. Changes in pentose phosphate pathway
      activity.
AB  - An examination was made of the effect of different periods of experimental
      diabetes on the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway in rat kidney. A rapid
      increase in kidney weight, expressed both in absolute terms and in terms of body
      weight, occurred shortly after the induction of diabetes. The activity of the
      enzymes of the oxidative segment of the pentose phosphate pathway and the flux of
      glucose through the pathway were both increased during the first 7 days after
      induction of diabetes. Thereafter, enzyme activity returned toward control
      levels, but the increased functional activity of the pathway, as measured using
      specifically labeled glucose, persisted. In contrast, transketolase was
      significantly depressed at the time of most rapid kidney growth. A positive
      correlation was found between the rate of kidney growth and the change in
      activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a negative correlation with
      changes in transketolase activity. The possible roles of the oxidative and
      nonoxidative segments of the pentose phosphate pathway in the kidney in early
      diabetes-induced renal hypertrophy are discussed.

PMID- 3987977
TI  - American Diabetes Association. 45th annual meeting, June 16-18, 1985, Baltimore,
      Maryland. Abstracts.

PMID- 3987976
TI  - Complement and HLA. Further definition of high-risk haplotypes in insulin
      dependent diabetes.
AB  - The families of 41 probands with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM) were typed for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR antigens in addition to the
      complement polymorphisms C2, C4A, C4B, and Bf. All of these loci are encoded on
      the short arm of human chromosome 6 in a narrow region. Alleles at HLA-B (8, 15,
      18, and 40), HLA-DR (3 and 4), and Bf (F1) have been associated with increased
      relative risk (RR) for IDDM, while HLA-B7 and HLA-DR2 have been associated with
      decreased RR for IDDM. This study confirms those significant risks in addition to
      confirming increased risk for the null (silent) allele for C4A (C4AQ0) and a rare
      C4B variant (C4B2.9). The significantly associated antigens (alleles) and risks
      were: HLA-B8 (RR = 3.1), HLA-DR3 (RR = 5.2), HLA-DR4 (RR = 4.3), and BfF1 (RR =
      7.1), in addition to C4AQ0 (RR = 2.8) and C4B2.9 (RR = 12.6). Significantly low
      risk was associated only with HLA-DR2 (RR = 0.1). In a recent study, we defined
      five high-risk haplotypes that were determined solely by HLA-B, Bf, and HLA-DR
      (B8-BfS-DR3, B8-BfS-DR4, B15-BfS-DR4, B18-BfF1-DR3, and B40-BfS-DR4). By
      inclusion of information from the complement polymorphism, we have defined in
      greater detail three of these five high-risk haplotypes. One previously
      identified haplotype (B40-BfS-DR4) showed no complement clustering, while the
      rare high-risk haplotype (B8-BfS-DR4) was seen only once in this smaller
      sample.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3987978
TI  - Infection control programs: increased role for nursing staff.

PMID- 3987979
TI  - Ste. Rose General combats infectious pediatric outbreak.

PMID- 3987980
TI  - O.R. anesthetic gases: solutions to control waste.

PMID- 3987981
TI  - Coping with infusion control devices.

PMID- 3987982
TI  - Hospital ethics committees: survey reveals characteristics.

PMID- 3987983
TI  - Quality assurance documentation--its legal disclosure rights.

PMID- 3987984
TI  - Service organizations: review of role and structure.

PMID- 3987985
TI  - Nursing audits: pragmatic evaluation and assessment.

PMID- 3987987
TI  - Hospital manpower: study released.

PMID- 3987986
TI  - Striving for excellence--unlocking staff potential. Part 1.

PMID- 3987988
TI  - Temporal and dose-response features of monochlorobenzene hepatotoxicity in rats.
AB  - Time- and dose-dependent correlations of monochlorobenzene (CB) hepatotoxic
      effects were studied in view of (1) assumed mechanistic similarities to
      bromobenzene (BB), (2) the paucity of these data for CB, and (3) the relatively
      greater environmental importance of CB compared with BB. An ip dosage of 9.8
      mmol/kg CB (approximately equal to LD10) produced evidence of liver toxicity over
      a 72-hr time course. Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) retention was maximized 3-16 hr
      post-treatment and normalized after 72 hr, whereas plasma alanine
      aminotransferase activity (ALT) and morphological evidence of damage were
      maximized about 48 hr after dosing. Maximal covalent binding to liver protein
      (3.07 nmol/mg) had occurred by 24 hr and approximately 36% of the administered
      dose had appeared in the urine by 48 hr. Liver and plasma CB concentrations were
      proportionally increased over the dosage range 2.0-14.7 mmol/kg but marked
      centrolobular necrosis and ALT elevations were seen only at the two highest
      dosages (9.8 and 14.7 mmol/kg). On the other hand, all doses depressed hepatic
      glutathione (GSH) to between 30 and 40% of control by 4 hr. Evidence of rapid
      recovery was evident at 2.0 and 4.9 mmol/kg but GSH levels remained low through 8
      hr after 9.8 or 14.7 mmol/kg. Liver/body weight ratios were increased to a
      similar extent at all dosages when measured 24 hr post-treatment. Urinary
      excretion ranged from 59% at the low dosage to only 19% at the highest dosage by
      24 hr. Dose-related covalent binding to liver protein at 24 hr occurred up to 9.8
      mmol/kg but the binding associated with 14.7 mmol/kg was equivalent to that seen
      with the 4.9 mmol/kg dosage (1.6 nmol/mg protein). Cytochrome P-450 levels were
      depressed to between 50 and 80% of control 24 hr post-treatment with no clear
      dose relationship. While the hepatotoxic effects of CB and BB appear similar,
      these data suggest that some mechanistic differences are involved.

PMID- 3987989
TI  - Toxicity of cyclohexanone oxime. I. Hematotoxicity following subacute exposure in
      rats.
AB  - Cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) was given po to male and female Fischer 344 rats at
      dose levels of 10, 25, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, five times a week for a period of
      2 weeks. Control animals received distilled water. All animals given intermediate
      dose levels (10, 25, 75, and 150 mg/kg) and one half of the animals which were
      dosed at the high dose (300 mg/kg) as well as one half of the controls were
      terminated 14 days after administration of the first dose. The remaining rats
      received no treatment for an additional 14 days and were sacrificed on Day 28 of
      the study (recovery phase). Dose-related decreases in erythrocyte number,
      hemoglobin, and hematocrit, with an accompanying increase in reticulocytes and
      circulating nucleated erythrocytes, were observed in both sexes at Day 14.
      Methemoglobin levels, determined only at the high dose, were elevated in both
      sexes at this time. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were observed in both sexes at
      14 and 28 days. Histopathological examination of the spleen and bone marrow
      revealed dose-related erythroid hyperplasia at 14 days which subsided by Day 28.
      The above effects were more pronounced in males. Erythrocyte numbers were only
      slightly depressed and reticulocytes mildly elevated in males at Day 28.
      Hematological values were not statistically different from controls in females at
      this time. These results suggest that CHO induces oxidative damage to the
      erythrocyte, resulting in a hemolytic anemia accompanied by increased
      erythropoiesis. The toxic effects appear reversible upon cessation of exposure.

PMID- 3987990
TI  - Erythrocytes from ozone-exposed mice exhibit decreased deformability.
AB  - Injury from short-term exposure to ozone (O3) was detected by a simple test of
      red blood cell (RBC) filterability. This test measures changes in the ability of
      the RBC to deform--as occurs during passage through small capillaries. Male CD-1
      mice were exposed to 1.0, 0.7, or 0.3 ppm O3 for 4 hr, and blood samples were
      obtained by heart puncture. RBCs were suspended in Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4,
      containing 10 mg/dl glucose. After incubation in air for up to 6 hr, the time
      required for 2 ml RBC suspension to pass through a 3-micron-pore-size
      polycarbonate filter was determined. A significant increase in the 6-hr
      filtration time for O3-exposed (1.0 ppm) mice over unexposed mice and a lack of
      protection by vitamin E were shown. The increases in RBC filtration times for O3
      exposed mice appeared to be dose related. Ozone exposure (1.0 ppm) caused a
      significant increase in the hematocrit of both vitamin E-deficient and 
      supplemented mice. Vitamin E supplementation appeared to partially prevent this
      increase in hematocrit. Measurement of lipid peroxidation by the thiobarbituric
      acid (TBA) test revealed no detectable levels of TBA-reactive material in RBC
      from O3-exposed mice. These results suggest that measurement of RBC filterability
      may be feasible as a clinical test for short-term injury from exposure to oxidant
      gases.

PMID- 3987991
TI  - An up-and-down procedure for acute toxicity testing.
AB  - An up-and down method for acute toxicity (LD50) testing has been developed and
      statistically evaluated. Compared with the "classical" procedure, this method
      permits a major reduction in the number of animals used. In the up-and-down
      procedure, animals are dosed one at a time. If an animal survives, the dose for
      the next animal is increased; if it dies, the dose is decreased. A survey of 48
      acute toxicity tests in rats showed that the great majority of the animals that
      ultimately died did so within 1 or 2 days. Because of this, it suffices to
      observe each animal for 1 or 2 days before dosing the next animal. It is
      recommended, however, that surviving animals be monitored for delayed death for a
      total of 7 days. The procedure for estimating the LD50 takes into account all
      deaths, and may be performed using widely available computer program packages.
      Testing in females alone is recommended, based on the observation that they were
      generally more sensitive in the survey of 48 studies; selective follow-up in
      males may sometimes be indicated. The procedure has been tested, by simulation,
      on 10 of the survey studies. It produced excellent agreement with the original
      studies. The 95% confidence interval for the LD50 averaged +/- 32% by the up-and
      down method, compared with +/- 15% for conventional studies using 40 to 50
      animals. The up-and-down procedure will require only 6 to 10 animals, provided
      that the initial estimate of the LD50 is within a factor of 2 of the true LD50.
      The method cannot be recommended for testing materials where deaths beyond 2 days
      postdosing are the rule.

PMID- 3987992
TI  - Effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) on mating performance and
      epididymal sperm parameters in F344 rats.
AB  - Previous histologic studies on the effects of EGME identified dividing
      spermatocytes as a primary target cell type in the testis. The following studies
      were undertaken to assess possible effects of EGME on late-stage and epididymal
      spermatids, and spermatogonia. Adult male F344 rats (n = 20/group) of proven
      fertility were dosed po with 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg EGME/kg/day for 5 days. Each
      male was then mated with two females/week for 8 weeks. Females were sacrificed
      ca. 2 weeks after removal from the male, and number of live and dead fetuses,
      resorption sites, and corpora lutea were noted. Additional males were treated
      similarly, sacrificed at weekly intervals, and measures of epididymal sperm
      count, motility, and morphology were made. The fertility of males treated with
      200 mg EGME/kg declined at Week 4, and remained low for the rest of the study.
      There was a modest but significant increase in the number of resorption sites at
      Weeks 5 and 6 in the high dose group. There was a decrease in the number of
      litters sired at Week 5 after dosing in the 100-mg EGME/kg group. There were time
      and dose-related decreases in sperm concentration and motility, primarily in the
      100- and 200-mg/kg groups, as well as concurrent elevations in the number of
      abnormal sperm forms in the epididymis. These studies show that EGME is a very
      weak inducer of dominant-lethal mutations, and produces previously undescribed
      effects on late-stage spermatids and spermatogonia.

PMID- 3987993
TI  - Teratogenic potential of inhaled dichlorobenzenes in rats and rabbits.
AB  - Orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB) and paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) were evaluated for
      teratogenic potential in rats (ODCB only) and rabbits. Groups of bred rats and
      inseminated rabbits were exposed to 0, 100, 200, or 400 ppm of ODCB; groups of
      inseminated rabbits were exposed to 0, 100, 300, or 800 ppm of PDCB. Animals were
      exposed for 6 hr/day on Days 6 through 15 (rats) or 6 through 18 (rabbits) of
      gestation. Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by a significant decrease in body
      weight gain, was observed in all groups of ODCB-exposed rats and liver weight was
      significantly increased in the 400-ppm ODCB-exposed group. Slight maternal
      toxicity was observed in groups of rabbits exposed to 400 ppm ODCB or 800 ppm
      PDCB as indicated by significantly decreased body weight gain during the first 3
      days of exposure. Inhalation of up to 400 ppm of ODCB was not teratogenic or
      fetotoxic in rats, and neither ODCB nor PDCB was teratogenic or fetotoxic in
      rabbits at exposure levels up to 400 or 800 ppm, respectively.

PMID- 3987994
TI  - Some tautologous aspects of the comparison of carcinogenic potency in rats and
      mice.
AB  - In risk estimation, the results of rodent carcinogenesis experiments are often
      used to quantitatively predict effects in man. The justification for this
      approach has in large part been dependent upon the good correlation of
      carcinogenic potency found between mice and rats over large numbers of test
      chemicals. Using the data base of chemicals tested by the NCI Bioassay Program,
      we observe that there is a very high correlation of the maximum doses tested (max
      d) for rats and mice on a milligram per kilogram body weight per day basis. Next
      we show that the calculated carcinogenic potency (b-defined in the paper) is
      restricted to an approximately 30-fold range surrounding log(2)/max-d, which has
      a biological as well as a statistical basis. Since the max-d's for the set of NCI
      test chemicals vary over many orders of magnitude, it necessarily follows
      statistically that the carcinogenic potencies will be highly correlated. This
      "artifact" of potency estimation does not imply that there is no basis for
      extrapolating animal results to man. It does suggest, however, that the
      interpretation of correlation studies of carcinogenic potency needs much further
      thought.

PMID- 3987995
TI  - Neurotoxicity of methyl chloride in continuously versus intermittently exposed
      female C57BL/6 mice.
AB  - This study evaluated the relationship between methyl chloride (MeCl) exposure
      duration and neurotoxicity. Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to MeCl for 11 days,
      either continuously (22 hr/day) to 15, 50, 100, 150, or 200 ppm, or
      intermittently (5.5 hr/day) to 150, 400, 800, 1600, or 2400 ppm. This strain and
      sex of mouse was chosen because it is sensitive to MeCl neurotoxicity and was a
      good candidate to allow the evaluation of morphological effects and the
      quantitation of functional effects. A simple quantitative relationship between
      neurotoxicity and continuous vs intermittent exposure was not observed. Although
      the no-observable-effect levels for continuous and intermittent MeCl exposures
      were very nearly proportionate to exposure concentration multiplied by duration,
      the dose-response curve was much steeper for continuously exposed mice.
      Cerebellar granular cell layer degeneration was observed in mice exposed
      continuously to 100 ppm MeCl and in mice exposed intermittently to 400 ppm. This
      histopathologic effect was observed at lower concentrations than a decrement in
      rotating rod running performance. No effects were observed in mice exposed to 50
      ppm continuously or to 150 ppm intermittently. Continuous exposure to MeCl
      produced the cerebellar lesion with less effect on other tissues than did
      intermittent exposure. In mice exposed to 2400 ppm intermittently, there were
      renal and hematopoietic effects in addition to relatively slight cerebellar
      granular cell layer degeneration. These 2400-ppm exposed mice developed
      hemoglobinuria, apparently as a result of intravascular hemolysis. Although the
      effect of exposure duration on MeCl toxicity was complex, this study indicated
      that careful judgment is necessary when extrapolating intermittent exposure data
      to a continuous exposure situation.

PMID- 3987996
TI  - Kinetics of respiratory tract absorption and plasma clearance of horseradish
      peroxidase in guinea pigs.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) absorption across the wall of the upper airway,
      monitored by the amount detected in the blood, is used to measure epithelial
      damage by toxins. Full details of kinetics of absorption and blood clearance have
      not been reported previously. We measured the kinetics under the experimental
      conditions used in testing toxins. HRP was administered to guinea pigs either by
      intraarterial injection of a 7.5 microgram bolus (plasma clearance) or by
      intratracheal instillation of 1 mg (respiratory tract absorption). Plasma
      concentrations were monitored for 60 min. Plasma concentrations of HRP rose
      linearly with time after intratracheal instillation, reaching 236 +/- 51 ng/ml
      (mean +/- SE) at 60 min after instillation. HRP was cleared from the plasma
      rapidly after bolus injection. The elimination coefficient, k2, determined from
      the biphasic log normal plot, was 0.322 min-1. These data were used to estimate
      the kinetics of absorption across the respiratory epithelium. A single 3-hr
      exposure to an atmosphere containing 2.5 mg/m3 of submicrometer zinc oxide
      particles increased plasma concentration of HRP after intratracheal deposition
      (407 +/- 63 ng/ml at 60 min) and had no effect on plasma clearance (k2 = 0.342
      min-1). Therefore plasma concentrations of HRP measured after intratracheal
      deposition can be used as a sensitive indicator to evaluate the effects of
      inhalation of a test atmosphere on epithelial permeability, if plasma clearance
      kinetics are not altered by the exposure.

PMID- 3987997
TI  - Methylmercury-induced mitochondrial DNA synthesis in neural tissue of cats.
AB  - The association between selected neuropathological lesions and effects on
      mitochondrial and nuclear DNA synthesis was explored in cats exposed in vivo to
      methylmercuric chloride. Two groups of eight adult female cats ingested 0 or 176
      micrograms Hg/kg body wt/day as methylmercuric chloride added daily to their
      diet. Treated animals and concurrent controls were sacrificed following the onset
      of clinical signs of toxicity, with the mean termination time being about 12
      (range 7-15) weeks. Terminal Hg levels for the control and treated groups
      respectively were 0.16 +/- 0.02 and 12 +/- 1 ppm in the cerebrum and 0.16 +/-
      0.01 and 14 +/- 1 ppm in blood. Hydroxyurea-resistant [3H]thymidine incorporation
      into DNA in cultured explants of cerebrum and cerebellum, as measured by
      scintillation counting of extracted DNA, was elevated for treated animals.
      Autoradiographic analysis indicated that the excess DNA synthesis was
      cytoplasmic, and deoxyribonuclease resistant, suggesting a mitochondrial DNA
      origin. The excess DNA synthesis was pronounced in cell types prone to
      neurodegeneration, specifically the Purkinje cells and the granular cell layer in
      the cerebellum and the large neurons in the cerebrum. Mitochondrial DNA from
      neural tissues of an additional five pairs of cats treated for 8 weeks was
      isolated from cesium chloride/ethidium bromide density gradients. Thymidine
      incorporation into mitochondrial DNA was greater in methylmercury-treated than
      control animals. These observations indicate that methylmercury affects
      mitochondrial DNA synthesis in vivo with a tissue specificity parallel to that of
      neuropathological lesions.

PMID- 3987998
TI  - Neonatal and maternal body burdens of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in mice:
      gestational exposure and lactational transfer.
AB  - Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a ubiquitous lipophilic pollutant, was readily
      transferred in the milk of lactating dams to their suckling neonates. Pregnant CD
      1 mice were treated during gestation, and the body burdens of HCB in the neonates
      and the dams were determined during lactation. Also, neonates from dams treated
      with HCB during gestation were cross-fostered at birth to dams treated with corn
      oil during gestation. The body burdens of HCB were greater in the neonates
      exposed to HCB by lactational transfer than the neonates exposed only by
      gestational transfer. In many tissues, the concentration of HCB in the pups from
      full litter was similar to that in pups from litters reduced to two pups per
      litter. Lactational transfer of HCB from the dams to the pups was a major route
      of excretion in that 95% of HCB was depleted during 20 days of lactation. HCB
      depletion was similar in dams with whole litters, and those with litters reduced
      to two pups.

PMID- 3987999
TI  - Excretion and metabolism of 1-nitropyrene in rats after oral or intraperitoneal
      administration.
AB  - Many nitro-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have been
      identified as environmental pollutants and have been found to be mutagens and
      carcinogens in bacteria and mammalian systems. They require metabolism to express
      their biological activity. The metabolism and excretion of 1-nitropyrene (NP), a
      prevalent NPAH, by Fischer-344 rats after intraperitoneal (ip) or oral
      administration was studied. Radiolabeled NP was administered to rats (10 mg NP/kg
      body wt), and urine and feces were collected for 7 days. After ip administration
      of [14C]NP, 60% of the radioactivity was found in the urine and 20% in the feces.
      Likewise, 55 and 35% of the orally administered 14C was found in urine and feces,
      respectively. Both urine and feces were analyzed by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography for metabolites. The majority of the radioactivity in both urine
      and feces was associated with very polar metabolites, none accounting for more
      than 10% of the dose. Small amounts (less than 1% of the dose) of aminopyrene
      (AP), acetylaminopyrene, and NP were detected. A urinary metabolite (3-8% of the
      dose) was found that converted to acetylaminopyrene phenol (two isomers) when
      urine was heated overnight at 37 degrees C at pH 4.5. More of this metabolite
      (2.2 times) as well as AP (1.8 times), was excreted after oral than after ip
      administration of NP. The NP metabolites found in this study demonstrate that
      reduction of the nitro group is a significant route of NP metabolism in rats.
      Since nitroreduction appears to be necessary in the activation of NPAHs to
      bacterial mutagens, this indicates that similar metabolic pathways are present in
      rats (catalyzed by mammalian and/or gut bacterial enzymes) and that activation of
      NPAHs to carcinogens or toxins by nitroreduction is possible.

PMID- 3988000
TI  - Amelioration of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity in the male rat by zinc.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to examine the role of zinc in the prevention of
      bromobenzene hepatoxicity in male rats. Bromobenzene (BB) (7.5 mmol/kg, ip)
      produced a marked hepatotoxicity as evidenced by increases in plasma alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and a
      marked depression in hepatic glutathione (GSH) content 24 hr after
      administration. The administration of zinc (92 mumol Zn/kg, ip, at 48 and 24 hr
      prior to the bromobenzene) ameliorated the bromobenzene elevations in plasma AST
      (25%) and plasma ALT (50%) but did not alter the decreases in hepatic GSH.
      Following administration of [14C]BB, the radioactive label was distributed
      primarily in the cytosolic and lipid fractions derived from liver homogenates.
      Furthermore, the subcellular distribution of [14C]BB was not altered by zinc
      pretreatment. The extent of covalent binding of [14C]BB metabolites to hepatic
      tissue was significantly depressed in zinc-treated rats. Zinc induced the hepatic
      levels of metallothionein but [14C]BB did not bind to this sulfhydryl rich
      protein. Further experiments showed that zinc treatment depressed cytochrome P
      450 content, the activity of NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and the metabolism of
      aniline, but not that of ethylmorphine. These studies suggest that the
      hepatoprotective effect of zinc against bromobenzene toxicity does not involve
      altered binding of the reactive toxic metabolite to glutathione or
      metallothionein, but it may be mediated by the inhibitory effect of zinc on the
      microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent drug metabolizing system.

PMID- 3988001
TI  - Mechanism of chloroform formation by chlorine and its inhibition by chlorine
      dioxide.
AB  - Chlorination of drinking waters leads to the formation of trihalomethanes arising
      from the reaction of chlorine and organic substances. Therefore, chlorine dioxide
      (ClO2) which does not produce trihalomethanes is being considered as an
      alternative disinfectant. It has been reported that rat blood chloroform levels
      were significantly decreased after treatment with ClO2. Studies were conducted to
      investigate the mechanisms of chloroform formation by chlorine (HOCl) and its
      inhibition by ClO2 (5 mg/liter) in the presence of HOCl (5, 10, 20 mg/liter)
      using sodium citrate (1 mM) as an organic substance. When citrate was reacted
      with HOCl, beta-ketoglutaric acid, monochloroacetone, dichloroacetone, and
      trichloroacetone were produced as reaction intermediates and chloroform as a
      final product. There was a linear relationship between the concentrations of HOCl
      and the formation of chloroform. When ClO2 was substituted for HOCl, neither
      chloroform was formed nor citrate concentration was changed. Further, chloroform
      formation was inhibited by ClO2 in the presence of HOCl and citrate and the
      degree of inhibition depends on the ratio of ClO2/HOCl. Gas chromatograph/mass
      spectrometer analysis indicates that this inhibition is related to the reaction
      of ClO2 with beta-ketoglutaric acid to form malonic acid. Chlorine dioxide also
      oxidizes other intermediates such as monochloroacetone and dichloroacetone to
      acetic acid. These studies indicate that ClO2 inhibits chloroform formation from
      citrate and HOCl by the oxidation of the intermediates which were involved in the
      reaction of chloroform formation.

PMID- 3988002
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of hepatic foci of cellular alteration occurring
      spontaneously in Fischer-344 rats.
AB  - Stereologic procedures were used to quantitate spontaneously occurring liver foci
      of altered staining in control Fischer-344 rats at 33, 59, 85, and 111 weeks of
      age. Foci were identified using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. In both
      males and females, foci were first observed at 59 weeks. The number of foci per
      cubic centimeter of liver, as well as mean focal volume, increased significantly
      with age. Between 85 and 111 weeks, the number of foci per liver increased 3.5
      times in females but was unchanged in males. When three groups of 111-week-old
      animals were evaluated, females consistently had a greater number of foci per
      cubic centimeter of liver and mean focal volume than males of the same group. For
      the three groups evaluated at 111 weeks, the mean number of foci per liver ranged
      from 431 to 1865 in males and from 727 to 1654 in females. The mean volume
      fraction (% of the liver) occupied by foci ranged from 0.28 to 1.0% in males and
      from 1.42 to 4.15% in females. When focal staining characteristics were
      investigated, the majority of foci were basophilic in both sexes at all time
      points examined. However, males consistently had a higher percentage of
      eosinophilic foci than females.

PMID- 3988003
TI  - The toxicity of dimethylamine in F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following a 1-year
      inhalation exposure.
AB  - Dimethylamine is a widely used commodity chemical, for which there are few
      chronic toxicity data. Male and female F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed by
      inhalation to 0, 10, 50, or 175 ppm dimethylamine (DMA) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week
      for 12 months. Groups of 9-10 male and female rats and mice were necropsied after
      6 and 12 months of exposure. No male mice were sacrificed at 12 months due to a
      high incidence of early deaths in that group. The mean body weight gain of rats
      and mice exposed to 175 ppm DMA was depressed to approximately 90% of control
      after 3 weeks of exposure. The only other treatment-related changes were
      concentration-related lesions in the nasal passages. Two distinct locations in
      the nose were affected: the respiratory epithelium in the anterior nasal
      passages, and the olfactory epithelium, especially that lining the anterior
      dorsal meatus. There was focal destruction of the anterior nasoturbinate and
      nasal septum, local inflammation, and focal squamous metaplasia of the
      respiratory epithelium in rats and mice. Mild goblet cell hyperplasia was
      observed only in rats. The olfactory epithelium exhibited extensive loss of
      sensory cells with less damage to sustentacular cells. There was also loss of
      olfactory nerves, hypertrophy of Bowman's glands, and distension of the ducts of
      these glands by serocellular debris in regions underlying degenerating olfactory
      epithelium. At the 175-ppm exposure level, rats had more extensive olfactory
      lesions than mice, with hyperplasia of small basophilic cells adjacent to the
      basement membrane being present in rats but not mice. After 12 months of exposure
      to 10 ppm DMA, minimal loss of olfactory sensory cells and their axons in
      olfactory nerve bundles was observed in the nasal passages of a few rats and
      mice. These results indicate that the olfactory sensory cell is highly sensitive
      to the toxic effects of DMA, with minor lesions being produced in rodents even at
      the current threshold limit value of 10 ppm.

PMID- 3988004
TI  - Interaction of trichloroethane isomers with cytochrome P-450 in the perfused rat
      liver.
AB  - The real-time interactions of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) and 1,1,2-TCE with
      cytochrome P-450 were observed using in vivo optical methods to measure the
      spectral changes of cytochrome P-450 and the reduction-oxidation transition of
      pyridine nucleotides in the perfused liver of rats treated with phenobarbital.
      Changes in oxygen consumption and TCE uptake were also measured. The spectral
      changes of cytochrome P-450 indicated that both TCE isomers bound to low spin
      (substrate free) ferric cytochrome P-450 and formed a high spin (substrate
      complexed) form. However, 1,1,1-TCE bound more tightly to cytochrome P-450 and
      seemed to be only slowly metabolized compared to 1,1,2-TCE. The stoichiometry of
      the change in oxygen consumption rate to the change in 1,1,1-TCE uptake rate
      ranged between 5/1 and 9/1, whereas that of 1,1,2-TCE was 1.4 to 2.0. Decreases
      in reduced pyridine nucleotides associated with TCE administration were
      significantly larger with 1,1,1-TCE than with 1,1,2-TCE. The inhibitory effect of
      1,1,1-TCE on hexobarbital metabolism in the perfused liver was greater than that
      of 1,1,2-TCE. Considering our previous data indicating that TCE did not stimulate
      mitochondrial respiration, it is postulated that the far higher amount of oxygen
      consumption associated with the binding of 1,1,1-TCE to cytochrome P-450 than the
      amount which was necessary to mixed-function oxidation of this compound was due
      to an uncoupling effect of 1,1,1-TCE on the mixed-function oxidase system.

PMID- 3988005
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of inhaled methyl chloride (CH3Cl) in male volunteers.
AB  - Six volunteers, 25-41 years of age, were exposed for 6 hr on separate days to 50
      and 10 ppm of CH3Cl. Blood and expired air CH3Cl concentrations reached an
      apparent plateau during the first hour of the exposure and were proportional to
      the exposure concentration. Consistent with previous reports, the volunteers
      could be separated into two discrete groups based on the differences observed in
      their blood and expired air CH3Cl concentrations. Both groups eliminated CH3Cl
      rapidly once the exposure was terminated, but CH3Cl was eliminated more rapidly
      by those volunteers with the lower blood and expired air CH3Cl concentrations.
      The existence of these two groups can be explained by a twofold difference in the
      rate at which they metabolized CH3Cl; however, this difference is of questionable
      toxicological significance. Urinary excretion of the putative metabolite S-methyl
      cysteine was not related to the exposure; thus, it is not a valid means of
      monitoring occupational exposure to CH3Cl.

PMID- 3988006
TI  - Degeneration of the rat and canine adrenal cortex caused by alpha-(1,4-dioxido-3
      methylquinoxalin-2-yl)-N-methylnitrone (DMNM).
AB  - The antibacterial drug alpha-(1,4-dioxido-3-methylquinoxalin-2-yl) N
      methylnitrone (DMNM) given at a dose of 22.5 mg/kg bid to four dogs for 14 days
      caused diminished adrenal cortical reserves as determined by decreased plasma
      cortisol (three dogs) and lower aldosterone levels (four dogs) following the
      intravenous infusion of ACTH. A dose of 100 mg/kg/day of DMNM administered to
      rats for 31 or 35 days resulted in significant decreases in blood glucose.
      Histologically, the adrenal glands of both species treated with DMNM for a
      maximum period of 21 days (dogs) and 35 days (rats) had widespread granular and
      vacuolar degeneration of the cortex. This degeneration in treated rats began in
      the zona reticularis and inner regions of the zona fasciculata and eventually
      involved the entire cortex including the zona glomerulosa. As a result of
      treatment, significant ultrastructural alterations within cells of the rat and
      canine adrenal cortex consisted of degeneration of the mitochondria and an
      increase in the numbers and lipolysis of lipid droplets. The ultrastructure of
      the zona reticularis and fasciculata was most severely affected.

PMID- 3988007
TI  - Evaluation of a direct blood pressure measurement technique for canine toxicity
      studies.
AB  - Repeated direct puncture of the central ear (intermediate auricular) artery to
      obtain mean arterial blood pressure in control and hypertensive dogs was
      evaluated. Unilateral nephrectomy and partial constriction of the contralateral
      renal artery were performed on four dogs to create hypertension. Ear artery blood
      pressure measurements and electrocardiograms were recorded twice pretest and
      after surgery at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11 on control (n = 6) and
      hypertensive (n = 4) dogs. Mean ear arterial blood pressures from the
      hypertensive dogs were significantly increased from Weeks 2 to 11. Indwelling
      omocervical artery catheters were implanted in both control and hypertensive dogs
      at Week 8. Mean omocervical artery blood pressures from hypertensive dogs were
      significantly increased at Weeks 8 through 11. Mean omocervical artery pressures
      were only significantly increased over mean ear artery pressures at Week 8 for
      control dogs and at Week 10 for hypertensive dogs. Nonspecific
      electrocardiographic changes in the ST-T segment and U waves occurred with
      greater frequency in hypertensive dogs than in control dogs. Hypertensive dogs
      developed subendothelial proliferation in the renal artery and aorta, and a
      proliferative vasculopathy in the heart and lungs. This ear artery technique was
      used successfully in two canine toxicity studies of different ICI pharmaceutical
      compounds. The ear artery method for measuring mean arterial blood pressure is
      suitable for canine toxicity studies and is a reasonably accurate measurement of
      systemic pressure.

PMID- 3988008
TI  - Hydrolysis of several glycol ether acetates and acrylate esters by nasal mucosal
      carboxylesterase in vitro.
AB  - The in vitro activity of carboxylesterase recovered from the nasal mucosal tissue
      of B6C3F1/CrlBR mice toward several agents known to cause olfactory epithelial
      lesions when inhaled by rodents was determined. Apparent Vmax and Km values were
      obtained for mouse nasal carboxylesterase using ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
      acetate (EGMEAc), ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EGEEAc), propylene
      glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEAc), methyl acrylate (ME), ethyl acrylate
      (EA), and butyl acrylate (BA) as substrates. The short straight-chained glycol
      ethers, EGMEAc and EGEEAc, appeared to be relatively good substrates for nasal
      carboxylesterase under enzyme saturating and subsaturating conditions as
      indicated by their high Vmax and Vmax/Km values. The short-chained acrylate
      esters MA and EA were also hydrolyzed to a greater extent than BA at enzyme
      saturating levels; however, the reverse was true at subsaturating levels as
      indicated by the relatively high Vmax/Km ratio obtained for BA. MA and BA were
      observed to cause a loss of carboxylesterase activity at enzyme saturation levels
      while EA caused a loss of enzyme activity at only one-half Km concentration.
      Using EGMEAc as a substrate, no sex differences in nasal carboxylesterase
      activity were observed in mice or rabbits. The specific activity of nasal
      carboxylesterase was found to be equivalent to that of the liver and greater than
      that of the kidney, lung, or blood. Mice and dogs were found to have similar
      nasal carboxylesterase activities which were slightly higher than that found in
      rats and about six-fold higher than that found in rabbits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988009
TI  - Classification in general practice.

PMID- 3988010
TI  - Characteristics and perceptions of after-hours callers.
AB  - After-hours care remains an important aspect of community practice although
      little is known about the views of either physicians or patients. This study
      presents an analysis of 12 499 after-hours calls made to a family practice centre
      over a five-year period, and 798 follow-up telephone interviews conducted with
      people who called for help after hours. Fifty per cent of the callers requested
      care for themselves while the remainder made the call for another family member,
      usually a child; most had discussed the problem with family or friends before
      calling. A majority stated that they would go to a hospital emergency room if
      they could not use the after-hours service. Physicians tended to perceive the
      calls as being due primarily to physical problems, while almost one-third of the
      callers stated that the motive for their call was anxiety or concern rather than
      physical discomfort. Although there was a lack of agreement between physician and
      caller on several aspects of the contact, most of the callers were satisfied with
      the contact.

PMID- 3988011
TI  - Nurse management of hypertension clinics in general practice assisted by a
      computer.
AB  - In this study 377 patients with hypertension from four general practices were
      referred to a nurse for care. A management protocol was agreed by all
      participating doctors and programmed into a microcomputer. Three practices
      representing approximately 80% of the total patients had a computer-assisted care
      programme and there is no evidence that this improved their care. Three-quarters
      of the patients had reached their target diastolic blood pressure by the end of
      the study compared with 50% at the beginning. The proportion of patients with
      normal weights for their heights increased, and almost one-fifth of those
      patients who admitted to smoking at the onset subsequently stated that they had
      stopped. Patients and doctors were satisfied with the system.

PMID- 3988012
TI  - Clinicians' knowledge about the families of their patients.
AB  - This study was designed to determine what doctors and nurses in family medicine
      actually know about the families of their patients; to assess the accuracy of the
      professed knowledge; and to relate this knowledge to the patient's level of
      satisfaction and compliance. Clinicians completed questionnaires dealing with
      their knowledge of personal and family information about patients. These patients
      completed a mirror-image questionnaire--to assess the accuracy of the clinician's
      responses--and a questionnaire about their satisfaction with the consultation. At
      a follow-up visit by the patients, clinicians completed questionnaires which
      assessed patients' compliance. Clinicians thought they knew the patient's
      occupation in 86% of cases and were correct in 73% of the total. The respective
      percentages for the spouse's level of education were 49% and 35%. Clinicians and
      patients agreed on whether there was a marital or a financial problem 66% and 47%
      of the time respectively. High clinician knowledge scores were not associated
      with either high satisfaction or good compliance on the patient's side.

PMID- 3988013
TI  - Family tuberculosis contacts: resource-contingent management.
AB  - Recent findings in tuberculosis research have questioned the efficacy of bacille
      Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination and demonstrated the effectiveness of combined
      drug chemotherapy and isoniazid (INH) chemoprophylaxis, both in regimens of under
      12 months duration. Because of the renewed emphasis on drug treatment in
      tuberculosis control, family physicians and the health personnel they supervise
      need to be involved in this effort. Despite differences in health care resources
      in different regions, rational and effective management of active cases and their
      contacts in the family can be devised. While the priority remains treatment of
      the active index case, family physicians have a unique opportunity to utilize
      family relationships to find and to treat other active cases and to reinforce
      compliance with INH chemoprophylaxis by high-risk family contacts.

PMID- 3988014
TI  - Multi-disciplinary research between natural and social sciences in general
      practice.
AB  - Research in general practice is often a joint effort between general
      practitioners and social scientists. Owing to the diverse nature of the
      disciplines involved, joint studies may create a variety of problems. This paper
      discusses some of the reasons why such difficulties may arise.

PMID- 3988015
TI  - Tablet identification: a study of preparations marketed in Ireland.

PMID- 3988016
TI  - Learning by contract in family medicine training.

PMID- 3988017
TI  - Learning by contract in family medicine training.

PMID- 3988018
TI  - Health for all through family practice.

PMID- 3988019
TI  - Effect of progesterone on the sexual behavior of the male Japanese quail.
AB  - The reduced metabolites of testosterone produced in the central nervous system of
      birds are known to be involved in the regulation of male sexual behavior. Since
      progesterone may compete with testosterone for 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reduction, it
      may also interfere with the sexual behavior of birds. In order to test this
      hypothesis, progesterone was administered to male quail either transferred from
      short days to long days or kept in short days and treated with testosterone.
      Sexual behavior and crowing were scored at intervals for 21 days and the size of
      the cloacal gland was measured at the same times. On Day 21, the birds were
      killed and their testes were weighed. The administration of a large dose (1
      mg/day) of progesterone depressed the sexual behavior of the birds stimulated
      either by long days or by the administration of testosterone. It is suggested
      that progesterone may compete with testosterone for the active sites of 5 alpha-
      and 5 beta-reductase; alternatively, its effect may be due to an antiandrogenic
      activity.

PMID- 3988020
TI  - Effects of eyestalk removal on cholesterol uptake and ecdysone secretion by crab
      (Cancer antennarius) Y-organs in vitro.
AB  - Y-Organs and control tissues from intact (intermolt) and 48-hr de-eyestalked
      Cancer antennarius donors were cultured for 12 and 24 hr in crustacean saline
      supplemented 10% with crab serum and containing [14C]cholesterol. Under these
      conditions, Y-organs took up significantly more [14C]cholesterol than ovary or
      muscle, and Y-organs from 48-hr de-eyestalked crabs took up threefold more than Y
      organs from intact crabs. The labeled cholesterol of the culture medium was
      observed to bind rapidly to the lipoproteins of the serum supplement; subcellular
      fractionation of the activated Y-organs after incubation showed 59% of the label
      localized in the cytosolic fraction. The increase in cholesterol uptake did not
      result from a change in extracellular volume, and was not accompanied by a change
      in Y-organ total cholesterol. It was, however, accompanied by a greater than
      threefold increase in ecdysone secretion.

PMID- 3988021
TI  - Hormonal control of femoral gland secretion in the lizard, Amphibolurus ornatus.
AB  - Castration of the male lizard Amphibolurus ornatus results in atrophy of the
      femoral glands. The amount of secretion collected from glands decreased from
      (mean +/- SE) 136.6 +/- 13.0 micrograms/g body wt prior to castration to 102.7 +/
      14.6 micrograms/g body wt 28 days after castration (P less than 0.001). Over the
      same period the secretion from a group of intact males increased. Biosynthesis of
      steroids by testicular tissue from A. ornatus was studied in vitro using [4
      14C]progesterone as substrate. A single androgen, probably testosterone, was
      isolated. Daily injections for 28 days of 1 microgram/g body wt of testosterone
      propionate (TP) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulated femoral gland
      secretion in castrated males (TP, 201.8 +/- 21.5 micrograms/g body wt; DHT, 142.8
      +/- 16.0 micrograms/g body wt). The glands of animals receiving injection medium
      only remained atrophic. Identical regimes of TP and DHT also stimulated femoral
      gland secretion in intact females from which no exudate could initially be
      collected. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that lizard femoral
      glands are androgen-dependent secondary sex characters.

PMID- 3988022
TI  - The effect of temperature on testicular steroid production in the rainbow trout,
      Salmo gairdneri, in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The effect of temperature on steroidogenesis in the male rainbow trout has been
      studied both in vitro using endogenous precursors under gonadotrophin stimulation
      and in vivo in fish held for 2 weeks at three different temperatures. In vitro,
      the optimum temperature for formation of testosterone and its 11-oxygenated
      derivatives was 10 degrees, whereas glucuronide formation showed an optimum at 18
      degrees. In vivo, plasma levels of testosterone and 11-keto-testosterone were
      significantly higher at 6 than at 17 degrees, whereas glucuronide levels showed
      no significant difference. Milt was obtained only from fish held at 6 and 12
      degrees. The optimum temperature for free steroid formation in response to
      gonadotrophin stimulus is shown to be dependent upon glucuronyl transferase
      content, and its progressive increase during the reproductive cycle may provide a
      mechanism for the inhibition of free steroid synthesis and hence spermiation at
      elevated temperatures where gamete survival is poor.

PMID- 3988023
TI  - Seasonal changes in plasma testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol levels in wild
      rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) of Zembra island.
AB  - Annual variations in testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol concentrations were
      recorded in plasma samples obtained monthly from male wild rabbits living in
      their natural biotope. For comparison, a group of animals was held in
      semicaptivity close to Tunis. Zembra is an uninhabited, hardly accessible island,
      north of the bay of Tunis and is a part of a large, protected zone of natural
      reserve. Warrens of Zembra appear to subsist from a very remote past, without any
      contact with other strains. In both natural and captive environments,
      testosterone levels peak sharply in October, decline in November-December, and
      are low from January to September. Thyroxine titers also peak in October but a
      second peak occurs in spring, the magnitude of which is markedly higher in
      natural than in captive conditions. As to cortisol, netting in Zembra results in
      stress-induced high values but semicaptive specimens exhibit a clear-cut annual
      rhythm peaking in January.

PMID- 3988024
TI  - Influence of testosterone on precocious sexual development in immature rainbow
      trout.
AB  - The influence of testosterone on plasma and pituitary levels of gonadotrophin
      (GTH) as well as on gonadal development was studied in immature rainbow trout.
      Among the animals receiving a testosterone-cocoa butter implant (200 micrograms)
      at the age of 5 months, gonadal puberty occurred 8 months later in half of the
      males (opposite to the controls which remained immature) and the beginning of
      oocyte maturation was observed in only one female. These animals were
      characterized by a higher pituitary GTH level. Owing to the multivariate
      statistical analyses made, it was possible to provide evidence for the presence
      of two populations with different reactions to the same steroid treatment. They
      also confirmed the existence of a positive testosterone feedback, in the male,
      leading to a precocious gonadal development. The pituitary GTH load obtained with
      200 micrograms of testosterone seemed to be related to the age of first
      maturation. The secretion of an appropriate level of GTH resulting in the
      stimulation of gametogenesis required the availability of a relatively large
      pituitary GTH level and seemed to be possible because the animals were already in
      the pubertal period. The fact that the highest pituitary GTH level of the treated
      lot was found in the only female showing a beginning of sexual maturation
      suggests that testosterone may also act in females.

PMID- 3988025
TI  - Hormone-mediated formation of the endocytic complex in mosquito oocytes.
AB  - The developmental events leading to oocyte competence to internalize proteins,
      and the hormonal control of these events in the mosquito Aedes aegypti have been
      studied. The oocytes of newly eclosed females have an undifferentiated cortex.
      During previtellogenic development, a highly specialized endocytic complex,
      consisting of numerous coated vesicles and uncoated endosomes, microvilli, and,
      presumably, vitellogenin receptors, forms in the oocyte cortex. Morphometric
      analysis and probes with a protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase, have shown
      that only the oocytes with developed endocytic complexes are competent for
      protein uptake. In vivo experiments have demonstrated that the formation of the
      endocytic complex is controlled by juvenile hormone from the corpora allata. This
      developmental event was blocked by ablation of corpora allata at eclosion, but it
      was restored by either implantation of corpora allata into allatectomized female
      or the application of juvenile hormone III.

PMID- 3988026
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of black pigment dispersing hormone from the
      fiddler crab, Uca pugilator.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for black pigment dispersing
      hormone (BPDH) obtained from the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Immunoreactive
      BPDH, as high as 8.8 +/- 0.9 ng/50 microliters, was found in the hemolymph of
      crabs with dispersed black pigment. High potassium saline caused 4.5 +/- 0.4 ng
      immunoreactive BPDH to be released into the medium from isolated crab eyestalks
      in 5 min.

PMID- 3988027
TI  - Comparisons of avian renal responses to bovine parathyroid extract, synthetic
      bovine (1-34) parathyroid hormone, and synthetic human (1-34) parathyroid
      hormone.
AB  - The structure of avian parathyroid hormone (PTH) is only partially known,
      therefore studies of the avian renal responses to PTH have been conducted using
      bovine parathyroid extract (bPTE), synthetic human PTH (h(1-34)PTH), and
      synthetic bovine PTH (b(1-34)PTH). In vitro studies indicate that these peptides
      may have quite different chick kidney receptor binding affinities and adenylate
      cyclase activation potencies. In the present study, the in vivo renal responses
      to bPTE, b(1-34)PTH, and h(1-34)PTH have been compared in immature domestic fowl.
      The following parameters were evaluated: glomerular filtration rates; renal
      plasma flow rates; urine pH; and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium,
      chloride, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate. Overall, the different
      hormonal peptides elicited qualitatively similar responses: they all were
      phosphaturic, natriuretic, diuretic, hypomagnesiuric, hypocalciuric, and
      kaliuretic. This is the first study to show an effect of PTH on renal magnesium
      transport in avian species. Quantitative comparisons make it clear that bPTE is
      more natriuretic and diuretic, but less phosphaturic than either b(1-34)PTH or
      h(1-34)PTH. A temporal dissociation of the phosphaturic response from the other
      mineral and electrolyte responses suggests that the phosphaturic response is
      mediated by a separate mechanism.

PMID- 3988028
TI  - Bioassay of fish gonadotrophin by ovarian mitochondrial cholesterol depletion.
AB  - Murrel (Channa punctatus Bloch) ovarian tissues were incubated in vitro with or
      without piscine gonadotrophins and then subjected to subcellular fractionation
      followed by nonesterified cholesterol (cholesterol) assay. Gonadotrophin from
      salmon (SG-G100), tilapia (TL1MS), and sturgeon (S27MS) depleted cholesterol in
      the mitochondrial fraction, whereas cholesterol remained unchanged in other
      subcellular fractions. Aminoglutethimide, an inhibitor of mitochondrial
      cholesterol side-chain cleavage, blocked the depletion of mitochondrial
      cholesterol in response to SG-G100 and murrel pituitary extract. When ovarian
      tissue containing [4-14C]cholesterol was challenged with SG-G100 in vitro, a dose
      dependent decrease of mitochondrial [4-14C]cholesterol was observed. Increasing
      concentrations (1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 micrograms/incubation) of SG-G100, TL1MS, and
      S27MS resulted in a clear linear depletion of mitochondrial cholesterol. The
      slope of the dose-response curve in different individual fish was found to be
      distinctly uniform and parallel. The slopes of the standard curves obtained with
      TL1MS and S27MS were greater than that with SG-G100, indicating that tilapia and
      sturgeon gonadotrophins are more potent. Carp pituitary gonadotrophin content,
      determined by using these standard curves, showed the sensitivity and precision
      of this bioassay.

PMID- 3988029
TI  - In vitro steroid biosynthesis by the adrenal gland of the female Lacerta vivipara
      Jacquin: the metabolism of exogenous precursors.
AB  - The synthesis of steroids in vitro by adrenal glands from female Lacerta vivipara
      J., using various labeled steroids as substrates, was studied. Effects of two
      enzymatic inhibitors (cyanoketone and elipten) on steroid synthesis was analyzed.
      As in other reptilian species, no 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were detected and the
      major biosynthetic pathway operating in vitro proved to be that of 17
      deoxycorticosteroids. An important synthesis of an unidentified compound (X) was
      observed only from pregnenolone. Incubations of L. vivipara adrenal glands have
      been performed using [3H]pregnenolone plus [14C]progesterone at different phases
      of the annual cycle. Changes in adrenal steroid activity, related to season and
      physiological state of female, are quantitative rather than qualitative. High
      production in vitro of progesterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone is associated
      with gestation whereas high production of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone
      is observed during hibernation.

PMID- 3988030
TI  - Effects of chronic changes in dietary electrolytes and acute stress on plasma
      levels of corticosterone and aldosterone in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos).
AB  - Plasma levels of corticosterone and aldosterone were determined by
      radioimmunoassay in ducks consuming diets containing different concentrations of
      sodium and potassium. Compared with control diet birds, maintenance on a high-Na+
      diet for 5 days caused a 2-fold increase in the basal plasma corticosterone
      concentration, while adaptation for 8 days to a low-Na+ diet resulted in a 2.6
      fold increase in the basal plasma concentration of aldosterone. Both
      corticosterone and aldosterone basal plasma levels were greatly elevated in birds
      denied access to drinking water for 4 days. Adaptation to a high-Na+ diet or
      deprivation of water resulted in hyperosmolality and hypernatremia, while the
      high-K+, low-Na+/low-K+, and low-Na+ diets did not significantly alter the plasma
      sodium or potassium levels from the control levels. In addition, birds were
      stressed by semi-immobilization to determine the effects of acute stress-induced
      ACTH secretion on the adrenocortical response following changes in dietary sodium
      and potassium intake. In ducks adapted to low-Na+/low-K+, high-Na+, and low-Na+
      diets, stress-induced adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) increased the
      aldosterone, but not the corticosterone, response to a level significantly
      greater than in the controls. These results demonstrate that in the duck
      secretion of corticosterone and aldosterone can be independently regulated.
      Furthermore, the endocrine changes that are induced by altered sodium and
      potassium intake are reflected in the adrenocortical responses to acute stress.

PMID- 3988031
TI  - The effect of a single injection of thyrotrophin on serum concentrations of
      thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and reverse triiodothyronine in the immature chicken
      (Gallus domesticus).
AB  - Immature domestic fowl were given a single injection of 0.1 or 0.25 IU bovine
      thyrotrophin (TSH)/kg body wt by the intramuscular route and serum concentrations
      of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and 3,3',5'-reverse T3 (rT3)
      were measured during the following 24 hr. The increase in T4 was markedly greater
      than that of T3. Serum rT3 concentration increased after an injection of 0.25 IU
      TSH/kg but the maximal concentration (75 pg/ml) was very low.

PMID- 3988032
TI  - Direct effects of the hyperglycemic factor of the freshwater snail Lymnaea
      stagnalis on isolated glycogen cells.
AB  - In the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis special cells, the glycogen
      cells (GC) are present for the storage of glycogen reserves. These cells occur in
      large numbers in the anterior mantle region. In a previous paper in vitro
      experiments with intact anterior mantle tissue indicated that a hyperglycemic
      factor is released from the central nervous system (CNS) which stimulates
      glycogen mobilization in mantle tissue (M. A. Hemminga, J. J. Maaskant, W.
      Koomen, and J. Joosse (1985). Neuroendocrine control of glycogen mobilization in
      the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 57, 117-123). In
      the present study the question of whether this factor affects glycogen metabolism
      of GC isolated from mantle tissue was investigated. It is reported that in high
      K+ Ringers the CNS is stimulated to release a factor which, in a dose-dependent
      way, inhibits glycogen synthesis in isolated GC (measured as a decreased
      incorporation of [14C]glucose into glycogen). Simultaneous with this glycogen
      synthesis-inhibiting effect, stimulation of glycogen degradation is found
      (measured as a decreased retention of prelabeled glycogen). It is concluded that
      (1) the factor released by the CNS having these effects on isolated GC is the
      same as the hyperglycemic factor which was reported to stimulate glycogen
      mobilization in intact mantle tissue, and (2) GC after isolation from mantle
      tissue have retained their ability to respond to this factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988033
TI  - [Control of secretory activity of multifid glands by castration and grafting in
      the snail Helix aspersa].
AB  - Castration of juvenile snails results in a cessation of multified gland cell
      differentiation. Many months later, the cells still resemble polarized epithelial
      cells and show no signs of secretory activity. Transplantation of
      nondifferentiated cells from multifid gland of castrated snails into normal
      adults initiated secretory activity. The experiments show that the presence of
      the gonad is essential for the multifid glands to develop secretory activity and
      that its influence is mediated by an endocrine factor which is transported in the
      hemolymph.

PMID- 3988034
TI  - Photoperiodic requirement for the dissipation of scotorefractoriness in Japanese
      quail.
AB  - Male Japanese quail were reared on short days (6L:18D) and at 15-20 weeks of age
      those which had become sexually mature (i.e., scotorefractory) were transferred
      to long days (18L:6D) for between 2 and 29 weeks. The birds were then returned to
      6L:18D for 3 weeks to test for the dissipation of scotorefractoriness. This was
      assessed by a decrease in at least 3 of 4 indices of reproductive function:
      testicular weight, area of the cloacal gland, and levels of plasma LH and
      testosterone. There was great individual variation in the photoperiodic
      requirement for the dissipation of scotorefractoriness, ranging between 6 and 29
      weeks of exposure to long days. Scotorefractoriness was dissipated in about 50%
      of the birds after exposure to long days for between 6 and 12 weeks. It is
      concluded that the photoperiodic requirement for the dissipation of
      scotorefractoriness in quail cannot be defined precisely.

PMID- 3988035
TI  - Role of thyroid and testicular hormones in the oxidative metabolism of the Indian
      garden lizard, Calotes versicolor.
AB  - L-Thyroxine (L-T4) and testosterone were administered separately to intact,
      thyroidectomized, and castrated male Indian garden lizards, Calotes versicolor
      (maintained under natural climatic conditions) throughout the year to study their
      effects on the whole-body oxygen consumption and on tissue (liver, muscle,
      kidney, and brain) respiration. The findings indicate that the calorigenic
      actions of L-T4 and testosterone are independent of ambient temperature, and
      different tissues have different, temperature-independent, annual rhythms of
      sensitivity to L-T4 and testosterone. Internal factors seem to play a major role
      in the determination of these annual tissue sensitivity rhythms. Effects of
      thyroidectomy and castration are brought about by decreased levels of both
      thyroidal and testicular hormones. It is suggested that gonadal hormones are
      directly involved in the oxidative metabolism of Calotes which is regulated
      jointly by thyroid and gonadal steroids, and the degree of involvement of the
      glands depends upon the energy demand and sensitivity of tissues during different
      months of the year.

PMID- 3988036
TI  - Species variation in the tyrosine sulfation of mammalian gastrins.
AB  - The degree of tyrosine sulfation and the distribution between gastrin-17- and
      gastrin-34-like immunoreactivity (LI) were studied in the antra of ten mammalian
      species. Specific radioimmunoassays, gel-, and ion-exchange chromatography as
      well as enzymatic cleavage with trypsin and arylsulfatase were used. The
      percentage of sulfation varied from 24.4 +/- 4.2 (mean +/- SEM) in dogs to 80.1
      +/- 2.6 in sheep, 46.8 +/- 3.3 in humans, 50.1 +/- 3.2 in cows, 55.9 +/- 2.3 in
      rats, 57.4 +/- 3.1 in pigs, 61.3 +/- 2.2 in guinea pigs, 64.1 +/- 4.7 in cats,
      64.8 +/- 2.1 in mice and 68.2 +/- 2.8 in rabbits. Gastrin-34-LI in antral
      extracts could be converted to gastrin-17-LI by trypsin in all species. Five
      percent of antral gastrins eluted as gastrin-34-LI in all species. We conclude
      that while the ratio of gastrin-34-LI to gastrin-17-LI varies little in mammals,
      large differences occur in the degree of sulfation.

PMID- 3988037
TI  - Endocrine changes associated with fat deposition and mobilization in svalbard
      ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus).
AB  - Plasma concentrations of Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and growth hormone
      (GH) have been measured in blood samples taken from Svalbard ptarmigans (Lagopus
      mutus hyperboreus), shot throughout 1 whole year at Svalbard (79 degrees N).
      Plasma T3 levels varied in a monophasic pattern with low levels in winter and a
      peak in August, whereas plasma T4 levels remained constant throughout the year.
      High plasma T3 levels coincide with molt and a large food intake while low plasma
      levels of T3 coincide with molt arrest and a low food intake. Plasma GH levels
      were highest in winter and lowest in May and September. The low plasma GH levels
      in early autumn coincide with elevated liver weights and maximum rate of fat
      deposition. High GH levels in midwinter coincide with low liver weights and the
      mobilization of fat stores. A possible relationship between molt, food intake,
      fat deposition/mobilization, and plasma levels of T3 and GH is discussed.

PMID- 3988039
TI  - Son-killer: a third extrachromosomal factor affecting the sex ratio in the
      parasitoid wasp, Nasonia (=Mormoniella) vitripennis.
AB  - An extrachromosomal factor, termed son-killer (sk), affects the sex ratio in a
      parasitoid wasp, Nasonia (=Mormoniella) vitripennis. The factor is maternally
      transmitted and alters the secondary sex ratio of an infected female through
      mortality of approximately 80% of the male embryos. No effect on the primary
      (zygotic) sex ratio is observed. Ninety-five percent of the daughters of an
      infected female inherit son-killer. The factor can also be transmitted
      contagiously when the progeny of infected and uninfected females develop
      simultaneously on a single host. In newly infected strains, the sex ratio effects
      are equivalent to those in the original.

PMID- 3988038
TI  - Mechanisms of spontaneous and induced frameshift mutation in bacteriophage T4.
AB  - Frequencies of spontaneous and proflavine-induced frameshift mutations increased
      dramatically as a function of the number of reiterated base pairs at each of two
      sites in the lysozyme gene of bacteriophage T4. At each site, proflavine induces
      addition mutations more frequently than deletion mutations. We confirm that the
      steroidal diamine, irehdiamine A, induces frameshift addition mutations. At sites
      of reiterated bases, we propose that base pairing is misaligned adjacent to a
      gap. The misaligned configuration is stabilized by the stacking of mutagen
      molecules around the extrahelical base, forming a sandwich. Proflavine induces
      addition mutations efficiently at a site without any reiterated bases.
      Mutagenesis at such sites may be due to mutagen-induced stuttering of the
      replication complex.

PMID- 3988040
TI  - Evolution of resistance in the presence of two insecticides.
AB  - A two-locus model is used to analyze the effectiveness of a mixture of
      insecticides in delaying resistance, compared to the use of the insecticides
      singly. The effects of factors such as recombination, effective dominance,
      initial value of allele frequencies and initial value of linkage disequilibrium
      are considered. It is shown that the use of mixtures is always more effective in
      delaying the onset of resistance, often by many orders of magnitude. It is shown
      that there exists a threshold value of recombination fraction, above which the
      evolution of resistance is extremely slow. Resistance evolves very rapidly for
      values of recombination fraction below the threshold. Finally, the relevance of
      these results on resistance management is discussed.

PMID- 3988041
TI  - Flexible sigmoidoscopy: safety and usefulness in the geriatric patient.
AB  - The flexible sigmoidoscope is clearly the best available screening tool for
      colorectal cancer. It is superior to rigid sigmoidoscopy in that the flexible
      scope can examine longer lengths of bowel and yields a larger number of
      pathologic findings. The majority of colon cancers lie beyond the view of the
      rigid scope, which detects only about 30% of all malignant lesions.

PMID- 3988042
TI  - Neurologic disorders: the many new uses of CT.
AB  - Every patient being evaluated for dementia deserves at least one CT study in the
      hope of discovering a treatable cause. Although many treatable causes of dementia
      are not necessarily diagnosable by CT, a careful observer may detect suggestions
      of such disorders in the CT findings. Presentations that prompt CT is rule out
      neoplasm in the brain include progressive neurologic deficits of insidious onset,
      new onset of seizures, and increased intracranial pressure.

PMID- 3988043
TI  - Dyspnea in the elderly: cardiac or pulmonary?
AB  - Compare the chest film with previous films, if possible. Changes in heart size
      and interstitial and vascular markings can thus be seen more readily, as can air
      trapping; this also aids in differentiation of acute from chronic changes. A
      Holter monitor study should be obtained if dyspnea occurs irregularly, has acute
      onset and termination, or is associated with dizziness or syncope; or if the
      resting ECG shows frequent premature atrial contractions, premature ventricular
      contractions, bradycardia, or periods of advanced heart block.

PMID- 3988044
TI  - Skin lesions from sun exposure: a treatment guide.
AB  - Leukoplakia is a clinical term that may histologically represent actinic changes
      or frank squamous cell carcinoma. Because the nature of dysplasia may differ in
      various portions of the involved lip, adequate histologic examination is
      mandatory. Histologic characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma include loss of
      cell organization and orientation, loss of intercellular bridges, presence of
      nuclear atypia and mitotic figures, and premature cell keratinization.

PMID- 3988045
TI  - Supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - In evaluating episodes of SVT, much information can be gleaned from careful
      analysis of the surface ECG at the onset of and during the SVT. A number of
      findings have been outlined here that can help differentiate between automatic
      and reentrant forms of SVT. In addition, the major forms of reentrant SVT can be
      differentiated by determining the presence or absence of P waves during the SVT,
      the relative timing of the P waves to the preceding and succeeding QRS during
      SVT, the P wave configuration and axis relative to sinus P waves, the necessity
      for sudden PR prolongation with the onset of SVT, and the development of
      aberration during the course of SVT and its effect on the SVT rate. Thus by
      careful analysis of the surface ECG, a number of important conclusions can be
      drawn concerning the mechanism of SVT. With these findings in mind, preliminary
      therapeutic decisions can then be made.

PMID- 3988046
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of air deozonization].

PMID- 3988047
TI  - [Working conditions and workers' health in using pesticides in sheltered soil].

PMID- 3988048
TI  - [Use of a dry protein mixture for the correction of hypoxia caused by sodium
      nitrite].

PMID- 3988049
TI  - [Improving the quality of training of specialists in sanitation and hygiene].

PMID- 3988050
TI  - [Main trends in the activities of the Ukrainian sanitary and epidemiological
      services with regard to public nutrition].

PMID- 3988051
TI  - [Substantiation of the optimal method of self-training of medical students in
      hygiene at home].

PMID- 3988052
TI  - [Training of interns in hygiene and epidemiology].

PMID- 3988053
TI  - [Conducting complex state examinations in hygiene in the Department of Sanitation
      and Hygiene].

PMID- 3988055
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the methods of determining nitrates in water].

PMID- 3988054
TI  - [Evaluation of the degree of pollution in work areas by measuring the amounts of
      harmful substances].

PMID- 3988056
TI  - [Gas-chromatographic analysis of nitrates in food products].

PMID- 3988057
TI  - [Chromatographic method of analyzing dioctyltin maleate in the sanitary-chemical
      analysis of polyvinyl chloride products].

PMID- 3988058
TI  - [Problems of hygienic standardization of maximum permissible levels of skin
      contamination with chemical substances].

PMID- 3988059
TI  - [Demercurization as a preventive measure in mercury hazard].

PMID- 3988060
TI  - [Sanitary-microbiological studies of salmon and water in Kamchatka fishing
      areas].

PMID- 3988061
TI  - [Hygienic regulation of glycidyl methacrylate in reservoir water].

PMID- 3988062
TI  - [Changes in the biochemical indicators of the blood after exposure to phosalone].

PMID- 3988063
TI  - [Neurohormonal regulation in patients with vibration disease caused by local
      vibrations].

PMID- 3988064
TI  - [Experimental study of the effect of coal ash from thermoelectric power plants on
      alveolar macrophages in rats].

PMID- 3988065
TI  - [Effect of synthetic detergents on the immunobiological system and lipid
      metabolism in experimental animals].

PMID- 3988066
TI  - [Energy metabolism and actual diet of female textile workers].

PMID- 3988067
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of the method of ozonization used for detoxication of
      aqueous solutions of urea derivatives].

PMID- 3988068
TI  - [Method of determining the gas-air mixture of sulfur dioxide in sanitary
      toxicological experiments].

PMID- 3988070
TI  - [Immunoglobulin A level in the saliva of children living in areas of industrial
      air pollution].

PMID- 3988069
TI  - [Hygienic standardization of benzotrifluoride level in reservoir water].

PMID- 3988071
TI  - [Hygienic problems of developing and improving technological methods of purifying
      sewage water for urban industrial water supplies].

PMID- 3988072
TI  - The social allocation of health care resources: ethical dilemmas in age-group
      competition.

PMID- 3988073
TI  - Intergenerational service programs: meeting shared needs of young and old.

PMID- 3988074
TI  - The development of an intergenerational service-learning program at a nursing
      home.

PMID- 3988075
TI  - The quality of relationships between elderly parents and their out-of-town
      children.

PMID- 3988076
TI  - The impact of in-home services termination on family caregivers.

PMID- 3988077
TI  - Inflation and the real income of the elderly: recent evidence and expectations
      for the future.

PMID- 3988078
TI  - The impact of recent legislative changes in benefit programs for the elderly.

PMID- 3988080
TI  - How should the information needs of the aging be met? A Delphi response.

PMID- 3988079
TI  - Some thoughts on reformulating the dependency ratio.

PMID- 3988081
TI  - The effects of a "don't know" response on Palmore's Facts on Aging quizzes.

PMID- 3988082
TI  - Children's perceptions of aging: a multidimensional approach to differences by
      age, sex, and race.

PMID- 3988083
TI  - Senior center participation: a two-stage approach to impact evaluation.

PMID- 3988084
TI  - Negative trends in life expectancy in the USSR, 1964-1983.

PMID- 3988085
TI  - [Hormones in the amniotic fluid and their relation with respiratory insufficiency
      syndrome].

PMID- 3988086
TI  - [The non-participation of Na, K, and Mg ions in Lippes loop breakage].

PMID- 3988087
TI  - [Sequelae of tubal ligation].

PMID- 3988088
TI  - [Participation of anesthesia in maternal mortality].

PMID- 3988089
TI  - [Impairment of color perception acuity caused by styrene and tetrachloroethylene
      vapors].

PMID- 3988090
TI  - [Endonasal electrophoresis of unithiol in the treatment of patients with early
      symptoms of chromium poisoning].

PMID- 3988091
TI  - [Biochemical indicators of oxidation-reduction processes and energy potential in
      workers of the phosphate-processing industry].

PMID- 3988092
TI  - [Dose of vibration and methods for its determination].

PMID- 3988093
TI  - [Method of operative control of the work capacity of man].

PMID- 3988094
TI  - [Hygienic characteristics of working conditions employing present-day technology
      for sinking shafts in coal mines].

PMID- 3988095
TI  - [Incidence of arterial hypertension in Donetsk coal miners].

PMID- 3988096
TI  - [Metabolic processes, nonspecific protection factors and immunologic reactivity
      of healthy miners and patients with anthracosilicosis].

PMID- 3988097
TI  - [Complex treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis using electrophoresis and
      intratracheal infusions in a sanatorium].

PMID- 3988098
TI  - [Myocardial contraction in dust-induced bronchitis].

PMID- 3988099
TI  - [Changes in the functional state of peripheral blood leukocytes in crew members
      of small boats].

PMID- 3988100
TI  - [Gas-chromatographic analysis of beta-diethylaminoethylchloride and beta
      diethylaminoethylacetate ether in the air of work areas].

PMID- 3988101
TI  - [Method of quantitative analysis of pesticide mixtures of various chemical
      natures in the urine].

PMID- 3988102
TI  - [Criteria of calculation methods for the determination of safety levels of
      harmful substances].

PMID- 3988103
TI  - [Organization of preventive sanitary control and elaboration of technical
      standards for the documentation of new technological processes, equipment,
      instruments, chemicals and products and their introduction to the national
      economy].

PMID- 3988104
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of pleurisy of unclear etiology].

PMID- 3988105
TI  - [Surgical treatment of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis].

PMID- 3988106
TI  - [Effect of hemosorption on immunological reactivity indices in the combined
      treatment of patients with extensive nonspecific destructive suppurative
      processes in the lungs and pleura].

PMID- 3988107
TI  - [Role of blood coagulation disorders in the pathogenesis of massive and
      supermassive blood losses in tubercular surgery patients].

PMID- 3988109
TI  - [Operations in arrhythmias].

PMID- 3988108
TI  - [Clinical course and treatment of mediastinitis].

PMID- 3988110
TI  - [Experience with the ultrasonic destruction of accessory conduction tracts in
      patients with frequent attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia].

PMID- 3988111
TI  - [Surgical treatment of Lutembacher's syndrome].

PMID- 3988113
TI  - [Aberrant left pulmonary artery].

PMID- 3988112
TI  - [Origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle].

PMID- 3988114
TI  - [Hypothermic perfusion with circulatory arrest in complicated heart surgery
      situations].

PMID- 3988115
TI  - [The transsternal approach in treating complicated forms of pulmonary emphysema].

PMID- 3988116
TI  - [Lung abscess as a complication of broncholithiasis].

PMID- 3988117
TI  - [Large esophageal lipoma].

PMID- 3988118
TI  - [Case of the successful use of intracoronary thrombolytic therapy in the acute
      period of myocardial infarct].

PMID- 3988119
TI  - [Fistula between the right branch of the pulmonary artery and the left atrium].

PMID- 3988121
TI  - Longitudinal study of CEA and CA125 in ovarian cancer.
AB  - Carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 125 (Ca125) levels were
      measured at regular intervals over a 24-month period in 19 patients with proven
      ovarian cancers. In 91.5% of the cases with recurrent or progressive disease,
      Ca125 levels were increased whereas only 34% of these patients had increased CEA
      levels. Furthermore, reduction of the tumoral mass was associated with a decrease
      of Ca125 levels in all patients. It is proposed that determination of Ca125
      levels in ovarian cancer might provide a valuable prognostic tool for the
      assessment of the evolution of the disease.

PMID- 3988120
TI  - [Closure of an interventricular septal defect in a patient with a criss-cross
      heart].

PMID- 3988123
TI  - Keratoacanthoma of the vulva.
AB  - A 65-year-old white woman noted a "pea-sized" lump of the right labium majus. At
      the initial examination a few weeks later, the mass was 1.5 cm in maximum
      diameter. An excisional biopsy was interpreted as well-differentiated squamous
      cell carcinoma. The biopsy material was subsequently reviewed prior to
      recommended radical surgery. Upon review, the lesion was interpreted as a
      keratoacanthoma. No further surgery was performed and the patient has remained
      free of recurrent disease for over 2 years. This case is presented in an effort
      to alert gynecologic oncologists and pathologists of the possibility of this
      lesion occurring on the vulva.

PMID- 3988122
TI  - Coexistent immature teratoma of the uterus and endometrial adenocarcinoma
      complicated by gliomatosis peritonei.
AB  - A 37-year-old nulliparous woman presented with severe vaginal bleeding due to a
      primary immature teratoma of the uterus (Grade II on the Norris scale). The
      subsequent hysterectomy specimen showed well-differentiated endometrial
      adenocarcinoma. Mature glial implants were present on both ovaries and throughout
      the omentum. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient received a
      course of pelvic radiotherapy. She has remained well with no evidence of
      recurrence. Primary benign solid teratoma of the uterus is rare. This appears to
      be the first reported case of primary immature uterine teratoma.

PMID- 3988125
TI  - Venous thrombosis and its prevention and management.

PMID- 3988124
TI  - Colposcopic diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma spreading to cervix: a case report.
AB  - Secondary carcinoma of the cervix is uncommon. A patient with a history of
      ovarian carcinoma had an abnormal cervical smear and colposcopy was performed.
      Colposcopy and directed biopsy led to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer which had
      spread to the cervix. The unusual colposcopic features which allowed a clinical
      diagnosis are correlated with histopathology and the findings discussed.

PMID- 3988126
TI  - Extrauterine spread in endometrial carcinoma clinically confined to the uterus.
AB  - From July 1975 to April 1983, 237 patients had primary treatment for endometrial
      cancer at the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center. Included in this study
      were 74 of these patients with Stage I and 20 with Stage II endometrial carcinoma
      who underwent laparotomy without preoperative radiation. The purpose of the study
      was to determine the prevalence of extrauterine spread in endometrial carcinoma
      clinically confined to the uterus and to correlate risk variables with this
      spread. The parameters assessed were retroperitoneal nodal metastases, adnexal
      involvement, peritoneal implants and peritoneal cytology. The overall prevalence
      of extrauterine spread was 23.4% (Stage I, 18.9%; Stage II, 40.0%). The rate of
      nodal metastasis, adnexal involvement, peritoneal implant, and positive
      peritoneal cytology were 18.7, 7.4, 4.3, and 8.5%, respectively. No positive
      relationship was demonstrated between surface spread and risk variables. There
      was positive correlation between surface spread and peritoneal cytology (87.5%).
      Direct correlations were found between positive nodes and tumor growth over more
      than one-third of the endometrial surface (P less than 0.001), gross cervical
      involvement (P less than 0.001), deep myometrial invasion (p less than 0.001),
      length of uterine cavity, grade 3 tumor, papillary adenocarcinoma (40%), and
      stage of disease. Five-year survival rate of Stage I and Stage II in this small
      series was 77.8 and 55.6%. Complications of 16 radical hysterectomies in Stage II
      were minimal and transient. Because of frequent extrauterine spread in
      endometrial carcinoma clinically confined to the uterus, and exploratory
      laparotomy and peritoneal cytology may be desirable in Stage I and II disease
      before definitive treatment.

PMID- 3988127
TI  - Rapid distribution of adriamycin in the ascitic and pleural fluid of women with
      ovarian carcinomas.
AB  - Adriamycin has been detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography in ascites
      and pleural fluid within 30 min after intravenous injection of Adriamycin (50
      mg/m2). The concentration of Adriamycin was approximately one-half of that in
      plasma. Significant concentrations of Adriamycin metabolites were seen in the
      ascites fluid of one patient 4 hr after intravenous drug injection. Individual
      variability in the achievable ascites and pleural concentrations of cytotoxic
      drugs may be important in determining the responsiveness of patients to
      chemotherapy and the described analytical technique should be useful in assessing
      the concentrations of Adriamycin and its metabolites in malignant ascites and
      pleural effusions.

PMID- 3988128
TI  - Serum-mediated immunosuppression: a possible tumor marker in patients with
      ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Serum samples from 25 patients with ovarian carcinoma were tested for their
      suppressive effects on in vitro response of normal lymphocytes. Patients examined
      prior to primary surgery showed a significantly greater suppression than did
      patients examined after a radical operation. Suppression was detected both in a
      natural killer cell assay and in an assay of phytohemagglutinin-induced
      lymphoproliferation. Only the results of the later test showed a correlation to
      the clinical course: Those patients who died during the first year of follow-up
      presented the most marked suppression. Serial determinations performed in a few
      patients indicated a certain correlation between immunosuppression and tumor
      burden. It is concluded that this test may give additional prognostic information
      in patients with ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 3988129
TI  - Population differences in ovarian cancer in Israel.
AB  - One hundred and seven patients with epithelial carcinoma of the ovaries were
      studied in an Israeli population in the Tel Aviv area. The women under study
      belonged mainly to two ethnic groups: European and North American (Ashkenazi) and
      Afro-Asian immigrants. The highest incidence of this neoplasm was found in the
      Ashkenazi group and the lowest in the Afro-Asian (less than 50%). It has been
      found that there is an age variation in the onset of the disease between the two
      ethnic groups. The average age of all the patients was 57 years, but in the Afro
      Asian group of patients, the malignancy was more commonly found in the 45-54 age
      group (P less than 0.05). A tendency of a shorter survival rate due to more
      aggressive disease in the Afro-Asian group was observed. Survival rate for
      patients with FIGO stages I and II was lower in the Afro-Asian group. These
      conclusions were supported by the statistical significance of the data.

PMID- 3988130
TI  - Epithelial ovarian neoplasms of low malignant potential.
AB  - This report presents 13 patients with epithelial ovarian neoplasms of low
      malignant potential. Ten patients had serous tumors, 1 had a mucinous tumor, and
      2 had endometrioid tumors. Two had Stage I disease, 4 had Stage II disease, and 7
      had Stage III disease. All were treated with melphalan. Second-look laparotomy
      was performed in 11 patients and 1 patient required subsequent exploratory
      laparotomy. None achieved histologic confirmation of cure. Five patients
      continued treatment with melphalan and underwent third-look laparotomy with
      findings of persistent disease. Seven patients are alive without clinically
      detectable evidence of disease. Four patients died of their disease and 2
      patients died of melphalan-induced acute leukemia.

PMID- 3988131
TI  - Endometrial carcinoma presenting with ascites.
AB  - Three examples of endometrial carcinoma presenting with ascites are reported. The
      patients were in the eighth decade, had no vaginal bleeding, and were considered
      to have ovarian cancer preoperatively. Laparotomy revealed gross omental tumor
      and normal appearing ovaries. The endometrial cancers were grossly undetected and
      were uniformly noninvasive of the myometrium. They projected into the uterine
      cavity, two in polyps, and one covering a submucous leiomyoma. The fallopian
      tubes were the most likely route of spread to the abdominal cavity.

PMID- 3988132
TI  - Predictive factors with reference to low-risk of metastases in squamous cell
      carcinoma in the vulvar region.
AB  - Among 122 patients operated upon for squamous cell carcinoma in the vulvar region
      14 variables were investigated by a logistic regression analysis to determine
      their predictive value as to the presence/absence of metastases to the inguinal
      nodes. Factors of predictive value proved to be hyperchromasia, polymorphism,
      involvement of the clitoris, depth of invasion, and tumor size. On the basis of
      these variables, three different models of low-risk groups were set up. Model I
      comprised patients whose tumors showed slight hyperchromasia and did not involve
      the clitoris [metastatic rate: observed 0, estimated 2.1% (0.4-9.8%)]. Model II
      comprised patients whose tumors showed slight hyperchromasia, did not involve the
      clitoris, and measured less than 4 cm [metastatic rate: observed 0, estimated
      1.6% (0.3-7.8%)]. Model III comprised patients whose tumors showed slight
      hyperchromasia, did not involve the clitoris, and had an invasion depth of less
      than or equal to 5 mm [metastatic rate: observed 0, estimated 1.3% (0.2-7.1%)].

PMID- 3988133
TI  - A simplified method for right atrial catheter insertion.
AB  - Using the technique described, Hickman catheters can be inserted by a single
      operator at low cost and risk. The simplicity of insertion and removal with this
      method makes the use of this device preferable to standard temporary central
      venous catheters in most instances.

PMID- 3988134
TI  - Continuous-infusion vinblastine in refractory carcinoma of the cervix: a phase II
      trial.
AB  - Twenty patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the
      cervix were treated with continuous-infusion vinblastine sulfate. Two patients
      (10%) had partial responses of 4 and 7 months' duration. Neutropenia was dose
      limiting. Vinblastine sulfate given by continuous infusion has limited activity
      in this malignancy.

PMID- 3988135
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: clinicopathologic study of 21 cases.
AB  - A detailed clinicopathologic study of 21 patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma was
      undertaken. The diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was made for those uterine smooth
      muscle tumors showing cellular atypia and 5-9 mitoses per 10 high-powered fields
      (M/10 HPF) and those with 10 or more M/10 HPF. Using these strict pathologic
      criteria to define leiomyosarcoma, menopausal status, margin type (pushing vs
      infiltrating), tumor size, grade, location, and the presence of vascular invasion
      and/or hemorrhage were not associated with prognosis. The 5-year survival rate
      was 25%. Survival rates were not improved by the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in
      those patients rendered free of gross disease by initial surgery.

PMID- 3988136
TI  - A novel approach to the analysis of risk factors in endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Early diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma enables one to achieve a cure rate of
      80%. The purpose of this study is to characterize the patients who are prone to
      develop adenocarcinoma by simple epidemiologic and clinical data. The data of 109
      consecutive patients who developed adenocarcinoma were compared with those of 146
      control hysterectomy patients using logistic regression analysis. The following
      characteristics of patients who developed adenocarcinoma were identified: parity
      (P less than 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (P less than 0.003), hypertension (P less
      than 0.0001), obesity (P less than 0.0006), treatment with exogenous estrogen (P
      less than 0.001), and second primary tumor. The logistic regression formula
      classified correctly 77% of all patients to their actual group. The study showed
      that the relative risk of a patient to develop adenocarcinoma can be estimated
      from simple and readily available epidemiologic and clinical data.

PMID- 3988138
TI  - Ovarian cancer complicated by cerebellar degeneration: a paraneoplastic syndrome.
AB  - A patient with ovarian carcinoma who subsequently developed the paraneoplastic
      syndrome of cerebellar degeneration is presented. The literature is reviewed and
      possible explanations of the phenomenon are discussed.

PMID- 3988137
TI  - Adenocarcinoma in a cecal neovagina--complication of irradiation: report of a
      case and review of literature.
AB  - A 42-year-old woman is presented with her fifth primary pelvic carcinoma,
      occurring in an irradiated cecal neovagina. Previously reported neovaginal
      carcinomas are reviewed. The possible etiologies are examined. This is the first
      case of radiation-induced carcinoma arising in a cecal neovagina. Long-term
      follow-up is important in all patients with neovaginas.

PMID- 3988140
TI  - Sclerosing stromal tumor and bilateral teratomas: an unusual association.
AB  - Sclerosing stromal tumor is an uncommon ovarian neoplasm that has only recently
      been defined and distinguished from fibrothecoma. This case report describes a 17
      year-old patient who presented with a large sclerosing stromal tumor and a
      smaller mature teratoma in the left ovary. Eighteen months later, an immature
      teratoma was discovered in the contralateral ovary and microscopic spread outside
      the ovary was documented at staging laparotomy. Mature and immature teratomas
      have been observed in opposite ovaries in a small number of patients. However,
      sclerosing stromal tumor, in over 60 published cases, has not been associated
      with other forms of ovarian neoplasia. Gonadal stromal differentiation, in fact,
      has not been convincingly demonstrated in teratomas. The observations in this
      case, therefore, appear to be unique.

PMID- 3988139
TI  - Radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin lymphadenectomy utilizing separate groin
      incisions: report of a case with recurrence in the intervening skin bridge.
AB  - Postoperative wound breakdown is very common following the en bloc dissection of
      the vulva and inguinal/femoral lymph nodes for carcinoma of the vulva. To
      decrease the incidence of wound morbidity, techniques have been described for
      performing the inguinal/femoral lymphadenectomy through separate groin incisions.
      This approach leaves a bridge of tissue between the vulvar excision and the lymph
      node dissection. A case of stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva that was
      treated with a radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal/femoral lymphadenectomy
      utilizing separate groin incisions is presented. This patient later developed a
      recurrence in the tissue bridge between the vulvar and groin excisions. The
      mechanism for this recurrence is discussed.

PMID- 3988141
TI  - Thromboplastin activity in amniotic fluid.
AB  - Thromboplastin activity in amniotic fluid from 39 patients pregnant in weeks 14
      40 has been studied. Amniotic fluid was obtained by amniocentesis. All fluids
      were fractionated and the activity studied in both supernatant and sediment in a
      highly specific and sensitive test system. All samples tested showed a very high
      thromboplastin activity. No correlation to gestational age was found. Amniotic
      samples from 19 of the patients were incubated with endotoxin. Endotoxin did not
      further increase the procoagulant activity.

PMID- 3988142
TI  - Spontaneous pregnancies in hyperprolactinemic women.
AB  - 29 pregnancies occurred spontaneously in 28 women with mild to moderate
      hyperprolactinemia (prolactin levels up to 100 ng/ml). Only 4 of them showed
      tomographic evidence of microprolactinoma; 1 of the prolactinoma patients
      experienced a visual field defect at week 30, which was quickly controlled by
      bromocriptine treatment. Pregnancy was uneventful in the rest of the patients.
      Subjects who wished to lactate successfully breast-fed their babies. Of 22 women
      in whom prolactin levels were reevaluated at least 1 month after delivery and/or
      lactation, normal values were found in 9.

PMID- 3988143
TI  - Prosthetic heart valve and pregnancy. A study of 59 cases.
AB  - We studied 59 pregnancies in 48 female carriers of prosthetic heart valves. In 44
      pregnancies the mother had a metal valve mostly with coumarin therapy and in 15 a
      bioprosthesis usually without hematologic treatment. In the patients with metal
      prostheses we had the following maternal complications: 1 maternal death, 3 valve
      thromboses, 2 heart failures and 1 puerperal hemorrhage. There was also a
      significantly increased rate of preterm, low birth weight infants and
      intrauterine growth retardation. Concerning malformations we found only 2 cases
      of mild nasal hypoplasia. Regarding the complications of bioprosthesis, we had
      only 1 case of paroxysmal tachycardia and no fetal complications. Comparing the
      results we came to the conclusion that pregnancy is much better tolerated in
      patients with bioprostheses and that in patients with metal prostheses the risk
      is increased if the mother is older than 30 years, if time of replacement is more
      than 5 years or if there is a history of previous thromboembolism or gravidic
      heart failure.

PMID- 3988144
TI  - Langerhans' cells in squamous metaplasia of the human uterine cervix.
AB  - The number and shape of Langerhans' cells (LC) were studied by determining
      cytoplasmic formaldehyde-resistant ATPase activity in whole mounts of normal and
      metaplastic human cervical epithelium. In normal epithelium the number of LC per
      square millimeter was 52.75 +/- 2.21. A similar number was found in completely
      differentiated metaplastic squamous epithelium (49.11 +/- 2.42), but their shape
      was different with less branching processes. When metaplasia was still
      incomplete, and numerous mucous cells remained, no LC were present. On the basis
      of these results it is speculated that mucous cells provide a negative
      chemotactic stimulus which prevents migration of LC into metaplastic epithelium.
      When the latter is completely squamous it is repopulated by LC in a fashion
      similar to normal squamous epithelium.

PMID- 3988145
TI  - Sex steroid receptors in normal and malignant human vulvar tissue.
AB  - Receptors for estrogens, progesterone and androgens were assayed in 6 specimens
      of normal vulvar tissue and in 9 specimens of carcinomatous vulvar tissue. These
      receptors were not always present in all specimens examined. In both normal and
      carcinomatous tissues receptor concentration was highly variable. Malignant
      tissues did not show significant changes in values compared to normal tissue.

PMID- 3988146
TI  - Smoking in pregnancy: the influence on percentile birth weight, mean birth
      weight, placental weight, menstrual age, perinatal mortality and maternal
      diastolic blood pressure.
AB  - Smoking habits of 597 pregnant women were investigated; 48.6% of the women smoked
      during pregnancy. Percentile birth weight proved to be decreased compared with
      the Amsterdam birth weight charts. This decrease could be attributed largely to
      smoking in pregnancy. Mean birth weight was significantly lower in smokers than
      in nonsmokers (230 g; p less than 0.01). Placental weight and menstrual age were
      not affected by smoking during pregnancy. A statistically significant higher
      incidence of hypertension in pregnancy in the nonsmokers group compared with the
      smokers group (p less than 0.05) was established.

PMID- 3988147
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of fenoterol for labour inhibition during spinal or epidural
      anaesthesia.
AB  - Haemodynamic investigations, partly using invasive monitoring, concerning
      interactions between the beta-mimetic effect of fenoterol and the alpha
      sympathetic blockade of spinal or epidural anaesthesia were made in a total of 49
      patients during pregnancy, during caesarean section and in non-pregnant women.
      Haemodynamic effects of fenoterol during regional anaesthesia were compared with
      those during general anaesthesia (n = 17). Epidural or spinal anaesthesia enhance
      vascular beta-mimetic reactions at the start of tocolysis, leading to a profound
      but short-lasting decrease in blood pressure. This initial hypotension is more
      pronounced after regional than after general anaesthesia.

PMID- 3988148
TI  - Soluble fibrin monomer complexes and other hemostatic parameters in patients with
      intrauterine fetal death.
AB  - Hemostatic parameters, especially soluble fibrin monomer complexes, have been
      studied in 114 patients with intrauterine fetal death. The patients were
      classified into three groups according to the duration of fetal retention. A
      correlation was observed between a longer duration of fetal retention and the
      hemostatic alteration. Moreover, in the groups of patients in which this
      hemostatic disorder was more evident, an improvement in these alterations was
      detected after fetal evacuation. A hemorrhagic picture with consumption of
      coagulation factors and cross-linked fibrin oligomers was detected after uterine
      evacuation in only 1 case and required an emergency hysterectomy and the
      administration of blood and plasma. In the rest of the patients, fetal evacuation
      was sufficient to normalize the parameters and no hemorrhagic complications were
      observed. The favorable evolution and minimal hemostatic alterations in the
      majority of the patients with intrauterine fetal death, when early obstetric
      management was established, are discussed.

PMID- 3988149
TI  - Effect of fenfluramine oral administration on serum prolactin levels in healthy
      and hyperprolactinemic women.
AB  - The effects of two different doses (40 and 80 mg orally) of fenfluramine on serum
      prolactin (PRL) levels have been evaluated in healthy and hyperprolactinemic
      women and compared with those of the potent dopamine antagonist sulpiride (100 mg
      i.m.). The lower fenfluramine dose resulted in a significant PRL rise in healthy
      women (n = 16) but not in hyperprolactinemics (n = 14). A dose-response effect
      was shown between 40 and 80 mg in control subjects (n = 7); in 4
      hyperprolactinemics the higher dose also failed to increase PRL levels. Sulpiride
      resulted in a much greater PRL response. Since fenfluramine at the low doses used
      does not seem to exert antidopaminergic action, it is suggested that the mild PRL
      stimulation observed be mediated by the known brain serotoninergic activation
      induced by the drug.

PMID- 3988150
TI  - [Free transplantation of the 2d toe. Technical features, problems and solutions].
AB  - On the basis of seven transfers of the second toe and one "en bloc" transfer of
      the second and third toe, technical features are discussed. The use of a plate
      for osteosynthesis is proposed. It has been found very useful, particularly when
      a MP-arthrodesis is performed between the first metacarpal and the second toe. It
      gives stability and therefore secondary displacement and/or rotation of the toe
      are avoided. It enables more accurate tension to be placed on the repaired
      tendons. For the flexor tendons it is suggested to repair the communis longus
      only, whereas both extensors, longus and brevis, and eventually the distal tendon
      of the lumbrical muscle should be sutured to avoid a PIP flexion contracture. In
      one case the revascularisation of the transfer was effected through the dorsalis
      pedis artery. In the seven other cases the digitalis plantaris communis I artery
      was used either as a substitute or as a complementary vessel. Under good
      conditions the repair of only one vein can be sufficient. Collateral plantar
      nerves as well as dorsal nerves must all be repaired. The use of fibrin glue for
      their suture is mentioned. A cutaneous defect is frequent on the lateral sides of
      the transferred toe. It can be first covered with Epigard and secondarily grafted
      after one or two weeks. That method was used in five out of eight cases.

PMID- 3988151
TI  - [Local fibromatosis in childhood].

PMID- 3988152
TI  - [The rare radial flexor muscle of the wrist with a special presentation].
AB  - The m. flexor carpi radialis brevis is a very rarely observed muscle with various
      origins and insertions. Our investigation showed a muscle with its insertion into
      the base of the second and third metacarpal bone. The important role of this
      muscle in operations on the wrist-joint is discussed.

PMID- 3988153
TI  - [Reduction mammoplasty using a W-form incision technic].
AB  - A modified technique of skin resection in reduction mammoplasties is presented.
      The vertical tissue excision is carried out through a zig-zag incision so that
      the scars lie in the direction of the skin tension and thus result in less
      visible scars.

PMID- 3988154
TI  - [Electroencephalographic evaluation potentials in severely burned patients in
      intensive care].
AB  - In severely burned patients water and electrolyte imbalance is the most obvious
      disturbance during the shock period but problems also occur because of large
      protein losses and absorption of toxic products from the damaged skin. These
      factors may impair brain function and this may be further affected by the action
      of drugs used for therapy. Brain function was assessed in 12 burned patients by
      EEG recordings. The EEG records showed no changes specific to burned patients.
      Changes were seen similar to those seen in patients under intensive care for
      other surgical conditions and seemed to be related to the level of consciousness
      and to the drug therapy.

PMID- 3988155
TI  - [Antithrombin III--an important factor in long-lasting microvascular operations].
AB  - Antithrombin III is an important factor in preventing thrombosis in the normal
      coagulation system. The antithrombotic effect of heparin is closely related to
      the presence of Antithrombin III (AT III) as cofactor. It is also known that the
      concentration of AT III decreases considerably during long-lasting gynaecological
      procedures and in visceral surgery. We have found that the serum concentration of
      AT III also decreases during long-lasting microvascular procedures as in free
      flap or toe transfers. The crucial points are the duration of the operation, the
      duration of ischaemia of the extremity and the preoperative concentration of AT
      III which heavily depends on the general condition of the patient. In ten cases
      the AT III concentration decreased by an average of 21.7%. In three patients the
      AT III factor decreased below the critical level of 80%. In these cases levels
      between 60 and 65% were measured at the end of long microvascular operations.
      This decrease of AT III can be avoided by application of the AT III factor in an
      active form during the procedure (AT III in solution with heparin). To avoid
      thrombosis of the anastomosed vessels the local application of AT III in its
      active form before anastomosis has proved very effective. In practice, measuring
      of the AT III level has proved to be very useful in long microvascular procedures
      before the operation and at intervals of two to four hours. Nevertheless, in
      spite of AT III application careful microsurgical anastomosis has to be made.

PMID- 3988156
TI  - [Late results following toe transplantation with reference to levator defects--a
      committee report].

PMID- 3988158
TI  - [Free toe transfer to the forearm stump following wrist amputation--a current
      alternative to the Krukenberg operation].
AB  - A new and simplified technique for reconstruction of the gripping ability after
      total loss of the hand is introduced. Previous techniques have not gained
      popularity because of the rather complicated procedures trying to extend the
      stump with two additional toes. Poor skin in the distal end of the stump has been
      a limiting factor and technically transplantation of two separate toes has been a
      difficult procedure. The stability in such a grip may be compromised. In the
      author's modification only one toe is used with an island flap from the big toe.
      The opposing post in this grip is the stable resection plane of the radius,
      covered partly by dorsal sensible skin and partly by the first web space skin
      with the island flap from the big toe. The stability is good because of the width
      of the post. The mobility of the new "thumb" may be excellent if the balance
      between the different muscle transfers is optimal and the rehabilitation is done
      in an adequate way from the beginning. This is a preliminary report of the
      technique and the preliminary results in three similarly operated patients are
      very promising. The technique is introduced especially as a modern alternative to
      the Krukenberg-plasty and may have its greatest value among blind patients with
      long forearm stumps.

PMID- 3988157
TI  - [Anatomical variations in blood vessels and their effect on the technic in toe
      transfer].
AB  - In the absence of grasp, either traumatic or congenital, free transfer of the
      second toe to the hand is one of the reconstructive possibilities. An essential
      prerequisite for the acceptance of the transferred toe is a guaranteed blood
      supply through the vascular pedicle. The blood supply of the second toe can be
      either by dorsal or plantar arteries, a fact which is due to anatomic variations.
      Through preoperative angiographic examination the arterial blood supply of the
      second toe can be defined. The location and length of the vascular pedicle have
      to be considered in the design of the anastomosis with the recipient vessels of
      the hand.

PMID- 3988159
TI  - [Problems in the surgical technic used in free toe transfer].
AB  - Based on the experiences of sixteen toe-to-hand transfers (nine for thumb
      reconstruction, seven for finger replacement), some technical problems of the
      operation are discussed. On the foot the incision should be planned in such a way
      that the wound can be closed directly to achieve a better aesthetic result The
      excision of the distal third of the second metatarsal bone marrows the foot,
      which improves the later appearance. On the hand deeper skin defects with exposed
      bone are easily closed by a forearm-island flap based on the distal radial
      artery. The rotation of the head of the transferred metatarsal into
      hyperextension gives the MP-joint much more excursion in flexion. If the great
      toe is used for thumb reconstruction and a new basal joint is necessary, this can
      be reconstructed with the dorsal half of the head of the first metatarsal, while
      its plantar half remains in the foot for weight bearing. The mobility of the new
      thumb was excellent following this procedure.

PMID- 3988161
TI  - Distribution of lyo- and desmo-glycogen in relation to growth and maturity of
      proglottids of Moniezia benedeni.
AB  - Lyo- and desmo-glycogen were estimated in relation to growth and maturity of
      proglottids of a cestode, Moniezia benedeni. Total and lyo-glycogen show an
      increasing trend from immature to mature region (i.e., from region 1 to 6) and
      the increased level seen in the 6th region is maintained up to the 9th region
      with a fall in the 10th (gravid) region. These results indicate that mature
      proglottids store more carbohydrate than immature and gravid proglottids. Desmo
      glycogen showed no variation in different regions of the strobila. The percentage
      of lyo-glycogen to total carbohydrate reveals that most of the carbohydrate (85
      93%) is stored in a labile form.

PMID- 3988160
TI  - The feeding mechanism of intracellular muscle larvae, Trichinella nativa Britov
      et Boev, 1972 and T. pseudospiralis Garkavi, 1972.
AB  - We confirmed, with the electron microscope, that Trichinella larvae feed directly
      on the host tissue during their initial development. They suck, by means of a
      stylet acting as a piston, all components of the muscle cell which develops into
      a nurse cell, into their oral cavity. The stylet is controlled by a muscle
      retractor. At day 10 p.i., fragments of myofilaments and glycogen are present in
      the oesophagus of the larva of T. nativa, mitochondria occur in it at day 20 p.i.
      During the larval growth of T. pseudospiralis, remnants of a contractile material
      are present in the digestive system. The composition of the food ingested by the
      larva is in agreement with the development of changes in the muscle fibre.
      Initial changes in the fibre caused by the two Trichinella species are
      comparable, later changes are not. T. pseudospiralis influences the character of
      changes by its uninterrupted movement inside the fibre. From days 50-90 p.i. with
      T. pseudospiralis, a focally distributed sarcotubular system proliferates
      irregularly in different sites of the fibre. This is in contrast to a heavy
      proliferation of tubules inside a concentric membranous system around the larva
      of T. nativa becoming enclosed in a capsule. The larva which has ceased to feed
      on the host tissue at this time, feeds apparently on low-molecular substances of
      the membranous system transported from the surrounding vascular system which has
      increased in quantity in the endomysium. In the later course of the infection,
      the enzymatic activity of the AIP and the SDH increases in the vicinity of the
      larva of T. nativa, i.e., in the sarcoplasm inside the capsule.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988162
TI  - Demodex flagellurus sp. n. (Acari: Demodicidae) from the preputial and clitoral
      glands of the house mouse, Mus musculus L.
AB  - An extremely large new demodicid, Demodex flagellurus sp. n., is described in all
      stages of its life cycle from the house mouse, Mus musculus L. Its habitat, the
      preputial and clitoral glands, is reported as new for demodicid mites.
      Adaptations to habitat, host transfer, and the potential of this species as a
      useful model in experimental studies on demodicid biology are discussed.

PMID- 3988163
TI  - The effects of temperature, relative humidity and host factors on the attachment
      and survival of Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus geigyi larvae to skin slices.
AB  - Attachment and survival of Boophilus decoloratus and B. geigyi larvae were
      examined using skin slices from cattle, sheep and goats. Results indicate that B.
      decoloratus has a wider range of temperature (24-40 degrees C) at which more than
      50% of larvae would attach to bovine skin, while B. geigyi has a narrower range
      (24-30 degrees C). The larvae of both species had two peaks of attachment--the
      4th and 20th hour, the value for the second peak being greater than the first.
      The influence of humidity on larval attachment was only apparent where the
      temperature was high, and in such cases more than 70% of B. decoloratus larvae
      attached, while less than 20% of B. geigyi larvae attached by the 20th hour. Less
      than 50% of larval attachment was recorded on both sheep and goats. The results
      are related to the geographical distribution of both species in Nigeria, and to
      the problems of tick water balance, stimuli for tick attachment and host
      specificity.

PMID- 3988164
TI  - [Effects of human urinary trypsin inhibitor against operative stress].
AB  - Effects of human urinary trypsin inhibitor (MTI) against operative stress were
      investigated. Laparotomy in a mouse caused suppression of immunological functions
      such as phagocytic activity and antibody formation, followed by loss of
      resistivity to bacterial infection and acceleration of growth of concealed tumor.
      The operation also caused damages to the body such as enhancement of protein
      catabolism and suppression of renal function, followed by increase of blood urea
      nitrogen, increase of protease activity in skeletal muscle and suppression of PSP
      clearance. Since MTI wholly ameliorated these undesirable conditions of the body
      caused by operative stress, it was suggested that MTI has an effect on
      maintaining the homeostasis of the living body as well as the ability to inhibit
      trypsin.

PMID- 3988165
TI  - [Molecular weight of mitochondrial type B MAO in various organs of guinea pig].
AB  - Molecular weights of mitochondrial type B monoamine oxidase (MAO) in guinea pig
      brain, liver and kidney were estimated, and their identities and multiplicity
      were studied. We ascertained what concentration of 3H-pargyline bound to type B
      MAO specifically from the inhibition curve toward serotonin (5-HT) and beta
      phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) by pargyline. Pargyline irreversibly binds to FAD in
      MAO at a one to one molecular ratio. 3H-pargyline bound to type B MAO
      specifically and irreversibly by incubation for 5 hr at 37 degrees C, and SDS
      disc electrophoresis was carried out using 3H-pargyline as a tracer. The
      molecular weight of MAO was estimated after specific binding of pargyline was
      corrected for non-specific binding. The molecular weight of type B MAO in every
      organ was found to be 60,000, giving a single peak after solubilization with 6%
      SDS, but several peaks at higher molecular weight were found in each organ after
      solubilization with 2% SDS. In the brain, there appeared to be a peak of 100,000,
      and it was suggested that the MAO existed as a dimer which was composed of a FAD
      containing subunit and a low molecular weight subunit containing no FAD. In the
      liver, there appeared to be peaks of 120,000 and 240,000, and it was suggested
      that the MAO existed as a dimer and tetramer. In the kidney, there appeared to be
      a peak of 180,000, and MAO was suggested to exist as a trimer.

PMID- 3988166
TI  - [Effects of human calcitonin on the response to noxious stimuli and morphine
      antinociception].
AB  - Effects of human calcitonin (HCT) on the responses of mice and rats to noxious
      stimuli of various types and morphine-antinociception in the mice tail-pinch
      method were studied as compared with procine calcitonin (PCT). I.c.v.
      administration of HCT (0.007-0.071 mg/mouse) delayed response time to tail-pinch
      stimuli and suppressed acetic acid writhing dose-relatedly. PCT (0.5-3 U/mouse,
      i.c.v.) exerted a dose-related antinociceptive effect in the tail-pinch and
      acetic acid writhing methods. The antinociceptive effect was also produced by
      s.c. administration of HCT (0.071-7.1 mg/kg) and PCT (10-1000 U/kg) in the tail
      pinch and writhing methods, while the antinociceptive effect was not detected by
      the tail-flick method following i.c.v. and s.c. administration of HCT and PCT.
      Increase in response threshold in the hind paw pressure test was produced by
      0.071-7.1 mg/kg, s.c. of HCT and 10-1000 U/kg, s.c. of PCT in rats. Inhibition of
      writhing due to i.c.v. administration of HCT and PCT was not antagonized by
      naloxone. Pre-drug control response time to tail-pinch stimuli tended to be
      shortened after 7-14 days of s.c. treatment with CT, especially with PCT.
      Pretreatment with HCT and PCT exerted no obvious influence on their acute
      effects. Morphine-antinociception in the tail-pinch method tended to be
      potentiated by single s.c. dose of HCT and to be decreased by 14 days chronic
      s.c. treatment with HCT. The role of calcium in HCT action was discussed.

PMID- 3988167
TI  - [Study on the postnatal neuro-behavioral development in rats treated prenatally
      with drugs acting on the autonomic nervous systems].
AB  - The drugs used were methamphetamine, reserpine, norepinephrine, epinephrine,
      propranolol, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pilocarpine and atropine. Each drug
      except for reserpine (days 7-13 and 14-19 of gestation) was administered
      subcutaneously to dams from day 7 to 19 of gestation. The body weight gain of
      dams receiving reserpine (days 7-13) and haloperidol was inhibited during the
      gestation period. Two out of 9 dams receiving methamphetamine died on day 21 of
      gestation period; However, no effect was observed in dams given other drugs. The
      body weight gain of pups was inhibited in methamphetamine and haloperidol treated
      groups. The mortality of pups was comparable in all groups. The behavioral
      development of the righting reflex, cliff drop avoidance and negative geotaxis of
      pups given reserpine (days 7-13), norepinephrine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol
      was significantly retarded in comparison with that of control pups. The
      spontaneous motor activity of pups measured by Animex was increased in reserpine
      (days 7-13) and epinephrine treated groups and decreased in the chlorpromazine
      treated group on day 28 postpartum, but comparable in all groups on day 56
      postpartum. The conditioned avoidance responses using the shuttle box revealed
      deficits of avoidance learning of pups in the reserpine (days 7-13),
      norepinephrine and atropine treated groups. These findings suggest that the
      prenatal exposure to drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system may produce
      adverse effects on the behavioral development of pups; However, the adverse
      effects were more apparent by postnatal exposure than by prenatal exposure.

PMID- 3988168
TI  - [Changes of lysosomal enzyme activities in experimental type I and type IV
      allergic models].
AB  - Experimental allergy was induced in animals: asthma, a Type I allergy, was
      induced in guinea pigs by sensitizing them with alpha-amylase (inhalation), and
      experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Type IV allergy, was induced in
      rats. Pulmonary, brain and serum lysosomal enzyme activities were measured in
      normal and allergic conditions. beta-Glucuronidase (beta-G) and arylsulfatase
      (AS) activities were determined by the fluorescent technique. During the
      asthmatic attack, pulmonary lysosomal enzyme activities were not different from
      that in the normal state in guinea pigs. However, brain lysosomal enzyme
      activities were elevated markedly on the 1 st day of EAE induction. Brain beta-G
      activity was elevated on the 2nd day, and AS activity had a tendency to be
      increased. On the other hand, serum lysosomal enzyme activity was not altered
      significantly. In the experimental allergy, lysosomal enzyme activity was altered
      in Type IV, but not in Type I.

PMID- 3988169
TI  - [Effect of intraperitoneal injection of topical thrombin on the coagulation and
      fibrinolysis of rabbits with experimental liver damages].
AB  - Topically applied thrombin was known to be effective in hemostasis of local
      bleeding, but complications of shock, anaphylaxis or disseminated intravascular
      coagulation (DIC) have been reported recently in rare cases. In this experiment,
      the possibility of DIC was examined by intraperitoneal injection of topical
      thrombin (Parke-Davis) to rabbits with liver cirrhosis or acute liver damages
      induced by CCl4. No significant changes in the coagulation parameters were found
      in the groups of liver cirrhosis or the untreated control, but the injection of
      thrombin induced decreases of platelet count and fibrinogen and prolongation of
      prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time in the groups of acute liver
      damages, 24 or 48 hr after CCl4 injection. When the "junk" prepared from the
      topical thrombin was injected to the 48 hr-damage group, no change was noted in
      these parameters. It was concluded that DIC could be induced by the
      intraperitoneal injection of topical thrombin only in cases of acute liver
      damages, where the increased permeability of peritoneum was postulated. However,
      such an immediate or marked change in coagulation was not found in our experiment
      as encountered in the clinical cases, which suggested the involvement of the
      anaphylactic reaction to the topical application of thrombin in the development
      of DIC in these clinical cases.

PMID- 3988170
TI  - Morphogenesis and evolutionary morphology of the nasal apparatus of the black
      headed gull Larus ridibundus L.). II. A morphological interpretation of
      individual structures. Morphogenesis of the nasal capsule, nasal epithelial tube
      and organ of Jacobson in Sauropsida. X.

PMID- 3988171
TI  - Cyclophosphamide-induced cleft palate: effects of single and consecutive
      administration.

PMID- 3988172
TI  - Histogenesis of the follicular wall in the Indian softshell turtle Lissemys
      punctata punctata (emydidae).

PMID- 3988173
TI  - Reaction of the goblet cells in the rabbit tracheal epithelium to the oral
      administration of N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl-2-amino-3,5-dibrombenzyl ammonium
      chloride.

PMID- 3988174
TI  - The accessory olfactory bulb of the hedgehog.

PMID- 3988175
TI  - Formation of the femoropatellar part of the human knee joint.

PMID- 3988176
TI  - Development and comparative morphology of the nasal apparatus of the rook (Corvus
      frugilegus L.). (Morphogenesis of the nasal capsule, the nasal epithelial tube
      and the organ of Jacobson in Sauropsida XI).

PMID- 3988177
TI  - Contribution to knowledge of the development and comparative morphogenesis of the
      nasal apparatus of the white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus L. (Morphogenesis of
      the nasal capsule, the nasal epithelial tube and the organ of Jacobson in
      Sauropsida XII).

PMID- 3988178
TI  - Tunicamycin-induced alterations of the gastrulation process in Xenopus laevis
      embryos.

PMID- 3988179
TI  - Contribution to knowledge of the comparative morphogenesis of the nasal apparatus
      in the white stork Ciconia ciconia L. (Morphogenesis of the nasal capsule, the
      epithelial nasal tube and the organ of Jacobson in Sauropsida XIII).

PMID- 3988180
TI  - Premelanosomes in the oocytes of Triturus cristatus.

PMID- 3988181
TI  - Pressures on the foot in pointe shoes.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the relative pressures on the first and
      second toes and first MTP joint when dancing en pointe, in addition to the
      variation of these pressures as a function of toe length, foot position, and
      padding. The first ray always bore the most pressure. Pressures on the second toe
      varied as a function of toe length and padding. Releve in the everted position
      markedly increased first MTP joint pressures. Further research is required to
      determine whether properly designed padding and positioning of the foot en pointe
      could decrease the incidence of toe problems in the ballet dancer.

PMID- 3988183
TI  - Diaphyseal lengthening for shortness of the toe.
AB  - A method of bone lengthening for bilateral shortness of the fourth toe in a 23
      year-old woman is described. The symptomatic short fourth toes were successfully
      treated by metatarsal and phalangeal diaphyseal lengthenings with
      metatarsophalangeal joint preservation.

PMID- 3988182
TI  - Treatment of symptomatic foot and ankle deformities in the nonambulatory
      neuromuscular patient.
AB  - Thirteen nonambulatory patients, aged 7 to 15 years and with neuromuscular
      disease, had residual foot and ankle deformities secondary to persistent and
      continued muscular imbalance around the ankle and foot. Surgical procedures were
      done to correct these fixed contractures so that the ankle was neutral and the
      foot plantigrade at the conclusion of the procedures. Despite successful
      attainment of the preoperative objectives, surgery should not be performed unless
      the following indications are present: severe pain, skin breakdown and/or
      ulceration, and the inability for the foot and ankle to accept reasonably costing
      and available shoe wear. Recurrence occurs if AFOs (ankle-foot orthoses) are not
      used after the surgical releases.

PMID- 3988184
TI  - The intrinsic and extrinsic arterial supply to the proximal phalanx of the
      hallux.
AB  - The hallux is subject to numerous surgical procedures and very little is known
      about its blood supply. Arteriographic studies were performed in six cadaver
      specimens to identify the major arterial supply to the hallux. Discrepancies with
      now known anatomical models were discovered. In this study, the major arterial
      supply to the hallux appeared to originate from the lateral digital artery. In
      addition, two transverse digital arteries were noted to emit the nutrient
      arteries of the phalanges. Examination of other arteriographic studies sustained
      our results.

PMID- 3988185
TI  - Technique tips: footings.

PMID- 3988186
TI  - Acoustical measurements and clinical judgments of vocal quality in children with
      vocal nodules.

PMID- 3988187
TI  - [Airflow measurements with standardized vocal parameters].

PMID- 3988188
TI  - A descriptive study of the relationship of intraoral air pressure to EMG activity
      of the levator palatini during CV syllables.

PMID- 3988189
TI  - [Comparative studies in voice suitability tests].

PMID- 3988190
TI  - Jitter and shimmer in sustained vocal fry phonation.

PMID- 3988191
TI  - Magnesium, potassium, sodium and calcium in post-mortem vitreous humour from
      humans.
AB  - Levels of magnesium, potassium, sodium and calcium in post-mortem vitreous humour
      from human controls, fire fatalities and drowning victims have been determined.
      The effects of time-related internal changes, external environmental parameters
      and different causes of death are evaluated. Despite the positive correlation and
      marked increase of potassium and, to a lesser extent, of magnesium and calcium
      with the length of the post-mortem interval, individual biological variability
      severely limits the usefulness of predictions of post-mortem interval based on
      electrolyte metal data. At best, there is only a 2/3 chance of a prediction being
      within 12 h of the true value. Vitreous humour metal concentrations are affected
      by external influences, such as the elevated temperatures of fires which increase
      the rate of release of intracellular magnesium and potassium. In cases where
      drowning is suspected, establishment or exclusion of this cause of death is not
      possible on the basis of vitreous humour electrolyte metal data because of
      possible post-immersion diffusion across the permeable membrane of the eyeball.
      It appears, however, that magnesium in salt-water cases and sodium in fresh-water
      cases are related, albeit erratically, to the length of the immersion period.

PMID- 3988192
TI  - Blood versus bone marrow pentobarbital concentrations.
AB  - Postmortem pentobarbital levels in rabbit heart blood and bone marrow were
      determined and compared. The average ratio of femur marrow/blood pentobarbital
      concentrations in 24 rabbits was 1.06 +/- 0.05. The average percent difference
      between actual plasma pentobarbital concentrations and calculated plasma
      pentobarbital concentrations was 5.82 +/- 1.96. Concentrations were determined by
      gas chromatography of extracted, derivatized pentobarbital.

PMID- 3988193
TI  - An autopsy case of malignant hyperthermia.
AB  - A report is made of a 44-year-old female who died of malignant hyperthermia
      during general anesthesia for an operation of left subtrochanteric femoral
      fracture. Symptoms began with increases in heart rate and blood pressure after
      the introduction of anesthesia with halothane and were accelerated by the
      administration of succinylcholine, followed by muscle rigidity and high
      temperature. The typical wine red urine was observed. The oral temperature of 42
      degrees C was recorded within 1 h after succinylcholine. The rectal temperature
      was 30 degrees C 22 h after death. Severe pulmonary edema and tubular necrosis of
      the kidney were found by postmortem examination. No latent myopathy was observed.
      The creatine phosphokinase levels in plasma obtained after the onset of malignant
      hyperthermia and at the time of autopsy were abnormally high and were 5632 and
      34,854 mU/ml, respectively. Plasma myoglobin levels were 130,000 and 2.8 X 10(6)
      ng/ml, respectively.

PMID- 3988194
TI  - Drugs in motorists traveling Swedish roads: on-the-road-detection of intoxicated
      drivers and screening for drugs in these offenders.
AB  - This paper deals with the police officer's or police doctor's ability to find
      drivers under the influence of drugs. We have also studied whether the protocol
      on the driver's previous histories of drug intake is useful for directing the
      chemist in his analytical approach to revealing intoxicants in the suspects' body
      fluids. A comprehensive procedure for screening traffic-hazardous drugs in the
      urine was found necessary and is described. By using this method, we have studied
      the incidence of drunken drivers with detectable medicinal or illicit agents. The
      results demonstrate that 91% of those drivers found by the officer or doctor of
      the police to be on intoxicants other than ethanol, carried some kind of traffic
      hazardous drug in their body fluids, and that the doctor was a better judge than
      the police in identifying these offenders. By using a series of chemical methods
      for drug screening, we found that every third driver suspected of drunken driving
      due to ethanol, but not to other intoxicants, held some kind of a traffic
      hazardous drug substance in his urine; benzodiazepines and cannabinoids were the
      most common findings. The data imply that 34% of these suspects revealed their
      intakes of traffic-dangerous intoxicants. We conclude that the judgements of both
      the officer and doctor of the police are needed for an efficacious detection of
      drivers under the influence of drugs. Moreover, the results infer that the
      chemist has to screen for intoxicants to reveal these in a suspect driver. We
      also conclude that drugs, particularly the benzodiazepines or cannabinoids, may
      be commonly encountered in drunken drivers, suspected of being inebriated by
      ethanol but no other toxicants.

PMID- 3988195
TI  - The value of the medico-legal examination in sexual offences.
AB  - A review is presented of medico-legal examinations performed on two series of
      rape and attempted rape in 1975 and 1980 with a total of 74 victims. Judicial
      outcome was known in 93% of the cases and is compared with the results of the
      medico-legal examinations. Between the two series, public discussions and
      pressure from feminist movements concerning the procedure in rape cases together
      with modifications of civil penal code resulted in alterations of police
      practice. Eighteen percent of known offenders in 1975 and 42% in 1980 were
      charged, 50% and 90%, respectively, of these were convicted. A correlation
      between the judicial outcome and the results of the medico-legal examination was
      not found in all cases. The importance of psychological guidance to the victim at
      the medico-legal examination is stressed.

PMID- 3988196
TI  - The analysis of some evidential materials by inductively coupled plasma-optical
      emission spectrometry.
AB  - Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is under
      evaluation at the Central Research Establishment for the analysis of evidential
      materials. The analysis of standard reference materials has demonstrated that
      quantitative multi-element data can be obtained from small samples of a variety
      of materials. The results of some determinations carried out in support of
      casework investigations are reported.

PMID- 3988197
TI  - Identification of skull from its suture pattern.
AB  - The examination of 320 skulls collected at random revealed that the ectocranial
      suture patterns in them are highly individualistic and that no two skulls can
      ever have an identical pattern. The possibility of these suture patterns being
      recorded incidentally in routine diagnostic skull radiographs was verified by
      examining the skull skiagrams preserved in radiology departments. A positive
      method of identification of the skull is suggested by the comparison of
      radiographic with visible skull suture pattern.

PMID- 3988198
TI  - [Progress in resuscitation and shock treatment].

PMID- 3988199
TI  - [Survival chances of emergency patients].

PMID- 3988200
TI  - [Development of anxiety neurosis following traffic accidents].

PMID- 3988201
TI  - [Pretherapeutic studies of tumors in vivo. Cytokinetics and cytostatic tumor
      changes in diffusion chambers].

PMID- 3988202
TI  - [Travel medicine: tropical and subtropical regions. Health disorders caused by
      intercontinental travel, epidemiology and consequences for preventive medicine].

PMID- 3988203
TI  - [Decisions before, during and following knee joint arthroscopy].

PMID- 3988204
TI  - [Value of so-called risk factors in abdominal cesarean section].

PMID- 3988205
TI  - [3-dimensional bone models following computer tomography data. Computer design
      and computer production for operation planning in surgery and orthopedics].

PMID- 3988206
TI  - [Postcholecystectomy syndrome. Frequency and causes].

PMID- 3988207
TI  - [Ureter endoprosthesis. Indications, duration, complications with special
      reference to the incrustation problem].

PMID- 3988208
TI  - [Perioperative blood component therapy].

PMID- 3988209
TI  - [Photoplethysmography and light reflex rheography in angiologic diagnosis.
      Technics and possibilities for use].

PMID- 3988210
TI  - [Between scientific principles and the responsibility for medical healing on the
      development of specialism in medicine].

PMID- 3988211
TI  - [Is hemorheologic therapy in cerebrovascular disorders ready for general
      practice].

PMID- 3988212
TI  - [Sudden cerebral death. Pathophysiology and clinical aspects with special
      reference to the preliminary syndrome].

PMID- 3988213
TI  - [Intra- and postoperative changes in plasma amino acids. Effects of invasive
      surgical procedures and various anesthesia technics].

PMID- 3988214
TI  - [Esmaloride--a new potassium neutral diuretic combination. Clinical pharmacologic
      properties].

PMID- 3988215
TI  - [Therapy of recurrent herpes infections with oral acyclovir].

PMID- 3988216
TI  - [Cooperation of engineer and physician. Orthopedics--an example of the productive
      alliance of medicine and technic].

PMID- 3988217
TI  - [Prognosis of chronic active hepatitis. Retrospective 10 year study of 144
      patients].

PMID- 3988218
TI  - [Primary liver cancers in autopsy material].

PMID- 3988219
TI  - [Clinical and experimental studies of senile cataracts].

PMID- 3988220
TI  - [Intravenous sedation before endoscopic interventions. Comparative study of
      lormetazepam and diazepam in oil].

PMID- 3988221
TI  - [Change of mind following failed abortion doesn't relieve the physician of
      liability].

PMID- 3988222
TI  - [How biology views animals and animal protection. Animal experiments and animal
      protection from the viewpoint of natural science evolution theory].

PMID- 3988223
TI  - Gastric mucosal protection during restraint stress in rats: alteration in gastric
      adherent mucus and dissolved mucus in gastric secretion.
AB  - In order to assess the role of gastric mucus glycoproteins in the protection of
      gastric mucosa against stress ulceration, albino rats were subjected to restraint
      stress for 20 h, at the end of which the visible mucus adhering to the gastric
      mucosa, and the components of non-dialysable mucosubstances --sialic acid,
      hexoses, fucose and hexosamines were estimated in the gastric secretion. The
      molar ratio between the carbohydrate components of the dissolved mucus were also
      calculated. Restraint stress was found to reduce the gastric adherent mucus in
      oxyntic and pyloric gland areas, to decrease the concentration of sialic acid and
      hexosamines in gastric secretion and to increase the ratios of hexoses to
      hexosamines, and fucose to sialic acid. It was concluded that the gastric
      adherent mucus plays an important role in protecting the gastric mucosa against
      ulceration, and that this protective force breaks down during restraint stress,
      as indicated by reduced gastric adherent mucus and a low level of carbohydrate
      components in the gastric secretion.

PMID- 3988224
TI  - Hereditary pancreatitis. Presentation of an additional family.
AB  - A West German family with hereditary pancreatitis is described. Four members are
      definitely known to have had pancreatitis, while three additional members are
      suspected of having the disease. The mean age of onset of symptoms was 14 years.
      Known causes of secondary pancreatitis and amino aciduria were ruled out in each
      case. HLA-segregation was analysed on the A, B, C, and DR loci in all members of
      the family, but no coupling between distribution of HLA haplotypes and incidence
      of pancreatitis was detected.

PMID- 3988226
TI  - Abstracts of the 16th conference of the European Gastro Club, Erlangen, October
      19-20,1984.

PMID- 3988227
TI  - [Recent progress in the diagnosis of neurogenic bladder].

PMID- 3988225
TI  - Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease is correlated with
      activity but not with localization or extent of the disease.
AB  - A study of serum zinc and plasma vitamin A concentrations in 54 patients with
      Crohn's disease was performed. Compared with controls the patients had
      significantly lowered zinc and vitamin A concentrations. There was a marked
      correlation between zinc and vitamin A and the activity of the disease, as
      measured by the Crohn's disease activity index, and a weaker correlation with
      serum proteins considered to be indicators of disease activity. No correlation
      was found to vitamin B12 absorption, to the localization of the disease, or to
      previous ileal resection. The results suggest that zinc and vitamin A deficiency
      occurs in patients with active Crohn's disease and is not primarily caused by
      absorption abnormalities. Substitution might be helpful or even necessary in
      patients with highly active disease.

PMID- 3988228
TI  - [Polarity of crackle waveforms: a new index for crackle differentiation].
AB  - There are three kinds of crackling sounds on chest auscultation, that is, fine
      crackle, coarse crackle and pleural rub. The trouble in clinical practice is that
      pleural rub is sometimes indistinguishable from pulmonary crackles. I have found
      definite rules for the polarity of the initial deflection of the waveforms
      (crackle polarity: CP) of these sounds. I have investigated CP distribution in 12
      patients with fine crackle, 17 with coarse crackle and 8 with pleural rub.
      Electrical polarity was so adjusted that a positive pressure change results in a
      positive deflection on the recording paper. CP was positive in 93.3 +/- 6.4% of
      fine crackle (all on inspiration). In coarse crackle, 91.8 +/- 5.8% of CP was
      positive on inspiration and 93.8 +/- 10.3% was negative on expiration. In
      contrast to the homogeneous CP distribution of these crackles, that of pleural
      rub showed a remarkable heterogeneity. In six of pleural rub cases, predominant
      CP was positive on inspiration and negative on expiration, but this was in the
      reverse in the rest of two cases. A few centimeter shift of recording sites
      resulted in moderate to remarkable change in CP distribution in pleural rub
      cases, but no positional variety was observed in that of pulmonary crackles.
      These results show that CP distribution of pulmonary crackles may be explained
      with dipole stress distribution models and that of pleural rub with quadrupole
      one. These results suggest that the heterogeneous CP distribution with positional
      variety is a distinct phonopneumographic feature of pleural rub and that CP
      analysis is a useful method for basic and clinical study on crackling lung sounds
      because CP distribution reflects the generation and transmission characteristics
      of these sounds.

PMID- 3988229
TI  - [The diastolic pressure-volume relationship of the left ventricle--evaluation of
      canine isovolumetric contracting left ventricle].
AB  - Isovolumetrically contracting left ventricle of the anesthetized dog was used to
      evaluate the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship [LVEDP (P)-LVEDV (V)
      relationship (curve)] following changes in heart rate, ischemia and
      administration of beta-adrenergic blocking drug. At the same time, relaxation
      indices were also obtained. Initial left ventricular volume was set at the end
      diastolic pressure of 2.0 mmHg. Comparison of each parameters after intervention
      was done when each initial left ventricular volume was increased by 10 ml. With
      increase in heart rate, LVEDP increased significantly from 5.1 +/- 2.1 to 14.0 +/
      2.2 mmHg (at 160 bpm, p less than 0.02, vs 100 bpm) and to 24.0 +/- 1.0 mmHg (at
      180 bpm, vs p less than 0.001, vs 100 bpm). Regional ischemia also increased
      LVEDP significantly from 6.4 +/- 1.4 mmHg to 12.8 +/- 4.1 mmHg (after 30 min, p
      less than 0.01, vs control) and to 14.1 +/- 4.7 mmHg (after 45 min, p less than
      0.01, vs control). However, global ischemia produced by decreasing coronary
      perfusion pressure to 50 mmHg, or administration of propranolol (1.0 mg/kg)
      brought about no significant changes in LVEDP. Among the relaxation indices, peak
      negative dp/dt decreased significantly following global ischemia, regional
      ischemia and administration of propranolol (from 1101 +/- 131 to 733 +/- 49
      mmHg/sec, p less than 0.01, from 888 +/- 425 to 268 +/- 94 mmHg/sec after 45 min,
      p less than 0.01 and from 562 +/- 160 to 291 +/- 100 mmHg/sec, p less than 0.01,
      respectively). On the other hand, time constant (T) of the left ventricular
      pressure fall was prolonged significantly following regional ischemia from 44.7
      +/- 5.2 to 72.0 +/- 8.6 msec (after 30 min, p less than 0.001) and 95.4 +/- 26.0
      msec (after 30 min, p less than 0.001) and 95.4 +/- 26.0 msec (after 45 min, p
      less than 0.001). Therefore, it is concluded that LV diastolic compliance
      decreases by tachycardia (160 and 180 bpm) and regional ischemia, while the
      changes of the relaxation indices were not necessarily parallel to those of the
      LV compliance.

PMID- 3988230
TI  - [Clinical long term observations on the function of ovaries autotransplanted at
      radical hysterectomy on cervical carcinoma patients].
AB  - A policy to preserve the ovary is adopted in our seminar when subjects are young
      women and the type of the tissue is squamous cell carcinoma during total radical
      hysterectomy of cervical carcinoma. As one of the preservation methods, by
      pathohistological examination for operatively extirpated matter, postoperative
      radiation therapy is indicated to the cases a) that infiltration into the
      parametrium is observed, b) that residue of infiltrate tissue is guessed in a
      segment of the vagina and c) that metastasis to the pelvic lymph node is
      confirmed. However, during practice of postoperative irradiation, ovarian
      autotransplantation to outside of irradiating field has been carried out to
      prevent functional extinction of preserved ovary due to irradiation. As
      transplantation, the ovary is detached from the peripheral tissue with connecting
      the ovarian artery and vein to it to make movable, then is moved and transplanted
      with both vessels. There are two sites for transplantation, which are the
      submamma and the upper lateral region of abdomen. Thus subcutaneous preservation
      is done in a manner of envelopment with lipid. Most ovaries transplanted begin to
      repeat swelling and reduction according to ovulocycle. Patients record change in
      ovarian size concurrently with basal body temperature (BBT). In addition, we have
      been continuing measurement of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone in the blood
      to examine endocrine function of transplanted ovary during regular physical
      examination over a long period for discharged patients. In this study, out of 61
      cases with transplantation, especially, 43 cases for whom long term follow-up for
      6 years since 6 months after transplantation had been able to be carried out were
      researched about their ovarian functions. We report on it together with existence
      of influence of preserved ovary to therapeutic findings in cervical carcinoma.
      All of 43 cases show continuation of ovarian swelling cycle. In 28 cases
      recording both BBT and ovarian swelling, analysis for total of 407 cycles
      revealed normal biphasic cycle, 54.8%, luteal phase insufficient cycle, 23.1% and
      luteal phase defect cycle, 11.3%. Analysis of blood hormones in 26 cases showed
      the same secretory activity of sex hormones in each cycle of transplanted ovaries
      as that in normal mature ovaries, and showed maintenance of feed back to sex
      center.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3988231
TI  - [Effects of dust caused by spike tires on the respiratory system].

PMID- 3988232
TI  - Sphenoethmoidal encephalomeningocele and midline anomalies of face and brain.
AB  - An autopsy case of sphenoethmoidal encephalomeningocele associated with
      anophthalmia, agenesis of the corpus callosum, cleft palate and nasal septum
      defect is presented. A small colloid cyst and a cyst of unknown nature were found
      in the third ventricle. Based on a review of the literature, a peculiar
      association of sphenoethmoidal encephalomeningocele with callosal defect and
      midline facial anomalies seems not to be fortuitous and we proposed to call it
      "Sakoda complex" as a distinctive disease entity. Pathogenetic mechanism and
      significance of separation of this syndrome are discussed from a embryological
      standpoint. Anophthalmia and the cyst of unknown nature are interpreted as
      midline anomalies that may be attributed to the same pathogenetic cause.

PMID- 3988233
TI  - [Studies on polyamine-dependent protein kinase in pig epidermal cells].
AB  - Polyamine-dependent protein kinase (P kinase) in nuclear and cytosol fraction of
      pig epidermal cells were extracted. Two different protein kinases were purified
      from nuclei. One was cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A kinase) and another was P
      kinase. P kinase phosphorylated acidic non-histone protein only, while A kinase
      phosphorylated both exogenous histone and non-histone proteins. Among
      polypeptides phosphorylated by P kinase, a 180 kilodalton (K) polypeptide seemed
      to be a specific substrate for P kinase. In cytosol, the fraction containing P
      kinase exhibited multiple polypeptide bands on SDS -PAGE, including four major
      polypeptide bands and several minor polypeptide bands. One of minor polypeptide
      bands (80 K) was phosphorylated by P kinase. Authentic ornithine decarboxylase
      (ODC) added exogenously was also phosphorylated by P kinase. A 80 K polypeptide
      of ODC was comigrated with the polypeptide phosphorylated by P kinase on SDS 
      PAGE. Kinetic study revealed that the ODC activity decreased as ODC was
      phosphorylated.

PMID- 3988234
TI  - [Escalation of complaints induced by noise pollution].

PMID- 3988235
TI  - [Surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia--neurovascular decompression
      established by Jannetta].
AB  - The etiology of trigeminal neuralgia has been unknown. However, recently,
      trigeminal neuralgia is believed to be caused by vascular cross compression at
      the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve. Posterior cranial fossa approach for
      the neurovascular decompression was enhanced by Jannetta et al. They emphasized
      that the pain was relieved by surgery. In this report, we will discuss the
      operative findings and results in a series of 8 patients who have undergone
      neurovascular decompression. The postoperative progress in all of these patients
      was excellent and relieved of the pain. There was neither mortality nor any
      significant complication. We stress that the neurovascular decompression surgery
      is now well justified as the definite treatment for the trigeminal neuralgia.

PMID- 3988236
TI  - [Test production and clinical use of human leukocyte interferon in Hokkaido Red
      Cross Blood Center].
AB  - Since 1979, we have studied to establish large scale production of HU IFN by
      buffy coat collecting from blood donor. Up to the present, we produced HU IFN of
      71.5 X 10(8) units and used clinically for 40 patients. Recently, we reported the
      process of HU IFN production and the result of clinical use by members of
      Hokkaido Interferon Research.

PMID- 3988237
TI  - Testosterone metabolic clearance rate and production rate in the male infant
      rhesus monkey.
AB  - The male infant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) undergoes a period of testicular
      activation similar to that seen in the human infant. Plasma testosterone (T)
      concentrations rise after birth, reaching levels of about 500 ng/dl at 1-3 mo of
      age and then fall to approximately 50 ng/dl at 60 mo. The plasma T metabolic
      clearance rates (MCRT) and production rates (PRT) were measured in two rhesus
      infants at 1 and 6 mo of age to determine the mechanism of the observed increase
      in plasma T. While there was little change in the MCRT between 1 and 6 mo, PRT
      was much higher at 1 mo than at 60 mo of age. These observations are consistent
      with the hypothesis that the increased plasma testosterone levels in infant
      rhesus monkeys reflect an increased production of testosterone rather than an
      altered metabolic disposition of the hormone.

PMID- 3988238
TI  - Human plasma amino acid changes at parturition.

PMID- 3988239
TI  - Low doses of T3 induce a rapid metabolic response in young lambs.
AB  - Injection of 1 microgram/kg T3 resulted in an increase in metabolic rate (VO2)
      within an hour of administration to lambs (aged 27 to 180 h). A larger dose of 5
      micrograms/kg T3 initially caused a slight inhibition of VO2, which was followed
      in the second post-injection hour by a significant increase. The increase in VO2
      during the second post-injection hour after either 1 microgram/kg or 5
      micrograms/kg T3 represented a rise of 22% above pre-injection VO2. The increase
      persisted and was slightly enhanced during the third post-injection hour. These
      changes were significantly greater than the smaller changes which followed
      control injection (P less than 0.005). No significant changes in Tre or Tesk
      occurred after any treatment. This rapid response to low, physiological doses of
      T3 emphasises a possible role for thyroid hormones in the short-term control of
      metabolism in young animals.

PMID- 3988240
TI  - Effect of long term differences in energy intake on metabolic rate and thyroid
      hormones.
AB  - Long term effects of differences in energy intake on thyroid hormone metabolism
      and the rate of oxygen consumption were studied in two groups of young pigs. The
      pigs were kept at 25 degrees C and fed either a high (H) or low (L) energy intake
      such that H = 2L for six weeks. The rate of oxygen consumption, the plasma levels
      of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and the fractional rate of
      disappearance of T4 and T3 were measured each week. The metabolic rate at thermal
      neutrality was lowest in the animals on the L intake and the critical temperature
      was lowest in the pigs on the H intake. These differences tended to increase with
      time. The fractional disappearance rate (K) for T4 began by being greater in the
      animals on the H intake, but after four weeks the difference reversed. The
      catabolic rate of T4 in nmol.kg-1h-1 showed similar changes. The k values for T3
      were not significantly different between treatments. It is tentatively suggested
      that the different energy intakes lead to a change in the tissue sensitivity to
      thyroid hormone.

PMID- 3988241
TI  - Urinary excretion of unconjugated and conjugated 3,5-diiodothyronine.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay for the estimation of 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) in human
      urine has been established. The urinary excretion of both glucuronide and sulfate
      conjugates of 3,5-T2 were estimated after enzymatic deconjugation. In 19 healthy
      controls the median excretion of unconjugated 3,5-T2 was 276 pmol/d, whereas the
      median excretion of glucuronidated and sulfated 3,5-T2 in 7 healthy subjects was
      448 and 451 pmol/d, respectively. The median excretion of 154 pmol/d in 9
      hypothyroid patients did not differ from that found in controls. In contrast 12
      patients with hyperthyroidism had an enhanced excretion, 1312 pmol/d (P less than
      0.01). Compared with previous data on the daily degradation of 3,5-T2, it is
      concluded that approximately one-sixth of degradated 3,5-T2 is excreted in the
      urine.

PMID- 3988242
TI  - The effect of glucose on the metabolism and excretion of cortisol in man.
AB  - The 24 hour urinary free cortisol and cortisone excretion after an oral 100 g
      glucose load was measured in 60 males (aged 22-56) divided into three groups. G-I
      consisted of 10 healthy men, G-II of 37 surgical patients and G-III comprised 23
      patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. The followed subjects
      responded to the glucose ingestion accordingly to their cortisol excretion.
      Subjects with an urinary cortisol excretion up to 200 micrograms/24 h responded
      to the glucose load with an increase of excretion in free cortisol and cortisone.
      Subjects with the excretion of cortisol above 200 micrograms/24 h responded
      unambiguously with a decrease in their excretion. We suggest that these changes
      in both directions can be explained by the available amount of NADPH in the
      liver. In patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease, in whom
      disturbances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism can be proposed, the response
      of free corticoids, namely the respond of cortisone, are unequal.

PMID- 3988243
TI  - Myxoid leiomyosarcoma.
AB  - A series of 13 myxoid leiomyosarcomas (LS) is presented. Seven were from genital
      and six from extragenital sites and most tumours were large. The myxoid matrix in
      some tumours separated individual tumour cells; occasionally the myxoid areas
      were trabecular in shape, resulting in a plexiform tumour pattern; in other
      tumours there were many closely spaced small mucoid pools which produced a
      pseudoglandular pattern; in one tumour the pools were large and confluent, and
      macroscopically evident as gelatinous areas. Four patients who were followed up
      and whose tumours had shown an absent or very low mitotic rate, nevertheless
      developed recurrences or metastases; hence a low mitotic count was an unreliable
      prognostic criterion. The myxoid LS studied did not differ in clinical behaviour
      and prognosis from the more common solid counterparts. Myxoid LS should be
      included in the differential diagnosis of any myxoid malignant soft tissue
      tumour.

PMID- 3988245
TI  - Sialomucins in the assessment of dysplasia and cancer-risk patients with
      ulcerative colitis treated with colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis.
AB  - The clinical notes and histology of 374 patients treated by colectomy and ileo
      rectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis were reviewed. Only those with definite
      diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and follow-up rectal biopsies were included (171
      cases). Morphology and patterns of mucin secretion were investigated to assess
      whether abnormal mucin with predominance of sialomucins is a useful indicator of
      malignancy-risk. Carcinoma has developed in six patients and 'precancer' in
      seven. The results show coexistence of dysplasia and sialomucin even in the
      absence of inflammation in all but three biopsies; in contrast the presence of
      both dysplasia and normal mucin profile was found in less than 1%. A significant
      correlation was noted between an inflamed mucosa and the development of cancer or
      precancer, the presence of sialomucins and the appearance of dysplasia.
      Sialomucins showed a greater sensitivity in detecting cancer than dysplasia (75%
      versus 30%). However, dysplasia was notably more specific (94% compared with
      50%), hence its greater predictive value as indicator of malignancy (50% as
      against 15% for a positive sialomucin result). Mucin stains on routine fixed
      paraffin-embedded tissue provide a simple screening method to sharpen the
      assessment of dysplasia and cancer-risk in patients with ulcerative colitis
      despite the limitations referred to above. The lack of definite evidence of
      dysplasia in four patients who developed malignancy without premalignant changes
      in the rectal biopsies emphasises the need for frequent multiple biopsies in
      patients with an ileo-rectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 3988244
TI  - Ultrastructural observations on sinusoidal endothelial cells in chronic active
      hepatitis.
AB  - Ultrastructural features of 12 liver biopsies from patients with chronic active
      hepatitis were studied, particular attention being paid to endothelial cells. In
      areas of piecemeal necrosis and parenchymal inflammation sinusoidal endothelial
      cells show swelling of the cytoplasm, protrusion of the cell body into the
      sinusoidal lumen, increase in micropinocytotic vesicles and appearance of
      numerous dense bodies. This cell type is termed 'active endothelial cell'.
      Subsequent changes include enlargement of the Golgi complex, increase of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasmic processes with concomitant decrease of dense
      bodies, appearance of a fuzzy coat and formation of hemidesmosomes in close
      relationship to basement membrane-like material and reticulin fibres in the space
      of Disse. The latter ultrastructural characteristics correspond to those of
      'fibroblastic reticulum cells' described in lymph nodes. Active endothelial cells
      and fibroblastic reticulum cells may play a protective role in liver parenchymal
      inflammation by reducing the accessibility of noxious agents from the blood
      stream to liver parenchymal cells, and be crucial in the initiation of
      perisinusoidal fibrosis.

PMID- 3988246
TI  - Diabetic hepatitis preceding the onset of glucose intolerance.
AB  - A patient who abstained from alcohol consumption but who had asymptomatic chronic
      progressive hepatomegaly, mild disturbance of liver function tests and hepatitis
      resembling alcoholic hepatitis (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) developed glucose
      intolerance several years after the hepatitis was diagnosed. The patient had a
      family history of both diabetes and chronic liver disease. A lesion resembling
      alcoholic hepatitis in a patient who denies alcohol consumption, may be diabetic
      or pre-diabetic in aetiology and such a patient should be followed up with
      glucose tolerance tests.

PMID- 3988247
TI  - Verruciform xanthoma of the skin.
AB  - A case of verruciform xanthoma is described, representing the fourth case of an
      extraoral lesion and the first case of xanthoma of this type to involve the true
      skin. The differential diagnosis from other types of xanthoma, and from granular
      cell tumour, verrucous carcinoma and other lesions is discussed. This lesion is
      well known to oral pathologists but deserves wider recognition by
      histopathologists in general.

PMID- 3988248
TI  - A case of pulmonary vascular occlusive disease: comparison of post-mortem
      radiography and histology.
AB  - A case of rapidly progressing fatal pulmonary hypertension in a nine-year-old boy
      showing histological narrowing and occlusion of pulmonary veins and arteries is
      described. Post-mortem radiography of the air-inflated, excised lung without use
      of additional contrast media nicely demonstrated the vascular lesions.

PMID- 3988249
TI  - Failure of Ca1 monoclonal antibody as a simple test for malignant breast lesions.

PMID- 3988250
TI  - Purchaser concerns to prevail in future PPAs.

PMID- 3988251
TI  - Budget process holds health issues captive. Interview by Clay Mickel.

PMID- 3988252
TI  - Coalition asks, 'Life at any price'?

PMID- 3988253
TI  - Contract disputes? Try arbitration.

PMID- 3988254
TI  - Integration, performance key to ambulatory care information systems.

PMID- 3988255
TI  - Alternate delivery wrapup. Special section: FECs.

PMID- 3988256
TI  - Alternate delivery wrapup. Special section: ambulatory surgery.

PMID- 3988257
TI  - Alternate delivery wrapup. Special section: home care.

PMID- 3988258
TI  - Alternate delivery wrapup. Special section: HMOs.

PMID- 3988259
TI  - Hospital merger addresses Oklahoma community's needs.

PMID- 3988260
TI  - PPAs: a new payment system evolves.

PMID- 3988261
TI  - Contracting hikes occupancy in psych units: study.

PMID- 3988262
TI  - Admissions fall but margins are up in '84.

PMID- 3988263
TI  - Hospital-physician joint ventures: who's doing what.

PMID- 3988264
TI  - Consumer satisfaction with hospitalization.

PMID- 3988265
TI  - An urban hospital model for dynamic economic development.

PMID- 3988266
TI  - Anthropometric differences between rural and urban French-Canadian
      schoolchildren.

PMID- 3988267
TI  - A method to construct age references for skewed skinfold data, using Box-Cox
      transformations to normality.

PMID- 3988268
TI  - Crown diameters of the deciduous teeth in Dominican mulatto children.

PMID- 3988269
TI  - Inter- and intra-population migration of the Gidra in lowland Papua: a population
      ecological analysis.

PMID- 3988270
TI  - Effects of inbreeding on mortality: a study among three South Indian communities.

PMID- 3988271
TI  - Dermatoglyphic distances between Israeli Jewish population groups of different
      geographic extraction.

PMID- 3988272
TI  - Cost containment and professional incomes.

PMID- 3988273
TI  - Frequency and anatomic distribution of lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma in the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an autopsy series.
AB  - Histologic material from 52 autopsies of persons who had died of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reviewed. The study group included 23
      Haitians, 19 homosexual men, five intravenous drug abusers, two hemophiliacs
      (type A), and three persons at unknown risk. Nineteen of the patients (36.5 per
      cent) had typical Kaposi's sarcoma alone, but 49 (94.2 per cent) had the
      inflammatory variant of Kaposi's sarcoma as well as typical Kaposi's sarcoma.
      Inflammatory Kaposi's sarcoma was found in all risk groups studied. In all cases
      of typical Kaposi's sarcoma, histomorphologic transitions of inflammatory
      Kaposi's sarcoma to typical Kaposi's sarcoma were observed. Lymph nodes and
      spleen were the organs most commonly involved by both typical and inflammatory
      Kaposi's sarcoma. The findings indicate that Kaposi's sarcoma is more common and
      has a wider morphologic spectrum in AIDS than is generally appreciated.

PMID- 3988274
TI  - Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung: a clinical and pathologic study of seven
      cases.
AB  - Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare, but pathologically distinct, form of lung
      cancer. Seven cases involving unequivocal squamous and glandular differentiation
      were studied. These cases accounted for 0.6 per cent of the 1,125 primary lung
      cancers examined at a metropolitan hospital during a 15-year period. The tumors
      measured from 1.3 to 5.5 cm in diameter. Five were peripheral, and two were
      associated with scars. Three of five resected specimens had regional lymph node
      metastases. Five patients had died of the disease within two years of diagnosis,
      and two were short-term survivors.

PMID- 3988275
TI  - Electromechanical dissociation: pathologic explanations in 50 patients.
AB  - Electromechanical dissociation (EMD), defined as electrocardiographically
      adequate ventricular systolic complexes in the absence of detectable pulse or
      blood pressure, may occur in the terminal course of patients and is frequently
      unexplained. The 50 cases in the autopsy files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital in
      which the patients had died after documented episodes of EMD were reviewed. Four
      major categories of patients were identified: In 22 of 50 cases (44 per cent)
      myocardial ischemia appeared to precipitate EMD; in 14 of these 22 cases (64 per
      cent) myocardial ischemia was global in extent, while in eight (36 per cent)
      myocardial ischemia was regional, occurring in the distribution of an occluded
      coronary artery. A subset of ten patients with ischemia had terminal ventricular
      tachycardia or fibrillation, which was converted to EMD following resuscitation
      maneuvers. In 12 of 50 cases (24 per cent) systemic shock preceded the
      development of EMD; in nine of these 12 (75 per cent) hypotension was due to
      myocardial or arterial rupture, while in three (25 per cent) hypotension was
      secondary to sepsis. In ten of 50 cases (20 per cent) pulmonary vascular
      compromise was the apparent cause of EMD. Of these ten cases, eight (80 per cent)
      were secondary to pulmonary embolization, and two (20 per cent) were due to
      pneumothorax. In six of 50 cases (12 per cent) the precise cause of EMD could not
      be determined. The results of this study indicate that in the dying patient with
      electromechanical dissociation the differential diagnosis should include
      myocardial ischemia, systemic shock, and pulmonary vascular compromise.

PMID- 3988276
TI  - Stereopathy of the renal papilla: a stereomicroscopic autopsy study.
AB  - Routine examination of the renal papilla with a stereomicroscope in 372 autopsies
      revealed a number of unexpected findings, including linear scarring of the
      papilla and marked vascular dilation of papillary vessels in black patients with
      sickle hemoglobinopathies, the presence of small tumors, and the rarity of
      papillary necrosis of the type seen in analgesic abuse. Stereomicroscopy also
      allows accurate documentation of the pattern and frequency of calcium deposition
      on the surface of the papilla (54.03 per cent of cases) and the incidence of
      early and well-formed calculi (8.06 per cent). Use of the stereomicroscope once
      again proved to be of inestimable value in routine autopsy service.

PMID- 3988277
TI  - Functioning microvillous adenoma of the parathyroid gland containing nuclear
      pores and annulate lamellae.
AB  - The cytoplasmic membranes of chief cells in parathyroid adenomas from patients
      with primary hyperparathyroidism associated with either severe or mild
      hypercalcemia were examined in an attempt to correlate ultrastructural changes
      and biochemical findings. In the case involving the highest serum calcium level
      (17.5 mg/dl), the cytoplasmic membrane exhibited numerous long cytoplasmic
      processes (microvilli) that extended into wide intercellular spaces. In this
      respect this tumor, associated with severe hypercalcemia, was different from
      previously described parathyroid adenomas and from the adenomas of the present
      study that were associated with mild hypercalcemia (12.4 +/- 0.5 mg/dl); the
      active chief cells of the latter were characterized by a relatively straight
      plasmalemma with interdigitations and narrow intercellular spaces. Also of
      interest in the case involving severe hypercalcemia was the presence of numerous
      nuclear pores and annulate lamellae as well as an inconspicuous Golgi apparatus.
      These ultrastructural features would seem to indicate the existence of further
      morphologic parameters for the evaluation of chief cell activity.

PMID- 3988278
TI  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) associated with
      lymphoma.
AB  - A case of Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) in a patient
      in whom lymphoma subsequently developed is presented. The literature concerning
      Sweet's syndrome in association with malignancy is reviewed. Awareness of this
      potential association is imperative for the early detection of the neoplasm and
      for the institution of appropriate follow-up care.

PMID- 3988279
TI  - Meningeal carcinomatosis due to basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - A case of meningeal carcinomatosis due to metastasizing basal cell carcinoma is
      reported. The patient was a 34-year-old woman who had a recurrent basal cell
      carcinoma of the upper eyelid with deep invasion. In spite of extensive surgery
      and radiotherapy, multiple bone metastases developed, and the patient eventually
      died of meningeal carcinomatosis. The possible pathogenic mechanisms of meningeal
      the present case, cancer cells reached the leptomeninges from adjacent vertebral
      metastases. It is suggested that the possibility of meningeal carcinomatosis
      should be considered in every patient with cancer and multiple vertebral
      metastases, particularly when neurologic signs involving the brain, cranial
      nerves, or spinal nerves are present.

PMID- 3988280
TI  - Localization of the beta-globin gene to 11p15 by in situ hybridization:
      utilization of chromosome 11 rearrangements.
AB  - Chromosome preparations from four subjects, one normal 46,XY male and three
      patients with different rearrangements of chromosome 11: 46,XX,del(11)(p11.2---
      p15.1), 46,XY,inv(11)(p13q24.2), and 46,XY,rec(11)inv(11)(p13q24.2) pat, were
      utilized for in situ hybridization studies with a tritium-labeled cDNA probe
      containing a beta-globin insert. Using the hybridization technique described by
      Harper and Saunders (1981), there were 1-2 grains over each labeled metaphase. Of
      360 cells scored, 88 were labeled over chromosome 11, band p15 (24%).
      Approximately half of the chromosome 11s labeled from the abnormal patients were
      the del(11) or inv(11). These results exclude the beta-globin locus from 11p11---
      p14, since these bands were not present in the deleted 11, and assign it to
      11p15. This is in agreement with the recent exclusion data of de Martinville and
      Francke (1984) and Junien (1984), and suggestive assignment data of Morton et al.
      (1984).

PMID- 3988281
TI  - On the significance of true trisomy 20 mosaicism in amniotic fluid culture.
AB  - Nine new cases of prenatally detected true mosaic trisomy 20 (T20) are reported.
      In three instances the fetuses were aborted. One fetus showed multiple
      malformations associated with a high percentage of T20 cells among amniotic fluid
      (AF) cells and fibroblasts of different fetal tissues. In two other fetuses only
      a slight facial dysmorphy was seen which was accompanied by a low percentage of
      T20 cells among AF cells. In five instances the pregnancies were carried to term,
      and normal somatic and psychomotor development of the children has been observed,
      in one case up to the age of 24 months. In one case the pregnancy is continuing.
      The T20 cells were not detected among cultured lymphocytes of these children. A
      review of the hitherto known cases of prenatally detected mosaic T20 indicates a
      relationship between the prenatal findings and the fetal development. This may
      serve as a provisory basis for genetic counselling: in the case of a percentage
      above 50% of T20 cells among AF cells there seems to be a risk of about 50% for
      the fetus to be affected by severe anomalies. However, in cases of a prenatally
      detected mosaic T20 with a percentage equal to or less than 50, fetal or
      congenital malformations have not been observed among 23 individuals so far
      examined.

PMID- 3988282
TI  - Progressive muscular dystrophy (Duchenne): biochemical studies by flow-cytometry.
AB  - The peanut lectin (PNL) receptor density of the cell membrane and several
      metabolic parameters of cultured fibroblasts of normal human individuals and of
      patients with muscular dystrophy were measured by simultaneous two and three
      parameter flow cytometry. The PNL-receptor density was significantly decreased on
      muscular dystrophy fibroblasts (between 20.7 and 33.6%) as compared to normal
      fibroblasts. The cell volume, the esterase activity, the intracellular pH, and
      the percentage of proliferating cells of both types of fibroblasts were not
      significantly altered. The mean cell volume of different fibroblast cultures
      varied between 2500 and 6000 micron 3. The concentration of the intracellular
      esterase activity of fibroblasts was low (0.169 relative units) as compared to
      lymphocytes and granulocytes of the peripheral blood (1.56 and 2.17 relative
      units). The fibroblasts had an acidic intracellular pH of 6.52 while lymphocytes
      and granulocytes had basic pH values of 7.30 and 7.17. Some of the fibroblasts
      were in the S + G2/M phase of the cell cycle (20%). The study shows that the
      measurement of biochemical parameters of vital and fixed single fibroblasts by
      flow-cytometry is of great interest for the recognition of differences between
      normal individuals and muscular dystrophy patients.

PMID- 3988284
TI  - Maternal metaphases on direct chromosome preparation of first trimester decidua.

PMID- 3988283
TI  - Lysosomal hydrolase activity in chorionic villi and embryonic cells in culture.
AB  - Fourteen lysosomal enzymes were compared in 20 cultured cell lines from chorionic
      biopsy and corresponding embryonic tissue after voluntary abortions. Enzymatic
      expression appears to be similar in cultured cells from both sources with some
      slightly higher levels for chorionic villi. We stress the importance of culturing
      chorionic villi especially in the case of enzymes (alpha-L-iduronidase) or
      diseases (I cell disease) whose expression is unusual in fresh trophoblast
      tissue.

PMID- 3988285
TI  - A polymalformed baby born to karyotypically normal parents.

PMID- 3988286
TI  - In Belize (Central America). Establishment of a health education and community
      participation bureau.

PMID- 3988287
TI  - [Health education and population participation].
AB  - Health education involves far more than the mere transmission of a message or the
      sharing of information. It aims at modifying the behaviour which one seeks to
      obtain and concerns the participation of the people in the planning process, the
      installation, the usage, the maintenance and the repairs of a piped water system,
      and in sanitation. To obtain such a participation, one must know the population
      concerned and respect its beliefs and traditions. Knowing the people and
      respecting their beliefs is a first step before one tries to introduce the
      strategies on which health education is based: organization, training,
      transmission of messages. The people are divided in groups according to their
      preparedness to participate. The regional allocation of resources by the central
      authorities will determine the possibility to implement these strategies. It is
      always easier to begin in a community which has already had some successful
      experience in participation.

PMID- 3988288
TI  - For health centres in Iraq. An educational strategy with focus on maternal and
      child health.

PMID- 3988289
TI  - Counselling in health education which direction?

PMID- 3988290
TI  - Applying the principles of educational planning to adult health education.

PMID- 3988292
TI  - Preventive health's emerging problem: individual behaviour change or social and
      economic change?

PMID- 3988291
TI  - In Nigerian communities. Health promotion through the primary school health
      programme.

PMID- 3988293
TI  - In Ibadan. Training of first-aiders amongst Sango butchers.

PMID- 3988294
TI  - No association between GLO I and Hp in the Austrian population.
AB  - In contrast to the data published by Payne and Huntsman in 1982, no association
      between GLO I and Hp phenotypes could be found in a sample of 973 unrelated
      Austrians.

PMID- 3988295
TI  - Sneezing on exposure to bright light as an inherited response.
AB  - Sneezing in response to bright light has been found in 25% of a sample of the
      British population, and pedigrees are compatible with an autosomal dominant mode
      of inheritance. The mechanism of the response is discussed.

PMID- 3988296
TI  - Haptoglobin and transferrin types in Eti-Turks.
AB  - Haptoglobin and transferrin types were examined in Eti-Turks. The Hp1 frequency
      was 0.26. With the exception of two individuals with transferrin D, only the
      transferrin C was observed. The gene frequencies were in the range of most of the
      Asiatic populations including Turks.

PMID- 3988297
TI  - Frequencies of ceruloplasmin alleles in a Chinese population.
AB  - Plasma ceruloplasmin phenotypes were determined in a Chinese population. Among
      1,042 unrelated persons examined, 3 appeared to be heterozygotes for an
      unidentified allele. Thus the frequency of the rare ceruloplasmin allele was
      estimated to be 0.0014.

PMID- 3988298
TI  - Polymorphism of red cell glyoxalase I in Serbia, Yugoslavia.
AB  - Red cell glyoxalase I (GLO) phenotypes were determined in 258 unrelated adults
      from the population of Serbia (Yugoslavia). The GLO1 gene frequency was estimated
      to be 0.384.

PMID- 3988299
TI  - C3 polymorphism in Greece.
AB  - The polymorphism of the third component of the human complement (C3) was
      investigated in a sample of 1,055 unrelated healthy individuals from nine
      different areas of Greece. The estimated gene frequencies were: C3S = 0.786 and
      C3F = 0.211. Three individuals were found to have rare variant C3 types. The
      allele frequencies resemble those reported for other Caucasian populations.

PMID- 3988300
TI  - Incidence of C5 isozyme of serum cholinesterase (E2 locus) in populations of
      Andhra Pradesh, South India.
AB  - The distribution of the C5 isozyme of the serum cholinesterase (E2 locus) was
      studied in several endogamous Hindu caste groups and Muslim sub-sects of Andhra
      Pradesh in South India. Both intra and inter population variation was marked with
      a comparatively low incidence of C5 in the populations studied.

PMID- 3988301
TI  - C3 variants in Japanese.
AB  - By high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis, seven phenotypes of C3 were found in
      Japanese. The allele frequencies for C3*S, C3*S025, C3*S02, C3*F, C3*F06,
      C3*F065, and C3*F08 were 0.9943, 0.0003, 0.0003, 0.0006, 0.0003, 0.0021, and
      0.0021, respectively. CH50, C3/C3c protein concentrations, and C3 hemolytic
      activities in fresh sera with variant C3 phenotypes were within the normal
      ranges.

PMID- 3988302
TI  - Toxicology of cimetidine.
AB  - Cimetidine has been shown to have low acute toxicity in dogs and rodents.
      Repeated-dose studies of up to 24 months' duration in rodents at doses up to 950
      mg day-1 kg-1 showed few adverse effects. Liver weight was consistently increased
      at the highest dose and testis, prostate and seminal vesicle weights were reduced
      in a dose- and time-related fashion. Cimetidine was not carcinogenic in the rat.
      In tests of up to 1 year's duration in dogs two animals receiving 504 mg day-1 kg
      1 had to be killed before the end of the study. They had degenerative changes in
      the liver and renal tubular nephrosis. These and other dogs at 504 mg day-1 kg-1
      had elevated serum transaminases. No such changes were seen at 366 mg day-1 kg-1
      or less. Prostate weights were reduced in a dose- and time-related fashion. In a
      7-year study in dogs, specifically designed for the purpose, no changes of the
      stomach mucosa were seen during regular biopsy. Although shown to be a mild anti
      androgen, cimetidine produced no significant adverse effects in reproductive
      studies. The large body of evidence that cimetidine is not a risk for gastric
      cancer is reviewed. Over 30 million patients have so far been treated with
      cimetidine and the prediction from the animal studies that it would be an
      extremely safe therapeutic agent has been borne out in practice.

PMID- 3988303
TI  - Enzootic and epizootic adrenal medullary proliferative disease of rats: influence
      of dietary factors which affect calcium absorption.
AB  - Adrenal medullary hyperplasia and neoplasia occur both enzootically and
      epizootically in untreated laboratory rats. The lesions are typically chromaffin
      negative and are found incidentally in animals that have died from unrelated
      causes or have been killed at the end of long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity
      tests. Urinary excretion of catecholamines is not usually increased.
      Environmental, particularly dietary, factors are seemingly much more important
      than genetic ones as determinants of the incidence of proliferative lesions.
      Recent observations of enhancement of adrenal medullary proliferative disease in
      rats by the feeding, in high dietary concentration, of certain polyols (sorbitol,
      mannitol, xylitol, lactitol), or of lactose, suggested that increased absorption
      of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract may be a risk factor. This evidence is
      reported and discussed in the light of other evidence linking disturbed calcium
      homeostasis with adrenal medullary function in the rat. In man, adrenal medullary
      proliferative disease is relatively rare and there is no evidence of any relation
      between the hypercalcaemia associated with hyperparathyroidism and increased risk
      of phaeochromocytoma. Adrenal medullary proliferative disease in rats is usually
      seen against a background of multiple endocrine neoplasia, with the pituitary
      gland, the pancreatic islets and the thyroid C-cells being most commonly affected
      in addition to the adrenal medulla. A parallel between this situation and
      Sipple's disease in humans has previously been suggested. We now stress the
      possible importance of three factors as determinants of enzootic and epizootic
      adrenal medullary proliferative disease in rats: excessive food intake, excessive
      dietary levels of calcium and phosphate and excessive intake of other food
      components, such as vitamin D and poorly absorbable carbohydrates, which
      predispose to increased calcium absorption.

PMID- 3988304
TI  - Acute intoxication with prazosin: case report.

PMID- 3988305
TI  - Recovery after severe oxprenolol overdose complicated by rhabdomyolysis.
AB  - The first recorded case of beta-blocker overdose complicated by rhabdomyolysis is
      described.

PMID- 3988307
TI  - Delayed gastric emptying with dothiepin.
AB  - Dothiepin induced symptoms of delayed gastric emptying in an elderly lady.
      Rechallenge studies were undertaken and demonstrated a delay in gastric emptying
      of liquid after re-administration of dothiepin at a time when plasma
      concentrations were 93 micrograms/l. Elderly patients may be more susceptible to
      the anticholinergic effects of tricyclic antidepressants on the gut.

PMID- 3988306
TI  - Methylene dianilene: a new toxic cause of visual failure with hepatitis.
AB  - A 28-year-old man ingested methylene dianilene in potassium carbonate and gamma
      butyrolactone. He developed toxic optic neuritis, with severe visual dysfunction
      (not previously reported in humans), prolonged toxic hepatitis, with disturbed
      liver-function tests 18 months after the incident, and other more transient
      effects. The course of his illness is described and the literature on methylene
      dianilene toxicity is reviewed.

PMID- 3988308
TI  - Organochlorine pesticide residues in mother's milk: a source of toxic chemicals
      in suckling infants.
AB  - A total of 24 samples of mother's milk collected during the first week of
      lactation from four major cities in India (Karnal, Bangalore, Calcutta and
      Bombay) were analysed for the estimation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs).
      alpha-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT were generally the main contaminants. The
      average total 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) levels stand
      at 0.05, 0.11, 0.19 and 0.22 p.p.m. (whole-milk basis) in the samples from
      Bangalore, Calcutta, Karnal and Bombay respectively. In the same order total
      hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) levels were around 0.01, 0.03, 0.03 and 0.05 p.p.m.
      Wide variations among OCP levels observed in the present study have no relation
      with the fat content of the various samples. The samples from Calcutta and Bombay
      showed significantly high levels of OCPs. The daily intake of total HCH and DDT
      residues calculated for the suckling infant was significantly higher in the
      present study when compared with the WHO recommended value.

PMID- 3988309
TI  - Opiate-induced rhabdomyolysis.
AB  - Three patients with opiate self-poisoning developed acute muscle damage with
      elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities,
      increased serum myoglobin concentrations, raised plasma creatinine
      concentrations, hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia. These abnormalities
      gradually resolved over 7-10 days, but recovery was complicated due to the
      development of acute renal failure (requiring haemodialysis) in one patient.
      Plasma drug concentrations, shortly after admission, in the patients taking
      dihydrocodeine and morphine were grossly elevated (184 and 60 micrograms/l
      respectively). Clinical evidence of myopathy was minimal in all three patients
      and muscle biopsy of one patient was normal at 7 days.

PMID- 3988310
TI  - Converting mathematical models of physiological systems to relational database
      schemes for analysis and comparison.

PMID- 3988311
TI  - An integrated data model for patient care.

PMID- 3988312
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide significantly enhances erythrophagocytosis but marginally
      stimulates the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus in mouse peritoneal
      macrophages.
AB  - The influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on phagocytic and bactericidal
      functions of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Preincubation
      of macrophages with LPS enhanced their capacity for phagocytosis of antibody
      coated sheep red blood cells 5-fold, but phagocytosis of antibody coated
      Staphylococcus aureus was enhanced only 1.2-ld. Phagocytosis and intracellular
      killing of unopsonised or normal rabbit serum opsonised S. aureus was not
      affected by the LPS treatment of macrophages.

PMID- 3988313
TI  - Detection of blocking antibodies after hyposensitization.
AB  - We have studied two techniques and developed another to detect blocking
      antibodies in allergic asthmatic children who have been exposed to seven months
      of hyposensitization to house dust. These techniques were: RAST Neutralization
      test (RAST-N), RAST Interference test (RAST-I) and RAST Previous Adsorption test
      (RAST-PA). We have also determined the specific IgE values, by
      radioallergosorbent test (RAST), before and after the treatment and have not
      found a significant decrease in these levels. The percentages of positive
      development of blocking antibodies obtained were: 28% by RAST-N, 80% by RAST-I
      and 28% by RAST-PA. Thus, RAST Interference test seems to be more sensitive
      concerning the qualitative determination of blocking antibodies.

PMID- 3988314
TI  - Synergistic effect of albumin and transferrin on the mitogen stimulation of human
      mononuclear leukocytes in serum-free medium.
AB  - It is well known that optimal lymphocyte proliferation in vitro requires the
      supplementation of the culture medium with serum, the usual concentration varying
      between 5% and 20%. In an attempt to reduce the serum requirement of lymphocytes
      in culture, we have found that supplementation of RPMI 1640 medium with as low as
      1% human serum allows an adequate proliferation of human peripheral blood
      lymphocytes cultured in microtiter plates in a CO2 atmosphere and stimulated by
      phytohemagglutinin. In serum-free cultures, the addition of albumin (4 mg/ml) or
      transferrin (10 micrograms/ml) allows a significant proliferation of lymphocytes.
      This permissive effect was cell concentration-dependent, being maximal at 2 X
      10(5) cells/well. The simultaneous addition of albumin and transferrin produced a
      synergistic effect, the phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation being higher
      than expected from the addition of the two proteins separately. This synergistic
      effect was observed in 89% of the subjects studied (8 out of 9). These results
      suggest that albumin and transferrin are required for optimal lymphocyte
      proliferation and that the serum can be partially substituted by these two
      proteins.

PMID- 3988315
TI  - Monoclonal antibody associated with a lymphocyte subpopulation in chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - An IgG monoclonal antibody that detects a subpopulation of lymphocytes found in
      peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with CLL and malignant lymphoma is
      described. The initial immunization used to achieve the resultant monoclonal
      antibody included the use of cells obtained by DNA transformation of mouse L
      cells with the DNA obtained from a morphologically altered somatic cell hybrid
      between primary human CLL peripheral lymphocytes and a flat-revertant Chinese
      hamster ovary (CHO) cell line designated GRC+L-73. Hybridomas were thus selected
      as potentially recognizing antigens associated with the morphological
      transformation induced by hybridization of CHO cells with lymphocytes from
      lymphocytic malignancies. One such hybridoma, designated 37-28, was selected for
      further investigation. The monoclonal antibody produced was IgG (gamma G2a) and
      detects a subpopulation of lymphocytes present in hematological specimens of some
      of the lymphocytic malignancies.

PMID- 3988316
TI  - Strain dependence of rat macrophage natural tumoricidal capacity and its
      stimulation by endotoxins.
AB  - Without known stimulation in vivo and in vitro, resident peritoneal macrophages
      from 5 conventional or specific pathogen-free (SPF) rat strains [Hairless (H),
      BDIX, Wistar (W), Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans (LE)] exhibited an in vitro
      strain-dependent cytolysis against DHD-K12/TS cancer cells. This natural
      cytolysis was also observed when polymyxin B was added to the culture medium. The
      percentage of natural cytolysis varied from one rat to another but was
      significantly different according to the strain. In the presence of 10 micrograms
      endotoxin/ml, macrophages from BDIX, W, SD and LE rats were always cytolytic,
      whilst those of H rats were irregularly cytolytic. Endotoxins induced or
      increased macrophage-mediated cytolysis from H, BDIX, W and SD rats, but they
      were without effect for LE rats. The endotoxin effect depended on the level of
      natural cytolysis. In contrast to mouse resident peritoneal macrophages, which
      were not naturally cytolytic and not activated in vitro by endotoxins, these
      results show that rat resident peritoneal macrophages can be naturally cytolytic.
      This cytolysis can be enhanced by endotoxins as the sole in vitro stimulus. Rat
      macrophage natural cytolytic activity is strain-dependent.

PMID- 3988317
TI  - Correlation between immunosuppressive activity and translation regulatory
      activity.
AB  - An immunoglobulin negative material from the eluate of an anti-idiotype
      immunosorbent column [1] exhibited potent immunosuppressive activity. This
      material also inhibited the translation of globin mRNA in a cell-free
      reticulocyte lysate system. The translation inhibitory activity of this material
      was not attributable to nucleases which were separable by a blue-dextran agarose
      column. Further correlation between immunosuppressive activity and translation
      inhibitory activity was observed when GTP or GTP analogue was included in
      experimental systems. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive factor (or
      factors) may contain a translation inhibitory factor. The biochemical mechanism
      of immunosuppression is discussed.

PMID- 3988318
TI  - A contribution to the question of genetic transmission of immunological
      tolerance.
AB  - In view of the discrepancy in the results concerning the question of inheritance
      of immunological tolerance, we tried to enhance the genetic effect of
      tolerization by tolerizing male mice over three succeeding generations and by
      testing the ability of their progeny to reject an allogeneic tumour graft. This
      highly sensitive in vivo test, even of partial tolerance, did not reveal any
      difference in allogeneic tumour growth between progeny of control and tolerized
      males. Thus, the results again did not confirm genetic transmission of induced
      tolerance. The possible causes of the discrepancy between the results reported
      here and the results obtained by others are considered.

PMID- 3988320
TI  - Studies on natural cytotoxicity of human monocytes in viral hepatitis.
AB  - Studies on natural cytotoxicity of peripheral blood monocytes were conducted in
      patients with acute viral hepatitis B, patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis
      etiopathogenically linked to viral hepatitis B, and in asymptomatic carriers of
      HBs antigen. In the majority of cases of viral hepatitis in the acute stage of
      the disease and in patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis a significant
      reduction in the examined function of monocytes was noted which became normalized
      during convalescence. Results obtained for HBs antigen carriers did not differ
      from those obtained for normal blood donors. The observations may indicate that
      restricted natural cytotoxicity of monocytes in the course of viral hepatitis B
      is related to liver injury. The disturbed monocyte natural cytotoxicity was
      becoming normal after in vitro incubation with thymic preparations (TFX, Thymex
      L).

PMID- 3988319
TI  - In vivo protection against S. mansoni infection by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody of the IgG1 class (27.21), that was previously shown to be
      cytotoxic in vitro to the schistosomula, conferred partial protection in vivo
      against challenge infection with S. mansoni. Monoclonal antibodies of the IgE
      class (54.10) were not effective in these experiments, but were capable of
      causing specific degranulation of basophilic cells upon contact with the young
      larva (3-6 h). The relevance of the IgE antibodies to protection observed in
      immunized mice is discussed.

PMID- 3988321
TI  - Does the mouse C4-binding protein gene (C4BP) map in the H-2 region?
AB  - A previous study on the genetics of mouse C4-binding protein (C4-bp) indicated
      the existence of a genetic polymorphism. Two genetic variants were reported and
      their segregation used to determine the mapping position of the C4BP locus to the
      H-2D-Qa interval of the mouse H-2 system. We show here, however, that purified C4
      bp does not display the previously reported polymorphism. The mapping position of
      C4BP in the mouse therefore remains undetermined.

PMID- 3988322
TI  - Occurrence of a unique MHC class I gene in distantly related members of the genus
      Mus.
AB  - There is unequivocal evidence that a relatively nonpolymorphic class I gene
      (designated Q10) from the Qa region of inbred mice encodes a secreted class I
      molecule. We have used a cDNA probe specific for this gene and an antiserum
      specific for its secreted protein product to investigate the occurrence and
      expression of this gene in different species of wild mice broadly representing
      the entire genus Mus. Evidence is presented that a Q10-like gene has been
      conserved and is transcribed and translated throughout the genus, suggesting that
      it serves an important function. However, the data also show that some
      differences have appeared in this gene over the period of evolutionary time
      covered by this sampling of wild mice. These results indicate that a specific
      class I DNA probe isolated from inbred mice can be used to discriminate a
      particular gene among the multiple class I genes present in other species.

PMID- 3988323
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against chicken MHC class I (B-F) antigens.

PMID- 3988324
TI  - Electron microscopic studies of jejunum of mice infected with Giardia lamblia.

PMID- 3988325
TI  - Lytic action of the Salmonella weltevreden typing phages in relation to S-R
      dissociation of S. weltevreden.

PMID- 3988326
TI  - Computer characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus & allied sucrose-negative
      vibrios isolated from aquatic environs of Porto Novo.

PMID- 3988327
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of different disinfectants.

PMID- 3988329
TI  - Semen analysis in infertile couples.

PMID- 3988328
TI  - Bloodmeals of phlebotomine sandflies of Surat district (Gujarat state) India.

PMID- 3988330
TI  - Blood group specific transferases in Bombay (Oh) Para-Bombay & weaker A & B
      variants.

PMID- 3988331
TI  - A new test for idiopathic kidney stones.

PMID- 3988332
TI  - Contamination levels in different food items & dietary intake of organochlorine
      pesticide residues in India.

PMID- 3988333
TI  - Effect of verapamil & lignocaine on prostaglandin induced contractions in
      isolated rat uterus.

PMID- 3988334
TI  - Effect of cervical vagotomy on anastomotic bronchial blood flow after pulmonary
      artery obstruction in dogs.

PMID- 3988335
TI  - Hypoglycaemic activity of Hamiltonia suaveolens.

PMID- 3988336
TI  - Role of intra-operative wound lavage in post-operative wound infection.

PMID- 3988337
TI  - Serum antibody reactive with predominant organisms in the subgingival flora of
      young adults with generalized severe periodontitis.
AB  - In the present study we sought to determine whether serum antibody was present
      against microorganisms which predominate in the subgingival flora of young adults
      with generalized severe periodontitis (SP). Subjects with SP were often
      seropositive for Eubacterium brachy, Fusobacterium nucleatum E3C22, and
      Peptostreptococcus micros, whereas subjects with juvenile periodontitis (JP) and
      subjects with healthy periodontium (HP) were not. Both SP and JP subjects were
      more frequently seropositive for Bacteroides gingivalis, F. nucleatum D52B16, and
      F. nucleatum E1D1 than were HP subjects. The data were most striking for B.
      gingivalis, for which both the incidence and the magnitude of specific antibody
      was clearly elevated for SP and JP subject groups. However, SP subjects generally
      had either a high antibody titer or no detectable titer. In contrast, JP and HP
      subjects generally had at least very small amounts of antibody. Except at very
      low levels of antibody, neither SP nor JP groups differed significantly from the
      HP group for antibody to Eubacterium nodatum, Bacteroides intermedius (homology
      group 4197 or 8944), or Lactobacillus minutus antibody. There was a high
      frequency of antibody to E. nodatum, with very high titers in all groups despite
      the fact that this organism is rarely found in HP subjects. For Eubacterium
      timidum, the JP group was clearly more frequently seropositive than the HP group.
      Despite high levels of L. minutus in subgingival flora, none of the 50 SP
      subjects had a detectable antibody titer, and only four of the HP and JP subjects
      had detectable antibody. These results indicate that many organisms in the
      subgingival flora elicit antibody responses. B. gingivalis is probably the best
      example among the species tested. However, some organisms that are present in
      high concentration, e.g., L. minutus, apparently fail to induce significant
      antibody responses.

PMID- 3988338
TI  - Purification and characterization of neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
      type C 6813.
AB  - The toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type C 6813 (C-6813) was purified
      1,009-fold from the culture supernatant in an overall yield of 30%. The specific
      toxicity was 1.1 X 10(7) mouse minimum lethal doses per mg of protein. The toxin
      had a molecular weight of 144,000, composed of the light and heavy chains with
      molecular weights of 52,000 and 92,000, respectively, linked by one or two
      disulfide bond(s). The purified C-6813 toxin heavy and light chains reacted
      strongly with anti-type D heavy chain immunoglobulin G and anti-type C1 light
      chain immunoglobulin G, respectively. The amino acid compositions of C-6813 toxin
      heavy and light chains were more similar to those of type D heavy chain and type
      C1 light chain than to those of type C1 heavy chain and type D light chain,
      respectively. These results suggest that in the toxin produced by the type C
      strain at least two subtypes exist.

PMID- 3988339
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide variation in Coxiella burnetti: intrastrain heterogeneity in
      structure and antigenicity.
AB  - We isolated lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from phase variants of Coxiella burnetii
      Nine Mile and compared the isolated LPS and C. burnetii cells by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The LPSs were
      found to be the predominant component which varied structurally and antigenically
      between virulent phase I and avirulent phase II. A comparison of techniques
      historically used to extract the phase I antigenic component revealed that the
      aqueous phase of phenol-water, trichloroacetic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide
      extractions of phase I C. burnettii cells all contained phase I LPS, although the
      efficiency and specificity of extraction varied. Our studies provide additional
      evidence that phase variation in C. burnetii is analogous to the smooth-to-rough
      LPS variation of gram-negative enteric bacteria, with phase I LPS being
      equivalent to smooth LPS and phase II being equivalent to rough LPS. In addition,
      we identified a variant with a third LPS chemotype with appears to have a
      structural complexity intermediate to phase I and II LPSs. All three C. burnetii
      LPS contain a 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid-like substance, heptose, and gel
      Limulus amoebocyte lysates in subnanogram amounts. The C. burnetii LPSs were
      nontoxic to chicken embryos at doses of over 80 micrograms per embryo, in
      contrast to Salmonella typhimurium smooth- and rough-type LPSs, which were toxic
      in nanogram amounts.

PMID- 3988340
TI  - Use of auxotyping for epidemiological studies of Campylobacter jejuni and
      Campylobacter coli infections.
AB  - A chemically defined medium developed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae was modified to
      support the growth of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. A total of 76
      isolates of C. jejuni and 14 isolates of C. coli were tested on this medium,
      which was designated Campylobacter defined medium (CDM), over a 3-month period.
      Although none of the C. coli isolates appeared to require amino acids, 51% of the
      C. jejuni tested required one and 7% required multiple amino acids for growth. An
      analysis of isolates obtained from three household outbreaks of
      campylobacteriosis demonstrated that auxotyping identified the epidemic strain
      within each outbreak. Among 70 isolates of C. jejuni examined, no correlation
      could be drawn between a specific serotype and auxotype or between auxotype and
      plasmid profile.

PMID- 3988341
TI  - Synergistic effect of glucantime and a liposome-encapsulated muramyl dipeptide
      analog in therapy of experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - A regimen of immunostimulation with 6-0-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alpha
      aminobutyryl-D-isoglutamine, a lipophilic analog of muramyl dipeptide, combined
      with antimonial drug therapy was evaluated in the treatment of visceral
      leishmaniasis of mice and hamsters. The combined treatment was found to be more
      effective in the elimination of Leishmania donovani amastigotes from infected
      tissue macrophages than was either of the two treatments applied individually. In
      mice, it was found that immunostimulation of animals prophylactically,
      therapeutically, or both enhanced the effects of the antimonial drug (Glucantime)
      administered more than 1 week after a challenge of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The
      superiority of the combined treatment of the parasite infection was demonstrable
      in both short-term (14 days) and long-term (40 to 45 days) infections of the two
      inbred strains of mice. The combined therapy was also effective in preventing the
      lethal course of leishmaniasis in hamsters which succumb to disseminated disease
      in the absence of therapeutic intervention. The efficacy of this dual approach to
      the therapy of disseminated leishmaniasis of experimental animals holds promise
      for similar application in the treatment of similarly afflicted human
      populations.

PMID- 3988342
TI  - Phagocytosis of Campylobacter jejuni and its intracellular survival in
      mononuclear phagocytes.
AB  - In vitro phagocytosis and intracellular survival of Campylobacter jejuni strain
      2964 in mononuclear phagocytes were studied. The following three types of
      mononuclear phagocytes were used: a J774G8 peritoneal macrophage line derived
      from BALB/c mice, resident BALB/c peritoneal macrophages, and human peripheral
      blood monocytes. When C. jejuni and mononuclear phagocytes were combined at a
      ratio of 75:1, light microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and electron microscopy
      all indicated that C. jejuni cells were readily phagocytized. The majority of C.
      jejuni cells were spirals immediately following ingestion and were rapidly
      converted to the coccal form within 4 to 8 h. Conversion from the spiral form to
      the coccal form was complete in the presence of phagocytes within 96 h. In
      control preparations without phagocytes, conversion began after 24 h and was
      complete after 48 h. The extent of phagocytosis over time was determined by
      observing Giemsa-stained preparations and counting the number of intracellular
      bacterial colony-forming units after removal of extracellular C. jejuni. Human
      monocytes ingested C. jejuni more rapidly and vigorously than murine macrophages.
      Intracellular survival of C. jejuni was examined by measuring the number of C.
      jejuni colony-forming units associated with phagocytes after phagocytosis for 2 h
      and removal of extracellular bacteria. C. jejuni survived intracellularly for up
      to 6 to 7 days.

PMID- 3988343
TI  - Identification and characterization of the protein antigens of Leptospira
      interrogans serovar hardjo.
AB  - We radiolabeled Leptospira proteins with [35S]methionine. Solubilized extracts of
      radiolabeled L. interrogans serovar hardjo strain hardjoprajitno were analyzed by
      one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      fluorography. We compared the protein profile obtained in this manner to the
      protein profiles of various [35S]methionine-labeled Leptospira spp. The profiles
      of the pathogenic L. interrogans strains were very similar but not identical and
      exhibited no obvious relationship to those of the two nonpathogenic species. We
      used solubilized, radiolabeled hardjoprajitno extracts and a sensitive
      radioimmunoprecipitation procedure to identify protein antigens recognized by
      immunoglobulin G antibodies present in various rabbit anti-hardjo sera.
      Homologous hyperimmune rabbit serum efficiently precipitated a large subset of
      proteins, the majority of which were between 30,000 and 66,500 daltons.
      Radioimmunoprecipitations with sera prepared against each of four recent hardjo
      isolates cultured from infected cattle produced similar results.
      Immunoprecipitations done with various radiolabeled Leptospira extracts and anti
      hardjoprajitno serum demonstrated that the pathogenic leptospires possessed a
      number of cross-reactive major and minor protein antigens. By cell fractionation
      procedures, we found that most of the major protein antigens were present in the
      outer envelope. These proteins were exposed on the leptospiral cell surface
      because intact radiolabeled leptospires bound antibodies directed against them.

PMID- 3988344
TI  - Comparative bacteriology of juvenile periodontitis.
AB  - Statistical comparisons of the floras associated with juvenile periodontitis,
      severe periodontitis, and moderate periodontitis indicated that differences in
      the bacterial compositions of affected sites in these populations were not
      statistically significant. The subgingival flora of affected juvenile
      periodontitis sites was statistically significantly different from the adjacent
      supragingival flora and from the subgingival floras of people with healthy
      gingiva and of children with developing (experimental) gingivitis. However, the
      subgingival flora of affected juvenile periodontitis sites was not significantly
      different from the flora of sites with gingival index scores of 1 or 2 in adults
      with developing (experimental) gingivitis. Of 357 bacterial taxa among over
      18,000 isolates, 54 non-treponemal species, 2 treponemal species, and mycoplasma
      were most associated with diseased periodontal sulci. These species comprised an
      increasing proportion of the flora during developing gingivitis and constituted
      over half of the cultivable flora of diseased sites.

PMID- 3988345
TI  - Microbial ecology of plaque in rats with naturally occurring gingivitis.
AB  - The microbial ecology of adherent plaque was investigated in relation to the
      pathological findings of gingivitis in plaque-susceptible rats. Plaque developed
      in the gingiva of the lower incisor in plaque-susceptible rats, but not in plaque
      resistant rats, after they were fed a commercial powder diet. With increase in
      plaque volume, the total counts of bacteria increased 10(9) to 10(11)/g. In the
      first 3 months, Bacteroides species increased and became the predominant
      population. Streptococcus species also increased at the same time. After 9
      months, Fusobacterium species and oral Treponema species were recognized in
      increasing numbers. The anaerobic bacteria increased in proportion with the
      progression of plaque development. Bacteroides intermedius, Fusobacterium
      nucleatum, Streptococcus salivarius, and other species were isolated. Acute
      gingivitis was observed within 3 months, and subacute-chronic gingivitis was
      observed between 2 and 12 months. These findings suggest that proportional
      changes in the gingival plaque flora may uniquely contribute to the development
      of gingival inflammation in this experimental model.

PMID- 3988346
TI  - Suppression of antigen- and mitogen-induced proliferation of bovine lymphocytes
      by excretory-secretory products of Oesophagostomum radiatum.
AB  - Excretory-secretory products (ESP) isolated from in vitro-grown stage-3 to -4
      larvae of Oesophagostomum radiatum were found to inhibit both the in vitro
      antigen-specific proliferation of keyhole limpet hemocyanin- and ovalbumin-primed
      lymphocytes and the proliferation induced by the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A.
      As little as 50 ng of ESP protein per culture resulted in 50% reductions of
      subsequent proliferative responses. Antigen-induced responses were 100 to 1,000
      times more sensitive to inhibition than were mitogen-induced responses. The
      inhibitory activity was found to affect the induction of proliferation as
      evidenced by the observation that complete inhibition was seen when ESP were
      added to cultures within the first 24 h. ESP were found to have no inhibitory
      activity when added 72 h after the initiation of the cultures. The inhibition was
      not a result of a direct action upon macrophages because pulsing of adherent
      cells with ESP had no more effect on a subsequent proliferative response than did
      a pulsing of the culture vessel itself. The inhibitory activity eluted from high
      pressure liquid chromatography columns in the same fractions as protein standards
      with molecular weights of 25,000 to 35,000. Of special interest is the fact that
      this inhibitor of the expansion of immunoreactive clones of lymphocytes is found
      associated with the stages of parasites most intimately associated with host
      tissues, namely larval stages 3 and 4.

PMID- 3988347
TI  - Chemical characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - The group-specific antigen of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L2 was chemically
      analyzed. It is composed of typical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components, i.e., D
      glucosamine, long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, and
      phosphate in a molar ratio of approximately 2:5:3:2.6, respectively, resembling
      enterobacterial LPS of the Re chemotype. For the first time, 3-hydroxydocosanoic
      acid (3-OH C22:0) was found as an LPS constituent.

PMID- 3988348
TI  - Isolation of a cytopathic factor from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
AB  - A cytopathic factor was isolated from M. hyopneumoniae VPP11 membranes. This
      factor had an isoelectric point of 6.2 and was capable of inducing cytopathic
      effect in MRC-5 human lung fibroblast culture at a concentration of 250 ng of
      protein per ml. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this
      cytopathic factor showed a major band with a molecular weight of approximately
      54,000.

PMID- 3988349
TI  - Recombination-deficient Streptococcus sanguis.
AB  - A UV-sensitive derivative was obtained from Streptococcus sanguis Challis. The
      organism could be transformed with a number of small streptococcal plasmids at
      frequencies equal to, or 1 logarithm below, the transformation frequencies for
      the parent organism. However, transformation with chromosomal DNA was greatly
      impaired in the UV-sensitive derivative.

PMID- 3988350
TI  - Coagulase-negative staphylococci in wounds: pathogens or contaminants?

PMID- 3988353
TI  - Nutritional modulation of bacterial adherence.

PMID- 3988352
TI  - In vitro comparison of aminoglycoside activities and their synergistic action
      with piperacillin.
AB  - The antimicrobial activity of six aminoglycosides against 927 clinical isolates
      was compared. Gentamicin and netilmicin were most active against
      Enterobacteriaceae, followed by tobramycin greater than dibekacin greater than
      amikacin greater than kanamycin. Tobramycin was most active against Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, both mucoid and non-mucoid strains, followed by dibekacin greater
      than gentamicin greater than netilmicin greater than amikacin greater than
      kanamycin. Piperacillin-aminoglycoside combinations acted (partially)
      synergistically against 33-40% of the Enterobacteriaceae, 34-58% of non-mucoid
      strains of P. aeruginosa and 63-84% of the mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa (p
      less than 0.01). Piperacillin + gentamicin was the most synergistic combination
      against Enterobacteriaceae and non-mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa (p less than
      0.05). The action against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis was
      mostly indifferent. Antagonism was not observed. In treating gram-negative
      infections where tissue concentrations are less important, every aminoglycoside
      combination may be effective; for Pseudomonas lung infections in cystic fibrosis,
      piperacillin + gentamicin or tobramycin will remain the drugs of first choice.

PMID- 3988351
TI  - Moxalactam and piperacillin: a study of in vitro characteristics and
      pharmacokinetics in cancer patients.
AB  - We evaluated the microbiologic characteristics including MIC determinations,
      synergy plate assays and serum bactericidal activity for two regimens being
      examined as empiric antibiotic therapy for febrile granulocytopenic cancer
      patients. The regimens consisted of moxalactam (4 g.i.v. q12h) plus piperacillin
      (75 mg/kg i.v. q6h) or moxalactam (as above) plus amikacin (levels adjusted to
      one hour post-infusion levels of 25 mg/l and troughs of 6-8 mg/l). Detailed
      pharmacokinetics were ascertained for the beta lactams. All drugs were active
      against a panel of 11 strains each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The pharmacokinetic profile
      showed serum levels sufficient to provide good antimicrobial activity throughout
      the dosing interval. Both regimens displayed synergistic or partially synergistic
      activity in the main for the test organisms; moxalactam plus piperacillin
      produced good results against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In the serum
      bactericidal assays, the moxalactam-piperacillin combination produced
      significantly higher mean titers at both peak and trough when compared to the
      moxalactam-amikacin regimen. This may be because moxalactam acts as a beta
      lactamase inhibitor for both staphylococcal beta lactamase, as well as the Sabath
      Abraham Id type beta lactamase carried by P. aeruginosa (among others).
      Moxalactam-piperacillin deserves extensive evaluation as empiric therapy for the
      febrile neutropenic cancer patients.

PMID- 3988354
TI  - Problems concerning the usefulness of adjustment of urinary cadmium for
      creatinine and specific gravity.
AB  - A previous study concluded that there are some doubts as to the validity of
      creatinine as a parameter for adjusting the values of biological indicators
      determined on spot samples of urine, since it is subject to marked inter- and
      intraindividual variations. Furthermore, since there was only a moderate
      correlation between creatinine levels and specific density, it can be assumed
      that these two parameters cannot be used indifferently for adjustment.
      Nevertheless, it seemed advisable to verify whether correction of cadmium values
      determined from spot samples offers any practical advantages. For this purpose,
      105 subjects with occupational exposure to cadmium were examined. They collected
      their 24-h urine and spot samples separately at 8.00 h. There was a close
      correlation between CdU/spot samples and CdU/24 h. The correlation index was very
      similar both for CdU/spot values expressed in microgram/l and for values adjusted
      according to creatinine or 1024 specific gravity. These results show that no
      particular advantages are offered by adjusting CdU according to creatinine or
      specific gravity.

PMID- 3988355
TI  - Breath analysis by API/MS--human exposure to volatile organic solvents.
AB  - The expired breath of subjects, exposed for periods of ca. 90 min to atmospheres
      artificially contaminated with low levels of methanol, (ca. 100 ppm) toluene (ca.
      50 ppm) or tetrachloroethylene, (ca. 50 ppm) was monitored during and after the
      exposure period using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer,
      fitted with a direct breath analysis system. The retention of solvent by the
      subjects, estimated from steady state levels in the expired breath, averaged 82%
      of the inspired level for methanol, 83% for toluene and 87% for
      tetrachloroethylene. The elimination of unchanged solvent via respiration during
      the post exposure period followed first order kinetics with mean half life values
      of 24 min for methanol, 27 min for toluene and 79 min for tetrachloroethylene.

PMID- 3988357
TI  - Cadmium body burden of an occupationally non burdened population in southern
      Bavaria (FRG).
AB  - The cadmium body burden of the occupationally non-burdened population in the
      southern Bavarian area was estimated from the cadmium concentrations in liver and
      renal cortex, determined by ET-AAS of 263 autopsy cases. A mean value of 17.9 mg
      cadmium was calculated for all cases and 21.9 mg cadmium for all adults. The body
      burdens found do not depend on sex but greatly on smoking habits. Mean values for
      non-smokers are 13.5 mg, for moderate smokers 22.5 mg and for heavy smokers 33.2
      mg. The dependence on age is similar to that of the cadmium concentration in the
      kidney cortex: an increase up to an age of approximately 50 years and a decrease
      at higher ages. Between the average value we found and the critical body burden
      calculated by Roels et al. (1983) is a safety factor of 8 to 10, but in some of
      our cases of middle-aged, heavy smokers this safety factor drops to a value lower
      than 1. It is concluded that it seems to be imperative to control the further
      trend of the cadmium body burden in occupationally non-burdened populations.

PMID- 3988356
TI  - Influence of solvents, alcohol, smoking and age on biological tests.
AB  - The association between a number of blood and serum quantities and industrial
      organic solvent exposure and poisoning, alcohol consumption, smoking, and age was
      analysed in 277 subjects by multiple regression analysis. Solvent poisoning was
      associated with changes in S-creatine kinase concentrate at the P less than 0.001
      level (higher if exposed, lower if non-exposed at the examination time). Solvent
      exposure seemed to potentiate the effects of smoking on B-hemoglobin conc. and B
      erythrocyte volume fraction, and the effect of age on S-creatinine conc. at the P
      less than 0.05 level, while there was no interaction between alcohol consumption
      and solvents. Alcohol consumption in itself, as well as smoking and age, were
      highly significantly associated with changes in a large number of blood and serum
      quantities. There was no difference in the alcohol markers (mean erythrocyte
      volume = MCV, S-alanine aminotransferase and S-urate) in patients with solvent
      poisoning compared to healthy volunteers. The results indicate that studies on
      the effects of solvents of haematology and biochemistry are not valid unless the
      effects of alcohol, smoking and age are established; and that excessive alcohol
      consumption is an unlikely explanation for the symptoms of patients with solvent
      poisoning. The findings suggest that smoking and age may have combined effects
      with solvents.

PMID- 3988358
TI  - Assessment of occupational exposure to 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline)
      "MOCA" by a new sensitive method for biological monitoring.
AB  - A new specific and sensitive method for the urinary determination of 4,4'
      methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) ("MOCA"), a known carcinogen in rats, mice and
      dogs, has been developed. After a brief study on rats to determine some
      peculiarities in "MOCA" urinary excretion, this method was used to assess
      occupational exposure in French industrial firms. Both the manufacture of "MOCA"
      and its use as a curing agent in the production of polyurethane elastomers were
      surveyed. "MOCA" excretion levels were distributed from non-detectable (less than
      0.5 microgram/l) up to 1600 microgram/l. Concentrations of N-acetyl metabolites,
      when present, were largely lower than "MOCA" levels. The results seemed to
      reflect workers' overall exposure fairly. Preventive measures following
      analytical determinations often led to an obvious lowering of excretion levels.

PMID- 3988359
TI  - Effect of antidotes of the acute toxicity of methacrylonitrile.
AB  - When rats were exposed for 30 min to methacrylonitrile at concentrations between
      3180 and 5700 ppm, the clinical symptoms observed suggested a toxic activity of
      metabolically formed cyanide. This is in contrast to the signs of toxicity
      observed in the same species after inhalation of acrylonitrile where metabolic
      cyanide formation plays only a minor role. The acute toxicity of
      methacrylonitrile could be antagonized with cyanide antidotes (4
      dimethylaminophenol plus sodium thiosulfate) as well as with N-acetyl-cysteine
      which directly reacts with alpha,beta-unsaturated nitriles.

PMID- 3988360
TI  - Respiratory symptoms associated with sulfur dioxide exposure.
AB  - Exposures to sulfur dioxide (SO2) have been associated with progressive, dose
      dependent bronchoconstriction in sensitive individuals. The clinical significance
      of such changes remains poorly characterized. We studied subjective responses
      following exposure to low level concentrations of SO2 (less than 1 ppm) in a
      group of 10 healthy and 10 asthmatic subjects. The number and severity of
      complaints associated with SO2 increased with concentrations in both healthy and
      asthmatic subjects. Asthmatics indicated progressive lower respiratory
      complaints, such as wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea and cough with increasing
      levels of SO2 while healthy subjects complained more frequently of upper airway
      complaints such as taste and odor with increasing levels of SO2. Exercise
      increased the frequency of lower airway symptoms in asthmatics but led to no
      increases in symptoms in healthy subjects.

PMID- 3988361
TI  - Reliability of urinary creatinine as a parameter used to adjust values of urinary
      biological indicators.
AB  - The values of biological indicators used in biological monitoring are usually
      determined on spot samples of urine. In order to reduce the variations due to
      dilution, it is common practice to correct the values according to reference
      parameters, such as urinary creatinine concentration and specific gravity. The
      aim of the present study was to verify whether creatinine possesses the necessary
      characteristics for adjustment. The levels of creatinine were not influenced by
      diuresis, but, contrary to what was expected, the values of the metabolite showed
      marked intra- and interindividual variations. These data raise serious doubts as
      to the validity of creatinine as a parameter that can be used for adjustment
      purposes, and suggest that it would be advisable to ascertain for each biological
      indicator whether in fact adjustment is of any use. Lastly, since there was only
      a slight correlation between creatinine levels and specific gravity values, it is
      concluded that these two parameters cannot be used indifferently for adjustment.

PMID- 3988362
TI  - Hemoperfusion of phencyclidine in the dog.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to determine whether charcoal hemoperfusion (HP) would
      be useful in severe phencyclidine (PCP) overdose. Dogs were given a single 5
      mg/kg injection of PCP. In 6 experiments HP for 2.5 hours was done; and in 6
      control experiments, the extracorporeal circuit contained no HP cartridge. The
      number of seizures, symptoms, duration of coma, and PCP concentrations in the
      tissues of HP dogs were not different from control. PCP clearance by HP was 67 +/
      16.5 ml/min. PCP recovery by HP was 2.25 +/- 0.25 mg (2.0% of the administered
      dose). Urinary excretion of PCP was 1.33 +/- 0.46 mg (1.2% of the dose). Volume
      of distribution of PCP was 21.8 +/- 1.7 L/kg. Due to the high volume of
      distribution, high lipid solubility and low plasma levels of PCP, HP was not
      effective in managing PCP overdose in the dog.

PMID- 3988363
TI  - Calcification of materials in blood contacting implants.

PMID- 3988364
TI  - Designing dialysis drug studies.

PMID- 3988365
TI  - Recent techniques in vascular access.

PMID- 3988366
TI  - Automated reuse of capillary hemodialyzers.

PMID- 3988367
TI  - A clinical appraisal and comparison of double pump single needle dialysis
      systems.
AB  - Six recently developed double pump tidal flow single needle systems have been
      assessed clinically and the magnitude of recirculation, efficiency of dialysis
      determined and compared with the classical system (Bellco BL 760). Results
      indicate that the problems of designing twin pump systems with instantaneous
      response, occlusive rollers capable of generating clinically acceptable blood
      flow rates has been largely overcome and such systems offer a high degree of
      patient acceptance, flexibility, safety and an efficiency of dialysis comparable
      with that obtained using two needle access.

PMID- 3988368
TI  - Deranged mineral content in the bone of patients with chronic renal failure,
      estimated by computed tomography.
AB  - To evaluate the extent of renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic renal
      failure, the CT numbers of the lateral condylus and mid-shaft of the femur were
      measured. To adjust for variation due to measurement conditions, calibration
      phantom was simultaneously scanned with the femur. The CT numbers of the lateral
      condylus were significantly lower than the control in both nondialyzed (p less
      than 0.005) and dialyzed patients (p less than 0.05). The CT numbers of the mid
      shaft of the femur in dialyzed patients correlated significantly to the duration
      of hemodialysis (r = 0.807, p less than 0.001). In 15 patients subjected to both
      CT scan and the photon absorptiometry, the CT numbers of the lateral condylus
      positively correlated to the mineral content of the radial (r = 0.57) and ulnar
      (r = 0.69) bones as calculated by photon absorptiometry. These results indicate
      that the CT scan can be used to estimate bone mineral content quantitatively, and
      is useful tool for evaluating renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic renal
      failure.

PMID- 3988369
TI  - Cutaneous melanoma in relation to intermittent and constant sun exposure--the
      Western Canada Melanoma Study.
AB  - The histories of exposure to sun through occupational, recreational and vacation
      activities of 595 patients with newly incident cutaneous melanoma excluding
      lentigo maligna and acral lentiginous melanoma, were compared to those of
      comparison subjects drawn randomly from the same population and matched for age,
      sex and province of residence in Western Canada. Significant increases in risk
      were seen with increasing amount of sun exposure through outdoor activities
      associated with recreation and vacations; activities likely to involve more
      intense sun exposure were associated with greater increases in risk. While a
      moderate amount of occupational exposure was associated with increased risk,
      greater occupational exposure resulted in no further increase; in men a decrease
      in risk was seen. These findings were independent of the effects of hair and skin
      colour, freckles, ethnic origin and socio-economic status. The results suggest
      that short-term exposure to unusually intense sunlight increases the risk of
      melanoma, while long-term constant exposure has no effect or may decrease risk.
      No simple relationship was seen between melanoma risk and total sunlight
      exposure. This study introduces new methods of assessing different types of sun
      exposure from retrospective data.

PMID- 3988370
TI  - Inhibition of growth of certain human tumour cell lines by a factor derived from
      human fibroblast-like cell lines. I. Demonstration by mixed culture and by use of
      cell washings.
AB  - The growth of 7/9 Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines and 5/6 human melanoma cell
      lines was inhibited by certain human fibroblast-like cell lines, especially human
      myofibroblast cell lines. In contrast to BL lines, 3/5 lymphoblastoid cell lines
      were less susceptible and 3/4 human leukaemic lines were resistant. The effect
      was time- and concentration-dependent. Co-cultivation led to inhibition of tumour
      cell growth within 3 days, but after removal from the fibroblasts, washing, and
      resuspending in fresh medium some tumour cells recovered and growth improved. The
      inhibitory activity was also demonstrated with washings of fibroblast-like cell
      lines, and was sensitive to pronase. The biological significance of this factor
      remains to be defined.

PMID- 3988371
TI  - Tumor-associated desmoplasia in the rabbit mesentery characterized by
      morphological, biochemical and cytophotometric methods.
AB  - Intraperitoneal implantation of V2 carcinoma cells in the rabbit leads to
      invasion of the mesentery and to structural tissue alterations which are
      concomitantly of a destructive and a desmoplastic type. In this report, we
      describe the desmoplastic changes which are characterized by the increased
      formation of collagen and of proteoglycans resulting in an increased thickness of
      the membrane. Biochemical data indicate that the total amount of collagen
      increases with time after implantation, whereas the relative amount per unit of
      dry weight, as well as the contributions of type I (15-25%) and type III (6-8%),
      stay within the same range. The increased synthesis of extracellular matrix is
      accompanied by a change in the appearance of the fibroblasts which now show the
      morphologic features of synthesizing cells. Also, an appreciable number have
      entered the S-phase. We propose that the desmoplastic changes are tumor
      associated, since implantation of epithelial cells from normal rabbit liver does
      not result in similar alteration. Our findings are discussed in view of the role
      played by tumor and/or host cells in the increased production of extracellular
      matrix, of possible factor(s) elaborated by the tumor cells, and of the general
      significance of desmoplastia for tumor spread.

PMID- 3988372
TI  - Directional motility in strongly malignant murine tumor cells.
AB  - Laminin, fibronectin and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) were examined
      for their ability to induce biological responses (cell-to-substrate adherence and
      motility) in a series of strongly malignant and weakly malignant murine
      fibrosarcoma cells. All three agents caused increased cell-to-substrate
      attachment of the cell lines. Laminin and fibronectin induced a slow but
      sustained response, whereas with TPA the response was rapid and transient. The 3
      agents also stimulated motility in the same cells. Random motility was seen with
      all of the cells but directional motility was observed primarily in the strongly
      malignant cells. With TPA, the response was chemotactic but laminin and
      fibronectin induced cell migration by haptotaxis. Since laminin and fibronectin
      are constituents of the extracellular matrix and since malignant tumor cells must
      cross the extracellular space during invasion, those properties of cells which
      allow for migration across a substrate containing these materials may contribute
      to the expression of malignancy.

PMID- 3988373
TI  - Relationships between single-vessel coronary artery obstructions and wall motion
      dysfunction analyzed by four computer-based methods.
AB  - We analyzed regional wall motion in 238 patients by using cineangiograms recorded
      in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. The sample was divided into
      three groups: a normal group (n = 71), a group with isolated obstruction of the
      left anterior descending coronary artery and previous anterior myocardial
      infarction (n = 85), and a group with isolated obstruction of the right coronary
      artery and previous inferior myocardial infarction (n = 82). Both anterior and
      inferior groups also had motion abnormality within the corresponding anterior or
      inferior wall as judged by the qualitative analysis of cineangiograms. Four
      quantitative methods were compared: a long axis method and a center of mass
      method using internal reference systems, a method derived from the Stanford model
      and an area-based method using external reference systems. Normal regional values
      were determined from the normal group to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity
      of the methods. The area-based method was the most sensitive in the anterior
      infarction group, whereas the center of mass method was the most sensitive in the
      inferior infarction group. We conclude that there is no evidence that any method,
      among those tested, is superior to others for every expected location of wall
      motion abnormality.

PMID- 3988374
TI  - Sensitivity of cross-sectional echocardiography in detection of impaired global
      and regional left ventricular function: prospective study.
AB  - In order to establish the sensitivity and specificity of cross-sectional
      echocardiography for detection of global and regional left ventricular function a
      prospective study was performed in 80 patients suspected of having coronary
      artery disease. Twenty four hours before heart catheterization, cross-sectional
      echocardiograms were recorded in the apical RAO-equivalent view and high quality
      echocardiograms were obtained in 71/80 patients (89%). M-mode echocardiograms of
      the left ventricle could be performed in 56/71 patients (79%). Based on normal
      values sensitivity and specificity of cross-sectional echocardiography were
      calculated in comparison to cineventriculography. For fractional shortening
      (normal value greater than 25%) sensitivity measured 46% and specificity 93%, and
      when the E-point septal separation was measured (normal value less than 7 mm),
      sensitivity increased to 73% and specificity was 84%. For detection of increased
      end-diastolic volume (less than 155 ml) sensitivity reached 84% and specificity
      98% and for increased end-systolic (less than 70 ml) volume it was 86 and 97%,
      respectively. A depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (greater than 49%)
      was found with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 100%. Regional left
      ventricular wall motion, analyzed by an area method, revealed for anterior wall
      motion a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 94%, whereas for posterior wall
      motion sensitivity reached 80% and specificity 96%. Regression equation between
      the number of pathological segments and left ventricular ejection fraction for
      cineventriculography was given by Y = -4.06 X + 73.4, r = 0.93 and for cross
      sectional echocardiography by Y = -3.69 X + 62.6, r = 0.85. We conclude that
      cross-sectional echocardiography can be used as a screening method to detect
      impaired left ventricular function. It is superior to M-mode echocardiography.
      Reduced regional function of the posterior wall can be found with high
      sensitivity, but depressed motion of the anterior wall may be overlooked.

PMID- 3988376
TI  - Epicardial crossing of coronary arteries: a variation of coronary arterial
      anatomy.
AB  - Four patients with crossing of two coronary arteries detected by coronary
      arteriography are presented. This variation of coronary artery anatomy has not
      yet been reported. The classification of this variation is discussed.

PMID- 3988377
TI  - Torsades de pointes. A clearly defined syndrome or an electrocardiographic
      curiosity?

PMID- 3988375
TI  - Clinical considerations regarding infective Libman-Sacks endocarditis.
AB  - A case of aortic infective endocarditis due to Hemophilus paraphrophilus in a
      patient with previous Libman-Sacks endocarditis is presented. Suggestions
      regarding antibiotic prophylaxis are made concerning patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.

PMID- 3988378
TI  - Torsades de pointes: twisting of the points or confusion of the points?

PMID- 3988379
TI  - Embolization following acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3988380
TI  - Uses of the case-control and cohort epidemiological approaches in cardiology
      practice and research.

PMID- 3988381
TI  - Adriamycin does have a potentially depressant effect on left ventricular
      contractility.

PMID- 3988382
TI  - A pilot study of voluntary control of transcutaneous PO2 by children: a brief
      communication.

PMID- 3988383
TI  - Effects of hypnosis on verbal and non-verbal creativity.

PMID- 3988384
TI  - Hypnosis and the learning and recall of visually presented material.

PMID- 3988385
TI  - The effect of manipulated expectancies on posthypnotic amnesia.

PMID- 3988386
TI  - Treatment variables and the use of hypnosis in the brief therapy of post
      traumatic stress disorders.

PMID- 3988387
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine following subcutaneous administration in
      humans.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotamine was studied following a 1.5-mg
      subcutaneous dose of the mesylate salt in six healthy volunteers. Plasma and
      urine dihydroergotamine, determined using a specific radioimmunoassay, were
      simultaneously fitted to equations consistent with a two-compartment open model.
      The drug was rapidly absorbed from the injection site; peak plasma concentrations
      of 3-8 ng/ml were observed within 15-45 min of dosing. Half-lives for the rapid
      and slow phases of decline in plasma dihydroergotamine were 0.95 and 7.26 h,
      respectively. The overall volume of distribution was 14.6 l/kg. The plasma
      clearance and renal clearance values were 1814 and 91 ml/min, respectively,
      indicating that 5% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Comparison of
      the results of the present study to published data confirmed that
      dihydroergotamine is eliminated from the body predominantly by metabolism.

PMID- 3988388
TI  - Optimum dosage of lidocaine.
AB  - Lidocaine dosage recommendations vary widely. Severe heart failure adds to risk
      factors when attempting to reach the optimal therapeutic blood level. Fifty-two
      coronary care unit (CCU) patients, who were treated with lidocaine infusion after
      an initial bolus injection of 100 mg, were randomly selected for the study. Blood
      samples were drawn at 2, 6 and 18 h. The material was divided into four groups
      according to infusion rates: Group A (n = 15) 4 mg/min for 3 h and then 3 mg/min
      for 15 h, Group B (n = 10) 4 mg/min for 3 h and then 2 mg/min for 15 h, Group C
      (n = 9) 2 mg/min for 18 h and Group D (n = 18) according to clinical situation by
      a mean rate of 3.3 mg/min for 2 h, 2.5 mg/min for 4 h and 2.15 mg/min for 12 h.
      The mean serum lidocaine concentrations were in optimum therapeutic range of 2-4
      mg/l in Groups A, B and D at every sampling time point. Percentage of the
      patients whose lidocaine concentrations at each sampling time were within the
      optimum range as follows: Group A 72, 67 and 52, Group B 70, 70 and 56%, Group C
      0, 38 and 63% and Group D 38, 38 and 30%. Our material indicates that the optimal
      lidocaine infusion rate for CCU patients should be as in Group B.

PMID- 3988390
TI  - Effect of single and repeated doses of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics
      of doxepin.
AB  - In eight healthy young volunteers, 15 g of activated charcoal administered orally
      30 min after 50 mg of doxepin, reduced the achieved peak concentration of the
      drug in serum by 70% and total availability by 49%. Charcoal, 3 hours after the
      drug, did not significantly reduce absorption. When charcoal was administered 30
      min after doxepin, the apparent elimination half-lives of doxepin and its main
      metabolite, desmethyldoxepin, were prolonged by 350 and 140%, respectively,
      suggesting gradual disaggregation of the charcoal-drug complex. Repeated doses of
      charcoal between 3 and 24 hours after doxepin increased significantly the
      apparent clearance of desmethyldoxepin. Repeated doses of charcoal may be
      beneficial in the treatment of overdosage with doxepin by preventing
      disaggregation of the drug from an initial dose of charcoal with subsequent
      absorption and reabsorption of parent drug and metabolites secreted into the
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 3988389
TI  - Impairment of drug elimination in patients with liver disease.
AB  - An attempt has been made to investigate drug elimination in patients with liver
      disease. Antipyrine was chosen as a model drug. The patients were divided into
      three groups depending upon clinical, biochemical, radiologic and histologic
      findings; (1) mild (Idiopathic portal hypertension, extrahepatic portal vein
      obstruction and Gilbert's syndrome); (2) moderate (Budd-Chiari syndrome and
      amoebic liver abscess); (3) severe (acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and
      cirrhosis). A prolongation in antipyrine half-life (t1/2) was observed in 108
      patients with liver disease (24.59 +/- 1.72 h) as compared to 12 controls (11.63
      +/- 0.86 h). Similarly, metabolic clearance rate was decreased in all liver
      disorders. Among liver function tests, antipyrine t1/2 showed a significant
      correlation with serum albumin and prothrombin time index. After phenobarbitone
      administration, antipyrine clearance studied in 37 patients showed a significant
      decrease in t1/2 and an increase in MCR. Antipyrine t1/2 in 26 patients after
      recovery was comparable to those of controls.

PMID- 3988391
TI  - Epidural morphine as postoperative analgesic following cesarean section under
      epidural analgesia.
AB  - Low dosage epidural morphine (4 mg) provided adequate postoperative pain relief
      in patients undergoing elective cesarean section under epidural analgesia. In the
      control group (n = 11), all but one patient needed opiates postoperatively, but 9
      patients out of the 11 receiving epidural morphine needed only mild analgesics or
      no analgesics at all, postoperatively. Slight nausea and facial itching were the
      most common unwanted effects in the epidural morphine group. Low dosage epidural
      morphine is a useful tool in postoperative pain treatment following cesarean
      section.

PMID- 3988392
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of primaquine in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - A sensitive and specific spectrophotometric method for primaquine estimation has
      been developed and used to study the plasma kinetics of primaquine in Rhesus
      monkeys. It was observed that the drug completely disappeared from the plasma in
      24 hours after a single oral dose. Its concentration in the plasma reached a peak
      at 2 hours of administration. The mean absorption and elimination half-lives were
      0.36 +/- 0.08 and 3.44 +/- 0.37 hours respectively.

PMID- 3988393
TI  - Comparative study on renal accumulation of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
AB  - Antibiotic activities in the subcellular fractions of rat kidney were determined
      after a single intraperitoneal injection of streptomycin, gentamicin and amikacin
      in the doses of 100 mg/kg of body weight. The concentration in the sediment
      fraction, which consisted mainly of lysosome and mitochondria, is a valuable
      index for renal accumulation and subsequent toxicity. Half-lives of the
      aminoglycosides in this fraction were in the order of amikacin (2.34 h),
      streptomycin (5.86 h), and gentamicin (9.26 h).

PMID- 3988394
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of pheniramine (Avil) and metabolites in healthy subjects after
      oral and intravenous administration.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of pheniramine and its two metabolites (N-desmethyl
      pheniramine and N-didesmethyl pheniramine) were determined in six healthy male
      subjects after intravenous (n = 3) or oral (n = 3) administration (30.5 mg of
      pheniramine - free base). Serum and urine levels were measured by HPLC. After
      i.v. administration, serum concentrations of pheniramine between 231 and 894
      ng/ml were reached and after oral administration peak serum concentrations
      between 173 and 274 ng/ml were reached after 1-2.5 h. AUC values up to 72 h were
      3035-4662 (i.v.) and 3507-5768 (ng/ml X h) (oral). The terminal half-lives were
      estimated to range between 8 and 17 h (i.v.) and 16 and 19 h (oral). Serum levels
      of the N-desmethyl derivative remained very low (up to 21 ng/ml), but were still
      detectable after 72 h. Serum levels of the N-didesmethyl derivative were below
      the detection limit. The amount of pheniramine excreted in the urine for up to
      120 h varied between 5.7 and 11.6 mg and 10.2 and 13.2 mg after i.v. and oral
      administration respectively. Unlike the serum, considerable fractions of the drug
      occurred as metabolites in urine. Values were 8.1-16.4 mg (i.v.) and 7.4-13.3 mg
      (oral) for N-desmethyl pheniramine, 0.4-2.9 mg (i.v.) and 0.2-0.8 mg (oral) for N
      didesmethyl pheniramine.

PMID- 3988396
TI  - Elimination kinetic of high polar metabolites pool of quinidine from human serum.
AB  - The elimination half-life of high polar metabolites pool of quinidine (t1/2 beta
      = 6.1 h) has been determined in a quinidine phenobarbiturate intoxicated patient
      after the complete elimination of quinidine (its precursor) from blood. It is
      equivalent to the generally accepted t1/2 beta of quinidine (6.1 +/- 1.8 h) but
      substantially different from the t1/2 beta "hybrid" of 3-hydroxyquinidine (10.0
      h) determined in therapeutic conditions in which 3-hydroxyquinidine coexists with
      quinidine in blood. With regard to the low serum level of quinidine and strong
      ECG impairments, it is speculated that high polar metabolites of quinidine taken
      as a whole could be involved in this life threatening intoxication.

PMID- 3988395
TI  - A pilot study of the pharmacokinetics and triglyceride lowering activity of
      acipimox in dialyzed uremic patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of acipimox was studied in 6 dialyzed uremic patients given
      single oral doses of 50 mg. Acipimox was not significantly eliminated outside
      dialysis, whereas during dialysis it was efficiently cleared with plasma, t 1/2
      is about 2.6 hours. Accordingly, a dosage schedule of 50 mg or 100 mg of acipimox
      after each dialysis session was selected for a second, 4-week study in 14 uremic
      patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Acipimox plasma levels, monitored during the
      study, proved in agreement with those expected on a theoretical pharmacokinetic
      basis. A clear-cut reduction of serum triglyceride levels was also achieved.

PMID- 3988397
TI  - Underestimation of albumin content by bromocresol green, induced by drug
      displacers and uremia.
AB  - Phenylbutazone and clofibric acid, two drugs strongly bound to human albumin,
      produce low readings of albumin content in serum when the bromocresol green
      immediate reaction is used. This abnormality is observed at drug concentrations
      within the range obtained during therapeutic use, and tends to be more marked in
      diluted samples of serum. Abnormally low values of albumin content are also
      obtained when the bromocresol green method is used in uremic sera, and the
      disparity seems related to the degree of carbamylation of these samples. The
      reported interferences are great enough in some cases as to suggest that the use
      of the immediate reaction between bromocresol green and serum should not be
      considered a valid measure of albumin content when these factors cannot be
      totally excluded.

PMID- 3988398
TI  - Red cell deformability in patients with cerebral vasospasm.
AB  - Red cell deformability was compared between two groups with and without severe
      cerebral vasospasm. The results obtained revealed that deformability was
      decreased in the former as compared to the latter. Pentoxifylline, an ameliorant
      of microcirculation, also demonstrated the tendency to improve deformability in
      the case of vasospasm. But improving efficacy for clinical manifestations could
      not be met only by virtue of such a change while favorable.

PMID- 3988399
TI  - Time-related effects of chronic atenolol treatment on cardiovascular responses to
      handgrip.
AB  - To assess the influence of chronic atenolol therapy on the cardiovascular
      responses to isometric exercise, we evaluated the behavior of blood pressure,
      heart rate and double product in 75 hypertensive patients treated with atenolol
      100 mg once daily for 6 months. During the 1st month of treatment, both systolic
      blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increases rose more than
      before treatment. SBP increase to handgrip became lower than before treatment on
      the 2nd months of therapy (p less than 0.05) and fell even more afterwards (p
      less than 0.01 on the 6th month). On the contrary, DBP increase subsequently
      steadied on levels not significantly different from those before treatment.
      Double product increase was inferior to that recorded before atenolol
      administration; the difference became significant after 2 months and reached its
      apex after 6 months of treatment. The conclusion was that chronic atenolol
      therapy affected some cardiovascular responses to handgrip although to a
      different extent depending on treatment length; it would seem sensible to pay
      attention to how long a patient has been on beta-blocker when evaluating the
      response to isometric exercise.

PMID- 3988400
TI  - Tolbutamide kinetics in a normal Indian population.
AB  - A single oral dose of 500 mg of tolbutamide was administered to 13 healthy
      volunteers. Plasma tolbutamide half-life was compared between male and female
      volunteers. The half-life in female subjects was longer as compared to male
      subjects, but the difference was not statistically significant (p greater than
      0.05).

PMID- 3988402
TI  - Expressive group psychotherapy with the elderly: a drama therapy approach.

PMID- 3988401
TI  - A repeated dose pharmacokinetic study of a new hypnotic agent, zopiclone
      (Imovane).
AB  - Eleven volunteers were dosed once daily for 14 days with zopiclone (7.5 mg/day).
      The peak plasma zopiclone concentration (65 ng/ml) occurred at 1.4 h after dosing
      and thereafter declined by a biexponential process, with half-lives of 2.0 and
      6.5 h, to 3 ng/ml by 24 h after dosing. Repeated once daily dosing did not
      markedly alter the peak plasma zopiclone concentration or the pharmacokinetic
      parameters of absorption or elimination.

PMID- 3988403
TI  - Combined individual and group psychotherapy with children: an ego developmental
      perspective.

PMID- 3988405
TI  - Applications of object relations concepts to children's group psychotherapy.

PMID- 3988404
TI  - The experience of patients in conjoint individual and group psychotherapy.

PMID- 3988406
TI  - The Clown Club: a structured fantasy approach to group therapy with the latency
      age child.

PMID- 3988407
TI  - Therapeutic aspects of support groups for parents of the mentally retarded.

PMID- 3988408
TI  - A group program for borderline mothers and their toddlers.

PMID- 3988409
TI  - A 15-year clinical review of combined adolescent/young adult group therapy.

PMID- 3988410
TI  - Thermoregulation in marathon competition at low ambient temperature.
AB  - The 1982 Aberdeen marathon race was held on a cool (12 degrees C) day on a flat,
      fast course. Fifty-nine of the 750 runners volunteered to take part in this
      study: rectal temperature of these competitors was measured within 5 min of
      completing the race. Venous blood samples were obtained before and immediately
      after the race; body weight of these subjects was also recorded before and after
      the race. During the race, 200 ml of fluid, either water or a glucose/electrolyte
      drink, was consumed at each of the seven feeding stations. The mean finishing
      time of the subjects was 221 +/- 37 min (mean +/- SD, range = 144-307 min). Post
      race rectal temperature was 38.3 +/- 0.9 degrees C with a range of values from
      35.6 degrees to 39.8 degrees C. The net weight loss was 2.02 +/- 0.72 kg
      equivalent to 2.9% +/- 0.8% of body weight. The correlation between post-race
      rectal temperature and finishing time (r = -0.234) was not statistically
      significant; post-race rectal temperature was significantly correlated with the
      time taken to complete the second half of the race (r = -0.348, P less than
      0.01). No cases of heat illness were seen among the competitors. The results
      suggest that hypothermia rather than hyperthermia may be a problem for marathon
      runners competing under these conditions.

PMID- 3988411
TI  - Glomerular filtration rate in intact and splenectomized running and swimming
      dogs.
AB  - The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured using a continuous inulin
      infusion in control, treadmill running, and swimming experiments in intact and
      splenectomized dogs. There was a 20% increase in the GFR after swimming in the
      splenectomized dogs as compared to the corresponding value in the control trials
      (P less than 0.01). The GFR was not changed during or after running or during
      swimming. Possible mechanisms maintaining the GFR in intact and splenectomized
      dogs during exercise are discussed.

PMID- 3988412
TI  - Ventilatory and plasma lactate response with different exercise protocols: a
      comparison of methods.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the methods used to identify abrupt
      changes in ventilation or plasma lactate (LA) during exercise. Ten males randomly
      performed a 1-, 3-, and 5-min, 30-W incremental cycle ergometer test to fatigue.
      The first change in VE and VCO2 relative to VO2 (ventilation threshold, VT1) was
      determined from plots of VE, VE X VO2-1, and excess CO2 vs VO2. Data were also
      analyzed for a second change in VE (VT2) relative to both VCO2 and VO2 using
      plots of VE and VE X VCO2(-1) vs VO2 and semi-log plots of VE X VO2(-1) and VE X
      VCO2(-1) vs VO2. Arterialized blood samples were taken each 1.0, 1.5, or 2.5 min
      for the 1-, 3-, and 5-min tests, respectively, to determine the LA threshold (LT)
      and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (4 mM, OBLA) and 1, 2, 5, 7.5, and 10
      min after all tests to calculate the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). At
      weekly intervals, subjects also exercised for 10 min at eight different power
      outputs (W) to define the onset of plasma lactate accumulation (OPLA). Results
      showed that VO2max was significantly higher for the 1-min (3.88 l X min-1)vs the
      3- or 5-min tests (3.65 l X min-1). With increasing W duration, VT1 from either
      VE or VE X VO2-1 vs VO2 were similar (1.77 vs 1.72 l X min-1) but significantly
      lower using excess CO2 (1.23 l X min-1) . VO2 at LT (1.62 l X min-1) and OPLA
      (1.73 l X min-1) were similar to VT1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988413
TI  - Overloading changes in the motor system occurring in elite gymnasts.
AB  - Top-level gymnasts were examined in 1976 and in 1980. During both examinations X
      ray osteal changes as a result of training were found. In 1980 complaints of pain
      during the training process were analyzed. It was found that radiological changes
      appeared in the elbow joints (73.2%), spinal column (65.8%), in the area of the
      shoulder joints (59.8%), and in the wrist joints (58.5%). The L-S segment of the
      spinal column had such anomalies as schistorrhachis of the S1 arc, lumbarization,
      and sacralization. A characteristic feature was the frequent discrepancy between
      complaints of pain and radiological changes. In many cases permanent radiological
      changes were not accompanied by pain. Longer training periods were associated
      with more pronounced changes. It was concluded that radiological examinations
      should be one of the criteria for selecting gymnasts and a change in the FIG
      regulations is proposed to reduce the work load of the motor system.

PMID- 3988414
TI  - Feasibility of sweat collection by whole body washdown in moderate to high
      humidity environments.
AB  - When sweat rates are sufficiently elevated, i.e., in high ambient temperatures or
      during exercise, due to potential losses of sweat by runoff, the whole body
      washdown technique of sweat collection is considered invalid in all but low
      humidity environments. This paper describes a modification of this technique that
      makes its use possible in moderate to high humidity environments. During
      exercise, sweat loss by runoff was minimized by maximizing evaporation of sweat
      (subjects wore little clothing and electric fans were utilized) and by drying the
      surface of the body when sweat became excessive (with small hand towels). Sweat
      rate was calculated from weight changes with appropriate corrections. Total sweat
      content and concentration of urea N were determined from the rinsings of the
      body, hand towels, and clothing. To validate this procedure, runoff sweat that
      was not collected was estimated from the weight change of collecting towels
      positioned under a bicycle ergometer. Eight subjects exercised at approximately
      60% VO2max for 30 min in 22.6 degrees +/- 0.46 degrees C (means +/- SD) and 66.1%
      +/- 2.34% RH. Volume of sweat secreted was 581 +/- 31 ml (1.162 +/- .062 l X h-1;
      means +/- SE). Sweat content of the collecting towels (corrected for evaporation
      loss) was 4.675 ml (0.8%) of total sweat rate), indicating that it is possible to
      prevent significant sweat loss with this procedure. Moreover, we have found that
      this procedure can be employed with little difficulty at exercise intensities up
      to approximately 75% VO2max, in RH of approximately 70%, and with sweat rates as
      high as 1.65 l X h-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988415
TI  - Effects of potassium + magnesium aspartate on muscle metabolism and force
      development during short intensive static exercise.
AB  - Improvement of muscle performance by 20%-50% in man at a submaximal work load
      after administration of potassium and magnesium salts of aspartic acid (K + Mg
      Asp) has been reported in the literature. Administration of K + Mg Asp has been
      reported to affect force production and energy metabolism in short-term
      activities of electrical stimulated animal muscles. The present study examined
      the possible effects of K + Mg Asp on: energy metabolism and force production of
      electrically stimulated rat quadriceps muscle and endurance time of a submaximal
      static force of voluntary contracting human muscles. In rat muscles metabolic
      parameters such as ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and L-aspartate were not
      influenced by oral administration of K + Mg Asp. Force parameters of rat
      quadriceps muscles were not enhanced after administration of K + Mg Asp. In human
      volunteers neither the exerted force nor the endurance time increased after oral
      administration of K + Mg Asp. An effect of K + Mg Asp on muscle metabolism by
      stimulation of the purine nucleotide cycle was not found. Improvement of muscle
      performance by 20%-50%, as reported for long-term activity, was not observed for
      short-term intensive activity.

PMID- 3988416
TI  - Stretching exercise and soccer: effect of stretching on range of motion in the
      lower extremity in connection with soccer training.
AB  - Forty-eight players from four senior, male soccer teams were tested for ranges of
      motion (ROM) in the lower extremity before, immediately after, and 24 h after
      different forms of soccer training. The players were tested after regular soccer
      training (A), after soccer training with contract-relax stretching prior to
      beginning the session (B), and after soccer training with stretching added at the
      end of the program (C). Each training session lasted 1.5 h. In group A all six
      ROMs were decreased 24 h after the training. In group B the only change in ROM
      noted was an increase in knee flexion directly after the training. In group C
      there was an increase in hip extension, hip flexion, and knee flexion directly
      after the training.

PMID- 3988417
TI  - Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome).
AB  - Two patients with eosinophilic cellulitis are reported and 22 additional cases
      from the literature are reviewed. Cutaneous lesions are variable in appearance
      and may be confused with cellulitis, urticaria, insect bites, or contact
      dermatitis. Microscopically, there is a dense dermal infiltrate of eosinophils.
      Subsequently, granulomatous features with characteristic "flame figures" become
      apparent. Peripheral eosinophilia is common. The etiology of eosinophilic
      cellulitis is unknown, although a hypersensitivity mechanism is suspected.
      Treatment with systemic corticosteroids is frequently effective, but the disease
      is often characterized by relapses that can occur for several years.

PMID- 3988418
TI  - Unusual clinical presentation of epidermotropic cutaneous lymphoma. Small
      hypopigmented macules.
AB  - A 35-year-old black woman developed numerous vitiligo-like small hypopigmented
      macules on the upper and lower extremities. Histologically the lesions were
      consistent with epidermotropic mycosis fungoides or pagetoid reticulosis. The
      patient is presented because of a clinical picture unusual for either of the
      above microscopic diagnoses.

PMID- 3988419
TI  - Tinea capitis. A clinicoetiologic correlation.
AB  - A study of 50 patients with tinea capitis revealed that it affects school
      children of low socioeconomic status. Clinical diagnosis of grey patch, black
      dot, seborrheic, kerion, and pustular inflammatory varieties was made. In all, 37
      cultures were positive for dermatophytes, wherein most were Trichophyton
      violaceum. Some grew T. rubrum, T. mentagropytes, and T. verrucosum. A
      correlation between the clinical variants and fungi was also attempted.

PMID- 3988420
TI  - Linear basal cell epithelioma.
AB  - A 73-year-old Celtic man presented with a linear pigmented 20-mm lesion on the
      left infraorbital cheek (Fig. 1). Clinical impression was pigmented basal cell
      epithelioma. Removal was accomplished by linear excision under local anesthesia.
      The wound was closed with a running 5-0 nylon subcuticular suture, which was
      removed 6 days postoperatively. The cosmetic result was considered excellent
      (Fig. 2). Microscopic examination revealed nodular masses of basal neoplastic
      cells in the dermis typical of basal cell epithelioma. In the tumor and in the
      stroma were deposits of melanin, some of which were seen in melanophages. The
      lateral margins and base of transverse sections through the ellipse were free of
      tumor.

PMID- 3988421
TI  - Dermatologic training in the People's Republic of China.

PMID- 3988423
TI  - On the use of cell cultures in skin toxico-pharmacology.

PMID- 3988422
TI  - Erythrasma. Overlooked or misdiagnosed?

PMID- 3988424
TI  - Major mishaps among mobile offshore drilling units, 1955-1981: time trends and
      fatalities.
AB  - Major mishaps among mobile offshore drilling units worldwide from 1955-1981 were
      identified from industry and government sources. Based on annual numbers of rigs
      in service and typical staffing patterns, annual mishap rates and fatality rates
      for rig types and mishap categories were computed. While the frequency of major
      mishaps has increased in recent years, the mishap rate per 100 rig-years of
      service has remained stable. The overall stability obscures the fact that jack-up
      rigs have had an increasing mishap rate while the rate for other rig types
      combined has gradually declined. Although the fatal mishap rate has also remained
      constant, the annual fatality rate per 100 000 full time equivalent (FTE) workers
      has risen sharply. This can be attributed to increasing numbers of lives lost in
      environmental mishaps while deaths from operational mishaps have declined. There
      were 344 fatalities during the 27-year period. Although an average of some 13
      deaths per year worldwide appears minimal, the relatively small size of the
      workforce gives this number significance particularly when it is noted that
      'occupational' fatalities, those occurring in the course of routine operations,
      are not included. The overall fatality rate secondary to major mishaps was 84.3
      per 100 000 FTE worker-years.

PMID- 3988425
TI  - The 1980 earthquake in Southern Italy--morbidity and mortality.
AB  - The effects on health of the 1980 earthquake in southern Italy were surveyed
      retrospectively. The sample population includes 3619 people living in seven
      villages situated near the epicentre. Deaths were one hundred times and injury
      rates more than five times higher in trapped than in non-trapped victims. The
      possibility for escape was crucial for survival and depended on the type of
      building. Most of the rescue and relief work was carried out within a few days by
      unprepared local people who concentrated assistance on people sharing the same
      dwelling. The results suggest that the emergency phase for medical care was
      limited to the three to four days after impact. During the 18 months following
      the quake, mortality rates in injured (13.7%) and non-injured victims (15.8%)
      were similar. These results point to the need to establish, in each disaster
      prone area, a health evaluation system on which effective disaster relief and
      especially the preparedness of the community can be based.

PMID- 3988427
TI  - Using age, period and cohort models to estimate future mortality rates.
AB  - A description of a table of age- and period-specific mortality rates may be
      provided by the use of age, period and cohort models. These may be extended to
      produce estimates of future mortality rates that allow for trends related to both
      birth cohort and period of death. Lung cancer mortality rates for women in
      England and Wales are used as an example. The period 1951-70 is used to estimate
      mortality rates for 1971-80 and comparisons are made with the observed values.
      The technique is then used to estimate mortality rates until the year 2000 based
      upon 1951-80. The range of conditions for which this method is appropriate is
      discussed.

PMID- 3988426
TI  - Biases in research on reproduction and women's work.
AB  - In the investigation of the possible reproductive effects of women's work, it is
      necessary to take into account the various biases which may occur as a result of
      the complex interaction between a woman's child-care responsibilities, work
      status, income and other aspects of her life. This paper distinguishes four
      effects and suggests methods of avoiding the resulting biases. Research in this
      area requires special care in design and analysis.

PMID- 3988428
TI  - Control-initiated case-control studies.
AB  - In a control-initiated study the investigator begins with existing data on a non
      diseased group and then selects cases to obtain comparison data; thus the usual
      order of case and control selection is reversed. This paper discusses the
      parallels and differences between control-initiated studies and more traditional
      case-control designs. Special attention is given to problems of selection bias
      and matching. A sample-size formula for control-initiated studies is also
      provided.

PMID- 3988429
TI  - Effects of components of sanitation on nutritional status: findings from South
      Indian settlements.
AB  - The provision of sanitary facilities to a community neither guarantees they will
      be used nor that they will provide health benefits if they are used. This study,
      conducted in three urban communities in Madras, India, follows pre-school
      children over the course of approximately one year to determine the relative
      effects on growth of sanitation factors. These factors were defined as being
      under the control of children, those controlled by parents, and factors not under
      the direct discretionary control of any family member. Data were also collected
      on other variables suspected to affect nutritional or health status. A
      statistical technique was used that accounts for the effects of non sanitation
      related variables. Children from 18 to 36 months of age benefit most from their
      own and their parents sanitary behaviour. Older children benefit from
      availability of resources for hygiene. Children under 18 months of age tend to be
      unaffected by any of the sanitation-related variables considered.

PMID- 3988430
TI  - The efficiency of measles and pertussis notification in England and Wales.
AB  - This paper examines methods for estimating the efficiency of measles and
      pertussis notification with particular reference to England and Wales. Crude
      estimates are obtained from a comparison of annual numbers of births and
      notifications, and this approach is modified to include detailed age-specific
      data. Other sources of data, notably the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry, are used to
      give detailed estimates over time. These analyses provide evidence for a strong
      positive correlation between notification efficiency and incidence for both
      diseases and for a dramatic fall in the notification efficiency for pertussis
      between 1957 and 1976. This decrease is of particular interest insofar as it
      could explain in part the apparent fall in size of successive pertussis epidemics
      during that period. It is estimated that since 1976 the spotter practices of the
      Royal College of General Practitioners General Practice Research Unit have been
      approximately 1.5 times more efficient at reporting measles and 2.5 times more
      efficient at reporting pertussis than the national average for reporting to the
      Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Finally it is noted that estimates of
      notification efficiency are positively correlated with the assumed level of
      vaccine efficacy, and that all these methods require assumptions concerning the
      proportion of vaccinations which are recorded, the proportion of vaccinations
      which are successful in immunizing the recipient, and the proportion of the
      population which ultimately contracts the infection. In general, measles
      notification in England and Wales is considerably better than that for pertussis,
      being of the order of 40-60% for the former and only 5-25% for the latter.

PMID- 3988431
TI  - 'Boil it, cook it, peel it or forget it': does this rule prevent travellers'
      diarrhoea?
AB  - A total of 688 out of 2240 air charter passengers in flight to Kenya, West Africa
      or Sri Lanka/Maldives volunteered to participate in a follow-up study
      investigating the influence of various food and beverage items on the incidence
      of travellers' diarrhoea. Within the first three days of their stay abroad, 98%
      accepted food or beverages whose avoidance is traditionally recommended. The
      incidence of diarrhoea, which was 19.5%, was proportionate to the number of
      dietary mistakes committed. The most dangerous items were those whose avoidance
      was traditionally recommended.

PMID- 3988432
TI  - Maternal-child hepatitis B virus transmission in Singapore.
AB  - A study of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was conducted
      in Singapore between June 1980 and June 1982. HBsAg carrier rate was highest
      among Chinese (6.2%) followed by Malay (2.3%) and Indian (0.6%) mothers. The
      presence of HBeAg in maternal sera correlated well with high titre HBsAg (p =
      7.34 X 10(-5)). Overall HBV transmission occurred in 27/56 (48.2%) infants from
      carrier mothers. The majority of the transmission was perinatal. There was a very
      strong correlation between transmission and HBeAg status of the mother (p = 1.85
      X 10(-9); odds ratio = 68.44) and to a lesser extent with high titre HBsAg (p =
      0.002; odds ratio = 6.38). A strong negative correlation was seen between
      transmission and anti-HBeAg (p = 8.19 X 10(-7); odds ratio = 0.04). At one year
      19 (70.4%) infants were still HBsAg positive while seven (25.9%) lost the
      antigenemia and acquired anti-HBsAg and one developed HBsAg after one year. It
      could be calculated that perinatal HBV transmission contributed about 18% to the
      total pool of HBsAg positive infants of one year of age.

PMID- 3988433
TI  - Epidemiology for medical students: a controlled trial of three teaching methods.
AB  - Medical students taking a course in epidemiology for clinical practice were
      taught by either lectures, small group seminars or self-learning packages.
      Examination performances were no different for the three groups, but self
      perceived mastery of learning objectives, and satisfaction with the course were
      higher for students who received self-learning packages. Sixty per cent of self
      instruction students found the teaching method was successful compared with 37%
      of the seminar students and only 19% who received lectures. A combination of self
      instructional package and seminar would seem to hold most promise for a workable
      and effective course.

PMID- 3988434
TI  - Tuberculosis chemotherapy and risk of bladder cancer.
AB  - In a population-based study of 2982 bladder cancer patients and 5782 population
      controls from 10 geographical areas of the US, no excess risk was associated with
      medications used for tuberculosis treatment or prophylaxis (relative risk (RR) =
      0.95). The findings agree with other epidemiological studies that have not
      confirmed earlier reports linking isoniazid (INH) exposure to bladder cancer.

PMID- 3988436
TI  - Mortality analysis and life table techniques.

PMID- 3988435
TI  - Methods of aflatoxin analysis--with particular reference to cassava samples.

PMID- 3988437
TI  - Occupational cancer: a hazard for epidemiologists.

PMID- 3988438
TI  - Some ecological studies of lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease mortality in
      the United States.

PMID- 3988439
TI  - Ethics and epidemiological research.

PMID- 3988440
TI  - Detection of late effects of ionizing radiation: why deaths of A-bomb survivors
      are so misleading.

PMID- 3988441
TI  - Is nitrate in the drinking water associated with the risk of cancer in the urban
      UK?
AB  - Several studies have suggested that nitrate levels in drinking water may be
      linked with stomach cancer. Recent investigations of this hypothesis in rural
      areas of the UK, where nitrate levels can be high, have been inconclusive. The
      present study examined mortality data for the years 1969-1973 in 253 urban areas
      in relation to treated water nitrate levels. Variations in socioeconomic status
      and urban area size were taken into account. Drinking water nitrate levels were
      negatively associated with mortality from stomach cancer even when the analysis
      was restricted to urban areas with nitrate levels above the EEC guide. There was
      no evidence of a positive association between nitrate in the drinking water and
      the risk of stomach cancer in the urban areas of the UK, an important finding for
      the British water industry.

PMID- 3988442
TI  - Undernotification of diagnosed cancer cases to the Stockholm Cancer Registry.
AB  - A study of undernotification to the Stockholm Regional Cancer Registry comprised
      cancer diagnosed in 1978. Non-notified cases were identified by linking the
      cancer register with two independent sources of information viz. the Swedish
      cause-of-death register (fatal cases) and the regional in-patient care register
      (non-fatal cases). The estimated deficit in the cancer register for 1978 was 4%
      of the total cancer incidence for that year. The unreported non-fatal cases were
      followed up for five years, during which time more than half of the cancer
      diagnoses were entered on death certificates. If the cancer register had been
      supplemented with information from death certificates, therefore, only about 1%
      of all non-notified cases would have remained unregistered five years after
      diagnosis.

PMID- 3988443
TI  - Reproductive and hormonal factors and breast cancer in a Northern Italian
      population.
AB  - Between January 1980 and March 1983, data were collected to evaluate risk factors
      for breast cancer in a case-control study based on 368 women with breast cancer
      admitted to the General Hospital of Pordenone (a district in North Eastern Italy
      with a particularly high breast cancer mortality rate), and 373 age-matched
      controls. Nulliparity or low parity, late age at first birth and later menopause
      were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The elevated risk
      associated with nulliparity could be almost completely explained by marital
      status, thus pointing to a specific protection given by parity, rather than some
      putative influence of infertility or subfertility in breast cancer cases.
      Likewise, risk did not vary materially according to history of abortions when
      marital status was controlled for. Increased risk associated with later age at
      first birth, on the other hand, was not accounted for by marital status or
      parity. The population studied, though frequently multiparous, showed late
      average at first birth: this might, at least partly, explain its high mortality
      rate from breast cancer. The risk estimate was higher if menarche occurred below
      age 15; however, there was no evidence of a trend for the relative risk to rise
      with lower age at menarche. The use of oral contraceptives or other female
      hormones (such as oestrogen replacement therapy) did not appear to be related to
      the risk of breast cancer. The role of the major menstrual and reproductive
      variables considered (age at menarche, parity, age at first birth) was apparently
      stronger in pre-menopausal women, thus suggesting an influence of these factors
      (and possibly, their hormonal correlates) on one of the latter stages of the
      process of carcinogenesis.

PMID- 3988444
TI  - Oesophageal cancer among Alaskan natives, 1955-1981.
AB  - Forty-two patients with oesophageal cancer were identified among Alaskan Natives
      from 1955 through 1981. Based on rates for US whites, there were 1.3 and 3.8
      times the number of Native men and women diagnosed with oesophageal cancer as
      expected. Forty of the patients were Eskimo or Aleut, resulting in an incidence
      for Eskimo-Aleuts of 10.9 for males and 8.3 for females per 100 000 adjusted to
      the world standard population. The distribution of cancer patients by residence
      at diagnosis showed marked regional clustering, which has been observed among
      oesophageal cancer patients in several other areas of the world.

PMID- 3988445
TI  - No evidence of association between methyldopa and biliary carcinoma.
AB  - Cancer of the bile ducts is rare and little is known about its risk factors.
      Recently, an association between methyldopa therapy and biliary carcinoma was
      reported in a retrospective case-control study. If this association were real, it
      would represent a significant health hazard, because methyldopa is widely
      prescribed. Using analysis of covariance to study the relationship between
      biliary tract cancer rates (obtained from 11 cancer registries in the US, Canada,
      Europe, and Asia) and per capita methyldopa sales (obtained from its
      manufacturer), this possible association was re-examined. For the rates of all
      biliary tract cancers combined, using both three- and ten-year lag periods
      between drug sales and disease, there were no associations between methyldopa and
      biliary carcinoma. When the rates for the biliary tract cancer sites were
      examined separately, one small positive regression coefficient was observed with
      extrahepatic biliary tract cancer, using the ten-year lag period only (p = 0.03).
      Since the majority of biliary tract cancers are extrahepatic in origin, it is
      likely that most of the cancers coded as 'biliary tract cancer, part unspecified'
      are actually extrahepatic. Also, the magnitude of the slope is very small,
      contrary to what one would expect with a common drug exposure and an uncommon
      disease. For these reasons, we believe that the negative results obtained with
      the combined rates for biliary tract cancer are more meaningful than the results
      obtained for each cancer site separately. In conclusion, our data do not support
      the presence of an association between methyldopa and biliary tract cancer.

PMID- 3988446
TI  - Epidemiology and the challenge of ageing.

PMID- 3988447
TI  - The natural history of blood pressure in childhood.
AB  - To find out whether there is a relationship between the level of blood pressure
      in childhood and later on in life, and whether future hypertensives can be
      identified early in life, we selected a random sample of 596 Dutch children. At
      the first examination they were 5-19 years of age. In 386 of them (65%) at least
      five consecutive annual blood pressure measurements were made between 1975 and
      1982. The stability of a child's position in the blood pressure distribution
      ('tracking') was studied by linear regression of follow-up blood pressure on
      initial blood pressure. 'Tracking' coefficients were 0.4 to 0.6 mmHg/mmHg for
      systolic pressure, and 0.2 to 0.5 mmHg/mmHg for diastolic pressure after four
      years of follow-up. Twenty-seven per cent of the boys and 44% of the girls who
      were in the upper 10% of the systolic blood pressure distribution at the first
      examination were still there after four years. For diastolic pressure these
      figures were 25% and 22%, respectively. These observations indicate that there is
      a moderate degree of blood pressure 'tracking' in childhood. They further imply
      that it is impossible to detect future hypertensives early in life by measurement
      of blood pressure only.

PMID- 3988448
TI  - The relationship of dietary fat and cholesterol to mortality in 10 years: the
      Honolulu Heart Program.
AB  - This report examines the relationship of dietary fat and dietary cholesterol to
      mortality during a 10-year surveillance of a cohort of men of Japanese descent
      residing in Hawaii. The consumption of dietary fat (measured in grams) is related
      inversely and significantly to total mortality. No significant relationships
      exist between grams of dietary fat and any of the specific causes of death
      examined. No significant relationships are found between dietary saturated fatty
      acids (SFA, measured in grams) or dietary cholesterol (measured in milligrams)
      and any of the specific causes of death examined. In contrast, percentage of
      calories as fat is related inversely not only to total mortality, but to cancer
      mortality and to stroke mortality; and it is related directly to coronary heart
      disease (CHD) mortality. Percentage of calories as SFA is related inversely to
      cancer mortality and to stroke mortality, and it is related directly to CHD
      mortality. Only the relationship to stroke mortality remains significant in
      multivariate analysis if calories from alcohol are excluded from the computation.
      Dietary cholesterol per 1000 calories is related directly to CHD mortality. While
      these data provide support for the diet-heart hypothesis, they also suggest that
      men with low fat intakes have a higher total mortality rate than men with higher
      fat intakes. This increased risk, due to an excess risk of death from stroke and
      cancer, indicates that there is no overall beneficial effect from a low fat diet
      in this cohort.

PMID- 3988449
TI  - Destabilization of collagen structure by amides and detergents in solution.
AB  - The effects of amides and detergents on collagen to gelatin transition have been
      studied at neutral pH. Simple amides denature the protein. The substitution of H
      atoms by the alkyl groups at the nonpolar end of amide increases the
      effectiveness of the compounds in destabilizing the collagen structure whereas
      substitution of the H-atom at the polar amide end shows marginal effects on the
      collagen transition. The capabilities of these reagents to denature collagen are
      much less pronounced than their effects on denaturing globular proteins. Anionic
      detergents are found to destabilize collagen at very low concentrations (below
      their cmc values). In this respect, the effects of the detergents on collagen are
      comparable to the denaturing effects of the detergents on globular proteins. The
      effect of detergents increases with the increase in the length of the alkyl
      chain. The structure of the anion in the detergent is also important as seen from
      the lower potency of the sulfonate containing detergent compared to the sulfate
      containing detergent in denaturing collagen. Cationic and nonionic detergents do
      not denature collagen.

PMID- 3988450
TI  - Exercise electrocardiography using rowing ergometry suitable for leg amputees.
AB  - Patients unable to perform heavy leg exercises cannot perform standard exercise
      ECG tests using bicycle or treadmill ergometry. A rowing ergometer was developed
      to enable an electrocardiographic stress test. Sixteen ambulatory patients with
      documented coronary insufficiency performed graded exercises. Comparison revealed
      no significant differences in several areas. Eleven patients with above-knee
      amputations, inevitable because of peripheral vascular disease, were able to
      perform rowing exercise only. This can result in cardiac loads adequate for
      diagnosis of coronary heart disease. No patient experienced difficulties with
      rowing. Rowing exercise can be a suitable alternative to bicycle exercise for the
      evaluation of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 3988451
TI  - A developmental approach to sensory disabilities in early childhood.
AB  - Rehabilitation for young children with hearing and visual disabilities is
      considered from a developmental angle. The effect of these sensory disabilities
      on parents; the constraints on development imposed by each disability; and
      medical and surgical treatment and the use of aids in young children are
      discussed.

PMID- 3988452
TI  - Drugs in the management of malignant disease.

PMID- 3988453
TI  - Adapting "Portage" for neurological patients.
AB  - Portage is a home-based teaching technique for mentally handicapped children. It
      would also appear to be useful for some neurologically impaired people. This
      paper describes how Portage has been adapted for brain-damaged adults. Three
      examples are given of Portage type programmes. The first describes the use of
      checklists for assessment of a blind aphasic woman who had suffered anoxia. The
      second describes part of the treatment of a woman who developed encephalitis
      which left her with quadriplegia. The final example outlines the treatment of a
      patient who had a subarachnoid haemorrhage which resulted in a fear of walking
      alone.

PMID- 3988454
TI  - Mechanisms and site of control for variation in the number of perfused
      capillaries in skeletal muscle.
AB  - The number of perfused capillaries and their spatial distribution at various
      levels of vascular tone were examined by intravital microscopy in the rabbit
      tenuissimus muscle. An increase in oxygen availability (ambient pO2 raised)
      reduced the density of perfused capillaries in proportion to the pO2 increase.
      This was attributed to a graded increase in resistance in all terminal arterioles
      rather than to total closure of some of them. Reduction of perfusion pressure by
      gradual occlusion of the abdominal aorta resulted in a gradual decrease in the
      number of perfused capillaries in the pressure range below 50 mm Hg, despite a
      concomitant increase in terminal arteriolar diameters. Within a group of
      capillaries supplied by the same terminal arteriole, the perfusion response to
      changes in hindlimb arterial pressure in a passive vasodilated bed was similar to
      the response to active changes in arteriolar diameter, as induced by variations
      in ambient pO2. The data suggest the presence of a yield shear stress within the
      capillaries that has to be overcome by the perfusion pressure for flow to occur,
      and in accordance, that the number of perfused capillaries is a function of the
      pressure gradient over the capillary bed, actively determined by the resistance
      in the arteriolar section. Graded variations in this resistance will lead to
      graded changes in the density of perfused capillaries, implying that all-or-none
      behaviour of the terminal arterioles is not necessary for such variations to
      occur.

PMID- 3988455
TI  - Automated diameter measurement of vasomotion by cross-correlation.
AB  - A method to measure automatically and continuously blood vessel diameters in the
      microcirculation is proposed. After imaging by video microscopy, the window of a
      video photometric analyzer scans the vessel of interest providing a continuous
      readout of the optical density along a selected direction in the video scene. The
      signal is differentiated to find the locations of the vessel walls and is cross
      correlated to give their positions in relation to each other, thus mimicking
      electronically what the eye does in the image-shearing technique. Accuracy is
      limited to widths between twelve and sixty pixels on the video screen because of
      restrictions in the precision possible in tracking the peak of maximum cross
      correlation. The scanning frequency was 1.2 Hz. Therefore, the method is suitable
      for quantifying the patterns of vasomotion.

PMID- 3988456
TI  - Erythrocyte filterability and adenosine triphosphate levels in normal pregnancy
      and puerperium.
AB  - The filterability of erythrocytes was determined by a filtration method using
      erythrocytes suspended either in phosphate-buffered saline or in native plasma.
      Erythrocytes from pregnant women in the second and third trimester were
      significantly less filterable than those from non-pregnant women. On 0 to 1 day
      after delivery, erythrocyte filterability was further reduced, being
      significantly lower than that in the third trimester of pregnancy. Erythrocyte
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels during pregnancy were not significantly
      different but in early puerperal period it was significantly lower than that in
      non-pregnant women. One month after delivery the filterability and ATP content of
      erythrocytes returned to the non-pregnant levels. The size and hemoglobin
      concentration of erythrocytes were unchanged during pregnancy and puerperium.

PMID- 3988457
TI  - Radioimmunoassay for mitoxantrone, a new antitumor agent.
AB  - A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for mitoxantrone in serum has been
      developed. The procedure allows direct measurement of mitoxantrone in unextracted
      serum samples, by using antisera from rabbits immunized with mitoxantrone-BSA
      antigen. Tritiated mitoxantrone of high specific radioactivity (ca. 15 Ci/mmol)
      was used as a radio-tracer ligand. The assay allows the detection of as little as
      50 pg/ml and the quantitation of 75 pg/ml in 0.5 ml serum samples. Standard
      curves were linear in the concentration range of 75-2500 pg/ml, at antiserum
      dilutions of 1:15,000. The assay shows good reproducibility: coefficients of
      variation of 3-6% were obtained by analyzing five samples/concentration at 75,
      100, 250, 500, and 1000 pg/ml. There was no cross reactivity with the major
      metabolite in human serum, having concentrations of up to 10,000 pg/ml. Serum
      samples collected at various time intervals from rats dosed intravenously with
      mitoxantrone (0.5 mg/kg), were analyzed for unchanged mitoxantrone by RIA. The
      drug concentrations decreased from 32 ng/ml at 0.5 h to 0.45 ng/ml by 24 h after
      dosing. Mitoxantrone, a dihydroxyanthracenedione derivative (1), is an antitumor
      agent currently used in clinical trials with very encouraging results, especially
      in metastatic breast cancer, and low incidence of adverse reactions (2-4). The
      drug is being administered intravenously at doses up to 14 mg/m2. Preliminary
      pharmacokinetic studies (to be published separately) indicate rapid distribution,
      followed by slow clearance rates from the tissues. The sensitivity of the
      currently available (HPLC) methods (5, 6) is of about 5-20 ng/ml in
      serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988458
TI  - Phase II trial of 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis((2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)amino
      9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride)(NSC 301739, DHAD) in patients with
      metastatic malignant melanoma. A Southwest Oncology Group pilot.
AB  - Mitoxantrone, an anthracenedione derivative, was administered by members of the
      Southwest Oncology Group to thirty patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
      The drug was administered as an intravenous infusion over 30 min at a starting
      dose of 12 mg/m2 and repeated every three weeks. Myelosuppression was the major
      toxicity. As administered, mitoxantrone is not an effective agent in the
      treatment of malignant melanoma.

PMID- 3988459
TI  - The residency selection process: chaos in a bull market.

PMID- 3988460
TI  - Meeting challenges in radiologic education.

PMID- 3988461
TI  - Objectively evaluating student case presentations.
AB  - Evaluation and documentation of student performance is of major importance to a
      radiology elective coordinator. To better assess a variety of aspects of
      competence and learning, an oral case presentation was included in the final
      elective evaluation. This article describes the 31-item checklist designed to
      assess the level of student achievement of the objectives for the oral
      presentation. In addition to developing this standard evaluation instrument,
      methodologies were used to increase the validity and reliability of the oral
      presentation; the examiners were briefed in advance, the checklist included
      cognitive and noncognitive measures, and a simple grading score was used for each
      item. Students who received the checklist and written course objectives at the
      beginning of the elective earned better grades than those students who did not
      receive the materials. Student evaluations reveal that the oral case presentation
      as presently organized is felt to be of value.

PMID- 3988462
TI  - The effect of comparison films upon resident interpretation of pediatric chest
      radiographs.
AB  - Radiology residents beginning training or at the end of the first, second, or
      third year of training served as observers in a study of the effect of previous
      or comparison radiographs upon the interpretation of current pediatric chest
      films. For physicians early in residency, a substantial improvement in detection
      accuracy occurred when a prior normal film was presented with each examination.
      Facilitation of a lesser magnitude was obtained for specific diagnosis
      (classification) of lesions. Thus, while normal comparison films may help reveal
      to the newer resident that an abnormality exists, it does less to reveal the
      nature of that abnormality. For physicians late in residency, the same difference
      in detection accuracy between groups was obtained, but the magnitude of the
      difference was quite small. However, substantially higher accuracy of specific
      diagnosis resulted when comparison films were available. While neither normal nor
      abnormal comparison films markedly changes the accuracy of detection by advanced
      residents, both improve diagnosis.

PMID- 3988463
TI  - Changes in cardiac excitability and vulnerability in NMR fields.
AB  - Alterations in ventricular excitability and vulnerability were assessed in nine
      isolated perfused rabbit hearts in and out of static external magnetic fields
      (4.7 tesla) associated with radiofrequency pulsing (5 gauss). Ventricular
      refractoriness was assessed with the strength interval relationship in and out of
      the NMR magnet. Strength interval curves were measured at threshold, at the
      midpoint of the strength interval relationship, and at 10 mA. The refractory
      period measured at threshold was 193 +/- 24 mS outside the magnet and 195 +/- 24
      mS inside the magnet (P = ns). Ventricular refractoriness measured at the
      midpoint of the strength interval curve was 169 +/- 16 mS outside and 167 +/- 17
      mS in the magnet (P = ns). At 10 mA the refractory period outside of the magnet
      was 162 +/- 16 mS and 161 +/- 17 mS in the magnet (P = ns). To assess ventricular
      vulnerability the repetitive response threshold and the ventricular fibrillation
      threshold were also determined in and out of the NMR magnet. The repetitive
      response threshold was 61 +/- 16 mA out of the magnet and 75 +/- 24 mA inside the
      magnet. This was significant at the P = 0.04 level. The ventricular fibrillation
      threshold was 71 +/- 14 mA out of the magnet and 81 +/- 20 mA in the magnet (P =
      ns). In summary, static magnetic fields associated with radiofrequency pulsing
      have no measureable effect on the strength interval relationship. There is no
      increase in ventricular vulnerability as assessed by the repetitive response
      threshold and the ventricular fibrillation threshold.

PMID- 3988464
TI  - Computer-assisted, operator-interactive technique for calculating pulmonary
      arterial taper.
AB  - We have developed a computer-assisted, operator-interactive technique which
      performs fast, precise computations of pulmonary artery taper. Individual 35-mm
      cineframes from balloon-occlusion pulmonary arteriograms are digitized into a 640
      X 480 matrix in 8-bit depth and loaded into a VAX 11/780 computer for analysis.
      After operator identification of the arterial segment, an automated process of
      caliber analysis is initiated. By fitting a cubic spline function to the
      densitometric profiles extracted from the arterial segment, serial arterial cross
      sectional diameters are calculated from the mathematically-derived points along
      the fitted curves. Spurious profiles, caused by sectioning at bifurcations, can
      be overridden by an operator-interactive subroutine. Taper is derived from the
      slope of the least-squares fit of vessel caliber with respect to its distance
      along the arterial segment. Results obtained by calculations from the computer
      assisted caliber measurements were compared with those obtained by hand-tracing
      the same vessel segments. Correlation between computer-traced inflection points
      and hand-traced taper was very significant (r = .96, n = 13, P less than 0.001).

PMID- 3988466
TI  - Radiography of ileal adaptation in the rat following jejunectomy.
AB  - Six Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated radiographically and histologically for
      adaptive changes in the ileum following total jejunal resection. Additionally,
      six rats were used as controls and six rats had sham operations. Marked
      hypertrophy of the ileum and hyperplasia of the mucosa with thickening of the
      ileal wall were documented in all six of the jejunectomized rats, compared with
      sham and unoperated controls. Radiographic changes were demonstrated in the bowel
      wall in three of six resected animals. These consisted of an irregular, serrated
      lumen that was normal to narrowed in caliber. No radiographic or histologic
      changes were seen in the control or sham rats. These results correlate
      radiographic changes with adaptive morphology of rat ileum after jejunal
      resection and resemble changes of adaptation seen in humans who have had jejunal
      ileal bypass, jejunal resection, or nontropical sprue.

PMID- 3988465
TI  - In vivo 19F NMR imaging of liver, tumor, and abscess in rats. Preliminary
      results.
AB  - In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has employed almost exclusively the
      proton because of its high gyromagnetic ratio and natural abundance relative to
      other nuclei. Recent research has focused on imaging using nuclei other than 1H,
      but has been limited by the decreased sensitivity and/or low biologic
      concentrations of the nuclei. Fluorine (19F), with a gyromagnetic ratio second
      only to that of hydrogen, is a theoretically attractive nucleus for MRI, but
      fluorine is present in only minute amounts in most tissues. Perfluorochemical
      emulsions (PFC), developed as blood replacement agents, appear to be safe
      vehicles for fluorine administration. We report our initial results of in vivo
      19F magnetic resonance imaging of liver, tumor, and abscess in rats given
      exogenous fluorine.

PMID- 3988467
TI  - An animal model of occlusion-hyperthermia of the liver.
AB  - An animal model of partial hepatic artery occlusion and radiofrequency (RF)
      induced hepatic hyperthermia was developed in the New Zealand white rabbit.
      Seventy-seven percent (10/13) of animals survived partial hepatic artery
      occlusion, 82% (41/50) survived RF-induced hepatic hyperthermia, and 66% (24/36)
      survived combined occlusion-hyperthermia. Mesenteric infarction secondary to
      inadvertent embolization of intestinal arteries was the principal cause of death
      in animals undergoing partial hepatic artery occlusion. Extrahepatic thermal
      toxicity appeared to be the major cause of death in animals subjected to hepatic
      hyperthermia or occlusion hyperthermia although some animals showed evidence of
      hepatic necrosis as well. Recent developments in our laboratory hold the promise
      that extrahepatic thermal toxicity can be eliminated by selectively focusing heat
      into the liver allowing exploration of the efficacy of occlusion-hyperthermia in
      controlling VX-2 tumors implanted in the rabbit liver.

PMID- 3988469
TI  - Biliary cytodiagnosis. Bile sampling for cytology.
AB  - The records of 121 patients who presented for PTC and biliary drainage within a
      five-year period were reviewed. Fifty-eight bile samples had been obtained from
      38 of these patients for cytologic analysis. Malignancy was detected in 14 of 32
      patients with carcinoma (sensitivity 44%). Repeat sampling was positive in four
      of nine patients whose initial specimen contained no tumor cells. Bile duct
      carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, and metastatic disease were all detected. An
      approach to biliary cytodiagnosis is offered that, it is hoped, will further
      minimize future false negative results.

PMID- 3988468
TI  - Adenosine and diltiazem. A new therapeutic concept in the treatment of intestinal
      ischemia.
AB  - To determine the therapeutic effect of two vasodilators, adenosine and diltiazem,
      in mesenteric ischemia, 13 dogs were treated with an intra-arterial perfusion of
      the drugs after digitalis intoxication. Blood flow was restored to the control
      value after a dose of 2 micrograms/kg/minute adenosine or 5 micrograms/kg/minute
      diltiazem. The advantage of adenosine is that its effect begins and ends very
      rapidly, but because doses of more than 2 micrograms/kg/minute may cause a drop
      in blood pressure, strict pressure control is mandatory when the drug is applied
      clinically. Its limited use is appropriate, for example, when operative measures
      cannot be excluded. Diltiazem can be used for long-term therapy with a reduced
      risk of a drop in blood pressure.

PMID- 3988471
TI  - The effect of linear contrast flow acceleration on catheter tip recoil in
      selective arteriography.
AB  - We investigated the effect of the device known as the linear accelerator flow
      control (linear-rise) available on some angiographic power injectors used for
      delivering contrast medium. Its influence on catheter tip recoil during selective
      arteriography was evaluated in two glass models, which simulated assessment of
      catheter position in visceral and cerebral arterial branches. Contrast medium was
      injected over a clinical range with and without the linear flow accelerator in
      operation. Biplane high speed video recordings simultaneously referenced time in
      thousandths of seconds and the catheter position. The linear flow accelerator
      failed to prevent, but did delay, catheter tip recoil in proportion to the
      prolongation of contrast medium injection time. These laboratory results
      conformed with the findings of catheter behavior during similar experiments in
      animals undergoing arteriography.

PMID- 3988470
TI  - Imaging of complex NMR spectra.
AB  - The Point Spread Function (PSF) in NMR imaging is the result of both the line
      broadening due to magnet field inhomogeneity and the intrinsic spectrum of the
      nucleus at resonance. In the case of proton imaging, the line broadening
      dominates the small chemical shifts and the spectral lines are not resolved. This
      is not generally the case with other nuclei having strong chemical shifts and the
      PSF then has a complex structure. During imaging, the complex PSF is convolved
      with the spatial distribution of the nucleus at resonance and this leads to halo
      artifacts which are dependent on the imaging technique employed. The images due
      to the ensemble of spectral lines can be separated in principle by deconvolution
      of the data with the PSF before reconstruction. In the special case where the
      complex PSF is spatially independent, it can be obtained from the Free Induction
      Decay (FID) data produced in the absence of a spatially encoding gradient field.
      This technique has been successfully applied to in-vivo imaging of exogenous
      perfluorocarbon material.

PMID- 3988472
TI  - The influence of heparin on the in vivo distribution of IN-111 labeled platelets.
AB  - We investigated the influence of heparin (H) (bolus i.v.; 100-200 I.U./kg.) on
      the in vivo distribution and accumulation of autologous indium-111-platelets (In
      111-P) on experimental pulmonary emboli (PE) in a canine model. Using a thrombin
      clot formation technique, we induced pulmonary emboli in ten dogs; three dogs
      were treated with heparin (H), and seven were not (NH). Of five control animals
      without PE, two were heparinized (H-control) and three were not (NH-control).
      Animals were sacrificed after 4 to 5 hours of serial blood sampling and
      sequential scintigraphy. We observed that heparin increased the recovery of In
      111-P in the peripheral blood circulation of both control and PE dogs, and
      reduced the liver uptake of In-111-P in the PE dogs. No PE could be detected
      while the dogs were fully heparinized, but as the heparin effect dissipated over
      time, the deposition of In-111-P permitted the scintigraphic detection of PE.

PMID- 3988473
TI  - Peripheral hemodynamic effects of intraventricular and intracoronary contrast
      media in man.
AB  - The effects of intraventricular and intracoronary contrast media on the
      peripheral arterial and venous beds were directly measured with forearm
      plethysmography. Standard dose intraventricular radiographic contrast produces a
      potent peripheral arterial vasodilator effect accompanied by a hypotensive and
      tachycardic response, followed by peripheral venoconstriction, suggesting that
      the net hemodynamic response is mediated peripherally. Coronary arteriography is
      associated with a differing pattern of response, suggesting that the most
      important hemodynamic effects are mediated via myocardial depression with
      secondary peripheral vascular responses. Hemodynamic changes occur earlier than
      those following ventriculography and reflect peripheral arterial and venous
      constriction. Dose and osmolarity of the contrast are important determinants as
      well as the site of administration.

PMID- 3988474
TI  - The aggravating effect of dehydration on pulmonary edema induced by ionic and
      nonionic contrast media.
AB  - High intravenous doses of diatrizoate are known to induce a profound degree of
      pulmonary edema in the rat. In euhydrated rats, similar doses of iohexol do not
      induce significantly higher lung weights when compared with nontreated animals.
      However, for dehydrated rats, intravenous administration of equivalent doses of
      these agents results in significant pulmonary edema formation with iohexol, and
      enhanced edema with diatrizoate; the same magnitude of response is not seen in
      euhydrated rats. These results show that patients susceptible to severe contrast
      reactions should be well-hydrated and preferably given a nonionic agent when
      contrast material must be administered.

PMID- 3988475
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to the intravertebral artery injection of hypertonic
      contrast media in the dog.
AB  - Central nervous system-mediated cardiovascular responses to contrast medium (CM)
      are believed the result of a vagal or of a sympatholytic response; these effects
      may be enhanced in the setting of dehydration. The purpose of this investigation
      was to evaluate neurally mediated effects of intravertebral artery CM injections
      on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and regional vascular resistances in
      euvolemic and dehydrated dogs. Animal preparation consisted of food and water ad
      libitum (n = 7) vs. 2.0 ml/kg i.m. furosemide and 48 hours thirsting (n = 7).
      During pentobarbital anesthesia BP, HR and renal and femoral blood flows were
      continuously monitored and meglumine iothalamate 60% (1 ml/kg) injected via a
      left vertebral artery catheter at 3 ml/sec; matched volume injections of normal
      saline served as control. Decreases in BP, HR and femoral and renal vascular
      resistances post CM injection were observed in the first 10 seconds before the CM
      had reached the systemic circulation. Significant decreases in both BP (-10.6 +/-
      1.7%) and HR (-11.5 +/- 1.6%) post CM injection were noted with dehydration (n =
      7). In the euvolemic dogs (n = 7) the decrease in HR (-7.3 +/- 2.0%) was
      significant but the decrease in BP (-3.9 +/- 2.4%) was not. The decrease in
      femoral vascular resistance was -22.7 +/- 9.0% in euvolemic dogs and -21.9 +/-
      8.8% in dehydrated dogs. No significant changes were noted with the
      intravertebral artery injections of normal saline in control euvolemic and
      dehydrated animals. The early cardiovascular responses to CM suggest a direct
      action on the vasomotor center of the medulla. The effects on BP and HR are more
      severe in the dehydrated than in the euvolemic state.

PMID- 3988476
TI  - Quantitative assessment of distraction and angulation following long bone
      fracture.
AB  - A new technique for evaluating distraction and angulation of long bone fracture
      fragments is described and tested using a laboratory model. Advantages over
      conventional dual-projection radiography include quantitative information and
      independence from magnification and projectional differences between serial
      studies.

PMID- 3988478
TI  - The importance of the lymphatic system.

PMID- 3988479
TI  - On the effects of reader variability in searching films.

PMID- 3988477
TI  - Manganese protoporphyrin IX. A potential intravenous paramagnetic NMR contrast
      agent: preliminary communication.
AB  - An endogenous, biological chelating substance--protoporphyrin--has been studied
      in vitro and in vivo for potential usefulness as an MRI contrast agent. In vitro
      data show that manganese protoporphyrin IX (Mn PP) maintains strong paramagnetic
      properties. Limited in vivo studies suggest that Mn PP causes marked reduction of
      T1 in the liver, with less pronounced effects on other body tissues.

PMID- 3988480
TI  - Alternate delivery systems are expanding in Iowa.

PMID- 3988482
TI  - What should Iowa physicians know about releasing medical records?

PMID- 3988481
TI  - Tuberculosis of the cecum: a continuing problem.

PMID- 3988483
TI  - New actinophage species.
AB  - All actinophages of known morphology are tailed. From 305 phages surveyed, 4
      belong to the Myoviridae family, 283 to the Siphoviridae, and 18 to the
      Podoviridae (two morphotypes each). 58 of 139 actinophages described since 1976
      are classified in this report, and the earlier phage descriptions are updated.
      Nine new species and type viruses are proposed, bringing the total number of
      actinophage species to 29 and the number of bacterial host genera to 15.

PMID- 3988484
TI  - In vitro host range of five baculoviruses in lepidopteran cell lines.
AB  - The in vitro host range of five nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) was assessed
      in five lepidopteran cell lines from three genera. Multiple-enveloped
      baculoviruses of Autographa californica (ACMNPV), Trichoplusia ni (TNMNPV), and
      Galleria mellonella (GMMNPV) replicated in cells of T. ni, Spodoptera frugiperda,
      and Heliothis virescens to a titer of approximately 10(7) TCID50/ml. The multiple
      enveloped baculovirus of S. frugiperda (SFMNPV) replicated only in S. frugiperda
      cells. The single-enveloped baculovirus of H. zea (HZSNPV) replicated in cells of
      H. zea and H. virescens but not in cells of H. armigera, T. ni, or S. frugiperda.
      Low levels of replication of ACMNPV, TNMNPV, and SFMNPV in cultures of H.zea, H.
      virescens, and T. ni, respectively, could not be detected by using a sensitive
      tritiated thymidine technique. However, two characteristically labelled peaks at
      densities of 1.145 and 1.245 g/ml were obtained in H. virescens cells inoculated
      with ACMNPV.60 min postinoculation ACMNPV particles were observed both entering
      and inside S. frugiperda cells but were not observed in H. zea or H. armigera
      cells. None of the five baculoviruses replicated in H. armigera cells.

PMID- 3988485
TI  - The generation of small-plaque mutants during undiluted passage of canine
      distemper virus.
AB  - A culture of Vero cells persistently infected with undiluted-passage, large
      plaque canine distemper virus was found to release small-plaque virus (SPV). This
      suggested that SPV could be generated by large-plaque virus (LPV). However,
      attempts to induce small-plaque mutants from LPV with 5-fluorouracil resulted in
      the production of virus that expressed a variable plaque type and induced a
      spectrum of disease in hamsters. In contrast, small-plaque mutants, shown to
      arise during undiluted passage of LPV, retained their small-plaque characteristic
      and resembled our original SPV isolate in their cytopathogenicity,
      immunogenicity, and neurovirulence for hamsters.

PMID- 3988486
TI  - Morphology and nucleic acid of rice gall dwarf virus.
AB  - In negative stain preparations, the particles of rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) had
      the form of angular icosahedra, approximately 65 nm in diameter, and resembled
      Phytoreovirus particles. The genomic double-stranded RNA of RGDV was fractionated
      by PAGE into 12 segments similar to those of the RNAs of the phytoreoviruses,
      wound tumor virus and rice dwarf virus, but of different mobilities. The RNAs
      were distinct from those of other plant reoviruses. RGDV therefore is confirmed
      as a new Phytoreovirus.

PMID- 3988488
TI  - Crohn's disease and pregnancy.

PMID- 3988489
TI  - A re-appraisal of risk factors for skin carcinoma in Ireland. A case control
      study.

PMID- 3988487
TI  - Haemopoietic nutrient status of young nulliparous women.

PMID- 3988491
TI  - Rothmund-Thomson syndrome--a report of 2 cases.

PMID- 3988490
TI  - Maternal phenylketonuria and phenylalanine restricted diet. Studies of 7
      pregnancies and of offsprings produced.

PMID- 3988492
TI  - Thyroid carcinoma in Ireland.

PMID- 3988493
TI  - Partial splenic embolization: a treatment for hypersplenism.

PMID- 3988494
TI  - Experience of temporal lobectomy as a treatment modality for epilepsy, using
      inter-ictal EEG data alone to localize the epileptogenic focus.

PMID- 3988496
TI  - Irreducibility of prolapsed colostomy due to ileocaecal intussusception.

PMID- 3988495
TI  - Femoro-distal bypass for impending limb failure.

PMID- 3988497
TI  - Occurrence of headaches in anxiety disordered patients.

PMID- 3988498
TI  - Corneal sensitivity in cluster headache.

PMID- 3988499
TI  - Picnic headaches.

PMID- 3988500
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in migraine and tension headache.

PMID- 3988501
TI  - Towards a pathology of headache.

PMID- 3988502
TI  - Cardiovascular changes in cluster headache.

PMID- 3988503
TI  - The influence of pain state on physiological reactivity of tension headache
      sufferers.

PMID- 3988504
TI  - Epidemiology of headache in elderly--correlations with life conditions and socio
      professional environment.

PMID- 3988505
TI  - Do certain headache syndromes occur in "pain-prone" patients?

PMID- 3988506
TI  - A review of the sudden infant death syndrome in south-east Scotland.

PMID- 3988507
TI  - Hypnotic prescribing amongst residents admitted to local authority homes for the
      elderly.

PMID- 3988508
TI  - Wheelchair provision for patients with motor neurone disease.

PMID- 3988509
TI  - Adult polycystic kidney disease: a study of medical and social problems.

PMID- 3988510
TI  - Food allergy in perspective.

PMID- 3988511
TI  - Hospital capital budgeting: fusion of rationality, politics and ceremony.
AB  - Budgetary requests for medical capital equipment give rise to streams of
      rational, political and ceremonial decision making. As they cascade through
      hospitals, these processes influence the deployment of organizational assets and
      the viability of organizational cultures.

PMID- 3988512
TI  - Technology: a strategic factor in hospital planning.
AB  - Hospital administrators cannot afford to sit back, amazed at technological
      progress. They must be able to assess technology--both currently available and
      planned for the future--and they must be willing to adapt to rapid change.
      Assessing and planning for technology are essential for future survival.

PMID- 3988513
TI  - Executive assistants at home: some self-reported roles among spouses of health
      care leaders.
AB  - Demands placed on health care leaders in the eighties are likely to impinge even
      more on the family and marital relationships as rapid changes in traditional
      practice patterns and organizational structures occur.

PMID- 3988514
TI  - HCMR interviews executives in a shared-service joint venture. Interview by
      Montague Brown.

PMID- 3988515
TI  - Management issues in the development and maturation of multihospital systems.
AB  - Little has been written about the maturation of multihospital systems and the
      demands or challenges this process places on system managers. This article
      reviews particular developmental concerns within the context of a generic life
      cycle model and discusses the unique management challenges that arise as a system
      develops and matures.

PMID- 3988516
TI  - [Unilateral nevoid telangiectasis syndrome].
AB  - A case of unilateral nevoid teleangiectatic syndrome (UNTS) occurring during
      pregnancy is described. Biopsy specimens of the normal skin and of the UNTS were
      investigated histologically.

PMID- 3988517
TI  - [Sarcoidosis with destruction of joints].
AB  - A female patient from Morocco developed chronic sarcoidosis with destruction of
      two interphalangeal joints.

PMID- 3988518
TI  - [Benign juvenile melanoma (spindle cell nevus) with atypical manifestations].
AB  - The case of a benign juvenile melanoma of unusual appearance in a 7-year-old boy
      is reported. Despite typical histological features the sharply circumscribed,
      plain, reddish-brown lesion consisting of small papules clinically mimicked
      cutaneous sarcoidosis or lupus vulgaris.

PMID- 3988519
TI  - [Kaposi-like acroangiodermatitis (pseudokaposi)].
AB  - The clinical and pathological characteristics of Kaposi-like diseases
      (acroangiodermatitis of Mali and Stewart-Bluefarb syndrome, both of which have
      been called pseudokaposi at some time) are summarized, compared with each other
      and with those of Kaposi's sarcoma. The prognostic and therapeutic peculiarities
      of these two syndromes suggest that they should be differentiated.

PMID- 3988520
TI  - [Infrared thermography in malignant melanoma. Diagnostic potential and limits].
AB  - Using infrared thermography, 264 in patients who were clinically suspected of
      having primary malignant melanoma (mM) of the skin were examined with regard to
      the thermographic pattern of both tumor and peritumoral skin area. In 84% of the
      patients with histologically confirmed mM deviations from normothermic pattern
      (mainly hyperthermic) were found of the tumor itself and/or the peritumoral area.
      All nodular mM proved to be hyperthermic. Pigmented skin tumors other than mM
      (e.g., angioma, basalioma, nevus cells, mole, histiocytoma) predominantly
      exhibited local isothermia or only minor thermographic changes. The infrared
      radiation intensity of the mM depended on the individual surface attributes of
      the tumors. As a rule, the larger mM are warmer than small mM. When comparing
      histological staging of a mM with thermographic classification, the pT values
      were strongly correlated with the thermographic values, ranging from Q1 to Q4.
      The highest measurements of infrared radiation were obtained in the nodular and
      acrolentiginous mM, as compared to the other melanoma types. There is evidence
      that mM exhibiting marked local hyperthermia have a particularly to poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 3988522
TI  - Radioactivity in drinking water.

PMID- 3988521
TI  - Regulatory development of the interim and revised regulations for radioactivity
      in drinking water--past and present issues and problems.
AB  - Developing the Revised Regulations for Radioactivity in Drinking Water under the
      Safe Drinking Water Act requires information from all related areas and
      disciplines. As one step in the regulatory process, the background and history of
      that process as it applies to radioactivity in drinking water is described. The
      issues involved in developing the revised regulations are as follows: monitoring
      and sources of exposure, dose evaluation, health effects, engineering, economics
      and general policy development.

PMID- 3988523
TI  - Radiological sampling and analytical methods for National Primary Drinking Water
      Regulations.
AB  - Radiological sampling and analysis performed under the National Interim Primary
      Drinking Water Regulations were evaluated for the U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency (EPA) Office of Drinking Water to consider whether any changes should be
      recommended. The authors reviewed the analytical screening scheme; sample
      collection, storage and analysis procedures; selection of analytical methods;
      reliability of results; and possible future needs. The main problem in the
      program has been dependence on a screening scheme of gross alpha-particle
      activity measurement and 226Ra analysis for predicting elevated 228Ra levels to
      determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for Ra. In some
      aquifers, 228Ra levels have been found to be unrelated to 226Ra levels. Several
      alternatives are discussed to eliminate this problem. A secondary problem is that
      the measurement for assuring compliance with the MCL for gross alpha-particle
      activity minus Ra, Rn and U uses chemical U analysis and assumes equilibrium of
      238U and 234U. Because some ground waters are known to be at disequilibrium,
      radiometric U analysis is needed for those gross alpha-particle activities and
      chemical U values that could result in an erroneous conclusion relative to the
      MCL. In addition, studies were recommended for determining analytical
      uncertainties and assuring reliable sampling and sample maintenance; improvements
      in the system for accepting methods were suggested; and methods were identified
      for several radionuclides not currently in the analytical program that may be
      needed to assure absence of elevated radiation doses and could be useful for
      identifying trace contaminants.

PMID- 3988524
TI  - Metabolism of ingested U and Ra.
AB  - The literature on metabolism of U and Ra for man relevant to deriving drinking
      water standards has been reviewed and summarized. Radium is well understood, but
      significant gaps remain in our knowledge about U metabolism. Limits should be
      based on an equilibrium model where a constant relationship between intake and
      organ burden is established, using the best and most likely metabolic parameters.
      For the skeleton we conclude that the best estimate of skeletal burden expressed
      in days equivalent intake are 25 days for 226Ra, 10 days for 228Ra, and 0.3 days
      for 224Ra. For long-lived isotopes of U, we chose 11 days, with a range between 1
      and 35 days. The committee believes that intake of natural U in water should be
      limited by considerations of toxicity to the kidney, and we believe that the
      metabolic model of Spoor and Hursh with a modified gastrointestinal (GI)
      absorption (1.4%) should be used to infer kidney content. Our review and analysis
      of the world literature leads us to believe the average human GI absorption of U
      is most likely 1-2% and is probably reasonably independent of age or the mass of
      U ingested. Using a safety factor of 50-150, the committee recommends a limit of
      U in water of 100 micrograms/l in order to limit toxic effects in the kidney. One
      hundred micrograms/liter is equivalent to 67 pCi/l of long-lived alpha-emitting
      natural U isotopes. Further research into the distribution of U in the human body
      is desirable, especially at natural levels in kidney and skeleton, the time
      dependent pharmacokinetics of U in animals, the GI absorption of U in man from
      water and food, toxicological and U distribution studies in animals under
      conditions of chronic oral U intake, and metabolic model error propagation.

PMID- 3988525
TI  - Health effects and risks from 222Rn in drinking water.
AB  - This paper presents an evaluation of the inhalation and ingestion doses from
      exposure to Rn and Rn progeny; an overview of the human and animal health-effects
      data; estimations of the cancer risks from Rn and Rn-progeny exposures; and
      suggested limits for Rn concentrations in drinking water and indoor air. We
      suggest that a rounded Rn-in-water concentration limit of 10,000 pCi/l can be
      supported by health-effects considerations alone, based on the conservative
      "tolerance dose" concept and other conservative assumptions regarding lung dose.
      A practical concentration limit (or action level) of 20,000 pCi/l has been
      derived by estimations of exposure distributions in the United States and in
      relation to current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for U
      tailings-contaminated buildings. Research needed for resolution of the
      uncertainties in these estimates is suggested. We conclude that before a maximum
      contaminant level (MCL) for Rn in water can be firmly established, the broader
      issue of setting the MCL for Rn in indoor air must be addressed.

PMID- 3988526
TI  - Treatment, waste management and cost for removal of radioactivity from drinking
      water.
AB  - The processes (costs, efficiencies and reliability) used in treating drinking
      water for removal of radioactive contaminants and the disposal of wastes
      generated by the treatment processes are analyzed and discussed. The study was
      limited to U, Ra and Rn. Initially concepts of water and waste treatment in terms
      of their applicability to the drinking water industry were established. The
      alternative processes for treatment of Ra, U, Rn, water and sludges were
      described and evaluated, in terms of cost, efficiency, reliability, process
      control and feasibility.

PMID- 3988527
TI  - Compliance and policy issues and recommendations related to revision of the
      National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Radionuclides.
AB  - This paper summarizes the deliberations and conclusions of the Compliance and
      Policy Committee of the National Workshop for Radioactivity in Drinking Water.
      Prior to and during the workshop the committee considered a total of 32 possible
      compliance and policy issues and determined that 22 were valid. The committee
      developed positions on seven of these and these positions are presented herein.
      The remaining 25 issues are also listed with the committee's evaluation of each.

PMID- 3988528
TI  - Service areas for ambulatory medical care.
AB  - This article evaluates three alternative definitions of physician service areas
      using data from the 1978 National Health Interview Survey. The three types of
      areas are county aggregations based on different data sources: the Bureau of
      Economic Analysis Economic Areas (BEAAs), Ranally Basic Trading Areas (RBTAs),
      and Health Care Commuting Areas (HCCAs). The three types of areas differ
      substantially in size, population, urbanization, and the availability of
      physicians. The overall percentage of physician visits outside each of the three
      areas was small, ranging from 3 percent for BEAAs to 5 percent for RBTAs and
      HCCAs. Visits by nonmetropolitan residents were about four times as likely as
      those by metropolitan residents to occur outside of each area. The results
      suggest that HCCAs are the most appropriate primary care physician service areas
      because they are the smallest in size and population and have the greatest
      variability in physician supply, yet they exhibit an amount of outside-area
      travel for care similar to that of the two larger types of areas.

PMID- 3988529
TI  - Estimating hospital service areas using mortality statistics.
AB  - This article reports research testing an alternative methodology for patient
      origin studies that uses hospital deaths as a proxy measure for all discharges
      from a selected group of urban tertiary hospitals. Results indicated that
      mortality data from vital statistics records provide a reasonable approximation
      of patient travel patterns to acute care hospitals. Hospital service area indexes
      constructed from mortality statistics accurately predicted, on an aggregate
      regional basis, the results of a conventional patient origin study based on all
      hospital discharges. Hospital service areas, an important element of locational
      analysis in health planning, can be identified with the suggested methodology for
      states and areas lacking statewide uniform hospital discharge systems. A number
      of caveats are suggested for applying this methodology and interpreting its
      results.

PMID- 3988530
TI  - Impact of administrative technology on acute care bed need.
AB  - This article reports an evaluation of the impact of three administrative
      technologies--Admission Scheduling (AS) Systems, Outpatient Surgery (OPS)
      Programs, and Preadmission Testing (PAT) Programs--on the number of acute care
      beds required by a hospital. The evaluation mechanism reported here is called the
      ADTECH Computerized Planning Model. ADTECH uses parameters of each technology,
      identified from previous literature and discussions with health care
      professionals, to predict the changes in bed requirements resulting from
      implementation of these programs. Data from eight hospitals of various
      characteristics and sizes were run to test the ADTECH model. The results from
      these test runs indicate that the proper implementation of AS, OPS, and PAT can
      significantly influence a hospital's required bed complement.

PMID- 3988531
TI  - Physician acceptance of home care for terminally ill children.
AB  - The study reported here explored the factors associated with the implementation
      of Martinson's model of home care and treatment for children in the terminal
      stages of illness with cancer. The model is described as an example of a health
      care strategy that was dramatically different from the prevalent model of care
      and may have conflicted with existing values. Data for the study were gathered
      from the hospital records of the children and from a survey of their oncologists.
      The findings suggest that physicians viewed the model of care as desirable and
      made their referral decisions on the basis of their judgment about whether the
      family in question was technically and emotionally capable of providing the care.

PMID- 3988532
TI  - Hair transplantation for male pattern baldness: aesthetic considerations and
      current status.
AB  - The multiple punch technique of hair transplantation, utilizing the principle of
      donor dominance, has proven to be a cosmetically acceptable procedure in properly
      selected patients in the presenter's 24-year experience. Careful planning with
      attention to aesthetic principles, especially in frontal hairline placement, in
      donor site selection and with regard to the ratio between the donor supply and
      the existing or potential future extent of baldness, together with meticulous
      surgical technique, are essential for satisfactory results. Scalp reduction, in
      which bald areas of crown and midscalp are serially excised, with extensive
      subgaleal undermining is a highly useful adjunct to grafting in many patients
      with moderately extensive male pattern baldness who have adequate scalp mobility
      by enabling the available donor supply to be concentrated and thus provide more
      effective coverage in the frontal scalp.

PMID- 3988533
TI  - Hairline aesthetics and styling in hair replacement surgery.
AB  - Punch grafting and flap surgery are proven methods of correcting baldness. Using
      either method, the location and shape of a new hairline on the frontal and
      temporal scalp is one of the most important aspects of hair replacement surgery.
      If the hairline is not aesthetic, the results can be unacceptable or even
      devastating for the patient and surgeon alike. The principles of planning the
      frontal and temporal hairline are presented using punch grafts as well as flaps.
      Postoperative styling of the "new" hair will vary depending upon the method used
      to transfer the hair (flaps or grafts), the local factors involved (texture,
      direction, density, tufting, etc.), as well as the patient's preference. The
      various advantages and disadvantages of styling possibilities with each method
      are presented. These factors should be discussed with the patient preoperatively.

PMID- 3988534
TI  - Midline alopecia reduction combined with hair transplantation.
AB  - The advantages gained by incorporating alopecia reduction (AR) in patients
      undergoing hair transplantation, or with patients who have previously had hair
      transplantation, are delineated. The specific advantages of the midline
      elliptical pattern are discussed. Clinical considerations that determine whether
      ARs are necessary are the degree of baldness, laxity of the scalp, age of the
      patient, and ultimate goal of the individual. The advantages and disadvantages of
      performing ARs or hair transplantation first are discussed and the new concept of
      minireductions also outlined.

PMID- 3988535
TI  - Surgical refinements of the hairline in hair transplant surgery.
AB  - A hairline placed too low on the forehead is the most common error in hair
      transplant surgery, and misdirection of grafts is the second most common.
      Correction of these and other errors in this subtle surgery is difficult and
      challenges the surgeon's artistic talents. In most cases, a natural appearance
      can be achieved.

PMID- 3988536
TI  - Scalp flaps--reconstruction of the unfavorable result in hair replacement
      surgery.
AB  - Complications in hair replacement surgery are inevitable. However, many of the
      most common problems can be avoided. All surgeons should learn by careful
      analysis of complications. The use of scalp flaps in the reconstruction of
      unfavorable results is described.

PMID- 3988537
TI  - Medical treatment of male pattern alopecia (androgenic alopecia).
AB  - The causes and potential causes of androgenic alopecia in men and women are
      discussed. The scientific attempts at reversing this process are detailed
      including use of estrogen, thyroid, progesterone, and minoxidil. At present, the
      practical approach for the clinician is to ascertain in females that an androgen
      overproduction syndrome is not present. A therapeutic trial of topical
      progesterone at a 2%-5% concentration appears to be reasonable when the physician
      and patient appreciate the limitations of this approach.

PMID- 3988538
TI  - Mutagenicity of five hair dyes in bacteriophage T4D.

PMID- 3988539
TI  - Investigation of two centric fusion translocations of wild pigs by different
      banding techniques.

PMID- 3988540
TI  - Nonrandom de novo chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes and amniotic cells.

PMID- 3988542
TI  - Effects of ionizing radiation on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid
      exchanges and micronuclei in lymphocytes of smokers and nonsmokers.

PMID- 3988541
TI  - Labelling of the rat spermatid nucleus with 3H-arginine.

PMID- 3988543
TI  - In vitro growth kinetics of mouse trisomies 12 and 19.

PMID- 3988544
TI  - Restriction of kinetic activity of holokinetic chromosomes in meiotic cells and
      its structural basis.

PMID- 3988545
TI  - The Allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring.

PMID- 3988546
TI  - The use of fluorescence microscopy and microfluorimetry to study the distribution
      of quinacrine in mice.
AB  - A simple method was used to prepare cryostat-cut sections in which quinacrine
      induced fluorescence could be seen by fluorescence microscopy. Such sections were
      used in preliminary studies of the distribution of this drug in mice. Micro
      fluorimetry was used to quantify the fluorescence. The method may be of value in
      the detection of drugs in various fields.

PMID- 3988547
TI  - The use of 2-thionaphthyl acetate as a substrate for the localization and
      characterization of nonspecific esterase activity in rat alveolar and peritoneal
      macrophages.
AB  - A 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate was utilized to assess the subcellular
      distribution of nonspecific esterases in rat pulmonary alveolar and peritoneal
      macrophages. The enzymatically liberated 2-thionaphthol was visualized at pH 7.1
      by utilizing gold as a capture agent. Glutaraldehyde-fixed macrophages derived
      from healthy animals using standard lavage techniques exhibited a high affinity
      for the substrate and reaction times were thus relatively short (30-60 min).
      Alveolar macrophages had heavy reaction product on the external surface of the
      plasma membrane and membranes limiting cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      Golgi complex and mitochondria. Only a thin layer of reaction density was
      observed associated with the limiting membranes of lysosomes and phagosomes.
      Peritoneal macrophages were similarly but much less intensely reactive, although
      they generally lacked or had very little plasma membrane-associated staining. The
      2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase activities in both alveolar and peritoneal
      macrophages were sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), while only the
      latter was inhibited by sodium fluoride. Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing
      of whole cell homogenates indicated that the 2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase
      activity was the same as that for alpha-naphthyl acetate in these cells. The data
      indicate that a significantly different distribution of nonspecific esterase
      activity results with use of a 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate in the presence
      of gold ions than that previously reported with other methods. The rapid
      penetrability and sensitivity of this substrate make it a potentially useful tool
      for evaluating subcellular localization of esterase activity and probing
      characteristics of cellular organelles.

PMID- 3988550
TI  - Essentials and guidelines for radiation oncology residency training programs.
      American College of Radiology Committee on Education.

PMID- 3988548
TI  - Flow cytometric measurements and electron microscopy of cell surface
      glycosaminoglycans using acridine orange.
AB  - Cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured, after various treatments,
      by their binding to Acridine Orange using flow cytometry. Using a critical
      electrolyte concentration and combining it with specific degradation of
      individual GAG elements, it was found possible to differentiate between GAG
      components. The technique was adapted for electron microscopy level to reveal
      characteristics of membrane-associated GAG. By this means, the cell membrane of
      the human leukaemic cell line K562 was shown to contain a large amount of GAG;
      75% of it was highly sulphated GAG, mostly heparan sulphate. This component was
      evenly distributed in the outer plasma membrane layer. In the presence of other
      GAGs, the appearance of complex proteoglycan granules was detected.

PMID- 3988549
TI  - Lectin binding in human skeletal muscle: a comparison of 15 different lectins.
AB  - Fifteen lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates have been used in a
      comprehensive histochemical study of human skeletal muscle. The staining patterns
      of many lectins were found to be coincident with the known distributions of types
      I, III, IV and V collagen, fibronectin and laminin. One lectin, Bandeiraea
      simplicifolia (BSA I), selectively stained capillaries in a blood group-specific
      manner, the significance of which is unknown. The results show that although
      lectins are useful cytochemical probes for identifying tissue glycoconjugates,
      lectin binding is not solely determined by monosaccharide specificity as lectins
      which interact with the same sugars may have completely different staining
      patterns. Factors such as accessibility, glycan conformation and oligosaccharide
      sequence also affect lectin binding in tissues. For these reasons, we conclude
      that a comprehensive histochemical investigation of tissue glycoconjugates should
      employ a large number of lectins, preferably with overlapping sugar
      specificities.

PMID- 3988551
TI  - Conversion of T-stages of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by computed tomography.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were examined with
      computed tomography (CT) before definitive radiation therapy. CT clearly
      delineated the extent of the primary tumors. CT frequently showed subtle
      destruction of the paranasal sinuses and pterygoid plate, which was not usually
      detected by conventional X ray examinations. T-staging was made according to the
      UICC TNM classification system (1978) or another system, depending on clinical
      findings and the conventional X ray examinations (non-CT T-stage). Then, the non
      CT T-stage of each patient was compared with T-stage diagnosed with CT findings
      alone (CT T-stage). CT upstaged non-CT T-stage in 14 of the 36 patients according
      to either system. Only one patient was downstaged by CT; this patient had cranial
      nerve palsy but not detectable bone destruction as shown by CT. We conclude that
      CT is the single, most reliable imaging method for primary tumors of NPC
      patients. Since CT detects subtle bone destruction, however, a large number of
      patients will be classified as having advanced tumors. Further modification of
      the TNM system may be needed for NPC patients in this era of CT.

PMID- 3988552
TI  - Chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with micronodular lung metastases of
      differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Forty thoracic CT scans have been performed on 27 patients with micronodular lung
      metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Lung nodules were visualized in
      14 out of 19 patients (78%) with functioning lung metastases, although their
      chest X rays were normal. However, only a small number of peripheral micronodules
      can be visualized by CT scan since the central micronodules remain
      undistinguishable from adjacent vessel structures. A close relationship has been
      found between the number of micronodules and the thyroglobulin (Tg) serum level.
      In patients previously treated by 131I for proven lung metastases and who had no
      uptake for several years, but in whom Tg remained detectable in the serum, CT
      scans have shown micronodules in 7 of the 13 patients with normal chest X rays.
      The present data suggest that these nodules are mainly a result of fibrosis. CT
      scanning appears to be an important complementary tool with regard to 131I whole
      body scintigraphies in the radiologic diagnosis of lung nodules and in the
      assessment of radioiodine therapy.

PMID- 3988553
TI  - The effects of permanent I-125 interstitial implantation on cortical bone.
AB  - From 1973 to 1980, 1,427 cancer patients were treated by the Brachytherapy
      Service, Radiation Oncology Department of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
      (MSKCC) with I-125 permanent interstitial implantation. Concern has been
      expressed with regard to the possible toxic effects of the low average photon
      energy (28 kev) of I-125 on bone, secondary to its increased absorption in these
      tissues because of the photoelectric effect. In an attempt to address this
      concern with respect to cortical bone, we reviewed pertinent data on those
      patients whose site of implant was at close proximity to osseous tissue in the
      pelvic, chest wall and head and neck regions. The review included 74 sites in 58
      patients having no prior history or clinical evidence of any pathologic or
      metabolic bony disorder. Long term (greater than 1 year) follow-up was available
      in over 50% of the cases, with 10 patients followed more than 4 years. Local
      control rate for the 74 implanted sites was 93%. The implanted activity ranged
      from 1.6 to 48.8 mCi and the implanted volume from 0.5 to 152 cm3. At this follow
      up range, there appears to be no excessive osseous toxicity either clinically or
      radiologically with I-125 permanent implantation.

PMID- 3988554
TI  - A beam alignment device for matching fields.
AB  - When radiation treatment is delivered to adjacent or contiguous tumor volumes
      with multiple fields, the geometric alignment of the beams is particularly
      critical. A beam alignment device has been developed that enables precise
      matching of such fields.

PMID- 3988555
TI  - Multi-institutional randomized clinical trials as a research method in cancer.

PMID- 3988556
TI  - X ray film duplication.

PMID- 3988557
TI  - Adjuvant postoperative pelvic radiation for carcinoma of the uterine cervix:
      pattern of cancer recurrence in patients undergoing elective radiation following
      radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy.

PMID- 3988558
TI  - Cesium: another radiation hazard?

PMID- 3988559
TI  - Perineal implantation for prostatic malignancy.

PMID- 3988560
TI  - Salvage radiotherapy for carcinoma of the ovary.

PMID- 3988561
TI  - Prognosis and histology in Stage I nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
AB  - During 1969-1975, 212 new patients with Stage I nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
      with a tumor apparently confined to the nasopharynx were treated at Queen
      Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The initial histologies of 137 patients
      were available for review and further studies. The primary tumors were
      histologically classified into two major types--squamous cell carcinoma (35
      patients) and undifferentiated carcinoma (102 patients). The latter was further
      divided into 4 sub-types: lymphoepithelioma of the Schmincke type,
      lymphoepithelioma of the Regaud type, spindle cell carcinoma, and
      undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type. Such histological typing
      of the initial tumor was not of value in predicting the clinical outcome, whether
      in terms of 5-year crude or disease-free survival rate, or the tendency of the
      tumor to develop recurrence at the primary site, or distant metastases after a
      standardized course of radiation therapy. There is no significant correlation
      between the extent of mononuclear infiltration nor fibrosis in the tumor stroma
      and the survival or tumor control rates.

PMID- 3988562
TI  - Bladder cancer: pattern of recurrence in 142 patients.
AB  - Recurrences were analyzed in 142 patients with invasive bladder cancer, who were
      treated either by definitive irradiation or preoperative irradiation and
      cystectomy. In 52 patients an estimation of the radiation response, by endoscopic
      re-examination soon after reaching 40 Gy, was done. The aim of this procedure was
      to select those patients who can probably be cured by radiotherapy alone.
      However, the predictive value of the examination seems to be low. It is concluded
      that for about 40% of all patients, removal of the bladder is of real benefit.
      The problem remains how to select this group of patients.

PMID- 3988563
TI  - Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on glycolysis, proliferation kinetics and radiation
      response of human cancer cells.
AB  - The effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on energy metabolism, cell proliferation
      kinetics, radiation-induced DNA repair, and micronuclei formation in HeLa cells
      have been studied. Results show that the 2-DG induced modifications of the
      radiation effects are biphasic: at high 2-DG concentrations (greater than 2.5
      mM), DNA repair is inhibited and manifestation of radiation damage is enhanced as
      observed by an increase in the radiation (X ray) induced micronuclei formation;
      lower concentrations of 2-DG (less than 2.5 mM) do not inhibit DNA repair and a
      decrease in the frequency of micronuclei formation is observed. These data, in
      correlation with the effects of 2-DG on glycolysis and cell proliferation
      kinetics, can be explained by the hypothesis that 2-DG induced modifications of
      radiation effects arise as a result of energy linked differential inhibitions of
      pathways of repair and fixation of DNA damage. Implications for cancer therapy
      are discussed.

PMID- 3988564
TI  - Temperature measurements in high thermal gradients: II. Analysis of conduction
      effects.
AB  - Measurement errors associated with thermal conduction along a temperature probe
      in regions of high thermal gradients are examined. An analysis of a conducting
      probe inserted into an insulating catheter for the purpose of temperature mapping
      gives a means for estimating the effects of thermal smearing on the measured
      distribution. A comparison is made between the theory and an experimental test
      case (flow cell-thermal step gradient). Also, an iterative algorithm is developed
      to correct thermally smeared temperature distributions in order to reconstruct
      the desired unsmeared distributions. The algorithm is checked for self
      consistency in the flow cell experiment and is applied to in vivo data obtained
      during interstitial microwave heating in normal dog brain. Data from flow cell
      measurements are used to make relative comparisons of the probe conduction
      artifact for several different temperature probes (2 thermocouple needle probes,
      a thermistor needle probe and an optical probe) and assorted teflon catheters
      (16, 18 and 20 ga).

PMID- 3988565
TI  - The significance of thermotolerance after 41 degrees C hyperthermia: in vivo and
      in vitro tumor and normal tissue investigations.
AB  - We have investigated the development of thermotolerance in both tumors and normal
      tissues after 41 degrees C for durations as brief as 15 minutes. The murine RIF
      tumor, treated by both local radiofrequency and systemic methods, was assayed for
      thermotolerance by both tumor growth and cell survival analyses. The murine leg
      and ear, treated by conductive methods, were assayed using pre-defined tissue
      damage scoring systems. All of these treatments quickly induced substantial
      levels of thermotolerance. In the tumor studies using local heating, RIF mean
      diameter doubling time decreased from 17.8 days to a minimum of 13.0 days with a
      9 hr interval between 41.0 degrees C for 15 minutes and 44.0 degrees C for 30
      minutes (9 hr D1-D2); cell survival increased from 1.2 X 10(-2) to 3.4 X 10(-1)
      (same interval). Both assays showed some degree of tolerance present immediately
      after 41.0 degrees C for 15, 30 or 60 minutes (0 hr D1-D2). In the tumor studies
      using systemic heating, the kinetic pattern of the induced tolerance was similar
      to that observed after local heating. In the leg studies, 41.0 degrees for 30
      minutes increased the time at 45 degrees C necessary to induce a specified level
      of tissue damage (mean score of 7) by a maximum of 1.8 times (24 hr D1-D2). The
      kinetic pattern was similar to that for the tumors. In the ear studies, 41.0
      degrees C for 30 minutes increased the time at 45 degrees C necessary to induce
      ear necrosis in 50% of animals by a maximum of 3.5 times (48 hr D1-D2). The peak
      tolerance level occurred later for the ears, which have a lower normal
      temperature of 28-30 degrees C, than for the tumors or legs. These results
      indicate that: thermotolerance can begin to appear in tumors during treatment if
      hyperthermia sessions involve initial low thermal exposures (near 41 degrees C)
      for 15 minutes or longer; thermotolerance can develop in tumors after systemic
      heating and occurs with a kinetic pattern similar to that following local
      heating; and normal tissues also can develop high levels of thermotolerance after
      similar thermal exposures.

PMID- 3988566
TI  - Peak temperature influences on heating rate effect in hyperthermic cytotoxicity.
AB  - Exponentially growing Chinese hamster V79 cells were heated from 37 degrees C up
      to 42 degrees C or 43 degrees C at four different heating rates: immediate
      exposure, 1/2 hour, 1 hour, and 2 hours. The D0's of the heat survival curves for
      both 42 degrees C and 43 degrees C were determined for the different heating
      rates. The results show that the decrease in toxicity to cells at 43 degrees C
      resulting from a slower heating rate appears to be less pronounced than that at
      42 degrees C. However, the thermotolerance ratio is found to depend on the
      specific heating time (the reciprocal of the heating rate), in a linear fashion
      and it does not seem to depend on the peak temperature. We propose that the
      difference in the heat exchange on cell membranes at different rates of heating
      may contribute to the causes for the difference in cell sensitivity to
      hyperthermia.

PMID- 3988567
TI  - The role of learning in the psychoanalytic relationship.

PMID- 3988568
TI  - A psychoanalytic study of the appreciation of art.
AB  - In this article I have used the self-object phenomenon, a discovery emanating
      from Kohut's new view of narcissism, as an organizing concept to consider the
      appreciation of art. The palpable art piece is described as a linking object
      which connects the psychological subjectivities of the artist and his audience.
      Immersion in the creative process is described as a progressive force which
      promotes the development of the personal self of the artist and also the viewing
      public who share in the artist's imaginative discoveries.

PMID- 3988569
TI  - Chaos and control in the creative process.
AB  - This has been an attempt to understand the alternation of chaos and control in
      the creative process. As a painting acquires a life of its own, the artist loses
      control over it but then and only then can he or she establish an enriching
      dialogue with it. When losing control leads to too much anxiety, the artist will
      attempt to gain control over the work but this excessive control will lead to a
      tight structure that will seem lifeless. At some point the artist will have to
      destroy this structure and create a new chaos in order to start afresh and to
      seek something of value in it. Milner, Segal, Winnicott and the work of other
      psychoanalytic writers, as it is pertinent to these ideas, was examined.

PMID- 3988570
TI  - The psychoanalytic treatment of the performing artist: superego aspects.
AB  - This article highlights the crucial role of the superego in the development of
      the professional musician. The developmental path of the superego is outlined,
      given the nature of the training and the restrictions put on the emotional life
      of the person. There are two major areas of concern. The first has to do with the
      persistence of a severe, rigid, and punitive conscience. It is postulated that
      this difficulty centers around the second separation-individuation phase of
      adolescence. The possible causes for this developmental lag are discussed. The
      second has to do with the ego ideal. The ego ideal is limited to and patterned
      after the two significant adults in the lives of such individuals. It suffers in
      growth and scope because of the lack of value systems incorporated from different
      significant adults. The self-rewarding system is constricted and limited to
      achievement. The possible genetic factors as well as the effect of such
      development on the life of the person have been discussed. Finally these points
      are illustrated by presenting the case of Ms. V.

PMID- 3988571
TI  - Parameters and the analytic process: a contribution to the theory of the "mature
      transference".
AB  - This case presentation deals with a patient whose preoedipally and oedipally
      determined deficit in directing libido and aggression toward the world, and
      resulting resistance to the analytic process, required the use of a "reducible"
      parameter designed to help him harness libido and aggression in the service of
      intellectual interest. The peculiar conformation of the patient's Oedipus
      complex, superimposed on a developmental deficit, led to profound resistance to
      genetic oedipal and preoedipal interpretations of the paternal and maternal
      transferences, respectively. The resistance took the form of an avowed lack of
      intellectual interest in the analytic work which paralleled his lack of interest
      both in his career and in his interpersonal relationships. The use of a technical
      parameter involving the provision of advice on an issue of pressing concern and a
      subsequent "preinterpretive enactment" dealing with the nature of psychoanalytic
      interpretation were instrumental in securing a "mature transference" (Stone,
      1961) and in controlling the resistance-based regression. Via the instrumentality
      of the parameter, the case provides a concrete exemplification of Kanzer's (1975,
      p. 49) claim that "even the patient's antagonism toward therapy. . . may play a
      constructive part in the treatment."

PMID- 3988572
TI  - The "outcome" of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: conformity, peculiarity and
      "common unhappiness".

PMID- 3988573
TI  - Creative productivity in women analysts.
AB  - A pilot study of female analyst creative productivity finds that women authors
      are well represented in numbers in two leading analytic journals, The Journal of
      The American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
      Association, for 1980-81. However, women analyst members of the journals' parent
      organizations are very poorly represented compared with male analyst members.
      This has led to an exploration of factors affecting female analyst productivity,
      encompassing a broad sweep from the sociological to the personal, dynamic level.
      Differential opportunities for women analysts may be inherent in the educational
      processes. There is evidence for an "accumulation of disadvantage" for women in
      the field of psychiatry, as well as the impression of gender bias and feelings of
      stigmatization in psychoanalysis. The question of whether academic research
      career paths for women are adequately encouraged is raised. Mentorship patterns
      are also discussed. Whether gender bias affects journal publications and the
      nature of psychoanalytic thinking is questioned. Women's lessened productivity is
      sometimes ascribed to practical aspects of feminine role. This myth is debunked
      for women in science, where married women with children are equally productive.
      The author suggests that women analysts, however, may be a select group and may
      be more subject to role conformity pressures. Feminine role conflicts and their
      effects are discussed. Dynamic issues related to creative productivity are
      explored in two major areas. The author suggests that female preoedipal object
      relations may play a part in females devaluing of their own creative efforts in a
      competitive arena. The oedipal situation is also discussed, especially with
      regard to very high-achieving women. It is suggested that though competition with
      the maternal-nurturant rival may be worked through, often there is incomplete
      resolution of the surpassing and separation from the protective, loving, but
      dominant oedipal father, thus limiting true professional autonomy.

PMID- 3988574
TI  - Thinking as a narcissistic resistance.
AB  - Verbal thought occupies a preeminent place in psychoanalytic theory and practice.
      The patient keeps out of conscious awareness, ultimately, what is
      unrepresentable, therefore unthinkable. The analyst helps the patient find ways
      to think about the unthinkable, both to reconstruct the past and free himself
      from it. The patient's role in this process involves a challenge comparable to
      the analyst's, in balancing and shifting between free association and
      objectifying thought. His capacity to progressively adapt his thinking and
      language to meet these therapeutic needs is a sensitive indicator that the
      narcissistic disturbance is healing. Conversely, incapacity to do so results in
      therapeutic stalemate or incomplete treatment.

PMID- 3988575
TI  - Therapist resistances to short-term dynamic psychotherapy.

PMID- 3988576
TI  - Validity of triceps skinfold and relative weight as measures of adolescent
      obesity.
AB  - The ability of relative body weight and triceps skinfold thickness to indicate
      obesity in adolescents was analyzed in 169 males and 66 females, 12-17 years of
      age, whose percent body fat had been determined by underwater weighing. Using 25%
      body fat in males and 30% in females as the criterion for obesity, 31 males and
      17 females were placed in this category. Of these, the triceps skinfold correctly
      identified 15 males and 4 females, and the relative weight identified 16 and 5,
      respectively. These anthropometric indicators, at the levels applied, are low in
      sensitivity (23-50%) but high in specificity (85-100%).

PMID- 3988577
TI  - Metabolic abnormalities in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The intake laboratory data of 46 patients seen between 1970 and 1980 who were
      less than 19 years of age with a discharge diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were
      retrospectively reviewed to determine their metabolic profile. The major findings
      for those who had laboratory data were as follows: 45% (19/42) had serum glutamic
      oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) values greater than 36 International Units/liter
      (IU/L), and 65% (27/41) had alkaline phosphatase levels less than 58 IU/L. We
      suggest that patients with anorexia nervosa may reflect a state of hepatic
      dysfunction and/or dehydration before therapy.

PMID- 3988578
TI  - Birth control use by teenagers. One and two years postabortion.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken of the contraceptive behavior of adolescent
      women following a first-trimester abortion. Each women had an individual
      counseling session, including birth-control counseling. Effective birth control
      was used by 77% of the 182 respondents one year postabortion. Two years after
      abortion, 79% of those who remained in the study group continued to use reliable
      birth control methods. The repeat abortion rate for all respondents was 7% in the
      first year and 11% in the second year. These results suggest that teenagers who
      obtain abortions do not rely on the procedure as a method of contraception.
      Instead, they are more likely to be using reliable methods of birth control
      postabortion than they were before the unplanned pregnancy.

PMID- 3988580
TI  - Health peer outreach by high school students.
AB  - A health screening program was established in an inner-city New York public high
      school using the services of trained members of the student body as screeners.
      These students were trained to do a variety of health-related examinations and
      tests. Supervision and training were provided by a school health educator and
      members of a medical team from a nearby municipal hospital medical center. The
      primary goal was to reach, through peer involvement, those students who would be
      unlikely to interact with the routine health-care system. Of the 480 students
      receiving screening examinations, 291 were found to have abnormalities. In
      addition, a greater awareness of medical issues and available health-care
      facilities was seen among the student body. Through their training, the student
      screeners were exposed to various health-care fields, thus increasing their
      awareness of medical career potentials.

PMID- 3988579
TI  - Primary pediatric care. A comparison of use by adolescent and older mothers.
AB  - This survey compares the use of pediatric services during the first year of life
      by infants whose mothers were under 17 years of age with a random sample of
      babies born during the same period and at the same hospital but to older mothers.
      Both sets of mothers were found to have similar patterns of acute and well-child
      care. For adolescent mothers, use of a group practice emphasizing provider
      continuity significantly increased well-child visits and immunizations. The
      adolescent mother's late entry into prenatal care appeared to be related to a
      greater use of the emergency room and to inadequate well-child care. The
      existence of a sibling was related to inadequate well-child care for adolescents'
      babies but to improved levels of well-child care among older mothers' babies.
      These findings suggest that close monitoring of adolescent mothers with more than
      one child may improve the quality of medical care for their infants.

PMID- 3988581
TI  - A comparison of nurses' attitudes toward hospitalized adolescents and adults.
AB  - To examine possible health-care provider stereotypes of adolescent patients and
      the potential consequences for their management, this study compares nurses'
      responses to the same noncompliant behavior when evidenced by an adolescent or
      adult patient. Nurses (n = 136) read a description of a difficult adolescent or
      adult patient and indicated their probable responses to him. They also rated the
      patient with regard to difficulty of management, as well as several descriptive
      adjectives, and speculated on the cause of his behavior. No significant
      differences were found in nurses' preferred management alternatives or ratings
      for the adolescent or adult patient. However, nurses were significantly more
      likely to attribute the behavior of the adolescent patient to his developmental
      level (p less than 0.001). These findings suggest that health-care providers are
      aware of the hospitalized adolescents' problems, rather than supporting the
      existence of providers' stereotypes of or different management approach to,
      difficult adolescent patients.

PMID- 3988582
TI  - A curriculum for adolescent mothers: an evaluation.
AB  - One hundred and four indigent, pregnant adolescents were selected to evaluate the
      effect of a prenatal education curriculum presented in a maternity clinic.
      Adolescent mothers were visited 6 months postpartum to test which short-term,
      intermediate, and long-term curriculum content items were accurately and
      effectively retained. Success of the curriculum was evaluated by a trained social
      worker in the girls' home to ascertain how these content areas were reflected in
      the adolescent mother's behavior. Short-term matter-child health-care compliance
      content showed a high degree of success. Intermediate child-rearing content
      techniques often did not lead to appropriate behavior six months after the baby
      was born. Long-term educational and vocational performance content did not
      demonstrate effective long-term retention. Technical aspects of child-rearing,
      even when deliberately presented by health educators, did not appear to be easily
      applied in the extended family setting, and long-term goals seemed inconsistent
      with the adolescent's behavior.

PMID- 3988583
TI  - Potential permanent respiratory sequela of Stevens-Johnson syndrome in an
      adolescent.
AB  - Respiratory involvement is a frequent complication of the Stevens-Johnson
      Syndrome (SJS); however, there are no reports of persisting pulmonary sequelae
      following recovery. We present a case report of an adolescent girl with a history
      of clinically inactive hyperactive airway disease who developed persistent,
      severe obstructive pulmonary disease following an episode of SJS. This case may
      represent a permanent respiratory sequela.

PMID- 3988585
TI  - Frequency of varicocele in black adolescents.

PMID- 3988584
TI  - Whither adolescent medicine?

PMID- 3988586
TI  - Questions study design.

PMID- 3988587
TI  - Semitendinosus tenotomy for treatment of fibrotic myopathy in the horse.
AB  - The medical records and follow-up data for 4 horses with fibrotic myopathy of the
      semitendinosus muscle treated by semitendinosus tenotomy were reviewed. The gait
      deficit for each of the 4 horses was typical of fibrotic myopathy. Two of the
      horses had the gait deficit since birth. The efficacy of semitendinosus tenotomy
      was compared with the traditional treatment of partial myotenectomy of the
      affected muscle. The functional results in the 4 horses appeared to be equal to
      partial myotenectomy in returning the horses to athletic function and, compared
      with what has been reported, was cosmetically superior.

PMID- 3988588
TI  - Ileal impaction in the horse.
AB  - Twelve cases of ileal impaction in the horse were reviewed. Clinical features of
      the disease included evidence of mild abdominal pain, reduced or absent
      intestinal sounds, rectally palpable distended small intestine, gastric reflux,
      and in the early stages, normal peritoneal fluid. Surgical correction of the
      impaction was accomplished in 10 horses. Of 8 horses discharged from the
      hospital, 7 returned to full function. It was concluded that the shorter the
      duration of colic before surgical intervention, the better the prognosis.

PMID- 3988589
TI  - Noncomminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in 69 horses.
AB  - In a retrospective study, we examined the case records for 69 horses with
      noncomminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx, excluding proximal chip
      fractures. Forty-nine of the horses sustained the fracture while racing or
      training for racing. Radiographic examination of all affected limbs was
      performed, and fractures were classified into 6 noncomminuted types: midsagittal
      fractures, including short incomplete midsagittal fractures, long incomplete
      midsagittal (LIMS) fractures, and complete midsagittal (CMS) fractures; dorsal
      frontal fractures; distal joint fractures; plantar process fractures; physeal
      fractures; and oblique fractures. Four horses were destroyed before treatment.
      Sixty-five horses were treated and 63 survived to go home. Long-term follow-up
      evaluation of the horses that were sent home revealed that 4 were euthanatized
      after discharge because of persistent lameness of the fractured limb. Of the 59
      remaining horses, 34 returned to racing, 7 were used as show or pleasure riding
      animals, 8 were used for breeding, and 10 were lost to follow-up. More
      Standardbreds with noncomminuted proximal phalangeal fractures returned to racing
      than did Thoroughbreds. Of 30 Standardbreds that raced or trained before the
      fracture, 23 (76.7%) returned to racing--8 to their previous level of
      performance, 11 to a lower level of performance, and 4 to an unknown level of
      performance. The Standardbreds that returned to racing were horses with physeal
      fractures (2/2), LIMS fractures (4/4), CMS fractures (11/16), short incomplete
      midsagittal fractures (4/7), distal joint fractures (1/2), and plantar process
      fractures (1/2). Of 21 Thoroughbreds that raced or trained before the injury, 11
      (52.4%) returned to racing--7 to their previous level of performance and 4 to a
      lower level of performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988590
TI  - Scrotal circumference adjustment factors for age and weight differences in beef
      bulls.
AB  - Scrotal circumference measurements were analyzed to develop appropriate
      adjustment factors for age and body weight differences in beef bulls. Age, body
      weight, and scrotal circumference measurements were collected on 863 Angus, 753
      Polled Hereford, and 302 Simmental bulls from the Missouri tested bull sale, 1169
      Polled Hereford bulls from the American Polled Hereford Association, and 465
      Polled Hereford and 264 Simmental bulls from Nichols Farms in Bridgewater, Iowa.
      Within sources, data were subdivided into appropriate subsets and then each
      subset was statistically analyzed. Adjustment factors to remove differences in
      scrotal circumference due to age and body weight were developed for bulls of each
      of the 3 breeds studied.

PMID- 3988591
TI  - Fertility of young mares after long-term anabolic steroid treatment.
AB  - The effect of prior treatment with anabolic steroids was studied in 46 three-year
      old mares. In the preceding year, these mares had been assigned to 1 of 4
      treatment groups and had received the manufacturer's recommended dosage of 1.1 mg
      of boldenone undecylenate (BU)/kg of body weight, 4.4 mg of boldenone
      undecylenate (4 BU)/kg, 1.1 mg of nandrolone decanoate (ND)/kg, or 0.04 ml of
      sesame oil/kg (control, C). Mares had received an injection every 3 weeks for 54
      weeks for a total of 19 injections, with the final injection in December. In the
      following breeding season, fewer (P less than 0.05) mares in all groups
      previously administered anabolic steroids displayed estrous behavior than did
      mares in the control group. Duration of estrus was shortened (P less than 0.05)
      in mares that had received steroids. Abnormal sexual behavior that was observed
      during steroid treatment continued (P less than 0.05) for up to 6 months after
      treatment ceased. However, observations of abnormal behavior declined with time
      (P less than 0.05). All mares in each treatment group ovulated by the end of the
      trial, and the interval to first ovulation was similar (P greater than 0.05).
      Ovarian size, follicular development, and conditions of the tubular genitalia was
      adversely (P less than 0.05) affected in mares in all steroid-treatment groups
      until approximately the middle of March. After that time, no difference was noted
      among groups. First-cycle pregnancy rates were 83%, 67%, 50%, and 42% for mares
      in the untreated, BU, 4 BU, and ND groups, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988592
TI  - Periorchitis after tetramisole treatment in bulls implanted with Setaria
      labiatopapillos.
AB  - Thirteen mixed-breed beef bulls, 1 to 4 years old, were used to determine the
      effect of live and dead filarial nematodes, Setaria labiatopapillosa, placed in
      the vaginal cavity of the testes. When dead worms were used, granulomatous
      lesions developed on the tunica vaginalis parietalis in 7 of 8 testes. The
      lesions were similar to those seen in some clinical cases of periorchitis.
      Similar lesions developed in 5 of 6 testes after live worms were implanted in the
      vaginal cavity of the testes and tetramisole (8 mg/kg) was injected
      subcutaneously 6 days after implantation. When live worms were implanted and
      tetramisole was not given, lesions developed in 3 of 6 testes. It was concluded
      that the granulomatous reaction was a local response to dead or killed S
      labiatopapillosa.

PMID- 3988593
TI  - Contribution of the nasal septum to the radiographic anatomy of the equine nasal
      cavity.
AB  - The radiopacity of the equine cartilaginous nasal septum and its covering mucosa
      seen on dorsoventral radiographs was determined to be of sufficient density to be
      useful in the diagnosis of any disorder of this anatomic structure.
      Radiographically, the frontal and nasal bones dorsally and the vomer and palatine
      process of the incisive bone ventrally do not completely obscure the nasal septum
      and its covering mucous membrane.

PMID- 3988594
TI  - Clinical and radiographic findings in Corynebacterium equi pneumonia of foals.
AB  - Thirty-nine foals with pneumonia were admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching
      Hospital at the University of California, Davis. Corynebacterium equi was
      recovered from each of them on bacteriologic culture of transtracheal aspiration
      specimens or lung specimens at necropsy. The foals were divided into 2 groups.
      Group I consisted of 20 foals that died because of C equi pneumonia and were
      subsequently necropsied. Group II consisted of 19 foals that were treated and
      discharged from the hospital. Radiography was performed on all foals. Clinical
      signs included increased respiratory rate, fever, cough, nasal discharge,
      increased bronchovesicular sounds over large airways, and wheezing over small
      airways. Highly significant differences were found in the mean respiratory rate
      (P less than 0.005) and temperature (P less than 0.001), recorded at admission,
      between the 2 groups; both factors were higher for group I. Hematology revealed
      leukocytosis with neutrophilia, monocytosis, and high plasma fibrinogen content
      in all foals. Significant differences were recorded in the mean total leukocyte
      count (P less than 0.05), mean neutrophil count (P less than 0.05), mean monocyte
      count (P less than 0.005), and mean fibrinogen value (P less than 0.05) between
      the 2 groups; values from group I were higher than those from group II. Although
      C equi was isolated alone from 25 of the tracheal aspirates and lung specimens,
      14 cultures yielded multiple pathogens. At the time of initial examination, all
      foals had radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Pulmonary consolidation indicative
      of bronchopneumonia was identified in 31 of the 39 foals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988595
TI  - Bovine viral diarrhea in a newborn calf.
AB  - Bovine viral diarrhea virus was believed to be the cause of ill-thrift since
      birth, resulting in death of a Holstein calf. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was
      isolated from Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, but serum neutralizing
      antibodies were not detected. The lymphoid depletion and myeloid suppression seen
      in this case may be a factor in the immune system dysfunction described for
      bovine viral diarrhea. Typical ulcerative lesions within the alimentary tract
      were not observed.

PMID- 3988596
TI  - Ataxia and weakness associated with fourth ventricle vascular anomalies in two
      horses.
AB  - Two adult horses with progressive neurologic signs were examined clinically and
      at necropsy. Both horses had signs of progressive ataxia and weakness, clinically
      diagnosed as spinal cord in origin. Differential diagnoses for cervical spinal
      ataxia in horses included cervical vertebral malformation, equine degenerative
      myeloencephalopathy, equine herpes-virus-I myeloencephalopathy, and equine
      protozoal myeloencephalopathy. Necropsy findings in both horses were similar and
      consisted of a large hematoma in the fourth ventricle, with upward compression of
      the cerebellum and downward compression of the pons and rostral portion of the
      medulla.

PMID- 3988597
TI  - Bilateral bicipital bursitis in a cow.
AB  - A 5-year-old Ayrshire cow with severe forelimb lameness of 6 weeks' duration was
      determined to have bilateral bicipital bursitis. Results of synovial fluid
      analyses were compatible with nonseptic bursitis. The cow's lameness resolved in
      7 days after box stall confinement, parenteral treatment with nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs, and a single intrabursal injection of a combination of
      methylprednisolone, sodium hyaluronate, and gentamicin sulfate. Lameness had not
      recurred during the 22 months since discharge.

PMID- 3988598
TI  - 1983 US veterinary practice income, expenses, and financial ratios.

PMID- 3988599
TI  - Refusal to treat and refusal to continue treatment.

PMID- 3988600
TI  - Gentamicin-associated acute renal failure in the dog.
AB  - Gentamicin-associated acute renal failure was diagnosed in 10 dogs. The disease
      was characterized by a poor prognosis and lengthy hospitalization.
      Hypoalbuminemia, disorders of potassium homeostasis, proteinuria, hematuria, and
      cylindruria were common during therapy for renal failure. Fever and dehydration
      were the most commonly identified potential predisposing factors.

PMID- 3988601
TI  - Idiopathic hypersplenism in a ferret.
AB  - A 3-year-old spayed female ferret was examined because of mild icterus and
      massive splenomegaly. Pancytopenia was diagnosed and was unaffected by blood
      transfusion or corticosteroid therapy. Splenectomy resulted in resolution of
      clinical signs, with survival up to 20 months after surgery. Histologic
      examination of the spleen revealed areas of splenic necrosis and severe
      extramedullary hematopoiesis. The final diagnosis, based on exclusion of other
      causes of splenomegaly and pancytopenia, was idiopathic hypersplenism.

PMID- 3988603
TI  - Disseminated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in a ferret.
AB  - A 3-year-old male ferret was admitted with ulcerated nodules and fistulous
      draining tracts on the pads and digits of the right front and left hind feet.
      Proteus sp and Escherichia coli were isolated from the exudate. Histologic
      examinations revealed that all skin lesions were associated with an underlying
      squamous cell carcinoma. Surgical removal was attempted, followed by
      chemotherapy. Regression of remaining lesions was noted before discharge;
      however, the ferret died 5 days later and was not available for necropsy.

PMID- 3988602
TI  - Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with a bronchial foreign body and lobar
      pneumonia in a dog.
AB  - Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed in a dog with a bronchial foreign body and
      lobar pneumonia. Hypertrophic osteopathy is generally associated with primary or
      secondary neoplasms of the lungs and rarely associated with nonneoplastic
      thoracic lesions. The foreign body and affected lung lobe were removed by
      pneumonectomy, resulting in recovery of the dog and resolution of the
      hypertrophic osteopathy lesions.

PMID- 3988604
TI  - Unsuccessful treatment of disseminated protothecosis in a dog.
AB  - Systemic protothecosis was diagnosed in a 7-year-old dog that had only ocular
      manifestations. During the 3-month course of disease, a variety of drugs was
      administered, including amphotericin B, gentamicin, and ketoconazole. The ocular
      signs initially abated, but subsequently worsened during this period. The dog was
      found dead 3 months after initial examination, and systemic protothecosis was
      confirmed at necropsy.

PMID- 3988605
TI  - Microsurgical management of tetralogy of Fallot in a cat.
AB  - A modified Blalock-Taussig shunt was performed on a cat with tetralogy of Fallot.
      Previous attempts at such palliative surgery in the cat have failed, due to small
      vessel size. The use of microvascular instrumentation and technique resulted in a
      patent shunt in this case.

PMID- 3988606
TI  - Cutting efficiency of single shot and burst mode neodymium:YAG lasers.
AB  - The efficiency of cutting by single pulses and bursts of two, four, and eight
      pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was determined in a model of a heavy
      membrane and a loosely floating target. The burst modes cut the targets somewhat
      more quickly than single shots, but required a marked increase in total energy
      delivered. Anterior movement of the breakdown zone and posterior displacement of
      the target explain the energy inefficiency of burst-mode photodisruption.

PMID- 3988607
TI  - Comparison of techniques and clinical results of YAG laser capsulectomy with two
      Q-switched units.
AB  - The clinical experience of two surgeons performing posterior capsulectomies with
      two fundamental, Q-switched YAG lasers (LASAG and AMO YAG 100) is presented.
      Results with both machines indicate 100% capsulectomy success with less than 100%
      visual improvement. Complications were minimal and usually transient. Nicking the
      implant was reduced by using low energy levels and precise focusing and by the
      surgeon's increased facility with the machine. Comparative features of each
      machine are discussed.

PMID- 3988608
TI  - Nonkeratometric control of postoperative astigmatism.
AB  - A scleral pocket incision technique with continuous suture closure was used in a
      series of 40 patients undergoing phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens
      implantation to determine the change in astigmatic error induced by surgery.
      Intraoperative keratometry was not used and no attempt to estimate the induced
      cylinder at the time of surgery was made. Keratometric analysis of postoperative
      astigmatism in the present study indicated that shortly after surgery there was
      an induced with-the-rule shift that gradually abated to a minimal against-the
      rule change after the wound was fully healed, regardless of how tight the wound
      was closed at the time of surgery. It appears that intraoperative keratometry
      would have had no bearing on the final astigmatic outcome.

PMID- 3988609
TI  - Postoperative corneal astigmatism in cataract extraction: diamond knife versus
      Beaver blade.
AB  - Postoperative corneal astigmatism was studied in two groups of patients who had
      cataract extraction. The technique in both groups was identical except for the
      knife used for the partial-thickness limbal incision. In 49 patients the incision
      was performed with a Beaver blade and in 35 patients, with a diamond knife. Six
      weeks postoperatively the astigmatism was 1.27 +/- 0.90 diopters (D) in the
      diamond knife group, and 2.85 +/- 1.78 D in the Beaver blade group (P less than
      0.0001). Sixty-one percent of the Beaver blade cases had with-the-rule
      astigmatism and 8% had no astigmatism. Thirty-one percent of the diamond knife
      cases had with-the-rule astigmatism and 26% had no astigmatism. At six months,
      the astigmatism was equal in both groups and practically identical to that found
      six weeks postoperatively in the diamond knife group. We conclude that incision
      of the limbal tissue with a diamond knife is associated with lower postoperative
      astigmatism and a more stable refractive state than incision with a Beaver blade.

PMID- 3988610
TI  - A prospective study of combined extracapsular cataract extraction, posterior
      chamber lens implantation, and trabeculectomy.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with significant cataracts and glaucoma had combined
      extracapsular cataract extraction, posterior chamber lens implantation, and
      trabeculectomy. Follow-up ranged from three months to four years. Significant
      visual improvement and reduction in intraocular pressure were noted. This
      procedure seems to be a viable alternative in patients suffering from combined
      advanced glaucoma and advanced cataracts.

PMID- 3988611
TI  - Incidence of anterior and posterior segment complications in over 3,000 cases of
      extracapsular cataract extractions: intact and open capsules.
AB  - The results of 3,047 extracapsular cataract extractions are analyzed. They
      indicate that anterior segment complications are greater with certain types of
      intraocular lenses, and the incidence of retinal detachment and cystoid macular
      edema is lower when the posterior capsule is intact for one year postoperatively.

PMID- 3988612
TI  - Clinical evaluation of six intraocular lens calculation formulas.
AB  - We examined the results of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation
      and evaluated six commonly used IOL power calculation formulas (original
      Binkhorst, modified Binkhorst, Colenbrander, Shammas, Hoffer, and SRK regression)
      to determine which ones produce the most accurate and predictable results. We
      found that the accuracy of the various formulas depends upon several factors,
      including the surgeon's technique, the type and style of posterior chamber IOL
      implanted, and the axial length of the eye being operated on. Furthermore, we
      found that the results using the different formulas vary in a consistent pattern.
      Surgeons must therefore evaluate their cases periodically to determine which
      formulas and IOL styles will provide their patients with the most accurate and
      satisfying results.

PMID- 3988613
TI  - Long-term follow-up of primary Choyce Mark IX anterior chamber implantation.
AB  - In 1983, I reviewed 101 of the first 128 consecutive Choyce anterior chamber
      lenses I had implanted after intracapsular cataract extraction between 1977 and
      1981. After follow-up of two years eight months to six years, 95.7% of patients
      had visual acuities of 20/40 or better and 78.6% had acuities of 20/20 or better,
      excluding nonsurgical pathology. In 1981, the percentages were 97.5% and 71.3%,
      respectively.

PMID- 3988615
TI  - Insertion of the Norris anterior chamber lens using the dialing technique.

PMID- 3988614
TI  - Intraocular lenses and anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy.
AB  - Questionnaires were sent to 200 members of the American Intra-Ocular Implant
      Society to assess the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management
      trends with intraocular lens implant patients on warfarin sodium and aspirin
      therapy. Responses were received from 135 members. A sizable majority of
      practitioners (75%) withhold warfarin sodium both prior to and following surgery.
      In many cases, the medicine is withheld for longer than is necessary, increasing
      the risk of medical complications. Respondents slightly favored (53%)
      discontinuing aspirin, which is perceived to be less harmful than warfarin
      sodium, preoperatively. Although management decisions must be individualized,
      according to both the surgeon's technique and the particular patient, certain
      general guidelines are applicable.

PMID- 3988616
TI  - Intraocular lens implantation in acute angle closure glaucoma associated with
      cataract.
AB  - We have performed planned extracapsular cataract extraction and implantation of a
      posterior chamber intraocular lens in four eyes of three patients undergoing
      surgery for acute angle closure glaucoma associated with cataract. Three of these
      four eyes suffered angle closure secondary to intumescent cataract. One suffered
      primary angle closure upon preoperative pupillary dilation prior to lens
      extraction. We have found no evidence of corneal decompensation, residual
      glaucoma, or increased surgical morbidity in our patients. We feel that acute
      glaucoma associated with cataract is not a contraindication to lens implantation.

PMID- 3988617
TI  - Pigmentary open-angle glaucoma secondary to posterior chamber intraocular lens
      implantation and erosion of the iris pigment epithelium.
AB  - This report describes two patients who developed a secondary form of pigmentary
      open-angle glaucoma after implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens.
      The glaucoma was associated with considerable erosion of the iris pigment
      epithelium and a charcoal-black pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork. One case
      responded to argon laser trabeculoplasty and the other case did not. Possible
      causes of this syndrome are discussed.

PMID- 3988619
TI  - Causes and management of posterior chamber lens displacement.
AB  - Posterior chamber lens implantation, although satisfactory in almost 95% of
      cases, can result in lens dislocation. Whereas serious dislocations such as the
      sunset and windshield-wiper syndromes are less frequent since the introduction of
      highly flexible loops, posterior vaulting of the pseudophakos may cause problems,
      eventually provoking a posterior capsule rupture and a secondary sunset syndrome.
      The iris-capture syndrome can be almost entirely prevented by using angulated
      loops. If it occurs, it can usually be corrected easily. Small decentrations as
      well as oblique malpositions of the pseudophakos are usually less important but
      should be recognized, analyzed, and prevented.

PMID- 3988618
TI  - Pterygia as cause of post-cataract with-the-rule astigmatism.
AB  - Pterygia often induce with-the-rule astigmatism as they invade the cornea.
      Significant amounts of astigmatism occur long before a pterygium encroaches on
      the visual axis. We present an example in which a 3.3-mm pterygium resulted in 9
      diopters (D) of with-the-rule astigmatism. Six weeks after the pterygium removal,
      the patient's cornea became spherical, but by three months the pterygium had
      recurred 2.2 mm onto the cornea and induced 4 D of with-the-rule astigmatism.
      Since the second removal and the application of beta irradiation, there has been
      no recurrence. The final correction was -1.00 + 1.00 X 127 degrees with a visual
      acuity of 20/20 +3. Characteristic keratoscopic photographs are shown and
      contrasted with surgically induced with-the-rule astigmatism.

PMID- 3988620
TI  - An irrigating instrument for inserting Simcoe and Binkhorst retropupillary
      lenses.

PMID- 3988621
TI  - Countertransference, the 'mundus imaginalis' and a research project.

PMID- 3988622
TI  - Success, retreat, panic: over-stimulation and depressive defence.

PMID- 3988623
TI  - Stagnation of blood in the microcirculatory vessels in the testes of men with
      varicocele.
AB  - This study reports on the stagnation of blood within the microcirculatory vessels
      of the testes of patients with varicocele. Both fine structural and quantitative
      studies were carried out on testicular biopsies from 14 men with varicocele and a
      control group of three men. Arterioles, capillaries, and venules were completely
      filled with blood in all affected testes. Enlarged pores were also noticed
      between the endothelial cells of these affected vessels. Lumen diameters of the
      arterioles were significantly decreased in the affected testis compared to
      controls. No change in the overall diameter of the arterioles and venules was
      noted. Significant thickening of the limiting membrane was also noted in the
      affected testis. It was concluded that the stagnation of blood in the
      microcirculatory vessels may cause local hypoxia and ischemia, which lead to
      spermatogenic disorders.

PMID- 3988625
TI  - IIIrd International Congress of Andrology. Boston, Massachusetts, April 27th-May
      2nd, 1985. Abstracts.

PMID- 3988624
TI  - Effects of induced hypoprolactinemia on testicular function during gonadal
      maturation in the rat.
AB  - We have evaluated the effects of hypoprolactinemia during gonadal maturation in
      the male rat. Intact 30-day-old rats were injected daily for 10 days with three
      different doses of bromocriptine (0.75, 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg of body weight/day). At
      the end of the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed, serum was collected
      for prolactin (PRL), LH, and androgen measurements. Intratesticular testosterone
      and 5 alpha-androstanediol (androstanediol) were measured following celite column
      chromatography and a specific radioimmunoassay. In addition, the production of
      androgens by decapsulated testes and dispersed Leydig cells was also studied in
      vitro. Serum levels of PRL (9.4 +/- 1.9 ng/ml) were suppressed to undetectable
      levels in the three bromocriptine-treated groups, whereas LH levels were not
      altered. All three doses of bromocriptine markedly depressed serum testosterone
      (plus DHT) and androstanediol. Intra-testicular testosterone and androstanediol
      were diminished (25% and 35%, respectively, P less than 0.05) during
      hypoprolactinemia. Decapsulated testes and dispersed Leydig cells from
      bromocriptine-treated animals showed a significant reduction in the basal
      secretion of testosterone (plus DHT) and androstanediol, and in androgen
      responses to submaximal hCG stimulation. Maximal steroidogenic responses from
      bromocriptine-treated rats were similar to controls. The present findings show
      that, during puberty, bromocriptine influences testicular steroidogenesis, and
      these effects may be partly due to changes in PRL levels. A direct effect of this
      dopaminergic agonist on the male gonad cannot be completely ruled out.

PMID- 3988626
TI  - Reproductive performance of Finnish Landrace and Suffolk sheep maintained indoors
      year-round.
AB  - The reproductive performance (fertility and prolificacy) of Finnish Landrace
      (Finn) and Suffolk sheep on an accelerated breeding program was evaluated. Both
      breeds were contained in each of two separate flocks housed indoors year-round on
      expanded metal floors in windowless buildings. The two flocks were bred
      alternately at 4-mo intervals in January, May and September. The sheep were
      exposed to either an abrupt (ALR) or constant (CLR) lighting regimen. Data from
      nine breedings during a 4-yr period were considered. Fertility was significantly
      higher for ewes in the ALR lighting regimen. Fertility was lower for ewes bred in
      September. For ewes that had lambed from breeding 8 mo earlier, fertility was
      higher for Finn ewes than for Suffolk ewes; however, similar fertility levels
      were observed in both breeds if the ewes had not lambed following the previous
      breeding. Higher prolificacy was observed in the Finn ewes than in the Suffolk
      ewes, but the differences in prolificacy varied with the month of breeding. The
      probability of a ewe having more than one lamb was significantly higher for Finn
      ewes than for Suffolk ewes in both January and May breedings, but was similar in
      September breedings. Incorporating the Finnish Landrace breed into an accelerated
      breeding program for sheep maintained indoors year-round is a practical way to
      increase the number of lambs born. Controlling daylength and dividing the flock
      into smaller flocks are also practical procedures to increase lamb production.

PMID- 3988627
TI  - Sexual development in beef bulls following zeranol implants.
AB  - Two trials were conducted to study the effect of zeranol implants on growth and
      sexual development of bull calves. Trial 1 compared the effects of implanting
      with 72 mg of zeranol at 48 d of age (branding), at 215 d of age, or at both
      times with nonimplanted control bulls. Implanting at branding resulted in
      decreased scrotal circumference, testicle weight and proportion of bulls that
      could produce an ejaculate at 14 mo of age (P less than .01). Implanting at 215 d
      of age had no effect on any of these traits. Growth rate was not increased by
      implanting at either time but was decreased (P less than .02) in animals
      implanted at both times when compared with control bulls. In trial 2, both bulls
      and steers were implanted with zeranol and compared with nonimplanted control
      bulls and steers. Thirty-six-milligram implants were given at 21, 103, 260 and
      343 d of age. Scrotal circumference, testicle weight and serum testosterone
      concentrations decreased (P less than .01) and the occurrence of penis
      abnormalities increased (P less than .01) in implanted bulls compared with
      control bulls. By the time of slaughter, however, testosterone concentrations
      were equal in control and implanted bulls; and the difference in scrotal
      circumference was diminishing. This is interpreted as evidence that as the bulls
      get older, they can overcome the effect of the implants. Carcass weights were
      heavier in implanted steers than in control steers but were lighter in implanted
      bulls than in control bulls (P less than .02). Carcasses of implanted bulls had
      higher quality scores and more marbling than control bulls, but carcasses of
      implanted steers had lower quality scores and less marbling than control steers
      (both interactions, P less than .01). Implanting bulls with zeranol at an early
      age resulted in restricted sexual development but not in total sterility.
      Repeated zeranol implants throughout the growing and finishing phase enhanced
      carcass quality in bulls slaughtered at 14 to 16 mo of age.

PMID- 3988628
TI  - Reproductive criteria of beef bulls during and after exposure to increased
      ambient temperature.
AB  - Sixteen yearling Angus bulls were randomly assigned to one of two temperature
      controlled chambers to determine the effects of elevated ambient temperature on
      body functions and semen characteristics. After 8 wk adjustment at 23 C, eight
      heat-stressed bulls were exposed to 35 +/- 1 C for 8 h and 31 +/- 1 C for 16 h
      during each 24-h period, and eight control bulls were maintained at 23 +/- 1 C
      for 8 wk. Then all bulls were exposed to 23 C for 8 wk. Bulls were fed so that
      both control and stressed bulls gained at similar rates (.58 kg/d). Semen was
      collected with an artificial vagina twice weekly before, during and after heat
      stress. During treatment, the respiratory rate of stressed bulls was greater (P
      less than .001) than that of control bulls (54.2 +/- 1.5, 29.9 +/- 1.5
      breaths/min, respectively). Rectal temperatures were increased (P less than .01)
      from 38.2 +/- .1 to 38.7 +/- .1 C and water consumption was increased by 35% in
      stressed bulls when compared with controls. Semen volume was not altered by
      treatment, but percentage of motile sperm decreased (P less than .01) in stressed
      bulls by 2 wk after the start of heat treatment. Sperm motility of stressed bulls
      returned to normal values 8 wk after the end of heat treatment. Similarly, the
      percentage of aged acrosomes on sperm from stressed bulls increased (P less than
      .01) by the second week of treatment and remained greater than that of controls
      throughout the stress period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988629
TI  - Social facilitation of feeding and time budgets in stabled ponies.
AB  - Eight pairs of pony mares were observed. Members of a pair were housed in
      adjacent stalls and fed hay ad libitum. The behavior of both ponies was recorded
      simultaneously in the morning (1000 to 1200 h) and afternoon (1400 to 1600 h) for
      a total of 117 h. The time budget was: 70.1 +/- 8.6% eating; 17.8 +/- 7.4%
      standing (including stand rest, stand alert and stand nonalert); 5.2 +/- 7.0%
      pushing hay; 2.9 +/- 1.2% walking; 1.9 +/- 2.9% drinking; 1.3 +/- 1.1% self
      grooming; .2 +/- .3% defecating; .06 +/- .1% chewing nonfood items; .06 +/- .03%
      urination; .06 +/- .1% licking salt; .07 +/- .1% pawing hay; .6 +/- .7% lying and
      .07 +/- .08% stretching the neck over the stall wall dividing the ponies. While
      eating, the ponies lifted their heads 25.4 +/- 11.0 times/h. In less than one
      half of the occasions when urination or defecation was observed, the ponies
      walked away from the spot where they had been eating to eliminate. During one
      half of the observations, visual contact between the ponies was prevented by a
      solid partition between the stalls. The ponies spent significantly more time
      standing nonalert when the partition prevented visual contact (12 +/- 7%) than
      when visual contact could take place (6 +/- 3%, P less than .05). When fresh hay
      was supplied in the mornings, the ponies spent similar amounts of time eating
      whether visual contact was allowed or not, but in the afternoon significantly
      more time was spent feeding when visual contact was allowed (73 +/- 4%) than when
      it was not (60 +/- 7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988630
TI  - Reduction of liver copper concentration by the organic arsenical, 3-nitro-4
      hydroxyphenylarsonic acid.
AB  - The interaction between 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (roxarsone) and Cu
      was studied in a series of experiments with crossbred, broiler-type chicks. A
      fully fortified corn-soybean meal diet was fed in all assays. While roxarsone
      caused a marked reduction in liver Cu concentration, arsanilic acid (4
      aminophenylarsonic acid), As2O3 and As2O5 were without effect. When structural
      analogs of roxarsone were studied, it was found that o-nitrophenol and 3-nitro-4
      hydroxybenzoic acid also had no effect on liver Cu concentration in birds fed a
      high level of Cu. However, liver Co concentration was reduced by the addition of
      either o-nitrophenol or roxarsone to the diets of birds fed a high level of Co.
      It was concluded that arsenic per se had no effect on liver Cu accumulation or
      depletion, but that a chelate was probably formed between Cu or Co and the
      nitroso and hydroxyl groups of the ring portion of roxarsone. In addition to the
      reduction in liver Cu deposition, concentrations of Cu in the bile, brain, heart
      and pancreas of chicks were reduced by the addition of roxarsone to a high-Cu
      diet. Neither dietary nor intraperitoneally (ip) injected roxarsone had an effect
      on liver Cu concentration when Cu was injected ip. Therefore, both roxarsone and
      Cu had to be present in the diet for the liver Cu-lowering effect of roxarsone to
      be exerted. A further experiment was conducted with growing rats to determine the
      effect of roxarsone on Cu balance. Feeding roxarsone elevated Cu excretion in the
      urine but had no effect on Cu excretion in the feces.

PMID- 3988631
TI  - Effects of riboflavin supplementation and selenium source on selenium metabolism
      in the young pig.
AB  - The effect of dietary riboflavin (B2) supplementation and selenium (Se) source on
      the performance and Se metabolism of weanling pigs was studied. Pigs fed a B2
      supplemented (10 mg/kg) casein-glucose diet for 18 d gained faster than pigs fed
      the B2-unsupplemented diet. Percentage active erythrocyte glutathione reductase
      (GR) declined rapidly when pigs were placed on the B2-unsupplemented diet and was
      lower (P less than .01) than that of B2-supplemented pigs after 12 d on test.
      Percentage active erythrocyte GR values fell below 50% before other B2 deficiency
      signs became evident. Supplementation of diets with 10 mg B2/kg resulted in
      increased kidney and muscle glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. The Se
      concentration of liver and heart increased and plasma Se levels decreased with
      dietary B2 supplementation. Riboflavin supplementation and Se source did not
      alter apparent Se absorption, but B2 supplementation decreased urinary Se and
      thus increased Se retention. Also, there was less urinary Se excretion when
      selenomethionine was the dietary Se source and consequently more Se was retained
      than when sodium selenite was the dietary Se source. In a final trial, B2
      supplementation increased kidney, muscle, heart and brain GSH-Px activity when
      sodium selenite was the dietary Se source, but not when selenomethionine was the
      dietary Se source.

PMID- 3988632
TI  - Feed additive studies with newly weaned pigs: efficacy of supplemental copper,
      antibiotics and organic acids.
AB  - Six experiments involving 706 newly weaned 28- to 32-d-old pigs were conducted to
      evaluate the efficacy of copper (Cu) sulfate (to provide 250 mg/kg Cu),
      antibiotic-sulfa combinations [chlortetracycline, 110 mg/kg + penicillin, 55
      mg/kg + sulfamethazine, 110 mg/kg; i.e., Aureo-Sulfa-Penicillin (ASP) or tylosin,
      110 mg/kg + sulfamethazine, 110 mg/kg; i.e., Tylosin-Sulfa (TS)] and anhydrous
      citric or fumaric acid (.75 to 1.5% of the diet). The basal experimental diet was
      a 19% crude protein (CP)-fortified corn-soybean meal diet (1.08% lysine)
      containing 7% dried whey and 3% fish meal. Marked and consistent gain and
      gain/feed responses occurred from the Cu supplement, particularly during the
      first week postweaning. The antibiotic-sulfa combinations were less efficacious
      than Cu during the 1-wk postweaning stress period. During either the 1- or 3-wk
      growth periods, ASP and TS showed additivity with Cu in promoting rate and
      efficiency of weight gain. Liver Cu was increased by Cu addition to the diet, but
      neither ASP nor TS affected Cu deposition in the liver. In a factorial experiment
      involving 17% (1.01% lysine) or 20% CP (1.23% lysine) corn-soybean meal diets
      containing either no dried whey or an addition of 25% whey, Cu supplementation
      elicited marked improvements in rate and efficiency of weight gain, particularly
      in diets without added whey. Likewise, whey addition improved pig performance,
      especially when added to the diets containing no supplemental Cu.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988633
TI  - Nutritive value of D-tryptophan for the growing pig.
AB  - The replacement value of D-tryptophan (D-TRP) for L-tryptophan (L-TRP) was
      estimated in four 28-d experiments with weanling pigs. In all experiments,
      supplementing TRP-deficient diets with D- and L-TRP significantly increased feed
      intake, rate and efficiency of gain and decreased plasma urea N (PUN). In Exp. 1,
      the performance responses to added D-TRP were similar to those with added L-TRP.
      Relative responses (D-TRP/L-TRP) for average daily feed intake (ADF), weight gain
      (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) on percentage added TRP, and ADG on daily TRP intake
      were 1.2, 1.1, 1.0 and .9, respectively. In Exp. 2, pigs fed added L-TRP consumed
      more feed (P less than .05) and gained weight faster (P less than .05) than those
      fed added D-TRP. Relative responses of D- to L-TRP for ADF, ADG and G/F on
      percentage added TRP and ADG on daily TRP intake were .7, .7, .8 and 1.0. In Exp.
      3, a 2 X 3 treatment arrangement was used. Pigs were fed two basal diets (.10%
      TRP) or basal diets with .05% added D- or L-TRP. The basal diets were formulated
      at two levels of large neutral amino acids (LNAA). The addition of L-TRP, as
      compared with D-TRP, increased ADF (P less than .01), ADG (P less than .01), G/F
      (P less than .05) and plasma TRP (P less than .01). Added LNAA decreased (P less
      than .05) ADF and added TRP increased G/F more in pigs fed high-LNAA diets than
      in those fed low-LNAA diets (interaction, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988634
TI  - Net portal absorption of lactate and volatile fatty acids in steers experiencing
      glucose-induced acidosis or fed a 70% concentrate diet ad libitum.
AB  - Five crossbred steers (347 kg) were surgically fitted with rumen fistulae,
      hepatic portal, abdominal aorta and mesenteric catheters to measure organic acid
      absorption from the gut during acute [intraruminal glucose, 12 g/kg body weight
      (G)] or subacute [ad libitum 70% concentrate diet (C)] acidosis. Samples were
      taken at time 0, then every 2 h for 48 h after a switch from an alfalfa diet to
      C, or dosing with G. Steers receiving C received G 1 wk later so that five steers
      provided four observations/treatment. Blood flow rates were determined by
      infusion of para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) and averaged 767.8 and 712.5 liters/h
      for C and G, respectively. Animals consuming C averaged 13.6 kg dry matter from 0
      to 24 h and 1.5 kg from 24 to 48 h. Rumen pH declined to 4.2 for G compared with
      6.0 for C. Blood pH and HCO3 showed only slight depressions for G from 16 to 26
      h, the period of lowest rumen pH. Rumen L-lactate concentration averaged 53.4 mM
      (peak 77 mM) and 2.1 mM for G and C, respectively. Rumen D-lactate concentration
      averaged 30.2 mM (peak 47 mM) for G and 1.2 mM for C. Net portal absorption of L
      lactate averaged 96.6 and 164.4 mmol/h, whereas that of D-lactate averaged 10.5
      and 71.8 mmol/h for C and G, respectively. Mean net portal volatile fatty acid
      absorptions were 442.8, 192.1, 53.8, 5.3 and 10.4 mmol/h (C) and 100.0, 47.2,
      9.4, .98 and .78 mmol/h (G) for acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and
      isovalerate, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988635
TI  - Effects of dietary potassium and sodium on magnesium utilization in sheep.
AB  - Two metabolism trials were conducted to determine the effect of altering dietary
      Na and K on Mg availability. Three dietary treatments (normal K-normal Na, high K
      normal Na and high K-high Na) were imposed upon nine crossbred wether lambs in a
      randomized block design. Each trial consisted of a 5-d diet adjustment, a 10-d
      preliminary period and a 5-d collection of feed, feces and urine. Increasing K
      and Na intake increased the percentage of Mg excreted in feces. Both elevated K
      and K-Na depressed (P less than .10) urinary Mg excretion, primarily a reflection
      of depressed Mg absorption in animals fed these diets. Apparent K absorption and
      retention increased when animals were supplemented with K. Addition of Na to the
      diet did not alter absorption or retention of K. Apparent K and Na availability
      increased when K and Na supplements were included in the diet. This increased
      availability resulted from increased total absorbed K and Na compared with a
      fixed endogenous excretion. Calcium balance in lambs was not affected by addition
      of K or Na. Lambs were able to absorb enough Mg from their respective diet to
      maintain normal serum Mg levels. Addition of Na to a diet high in K did not
      enhance Mg absorption in lambs.

PMID- 3988636
TI  - Scheduled breeding of gilts after estrous synchronization with altrenogest.
AB  - Fertility of 104 gilts artificially inseminated (AI) at a predetermined time
      (scheduled AI) after estrous synchronization with altrenogest (15 mg X gilt-1 X d
      1 for 18 d) was compared with that of 103 gilts checked for estrus (estrus
      checked) and inseminated after altrenogest. Scheduled-AI gilts were inseminated
      once on d 5, 6 and 7 after the last altrenogest feeding (d 0). Estrus-checked
      gilts were exposed to a boar twice daily at 0830 and 1630 h and inseminated after
      the second and third estrous detection period following first detected estrus.
      Percentage of gilts assigned to treatment that farrowed (72.8 vs 67.3%), total
      pigs farrowed (11 +/- .4 vs 11.3 +/- .4) and pigs born alive (10.1 +/- .4 vs 10.5
      +/- .4) were similar for estrus-checked and scheduled-AI gilts, respectively. We
      conclude that scheduled AI can be used with estrous synchronization for gilts and
      may have advantages in breeding herd management and the use of AI in swine.

PMID- 3988637
TI  - Discriminant analysis for predicting dystocia in beef cattle. I. Comparison with
      regression analysis.
AB  - Data from 131 calvings of Chianina crossbred cows (2 to 5 yr old) bred to
      Chianina bulls were used to compare stepwise multiple regression analysis (RA)
      and stepwise, two-group discriminant analysis (DA) for predicting dystocia.
      Variables (21) studied in relation to dystocia included both prebreeding and
      precalving cow and calf effects. Calving was categorized as either unassisted or
      assisted without regard to the severity of dystocia. During this study, 30
      (22.9%) assisted births occurred. All variables were standardized to a mean of
      zero and a variance of one before statistical analyses. Models were developed
      based on precalving variables and with both precalving and postcalving variables
      with both RA and DA. Average discriminant scores (centroids) were different (P
      less than .01) between assisted and unassisted cows. Significant precalving DA
      variables were cow age and precalving pelvic height. This model correctly
      predicted 26 of 30 (86.7%) of the occurrences of dystocia. Significant precalving
      RA variables were prebreeding pelvic width and precalving pelvic height. The
      amount of variation accounted for by these two factors was 31.5%. Calf birth
      weight, calf chest depth, calf height, precalving pelvic area, cow age and
      precalving cow weight were selected by DA for use in the combined precalving and
      postcalving prediction model. Calf birth weight was 58% more important than
      either pelvic size or cow age. Percentage correctly classified with this model
      was 87.4. Significant postcalving variables selected by RA in order of importance
      were prebreeding pelvic width, calf birth weight and calf shoulder width (R2 =
      .399).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988638
TI  - Discriminant analysis for predicting dystocia in beef cattle. II. Derivation and
      validation of a prebreeding prediction model.
AB  - Discriminant analysis was utilized to derive and validate a model for predicting
      dystocia using only data available at the beginning of the breeding season. Data
      were collected from 211 Chianina crossbred cows (2 to 6 yr old) bred to Chianina
      bulls. A proportionally stratified sampling procedure divided females into an
      analysis sample (n = 134) on which the model was derived and a hold-out sample (n
      = 77) on which the prediction model was validated (tested). Variables available
      during the derivation stage were cow age, cow weight, pelvic height, pelvic
      width, pelvic area and calf sire. Dystocia was categorized as either unassisted
      or assisted. Occurrence of dystocia was 17.2 and 18.2% in the analysis and hold
      out samples, respectively. All data were standardized to a mean of zero and a
      variance of one before statistical analysis. The centroid of cows experiencing
      dystocia differed (P less than .01) from that of cows calving unassisted in the
      analysis sample. Significant variables were pelvic area and cow age (standardized
      coefficients = .56 and .51, respectively). This model correctly classified 85.1%
      of the cows in the analysis sample. This was 13.5% greater than the proportional
      chance criterion. For model validation, prediction accuracy was 84.4% in the hold
      out group, which was 14.2% greater than the proportional chance criterion.
      However, only 57.1% of the cows that experienced dystocia were correctly
      classified. Examination of the data revealed that those cows misclassified were 3
      yr of age or older.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988639
TI  - Breed group differences in testicular growth patterns in spring-born ram lambs.
AB  - Three groups of spring-born ram lambs were used to assess breed group differences
      in testicular growth patterns through 5 mo of age. Group 1 included 20 3/4
      Finnish Landrace (Finn), 1/4-Rambouillet rams and 31 1/8-Finn, 7/8-Rambouillet
      rams. Group 2 included 23 3/4-Finn, 1/4-Dorset rams and 19 1/8-Finn, 7/8-Dorset
      rams. Group 3 included 21 black-faced (BF) rams (six Hampshire and 15 Suffolk)
      and 46 whitefaced (WF) rams (nine Dorset, 20 Barbados Blackbelly X Dorset, 10
      Finn X Dorset and six Dorset X Finn). Scrotal circumference (C) was measured at
      19, 43, 72, 100, 128 and 153 d in Group 1; at 20, 48, 76, 93 and 153 d in Group 2
      and at 40, 60, 81, 103, 124 and 158 d in Group 3. Breed group X age interaction
      was tested to assess breed group differences in testicular growth patterns, and
      logistic curves were used to describe increases in scrotal circumference with
      age. In Group 1, 3/4-Finn and 1/8-Finn rams were similar in estimated final
      scrotal circumference at 150 d of age (260 and 259 mm, respectively), but rapid
      testicular growth began earlier in 3/4-Finn rams. The estimated age at which the
      growth rate in scrotal circumference was maximum was 81 d for 3/4-Finn rams and
      93 d for 1/8-Finn rams. No differences were observed in testicular growth in
      Group 2 rams. However, in Group 3, smaller WF rams matured more rapidly than
      larger BF rams. Growth in scrotal circumference was most rapid at 99 d in BF rams
      and 88 d in WF rams. Within WF rams, Barbados Blackbelly X Dorset and Finn X
      Dorset rams matured earlier than Dorsets. In all groups, the primary breed
      difference was associated with age differences during the period of rapid
      testicular growth.

PMID- 3988640
TI  - Comparative performance of straightbred and crossbred (F1) sires.
AB  - The first phase of this study was the production of contemporary straightbred
      (SB) and reciprocal crossbred (F1) bulls by mating Angus (A) bulls to A and Santa
      Gertrudis (SG) cows and SG bulls to SG and A cows. Of the bulls produced during
      the 4-yr period, those used for breeding included 15 A, 15 SG, 8 A X SG and 8 SG
      X A. For 205-d weight and weight/day of age (W/DA) postweaning, A X SG had higher
      (P less than .05) performance than SG X A bulls and SG had higher (P less than
      .05) performance than A bulls. There was no difference (P greater than .05)
      between SG and A X SG for 205-d weight, postweaning average daily gain (ADG) or
      postweaning W/DA. Heterosis estimates were 5.2 (P less than .10), 9.9 (P less
      than .01) and 5.8% (P less than .01) for 205-d weight, postweaning ADG and W/DA,
      respectively. The second phase of this study was the comparison of SB and F1
      bulls for reproductive and progeny performance by exposing them as yearlings to
      25 Polled Hereford cows each. There were no differences (P greater than .05)
      among the four sire groups for proportion of cows exposed that had a calf, had a
      live calf or weaned a calf. Reproductive performance of sires also was evaluated
      in terms of number of days (NOD) from the beginning of the breeding period until
      calves were born. The NOD for calves by SG was greater (P less than .05) than for
      calves by A or F1 sires. Compared with calves from SB sires, the NOD for calves
      from A X SG and SG X A sires were 5.0 and 10.6 d (P less than .05) lower.
      Differences among sires within year and breeding of sire were significant for all
      preweaning traits and for W/DA postweaning of their progeny. The SG-sired calves
      were heavier (P less than .05) for birth and 205-d weight and had higher (P less
      than .05) postweaning ADG than A-sired calves. Mean performance of calves by
      reciprocal F1 sires did not deviate (P greater than .05) from the mean
      performance of those by SB sires. Calves by A X SG sires had higher (P less than
      .05) 205-d weight, postweaning ADG and W/DA than calves by SG X A sires. Results
      indicated that the primary genetic effects responsible for differences in
      performance of calves sired by F1 vs SB bulls were mean transmitted and mean
      heterotic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3988641
TI  - Muscle growth and satellite cell proliferative activity in obese (OB/OB) mice.
AB  - Muscle growth of male obese (ob/ob) and lean mice at 2, 3, 5 and 8 wk were
      analyzed on the basis of weights of gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus muscles
      from each hind leg. The carcasses (prepared by removing skin, viscera, head, feet
      and tail) were analyzed for fat content so that the effect of phenotype on the
      relationship between muscle weight and fat-free carcass weight could be assessed.
      For each age group the obese mice had less muscle relative to fat-free carcass
      weight than lean mice, with the difference being significant at 3 wk (P less than
      .05) and 8 wk (P less than .025). The proliferative activity of muscle satellite
      cells in 2- and 3-wk-old obese and lean mice was measured on isolated muscle
      fibers by autoradiography. Muscle fiber diameter and number of nuclei/unit length
      were unaffected by phenotype, but the proportion of muscle nuclei showing
      proliferative activity was lower (P less than .01) in obese than in lean mice at
      2 wk (1.05 vs 1.93%, respectively) and 3 wk of age (.23 vs .59%, respectively).
      These results are consistent with the suggestion that muscle growth is limited by
      satellite-cell proliferative activity, although direct evidence for a cause and
      effect relationship is not provided.

PMID- 3988642
TI  - Dietary sodium and chloride levels for growing-finishing pigs.
AB  - The performance and the physiological and metabolic consequences of three dietary
      levels of Na (.03, .09 and .18%) and of Cl (.08, .17 and .32%) arranged
      factorially were determined in growing-finishing pigs (36 to 89 kg). Average
      daily gain and feed efficiency of pigs fed .03% Na were lower than pigs fed .09
      or .18% Na. Gain:feed ratio of pigs fed .32 or .17% Cl was greater than that of
      pigs fed .08% Cl during the finishing phase (58 to 89 kg) but not during the
      growing phase. Increasing dietary Cl levels increased average daily feed intake
      and gain:feed ratio of pigs fed .03% Na, but had no effect at the higher levels
      of Na. Plasma Na and Cl were lower (P less than .05) while plasma K (P less than
      .01), total protein, (P less than .04), albumin (P less than .07) and urea N (P
      less than .03) were higher in pigs fed .03% Na compared with those fed .09 or
      .18% Na. Increasing the dietary levels of Cl decreased urea N (P less than .05).
      Plasma lysine:arginine ratio increased as dietary Cl increased in pigs fed .18%
      Na diets, but not in pigs fed .03 or .09% Na. The urea cycle intermediate
      ornithine was highest in the plasma of pigs fed .18% Na. Dietary Na and Cl seem
      to interact to affect both plasma electrolytes and basic amino acid metabolism.

PMID- 3988643
TI  - Biological characteristics for assessing low phosphorus intake in growing swine.
AB  - A total of 195 swine from 18 to 35 kg were used to evaluate various biological
      responses of growing swine fed low P diets at different Ca:P ratios. Three
      replicates of a randomized complete-block design in a 3 X 3 factorial arrangement
      of treatments were used. Total dietary P levels of .12, .31 and .50% were fed in
      1:1, 1.5:1 or 3:1 Ca:P ratios. Diets were formulated using corn starch, dextrin
      and soy protein concentrate, with monosodium phosphate and limestone used to
      supply appropriate dietary treatment levels of Ca and P. Gain and feed
      performance were generally influenced by both Ca:P ratio and dietary P level.
      Serum inorganic P decreased linearly as Ca:P ratio widened and increased linearly
      as dietary P increased. Serum Ca concentrations responded inversely to serum
      inorganic P in response to both Ca:P ratio and dietary P level. Serum alkaline
      phosphatase was not affected by Ca:P ratio, but declined quadratically with
      increasing dietary P level. Bone bending moment was influenced by both dietary P
      level and Ca:P ratio. Bone component weights (ash, organic matrix), percentage
      bone ash and net accretion of bone ash and organic component weights were not
      influenced by Ca:P ratio but increased linearly as dietary P level increased.
      These results suggest that bone component weights, net ash accretion and
      percentage bone ash were more sensitive criteria than bone bending moment or
      serum alkaline phosphatase, which in turn were more sensitive than serum
      inorganic P, Ca, Mg and growth performance characteristics in response to dietary
      P level.

PMID- 3988644
TI  - Development of an assay to determine the bioavailability of potassium in
      feedstuffs for the young pig.
AB  - A series of four trials was conducted to verify the published requirement of .26%
      total K in the diet and to identify response variables useful in an assay of the
      bioavailability of K in feedstuffs for the young pig. Purified diets were
      supplemented with K at four levels as KC2H3O2 in three trials and as KHCO3 in the
      fourth trial. In the first three trials, the requirement was estimated by least
      squares analysis of a linear-plateau response of average daily gain. Additional
      measures in each trial were taken for linear response to dietary K levels. The
      three estimates of K requirement obtained were .30, .33 and .26% total K in the
      diet. These three estimates were not found to be inconsistent with the published
      value of .26% total K in the diet. Various urinary and hematological measures
      also were examined during the four trials for linear response to dietary K
      levels. Plasma K was the only hematological response to show a significant linear
      relationship to dietary K levels. Urinary K concentrations and daily excretion
      showed a highly significant linear response to dietary K levels. Based on these
      results, a K bioavailability assay using urinary K measures as the primary
      response variable and plasma K as the secondary response variable seems the most
      promising.

PMID- 3988645
TI  - Energy balances of lactating sows in relation to feeding level and stage of
      lactation.
AB  - Twelve crossbred sows were used in an energy balance study to estimate energetic
      efficiency of milk production from feed. Balances were made from 7 to 14 d and
      from 18 to 25 d of lactation. Two feeding levels were applied (high and low). The
      low level (L) was meant to supply energy slightly above maintenance, with energy
      needed for milk to be derived from body reserves. The high level (H) was meant to
      supply sufficient energy for maintenance and for milk production. The low-level
      animals received 2.5 to 2.6 kg of feed/d and the high level animals 4.8 to 6
      kg/d. The loss of weight of sows during lactation depended more on feeding level
      than on stage of lactation. A high level of feeding to sows resulted in heavier
      piglets compared with the low feeding level (significant after 10 d). At 24 d of
      age piglets with the high-feeding-level sows weighed 7.5 kg and those with the
      low-level sows, 5.7 kg. At the high level, animals excreted 1,200 to 2,800 kcal
      more milk energy per day than the low-level animals. Energy for milk from feed
      was produced with an efficiency of 67 to 69% with a maintenance requirement of
      112 to 125 kcal metabolizable energy (ME) X W-.75 X d-1. Efficiency of milk
      production from feed was calculated as 62% and the maintenance requirement was 68
      kcal. In this calculation, milk was corrected toward zero energy balance. Another
      way of calculating this efficiency after correcting feed toward zero energy
      balance resulted in estimates of 68% for efficiency and of 88 kcal ME X W-.75 X d
      1 for maintenance requirement. From these data it was derived that, for each
      piglet, the sow needed to receive .5 to .6 kg of extra feed (ME content 3,000
      kcal/kg) per day to cover milk production. Level of metabolic rate for nursing
      piglets was estimated as 97 kcal ME X W-.75 X d-1 for maintenance and, in
      addition, .195 kcal/kcal extra of milk intake above maintenance.

PMID- 3988646
TI  - Reproductive traits of sows penned individually or in groups until 35 days after
      breeding.
AB  - We compared estrous and farrowing traits in 274 Duroc X Yorkshire sows penned
      either in individual gestation stalls or in groups (four or five sows/group)
      during the intervals from weaning to breeding and from breeding to 30 to 35 d
      after breeding. Sows were assigned to treatment by parity (primiparous vs
      multiparous), checked twice daily for estrus from 3 to 10 d after weaning and
      artificially inseminated (AI) twice during estrus. Ovaries of anestrous sows were
      examined at laparotomy. No major treatment effects on estrous response were
      detected and 88% (45/51) of anestrous sows had only small ovarian follicles.
      Litter traits were not affected by penning treatments. However, penning sows in
      groups postbreeding resulted in a 50% reduction (P less than .05) in early
      pregnancy losses as indicated by low serum progesterone 19 to 23 d after AI or
      return to estrus by 23 d after AI. This resulted in a 12 percentage point higher
      (P less than .05) farrowing rate for group-penned (78%) than for individually
      penned sows (66%).

PMID- 3988647
TI  - The concentration of estradiol-17 beta in bovine semen.
AB  - This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of age, breed, epididymectomy
      and semen processing on the concentration of estradiol-17 beta (E2) in bovine
      semen. Semen was collected either by electroejaculation or with an artificial
      vagina. Neat semen samples were stored at -20 C until analysis. Processed, frozen
      semen and an egg yolk-citrate semen extender were obtained from a commercial
      semen processing firm and stored in liquid nitrogen at -196 C. The concentration
      of E2 in semen was determined by radioimmunoassay. Semen from mature (greater
      than 24 mo), fertile Brahman (n = 19), Brangus (n = 16), Charolais (n = 29),
      Holstein (n = 15) and Santa Gertrudis (n = 25) bulls was analyzed for E2
      concentration, and no difference (P greater than .10) between breeds was found.
      There was no difference (P greater than .10) in seminal E2 concentration between
      mature, fertile bulls (n = 104) and epididymectomized bulls (n = 22). In semen
      collected from prepuberal (12 to 16 mo, n = 21), peripuberal (17 to 20 mo, n =
      17) and mature (greater than 24 mo, n = 19), Brahman bulls, the mature bulls had
      a lower (P less than .01) semen E2 concentration than peripuberal and prepuberal
      bulls. There were no differences (P greater than .10) in seminal E2 concentration
      among peripuberal Angus (n = 8), Hereford (n = 8) and Brahman (n = 17)
      bulls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988648
TI  - Efficiency of feed energy utilization for protein and fat gain in Hereford and
      Charolais steers.
AB  - Two multiple regression models were used to estimate energetic efficiency of
      protein and fat gain for 84 grade British steers, predominantly Hereford, and 84
      Charolais steers using data obtained from a comparative slaughter feeding trial.
      In Model One, metabolizable energy intake was regressed on energy gain as fat and
      protein; the intercept was an estimate of maintenance. For Model Two, maintenance
      requirements were estimated by regression of log heat production (kcal/kg.75) on
      metabolizable energy intake (kcal/kg.75) and iterating to the point at which heat
      production was equal to metabolizable energy intake. Energy intake above
      maintenance was then regressed on energy gained as fat and protein. Results from
      Model One showed the efficiencies of protein and fat gain to be 10 and 49%, while
      Model Two indicated these efficiencies were 11 and 58%. Breeds did not appear to
      differ significantly in the efficiency with which they used metabolizable energy
      for protein or fat deposition.

PMID- 3988649
TI  - Influence of prefast feed intake on recovery from feed and water deprivation by
      beef steers.
AB  - A trial was conducted with 60 steers (257 kg) to determine the influence of
      prefast feed intake on recovery from feed and water deprivation. For 3 d, steers
      were fed a 35% roughage diet at 1 (LI) or 1.75% (MI) of body weight or ad libitum
      (AL). Steers were then deprived of feed and water for 24 h, limit-fed and watered
      for 24 h, deprived of feed and water for 48 h and then allowed ad libitum feed
      and water consumption for 2 wk. A fourth group of control steers was fed at 1.75%
      of body weight during the alimentation period and was not fasted. Realimentation
      feed intake was positively related to prefast feed intake, with the order of
      realimentation feed intake being AL greater than MI greater than LI (P less than
      .05). During deprivation, rumen volume declined (P less than .05) in AL-fed
      steers, but was not affected in LI and MI steers. Blood hemoglobin and serum urea
      N increased during deprivation in all fasted groups. Prefast serum cholesterol
      levels were inversely related to prefast energy intake. During deprivation, rumen
      fluid total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and propionate and butyrate
      molar proportions declined (P less than .05) and acetate, isobutyrate and
      valerate + isovalerate molar proportions increased (P less than .05). Results of
      this study indicate that an increased prefast feed intake will provide a greater
      reserve of energy, water and electrolytes to the steer during deprivation and
      result in a shorter postfast adaptation period.

PMID- 3988650
TI  - Dietary energy density and frame size effects on composition of gain in feedlot
      cattle.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy density or
      genetic background on protein and fat gain of growing cattle. In Exp. 1, 24
      Limousin steers were used in a growing-finishing trial. A 2 X 2 factorial
      arrangement was used with steers randomly allotted to four treatment combinations
      and fed the following diets: 80% concentrate, high moisture corn-corn silage diet
      (HI) or a corn silage diet (LO) during both the growing (GRO) and(or) the
      finishing (FIN) phases. Body composition for both experiments was determined by a
      deuterium oxide dilution technique. Empty body weight gains were greater (P less
      than .05) for HI during GRO, FIN and the total trial. Daily protein gains (DPG)
      were greater (P less than .05) for HI during GRO and FIN, while cattle receiving
      HI during at least FIN had the greatest (P less than .05) overall DPG. Daily fat
      gains (DFG) followed the pattern of DPG, being more rapid (P less than .05) for
      cattle fed HI during either GRO or FIN. Cattle fed the HI diet also tended to be
      more energetically efficient. In Exp. 2, large frame (LG) and small frame (SM)
      cattle were used for the evaluation of frame size effects on protein and fat
      deposition. Steers were individually fed an 80% concentrate, corn-based diet
      during the entire trial. Average daily gains and daily dry matter intake (P less
      than .05, P less than .01) were greater for LG, while feed efficiency was similar
      for both cattle types. Large cattle had greater (P less than .05) DPG than SM
      cattle, however, DFG were not different. Small frame steers were energetically
      more efficient (P less than .05), apparently due to composition of gain
      difference.

PMID- 3988651
TI  - Interaction of molybdenum, sulfate and alfalfa in the bovine.
AB  - Thirty-two weanling Hereford heifers were assigned to treatments in a 2(3)
      factorial arrangement involving two levels of Mo (0 and 100 ppm added inorganic
      Mo), two levels of SO4 (0 and .5% added inorganic SO4) and two levels of alfalfa
      pellets (0 and 2.72 kg daily). A basal diet of hay and salt ad libitum and 454 g
      milo pellets (92% milo and 8% molasses) was fed daily. All animals were fed
      individually for 11 mo. Added dietary Mo created severe symptoms of Mo toxicity
      that included scouring, achromotrichia, anemia and weight loss. Five of the 16
      animals that received Mo died within 2 wk after the study was terminated.
      Molybdenum accumulated in all tissues sampled during the first 8 mo and decreased
      thereafter. Molybdenum also elevated plasma Cu. Balance data indicated that 100
      ppm of added dietary Mo led to daily retention of 105 mg Mo and reduced the rate
      of liver Cu depreciation. Added Mo did not influence feed intake, digestibility
      or metabolizable energy (ME) when calculated per unit of metabolic size. Added
      inorganic SO4 lowered plasma Cu and Mo, but did not alter digestibility, ME or Cu
      and Mo balance. Added protein supplied by alfalfa pellets increased feed intake
      and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy but did not prevent Mo
      toxicity symptoms. Alfalfa also increased ME, P, S and N balance and was involved
      with certain interactions with both Mo and SO4. Plasma Mo is a good indicator of
      Mo intake and is more useful than tissue Cu levels. Urinary Mo may also be useful
      to evaluate Mo intake under field conditions.

PMID- 3988653
TI  - The effect of repeated mating at short intervals on reproductive performance of
      gilts.
AB  - Three trials involving 87 gilts were completed to investigate the role of
      additional sexual stimulation on various reproductive parameters. Forty-five
      gilts were mated twice at 12-h intervals at second pubertal estrus with intact
      boars beginning 12 h after detection of sexual receptivity (control group). Forty
      two gilts were exposed to a vasectomized boar 15 min following each fertile
      mating to provide additional copulatory stimulus (treatment group). This
      additional exposure improved (P less than .01) conception rate (100 vs 84%). No
      statistical differences were observed in number of corpora lutea (CL), number of
      viable embryos (VE) or number of total embryos (TE) at d 30. These results
      suggest that additional mating stimuli may have a beneficial effect on conception
      rate. While the use of additional males resulted in more pregnant females, it
      likely did not have an effect on litter size.

PMID- 3988652
TI  - Effects of high dietary manganese as manganese oxide or manganese carbonate in
      sheep.
AB  - Twenty-four crossbred Florida native wether lambs, 28 kg initially, were assigned
      randomly to a basal diet (31 ppm Mn dry matter basis) supplemented with either 0,
      500, 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm Mn from feed grade MnO or 2,000, 4,000 or 8,000
      ppm Mn from reagent grade MnCO3. There were three sheep/treatment, with ad
      libitum access to feed and tap water. After 84 d, all animals were slaughtered
      and tissues removed for analysis. Dietary Mn at the highest levels from either
      source reduced (P less than .05) average daily feed intake and average daily
      gain. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were not affected by dietary Mn. Manganese
      concentration in kidney, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle, bone, serum (P less than
      .01) and liver (P less than .05) increased as dietary Mn increased. Kidney P was
      reduced (P less than .05) as dietary Mn increased; however, no other tissue
      minerals were affected. At comparable levels of supplementation, sheep fed feed
      grade MnO exhibited numerically greater tissue Mn concentration than did those
      fed reagent-grade MnCO3 and regression analysis indicated higher rates of tissue
      uptake in MnO-supplemented sheep. Reduced feed intake and gain and apparent Mn
      homeostatic failure in liver were the only observed effects that may have been
      related to Mn toxicosis.

PMID- 3988654
TI  - Relationship of rumen fluid dilution rate to rumen fermentation and dietary
      characteristics of beef steers.
AB  - Data from seven beef steer trials were compiled and regression analyses used to
      evaluate relationships among molar proportions of acetate (Ac), propionate (Pr)
      and butyrate (Bu), total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), rumen
      ammonia (NH3), rumen pH, rumen fluid dilution rate (FDR), rumen fluid volume
      (FVOL), body weight (WT), dry matter intake (DMI) and dietary concentration and
      intake of crude protein (CP and CPI), acid detergent fiber (ADF and ADFI), ash
      (ASH and ASHI) and metabolizable energy (ME and MEI). Of the six fermentation
      variables, Pr (negative regression coefficient, beta) and pH (positive beta) were
      related (P less than .05) to FDR, but only 3 and 12% of the variation in these
      two variables, respectively, was explained by FDR. When FDR was described by
      dietary characteristics, ASHI was positively related to FDR (R2 = .16). The best
      two-variable model for FDR contained DMI (positive beta) and WT (negative beta)
      and increased R2 to .36. Fluid volume was best described by ME (positive beta; R2
      = .20). The two-variable model for FVOL added ASH with a positive partial beta
      (R2 = .23). When fermentation variables were regressed on dietary
      characteristics, Ac was best described by ADF (positive beta; R2 = .71). The
      variable that best described Pr proportion was ADF (negative beta; R2 = .50), and
      addition of CP (negative beta) and MEI (positive beta) into the Pr model improved
      R2 to .70. Molar proportion of butyrate was related to CP (positive beta; R2 =
      .23), and addition of ME (positive beta) to the model improved the R2 to .31.
      Total VFA concentration was best described by ADFI (positive beta; R2 = .14). An
      R2 of .29 resulted when ME (positive beta) and CPI (negative beta) were included
      in the total VFA model. Rumen pH was related to ADF (positive beta; R2 = .45),
      and addition of CP (positive beta) to the rumen pH model increased R2 to .55.
      Crude protein concentration was related to ruminal NH3 level (positive beta; R2 =
      .42), and inclusion of ADFI (positive beta) into the model improved the R2 to
      .47.

PMID- 3988655
TI  - Feeding and drinking behavior of mares and foals with free access to pasture and
      water.
AB  - The feeding and drinking behavior of 11 mares and 15 foals living on pasture with
      free access to water was recorded during 2,340 15-min focal samples taken over 2
      yr. Lactating mares on pasture spent about 70% of the day feeding. Foals began
      feeding on their first day of life. As they grew older, they spent progressively
      more time feeding, but still spent only 47 +/- 6% of the time feeding by 21 wk of
      age. Foals fed primarily during the early morning and evening. While grass formed
      the major proportion of the diet of both foals and mares, they also ate clay,
      humus, feces, bark, leaves and twigs. Almost all feeding by foals was done while
      their mothers were feeding. Movement to water sources was frequently, but not
      invariably, carried out by an entire herd. Frequency (P = .005) but not duration
      (P greater than .05) of drinking bouts by mares increased as the temperature
      increased. Frequency was greatest at 30 to 35 C, at which temperature mares drank
      once every 1.8 h. Frequency of drinking varied with the time of day (P less than
      .01), being rarest during the early morning (0500 to 0900 h eastern daylight
      time) and most frequent during the afternoon (1300 to 1700 h). Drinking by foals
      was very rare. The youngest age at which a foal was observed to drink was 3 wk,
      and 8 of 15 foals were never observed to drink before weaning.

PMID- 3988656
TI  - Growth patterns of cows sired by British and Continental beef and American dairy
      bulls and out of Hereford dams.
AB  - Growth patterns from birth to maturity were compared for 92 straightbred
      Herefords (H) and 299 Hereford crossbred (XB) cows. Crossbred cows were out of
      Hereford dams and were sired by bulls of two British [Angus (A) and Shorthorn
      (Sh)], two Continental [Charolais (C) and Simmental (S)] and two American dairy
      breeds [Brown Swiss (B) and Holstein (F)]. British XB and H cows differed only
      slightly in weight but both weighed less than Continental and dairy XB cows. Body
      condition also differed significantly among breed types; dairy XB were thinnest.
      Among XB individuals SH calves were heaviest (34 kg) and AH calves were lightest
      (30 kg) at birth. Birth weights of Continental XB were 2.6 kg more than those of
      British XB and 1.7 kg more than those of dairy XB. At weaning, all XB calves were
      heavier than straightbred H calves, but differences among XB types were not
      significant. However, on the average, Continental XB and dairy XB calves were
      heavier (28 kg) than British XB at 19 mo. At 32 mo, Continental and dairy XB
      weighed 41 and 23 kg more, respectively, than British XB. Although differences
      between the British XB and the Continental and dairy XB at some ages were not
      significant, no case existed where the latter two groups weighed less than
      British XB. Adjusting weight to a common condition score reduced phenotypic
      variance at all ages and changed the ranking of some breed types for weight,
      primarily by increasing predicted weights of dairy XB. Differences in growth
      curves were reflected by differences in mature weight and maturing rate.
      Asymptotic weights of Continental XB were highest, followed by those of dairy XB.
      British XB and H weighed least at maturity (average of 509 kg). The CH cows
      matured more slowly but grew to a heavier mature weight (592 kg) than SH cows
      (552 kg). Generally animals reached 95% of their mature weight between 68 and 80
      mo of age.

PMID- 3988657
TI  - Comparison of Charolais and Limousin as terminal cross sire breeds.
AB  - Birth, weaning, feedlot and carcass traits were evaluated on 1,181 calves sired
      by Charolais and Limousin bulls out of eight crossbred dam groups (Hereford X
      Angus, Angus X Hereford, Simmental X Angus, Simmental X Hereford, Brown Swiss X
      Angus, Brown Swiss X Hereford, Jersey X Angus, Jersey X Hereford). Calves were
      born in the spring over a 4-yr period during which dams ranged from 3 to 8 yr of
      age. Charolais-cross calves were 2.7 kg heavier (P less than .01) at birth and
      had a 9.9% higher (P less than .01) incidence of difficult calvings and 4.6%
      greater (P less than .05) preweaning death loss than did Limousin crosses.
      Charolais-sired calves out-gained Limousin-sired calves by 31 g/d (P less than
      .01) from birth to weaning and were 9 kg heavier (P less than .01) at weaning.
      After weaning, calves were self-fed a finishing diet and slaughtered as each
      animal attained an estimated carcass grade of low Choice. Charolais-cross calves
      gained 60 g/d faster (P less than .01) than Limousin crosses, were fed 6.8 fewer
      d and were 17.3 kg heavier (P less than .01) at slaughter. Feed efficiency was
      similar for both sire breeds. On a grade-equivalent basis, Charolais crosses
      produced 7 kg heavier (P less than .01) carcass and had 22 g more carcass weight
      per day of age (P less than .01). Charolais crosses had slightly less internal
      and external fat. Dressing percentage was higher for Limousin cross calves (64.6
      vs 63.9%, P less than .01). Longissimus muscle area and carcass cutability were
      similar for crosses of both sire breeds.

PMID- 3988658
TI  - Adipose tissue growth and cellularity: changes in bovine adipocyte size and
      number.
AB  - Forty crossbred steers of similar birth date and fed the same growing-finishing
      diet were used to study adipocyte changes in six fat depots during growth from 11
      to 19 mo of age. Steers were slaughtered at 2-mo intervals. Adipose tissue
      samples were obtained from kidney, mesenteric and brisket fat and subcutaneous,
      intermuscular and intramuscular fat from the 10th to 12th rib section. The osmium
      tetroxide fixation technique was used for determination of cell size and number.
      Except for three brisket fat samples, distributions of adipocyte diameters from
      six different fat depots were monophasic during the age range considered in this
      study. At 17 mo of age, the mean adipocyte diameter, in decreasing order, was:
      kidney fat greater than mesenteric greater than subcutaneous greater than
      intermuscular greater than intramuscular greater than brisket fat. Fat deposition
      during growth to 19 mo of age occurred mainly by hypertrophy of adipocytes. An
      apparent cell hyperplasia occurred in the intramuscular fat depot from 11 to 15
      mo and in the brisket fat depot after 15 mo of age. Based on cellularity
      characteristics, evidence exists to classify intramuscular and brisket fat depots
      as late-developing ones. Cell number/gram of intramuscular adipose tissue was a
      better predictor of marbling score than was fat cell diameter.

PMID- 3988659
TI  - Effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene on reproductive performance in gilts.
AB  - The effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene on various reproductive parameters
      were examined in 108 crossbred gilts. Gilts were fed a diet free of vitamin A and
      beta-carotene for 5 wk, then assigned to one of eight treatments. Statistical
      comparisons were performed on three sub-groupings of these treatments as follows:
      (1) DEFICIENT (received 2,100 IU of vitamin A X head-1 X d-1, (2) FED (received
      dietary supplementation of 0, 2,100 or 12,300 IU vitamin A and (or) 0, 32.6 or
      65.2 mg beta-carotene X head-1 X d-1) or (3) INJECTED (received injection
      supplementation of 0 or 12,300 IU vitamin A and 32.6 mg beta-carotene X head-1 X
      d-1, administered once weekly). Gilts remained on treatment through weaning of
      litters at 21 d postpartum. Plasma vitamin A and beta-carotene levels were
      greatly elevated in INJECTED gilts. Concentrations of these compounds in plasma
      were similar between DEFICIENT and FED gilts. There was no treatment difference
      in number of corpora lutea/gilt. Embryonic mortality was lowest (P less than .01
      to .02) in INJECTED gilts (14 +/- 3%) compared with DEFICIENT (29 +/- 5%) or FED
      (25 +/- 3%) gilts. Baby pig mortality averaged 6 +/- 1% and was not different
      among treatments. INJECTED gilts had more (P less than .05 to .01) piglets/litter
      at birth and at weaning (9.5 +/- .3 and 9.0 +/- .3 piglets/litter, respectively)
      than DEFICIENT (7.9 +/- .5 and 7.6 +/- .5 piglets/litter) or FED gilts (8.7 +/-
      .3 and 8.1 +/- .3 piglets/litter).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988660
TI  - Respiratory sensations and dyspnea.

PMID- 3988661
TI  - Effects of chest wall on volume and strain patterns in canine lungs.
AB  - Lobar functional residual capacity-to-total lung capacity ratios (FRC/TLC) and
      strains in five supine anesthetized dogs were determined from volumes and side
      lengths of tetrahedra formed by multiple intraparenchymal markers whose positions
      were determined roentgenographically. Strain is related to fractional changes in
      length of elements in a Cartesian coordinate system and was used to describe
      parenchymal distortion. Volumes and strain patterns were compared in three
      states: intact dogs, after transection of forelimb structures to relieve traction
      on the chest wall, and in dogs' excised lungs. Removing traction (NT) decreased
      the plethysmographically determined FRC and the upper-to-lower lobe ratio (UL/LL)
      for FRC/TLC. The ratio in the NT state was more like the ratio in the excised
      lungs (UL/LL approximately equal to 1) than in the intact dog (UL/LL greater than
      1). Strain patterns were similar between the intact and the NT states, indicating
      no lobar shape change at FRC between these two states. Strain in the excised
      lungs differed greatly from strains in the intact and NT states. We conclude that
      forelimb traction alters volume distribution between lobes and that lung-chest
      wall interactions are important in determining volume and strain patterns.

PMID- 3988662
TI  - Influence of pulmonary embolism on absorption of inhaled iodide-125.
AB  - To evaluate the influence of embolus size on the absorption of 125I- deposited on
      the bronchoalveolar surface, we exposed isolated perfused rabbit lungs to an
      aerosol containing 125I- for 5 min. We monitored the blood radioactivity for the
      subsequent 2 h. Several groups of lungs were studied, including those in which
      blood flow was varied and those in which enough glass beads ranging in size from
      58 to 548 micron were injected into the pulmonary artery to approximately double
      the vascular resistance. The results indicated that under control conditions
      approximately 94% of the 125I- deposited on the intrapulmonary bronchoalveolar
      surface was able to reach the pulmonary circulation during the 2-h perfusion
      period, and the bronchoalveolar surface was sufficiently perfused so that
      absorption was limited by the rate of diffusion into the blood rather than the
      rate of blood flow. In the absence of embolization, the initial absorption rate
      was approximately 10.4%/min regardless of the total flow rate. The 58-micron
      beads reduced the rate to approximately 7.5%/min, whereas the beads greater than
      or equal to 194 micron in diameter reduced the rate to approximately 4.5%/min.
      Thus the effect of the embolization on the absorption rate was directly related
      to the bead diameter, even though the number of beads injected was adjusted to
      produce about the same increase in vascular resistance.

PMID- 3988663
TI  - Intraerythrocyte and plasma osmolality during graded exercise in humans.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure intraerythrocyte and plasma osmolality
      during graded exercise in humans. Eight volunteers performed a maximal exercise
      test on a cycle ergometer. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
      concentration, and erythrocyte water content were not significantly (P less than
      0.05) affected by the exercise bout in spite of a significant mean increase of
      6.7% in plasma osmolality. Interestingly, intraerythrocyte osmolality also
      increased significantly during the exercise bout, paralleling the response seen
      in the plasma. In fact, plasma osmolality and intraerythrocyte osmolality
      demonstrated a significant linear relationship (r = 0.91). These data suggest
      that during exercise the human erythrocyte has the ability to increase its
      osmolality in vivo to match that of the plasma. Therefore, this mechanism allows
      for erythrocyte volume to remain relatively unchanged during exercise despite a
      significant increase in plasma osmolality.

PMID- 3988664
TI  - Single motor unit and fiber action potentials during fatigue.
AB  - Muscle fatigue is defined as a loss of tension development during constant
      stimulation. Although the relationship is not well documented, muscle fatigue has
      been inferred from electromyogram (EMG) signals. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the relationship between the amplitude and duration of single motor
      unit action potentials (MUAPs) and the loss of tension development (fatigue) in
      the medial gastrocnemius muscles of cats. Single motor units were fatigued by
      continuous stimulation at 10 or 80 Hz or with trains of 40-Hz stimuli. When motor
      units were stimulated at 10 Hz and with trains at 40 Hz (low frequency), tension
      declined and remained depressed during recovery. The changes in the MUAP
      correlated poorly with changes in tension. During and after stimulation at 80 Hz
      (high frequency), changes in the amplitude and duration of MUAPs correlated
      highly with changes in tension development. Since the EMG signal is dependent on
      a summation and cancellation of individual MUAPs, the EMG provides a reasonable
      estimate of high-frequency fatigue but an unreliable measure of low-frequency
      fatigue.

PMID- 3988665
TI  - Histochemical and physiological characteristics of the rat diaphragm.
AB  - The histochemical and contractile characteristics of the adult rat diaphragm were
      determined. Based on enzyme histochemistry, the rat diaphragm contained 40% type
      I, 27% type IIa, and 34% type IIb fibers. There were significantly more type I
      fibers in the ventral costal (VEN) compared with the crural (CRU) region of the
      muscle and a slightly higher percentage of type I's on the thoracic relative to
      the abdominal surface. The contractile properties and the effect of temperature
      (Q10) were similar in the VEN and CRU regions. Increasing temperature produced
      higher isometric peak tetanic tension, whereas twitch tension, contraction, and
      one-half relaxation time all decreased. The maximal shortening velocity increased
      linearly from 22 and 30 degrees C, then plateaued before decreasing between 35
      and 37 degrees C. The VEN and CRU force-velocity curves became less concave as
      temperature increased from 22 to 35 degrees C. Furthermore, the force-frequency
      relation of both regions was shifted to the right as temperature increased. The
      isometric and isotonic contractile properties and fiber type distribution are
      similar in the VEN and CRU regions of the diaphragm. The rat diaphragm is clearly
      heterogeneous in fiber type distribution and functionally lies intermediate
      between slow- and fast-twitch limb skeletal muscles.

PMID- 3988666
TI  - Histamine-induced pulmonary edema distal to pulmonary arterial occlusion.
AB  - Histological studies provide evidence that the bronchial veins are a site of
      leakage in histamine-induced pulmonary edema, but the physiological importance of
      this finding is not known. To determine if a lung perfused by only the bronchial
      arteries could develop pulmonary edema, we infused histamine for 2 h in
      anesthetized sheep with no pulmonary arterial blood flow to the right lung. In
      control sheep the postmortem extravascular lung water volume (EVLW) in both the
      right (occluded) and left (perfused) lung was 3.7 +/- 0.4 ml X g dry lung wt-1.
      Following histamine infusion, EVLW increased to 4.4 +/- 0.7 ml X g dry lung wt-1
      in the right (occluded) lung (P less than 0.01) and to 5.3 +/- 1.0 ml X g dry wt
      1 in the left (perfused) lung (P less than 0.01). Biopsies from the right
      (occluded) lungs scored for the presence of edema showed a significantly higher
      score in the lungs that received histamine (P less than 0.02). Some leakage from
      the pulmonary circulation of the right lung, perfused via anastomoses from the
      bronchial circulation, cannot be excluded but should be modest considering the
      low pressures in the pulmonary circulation following occlusion of the right
      pulmonary artery. These data show that perfusion via the pulmonary arteries is
      not a requirement for the production of histamine-induced pulmonary edema.

PMID- 3988667
TI  - Ventilatory response to high-frequency airway oscillation in humans.
AB  - To investigate respiratory control during high-frequency oscillation (HFO),
      ventilation was monitored in conscious humans by respiratory inductive
      plethysmography during application at the mouth of high-frequency pressure
      oscillations. Studies were conducted before and after airway and pharyngeal
      anesthesia. During HFO, breathing became slow and deep with an increase in tidal
      volume (VT) of 37% (P less than 0.01) and inspiratory duration (TI) of 34% (P
      less than 0.01). Timing ratio (TI/TT) increased 14% (P less than 0.05) and
      respiratory frequency (f) decreased 12% (P less than 0.01). Mean inspiratory flow
      (VT/TI) did not change during HFO. Following airway anesthesia, VT increased only
      26% during HFO (P less than 0.01), whereas significant changes in TI, TI/TT, and
      f were not observed. Pharyngeal anesthesia failed to diminish the effect of HFO
      on TI, TT, or f, although the increase in VT was reduced. These results indicate
      that 1) HFO presented in this manner alters inspiratory timing without affecting
      the level of inspiratory activity, and 2) receptors in the larynx and/or lower
      airways may in part mediate the response.

PMID- 3988668
TI  - Response of ventilatory and lactate thresholds to continuous and interval
      training.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous and interval
      training on changes in lactate and ventilatory thresholds during incremental
      exercise. Seventeen males were assigned to one of three training groups: group
      1:55 min continuous exercise at approximately 50% maximum O2 consumption
      (VO2max); group 2: 35 min continuous exercise at approximately 70% VO2max; and
      group 3: 10 X 2-min intervals at approximately 105% VO2max interspersed with rest
      intervals of 2 min. All of the subjects were tested and trained on a cycle
      ergometer 3 day/wk for 8 wk. Lactate threshold (LT) and ventilatory threshold
      (VT) (in addition to maximal exercise measures) were determined using a standard
      incremental exercise test before and after 4 and 8 wk of training. VO2max
      increased significantly in all groups with no statistically significant
      differences between the groups. Increases (+/- SE) in LT (ml O2 X min-1) for
      group 1 (569 +/- 158), group 2 (584 +/- 125), and group 3 (533 +/- 88) were
      significant (P less than 0.05) and of the same magnitude. VT also increased
      significantly (P less than 0.05) in each group. However, the increase in VT (ml
      O2 X min-1) for group 3 (699 +/- 85) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05)
      than the increases in VT for group 1 (224 +/- 52) and group 2 (404 +/- 85). For
      group 1, the posttraining increase in LT was significantly greater than the
      increase in VT (P less than 0.05). We conclude that both continuous and interval
      training were equally effective in augmenting LT, but interval training was more
      effective in elevating VT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988669
TI  - Effects of muscle contraction on pulsatile pressure-flow relations in femoral
      bed.
AB  - Femoral arterial pressure-flow relations and vascular impedance were studied
      during isometric contraction of the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle group in
      anesthetized dogs. Contractions were synchronized with the electrocardiogram to
      occur in the first or second half of the cardiac cycle and included twitches as
      well as low-, intermediate-, and high-frequency tetanuses. The effects of fatigue
      and recovery were also documented. Marked changes in pressure and flow waveforms
      and corresponding femoral arterial input impedance spectra were seen for all
      contraction modes. Impedance moduli and estimated characteristic impedance were
      elevated regardless of contraction mode and were associated with fluctuations in
      impedance phase. All tetanuses placed in the first half of the cardiac cycle
      produced a striking and consistent reversal of impedance phase for the
      fundamental harmonic from negative to positive values which decreased with
      progressive fatigue. During recovery, impedance spectra were unchanged from
      control spectra. We have demonstrated marked alterations in pressure and flow
      waveforms and impedance spectral patterns during isometric contraction in the
      canine hindlimb. These changes may be explained by 1) markedly increased wave
      reflection as a result of muscle contraction and/or 2) the generation of a
      retrograde pulse by contracting muscle that fuses with the antegrade pulse of
      cardiac origin.

PMID- 3988670
TI  - Reflex compensation of spontaneous breathing when immersion changes diaphragm
      length.
AB  - We measured tidal volume (VT), chest wall dimensions, end-tidal PCO2, and
      respiratory muscle electromyograms as seated subjects were immersed in water. We
      studied nine spontaneously breathing subjects; five were uninformed. Raising the
      water to xiphoid level pushed the abdomen in and expanded the rib cage at end
      expiration. This increased the diaphragm's operating length, giving it a
      contractile advantage, and shortened the inspiratory intercostals, giving them a
      contractile disadvantage. Peak inspiratory activities of both muscle groups
      decreased; inspiratory time (TI), respiratory frequency (f), and VT were
      unchanged. The experiments thus demonstrated operational length compensation
      during immersion and further showed that inspiratory muscle activation is not
      adjusted locally, according to changes in each muscle's length, but rather that
      the response is global. Xiphoid-to-shoulder immersion was less easily
      interpreted, since both rib cage and abdomen were compressed, lengthening both
      inspiratory muscles. Our subjects continued to maintain VT, f, and TI. Peak
      inspiratory activities of both muscles were further reduced. We do not attribute
      the change in inspiratory muscle activation to altered chemical drive or to
      voluntary response. Rather, the response appears to be a mechanoreceptive reflex
      that employs afferent information from the lungs or diaphragm to adjust all
      inspiratory muscle activities.

PMID- 3988671
TI  - Respiratory muscle and organ blood flow with inspiratory elastic loading and
      shock.
AB  - Since respiratory muscles fail when blood flow is inadequate, we asked whether
      their blood flow would be maintained in severe hypotensive states at the expense
      of other vital organs (brain, heart, kidney, gut, spleen). We measured blood flow
      (radiolabeled microspheres) to respiratory muscles and vital organs in 11 dogs
      breathing against an inspiratory elastic load, first with normal blood pressure
      (BP) and then hypotension produced by cardiac tamponade. With the elastic load
      alone, there was no change in BP or cardiac output; diaphragmatic blood flow
      (Qdi) increased from 12.8 +/- 7.0 to 34.1 +/- 15.6 ml/100 g, and total
      respiratory muscle flow (QTR) increased from 56.5 +/- 19.1 to 97.4 +/- 36.5
      ml/100 g, but except for the brain, there was no change in blood flow to other
      organs. With tamponade (mean BP = 79 +/- 16 mmHg), flow decreased to all organs,
      whereas Qdi (39.0 +/- 19.4) did not change. QTR decreased, but not significantly,
      to 88.6 +/- 49.5. With more tamponade (mean BP = 53 +/- 13 mmHg), flow to all
      vital organs decreased as well as QTR (57.9 +/- 47.18), but Qdi did not
      significantly decrease and had the same relationship to respiratory force as with
      normal BP. Thus, with severe inspiratory elastic loading and severe hypotension,
      the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles did most of the respiratory work,
      and their flow was maintained at the expense of other vital organs.

PMID- 3988672
TI  - Peripheral mucociliary clearance with high-frequency chest wall compression.
AB  - We investigated the effects of high-frequency chest wall compression (HFCWC) on
      peripheral and tracheal mucus clearance in anesthetized spontaneously breathing
      dogs. HFCWC was achieved by oscillating the pressure in a thoracic cuff with a
      piston pump. Regional lung retention of a technetium-99m sulfur colloid aerosol
      was monitored with a gamma camera. A peripheral mucus clearance index (PMCI) was
      defined for each region of interest. The tracheal mucus clearance rate (TMCR) was
      determined by bronchoscopic visualization of marker particle transport. Phase I:
      In seven dogs, 30 min of HFCWC at 13 Hz with peak cuff pressure (Pcuff) 100-120
      cmH2O was found to significantly enhance PMCI in regions immediately under the
      cuff. (delta PMCI = 24.4 +/- 4.6 in the basal peripheral region.) Phase II:
      Because of subpleural hemorrhage in phase I, the effect of HFCWC on TMCR at
      various Pcuff levels was studied in five dogs. The enhancement of TMCR by HFCWC
      reached a plateau level at Pcuff = 50 cmH2O. Phase III: HFCWC at 13 Hz with Pcuff
      = 50-60 cmH2O was found to significantly enhance PMCI in five dogs without the
      consequence of hemorrhage. Correlations were found between the enhancement of
      PMCI and TMCR by HFCWC. These results demonstrate that HFCWC is effective in
      enhancing both peripheral and central mucus clearance in dogs and safe when
      moderate pressures are applied.

PMID- 3988673
TI  - Hyperventilation-induced changes of the blood picture.
AB  - In a controlled study of 11 male volunteers the following changes (means +/- SD)
      were observed in venous blood during (D) and 75 min after (A) a period of 20 min
      of voluntary hyperventilation in comparison with before (B) hyperventilation (P
      values referring to the difference between D and B) erythrocyte count 5.18 +/-
      0.17 X 10(6) (B), 5.70 +/- 0.21 X 10(6) (D) (P less than 0.001), and 5.18 +/-
      0.16 X 10(6)/microliter (A); hemoglobin 15.7 +/- 0.6 (B), 17.2 +/- 0.7 (D) (P
      less than 0.001), and 15.8 +/- 0.6 g/dl (A); centrifuged hematocrit 46.6 +/- 1.0
      (B), 50.4 +/- 1.7 (D) (P less than 0.001), and 47.0 +/- 1.8% (A). The platelets
      increased from 159 +/- 30 X 10(3) (B) to 205 +/- 40 X 10(3) (D) (P less than
      0.001) and returned to 157 +/- 26 X 10(3)/microliter (A). The leukocytes (WBC)
      were 4,210 +/- 630 (B), 6,220 +/- 1,660 (D) (P less than 0.001), and 6,190 +/-
      1,870/microliter (A) (P less than 0.002, as compared with B). The rise of WBC
      during hyperventilation was mainly due to a 83% increase of lymphocytes, whereas
      a 93% increase of neutrophil leukocytes accounted for the increased WBC 75 min
      posthyperventilation. The increase of the ratio of band forms to segmented
      neutrophils from 9 (B) to 19% (A) (P less than 0.01) indicates that band forms
      were released from the bone marrow. The results show that WBC and platelets can
      be mobilized by hyperventilation by as yet unidentified mechanisms.

PMID- 3988674
TI  - Determinants of cardiac augmentation by elevations in intrathoracic pressure.
AB  - We studied the cardiovascular effects of phasic increases in intrathoracic
      pressure (ITP) by high-frequency jet ventilation in an acute pentobarbital
      anesthetized intact canine model both before and after the induction of acute
      ventricular failure by large doses of propranolol. Chest and abdominal pneumatic
      binders were used to further increase ITP. Respiratory frequency, percent
      inspiratory time, mean ITP, and swings in ITP throughout the respiratory cycle
      were independently varied at a constant-circulating blood volume. We found that
      pertubations in mean ITP induced by ventilator adjustments accounted for all
      observable steady-state hemodynamic changes independent of respiratory frequency,
      inspiratory time, or phasic respiratory swings in ITP. Changes in ITP were
      associated with reciprocal changes in both intrathoracic vascular pressures (P
      less than 0.01) and blood volume (P less than 0.01). When cardiac function was
      normal, left ventricular (LV) stroke volume decreased, whereas in acute
      ventricular failure, LV stroke volume increased in response to increasing ITP
      when apneic LV filling pressure was high (greater than or equal to 17 Torr) and
      did not change if apneic LV filling pressure was low (less than or equal to 12
      Torr). However, in all animals in acute ventricular failure, LV stroke work
      increased with increasing ITP. Our study demonstrates that the improved cardiac
      function seen with increasing ITP in acute ventricular failure is dependent upon
      adequate LV filling and decreased LV afterload in a manner analogous to that seen
      with arterial vasodilator therapy in heart failure.

PMID- 3988675
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of epinephrine: concentration-effect study in humans.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of three different infusion rates of epinephrine (25, 50,
      or 100 ng X kg-1 X min-1 for 14 min) were examined in 10 normal human subjects.
      Ejection fraction and changes in cardiac volumes were assessed by radionuclide
      ventriculography. Plasma epinephrine was increased to levels that spanned the
      normal physiological range (178 +/- 15, 259 +/- 24, and 484 +/- 69 pg/ml,
      respectively). Epinephrine infusions resulted in dose-dependent increases in
      heart rate (8 +/- 3, 12 +/- 2, and 17 +/- 1 beats/min, mean +/- SE) and systolic
      pressure (8 +/- 1, 18 +/- 2, and 30 +/- 6 mmHg). Although epinephrine infusions
      had minimal effects on end-diastolic volume, there were significant increases in
      stroke volume (+26 +/- 2, 31 +/- 4, and 40 +/- 4%), ejection fraction (+0.10 +/-
      0.01, 0.14 +/- 0.02 and 0.16 +/- 0.03 ejection fraction units), and cardiac
      output (+41 +/- 4, 58 +/- 5, and 74 +/- 1%). These increases in left ventricular
      performance were associated with a decreased systemic vascular resistance (-31 +/
      3, -42 +/- 2, and -48 +/- 8%). Supine bicycle exercise resulted in similar
      plasma epinephrine levels (417 +/- 109 pg/ml) and similar changes in stroke
      volume, ejection fraction, and systemic vascular resistance but greater increases
      in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Since infusion-associated hemodynamic
      changes occurred at plasma epinephrine levels commonly achieved during many types
      of physical and emotional stress, epinephrine release may have an important role
      in regulating systemic vascular resistance, stroke volume, and ejection fraction
      responses to stress in man.

PMID- 3988676
TI  - Cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses to stress in swim-trained rats.
AB  - Chronic exposure to swim stress (i.e., training) is associated with functional
      adaptations of the cardiovascular system. On the other hand, repeated exposure to
      tail shock, an emotional stress, often results in deleterious changes in resting
      blood pressure and myocardial pathology. We hypothesized that the pathological
      adaptation following chronic exposure to tail shock was associated with a larger
      acute physiological response compared with swim stress. Therefore, acute
      responses to swim and shock stress were compared. A second concern of this study
      examined the extent to which adaptation to swim training influences responses to
      predictable tail shock stress. The cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses
      to swim stress, using 1% body wt attached to the tail, were compared with
      predictable tail shock (0.2-0.4 mA intensity, 1-s duration, 1/min) in two groups
      of Long-Evans male rats. In the first, 11 rats were studied following 5-7 wk of
      swim training, consisting of daily 1-h sessions of swimming with 2% body wt
      attached to their tails. They were compared with an age-matched nontrained (NT)
      group (n = 8). During swimming, the trained animals showed significantly lower
      heart rate (387 +/- 10 vs. 449 +/- 18 beats/min) and significantly lower lactate
      (0.9 +/- 0.09 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.24 mmol/l), epinephrine (332 +/- 57 vs. 739 pg/ml),
      and corticosterone (32 +/- 10 vs. 62 +/- 9 micrograms/dl) responses. Systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures were elevated in swim stress by the same degree in
      trained (167/110 mmHg) and NT (177/116 mmHg) rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3988677
TI  - Kinetics of O2 uptake and release by human erythrocytes studied by a stopped-flow
      technique.
AB  - The kinetics of O2 uptake into and release from human erythrocytes was
      investigated at 37 degrees C by a stopped-flow technique. From the time course of
      O2 saturation (SO2) change a specific transfer conductance of erythrocytes for O2
      (GO2) was calculated. The following results were obtained: 1) GO2 decreased in
      the course of O2 uptake, but initial GO2 was nearly independent of SO2 at which
      uptake started; 2) addition of albumin to the medium reduced GO2; 3) increasing
      dithionite concentration in the medium in O2-release experiments progressively
      enhanced GO2, which became virtually constant for nearly the entire course of
      release; and 4) O2 uptake and O2 release (without dithoite) in the same SO2 range
      yielded very similar GO2. These results suggested that O2 uptake and release were
      importantly limited by diffusion through the external medium and that in the SO2
      range between 0.3 and 0.8, chemical reaction exerted little limiting effect.
      Since O2 release at the highest dithionite concentration (40 mmol/l) appeared to
      be virtually unlimited by external diffusion, GO2 measured under these
      conditions, averaging 8.7 ml X min-1 X Torr-1 X ml erythrocytes-1, was considered
      to mainly reflect intracellular diffusion limitation. The corresponding specific
      transfer conductance for O2 transfer in whole blood (hematocrit, 0.45) is 3.9 ml
      X min-1 X Torr-1 X ml blood-1.

PMID- 3988678
TI  - Lung protein leaks in ventilated lambs: effects of gestational age.
AB  - To study the protein permeability properties of the ventilated premature lung, we
      delivered groups of eight lambs at 122 and 135 days gestational age and
      ventilated the lambs equivalently. The lambs at 122 days gestational age had been
      treated with natural sheep surfactant at birth, and both groups of lambs had
      similar pH and blood gas values to 3 h of age. Three groups of lambs at 146 days
      gestational age also were studied for comparison; four lambs were ventilated to
      normalized PCO2 values, four lambs were ventilated equivalently to the premature
      lambs with supplemental CO2 used to normalize PCO2 values, and four lambs were
      treated with natural surfactant and ventilated similarly to the preterm lambs.
      The percent recovery into an alveolar wash and lung tissue of 131I-albumin given
      by intravascular injection and of 125I-albumin given into the airways was
      measured in each animal after killing at 3 h of age. Full-term lambs had a small
      bidirectional leak of albumin to and from the alveoli and lung tissue. The
      recovery of intravascular 131I-albumin in the alveolar wash was 5.8- and 4.1-fold
      higher in lambs at 122 and 135 days gestational age, respectively, than in full
      term lambs. The loss of 125I-albumin from the airways and alveoli also increased
      as gestational age decreased. The bidirectional flux of albumin to and from the
      alveoli increased as gestational age decreased in the prematurely delivered and
      ventilated lambs.

PMID- 3988679
TI  - Alae nasi electromyographic activity and timing in obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - The alae nasi is an accessible dilator muscle of the upper airway located in the
      nose. We measured electromyograms (EMG) of the alae nasi to determine the
      relationship between their activity and timing to contraction of the rib cage
      muscles and diaphragm during obstructive apnea in nine patients. Alae nasi EMG
      were measured with surface electrodes and processed to obtain a moving time
      average. Contraction of the rib cage and diaphragm during apneas was detected
      with esophageal pressure. During non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, there was a
      significant correlation in each patient between alae nasi EMG activity and the
      change in esophageal pressure. During rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep,
      correlations were significantly lower than during NREM sleep. As the duration of
      each apnea increased, the activation of alae nasi EMG occurred progressively
      earlier than the change in esophageal pressure. We conclude that during
      obstructive apneas in NREM sleep, activity of the alae nasi increases when
      diaphragm and rib cage muscle force increases and the activation occurs earlier
      as each apneic episode progresses.

PMID- 3988680
TI  - Pressure-time product, flow, and oxygen cost of resistive breathing in humans.
AB  - We examined the relationship between the pressure-time product (Pdt) of the
      inspiratory muscles and the O2 cost of breathing (VO2 resp) in five normal
      subjects breathing through an external inspiratory resistance with a tidal volume
      of 800 ml at a constant end-expiratory lung volume [functional residual capacity,
      (FRC)]. Each subject performed 30-40 runs, each of approximately 30 breaths, with
      inspiratory flow rates ranging from 0.26 +/- 0.01 to 0.89 +/- 0.04 l/s (means +/-
      SE) and inspiratory mouth pressures ranging from 10 +/- 1 to 68 +/- 4% of the
      maximum inspiratory pressure at FRC. In all subjects VO2 resp was linearly
      related to Pdt when mean inspiratory flow (VI) was constant, but the slope of
      this relationship increased with increasing VI. Therefore, Pdt is an accurate
      index of VO2 resp only when VI is constant. There was a linear relationship
      between the VO2 resp and the work rate across the external resistance (W) for all
      runs in each subject over the range of W 10 +/- 1 to 137 +/- 21 J/min. Thus, at a
      constant tidal volume the VO2 resp was related to the mean inspiratory pressure,
      independent of flow or inspiratory duration. If the VO2 resp were determined
      mainly during inspiration, then for a given rate of external work or O2
      consumption, VI would be inversely related to mean inspiratory pressure.
      Efficiency (E) was 2.1 +/- 0.2% and constant over a large range of VI, pressure,
      work rate, or resistance and was not altered by the presence of a potentially
      fatiguing load. The constant E over such a wide range of conditions implies a
      complex integration of the recruitment, mechanical function, and energy
      consumption of the muscles utilized in breathing.

PMID- 3988681
TI  - Lactate threshold and distance-running performance in young and older endurance
      athletes.
AB  - Many well-trained elite older runners have performances comparable to those of
      much younger nonelite runners. We sought to determine whether the physiological
      determinants of endurance performance in two groups of such athletes were the
      same. Eight master athletes (age 56 +/- 5 yr) were matched on the basis of 10-km
      performance and training to younger runners (age 25 +/- 3 yr). The master
      athletes had a 9% lower maximum O2 uptake (VO2max) (P less than 0.05) than the
      matched young runners, despite the similarity in their performance. Running
      economy was not different between these groups. However, the master athletes
      attained a 2.5-mM blood lactate level during steady-state exercise at a higher
      percentage of their VO2max (P less than 0.05), although both groups attained this
      lactate level at the same running speed and VO2. Thus, despite having
      significantly lower VO2max values, the older athletes were able to perform as
      well as the younger runners because they were able to work closer to their VO2max
      for the duration of the race.

PMID- 3988682
TI  - Effects of early hypoxia on breathing pattern in rabbit pups before and after
      vagotomy.
AB  - We examined the influence of vagal pulmonary receptors exerted on the breathing
      pattern and inspiratory activities of phrenic nerve and intercostal
      electromyograms (EMG) during hypoxia in rabbit pups. Animals in their second week
      of life were anaesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and acepromazine (3 mg/kg)
      and tracheostomized. While they breathed spontaneously, we recorded tidal volume
      (VT), integrated phrenic activity (PHR), integrated external intercostal EMG
      (INT), and blood pressure (BP). To prevent secondary ventilatory depression,
      animals were exposed to 12% O2 (balanced with N2) for no longer than 5 min before
      and after vagotomy. All measurements were taken from 1 min following the onset of
      hypoxic exposure until the end of the run. During hypoxia, VT, PHR, and INT
      increased in intact rabbit pups. There was an almost immediate decrease in BP
      that was maintained during the total period of hypoxia exposure. Hypoxia resulted
      in inconsistent changes in inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) time in intact
      animals. Following vagotomy, PHR, INT, VT, BP, and TE responses were the same as
      in intact animals. However, TI significantly decreased in all animals. In
      response to hypoxia with and without vagal feedback, INT increased less than PHR
      in most cases. Qualitatively similar effects of hypoxia were observed in an adult
      rabbit. The results reveal that the increase in VT and the shortening of TI in
      response to hypoxia do not depend on vagal feedback in rabbits during the early
      postnatal period. In fact TI shortening was significant only without vagal
      feedback.

PMID- 3988683
TI  - Laryngeal influences on breathing pattern and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
      activity.
AB  - Receptors responding to transmural pressure, airflow, and contraction of
      laryngeal muscles have been previously identified in the larynx. To assess the
      relative contribution of these three types of receptors to the reflex changes in
      breathing pattern and upper airway patency, we studied diaphragmatic (DIA) and
      posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) activity in anesthetized dogs during
      spontaneous breathing and occluded efforts with and without bypassing the larynx.
      Inspiratory duration (TI) was longer, mean inspiratory slope (peak DIA/TI) was
      lower, and PCA activity was greater with upper airway occlusion than with
      tracheal occlusion (larynx bypassed). Bilateral section of the superior laryngeal
      nerves eliminated these differences. When respiratory airflow was diverted from
      the tracheostomy to the upper airway the only change attributable to laryngeal
      afferents was an increase in PCA activity. These results confirm the importance
      of the superior laryngeal nerves in the regulation of breathing pattern and upper
      airway patency and suggest a prevalent role for laryngeal negative pressure
      receptors.

PMID- 3988684
TI  - Configuration of maximum expiratory flow-volume curve: model experiments with
      physiological implications.
AB  - A two-compartment mechanical model of the lungs was constructed with two parallel
      peripheral and collapsible bronchi in series with one central and collapsible
      trachea. Maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves similar to those obtained
      in most dogs and in some humans could be produced: a peak followed by a gently
      sloping plateau ending in a knee, where flow suddenly fell to a much smaller
      value approaching zero rather slowly over the last 25 to 50% of the expired vital
      capacity. It was shown that flow before the knee was limited in the trachea, and
      after the knee it was limited in the bronchi. Two patterns of changes in the
      configuration of the MEFV curve could be observed. Pattern of changes affecting
      the central airway, at a given volume, maximal flow during the first part of the
      expiration (i.e., before the knee) is decreased; the knee occurs at a lower lung
      volume; the flow at the beginning of the knee is decreased. This pattern was
      observed with the following interventions: decreased cross-sectional area of the
      trachea (partial obstruction); decreased axial tension of the trachea; and,
      increased frictional loss between the trachea and the bronchi. Pattern of changes
      affecting the airways in the periphery: the knee occurs at a higher lung volume;
      at a given volume, flow after the knee becomes smaller; the absolute flow at the
      start of the knee is almost unchanged. This pattern was observed with the
      following interventions: decreased cross-sectional area of the peripheral airways
      (partial obstruction); increased frictional loss upstream to the peripheral
      airways; and, decreased elastic recoil pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988685
TI  - Inspiratory airway obstruction does not affect lung fluid balance in lambs.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of inspiratory airway
      obstruction on lung fluid balance in newborn lambs. We studied seven 2- to 4-wk
      old lambs that were sedated with chloral hydrate and allowed to breathe 30-40% O2
      spontaneously through an endotracheal tube. We measured lung lymph flow, lymph
      and plasma protein concentrations, pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures,
      mean and phasic pleural pressures and airway pressures, and cardiac output during
      a 2-h base-line period and then during a 2- to 3-h period of inspiratory airway
      obstruction produced by partially occluding the inspiratory limb of a
      nonrebreathing valve attached to the endotracheal tube. During inspiratory airway
      obstruction, both pleural and airway pressures decreased 5 Torr, whereas
      pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures each decreased 4 Torr. As a result,
      calculated filtration pressure remained unchanged. Inspiratory airway obstruction
      had no effect on steady-state lung lymph flow or the lymph protein concentration
      relative to that of plasma. We conclude that in the spontaneously breathing lamb,
      any decrease in interstitial pressure resulting from inspiratory airway
      obstruction is offset by a decrease in microvascular hydrostatic pressure so that
      net fluid filtration remains unchanged.

PMID- 3988686
TI  - Effect of breath-hold time on DLCO(SB) in patients with airway obstruction.
AB  - The single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for CO [DLCO(SB)] is considered
      a measure of the conductance of CO across the alveolar-capillary membrane and its
      binding with hemoglobin. Although incomplete mixing of inspired gas with alveolar
      gas could theoretically influence overall diffusion, conventional calculations of
      DLCO(SB) spuriously overestimate DLCO(SB) during short breath-holding periods
      when incomplete mixing of gas within the lung might have the greatest effect.
      Using the three-equation method to calculate DLCO(SB) which analytically accounts
      for changes in breath-hold time, we found that DLCO(SB) did not change with
      breath-hold time in control subjects but increased with increasing breath-hold
      time in both patients with asthma and patients with emphysema. The increase in
      DLCO(SB) with increasing breath-hold time correlated with the phase III slope of
      the single-breath N2 washout curve. We suggest that in patients with ventilation
      maldistribution, DLCO(SB) may be decreased for the shorter breath-hold maneuvers
      because overall diffusion is limited by the reduced transport of CO from the
      inspired gas through the alveolar gas prior to alveolar-capillary gas exchange.

PMID- 3988687
TI  - Simulation of gas transport due to cardiogenic oscillations.
AB  - We simulated gas transport due to cardiogenic oscillations (CO) using a model
      developed to quantify the gas mixing due to high-frequency ventilation (16). The
      basic components of the model are 1) gas mixing by augmented transport, 2)
      symmetrical lung morphometry, and 3) a Lagrangian (moving) reference frame. The
      theoretical predictions of the model are in general agreement with published
      experimental studies that have examined the effect of CO on the nitrogen
      concentration obtained by intrapulmonary gas sampling and the effect of CO on
      regional and total anatomical dead space. Further, the model predicts that
      augmentation of gas transport due to CO is less, nearer to the alveolar regions
      of the lung, and that the effect of CO during normal tidal breathing is
      negligible, but that CO may contribute up to approximately 10% of the alveolar
      ventilation in patients with severe hypoventilation. The agreement between
      experimental and theoretical results suggests that it may not be necessary to
      invoke gas transport mechanisms specific to an asymmetrical bronchial tree to
      explain the major proportion of gas transport due to CO.

PMID- 3988689
TI  - Effects of prolonged undernutrition on structure and function of the diaphragm.
AB  - The present study examined the effect of prolonged undernutrition on
      diaphragmatic structure and force-generating ability. Studies were performed on
      58 Syrian hamsters in which the feed was reduced by 33% for a 4-wk period. Sixty
      animals fed a similar diet ad libitum served as controls. Diaphragm muscle
      structure was assessed from its mass (wet and dry weight), thickness, fiber
      composition, and fiber size. Isometric force produced in vitro by isolated muscle
      strips in response to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve was examined
      over a range of muscle lengths (length-tension relationship). In undernourished
      animals, body weight decreased 25 +/- 5%. Diaphragm wet and dry weight, muscle
      thickness, and the cross-sectional area of fast-glycolytic (FG) and fast
      oxidative (FO) fibers were significantly less in undernourished than control
      animals and correlated with reductions in body weight. The cross-sectional area
      of slow-oxidative (SO) fibers was the same in the two groups. The percentage of
      FG fibers in undernourished animals was decreased slightly and the percentage of
      SO fibers increased. Maximum isometric tension was reduced in undernourished
      animals as compared with controls, but the position and shape of the length
      tension relationship was the same in the two groups. Reductions in muscle force
      appeared to be explained by decreases in muscle mass, since tension corrected for
      cross-sectional area or tissue weight was the same in the two groups. Therefore
      muscle mechanical efficiency appeared to be unaffected by undernutrition. These
      data indicate that prolonged undernutrition causes deleterious changes in
      diaphragm muscle structure that impair its ability to generate force.

PMID- 3988688
TI  - Antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in allergic
      dogs.
AB  - We studied whether antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness was associated with
      pulmonary inflammation in 11 anesthetized ragweed-sensitized dogs. Airway
      responsiveness to acetylcholine aerosol was determined before and at 2, 6, and 24
      h after ragweed or sham aerosol challenge. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed at either 2 or 6 h. Total pulmonary
      resistance increased 11-fold at 5 min after ragweed. Airway responsiveness was
      unchanged at 2 h but was increased 6.6-fold at 6 h in 8 of 11 dogs (P less than
      0.001); hyperresponsiveness persisted from 4 days to 4 mo. Airway responsiveness
      was unchanged by aerosols of diluent. Neutrophils in BAL fluid increased
      approximately sixfold at 2 h (P less than 0.02) and at 6 h (P less than 0.02)
      after antigen challenge. There were fewer eosinophils in fluid recovered at 6 h
      after antigen compared with 2 h lavages (P less than 0.05). In three
      nonresponders, BAL showed no significant changes in neutrophils and eosinophils
      after antigen. Thus antigen-induced hyperresponsiveness is associated with the
      presence of pulmonary inflammation, presumably arising from the airways and
      involving both neutrophils and eosinophils.

PMID- 3988690
TI  - A noninvasive intraoral electromyographic electrode for genioglossus muscle.
AB  - We have developed an intraoral bipolar surface electrode for the genioglossus
      muscle. The electrode, made from an athletic mouthguard and dental impression
      material, was fitted to the lower teeth. Electrode wires, bared at the tip, were
      positioned on the bottom of the mouthpiece to lie in contact with the superior
      surface of the genioglossus just behind the teeth. The electromyographic activity
      of the genioglossus, simultaneously obtained from the surface electrode and
      conventional intramuscular electrodes, was compared during quiet breathing, CO2
      rebreathing, and a variety of tongue movements. The two types of electrodes
      recorded similar patterns of muscle activity, and spectral analyses of the
      signals revealed similar and highly coherent frequency spectra. We conclude that
      the surface electrode satisfactorily reflects the bioelectrical activity of the
      genioglossus. The mouthpiece electrode has the further advantage that
      quantitative comparisons can be made among recordings made in different
      experimental sessions, since the fit of the mouthpiece to the teeth assures a
      constant relationship of the electrode to the genioglossus muscle.

PMID- 3988691
TI  - A technique to continuously measure arteriovenous oxygen content difference and
      P50 in vivo.
AB  - In hypoxemic high-altitude polycythemic natives whose arterial O2 saturation
      (SaO2) normally ranges between 70 and 80%, three polyurethane catheters with both
      optical and polarographic sensors were inserted into the radial artery to measure
      SaO2 and O2 tension (PaO2), and three thermodilution fiber-optic balloon-tipped
      catheters were floated into the pulmonary artery to measure mixed venous O2
      saturation (SvO2). Correlation of the in vivo SaO2, PaO2, and SvO2 values with
      the in vitro measurements was high (r = 0.97, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively). Both
      catheters were inserted in one polycythemic subject before and 4 days after
      isovolemic hemodilution. Data from the sensors were used to calculate
      arteriovenous O2 content difference (CaO2 - CvO2) and the O2 half-saturation
      pressure of hemoglobin (P50). The mean +/- 1 SD of the in vivo and in vitro P50
      calculated with the Hill equation was 27.61 +/- 2.15 Torr and 27.35 +/- 1.60
      Torr, respectively. The mean +/- 1 SD of the absolute difference between the in
      vivo and in vitro measurements was 1.16 +/- 1.21 Torr. The in vivo CaO2 - CvO2
      correlated well with the in vitro measurements (r = 0.93), and the mean +/- 1 SD
      of the error in the catheter CaO2 - CvO2 measurements was 0.47 +/- 0.50 ml/dl.
      This technique appears to provide a useful measurement of blood gas exchange
      parameters and should be applicable to the study of exercise physiology and
      clinical regulation of O2 transport.

PMID- 3988692
TI  - Performance evaluation of recessed microcathodes: criteria for tissue PO2
      measurement.
AB  - Measurement of local tissue PO2 using recessed microcathodes has again been
      criticized. Therefore, we reexamined electrode performance. Sharply beveled
      electrodes (3 micron external diameter) were fabricated with several tip recess
      lengths (4-10 micron), and some recesses were filled with hydrated polymer. In
      vitro, 2-mm agar (3%) sheets were equilibrated with solution of known PO2
      (continuously flowing). Electrode currents at 100-micron intervals through the
      agar and of convected superfusion solution were compared. At the longest recess
      lumen length-to-diameter ratio of 10, minimum response midagar (1 mm) averaged
      98%. Performance improved with the use of recess polymer and increased recess
      length. For in vivo studies, microcathodes (ratio approximately 10) were fluid
      calibrated, and PO2 was measured at 10-20 micron through canine femoral artery
      walls. PO2 distribution fit a model for radial diffusion with medial O2
      consumption. After local cyanide application to the femoral wall, PO2 fit a model
      for radial diffusion without tissue O2 consumption. Carefully designed
      microcathodes and experiments measure accurate tissue PO2.

PMID- 3988693
TI  - Comments on "Calibration methods in respiratory calorimetry".

PMID- 3988694
TI  - Assay of calcium borogluconate veterinary medicines for calcium gluconate, boric
      acid, phosphorus, and magnesium by using inductively coupled plasma emission
      spectrometry.
AB  - An inductively coupled plasma spectrometric method is described for the
      determination of 4 elements (Ca, B, P, and Mg) in calcium borogluconate
      veterinary medicines. Samples are diluted, acidified, and sprayed directly into
      the plasma. Reproducibility relative confidence intervals for a single sample
      assay are +/- 1.4% (calcium), +/- 1.8% (boron), +/- 2.6% (phosphorus), and +/-
      1.4% (magnesium). The total element concentrations for each of 4 elements
      compared favorably with concentrations determined by alternative methods.
      Formulation estimates of levels of calcium gluconate, boric acid, phosphorus, and
      magnesium salts can be made from the analytical data.

PMID- 3988696
TI  - Determination of ethanol in wine by titrimetric and spectrophotometric dichromate
      methods: collaborative study.
AB  - A dichromate-spectrophotometric method for the determination of ethanol in wine
      was compared in a collaborative, matched pair study with the AOAC dichromate
      titrimetric method, 11.008-11.011. Both methods require distillation of the
      sample into dichromate. The titrimetric method measures ethanol by titrating the
      excess dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate after conversion of ethanol to
      acetic acid; the spectrophotometric method directly measures the reduced
      dichromate formed after oxidation. In addition to comparing the 2 methods, the
      collaborative study also compared the use of 2 types of assemblies for obtaining
      the ethanol distillate: the Scott-type, which is used in 11.008-11.011, and the
      electric Kirk-type. Results of the collaborative study indicated that the
      repeatability and reproducibility of the official titrimetric method were
      generally far superior to those of the spectrophotometric method; therefore,
      adoption of the spectrophotometric method is not recommended. Comparison of
      titrimetric method results obtained using the 2 types of stills indicated that
      repeatability and reproducibility were somewhat better when Scott apparatus was
      used, but measurements using Kirk-type compared well in the range of ethanol
      concentrations found in table and fortified wines. The Kirk-type distillation
      apparatus has been adopted official first action as an alternative to Scott
      apparatus in the dichromate oxidation method for ethanol in wine, 11.008-11.011.

PMID- 3988695
TI  - Analysis of USP epinephrine injections for potency, impurities, degradation
      products, and d-enantiomer by liquid chromatography, using ultraviolet and
      electrochemical detectors.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was adapted for the determination of
      epinephrine and related impurities in intravenous and cardiac injections;
      ultraviolet (UV) and electrochemical detectors (EC) were used in series.
      Epinephrine was determined and related impurities, i.e., adrenalone, epinephrine
      sulfonic acid, and norepinephrine, were detected directly in a small portion of
      the injection solution. Diastereoisomers of the epinephrine enantiomers were
      prepared by derivatization and determined by LC with a UV detector. The recovery
      of epinephrine added to epinephrine injection was 100%. The recovery of d
      enantiomer from a d, l mixture was 100%. Impurities at levels less than 1% were
      easily detected. The LC method with UV detection is faster and more convenient
      than the USP XX method. In addition, impurities can be detected in the same
      portion of sample. The procedure is stability-indicating.

PMID- 3988697
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of phosphine residues in rice.
AB  - Phosphine residues were determined in 2 types of rice samples, raw polished and
      parboiled. The yellow chromophore due to phosphine from raw polished rice had 2
      absorption maxima, a strong one at 370-380 nm and a weaker one at 400-410 nm. The
      chromophore from parboiled rice also had 2, one at 390-400 nm and the other at
      410-420 nm. A closed system containing rice and a phosphine tablet or powder
      yielded 93-99% recovery of fortified phosphine. At any given dose of phosphine,
      parboiled rice retained a higher amount of residue after aeration than did raw
      polished rice.

PMID- 3988698
TI  - Quantitative colorimetric method for sulfamethazine in swine feeds.
AB  - Sulfamethazine (SM) in swine feeds is quantitated colorimetrically by using a
      relatively simple procedure. The drug is isolated from an extract of feed by
      trapping it on a small bed of anion-exchange resin buffered at pH 7.9 following
      the removal of possible interfering compounds by pre-columns. SM is then eluted,
      diazotized, and coupled using the Bratton-Marshall reagents. The intensity of
      color developed is determined spectrophotometrically at 540 nm and the
      concentration of SM is calculated using a molar absorptivity of 52 500. Feeds
      containing from 1 to 130 ppm can be analyzed with very good accuracy and
      precision. The method has satisfactory specificity, is inexpensive, and can be
      applied to a relatively large number of samples per day. A simple and safe method
      for preparing N1-methyl SM at the low microgram level is described together with
      a thin layer chromatographic system for tentatively verifying the presence of SM
      in the feed both as the underivatized drug and as N1-methyl SM.

PMID- 3988699
TI  - Simple automated wet digestion of animal tissues for determination of seven
      elements by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
AB  - A simple, automated wet digestion procedure was developed for the quantitative
      determination by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) of arsenic, cadmium,
      copper, mercury, lead, selenium, and zinc in animal tissue. A commercial
      digestion block system with automated temperature programming was used.
      Recoveries of all elements from spiked bovine liver and kidney samples exceed
      95%. The analytical results obtained for samples of NBS Bovine Liver (No. 1577a)
      agree well with certified values. The procedure is safe and requires minimum
      analyst time.

PMID- 3988700
TI  - Comparative studies of lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide from a virulent
      strain of Pseudomonas solanacearum and from three avirulent mutants.
AB  - The composition of the Pseudomonas solanacearum lipolysaccharide (LPS) was found
      to be similar to that described for the LPS of enterobacteria. The lipid A
      contained fatty acids and glucosamine in a molar ratio of 5:2. The LPS fraction
      contained 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, hexoses
      (glucose, rhamnose, and glucosamine), and a pentose (xylose). The LPSs from the
      wild-type strain (GMI1000), from the spontaneous rough mutant (GMI2000), and from
      their respective acridine orange-resistant (Acrr) mutants (GMI1178 and GMI2179)
      contained the same component sugars in their polysaccharide moieties, but the
      relative amounts of each sugar varied greatly. Spontaneous mutation to the rough
      type was characterized by a decrease in the ratio of rhamnose to glucose, whereas
      a reverse effect was seen for the acridine orange resistance mutation from the
      parent strains (GMI1000 and GMI2000) to the respective mutant strains (GMI1178
      and GMI2179). The exopolysaccharide (EPS) from GMI1000 was found to be composed
      of two fractions: a heteropolysaccharide (galactosamine, glucose, and rhamnose)
      excluded from Sephadex G-50 and an additional glucan with a lower molecular
      weight. Strains GMI1000 and GMI1178 produced comparable amounts of EPS, GMI2179
      synthesized less EPS, and GMI2000 produced no detectable EPS. High-pressure
      liquid chromatography and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed some
      differences between these EPSs. The glucan fraction seemed to be the major
      component of the EPS from GMI2179, whereas GMI1000 and GMI1178 EPSs contained
      both fractions and appeared to differ in the structures of their
      heteropolysaccharide fractions. Viscosity measurements confirmed differences
      between whole EPSs produced by the three strains.

PMID- 3988701
TI  - 7-Methylpterin and 7-methyllumizine: oxidative degradation products of 7-methyl
      substituted pteridines in methanogenic bacteria.
AB  - 7-Methylpterin and 7-methyllumizine were isolated and identified in extracts of
      methanogenic bacteria which had been extracted in air with ethanol-water. Ethanol
      water preparations of cells extracted under nitrogen or hydrogen were devoid of
      these compounds. Extracts of cells obtained in the presence of air also had an
      increased amount of a complex arylamine which, on acid hydrolysis, gave 1 mol
      each of phosphate, 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane, and alpha
      hydroxyglutaric acid. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify
      the 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane as its tetratrimethylsilyl
      derivative and the alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid as the n-butyl ester derivative of
      its gamma-lactone. When exposed to air, extracts of cells prepared in the absence
      of air produced 6-acetyl-7-methylpterin and 7-methylxanthopterin in addition to 7
      methylpterin and 7-methyllumizine. It is concluded that these compounds are
      derived from the oxidative cleavage of the tetrahydromethanopterin, which is
      present in these bacteria, by a series of reactions analogous to those known to
      occur in the oxidative cleavage of tetrahydrofolic acid.

PMID- 3988702
TI  - Mating system for transfer of plasmids among Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus,
      and Bacillus thuringiensis.
AB  - To facilitate the analysis of genetic determinants carried by large resident
      plasmids of Bacillus anthracis, a mating system was developed which promotes
      plasmid transfer among strains of B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis.
      Transfer of the selectable tetracycline resistance plasmid pBC16 and other
      plasmids from B. thuringiensis to B. anthracis and B. cereus recipients occurred
      during mixed incubation in broth. Two plasmids, pXO11 and pXO12, found in B.
      thuringiensis were responsible for plasmid mobilization. B. anthracis and B.
      cereus transcipients inheriting either pXO11 or pXO12 were, in turn, effective
      donors. Transcipients harboring pXO12 were more efficient donors than those
      harboring pXO11; transfer frequencies ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-1) and from 10(
      8) to 10(-5), respectively. Cell-to-cell contact was necessary for plasmid
      transfer, and the addition of DNase had no effect. The high frequencies of
      transfer, along with the fact that cell-free filtrates of donor cultures were
      ineffective, suggested that transfer was not phage mediated. B. anthracis and B.
      cereus transcipients which inherited pXO12 also acquired the ability to produce
      parasporal crystals (Cry+) resembling those produced by B. thuringiensis,
      indicating that pXO12 carries a gene(s) involved in crystal formation.
      Transcipients which inherited pXO11 were Cry-. This mating system provides an
      efficient method for interspecies transfer of a large range of Bacillus plasmids
      by a conjugation-like process.

PMID- 3988703
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene of Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus.
AB  - The gene encoding the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
      was characterized. This gene (designated tdh) was subcloned into pBR322 in
      Escherichia coli, and the functional tdh gene was localized to a 1.3-kilobase
      HindIII fragment. This fragment was sequenced, and the structural gene was found
      to encode a mature protein of 165 amino acid residues. The mature protein
      sequence was preceded by a putative signal peptide sequence of 24 amino acids. A
      putative tdh promoter, determined by its similarity to concensus sequences, was
      not functional in E. coli. However, a promoter that was functional in E. coli was
      shown to exist further upstream by use of a promoter probe plasmid. A 5.7
      kilobase SalI fragment containing the structural gene and both potential
      promoters was cloned into a broad-host-range plasmid and mobilized into a
      Kanagawa phenomenon-negative V. parahaemolyticus strain. In contrast to E. coli,
      where the hemolysin was detected only in cell lysates, introduction of the cloned
      gene into V. parahaemolyticus resulted in the production of extracellular
      hemolysin.

PMID- 3988704
TI  - Protoplast dehydration correlated with heat resistance of bacterial spores.
AB  - Water content of the protoplast in situ within the fully hydrated dormant
      bacterial spore was quantified by use of a spore in which the complex of coat and
      outer (pericortex) membrane was genetically defective or chemically removed, as
      evidenced by susceptibility of the cortex to lysozyme and by permeability of the
      periprotoplast integument to glucose. Water content was determined by equilibrium
      permeability measurement with 3H-labeled water (confirmed by gravimetric
      measurement) for the entire spore, with 14C-labeled glucose for the integument
      outside the inner (pericytoplasm) membrane, and by the difference for the
      protoplast. The method was applied to lysozyme-sensitive spores of Bacillus
      stearothermophilus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. megaterium
      (four types). Comparable lysozyme-resistant spores, in which the outer membrane
      functioned as the primary permeability barrier to glucose, were employed as
      controls. Heat resistances were expressed as D100 values. Protoplast water
      content of the lysozyme-sensitive spore types correlated with heat resistance
      exponentially in two distinct clusters, with the four B. megaterium types in one
      alignment, and with the four other species types in another. Protoplast water
      contents of the B. megaterium spore types were sufficiently low (26 to 29%, based
      on wet protoplast weight) to account almost entirely for their lesser heat
      resistance. Corresponding values of the other species types were similar or
      higher (30 to 55%), indicating that these spores depended on factors additional
      to protoplast dehydration for their much greater heat resistance.

PMID- 3988705
TI  - Detection of lipoglycans in ureaplasmas.
AB  - Serotypes 3, 4, and 8 of Ureaplasma urealyticum were found to contain
      lipoglycans. Although the ratios of their components differed, all contained
      neutral sugars, fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphorus. All three became labeled
      when the organisms were cultivated in the presence of [14C]glucose, [14C]palmitic
      or [14C]oleic acids, and inorganic 32P. Only neutral sugars were found, and these
      consisted of mannose, glucose, and galactose. Hot phenol extracts of uninoculated
      and supernatant culture media contained polymeric carbohydrate, but this differed
      in composition from ureaplasmal lipoglycans and did not become radiolabeled.
      Since lipoglycans contained phosphorus but no amino sugars, they could be
      separated from contaminating polysaccharides by anion exchange chromatography.

PMID- 3988706
TI  - Purification and subunit characterization of Rhizobium meliloti RNA polymerase.
AB  - The RNA polymerase of the symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium meliloti
      was purified, and its subunit composition was determined. The cells were
      disrupted in the presence of protease inhibitors, and holoenzyme fractions were
      purified by fractionation by using DEAE-cellulose and DNA-agarose chromatography.
      The core polymerase was purified by additional chromatography on
      phosphocellulose. The subunit structure is beta prime (155,000 molecular weight),
      beta (151,000), alpha (43,000), and sigma (93,000), with an additional
      polypeptide of 29,000 molecular weight, which we have designated tau, found
      associated with both core and holoenzyme fractions. The measured stoichiometry of
      the holoenzyme complex was found to be 2 alpha:1 beta':1 beta:0.7 sigma:1 tau.
      The 93,000 molecular-weight protein subunit was identified as the sigma subunit
      based upon stimulation of specific transcription in assays with reconstituted
      polymerase.

PMID- 3988707
TI  - Evidence for two nonidentical subunits of bacterioferritin from Azotobacter
      vinelandii.
AB  - The bacterioferritin from Azotobacter vinelandii exhibits properties which in
      ferritins from other sources are attributed to the heteropolymeric nature of the
      holoprotein. The native bacterioferritin displayed multiple bands on isoelectric
      focusing gels. On discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, there
      were two subunit polypeptides of approximate Mr 21,000 and 23,000. These
      molecular weights were corroborated by gel filtration experiments. Peptide maps
      produced by partial trypsin digestion and electrophoresis showed no detectable
      differences between the subunits. Similarities to well-characterized mammalian
      ferritins and apparent anomalies in two commonly applied electrophoretic
      procedures are discussed.

PMID- 3988708
TI  - Dichloromethane dehalogenase of Hyphomicrobium sp. strain DM2.
AB  - Dichloromethane dehalogenase, a highly inducible glutathione-dependent enzyme
      catalyzing the conversion of dichloromethane into formaldehyde and inorganic
      chloride, was purified fivefold with 60% yield from Hyphomicrobium sp. strain
      DM2. The electrophoretically homogeneous purified enzyme exhibited a specific
      activity of 17.3 mkat/kg of protein. Its pH optimum was 8.5. The enzyme was
      stable at -20 degrees C for at least 6 months. A subunit molecular weight of
      33,000 was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Gel filtration of native dichloromethane dehalogenase yielded a
      molecular weight of 195,000. Subunit cross-linking with dimethyl suberimidate
      confirmed the hexameric tertiary structure of the enzyme. Dichloromethane
      dehalogenase was highly specific for dihalomethanes. Its apparent Km values were
      30 microM for CH2Cl2, 15 microM for CH2BrCl, 13 microM for CH2Br2, 5 microM for
      CH2I2, and 320 microM for glutathione. Several chlorinated aliphatic compounds
      inhibited the dichloromethane dehalogenase activity of the pure enzyme. The Ki
      values of the competitive inhibitors 1,2-dichloroethane and 1-chloropropane were
      3 and 56 microM, respectively.

PMID- 3988709
TI  - Enzymatic release of halogens or methanol from some substituted protocatechuic
      acids.
AB  - Four strains of gram-negative bacteria capable of growing at the expense of 5
      chlorovanillate were isolated from soil, and the metabolism of one strain was
      studied in particular detail. In the presence of alpha, alpha'-bipyridyl, a
      suspension of 5-chlorovanillate-grown cells accumulated 5-chloroprotocatechuate
      from 5-chlorovanillate; in the absence of inhibitor these compounds, and various
      other 5-substituted protocatechuates and vanillates, were oxidized to completion.
      Cell suspensions of this strain grown on 5-chlorovanillate or vanillate released
      chloride quantitatively from 5-chlorovanillate and released methanol from
      syringate. Extracts of cells grown with 4-hydroxybenzoate, vanillate, or
      syringate possessed high levels of both protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase and 2
      pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase; extracts from acetate-grown cells did not.
      Protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase, purified from strains that could grow with 5
      chlorovanillate, oxidized 5-halogeno-protocatechuates and 3-O-methylgallate with
      the formation of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate. A crude extract converted 5
      chloroprotocatechuate into pyruvate plus oxaloacetate. On the basis of these
      observations, a meta-fission reaction sequence is proposed for the bacterial
      degradation of vanillate and protocatechuate substituted at C-5 of the benzene
      ring with halogen or methoxyl.

PMID- 3988710
TI  - Mevinolinic acid biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus and its relationship to
      fatty acid biosynthesis.
AB  - Mevinolinic acid, the open acid form of mevinolin, which is a metabolite of
      Aspergillus terreus, has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Alberts et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U.S.A. 77:3957-3961, 1980). The biosynthesis of mevinolinic acid was studied
      by examining the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate and [methyl-14C]methionine into
      the molecule. These isotopes were rapidly incorporated into mevinolinic acid,
      with [1-14C]acetate and [methyl-14C]methionine incorporation being linear for at
      least 10 and 30 min, respectively. A comparison of acetate incorporation into
      mevinolinic acid and fatty acids indicated that mevinolinic acid biosynthesis
      increased with a maximum between days 3 and 5 of growth; at this time cell growth
      had ceased and fatty acid biosynthesis was negligible. Hydrolysis of the
      mevinolinic acid and isolation of the products showed that [1-14C]acetate and
      [methyl-14C]methionine were incorporated into the 2-methylbutyric acid side chain
      as well as into the main (alcohol) portion of the molecule.

PMID- 3988711
TI  - Unusual stability of the Methanospirillum hungatei sheath.
AB  - The proteinaceous sheath of Methanospirillum hungatei was isolated by lysing
      cells in 50 mM dithiothreitol, separating the sheath from other cellular material
      by discontinuous sucrose density centrifugation, and removing the "cell spacers"
      with dilute NaOH. The isolated sheath material consisted of hollow tubes which
      had a highly ordered surface array. The stability of the sheath to treatment with
      denaturants and to enzymatic digestion was examined by a turbidimetric assay in
      conjunction with electron microscopy and optical or electron diffraction. The
      sheath was resistant to a range of proteases and also was not digested by
      peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes, a lipase, a cellulase, a glucosidase, or Rhozyme
      (a mixture of galactosidases, acetylglucosaminidase, acetylgalactosaminidase,
      fucosidase, and mannosidases). In addition to being unaffected by common salts,
      thiol-reducing agents, and EDTA, the layer was resistant to powerful denaturants
      such as 6 M urea, 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride, 10 M LiSCN, cyanogen bromide,
      sodium periodate, and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Strong bases, boiling 3 N HCl,
      and performic acid did attack the sheath; in these cases, the array was
      systematically disassembled in a progressive manner, which was followed by
      electron microscopy. The layer was slightly modified by N-bromosuccinimide in
      urea, but the array remained intact. The stability of the sheath was remarkable,
      not only as compared to other bacterial surface arrays, but also as compared to
      proteins generally, and possibly indicated the presence of covalent cross-links
      between protein subunits.

PMID- 3988712
TI  - Lesions in citrate synthase that affect aerobic nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter
      chroococcum.
AB  - A class of Azotobacter chroococcum mutants induced by Tn1 that were defective in
      normal aerobic nitrogen fixation when grown on sugars (Fos-) were corrected by
      provision of alpha-ketoglutarate or glutamate. In a representative mutant,
      Fos252, rates of evolution of 14CO2 from [14C]acetate or [14C]glucose were 5% of
      the parental values, although uptake and incorporation were normal for both
      substrates. The results suggest that a lesion affects the entry of substrates
      into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The activity of citrate synthase in Fos252 in
      vitro was 5% that of the parents. The citrate synthase (gltA) gene from
      Escherichia coli was cloned into broad-host-range vectors and mobilized into
      Fos252. The plasmids restored parental citrate synthase activities to Fos252 and
      complemented the inability to fix N2 in air. The data indicate that a mutation
      causing an intrinsic limitation in respiratory capacity abolishes normal aerobic
      N2 fixation, which is consistent with the hypothesis of respiratory protection
      for nitrogenase in Azotobacter species.

PMID- 3988713
TI  - Presence of 2-methylthioribosyl-trans-zeatin in Azotobacter vinelandii tRNA.
AB  - Hydroxylated cytokinin, 2-methylthio-N6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl) adenosine,
      was found in the tRNA of Azotobacter vinelandii. This cytokinin had the trans
      configuration, unlike the cis configuration reported for that from other
      bacteria. Culture-condition-dependent changes in the content of this
      thiocytokinin and a few other thionucleosides in the tRNA of this bacterium have
      been observed.

PMID- 3988714
TI  - Legume agglutinins that bind to Rhizobium meliloti.
AB  - A protein found in seeds and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was implicated in
      the specificity of the infection process, based on its binding to the symbiont
      Rhizobium meliloti. We found an agglutinin with similar properties in seeds and
      roots of sweet clover (Melilotis alba). The sweet clover differed from alfalfa in
      nodulation by a mutant strain of R. meliloti, but the agglutinins were
      indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      Rhizobium agglutination, and cross-reactivity to antibodies. Similar agglutinins
      binding R. meliloti were found in seeds of legumes from different cross
      inoculation groups, including soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata),
      pea (Pisum sativum L), and mung bean (Vigna mungo). The agglutinins from these
      legumes were recognized by antibodies raised against the agglutinins of alfalfa
      and sweet clover. Seeds of corn (Zea mays) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
      contained a protein similar to the legume agglutinin, but it did not react with
      the antibodies. We conclude that the alfalfa agglutinin is representative of a
      common legume protein and that there is no evidence for its role in specificity
      or nodule initiation.

PMID- 3988715
TI  - Lactate infusion in anxiety research: its evolution and practice.
AB  - The unpredictability of spontaneous unexpected panic attacks has inhibited the
      controlled study of this phenomenon. Previous studies demonstrated that an
      increase in blood lactic acid occurred concomitant with symptoms of anxiety in
      anxiety-prone patients who underwent standard physical exercise. The question of
      whether these patients had an excessive sensitivity to lactate led to the
      development of the lactate infusion model, in which anxiety is induced in a
      controlled environment. The history and current application of the lactate
      infusion model in the study of neurochemical correlates of panic are described,
      and a methodology for lactate infusion procedures is outlined.

PMID- 3988716
TI  - The use of restraints on a general psychiatric unit.
AB  - A 9-month prospective study of all patients restrained on the acute psychiatric
      units of two general hospitals and a group of nonrestrained controls revealed
      significant demographic and diagnostic differences between restrained and
      nonrestrained patients. Restraint occurred more often in young, unmarried,
      seriously ill men with a previous history of violent behavior and previous
      psychiatric treatment. These characteristics were coupled with inadequate
      neuroleptic treatment and a perception of inadequate power authority (low
      staffing levels of male orderlies). There was a significantly higher frequency of
      a history of previous violence in restrained patients compared to nonrestrained
      patients on the same unit. These data have important clinical and legal
      implications for persons involved in making predictions of "dangerousness."

PMID- 3988717
TI  - Postpartum psychosis as a discrete entity.
AB  - Twelve patients with postpartum psychosis treated over a period of 18 years by 11
      different psychiatrists appeared to suffer from a homogeneous disorder, with
      similar onset, clinical picture, course, and immediate prognosis. This
      observation, together with reports by other authors, suggests that postpartum
      psychosis deserves a place in the psychiatric nomenclature other than as
      "atypical psychosis."

PMID- 3988718
TI  - Increased sensitivity of the elderly to the central depressant effects of
      diazepam.
AB  - The effects of diazepam on memory and psychomotor performance in healthy elderly
      (N = 12) and young (N = 12) individuals were examined. Diazepam was administered
      acutely in a single, oral 2.5 mg dose. Diazepam impaired memory, both immediate
      and delayed recall, and psychomotor performance in the elderly subjects. In
      addition, the drug caused an increase in self-reported sedation in elderly
      subjects but not in young subjects. These findings suggest an age-related
      increase in the sensitivity of elderly individuals to the central depressant
      effects of diazepam.

PMID- 3988719
TI  - Dexamethasone suppression test results in delusional versus nondelusional
      depression: preliminary evidence of distinct clinical entities.
AB  - Two patients with major affective disorder--one unipolar and one bipolar-
      exhibited normal DSTs while psychotically depressed (mood congruent delusions),
      yet exhibited nonsuppression on the DST in the course of subsequent separate
      nonpsychotic depressive episodes. If valid, these results may provide further
      evidence for considering psychotic and nonpsychotic depression as clinically
      distinct entities.

PMID- 3988720
TI  - Pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic issues in coexistent paranoid schizophrenia
      and narcolepsy: case report.
AB  - The case of a 32-year-old man with schizophrenia and narcolepsy, two seemingly
      unrelated disorders, is discussed from the perspective of the diagnostic and
      therapeutic challenges raised by their coexistence. In addition, the development
      of tardive dyskinesia and its subsequent amelioration with a depot form of a high
      potency neuroleptic are discussed in relation to these disorders. Consistent and
      supportive psychotherapy for such patients is recommended for maintaining
      compliance, for pharmacotherapy, and an optimal level of personal, occupational,
      and interpersonal functioning.

PMID- 3988721
TI  - Transition from bipolar affective disorder to intermittent Cushing's syndrome:
      case report.
AB  - A patient with a 6-year history of bipolar affective disorder who developed
      cushingoid features during an exacerbation of her psychiatric condition was found
      to have intermittent hypersecretion of cortisol. Close observation of this
      patient for 3 years has revealed that her medical and psychiatric symptoms are
      controlled by suppression of cortisol with bromocriptine.

PMID- 3988723
TI  - Carbamazepine and idiopathic thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 3988722
TI  - Amitriptyline and contact lenses.

PMID- 3988724
TI  - Interaction of fluorescent berberine alkyl derivatives with respiratory chain of
      rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The cationic fluorescent dyes, berberines, have been observed to inhibit NAD
      linked respiration in rat liver mitochondria. Low concentrations inhibit electron
      transport in the NAD-ubiquinone span after penetration into mitochondria. More
      hydrophobic alkyl derivatives proved to be stronger inhibitors showing more rapid
      onset of inhibition. The inhibition was totally dependent on the energization of
      the membrane; however, the addition of a hydrophobic anion stimulated the
      inhibition effects in uncoupled mitochondria. Substantially higher concentrations
      of berberines are needed for the inhibition of the oxidation of succinate. The
      excess of dye interacting with surface dipoles in the energized state can inhibit
      the energy transduction through the complex bc1. On the basis of the difference
      in the rate of fluorescence response when berberines are added to coupled
      mitochondria and the corresponding inhibition effects, the presence minimally of
      two binding sites was suggested. The dye bound on the outer surface is highly
      fluorescent and inhibits the energy transduction if added in excess. The
      remaining dye interacting with NADH dehydrogenase does not fluoresce. The
      accumulation of alkylberberine in mitochondria results in additional effects in
      the region of cytochrome b the nature of which is not fully understood.

PMID- 3988725
TI  - Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations of Q-cycle mechanisms and the oxidant
      induced reduction of cytochromes b.
AB  - In coenzyme Q-cycles, it is proposed that one electron from the quinol reduces
      the Rieske iron sulfur center (Em approximately 280 mV) and the remaining
      electron on the semiquinone reduces cytochrome br (Em approximately -60 mV). The
      Em for the two-electron oxidation of the quinol is approximately 60 mV and
      therefore the reduction of cytochrome bT by quinol is not favorable. As the
      stability constant for the dismutation of the semiquinone decreases, the
      calculated Em for the Q/QH. couple is lowered to values below the Em of
      cytochrome bT. Contemporary coenzyme Q-cycles are based on the belief that the
      lower value for the Em of the Q/QH. couple compared to the Em for cytochrome bT
      means that the semiquinone is a spontaneous reducing agent for the b-cytochrome.
      The analysis in the paper shows that this is not necessarily so and that neither
      binding sites nor ionization of the semiquinone per se alters this situation. For
      a Q-cycle mechanism to function, ad hoc provisions must be made to drive the
      otherwise unfavorable reduction of cytochrome bT by the semiquinone or for the
      simultaneous transfer of both electrons to cytochrome bT and cytochrome c1 (or
      the iron sulfur protein). Q-cycle mechanisms with these additional provisions can
      explain the observation thus far accumulated. A linear path which is functionally
      altered by conformational changes may also explain the data.

PMID- 3988726
TI  - Primary structures of six antimicrobial peptides of rabbit peritoneal
      neutrophils.
AB  - Six microbicidal peptides, NP-1, NP-2, NP-3a, NP-3b, NP-4, and NP-5, from rabbit
      peritoneal neutrophils were characterized. As a family, the peptides were 32-34
      residues in length, were cystine- and arginine-rich, and each contained three
      intramolecular disulfide bonds. Within their sequences, the six peptides shared
      11-residue positions, which included the six half-cystines contained in each
      peptide. NP-1 and NP-2 differed by a single residue and were identical in their
      respective sequences to MCP-1 and MCP-2, the peptide analogs from rabbit alveolar
      macrophages. NP-4 and NP-5 were homologous in 27 of their residues, but NP-3a and
      NP-3b shared little more than the 11-residue backbone common to all members of
      this peptide family.

PMID- 3988727
TI  - The role of surface charge on the accelerating action of heparin on the
      antithrombin III-inhibited activity of alpha-thrombin.
AB  - We have compared surface charge and the surface charge density on the polyanions
      heparin and potassium polyvinyl sulfate (KPVS), as well as on hydrolyzed heparin
      and KPVS, with their accelerating effect on the inhibitory action of antithrombin
      III on thrombin. Polyelectrolyte titration of thrombin with KPVS or heparin at pH
      7.4 clearly indicates an electrostatic interaction. In contrast, at the same pH
      no electrostatic interaction is observed between polyanions and antithrombin III.
      KPVS accelerates the inhibitory action of antithrombin III to the same extent as
      heparin on the basis of charge equivalence. Heparin and KPVS with a mean distance
      between two charged centers of less than 0.75 and 0.95 nm, respectively,
      accelerate strongly whereas hydrolysates with lower charge densities are far less
      active. The following observations are indicated. Intramolecular neutralization
      of oppositely charged residues occurs within thrombin, antithrombin III, and
      partially hydrolyzed heparin. Heparin acts on the antithrombin III-thrombin
      reaction through cooperative electrostatic binding to thrombin and
      nonelectrostatic interaction with antithrombin III. This indicates a quasi
      catalytic action of the polyelectrolyte. Hydrolysis of only a few N-sulfate
      residues within the heparin molecule decreases the linear surface charge density
      to such an extent that the accelerating action is drastically reduced. The loss
      of accelerating capacity agrees with the sudden loss of counterion condensation
      due to the decrease of the linear surface charge density beyond limits postulated
      by Manning in a theory of polyelectrolytes.

PMID- 3988728
TI  - Specificity of the glycolipid transfer protein from pig brain.
AB  - Lipid specificity has been studied in the lipid transfer reaction facilitated by
      the glycolipid transfer protein from pig brain. The lipid transfer was measured
      by determining the transfer of a radioisotopically labeled lipid from donor
      liposomes to either acceptor liposomes or mitochondria. Whenever possible, the
      liposomes contained 1 mol % of the lipid whose transfer was under study. The
      transfer protein accelerates the transfer of glucosylceramide, galactosylceramide
      (GalCer), lactosylceramide (LacCer), galactosylceramide 3-sulfate,
      globotriaosylceramide, LacCer sulfate, sialosyl-LacCer, globotetraosylceramide,
      and globopentaosylceramide. An inverse relationship is found between the length
      of sugar chains in glycosphingolipids and the transfer rates. In addition to the
      glycosphingolipids, the transfer protein facilitates the transfer of
      galactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, glucosyldiacylglycerol, and
      diglucosyldiacylglycerol. The protein does not facilitate the transfer of
      dimannosyldiacylglycerol. The transfer of periodate-oxidized and subsequently
      reduced derivatives of GalCer and LacCer is facilitated by the transfer protein.
      The derivatives of GalCer are transferred at lower rates than GalCer, whereas the
      derivatives of LacCer are transferred at higher rates than LacCer. The transfer
      protein does not facilitate the transfer of phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylinositol, cholesterol, or cholesteryloleate. These results suggest
      that the glycolipid transfer protein from pig brain has specificity to hydroxyl
      groups present in the sugar residue directly linked to either ceramide or
      diacylglycerol. The presence of glucose or galactose linked to these hydrophobic
      moieties makes the glycolipid transferable by the protein.

PMID- 3988729
TI  - Mechanism of electron transfer to coordinated dioxygen of oxyhemoglobins to yield
      peroxide and methemoglobin. Protein control of electron donation by
      aquopentacyanoferrate(II).
AB  - Reactions of human oxyhemoglobin A with iron(II) compounds have been
      investigated. Human oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) reacts with aquopentacyanoferrate(II),
      Fe(II)(CN)5H2O3-, to yield hydrogen peroxide, aquomethemoglobin and
      Fe(III)(CN)5H2O2-. The reaction follows a second order rate law, first order in
      the pentacyanide and in HbO2. Since reaction rates are lower in the presence of
      catalase, the H2O2 produced must promote metHb formation in reactions independent
      of pentacyanide. Changes in concentrations of effectors (e.g. H+, inositol
      hexaphosphate, Cl-, and Zn2+), alkylation of beta-93 cysteine with N
      ethylmaleimide, and substitution at distal histidine (as in Hb Zurich with beta
      63 His----Arg) in each case can markedly affect pentacyanide reaction rates
      demonstrating a fine control of rates by protein structure. Hexacyanoferrate(II)
      (ferrocyanide) reacts with HbO2 to produce cyano-metHb as well as aquo-metHb but
      the reaction with the hexacyanide is much slower than with the aquopentacyanide.
      Iron(II) EDTA converts HbO2 to deoxy-Hb with no evidence for formation of metHb
      as an intermediate. These findings support a mechanism in which the pentacyanide
      anion reacts directly with coordinated dioxygen. One-electron transfers to O2
      from both pentacyanide iron(II) and heme iron(II) result in the formation of a mu
      peroxo intermediate, HbFe(III)-O-O-Fe(III) (CN)5(3-). Hydrolysis of this
      intermediate yields metHb . H2O, H2O2, and FeIII(CN)5H2O2-. The reaction of HbO2
      with Fe(CN)6(4-) must follow an outer sphere electron transfer mechanism.
      However, the very slow rate that is seen with Fe(CN)6(4-) could arise entirely
      from the pentacyanide produced from loss of one cyanide ligand from the
      hexacyanide. Fe(II)EDTA reacts rapidly with free O2 in solution but can not
      interact directly with the heme-bound O2 of HbAO2. The dynamic character of the
      O2 binding sites apparently permits access of the Fe2+ of the pentacyanide to
      coordinated dioxygen but the protein structure is not sufficiently flexible to
      allow the larger Fe2+EDTA molecule to react with bound O2. It is necessary for
      maintenance of the oxygen transport function of the red cell for reductants such
      as the methemoglobin reductase system, glutathione, and ascorbate to be able to
      reduce metHb to deoxy-Hb. It is also important for these reductants to be unable
      to donate an electron to HbO2 to yield H2O2 and metHb. Thus, a mechanistic
      requirement for the delivery of one-electron directly to the dioxygen ligand, if
      peroxide is to be produced, enables the protein to protect the oxygenated species
      from those electron donors normally present in the cell by denying these
      reductants steric access to coordinated O2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3988730
TI  - Biosynthesis of the beta-lactam antibiotic, thienamycin, by Streptomyces
      cattleya.
AB  - Radioactive- and stable isotope-containing substrates were used to identify the
      biosynthetic precursors of the beta-lactam antibiotic, thienamycin, in
      Streptomyces cattleya. Acetate is utilized by the organism to form C(6) and C(7)
      of the beta-lactam ring. The two carbons of the hydroxyethyl group attached to
      C(6) are both derived from the methyl of methionine. The cysteaminyl side chain
      attached to C(2) is derived from cysteine. Selective inhibition of thienamycin
      and cephamycin C biosynthesis has been achieved either through the addition of
      metabolic inhibitors or through manipulation of the growth medium. These results
      suggest that the two beta-lactam antibiotics, thienamycin and cephamycin C, are
      formed by different biosynthetic pathways.

PMID- 3988731
TI  - Translocation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into vesicles derived from rat liver
      rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
AB  - A mixture of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine labeled with different radioisotopes in the
      uridine and glucosamine was used to show that the intact sugar nucleotide was
      translocated across the membrane of vesicles derived from rat liver rough
      endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus. Translocation was dependent on
      temperature, saturable at high concentrations of sugar nucleotide, and inhibited
      by treatment of vesicles with proteases, suggesting protein carrier mediated
      transport. Translocation of UDP-GlcNAc by RER-derived vesicles appeared to be
      specific since these vesicles were unable to translocate UDP-galactose, in
      contrast to those derived from the Golgi apparatus. Preliminary results suggest
      that the mechanism of UDP-GlcNAc translocation into RER-derived vesicles is via a
      coupled exchange with lumenal nucleoside monophosphate. This is similar to the
      recently postulated mechanism for translocation of sugar nucleotides into
      vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus.

PMID- 3988732
TI  - Fractionation of L-fucose-containing oligosaccharides on immobilized Aleuria
      aurantia lectin.
AB  - The carbohydrate-binding specificity of Aleuria aurantia lectin was investigated
      by analyzing the behavior of a variety of fucose-containing oligosaccharides on
      an A. aurantia lectin-Sepharose column. Studies with complex-type
      oligosaccharides obtained from various glycoproteins by hydrazinolysis and their
      partial degradation fragments indicated that the presence of the alpha-fucosyl
      residue linked at the C-6 position of the proximal N-acetylglucosamine moiety is
      indispensable for binding to the lectin column. Binding was not affected by the
      structures of the outer chain moieties nor by the presence of the bisecting N
      acetylglucosamine residue. These results indicated that A. aurantia lectin
      Sepharose is useful for the group separation of mixtures of complex-type
      asparagine-linked sugar chains. Studies of glycosylated Bence Jones proteins
      indicated that this procedure is also applicable to intact glycoproteins. The
      behavior of oligosaccharides isolated from human milk and the urine of patients
      with fucosidosis indicated that the oligosaccharides with Fuc alpha 1----2Gal
      beta 1----4GlcNAc and Gal beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1----3)GlcNAc groups interact
      with the lectin, but less strongly than complex-type sugar chains with a
      fucosylated core. Lacto-N-fucopentaitol II, which has a Gal beta 1----3(Fuc alpha
      1----4)GlcNAc group, interacts less strongly than the above two groups with the
      matrix. Oligosaccharides with Fuc alpha 1----2Gal beta 1----3GlcNAc and Gal beta
      1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1----3)GlcNAc groups showed
      almost no interaction with the matrix.

PMID- 3988733
TI  - Proteoglycan Lt from chicken embryo sternum identified as type IX collagen.
AB  - Proteoglycan Lt (PG-Lt), isolated from 17-day-old chicken embryo sterna, appeared
      to differ from its counterpart from tibia and femur (Noro, A., Kimata, K., Oike,
      Y., Shinomura, T., Maeda, N., Yano, S., Takahashi, N., and Suzuki, S. (1983) J.
      Biol. Chem. 258, 9323-9331). The intact disulfide-bonded molecule of
      approximately 300 kDa was separable into three chains of 115, 84, and 68 kDa on
      reduction, the molecular masses being relative to those of collagen standards on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This is in
      contrast to tibial cartilage PG-Lt, from which there was no observed release of a
      68-kDa chain (100 kDa relative to globular protein standards) after reduction.
      The 115-kDa chain of sternum PG-Lt consists of a core 68-kDa polypeptide to which
      the chondroitin sulfate chains are attached. The ratio of 4-sulfated to 6
      sulfated disaccharides released after either chondroitinase ABC or AC digestion
      is 3:1. Identity of PG-Lt with type IX collagen was indicated by their similar
      elution profiles on DEAE-Trisacryl and by the presence in both proteins of co
      migrating 84- and 68-kDa bands on SDS-PAGE. This identity was confirmed by
      immunoblotting PG-Lt after SDS-PAGE, with affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies
      specific for a triple helical domain (HMW) of type IX collagen. The nonreduced
      high molecular mass material and all three bands of the reduced PG-Lt were
      immunoreactive, giving immunostaining patterns similar to autoradiographs from
      the [14C]glycine-labeled protein.

PMID- 3988735
TI  - Apolipoprotein effects on the lipolysis of perfused triglyceride by heparin
      immobilized milk lipase.
AB  - Bovine milk lipase was noncovalently bound to a heparin-Sepharose support and a
      [3H]glycerol/[14C]triolein emulsion was circulated through it. This system, more
      closely simulating in vivo conditions than the standard lipoprotein lipase assay,
      was employed to determine the effect of human apo-E and apo-C-II on the lipolysis
      of the circulating substrate. Both apo-C-II and apo-E produced enhanced lipolysis
      in comparison to unsupplemented emulsions, at appropriate enzyme densities on the
      heparin-Sepharose. With high enzyme densities the stimulation produced by apo-E
      was lost but that of apo-C-II persisted. When apo-E and apo-C-II were added
      together they produced significantly more lipolysis than when either was added
      separately. The enhancement of lipolysis produced by apo-E was correlated with
      the increased binding of triglyceride to the heparin-Sepharose enzyme complex.
      The effect of additions of both apoproteins to rat intestinal chylomicrons
      resulted in data quite similar to the triglyceride emulsions. Heparin-Sepharose
      columns with high and low zones of enzyme density produced greater lipolysis than
      when the enzyme was distributed more uniformly throughout the column. Perfusions
      of substrate supplemented with sufficient apo-E to produce maximal binding and
      lipolysis resulted in a progressive elution of the triglyceride substrate from
      the column during the perfusion. Free fatty acid:albumin molar ratios greater
      than 2 resulted in desorption of substrate from the column. This suggests the
      possibility of regulation of the lipolytic process by the products of lipolysis.

PMID- 3988734
TI  - Purification and characterization of the 2-methyl branched-chain Acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in NADH-dependent enoyl-CoA reduction in
      anaerobic mitochondria of the nematode, Ascaris suum.
AB  - The 2-methyl branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity
      from mitochondria of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. The native molecular
      weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 170,000 by gel filtration. The enzyme
      migrated as a single protein band with Mr = 42,500 during sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggesting that the enzyme is a tetramer
      composed of identical subunits. The enzyme exhibited absorbance maxima at 272,
      375, and 452 with a ratio 7.9:0.8:1.0, respectively. FAD content was estimated to
      be 0.9 mol/mol of subunit and the absorption coefficient of FAD at 452 nm was
      14.1 mM-1 cm-1. The purified enzyme dehydrogenated both 2-methylbutyryl-CoA and 2
      methylvaleryl-CoA with apparent Km and Vmax values of 18 microM and 1.62
      mumol/min/mg and 21 microM and 1.58 mumol/min/mg, respectively. This enzyme also
      appeared to dehydrogenate butyryl-CoA, valeryl-CoA, and octanoyl-CoA but at a
      much lower rate. The enzyme did not dehydrogenate propionyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA,
      isovaleryl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA. Tiglyl-CoA and 2-methyl-2-pentenoyl-CoA were
      identified as reaction products from 2-methylbutyryl- and 2-methylvaleryl-CoA,
      respectively. Dehydrogenating activity with both substrates was inhibited by
      tiglyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, and straight chain acyl CoAs of increasing chain
      length. N-Ethylmaleimide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate had little effect on
      dehydrogenating activity but the heavy metals Hg2+ and Ag2+ were potent
      inhibitors. Physiologically, the dehydrogenase functions as a branched-chain
      enoyl-CoA reductase. Incubations of A. suum submitochondrial particles, NADH,
      tiglyl-CoA, purified A. suum electron-transfer flavoprotein, and the 2-methyl
      branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase resulted in the rotenone-sensitive,
      dehydrogenase-dependent formation of 2-methylbutyryl-CoA.

PMID- 3988736
TI  - A chromophoric and fluorescent analog of GTP, 2',3'-O-(2,4,6
      trinitrocyclohexadienylidene)-GTP, as a spectroscopic probe for the GTP
      inhibitory site of liver glutamate dehydrogenase.
AB  - The ribose-modified chromophoric and fluorescent analog of ATP, 2',3'-O-(2,4,6
      trinitrocyclohexadienylidene)-ATP (TNP-ATP) (Hiratsuka, T., and Uchida, K. (1973)
      Biochim. Biophys. Acta 320, 635-647 and Hiratsuka, T. (1976) Biochim. Biophys.
      Acta 453, 293-297) has been widely used as an ATP analog for various ATPases.
      Although the corresponding analog of GTP,2',3'-O-(2,4,6
      trinitrocyclohexadienylidene)-GTP (TNP-GTP) should be useful for the study of
      various GTP-requiring enzymes, it is difficult to prepare TNP-GTP by the
      conventional method. In the present study, we succeeded in the synthesis of TNP
      GTP with the use of an alternative method. The analogs of GDP, GMP, and guanyl-5'
      yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) were also synthesized. Visible absorption and
      fluorescent properties of TNP-GTP, TNP-GDP, TNP-GMP, and TNP-Gpp(NH)p were quite
      similar to those of TNP-ATP. TNP-GTP was found to be able to replace GTP as an
      inhibitor for bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase. The enzyme was inhibited by
      TNP-GTP to a maximum extent of 54% at saturating concentrations of the analog
      with a KI of 2.7 microM. TNP-Gpp(NH)p and other ribose-modified fluorescent
      analogs of GTP,3'-O-anthraniloyl-GTP and 3'-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)-GTP
      (Hiratsuka, T. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 742, 496-508), also inhibited the
      enzymatic activity. Binding of TNP-GTP to the enzyme was characterized by a 5.6
      fold enhancement in analog fluorescence. In the presence of NADH, the limiting
      fluorescence enhancement of the bound analog decreased to 2.7-fold. As determined
      by fluorometric titration, the maximum number of TNP-GTP binding sites on the
      enzyme was 1.9 mol/mol of subunit with a KD of 0.66 microM in the absence of NADH
      and 2.2 mol/mol of subunit with two KD values of 0.11 and 0.71 microM in the
      presence of NADH. These observations suggest that NADH binding increases the
      affinity of only 1 mol of the 2 mol of TNP-GTP bound to the enzyme. These
      spectroscopic and biological properties of TNP-GTP should make this analog useful
      as a chromophoric and fluorescent probe for studies not only of glutamate
      dehydrogenase but also of various GTP-requiring enzymes, which have a high
      specificity for the base moiety of GTP.

PMID- 3988737
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of steroid 5 alpha-reductase of rat liver and prostate
      microsomes.
AB  - 21-Diazo-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (Diazo-MAPD) inhibits steroid
      5 alpha-reductase in liver microsomes of female rats with a Ki value of 8.7 +/-
      1.7 nM, and the inhibition is competitive with testosterone. It also inhibits the
      binding of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, [3H] 17 beta-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4
      methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one ([3H]4-MA), to the enzyme in liver
      microsomes. The inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity and of inhibitor binding
      activity by diazo-MAPD becomes irreversible upon UV irradiation. [1,2-3H]Diazo
      MAPD binds to a single high affinity site (Kd 8 nM, 125 pmol binding sites/mg of
      protein) in liver microsomes of female rats, and this binding requires NADPH.
      Without UV irradiation, this binding is reversible, and it becomes irreversible
      upon UV irradiation. Both the initial reversible binding and the subsequent
      irreversible conjugation after UV irradiation are inhibited by inhibitors (diazo
      MAPD and 4-MA) and substrates (progesterone and testosterone) of 5 alpha
      reductase, but they are not inhibited by 5 alpha-reduced steroids (5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol). NADPH
      stimulates the binding of [3H] diazo-MAPD to microsomes of male rat liver and
      prostate. UV irradiation also induces conjugation of [3H] diazo-MAPD to these
      microsomes. Photoaffinity labeled liver microsomes of female rats were
      solubilized and fractionated by high performance gel filtration. The radioactive
      conjugate eluted in one major peak at Mr 50,000.

PMID- 3988738
TI  - Structural properties and lipid binding of human apolipoprotein A-IV.
AB  - The in vivo affinity of human apolipoprotein A-IV (apo-A-IV) for plasma
      lipoproteins is considerably less than that of other apolipoproteins. We have
      therefore studied its spectroscopic properties and its association with model
      chylomicrons to investigate its structural characteristics and to define their
      influence upon its affinity for lipids. Fluorescence emission spectra of apo-A-IV
      in dilute aqueous solution revealed that its single tryptophan residue resides in
      a pH-sensitive hydrophobic domain, which is maximally protected from iodide
      quenching at pH 7.5. Denaturation of apo-A-IV by guanidine hydrochloride caused a
      multiphasic fluorescence emission red shift, with an unusual enhancement of
      quantum yield. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of apo-A-IV demonstrated negative
      ellipticity maxima at 210 and 222 nm, consistent with 54% alpha-helical
      structure. The alpha-helicity of apo-A-IV as measured by [theta]222 was also pH
      sensitive and displayed a distinctive decrease between pH 7.0 and 8.0. Apo-A-IV
      was exquisitely sensitive to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride, and its
      estimated free energy of stabilization in aqueous solution was near zero. Apo-A
      IV bound to the surface of Sf greater than 400 particles of a phospholipid
      triglyceride emulsion in a noncooperative, concentration-dependent manner. The
      affinity of apo-A-IV for these model chylomicrons was influenced by changes in pH
      or addition of guanidine hydrochloride in a manner which correlated well with the
      structural changes observed under similar conditions. We conclude that human
      apolipoprotein A-IV possesses several biophysical properties characteristic of
      the better studied plasma apolipoproteins, yet, apo-A-IV appears to be marginally
      stable in aqueous solution and its structural characteristics and lipid binding
      properties are particularly sensitive to environment.

PMID- 3988739
TI  - Purification and enzymatic characterization of CMP-sialic acid: beta-galactosyl1-
      --3-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha 2----3-sialyltransferase from human placenta.
AB  - A CMP-NeuAc:Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-R alpha 2----3-sialyltransferase has been
      purified over 20,000-fold from a Triton X-100 extract of human placenta by
      affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and CDP-hexanolamine
      Sepharose in a yield of 10%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis under
      reducing conditions revealed that the enzyme consists of a major polypeptide
      species with a molecular weight of 41,000 and some minor forms with molecular
      weights of 40,000, 43,000, and 65,000, respectively, which can be resolved
      partially by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Isoelectric focusing revealed that
      the enzyme occurs in a major and a minor charged form with pI values of 5.0-5.5
      and 6.0, respectively. Acceptor specificity studies indicated that the enzyme
      catalyzes the incorporation of sialic acid from CMP-NeuAc into glycoproteins,
      glycolipids, and oligosaccharides which possess a terminal Gal beta----3GalNAc
      unit. Analysis of the structure of the product chain by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography and thin layer chromatography as well as methylation analysis
      revealed that a NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----3GalNAc sequence is elaborated.
      The best glycoprotein acceptors are antifreeze glycoprotein and porcine
      submaxillary asialo/afucomucin. The disaccharide Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-Thr shows
      values for Km and V which are close to those of the latter glycoprotein. Lactose
      as well as oligosaccharides in which galactose is linked beta 1----3 or beta 1---
      4 to N-acetylglucosamine are less efficient acceptors. Of the glycolipids tested
      only gangliosides GM1 and GD1b served as an acceptor. The enzyme does not show an
      absolute aglycon specificity, and attaches sialic acid regardless the anomeric
      configuration of the N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue in the accepting Gal beta 1--
      -3GalNAc unit. By use of specific acceptor substrates it could be demonstrated
      that the purified enzyme is free from other known sialyltransferase activities.
      Studies with rabbit antibodies raised against a partially purified
      sialyltransferase preparation indicated that the enzyme is immunologically
      unrelated to a Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc-R alpha 2----3-sialyltransferase, which
      previously had been identified in human placenta (Van den Eijnden, D.H., and
      Schiphorst, W. E. C. M. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3159-3162). Initial-rate
      kinetic studies suggest that the sialyltransferase operates through a mechanism
      involving a ternary complex of enzyme, sugar donor, and acceptor. This is the
      first report on the extensive purification and characterization of a
      sialyltransferase from a human tissue.

PMID- 3988740
TI  - Purification and characterization of Ricinus communis invertase.
AB  - An invertase from Ricinus communis leaves was purified 4,400-fold. The
      preparation was homogeneous by criteria of gel electrophoresis, gel permeation,
      adsorption, and ionic exchange chromatography. One optimum pH at 3.5 was observed
      with crude invertase; however, purified preparations showed two optima, at pH 3.5
      and 5.5. Addition of bovine serum albumin restored one maximum at pH 3.5 and
      elicited a 30% activation of the invertase. The effect was caused by many other
      proteins and by heparin, dextran sulfate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Fructose,
      fructose 1,6-diphosphate, maleic, trans-aconitic, malic, and ascorbic acids were
      simple competitive inhibitors of the purified enzyme. Glucose was a
      noncompetitive inhibitor. The activation by proteins suppressed these inhibitory
      effects. The minimum concentration of activator necessary to reach the maximal
      activation or "point of optimal activation" was always reached at a concentration
      of 1 X 10(-6) M, independently of the nature of the activator, when 8.6 X 10(-12)
      mol of enzyme were used. Apparent molecular weight determinations of the enzyme
      in the presence and absence of activator and molecular weight determinations
      based on determinations of the point of optimal activation suggested that the
      purified enzyme is a heptamer (Mr of 77,900, Stokes radius 32 A, frictional
      ration f/fo 1.1, partial specific volume 0.749 ml/g) and that the activated form
      is a trimer consisting of two enzyme subunits and one activator molecule. The
      activation was lost by dilution of the trimer. The enzyme subunit, as isolated by
      gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (Mr 11,000) was inactive
      but quickly regained activity upon removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

PMID- 3988741
TI  - Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein has a sn-1,2-dimyristyl glycerol
      membrane anchor at its COOH terminus.
AB  - The membrane form of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein (mfVSG) is
      acylated with ester-linked tetradecanoic (myristic) acid (Ferguson, M. A. J., and
      Cross, G. A. M. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 3011-3015). Comparative analysis of
      Pronase peptides from mfVSG and soluble VSG localizes the site of mfVSG acylation
      to a COOH-terminal oligosaccharide structure. Chemical and enzymatic treatment of
      the acylated Pronase mfVSG fragment revealed that the myristic acid is present as
      a diglyceride (sn-1,2-dimyristin) that is probably linked to the COOH-terminal
      oligosaccharide via a phosphodiester bond between the sn-3-glycerol hydroxyl and
      a sugar hydroxyl group. The endogenous membrane-associated enzyme, which
      quantitatively cleaves myristic acid from mfVSG to produce soluble VSG, releases
      diglyceride, as would be expected of a phospholipase C.

PMID- 3988742
TI  - A DNA primase from yeast. Purification and partial characterization.
AB  - A DNA primase activity has been purified from the budding yeast Saccharomyces.
      The resulting preparation was nearly homogeneous and was devoid of DNA and RNA
      polymerase activities. The primase activity cofractionated with a Mr 65,000
      polypeptide in sedimentation and chromatography procedures, and the native
      molecular weight of the enzyme corresponded closely to this value suggesting that
      the primase or an active proteolytic fragment of the protein exists as a monomer.
      Both heat-denatured calf thymus DNA and poly(dT) could be utilized by the enzyme
      as templates. Primase exhibited an absolute requirement for divalent cations and
      for rATP on a poly(dT) template. Although it required the ribonucleotide to
      initiate primer chains, the enzyme could incorporate the deoxynucleotide into
      primers. The product of the primase-catalyzed reaction was an oligonucleotide of
      discrete length (11-13 nucleotides), and oligonucleotides that were apparently
      dimers of this unit length were also observed. Primers that were synthesized were
      virtually identical in size in both the presence and absence of dATP
      incorporation. Although the bulk of DNA primase activity was isolated as a "free"
      enzyme, a portion of cellular primase activity co-chromatographed with DNA
      polymerase suggesting an association between these enzymes similar to that found
      in several higher eukaryotes.

PMID- 3988743
TI  - Altered secretion and accumulation of kidney glycosphingolipids by mouse
      pigmentation mutants with lysosomal dysfunctions.
AB  - The kidney and urine glycosphingolipids of five pigmentation mutants which are
      known to have altered secretion of kidney lysosomal enzymes were examined. Among
      34 pigmentation mutants which have been studied (Novak, E. K., Wieland, F.,
      Jahreis, G. P., and Swank, R. T. (1980) Biochem. Genet. 18, 549-561) eight are
      known to have a 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in kidney beta-glucuronidase in
      testosterone-treated females. These mutants appear to have defects in lysosomal
      processing, and because the mutations are at separate loci, each mutant probably
      affects different steps in assembly and/or exocytosis of lysosomes and related
      subcellular organelles. To test whether the neutral glycosphingolipids,
      galabiglycosylceramides, and globotriglycosylceramides thought to be associated
      with kidney lysosomes (McCluer, R. H., Williams, M. A., Gross, S. K., and
      Meisler, M. H. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 13112-13120) also exhibit abnormal
      secretion in the mutants with lysosomal enzyme abnormalities, the mutants beige
      J, pale ear, light ear, pallid, and ruby eye-2-J were studied. The kidney and
      urine neutral glycosphingolipids from males of each mutant and C57BL/6J control
      mice were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Beige-J, light ear,
      and pale ear showed marked increases in total kidney glycolipids;
      globotriglycosylceramides accounted for the bulk of the increase. Ruby eye-2-J
      showed less marked but significantly increased quantities of one
      galabiglycosylceramide and the globotriglycosylceramides in kidney. Pallid showed
      no significant increase in total kidney glycolipids but the
      globotriglycosylceramides appeared slightly elevated. In terms of the decrease in
      total urinary glycosphingolipids, the mutants fell into 2 categories. Beige-J,
      light ear, and pale ear were severely affected, whereas ruby eye-2-J and pallid
      were affected to a much lesser extent. Within the most severely affected group
      the excretion of the globotriglycosylceramides was more severely affected than
      that of the galabiglycosylceramides. The galabiglycosylceramides and
      globotriglycosylceramides appear to be specific markers of lysosomal membranes,
      but the independent behavior of these two classes of lipids during testosterone
      induction in normal mice and the differential effects on their secretion by
      different mutants indicate that they do not always exist in a characteristic
      ratio in a single type of subcellular organelle. All of the mutants accumulate
      organelles in their kidney proximal tubules which have distinct morphological
      characteristics as seen by electron microscopy.

PMID- 3988744
TI  - Comparison of the flanking regions and introns of the mouse 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible cytochrome P1-450 and P3-450 genes.
AB  - The C57BL/6N inbred mouse cytochrome P1-450 and P3-450 genes, two genes in the
      same family and under control by the Ah receptor, have been completely sequenced.
      The transcription initiation sites were confirmed by primer extension studies. An
      additional 823 and 893 bp of the 5' upstream flanking regions of P1-450 and P3
      450, respectively, and 1771 and 1251 bp of the 3' downstream flanking regions of
      P1-450 and P3-450, respectively, were sequenced and studied. P1-450 exons total
      2619 nucleotides, and the gene spans 6215 bp. P3-450 exons total 1892
      nucleotides, and the gene spans 6716 bp. Three interesting highly homologous
      regions of 11 or 12 bp, upstream between -280 and -530 from the cap site of both
      genes, are noted as possible candidates for binding by the inducer-Ah receptor
      complex (and/or other DNA-binding regulatory proteins). Several stretches of DNA
      upstream from the cap site, in several introns, and in the 3' flanking region of
      both genes have a high degree of homology with known core enhancer sequences.
      Other interesting stretches (DNA with Z-DNA-forming properties, DNA with
      recombinational potential, highly repetitive and middle repetitive sequences
      between 50 and 360 bp in length, and "simple" sequences presumably having no
      function in gene expression) exist throughout many of the introns and flanking
      regions in both the positive and negative strands of both genes. The mouse
      2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible and rat phenobarbital-inducible P
      450 genes were compared for the amino acid residue number at each exon-intron
      junction, the location in the coding triplet at which the exons are split, and
      homologies among introns and exons. It can be shown that these two gene families
      probably diverged from a common ancestor more than 200 million years ago and that
      P1-450 and P3-450 split from each other about 65 million years ago.

PMID- 3988745
TI  - Phosphorylation of histone H1 through the cell cycle of Physarum polycephalum. 24
      sites of phosphorylation at metaphase.
AB  - H1 phosphorylation has been studied through the precise nuclear division cycle of
      Physarum polycephalum. The number of sites of phosphorylation of Physarum H1 is
      very much larger than the number of sites reported for mammalian H1 molecules
      which is consistent with the larger molecular weight of Physarum H1. At metaphase
      all of the Physarum H1 molecules contain 20-24 phosphates. Immediately following
      metaphase, these metaphase-phosphorylated H1 molecules undergo rapid
      dephosphorylation to give an intermediate S phase set of phosphorylated H1
      molecules containing 9-16 phosphates. Progressing into S phase newly synthesized
      H1 is phosphorylated and eventually merges with the old dephosphorylated H1 to
      give a ladder of bands 1-20. By the end of S phase or early G2 phase, there is a
      ladder of bands 1-16 all of which undergo phosphate turnover. Further into G2
      phase the bands move to higher states of phosphorylation, and by prophase all of
      the H1 molecules contain 15-24 phosphates which increases to 20-24 phosphates at
      metaphase. These results support the proposals that H1 phosphorylation is an
      important factor in the process of chromosome condensation through G2 phase,
      prophase to metaphase.

PMID- 3988746
TI  - Differences in domain structure between human fibronectins isolated from plasma
      and from culture supernatants of normal and transformed fibroblasts. Studies with
      domain-specific antibodies.
AB  - The domain structure of human fibronectins isolated from plasma and from the
      conditioned medium of normal and transformed fibroblasts was analyzed by limited
      proteolysis and S-cyanylation followed by immunostaining of released fragments
      with five kinds of antibodies, each specific for one functional domain. The
      results indicate that all three human fibronectins are composed of the same set
      of functional domains aligned in the same topological order. However, the
      following clear differences were found in specific fragments released from plasma
      fibronectin (pFN) and those released from fibronectin of normal (N-cFN) and
      transformed fibroblasts (T-cFN). Two fragments (Mr = 70,000 and 60,000) were
      released from the COOH-terminal region of pFN by cathepsin D. These fragments
      represent the COOH-terminal heparin-binding (Hep-2) and fibrin-binding (Fib-2)
      domains. The corresponding fragments released from both N-cFN and T-cFN by
      cathepsin D had much larger molecular weights (Mr = 100,000 and 83,000-74,000)
      than those from pFN. The fragments from the Fib-2 domain alone, however, did not
      show any difference among all three FNs. The internal region, from the gelatin
      binding (Gel) domain through the Hep-2 domain, of N-cFN and T-cFN was released as
      a Mr = 210,000 fragment upon mild trypsin digestion. The corresponding fragment
      from pFN was released as a Mr = 185,000 fragment. The COOH-terminal half,
      including the Hep-2 domain, of both N-cFN and T-cFN was released by S-cyanylation
      as Mr = 160,000-145,000 fragments, which are 25,000-20,000 larger than the
      corresponding fragments of pFN. These results clearly indicate that the Hep-2
      domain of N-cFN and T-cFN is 30,000-20,000 daltons larger than the same domain of
      pFN. Although various fragments released from N-cFN and T-cFN showed a similar
      pattern, there were minor differences. Thermolysin fragments derived from the Hep
      2 domain of N-cFN were clearly distinguishable from those from T-cFN. Three
      groups of fragments with Mr = 40,000, 35,000-32,000, and 30,000 were released
      from N-cFN, while only the 35,000-32,000 fragment was released from T-cFN. The Mr
      = 44,000/60,000 thermolysin fragments representing the Gel domain and the Mr =
      210,000/165,000 tryptic fragments representing the internal domains of T-cFN were
      slightly, but consistently, larger than those of N-cFN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 3988748
TI  - Type I collagen synthesis by corneal endothelial cells modulated by
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - When primary corneal endothelial cells were grown in polymorphonuclear leukocyte
      (PMN)-conditioned medium, a minor population of cells acquired fibroblastic
      morphology. Such modulated endothelial cells supported by PMN-conditioned medium
      grew much faster than the major nonresponding polygonal endothelial cell. Upon
      serial passages, the modulated endothelial cells became the dominant cell type
      and eventually formed a homogeneous fibroblastic culture. At the same time,
      phenotypic changes of collagen were observed. The primary endothelial cells grown
      in PMN-conditioned medium, consisting of responding elongated cells and
      nonresponding polygonal endothelial cells, produced predominantly type IV
      collagen with type III collagen as a minor component. As cells were subcultured
      and fibroblastic cells became dominant, type IV collagen synthesis was
      dramatically decreased and type I collagen synthesis was increased in parallel.
      When they reached the fully modulated stage, the cultures synthesized types I and
      III collagen, with type I accounting for 75-85% of the total. Type I collagen
      synthesized by the fibroblastic endothelial cells shared common characteristics
      with known type I collagen, such as migration behavior on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, CNBr peptide profiles, and immunologic
      identity. Thus, PMNs apparently contribute to the modulation of corneal
      endothelial cells, causing them to acquire characteristics of fibroblasts, cell
      multilayering, and deposition of interstitial extracellular matrix composed
      predominantly of interstitial type I collagen.

PMID- 3988747
TI  - In vivo recognition and clearance of red blood cells containing
      phosphatidylserine in their plasma membranes.
AB  - We have previously investigated the interaction of macrophages with red blood
      cells (RBC) displaying phosphatidylserine (PS) in their surface membranes after
      the transfer of the fluorescent lipid analog 1-acyl-2-[(N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3
      diazole)aminocaproyl] phosphatidylserine to the RBC (Tanaka, Y., and Schroit, A.
      J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11335-11343). This derivative, which is rapidly
      transferred to the RBC at 37 degrees C, results in the efficient binding and
      phagocytosis of the RBC by autologous macrophages. In the present study, we show
      that 51Cr-labeled RBC containing [(N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)
      aminododecanoyl]phosphatidylserine (NBD-PS) are rapidly cleared from the
      peripheral circulation of syngeneic mice and accumulate in the liver and spleen.
      Fluorescence microscopy of Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages isolated from
      the liver and spleens of these animals revealed phagocytosed fluorescent RBC,
      suggesting the clearance was probably due to endocytosis of the RBC. The
      accumulation of these RBC in the spleen was dramatic, with approximately 30% of
      the injected cells localizing in this organ within 60 min. In contrast, the
      intravenous injection of RBC containing similar amounts of NBD
      phosphatidylcholine or NBD-phosphatidylglycerol did not result in clearance which
      differed significantly from control (untreated) RBC populations. The observed
      clearance of NBD-PS-containing RBC was much different than the clearance of
      opsonized RBC which preferentially localized in the liver. These findings show
      that PS in RBC can serve as a signal for triggering their in vivo recognition and
      concomitant elimination from the circulation and suggest that the exposure of
      endogenous PS in the outer leaflet of RBC which occurs in certain pathological
      conditions could trigger their removal from the circulation.

PMID- 3988749
TI  - Release of the variable surface coat glycoprotein from Trypanosoma brucei
      requires the cleavage of a phosphate ester.
AB  - The membrane-bound and released forms of the variant surface coat glycoprotein
      from Trypanosoma brucei have been purified to homogeneity by a new rapid method
      in the absence of detergents. The conversion of the membrane-bound form to the
      released form has been found to consist of the cleavage of a phosphodiester bond,
      distal to the phosphate, linking the protein to a phospholipid. We suggest that
      this linkage constitutes the normal mode of attachment of the protein to the
      outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.

PMID- 3988750
TI  - Human plasma carboxyl esterase-catalyzed triolein hydrolysis. Existence of
      promoting factor in serum.
AB  - The possibility that some factor in serum changes the substrate specificity of
      purified human plasma carboxyl esterase, which hydrolyzes the short chain fatty
      acid ester, tributyrin, was investigated. The purified carboxyl esterase from
      human plasma hydrolyzed 48 mmol of tributyrin/mg of protein/h, monoolein at 1560
      mumol of released fatty acids/mg of protein/h, diolein at 133 mumol of released
      fatty acids/mg of protein/h, and triolein at less than 10 mumol of released fatty
      acids/mg of protein/h. When human serum was applied to phenyl-Sepharose, a
      triolein hydrolysis-promoting factor (THPF) for purified carboxyl esterase was
      bound to the gel and was eluted with water. This partially purified human serum
      THPF enhanced carboxyl esterase-catalyzed triolein hydrolysis about 30-fold,
      diolein hydrolysis 2-fold, and monoolein hydrolysis 1.5-fold. Hydrolysis of
      triolein in very low density lipoproteins (d less than 1.006) and intermediate
      lipoproteins (1.006 less than d less than 1.019) by carboxyl esterase was also
      enhanced by addition of THPF. THPF activity was reduced by treatment of
      delipidation, but resistant to trypsin treatment or heating at 50 degrees C.
      These results indicated that serum carboxyl esterase can hydrolyze the long chain
      fatty acid ester, triolein, in the presence of triolein hydrolysis-promoting
      factor in serum.

PMID- 3988751
TI  - New pathway for retinol metabolism in liver microsomes.
AB  - Rat liver microsomes were discovered to actively oxidize retinol to polar
      metabolites, including 4-hydroxyretinol, in a system requiring oxygen and NADPH.
      Involvement of cytochrome P-450 was indicated by CO and SKF-525A inhibition and
      reconstitution of this system with purified forms of cytochrome P-450 (b and f).
      Addition of excess unlabeled retinoic acid did not decrease the specific activity
      of the products formed from labeled retinol, suggesting that retinoic acid is not
      involved as an intermediate step. Microsomal inducers (such as phenobarbital)
      strikingly enhanced the activity of the system, resulting in 5-10-fold increased
      rates of retinol degradation. Furthermore, microsomal substrates (such as
      benzphetamine) inhibited microsomal retinol metabolism. This new pathway of
      retinol metabolism in liver microsomes may explain, at least in part, vitamin A
      drug interactions, including drug-induced hepatic depletion of vitamin A.

PMID- 3988752
TI  - Stereochemistry of the kynureninase reaction.
AB  - The steric course of the replacement of the anthranilyl group of kynurenine by
      hydrogen was determined by conversion of (2S,3R)- and (2S,3S)-[3-3H]kynurenine
      into alanine with kynureninase in D2O, followed by chirality analysis of the
      alanine methyl group. To minimize enolization, the labeled substrates were
      generated in situ from the corresponding stereospecifically tritiated tryptophan
      species. The result, replacement in a retention mode, together with the finding
      that tritium from the alpha-position of the substrate is recycled and appears
      both at C alpha and C beta of the product suggests a single base mechanism and an
      active site geometry of the pyridoxal phosphate-substrate complex in which H
      alpha and the beta-substituent are syn oriented.

PMID- 3988753
TI  - Monophosphoryl lipid A obtained from lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella minnesota
      R595. Purification of the dimethyl derivative by high performance liquid
      chromatography and complete structural determination.
AB  - The monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of
      Salmonella minnesota R595 was fractionated on a silicic acid column to yield the
      heptaacyl, hexaacyl, and pentaacyl MLA. Each of these MLAs was methylated with
      diazomethane to yield the dimethyl derivative and purified to homogeneity by
      reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular ions obtained
      by positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of purified dimethyl
      heptaacyl MLA allowed us to establish the molecular formula and Mr of
      C112H211N2O23P and 1983.3, respectively. Cleavage at the glycosidic linkage
      yielded an oxonium ion of mass 1115, which showed that the distal sugar unit
      contained one phosphate (dimethyl), two hydroxymyristates, one laurate, and one
      myristate, while the reducing sugar unit contained two hydroxymyristates and one
      palmitate. By utilizing two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, we were able to assign
      all of the protons of dimethyl heptaacyl MLA. This assignment included the beta
      protons of the three acyloxyacyl groups. A substantial downfield shift of the
      protons at the 3- and 3' -carbons was observed, which indicated that these two
      positions are occupied by ester groups. Fast atom bombardment mass spectral
      analysis of the hexaacyl and pentaacyl MLAs showed that these structures were
      identical to the previously designated TLC-3 and TLC-5 fractions, respectively,
      from Salmonella typhimurium. From this study, the complete structures of the MLA
      series found in the LPS of S. minnesota can now be described.

PMID- 3988754
TI  - Synthesis of diadenosine 5',5''' -P1,P4-tetraphosphate by lysyl-tRNA synthetase
      and a multienzyme complex of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from rat liver.
AB  - An 18 S multienzyme complex of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is found to be active
      in the synthesis of diadenosine-5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AppppA). Most of
      the activity is attributed to lysyl-tRNA synthetase in the complex. Free lysyl
      tRNA synthetase dissociated from the synthetase complex is about 6-fold more
      active than the complex in AppppA synthesis, while their apparent Michaelis
      constants for ATP and lysine are similar. AMP, which reportedly activates AppppA
      synthesis (Hilderman, R.H. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 4353-4357), has no effect on
      AppppA synthesis. The higher activity of free Lys-tRNA synthetase is in part due
      to the higher stimulation of AppppA synthesis by Zn2+. These results suggest that
      association of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may affect AppppA synthesis.

PMID- 3988755
TI  - Identification and characterization of arginine vasopressin-like substances in
      the rat testis.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated the suppression of Leydig cell steroidogenesis by
      arginine vasopressin (AVP) in vitro. Since the circulating level of AVP is too
      low to mediate a testicular action of this peptide, we have conducted studies to
      identify testicular AVP-like substances. The supernatant of homogenized, acid
      extracted rat testes was found to contain AVP immunoreactivity which showed
      parallelism with synthetic AVP in a specific radioimmunoassay for AVP.
      Chromatography of this extract on a Sephadex G-25 column produced three peaks of
      AVP immunoreactivity. The largest peak eluted close to the column void volume, a
      second smaller peak eluted at the total column volume, while a third peak co
      eluted with synthetic AVP. Following acetone precipitation, ether extraction, and
      octadecylsilica (C18) adsorption chromatography of the acid extract, the third
      peak of AVP immunoreactivity (about 600 pg/testis) was fully retained by C18
      chromatography and showed parallelism with synthetic AVP in both radioimmuno- and
      radioreceptor assays. This substance also co-migrated with synthetic AVP on both
      Sephadex G-25 and reverse-phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC). The second
      peak was only partially retained by C18 adsorption chromatography, dilution
      curves were not parallel with synthetic AVP in radioimmuno- or radioreceptor
      assay, and this material failed to co-migrate with synthetic AVP on Sephadex G-25
      and RPTLC. The first peak of apparent AVP immunoreactivity was associated with an
      enzyme(s) that degraded labeled AVP. This enzymatic activity, as well as the
      immunoreactivity, could be eliminated by heating the extract to 90 degrees C.
      These results demonstrate, by a number of independent criteria, that rat testes
      contain a substance which behaves like authentic AVP. Due to its high
      concentration, the AVP-like peptide may be synthesized or concentrated by testis
      cells. In addition, testis tissue contains enzymatic activity which degrades AVP
      and could represent a site of regulation of AVP action. Coupled with the
      previously demonstrated testis action of AVP, these results suggest a paracrine
      or autocrine role of the neurohypophysial hormone at the testis level.

PMID- 3988756
TI  - Substrate specificity of plasma lysolecithin acyltransferase and the molecular
      species of lecithin formed by the reaction.
AB  - Human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase also converts lysolecithin to
      lecithin in the presence of low density lipoproteins. To understand the
      physiological importance of this lysolecithin acyltransferase reaction, we
      investigated the molecular species of lysolecithin available for acylation in
      normal plasma and the lecithins which are formed by the acylation of each of
      these lysolecithins. Palmitate- and stearate-containing lysolecithins were formed
      by the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction, whereas oleate- and
      linoleate-containing lysolecithins were formed by the action of post-heparin
      lipase(s). All the natural lysolecithins were esterified at comparable rates by
      the isolated enzyme. Lyso platelet-activating factor was esterified about 70% as
      efficiently as the lysolecithins, while lysophosphatidylethanolamine was
      esterified at about 30% the rate observed with lysolecithin. The 2-acyl isomers
      of lysolecithin were acylated to the same extent as the 1-acyl isomers, although
      considerable isomerization of the former took place during the incubation. There
      were no net changes in the concentrations of lecithin and lysolecithin after 6 h
      of incubation with the enzyme, although over 10% of the labeled lysolecithin was
      converted to lecithin, indicating that the endogenous lecithin serves as the acyl
      donor in the reaction. When the molecular species of lecithin formed were
      analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, the same pattern of fatty
      acid incorporation was observed with all the lysolecithins used. The bulk of the
      radioactivity was incorporated into molecular species formed by the acylation
      with linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, in decreasing order. However, in each
      case, the lecithins formed by acylation with palmitic acid had the highest
      specific radioactivity, followed by those acylated with linoleic and oleic acids.
      From these results it is postulated that the enzyme alters the molecular species
      composition of lecithin in plasma without increasing the net amount of total
      lecithins.

PMID- 3988757
TI  - Distinct metal-binding configurations in metallothionein.
AB  - In a study of the binding stoichiometry of various metals to rat liver
      metallothionein, the protein appears to coordinate metals in 2 distinct
      configurations. Ions of at least 18 different metals were shown to associate with
      the protein suggesting that there is little specificity in binding. Most metals
      exhibited saturation binding at 7 mol eq forming M7-metallothionein. These
      included Bi(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Hg(II), In(III), Ni(II), Pb(II), Sb(III), and
      Zn(II). Others metals including Os(III), Pd(II), Pt(IV), Re(V), Rh(III), and
      Tl(III) give a positive indication of binding, but stoichiometries were unclear.
      Ag(I) and Cu(I) bound in clusters as M12-metallothionein. This binding
      stoichiometry was determined in 3 ways: (a) by determining the equivalence point
      in Cu- and Ag-titrated samples where resistance to proteolysis is maximal; (b) by
      determining the point where Zn ions are completely displaced from Zn7
      metallothionein; and (c) by direct binding studies. Ag-reconstituted protein,
      recovered from gel filtration, had an average Ag content of 11.5 g atoms/mol of
      protein. A similar stoichiometry for the Cu-protein resulted from displacement of
      Zn from Zn7-metallothionein by Cu(I). The M12-protein was converted to the M7
      protein by displacement of Ag(I) or Cu(I) with 7 mol eq of Hg(II). Whereas the
      distribution of metals in the 2 domains of M7-metallothionein is M4 alpha and M3
      beta, the arrangement in the M12-molecule is probably M6 alpha and M6 beta. We
      propose that metallothionein ligates Ag(I) and Cu(I) in a trigonal geometry by
      bridging thiolates. This is in contradistinction to a tetrahedral binding
      geometry in the M7-protein. Distinct binding configurations may result in
      different tertiary structures for M7- and M12-proteins which may relate to
      metabolic specificity of Zn-metallothionein and Cu-metallothionein, respectively.

PMID- 3988758
TI  - Conversion of linoleic acid hydroperoxide to hydroxy, keto, epoxyhydroxy, and
      trihydroxy fatty acids by hematin.
AB  - We have carried out a study of the reaction of 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis,11-trans
      octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid hydroperoxide) with hematin. The major
      products are erythro-11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, threo-11-hydroxy
      12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid, 13-keto
      9,11-octadecadienoic acid, and 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid. Several
      minor products have also been identified, including 9-hydroxy-12,13
      epoxyoctadecenoic acid, 11-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid, 9-hydroxy
      10,12-octadecadienoic acid, and 9-keto-10,12-octadecadienoic acid. Oxygen
      labeling studies indicate that the observed products arise by at least two
      pathways. In the major pathway, hematin reduces 13-hydroperoxy-9,11
      octadecadienoic acid by one electron to an alkoxyl radical that cyclizes to an
      adjacent double bond to form an epoxy allylic radical. The allylic radical either
      couples to the hydroxyl radical coordinated to hematin or diffuses from the
      solvent cage and couples to O2, forming a peroxyl radical. In the minor pathway,
      the hydroperoxide is oxidized by one electron to a 13-peroxyl radical that
      undergoes beta-scission to a pentadienyl radical and O2. Exchange of
      hydroperoxide-derived O2 for dissolved O2 occurs at this stage followed by
      coupling of O2 to either terminus of the pentadienyl radical. Both pathways of
      hydroperoxide metabolism generate significant quantities of peroxyl radicals that
      epoxidize the isolated double bonds of dihydroaromatic molecules. The products of
      hydroperoxide reaction with hematin and the oxygen labeling patterns are very
      similar to the products of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxide metabolism by
      platelets, aorta, and lung. Our results not only provide a mechanism for the
      formation of a series of mammalian metabolites of linoleic and arachidonic acids
      but also offer an estimate of the yield of peroxyl radicals generated during the
      process.

PMID- 3988759
TI  - Glycosphingolipids in insects. Chemical structures of ceramide tetra-, penta-,
      hexa-, and heptasaccharides from Calliphora vicina pupae (Insecta: Diptera).
AB  - Four neutal fraction glycosphingolipids, designated components 4-7, were purified
      from the pupae of Calliphora vicina and isolated by the use of high performance
      liquid chromatography. Their chemical structures were determined to be:
      GalNAc(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer; GalNAc(alpha 1
      4)GalNAc(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer and Gal(alpha 1
      3)GalNAc(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer; Gal(beta 1
      3)GalNAc(alpha 1-4)GalNAc(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer;
      and GlcNAC(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc(alpha 1-4)GalNAc(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1
      3)Man(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer. By the use of specific exoglycosidases, it was
      possible to assign anomeric configurations to all the sugar residues present.
      Analysis of the ceramide moiety by electron-impact mass spectrometry revealed the
      dominant fatty acid and sphingoid to be arachidic acid (C20:0) and
      tetradecasphing-4-enine, respectively.

PMID- 3988760
TI  - Electrophoretic analysis of the estrogen receptor. Molybdate stabilization and
      identification of the classical estrogen receptor.
AB  - Conditions are defined which permit analysis of estrogen receptors from the
      mammalian uterus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, thereby solving a
      longstanding problem encountered in previous attempts at such analysis, namely
      the failure of a large portion of the receptor population to enter such gels. A
      paramount requirement for entry of the estrogen-receptor complex into
      polyacrylamide gels is its maintenance in an untransformed state which does not
      form aggregates that are excluded from these gels. Of the multiple estrogen
      binding proteins separated, only one (relative mobility of 0.5-0.6) possessed the
      definitive characteristics of the classical estrogen receptor. The inclusion of
      molybdate in extraction buffers selectively enhanced receptor recovery and
      facilitated its separation. Moreover, the estrogen-receptor complex so resolved
      is separated from other types of estrogen-binding proteins present in the uterine
      cytosol. These findings show that the molybdate-stabilized estrogen receptor
      exists in a single discrete form, but otherwise exhibits multiple forms that are
      probably artifactual. Electrophoresis in discontinuous buffers, but not in a
      continuous buffer system, promoted aggregate formation. This finding has
      implications concerning the subunit structure of the untransformed receptor.

PMID- 3988761
TI  - The nuclear binding of estradiol stimulates ribonucleoprotein transport in the
      rat uterus.
AB  - An inverse relationship exists in the rat uterus between the endogenous estradiol
      concentration and the rate of accumulation within the nuclei of
      ribonucleoproteins (RNP) that bind estradiol. Exposure of the uterine nuclei to
      physiological concentrations of estradiol, either in vivo or in vitro, results in
      the hormone binding to the nuclear RNP and the transport of the RNP-estradiol
      complex from the nuclei. Evidences suggest that the RNP-estradiol complex, thus
      released upon in vivo exposure of the nuclei to estradiol, associates with the
      ribosomes forming polysomes. The polysome profiles show that the hormone-binding
      activity is mainly associated with the rapidly sedimenting polysomal fractions.

PMID- 3988762
TI  - The complete amino acid sequence of a constitutive form of liver microsomal
      cytochrome P-450.
AB  - The complete covalent structure of the constitutive cytochrome P-450, form 3b,
      from rabbit liver microsomes was determined. The apocytochrome contains 490 amino
      acid residues in a single polypeptide chain, Mr = 55,860. Peptides from selective
      chemical and proteolytic cleavages were isolated by a combination of gel
      filtration and high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced by automated
      Edman degradation. Overlapping peptide sequences were used to deduce the complete
      sequence. The constitutive form is only 46% homologous to the phenobarbital
      induced cytochrome P-450 (Heinemann, F. S., and Ozols, J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem.
      258, 4195-4201) and contains a deletion at position 22. Strongly conserved
      regions include Cys435 and a previously identified tryptic peptide, residues 345
      357. The distribution of hydrophobic segments is used to predict the membrane
      topology of the protein, and four possible orientations of this protein in the
      membrane are presented.

PMID- 3988763
TI  - Localization of a site of intermolecular cross-linking in human red blood cell
      band 3 protein.
AB  - Subunit interactions in the band 3 protein of the human red blood cell membrane
      have been examined by a combination of cross-linking, chemical labeling, and in
      situ proteolysis. In agreement with Staros (Staros, J. V. (1982) Biochemistry 21,
      3950-3955), we find that the membrane-impermeant active ester
      bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BSSS) cross-links band 3 in intact cells to a
      dimer, with no formation of higher oligomer. Combined cross-linking of the outer
      surface with BSSS and the cytoplasmic domain with Cu2+/o-phenanthroline does not
      produce significant covalent tetramer of band 3 (beyond that produced by Cu2+/o
      phenanthroline alone). Therefore, the membrane domains and cytoplasmic domains of
      the same pair of subunits are cross-linked to each other. 4,4'
      Diisothiocyanodihydrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (H2DIDS) is known to form a
      covalent cross-link between complementary chymotryptic fragments (Mr 60,000 and
      35,000). Edman degradation of band 3 from H2DIDS/chymotrypsin-treated cells shows
      that the H2DIDS cross-link is between fragments of the same subunit. In contrast,
      BSSS forms both intramolecular and intermolecular cross-links between
      complementary chymotryptic fragments. No intermolecular cross-links between two
      35,000-dalton or two 60,000-dalton fragments are detectable. We have localized
      one end of the BSSS intermolecular cross-link to within 4 residues of the
      exofacial chymotrypsin cleavage site. The polypeptide sequence on each side of
      the site suggests that hydrophobic membrane-crossing segments emerge at the cell
      surface near the site of intermolecular cross-linking. This is the first detailed
      information available on the regions of the band 3 primary structure near the
      interface between subunits.

PMID- 3988764
TI  - Regulation of initiation factors during translational repression caused by serum
      depletion. Abundance, synthesis, and turnover rates.
AB  - During growth in unreplenished medium, the fraction of active, polysomal
      ribosomes progressively decreases about 3-fold from 80-90% to only 20-40% due to
      a reduced rate of initiation. To assess whether the abundance of initiation
      factors could be involved in this repression of translational activity. HeLa cell
      cytoplasmic lysates were resolved by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and spots corresponding to
      the initiation factor proteins were quantitated. The relative abundance of most
      of the initiation factor proteins only decreases by 10-40% and roughly parallels
      that of the ribosomes. Measurement of the rates of synthesis and turnover of the
      initiation factor proteins establishes that during periods of active growth,
      synthesis and degradation occur coordinately with total cell protein. As growth
      rate decreases, the synthesis of some initiation factor proteins, particularly
      eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-3 subunits, becomes depressed. Serum
      stimulation of serum-depleted cells recruits most inactive ribosomes and mRNAs
      into polysomes, but most initiation factor mRNAs are not selectively recruited.
      The principal exceptions are eIF-3p24 which exhibits 4-5 fold enhanced synthesis
      and eIF-3p44 and eIF-4A whose syntheses are moderately stimulated.

PMID- 3988765
TI  - Acid-base catalysis in the argininosuccinate lyase reaction.
AB  - The pH variation of the kinetic parameters, Vmax and V/K, was examined for the
      forward and reverse reaction of bovine liver argininosuccinate lyase. In the
      forward reaction the Vmax profile showed one group that must be unprotonated for
      activity over the pH range 5-10. The V/K profile for argininosuccinate showed one
      group that must be unprotonated and two groups that must be protonated for
      activity. The Vmax profile for the reverse reaction showed only one group that
      must be protonated for activity. These results support the proposal that
      catalysis is facilitated in the forward reaction by a general base that abstracts
      a proton from C-3 of argininosuccinate and a general acid that donates a proton
      to the guanidinium nitrogen during carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage. The enzyme is
      completely inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate or a water-soluble carbodiimide
      at pH 6. These experiments suggest that a histidine and a carboxyl group are at
      or near the active site and are essential for catalytic activity. The observed
      shifts of the pH profiles of the forward reaction with temperature and organic
      solvent (25% dioxane) were also consistent with a histidine and carboxylate
      group.

PMID- 3988766
TI  - Evidence for an increase in transcription of specific mRNAs during
      differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
AB  - Differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in culture is accompanied by alterations
      in the abundance of several mRNAs and by the appearance of many new adipocyte
      specific mRNAs. To investigate the processes responsible for these alterations,
      the kinetics of accumulation of several specific mRNAs were compared with their
      respective rates of nuclear runoff transcription. The mRNAs for fructose-1,6
      bisphosphate aldolase and an unidentified 4800-base mRNA increase in abundance
      only moderately (2-4-fold) during differentiation. Runoff transcription by nuclei
      isolated from 3T3-L1 cells during the course of differentiation revealed very
      little or no change in the rates of transcription of these mRNAs. Similar results
      were obtained for the beta, alpha-actin and beta-tubulin mRNAs where no
      difference in nuclear runoff transcription rates were observed even though a 2
      fold decrease in the steady-state levels of these mRNAs accompanies
      differentiation. In contrast, the steady-state levels of mRNAs for 3T3-L1 P2
      protein, an adipocyte homologue of myelin P2 protein, and an unidentified 5000
      base mRNA increased dramatically (greater than 20-fold) during adipose
      conversion. These large increases in abundance were correlated with marked rises
      (greater than 10-fold) in nuclear runoff transcription rates for these mRNAs
      during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. No change in runoff transcription
      activity for these mRNAs was detected by nuclei from control nondifferentiating
      3T3-C2 cells. These results strongly suggest that an increased rate of specific
      transcription is primarily responsible for the accumulation of these mRNAs during
      preadipocyte differentiation.

PMID- 3988767
TI  - Neighboring proteins in rat liver 60 S ribosomal subunits disulfide-linked by
      hydrogen peroxide oxidation or cross-linked with dithiobis(succinimidyl
      propionate).
AB  - Neighboring proteins in rat liver 60 S ribosomal subunits were investigated by
      two kinds of cross-linking techniques: treatment of 60 S subunits with 1)
      hydrogen peroxide, which promotes the formation of protein-protein disulfide
      linkages and 2) a disulfide-bridged bifunctional reagent dithiobis(succinimidyl
      propionate). The cross-linked protein complexes formed were separated by two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a basic-sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gel system under nonreducing conditions. Each complex in the gel was labeled with
      125I and extracted under reducing conditions. The protein components of the
      complex were analyzed by two kinds of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. Closely neighboring pairs disulfide
      linked by hydrogen peroxide were identified as L4-L6, L4-L29, L6-L29, L18a-L29,
      and L29-L32; more distant pairs cross-linked with dithiobis(succinimidyl
      propionate) were identified as L3-L5, L3-L24, L3-L37a, L4-L14, L4-L18a, L5-L10,
      L5-L11, L7/L7a-L27, L7/L7a-L36, L13-L35, and L13a-L14.

PMID- 3988768
TI  - Cross-linking study on protein topography of rat liver 60 S ribosomal subunits
      with 2-iminothiolane.
AB  - Rat liver 60 S ribosomal subunits were modified with 2-iminothiolane. After
      treatment with hydrogen peroxide, the cross-linked proteins were extracted and
      then separated into 24 fractions by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose.
      Each protein fraction was then analyzed by diagonal polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl
      sulfate gel electrophoresis (Sommer, A., and Traut, R.R. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U. S. A. 71, 3946-3950). The pieces of gel containing cross-linked protein
      spots that were shifted from the diagonal line were labeled with 125I. The
      labeled protein was extracted from the gel and identified by three kinds of two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. Fifty-three cross
      linked protein pairs involving 35 protein species containing two acidic proteins
      were identified. From these and previous results, a preliminary model of the
      protein topography of the 60 S ribosomal subunit was constructed and discussed in
      relation to other functional data on 60 S ribosomal proteins.

PMID- 3988769
TI  - Effects of monovalent cations on Semliki Forest virus entry into BHK-21 cells.
AB  - Infection of mammalian cells with Semliki Forest virus requires the endocytosis
      of the virus, its delivery to prelysosomal endosomes, and fusion of the viral
      envelope with the endosome membrane. Previous studies have indicated that the low
      endosomal pH triggers a conformational change in the viral spike glycoproteins
      rendering them fusogenic. In this paper, we demonstrate an additional factor(s)
      which regulates virus fusion in endosomes. We found that Semliki Forest virus is
      unable to penetrate or infect baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells grown in medium
      containing reduced Na+ concentrations. Virus endocytosis and degradation are
      nearly normal, the virus is transported to endosomes where a characteristic low
      pH-induced loss of trypsin-sensitivity of the E1 spike glycoprotein occurs.
      Nevertheless, the viral envelope fails to fuse with the endosomal membrane and
      the viral RNA is not released into the cytosol. As judged by the uptake of the
      voltage-sensitive probe [3H]triphenylmethyl phosphonium we observed a close
      correlation between conditions which inhibit virus infection and which cause
      depolarization of the cells. We propose that in intact cells, the fusion of
      Semliki Forest virus with the endosome membrane depends not only on acidic
      endosomal pH, but also on the maintenance of the potential.

PMID- 3988770
TI  - Effect of alkali cations on freeze-thaw-dependent reconstitution of amino acid
      transport from Ehrlich ascites cell plasma membrane.
AB  - Na+-dependent amino acid transport can be reconstituted by gel filtration of
      disaggregated plasma membrane and asolectin vesicles coupled to a freeze-thaw
      cycle. The resultant transport activity is markedly affected by the nature of the
      reconstitution medium. Reconstitution in K+ permits the formation of active
      liposomes, whereas reconstitution in Na+, Li+, or choline does not. Electron
      micrographs of K+ liposomes show a wide variation in liposome sizes. Ficoll
      density gradient fractionation of K+ liposomes shows that the largest vesicles
      are lipid rich, have the lowest density, and have the highest level of Na+
      dependent amino acid transport. Liposomes formed in Na+ have a 34% smaller
      trapped volume than K+ liposomes and lack a population of large vesicles. A
      second freeze-thaw in K+ restores activity to Na+ liposomes which now contain
      large low density active vesicles. Fluorescence measurements of freeze-thaw
      induced mixing of vesicle lipids indicates that the absence of large vesicles in
      Na+ liposomes is due to inhibition by Na+ of lipid vesicle fusion events during
      freezing and thawing. The large vesicle fraction is enriched in a 125-kDa
      peptide. It has not yet been established whether this peptide is part of the
      transport system for neutral amino acids.

PMID- 3988771
TI  - The type 5, acid phosphatase from spleen of humans with hairy cell leukemia.
      Purification, properties, immunological characterization, and comparison with
      porcine uteroferrin.
AB  - The spleens of patients with hairy cell leukemia contain high levels of a
      tartrate-insensitive, cationic, acid phosphatase (the human Type 5 isozyme). This
      phosphatase has been purified by a procedure which involves only two
      chromatographic steps: CM-cellulose chromatography and immunoaffinity
      chromatography on sheep antibodies generated against porcine uteroferrin.
      Uteroferrin is an abundant iron-containing acid phosphatase that can be recovered
      readily from porcine uterine secretions. Like uteroferrin, the purified human
      Type 5 phosphatase is a glycoprotein of molecular weight about 34,000. It
      contains two atoms of iron/molecule. The human phosphatase and uteroferrin also
      resemble each other closely in electrophoretic mobility, substrate specificity,
      and response to a variety of activators and inhibitors. Mouse monoclonal
      antibodies have been raised to uteroferrin and to the human Type 5 phosphatase.
      Three monoclonal antibodies which bind with high affinities to distinct sites on
      the uteroferrin molecule also recognize the human spleen enzyme, but bind to it
      with much lower affinity. These antibodies also recognize cationic acid
      phosphatases purified from bovine and rat spleens. A monoclonal antibody raised
      against the human enzyme, but selected for binding to uteroferrin, appears to
      recognize a relatively conserved site on all four phosphatases. We conclude that
      the human Type 5 isozyme belongs to a growing class of structurally related, iron
      containing acid phosphatases which includes the iron-transport protein,
      uteroferrin.

PMID- 3988772
TI  - Novel inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis and exocytosis by diethylcarbamazine
      in the Swarm rat chondrocyte.
AB  - Pretreatment of cultured chondrosarcoma chondrocytes at 37 degrees C for 15 min
      with 15 mM diethylcarbamazine (DEC) followed by a 60-min pulse with [35S] sulfate
      in the presence of DEC resulted in an approximate 40% inhibition of synthesis and
      a 75% inhibition of secretion of 35S-proteoglycan. The inhibition was dose
      related and was not due to a decrease in protein synthesis. Chondrocytes exposed
      for 75 min to 15 mM DEC, washed, incubated for 17 h in DEC-free medium, and then
      pulsed with [35S]sulfate showed no inhibition in the rate of synthesis of
      proteoglycan or in the per cent of radiolabeled proteoglycans exocytosed into the
      culture medium, indicating full reversibility of the inhibitory effect. When
      chondrocytes were incubated for 75 min with both 1 mM beta-D-xyloside and 15 mM
      DEC, secretion of beta-D-xyloside-bound 35S-glycosaminoglycan was inhibited by
      more than 70% despite an approximate 3-fold increase in intracellular 35S
      macromolecules, as compared to cells exposed to beta-D-xyloside alone. Upon
      removal of DEC, the block in the secretion of beta-D-xyloside-bound 35S
      glycosaminoglycans was reversed, although there was a 15-30-min lag in the
      initiation of exocytosis. Light and electron microscopic examination of
      chondrocytes after 75 min of incubation with 15 mM DEC revealed large vacuoles, a
      distended Golgi apparatus, and a distended endoplasmic reticulum which contained
      electron dense material. Upon removal of DEC, the vacuoles disappeared and
      distended organelles returned to their normal appearance between 15 and 30 min,
      coincident with the start of exocytosis of 35S-proteoglycan and beta-D-xyloside
      bound 35S-glycosaminoglycan. These biochemical and morphological studies indicate
      that DEC treatment of chondrosarcoma chondrocytes alters the transport of
      molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and the transport of
      molecules from the Golgi to the cell surface.

PMID- 3988773
TI  - The mutational specificity of DNA polymerase-beta during in vitro DNA synthesis.
      Production of frameshift, base substitution, and deletion mutations.
AB  - The frequency and specificity of mutations produced in vitro by eucaryotic DNA
      polymerase-beta have been determined in a forward mutation assay using a 250-base
      target sequence in M13mp2 DNA. Homogeneous DNA polymerase-beta, isolated from
      four different sources, produces mutations at a frequency of 4-6%/single round of
      gap-filling DNA synthesis. DNA sequence analyses of 460 independent mutants
      resulting from this error-prone DNA synthesis demonstrate a wide variety of
      mutational events. Frameshift and base substitutions are made at approximately
      equal frequency and together comprise about 90% of all mutations. Two mutational
      "hot spots" for frameshift and base substitution mutations were observed. The
      characteristics of the mutations at these sites suggest that certain base
      substitution errors result from dislocation of template bases rather than from
      direct mispair formation by DNA polymerase-beta. When considering the entire
      target sequence, single-base frameshift mutations occur primarily in runs of
      identical bases, usually pyrimidines. The loss of a single base occurs 20-80
      times more frequently than single-base additions and much more frequently than
      the loss of two or more bases. Base substitutions occur at many sites throughout
      the target, representing a wide spectrum of mispair formations. Averaged over a
      large number of phenotypically detectable sites, the base substitution error
      frequency is greater than one mistake for every 5000 bases polymerized. Large
      deletion mutations are also observed, at a frequency more than 10-fold over
      background, indicating that purified DNA polymerases alone are capable of
      producing such deletions. These data are discussed in relation to the physical
      and kinetic properties of the purified enzymes and with respect to the proposed
      role for this DNA polymerase in vivo.

PMID- 3988774
TI  - Post-translational incorporation of [35S]sulfate into oligosaccharide side chains
      of pro-opiomelanocortin in rat intermediate lobe cells.
AB  - Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), the common precursor to beta-endorphin and alpha
      melanocyte-stimulating hormone in rat neurointermediate lobe cells, exhibits both
      charge and size heterogeneity on two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms. Short
      term [3H]phenylalanine pulse-labeling, and pulse-chase studies, revealed that
      this heterogeneity is acquired either co-translationally, through the addition of
      mannose-rich oligosaccharide chains to the nascent protein, or post
      translationally, probably during the period of oligosaccharide processing from
      the high mannose to the complex forms. In this process, radioactive sulfate is
      incorporated into different glycoprotein variants of POMC. In the presence of
      tunicamycin, an inhibitor of the N-glycosylation process, [35S]sulfate
      incorporation does not occur in any of the major variant forms of POMC, thereby
      preventing the appearance of the most acidic forms on two-dimensional gels. POMC
      tryptic fragments were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Sulfate
      incorporation occurred in only two peptides that were also labeled with
      [3H]glucosamine. Extensive alkaline digestion of these peptides in the presence
      of sodium borohydride released the sulfate-containing moieties which were
      separated from free amino acids by gel filtration. Sulfate bearing moieties could
      also be released by almond emulsin peptide:N-glycosidase digestion. All these
      results unambiguously show that sulfate moieties preferentially enter asparagine
      linked carbohydrate side chains and not amino acid residues of the POMC
      polypeptide. It is also likely that differential sulfation, conferring unequal
      amounts of negative charge upon various glycoprotein variants of POMC, is
      responsible for much of the charge heterogeneity displayed by the prohormone.

PMID- 3988775
TI  - Degradation of short and long lived proteins in isolated rat liver lysosomes.
      Effects of pH, temperature, and proteolytic inhibitors.
AB  - Most previous studies on inhibitors of lysosomal protein breakdown have been
      performed on isolated or cultured cells or on perfused organs. We have tested
      various inhibitors of proteolysis on lysosomes isolated from livers of rats
      injected with [14C]leucine 15 min (short labeling time) and 16 h (long labeling
      time) before killing. Intact lysosomes were incubated with different inhibitors
      (leupeptin, propylamine, E-64, pepstatin, and chloroquine) in increasing
      concentrations. None of these caused more than a 40-75% inhibition of proteolysis
      irrespective of labeling protocol. Chloroquine was the most effective inhibitor,
      followed by leupeptin, propylamine, E-64, and pepstatin. When lysosomes were
      incubated with various combinations of inhibitors, including a weak base and an
      enzyme inhibitor, a somewhat higher inhibition (86%) was obtained. To assess if
      lysosomes are active in the degradation of both short and long lived proteins,
      lysosomes were isolated from livers of rats labeled with [14C]leucine for various
      time intervals. The highest fractional proteolytic rates were seen for short
      lived proteins. If the recovery of the isolated lysosomes is taken into
      consideration, about 80% (short labeling time) and 90% (long labeling time) of
      the total proteolysis in the homogenate could be accounted for by lysosomes.
      Isolated Golgi, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions displayed negligible
      proteolytic activities. The cytosol contributed one-fifth of the total protein
      breakdown of short lived proteins, whereas insignificant proteolysis was
      recovered in the cytosolic fraction following long time labeling. Accordingly, we
      propose that 1) lysosomal inhibitors do not completely suppress proteolysis in
      isolated lysosomes and that 2) both short and long lived proteins are degraded in
      lysosomes.

PMID- 3988776
TI  - [Vaccination against rabies: optimal combination of doses for vaccine
      injections].

PMID- 3988777
TI  - The International Standard for Amikacin.
AB  - An International Standard for Amikacin has been established on the basis of a
      collaborative assay. Seven laboratories, in seven countries, took part. Each
      ampoule of the International Standard of Amikacin is defined as containing the
      activity of 50 600 International Units of Amikacin.

PMID- 3988778
TI  - The interaction of slow-release immunoadjuvants with selected antigens measured
      in vitro.
AB  - A simple, rapid in vitro binding assay for measuring the binding of protein
      preparations to slow release immunoadjuvants is described. This
      spectrophotometric method requires no unstable radiolabelled or enzyme reagents
      and replaces the more tedious and subjective indirect hemagglutination procedure.
      Therefore, it provides a potential supplement to in vivo animal work in adsorbed
      vaccine production. The assay was used to study the interaction or complexation
      behaviour of two adjuvants with tetanus toxoid.

PMID- 3988779
TI  - The use of an immunoenzymatic assay for the estimation of tetanus antitoxin in
      human sera: a comparison with seroneutralization and indirect haemagglutination.
AB  - The ability of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect tetanus
      antitoxin in human sera has been evaluated in comparison with the in vivo
      seroneutralization test. The results of this study, carried out on 171 serum
      samples, show that ELISA is a sensitive and specific in vitro test for immunity
      to tetanus in man; it reveals the minimum protective level of 0.01 IU/ml and is
      well correlated with seroneutralization. A comparison has also been made with
      indirect haemagglutination. Differences in specificity in low titered sera,
      although not statistically significant, have been observed. Reported data suggest
      that the ELISA may be used for the estimation of tetanus antitoxin in sero
      epidemiological surveys and for clinical purposes with reliability equal--and
      perhaps superior--to that of IHA.

PMID- 3988780
TI  - The stability of cholera vaccine at elevated temperatures with regard to relative
      antigenicity.

PMID- 3988781
TI  - Simple pulsatile flow in an artery with a constriction.
AB  - A smooth isolated, axisymmetric occlusion in a straight vascular tube is a
      tractable problem for pulsatile flow calculations via finite-difference
      approximations to the Navier-Stokes equation. Steady flow depends on the Reynolds
      number and two geometric parameters which describe the stenosis. The mere
      addition of a simple harmonic to the mean flow adds two more parameters. One is
      the reduced frequency, or Strokes number, and the other epsilon, the ratio of
      unsteady to steady flux. After describing steady stenosis flow examples, the
      dynamic patterns of pulsatile flow are illustrated indicating the inadequacy of
      basing hypotheses of atherosclerosis on mean (steady) flow.

PMID- 3988782
TI  - In vivo moment arm lengths for hip extensor muscles at different angles of hip
      flexion.
AB  - Moment arm lengths of three hip extensor muscles, the gluteus maximus, the
      hamstrings and the adductor magnus, were determined at hip flexion angles from 0
      degrees to 90 degrees by combining data from ten autopsy specimens and from
      twenty patients, the latter examined by computed tomography. A straight-line
      muscle model for muscle force was used for the hamstrings and adductor magnus,
      and for the gluteus maximus a two-segment straight-line muscle force model was
      used. With the joint in its anatomical position the moment arm of the gluteus
      maximus to the bilateral motion axis averaged 79 mm, for the hamstrings 61 mm and
      for the adductor magnus 15 mm. The moment arm of gluteus maximus decreased with
      increasing hip flexion angle. The hamstrings showed an increase in moment arm
      length up to an average of 35 degrees hip flexion and then a decrease with
      increasing hip flexion angle. The corresponding figures for the adductor magnus
      moment arm showed an increase up to 75 degrees and then a decrease. Statistical
      analysis revealed significant differences in moment arm length between men and
      women.

PMID- 3988783
TI  - Stress analysis of compression plate fixation and its effects on long bone
      remodeling.
AB  - A three-dimensional finite element model is generated for an intact plexiglass
      tube with an attached six-hole stainless steel compression plate. The results for
      a wide range of loads, including cyclic external loads and static tensile
      preloads in the plate and screws, are examined as specifically related to plate
      induced osteopenia. The model demonstrates that disuse osteopenia, resulting from
      a reduction in magnitude of cyclic axial stress, should be limited to the central
      region between the inner screws. Also, the addition of a static preload negates
      any reduced axial stress levels in this region, thus raising questions on the
      relative importance of static and cyclic stresses for the internal remodeling of
      bone.

PMID- 3988784
TI  - A note on the critical flow to initiate closure of pivoting disc mitral valve
      prostheses.
AB  - Newton's second law of motion for rotating bodies and potential flow theory is
      used to mathematically model the closing process of a pivoting disc prosthetic
      heart valve in mitral position. The model predicts closure to be dependent upon
      disc curvature, eccentricity, mass, diameter, density, opening angle and fluid
      properties. Experiments using two commercially available prostheses are shown to
      give good correlation with the theory for large opening angles. Divergence
      between theory and experiment occur at small opening angles because of the
      limitation of the potential flow assumption.

PMID- 3988785
TI  - The design of a model for a three dimensional stress analysis of the cement layer
      beneath the medial plateau of a knee prosthesis.
AB  - Factors which have influenced the design of a large scale model for an analysis
      of the strain in three dimensions of the cement layer beneath the medial plateau
      of a knee prosthesis are discussed. Materials were selected to model the medial
      tibial plateau, underlying cement and bone for a typical prosthesis and a two
      dimensional finite element analysis was used to indicate where the strain gauges
      should be embedded in the model.

PMID- 3988787
TI  - Correction for 'three-dimensional cinematography with control object of unknown
      shape.

PMID- 3988786
TI  - Comment on 'a model for the calculation of mechanical power during distance
      running'.

PMID- 3988788
TI  - The control of speed in elite female speed skaters.
AB  - From ten participants in the World Championships Speed Skating for Ladies 1983 a
      number of selected mechanical parameters were measured and correlated with speed
      and external power. The parameters were derived by means of video and film
      analysis of strokes at the four distances: 500 m, 1500 m, 3000 m and 5000 m. The
      results show that these speed skaters control the different speeds at different
      distances mainly by changing their stroke frequency and not by changing the
      amount of work per stroke. However, at the same distance the relatively small
      interindividual differences in performance level appeared not to be correlated to
      differences in stroke frequency but were correlated to differences in push-off
      mechanics. Better performers gain some potential energy during the gliding phase
      and show a more horizontally directed push-off in the frontal plane. Maximal knee
      extension velocity did not show any correlation with performance. The fact that
      this might be connected to the absence of a plantar flexion during push-off is
      discussed.

PMID- 3988789
TI  - A comparative computational study of blood flow through prosthetic heart valves
      using the finite element method.
AB  - The steady flow of blood through three common types of prosthetic heart valves
      was simulated numerically using the finite element method. The velocity, pressure
      and stress fields were obtained for the disk-type, tilting-disk and ball-type
      prosthetic heart valves in aortic position, for increasing Reynolds numbers up to
      900, 1500 and 2000 respectively. Computer graphics of calculated velocities are
      presented, showing in detail the accelerated flow, recirculation and stagnation
      areas developed in the prosthesis. Maximum wall shear stresses were found at 0.5,
      1.4, and 1.2 diameters from the sewing ring downstream for the disk, tilting-disk
      and ball valves being the values of 55, 18 and 33 dyn cm-2 respectively. In the
      vicinity of the occluder, maximum shear stresses of 38, 30 and 47 dyn cm-2
      respectively were computed. The flow characteristics and performance for each
      valve are compared, the results are presented in terms of energy loss and maximum
      shear stress. The velocity and stress fields are compared with in vitro
      evaluations found in the literature.

PMID- 3988790
TI  - Differentiation of the action potential in the smooth muscle of canine gastric
      antrum using calcium-inhibitory drugs.
AB  - Electrical and mechanical activity were recorded simultaneously in smooth muscle
      preparations from the antrum region of canine stomach by means of a single
      sucrose gap technique (SGT). The SGT was optimized to permit stable recording
      from multicellular smooth muscle preparations over several hours of electrical
      and mechanical activity with little disturbance of their normal properties.
      Acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-8) to 10(-6) M) induced or augmented dose-dependently the
      electrical and mechanical activity. The plateau of the action potential complex
      was elevated by ACh, while the contraction was increased in linear correlation to
      the magnitude of the plateau component. In spontaneously active (or in ACh
      stimulated) preparations TEA (5 to 20 mM) magnified the plateau component,
      induced or strengthened spikes on the plateau ('secondary spikes'), and induced
      or strengthened phasic contractions. Nifedipine (10(-6) M) abolished secondary
      spikes, part of the plateau component of the action potential, and suppressed
      mechanical activity. The complex action potential of canine gastric antrum can be
      differentiated into (a) a basic action potential, consisting of an initial,
      primary spike and a plateau depolarization; this basic action potential is
      resistant to nifedipine and does not trigger any mechanical activity; and (b) a
      nifedipine-sensitive component (calcium component), which consists of an
      augmentation of the plateau depolarization and of secondary spikes, and which is
      responsible for the initiation of mechanical activity.

PMID- 3988791
TI  - Interactions of levamisole with some autonomic drugs on guinea-pig vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of levamisole on responses to various agonists were studied in guinea
      pig vas deferens. Levamisole did not itself exhibit any contractile or relaxant
      effect on guinea-pig vas deferens but in the presence of levamisole the
      concentration-response curve of noradrenaline (NA) was shifted to the left and
      the maximal response was increased. Responses to field-stimulation at 5 and 10 Hz
      were potentiated by levamisole. Cocaine and denervation caused potentiation of NA
      responses and these enhanced responses remained unchanged in the presence of
      levamisole. Acetylcholine (ACh) responses were potentiated by levamisole whereas
      responses to histamine, KCl and methoxamine remained unaltered. These results
      suggest that levamisole does not have any action at postsynaptic alpha
      adrenoreceptors. The increased responses to NA and ACh in the presence of
      levamisole may be due to its uptake1, blocking and anticholinesterase activities
      respectively.

PMID- 3988792
TI  - A comparison of the stimulatory effects of metoclopramide and cinitapride in the
      guinea-pig isolated ileum.
AB  - The pharmacological effects of a new benzamide derivative cinitapride, have been
      compared to those of metoclopramide in guinea-pig isolated ileum and longitudinal
      smooth muscle-myenteric plexus preparations treated with propranolol (3 microM).
      Cinitapride (EC50 = 0.74 microM) was 6 times more potent than metoclopramide
      (EC50 = 4.69 microM) in enhancing the twitch response of co-axially stimulated
      preparations and 11 times more potent in eliciting contractions in non-stimulated
      tissues, their respective EC50 values being 0.58 microM and 6.52 microM. These
      contractile effects of cinitapride and metoclopramide amounted to approximately
      25% of the maximum response of the tissues to acetylcholine (1 microM). Neither
      cinitapride nor metoclopramide, in concentrations up to 10 microM, significantly
      affected concentration-response curves to exogenous acetylcholine or 5
      hydroxytryptamine but both drugs elicited a concentration-dependent potentiation
      of the ileum responses to a fixed concentration (10 microM) of the ganglion
      stimulant dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP). Analysis of the twitch-enhancing and
      contractile effects of cinitapride using a variety of drugs suggested that a
      common, prejunctional locus of action upon the cell bodies or axons of
      postganglionic, parasympathetic neurones of the myenteric plexus is involved in
      both of these responses. In hexamethonium (100 microM) and methysergide (0.1
      microM)-treated longitudinal smooth muscle preparations desensitization or
      blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors using high concentrations of the same
      agonist (30 microM) or quipazine (10 microM) or the putative antagonists cocaine
      (30 microM) or tubocurarine (10 microM) produced small inhibitions (congruent to
      20%) of the contractile responses to metoclopramide and cinitapride but did not
      affect twitch responses to these drugs. It is concluded that cinitapride is a
      more potent stimulant of guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle than metoclopramide
      in vitro although the mechanism of action of both drugs appears to be similar and
      involves a prejunctional enhancement of acetylcholine release from intramural
      cholinergic neurones. Attempts to implicate a prejunctional facilitatory 5
      hydroxytryptamine receptor in the mediation of the stimulant effects of these
      drugs were not conclusive and additional studies are required to fully explore
      this possibility.

PMID- 3988793
TI  - Depolymerization of microtubules increases the motional freedom of molecular
      probes in cellular plasma membranes.
AB  - Depolymerization of microtubules resulted in an increase in the motional freedom
      of molecular probes in the plasma membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells
      expressed by the order parameter, S, measured with two different lipid-soluble
      spin label probes, 5-doxyl stearic acid and 16-doxyl methylstearate. Treatment
      with a variety of microtubule-depolymerizing agents, including Colcemid,
      colchicine, vinblastine, podophyllotoxin, and griseofulvin, all had similar
      effects on motional freedom of the probes whereas beta-lumicolchicine was
      inactive. Several independent lines of evidence suggest that these changes in
      motional freedom of the probes were not the direct result of the interaction of
      these relatively hydrophobic drugs with the plasma membrane: the effects of the
      drugs were not immediate; the dose response of the Colcemid effect was the same
      as the dose response for depolymerization of microtubules; taxol, which
      stabilizes microtubules but does not affect motional freedom in the membranes,
      blocked the effect of Colcemid on motional freedom; a mutant cell line which is
      resistant to colchicine because of reduced uptake of the drug showed no effects
      of colchicine on probe motional freedom; and a Colcemid-resistant mutant cell
      line with an altered beta-tubulin showed no effect of Colcemid on motional
      freedom in the membrane. These results support the hypothesis that microtubules
      might affect, directly or indirectly, plasma membrane functions.

PMID- 3988794
TI  - Lateral diffusion in nuclear membranes.
AB  - Chemical modification of rat liver nuclei with citraconic anhydride selectively
      removed outer nuclear membrane. This conclusion was based on (a) transmission
      electron microscopy, (b) lipid analysis, (c) lamin B as an inner membrane
      associated marker, and (d) the demonstration of phospholipid lateral mobility on
      outer membrane-depleted nuclei as a criteria for inner membrane integrity.
      Addition of urea or N-ethylmaleimide resulted in the additional disruption of
      inner membrane. Fluorescence photobleaching was used to determine the long range
      (greater than 4 microns) lateral transport of lectin receptors and a phospholipid
      analog in both membranes. The diffusion coefficient for wheat germ agglutinin on
      whole nuclei was 3.9 X 10(-10) cm2/s whereas the diffusion coefficient for wheat
      germ agglutinin in outer membrane-depleted nuclei was less than or equal to 10(
      12) cm2/s. Phospholipid mobilities were the same in whole and outer membrane
      depleted nuclei (3.8 X 10(-9) cm2/s). The protein diffusion differences observed
      between whole and outer membrane-depleted nuclei may be interpreted in the
      context of two functionally different membrane systems that compose the double
      bilayer of the nucleus.

PMID- 3988795
TI  - Differences in the volume distributions of human lung mast cell granules and
      lipid bodies: evidence that the size of these organelles is regulated by distinct
      mechanisms.
AB  - We analyzed transmission electron micrographs of human lung mast cells by
      digitized planimetry and point counting to determine the cross-sectional areas of
      two distinct cytoplasmic organelles: specific granules and lipid bodies. Specific
      granules have a limiting membrane and often contain one or more cylindrical
      scroll-like inclusions. By contrast, lipid bodies are on average much larger than
      granules and lack both limiting membranes and inclusions. The measured cross
      sectional areas of lipid bodies and scroll-containing granules were converted to
      equivalent volumes, and the noise in the frequency distribution of these volumes
      was smoothed using a moving bin technique. This analysis revealed (a) a periodic,
      multimodal distribution of granule equivalent volumes in which the modes fell at
      volumes that were integral multiples of the volume defined by the first mode (the
      "unit volume"), and (b) a modal granule equivalent volume frequency that occurred
      at a magnitude equal to four "unit volumes." Thus, specific granules appear to be
      composed of units of a narrowly fixed volume. Furthermore, the mean volume of
      intragranule inclusions was 0.0061 mu3, a value very similar to that calculated
      for the "unit volume" (0.0071 mu3). This result suggests that each "unit volume"
      comprising the individual scroll-type granules contains (or is capable of
      generating or accommodating) a single scroll-like inclusion. In contrast to the
      specific granules, mast cell lipid bodies lack a periodic, multimodal volume
      distribution. Taken together, these findings suggest that the volumes of human
      lung mast cell granules and lipid bodies are regulated by distinct mechanisms.

PMID- 3988796
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a factor from calf serum that promotes the
      pigmentation of embryonic and transformed melanocytes.
AB  - A protein (Mr = 63,000) from calf serum that promotes the pigmentation of
      cultured chick neural crest and mouse melanoma cells has been partially isolated
      and characterized in this study. The stimulation of melanin synthesis in cultured
      cells was used to follow its activity during purification. The pigment-promoting
      factor was isolated by sequential column chromatography on dye-agarose matrices
      followed by hydroxyapatite and high pressure molecular sieve chromatography. The
      factor was found to stimulate melanin biosynthesis at 2-4 micrograms/ml and was
      specific for melanin-producing cells and their precursors. Antibodies raised in
      rabbits against the factor inhibited its pigment-promoting activity as well as
      that of whole calf serum. Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays demonstrated that
      calf and bovine sera contain molecules that cross-react with the pigment
      promoting factor. Horse, human, rat, and chicken sera, which lack the biological
      activity, also lacked immunological cross-reactivity. Extracts of certain
      tissues, particularly the submaxillary gland, were observed to be rich sources of
      pigment-promoting activity.

PMID- 3988797
TI  - Fate of tetanus toxin bound to the surface of primary neurons in culture:
      evidence for rapid internalization.
AB  - We examined the nature of the tetanus toxin receptor in primary cultures of mouse
      spinal cord by ligand blotting techniques. Membrane components were separated by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to
      nitrocellulose sheets, which were overlaid with 125I-labeled tetanus toxin. The
      toxin bound only to material at or near the dye front, which was lost when the
      cells were delipidated before electrophoresis. Gangliosides purified from the
      lipid extract were separated by thin-layer chromatography and the chromatogram
      was overlaid with 125I-toxin. The toxin bound to gangliosides corresponding to
      GD1b and GT1b. Similar results were obtained with brain membranes; thus,
      gangliosides rather than glycoproteins appear to be the toxin receptors both in
      vivo and in neuronal cell cultures. To follow the fate of tetanus toxin bound to
      cultured neurons, we developed an assay to measure cell-surface and internalized
      toxin. Cells were incubated with tetanus toxin at 0 degree C, washed, and
      sequentially exposed to antitoxin and 125I-labeled protein A. Using this assay,
      we found that much of the toxin initially bound to cell surface disappeared
      rapidly when the temperature was raised to 37 degrees C but not when the cells
      were kept at 0 degree C. Some of the toxin was internalized and could only be
      detected by our treating the cells with Triton X-100 before adding anti-toxin.
      Experiments with 125I-tetanus toxin showed that a substantial amount of the toxin
      bound at 0 degree C dissociated into the medium upon warming of the cells. Using
      immunofluorescence, we confirmed that some of the bound toxin was internalized
      within 15 min and accumulated in discrete structures. These structures did not
      appear to be lysosomes, as the cell-associated toxin had a long half-life and 90%
      of the radioactivity released into the medium was precipitated by trichloroacetic
      acid. The rapid internalization of tetanus toxin into a subcellular compartment
      where it escapes degradation may be important for its mechanism of action.

PMID- 3988798
TI  - Expression of amplified DNA sequences for ornithine transcarbamylase in HeLa
      cells: arginine residues may be required for mitochondrial import of enzyme
      precursor.
AB  - Expression of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), a nuclear-coded mitochondrial
      enzyme, was programmed in HeLa cells by the use of a strategy of gene co
      amplification. HeLa cells, ordinarily devoid of OTC activity, were transfected
      with a plasmid containing viral regulatory elements joined with two cDNA
      sequences, one encoding the human OTC precursor and a second encoding a mutant
      mouse dihydrofolate reductase. After transfection and selection in increasing
      concentrations of methotrexate, several hundred copies per cell of the sequence
      encoding OTC were detected by blot analysis. Immunoprecipitation of extracts of
      radiolabeled cells with anti-OTC antiserum revealed newly synthesized mature OTC
      subunits. Furthermore, OTC enzymatic activity in cell extracts was comparable to
      that of control human liver, and mitochondrial localization of OTC was
      demonstrated by immunofluorescence. When we incubated transfected HeLa cells with
      dinitrophenol, a known inhibitor of mitochondrial import, the only form of newly
      synthesized OTC detected was the precursor. We estimated the rate of import of
      precursor by performing an inhibitor-free chase; precursor was converted to
      mature subunit with a half-life of less than two minutes. When a HeLa
      transformant was incubated with the arginine analogue canavanine, the major form
      of newly synthesized OTC detected was a species migrating slightly more slowly
      than the normal precursor; little mature-sized subunit was recovered. This
      indicates that substitution of the analogue for arginine in the OTC precursor
      interferes with mitochondrial import and processing. Thus, arginine residues in
      the OTC precursor--most likely the four residues contained in its NH2-terminal
      leader sequence--probably play an important role in mitochondrial import and/or
      processing.

PMID- 3988799
TI  - Source and sinks for the calcium released during fertilization of single sea
      urchin eggs.
AB  - The source and sinks for the intracellular calcium released during fertilization
      were examined in single eggs from the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Single eggs
      were microinjected with the calcium photoprotein, aequorin. The calcium-aequorin
      luminescence was measured with a microscope-photomultiplier or observed with a
      microscope-image intensifier-video system. In the normal egg a propagated release
      has been observed. The source of the calcium was investigated in the organelle
      stratified centrifuged egg and by the use of mitochondrial uncouplers. In the
      organelle-stratified centrifuged egg, the calcium-aequorin luminescence was found
      to originate from the clear zone. The principal constituent of the clear zone is
      the endoplasmic reticulum. Other potential sources of calcium are the
      mitochondria. Their contribution to the calcium transient was investigated by
      exposure of aequorin-injected eggs to mitochondrial uncouplers either before or
      after fertilization. There was no calcium released from the mitochondria before
      fertilization. A very large calcium store was released from the mitochondria
      after fertilization. Interestingly, eggs fertilized in the presence of uncouplers
      showed no increase in the calcium-aequorin luminescence over untreated eggs.
      Apparently, in the absence of mitochondrial uptake, other sinks for calcium with
      affinity and capacity similar to the mitochondria exist, but their nature is
      unknown. We suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum is the source of the
      intracellular calcium released upon fertilization and that the mitochondria are
      the principal sink. The results are discussed with regard to the metabolic
      activation of the egg.

PMID- 3988800
TI  - Control by fibroblast growth factor of differentiation in the BC3H1 muscle cell
      line.
AB  - The regulation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) expression by polypeptide growth
      factors has been examined in the clonal mouse muscle BC3H1 cell line. After
      arrest of cell growth by exposure to low concentrations of serum, BC3H1 cells
      accumulate high levels of muscle-specific proteins including CPK. The induction
      of this enzyme is reversible in the presence of high concentrations of fetal calf
      serum, which cause quiescent, differentiated cells to reenter the cell cycle.
      Under these conditions, the rate of CPK synthesis is drastically reduced. We show
      in the present communication that either pituitary-derived fibroblast growth
      factor (FGF) or brain-derived FGF are as effective as serum in repressing the
      synthesis of CPK when added to quiescent, differentiated cells. The decrease in
      the rate of synthesis of CPK occurs within 22 h after the addition of pituitary
      FGF to the cells. Pituitary FGF had very little effect, if any, on the rate CPK
      degradation. The overall rate of protein synthesis and the pattern of synthesis
      of the major polypeptides made by these cells was not altered by the addition of
      FGF. Although pituitary FGF was mitogenic for BC3H1 cells, the rate of cell
      growth was not absolutely correlated with the extent of repression of CPK. Brain
      derived FGF fully repressed CPK induction under conditions where it showed no
      significant mitogenic activity. These results show that the expression of a
      muscle-specific protein, CPK, can be controlled by a single defined polypeptide
      growth factor in fully differentiated cultures, and that initiation of cell
      division is not required for their regulation to take place.

PMID- 3988802
TI  - General organization of protein in HeLa 40S nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles.
AB  - The majority of the protein mass of HeLa 40S heterogeneous nuclear
      ribonucleoprotein monoparticles is composed of multiple copies of six proteins
      that resolve in SDS gels as three groups of doublet bands (A1, A2; B1, B2; and
      C1, C2) (Beyer, A. L., M. E. Christensen, B. W. Walker, and W. M. LeStourgeon.
      1977. Cell. 11: 127-138). We report here that when 40S monoparticles are exposed
      briefly to ribonuclease, proteins A1, C1, and C2 are solubilized coincidentally
      with the loss of most premessenger RNA sequences. The remaining proteins exist as
      tetramers of (A2)3(B1) or pentamers of (A2)3(B1)(B2). The tetramers may
      reassociate in highly specific ways to form either of two different structures.
      In 0.1 M salt approximately 12 tetramers (derived from three or four
      monoparticles) reassemble to form highly regular structures, which may possess
      dodecahedral symmetry. These structures sediment at 43S, are 20-22 nm in width,
      and have a mass near 2.3 million. These structures possess 450-500 bases of
      slowly labeled RNA, which migrates in gels as fragments 200-220 bases in length.
      In 9 mM salt the tetramers reassociate to form 2.0 M salt-insoluble helical
      filaments of indeterminant length with a pitch near 60 nm and diameter near 18
      nm. If 40S monoparticles are treated briefly with nuclease-free proteases, the
      same proteins solubilized by nuclease (A1, C1, and C2) are preferentially
      cleaved. This protein cleavage is associated with the dissociation of most of the
      heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Proteins A2 and B1 again reassemble to form uniform,
      globular particles, but these sediment slightly slower than intact monoparticles.
      These findings indicate that proteins A1, C1, and C2 and most of the premessenger
      sequences occupy a peripheral position in intact monoparticles and that their
      homotypic and heterotypic associations are dependent on protein-RNA interactions.
      Protein cross-linking studies demonstrate that trimers of A1, A2, and C1 exist as
      the most easily stabilized homotypic association in 40S particles. This supports
      the 3:1 ratio (via densitometry) of the A and C proteins to the B proteins and
      indicates that 40S monoparticles are composed of three or four repeating units,
      each containing 3(A1),3(A2),1(B1),1(B2),3(C1), and 1(C2).

PMID- 3988801
TI  - Isolation and characterization of multivesicular bodies from rat hepatocytes: an
      organelle distinct from secretory vesicles of the Golgi apparatus.
AB  - Hepatocytes of estradiol-treated rats, which express many low density lipoprotein
      receptors, rapidly accumulate intravenously injected low density lipoprotein in
      multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We have isolated MVBs and Golgi apparatus fractions
      from livers of estradiol-treated rats. MVB fractions were composed mainly of
      large vesicles, approximately 0.55 micron diam, filled with remnantlike very low
      density lipoproteins, known to be taken up into hepatocytes by receptor-mediated
      endocytosis. MVBs also contained numerous small vesicles, 0.05-0.07 micron in
      diameter, and had two types of appendages: one fingerlike and electron dense and
      the other saclike and electron lucent. MVBs contained little
      galactosyltransferase or arylsulfatase activity, and content lipoproteins were
      largely intact. Very low density lipoproteins from Golgi fractions, which are
      derived to a large extent from secretory vesicles, were larger than those of MVB
      fractions and contained newly synthesized triglycerides. Membranes of MVBs
      contained much more cholesterol and less protein than did Golgi membranes. We
      conclude that two distinct lipoprotein-filled organelles are located in the bile
      canalicular pole of hepatocytes. MVBs, a major prelysosomal organelle of low
      density in the endocytic pathway, contain remnants of triglyceride-rich
      lipoproteins, whereas secretory vesicles of the Golgi apparatus contain nascent
      very low density lipoproteins.

PMID- 3988803
TI  - Development of fetal rat intestine in organ and monolayer culture.
AB  - Maturation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells was demonstrated in
      segments of fetal rat small intestine, maintained for more than a month in
      suspension organ culture, by ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological
      criteria. Over a 5-7 d period, fragments of fetal intestine evolved into globular
      structures covered with a single columnar epithelium ultrastructurally similar to
      suckling villus cells. Loose mesenchymal cells, cellular debris, and collagen
      were present inside the structures. After 6 d in culture, goblet cells, not
      present in the fetal intestine at day 18, were numerous and well developed.
      Intestinal endocrine cells were also observed. Immunofluorescence studies
      employing monoclonal antibodies specific for villus and crypt cells in vivo, and
      various enzyme assays, have demonstrated a level of differentiation and
      maturation of the cultured epithelial cells similar but not identical to that of
      suckling intestinal mucosa in vivo. Crypts and crypt cell markers were not
      observed in the the cultures. Addition of glucocorticoids to the culture medium
      resulted in the induction of sucrase-isomaltase but failed to promote most of the
      functional changes characteristic of the intestinal epithelium at weaning in
      vivo. Epithelial cells were identified in explants derived from the organ
      cultures by their specific expression of intestinal cytokeratin. Differentiation
      specific markers, present in the epithelial cells in primary cultures, were lost
      upon selection and subculturing of pure epithelial cell populations. These
      results suggest a requirement for mesenchymal and/or extracellular matrix
      components in the maintenance of the differentiated state of the epithelial
      cells. The fetal intestinal organ cultures described here present significant
      advantages over traditional organ and monolayer culture techniques for the study
      of the cellular and molecular interactions involved in the development and
      differentiation of the intestinal epithelium.

PMID- 3988804
TI  - Role of myosin in terminal web contraction in isolated intestinal epithelial
      brush borders.
AB  - We have investigated the role of myosin in contraction of the terminal web in
      brush borders isolated from intestinal epithelium. At 37 degrees C under
      conditions that stimulate terminal web contraction (1 microM Ca++ and ATP), most
      (60-70%) of the myosin is released from the brush border. Approximately 80% of
      the myosin is also released by ATP at 0 degree C, in the absence of contraction.
      Preextraction of this 80% of the myosin from brush borders with ATP has no effect
      on either the time course or extent of subsequently stimulated contraction.
      However, contraction is inhibited by removal of all of the myosin with 0.6 M KCl
      and ATP. Contraction is also inhibited by an antibody to brush border myosin,
      which inhibits both the ATPase activity of brush border myosin and its ability to
      form stable bipolar polymers. These results indicate that although functional
      myosin is absolutely required for terminal web contraction only approximately 20%
      of the brush border myosin is actually necessary. This raises the possibility
      that there are at least two different subsets of myosin in the terminal web.

PMID- 3988805
TI  - Localization of phosphatidylcholine in outer envelope membrane of spinach
      chloroplasts.
AB  - We have examined the effects of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus on the
      extent of phospholipid hydrolysis in envelope membrane vesicles and in intact
      chloroplasts. When isolated envelope vesicles were incubated in presence of
      phospholipase C, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, but not
      phosphatidylinositol, were totally converted into diacylglycerol if they were
      available to the enzyme (i.e., when the vesicles were sonicated in presence of
      phospholipase C). These experiments demonstrate that phospholipase C can be used
      to probe the availability of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol in the
      cytosolic leaflet of the outer envelope membrane from spinach chloroplasts. When
      isolated, purified, intact chloroplasts were incubated with low amounts of
      phospholipase C (0.3 U/mg chlorophyll) under very mild conditions (12 degrees C
      for 1 min), greater than 80% of phosphatidylcholine molecules and almost none of
      phosphatidylglycerol molecules were hydrolyzed. Since we have also demonstrated,
      by using several different methods (phase-contrast and electron microscopy,
      immunochemical and electrophoretic analyses) that isolated spinach chloroplasts,
      and especially their outer envelope membrane, remained intact after mild
      treatment with phospholipase C, we can conclude that there is a marked asymmetric
      distribution of phospholipids across the outer envelope membrane of spinach
      chloroplasts. Phosphatidylcholine, the major polar lipid of the outer envelope
      membrane, is almost entirely accessible from the cytosolic side of the membrane
      and therefore is probably localized in the outer leaflet of the outer envelope
      bilayer. On the contrary, phosphatidylglycerol, the major polar lipid in the
      inner envelope membrane and the thylakoids, is probably not accessible to
      phospholipase C from the cytosol and therefore is probably localized mostly in
      the inner leaflet of the outer envelope membrane and in the other chloroplast
      membranes.

PMID- 3988806
TI  - Locations of Z-DNA in polytene chromosomes.
AB  - In polytene chromosomes of Drosophila hydei and D. melanogaster, Z-DNA was
      identified in varying distribution after different conditions for fixation were
      used. When salivary glands were fixed and squashed in 50% acetic acid alone, Z
      DNA was found in the less dense DNA regions, such as interbands, some puffs, and
      a few of the less dense bands. Prefixation that combined ethanol and acetic acid
      exposure led to prominent immunofluorescent staining of the bands, generally but
      not strictly correlating with the total DNA content. Separate exposure to ethanol
      and acetic acid did not cause this band to stain, but if residual ethanol was
      present after ethanol fixation, subsequent exposure to acid did cause it. Under
      the more selective acid fixation conditions, Z-DNA reactivity was seen in
      portions of certain ecdysone-inducible puffs in the induced but not in the
      resting state; in other inducible regions, the Z-DNA immunoreactivity was not
      changed on induction. Z-DNA was also identified in polytene chromosomes within
      isolated nuclei that had been frozen and fixed in ethanol without exposure to
      acid; this Z-DNA was present in regions of low DNA density.

PMID- 3988808
TI  - Ultrastructural and cytochemical demonstration of peroxisomes in cultured
      fibroblasts from patients with peroxisomal deficiency disorders.
AB  - The oxidation of very long chain fatty acids and synthesis of ether glycerolipids
      (plasmalogens) occurs mainly in peroxisomes. Zellweger's cerebrohepatorenal
      syndrome (CHRS) is a rare, inherited metabolic disease characterized by an
      apparent absence of peroxisomes, an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids,
      and a decrease of plasmalogens in tissues and cultured fibroblasts from these
      patients. As peroxisomes are ubiquitous in mammalian cells, we examined normal
      and CHRS-cultured fibroblasts for their presence, using an electron microscopic
      histochemical procedure for the subcellular localization of catalase, a
      peroxisomal marker enzyme. Small (0.08-0.20 micron) round or slightly oval
      peroxisomes were seen in both normal and CHRS fibroblasts. The number of
      peroxisomes was analyzed morphometrically and found to be significantly reduced
      in all CHRS cell lines. These results are discussed in relation to the underlying
      defect in peroxisomal function and biogenesis in this disease.

PMID- 3988807
TI  - Pathways involved in targeting and secretion of a lysosomal enzyme in
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - In Dictyostelium discoideum, the lysosomal enzyme alpha-mannosidase is first
      synthesized as an N-glycosylated precursor of Mr 140,000. After a 20-30-min lag
      period, up to 30% of the precursor molecules are rapidly secreted, whereas the
      rest remain cellular and are proteolytically processed (t 1/2 = 8 min) to mature
      subunits of Mr 58,000 and 60,000. The secreted precursor is modified more
      extensively than the cellular form, as is revealed by differences in size,
      charge, and sensitivity to endoglycosidase H. Subcellular fractionation has shown
      that, following synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the precursor is
      transported to a low density membrane fraction that contains Golgi membranes.
      Proteolytic processing takes place in these vesicles, since newly cleaved mature
      enzyme, but no precursor, co-fractionates with lysosomes. Under conditions that
      disrupt vesicular membranes, the precursor remains associated with the membrane
      fraction, whereas the newly processed mature enzyme is soluble. Proteolytic
      cleavage of the precursor thus coincides with the release of the mature enzyme
      into the lumen of a lysosomal compartment. These findings suggest a possible
      mechanism for lysosomal targeting that involves the specific association of
      enzyme precursors with Golgi membranes.

PMID- 3988809
TI  - Characterization of the Na+/H+ exchanger in human epidermoid carcinoma A431
      vesicles.
AB  - A previous report from this laboratory (Rothenberg et al., 1983a) demonstrated
      the presence of an Na+/H+ exchanger in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. We
      now characterize surface-derived membrane vesicles from this cell line which
      contain a functional Na+/H+ exchanger. The Na+/H+ exchanger in A431 vesicles
      shares a number of characteristics in common with previously described Na+/H+
      exchangers including the following: (1) Na+ uptake is stimulated by an outward
      directed pH gradient and inhibited by an inward-directed pH gradient. (2) Na+
      uptake is inhibited by amiloride and its analogs and their relative effectiveness
      is similar in vesicles and A431 cells. (3) The Na+/H+ exchanger uses Na+ or Li+
      as a substrate but not K+ or Cs+. (4) H+ efflux is stimulated by an inward
      directed Na+ gradient and inhibited by the amiloride analog 5-N
      dimethylamiloride. The Na+/H+ exchanger in these membrane vesicles is activated
      allosterically by low intravesicular pH. The apparent pKa of the activating site
      is 6.4-6.6, characteristic of the NA+/H+ exchanger before activation by mitogens.

PMID- 3988810
TI  - Oxonol dyes as monitors of membrane potential: the effect of viruses and toxins
      on the plasma membrane potential of animal cells in monolayer culture and in
      suspension.
AB  - Optical indicators of the cationic, cyanine and anionic oxonol classes were used
      to evaluate the plasma membrane potential of animal cells in suspension and in
      monolayer culture. The optical signals were calibrated by using diffusion
      potentials either of K+ (in the presence of valinomycin) or of H+ (in the
      presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; FCCP); both
      classes of dye gave similar values of plasma membrane potential, in the range -40
      to -90 mV for different cell types. Addition of haemolytic Sendai virus or
      Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin depolarizes cells and causes them to leak
      monovalent cations; these effects are antagonized by extracellular Ca2+. Cells
      infected with vesicular stomatitis or Semliki Forest virus become depolarized
      during an infectious cycle; infection with other viruses was without affect on
      plasma membrane potential.

PMID- 3988811
TI  - Effect of endothelial cell conditioned medium on the growth of human bone marrow
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Both endothelial cells (EC) and fibroblasts, two discrete populations of
      hemopoietic stroma, are known to modulate the proliferation and differentiation
      of hemopoietic progenitors. Recent reports also demonstrated that EC stimulate
      the in vitro growth of fibroblasts via a soluble factor. This finding seems to
      support the hypothesis that EC may play a role in the pathogenesis of bone marrow
      fibrosis in myeloproliferative disorders (MD). We have studied the effects of the
      conditioned medium (CM) from human umbilical vein EC cultures, obtained in serum
      free conditions, on the growth of bone marrow fibroblasts from normal donors and
      from patients with MD. The results show that EC derived CM contains a factor
      which stimulates the proliferation of fibroblasts and that can act as an
      authentic growth factor by inducing "quiescent" fibroblasts to proliferate.
      Moreover, we found that this endothelial derived growth factor (EDGF) equally
      promotes the proliferation of both normal and pathological progenitors of bone
      marrow fibroblasts (CFU-F) by increasing both the number and the size of the
      colonies.

PMID- 3988812
TI  - Analysis of a mutant expressing temperature-sensitive changes of cell size in
      Tetrahymena.
AB  - A temperature-sensitive mutant of Tetrahymena expresses an increase in cell
      volume by a factor of 2.5 upon shift to restrictive temperature. Cellular amounts
      of protein, RNA, and DNA increase at roughly the same proportions. The mutant
      cell size is attained by cessation of divisions immediately after temperature
      shift for a period of time which is about equal to one generation time. During
      this time cell growth and DNA replication continue at virtually unchanged rates.
      Maintained at the restrictive temperature the mutant cells divide at the same
      rate as the wild-type cells. Upon return to the permissive temperature, cell size
      is reduced by the combined effects of an accelerated division rate together with
      a decelerated growth rate.

PMID- 3988813
TI  - Defective endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein in monensin-resistant mutants of
      the mouse Balb/3T3 cell line.
AB  - Two monensin-resistant clones show similar low-density lipoprotein binding
      activity but less internalization or degradation of low-density lipoprotein than
      the parental Balb/3T3 or other resistant clone. Sterol synthesis from radioactive
      acetate in the resistant mutant, MO-5, is inhibited by more than 70% of control
      in the presence of tenfold higher amounts of low-density lipoprotein than the
      dose that inhibits the parental Balb/3T3 to similar level. 3-Hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity of Balb/3T3 and MO-5 is inhibited by
      48% and 27% of control, respectively, in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml of low
      density lipoprotein. Colloidal silica gradient centrifugation shows that
      transport of low-density lipoprotein from the surface membrane to the lysosome is
      much slower in MO-5 cells than in Balb/3T3 cells. Down regulation of low-density
      lipoprotein receptors on the cell surface in Balb/3T3 is observed by exposing the
      cells to 5-15 micrograms/ml low-density lipoprotein, whereas only slight if any
      down regulation is observed when MO-5 cells are treated with low-density
      lipoprotein. The altered endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein behaves as a
      dominant trait in hybrids of MO-5 and THO2-2, a derivative of Balb/3T3 resistant
      to both ouabain and 6-thioguanine.

PMID- 3988814
TI  - Carbohydrate metabolism in transforming lymphocytes from the aged.
AB  - There is an age-related decline in immune capacity which has been linked to a
      decreased response of lymphocytes to mitogens in vitro. During transformation,
      lymphocytes require a marked increase in energy production and biosynthesis which
      is supplied primarily by glycolysis. In the elderly, the glycolytic enzymes
      increase significantly in transforming lymphocytes at least 24 hr later than in
      the young and then at significantly reduced levels. Glucose utilization is also
      impaired in stimulated lymphocytes from the elderly but follows the impairment of
      glycolysis. In stimulated cells from the young, increases in glycolytic enzyme
      activity levels accompany sharp increases in blastogenesis while a delayed
      increase in glycolytic enzyme activity in the elderly is accompanied by a delay
      in blastogenesis. Maximal glycolytic enzyme activity levels are significantly
      reduced in transformed lymphocytes from the elderly though the number of
      transformed cells is also significantly reduced. However, glycolytic enzyme
      activity levels are significantly lower in the elderly than in the young even on
      a per transformed cell basis. Thus, this reduction cannot be attributed to the
      lower number of transformed cells that are present in the elderly. This defect in
      the increase of glycolysis in stimulated cells from the elderly suggests an
      intracellular mechanism which could be related to the impaired lymphocyte
      stimulation in vitro in the aged.

PMID- 3988815
TI  - Characterization of mouse lymphoma cells with altered nucleoside transport.
AB  - A mutant clone (NT-1) of a T-cell lymphoma was selected for its ability to grow
      in HAT medium (hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine) in the presence of the
      nucleoside transport inhibitor P-nitrobenzyl-6-mercaptoinosine (NBMI). NT-1 cells
      contain half the number of NBMI binding sites present on the parental S49 cells
      and are partially able to transport nucleosides in the presence of the transport
      inhibitor (NBMI). These observations suggest that the mutant cells are
      heterozygous for nucleoside transport proteins and contain two types of transport
      proteins: the first protein can both bind and is inhibited by NBMI similar to the
      wild type phenotype, and the second is an altered protein. The altered transport
      protein apparently lost its NBMI binding sites without a parallel loss of
      nucleoside transport ability suggesting that the nucleoside transported sites are
      separate from the binding sites of the transport inhibitor.

PMID- 3988816
TI  - Effect of cell density on metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes show many changes in metabolic activities as a
      function of cell density in the incubation flask. Fatty acid synthesis,
      cholesterol synthesis, general protein synthesis, and rates of accumulation of
      pyruvate, lactate, citrate, acetyl-CoA, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
      decrease as the cell density increases between 1 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml. Glucose
      release only decreases between 1-5 mg/ml and the concentration of ATP does not
      vary at any density. There is a small increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio and
      a dramatic decrease in the beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio with
      increasing cell concentration. When cells at 8 or 28 mg/ml were incubated with
      added lactate and pyruvate, or alanine, a two fold increase in fatty acid
      synthesis and 50% decrease in cholesterol synthesis were observed as compared to
      rates with endogenous substrate. With added glucose the synthetic rates were
      similar to those obtained with endogenous substrate. However, regardless of the
      type of substrate used, the less dense cells gave rates up to three times greater
      than that of the more dense cells. When conditioned medium isolated after
      incubation of cells at high density was added to the less dense cells, a decrease
      in the rates of fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis was observed in
      the less dense cells; however, when medium from the less dense cells after
      incubation for the same period was added to the more dense cells, there was no
      significant change in fatty acid or cholesterol synthesis. These results suggest
      that a factor may be released into the medium of incubating hepatocytes that
      progressively inhibits certain metabolic processes as the cell density increases.

PMID- 3988817
TI  - Metabolic properties of an azaguanine-resistant variant of Chinese hamster ovary
      cells (azarts) with normal levels of hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase activity.
AB  - Azarts Chinese hamster ovary cells were 20 to 50 times more resistant to 8
      azaguanine and 50 to 10 times more resistant to both 6-thioguanine and 6
      mercaptopurine than wild-type cells. Resistance correlated with a failure of
      azarts cells to incorporate 8-azaguanine into the nucleotide pool and into
      nucleic acids. The uptake of hypoxanthine and guanine, on the other hand, was
      about the same in both types of cells and the hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase of the azarts cells as measured in cell lysates was
      unaltered both in concentration and kinetic properties with hypoxanthine as well
      as 8-azaguanine as substrate. Plasma membrane permeability to 8-azaguanine and
      the regulation of intracellular pH were also not altered in azarts cells and
      there was no significant degradation of 8-azaguanine or azaguanine nucleotides.
      We conclude therefore that in azarts cells the phosphoribosylation of 8
      azaguanine per se is specifically blocked but that this effect is abolished upon
      cell lysis.

PMID- 3988818
TI  - The structure of a small collagenous fragment isolated from chicken hyaline
      cartilage.
AB  - In previous experiments, two collagenous fragments were isolated from pepsin
      digests of chicken hyaline cartilage and called the high molecular weight, (HMW)
      and low molecular weight (LMW) fractions [3]. In the present experiments, the
      chains of LMW were isolated after denaturation and subsequent reduction and
      alkylation of interchain disulfide bridges and were further fractionated by
      carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography. Four peaks were resolved during
      chromatography and were designated LMW 1, 2A, 2B, and 3. Amino acid analyses and
      peptide mapping after cleavage with trypsin, V8 protease, and cyanogen bromide
      showed that three genetically distinct chains must be present in LMW. Fractions
      2A and 2B were very similar, but not identical, in structure. LMW 1, 2A plus 2B,
      and 3 were consistently isolated in approximately equal proportions, suggesting
      that the probable chain organization of LMW is [1][2A + 2B][3]. This suggestion
      was supported further by experiments that attempted to fractionate LMW by
      carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography after denaturation but without reduction
      and alkylation of interchain disulfide bridges. No fractionation of LMW was
      achieved, the single peak subsequently being shown to contain LMW 1, 2A plus 2B,
      and 3.

PMID- 3988819
TI  - Comparisons of evolutionarily distinct fibronectins: evidence for the origin of
      plasma and fibroblast cellular fibronectins from a single gene.
AB  - Plasma and fibroblast cellular fibronectins from three different species were
      compared for structural similarities and differences. Partial tryptic digestion
      of either human or chicken plasma and cellular fibronectins yields homologous
      protease-resistant domains within a species but few homologies between species
      regardless of the source. Within a species, human or chicken plasma and
      fibroblast cellular fibronectins are immunologically indistinguishable as
      determined by the ELISA technique. There is limited immunological cross
      reactivity between species. Two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of fibroblast
      cellular and plasma fibronectins from the same species are also very similar: 85
      95% of the spots on such maps comigrate. When peptide maps from different species
      are compared, no more than 10% of the spots comigrate. Three models for the
      genetic origin of cellular and plasma fibronectins in vertebrates are considered.
      A model in which both fibroblast cellular and plasma fibronectins arise from the
      same gene is the simplest that is consistent with the data.

PMID- 3988820
TI  - Glucose metabolic rate kinetic model parameter determination in humans: the
      lumped constants and rate constants for [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and
      [11C]deoxyglucose.
AB  - The rate constants and lumped constants (LCs) for [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose
      ([18F]FDG) and [11C]deoxyglucose ([11C]DG) were determined in humans for the
      glucose metabolic rate kinetic model used to measure local cerebral glucose
      consumption. The mean values (+/- SE) of the LCs for [18F]FDG and [11C]DG are
      0.52 +/- 0.028 (n = 9) and 0.56 +/- 0.043 (n = 6), respectively. The mean values
      (+/- SE) of the rate constants k*1, k*2, k*3, and k*4 for [18F]FDG for gray
      matter are 0.095 +/- 0.005, 0.125 +/- 0.002, 0.069 +/- 0.002, and 0.0055 +/-
      0.0003, respectively. The corresponding values for white matter are 0.065 +/-
      0.005, 0.126 +/- 0.003, 0.066 +/- 0.002, and 0.0054 +/- 0.0006, respectively.
      Using these values and previously published values for the rate constants for
      [11C]DG, the average whole-brain metabolic rates for glucose in normal subjects
      measured with [18F]FDG and [11C]DG are 5.66 +/- 0.37 (n = 6) and 4.99 +/- 0.23 (n
      = 6) mg/100 g/min, respectively. These values are not significantly different (t
      = 1.56, p greater than 0.10) and agree well with reported values in the
      literature determined by means of the Kety-Schmidt technique.

PMID- 3988821
TI  - Relations between neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic asymmetries in early
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Regional CMRglc (rCMRglc) values were determined with positron emission
      tomography (PET) in 10 patients with mild to moderate clinically diagnosed
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in 26 healthy controls. rCMRglc in frontal,
      parietal, and temporal association cortices were significantly more laterally
      asymmetrical in AD patients than in controls (p less than 0.05). Furthermore,
      lateral asymmetry of rCMRglc in AD patients but not in the control subjects
      correlated significantly with asymmetry of language and visuospatial functions
      such that lower left than right rCMRglc was associated with relatively greater
      impairment of language and vice versa. The results demonstrate that discrepancies
      between language and visuospatial deficits in patients with early AD are related
      to asymmetrical reductions in cerebral cortical glucose metabolism.

PMID- 3988822
TI  - In vivo studies of energy metabolism in experimental cerebral ischemia using
      topical magnetic resonance. Changes in 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
      compared with electroencephalograms and regional cerebral blood flow.
AB  - The energy state of the brain during and after transient cerebral ischemia was
      examined in rats by in vivo measurement of 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
      spectra using a topical magnetic resonance spectrometer. EEGs and regional CBF
      (rCBF) were monitored on the same ischemic models. Immediately after the
      induction of ischemia, the height of the ATP and phosphocreatine peaks in the
      spectrum began to decrease with a concurrent increase of the inorganic phosphate
      (Pi) peak. The calculated pH from the chemical shift of Pi decreased during
      ischemia. The EEG pattern became flat immediately after ischemic induction. The
      rCBF decreased below the sensitivity level of the measuring instrument. With 30
      min ischemia, the 31P-NMR spectrum returned to a normal pattern rapidly after
      recirculation. However, recovery of the EEG was delayed. The rCBF after
      recirculation showed postischemic hyperemia followed by hypoperfusion. In cases
      of 120-min ischemia, none of the spectra showed recovery. Thus, we could
      investigate the dynamic process of pathophysiological changes occurring in the
      ischemic brain in vivo.

PMID- 3988823
TI  - Regional flow-metabolism couple following middle cerebral artery occlusion in
      cats.
AB  - The regional flow-metabolism couple was studied during the recovery period after
      1 h of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in cats. Local CBF (LCBF) was
      assessed at the end of ischemia as well as at the end of 4 h of recirculation by
      the microsphere technique. Local CMRgl (LCMRgl) was measured at the end of the
      recirculation period with [14C]2-deoxyglucose. Histology was evaluated by light
      microscopy from coronal brain blocks adjacent to those used for the determination
      of LCBF and LCMRgl. When LCBF in the central and peripheral MCA territories
      during the recovery period was between 40 and 115% of the value in sham occlusion
      studies, LCMRgl was greater than the control level found in the sham studies, and
      was accompanied by slight histological damage. This finding suggests that
      anaerobic glycolysis may persist after transient ischemia in spite of the
      recovery of LCBF to a level that is normally greater than the threshold for the
      activation of anaerobic glycolysis (less than 40% of the control). Persistent
      anaerobic glycolysis in the reperfusion period following an ischemic insult may
      be a sign of early tissue damage. Some of the regions in the peripheral MCA
      territory with LCBF between 40 and 110% of the levels during the recovery period
      in the sham studies showed a mild to moderate depression in LCMRgl so that the
      flow-metabolism ratio remained normal. These regions did not exhibit histological
      damage. This possible protective mechanism of the tissue in response to ischemia
      is discussed from the standpoint of the relationship between flow and metabolism.

PMID- 3988824
TI  - Influence of acidosis on lipid peroxidation in brain tissues in vitro.
AB  - To study the influence of acidosis on free radical formation and lipid
      peroxidation in brain tissues, homogenates fortified with ferrous ions and, in
      some experiments, with ascorbic acid were equilibrated with 5-15% O2 at pH values
      of 7.0, 6.5, 6.0, and 5.0, with subsequent measurements of thiobarbituric acid
      reactive (TBAR) material, as well as of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants
      (glutathione, ascorbate, and alpha-tocopherol) and phospholipid-bound fatty acids
      (FAs). Moderate to marked acidosis (pH 6.5-6.0) was found to grossly exaggerate
      the formation of TBAR material and the decrease in alpha-tocopherol content and
      to enhance degradation of phospholipid-bound, polyenoic FAs. These effects were
      reversed at pH 5.0, suggesting a pH optimum at pH 6.0-6.5. It is concluded that
      acidosis of a degree encountered in ischemic brain tissues has the potential of
      triggering increased free radical formation. This effect may involve increased
      formation of the protonated form of superoxide radicals, which is strongly
      prooxidant and lipid soluble, and/or the decompartmentalization of iron bound to
      cellular macromolecules like ferritin.

PMID- 3988825
TI  - Lactic acidosis and recovery of mitochondrial function following forebrain
      ischemia in the rat.
AB  - The effect of different degrees of lactic acidosis on the recovery of brain
      mitochondrial function, measured as respiratory activity in isolated mitochondria
      or cortical concentrations of labile phosphates and carbohydrate substrates, was
      studied during 30 min of recirculation following 15 min of near-complete
      forebrain ischemia in rats. During ischemia, there was a marked decrease in
      mitochondrial State 3 respiration in vitro and a depletion of energy stores
      (i.e., phosphocreatine, ATP, glucose, and glycogen) in vivo that was similar in
      the high- and low-lactate ischemia groups. However, lactate concentrations
      differed markedly (20 and 10 mumol g-1, respectively). During recirculation,
      there was a near-complete recovery of both respiratory activity in vitro and
      adenylate energy charge (EC) in vivo regardless of the differences in lactic
      acidosis during ischemia. Respiratory activity and EC were well correlated. The
      changes in Ca2+ homeostasis during ischemia, an increase in tissue and a decrease
      in mitochondrial Ca2+ content, were reversed rapidly after ischemia in both high-
      and low-lactate ischemia animals and did not hinder an early recovery of
      mitochondrial function. It is concluded that lactic acidosis, with lactate levels
      reaching 20 mumol g-1 during 15-min ischemia, does not adversely affect early
      postischemic recovery of mitochondrial function.

PMID- 3988826
TI  - Blood-brain barrier transport of butanol and water relative to N-isopropyl-p
      iodoamphetamine as the internal reference.
AB  - The literature regarding the blood--brain barrier (BBB) transport of butanol is
      conflicting as studies report both incomplete and complete extraction of butanol
      by the brain. In this work the BBB transport of both [14C]butanol and [3H]water
      was studied using the carotid injection technique in conscious and in ketamine-
      or pentobarbital-anesthetized rats employing N-isopropyl-p-[125I]iodoamphetamine
      ([125I]IMP) as the internal reference and as a fluid microsphere. The three
      isotopes (3H, 125I, 14C) were conveniently counted simultaneously in a liquid
      scintillation spectrometer. IMP is essentially completely sequestered by the
      brain for at least 1 min in conscious rats and for 2 min in anesthetized animals.
      Butanol extraction by rat forebrain is not flow limited but ranges between 77 +/-
      1 and 87 +/- 1% for the three conditions. The incomplete extraction of butanol by
      the forebrain is due to diffusion restriction of butanol clearance in some
      regions (frontal cortex, colliculi) but not in others (caudate, hippocampus,
      olfactory bulb). The permeability-surface area product/cerebral blood flow ratio
      of butanol and water in rat forebrain remains relatively constant, 1.7 +/- 0.2
      and 1.0 +/- 0.1, respectively, despite a twofold increase in cerebral blood flow
      in conscious relative to pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The absence of an
      inverse relationship between flow and butanol or water extraction is consistent
      with capillary recruitment being the principal mechanism underlying changes in
      cerebral blood flow in anesthesia. The diffusion restriction of BBB transport of
      butanol in some regions, but not in others, necessitates a careful regional
      analysis of BBB permeability to butanol prior to usage of this compound as a
      cerebral blood flow marker.

PMID- 3988827
TI  - Double-tracer study of the fine regional blood-brain glucose transfer in the rat
      by computer-assisted autoradiography.
AB  - Glucose is transported from blood to brain tissue by facilitated diffusion of
      limited capacity. The regional variation of the glucose transport capacity is not
      known in detail because methods used previously have been too gross to detect
      fine regional differences. Therefore, it is not known to what extent the glucose
      transport capacity varies in proportion to regional blood flow and metabolic
      rate. To resolve this question, we used double-tracer, dual-label autoradiography
      to measure blood-brain glucose clearance and blood flow simultaneously in hypo-,
      normal, and hyperglycemic rats. From the values of glucose clearance and blood
      flow at various plasma glucose levels, we calculated the affinity constant and
      maximal transport capacity of the glucose transport system. The transport
      capacity (Tmax) varied in approximate proportion to the blood flow and, by
      inference, the metabolic rate. In contrast, the affinity constant (Kt) did not
      vary systematically between the regions (mean value 7.1 mM). The variation of
      Tmax from 270 to 890 mumol hg-1 min-1 reflected a parallel variation of total
      regional capillary length and surface. We conclude from the study that the
      cerebral capillary is a fixed unit, i.e., that the number of glucose transporters
      per unit of capillary surface area is the same in all regions. Regional
      differences are the result of different capillary densities in the regions of the
      brain.

PMID- 3988828
TI  - Effect of iodoacetate on local cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in
      cats: a double-radionuclide autoradiographic study.
AB  - The effect of iodoacetate (IAA), an inhibitor of glycolysis, on local CBF (LCBF)
      and local CMRglu (LCMRglu) was studied in cats by means of a double-radionuclide
      autoradiographic method. Artificial CSF containing 5 mM IAA was superfused on the
      left parietal cortex under a cranial window for 30 min. [14C]2-Deoxyglucose and
      [123I]iodoantipyrine were injected for the determination of LCMRglu and LCBF,
      respectively. A marked increase in LCBF, accompanied by a moderate to severe
      depression of LCMRglu, was observed in the IAA-superfused cortex. This result
      suggests that LCBF may be closely regulated by the cellular energy state
      associated with glycolytic activity in brain tissue.

PMID- 3988829
TI  - Regional cerebrovascular transport of leucine as measured by the in situ brain
      perfusion technique.
AB  - Leucine influx into six brain regions was determined in anesthetized rats with
      the in situ brain perfusion technique using either saline or plasma perfusate.
      This technique has several advantages over other methods such as the brain uptake
      index (BUI) technique. The concentration dependence of L-leucine influx was best
      described by a model with a saturable and a nonsaturable component. For the
      saturable component, Vmax equaled 10.67 +/- 0.21 X 10(-4) mumol s-1 g-1 and Km
      equaled 0.0257 +/- 0.0009 mumol ml-1, whereas the constant of nonsaturable
      diffusion (Kd) equaled 0.957 +/- 0.067 X 10(-4) s-1 in the parietal lobe during
      saline perfusion. Vmax was higher in the cortical lobes than in other brain
      areas, probably owing to a greater capillary surface area. There were no regional
      differences in Km or Kd. The apparent Km for L-leucine during plasma perfusion
      was 20 times greater than the Km during saline perfusion, and 3 to 4 times
      greater than the plasma leucine concentration, owing to competitive inhibition of
      leucine transport by other large neutral amino acids in plasma. These results for
      Vmax, Km, and Kd differ by three- to fourfold from previous estimates obtained
      with the BUI technique. The high apparent Km during plasma perfusion indicates
      that leucine influx is a linear function of plasma concentration up to 0.5 mumol
      ml-1 when the plasma concentrations of other amino acids remain constant, whereas
      influx would be approximately constant when plasma concentrations of all large
      neutral amino acids increased or decreased by a constant fraction.

PMID- 3988830
TI  - Pial artery responses to norepinephrine potentiated by endothelium removal.
AB  - The effect of endothelium removal on pial artery constriction in response to
      norepinephrine (NE) was studied in vitro using a perfused vessel setup in which
      pressure increases indicate vasoconstriction. In deenodothelialized rabbit
      arteries, the reaction to extraluminal NE was found to be characterized by a much
      higher Emax (2.0 times) and a slight (but significant) leftward shift of the
      concentration-response curve (lower EC50) compared with control vessels. In cat
      arteries subjected to either extra- or intraluminal NE, the Emax was also
      substantially higher in deendothelialized preparations (4.4 and 5.1 times,
      respectively), but there was no significant difference in the EC50 values.
      Anatomical verification and functional tests (acetylcholine-induced dilatation)
      confirmed the presence and the absence of the endothelium in control and lesioned
      arteries, respectively. This modulatory influence of the endothelium may be of
      importance in cerebrovascular pathology.

PMID- 3988831
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and blood-brain influx of some neutral amino acids in control
      and hypothyroid 16-day-old rats.
AB  - Rats were made hypothyroid by a daily subcutaneous injection of propylthiouracil
      beginning the first day after birth. CBF, brain plasma volume, blood-brain
      extraction, and influx of some neutral amino acids were studied in 16-day-old
      animals. In hypothyroid rats, the brain plasma volume was decreased by
      approximately 30%. CBF was decreased by greater than 50%. This decrease was the
      highest in cerebellum. Blood-brain extraction of small neutral amino acids
      (alanine, serine, cysteine) was greatly enhanced. This greater extraction
      compensated for the decreased supply of alanine brought about by its decreased
      plasma concentration and the lower CBF. In contrast, the extraction of the large
      amino acids tested (leucine, phenylalanine) was hardly increased, and the influx
      of phenylalanine was slightly decreased. These results suggest an alteration in
      the maturation of the brain capillary bed and capillary transport for neutral
      amino acids in hypothyroidism. The differential effect of hypothyroidism on some
      small and large amino acids is an additional argument for the existence of two
      systems of transport for neutral amino acids at the luminal membrane of brain
      capillary endothelial cells of immature rats.

PMID- 3988832
TI  - Evaluation of a double-tracer autoradiographic technique for the measurement of
      both local cerebral glucose metabolism and local cerebral blood flow.
AB  - A solvent washout technique is evaluated that could be used to remove one 14C
      tracer after a combined autoradiographic CMRglu and CBF study using [14C]2
      deoxyglucose (2DG) and [14C]iodoantipyrine (IAP). The technique permits the
      simultaneous measurement of local CBF and local CMRglu in the same animal without
      the use of the short-lived tracers of iodine, 123I and 131I, for iodoantipyrine
      labeling. This report shows that brain tissue sections did not retain 14C from
      [14C]2DG when chloroform was used as the washout solvent. Chloroform washing
      removes nearly all the 14C from [14C]IAP. For this study, careful attention was
      given to the control, prewash measurement of 14C concentration.

PMID- 3988833
TI  - Nimodipine has an inhibitory action on neurotransmitter release from human
      cerebral arteries.
AB  - The effect of the dihydropyridine nimodipine was studied on the resting and K+
      evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) and [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) from
      postmortem human cerebral arteries. Nimodipine, at a concentration of 30 microM,
      significantly reduced the K+-evoked release of [3H]ACh from anterior and middle
      cerebral arteries by 36 and 70%, respectively, and the K+-evoked release of
      [3H]5HT from basilar and middle cerebral arteries by 55 and 66%, respectively.
      The mode of action of nimodipine is interpreted in terms of a specific effect on
      the depolarisation-induced calcium current occurring in neuronal elements present
      in these preparations but absent from brain.

PMID- 3988834
TI  - Chemical toxicology searching: a comparative study of online data-bases.
AB  - A collaborative project to compare and evaluate information resources and
      searching techniques for the retrieval of chemical toxicology information has
      been carried out by 14 organizations. The project involved independent searching
      of test queries, with subsequent extensive evaluation of results and failure
      analysis. The results relating particularly to online searching are presented and
      discussed.

PMID- 3988835
TI  - Combinatorial problems in computer-assisted structural interpretation of carbon
      13 NMR spectra.
AB  - Combinatorial problems posed by a method for computer-assisted structural
      interpretation of 13C NMR spectra based upon fragments consisting of a carbon
      atom and its alpha neighbors are discussed. The basic problem of generating all
      structures consistent with a set of inferred fragments that contains mutually
      exclusive alternatives is divided into two parts: generation of combinations of
      fragments and exhaustive assembly of each combination into molecules. Algorithmic
      solutions to both of these problems are presented in detail.

PMID- 3988836
TI  - Separation of serum proteins on a Fe3+-monohydroxamate adsorbent.
AB  - The Fe3+-monohydroxamate adsorbent was tested by chromatography of increasing
      volumes of serum proteins. The specifically bound proteins were displaced in a
      stepwise manner by increasing the sodium chloride concentration. The resolved
      chromatographic fractions were further analysed by gel electrophoresis. A
      comparison between the properties of Fe3+-monohydroxamate and commercially
      available adsorbents is presented.

PMID- 3988837
TI  - Automated gas chromatographic method for the determination of residual solvents
      in bulk pharmaceuticals.
AB  - A generalized gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of a
      wide variety of residual solvents and other volatile impurities in bulk
      pharmaceuticals. The method employs a highly selective graphitized carbon-black
      stationary phase, which is demonstrated to retain compounds on the basis of a
      linear combination of their boiling points and molecular volumes (i.e., molecular
      weight divided by density). An autosampler is utilized to optimize injection
      precision and to provide for high sample throughput. Analytical data from
      replicate determinations of seven representative compounds are reported, and it
      is shown that calibration of the chromatographic systems against external
      standards produces comparable results to those obtained by standard addition
      techniques.

PMID- 3988838
TI  - Determination of 1,3-diphenyltriazene and azobenzene in D&C Red No. 33 by solvent
      extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Data are presented for the determination of trace levels of 1,3-diphenyltriazene
      (DPT) and azobenzene (AB) in D&C Red No. 33. The contaminants are extracted with
      chloroform from an aqueous solution of the color, and the chloroform is removed
      under vacuum. The residue is dissolved in acetonitrile and the solution is
      analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
      detection at 365 nm. DPT and AB were determined at levels of less than or equal
      to 439 ppb and less than or equal to 2.2 ppm, respectively, in samples of
      commercial D&C Red No. 33. Method precision for the DPT determination (five
      analyses) was 6.8% relative standard deviation. The UV-Vis spectra of the HPLC
      analytes, obtained by using a rapid-scan diode-array spectrophotometer, were used
      to confirm the identity of the DPT and AB responses produced during analysis of
      the D&C Red No. 33 extracts. The method is also useful for the separation of cis-
      and trans-AB.

PMID- 3988839
TI  - Purification of a basic glycoprotein allergen from pollen of timothy by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The use of high-performance ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography in the
      purification of the basic timothy pollen allergen antigen 30 (Ag 30) was
      investigated. The most efficient purification was achieved when an initial
      purification step on a CM-Sepharose CL-6B column was followed by chromatography
      on Mono S and TSK G 2000 SW columns. This procedure was highly reproducible and
      well suited for semi-preparative scale purification of the allergen. The purified
      allergen gave one band on isoelectric focusing, corresponding to a pI of 9.30. On
      fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis a single precipitate was obtained that
      coincided with the allergenic activity.

PMID- 3988840
TI  - Rapid determination of the neurotoxin lolitrem B in perennial ryegrass by high
      performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive and quantitative method, based on high-performance liquid
      chromatography with fluorescence detection, is described for the determination of
      the neurotoxin lolitrem B in perennial ryegrass, in the ppm to sub-ppm range. The
      method, which requires a minimal clean-up step prior to chromatographic analysis,
      is suitable for the routine analysis of large numbers of ryegrass samples, and is
      currently being used in New Zealand to study the livestock disorder ryegrass
      staggers. The method is suitable for determining lolitrem B in the whole plant,
      the seed, and dissected plant components.

PMID- 3988841
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic strategies for the determination and
      confirmation of anticoagulant rodenticide residues in animal tissues.
AB  - A comprehensive approach to the analysis of anticoagulant rodenticide residues in
      animal tissues based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been
      developed. Residues of warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum,
      bromadiolone, diphacinone and chlorophacinone were extracted with
      chloroformacetone (1:1, v/v). Extracts were cleaned-up by an integrated gel
      permeation and adsorption chromatographic procedure which divided the
      rodenticides into two groups. Residues were then determined and confirmed using
      normal-phase, ion-pair and weak ion-exchange HPLC techniques. Ion-pair gradient
      separation resolved all seven rodenticides in a single chromatographic analysis.
      UV detection methods were employed for all seven rodenticides. Use of a diode
      array detection system permitted additional confirmation of residues down to 0.1
      mg kg-1 by matching UV spectra and derivatives of spectra. Sensitive fluorescence
      detection was possible for the coumarin-based rodenticides but not for
      diphacinone and chlorophacinone. Post-column pH-switching fluorescence detection
      methods were shown to be superior to other methods of fluorescence detection of
      coumarin-based rodenticides. Recoveries from spiked liver tissue were around 90%
      at levels from 0.05 to 1 mg kg-1. Detection limits of around 0.002 mg kg-1 for
      most rodenticides and of 0.01 mg kg-1 for warfarin could be achieved with animal
      tissue extracts.

PMID- 3988842
TI  - Synthesis of new hydrophobic adsorbents based on homologous series of uncharged
      alkyl sulphide agarose derivatives.
AB  - A homologous series of uncharged thioalkyl derivatives of agarose were prepared
      by a simplified synthetic route and their adsorption behaviour towards human
      serum proteins was evaluated and compared with that of a commercially available
      alkyl ether derivative of agarose. The influence of the spacer arm length on the
      adsorption efficiency was also investigated. The degree of substitution of the
      derivatives can be estimated conveniently by sulphur analysis. The four different
      types of thiolkyl derivatives (C6, C8, C12 and C14) investigated here behave in
      all respects like hydrophobic adsorbents. The coupling yield obtained is high
      (75% or more) and is better than that obtained by alternative synthetic routes
      reported so far. The adsorption capacity towards serum proteins of the various
      derivatives increases with increasing alkyl chain length and degree of
      substitution. Desorption is achieved by a progressive decrease in the polarity of
      the eluent and the recovery of the applied material is in the range 80-90%. The
      role played by the thioether as a possible modulator of the observed hydrophobic
      adsorption is discussed. For the group separation of serum proteins the optimum
      adsorbent, as regards capacity combined with ease of elution of adsorbed
      material, should be substituted with chains of six or eight carbon atoms and have
      a ligand concentration in the range 80-120 mumole g-1 dry gel.

PMID- 3988843
TI  - Silver-modified mobile phase for normal-phase liquid chromatographic
      determination of prostaglandins and their 5,6-trans isomers in prostaglandin bulk
      drugs and triacetin solutions.
AB  - A silver-modified, normal-phase, high-performance liquid chromatographic system
      has been developed for prostaglanding bulk drugs and triacetin solutions. Silver
      nitrate present in the mobile phase results in high selectivity for cis/trans
      isomers with conventional silica columns. Prostaglandins were esterified with
      alpha-bromo-2'-acetonaphthone prior to chromatography to provide high
      detectability at 254 nm. For dilute triacetin solutions, a sample preparation
      scheme based on gravity-flow chromatography with silica columns was developed to
      isolate the prostaglandin from triacetin prior to derivatization. The analytical
      technique was applied to triacetin solutions containing as little as 10
      micrograms/ml arbaprostil [15-(R)-methyl-PGE2].

PMID- 3988844
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of human haemoglobin
      chains.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the
      separation of human haemoglobin chains has been devised. Using a LiChrospher 100
      CH-8/2 column and a ternary eluent (acetonitrile-methanol-0.155 M NaCl, pH 2.7)
      improved resolution was achieved between (delta beta) Lepore, beta A, beta S,
      alpha, G gamma and A gamma chains within a 60-min linear gradient. The A gamma T
      chain can also be separated by increasing the gradient time and decreasing the
      flow-rate. Silanophilic interactions play an important role in the retention
      mechanism, and NaCl addition was necessary in order to suppress adsorption on
      free silanols. Increasing the methanol concentration to 10% caused a slight
      increase in chain retention, probably owing to solvation of the stationary phase.
      The recovery was 82% and the reproducibility of retention times was as good as +/
      1.5%. Quantitation of chains is likely to be possible by peak area measurement.
      Owing to its sensitivity, the proposed method may be useful in the diagnosis of
      haemoglobinopathies and in the study of haemoglobin variants.

PMID- 3988845
TI  - Rapid high-yield purification of canine intestinal motilin and its complete
      sequence determination.
AB  - Canine motilin has been purified from small amounts of canine intestine in a form
      suitable for microsequence analysis. The sequence determined is: Phe-Val-Pro-Ile
      Phe-Thr-His-Ser-Glu-Leu-Gln-Lys-Ile-Arg-Glu-Lys-Glu-Arg- Asn-Lys - Ile-Arg-Asn
      Lys-Gly-Gln. Canine motilin differs from porcine motilin at five positions. The
      rapid, high-yield (24% overall yield) microisolation techniques used for canine
      motilin should be suitable for the isolation of other basic peptides found in low
      levels in tissue that is available only in limited amounts. These methods should
      make the isolation and sequence determination of human brain and gut peptides
      more readily achievable.

PMID- 3988847
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separations of
      tetracycline derivatives using volatile mobile phases.

PMID- 3988846
TI  - Quantitative determination of amoxicillin and its decomposition products by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Amoxicillin, amoxicilloates, amoxicillin oligomers and amoxicillin piperazine-2,5
      dione are separated by reversed-phase (C8) high-performance liquid chromatography
      with gradient elution. Quantitative results are reported for a number of samples.
      Amoxicillin trihydrate samples mostly contain amoxicilloate as the main impurity.
      Samples of the sodium salt also contain the piperazine-2,5-dione and the dimer.
      Higher oligomers such as the trimer and tetramer were not present in significant
      amounts. Several samples were also analysed by a mercurimetric titration method.

PMID- 3988848
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography with stop-flow ultraviolet spectral
      characterization of lolitrem neurotoxins from perennial ryegrass.
AB  - The lolitrem neurotoxins, potent tremorgenic toxins isolated from perennial
      ryegrass, were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography with stop
      flow UV spectral characterization. Comparison with some known indoles and indolic
      tremorgenic mycotoxins, together with chemically reduced lolitrem B, the major
      lolitrem neurotoxin, established the central indole chromophore of the lolitrems.
      The stop-flow UV spectral characterization was useful for identification of
      lolitrem B in ryegrass plant and seed extracts.

PMID- 3988849
TI  - Derivatization, identification and separation of carboxylic acids in wines and
      beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the derivatization,
      identification and separation of carboxylic acids in beverages such as wines and
      other commercial drinks or natural fruit juices has been developed. The accuracy
      and precision of the method are discussed with reference to specific methods for
      the determination of single acids. Applications to the analysis of different
      wines and beverages are demonstrated.

PMID- 3988850
TI  - Determination of choline and acetylcholine levels in rat brain regions by liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - Regional choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) in rat brain were clearly
      determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection. The method is based on that of Potter et al.: the hydrogen peroxide
      that is enzymatically produced from both compounds is measured and a successful
      improvement of the method, particularly for purification, is described.
      Recoveries were 96.1 +/- 1.4% for Ch and 95.6 +/- 2.2% for ACh and amounts as low
      as 10 pmol could be determined. Prior to measuring the compounds, a newly
      developed magnetic field microwave instrument (10 kW) was utilized for the rapid
      inactivation of brain enzymes. The levels of Ch and ACh in brain regions were
      compared with those reported elsewhere.

PMID- 3988851
TI  - Determination of emepronium bromide in tablets by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3988852
TI  - Determination of testosterone propionate in human plasma by gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - A specific, sensitive and accurate quantitative analysis of testosterone
      propionate in human plasma was developed using gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry-selected-ion monitoring. For the calculation of testosterone
      propionate in plasma, peak height ratios were measured by selected-ion monitoring
      performed on the molecular ions of the trifluoroacetyl derivative of testosterone
      propionate (m/z 440) and testosterone propionate-19,19,19-d3 (m/z 443). The
      sensitivity of the method was judged from the lower limit of the detection of the
      mass spectrometer which was at 20 pg. The inter-assay coefficients of variation
      and relative error at a concentration of 1.31 ng/ml of plasma were 5.47% and 
      2.3%, respectively. The method described was applied to the determination of
      plasma concentrations of testosterone propionate-19,19,19-d3 following an
      intramuscular dose of testosterone propionate-19,19,19-d3 in a healthy male
      volunteer.

PMID- 3988853
TI  - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatile amines produced by
      several strains of Clostridium.
AB  - A gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric technique is proposed for the analysis
      of volatile amines which were isolated from Clostridium cultures by vacuum
      distillation and concentrated as hydrochloride salts. Headspace sampling after
      alkalinization of the salts under vacuum was the most suitable for subsequent gas
      chromatographic analysis. With ammonia-loaded helium as carrier gas, methylamines
      were separated on 4.8% PEG 2OM + 0.3% potassium hydroxide on Carbopack B, and
      other volatile amines on 28% Pennwalt 223 + 4% potassium hydroxide on Gas-Chrom
      R. Bacterial volatile amines (dimethylamine, trimethylamine, isobutylamine, 3
      methylbutylamine, etc.) were detected with a flame-ionization detector and
      identified by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry in electron-impact and
      chemical ionization modes.

PMID- 3988854
TI  - Assessment of head-space gas-liquid chromatography for the rapid detection of
      growth in blood cultures.
AB  - Blood for transfusion was inoculated with between 10(0) and 10(2) colony-forming
      units (CFU) per ml of each of 59 microbial isolates and added to cooked meat
      broth. At intervals up to 72 h incubation, the cultures were examined by
      conventional visual inspection and automated head-space gas-liquid chromatography
      (HS-GLC). Forty-six isolates including all those examined of Staphylococcus
      aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. faecalis, S. milleri, S.
      mitior, S. mitis, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Serratia sp.,
      Enterobacter cloacae, Bacterioides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Candida
      albicans, C. krusei and Torulopsis glabrata, and three isolates of Staphylococcus
      epidermidis, were detected by HS-GLC. HS-GLC failed to detect the growth of
      eleven isolates including all those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus. Haemophilus influenzae, Corynebacterium sp. and two isolates of S.
      epidermidis. The growth of all 59 isolates were detected by visual inspection. No
      significant difference was found between HS-GLC analysis and visual inspection in
      the speed of detection of bacterial isolates. All the yeast isolates were
      detected by HS-GLC after 24 h incubation, indicating that it may be possible to
      detect fungemias earlier by HS-GLC analysis than by other methods.

PMID- 3988855
TI  - Structural analysis of underivatized sialic acids by combined high-performance
      liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Mass spectra of chemically ionized, positive ions of underivatized N,O-acylated
      sialic acids, 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid and sialyl-alpha(2-3)
      lactose were obtained by combined high-performance liquid chromatography--mass
      spectrometry, using a direct liquid inlet system. The mass spectra of the
      different compounds for which fragmentation schemes are proposed enable the
      differentiation between sialic acids, although the localization of O-substituents
      is not possible. However, since the various sialic acids separated well on high
      performance liquid chromatography, combined high-performance liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed their unequivocal characterization.

PMID- 3988856
TI  - Quantities of B6 vitamers in human milk by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Influence of maternal vitamin B6 status.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive procedure is described for the analysis of the B6 vitamers
      pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine in human milk from women taking and not
      taking supplements containing the vitamin using high-performance liquid
      chromatography with fluorometric detection. Vitamer values represent the sum of
      their phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms. Minimum detectable quantities
      were 1-3 ng. Excellent recoveries of these vitamers in milk were obtained.
      Similar B6 vitamer concentrations of milk were obtained using the developed high
      performance liquid chromatographic and the accepted microbiological techniques.
      Pyridoxal, actually consisting of pyridoxal plus pyridoxal phosphate, was the
      predominant B6 vitamer in human milk. The concentration of B6 vitamers in milk
      was reflective of the maternal vitamin B6 status.

PMID- 3988857
TI  - Determination of inorganic sulphate in plasma by reversed-phase chromatography
      using ultraviolet detection and its application to plasma samples of patients
      receiving different types of haemodialysis.
AB  - The determination of sulphate in plasma is described, making use of reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The
      concentration of inorganic sulphate determined in plasma of twenty healthy
      volunteers was 0.307 +/- 0.092 mmol/l (mean +/- S.D.). In one stable chronic
      dialysis patient the kinetics of plasma sulphate removal were monitored during
      and after one single pass dialysis. In addition, plasma sulphate concentrations
      were determined in three stable chronic dialysis patients during a consecutive
      scheme of two single pass dialyses, five Redy dialyses and three single pass
      dialyses. As expected, plasma sulphate accumulates in plasma to a high steady
      state level under Redy dialysis, whereas during single pass dialysis sulphate is
      efficiently removed.

PMID- 3988858
TI  - Determination of inorganic sulfate in human saliva and sweat by controlled-flow
      anion chromatography. Normal values in adult humans.
AB  - Following the previous demonstration that low concentrations of inorganic sulfate
      (SO4) in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid can be accurately determined by
      controlled-flow anion chromatography, the assay has been extended to the
      quantitation of free SO4 in saliva and sweat by modification of the established
      methods of sample collection and preparation. Salivary secretions were
      ultrafiltered to remove macromolecular polyanions that bind irreversibly to the
      anion-exchange separator column and reduce resolution. Sweat was collected from
      22 fasted adult volunteers using a method which utilizes absorbent filter pads
      applied to the forearm after secretion had been stimulated by pilocarpine
      iontophoresis. It was necessary to acid wash the filter pads to reduce sulfate
      contamination. Saliva ultrafiltrate or sweat was diluted and injected onto a
      Dionex D-10 Ion Analyzer using the standard anion column system. The mean
      inorganic SO4 concentration in saliva from seventeen adult fasting volunteers was
      72 +/- 4 mumol/l (+/- S.E.); the mean SO4 concentration in sweat was 83 +/- 3
      mumol/l. Both are significantly less than in matching serum, suggesting that SO4
      is actively removed during formation of these glandular secretions. The ion
      chromatographic assay is shown to be capable of measuring SO4 in biological
      fluids at concentrations that are otherwise undetectable by conventional assay
      techniques.

PMID- 3988859
TI  - Determination of phthalic acid, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-(2
      ethylhexyl) phthalate in human plasma and in blood products.
AB  - Pretreatment for the determination of phthalic acid, mono-(2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate (MEHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in human serum or plasma,
      and the determination of these compounds in blood products by high-performance
      liquid chromatography was studied. The amount of phthalic acid, MEHP and DEHP,
      migrated into blood products from a flexible bag, was studied. About 0.1% of DEHP
      in a flexible bag was found to have migrated into human platelet plasma. Most of
      the MEHP and phthalic acid detected in human platelet plasma was not derived from
      the flexible bag but was produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the migrated DEHP.
      The amount of DEHP eluted into blood products from the flexible bag differed,
      depending upon storage time, storage temperature, etc.

PMID- 3988860
TI  - Clavulanate-potentiated ticarcillin: high-performance liquid chromatographic
      assays for clavulanic acid and ticarcillin isomers in serum and urine.
AB  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assays for the determination of
      clavulanic acid and ticarcillin in biological fluids are described. The
      clavulanic acid assay uses serum ultrafiltrate and direct injection of diluted
      urine with reversed-phase ion-pair/counter-ion chromatography. The ticarcillin
      assay allows, for the first time, the separation and quantitation of two isomers
      of ticarcillin. The performance of these assays has been evaluated and found to
      be satisfactory for routine clinical use and thus the assays have been applied to
      the study of the pharmacokinetics of these analytes in a subject with renal
      failure.

PMID- 3988861
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and amperometric detection
      of 3-O-methyl isoprenaline sulphate: application to studies on the presystemic
      metabolism of d-isoprenaline in man.
AB  - A selective method for the determination of 3-O-methyl isoprenaline sulphate in
      human urine and blood plasma has been developed using reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. The
      sulphoconjugate was subjected to acidic hydrolysis and the liberated 3-O-methyl
      isoprenaline was isolated by organic extraction and conventional cation exchange.
      An internal standard of 3-O-methyl isoetharine was synthesized from commercially
      available isoetharine and used to correct for recovery losses. The assay was
      shown to be linear over the range 5 ng/ml to 20 micrograms/ml with a limit of
      detection of 2 ng/ml. The reliability of the analytical method was examined
      together with its applicability to in-vivo studies in man.

PMID- 3988862
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of 6-methylthioguanine, a major
      metabolite of 6-thioguanine, in urine.
AB  - A flow-fluorimetric high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 6
      methylthioguanine in urine has been developed. This compound is a major
      catabolite of 6-thioguanine, an important drug in cancer chemotherapy. The
      metabolite was extracted from alkaline urine with ethyl acetate which was
      injected onto a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic system for
      separation and detection. The method is simple, rapid and sensitive to below 500
      ng ml-1 which is below the levels encountered following a therapeutic dose of 6
      thioguanine. Another metabolite was chromatographically separated from 6
      methylthioguanine and partially characterised.

PMID- 3988863
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of indecainide, a new antiarrhythmic drug,
      and its major metabolite, desisopropyl indecainide, in biological samples.
AB  - A simple, sensitive, and selective method for the determination of indecainide
      and its metabolite, desisopropyl indecainide, in human plasma (or serum) and
      urine is described. The compounds are extracted from alkalinized plasma or urine
      samples with ethyl acetate--hexane (9:1); the solvent is evaporated under
      nitrogen and the residue is reconstituted in the mobile phase. The compounds are
      chromatographed on a Zorbax C8 column, using 0.25 M ammonium acetate-
      acetonitrile--methanol--tetrahydrofuran (60:20:16:4) as the eluent at 1.5 ml/min.
      The effluent is monitored at 270 nm or by using a fluorescence detector (lambda
      exc 270 nm, lambda em 315 nm).

PMID- 3988864
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of baclofen in plasma and urine
      of man after precolumn extraction and derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the
      determination of the skeletal muscle relaxant baclofen in human plasma and urine
      is described. Cation-exchange extraction, precolumn derivatization with o
      phthaldialdehyde, and on-column concentration precede fluorimetric detection
      (excitation at 340 nm, emission at 460 nm). The precision of the assay was always
      better than 6%. Recoveries of standards added to plasma and urine were 92% and
      93%, respectively. With a sample size of 0.5 ml, a detection limit of a few
      nanograms, and the possibility of analysing up to four samples per hour, this
      method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. An example is presented.

PMID- 3988865
TI  - Determination of chlorprothixene and its sulfoxide metabolite in plasma by high
      performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and amperometric detection.
AB  - This communication describes a rapid, sensitive and selective method for the
      assay of chlorprothixene and its sulfoxide metabolite in human plasma, using
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Alkalinized plasma was
      extracted with heptane--isoamyl alcohol (99:1), after addition of thioridazine as
      the internal standard. The residue obtained after evaporation of this extract was
      chromatographed on a cyano column, using acetonitrile--0.02 M potassium
      dihydrogen phosphate pH 4.5 (60:40) as the mobile phase with ultraviolet (229 nm)
      detection. Quantitation was based on peak height ratios over the concentration
      range of 5.0-50.0 ng/ml for both compounds with 85% and 90% recovery for
      chlorprothixene and its sulfoxide metabolite, respectively, using a 1.0-ml plasma
      sample. The assay chromatographically resolves chlorprothixene and the sulfoxide
      metabolite from the N-desmethyl metabolite, which can only be semi-quantitated
      owing to low and variable recoveries. The method was used to obtain plasma
      concentration versus time profiles in two subjects after oral administration of
      100 mg of chlorprothixene suspension and in two additional subjects following
      overdosages of chlorprothixene estimated to exceed several hundred milligrams.
      These analyses demonstrated that the sulfoxide metabolite is the predominant
      plasma component following therapeutic administration and overdosages. High
      performance liquid chromatography with oxidative amperometric detection with the
      glassy carbon electrode was also evaluated. Although this procedure demonstrated
      comparable sensitivity and precision to ultraviolet detection for the analysis of
      chlorprothixene and N-desmethyl chlorprothixene, the sulfoxide metabolite could
      not be measured with high sensitivity (less than 100 ng/ml) owing to endogenous
      interferences. Hence the utility of this alternative assay technique is limited.

PMID- 3988866
TI  - Total oestriol in maternal serum or plasma as measured by liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3988867
TI  - Simple and fast analysis of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma on microbore
      high-performance liquid chromatography columns using fluorimetric detection.

PMID- 3988869
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of verapamil in plasma using
      a diol column.

PMID- 3988868
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography assays of phenylpyruvate and
      phenylpyruvate oxidase.

PMID- 3988870
TI  - Simplified liquid chromatographic analysis for cyclosporin A in blood and plasma
      with use of rapid extraction.

PMID- 3988871
TI  - Reproducible measurement of amphotericin B in serum by high-performance liquid
      chromatography in alkaline buffer.

PMID- 3988872
TI  - New sensitive method to determine noscapine in serum by reversed-phase liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 3988873
TI  - Quantitation of iothalamate in serum and urine by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 3988874
TI  - Quantitative analysis of (3-methoxy-4-sulphooxyphenyl)ethylene glycol (MHPG
      sulphate) in human urine.

PMID- 3988875
TI  - Analysis of antigenic relationships among influenza virus strains using a
      taxonomic cluster procedure. Comparison of three kinds of antibody preparations.
AB  - Hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) monoclonal antibody preparations (MA) were
      raised against six influenza A (H3N2) strains from the period 1977-1982. Twenty
      three hybridomas were selected and titrated in HI assays against these strains
      and against 18 influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated in The Netherlands during the
      seasons 1981-1982 and 1982-1983. Similar HI tests were performed with
      conventional post-infection ferret antisera and with ferret antisera adsorbed
      with heterologous strains of influenza A (H3N2) virus. The resulting serological
      data were subjected to a computerized taxonomic cluster procedure based on the
      Euclidean distance between viruses. With respect to the degree of separation
      between clusters the unadsorbed ferret antisera were inferior to the adsorbed
      antisera whereas the MA were superior to both. Our results demonstrate that
      computer programs based on numerical taxonomy can be helpful in processing large
      numbers of serological data and that MA are indispensable in epidemiological and
      diagnostic influenza studies.

PMID- 3988877
TI  - Purification of biologically active rubella virus antigens by immunoaffinity
      chromatography.
AB  - A general procedure for isolating biologically active rubella virus antigens
      (VPI, Mr = 61,000; VP2, Mr = 45,000; VP3, Mr = 36,000) by monoclonal antibody
      affinity chromatography is described. Complexes formed between monoclonal
      antibodies and rubella virus antigens were found to be stable either at low pH or
      in Tris buffer containing detergent and high salt, but were efficiently
      dissociated by 5% diethanolamine, pH 11.5, or 50 mM lithium diiodosalicylate
      buffer, pH 8.0. Chromatographically purified rubella viral antigens retained
      their antigenicity as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
      Biological studies showed that rubella structural proteins VP2 and VP3 had no
      hemagglutinin function while the mixture of VP1 and VP2 and VP3 directly
      demonstrated hemagglutination activity. These results indicate that VP1 is at
      least in part responsible for the hemagglutinin function of rubella virus.

PMID- 3988876
TI  - Comparative study of DHBV DNA levels and endogenous DNA polymerase activity in
      naturally infected ducklings in France.
AB  - Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) was found in the serum of 1-6% of Pekin ducklings
      originated from French commercial flocks. The viremia was followed in the serum
      of 5 ducklings over a span of 3 mth by monitoring the levels of DHBV DNA and the
      endogenous DNA polymerase (DNAp) activity. The DHBV DNA levels in serum were
      quantified either by the DNA dot hybridization technique including counting of
      retained radioactivity, or by successive dilutions of each serum sample followed
      by DNA hybridization. The counting of the retained radioactivity was plotted on a
      curve and its evolution compared with that of viral DNAp activity. DHBV DNA
      levels in serum, estimated by both methods paralleled those of the DNAp activity,
      which peaked at the 4th or 5th week posthatch to decrease and fluctuate
      thereafter. Occasional discordance between DHBV DNA levels and the endogenous
      DNAp activity was observed, which could be correlated with the degree of repair
      of the single stranded gap of serum DHBV DNA. Parallel follow up studies
      comparing quantitative estimations of serum viral DNA and of DNAp activity, as
      presented here, may provide some clues for the understanding of the mechanisms
      involved in the establishment of the HEPA DNA virus carrier state. Such
      comparative studies may also be crucial for optimal monitoring of antiviral drugs
      in both human clinical trials and animal experimental studies.

PMID- 3988878
TI  - Long-term funding for epidemiologic research.

PMID- 3988879
TI  - Nonelective readmissions of medical patients.
AB  - Because it is difficult to predict the course of patients discharged from the
      hospital, we studied 1646 consecutive patients discharged from the medicine
      service to the care of the hospital's medical staff. Conditions serious enough to
      warrant urgent or emergent (nonelective) readmissions developed in 278 (16.9%)
      within 90 days. Multivariate analyses including 14 characteristics of patients at
      the time of discharge showed five to be significantly associated with
      readmissions: more frequent ER visits in the 6 months prior to admission, higher
      BUN levels, arterial PO2 less than 80 mmHg, WBC greater than or equal to
      12,000/mm3, and anemia. Using scores from the derived discriminant function,
      patients could be separated into groups with levels of risk for readmission
      varying from 7.3% to 38.0%. Nonelective readmission was found to be a frequent
      and early complication after hospital discharge. The characteristics identified
      provide a way to recognize high risk patients for clinical interventions.

PMID- 3988880
TI  - The contribution of subclinical cancer to Denver's high prostatic cancer
      incidence rate.
AB  - In order to quantitate the contribution of latent prostatic cancer to the very
      high prostatic cancer incidence rate in Denver, we conducted a population-based
      study. In 1979, 33% of 402 incidence cases were discovered incidentally, 4% at
      autopsy and 29% because of surgery for presumably benign prostatic disease. Of
      the unsuspected cases, 43% were stage A1, i.e. low grade and focal. The rest were
      high grade, more extensive, or both. It is expected that unsuspected cancers are
      a highly variable component of reported rates of prostatic cancer from other
      areas since their frequency of discovery depends upon urological and pathological
      practices that have been demonstrated to vary greatly from region to region.

PMID- 3988881
TI  - Can cardiac death be predicted from an ambulatory 24-hour ECG?
AB  - For the prediction of cardiac death significant prognostic information can be
      derived from ambulatory 24-hr ECGs when they are recorded on indication in the
      cardiological outpatient-clinic. In both CHD and non-CHD patients, ventricular
      arrhythmias, supraventricular arrhythmias and conduction disturbances are all of
      importance in the assessment of prognosis. These conclusions are based on a
      review of all 123 cardiac deaths and 433 randomly selected survivors from a
      cohort of 5095 patients who underwent 24-hr ECG-recording on clinical indication
      and whose survival status was ascertained 18 months after the recording date.

PMID- 3988882
TI  - Behavioral and physiologic determinants of long-term prognosis after myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - We studied the accuracy of predictions of long-term prognosis after infarction in
      a sample of 118 non-smoking, post-coronary males using: behavioral indices only;
      physiologic risk factors only; and a combination of behavioral indices and
      physiologic risk factors. To isolate valid behavioral indices, we measured 49
      signs and symptoms of a lifestyle characterized by chronic struggle from
      videotapes of subjects undergoing a structured interview. Of these, 15 had a
      univariate relationship to recurrent cardiac events, and four--intensity, self
      involvement, periorbital pigmentation and arousal while driving--had a
      multivariate relationship. Of six physiologic risk factors, one--the Peel Index-
      was related to recurrent cardiac events. Separately, each model achieved
      approximately 70% accuracy in classifying subjects into their future reinfarction
      status; jointly, predictive accuracy increased to 75%. The results suggest that
      living a lifestyle of chronic struggle increases risk for recurrent myocardial
      infarction, independently of the risk incurred by standard physiologic risk
      factors. The need for precise assessment of individual signs and symptoms of this
      lifestyle and implications for secondary prevention are discussed.

PMID- 3988883
TI  - Replication of multicenter clinical trials for efficacy?

PMID- 3988884
TI  - The boundaries of medicine.

PMID- 3988885
TI  - Criteria to construct reference indices.

PMID- 3988887
TI  - Genes and morphogenesis--challenges for developmental biology.

PMID- 3988886
TI  - Monoclonal gammopathies in Japanese patients with Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - We report 10 Japanese patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) who developed
      monoclonal gammopathies (MG). One was of the IgG class, five of IgA, three of
      IgM, and one of IgG/IgM. The monoclonality of 7 of 10 M proteins was studied
      using antiidiotypic (Id) antibodies against M proteins. Four (three IgA and one
      IgM) of 10 M proteins had rheumatoid factor (RF) activity. Hemagglutination
      inhibition tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) showed that the
      RF activity was inhibited by anti-Id antibodies in all four monoclonal RFs. In
      two patients examined, many cells infiltrating into the salivary glands were
      stained with anti-Id antibodies. Our review of 19 Japanese SS patients with MG
      revealed that the non-IgM class predominated (13/19). This contrasts with 19
      reported non-Japanese SS patients, among whom 14 were IgM. In both Japanese and
      non-Japanese patients there was a higher incidence of MG in primary than in
      secondary SS. The difference in the dominant heavy-chain class may reflect a
      difference in the genetic factors affecting B cell differentiation in
      immunologically disordered states.

PMID- 3988888
TI  - Quantitative localization of polystyrene microspheres following microinjection in
      the avian metencephalic neural crest pathway.
AB  - Polystyrene microspheres were microinjected into crest populations at two preotic
      sites in Hamburger-Hamilton stage 10 and 11 chick embryos to investigate factors
      modulating cephalic neural crest fate. Analyses of microsphere localization and
      comparisons with cephalic crest fate maps indicated the following: microspheres
      injected at stage 10 localized with derivatives reflecting the fate of the crest
      population at the injection site; microspheres injected at stage 11 exhibited
      minimal displacement; and localization in ectoderm was similar in embryos
      injected at either stage. These results suggest that microinjected microspheres
      can be used to investigate normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis.

PMID- 3988889
TI  - Unilateral clefts: a new defect of the rat secondary palate.
AB  - As shown in a previous study [Schupbach et al, 1984], different types of total
      and partial clefts of the secondary palate can be produced through amniocentesis
      performed in Sprague-Dawley rats at day 16.2 of gestation. Among these were a
      small number of unilateral clefts that were examined in the scanning electron
      microscope and in Epon sections. The 410 treated amnions yielded a total of 395
      viable fetuses. Total clefts occurred in 48.9% of viable fetuses examined at day
      17.8 and in 21.8% of those examined at days 19.3. Partial clefts were observed in
      14.1% and 18.5% of viable fetuses examined at days 17.8 and 19.3, respectively.
      Unilateral clefts were observed in 3.8-10.2% of the partial clefts and in 0.5
      1.8% of all viable fetuses. The eight animals with unilateral clefting included
      fetuses with a total unilateral cleft in the anterior hard palate. Morphological
      observations suggested that under conditions of delayed palatal closure total
      unilateral clefts may be the result of initial elevation of one, and delayed
      elevation of the other, shelf and partial unilateral clefts probably represent
      the result of an incomplete retrograde closure.

PMID- 3988890
TI  - Palatal anteversion as part of the iniencephaly malformation sequence.
AB  - We describe a fetus with hydrocephalus and the cranial and cervical findings of
      iniencephaly (enlarged foramen magnum, fusion of the upper cervical vertebrae,
      and a retroflexed, webbed neck) who had an unusual palatal abnormality ("palatal
      anteversion"). The posterio-lateral border of the secondary palate arose at the
      oral commissures, giving the palate an appearance of being folded so that the
      uvula was directed anteriorly. There were no clefts. Histologic sections of the
      junction of the secondary palate with the inner aspect of the oral commissures
      revealed continuity of the epithelial basement membranes and no unusual disarray
      of collagen fibers. This indicates that the unusual palatal orientation occurred
      during palatal formation and was not due to adhesion formation later in
      development. Failure of rotation of the palatal shelves prior to fusion and
      merging could account for the observed findings.

PMID- 3988891
TI  - Scanning electron microscope study of tongue development in the CD-1 mouse fetus.
AB  - The objective of this study was to examine three dimensionally the embryonic and
      fetal stages of tongue development with scanning electron microscopy. Time-bred
      CD-1 mice were sacrificed at quarter-day intervals on days 10-13, and at half-day
      intervals on days 13.5-16.5 of gestation. Fetal tongues were dissected and fixed
      in s-collidine buffered 4% glutaraldehyde at pH7.4, and subsequently processed
      for SEM viewing. Tongue development was initiated on the 11th day by the
      appearance of the tuberculum impar and the two lateral lingual swellings on arch
      I. This was followed by the elevation of the hypobranchial eminence, which unites
      arches III and IV in the ventral midline, and overgrows arch II anteriorly.
      During the 12th day, remodeling occurred in areas of arches II and III, forming
      the root of the tongue. A cone-shaped midline swelling, the epiglottis, appeared
      in the ventral midline of arches III and IV. By the 13th day, the general
      proportions of the tongue, occupied by the body, root, and epiglottis, were
      established. The single circumvallate papilla and fungiform papillae were
      initiated during the early part of the 13th day, followed on the 15th day by
      differentiation of filiform and foliate papillae and raised nodules of lingual
      tonsilar tissue. The SEM study documented the temporal and morphological sequence
      of events during mouse tongue development. The tuberculum impar persisted to the
      late fetal stages and may therefore contribute largely to the dorsum of the
      tongue anterior to the circumvallate papilla.

PMID- 3988892
TI  - The effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of the dental epithelium and
      odontoblasts of teleost tooth buds.
AB  - Secretory granule ultrastructure of teleost inner dental epithelial (IDE) cells
      has been reported to be similar to procollagen granules of other cells
      synthesizing collagen. This study describes the ultrastructure of secretory
      products in odontogenic cells during enameloid matrix formation in cichlids after
      inhibition of granule secretion with colchicine. Thirty-six fish were injected
      with 0.1 mg colchicine, then three were killed first at 2-hr intervals for 12 hr,
      then daily for 5 days. Tooth buds were processed for transmission electron
      microscopy, and ultrastructural alterations were assessed for each post-injection
      interval. Four hours post-injection, IDE cells contained increased numbers of
      secretory granules, lightly stained granules, dilated cisternae of the granular
      endoplasmic reticulum, and intercellular amorphous material. After 6 hr, the IDE
      intercellular amorphous material additionally contained electron dense deposits,
      and after 8 hr, the intercellular material had fibers similar in appearance to
      enameloid collagen. No ultrastructural changes were detected in odontoblasts that
      were in close proximity to the enameloid matrix. Only odontoblasts synthesizing
      predentin were affected by colchicine, and the observed alterations were similar
      to those seen in IDE cells. It is concluded that IDE cells synthesize and secrete
      ectodermal enameloid matrix collagen.

PMID- 3988893
TI  - International Neuropsychological Society. Program and abstracts: eighth European
      conference. June 12-25, 1985, Copenhagen, Denmark.

PMID- 3988894
TI  - Antiserum agar method for identification of Smith type exopolysaccharides in
      clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - We used an antiserum agar method to identify clinical Staphylococcus aureus
      strains producing an exopolysaccharide antigenically identical to the S. aureus
      Smith diffuse strain. S. aureus blood isolates were obtained from 137 patients,
      and three additional isolates were obtained from bone debridement. The 140
      patients were clinically divided into the following groups: endocarditis (7
      patients); pneumonia, empyema, or both (33 patients); intravascular device (34
      patients); superficial or wound infection or both (35 patients); deep tissue
      infections (18 patients); and 6, unknown bacteremias (13 patients). Ninety
      (64.3%) of the total 140 S. aureus isolates were found to produce precipitin
      halos on the antiserum agar. The percentage was greatest in the isolates from the
      endocarditis group (100%) and least in deep tissue infections (55.5%). The
      presence of clinical S. aureus strains producing exopolysaccharides antigenically
      identical to the Smith diffuse strain exopolysaccharide appears to be a common
      phenomenon.

PMID- 3988895
TI  - Surveillance of nosocomial infections by computer analysis of positive culture
      rates.
AB  - We describe a surveillance method that identifies excessive rates of positive
      cultures based on patient location, culture site, and organism identification.
      During a 6-month period, this surveillance method, coupled with epidemiological
      investigations, identified 19 small clusters of cross-infections and three small
      outbreaks of intravenous catheter-related bacteremias. These infections were
      associated with apparent breakdowns in proper technique. Concurrent, standard
      surveillance activities identified only three of these problems. These results
      demonstrate that computer analysis of positive culture rates is a sensitive and
      time-efficient method for detecting potentially preventable nosocomial
      infections.

PMID- 3988896
TI  - Standardization of a hyphal inoculum of aspergilli for amphotericin B
      susceptibility testing.
AB  - Standardized, evenly dispersed hyphal suspensions served as the inoculum in a
      microtiter technique for amphotericin B antifungal susceptibility testing.
      Preliminary testing with six strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus
      produced consistent and reproducible results at 30 degrees C over 24 h. The
      observed amphotericin B MICs required for hyphae (0.3 to 0.6 microgram/ml) were
      comparable to MICs required for conidia (0.16 to 0.6 microgram/ml). The results
      were evaluated and compared with previously published information.

PMID- 3988897
TI  - Rapid species identification of group C streptococci isolated from horses.
AB  - Two commercial systems, the API 20S (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and the
      Rapid Strep (API System S.A., Montalieu-Vercieu, France), were evaluated for ease
      of use and accuracy in the rapid identification of group C streptococci isolated
      from horses. A total of 85 Streptococcus isolates were tested, including S. equi
      (67 isolates), S. zooepidemicus (13 isolates), and S. equisimilis (5 isolates).
      All S. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates were correctly identified within 24 h
      by the Rapid Strep system. Specific grouping sera was necessary to distinguish
      between S. equisimilis and group G or L strains. The API 20S system did not
      provide species identification of any of these isolates. An identification of
      randomly selected isolates to species level was performed by conventional methods
      and confirmed the identification derived through the Rapid Strep system. Our
      results indicate that the Rapid Strep system is a valuable aid for species
      identification of equine isolates of group C streptococci.

PMID- 3988898
TI  - Controlled evaluation of supplemented peptone and Bactec blood culture broths for
      the detection of bacteremia and fungemia.
AB  - Comparison of conventional blood culture media with newer formulations of Bactec
      media for radiometric detection are lacking. Therefore, we compared the yield and
      speed of detection of clinically important microorganisms with supplemented
      peptone broth (SPB) and Bactec aerobic (6B) and anaerobic (7C or 7D) broths in
      7,627 blood samples from adult patients. Acridine orange stains from SPB,
      radiometric readings from Bactec, and routine subcultures from all bottles were
      done at the same time intervals. Bactec grew more facultative gram-positive
      bacteria (P less than 0.02), Bacteroides spp. (P less than 0.001), gram-negative
      anaerobes (P less than 0.001). The two-bottle Bactec system required less time to
      detect Staphylococcus aureus (P less than 0.001), facultative gram-positive
      bacteria (P less than 0.001), Escherichia coli (P less than 0.02), facultative
      gram-negative bacteria (P less than .001), and fungi (P less than 0.001).
      Overall, Bactec yielded 11% more microorganisms and detected bacteremia sooner in
      18% of samples than did SPB. This advantage was not because of radiometric
      monitoring, since most positive Bactec bottles were detected macroscopically. SPB
      offered no advantage for any group of microorganisms. We conclude that Bactec 6B
      and 7C or 7D broths used as a unit are superior to a single bottle of SPB with an
      equal volume of blood for the detection of bacteremia and fungemia, and that
      Bactec's superiority is not due to the method of detection.

PMID- 3988899
TI  - Thermophilic bacteria: a new cause of human disease.
AB  - We studied a group of 31 bacterial isolates from clinical specimens, received by
      the Centers for Disease Control since 1961, which have been denoted thermophilic
      for their unusual ability to grow at 50 degrees C. Microbiological
      characteristics were determined for the group, and an assessment of their
      clinical significance was made based on retrospective chart review. These
      bacteria are all gram-negative, nonfermentative, nonsporulating rods, most of
      which grow better at 42 or 50 degrees C than at 35 degrees C. Some of the
      bacteria could be implicated as the etiological agents for meningitis,
      endocarditis, and septicemia. Thermophilic bacteria should be considered
      potential pathogens when isolated from appropriate clinical specimens.

PMID- 3988900
TI  - Relationships among the results of coagulase, staphylococcal toxin, and
      thermonuclease tests on staphylococci from cow milk.
AB  - Production of staphylococcal alpha- or alpha-beta-toxins correlated well with
      production of coagulase or thermonuclease (or both) in 203 Staphylococcus aureus
      isolates from milk and should be reliable indicators of S. aureus in the absence
      of Staphylococcus intermedius. Failures to produce toxin, tube coagulase, or
      thermonuclease occurred in only 1 to 2% of S. aureus. Evidence of beta- or alpha
      beta-toxins was not found among 321 other staphylococci isolated from milk. A few
      coagulase- or thermonuclease-positive isolates not producing beta- or alpha-beta
      toxins were found among the Staphylococcus hyicus isolates.

PMID- 3988901
TI  - Quantitation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen in serum in the presence of
      antibodies to HBV core antigen: comparison with assays of serum HBV DNA, DNA
      polymerase, and HBV e antigen.
AB  - A quantitation procedure for hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in serum without
      prior removal of antibodies to HBcAg is described. The virus nucleoprotein core
      was released from hepatitis B virus (HBV) particles by treatment with Nonidet P
      40 detergent and allowed to form immune complexes with homologous antibodies to
      HBcAg present in the sera of HBV-infected individuals. After precipitation with
      2.0% polyethylene glycol-1.5% Tween 20, the HBcAg immune complexes were
      dissociated by treatment with 3 M KSCN and then adsorbed onto polystyrene beads
      in the presence of the SCN- ions. Thereby, HBcAg and antibodies to HBcAg were
      linked independently of each other to the matrix, and the core antigen could be
      quantitated directly by incubation of the beads with 125I-labeled anti-HBc. Even
      in the presence of an excess of antibodies to HBcAg in the polyethylene glycol
      precipitates, HBcAg could be detected without appreciably affecting the
      sensitivity. The assay proved to be specific for core determinants and exhibited
      excellent reproducibility. The application of the HBcAg assay in 185 hepatitis B
      e antigen-positive sera revealed HBc antigenemia in 99% of the sera containing
      hepatitis B e antigen at titers of greater than or equal to 1:256 and 43% of the
      sera with lower hepatitis B e antigen levels. However, only in 6 of the 34 HBcAg
      negative sera could HBV DNA be detected by blot hybridization. When correlated
      with HBV-associated DNA polymerase (DNAP) activity, HBc antigenemia was found in
      all DNAP-positive sera (n = 95) and in 39% of the hepatitis B e antigen-positive
      sera without detectable DNAP activity (n = 44). Of the DNAP-negative sera with
      HBc antigenemia, 94% contained HBV DNA, whereas in the absence of HBcAg, HBV DNA
      could be detected only in 3 of 27 DNAP-negative sera. With regard to sensitivity,
      the HBcAg assay appeared to be less sensitive than the hybridization technique,
      but more sensitive than the DNAP assay.

PMID- 3988903
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G antibody to Pasteurella
      multocida in rabbits.
AB  - Three antigen preparations of Pasteurella multocida, lipopolysaccharide antigen,
      boiled-cell extract antigen, and boiled whole-bacterium antigen, were used in an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect rabbit immunoglobulin G
      antibody to P. multocida. The sensitivity of each antigen preparation was
      compared by using sera from P. multocida-infected and uninfected rabbits and sera
      from two rabbits immunized with different serotypes of P. multocida. In the
      ELISA, all three antigen preparations detected high titers of antibodies in
      infected rabbits and markedly lower levels in uninfected rabbits. When whole
      bacterium or boiled-cell extract antigens were used, the ELISA detected
      antibodies in sera from both immunized rabbits, but with lipopolysaccharide
      antigen, only antibody to the homologous serotype was detected. Sera absorbed
      with P. multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica, another respiratory pathogen of
      rabbits, revealed that antibodies detected in the ELISA did not cross-react.
      Since the lipopolysaccharide antigen was more difficult to prepare and may be
      type specific, and since the whole-bacterium antigen was the least sensitive, the
      boiled-cell extract was chosen as the best antigen preparation to use in the
      ELISA.

PMID- 3988902
TI  - Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in virulent and nonvirulent
      Staphylococcus aureus isolates.
AB  - Catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of virulent and nonvirulent
      isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were compared. The mean value of catalase
      activity for intact cell suspensions was 2,773 +/- 1,049 Kat f units (Kat f is
      defined as the ratio of the velocity constant of catalase at 0 min to the protein
      content in grams per milliliter); that of nonvirulent isolates was 154 +/- 92 Kat
      f units. The mean value of the catalase activities for lysates of virulent
      isolates was 260 +/- 120 Kat f units, and that of nonvirulent isolates was 31 +/-
      19 Kat f units. Catalase levels in intact cells as well as in cell lysates were
      significantly different for virulent than for nonvirulent S. aureus isolates (P
      less than 0.001). The mean value of SOD activities was 20.85 +/- 11.48 U (1 U is
      defined as the amount of SOD required to inhibit the rate of reduction of
      cytochrome c by 50%) for virulent cell lysates, compared with a mean of 5.39 +/-
      2.89 U for nonvirulent cell lysates. The SOD levels in virulent and nonvirulent
      isolates were significantly different (P less than 0.001). The virulence of the
      S. aureus isolates was determined by comparing weight gains of neonatal mice
      injected with virulent or nonvirulent strains. The percent weight gain of
      neonatal mice injected with virulent isolates was significantly lower than that
      of those injected with nonvirulent isolates.

PMID- 3988904
TI  - Effect of adding sodium taurocholate to selective media on the recovery of
      Clostridium difficile from environmental surfaces.
AB  - The recovery of Clostridium difficile on a medium containing cefoxitin,
      cycloserine, fructose, and egg yolk was compared with that on media containing
      one of three preparations of sodium taurocholate. In aerobic environments
      contaminated with C. difficile, media containing either crude taurocholate from
      Mann Research Laboratories, New York, N.Y., or pure taurocholate from Sigma
      Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo., recovered organisms significantly more often than
      did cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose-egg yolk agar.

PMID- 3988905
TI  - A new biotype of Legionella dumoffii.
AB  - A new biotype of L. dumoffii was isolated from lung and sputum samples of an
      immunosuppressed patient with pneumonia. This strain differs from other described
      strains of L. dumoffii in that it fails to produce browning of tyrosine
      containing buffered yeast extract medium.

PMID- 3988906
TI  - Evaluation of cellular immune response during chronic schistosomiasis in humans
      by the leukocyte aggregation test and the leukocyte migration inhibition test.
AB  - Cellular immune response was evaluated in 31 patients with chronic Schistosoma
      haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections and in 15 healthy normal persons
      by using S. mansoni soluble worm and egg antigens. Although the leukocyte
      migration inhibition test demonstrated false-positive reactions, the specificity
      of the leukocyte aggregation test was confirmed by the negativity of all of the
      controls. Among the patients, only 10% were positive for the leukocyte
      aggregation test. This low cellular reactivity was in contrast to markedly
      elevated specific humoral response determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay for immunoglobulin G and paper allergosorbent test for immunoglobulin E
      with soluble worm antigen. These results confirm that the cellular immune
      reactivity to schistosome antigen as demonstrated by the leukocyte aggregation
      test is either minimal or absent in chronically infected patients.

PMID- 3988907
TI  - Survival of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria artificially applied on the
      hands.
AB  - We evaluated the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
      Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, derived from
      either hospitalized patients or culture collections, on the fingertips of human
      volunteers. Over 99% of the bacteria died within 2 min of the application, and
      about 10(5) cells remained on the fingers for up to 90 min.

PMID- 3988908
TI  - Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium barati which produces type F
      botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism.
AB  - All reported cases of infant botulism except one have been caused by proteolytic
      strains (group I) of Clostridium botulinum, toxin types A or B. We describe the
      cultural and biochemical characteristics of the causative organism of this
      singular case of infant botulism, caused by type F botulinal toxin. Although this
      organism produces type F botulinal toxin, it is quite different from proteolytic
      (group I) C. botulinum, being more closely related to Clostridium barati.

PMID- 3988909
TI  - Isolation of Serratia plymuthica from a human burn site.
AB  - The saprophytic bacterium Serratia plymuthica was recovered from a facial wound
      (burn) site of a pediatric patient. The clinical significance of the organism was
      undetermined due to its apparent eradication from this location by therapy with
      topical 1% silver sulfadiazine. Seeding of the burn with S. plymuthica may have
      occurred from contaminated moisture sometimes found on and around steam
      radiators.

PMID- 3988910
TI  - Plasmid DNA relatedness among different serogroups of Yersinia
      pseudotuberculosis.
AB  - Thirteen different serogroup strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and two
      strains of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 were examined for the presence of plasmids
      and plasmid-mediated properties, calcium growth dependency, and
      autoagglutination. Two Y. enterocolitica strains and eight serogroup (IA, IIA,
      IIC, III, IVA, VB, VI, and VIII) strains, except for five serogroups (IB, IIB,
      IVB, VA, and VII), of Y. pseudotuberculosis harbored plasmids ranging in
      molecular size from 27 to 115 kilobases. Filter hybridization of restriction
      endonuclease-digested plasmid DNA from different serogroup strains indicated that
      all plasmid DNAs conferring calcium growth dependency and autoagglutination
      shared a high degree of DNA sequence homology, regardless of the different
      serogroups of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica.

PMID- 3988911
TI  - Isolation of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni from a patient with meningitis.
AB  - A case of amoebic meningitis, presumably primary, was encountered in the
      Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, South India, in November 1983. The
      patient, a 40-year-old man, had cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea before the
      meningitis developed. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni was repeatedly demonstrated in and
      cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid. The patient responded dramatically to a
      combination therapy of penicillin and chloramphenicol.

PMID- 3988912
TI  - Congenital deficiency of the femur.
AB  - A classification system for congenital deficiency of the femur is introduced,
      based on initial radiographic appearance of the hip joint in 60 patients (70
      affected limbs). Follow-up records ranging from 1 to 30 years demonstrated a
      relatively constant percentage of shortening in each patient with further growth
      (2.4% average change). Treatment programs have been established for each of the
      following groups: I, short femur with good hip joint (19 limbs); II, short femur
      and coxa vara (17 limbs); III, short femur with proximal deficiency, a well
      developed hip joint, and broad angulated and sclerosed diaphysis (15 limbs); IV,
      dysplastic distal femoral segment with no hip joint (16 limbs); and V, total
      absence of the femur (3 limbs).

PMID- 3988913
TI  - Nonunion of long bone fractures in children: a review of 30 cases.
AB  - Nonunions after diaphyseal fractures of long bones in children are rare. Thirty
      diaphyseal nonunions in 30 children are reported. The sites of nonunion were
      tibia (15), femur (5), ulna (4), humerus (3), radius (2), and fibula (1).
      Nonunions in children tend to occur after high-energy trauma, particularly when
      the fracture is compound, there is soft tissue loss, and infection develops. Open
      reduction and internal fixation may contribute to nonunion, particularly when the
      fixation is inadequate or holds the fracture apart. Repeated manipulation of the
      fracture after open reduction may also contribute to nonunion. Treatment of the
      nonunion must be individualized, but usually requires excision of the nonunion
      fibrous tissue, bone grafting, and internal fixation. Electrical stimulation was
      not used. The average time from fracture to union was 14.7 months, and multiple
      surgical procedures were required.

PMID- 3988914
TI  - Closing intramedullary nailing for the treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures
      in adolescence: a preliminary report.
AB  - The results of treatment of 20 unstable diaphyseal fractures of the forearm in
      adolescent patients by closed intramedullary nailing are presented. All fractures
      healed within 4-7 weeks. No cross-union, nonunion, pseudarthrosis, or infection
      occurred. The advantages of this method are (a) maintenance of accurate
      reduction, (b) reduction of complication rate, (c) negligible cosmetic defect,
      and (d) removal of the internal fixation device under local anesthesia.

PMID- 3988915
TI  - Eosinophilic granuloma of bone in the growing epiphysis.
AB  - Eosinophilic granuloma of bone is a rare skeletal manifestation of one of the
      spectrum of diseases known as histiocytosis X. These lesions often simulate other
      pathophysiologic processes (Ewing sarcoma, chronic osteomyelitis, Brodie abscess,
      and chondroblastoma) and may present significant diagnostic problems. Three
      additional cases of eosinophilic granuloma in an epiphysis are reviewed in this
      report. Transphyseal extension was present in all our cases and in five of 10
      cases documented in the literature. Diagnosis demands accurate biopsy and
      histopathologic evaluation. Treatment and prognosis are individualized.

PMID- 3988916
TI  - Primary subacute epiphyseal osteomyelitis: a report of three cases.
AB  - Three patients with primary subacute epiphyseal osteomyelitis are reviewed. All
      had a history of minor trauma and complained of pain and limp; none was
      systemically ill. Plain radiographs demonstrated a well-defined lytic lesion in
      the epiphysis. One case occurred in the distal tibial epiphysis from which
      pneumococci were isolated; this appears not to have been described previously.
      Patients were treated with flucloxacillin and two without operative intervention;
      all recovered completely. Follow-up radiographs at 2-5 years demonstrated healing
      of the lesions with no evidence of damage to the epiphysis or the joint. There
      have been 10 previously reported cases in the literature, all treated by
      antibiotics and curettage. Based on this experience we believe that
      administration of appropriate antibiotics and immobilisation of the affected limb
      are sufficient treatment for some children presenting with this condition.

PMID- 3988918
TI  - Dynamic electromyography analysis of habitual toe-walkers.
AB  - The distinction between congenital short tendo calcaneus and mild cerebral palsy
      may often be difficult to ascertain by standard physical examination. Dynamic
      electromyography (EMG) was used to study the muscular activity during walking of
      four children who had a clinical diagnosis of congenital short tendo calcaneus.
      Two children displayed EMG evidence of cerebral palsy, while two had studies
      similar to normal children walking on their toes. Dynamic EMG may be a useful
      diagnostic tool in the evaluation of children with toe-walking.

PMID- 3988917
TI  - Bone and joint infection in patients with sickle cell disease.
AB  - Because of recent literature reports of the rare occurrence of osteomyelitis in
      patients with sickle cell disease, we reviewed 5 years of experience at Dhahran
      Health Center (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia). Twelve cases of bone and/or joint
      infection were identified in patients with sickle cell disease; 83% caused by
      Salmonella species. This relatively high incidence might be related to the common
      occurrence of infection with Salmonella in this region. Long bone and multiple
      site involvements were noticed. Differentiation from acute bone infarcts is
      difficult, and a systemic and aggressive approach to early diagnosis, management,
      and follow-up is suggested. Before therapy is started, full history, physical
      examination, blood cultures, local cultures, stool and urine cultures, and
      measurement of febrile agglutinin levels should be done. Once diagnosis is
      confirmed or highly suspected, adequate surgical drainage, prolonged parenteral
      antibiotic therapy, and transfusion of packed red blood cells should be used. A
      prolonged follow-up is recommended.

PMID- 3988920
TI  - Pathogenesis of infantile quadriceps fibrosis and its correction by proximal
      release.
AB  - Fifty-two extension contractures of the knee in 33 children are described. All
      subjects had severe illnesses in infancy requiring repeated intramuscular drug
      therapy, which led to muscle fibrosis and contractures. In early cases, through a
      limited subtrochanteric exposure, the contracted muscles can be released. Used in
      14 cases, this new method has allowed early mobilization with excellent results.

PMID- 3988919
TI  - Blount's disease: a retrospective review and recommendations for treatment.
AB  - Thirty-two patients treated for Blount's disease were retrospectively reviewed.
      The results of treatment were assessed by clinical and radiographic parameters
      and arbitrarily classified good, fair, or poor. Five patients were definitively
      treated with braces; five extremities were rated good and one poor. Twelve
      patients were treated with a proximal tibial osteotomy performed before their
      fifth birthday. Nineteen extremities were rated good, one fair, and three poor.
      Fifteen patients had their initial surgical procedure after the fifth birthday.
      Eight extremities were rated good, six fair, and seven poor. Recurrence of the
      varus deformity secondary to an unsuspected medial bony physeal bar occurred in
      four patients. Resection of this bony bridge concomitant with a varus correcting
      osteotomy may be indicated. For severe deformity in older children, several
      different salvage procedures were used.

PMID- 3988921
TI  - Conservative treatment of sickle cell avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
AB  - Treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in adolescents with sickle
      cell anemia has not yet been standardized. In this study we review the literature
      and report on three patients with the Legg-Perthes-type avascular necrosis
      associated with sickle cell disease. These patients were successfully treated by
      partial weight-bearing with crutches and active range-of-motion exercises. We
      have examined physiologic and anatomic factors in this specific disease syndrome,
      which suggest that this may be the preferred method of treatment.

PMID- 3988922
TI  - Derotation varus osteotomy in Perthes disease.
AB  - Two groups of patients with severe forms of Perthes disease were studied.
      Containment was obtained by performing a derotation varus osteotomy in 32 hips,
      and by casts and splints in 12 hips. The clinical results were better in the
      operated group than in the nonoperated group. Seventy-five percent of the hips in
      the operated group had good to fair radiological results, compared with 41% fair
      results only in the nonoperated group. The various radiological methods of
      assessment are outlined. It is concluded that derotation varus osteotomy has
      advantages over nonoperative treatment in severe Perthes disease, especially in
      Catterall grade 4 hips.

PMID- 3988923
TI  - Incidence of full containment of the femoral head after Legg-Calve-Perthes
      disease and in the "normal" hip.
AB  - Forty-eight children with unilateral Legg-Calve-Perthes disease were studied to
      determine the extent of femoral head containment present after treatment. Only 0
      4% of the hips treated with bed rest and 10-35% of the contralateral hips were
      fully contained. The criterion of full containment for a good result is,
      therefore, not valid.

PMID- 3988924
TI  - Humeral lengthening in hypoplasia of the upper limb.
AB  - Surgical treatment for the correction of upper limb discrepancies with primary
      involvement of the humerus is reported. The operative technique, the lengthening
      procedure with the G3-IOR distractor, and the successive external fixation are
      described. In the seven extremities treated, the mean lengthening was 5.0 cm, the
      mean percentage lengthening was 25.2%, and the mean residual discrepancy was 2.9
      cm. The authors believe that humeral lengthening is advisable for 13- to 15-year
      old patients with hypoplasia of the humerus when the discrepancy is greater than
      3 cm.

PMID- 3988925
TI  - One-session surgery for correction of lower extremity deformities in children
      with cerebral palsy.
AB  - Traditional thinking regarding surgery for the spastic child has favored
      correction of joint deformities one at a time. This often necessitates several
      operations. In addition, deformities of unoperated joints may jeopardize
      operative results. Since 1975, we have surgically treated all the lower extremity
      deformities of each cerebral palsied child in one session. We have carried out
      single measure operations as well as multiple operative procedures in which
      bilateral corrective operations are performed on several joints. Of 114 children
      treated, 40 had multiple and 74 had single operative procedures. Treatment was
      successful, without need for further surgery, in 80% of the former group and in
      61% of the latter. The advantages of one-session surgery are a reduction in the
      number of operations and, possibly, a reduced chance of reoperation and
      complications.

PMID- 3988927
TI  - Preoperative planning and surgical technique for performing a Dwyer calcaneal
      osteotomy.
AB  - To improve the technique of Dwyer closing wedge calcaneal osteotomies, specific
      methods for planning the degree of angular correction and for accurate
      achievement of this correction are presented. Patterns are made from preoperative
      radiographs and are cut and re-aligned in the desired fashion to establish the
      amount of angular correction necessary. The operative technique developed uses
      drill holes and a standard depth gauge. Measurement of the thickness of the bone
      at the level of the Dwyer or any other osteotomy thereby allows determination of
      the size of the base of the resection wedge necessary to achieve the desired
      angular correction.

PMID- 3988926
TI  - An improved method for pinning of chronic slipped capital femoral epiphysis.
AB  - A simple method is described for pinning of slipped capital femoral epiphysis
      with a stationary x-ray machine and the limb draped free. The leg is "frogged"
      for a lateral view, and positioned under radiographic control to avoid pin
      penetration into the joint.

PMID- 3988928
TI  - Hypervitaminosis A in a child from megadosing.
AB  - Hypervitaminosis A developed in a 2-year-9-month-old boy after his mother gave
      him 6,338 IU/kg/day vitamin A for 5 months. The clinical features included
      irritability, xerosis of the skin and mucous membranes, pruritus, bone pain, and
      loss of ambulation. The bone scan showed involvement of more bones than was
      apparent on the roentgenograms. A prompt diagnosis depended on an accurate
      history of excessive vitamin intake, and the serum vitamin A level confirmed the
      diagnosis.

PMID- 3988929
TI  - Multifocal pigmented villonodular synovitis in a child.
AB  - We describe the rare case of a 6-year-old girl with multifocal pigmented
      villonodular synovitis. The patient is only the sixth child less than or equal to
      10 years of age reported in the literature and the youngest to experience
      multifocal involvement. She had lesions affecting the right knee and the synovium
      of the posterial tibial tendons proximal to the medial malleoli of both ankles.
      The history, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder are discussed
      briefly.

PMID- 3988931
TI  - Genu valgus.

PMID- 3988930
TI  - Atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, congenital absence of the posterior arch of
      the atlas, and cerebral palsy: an unusual triad.
AB  - Posttraumatic chronic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation and congenital absence of
      the posterior arch of the atlas are rare upper cervical spine abnormalities. The
      present case is that of a 4-year-old girl who had these two spinal disorders as
      well as spastic cerebral palsy. The interrelationship, if any, between these
      three conditions is unclear but presented an unusual diagnostic triad. A
      posterior spinal fusion between the occiput and third cervical vertebra was
      performed because of concern for upper cervical spine instability. The patient
      was immobilized in a halo vest, and a solid fusion occurred within 3 months.
      Preoperatively the child had never walked independently, but postoperatively,
      while wearing the halo vest, she was able to walk without external support, thus
      raising the suspicion of previous spinal instability. Fifteen months
      postoperatively she remains spastic but has a stable, orthotic-free, independent
      gait.

PMID- 3988933
TI  - Plasma and muscle free carnitine deficiency due to renal Fanconi syndrome.
AB  - Plasma and urine free and acyl carnitine were measured in 19 children with
      nephropathic cystinosis and renal Fanconi syndrome. Each patient exhibited a
      deficiency of plasma free carnitine (mean 11.7 +/- 4.0 [SD] nmol/ml) compared
      with normal control values (42.0 +/- 9.0 nmol/ml) (P less than 0.001). Mean
      plasma acyl carnitine in the cystinotic subjects was normal. Four subjects with
      Fanconi syndrome but not cystinosis displayed the same abnormal pattern of plasma
      carnitine levels; controls with acidosis or a lysosomal storage disorder (Fabry
      disease), but not Fanconi syndrome, had entirely normal plasma carnitine levels.
      Two postrenal transplant subjects with cystinosis but without Fanconi syndrome
      also had normal plasma carnitine levels. Absolute amounts of urinary free
      carnitine were elevated in cystinotic individuals with Fanconi syndrome. In all
      21 subjects with several different etiologies for the Fanconi syndrome, the mean
      fractional excretion of free carnitine (33%) as well as acyl carnitine (26%)
      greatly exceeded normal values (3 and 5%, respectively). Total free carnitine
      excretion in Fanconi syndrome patients correlated with total amino acid excretion
      (r = 0.76). Two cystinotic patients fasted for 24 h and one idiopathic Fanconi
      syndrome patient fasted for 5 h showed normal increases in plasma beta
      hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, which suggested that hepatic fatty acid
      oxidation was intact despite very low plasma free carnitine levels. Muscle
      biopsies from two cystinotic subjects with Fanconi syndrome and plasma carnitine
      deficiency had 8.5 and 13.1 nmol free carnitine per milligram of noncollagen
      protein, respectively (normal controls, 22.3 and 17.1); total carnitines were
      11.8 and 13.3 nmol/mg noncollagen protein (controls 33.5, 20.0). One biopsy
      revealed a mild increase in lipid droplets. The other showed mild myopathic
      features with variation in muscle fiber size, small vacuoles, and an increase in
      lipid droplets. In renal Fanconi syndrome, failure to reabsorb free and acyl
      carnitine results in a secondary plasma and muscle free carnitine deficiency.

PMID- 3988932
TI  - Calcium transport in canine renal basolateral membrane vesicles. Effects of
      parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The effects of parathyroid hormone were studied on Ca2+ fluxes in canine renal
      proximal tubular basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV). Efflux of Ca2+ from
      preloaded BLMV was found to be stimulated by an external Na+ gradient, and this
      was inhibited by the Na+ ionophore, monensin, and enhanced by intravesicular
      negative electrical potentials, which indicated electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange
      activity. There was a Na+ gradient independent Ca2+ flux, but membrane binding of
      Ca2+ was excluded from contributing to the Na+ gradient-dependent efflux. The Na+
      gradient-dependent flux of Ca2+ was very rapid, and even 2- and 5-s points may
      not fully represent absolute initial rates. It was saturable with respect to the
      interaction of Ca2+ and Na+ with an apparent (5 s) Km for Na+-dependent Ca2+
      uptake of 10 microM, and an apparent (5 s) Vmax of 0.33 nmol/mg protein per 5 s.
      The Na+ concentration that yielded half maximal Ca2+ efflux (2 s) was 11 mM, and
      the Hill coefficient was two or greater. Both Na+ gradient dependent and
      independent Ca2+ efflux were decreased in BLMV prepared from kidneys of
      thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs, and both were stimulated by parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) infusion to TPTX dogs. BLMV from TPTX dogs exhibited significantly
      reduced maximal stimulation of Na+ gradient-dependent Ca2+ uptake with an
      apparent (5 s) Vmax of 0.23 nmol/mg protein per 5 s, but the apparent Km was 8
      microM, which was unchanged from normal. The Na+ gradient independent Ca2+ uptake
      was also reduced in BLMV from TPTX dogs compared with normal. Thus, PTH
      stimulated both Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity and Na+ independent Ca2+ flux. In
      vivo, the latter could result in an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ by PTH, and this
      might contribute to the observed decrease in solute transport in the proximal
      tubule.

PMID- 3988934
TI  - Kinetics of rubidium-82 after coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Assessment of
      patency and viability in open-chested dogs.
AB  - Currently available noninvasive techniques are unable to rapidly assess artery
      patency and tissue viability during acute myocardial infarction. In prior
      studies, rubidium-82 (Rb-82), a short-lived positron emitter obtained from a
      generator, was validated as an indicator of flow with a model that included the
      rate constants for transfer into and out of the cell. Accordingly, in the current
      study, 20 open-chested dogs with experimental infarction were studied serially at
      base line, after coronary occlusion, and at reperfusion. Time-activity curves
      acquired with beta probes on the epicardial surface were used to measure flow and
      net transfer of rubidium. Flow decreased to 0.41 +/- 0.08 ml/min per gram during
      occlusion and increased to 2.73 +/- 0.56 ml/min per gram in potentially viable
      ischemic tissue, whereas flows were 0.32 +/- 0.08 during occlusion (P less than
      0.05 vs. viable) and 1.58 ml/min per gram (P less than 0.002 vs. viable) in
      irreversibly injured tissue. The transfer rate constant for Rb-82, kT, at base
      line was +1.22 +/- 0.60 X 10(-3) s-1 and did not change significantly during
      occlusion in viable vs. nonviable samples (+1.41 +/- 1.27 vs. +0.93 +/- 1.51 X
      10(-3) s-1, respectively), except that 4 out of 11 nonviable tissue samples had
      negative kTs. At reperfusion, viable myocardial samples were all positive (+1.26
      +/- 1.58 X 10(-3) s-1), whereas all irreversibly injured tissues had a negative
      kT, indicating leakage of tracer (-1.50 +/- 1.10 X 10(-3) s-1, P less than
      0.001). This study suggests that Rb-82 time-activity curves can be useful to
      determine patency of an infarct related artery and potential viability after
      reperfusion during myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3988935
TI  - Characterization of the adhesion of the human monocytic cell line U937 to
      cultured endothelial cells.
AB  - Adhesion of blood-borne monocytes to the vascular endothelium is the first step
      in the infiltration of this leukocyte into the vessel wall or the interstitial
      space during inflammation. A significant role for the monocyte in both wound
      healing and atherogenesis is now well accepted. The molecular interactions
      involved in monocyte attachment to the endothelium are unknown. To study this
      phenomenon we have developed an in vitro system that uses the human monocytic
      tumor cell line U937 as a model for the blood-borne monocyte. 51Cr-labeled U937
      cells were found to adhere with high affinity to cultured endothelial cells (ECs)
      from several sources. Much less binding was observed to either smooth muscle
      cells or fibroblasts from several species. Conditioned medium and cocultivation
      experiments ruled out the possibility that target cells could affect U937 cell
      binding by secretion of factors. Binding of U937 cells to porcine aortic ECs
      reached equilibrium after 30 min at 37 degrees C and 90 min at 4 degrees C with
      similar extent of binding at the two temperatures. Binding of U937 to the
      endothelium reached saturation at 9-12 U937 per porcine aortic EC (semi
      confluent) with half-maximal binding at 1.5 X 10(6) U937 cells/ml. Bound cells
      dissociated with a half-life of 20 h at 37 degrees C. Adhesion of U937 cells was
      blocked by prior incubation of ECs with normal monocytes but not with platelets,
      lymphocytes, or neutrophils. Trypsin treatment or detergent solubilization of ECs
      inhibited U937 cell binding. A striking effect of EC density on monocytic cell
      adhesion was observed with bovine, rat, and porcine ECs. Confluent cultures of
      these cells exhibited negligible binding of U937, but when plated sparsely, the
      same cells were excellent targets for U937 cell adhesion. In addition, when
      confluent cultures of bovine aortic ECs were "wounded" with a cotton swab and
      then allowed to recover for 24 h at 37 degrees C, U937 cells were found to adhere
      most readily to the ECs migrating into the wound and neighboring the wound but
      not to ECs in the confluent monolayer away from the wound edge. These latter
      results may have implications for the focal adhesion of monocytes to the vessel
      wall in vivo.

PMID- 3988936
TI  - In vitro cytotoxicity and transplantation protection by autologous natural and
      activated killer cells against an in vitro transformed tumorigenic fibroblast
      line. A case study.
AB  - Cytotoxic immune response by autologous natural killer (NK) cells against a
      spontaneous in vitro transformed tumorigenic fibroblast line, VIP-F:T, was
      studied in a 4 h 51Cr-release microcytotoxicity assay and in a tumor cell
      neutralization technique in vivo in nude mice. Although highly cytotoxic against
      the NK prototype target K562, the autologous NK cells in their nascent state were
      only marginally cytotoxic against VIP-F:T and unreactive against the autologous
      normal fibroblasts, Pen-F2. Autologous NK activity against VIP-F:T could,
      however, be induced by 2-16-h treatment of the NK cells with several species of
      interferon and by interferon-free interleukin 2 (IL-2). In vitro co-culture (IVC)
      in IL-2 of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) against VIP-F:T was
      shown by fluorescence activated cell sorting and by cold target competition
      experiments to generate almost exclusively an effector population bearing HNK-1
      and Leu-11a phenotypes which exhibited receptor specificity for VIP-F:T distinct
      from receptors on Pen-F2 or K562 cells. PBL, co-cultured in IL-2 against Pen-F2
      or K562, or cultured in IL-2 alone, generated high levels of nonspecific killing
      and showed no receptor specificity. Identical IVC in IL-2 of autologous PBL
      against a melanoma line, VIP (PBL and the VIP line derived from the same patient
      from whom the VIP-F:T line was also derived), and similar IVC in IL-2 of several
      other autologous PBL against their corresponding target cell lines (established
      from surgical specimens) generated cytotoxic responses involving cytotoxic
      populations bearing T8 as well as HNK-1 phenotypes; but the cytotoxic activities
      in none of these systems showed target receptor specificity. Autologous PBL, co
      cultured against VIP-F:T in IL-2, were shown to be capable of rejecting
      tumorigenic challenge with VIP-F:T.3 (a clone of VIP-F:T) in nude mice at
      effector to VIP-F:T ratio of 10:1. The protective effect of the co-culture
      activated PBL was abrogated if the HNK-1+ cells were depleted from the effector
      population. Our data, thus, demonstrate specificity of cytotoxic reactivity
      which, by phenotypic markers, can be characterized as HNK-1 and Leu 11a+ cells
      under these experimental conditions against this particular in vitro transformed
      VIP-F:T line. In addition, this study shows that similar studies of cytotoxic
      autologous reactivities against in vitro transformed target cell lines will
      provide valuable information on the subject of NK-mediated surveillance against
      human neoplasia.

PMID- 3988937
TI  - Antithrombotic properties in rabbits of heparin and heparin fragments covalently
      coupled to human antithrombin III.
AB  - Clinical grade heparin is a very heterogeneous mucopolysaccharide, containing
      molecules with Mr ranging from 6,000 to 30,000 that have either a high affinity
      or a low affinity for antithrombin III (AT). In this study, the antithrombotic
      properties of intact high-affinity heparin (Mr = 15,000) and of two heparin
      fragments (h16, a 16-monosaccharide fragment, with Mr = 4,300, and h12, a 12
      monosaccharide fragment, with Mr = 3,200) and of their functional covalent
      stoichiometric complexes with human AT were compared in a venous thrombosis
      stasis model in rabbits. Thrombosis was induced by injection of glass-activated
      human plasma and measured in a segment of the jugular vein that was isolated
      between two vascular clamps for 10 min. Injections of 55 micrograms/kg resulted
      in a clear antithrombotic effect for intact heparin, but not for the two
      fragments. Equivalent amounts (carbohydrate moiety) of covalent complexes of
      heparin or of both heparin fragments with human AT resulted in an antithrombotic
      effect lasting for 45-60 min. Injection of 110 micrograms/kg of heparin and of
      the heparin fragments yielded an antithrombotic effect, lasting 45-60 min; the
      corresponding amounts of covalent complexes caused an anti-thrombotic effect for
      60-120 min. The free and conjugated fragments produced equal antithrombotic
      effects at equal plasma levels of anti-Factor Xa activity, but the specific
      antithrombotic activities of free and complexed intact heparin, on a molar basis,
      were 10-20-fold greater than those of the free and complexed heparin fragments.
      The plasma half-life of the covalent complexes of the heparin fragments with AT
      is, however, 10 times longer than that of the complex between intact heparin and
      AT and 30 times longer than that of free intact heparin. Covalent complexes
      between AT and heparin fragments could, therefore, be useful to maintain more
      stable levels of antithrombotic activity in plasma.

PMID- 3988938
TI  - Decreased serum triiodothyronine in starving rats is due primarily to diminished
      thyroidal secretion of thyroxine.
AB  - Although thyroxine (T4) 5'-deiodinase activity is diminished in liver homogenates
      of starved rats, no information is available regarding the effect of starvation
      on net T4 to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion in the intact rat. It appeared
      important to clarify this relationship since rat liver homogenates are widely
      used as a model for the study of the factors responsible for reduced circulating
      T3 in chronically ill and calorically deprived patients. In contrast to the
      expected selective decrease in circulating T3 levels in calorically restricted
      humans due to diminished T4 to T3 conversion, 5 d of starvation of two groups of
      male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted, paradoxically, in a greater decrease in serum
      T4 than in serum T3 levels. Kinetic studies show that starvation is associated
      with no change in the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of T3, a 20% increase in the
      MCR of T4, a 67% reduction in turnover rate of T4, but only a 58% reduction in
      the turnover rate of T3. Moreover, in the first group of rats studied, direct
      chromatographic analysis of the isotopic composition of total body homogenates
      after the injection of 125I-T4 showed that 21.8% of T4 is converted to T3 in
      control rats and 28.8% in starved rats, suggesting that virtually all
      extrathyroidal T3 in starved and control rats is derived from the peripheral
      conversion of T4, and that there is little or no direct thyroidal secretion of
      T3. Our findings strongly point to a reduced thyroidal secretion of T4 as the
      primary cause of the observed reduction in circulating T3. Since the mechanisms
      leading to reduced levels of plasma T3 differ in humans and rats, it may be
      important to reexamine the use of liver homogenate preparations as models for
      study of the pathogenesis of the "low T3 syndrome" in humans.

PMID- 3988939
TI  - Origin of urinary nonconjugated 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone and metabolism of
      infused radiolabeled 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone in men and women.
AB  - It is known that 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (19-nor-DOC) is a potent
      mineralocorticosteroid that is present in urine of rats and humans in a free,
      i.e., nonconjugated, form. In some forms of hypertension in rats, the levels of
      free 19-nor-DOC in urine are increased compared with those in urine of
      normotensive animals. Yet, despite the potential importance of this
      mineralocorticosteroid in the pathogenesis of certain forms of hypertension,
      little is known of its site of origin or metabolism. In the present
      investigation, we evaluated the metabolism of intravenously infused [3H]19-nor
      DOC and the possibility that 19-nor-DOC was formed from plasma DOC. We found that
      the metabolism of [3H]19-nor-DOC infused intravenously in men and women was
      similar to that of DOC with important exceptions. The majority of the
      radiolabeled urinary metabolites of intravenously infused [3H]19-nor-DOC were
      excreted in urine as glucuronosides. Little radioactivity, infused as [3H]19-nor
      DOC, was recovered in urine as nonconjugated or sulfoconjugated steroids. There
      was no free radiolabeled 19-nor-DOC in urine after the simultaneous infusion of
      [3H]19-nor-DOC and [14C]DOC. A major metabolite of [3H]19-nor-DOC in urine was 19
      nor-DOC-21-glucuronoside, whereas little or no intravenously infused radiolabeled
      DOC was excreted as radiolabeled DOC-glucuronoside. We also found that
      intravenously infused [14C]DOC was not converted to urinary [14C]19-nor-DOC
      (glucuronoside) and that other tritium-labeled metabolites of infused [3H]19-nor
      DOC contained no carbon-14. The production rate of 19-nor-DOC, computed from the
      specific activity of urinary 19-nor-DOC (glucuronoside), in one normal man was 16
      micrograms/d and in the two women of this study, it was 10 micrograms/d. These
      findings are supportive of the proposition that free urinary 19-nor-DOC is not
      formed from plasma DOC; it may be formed in kidney from a precursor other than
      DOC or it may be formed nonenzymatically in kidney or urine from a precursor such
      as 19-oic-DOC.

PMID- 3988940
TI  - Behavioral pediatrics: what has it achieved and where is it going? A resident's
      perspective.

PMID- 3988941
TI  - Children of divorce: the pediatrician and the lawyers.

PMID- 3988942
TI  - Temperament in infants born prematurely.
AB  - The temperament of infants born prematurely was studied to examine further the
      notion that prematurity may be a risk factor for an infant's subsequent social
      interaction. The Infant Temperament Questionnaire of Carey and McDevitt was
      revised and revalidated for an Australian population and sent to mothers of
      infants who had been born prematurely (36 weeks or less) and who were aged 4 to 8
      months (corrected for prematurity). Two hundred and twenty-six questionnaires
      were distributed and 110 (49%) returned. There were no differences between
      respondents and nonrespondents with respect to gestational age, birth weight,
      method of delivery, Apgar scores, or perinatal complications. When compared to a
      control group (N = 240) of infants born at term and who came from families with
      similar demographic characteristics, infants born prematurely did not differ
      significantly on any of the nine temperament dimensions. Both groups had similar
      proportions of "easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up" infants, and there were
      no significant differences in maternal global ratings of temperament between the
      two groups. Comparisons of infants of less than 33 weeks gestation gave results
      similar to those reported above. These data indicate that infants born
      prematurely have temperament profiles at 4 to 8 months similar to infants born at
      term.

PMID- 3988943
TI  - Mild conductive hearing loss and language development: a one year follow-up
      study.
AB  - Thirteen children aged 3 to 5 years with mild conductive hearing losses and
      histories of otitis media were pair-matched with audiologically normal children
      on age, sex, socioeconomic status, family intactness, and first language
      (English). The Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language, the Northwestern
      Syntax Screening Test, and the Developmental Sentence Scoring Procedure were
      administered. Phonology errors were tabulated from the spontaneous language
      sample. The language evaluation was repeated after a 1-year interval. All
      measures differentiated the groups at highly significant levels on the initial
      assessment. All tests except the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language
      continued to show significant differences a year later. The results support the
      hypothesis that children who experience recurrent middle ear problems are at risk
      for persistent language delay.

PMID- 3988945
TI  - The relative influence of child and environmental characteristics on sleep
      disturbances in the first and second years of life.
AB  - The study was designed to explore the relationship between sleeping disturbance
      in early and late infancy and variables related to (1) prenatal and birth
      factors, (2) child characteristics such as sex and temperament, (3) sleeping and
      feeding practices, (4) background factors, and (5) maternal depression and family
      stress. Mothers were interviewed first when their infants were between the ages 4
      to 15 months and then when their infants were between 15 and 27 months of age.
      Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess the relative
      influence of variables in predicting sleeping disturbances in the first and
      second years. Sleeping disturbances in the first year were not related to
      sleeping disturbances in the second year. However, sleeping practices were the
      strongest predictors of sleeping disturbances in both early and late infancy.
      Predictability was improved in the first year by the inclusion of the variable
      maternal employment and in the second year by the inclusion of variables related
      to parental sleep difficulties. Explanation for these findings and suggestions
      for future research are discussed.

PMID- 3988944
TI  - Hand preference: its provenance, development, and associations with intellectual
      ability at the age of 7.5 years.
AB  - The development of 199 children was studied at regular intervals from birth to
      7.5 years. On each occasion hand preference was recorded. Their preferred hand
      was evident in 89.4% right and 85.7% left-handers by 4 years. Analyses on 242
      children seen at birth and 7.5 years showed no associations between left
      handedness and nine factors representing different aspects of "birth stress." For
      12 of 15 aspects of ability at 7.5 years left-handed children had slightly higher
      scores than right-handers. Pathological factors do not seem to feature in the
      provenance or consequences of left-handedness in a normal healthy population.

PMID- 3988946
TI  - Cognitive and psychiatric variability in three brothers with fragile X syndrome.
AB  - Three brothers were determined to have the fragile X syndrome. While sharing
      physical characteristics, their developmental and behavioral characteristics were
      diverse, as was the severity of the disorder. Each brother had evidence of
      developmental problems but demonstrated heterogeneity of presentation in the same
      sibship.

PMID- 3988947
TI  - A medical school course in coping with death: an opportunity to consider some
      basic health care issues.
AB  - Courses on death and related topics are frequently considered nonessential in
      medical school curricula; however medical students and residents often express
      their feelings of unpreparedness to cope with deaths of their patients, surviving
      family members and their own feelings about death. This paper describes a short,
      elective course taught by a single instructor who, by writing about it, wishes to
      encourage others to begin to fill this gap in medical education. Student
      evaluations and representative reaction comments are included.

PMID- 3988948
TI  - Bronchopulmonary disease in coeliac patients.
AB  - This paper describes the necropsy changes in a patient with coeliac disease and
      respiratory disease and the pulmonary biopsies from 13 other coeliac patients
      with physiological evidence of a parenchymal lung disorder. Postmortem
      examination showed partial fibrous obliteration of small airways and dilatation
      of larger airways, and the biopsies suggested similar changes in the other
      patients. We were unable to find any evidence of granulomatous or primary
      interstitial lung disease.

PMID- 3988949
TI  - Jejunal mucosal morphology in healthy north Indian subjects.
AB  - Morphometric measurements have been performed on small intestinal biopsy
      specimens obtained from 18 healthy adult Indian volunteers. The measurements were
      made using a computer aided measuring system, and results were similar to those
      previously reported for an adult Caucasian population.

PMID- 3988951
TI  - Mucosal abnormalities at the anastomosis site in patients who have had intestinal
      resection for colonic cancer.
AB  - Twenty eight patients with colonic cancer, who were asymptomatic after intestinal
      resection and anastomosis, underwent colonoscopy as part of their routine follow
      up, and biopsies were obtained from the anastomosis and several other sites.
      Sections were stained by haematoxylin and eosin, several methods for mucin, and
      by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for carcinoembryonic antigen. Non
      specific inflammatory changes were seen at the anastomosis in 11 of the 28 cases,
      apparent in several two years after operation; focal surface ulceration was seen
      in over half these samples. Neither dysplastic nor adenomatous change was
      detected, but at seven anastomoses the so called transitional change, which has
      been regarded as a preneoplastic change, was apparent. There was no consistent
      alteration in carcinoembryonic antigen reactivity. It is concluded that there is
      morphological evidence of a continued stimulus to regenerative activity at some
      anastomoses and that this may represent a promoting factor enhancing further
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 3988950
TI  - Histochemical demonstration of chymotrypsin like serine esterases in mucosal mast
      cells in four species including man.
AB  - Serine esterases were detected in the granules of mucosal mast cells from rat,
      mouse, sheep, and man. Successful demonstration of enzyme activity required brief
      fixation (6 h) of tissues in 4% paraformaldehyde. Staining with naphthol AS-D
      chloroacetate produced an intense red reaction product in intraepithelial mucosal
      mast cells (globule leucocytes) and mucosal mast cells within the lamina propria
      of the gastrointestinal tract. The mast cell identity of cells stained for
      esterase was confirmed by sequential staining with toluidine blue (pH 0.5).
      Furthermore, the numbers of cells detected after staining for esterases or with
      toluidine blue were highly correlated. Esterase activity within mucosal mast
      cells/globule leucocytes from all species was inhibited with the serine enzyme
      inhibitor phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. Further histochemical studies with the
      substrate, N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine B-naphthyl ester, indicated that mucosal
      mast cells and globule leucocytes contain esterases which are chymotrypsin like
      in substrate specificity.

PMID- 3988952
TI  - Antral hypertrophic gastritis: a rare cause of iron deficiency.
AB  - A case of an unusual hypertrophic gastropathy confined to the gastric antrum
      which presented with chronic anaemia is described. The clinical and pathological
      features are contrasted with Menetrier's disease and hypersecretory hypertrophic
      gastropathy, and a possible relation to solitary hyperplastic (regenerative)
      polyps is discussed.

PMID- 3988953
TI  - An assessment of the value of electron microscopy in tumour diagnosis.
AB  - The contribution of electron microscopy to the diagnosis of tumours in a general
      hospital has been investigated. During a three year period 235 cases were
      examined, of which 66 (28%) were diagnostic problems by light microscopy. In 42
      (64%) of the problem cases a contribution towards diagnosis was made by
      ultrastructural examination, which was most useful for anaplastic polygonal cell
      tumours, of some value for spindle cell neoplasms, and least helpful in the
      further categorisation of metastatic carcinoma.

PMID- 3988954
TI  - A practical heparin reduction algorithm: execution and operational
      characteristics.
AB  - A limited pilot study has been made of a newly devised heparin reduction
      algorithm (HRA). This formulation is a derivative of the alternative surveillance
      plan known as the activated partial thromboplastin time after heparin removal
      (aPTT/HR) scheme. Unlike the traditional plan, the HRA is the first approach to
      provide information about the individual and collective pharmacological effects
      of heparin and coumarins when the drugs are administered simultaneously. In this
      feasibility study the HRA was used without incident in six patients every 24 h to
      calculate the trend of the evolving anticoagulant effect of coumarin. The
      computations provided by a laboratory based data management group permitted the
      clinician to titrate precisely the withdrawal of heparin in response to the daily
      fluctuations in coumarin effect. In this way, the activated partial
      thromboplastin time could always be maintained within the desired therapeutic
      interval. Three divergent patient experiences are presented to demonstrate the
      operational characteristics and responsiveness of the new HRA plan.

PMID- 3988955
TI  - A bleeding disorder due to deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin.
AB  - The investigation of a 33 year old man with a lifelong bleeding tendency is
      described. Defective fibrinolysis was suspected in 1968, when clinical bleeding
      was corrected by administration of aminocaproic acid. The paper establishes the
      diagnosis as alpha 2-antiplasmin deficiency and describes its management with
      oral tranexamic acid.

PMID- 3988956
TI  - Effect of anticoagulants on the chromogenic Limulus lysate assay for endotoxin.
AB  - We have examined the effects of anticoagulants on the chromogenic Limulus lysate
      assay for endotoxin. The results indicate that both heparin and CPD Adenine 1
      have a striking dose related inhibitory effect on the assay. At concentrations of
      heparin as low as about 30 U/ml there was a 90% reduction in detectable
      endotoxin. The inhibitory effect of up to 100 U/ml of heparin could be
      neutralised by the addition of protamine sulphate. Anticoagulants appear to be an
      additional factor which can adversely affect the Limulus chromogenic assay for
      endotoxin. This further emphasises the need for alternative approaches to the
      measurement of endotoxin.

PMID- 3988957
TI  - Serological identification of Streptococcus sanguis and Str mitior.
AB  - A total of 165 strains of Streptococcus sanguis and Str mitior were selected on
      the basis of their biochemical reactions using established identification
      procedures. These strains were also classified using API Database and were then
      screened against five candidate grouping sera. Biochemical tests and serological
      identification were in general complementary, but no regular associations between
      biotype and serological reaction were observed.

PMID- 3988958
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of vaginal candidosis by latex particle agglutination.
AB  - Vaginal swabs from women who on clinical evidence were thought to have vaginal
      candidosis were examined for yeasts by conventional laboratory methods
      (microscopy and culture) and also assayed for Candida antigens using a rapid (3
      min) slide latex particle agglutination tests. Results showed that a diagnosis of
      vaginal candidosis based on clinical criteria alone is unreliable: only half of
      the women were subsequently confirmed as having candidosis by microscopy and
      culture. The new slide latex particle agglutination test gave better results,
      with 100% specificity, 80% sensitivity, high predictive values (greater than or
      equal to 91%), and an overall diagnostic efficiency of 93%. From the results of
      this preliminary study, slide latex particle agglutination looks a promising,
      rapid alternative to conventional laboratory methods for confirming a clinical
      diagnosis of vaginal candidosis and has the considerable advantage that it can be
      conveniently used in a clinical setting.

PMID- 3988959
TI  - Serum C-reactive protein concentration in the management of infection in patients
      treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - In a prospective study over 21 months, serum C-reactive protein (CRP)
      concentration was measured serially in 39 consecutive patients undergoing
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. All patients with peritonitis mounted
      a CRP response, and the height of the response correlated well with the severity
      and extent of the peritoneal damage. Patients who recovered uneventfully after
      antimicrobial treatment showed a prompt fall in CRP from its peak value towards
      normal. In contrast, each patient in whom the serum CRP value remained raised
      after antimicrobial treatment had a complicated course. During routine outpatient
      follow up the serum CRP value remained within the normal range in the absence of
      intercurrent complications. These results, together with the commercial
      availability of rapid and precise assays for CRP, indicate that serial CRP
      measurements may be useful in monitoring the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment
      during episodes of peritonitis and in the recognition of intercurrent
      complications in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 3988960
TI  - Can the rapid semiquantitative estimation of serum C reactive protein be adapted
      for the management of bacterial infection?
AB  - Serum C reactive protein concentrations measured by a laboratory based assay were
      compared with the semiquantitative results obtained with a visual agglutination
      method (Well-cotest, CRP kit). Using this agglutination kit, diluting serum 1/10
      and 1/20 gave C reactive protein results which could be of more clinical value
      than those obtained using the 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 dilutions recommended by
      the manufacturers. The kit was also used on the ward by junior medical staff, who
      showed that after minimal training reproducible serum C reactive protein results
      could be obtained.

PMID- 3988962
TI  - Columnar epithelial lined oesophagus (CELO) or Barrett's oesophagus: mucin
      histochemistry, dysplasia, and invasive adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 3988961
TI  - Normal reference ranges for biochemical substances relating to renal, hepatic,
      and bone function in fetal and maternal plasma throughout pregnancy.
AB  - Normal reference ranges for sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, calcium,
      phosphate, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate
      transaminase were determined from 344 fetal and maternal plasma samples between
      15 and 38 weeks' gestation. Pure fetal blood was obtained by fetoscopy in the
      second trimester and in the third trimester by umbilical cord puncture at
      delivery. All biochemical substances were measured by continuous flow (SMAC,
      Technicon) except albumin, which was measured by turbidimetry (CobasBio, Roche).
      The resulting data were analysed on an AMDAHL 470A computer and reference ranges
      covering 2.5 to 97.5 percentiles were defined. Analysis of variance was performed
      to examine the overall effect of gestational age on the analytes measured and on
      the changes in the fetal compartment relative to the mothers'. A paired t test
      was performed to examine how these biochemical substances in fetal plasma related
      to maternal plasma from the same pregnancy.

PMID- 3988963
TI  - Replicated Kem-O-Mat gentamicin EMIT.

PMID- 3988964
TI  - Antimicrobial pharmacology: is it possible to use antibiotics cost-effectively
      with attention to antimicrobial activity, bacterial resistance, and the
      pharmacologic properties of the agents?

PMID- 3988965
TI  - The excretion of rosaramicin in breast milk.
AB  - The excretion of rosaramicin, a macrolide antibiotic, was studied in the breast
      milk of ten lactating women. Breast milk and serum samples were collected for 48
      hours after a single 250-mg oral dose of rosaramicin. Mean serum half-life,
      apparent volume of distribution, and oral clearance were 4.4 hours, 3.41 L/kg,
      and 6.34 mL/min/kg, respectively. Mean milk/serum ratio was 0.12 and the total
      amount of drug recovered over the first ten hours was 6.25 micrograms,
      approximately 0.0025% of the dose. A positive correlation between breast milk
      volume and breast milk clearance was found, suggesting that the amount of drug
      received by a nursing infant will depend on the volume of milk produced by the
      mother. Drug-induced toxicity from the parent drug is unlikely to occur in
      nursing infants since the amount of rosaramicin that a nursing infant could
      ingest is small.

PMID- 3988966
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test in agoraphobia.
AB  - Patients diagnosed as having agoraphobia with panic attacks by DSM-III criteria
      were evaluated with the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Depressive symptoms
      were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory, the Depression Scale of the
      Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for
      Depression. Of 97 patients tested, 12.4% had a positive DST. These findings are
      consistent with earlier reports that found an incidence of abnormal DSTs between
      11% and 15% in agoraphobic patients. Abnormal DSTs did not correlate with levels
      of depression on any of the depression measures.

PMID- 3988967
TI  - Orthostatic effect of imipramine and doxepin in depressed geriatric outpatients.
AB  - Blood pressure measurements were collected from 36 depressed geriatric
      outpatients (ages 55 to 81 years) enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled
      study of the efficacy of doxepin and imipramine. Mean systolic postural changes
      were 25.9 mm Hg for imipramine, significantly higher than the 10.5 mm Hg for
      doxepin, and 12.4 mm Hg for placebo. The orthostatic drop in the imipramine group
      was only weakly related to dose and did not correlate with amount of pretreatment
      orthostatic hypotension or with duration of treatment. The increased orthostatic
      hypotension occurred early in treatment and at low doses of imipramine.
      Accordingly, caution is advised in the use of imipramine for the elderly.

PMID- 3988968
TI  - Effects of carbamazepine on plasma haloperidol levels.
AB  - Plasma haloperidol levels were monitored in three schizophrenic patients when
      carbamazepine was either added or discontinued. The percent decrease in plasma
      haloperidol levels due to concomitant carbamazepine therapy was between 59% and
      61%. The effects of carbamazepine on plasma haloperidol levels were noted to
      occur in 2 to 3 weeks. Although no adverse effects occurred in the patients
      during therapy, careful monitoring of clinical symptoms and plasma haloperidol
      levels is recommended.

PMID- 3988969
TI  - Inpatient clinical trial of lorazepam for the management of manic agitation.
AB  - Antipsychotic medications have traditionally been used for their sedative effects
      in the management of the behavioral and emotional agitation of mania while
      awaiting the therapeutic effect of lithium. On the premise that a
      nonantipsychotic sedative might satisfactorily and more specifically control this
      agitation without neuroleptic or hypotensive side effects and without
      prolongation of the acute illness, the authors conducted an open trial with four
      acutely manic patients in which only the benzodiazepine lorazepam was
      administered along with lithium; no antipsychotic medications were used.
      Lorazepam, administered in oral and parenteral form on an as-needed basis to
      maintain patient cooperation with the treatment plan and milieu, was found to be
      rapid and effective in controlling the manic agitation of these patients, with
      few troublesome side effects, and with no obvious prolongation of the acute
      illness.

PMID- 3988970
TI  - View from the Nation's Capital.

PMID- 3988971
TI  - Phenelzine and the dream machine--ramblings and reflections.

PMID- 3988972
TI  - Ketamine: behavioral effects of subanesthetic doses.
AB  - Effects of subanesthetic doses of ketamine (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) on memory,
      cognition, psychomotor function, subjective moods, and incidence of adverse
      reactions were investigated in 34 healthy young volunteers. The drug caused
      impairment of immediate and delayed recall. Most of the impairment was due to
      interference with retrieval processes. Recovery was virtually complete 60 minutes
      after administration. The incidence of adverse reactions was high.
      Benzodiazepines need to be administered even when ketamine is used in
      subanesthetic doses.

PMID- 3988973
TI  - A pharmacokinetic approach to the study of cell membrane lithium transport in
      vivo.
AB  - Although many previous investigations have focused on in vitro studies of lithium
      transport by erythrocytes (RBCs) of psychiatric patients, the extent to which
      such studies actually reflect the transport of this drug by other types of cells
      in vivo is unknown. To study lithium transport in vivo, pharmacokinetic analysis
      of plasma lithium concentration data was performed in four subjects who were
      given single oral doses of lithium carbonate (600 mg). The data were analyzed
      according to a two-compartment model, consisting of a central compartment
      (extracellular, including plasma) and a peripheral (intracellular) compartment.
      Rate constants for the transfer of lithium into (ki) and out of (ko) the
      intracellular compartment were calculated. In RBCs from the same subjects,
      lithium transport in vitro was also directly measured. Rate constants were
      determined for phloretin-sensitive transport (ks), which corresponds to Na+-Li+
      countertransport activity, and residual passive "leak" diffusion (kr). In RBCs,
      these two pathways account for major components of lithium efflux and influx,
      respectively. To compare the in vivo and in vitro rate constant data, the ratios
      ko/ki and ks/kr were also calculated. There was a significant correlation between
      these two rate-constant ratios (r = 0.96, p less than 0.05), although the values
      observed in vitro were higher than those found in vivo. Because the in vivo rate
      constants reflect lithium transport by many types of cells in the peripheral
      compartment, this finding supports the idea that the RBC may provide a useful
      model for studying lithium transport processes that are also operative in other
      types of cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3988974
TI  - Amitriptyline and hydroxylated metabolite plasma levels in depressed outpatients.
AB  - As part of a double-blind clinical trial comparing phenelzine and amitriptyline
      in outpatients with predominantly major depressive disorder, plasma tricyclic
      antidepressant drug concentrations were measured in 83 amitriptyline-treated
      patients. In 29 of these patients, hydroxymetabolites were also assayed. Patients
      were treated for 6 weeks at a fixed dose of 150 mg/day of amitriptyline after the
      first 5 days. Therapeutic outcome was assessed with a structured depression
      interview schedule, the Symptom Checklist-90, a side effects checklist, and a
      global improvement scale. Steady state plasma levels of 10-hydroxynortriptyline
      were in the same range as amitriptyline or nortriptyline concentrations. Clinical
      response did not relate significantly to plasma levels of either the parent drug,
      its metabolites, or the sum of all four pharmacologically active substances.
      Minimum threshold tricyclic antidepressant levels for therapeutic effect were not
      found. Assay of its active hydroxymetabolites does not appear to improve the
      clinical utility of routine amitriptyline level monitoring in patients with major
      depression in an outpatient setting.

PMID- 3988975
TI  - Interethnic dissociation between debrisoquine and desipramine hydroxylation.
AB  - Chinese and Caucasian volunteers who had previously participated in a single dose
      desipramine pharmacokinetic study underwent debrisoquine hydroxylation
      phenotyping. After a single 10-mg oral dose of debrisoquine, urinary
      concentrations of the drug and its major metabolite, 4-hydroxy-debrisoquine (4
      OHD), from an 8-hour collection were more variable in the Caucasians. Compared to
      the Chinese, the Caucasian subjects tended to excrete higher mean fractions of
      the dose as unchanged debrisoquine (10.9 +/- 8.8% vs. 6.3 +/- 2.6%) and 4-OHD
      (15.9 +/- 13.0% vs. 9.7 +/- 7.7%), although given the high variability the
      differences did not reach significance. The "metabolic ratio" of urinary
      debrisoquine to 4-OHD was less than 3 in all 20 subjects, indicating extensive
      debrisoquine hydroxylation in every volunteer, including two Chinese individuals
      known to display slow clearance of desipramine. Contrary to expectation,
      debrisoquine hydroxylation did not correlate with total or hydroxylation
      clearance of desipramine in either ethnic group singly or combined. This finding
      is not consistent with assumptions about the genetic equivalence of the primary
      metabolic pathways of debrisoquine and desipramine.

PMID- 3988976
TI  - The natural occurrence of generalization during articulation treatment.
AB  - This study examined the extent to which generalization of correct phoneme
      production occurred in various speaking environments and across word positions
      without direct training. Three preschool children with articulation disorders
      received treatment in a clinic setting. Treatment targets consisted of specific
      phonemes restricted to particular word positions. Data were collected on the
      children's productions of the target phonemes in treated and untreated word
      positions. In addition, the children's productions were monitored with different
      adults in the clinic and at home. The results indicated that generalization
      occurred in the two speaking environments without direct training. The extent to
      which generalization occurred across word position varied and seemed to be
      related to specific phonemes. The practical implications of the results and
      methodology are discussed.

PMID- 3988977
TI  - Selective attention in a vocal abuse population.
AB  - The speech discrimination abilities in noise of 25 female vocal abusers and 25
      female subjects without a history of vocal abuse were compared, employing the
      Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Selective Attention. The vocal abuse group was
      found to be significantly poorer in discrimination ability than the control
      group. A post hoc analysis of the three background noises (fan noise, cafeteria
      noise, male speaker) yielded significant differences for both groups with the fan
      and cafeteria noise versus the one speaker noise. A possible relationship between
      listening in the presence of noise and vocal misuse while speaking in the
      presence of noise is offered.

PMID- 3988978
TI  - The acquisition of a phonologic feature of Black English.
AB  - Production and perception of word-final /theta/ was assessed among Black English
      and standard English speaking children of grades 1-4. The two dialectal groups
      were significantly different in production but not in perception of the word
      final /theta/. Comparable perceptual performance on discrimination and
      recognition tasks across the four grade-levels indicated parallel perceptual
      mastery of /theta/ between groups despite production differences of form.
      Production of respective adult dialect forms, that is, /theta/ for standard
      English and /theta/----/f/ for Black English, preceded perceptual mastery.
      Because /theta/ is represented by the /theta/----/f/ substitution pattern in both
      adult Black English and emerging phonology of standard English, its acquisitional
      form in the phonology of Black English speaking children has particular
      implications for acquisitional theory and the applied clinical domain. Thus,
      sequential developmental stages for the acquisition of word-final /theta/ are
      proposed in this study and clinical implications discussed.

PMID- 3988979
TI  - Oral diadochokinesis in hearing-impaired adolescents.
AB  - Oscillographic tracings for time-by-count measures of diadochokinetic syllable
      rate (Fletcher, 1972) were collected from a group of 30 hearing-impaired and five
      normal-hearing high-school students. Results indicated that hearing-impaired
      subjects performed significantly slower on all speech-timing tasks than their
      normal-hearing peers. Within-group differences were identified for the hearing
      impaired subjects with respect to speech intelligibility, degree of hearing loss,
      and gender. The differences, in general, indicate that for varying degrees of
      hearing loss severity there are speech-timing coordination deficits commensurate
      to that level.

PMID- 3988980
TI  - Organization of the rostral thalamus in the rat: evidence for connections to
      layer I of visual cortex.
AB  - The present study demonstrates the organization of a thalamocortical projecting
      system which terminates within layer I of the visual cortex in the hooded rat.
      Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections restricted to layer I resulted in
      retrograde labeling of large and medium-sized multipolar and fusiform neurons
      that are located within the ventromedial (VM) nucleus and a dorsomedial subunit
      of the ventral anterolateral nucleus (VAL). Retrograde cellular labeling also
      occurs within the anteromedial nucleus (AM) following these injections. After
      restriction of HRP injections to layer I, peroxidase labeling was not found
      within neurons of the classically defined intralaminar system, i.e., central
      medial, paracentral, and central lateral nuclei, or within the rostral
      continuations of the intralaminar system. Since the VM, dorsomedial VAL, and AM
      nuclei are directly adjacent to portions of the internal medullary lamina, we
      refer to this amalgam of rostral thalamic nuclei that project to layer I as the
      "paralaminar" system. We also provide cytoarchitectonic criteria that can be used
      to distinguish three separate subdivisions within the VAL complex, including that
      portion of the VAL which is part of the "paralaminar" system. In contrast, when
      control injections of WGA-HRP are placed within either the cellular supragranular
      or infragranular layers of the visual cortex, no appreciable number of neurons
      are labeled within the VM, VAL, or AM.

PMID- 3988981
TI  - The structure of the fourth abdominal ganglion of the crayfish, Procambarus
      clarki (Girard). I. Tracts in the ganglionic core.
AB  - The organization of the fourth abdominal ganglion of the crayfish, Procambarus
      clarki, was studied with the light microscope in serial sections stained with
      osmium ethyl gallate. This ganglion is composed of a ventral rind of somata and a
      core of alternating layers of through-tracts and commissures. The longitudinal
      tracts of the ganglion are named according to the system in use for the
      orthopteran insects, because the basic plans of the crustacean and insect ventral
      ganglia exhibit striking anatomical parallels. The dorsal tracts are the largest
      and the most regular in their path through the ganglion. In the ventral posterior
      quadrant of the ganglion the tracts diverge from the basic plan to pass around
      the major synaptic neuropil and the bases of the peripheral nerves. This paper
      reports the three-dimensional anatomy of the major longitudinal through-tracts,
      internal tracts and commissures, and bases of peripheral nerves. Landmark
      features of the ganglion--including the tracts, the major artery of the vascular
      system, the shape of the ganglionic core in section, and prominent single cells,
      all of which make it possible to recognize specific regions of the ganglion--are
      described.

PMID- 3988982
TI  - The structure of the fourth abdominal ganglion of the crayfish, Procambarus
      clarki (Girard). II. Synaptic neuropils.
AB  - Four discrete regions of synaptic neuropil in the crayfish fourth abdominal
      ganglion are described by light and electron microscopy. The largest is the
      horseshoe neuropil, a horseshoe-shaped mass of synaptic glomeruli that lies
      horizontally in the ventral ganglionic core. This neuropil has a substructure of
      three rings of fused glomeruli associated with the entry of small axons from the
      first and second nerve roots. The lateral neuropils are large, paired bulges of
      neuropil that define the sides of the ganglionic core. They contain neuronal
      profiles of various sizes, filled with clear or dense-cored vesicles. The neurons
      are randomly oriented except for occasional dendritic bundles. The tract neuropil
      is ultrastructurally similar to the lateral neuropils but it is distributed among
      the largest axons of the through-tracts and commissures. The midline neuropils
      are small, U-shaped clumps of uniformly sized neuronal profiles that contain
      large numbers of dense-cored vesicles and distinctive lamellar inclusions.

PMID- 3988983
TI  - The neuronal composition of area 17 of rat visual cortex. I. The pyramidal cells.
AB  - The pyramidal cells in area 17 of rat visual cortex have been examined by light
      microscopy using Golgi preparations and semithin plastic sections, and by
      electron microscopy. Pyramidal cells have cell bodies in layers II-VIa. The
      pyramidal cells in the lower portion of layer II/III are typical examples of this
      neuronal type in that they have pyramidal-shaped cell bodies, apical dendrites
      which ascend to layer I, and a skirt of basal dendrites. The pyramidal cells in
      upper layer II/III are similar in form but have shorter apical dendrites, while
      the most superficial pyramidal cells lack apical dendrites and instead have two
      or more primary dendrites that emanate from the upper surface of their somata. In
      layer V the pyramidal cells are of two sizes, medium and large, and both have a
      typical morphology, although the larger neurons have thicker apical dendrites and
      better-developed axon hillocks than the medium-sized pyramids. The medium-sized
      pyramidal cells of layer V outnumber the large ones to a ratio of 2.5:1. In layer
      IV a few typical medium-sized pyramidal cells are present, but the majority are
      small and can be regarded as star pyramids for they have dendrites radiating in
      all directions. No clearly identified spiny stellate cells have been encountered
      in layer IV. The pyramidal cells of layer VIa are also small, and most of them
      have apical dendrites which only ascend as far as layer IV. In addition to these
      varieties, both inverted and horizontally inclined pyramidal cells have been
      encountered. In electron micrographs it is apparent that although all of the
      pyramidal cells have symmetric axosomatic synapses, the frequency with which
      these synapses occur varies. The cell bodies of the various forms of pyramidal
      cells do not show a standard cytology. The medium-sized pyramidal cells of layer
      II/III usually have rounded nuclei, while the nuclei of the small pyramidal cells
      of layers IV and VIa are somewhat more irregular, and the large pyramidal cells
      of layer V have deeply indented nuclear envelopes. The appearance of the
      perikaryal cytoplasm also varies. The larger pyramidal cells have numerous
      mitochondria and well-developed Nissl bodies in their perikaryal cytoplasm, but
      the smaller cells have much-less-pronounced mitochondria and their rough
      endoplasmic reticulum is only organized into stacks at the bases of dendrites.
      Pyramidal cells account for about 87% of profiles of neuronal cell bodies with
      nuclei in layer II/III, 90% in layer IV, 89% in layer V, and 97% in layer VIa.

PMID- 3988984
TI  - The neuronal composition of area 17 of rat visual cortex. II. The nonpyramidal
      cells.
AB  - In the preceding article the characteristics of the various types of pyramidal
      cells present in area 17 of rat visual cortex were described (Peters and Kara,
      '85). In the present article the nonpyramidal cell population of this cortex is
      considered. It is known from Golgi preparations that in layers II-VIa there are
      bipolar cells, smooth or sparsely spinous multipolar and bitufted cells with
      either unmyelinated local plexus or myelinated axons, and chandelier cells. Each
      of these cell types has been previously examined in Golgi-electron microscopic
      preparations. The question now being asked is whether the information about the
      characteristics of these different types of nonpyramidal cells derived from the
      Golgi-electron microscopic studies can be used to identify the cell bodies of
      nonpyramidal cells in tissue prepared for conventional electron microscopy. If
      this can be done then the neuronal composition of area 17 can be determined. It
      has been found that the cell bodies of bipolar cells can be readily identified
      because they are elongate and have nuclei with a vertical infolding and few
      axosomatic synapses, which are of both the symmetric and asymmetric varieties.
      Evidence is presented to show that there are two types of bipolar cells, small
      ones and large ones, the large ones being distinguished by their well-developed
      endoplasmic reticulum in which the cisternae are arranged parallel to the cell
      surface. Bipolar cells account for 6% of the neuronal profiles in layer II/III,
      3% in layer IV, 5% in layer V, and 2% in layer VIa. The cell bodies of other
      types of nonpyramidal cells in layers II-VIa cannot be distinguished from each
      other in thin sections, because recognition of the different cell types depends
      upon the characteristics and distribution of their dendrites and axons. However,
      it is evident that in this group of neurons there are some with small cell bodies
      and others with large cell bodies, and in both size groups there are varieties of
      neurons which can be recognized from the characteristics of their perikaryal
      cytoplasm. All of these neurons have both symmetric and asymmetric axosomatic
      synapses. The greatest number of these nonpyramidal cells which are not bipolar
      in form is found within layer II/III, where they account for 7% of all neuronal
      profiles. These neurons comprise 4% of all neuronal profiles in layer IV, 6% in
      layer V, and 2% in layer VIa. Layers I and VIb contain only nonpyramidal cells,
      but these are different from the ones in layers II-VIa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 3988985
TI  - Degeneration of thalamic neurons in "Purkinje cell degeneration" mutant mice. I.
      Distribution of neuron loss.
AB  - The Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutation of the mouse is an autosomal
      recessive allele which previous studies have shown to be the cause of rapid
      degeneration of nearly all cerebellar Purkinje cells between 18 and 30 postnatal
      days of age (P18-P30), and slowly developing, progressive losses of retinal
      photoreceptor cells and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. Through examination
      of serial frozen sections alternately stained for Nissl substance and for
      degenerating neuronal processes, we have found that discrete populations of
      thalamic neurons degenerate rapidly between P50 and P60. Severely affected
      nuclei, in which a majority of neurons degenerate, include the central division
      of the mediodorsal nucleus, the ventral medial geniculate, posterior, posterior
      ventromedial, and submedial nuclei, and those portions of the ventrolateral and
      posteromedial nuclei which immediately surround the medial division of the
      ventrobasal complex. More subtle cell losses occur during the same time period in
      restricted portions of the lateral ventrobasal, dorsal lateral geniculate, and
      lateral posterior nuclei, but even at P180 these nuclei are not markedly
      atrophic. No common denominator among target cell populations has been
      established. The pcd allele affects a diverse assortment of specific relay
      nuclei; degeneration has not been recognized in thalamic nuclei characterized
      primarily or exclusively by subcortical projections or by cortical projections
      directed relatively selectively to superficial or deep cortical laminae. The
      neuronal degenerations in the thalamus are not precipitated by prior or
      concurrent degeneration of cortical targets or afferent sources, though striking
      transneuronal changes, including cell death, do develop following thalamic
      neuronal degeneration in this mutant. No previously described murine mutant
      phenotype includes the rapid degeneration of highly restricted neuronal
      populations beginning at these relatively advanced ages.

PMID- 3988986
TI  - Degeneration of thalamic neurons in "Purkinje cell degeneration" mutant mice. II.
      Cytology of neuron loss.
AB  - The cytology of thalamocortical relay neuron degeneration in the ventral medial
      geniculate nucleus (vMG) of mice homozygous for the autosomal recessive Purkinje
      cell degeneration (pcd) mutation has been studied by light and electron
      microscopy. More limited sampling of the submedial and mediodorsal nuclei
      suggested that cytological alterations in the vMG were typical of all
      degenerating thalamic nuclei. The number of vMG neurons in pcd mutants was
      comparable to controls at and prior to postnatal day 40 (P40). By P60 seventy
      percent, and by P90 approximately 90%, of the original complement of vMG neurons
      had degenerated in mutant mice. At P30, the general cytological organization of
      vMG neurons closely resembled that of neurons in littermate (+/+ or +/pcd)
      controls, but neurons in mutants were distinguished by the presence of small
      aggregates of fine granules (approximately 9 nm in diameter) that were commonly
      associated with otherwise normal cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum;
      neither the number nor the size of these granular aggregates increased in older
      mutants. By P50 cytoplasmic organelles were curiously distributed in more
      severely affected neurons: large areas of cytoplasm were occupied exclusively by
      polysomes, while profiles of endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus
      appeared to be reduced. Before frank degenerative changes were apparent (at P50),
      all classes of synaptic terminals identified in normal mice were found to have
      made morphologically normal synaptic contacts on mutant vMG neuron dendrites. In
      contrast to the homologous nuclear complex in the cat, presynaptic dendrites were
      not apparent in synaptic glomeruli in wild-type or mutant murine vMG.
      Cytopathological alterations in the neuropil of P50 and older mutants were
      dominated by degenerating dendritic profiles; there was no evidence that the loss
      of thalamic neurons in pcd mutants was associated with synaptic agenesis or
      dysgenesis or the prior or concurrent degeneration of afferent synaptic
      terminals.

PMID- 3988987
TI  - A Golgi study of the human neostriatum: neurons and afferent fibers.
AB  - The neostriatum of 20 adult humans was examined in Golgi-Kopsch and rapid Golgi
      preparations. At least five types of neurons and four types of afferent fibers
      are described. Neurons of medium size with spine-rich dendrites (spiny type I)
      are the most frequent type. These cells exhibit a greater morphological diversity
      than those previously studied in the monkey. Also, quantitative data show that,
      compared to the monkey, spiny type I neurons in man have a greater somal size and
      dendritic field radius. Although the types of spines are similar, the mean
      density and radial distribution of spines along dendrites differ in the two
      species. Morphologic features of the axon, which is usually long with extensive
      collateral branches, suggest that more than one process from the axon may be
      efferent. Medium to large neurons with sparsely spined dendrites (spiny type II)
      differ from type I neurons in having a poorer branching and greater radial spread
      of their dendrites and a lower density of spines. They also differ from spiny
      type I neurons in their distribution and relative proportion of various spine
      types. The axon of the spiny type II neuron is long and has collaterals which are
      poorly arborized in comparison to those of spiny type I cells. Aspiny neurons are
      of medium (aspiny type I) and large (aspiny type II) size. They have varicose,
      curved dendrites and a short axon which arborizes mostly within the dendritic
      field. A group of smaller neurons with more variable dendritic morphology is also
      seen. Observations suggest that in the human brain the proportion of medium-sized
      aspiny neurons and small neurons may be greater than in other species.

PMID- 3988988
TI  - The three-dimensional morphology of afferent terminal fields in the rat dentate
      gyrus: periodic variation.
AB  - The laminated afferent terminal fields in the rat dentate gyrus molecular layer
      exhibit differential histochemical staining properties. Dependent variables
      (e.g., field geometrics, stain intensity) based on this organization can allow
      evaluation of the effect of independent variables upon the integrity of each
      afferent, but anatomically justifiable procedures for matching measurement
      regions across animals are necessary. We describe such a procedure and a
      serendipitous observation on the normal organization of the terminal fields. From
      a 10 X 10 mediolateral X anteroposterior array of measurement points per animal,
      it was determined that each afferent field, and the total molecular layer,
      exhibits periodic variation in width relative to the granule cell layer. Thus, to
      reduce statistical variability, either a high dependent variable sampling rate,
      or sampling within a region of naturally low variability, is suggested. Evidence
      for such a region is presented, and possible consequences of this novel topology
      of afferentation are discussed.

PMID- 3988989
TI  - The central neural connections of the area postrema of the rat.
AB  - We applied the neuroanatomical tracers cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase and
      wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase to investigate the neural
      connections of the area postrema (AP) in the rat. We find that the AP projects to
      the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
      bilaterally both rostral and caudal to obex; the nucleus ambiguus; the dorsal
      aspect of the spinal trigeminal tract and nucelus and the paratrigeminal nucleus;
      the region of the ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic column; the
      cerebellar vermis; and a cluster of structures in the dorsolateral pons which
      prominently include a discrete set of subnuclei in the lateral parabrachial
      nucleus. The major central afferent input to the area postrema is provided by a
      group of neurons in the paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei whose
      collective dendrites describe a horizontally oriented plexus which encircles the
      parvocellular nucleus of the hypothalamus bilaterally. In addition, the caudal
      NTS may project lightly to the AP. The lateral parabrachial nucleus provides a
      very light input as well. These connections, when considered in the context of
      the known vagal afferent input and reduced blood-brain barrier of AP, place this
      structure in a unique position to receive and modulate ascending interoceptive
      information and to influence autonomic outflow as well.

PMID- 3988990
TI  - Neuronal death during development in the isthmo-optic nucleus of the chick:
      sustaining role of afferents from the tectum.
AB  - Neurons have been counted in the isthmo-optic nucleus following lesions of the
      optic tectum, its main source of afferents. Late lesions, made at 10.8-12.2 days
      of incubation, were employed as they cause the fewest non-specific side effects.
      The lesions spared the isthmo-optic tract, and although they caused many retinal
      ganglion cells to die, the degeneration did not spread to the inner nuclear
      layer, which contains the target cells of the isthmo-optic fibers. Hence the
      effects on the isthmo-optic nucleus were due to its being deprived of afferents.
      Even in unoperated embryos, 60% of the isthmo-optic neurons are known to die
      between embryonic days 12 and 17. The tectal lesions greatly increased the cell
      loss ipsilaterally; this was due to cell death, since other explanations such as
      migration away or differential cellular shrinkage have been ruled out. The fact
      that additional neuronal death occurred mainly during the latter half of the
      period of natural cell death implies that the tectal afferents are important for
      the survival of the isthmo-optic neurons during this latter half, but not before.

PMID- 3988991
TI  - Connections of the lobus inferior hypothalami of the clearnose skate Raja
      eglanteria (Chondrichthyes).
AB  - The afferent and efferent connections of the lobus inferior hypothalami of the
      clearnose skate were demonstrated by the anterograde and retrograde transport of
      horseradish peroxidase. The main source of afferents is from the midbrain
      tegmentum and telencephalon. The major midbrain input is from cells of the
      ipsilateral nucleus tegmentalis lateralis and the caudal tegmental area. Another
      prominent, mostly ipsilateral, projection arises from nucleus F of the isthmic
      region. A few labeled cells also occur in the nucleus interpeduncularis, nucleus
      raphes superior, and lateral reticular formation. Afferents from the
      telencephalon arise from cells of the area preoptica, area superficialis basalis,
      striatum, nucleus septalis lateralis, and area subpallialis 1. Of the pallial
      structures, the pallium mediale and anterior as well as posterior subdivisions of
      the pallium dorsale pars centralis appear to have strong projections to the
      inferior lobe. Efferent connections of the inferior lobe consist of ascending and
      descending pathways. Fibers of the main ascending efferent pathway course within
      the basal forebrain bundle and distribute to subpallial areas. The descending
      efferent pathways course within the tractus lobobulbaris and tractus
      lobocerebellaris. Of these, the former is traceable to the level of the facial
      motor nucleus, issuing fibers enroute to the midbrain tegmentum and to the
      lateral reticular formation. The lobocerebellar tract courses dorsolateral to the
      lobobulbar tract, and its fibers terminate within the ipsilateral granular ridge
      of the rostral pole of the cerebellar corpus. There appears to be a topological
      organization of the inferior lobe connections. In general, pallial areas project
      mainly to the lateral subdivision of the inferior lobe nucleus at midlobic
      levels, whereas connections with the brainstem arise from or terminate within the
      dorsal and intermediate subdivisions at midlobic as well as caudal levels. The
      widespread ascending and descending connections indicate that the hypothalamic
      inferior lobe of the clearnose skate is a major relay center between the
      telencephalon and brainstem.

PMID- 3988992
TI  - Postnatal development of the ipsilateral retinocollicular projection and the
      effects of unilateral enucleation in the golden hamster.
AB  - Anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish
      peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was used to study the normal development of the ipsilateral
      retinocollicular projection in golden hamsters, and to examine the effect of
      enucleation of the other eye at birth. In neonatal animals there were retinal
      fibers and sparsely distributed granular labeling in the superficial layers of
      the ipsilateral superior colliculus over its entire areal extent. Differences in
      the uncrossed projections of normal and enucleated animals first became clear at
      day 5. In normal animals, retinal fibers withdrew from the superficial layers of
      the superior colliculus, and the projection became concentrated in the stratum
      opticum, where denser clumps of label in the rostral part of the superior
      colliculus were first seen at day 5. In enucleated animals, the retinal
      projection persisted in the most superficial layers, and the density of labeling
      was higher than in normals. The very sensitive WGA-HRP technique showed retinal
      fibers extending to the caudal pole of the superior colliculus at all ages: even
      in normal animals more than 2 weeks of age some fibers reached as far as the
      inferior colliculus. When the shrunken size of the superior colliculus in the
      enucleated animals was taken into account, the total areal distribution of the
      ipsilateral projection was similar in normal animals and enucleates. The major
      difference between the two groups was in the higher density of ipsilateral
      labeling, especially in the caudal part of the superior colliculus, and in its
      more superficial laminar distribution in the enucleated animals.

PMID- 3988993
TI  - An investigation of cholinergic circuitry in cat striate cortex using
      acetylcholinesterase histochemistry.
AB  - The organization of cholinergic inputs to cat striate cortex (area 17) was
      studied by using a histochemical stain for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Axons
      were labelled in all layers of the striate cortex, with distinct plexuses
      occurring in layer I, lower layer III, layer IVc, and layer VI. In addition to
      the stained axons, a population of layer V pyramidal cells was intensely AChE
      positive. Surgical undercutting eliminated virtually all of the AChE-positive
      axons in the striate cortex, thus indicating that this innervation arises
      entirely from an extrinsic source in the cat. To identify this source, cell
      groups projecting to area 17 were retrogradely labelled with horseradish
      peroxidase. Cell groups labelled with horseradish peroxidase that were also
      intensely AChE-positive were considered as possible candidates for providing the
      cholinergic input to the striate cortex. These included the basal forebrain,
      several intralaminar nuclei, and the lateral geniculate nucleus. Kainate lesions
      were then made in each of these structures to assess their individual
      contributions to the cortical AChE pattern. Cortical AChE was depleted only after
      lesions of the basal forebrain, suggesting that this is the sole source of AChE
      positive axons in area 17. Because the cortically projecting cells in this region
      have been shown to contain choline acetyltransferase in a number of species, we
      postulate that the AChE-positive fibers we describe in the cat striate cortex are
      in fact cholinergic.

PMID- 3988994
TI  - Telencephalic connections of the trigeminal system in the pigeon (Columba livia):
      a trigeminal sensorimotor circuit.
AB  - A combination of autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry was
      used to identify telencephalic structures linking the sensory and motor
      components of the trigeminal system in the pigeon. A direct telencephalic
      projection from the principal trigeminal sensory nucleus upon the nucleus basalis
      via the quintofrontal tract was confirmed. Nucleus basalis projects upon a belt
      of neurons within the overlying neostriatum. This region (neostriatum frontale,
      pars trigeminale: NFT) gives rise to the fronto-archistriate tract which
      terminates both in the archistriatum intermedium and in the overlying neostriatum
      caudale, medial to the ventricle (neostriatum caudale, pars trigeminale: NCT).
      NCT projects, in turn, upon a region of archistriatum intermedium containing cell
      bodies of the occipito-mesencephalic tract. This pathway provides a link between
      the telencephalon and premotor areas within the lateral (parvicellular) reticular
      formation of the lower brainstem. The trigeminal sensorimotor circuit defined in
      these experiments has been implicated by neurobehavioral studies in the control
      of pecking, grasping, and feeding in the pigeon.

PMID- 3988995
TI  - Depth segregation of retinal ganglion cells projecting to mouse superior
      colliculus.
AB  - The retinotectal projections in the mouse were analyzed with injections of
      horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus and of radioactive amino
      acids into the eye. At least 70% of the ganglion cells, and possibly all of them,
      were found to project to the superior colliculus, including ganglion cells of all
      sizes. Small injections revealed that ganglion cells of different sizes terminate
      at different levels in the superior colliculus. The small ganglion cells that
      form the vast majority of all cells project predominantly to the upper stratum
      griseum superficiale. A small population of mainly medium-sized and large
      ganglion cells project to the deep stratum griseum superficiale and to the
      stratum opticum. The ipsilateral projection is restricted to the deep stratum
      griseum superficiale and stratum opticum and consists predominantly of medium
      sized and large ganglion cells.

PMID- 3988996
TI  - The organization of pudendal motoneurons and primary afferent projections in the
      spinal cord of the rhesus monkey revealed by horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - The horseradish peroxidase tracing technique was utilized to study the
      distribution of motoneurons and primary afferent neurons contributing fibers to
      the pudendal nerve in the monkey. Application of horseradish peroxidase to the
      central cut end of the pudendal nerve labeled motoneurons in the ipsilateral
      spinal cord primarily in the S1 and L7 segments. In transverse sections these
      neurons were distributed within an oval area (Onuf's nucleus) with an average
      dimension of 360 X 290 micron, located at the base of the ventral horn, medial to
      the lateral motor nuclei. An average of 418 (range: 170-577) medium-sized (44 X
      26 micron) neurons were labeled per animal. In longitudinal sections the nucleus
      appeared as a beaded column of cells extending 9.3 mm rostrocaudally with a
      prominent network of longitudinal dendrites. In the transverse plane, other
      groups of dendrites were observed: one group extended dorsomedially toward the
      central canal, while a second group extended dorsolaterally to the
      intermediolateral gray, with some of the latter dendritic processes following the
      lateral border of the ventral horn. An average of 9,200 afferent neurons were
      labeled in the dorsal root ganglia of each animal. Approximately 85% of these
      cells were located in a single dorsal root ganglion (S1 or S2). This ganglion was
      always located one spinal segment caudal to the segment containing the majority
      of cells in Onuf's nucleus. In the spinal cord, afferent labeling in the dorsal
      columns and Lissauer's tract extended from S3 to at least L1. The density of
      afferent labeling in the spinal cord paralleled the number of labeled dorsal root
      ganglion cells in the corresponding segments. From Lissauer's tract and the
      dorsal columns a prominent collateral fiber bundle passed medially over the apex
      of the dorsal horn to the dorsal commissure and to medial laminae I-IV of the
      dorsal horn. A much less prominent pathway passed ventrally along the lateral
      edge of the dorsal horn to lamina V, where a few collaterals continued medially
      to the dorsal commissure. The majority of labeled lateral afferent axons ended
      slightly dorsal to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. A comparison of the
      present findings with previous descriptions of the sacral visceral pathways shows
      a considerable overlap in certain areas of the spinal cord of pudendal and pelvic
      nerve afferent and efferent systems. This close anatomic relationship is
      consistent with the physiological observation that somatovisceral integration in
      the lumbosacral spinal cord is essential for the normal regulation of
      micturition, defecation, and sexual function.

PMID- 3988997
TI  - Multiple vibrissae sensory regions in rat cerebellum: a (14C) 2-deoxyglucose
      study.
AB  - Repetitive tactile sensory stimulation of the right mystacial vibrissae
      (whiskers) was performed in awake, adult rats. Regions of increased (14C) 2
      deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake were mapped autoradiographically in cerebellum.
      Predominantly ipsilateral activation of multiple discrete granule cell regions
      occurred in paramedian lobule, crus 2, crus 1, lobulus simplex, and anterior lobe
      hemisphere. Bilateral and contralateral activation of cerebellum did occur.
      Multiple small patches, as well as large granule cell regions, were activated.
      Mossy fiber afferents from the spinal trigeminal nuclei (particularly
      interpolaris), principal trigeminal sensory nucleus, and superior colliculus
      could account for metabolic activation of the granular layer. The slight
      metabolic activation of the molecular layer could have occurred from climbing or
      parallel fibers. Comparisons of the paramedian lobule granule cell regions
      activated during repetitive sensory stimulation of the vibrissae (RSSV) to those
      activated during vibrissae motor cortex stimulation (VMIS) showed regions only
      activated by RSSV, regions only activated by VMIS, and regions activated by both
      RSSV and VMIS. The granule cell regions activated during RSSV and VMIS were
      usually adjacent to or overlapping each other. Regions only activated during RSSV
      or only during VMIS could represent technical problems in trying to compare
      vibrissae motor and sensory pathways in two different groups of animals.
      Alternatively, cerebellar regions activated only during RSSV could process
      vibrissae tactile inputs. Regions activated only during VMIS could process
      vibrissae motor and perhaps proprioceptive sensory input. Regions activated
      during both RSSV and VMIS might process vibrissae proprioceptive sensory input
      and/or might represent loci where vibrissae motor, proprioceptive sensory, and
      tactile sensory convergence occur. The results raise the possibility that
      vibrissae motor, proprioceptive sensory, and tactile sensory pathways could be
      processed in separate granule cell patches in parts of cerebellum and in the same
      granule cell patches in other parts of cerebellum.

PMID- 3988998
TI  - The spinal terminations of single, physiologically characterized axons
      originating in the pontomedullary raphe of the cat.
AB  - Single myelinated axons were recorded in the dorsolateral funiculus of the cat
      and physiologically characterized as descending from the midline medulla or
      midline pons. Following further physiological characterization (e.g., conduction
      velocity, adequate stimulus, receptive field, activation by stimulation of
      periaqueductal gray), the axons were labeled with horseradish peroxidase that was
      iontophoretically ejected from the recording micropipette. Histochemical reaction
      allowed visualization of the stained axons and their arborizations in the spinal
      gray matter. The conduction velocities of the sampled axons ranged from 7.3 to
      117.2 m/second with a mean of 35.5 m/second. However, unmyelinated axons could
      not be sampled with the technique employed here. Descending axons could be
      divided into two groups: (1) those which terminated in laminae I, II, V, and X,
      and (2) those which terminated in laminae V, VII, and X. Axons from both groups
      had myelinated parent axons, were activated by periaqueductal gray stimulation,
      and responded to noxious pinch of their receptive field. Terminal collaterals
      from both groups of axons were generally transversely oriented. These results
      suggest heterogeneous functions for these descending axons which may include
      modulation of nociceptive input to higher centers.

PMID- 3988999
TI  - The ultrastructure and synaptic connections of the spinal terminations from
      single, physiologically characterized axons descending in the dorsolateral
      funiculus from the midline, pontomedullary region.
AB  - Single axons descending in the spinal, dorsolateral funiculus which were directly
      activated by stimulating in or near nucleus raphe magnus (nRM) in the rostral
      medulla were iontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
      Labeled axons and terminal arborizations in the spinal cord were demonstrated by
      diaminobenzidine histochemistry following fixation. Sections were processed for
      electron microscopy and embedded between coverslips. Following examination with
      the light microscope, selected boutons were sectioned in ultrathin series and
      examined with the electron microscope. Two arborization patterns were observed
      with the light microscope. One terminated dorsally in laminae I, II, V, and X,
      while the other terminated ventrally in laminae V, VII, and X. At the
      ultrastructural level, boutons predominantly contacted dendrites and occasionally
      contacted cell somas. Ventrally projecting axons had boutons characterizable as
      Gray's type I. Some dorsally projecting axons also had Gray's type I boutons,
      while other axons had Gray's type II boutons. Thus, these descending axons may be
      heterogeneous in function. No differences in physiological characteristics were
      found between axons with Gray's type I boutons versus axons with Gray's type II
      boutons.

PMID- 3989000
TI  - Afferents to the flocculus of the cerebellum in the rhesus macaque as revealed by
      retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - To investigate the afferent projections to the flocculus in a nonhuman primate,
      we injected horseradish peroxidase into one flocculus of six rhesus macaques
      (Macaca mulatta) and processed their brains according to the tetramethylbenzidine
      protocol to reveal retrogradely labeled neurons. Labeled neurons were found in a
      large set of nuclei within the rostral medulla and the pons. The greatest numbers
      of labeled neurons were in the vestibular complex and the nucleus prepositus
      hypoglossi. There were neurons labeled bilaterally throughout all the vestibular
      nuclei except the lateral vestibular nucleus, but most of the labeled neurons
      were in the caudal parts of the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei and in the
      central part of the superior vestibular nucleus; the nucleus prepositus was also
      labeled bilaterally, primarily caudally. Modest numbers of labeled neurons were
      found in the y-group, most ipsilaterally, and many neurons were labeled in the
      interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve. No labeled neurons were found in
      the vestibular ganglion following a large injection into the flocculus. A second
      large source of afferents to the flocculus was the medial, paramedial, and raphe
      reticular formation. Dense aggregates of labeled neurons were located in several
      pararaphe nuclei of the rostral medulla and the rostral pons and in the nucleus
      reticularis paramedianus of the medulla and several component nuclei of the
      nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis bilaterally. Several groups of cells within
      and abutting upon the medial and rostral aspects of the abducens nucleus were
      labeled bilaterally. There was a modest projection from two parts of the pontine
      nuclei. Both a dorsal midline nucleus ventral to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
      pontis and a collection of nuclei in a laminar region adjacent to the
      contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle contained labeled neurons whose numbers,
      while modest, were large compared to the projections to the flocculus in other
      animals. This generic difference may be due to the greater development of the
      smooth pursuit system in monkeys and the consequent need for a more substantial
      input from the cerebral cortex. As in other genera, the inferior olive projected
      to the flocculus via the dorsal cap of Kooy and the contiguous ventrolateral
      outgrowth. The projection was completely crossed and large injections labeled
      virtually every neuron in the dorsal cap, suggesting that the dorsal cap is the
      principal source of climbing fiber afferents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989001
TI  - Interhemispheric connections of cortical sensory areas in tree shrews.
AB  - Interhemispheric connections were studied in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) after
      multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase or horseradish peroxidase
      conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin into the cortex of one cerebral hemisphere.
      After an appropriate survival period, the areal pattern of connections was
      revealed by flattening the other hemisphere, cutting sections parallel to the
      cortical surface, and staining with tetramethylbenzidine. Architectonic
      boundaries were identified by using sections stained for myelinated fibers.
      Labeled cells and axon terminations formed largely overlapping distributions that
      covaried in density, although labeled cells appeared to be more evenly
      distributed than labeled terminations. Connections were concentrated along the
      border of area 17 (V-I) with area 18 (V-II). However, connections also extended
      as far as 2 mm into area 17 to include cortex representing parts of the visual
      field 10 degrees or more from the zero vertical meridian. Clusters of dense
      connections spanned the width of area 18, where they alternated with regions of
      fewer connections. These clusters roughly corresponded in location to regions
      with heavier myelination. In the visually responsive temporal cortex, connections
      were also unevenly distributed. The organization of most of this cortex is not
      understood, but one subdivision, the temporal dorsal area (TD), has been
      identified on the basis of reciprocal connections with area 17. The central part
      of the TD had few interhemispheric connections, while most of the outer border
      had dense connections. The auditory cortex had dense and patchy connections
      throughout. The pattern in the primary somatosensory cortex (S-I) varied
      according to the representation of body parts, so that the cortex related to the
      forepaw had sparse connections, while connections were dense but uneven over much
      of the representation of the face, nose, and mouth. A focus of connections was
      found at the border of the forepaw and face representations, where the
      myelination of S-I cortex is interrupted. Dense, uneven connections also
      characterized the second somatosensory area, S-II. The motor cortex was densely
      connected, with only slightly fewer terminations rostral to the forepaw region of
      S-I. Other parts of frontal cortex had dense connections. The distribution of
      cortical connections varied with depth for at least some areas, so that clusters
      of cells and terminations were found in supragranular layers in S-I, S-II, and
      TD, while infragranular labeled cells were more evenly distributed.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989002
TI  - Effects of neonatal infraorbital lesions upon central trigeminal primary afferent
      projections in rat and hamster.
AB  - Transganglionic and anterograde horseradish peroxidase transport was used to
      evaluate the central projections of undamaged trigeminal (V) nerve branches in
      adult rats and hamsters subjected to transection of the infraorbital nerve and to
      cauterization of the vibrissae follicles at birth. In rats, deafferented regions
      of the V brainstem nuclear complex did not receive abnormal projections from
      undamaged mandibular sensory afferents. Undamaged ophthalmic-maxillary fibers
      also failed to terminate heavily in the region deafferented by the neonatal
      infraorbital lesions. In the hamster, on the other hand, neonatal infraorbital
      nerve lesions were associated with statistically significant increases in
      mandibular terminal fields in the principalis, subnucleus interpolaris, and
      subnucleus caudalis. Tracing experiments were also carried out in neonatal rats
      and hamsters to determine whether the above-described differences in the response
      to infraorbital nerve damage reflected a difference in the maturity of the V
      primary afferent projections to the brainstem at the time of our neonatal
      lesions. In neonatal rats, the infraorbital and mandibular projections to the V
      brainstem nuclear complex were quite adultlike, both in their pattern and in the
      extent of their overlap, which was minimal. Overlap between mandibular and
      infraorbital terminal fields was also minimal in the newborn hamsters.

PMID- 3989003
TI  - Floccular efferents in the rhesus macaque as revealed by autoradiography and
      horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - To fulfill its putative role in short- and long-term modification of the
      vestibulo-ocular reflex, the flocculus of the cerebellum must send efferents to
      brainstem nuclei involved in the control of eye movements. In order to reveal the
      sites of these interactions, we determined the projections of the flocculus by
      autoradiography and orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in five rhesus
      macaques. Anterogradely labeled axons collected at the base of the injected folia
      and coursed caudally and medially between the middle cerebellar peduncle and the
      flocculus. They swept medially over the caudal surface of the middle cerebellar
      peduncle, over the dorsal surface of the cochlear nuclei, and then caudally along
      the lateral surface of the inferior cerebellar peduncle to pass over its dorsal
      surface in the cerebellopontine angle and terminate exclusively in the
      ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Three contingents of axons could be
      differentiated. The axons of one group flowed caudally and medially into the y
      group, which clearly received the densest floccular projection. Other, notably
      thicker, axons of this group continued rostrally and medially to terminate
      chiefly in the large-cell core of the superior vestibular nucleus. A second large
      contingent of thin axons streamed caudal and ventral to the y-group to form a
      compact tract adjacent to the lateral angle of the fourth ventricle and dorsal to
      the medial vestibular nucleus. Fibers from this tract (the angular bundle of
      Lowy) supplied a sizable projection to the rostral part of the medial vestibular
      nucleus and modest projection to the ventrolateral vestibular nucleus. A final
      group of fibers extended caudally and medially from the y-group in a plexus
      ventral to the dentate and interposed nuclei to terminate in the basal
      interstitial nucleus of the cerebellum (Langer, '85), a broadly distributed
      cerebellar nucleus on the roof of the fourth ventricle. The flocculus can affect
      vestibulo-ocular behavior only through these efferents to the vestibular nuclei
      and the basal interstitial nucleus of the cerebellum.

PMID- 3989004
TI  - Basal interstitial nucleus of the cerebellum: cerebellar nucleus related to the
      flocculus.
AB  - We have shown that the monkey flocculus is not connected with any of the major,
      well-demarcated cerebellar nuclei. There is, however, a broadly distributed
      interstitial population of neurons in the white matter ventral to the cerebellar
      nuclei and extending into the peduncle of the flocculus; this population,
      previously undescribed in the monkey, has reciprocal connections with the
      flocculus (Langer et al., '85a,b). Several lines of evidence indicate that this
      collection of neurons, called the basal interstitial nucleus of the cerebellum
      (BIN/Cb), can justifiably be considered a nucleus. (1) Injection of horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) into the flocculus always labels a group of neurons that lie
      immediately ventral to the well-demarcated cerebellar nuclei and extend
      posteromedially into the lateral margin of the nodulus and rostrolaterally around
      the caudal surface of the y-group, infiltrating the peduncle of the flocculus.
      (2) In Nissl-stained material there is a readily seen collection of neurons that
      are clearly distinct from the overlying cerebellar nuclei, with precisely the
      same distribution. These neurons have a characteristic morphology: they are
      intermediate-sized, chromatophilic, multipolar, and fusiform, and have rapidly
      tapering proximal dendrites. The cell nucleus is generally placed eccentrically
      in the cell body, against the plasma membrane or in one pole of the cell. The
      Nissl substance is usually finely granular in the center of the cell body and
      forms dense clumps adjacent to the cell membrane. (3) Anterograde label from
      injections of HRP or tritiated amino acids into the flocculus extends over the
      same group of neurons. In one brain with an HRP injection involving a part of the
      BIN/Cb there was a patchy, clustered distribution of labeled Purkinje cells
      extending throughout the flocculus and into the adjacent lateral parts of the
      simple lobule. The clusters were confined to the medial half of many of the
      floccular folia.

PMID- 3989005
TI  - Ultrastructure of mouse vallate taste buds. I. Taste cells and their associated
      synapses.
AB  - The ultrastructural features of murine vallate taste bud cells and their
      associated synapses have been examined in thin and thick sections with
      conventional transmission electron microscopy and high-voltage electron
      microscopy. Computer-assisted reconstructions from serial sections were utilized
      to aid in visualization of taste bud cell-nerve fiber synapses. We have
      classified taste bud cells on the basis of previously established criteria
      namely, size of the nucleus, shape and density of chromatin, density of
      cytoplasm, and presence or absence of dense-cored or clear vesicles, other
      cytoplasmic organelles, and synaptic foci. Both dark cells and light cells are
      present, as well as cells with intermediate morphological characteristics.
      Synapses were observed from taste bud cells onto nerve fiber processes. In
      virtually all instances, synapses are associated with the nuclear region of the
      taste cell. These synapses are characterized by the presence of 40-70 nm clear
      vesicles embedded in a thickened presynaptic membrane separated from the
      postsynaptic membrane by a 16-30 nm cleft. Synapses are not unique to any
      particular cell type. Dark, intermediate, and light cells all synapse onto nerve
      fibers. Two general types of synapses exist: spot (or macular) and fingerlike. In
      the latter, the postsynaptic region of the neuronal process protrudes into an
      invagination of the taste cell membrane. Differences in synaptic morphology are
      not correlated with taste cell type. In some cases a single taste cell was
      observed to possess both macular and fingerlike synapses adjacent to one another,
      forming a synaptic complex onto a single neuronal process. On the basis of the
      presence of synaptic contacts, we conclude that both "dark" and "light" cells are
      gustatory receptors.

PMID- 3989006
TI  - Neurogenesis of the climbing fibers in the human cerebellum: a Golgi study.
AB  - The prenatal and early postnatal neurogenesis of the human climbing fibers of the
      lateral cerebellar hemispheres have been studied, with the rapid Golgi method,
      and correlated with the developmental stages of Purkinje cells. A transitional
      phase has been established in the neurogenesis of the human Purkinje cell between
      the second and third stages of Cajal. This phase coincides with the arrival of
      the climbing fibers. It is characterized by the reabsorption and subsequent
      transformation of Purkinje cell's basal dendrites into somatic spines. Following
      the arrival of the climbing fibers and the establishment of contacts, the
      Purkinje cell is progressively transformed from an immature stellate and
      nonoriented cell into a monopolar and spatially oriented one which acquires all
      of its mature morphological and functional features. The human climbing fibers
      arrive at the Purkinje cell plate by the 28th week of gestation and establish a
      transient paraganglionic plexus before contacts with these neurons can be
      recognized. They start to form pericellular nests by the 29th week, and by the
      31st week of gestation all Purkinje cells of the lateral hemispheres have
      pericellular nests around their bodies. These pericellular nests are
      progressively and rapidly transformed into supracellular "capuchones" which
      themselves are also short-lived because the climbing process starts readily in
      them. Supracellular "capuchones" are recognized by the 34th seek and their
      fibrils start to climb the dendrites of Purkinje cells (young climbing phase) by
      the 36th week of gestation. The process of climbing the dendrites of the Purkinje
      cells will continue through late prenatal and early postnatal life. The human
      climbing fibers are distributed, in the internal granular layer, within narrow
      and long vertical territories which are transverse to the long axis of the
      follium. A single climbing fiber is (1) able to establish contacts with many
      Purkinje cells located within its narrow territory of distribution; (2) has a
      tendency to establish contacts with small groups of Purkinje cells rather than
      with isolate neurons; (3) able to send collaterals to several contiguous
      cerebellar folia; and (4) able to send collaterals to the internal granular layer
      and to form pericellular nests in it. The human cerebellum may be considered to
      be subdivided into a series of parallel, narrow, and transverse
      structural/functional planes, each one characterized by the distribution of a
      climbing fiber.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989007
TI  - Electrolysis and thermolysis for permanent hair removal.
AB  - The historical, legal, and theoretical aspects and clinical technics of both
      electrolysis and thermolysis are critically reviewed. The pitfalls of electronic
      tweezers and the dangers of self-electrolysis are discussed. Complications of
      electrolysis and thermolysis and the pathophysiology of hair regrowth are
      presented. In the United States, the lack of uniform training requirements and
      standards for electrologists may pose an unrecognized risk to public health. It
      is suggested that more responsible state legislation be enacted in order to
      decrease the present potential threat to the public health and safety.

PMID- 3989009
TI  - Collagen implant in management of perleche (angular cheilosis).
AB  - Perleche (angular cheilosis) is often caused by the presence of saliva on skin
      adjacent to mucous membranes. In some cases saliva escapes from the mouth through
      deep grooves that extend inferolaterally from oral commissures. If the sulci are
      secondary to a decreased vertical dimension of the lower one third of the face
      (determined by described measurements), corrective dental measures may be
      curative. When this approach is not practical and in other cases when the grooves
      are produced by other causes, the defects can be corrected by use of injections
      of collagen implant. This has been done successfully in two patients, and angular
      cheilosis has not reoccurred.

PMID- 3989008
TI  - Cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction: prognostic features seen by light
      microscopy.
AB  - Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a severe complication of bone marrow
      transplantation. The diagnosis may be made and its course followed by serial skin
      biopsies. The degree of epidermal change has been used as a guideline in grading
      each biopsy, but great variation may be found within each grade, especially grade
      2 (basal cell vacuolization and dyskeratosis). To find a histologic parameter
      that is prognostic of more severe acute GVHD, we examined retrospectively the
      serial biopsies of 54 patients. When we studied early cutaneous graft-versus-host
      reaction (GVHR), represented by the grade 2 biopsies, the number of dermal and
      epidermal mononuclear inflammatory cells correlated positively with the
      probability of developing more severe acute GVHD. In addition, the patients who
      had more severe acute GVHD tended to have an earlier appearance of cutaneous
      histologic changes. None of the other histologic parameters examined in these
      grade 2 biopsies were found to be predictive of GVHD progression. In addition, no
      histopathologic parameters in these grade 2 biopsies were predictive of the
      subsequent development of chronic GVHD.

PMID- 3989010
TI  - Xeroderma pigmentosum and squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Identification
      of two black patients as members of complementation group C.
AB  - We present the identification and characterization of two patients with xeroderma
      pigmentosum (XP) and squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Dermal fibroblasts
      from two black siblings with XP were shown to be hypersensitive to ultraviolet
      (UV) light measured by colony-forming ability. UV-induced unscheduled
      deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was reduced significantly when compared with
      normal levels for both strains. The strains were assigned to complementation
      group C on the basis of cell fusion studies. Patients with XP have a marked
      increase over normal persons for developing skin cancer, presumably because of
      their extreme sensitivity to UV light. Our results may have applicability in
      explaining the in vivo development of epidermoid carcinoma in the partially
      shielded tongue of some XP patients.

PMID- 3989011
TI  - The relationship of sun exposure and solar elastosis to basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - The significance of sun exposure in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma
      (BCC) was assessed. A total of 262 tumors were studied. Most of the tumors
      occurred in patients over 40 years of age, with a male to female ratio of 3:2.
      The majority of tumors were present on the head and neck, mostly on sites
      maximally exposed to sun. Solar elastosis of varying degrees was recorded in 93%
      of tumors, some of which occurred in relatively covered areas such as the scalp
      and trunk. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation thus represents a major factor in
      the pathogenesis of BCC. Surprisingly, 26% of tumors had mild elastosis, nearly
      half of which occurred on exposed sites such as the forehead, nose, and cheeks.

PMID- 3989013
TI  - Angiokeratoma vulvae.
AB  - A healthy 25-year-old white woman presented with a 2-year history of vaginal
      pruritus, burning, and dyspareunia. Numerous grayish purple macular and papular
      lesions, ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 mm, were observed on both labia majora.
      Some were centrally eroded. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of angiokeratoma. All
      lesions were electrocauterized, with the patient under local anesthesia. No new
      lesions appeared during a 6-month follow-up period, and the patient remained
      asymptomatic. Vulval angiokeratomas probably occur more commonly than the
      literature suggests. Occasionally they may be confused with other lesions. Since
      they are easily treatable, clinicians should be alert for their presence when
      diagnosing pruritic, painful, or bleeding lesions of the vulvovaginal region.

PMID- 3989012
TI  - Fatal panniculitis.
AB  - The Weber-Christian syndrome (relapsing nodular panniculitis) displays a clinical
      spectrum varying from short, self-limited, or intermittent disease episodes to
      persistent disease with fatal outcome. Inflamed adipose tissue is exclusively
      subcutaneous in some patients and is both subcutaneous and perivisceral in
      others. Inflammation of fat may induce a focal cutaneous or a systemic
      extracutaneous histiocytic proliferative response in which hemophagocytosis may
      be a frequent characteristic. Major causes of death--sepsis, hepatic failure,
      hemorrhage, and thrombosis--are identical in the patients with and without the
      systemic histiocytic proliferation. Inflammation in fat, of and by itself, may be
      associated with significant morbidity and mortality, regardless of specific
      histopathology or inciting factors.

PMID- 3989014
TI  - Cutaneous hyperpigmentation induced by amiodarone hydrochloride.
AB  - Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an iodinated compound widely used in the treatment of
      cardiac arrhythmias for more than a decade. A patient who developed a persistent
      blue-gray skin pigmentation of the light-exposed areas following long-term
      amiodarone hydrochloride administration is reported. The cutaneous signs and the
      ultrastructural findings are described. This rare iatrogenic hyperpigmentation is
      peculiarly due to lipofuscin and not melanin deposits. Its pathogenesis may be
      related to the basic action of the drug on the lysosome and to the extra
      phototoxic-induced lysosomal damage, which accounts for the specific location of
      the hyperpigmentation over the light-exposed areas.

PMID- 3989015
TI  - Dapsone in the treatment of erosive lichen planus.
AB  - A patient with erosive lichen planus responded to therapy with dapsone after
      multiple therapeutic modalities had failed. The potential usefulness of dapsone
      therapy for lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory diseases such as erosive lichen
      planus is suggested.

PMID- 3989016
TI  - Synergism of minocycline and amitriptyline in cutaneous hyperpigmentation.

PMID- 3989017
TI  - Subungual scabies.

PMID- 3989018
TI  - Regional blood flow and mycosis fungoides.

PMID- 3989019
TI  - Cocaine-related bullous disease.

PMID- 3989020
TI  - Topical minoxidil reduces blood pressure.

PMID- 3989021
TI  - Treatment of skin cancer.

PMID- 3989022
TI  - Familial Becker's nevus.

PMID- 3989023
TI  - Gianotti-Crosti syndrome associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (subtype
      adr).
AB  - The Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, papular acrodermatitis of childhood (PAC), is an
      infrequently recognized disorder with distinctive characteristics. At present
      hepatitis B virus is thought to be an etiologic agent. The disease is very rare
      in Korea, in spite of the high frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
      in the general population. It is known that subtype ayw of the HBsAg may
      influence the pathogenesis of PAC, but subtype analysis of HBsAg in these
      patients disclosed adr. Therefore, our studies reconfirmed that PAC may in
      addition be associated with subtype adr of HBsAg. We believe that the lower
      incidence of PAC in Korea as compared with the high incidence of PAC in other
      parts of the world, such as in the Mediterranean area, may be due to the fact
      that a higher predisposition to PAC is conferred by subtype ayw of HBsAg.

PMID- 3989024
TI  - The role of etretinate (Tegison; Tigason) in the management of keratoacanthoma.
AB  - Four patients with keratoacanthomas 2 to 3 cm in size were treated with
      etretinate. All the patients demonstrated early response and complete regression
      of the lesions. Follow-up (of 24 months in one case) did not reveal any
      recurrence.

PMID- 3989025
TI  - Psoriasis treatment at the Dead Sea: a natural selective ultraviolet
      phototherapy.
AB  - A naturally filtered ultraviolet spectrum of sunlight along with other natural
      factors are utilized in the management of psoriasis at the Dead Sea area in
      Israel. In 110 patients with psoriasis, 85.5% achieved complete clearing or
      excellent improvement. These results compare favorably with other therapeutic
      regimens used today in the treatment of psoriasis. Since systemic medications are
      avoided, the potential risks may be considerably lessened. Therefore, this
      therapeutic modality may be considered in the management spectrum of psoriasis.

PMID- 3989026
TI  - Topical photochemotherapy for alopecia areata.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with alopecia areata were treated with a combination of
      topical 0.1% 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA (PUVA). Eight of the twenty-two patients
      (36.3%) responded with excellent regrowth (terminal hair in at least 75% of the
      treated scalp), and two patients (9.1%) showed good regrowth (terminal hair in
      50% to 75% of the treated scalp). The mean total UVA exposure and the mean total
      number of treatments for the entire treatment course for these responders was
      171.7 joules/cm2 and 47.4 treatments, respectively. Eight of the nine responders
      available for follow-up experienced some degree of relapse when PUVA treatments
      were tapered or during a follow-up period (mean, 8.3 months) after treatment was
      discontinued. Despite the failure of topical PUVA to change the long-term course
      of alopecia, the combination of PUVA with other therapeutic modalities may result
      in the prolongation of the beneficial effect in selected patients. The mechanism
      of action of PUVA in alopecia areata might involve an immunomodulatory effect.

PMID- 3989027
TI  - Relationship of nevocytic nevi to sun exposure in dysplastic nevus syndrome.
AB  - In eighty consecutive patients who have the dysplastic nevus syndrome, the
      concentration of nevocytic nevi on the relatively sun-protected lateral thoracic
      area was compared to the concentration on the relatively sun-exposed areas of the
      anterior and posterior thorax. Nevocytic nevi in an area 7 X 20 cm were counted
      in each location. There was a total of 177 nevi on the lateral thorax (average,
      2.2 nevi/person), 361 on the anterior thorax (average, 4.5 nevi/person), and 506
      on the posterior thorax (average, 6.3 nevi/person). Men showed no significant
      difference in the number of nevi on the anterior and posterior thoracic areas,
      but women had fewer nevi on the anterior than on the posterior thoracic sites.
      These findings are consonant with the hypothesis that sunlight induces nevocytic
      nevi in patients who have the dysplastic nevus syndrome.

PMID- 3989028
TI  - Serologic survey for markers of hepatitis B infection in dermatologists.
AB  - A serologic survey for markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was conducted
      in 593 dermatologists. Serologic evidence for previous infection was found in
      15.4%, indicating that dermatologists are an at-risk population comparable to
      many other specialties of medicine. Dermatologists with a history of blood
      transfusion, tattoo, and homosexuality had an increased prevalence of serologic
      markers for HBV. The type of practice, extent of surgery, and glove-wearing
      practices did not correlate with HBV serologic markers.

PMID- 3989029
TI  - Oral erosive lichen planus and chronic active hepatitis.

PMID- 3989031
TI  - One-step procedure for earlobe surgical repair and ear post replacement.

PMID- 3989030
TI  - Aggravation of dermatitis herpetiformis by dental fluoride treatments.

PMID- 3989033
TI  - Computed tomography of the gallbladder: unusual diseases.
AB  - Abdominal CT has in many cases become the initial radiographic examination to
      elucidate the cause of obscure abdominal pain, fever of unknown origin, and other
      difficult diagnostic abdominal problems. Not infrequently, unsuspected disease
      involving the gallbladder may be encountered. Computed tomography commonly
      identifies calcified gallstones, occasionally indicates acute cholecystitis, and
      clearly determines the extent of gallbladder carcinoma. Other less common
      entities such as gallbladder perforation, porcelain gallbladder, and milk of
      calcium bile may be diagnosed if suspicion is high and attention directed to
      anatomic details of the gallbladder and adjacent organs. A review of abdominal CT
      performed during a 4.5 year period revealed 20 instances of unusual gallbladder
      diseases in 16 patients. Most often these were encountered incidentally or during
      CT evaluation of nonspecific abdominal problems.

PMID- 3989032
TI  - Iron-EHPG as an hepatobiliary MR contrast agent: initial imaging and
      biodistribution studies.
AB  - The paramagnetic metal complex iron(III) ethylenebis-(2-hydroxyphenylglycine)
      [Fe(EHPG)-] is an effective hepatobiliary contrast agent for liver enhancement in
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The intravenous administration of 0.2 mmol/kg of
      Fe(EHPG)- to rats yields a 200% increase in the signal intensity of the liver
      when using a T1-weighted inversion recovery pulse sequence on a 1.4 T imaging
      system. Biodistribution studies in rats and a rabbit, along with imaging studies
      in a dog at 0.6 T, confirm that the complex has significant hepatocellular uptake
      and appears to be excreted unaltered into the bile. Control experiments with a
      different iron complex, iron(III) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, reveal
      little hepatic affinity and poor enhancement capability due to its extracellular
      distribution. This initial evaluation of Fe(EHPG)- demonstrates that paramagnetic
      metal complexes with hepatobiliary specificity are well suited for enhancement of
      normal liver parenchyma and may increase the sensitivity of MR in the detection
      of liver disease.

PMID- 3989034
TI  - Calcification in the portal vein wall demonstrated by computed tomography.
AB  - We report two cases of portal vein wall calcification demonstrated by CT. The
      clinical features of such patients are reviewed, and proposed etiologic
      mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 3989035
TI  - Blood flow mapping in the human liver by the xenon/CT method.
AB  - In the noninvasive, nonradioactive xenon/CT method of blood flow measurement,
      xenon gas is inhaled, and the temporal changes in radiographic enhancement
      produced by the inhalation are measured by sequential CT; time-dependent xenon
      concentration within various tissue segments is then used to derive local blood
      flow maps. The usefulness of the method in the assessment of local cerebral blood
      flow has been documented. In this paper we explore its application to blood flow
      measurement in the human liver. In our preliminary clinical studies, hepatic
      blood flow ranged from 50 to 120 ml/100 cc/min in normal and adequately supplied
      tissue, and lower flow values were observed in tissue with abnormal function. The
      advantages and limitations of the method in such applications are discussed.

PMID- 3989036
TI  - Gastrografin versus dilute barium for colonic CT examination: a blind, randomized
      study.
AB  - Fifty patients receiving oral contrast medium the day of their CT examinations
      were studied to evaluate colonic opacification. Two groups were given small
      volumes (20 versus 30 ml) of nondilute diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium
      (Gastrografin) the night prior to examination and were compared with groups
      receiving no contrast medium (control) or a large volume (600 ml) of dilute
      barium the night prior to examination. Frequency of total colonic opacification
      was as follows: 30 ml Gastrografin, 92%; 20 ml Gastrografin, 71%; dilute barium,
      46%; and control, 9%. Significant artifact was infrequent in all groups.
      Administration of small volumes of nondilute Gastrografin is a well tolerated,
      inexpensive, and effective method for opacifying the colon for CT.

PMID- 3989037
TI  - MR imaging of pheochromocytomas.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of seven patients with pheochromocytomas
      demonstrable by CT was performed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed all primary
      pheochromocytomas, as well as metastatic lesions to the thorax, retroperitoneum,
      and liver. The ability to distinguish pheochromocytomas from surrounding
      structures without the need of an intravenous contrast agent and to provide
      direct coronal and sagittal images suggests that MRI may be useful in detecting
      and localizing these tumors.

PMID- 3989038
TI  - Distribution of abdominal and pelvic Hodgkin disease: implications for CT
      scanning.
AB  - Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis is frequently performed for the
      staging of abdominal and pelvic lymphoma. Certain limited CT protocols have been
      nearly as accurate as more complete examinations at defining the extent of
      lymphadenopathy and the response to therapy, with the advantages of decreased
      scanning time and patient radiation dose. We reviewed abdominal and pelvic CT
      scans and reports of 58 patients with Hodgkin disease to determine whether the
      entire abdomen and pelvis must always be scanned in such patients. Pelvic
      adenopathy without concurrent abdominal adenopathy was present in only one of 58
      patients, and that patient presented clinically with inguinal adenopathy. These
      findings are supported by larger pathologic studies showing that Hodgkin disease
      always spreads contiguously. Patients with Hodgkin disease presenting above the
      diaphragm should undergo abdominal CT for staging; if the abdomen is normal, the
      pelvis need not be scanned. For Hodgkin patients with clinical or CT evidence of
      disease below the diaphragm, both abdomen and pelvis should be scanned.

PMID- 3989039
TI  - Technique of torsion measurement of the lower extremity using computed
      tomography.
AB  - Axial CT is the most accurate and convenient technique for the measurement of
      lower limb torsion; its accuracy is equal to that of cadaveric skeletal
      measurement. Both extremities are examined simultaneously, and the comparison of
      the right and the left leg provides the most important value. The torsion
      angulation is obtained directly by superimposing the magnified image of each scan
      on the other. Patient positioning is comfortable and a relatively short
      examination time is required. It does not require special equipment or skill on
      the part of the examiner. The radiation dose appears to be lower than that of the
      conventional radiographic method.

PMID- 3989040
TI  - Sagittal MR imaging of the chest: normal and abnormal.
AB  - To determine the value of sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) in diagnosing thoracic
      abnormality, we reviewed the multisection sagittal spin-echo MR images of 13
      normal subjects and 23 patients with a variety of thoracic abnormalities. In the
      abnormal subjects sagittal images were compared with transaxial MR performed with
      repetition time values of both 0.5 and 2.0 s. Sagittal images were most helpful
      in the evaluation of structures lying in the sagittal plane such as the thoracic
      aorta. Mediastinal masses in most locations were better seen and evaluated in the
      transaxial plane. However, the relationship of subcarinal masses to the trachea,
      left atrium, and pulmonary artery was better appreciated in the sagittal plane.
      The relationship of hilar masses to hilar vessels, bronchi, and the mediastinum
      was usually better seen on transaxial images. Also, the relationship of
      paramediastinal masses to the mediastinum was difficult to evaluate with sagittal
      scans.

PMID- 3989041
TI  - Role of computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in preoperative staging of lung
      carcinoma.
AB  - One hundred fifty-three patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were evaluated
      prospectively by CT and mediastinoscopy. Nodes larger than 5 mm were considered
      potentially metastatic. All results were correlated with surgical findings.
      Computed tomography is more sensitive (89%) in the detection of mediastinal
      metastases than mediastinoscopy (67%). Computed tomography has a poor predictive
      value (47%); however, a negative examination is highly accurate (89%). Within a
      group of 100 node sites, 72% of the nodes involved by tumor were larger than 1 cm
      in diameter. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma have the highest
      percentages of sensitivity by CT. The very low incidence of metastatic
      involvement in nodes under 5 mm allows one to forego mediastinoscopy in the
      presence of a negative CT.

PMID- 3989042
TI  - CT demonstration of cardiophrenic angle lymphadenopathy in Hodgkin disease.
AB  - Eleven patients with Hodgkin disease involving the cardiophrenic angle lymph
      nodes are described. Four were discovered at the time of initial staging, and the
      remainder represented a major site of relapse after therapy. Regression of
      adenopathy after chemotherapy was documented in six patients; surgical excision
      (three), biopsy (one) and postmortem examination confirmed the presence of
      recurrent disease in the remaining cases. Enlargement of cardiophrenic angle
      nodes was frequently overlooked on conventional chest radiography, but a rather
      typical appearance is readily identifiable on CT.

PMID- 3989043
TI  - Midline sternal foramen: CT demonstration.
AB  - Six cases of a midline sternal foramen were found with CT. This anomaly occurred
      in 4.3% of patients who underwent CT of the thorax.

PMID- 3989044
TI  - MR imaging of Hallervorden-Spatz disease.
AB  - Hallervorden-Spatz disease (HSD) is a movement disorder with neuropathology
      including abnormal iron storage, disordered myelination, and loss of brain
      substance. Cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of two patients with HSD
      provided good quality imaging of these patients' atrophic brain stems and
      cerebella, regions partially degraded by beam-hardening artifact on X-ray CT.
      Magnetic resonance also demonstrated signal aberrations in the lentiform nuclei
      and surrounding white matter consistent with iron storage or disordered
      myelination. However, quantification of relaxation times of these lesions was not
      specific for either process. The diagnosis of HSD remains one of exclusion, with
      MR providing helpful but not definitive information.

PMID- 3989046
TI  - Toxemia of pregnancy: cerebral CT findings.
AB  - Four patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia) and
      neurological dysfunction unrelated to intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral venous
      thrombosis, or preexisting neurological disorder had cranial CT performed during
      their hospitalization. Three patients had diffuse white matter hypodensities with
      associated mass effect. The fourth patient had bilateral, asymmetric
      hypodensities confined to the basal ganglia. Computed tomography is useful in
      establishing an early diagnosis of the complicating neurological disorder as well
      as in providing a better understanding of the physiopathological changes seen in
      the brain in this condition.

PMID- 3989045
TI  - Two examples of CNS lipomas demonstrated by computed tomography and low field
      (0.08 T) MR imaging.
AB  - The low field (0.08 T) magnetic resonance (MR) findings in two lipomas of the
      central nervous system (CNS), one adjacent to the corpus callosum, the other in
      the cervical cord, are described. The characteristic short T1 of fat and the
      image acquisition in the sagittal plane permit accurate localisation of these
      lipomas. Low field MR can provide images of diagnostic quality in a number of CNS
      lesions.

PMID- 3989047
TI  - Enhancing cerebral infarction simulating arteriovenous malformation on computed
      tomography.
AB  - In this report three cases are presented in which the enhancing region of
      infarction was not the typical gyral pattern seen on CT and was misinterpreted as
      the vascular enhancement of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The clinical
      presentation of the patients, the time of the scan in relation to symptoms, the
      appearance on plain CT, and the distribution and shape of the abnormal
      enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT are described. Appropriate technique and
      window settings are important in avoiding misdiagnosis. Correct differentiation
      of a cerebral infarction from an AVM may obviate cerebral angiography.

PMID- 3989048
TI  - CT changes in the septum pellucidum associated with intraventricular
      craniopharyngiomas.
AB  - Although intraventricular craniopharyngiomas are usually located within the
      suprasellar cistern, they may arise from the floor of the third ventricle or
      lamina terminalis. Four cases of intraventricular craniopharyngioma are presented
      in which the CT findings included thickening or separation of the leaves of the
      septum pellucidum. The importance of this CT finding and its possible etiologies
      are discussed.

PMID- 3989049
TI  - Computed tomography of intracerebral echinococcal cysts in children.
AB  - Computed tomography in pediatric patients with intracerebral cysts due to
      Echinococcus granulosus is diagnostic and specific and usually shows a single
      supratentorial round nonenhancing thin-walled cyst with CT density measurements
      near zero. Small calcified portions of the cyst wall, which are not visible on
      skull radiography, may be seen with CT and help differentiate echinococcal cysts
      from other cystic lesions. Preoperative diagnosis is important because, on
      entering the dura, an echinococcal cyst must not be lacerated or fluid that
      contains infectious scolices may be spilled, causing additional cysts to form. Of
      five pediatric patients studied, one patient died shortly after surgery but the
      other four patients had good recovery even though their cysts were large and
      their symptoms long-standing and severe. Even patients who present in coma should
      be considered operative candidates and given every chance to recover.

PMID- 3989050
TI  - Computed tomography of local complications of temporal bone cholesteatomas.
AB  - The preoperative temporal bone CT scans of 13 patients with surgically proven
      acquired cholesteatoma were retrospectively reviewed for bony erosions and for
      extension beyond the temporal bone. A correlation with the clinical and surgical
      findings was also carried out. The CT findings are discussed and illustrated as
      well as some pitfalls in the evaluation of bony erosions. The appearance of
      "autoantrectomy" caused by a dry, self-cleaning, well ventilated cholesteatoma is
      also discussed and illustrated.

PMID- 3989051
TI  - Measurement of paranasal sinus ventilation by xenon-enhanced dynamic computed
      tomography.
AB  - Ventilation of the paranasal sinuses plays an important role in the etiology of
      acute and chronic sinusitis. We present a new method to determine sinus
      ventilation. Two to three liters of pure stable xenon are insufflated into the
      sinus system, and the xenon washout is measured subsequently by dynamic CT. Gas
      exchange parameters for the different sinuses are obtained from the washout
      curves by an exponential fit. We report our preliminary clinical results. The
      method proved to be reliable and easy to apply. Compared with existing procedures
      it is the only noninvasive quantitative method for the determination of the
      ventilation of all paranasal sinuses.

PMID- 3989052
TI  - MR velocity imaging by phase display.
AB  - The ability of the nuclear magnetic resonance signal to encode information about
      macroscopic motion has been recognized since the works of Hahn and Carr and
      Purcell. In the medical imaging setting this ability has led to a variety of
      ingenious magnetic resonance flow imaging schemes that ultimately may become
      competitive with X-ray angiography in sensitivity and specificity while remaining
      radically noninvasive. This work demonstrates that conventional spin-echo Fourier
      transform image acquisitions naturally encode a component of flow velocity that
      lies within the image plane. By displacing just the real part of the complex
      image data (phase display), the velocity distribution within the subject is
      revealed in image form. This method of flow imaging requires neither special
      pulse sequences nor image reconstruction and format software for its
      implementation. Further, images that intersect a flow channel longitudinally,
      demonstrating in-plane flow, yield an unusually large quantity of physiologic
      information per image. Phantom and in vivo flow images are presented. Also
      described is a phantom based on a rotating disk that enables calibration of the
      velocity/phase-shift constant for an untested pulse sequence.

PMID- 3989053
TI  - MR imaging of venous and arterial flow by a selective saturation-recovery spin
      echo (SSRSE) method.
AB  - Flow velocity imaging studies have been conducted by means of a selective
      saturation-recovery spin echo technique, and the dependence of signal amplitude
      on interpulse interval, echo delay, slice-selection gradient, and flow velocity
      was evaluated experimentally. The simple theory predicting a steady increase of
      signal intensity with increasing interpulse interval until this latter equals the
      transit time could be verified in phantoms and was shown to permit measurement of
      blood flow velocity in venous structures such as the femoral vein. The flow
      phantom experiments further showed that the final intensity, attained when
      inversion time (TI) = transit time, decreases with increasing flow velocity, an
      effect that cannot be explained by influx of spins between the 90 degree
      detection pulse and the 180 degree refocusing pulse. This signal reduction is due
      to slice-selection gradient-induced phase shifts across the pixel, caused by the
      intralumenal velocity gradient, leading to destructive interference of the spin
      isochromats. The velocity distribution can be mapped by plotting signal intensity
      as a function of interpulse interval for pixels in different radial positions. To
      highlight arterial flow, gating is required with the acquisition delay selected
      such that the interpulse period TI falls in a time zone of slow flow within the
      cardiac cycle. By subtracting images recorded with different acquisition delays,
      flow images showing arterial enhancement only can be obtained, as illustrated for
      the femoral artery in the thigh.

PMID- 3989055
TI  - Computed tomography of partial unilateral agenesis of the pectoralis muscles.
AB  - The most common congenitally absent muscles are the pectoralis major and minor.
      Absence is usually incomplete. This anomaly is often one component of a syndrome
      associated with other hand (Poland syndrome) and thoracic anomalies. Computed
      tomography can identify partial absence of the pectoralis muscle and exactly
      define the altered anatomy. A patient with myasthenia gravis and isolated partial
      agenesis of the pectoralis muscle is presented.

PMID- 3989054
TI  - Diagnosis of congenital absence of left pericardium by MR imaging.
AB  - Congenital absence of the pericardium, whether partial or total, is a rare
      abnormality. It can be very difficult to diagnose clinically as well as to
      confirm radiographically. Plain film fluoroscopy and CT have been shown to be of
      value in differentiating this entity from others with similar findings. We report
      a case in which magnetic resonance was utilized to confirm the diagnosis and the
      findings of this new technique are described.

PMID- 3989056
TI  - Radiographic and CT demonstration of mammary emphysema.
AB  - The radiographic and CT appearance of air within the mammary parenchyma is
      described along with a discussion of the possible routes of dissection of gas
      from regions of subcutaneous emphysema into the breast tissue.

PMID- 3989057
TI  - Gastric involvement in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood: demonstration
      by computed tomography and upper gastrointestinal studies.
AB  - Gastric involvement is a rare complication of chronic granulomatous disease of
      childhood that may present at any time during the course of the disease. This
      case study presents the findings on CT and upper gastrointestinal examinations in
      a 10-year-old boy who developed symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction during
      treatment for hepatic abscesses.

PMID- 3989058
TI  - Endometriosis simulating a soft tissue tumor of the thigh: CT and MR evaluation.
AB  - A histologically documented case of endometriosis within the deep musculature of
      the thigh is presented. Although occurrence of endometriosis outside the abdomen
      is rare, characteristic periodic exacerbation of symptoms at the time of
      menstruation should suggest the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 3989059
TI  - Osteoblastoma of the temporal bone: CT findings.
AB  - A case of recurrent benign osteoblastoma of the temporal bone is presented with
      discussion of the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. Previously
      reported cases of osteoblastoma of the temporal bone are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 3989060
TI  - External jugular vein thrombosis: CT demonstration.
AB  - A case of external jugular venous thrombosis secondary to misplacement of central
      venous catheter is presented. The CT findings included enlargement of the
      external jugular vein, central thrombosis, and vessel wall enhancement. Computed
      tomography is an excellent noninvasive modality for the evaluation of suspected
      venous thrombosis.

PMID- 3989061
TI  - Retention cyst of the epiglottis: CT appearance.
AB  - An unusual ductal retention cyst of the epiglottis is described. The CT features
      and the role of CT in diagnosis are presented.

PMID- 3989062
TI  - Double discontinuous lipomyelomeningocele: CT findings.
AB  - A 3-year-old girl with repaired cloacal exstrophy and two skin-covered dorsal
      lumbosacral masses was documented to have two lipomyelomeningoceles at
      noncontiguous levels of a tethered spinal cord. The clinical, radiographic,
      myelographic, CT, and surgical appearances are presented to illustrate the
      features of this extremely rare anomaly.

PMID- 3989063
TI  - CT demonstration of cervical diastematomyelia.
AB  - Cervical diastematomyelia, a rare anomaly, was found in a 14-year-old girl with
      congenital scoliosis. Metrizamide myelography and metrizamide CT demonstrated
      anomalies of the cervical spine and a split cervical cord within a single dural
      tube, without the presence of a fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony spur.

PMID- 3989064
TI  - Computed tomography of a sacral perineural cyst.
AB  - The CT findings of a symptomatic sacral perineural cyst are presented. The cyst
      failed to fill on a metrizamide myelogram. The CT findings are very suggestive of
      the diagnosis.

PMID- 3989065
TI  - Fourth International Workshop on Bone and Soft Tissue Densitometry Using Computed
      Tomography. Fontevraud, France, May 29-June 1, 1984.

PMID- 3989066
TI  - beta-Casomorphin immunoreactive materials in cows' milk incubated with various
      bacterial species.
AB  - To obtain information about the possible release of beta-casomorphins from beta
      casein under in vitro conditions, cows' milk was incubated with 13 strains of
      Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial species isolated from bovine milk. After
      incubation periods of 1-24 d, milk samples were assayed for beta-casomorphin-4, 
      5, -6 or -7 immunoreactive materials. In general, no beta-casomorphin
      immunoreactive material was found in samples incubated with non-caseolytic
      strains, e.g. Pseudomonas putida or Streptococcus faecalis subsp. faecalis;
      however, high levels were found in several samples incubated with caseolytic
      strains, e.g. Ps. aeruginosa or Bacillus cereus. When such materials were
      present, the amounts of beta-casomorphin-4, -6 or -7 greatly exceeded beta
      casomorphin-5 immunoreactivity. It was concluded that while some of these
      materials probably represented authentic beta-casomorphins, others were more
      likely to be beta-casomorphin precursors.

PMID- 3989067
TI  - Nutritional value of yogurt.
AB  - Yogurt, made from fortified skim milk by conventional methods using Streptococcus
      thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, was used in studies of the effect of
      fermentation on nutritional value of milk. In all experiments, the product was
      compared with the uninoculated base milk. The concentration of most vitamins was
      less in yogurt than in milk and was most noticeably so for biotin which was 60%
      less. The effect on folic acid content was inconsistent. In nutritional
      experiments with rats, high values for true digestibility, biological value and
      net protein utilization were obtained for both yogurt and its base milk, only
      minor differences being apparent between the two materials. In growth tests with
      rats, yogurt was not found to be consistently superior to the base milk when the
      milk was subjected to a double heat treatment to reduce bacterial contamination.
      Yogurt did not confer a nutritional advantage on fresh milk in this respect.

PMID- 3989068
TI  - Structure of the triacyl-sn-glycerols in the plasma and milk of the rat and
      rabbit.

PMID- 3989069
TI  - The 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of cows' milk.
AB  - The 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of liquid milk was examined. Of the
      three peaks observed, the two larger were assigned to inorganic phosphate (Pi)
      and the seryl phosphate (SerP) residues of casein; the third peak was assigned to
      a phosphodiester, which is probably glycerophosphoryl choline. The pH-dependences
      of the chemical shifts of the Pi and SerP were measured with and without added
      EDTA, and the results confirm the assignments. The width of the Pi peak in milk
      is significantly greater than in similar solutions lacking casein, probably
      because of binding to, or chemical exchange with, the casein micelle. Most of the
      SerP residues in milk are not sufficiently mobile to have been detected in these
      experiments but a significant fraction of SerP residues is able to move freely
      and can be titrated.

PMID- 3989070
TI  - Lipolysis and the distribution of lipase activity in bovine milk in relation to
      stage of lactation and time of milking.
AB  - The increase in levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in morning and afternoon milk
      after 48 h cold storage at 5 degrees C was determined at two stages of lactation
      in milk from 96 cows. Lipolysis was positively correlated to day of lactation (r
      = 0.6, P less than 0.001), while the correlations between lipolysis and milk
      yield and fat content respectively were due to these factors being related to day
      of lactation. In afternoon milk the level of FFA increased almost three times
      above that in morning milk. Lipolysis was closely related to the lipoprotein
      lipase (LPL) activity associated with the cream fraction (r = 0.8, P less than
      0.001). Afternoon milk had higher LPL activity in the cream fraction than morning
      milk. Lipase activity in the cream increased with increasing stage of lactation.
      Cooling of milk increased LPL activity associated with the fat phase. This effect
      was greater in afternoon milk from late lactation than in morning milk from early
      lactation. When heparin was added to milk the LPL activity associated with the
      fat increased substantially; again, this effect was greater in afternoon milk
      from late lactation than in morning milk from early lactation. Lipolysis was
      higher in heparinized milk than in normal milk, and there was a close correlation
      between lipolysis and LPL activity associated with the fat (r = 0.82, P less than
      0.001). Characteristics of the milk fat globule influencing the attraction of LPL
      were found to be fundamentally important to lipolysis.

PMID- 3989071
TI  - Who's to blame: adolescent sexual activity.
AB  - Fifty case studies of adolescent women seeking contraceptives for the first time
      suggest no direct relationship between the initiation of sexual activity and the
      availability of contraceptives at family planning clinics. However, the
      persistence of sexual activity, once initiated, may be influenced by the
      availability of contraceptives when the adolescent realizes she wants to continue
      sexual activity and does not want to become pregnant. Five characteristics of the
      adolescents which support the above finding are discussed.

PMID- 3989072
TI  - The Family Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire: a measure of psychosocial
      family health during adolescence.
AB  - An instrument has been developed to assess psychosocial health of the family
      during the stage of having adolescent children, as perceived by the adolescent.
      The measure is based on a model integrating family systems research and the
      developmental tasks of adolescents. It examines six dimensions of family
      functioning: (1) Structure, (2) Affect, (3) Communication, (4) Behaviour control,
      (5) Value Transmission and (6) External Systems. A sample of 413 Year 10 students
      (means = 15.7 years) participated in the development of the instrument.
      Satisfactory levels of reliability and validity are reported. The Family
      Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire (FFAQ) provides a means of assessment
      for researchers interested in family functioning during adolescence, and also for
      therapists and counsellors working with teenagers.

PMID- 3989073
TI  - Relationships during adolescence: a cross-national comparison of New Zealand and
      United States teenagers.
AB  - The present study was designed to test Coleman's focal model of adolescent
      development in a further cross-national context. American adolescents, comparable
      in age, socio-economic status, sex, and urban residence to Coleman's original
      sample, were given the London Sentence Completion Test. Results were compared to
      those from a similar sample in New Zealand; few significant differences in
      sentence outcomes emerged. Support is provided for the focal model, which
      suggests that changes in interpersonal relationships resulting from the
      individuation process in adolescence are not dealt with all at once, but rather
      issue by issue. Furthermore, a similar sequence for issues over time of peak
      concern was observed for British, New Zealand, and United States samples.

PMID- 3989074
TI  - Self-esteem, ethnic identity, and behavioral adjustment among Anglo and Chicano
      adolescents in West Texas.
AB  - This study provides a comparison of similarities and differences with respect to
      ethnic identity between Anglo and Chicano adolescents from Texas. A path analysis
      model was used to test a theoretical assumption concerning proposed antecedents
      and consequences of self-esteem. Research instruments included the Rosenberg Self
      Esteem Scale, the Semantic Differential (scales for Myself and My Ethnic Group)
      and the McGuire White Measure of Social Status. Results were consistent with the
      interpretation that there is a relationship between being Chicano and having
      lower self-esteem, lower behavioral adjustment, and higher ethnic esteem. The
      prediction that ethnic esteem would mediate between ethnic group and self-esteem
      was upheld. Variables such as ethnic group membership per se and sex appear as or
      more important to the prediction of behavioral level. Clinical implications
      include recognizing that Chicanos low in self-esteem or behavioral adjustment
      should not automatically be considered unusual. The problems faced by this group
      are considered as having something in common with other groups of people who have
      more problems, lesser status, fewer resources, and fewer sources of available
      help.

PMID- 3989075
TI  - Family correlates of female adolescents' ego-identity development.
AB  - Past research has suggested that parents may contribute to the positive
      development of their daughter's identity formation. Theoretical notions from both
      social learning and symbolic interaction indicate that parents can either
      facilitate or hinder positive growth. Therefore, to test the predictions that (a)
      more mature (moratorium and achieved) identity status parents would have
      daughters with more mature identities, and (b) that both positive and negative
      parenting styles can be detected to differentiate between less (diffused and
      foreclosed) and more mature identity status youths, 45 families (145 subjects)
      were assessed on parent-child relations and identity status formation. In
      contrast to much past research, parent-child relations were assessed from both
      the adolescents' and the parents' perspectives. The findings indicate that
      parental identity status formation may have an effect on the adolescent's
      identity formation and that parent-child relations differentiate between less and
      more mature female adolescent identities.

PMID- 3989076
TI  - Collaboration between psychiatrists and other professionals in a remand and
      assessment centre.
AB  - A referral system used in a remand and assessment centre for behaviourally
      disturbed boys is described. The psychiatric input to the centre is undertaken in
      the context of a multidisciplinary approach. The aim of the present study was to
      assist non-psychiatrically trained staff to make suitable referrals to
      psychiatrists. This enables the psychiatrist to work with the institution as a
      whole, without neglecting the needs of individual boys.

PMID- 3989077
TI  - Measures of de novo synthesis of milk components from propionate in lactating
      goats.
AB  - Possible direct contributions of propionate to de novo synthesis of milk
      components by the mammary gland of lactating goats fed a concentrate-roughage
      diet have been studied in vivo by primed constant infusion of [1-carbon
      14]propionate into the right mammary artery. Specific radioactivities of milk
      galactose, fatty acids, and protein were higher in the infused than in the
      uninfused half of the mammary gland, suggesting de novo synthesis of these
      compounds in the udder. Specific radioactivities of milk glucose in both udder
      halves were identical, ruling out any possibility of mammary gland-derived
      glucose from propionate of blood plasma under the experimental conditions. Of
      milk galactose, .8% was derived from propionate of blood plasma, and of milk
      glucose, 98% was derived from glucose of blood plasma. After intraruminal
      infusion of unlabeled propionic acid at 11 g/h, concentration of propionate in
      blood plasma was doubled, its contribution to milk galactose was increased to
      1.5%, and proportions of milk odd-numbered fatty acids were increased. Propionate
      was incorporated largely into milk odd-numbered fatty acids (9:0, 11:0, 13:0,
      15:0, 17:0). We conclude that small amounts of propionate can be incorporated
      into principal components of milk in the mammary gland of lactating goats.

PMID- 3989078
TI  - Two housing systems for calves.
AB  - Thirty-six male Holstein calves were in an experiment with 2 X 2 factorial design
      with the objective of comparing management systems and milk feeding. Housing
      systems were similar except calves on A system were housed in pens .66 m wide
      with grated floors whereas calves on B system were in pens that were 1.36 m wide
      with solid floors bedded with straw. Within each management system nine calves
      were fed milk at 8% of body weight and nine calves at 12% of body weight. There
      was no interaction between management system and feeding percent. Preweaning
      calves fed more milk gained faster (.64 versus .50 kg/day) compared with calves
      fed less. Management system did not influence body weight gain or feed conversion
      prior to weaning, but postweaning A system resulted in slower gains (.74 versus
      .90 kg/day) and less favorable feed conversion (2.00 versus 1.77 kg dry matter
      intake/kg body weight gain) than calves housed under the B system. Eosinophil
      count was higher during 5th and 7th wk of the experiment for calves housed in A
      compared with B system. Measurements of body weight gain and feed conversion were
      effective in differentiating between two housing systems for calves.

PMID- 3989079
TI  - Correlations of various direct and maternal effects for calving ease.
AB  - Multitrait restricted maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate
      heritabilities of direct and maternal effects for calving ease and their genetic
      correlation for heifers and cows. Heritabilities were 4.9% for direct effects and
      4.8% for maternal effects of heifers and 1.1% and .7% for cows. Genetic or direct
      maternal correlations were--.40 in heifers and .07 in adult cows. Restricted
      maximum likelihood methods also were used to estimate the genetic correlation
      (.995) between direct effects for calving ease measured in heifers and in cows.

PMID- 3989080
TI  - Associations among milk yield, yield persistency, conception, and culling of
      Israeli Holstein dairy cattle.
AB  - Genetic correlations among Predicted Differences for milk yield corrected for
      economic value of fat content, annualized yield, yield persistency, conception
      rate, and culling rate were estimated. Correlations were .43 between yield
      persistency and annualized yield, .42 between yield persistency and conception
      rate, and .1 between annualized yield and conception rate. For Predicted
      Differences for these traits computed separately for each of first three
      parities, correlations between pairs were highest for annualized yield and lowest
      for culling rate. Regression coefficients for conception rate from cow
      insemination records on daily yield preceding insemination and on absolute change
      of yield during month of insemination were significantly negative for the first
      three parities. A positive pleiotropic effect for yield, yield persistency, and
      conception rate was suggested; therefore, progeny testing for yield persistency
      may improve yield and conception rate. High yields and large changes of yield
      during month of insemination adversely affected conception rate of cows within
      herds.

PMID- 3989081
TI  - Effect of infection status on quarter milk production and composition following
      omitted milking.
AB  - Sixteen cows in middle to late lactation were milked for 3.5 days at 12-h
      intervals except for a 24-h interval between third and fourth milkings. A cowside
      quarter milking unit was used. Quarters were classified by infection status. Milk
      chloride, lactose, somatic cell concentrations, N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase
      activity, and cell differential counts were determined. Following the omitted
      milking, concentrations of milk chloride and somatic cells were elevated and
      lactose concentration reduced in infected quarters. In uninfected quarters,
      chloride concentration increased, and lactose concentration decreased after the
      24-h interval. The milk N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase activity was elevated only
      in quarters infected with major pathogens. Changes of milk secretion induced by
      an omitted milking are affected by infection status, and additional secretory
      cell damage in quarters infected with a major pathogen may result from an omitted
      milking.

PMID- 3989082
TI  - Effect of automatic backflushing on number of new intramammary infections,
      bacteria on teatcup liners, and milk iodine.
AB  - Effect of an automatic iodine (15 ppm) backflushing system on incidence of new
      intramammary infections, teatcup liner bacterial populations, and milk iodine was
      tested in a herd free of Streptococcus agalactiae and with a low prevalence of
      Staphylococcus aureus. In an 11-mo trial, backflushing was applied to teatcups
      that milked the right half of the udder; the left half served as control.
      Clawpieces were divided into left and right halves with each having a milk
      outlet. Postmilking teat dipping was discontinued. All lactating cows in the
      University herd were used, averaging 154 with normal attrition and additions of
      new individuals as they calved. Backflushing reduced numbers of staphylococci
      recovered from liners by 98.5% and Gram-negative bacteria by 99.5% as compared
      with unflushed liners. Backflushing significantly reduced new infections caused
      by Corynebacterium bovis. However, there was no effect on incidence of new
      infections by staphylococci, streptococci, or coliforms. Iodine concentrations
      averaged 243 micrograms per liter in milk from control quarters and 486
      micrograms from backflushed udder halves. Interior surface cracking was more
      severe in backflushed teatcup liners than in control liners. These results do not
      justify the use of backflushing in a herd with low prevalence of contagious
      pathogens.

PMID- 3989083
TI  - Effect of quantity and route of administration of manganese monoxide on feed
      intake and serum manganese in ruminants.
AB  - The experiment investigated effects of high quantities of manganese and route of
      administration (diet versus capsule-dosed) on feed intake and blood
      characteristics in sheep. Twenty-four Florida native or Florida native by St.
      Croix crossbred wethers, 47 kg initially, were assigned randomly to eight
      treatments including basal diet supplemented with 0, 3000, 6000, or 9000 ppm
      manganese as a reagent grade manganese monoxide or basal diet plus gelatin
      capsules containing the equivalent of 0, 3000, 6000, or 9000 ppm manganese based
      on intake of the previous day. Three sheep per treatment were provided feed and
      tap water for ad libitum intake. Sheep were fed basal diet for 7 days followed by
      a 21-day experimental period, then placed back on the basal diet for 7 days.
      Average daily feed intake was reduced by increasing supplemental manganese,
      regardless of route. Animals dosed by capsule consumed less feed than those
      administered manganese in the diet. Serum manganese increased as manganese
      supplementation increased, but route of administration had no effect.

PMID- 3989084
TI  - Effects of dietary aflatoxin and zinc on enzymes and other blood constituents in
      dairy calves.
AB  - Young male Holstein calves were fed diets containing 40 or 640 ppm zinc with 0 or
      5 ppm aflatoxin for 3 wk. The aflatoxin mixture contained 80.5% B1 and the calves
      consumed 143 mg of B1 over 3 wk. Plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and
      alkaline phosphatase concentrations were increased substantially, and lactic
      dehydrogenase was reduced in aflatoxin-fed calves. Supplemental zinc partially
      counteracted the effect of aflatoxin on these enzymes. Hemoglobin, packed cell
      volume, and total solids in blood plasma were increased in aflatoxin-fed calves,
      but high dietary zinc had no effect on these blood constituents. Glucose in
      plasma was reduced in calves receiving aflatoxin. High dietary zinc was only
      partially effective in protecting against the reduced glucose effect for about 1
      wk. Total protein, albumin, globulin, ratio of albumin/globulin in blood plasma,
      and liver lipid were not affected by aflatoxin. Several enzymes and blood
      constituents are affected by aflatoxin in calves. The protection of zinc against
      aflatoxicosis appears to be no more than a partial effect.

PMID- 3989086
TI  - Iodine concentrations in milk from iodophor teat dips.
AB  - Forty Holstein and Jersey cattle were assigned to four groups by milk production
      of Dairy Herd Improvement Association records. Cattle were on pasture and free
      choice roughage supplemented with a concentrate and mineral mixture that was
      mixed without iodine supplementation. Teats of cows in each group were dipped for
      27 days with chlorhexidine (controls) or iodophor teat dips with 1, .25, or .1%
      concentrations of iodine. Individual milk samples were taken on days 0, 20, and
      27 for determination of iodine in milk. Mean iodine remained fairly constant,
      although there was a transitory increase for 1 and .25% dips at day 20. Mean
      iodine in milk (microgram/liter) for days 0, 20, and 27 were control: 31.3, 19.8,
      14.7; 1.0%: 21.8, 51.5, 23.7; .25%: 34.5, 46.9, 36.7; .1%: 13.6, 14.5, 14.9.
      Iodophor teat dips did not add appreciable amounts of iodine to the bulk milk.

PMID- 3989085
TI  - Comparison of electrical conductivity of milk with other indirect methods for
      detection of subclinical mastitis.
AB  - Efficacy of detecting subclinical mastitis by electrical conductivity of milk was
      compared with that of other indirect methods including chloride, sodium,
      potassium, lactose, bovine serum albumin, and somatic cell count of milk. Quarter
      samples of foremilk, strippings, and bucket milk were obtained from 75 cows at
      the afternoon milking over 8 wk. Infection of quarters was ascertained by
      bacteriological analysis. Electrical conductivity, chloride, and sodium content
      of milk were more accurate for predicting infection status of quarters than were
      other variables. Most variables were more accurate in predicting infection when
      measures were in strippings rather than in foremilk or bucket milk. For measures
      in strippings, misclassifications by electrical conductivity were 11.2 and 15.5%
      for false positives and false negatives. The accuracy of the electrical
      conductivity of milk for detection of subclinical mastitis compared favorably
      with all indirect methods. Accuracy of detection and adaptability to both manual
      and automatic cow-side mastitis detection systems indicate that the method has
      considerable potential as a screening test for subclinical mastitis.

PMID- 3989087
TI  - Influence of triglycerides and free fatty acids in milk replacers on calf
      performance, blood plasma, and adipose lipids.
AB  - In a 4-wk study of 48 3-day-old calves we compared effects of feeding various
      fats or their free fatty acids in skim milk-powder based milk replacer, on calf
      performance, feed utilization, and blood plasma and adipose lipids. When fat was
      fed, calf performance and feed utilization were equivalent for tallow and coconut
      oil diets but markedly poorer for corn oil. Complete replacement (tallow) or one
      half replacement (coconut and corn oils) of the fats with their free fatty acids
      reduced calf gains and feed efficiency. Tallow free fatty acids gave lower
      digestibilities of palmitic and stearic acid and reduced calcium absorption. Free
      fatty acids from both coconut and corn oils reduced diet palatability and intake;
      those from tallow and coconut oil markedly interfered (in vitro) with rennet
      clotting of milk replacers. The main lipid classes in blood plasma for all
      treatments were cholesteryl esters and phosphatidylcholine. High concentrations
      (56 to 87%) of linoleic acid occurred in cholesteryl esters for all diets despite
      low concentrations of linoleic acid in the tallow and coconut oil diets.

PMID- 3989088
TI  - Development of rumen function in calves: nature of protein reaching the abomasum.
AB  - Effects of weaning age (4 and 8 wk) and ration (complete pelleted starter and
      unpelleted starter plus alfalfa-grass hay) on development of ruminal function
      were tested in a split-plot design. Maturity of ruminal function was estimated by
      the contribution of bacterial nitrogen to total nitrogen reaching the abomasum,
      essential amino acid composition of bacterial and abomasal protein, and ruminal
      volatile fatty acid concentrations. Sixteen Holstein bull calves were fitted with
      rumen and abomasal cannulas by 1 wk of age, and ingesta were sampled twice weekly
      from 2 to 11 wk of age. Contribution of bacterial nitrogen to total nitrogen in
      abomasal contents was similar to that of mature ruminants by 5 and 7 wk of age
      for calves weaned at 4 and 8 wk of age, respectively. Concentrations of ruminal
      volatile fatty acids indicative of mature ruminal function were reached by 5 wk
      of age. Pattern of essential amino acids in bacterial cells of the rumen was not
      affected by age, weaning age, or ration and was similar to that of mature
      ruminants. Analysis of abomasal digesta indicated no effect of starter ration and
      no effect of age or weaning age on the relative proportion of essential amino
      acids except lysine and arginine. Lysine decreased and arginine increased
      linearly from 2 wk until weaning.

PMID- 3989089
TI  - Responses of dairy cows to alternating electrical current administered
      semirandomly in a nonavoidance environment.
AB  - Eight Holstein cows were assigned to two groups of four each, and a switchback
      design was used. Treatments were 4 mA of alternating current and no current. Four
      periods were each 96 h. Current was applied across subdermal electrodes, located
      on each cow's spine for 30 s, with a 30-s rest period between exposures for 5
      min. Cows received current every 4 h for four 24-h intervals. No individual cow
      received current at the same time every day. Milk yield was reduced .16
      kg/milking by exposure to 4 mA current. This decrease was not statistically
      significant. Percent milk fat and milk protein were not changed by current.
      Overall numbers of milk somatic cells were variable during the experiment. They
      increased during exposure to current, yet the increase was not statistically
      significant. Overall mean feed consumption and water consumption were not
      affected by treatments. The greatest behavioral response to current was upon
      initial exposure. Cows became accustomed to shock within 24 h of exposure. By the
      end of the fourth 96-h period of exposure, behavioral responses to current were
      almost extinct. We conclude that exposing cows to 4 mA of alternating current, in
      a semirandomized nonavoidance environment, for four consecutive 24-h intervals
      does not alter milk yield, milk composition, or intake of feed and water.

PMID- 3989090
TI  - Evaluation of protein A and a commercial bacterin as vaccines against
      Staphylococcus aureus mastitis by experimental challenge.
AB  - Protein A and a commercial staphylococcal bacterin were evaluated by experimental
      challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29740). Thirty cows in first lactation
      were in three treatment groups, protein A, bacterin, and nonvaccinated controls.
      Studies were through three lactations and included bacteriological and
      cytological analyses of quarter milk samples. Rate of intramammary infection with
      Staphylococcus aureus was similar for vaccinated and unvaccinated cows. Rates of
      spontaneous cure within each lactation were significantly higher for vaccinated
      cows. For all three lactations, spontaneous cure rates were 83, 73, and 47% for
      protein A, bacterin, and control cows. Somatic cell counts were significantly
      lower for vaccinated cows for quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus, but
      no differences were demonstrated for milk production by lactation. Incidence of
      clinical mastitis was higher in unvaccinated cows, but too few developed for a
      valid comparison.

PMID- 3989091
TI  - Influence of milking frequency on productive and reproductive efficiencies of
      dairy cows.
AB  - Thirty-four mature Holstein cows were blocked into two groups on their 305-day,
      twice daily milked, mature equivalent milk production of the previous lactation;
      groups were assigned at random to a twice or thrice daily milking frequency. In
      addition, six pairs of paternal half-sisters and one pair of nonsibling heifers
      also were assigned to twice daily or thrice daily milking frequency. Half-sisters
      were assigned to milking frequency on alternate calvings, and the nonsibling pair
      was assigned at random. Milk production peaked at 6 wk lactation in mature cows
      in both treatments, at 7 wk for cows in first lactation milked twice daily, and
      at 9 wk for cows in first lactation milked thrice daily. Cows milked thrice daily
      reached higher peak milk production and were more persistent in milk production.
      Multiparous and first-lactation cows milked thrice daily produced 18.5 and 25.2%
      more milk than their counterparts milked twice daily, and after 15 wk heifers
      milked thrice daily were producing more milk per day than mature cows milked
      twice daily. The combined increased average production for cows and heifers
      milked thrice daily, 1299 kg, required only 92 kg more dry matter intake and
      resulted in an apparent preferential utilization of feed nutrients for milk
      production or higher rate of tissue catabolism in cows milked thrice daily. Milk
      composition was not influenced by milking frequency; total milk fat was 36 kg
      more for cows milked thrice daily. Reproductive performance measured as days to
      first estrus, days open, or services per conception also was not influenced by
      milking frequency.

PMID- 3989092
TI  - Trend of age at first calving.
AB  - Mean ages at first calving were computed from over 6 million cow records from
      1960 through 1982 for six breeds. Average Jerseys first calved at 26.18 mo
      compared with 28.75 mo for Ayrshires. Other breed means were intermediate:
      Holsteins, 27.52 mo; Guernseys, 27.72 mo; Brown Swiss, 28.04 mo; and Milking
      Shorthorns, 28.11 mo. Mean age at first calving in 1982 was .16 to .32 mo less
      than for all data. Standard deviations of annual mean ages were similar and
      ranged from 3.23 to 3.67 mo for the 138 breed-year means. Frequency distributions
      for calving ages were skewed to the left. Cows born from January through March
      were about .5 mo older at first calving than those born in August and September
      for most breeds. Annual means did not show a significant trend although all
      breeds had highest means around 1976 and regressions of age on year of -.075 to 
      .111 mo per year for 1976 through 1982. Heifer fertility as indicated by age at
      first calving did not appear to change over 23 yr.

PMID- 3989093
TI  - [Kidney sensitivity to the action of the cerebrospinal fluid in a neurodystrophic
      process].

PMID- 3989094
TI  - [Molecular mechanism of the interaction of histamine with hyaluronic acid].

PMID- 3989095
TI  - [Effect of dibunol on a number of physiological indices in virtually healthy
      persons].

PMID- 3989096
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes in Crithidia oncopelti as affected by levorin and its
      combination with a modifying factor].

PMID- 3989097
TI  - [Role of lipids in the mutagenic activity of nitrosoalkylureas].

PMID- 3989098
TI  - Low plasma fibronectin after drowning.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of fibronectin were zero for 8 days in a 53-year-old
      male who was submersed for 5 min, but conscious at the time of admission to
      hospital. The patient developed multiple organ failure, disseminated
      intravascular coagulation and finally died after 15 days. The low fibronectin
      values indicate prolonged severe reticulo-endothelial failure, and may be a
      prognostic sign in cases of drowning or asphyxia of other etiologies.

PMID- 3989099
TI  - Comment on the paper by R. Abizanda and J. Lopez. "The possibility of predicting
      PaO2 following changes in FIO2".

PMID- 3989100
TI  - Lipid peroxidation and alpha-tocopherol during an acute respiratory failure after
      near drowning.
AB  - We compare two patients admitted after near drowning. Both presented a severe
      metabolic acidosis, but only one of them developed an acute pulmonary edema with
      hypoxemia. An increase of lipid peroxides associated with a reduction of vitamin
      E concentration has been observed in this later patient. Lipid peroxidation, one
      of the important causes of disruption of cellular membranes after some injuries,
      could be implicated in the pathogenesis of lung edema in this patient.

PMID- 3989101
TI  - Total respiratory compliance as a function of lung volume in patients with
      mechanical ventilation.
AB  - In normal subjects breathing spontaneously, compliance has been shown to be
      influenced by the lung volume from which deflation started. We wondered whether
      this would also be true for patients with acute respiratory failure who required
      mechanical ventilation and we accordingly studied 15 such patients. Chest
      inflation was performed using a continuous flow device (ATM-PV 102), and total
      compliance was measured as the slope of the pressure-volume relationship during
      deflation. As inflated lung volumes were increased by 10 to 15, 20 and 25 ml/kg
      body weight above FRC, mean compliance increased to 38.2, 45.5, 52.2 and 59.3
      ml/cmH2O respectively. Each of these increases in mean compliance was
      statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Increasing the inflated lung
      volume to 30 ml/kg produced no further significant increase in mean compliance.
      This study showed that, in patients with acute respiratory failure requiring
      mechanical ventilation, compliance measured during deflation is a function of the
      inflated lung volume. We recommend that the compliance should be measured from a
      constant and high lung volume, equal to 25 ml/kg body weight above FRC.

PMID- 3989102
TI  - Structural implications of basilar membrane compliance measurements.
AB  - Static point-load measurements of basilar membrane compliance were made in the
      basal region of the excised guinea pig cochlea. Points on a radial line across
      the basilar membrane were displaced in one-half micron increments and the force
      required to maintain each increment recorded. The results are interpreted in
      terms of the material layers of the basilar membrane and displayed as compliance
      curves. In addition, a beam model of the basilar membrane, including the arches
      of Corti and the actual geometry of the pectinate zone, is constructed from
      anatomical data. The free parameters in this model are the modulus of elasticity
      of the transverse filaments and the effective spring stiffness of the arches.
      Compliance curves for the model are generated with a finite element approach and
      the parameters are obtained by requiring optimal agreement with the experimental
      measurements. The results show that the separation between fiber layers in the
      pectinate zone is relevant to the effective moment of inertia of the cross
      section and that the longitudinal coupling between the heads of the arches
      provides a rigidity to the arcuate zone not seen in the pectinate zone where
      longitudinal coupling is minimal. The elastic modulus calculated for the
      filaments is 1.8 GPa, approximately one-half that of keratin, while the cells and
      ground substance are five orders of magnitude softer.

PMID- 3989103
TI  - Changes in the 2f1-f2 acoustic emission and whole-nerve response following sound
      exposure: long-term effects.
AB  - We examined the effects of 1-min tonal exposures on the amplitude of the 2f1-f2
      distortion product in the ear canals of cats. These effects were compared with
      the changes in the whole-nerve action potential (AP) responses to tone bursts
      following similar exposures. Both the distortion product and AP amplitudes were
      reduced following exposure. The time courses of AP and acoustic emission (AE)
      recoveries were to a certain extent similar, and the post-exposure effects
      depended in similar ways upon the frequency and intensity of the exposure tone
      (adapter). Assuming that the 2f1-f2 AE is generated by nonlinearities in the
      motion of the cochlear partition, the reduction in its amplitude suggests that 1
      min sound exposures can alter cochlear mechanics. The analogous aspects of the AP
      and AE post-exposure effects further suggests that components of long-term
      adaptation as measured by the AP are associated with changes in the mechanics of
      transduction. Finally, alterations of the middle ear cavities of the cat by
      opening the bulla or bony septum can result in marked changes in the
      effectiveness of an adapter in reducing AE amplitude.

PMID- 3989104
TI  - Perceived magnitude of two-tone-noise complexes: loudness, annoyance, and
      noisiness.
AB  - An investigation of the perceived effects of tonal components was undertaken to
      establish a broader data base for quantification and prediction of annoyance of
      sounds containing added tones. The current study was concerned with two-tone
      noise complexes. The stimuli were tone pairs added to a low-pass noise that was
      attenuated by 5 dB/oct above 600 Hz. Overall perceived magnitude is shown to be a
      function of the frequency separation (delta F) between the tonal components, tone
      to-noise ratio, and the overall SPL of the noise-tone complex. Results obtained
      with two tones are compared to those obtained in an earlier study with single
      tones [R. P. Hellman, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 209-218 (1984)]. The observed
      effects appear relevant to the rules governing loudness summation across
      frequency, to measurements of psychoacoustic consonance and roughness, and to the
      issue of mutual masking among the component stimuli. The implications of the
      findings in relation to proposed tone-correction procedures are also discussed.

PMID- 3989105
TI  - Effects of flanking noise bands on the rate of growth of loudness of tones in
      normal and recruiting ears.
AB  - Five subjects with unilateral cochlear hearing impairments and three normally
      hearing subjects made loudness matches between tones presented alternately to two
      ears, as a function of the intensity of the tone in the impaired ear (or the left
      ear of the normal subjects). The impaired ears showed recruitment; the rate of
      growth of loudness with increasing intensity was more rapid in the impaired ear
      than the normal ear. Presenting the tone in the impaired ear with two noise bands
      on either side of the tone frequency, at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio, did not
      abolish the recruitment. This suggests that recruitment is not caused by an
      abnormally rapid spread of excitation in the peripheral auditory system. At low
      signal-to-noise ratios, a continuous background noise reduced the loudness of the
      tone more than a noise gated with the tone, suggesting that the continuous noise
      induces adaptation to the tone. The noise had a greater effect on the loudness of
      the tone in normal ears than in impaired ears. It is possible that the loudness
      reduction of the tone in noise is mediated by suppression; suppression is weak or
      absent in impaired ears, and so the loudness reduction is smaller.

PMID- 3989106
TI  - Impact noise and the equal energy hypothesis.
AB  - The equal energy hypothesis (EEH) was evaluated over a limited range of
      conditions by exposing four groups of chinchillas to impact noise (200-ms B
      duration) presented at a fixed rate of four impacts per second. The intensity of
      the impacts (107-125 dB peak SPL) and the duration (120-1.87 h) of the four
      exposure conditions were counterbalanced so that the four groups received the
      same total energy. The traumatic power of the exposures was assessed by measuring
      the threshold shift of the auditory evoked response and the amount of hair cell
      loss. Exposure between 107 and 119 dB were consistent with the EEH in that they
      produced roughly the same amount of permanent threshold shift (less than 20 dB)
      and hair cell loss (less than 20%). However, the 125-dB exposure produced
      substantially more threshold shift and hair cell loss than the three lower
      intensities. Thus, the EEH may be applicable only at lower impact intensities;
      above a "critical intensity" the amount of damage increases significantly.

PMID- 3989107
TI  - Infant pitch perception: evidence for responding to pitch categories and the
      missing fundamental.
AB  - While numerous studies on infant perception have demonstrated the infant's
      ability to discriminate sounds having different frequencies, little research has
      evaluated more sophisticated pitch perception abilities such as perceptual
      constancy and perception of the missing fundamental. In the present study 7-8
      month-old infants demonstrated the ability to discriminate harmonic complexes
      from two pitch categories that differed in pitch by approximately 20% (e.g., 160
      vs 200 Hz). Using a visually reinforced conditioned head-turning paradigm, a
      number of spectrally different tonal complexes that contained varying harmonic
      components but signaled the same two pitch categories were presented. After
      learning the basic pitch discrimination, the same infants learned to categorize
      spectrally different tonal complexes according to the pitches signaled by their
      fundamental frequencies. That is, the infants showed evidence of perceptual
      constancy for the pitch of harmonic complexes. Finally, infants heard tonal
      complexes that signaled the same pitch categories but for which the fundamental
      frequency was removed. Infants were still able to categorize the harmonic
      complexes according to their pitch categories. These results suggest that by 7
      months of age infants show fairly sophisticated pitch perception abilities
      similar to those demonstrated by adults.

PMID- 3989108
TI  - Temporal interactions between pure tones and amplitude-modulated noise.
AB  - An auditory interaction between the temporal fine structure of a low-frequency
      tone and the envelope of a high-frequency waveform was observed at very large
      frequency separations. Thresholds for detection of sinusoidal amplitude
      modulation of a high-frequency, narrow-band noise were measured as a function of
      the relative phase between the modulator and a pure tone with the same frequency
      as the modulator. These "phase functions" were determined at various intensities
      of the noise and tone for three different modulation frequencies. In general, the
      phase functions show that low-frequency stimulation has a cyclic effect on the
      sensitivity to amplitude modulation; over a limited range of relative phases, the
      modulation threshold is lower than that measured without low-frequency
      stimulation whereas over a broader range of relative phases, the modulation
      threshold is much higher. The difference between minimum and maximum modulation
      thresholds was observed to be as great as 23 dB. Despite this substantial degree
      of temporal interaction, little, if any, masking by the low-frequency tone of the
      high-frequency noise was observed.

PMID- 3989109
TI  - Pressure measurements during speech production using semiconductor miniature
      pressure transducers: impact on models for speech production.
AB  - It appears that temperature instabilities are a major obstacle hindering the use
      of semiconductor strain gauge pressure transducers in speech research, especially
      when absolute pressure data are mandatory. In this paper a simple and reliable
      method for an in vivo calibration of this kind of transducer is described. The
      most important error source, the drift of the zero pressure level due to
      temperature changes, is discussed, and an estimation of the measurement accuracy
      which can be obtained is given. Moreover, some registrations of subglottal,
      supraglottal, and transglottal pressure are presented. It is shown that the
      pressure recordings allow us to obtain estimates of the volume flow in the
      trachea and pharynx. Analysis of those waveforms appears to lead to new insights
      into the physical processes underlying voice production. Specifically, an
      independent glottal contribution to the skewing of the glottal flow pulses is
      identified.

PMID- 3989110
TI  - Auditory contrast and speaker quality variation in vowel perception.
AB  - Selective adaption and anchoring effects in speech perception have generated
      several different hypotheses regarding the nature of contextual contrast,
      including auditory/phonetic feature detector fatigue, response bias, and auditory
      contrast. In the present study three different seven-step [hId]-[h epsilon d]
      continua were constructed to represent a low F0 (long vocal tract source), a high
      F0 (long vocal tract source), and a high F0 (short vocal tract source),
      respectively. Subjects identified the tokens from each of the stimulus continua
      under two conditions: an equiprobable control and an anchoring condition which
      included an endpoint stimulus from one of the three continua occurring at least
      three times more often than any other single stimulus. Differential contrast
      effects were found depending on whether the anchor differed from the test stimuli
      in terms of F0, absolute formant frequencies, or both. Results were inconsistent
      with both the feature detector fatigue and response bias hypothesis. Rather, the
      obtained data suggest that vowel contrast occurs on the basis of normalized
      formant values, thus supporting a version of the auditory-contrast theory.

PMID- 3989111
TI  - Acoustic and perceptual correlates of the non-nasal--nasal distinction for
      vowels.
AB  - For each of five vowels [i e a o u] following [t], a continuum from non-nasal to
      nasal was synthesized. Nasalization was introduced by inserting a pole-zero pair
      in the vicinity of the first formant in an all-pole transfer function. The
      frequencies and spacing of the pole and zero were systematically varied to change
      the degree of nasalization. The selection of stimulus parameters was determined
      from acoustic theory and the results of pilot experiments. The stimuli were
      presented for identification and discrimination to listeners whose language
      included a non-nasal--nasal vowel opposition (Gujarati, Hindi, and Bengali) and
      to American listeners. There were no significant differences between language
      groups in the 50% crossover points of the identification functions. Some vowels
      were more influenced by range and context effects than were others. The language
      groups showed some differences in the shape of the discrimination functions for
      some vowels. On the basis of the results, it is postulated that (1) there is a
      basic acoustic property of nasality, independent of the vowel, to which the
      auditory system responds in a distinctive way regardless of language background;
      and (2) there are one or more additional acoustic properties that may be used to
      various degrees in different languages to enhance the contrast between a nasal
      vowel and its non-nasal congener. A proposed candidate for the basic acoustic
      property is a measure of the degree of prominence of the spectral peak in the
      vicinity of the first formant. Additional secondary properties include shifts in
      the center of gravity of the low-frequency spectral prominence, leading to a
      change in perceived vowel height, and changes in overall spectral balance.

PMID- 3989113
TI  - Short-term effects of sound exposure on the 2f1-f2 acoustic emission.
AB  - The 2f1-f2 acoustic emission (AE) was recorded in the ear canals of cats
      following exposure to tone bursts of 200-ms duration. Exposures known to result
      in short-term adaptation (i.e., adaptation lasting under 1 s) at the level of the
      auditory nerve failed to produce significant post-exposure changes in AE
      amplitude. Given the apparent cochlear origin of the 2f1-f2 AE, this result is
      consistent with the view that short-term adaptation in the auditory periphery
      does not involve substantial changes in cochlear mechanics.

PMID- 3989112
TI  - A single-pole model for the propagation of ultrasound in soft tissue.
AB  - A minimum-phase function, which characterizes the velocity dispersion in tissue
      was calculated from measured attenuation. This function was incorporated into a
      causal tissue model. Predictions of attenuation using the minimum-phase function
      with just a single pole matched measured attenuation in the 1- to 10-MHz range
      within a few percent. Dispersion of phase velocity predicted by the single-pole
      model was comparable to measured dispersion. The frequency associated with the
      single pole, which is a relaxation frequency, decreased with hemoglobin
      concentration and collagen content but increased with temperature. The electrical
      equivalent circuit for this model is a delay coupled with a low-pass filter which
      can be configured as a resistance in series with a parallel combination of
      resistance and capacitance.

PMID- 3989114
TI  - Indoor air pollution due to emissions from unvented gas-fired space heaters.

PMID- 3989115
TI  - Benzo(a)pyrene in New Jersey--results from a twenty-seven-site study.

PMID- 3989116
TI  - Prognostic value of a coronary artery jeopardy score.
AB  - The prognostic value of a coronary artery jeopardy score was evaluated in 462
      consecutive nonsurgically treated patients with significant coronary artery
      disease, but without significant left main coronary stenosis. The jeopardy score
      is a simple method for estimating the amount of myocardium at risk on the basis
      of the particular location of coronary artery stenoses. In patients with a
      previous myocardial infarction, higher jeopardy scores were associated with a
      lower left ventricular ejection fraction. When the jeopardy score and the number
      of diseased vessels were considered individually, each descriptor effectively
      stratified prognosis. Five year survival was 97% in patients with a jeopardy
      score of 2 and 95, 85, 78, 75 and 56%, respectively, for patients with a jeopardy
      score of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. In multivariable analysis when only jeopardy score
      and number of diseased vessels were considered, the jeopardy score contained all
      of the prognostic information. Thus, the number of diseased vessels added no
      prognostic information to the jeopardy score. The left ventricular ejection
      fraction was more closely related to prognosis than was the jeopardy score. When
      other anatomic factors were examined, the degree of stenosis of each vessel,
      particularly the left anterior descending coronary artery, was found to add
      prognostic information to the jeopardy score. Thus, the jeopardy score is a
      simple method for describing the coronary anatomy. It provides more prognostic
      information than the number of diseased coronary arteries, but it can be improved
      by including the degree of stenosis of each vessel and giving additional weight
      to disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989117
TI  - Activation mapping in patients with coronary artery disease with multiple
      ventricular tachycardia configurations: occurrence and therapeutic implications
      of widely separate apparent sites of origin.
AB  - Catheter or intraoperative activation mapping studies, or both, were performed in
      17 patients with coronary artery disease with two to four distinct configurations
      of ventricular tachycardia, resistant to a mean of 12.1 +/- 6.0 antiarrhythmic
      drug trials per patient. Mapping studies were performed to guide anticipated
      surgical ablation of arrhythmias. Activation map data were adequate to determine
      sites of origin of 30 (64%) of 47 observed tachycardia configurations. These 30
      ventricular tachycardias (26 observed clinically) were mapped to 22 separate
      endocardial sites of origin. Sites of origin of distinct tachycardias were
      identical or closely adjacent (within 3 cm) in six patients and widely separate
      (greater than or equal to 4 cm) in eight patients (47% of the group). Activation
      maps were not adequate to determine sites of origin of 17 (36%) of the 47
      tachycardias, including all configurations in three patients. Fifteen patients
      underwent surgery for control of ventricular tachycardia: aggressive, map-guided
      endocardial resection (mean 26.5 +/- 14.2 cm2) in 12 patients with identified
      sites of tachycardia origin and extensive resection of visible endocardial scar
      (2 patients) or encircling endocardial ventriculotomy (1 patient) in those in
      whom the sites of origin of all clinical tachycardias remained undetermined. Two
      inoperable patients were treated with amiodarone. During postoperative
      electrophysiologic tests (11 of 13 surgical survivors), ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias were initially uninducible in only 4 of 11 patients. However, in
      two patients only nonclinical arrhythmias (ventricular flutter) were induced. Six
      (21%) of 29 clinical tachycardias whose sites of origin were either not
      determined or not resected (right septum or papillary muscle) remained inducible
      in five patients. Using previously ineffective antiarrhythmic drugs, initially
      inducible arrhythmias became uninducible (two patients), or harder to induce than
      preoperatively (five patients). As a result of surgical resections alone or in
      combination with previously ineffective drugs (and amiodarone in two inoperable
      patients), there were no recurrences of ventricular tachycardia in 14 (93%) of 15
      patients discharged during 19.0 +/- 14.3 months of follow-up study. Thus,
      activation mapping may commonly reveal separate apparent sites of origin for
      clinically observed, morphologically distinct, highly drug-refractory ventricular
      tachycardias in patients with coronary artery disease with multiple tachycardia
      configurations. Extensive surgical resection of identified sites of origin may be
      required to ablate arrhythmias in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 3989118
TI  - Ambulatory electrocardiographic correlates of ventricular inducibility during
      programmed electrical stimulation.
AB  - To determine the relation between spontaneous and induced ventricular
      arrhythmias, ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring and programmed
      electrical stimulation were performed in 48 adult patients with suspected life
      threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Nine had no inducible arrhythmia, 11
      demonstrated 1 to 2 beats of intraventricular reentry, 19 exhibited non-sustained
      ventricular tachycardia and 9 exhibited sustained ventricular tachycardia during
      electrophysiologic studies. Patients without arrhythmia inducibility had a high
      incidence of multiformity (56%) and bigeminy (44%), but a low incidence of either
      couplets (11%) or spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (11%) on Holter monitoring.
      An increasing incidence of all "complex" ectopic features was found with
      increasing degrees of ventricular inducibility. In patients with inducible
      sustained ventricular tachycardia, multiformity was present in 100%, bigeminy and
      couplets in 89% and spontaneous ventricular tachycardia in 78%. Premature
      ventricular complex frequency, couplet frequency and the repetition index (the
      ratio of couplets to premature ventricular complexes) were also found to be
      directly correlated with the degree of ventricular inducibility. Three
      quantitative arrhythmia variables were identified which predicted ventricular
      tachycardia inducibility. Seven (78%) of 9 patients with a mean premature
      ventricular complex frequency of 100 or more/1,000 normal beats, 11 (85%) of 13
      with a mean couplet frequency of 1 or more/1,000 normal beats and 19 (83%) of 23
      with a mean repetition index value of 15 or more/1,000 premature ventricular
      complexes proved to have inducible ventricular tachycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989119
TI  - Can Holter monitor findings predict the results of electrophysiologic studies?

PMID- 3989120
TI  - Serial analysis of electrically induced ventricular arrhythmias in a canine model
      of myocardial infarction.
AB  - To determine the rate of induction, specificity and evolution of electrically
      induced postmyocardial infarction ventricular arrhythmias, 10 dogs that underwent
      a sham operation and 20 dogs with experimental transmural apical myocardial
      infarction underwent serial closed chest electrophysiologic studies with
      programmed ventricular stimulation under light anesthesia 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks
      after the operation. The reproducibility of the electrically induced ventricular
      arrhythmias was at a maximum when three extrastimuli were used during ventricular
      pacing for induction. The reproducibility of the arrhythmias was also a function
      of the age of the infarct. Electrically induced sustained monomorphic ventricular
      tachycardia, observed in 45 to 50% of the animals, was a highly specific
      postinfarction finding (0% specificity in control animals, regardless of the mode
      or timing of programmed cardiac stimulation), whereas nonsustained polymorphic
      ventricular tachycardia was not. The specificity of induced ventricular
      fibrillation was a function of the mode and timing of programmed stimulation. The
      rate of induction of the electrically induced ventricular arrhythmias did not
      change significantly during the 6 week period after myocardial infarction. A
      large infarct size (determined by postmortem examination) and a low left
      ventricular ejection fraction (determined during premortem cardiac
      catheterization) were the only variables identified that predisposed the animals
      to electrically induced sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. These
      factors, however, did not correlate with the presence of electrically induced
      ventricular fibrillation or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 3989121
TI  - Electrically induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the experimentally infarcted
      canine model.

PMID- 3989122
TI  - Acute effects of amiodarone on the electrophysiologic properties of isolated
      neonatal and adult cardiac fibers.
AB  - The acute cellular electrophysiologic actions of amiodarone on isolated neonatal
      and adult canine ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers were evaluated using
      standard microelectrode techniques. Amiodarone, 10(-6) to 5 X 10(-5) M (0.68 to
      34 micrograms/ml), significantly (p less than 0.05) prolonged adult ventricular
      muscle action potential duration and voltage-dependent refractoriness at all
      concentrations, thereby demonstrating typical class III antiarrhythmic effects.
      Similar concentrations had no significant effects on neonatal ventricular muscle.
      Amiodarone significantly shortened action potential duration and refractoriness
      of both neonatal and adult Purkinje fibers, with neonatal fibers having a greater
      sensitivity to the drug. At the standard stimulation rate of 1 Hz, amiodarone had
      no effects on action potential amplitude or maximal rate of rise of phase 0 of
      the action potential (Vmax) of any tissues. At faster stimulation frequencies (2
      to 4 Hz), amiodarone produced frequency-dependent decreases in action potential
      amplitude and Vmax of all neonatal and adult preparations. The data indicate that
      amiodarone exhibits a complex aggregate of electrophysiologic actions that
      include significant frequency-related class I effects. Compared with adult
      myocardium, neonatal tissues demonstrated altered responsiveness to amiodarone, a
      feature common to many antiarrhythmic compounds.

PMID- 3989123
TI  - Relation between graded, subcritical impairments of coronary flow reserve and
      regional myocardial dysfunction induced by atrial pacing in dogs.
AB  - The detection of either impairment of coronary flow reserve at rest or
      abnormalities of regional myocardial function during an ischemic stress are both
      means of defining the physiologic significance of coronary stenoses. The relation
      between these two indexes has not been defined previously, particularly in the
      setting of mild subtotal impairment of coronary flow reserve. Therefore, this
      relation was investigated in nine open chest anesthetized dogs. Graded,
      subcritical coronary stenoses were produced that impaired postocclusion hyperemic
      flow, but not coronary blood flow at rest. Subendocardial ultrasonic crystals
      were used to measure segment length shortening at rest and after maximal atrial
      pacing. There was a curvilinear relation between pacing-induced deterioration of
      segment length shortening and impairment in reactive hyperemia at rest with the
      most substantial decrease in regional function occurring when less than 20 to 40%
      of control reactive hyperemia remained. This corresponded to a reactive hyperemic
      ratio between 1.7 and 2.3. This nonlinear relation was paralleled by the relation
      between deterioration of regional function and the percent of control blood flow
      recorded at the time of regional postpacing dysfunction in the presence of
      coronary stenosis. It is concluded that coronary flow reserve may be
      substantially reduced before regional dysfunction induced by atrial pacing
      becomes pronounced. The extent of regional dysfunction during atrial pacing is,
      in large part, due to the alterations in coronary blood flow occurring during
      this form of stress in the presence of coronary stenosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989124
TI  - Lateral border zone: quantitation of lateral extension of subendocardial
      infarction in the dog.
AB  - This study was undertaken to quantitate the lateral extension that occurs
      concomitantly with the transmural extension of a subendocardial infarction. A
      subendocardial infarct was produced in 12 dogs by a 40 minute temporary coronary
      artery occlusion. Infarct extension was induced 7 days later by permanent
      occlusion of the same vessel. Regional myocardial blood flows confirmed that
      ischemia had been produced with both coronary artery occlusions. The vascular
      boundaries between the normally perfused and ischemic beds were defined by
      perfusion with different-colored Microfil solutions. The extent of subendocardial
      infarction and subsequent transmural and lateral extensions were assessed by
      point counting of histologic specimens. The initial temporary occlusion produced
      a 30.0 +/- 4.2% transmural infarct and the subsequent permanent occlusion a 29.2
      +/- 3.5% transmural extension in a risk region of 39 +/- 4 g. Lateral extension
      was not measured in four dogs because the initial subendocardial infarct was
      patchy with markedly irregular lateral borders. In eight dogs the size of the
      measured lateral infarct extension from each lateral margin from two histologic
      sections was 0.63 +/- 0.013 cm2. The area of both lateral extensions was 1.7 +/-
      0.1% of the cross-sectional area of its risk region as determined by planimetry.
      Using a model of the risk region, the mass of the lateral extension was estimated
      to be 1.4 +/- 0.3 g or 3.5 +/- 0.6% of the region at risk. Thus, at the lateral
      margin of a subendocardial infarct there is a border zone that is small relative
      to the size of the region at risk and infarcted myocardium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989125
TI  - Dual carbon-labeled isotope experiments using D-[6-14C] glucose and L-[1,2,3
      13C3] lactate: a new approach for investigating human myocardial metabolism
      during ischemia.
AB  - Simultaneous lactate production and extraction have been previously demonstrated
      in the myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease. To quantitate this
      lactate production and determine its source, dual carbon-labeled isotope
      experiments were performed. L-[1,2,3-13C3] lactate and D-[6-14C] glucose were
      infused in 10 patients with significant coronary artery disease. Metabolic
      samples were obtained at rest and during atrial pacing. Despite net chemical
      myocardial lactate extraction in the 10 patients at rest and no evidence of
      clinical ischemia, the L-[1,2,3-13C3] lactate analysis demonstrated that lactate
      was being released by the myocardium. During atrial pacing, seven patients did
      not develop clinical symptoms of ischemia, and the chemical lactate analysis
      showed net lactate extraction. However, tracer analysis demonstrated that there
      was a significant increase in the lactate released during atrial pacing (from 6.9
      +/- 2.3 to 16.2 +/- 10.1 mumol/min) (p less than 0.05). In these seven patients,
      circulating glucose was the source of 23 +/- 15% of the lactate released at rest,
      and there was no significant change during pacing. The remaining three patients
      had mild chest pain and net chemical lactate production during pacing. Lactate
      release detected by the tracer increased from 5.7 +/- 3.0 mumol/min at rest to
      50.9 +/- 16.8 mumol/min during pacing (p less than 0.01). In these patients, the
      contribution of glucose to lactate production increased significantly during
      pacing-induced clinical ischemia from 25 +/- 22 to 67 +/- 14% (p less than
      0.005). Thus, dual carbon-labeled isotopic experiments are powerful tools for
      investigating myocardial metabolic pathways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989126
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of left and right ventricular filling in myocardial
      infarction with a two-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic method.
AB  - Inflow characteristics of left and right ventricular filling were assessed in 40
      patients with myocardial infarction and in 10 normal subjects by pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography. Patients with myocardial infarction were subdivided into four
      groups, focusing on the involvement of right ventricular and septal branches of
      the coronary arteries. Group I consisted of 11 patients with anterior infarction
      who showed an obstructive lesion of the proximal left anterior descending branch
      involving the first septal perforator with a patent right coronary artery. Group
      II consisted of 10 patients with inferior infarction who showed an obstructive
      lesion of the proximal right coronary artery involving the right ventricular
      branch. Group III consisted of 12 patients with both anterior and inferior
      infarction who showed obstructive lesions of both the proximal left anterior
      descending branch and the right coronary artery involving the right ventricular
      branch. Group IV consisted of seven patients with lateral infarction who showed
      an obstructive lesion of the diagonal branch or branches of the circumflex
      coronary artery with a patent left anterior descending branch and right coronary
      artery. Three measurements were performed from the transmitral and
      transtricuspidal inflow velocity patterns to assess the left and right
      ventricular diastolic behaviors. These measurements were: acceleration half-time,
      deceleration half-time of early diastolic rapid inflow, and the ratio of the peak
      velocity of early diastolic rapid inflow to that of the late diastolic inflow due
      to the atrial contraction. Impaired diastolic filling of the left ventricle
      compensated by enhanced left atrial contraction was observed in patients with
      myocardial infarction from groups I, II, III and IV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3989127
TI  - Truncus arteriosus with single pulmonary artery: influence of pulmonary vascular
      obstructive disease on early and late operative results.
AB  - Nineteen patients with truncus arteriosus and single pulmonary artery had
      corrective operations at the Mayo Clinic from 1969 to 1983. At operation, their
      ages ranged from 4 months to 20 years (mean 8.1 years). The preoperative
      pulmonary resistance divided by 2 was used to predict the degree of pulmonary
      vascular obstructive disease at operation. The influence of elevated pulmonary
      resistance and the intraoperative postrepair ratio of pulmonary artery to left
      ventricular pressure on operative and late mortality were examined. The outcome
      of patients with single pulmonary artery was compared with the outcome of 148
      patients with truncus arteriosus and two pulmonary arteries operated on during
      the same period. Patients with a single pulmonary artery had an operative
      mortality similar to that of patients with two pulmonary arteries (32 versus 28%,
      p greater than 0.05). Late mortality was, however, significantly greater (p less
      than 0.001) for patients with a single pulmonary artery. Elevated ratios of
      intraoperative postrepair pulmonary artery to left ventricular pressure were
      associated with significantly higher (p less than 0.02) operative and late
      mortality, but elevated preoperative pulmonary resistance was not (p greater than
      0.10). Truncus arteriosus with single pulmonary artery is associated with poor
      postoperative survival, and although elevated pulmonary resistances
      preoperatively did not predict outcome, elevated intraoperative postrepair
      pulmonary artery to left ventricular pressure ratios were associated with
      increased operative and late survival, suggesting a deleterious role of pulmonary
      hypertension.

PMID- 3989128
TI  - Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in normal children.
AB  - Although echocardiography has become the standard noninvasive method of
      diagnosing mitral valve prolapse, the diagnostic criteria have been established
      without clearly defining the range of normal patterns for mitral valve closure.
      The current study reports the analysis of mitral valve closure patterns in 193
      children (aged 5 days to 18 years) making scheduled visits for well child care
      who were screened by history and physical examination to exclude structural heart
      disease. Mitral valve systolic leaflet position was analyzed for the appearance
      of any portion of either leaflet superior to the plane of the anulus. Superior
      systolic motion was noted in 13% of the overall study group; this pattern was
      uncommon in infants but more frequent in older children, with a prevalence of 35%
      in the 10 to 18 year age group. There was no statistically significant difference
      between male and female children at any age. The prevalence of superior systolic
      motion decreased markedly if consideration was given to its presence in more than
      one echocardiographic view (1%) or to displacement of the coaptation point of the
      mitral valve leaflets (0.5%). Superior systolic motion occurs with such frequency
      in normal children as to call into question the reliability of this pattern of
      mitral valve closure as a standard for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse.
      More restrictive diagnostic criteria which consider the degree of leaflet
      displacement or its presence in multiple echocardiographic views may be necessary
      to identify those subjects whose mitral valve closure patterns truly fall outside
      the range of normal.

PMID- 3989129
TI  - Cardiac atrioventricular junctional tissues in hearts from infants who died
      suddenly.
AB  - The cause of sudden infant death syndrome is not known at present. Most agree
      that in the majority of cases it involves primary apnea. However, cardiac
      abnormalities probably account for a subset of these deaths. An investigation
      into the structure of the atrioventricular (AV) junctional tissues of the heart
      would provide insight into the frequency of sudden death in infants that might
      result from abnormal cardiac morphology. The hearts of seven infants who died
      from diagnosed sudden infant death syndrome were examined by serially sectioning
      and studying this critical region of the heart. The hearts of these infants could
      be divided into three groups on the basis of their morphologic features. In the
      first group, represented by two cases, there were marked variations from normal,
      the most striking feature being the presence of accessory pathways. In the second
      group, represented by four cases, the AV junctional tissues were not fully mature
      and clusters of AV nodal and bundle cells were dispersed throughout the anulus
      fibrosus. In the third group, the structure of the junctional tissues was normal.
      There remains a distinct subset of infants who might have died suddenly and
      unexpectedly from cardiac abnormalities that needs to be more completely defined.

PMID- 3989130
TI  - Crib death.

PMID- 3989131
TI  - Detection of coronary artery disease by two-dimensional echocardiography and
      transesophageal atrial pacing.
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed at rest and during rapid
      transesophageal atrial pacing in 85 patients undergoing coronary arteriography
      for evaluation of chest pain. Transesophageal atrial pacing was performed with 10
      ms pulses of 6 to 27 mA intensity; the rate was progressively increased up to 150
      beats/min. Four patients were excluded: two because atrial capture was not
      achieved and two because of chest discomfort induced during transesophageal
      atrial pacing. Of the remaining 81 patients, 56 had significant coronary artery
      disease (greater than or equal to 75% stenosis of at least one major coronary
      vessel) and 25 had no significant coronary artery disease; 25 of the 56 patients
      with coronary artery disease had no wall motion abnormalities at rest. The test
      was considered positive if wall motion abnormalities were detected during pacing.
      Wall motion abnormalities occurred in 3 of 25 patients without coronary artery
      disease (specificity 88%) and in 51 of 56 patients with coronary artery disease
      (sensitivity 91%). Wall motion abnormalities developed in 20 of the 25 patients
      with coronary artery disease and normal regional wall motion at rest (sensitivity
      80%); sensitivity for one, two and three vessel disease was 85% (17 of 20
      patients), 94% (15 of 16 patients) and 95% (19 of 20 patients), respectively. In
      patients without coronary artery disease, wall motion score was 18 at rest and
      17.7 +/- 0.9 during pacing (p = NS). In patients with coronary artery disease,
      wall motion score decreased from 15.2 +/- 3.6 at rest to 11.6 +/- 4.1 during
      pacing (p less than 0.001). In patients with coronary artery disease and normal
      regional wall motion at rest, wall motion score decreased from 18 at rest to 14.4
      +/- 3.1 during pacing (p less than 0.001). Thus, two-dimensional echocardiography
      during transesophageal atrial pacing appears both sensitive and specific in
      detecting patients with coronary artery disease. This new procedure is a feasible
      and reliable alternative to exercise two-dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 3989132
TI  - Long-term assessment of unipolar and bipolar stimulation and sensing thresholds
      using a lead configuration programmable pacemaker.
AB  - Acute and long-term pacing thresholds were measured prospectively in 74 patients
      with a unipolar/bipolar multiprogrammable pacemaker. At implantation, mean
      current threshold was 0.48 +/- 0.16 mA with unipolar mode and 0.55 +/- 0.16 mA
      bipolar mode (p less than 0.01). R wave amplitude at implantation was 7.78 +/-
      2.4 mV with unipolar and 7.67 +/- 2.1 mV in bipolar mode (p = NS). During long
      term follow-up (mean 9.3 months; range 3 to 24), no clinically significant
      differences in pacing or sensing thresholds were observed between bipolar and
      unipolar configurations. Lead configuration was changed 23 times in 11 patients.
      Symptomatic myopotential inhibition was corrected in two patients by
      reprogramming to the bipolar pacing mode. High thresholds and loss of capture
      were corrected in two patients by reprogramming to the unipolar pacing mode. The
      remaining configurational changes were made for improved sensing or pacing
      thresholds. This study documents, in a large group of patients, the equivalence
      of long-term unipolar and bipolar pacing and sensing thresholds and, in addition,
      demonstrates that lead configuration programmability offered some advantage in a
      subgroup of patients and may have prevented reoperation in five patients.

PMID- 3989133
TI  - Important differences between short- and long-term hemodynamic effects of
      amiodarone in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease at rest and during
      ischemia-induced left ventricular dysfunction.
AB  - To assess and compare the hemodynamic profile of short-and long-term amiodarone
      administration in the same set of patients and to investigate hemodynamic
      mechanisms responsible for the antianginal effect of this drug, 10 patients with
      documented coronary artery disease and stable angina pectoris were studied.
      Simultaneous right heart catheterization and equilibrium radionuclide
      angiocardiography were performed at rest and during exercise before therapy
      (control), after a 5 minute intravenous infusion of 7.5 mg/kg of amiodarone and
      after 21.0 +/- 4.3 days of peroral therapy (10 days 800 mg/day, 7 days 400 mg/day
      and then 200 mg/day). After acute drug administration, ejection fraction, stroke
      index and systolic blood pressure decreased, whereas heart rate, left and right
      ventricular filling pressures and systemic vascular resistance increased. These
      effects were reversed after long-term therapy; all measured values returned to
      control levels except for heart rate, which decreased below the control value,
      and right atrial pressure, which remained slightly elevated. Amiodarone drug
      levels decreased from 4.8 +/- 1.8 after intravenous infusion to 1.2 +/- 0.6
      mg/liter after long-term therapy. After adjustment for hemodynamic changes at
      rest, there were still significant reductions in heart rate, mean arterial
      pressure and rate-pressure product during exercise. It is concluded that the
      marked negative inotropic effect of amiodarone administered acutely in the dose
      applied calls for cautious use of this drug when administered intravenously. In
      contrast, long-term oral amiodarone therapy seems hemodynamically safe, even in
      patients with moderately depressed left ventricular function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989134
TI  - Effect of adenosine and adenosine-5'-triphosphate on atrioventricular conduction
      in patients.
AB  - This study was carried out to further elucidate the effects of adenosine and
      adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) on atrioventricular (AV) conduction in patients.
      Adenosine (0.24 mg/kg) and ATP (0.28 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to 37
      patients undergoing intracardiac electrophysiologic evaluation. Both adenosine
      and ATP depressed AV conduction by lengthening the atrial to His bundle (AH)
      interval. The effects of adenosine and ATP after rapid intravenous bolus
      administration were fast in onset (15 +/- 0.5 and 15 +/- 1.5 s, respectively),
      but transient in duration (10.5 +/- 0.5 s for ATP and 17 +/- 3 s for adenosine).
      Although muscarinic blockade with 0.04 mg/kg atropine shortened the AH interval
      from a control value of 123 +/- 12 to 74 +/- 4 ms, it did not modify the effects
      of adenosine or ATP, or both (that is, latency and duration of the effects were
      not significantly different from before atropine administration). In contrast,
      aminophylline, a competitive antagonist of adenosine, completely prevented the
      effects of adenosine and ATP. Aminophylline alone also shortened the AH interval
      from a control value of 98 +/- 9 to 74 +/- 9 ms. This decrease was blocked by
      propranolol (0.1 mg/kg), whereas propranolol did not influence the ability of
      aminophylline to antagonize the effects of adenosine or ATP, or both. Thus, the
      catecholamines released by aminophylline are unlikely to account for the ability
      of aminophylline to antagonize the effects of adenosine and ATP. In conclusion,
      these findings indicate that intravenously administered adenosine and ATP are
      equally effective in producing AV block that is antagonized by aminophylline but
      not by atropine.

PMID- 3989135
TI  - Right heart thrombus: recognition, diagnosis and management.
AB  - The clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, angiographic and pathologic
      features of five patients who had right heart thrombus are presented and their
      management is discussed. Two modes of presentation were recognized. In four
      patients, right heart thrombus complicated peripheral venous thrombosis and was
      associated with major pulmonary thromboembolism and right heart obstruction. In
      the fifth, it complicated myocarditis with heart failure and appeared to cause
      right heart obstruction. Two-dimensional echocardiography was diagnostic of right
      heart thrombus in four patients and showed evidence of right heart dysfunction in
      those with major pulmonary thromboembolism. The diagnosis was confirmed at
      surgery in three patients and at autopsy in one. Three patients successfully
      underwent surgical removal of the thrombus followed by anticoagulation. One
      patient was treated successfully with anticoagulation alone. The only death
      occurred in the patient with myocarditis.

PMID- 3989136
TI  - Mitral valve alternans.
AB  - An echogram showing mitral valve alternans was recorded in a patient with
      advanced cardiomyopathy and pulsus alternans induced by premature ventricular
      depolarizations. Decreased left ventricular emptying by the weak beat was
      followed by blunting of the subsequent mitral valve E point, a finding compatible
      with a significant elevation of left ventricular pressure in early diastole. Both
      alternating systolic (contractile state) and diastolic (pressure and dimension)
      variables seemed to participate in the alternans phenomenon in this patient.

PMID- 3989137
TI  - Essential trace elements in human health and disease.

PMID- 3989139
TI  - Stinging insect allergy: progress and problems.

PMID- 3989138
TI  - Magnesium deficiency in human subjects--a personal historical perspective.
AB  - Over the past 30 years human magnesium (Mg) deficiency has become an accepted
      fact in most medical circles. Our index patient had striking neurological
      manifestations including generalized tremulousness, grimaces and fibrillary
      twitches of facial muscles, athetoid and choreiform movements of upper
      extremities, dysphagia, inability to speak, repeated convulsions, and confusion.
      She had received glucose in water and saline intravenously for several months. A
      patient with chronic alcoholism was noted to have almost identical symptoms and
      signs as the index patient. He also responded dramatically to MgSO4 injections.
      This resulted in a series of studies on patients with chronic alcoholism. The
      evidence of Mg deficiency in alcoholism includes the following: significant
      hypomagnesemia, strongly positive Mg balance during recovery, significant
      decrease in muscle Mg, a deficit of total exchangeable 28Mg quantitatively
      similar to deficit by balance studies, often a dramatic response of symptoms to
      therapy with Mg, and diuresis of Mg produced by ingestion of alcohol. Lipolysis
      with high levels of long-chain free fatty acids (FFA) occurs in withdrawal of
      alcohol in chronic alcoholism, withdrawal of certain addictive drugs, after
      trauma, surgery, administration of adrenergic compounds or theophylline, exposure
      to cold, and an adverse environment as in grass staggers. Concentrations of Mg
      fall when FFA increase in all of the above circumstances. This phenomenon has
      wide implications in health and disease. Better awareness of Mg deficiency in a
      wide variety of clinical conditions will result in life-saving treatment and less
      morbidity of other patients.

PMID- 3989140
TI  - The evaluation of the common diagnostic methods of hypersensitivity for bee and
      yellow jacket venom by means of an in-hospital insect sting.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1983 230 patients visited our clinic in connection with allergic
      reactions after insect stings. One hundred six patients were subjected to a
      diagnostic provocation test with a live insect; 86 of these patients had a
      history of systemic reactions and a positive skin test and RAST with insect
      venom. Thirty-one of these patients, including one patient with a negative RAST
      and another with a negative skin test, demonstrated a generalized reaction and
      were subjected to immunotherapy with pure insect venom. Comparison of the
      diagnostic data from 31 patients with reactions with those of the 57 nonreacting
      patients from the 86 patients aforementioned reveals that at this time only a
      provocation test with a live insect can provide the evidence of an allergy to
      insect venom leading to such a severe generalized reaction that admission to
      probably lifelong immunotherapy is justified. The measurement of the venom
      specific IgG, the ratio of IgG/IgE, and (for bee patients) the serum antibody
      titer against the bee venom components phospholipase A and hyaluronidase did not
      improve the diagnosis of a current hypersensitivity against insect venom.

PMID- 3989141
TI  - Reactions during hemodialysis caused by allergy to ethylene oxide gas
      sterilization.
AB  - In patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (HD), we have examined the presence
      of IgE-dependent sensitization to ethylene oxide (EO) gas, which is used for
      sterilization of disposable medical products including dialyzers. Serum was
      obtained from 25 patients who experienced acute allergic reactions during HD,
      five patients receiving HD with isolated eosinophilia, and 37 unselected patients
      receiving HD. Sera from 22 of 25 of the allergic reaction group and from five of
      35 of the unselected group were demonstrated to contain IgE antibodies with
      specificity for EO. Corresponding IgG antibodies were also present. No such
      antibodies were detected in serum from normal controls or ragweed-allergic
      patients. The serum from one patient with isolated eosinophilia had a borderline
      elevated IgE antibody level. These results demonstrate a close relationship
      between the presence of IgE antibodies to EO and HD-related allergic reactions in
      this patient population.

PMID- 3989142
TI  - Polyethylene glycol-modified ragweed pollen extract in rhinoconjunctivitis.
AB  - Sixty-two ragweed-sensitive adult subjects volunteered to take part in a 2-year,
      placebo-controlled efficacy study of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified ragweed
      extract, in ragweed pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis. At the beginning of the
      study, subjects were stratified according to skin sensitivity to ragweed extract
      and PEG-modified ragweed and the severity of hay fever in the previous year.
      There was random allocation of half to active treatment and half to placebo
      treatment. Before the first ragweed pollen season the 36 most sensitive subjects
      received 10 weekly injections (group 1), and the remaining 26 received six
      injections (group 2). Before the second season all subjects received 10
      injections. Doses increased by half a log concentration each week unless there
      were adverse reactions. The mean total dose received by group 1 in year 1 was 385
      micrograms of protein (28.9 micrograms AgE) and received by group 2 was 218
      micrograms of protein (16.4 micrograms AgE). In year 2 the mean total dose was
      1829 micrograms (137.2 micrograms AgE). Sixty-six percent of injections elicited
      no reaction or a mild local reaction; the remaining injections produced local
      redness and swelling more than 2 inches in diameter. Four percent of injections
      produced systemic symptoms. PEG-modified ragweed stimulated increases in ragweed
      specific IgG antibody both years, but increases in ragweed specific IgE antibody
      were significant only in group 1 in year 1. The magnitude of the IgG antibody
      changes was directly related to the total dose injected. At the beginning of the
      second year, PEG-modified ragweed-treated subjects still had elevated IgG
      antibody levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989143
TI  - Bronchodilatation and inhibition of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction by
      circulating epinephrine in asthmatic subjects.
AB  - The influence of circulating epinephrine on basal bronchial tone and its ability
      to counteract the bronchial response to specific allergen challenge was
      investigated in eight patients with extrinsic seasonal asthma. A pretrial
      bronchial allergen challenge was positive for birch or timothy pollen. The
      patients were free from all medication at least 1 wk before experiments. On two
      separate occasions placebo (saline) or epinephrine (0.25 and 0.50 nmol X kg-1 X
      min-1) were infused. Epinephrine caused dose-dependent increases in end
      expiratory flow rates but did not influence peak expiratory flow rates or
      specific airway conductance, indicating dilatation of predominantly smaller
      airways. During placebo infusions allergen provocation induced clear-cut
      bronchoconstriction but no increase in circulating epinephrine levels. Elevation
      of circulating epinephrine (to 5 to 6 nmol/L in venous plasma) counteracted the
      allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. During epinephrine infusions all patients
      tolerated higher allergen doses than during placebo infusions. When the allergen
      dose was increased sufficiently to cause bronchoconstriction also during
      epinephrine infusions, the bronchoconstriction observed was similar in terms of
      changes in lung function parameters but less responsive to treatment with a high
      dose of the beta-2-agonist, salbutamol. This may have therapeutic implications
      since protection offered by treatment with, e.g. beta 2-agonists, may lead to
      exposure to higher allergen doses and similarly aggravated asthmatic reactions
      when they do occur despite this treatment.

PMID- 3989144
TI  - Increased IgE antibody responses in rats exposed to tobacco smoke.
AB  - Raised serum IgE levels were found in a high proportion of rats that had been
      exposed to tobacco smoke twice daily 5 days a week for 8 wk in a Dontenville-type
      smoking machine. Levels above 1 ng/ml of IgE were found in nine of 20 animals
      exposed to cigarette smoke and in five of 20 rats exposed to smoke from
      cigarettes with 1.45% phenylmethyloxidiazole added for possible protection
      against the effects of the smoke. None of the 20 control rats exhibited similarly
      increased serum IgE. Exposure to tobacco smoke did not significantly affect the
      serum concentrations of IgM and IgG. The development of specific IgE and IgG
      antibodies was also influenced by tobacco smoke exposure. Rats exposed to
      ovalbumin aerosol developed increased levels of IgG and IgE antibodies, whereas
      no effect on the development of antibody titers was found in rats immunized by
      the subcutaneous route. This study demonstrates that exposure to tobacco smoke
      increases serum IgE levels and enhances sensitization via the airways by a local
      effect, thus supporting the "mucosal theory of atopy."

PMID- 3989145
TI  - Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XIII: Isolation and purification of protein
      components from three species of vespid venoms.
AB  - Pure venoms were collected from individual insects of the species Dolichovespula
      maculata, white-faced hornet, Vespula squamosa, southern yellow jacket, and
      Polistes exclamans, paper wasp (one species). The venoms were first fractionated
      by high-resolution gel filtration on a 1.6 m column of Sephadex G-75 superfine,
      and the components were then purified by high-performance, ion-exchange
      chromatography on a Mono-S cation exchange column followed by a further gel
      filtration step. The isolated components were evaluated for purity by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by use of two different types
      of silver stains, by assays for enzyme activities, and by immunodiffusion with
      the use of rabbit antisera. The protein components were isolated in highly
      purified states by these techniques. Only three significant proteins were found
      in V. squamous venom: phospholipase (PL) A and B, hyaluronidase (HYAL), and
      antigen 5 (Ag 5). D. maculata venom contained HYAL, Ag 5, two isozymes of PL A
      and B, a high-molecular-weight protein, and several trace proteins. No
      significant amounts of proteases were found in D. maculata venom. P. exclamans
      venom contained HYAL, PL A and B, Ag 5, a high-molecular-weight protein, and
      several minor proteins. In all three venoms the PL A and B activities were found
      to be in the same molecule and did not separate. Trace components with apparent
      PL A activity were observed in the venoms. The venoms were screened for a variety
      of esterases, proteases, peptidases, glucosidases, and phosphatases, and none
      were detected in more than trace amounts. Vespid venoms do not appear to contain
      significant amounts of acid phosphatases as bee venoms do.

PMID- 3989146
TI  - Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XIV: IgE binding activities of venom proteins from
      three species of vespids.
AB  - RAST disks were prepared with purified proteins from the venoms of Vespula
      squamosa, Dolichovespula maculata, and Polistes exclamans and tested against a
      panel of sera obtained from patients allergic to each of the venoms. By the use
      of several criteria, IgE binding was strongest to antigen 5 of V. squamosa and
      phospholipase of P. exclamans. Hyaluronidase from Polistes had little IgE binding
      activity. All five proteins tested from D. maculata bound IgE antibodies
      strongly. Linear correlation analysis suggested that all of the proteins were
      distinct allergens in each of the venoms. A variety of patterns of response were
      observed for individual sera with each of the venoms.

PMID- 3989147
TI  - The applicability of rhinomanometry in nonatopic children: comparison of three
      techniques.
AB  - Three techniques for rhinomanometry were evaluated in 10 nonatopic children. Each
      child performed anterior, posterior, and forced oscillation rhinomanometry during
      2 to 5 hr. Nasal airflow and transnasal driving pressure were measured
      continuously over several breaths. From the nasal airflow-pressure tracings,
      nasal airway resistance (Rn) was determined at a linear and a turbulent airflow.
      Individual average Rn values at linear airflow ranged from 1.0 to 5.4 cm H2O
      sec/L and at turbulent airflow from 1.5 to 7.6 cm H2O sec/L. There was no
      significant difference between the means on the log, scale of the individual
      average Rn measurements obtained by the conventional rhinomanometric techniques.
      Posterior and forced oscillation rhinomanometry exhibited a higher intrasubject
      variation in Rn than anterior rhinomanometry. In assessing performance, anterior
      rhinomanometry was the easiest method for the children to do. Two children
      despite multiple training sessions were unable to perform posterior or forced
      oscillation rhinomanometry. These findings indicate that anterior rhinomanometry
      is the easiest method for use in children.

PMID- 3989148
TI  - Antigenic cross-reactivity of venom proteins from hornets, wasps, and yellow
      jackets.
AB  - The venoms of hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets have similar protein
      compositions. The three major venom proteins are antigen 5, hyaluronidase, and
      phospholipase A1. These proteins, which are allergens in man, have been isolated
      and compared for their biochemical and antigenic properties. The homologous
      proteins from these vespids have very similar biochemical properties that include
      their molecular size and charge, their amino acid composition, and, where it is
      applicable, their enzymatic activities. They were studied for their antigenic
      cross-reactivity with specific mouse antibodies. The phospholipases demonstrated
      no detectable antigenic cross-reactivity, whereas the antigen 5s and
      hyaluronidases demonstrated varying extents of cross-reactivity.

PMID- 3989149
TI  - Aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusisits/asthma: spectrum of adverse reactions to
      aspirin.

PMID- 3989150
TI  - The boy with Kimura's disease.

PMID- 3989151
TI  - Updating the article by Liss et al. "Failure of enzyme encapsulation to prevent
      sensitization of workers in the dry bleach industry".

PMID- 3989152
TI  - Black children and child psychiatry.

PMID- 3989153
TI  - Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: a study of
      black youths in three-generation families.

PMID- 3989154
TI  - Self-concepts among Afro-American students in racially isolated minority schools:
      some regional differences.

PMID- 3989155
TI  - Racial identity and self-esteem: problems peculiar to biracial children.

PMID- 3989156
TI  - The Yale-New Haven Primary Prevention Project: a follow-up study.

PMID- 3989157
TI  - Race, health, and delinquency.

PMID- 3989158
TI  - Assessment and therapeutic intervention of black children.

PMID- 3989159
TI  - Social policy and the mental health of black children.

PMID- 3989160
TI  - Autism and shared parental HLA antigens.

PMID- 3989161
TI  - Serotonin relationships of autistic probands and their first-degree relatives.

PMID- 3989162
TI  - Infantile autism with speech loss before the age of thirty months.

PMID- 3989163
TI  - Infantile rumination. Diagnosis and follow-up study of twenty cases.

PMID- 3989164
TI  - Prenatal perception of infant personality: a preliminary investigation.

PMID- 3989165
TI  - Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year
      follow-up of 63 hyperactive children.

PMID- 3989166
TI  - Characteristics of incarcerated delinquents: relationship between development
      disorders, environmental and family factors, and patterns of offense and
      recidivism.

PMID- 3989167
TI  - Cost of medical/surgical pediatric hospital days preventable by psychiatric
      treatment.

PMID- 3989168
TI  - After incest: secondary prevention?

PMID- 3989169
TI  - A variant of Munchausen's syndrome by proxy.

PMID- 3989170
TI  - Autism or fragile X syndrome?

PMID- 3989171
TI  - Canned foods: appropriate in trace element studies?
AB  - This study was conducted to help decrease the variability of metabolic diets. The
      effects of production lot and storage time on the trace element content of canned
      food products were compared. Various production lots of peaches, green beans, and
      tomatoes, canned in tinplate, were purchased and opened at three different times,
      spaced at 6-month periods. Storage time contributed more to the variability of
      tomatoes and green beans than production lot. Production lot was the more
      important factor in peaches. The following guidelines may be useful for metabolic
      studies lasting more than a few weeks: Use only frozen foods or foods canned in
      glass, maintaining constant production lots when possible. If only tin-canned
      products are available, remove the product from the can and freeze when
      appropriate. When products are retained in the can, maintain storeroom at a low
      temperature above freezing. In all cases, purchase specifications should require
      products to be from the most recent canning season, and kitchen procedures should
      be constant.

PMID- 3989172
TI  - Mineral analyses of vegetarian, health, and conventional foods: magnesium, zinc,
      copper, and manganese content.
AB  - The amounts of magnesium, zinc, copper, and manganese in 22 health and vegetarian
      foods and their conventional counterparts were measured. Increased levels of
      magnesium were associated with the presence of soy in vegetarian and health
      products. Zinc was low in the vegetarian meat and egg substitutes and in soy
      milk. Copper tended to be decreased in the vegetarian foods but increased in the
      health foods relative to levels in the conventional counterparts. Manganese
      levels were increased in most of the health and vegetarian food items relative to
      levels in the conventional foods.

PMID- 3989173
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices of female athletes.
AB  - The relationship between the nutrition knowledge and attitudes and dietary
      practices of adolescent female athletes was studied, using a 24-hour recall and a
      48-hour food record with a modified version of the self-administered knowledge
      and attitude questionnaire of Werblow et al. Analysis indicated that the diets
      were similar to those of other teenage girls in the United States. The calculated
      mean values for vitamins A and C were more than 100% of the RDAs, while those for
      calcium and iron were less than 67% of the allowances. The mean energy value was
      less than recommended and may have been inadequate for the active subjects. Food
      consumption analysis showed that of total servings, the milk and meat groups
      accounted for only about 10% each and that more than 30% came from the "others"
      group. Although the subjects had some common misconceptions about nutrition, they
      were generally knowledgeable as well as positive in their attitudes toward
      nutrition. Nutrition knowledge and attitudes were positively correlated,
      indicating that the more nutrition knowledge a subject had, the more positive was
      the attitude toward nutrition, and vice versa. However, no significant
      correlation was found between nutrition knowledge or attitudes and dietary
      intake, suggesting that factors other than nutrition knowledge and attitudes,
      such as a concern for weight and a dependence on others for food selection,
      played a role in determining the food practices of the subjects.

PMID- 3989174
TI  - NIH Consensus Development Conference on lowering blood cholesterol to prevent
      heart disease: implications for dietitians.
AB  - Coronary heart disease is responsible for more than 550,000 deaths in the United
      States each year. It is estimated that coronary heart disease costs the United
      States more than $60 billion a year in direct and indirect costs. Issues related
      to the exact relationship between blood cholesterol and heart attacks and the
      steps that should be taken to diagnose and treat elevated blood cholesterol
      levels were considered by a consensus development conference. The conclusions of
      the consensus panel, their recommendations, and implications for the dietetic
      profession are considered.

PMID- 3989175
TI  - The Fat Portion Exchange List: a tool for teaching and evaluating low-fat diets.
AB  - The Fat Portion Exchange System was developed as a tool for counseling clients on
      how to follow a diet low in total fat. The system incorporates the use of the Fat
      Portion Exchange List, which is an extensive list of foods with fat grouped
      according to food type. Listed is the amount of each food item that provides one
      fat portion (FP), or approximately 5 gm fat, as determined from food composition
      tables. The number of FPs to be eaten daily is prescribed according to the total
      daily caloric intake so that a diet with a specified percentage of calories from
      fat can be followed. The system emphasizes the tracking of only one nutrient--fat
      -which contributes to its simplicity, flexibility, and versatility.

PMID- 3989176
TI  - Nutrition clinic: an integral component of an undergraduate curriculum.
AB  - Piloted in 1972 in collaboration with the University Health Services,
      Pennsylvania State University's Nutrition Clinic and Consultation Center was
      designed to provide supervised beginning counseling experiences for undergraduate
      nutrition students, a nutrition counseling service for university students and
      area residents, and an applied research program. The clinic program has evolved
      over time and has received enthusiastic response from students, clients, health
      professionals, faculty, and university administration. The clinic has now become
      an integral part of the University Health Services program, an essential element
      in the undergraduate curriculum, a contributing factor in graduate education, and
      a nutrition counseling resource for area residents and physicians. The staff has
      identified several research and communication needs and fostered an
      interdisciplinary counseling skills research program. In addition, the clinic
      investment has stimulated more applied nutrition experiences for students and
      raised nutrition consciousness levels throughout the university and the
      community. Elements of this model can be adapted to available budgetary and
      academic resources.

PMID- 3989177
TI  - Effect of gaming on absenteeism rate.
AB  - Gaming, a behavior modification technique, was used in an attempt to decrease
      absenteeism in a dietary department of a 426-bed medical center. A lottery reward
      system was used to reinforce the appropriate behavior (as identified by
      management) of perfect attendance. The intervention strategy did lower the
      absenteeism rate from 2.46% to 2.03%, not significant when tested by one-way
      analysis of variance at the 0.05 level. However, from an administrative
      standpoint, the decline in absenteeism was important because of the potential
      monetary savings.

PMID- 3989178
TI  - Smoking, alcohol, and dietary practices during pregnancy: comparison before and
      after prenatal education.

PMID- 3989179
TI  - Food and nutrition skills of mentally retarded adults: assessment and needs.
AB  - Nutrition assessment showed that 48% of the mentally retarded adults in this
      study were obese, pointing to present and/or past energy imbalances (11,14).
      Approximately 43% of the clients were consuming less than 50% of the RDAs for one
      or more nutrients. Diets were most frequently low (less than 75% RDAs) in iron,
      vitamin A, and calcium. Other problems included difficulties in shopping, menu
      planning, and food preparation. Clients scored a mean of 53.2% on the nutrition
      knowledge test. This program has made great progress in developing its clients'
      food and nutrition skills. But the study showed that ongoing reinforcement of
      basic nutrition knowledge and skills is critically needed, along with a practical
      cookbook to aid clients in applying nutrition principles to daily menu planning
      and food preparation. To fill the latter need, a food and nutrition manual for
      self-sufficient adults is currently being developed.

PMID- 3989180
TI  - Evaluation of dietary practices of college women based on expressed concern for
      one's dietary habits.
AB  - On the basis of expressions of concern for their dietary practices, those noting
      much concern were more likely to practice nutrient supplementation as a margin of
      safety against possible dietary deficiencies and to rate their diets as good.
      Although those subjects were more likely to view their body size with
      satisfaction than subjects in other groups, the majority in each group tended to
      believe that they were overweight. Diets of those expressing much concern were
      more likely to meet 100% of the RDAs than diets of other groups.

PMID- 3989181
TI  - Personal autonomy of the elderly in long-term care settings.

PMID- 3989182
TI  - The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in the elderly.

PMID- 3989183
TI  - The meaning of cognitive impairment in the elderly.
AB  - In order to determine the meaning of cognitive impairment in community dwelling
      elderly, 3,481 adults were interviewed in their homes using the Mini-Mental State
      Examination. Ninety-six per cent of the population aged 18-64 scored 23 or
      higher, whereas 80 per cent of the population 65 and over scored 23 or higher.
      Individuals with low scores were suffering from a variety of psychiatric
      disorders including dementia. Thirty-three per cent of the elderly population
      scoring in the range of 0-23 had no diagnosable DSM-III condition. Prevalence of
      dementia from all causes was 6.1 per cent of the population over age 65. Two per
      cent of the population over age 65 were diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 3989184
TI  - Patterns of mental disorders among the elderly residents of eastern Baltimore.
AB  - An extensive analysis of prevalence rates of cognitive impairment and other
      mental morbidities was carried out as part of a five-site national study on the
      health and mental health of an ambulatory population. This study reports on
      prevalence rates contrasted by age across the 18 and over population for
      cognitive impairment and other diagnoses in the Baltimore, Maryland, site of this
      study. Differences in prevalence rates by age are striking. Eight conditions have
      rates above 1 per cent among those 64 and younger: phobia (13.8 per cent),
      alcohol use disorder (6.5 per cent), obsessive compulsive disorder (2.2 per
      cent), schizophrenia (1.4 per cent), and panic disorder (1.2 per cent). For the
      older group, 65 to 74 years, five conditions have such prevalence rates: phobic
      disorder (12.1 per cent), severe cognitive impairment (3.0 per cent), alcohol use
      disorder (2.1 per cent), obsessive compulsive disorder (2.2 per cent), and
      dysthymia (1.0 per cent). For the oldest group, those 75 and over, only four
      conditions have rates of 1 per cent or more. These are: phobic disorders (10.1
      per cent), severe cognitive impairment (9.3 per cent), major depression (1.3 per
      cent), and dysthymia (1.1 per cent). Rates of cognitive impairment increase
      markedly with age and high rates of this disorder were found among those never
      married, separated, divorced, or widowed. Implications of these findings for
      understanding mental morbidity among the elderly and issues for future planning
      are discussed.

PMID- 3989185
TI  - Mental health of the elderly: use of health and mental health services.
AB  - The utilization of services by older patients with mental morbidity is examined
      in this paper. The population is drawn from a large, multi-site study, the
      Epidemiological Catchment Area studies, and reports on the findings from the
      Baltimore, Maryland, site, The Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey. The fact
      that older individuals with mental disorders are less likely to be seen and
      treated for these disorders than are younger individuals was substantiated by
      data from this study. Of those under age 65, 8.7 per cent have made a visit to a
      specialty or primary care provider for mental health care; for those age 65 to
      74, the rate is 4.2 per cent, and of those 75 and over, only 1.4 per cent have
      had such care. In this last group, 75 and over, not a single person saw a
      specialty mental health provider. The likeliest source of care for older
      individuals for emotional or psychiatric problems is their primary care providers
      within the context of a visit made for physical medical problems. Past work and
      these data suggest that the factors that influence this low level of care can be
      found in the characteristics of the population as well as in the characteristics
      of the health care system. The implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 3989186
TI  - "I don't know" responses in elderly depressives and in dementia.
AB  - "I don't know" responses were recorded during administration of the Mini-Mental
      State Examination in elderly patients with primary degenerative dementia and
      primary major depression. More "I don't know" responses were given by patients
      with degenerative dementia; however, demented patients did not differ overall
      from depressives in the proportion of Not Correct responses consisting of "I
      don't know" responses. These responses were positively correlated with age and
      with Hollingshead education and social class scores in depressives but not in
      demented patients. A higher proportion of Not Correct responses consisting of "I
      don't know" responses needs to be demonstrated in depressive pseudomentia than in
      degenerative dementia if this clinical sign is to be used in helping to
      differentiate the two disorders.

PMID- 3989187
TI  - Epidemic tuberculosis in a nursing home: a retrospective cohort study.
AB  - In a retrospective study, the results of tuberculin skin tests done in a nursing
      home were examined, where most residents admitted during 1972-1981 were tested
      using purified protein derivative of tuberculin administered intradermally. Of
      514 residents who were tested at least once during the study period, results of
      the admission skin test were available for 254 and follow-up skin test results
      were available for 226. On admission, 13 per cent (35/254) were skin-test
      positive (greater than or equal to 10 mm induration at 48 hours). Skin test
      positivity for males was 16 per cent, females, 11 per cent, nonwhites, 19 per
      cent, and whites, 12 per cent. Highest skin test positivity was for persons
      received as transfers from other nursing homes (24 per cent) and lowest was for
      those entering from individual homes (8 per cent, P = 0.016, Fisher's Exact
      Test). On follow-up, 38/226 (17 per cent) residents who had been tuberculin
      negative on at least two previous occasions were found to be positive; 24 (63 per
      cent) of these conversions occurred in a single year (1975) following detection
      of an infectious patient. The infection rate for persons residing in the nursing
      home during that year was 28 per cent (28/99) compared with 7.9 per cent (10/127)
      for persons either discharged before or admitted after 1975 (relative risk = 3.6,
      P less than 0.001). Ten to 15 per cent of new residents are tuberculin-positive
      (harbour a dormant tuberculous infection), leaving 85-90 per cent of newly
      admitted persons who are tuberculin-negative and thus susceptible to infection if
      exposed. The study shows that tuberculosis must be considered as a potential
      nosocomial infection in nursing homes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989188
TI  - Age-related change in volumes of the ventricles, cisternae, and sulci: a
      quantitative study using computed tomography.
AB  - Using computed tomography, the authors studied enlargement of the ventricles and
      the free spaces (cisternae and sulci) above the level of the tentorium cerebelli
      during aging in 97 men and 55 women with no neurologic disturbances, ranging in
      age from 17 to 86 years, and calculated a ventricular volume index (100% X
      ventricular volume/cranial cavity volume) and a free space volume index (100% X
      free space volume/cranial cavity volume). Both the ventricular volume and the
      ventricular volume index started to increase significantly in the forties in men
      and in the fifties in women. Both the free space volume and the free space volume
      index were found not to increase until the sixties in both men and women. Both
      the ventricular volume index and the free space volume index were smaller in
      hypertensives than in normotensives in men over age 65.

PMID- 3989190
TI  - Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age.
AB  - Serial creatinine clearances (5 to 14 studies) were obtained for 446 normal
      volunteers in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging followed between 1958 and
      1981. When those subjects with possible renal or urinary tract disease and
      subjects on diuretics and antihypertensives were removed from the study, leaving
      a group of 254 "normal" subjects, the mean decrease in creatinine clearance was
      0.75 ml/min/year. The slopes of the creatinine clearance vs. time fell into a
      normal (Gaussian) distribution around this mean. One third of all subjects
      followed had no absolute decrease in renal function (positive slope of creatinine
      clearance vs. time) and there was a small group of patients who showed a
      statistically significant increase (P less than 0.05) in creatinine clearance
      with age.

PMID- 3989189
TI  - Lack of effect of influenza vaccine on theophylline levels and warfarin
      anticoagulation in the elderly.
AB  - Steady state theophylline concentrations were prospectively measured in 13
      elderly institutionalized individuals following influenza vaccination. Vaccine
      mediated increase in concentrations could not be identified. In seven individuals
      receiving warfarin, no change in prothrombin or partial thromboplastin times
      occurred following vaccination. No adverse drug reactions were observed. The
      following year 14 individuals receiving theophylline and 12 receiving warfarin
      were vaccinated without adverse drug reactions noticed. These data fail to
      support previous reports of influenza vaccine inhibition of theophylline
      metabolism or vaccine-enhanced anticoagulation and are consistent with recent
      reports on younger subjects.

PMID- 3989191
TI  - The house call: an important service for the frail elderly.
AB  - There are many advantages in the performance of house calls by physicians for
      home bound, frail elderly patients: a needed service is provided; assessment of
      the "non-medical" aspects important in geriatric health care is readily
      accomplished; physician-patient relations will improve; the role of the physician
      as advisor and educator is emphasized; deep gratification to the physician
      results; and the physician will have better working relationships with other
      health professionals providing home services. House calls should be part of the
      curriculum of training programs. More house calls are advocated in order to
      provide quality care for the frail elderly and to offer them an option to
      institutionalization.

PMID- 3989192
TI  - L-tryptophan as a hypnotic in special patients.
AB  - The authors briefly review prevalence and current treatment trends of sleep
      disorders in the elderly, underlining the need for the development of a more
      suitable hypnotic for this population. The use of L-tryptophan (LT) as a
      physiologic hypnotic in aged responders is considered and the hypnotic effect of
      1- to 4-g bedtime doses on ten male inpatients and outpatients aged 30 to 72
      years is evaluated. Results suggest a dramatic and sustained relief of insomnia
      for 3 weeks in 30 per cent of the patients and the absence of side effects in 90
      per cent of those who took the agent. The authors conclude that despite its long
      therapeutic history, L-tryptophan has not been more successful because only a
      minority of humans appear to be responsive to its hypnotic actions. They point to
      the need to replicate their current preliminary observations in a larger
      controlled geriatric population and to delineate biochemical characteristics of
      LT responders in order to increase LT sensitivity in some patients and convert
      nonresponders to responders.

PMID- 3989193
TI  - Pyrexia in giant cell arteritis.

PMID- 3989194
TI  - Piracetam causes confusion in a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy.

PMID- 3989195
TI  - Factors associated with early demise in nursing home residents: a case control
      study.
AB  - A case-control study was performed to identify factors differentiating nursing
      home residents who die within 12 months of admission (decedents) and those who
      survive for at least four years (survivors). Using Tennessee Medicaid data, 49
      decedent/survival pairs admitted during the same year were matched for age, race,
      sex, nursing home, and diagnosis. There were no significant differences between
      the decedent and survivor groups in demographic factors, sensory impairments,
      physical handicaps, or number of drugs prescribed. Assessments of the ability to
      perform activities of daily living were found to be strongly associated with
      survival, providing a valuable prognostic tool. The authors suggest that
      personnel providing care for patients of advanced age would benefit from
      instruction in making such assessments.

PMID- 3989196
TI  - Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients.
AB  - Eighteen fecally incontinent geriatric patients were first treated for
      constipation as a possible cause of incontinence, and the 13 who remained
      incontinent were provided sphincter biofeedback training. Half the patients were
      instructed to perform 50 sphincter exercises per day for a four-week period prior
      to the start of biofeedback training to determine whether such exercises would
      improve bowel control in the absence of biofeedback training. Sphincter exercises
      alone did not produce clinical improvements and did not significantly increase
      the strength of sphincter contractions. Biofeedback training did significantly
      augment sphincter strength and was associated with greater than 75 per cent
      decreases in incontinence for 10 (77 per cent) of the patients. Improvements were
      maintained in 60 per cent at six months and in 42 per cent at one year. Thus
      biofeedback training appears to be of specific value in the treatment of fecal
      incontinence in geriatric patients.

PMID- 3989197
TI  - Efficacy of routine annual studies in the care of elderly patients.
AB  - The authors reviewed the results of annual laboratory screening (SMA 20, T3, T4,
      UA, EKG, chest x-ray) performed on a population of 500 institutionalized and
      ambulatory patients retrospectively followed from 1 to 19 years. With 30
      laboratory values recorded for each annual exam, there were an average of 1.56
      new abnormal laboratory findings per year per patient. A sample of 100 patients
      was further reviewed to determine the incidence of new diagnoses and treatment
      initiated by the appearance of new abnormal laboratory findings; 756 new
      abnormalities were recorded out of a possible 15,000, and 66 medical work-ups
      were initiated, which lead to new diagnoses in 21 cases and a treatment plan in
      12 cases. The authors suggest that, in view of the rapid increase in the number
      of elderly persons and the consequent need to conserve limited health care
      resources, "standard" laboratory screening may not be warranted on a yearly basis
      in the elderly population.

PMID- 3989198
TI  - Visual perception dominance of fallers among community-dwelling older adults.
AB  - The authors postulated that older adult fallers show a greater tendency than
      older adult nonfallers to rely more on visual information sources in maintaining
      upright posture than on kinesthetic and vestibular cues. This paper presents
      descriptive statistics on 199 older adults living independently in the community.
      Their visual perception of the vertical and horizontal was analyzed with respect
      to age, sex, health status, and severity of injury as a result of a fall. The
      finding of significant impairments for fallers in visual perceptual abilities
      confirmed a trend previously established by one of the authors (Tobis). When the
      visual field entailed only misleading or ambiguous cues in the form of a tilted
      frame, fallers again showed a larger error than nonfallers in establishing the
      vertical and horizontal. The authors feel that this relatively greater dependence
      on visual sources may develop in response to impairment of feedback on posture
      and gait from the kinesthetic and vestibular systems as a result of age and
      chronic health problems. Errors in visual perception of the vertical and
      horizontal intercorrelated with age, sex, and a large number of medical problems.
      However, visual variables were more important in predicting faller status than
      physical characteristics.

PMID- 3989199
TI  - Gastric emptying and small-bowel transit rate in the elderly.
AB  - Gastric emptying of liquid and small bowel transit in a group of elderly patients
      (mean age 79 years) was studied, with the elderly subjects compared to two groups
      of young controls. In 14 elderly patients, the initial rate of gastric emptying
      was significantly higher than in 14 young controls: the five-minute volume was
      159 +/- 30 ml (mean +/- SEM) in the elderly patients and 294 +/- 22 ml in the
      young controls (p less than 0.005). The two groups' gastric emptying rates after
      five minutes were not significantly different. Small-bowel transit in 15 elderly
      patients was not significantly different from that found in 15 younger
      volunteers. These results suggest that gastric homeostatic mechanisms are
      impaired in the elderly.

PMID- 3989200
TI  - The use of quality-of-life considerations in medical decision making.
AB  - Quality-of-life considerations in physicians' decisions on life-sustaining
      therapy were explored using a patient management problem (PMP) depicting acute
      respiratory failure in an elderly man with chronic pulmonary disease; 205
      internal medicine and family medicine physicians were interviewed. The
      physicians' perceptions of the patient's quality of life demonstrated marked
      variability. Physicians considered the patient's quality of life more often to
      support decisions to withhold therapy than to support decisions to use mechanical
      ventilation (p less than 0.01). Consideration of quality of life was associated
      significantly with several PMP components: interpretation of the patient's prior
      medical experience, management of supplementary case information, attitudes about
      medical responsibilities/patient rights, and estimates of the patient's survival
      time. The authors conclude that consideration of quality of life in making life
      and-death treatment decisions may involve judgments about the value of life, and
      that responsible consideration requires guidelines grounded in ethical
      principles.

PMID- 3989201
TI  - Medical paternalism and patient self-determination.
AB  - In response to the common belief that paternalism directed toward a competent
      patient necessarily transgresses the patient's right of self-determination and is
      therefore morally suspect, the authors argue that such a general view fails to
      appreciate the complexity of the patient/physician relationship as it is
      manifested in various clinical settings. It is the authors' contention that some
      strongly paternalistic acts may fail to violate the patient's right of autonomy,
      that other such acts may actually be a function of respect for patient autonomy,
      and that others may only suspend or momentarily infringe upon patient autonomy.
      They conclude that if these instances of paternalism differ from the classical
      examples of strong paternalism, then so also should the moral appraisal.

PMID- 3989202
TI  - Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly.

PMID- 3989203
TI  - Nomifensine for "emotional incontinence" of the pseudobulbar type.

PMID- 3989204
TI  - The residency interview.

PMID- 3989205
TI  - Update: women in medicine.

PMID- 3989206
TI  - The mentor system in medicine--how it works for women.

PMID- 3989207
TI  - Survey of anatomists in academia.

PMID- 3989208
TI  - Long-term acceptance of prisms by heterophorics.
AB  - Forty-six heterophoric clients with long standing severe visual symptoms were
      corrected with prisms for permanent wearing using the full-correction procedure
      of Haase. With 80% of clients the prism power had to be increased one or more
      times until a permanent correction power was reached. With all clients permanent
      powers were attained, basic optometric functions were improved and subjective
      complaints were reduced. The correction status and improvements were maintained
      during long term follow-up.

PMID- 3989209
TI  - Late onset diplopia with congenital esotropia.

PMID- 3989210
TI  - Clinical assessment of accommodative facility in symptomatic and asymptomatic
      individuals.
AB  - Clinical assessment of accommodative facility, using +/- 2.00 diopter flippers
      monocularly, was performed in asymptomatic and symptomatic populations in either
      single test sessions or multiple daily test sessions. In single session results,
      there was a trend for the average accommodative flipper rate to decrease as
      symptom level increased. The cut-off symptomatic/asymptomatic accommodative
      flipper rate was about 11 cycles per minute. In multiple session results, the
      average accommodative flipper rate, independent of symptom level, took
      approximately one week to asymptote to a stable level, with performance remaining
      at this level two weeks after termination of daily test sessions. Variability in
      daily flipper rate increased as symptom level increased. These results
      demonstrate the clinical usefulness of the +/- 2.00 diopter monocular flipper
      test in the screening for accommodative dysfunction.

PMID- 3989211
TI  - Incidence of visual disorders in a selected population of hearing impaired
      students.
AB  - Eighty-one hearing impaired children from the Atlanta Area School for the Deaf
      were referred for complete visual evaluations for one and one-half years. The
      results of this program indicated 64% of the children had visual disorders in the
      major categories of pathology, refractive prescription requirements and
      strabismus.

PMID- 3989212
TI  - The efficacy of cellulosic ophthalmic inserts for treatment of dry eye.
AB  - Fourteen patients with dry eye signs and symptoms were treated with a cellulosic
      ophthalmic insert and conventional artificial tear drops in a cross-over study.
      Each subject rated symptoms before the study and after each treatment period. At
      the conclusion of the study, subjects chose which of the two treatments they
      preferred. Thirteen people preferred the artificial tear drops, and more symptoms
      were alleviated by them. Tear breakup time was not significantly changed by
      either treatment. The insert was not well received due to subjective blurring of
      vision and ocular irritation. Other studies have shown patient preference for the
      insert, but this may be due to patient selection.

PMID- 3989213
TI  - An investigation in use of videocassette techniques for enhancement of saccadic
      eye movements.
AB  - An investigation exploring the potential for the therapeutic application of
      videocassette techniques in vision therapy was undertaken. It was shown that a
      saccadic therapy program could be designed and produced with reasonable ease and
      simplicity. Clinical trials revealed the video method of saccadic therapy to be
      as effective as a standard method of therapy as to a significant change in
      saccadic ability. For validation of the research method, a control group was
      given pre- and post-testing; no significant change was found.

PMID- 3989214
TI  - Ocular trauma resulting from the explosive rupture of a liquid center golf ball.
AB  - The likelihood of a patient seeking consultation with an ocular injury due to
      puncturing and subsequent explosive rupture of a golf ball seems remote. This
      very set of circumstances occurred at our V.A. Medical Center Optometry clinic.
      Golf ball manufacturers receive inquiries each year concerning the makeup of
      these liquid centers. Lack of current available information from ophthalmic
      journals or poison control centers prompted an inquiry into the exact nature of
      these golf balls. Further concern was for the measured alkalinity and extreme
      pressure exhibited by the liquid center golf ball brought in by the patient just
      after injury occurred. A case report is presented. Retrospective evaluation of
      previous literature is reviewed as well as information from golf ball
      manufacturers.

PMID- 3989215
TI  - The effects of disulfiram on the experimental C3H mouse embryo.
AB  - Disulfiram, in 1 mg and 10 mg oral doses, was given to inbred C3H mice prior to
      and for the duration of pregnancy. The effects on the fetus have been assessed at
      18 days gestation by means of fetal and placental weights, number of resorptions,
      skeletal preparations and Wilson's sections. Disulfiram dissolved in diethyl
      ether was administered to 8- and 9-day embryos in vitro in concentrations of 0.1,
      10 and 100 micrograms ml-1 of culture medium, and the effects of ether alone and
      ether plus disulfiram assessed by evaluation of morphological development over a
      28-h period, and inhibition of DNA synthesis using tritiated thymidine labelling
      over a 4-h period. Disulfiram (1 mg) in vivo caused no adverse effects on the
      fetus, but disulfiram (10 mg) was toxic, in that it caused a significant increase
      in early resorptions. Disulfiram in vitro, in the 10 and 100 micrograms ml-1
      concentrations, proved to be very toxic to the embryos, affecting both
      morphological development and DNA synthesis in 9-day embryos and morphological
      development in 8-day embryos. DNA synthesis was only inhibited at the 100
      micrograms ml-1 concentration in 8-day embryos. The 0.1 micrograms ml-1
      concentration of disulfiram caused abnormal central nervous system development in
      8-day embryos, but was otherwise non-toxic to 8- and 9-day embryos. Apart from a
      reduction in somite counts, ether in concentrations of 0.285 mg ml-1 and 2.85 mg
      ml-1 caused no adverse effects on morphological development in 8- or 9-day
      embryos. DNA synthesis was inhibited by ether in a concentration of 2.85 mg ml-1
      in 9-day embryos.

PMID- 3989216
TI  - Levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in plasma of fluoride-treated
      rabbits.
AB  - The effect of different concentrations of fluoride (as sodium fluoride) on the
      enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) and creatine kinase (CK, EC
      2.7.3.2) in rabbit plasma was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Rabbits were
      dosed orally, for 30 days, with fluoride at 2, 10 or 20 mg per kg body weight as
      sodium fluoride. LDH and CK levels were determined at 10-day intervals during the
      treatment. Fluoride, depending on the applied dose, inhibited, had no effect or
      stimulated the investigated enzymes in vivo. On the other hand, fluoride had no
      effect on the activity of LDH and CK in vitro.

PMID- 3989217
TI  - The nephrotoxicity for mice of deisopropylngaione, a minor furanoid component of
      toxic myoporaceous essential oils.
AB  - Deisopropylngaione (DIN) is one of a family of hepatotoxic furanosesquiterpenoid
      essential oils which is found in small amounts (5%) in the leaves of some
      specimens of the Australian plant Myoporum deserti. DIN differs from other
      furanoid myoporaceous essential oils in that it also causes lesions in the lungs
      and kidneys. At the near LD50 dose rate of 150 mg kg-1 given by intraperitoneal
      injection, DIN is able to cause lethal renal proximal tubular necrosis without
      causing significant injury to the liver and lungs in adult male mice. Following
      dosing, there is an increase in kidney weight due mainly to increase in water
      content which reaches a maximum within 16-24 h. This is accompanied by
      degeneration and necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium, with proteinuria
      and glucosuria lasting up to 9 days in non-lethally affected mice. Marked body
      weight loss due to the intoxication causes a marked increase in the kidney
      weight:body weight ratio lasting between 9 and 18 days. Residual lesions are
      still present in the kidneys at 32 days, but recovery is eventually complete. DIN
      is structurally similar to the sweet potato toxic furan 4-ipomeanol and, like the
      latter, is probably injurious to the kidneys through toxic metabolism by the
      cytochrome-P450-containing monooxygenases of the proximal tubular epithelium.
      Although slight renal injury is occasionally observed in livestock poisoned by
      myoporaceous plants, it is unlikely that DIN is the cause. So far, DIN, like 4
      ipomeanol, appears to be unequivocally nephrotoxic only for the male mouse.

PMID- 3989218
TI  - Lethality in mice and rats exposed to 2450 MHz circularly polarized microwaves as
      a function of exposure duration and environmental factors.
AB  - Adult male CD-1 mice and CD rats were used to determine LD50/24 h lethality rates
      from exposure to 2450-MHz circularly polarized microwaves. Groups of 16 mice or
      six rats were exposed in each of 32 combinations of nominal power density (10,
      25, 50 or 75 mW cm-2), exposure duration (1 or 4 h), and environmental
      temperature (20 or 30 degrees C) and relative humidity (35 or 80%). An analysis
      of variance probit model was used to determine the influence each variable had on
      the probability of death. Significant factors in lethality were nominal power
      density, exposure duration and environmental temperature, but not environmental
      relative humidity. The estimated power density (mW cm-2) required to kill 50% of
      the animals in 24 h is halved when the environmental temperature is increased
      from 20 to 30 degrees C. Similarly, only 20-25% of the power density is required
      when the exposure duration is increased from 1 to 4 h. The use of nominal power
      density as a predictor of the probability of death was more efficient than
      specific absorption rate estimated experimentally by twin-well calorimetry. The
      exposure of one mouse at a time, instead of 16, did not alter the predicted death
      rate.

PMID- 3989219
TI  - Application of dimethyl sulfoxide to skin of white and hairless mice.
AB  - Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was applied to a 2-cm2 area on the backs of four groups
      of mice for a 5-min period each day, 5 days per week, for the designated periods:
      groups I and II--six hairless albino mice (hrhr, c/c) per group--were treated for
      8 weeks; group III--three hairless albino mice (hrhr, c/c)--were treated for 4
      weeks; group IV--three white mice (ICR Swiss)--were treated for 8 weeks. A group
      of six untreated hairless albino mice (hrhr, c/c) (group V) functioned as
      controls for groups I, II and III, and a group of three white mice (ICR Swiss)
      (group VI) served as controls for group IV. Except for DMSO applications,
      controls were handled and treated in the same way as the experimental groups. At
      the end of the experimental periods, the claws of all appendages were removed,
      measured and average lengths were determined. The claws of group I and group II
      hairless albino mice were, on average, 2.4-fold longer than the claws of the
      control hairless albino mice, a significant increase (p less than 0.01) in the
      average claw length. There was no significant difference in the lengths of the
      claws of the group III mice after 4 weeks of DMSO application. The claws of group
      IV (ICR Swiss mice) were, on average, 1.2-fold longer than the claws of the
      control white mice, representing a significant increase (p less than 0.02) in
      claw length after 8 weeks of DMSO application.

PMID- 3989220
TI  - Procedure for the determination of 2,4-D and dicamba in inhalation, dermal, hand
      wash, and urine samples from spray applicators.
AB  - Analytical procedures for the simultaneous determination of residues of 2,4-D and
      dicamba from polyurethane foam plug air samplers, ethylene glycol impregnated
      glass-fiber filter paper dermal samplers, 1% sodium bicarbonate hand wash
      solution, and urine are presented. Residues were derivatized with diazomethane
      and quantitated using electron capture gas chromatography. Recoveries were
      greater than 80% at the limit of detection in all substrates. The limits of
      detection for both herbicides were 0.1 microgram/foam plug and 0.5
      micrograms/filter paper, and in the urine, 1.7 micrograms/100 mL and 5.0
      micrograms/100 mL for dicamba and 2,4-D, respectively.

PMID- 3989221
TI  - Studies on the toxicity, metabolism, and anticholinesterase properties of
      acephate and methamidophos.
AB  - The toxicity of acephate to four species of aquatic insects, as well as the
      metabolism and cholinesterase-inhibiting properties of the chemical in the rat
      were studied. The results indicated that mayfly larvae were very sensitive to the
      toxic effects of acephate, whereas larvae of the stonefly, damselfly and mosquito
      were much less sensitive. In the rat, orally-administered acephate was rapidly
      absorbed from the intestines and severely inhibited the cholinesterases in the
      blood and brain. The enzymes began to recover after 24 hours, while the chemical
      was completely eliminated within three days. The amount of methamidophos observed
      in the liver was extremely low. The cholinesterase-inhibiting properties of
      acephate and methamidophos were compared in vitro to that of paraoxon, a known
      strong anticholinesterase. Enzymes from four vertebrates were used. In all cases,
      except one, acephate was found to be six orders of magnitude weaker than
      paraoxon, whereas methamidophos was three orders weaker. Trout brain
      cholinesterase was the exception; it was as sensitive to paraoxon as it was to
      methamidophos. Finally, four cholinesterases were inhibited with methamidophos,
      and their ability to reactivate spontaneously or to recover by induction with
      pyridine aldoxime methiodide (PAM) in vitro were determined. The results
      suggested that methamidophos-inhibited cholinesterases did not reactivate
      spontaneously; instead the enzymes remained inhibited either in a phosphorylated
      or an aged state. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to
      the use of acephate for forest insect pests.

PMID- 3989222
TI  - Grower reported pesticide poisonings among Florida citrus fieldworkers.
AB  - In a 1981 survey of 436 Florida citrus growers, 27 pesticide related poisoning
      incidents were reported that were to have taken place within one year of the
      interview date. From these reports it is possible to estimate that there are 376
      citrus fieldworker related poisonings per year in Florida. This number of
      estimated poisonings may be developed into an incidence rate of 113 fieldworker
      poisonings per 10,000 fieldworkers.

PMID- 3989223
TI  - Toxicity of organophosphorus esters to laying hens after oral and dermal
      administration.
AB  - Fourteen organophosphorus esters (OPs) were evaluated for their potential to
      cause organophosphorus ester induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) when
      administered dermally and/or orally to white leghorn hens. The compounds were
      chlorpyrifos, DEF, dichlorvos, dimethoate, EPN, ethoprop, fenthion, isofenphos,
      leptophos, merphos, ronnel, tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos, and trichlorfon. DEF
      induced ataxia if given dermally or orally at over 21 mg/kg/day for up to 90
      days. Hens treated with EPN developed irreversible ataxia after repeated exposure
      to as little as 1.3 mg/kg dermally or 5 mg/kg/day orally, while leptophos was
      neurotoxic at doses of 6-7 mg/kg/day dermally and 10 mg/kg/day orally. Multiple
      treatments of chlorpyrifos, terbufos, dichlorvos and dimethoate caused death
      after varying periods of increasing debility; although birds had difficulty
      walking, they did not display typical symptoms of OPIDN. Fenthion and isofenphos
      induced drastic weight loss in hens at low levels of treatment; Isofenphos
      treated hens developed OPIDN, but died soon afterwards. Dichlorvos given at
      greater than 6 mg/kg/day po or dermally at 1 mg/kg/day produced cholinergic
      symptoms and most hens died before the end of the treatment period. At lower
      levels, dichlorvos did not induce overt ataxia. None of the other compounds in
      this series induced consistent ataxia whether administered orally or dermally.
      Ethoprop, with an acute oral LD50 near 5 mg/kg and an acute dermal LD50 of
      approximately 3 mg/kg, was the most toxic compound tested and could not be fully
      evaluated for its potential to cause OPIDN.

PMID- 3989224
TI  - Ray resections in the insensitive or dysvascular foot: a critical review.
AB  - The records of 28 patients who underwent 37 ray resections at Hines Veterans'
      Administration Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center were reviewed.
      Indications included localized gangrene, osteomyelitis, or both. Underlying
      medical diagnoses included diabetes, chronic ethanol abuse, arteriosclerosis
      obliterans, and gout. The overall success rate was only 34%. These results
      suggest that the usefulness of ray resections as a definitive procedure in such
      cases may be limited.

PMID- 3989225
TI  - Tarsometatarsal amputation and tibialis anterior tendon transposition to
      cuneiform I.
AB  - Tarsometatarsal amputation often results in dropfoot followed by pressure points
      problems and making prosthetic fitting difficult. To avoid the dropfoot deformity
      and retain mobility of the ankle, the amputation was modified by transposing the
      tibialis anterior from metatarsal I to cuneiform I.

PMID- 3989226
TI  - Gentamicin-impregnated PMMA beads: an introduction and review.
AB  - The local implantation of gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, in
      conjunction with the application of consistent surgical principles, has been used
      in Europe for the past decade. The system has proved successful in the treatment
      of osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections. It combines the benefits of high
      local antibiotic tissue levels with the achievement of primary wound closure. In
      this presentation, the advantages, disadvantages, and technical application of
      this new drug delivery system is introduced to the profession for consideration
      and future use.

PMID- 3989227
TI  - Preaxial polydactyly.
AB  - A case of preaxial polydactyly and its surgical correction has been presented.
      The surgical management and postoperative complications were reviewed from the
      literature. The genetic basis for this type of polydactyly and its rate of
      occurrence were discussed. This patient's family exhibited an autosomal dominant
      gene with incomplete penetrance carried by the female members. The patient's
      family should be consulted regarding the possible genetic continuation of these
      anomalies in the female members of the family. The patient has had an
      unremarkable postoperative course with no reported adverse sequelae. The patient
      and surgeons were very satisfied with the final result. Figure 8 illustrates the
      surgical results 1 year postoperatively.

PMID- 3989228
TI  - Conservative treatment of calcaneal fractures: a preliminary report.
AB  - The authors report on the results of eight calcaneal fractures treated
      conservatively with the Robert-Jones compression dressing technique. They believe
      that conservative treatment of fractures of the calcaneous, the most frequently
      fractured tarsal bone, is successful and nonunions are rare. Also, the risk of
      complications is lessened and the results are uniformly satisfactory.

PMID- 3989229
TI  - An alternative fixation technique when performing hallux interphalangeal joint
      fusions.
AB  - Fusion of the hallux interphalangeal joint has classically been performed by
      means of cancellous bone screws or crossed Kirschner wires. Although these
      techniques may be suitable for uncomplicated fusions, they may not be amenable to
      those cases requiring simultaneous total first metatarsophalangeal joint implant
      arthroplasty; therefore, a new technique is discussed that utilizes the Micks'
      external fixator.

PMID- 3989230
TI  - Laser safety in podiatry.
AB  - Lasers are being used more often in podiatric medicine than ever before. New
      modalities have certain characteristics that might endanger either the patient
      and/or the operator or the supportive staff. "Laser Safety in Podiatry" will
      outline the safety measures in patient protection, operator protection, and
      supportive staff protection.

PMID- 3989231
TI  - Podiatric management of the patient with renal disease.
AB  - The increasing number of patients with chronic renal failure must serve to make
      the podiatrist aware of the uniqueness and peculiarities of the disease process.
      This article reviews the literature on the nature and consequences of progressive
      renal failure and gives analysis of some of the pre- and postoperative
      considerations encountered in the patient with end-stage renal disease of concern
      to the podiatric surgeon.

PMID- 3989232
TI  - Noninfectious osseous alterations in the diabetic foot.
AB  - This paper is a review of the literature, designed to familiarize the reader with
      the noninfectious alterations in the osseous structure of the diabetic foot.
      These changes are osteolysis, osteoporosis, and neuroarthropathy. Emphasis is
      placed on radiographic findings, clinical presentation, and treatment. Mechanisms
      responsible for these changes are also discussed when possible.

PMID- 3989233
TI  - Reese osteotomy guide system.

PMID- 3989234
TI  - Dysfunction of the peroneus longus after fracture of the cuboid.
AB  - The author presents two case histories to demonstrate the disabling effects of
      fracture of the cuboid. He believes that a fracture of the cuboid is as disabling
      as an intra-articular fracture and should be treated in the same manner because
      an injury to any sinus or sulcus that contains a synovial lining for the free
      gliding action of a tendon should receive the same treatment as a joint injury.

PMID- 3989235
TI  - Corpus luteum function during the early puerperium.
AB  - Progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol peripheral plasma levels have been determined
      during labor and after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h from delivery
      in a group of 7 women, whose corpus luteum had been removed at delivery and in a
      corresponding control group with intact corpus luteum. In both groups the results
      indicate a progressive fall of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol, that is
      evident until 144 h for progesterone and 72 h from 17 beta-estradiol. The
      analysis of the two groups with the Student's t test has shown significantly
      lower levels in the group of women, whose corpus luteum had been removed, at the
      6th h (p less than 0.01), 12th h (p less than 0.02) and 24th h (p less than 0.05)
      for progesterone and at 3rd h (p less than 0.01) and 6th (p less than 0.01) for
      17 beta-estradiol. The significant difference for progesterone appearing later
      than for 17 beta-estradiol could be due to the fact that progesterone is also
      dismissed by the adipose tissue, where it is stored. A further statistical
      elaboration of the results, carried out by calculating the regression line and
      the transfer function, confirmed the different pattern in time of progesterone
      and 17 beta-estradiol plasma levels after delivery in the two groups of patients
      considered.

PMID- 3989236
TI  - Prolactin and thyrotropin response to blockade of dopamine synthesis by
      monoiodotyrosine in subjects with postpartum and pathological hyperprolactinemia.
AB  - To better understand the state of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the
      tuberoinfundibular DA system (TIDA), monoiodotyrosine (3-iodo-L-tyrosine, MIT), a
      potent inhibitor of DA synthesis, was acutely administered to 8 normal women, 7
      postpartum women, 8 women with pathological hyperprolactinemia and 5 women after
      successful removal of a prolactinoma. The effects on plasma prolactin (PRL) and
      thyrotropin (TSH) were compared to those induced in the same subjects by the DA
      receptor antagonist domperidone (DOM). MIT (1 gpo) and DOM (10 mg iv) induced
      qualitatively similar hormonal responses, although the PRL- and TSH-releasing
      effects of DOM were always greater than those of MIT. In control subjects, MIT
      treatment induced a consistent rise in plasma PRL (peak increment 45.2 +/- 13
      ng/ml at 120 min); in the same subjects DOM induced a prompter and higher PRL
      response, (peak increment 147.8 +/- 26 ng/ml at 30 min). MIT failed to alter
      plasma TSH levels, while DOM induced a significant rise in plasma TSH. In
      postpartum women MIT induced a prompter and higher PRL rise than that occurring
      in controls (peak increment 180.3 +/- 20 ng/ml at 90 min), though also in this
      instance DOM proved to be a more potent PRL releaser (peak increment 345.7 +/- 88
      ng/ml at 30 min) than MIT. MIT was unable to stimulate TSH secretion, while DOM
      induced a significant rise in plasma TSH. In women with pathological
      hyperprolactinemia MIT failed to alter baseline PRL levels while DOM slightly
      increased them (peak increment 14.7 +/- 3 ng/ml at 30 min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989237
TI  - Female pseudohermaphroditism with adrenal cortical tumor in adulthood.
AB  - Data are presented concerning a case of female pseudohermaphroditism of unknown
      etiology. The child was born with labioscrotal fusion and clitoromegaly. From the
      age of 5 to the age of 25 there was no clinical evidence of a hormonal
      abnormality. At the age of 25 the patient presented with masculinization and
      Cushing's syndrome, and a left adrenal tumor was removed. The patient was
      restudied at the age of 29, when 21-hydroxylase deficiency was excluded. Other
      types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia are considered unlikely. The possible
      relationship between the ambiguous genitalia present at birth and the virilizing
      tumor diagnosed at the age of 25 is analyzed.

PMID- 3989238
TI  - Senile amyloidosis and neuron binding antibody in the aging Syrian hamster.
AB  - The effects of age, sex, and irradiation on the genesis of amyloidosis, neuron
      binding antibody (NBA), and the concomitant appearance of these two phenomena
      were studied in a colony of Syrian hamsters. In nonirradiated controls
      amyloidosis increased in prevalence with age after 12 months, and prevalence was
      higher in females than in males. Irradiation had the effect of advancing the
      appearance of amyloidosis to the 7-12 months group but did not intensify the
      amyloidotic process. IgG binding to the nucleus or cytoplasm of neurons was rare,
      and, despite the fact that IgM and IgA binding to these structures was present in
      about one-third of the animals, there was neither an aging nor an irradiation
      effect. The only statistically significant findings with respect to the
      concomitant occurrence of amyloid and NBA were negative correlations between
      nuclear IgM and IgA binding and amyloidosis. Of the various species thus far
      studied, the hamster is the first in which there has been no aging effect in
      respect to NBA.

PMID- 3989239
TI  - Age-related differences in knee muscle strength in normal women.
AB  - This study provides normal baselines of knee muscle strength for women up to 86
      years of age. Knee muscle strength (torque) was measured during maximum isometric
      and dynamic (isokinetic) contractions in 72 normal healthy women in three age
      groups between 20 and 86 years. Strength of the oldest group ranged from 56 to
      78% of that in the youngest group, depending on knee joint position. Strength
      values were greater for isometric contractions than for isokinetic contractions
      (performed at 36 degrees per second) and were approximately twice as great for
      the extensor as for the flexor muscles. For both muscle groups, the torque
      generated with the knee in 30 degrees of flexion was usually lower than that
      generated with the knee at the 45- or 60-degree position. Despite the significant
      deficit found in the strength of the oldest group, it is likely that this
      relative weakness would not be detected on routine clinical examination using
      manual muscle testing.

PMID- 3989241
TI  - Postural sway during standing and unexpected disturbance of balance in random
      samples of men of different ages.
AB  - Postural sway behavior while standing and during and after an unexpected
      disturbance of balance was examined in men aged 31 to 35, 51 to 55, and 71 to 75
      years. The groups studied were random samples of men living in the town of
      Jyvaskyla in 1981. Postural sway while standing was more pronounced in the older
      age groups, whereas after a disturbance of balance postural sway was nearly the
      same in all age groups. The functioning of the postural control system was
      correlated with the vibratory threshold on the ankles, grip strength, as well as
      with aerobic and anaerobic capacity within the age groups. Further, in the
      youngest age group the functioning of the postural control system was poorer
      among those who had been subject to noise at their work. The correlation between
      health status and postural sway was negligible. The results may indicate the
      partly parallel and similar effects of aging, poor physical fitness, and harmful
      environmental factors on the functioning of the postural control system.

PMID- 3989240
TI  - Superoxide dismutase and catalase in skeletal muscle: adaptive response to
      exercise.
AB  - Cellular damage caused by free radical reactions may play a role in the aging
      process. A bout of exercise can increase free radical concentration with damage
      to mitochondria in muscle (Davies et al., 1982). This study was undertaken to
      determine if muscle adapts to exercise training with an enhancement of enzymatic
      defenses against free radical damage. A program of running that induced two-fold
      increases in mitochondrial enzymes in leg muscles of rats resulted in no increase
      in catalase or cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Mitochondrial
      SOD activity was increased 37% in fast-twitch red and slow-twitch red types of
      muscle and 14% in white muscle. Thus, despite an increase in mitochondrial SOD,
      the ratio of SOD to mitochondrial citrate cycle and respiratory chain enzymes was
      decreased. It seems unlikely that increased capacity for enzymatic scavenging of
      superoxide radical is a major protective adaptation against free radical damage
      in exercise-trained muscle.

PMID- 3989242
TI  - The zinc, copper, and selenium status of a selected sample of Canadian elderly
      women.
AB  - The zinc, copper, and selenium status of 90 noninstitutionalized Canadian elderly
      women (M age = 70.3 years) in a university community and consuming self-selected
      diets was assessed using hair and serum trace element levels and dietary trace
      element intakes. Mean (+/- SD) serum zinc and copper levels (analyzed via atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry, AA) were 1.09 +/- 0.13 and 1.22 +/- 0.29
      micrograms/ml, respectively. Mean serum selenium (+/- SD) (analyzed via
      instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was 0.115 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml.
      Median hair trace element values, analyzed via INAA, were 156 for zinc, 12.8 for
      copper, and 0.63 micrograms/g for selenium. Mean (+/- SD) daily dietary intakes
      determined via chemical analysis of 1-day diet duplicates were 1.2 +/- .06 mg/d
      for copper (via AA), 7.6 +/- 3.3 mg/d and 77.6 +/- 44.5 micrograms/d for zinc and
      selenium (via INAA), respectively, whereas mean copper and zinc intakes (+/- SD)
      calculated from 3-day records were 1.6 +/- 0.7 and 10.1 +/- 3.5 mg/day,
      respectively. Median hair and serum trace element values were above the levels
      associated with deficiencies. Thus the zinc, copper and selenium status of these
      elderly women appeared adequate.

PMID- 3989243
TI  - Absence of age effect on plasma haloperidol neuroleptic levels in psychiatric
      patients.
AB  - Plasma neuroleptic levels in 41 patients (21 men, 20 women, aged 18 to 74) on
      haloperidol therapy were examined in relation to their age by means of
      radioreceptor assay. There was no significant difference among three age groups
      (below 45 years, 46 to 60 years, over 60 years) in the ratio of the plasma
      neuroleptic level to daily dose (nM/mg/kg), but a significant difference in the
      plasma neuroleptic level was found between the average values in parkinsonian
      (19.1 +/- 8.5 nM, M +/- SD) and nonparkinsonian (5.5 +/- 3.0 nM, M +/- SD)
      patients. There was, however, no significant difference in the incidence of
      parkinsonian symptoms between the young (below 60 years) and the old (over 60
      years) age groups. These results suggest that in contrast to the previously
      reported study with chlorpromazine, the plasma neuroleptic level of haloperidol
      is not altered with aging and that parkinsonian symptoms induced by haloperidol
      occur simply in a plasma-neuroleptic-level-dependent manner.

PMID- 3989244
TI  - The effects of presentation rate and encoding task on age-related memory
      deficits.
AB  - Young and old adults studied several lists of words at each of three presentation
      durations (1.5, 3, and 6 s/word). Under standard, intentional learning
      instructions the magnitude of the age-related recall deficit increased with
      longer presentation durations. When a semantic orienting question was used to
      guide the encoding of the items on each list, however, an equivalent benefit of
      longer study times was observed for the two age groups. In delayed recognition
      testing, the age groups also showed equivalent benefits from longer study times.
      These results were interpreted within the context of a processing deficit
      framework of age differences in memory, in which age differences are due to
      differences in the spontaneous use of organizational strategies. The results are
      not well described by a cognitive slowing account of age differences in memory.

PMID- 3989245
TI  - Verbatim and inferential memory in young and elderly adults.
AB  - Young and elderly adults were tested for inferential and verbatim recall from a
      list of unrelated sentences. All participants performed an encoding task
      (pleasantness rating or comprehension task) during input and, at test, attempted
      to answer a series of who questions. Half of the questions required verbatim
      recall; the other half could only be answered on the basis of an inference from
      an input sentence. For both types of question, young adults recalled more than
      elderly adults. Age differences were larger after pleasantness rating than after
      the comprehension task for both kinds of recall, suggesting that any benefits of
      comprehension encoding are not the result of specific attention to inferences
      but, more generally, result from the meaning integration or unique representation
      created for each sentence. Analyses of conditionalized recall (i.e., recall given
      a particular level of similarity between comprehension encoding and
      experimenter's subsequent inferential cues) showed that old adults were less
      likely than young adults to use inferential recall cues highly similar to their
      own comprehension responses.

PMID- 3989246
TI  - Acoustic characteristics of women's voices with advancing age.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to increase current understanding of acoustic
      characteristics of women's voices with advancing age. Phonated and whispered [ae]
      vowel productions by 75 women at three age levels (25 to 35, 45 to 55, 70 to 80
      years) were assessed on acoustic measures related to fundamental frequency
      stability and vocal tract resonance characteristics. Two acoustic variables
      effectively differentiated the three age groups. First, frequency stability, as
      reflected by fundamental frequency standard deviation, decreased with advanced
      age in women, suggesting that laryngeal and/or respiratory control of phonation
      shows some deterioration with age. Second, spectral analysis of phonated and
      whispered [ae] vowel productions revealed significant lowering of the frequency
      of the first format (F1) with advanced age, suggesting age-related changes in
      vocal tract dimensions, or positioning of speech structures.

PMID- 3989247
TI  - Sleep and cognitive functions in normal older adults.
AB  - Data on cognitive and sleep variables were collected from a large, normal aging
      sample. The sleep and cognitive variables selected for the study had all been
      demonstrated previously to be sensitive to aging processes. Only two sleep
      variables, number of awakenings and time in Stage 1 sleep, correlated with
      cognitive scores. The limited number of relationships between sleep and cognitive
      variables was interpreted as consistent with the discontinuity hypothesis. This
      formulation suggests that relationships between biological and psychological
      measures are only present after a threshold of deterioration in the biological
      substrates is passed. Thus the paucity of relationships between the two variable
      classes is predicted in this normal aging sample.

PMID- 3989248
TI  - A psychometric study of the Bem Sex Role Inventory with an older adult sample.
AB  - The factor structure of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) for an older adult
      sample was investigated. Confirmatory factor-analytic procedures failed to yield
      an adequate fit for the orthogonal two-factor model proposed by Bem for either
      men or women. Maximum-likelihood exploratory factor analyses were conducted
      separately for each sex. Eight- and nine-factor solutions for men and women,
      respectively, emerged as the most adequate models representing the observed
      variance/covariance matrices. Issues are raised regarding the usefulness of
      median-split-based procedures with the BSRI for purposes of sex role
      classifications and for assessing age-related changes in personality functioning
      among older adults. An alternative conceptual and methodological approach is
      proposed.

PMID- 3989249
TI  - Factor invariance and the Life Satisfaction Index.
AB  - This investigation of the Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) supports findings by Hoyt
      and Creech (1983) that indicate Adams' (1969) proposed factor structure is not
      invariant across groups. Two reduced factor models, proposed by Hoyt and Creech
      and based on a subset of LSI items, were studied with our sample (two levels each
      of income and age, N = 791). Our work confirms that the Hoyt and Creech 8-item
      LSI reveals the more stable factor structure of those examined. In addition, we
      found that the 8-item index has adequate statistical power to be of benefit to
      those investigators looking at quantitative differences in life satisfaction,
      with reasonable assurance that older and/or higher-income individuals are
      interpreting the items in similar ways.

PMID- 3989250
TI  - Age differences in response accuracy for factual survey questions.
AB  - The correspondence between survey responses to a number of factual questions and
      information from independent verification sources (i.e., concurrent validity) was
      examined by age of respondents. The relevant data were drawn from four different
      surveys that included questions referring to issues of physical health, voting
      behavior, transportation, charitable contributions, library patronage, and age.
      Generally, there was little evidence that older respondents report factual
      information less validly than younger respondents; only chronological age was
      reported somewhat less validly by older respondents.

PMID- 3989251
TI  - Sample attrition and multivariate analysis in the Retirement History Study.
AB  - The attrition of respondents in panel studies of older people can create bias in
      data analysis. Changes in the examination of attrition are suggested. Bivariate
      and multivariate tests comparing those eligible to respond and those actually
      continuing in the panel are reported for five waves of data from the Retirement
      History Study. The results indicate that variable relationships in the data
      examined are relatively free of the bias that can be created by respondent
      attrition. Thus, attrition from samples of older respondents probably is less of
      a factor than suggested by previous studies reporting on frequency distributions.

PMID- 3989252
TI  - Being alone versus being with people: disengagement in the daily experience of
      older adults.
AB  - This research investigates the quantity and quality of time alone or "solitude"
      in the daily lives of older adults. A sample of 92 retired adults carried
      electronic pagers for 1 week and filled out self-reports on their companionship
      and internal states in response to signals received at random times. Analysis of
      the 3,412 reports indicates that those who were unmarried and living alone spent
      a majority of their waking hours alone and experienced low affect and arousal
      when in this dominant part of their lives. For the married, solitude was also a
      major part of daily life, filling 40% of their time, but, although it was related
      with somewhat lower affect, it was also related with higher arousal. These
      results suggest that being alone is not a wholley negative experience for this
      age group, especially for those who have the regular companionship of a spouse.

PMID- 3989253
TI  - Intergenerational family support among blacks and whites: response to culture or
      to socioeconomic differences.
AB  - Factors that influence family helping behavior are examined and comparisons are
      made between black and white families. The question of whether family differences
      are due to culture or socioeconomic reasons is asked. In the analysis, tests are
      made for the main and interactive effects of race. Black elderly parents give and
      receive more help than white elderly parents after controlling for age and sex;
      however the greater amount of help that is received by older blacks is, to a
      large extent, the result of socioeconomic factors. The increased amount of help
      that they give to the middle and younger generations appears to be a combination
      of cultural and socioeconomic factors. Among black families, attitudes of respect
      for each generation play a part in determining family support behavior.

PMID- 3989254
TI  - Intergenerational solidarity and psychological well-being among older Mexican
      Americans: a three-generations study.
AB  - The influence of intergenerational solidarity (association and affection) on the
      psychological well-being of older Mexican Americans was investigated with data
      from a three-generations study. Perceived affection with grandchildren was an
      important positive predictor of well-being. Affection with children and
      association with either children or grandchildren, however, were not positively
      related to well-being. In fact, association with children was related to greater
      depression among the elderly adults. This unexpected finding might be the result
      of dependency of elderly people on their children, which is positively correlated
      with both association and depression. The addition of a measure of dependency to
      the analysis, however, failed to explain the positive relationship between
      association and depression.

PMID- 3989255
TI  - Organ culture of human placental villi in hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions: a
      morphometric study.
AB  - Previously published reports have claimed that human placental villi are capable
      of adapting to hypoxia by thinning of the placental barrier which normally
      separates the fetal from the maternal circulation. In order to examine this
      effect further, terminal villi from three normal mature placentas were cultured
      for periods of 1, 6 and 12 h at different oxygen tensions. Diffusion distance and
      capillary volume fraction were measured on 1 micron plastic sections on a blind
      basis, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the
      cultured sample groups and control material. It is concluded that placental villi
      show no adaptation to acute hypoxia when maintained in organ culture in vitro. It
      is possible, however, that they undergo changes in vivo, secondary to
      vasodilatation of the umbilical arteries and placental arterioles.

PMID- 3989256
TI  - Repetitive reduction of uterine blood flow and its influence on fetal
      transcutaneous PO2 and cardiovascular variables.
AB  - The influence of repeated asphyxia on fetal transcutaneous PO2, relative local
      skin perfusion, heart rate, blood gases and pH was investigated in 15 experiments
      on 8 acutely instrumented sheep fetuses in utero between 125 and 145 days
      gestation (term is 147 days). Uterine blood flow was intermittently arrested (11
      times within 33 min) by intra-vascular maternal aortic occlusion, exposing the
      fetuses to repeated episodes of asphyxia of 30 (n = 3), 60 (n = 9) and 90 (n = 3)
      s duration. The fetal transcutaneous PO2 fell as the duration of asphyxia (2
      alpha less than 0.01), heart rate deceleration area (2 alpha less than 0.01) and
      acidaemia (2 alpha less than 0.01) increased. With decreasing skin perfusion,
      which was dependent on the duration of asphyxia (2 alpha less than 0.001) and
      acidaemia (2 alpha less than 0.001), a discrepancy developed between
      transcutaneous and arterial PO2. The increase (delta) in transcutaneous-arterial
      PO2 difference was related linearly to the duration of asphyxia (2 alpha less
      than 0.01), the mean haemoglobin oxygen saturation (2 alpha less than 0.001),
      acidaemia (2 alpha less than 0.001) and relative local skin flow (2 alpha less
      than 0.05). It was highest after severe episodes of asphyxia (90 s), when O2
      saturation, skin blood flow and arterial blood pH values were low. Fetal heart
      rate deceleration area was only correlated with the cutaneous-arterial PO2
      difference when the mean fetal haemoglobin oxygen saturation was below 35%. Thus,
      a discrimination of heart rate decelerations that are significant for the fetus
      seems to be possible, when associated with low transcutaneous PO2 values. We
      conclude that in the sheep fetus transcutaneous PO2 measurements during repeated
      asphyxial episodes yield information on fetal oxygenation and on the skin
      vasomotor response.

PMID- 3989257
TI  - Increased amniotic vasopressin levels in experimentally growth-retarded rat
      fetuses.
AB  - Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin are neuropeptides that are not only
      released as hormones into the peripheral circulation, but are also involved in
      central processes, e.g., in brain development. Earlier experiments suggested an
      inverse relationship between amniotic AVP and fetal growth. To see whether
      increased peptide levels reflect fetal growth retardation, and to determine cause
      and effect of this relationship, AVP and oxytocin content were determined in
      amniotic fluid of growth-retarded fetuses by radioimmunoassay. Growth retardation
      was established either by intraperitoneal administration of methylazoxymethanol
      to the mother, or by undernourishment of the mother. Elevated amniotic AVP levels
      were found in the methylazoxymethanol-treated and undernourished rats, partly
      concomitant with smaller amount of amniotic fluid. Amniotic AVP levels were
      inversely related to fetal body weight, while a similar trend was found for fetal
      brain weight. In addition, a positive correlation was found between fetal body
      weight and amniotic oxytocin in control rats.

PMID- 3989258
TI  - Studies on the ultrastructure and histochemistry of the lymph system in three
      species of amphistome (Trematoda: Digenea) Gigantocotyle explanatum, Gastrothylax
      crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica from the Indian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis.
AB  - The lymph system of three amphistome parasites from buffaloes, Gigantocotyle
      explanatum, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica was studied using
      light microscope histochemistry and electron microscopy. In each case the system
      comprised a single pair of main longitudinal vessels which gave rise to numerous
      sub-dividing lateral branches. Although the finer lymph channels associated with
      most internal systems, they did not penetrate the basement membrane of any organ.
      The lymph vessels were delimited by a unit membrane and separated from adjacent
      cells by interstitial material. The lymph fluid consisted of an amorphous
      proteinaceous, lipid-rich matrix, containing naked nuclei and granules of various
      sizes. Complexes of endoplasmic reticulum were frequently associated with the
      nuclei. No distinct Golgi bodies or mitochondria were evident. The granules noted
      throughout the lymph morphologically resembled autophagosomes and lysosomes.
      Autophagy within the lymph system presumably mobilizes amino acids for subsequent
      transport to tissues undergoing active protein synthesis. The lymph channels
      displayed an intimate relationship with the general parenchyma. In particular,
      numerous protrusions of lymph occurred into the cytoplasm of certain specialized
      parenchymal cells surrounding the pharynx. Within these 'juxtapharyngeal' cells
      autophagic degradation of sequestered lymph cytoplasm apparently occurred. In the
      three species of amphistome studied, the lymph system appears to function in
      storage and mobilization of amino acids and possibly lipids. It may also serve to
      distribute other small molecules throughout the body. The detection of
      haemoglobin in the lymph system of G. crumenifer and S. indica, but not in
      Gigantocotyle explanatum, suggests a further role in oxygen storage and
      transport.

PMID- 3989259
TI  - The susceptibility of mammals to Fasciolopsis buski.
AB  - The susceptibility of various mammals to infection with Fasciolopsis buski has
      been studied. Mice, rats, monkeys and dogs were completely refractory. Guinea
      pigs were only partially susceptible. However, young rabbits (6 to 8 weeks old)
      were found to be susceptible and can be used as an animal model for experimental
      work on this parasite.

PMID- 3989261
TI  - Amino acids of Hymenolepis palmarum (Johri, 1956) and chemotaxonomic studies on
      hymenolepidid cestodes.
AB  - Chemotaxonomic patterns in the distribution of amino acids of Hymenolepis
      palmarum (Johri, 1956) and other hymenolepidids revealed the common presence of
      beta-aminoisobutyric acid, lysine, phenylalanine and tyrosine but 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine and norleucine were exclusive to H. palmarum. Both
      qualitative and quantitative differences in amino acids have been recorded.

PMID- 3989260
TI  - A comparison of the efficiency of the percutaneous and per-oral routes of
      infection in caprine Schistosoma bovis infections.
AB  - The comparative efficiency of the percutaneous and per-oral routes of infection
      was studied in goats experimentally infected with Schistosoma bovis. The heaviest
      infection was obtained by the percutaneous route, but a relatively high parasite
      load was also achieved by the per-oral route, i.e., where goats were allowed to
      drink a cercarial suspension, volume of 0.9 to 1.7 litre per animal. Studies
      using radio-isotopically labelled cercariae were designed to clarify the
      cercarial penetration sites following uptake by drinking. Radioactivity could be
      demonstrated in the outer lips, buccal cavity, oesophagus and the reticulum,
      omasum and rumen. Highest counts were recorded in outer lips, reticulum and rumen
      constituting 41.2, 22.1 and 20.6%, respectively, of total radioactivity
      recovered. It is concluded that the per-oral infection route may play a larger
      role than hitherto anticipated in infection of ruminants, and possibly also in
      other mammals, with schistosomes. The epidemiological implications of the present
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 3989262
TI  - Dirofilaria immitis: the moulting of the infective larva in vitro.
AB  - A number of in vitro culture systems were tested for their ability to support the
      development of Dirofilaria immitis infective larvae to the fourth larval stage.
      In cultures of medium ML-15 containing a feeder layer of Dog Sarcoma (DS) cells
      larvae successfully moulted and showed a small but significant increase in
      length. Ultrastructural observations demonstrated that the fourth-stage cuticle
      was synthesized in vitro and in some larvae was fully formed by 60 hours of
      culture. The hypodermis of moulting larvae contained numerous multi-vesicular
      bodies. It is concluded that the moult in vitro is a true moult and not an
      atypical response of the larvae to the conditions of culture.

PMID- 3989263
TI  - Protection of sheep against Schistosoma bovis using cryopreserved radiation
      attenuated schistosomula.
AB  - Three sheep were vaccinated with two doses of 3 krad-irradiated cryopreserved
      Schistosoma bovis schistosomula containing 20,000 and 17,000 organisms
      respectively, injected intramuscularly 23 days apart after storage in liquid
      nitrogen for between 9 and 46 days. A challenge of 5360 S. bovis cercariae was
      administered percutaneously approximately four weeks after the last vaccine dose
      to these animals and to three controls. Post-challenge the vaccinated animals
      gained significantly more weight (27% v. 9%), produced fewer eggs in their
      faeces, showed a smaller reduction in PCV values (-18% v. -27%) and were over-all
      in better condition than control animals. At perfusion 49.1% fewer adult worms
      were found in the vaccinated sheep than in controls. The tissue egg burdens were
      similar in both groups. Histopathologically both groups were similar except that
      fewer and smaller egg lesions were observed in the livers of vaccinated animals.

PMID- 3989264
TI  - Pathology associated with vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni in mice using
      cryopreserved radiation-attenuated schistosomula.
AB  - Twenty-one mice were injected intramuscularly with 2000 Schistosoma mansoni
      schistosomula irradiated at 20 krad and cryopreserved; three mice were killed on
      each of days 0, 2, 5, 9, 19, 28 and 44 days after infection and muscle from the
      site of injection in the left hind leg, the lungs and livers removed for
      histological examination. Schistosomula were seen in sections from the leg muscle
      from days 0 to 19 inclusive, in the lungs from day 2 to day 28 inclusive and in
      the livers from days 9 to 28 inclusive. Most schistosomula were seen in sections
      of the leg muscle with considerably fewer parasites occurring in the lungs and
      especially the livers. Granulomatous reactions comprising eosinophils,
      polymorphs, plasma cells and macrophages were first seen in the leg muscle on day
      2, in the lungs on day 5 and in the liver on day 19. The peak inflammatory
      reactions appeared to occur between days 5 and 9, 9 and 19 and 28 and 44
      respectively in the three tissues. The pathology is discussed in relation to the
      dose of irradiation required to attenuate the schistosomula for optimal
      immunogenicity.

PMID- 3989265
TI  - The incidence of helminth parasites from the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus
      (L.) in eastern Scotland.
AB  - Samples of wild rabbits were collected each month over the six-year period 1977
      82 and their intestines and abdomens examined for helminths. Three species of
      nematode, four of cestode and one trematode were found. Graphidium strigosum was
      recorded in 33% of the 786 rabbits, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in 79%,
      Passalurus ambiguus in 14.2%, Cittotaenia pectinata in 37%, C. denticulata in
      11%, Coenurus pisiformis in 3%, Cysticercus serialis in 0.1% and Fasciola
      hepatica in 0.1%. G. strigosum and P. ambiguus infections were greatest in the
      older heavier animals whereas juvenile rabbits had the heaviest T. retortaeformis
      nematode burdens. Seasonal fluctuations were observed in G. strigosum, T.
      retortaeformis, P. ambiguus and Cittotaenia denticulata. The sex and reproductive
      state of the female rabbit did not have any significant effect on either the
      nematode or cestode worm burdens. Myxomatosis was shown to significantly increase
      the worm burden of T. retortaeformis and raise that of P. ambiguus. No nematode
      or cestode from domesticated animals were recovered and it was concluded that
      since F. hepatica was found only once rabbits did not constitute a serious hazard
      to the farm animals grazing the area.

PMID- 3989266
TI  - Haemonchus longistipes Railliet & Henry, 1909 in goats in the Sudan.
AB  - Haemonchus longistipes specimens were collected from experimentally infected
      Sudanese goats and camels for morphological studies. The specimens from goats
      were much smaller than those from camels, but their infectivity to camels was not
      affected by their passage in goats. Goats inhabiting the same areas as camels in
      the Sudan were found to be naturally infected with H. longistipes, but sheep were
      not and were resistant to experimental infection.

PMID- 3989267
TI  - The pattern of peripheral blood leucocyte changes in mice infected with
      Nematospiroides dubius.
AB  - Experiments were carried out to define the haematological changes taking place
      during the first six weeks of a primary infection with Nematospiroides dubius.
      The general pattern of changes was observed to comprise a rapid increase in
      circulating leucocytes (4 to 5-fold increase) which consisted of a neutropl a,
      lymphocytosis, monocytosis and an eosinophilia. However, in strong responder NIH
      mice leucocyte counts returned to normal more rapidly than in other strains (by
      day 28). In contrast, in weak responder C57BL/10 mice the leucocyte counts whilst
      falling significantly relative to day 7 did not return to normal within the
      experimental period. Mice infected with irradiated larvae did not experience as
      high a leucocytosis as did mice given an identical number of normal larvae. The
      peak lymphocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis were all lower. The removal of
      adult worms from infected animals by treatment with pyrantel on days 9, 11, 13
      and 16, also significantly altered the pattern of leucocytosis. The neutrophilia
      which was evident on day 7 returned rapidly to normal, whereas in mice which had
      retained their worms a peak neutrophilia was observed on day 14. These
      haematological changes were discussed and related to the failure of host
      protective immunity to operate effectively during the early stages of a primary
      infection with N. dubius.

PMID- 3989269
TI  - Four new mutations and a linkage map of species A of Anopheles culicifacies.
AB  - Four new mutations, brown eye (bw), colorless eye (c), scarlet eye (sca), and
      abnormal eye (ae) have been mapped on chromosome 2 of species A of Anopheles
      culicifacies. The gene sequence is bw--c--sca--ae. A linkage map of the
      genetically analyzed loci in this species is presented.

PMID- 3989268
TI  - Coat variants in cats. Gametic disequilibrium between unlinked loci.
AB  - Examination of the extent and pattern of gametic disequilibrium between nine
      pairs of unlinked loci in four large samples of cats revealed large and
      consistent values. These observations appear inconsistent with either genetic
      drift or gene flow as causes of the disequilibrium. On the other hand, the extent
      of epistatic selection necessary to generate the majority of these values appears
      reasonable.

PMID- 3989270
TI  - A note on the human sex ratio and factors influencing family size in Japan.
AB  - A reanalysis of a set of data on the sex distribution of children in Japanese
      families shows that further increase in family-size is related to the sex of the
      second child (P less than 0.025). When the second child is male, there is a
      reduced likelihood of further children. This result is consistent with findings
      from a U.S. fertility study.

PMID- 3989271
TI  - High pressure neurologic syndrome type 2 seizure in mice.
AB  - Progressive compression in helium/oxygen (heliox) atmospheres elicits in mice and
      many other vertebrates tested a complex series of effects known as the high
      pressure neurologic syndrome (HPNS). The most dramatic behavioral manifestations
      of the syndrome are two successive and distinct convulsive seizures. HPNS type 1
      and type 2. In the present study, a maximum likelihood estimation procedure was
      applied to 11 models of inheritance of the difference in the time elapsed until
      manifestation of the type 2 seizure in heliox-compressed C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse
      strains, their F1 hybrid, and the backcross generations. The "preferred" model
      specifying interaction between two major unlinked autosomal loci was confirmed
      indirectly by further breeding tests. The tests also showed that type 1 and type
      2 seizure thresholds are uncorrelated but type 1 always preceded type 2. A
      challenge to the latter result involving mating backcross mice with high type 1
      and type 2 seizure thresholds to mice with low type 1 and type 2 seizure
      thresholds produced no instance of alteration of the seizure order.

PMID- 3989272
TI  - Histochemical methods for characterizing secretory and cell surface
      sialoglycoconjugates.
AB  - Paraffin sections of trachea, sublingual gland, and pancreas from rats, mice, and
      hamsters were stained with peanut agglutinin (PNA) or Dolichos biflorus
      agglutinin (DBA) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase before or after enzymatic
      removal of sialic acid. Adjacent sections were oxidized with periodate prior to
      incubation with sialidase and staining with PNA and DBA. PNA binding demonstrated
      terminal beta-galactose in secretions, at the basolateral plasmalemma of mouse
      tracheal serous cells, in or at the surface of zymogen granules, and at the
      apical and basolateral surface of mouse and hamster pancreatic acinar cells.
      Sialidase digestion revealed PNA binding, demonstrative of penultimate beta
      galactose, in secretions of mucous cells in tracheal and sublingual glands and at
      the apical glycocalyx of ciliated and secretory cells in the tracheal surface
      epithelium of all the rodents studied. Sialidase also imparted PNA affinity to
      endothelium in all three species and to secretions and the basolateral
      plasmalemma of tracheal serous cells and pancreatic acinar cells in the rat.
      Periodate oxidation blocked the enzymatic removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid as
      judged by prevention of staining with the sialidase-PNA procedure. Sites in which
      periodate prevented sialidase-PNA staining included pancreatic islet cells and at
      the luminal glycocalyx of ciliated and secretory cells in tracheal surface
      epithelium in all three rodents, most sublingual mucous cells in the hamster,
      pancreatic acinar cells in the rat, and endothelium, except that of the rat.
      Glycoconjugate in other sites remained positive with the periodate-sialidase-PNA
      sequence. Resistance to periodate was interpreted as evidence for the presence of
      terminal sialic acid with an O-acetylated polyhydroxyl side chain. DBA binding
      demonstrated terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine in the secretion of all mucous
      cells in the hamster trachea and 50-90% of those in the rat, secretion and the
      basolateral plasmalemma of all glandular serous cells in the mouse trachea, at
      the apical surface of most secretory cells lining the lumen of the rat and
      hamster trachea, and cilia of 5-10% of ciliated cells in the rat trachea.
      Periodate oxidation and sialidase digestion demonstrated N-acetylneuraminic acid
      and penultimate alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine in cilia in the mouse trachea and
      sialic acid containing O-acetylated polyhydroxyl side chains subtended by N
      acetylgalactosamine in the secretion of all mucous cells in the rat and hamster
      trachea and of 80-90% of mucous cells in the hamster sublingual gland.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989273
TI  - Fine structural localization of acetylcholinesterase activity in rat
      submandibular gland.
AB  - Using the indirect thiocholine method, the ultrastructural localization of
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the normal rat submandibular gland was
      studied. Cytochemical demonstration of AChE is based on coupling the hydrolysis
      of acetylthiocholine iodide to the precipitation of heavy metal salts. AChE
      associated reaction product was selectively revealed in the perinuclear space and
      in the endoplasmic reticulum of the intercalated duct cells, in some cells of
      granular convoluted tubules, and in the striated duct epithelium, as well as in
      the myoepithelial cells. Although AChE activity generally occurred inside the
      cells, electron-dense precipitates were shown in intercellular space and in the
      stroma of the gland. Fine localization of AChE activity was also found in nerve
      bundles, predominantly between axons and between axons and Schwann cell. Our
      observations indicate that AChE is synthesized in the epithelium of the ducts and
      in the myoepithelial cells of the salivary gland. It is not known yet whether
      this enzyme is released from the intracytoplasmic membrane system into the
      extracellular space and then transported to the regions of the gland innervation.
      Conceivably AChE synthesized in the submandibular gland cells could also be
      considered an inhibitory modulator of the regulatory functions of biologically
      active polypeptides.

PMID- 3989274
TI  - Distribution of sialoglycoconjugates on the luminal surface of the endothelial
      cell in the fenestrated capillaries of the pancreas.
AB  - Sialic acid-bearing molecules on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium
      in mouse and rat pancreatic capillaries were detected electron microscopically by
      using a procedure with ferritin hydrazide (FH), after preferential oxidation of
      sialyl residues with sodium periodate. The distribution of FH on the endothelial
      surface demonstrated the existence of microdomains with various densities of
      sialoglycoconjugates oxidizable by sodium periodate and accessible to the tracer.
      On the plasmalemma proper, FH binding sites were heterogeneously distributed.
      Their concentration on various microdomains decreased as follows: plasmalemma
      proper greater than coated pits greater than stomal diaphragms of plasmalemmal
      vesicles and transendothelial channels, and fenestral diaphragms. The membrane of
      plasmalemmal vesicles and transendothelial channels was not labeled by FH.
      Nonspecific binding of FH to the nonoxidized endothelial surface or that oxidized
      after neuraminidase treatment was relatively low.

PMID- 3989275
TI  - Freeze-drying technique in electron microscopic immunohistochemistry.
AB  - Postembedding immunocytochemical labeling was performed on sections of rat
      neurohypophysis prepared by either freeze-drying, vapor fixation and Spurr resin
      embedding, or conventional aqueous fixation and Spurr resin embedding. Arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) were immunolabeled with protein A-gold-anti
      AVP and protein A-gold-anti-OXT complexes, respectively. The freeze-drying
      procedure (FD) resulted in excellent preservation of ultrastructure and greater
      antigenicity than the conventional procedure (Con). More gold particles were seen
      over secretory granules in FD sections than in Con sections. In addition, in FD
      sections, the gold label was restricted to secretory granules while in Con
      sections, both the granules and the extragranular axoplasm exhibited label. The
      two antigens in FD sections could be labeled simultaneously with protein A-small
      gold particle-anti-OXT complex and protein A-large gold particles-anti-AVP
      complex. In this way the two antigens were seen to be present in secretory
      granules within different axon terminals. Thus FD preparations should be useful
      for demonstrating the presence of multiple antigens in the same granules of nerve
      terminals.

PMID- 3989276
TI  - [Neuronal organization of the CGLd of Cavia porcellus. A morphometric study of
      Nissl preparations with reference to identified neuron types].
AB  - A morphometric study has been made of the alpha-sector (Giolli and Creel 1973) of
      the guinea pig's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in Nissl preparations.
      Golgi-deimpregnation methods (FAIREN et al. 1977, Braak and Braak 1982) made it
      possible to identify the neuron types as geniculo-cortical relay neurons (GCR
      neurons) and interneurons (I-neurons). Thus, density and somal sizes of GCR- and
      I-neurons and their topographical distribution patterns were determined. The
      density of the GCR-neurons (3 per measuring volume) is lower than in the albino
      rat (Wistar strain) (7 per measuring volume). The somal size varies over a wide
      range and is higher on average (16 hits) than for the albino rat (12 hits). As
      reported by Brauer and Remmler (person, comm.), the dendrites of GCR-neurons are
      relatively smooth. Their distal portions show only a small number of spine-like
      protrusions. Distinct grape-like appendages are visible in the branching zone. In
      one case an axon initial segment with three varicosities was observed. The number
      of I-neurons is considerably higher (36%) than in the albino rat (8%). The somata
      of I-neurons are of different size. More than 52% of the GCR-neurons are of the
      same size as the I-neurons. According to Brauer and Remmler (person. comm.), the
      two very long main dendrites were found to be little branched. The alpha-sector
      is apparently cytoarchitectonically homogeneous. Only after the use of
      statistical methods is it possible to distinguish between lateral, medial and
      caudal regions as in the albino rat (Werner et al. 1975), laboratory mouse
      (Werner et al. 1984a), and cotton rat (Werner et al., 1984b). These differ with
      regard to the density and somal size of the GCR-neurons and the density of the I
      neurons. The densities of the GCR- and I-neurons are highest in the lateral
      region. In contrast with the albino rat, laboratory mouse, and cotton rat neurons
      of the guinea pig differ from those of the Wistar rat. The results suggest that
      the guinea pig's visual specialization differs at least from that of the albino
      rat.

PMID- 3989277
TI  - Quantitative morphology of the panda brain in comparison with the brains of the
      raccoon and the bear.
AB  - The quantitative development of brain and brain components with respect to body
      size is discussed comparatively for the Chinese Giant Panda, the Canadian Raccoon
      and the American Black Bear. The panda ranks highest in encephalization as well
      as in relative volumes of neocortex, cerebellum and six other parts. The raccoon
      exhibits the strongest development of olfactory elements. The bear stays below
      the other species, showing but a single index that is superior to the
      corresponding index in one of them only. These results must be considered within
      the context of recent debates on the systematic position of the panda. This
      animal appears to have followed a partly independent evolutionary pathway,
      although it seems to stand somewhat closer to the raccoon than to the bear,
      contrary to other views. New comparative eco-ethological studies of the three
      species, as a complement to our neuromorphological approach, would certainly
      clarify the status reached by the panda at the end of its long and lonely
      evolution.

PMID- 3989278
TI  - Comparative scanning electron microscopy of the ventricular surface in four
      actinopterygian fishes: Acipenser ruthenus, Salmo gairdneri, Tinca tinca and
      Blennius sanquinolentus (Pisces).
AB  - The ventricular surface structure of the brains of actinopterygian fishes
      representing four distinct evolutionary levels was investigated by scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM). In the chondrostean Acipenser ruthenus ventricular
      spaces are wide and the ependymal surface is for the greater part densely covered
      with cilia; apart from macrophages supraependymal cells (SE) are very scarce. In
      the teleosts Salmo gairdneri, Tinca tinca and Blennius sanquinolentus the
      ventricles are slit-like, the densely ciliated areas decrease in size. The
      following regions carry a variety of supraependymal (SE) cells and fibres: the
      rostral recessus supraopticus, the hypothalamic walls, especially the
      infundibulum and the dorsal walls of the rhombencephalic ventricle. There is no
      tight correlation between areas devoid of cilia and the circumventricular organs
      in teleosts. The long evolutionary history, independent of other vertebrate lines
      has caused a series of peculiarities in the brain of actinopterygian fishes,
      including a peculiar ventricular topography. Observations indicate that the rich
      spectrum of SE cells found in teleosts reflects a parallel evolution rather than
      a common heredity of teleostean fishes and higher vertebrates.

PMID- 3989280
TI  - Regional distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the telencephalon
      of the pigeon (Columbia livia f. domestica).
AB  - The distribution of muscarinic ACh receptors was studied autoradiographically in
      cryostat sections of the pigeon telencephalon using 3H-Quinuclidinylbenzylate
      (QNB) as a ligand. Highest receptor density was observed in the hyperstriatum
      ventrale, palaeostriatum augmentatum, septum, and parts of the archistriatum In
      sites of known sensory input of neostriatum (field L) and ectostriatum low
      receptor binding was observed. Acetylcholinesterase distribution is in good
      agreement with the receptor picture only in the basal telencephalon. In the
      pallium differences in the pattern of these two components can be seen.

PMID- 3989279
TI  - [The lateral geniculate body of the guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. domestica). Its
      organization with reference to retinal afferents].
AB  - The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the guinea pig was studied in order to
      investigate the existence of an alpha- and beta-sector. On the basis of the fibre
      arrangement and the cell distribution in its rostral third the LGd can be
      subdivided into an alpha- and beta-sector. The caudal half of the LGd comprises
      the alpha-sector only. In contrast to the alpha-sector, in which the cells are
      densely packed, the beta-sector is rich in fibre bundles and contains a
      scattering of medium-sized cells. Following unilateral enucleation we observed
      degenerating fibres in the contralateral beta-sector, too. This confirms the
      assumption that this sector is a part of the dorsal LGN. Like most of the alpha
      sector, the beta-sector receives fibres from the contralateral retina, therefore
      the two sectors can not be interpreted like laminae. A cytoarchitectonical
      lamination could not be observed. The ipsilateral input is concentrated in a
      specific zone of the GdL (dorsomedial) but there is an overlapping with the
      contralateral input in the alpha-sector. In contrast to rat and mouse were the
      fibres of the Radiatio thalami are bordering the medial region of LGN the fibre
      bundles of the Radiatio thalami in the guinea pig and in the rabbit are scattered
      and pass through the medial part of the LGd. Therefore a beta-sector is formed.
      Parallel observations are reported from different species of marsupials. More
      investigations are necessary in order to solve the question whether the alpha-
      and beta-sectors--firstly described by Rose (1935) in the LGd of the rabbit--in
      lagomorphs, rodents and marsupials are homologous.

PMID- 3989281
TI  - Size, form and orientation of the neuronal perikarya and nuclei in the nucleus
      infundibularis of the male rat.
AB  - Size, form and orientation of nerve cells of the Nucleus infundibularis have been
      analyzed in frontal, horizontal and sagittal semithin sections of Vestopal
      embedded hypothalami of the male rat. Morphometric studies were performed with a
      semiautomatic image analyzing system. By combining data from three different
      planes of section the three-dimensional size, shape and orientation of perikarya
      and nuclei in the different parts of the Nucleus infundibularis as well as
      gradients in mediolateral, rostrocaudal and ventrodorsal directions were
      examined. Additionally, cell density, volume and relation of the volumes of
      nucleus and perikaryon were determined. In all parts of the Nucleus
      infundibularis there occur cells exhibiting different sizes, forms and
      orientations. The mean values, however, show a rostrocaudal decrease and a
      mediolateral increase of the cell volumes with a maximum in the rostral, ventral
      and lateral parts and a minimum in the caudal, ventral and medial parts. In the
      entire Nucleus infundibularis there is a preferred orientation of the cell axes
      parallel to the wall of the third ventricle. Spherically-formed cells occur
      mainly in the rostral and basal parts, elongated and flattened cells in the
      caudal and dorsal parts. The nucleus-perikaryon relation is small in the rostral,
      lateral and ventral parts, large in the caudal, medial and dorsal parts. The cell
      density increases from rostral to caudal and decreases from medial to lateral.
      The results are discussed with respect to histochemical and immunohistochemical
      localization of substances relevant to neuroendocrine and neurotropic processes.
      This investigation exemplarily shows that different planes of section may lead to
      different descriptions of number and morphology of cells, and that a
      morphological analysis of nerve cells is only reliable from three-dimensional
      reconstruction using more than one direction of sectioning.

PMID- 3989283
TI  - Implications of coliform variability in the assessment of the sanitary quality of
      recreational waters.
AB  - The most widely used indicator of the sanitary quality of recreational waters is
      the coliform group of bacteria. Present techniques of coliform enumeration are
      imprecise, and this fact is too often overlooked in routine water quality surveys
      as well as in research efforts seeking quantitative relationships between
      coliform density and the health effects of recreational waters. To illustrate
      this point, three years of data gathered by the New York City Department of
      Health as part of their routine beach water sampling programme were re-analysed,
      taking the limited precision of each coliform estimate into account. Re-analysis
      showed 56.6% of the data were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05)
      from the standard being used. This large percentage of the data was of little
      value in determining the acceptability of the waters being sampled relative to
      the standard being used and thus represented a substantial waste of time and
      expense. Of the remaining data, half indicated acceptable water quality and half
      indicated unacceptable water quality relative to the standard. These three years
      of data, therefore, gave little information on the acceptability of the water
      quality at this location with respect to the standard being used. The data
      further suggest significant differences in coliform density within sample dates.
      It is recommended that in future water quality surveys, or in studies of the
      health effects of recreational waters as related to coliform density, emphasis
      should shift from maximizing the number of sample dates to maximizing the number
      of replicate determinations made per sample date.

PMID- 3989282
TI  - The severity of whooping cough in hospitalised children--is it declining?
AB  - Four hundred and sixty admissions for whooping cough to three hospitals between
      1974-9 were reviewed. Many children had a long illness. More than half of them
      had severe or moderately severe coughing spasms and a quarter had pronounced
      feeding difficulties. The incidence of clinical pneumonia and convulsions was low
      and there were no deaths. The disease continues to be much more severe in
      infancy. There was some evidence that the disease declined in severity over the
      period studied. A number of factors including increased use of erythromycin may
      have contributed to this change.

PMID- 3989284
TI  - Evidence of udder excretion of Campylobacter jejuni as the cause of milk-borne
      campylobacter outbreak.
AB  - We describe a community outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the
      consumption of untreated milk, apparently contaminated by two cows with
      campylobacter mastitis. The outbreak occurred in two phases. Strains of
      Campylobacter jejuni of the Penner serogroup complex 4, 13, 16, 50 and Preston
      biotype code 6100 were isolated from patients in both episodes and from the
      faeces of the cattle, milk filters, bulk milk and retail milk. Milk samples from
      two of 40 milking cows were found to contain C. jejuni, and the wheys from these
      two cows had high titres of antibody to C. jejuni detected by ELISA techniques.

PMID- 3989285
TI  - Rift Valley fever in Kenya: the presence of antibody to the virus in camels
      (Camelus dromedarius).
AB  - Five hundred and seventy-one camel sera collected after an epizootic of Rift
      Valley Fever were examined for antibody to the virus. Clinical disease had not
      been observed in cattle and sheep in the ecosystems shared with the camels.
      Positive sera with high titres of serum neutralizing antibody were found in 22%
      of camels at one of the seven sampling sites.

PMID- 3989287
TI  - Utilization of data obtained in pilot acute experiments for practical hygienic
      assessment of a chemical substance.
AB  - A large number of the chemical substances and preparations (compositions) that
      are incorporated into the national economy cannot be subjected to long-term and
      detailed testing for toxicity and safety. There are simple methods on the acute
      experimental level which can serve as a basis for working out the necessary
      prophylactic measures in introducing new substances into the industry.
      Determination of LD50 upon intragastric administration, intravenous
      administration (model of rapid penetration into the organism), static inhalatory
      treatment under saturated concentration, determination of the primary local
      effect of the skin and mucous membranes, together with careful observation of the
      behaviour of the experimental animals, signs of their intoxication and their
      death, as well as comparison of the physico-chemical properties of the substance
      and its already familiar structural analogues may serve as the ground for
      predicting the biological significance of the new substance even at longer terms
      of contact with the organism and making toxicological and hygienic assessments
      under concrete technological conditions.

PMID- 3989286
TI  - Strontium-85 in the fetuses of pregnant rats and mice.
AB  - Pregnant SPF Wistar rats and ICR/Swiss albino mice were injected in the tail vein
      with 85SrCl2 with 0.05 mM inactive carrier (SrCl2) given in volumes of 0.1 ml.
      The activity in the injected volume was about 14 MBq per kg of rat and 13 MBq per
      kg of mouse. The animals were injected at 2 or 13 days of gestation. The activity
      retained by the fetuses was quantitatively determined at three stages of the
      fetal intrauterine development: in rats at 14, 16 and 21 days of gestation, in
      mice at 14, 16 and 20 days of gestation. The activity of fetuses and/or placentas
      with fetal membranes was measured using a TESLA automatic gamma counter. Results
      indicate that fetuses of mice retained a significantly (P less than 0.01) greater
      percent of strontium activity than fetuses of rats. The highest specific
      activities (the percentage of total activity retained per gram of fetal tissue)
      were found in the late pregnancy period (at 21 days of gestation in rats and 20
      days of gestation in mice) in animals that were injected with the radionuclide at
      13 days of gestation.

PMID- 3989288
TI  - On the establishing of permissible relations between MACC- and MACT-values of
      harmful substances.
AB  - The establishment of MACC (Ceiling Values) and MACT (Time Weighted Average
      Values) for chemical substances permits a substantial more precise evaluation of
      the exposure to harmful substances at the work place as if only one limit value
      is given without reference to a Ceiling Value or a Time Weighted Average Value,
      respectively. The derivation of MACC- and MACT-Values is proposed from
      toxicometric data that are gained during animal experiments with chemical
      substances. For acutely toxic substances (e.g. irritants) the quotient F =
      MACC/MACT ought to be = 1. For cumulative acting substances the permissible
      relation of both values is determined from the magnitude of the zone of chronic
      effect (Zch) as F = 0.4. Zch. The condition MACC less than less than Limac takes
      into consideration at the same time. The frequency and the duration of MACT
      exceedings need not to be regulated with this procedure. A method is proposed for
      the derivation of the length of sampling periods necessary from the toxicological
      point of view starting from the Zch.

PMID- 3989289
TI  - Sampling of working-zone air and biomaterials and unification of MPC values.
AB  - Some points concerning the strategy of working-zone-air sampling, the sampling
      plan and the manner of sampling biological materials have been discussed. In
      drawing up an air-sampling plan, the following items should be paid attention to:
      production technology, organization, physicochemical properties and composition
      of the raw materials, intermediate and final products, potential sources of
      spread of harmful substances and their spread from these sources, the time
      picture of workers' presence, the analytical method and the concentration of the
      harmful substances in the working-zone atmosphere. In order to unify MPC's within
      the frame of CMEA, one should be informed about the norms and standardized
      methods in force in each country, work out and unify principles for sampling the
      air and biomaterials and work out a project of a unified way of evaluating
      analysis results.

PMID- 3989290
TI  - The occupational meaning of smell.
AB  - The sense of smell has its meaning for a successful performance of certain
      occupations. It has further a protective meaning. The acuity of smell often
      changes for different reasons. The prolonged or repeated smelling is combined
      with the process of smell adaptation, fatigue and habituation. They diminish the
      flavour sensations and increase the risk of work accidents. Some chemical
      compounds are characterized by a quick and high adaptation. The occupational
      changes of smell can be peripheral or central. The qualitative changes of the
      smell perception are numerous, but they have little sense in industrial hygiene.
      The hypersensibilisation can be temporal or lasting, where a change of profession
      is sometimes inevitable. The values of smell thresholds (detection, recognition,
      distinction) of 25 substances are given. The sensitivity of smell is greater at
      the smell threshold concentrations. The smell thresholds are put among the main
      basic properties of chemical compounds which decide about the values of MAC and
      about the possibilities of their passing over. 68 substances ranged according to
      their basic characteristics in three groups were studied. There was statistical
      dependence between the molecular weight, the boiling point, smell thresholds of
      detection and recognition. In two groups of matters there was a dependence
      between the threshold of irritation and the smell threshold of recognition and
      distinction. The regression was linear with the majority of dependencies.

PMID- 3989291
TI  - The parameters of comparative evaluation of insecticidal activity of preparations
      in aerosol containers.
AB  - On the basis of experimental data, the authors present a group of parameters for
      the purpose of unification of comparative evaluation of the insecticidal effect
      of preparations in aerosol containers designed for combatting flying and non
      flying domestic insects. The advisability of evaluation of the effect of the
      preparations for combatting flying insects according to the concentration of
      insecticides ensuring death of flies in the course of 15 min and the
      corresponding expenditure of the mixture has been substantiated. Preparations
      designed for combatting non-flying insects should be evaluated according to the
      coefficients of acute action, ovicidal and residual effects. To facilitate
      analysis and evaluation of the preparations in aerosol containers, the authors
      propose their classification according to the parameters of the insecticidal
      effect. Classification of the preparations under study according to their
      parameters is presented. It has been demonstrated that compositions containing
      pyrethroids and their mixtures with DDVP--Neofos, Neofos-2 and Pif-Paf are the
      most efficient.

PMID- 3989292
TI  - Detection of latent bacteriuria in patients with chronic pyelonephritis.
AB  - Diagnostic possibilities of selective examination of renal urine particularly
      collected under medicamentous polyuria conditioned by the administration of Lazix
      were studied in latent bacteriuria. By means of separate collection of renal
      urine against the background of polyuria it was possible additionally to detect
      bacteriuria in 1/3 of the patients, to record increase in the intensity of the
      index in almost half of the patients with renal bacteriuria and, in 1/4 of them
      to detect, in renal urine, the aetiological agent absent from bladder urine. The
      latter circumstance not only has a diagnostic significance but also plays a
      certain role in the selection of medicamentous therapy in chronic pyelonephritis.
      In addition to traditional bacteriological methods, filtration through membrane
      filters was used to isolate and identify microflora in the urine. By means of
      this method it is possible to detect extremely low bacteriuria which cannot be
      established by any other method.

PMID- 3989294
TI  - Preservation of laboratory strains of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro.
AB  - A procedure to obtain viable stabilates of virulent laboratory strains of
      Toxoplasma gondii with a prolonged storage life is described. Viable endozoites
      recovered from the sediment of mouse exudate or tissue cultures (LEP, HeLa) are
      suspended in Eagle's MEM medium supplemented with 10% calf serum and 10%
      dimethylsulfoxide and sealed into glass ampoules of 1-2 ml in volume. The
      ampoules are placed in an apparatus for gradual cell freezing, frozen to --35
      degrees C at a rate of --1 degree C/min, and stored in liquid nitrogen.
      Reinoculation experiments on mice given the suspension intraperitoneally
      confirmed that such Toxoplasma gondii strains retain viability for at least 4
      years. This in vitro preservation technique is compared with the analogous T.
      gondii preservation procedures described in the literature.

PMID- 3989293
TI  - Acrylonitrile inhalation in rats: II. Excretion of thioethers and thiocyanate in
      urine.
AB  - In male Wistar rats, the inhalation exposure to acrylonitrile (AN), 271 mg X m-3,
      8 hours a day, 5 days a week, did not affect protein sulfhydryl concentration in
      liver and blood and decreased glutathione concentration in the liver, but not in
      the brain at the end of the fifth exposure. The urinary excretion of the main AN
      metabolites, thioethers (AN-mercapturic acids) and thiocyanate was proportional
      to the inhaled AN concentration (57, 125, 271 mg X m-3, respectively) in a single
      exposure for 12 hours, and their mutual ratio was greatly different from that
      after injection of AN. The results revealed that the urinary excretion of
      thioethers is a very sensitive and dose-related indicator of exposure to AN and
      extrapolation of the results indicates that the exposure to AN concentration
      below 10 mg X m-3 could thus be demonstrated.

PMID- 3989295
TI  - Origin and differentiation of natural killer cells. I. Characteristics of a
      transplantable NK cell precursor.
AB  - To study the origin and differentiation of natural killer (NK) cells, we
      developed an assay for the transplantable precursor of NK(YAC-1) cells present in
      the bone marrow. Mice were depleted of endogenous NK(YAC-1) cells by injection of
      anti-asialo GM1 antibody, followed by lethal whole body irradiation. Normal
      syngeneic bone marrow cells were transplanted into such pretreated mice.
      Regeneration of NK(YAC-1) activity in the recipient mice was monitored by two
      different assays: the ability of spleen cells to lyse YAC-1 cells in vitro and
      the ability to clear i.v. injected, 125IUdR-labeled YAC-1 cells from the lungs.
      With both assays, a dose-response relationship between the number of bone marrow
      cells injected and the degree of NK(YAC-1) activity generated could be
      demonstrated. However, the lung clearance assay appeared superior because the NK
      regeneration could be detected earlier and with lower numbers of injected marrow
      cells. With this assay, several characteristics of the NK precursors and their
      differentiation could be defined. 1) The generation of mature, lytic NK cells
      from their transplantable precursor requires an intact "marrow microenvironment"
      in the recipient mice, because differentiation failed to occur in mice rendered
      osteopetrotic by estradiol treatment. 2) The NK(YAC-1) precursors lack the
      surface antigens (NK-2.1, asialo GM1, Qa-5, Thy-1) that are characteristically
      seen on mature NK cells. 3) The NK-precursors could be eliminated from the bone
      marrow with anti-Qa-2 or anti-H-2 antisera + complement, indicating that these
      two antigens are expressed on the precursors. The relationship between NK(YAC-1)
      precursors and multipotent myeloid stem cells (CFU-S) was investigated by
      utilizing W/Wv and Sl/Sld mutant mice. Bone marrow cells of W/Wv anemic mice,
      although markedly deficient in CFU-S, have a normal frequency of NK(YAC-1)
      precursors. Sl/Sld mice that lack a suitable microenvironment for the development
      of CFU-S allowed normal differentiation of NK(YAC-1) precursors when transplanted
      with normal bone marrow cells. Together, these data suggest that multipotent
      myeloid progenitor cells, as defined by the CFU-S assay, and the NK(YAC-1)
      precursors are not closely related.

PMID- 3989296
TI  - Natural killer (NK) cells are present in mice with severe combined
      immunodeficiency (scid).
AB  - Spleen cells from C.B- 17 scid mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease
      exhibit natural killer cell (NK) activity against YAC lymphoma targets in a
      standard 4-hr 51Cr release assay. The cytolytic activity is demonstrable only at
      high effector to target ratios but can be augmented at least sevenfold by the
      interferon inducer poly I:C. The pattern of target lysis is specific, because
      splenocytes from poly I:C-primed C.B-17 scid mice lyse NK-sensitive YAC cells and
      not the insensitive P815 mastocytoma. The presence of several NK-associated
      antigens on C.B-17 scid splenocytes was tested by pretreating cells with the
      appropriate antiserum plus complement before testing for NK activity. The results
      indicate that a proportion of NK effectors in C.B-17 scid mice bear surface NK
      2.1 and Asialo GM1 but are negative for Thy-1.

PMID- 3989297
TI  - Anti-idiotypic antiserum to monoclonal anti-Sm inhibits the autoantigen-induced
      proliferative response.
AB  - Anti-idiotypic sera were produced in BALB/c mice against three established
      monoclonal anti-Sm antibodies. Inhibition assays showed that the anti-idiotypic
      antibodies recognized determinants that were present on all three monoclonal
      antibodies but not on normal mouse IgG from unimmunized BALB/c mice or myeloma
      proteins. Normal (+/+) and autoimmune (lpr/lpr) MRL/MpJ or C3H/HeJ mice were
      immunized with Sm in complete Freund's adjuvant. Immune T cells from the draining
      lymph nodes proliferated in response to the addition of Sm in vitro. Anti
      idiotypic serum added to these cultures inhibited the proliferative response by
      50 to 70%, whereas normal BALB/c serum had no effect. This inhibition of
      proliferation was antigen specific, because the anti-idiotypic serum did not
      inhibit the T cell proliferative response to an irrelevant antigen, TNP-KLH, or
      ovalbumin. Kinetic studies showed that the anti-idiotypic serum inhibited an
      early event in antigen-induced proliferative response, because the addition of
      serum late in culture did not cause any significant reduction in proliferation.
      The reduced proliferative response was due to direct action of the anti-idiotypic
      serum on the Lyt-1+, 2- T cell population.

PMID- 3989299
TI  - Studies of consomic mice bearing the Y chromosome of the BXSB mouse.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that the Y chromosome of the BXSB mouse can
      lead to accelerated autoimmunity in inbred BXSB mice and in F1 hybrids. To
      additionally study the effects of the BXSB-Y, we have studied three sets of Y
      consomic mice, NZB.BXSB-Y, NZW.BXSB-Y, and CBA/J.BXSB-Y, each consisting of
      background genes from the non-BXSB parent and the Y chromosome from the BXSB
      mouse. The effect of the BXSB-Y on autoantibody production, immunopathology, and
      survival was assessed. We found that the CBA/J.BXSB-Y mice showed few differences
      from control CBA/J males. In contrast, NZW.BXSB-Y males had accelerated renal and
      cardiac disease and early death, resembling that previously reported for (NZW X
      BXSB)F1 mice. NZB.BXSB-Y males had accelerated anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies
      but not accelerated anti-DNA. They lived almost as long as NZB mice. The presence
      of the BXSB-Y in all of the consomic mice was confirmed by crossing the consomic
      mice with BXSB females and demonstrating accelerated disease in the male
      offspring. This study demonstrates that the BXSB-Y chromosome autoimmune
      accelerating factor does not act alone but operates through other genes, and that
      the effects on different genetic backgrounds are different. The studies have
      implications for human lupus; they also provide a basis for future molecular
      biology studies of the BXSB-Y and the genes upon which it acts.

PMID- 3989298
TI  - Analysis of triiodothyronine and thyroxine-binding autoantibodies in chickens
      susceptible to autoimmune thyroiditis.
AB  - This report reveals a surprisingly high incidence of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
      autoantibodies (THA) and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in a closed flock of
      untreated Cornell strain (CS) White Leghorn chickens. This flock is closely
      related to the Obese strain chicken, which develops a severe spontaneous
      autoimmune thyroiditis. A sensitive electrophoretic autoradiographic assay for
      THA was developed. This assay was applied to the study of autoantibodies to T3
      and T4 in the sera of adult female CS chickens. Of 109 females, 29.4% had
      antibodies to T3 and 18.4% had antibodies to T4. The incidence of thyroglobulin
      antibodies, determined by passive hemagglutination, was 15.6%. The presence of
      THA affected RIA measurements because serum T3 and T4 hormone concentrations
      appeared elevated in those birds with moderate to high antibody levels. There was
      major variance in the electrophoretic heterogeneity of the THA from individual
      chickens; i.e., some of the sera contained antibodies to T3 or T4 that appeared
      to be monoclonal, whereas other sera exhibited polyclonal multi-banded patterns.
      To determine if antibodies reactive with T3 and T4 (which are haptens) were
      generated by antibody responses to the T3/T4 sites on the thyroglobulin molecule,
      competitive binding assays were performed to determine the relative binding
      affinities of the antibodies for the haptens (T3/T4) and the "hapten-conjugate"
      (thyroglobulin). In these assays, thyroglobulin competed with the haptens, thus
      supporting the above hypothesis.

PMID- 3989300
TI  - Age-dependent loss of dimeric immunoglobulin A receptors in the liver of the
      Fischer 344 rat.
AB  - Characterization of the receptor for dimeric immunoglobulin A (dIgA) on an
      isolated rat liver plasma membrane-enriched fraction showed a single class of
      binding sites specific for dIgA. Both the rat and human immunoglobulins competed
      for the binding site, but human IgA bound much less strongly to the receptor.
      Other proteins did not compete for the dIgA receptor, including
      asialoorosomucoid. Scatchard analysis of binding data from young adult, mature,
      and senescent animals indicated an age-dependent decrease in the number of
      receptors present on liver plasma membranes. This loss of receptors with
      increasing animal age may be responsible for the concomitant reduction in
      hepatobiliary secretion of dIgA.

PMID- 3989301
TI  - Serum transfer of collagen arthritis in congenitally athymic nude rats.
AB  - The role of cellular immunity in collagen arthritis was investigated with
      congenitally athymic nude rats (rnu/rnu) and their heterozygous littermates
      (rnu/+). Immunization with type II collagen induced polyarthritis and definite
      immunity to type II collagen in rnu/+ rats, whereas rnu/rnu rats did not develop
      arthritis or immunity to collagen. An additional study demonstrated that collagen
      arthritis could be passively transferred with a serum concentrate from arthritic
      Sprague-Dawley rats to naive rnu/rnu rats as well as to rnu/+ rats.
      Histopathologically, the passively transferred arthritis in rnu/rnu rats
      resembled that in rnu/+ rats. Despite no difference in clearance of anti-type II
      collagen antibody after transfer between them, the passively transferred
      arthritis in rnu/rnu rats was significantly enhanced and prolonged in comparison
      with that in rnu/+ rats. These results indicate that arthritis may be inducible
      by humoral immunity in the absence of functional T cells and also suggest that
      anti-type II collagen-antibody is not the sole regulatory factor and that the
      suppressor cell system might regulate the clinical course of the disease.

PMID- 3989302
TI  - Thymosin fraction 5 causes increased serum corticosterone in rodents in vivo.
AB  - In these studies it was found that i.p. injection of thymosin fraction 5 (TF5)
      caused a dose-dependent increase in serum corticosterone in male Swiss Webster
      mice and in male Wistar rats. The maximum responses were seen at 1 and 2 hr,
      respectively. There was no effect on serum corticosterone in mice when Thymosin
      alpha 1 (a 28 amino acid peptide isolated from TF5) was injected i.p. at doses up
      to 100 micrograms. The steroidogenic effects of TF5 were seen only when the basal
      levels of serum corticosterone were low (less than 80 ng/ml). In studies in which
      the baseline levels in the animal colony were elevated (greater than 80 ng/ml),
      there were no steroidogenic effects, or they were minimal. These results suggest
      that some component of TF5 may influence pituitary adrenal function.

PMID- 3989303
TI  - Identification of a human granulocyte functional antigen (GFA-2) involved in
      antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis.
AB  - A human neutrophil- and eosinophil-specific surface antigen, GFA-2, has been
      found to be involved in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
      to extracellular targets, and in phagocytosis. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) WEM
      G11 was produced which recognizes the GFA-2 structure. This MAb, when used as
      F(ab')2, stimulated human neutrophils to kill antibody-coated P815 cells and, in
      the case of human eosinophils, increased their cytotoxic effect on schistosomula
      of Schistosoma mansoni in a dose-dependent manner. MAb WEM-G11 F(ab')2 also
      stimulated the phagocytosis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by neutrophils.
      The effect of WEM-G11 F(ab')2 was specific, because other MAb, whether tested in
      the form of F(ab')2 fragments or as whole IgG, failed to stimulate neutrophils
      despite binding to these cells. In contrast to the F(ab')2 fragments of these
      cells. In contrast to the F(ab')2 fragments of WEM-G11, the whole IgG of this MAb
      inhibited ADCC and phagocytosis, presumably through interaction with granulocyte
      Fc receptors. WEM-G11 F(ab')2, and to a greater extent WEM-G11 IgG, induced
      degranulation, but only from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. GFA-2 was absent
      from lymphocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and myeloid and erythroid colony
      forming cells, as shown by flow cytometry and colony-forming experiments. GFA-2
      appeared at the promyelocytic stage and increased in density as neutrophils
      became more mature. In the mature neutrophil, the number of binding sites for WEM
      G11 were found to be about 20,000 per cell. By immunoprecipitation, it appeared
      that GFA-2 consisted of a polypeptide chain of about 95,000 m.w. and a low m.w.
      peptide of about 43,000. By immunoblotting, it was demonstrated that the epitope
      recognized by WEM-G11 is in the chain of m.w. 95,000. GFA-2 thus constitutes a
      novel human granulocyte-specific antigen that is central to the functional
      activity and differentiation of these cells.

PMID- 3989304
TI  - Preparation and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies that express
      both cold agglutinin and cryoglobulin activities.
AB  - To obtain murine cold agglutinin (CA) and cryoglobulin antibodies, BALB/c mice
      were hyperimmunized with heat-killed type XIV Streptococcus pneumoniae. The
      spleen cells of these mice were fused with either the P3 NS1/Ag4. 1 or P3
      X63/Ag.653 cell line. Several stable hybridomas were obtained that produced
      monoclonal antibodies (Mab) that reacted with rabbit and human erythrocytes only
      at temperatures below 37 degrees C. Three of these Mab were also cryoglobulins,
      as evidenced by their insolubility at reduced temperature. All of the antibodies
      studied were IgM(k) and reacted with purified type XIV S. pneumoniae
      polysaccharide at room temperature. With one exception, all antibodies were
      specific for N-acetyl-lactosamine, the immunodominant sugar residue expressed on
      type XIV polysaccharide. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that both CA
      activity and cryoprecipitation were inhibited by the same sugar compounds in the
      same order of efficiency. The data presented strongly suggest these CA antibodies
      are cross-reactive members of a S. pneumoniae-specific population.
      Cryoprecipitation persisted in antibodies purified under conditions that would
      exclude the presence of trapped serum antigens. It is therefore proposed that the
      cryoprecipitation observed is a result of the interactions of the antibody
      combining sites with carbohydrate residues of adjacent antibody molecules.

PMID- 3989305
TI  - Polypeptide fragments of the third component of complement in urine of hereditary
      nephritis patients.
AB  - Pro-HNP, a urine protein isolated from hereditary nephritis patients, is derived
      from C3 and resembles the C3c domain. It contains disulfide-linked polypeptides
      of beta 75, alpha 40, and alpha 28. Plasmin degraded pro-HNP in vitro to HNP,
      which was also isolated from the urine of patients and which contained disulfide
      linked polypeptides of beta 60, alpha 38, and alpha 26, and noncovalently bound
      polypeptide of beta 17. Amino terminal sequence analyses and amino acid
      compositions of the seven polypeptides isolated from pro-HNP and HNP show that
      beta 75 degrades to beta 60 and beta 17 (beta 17 locates at the amino end of beta
      75), alpha 40 degrades to alpha 38 (both locate at the carboxyl end of the alpha
      chain of C3), and alpha 28 degrades to alpha 26 (both are from the amino end of
      the alpha'-chain of C3b). These results confirm the enzymatic specificity of
      plasmin on pro-HNP. In HNP, the half-cystine contents of beta 60, alpha 38, alpha
      26, and beta 17 were approximately 3, 12, 3, and 4, respectively. Partial
      reduction readily released alpha 40 from pro-HNP and alpha 38 from HNP. There
      were about five intra-chain disulfide bonds in alpha 40 or alpha 38; stepwise
      reduction of these intra-polypeptide bonds apparently accounted for multiple
      conformations of alpha 40 or alpha 38.

PMID- 3989306
TI  - Immunization of monkeys with a 140 kilodalton merozoite surface protein of
      Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: appearance of alternate forms of this protein.
AB  - The merozoite is the invasive stage of the malaria parasite which is released by
      rupture of the schizont-infected erythrocyte. A monoclonal antibody against a 140
      kilodalton (kDa) merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium knowlesi was used to
      characterize and to purify this antigen. It was shown by pulse-chase metabolic
      labeling of mature schizonts that the 140 kDa merozoite antigen was the processed
      product of a 143 kDa schizont component, and that processing occurred at the time
      of erythrocyte rupture. Antiserum, prepared by immunizing a rabbit with the
      143/140 kDa antigen purified by immunoaffinity chromatography with the monoclonal
      antibody, strongly inhibited invasion of erythrocytes in vitro; Fab fragments
      prepared from purified rabbit IgG were inactive at blocking invasion, suggesting
      that agglutination of merozoites was the mechanism of invasion inhibition. The
      purified 143/140 kDa antigen was used in Freund's adjuvant to immunize four
      rhesus monkeys. Two of the immunized animals developed fulminating infections on
      challenge with 10(4) schizonts, as did the three control animals. The remaining
      two immunized animals controlled their infections and developed chronic low-grade
      parasitemias. The animals which were partially protected were those that had
      developed anti-143/140 kDa antibodies capable of blocking invasion in vitro.
      Parasites were isolated from the chronic stage of infection (V5 population) and
      were compared with the original parasite population used for challenge (P
      population). Inhibition of invasion, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation
      with anti-143/140 kDa monoclonal antibody, with immune rabbit, and with monkey
      sera showed that the 143/140 kDa surface antigen had been replaced by multiple
      cross-reacting alternate antigenic forms of the molecule in the V population.
      Thus, specific immune response directed against a purified merozoite surface
      antigen resulted in the replacement of this antigen by variant or mutant forms.

PMID- 3989308
TI  - Cloning of plasmacytoma micrometastases from spleen.
AB  - Soft agarose cloning of tumor cells in spleens from mice bearing 4T00.1
      plasmacytomas reveals the ubiquitous presence of micrometastases. The latter can
      be found in spleens of mice splenectomized as early as 4 h post subcutaneous
      inoculation of 4T00.1 tumor cells. The total number of potentially proliferating
      4T00.1 cells in the spleen is low (approximately 100) and constant for the first
      18 days, after which the number increases and reaches 7000 at 27 days post
      inoculation, when the tumor is greater than 20 mm in diameter. The soft agarose
      cloning technique detects small numbers of micrometastases in spleen, which
      cannot be detected by other methods.

PMID- 3989307
TI  - Role of organ-associated NK cells in decreased formation of experimental
      metastases in lung and liver.
AB  - Mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 (asGM1) serum exhibited increased formation of
      experimental metastases in lung and liver after i.v. challenge with B16 melanoma
      or Lewis lung carcinoma. This increased metastasis formation coincided with
      decreased splenic NK activity and increased survival of i.v. injected
      radiolabeled tumor cells. In contrast, the injection of mice with the pyran
      copolymer maleic anhydride divinyl ether (MVE-2) augmented NK activity in the
      spleen and significantly depressed the formation of experimental metastases in
      the lungs and liver. However, a single or double administration of anti-asGM1
      antiserum to MVE-2-pretreated mice failed to inhibit the immunoprophylaxis
      associated with MVE-2 administration, although it did decrease splenic NK
      activity and also increased the survival of i.v.-injected radiolabeled tumor
      cells. To address the mechanism for this dichotomy, we examined NK activity not
      only in the spleen but also in the blood, lungs, and livers of MVE-2-treated
      mice. Levels of NK activity in the lungs and liver were several-fold higher than
      those observed in spleen and blood. However, MVE-2-augmented NK activity in lung
      and liver was more resistant to depletion by the standard regimen of anti-asGM1
      treatment than was NK activity in blood and spleen, and required two high-dose
      administrations of a higher titered antiserum for depletion of the augmented
      response. This high-dose regimen removed all detectable NK activity from the lung
      and liver, and concomitantly eliminated the metastasis-inhibiting effect of MVE
      2. These data are consistent with a role for organ-associated NK cells in
      inhibiting metastasis formation during the extravasation and/or early
      postextravasation phases of the metastatic process. The results also suggest that
      biologic effects of NK activity in spleen and blood can be dissociated from those
      mediated by NK activity in other organs by use of different treatment regimens
      with anti-asGM1 serum. Finally, because NK activity in target organs can be
      augmented to an even greater extent than in the blood and spleen by at least some
      biologic response modifiers (BRMs), organ-associated NK activity should be
      considered as a possible mechanism for the therapeutic effects of BRM treatment.

PMID- 3989309
TI  - Affinity labeling of the Fc receptor on human monocytes using bifunctional cross
      linking agents.
AB  - To affinity label the Fc receptor on human monocytes, Fc fragments of monoclonal
      human IgG1 radiolabeled with iodine 125 were covalently bound to the surface of
      intact monocytes using a variety of bifunctional cross-linking agents including
      ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate), dithio-bis-(succinimidyl
      proprionate), maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide, glutaraldehyde and dimethyl
      suberimidate. After cross-linking, cells were solubilized and subjected to sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by radioautography.
      Each of these cross-linkers caused a portion of cell-bound Fc fragments to form a
      covalent complex with a monocyte membrane component. This complex migrated on
      electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 120,000. Deducting the
      molecular weight of Fc fragments alone (53,000) the molecular weight of the
      second component of the complex therefore was about 67,000. A similar estimate of
      receptor size also was obtained after reduction with dithiothreitol. Complex
      formation was potently inhibited by unlabeled Fc fragments, IgG1 or IgG3, all of
      which would be expected to compete with Fc fragments for IgG Fc receptor on human
      monocytes, but was not inhibited by Fab fragments, IgG2 or IgG4, which do not
      bind avidly to this receptor. By quantitating the amount of complex formed in the
      presence of varying concentrations of labeled ligand, it could be demonstrated
      that complex formation was saturable, and that Fc fragments formed complexes with
      avidity comparable to that with which Fc fragments bound to receptors on intact
      monocytes. The findings establish the feasibility of using radiolabeled Fc
      fragments to affinity label the IgG Fc receptors on human leukocytes. Potential
      advantages of this approach to studying receptor structure are discussed.

PMID- 3989310
TI  - Cloning of hybridomas by a single-cell transfer technique.
AB  - A method for cloning hybridomas is described which involves transfer of single
      cells with a capillary tubing connected to a suction apparatus. This method
      enables the efficient recovery of antibody-producing clones of differing
      abundances from the parent hybridoma cultures. The 4 cell lines submitted to this
      cloning procedure produced a 100% yield of positive wells upon recloning by the
      same method.

PMID- 3989311
TI  - Antibody production by human X human hybridomas in serum-free medium.
AB  - Four human X human hybridomas were adapted to growth in serum-free medium
      consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with bovine serum albumin and transferrin
      (BSA/Tf medium). Production of specific monoclonal antibodies was maintained for
      more than 2 months. Although the maximal cell density achieved was lower than
      that in serum-supplemented medium, immunoglobulin production was similar or
      higher when results were expressed on a per viable cell basis. Thus it is
      feasible to grow human X human hybridomas in serum-free culture and it is
      possible that this will become the method of choice for large scale production of
      human monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 3989312
TI  - An improved multimembrane microassay for quantitating the motility of
      granulocytes and monocytes labeled with chromium-51.
AB  - Various modifications of the Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay have been used to
      screen patients for abnormalities in granulocyte or monocyte motility. In most
      cases, cell motility has been assessed by quantitating the fraction of cells that
      migrates from an upper chamber through a filter toward a lower chamber containing
      chemoattractant. Existing versions of the assay have several shortcomings. They
      are labor-intensive, require relatively large numbers of cells and lengthy
      incubation, or they require visual cell counting and do not permit assessment of
      cells which may drop off the filter into the attractant medium. We have improved
      the accuracy and efficiency of existing microchamber assays by using 51Cr-labeled
      cells to eliminate microscopic cell counting, shortening the incubation time,
      adjusting the assay sensitivity, and accounting for cells which drop off into the
      attractant well. The modified method uses Neuroprobe multiwell microchambers and
      two 10 microns polycarbonate filters with 3 microns pores on top of one 100
      microns nitrocellulose filter. The optimal incubation period is 60 min, and the
      assay requires about one-fifth as many cells as the standard Boyden chamber
      methods. Cell drop-off can be measured accurately by harvesting the attractant
      wells with detergent, and the assay sensitivity is comparable to that of existing
      radiometric assays using large chambers. The data indicate that the range of
      chemotactic and random motility of normal granulocytes and monocytes measured in
      the modified assay system is comparable to that reported for studies which have
      used established motility assays.

PMID- 3989313
TI  - Assays for, and cross-reactivities of, IgE antibodies to the muscle relaxants
      gallamine, decamethonium and succinylcholine (suxamethonium).
AB  - Two radioimmunoassays have been developed to detect IgE antibodies to
      succinylcholine, decamethonium and gallamine in the sera of patients who have
      experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions following administration of
      a muscle relaxant drug. They involve the coupling of choline and its ethyl
      analogue, triethylcholine to activated Sepharose. A high degree of cross
      reactivity was shown to occur between drug-reactive IgE antibodies and 6 muscle
      relaxants as well as choline and triethylcholine. Results suggest that the
      specificities of the IgE antibodies are directed towards quaternary or tertiary
      ammonium ions on the drugs that bind the antibodies. Molecular models of these
      compounds support the structure-activity relationships determined in the
      inhibition studies.

PMID- 3989314
TI  - Multiwell chamber chemotaxis assays: improved experimental design and data
      analysis.
AB  - The chemotaxis assay using the Boyden transfilter technique has become widely
      used in recent years for assessing migratory responses of a wide variety of cell
      types. In the study reported here we examined the migratory responses of mouse
      peritoneal macrophages using a multiwell chamber. The experiments were designed
      to analyze the components of variance in the assay method, to optimize the
      experimental design, and to develop objective statistical criteria for choosing
      among experiments with disparate results. Cell counts were obtained with the aid
      of an image analyzer coupled to a light microscope. Microcomputer software was
      developed to drive the image analyzer, collect data and conduct statistical
      analyses. Nested analysis of variance (ANOVA, either 2- or 3-level) was employed
      to partition the components of variance and F-tests were used to determine their
      significance. Significant sources of experimental error were identified both
      within and among wells and were attributed mostly to variability in the
      chamber/filter assembly and counting procedure. Statistical analyses demonstrated
      that there was significant variation among assays conducted in different
      multiwell chambers on the same day, among assays where the same agent was tested
      on different days in the same chamber, and among replicate counts of the same
      assay. The following recommendations were made: use ANOVA to distinguish
      differences due to biological effects from those due to experimental error,
      design experiments so that all relevant comparisons are included in the same
      chamber and the same assay, avoid pooling data from different assays unless ANOVA
      treatment variances are comparable, and when replicate assays yield disparate
      results choose the assay with the lowest percentage of variation due to
      experimental error.

PMID- 3989315
TI  - A semi-automated micro-assay for H2O2 release by human blood monocytes and mouse
      peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - H2O2 secreted by mononuclear phagocytes can be detected by monitoring the
      horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of fluorescent scopoletin. This
      technique has been adapted to a semi-automated micro-scale with the aid of
      automatic fluorescence and absorbance micro-culture plate readers to measure H2O2
      and protein, respectively, in the same culture wells. With these adaptations the
      assay can accurately and precisely detect as little as 0.1 nmol H2O2 or 1
      microgram cell protein, permitting the calculation of specific secretion (nmol
      H2O2/mg cell protein) from as few as 2 X 10(4) human blood monocytes or mouse
      peritoneal macrophages. Cumulative H2O2 secretion in individual wells may be
      recorded non-destructively at frequent intervals for time course measurements.
      Less than 1 min is required to record the fluorescence in all 96 wells of a micro
      culture plate. The assay is highly reproducible, with standard deviations for
      triplicates typically less than 5-10% of the mean, and gives values in close
      agreement with those obtained in 10-fold larger samples by previous methods.
      Using this assay it is feasible to process 1000 samples per day, with order of
      magnitude savings in labor, cells, sera, media, cytokines, and reagents compared
      to earlier forms of the assay. The assay is useful in evaluating the cellular
      effects of cytokines and for assaying their activity in chromatographic fractions
      and hybridoma cultures. We are currently using the assay to monitor the
      administration of interferon-gamma to patients with neoplasia.

PMID- 3989316
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of opsonin-independent phagocytosis by alveolar
      macrophages in monolayer using polystyrene microspheres.
AB  - Macrophages can bind and engulf a variety of particles in the absence of specific
      opsonins. Polystyrene-type microspheres are often employed to quantitate opsonin
      independent phagocytic activities of macrophages in vitro. Reliable measurement
      of this cell function, however, requires the ability of the investigator to
      distinguish between particles that are merely attached to the cell surface and
      those that are actually internalized. We have developed a simple, rapid, and
      reproducible method for quantitating phagocytosis using polystyrene microspheres
      and adherent alveolar macrophages. Basically, particles associated with
      macrophages after a given incubation time are microscopically quantitated on a
      cell-by-cell basis before and after toluene dissolution of external particles.
      Particle/macrophage values obtained after toluene treatment exclusively index
      phagocytosis.

PMID- 3989317
TI  - Use of topical acyclovir in immunocompromised patients: is healing of lesions
      accelerated?

PMID- 3989318
TI  - Specific immunoglobulin-class antibody responses in the elderly before and after
      14-valent pneumococcal vaccine.
AB  - Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring IgG-, IgA-, and IgM
      class antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, we studied responses
      of debilitated patients 71 to 95 years of age (average, 85 years) in nursing
      homes to 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine. A control group consisting of normal
      adults 23 to 41 years of age (average, 27 years) was used for comparison. Normal
      adults at 28 days postvaccination showed rises in IgG-, IgA-, and IgM-class
      antibodies to nearly all capsular polysaccharides. The IgG- and IgA-class
      antibody responses of the elderly patients did not differ significantly from
      those of the normal adults in most instances. IgM-class responses of the elderly
      subjects were poor and were significantly lower than those of the control group
      for six of 14 serotypes. Overall, these studies demonstrate that elderly
      patients, like healthy younger adults, mount a polyclonal antibody response to
      pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

PMID- 3989319
TI  - Tetanus antitoxin titers in women of childbearing age from nine diverse
      populations.
AB  - The proportion of women with tetanus antitoxin titers adequate to provide
      protection for themselves and for their newborn infants varied from 96% in New
      Haven, Connecticut to 19% in Santiago, Chile. Women of childbearing age in five
      of the nine areas (Sao Paulo, Recife, and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Ecuador; and
      Gazankulu, South Africa) had an average of 40% immunity to tetanus and did not
      differ significantly from one another. By comparison with Chile, where
      vaccination during pregnancy is not current policy, we estimate that 21%-34% of
      the women in these five areas had received toxoid recently. In general about half
      the women with inadequate titer had undetectable levels of antibody and may
      require more than one dose of vaccine to attain immunity.

PMID- 3989320
TI  - The use of C-reactive protein from cerebrospinal fluid for differentiating
      meningitis from other central nervous system diseases.
AB  - C-reactive protein (C-RP) determinations were performed by using the latex slide
      agglutination test on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 235 patients. The patients
      were categorized into the following groups: bacterial meningitis (n = 74); viral
      meningitis (n = 10); fever without bacterial meningitis (n = 80); neurological
      symptoms without infection (n = 25); intracranial hemorrhage (n = 10); increased
      intracranial pressure that was secondary to pseudotumor cerebri or hydrocephalus
      (n = 16); and malignancies (n = 20). On the initial lumbar puncture, the C-RP was
      positive in 97% (72 of 74) of the patients in group 1, as compared with 0% (0 of
      10), 6% (5 of 80), 20% (5 of 25), 50% (5 of 10), 6% (1 of 16), and 30% (6 of 20)
      in groups 2-7, respectively (P less than .0001). The C-RP test was able to detect
      bacterial meningitis with a sensitivity of 97% (72 of 74), a specificity of 86%
      (139 of 161), a positive predictive value of 77% (72 of 94), and a negative
      predictive value of 99% (139 of 141). These data indicate that C-RP
      determinations performed on CSF are useful and rapid clinical tests for the
      exclusion of the presence of bacterial meningitis in a patient.

PMID- 3989321
TI  - The induction of meningeal inflammation by components of the pneumococcal cell
      wall.
AB  - Pneumococcal cell wall induces meningeal inflammation in rabbits injected
      intracisternally with greater than 10(5) cell equivalents. Both of the major cell
      wall components, teichoic acid and peptidoglycan, contribute to this inflammatory
      activity although responses differ depending on the chemical nature, size, and
      complexity of these fractions. Challenge with teichoic acid (membrane or wall
      associated) results in greater inflammation at 5 hr than at 24 hr. Degraded
      teichoic acid is inactive. In contrast, the inflammation caused by whole cell
      wall or high-molecular-weight peptidoglycan-containing fractions increases in
      intensity from 5 to 24 hr. Peptidoglycan fractions lose activity at 24 hr when
      hydrolyzed to disaccharide-stem peptide moieties. Generation of free cell wall
      components in cerebrospinal fluid as, for example, during treatment with
      antibiotics that are bacteriolytic as well as bactericidal, could contribute to
      increased inflammation in the subarachnoid space.

PMID- 3989322
TI  - Development of serum antibody to toxic shock toxin among individuals with toxic
      shock syndrome in Wisconsin.
AB  - The presence of Staphylococcus aureus producing toxic shock toxin (TST) and the
      absence of antibody to TST (anti-TST) in acute-phase sera are markers for toxic
      shock syndrome (TSS). We used radioimmunoassay methods to examine 133 acute-phase
      and 277 convalescent-phase serum specimens from 181 patients with TSS for anti
      TST. Among confirmed menstrual cases, nine (9.5%) of 95 patients had demonstrable
      anti-TST in acute-phase sera obtained during the first seven days of illness;
      patients with probable or non-menstrual TSS had a higher prevalence of anti-TST
      in acute-phase sera. Five (33.3%) of 15 individuals with confirmed menstrual TSS
      developed anti-TST as early as seven to nine days after TSS onset; 32 (62.7%) of
      51 patients had demonstrable anti-TST in sera obtained more than one year after
      their episode of TSS. This study demonstrates a gradual rate and low magnitude of
      development of anti-TST after TSS and supports the diagnostic usefulness of
      measuring anti-TST levels in sera from patients suspected of having TSS.

PMID- 3989323
TI  - In vitro effect of phagocyte cationic peptides on Coccidioides immitis.
AB  - Several cationic peptides that were isolated from rabbit granulocytes exerted
      fungicidal activity against arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis in vitro. The
      fungicidal effect of the cationic peptides required at least 4-8 hr of contact
      between peptide and fungal cells and appeared to be dependent upon active fungal
      metabolism. The fungicidal activity was inhibited by increases in the tonicity of
      the growth medium but was not inhibited by changes in pH. These findings provide
      a potential mechanism whereby phagocytic cells may limit the spread of infection
      due to C. immitis.

PMID- 3989324
TI  - The effect of ketoconazole on amphotericin B in a model of disseminated
      aspergillosis.
AB  - The potential of ketoconazole prophylaxis to antagonize the activity of
      amphotericin B against aspergilli was investigated in vitro and in neutropenic
      mice. Exposure of Aspergillus fumigatus (six strains) and of Aspergillus flavus
      or Aspergillus niger to ketoconazole resulted in a uniform increase of the
      minimal fungicidal activity of amphotericin B, from 0.15-0.63 mg/liter to greater
      than 2.5 mg/liter in a microwell assay. To test the relevance of this antagonism
      in vivo, we challenged neutropenic mice iv with a lethal dose of conidia from two
      strains of A. fumigatus and then treated the mice first with ketoconazole and
      then with amphotericin B or amphotericin B plus ketoconazole. Pretreatment with
      ketoconazole for 48 hr completely abolished the protective effect of a subsequent
      therapy with amphotericin B, whether ketoconazole therapy was stopped (P less
      than .001) or not (P less than .001). Ketoconazole given alone had no significant
      effect on survival. Our data show that ketoconazole not only antagonized the
      fungicidal activity of amphotericin B in vitro but also abolished in vivo the
      protective effect of the only drug shown to be useful in the therapy of
      aspergillosis. The clinical importance of this antagonism, which is not limited
      to Aspergilli in vitro, requires careful consideration before ketoconazole
      prophylaxis can be recommended for patients at high risk of developing invasive
      opportunistic fungal infections.

PMID- 3989325
TI  - Hepatitis B virus-associated coinfection and superinfection with delta agent:
      indistinguishable disease with different outcome.
AB  - Markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and delta agent were prospectively tested in
      sera of 107 intravenous drug abusers with acute hepatitis positive for hepatitis
      B surface antigen (HBsAg) associated with delta infection and compared with the
      findings in addicts with acute classical hepatitis B. On the basis of the
      presence and titer of IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, 86 of the addicts
      with delta infection had simultaneously acquired HBV and delta agent, and 21 were
      chronic carriers of HBsAg experiencing acute delta superinfection. The
      frequencies of biphasic and severe hepatitis were significantly higher (P less
      than .05) in delta agent-infected patients than in controls, but the acute
      clinical and biochemical features of the two varieties of delta disease were not
      distinguishable. However, in analogy to the clinical outcome of classical
      hepatitis B, all patients with nonfatal acute HBV/delta coinfection had self
      limited illness, whereas 20 of 21 HBsAg carriers superinfected by delta agent
      developed chronic active hepatitis.

PMID- 3989327
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazil: association with sporadic diarrhea.

PMID- 3989326
TI  - Results of the first year of national surveillance of Campylobacter infections in
      the United States.

PMID- 3989329
TI  - Aeromonas hydrophila--an accepted enterotoxigenic "neoenteropathogen"?

PMID- 3989328
TI  - Local infection of the intravenous-cannulae wound associated with transparent
      dressings.

PMID- 3989330
TI  - Campylobacter jejuni isolated from a rectal biopsy specimen.

PMID- 3989331
TI  - Subtypes of Legionella pneumophila defined by monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 3989332
TI  - Effects of combined treatment with interferon and mezerein on melanogenesis and
      growth in human melanoma cells.
AB  - We have analyzed the effects of various human interferons produced in bacteria
      and the antileukemic compound mezerein (MEZ) on growth and melanogenesis in human
      melanoma cells. In four human melanoma cell lines, recombinant human fibroblast
      interferon (IFN-beta) was more active than recombinant human leukocyte
      interferons (IFN-alpha A, IFN-alpha D, or IFN-alpha A/D (Bgl] in inhibiting
      cellular proliferation. When monolayer cultures were exposed to 1000 IU/ml IFN
      beta for four days the degree of growth inhibition in the different melanoma cell
      lines varied between 94 and 26%. Similarly, four days growth in medium containing
      10 ng/ml MEZ resulted in either no inhibition of growth or as much as 53%
      inhibition of growth, depending on the specific melanoma cell line tested. MEZ
      induced dendrite-like processes, cytoplasmic projections morphologically similar
      to those normally found in neurons and melanocytes, in all four melanoma cell
      lines, whereas none of the interferons tested had this effect. The combination of
      interferon and MEZ resulted in a dramatic inhibition in cellular proliferation in
      all four melanoma cell lines. When cell extracts were assayed for melanin
      content, a marker of melanoma cell differentiation, the combination of IFN-beta
      and MEZ resulted in higher levels of melanin than with either agent alone.
      Dendrite-like formation was also prominent in the cultures treated with this
      combination. These results indicate that the antiproliferative effect of
      interferon toward human melanoma dells can be enhanced by treatment with MEZ and
      that this effect is associated with an enhancement of terminal differentiation.

PMID- 3989333
TI  - Cell to cell transmission of the "priming" effect on the induction of human
      fibroblast interferon.
AB  - Human fibroblast cells remain primed for IFN-beta 1 synthesis for at least 18
      days after the removal of IFN-beta 1, to the same extent as cells primed shortly
      before induction. The maximal effect of priming is observed in cells that are
      treated with IFN at low cell density and are subsequently allowed to undergo
      several divisions. This observation suggests that the information for priming is
      propagated from cell to cell upon cell division. A diminished priming effect is
      observed after cells undergo more than three divisions in culture, suggesting a
      dilution of the mediator responsible for the transmission of the effect. It was
      not possible to demonstrate intercellular communication of the priming effect by
      a mediator found in the medium or by cell to cell contact. Observation that
      priming persists in cells for 18 days in the absence of detectable levels of IFN
      in the medium, but virus-resistance declines after three days supports the
      previous suggestion for different mechanisms involved in these two IFN-induced
      phenomena.

PMID- 3989334
TI  - The fate of [125I]-labeled human leukocyte-derived alpha interferon in the rat.
AB  - In order to follow the catabolic fate of interferon in the body, [125I]-labeled
      human alpha interferon was infused into rats. Interferon activity and TCA
      precipitable radioactivity in the blood reached a steady state after 60 min of
      infusion, while TCA-soluble radioactivity continued to increase during the entire
      infusion period. A massive accumulation of both active interferon and degradation
      products of interferon were found in the kidney at the end of the infusion. Most
      of the interferon activity was found in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction,
      while most of the interferon degradation products were found in the supernatant
      fraction. Ligation of the kidney's blood vessels resulted in a large increase of
      interferon activity in the blood. Only a small increase was found in other
      organs, with no increase at all in radioactive degradation products. Our results
      suggest the kidney to be the main site of interferon catabolism. Low molecular
      weight degradation products are excreted from the kidney into the blood and are
      at least partially secreted in the urine and also taken up by other organs.

PMID- 3989335
TI  - Antiviral effect of bacterially produced human interferon (Hu-IFN alpha 2)
      against experimental vaccinia infection in calves.
AB  - The heterologous antiviral efficiency of bacterially produced human interferon
      (Hu-IFN alpha 2) in the bovine species was studied, using vaccinia infection as
      experimental model. In a double blind experiment, young calves were
      intramuscularly injected daily for seven consecutive days with different doses of
      Hu-IFN alpha 2 or placebo, the treatment starting 24 h before intradermal
      inoculation of vaccinia virus. A clear protection by interferon was observed in
      all the IFN treated animals, although individual variations in the sensitivity to
      IFN were recorded. The efficiency of treatment varied according to the dose of
      IFN used: With the highest dose (10(6) IU/kg), complete protection could be
      obtained. The only side-effect observed was hyperthermia. Circulating antiviral
      activity appeared quite early after each IFN injection, presented a more or less
      biphasic kinetics, and was completely cleared after 24 h, justifying the daily
      treatment schedule. The first evidence of an in vivo antiviral effect of human
      interferon in the bovine species opens broad perspectives for a future use of
      interferon in veterinary medicine.

PMID- 3989336
TI  - Measurement of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in patients receiving interferon
      alpha.
AB  - The interferon-induced intracellular enzyme, 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2,5A)
      synthetase, was measured in extracts of Ficoll-purified human peripheral
      mononuclear cells from 28 normal healthy individuals and 14 patients receiving
      injections of interferon-alpha. Basal and stimulated levels could be measured
      reproducibly in 2 X 10(6) cells. In both groups, mononuclear cell levels of 2,5A
      synthetase varied widely, but measurements were reproducible in each individual.
      In most instances, increases in enzyme activity were detected within 8 h of
      interferon-alpha administration. Elevated levels persisted for at least 24 h and
      were maintained with daily treatment. In two of the 14 patients, the enzyme level
      failed to respond to multiple interferon injections. Interestingly, these two
      patients had pretreatment enzyme levels that were markedly elevated relative to
      those of a healthy population. Measurement of 2,5A synthetase levels is a
      valuable addition to clinical interferon studies, since the results may help to
      resolve questions of the optimal dose, route, and schedule of interferon
      administration.

PMID- 3989338
TI  - [Fundamental studies on the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation
      (DIC) with antithrombin III (AT-III) concentrate].
AB  - The anticoagulant effect of antithrombin III (AT-III) in the management of
      disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was investigated. When AT-III
      concentrate (4 mg/0.2 ml) was added to pregnant whole blood (0.8 ml), r(21.0 +/-
      0.6 mm) and K(7.2 +/- 0.3 mm) (Mean +/- SE) were prolonged as compared with the
      saline control (C) (r: 18.6 +/- 0.6, K: 4.6 +/- 0.2 mm), and ma was decreased
      from 68.8 +/- 1.2 mm (C) to 60.3 +/- 1.0 mm (AT-III) on the TEG (p less than
      0.01). PT and aPTT were also prolonged by the addition of AT-III concentrate (p
      less than 0.01). DIC models in rabbits were induced by continuous infusion of
      endotoxin (E). AT-III concentrate was administered two hours after starting
      infusion of E. Anticoagulant activity was evident on the TEG. In the data on
      coagulative and fibrinolytic factors, there were no significant differences
      between the control and the group administered AT-III concentrate. Fibrin
      deposits in the renal glomeruli were reduced after administration of AT-III
      concentrate (control: 46.5 +/- 38.7%, AT-III: 13.4 +/- 27.9%). The decreasing
      rate of AT-III antigen was the same in E infusion and non-infusion groups.
      However, the rate of decrease in activity was higher in the former than in the
      latter (rate of decrease: 40.0% and 24.6% 8 hours after administration of the AT
      III concentrate). This indicated that inactive AT-III combined with thrombin and
      Xa might remain in the blood in DIC.

PMID- 3989337
TI  - [A clinical study on the prognosis of infants born by breech delivery].
AB  - The influence of breech and vertex delivery on intrapartum fetal and neonatal
      mortality was studied in 8,863 infants delivered at Kurashiki Central Hospital
      Perinatal Center. The rate of mortality was studied in cases without fatal
      congenital anomalies. The frequency of congenital anomaly was also studied in
      8,863 infants delivered by breech and vertex presentation. Infants were divided
      into five groups according to their birth weight: 99g or less, 1,000-1,499g,
      1,500-1,999g, 2,000-2,499g and 2,500g or more. Infants were also grouped into
      four by gestational age: 24-27 weeks, 28-31 weeks, 32-36 weeks and 37 weeks or
      more. The total infant mortality rate was 4.9% in breech delivery, and 0.5% in
      vertex delivery, respectively. This difference was statistically significant. The
      rate of major congenital anomaly in breech delivery was significantly higher than
      in vertex delivery. The rate of premature deliveries in breech presentation was
      also significantly higher than in vertex delivery. The rate of mortality in the
      group weighing 1,000-1,499g was 50.0% in breech delivery, and 17.6% in vertex
      delivery, respectively. This difference was statistically significant. The rate
      of mortality in the group delivered at 28-31 weeks gestational age was 62.5% in
      breech delivery, and 15.4% in vertex delivery, respectively (statistically
      significant). The rate of severe neonatal asphyxia in infants delivered at 28-31
      weeks of gestational age was significantly higher in breech delivery than in
      vertex delivery.

PMID- 3989339
TI  - [Functional interrelationship between granulosa and theca lutein cells in
      steroidogenesis in vitro by human corpus luteum].
AB  - To investigate the interrelation between steroidogenic function of granulosa and
      theca lutein cells of the human corpus luteum, twelve corpora lutea of
      menstruation and pregnancy were divided into inner and outer layers, each of
      which was histologically confirmed to be composed of pure granulosa lutein cells
      (GL) or GL plus theca lutein cells (TL), respectively. Slices of each layer were
      incubated with radioactive pregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and
      androstenedione respectively, and the metabolites were analysed by reverse
      dilution technique with recrystallization to constant specific activity. Both
      slices converted pregnenolone-14C to progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone,
      androstenedione, estrone and estradiol-17 beta, with progesterone being the major
      steroid formed. Formation of progesterone was significantly pronounced in the
      case of slices from the inner layer, while conversion into the other steroids was
      significantly higher in the case of slices from the outer layer. Formation of
      androstenedione from 17-hydroxyprogesterone-14C was also greater with the outer
      slices than the inner slices. However, conversion of androstenedione-14C to
      radioactive estrone and estradiol-17 beta was more efficient with the inner
      slices than the outer slices. These results suggest that the activity of
      aromatizing enzymes is higher in granulosa lutein cells, while that of 17 alpha
      hydroxylase and C17-C20 lyase is higher in theca lutein cells. Therefore,
      cooperation of the two cell types would be necessary for the fulfillment of the
      function of estrogen biosynthesis by human corpus luteum.

PMID- 3989340
TI  - [An ultrafine structural investigation of the placental basal plate].
AB  - An optical and electron microscopy evaluation of implantation sites of 7-9 week
      pregnancies was performed. The area of investigation was the basal plate and
      tissues extending both maternally and fetally. The progressive development of
      villous trophoblasts to cytotrophoblasts in the cell column to
      syncytiotrophoblasts, to free or "invasive" trophoblasts, and their relationships
      to the decidua and myometrium were studied. In the fibrinoid layer located
      between the maternal and fetal tissues are found trophoblasts with amoeboid
      extensions as well as those showing signs of degeneration. Also found are
      inflammatory cells of maternal origin and cellular debris. Deep in the fibrinoid
      layer, in the decidua, there are well developed round trophoblasts as well as
      some which invade the vascular lumens and replace the endothelial linings. Some
      of these invasive trophoblasts become polynuclear giant cells. These findings
      suggest that cytotrophoblasts which form the placental villi also actively invade
      maternal tissues, eliciting maternal immunologic responses, which result in the
      development of the fibrinoid layer or "Battle Zone", between the maternal and
      fetal tissues.

PMID- 3989341
TI  - [A study of bone metastasis of cervical carcinoma by bone scintigraphy].
AB  - In carrying out bone scintigraphy in 224 cases over the 5 years from June, 1978
      to May, 1983 as a part of the post-treatment management of cervical carcinoma, we
      obtained the following findings concerning bone metastasis. Bone metastases were
      seen in 12.5% (28 cases) of the subjects, about 6% of the total post-treatment
      cases of cervical carcinoma in the corresponding period (466 cases). Bone
      metastases were seen in 9.3% (16/172) of post-operative cases, compared with
      23.1% (12/52) of non-operative cases. Bone metastases were not seen in clinical
      stages Ia through IIa (49 cases) but were seen in IIb or higher stages. Bone
      metastasis rates by histological type, according to WHO classification, were
      12.8% (26/203) in squamous cell carcinoma, 5.9% (1/17) in adenocarcinoma, and 25%
      (1/4) in adenosquamous carcinoma. Among the squamous cell carcinoma cases, small
      cell non-keratinizing type had the highest bone metastasis rate (p less than
      0.05). Of 172 post-operative cases, 20.8% (11/53) of those with lymph node
      metastasis exhibited bone metastasis, higher than the 4.2% (5/119) in cases
      without lymph node metastasis. As to CPL classification, bone metastasis was seen
      more often in L type (18.8%) than C(0.0%) or P types (6.6%). Our risk
      classification of 168 cases demonstrated that bone metastasis was not seen in
      risk I group (74 cases), but was seen in 6.7% (1/17) of risk II group and in
      19.0% (15/79) of risk III group. Twenty-eight cases with bone metastasis included
      11 cases with local recurrence, 8 with pulmonary metastases, 4 with hepatic
      metastases and 4 with Virchow's lymph node metastases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3989342
TI  - [Significance of the adrenal medulla and brain catecholamine in perinatal period:
      their developmental changes and responses to hypoxia in fetal rats].
AB  - To elucidate the significance of adrenal medulla and brain catecholamines (CA) in
      perinatal adaptation, their developmental changes, responses to hypoxia and the
      relation between brain energy metabolism and secreted CA were investigated using
      fetal rats. The following results were obtained. Adrenal norepinephrine (NE)
      showed a gradual linear increase during the last week of gestation. Epinephrine
      (E) increased rapidly during the last 3 days to become predominant over NE. A
      gradual increase in brain NE was observed with advancing gestational age. In the
      term fetal rats, adrenal NE and E decreased significantly by 18.7% and 17.0%
      respectively after 30 minutes of hypoxia in utero. Brain NE decreased
      significantly during both hypoxia and recovery up to 60 minutes. The blood
      glucose levels were elevated markedly, reaching a peak at 30 minutes of recovery
      which corresponded to the peak of diminution of adrenal CA. The brain energy
      charge potential [(ATP) + 0.5(ADP)]/[(ATP) + (ADP) + (AMP)] fell significantly
      during hypoxia, followed by rapid recovery after hypoxia. It is concluded that
      matured fetal adrenal medulla responds to acute hypoxia, discharging both NE and
      E with sufficient reserve, and secreted CA plays an important role in maintaining
      the brain energy level during recovery after hypoxia. And the changes in brain NE
      content caused by hypoxia may be a causative factor in the neurological sequela
      of hypoxia.

PMID- 3989343
TI  - [The effects of site-directed chemotherapy due to E2 as a drug carrier to the
      human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells in vitro].
AB  - The effects of Estracyt, a Nitrogen mustard (HN2) derivative of estradiol-17 beta
      versus the free HN2 on cell kinetics of the estrogen receptor positive human
      endometrial cancer cell line HEC-1 were investigated using flow cytometry. The
      results were as follows. The cell killing effects of Estracyt existed in a
      dependency on dose and time, whereas those of HN2 were dependent on dose alone.
      HN2 at 1 microgram/ml showed a marked increase in S phase and decrease in G0+1
      phase. However, with equivalent doses of Estracyt at 10 micrograms/ml, even more
      remarkable was the accumulation in the G2+M phase. Synchronization at S phase
      with MTX showed no increase in sensitivity to these drugs on cells in S phase.
      Based on the above results, it was suggested that the free HN2 had an affect
      regardless of the cell cycle phase, whereas the effects of Estracyt corresponded
      to the cell cycle phase and Estracyt might have a fixed population of non-target
      cells existing in the G0+1 and S phase. Synchronization in the G1 phase with
      Sodium n-butylate could increase the target effects of Estracyt in S phase.

PMID- 3989344
TI  - [Effects of sperm immobilizing antibodies on human fertilization in vitro].

PMID- 3989345
TI  - [High risk factors for hydatidiform mole].

PMID- 3989347
TI  - Renal counterbalance.
AB  - Unilateral renal injury, whether caused by ureteral obstruction or ischemia, is
      followed by an increase in RVR, a decrease in RBF, and eventual tubular atrophy.
      Each of these abnormalities can be modified by a reduction in the function of the
      contralateral kidney. Whether this occurs as a result of increases in
      vasodilatory substances or decreases in vasoconstrictor compounds is unknown.
      Equally uncertain is the possibility that the response is mediated by the
      accumulation of naturally occurring cytoprotective agents. In either case, a
      stimulus for growth of the previously damaged kidney seems to be necessary for
      full recovery to occur. It appears that this response primarily involves the
      regeneration of tubular epithelial cells and differs from that associated with
      compensatory hypertrophy. This may require adjustments in the action of other
      growth factors or inhibitors. Hinman believed that counterbalance described a
      relationship between a hypertrophic kidney and an injured kidney and required the
      presence of both. However, it is quite possible that a similar relationship may
      exist in instances of bilateral disease when the injury does not involve all
      nephrons to the same extent. If so, a vicious circle may be established in which
      the least-damaged nephrons, which are first to recover, later hypertrophy. This
      internal redistribution of function may not only suppress the recovery of the
      most severely injured nephrons but also promote their eventual atrophy.
      Ultimately, the continued hypertrophy and hyperfusion of the functioning nephrons
      may lead to sclerotic changes within their glomeruli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3989346
TI  - Ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules: histo-pathological analysis.

PMID- 3989348
TI  - Effects of storage conditions on platelet cytoskeletal proteins.
AB  - The platelet cytoskeleton is a major determinant of platelet morphology and
      function. Changes in the protein composition of the cytoskeleton were studied
      during storage of platelets at 20 degrees to 24 degrees C under blood banking
      conditions. Cytoskeletons were prepared by extraction of washed platelets with
      the detergent Triton X-100 and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to the three major proteins
      visible with Coomassie blue staining--actin, myosin, and actin-binding protein-
      silver staining revealed other proteins associated with the cytoskeletons of
      freshly collected and stored platelets. The resting platelet cytoskeleton
      contained 8% to 10% of the total platelet protein and approximately 50% of the
      total actin. During storage of platelet concentrates for up to five days in the
      PL 732 container, proteins of 50,000 to 55,000 and 90,000 mol wt were
      increasingly incorporated into the Triton-insoluble fraction, whereas the amounts
      of cytoskeleton-associated actin-binding protein, myosin, and actin were
      maintained at levels present in fresh platelets. Storage of platelets under
      conditions that allowed the reduction of platelet concentration pH to nearly 6.0
      resulted in a marked decrease in the amounts of the major proteins of the
      cytoskeleton. The loss of specific proteins from platelets stored for extended
      periods with reduced pH, accompanied by the appearance of lower molecular weight
      proteins in the cytoskeleton, suggests that extensive proteolysis may occur under
      certain storage conditions. These data show that the conditions employed for
      storage of platelet concentrates influence the protein composition of the
      cytoskeleton and the total protein content of the platelet.

PMID- 3989349
TI  - Reversible suppression of the vascular contractile response in rats with
      obstructive jaundice.
AB  - Both patients and experimental animals with obstructive jaundice manifest
      vascular instability, with animals showing a blunted vascular response to
      norepinephrine (NE). We sought an intrinsic abnormality of vascular smooth muscle
      by studying the contractile response of isolated, helically cut aortic strips and
      intact portal veins to cumulative doses of NE in rats with bile duct ligation
      (BDL) at different times compared with sham-operated (SO) rats as controls. At 3
      days after surgery, the mean cumulative maximal contractile response (Rmax) of
      the aortic strip of BDL rats (94.3 +/- 9.0 mg/mg tissue) was significantly lower
      than that of SO controls (145.3 +/- 11.5 mg/mg tissue) (P less than 0.005),
      associated with a tendency toward decreased sensitivity (half-maximal dose
      [ED50]) (18.2 +/- 6.75 nmol/L vs. 6.7 +/- 0.6 nmol/L). By 6 days, there was no
      difference between the two groups. Similarly, by 3 days the mean Rmax for portal
      vein contraction in BDL rats (694 +/- 72 mg) was significantly lower than that
      for SO rats (1000 +/- 143 mg). In contrast, mean ED50 of the portal veins of BDL
      rats (327 +/- 65 nmol/L) was significantly less than that of SO rats (881 +/- 216
      nmol/L), indicating greater sensitivity. At 1 and 6 days after surgery there was
      no significant difference between the two groups. These alterations in the
      vascular contractile response coincided with the maximum increases in serum
      bilirubin and liver enzyme levels. In conclusion, this study indicates that the
      circulatory abnormalities associated with obstructive jaundice are associated, at
      least in part, with suppression of the vascular contractile response caused by
      some abnormality of the vascular musculature.

PMID- 3989350
TI  - Plasma glutathione in health and in patients with malignant disease.
AB  - The total glutathione concentration (oxidized plus reduced) of human plasma was
      investigated. Glutathione was found to disappear when added to plasma, the loss
      of reduced glutathione being much more rapid than the loss of oxidized
      glutathione. The glutathione content of plasma from normal humans was found to be
      0.91 +/- 0.24 mumol/L (mean +/- 1 SD) when plasma extracts were prepared exactly
      10 minutes after the blood had been drawn. The glutathione content of rat plasma
      was about 15 times as high as that of human plasma. Patients with a variety of
      malignant disorders were found to have markedly lowered plasma glutathione
      levels. This did not seem to be associated with chemotherapy or with type of
      neoplasm. The administration of acetaminophen to rabbits and to human volunteers
      did not affect plasma glutathione levels.

PMID- 3989351
TI  - Intestinal metabolism of a random-bonded polyglucose bulking agent in humans: in
      vitro and in vivo studies of hydrogen evolution.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the extent of
      intestinal fermentation of polydextrose, a random-bonded glucose polymer proposed
      as a low-calorie bulking agent in weight-reducing diets. The evolution of
      hydrogen gas was the index of bacterial fermentation. Oral ingestion of 15 gm
      polydextrose by healthy volunteers produced a flat breath hydrogen response,
      equivalent to that of glucose, and significantly less than that of lactulose. In
      vitro incubation of a polydextrose solution with fecal homogenates produced 24.8%
      of the hydrogen production of a comparable glucose solution. When either milk or
      lactose-hydrolyzed milk containing 18 gm intrinsic carbohydrate was mixed with 18
      gm polydextrose, a significantly greater breath hydrogen excretion was observed
      as compared with the respective beverages alone. There is minimal in vivo
      fermentation of polydextrose when consumed alone, but when mixed into foods it
      may produce carbohydrate malabsorption or itself be more readily fermented.

PMID- 3989352
TI  - Regulation of heme metabolism in normal and sideroblastic bone marrow cells in
      culture.
AB  - Heme metabolism was examined in developing in vitro erythroid colonies (CFUE) and
      in bone marrow samples taken directly from four normal donors and four patients
      with sideroblastic anemia. As previously reported, sideroblastic anemia bone
      marrow cells grew large numbers of CFUE in methylcellulose culture in the absence
      or presence of erythropoietin. Maximum activities of delta-aminolevulinic acid
      synthase (ALAS), ALA dehydratase (ALAD), and 14C-ALA incorporation into heme were
      achieved in normal marrow CFUE after 8 days of culture, whereas heme oxygenase
      progressively decreased to low levels of activity during the same period. Assays
      on nucleated bone marrow cells taken directly from patients revealed that ALAS
      activity was considerably reduced in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia (IASA) and X
      linked sideroblastic anemia (X-SA) bone marrow specimens, whereas the activity
      increased more than twofold (normal levels) when cells were assayed from 8-day
      CFUE. In all cases, ALAD activity appeared to be within normal levels.
      Measurement of heme synthesis revealed that normal levels of 14C-ALA
      incorporation into heme were achieved in IASA cells but were reduced in X-SA
      cells. In marked contrast to levels in normal cells, heme oxygenase was found to
      be significantly elevated (two- to fourfold) in bone marrow cells taken directly
      from patients with IASA and X-SA. Results from this study demonstrate that IASA
      and X-SA bone marrow cells have disturbances in ALAS and heme metabolism, and
      that erythropoiesis (CFUE) can be restored to normal levels when cells are
      cultured in methylcellulose.

PMID- 3989353
TI  - Indium 111 toxicity in the human lymphocyte.
AB  - Indium-labeled lymphocytes were examined for response to a variety of mitogens,
      ability to synthesize immunoglobulins, mitotic index, and presence of chromosome
      aberrations at a range of exposures from 0.2 to 500 muCi/10(8) cells. Results of
      all four tests were found to be abnormal when the lymphocytes were labeled with
      111In activities well within those employed for diagnostic testing.

PMID- 3989354
TI  - Reduced platelet-mediated and enhanced leukocyte-mediated fibrinolysis in
      experimentally induced diabetes in rats.
AB  - Studies of fibrinolytic activity in diabetes mellitus have produced conflicting
      results. This may be a result of methodologic insensitivity or of variable
      contributions of the different blood components to whole blood fibrinolysis. To
      explore these two possibilities, we used a sensitive solid-phase radiometric
      assay to examine the fibrinolytic activity of whole blood, platelet-rich plasma,
      leukocytes, and platelet- and leukocyte-poor plasma prepared from control rats
      and rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes at various times after induction of
      diabetes. Fibrinolytic activity of whole blood from diabetic rats after 7 days
      was significantly reduced, and remained reduced after longer durations of
      diabetes up to 28 days. Platelet-rich plasma from diabetic rats had decreased
      fibrinolytic activity, which followed the same time course of changes as in whole
      blood. The platelet contribution to whole blood fibrinolysis was further reduced
      in vivo after 14 days of diabetes by a reduced whole blood platelet count. In
      contrast, fibrinolytic activity of leukocytes from diabetic rats became enhanced
      after 7 days of diabetes. After 49 days of diabetes, the whole blood leukocyte
      count was reduced, and in vivo would offset the enhanced activity. Plasma
      fibrinolytic activity was small compared with that of whole blood and was
      unaltered in diabetic rats. We conclude that altered platelet function
      contributes to decreased fibrinolytic activity of whole blood in diabetic rats,
      and that this may be partially offset by enhanced leukocyte-mediated
      fibrinolysis.

PMID- 3989355
TI  - Acetaminophen liver injury: sequential changes in two biochemical indices of
      regeneration and their relationship to histologic alterations.
AB  - Massive liver injury was produced in fasting male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing
      200 +/- 25 gm each by gastric administration of 1400 mg/kg acetaminophen. The
      time sequence of changes in liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, which
      reflects the earliest phases of cell multiplication, liver thymidine kinase (TK)
      activity, which reflects DNA synthesis, and liver histology (necrosis, mitosis,
      and repair processes) was recorded. ODC showed the usual biphasic response. By 12
      hours, it reached its first peak, a six- to eightfold increase. At this time
      there was no histologic evidence of necrosis, and serum malate dehydrogenase
      (MDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) were
      normal. During the next 12 hours ODC decreased by 60% to 70% and cellular
      necrosis became evident, and reached a peak at 24 to 36 hours, as did serum MDH,
      SDH, and SGPT. The serum enzymes fell precipitously at 48 hours, but the
      histologic evidence of necrosis subsided gradually over 60 hours. The secondary
      ODC peak, a fourfold increase, coincided with rising activity of TK, which
      increased 25- to 35-fold over 54 to 72 hours, and then subsided. At 54 hours,
      when DNA synthesis had already peaked, there was no histologic evidence of repair
      other than mitoses. However, within the next 6 hours, evidences of repair became
      prominent, and remained so for another 36 hours before subsiding. Thus, with
      acetaminophen injury, the initial phases in preparation for cell multiplication
      occurred before histologic evidence of injury was apparent, and DNA synthesis
      peaked before other evidence of tissue repair became evident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989356
TI  - Inhibition of Hageman factor (factor XII) by popcorn inhibitor.
AB  - A protein derived from sweet corn or popcorn inhibits the enzymatic activity of
      the carboxy-terminal fragment of Hageman factor (HFf) and of ellagic acid
      activated Hageman factor (HF, factor XII). Not clarified is whether the inhibitor
      is directed at the active site of HF. Filtration of normal plasma or purified HF
      through columns of popcorn inhibitor bound to agarose gels demonstrated that HF
      was bound to these gels and could then be eluted by buffers containing 2.0 mol/L
      sodium chloride. The eluted HF was in the precursor form. Thus, popcorn inhibitor
      appeared to attach to a point on the carboxy-terminal HFf that was distinct from
      the enzymatically active site of this clotting factor.

PMID- 3989358
TI  - A rare case of chondroblastoma patella in a jumping athlete.

PMID- 3989357
TI  - Guinea pig and human red cell hemolysates release iron from transferrin.
AB  - Despite a binding constant of 10(22) L/mol-1, iron is released from transferrin
      in the reticulocyte. The mechanism of this release is unclear. It has been
      suggested that iron is released from transferrin in endocytic vesicles that have
      been acidified. But the carboxy-terminal iron in transferrin is acid stable at
      the pH apparently achieved in the endocytic vesicle, and is, nevertheless,
      released. We found that red cell hemolysates, at neutral pH, will release iron
      from transferrin. With molecular sieve chromatography, the activity is seen to
      consist of high and low molecular weight components. The activity of both
      components is susceptible to destruction by phosphatases. The releasing activity
      of hemolysates can account for about 25% of the iron uptake of a reticulocyte at
      pH 7; at pH 5.5 (the purported pH of the endocytic vesicle), the releasing
      activity is sufficient to account for all the iron taken by the reticulocyte.

PMID- 3989359
TI  - The oligohydramnios tetrad: its impact on genetic counseling.

PMID- 3989360
TI  - Issues of health care in Kentucky: hospital and physician advertising.

PMID- 3989361
TI  - Personal behavior and professional ethics: implications for special educators.

PMID- 3989362
TI  - Use of adaptive behavior and discrepancy criteria to determine learning
      disabilities severity subtypes.

PMID- 3989363
TI  - Main and interaction effects of metallic pollutants on cognitive functioning.

PMID- 3989365
TI  - The cause of public school failure: the schools of education.

PMID- 3989364
TI  - The development of encoding processes in learning disabled children.

PMID- 3989366
TI  - Competencies for teachers and students in learning disabilities resource rooms.

PMID- 3989367
TI  - Disorders of written communication: an instructional priority for LD students.

PMID- 3989368
TI  - An attribution training program with learning disabled children.

PMID- 3989369
TI  - Vision development in the classroom.

PMID- 3989370
TI  - Self-concepts, locus of control and performance expectations of learning disabled
      children.

PMID- 3989371
TI  - The effect of multisensory instruction upon the on-task behaviors and word
      reading accuracy of learning disabled children.

PMID- 3989373
TI  - Effecting a teacher-child match.

PMID- 3989372
TI  - Nutrition, environmental toxins and computerized EEG: a mini-max approach to
      learning disabilities.

PMID- 3989374
TI  - Is hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoprotein a precursor of normal low
      density lipoprotein?
AB  - The precursor-product relationship of very low density (VLDL) and low density
      lipoproteins (LDL) was studied. VLDL obtained from normal (NTG) and
      hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) subjects was fractionated by zonal ultracentrifugation
      and subjected to in vitro lipolysis. The individual subfractions and their
      isolated lipolysis products, as well as IDL and LDL, were rigorously
      characterized. A striking difference in the contribution of cholesteryl ester to
      VLDL is noted. In NTG subfractions, the cholesteryl ester to protein ratio
      increases with decreasing density (VLDL-I----VLDL-III). This is the expected
      result of triglyceride loss through lipolysis and cholesteryl ester gain through
      core-lipid transfer protein action. In HTG subfractions there is an abnormal
      enrichment of cholesteryl esters that is most marked in VLDL-I and nearly absent
      in VLDL-III. Thus, the trend of the cholesteryl ester to protein ratios is
      reversed, being highest in HTG-VLDL-I and lowest in VLDL-III. This is
      incompatible with the precursor-product relationship described by the VLDL----IDL
      ---LDL cascade. In vitro lipolysis studies support the conclusion that not all
      HTG-VLDL can be metabolized to LDL. While all NTG subfractions yield products
      that are LDL-like in size, density, and composition, only HTG-VLDL-III, whose
      composition is most similar to normal, does so. HTG VLDL-I and VLDL-II products
      are large and light populations that are highly enriched in cholesteryl ester. We
      suggest that this abnormal enrichment of HTG-VLDL with cholesteryl ester results
      from the prolonged action of core-lipid transfer protein on the slowly
      metabolized VLDL mass. This excess cholesteryl ester load, unaffected by the
      process of VLDL catabolism, remains entrapped within the abnormal particle.
      Therefore, lipolysis yields an abnormal, cholesteryl ester-rich product that can
      never become LDL.

PMID- 3989375
TI  - Estimation of bile acid pool sizes from their spillover into systemic blood.
AB  - We have examined the possibility of assessing primary bile acid pool sizes from
      the spillover of the bile acids into systemic blood after intestinal exposure to
      the total endogenous bile acid pool; the studies were carried out in 16 healthy
      subjects. Bile acid spillover was calculated as the integrated area under the
      curve of bile acid conjugates in serum of each primary bile acid class in
      response to a well-defined sustained cholecystokinin-induced stimulus of the
      enterohepatic circulation for 55 min causing complete gallbladder emptying. Serum
      levels of each species of primary bile acid conjugates were measured by two
      specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays, one for conjugated cholate and one for
      conjugated chenodeoxycholate. Primary bile acid pool sizes determined with [24
      14C]cholic acid and [24-14C]chenodeoxycholic acid according to Lindstedt (1957.
      Acta Physiol. Scand. 40:1-9) served as reference. Bile acid conjugates of both
      species reached a peak 70 min after the start of the cholecystokinin infusion,
      probably reflecting simultaneous intestinal absorption of both primary bile acids
      in this model. Highly significant linear correlations were found between the
      integrated areas under the curve and primary bile acid pool sizes, which were
      closer for chenodeoxycholate (n = 16, r = 0.81, P less than 0.001) than for
      cholate (n = 16, r = 0.74, P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989377
TI  - Human apolipoprotein A-I isoprotein metabolism: proapoA-I conversion to mature
      apoA-I.
AB  - ProapoA-I (apoA-i+2 isoform) is the major apoA-I isoprotein secreted by the liver
      and intestine; however, it is a minor isoprotein in plasma and lymph where the
      major A-I apo-lipoprotein is mature apoA-I (apoA-I0, apoA-I-1, and apoA-I-2
      isoforms). In the present report we provide evidence that apoA-I is rapidly and
      quantitatively converted to mature apoA-I, and the mature apoA-I isoforms are
      catabolized at equal rates. In these studies, human proapoA-I was isolated from
      thoracic duct chylomicrons collected during active fat absorption and mature apoA
      I was isolated from plasma high density lipoproteins. The isolated lipoproteins
      were delipidated, fractionated by gel permeation chromatography, and the
      individual apoA-I isoforms were separated by preparative isoelectrofocusing. The
      metabolism of apoA-I isoproteins was studied in normal volunteers (N = 6) in a
      metabolic ward. In the first study proapoA-I and mature apoA-I (apoA-I0 isoform)
      were injected simultaneously into two normal subjects and the conversion of
      proapoA-I to mature apoA-I and the decay of radioactivity were followed in plasma
      and HDL over a 14-day period. ProapoA-I was rapidly and completely converted to
      mature apoA-I with a fractional rate of conversion of 4.0 pools/day. The average
      residence times of proapoA-I and mature apoA-I were 0.23 and 6.5 days,
      respectively. The mature apoA-I derived from proapoA-I had a residence time which
      was the same as the injected mature apoA-I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989376
TI  - The origin of cholesterol in the mesenteric lymph of the rat.
AB  - These studies were performed to quantitate the amounts of newly synthesized
      cholesterol secreted in the mesenteric lymph of the rat and to define the origin
      of this cholesterol. In control animals receiving no dietary fat, the amount of
      newly synthesized sterol entering the lymph increased linearly with respect to
      time over 24 hr. When a continuous intravenous infusion of chylomicrons was given
      or when the animals were prefed a diet containing 2.0% cholesterol to inhibit
      hepatic, but not intestinal or peripheral, cholesterol synthesis, the secretion
      of newly synthesized sterol in lymph was markedly suppressed, suggesting that the
      liver was its ultimate site of origin. When the animals were subjected to either
      blockade of intestinal cholesterol absorption or biliary diversion, there was a
      decrease in both the newly synthesized and total mass of cholesterol in lymph by
      approximately 60%, indicating that the majority was normally derived from the
      absorption of luminal (primarily biliary) sterol. In the absence of dietary
      cholesterol, the remainder was probably derived from plasma lipoproteins that
      were filtered through the intestinal capillaries into the lymph. In contrast,
      when lymph was collected during active fat absorption, the intestine was found to
      secrete sterol newly synthesized by the epithelium. Such newly synthesized
      cholesterol was found predominantly in the unesterified fraction and accounted
      for approximately 27% of the total sterol found in lymph at the end of the
      experiment. From these studies it was concluded that in the absence of fat
      absorption, sterol synthesized in the intestinal mucosa was incorporated
      predominantly into cell membranes and did not enter intestinal lymph to any
      significant degree. However, during fat absorption, a fraction of this newly
      synthesized sterol pool was incorporated into lipoproteins and so was delivered
      through the intestinal lymph to the body pools of cholesterol.

PMID- 3989378
TI  - Comparison of effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated
      fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man.
AB  - Twenty patients consumed a liquid diet in which the predominant fatty acids were
      either saturated (Sat), monounsaturated (Mono), or polyunsaturated (Poly). The
      fats in these three diets comprised 40% of total calories and consisted of palm
      oil, high-oleic safflower oil, and high-linoleic safflower oil, respectively.
      During the third and fourth week of each dietary period, multiple samples of
      blood were taken and were analyzed for plasma total cholesterol (TC),
      triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions (VLDL-C, LDL-C, and
      HDL-C). Twelve of the patients had normal TG levels; in these patients, both Mono
      and Poly diets caused statistically significant and equal lowerings of plasma LDL
      C, but the Poly diet lowered HDL-C levels more frequently than did the Mono diet.
      Neither diet changed the level of plasma TG. The proportions of total protein and
      the various lipid components in isolated fractions (VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) were not
      altered by the two diets. Eight patients had hypertriglyceridemia; these
      individuals showed considerable variability in response to Mono and Poly diets.
      Although there was a trend towards reductions in TC and LDL-C levels by both
      types of unsaturated fats, the changes were inconsistent; furthermore, HDL-C
      concentrations were low on the Sat diet and were unaffected by either the Mono or
      the Poly diet. The results of this study show that oleic acid is as effective as
      linoleic acid in lowering LDL-C levels in normo-triglyceridemic patients, and
      oleic acid seemingly reduces HDL-C levels less frequently than does linoleic
      acid. Neither type of unsaturated fat had striking effects on lipoprotein levels
      of hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PMID- 3989380
TI  - Role of very low density lipoproteins in the energy metabolism of the rat.
AB  - The role of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the energy metabolism of
      conscious, 24-hr fasted rats was studied. VLDL labeled with [2-3H]glycerol and [1
      14C]palmitate were infused into the rats, along with [1-13C]palmitate bound to
      albumin and d-8-glycerol, and various metabolic factors were assessed. The rates
      of appearance in plasma of fatty acids in VLDL and albumin-bound free fatty acids
      (FFA) were about equal, on a molar basis, and only a small fraction of the FFA
      flux was derived from VLDL. The rate of direct oxidation of the fatty acids from
      VLDL was 4.4 +/- 0.9 mumol of FA/kg X min, as compared with the value of 4.0 +/-
      0.42 mumol of FA/kg X min for plasma FFA. Four percent of the plasma glycerol
      flux was derived from VLDL. Thus, the direct oxidation of fatty acids in VLDL
      played an important role in the energy metabolism of the rats, accounting for a
      percentage of the total CO2 production that was equal to the amount that arose
      from the oxidation of plasma FFA. The oxidation of VLDL-fatty acids did not
      involve prior entry of the fatty acids into the plasma FFA pool to any
      significant extent.

PMID- 3989379
TI  - Increased plasma cholestanol and 5 alpha-saturated plant sterol derivatives in
      subjects with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis.
AB  - We have measured plasma sterol composition in 14 subjects with sitosterolemia and
      xanthomatosis. In addition to elevated plasma phytosterol (campesterol 16 +/- 7
      mg/dl and sitosterol 35 +/- 16 mg/dl) and normal to moderately high cholesterol
      levels (258 +/- 96 mg/dl), concentrations of 5 alpha-saturated stanols,
      cholestanol, 5 alpha-campestanol, and 5 alpha-sitostanol were at least 10 times
      greater than controls. Diets contained plentiful quantities of cholesterol and
      plant sterols, but only trace amounts of cholestanol (less than 2 mg/day) and no
      detectable 5 alpha-campestanol and 5 alpha-sitostanol, which indicated that the 5
      alpha-saturated stanols were formed endogenously. Treatment with cholestyramine
      reduced plasma cholesterol and phytosterol levels by 45% and 5 alpha-saturated
      stanols by 55%. These results indicate that abnormally high plasma concentrations
      of cholestanol, 5 alpha-campestanol, and 5 alpha-sitostanol are found in subjects
      with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis, and that treatment with cholestyramine
      effectively reduced elevated plasma sterol levels.

PMID- 3989381
TI  - Role of lipid transfers in the formation of a subpopulation of small high density
      lipoproteins.
AB  - The effect of lipid transfers on the structure and composition of high density
      lipoproteins (HDL) has been studied in vitro in incubations that contained the
      lipoprotein-free fraction of human plasma as a source of lipid transfer protein.
      These incubations did not contain lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity
      and were not supplemented with lipoprotein lipase. Incubations were performed at
      37 degrees C for 6 hr in both the presence and absence of either added very low
      density lipoproteins (VLDL) or the artificial triglyceride emulsion, Intralipid.
      Incubation in the absence of added VLDL or Intralipid had little or no effect on
      the HDL. By contrast, incubation in the presence of either VLDL or Intralipid
      resulted in marked changes in the HDL. The effect of incubation with VLDL was
      qualitatively similar to that of Intralipid; both resulted in obvious transfers
      of lipid and changes in the density, particle size, and composition of HDL.
      Incubation of the plasma fraction of density 1.006-1.21 g/ml, total HDL, or HDL3
      with either VLDL or Intralipid resulted in the following: 1) a depletion of the
      cholesteryl ester and free cholesterol content and an increase in the
      triglyceride content of both HDL2 and HDL3; 2) a decrease in density and an
      increase in particle size of the HDL3 to form a population of HDL2-like
      particles; and 3) the formation of a discrete population of very small
      lipoproteins with a density greater than that of the parent HDL3. The newly
      formed lipoproteins had a mean particle radius of 3.7-3.8 nm and consisted mainly
      of protein, predominantly apolipoprotein A-I and phospholipid.

PMID- 3989382
TI  - Identification of bile alcohols in human bile.
AB  - Human gallbladder bile was examined for bile alcohols. Following isolation and
      hydrolysis, the bile alcohols were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following bile alcohols were identified
      with certainty by direct comparison with reference standards: 5 beta-cholane-3
      alpha,-7 alpha,23,24-tetrol; 5 beta-cholane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol;
      24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol; 27-nor-5 beta
      cholest-25-ene-3 alpha,7 alpha,-12 alpha,24-tetrol; 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha
      trihydroxy-27-nor-5 beta-cholestan-24-one; 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7
      alpha,12 alpha,24,25-pentol; 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12
      alpha,24,25,26-hexol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,24-triol; 5 beta
      cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,25-triol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,26-triol;
      5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol; 5 beta-cholestane-3
      alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25
      tetrol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26-tetrol; (24R)- and (24S)-5
      beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25-pentols; 5 beta-cholestane-3
      alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,26-pentol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,
      25,26-pentol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26,27-pentol; 26-methoxy
      5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol. There also existed two
      norcholestanetetrols and three cholestanetetrols with two hydroxyl substituents
      on the nucleus and two in the side chain. The human biliary bile alcohols
      occurred mainly as sulfate esters and in lesser amounts as glucuronoconjugated
      and unconjugated forms. The amount of total bile alcohols was about 0.9 mg (0.7
      1.2 mg) in 1 g of bile solid, or 0.16 mumol (0.07-0.24 mumol) in 1 ml of
      gallbladder bile.

PMID- 3989383
TI  - Lipophorin of the larval honeybee, Apis mellifera L.
AB  - Most insects have a major lipoprotein species in the blood (hemolymph) that
      serves to transport fat from the midgut to the storage depots in fat body cells
      and from the fat body to peripheral tissues. The generic name lipophorin is used
      for this lipoprotein. In larvae of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, a lipophorin has
      been found with properties that correlate well with those of the only other
      lipophorin reported for an immature insect, that of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca
      sexta. The honeybee lipophorin (Mr = 530,000) has a density of 1.13 g/ml,
      contains approximately 41% lipid and 59% protein, and contains two apoproteins,
      apoLp-I, Mr = 250,000 and apoLp-II, Mr = 80,000, both of which are glycosylated.
      The lipids consist predominantly of polar lipids, of which phospholipids and
      diacylglycerols represent 60% of the total. When the intact lipophorin is treated
      with trypsin, apoLp-I is rapidly proteolyzed, while apoLp-II is resistant,
      indicating a difference in exposure of the two apoproteins to the aqueous
      environment. Honeybee apoLp-II cross-reacts with antibodies to M. sexta apoLp-II,
      but not to anti-M. sexta apoLp-I. No cross-reactivity of honeybee apoLp-I to anti
      M. sexta apoLp-I was observed.

PMID- 3989384
TI  - Preparation of GM1 ganglioside molecular species having homogeneous fatty acid
      and long chain base moieties.
AB  - A new procedure is described for preparing the molecular species of GM1
      ganglioside that carry a single fatty acid (myristic (C14:0), stearic (C18:0),
      arachidic (C20:0) or lignoceric (C24:0) acid) and a single long chain base (C18
      or C20 sphingosine, C18 or C20 sphinganine, each of them in natural 3D(+)erythro
      or unnatural 3L(-)threo form). The procedure consisted of the following steps: a)
      alkaline hydrolysis of GM1 ganglioside in the presence of tetramethylammonium
      hydroxide, which produces de-N-acylation of the ceramide and de-N-acetylation of
      the sialic acid residue; b) specific re-N-acylation at the long chain base amino
      group with a new fatty acid (myristic, stearic, arachidic, or lignoceric) in the
      presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride; and c)
      final re-N-acetylation at the level of the sialic acid residue. GM1 ganglioside
      molecular species, completely homogeneous in the ceramide portion, were prepared
      by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The GM1 ganglioside
      molecular species were analyzed for saccharide, fatty acid, and long chain base
      composition by chemical and spectrometric analyses. Using a combination of the
      two procedures, 32 different molecular species of GM1 ganglioside, over 99%
      homogeneous, have been prepared.

PMID- 3989385
TI  - Preparation of retinamides by use of retinoyl fluoride.
AB  - Retinoyl fluoride (2) prepared from retinoic acid (1) by reaction with
      diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride is a stable crystalline compound not easily
      hydrolyzed by water. By reacting retinoyl fluoride with water-soluble amines in
      the presence of sodium bicarbonate, retinamide (4), N-retinoyl glycine (6), N
      retinoyl DL-phenylalanine (7), alpha-N-retinoyl-L-lysine (11), N-retinoyl 4
      aminophenol (4-hydroxyphenylretinamide) (8), and N-retinoyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D
      glucose (2-deoxy-D-glucose-2-retinamide) (9) have been prepared in good yields
      and characterized by UV absorption, 1H NMR, IR spectra, mass spectrometry, and
      elemental analysis.

PMID- 3989386
TI  - Capillary gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric measurement of very long
      chain (C22 to C26) fatty acids in microliter samples of plasma.
AB  - In order to quantify accurately the plasma content of very long chain fatty
      acids, we have developed a selected ion monitoring gas-liquid chromatographic
      mass spectrometric micromethod which allows all of these acids (22:0, 24:1, 24:0,
      26:1, and 26:0) to be determined simultaneously in the same 0.5-ml plasma sample;
      17:0 and 27:0 fatty acids are used as assay internal standards. For plasma
      samples in the range equivalent to the various very long chain fatty acid
      physiological concentrations, assay precision was +/- 2%. The present method has
      been successfully applied to the biological recognition of patients with
      adrenoleukodystrophy, their heterozygote relatives, and of cerebro-hepato-renal
      syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy.

PMID- 3989387
TI  - The in vitro formation of HDL2 during the action of LCAT: the role of
      triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
AB  - We examined the effects of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and of
      lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on the conversion of high density lipoproteins (HDL)
      towards fractions of lower densities using the analytical ultracentrifuge.
      Freshly isolated whole plasma was incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C in the
      presence or absence of active enzyme systems. In some cases, lipoproteins were
      removed by selective precipitations; alternatively, we added triglyceride-rich
      lipoproteins (TGRLP) or Intralipid to the incubations. The results are as
      follows. 1) The incubation of whole plasma containing active LCAT leads to a
      conversion of HDL3 to a fraction of lower density, notably HDL2a. If LCAT is
      inhibited, the conversion is far less pronounced. 2) If very low and low density
      lipoproteins are removed by phosphotungstate precipitation and the supernatant is
      incubated with LCAT, HDL3 shifts towards higher densities. 3) The presence of
      phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes or the presence of blood cells as a
      source of additional LCAT substrate had only little influence on the HDL
      conversion in our system. 4) The addition of TGRLP or of Intralipid at minimal
      ratios of 2.5:1 caused an almost complete conversion of HDL3 to HDL2b. This
      conversion was dependent on active LCAT. 5) LPL also caused a shift of HDL3 to
      HDL2a if TGRLP was present. HDL2b, however, was not formed by LPL unless LCAT was
      active.

PMID- 3989388
TI  - Familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Biochemistry of the
      cornea.
AB  - Opacification of the cornea from lipid accumulation is an early and
      characteristic feature of familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)
      deficiency. Visual impairment in a female age 48 years led to keratoplasty and
      the first detailed analysis of cornea in this disorder. Multilaminar figures were
      present, and total lipid extracts were enriched with phospholipid and
      cholesterol; cholesteryl esters were reduced, and accounted for about 12% of the
      cholesterol. Linoleate C18:2 was the predominant residue in the cholesteryl ester
      fatty acid fraction, with a C18:1/18:2 ratio of 1:6.5. This ratio differs from
      that in normal cornea, and from that in plasma and in other tissue deposits in
      LCAT deficiency. Various disorders of the HDL/LCAT system in plasma can lead to
      corneal lipid accumulation and opacification. These disorders may share general
      defects of lipid clearance from the cornea, but this study of LCAT cornea
      indicates that the character of the accumulating lipid is significantly
      influenced by active local metabolism, irrespective of the defect in the HDL/LCAT
      system also present.

PMID- 3989389
TI  - Cholesterol absorption and turnover in hypercholesterolemic dogs.
AB  - Cholesterol absorption was measured in chronically hypercholesterolemic dogs by
      four methods: the fecal recovery method of Borgstrom (1969, J. Lipid Res. 10: 331
      337), the dual isotope method of Zilversmit and Hughes (1974, J. Lipid Res. 15:
      465-473), the recovery of cholesterol in thoracic duct lymph collected
      continuously for 16 hr after a meal, and the recovery of isotopic cholesterol
      from the liver and plasma 24 hr after the animals consumed an isotope-containing
      meal. The four methods showed excellent agreement and indicated that dogs fed a
      cholesterol-rich synthetic diet absorb 5.2 +/- 0.5 g (mean +/- SD) of cholesterol
      per day and that cholesterol absorption is reasonably constant from week to week
      in these animals. Separate estimates of cholesterol excretion indicated that
      these dogs excreted 4.7 +/- 0.5 g of cholesterol per day, and thus were at or
      near the steady-state with regard to cholesterol input-output. These data, taken
      together with a previous report (1981, J. Lipid Res. 22: 598-609), indicate that
      the canine liver can clear up to 300 mg of chylomicron cholesterol/hr, and
      support the concept that chylomicron remnants do not contribute significantly to
      the hypercholesterolemia in these animals.

PMID- 3989390
TI  - Characterization of very low density lipoproteins and intermediate density
      lipoproteins of normo- and hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-2 homozygotes.
AB  - Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins derived from ten normo- and hyperlipidemic apoE-2
      homozygotes were analyzed for their composition, beta-VLDL content, and their
      ability to induce cholesteryl ester storage in macrophages. In six of these
      probands apoE sequence analysis revealed that the cysteine residues were at
      positions 112 and 158 of the amino acid sequence (Rall et al. 1983. J. Clin.
      Invest. 71: 1023-1031). ApoE-2 of these six and the other four patients was
      further analyzed by SDS electrophoresis to exclude the presence of apoE-2* (Rall
      et al. 1982. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79: 4696-4700). The relative serum
      concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol transported in the d less than
      1.006 g/ml and d 1.006-1.019 g/ml lipoproteins of the apoE-2 homozygotes was
      significantly higher as compared to controls. Compositional analysis of these
      lipoproteins revealed a relative reduction of triglycerides and a relative
      increase of cholesteryl esters as compared to controls. In most patients, with
      increasing serum triglyceride levels the cholesteryl ester concentration
      increased in d less than 1.006 g/ml and d 1.006-1.019 g/ml lipoproteins. However,
      in three patients with a low content of beta-VLDL, the increase in the d less
      than 1.006 g/ml fraction cholesterol was mostly due to free cholesterol and not
      due to cholesteryl esters. The degree of the macrophage cholesteryl ester
      accumulation induced by d less than 1.006 g/ml lipoproteins was mostly dependent
      on the concentration of the beta-migrating fraction (beta-VLDL). The amount of
      beta-VLDL and pre-beta-VLDL contained in the d less than 1.006 g/ml fraction was
      determined densitometrically after electrophoretic separation. It could be
      demonstrated that the beta-VLDL content in the d less than 1.006 g/ml fraction of
      the apoE-2 homozygous patients was largely independent of serum triglyceride and
      serum cholesterol levels. When macrophages were incubated with the IDL fraction
      (d 1.006-1.019 g/ml) from the apoE-2 patients, no significant increase in
      cellular cholesteryl esters above control levels was observed. Studies with
      purified lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) clearly
      revealed that both enzymes interacted with apoE-2 VLDL (binding, hydrolysis) to a
      lesser degree compared to control preparations. However, the apoE-2 VLDL
      preparations containing a low content of beta-VLDL were better substrates for LPL
      and HTGL than those containing a high beta-VLDL content. It is concluded from our
      studies that the plasma beta-VLDL content in apoE-2 homozygotes is a major
      determinant for cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989391
TI  - Whole body and tissue cholesterol turnover in the baboon.
AB  - Cholesterol turnover was studied in four baboons by injecting [14C]cholesterol
      186 days and [3H]cholesterol 4 days before necropsy, and fitting a two- or three
      pool model to the resulting specific activity-time data. At necropsy, cholesterol
      mass and specific activity were determined for the total body (minus the central
      nervous system) and for many tissues. A pool model permits the estimation, from
      the plasma specific activity-time curve alone, of total body cholesterol within a
      limited range, depending upon the extent of side pool synthesis. The principal
      aim of this study was to estimate the extent of cholesterol synthesis in the side
      pools of the model, by computing the amount of side pool synthesis needed to
      equal the measured total body cholesterol. Central pool synthesis varied from 61
      to 89% of the total cholesterol production rate. Thus, approximately 25% (11 to
      39%) of the production rate arose from peripheral (pool 3 for the three-pool, and
      pool 2 for the two-pool model) cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, the finding that
      the measured total body cholesterol fell within the range obtained from the
      kinetic analysis by using reasonable assumptions (namely, that zero or that half
      the production rate occurred in the side pools), provides evidence for the
      physiological validity of the model. A second aim of this study was to explore
      cholesterol turnover in various tissues. A pool model predicts that rapidly
      turning over tissues will have higher specific activities at early times and
      lower specific activities at later times after injection of tracer relative to
      slowly turning over tissues, except where significant synthesis occurs. Tissues
      were ranked 1 to 17 for 3H and 17 to 1 for 14C cholesterol specific activity
      values. Except for the GI tract and testis, the tissues had similar ranks for
      both 3H and 14C, further validating model predictions. Results in all four
      baboons were similar. Turnover rates for the different tissues loosely fell into
      three groups which were turning over at fast, intermediate, and slow rates.
      Finally, the magnitude of variation of cholesterol specific activity was moderate
      for several distributed tissues (fat, muscle, arteries, and the alimentary
      tract), but was small for liver. Cholesterol turnover in serial biopsies of skin,
      muscle, and fat could, however, be fitted with a single pool to estimate tissue
      turnover rates.

PMID- 3989392
TI  - Concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins during a low-fat diet at two
      levels of polyunsaturated fat.
AB  - A 12-week dietary intervention was carried out among 40 families from North
      Karelia, a county in Finland with an exceptionally high rate of coronary heart
      disease and high serum cholesterol values. The proportion of dietary energy
      derived from fat was reduced during the 12-week intervention period from about
      39% to 23% in all families. The families were randomly allocated into two groups.
      Twenty families consumed a diet with a polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P/S)
      ratio of 0.9 (group I), while the other 20 families had a diet with a P/S ratio
      of 0.4 (group II). Total serum cholesterol decreased by 16% and 9% in men of
      groups I and II, respectively, and by 16% in women of both groups. These changes
      were due to a decrease in both low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. LDL cholesterol and phospholipid reached minimum
      values after 6 weeks on both intervention diets, but LDL protein responded more
      slowly. Thus, after 6 weeks LDL had an altered composition containing less
      cholesterol and phospholipids and more protein and triglycerides than during the
      baseline diet. During the intervention, the linoleic acid content in the serum
      cholesteryl ester fraction increased, and the magnitude of this change correlated
      negatively with the changes in total and LDL cholesterol. The decrease in HDL
      cholesterol during the two intervention diets was due to a fall in the HDL2
      cholesterol (29% and 24% in men, and 26% and 25% in women in groups I and II,
      respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989393
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rat hepatic triglyceride lipase.
AB  - A noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure rat hepatic
      triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) was developed. Antibodies to rat H-TGL were purified
      from goat antisera by immunoadsorption on an H-TGL-Sepharose 4B column.
      Routinely, Immulon 2 Removawell strips were coated with the purified antibody
      overnight at 4 degrees C. After blocking the wells with bovine serum albumin
      (BSA) for 2 hr at room temperature, standards (0.85 ng/ml-13.1 ng/ml) or samples
      were added to the wells and were incubated with the bound anti-rat H-TGL
      overnight at 4 degrees C. The standards and samples had been pretreated with 5-20
      mM SDS for 30 min at room temperature and were then diluted so that the final SDS
      concentration in the assay was 1 mM or less. The pretreatment with SDS was
      necessary to achieve maximal immunoreactivity. The sample incubation was followed
      by an overnight incubation at 4 degrees C with an anti-rat H-TGL-horseradish
      peroxidase conjugate. Rat H-TGL was detected by the color development after the
      addition of 0.4 mg/ml of o-phenylenediamine in 0.01% H2O2, 0.1 M citrate
      phosphate, pH 5.0. A linear relationship was obtained between absorbance at 490
      nm and the amount of highly purified rat H-TGL used as a standard. Inclusion of 1
      M NaCl in the assay buffer (1% BSA, 0.05% Tween 20, 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.4)
      during the sample and conjugate incubations minimized non-specific interactions.
      Recoveries of purified rat H-TGL added to a rat liver perfusate sample ranged
      from 98.6% to 103%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989394
TI  - Quantification of retinoic acid by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry:
      total versus all-trans-retinoic acid in human plasma.
AB  - An assay based on negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been
      developed to quantify retinoic acid in plasma or serum. The lower limit of
      detection is 75 pg (240 fmol); normal values of retinoic acid can be determined
      on as little as 40 microliters of human plasma. The plasma concentrations of
      total retinoic acid in 12 healthy male volunteers taking no medication or vitamin
      supplementation ranged from 2.8 to 6.6 ng/ml; the mean was 4.9 ng/ml. The assay
      can be manipulated to measure all-trans-retinoic acid alone; about 75% of
      retinoic acid in human plasma or rat serum is all-trans-retinoic acid. Both
      retinol and retinoic acid can be quantified on the same 0.1-ml sample; the
      concentration of retinoic acid in human plasma or rat serum is at least 150-fold
      less than that of retinol.

PMID- 3989395
TI  - Affinity purification of alkylglycerol monooxygenase from rat liver microsomes by
      chimyl alcohol-Sepharose 4B column chromatography.
AB  - Alkylglycerol monooxygenase of rat liver microsomes was purified approximately to
      97-fold with a 30% yield by procedures including affinity chromatography on
      chimyl alcohol-Sepharose 4B. Chimyl alcohol (1-O-hexadecylglycerol) was converted
      to the p-aminobenzylidene derivative and then coupled to 6-carboxyhexyl
      Sepharose. The final enzyme preparation was in nearly a homogeneous state,
      judging from the results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel
      electrophoresis, and it migrated to a position corresponding to an apparent
      molecular weight of 45,000. The results revealed that the native form of the
      enzyme (estimated to have a molecular weight of 400,000 as judged by Sepharose 6B
      column chromatography in a previous report, Ishibashi, T., and Y. Imai. 1983.
      Eur. J. Biochem. 132: 23-27) will polymerize to large aggregates.

PMID- 3989396
TI  - Chiropractic and medical models of health care--a contemporary perspective.
AB  - Chiropractic and medical models of health care are perceived as philosophically
      incompatible by chiropractic practitioners and spokesmen for the medical
      profession. This alleged incompatibility is used to rationalize the resistance of
      the medical profession to the functional integration of chiropractic into the
      orthodox referral system. Structural integration of chiropractic into the
      orthodox health care system which is unaccompanied by functional integration
      fails to confer upon patients the benefits of that system. It is therefore in the
      interests of patient care that the alleged philosophical differences be examined
      and, if possible, resolved. Examination of the chiropractic and relevant medical
      models of health care in the contemporary context of the health disease continuum
      sheds new light on traditional philosophical conflicts.

PMID- 3989397
TI  - A review of radiographic differential diagnosis of common degenerative spinal
      disorders.
AB  - Radiographic criteria for the diagnosis of degenerative spinal conditions is
      discussed and reviewed. Pathophysiological aspects are correlated with plain film
      radiography and Multiplanar Reconstructive Computerized Tomography to provide the
      practitioner with information relative to better diagnostic capabilities when
      dealing with common spinal disorders.

PMID- 3989399
TI  - Standards of chiropractic practice.

PMID- 3989398
TI  - Torticollis: a review of etiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - A literature review of the etiology and pathology of torticollis has been
      undertaken from which six classifications are suggested and discussed. Evidence
      is presented that the neuromuscular control mechanisms pertinent to the cervical
      spine are vulnerable at various levels and that a specific etiology of
      torticollis is yet to be identified. A brief discussion of the diagnosis and
      treatment of torticollis is presented.

PMID- 3989400
TI  - Reliability study of detection of somatic dysfunctions in the cervical spine.
AB  - A reliability study was conducted to determine whether palpatory findings on the
      cervical spine, obtained under normal chiropractic clinical conditions were
      reproducible. Forty normal freshman chiropractic students underwent static and
      motion palpation of their cervical spines by three different chiropractors. Intra
      and inter-examiner reliability of findings was assessed by concordance
      statistics (weighted kappa). There was statistically significant agreement of
      findings for all three examiners only for fixations in the lower cervical spine.
      There was a total lack of statistical agreement of fixation findings, both intra-
      and inter-examiner, in the middle cervical area. Agreement of fixation findings
      was intermediate for the upper cervicals and also for the other palpation
      parameters that were used (e.g. muscle spasms and pain) throughout the cervical
      spine. The results generally indicate a relatively high level of replicability of
      palpatory findings in a normal asymptomatic population by 'typical'
      chiropractors. The relation of these palpatory findings to vertebral lesions, or
      subluxations, are unknown.

PMID- 3989401
TI  - Brain tumors in childhood.

PMID- 3989402
TI  - Blunt and penetrating trauma during pregnancy: four cases.

PMID- 3989403
TI  - Liability under the doctrine of negligence per se.

PMID- 3989405
TI  - Child advocacy. A role for auxilians.

PMID- 3989404
TI  - Colorectal Health Check (CHECK).

PMID- 3989406
TI  - Child abuse and neglect.

PMID- 3989407
TI  - "It's OK to tell".

PMID- 3989408
TI  - Communicating through puppets.

PMID- 3989410
TI  - Epidemic!

PMID- 3989411
TI  - Safety and the child.

PMID- 3989409
TI  - The pediatric radiologist looks at child abuse.

PMID- 3989412
TI  - Organs needed. Call a procurement coordinator, please!

PMID- 3989413
TI  - Everything you've always wanted to know about child abuse and were required to
      report.

PMID- 3989414
TI  - Factors related with the incidence of congenital clubfoot in Thai children.

PMID- 3989415
TI  - Meconium aspiration in infants: the experience of 51 cases.

PMID- 3989416
TI  - Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamine status.

PMID- 3989417
TI  - A medical record with appropriate technology serves as a tool for upgrading
      dermatological practices in Thailand.

PMID- 3989418
TI  - Exogenous intraocular nocardiosis.

PMID- 3989419
TI  - Penetrating neck wound with tracheoesophageal fistula.

PMID- 3989420
TI  - Choledochal cyst with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union type II: a case
      report.

PMID- 3989421
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot in adolescents and adults: ten year experience at Siriraj
      Hospital. A report of 104 cases.

PMID- 3989422
TI  - Androgen feedback-dependent and -independent control of photoinduced LH secretion
      in male tree sparrows (Spizella arborea).
AB  - Photoperiodic control of gonadotrophin secretion in male tree sparrows was
      studied by examining changes in plasma LH in castrated birds retained on short
      daylengths and in castrated birds transferred to long daylengths. Plasma LH
      concentrations were markedly higher in photostimulated birds than in non
      photostimulated birds throughout the 25-day experiment, and implantation of the
      antiandrogen cyproterone (free alcohol), which should have blocked the action of
      castration-resistant androgens, did not increase plasma LH in either group. Such
      results, obtained from birds in which testosterone feedback was inoperative,
      indicate that the gonadostimulatory effect of long daylengths in intact males
      must be mediated, at least in part, by an androgen feedback-independent
      mechanism. To determine whether changes in testosterone feedback facilitate
      gonadotrophin secretion during photostimulation, two feedback performance
      characteristics (i.e. set point (minimum concentration of testosterone that
      suppresses plasma LH) and sensitivity (change in plasma LH per unit change in
      testosterone)) were quantified by evaluating plasma LH responses of non
      photostimulated castrated birds and of photostimulated castrated birds to
      replacement testosterone (0-4.16 mumol). The data indicate that, in addition to
      stimulating LH secretion by an androgen feedback-independent mechanism, long
      daylengths reduce feedback inhibition of LH secretion by increasing the putative
      set point and decreasing the sensitivity of the testosterone feedback mechanism.
      The feedback-independent effect is the predominant effect of photostimulation on
      LH secretion in male tree sparrows.

PMID- 3989423
TI  - Identification of the major steroids in ovarian and adrenal venous plasma of the
      brush-tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and changes in the peripheral plasma
      levels of oestradiol and progesterone during the reproductive cycle.
AB  - The quantitatively major steroid hormones in ovarian and adrenal venous plasma of
      the female brush-tail possum were identified by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry. The ovarian vein plasma samples all contained oestradiol and its
      concentration was highest during the pro-oestrous phase of the reproductive
      cycle. During this phase the concentration of progesterone was below the limit of
      detection but at day 13 of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy, the concentration of
      progesterone exceeded that of oestradiol. Cortisol and corticosterone were the
      major steroid hormones found in all adrenal vein samples with cortisol
      predominant. Androgens with a 3-oxo structure, if present, were below the limits
      of detection in all plasma samples. Radioimmunoassays for the measurement of
      progesterone and oestradiol in peripheral plasma were used to follow changes in
      the concentrations of these steroids during the reproductive cycle. Progesterone
      in serial blood samples was low at oestrus, rose gradually until day 7 and then
      increased more rapidly to reach a peak level of 21-29 nmol/l at around day 13.
      Any differences between the pregnant and non-pregnant cycles were minor.
      Oestradiol was only detected around oestrus when levels were variable (53.3 +/-
      20.92 (S.E.M.) pmol/l; n = 4). The results indicate that the reproductive cycle
      of the brush-tail possum is characterized by a single peak of oestradiol at
      around pro-oestrus followed by gradually increasing levels of progesterone.
      Pregnancy appears to have no influence on the circulating concentrations of
      oestradiol or progesterone.

PMID- 3989424
TI  - Peripheral androgen levels in the male brush-tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).
AB  - Radioimmunoassays were established for the measurement of total androgens and the
      specific measurement of testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in
      peripheral plasma of the brush-tail possum. Androgen concentrations were measured
      in blood collected from indwelling jugular cannulae to determine whether the
      normal pattern of androgen secretion in this species was episodic and to attempt
      to relate total androgen and the pattern of testosterone secretion to the changes
      previously reported in prostatic, but not epididymal, weight in the breeding
      season. Blood was collected from restrained animals at varying time-intervals
      during daylight hours and darkness. Despite an apparent good adaptation to the
      sampling procedure there was generally a progressive decline in plasma androgen
      level during the collection period. This was true for animals bled during or out
      of the breeding season. There was no significant seasonal effect on the androgen
      concentration in the initial blood sample. When less restraint was used, two of
      three animals showed fluctuations in androgen levels over the 7-h sampling
      period. Testosterone levels in blood obtained by cardiac puncture were four- to
      nine-fold higher than those of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone but levels of these
      androgens in samples obtained during the breeding season were not significantly
      different from those obtained out of season. The results do not argue for a
      pulsatile release of testosterone in the possum but do demonstrate a marked
      capacity for changes in the peripheral androgen concentration. There was a poor
      correlation between testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestostosterone levels and
      prostatic weight.

PMID- 3989425
TI  - Supraoptic neurones in Brattleboro rats respond normally to changes in plasma
      osmotic pressure.
AB  - Brattleboro rats homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI rats) were
      anaesthetized with urethane. Extracellular recordings were made from
      antidromically identified neurones of the supraoptic nucleus. About half (77 out
      of 153) of the neurones recorded in DI rats showed phasic patterns of discharge
      activity similar to those which are characteristic of vasopressin-secreting
      neurones in normal rats during hyperosmotic stimulation. Significantly fewer
      neurones showed phasic activity in DI rats which had been pretreated with
      vasopressin tannate at a dose which significantly reduced urine volume, water
      intake and plasma osmolality. Acute systemic hyperosmotic stimulation, induced by
      an i.p. injection of 1 ml 1.5 M-NaCl, increased the discharge rate of each of 14
      neurones from DI rats by 1-5 spikes/s. Hypo-osmotic stimulation, induced by an
      intragastric injection of 10 ml tap water, reduced the discharge rate of each of
      four neurones from DI rats by 50% or more. We conclude that supraoptic neurones
      in DI rats respond normally to acute systemic osmotic stimuli despite the total
      absence of vasopressin in these rats and despite their chronically disturbed
      water balance. This implies that the osmoreceptor mechanism which drives the
      supraoptic nucleus does not adapt substantially during prolonged disturbance of
      water balance and functions outside the normal physiological range of plasma
      osmolality, and that the reported alteration of noradrenergic innervation of the
      neurones in DI rats does not affect their osmotic responsiveness.

PMID- 3989426
TI  - Behavioural and physiological effects of prolactin in incubating ring doves.
AB  - The role of prolactin in the maintenance of incubation behaviour in ring doves
      was re-examined and the dose-response relationships for behavioural, target
      tissue and body weight changes induced by injections of prolactin were compared
      in doves tested during the incubation phase of the breeding cycle. Doves given
      injections of prolactin twice a day starting on day 4 of incubation, during a 10
      day period of isolation from their mates and nests, showed a higher persistence
      of incubation behaviour than doves injected with saline vehicle. However, the
      prolactin treatment failed to maintain incubation behaviour to the same extent as
      that observed in non-isolated untreated breeding pairs. Liver and body weights
      were higher and testicular weights lower in birds treated with high doses of
      prolactin than in non-isolated birds which had been incubating for 14 days. Good
      dose-response relationships were established between body, liver, crop and testes
      weights and the dose of prolactin administered. However, only a weak dose
      response relationship was observed between prolactin and the maintenance of
      incubation behaviour. Overall, females injected with prolactin displayed more
      quiet sitting behaviour, less body weight gain and more gonadal regression than
      males injected with prolactin. Males in untreated breeding pairs had higher liver
      weights and lower crop weights than females. It is concluded that prolactin plays
      a role in maintaining readiness to incubate in doves, but that other factors may
      also contribute to this response. Further, it appears that prolactin mediates
      several target tissue changes which are sex-specific during incubation.

PMID- 3989427
TI  - Subcellular compartmentation of prolactin in rat lactotrophs.
AB  - The intracellular localization of different molecular forms of prolactin was
      studied in various experimental models covering a wide range of secretory states.
      By correlating electron microscopy, morphometry and quantification of monomeric
      (small) and polymeric (big) prolactin after differential extraction procedures,
      big prolactin was found stored in secretory granules while small prolactin was
      loosely associated with all organelles involved in hormone synthesis and
      processing. No correlation with levels of lactotrophic secretory activity was
      detected by either the number of secretory granules or prolactin content in
      lactotrophs.

PMID- 3989428
TI  - Plasma and tissue concentrations of melatonin after midnight light exposure and
      pinealectomy in the pigeon.
AB  - The effect of midnight light exposure and pinealectomy on plasma and tissue
      concentrations of immunoreactive melatonin was studied in the pigeon. Light
      exposure of 80 min reduced plasma melatonin by 85%. The melatonin concentration
      fell to 50% of the original value during 12 min. Pinealectomy reduced plasma
      melatonin so that at midnight about 36 h after the operations the melatonin
      concentration of pinealectomized pigeons was about 55% of that of sham-operated
      pigeons. Two weeks after the operations plasma melatonin of pinealectomized
      pigeons had increased to 64% of that of sham-operated birds. At midday, melatonin
      levels were unaffected by the operations. The light-dark rhythm of plasma
      melatonin was also observed in pinealectomized pigeons. In tissue determinations
      pinealectomy was found to reduce hypothalamic melatonin significantly, suggesting
      that the pineal is the main source of hypothalamic melatonin. In the Harderian
      glands a significant increase of melatonin concentrations was observed after
      pinealectomy. These glands may therefore be the compensatory organs, explaining
      the presence of circulating melatonin after pinealectomy.

PMID- 3989429
TI  - Social class mortality differentials: artefact, selection or life circumstances?
AB  - Data from 10 years follow up of mortality in the OPCS Longitudinal Study are used
      to relate deaths of men in 1976-81 to their social class as recorded by the 1971
      census. Explanations of social class mortality differentials are critically
      reviewed in the light of these new data. The similarity between the class
      differentials observed for men aged 15-64 years in this study and those reported
      in the 1970-2 Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality indicate that the
      published gradients were not in fact grossly distorted by numerator denominator
      biases. Distortions to gradients observed in the early years of the longitudinal
      study and ascribed to selective health related mobility out of employment from
      the principal social classes to the permanently sick had largely worn off after
      five years of follow up. Sharp gradients at ages over 75 years, similar to those
      at younger ages, suggest that, for men aged over 50 years, selective health
      related mobility between social classes does not contribute to differentials in
      mortality.

PMID- 3989430
TI  - Respiratory conditions: effect of housing and other factors.
AB  - The public health movement has been concerned with the relation between housing
      and health for well over a century. Nevertheless the Black Report still
      identified housing as one of the major causes of ill-health and suggested, on one
      indicator at least, that council housing is the least healthy form of tenure. An
      exploratory study concerning housing and health in a north eastern local
      authority area is described. It was found that smoking, work experience, and age
      were the most important determinants of self assessed respiratory conditions.
      When the background factors were held constant people in areas of 'bad' housing
      were found to report more respiratory symptoms than those in 'good' housing
      areas. Respiratory conditions were affected by the age of housing, and flats were
      found to be worse than houses. High rise flats were worse than low or medium rise
      flats.

PMID- 3989431
TI  - Tuberculosis: spatial and demographic incidence in Bradford, 1980-2.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1982 the incidence of tuberculosis in Bradford Health Authority
      was approximately 20 times higher among the New Commonwealth and Pakistani
      population than the rest of the population. It was also possible to see a
      clustering of cases within this time period, spatially and demographically--in
      certain age groups and by sex. The difference between the two populations was not
      due to race but rather reflects the socioeconomic position that the New
      Commonwealth and Pakistani population has within Bradford as a whole. The
      incidence of non-Asian tuberculosis rose in 1982 due to an outbreak among
      unvaccinated young adults. Much still needs to be done to eradicate the
      environmental conditions within which the tubercle bacillus thrives as well as to
      educate the population at risk.

PMID- 3989432
TI  - High liveborn birth weights in the Faroes: a comparison between birth weights in
      the Faroes and in Denmark.
AB  - The average birth weight of 10 132 liveborn infants delivered in the Faroes
      during the period 1969-81 was 3610 grams, which is the highest average weight
      reported by 33 countries from which we were able to obtain information.
      Comparison of live births only between the Faroes and Denmark shows a
      displacement between their birth weight curves of 225 grams. A less active
      elective delivery in the Faroes could not explain this considerable difference.
      When standardisation is made with respect to discrepancies in maternal age and
      marital status in the two populations, the difference between their average birth
      weights is increased by 5% and 9% respectively. A matching for maternal parity
      yields a difference between the averages which is 23% below the one between the
      total populations. Other factors must be responsible. Both environmental and
      genetic factors plus the possibility of the Faroes being closer to having an
      optimal birth weight than other countries are discussed.

PMID- 3989433
TI  - Cancer mortality in England in relation to levels of naturally occurring fluoride
      in water supplies.
AB  - Sixty-seven small areas in England have been classified into four groups
      according to the level of naturally occurring fluoride in their water supplies.
      Small area mortality statistics for 1969-73 have been used to look for
      differences in cancer mortality in relation to fluoride levels. Deaths from all
      cancers and from cancer at 12 specific body sites have been examined; no
      consistent trends in mortality are apparent. These results provide no evidence of
      a harmful effect of naturally occurring fluoride in water supplies.

PMID- 3989434
TI  - Frequency of moles in a defined population.
AB  - The occurrence of moles was studied in a community survey of 872 adults, using
      criteria that allowed comparison with two earlier surveys. Men and women had
      similar numbers of moles-on average, 15 moles of diameter 2 mm or greater, and 39
      moles of all sizes. The frequency of moles declined with age and varied according
      to body site. Comparison of the findings with those of previous surveys-in New
      York in about 1950 and in Sydney in about 1970-suggested that the frequency of
      moles has increased as malignant melanoma has become more common. Little is known
      about the epidemiology of moles, which may hold the key to the explanation of the
      rising incidence of melanoma in many countries.

PMID- 3989435
TI  - Space-time interaction in Hodgkin's disease in Greater Manchester.
AB  - Knox's test for space-time interaction was applied to 922 cases of Hodgkin's
      disease which, according to the North Western Regional Cancer Registry, had
      presented in 1962-76 among the population of the region known before 1974 as the
      South East Lancashire Conurbation. In the series as a whole, there were
      statistically significant excesses of pairs of patients separated by time
      intervals of less than a year and distances of less than 1 km. Analysis by age
      and sex indicated that this clustering involved (a) a trio of young females and
      (b) pairs involving adults over 45 years old. No evidence was detected of any
      clustering by histological subtype or of any tendency for cases close in space to
      be separated by long time intervals of specific duration. These findings lend
      support to the idea that at least some cases of Hodgkin's disease may be induced
      by an infection or other environmental influence, but they do not suggest that
      such an infection has a long and specific incubation period.

PMID- 3989436
TI  - Treatment delay in patients with bladder tumours.
AB  - Previous work has shown that the hospitals are the most important source of delay
      in treatment of bladder cancer rather than the patient or the general
      practitioner. We have studied referral of patients for investigation and
      treatment in the North West Region using data from the cancer registry. Delay in
      treatment for this disease is appreciably longer than for the other common
      cancers we have studied. Various factors associated with speed of treatment are
      discussed.

PMID- 3989437
TI  - Malignant melanoma in Rome, Italy, 1970-9.
AB  - An epidemiological study was conducted in the city of Rome and the incidence of
      malignant melanoma was determined retrospectively for the years 1970-9. All
      patients had legal residence in Rome and a histological diagnosis of melanoma
      during that period; only cases of malignant melanoma of the skin (ICD 172, 8th
      revision) were considered. A total of 17 public and 82 private hospitals were
      involved in the study with 11 081 and 6127 hospital beds respectively. All the
      hospitals in the study had one of the following therapeutic and diagnostic
      facilities: internal medicine, dermatology, oncology, radiology, surgery, plastic
      surgery, histopathology. Analyses of incidence are based on 500 cases, 237 males
      and 263 females, collected in the period 1970-9. The data indicate a positive
      time trend in incidence; the average annual increase is 0.27 cases/year per 100
      000. The data show that in a Mediterranean and Latin country such as Italy the
      incidence of melanoma presents the same ascending trend as that of other
      Caucasian countries, whether European or not, the slope of the curves is similar
      for both sexes. The distribution of the primary site for both sexes is closely
      parallel to that described for all Caucasian populations, the lower limbs being
      more affected in females and the trunk in males.

PMID- 3989438
TI  - Seasonality of thyrotoxicosis.
AB  - Study of a large and representative series of thyrotoxic patients showed a higher
      frequency of diagnosis in the spring and summer. The median interval between
      onset and diagnosis was 12 weeks, indicating a peak in onset of the disease from
      January to June. The seasonality of thyrotoxicosis may be related to seasonal
      variations in iodine intake.

PMID- 3989439
TI  - Carbon monoxide levels in the breath of smokers and nonsmokers: effect of
      domestic heating systems.
AB  - Breath and ambient (room) carbon monoxide (CO) levels were measured in a random
      sample of 168 adults in their own homes. The levels of breath CO in the 69
      smokers ranged from 3 ppm to over 100 ppm, 74% being above 10 ppm; mean levels in
      the 99 nonsmokers were lower than in the smokers, 79% being below 6 ppm. In the
      remaining 21% of nonsmokers with higher breath levels than expected, the ambient
      CO was also found to be elevated, ranging up to 38 ppm. A close correlation in
      the nonsmokers was found between the breath and ambient CO levels (r = 0.952, p
      less than 0.001). The rooms with the elevated ambient CO levels (above 5 ppm)
      were those which, at the time of testing, were being heated by gas radiant
      heaters, open fires or stoves. The maximum ambient CO in the rooms of smokers
      with non CO generating heating was 16 ppm. The results suggest that many people,
      both smokers and nonsmokers, may be at risk from CO generated by certain domestic
      heating systems and that nonsmokers are far more likely to be exposed to high
      levels of CO from these sources than from being in a room with a heavy smoker.
      Poor ventilation associated with the current trend towards excluding all draughts
      is likely to exacerbate the situation for both smokers and nonsmokers.

PMID- 3989440
TI  - Seasonal variation in carbon monoxide poisoning in urban Korea.
AB  - Seasonal variation in carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning during 1969-78 was examined
      using the monthly hospital admissions and environmental weather data from Seoul,
      Korea. The results showed that there were nine times as many cases of CO
      poisoning in December as in August. CO poisoning cases were significantly
      correlated with temperature and domestic fires but not significantly with
      relative humidity. The epidemiological and clinical investigation of CO poisoning
      in the home needs to be studied in further detail.

PMID- 3989441
TI  - Peptic ulcer in male factory workers: a survey of prevalence, incidence, and
      aetiological factors.
AB  - The prevalence of active and inactive peptic ulcer was 23% in male workers aged
      31-60 at a plastics processing factory in Tokyo. Similarly, the incidence of
      active and inactive peptic ulcer during one year was 5% or more. The findings
      from a case control study suggested that smoking and family history were the
      major aetiological factors. The incidence and prevalence of peptic ulcer in male
      factory workers in Japan appear to be higher than elsewhere.

PMID- 3989442
TI  - Measuring disability after a stroke.
AB  - A ranked activities of daily living (ADL) scale has been developed for stroke
      patients, on which an individual's score predicts his/her overall function
      ability. With an unranked scale the same total score can be obtained from
      different combinations of items and gives little idea of the patient's general
      pattern or degree of disability. The items in the scale are easy to assess on
      both inpatients and outpatients, and accepted criteria for valid ranking are
      fulfilled. A strong relation was found between scale score one month post-stroke
      and length of stay in hospital. Low scores at one month were also associated with
      high mortality during the subsequent five months. "Formal" and "informal" methods
      of ADL assessment were compared, and only small and unimportant differences were
      found. Assessments by postal questionnaire were also evaluated and agreed well
      with formal assessments carried out by visiting the patients' homes. Use of some
      or all of these methods would help to simplify and standardise follow up records
      for both routine care and research.

PMID- 3989443
TI  - Social class, ethnic group, and male mortality in New Zealand, 1974-8.
AB  - Social class mortality differences in New Zealand males aged 15 to 64 were
      investigated for the period 1974-8 using the Registrar-General's classification.
      The mortality gradient was similar to that previously found in England and Wales,
      but the New Zealand pattern was non-linear with particularly high mortality in
      class V. Smoking patterns accounted for much of the increased risk for classes
      III and IV but did not appear to explain the high mortality in class V. The
      patterns for the major disease groupings also paralleled those previously found
      in England and Wales, coronary heart disease and neoplasms displaying weaker
      gradients than accidents, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and
      infectious diseases. Maori and non-Maori males had comparable social class
      mortality gradients, but the Maori mortality rates were approximately 50% higher
      than the non-Maori rates in each class.

PMID- 3989444
TI  - Seasonal variations in the process of care in urban general practice.
AB  - Using data collected for a study of the process of care in a large urban area,
      the opportunity was taken to examine seasonal variations in consultation
      patterns. While overall numbers of consultations varied month by month, no
      seasonal pattern was found. The ratio between patient and doctor-initiated
      contacts remained stable throughout the year, as did the age, sex and social
      class of patients consulting. The proportion of consultations that took place in
      the home increased during the winter months. As expected, seasonal fluctuations
      in morbidity were most apparent in respiratory disorders, though a small number
      of non-respiratory problems showed similar variations. There was no discernible
      seasonal pattern to investigation, referral, and prescribing rates, though wide
      variation existed between individual general practitioners. The implications of
      these findings for the design of future studies are discussed.

PMID- 3989445
TI  - The effects of some Robertsonian chromosome combinations on the seminiferous
      epithelium of the mouse.
AB  - In Mammals, structural rearrangements of the karyotype cause considerable trouble
      to the spermatogenic process. Making use of an experimental animal model of
      Robertsonian chromosomal variation in the house mouse (Gropp, Winking & Redi,
      1982a) the effects of these chromosome structural rearrangements on the
      spermatogenic process were studied in fertile and chromosomally derived
      subfertile and sterile mice. Each karyotype condition was related to the
      cytological composition of the twelve stages of the seminiferous epithelium,
      studied in PAS-haematoxylin-stained testicular sections, with the following
      results: in subfertile males there is a depletion of spermatogonia in the
      regenerating compartment but their differentiation is not affected. In the
      sterile males there is degeneration of primary and secondary spermatocytes and
      massive spermatid degeneration. Spermatocyte development is retarded in nearly
      50% of the spermatocyte population in subfertile males. Moreover the ratio
      between primary spermatocytes and spermatids is reduced to about 1:2 in
      subfertile males, while the few spermatids produced in sterile males had
      degenerated during stages I to VIII. The number of Sertoli cells/100 micron
      throughout the cycle of spermatogenesis is the same in the three conditions
      studied. These data indicate that the spermatogenic process is affected by
      structural changes not only at the meiotic level (primary spermatocyte failure to
      follow the normal pattern of differentiation and occurrence of defective
      spermatids) but also at the premeiotic stage, when undifferentiated spermatogonia
      are regenerating.

PMID- 3989446
TI  - The kinetic behaviour of the cranial neural epithelium during neurulation in the
      rat.
AB  - The kinetic behaviour of the cranial neuroepithelial cells of rat embryos during
      neurulation is described. Serial transverse sections of 4-, 8-, 12- and 16-somite
      stage embryos show that differential mitosis does not play a part in the
      mechanisms responsible for effecting cranial neural tube closure. A constant cell
      number is found in the midbrain/hindbrain neural epithelium during all four
      stages; the mitotic spindle axes are oriented parallel to the long axis of the
      embryo, so that increase in cell number occurs in this direction only. Growth is
      only expressed by an expansion in the volume of the forebrain, which projects
      rostral to the notochordal tip. [3H]thymidine studies (using an in vitro culture
      technique) show no significant variation in the cell cycle time between the
      forebrain and the midbrain/anterior hindbrain neural epithelium. It is suggested
      that the neural epithelium is a fluid structure whose overall shape is strictly
      controlled while the cells within it flow towards and into the rapidly expanding
      forebrain.

PMID- 3989447
TI  - Clonal analysis of intestinal crypt populations in mouse aggregation chimaeras.
AB  - The epithelium of each individual intestinal crypt in adult mouse aggregation
      chimaeras is composed of cells of a single parental genotype (Ponder et al.
      1985). Using a carbohydrate polymorphism recognized by Dolichos biflorus
      agglutinin as a strain-specific marker on entire sheets of intestinal mucosa, we
      have analysed the two-dimensional mosaic patterns of patches of the chimaeric
      intestinal crypt population. The relative proportions of each genotype varied
      greatly along the length of any one intestine. In chimaeras with highly
      unbalanced proportions, the minority component occurred as discrete patches.
      Patches of single or a few crypts were most frequent, but a smaller number of
      much larger patches was always present. The size frequency distribution of
      discrete patches was highly concave and departed significantly from a geometric
      distribution (a model for non-differential proliferation), but fitted the more
      skewed negative binomial model. The data are consistent with the interpretation
      that most progenitor crypts never or rarely divide, while a minority proliferate
      to a greater extent. We discuss ways in which our system could be analysed
      further to examine this interpretation. Our results also support Whitten's (1978)
      conclusion from a computer simulation that the mean patch size, as it has
      previously been used in statistical analyses of chimaeric tissue, 'is not a
      reliable statistic on which to judge mosaicism'.

PMID- 3989448
TI  - Separation of wound healing from regeneration in the cockroach leg.
AB  - It has been shown that after a critical point in the moult cycle of a cockroach,
      wound healing can occur but regeneration of pattern does not take place until the
      following intermoult period. Leg removal after the critical point is used to
      separate the processes of wound healing and leg regeneration. This permits the
      study of patterns of cell division resulting from wound healing to be
      distinguished from those involved in leg regeneration. During wound healing, cell
      division occurs in the epidermal cells of approximately the distal half of the
      trochanter. The cells then return to the resting state until after the next
      ecdysis. Regeneration starts with cell division occurring in the distal half of
      the trochanter, and then spreading to include cells of the proximal trochanter
      and distal coxa. This spread and the following patterns of growth and
      redifferentiation appear to be the same as for regeneration following leg removal
      prior to the critical point, with the more distal structures completing early
      stages of regeneration first. Scanning electron micrographs of the cuticle of the
      trochanter after the ecdysis following leg removal support the evidence from the
      patterns of cell division in suggesting that the distal half of the trochanter is
      dedifferentiated during wound healing.

PMID- 3989449
TI  - The development of projections and connections from transplanted locust sensory
      neurons.
AB  - Neurons innervating wind-sensitive hairs on the locust head form characteristic
      projections and connections within the CNS. These depend on intrinsic properties
      of the epidermis from which the hair and its neuron are formed (Anderson & Bacon,
      1979; Bacon & Anderson, 1984). To investigate further these intrinsic properties
      and also extrinsic factors involved in guiding axon growth and determining
      synaptic connectivity, pieces of epidermis from the head were transplanted to the
      posterior head, prothorax, or mesothorax. Thus wind-sensitive neurons developing
      from the grafts were caused to grow into foreign parts of the CNS. The neuronal
      projections from the graft hairs were examined by filling the axons with cobalt,
      and their connectivity with an identified interneuron, the Tritocerebral
      Commissure Giant, was examined by recording electrophysiologically the activity
      of the interneuron during stimulation of the graft hairs. The results show that
      the neuronal projections are confined to one tract, the median ventral tract, and
      to one arborization area, the ventral association centre, in all ganglia; in all
      ganglia, neurons from different epidermal regions preserve their location
      specific properties of forming ipsilateral or additional contralateral
      projections; the extent of their projection in the CNS is not interpretable in
      terms of intrinsic instructions only; in foreign ganglia, they fail to form
      connections with their normal target interneuron.

PMID- 3989450
TI  - The distribution of fibres in the optic tract after contralateral translocation
      of an eye in Xenopus.
AB  - In Xenopus embryos of stage 30 the right eye was translocated, without rotation,
      to a left host orbit. Shortly after metamorphosis the visuotectal projection
      through the operated eye was mapped electrophysiologically and shown to be normal
      dorsoventrally but reversed nasotemporally. Labelling of small groups of retinal
      axons with HRP showed that the fibre trajectories from dorsal and ventral retina
      were normal, whereas fibres from nasally placed retina had diencephalic pathways
      and tectal terminations typical and temporal fibres, and fibres from temporally
      placed retina had diencephalic pathways and tectal terminations typical of nasal
      fibres. Thus from just beyond the chiasma the fibres had already achieved the
      major uniaxial rearrangement necessary to establish a normal tract distribution
      despite the eye translocation. The fibre rearrangement required to permit the
      formation of a nasotemporally inverted visuotectal projection appears, therefore,
      to occur not on the tectum or in the optic tract, but either within the nerve or
      at the chiasma.

PMID- 3989451
TI  - Vascular regression during the formation of the free digits in the avian limb
      bud: a comparative study in chick and duck embryos.
AB  - The pattern and structure of the blood vessels of the interdigital spaces of the
      leg bud have been studied by means of Indian ink injections and transmission
      electron microscopy in the chick and duck embryos. The results show that in the
      chick the interdigital necrotic process responsible for the freeing of the digits
      is followed by regression of the blood vessels. In the webbed foot of the duck,
      the interdigital necrotic processes are not followed by vascular regression.
      Transmission electron microscopic studies show that both in the chick and in the
      duck, interdigital blood vessels are immature structures lacking basal lamina.
      Dead cells of presumably endothelial origin were detected in the lumen of the
      regressing blood vessels of the chick but not in the duck. However, the intensity
      of this cell death process does not appear to be high enough to account by itself
      for the disappearance of the interdigital blood vessels. The possible
      relationships between interdigital mesenchymal cell death and vascular regression
      are discussed.

PMID- 3989452
TI  - The behaviour of growing axons invading developing chick wing buds with
      dorsoventral or anteroposterior axis reversed.
AB  - The trajectories of motor axons innervating chick wings reversed about the DV or
      AP axis before axon invasion were analysed after retrograde filling by HRP
      injection into biceps or triceps muscles. Chick-quail chimaeras showed that the
      plane of reversal for flank operations was proximal to the confluence of the
      14th, 15th, and 16th spinal roots as they form the plexus. The shoulder reversal
      plane was distal to the plexus. In dorsoventral (DV) reversed wings at both
      shoulder or flank level, the motor axons do not alter their course as they enter
      the graft. They therefore innervate by passive deployment any target that they
      encounter. In anteroposterior (AP) reversed wings at both shoulder or flank
      level, the motor axons clearly corrected their position in the nerve tract after
      entering the graft and innervated appropriate targets. The innervation of
      appropriate targets in AP shoulder reversals shows that axons are sensitive to AP
      mismatch distal to the plexus. Since axons were displaced similar distances from
      their normal routes in flank DV and AP reversals, the difference in behaviour
      suggests that they respond to mismatch in the AP but not the DV axis.

PMID- 3989453
TI  - Experimental analysis of the role of the ZPA in the development of the wing buds
      of wingless (ws) mutant embryos.
AB  - Phenotypically wingless (ws) chick embryos have wing buds characterized by the
      spreading of mesenchymal cell death in an anterior-to-posterior direction
      beginning at stage 19. It has been argued that this may reflect the absence of a
      functional polarizing zone (ZPA). When tested by preaxial grafting into normal
      wing buds (stages 20-21), wingless ZPAs (stage 18-19) had duplicating properties
      identical with those of normal ZPAs. Equally, normal chick or quail ZPA (stages
      20-22) grafted into the posterior margin of wingless wing buds (stages 18-20)
      failed to inhibit the pattern of cell death or to evoke any improvement in their
      developmental performance. The wingless (ws) condition is not, therefore, due to
      a ZPA deficiency. Possible explanations are the prior programming for cell death
      of the wingless mesenchyme, or somitic deficiency, but it appears more likely
      that the mutant limb mesenchyme fails to transmit or respond to factor(s)
      produced by the ZPA.

PMID- 3989454
TI  - The cell lineage of the muscles of the Drosophila head.
AB  - Using a cell marker mutation the cell lineage of the muscles of the Drosophila
      head are traced out. Three sets of muscles separated by lineage restrictions are
      observed, even when cells are marked as early as the blastoderm stage. Each set
      underlies the derivatives of one of the three pairs of imaginal discs which
      differentiate to form the epidermis of the adult head. Clones of the homoeotic
      mutation engrailed (en10) were apparently normal in the muscles of the head. The
      muscle clone frequency, at the blastoderm stage, in each hemisegment of the fly
      is similar, indicating an equal partitioning of cells during segmentation.

PMID- 3989455
TI  - Effects of cytochalasin B on the formation of previllous ridges and the
      appearance of long microvillous-like processes in the organ culture system of
      chick embryonic intestine.
AB  - Between 8 and 12 days of incubation the embryonic duodenum serially constructs
      with relative regularity the previllous ridges upon which the definitive villi
      later form. The effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on the formation of these
      previllous ridges of the duodena of developing chick embryos were studied,
      varying the concentrations and exposure time of CB in the organ culture system.
      The results were as follows: CB inhibited the formation of new previllous ridges
      from the epithelial cell sheets of 8- to 11-day-old embryonic duodena at cultured
      time of 24h. CB treatment blocked or delayed cytokinesis of the epithelial cells
      and the production of many long microvillous-like processes (long processes) from
      the surface of the epithelial cells. These long processes elicited by CB
      contained actin filaments and their appearance was influenced by the
      developmental stages of embryos and local parts of epithelial cells. With 11-day
      embryonic duodena, induction of long processes by CB was observed at various
      concentrations (1 microgram/ml-16 micrograms/ml) and even after short exposure of
      15 min. Cytochalasin D (CD) and colchicine were used and long processes were
      induced by CD but not by colchicine itself. The appearance of long processes
      depended on the experimental concentration of CB, CD and colchicine. In normal
      developments, such long processes appeared and disappeared within a confined area
      during the formation of previllous ridges (Noda, 1981). This study seemed to
      provide experimental support for the previous reported suggestion that the long
      processes might be one of the important factors in the formation of the
      previllous ridges of chick embryonic duodena.

PMID- 3989457
TI  - The classification of children's knowledge: development on the balance-scale and
      inclined-plane tasks.
AB  - R.S. Siegler (1981, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,
      46 C2, Serial No. 189) has shown that performance on several Piagetian tasks is
      governed by similar rule structures. The purpose of the first study was to extend
      his analysis to the inclined-plane task, replicate his original observations
      about development on the balance-scale task, and determine the consistency in
      children's rule usage across tasks. We found that Siegler's (1981) binary
      decision representations adequately characterized development on these tasks, and
      there was fair correspondence of rule classifications across tasks. An
      alternative classification procedure, used to diagnose the rules of children who
      failed our original classification criteria, showed that most of these children's
      performance patterns were very similar to Siegler's rule patterns. In the second
      experiment, we improved the diagnosticity of our rule-assessment protocol in
      light of F. Wilkening and N. H. Anderson's (1982, Psychological Bulletin, 92, 215
      237) criticisms, and observed that many Rule III children's predictions were
      associated with those of integration rules on both tasks. Despite these
      methodological improvements, many children, especially 5- to 7-year-olds,
      evidenced use of centration and lexicographic strategies, suggesting that these
      classifications are not simply an artifact of problem sampling. Some of the
      problems associated with the classification of children's knowledge are
      discussed.

PMID- 3989456
TI  - Perception of symmetry in infancy: the salience of vertical symmetry and the
      perception of pattern wholes.
AB  - Four experiments were conducted to assess converging aspects of 4-month-old
      infants' perception of symmetry in visual patterns. Experiments 1 and 2
      manipulated the structure and orientation of comparable patterns in order to
      evaluate the specialty of vertical symmetry. Infants showed no preference among
      vertically symmetrical, vertically repeated, and obliquely symmetrical patterns,
      but they processed vertically symmetrical patterns more efficiently than either
      vertically repeated patterns or obliquely symmetrical patterns. Experiment 3
      manipulated the spatial separation of pattern components in order to determine
      the ability of young infants to integrate and coalesce information in visual
      patterns that is distributed in space. Infants processed vertically symmetrical
      patterns whose components were contiguous or nearly contiguous about the vertical
      axis (0 to 2.5 degrees separations) more efficiently than discontiguous patterns
      (5 and 10 degrees separations). Thus, extreme spatial separation about the
      vertical meridian caused infants to lose the advantage for vertical symmetry, and
      by inference their holistic perception of the visual pattern. Experiment 4
      manipulated the organization of individual components of a vertical pattern in
      order to examine further infants' sensitivity to perceptual organization and
      synthesis of pattern form. Infants discriminated vertically symmetrical patterns
      from asymmetrical patterns with a vertical organization, thereby demonstrating
      sensitivity to the symmetrical organization of the pattern above their perception
      of components in the pattern. The results of these four experiments together
      corroborate and extend previous findings that vertical symmetry has a special
      status in early perceptual development and that infants can perceive pattern
      wholes.

PMID- 3989459
TI  - Phonemic awareness and spelling: children's judgments do not always agree with
      adults.
AB  - The ability to make explicit judgments about speech sounds is important in
      learning to read and write an alphabetic system. However, even when children can
      make consistent judgments about sounds their judgments do not always agree with
      those of adults. In this study, some children from groups of kindergartners (mean
      age 5 years, 10 months) and first graders (mean age 6, 7) stated that /tr/ (as in
      "truck") did not begin with the sound /t/. This judgment was reflected in these
      children's spellings: They tended to spell /t/ before /r/ with CH, reflecting its
      affrication. Parallel results were found for /dr/. Further, some children judged
      that /c/ (as in "chill") and /j/ (as in "Jill") began with /t/ and /d/,
      respectively. They used the letters T and D to spell these sounds. Thus,
      children's attention to a phonetic level may result in judgments of speech sounds
      and spellings that are different from those of adults.

PMID- 3989458
TI  - Onsets and rimes as units of spoken syllables: evidence from children.
AB  - The effects of syllable structure on the development of phonemic analysis and
      reading skills were examined in four experiments. The experiments were motivated
      by theories that syllables consist of an onset (initial consonant or cluster) and
      a rime (vowel and any following consonants). Experiment 1 provided behavioral
      support for the syllable structure model by showing that 8-year-olds more easily
      learned word games that treated onsets and rimes as units than games that did
      not. Further support for the cohesiveness of the onset came from Experiments 2
      and 3, which found that 4- and 5-year-olds less easily recognized a spoken or
      printed consonant target when it was the first phoneme of a cluster than when it
      was a singleton. Experiment 4 extended these results to printed words by showing
      that consonant-consonant-vowel nonsense syllables were more difficult for
      beginning readers to decode than consonant-vowel-consonant syllables.

PMID- 3989460
TI  - The effects of sound duration on newborns' head orientation.
AB  - Two experiments assessed the importance of sound duration for eliciting head
      orientation responses from newborn infants. In Experiment 1, thirty infants
      turned with equal frequency toward 20-s continuous rattle sounds and 20-s trains
      of rattle segments. The duration of the rattle segments--14 and 100 ms (2/s), or
      500 ms (1/s)--did not influence the likelihood of turning. Response latencies and
      durations proved quite similar for all stimuli. In Experiment 2, twenty-four
      infants heard continuous rattle sounds of four different durations: 1, 5, 10, and
      20 s. They turned reliably to all stimulus durations; furthermore, the magnitude
      and temporal characteristics of head orientation responses did not differ for the
      four stimulus durations. These results suggest that the newborn's head
      orientation response may reflect a motor program that is initiated by auditory
      input and then executed in a similar fashion regardless of further stimulation.

PMID- 3989461
TI  - Pattern preferences at birth and their interaction with habituation-induced
      novelty preferences.
AB  - Three experiments are described which relate to models of infant visual
      preferences, and to the ways in which preferences can be modified or created by
      habituation. In all experiments newborn babies were used as subjects. In
      Experiments equated 1 and 2 infants were presented with pairs of stimuli that
      were equated for contour density but which differed in spatial frequency
      components. The preferences obtained give support to Banks and Salapatek's (1981,
      Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 31, 1-45) model of infant preferences
      which predicts that the maximally preferred stimulus will be that which contains
      high amplitude spatial frequency components falling within the age group's peak
      contrast sensitivity. In Experiment 3 an infant-controlled habituation procedure
      was used. The results obtained suggest that strong natural preferences based on
      the infants' peak contrast sensitivity cannot be changed by habituating infants
      either to the preferred or to the nonpreferred member of a stimulus pair.
      However, where no prior preference exists between two stimuli that are
      perceptually highly discriminable, very strong novelty preferences are found
      after habituating newborns to either stimulus. The results suggest that the
      contrast sensitivity model can be a powerful predictor of preferential looking in
      newborns, and in addition are further evidence that preferences based on
      experience can be found from birth.

PMID- 3989462
TI  - Eliminating selective stimulus control: a comparison of two procedures for
      teaching mentally retarded children to respond to compound stimuli.
AB  - Selective stimulus control occurs when behavior fails to come under control of
      all characteristics of a compound stimulus after discrimination training. Two
      different assessment procedures, one used in prior research and the other
      incorporating incorrect stimuli (S - 's) which differed minimally from the
      correct stimulus (S+), were used to detect stimulus control deficits
      characteristic of selective stimulus control. The efficacy of two training
      procedures in eliminating selective stimulus control observed with three
      trainable mentally retarded children was evaluated in Experiment 1. A training
      procedure using S - 's that were minimally different from the S+ was designed to
      reduce the probability that stimulus discriminations could be based on stimulus
      characteristics other than experimenter-specified characteristics defining the
      S+. This procedure proved more effective in preventing and eliminating selective
      stimulus control as measured by both assessment procedures than an alternate
      discrimination training procedure that failed to impact the more stringent
      measures of selective stimulus control. Experiment 2 indicated that these
      improvements in stimulus control were not a function of varying degrees of
      difficulty between stimulus sets or of a prior history of discrimination training
      with the less effective training procedure. The need for better assessment
      procedures to detect selective stimulus control and suggestions for further
      improvements in discrimination training procedures are discussed.

PMID- 3989463
TI  - Spatial perspective taking: coordination of left-right and near-far spatial
      dimensions.
AB  - Second- and fourth-grade children viewed a cylindrical object in nine positions
      on a square display board marked with a 3 X 3 grid. As the object was placed in
      each position children identified the view from 90, 180, or 270 degrees positions
      around the display from a set of photographs. Perspectives in which the object
      differed from the child's view in both left-right and near-far dimensions were
      more difficult than perspectives that only transformed one dimension. Error rates
      decreased with age. There were no main effects of left-right vs near-far or of
      observer position. Rates of egocentric responding were high at both ages. We note
      that the complementary spatial dimension to left-right is near-far not front
      back. Moreover, the relative ease of front-back transformations in previous
      research resulted from distinctive front-back cues on the display objects which
      enabled subjects to use nonspatial strategies to identify observer perspectives.

PMID- 3989464
TI  - Children's perception of sibilants: the relation between articulation and
      perceptual development.
AB  - When synthetic fricative noises from an [s] continuum are followed by [a] and
      [u], adult listeners perceive fewer instances of in the context of the rounded
      vowel [u] (Mann & Repp, 1980). This perceptual context effect presumably reflects
      adjustment for certain coarticulatory effects and implies tacit knowledge of
      coarticulation and its consequences. To clarify the role of articulatory
      experience in the ontogeny of such knowledge and the consequent perceptual
      adjustment, the present study examined the effect of rounded and unrounded vowels
      on the perception of [s] and by adults, 5-, and 7-year-old children who produce
      and [s] and 7-year-old children who misarticulate these phonemes. All three
      groups of children showed a context effect equivalent to that of adults and
      independent of age and articulation ability. Therefore, productive mastery of [s]
      and is not critically responsible for perception of the [s] distinction, nor for
      perceptual sensitivity to the consequences of sibilant-vowel coarticulation.

PMID- 3989465
TI  - Control of children's observing responses by information feedback during visual
      discrimination learning.
AB  - Four experiments examined the control of observing responses by information
      feedback during visual discrimination learning. Second-grade children
      participated in Experiment 1; kindergarten, second-, and fifth-grade children
      were subjects in Experiments 2 and 3, and grade 5 and adult subjects were tested
      in Experiment 4. In order to view the stimuli, subjects in Experiments 1, 2, and
      3 activated lights in viewing boxes; in Experiment 4, stimulus fixations were
      measured using a corneal reflection technique. Fifth graders and adults observed
      the discriminative stimuli for longer times on trials following negative feedback
      than on trials following positive feedback; in contrast, kindergartener's
      observing was not affected by type of feedback. Second graders showed smaller and
      less reliable reactions to type of feedback than did older subjects. These
      results support the view that visual observing is controlled by cognitive
      processes associated with hypothesis testing.

PMID- 3989466
TI  - Developmental differences in empathy with a television protagonist's fear.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to determine whether children at different ages (3-5
      vs 9-11) differ in their tendency to share the emotion of a television character.
      Subjects were shown a videotape of either a frightening stimulus alone or a
      character's fear in response to a threatening stimulus that was suggested rather
      than shown directly. Contrasting predictions were made based on a cognitive
      developmental view of the process of empathy vs an automatic conception. Both
      self-reported emotional reactions and physiological responses were consistent
      with the cognitive-developmental approach: The younger children were less
      emotionally aroused by the character's fear than by the fear-provoking stimulus,
      while the older children responded emotionally to both versions of the videotape.
      The younger children's lack of empathy was not due to a failure to recognize the
      nature of the character's emotion. There was some evidence that the older
      children exhibited a greater tendency to role take than did the younger children.

PMID- 3989467
TI  - Discrimination of polysyllabic sequences by one- to four-month-old infants.
AB  - The goal of this research was to ascertain the effects of suprasegmental
      parameters (fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration) on discrimination of
      polysyllabic sequences by 1- to 4-month-old infants. A high-amplitude sucking
      procedure, with synthesized female speech, was used. Results indicate that young
      infants can discriminate the three-syllable sequences [marana] versus [malana]
      when suprasegmental characteristics typical of infant-directed speech emphasize
      the middle syllable. However, infants failed to demonstrate discrimination when
      adult-directed suprasegmentals were used and in several other experimental
      conditions in which prosodic parameters were manipulated. The pattern of results
      obtained in the six experiments suggests that the exaggerated suprasegmentals of
      infant-directed speech may function as a perceptual catalyst, facilitating
      discrimination by focusing the infant's attention on a distinctive syllable
      within polysyllabic sequences.

PMID- 3989468
TI  - Children's reasoning about the causes of human behavior.
AB  - Three studies examined young children's ability to predict how certain internal
      and external conditions affect behavior. Study 1 included 136 children from early
      preschool, late preschool, kindergarten, and second grade. A forced choice
      procedure revealed that even the youngest group could predict the effect of
      various internal-personal causes (e.g., interest, intelligence) and external
      situational causes (e.g., rewards, adult pressure). Older preschoolers and second
      graders considered these internal causes more powerful than these external
      causes. With the same procedure, in Study 2 the 16 preschoolers predicted that
      both physical characteristics (e.g., strength, energy level) and the internal
      personal characteristics of Study 1 affect performance in athletic activities. In
      addition, they considered the physical causes more important. Study 3 examined
      more complex types of causal reasoning. Younger preschoolers responded randomly
      but older preschoolers combined two causes to create a greater effect than one
      cause and used an external cause to enhance, rather than discount, an internal
      cause. The discussion focused on the cognitive development underlying
      developmental differences in the ability to predict behavior on the basis of one
      or two causes.

PMID- 3989469
TI  - Free recall of concrete and abstract words in poor and normal readers.
AB  - The present study compared poor and normal readers in second and sixth grade on
      free recall of concrete and abstract words. On the basis of the assumption that
      memory for abstract words relies more heavily upon linguistic coding ability than
      does memory for concrete words, it was expected that poor readers would have much
      greater difficulty on recall of abstract words than would normal readers, but
      would more closely approximate the normal readers on recall of concrete words.
      The hypothesis was confirmed at the second-grade level but not at the sixth-grade
      level, wherein the magnitude of group differences on concrete words was
      comparable to that on abstract words. Post hoc analyses of intrusion errors
      suggested that the linguistic coding hypothesis may be a viable explanation of
      reader group differences on memory tasks only at lower age levels.

PMID- 3989470
TI  - Impaired Kupffer cell function precedes development of secondary amyloidosis.
AB  - It has been demonstrated previously that the acute phase reactant, serum amyloid
      A (SAA), is subject to degradation by surface membrane-associated proteinases of
      peripheral blood monocytes. However, monocytes obtained from the blood of
      patients with amyloidosis degraded SAA incompletely, leaving a cleavage product
      that, biochemically and immunologically, resembled the amyloid protein A (AA)
      deposited in their tissues. To investigate the role of fixed macrophages in
      amyloidogenesis and to establish more definitively that amyloid deposition is
      attributable to faulty processing of the precursor protein rather than aberrant
      synthesis, secondary amyloidosis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by serial
      injections of casein. Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated from livers of mice that
      had received 0, 8, 13, 18, and greater than 30 injections of the stimulant. The
      cells were cultured with SAA for 4, 8, and 18 h and then subjected to electron
      microscopy and enzyme analyses. The medium was analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine
      the amount of residual SAA and/or the appearance of AA. KC of healthy animals
      degraded SAA completely whereas KC of stimulated mice showed increasing amounts
      of residual SAA and the appearance of the AA cleavage product. The AA peptide
      appeared in KC cultures early during the course of casein injections and before
      any amyloid could be demonstrated in the organs of the stimulated mice. The
      addition of KC isolated from healthy mice to cultures that had produced AA
      eliminated the abnormal peptide. The results, indicate that defective KC function
      precedes amyloidosis. The abnormal AA cleavage product formed by such cells is
      still susceptible to hydrolysis by normal cells. In addition, ultrastructural
      evidence is presented that suggests that KC may also play a role in
      fibrillogenesis of the AA protein.

PMID- 3989471
TI  - Anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody recognizes a 50,000 molecular weight protein
      of the endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Children with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis may have high titers of
      antibodies detected by immunofluorescence staining of hepatocytes and tubular
      cells in rat liver and kidney sections, respectively. These antibodies are
      directed against antigens contained in microsomal fractions prepared from these
      two organs. We have found that sera from these patients recognized a 50,000 mol
      wt protein present in higher concentration in smooth microsome subfractions
      compared with rough microsome subfractions. This protein is an integral membrane
      protein and is not glycosylated. It is exposed on the cytoplasmic face of the
      endoplasmic reticulum and is rather resistant to proteolysis with proteinase K.
      Since patients with liver disease of different etiology and similar severity of
      cell lysis do not give rise to liver-kidney microsome antibody (LKMA), lysis of
      hepatocytes is apparently not a sufficient condition for their development.

PMID- 3989473
TI  - Conditioned suppression tests of the context-blocking hypothesis: testing in the
      absence of the preconditioned context.
AB  - Two experiments are reported that use rats in a conditioned suppression
      situation. The experiments, designed to remove confounds that have complicated
      interpretations of prior research, tested the context-blocking hypothesis, the
      proposition that static apparatus cues or conditioning contexts can block
      conditioning to discrete conditioned stimuli (CSs). Experiment 1, like previous
      work, tested for conditioning to the target CS in the same context that had been
      preconditioned and in which target conditioning had occurred; the experiment
      demonstrated a context-blocking like effect. Experiment 2 tested for conditioning
      not only in the preconditioned context but also in a nonpreconditioned context.
      Evidence for context blocking appeared similar in the two test situations. This
      suggests that conditioned contexts block the acquisition of associative strength
      by discrete CSs at the time of target conditioning (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner,
      1972) and not through performance factors at the time of testing (e.g., Gibbon &
      Balsam, 1981).

PMID- 3989472
TI  - Inhibition of plasmacytoma development in BALB/c mice by indomethacin.
AB  - Indomethacin given continuously in the drinking water (20 micrograms/ml) to
      BALB/cAn pi mice during the latent period of pristane-induced plasmacytoma
      development dramatically reduced the plasmacytoma incidence from 34.9 to 2.2%.
      Additionally, indomethacin given from day 0 to 120 or begun as late as 60 d after
      a single injection of 1.0 ml pristane was also highly effective in reducing the
      development of plasmacytomas. Indomethacin treatment did not prevent the
      formation of a peritoneal inflammatory exudate or peritoneal oil granulomatous
      tissue, although it had a mild inhibitory effect on the intensity of the cellular
      inflammation, particularly after extensive treatment of greater than 100 d.
      Indomethacin treatment reduced the incidence of arthritis by 50%. A major effect
      of indomethacin treatment was a reduction in the appearance of microscopic
      plasmacytomas that appear in the oil granuloma before plasmacytomas can be
      detected by routine sampling of the peritoneal exudate. Between days 116 and 181,
      16 of 20 mice given 0.5 ml pristane were found to have foci of plasmacytoma
      cells, while only 2 of 20 indomethacin-treated mice had foci-containing
      plasmacytoma cells. The number of mice with microscopic foci in the pristane
      treated group greatly exceeded the expected incidence of plasmacytomas (22%) at
      this dose of pristane. The growth of primary plasmacytomas in transplant that is
      dependent on the pristane-conditioned peritoneal environment was not inhibited by
      indomethacin treatment. The role of indomethacin in inhibiting plasmacytoma
      development was not established; two possibilities are that it inhibits
      production of mutagenic and tissue destructive oxidants by inflammatory cells,
      and it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and intracellular production of oxidant
      biproducts.

PMID- 3989474
TI  - Reflex modification in the rat: the inhibitory effects of intensity and frequency
      changes in steady tones.
AB  - In laboratory rats (as in humans) a low-intensity tone that precedes a high
      intensity burst of noise by approximately 100 ms can reduce the amplitude of the
      startle reaction elicited by the burst of noise. A series of four experiments
      with rats investigated the relation between the inhibitory effects of tonal
      frequency change and the length of the silent period (gap) preceding it. The
      major findings were the following: (a) A gap in an otherwise continuous pure tone
      inhibited startle when the gap occurred approximately 100 ms prior to the noise
      burst. (b) Although an increase in gap duration increased the inhibition afforded
      by the gap, the maximum inhibition was yielded by gaps of 100 ms and greater;
      this maximum was equivalent to the inhibition yielded by the presentation of a
      postgap tone alone. (c) A shift in tonal frequency across a 10-ms gap yielded
      more inhibition than did the same gap with no frequency shift; again the shift
      yielded equivalent inhibition to the presentation of the postgap tone alone. (d)
      An increase in the frequency shift increased inhibition when the shift occurred
      across a 10-ms gap, but not when the shift occurred across a 100-ms gap.

PMID- 3989475
TI  - Extent and limits of the matching concept in monkeys (Cebus apella).
AB  - In Experiment 1, 8 monkeys, experimentally naive with regard to visual stimuli,
      were trained on identity matching with a two-sample set based on two-dimensional
      stimuli. On a subsequent test employing two new samples, 4 of the 8 applied the
      matching rule to the new sample stimuli (as defined by our transfer criterion),
      and 3 showed substantial savings in learning to match the new samples. Two of
      these 3 transferred the matching rule when given a second test with two new
      samples, and the third showed immediate and complete transfer when tested with a
      third pair of new stimuli. These results indicate a much stronger representation
      of the matching concept in monkeys than in pigeons, even when the conditions of
      assessment are reasonably comparable. In Experiment 2, however, 4 monkeys from
      Experiment 1 failed to transfer the matching rule to steady versus flashing green
      samples, indicating that the matching concept did not immediately extend beyond
      the general class of visual stimuli with which it was developed. These and
      related results in the literature suggest that representation of the matching
      concept in animals varies along a specificity-abstractness dimension, reflecting
      the degree to which the concept is tied to the conditions and context of its
      development.

PMID- 3989476
TI  - Postreinforcement signal processing.
AB  - Postreinforcement signal processing by rats was demonstrated in six experiments
      that used a discrete-trials choice procedure. Experiment 1 assessed the extent to
      which rats are able to transfer knowledge about associations between
      postreinforcement signal durations and choice responses to conditions where a
      particular signal duration preceded the opportunity to make a choice response. In
      Experiment 2 the generality of the transfer effect was demonstrated by using both
      signal duration and signal modality as relevant stimulus attributes for the
      postreinforcement signals. The role of the relative durations of the
      reinforcement-signal gap and the intertrial interval was investigated in
      Experiment 3. In order to assess the effects of within-trial and between-trial
      signal relations on the acquisition of a temporal discrimination, both pre-and
      postreinforcement signals were presented on each trial in Experiments 4 and 5.
      The effects of pre- and postreinforcement signal relations on the steady-state
      performance of a temporal bisection task across three different signal ranges
      were studied in Experiment 6. The conclusion is that rats readily process various
      stimulus attributes of postreinforcement signals and that relations between
      postreinforcement signals, choice responses, and prereinforcement signals are
      major determinants of choice behavior.

PMID- 3989477
TI  - Alcoholic versus aqueous calibrators for the enzymatic assay of serum
      cholesterol.

PMID- 3989478
TI  - Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for human apolipoprotein C-III.
AB  - A sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for apolipoprotein C-III was
      developed. Anti apolipoprotein C-III immunoglobulins were used both for coating
      of microtitre plates and for the preparation of an anti apolipoprotein C-III
      horse-radish peroxidase conjugate. Under optimized assay conditions, the
      sensitivity lies around 0.3 ng apolipoprotein C-III with a working range of 1 to
      6 ng. Standard curves are parallel for purified apolipoprotein C-III, for
      untreated plasma and for lipoprotein fractions. Delipidation did not affect the
      content of apolipoprotein C-III in plasma. The assay was evaluated by comparison
      with an immunonephelometric assay for apolipoprotein C-III, yielding a
      correlation coefficient of 0.982 (n = 79). The mean intra- and interassay CV for
      the whole working range of the assay were 3.6% and 4.2% respectively.

PMID- 3989479
TI  - High performance liquid chromatographic assay of disaccharides and
      oligosaccharides produced by the digestion of glycosaminoglycans with chondroitin
      sulphate lyases.
AB  - In high performance liquid chromatographic procedures hitherto described, SiO2,
      NH2 and RP columns have been used for the analysis of disaccharides produced by
      the digestion of glycosaminoglycans with the chondroitin sulphate lyases AC and
      ABC. The use of a potent anion exchanger offers the following advantages over
      these columns: superior separation characteristics for non-sulphated
      disaccharides, and improved column performance, coupled with more stable
      analytical conditions. Elution with dilute saline solutions permits separation of
      the two non-sulphated disaccharides from chondroitin and hyaluronate. The
      sequential application of chondroitinase AC and ABC permits the determination of
      hyaluronate, the chondroitin sulphate isomers and the dermatan sulphate isomers
      by high performance liquid chromatographic separation of the products of
      enzymatic hydrolysis. In a previously described method, hyaluronate lyase was
      used for the determination of hyaluronate. It has been found, however, that
      omission of the hyaluronate lyase step results in superior accuracy in the high
      performance liquid chromatographic separation of the non-sulphated disaccharides.
      The enzymatic analysis of human articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans has
      repeatedly yielded a fraction which is not digestable by chondroitinase AC, but
      is completely digestable by chondroitinase ABC. More extensive characterization
      has disclosed that this fraction differs structurally from chondroitin sulphate.
      Enzymatic characterization indicates that it should presumably be assigned to
      dermatan sulphate.

PMID- 3989480
TI  - Laser nephelometric equivalence point titration for the measurements of specific
      proteins in turbid biological fluids.
AB  - A reliable, sensitive and specific laser nephelometric (LN) assay for the
      quantitative measurement of specific proteins in body fluids by equivalence point
      titration is described. The method is relatively free from interference
      encountered in conventional LN assays, e.g. unspecific background scatter,
      antigen excess, and the inhibition of complex formation by high ionic strength
      and salt concentration, low pH and elevated urea concentrations. It can be
      applied to turbid body fluids containing relatively small amounts of antigen. A
      serial dilution of the antigen preparation (human urinary albumin in the present
      work) is incubated with a fixed amount of highly diluted specific antiserum. The
      antigen concentration is determined by estimation of the equivalence point on the
      LN immunoprecipitation curve and comparison of this position with that on a
      standard curve. The data presented show good correlation with values obtained by
      radioimmunoassay (p less than or equal to 1 X 10(-5);log (LNET) = 0.956 log (RIA)
      - 0.03; n = 50).

PMID- 3989481
TI  - Semiautomatic bioluminescence determination of glycerol using a computer
      controlled luminescence analyser (Berthold LB 950 T).
AB  - A semiautomatic determination of glycerol is described, in which luminescence
      produced by bacterial NADH-linked luciferase is measured by an automatic
      luminescence analyser (Berthold LB 950 T). The glycerol determination is based on
      the enzymatic conversion of glycerol to 3-phosphoglycerate, made irreversible by
      the presence of arsenate. NADH, formed in the glycerol-3-phosphate and
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reactions, is subsequently determined by
      the bacterial luciferase system. Stable kinetics of light emission were obtained
      by reducing the catalytic concentration of NAD(P)H: FMN oxidoreductase from 85
      U/1 to 8.5 U/1. This method was applied to serum samples and validated by
      comparison with an enzymatic fluorimetric method. The new method is approximately
      10 times more sensitive than the fluorimetric one. Moreover, it is simpler, more
      convenient, less time consuming and also less expensive than spectrophotometric,
      fluorimetric or radiochemical methods used for glycerol determination.

PMID- 3989482
TI  - Selection bias in clinical research: the land outside the tower.

PMID- 3989483
TI  - Family practice grand rounds. Meningitis following normal lumbar punctures.

PMID- 3989484
TI  - The quality of emergency room radiograph interpretations.
AB  - Primary care physicians often make patient management decisions based in part on
      their own interpretations of radiographs. This important area of clinical
      decision making has not been previously analyzed in the literature. In this
      series of 294 consecutive radiographs from rural practice, interpretative
      disagreement between primary care providers and backup radiologists occurred 9.2
      percent of the time, a discordance rate similar to that seen among radiologists
      in other studies. Although a majority of the films for which interpretative
      disagreement occurred had potential implications for influencing patient
      management, in only seven cases did actual case management vary from appropriate
      norms. Follow-up of cases where interpretative disagreement occurred revealed
      that in only two cases did unsatisfactory outcomes occur. Primary care physicians
      can provide high-quality radiographic interpretations that, when coupled with
      clinical information, yield extremely low rates of error or potential for poor
      patient outcomes.

PMID- 3989485
TI  - Lymphadenopathy in a family practice: a descriptive study of 249 cases.
AB  - The charts of 249 patients with enlarged lymph nodes were audited to provide a
      further primary care data base and to clarify recommendations for evaluation of
      lymphadenopathy. A firm diagnosis was made in only 36 percent of patients despite
      an average of 1.7 visits and two laboratory tests per patient tested. Serious or
      treatable causes of lymphadenopathy were rare and were always accompanied by
      clinical conditions that suggested further evaluation. Lymph nodes were biopsied
      in only 3 percent of patients. No patient was found to have a prolonged,
      disabling illness without a prompt diagnosis. The data suggest that, in patients
      without associated signs or symptoms, a period of observation is safe and likely
      to save unnecessary expense and biopsy.

PMID- 3989486
TI  - An intervention to increase mammography screening by residents in family
      practice.
AB  - Two groups of residents in family practice were used to evaluate the
      effectiveness of a multifaceted educational program that was designed to increase
      resident compliance with screening for breast cancer. In the experimental group,
      residents were given a two-hour seminar that responded to the literature on the
      difficulties of implementing preventive care in clinical practice; group
      consensus was developed for a more regular (exact frequency left to each
      resident) screening for women aged over 35 years, and specific barriers to breast
      cancer screening were analyzed and solutions presented whenever possible. In
      addition, these residents received two behavioral cues after the intervention to
      stimulate and reinforce referrals for mammography screening. The study was
      conducted over a period of one year, including a five-month preintervention
      period, a three-month post-intervention period, and a three-month follow-up
      period. As predicted, the increase in mean referral rate for the experimental
      group was significantly greater than for the comparison group. This increased
      rate of referral for mammogram was maintained for six months after the
      intervention. This intervention is easily reproducible in many residency training
      programs, especially those in family medicine and other small primary care
      programs.

PMID- 3989487
TI  - Breast feeding and jaundice in the first week of life.
AB  - Infants who most commonly receive treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are
      breast-fed babies in whom no cause for the jaundice can be determined.
      Hyperbilirubinemia in these newborns may not be caused by the breast feeding as
      such, but rather by inadequate nursing. This paper reports attempts to decrease
      readmissions for phototherapy at the UCLA Medical Center by inducing earlier and
      more functional lactation in the entire nursery population and by formula feeding
      infants whose bilirubins approached recommended treatment levels. Nursing was
      interrupted for 24 to 48 hours in 87 newborns; six still required readmission,
      while 81 were successfully treated at home. At the two-week well-baby visit, no
      differences in the incidence of breast feeding were found when comparing
      nonjaundiced breast-fed babies with infants who were taken off the breast or who
      were readmitted for phototherapy. Differences in the cost of care were
      significant with an average cost per patient of $126 for those treated at home
      compared with $1,440 for those readmitted. Policies designed to induce earlier
      lactation did nothing to decrease the incidence of exaggerated jaundice in the
      study's breast-fed population. It was concluded that supervised setting with
      careful counseling and follow-up, can provide an effective alternative to
      readmission and phototherapy in the treatment of jaundice.

PMID- 3989488
TI  - Obstetric consultations during labor and delivery in a university-based family
      practice.
AB  - This study retrospectively examined the use of obstetrical consultants by family
      medicine residents and faculty at the University of Washington Hospital from July
      1, 1980, to June 30, 1981. Of 125 deliveries, 104 (83 percent) were vaginal
      deliveries, 99 percent of which were performed by the family physician involved.
      There were 21 (17 percent) cesarean sections. Before the audit began, 13
      complications of labor and delivery were established as criteria suggesting the
      need for consultation. Medical records were retrospectively examined for
      complications meeting these criteria. Formal consultations occurred in 32 percent
      of all deliveries. Of the patients with at least one of the 13 complications, 75
      percent had consultations obtained. Patients with these complications had
      intrapartum risk scores that were significantly higher than patients without the
      listed complications. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were significantly lower in
      the group of patients meeting the consultation criteria (7.0 vs 8.0 at 1 minute;
      8.3 vs 9.0 at 5 minutes). The criteria successfully identified a group of high
      risk patients and could be an appropriate guide for decision making in the
      specific setting studied. Patients without one of the predetermined complications
      had a low rate of surgical intervention (cesarean section or midforceps
      deliveries); the negative predictive value was 98 percent.

PMID- 3989490
TI  - Forming a department of family practice in a community hospital.

PMID- 3989489
TI  - Diagnosis clusters: a new approach for reporting the diagnostic content of family
      practice residents' ambulatory experiences.
AB  - Effective documentation and monitoring of the ambulatory care experiences of
      residents have been elusive goals of family practice educators. This article
      describes a method of aggregating the diagnostic (morbidity) data recorded by the
      residents using diagnosis clusters. Reports organized by diagnosis clusters are
      useful and easily interpreted. They facilitate the monitoring and documentation
      of the diagnostic profile and the recording habits of each resident.

PMID- 3989491
TI  - Inverse effects of ethidium bromide on superoxide dismutase and lactate
      dehydrogenase of Artemia salina embryos.
AB  - Development of Artemia salina embryos in the presence of ethidium bromide, an
      inhibitor of mitochondrial transcription, results in a dose dependent increase in
      the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase, and a concomitant decrease in the
      specific activity of a cyanide-resistant superoxide dismutase. The inhibition of
      mitochondrial function by ethidium bromide appears to exert opposite effects on
      the nuclear cistrons encoding lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase, and
      suggests that a common mitochondrial signal may exert diametric effects on
      nuclear cistrons whose products are characteristic of alternate states of
      respiration.

PMID- 3989492
TI  - Oxygen consumption of mouse sperm and its relationship to capacitation.
AB  - The oxygen consumption of spermatozoa from the caudae epididymides of the mouse
      was measured in various media and in the presence or absence of substrates and
      inhibitory agents in order to investigate the relationship between oxidative
      metabolism and capacitation. When washed sperm were placed in a medium in which
      capacitation occurs, respiration increased abruptly, due to the availability of
      oxidizable substrates, and remained at a high, constant level throughout the
      period of measurement. There was no temporal change in rate during the time when
      capacitation was occurring, nor was the rate after capacitation had occurred
      higher than it was before. Capacitation does not occur in a medium in which
      polyvinyl alcohol is substituted for bovine serum albumin or to which ethyl
      alcohol is added. Prevention of capacitation by these means had no effect on the
      rate of oxygen consumption. The results support the conclusion that the increased
      respiration of sperm in a capacitating medium is due to the presence of
      oxidizable substrates and, as such, is an accompaniment of the process of
      capacitation rather than a factor in bringing it about.

PMID- 3989493
TI  - Regulation in the neural plate of Xenopus laevis demonstrated by genetic markers.
AB  - To follow the subsequent history of grafted tissue in experiments designed to
      study regulation and commitment in the amphibian neural plate, previous workers
      have relied on graft scars, vital dyes applied externally to cells, or
      xenoplastic grafts. Each of these methods has been criticized on the grounds that
      they do not indicate unambiguously the origins of individual cells within the
      operated host. To overcome these difficulties, homoplastic, genetically marked
      embryonic grafts were taken from the prospective spinal neuroectoderm of triploid
      and tetraploid Xenopus laevis frogs and transplanted to presumptive eye and
      prosencephalic regions of the neural plate of diploid X. laevis embryos.
      Orthotopic presumptive eye grafts also were done. Marked cells were scored in
      section either by nucleolar number or computerized nuclear size analysis. Of 28
      heterotopically grafted embryos that survived to stage 41, when the retina has
      differentiated, prospective spinal cord neuroectoderm in eight animals gave rise
      to cell types unique to the eye. The remaining 20 survivors appeared to be
      mosaic. These results substantiate claims of regulation in the neural plate and
      extend these observations to the level of individual cell types, a level of
      resolution not previously obtained in other studies.

PMID- 3989494
TI  - Blood viscosity in arctic fishes.
AB  - The blood viscosity of arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, and shorthorn sculpin,
      Myoxocephalus scorpius, from the arctic (74 degrees 42'N) was measured with a
      cone-plate viscometer. Blood viscosity of the two arctic species was considerably
      lower, less shear rate dependent, and less temperature dependent than the blood
      of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from more temperate waters.
      The rheological properties of the arctic fish blood would minimize blood flow
      resistance and thus be advantageous at the low temperatures (0 degree C)
      characterizing their environment.

PMID- 3989495
TI  - Amino acids can induce nondisjunction during maturation of mammalian oocytes in
      vitro.
AB  - Certain chromosomal disorders in mammalian embryos are traceable to meiotic
      errors during oocyte maturation. This report evaluates the influence of amino
      acids on meiotic maturation in vitro of oocytes from pigs, hamsters, and rats.
      The results indicate that maturing porcine oocytes respond not only to 1
      glutamine (1-gln) but also to 1-isoleucine (1-ileu) in complex or chemically
      defined media by exhibiting significantly (P less than .05) increased incidences
      of nondisjunction when compared with oocytes in control medium. Nondisjunction
      was highly correlated (r = 0.981) with dose of 1-gln in porcine oocytes
      (incidences of maturing oocytes exhibiting nondisjunction were 19.3%, 39.7%,
      41.5%, 66.2%, and 88.5% at 1-gln concentrations of 0 mM, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 3.0 mM
      and 10.0 mM, respectively). Hamster oocytes also exhibited significantly (P less
      than .05) increased nondisjunction when cultured in medium containing 1-gln (52%
      of maturing cumulus-enclosed oocytes exhibited nondisjunction in medium with 3.0
      mM 1-gln vs. 6.3% in control medium). Denuded hamster oocytes also responded to 1
      gln (35% exhibited nondisjunction in 4.0 mM 1-gln, 8% in control medium). In
      contrast the incidence of nondisjunction in rat oocytes was not increased
      significantly by 1-gln over a concentration range of 0-12.0 mM. This study
      demonstrates that maturing oocytes respond to certain environmental conditions by
      undergoing chromosomally abnormal maturation. Specifically, amino acids can
      induce nondisjunction when present in elevated concentrations during oocyte
      maturation. The amino acid influence not only was dose dependent for porcine
      oocytes but also was species specific.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989496
TI  - Repeated furrow formation from a single mitotic apparatus in cylindrical sand
      dollar eggs.
AB  - The methods used previously to demonstrate the ability of a single mitotic
      apparatus to elicit multiple furrows involved considerable cell distortion and
      did not permit the investigator to control the positioning of the parts or to
      observe satisfactorily the early stages of furrow development. In this
      investigation, Echinarachnius parma eggs were confined in 82 microns i.d.
      transparent, silicone rubber-walled capillaries, and the mitotic apparatus was
      moved by pushing the poles inward with 55-microns-diameter glass balls. When the
      mitotic apparatus was shifted immediately after the furrow first appeared, a new
      furrow appeared in the normal relation to the new position in 1-2 minutes. The
      same mitotic apparatus could elicit up to 13 furrows as it was shifted back and
      forth by alternately pushing in the poles. The previous furrow regressed as the
      new furrow developed. The operations protracted the furrow establishment period
      to as long as 24.5 minutes after establishment of the first furrow. The
      characteristics of furrow regression were related to the distance the mitotic
      apparatus was moved. It is unlikely that regression was caused either by stress
      imposed on the surface or the removal of the mitotic apparatus from the vicinity
      of the furrow.

PMID- 3989497
TI  - On the diversity of sperm histones in the vertebrates: IV. Cytochemical and amino
      acid analysis in Anura.
AB  - The variability of sperm histones in frogs has been studied by cytochemical and
      amino acid analyses. Cytochemically, Rana sperm proteins fall into Bloch's ('69,
      '76) type 4 somatic-like histone category, while Xenopus and Bufo have type 3
      intermediate sperm histones. Extractability in 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at
      different temperatures splits this type 3 category into two groups: type 3B
      intermediate sperm histones of Bufo are extractable at 85-90 degrees C, while
      Xenopus intermediate type 3A sperm histones require temperatures of 95-100
      degrees C for extraction. Amino acid analysis confirms that Rana sperm histones
      are of the nucleosomal type, with a testis-specific, very lysine-rich H1 histone.
      The sperm protein in Bufo is richer in arginine than the proteins in Xenopus.
      Both of these genera contain lysine and histidine as well as arginine in their
      sperm proteins. These results confirm earlier electrophoretic data (Kasinsky et
      al., '78) and indicate that sperm histones in the order Anura can vary markedly
      between different genera.

PMID- 3989499
TI  - Organic matrixlike macromolecules associated with the mineral phase of sea urchin
      skeletal plates and teeth.
AB  - The skeletal plates and teeth of the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus contain a
      heterogeneous assemblage of macromolecules that are not part of the connective
      tissue, but are presumably intimately associated with the mineral phase. Upon
      dissolution of the Mg-calcite mineral phase, some of these molecules are
      insoluble. The insoluble fractions of the teeth and skeletal plates are quite
      different, the former being predominantly protein and the latter, primarily some
      unknown nonproteinaceous material. The soluble constituents are similar in both
      tissues. These hydrophilic macromolecules have been partially separated and
      characterized. In both hard parts, two distinct classes of macromolecules are
      present, as indicated by the amino acid compositions of their protein
      constituents. These two classes of macromolecules are also present in the shells
      of a foraminifer and in various mollusks, both of which are formed by the
      "organic matrix-mediated" biomineralization process. The locations of these
      macromolecules in the teeth and skeletal plates are not known, nor whether they
      form coherent structures. It is therefore premature to conclude that these
      macromolecules do function as an organic matrix, although the results presented
      are in agreement with such an interpretation.

PMID- 3989498
TI  - Neural fold and neural crest movement in the Mexican salamander Ambystoma
      mexicanum.
AB  - In studies of amphibian neurulation, the terms "neural ridge," "neural fold," and
      "neural crest" are sometimes used as synonyms. This has occasionally led to the
      misconception that grafting of the neural crest is equivalent to grafting of the
      neural fold. The neural fold, however, is composed of three parts: the neural
      crest, prospective neural tube tissue, and epidermis. In order to investigate how
      these neural fold components move during neurulation, time-lapse photography,
      electron microscopy, and grafting were performed. Ambystoma mexicanum embryos
      were photographed during neurulation at regular intervals. The photographs were
      analyzed to find the position of those cells at beginning of neurulation that end
      up on the line of fusion as the neural folds close. Posteriorly, these cells are
      already on the emerging neural fold. In the anterior neural folds, however, these
      cells are located in the lateral epidermis. Electron microscopy of the neural
      folds confirms the presence of epidermis. To follow the movement of the cells
      differentiating into melanophores (neural crest), neural fold parts were grafted
      into albino hosts. The crest cells differentiating into melanophores following
      ectopic grafting are located in the flank of the neural fold that is in contact
      with the neural plate. In grafts from the outside (distal) flank, no melanophores
      developed. Semithin sections show that the third part of the neural fold consists
      of apically constricted cells known to differentiate into neural tissue. Because
      the neural folds consist of epidermis, neural tissue, and neural crest, neural
      fold and neural crest cannot be used as synonyms.

PMID- 3989500
TI  - An egg envelope component induces the acrosome reaction in sturgeon sperm.
AB  - The acrosome reaction in Acipenser transmontanus sperm can be induced by a 66,000
      dalton glycoprotein that is present in Layer 3 (L3) of the egg envelope and in
      egg water only following exposure of the eggs to fresh water. When egg water is
      fractionated on Sepharose CL 6B, the 66,000 dalton glycoprotein-containing
      fractions possess acrosome reaction inducing activity. Egg water may be species
      specific in its ability to elicit the acrosome reaction, as demonstrated by the
      fact that it has no effect on the sperm of Acipenser fulvescens. Egg jelly
      possesses no acrosome reaction, inducing activity. The major carbohydrate
      containing component of the egg envelope is L3, a layer that contains galactose
      residues. L3 possesses a 70,000 dalton glycoprotein prior to freshwater exposure
      and lacks the 66,000 dalton component. If isolated from polyacrylamide gels, the
      70,000 dalton glycoprotein elicits acrosome reactions in what appears to be a
      species specific manner. After freshwater exposure, L3 contains both the 70,000
      dalton glycoprotein and the 66,000 dalton glycoprotein that is also present in
      egg water. The appearance of the 66,000 dalton inducer can be blocked by the
      incubation of eggs in fresh water containing inhibitors of trypsin activity.
      Thus, the soluble inducer in egg water may be proteolytically derived from a
      higher molecular weight complex in the egg envelope.

PMID- 3989501
TI  - Placental lactogen secretion in the mouse: in vitro responses and ovarian and
      hormonal influences.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro methodologies were utilized to study the regulation of
      placental lactogen (PL) secretion in the mouse. Chorioallantoic placental
      explants obtained from midpregnant (day 10 of gestation) C3H/HeN or Swiss Webster
      mouse conceptuses behaved differently in culture than explants of chorioallantoic
      placentas obtained later in pregnancy. Midpregnant placental explants maintained
      or showed an increasing amount of PL output per day for 5-6 days of culture,
      while gestationally older placental explants demonstrated a progressive decline
      in PL output per day over the 5-6-day culture period. On selected days of
      gestation, bilaterally ovariectomized C3H/HeN or Swiss Webster mice were shown to
      have significantly higher serum PL concentrations than sham operated mice.
      Reduction of serum progesterone concentrations by unilateral ovariectomy and/or
      partial lutectomy had no significant effect on serum PL concentrations.
      Progesterone significantly reduced PL production by midpregnant placental
      explants from both C3H/HeN and Swiss Webster mice, whereas 17 beta-estradiol did
      not significantly affect PL release in vitro. PL production by mouse
      chorioallantoic placentas has gestational specific characteristics in vitro and
      is responsive to regulatory influences of the maternal ovaries and progesterone.

PMID- 3989504
TI  - Na/Ca exchange in the intact cardiac cell.

PMID- 3989502
TI  - Role of solute drag in intestinal transport.
AB  - This study presents experiments related to the role of solvent drag and solute
      drag in the transmembrane movement of nonelectrolytes in a perfused rat intestine
      preparation. Conditions were chosen to simulate the effects of luminal
      hyperosmolarity on the permeability of tracer solutes. Data are presented on net
      water flux, transepithelial potentials, and lumen-to-blood and blood-to-lumen
      tracer solute movements during control electrolyte perfusion and after making the
      perfusate hyperosmotic. The results indicate that both solvent drag and solute
      drag can play significant roles in the transepithelial movement of solute and
      solute permeabilities in the rat ileum preparation. It is suggested that the
      potential roles of solvent drag and solute drag should be accounted for or
      considered during the characterization of the mechanisms of biological membrane
      function.

PMID- 3989503
TI  - Electrochemical ion gradients and the Na/Ca exchange stoichiometry. Measurements
      of these gradients are thermodynamically consistent with a stoichiometric
      coefficient greater than or equal to 3.

PMID- 3989505
TI  - Primary structure of pilin protein from Bacteroides nodosus strain 216:
      comparison with the corresponding protein from strain 198.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of pilin protein from Bacteroides nodosus strain 216 was
      determined. The protein had a calculated molecular weight of 15962 and contained
      the same number of amino acid residues (151) as the pilin from the previously
      sequenced strain 198. The sequence of the first 44 residues was common to both
      strains, including the unusual amino-terminal amino acid, N-methylphenylalanine.
      Of the remaining 107 residues, 37% of them differed between the two strains.
      Comparison of hydrophilicity profiles constructed from the sequence data
      indicated that a conserved region around residues 71-72 was probably the site of
      an antigenic determinant.

PMID- 3989506
TI  - Fatty acid composition of oral isolates of Selenomonas.
AB  - Fatty acids of 16 strains of Selenomonas isolated from the human oral cavity were
      examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The strains showed similar patterns,
      characterized by the presence of straight-chain fatty acids in the range C11 to
      C18. Fatty acids of odd-numbered carbon atoms dominated and the major acids were
      n-pentadecanoate and 3-hydroxytridecanoate. The general fatty acid pattern of
      Selenomonas differed distinctly from those of other previously analysed anaerobic
      or microaerophilic Gram-negative bacilli.

PMID- 3989507
TI  - The growth-inhibitory effects of some dyes on different Mycoplasma and
      Acholeplasma spp.
AB  - A microtitre-plate method for evaluating the inhibitory effect of dyes on the
      growth of mycoplasmas in fluid medium is described. Different species were shown
      to differ in their sensitivity to dyes. Statistical analysis (a) compared the
      general sensitivity and resistance of different mycoplasma species to the dyes
      and (b) showed that the dyes fell into two main groups in their effects on the
      mycoplasma species.

PMID- 3989508
TI  - Granulomatous reactions induced by lipids extracted from Fonsecaea pedrosoi,
      Fonsecaea compactum, Cladosporium carrionii and Phialophora verrucosum.
AB  - Granulomatous reactions induced by lipid extracts from the dermatophyte fungi
      Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fonsecaea compactum, Cladosporium carrionii and Phialophora
      verrucosum, the causal organisms of chromoblastomycosis, were studied. Charcoal
      particles coated with the lipid extracts were prepared and injected intravenously
      into mice. Inflammation was characterized by an intense mononuclear cell
      infiltrate that lodged in the lung from 4 to 8 d after inoculation.

PMID- 3989509
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces venezuelae mutants blocked in
      chloramphenicol biosynthesis.
AB  - Twelve Streptomyces venezuelae mutants blocked in chloramphenicol biosynthesis
      were isolated. Two of these (Cm1-1 and Cm1-12) were apparently blocked in the
      conversion of chorismic acid to p-aminophenylalanine and three (Cm1-4, Cm1-5 and
      Cm1-8) accumulated p-aminophenylalanine and may have been blocked in the
      hydroxylation reaction that converted this intermediate to p-aminophenylserine.
      One mutant (Cm1-2) accumulated D-threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-2-propionamido-1,3
      propanediol and D-threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-2-isobutyramido-1,3-propanediol,
      indicating that chlorination of the alpha-N-acyl group of chloramphenicol was
      blocked. The remaining six strains did not excrete any detectable chloramphenicol
      pathway intermediates.

PMID- 3989510
TI  - Adhesion, penetration and intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila: an
      in vitro model of pathogenesis.
AB  - Legionella pneumophila attached to, penetrated and replicated within the three
      eukaryotic cell lines, MRC-5, HEp-2 and Vero. Multiplication occurred rapidly in
      these cells for an initial 48 h after inoculation and declined thereafter.
      Infected MRC-5 cell monolayers developed lytic-type cytopathic changes, with
      organisms being readily released. HEp-2 cells showed a more chronic infection,
      with slowly developing granular changes in the monolayers, and slow release of
      intracellular bacteria. In Vero cells, organisms were released rapidly along with
      a more progressively developing granular cytopathic effect in the monolayers. L.
      pneumophila was unable to grow in cell-free culture fluids. Uptake and
      intracellular development was similar for each cell type, and was initiated by
      'bacteriopexis', a process in which the organisms bound via receptors and were
      surrounded by cellular microvilli which eventually fused, leading to bacterial
      engulfment. Replication of organisms in vacuoles within the cytoplasm of infected
      cells was confirmed by thorium labelling. These vacuoles were lined with
      ribosomes and, at the early stages of intracellular development, were found in
      close proximity to mitochondria, cytoplasmic filaments and banded enclosures.
      Ruthenium red staining showed that acid mucopolysaccharide capsular material was
      not present on these organisms during the attachment process or intracellular
      phase. Organism release was by lysis of the infected cells.

PMID- 3989511
TI  - Production of methanethiol from methionine by Brevibacterium linens CNRZ 918.
AB  - The conditions under which Brevibacterium linens CNRZ 918, a strain isolated from
      the surface smear flora of Gruyere de Comte cheese, produced methanethiol from
      methionine were studied. Demethiolation was estimated from the methanethiol
      production capacity of resting cells. Methionine was demethiolated mainly during
      the exponential growth phase of the organism during which time the cells were rod
      shaped and had a generation time of 5 h, and the medium became alkaline. At the
      end of growth (pH 9) the cells were coccoid, and produced only very little
      methanethiol. The production of methanethiol required the presence of methionine
      in the culture medium, this reflecting the probable induction of the enzyme
      systems involved. Glucose favoured growth and inhibited production of
      methanethiol. Lactate favoured both growth and methanethiol production. Resting
      rod cells also produced methanethiol from structural analogues of methionine and
      from methionine-containing peptides. The apparent kinetic constants of the
      production of methanethiol for rod and coccoid cells were respectively Km = 14 mM
      and 46 mM, Vmax = 208 nkat g-1 and 25 nkat g-1. The optimum temperature and pH
      for production were 30 degrees C and pH 8. Azide or malonate favoured the
      production of methanethiol by resting cells, whereas chloramphenicol had no
      effect.

PMID- 3989513
TI  - Is phase variation in Bordetella caused by mutation and selection?
AB  - In vitro growth conditions of Bordetella bronchiseptica led to an enrichment of
      phase variants. The frequency of phase variation was about 10(-6) per cell per
      generation. Therefore phase variation in Bordetella may result from a random
      mutation in a controlling region, followed by selection.

PMID- 3989512
TI  - Recurrent senescence in axenic cultures of Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - When subcultures of the aux-2 and aux-4 strains of Physarum polycephalum, which
      had been grown for more than four years in axenic shake culture, were transferred
      to non-axenic surface culture they displayed progressively shorter lifespans
      (older axenic surface cultures yield shorter lived non-axenic cultures). Similar
      subcultures transferred to axenic agar medium also underwent senescent-like
      events. These subcultures, after a period of vigorous growth, displayed a slower
      growth rate, reduced cytoplasmic streaming, loss of yellow pigment, and
      eventually they fragmented into a number of small spherical structures with the
      concomitant lysis of most of the plasmodium. In non-axenic culture these
      structures quickly degenerated (and disappeared from the culture); however, in
      axenic culture they revived and after several days produced new vigorous
      plasmodia. Following a period of vigorous growth the plasmodium again underwent
      senescent-like events. This cycle of senescence and growth was repeated a number
      of times before death finally occurred.

PMID- 3989514
TI  - Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical specimens by nucleic acid spot
      hybridization.
AB  - A nucleic acid spot hybridization assay was used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis
      DNA. The hybridization probes included DNA isolated from elementary bodies of
      lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) strains and cloned fragments of both chromosomal
      and plasmid DNA. The sensitivity of the test was in the range 10 to 100 pg
      homologous DNA and 10 in vitro infected cells. Cross-reactivity with bacterial
      DNA was avoided when purified chlamydia-specific DNA fragments were used as
      probes. C. trachomatis was detectable in most of the clinical specimens with
      large amounts of infectious particles. Also some isolation-negative specimens
      gave a positive signal in the test.

PMID- 3989515
TI  - The loss of a large DNA fragment is associated with an aerial mycelium negative
      (Amy-) phenotype of Streptomyces cattleya.
AB  - Hybridization of various Streptomyces cattleya aerial mycelium negative (Amy-)
      mutants with a probe containing the gene for argininosuccinate synthetase (pTG17)
      has revealed the presence of two different types of mutants (stable and
      unstable). Stable mutants appear to have lost all or part of the region covered
      by the probe, while the unstable mutants demonstrate no detectable changes in
      this region. In one group of stable mutants (those demonstrating a partial loss
      of sequences hybridizing to the probe), a 4.17 kb extrachromosomal element was
      detected, which hybridized with the pTG17 probe. The significance of this finding
      is discussed with reference to the genetic instability of the genus Streptomyces.

PMID- 3989516
TI  - Logical and conceptual problems of existential psychiatry.
AB  - The author has argued that existential psychology and psychiatry are not
      consistent with existential philosophy, from which they derive their basic
      concepts. Existential philosophy treats consciousness as an epistemic and
      ontological absolute while existential psychology and psychiatry acknowledge the
      existence of unconscious mental processes. It is not possible to base a viable
      concept of psychodynamic psychotherapy, the nature of transference, or the
      efficacy of interpretation upon the radical concept of freedom, which is basic to
      existential philosophy. If psychiatrists wish to experiment with
      nonpsychoanalytic dynamic psychologies, then it is the author's opinion that the
      advancement of knowledge would be better served either by using existentialist
      concepts and principles consistently or by explicitly altering them in clearly
      defined ways for stated reasons, or by formulating psychodynamic hypotheses that
      do not lay claim to any foundation in existential philosophy.

PMID- 3989517
TI  - A comparison of patient and staff attitudes toward seclusion.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare directly the attitudes of patients and
      staff members toward seclusion. To make such a comparison, a questionnaire
      consisting of 24 items was given to adult psychiatric inpatients and staff
      members of a state mental hospital. The results showed that the two groups
      differed greatly in their attitudes over a wide range of topics; many staff
      members did not realize how much and in what ways seclusion affects patients. It
      was concluded that appropriate training of both groups is needed to make
      seclusion less traumatic and more efficient.

PMID- 3989518
TI  - The role of the idealizing transference in the treatment of psychotic patients.
AB  - A segment of the psychotherapy with a schizophrenic woman and her psychological
      testing are presented in this paper. The authors focus on the role of the
      idealizing transference, and illustrate how its operation, along with the
      mechanisms of fusion, basic trust, and narcissistic alliance, facilitates the
      process of therapeutically transforming this patient's object representations.
      Changes in her hallucinations and delusions reflected this process. The
      idealizing transference may be more generally applicable in the treatment of
      individuals with schizophrenic psychosis than was previously thought. Its
      importance lies in catalyzing changes in patient object representations, object
      relations, and psychotic symptoms.

PMID- 3989519
TI  - Correlations of self-directed violence in acute schizophrenics with clinical
      ratings and personality measures.
AB  - Schizophrenic patients admitted to an acute inpatient unit were evaluated with
      the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), items reflecting
      hostility from the same scale, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and
      the Socialization and Self-Control scales of the California Psychological
      Inventory (CPI). Incidents of violent and nonviolent suicidal behavior and
      suicidal ideation before admission, and assaultiveness against self subsequent to
      admission were recorded. It was determined that behavioral ratings of degree of
      schizophrenic symptoms on the CPRS are more highly likely than ratings of
      hostility to correlate with self-directed violence before and subsequent to
      admission. Personality measures that reflect violence toward others (Psychoticism
      on the EPQ and Socialization on the CPI) also correlate with violence toward
      self.

PMID- 3989520
TI  - Imagery and combat stress in Vietnam veterans.
AB  - Greater exposure to combat in Vietnam leads to higher levels of Vietnam-linked
      imagery, as shown by three different measures: a) an experimental task; b) the
      Impact of Event Scale, a measure of intrusion and avoidance of imagery within the
      past week; and c) a measure of imagery experienced since return from Vietnam. The
      results support previous findings from analogue studies and civilian populations
      concerning the relationship between degree of stress and posttraumatic imagery.

PMID- 3989521
TI  - Sulpiride blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - Intra-accumbens injection of sulpiride, tiapride, and metoclopramide antagonized
      locomotor hyperactivity induced by intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine
      in rats and measured over the first five minutes after introducing the animal to
      an open-field cage. Sulpiride was slightly more potent than tiapride which was
      more than 10 times more potent than metoclopramide and haloperidol. The threshold
      dose of sulpiride was as low as 0.001 microgram, bilaterally. Intra-accumbens
      injection of sulpiride also blocked exploratory hypermotility induced by
      bilateral intra-accumbens injections of apomorphine and picrotoxin. The threshold
      dose of sulpiride for blocking these two effects was about 0.01 microgram,
      bilaterally. Sulpiride was more than 10 times more potent than haloperidol in
      blocking this apomorphine-induced hypermotility. Haloperidol did not influence
      the picrotoxin hypermotility. The results obtained indicate strong postsynaptic
      dopamine antagonist properties of sulpiride, tiapride and metoclopramide.

PMID- 3989522
TI  - The effect of acute lithium administration on brain monoamine synthesis and the
      precursor amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan in brain and plasma in rats.
AB  - The effect of a single i.p. injection of lithium chloride on brain monoamine
      synthesis and tyrosine and tryptophan levels in brain and plasma in rats was
      studied. Acute lithium administration was found to decrease brain tyrosine
      levels, which most likely was due to decreased plasma tyrosine levels. Brain
      tryptophan levels were mainly unaffected whereas plasma tryptophan leves were
      slightly decreased at 8 hours after lithium administration. Brain catecholamine
      synthesis was decreased at 4 hours and increased at 48 hours after the injection
      of lithium. Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis was decreased at all time
      intervals after the injection of lithium. It is concluded that the effects of
      acute lithium administration on brain monoamine synthesis are not mainly due to
      its effect on brain tyrosine and tryptophan levels in rats. Furthermore acute
      lithium administration appears to affect 5-HT synthesis to a greater extent than
      it affects catecholamine synthesis.

PMID- 3989523
TI  - Effect of various oral protein doses on plasma neutral amino acid levels.
AB  - Six healthy fasting females each received, on different days, 0, 6, 12.5 or 25 g
      of albumin dissolved in 200 ml water. Blood was collected before and at intervals
      after the albumin ingestion and assayed for plasma levels of large, neutral amino
      acids (LNAA), insulin and glucose. Insulin increased significantly after
      ingestion of 12.5 and 25 g of albumin, whereas changes in serum glucose were
      small and inconsistent. Increases of plasma LNAA concentrations were dose-related
      and correlated significantly with the molar percentage in the albumin of the
      respective amino acids at 1 and 2 hours but not at 3 and 4 hours after
      consumption. Ratio in plasma of tyrosine to other LNAA increased by 20 to 60%,
      and still at 4 hours the plasma tyrosine ratio was significantly elevated above
      control level after all 3 albumin doses. The plasma ratio of tryptophan to other
      LNAA decreased by 30 to 50%, and at 4 hours the plasma tryptophan ratio was still
      significantly below control level after the 2 larger albumin doses. The marked
      changes in the plasma tryptophan and tyrosine ratio suggests that the central
      serotonin and catecholamine synthesis could possibly be affected following
      ingestion of pure protein.

PMID- 3989524
TI  - The patients dying after long terminal phase have acidotic brains; implications
      for biochemical measurements on autopsy tissue.
AB  - Measurement of the frontal cortex and the medulla oblongata pH at autopsy
      revealed that those brains from individuals who died after long terminal phase
      had lower pHs than those who died quickly. These low pHs (pH 6.0-6.5)
      corresponded to lactic acid concentrations (20-25 mM) which are known to be
      neurotoxic. The cerebrospinal fluid pH and blood pH correlated with the cortical
      pH. The significance of these observations to the study of the biochemistry and
      histology on post-mortem human brain tissue and their possible clinical relevance
      are discussed.

PMID- 3989525
TI  - Inhibitory effect of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease on plasma
      monoamine oxidase activity.
AB  - The plasma amine oxidase (benzylamine oxidase, BzAO) of patients with Parkinson's
      disease is sometimes decreased in activity, when compared to normal controls.
      This is the result of therapy with DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors. The Authors
      suggest that complications due to prolonged therapy with these drugs may be, at
      least in part, the result of an interference with BzAO capacity to catabolize
      circulating amines.

PMID- 3989527
TI  - Lateralization in number and size of sensory axons to the dimorphic chelipeds of
      crustaceans.

PMID- 3989526
TI  - Morphology of two pairs of identified peptidergic neurons in the buccal ganglia
      of the mollusc Tritonia diomedea.
AB  - The morphology of two pairs of identified peptidergic neurons (B11 and B12)
      located in the buccal ganglia of Tritonia diomedea was described. Both pairs of
      neurons contained a large quantity of a small cardioactive peptide (SCP) in their
      somata. One of the pairs (B11), the large dorsal white cells, contained ACh in
      their somata along with SCP. Both pairs of cells appeared white in live
      preparations under epi-illumination. Each B11 and B12 was a unipolar neuron and
      sent its major axonal branch through the ipsilateral gastro-esophageal nerve to
      the gut. In addition, B12 sent a small branch to the contralateral buccal
      ganglion. A characteristic feature of both neuron pairs was their vesicular
      content. Three types of vesicles were observed in B11. Vesicles with electron
      lucent core (LCV) and electron-dense core (DCV) were found in the somata. The
      axon hillock and the beginning of axon contained vesicles with variable electron
      dense core (VDCV) in addition to LCV and DCV. The ratio of DCV: LCV: VDCV changed
      from 5:95:0 for the perinuclear cytoplasm to 8:55:37 for the beginning of axon.
      The average maximum diameters were 97 +/- 23 nm for DCV, 103 +/- 32 nm for LCV
      and 106 +/- 29 nm for VDCV. B12 somata contained DCV (average maximum diameter
      100 +/- 26 nm), LCV (109 +/- 23 nm) and elliptical vesicles with eccentric
      electron-opaque core (115 +/- 20 nm).

PMID- 3989528
TI  - Scanning and freeze-fracture study of larval nerves and neuromuscular junctions
      in Manduca sexta.
AB  - The nerves and nerve terminals to tonic larval muscle fibers in third and fifth
      instar caterpillars were studied to compare them with those formed by the same
      motor neurons on phasic flight muscles in adult moths. Scanning micrographs
      showed a primary nerve branch running the length of each fiber, with secondary
      nerve branches extending from it at intervals. There was a great deal of
      variability in both the length of the branches and the distance from the nerve at
      which the neuromuscular junctions were formed. The rapid increase in muscle fiber
      size during larval development may be responsible for this variability. The
      nerves and junctions were often found to be obscure by overlying fibroblasts and
      tracheoblasts or entering the deep muscle clefts. Those examined were similar in
      appearance to the adult junctions formed by the same neurons, although some may
      have formed single branches instead of y-shapes. The membrane specializations of
      the synapse seen in freeze-fractured specimens were similar to those of the adult
      junction. However, the overall shape of the nerve terminal within the junction
      differed. The larval nerve terminals appeared varicose instead of having a
      uniform diameter. The spacing of the nerve plaques varied, in contrast with the
      relatively straight alignment and even spacing of plaques found in adult
      junctions. Such differences could result from an interaction between the motor
      neuron and the two different types of muscle fiber that it innervates, an
      intrinsic change in the motor neurons themselves that occurs with metamorphosis,
      or a plastic functional response that occurs as a result of the different types
      of motor patterns that are used in the two stages.

PMID- 3989529
TI  - Limited value of the Fairley test in urologic infections in patients with
      neuropathic bladders.
AB  - In an attempt to localize sites of urinary tract infection, a combined Fairley
      washout test and prostatic localization was performed on 110 spinal cord injured
      (SCI) patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and a history of recurrent
      bacteriuria. Analysis of 100 patients demonstrated both single and double site of
      localization. Single sites of localization involved: upper tract 21 of 92 (23%),
      bladder 15 of 92 (16%), prostate eight of 92 (9%), and 48 of 92 (52%)
      undetermined. In eight cases, double site of localization was documented:
      prostate and upper tract six of eight (75%), prostate and bladder one of eight
      (12%), and prostate and undetermined one of eight (12%). Eighty-seven patients
      were followed post localization with urine cultures on the fourth or tenth day
      post procedure; 27 patients (31%) became sterile post localization, 55 patients
      (63%) stayed infected (greater than or equal to 10(4) colonies/ml), and five
      patients (6%) had less than 10(4) colonies/ml. Limitation of the Fairley washout
      may be attributed to the following: difficulty in sterilizing large atonic and
      trabeculated bladders, TUR sphincterotomy with widely open bladder neck, and
      heavy urethral colonization from use of external urinary collecting devices. Our
      modification of Fairley's test included irrigation of the urethra in seven
      patients. The final bladder irrigant specimen was positive in only one patient
      compared to 16 of 37 patients without urethral irrigation. We conclude that the
      ability of the modified Fairley washout and prostatic localization to diagnose
      the site of urinary tract infection in an SCI population is limited. However, as
      a mechanical washout for asymptomatic bacteriuria, the Fairley test was found to
      be beneficial in 31% of the patients as a therapeutic modality.

PMID- 3989531
TI  - Management, treatment, and prevention of urinary infections in the spinal cord
      injured.

PMID- 3989530
TI  - Urinary tract morbidity and mortality following spinal cord injury.

PMID- 3989532
TI  - Urinary tract infections in male spinal cord injured patients. Part two:
      Diagnostic value of symptoms and of quantitative urinalysis.
AB  - Seventy paired samples of urine, obtained by collection of a clean voided
      specimen and by suprapubic aspiration (SPA) of the bladder, were obtained from 43
      male SCI patients who were free of indwelling catheters. The relationship of the
      presence or absence of symptoms and the degree of pyuria (determined
      quantitatively using a haemocytometer) to the presence or absence of bacteriuria
      (SPA specimen) was determined. Symptoms were poorly predictive of bacteriuria
      with concordance seen only 40% of the time. Most bacteriuric episodes (37/51
      72.5%) were asymptomatic. The quantity of WBC in voided urine accurately
      reflected that in SPA urine (r = 0.825), indicating that urodynamics in SCI
      patients who received sphincterotomies are different than in normal persons.
      Pyuria (greater than or equal to 10(4) WBC per cc urine) was an excellent
      predictor of UTI--37 of 38 (97.4%) had UTI. However, 40.6% of samples with WBC
      less than 10(4) were also culture positive. Overall, consideration of the
      presence or absence of pyuria in relation to the presence of bacteriuria provided
      a sensitivity of 74.0%, specificity of 95.9%, and predictive value of a positive
      test of 97.4%. The predictive value of a negative test (WBC less than 10(4),
      however, was only 59.4%. There was poor correlation between absolute bacterial
      and WBC count. The point of cutoff for bacterial count correlating with 10(4) WBC
      count was not statistically significant in these patients; this is possibly due
      to repeated bacterial contamination from anterior urethra. While symptom status
      was often misleading, the presence of greater than 10(4) WBC per cc of urine was
      highly predictive of the presence of bacteriuria in male SCI patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989533
TI  - Difference in the pattern of soluble proteins from rat brain regions.
AB  - The electrophoretic pattern of soluble proteins from seven rat brain regions
      (amygdala, cerebellum, corpus striatum, cortex, hypothalamus, medulla, and
      midbrain) was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Although the number of protein bands (36) was identical in all
      brain regions studied, there were differences in their relative densities, the
      greatest variation occurring in the low-molecular-weight region of the
      electrophoretogram. The bulk of the soluble proteins had molecular weights
      between 23,000 and 90,000 daltons. The medulla and amygdala showed the greatest
      range of protein band concentration. A large number of protein bands in the
      midbrain and corpus striatum showed a greater concentration of protein compared
      to the same bands in the other regions. A protein band that migrated with the
      same characteristic as albumin was found. It was consistently high in all
      regions, the midbrains showing a 1.5-fold greater concentration compared to other
      regions. Linear regression analysis of wet weight of regional brain tissue
      against protein concentration yielded a regression coefficient (r2) of 0.77.
      Midbrain and corpus striatum showed a relatively higher protein concentration:
      weight ratio than other regions.

PMID- 3989534
TI  - Modulation of the acetylcholine system in the superior cervical ganglion of rat:
      effects of GABA and hypoglossal nerve implantation after in vivo GABA treatment.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) was applied to the superior cervical ganglion
      (SCG) of CFY rats in vitro and in vivo, with or without implantation of a
      hypoglossal nerve, to evaluate the effects of these experimental interventions on
      the acetylcholine (ACh) system, which mainly serves the synaptic transmission of
      the preganglionic input. Long-lasting GABA microinfusion into the SCG in vivo
      apparently resulted in a "functional denervation." This treatment reduced the
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) activity by 30% (p less than 0.01) and
      transiently increased the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but had no
      significant effect on the choline acetyltransferase (acetyl-coenzyme A:choline-O
      acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.6) activity, the ACh level, or the number of
      muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The relative amounts of the different
      molecular forms of AChE did not change under these conditions. In vivo GABA
      application to the SCG with a hypoglossal nerve implanted in the presence of
      intact preganglionic afferent synapses exerted a significant modulatory effect on
      the AChE activity and its molecular forms. The "hyperinnervation" of the ganglia
      led to increases in the AChE activity (to 142.5%, p less than 0.01) and the 16S
      molecular form (to 200%, p less than 0.01). It is concluded that in vivo GABA
      microinfusion and GABA treatment in the presence of additional cholinergic
      synapses has a modulatory effect on the elements of the ACh system in the SCG of
      CFY rats.

PMID- 3989535
TI  - Deamination of aliphatic amines by monoamine oxidase A and B studied using a
      bioluminescence technique.
AB  - Deamination of n-octylamine and n-decylamine has been studied in various tissues
      using a new bioluminescence technique. Selectivity of n-octylamine and n
      decylamine as substrates for monoamine oxidase (MAO) A or B has been determined
      using both clorgyline and (-)-deprenyl inhibition curves and kinetic parameters.
      Homogenates of rat brain, liver and heart containing predominantly MAO-A or -B
      were prepared by preincubation for 60 min with (-)-deprenyl or clorgyline (30
      nM), respectively. Human placenta (MAO-A) and platelet (MAO-B) were used as
      reference tissues containing only one MAO form. In tissues (rat liver, brain)
      containing both MAO forms in equal proportion, inhibition curve studies showed a
      preference of both substrates for the B form of the enzyme; however, where MAO-A
      was the major form (rat heart, human placenta), clorgyline was the more effective
      inhibitor. In the beef brain cortex n-octylamine showed marked preference for MAO
      B, whereas n-decylamine was selective toward-MAO-A. Kinetic studies in general
      supported the picture of greater selectivity of the aliphatic amine substrates
      for deamination by MAO-B, as reflected by lower Km values for this enzyme type.
      However, n-octylamine was more selective for MAO-B than n-decylamine in both
      kinetic and inhibition curve studies. The deamination of these aliphatic amine
      substrates cannot be explained only by reference to the binary classification of
      MAO into types A and B.

PMID- 3989536
TI  - A new rapid and sensitive bioluminescence assay for monoamine oxidase activity.
AB  - The in vivo luminescence of an aldehyde-requiring mutant of the luminous bacteria
      Vibrio harveyi (M42) increases dramatically upon the addition of long-chain
      aliphatic aldehydes (C8-C16). The intensity of this luminescence is linearly
      related to aldehyde concentration. This property was utilized for the
      determination of monoamine oxidase activity using n-octylamine and n-decylamine
      as substrates, which are converted by monoamine oxidase to n-octylaldehyde and n
      decylaldehyde, respectively. The addition of the amine to a suspension containing
      rat liver mitochondria and M42 cells initiated a luminescence that was directly
      proportional to monoamine oxidase activity according to two parameters: (1) the
      rate of the initial increase in luminescence and (2) the final "steady-state"
      level of luminescence. The new assay has advantages of high sensitivity,
      rapidity, the possibility to perform discontinuous as well as continuous
      monitoring of monoamine oxidase activity, and applicability to turbid
      preparations.

PMID- 3989537
TI  - Membrane potential and catecholamine secretion by bovine adrenal chromaffin
      cells: use of tetraphenylphosphonium distribution and carbocyanine dye
      fluorescence.
AB  - Changes in plasma membrane potential of isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells
      were measured independently by two chemical probe methods and related to
      corresponding effects on catecholamine secretion. The lipophilic cation
      tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) and the carbocyanine dye 3,3'
      dipropylthiadicarbocyanine [DiS-C3-(5)] were used. The necessity of evaluating
      the subcellular distribution of TPP+ among cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, secretory
      granule, and bound compartments was demonstrated and the resting plasma membrane
      potential determined to be -55 mV. The relationship between membrane potential
      and catecholamine secretion was determined in response to variations in
      extracellular K+ and to the presence of several secretagogues including
      cholinergic receptor ligands, veratridine, and ionophores for Na+ and K+. The
      dependence of potential on K+ concentration fit the Goldman constant field
      equation with a Na/K permeability ratio of 0.1. The dependence of both K+- and
      veratridine-evoked catecholamine secretion on membrane potential exhibited a
      potential threshold of about -40 mV before a significant rise in secretion
      occurred. This is likely related to the threshold for opening of voltage
      sensitive Ca2+ channels. Acetylcholine and nicotine evoked a large secretory
      response without a sufficiently sustained depolarization to be detectable by the
      relatively slow potential sensitive chemical probes. Decamethonium induced a
      detectable depolarization of the chromaffin cells. Veratridine and gramicidin
      evoked both membrane depolarization and catecholamine release. By contrast the K
      ionophore valinomycin evoked significant levels of secretion without any
      depolarization. This is consistent with its utilization of an intracellular
      source of Ca2+ and the independence of its measured secretory response on
      extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 3989538
TI  - Alteration of amino acid metabolism in epileptogenic mice by elevation of brain
      pyridoxal phosphate.
AB  - A single intraperitoneal injection of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) in a species
      of mouse, DBA/2J, that is normally susceptible to sound-induced convulsion
      exacerbated its epileptic condition. The effect of injection was most pronounced
      about 30 min after the administration and subsided gradually within the following
      4 h. Correlated with this increased seizure susceptibility were enhanced levels
      of synaptosomal aspartate and glutamate, and a diminished gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) level. The concentrations of nonneuroactive amino acids remained
      unchanged. When stimulated with veratrine, synaptosomes prepared from PLP
      injected mice showed an increased release of aspartate and glutamate and a
      decreased release of GABA compared to those prepared from control mice. The
      activity of glutamate decarboxylase in the brains of PLP-treated mice was
      lowered, whereas the activity of GABA-transaminase was enhanced. Finally, the
      epileptic condition of DBA mice could be ameliorated by maintenance on a diet
      composed of vitamin B6-deficient feed and cellulose.

PMID- 3989539
TI  - Characterization of myelin fractions from human brain white matter.
AB  - Myelin and myelin-containing (P3) fractions were prepared from human white matter
      by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The myelin isolated from each
      of the fractions of different densities was morphologically and biochemically
      distinct. Light myelin fractions consisted of compact, multilamellar myelin,
      whereas the denser fractions consisted predominantly of loose myelin with fewer
      lamellae. The amounts of both basic protein and lipophilin (proteolipid protein)
      were reduced in the denser fractions. In contrast, the high-molecular-weight
      components were elevated in the dense fractions. The lipid composition was
      similar in all the fractions studied. Analysis of basic protein by gel
      electrophoresis at pH 10.6 revealed differences in basic protein
      microheterogeneity among the fractions. The light myelin fraction was enriched in
      the more positively charged basic protein components (components 1, 2, and 3),
      whereas these components were reduced in the denser fractions. Myelin in the
      dense fractions was enriched in the more modified forms of basic protein
      (components 6, 7, and 8). The pattern of microheterogeneity was different for
      basic protein isolated from myelins of a 2-year-old and an adult brain; the
      former showed fewer components and mainly the most cationic species. On the other
      hand, the pattern of microheterogeneity of basic protein isolated from the
      different density gradient fractions was similar for both ages.

PMID- 3989540
TI  - Cerebral metabolic changes during and following fluorothyl-induced seizures in
      ventilated rats.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to assess metabolic changes in the
      neocortex and hippocampus of well-oxygenated or moderately hypoxic rats in which
      fluorothyl-induced seizures were sustained for 5 or 20 min, or which were allowed
      recovery periods of 5, 15, or 45 min following cessation of 20-min seizure
      activity by withdrawal of the convulsant gas. Sustained fluorothyl-induced
      seizures were found to cause metabolic alterations qualitatively and
      quantitatively similar to those previously observed with other commonly used
      convulsants. Thus, although the phosphorylation state of the adenine nucleotide
      pool remained only moderately perturbed, if at all, there were decreases in
      tissue concentrations of phosphocreatine and glycogen, and increases in those of
      cyclic AMP, lactate, and pyruvate, with a calculated fall in intracellular pH of
      about 0.15 units and a rise in the cytoplasmic NADH/NAD+ ratio. The enhanced
      metabolic rate was reflected in a marked reduction in the tissue-to-plasma
      glucose concentration ratio. Induced moderate hypoxia (arterial PO2 40-50 mm Hg)
      had no metabolic effect after 5 min of seizures but moderately increased lactate
      concentrations after 20 min (from about 10 to about 15 mumol X g-1). On cessation
      of seizure discharge cyclic AMP and phosphocreatine concentrations normalized
      already within 5 min, whereas glycogen and lactate concentrations normalized more
      slowly. In the neocortex (but not the hippocampus) postepileptic tissue-to-plasma
      glucose concentration ratios rose above control, probably reflecting metabolic
      depression. The results suggest that intracellular pH promptly returned to
      control, and that postepileptic alkalosis developed. They also suggest that some
      elevation of the NADH/NAD+ ratio persisted even after 45 min of recovery.

PMID- 3989541
TI  - Reduced proteins in temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease: an electrophoretic
      study.
AB  - Cytoplasmic and pellet fractions from post-mortem temporal cortex from eight
      cases of neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease, one case of
      cerebrovascular dementia, and five controls were examined by sodium
      dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No differences were observed
      in the cytoplasmic proteins from the five controls and the case of
      cerebrovascular dementia. In five cases of Alzheimer's disease with neurone loss,
      there was a major loss of a cytoplasmic 55,000-dalton protein identified as
      tubulin and variable reductions in cytoplasmic proteins of molecular weights of
      28,000, 30,000, 92,000, and 200,000 daltons. Three cases of Alzheimer's disease
      had no detectable neurone loss; two of these cases had protein patterns
      indistinguishable from the controls and one showed some reduction in soluble
      tubulin only. These results indicate that decreases of particular proteins in the
      temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease may be associated with neurone loss.

PMID- 3989542
TI  - Is Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation in rat brain modulated by
      carboxylmethylation?
AB  - Calmodulin stimulation of protein kinase activity in calmodulin-depleted
      preparations of rat brain cytosol or synaptosomal membranes was attenuated by
      prior carboxylmethylation of the enzyme source with purified protein-O
      carboxylmethyltransferase. Similarly, calmodulin stimulation of highly purified
      Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase was reduced if the kinase was exposed to
      methylating conditions prior to addition of calmodulin. Biochemical and acidic
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic analyses indicated that all sources of
      protein kinase activity were substrates for methylation. The specific activity of
      methyl group incorporation into protein kinase increased with increasing purity
      of the preparation, reaching values of 1.72 pmol CH3/micrograms protein or 0.15
      1.12 mol CH3/mol of holoenzyme. Analysis of ATP binding in cytosol with the use
      of the photoaffinity probe [32P]8-azido-ATP indicated that carboxylmethylation
      reduced ATP binding. These results suggest that carboxylmethylation of Ca2+
      calmodulin protein kinase may modulate the activity of this enzyme in rat brain.

PMID- 3989543
TI  - Polar head group decarboxylation and methylation of phospholipids: an alternate
      route for phosphatidylcholine formation in cultured neuronal cells.
AB  - Decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine (SPG) and methionine-dependent, stepwise
      methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (EPG) to form phosphatidylcholine (CPG)
      were examined in monolayer cultures of rat cerebral cells. Ethanolamine,
      monomethylaminoethanol, or dimethylaminoethanol nitrogenous bases (N-bases) added
      to culture medium at millimolar level result each in synthesis of the
      corresponding phospholipid via a de novo pathway at initial rates of 0.18, 0.30,
      and 0.36 nmol/h/micrograms DNA, respectively. Addition of methyl-labeled
      methionine to culture medium at tracer levels or at millimolar concentration
      enabled measurements of the rates of phospholipid methylation from EPG
      phosphatidylmonomethylaminoethanol (Me1EPG) and phosphatidyldimethylaminoethanol
      (Me2EPG) precursors. At tracer doses, the rates of methylation from the above
      respective phospholipids are 0.45, 1.17, and 1.70 pmol/h/micrograms DNA. At 1 mM
      methionine, synthesis of CPG proceeds from [14C]EPG or [14C]Me2EPG at initial
      rates of 8 and 17 pmol/h/micrograms DNA, respectively. Although the latter
      phospholipid analog can be generated from its monomethyl precursor, methylation
      of EPG does not result in the accumulation of Me2EPG, suggesting two segregated
      and metabolically distinct pathways. In the presence of N-bases, of the total
      [3H]serine incorporated into cellular phospholipids 30-36.5% of labelled SPG is
      converted into decarboxylation products. The decarboxylation and methylation
      routes contribute a significant portion of choline from endogenous sources, most
      likely through conversion of SPG.

PMID- 3989544
TI  - Survey of intermediate filament proteins in optic nerve and spinal cord: evidence
      for differential expression.
AB  - The distribution of intermediate filament proteins in optic nerve and spinal cord
      from rat, hamster, goldfish, frog, and newt were analyzed by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. General as well as specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
      were reacted against putative intermediate filament proteins. In vitro
      incubations of excised optic nerve in the presence of [35S]methionine
      distinguished between neuronal and nonneuronal intermediate filament proteins.
      The proteins of the intermediate filament complex in the two tissues for rat and
      hamster were similar. The typical neurofilament triplet and glial fibrillary
      acidic protein (GFAP) were observed. Vimentin was more concentrated in the optic
      nerve than in the spinal cord. The goldfish, newt, and frog contained
      neurofilament proteins in the 145-150K range and in the 70-85K range. In
      addition, predominant neurofilament proteins in the 58-62K molecular-weight range
      were found in all three species. In contrast to mammalian species, the goldfish,
      newt, and frog displayed extensive heterogeneity between optic nerve and spinal
      cord in the expression of both neuronal and nonneuronal intermediate filament
      proteins. The distinctive presence of low-molecular-weight intermediate filament
      proteins and their high concentration in the optic nerve and spinal cord of these
      nonmammalian vertebrates is discussed in terms of neuronal development and
      regeneration.

PMID- 3989545
TI  - Intracellular translocation of myelin proteolipid protein.
AB  - Brainstem slices prepared from 22-day-old rats were employed to study the
      intracellular translocation of radioactively labeled myelin proteolipid protein
      (PLP). Double-isotope and short pulse-chase procedures allowed us to demonstrate
      the flux of PLP through nine different subcellular membrane fractions that were
      isolated on the basis of their particle size and buoyant density. Tagged PLP was
      rapidly depleted from microsomes, showed transient passage through a number of
      presumably intermediate membranous pools, and accumulated in myelin. On the basis
      of the kinetics of PLP labeling and isotope ratios, the membranes can be arranged
      as they participate in the intracellular translocation of PLP and consistently
      show a pattern indicating possible precursor-product relationships.

PMID- 3989546
TI  - Decreased uptake and release of D-aspartate in the guinea pig spinal cord after
      partial cordotomy.
AB  - This study attempts to determine if L-glutamate and/or L-aspartate may be
      transmitters of neural tracts descending from the brain to the spinal cord. The
      uptake and electrically evoked release of D-[3H]aspartate, a putative marker for
      L-glutamate and L-aspartate, were measured in the cervical enlargement of the
      guinea pig spinal cord. These activities were compared using unlesioned animals
      and others with a lesion on the right side of the spinal cord. Partial cordotomy
      (segment C5) produced a heavy loss of descending fibers, a small loss of primary
      sensory fibers, and a depression of the uptake and the Ca2+ -dependent,
      electrically evoked release of D-aspartate ipsilateral and caudal to the lesion.
      Contralaterally, there was a moderate loss of corticospinal fibers, some loss of
      other descending axons, and a depression of D-aspartate release. Dorsal rhizotomy
      (segments C4-T1) produced a heavy loss of primary sensory fibers ipsilateral to
      the lesion. Ipsilaterally, but not contralaterally, the uptake and release of D
      aspartate were depressed. Degeneration after partial cordotomy in combination
      with dorsal rhizotomy was assumed to be the sum of that produced by each lesion
      separately. This combined lesion depressed D-aspartate uptake ipsilaterally and
      depressed D-aspartate release on both sides of the cervical enlargement. None of
      the lesions altered the uptake and the evoked release of [3H]GABA. These findings
      support the hypothesis that the synaptic endings of one or more neural tracts
      descending from the brain to the spinal cord mediate the uptake and release of D
      aspartate and, therefore, may use L-glutamate or L-aspartate as a transmitter.

PMID- 3989547
TI  - Metabolism of [3H]nipecotic acid in the rabbit retina.
AB  - Nipecotic acid has been demonstrated to block the gamma-aminobutyric acid
      transport systems. Previous studies have shown that the uptake system is the
      first transmitter-specific parameter to appear during the development of the
      rabbit retina. Use of these observations has been made to study the influence on
      the development of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors of altering the uptake
      mechanism by treating newborn pups with nipecotic acid to block GABA transport.
      The present study of the in vivo metabolism of [3H]nipecotic acid in the CNS
      measured the changes in the levels of [3H]nipecotic acid in both adult and
      newborn rabbit retinas after injection of the label into the vitreal chamber. It
      was found that the effective half-life of [3H]nipecotic acid in the vitreous is
      about 5 h for adult tissue and 3 h for newborn. In contrast, all retinal
      fractions retained the label longer, the effective half-lives being about 60 h
      (adult) and 45 h (newborn). Further, no labeled metabolites of nipecotic acid
      were detected in either adult or newborn tissue. This study gives evidence that
      the degradation of nipecotic acid in nervous tissue is minimal and suggests that,
      although the rate of clearance is faster in neonates, the fate of nipecotic acid
      in vivo may be similar in both adult and newborn tissues.

PMID- 3989548
TI  - Dolichol in human brain: regional and developmental aspects.
AB  - Distinct regional differences in dolichol content were defined in human brain
      from 15 to 76 years of age. Concerning the regional distribution of dolichol,
      levels were: higher in cortical gray matter than in subcortical white matter,
      highest among cortical regions in temporal gray matter, highest among all brain
      regions in thalamus, and lowest among all brain regions in lower brain stem and
      spinal cord. The developmental changes in the contents of dolichol were found to
      be different among brain regions. For example, among regions with the highest
      levels of dolichol, in thalamus there was a six to sevenfold increase, but in
      parietal gray matter, only a 2.5-fold increase. Regional and developmental
      changes in the proportions of the individual molecular species (isoprenologues)
      of dolichol were also observed. The findings indicate that the metabolism of
      dolichol is not uniform among regions of developing and aging human brain and may
      have implications for the role of dolichol in normal and diseased human brain.

PMID- 3989549
TI  - Catabolism of exogenous and endogenous sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine by
      homogenates and subcellular fractions of cultured neuroblastoma cells. Effects of
      anesthetics.
AB  - Cultured murine neuroblastoma cells contain a neutral, Mg2+-stimulated
      sphingomyelinase and an alkaline phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing activity that
      are enriched in the plasma membrane fraction. The reaction products of
      sphingomyelin catabolism are phosphocholine and ceramide and those of
      phosphatidylcholine, glycerophosphocholine and fatty acid. These reactions were
      studied with endogenous as well as exogenous liposomal substrates. With both
      exogenous and endogenous substrates, the sphingomyelinase activity was stimulated
      two- to threefold by Mg2+ and a further three- to fourfold by volatile anesthetic
      agents. Stimulation was concentration-dependent and corresponded to anesthetic
      potency: methoxyflurane greater than halothane greater than enflurane. Greater
      than 80% of the plasma membrane sphingomyelin was hydrolyzed within 2 h in the
      presence of Mg2+ and anesthetic. In contrast, the activity with exogenous and
      endogenous phosphatidylcholine was unaffected by Mg2+ or Ca2+ and was markedly
      inhibited (50-80%) by anesthetic agents. The degree of inhibition was
      concentration-dependent and corresponded to anesthetic potency. The quantitative
      importance of choline-containing lipids in cell membranes, the relatively
      exclusive localization of the neutral Mg2+-stimulated sphingomyelinase in cells
      of neural origin, the totally different type of hydrolytic attack on
      phosphatidylcholine, and the reciprocal effects of anesthetics on the hydrolysis
      of these two lipids strongly suggest important roles for these activities in cell
      membranes in general and in the neuron in particular.

PMID- 3989550
TI  - Variables influencing the effect of a meal on brain tryptophan.
AB  - Previous work from our laboratory points to plasma free tryptophan being a useful
      predictor of brain tryptophan concentration in many circumstances. Other work, in
      particular various studies on the acute effects of food intake, has emphasized
      the roles of plasma total tryptophan and of plasma large neutral amino acids that
      compete with tryptophan for transport to the brain. We have now studied
      associations between the above variables under different dietary conditions. Rats
      were allowed to feed for restricted periods during a 12-h light-12-h dark cycle.
      In the first study, rats were given access to a carbohydrate diet for 2 h midway
      through the light cycle and following an 18-h fast. The resultant rise of brain
      tryptophan was explicable largely by the associated fall in large neutral amino
      acids. In a second study, rats were adapted to a regimen whereby they were
      allowed access to the standard laboratory diet for 4 h during the dark cycle for
      3 weeks. A postprandial decrease in brain tryptophan was associated with a fall
      in free tryptophan and of its ratio to competing amino acids. The brain change
      could be attributed neither to changes in plasma total tryptophan (which
      increased) nor to changes of its ratio to the competers (which remained
      unchanged). Results as a whole are thus consistent with changes of plasma free
      tryptophan and large neutral amino acid concentrations affecting brain tryptophan
      concentration under different dietary circumstances. It is suggested that these
      influences serve to maintain brain tryptophan when dietary supplies are
      defective.

PMID- 3989551
TI  - Effects of undernutrition and thyroid state on the ontogenetic changes of D1, D2,
      and D3 brain-specific proteins in rat cerebellum.
AB  - Disturbances in metabolic balance brought about by alterations in thyroid state
      and undernutrition during early life had a marked effect on the concentrations of
      the brain-specific proteins, D1, D2, and D3 in the developing rat cerebellum. In
      normal rats, the concentrations of D1 and D3 increased and that of D2 decreased
      during the first 3 weeks after birth. In the hyperthyroid state a small but
      consistent advancement was observed in the developmental curves of these
      proteins. The hypothyroid state caused a marked retardation in the maturational
      pattern of D1 and D2 but not of D3. In undernutrition, at 6 days the
      concentrations of D1 and D3 proteins were higher than in controls, but thereafter
      the developmental increase was markedly delayed for D1 only. The concentration of
      D2 was normal at 6 days, but after the first week a marked retardation was
      observed in the maturational pattern of this protein in undernourished rats. In
      addition, the "anodic-immature" form of D2 predominated in 6-day-old controls,
      but this was gradually replaced by a "cathodic-mature" form which progressively
      became the dominant form of D2 in 35-day-old rat cerebellum. The developmental
      switch in terms of the two forms was also advanced in hyperthyroidism and
      retarded in thyroid deficiency and undernutrition. Furthermore, daily treatment
      of hypothyroid rats with physiological doses of thyroxine from birth restored the
      concentrations of D1 and D2 to normal, but that of D3 was increased above control
      levels, indicating differences between the proteins in their sensitivity to
      mechanisms of control by thyroid hormone. Also, the overall effects of
      undernutrition were markedly different from those of hypothyroidism.

PMID- 3989552
TI  - Postischemic cerebral lipid peroxidation in vitro: modification by dietary
      vitamin E.
AB  - Using an in vitro system, we studied the effect of postischemic reoxygenation on
      cerebral lipid peroxidation in relation to the dietary intake of vitamin E (VE)
      in rats. Homogenates prepared from VE-deficient, -normal, and -supplemented
      brains, which were previously rendered ischemic for 30 min by decapitation, were
      incubated under air or nitrogen gas for 60 min. The extent of peroxidation in
      brain tissue was estimated by a thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test and by diene
      conjugation in total lipid extracts. The brain levels of alpha-tocopherol and of
      total and free fatty acids (FAs) were also determined. Aerobic incubation
      increased TBA reactants in all dietary groups; the effect was largest in the VE
      deficient group, intermediate in the VE-normal group, and smallest in the VE
      supplemented group. In contrast, nitrogen incubation did not alter the basal
      levels of TBA reactants except for a small rise associated with VE deficiency.
      Conjugated dienes changed in parallel with TBA reactants. alpha-Tocopherol
      decreased after aerobic incubation and also, to a lesser degree, after nitrogen
      incubation in each dietary group. Only in the reoxygenated samples of the VE
      deficient group was there a significant fall in total polyunsaturated FAs. The
      levels of free FAs continuously increased throughout ischemia and subsequent
      incubation. However, the level of free polyunsaturated FAs was similar after
      aerobic and nitrogen incubation in each dietary group, and was not affected by
      VE. Thus, cerebral reoxygenation after ischemia propagates peroxidative reactions
      within esterified polyunsaturated FAs. The modification by VE of reoxygenation
      induced lipid peroxidation suggests free radical mediation.

PMID- 3989553
TI  - Proteolytic digestion patterns of "soluble" and "detergent-soluble" bovine
      caudate nucleus acetylcholinesterases.
AB  - The structures of purified "soluble" and "detergent-soluble" bovine caudate
      nucleus acetylcholinesterases were compared by peptide mapping on polyacrylamide
      gels. The digestion products generated from the two acetylcholinesterases on
      proteolysis by a given protease (Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, alpha
      chymotrypsin, or papain) are remarkably similar as judged from the
      electrophoretic band patterns. We conclude that the "soluble" and "detergent
      soluble" acetylcholinesterases from bovine caudate nucleus share a common
      evolutionary origin.

PMID- 3989554
TI  - Ascorbic acid in fetal rat brain.
AB  - Ascorbic acid in fetal rat brain increases from 374 mg/g on the 15th day of
      gestation to 710 mg/g by the 20th day and remains at that level until birth.
      There is an 18% drop from this plateau after birth.

PMID- 3989555
TI  - Regional distribution of calmodulin activity in rat brain.
AB  - Calmodulin activity in 68 discrete areas of rat brain, obtained by micropunch
      technique, was assessed by its capacity to activate a calmodulin-sensitive form
      of phosphodiesterase. In general, the activity of calmodulin was higher in the
      telencephalon, limbic system, and hypothalamus than in the mesencephalon, pons,
      cerebellum, and medulla. However, there were substantial differences in
      calmodulin activity in discrete nuclei of each region. The regional distribution
      of calmodulin activity in rat brain does not appear to correlate with that of any
      of the known putative neurotransmitters or peptides.

PMID- 3989556
TI  - A study on erythrocyte membrane plasmalogen in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Phospholipid classes that included plasmalogens of erythrocyte membranes in seven
      myotonic dystrophy (MyD) patients and seven normal controls were analyzed by
      HPLC. No significant difference in phospholipid classes was found between
      patients with MyD and normal controls, but there was a visible difference in peak
      profiles of compounds of the phosphatidylethanolamine class. In the study of
      plasmalogens, we used two preparation methods: exposure to HCl and deacylation
      with mild alkaline. The area ratio of the plasmalogen form to the diacyl form in
      the phosphatidylethanolamine class of MyD erythrocyte membranes was significantly
      lower than that of normal controls. Fatty acid analyses showed that fatty acids
      of both phosphatidylethanolamine subclasses have less unsaturation in MyD.

PMID- 3989557
TI  - Translational activity of mRNA coding for cytoskeletal brain proteins in newborn
      and adult mice: a comparative study.
AB  - Translational activity of mRNA coding for cytoskeletal brain proteins was used to
      determine the relative abundance of the mRNA in the brains of newborn and adult
      mice. mRNA was translated in a cell-free system containing rabbit reticulocyte
      factors. The products of translation were analyzed by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis and characterized by peptide map analysis. Comparison of the
      products of translation from newborn and from adult brain mRNA shows a 50%
      decrease in actin and tubulin from newborn to the adult stage. In contrast, the
      70 kd neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein show a twofold
      increase in the adult stage. The heat-shock protein HSP70 increases slightly
      (30%) whereas the brain isozyme of creatine kinase and the heat-shock protein
      HSP90 are three times as high in adult subjects as in newborns.

PMID- 3989558
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to rabbit brain GABA transaminase.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody of class IgG (subclass IgG1) has been prepared to rabbit
      brain GABA transaminase (GABA-T). This antibody reveals a single band of
      molecular weight 52,000 on a nitrocellulose filter blotted with purified GABA-T.
      On a filter blotted with unfractionated rabbit brain supernatant a major band of
      molecular weight 58,000 is revealed. An immunoaffinity column was prepared by
      coupling proteins from ascites fluid containing anti-rabbit GABA-T antibody to
      Bio-Rad Affi-Gel 15. This column bound purified GABA-T and extracted from
      unfractionated rabbit brain supernatant a protein of molecular weight 58,000,
      which was almost homogeneous and which had GABA-T enzyme activity. Using
      immunoaffinity chromatography, therefore, a high degree of purification of GABA-T
      may be achieved in a single step. Further, this technique may preserve an
      authentic form of the enzyme that is lost during the conventional purification
      procedure. The antibody inhibits GABA-T enzyme activity, up to a maximum of 35%.

PMID- 3989559
TI  - Distribution of guanine deaminase in mouse brain.
AB  - Guanine deaminase was measured in nearly 100 different areas of mouse brain. The
      levels are relatively high in all parts of the telencephalon, both gray and
      white. It is especially active in parts of the olfactory tubercle and amygdala.
      Levels in the diencephalon range from low to as high as in the telencephalon.
      Brain areas caudal to the diencephalon, including all parts of the cerebellum,
      are almost uniformly below the level of detection. The enzyme is also virtually
      absent from the retina. The extreme range of concentration suggests that guanine
      deaminase might play a role in the metabolism of a neuroeffector.

PMID- 3989560
TI  - Further studies on the nature of postsynaptic dopamine uptake and metabolism in
      rat striatum: sodium dependency and investigation of a possible role for carrier
      mediated uptake into serotonin neurons.
AB  - The nature of postsynaptic sites involved in the uptake and metabolism of
      striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA) was investigated. The
      accumulation of [3H]DA (10(-7) M) into slices of rat striatum was found to be
      greatly dependent (greater than 99%) on the presence of sodium ion in the
      incubation medium. However, the formation of the [3H]dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      (DOPAC) and [3H]homovanillic acid (HVA) was only partially reduced in the absence
      of sodium (DOPAC, 27% of control; HVA, 47% of control). Inhibition of carrier
      mediated DA neuronal uptake with nomifensine (10(-5) M) significantly decreased
      DA accumulation (18% of control) and [3H]DOPAC formation (62% of control), but
      enhanced [3H]HVA production (143% of control). Inhibition of the 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) neuronal uptake system with fluoxetine (10(
      6) M) or selective 5-HT neuronal lesions with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)
      had no effect on [3H]DOPAC or [3H]HVA formed from [3H]DA in the presence or
      absence of nomifensine. These results demonstrate that the uptake and subsequent
      metabolism of striatal DA to DOPAC and HVA is only partially dependent on carrier
      mediated uptake mechanism(s) requiring sodium ion. These data support our
      previous findings suggesting a significant role for synaptic glial cell
      deamination and O-methylation of striatal DA. Further, experiments with
      fluoxetine or 5,7-DHT suggest that 5-HT neurons do not significantly contribute
      in the synaptic uptake and metabolism of striatal DA.

PMID- 3989561
TI  - Methylation of chromosomal proteins in neuronal and glial nuclei purified from
      cerebral hemispheres of rat during postnatal development.
AB  - The process of methylation of chromosomal proteins [histones and nonhistone
      proteins (NHP)] in neuronal and glial cell nuclei obtained from cerebral
      hemispheres of rats at 1, 10, and 30 days of age was investigated. Purified
      neuronal and glial nuclei were incubated in the presence of S-adenosyl[methyl
      3H]methionine. Histone and NHPs were extracted and fractionated by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. The results obtained indicate remarkable differences in the
      process of methylation of histones and NHPs between neuronal and glial nuclei,
      especially during the first period of postnatal development. In both nuclear
      populations the histone fraction H3 was labeled to a greater degree than the
      other fractions and showed the major changes during postnatal development. The
      densitometric and radioactive patterns of NHPs show considerable changes in the
      two nuclear populations at the various ages examined. The main difference between
      neuronal and glial nuclei consists in the intense methylation of proteins with a
      molecular weight of approximately 100,000, which are present in neuronal nuclei
      and virtually absent in glial ones. The results obtained may be correlated with
      the different chromatin structures of neuronal and glial nuclei and with the
      patterns of maturation and differentiation of neuronal and glial cells during
      postnatal development.

PMID- 3989562
TI  - Concentration of free amino acids in primary cultures of neurones and astrocytes.
AB  - The cellular distribution of free amino acids was estimated in primary cultures
      (14 days in vitro) composed principally of cerebellar interneurones or cerebellar
      and forebrain astrocytes. In cultured neural cells, the overall concentration of
      amino acids resembled that found in brain at the corresponding age in vivo. In
      the two neural cell types, there were marked differences in the distribution of
      amino acids, in particular, those associated with the metabolic compartmentation
      of glutamate. In neuronal cell cultures, the concentrations of glutamate,
      aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid were, respectively, about three, four, and
      seven times greater than in astrocytes. By contrast, the amount of glutamine was
      approximately 65% greater in astroglial cell cultures than in interneurone
      cultures. An unexpected finding was a very high concentration of glycine in
      astrocytes derived from 8-day-old cerebellum, but the concentrations of both
      serine and glycine were greater in nerve cell cultures than in forebrain
      astrocytes. The essential amino acids threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine,
      tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, and arginine were all present in the
      growth medium, and small cellular changes in the contents of some of these amino
      acids may relate to differences in their influx and efflux during culturing and
      washing procedures. The present results, together with our previous findings,
      provide further support for the model assigning the "small" compartment of
      glutamate to glial cells and the "large" compartment to neurones, and also
      underline the metabolic interaction between these two cell types in the brain.

PMID- 3989563
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid glucose: turnover and metabolism.
AB  - The turnover of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose was studied in cats during
      steady-state perfusion. In all experiments, the perfusion fluid contained either
      tracer [14C]glucose alone or tracer glucose along with 4.45 mM unlabeled glucose.
      In some studies, serum glucose was lowered with insulin. The concentration of
      glucose and [14C]glucose in the effluent fluid was measured, and the distribution
      of 14C between glucose and lactate was determined by chromatography. From these
      values, the extraction of glucose and the metabolism of glucose to lactate were
      calculated. From the decrease in the specific activity of glucose in the
      perfusion fluid, the influx of glucose from serum was also determined. During
      steady-state perfusion, 71% of the radioactivity was recovered in the effluent
      fluid: 50% in the form of glucose, 6% in the form of lactate, and 15% in forms
      that were not identified. Thus, 50% of the perfusion fluid glucose was cleared,
      of which 29% was extracted and 21% metabolized. The influx of glucose was
      proportional to the serum glucose when the latter was about 2.5 mM or 10.0 mM.
      During perfusion with tracer glucose only, the concentration of glucose in the
      effluent fluid was 25% that of serum. The transport of glucose from serum was
      independent of the glucose concentration gradient between serum and perfusion
      fluid. However, when perfusion fluid glucose concentration was greater than that
      of serum, transport was inhibited. These studies suggest that in maintaining CSF
      glucose at a lower concentration than serum glucose, with equal amounts of
      glucose entering and leaving the CSF, 50% of CSF glucose concentration cleared is
      replaced by 25% of serum glucose concentration.

PMID- 3989565
TI  - Cerebellum lipids in rats after chronic ethanol treatment.
AB  - Eighteen male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200 g were divided into three
      groups of six animals each. The experimental animals were maintained on
      nutritionally complete diets in which ethanol comprised 45% of the available
      energy. Control animals were pair-fed an equivalent diet in which sucrose was
      substituted isocalorically for ethanol. An additional control group received
      unlimited access to standard pelleted laboratory food and water. The
      investigations were carried out over 24 weeks. The effects on phospholipid,
      monogalactosyl glycolipid, and ganglioside composition after 24 weeks of feeding
      43% alcohol were studied. There is abundant evidence that the changes in the
      cerebellum membrane phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and
      phosphatidylcholine), gangliosides (GT1b), and myelin lipids (phosphatidylserine,
      sphingophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, cerebrosides with hydroxy fatty acids,
      sulfoglycolipids, and monosialoganglioside GM1) occur as a result of chronic
      ethanol treatment.

PMID- 3989564
TI  - Immunological characterization of secretory proteins of chromaffin granules:
      chromogranins A, chromogranins B, and enkephalin-containing peptides.
AB  - The soluble proteins of bovine chromaffin granules can be resolved into about 40
      proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Use of several antisera enabled us
      to characterize most of these proteins with the immune replica technique. An
      antiserum against dopamine beta-hydroxylase reacted with one protein of Mr
      75,000. Met-enkephalin antisera labeled eight proteins of Mr 23,000-14,000. A new
      method was developed to obtain highly purified chromogranin A for immunization.
      The antiserum reacted with chromogranin A and several smaller proteins of similar
      pI. This specific antiserum did not react with a second family of hitherto
      undescribed proteins, which we propose to call chromogranins B. An antiserum
      against these proteins was raised. It labeled several proteins ranging in Mr from
      100,000 to 24,000 and focusing at pH 5.2. Subcellular fractionation established
      that chromogranins B are specifically localized in chromaffin granules of several
      species. They are secreted from the adrenal medulla during cholinergic
      stimulation. We conclude that apart from dopamine beta-hydroxylase chromaffin
      granules contain three families of immunologically unrelated proteins.

PMID- 3989566
TI  - Studies on a cerebellar 50,000-dalton protein associated with cerebellar
      hypoplasia in jaundiced Gunn rats: its identity with glial fibrillary acidic
      protein as evidenced by the improved immunoblotting method.
AB  - On the basis of our previous findings that a 50,000-dalton protein (GR-50) shows
      a marked increase in the hypoplastic cerebellum of jaundiced homozygous Gunn rats
      and its electrophoretic behavior is similar to that of glial fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP), we tried to identify GR-50 as GFAP by two-dimensional
      electrophoresis of rat cerebellar membrane proteins using an improved
      immunoblotting method. In this method a blot immunostained for a specific antigen
      was also visualized for other proteins, thereby enabling us to determine the
      location of the antigen on the blot more precisely. With the methodology it was
      found that GFAP antigen occupied exactly the same position as GR-50 on the blot,
      suggesting strongly the identity of both proteins. Immunohistochemical studies
      revealed that in the cerebellum of homozygotes compared with that of
      heterozygotes GFAP antigen was greatly increased and that it was especially rich
      in the homozygous rat cerebellar lobules with a high degree of hypoplasia.
      Further, it was shown that not only the fibers of the Bergmann glial cells but
      also their somata were intensely immunostained in the affected lobules. A 47,000
      dalton protein (SG-47), which has been reported to be increased in staggerer
      mutant mice with cerebellar hypoplasia, also immunoreacted with the antiserum to
      GFAP.

PMID- 3989567
TI  - Ornithine decarboxylase activity in brain regulated by a specific macromolecule,
      the antizyme.
AB  - Mouse brain ornithine decarboxylase activity is about 70-fold higher at the time
      of birth compared with that of adult mice. Enzyme activity declines rapidly after
      birth and reaches the adult level by 3 weeks. Immunoreactive enzyme concentration
      parallels very closely the decrease of enzyme activity during the first postnatal
      week, remaining constant thereafter. The content of brain antizyme, the
      macromolecular inhibitor to ornithine decarboxylase, in turn is very low during
      the first 7 days and starts then to increase and at the age of 3 weeks it is
      about six times the level of that in newborn mice. This may explain the decrease
      in enzyme activity during brain maturation, and suggests the regulation of
      polyamine biosynthesis by an antizyme-mediated mechanism in adult brain.

PMID- 3989568
TI  - Regional distribution and characterization of kinin in the CNS of the rat.
AB  - The distribution of kinin in the CNS of the rat, which was extracted with n
      butanol from an acidified homogenate, was determined using a bradykinin (BK)
      radioimmunoassay system. The immunoreactive kinin was widely distributed
      throughout the brain. The highest content was found in the pituitary gland (4,135
      fmol BK Eq/g), followed by the medulla oblongata (912 fmol/g), cerebellum (549
      fmol/g), and cortex (512 fmol/g). The kinin in the posterior pituitary was
      concentrated 4.5 times as much as in the anterior lobe. Serial dilution of brain
      extracts produced binding curves parallel to the standard radioimmunoassay curve.
      The purified brain kinin comigrated with authentic BK during CM-cellulose
      chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography. Its molecular weight was
      estimated to be 1,127 +/- 45 by gel filtration, which coincides well with that of
      BK. Chymotrypsin degraded the extracted kinin and authentic BK, but trypsin did
      not. These data demonstrate that a peptide indistinguishable from BK exists in
      the rat brain. Furthermore, pituitary kinin was separated into BK (87%), Lys-BK
      (10%), and Met-Lys-BK (3%), using reverse phase HPLC.

PMID- 3989570
TI  - Rat brain mast cells: contribution to brain histamine levels.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that mast cells (MCs) are present in rat brain, that
      they have a predominantly thalamic localization, and that they contain histamine
      (HA). However, the degree to which these cells contribute to brain HA levels has
      remained unclear. Our recent studies of the precise distribution of rat brain MCs
      permitted us to develop a method to determine both the MC numbers and HA content
      from the same brain. Thalamic MC numbers were highly correlated with both the
      amount (ng) and the concentration (ng/g) of thalamic HA in both sexes (p less
      than 0.005). Slopes of these regression lines, suggestive of the HA content of
      thalamic MCs, were 2.5 and 1.3 pg/cell in males and females, respectively,
      substantially less than the HA levels in peritoneal MCs. Thalamic MC numbers were
      not correlated with HA (ng) outside of thalamus, but were significantly (p less
      than 0.005) correlated with whole brain HA amounts (ng) and levels (ng/g). These
      results are direct biochemical evidence for a contribution by MCs to brain HA
      levels, and indicate that thalamic MCs contribute up to 90% of the HA in
      thalamus, and up to 50% of whole brain HA levels.

PMID- 3989569
TI  - Subcellular fractionation of rat sciatic nerve and specific localization of
      ganglioside LM1 in rat nerve myelin.
AB  - Subcellular fractionation of rat sciatic nerve was developed to determine the
      specific localization of gangliosides in the nerve membrane fractions. Myelin,
      microsomal, and a plasma membrane-like fraction were isolated and purified by
      sucrose density gradient centrifugation. These subfractions were characterized by
      electron microscopy, marker enzyme assays, and their protein and lipid profile.
      In rat sciatic nerve myelin, 90 mol% of the total gangliosides were
      monosialogangliosides. LM1 (sialosyl-lactoneotetraosylceramide) (61 mol%) and GM3
      (21%) were the major gangliosides of the rat nerve myelin. Two other neolacto
      series of gangliosides, viz., sialosyl-lactoneonorhexaosylceramide and sialosyl
      lactoneooctaosylceramide, were also localized mostly in the myelin fraction. GM1
      was only a minor (less than 2%) ganglioside in myelin. The ganglioside patterns
      of the microsomal and plasma membrane-like fractions were similar with minor
      quantitative differences and were entirely different from that of myelin.
      Monosialogangliosides were approximately 70-75 mol% of the total in these
      fractions. The major gangliosides of the microsomal and plasma membrane-like
      fractions were GM3 (approximately 40%) and GM1 (approximately 20%). LM1 in these
      fractions was minimal (less than approximately 5%). Significant amounts of GM3
      with N-glycolylneuraminic acid (approximately 10%) and GM1b (4-14%) were also
      identified in the microsomal and plasma membrane-like fractions but not in
      myelin. These and the higher lactoneo series of gangliosides have not been
      previously reported to be present in the rat nervous system. Almost exclusive
      localization of LM1 in myelin in rat peripheral nervous system is consistent with
      our previous observation that deposition of LM1 in the nerve with age was very
      similar to that of myelin marker lipids cerebrosides and sulfatides.

PMID- 3989571
TI  - Studies on the alkylation of choline acetyltransferase by choline mustard
      aziridinium ion.
AB  - Although a potent irreversible inhibitor of high-affinity choline transport in
      rat brain synaptosomes, choline mustard aziridinium ion (ChM Az) appeared to be a
      relatively weak inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in rat brain
      homogenates, and evidence for irreversible binding of this compound to the enzyme
      had not been established. Accordingly, the irreversible inactivation of partially
      purified rat brain ChAT by ChM Az was studied. This compound is a rather weak
      inhibitor of the enzyme, with 50% inhibition of ChAT activity achieved following
      30 min incubation at 37 degrees C with 0.6 mM ChM Az. This result indicates that
      although ChM Az has affinity for many nucleophiles there was little diluting
      effect of the inhibitor in the crude brain homogenate which could be attributed
      to such reactions (50% inhibition caused by 1.8 mM ChM Az following 10 min
      incubation). Although the initial binding of ChM Az to ChAT may be of a
      competitive nature, irreversible bond formation resulted. The time-dependent
      alkylation reaction conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics with an observed
      forward rate constant (kobs) of 0.173 min-1; the half-time (t 1/2) for
      irreversible binding was about 4 min. The irreversible inactivation of ChAT by
      ChM Az would appear to be slower than the alkylation of high-affinity choline
      carriers in synaptosomes by this compound, and the relatively weak inhibitory
      action of ChM Az against either partially purified ChAT or ChAT activity in crude
      rat brain homogenates is in striking contrast to previous evidence that ChAT in
      intact synaptosomes was inhibited irreversibly by lower concentrations of the
      inhibitor.

PMID- 3989572
TI  - The effect of insulin treatment on myelinated nerve fibre maturation and
      integrity and on body growth in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus was produced in rats by the administration of streptozotocin
      and observations made over a period of 2 months. Four groups of animals were
      studied: onset and end controls, untreated diabetic rats and rats treated daily
      with a long-acting insulin preparation. Body weight increased in the end controls
      and insulin-treated diabetic animals to a similar degree over the observation
      period but was reduced in the untreated diabetic rats. Skeletal growth, assessed
      by measurements of tibial length, was also reduced in the untreated diabetic rats
      and partially corrected by insulin treatment. Myelinated fibre diameter in the
      tibial and sural nerves increased over the observation period in the controls,
      but the increase was less in the untreated animals and the growth deficit was not
      corrected by insulin treatment. Myelinated fibre numbers did not alter in the
      tibial or sural nerves between the onset and end controls. Numbers were
      significantly less in the tibial nerves of both the untreated and insulin-treated
      diabetic rats as compared with the two control groups; in the sural nerves, fibre
      numbers did not differ significantly between the four groups. Finally, the number
      of degenerating axons, assessed in teased fibre preparations, was very small in
      the control and untreated diabetic animals but was significantly increased in the
      insulin-treated group. Measurements of plasma glucose concentrations did not
      suggest that the axonal degeneration could be related to hypoglycaemia. The
      explanation for this paradoxical effect of insulin therapy is uncertain. It may
      be dependent upon fluctuations in blood glucose levels or other metabolic actions
      of insulin apart from its hypoglycaemic effect.

PMID- 3989574
TI  - Axonal degeneration in large and small nerve fibres. An electron-microscopic and
      morphometric study.
AB  - Using computer-aided morphometric methods, axonal degeneration following nerve
      crush was analysed to reassess whether small fibres degenerate before large
      fibres or vice versa, or simultaneously. Axonal microtubule density was used as
      the criterion for determining the extent of fibre degeneration. Axonal areas and
      axonal microtubule numbers were recorded from a large sample of myelinated fibres
      in the right unoperated rat sural nerve and distal to crush in the left sural
      nerve. Both samples were divided into small and large fibre groups, according to
      axonal areas. Statistical analysis of the data confirmed a significant loss of
      microtubules from the left crushed nerve fibres but no significant difference in
      the relative loss of microtubules from small and large fibres. It is concluded,
      therefore, that in Wallerian degeneration, axonal breakdown, as assessed by
      microtubule loss, occurs simultaneously in small and large fibres. The findings
      are related to the electrophysiological changes which occur in Wallerian
      degeneration.

PMID- 3989573
TI  - High-energy phosphate compounds in slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres.
      Changes during exercise in some neuromuscular diseases.
AB  - Concentrations of the high-energy phosphates, ATP and creatine phosphate, were
      investigated in slow-twitch (ST) and fast-twitch (FT) muscle fibres of patients
      with myotonia congenita (n = 6), dystrophia myotonica (n = 5), myopathia ocularis
      (n = 2) and hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy (HOGA) (n = 3) and compared
      with those of normal subjects (n = 4). At rest, the patients with HOGA had lower
      values of ATP in ST muscle fibres than the controls (P less than 0.05). They also
      had lower values of creatine phosphate in these fibres than the patients with
      dystrophia myotonica (P less than 0.03) and myotonia congenita (P less than
      0.05). After 30 s bicycle ergometer exercises there was an increase in ATP in the
      ST muscle fibres of the patients with myotonia congenita, but in all other
      patient groups there was a decrease.

PMID- 3989576
TI  - The contribution of myofibers and fibrocytes to palmitate oxidation in skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Myofibers and fibrocytes were separated from a cell suspension of rat m. flexor
      digitorum brevis. The procedure was successful only when myofibers were
      intentionally damaged prior to separation. Density gradient centrifugation
      yielded a fraction containing 82% of fibrocytes and 20% of myofibers and a second
      fraction with the complementary 18% and 80% of fibrocytes and myofibers,
      respectively. Since the damaged myofibers had a negligible palmitate oxidation
      activity, the relative contribution of fibrocytes and myofibers to palmitate
      oxidation in the parent cell suspension with intact myofibers could be
      established, and amounted to 13% and 87%, respectively.

PMID- 3989575
TI  - Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in normal brains and in brains from patients with
      dementia of Alzheimer type.
AB  - CuZn superoxide dismutase and Mn superoxide dismutase were analysed in
      hypothalamus, nucleus caudatus, hippocampus and cortex gyrus cinguli from 14
      patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and from 16 controls. Ample amounts of
      both enzymes were demonstrated in the brains and there was little difference
      between the various parts of the brain. There were only small differences in the
      enzymic activities between the two groups indicating that deficiencies of these
      enzymes are not a very likely cause of brain degeneration in dementias of
      Alzheimer type.

PMID- 3989577
TI  - Monitoring and tentative diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis by protein analysis
      of cerebrospinal fluid. Particular relevance of the assays of ferritin and S-100.
AB  - The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 9 patients with herpetic encephalitis was
      analyzed by particle counting immunoassay of ferritin, S-100, immunoglobulins,
      anti-herpes antibodies and immune complexes and by electrophoresis for the
      detection of oligoclonal bands. The main conclusions are: first, the simultaneous
      increase of both ferritin and S-100 in the presence of symptoms of encephalitis
      suggests strongly the infection is herpetic; second, high and increasing levels
      of S-100, probably related to the extent of the necrotic process, indicate a poor
      prognosis. In addition, 8-14 days after onset, locally produced anti-herpes
      antibodies were detectable, the IgG index increased and oligoclonal bands became
      visible.

PMID- 3989578
TI  - Studies on the intracerebral injection of vincristine free and entrapped within
      liposomes in the rat.
AB  - The cerebral tissue response and behaviour of rats injected with vincristine of
      increasing concentration, free and entrapped within liposomes was studied. In
      separate experiments, blood, urine and brain levels of vincristine were measured
      after intracerebral injection of free and liposome-entrapped vincristine. When
      entrapped within liposomes, vincristine clearance from the brain was
      significantly reduced and the amount of tissue damage was directly related to the
      amount of drug given, being slightly greater at the same dose when entrapped.
      These results indicate a potential application for drugs entrapped within
      liposomes acting as a depot preparation in the treatment of cerebral gliomas.

PMID- 3989579
TI  - Topographic analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with well
      localized thalamic infarctions.
AB  - After stimulation of the median nerve, three major negative peaks (NI, NII and
      NIII) of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) have different latencies along the
      longitudinal array of scalp electrodes: NI and NII at frontal electrodes have the
      shortest latency (N17, N29). There is a progressive delay toward the central
      (N19, N32) and parietal areas (N20, N34). NIII (N60) latency differs from one
      electrode to another but without consistent anterior-posterior latency shift. A
      variety of SEP abnormalities was observed in 17 patients with non-hemorrhagic
      thalamic lesions reflecting a disturbance of the complex intra-thalamic and
      afferent and efferent thalamic pathways. When the lesions were classified into 5
      groups according to the presumed vascular territories involved, there were
      general but not specific characteristics of SEP abnormalities in each group of
      patients. In four patients with lesions involving primary sensory nuclei and
      presenting with the thalamic syndrome or the loss of all modalities of sensation,
      all SEP components after P14 were absent when the affected arm was stimulated. NI
      peaks were intact in two patients with thalamic sensory lacunes but NII was
      delayed. NI was present but delayed in three patients with anterior thalamic
      lesions not involving primary sensory nuclei. In patients with medial thalamic
      lesions, delayed central NIII was a common finding. In patients with posterior
      capsule or lateral thalamus lesions either NII and NIII or NIII alone were
      affected. NI was also affected in some with sparing of the frontal component
      (N17). These complex relationships between the types of SEP abnormalities and
      thalamic lesions are compatible with the presence of multiple, at least partially
      independent, thalamic generators and thalamocortical projection systems mediating
      regionally specific SEP components.

PMID- 3989580
TI  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in early stages of
      development in dystrophic chickens.
AB  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
      (6PGDH) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activities were
      assayed in superficial pectoral muscles of hereditary dystrophic chickens, 1
      week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 4 months after hatching. In control chickens,
      activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH were very low at 4 months of age; however, at 1
      week of age, they were much higher than those at 4 months of age. Activities of
      G6PDH and 6PGDH were significantly higher in dystrophic chickens compared with
      those in the controls at all the stages of development studied. These findings
      suggest that considerable activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH are present within the
      pectoral muscle cells at early stages of development, at least in dystrophic
      chickens. GAPDH activity was significantly lower in dystrophic chickens at 2
      weeks, 4 weeks and 4 months of age compared with those in control chicken. These
      findings together with our previous studies (Mizuno 1984a,b) in which increased
      activities of superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and
      glutathione reductase were reported in dystrophic chickens, indicate the presence
      of an increased capacity for the turnover of oxygen-free radicals within muscle
      cells in dystrophic chickens, and that oxygen-free radicals and the related
      activated oxygen species may be playing a role in inducing cellular damage.

PMID- 3989582
TI  - Anonymous authors, anonymous referees: an editorial exploration.

PMID- 3989581
TI  - Muscle fibre type differentiation and satellite cell population in Werdnig
      Hoffmann disease.
AB  - Quantitative analyses of the muscle fibre type distribution and satellite cell
      population were performed on biceps muscles from control infants 6-30 months of
      age and patients with Werdnig-Hoffmann (WH) disease aged 1-13 months. In muscles
      of control infants, type 1 fibres ranged from 34.5 to 52.5% of a total of 500
      muscle fibres, similar to the percentage in adult muscle. The distribution of
      type 2A and 2B fibres varied slightly at different ages (type 2A, 19.3-42.8%;
      type 2B, 21.1-39.2%). Type 2C fibres ranged from 0.2 to 3.4% and did not tend to
      decrease with age up to 30 months. The ratio of satellite cells to total
      subsarcolemmal nuclei was 8.4 +/- 1.6% (5-21 months). In muscles in Werdnig
      Hoffmann (WH) disease, undifferentiated type 2C fibres were significantly
      increased in number, ranging from 10.4 to 84.2% (P less than 0.005). The
      prevalence of the fibres was not necessarily proportional to the clinical
      severity, the onset of the disease, or the age at biopsy. Satellite cells in WH
      disease were significantly increased in number (14.4 +/- 3.1%) in comparison with
      control infants (P less than 0.005). The satellite cells in WH disease appeared
      quiescent without morphological characteristics of "activation".

PMID- 3989583
TI  - In vitro simulation of neural trauma by laser.
AB  - A serious lack of knowledge about central nervous system trauma is encountered on
      the cellular level where the inability to create precise experimental lesions of
      known magnitude has limited our understanding of the reactions of single cells to
      injury. We used a laser cell surgery technique developed in this laboratory to
      manipulate neurons in a controlled environment, in order to observe pathologic
      reactions during and immediately after the injury. This technique is especially
      suited for axonal and dendritic amputations close to the perikaryon. The laser
      provided three different physical modes of injury to neurites: direct
      vaporization of cytoplasm, pressure wave damage from external vaporization of
      substrate material, and photobiologically-induced localized cytoskeletal
      destruction leading to the slow pinching of processes followed by transection.
      Our data indicated a great similarity between laser impact damage and the
      cellular damage produced by physical trauma to the central nervous system.

PMID- 3989584
TI  - Basal lamina formation by astrocytes in organotypic cultures of mouse spinal cord
      tissue.
AB  - The relationship between astrocytes, basal lamina and mesenchymal tissue was
      analyzed ultrastructurally in myelinated organotypic cultures of mouse spinal
      cord tissue grown in combination with its pia-arachnoid membrane. A
      discontinuous, well-developed basal lamina covered flat astrocytic processes
      which formed the basal layer of the explant opposing the pia-arachnoid membrane.
      Some astrocytic processes on the surface facing the pia-arachnoid membrane lacked
      basal lamina, had an irregular surface with microvillus-like protrusions but
      within the explant they formed intercellular chambers which were surrounded by
      basal lamina. Even in the presence of mesenchymal tissue which appeared to
      facilitate the formation of basal lamina in this system, the absence of basal
      lamina on some areas of the astrocytic plasma membrane suggests regional
      differences of the astrocytic processes and might reflect the epithelial nature
      of the astrocyte.

PMID- 3989585
TI  - Visual function following optic canal decompression via craniotomy.
AB  - Visual function was assessed in 15 eyes of 11 patients who underwent unilateral
      (seven patients) or bilateral (four patients) optic canal decompression for
      presumed compressive optic neuropathies. Both immediate and long-term
      postoperative vision was evaluated in all eyes. Over 90% of the eyes that had
      undergone nerve decompression had either the same or improved visual acuity and
      visual field immediately following surgery. In this group of patients there were
      no deaths and there was only one postoperative complication, a transient
      dysphasia caused by an epidural hematoma that was evacuated. Long-term follow-up
      evaluations revealed that most of the eyes retained their immediate postoperative
      visual function or showed gradual visual improvement with time. The results of
      this series as well as a review of the available literature indicate that optic
      canal decompression via craniotomy can be a safe procedure and that it appears to
      have lasting visual benefit in many patients.

PMID- 3989586
TI  - Emergency embolectomy for acute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.
AB  - Twenty cases treated with emergency embolectomy for acute occlusion of the middle
      cerebral artery were reviewed. There were 10 males and 10 females, with an
      average age of 55 years. The left middle cerebral artery was involved in 17
      patients and the right in three. Flow was restored in 16 patients (75%). The
      embolus originated in the heart in seven, the carotid artery in seven, the aorta
      in three, an aneurysm in one, and an indeterminate source in two. It was
      technically most difficult to achieve patency with atheromatous emboli from the
      aorta. Two patients (10%) had an excellent result with no neurological deficit,
      five (25%) were left with a minimal deficit but were employable, seven (35%) had
      a fair result but were still independent and employable, four (20%) did poorly,
      and two (10%) died. Patients with an associated ipsilateral carotid artery
      occlusion did poorly. Collateral flow, as judged from preoperative angiograms,
      was the best predictor of outcome.

PMID- 3989587
TI  - The efficacy of radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma.
AB  - A series of 125 patients who underwent surgery for craniopharyngiomas was
      evaluated to assess the efficacy of radiation therapy: 45 patients had received
      radiotherapy and 80 had not. These patients included all operative survivors
      (excluding cases with total tumor removal) treated during the 30 years from 1950
      to 1979. Median survival time of the irradiated group was greater than 10 years,
      whereas it was 3.12 years for the nonirradiated (or control) group. The 5- and 10
      year survival rates were 88.9% and 76.0% for the irradiated group, and 34.9% and
      27.1% for the control group, respectively. Overall comparison, using the Lee-Desu
      statistical method, revealed that there was a very high statistical significance
      (at the level of p less than 0.0001) in the difference between the survival times
      of the irradiated and control groups. The influence of the following factors on
      the effectiveness of radiotherapy was analyzed: age of the patient at the first
      operation, sex, date of surgery, the extent of tumor removal, the size of the
      tumor, the composition of the tumor (cystic or solid), whether the tumor was
      calcified or not, the histological subtype of the tumor, the presence of
      intracranial hypertension, the grade of visual failure, and the presence or
      absence of diabetes insipidus, altered mentation, and adiposogenital syndrome.
      The results indicated that, when total removal of the tumor is impossible,
      radiotherapy should be administered.

PMID- 3989588
TI  - Vocal cord paralysis associated with anterior cervical fusion: considerations for
      prevention and treatment.
AB  - In a series of 375 patients with anterior cervical fusions, long-term follow-up
      results complete with laryngeal examination were obtained in 102 patients. One
      patient was found to have an inferior laryngeal nerve palsy, and one had a
      superior laryngeal nerve palsy. Both deficits were thought to be the result of
      surgical trauma. Measures to minimize the incidence of vocal cord paralysis
      include careful surgical technique and knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the
      laryngeal nerves. Suggestions are given for the assessment of postoperative
      hoarseness, and for the management of vocal cord paralysis.

PMID- 3989589
TI  - A combined epi- and subdural direct approach to carotid-ophthalmic artery
      aneurysms.
AB  - A series of 14 patients with a carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm were treated
      operatively. In five patients the aneurysms were large, but only one of these had
      ruptured; four of these patients had symptoms of mass lesions. The remaining nine
      patients were operated on for a ruptured aneurysm; seven had subarachnoid
      hemorrhage due to the carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm and two had bleeding
      from another aneurysm in the presence of an asymptomatic carotid-ophthalmic
      artery aneurysm. All patients were treated by a combined epi- and subdural direct
      surgical approach, which excluded the carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm from the
      circulation and made possible the preservation of the adjacent structures. Two
      patients died: one a few hours after surgery from a massive thromboembolism of
      the pulmonary artery and another 2 months after surgery as a result of
      gastrointestinal bleeding. All the other patients showed postoperative
      improvement in symptoms and signs. This report focuses on a modified direct
      surgical approach involving exposure of the internal carotid artery proximal to
      the lesion, and of the ophthalmic artery, which is of primary importance in
      securing safe and complete occlusion of a carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm.
      Removal of individual bone structures at the base of the skull provides a better
      and safer exposure of the central segment of the internal carotid artery than
      does excessive and hazardous retraction of the brain.

PMID- 3989590
TI  - Cognitive impairment and adjustment in patients without neurological deficits
      after aneurysmal SAH and early operation.
AB  - The mortality rate has recently been reduced to only a small percentage of
      patients selected for early aneurysm surgery. Despite recovery without
      neurological deficits, however, a diffuse encephalopathy may remain, with
      emotional and psychological sequelae that will interfere with rehabilitation and
      social reintegration. The present study evaluates quality of life, degree of
      cognitive dysfunction, and adjustment of patients with a satisfactory
      neurological recovery after aneurysm operation in the acute stage following a
      major subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Of 118 patients with a good neurological
      recovery, 40 patients were randomly sampled for a cross-sectional study and
      subjected to a questionnaire relating to their symptoms, a clinical interview,
      and a comprehensive neuropsychological investigation. The time interval between
      SAH and assessment varied between 14 months and 7 years, averaging 3 1/2 years.
      By means of standardized psychometric testing of intellectual capacity, memory
      functions, visuo-spatial abilities, perceptual speed and accuracy, and concept
      formation, degrees of cognitive impairment ranging from slight to severe
      dysfunction were identified. The results suggest that these disturbances may be
      permanent. The degree of impairment appeared to correlate with the patients' age.
      Interview data revealed substantial post-hemorrhagic maladjustment with respect
      to vitality, social management, self-assertion, emotional control, temperament,
      mood, and cognitive abilities. These findings were considerably at variance with
      the symptoms reported. It is stressed that, in the absence of gross neurological
      deficits, vital information on post-hemorrhage adjustment and impairment may
      easily be overlooked due to psychological defensive measures. It remains an open
      question whether post-SAH encephalopathy is enhanced by surgery performed in the
      acute stage.

PMID- 3989591
TI  - Intraoperative evoked potentials recorded in man directly from dorsal roots and
      spinal cord.
AB  - Direct spinal cord surface recordings of evoked spinal cord potentials have been
      made in 26 patients during neurosurgical procedures for intractable pain.
      Monopolar recordings at the dorsal root entry zone after peripheral nerve
      stimulation have been made at multiple levels for segmental localization and to
      monitor the state of the afferent path and dorsal horn. Dorsal root and dorsal
      column conduction has been tested on diseased and intact sides. Normal afferent
      conduction velocity was found to have an overall mean of 61.33 m/sec for
      cervicothoracic and lumbosacral peripheral nerves, and 50 m/sec for the dorsal
      columns. The normal mean amplitude for the slow negative wave (N1) recorded at
      the root entry was 52.54 muV, while that for the dorsal column conducted response
      recorded within 4 cm of the stimulus point on the dorsal columns was 347.5 muV.
      Several different placements of stimulating and recording electrodes are
      described, as well as their application. An interpretation of the resulting data
      is proposed.

PMID- 3989592
TI  - The role of calcium and cellular membrane dysfunction in experimental trauma and
      subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intraparenchymal hematoma (IPH) in cats
      are accompanied by massive cellular depolarization. This depolarization,
      characterized by potassium (K+) efflux and calcium (Ca++) influx, results in
      membrane destabilization, osmotic imbalance, and a decrease in electrical
      conduction. The Ca++ influx appears to initiate a chain reaction that, in some
      instances, may result in delayed cell destruction. The ionic dysequilibrium
      probably contributes to both brain engorgement and spasm in large vessels. The
      cellular depolarization and calcium-induced cell membrane injury at the moment of
      impact may play a greater role in the pathophysiology of head trauma than
      previously thought.

PMID- 3989594
TI  - Freeze-fracture replica study of capillary endothelium after embolization in the
      dog.
AB  - The underlying mechanisms that lead to brain edema following ischemic insult have
      been subject to much debate. In this study, experimental cerebral infarction was
      produced in 25 dogs by injecting 1 or 2 silicone rubber cylinders through the
      cervical internal carotid artery. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after
      embolization. Freeze-fracture studies were conducted on the plasma membrane of
      the capillary endothelium from 15 control and 25 ischemic dogs. No definite
      findings of tight junction opening were made in the ischemic preparations.
      Pinocytotic vesicles were seen as concave areas on the protoplasmic face (PF) of
      the plasma membrane and as protrusions on the extracellular face (EF). The
      average pinocytotic vesicle count per square micron was increased in ischemic
      animals. On the luminal side, it reached 22.0 +/- 1.2/sq mu in the 50 PF samples
      and 29.5 +/- 1.3/sq mu in the 50 EF samples in the experimental preparations, as
      compared to 7.2 +/- 0.5 sq mu in the 50 PF samples and 9.0 +/- 0.6 sq mu in the
      50 EF samples in normal cortex. The average area of the vesicles was also
      enlarged in experimental animals: 4990.7 +/- 798 sq nm in the 50 PF samples and
      4762.8 +/- 878 sq nm in the 50 EF samples, as compared to 3567.7 +/- 570 sq nm in
      the 50 PF samples and 3404.5 +/- 573 sq nm in the 50 EF samples in normal cortex
      (p greater than 0.01). These results indicate that transcellular transportation
      by pinocytotic vesicles plays an important role in the increase of capillary
      permeability observed in an ischemic model.

PMID- 3989593
TI  - The isolation and characterization of Ca++-accumulating subcellular membrane
      fractions from cerebral arteries.
AB  - A study was undertaken using differential centrifugation methods to isolate from
      rabbit cerebral arteries the subcellular microsomal protein fractions capable of
      actively sequestering Ca++. One isolated protein fraction displayed a relatively
      large adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent Ca++-accumulating capacity that was
      completely inhibited by NaN3, and was therefore designated the "mitochondrial
      fraction." Electron microscopy confirmed that this fraction consisted of numerous
      mitochondrial elements. Another isolated membrane fraction possessed a Ca++
      accumulating capacity dependent on ATP and oxalate and only partially sensitive
      to NaN3. In the presence of mersalyl acid or the Ca++ ionophore, A23187, Ca++
      uptake by this fraction was inhibited 98.0% and 87.4%, respectively. Electron
      microscopy revealed that this fraction consisted of numerous membrane vesicles,
      and measurements of Na+-K+-ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activity indicated
      minimal plasma membrane contamination. It was concluded that this microsomal
      fraction consisted primarily of sarcoplasmic reticulum. At physiological free
      [Ca++] levels, Ca++ uptake by this fraction was inhibited by norepinephrine
      through a process sensitive to tolazoline but not propranolol. The effects on
      Ca++ uptake of added cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) alone or with rabbit
      or bovine protein kinase were inconclusive. The organic Ca++ channel blockers,
      nifedipine and verapamil, significantly inhibited Ca++ uptake by sarcoplasmic
      reticulum.

PMID- 3989595
TI  - Estrogen and progestin binding by cytosolic and nuclear fractions of human
      meningiomas.
AB  - Frozen tissue samples were obtained from meningiomas in 42 patients. Both
      cytosolic and nuclear fractions were tested for estradiol and progestin binding
      using equilibrium binding assays. The results were correlated with the age of the
      patient and the histological type and cellular density of the tumor. Cytosolic
      estradiol binding was noted in 25 (60%) of 42 tumors, with eight (19%) of the 42
      having levels over 10 femtomoles (fM)/mg protein. Nuclear estradiol binding was
      detected in 16 (57%) of 28 tumors, with six (21%) of the 28 having levels over 10
      fM/mg protein. Cytosolic progestin binding was noted in 16 (73%) of 22 samples,
      with levels in nine (41%) of 22 being greater than 10 fM/mg protein. There was no
      correlation between the level of cytoplasmic progestin binding and either the
      level of cytoplasmic estradiol binding or the level of nuclear estradiol binding.
      In several specimens, level of cytoplasmic progestin binding in excess of 100
      fM/mg protein were found in tissues demonstrating little or no estradiol binding
      by either the nucleus or the cytosol. This discrepancy differs from the situation
      found in other hormonally responsive tissues such as breast or uterus, and
      suggests either a possible derangement of the normal cellular hormonal control
      mechanism or that the measured hormone binder is a molecule other than a
      classical hormone receptor.

PMID- 3989596
TI  - Modulation of meningioma cell growth by sex steroid hormones in vitro.
AB  - Meningiomas were removed from four patients and estradiol binding was measured in
      the tumor tissue. Cell cultures were established and an in vitro system was
      developed to test the biological activity of physiologically relevant
      concentrations (10(-7) M and 10(-9) M) of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, and
      the anti-estrogen, tamoxifen, on the growth of meningioma cells in early culture
      (passages 3 to 5). Assays of the frozen surgical specimens demonstrated cytosolic
      estradiol binding, with levels of 0.3 to 26.7 femtomoles (fM)/mg protein, in all
      four tumors. Nuclear estradiol binding was detected in three tumors, with levels
      of 16.8 to 39.5 fM/mg protein. In cell culture, estradiol at either 10(-7) M or
      10(-9) M consistently stimulated cell growth in all four cultures. When tested
      alone, progesterone stimulated the growth of all four tumors and tamoxifen
      stimulated the growth of three of the four tumors, but the levels of stimulation
      produced by either of these compounds were less pronounced than the level
      produced by estradiol. When tested in combination with estradiol, progesterone
      significantly inhibited the growth stimulation produced by estradiol in all four
      meningioma cultures and tamoxifen significantly inhibited estradiol-induced
      growth stimulation in three of four cultures. It is not known if these effects
      are mediated by a hormone receptor or by a hormone binder different from a true
      receptor, or if they are caused by alterations in cellular metabolism that are
      independent of specific hormone binding. However, the authors conclude that this
      in vitro technique can be used to further study the biological activity of
      hormones on human meningiomas in order to answer these questions.

PMID- 3989597
TI  - Benign metastasizing meningioma. Case report.
AB  - A patient with a histologically benign intracranial meningioma was found, at the
      time of initial presentation, also to have a pulmonary tumor. Fine-needle
      aspiration cytology of the lung mass was consistent with metastatic meningioma.
      When resected, the pulmonary tumor was found to be histologically benign. The
      patient has remained well and disease-free for 28 months. Only four other
      patients with apparently benign metastasizing meningiomas have been described
      previously.

PMID- 3989599
TI  - Transorbital intracavernous needle biopsy in painful ophthalmoplegia. Case
      report.
AB  - Painful ophthalmoplegia due to lesions in the region of the anterior cavernous
      sinus and superior orbital fissure may elude early diagnosis. Principal disease
      categories to be considered in patients with this complaint are neoplasm,
      vascular lesion, and inflammation. Although high-resolution computerized
      tomography (CT) may be helpful, definitive diagnosis frequently requires
      histological examination of tissue. In suitable patients this may be obtained by
      transsphenoidal or orbital biopsy. The orbital fine-needle aspiration technique
      has been recommended, but experience with this method is limited, and a
      definitive diagnosis cannot always be reached. The authors have established that,
      in suitable patients, the fine-needle aspiration technique with CT guidance may
      also be employed safely and effectively for lesions of the anterior cavernous
      sinus.

PMID- 3989598
TI  - Intraventricular hemorrhage due to aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior
      cerebellar artery. Report of three cases.
AB  - Three cases of ruptured aneurysm of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar
      artery (PICA) presenting with isolated intraventricular hematoma are reported.
      All of the aneurysms originated from the lateral medullary segment of the PICA
      and ruptured into the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. The diagnosis of
      distal PICA aneurysm should be considered if isolated intraventricular hematoma
      is found without obvious parenchymal hemorrhage or subarachnoid blood in the
      basal cisterns. Complete vertebral arteriography is a requisite for the
      recognition of this condition. The outcome in patients with these aneurysms
      should be good if surgical repair is performed before rebleeding occurs.

PMID- 3989600
TI  - Growth rate of secondary hydatid cysts of the brain. Case report.
AB  - Bilateral intracerebral hydatid cysts developed in a 14-year-old patient after an
      infarct of presumed embolic origin in the left frontotemporoparietal region. The
      average rate of growth of these cysts was about 5 cm per year. This suggests that
      the growth rate is far from uniform and indeed, particularly in young patients,
      may be much faster than originally estimated.

PMID- 3989601
TI  - Intraoperative echocardiographic control during ventriculoatrial shunt placement.
      Technical note.
AB  - A method for positioning the cardiac end of a ventriculoatrial shunt with the aid
      of echocardiography is described. This simple procedure has resulted in safe and
      accurate shunt placement in infants.

PMID- 3989602
TI  - Anti-siphon(?) Shunt device.

PMID- 3989603
TI  - Prediction of benignancy of the solitary "cold" thyroid nodule by fluorescent
      scanning.
AB  - A quantitative x-ray fluorescent scanning technique has been used routinely to
      determine iodine content ratios (ICR) of nodule to normal thyroid tissue in
      patients with solitary "cold" thyroid nodules. A study of 150 patients with
      histological diagnoses has shown that an ICR above 0.60 is an excellent indicator
      of benignancy with a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 99%. This technique,
      in conjunction with careful clinical judgment, can be used to identify those
      patients that are at low risk for malignancy and can probably undergo
      conservative clinical management.

PMID- 3989604
TI  - Relative reactivity of DTPA, immunoreactive antibody-DTPA conjugates, and
      nonimmunoreactive antibody-DTPA conjugates toward indium-111.
AB  - Anti-human serum albumin antibody (Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride
      (cDTPAA) at various cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios between 1 and 40. Using a carrier In
      titration method for DTPA and DTPA-antibody conjugate (Ab-DTPA), we determined
      that the above reactions produced between 0.1 and 11 DTPA molecules per either
      immunoreactive antibody (sAb) or nonimmunoreactive antibody (nAb). The percentage
      of sAb remaining after the above reactions was between 88 and 62%. The reaction
      of no-carrier-added 111In with the reaction mixture from cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios
      of 1 to 40 gave radiochemical yields less than or equal to 25% for the respective
      Ab-DTPA. The rest of the 111In activity was associated with free DTPA. Our
      results indicate that Ab-DTPA containing greater than 1 DTPA molecule per Ab is
      more reactive than that containing less than 1 DTPA but is about as reactive as
      free DTPA. This allows us to label in the presence of free DTPA and consequently
      prevent colloid formation. The percentage of 111In activity incorporated into sAb
      DTPA from the reactions at these molar ratios was similar to that found from the
      uv analysis. This indicates that the reactivity of sAb-DTPA and nAB-DTPA from the
      same conjugation reaction is similar. As a result, we were able to conjugate
      about one DTPA molecule to the Ab without causing deactivation of the Ab and
      label it with 111In in the presence of excess DTPA. We obtained a specific
      activity of 6 muCi 111In per microgram of Ab using research grade 111In without
      further purification.

PMID- 3989605
TI  - Immunoreactivity and biodistribution of indium-111-labeled monoclonal antibody to
      a human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen.
AB  - The anti-human, high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA) MoAb
      225.28S was chelated with 111In and then tested for its in vitro reactivity with
      cultured human melanoma cells and for its biodistribution in human melanoma
      bearing nude mice. In vitro studies showed that the radiolabeled antibody reacted
      specifically with cultured melanoma cells. However, binding of DTPA to the
      monoclonal antibody reduced its titer with cultured melanoma cells from 1:1024 to
      1:512. Further labeling of the DTPA-antibody conjugate with 111In caused an
      additional reduction of its titer to 1:128. Injection of the radiolabeled
      monoclonal antibody into nude mice resulted in the accumulation of significantly
      (p less than 0.001) higher radioactivity in melanoma tissue than in nude mice
      injected with either [111In] chloride or 111In-labeled antibody to human acid
      phosphatase. The specificity of the distribution of the radiolabeled antibody in
      nude mice also was indicated by its poor localization in lesions other than
      melanoma (e.g., human prostate carcinoma and chronic abscess). The localization
      of antibody in liver and kidney was also high, although lower than that achieved
      in tumor. These results indicate that 111In-labeled monoclonal antibodies to
      human tumor associated antigens may be useful for localizing malignant lesions.
      However, there is a need to improve labeling and/or purification of antibody in
      order to decrease renal and hepatic activity.

PMID- 3989606
TI  - DTPA-coupled antibodies labeled with yttrium-90.
AB  - Yttrium-90 has been described as one of the best radionuclides for tumor therapy
      when chelated to tumor-associated antibodies. This evaluation is based on the
      superior properties of this radionuclide (suitable half-life, pure beta-ray
      emitter of intermediate energy, stable daughter, and suitable chemical
      properties) and because it is available as a radionuclide generator product by
      decay of its 28-yr parent 90Sr. We have determined that 90Y obtained from one
      such generator is suitable for labeling antibodies coupled with DTPA.
      Furthermore, we have shown that the dissociation rate of [90Y]DTPA-IgG in serum
      at 37 degrees C is similar to that of [111In]DTPA-IgG at about 8-9%/day.
      Biodistribution studies of 111In- and 90Y-labeled to DTPA-coupled IgG show that
      the labels distribute nearly identically at 1 hr postadministration, although
      differences in distribution are apparent at 24 hr. It is possible that these
      differences reflect the redistribution of the labels following catabolism at the
      site of localization.

PMID- 3989607
TI  - Simplified and efficient labeling of human platelets in plasma using indium-111-2
      mercaptopyridine-N-oxide: preparation and evaluation.
AB  - The need for a gamma-emitting radioactive agent that will label platelets in
      plasma efficiently by a procedure that can be used uniformly in each laboratory
      is well recognized. A water soluble sodium salt of 2-Mercaptopyridine-N-oxide
      (Merc) was evaluated that quantitatively chelated 111ln at a pH range of 0.7 to
      7.4, and allowed greater than 80% incorporation of 111ln in platelets in plasma.
      This was dependent on pH, Merc concentration, and platelet concentration.
      Platelets were labeled using either preformed [111ln]Merc or incubating platelets
      with 2.5 micrograms dry Merc first and then with 111ln. The latter method
      provided a simple kit procedure that labeled platelets with negligible alteration
      of in vitro aggregability. In dogs, labeled platelets had normal survival (7.5
      days), 66 +/- 6.6% recovery, detected vascular thrombi (thrombi/blood = 59.4),
      and pulmonary emboli (PE/blood = 46.2) by scintigraphy. In the kit procedure, the
      use of Merc compared favorably to that of oxine and tropolone.

PMID- 3989608
TI  - Radiolabeled monoclonal anti-tumor antibodies in diagnosis and therapy.
AB  - Clinical work with radiolabeled anti-tumor antibodies has made remarkable
      progress in the past few years. Still, there is much to be done before these new
      reagents can have a substantial impact on the practical management of patients.
      In this discussion, the properties of an "ideal" radiolabeled antibody and
      important factors for in vivo localization in tumors are reviewed. Potential
      approaches to improving the localization of currently available "tumor specific"
      monoclonal antibodies are discussed and examples of patients examined and treated
      with this method are presented. Experience to date suggests that within the
      foreseeable future, radiolabeled antibody techniques will become a "genuinely
      decisive technology".

PMID- 3989609
TI  - Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies: radiochemical pharmacokinetic and clinical
      challenges.

PMID- 3989610
TI  - Computation of ventilation-perfusion studies ratio with krypton-81 pulmonary
      embolism.

PMID- 3989611
TI  - Visibility curves by direct comparison in a 10 degree field at 1000 Td.
AB  - Twenty-four observers matched monochromatic lights to a white reference light in
      a 10 degree field. The retinal illuminance was 1000 Td over most of the spectrum.
      Twelve persons' visibility curves were more or less additive and resembled the
      y10 color-matching function of the CIE. Eight others had a double-peaked
      function, which failed badly to obey Abney's law. The remaining four were more
      additive, although their curves were broader than y10.

PMID- 3989612
TI  - The role of the teaching nursing home in residency education.

PMID- 3989613
TI  - Orthopedic management of rheumatoid disease of the upper limb.

PMID- 3989614
TI  - Lysis of human red blood cells in the presence of various cosolvents.

PMID- 3989615
TI  - A new type of positively charged filter: preliminary test results.

PMID- 3989616
TI  - Control aspects of aseptically produced products.

PMID- 3989617
TI  - Toxicological evaluation of poloxamer vehicles for intramuscular use.

PMID- 3989618
TI  - A model for predicting the stability of autoclaved pharmaceuticals using real
      time computer integration techniques.

PMID- 3989619
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux in infants.

PMID- 3989620
TI  - Lactose malabsorption is not a cause of diarrhea during phototherapy.
AB  - Lactose malabsorption is not a cause of diarrhea during phototherapy. Jaundiced
      neonates under phototherapy develop diarrhea or loose stools during the
      treatment. These phenomena were attributed to an induced lactase deficiency
      caused by bilirubin breakdown products. We investigated lactose malabsorption in
      59 neonates--29 normals and 30 jaundiced under phototherapy. Five-hour hydrogen
      breath tests were performed. Preprandial and postprandial (at 30, 60, 120, 180,
      240, and 300 min) expired air samples were analyzed for hydrogen. Ten controls
      and five jaundiced neonates had positive hydrogen breath tests. Eighteen controls
      and 16 neonates under phototherapy had preprandial hydrogen (concentrations above
      5 ppm). In our hands, lactase deficiency and lactose malabsorption were not
      induced by phototherapy. Lactase deficiency is therefore not the cause of
      diarrhea associated with phototherapy.

PMID- 3989622
TI  - 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels during breast-feeding with or without maternal or
      infantile supplementation of vitamin D.
AB  - Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and alkaline
      phosphatase levels of breast-fed infants and their mothers were studied by
      following 100 healthy term mother-infant pairs with different supplementation
      protocols of vitamin D. A pilot study in winter revealed that six of eight breast
      fed infants without vitamin D supplementation had serum 25-OHD levels below the
      risk limit for rickets (5 ng/ml) at the age of 8 weeks. In the main study in
      winter groups, it was found that the 25-OHD levels were low (5.6 +/- 3.7 ng/ml)
      at the age of 8 weeks in the unsupplemented breast-fed infants, whose mothers
      were given vitamin D supplementation of 1,000 IU/day during lactation (group I),
      compared with the levels of those infants receiving either 400 (18.0 +/- 8.4
      ng/ml, group II) or 1,000 IU (22.8 +/- 11.2 ng/ml, group III) vitamin D (group I
      vs. group II or III, p less than 0.001; group II vs. group III, NS). In group I
      10 of 18 infants had serum 25-OHD levels less than 5 ng/ml compared with none of
      the infants in groups II and III. Yet the infants with 25-OHD levels less than 5
      ng/ml showed no signs of clinical or biochemical rickets at the age of 8 or 20
      weeks. In summer at delivery the maternal 25-OHD levels were good, but decreased
      thereafter. Also in summer groups, the infantile 25-OHD concentrations decreased;
      however, because the levels at delivery were high, they stayed in the normal
      range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989621
TI  - Nitrogen and mineral balance in preterm infants fed human milks or formula.
AB  - Growth as well as nitrogen, calcium, sodium, and potassium balances were
      evaluated in 16 preterm infants weighing less than 1,600 g at birth, who were fed
      either their mother's milk, donated mature human milk, or standard commercial
      formula. Birthweight, gestational age, age of balance, and energy and fluid
      intakes were similar between groups. There were no differences between groups in
      the rate of growth. The infants fed their mother's milk (obtained 11-30 days into
      lactation) demonstrated nutrient balance similar to infants fed mature human
      milk. Infants fed standard commercial formula demonstrated significantly greater
      intake and retention of calcium compared to either human milk group. Infants fed
      either their mother's milk or mature human milk demonstrated net nitrogen and
      calcium retention below estimates of fetal nitrogen and calcium accretion.
      Infants fed standard formula demonstrated retentions that more closely approach
      the fetal estimates. This study did not demonstrate an advantage to feeding
      premature infants their mother's milk when compared to the feeding of mature
      donor milk.

PMID- 3989623
TI  - Esterase acyl binding site of human milk lipase.
AB  - The hydrolysis of a series of 4-nitrophenyl alkanoates and of 4
      nitrophenylbenzoate and -methylbenzoate, catalysed by human milk lipase in the
      absence and presence of cholate stimulation, has been measured at pH 7.3, 37.5
      degrees C. It has been shown that the enzyme possesses a specific esterase acyl
      binding site that is hydrophobic in nature and wide enough to accommodate one
      fatty acid chain, but not two. This binding site is unaffected by bile salt
      stimulation of the enzyme.

PMID- 3989624
TI  - Adoptive transfer of small bowel intraepithelial and Peyer's patch lymphocytes
      from orally immunised animals: effects on the antibody response to parenteral
      antigen.
AB  - Intraepithelial (IEL) and Peyer's patch lymphocytes (PPL) were isolated from the
      small bowel mucosa of mice in which specific systemic antibody responses to
      ovalbumin (OVA) had been suppressed by oral exposure to that antigen. These
      lymphocytes were then adoptively transferred into syngeneic animals. The PPL
      transferred 24 h after oral OVA showed a tendency to depress secondary serum
      antibody responses to intraperitoneal OVA in the recipients. Conversely, IEL
      transferred 1-5 days after oral OVA significantly enhanced specific serum
      antibody responses.

PMID- 3989625
TI  - Postnatal development of bile secretory physiology in the dog.
AB  - To determine whether bile formation in the dog is an immature process at birth,
      several determinants of bile secretion were studied in anesthetized, bile duct
      cannulated puppies of 0-42 days of age and adult dogs. Basal canalicular bile
      flow rate, estimated by 14C-erythritol biliary clearance, averaged 0.182
      microliter/min/g liver in 0-3 day-old puppies and increased to 0.324 and 0.461
      microliter/min/g in puppies 7-21 and 28-42 days of age, respectively. The latter
      two values were not significantly different from that observed in adult dogs
      (0.348 microliter/min/g). This age-related increase in canalicular bile flow
      could be accounted for primarily by an increase in bile acid independent bile
      flow (0.103, 0.277, 0.375, and 0.252 microliter/min/g in 0-3, 7-21, and 28-42 day
      old puppies and adult dogs, respectively). Calculated ductular bile water
      reabsorption (14C-erythritol biliary clearance-bile flow) was virtually absent in
      0-3 day-old puppies (0.005 microliter/min/g), and averaged 0.017 and 0.092
      microliter/min/g in puppies of 7-21 and 28-42 days of age, respectively. In adult
      dogs, ductular bile water reabsorption was 0.132 microliter/min/g. These
      functional deficiencies of the newborn dog were associated with an increased
      biliary permeability to 3H-inulin which could not be accounted for solely by an
      increased solute diffusion due to the lower rate of canalicular bile flow.
      Administration of taurocholate up to 2000 nmol/min/kg produced in all animals a
      similar increase in canalicular bile flow and bile acid excretion, and was not
      associated with changes in ductular bile water reabsorption rate. These findings
      are interpreted to indicate that, in the dog, bile secretory function is immature
      at birth and develops during postnatal life.

PMID- 3989626
TI  - Collection of duodenal bile in infants and children by the string test.
AB  - Present methods for collection of duodenal bile may be difficult to perform and
      may involve the use of sedation and roentgenograms. The string test (Entero-Test
      Pediatric, HDC Corporation, Mountain View, CA) has replaced the need for
      intestinal intubation for diagnosis of giardiasis and bacterial overgrowth. The
      present study investigated the use of the string test for collection of duodenal
      bile. Fifteen children were administered string tests. No complications were
      encountered. The distal end of the string had yellow pigmented fluid that
      contained bilirubin conjugates in quantity and quality compatible with duodenal
      bile. The study demonstrates that the string test is a useful procedure for
      collection of duodenal bile samples in infants and children.

PMID- 3989627
TI  - Persistence of colitis in Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - Enterocolitis, which is associated frequently with Hirschsprung's disease in the
      neonatal period, can be prolonged. Recurrence of symptoms has been reported even
      after surgical correction. We present a neonate with Hirschsprung's disease who
      developed enterocolitis, and in whom evidence of acute large bowel inflammation
      persisted until she was 16 months of age.

PMID- 3989628
TI  - Tubular duplication of the jejunum and ileum lined entirely by gastric mucosa.
AB  - A 3-year-old boy who suffered from severe colicky abdominal pain is presented.
      Laboratory studies, including ultrasound, upper gastrointestinal films, and 99mTc
      scan, were interpreted as normal. On exploration of the abdomen a tubular
      duplication of the small bowel was found. The duplication had a common mesentery
      with the normal bowel. By meticulous dissection the duplication was resected
      without interfering with the blood supply of the normal bowel. The entire
      duplication was found to be covered by gastric mucosa.

PMID- 3989629
TI  - Manometric study on the intestinal motility in a case of megacystis-microcolon
      intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome.
AB  - We report on the intestinal motility in a case of megacystis-microcolon
      intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) based on a total registered time of
      9.5 h by means of a manometric method we recently developed for neonates. The
      characteristics of this case are as follows: (a) the frequency of the
      contractions in the stomach and duodenum was significantly lower than that of
      healthy infants; and (b) bands of rhythmic contractions, resembling phase III
      activity of the interdigestive migrating contractions in adults, were recorded in
      the duodenum, but their occurrence was less frequent and the amplitude was
      significantly lower than that of healthy infants. The present study indicates
      that "hypoperistalsis" in MMIHS means not only the low frequency, but also the
      low amplitude, of the contractions in the alimentary tract.

PMID- 3989630
TI  - Severe giardiasis in a patient with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - A 20-year-old male patient with cystic fibrosis (CF) is described, who acutely
      developed hypoalbuminemia concurrently with giardiasis. Hypoalbuminemia could not
      be explained by the usual causes seen in patients with CF, but resolved with
      quinacrine therapy. Subsequently, asymptomatic giardiasis was sought but not
      found by either the string test or stool exam in any of 15 patients with
      pancreatic insufficiency who were examined in a prospective manner. Although
      pancreatic insufficiency is felt to be able to act synergistically with
      giardiasis to accentuate malabsorption, patients with pancreatic insufficiency
      per se are not necessarily at greater risk for colonization with Giardia.

PMID- 3989631
TI  - Plasma enteroglucagon in the control of childhood celiac disease.
AB  - To study whether or not plasma enteroglucagon reflects changes of the small
      intestinal mucosa during different phases of celiac disease, we studied fasting
      and postprandial concentrations of plasma enteroglucagon, as well as small
      intestinal mucosa morphology, in children with celiac disease and in a reference
      group of children without gastrointestinal disorders. The children with celiac
      disease were studied before dietary treatment, during gluten-free diet, and
      during gluten challenge. In untreated celiac children we found high mean basal
      and postprandial plasma enteroglucagon concentrations compared with the reference
      group (p less than 0.001). After a gluten-free diet period of 0.2-4.5 years
      (mean, 1.0 year), when the small intestinal histology was normal or only mildly
      abnormal, there was a decrease of both mean basal plasma enteroglucagon
      concentration (from 81 to 17 pmol/L; p less than 0.001) and mean postprandial
      plasma enteroglucagon concentration (from 129 to 39 pmol/L; p less than 0.001).
      During a subsequent gluten challenge, which resulted in a mucosal relapse, there
      was a rise in mean postprandial plasma enteroglucagon concentration (from 39 to
      74 pmol/L; p less than 0.005), although there was a substantial overlap in values
      from treated and challenged patients. These findings suggest that plasma
      enteroglucagon levels, particularly after a mixed meal, are correlated with the
      small intestinal mucosal morphology in childhood celiac disease. Determination of
      plasma enteroglucagon may facilitate the control of the dietary adherence during
      gluten-free diet and may in some children indicate mucosal relapse during gluten
      challenge. Thus, the number of control biopsies may be reduced.

PMID- 3989632
TI  - Adaptive noncompliance in pediatric asthma: the parent as expert.

PMID- 3989633
TI  - Suggestions to parents about common behavior problems in a pediatric primary care
      office: five years of follow-up.

PMID- 3989634
TI  - Young children's understanding of the social roles of physician and patient.

PMID- 3989635
TI  - Childhood depression: prevalence using DSM-III criteria and validity of parent
      and child depression scales.

PMID- 3989636
TI  - Pain instruction with third- and fourth-grade children: a pilot study.

PMID- 3989637
TI  - Factors affecting development of children at risk.

PMID- 3989638
TI  - Congenital tight superior rectus muscle.

PMID- 3989640
TI  - Consecutive accommodative esotropia.
AB  - This paper reports nine patients who developed accommodative esotropia following
      correction of intermittent exotropia. Eight cases originally were esotropic; one
      was esotropic secondary to previous surgery for nonaccommodative esotropia. All
      had the pattern of "divergence excess." In seven patients recession of both
      lateral recti had been performed in conventional amounts; one case had a
      recession/resection procedure, and one case recession of the lateral recti
      followed by resection of the medial recti. In all cases the consecutive
      accommodative esotropia included an abnormally high distance/near relationship.
      All were controlled by appropriate optical or drug treatment, and six cases
      deteriorated later. Surgical overcorrection was not a prominent contributing
      factor. Preoperative occlusion and/or the +3.00 D test would not have predicted
      the persistence of the high distance/near relationship. There were no other
      obvious indicators of this complication.

PMID- 3989639
TI  - Outcome of treatment of marked ametropia without strabismus following screening
      and diagnosis before the age of three.
AB  - Following early treatment of 39 consecutive cases with marked ametropia without
      strabismus, diagnosed by screening at the age of one to two and a half years,
      residual amblyopia was found in 20 (51%), including six (15%) with bilateral
      amblyopia, but with relatively good visual acuity in at least one eye.
      Anisometropia showed the highest rate of residual amblyopia. The main changes in
      refraction that occurred from the age of screening to the age of seven years was
      myopisation, especially in hypermetropic eyes without amblyopia. Heterotropia,
      always intermittent, developed in six of the 39 cases. Full stereopsis could be
      found in eight cases only, all without amblyopia. The majority, whether amblyopic
      or not, had partial binocular functions but four cases, all amblyopic, had none.

PMID- 3989641
TI  - Frequency of naturally occurring strabismus in monkeys.
AB  - A colony of Macaca nemestrina monkeys was screened for naturally occurring
      strabismus. Thirteen cases of naturally occurring strabismus were documented, 12
      esotropes and one exotrope. The characteristics of the strabismus in these
      monkeys were similar to those of human clinical cases. Four of the affected
      monkeys showed interocular differences in grating acuity. We estimated the
      incidence of strabismus in the monkey colony to be 4%.

PMID- 3989643
TI  - Medical management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
AB  - Fifty-five infants were diagnosed to have nasolacrimal duct obstruction by an
      ophthalmologist prior to three months of age. All were followed prospectively,
      primarily with medical management. Seven were treated surgically. In the 55
      infants, there were 62 obstructed nasolacrimal ducts. Eighty-nine percent (55/62)
      of the nasolacrimal ducts were opened with medical management only in the first
      sixteen months of life. Of the nasolacrimal ducts that opened spontaneously, 15%
      (8/55) were open at three months, 45% (25/55) were open at six months, 71%
      (39/55) were open at nine months, and 93% (51/55) were open at one year. Based on
      this data one can advise the parents of infants with nasolacrimal duction what
      the odds of remission are without surgery by the twelfth month of age. Of the
      infants obstructed at three months of age, 80% were clear by the twelfth month.
      Of the infants obstructed at six months, 70% were clear by the twelfth month and
      of those still obstructed at nine months, 52% were clear by the twelfth month.

PMID- 3989642
TI  - Traumatized eye with retinal damage from amniocentesis.
AB  - Amniocentesis has been previously reported to cause damage to the anterior
      segment of the eye with subsequent loss of vision. We report the first case of
      amniocentesis in which the needle penetrated the globe and punctured the retina
      and the first case in which vision was retained. At four months of age the
      injured eye was found to have a perilimbal conjunctival bleb, a scarred retinal
      hole, unilateral myopia, and mild amblyopia. At evaluation under anesthesia, a
      scleral perforation with exposed uvea was repaired.

PMID- 3989644
TI  - Predicting of myopia progression in school children.
AB  - Myopia in 214 school children has been followed from one to nine years. The
      children have been divided in groups according to the age of onset of myopia and
      the amount of final myopia at the age of 15 or 16 has been recorded. If myopia
      started before puberty (at the age of 10 or younger) 70% of the children ended up
      with myopia of -3.0 to -5.75 D, only 12.5% remained under -3.0 D, and 17.5% had
      myopia -6.0 D or more. If myopia began at the ages of 11-15, 66.7% remained under
      -3.0 D, 32.2% reached -3.0 to -5.75 D, and only 1.1% of the children had myopia
      of -6.0 D or more. Of all the 214 children, 95.8% had myopia less than -6.0 D at
      the age of 15-16 years. However, the individual variation is very wide, and it is
      difficult to predict the final amount of myopia in school years in an individual
      case.

PMID- 3989645
TI  - Absence of the near reflex in a healthy adolescent.

PMID- 3989646
TI  - Ophthalmological findings of phenylketonuria: a survey of 14 cases.

PMID- 3989647
TI  - The predictive validity of the Zung Index of Potential Suicide.
AB  - Examined the predictive validity of the Zung Index of Potential Suicide. Subjects
      hospitalized for a suicide attempt were followed up 6 months later. In agreement
      with earlier studies, the IPS clinical scale was related to suicidal ideation and
      prior attempting at the time of admission. However, it was not related to further
      suicidal behavior or ideation at the 6-month followup. It is concluded that the
      scale lacks predictive validity and its use for assigning suicidal risk is not
      justified.

PMID- 3989648
TI  - Children's Rorschachs: description and prediction.
AB  - The temporal consistency for 23 Rorschach variables was examined in an 8-year
      longitudinal study which involved testing 57 subjects at 24-month intervals,
      beginning when the subjects were age 8 and administering the fourth retest when
      they were age 16. The objective was to compare these data with norms for the
      various age groups and to study the features of development as manifest in the
      Rorschach. Only one variable, the X+%, appears relatively stable from age 8 to
      age 16, and the majority do not manifest consistency until the interval between
      ages 14 and 16. The data suggest that long term descriptive predictions of
      children can only be formulated with great caution except when conditions of
      severe pathology exist.

PMID- 3989649
TI  - The Rorschach "Father" and "Mother" cards: an evaluation of the research.
AB  - An evaluation the research concerning the identification of Rorschach Cards IV
      and VII as the "Father" and "Mother" cards, respectively, was conducted. Although
      some support for the hypothesis was found, inconsistencies in methodology and
      population preclude any accurate evaluation of the data across studies, and lead
      to the conclusion that such an identification should not be made. Tables were
      constructed which compare the differences in hypotheses, methodologies, and
      results of the research.

PMID- 3989650
TI  - Patterns of practice with the TAT in juvenile forensic settings.
AB  - Psychologists in juvenile forensic psychological clinics were surveyed about
      usage of the TAT. A clear majority uses the TAT as part of their assessment
      battery, the majority using between six and ten cards. Administration and scoring
      methods were examined. Selection of cards was harmonious with prior research on
      theme productivity. Many respondents were found not to use the TAT because of
      time constraints, a finding discussed in terms of appropriate standards of care.
      Additional research needs to establish representative as well as expected
      standards of ethical practice for the TAT among general clinical groups, both
      adult and adolescent.

PMID- 3989651
TI  - MMPI characteristics of borderline psychopathology in adolescent inpatients.
AB  - This study investigated MMPI characteristics of male and female adolescent
      inpatients with diagnoses of borderline personality disorder (n = 28) in contrast
      to adolescent inpatients receiving principal diagnoses of conduct disorder (n =
      21), dysthymic disorder (n = 50), other personality disorders (n = 17), and other
      diagnoses (n = 30). The borderline group has significantly higher elevations than
      comparison groups on MMPI scales F, Hs, D, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma. A stepwise
      discriminant analysis resulted in 82.1% accuracy in correctly classifying
      borderline patients and 78.0% accuracy in identifying nonborderline patients.
      Findings are discussed in terms of potential uses and limitations in identifying
      borderline personality disorder with the MMPI.

PMID- 3989652
TI  - Discriminant validity of the MMPI for borderline personality disorder.
AB  - This study explores the discriminant validity of the MMPI in relationship to the
      DSM-III and the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) constructs of
      Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). A two-way analysis of variance model
      assessed differences between inpatients (n = 42) and outpatients (n = 42) and
      between BPD and nonBPD patients. We compare the best discriminant model for the
      current samples with previous BPD discriminant functions. The present study
      assesses a wider range of psychopathology in which the MMPI appears to be
      relatively insensitive to the BPD construct while retaining the high specificity
      reported in previous studies. Implications for the use of the MMPI as a
      diagnostic instrument are discussed.

PMID- 3989653
TI  - A Rorschach assessment of children's mutuality of autonomy.
AB  - Explored the construct validity of the Mutuality of Autonomy Scale (Urist, 1977),
      which assesses the developmental level of object relations based upon Rorschach
      percepts, within a nonclinical child population. Mutuality of Autonomy was found
      to be related to teacher ratings of interpersonal functioning in the classroom,
      and to academic grades but not to either standardized achievement or
      intelligence. In addition, the Mutuality of Autonomy Scale demonstrated predicted
      correlations with children's perceived control. Children with developmentally
      lower object relations scores were more likely to perceive "powerful others" or
      "unknown" sources as controlling outcomes, particularly within the social domain.
      The results are discussed in terms of the utility of the Mutuality of Autonomy
      Scale, and the significance of object relations for personality functioning.

PMID- 3989654
TI  - Measurement and structure of pathological gambling behavior.
AB  - The serious effects of pathological gambling on both gamblers and their families
      warrants research on the disorder. This study aimed at identifying components of
      pathological gambling with the goal of developing methods for early detection and
      preventive strategies. A factor analysis of behaviors hypothesized to relate to
      pathological gambling resulted in a multidimensional model of the disorder. Eight
      factors were identified, including distinct neurotic, psychopathic, and impulsive
      components, and used in a comparative analysis of 83 admitted compulsive gamblers
      and 61 nongamblers. Five of the factors differentiated the two groups even when
      sex, age, and education were controlled. Implications of these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 3989655
TI  - Worry and emotionality components of test anxiety.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between
      trait measures of Worry and Emotionality and test anxiety related variables.
      Ninety-eight undergraduate students completed the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI)
      and the following self-report measures toward the end of the psychology exam:
      Checklist of Positive and Negative Thought, Checklist of Body Sensations (CBS),
      and Subjective Units of Discomfort Scale (SUDS). Further, the students' scores on
      the psychology exam and the students' grade point averages (GPA) served as
      outcome measures of test anxiety. In general the results supported the
      discriminant validity of the Worry and Emotionality subscales of the TAI. Worry
      was found to be correlated with measures of internal dialogue and Emotionality
      was found to be correlated with the self-reported arousal measures.

PMID- 3989656
TI  - Convergent and discriminant validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory.
AB  - A number of hypotheses were generated predicting the relationship between the
      Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory and factors on the Sixteen Personality
      Factor (16PF) questionnaire. As expected, positive relationships were found
      between abuse and apprehension, tension, and anxiety, while a negative
      relationship was observed between abuse and stability. The 16PF factors of
      apprehension, tension, anxiety and stability, which had the strongest
      relationship with abuse, are factors descriptive of neuroticism. A regression and
      discriminant analysis, however, indicated these factors alone were not sufficient
      to accurately describe and predict abuse.

PMID- 3989657
TI  - The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: revision and validation.
AB  - The present study presents a new, unit-weight scoring system for the Depressive
      Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ). One hundred thirty-one college students
      completed the DEQ, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), and the Beck Depression
      Inventory (BDI). The revised DEQ scales were shown to have substantial levels of
      internal consistency. The three subscales of the revised DEQ were significantly
      correlated with the BSRI masculinity and femininity scales but not with gender.
      Significant correlations were also obtained between DEQ anaclitic, DEQ
      introjective scales and the BDI.

PMID- 3989658
TI  - [Clometacin. IV. Research of a fast-acting oral pharmaceutic form; galenic and
      pharmacokinetic studies in animals].

PMID- 3989659
TI  - [Determination of tryptophan using bacterial and enzymatic electrodes].

PMID- 3989660
TI  - Effects of instructions to disregard information on its subsequent recall and use
      in making judgments.
AB  - Subjects were given descriptions of a person's behavior with instructions to form
      an impression of the person. The first behaviors in the series had implications
      for one trait, and the last behaviors had implications for a second trait that
      differed in favorableness from the first. After receiving the first set of
      behaviors, some subjects were told that an error had been made and that the
      behaviors should be disregarded. Other subjects were told instead to disregard
      the last behaviors presented. To-be-disregarded behaviors that occurred first in
      the series had little influence on judgements of either the specific trait to
      which they pertained or judgements of the target's likeableness, although
      subjects could recall these behaviors quite well. In contrast, to-be-disregarded
      behaviors at the end of the series did have an influence on specific trait
      judgements of the target, although they were recalled relatively poorly. These
      and other results were accounted for in terms of the general model of person
      memory and social information processing proposed by Wyer and Srull.

PMID- 3989661
TI  - What children say when the teacher is not around: conflicting goals in social
      comparison and performance assessment in the classroom.
AB  - Naturalistic observations and interviews with children in kindergarten, first,
      second, and fourth grades were used to examine developmental shifts in the focus
      of social comparison and the expression of comparative and evaluative interests
      in relation to possibly conflicting goals. First, observers coded the content of
      peer exchanges and direction of visual gaze during class work times. Children
      were then interviewed about help seeking and reading performance in the
      classroom. Classroom observations revealed that comparisons related to personal
      aspects of peers declined with age, whereas evaluative comments and comparisons
      related to performance assessment increased sharply in first grade. In the higher
      grades, blatantly evaluative and comparative statements decreased, whereas more
      subtle and functional performance-related exchanges continued to increase.
      Interviews showed that differences in classroom behaviors were associated with
      knowledge of classroom performance hierarchies, the salience of general ability,
      and self-evaluation. The data patterns are interpreted in terms of two converging
      processes: self-socialization and goal conflict. Implications for social
      comparison theory are also discussed.

PMID- 3989662
TI  - Prototype matching: a strategy for social decision making.
AB  - College students responded to a series of questionnaires while they were in the
      process of selecting housing from a choice of seven available options for the
      coming fall. Questionnaires concerned their self-concepts, their housing
      prototypes, their preferences in housing, and their goals in housing selection.
      Overall analyses of the self-to-prototype matching strategy suggest that most
      students indeed prefer the type of housing for which their prototype of the
      "representative" resident most closely matches their self-perceptions. More
      important, we obtained individual differences in attention to self-fit in
      situations. Of individuals who reported that they had interpersonal goals in the
      housing selection task, those who reported that many personality characteristics
      (both positive and negative) were untrue of self were more systematic in their
      use of the self-to-prototype matching rule, this was also true of low self
      monitors. Neither pattern of individual differences obtained for students with
      practical goals in the housing decision.

PMID- 3989663
TI  - Attributions, expectations, and coping with abortion.
AB  - We examined cognitive predictors of coping with a negative life event. Women
      undergoing first-trimester abortion were, before the procedure, surveyed
      regarding their attributions for their pregnancy, expectations for coping, the
      meaningfulness of the pregnancy, and the degree to which the pregnancy was
      intended. After the abortion and again at a follow-up visit, we assessed
      affective state, physical complaints, anticipated negative consequences, and
      depression. As predicted, women who blamed their pregnancy on their character
      coped less well than low self-character blamers, but contrary to predictions,
      self-behavior blame was unrelated to coping. Women who had high coping
      expectations before the abortion coped much better than those with low coping
      expectations. Women who found their pregnancy highly meaningful, however, coped
      worse immediately after the abortion than did women who found their pregnancy
      less meaningful. Intentionality of the pregnancy was related to depression three
      weeks after the abortion, and women accompanied by their partner to the abortion
      clinic coped less well immediately after the abortion than women unaccompanied by
      their partner.

PMID- 3989665
TI  - Volitional experiences associated with breaching posthypnotic amnesia.
AB  - Highly responsive hypnotic subjects classified as having control over remembering
      (voluntaries) or not having control over remembering (involuntaries) during
      posthypnotic amnesia were compared during posthypnotic recall. Subjects rerated
      their voluntariness after the experiment. Two contextual conditions were employed
      (2 X 2 design): a lie detector condition meant to create pressure to breach
      amnesia and a relax control condition. In contrast to earlier findings, the
      recall data showed that both voluntary and involuntary subjects breached under
      the lie detector condition compared with their counterparts in the relax
      condition; however, the degree of breaching was not great in any condition. The
      results are discussed as they relate to studies attempting to breach posthypnotic
      amnesia and characteristics of the voluntary-involuntary dimension.

PMID- 3989664
TI  - Self-awareness and self-confrontation: effects of self-focused attention on
      members of a clinical population.
AB  - Research in the area of self-awareness theory has indicated that self-focused
      attention consistently produces both an increase in perceived intensity of affect
      and enhanced accuracy of self-reports. The present studies consider these effects
      in relation to the technique of self-confrontation as used in psychotherapy. In
      the first study, members of two different clinical populations (alcoholics and
      general psychiatric patients) either were or were not made self-aware and then
      were asked to self-report on their psychiatric problems and their mood states.
      Results indicated that self-awareness did increase the negative mood states for
      the psychiatric patients, and it also apparently increased the accuracy with
      which both patient groups reported on their history of hospitalization. In the
      second study self-awareness once again exacerbated the reported negative affect
      of a group of depressed psychiatric patients and enhanced the accuracy with which
      they reported on their hospitalizations. Additional analyses indicated that
      although the psychiatric patients generally felt worse when self-aware, they were
      also more accurate in their self-reports, including descriptions of their
      problems. The effects of self-awareness on members of clinical population are
      discussed and related to self-confrontation techniques.

PMID- 3989666
TI  - Expression of interpersonal aggression by angered and nonangered persons with the
      type A and type B behavior patterns.
AB  - Thirty-seven subjects with the Type A or the Type B behavior pattern were first
      either angered or not angered in a problem-solving task by a confederate who
      posed as another subject. In a subsequent bogus learning experiment, the Type A
      and Type B subjects had the opportunity to punish or reward the confederate. The
      effectiveness of the anger manipulation was attested to by the fact that angered
      subjects had reliably higher pulse rates, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic
      blood pressure. In the learning experiment, Type A subjects who had not been
      angered gave the confederate reliably higher levels of punishment than did Type B
      subjects, but there was not a difference in the levels of punishment given by
      Type A and Type B subjects who had been angered. There was not a difference
      between Type A and Type B subjects in the levels of reward they gave the
      confederate. The results provided behavioral evidence for aggression in persons
      with the Type A behavior pattern. The fact that the difference in aggression was
      limited to nonangered subjects was interpreted in terms of differences in
      attributions of responsibility.

PMID- 3989667
TI  - Effects of load stressors, cognitive complexity and type A coronary prone
      behavior on visual-motor task performance.
AB  - In two separate experiments, 25 and 42 adult working males participated in a
      visual-motor task modeled on a video game. The game was designed to permit
      measurement of strategy, risk taking, errors committed, and overall task
      performance. Predictions of complexity theory for task performance were
      supported. In the second experiment, participants were divided into four
      subgroups on the basis of Type A versus Type B coronary-prone behavior (measured
      on the structured interview) and on the basis of unidimensional versus
      multidimensional responding (measured by a complexity interview with stems of the
      sentence completion test). Type A coronary-prone behavior did not contribute to
      differences in visual-motor performance. More multidimensional persons exceeded
      their unidimensional counterparts, especially in the application of strategy. The
      extension of complexity theory approaches to simpler tasks is discussed. It is
      noted that the frequently voiced assumptions of Type A individuals-that their
      behavior style tends to lead to higher performance levels-is not supported.

PMID- 3989668
TI  - Negative ions and behavior: impact on mood, memory, and aggression among type A
      and type B persons.
AB  - Individuals scoring high (Type As), intermediate, or low (Type Bs) on the Jenkins
      Activity Survey were given an opportunity to aggress against a stranger who,
      previously, had either provoked or not provoked them. The opportunity to aggress
      (as well as all other aspects of the study) took place in the presence of (a) a
      high concentration, (b) a moderate concentration, or (c) a low (ambient)
      concentration of negative air ions. Results indicated that exposure to moderate
      or high levels of negative ions significantly enhanced aggression by Type A
      subjects, but not by other participants. In addition, we found that negative ions
      produced positive shifts in subjects' reported moods in the absence of
      provocation, but negative shifts in moods in the presence of provocation. These
      findings suggest that moderate or high concentrations of negative ions serve as a
      source of heightened activation, thus enhancing individuals' dominant reactions
      or tendencies in a given situation.

PMID- 3989669
TI  - Adolescent self-disclosure and loneliness: private self-consciousness and
      parental influences.
AB  - Using structural equation techniques, we tested a theoretical model designed to
      describe the causal relations existing among loneliness, self-disclosure to peers
      and parents, and specific antecedent variables. Participants were 350 high-school
      students who answered questions concerning themselves and their interpersonal
      relationships. Results generally indicated a good fit between the theoretical
      model and the observed relations. In addition to replicating the findings of
      previous studies concerning the relation between self-disclosure and loneliness,
      results also indicated an indirect relation between private self-consciousness
      and loneliness via peer self-disclosure; that is, high private self-conscious
      adolescents' greater willingness to self-disclose to peers resulted in their
      feeling less lonely. Results are discussed in terms of current theory in related
      fields.

PMID- 3989670
TI  - The nature of negative thoughts in depression.
AB  - We investigated the nature and content of the negative thoughts that accompany
      depression by examining thoughts about oneself and others during three cognitive
      tasks: imaging, recall, and inference. Mildly depressed and nondepressed subjects
      were asked to image, recall, and make inferences about a variety of events while
      thinking about themselves or another person. The events were sad or happy and
      either social or nonsocial in nature. The results suggest that the negativity in
      thought that accompanies depression is restricted to thoughts about oneself and
      does not extend to thoughts about others. The relation between negative thoughts
      and the depressive's view of self is discussed. It is proposed that depressives
      have a negative self-schema that makes the affective nature of their behavior
      particularly salient.

PMID- 3989671
TI  - Psychological reactions to radiation therapy: reconsideration of the adaptive
      aspects of anxiety.
AB  - A common form of cancer treatment is radiation therapy. In this investigation
      individual differences in the psychological reactions of 45 patients undergoing
      external treatment were examined in the context of the Janis (1958) and linear
      decline models (e.g., Spielberger, Auerbach, Wadworth, Dunn, & Taulbee, 1973) of
      medical stressor anxiety. Evaluation included pre- and postradiation assessments
      of the subjects' state and trait anxiety, somatic complaints, and treatment side
      effects. Technologists administering the daily treatments assessed behavioral
      indicants of affective distress. Data analyses revealed that increases in
      complaints and side effects were reported by all patients at treatment
      conclusion. More interesting, significant changes in state anxiety were obtained
      from pre- to posttreatment: (a) Patients with an initial high level of anxiety
      reported a significant reduction, although they remained the most anxious
      subgroup; (b) patients with a moderate level of pretreatment anxiety reported no
      change; and (c) patients with low levels of anxiety reported significant
      increases in state anxiety. No change in trait anxiety was found for any group,
      suggesting that the foregoing changes in state anxiety were not simply
      attributable to regression. Data trends suggested that patients who were either
      low or high in state anxiety were also characterized by more anger or hostility
      than patients moderate in anxiety. The findings are consistent with the Janis
      model, which posits that in threatening situations the level of fear can
      potentially determine the adequacy of adaptation.

PMID- 3989672
TI  - Type A behavior in employed women: relation to work, marital, and leisure
      variables, social support, stress, tension, and health.
AB  - Ninety-one women employed full-time were administered the Jenkins Activity Survey
      (JAS; Jenkins, Rosenman, & Zyzanski; 1974) and the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS;
      Haynes, Levine, Scotch, Feinleib, & Kennel, 1978). Information concerning various
      work and nonwork-related variables was obtained via questionnaire or interview.
      Type A women had higher occupational levels and reported more demanding jobs and
      higher stress and tension than Type B women. Type A and B women did not differ in
      their reports of marital adjustment or in total hours spent in leisure
      activities. Type A behavior was related to both self-reported stress and tension-
      and for married women only, poorer self-reported physical health. Social support
      from various sources was not found to be related to Type A or Type B. Curiously,
      Type A was related to more reported stress and tension for women who felt they
      had many sources of support but not for women who did not perceive their having
      many sources of support.

PMID- 3989673
TI  - Facial expression during induced pain.
AB  - Facial expressions contribute substantially to judgments of sufferer's pain but
      have not been rigorously described. We obtained a detailed description of 72
      female volunteers' facial reactions to the cold pressor experience, using Ekman
      and Friesen's (1978a) objective, anatomically based Facial Action Coding System.
      In addition, we examined the impact of exposure to social models tolerant or
      intolerant to pain. The facial actions systematically provoked by cold pressor
      exposure comprised a narrowing of the eye aperture from below, raising the upper
      lip, pulling the lip corners, parting of the lips, or dropping the jaw, and eyes
      closing or frequently blinking; however, there was rich individual variation in
      the facial displays. The reactions were most salient at onset, indicating blends
      of startle, adaptive reaction, emotional expression, and pain, but they declined
      in vigor over time, although self-report of pain continued to mount. The relation
      between subjective distress and facial expression was greatest at the beginning
      of noxious stimulation. The social models had a potent impact on verbal report
      and pain tolerance but not on facial expression, indicating relative independence
      of components within the rich range of expressive reactions of painful
      experience.

PMID- 3989674
TI  - A longitudinal study of friendship development.
AB  - At 3-week intervals during their first term at the university, 84 male and female
      freshman completed questionnaires regarding their relationships with two same-sex
      individuals whom they had just met. Results showed that dyads which successfully
      developed into close friendships by the end of the fall school term differed
      behaviorally and attitudinally from dyads that did not progress. As the
      friendships developed, the intimacy level of dyadic interaction accounted for an
      increasing percentage of the variance in ratings of friendship intensity beyond
      that accounted for by the sheer quantity of interaction. Ratings of relationship
      benefits were consistently positively correlated with friendship intensity and
      increased as the relationship progressed. There were no differences in ratings of
      relationship costs between close and nonclose friends. Dyadic behavior patterns
      and attitude ratings at the end of the fall school term were good predictors of
      friendship status 3 months later. Motivational and situational factors were also
      correlated with friendship outcomes.

PMID- 3989675
TI  - Ego development in college.
AB  - Using the Sentence Completion Test for ego development, we studied several
      cohorts of students between 1971 and 1979 at a technological institute (Tech) and
      between 1974 and 1979 at a predominantly liberal arts university (MU). Ego level
      tended to rise slightly except among women at MU, for whom there was a slight but
      consistent loss. This particular finding challenges one assumption of a widely
      accepted version of Piagetian theory: that stage development is irreversible.
      Women tended to enter MU slightly ahead of men in ego level, but left at the same
      level. Contrary to expectation, men and women appeared to gain more at Tech than
      at MU; the difference was significant only for women.

PMID- 3989676
TI  - On the self-serving function of social anxiety: shyness as a self-handicapping
      strategy.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that socially anxious or shy individuals use their
      anxiety symptoms as a strategy to control attributions made about their
      performances in social-evaluative settings (i.e., self-handicapping strategies).
      Specifically, we predicted that trait-socially anxious or shy persons would
      report more symptoms of social anxiety in an evaluative setting in which anxiety
      or shyness could serve as an excuse for poor performance than would individuals
      in (a) an evaluative setting in which shyness was precluded as an excuse or (b) a
      nonevaluative setting. Furthermore, we predicted that this self-protective
      pattern of symptom reporting would not occur for individuals who were not trait
      socially anxious because these persons would not commonly use such symptoms as a
      self-handicapping strategy. Results supported these predictions for male
      subjects, but not for female subjects. Sex differences in the strategic use of
      shyness are discussed in relation to other research on sex differences in the
      etiology and correlates of social anxiety.

PMID- 3989677
TI  - Adolescents' theories about the development of their relationships with parents.
AB  - Using a retrospective method, we assessed late adolescents' developmental
      theories about their affective relationships with their parents. Subjects used
      drawings and questionnaire ratings to portray their relationships with parents at
      five points between infancy and the present. From infancy to their current age,
      adolescents portrayed their relationships in two major ways. They perceived
      themselves as gaining in responsibility, dominance, independence, and similarity
      from infancy to the present, whereas they portrayed their parents as experiencing
      a decline on these dimensions. For variables indicating closeness and love,
      however, there was a striking discontinuity in these linear trends: Although
      adolescents perceived linear trends from infancy to adolescence, they depicted
      their current relationships as involving a great deal more love and closeness.
      They also portrayed their relationships with mothers and fathers somewhat
      differently. More responsibility was felt towards the mothers and they were
      portrayed as especially friendly, but subjects felt more similar to their
      fathers, whom they perceived as dominant. We interpreted the results as
      indicating that late adolescents constructed theories of the affective components
      of their relationships with their parents to serve the needs of separation while
      maintaining a close affective tie to the parents.

PMID- 3989678
TI  - Effect of nonlinear protein binding on equilibration times for different initial
      conditions.
AB  - The dynamics in the equilibration of free drug in a two-compartment closed
      system, exhibiting nonlinear binding in one of the compartments, are elucidated.
      The dynamics of the free drug in the compartment containing the binding sites are
      first studied under the two initial conditions when the drug is added to the same
      and the other compartment; the dynamics of the drug in the compartment devoid of
      binding sites are then studied under the two initial conditions. Dynamic
      asymmetries are shown to exist among the four cases in the nonlinear region using
      an equilibrium limit which symmetrizes the dynamics for all four cases in the
      linear region. In the two cases where the dynamics are viewed in the compartment
      devoid of binding sites, the dynamic asymmetry is manifested by a reduction in
      the time required to reach the limit for the drug added to the compartment
      containing the binding sites compared with the other compartment. The time
      difference between these two cases becomes magnified when limits, reflective of
      the relative error in the estimate of the equilibrium value, are applied. In the
      linear region, application of these limits results in a time difference. This
      time difference again favors addition to the compartment containing the binding
      sites from a time-conservation perspective.

PMID- 3989679
TI  - Moisture sorption kinetics for water-soluble substances. IV: Studies with
      mixtures of solids.
AB  - This paper extends earlier work from this laboratory concerning the sorption
      kinetics of water vapor on deliquescent water-soluble substances to mixtures of
      these solids. A theoretical model, based on heat transport control, excellently
      predicted a priori the rate of water uptake by a variety of binary mixtures of
      alkali halides and sugars. The rates for mixtures containing highly water-soluble
      quaternary ammonium salts, as either one or both of the components, were less
      successfully predicted as the combined water solubilities of the two components
      increased. It is concluded that water-soluble deliquescent substances, normally
      encountered in pharmaceutical dosage forms, rapidly form saturated aqueous
      solutions in the aqueous film formed as water vapor uptake proceeds, and that the
      water uptake rate can be predicted a priori from known and experimentally
      determinable parameters using the heat transport model.

PMID- 3989681
TI  - Segmentally continuous input functions in linear multicompartment systems.
AB  - The convolutions of segmentally continuous zero- and first-order input functions
      with the general form of pharmacokinetic multicompartmental disposition functions
      can be used to analyze and simulate the time course of drug invasion into the
      central compartment of mammillary models and certain physiologically relevant
      recirculating systems. The generalized model equations may be used to assess the
      reliability and intercorrelations of parameter estimates directly, since partial
      derivatives with respect to all model constants can be computed explicitly. In
      combination with curve-fitting algorithms, input functions identical to those of
      the point-area deconvolution can be obtained, although at the expense of
      significantly longer computing times. On the other hand, the range of potential
      applications goes far beyond the reconstruction of the time course of drug
      absorption.

PMID- 3989680
TI  - Prediction of xanthine solubilities using statistical techniques.
AB  - Mixture response-surface methodology can be used as a technique to predict
      solubility in mixed solvent systems. The present report shows that if the intent
      is to predict solubility in nonideal solutions, mixture response-surface
      methodology is a better technique than one which assumes a particular mechanism
      to hold true. This is demonstrated by comparing the predictive ability of the
      mixture response-surface model with that of an extended Hildebrand approach to
      nonideal solutions. The nonideal systems are those used by Martin and co-workers
      involving the solubility of theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline in dioxane
      water mixtures.

PMID- 3989682
TI  - Effect of diffusion layer pH and solubility on the dissolution rate of
      pharmaceutical bases and their hydrochloride salts. I: Phenazopyridine.
AB  - The pH-solubility profile of phenazopyridine as determined by the addition of HCl
      or NaOH solutions to its aqueous suspension was identical to that of its
      hydrochloride salt except during phase transition from base to salt. With the
      addition of HCl to a suspension of the base, the pH dropped to a certain point
      and then remained constant until a supersaturated solution was formed. Only after
      a high supersaturation did precipitation of the hydrochloride salt occur. The
      solubility of the salt decreased at low pH due to a common ion effect. Unlike
      solubility profiles, the pH-intrinsic dissolution rate profiles of the base and
      its salt differed greatly. At low pH, the dissolution rate of the hydrochloride
      salt decreased with an increase in HCl concentration, whereas the dissolution
      rate of the base increased. The self-buffering action of the base and the
      increase in solubility, leading to a supersaturation of the diffusion layer was
      responsible for the increase in its dissolution rate with a lowering of the pH of
      the medium. Good conformity with the Noyes-Whitney equation was demonstrated when
      the solubility values under pH conditions such that the diffusion layer thickness
      approaches zero (Cs,h = 0) were used rather than solubilities under pH conditions
      of the bulk media (Cs). Supersaturation of the dissolution medium was observed
      during dissolution of the hydrochloride salt at pH 7.

PMID- 3989683
TI  - Effect of diffusion layer pH and solubility on the dissolution rate of
      pharmaceutical acids and their sodium salts. II: Salicylic acid, theophylline,
      and benzoic acid.
AB  - The pH-solubility profiles of salicylic acid and theophylline, as determined by
      the addition of HCl or NaOH to their aqueous suspensions, were identical with
      those of their sodium salts except during phase transitions from acid to salt or
      vice versa. Supersaturated solutions were formed during phase transitions. Unlike
      the solubility profiles, the pH-intrinsic dissolution rate profiles of an acid
      and its salt differed greatly. Good conformity with the Noyes-Whitney equation
      was demonstrated when the solubility values under pH conditions as the diffusion
      layer thickness, h, approaches zero (Cs,h = 0) were used rather than solubilities
      under pH conditions of the bulk media (Cs). The pH when h approaches zero (pHh =
      0) was estimated by equilibration of a dissolution medium with an excess of
      material. Good correlation was shown between the pHh = 0 values of benzoic acid
      estimated according to this method and the pHh = 0 values reported in the
      literature. The intrinsic dissolution rate constant, the ratio of the diffusion
      coefficient to the diffusion layer thickness (D/h), may be assumed constant when
      comparing the dissolution rates of salicylic acid, theophylline and sodium
      theophylline. On the other hand, D/h decreased significantly during dissolution
      of sodium salicylate due to a large increase in Cs,h = 0 and the consequent
      increase in viscosity in the diffusion layer. A simple method of predicting the
      dissolution rate of an acid or a salt at different pH values has been developed.

PMID- 3989684
TI  - Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. III: Optimization model for corneal
      penetration of ethoxzolamide analogues.
AB  - An analogue series representing modification to the benzene ring of ethoxzolamide
      has been evaluated for solubility, pKa, partitioning, and permeability across
      excised rabbit corneas. These physical parameters were correlated to Hammett
      sigma (para) and/or Hansch pi parameter values for each compound. From these
      correlations, a mathematical model was developed relating corneal permeability to
      molecular modifications of ethoxzolamide. A three-dimensional plot of maximum
      attainable penetration rate versus sigma (para) and pi yielded an optimal range
      of pi and sigma values from which an optimally penetrating analogue could be
      designed.

PMID- 3989685
TI  - In vitro-in vivo correlation and dissolution studies with oral theophylline
      dosage forms.
AB  - The dissolution rates of theophylline from six commercially available products
      (three uncoated and three sustained-release formulations) were determined in
      distilled water using the USP and rotating-filter dissolution apparatus. The
      effect of pH on the dissolution of these products was also examined by both
      methods. In addition, the effect of stirring rate on the dissolution of
      theophylline from these products was studied using the rotating-filter apparatus.
      The data obtained under all conditions were reproducible and well-described by a
      first-order equation. There was no significant difference between the percent of
      labeled content dissolved in 30 min (D30) and in 60 min (D60) obtained by the USP
      method and those obtained by the rotating-filter apparatus. The product-to
      product variation in D30 and D60 was significant (p less than 0.001) for both the
      sustained-release and uncoated dosage forms. The pH of the dissolution fluid had
      a significant effect on the dissolution of theophylline from the products. The
      data obtained from the dissolution and absolute bioavailability studies in the
      rabbit were subjected to linear least-squares regression analysis, and good
      correlations were obtained between the dose-normalized peak serum level, time-to
      peak, percent of the dose absorbed at 1 h and at 6 h, or the dose-normalized area
      under the curve from t = 0 to t = 00 and from t = 0 to t = 6 h and D30, D60, or
      the rate constant for dissolution. The linear relationship assumed for two of the
      products was used to predict bioavailability parameters from dissolution
      variables. The values predicted by this method were not statistically different
      from the actual values of these parameters.

PMID- 3989686
TI  - Dose- and time-dependent kinetics of the renal excretion of nitrofurantoin in the
      rabbit.
AB  - A pharmacokinetic study on the renal excretion of nitrofurantoin was carried out
      in rabbits at doses ranging from 0.5 to 15 mg/kg. With increasing dose, nonlinear
      kinetics were observed in the tubular secretion, which appeared to show dose and
      time dependence. The disposition of nitrofurantoin after intravenous injection is
      well described by a one-compartment model with simultaneous first-order nonrenal
      elimination and renal elimination, which consists of glomerular filtration,
      active tubular secretion conforming to the Michaelis-Menten equation, and
      reabsorption clearance by nonionic diffusion. Plasma and urinary excretion data
      after intravenous injection of nitrofurantoin were fitted to this model. When the
      Michaelis constant was loosely restricted at a constant value, the maximum
      velocity decreased with increasing dose of nitrofurantoin. However, the Michaelis
      constant apparently increased with increasing dose when the maximum velocity was
      loosely restricted at a constant value. Although the results of this fitting
      suggested that the former case may occur in the active tubular secretory system,
      the latter case could not be completely eliminated because of limited data. The
      implications of these results are discussed on the basis of the available
      published data.

PMID- 3989687
TI  - Chemical reaction, diffusion, and ionization model for dissolution of oxygen
      acids and carbon acids.
AB  - A chemical reaction, diffusion, and ionization model, which assumes the
      establishment of ionization equilibrium at an equilibrium plane located within
      the diffusion layer, is tested by use of experimental dissolution rates for some
      oxygen acids and carbon acids. For oxygen acids both two- and three-zone models
      predict observed dissolution rates; however, for barbituric acid dihydrate and
      phenylbutazone neither model successfully depicts the dissolution behavior.
      Although the three-zone model approximately predicts dissolution rates of oxygen
      acids, its complexity does not add to the accuracy of the calculated rate. The
      three-zone model does support the frequent assumption that ionization is
      instantaneous and can be ignored in modeling.

PMID- 3989688
TI  - Synthesis of a new anti-inflammatory steroidal acid ester: methyl 11 beta-hydroxy
      3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate.
AB  - The synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of a new steroidal acid ester,
      methyl 11 beta-hydroxy-3,20-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (5), are described. This
      compound has been prepared via three different synthetic routes. The first
      involves oxidation of the benzoate 3 to the aldehyde 4 followed by a Mattox-type
      rearrangement of the side chain in conjunction with elimination of the benzoyloxy
      group. The second method, prolonged reaction of 1-dehydrocorticosterone (8) with
      methanolic cupric acetate, affords methyl ester 5 in low yield. The third
      approach consists of selective oxidation at C-20 of the methyl 11 beta, 20 alpha
      and 20 beta-dihydroxy-3-oxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oates (7a and 7b) with sulfur
      trioxide-pyridine complex. The local anti-inflammatory activities of the new
      ester 5 and intermediates 3, 4, 7a and 7b were determined by the cotton-pellet
      granuloma assay in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of the title compound is
      equal to that of the parent steroid, prednisolone. However, unlike the latter
      compound, the ester does not cause reduction of adrenal and thymus weights or a
      lowering of plasma corticosterone levels.

PMID- 3989689
TI  - Preparation and characterization of potential prodrugs of dyphylline.
AB  - Four diesters and four monoesters of dyphylline were synthesized as prodrugs
      proposed to prolong the duration of action of dyphylline. They were characterized
      by IR, 1H NMR, HPLC, and MS. Appropriate solvent-programming conditions for the
      HPLC separation of dyphylline and the newly synthesized mono- and diesters were
      developed. It was confirmed by low-temperature 1H NMR at approximately -40
      degrees C that all four monoesters were located on the primary hydroxy position.
      Attempts to produce the secondary monoesters yielded the primary monoesters
      during purification. Monoesters were shown by HPLC and MS to migrate between the
      primary and secondary hydroxy groups in aqueous solution.

PMID- 3989690
TI  - Preparation and analysis of deuterium-labeled aspirin: application to
      pharmacokinetic studies.
AB  - Inhibition of endogenous prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis by aspirin is
      critically dose-dependent in humans. Gastrointestinal and hepatic hydrolysis may
      limit systemic availability of aspirin, especially in low doses, perhaps
      contributing to the biochemical selectivity of aspirin. Existing analytical
      methods do not permit determination of systemic bioavailability when low (less
      than 100 mg) doses of aspirin are administered. Deuterium-labeled aspirin (2
      acetoxy[3,4,5,6-2H4]benzoic acid) was synthesized from salicylic acid by
      catalytic exchange and subsequent acetylation. Analysis of the compounds as
      benzyl esters by GC-MS followed extractive alkylation from plasma.
      Heptadeuterated compounds were used as internal standards. Simultaneous
      administration of tetradeuterated aspirin intravenously with native aspirin
      orally to anesthetized dogs permitted kinetic studies of both aspirin and
      salicylic acid. The sensitivity of the method is superior to published methods
      using HPLC and, thus, more applicable to studies of low dose aspirin. Pulse
      administration of stable isotope-labeled aspirin permits detailed and repeated
      studies of dose-related aspirin pharmacokinetics in humans.

PMID- 3989691
TI  - Synthesis, formulation, and clinical pharmacological evaluation of hydralazine
      pyruvic acid hydrazone in two healthy volunteers.
AB  - Hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone [2-(phthalazin-1-yl hydrazono)propionic acid;
      1] is a major plasma metabolite of hydralazine in humans. A number of in vitro
      and animal studies have suggested that this hydrazone may have cardiovascular
      activity and could account for the prolonged antihypertensive effect of
      hydralazine in humans in the absence of detectable plasma levels of the parent
      drug. To study this possibility, the soluble sodium salt of hydralazine pyruvic
      acid hydrazone (2) was synthesized, its chemical purity and stability was
      checked, and an intravenous formulation was prepared. Isomeric forms were
      identified. Doses of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.1 mumol/kg of 2 were administered
      intravenously to one slow and one heterozygous fast acetylator of sulfamethazine.
      The slow acetylator received two additional doses of 0.06 and 0.14 mumol/kg. Peak
      plasma levels of 1 of 18 mumol/L were attained without tachycardia or hypotension
      in either subject. There was no evidence of nonlinearity in kinetics over the
      dose range studied and clearance remained constant in both subjects (0.517 +/-
      0.033 mL/min/kg in the slow acetylator and 0.744 +/- 0.058 mL/min/kg in the fast
      acetylator). The distribution of 1 varied unpredictably with dose, and changes
      were reflected in the terminal half-life (3.47-5.97 h in the slow acetylator and
      2.06-5.33 h in the fast acetylator). Only traces of the acetylated metabolite of
      hydralazine, 3-methyl-s-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine (3), were detected in the
      plasma of the subjects, suggesting that significant metabolism via this route was
      unlikely. An established and specific assay for hydralazine was further modified
      to allow measurement of levels as low as 1 nmol/L (0.2 ng/mL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989692
TI  - Stability-indicating liquid chromatographic determination of etoposide and benzyl
      alcohol in injectable formulations.
AB  - Simple and specific assays for etoposide, related impurities, and benzyl alcohol,
      as well as its degradation product, benzaldehyde, in injectable formulations were
      developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Etoposide, benzyl
      alcohol, benzaldehyde, and four etoposide impurities were determined with a
      mobile phase containing 26% acetonitrile in pH 4.0 acetate buffer with methyl p
      aminobenzoate as the internal standard. Two etoposide precursors were
      additionally determined using 60% acetonitrile in the mobile phase with biphenyl
      as the internal standard. The assays were run sequentially. The etoposide assay
      had a total variability of less than 1% (RSD) and a recovery from placebo of
      99.4%. Mean recovery of impurity standards spiked at the 2% level relative to the
      etoposide level was 98%. Recoveries for benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde were
      100.5% and 102.2%, respectively. Absorbance ratios generated from samples and
      compared with undegraded standards demonstrated specificity for etoposide.
      Similar response regression equations with correlation coefficients greater than
      0.99 were obtained for etoposide and four impurities over the 2-8 micrograms/mL
      concentration range, indicating that an etoposide standard could be used to
      quantitate low impurity levels down to 0.2% relative to the etoposide injectable
      concentration. Benzaldehyde could be reliably detected at concentrations down to
      0.5 micrograms/mL, equivalent to 0.16% of the benzyl alcohol level.

PMID- 3989693
TI  - Liquid chromatographic analysis of conjugated and esterified estrogens in
      tablets.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the
      analysis of conjugated and esterified estrogens in tablets. The 3-sulfate
      estrogen derivatives were hydrolyzed with acid, mixed with ethinyl estradiol (the
      internal standard), and extracted into benzene. The liberated 3-phenolic
      estrogens were converted to dansyl derivatives, separated on an adsorption
      column, and detected fluorometrically. Estrogens with a 17-keto functional group
      required a prior reduction to the corresponding 17 beta-hydroxyl derivatives with
      sodium borohydride in order to be chromatographically resolved. The validity of
      the proposed method was demonstrated by analyzing samples of commercial tablets
      of conjugated and esterified estrogens of various strengths.

PMID- 3989694
TI  - Variation in hepatic extraction ratio with unbound drug fraction: discrimination
      between models of hepatic drug elimination.
AB  - Systematic examination of model-dependent predictions of changes in the hepatic
      extraction ratio (E), following alteration in the unbound fraction of drug in
      plasma (fub), should allow sensitive discrimination between the venous
      equilibrium model (model I) and the sinusoidal perfusion model (model II) of
      hepatic sinusoidal function if drugs which show high clearance of free drug are
      used. Analysis of experimental data from the literature confirmed the utility of
      this approach. Specifically, data related to diazepam (E = 0.95 at fub = 1)
      clearly conformed to the predictions of the sinusoidal perfusion model and
      differed markedly from those of the venous equilibrium model. Conversely, data
      for phenytoin (E = 0.69 at fub = 1) failed to discriminate between models, as
      predicted by our analysis. We identify a sensitive, convenient method for
      discrimination between current models of hepatic sinusoidal function and
      establish for the first time that a drug substrate (diazepam) conforms closely to
      the predictions of the sinusoidal perfusion model.

PMID- 3989695
TI  - Quantitative structure-stability relationships among inclusion complexes of
      cyclodextrins. I: Barbituric acid derivatives.
AB  - Quantitative structure-stability relationships (QSSRs) are formulated for the
      inclusion complexation of 17 barbituric acid derivatives with alpha- and beta
      cyclodextrin. The variation in the complex stability constants K alpha and K beta
      is found to be partly accounted for by the molar refractivity or the
      hydrophobicity of the substituent R1 at position 5 of the barbiturate ring. In
      addition, K alpha also depends upon whether or not R1 is branching or cyclic, and
      K beta also depends upon whether the guest molecule is a barbiturate or a
      thiobarbiturate. The results suggest that in alpha-cyclodextrin-barbiturate
      complexes the cyclodextrin cavity includes only R1, while in beta-cyclodextrin
      complexes both R1 and (part of) the barbiturate ring are included. This
      complexation model is compared with those proposed by other authors.

PMID- 3989696
TI  - Dissolution dialysis studies of metronidazole-montmorillonite adsorbates.
AB  - In the context of the potential usefulness of clays in retarding the rate of
      release of adsorbed drugs, dissolution dialysis studies of the release of
      metronidazole from montmorillonite adsorbates have been conducted. The goal was
      to develop a means for improving local gastrointestinal therapy of amebiasis
      while concurrently maintaining efficacy in treating hepatic amebiasis. At acidic
      pH, the clay was in a flocculated state and the rate of drug release was
      inhibited. This effect was apparently due to slow diffusion of the drug
      throughout the clay flocculate. A physical admixture of montmorillonite and
      metronidazole was also effective in inhibiting the rate of release of
      metronidazole. Upon increasing the pH to 7, the clay particles progressively
      deflocculated and the rate of release increased significantly.

PMID- 3989697
TI  - Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of three formulations of
      albuterol.
AB  - Albuterol sulfate, alpha'[[1,1-dimethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy-1,3
      benzenedimethanol sulfate, is a relatively selective beta-2-adrenergic
      bronchodilator used for the relief of bronchospasm. The bioavailability of two 4
      mg tablet formulations, differing in their inactive excipients, and a syrup
      formulation, was evaluated. The three dosage forms were orally administered to 12
      normal male volunteers in a randomized three-way crossover study. Plasma samples
      were collected at frequent time points through 12 h and analyzed for albuterol
      content by a specific GC-MS method. The drug was rapidly absorbed from all three
      formulations. Maximum drug concentrations were comparable for the three
      formulations and were obtained between 1.8-2.0 h. The areas under the plasma
      concentration-time curves were 68-78 h X ng/mL. The drug elimination phase half
      live (t1/2 beta) ranged from 4.8 to 5.5 h. Analysis of the data showed that the
      bioavailability of albuterol from a tablet formulation is equivalent to that from
      a solution.

PMID- 3989698
TI  - Liquid chromatographic analysis of ethacrynic acid and degradation products in
      pharmaceutical systems.
AB  - An accurate, reproducible, and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatographic (HPLC) system was developed for the determination of ethacrynic
      acid and its degradation products. The method was used in stability studies of
      the drug in the solid state, in solution, and in dosage forms. Three degradation
      products were isolated by preparative chromatography and identified by several
      techniques, principally NMR and MS. TLC Rt and HPLC response factors are quoted.
      A degradation scheme consistent with the observed stability profiles is proposed.

PMID- 3989700
TI  - Estimation of variance for harmonic mean half-lives.

PMID- 3989699
TI  - Interpretation of area under the curve measurements for drugs subject to
      enterohepatic cycling.

PMID- 3989701
TI  - The Smith STA-peg operation for hypermobile pes planovalgus in children.

PMID- 3989702
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia and local anesthesia.

PMID- 3989703
TI  - Topical oxygen therapy treatment of extensive leg and foot ulcers.

PMID- 3989704
TI  - Limb length discrepancy. Identification, clinical significance, and management.

PMID- 3989705
TI  - Epidermal cyst of the plantar surface.

PMID- 3989706
TI  - Stress fracture of the fibula: secondary to pronation?

PMID- 3989707
TI  - Subchondral hematoma as a cause of metatarsalgia.

PMID- 3989708
TI  - Type I dorsal dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A case report.

PMID- 3989709
TI  - Subchondral bone cysts of the sesamoids.

PMID- 3989710
TI  - Hemi-implant failure at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A case report.

PMID- 3989711
TI  - Malpractice insurance--is there really a bargain?

PMID- 3989712
TI  - The slow repolarization phase of the action potential in rat heart.
AB  - Intracellular action potentials and isometric force were measured from thin
      trabeculae of the right ventricle of rat heart. Characteristic for the action
      potential of rat myocardium is a short plateau and a slow final repolarization
      phase. We have studied the influence of ionic composition of the medium and of
      stimulation frequency on the slow phase of repolarization and its relation to
      peak force. The results confirmed a positive correlation between peak force and
      the duration of the slow phase of repolarization, as has been reported for other
      species. An increase of [Ca2+]o caused a shortening of the slow phase of
      repolarization when peak force was kept constant. In low [Na+]o peak force was
      increased and the slow phase of repolarization was shortened. Reperfusion with
      normal medium after a period in low [Na+]o induced a transient prolongation of
      the slow phase of repolarization and reduction of peak force. The transient
      lasted about 20 min. In the presence of the Ca2+ entry blocker nifedipine the
      action potential duration and peak force were reduced. Low [Na+]o caused less
      shortening of the slow phase of repolarization and a greater increase of peak
      force. The slow phase of repolarization was prolonged transiently following
      reperfusion at normal [Na+]o, but only during a few beats. These results are in
      agreement with the hypothesis that the slow phase of repolarization is due to an
      inward current generated by Na+-Ca2+ exchange, as latter mechanism is known to be
      sensitive to the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of both Na+ and
      Ca2+.

PMID- 3989714
TI  - Enhancement of long-term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus by post-trial
      stimulation of the reticular formation.
AB  - The possibility that post-trial stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular
      formation (m.r.f.) may modulate long-term potentiation (l.t.p.) at the perforant
      path to dentate granule cell synapses was studied in freely moving rats.
      Extracellular potentials evoked in the dentate gyrus by test pulses to the
      perforant path were recorded before and at various delays after a series of high
      frequency stimulus trains to the perforant path (ten trains of eight pulses at
      400 Hz, delivered at 5 min intervals). We have compared the magnitude and
      duration of l.t.p. of the population spike in this control condition with that
      observed when a low-intensity m.r.f. stimulation was delivered 10 s after each
      train to the perforant path. Post-event m.r.f. stimulation enhanced the amount of
      l.t.p. induced by the series of high-frequency stimulus trains and prolonged its
      duration for several days. The size of the population spike was unaffected by
      repeated m.r.f. stimulation in the absence of perforant path high-frequency
      stimulation, or when this failed to induce significant l.t.p. The temporal
      gradient of efficacy of m.r.f. stimulation was investigated. M.r.f. stimulation
      delivered 10 s after a single high-frequency stimulation of perforant path fibres
      resulted in an enhanced l.t.p. of both the population excitatory post-synaptic
      potential (e.p.s.p.) and population spike. L.t.p. was unaffected by m.r.f.
      stimulation given either before, or 120 s after perforant path high-frequency
      stimulation. These results show that low-intensity m.r.f. stimulation enhances
      lasting changes in synaptic function in the dentate gyrus when delivered during a
      critical period following high-frequency activation of perforant path fibres.
      These results are discussed in the light of our previous findings on the effects
      of post-event m.r.f. stimulation on memory and on the development of associative
      changes in hippocampal multiunit activity during conditioning. It is hypothesized
      that l.t.p.-like mechanisms may be involved in the stabilization of neural
      networks by experience and that this process might be reinforced by diffuse
      m.r.f. activation.

PMID- 3989715
TI  - Localization of cortical activity associated with visual recognition in humans.
AB  - The Laplacian analysis described previously is used to localize cortical activity
      subserving visual object recognition in humans. In the first of two experiments,
      subjects are shown pictures of a human face corrupted by varying amounts of
      noise. After each picture has been presented for 34 ms against a large uniformly
      illuminated background, the subject is required to report whether or not he saw
      the face, by pressing a button. The Laplacian response associated with the report
      that the face is seen differs from that associated with the report that the face
      is not seen. The difference between these two Laplacian responses has a simple
      wave form with peak activity at approximately 206 ms after stimulus onset and
      approximately 196 ms before median reaction time for the button-press report. Its
      amplitude and polarity, which vary with centre-electrode location over the
      posterior scalp, are used to construct a map showing the location of cortical
      activity subserving recognition of the face. This cortical activity localizes to
      both temporal lobes with some degree of right hemispheric lateralization in right
      handed subjects. In the second of the two experiments, subjects are shown the
      silhouette of a simple shape, such as a triangle, embedded in a large random dot
      field. Each silhouette is presented for 17 ms. The visibility of the shape is
      made to vary from trial to trial and the subject is required to report for each
      trial whether or not the shape is seen. The Laplacian response associated with
      the report that no shape is seen is very much smaller than that correctly
      identifying the shape. The difference between these two Laplacian responses has a
      simple wave form with peak activity at approximately 207 ms after stimulus onset.
      Its wave form is essentially the same as that associated with face recognition.
      Its amplitude and polarity, which vary with centre-electrode location over the
      posterior scalp, are used to construct a map showing the location of cortical
      activity subserving recognition of the simple shape. This cortical activity
      localizes to both temporal lobes with strong right hemispheric lateralization in
      right-handed subjects. The general topography of this activity is similar to that
      subserving face recognition. Although generally similar, there are measurable
      differences between the topographies of right temporal lobe activity associated
      with face recognition and that associated with simple shape recognition.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989713
TI  - Comparison of the action of baclofen with gamma-aminobutyric acid on rat
      hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro.
AB  - Intracellular recordings from CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal slice
      preparation were used to compare the action of baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA) analogue, with GABA. Ionophoretic application of GABA or baclofen
      into stratum (s.) pyramidale evoked hyperpolarizations associated with reductions
      in the input resistance of the cell. Baclofen responses were easier to elicit in
      the dendrites than in the cell body layer. Blockade of synaptic transmission,
      with tetrodotoxin or cadmium, did not reduce baclofen responses, indicating a
      direct post-synaptic action. (+)-Bicuculline (10 microM) and bicuculline
      methiodide (100 microM) had little effect on baclofen responses but strongly
      antagonized somatic GABA responses of equal amplitude. The bicuculline resistance
      of the baclofen response was not absolute, as higher concentrations of these
      compounds did reduce it. Pentobarbitone (100 microM) enhanced somatic GABA
      responses without affecting baclofen responses. (-)-Baclofen was approximately
      200 times more potent than (+)-baclofen. The reversal potentials for the somatic
      GABA and baclofen responses were -70 mV and -85 mV respectively. When the
      membrane was depolarized, the baclofen response was reduced. This apparent
      voltage sensitivity was not seen with somatic GABA responses. Altering the
      chloride gradient across the cell membrane altered the reversal potential of the
      somatic GABA response but not that of the baclofen response. It was extrapolated
      that a tenfold shift in the extracellular potassium concentration would cause a
      48 mV shift in the reversal potential of the baclofen response. Barium ions
      reduced the baclofen response, but not the GABA response. Orthodromic stimulation
      produced a fast inhibitory post-synaptic potential (i.p.s.p.) and a slow i.p.s.p.
      The properties of the fast and slow i.p.s.p.s were remarkably similar to those of
      the somatic GABA and baclofen responses, respectively. Application of GABA to the
      pyramidal cell dendrites evoked, in addition to a depolarization, two types of
      hyperpolarization. One type of hyperpolarization was bicuculline sensitive, had a
      reversal potential of about -65 mV and appeared to be chloride dependent. The
      other hyperpolarization was more easily observed in bicuculline methiodide (100
      microM). This response was similar to that evoked by baclofen since it had a high
      reversal potential (about -90 mV), was relatively insensitive to changes in the
      chloride gradient across the cell membrane and was reduced by barium. The
      bicuculline-sensitive hyperpolarization could be evoked by the dendritic or
      somatic ionophoresis of muscimol and THIP (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[5,4
      c]pyridin-3(2H)-one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989716
TI  - Post-synaptic activity evoked in the nucleus tractus solitarius by carotid sinus
      and aortic nerve afferents in the cat.
AB  - Post-synaptic responses evoked in neurones of the nucleus tractus solitarius by
      electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus, aortic and vagal nerves, alone or in
      combination, have been studied in anaesthetized cats using both extracellular and
      intracellular recording techniques. A total of 292 neurones received an input
      from at least one of the three nerves tested. The activity of the large majority
      of these cells (249) could only be shown to be altered by stimulation of one of
      these nerves and in 222 of these cases this was an excitatory response. These
      responses showed the expected post-synaptic characteristics including temporal
      summation and, in intracellular records, a summation of evoked excitatory post
      synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s). The minimum latency to onset of these responses
      was variable, both for individual cells and for the population as a whole and
      varied within the range 2-124 ms. In a small number of cells (twenty-seven), the
      input was purely inhibitory in nature. In neurones showing a tonic discharge this
      produced a decrease in the rate of firing. This influence was most marked in
      intracellular records where membrane hyperpolarizations were noted. Again, the
      latency to onset was variable, in the range 4-27 ms. Convergent inputs from two
      or more of the nerves were identified in forty-three neurones. The effects of
      these were always excitatory. They could be observed both as a facilitation of
      spike activity recorded extracellularly and as summation of subliminally evoked
      e.p.s.p.s recorded intracellularly. On the basis of threshold voltages and
      latency to onset, the afferents to these neurones are indistinguishable from
      those providing an exclusive input. It can be concluded that at least some of the
      neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarius and its vicinity receive inputs from
      more than one source. The implications of these observations on the role of this
      brain-stem area in cardiorespiratory reflexes is discussed.

PMID- 3989717
TI  - Passive water flows driven across the isolated rabbit ileum by osmotic,
      hydrostatic and electrical gradients.
AB  - Water flows generated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure and electrical currents
      were measured in sheets of isolated rabbit ileum at 20 degrees C. Flows across
      the mucosal and serosal surfaces were monitored continuously by simultaneous
      measurement of tissue volume change (with an optical lever) and net water flows
      across one surface of the tissue (with a capacitance transducer). Osmotic
      gradients were imposed across the mucosal and serosal surfaces of the tissue
      separately, using probe molecules of various sizes from ethanediol (68 Da) to
      dextrans (161 000 Da). Flows across each surface were elicited with very short
      delay. The magnitudes of the flows were proportional to the osmotic gradient and
      related to the size of the probe molecule. Osmotic flow across the mucosal
      surface was associated with streaming potentials which were due to electro
      osmotic water flow. The mucosal surface is a heteroporous barrier with narrow
      (0.7 nm radius, Lp (hydraulic conductivity) = (7.6 +/- 1.6) X 10(-9) cm s-1 cmH2O
      1) cation-selective channels in parallel with wide neutral pores (ca. 6.5 nm
      radius, Lp = (2.3 +/- 0.2) X 10(-7) cm s-1 cmH2O-1) which admit large pressure
      driven backflows from the submucosa to the lumen. There is additional evidence
      for a further set of narrow electroneutral pores less than 0.4 nm radius with Lp
      less than 7 X 10(-9) cm s-1 cmH2O-1. The serosal surface has neutral pores of
      uniform radius (ca. 6.5 nm), Lp = (7.6 +/- 1.6) X 10(-8) cm s-1 cmH2O-1.
      Hypertonic serosal solutions (100 mM-sucrose) cause osmotic transfer of fluid
      from isotonic mucosal solutions into the submucosa, expand it, and elevate the
      tissue pressure to 19.6 +/- 3.2 cmH2O (n = 4). Conversely, hypertonic mucosal
      solutions (100 mM-sucrose) draw fluid out of the submucosa in the presence of
      isotonic serosal solutions, collapse the submucosa, and lower the tissue pressure
      to -87.7 +/- 4.6 cmH2O (n = 5). Water flows coupled to cation movement could be
      generated across the mucosal surface in both directions by brief direct current
      pulses. The short latency of onset and cessation of flow (less than 2 s), absence
      of polarization potentials, and high electro-osmotic coefficients (range 50-520
      mol water F-1), together with the presence of streaming potentials during
      osmotically generated water flows indicate electro-osmotic water flow through
      hydrated channels in the tight junctions and/or lateral intercellular
      spaces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989718
TI  - The admittance of the squid giant axon at radio frequencies and its relation to
      membrane structure.
AB  - The admittance of the squid giant axon membrane has been measured, using an
      intracellular electrode, at frequencies up to 40 MHz. The existence of a radio
      frequency dispersion, previously detected with extracellular electrodes (Cole,
      1976) and attributed to the Schwann cell layer, has been confirmed and followed
      to higher frequencies. For a comparable method of analysis, membrane parameters
      similar to those given by Cole (1976) have been calculated. The radio frequency
      dispersion has a centre frequency at approximately 1.8 MHz, and the properties of
      a parallel combination of a 28 nF cm-2 capacity and a 3.3 omega cm2 resistance.
      When the axon membrane capacity is calculated, taking into account the radio
      frequency dispersion, as described above, the capacity remains frequency
      dependent throughout the range studied. If it is assumed that at high frequencies
      the axolemma capacity becomes constant at approximately the value for a lipid
      bilayer, a radio frequency dispersion is found which cannot be accounted for in
      terms of a simple equivalent circuit with two passive components, but appears to
      arise from a network with a distribution of relaxation times. This result could
      be consistent with the morphology of the Schwann cell layer. The radio frequency
      dispersion referred to in (4) can be described reasonably well by a circuit with
      two dispersions having centre frequencies of 250 kHz and 3.2 MHz respectively.
      The corresponding axolemma capacity (100-500 kHz) would be approximately 0.6
      microF cm-2. It is argued that between 50 and 100 kHz the geometrical capacity
      arising from the non-polar regions of the membrane is a major contributor to the
      axon membrane capacity, and that capacity variations arising from compositional
      changes in the lipid bilayer are best monitored in this frequency range.

PMID- 3989719
TI  - Effect of fluid pressure on the hydraulic conductance of interstitium and
      fenestrated endothelium in the rabbit knee.
AB  - A synovial cavity is separated from plasma by synovial intima in series with
      capillary endothelium. Because 20% of the intimal surface is bare interstitium,
      the system is a convenient model for the study of passive transport through
      serial endothelial and interstitial layers. Here hydraulic flow across the
      composite barrier was investigated in forty-seven knees of isolated, blood
      perfused rabbit hindquarters, at intra-articular pressures between 4 and 30
      cmH2O. In order to measure barrier conductance at constant intra-articular
      pressure, pressure on the opposite side of the barrier was varied, i.e. capillary
      blood pressure (PC). Capillary pressure was changed by alteration of vascular
      perfusion pressures, and the resulting changes in rate of absorption of Krebs
      solution from the synovial cavity (QS) were recorded. Trans-synovial absorption
      was a negative linear function of PC at each joint pressure, in verification of
      the applicability of Starling's hypothesis to this system. The hydraulic
      conductance of the blood-joint barrier was calculated as dQS/dPC. Conductance was
      independent of intra-articular pressure below 9 cmH2O and was 0.12 +/- 0.015
      microliter min-1 mmHg-1 (mean +/- S.E. of mean). Barrier conductance increased as
      a curvilinear function of intra-articular pressure above 9.4 cmH2O (yield
      pressure). At 30 cmH2O conductance averaged 0.60 +/- 0.06 microliter min-1 mmHg
      1, a 5-fold increase. A hyperbolic curve relating net barrier conductance to
      joint pressure was predicted from the hypothesis that interstitial conductance
      increases as a monotonic function of intra-articular pressure above yield
      pressure (Appendix). The data were in reasonable agreement with the theoretical
      hyperbola. Interstitial conductivity (3 X 10(-7)-7 X 10(-7) cm4 s-1 N-1 below
      yield pressure) and mean endothelial conductance (1.1 X 10(-4)-1.4 X 10(-4) cm3 s
      1 N-1) were evaluated and compared with values in other tissues. Synovial
      endothelium contains on average 0.25 fenestrae micron-1 circumference. The
      conductance of a single fenestra was calculated to be 2.3 X 10(-13) cm5 s-1 N-1.
      Interstitial resistance accounted for roughly half the total resistance below
      yield point: therefore dQS/dPC should not be equated with 'capillary filtration
      capacity' in tissues with dense or fenestrated capillary beds. Large
      inconsistencies between interstitial conductivity and glycosaminoglycan
      concentration are noted, and mechanistic explanations of increases in
      conductivity with joint pressure are offered.

PMID- 3989720
TI  - The transneuronal induction of sprouting and synapse formation in intact mouse
      muscles.
AB  - The pattern of innervation to intact peroneal and extensor digitorum longus
      muscles of normal and experimental young adult mice was studied by light
      microscopy after staining neuromuscular junctions by a combined silver
      cholinesterase stain. Spontaneous sprouting and synapse formation occur in intact
      muscles of normal mice. In about 7% of the junctions, sprouts contribute to the
      innervation of muscle fibres already innervated by their parent axons. Axotomy of
      the sciatic nerve in one hind limb is followed by an average 3-fold increase over
      normal in the incidence of sprouting and synapse formation in the intact muscles
      of the opposite hind limb. The time to onset of sprouting and synapse formation
      becomes shorter as the site of the contralateral axotomy is placed closer to the
      spinal cord. A significant increase over normal in the incidence of sprouting is
      first observed 5 days after a proximal sciatic nerve cut and only 12 days after a
      distal sciatic nerve cut. The timing of sprouting is independent of the
      difference in the number of axons that are involved in the contralateral
      axotomies at different sites. These findings suggest that, in the intact muscles
      of normal mice, sprouting and synapse formation is an ongoing process which can
      be enhanced by contralateral axotomy. As in frogs (Rotshenker, 1979, 1982) the
      underlying mechanism may be the transneuronal induction of sprouting and synapse
      formation.

PMID- 3989721
TI  - Efferent modulation of hair cell tuning in the cochlea of the turtle.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from turtle cochlear hair cells in order to
      study the changes in their tuning properties resulting from electrical
      stimulation of the efferent axons. Efferent stimulation caused a reduction in the
      amplitude of the receptor potential at the hair cell's most sensitive or
      characteristic frequency, an increased amplitude at frequencies more than an
      octave below the characteristic frequency, and no change at very high
      frequencies. These differential effects resulted in a broadening of each cell's
      tuning curve, which, during maximal efferent stimulation degenerated from a
      sharply tuned resonance to a critically damped low-pass filter. Efferent
      alterations in tuning were also inferred from the oscillations in membrane
      potential produced by acoustic clicks or extrinsic currents. The quality factor
      (Q) of tuning, derived from the decay of the oscillations, was progressively
      reduced with synaptic hyperpolarizations up to about 5 mV in amplitude. A
      consequence of efferent action was that the wave forms of transient pressure
      changes were more faithfully encoded as changes in hair cell membrane potential.
      Hyperpolarization of a hair cell by steady current injection resulted in a
      lowering of its characteristic frequency and quality factor, and an increase in
      steady-state resistance. By comparison, for a given reduction in quality factor,
      efferent stimulation was associated with a smaller change in characteristic
      frequency. This difference is expected if the resonance is also damped by the
      shunting action of the synaptic conductance. Perfusion with perilymphs containing
      0.5-15 mM of the potassium channel blocker, tetraethylammonium bromide (TEA)
      reduced the hair cell's frequency selectivity, whether assayed acoustically or
      with extrinsic currents. Lower TEA concentrations abolished the efferent
      inhibitory post-synaptic potential with only a minor change in tuning. TEA
      produced other effects different from efferent stimulation including (i) a
      lowering of the characteristic frequency, and (ii) a highly asymmetric receptor
      potential. These observations suggest that the efferents do not simply block
      membrane conductances associated with tuning. We conclude that the efferent
      modification of the shape of the tuning curve may be a composite result of the
      synaptic conductance and the hyperpolarization of the hair cell membrane.

PMID- 3989722
TI  - Sino-aortic denervation in the monkey.
AB  - The aortic arch and carotid sinuses were denervated in eleven monkeys. The
      monkeys were subjected to four sequential surgeries which involved: (1)
      implantation of an aortic and left atrial catheter; (2) stripping of the
      adventitia from the aortic arch; (3) stripping the left carotid sinus and
      associated vessels; and (4) stripping the right carotid sinus and associated
      vessels. Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded 6 days after each surgical
      procedure. Records were taken over a 6 h period while the monkeys were in their
      home cages. Baroreceptor denervation was confirmed by: (1) absence of heart rate
      response to blood pressure changes and (2) an increase in the variability of
      blood pressure. Veratridine given into the left atrium caused a Bezold-Jarisch
      reflex both before and after denervation verifying the integrity of the afferent
      and efferent vagus. Denervation of the baroreceptors resulted in a significant
      increase in blood pressure when measured from monkeys who were restrained in
      chairs in the laboratory; however, blood pressure was not significantly elevated
      in the baroreceptor denervated monkeys while they were tethered in their home
      cages. It is concluded that denervation of the sino-aortic baroreceptor does not
      result in a significant increase in systemic blood pressure.

PMID- 3989723
TI  - Slow depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents which mediate bursting in Aplysia
      neurone R15.
AB  - Interruption of normal bursting activity by application of a voltage clamp
      reveals that action potentials in Aplysia neurone R15 are followed by two slow
      currents that long outlast the currents produced during the action potentials.
      Similar currents are seen following simulation of an action potential with a
      brief depolarizing pulse delivered under continuous voltage clamp. One of these
      currents, herein called ID, is an inward, or depolarizing current 0.5-5 nA in
      amplitude that reaches a peak 300-500 ms after the action potential. It produces
      the depolarizing after-potential that follows action potentials in this cell and
      is responsible also for the grouping together of action potentials into bursts.
      The second current, herein called IH, is an outward, or hyperpolarizing current
      0.1-2 nA in amplitude that reaches a peak in 2-10 s and is still present for many
      tens of seconds following the action potential. IH mediates the interburst
      hyperpolarization. Both currents summate temporally during the burst. Despite
      changes in the amplitude and duration of action potentials during the burst, each
      action potential adds nearly constant increments to the summated amplitudes of ID
      and IH. The summated amplitude of ID grows during the first few action potentials
      and gives rise to the increased rate of depolarization and the increased firing
      rate seen during the first half of the burst. Due to its slower kinetics, IH
      summates throughout the burst until its summated amplitude is large enough to
      cause the cell to hyperpolarize, thereby bringing the burst to an end. When the
      normal burst is interrupted by application of the voltage clamp, the ID and IH
      current peaks are followed by a current which approaches a more negative steady
      state level with a time course that consists of at least two phases. The first
      phase is exponential with a time constant of 15-30 s. Under continuous voltage
      clamp, the current following a train of depolarizing pulses returns to the
      holding current with a similar time course. These observations, together with
      time constants for IH that are longer than the interburst interval, suggest that
      IH is always partially activated during normal bursting. A computer simulation
      demonstrates that opposing inward and outward currents with different kinetics,
      i.e. ID and IH, are sufficient to give rise to bursting activity, in the absence
      of non-linear voltage-dependent conductances. Such voltage-dependent
      conductances, which are present in the normal cell, contribute to but are not
      necessary for bursting activity.

PMID- 3989724
TI  - Electrophysiology of succinate transport across rabbit renal brush border
      membranes.
AB  - In rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles, the membrane potential was
      monitored using a voltage-sensitive optical probe (diS-C3-(5)). The ionic
      dependence of the electrogenic Na+/succinate co-transporter was determined in the
      presence of monovalent anions and mono-, di-, and trivalent cations. Na+ and La3+
      were the only cations capable of supporting a succinate-dependent membrane
      depolarization: Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, Hg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Mg2+, Cu2+,
      Fe2+, Cd2+, Be2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ did not. Succinate increased the Na+
      permeability of the brush border membrane in a saturable manner: saturating
      succinate (3 mM) concentrations increased the Na+/K+ permeability (PNa/PK) ratio
      from 0.6 to 2.3. In the presence of Na+, Li+ and Hg2+ inhibit the succinate
      potential: cis-Li+ inhibition is competitive with an apparent Ki of 2 mM, while
      trans-Li+ is noncompetitive; cis-Hg2+ decreased the maximal depolarization with
      an inhibitor constant Ki of 8 microM, and this effect was irreversible. Cations
      having no effect included K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Cu2+, Fe2+,
      Cd2+, Co2+, Be2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, and La3+. It is concluded that succinate/Na+
      co-transport produces a specific increase in the Na+ conductance of renal brush
      borders.

PMID- 3989725
TI  - A nuclear magnetic resonance study of metabolism in the ferret heart during
      hypoxia and inhibition of glycolysis.
AB  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance was used to measure the relative concentrations of
      phosphorus-containing metabolites in Langendorff-perfused ferret hearts.
      Intracellular concentrations of inorganic phosphate ([Pi]i), phosphocreatine
      ([PCr]i), ATP ([ATP]i) and H+ (pHi) were monitored under control conditions and
      while oxidative phosphorylation and/or glycolysis were prevented. Mechanical
      performance was assessed by recording the pressure developed in a balloon placed
      in the left ventricle. Oxidative phosphorylation was prevented either by
      replacement of O2 with N2 or by addition of cyanide. When the rate of oxidative
      phosphorylation was reduced by either method, developed pressure fell to a stable
      level of about 35% of control after 5 min. The pHi (control value 6.98) first
      increased to a peak of 7.07 after 2 min but then decreased to give a stable
      acidosis (pH 6.85). [PCr]i decreased rapidly to about 15% of the control value
      after 5 min whereas [ATP]i declined very slowly, reaching about 90% of the
      control value after 10 min. Reduction in the rate of glycolysis was achieved
      either (i) by removal of external glucose and depletion of glycogen stores by a
      long (1-2 h) period of stimulation or (ii) by removal of glucose and application
      of 2-deoxyglucose (1 mM) for 30-60 min. These procedures had only a small effect
      on pressure development, [ATP]i, [PCr]i and pHi. Measurements of lactate
      production showed that these procedures reduced the rate of glycolysis by a
      factor of about 10. When oxidative phosphorylation was prevented during periods
      when the rate of glycolysis was reduced, developed pressure fell to less than 5%
      of control after 5 min and there was a subsequent increase in resting pressure
      (hypoxic contracture). pHi (control value 7.03) first increased to a peak of 7.12
      and then declined to about pH 7.00, but there was no subsequent acidosis. [PCr]i
      fell rapidly to about 10% of control after about 5 min while [ATP]i declined to
      about half of its control value over 10 min. It is concluded that (i) when
      oxidative phosphorylation alone is prevented, the changes in pHi can account for
      a substantial part of the changes in developed pressure. The increase in [Pi]i
      probably also contributes to the decline of developed pressure. (ii) When
      oxidative phosphorylation was prevented under conditions in which the rate of
      glycolysis was also reduced, the more pronounced decline in developed pressure
      which occurs within 5 min cannot be accounted for by pHi changes and is probably
      not explained by the rise in [Pi]i or by the moderate fall of [ATP]i.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3989726
TI  - The secretory action of barium chloride in rat colon.
AB  - BaCl2, applied serosally, caused a rise in the p.d. and short-circuit current
      (s.c.c), and a decrease in tissue resistance in stripped sheets of rat colon.
      This response was dose dependent. Mucosal application of BaCl2 was without
      effect. The BaCl2-induced rise in s.c.c. was inhibited by reducing the serosal
      Na+ concentration to 25 mM. Lowering the mucosal Na+ concentration was without
      effect. Ouabain (10(-3) M in serosal fluid) and furosemide (10(-3) M in serosal
      fluid) both reduced the rise in s.c.c. induced by BaCl2. Flux determinations
      indicated that BaCl2 inhibited Na+ absorption and stimulated Cl- secretion by the
      colon. In vivo, BaCl2 increased fluid accumulation within the colonic lumen, an
      effect that was associated with a rise in the transcolonic p.d. Increasing the
      serosal K+ concentration to 20 mM reduced the responses to BaCl2, acetylcholine
      and theophylline, and this could not be entirely accounted for by the concomitant
      reduction in the serosal Na+ concentration. As high serosal K+ did not mimic the
      secretory response it would appear that BaCl2 does not act by blocking K+
      channels. The rise in s.c.c. induced by BaCl2 was not reduced by Ca2+-free
      conditions, but it was inhibited by 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5
      trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8) and trifluoperazine. BaCl2 did not alter
      cyclic AMP production by colonic scrapes. It is concluded that BaCl2 induces
      colonic secretion by the release of intracellular Ca2+, which then combines with
      calmodulin to activate the secretory process.

PMID- 3989727
TI  - Sodium and potassium distribution in the lactating mouse mammary gland in vivo.
AB  - The ratio of intracellular potassium to sodium in the mammary cells of the
      lactating mouse was compared with the ratio of potassium to sodium in the mouse
      milk to determine whether the sodium and potassium concentrations in milk are
      governed by a Donnan equilibrium as postulated earlier (Peaker 1977a, 1978). An
      efflux technique was used to determine the average intracellular sodium of 23.0
      +/- 1.2 mumol/g tissue (+/- S.E. of mean). The intracellular potassium,
      determined by calculating the amount of potassium contained in both the
      interstitial and milk spaces and subtracting these values from the total tissue
      potassium, was 62 +/- 1 mumol/g tissue. The mean intracellular potassium to
      sodium ratio, calculated from individual efflux experiments, was 2.7 +/- 0.2. The
      total, interstitial, and milk water spaces were measured by tissue drying, sodium
      efflux, and lactose efflux, respectively. The average values (+/- S.E. of mean)
      obtained were 0.700 +/- 0.004 ml/g tissue, 0.150 +/- 0.016 ml/g tissue and 0.064
      +/- 0.004 ml/g tissue. Based on these values the intracellular water space was
      0.49 +/- 0.02 ml/g tissue. Intracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium
      calculated from the intracellular amounts of sodium and potassium and
      intracellular water space were 47 +/- 3 mM and 129 +/- 5 mM, respectively. The
      concentrations of potassium and sodium in mouse milk were 47 +/- 1 mM and 26 +/-
      1 mM. The mean potassium to sodium ratio (+/- S.E. of mean) calculated from
      individual milk samples was 1.8 +/- 0.1. The milk ratio of potassium to sodium is
      significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the intracellular water ratio of
      potassium to sodium. This finding, in a tight epithelium such as the lactating
      mouse mammary gland, suggests that both sodium and potassium cannot be
      distributed passively across the apical membrane and an active transport process
      must exist for one or both of these ions in this membrane.

PMID- 3989728
TI  - The influence of 'diastolic' length on the contractility of isolated cat
      papillary muscle.
AB  - Isometrically contracting cat papillary muscles were studied. Muscle length was
      changed during diastole and returned to control just before the next contraction
      such that developed force was always measured at the same length. When the
      diastolic length was increased from a control length, systolic force at the
      control length increased slowly over several minutes. When the muscle was then
      held at the increased length, there was an immediate increase in systolic force
      followed by a small secondary slow increase. Conversely, a decrease in diastolic
      length from a control length resulted in a slow decrease in systolic force at the
      control length. When the muscle was then held at the decreased length there was
      an immediate decrease in systolic force followed by a small secondary decrease.
      No change in the time course of contraction accompanied the slow force changes
      after a maintained change of length or a change of diastolic length alone. The
      magnitude of the slow change of force was proportional to the duration of time in
      each diastole for which the length was altered and independent of the onset time
      of a given duration of diastolic length change. The contractility changes were
      not linearly related to the amplitude of the diastolic length changes. The
      potentiating effect of a given stretch was greater than the depotentiating effect
      of a similar release. The development of inotropic changes as a result of
      diastolic length changes occurred whether or not the muscle was stimulated during
      the period of the length changes.

PMID- 3989729
TI  - Capillarity, oxidative capacity and fibre composition of the soleus and
      gastrocnemius muscles of rats in hypothyroidism.
AB  - Muscle capillarity, mean and maximal diffusion distances and muscle fibre
      composition were evaluated in frozen sections stained for myosin ATPase of the
      soleus and the white area of the gastrocnemius medial head (gastrocnemius) of
      rats made hypothyroid by the injection of propylthiouracil (PTU) (50 mg kg-1)
      every day for 21 or 42 days. Oxygen consumption in the presence of excess ADP and
      Pi with pyruvate plus malate as substrates and the activity of cytochrome c
      oxidase were measured in muscle homogenates. Treatment with PTU decreased body
      oxygen consumption and the concentration of triiodothyronine in plasma. The
      capacity of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles' homogenates to oxidize pyruvate
      plus malate and their cytochrome c oxidase activity were reduced after 21 or 42
      days of treatment with PTU. Fibre composition in the soleus muscle was changed by
      treatment with PTU. There was a decrease in the proportion of type IIa or fast
      glycolytic oxidative fibres and an increase in type I or slow oxidative fibres.
      After 21 days of PTU administration there was also an increase in the proportion
      of fibres classified as IIc. The changes in fibre composition are believed to be
      the result of changes in the types of myosin synthesized by the fibres.
      Therefore, the fibres classified as IIc are, most probably, IIa fibres in the
      process of changing their myosin to that of the type I fibres. No changes in
      fibre composition were evident in the white area of the gastrocnemius medial
      head, an area made up of IIb or fast glycolytic fibres. The indices of
      capillarity: capillary density and capillary to fibre ratio, as well as mean and
      maximal diffusion distances from the capillaries, were not changed by the
      treatment with PTU in the muscles studied. The lack of changes in capillarity in
      spite of significant changes in oxidative capacity indicates that in skeletal
      muscle capillarity is not necessarily related to the oxidative capacity of the
      fibres.

PMID- 3989730
TI  - Respiratory effects of sectioning the carotid sinus glossopharyngeal and
      abdominal vagal nerves in the awake rat.
AB  - Normoxic and hypoxic respiration has been measured in awake rats after
      denervation procedures designed to eliminate the regulatory input from the
      carotid bodies, from all chemosensory tissue supplied by the glossopharyngeal
      nerve (n. IX), and from abdominal chemoreceptors. Studies were made 1 day after
      section of the carotid sinus nerve (c.s.n.), n. IX (at a level including c.s.n.),
      the abdominal vagus (n. Xa) and combinations of these nerves. Results were
      compared with those found in normal controls. C.s.n. section led to
      hypoventilation in both normoxia and hypoxia, reductions in respiratory frequency
      being consistent and substantial, and reductions in tidal volume varying with the
      degree of hypoxia. By comparison, section of n. IX produced significantly greater
      reductions of both normoxic and hypoxic ventilation. Section of n. Xa produced no
      significant change in normoxic ventilation but in hypoxia produced a significant
      small reduction in ventilation, mostly from an effect on tidal volume.
      Denervation of all the associated chemosensory tissue by combined section of n.
      IX and n. Xa demonstrated a summation of effects but left two distinct residual
      responses, one to mild hypoxia, and one to severe hypoxia, both associated mainly
      with increases of tidal volume. The experiments demonstrate that glomus tissues
      at different sites in the rat produce significant and distinct contributions to
      respiratory regulation. Denervation of all known receptors shows that significant
      ventilatory responses to hypoxia are still produced, either by unrevealed
      peripheral chemoreceptors, or by central neural mechanisms.

PMID- 3989731
TI  - Effects of rapid cooling on mechanical and electrical responses in ventricular
      muscle of guinea-pig.
AB  - The effect of rapidly lowering bathing solution temperature from 36.5 +/- 0.5
      degrees C to various low temperatures was examined in guinea-pig ventricular
      muscle to explore the possible role of intracellular Ca2+ store sites in
      excitation-contraction coupling. Rapid cooling from 36.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C to
      below 18 degrees C caused contracture (rapid cooling contracture, r.c.c.) with
      subthreshold depolarization for contraction, if electrical stimulation was
      applied before cooling. R.c.c. peak tension depended on cooling temperature, and
      pre-cooling stimulation frequency and duration. R.c.c. induced after pre-cooling
      stimulation was enhanced by increased extracellular Ca2+ ( [Ca2+]o) and decreased
      by reduction of [Ca2+]o. Co2+ (2-4 mM) added to the HEPES-buffered Krebs
      solution, which suppressed the action potential plateau and inhibited twitch
      response, did not abolish r.c.c. after pre-cooling stimulation at high frequency.
      Reduction of extracellular Na+ concentration ( [Na+]o) before cooling enhanced
      r.c.c., and even in non-stimulated preparations, incubation in low [Na+]o below
      68.8 mM for 20 min produced r.c.c. R.c.c. was superimposed on the tonic component
      of the K+ contracture, after a quiescent preparation has been depolarized beyond 
      40 mV by addition of solid KCl to normal Krebs solution. The relation between
      r.c.c. tension and membrane potential was shifted to the left along the voltage
      axis by reducing [Na+]o and shifted to the right by decreasing [Ca2+]o. Results
      suggest that well-developed intracellular Ca2+ store sites could sequester enough
      Ca2+ to generate tension by an energy-dependent process which had been loaded
      mainly by a voltage-dependent Na+-Ca2+ exchange mechanism and Ca2+ current, and
      that rapid cooling could cause Ca2+ release from the intracellular store sites
      with little contribution to membrane excitation in the guinea-pig ventricular
      muscle.

PMID- 3989732
TI  - Sources of input to interneurones mediating group I non-reciprocal inhibition of
      motoneurones in the cat.
AB  - Intracellular recordings have been made from laminae V-VI interneurones
      interposed in pathways of non-reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones from group I
      afferents of triceps surae and/or plantaris. A comparison of actions of brief
      stretches of triceps surae and plantaris with actions of electrical stimulation
      of nerves of these muscles revealed that I a afferents influenced about a half of
      the interneurones excited by I b afferents. Electrical stimulation of seven
      muscles nerves, three cutaneous nerves, posterior knee joint and interosseous
      nerves, the red nucleus and the pyramidal tract, evoked excitatory post-synaptic
      potentials (e.p.s.p.s) in various proportions of interneurones. Most of the
      interneurones were excited monosynaptically, or both monosynaptically and
      disynaptically by group I afferents. This, together with a very small proportion
      of interneurones in which e.p.s.p.s were evoked only disynaptically, indicates
      that the same last-order interneurones may subserve di- and trisynaptically
      evoked inhibition of motoneurones. Other fibre systems excited these
      interneurones monosynaptically (interosseal, rubro- and corticospinal),
      disynaptically (cutaneous, rubro- and corticospinal) and polysynaptically. The
      coupling of the earliest e.p.s.p.s from group II and joint afferents could not be
      established, but was consistent with their mediation by only one or two
      interposed interneurones. Inhibition was evoked from all fibre systems with
      excitatory input to the same or to other interneurones of the sample, except from
      group II afferents, the effects of which were found in a much smaller number of
      cells and may not be fully representative.

PMID- 3989733
TI  - Organization of input to the interneurones mediating group I non-reciprocal
      inhibition of motoneurones in the cat.
AB  - Patterns of convergence of different presynaptic fibre types onto interneurones
      mediating non-reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones have been studied in order to
      investigate to what extent the population of these interneurones is homogeneous
      or can be divided into subgroups on the basis of their input. In a sample of
      interneurones, all of which were interposed in pathways from the group I
      afferents of one group of muscles (triceps surae and plantaris), individual
      interneurones exhibited a wide variety of convergence patterns. Some
      interneurones were influenced by only a few types of afferent or descending fibre
      systems whereas others were influenced by many. Furthermore, various fibre
      systems excited and/or inhibited individual interneurones in different
      combinations. While there appeared to be too many patterns of convergence to
      allow any simple classification into a few distinct groups of interneurones, two
      possibilities were considered. One was that certain presynaptic fibre types
      influence individual interneurones in preferred combinations. The other was that
      they converge entirely at random. To investigate this, the frequencies of
      convergence of various pairs of fibre types were predicted assuming that each of
      them influences a proportion of the interneurones independently of other sources.
      Generally, there was close correspondence between such predicted and observed
      frequencies of occurrence of tested combinations of input. These findings are
      thus compatible with an organization whereby individual presynaptic fibres
      innervate a random sample of the population of interneurones. Deviations from the
      predicted incidence of convergence patterns were found primarily for synaptic
      actions mediated di- or oligosynaptically and are attributed to a consequence of
      convergence at the pre-interneuronal level. A particular consequence of such an
      organization is that interneurones in pathways of non-reciprocal inhibition are
      shared by afferents of different muscles in a continuum of combinations. The
      functional implications of this arrangement are discussed.

PMID- 3989734
TI  - Familial differences in lithium responsive versus lithium nonresponsive
      psychoses.
AB  - Psychiatric life histories of 218 first degree family members of 16 lithium
      responsive and 33 lithium non-responsive psychotic (mood incongruent) probands
      were contrasted. While the morbid risk of schizophrenic spectrum disorder was
      9.8% in the 142 relatives of lithium nonresponsive probands, no cases of
      schizophrenic spectrum disorder were found among the 76 first degree relatives of
      lithium responsive psychotics (p less than 0.03). Lithium responsive psychotic
      illnesses appear to be familially, and perhaps genetically distinct from the bulk
      of the schizophrenias.

PMID- 3989735
TI  - Transmission of affective disorders: an application of segregation analysis to
      blind family study data.
AB  - The single major locus (SML) model of Bucher and Elston (1981) was applied to
      data collected in a long-term follow-up and family study of major effective
      disorders. Pedigree segregation analysis was used to test the hypothesis that
      bipolar and unipolar disorders are phenotypic variants of the same genotype at a
      SML. The particular SML model examined did not adequately describe the familial
      pattern of these disorders in families of bipolar and unipolar probands. Although
      other SML models may be superior, it is likely that the existence of a SML will
      be obscured by genetic heterogeneity.

PMID- 3989736
TI  - Item characteristics of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
AB  - The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression has become a popular instrument for
      quantifying clinical assessments of the severity of depression in psychiatric
      research, and data on its psychometric properties continue to accumulate. Data
      are presented on item interrater reliability, internal consistency, concurrent
      validity, and ability to differentiate depressed from non-depressed groups.
      Recommendation for a reduced scale and for anchoring point guidelines are made.

PMID- 3989737
TI  - Application of modern psychometric theory in psychiatric research.
AB  - This paper describes the general statistical theory of item-response modeling as
      developed in the fields of statistics and education. Generalization of these
      procedures for application in the analysis of psychiatric rating scales is the
      focus of this paper. Questions of unidimensionality vs multidimensionality and
      choice of distributional transform (logistic vs normal) are both discussed and
      statistically examined using data on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
      Application of these models to the BDI revealed two subscales that maximally
      differentiate high and low levels of depression in psychiatric and medically ill
      patients respectively. There was considerable but not complete overlap between
      the two subscales. These statistical models are found to have desirable
      properties when used to analyze psychiatric rating scales and provide a
      refinement over existing techniques of classical test theory and factor analysis.

PMID- 3989739
TI  - Prejudice and neurotic symptomatology among white South Africans.
AB  - Van der Spuy and Shamley (1978) have assembled evidence suggesting chronically
      elevated levels of neurotic symptomatology among both white and black South
      Africans. They have argued that these elevated levels could be attributed to the
      experience of racial discrimination and prejudice. New data obtained from a
      reasonably representative national sample of white South Africans (N = 782) did
      reveal symptom scores substantially and significantly higher than scores
      previously reported for a large community sample in the United States. On the
      other hand, partial correlational analyses did not indicate any consistent
      pattern of association between antiblack prejudice and symptom scores among white
      South Africans. Therefore, intergroup conflict in a sharply stratified society
      may affect symptomatic levels in individuals by influencing the general quality
      of social life.

PMID- 3989738
TI  - Genetic analysis of platelet monoamine oxidase activity in families of
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been implicated in the biology of several
      psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Genetic factors contribute to the
      variance of MAO activity; however, its mode of inheritance is unknown. To assess
      the distribution and familial patterns of platelet MAO activity, we studied 73
      chronic schizophrenic patients and 219 of their first-degree relatives. The
      activity distribution was skewed and admixture of two distributions gave a better
      fit to the data than a single distribution. Single-major-locus hypotheses were
      tested by pedigree analysis methods for quantitative traits. Using the
      transmission probability model, the familial transmission of MAO activity was
      consistent with either recessive or additive inheritance but not with dominant
      inheritance; the environmental hypothesis was strongly rejected. No effect of
      genotype on probability of illness was observed suggesting no relationship
      between the particular major locus tested and schizophrenia. The implications for
      genetic research in schizophrenia were discussed.

PMID- 3989740
TI  - Mainstreaming hearing-impaired students: the effect of effort in communicating on
      cooperation and interpersonal attraction.
AB  - Cooperative and individualistic learning experiences were compared in terms of
      their effects on interaction and relationships between hearing and hearing
      impaired students. Two contradictory hypotheses were tested--one stating that the
      effort required for hearing and hearing-impaired students to communicate would
      lead to frustration, withdrawal, exclusion, and rejection; the other stating that
      cooperative learning experiences would lead to cross-handicap interpersonal
      attraction regardless of communication difficulties. Thirty 3rd-grade students
      (20 hearing and 10 hearing impaired) were assigned to conditions on a stratified,
      random basis controlling for handicap, sex, and ability level. They participated
      in the study for 55 min a day for 15 instructional days. The results indicate
      that subjects involved in cooperative learning experiences performed higher on
      measures of interaction and interpersonal attraction between hearing and hearing
      impaired students than did subjects involved in individualistic learning
      experiences.

PMID- 3989741
TI  - Hypnotic age regression and moral reasoning.
AB  - Moral reasoning was assessed with two dilemmas from the Kohlberg Moral Judgment
      Interview (1976) in 7 adults who were hypnotically age regressed to four ages:
      15, 12, 9, and 6 years. Seven adults in a control group under task-motivation
      instructions were age regressed to the same ages and administered the dilemmas.
      Age-regressed moral maturity scores for both groups were compared to pretest
      scores, to data for actual 15-, 12-, 9-, and 6-year-olds from other studies, and
      to each other. Both groups were able to lower their moral reasoning scores when
      given age-regression instructions; however, hypnosis subjects not only scored
      lower than task-motivation subjects but also more closely resembled the levels of
      reasoning used by children at these ages. The results provide some support for a
      distinction between age regression through hypnosis and age regression through
      task-motivation instructions.

PMID- 3989742
TI  - Parallel-form reliability of the Wechsler Memory Scale in a geriatric population
      with suspected dementia.
AB  - The present study examined parallel-form reliability of the Wechsler Memory Scale
      (WMS) in a population where such forms are particularly useful, that is, among
      patients who are suspected of having some type of dementing illness. Comparative
      analyses were made for total raw scores. Memory Quotient (MQ) scores, and
      individual subtest scores. Thirty geriatric patients originally referred for
      neuropsychological testing because of suspected dementia were given both Forms 1
      and 2 of the WMS. The results yielded high overall reliability coefficients for
      MQ and total raw scores. Individual subtest scores also yielded rather high
      coefficients, and only one subtest (Associate Learning) had a significant mean
      difference. Apparently, the two forms have sufficient parallel-form reliability
      to be considered clinically interchangeable. Thus, the WMS may be a useful tool
      for repeat evaluations of memory functioning in a demented population.

PMID- 3989743
TI  - Psychological factors associated with maintenance of improved health behaviors in
      postcoronary patients.
AB  - Multiple regression analyses of interview data determined whether certain
      behavioral, personality, and social support variables were associated with
      maintenance of changes in exercise, weight loss, and smoking cessation for a
      group of postcoronary patients. The results indicate that the psychological
      reactions to success or failure at one health behavior change, especially
      smoking, may affect the ability to maintain changes in other health behaviors.
      Also, the affective psychological sequelae to heart attacks may disrupt attempts
      to change health habits or may themselves be alleviated once successful health
      changes are achieved.

PMID- 3989744
TI  - Amebostomes of Naegleria fowleri.
AB  - The strain of ameba, culture incubation temperature, and phase of ameba growth
      affected the number of amebostomes present on amebae of Naegleria fowleri. Serial
      passage of N. fowleri through mice decreased the average number of amebostomes.
      Amebostomes were shown to be functional by their ability to engulf yeast cells.

PMID- 3989746
TI  - Effects of intestinal contents from normal and immunized mice on sporozoites of
      Eimeria falciformis.
AB  - The interaction of Eimeria falciformis sporozoites with the intestinal epithelium
      and with the intestinal contents from the cecum and colon of normal and
      specifically immunized mice was studied by light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM)
      microscopy. Fecal (FM) and enterocyte-associated (EAM) mucus were removed from
      the cecum and colon of normal mice and mice that had been immunized 1, 6, 12, or
      20 days earlier with a series of oral inoculations of E. falciformis oocysts.
      Sporozoite-specific IgA, but neither IgM nor IgG, was detected by the
      immunofluorescent antibody test in FM and EAM from immunized mice. No sporozoite
      specific immunoglobulin was detected in normal mice. When examined by LM,
      sporozoites exposed to all FM and EAM preparations exhibited greater motility and
      excystation from sporocysts. At 4 h after incubation in FM or EAM from normal or
      immune mice, about 10% of the sporozoites appeared damaged, being non-motile and
      non-refractile. Immune FM and EAM caused agglutination of sporozoites and
      sporocysts and oocyst walls of E. falciformis, but did not agglutinate those of
      E. ferrisi. Scanning electron microscopy of in vitro interactions between E.
      falciformis sporozoites and intestinal contents revealed that sporozoites exposed
      to immune EAM were coated with particulate material whereas those exposed to
      normal EAM were relatively clean. Sporozoites exposed to immune FM were usually
      embedded within the mucus whereas those exposed to normal FM were situated on top
      of the mucus. No significant differences occurred between the length/width (L/W)
      ratios of sporozoites incubated in normal and EAM or in PBS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3989745
TI  - Oral ultrastructure and oral development of the misaligned undulating membrane
      mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila.
AB  - The misaligned undulating membrane (mum) mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila is a
      non-conditional, single gene recessive mutation. The major effect of the mum
      mutation is the production of multiple undulating membrane (UM) fragments in the
      oral apparatus (OA). The ultrastructure of the UM fragments of mum OAs is
      identical to that of the single UM of wild-type OAs. Analysis of OA development
      at midbody using a combination of light microscopy of protargol-stained cells and
      SEM of demembranated whole cells showed that the phenotypic effect of the mum
      mutation first becomes evident during mid to late stage 4 and is fully manifested
      in early stage 5. The effect of the mutation involves a proliferation of excess
      basal bodies in the UM field. Subsequent events in the development of the mum OA
      from mid to late stage 5 are identical to those in wild-type OAs. This study
      suggests that the mum mutation establishes conditions that allow the production
      of multiple UMs and thus reveals that the UM field is competent for the complete
      and coordinated development of several adjacent UMs. This level of regional
      control is not clearly evident when a single UM is present. The comparison of
      development of wild-type and mum OAs required an extensive reanalysis of stages 4
      and 5 of normal oral development. On the basis of current and previous
      observations, we propose a new and more subdivided staging system for oral
      development in Tetrahymena.

PMID- 3989747
TI  - Cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri for cultured rat neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - The cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri strain LEE (ATCC-30894) for cultured
      rat neuroblastoma cells (B-103) has been investigated. Both live N. fowleri
      amoebae and Naegleria lysates added to 51Cr-labeled B-103 cells caused release of
      radiolabel, which was dependent upon the ratio of amoebae to target cells or to
      the lysate concentration. Lysates of N. fowleri strains LEE, NF-66, NF-69, and HB
      4 were equally injurious to B-103 target cells whereas lysates of strains 6088
      and KUL were less cytotoxic. Highly pathogenic mouse-passaged strain LEE were
      less cytotoxic than axenically grown amoebae. Maximum cytotoxicity was observed
      in lysates from amoebae in late exponential or early stationary phase of growth.
      Cytopathogenicity of lysates was reduced after heating at 44 degrees C for 60 min
      or at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Cytotoxicity was stable during storage at 4
      degrees C or at -20 degrees C for 26 h. Neither live amoebae nor lysates injured
      B-103 target cells at 4 degrees C. Live amoebae and lysates injured B-103 by a
      time, temperature, and concentration dependent process.

PMID- 3989748
TI  - New wild Tetrahymena from Southeast Asia, China, and North America, including T.
      malaccensis, T. asiatica, T. nanneyi, T. caudata, and T. silvana n. spp.
AB  - Tetrahymena of the T. pyriformis complex collected from varied habitats in
      Malaysia, Thailand, and The People's Republic of China include strains of the
      micronucleate species T. americanis and T. canadensis and the amicronucleate T.
      pyriformis and T. elliotti. Two new breeding species are described-T. malaccensis
      from Malaysia and T. asiatica from China and Thailand. Two wild selfers from
      China and some of the amicronucleate strains from all three countries fall into
      isozymic groups similar to named micronucleate and amicronucleate species. The T.
      patula complex is represented by two groups of clones from Malaysia that fit the
      morphological description of T. vorax. They, however, have radically different
      isozymic electrophoretic patterns and both groups differ from those of previously
      described T. vorax. As their molecules indicate relationships to other "T. vorax"
      strains as distant as that between T. vorax and T. leucophrys, they are
      considered to be new species, T. caudata and T. silvana. A third new breeding
      species, T. nanneyi, was identified among strains previously collected in North
      America. Viable immature progeny were obtained from the new strains of the five
      breeding species. Maximum temperature tolerances were determined for the new
      strains of four of the breeding species.

PMID- 3989749
TI  - Myxosporean infections in cultured tilapias in Israel.
AB  - Five new species of myxosporean parasite are described from cultured tilapias in
      Israel. These are: Myxosoma sarigi, Myxosoma equatorialis, Myxobolus israelensis,
      Myxobolus agolus, and Myxobolus galilaeus. The first four were found in hybrids
      of Oreochromis aureus X Oreochromis niloticus while Myxobolus galilaeus was found
      in Sarotherodon galilaeus. In addition, M. sarigi, M. israelensis, and Myxobolus
      sp. were also found in S. galilaeus. In the light of the present study, the
      taxonomy of myxosporean infections in tilapias is modified. Mature spores may
      localize in the melano-macrophage centers of the spleen and kidney where they may
      eventually be destroyed. No cases of mortality have so far been associated with
      these parasites.

PMID- 3989750
TI  - Coccidia in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) are infected with three species of
      Eimeria: E. dromedarii (28.4%), E. rajasthani (22.2%), and E. cameli (19.2%);
      41.6% of the animals examined were positive. The highest prevalence of infection
      was reported in the western region of the country. Mixed infection with two
      Eimeria species is most common; E. dromedarii was most frequently and generally
      the most predominant species. Eimeria dromedarii and E. rajasthani are described
      for the first time from Saudi Arabian camels.

PMID- 3989751
TI  - S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency in cysteine auxotrophs of Tetrahymena
      thermophila.
AB  - The biochemical lesion in two cysteine auxotrophs of Tetrahymena thermophila has
      been established as a defect in S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, an enzyme of
      the transsulfuration pathway. As a result, these mutants require cysteine (or
      cystathionine or homocysteine) for growth in a defined medium. Cell-free extracts
      of the mutants contained less than 5% of the level of the enzyme seen in the wild
      type. One of the mutant strains accumulated intracellular levels of S
      adenosylhomocysteine as high as 1380 microM, a level 200 times normal. When both
      mutant strains were maintained in defined medium without cysteine, growth
      occurred after a long lag; this phenomenon was termed "adaptation." Adaptation
      was a) reversed by passage through rich medium, b) was not a recovery of S
      adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, and c) was probably linked to induction of an
      alternate pathway for cysteine biosynthesis, involving a lysosomal S
      adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase activity.

PMID- 3989752
TI  - Effects of long-term in vitro cultivation on Leishmania donovani promastigotes.
AB  - Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani that had been subcultured in modified
      Tobie's medium for 2 to 3 years showed decreased infectivity and lack of
      virulence for hamsters and mice compared to newly transformed promastigotes.
      Amastigotes derived from these long-term promastigote cultures decreased in
      number rapidly in hamsters, but only slightly in mice, over a 48-day period. In
      cultured mouse and hamster macrophages infected in vitro, amastigotes derived
      from long-term cultures rapidly decreased to low numbers, which persisted. The
      same pattern was seen in macrophages treated with catalase, an inhibitor of the
      oxygen-dependent killing mechanism of the macrophage. Promastigotes from long
      term cultures also differed from virulent first-passage promastigotes in size,
      growth patterns in Tobie's medium, and in the quantities of some of their
      antigens.

PMID- 3989753
TI  - Vertical distribution of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in freshwater
      lakes.
AB  - The vertical distribution of thermotolerant (37 degrees C and 45 degrees C) free
      living amoebae (FLA) in warm monomictic lakes was determined in relation to the
      onset of thermal stratification and associated physical and chemical changes. The
      position of abiotic or biotic particulate layers in the water column was located
      by using a submersible horizontal beam transmissometer that measures attenuance,
      or the absorption and scattering of light by particulates in the water column.
      During mixis, the vertical distribution of amoebae was sporadic with significant
      numbers of FLA only occurring in clay layers caused by runoff after heavy rains.
      With the onset of thermal stratification in the lakes, phytoplankton layers began
      to form. Few amoebae were isolated from layers containing flagellated
      phytoplankton; however, significant (P less than 0.005) numbers of FLA were
      isolated from two particulate layers dominated by the filamentous blue-green
      algae Aphanizomenon and Lyngbya, respectively. By late June, a persistent
      detrital or decomposition layer formed in the lower metalimnion, as well as a
      hypolimnetic iron layer where the Fe2+ state was predominant. In this midsummer
      period, 13 Naegleria fowleri were isolated, with three from the detrital layer
      and seven from the iron layer. The presence of attenuation zones was found to be
      the best indicator of the vertical distribution of FLA in the water column, and
      such layers represent an important, previously undescribed habitat for
      potentially pathogenic FLA.

PMID- 3989754
TI  - The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus. A review of the results in
      478 cases.

PMID- 3989756
TI  - Predictive values of gastric acid tests before and after truncal vagotomy and
      gastrojejunostomy.

PMID- 3989755
TI  - Gastric carcinoma. A contemporary audit.

PMID- 3989757
TI  - Perforated gastric ulcer. A reappraisal of the role of biopsy and oversewing.

PMID- 3989758
TI  - Infantile pyloric stenosis in the north east of Scotland. Results of Ramstedt's
      operation in 264 cases.

PMID- 3989759
TI  - Transduodenal exploration of the common bile duct. A reappraisal.

PMID- 3989760
TI  - Burhenne technique for extraction of retained biliary calculi.

PMID- 3989761
TI  - Small bowel perforation.

PMID- 3989763
TI  - Reconstruction for ankle instability in young active adults.

PMID- 3989762
TI  - Abdominal wound disruption. A conservative approach.

PMID- 3989764
TI  - Skin wound closure with staples in the Accident and Emergency Department.

PMID- 3989765
TI  - Angiomyolipoma of the kidney. A report of five cases.

PMID- 3989767
TI  - A miniature suction drain in the prevention of post-tylectomy haematoma.

PMID- 3989766
TI  - The "screwbreaker". An instrument for removing problem screws from the upper
      femur.

PMID- 3989768
TI  - A new stage in prevention of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 3989769
TI  - George Swift lecture. The world turned upside down: proposals for community-based
      undergraduate medical education.

PMID- 3989770
TI  - Problems of inner city general practice in north-east London.
AB  - This paper looks at differences in primary health care between the inner city and
      suburban areas of the North-East London Faculty of the Royal College of General
      Practitioners. Most of the differences observed were in the expected direction.
      However, the inner city area did not appear worse off in terms of the proportion
      of doctors specifically trained for general practice, the availability of doctors
      outside normal surgery hours, the links between general practitioners and
      hospitals and the attitudes of doctors to change. The data were derived from a
      postal survey of general practitioner principals whose main surgery was in the
      faculty area.

PMID- 3989771
TI  - Opportunistic surveillance of child development in primary care: is it feasible?
AB  - The authors postulate that effective developmental surveillance of children, both
      in terms of detection of abnormalities and in maternal counselling, can be
      carried out by taking advantage of opportunities during ordinary consultation to
      identify problems and to offer advice. The results presented in this paper are
      part of a more detailed study in progress to compare such an opportunistic method
      of health surveillance with the traditional method of regular age-linked
      examinations provided by clinical medical officers. From a retrospective analysis
      of the medical records of 58 children who had reached their first birthday and
      who had been registered with the study practice since their birth, the authors
      suggest that, based upon attendance rates, opportunistic assessment of
      development by a general practitioner or a health visitor is more likely to
      encompass those children most at risk than assessment at clinics.

PMID- 3989772
TI  - Student health during overseas electives.
AB  - Ill health is often encountered by travellers. As medical students are encouraged
      to spend their electives overseas, it was considered worthwhile to study the
      morbidity experience of University of Bristol medical students and to see whether
      any additional preventive measures could be identified for them. The findings
      suggest that the quality of advice could be further improved for medical students
      undertaking their electives abroad. Additional preventive measures were suggested
      by the students themselves. The suggestions may also be useful for other groups
      of travellers.

PMID- 3989773
TI  - Generic prescribing--a change of habit.
AB  - A trainee and a trainer in general practice each copied their prescriptions for
      one week. After a conscious effort to increase the extent of their general
      prescribing, this exercise was repeated. A considerable change in prescribing
      habit is demonstrated.

PMID- 3989774
TI  - Do we need to repeat prescribe?
AB  - In an attempt to rationalize repeat prescribing and patient review, the whole
      concept of repeat prescriptions was questioned and discarded as being
      unnecessary. The reason for the audit and some of the benefits and drawbacks are
      reported.

PMID- 3989775
TI  - James Mackenzie lecture. The very stuff of general practice.

PMID- 3989776
TI  - Community psychiatric nursing: a survey of patients and problems.
AB  - The work of a community psychiatric nursing service for acute psychiatric
      conditions was reviewed for the period 1980-82. Five community psychiatric nurses
      operated in 10 health centres. General practitioners were the most frequent users
      of the service and a wide range of psychiatric problems were encountered. The age
      structure of all referrals was found to be significantly related to sex, with the
      proportion of females in all age groups at least twice that for males. The most
      frequent reason for referral was mood/affect disturbance; female patients
      referred for the first time were predominant. Over half of all problems resolved
      within three months of referral and a limited number of patients were sent for
      further psychiatric investigation.

PMID- 3989777
TI  - What the patient wants from patient participation.
AB  - In a general practice with an existing patient participation group, a survey of
      patients was undertaken to ascertain knowledge of and interest in the group. It
      was hoped that this might avoid the failure that had befallen other groups of
      this type. Analysis of the questionnaire provided useful information: there was
      interest in the group, with a potential attendance of almost three-quarters of
      the respondents. There was a clear lack of knowledge about the functions of the
      group, but the evidence was that if the desired activities were to be arranged
      and publicized they would be well attended.

PMID- 3989778
TI  - The irritable urethral syndrome: discussion.

PMID- 3989779
TI  - Puberty gynaecomastia.

PMID- 3989780
TI  - Mumps polyarthritis.

PMID- 3989781
TI  - Induced abortion operations and their early sequelae. Joint study of the Royal
      College of General Practitioners and the Royal College of Obstetricians and
      Gynaecologists.
AB  - In a group of 6105 women undergoing induced abortion, morbidity related to the
      operation occurred in 10 per cent of women, but in only two per cent was this
      considered to be major. The main factors which independently affected morbidity
      were the place of operation, gestation at termination, method of operation,
      sterilization at the time of abortion, and smoking habits. Morbidity rates were
      higher in association with operations carried out under the National Health
      Service than in private practice. Possible means of reducing early morbidity are
      discussed.

PMID- 3989782
TI  - The prevalence and natural history of wheezing in early childhood.
AB  - The general practice records of 437 children were reviewed at seven years of age.
      Of 369 children with complete records, 115 (31 per cent) had some record of
      wheeze. Over half of these had first presented before the age of three years. In
      terms of consultations for wheezing or lower respiratory tract illness at the
      ages of five to seven years, the earlier the onset of wheeze the better the
      prognosis.Comparison of data from parental questionnaires with the general
      practice records of 174 children suggested that parental recall of early episodes
      of wheeze is incomplete and biassed by the severity and persistence of the
      symptoms of the child. Questionnaire surveys may therefore have excluded many
      mild cases of wheezing in early childhood, thus underestimating the prevalance of
      wheezing in infancy, and overestimating the proportion of such cases who progress
      to persistent wheezing in later childhood.

PMID- 3989783
TI  - Measuring health status: a new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists.
AB  - The development and validation of a short and simple measure of perceived health
      problems is described. Extensive testing with selected groups, including the
      elderly, the chronically ill, pregnant women, fracture victims, and a random
      sample of the community has established the face, content and criterion validity,
      and the reliability of the instrument. The Nottingham Health Profile is intended
      as a standardized tool for the survey of health problems in a population, but is
      equally valid and useful as a means of evaluating the outcome of medical and/or
      social interventions and as an adjunct to the clinical interview.

PMID- 3989784
TI  - Exercise and health: participation and promotion by general practitioners.
AB  - A survey of 2599 general practitioners was undertaken to assess personal
      participation, attitudes and facilities for the promotion of exercise and health.
      The majority of the 1049 respondents took part in two or more vigorous physical
      activities during an average week and believed in the importance of exercise for
      health and wellbeing. Most respondents accepted the importance of fitness
      assessments in the management of certain diseases but were unable to undertake
      tests, other than taking a simple history, through lack of time, equipment, staff
      and space.It is suggested that health authorities might do more to support the
      growing interest and enthusiasm for exercise promotion among general
      practitioners by sponsoring more postgraduate training in the physiology of
      exercise and practical methods of fitness testing. The provision of additional
      staff, equipment and facilities to support these promotion initiatives should
      also be encouraged.

PMID- 3989785
TI  - Patients' attitudes to chaperones.
AB  - In a survey of 200 female patients attending a five-man practice in a health
      centre, 75 per cent of the respondents stated that they would like to be offered
      a chaperone at pelvic examinations. Only six per cent would accept the offer if
      the examination was performed by their own doctor and 17 per cent if a different
      doctor examined them. Patients expressing a definite wish for a chaperone were
      significantly younger and were less likely to have had a previous pelvic
      examination. Those who definitely did not want one had usually had a pelvic
      examination before and had been registered with their doctor for significantly
      longer. These findings may have implications for the conduct of pelvic
      examination in young women by trainee and locum general practitioners.

PMID- 3989786
TI  - The whispered voice as a screening test for hearing impairment.

PMID- 3989787
TI  - A national code for drugs used in general practice--an identified need?

PMID- 3989788
TI  - Family planning: general practice and clinic services.

PMID- 3989790
TI  - Copulation induces an acute increase in epididymal sperm numbers in rats.
AB  - The temporal changes in epididymal sperm numbers during the month after sexual
      contact were examined in 80 adult albino rats. The comparably sexually
      experienced males in 6 experimental groups were allowed 3 ejaculations with
      ovariectomized females in which oestrus was induced by hormone injections.
      Epididymides were removed from the experimental males 1 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days,
      7 days or 30 days later. Control males were sexually inexperienced or sexually
      experienced and living with females. Epididymal sperm counts revealed a pattern
      that resembled an inverted V-shaped function with a peak at 48 h after
      copulation. We suggest that sexual activity provokes an acute attenuation of
      sperm disposal within the epididymis with the result that more spermatozoa are
      available for ejaculation during sexually active times.

PMID- 3989789
TI  - Cyclic changes in phospholipid content and composition in human endometrium
      during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - A significant increase in total phospholipid content of the endometrium took
      place during the secretory phase of the human menstrual cycle (26% increase from
      mid-proliferative to premenstrual stage). The major phospholipid,
      phosphatidylcholine, was increased by 30%, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was
      unchanged. Phosphatidyl-serine and -inositol underwent the largest percentage
      increases (40%). Phosphatidic acid levels were the only ones to decrease (-52%),
      a finding consistent with the role of this lipid as precursor of the increased
      phospholipids. The changes did not markedly affect phospholipid composition,
      except for a significant decrease in the proportions of phosphatidate and
      phosphatidylethanolamine. Arachidonate and eicosatrienoate (n-6) were the major
      polyunsaturated fatty acids. C22 tetra-, penta- and hexa-enoic fatty acids of the
      n-3 and n-4 families were also present in all major endometrial
      glycerophospholipids throughout the cycle. The mass changes in phospholipids
      during the cycle occurred without alteration of their fatty acid composition.

PMID- 3989791
TI  - Demonstration of oestrogens in developing pig trophectoderm and yolk sac endoderm
      between days 10 and 16.
AB  - Segments of individual blastocysts collected on Days 10, 12, 14 and 16 were
      examined microscopically to observe yolk-sac development and treated
      immunocytochemically to localize oestrogens in specific membranes. Mesoderm was
      present beneath the embryonic disc of ovoid blastocysts on Day 12. The mesoderm
      spread beyond 1 cm from the disc on Day 14, producing a splanchnic yolk-sac
      membrane extending across the blastocoelomic cavity, but no mesodermal cells had
      yet reached 5 cm. By Day 16, proliferation of mesoderm and development of the
      yolk sac had progressed beyond 20 cm from the disc in most of the specimens
      examined. Incubation of ultrathin sections with sheep antiserum to oestrone or
      oestradiol-17 beta followed by rabbit anti-ovine IgG-gold complex and subsequent
      counting of gold particles retained over the tissues gave a weakly positive
      reaction for oestrone in trophectodermal cells on Day 10. The most intense
      reaction for oestradiol-17 beta was also present in the trophectoderm and yolk
      sac endoderm on Days 12, 14 and 16.

PMID- 3989792
TI  - Morphological variation in the female reproductive tract of Australian rodents in
      the genera Pseudomys and Notomys.
AB  - Morphological studies of the vagina and cervix from females of several species of
      Pseudomys (pseudo-mice) and Notomys (hopping-mice) have shown marked
      interspecific differences. In females of all four species of Pseudomys and in N.
      cervinus there was a relatively thin walled, dorsoventrally flattened, vagina
      with a large lumen, longitudinal epithelial folds, and conspicuous fornices. By
      contrast, in females of N. alexis and N. mitchelli the vagina had a much smaller
      lumen, few or no folds, minute fornices, but a well developed muscle coat. The
      cervix of the Pseudomys females was a conspicuous fibrous structure, rich in
      collagen, with two canals throughout its length. In N. cervinus females it was
      smaller and the two canals, although separated by a median septum for much of
      their lengths, joined just before the external os. In N. alexis and N. mitchelli
      females the cervix was much less extensive, its boundaries could not be discerned
      externally, and, histologically, it was more cellular and less fibrous. This
      variation in morphology of the female reproductive tract appears to complement
      that of the excurrent ducts, accessory sex glands and external genitalia of males
      of these species of Australian murid rodents.

PMID- 3989793
TI  - Chromosome mosaicism in a zebra (Equus burchelli) abortus provides evidence for a
      different in-vivo/in-vitro survival of balanced and unbalanced karyotypes.
AB  - A fibroblast culture from the skin of a zebra abortus recovered from a pedigree
      known, in part, to be segregating for a chromosome centric fission was
      karyotypically mosaic. Some cells were balanced for the fission and the others
      unbalanced, being deficient for the shorter fission product. Initially, the
      latter were in the majority but after continued culture (101 days) they were
      outgrown by the former. This finding either suggests a differential in-vivo/in
      vitro fitness of the two cell types or a change in proportions resulting from
      some other mechanism.

PMID- 3989794
TI  - Short-term effect of androgen deprivation on intraluminal pressure and
      contractility of the rat epididymis.
AB  - Short-term effects of bilateral castration, cyproterone acetate and unilateral
      efferent duct ligation on intraluminal pressures and spontaneous contractions in
      different regions of the epididymis were studied in the rat. Ligation of the
      efferent ducts for 5 days did not alter pressures or spontaneous contractions in
      any region of the epididymis. However, bilateral castration produced time
      dependent changes in pressures and contractions in different segments. In the
      caput, the amplitude, but not the basal pressure or the frequency, of spontaneous
      contractions increased by Day 1 after operation. In the corpus, increments in the
      basal pressure and the amplitude of contractions occurred by Day 5 whilst the
      frequency of contractions was not changed. Similar effects were observed in the
      cauda by 3 days after castration. Changes in all regions of the epididymis were
      also mimicked by cyproterone acetate treatment (10 mg/rat per day, s.c. for 21
      days). In addition, this drug increased the amplitude of contractions in the
      cauda. The effect of castration was abolished by testosterone propionate (0.2
      mg/kg per day, i.m. for 5 days). The results support the suggestion that an
      enhancement of sperm transport through the rat epididymis occurs shortly after
      castration. The results also suggest that, in normal rats, androgens suppress the
      contractility of the epididymal tubule to ensure an optimal rate of sperm
      transport.

PMID- 3989795
TI  - Relationship between the movement characteristics of human spermatozoa and their
      ability to penetrate cervical mucus and zona-free hamster oocytes.
AB  - In a group of normospermic donors exhibiting hamster oocyte penetration scores of
      0-100%, multiple regression analysis indicated that only 20% of the variation in
      fertilizing potential could be explained by differences in the movement
      characteristics of the spermatozoa following incubation in vitro. When the
      movement characteristics of the spermatozoa in semen were considered this figure
      was reduced to 6.8% as a result of significant differences in the motility
      patterns exhibited by the seminal and post-incubation sperm populations. A much
      closer relationship was observed between the movement characteristics of human
      spermatozoa in semen and their ability to penetrate cervical mucus. When
      differences in motile sperm densities were taken into account, 76% of the
      variation in cervical mucus penetration could be accounted for by the existence
      of linear correlations with certain aspects of sperm movement (multiple R =
      0.874). Of the various attributes of sperm motility measured (linear velocity of
      progression, frequency of rotation, amplitude of sperm head displacement, %
      rolling and % yawing), a failure to exhibit an adequate amplitude of lateral
      sperm head displacement was consistently found to be the most significant factor
      determining the success of sperm-cervical mucus interaction (R2 = 0.53).

PMID- 3989796
TI  - An assessment of mast-cell deficient mice (W/Wv) as a model system to study the
      role of histamine in implantation and deciduoma formation.
AB  - The ovaries from mast cell-normal (+/+) and mast cell-deficient (W/Wv) mice were
      examined with light and electron microscopy. In addition the effect of
      ovariectomy and subsequent steroid treatment on total uterine histamine content,
      total mast cell numbers and surface and glandular epithelial cell heights was
      measured. The ovaries of +/+ mice were normal, displaying various stages of
      follicular growth and atresia and numerous corpora lutea; the ovaries of W/Wv
      mice lacked follicles and corpora lutea but contained numerous hyperplastic
      interstitial cells which contained numerous lipid droplets, vesiculated
      mitochondria and abundant endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of steroid synthesis.
      Steroid treatment of ovariectomized +/+ and W/Wv mice caused a significant
      increase in uterine wet weight and endometrial surface and glandular epithelial
      cell heights. In +/+ mice, steroid treatment caused a concomitant increase in
      total mast cells per uterine horn while mast cells were totally absent in W/Wv
      mice. The increase in uterine histamine in +/+ mice is consistent with the
      increase in mast cell numbers. Measurable amounts of uterine histamine, which
      increases slightly after steroid treatment, were demonstrated in W/Wv mice. Since
      the uteri of +/+ and W/Wv mice respond to steroids in a similar manner with the
      sole exception being histamine content and mast cell numbers, our results
      demonstrate the potential of using these animals to investigate the role(s) of
      uterine mast cells and non-mast cell uterine histamine in the process of
      implantation and the formation of a decidual cell response.

PMID- 3989797
TI  - Cortical and zona reactions of heat-activated mouse eggs.
AB  - Oocytes collected from superovulated Swiss albino mice were activated by heat
      shock and/or fertilized in vitro. Electron microscopy showed that the cortical
      reaction in heat-treated eggs was incomplete. Digestion of the zona pellucida of
      untreated, heat-treated and fertilized eggs by pronase showed that zona pellucida
      hardening did occur but was weaker in heat-treated than in fertilized eggs.
      Fertilizability of heat-treated eggs decreased 1.5 h after heating. We concluded
      that, in heat-activated eggs, changes occur at the zona and plasmalemma but they
      are not identical with those in fertilized eggs.

PMID- 3989798
TI  - Effect of density, duration of grouping and age of urine stimulus on the puberty
      delay pheromone in female mice.
AB  - The ability of urine from female mice to delay puberty in test females was
      directly related to the density and duration of grouping of females. When females
      were removed from group housing their urine lost its ability to delay puberty
      within 10 days. No interactive effects were observed between duration and density
      of grouping on the onset of pheromone release after grouping or on the
      persistence of pheromone release after re-isolation. Urine from grouped females
      lost its ability to delay puberty in test females after 7 days of exposure to
      air.

PMID- 3989799
TI  - Regional changes in catecholamine content of the pregnant uterus.
AB  - High-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used to
      identify and measure catecholamines in rat, rabbit, sheep, guinea-pig and human
      uteri and follow changes with pregnancy. Noradrenaline was consistently the major
      catecholamine and pregnancy caused a regionally specific fall in its
      concentration which, in rat, rabbit and guinea-pig, was associated with a decline
      in total content. Adrenaline was undetectable (less than 10 pmol/g myometrium) in
      all species and at all gestational ages studied. Dopamine and its metabolite 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were detected at high concentrations in guinea
      pig and particularly sheep uterus. In guinea-pig uterus the dopamine/DOPAC ratio
      fell dramatically with pregnancy, suggesting that increased quantities of
      dopamine were released and catabolized. The dopamine/noradrenaline ratios
      suggested that dopamine is stored with noradrenaline in adrenergic neurones in
      guinea-pig myometrium and within an additional neuronal or cellular store(s) in
      sheep uterus.

PMID- 3989800
TI  - Thrombocytopenia is an initial maternal response to fertilization in mice.
AB  - There was an increase in weight of the spleens of pregnant and pseudopregnant
      mice in the first week after mating, but the increase occurred on Day 4 in
      pregnant mice and Day 2 in pseudopregnant mice. The retardation of the presumed
      hormonally induced increase in spleen weight during pregnancy corresponded with a
      significant reduction in the splenic platelet pool. This response by the spleen
      to early pregnancy suggested that platelets were being supplied to the vascular
      pool. There was a significant reduction in the platelet count by 10:30 h on the
      day of mating in pregnant mice and persisted until Day 7 of pregnancy, then
      returning to normal levels. This response did not occur in pseudopregnant mice.
      The decrease in platelet count was dependent upon the presence of fertilized
      eggs. It did not occur in mice sterilized by bilateral ligations of the oviducts
      and mated with fertile males. Thrombocytopenia did occur within 3 h of transfer
      of fertilized eggs to pseudopregnant recipients and the magnitude of the response
      was significantly correlated (b = -0.86) with the number of embryos present in
      the reproductive tract. An initial systemic response to pregnancy in mice was
      therefore an increased vascular demand for blood platelets, resulting in a
      significant reduction in the splenic and peripheral blood platelet concentration.

PMID- 3989801
TI  - Examination of the causes of early pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia in mice.
AB  - In mice, neither the bleeding time nor the clotting time of whole blood was
      different on Day 2 of pregnancy compared with pseudopregnancy. Standardization of
      the platelet concentration to 10(6)/microliters plasma resulted in a significant
      reduction in the clotting time of plasma from pregnant animals. This reduction
      was not due to an increase in the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of the
      coagulation cascade but to enhanced platelet factor III activity, indicating
      increased platelet activation and consumption. Increased activation was not due
      to immunological recognition of the embryo because thrombocytopenia occurred
      after syngeneic and allogeneic matings of inbred strains of mice and also after
      parthenogenetic activation of ova in situ. Injection of embryo culture medium
      into splenectomized mice induced a significant dose-dependent thrombocytopenia.
      It occurred within 10 min after injection and persisted for up to 2 h. There was
      no reduction in platelet count when animals were injected with culture media in
      which unfertilized ova had been incubated. Early pregnancy-associated
      thrombocytopenia was caused by the production of platelet-activating factors by
      the fertilized eggs. The induction of thrombocytopenia by embryo culture media
      displayed a dose-response curve that was parallel to that of the platelet
      activating factor, 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero(3)phosphocholine.

PMID- 3989802
TI  - Number of germ cells and meiotic prophase stages in fetal rat ovaries cultured in
      vitro.
AB  - Ovaries from 13.5-day-old rat fetuses were cultured in vitro in a hormone-free
      medium for up to 8 days. The number of germ cells increased during the first 4
      days and then sharply decreased. The initial decrease was concomitant with the
      first leptotene stages. All stages of meiotic prophase progressively appeared in
      the remaining germ cells.

PMID- 3989803
TI  - Diffusion barriers in venous ulceration.

PMID- 3989804
TI  - Skin oxygen tension in venous insufficiency of the lower leg.
AB  - Tissue anoxia has for long been invoked as a cause of venous leg ulcers, and
      recently it has been suggested that pericapillary fibrin prevents the diffusion
      of oxygen in the skin. In the present study direct measurements of skin oxygen
      levels on the lower leg were made using a transcutaneous oxygen monitor. In the
      recumbent position mean oxygen tensions were higher in patients than in controls,
      thus disproving the existence of any block to oxygen diffusion. In both groups
      there was a fall in oxygen tension to low levels on standing as a result of the
      normal reflex vasoconstrictor response to increased venous pressure. Exercise
      produced a marked rise in skin oxygen tension in normal legs but not in those
      affected by venous insufficiency. In normal subjects exercise reduces venous
      pressure, thus removing the stimulus for reflex vasoconstriction. In patients
      with defective valves, the venous pressure remains high during exercise and
      reflex vasoconstriction persists. It is concluded from this study that the
      sustained low skin oxygen tension in the upright position even during exercise is
      responsible for leg ulcer formation associated with venous insufficiency. Normal
      legs are protected by a rise in skin oxygenation during exercise.

PMID- 3989805
TI  - Internal fixation for stress fractures of the ankylosed spine.
AB  - Three cases of stress fractures affecting the rigid spine of ankylosing
      spondylitis are reported. Even without the typical destructive features of the
      Romanus lesion, symptoms may be very prolonged and disabling and the diagnosis
      difficult. Internal fixation produces immediate pain relief and rapid fracture
      union.

PMID- 3989806
TI  - Autonomy revisited: progress in medical ethics: discussion paper.

PMID- 3989807
TI  - Sexual consequences of cerebrovascular accident: discussion paper.

PMID- 3989809
TI  - Carcinoma of the adrenal cortex.

PMID- 3989808
TI  - Progesterone-induced erythema multiforme.

PMID- 3989810
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis from tobacco in a consumer.

PMID- 3989812
TI  - Amenorrhoea, low body weight and Turner's syndrome.

PMID- 3989811
TI  - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and milk allergy.

PMID- 3989813
TI  - Pesticide residues in food: possible effect on sperm counts.

PMID- 3989814
TI  - Inadequate cosmetic camouflage advice for port wine stains.

PMID- 3989815
TI  - Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and activities of 6 beta,7 beta:15 beta,16
      beta-dimethylene steroidal spirolactones.
AB  - Several derivatives of the highly active aldosterone antagonists
      dihydrospirorenone (2) and spirorenone (3) were synthesized. The purpose of these
      efforts was to prepare compounds exhibiting reduced endocrinological properties
      with the same or better aldosterone antagonistic activity than that of
      spirorenone. The 1 alpha,2 alpha-methylene derivative 20 has a similar
      aldosterone antagonistic potency compared to that of spirorenone but does not
      show decreased endocrinological side effects. Other substituents as in compounds
      4-11, 15-19, and 21 sharply decreased the aldosterone antagonistic activity of 2
      or 3, respectively.

PMID- 3989816
TI  - Studies on antianaphylactic agents. 7. Synthesis of antiallergic 5-oxo-5H
      [1]benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridines.
AB  - 5-Oxo-5H-[1]benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acids 23 and their tetrazole
      analogues 24 were synthesized from 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carbonitriles 3 or 2
      amino-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes 4. When administered intravenously,
      they exhibited antiallergic activity in a reaginic PCA test in rats. In the
      carboxylic acid series, the activity was influenced by the substituents at the 2
      position and increased substantially in the following order: Me, OMe less than
      NH2 less than OH, H less than NHOMe. On the other hand, in the tetrazole series,
      2-unsubstituted derivatives showed the highest activity. Regardless of the kinds
      of substituents at positions 2 and 3, compounds bearing an alkyl group,
      especially an isopropyl group at the 7-position, were superior in activity to the
      corresponding unsubstituted compounds. Among these alkyl derivatives, 3
      carboxylic acid derivatives, i.e., 23c (7-ethyl), 23g (2-amino-7-isopropyl), 23r
      [2-(methoxyamino)-7-isopropyl], and a 3-tetrazole derivative 24c (7-isopropyl),
      were 41-184 times as potent as disodium cromoglycate. They also exhibited
      remarkable activity when administered orally; clinical studies on 23g (AA-673)
      are in progress.

PMID- 3989817
TI  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships in cytokinin agonistic and
      antagonistic pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives: insights into receptor
      topology.
AB  - 2-(Methylthio)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines having various alkylamino and anilino
      substituents at the 4-position were prepared and tested for their cytokinin
      agonistic and antagonistic activities by the tobacco callus bioassay. The alkyl
      series of compounds showed anticytokinin activity, whereas the anilino
      derivatives exhibited both cytokinin and anticytokinin activities depending on
      the structure and position of the benzene substituents. Quantitative structure
      activity analyses were carried out for each class and for the combined set of
      compounds with use of physicochemical parameters and regression analysis,
      indicating that the quality of activity, agonistic or antagonistic, as well as
      the extent of activity, is significantly affected by the steric features of the
      molecule. On the basis of the present results and previous quantitative analyses
      on cytokinins and other classes of anticytokinins, a dimensional map for the
      cytokinin receptor site can be drawn, which can serve as the basis for the design
      of novel agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 3989818
TI  - [(Aminomethyl)aryloxy]acetic acid esters. A new class of high-ceiling diuretics.
      4. Substituted 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans derived by ring annelation.
AB  - Ring annelation of the [(aminomethyl)aryloxy]acetic acids produced a series of
      substituted 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-carboxylic acids. Pharmacologic
      evaluation of these compounds in rats and dogs indicated that several congeners
      are extremely potent salidiuretics. Clearance and micropuncture experiments in
      rats for compound 5a confirmed the high-ceiling diuretic profile and demonstrated
      that 5a has a site of action at the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop.

PMID- 3989819
TI  - 3-Alkyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acids: a new class of hypocholesterolemic HMG CoA
      reductase inhibitors. 1.
AB  - Derivatives of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG), a portion of the substrate
      for HMG CoA reductase, were prepared and tested for their inhibitory action
      against rat liver HMG CoA reductase and for their hypocholesterolemic activity.
      Structure-dependent competitive inhibition was observed. Optimal structures had a
      free dicarboxylic acid with an alkyl group of 13-16 carbons at position 3. 3-n
      Pentadecyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3j) (IC50 = 50 microM) reduced serum
      cholesterol in the Triton-treated rat and HMG CoA reductase activity in the 20,25
      diazacholesterol-treated rat.

PMID- 3989820
TI  - Effect of structural modification of the hydantoin ring on anticonvulsant
      activity.
AB  - Selectively substituted hydantoins 1 (15 examples), 4-hydroxy-2-imidazolidinones
      2 (13 examples), 2-imidazolones 3 (10 examples), 2-imidazolidinones 4 (four
      examples), vicinal diamines 5 (two examples), and simple amino acid derivatives 6
      (four examples) have been prepared and evaluated in the maximal electroshock
      seizure (MES), subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold (sc Met), and
      rotorod (Tox) tests. The medium effective doses (ED50) and the medium toxic dose
      (TD50) for the most active compounds are reported. In general, the most
      pronounced activity was observed for hydantoins 1 and protected amino acids 6.
      Within each series of compounds, enhanced anticonvulsant activity was often noted
      for compounds containing an aromatic group one carbon removed from a nitrogen
      atom. Among the most active compounds observed were the amino acid derivative N
      acetyl-D,L-alanine benzylamide (6d) and the two 2-imidazolones 4-methyl-1
      (phenylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-one (3e) and 1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H
      imidazol-2-one (3g). Compound 6d proved to be slightly more potent in the MES
      test than phenacemide.

PMID- 3989821
TI  - Interactions of apomorphine with serum and tissue proteins.
AB  - Physical and covalent interactions of apomorphine with serum and tissue proteins
      could influence the drug's disposition and pharmacological activities in mammals.
      Ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis, and ultraviolet spectrophotometric methods
      have been used to study the reversible binding of apomorphine to bovine, human,
      rat, and swine plasma proteins. The degree of binding was generally greater than
      90%, but variations were noted in some instances on the basis of drug
      concentrations and pH over the range of 6.8-7.8. Incubation of [8,9
      3H2]apomorphine with bovine serum albumin led to retention of radioactivity and a
      stoichiometrically controlled released of tritium which arose from the reaction
      of an electrophilic drug oxidation product and protein, producing drug-protein
      conjugates. In vitro experiments with mouse striatal brain preparations indicated
      parallel covalent binding reactions. In vivo experiments in mice indicated
      accumulation of radioactivity in brain regions and other tissues following daily
      injections of [8,9-3H2]apomorphine for 14 days. The physical and covalent
      interactions of apomorphine with mammalian tissue proteins could be the cause of
      longer disposition half-lives in mammals than those previously reported. The
      covalent interactions, in particular, may be important in elucidating the
      mechanism of apomorphine-induced behavioral effects in mice.

PMID- 3989822
TI  - One-electron oxidation of vindoline and 16-O-acetylvindoline catalyzed by
      peroxidase.
AB  - The mechanism of oxidation of the alkaloids vindoline (1) and 16-O
      acetylvindoline (1a) was examined by use of the reversible redox cycle of
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Oxidation of 1 by HRP resulted in the formation of
      the enamine dimer 5. The highly reactive radical cation species 2 is an implied
      intermediate in the oxidation process. During the reaction, HRP-I was reduced to
      HRP-II by abstraction of an electron from vindoline. The vindoline radical thus
      formed eliminates a second electron and a proton to produce a highly reactive
      iminium derivative which undergoes intramolecular etherification and
      dimerization. Oxidation of 16-O-acetylvindoline (1a) by HRP-I results in the
      production of an iminium derivative 3a concomitant with the formation of HRP-II.
      The iminium 3a was isolated and characterized and was converted into
      monodeuterated 1a by reduction with NaBD4. The stoichiometry (HRP-II)/(substrate)
      was determined to be 4.77 +/- 0.17 for vindoline and 2.27 +/- 0.20 for 16-O
      acetylvindoline. The enamine dimer also reduced HRP-I to form HRP-II, but the
      stoichiometry of this reaction was variable.

PMID- 3989823
TI  - Cell surface abnormality in clones of skin fibroblasts from a carrier of Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy.
AB  - We have previously reported that skin fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy (DMD) have a lower intercellular adhesiveness than control
      cells, and that cells from carriers of DMD have normal adhesiveness instead of
      the expected intermediate value. We have now cloned skin fibroblasts from a
      carrier of DMD (subject AS) who is also heterozygous for G6PD B/G6PD
      Mediterranean and determined the intercellular adhesiveness and G6PD phenotypes
      of the clones. G6PD activity was determined using the 2d-G6P/G6P ratio method.
      Normal cells had a percentage utilisation of 7.31% and uncloned cells from AS a
      value of 25.16%. Of 16 clones, 15 had normal values (mean 8.72%) while one clone
      was G6PD Med with a value of 57.5%. Mean intercellular adhesiveness of normal and
      uncloned cells from AS were 2.95 and 2.90 respectively. Of 11 clones tested, nine
      had normal values of adhesiveness (mean 3.1) and all these clones were G6PD B.
      The single G6PD Med clone had a value of 0.88, compared with 1.39 for DMD cells.
      We have no explanation at present for the single clone that was G6PD B but DMD
      like on aggregation.

PMID- 3989824
TI  - Necropsy findings in neonatal asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy.
AB  - Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised
      by an abnormally small thorax, variable shortening of the extremities, and pelvic
      anomalies. Renal and pancreatic symptoms are found in longer survivors, although
      most cases die in infancy of respiratory failure. Seven neonatal cases were
      studied at necropsy. These cases ranged in gestational age from 32 to 40 weeks.
      One was stillborn and the other six survived from 1 hour to 10 days. Two were
      sibs born to consanguineous parents. Dwarfing was not pronounced and the
      extremities were shortened in only one infant who also had polydactyly. All seven
      showed visceral changes in addition to abnormalities of bone. Endochondral
      ossification was irregular in sections of femur, vertebra, and rib. Pulmonary
      hypoplasia was associated with the small thorax typical of this disorder.
      Periportal fibrosis and bile duct proliferation were seen in sections of liver,
      and in one case cirrhosis was found. Pancreatic fibrosis was variable. These
      necropsy findings correlate with later clinical manifestations of the disease and
      emphasise the multisystem nature of this disorder.

PMID- 3989826
TI  - Kabuki make-up syndrome (Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome) associated with congenital
      heart disease.
AB  - Kabuki make-up syndrome has been reported mainly among Japanese, so far occurring
      in more than 20 cases. Among these, however, only one case associated with
      congenital heart defect has been reported. We have treated three patients with
      this syndrome and of these two had congenital heart disease. We suggest the
      possibility that the association of congenital heart disease with Kabuki make-up
      syndrome may not be fortuitous.

PMID- 3989825
TI  - An autosomal dominant syndrome with 'acromegaloid' features and thickened oral
      mucosa.
AB  - A previously undescribed autosomal dominant syndrome has been observed in a large
      kindred with affected relatives spanning at least five generations. The phenotype
      is highly variable and appears to show complete penetrance. Affected persons have
      a progressively coarse, acromegaloid-like facial appearance and thickening of the
      lips and intraoral mucosa. The differences are discussed between this syndrome
      and three rather similar syndromes, pachydermoperiostosis, the Ascher syndrome,
      and multiple neuroma syndrome.

PMID- 3989827
TI  - The frequency of lactase phenotypes in Aymara children.
AB  - A total of 122 apparently healthy Bolivian Aymara-mixed children ranging in age
      from 2 to 12 years were tested for lactose absorption using the standard lactose
      tolerance test with blood glucose determination. Analysing the sample according
      to the age of the probands, we found an increased age related frequency of
      lactose malabsorption showing final percentages of 55% in the 2 to 5 years group,
      57.4% in the 6 to 10 years group, and 77.4% in the 11 to 15 years group.

PMID- 3989829
TI  - Dermatoglyphs in children with mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - The dermatoglyphs of 50 Singapore school children with mitral valve prolapse
      (MVP) were studied, with special reference to the frequency of digital arches.
      The MVP was diagnosed clinically and substantiated by two dimensional
      echocardiography. In the study there were 35 Chinese and 15 Malay children, with
      ages ranging from 6 to 19 years. Four Chinese children had one or more arches on
      the digits but none of the Malay children was found to have arches. It was shown
      that the frequency of arches on the digits was not significantly higher than that
      among 50 controls (who were shown not to have MVP on two dimensional
      echocardiography) or when compared with the frequency of arches among the Chinese
      and Malay population in Singapore (2.0% and 2.9% respectively). No other
      dermatoglyphic abnormalities (including atd angle) were found.

PMID- 3989828
TI  - The clinical features of the Cohen syndrome: further case reports.
AB  - We report the clinical features of six patients with the Cohen syndrome. The
      characteristic features include mental retardation, truncal obesity, prominent
      incisors, and tapering digits. Pelviureteric obstruction and epilepsy are
      reported as possible new features of this syndrome.

PMID- 3989830
TI  - De novo paracentric inversion in an X chromosome.
AB  - A 10 1/2 year old female with skeletal abnormalities was referred for genetic
      consultation because of learning disabilities and a suggestion of 'Turner-like'
      stigmata. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a paracentric inversion of an
      X(q13.1q26.1) chromosome.

PMID- 3989831
TI  - Monosomy 13q32.3----qter: report of two cases.
AB  - Two unrelated patients with monosomy 13q32.3----qter are reported. Comparison
      with six similar cases previously published indicates that the craniofacial
      dysmorphism of the 13qter monosomy syndrome is related to band 13q34, the thumb
      hypoplasia to band 13q32, and an apparently different phenotype to band 13q33.
      Coagulation deficiency appears to be non-specific in monosomy 13qter.

PMID- 3989832
TI  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in half sibs.
AB  - Half brothers from the same mother had congenital left sided posterolateral
      diaphragmatic hernias repaired in the neonatal period. The inheritance of
      diaphragmatic hernia should probably be based on the multifactorial hypothesis.

PMID- 3989834
TI  - Tracheo-oesophageal anomalies in the Goldenhar anomalad.
AB  - A case of the Goldenhar anomalad is presented with a previously undescribed
      association with oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. This is the
      second instance of a tracheobronchial-oesophageal communication being found in
      association with the anomalad. Awareness of this combination may facilitate
      future diagnosis and treatment of the anomaly.

PMID- 3989835
TI  - Severe pseudoachondroplasia with parental consanguinity.
AB  - A boy who showed features of the severe form of pseudoachondroplasia, whose
      parents were first cousins, is reported. Published reports supporting the
      existence of an autosomal recessive form of this disorder are reviewed.

PMID- 3989833
TI  - A case of suspected teratogenic holoprosencephaly.
AB  - A case of holoprosencephaly is reported in which the mother was prescribed high
      doses of oestroprogestins during the first 5 months of the pregnancy.
      Investigation of the family failed to reveal any sign of physical abnormality. A
      normal karyotype was detected in the proband. The authors suggest that this case
      may shed some light on the normal and abnormal way in which embryonic fields
      develop.

PMID- 3989836
TI  - A case of malignant spinal cord ependymoma in association with a duplication of
      part of the long arm of chromosome 12.

PMID- 3989838
TI  - Familial occurrence of a pseudodicentric chromosome 21.

PMID- 3989837
TI  - Interstitial deletion of chromosome 2.

PMID- 3989839
TI  - Extra euchromatic band in the qh region of chromosome 9.

PMID- 3989840
TI  - First trimester fetal diagnosis of genetic disorders: clinical evaluation of 250
      cases.
AB  - Chromosome and enzyme determinations were performed in 250 pregnancies between
      the 7th and the 12th week of gestation. The majority of the tests were performed
      for risk of chromosomal abnormalities and 75% of the women were 35 years old or
      more. We describe a chorionic villi sampling (CVS) technique which proved to be
      highly efficient, with a diagnostic success rate of 97.7%. In the light of our
      experience we suggest that CVS is best performed between the 9th and 10th weeks
      of pregnancy. The average weight of the aspirated specimen was 20 mg with a lower
      limit of 5 mg which proved sufficient for diagnostic purposes. No major maternal
      complications were encountered and the slight bleeding observed in 14% of the
      cases during the days following the CVS should be considered a harmless effect of
      the aspiration technique. The proportion of fetal losses may lie between 4 and
      7%. Paediatric monitoring of the 93 infants born so far and ultrasound
      examination of the pregnancies still in progress at the time of writing did not
      reveal any negative effect of CVS. Fetal-maternal transfusion and intrauterine
      infection are problems which need further basic investigations.

PMID- 3989842
TI  - The experience of a department of medicine with a clinical medical library
      service.
AB  - Five years of experience using the services of a full-time clinical medical
      librarian (CML) by the Department of Medicine at the Hospital of the Medical
      College of Pennsylvania have been reviewed. Over the five years there was a
      marked increase in queries from faculty and house staff members with an
      accompanying decrease in CML-initiated questions, while requests by students and
      others remained constant. The largest category of queries was patient-related.
      There were increases in the use of the CML for patient-related queries, for
      research, and for oral presentations. The number of requests obtained on rounds
      or in conferences decreased, while the number obtained by phone, in the library,
      or elsewhere increased. Requests for computer searches remained constant.

PMID- 3989841
TI  - The characteristics of training in ambulatory medicine in U.S. residencies.
AB  - To determine the characteristics of training in ambulatory internal medicine, all
      internal medicine residency programs in the United States were surveyed in 1981
      82. Thirty-eight percent of 477 hospitals responded. Quantitative information was
      sought regarding the specific features of the ambulatory residency programs,
      formal teaching conferences, supervision of residents, and evaluation of
      residents in ambulatory care. According to the responses, the training of the
      small cadre of primary care residents does emphasize ambulatory medical
      experience, supervised by an increasing number of faculty members in general
      medicine. Formal post-clinic conferences, analogous to inpatient attending
      rounds, are held substantially more often in hospitals with primary care programs
      than in hospitals without primary care programs. Formal ambulatory teaching
      conferences stress both traditional topics important in internal medicine and
      psychosocial issues. However, the authors could detect little effect of these
      activities in primary care programs on the training of traditional internal
      medicine residents even within the same hospital.

PMID- 3989843
TI  - A method to determine attitudes of faculty members toward use of laboratory
      tests.
AB  - Investigators have suggested that attitudes of faculty members toward diagnostic
      testing may encourage inappropriate laboratory use. In the present paper, the
      authors present a method for determining faculty attitudes on laboratory tests
      and the results of an analysis of such attitudes at one institution. The
      attitudes were determined from case simulations prepared by the faculty for
      senior medical student examinations. At the time the examination was being
      constructed, the faculty members weighted each laboratory test option following
      the case presentation for its appropriateness as positive, zero, or negative. The
      investigators subsequently categorized all of the laboratory tests according to
      their purpose and appropriateness with respect to the likelihood of diagnostic
      possibilities generated by the case. The results of the analysis showed that
      screening tests and tests to investigate unlikely diagnoses usually received
      weights close to zero and rarely received negative weights. This apparent
      indifference to tests with limited usefulness that generate some costs may be
      perceived by students as permission for their continued use.

PMID- 3989845
TI  - Student-directed teaching of medical ethics at a Canadian medical school.
AB  - The medical faculty at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, in 1982
      decided to omit the formal teaching of medical ethics from its curriculum. This
      decision led both students and faculty members to review the role of ethics in
      medical education. The outcome was the establishment of a minicourse of four
      three-hour sessions devoted to the examination and debate of selected ethical
      issues. The course was directed by students, who chose four general topics for
      discussion and three subtopics to be the focus in each session. They organized
      debates between faculty and community members from the fields of medicine, law,
      philosophy, and theology to be the core of instruction. The course resulted in a
      high level of satisfaction among the students, who felt that the issues chosen
      had been appropriately explored. The course, therefore, was continued in the same
      form by the following medical class.

PMID- 3989844
TI  - Perceptions of freshman medical students of gender differences in medical
      specialty choice.
AB  - At present, it is not clear whether or not the choices of specialty areas by male
      and female medical students are converging. Historically, women have selected
      specialty areas with high patient contact. In the study reported here, the
      authors address whether or not there are differences in perceived specialty
      choice among the newest entrants into medicine. A total of 180 freshman medical
      students at one medical school (120 males and 60 females) participated. It was
      found that 70.4 percent of the women stated that they expected to select a
      specialty in primary care compared with only 44.4 percent of the men. On the
      other hand, 30.8 percent of the men expected to enter a surgical specialty area
      compared with only 11.1 percent of the women. A higher proportion of women than
      of men indicated that patient contact and family life were instrumental in the
      selection of a medical specialty. Seventy percent of the men expected an annual
      income of more than +75,000 (in 1984 dollars) compared with 43.3 percent of the
      women, who generally expected a smaller income. The authors in this study found
      that the traditional identifications of both male and female specialty choices
      are not changing.

PMID- 3989846
TI  - The impact of two teaching techniques on physicians' knowledge and performance.
AB  - The purpose of the study reported here was to compare two teaching formats, the
      traditional lecture and the case presentation, to determine which technique is
      more effective in continuing medical education (CME). Effectiveness was measured
      by assessing pediatricians' cognitive knowledge utilizing preinstruction and
      postinstruction multiple-choice tests, the physicians' performances using
      simulated patients, and the physicians' office records on diagnoses and treatment
      plans. There were differences between the two teaching techniques in regard to
      their impact on physicians' knowledge and their performance with patients.
      Physicians attending case presentation sessions were more likely to increase
      their cognitive knowledge than physicians attending the lecture sessions, but
      retention of knowledge was only slightly higher for the case presentation group
      than the lecture group. More simulated mothers making visits to the offices of
      pediatricians who had been in the case presentation group reported feeling that
      the physicians' plans for their children were totally or partially appropriate
      than did mothers visiting pediatricians from the lecture group. There were few
      correlations between the physicians' cognitive knowledge and their performances.
      Based on the findings of the study, recommendations are suggested for use in
      planning CME.

PMID- 3989847
TI  - A longitudinal study of personality changes in medical students.

PMID- 3989848
TI  - The reduced load as a remedial program to increase retention of first-year
      medical students.

PMID- 3989849
TI  - Documentation of inpatient experiences of resident physicians.

PMID- 3989850
TI  - Status and teaching ability of preceptors in a first-year clinical course.

PMID- 3989851
TI  - Clinical evaluation in a family medicine residency.

PMID- 3989852
TI  - Attitudes of internists in practice toward their ambulatory care education.

PMID- 3989853
TI  - House staff expenditures and funding in COTH member hospitals.

PMID- 3989854
TI  - The detection of infectious mononucleosis antibodies by radioimmunoassay and
      ELISA.
AB  - An infectious mononucleosis receptor (IMR) preparation has been isolated from
      sheep erythrocyte stroma. This material was used to detect the presence of human
      infectious mononucleosis (IM) antibodies with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin
      antisera by radioimmunoassay and ELISA. These procedures use 10-20 ng of IMR and
      5-10 microliter of human serum. A single treatment of the IMR with neuraminidase
      reduces its ability to bind to the IM antibodies by 80%. In addition absorption
      of the IM sera with sheep red cells completely removes IM specific antibodies.

PMID- 3989856
TI  - Defective expression of neutrophil membrane proteins in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - At least 14 iodinated proteins can be distinguished by SDS polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis followed by autoradiography in the membrane of intact human
      neutrophils. Neutrophils from patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis show a
      modified expression of 4 outer membrane proteins. Three polypeptide components of
      the 30, 50 and 130 K were decreased by 95%, while the 120 K component
      dramatically increased. The possible relationship between the altered cell
      sensitivity and the defective expression of membrane proteins is discussed.

PMID- 3989855
TI  - Specific antibody synthesis in vitro. III. Correlation of in vivo and in vitro
      antibody response to influenza immunization in young and old subjects.
AB  - Young and elderly volunteers received a trivalent influenza vaccine and blood
      samples were obtained prior to, 1 week and 3 weeks after immunization. Plasma
      antibody levels and the capacity for in vitro lymphocyte synthesis of specific
      anti-influenza antibody were assessed. Additionally, prior to immunization,
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of antigen, and
      the capacity for in vitro immunization was determined. Antibody response was
      therefore measured after in vivo and in vitro immunization. After in vivo
      immunization, plasma antibody level and in vitro synthesis capabilities were
      significantly greater in the young subjects, and these assays correlated
      significantly. The capacity for in vitro immunization was also greater in the
      young, but the difference did not reach statistical significance and there was no
      correlation with in vitro immunization potential and the response after in vivo
      vaccination. Assessment of in vitro antibody synthesis after vaccination however,
      may prove a useful tool for probing immune deficient states and testing the
      success, in vitro of various immune reconstitution measures.

PMID- 3989857
TI  - Immunomodulatory effects of mineral dust. I. Effects of intraperitoneal dust
      inoculation on splenic lymphocyte function and humoral immune responses in vivo.
AB  - Syngeneic PVG rats and C57BL6 mice were inoculated with liquid suspensions of
      UICC chrysotile A asbestos, DQ12 quartz or the inert particulate TiO2. Rats
      received 10 mg and mice received 2.5 mg dust intraperitoneally on day 0.
      Injection of the pathogenic dusts asbestos and quartz was associated with a
      significant reduction in mitogenic response to PHA and Con A detected in
      splenocytes removed from animals 14 days after inoculation. Injection of TiO2 had
      no significant effect on splenocyte mitogenesis. Pretreatment of C57BL6 mice with
      asbestos intraperitoneally also impaired subsequent production of antibody to the
      protein antigen KLH. These data show that intraperitoneal injection of chrysotile
      A asbestos and DQ12 quartz had a marked effect on generalized T lymphocyte
      function. An additional immunomodulatory effect of asbestos injection was shown
      in C57BL6 mice where in vivo humoral immune responses were suppressed.

PMID- 3989859
TI  - Laser scanning microscopy of surface spread polytene chromosomes.
AB  - A new type of a Laser Scan Microscope (Zeiss) was used for the analysis of the
      band-interband pattern of polytene chromosomes in Chironomus. In contrast to the
      previously used techniques of transmission light and electron microscopy, we used
      differential interference contrast (DIC) in incident light to depict the pattern.
      Instead of using common squash preparations, we carried out this investigation
      with surface spread polytene (SSP) chromosome preparations of salivary glands.
      The combination of techniques used enabled a more detailed light microscopic
      presentation of polytene structures in individual preparations than conventional
      techniques used so far for chromosome mapping.

PMID- 3989858
TI  - Critical-point drying versus freeze drying for scanning electron microscopy: a
      quantitative and qualitative study on isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - Critical-point drying and freeze drying were compared both quantitatively and
      qualitatively as preparative procedures for scanning electron microscopy.
      Isolated hepatocytes were used as model cells. Nomarski differential interference
      contrast microscopy was used for light microscopic measurements of the
      hepatocytes in the unfixed, the glutaraldehyde fixed, the glutaraldehyde + OsO4
      fixed, the critical-point dried and the freeze dried states. Critical-point dried
      hepatocytes were found to shrink to 38% of glutaraldehyde + OsO4 fixed volume,
      whereas optimal freeze dried hepatocytes (frozen in water saturated with
      chloroform and freeze dried at 183 K for 84 h) were found to shrink to 51% of
      glutaraldehyde + OsO4 fixed volume. Transmission and scanning electron
      micrographs of the critical-point dried cells showed well-preserved
      ultrastructure and surface structure. Micrographs of the freeze dried cells
      showed ultrastructure destroyed by internal ice crystals and surface structure
      destroyed by external ice crystals. Double-fixed isolated hepatocytes were shown
      to swell during storage in buffer and to shrink during storage after critical
      point drying. For low magnification scanning electron microscopy (up to about
      3000 times) both critical-point drying and freeze drying can be used. However,
      for high magnification scanning electron microscopy, critical-point drying is
      superior to freeze drying.

PMID- 3989860
TI  - Viral hepatitis B in pregnancy: a case report.

PMID- 3989861
TI  - Screening colorectal cancer: fecal occult blood tests.

PMID- 3989862
TI  - James Grant Thompson memorial lecture. Diabetes mellitus: what form will a cure
      take?

PMID- 3989863
TI  - Energy of the oscillating legs of a fast-moving cheetah, pronghorn, jackrabbit,
      and elephant.
AB  - Lifelike models of the oscillating legs treated as three-segment systems show the
      course of kinetic and potential energy over the locomotor cycle for a cheetah,
      pronghorn, jackrabbit, and elephant running at speeds approaching their maxima.
      The models can be adjusted to eliminate differences among the animals in time
      intervals, mass or length of limb, and joint angles. This facilitates analysis of
      the influence on total energy of each of these variables and of the distribution
      of mass among leg segments. Fast-cycling legs of the carnivore type have
      significantly more energy than those of the hoofed type. This may contribute to
      the lesser endurance that is usual for carnivores that hunt using a high-speed
      dash.

PMID- 3989864
TI  - Innervation of the early pelvic fin bud of the trout embryo, Salmo gairdneri.
AB  - Innervation of the early pelvic fin bud in the trout embryo involves four nerves.
      Electron microscopy discloses axons in the mesodermal mesenchyme and in the
      epidermis of the bud as early as stage I of the development of the pelvic fins.
      Sensory axons alone penetrate the epidermis. Unmyelinated axons invade the pelvic
      fin territory before the bud is obvious on the abdomen. Schwann cells occur in
      the vicinity of the ventral edge of the myotomes and later in the core of the bud
      and in subepidermal regions. Consequently, the nerve fibers are present early in
      the development of the pelvic fin bud of the trout embryo. Although the role of
      these axons is unknown, it is speculated that they play a role in development.
      Our results are discussed in the light of data available in the literature
      dealing with the development of tetrapod appendages.

PMID- 3989865
TI  - Synaptic organization of dorsal area of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans.
AB  - The dorsal ventricular ridge is a subcortical structure receiving sensory
      information from the thalamus in reptiles. In the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys
      scripta elegans, it contains four cytoarchitectonic areas each characterized by
      distinct thalamic projections. This is an electron microscopic study of one of
      these, the dorsal area, which receives its thalamic input from the tectorecipient
      nucleus rotundus. It contains four concentric zones, internal to the ependymal
      zone, each of which is distinguished by the distribution of spiny and aspiny
      neurons. The ependymal zone of dorsal area contains tanycytes whose tails extend
      into zones 2 and 4. Synapses, usually with asymmetric junctional complexes and
      round synaptic vesicles, occur on these processes. Zone 1 neurons have fusiform
      somata and dendrites that parallel the ventricular surface. Their cytoplasm
      contains rough endoplasmic reticulum located primarily in Nissl bodies,
      lipofuchsin granules, multivesicular bodies, extensive arrays of Golgi apparatus,
      and large numbers of mitochondria. Synapses occur mainly on dendritic spines and
      shafts of zone 1 neurons and less frequently on somata. The majority have round
      vesicles and asymmetric junctional complexes. In contrast to those in zone 1,
      neurons in zones 2 and 4 have large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      giving their cytoplasm an electron-dense quality. Synapses occur mainly on spines
      and shafts of zone 2 and 4 neurons. As in zone 1, the majority have round
      synaptic vesicles and contain asymmetric junctional complexes. Zones 2 and 4
      contain clusters of neurons distributed among isolated neurons. The clusters are
      larger and less frequent in zone 2. Protoplasmic and fibrous glial processes,
      axon boutons, dendrites, and axon fascicles surround the neuron clusters. Though
      less numerous, the same structures also occur inside the clusters. Most synapses
      inside the clusters have round synaptic vesicles, asymmetric junctional
      complexes, and occur mainly on spines. Some neurons in clusters have somata whose
      plasma membranes are in direct apposition. In contrast to dorsal ventricular
      ridge in snakes, no specialized intercellular contacts were seen between somata
      in clusters.

PMID- 3989867
TI  - Scanning electron microscope study of cat and dog enamel structure.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy revealed several similarities as well as significant
      differences in the enamel structure between cat and dog teeth. Three enamel
      layers were present in both species; a surface rodless (aprismatic) layer, an
      outer layer of parallel rods (only at some sites), and an inner layer with
      prominent Hunter-Schreger bands. In the inner layer of both carnivores, the
      diameter of individual rods varied significantly and frequently their course
      changed abruptly with respect to neighboring rods. In dog teeth the cross
      sectional shape of inner enamel rods was pleomorphic, but hexagonal in outer
      enamel. In contrast, cat enamel rods were rounded in both inner and outer enamel
      layers. Hunter-Schreger bands of cats circumscribed the teeth in relatively
      straight segments, but these bands showed pronounced waviness in dog teeth. In
      cats and dogs the surface rodless layer was structurally continuous with
      subjacent interrod enamel and covered all tooth surfaces with the exception of
      the cervical areas. The data show that the structure of inner and outer enamel
      layers differ between these two carnivore species and that the enamel structure
      of the cat was most similar to that described in humans. One principal difference
      between carnivore and human teeth is that the growth lines of carnivores do not
      terminate at perikymata on the tooth surface.

PMID- 3989866
TI  - Light and electron microscopic localization of a monoclonal antibody in neurons
      in situ in the head region of Hydra.
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody to Hydra attenuata was used to demonstrate
      immunoreactive product in neurons in situ, in both whole mount and sectioned
      hypostomes and tentacles of H. oligactis and H. littoralis. Immunoreactive cells
      were concentrated around the mouth and scattered along the length of the
      tentacles. In the hypostome, nerve cells sent one or more processes orally and
      the others aborally but the processes were more distinctly stained in H.
      oligactis. A thin strand of five to six perihypostomal neurons was present close
      to the hypostome-tentacle junction. In the tentacles, neurons with long processes
      contacted up to five different batteries of nematocysts. Neural processes were
      associated with nematocyst batteries in three ways: 1) forming a perikaryal loop
      to encircle a centrally located stenotele, 2) branching at a distance from the
      perikaryon to contact a variety of nematocysts, and 3) terminal branching by one
      or more neurons with contacts on one to several nematocysts within a battery.
      Immunocytochemical localization of neurons in Hydra by light microscopy was
      correlated for the first time with electron microscopy. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      (PAP)-positive sensory cells were concentrated around the mouth opening. PAP
      positive ganglion cells were predominant in the tentacles. Sensory cells were
      elongate or spindle-shaped (unipolar), triangular with two oppositely directed
      processes (bipolar), and multipolar (tripolar or tetrapolar) with one of the
      processes extending to the epidermal surface. Ganglion cells were either unipolar
      or bipolar or multipolar, with neurites paralleling the mesoglea and occasionally
      having processes abut on it.

PMID- 3989868
TI  - Morphological and structural study of Landolt's club in the chick retina.
AB  - Light and electron microscopy were used to study Landolt's club of the bipolar
      cells in the newborn chick retina as well as in early embryonic stages. In the
      embryo, the bipolar cells were connected to the outer limiting membrane by
      Landolt's club. Some of the bipolar cells disconnect from this membrane, by
      complete retraction of Landolt's club, giving rise to bipolar cells without this
      process. The newly hatched chick, was used for analysis of the ultrastructure of
      Landolt's club. Zones of apposition between Muller cells and Landolt's club are
      associated with cytoplasmic vesicles in both cells. Muller cells appear to
      transmit vesicular material, possibly nutrients, to bipolar cells through
      Landolt's club. Thus, Landolt's club provides substrates to bipolar cells in the
      poorly vascularized region of the chick retina.

PMID- 3989869
TI  - Ameloblastic secretion and calcification of the enamel layer in shark teeth.
AB  - Tooth primordia at early stages of mineralization in the sharks Negaprion
      brevirostris and Triaenodon obesus were examined electron microscopically for
      evidence of ameloblastic secretion and its relation to calcification of the
      enamel (enameloid) layer. Ameloblasts are polarized with most of the mitochondria
      and all of the Golgi dictyosomes localized in the infranuclear end of the cell
      toward the squamous outer cells of the enamel organ. Endoplasmic reticular
      membranes and ribosomes are also abundant in this region. Ameloblastic vesicles
      bud from the Golgi membranes and evidently move through perinuclear and
      supranuclear zones to accumulate at the apical end of the cell. The vesicles
      secrete their contents through the apical cell membrane in merocrine fashion and
      appear to contribute precursor material both for the basal lamina and the
      enameline matrix. The enamel layer consists of four zones: a juxta-laminar zone
      containing newly polymerized mineralizing fibrils (tubules); a pre-enamel zone of
      assembly of matrix constituents; palisadal zones of mineralizing fibrils
      (tubules); and interpalisadal zones containing granular amorphous matrix, fine
      unit fibrils, and giant cross-banded fibers with a periodicity of 17.9 nm. It
      seems probable that amorphous, non-mineralizing fibrillar and mineralizing
      fibrillar constituents of the matrix are all products of ameloblastic secretion.
      Odontoblastic processes are tightly embedded in the matrix of the palisadal zones
      and do not appear to be secretory at the stages investigated. The shark tooth
      enamel layer is considered homologous with that of other vertebrates with respect
      to origin of its mineralizing fibrils from the innerental epithelium. The term
      enameloid is appropriate to connote the histological distinction that the enamel
      layer contains odontoblastic processes but should not signify that shark tooth
      enamel is a modified type of dentine. How amelogenins and/or enamelins secreted
      by amelo- blasts in the shark and other vertebrates are related to nucleation and
      growth of enamel crystallites is still not known.

PMID- 3989871
TI  - Intracellular pH and contraction of isolated rabbit and cat papillary muscle:
      effect of superfusate buffering.
AB  - The influence of external buffering on surface pH (pHs), intracellular pH (pHi)
      and developed twitch tension was investigated in rabbit and cat papillary muscle.
      pHs and pHi were measured using single and double-barreled microelectrodes
      respectively. In 20 mM HEPES buffered solution, steady state pHi is close to that
      in control CO2/HCO-3 (25 mM HCO-3, 5% CO2) solution. pHs and developed tension
      also do not differ greatly from their control values. Decreasing the HEPES
      concentration to 5 mM, at constant external pH, lowers pHs considerably. The
      surface acidosis is associated with a small intracellular acidification; steady
      state pHi in 5 mM HEPES is always more acid than that in control CO2/HCO-3. A
      significant decrease in developed tension is also seen in 5 mM HEPES. Alteration
      of the superfusion velocity influences pHs only slightly. Stimulation of the
      muscle at high frequency is shown to increase surface acidification, the extent
      of which is dependent on the buffer concentration. The conclusion from the
      present experiments is that in papillary muscle external buffering influences
      intracellular pH and contraction via its effect on pHs.

PMID- 3989870
TI  - Microtubules in the heart muscle of the postnatal and adult rat.
AB  - In the postnatal rat heart, muscle cells continue to divide as well as increase
      in size. At the same time the cells in the soleus muscle (a slow skeletal muscle)
      do not divide, although they continue to grow in size. Since microtubules may
      have a role in orienting intracellular structures in muscle, we determined the
      numbers of microtubules/micron2 cross-sectional area in the rat heart papillary
      muscle during development. We have previously determined that in the soleus
      muscle, microtubule number/micron2 increases to a maximum at five to nine days of
      age, after which there is an abrupt decrease to a steady level characteristic of
      the adult [2]. The numbers of microtubules/micron2 in the heart were similar to
      those in the soleus muscle at the same age. The numbers of microtubules/micron2
      increased from birth to a maximum at nine days, then decreased to a steady state.
      This decrease in microtubule number in heart muscle occurred at 9 to 11 days as
      in the soleus muscle. The distributions of microtubules are thus similar for
      cardiac and slow skeletal muscle, suggesting similar function(s) in these
      different muscle types.

PMID- 3989872
TI  - Mitochondrial respiration following acute hypoxia in the perfused rat heart.
AB  - Mitochondria isolated from tissues of hypoxic animals have increased respiratory
      capacity (State 3 respiration) when assayed in vitro at ambient oxygen tensions.
      The present study utilized the isolated perfused rat heart to determine whether
      or not this change could be produced in the absence of the neural and hormonal
      changes that accompany hypoxia in vivo. Following 10-min single pass retrograde
      perfusion with normoxic Krebs-Henseleit buffer (PO2 greater than or equal to 600
      mmHg), perfusion was continued for up to 15 min with either normoxic or hypoxic
      buffer (PO2 less than or equal to 150 mmHg). After 10 min of hypoxic perfusion
      State 3 respiration of the mitochondria from the hypoxic hearts was 13 to 15%
      higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) than that of normoxic hearts when assayed
      with either glutamate/malate or succinate as substrate but was unchanged when
      TMPD and ascorbate was the substrate. Succinate-supported State 4 respiration of
      the hypoxic mitochondria also showed a small (10%) but significant (P less than
      or equal to 0.05) increase. These changes were not abolished by preperfusing the
      heart with propranolol (10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) M) indicating that the response
      was not attributable to release of local stores of catecholamines. Respiratory
      control and ADP/O ratios as well as contents of cytochrome c and aa3 of the
      mitochondria from the hypoxic hearts were similar to those of normoxic hearts
      indicating that the mitochondria remained intact and tightly coupled. We
      concluded that the hypoxia-induced increase in mitochondrial State 3 respiration,
      while independent of neural and hormonal influences from the body requires an
      intracellular event, since they cannot be reproduced by subjecting isolated
      mitochondria to hypoxia in vitro.

PMID- 3989874
TI  - Program and abstracts of the fifth meeting of the Japanese section of the
      International Society for Heart Research. 8-9 February 1985, Tokyo.

PMID- 3989873
TI  - Transmural inhomogeneity of energy metabolism during acute global ischemia in the
      isolated rat heart: dependence on environmental conditions.
AB  - Cardiac energy metabolism is one of the earliest metabolic activities affected
      when either anoxia or ischemia are induced, as evidenced by the rapid decline of
      the tissue high-energy phosphate content of creatinephosphate (CrP) and ATP.
      Several reports deal with the spatial inhomogeneity of these changes and it is
      generally found, that the subendocardium is more sensitive to ischemia than the
      subepicardium. The metabolic transmural gradients observed during in vivo
      ischemia were attributed to both variations in wall tension and collateral flow.
      Lowe et al. recently presented evidence that in addition to these variations the
      higher vulnerability of the subendocardium to ischemia could be secondary to an
      increased metabolic rate.

PMID- 3989875
TI  - Sexual dysfunction in gay men requesting treatment.
AB  - Until recent years, homosexuality was considered to be a psychiatric disorder and
      no attention was given to treating same-sex sexually dysfunctional partners-
      either male or female. This study reports on the treatment of approximately 500
      sexually dysfunctional gay men by 10 Southern California psychotherapists over a
      five-year period. Six aspects of sexual dysfunction in gay males are explored:
      the psychotherapeutic process; characteristics of men reporting homosexual
      dysfunction; type and incidence of dysfunction; etiology of dysfunction;
      treatment and recidivism; and duration and impact of dysfunction. The literature
      in this area is also reviewed.

PMID- 3989876
TI  - Forensic and family psychiatry in abuse dwarfism: Munchausen's syndrome by proxy,
      atonement, and addiction to abuse.
AB  - The syndrome of abuse dwarfism is characterized by gross impairment of statural
      and intellectual growth and social maturation while the abused child remains in
      the domicile of abuse. The parents collude as child abusers, and are medical
      impostors regarding the symptoms of abuse. The syndrome as a whole is
      appropriately named Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. Though the mother typically
      initiates abuse, she cannot give a rational explanation for doing so. In her own
      history there is a sin that is expiated or atoned for symbolically by the
      sacrifice of the child--explainable in terms of the theory of opponent-process
      learning. In the two cases presented, the sin was the mother's own birth out of
      wedlock, in one case as a sequel to incest. The child's addiction to abuse is a
      challenge to the program of rehabilitation. With respect to parents at risk, the
      data of this paper are relevant to the prevention of a predisposition toward, or
      the actual implementation of child abuse, though a program of prevention needs
      still to be formulated. The sexological relevance of this paper is that the data
      demonstrate that the effects of sexual abuse may be transmitted to the next
      generation and manifested as child abuse which is not necessarily sexual in
      content.

PMID- 3989877
TI  - Guided imagery of female sexual assertiveness: turn on or turn off?
AB  - To test the effect of female sexual assertiveness on the subjective sexual
      arousal and emotional responses of 138 male undergraduates, subjects, randomly
      assigned by blocks, listened to audiotaped guided imagery of either a male or a
      female initiating a sexual invitation and a male or a female being assertive
      during coitus. Contrary to the claims of the "new impotence," men in the
      traditional male role experienced more disgust, fear, and anger and tended to
      experience less sexual arousal and more sadness. Whereas, men imagining women
      initiating sex and being coitally assertive experienced more surprise and
      enjoyment. These data were discussed as reflecting a new egalitarianism. More
      research is needed to distinguish between partisan claims of "new impotence" and
      "new egalitarianism."

PMID- 3989878
TI  - The use of "impotence" and "frigidity": why has "impotence" survived.
AB  - The negative connotations and decreased utility of the terms "impotence" and
      "frigidity" prompted an investigation of their use in the literature.
      Psychological Abstracts were reviewed from 1940 to 1983 for titles containing
      these terms. It was found that both impotence and frigidity titles fluctuated at
      low levels from 1940 to 1969. Frigidity titles then increased slightly, but
      dropped to zero after 1979. Impotence titles, however, have continued to increase
      at a significant rate. Classic sexual behavior and therapy works are reviewed to
      explain this discrepancy since both terms are equally inappropriate.

PMID- 3989879
TI  - A clarification to Perry.

PMID- 3989880
TI  - An analysis of peripheral neuronal survival factors present in muscle.
AB  - Extracts of bovine heart, rat heart, and rat skeletal muscle were
      chromatographically separated and the fractions tested for their ability to
      maintain the survival of dissociated sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory
      neurones. Bovine heart contained at least five, rat heart at least six, and rat
      skeletal muscle at least four active components differing in their
      physicochemical properties and their target selectivity. Bovine and rat heart
      appeared to contain at least two components in common. The differences in active
      components found in the three tissues are consistent with a complex and perhaps
      tissue-specific system regulating neuronal survival.

PMID- 3989881
TI  - Assessment of membrane permeability in primary cultures of neurons and glia in
      response to osmotic perturbation.
AB  - In primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes from rat brain, the cellular
      contents of K+ and Na+ were used to assess plasma membrane permeability in
      response to osmotic shock. In contrast to trypan blue exclusion, the measure of
      ionic content reflected both transient and permanent membrane damage, and was
      also applicable to aggregates of cells. In steady state, the neurons and glia
      exhibited a K+ to Na+ ratio of 3-5, and the mean cellular contents (mu Eq/mg
      protein) of K+ and Na+ were 0.72 and 0.17 for astrocytes and 0.78 and 0.23 for
      neurons. Both hypo- and hypertonicity resulted in marked efflux of cell K+, but
      elevation of cellular Na+ occurred only under severe hypertonic conditions.
      Relative to neurons, astrocytes displayed considerably higher resistance to
      osmotic shock. During subsequent isotonic incubation, these cells were able to
      completely recover from transient membrane damage caused by a 10-min exposure to
      fourfold hypertonicity. Permanent changes in glial permeability were obtained
      only after a 20-min hypertonic shock. In contrast, 5 min hypertonic treatment of
      neurons decreased the ratio of cellular K+ to Na+ from 4.5 to 1. This ratio was
      restored twofold by isotonic incubation, but decreased permanently to below 1
      after 10 min of hypertonic shock. The results describe marked differences in the
      osmotic fragility of neurons and glia and demonstrate that the determination of
      cellular K+ and Na+ provides a sensitive and accurate indicator of membrane
      permeability in neural cells propagated as surface-growing cultures. The approach
      has wide-ranging applicability.

PMID- 3989882
TI  - Synthesis of arachidonoyl coenzyme A and docosahexaenoyl coenzyme A in synaptic
      plasma membranes of cerebrum and microsomes of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain
      stem of rat brain.
AB  - Synthesis of arachidonoyl CoA and docosahexaenoyl CoA in homogenates and
      microsomes from cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem and in synaptic plasma
      membranes from cerebrum of control rats and rats undergoing bicuculline-induced
      status epilepticus were studied. Arachidonoyl CoA synthesis was 3-5 times higher
      than docosahexaenoyl CoA in homogenates and microsomes. The synaptic plasma
      membranes showed only 1.5- to 2.5-fold higher activity. The presence of Triton X
      100 (0.1%) in the incubation medium did not alter the activity of arachidonoyl
      CoA synthesis but did increase the synthesis of docosahexaenoyl CoA in
      homogenates, microsomes, and especially in synaptic plasma membranes. The
      synthesis of these polyenoic fatty acyl CoAs were 4-6 times higher in microsomes
      than in homogenates. Synaptic plasma membranes exhibited about the same amount of
      activity as homogenates in the synthesis of docosahexaenoyl CoA, but only half
      the activity of the latter in arachidonoyl CoA synthesis. The synthesis of
      arachidonyl CoA and docosahexaenoyl CoA in cerebral homogenates and microsomes
      was higher than that of cerebellum and brain stem. The apparent Km values for
      labeled arachidonic acid (17 microM) and docosahexaenoic acid (12 microM) in
      synaptic plasma membranes were lower than the values for microsomes isolated from
      different brain regions. The Vmax values were also 4-10 times lower. Microsomes
      from different regions did not differ in their apparent Km values, but did show
      variations in apparent Vmax values. Cerebellar microsomes showed lower Vmax
      values than the other two regions. The presence of Triton X-100 caused a
      significant decrease in the apparent Km values with little change in the Vmax
      values. Bicuculline-induced seizures did not alter the kinetic properties of
      arachidonoyl CoA and docosahexaenoyl CoA synthesis, except there was a
      significant decrease in the apparent Km and Vmax values for cerebellar microsomal
      docosahexaenoyl CoA synthesis. In conclusion, there were marked differences in
      the activation of polyenoic fatty acids in different parts of the brain and in
      subcellular fractions. Although bicuculline-induced convulsions accumulate free
      polyenoic fatty acids in the brain, no changes were detected when the fatty
      activation was assayed with exogenous cofactors, except in cerebellum.

PMID- 3989883
TI  - Taurine deficiency in the developing cat: persistence of the cerebellar external
      granule cell layer.
AB  - Dietary taurine deprivation adversely affects feline pregnancy and is associated
      with the frequent occurrence of fetal resorption, abortion, stillbirth, and low
      birthweight of live kittens at term. Taurine-deprived, live-born kittens have a
      poor postnatal survival rate and grow less well than kittens from taurine
      supplemented queens. The postnatal dietary taurine intake of such kittens is
      reduced if they are nursed by their biologic mothers; the concentration of
      taurine in milk of taurine-deprived mothers is less than 10% of that in milk from
      taurine-supplemented queens. Surviving kittens from taurine-deprived mothers
      exhibit a constellation of neurological abnormalities (abnormal hind leg
      development, a peculiar gait characterized by excessive abduction and paresis,
      and thoracic kyphosis readily visible by X-ray). These findings suggest the
      presence of a developmental cerebellar deficit. Histological examination of the
      pre- and postnatally taurine-deprived kitten's cerebellum reveals a persistence
      of the external granule cell layer, which was confirmed by electron-microscopic
      examination. Numerous mitotic figures are present in the cells in the external
      granule cell layer of the cerebellum of kittens born from the nursed by taurine
      deprived queens, but not in those from taurine-supplemented mothers. These
      findings suggest a maturational delay.

PMID- 3989884
TI  - Alterations in muscarinic cholinergic receptor densities induced by thiamine
      deficiency: autoradiographic detection of changes in high- and low-affinity
      agonist binding.
AB  - Animals fed a diet deficient in thiamine or treated with a drug preventing the
      utilization of thiamine (thiamine antagonist) exhibited alterations in ligand
      binding to muscarinic receptors in several brain regions. Using quantitative
      techniques of receptor autoradiography, an increase in muscarinic receptor
      binding was demonstrated in such regions as the corpus callosum, lamina VI of the
      parietal cortex, caudate-putamen, ventral nucleus of the thalamus, stratum
      lacunosum moleculare and stratum oriens of the hippocampus, and the hilus of the
      area dentata. As a result of thiamine deficiency, this increase in muscarinic
      receptor populations was primarily due to an increase in the binding of the low
      affinity agonist site. In the same experiment, a decrease in muscarinic receptor
      binding was found in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus. Thiamine
      deficiency thus causes an up-regulation of muscarinic receptor binding in several
      regions of rat brain while causing a down-regulation of these same receptors in
      other brain areas.

PMID- 3989885
TI  - Haptoglobin therapy for possible prevention of renal failure following thermal
      injury: a clinical study.
AB  - Hemolysis does not necessarily result in acute renal failure in severely burned
      patients, but free serum hemoglobin may play some important role in the
      development of renal damage. This controlled study of the effects of haptoglobin
      administration in severely burned patients presenting with hemoglobinuria
      produced the following results: As long as free hemoglobin was present in the
      plasma, free serum haptoglobin remained undetectable. Free serum hemoglobin
      dropped rapidly after haptoglobin treatment, whereas the free serum hemoglobin
      levels in control patients remained unchanged for at least 12 hours. The time
      required for macroscopic hemoglobinuria to clear showed a statistically
      significant difference between the haptoglobin-treated patients and the control
      patients. Some patients among the haptoglobin-treated group had prolonged
      hemolysis and hemoglobinuria which might have cleared with additional doses of
      haptoglobin.

PMID- 3989886
TI  - Pulmonary trapping of platelets and fibrin after musculoskeletal trauma: an
      experimental model.
AB  - A new experimental model is described in which pulmonary changes identical with
      the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be induced by reproducible
      musculoskeletal trauma in anesthetized pigs. The pigs were studied in maintained
      anesthesia for 3 days after the trauma under standardized conditions. The
      intrapulmonary aggregation of platelets and fibrin was monitored by external
      detection of radioactivity arising from pretrauma intravenous injection of 51Cr
      labeled platelets and 125I-labeled fibrinogen. Pulmonary trapping of platelets
      and fibrin was significantly greater in the traumatized pigs than in
      nontraumatized but otherwise identically handled controls. Radiologic and
      morphologic changes corresponding to ARDS developed in the traumatized animals,
      but not in the controls. The experimental model offers new possibilities for
      study of factors influencing the occurrence and development of ARDS. After
      further experimental evaluation, the procedure for registering pulmonary
      microembolism by external detection may be useful in the clinical management of
      ARDS.

PMID- 3989887
TI  - The clinical consequences of an industrial aerosol plant explosion.
AB  - The factors relating to the clinical outcome of an industrial aerosol plant
      explosion are reviewed. Eighteen of 24 workers inside the plant required
      hospitalization and five died. Proximity to the blast was associated with
      extensive injuries unless workers were shielded by physical barriers or
      partitions. Burn severity and mortality were increased in those wearing synthetic
      garments compared to their counterparts wearing fiber clothing. Facial burns
      occurred in all unprotected workers. Forearm and hand burns in 11 patients
      required decompressive escharotomies. Topical treatment with silver sulfadiazine
      was associated with more significant leukopenia and neutropenia than treatment
      with silver nitrate. We conclude that industrial design should include safeguards
      which isolate workers from flammable materials, including isolation of explosive
      materials from working areas, alarm systems to detect leakage of flammable
      agents, protective barriers and shields, and the regulation and institution of
      flame and flash-resistant clothing.

PMID- 3989888
TI  - The role of physiologic monitoring in patients with fractures of the hip.
AB  - Mortality rates for elderly patients with hip fractures have been reported to be
      as high as 37%. This study evaluated 70 patients of whom 35 were evaluated
      preoperatively by conventional diagnostic means, and 35 in whom hemodynamic,
      respiratory, and metabolic status was assessed using a Swan-Ganz balloon-tipped
      catheter. The derived variables were then calculated by a minicomputer and
      automatically plotted on a printed graphic display in a bar graph format. This
      diagnostic modality permitted appreciation of occult physiologic aberrations not
      detected by conventional methods, enabling correction of these abnormalities
      preoperatively and postoperatively. The study demonstrated a mortality rate of
      2.9% in the monitored group compared to a 29% mortality in the nonmonitored
      group. The intrinsic assumption that patients should undergo surgery within 24
      hours (3) was also modified. The appropriate time for surgery should be
      accurately determined and chosen on the basis of optimal physiologic balance.

PMID- 3989889
TI  - Fractures of the capitellum.
AB  - Forty intact cadaver elbows were studied to determine the contribution of the
      capitellum to elbow stability. With the elbow at 10 degrees of flexion, valgus
      motion of the elbow after capitellum excision demonstrated a minimal increase.
      Although some increase in valgus motion did occur after capitellum excision and
      radial head resection it was not until the ulnar collateral ligament was released
      that a severe valgus deformity was produced. In addition, isolated capitellum
      excisions occurring with release of the medial collateral ligament produced
      severe valgus motion, demonstrating the importance of medial structures to elbow
      stability. The cadaver study suggests excision of the capitellum in the otherwise
      intact elbow has little effect on valgus motion. Over the past 15 years, 17
      patients with fractures of the capitellum were treated. Followup at greater than
      1 year utilizing various treatment modalities is reported. Although closed
      reduction gave the best result, acceptable results were also obtained by open
      reduction and internal fixation and excision. Our clinical findings corroborated
      the cadaver findings in that valgus instability of the elbow only occurred when
      fracture of the capitellum was associated with medial ligament injuries.

PMID- 3989890
TI  - Pericardial complications in hepatic trauma.
AB  - During a 5-year period, 35 of 70 patients with liver trauma required entry of the
      thoracic cavity, with nine deaths. Pericardial complications developed in four of
      the nine survivors who had both thoracic and abdominal incisions. Two patients
      resolved their problems (postpericardiotomy syndrome, late pericarditis) with
      medical therapy. One patient required emergency thoracotomy for pericardial
      tamponade, and one patient developed constrictive pericarditis that required
      pericardiectomy. Available data support closure of the pericardium after
      pericardiotomy. Thoracic extension of abdominal incisions is often necessary.
      Pericardial complications may occur with hepatic trauma in the early or late
      postoperative periods and are potentially fatal.

PMID- 3989891
TI  - The biomechanics of helmets and helmet removal.
AB  - To better understand motion in the cervical spine related to helmet wearing and
      removal, normal volunteers underwent videotaped fluoroscopy during helmet removal
      and lateral spine X-rays in various positions. There was a tendency towards
      increased flexion in the supine position in the helmeted volunteers which
      disappeared with minimal traction. In forced hyperextension, the posterior lip of
      the helmet did not guillotine the cervical spine. There was no significant
      difference in cervical spine motion between a one-person and two-person technique
      of helmet removal, and in both techniques, a minimum amount of flexion occurred
      in clearing the occiput.

PMID- 3989892
TI  - A system of alias assignment for unidentified patients requiring emergency
      hospital admission.
AB  - Many patients are admitted to emergency facilities without positive
      identification. In the past, these patients were usually assigned a temporary
      alias name (i.e., John Doe, Jane Doe) which was then changed after positive
      identification. We have discerned several problems with this procedure and have
      subsequently developed a coordinated system of alias identification in our
      hospital. This system allows for: a large pool of distinct alias identities, pre
      assignment of hospital numbers to unidentified patients before arrival, and a
      smooth administrative transition as records are changed from the alias to the
      true identity.

PMID- 3989893
TI  - Long-term patency of venous repairs demonstrated by venography.
AB  - Indications for venous reconstruction after traumatic injury are controversial,
      partly because of uncertainty of continued patency. We found no reports in the
      literature of truly long-term results after venous reconstruction. For
      clarification of this issue, we reviewed femoral venous injuries in a civilian
      metropolital population over a 20-year period. There were 31 patients with
      penetrating femoral venous injuries. Twenty-four patients underwent
      reconstruction. A search for these patients years after reconstruction located
      only five patients with six reconstructions. Followup venography at 6 to 20 years
      demonstrated venous patency and functional valves with asymptomatic patients and
      no clinical evidence of venous insufficiency in all cases excluding a single 1962
      repair with a Teflon graft. This study then supports reconstruction rather than
      ligation after venous trauma. Although small, this series appears to be the only
      known report of truly long-term results following venous reconstruction.

PMID- 3989894
TI  - Thoracic wounds in Israeli battle casualties during the 1982 evacuation of
      wounded from Lebanon.
AB  - During the first 3 weeks of the operation "Peace for Galilee" (O.P.G.) 938
      wounded soldiers were evacuated from Lebanon to the Rambam Medical Center in
      Haifa, Israel. Of these, 64 (6.8%) had chest wounds with or without other wounds.
      The characteristics of these wounds, the treatment given in the field and at the
      hospital and their results, are examined and a review of the literature of chest
      war wounds are summarized. A rapid and efficient in-field medical aid was the
      most important contributing factor to the low mortality and morbidity rates
      achieved. As far as we know, this is the first time computerized tomography was
      used in the diagnosis of war wounds of the chest.

PMID- 3989895
TI  - Arthroscopic assisted internal fixation of certain fractures about the knee.
AB  - A technique is presented by which single-fragment, major intra-articular
      fractures about the knee can be reduced anatomically under arthroscopic control
      and internally fixed with percutaneously placed cancellous screws. A displaced
      intra-articular fracture of the femoral condyle and a tibial plateau fracture
      were treated utilizing this technique. Both patients obtained excellent results
      with rapid return of function of the injured limb.

PMID- 3989897
TI  - Echocardiographic findings of a tumor-like dysplasia of the aortic valve in an
      infant.

PMID- 3989896
TI  - Pathologic rupture of the spleen due to Salmonella dublin infection.
AB  - A case of Salmonella dublin infection presenting as pathologic rupture of the
      spleen is reported. Because the incidence of salmonellosis is increasing, the
      importance of operative and tissue cultures in cases with subcapsular splenic
      hemorrhage and splenic rupture is stressed. Cephalosporins will be ineffective in
      salmonellosis, which should be treated with chloramphenicol, ampicillin, or
      sulfamethoxizole-trimethoprim.

PMID- 3989898
TI  - Milk fever and calcium metabolism.

PMID- 3989899
TI  - Effect of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in sheep.
AB  - The effect of probenecid given by intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and
      subcutaneous (s.c.) injection on the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime was studied
      in six Merino ewes. When given intravenously, probenecid increased significantly
      (P less than 0.05) the plasma half-life of cefotaxime three-fold (to 0.94 +/-
      0.32 h) and the area under the curve (AUC) approximately two-fold (to 41.1 +/-
      16.8 micrograms.h/ml), and decreased plasma cefotaxime clearance (ClB) 45% (to
      0.648 +/- 0.191 l/h/kg). When given with probenecid intravenously, renal
      clearance (ClR), volume of the central compartment (VC), volume of distribution
      steady state (Vd(ss], and the amount excreted in urine unchanged did not alter
      significantly. When given by i.m. injection, probenecid and cefotaxime were well
      tolerated and cefotaxime was well absorbed (101 +/- 45%). When given by s.c.
      injection, only 40 +/- 25% cefotaxime was absorbed. When given intramuscularly or
      subcutaneously, probenecid appeared to reduce the ClB and ClR of cefotaxime,
      probably because plasma probenecid concentrations are prolonged. Probenecid did
      not appear to affect the distribution of cefotaxime.

PMID- 3989901
TI  - Treatment of Moraxella bovis infections in calves using a long-acting
      oxytetracycline formulation.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of an oxytetracycline HCl
      formulation for the prophylaxis and treatment of chronic Moraxella bovis ocular
      infections in calves. Two separate experiments were performed. For the first,
      calves were separated into two groups and the eyes were infected with M. bovis.
      The eyes of these calves were observed and cultured for 37 consecutive days. On
      the 37th and 40th day, each of the five calves were treated intramuscularly with
      the drug (20 mg/kg of body weight). The other five calves (second group) remained
      untreated as controls. The cultures from the five treated calves were negative
      after the first antibiotic administration and remained so for 14 days. M. bovis
      was isolated from each eye of the control calves at least once during that time.
      None of the antibiotic-treated calves was completely resistant when reinfected
      with M. bovis. For the second experiment, calves were given a prophylactic
      administration of the formulation and were then infected with M. bovis 48 (n = 4
      calves) or 72 (n = 4 calves) h later. These treatments resulted in a lower
      incidence of keratoconjunctivitis and a decreased duration of bacterial shedding,
      as compared to controls (n = 8 calves), but did not completely prevent the
      occurrence of disease or the establishment of ocular infections.

PMID- 3989900
TI  - Distribution of oxytetracycline into ocular tissues and tears of calves.
AB  - A long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was administered (20 mg/kg of body
      weight) intramuscularly to calves, and the concentrations of the drug in serum,
      ocular tissues and tears were measured. The drug was distributed selectively to
      the epithelium of the conjunctiva and to the lacrimal gland ductules, and reached
      concentrations in each tissue that exceeded those in serum. The drug did not
      penetrate into the aqueous humour, and produced mean peak lacrimal fluid
      concentrations less than 1 microgram/ml after i.m. administration. When given
      subconjunctivally, however, concentrations greater than 2.0 micrograms/ml were
      observed in tears for 72 h. Severe local reactions occurred in all calves that
      were given the drug subconjunctivally.

PMID- 3989902
TI  - An increase in metabolic acidosis induced by chloralose anaesthesia in dogs after
      sino-vagal denervation.
AB  - Chloralose anaesthesia in dogs increased the H+ ion concentration significantly
      from its reference values. The findings favoured that it was most probably
      engendered through anaesthetic depression of neural centre regulating H+ ion
      concentration of blood. Such increase was largely contributed by a significant
      increase in its metabolic fraction. A further increase of metabolic fraction
      after separate and joint section of carotid sinus nerves and vagi indicated their
      holding effect. The section of carotid sinus nerve induced greater increase in
      this fraction than that of vagi. It indicated differences between the two nerves
      in their metabolic fraction controlling influence. Hyperpnoea after vagi section
      decreased the carbonic acid fraction, whereas marginally reduced ventilation
      after carotid sinus nerve section increased the carbonic acid fraction. Moreover,
      the overall changes in H+ ion concentration followed the changes in carbonic acid
      fraction. The present study suggested that the depressive effect of chloralose
      anaesthesia on H+ ion controlling neural mechanism could be largely determined by
      degree of increase in its metabolic fraction.

PMID- 3989903
TI  - Pharmacokinetic studies of theophylline in horses.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of theophylline were determined in Standardbred trotters
      after single intravenous and oral administration. A bi-exponential equation was
      fitted to the intravenous data and a tri-exponential equation to the oral data.
      The biological half-life of theophylline was found to be 14.8 h, the volume of
      distribution 1.02 l/kg and the total plasma clearance 0.86 ml/kg/min. The oral
      absorption of the drug was complete (bioavailability 108%) and rapid (absorption
      half-life 0.4 h).

PMID- 3989904
TI  - The pharmacokinetic behaviour of chloramphenicol in liver-damaged mini-pigs.
AB  - Using mini-pigs with an indwelling vascular catheter, the pharmacokinetics of
      chloramphenicol were investigated in healthy and liver-damaged animals. The liver
      damage was induced by thioacetamide and its degree was estimated by measuring the
      level of bile acids in serum. Employing a two-compartment open model for
      analysing the time-dependent course of the chloramphenicol concentration in
      serum, it was shown that in liver-damaged animals the elimination half-time was
      almost doubled as a result of reduced total body clearance. The consequences of
      liver damage for withdrawal times and dosage schedules are discussed.

PMID- 3989905
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of apramycin in calves.
AB  - The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of apramycin, a unique aminocyclitol
      antibiotic, were compared with the MIC of dihydrostreptomycin and neomycin for
      323 Salmonella, 178 Escherichia coli and twenty-six Pasteurella multocida
      isolates recovered from newborn calves. Apramycin exhibited better in vitro anti
      bacterial activity than dihydrostreptomycin and neomycin; isolates of Salmonella
      group B and E. coli resistant to the latter were sensitive to apramycin. The two
      compartment open model was appropriate for the analysis of serum apramycin
      concentrations measured after intravenous (i.v.) administration. The distribution
      half-life (t 1/2 alpha) of the drug was 28 min, the elimination half-life (t 1/2
      beta) was 4.4 h, and the apparent volume of distribution (V1) and the
      distribution volume at steady state (Vdss) were 0.34 and 0.71 l/kg, respectively.
      The drug was quickly and completely absorbed after intramuscular (i.m.)
      injection; peak serum drug concentrations were directly related to the dose
      administered, they were obtained 1-2 h after treatment and the i.m. t 1/2 beta
      was 5 h. There was no evidence of drug accumulation in the serum after three
      daily i.m. injections at 20 mg/kg. More than 95% of the i.v. and i.m. doses were
      recovered in the urine within 96 h post-treatment but the cumulative percentage
      of drug recovery in the urine after oral treatment was 11%. The durations of free
      drug concentrations in the tissues after i.v. and i.m. injection were estimated
      from the serum drug level data, percent of serum protein binding, Vdss, t 1/2
      beta, and the MIC. Computations showed that apramycin should be administered i.m.
      at 20 mg/kg every 24 h in order to maintain in tissues potentially effective drug
      concentrations sufficient to inhibit 50% of the Salmonella, E. coli, and P.
      multocida isolates, and at 12-h intervals to inhibit 90% of the isolates.

PMID- 3989906
TI  - Locations of bacteriophage T4 origins of replication.
AB  - Partially replicated bacteriophage T4 DNA containing cytosine was isolated from
      cells 6.5 and 7 min after infection and cleaved with restriction endonuclease
      BglII or BamHI. Positions of replication eyes relative to the cleavage sites were
      observed by electron microscopy. Four groups of eyes were found. They are
      consistent with replication from origins located at map positions 34, 60, 73, and
      86 kilobases. In individual molecules that contained two or three eyes, the
      distribution of the eyes agreed with the initiation of replication at more than
      one of these four assigned origins and possibly at two additional origins located
      near 15 and 110 kilobases, which were reported by P. M. Macdonald, R. M. Seaby,
      W. Brown, and G. Mosig (p. 111-116, in D. Schlessinger, ed., Microbiology--1983,
      1983) and M. E. Halpern, T. Mattson, and A. W. Kozinski (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
      U.S.A. 76:6137-6141, 1979).

PMID- 3989908
TI  - BHK cells expressing Sindbis virus-induced homologous interference allow the
      translation of nonstructural genes of superinfecting virus.
AB  - The process by which Sindbis virus excludes superinfecting homologous virus was
      investigated with the use of temperature-sensitive mutants. Mutants in two RNA
      negative complementation groups were found to be defective in their ability to
      establish interference at the nonpermissive temperature. These mutants were
      unable to establish interference in a mixed infection (complementation),
      suggesting that both were defective in a common gene product. Homologous
      interference was found to block the replication of superinfecting virus after
      attachment, penetration, and translation of the nonstructural genes encoded in
      the virus RNA. The production of nonstructural gene products of superinfecting
      wild-type virus was found to enhance the replication of certain RNA- temperature
      sensitive interfering viruses at the permissive and the nonpermissive
      temperature. The ability of certain RNA- mutants to establish homologous
      interference and to demonstrate enhanced growth after superinfection with wild
      type virus was interpreted to produce a model implicating both virus and host
      components in the establishment of homologous interference and in the replication
      of Sindbis virus RNA.

PMID- 3989907
TI  - Purification and properties of African swine fever virus.
AB  - We describe a method for African swine fever (ASF) virus purification based on
      equilibrium centrifugation in Percoll density gradients of extracellular virions
      produced in infected VERO cells that yielded about 15 +/- 9% recovery of the
      starting infectious virus particles. The purified virus preparations were
      essentially free of a host membrane fraction (vesicles) that could not be
      separated from the virus by previously described purification methods. The
      purified virus sedimented as a single component in sucrose velocity gradients
      with a sedimentation coefficient of 3,500 +/- 300S, showed a DNA-protein ratio of
      0.18 +/- 0.02 and a specific infectivity of 2.7 X 10(7) PFU/micrograms of
      protein, and remained fully infectious after storage at -70 degrees C for at
      least 7 months. The relative molecular weights of the 34 polypeptides detected in
      purified virus particles ranged from 10,000 to 150,000. Some of these proteins
      were probably cellular components that might account for the reactivity of
      purified virus with antiserum against VERO cells.

PMID- 3989910
TI  - A 1.6-kilobase-pair fragment in the genome of the ts1 mutant of Moloney murine
      leukemia virus TB that is associated with temperature sensitivity, nonprocessing
      of Pr80env, and paralytogenesis.
AB  - ts1 and ts7, two temperature-sensitive mutants of Moloney murine leukemia virus
      strain TB induce hind-limb paralysis in 100% of CFW/D mice injected. These two
      paralytogenic mutants also share a defect in their inability to process the env
      precursor protein, Pr80env, at the restrictive temperature. To identify the
      mutation(s) in the genomes of the paralytogenic mutants which cause the inability
      to process Pr80env efficiently and confer the ability to cause hind-limb
      paralysis instead of lymphoma, we constructed chimeric genomes between ts1 and
      Moloney murine leukemia virus or the TB strain of the virus. We identified a 3.9
      kilobase-pair HindIII-PstI sequence from nucleotides 4895 through 8264 and 1
      through 567 of ts1, comprising the 3' end of the pol and all of the env genes,
      the long terminal repeat, and the 5' noncoding sequence, as being responsible for
      the temperature sensitivity, the inefficiency in processing Pr80env, and the
      induction of paralysis. We extended these findings by demonstrating that the 1.6
      kilobase-pair pol-gp70 HindIII-BamHI DNA sequence from nucleotides 4895 through
      6537 of ts1 within the 3.9-kilobase-pair HindIII-PstI fragment is necessary for
      ts1 to induce paralysis. In addition, we showed that this 1.6-kilobase-pair
      fragment also controls the processing of Pr80env and the temperature sensitivity
      of ts1.

PMID- 3989909
TI  - Immortalization of rat embryo fibroblasts by an adenovirus 2 mutant expressing a
      single functional E1a protein.
AB  - Expression of the adenovirus E1a and E1b genes is required for transformation of
      nonpermissive rodent cells. Differential splicing of the E1a precursor RNA
      molecules results in the production of two early mRNAs, 13S and 12S, which encode
      a 289-amino-acid-residue (289R) and 243R protein, respectively. Previously we
      constructed a mutant virus, dl231, which can only produce normal 289R protein
      from the E1a gene. In this report we demonstrate that dl231 induced focal
      transformation of primary rat embryo fibroblasts at 20% of the level of wild-type
      virus. dl231 transformants were immortalized and produced normal levels of E1a
      13S and E1b mRNAs but only minute levels of defective E1a 12S mRNA. These
      transformants only minimally expressed the transformation phenotype and were
      similar to untransformed cells. Unlike wild-type transformants, they had a more
      fibroblastic morphology, were contact inhibited, grew to only low saturation
      density, and were limited in their ability to grow in an anchorage-independent
      manner in soft agar. We conclude that the 289R E1a protein can mediate
      immortalization of primary cells and that the 243R E1a protein is required to
      elicit the full transformation phenotype.

PMID- 3989911
TI  - Organization of early region 1B of human adenovirus type 2: identification of
      four differentially spliced mRNAs.
AB  - The mRNAs from early region 1B of adenovirus type 2 have been studied by Northern
      blot, S1 nuclease, and cDNA analysis. Two novel mRNAs, designated 14S and 14.5S,
      have been observed in addition to the previously identified 9S, 13S, and 22S
      mRNAs. They are 1.26 and 1.31 kilobases long and differ from the 13S and 22S
      mRNAs in being composed of three exons instead of two. Their two terminal exons
      are the same as those present in the 13S mRNA, whereas the middle exon is unique
      to each of the two novel mRNA species. The structures of the 14S and 14.5S mRNAs
      allow the prediction of their coding capacities: both mRNA species, like the 22S
      and 13S mRNAs, contain an uninterrupted translational reading frame encoding a
      21,000-molecular-weight (21K) polypeptide. The 14S mRNA can, in addition, encode
      a 16.5K polypeptide which shares N-terminal and C-terminal sequences with the 55K
      polypeptide, known to be encoded by the 22S mRNA. The 14.5S mRNA species encodes
      a hypothetical 9.2K polypeptide which has the same N terminus as the 55K
      polypeptide but a unique C terminus. The two mRNAs differ in their kinetics of
      appearance; the 14.5S mRNA is preferentially expressed late after infection in
      contrast to the 14S mRNA, which is present in approximately equal amounts early
      and late after infection. Taken together with previously published information
      the results suggest that early region 1B of adenovirus type 2 encodes five
      proteins in addition to virion polypeptide IX. These have predicted molecular
      weights of 55,000, 21,000, 16,500, 9,200, and 8,100.

PMID- 3989912
TI  - Varying the position of a retrovirus packaging sequence results in the
      encapsidation of both unspliced and spliced RNAs.
AB  - By using a retroviral construct derived from Moloney murine leukemia virus and
      capable of expressing the dominant selectable neo gene, we measured the effects
      of moving or deleting a sequence (psi) known to be required in cis for the
      packaging of genomic RNA into virus particles. When psi was at its wild-type
      position (in SVX virus) near the 5' end of the RNA, the titer of infectious virus
      production was 5 X 10(6) G-418-resistant CFU per ml. The titer was decreased
      approximately fivefold when psi was moved, in its proper orientation, to near the
      3' end of the virus (SVX-psi C) and was decreased approximately 600-fold when psi
      was moved, in its proper orientation, into the U3 region of the long terminal
      repeat. When psi was deleted (SVX-psi-) or inserted in the opposite orientation
      at either of these two positions, the titer was decreased by 3000-fold relative
      to SVX. In SVX-psi C, psi was no longer in the intron (as it is in SVX and
      Moloney murine leukemia virus) but was moved to a region which is only exonic.
      This resulted in the encapsidation of both spliced and unspliced RNAs, their
      efficient reverse transcription, and their integration into the genome of an
      infected cell. A number of proviruses resulting from integration of either
      spliced or unspliced RNAs were cloned. Four of these clones were subjected to
      sequence analysis in the region of the splice sites, and it was determined which
      sites are used by these viruses and also which are used by Moloney murine
      leukemia virus.

PMID- 3989914
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene of canine parvovirus.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the canine parvovirus (CPV2) from map units 33 to 95
      has been determined. This includes the entire coat protein gene and noncoding
      sequences at the 3' end of the gene, exclusive of the terminal inverted repeat.
      The predicted capsid protein structures are discussed and compared with those of
      the rodent parvoviruses H-1 and MVM.

PMID- 3989913
TI  - Retrovirus D/New England and its relation to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.
AB  - Seventeen isolates of retrovirus D/New England have been obtained from three
      species of macaques at the New England Regional Primate Research Center. Seven of
      the isolates were obtained from macaques who subsequently died with the macaque
      immunodeficiency syndrome; other isolates were obtained from macaques with less
      severe or other forms of illness. Attempts to isolate type D retrovirus from
      peripheral lymphocytes of 97 apparently healthy macaques have not been
      successful. Cloned DNA was prepared from Hirt supernatants of cells infected with
      one of these isolates (D/New England 398). By restriction endonuclease analysis,
      cloned pD398 DNA represented full-length viral DNA with one long terminal repeat.
      A detailed restriction endonuclease map of pD398 was derived and compared with a
      map of the cloned Mason-Pfizer monkey virus genome. Forty-six percent (13 of 28)
      of restriction endonuclease sites were found to be conserved when these related
      viruses were compared. Five of the D/New England isolates, including those from
      three different macaque species, were examined for strain variability by
      restriction endonuclease typing. Comparison of over 30 restriction endonuclease
      sites has not distinguished any of these D/New England isolates. It thus appears
      that a single strain of type D retrovirus is infecting three different species of
      macaques in the New England colony. Markedly reduced cross-hybridization was
      observed between cloned pD398 and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus DNAs at high
      stringency; this reduced cross-hybridization was localized to the pol-env regions
      of the genome. Only very weak hybridization of D/New England DNA to cloned
      squirrel monkey type D retrovirus DNA could be detected even at low-stringency
      conditions. What role type D retrovirus plays in the immunodeficiency syndrome of
      macaques remains to be determined.

PMID- 3989915
TI  - Effective renal plasma flow: clinical significance after spinal cord injury.
AB  - We conducted a study to determine if effective renal plasma flow routinely
      measured by hippurate clearance during a comprehensive renal scintillation
      procedure is a relevant measure for assessing renal function in spinal cord
      injury patients. All subjects had spinal cord injury and had had contemporaneous
      comprehensive renal scintillation procedures and excretory urograms on 2
      occasions 24 months or less apart. Each of the 469 kidneys was placed into 1 of 5
      quintiles on the basis of its effective renal plasma flow at the first
      examination. The percentage of the kidneys that had clinically significant
      pyelocaliectasis or in which the pyelocaliectasis significantly worsened was 20.4
      per cent in the lowest (first) quintile and 9.3, 2.2, 5.4 and 3.2 per cent in the
      second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles, respectively. Analogous data for
      ureterectasis were 16.1, 8.2, 2.2, 3.3 and 3.2 per cent. There was a significant
      (p less than 0.01) correlation between effective renal plasma flow and renal
      parenchymal thickness. Kidneys with renal calculi averaged effective renal plasma
      flows about 25 per cent lower than those of kidneys free of calculi. We conclude
      that effective renal plasma flow is a relevant measure for assessing renal
      function in spinal cord injury patients.

PMID- 3989916
TI  - Cloacal exstrophy: a 22-year experience.
AB  - Our 22-year experience in the management of 12 patients with cloacal exstrophy is
      discussed. All patients underwent functional bladder closure. Of 7 evaluable
      patients 3 (43 per cent) have continent intervals of 3 to 4 hours and constitute
      the first report of satisfactory urinary continence following functional bladder
      closure in patients with cloacal exstrophy. Of 8 patients with an XY karyotype 6
      were raised as girls with satisfactory genitoplasty, while 2 raised as boys had
      functionally inadequate external genitalia. The management of the rudimentary
      hindgut varied and the alternative approaches are discussed. It appears that this
      patient population can be rehabilitated to lead productive lives.

PMID- 3989917
TI  - Monitoring intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment of bladder carcinoma
      with flow cytometry.
AB  - Flow cytometry of bladder irrigation specimens was studied in 22 patients with
      low stage bladder carcinoma who were treated by transurethral resection of
      visible tumor followed in 3 to 5 weeks by a course of intravesical bacillus
      Calmette-Guerin. The most informative examinations were just before the first
      bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment, 6 weeks after completing a 6-week course of
      treatment (3 months) and at 9 months. Of the patients 10 had recurrent tumors
      after therapy; recurrence was anticipated correctly by flow cytometry at the 12
      week followup examination in 6 of the 10 patients and suspected in another. Of 12
      patients who remained clinically free of disease for a minimum of 15 months after
      bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy flow cytometry identified correctly 7 at 12
      weeks, while 1 had a partial response and the remaining 4 reverted to a negative
      status at 9 months. Of interest, only 4 of the 22 patients were free of disease
      by flow cytometry at the start of bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment despite
      attempted ablation of the tumor by transurethral resection, suggesting that
      intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin destroys existing
      carcinoma in situ in some cases.

PMID- 3989918
TI  - Excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion after radical cystectomy.
AB  - Perioperative plasma antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) levels were determined in
      8 patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Marked elevations of antidiuretic
      hormone were noted immediately postoperatively in all patients and these levels
      persisted for 48 hours. Plasma antidiuretic hormone was elevated beyond the
      physiological levels needed for maintenance of intravascular volume and
      osmolarity. Excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion is common after radical
      cystectomy and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      postoperative oliguria in these patients.

PMID- 3989919
TI  - Venous leakage: surgical treatment of a curable cause of impotence.
AB  - While the arterial aspects of erectile impotence recently have received
      considerable attention, the venous component of normal and impaired erection has
      been ignored. In this study venous leakage was demonstrated by inducing passive
      erections using a controlled perfusion of the corpora cavernosa with continuous
      pressure monitoring. In 20 patients with impaired erectile activity under a
      standardized flow (80 to 120 ml. per minute) no rigid erections were obtained and
      the perfused liquid was demonstrated to escape through the deep dorsal vein of
      the penis. After ligation of this vein the erections improved sufficiently to
      allow satisfactory intercourse in 16 of the 20 patients. The 4 failures had
      serious arterial lesions. In patients with organic impotence the venous
      pathological condition should be assessed routinely, since it represents an
      easily correctable anomaly if arterial inflow is not severely impaired.

PMID- 3989920
TI  - Preoperative manual detorsion of the torsed spermatic cord.
AB  - During a 10-year period 35 of 104 patients with torsion of the spermatic cord had
      preoperative manual detorsion. The detorsion was performed at the initial
      physical examination, most commonly without analgesia or sedation. In 34
      evaluable patients all of the testes were salvaged without any evidence of
      atrophy. One patient whose testis appeared viable at operation was not available
      for followup. Recurrence was prevented by subsequent orchiopexy. The elapsed time
      between urological consultation and surgery ranged from 1 hour 40 minutes to 2
      months. Six patients underwent an elective operation. Torsion did not recur
      between the time of manual detorsion and orchiopexy. Preoperative manual
      detorsion should be attempted at the initial physical examination because, if
      successful, the relief of testicular ischemia converts an acute urological
      emergency into an urgent or elective surgical procedure. More important, 100 per
      cent of the testes are salvaged.

PMID- 3989921
TI  - Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: significance of staging transurethral
      resection.
AB  - We compared the results of staging by a second circumferential transurethral
      resection and/or transperineal needle biopsy in 42 patients with stage A
      prostatic adenocarcinoma on initial transurethral resection (defined as tumor of
      low grade, Gleason sum 2 to 4, and low volume, less than 5 per cent of the
      specimen or less than 3 foci). Transurethral resection only was done in 16
      patients, transperineal needle biopsy only in 2 and both procedures in 24. In the
      24 patients who underwent both procedures residual carcinoma was identified by
      transurethral resection in 6 and confirmed by transperineal needle biopsy in only
      1. Thirty-two patients (76 per cent) had no residual carcinoma. Of the 10
      patients (24 per cent) with residual carcinoma 5 underwent radical prostatectomy
      with pelvic lymphadenectomy, 1 had interstitial irradiation with pelvic
      lymphadenectomy and 1 had pelvic lymphadenectomy only. No lymphatic metastases
      were detected; persistent carcinoma confined to the prostate was noted in all 5
      patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy and 3 of these tumors were
      upstaged because of higher grade and/or volume. We conclude that residual
      carcinoma cannot be assessed accurately with transperineal needle biopsy, whereas
      transurethral resection staging enabled us to define a substantial number of our
      patients (24 per cent) with persistent disease. Importantly, upstaging by either
      low volume/high grade or high volume carcinoma was identified in 3 patients at
      the time of radical prostatectomy. However, the true stage and prognosis of those
      patients with persistent low volume and low grade prostatic carcinoma remain to
      be determined.

PMID- 3989922
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma in childhood and adolescence: a clinical and pathological
      study of 17 cases.
AB  - From 1955 through 1984, 17 patients aged 17 years or younger were treated or seen
      in consultation for renal cell carcinoma at the Children's Hospital and Dana
      Farber Cancer Institute. There were 11 girls and 6 boys, with an average age at
      diagnosis of 11 years (range 4 to 17 years). Gross hematuria and abdominal or
      flank pain were the most common presenting complaints, and in 5 cases there was a
      history of antecedent trauma. The tumors ranged in size from 2 to 15 cm. (average
      diameter 7.5 cm.). There were 10 tumors in the left kidney and 7 in the right
      kidney. Childhood renal cell carcinoma displayed similar gross and microscopic
      features compared with counterparts in adults. The smallest renal cell carcinoma
      to metastasize measured 3 cm. in diameter and the pathological features suggested
      an origin from distal collecting tubules (ducts of Bellini). There were 6 tumor
      related deaths (35 per cent over-all mortality) occurring 2 months to 2 years
      after diagnosis. Eleven children were well, with an average duration of followup
      of 12 years (range 4 to 27 years). The most important prognostic factor was
      clinical stage at the time of diagnosis. The presence of renal vascular invasion
      per se did not appear to be an adverse finding. The most optimal treatment for
      children with stage I renal cell carcinoma is radical nephrectomy with regional
      lymphadenectomy. While adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy may be used in
      patients with more advanced stage disease, their efficacy in achieving long-term
      survival free of relapse or cure is not well defined.

PMID- 3989923
TI  - Spontaneous perinephric hemorrhage in a 65-year-old man.

PMID- 3989924
TI  - Primary leiomyosarcoma of renal capsule.
AB  - The renal capsule long has been suggested to be the origin of leiomyosarcoma of
      the kidney but this speculation has never been proved. We describe a case of
      leiomyosarcoma lying with the renal capsule. The radiographic, as well as the
      macroscopic and microscopic appearances provide convincing evidence of capsular
      origin.

PMID- 3989925
TI  - Computerized tomographic demonstration of inferior vena caval tumor thrombus from
      renal angiomyolipoma.
AB  - A case of renal angiomyolipoma with gross venous tumor thrombus extension into
      the inferior vena cava is presented. This fatty tumor thrombus is visualized
      easily by computerized tomography and is confirmed by inferior venacavography,
      surgery and histology. Macroscopic renal vein and vena caval tumor thrombi rarely
      occur in patients with angiomyolipoma and may be diagnosed preoperatively by the
      demonstration of abundant fat within the tumor components.

PMID- 3989926
TI  - Ogilvie's syndrome developing after ethanol ablation of renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Urological procedures frequently are implicated as a cause of Ogilvie's syndrome.
      We report the first case of Ogilvie's syndrome following ethanol ablation of a
      renal cell carcinoma. The urologist must be alert to the development of this
      complication. If recognized early and managed correctly long-term morbidity from
      this complication is minimal.

PMID- 3989927
TI  - An intussuscepted ileal ureter bladder nipple.
AB  - We report a case of an intussuscepted bladder nipple following construction of an
      ileal ureter. The ileal ureter has become a valuable option in reconstructing the
      urinary system. This complication bears consideration during construction of an
      ileal ureter and stresses the need for close observation of these patients.

PMID- 3989928
TI  - Gangrene of the penis as a complication of penile prosthesis.
AB  - Gangrene of the penis is rare but several factors acting simultaneously may
      produce this condition. These factors include local infection, pressure dressing,
      presence of a urethral catheter, edema and ischemia of the corpus cavernosum. We
      report a case of iatrogenic gangrene of the penis following implantation of a
      Scott inflatable penile prosthesis, and all of the aforementioned factors were
      present.

PMID- 3989929
TI  - Ureteral replacement using collagen sponge tube grafts.
AB  - The use of a collagen sponge tube graft as a material for segmental ureteral
      replacement was investigated. The structural design of the collagen sponge graft
      was achieved by cell culture on the matrix. MGH-U1 cells, derived from bladder
      cell carcinoma, were grown in vitro on the collagen sponge matrix with excellent
      biocompatibility and without evidence of cytotoxicity. The collagen sponge
      demonstrated biodegradability when implanted subcutaneously in dogs. However, a
      urine exposure test of collagen sponge in rat bladders revealed extensive salt
      deposits on its surface in some rats, as observed by crystallographic
      examination. Segmental ureteral replacements by collagen sponge tube grafts,
      accompanied by ureteral splint catheters, were performed in dogs. There was
      extensive uro-epithelial cell regeneration on the inner surface of the collagen
      grafts, without evidence of severe hydronephrosis, 5 to 12 weeks following the
      procedure. The results indicate the potential for ureteral replacement by
      collagen sponge tube grafts, which would act as non-toxic, biodegradable
      scaffolds inducing the regenerative activity of the ureter.

PMID- 3989930
TI  - The growing rabbit with a solitary, partially-obstructed kidney. Analysis of an
      experimental model with reference to the renal concentrating ability.
AB  - The systemic and renal effects of high partial ureteral obstruction were
      investigated in a new model of experimental hydronephrosis. The test group
      comprised 12 contralaterally nephrectomized growing male New Zealand rabbits. As
      compared to the pyelographic findings in 6 unilaterally nephrectomized control
      animals, the test group could be divided into partially obstructed but non
      hydronephrotic and obstructed-hydronephrotic subgroups. Animals of all 3 groups
      were capable of increasing their weight during the first 2 postoperative months.
      The mean plasma creatinine concentration remained normal in the obstructed group
      and even hydronephrosis was compatible with a normal serum creatinine level. As
      studied during forced hypotonic expansion, the renal response to a vasopressin
      analogue was significantly different in all 3 animal groups. Reciprocal but less
      marked differences were noted in the animals' ability to retain water during this
      test. We conclude that in this experimental model the magnitude of the
      antidiuretic response is inversely related to the radiologically defined degree
      of obstruction.

PMID- 3989932
TI  - Optimal testosterone concentration for the treatment of prostatic cancer.
AB  - In order to determine the effects of the absolute concentration of circulating
      androgens on normal and malignant androgen dependent tissue, normal adult male
      rats and rats bearing the Dunning R3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma were castrated
      and implanted with testosterone filled silastic pellets of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30
      mm. designed to release constant amounts of testosterone, or placebo pellets.
      After 1 month the weights of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles, serum
      testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels and the sexual activity of the normal
      rats were determined. The volume of the prostatic tumor was determined twice
      weekly for 9 weeks. Serum testosterone increased directly with the length of the
      implant (r = 0.986). Ventral prostate and seminal vesicle weight increased with
      increasing serum testosterone (r = 0.984 and r = 0.975 respectively). Changes in
      prostatic tumor volume did not vary with increasing serum testosterone
      concentration. In animals with implants of greater than 5 mm. (sig. greater than
      than castrate value) tumor volume increased markedly and similarly over castrate
      controls at 9 weeks. Animals with implants of less than or = 5 mm. had tumor
      volume changes identical to the castrate controls. Sexual activity was relatively
      normal in animals with implants of greater than 3 mm. A threshold of serum
      testosterone exists below which the Dunning R3327H tumor is inhibited from
      growing. This level is higher than the castrate level but is compatible with
      relatively normal sexual activity. Were there methods to determine the threshold
      of human tumors, therapy might be individualized to minimize side effects such as
      the loss of sexual activity.

PMID- 3989931
TI  - In vitro studies on human primary obstructed megaureters.
AB  - We studied isolated muscle strips from the dilated segments of primary obstructed
      megaureters from 2 children and 2 adults. The preparations were obtained at
      ureteral reimplantation procedures and mechanical activity was compared with that
      of normal ureteral segments obtained at tumor nephrectomies. In contrast to
      normal ureters, all the preparations of the megaureters of the children showed
      stable spontaneous phasic activity over several hours. The adult megaureters were
      inactive. In both tissues a marked tonic, sustained contraction could be induced
      by norepinephrine. This type of response is found in calyceal and pelvic tissues
      only in normal upper tracts. Normal ureters responded to norepinephrine with an
      increase in the frequency of spontaneous phasic contractions. The qualitatively
      different responses of the megaureters (in comparison to normal ureteral tissue)
      to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation may be due to abnormal subcellular distribution
      of activator calcium in these hypertrophied tissues. The observed in vitro
      findings may be related to the radiographic observations of impaired and
      uncoordinated peristalsis in primary obstructed megaureters.

PMID- 3989933
TI  - Pyelovenous backflow: implications for coagulum pyelolithotomy and nephroscopy.

PMID- 3989935
TI  - Histological changes occurring in the contralateral testes of prepubertal rats
      subjected to various durations of unilateral spermatic cord torsion.
AB  - Prepubertal rats were exposed to unilateral spermatic cord torsion for 0, 1, 3,
      5, 9 or 12 hours duration. At the end of this time the damaged testes were either
      removed or untwisted and pexed into place. The animals were then allowed to
      mature to 77 days of age at which time the contralateral testes were examined for
      12 histological parameters and scored according to the degree of pathology noted
      in each. Pathological changes in the contralateral testes were found to be
      dependent on the duration of spermatic cord torsion but were less severe in the
      orchiectomized group. Thus, removal of the damaged organ minimized the long-term
      damage to the contralateral testes. We also noted that specific histological
      parameters of the contralateral testes correlated well with fertility and that
      specific changes in the ipsilateral testes predicted contralateral pathology.

PMID- 3989934
TI  - Quantitation and stability of cholinergic receptors in human bladder tissue from
      post surgical and postmortem sources.
AB  - Ligand binding for cholinergic muscarinic receptors with (3H) quinuclidinyl
      benzilate was performed on human detrusor smooth muscle from post surgical and
      postmortem sources. Following cystectomy, detrusor smooth muscle was serially
      sampled over an interval of 0 to 9 hours. (3H) quinuclidinyl benzilate binding on
      individual samples indicated that the total receptor density remained relatively
      unchanged. Postmortem specimens obtained from patients ranging in age from 1 day
      to 82 years were also assayed and the cholinergic receptor density was found to
      range between 18.4 to 82.1 fmoles/mg. of protein. All of the affinity constants
      from both sources were also in a relatively narrow range of 20.0 to 99.0 pmolar.
      The results of this study provide evidence for the usefulness of postmortem human
      tissue for evaluating cholinergic receptors in normal and dysfunctional bladder
      states.

PMID- 3989937
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Tornado disaster--North Carolina, South Carolina, March 28,
      1984.

PMID- 3989936
TI  - Improvements predicted in artificial heart by 1990.

PMID- 3989938
TI  - The final epidemic: nuclear and population explosions.

PMID- 3989939
TI  - Occupational exposure to heat or noise and reduced fertility.

PMID- 3989940
TI  - Complications of insulin infusion pump therapy.

PMID- 3989941
TI  - Sudden, unexpected nocturnal deaths in Washington.

PMID- 3989942
TI  - Unexplained elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase levels.

PMID- 3989943
TI  - Atrioventricular conduction block caused by phenylpropanolamine.

PMID- 3989944
TI  - Hospital ethics committees. Administrative aspects.

PMID- 3989945
TI  - Hospital medical ethics committees: a review of their development.

PMID- 3989946
TI  - Guidelines for ethics committees in health care institutions. Judicial Council.

PMID- 3989947
TI  - Artificial heart still holds promise, DeVries says; program continues.

PMID- 3989948
TI  - Media, patient confidentiality: compatible?

PMID- 3989950
TI  - Examining the internship.

PMID- 3989951
TI  - Long-term bilateral tinnitus.

PMID- 3989949
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Rubella in colleges--United States, 1983 to 1984.

PMID- 3989952
TI  - More on boxing.

PMID- 3989953
TI  - Resourceful women unmask cactus spines.

PMID- 3989955
TI  - Supersalivation.

PMID- 3989956
TI  - Raynaud's syndrome, panic disorder, and mood changes.

PMID- 3989954
TI  - Forensic experts and disasters.

PMID- 3989957
TI  - Dosage of phenytoin during pregnancy.

PMID- 3989959
TI  - Vibrio vulnificus. Man and the sea.
AB  - To identify risk factors for Vibrio vulnificus infections, we performed a
      regional case-control study of 19 patients identified by isolates received at a
      state reference laboratory. Interviews with patients or surviving relatives and
      with three controls for each patient were compared in a matched analysis.
      Patients with V vulnificus wound infection were more likely than controls to have
      sustained a puncture wound while handling fresh seafood or to have been exposed
      to salt water. More patients with primary septicemia than controls had eaten raw
      oysters before the onset of illness. Other risk factors for septicemia included
      underlying liver disease, hematopoietic disorders, chronic renal insufficiency,
      use of immunosuppressive agents, and heavy alcohol consumption. Although V
      vulnificus infection is unusual, with a regional incidence of 0.8 per 100,000
      population in this study, septicemia in the immunosuppressed patient is a
      devastating illness that can be prevented by not eating raw seafood.

PMID- 3989958
TI  - Isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. A community outbreak and report of a rifampin
      prophylaxis failure.
AB  - The choice of effective preventive treatment for persons exposed to Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid is uncertain. Although no data document the
      efficacy of any drug other than isoniazid for preventive treatment of
      tuberculosis, rifampin, with or without ethambutol, has been used for prophylaxis
      in contacts of cases with known isoniazid-resistant organisms. This report
      describes a community outbreak of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis infection and
      a case of rifampin prophylaxis failure with acquired rifampin resistance. This
      raises concern about the efficacy of rifampin for the preventive treatment of
      contacts exposed to isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis.

PMID- 3989960
TI  - Differential diagnosis and the competing-hypotheses heuristic. A practical
      approach to judgment under uncertainty and Bayesian probability.
AB  - Evaluating the same diagnostic information across the plausible competing
      diagnoses is a practical strategy (ie, heuristic) to guide decision making in the
      face of uncertainty. The prevalence of use of this competing-hypotheses heuristic
      by 89 first-year house officers was examined in three simulated patient cases.
      Results indicated that only a minority (24%) of the house officers selected
      optimal diagnostic information consistent with this Bayesian heuristic across all
      three cases. Almost all (97%) of the house officers selecting optimal diagnostic
      information were able to identify the most probable diagnosis specified by Bayes'
      theorem, while only a chance number (53%) of house officers selecting nonoptimal
      information were able to identify the most probable diagnosis. The competing
      hypotheses heuristic is discussed within the context of diagnostic problem
      solving models derived from the literature on medical decision making and
      clinicopathological conference case records. It is suggested that the heuristic,
      which does not necessitate any mathematical calculations, may be useful as a
      complement to clinical judgment.

PMID- 3989961
TI  - Radiology of disorders of the sacroiliac joints.
AB  - Differentiation of the many disorders that affect the sacroiliac joints can often
      be accomplished by attention to radiographic detail. By evaluating the
      distribution of disease, the presence of erosions and other changes as noted
      herein, and the course of disease over a period of time, a specific diagnosis can
      often be made, or at the very least, suggested (Table).

PMID- 3989962
TI  - Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Development
      of rifampin resistance during vancomycin and rifampin therapy.
AB  - Development of rifampin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis was documented in
      three patients receiving vancomycin and rifampin therapy for prosthetic valve
      endocarditis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal
      concentrations of rifampin for the original three isolates were 0.4 micrograms/mL
      or less. Organisms cultured during relapse or prosthetic valve replacement had
      minimum inhibitory concentrations of rifampin that were 12.5, 50, and greater
      than 100 micrograms/mL, respectively. Surgical intervention was necessary in all
      patients. One died, and one required a second prosthetic valve placement. The
      patients were treated with vancomycin plus aminoglycoside following
      identification of rifampin resistance. These observations suggest that vancomycin
      and rifampin may not be adequate therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis caused
      by S epidermidis.

PMID- 3989963
TI  - Anabolic steroid use and perceived effects in ten weight-trained women athletes.
AB  - Ten women athletes who consistently used anabolic steroids were interviewed about
      their patterns of drug use and the perceived effects. Anabolic steroids were used
      in a cyclical manner, often with several drugs taken simultaneously. All
      participants believed that muscle size and strength were increased in association
      with anabolic steroid use. Most also noted a deepening of the voice, increased
      facial hair, increased aggressiveness, clitoral enlargement, and menstrual
      irregularities. The participants were willing to tolerate these side effects but
      thought that such changes might be unacceptable to many women.

PMID- 3989966
TI  - What lies ahead for American physicians: one economist's views.

PMID- 3989965
TI  - Spinal cord compression due to extramedullary hematopoiesis. Successful treatment
      in a patient with long-standing myelofibrosis.

PMID- 3989964
TI  - Fatalities associated with Campylobacter jejuni infections.
AB  - Although Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as a common cause of
      gastroenteritis, fatalities associated with this infection in the United States
      have not been previously reported. Two fatalities associated with C jejuni
      infections occurred over a two-year period in the Denver metropolitan area. The
      first case was in a previously healthy 26-year-old woman who died following a two
      day diarrheal illness. The second case was in a 69-year-old diabetic woman who
      died 19 hours after developing a gastrointestinal tract illness one day following
      hospital discharge for an orthopedic procedure. Both patients had taken an
      antimotility agent. During this same two-year period there were 24.4 reported
      cases of C jejuni infections per 100,000 population. The death rate per reported
      case was 2.4 per 1,000, and the overall death rate in the entire five-county
      population was 0.059 per 100,000 population. The exact causes of death for the
      two patients are not clear; however, hypokalemia may be a contributing factor,
      especially since there was no evidence of profound volume depletion in the one
      patient for whom laboratory data were available. Prompt hospitalization and
      withholding of antimotility agents may have prevented these deaths.

PMID- 3989967
TI  - Medicine--a profession in trouble?

PMID- 3989968
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of ceftriaxone in the field of gynecology].
AB  - Ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904, CTRX) was administered to 3 cases with gynecological
      infections and following results were obtained. CTRX was administered by
      intravenous drip infusion or intravenous injection with 2 g per day for 4 to 6
      days. The clinical efficacy was good in all cases (2 cases with pyometra, 1 case
      with adnexitis and endometritis). No side effect could be determined in all
      cases.

PMID- 3989969
TI  - [The distribution of cefotaxime in serum, lung lymph and lung tissue of sheep].
AB  - The levels of cefotaxime (CTX) in serum and lung lymph were compared in awake
      sheep which were prepared for collection of lung lymph. A single dose of 50 mg/kg
      of CTX was administered intravenously to sheep. The CTX level in serum or lung
      lymph reached a peak within 15 minutes after administration and decreased
      rapidly. The measurable concentration persisted for 240 minutes after
      administration. Ratios of lung lymph to serum concentration of CTX ranged from
      1.0 to 1.2. In addition, the CTX levels in serum, lung lymph and tissue of right
      lower lobe were compared in anesthetized sheep to which CTX 50 mg/kg were given.
      Ratios of lung lymph and tissue in right lower lobe to serum concentration of CTX
      were 0.81 +/- 0.14, 0.06 +/- 0.02, respectively. From above results, CTX was well
      distributed in lung lymph. The levels of CTX in tissue of right lower lobe were
      markedly lower than those of lung lymph.

PMID- 3989970
TI  - [Effectiveness of cefotaxime in pediatric infectious diseases].
AB  - Cefotaxime (CTX) was administered to 117 pediatric patients. Although 26 of these
      patients were excluded from the clinical evaluation of the study because other
      antimicrobial agents were given concomitantly with CTX or because no infectious
      diseases were proved, these cases were evaluated for adverse effects of the drug.
      The remaining 91 cases were evaluated for clinical effect; pneumonia in 56 cases,
      septicemia in 5, suspected septicemia in 5, meningitis (aseptic cases included)
      in 3, urinary tract infection in 5 and other diseases in 17. No pathogenic
      organisms were identified in any of the pneumonia cases, even either by bacterial
      culture or other laboratory test methods. Pathogens of septicemia were E. coli in
      3 cases, K. pneumoniae in 1 and E. agglomerans in 1. Those of urinary tract
      infections were E. coli in 3 cases, a mixed infection of S. aureus and an
      unidentified species of Gram-negative rods in 1, and unknown in 1. Clinical
      effectiveness rates of CTX were 78.6% in pneumonia and 100% in septicemia,
      suspected septicemia and urinary tract infections. One patient with purulent
      meningitis caused by H. influenzae was also treated with CTX successfully.
      Adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory findings were observed in 12 cases
      (12/117 = 10.3%); rash in 2 cases, vomiting in 1, abdominal pain in 1, diarrhea
      in 5, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in 1, eosinophilia in 3 and elevation
      of liver enzymes (GOT and LDH) in 1.

PMID- 3989971
TI  - [A study of cefoperazone levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      hydrocephalus].
AB  - Eleven neurosurgical patients without intracranial infection were given 4 g
      cefoperazone (CPZ) intravenously for 30 minutes. Ventricular drainage was
      performed in 10 cases, and 1 case with cisternal drainage. Eight of 11 cases
      showed moderate to severe ventricular dilatation. Serum and ventricular
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CPZ were measured for 8 hours after
      injection. Average peak serum concentration of CPZ was 476 micrograms/ml and the
      half-life was 150 minutes. Patients with obstructive hydrocephalus showed
      relative good penetration of CPZ in CSF (2.74 approximately 5.29 micrograms/ml).
      Especially, those who had severe dilatation of ventricles demonstrated sequential
      increased concentration (5.48 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml at 8 hours). In
      poor risk patient and intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular hemorrhage cases,
      who had normal range of CSF cell counts and protein, CPZ level was low, less than
      2 micrograms/ml. In cases with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage, sufficient
      concentration (11 micrograms/ml) of CPZ was observed in cisternal CSF. The CPZ
      concentrations in CSF after 4 g administration did not seem to exceed comparing
      to 2 g dosing.

PMID- 3989972
TI  - [Clinical studies with cefoperazone in the biliary disease].
AB  - The concentration of cefoperazone (CPZ) in serum and bile was estimated after
      intravenous drip infusion of 1 g of the drug in 11 patients, who have performed
      cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy and T-tube drainage for gallstone diseases.
      Administration of cefazolin (CEZ) 1 g was compared by the cross over method.
      After 1 g intravenous drip infusion of CPZ, the mean serum concentration was 88.3
      +/- 24 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 52 +/- 11.7 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 36.5 +/-
      10 micrograms/ml at 4 hours. The maintenance period of serum concentration was
      inclined to be longer in CPZ than in CEZ. After 1 g intravenous drip infusion of
      CPZ, the mean bile concentration reached to 810 +/- 459 micrograms/ml in 2 hours
      and it was maintained as high as 562 +/- 319 micrograms/ml even after 4 hours. On
      the other hand, after 1 g intravenous drip infusion of CEZ, the mean bile
      concentration was only 28.7 +/- 26 micrograms/ml in 1 hour and was low level in
      the progress. As compared with the highest concentration of CPZ and CEZ in same
      patient, the mean bile concentration of CPZ (942 +/- 525 micrograms/ml) was about
      30 times higher than that of CEZ (28.6 +/- 26.3 micrograms/ml). There was no
      difference in the group of Gram-positive cocci between minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) of CPZ and that of CEZ. While MIC of CEZ in the group of Gram
      negative bacilli was from 0.78 to over 400 micrograms/ml, MIC of CPZ in that
      group was from 0.10 to 50 micrograms/ml. The value in CPZ was lower than that in
      CEZ at all strains. No side effects was seen in all patients.

PMID- 3989973
TI  - [Clinical studies on ceftriaxone in the field of obstetrics and gynecology].
AB  - Clinical studies were made on ceftriaxone (CTRX, Ro 13-9904), a new long-acting
      cephalosporin antibiotic, with the following results. Following a single
      intravenous injection of 1 g, the transfer of CTRX to the internal genital organs
      was found to be good. The transfer of CTRX to exudate of the dead space of pelvis
      was also good. Elbow vein and uterine artery blood serum levels revealed marked
      increase immediately after administration, then followed by gradual reduction at
      very slow rate. CTRX was given to 3 patients of female genital infections.
      Efficacy was excellent in 1 case and good in 2 cases. As to side effect, 2 cases
      of diarrhea and 1 case of leukopenia were observed.

PMID- 3989974
TI  - [A study on administration of antibiotics during operation for prevention of
      postoperative infections].
AB  - Two antibiotics, piperacillin (PIPC) and cefoperazone (CPZ) were administered
      during operation and determined of efficacy for prevention of postoperative
      infections. Following administration of PIPC and CPZ during operation, high serum
      concentrations were obtained. In exudates not so high concentrations were
      achieved with either PIPC or CPZ. This was considered to be probably due to the
      period and methods of collection of specimens used in this study. Bacteriological
      studies of washings of wounds obtained during operation gave negative results in
      all cases. It was considered that administration of antibiotics during operation
      may suffice for prevention of postoperative infections for all cases with
      relatively short operation time excepting for cases operated for malignant tumors
      or urinary tract lithiasis.

PMID- 3989975
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic study of cefsulodin in children].
AB  - Cefsulodin (CFS), a cephem antibiotic, was administered to 26 children aged from
      11 months to 11 years by intravenous injection or intravenous 1-hour drip
      infusion in doses of 15 and 50 mg/kg body weight to investigate serum and urinary
      concentrations. The following results were obtained. Serum concentration The
      serum concentrations of CFS at 5 minutes after intravenous injection of 15 and 50
      mg/kg were 57.1 and 224.2 micrograms/ml, respectively. The biological half-lives
      (T 1/2 beta) were 1.28 and 1.12 hours. The serum concentration of CFS after
      intravenous 1-hour drip infusion reached a peak at the end of infusion, i.e. 29.9
      micrograms/ml for 15 mg/kg and 121.9 micrograms/ml for 50 mg/kg, and T 1/2 beta
      were 1.22 hours for 15 mg/kg and 1.27 hours for 50 mg/kg. The AUC was
      proportional to the doses for both intravenous injection and intravenous drip
      infusion. The serum clearance was about twice the value in adults and the
      distribution volume was about 1.5 times as large. Urinary excretion The urinary
      excretion up to 6 hours after administration was: 69.0% for 15 mg/kg and 61.9%
      for 50 mg/kg in cases of intravenous injection, and 62.4% for 15 mg/kg and 71.1%
      for 50 mg/kg in cases of intravenous 1-hour drip infusion. The percent urinary
      excretion was similar to that in adults.

PMID- 3989976
TI  - [Clinical studies of bestatin on genitourinary cancer].
AB  - Bestatin was administered to 20 patients with urogenital tumors. The therapeutic
      results showed 12 surviving patients and 8 dead patients (including 7 due to
      cancer and 1 due to a cerebrovascular disorder). One patient has survived for 5
      years since bestatin treatment of pulmonary metastasis of renal cancer, and one
      other patient achieved 5-year survival in spite of systemic metastases of
      testicular tumor. It is noteworthy that in earlier times these patients could
      have been expected to experience sudden relapse and aggravation, instead of the
      long-term survival recorded in this bestatin trial. Studies were conducted on the
      immunological parameters of the patients before and after the use of bestatin,
      and it was found that these parameters showed improvement as a result of the
      treatment. Even though bestatin was ingested for long periods of time by these
      patients, there was almost no development of adverse reactions to the treatment.

PMID- 3989977
TI  - [In vitro antibacterial activity of various cephems against clinical isolates
      from complicated urinary tract infections].
AB  - In vitro antibacterial activity of several cephems (CEZ as the first generation
      (group A); CTM and CMZ as the second generation (group B); CMX, CPZ, LMOX, CTX
      and CZX as the third generation (group C)) against 8 species, each of 54 strains,
      of Gram-negative clinical isolates from complicated urinary tract infection was
      compared by determination of the MICs. The following results were obtained: The
      most sensitive drugs against each species in MIC80; CTX (MIC80 0.20 microgram/ml)
      against E. coli, CMX (1.56 microgram/ml) against K. pneumoniae, LMOX (0.39
      microgram/ml) against P. mirabilis, LMOX (0.78 microgram/ml) against Indole (+)
      Proteus, CMX and CPZ (50 micrograms/ml) against E. cloacae, CMX and LMOX (50
      micrograms/ml) against C. freundii, CMX (3.13 micrograms/ml) against S.
      marcescens and CPZ (25 micrograms/ml) against P. aeruginosa The most sensitive
      drugs against each species in MICS100; CMX (MIC100 3.13 micrograms/ml) against E.
      coli, CMX (6.25 micrograms/ml) against K. pneumoniae, CTX (0.78 microgram/ml)
      against P. mirabilis, LMOX (1.56 microgram/ml) against Indole (+) Proteus, CPZ
      (100 micrograms/ml) against E. cloacae, CMX (100 micrograms/ml) against C.
      freundii, CMX (12.5 microgram/ml) against S. marcescens and CPZ (50
      micrograms/ml) against P. aeruginosa. In each species, the group C were most
      sensitive followed by those of the group B. Many isolates were highly resistant
      to the group A (especially in C. freundii, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa).

PMID- 3989978
TI  - [Efficacy of ceftriaxone against gynecoobstetric infections].
AB  - Ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904, CTRX), a newly developed parenteral cephalosporin
      antibiotic was clinically evaluated in gynecoobstetric infections and the
      following results were obtained. CTRX was administered by intravenous drip
      infusion twice a day in a daily dose of 2 to 4 g to 10 cases with gynecoobstetric
      infections, consisting of 8 with intrauterine infections, 1 with adnexitis and 1
      with infection of external genitalia. The global clinical efficacy was excellent
      in 2 and good in 6 out of 8 cases with intrauterine infections, and in 2 others,
      the efficacy rate being 100%. Bacteriologically, the eradication of bacteria was
      observed in 5, unchange in 2 and alternation of bacteria in 2 among 9 cases where
      the causative strains were detected. Neither adverse reaction nor laboratory test
      abnormality was observed. The above-mentioned results suggest that CTRX is a
      highly safe antibiotic expected to be excellent in the clinical efficacy and
      bacteriological effects.

PMID- 3989979
TI  - [Microbial flora of the cervix from rupture of the membranes and the
      antibacterial effect of amniotic fluid].
AB  - The endocervical flora was examined in 20 with rupture of membranes, 20 pregnant
      women served as control. The isolated organisms were aerobic and anaerobic in
      both groups, whereas P. cepacia was common in group of rupture of membranes, but
      another microorganisms were not statistically significant. Culture specimens
      taken from the vagina in nonpregnant women showed a higher presence of total
      bacteria than did those in pregnant women. The MICs of ampicillin (ABPC) were
      measured against isolated aerobic organisms from rupture of membranes. The
      distribution of sensitivity of Bacillus sp. was 0.20 microgram/ml, but another
      organisms were inhibited in concentration of higher than 3.13 micrograms/ml. The
      antibacterial effect of amniotic fluid during 24 weeks of gestation on S. aureus
      and S. pyogenes, but during 34 to 39 weeks of gestation the amniotic fluid has
      inhibitory effect only on the growth of K. pneumoniae. In contrast, the growth of
      E. coli was not inhibited by amniotic fluid during 24 to 39 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 3989980
TI  - [Clinical effects of cefoxitin on infections in digestive diseases].
AB  - Cefoxitin (CFX) was administrated to a total of 12 hospitalized patients with
      digestive diseases, in combination with aminoglycosides. The following results
      were obtained: Clinical effects of CFX on 12 cases were "excellent" in 4 cases,
      "good" in 5, "fair" in 1 and "unknown" in 2, with the efficacy rate of 75%. All 4
      cases who developed septicemia with underlying severe diseases showed "excellent"
      effect to CFX. Clinical results of 8 cases with hepatic biliary tract infections
      were "good" in 5, "fair" in 1 and "unknown" in 2, with the efficacy rate in
      62.5%. As for side effects, an allergic reaction was observed in 1 case, and it
      is suggested renal function should be monitored carefully in a case of
      combination use with aminoglycosides.

PMID- 3989981
TI  - [Clinical efficacy of ceftriaxone on gyneco-obstetric infections].
AB  - Ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904, CTRX) was administered to 13 cases with gyneco-obstetric
      infections and the following results were obtained. The responses were excellent
      in 4 cases (30.8%) and good in 7 (53.8%) out of the 13 cases, the efficacy rate
      (good or above) being 84.6% (11/13). Two cases showing a poor response were
      considered inappropriate for a study on the efficacy of an antibiotic, as they
      had received anticancer drugs concomitantly for treatment of their underlying
      disease of peritonitis carcinomatosa due to ovarian cancer. From a
      bacteriological viewpoint, CTRX was effective against E. coli, S. aureus, S.
      faecalis, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, etc. No
      specific side effects were observed.

PMID- 3989982
TI  - [The choice of antibiotics for prophylaxis of postoperative infections in the
      field of orthopaedics. Clinical experience with cefoxitin].
AB  - The clinical effects of cefoxitin (CFX) were evaluated in the prophylaxis of
      postoperative infections in the field of orthopaedics. The clinical response was
      good in 46 out of 50 patients; an efficacy rate of 92%. Four patients (8%) who
      did not respond to CFX were suffering from infections due to Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis (1), suspected Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1), and infection of unknown
      organism (2). A review was also made of recent trends among clinically isolated
      bacterial strains and their susceptibility to antibiotics in the field of
      orthopaedics. CFX is recommended as an antibiotic of first choice for the
      prophylaxis of postoperative infections in the field of orthopaedics.

PMID- 3989983
TI  - [Fundamental studies of cefoxitin in the field of obstetrics and gynecology].
AB  - The concentration of cefoxitin (CFX, Merxin) in dead space exudate was studied in
      14 patients following total extirpation of diffuse uterine cervical cancer. A two
      compartment model was used for the analysis. The results obtained were as
      follows: Calculated maximum concentrations of CFX in the pelvic dead space
      exudate were 26.55 micrograms/ml at 2.11 hours, 31.07 micrograms/mg at 2.01 hours
      and 51.51 micrograms/ml at 2.10 hours after 1 hour intravenous drip infusions of
      CFX 2, 3 and 4 g, respectively. These concentrations were higher than the MIC80
      of 12.5 micrograms/ml against E. coli and B. fragilis and were maintained for a
      sufficient period of time. Based on the results of this study, CFX is considered
      to be an important and valuable drug in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.

PMID- 3989984
TI  - [Diffuse heterotopic multiple cysts of the stomach with special reference to the
      histogenesis and relationship with gastric cancer].
AB  - Ten patients with diffuse multiple glands or cysts in the submucosal layer of the
      stomach have been extensively studied. The structure of the cyst wall showed two
      patterns, consisting of monolayer cuboidal or cylindrical cells and pseudoantral
      or parietal mucosa. All of the multiple cysts were in the submucosal layer under
      the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia. In these mucosal layers, erosion
      and ulcer were frequently observed. Four patients had multiple gastric cancers,
      and the cancers were surrounded by the metaplastic gastric mucosa. We speculated
      this disorder to be a peculiar regenerative change after gastritis, especially
      erosion. That repeated erosion and regeneration leads to carcinoma in the stomach
      with diffuse, heterotopic multiple cysts.

PMID- 3989985
TI  - [Clinicopathological examination of 12 autopsy cases of carcinomatosis of the
      bone marrow].
AB  - Twelve autopsy cases of carcinomatosis of the bone marrow were examined
      clinicopathologically. Among them, 7 were gastric adenocarcinoma, and the other 5
      were a rectal carcinoid and carcinomas of the lung, prostate, maxilla and kidney,
      respectively. The gastric cancers were almost all poorly differentiated
      adenocarcinoma with mucin production and presented poorer prognoses than the
      other cancers. Leukoerythroblastic anemia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and
      DIC were found more frequently in the gastric cancers than in the others. It is
      concluded that the evolution of these critical hematologic disorders may be
      dependent on differences of histologic type, original focus and cancer-host
      interactions as well as wide-spread skeletal metastases of cancer cells.

PMID- 3989986
TI  - [Results of registration of gynecologic malignant neoplasms in Shizuoka
      Prefecture--evaluation for one and a half years].
AB  - To eliminate death by cancer, it would be necessary for us to register newly
      developed cancer in certain districts. We have registered all gynecologic
      malignant neoplasms in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, since October 1982 using a
      microcomputer. Analysis for one and a half years was performed as follows.
      Gynecologic malignancies are as detailed below: cervical cancer 304 cases, corpus
      cancer 58 cases, ovarian cancer 51 cases, vaginal cancer 4 cases, vulvar cancer 5
      cases. A study of the correlation between detected malignancies and gynecologic
      examinations, particularly concerning cytologic check-up, revealed the importance
      of cytology in early cancer detection.

PMID- 3989987
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma of Waldeyer's ring: is lymphography always necessary?].
AB  - The role of lymphography for patients with malignant lymphomas involving
      Waldeyer's ring was retrospectively reviewed. The materials were 97 patients who
      were treated at Kyushu University Hospital from January, 1966 to December 1982.
      Lymphography was performed in 72 patients. Abnormal retroperitoneal nodes were
      detected only in 13 of them (18%). Six of the 7 patients (86%) with
      gastrointestinal involvement as well as Waldeyer's ring had positive
      lymphography, whereas only 6 of the 51 patients (12%) without gastrointestinal
      involvement had such findings. Although there was a significant difference in
      survival by cervical and inguinal lymph node status, no such discrepancy was seen
      between 41 stage II patients staged after lymphography and 16 stage II patients
      staged clinically. All these results suggest that lymphography is not always
      essential for patients with malignant lymphomas involving Waldeyer's ring.

PMID- 3989988
TI  - [Study of cellular autofluorescence of cultured human cancer cell lines using a
      fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS-IV)].
AB  - Quantitative cellular autofluorescence measurement of viable cultured human
      cancer cells and freshly prepared peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained
      from gastric cancer patients and their cultured PBL with T-cell growth factor
      (CTC) was undertaken on a FACS-IV. The number of cells with fluorescence and its
      intensity were significantly higher in CTC than in PBL (p less than 0.001). It
      can be seen that cancer cell lines have different amounts of autofluorescence in
      values of individual cells. Although the autofluorescence intensity in cancer
      cells was generally low, one cell line (SC-1) displayed a higher autofluorescence
      (7.2%) than the others. Our preliminary results suggest that autofluorescence
      measurement of cells excited by laser beam for early detection of cancer may be
      limited, and further induction of highly advanced biological techniques will be
      needed.

PMID- 3989989
TI  - [Carcinoma originating in a hepatic cyst of polycystic disease--a case report].
AB  - A 53-year-old woman with polycystic disease was admitted because of abdominal
      distention and dyspnea. Percutaneous puncture was performed and
      adenocarcinomatous cells were seen in the contents of the main liver cyst. A
      right hepatic lobectomy was carried out, and a hard nodule was found to arise
      from the wall of the main liver cyst. Microscopically the nodule was poorly
      differentiated adenocarcinoma and CEA was seen both in the epithelium of the
      liver cyst and in the tumor cells by the PAP method. We consider that the tumor
      originated in the cyst of the polycystic liver. Five similar cases were reported
      up to 1984.

PMID- 3989990
TI  - [A case of primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach preoperatively
      diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy].
AB  - A 53-year-old complained of upper abdominal pain. A diagnosis of Borrmann III
      type gastric cancer in the posterior part of the corpus region was made by X-ray
      and endoscopy, and primary adenosquamous carcinoma was preoperatively diagnosed
      by endoscopic biopsy. Subtotal gastrectomy was performed. The part of the
      adenocarcinoma adjacent to squamous-cell carcinoma was poorly differentiated.
      Adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach is rare. Furthermore, preoperative
      diagnosis by endoscopic biopsy is extremely unusual, having been reported in 7
      cases in Japan including ours. And in 5 cases out of 6, region of the
      adenocarcinoma was the poorly differentiated type.

PMID- 3989991
TI  - [A case report of spindle cell lipoma with a marked myxoid change].
AB  - Spindle cell lipoma is a specific variant of lipoma that displays several
      characteristic clinicopathologic features proposed by Enzinger and Harvey. A
      tumor located in the nucheal subcutis of a 45-year-old man showed a mixture of
      fat cells and spindle cells with marked myxoid change of the matrix. Its fine
      structure revealed prominent microfilaments in the spindle cells.
      Immunohistochemical study suggested that these filaments were probably vimentin.
      Accumulated filaments and myxoid matrix containing hyaluronic acid may be
      degenerative rather than synthetic. The cell origin of the tumor may be a mixture
      of two cell types differentiating toward fat cells and fibroblastic cells.

PMID- 3989993
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria of brain death established at Osaka University].

PMID- 3989992
TI  - [Brain death and its diagnostic criteria].

PMID- 3989994
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of vegetative state and brain death].

PMID- 3989995
TI  - [Brain death and jurisprudence].

PMID- 3989996
TI  - [Immuno-pharmacologic study of the effects of traxanox in lupus nephritis in
      MRL/l mice].

PMID- 3989997
TI  - [HLA histocompatibility and graft survival].

PMID- 3989999
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis].

PMID- 3989998
TI  - [Transplantation of the small intestine].

PMID- 3990000
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. I. Initiation of the therapy].

PMID- 3990001
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. III. Technological problems].

PMID- 3990002
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. V. Application to diseases other than chronic kidney
      failure].

PMID- 3990004
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. VI. Nutrition of the dialysis patient].

PMID- 3990003
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. II. Medical problems].

PMID- 3990005
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. VIII. Psychological problems].

PMID- 3990006
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. IX. Sociological problems].

PMID- 3990007
TI  - [Maintenance hemodialysis. X. Technological problems].

PMID- 3990008
TI  - [The study on the stability of creatine kinase activity in various control sera
      and its application to the routine quality control].

PMID- 3990009
TI  - [Laboratory data processing by a microcomputer].

PMID- 3990010
TI  - [Serum type III procollagen peptide in tissue fibrosis].

PMID- 3990011
TI  - [The current status and future of the clinical examination in Japan].

PMID- 3990012
TI  - [Determination and significance of adenine in the urine and the serum of a
      patient with congenital adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency].

PMID- 3990013
TI  - [Leukemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells bearing receptor for the ox blood
      erythrocytes].

PMID- 3990014
TI  - [Dynamic CT in dissecting aortic aneurysm--especially about the branching of
      major vessels].

PMID- 3990015
TI  - [Metastatic malignancy to the maxilla: report of two cases].

PMID- 3990016
TI  - [A case of partial eventration of the right diaphragm simulating a mediastinal
      tumor].

PMID- 3990017
TI  - [A case of xanthogranuloma of the liver].

PMID- 3990018
TI  - [Radiological diagnosis of entire and extensive colon aganglionosis].

PMID- 3990019
TI  - [Two cases of renal pseudotumor in pyelonephritis].

PMID- 3990020
TI  - [A case report of retroperitoneal Castleman's tumor].

PMID- 3990021
TI  - [A case of Paget's disease found by chance on the examination for blunt trauma].

PMID- 3990022
TI  - [Clinical experience with long sheath in transfemoral angiography].

PMID- 3990023
TI  - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of thyroid tumors--a new attempt to classify the
      pattern of thyroid tumors].

PMID- 3990024
TI  - [Radiation doses to the rectum in high dose rate intracavitary irradiation of
      cancer of the uterine cervix: with special reference to the difference between
      calculated and measured dose].

PMID- 3990025
TI  - [The role of computed tomography in uncertain obstructive jaundice].

PMID- 3990026
TI  - [Angiographic differentiation of cancer in the pancreas head region].

PMID- 3990027
TI  - [Angiography in chronic pancreatitis].

PMID- 3990028
TI  - [Computed tomography in the diagnosis of Addison's disease].

PMID- 3990029
TI  - [Application of the guideline proposed by Japan Society of Head and Neck Tumor to
      the results of radiotherapy on the oral cancer].

PMID- 3990030
TI  - [Evaluation of multidisciplinary treatment for well-differentiated thyroid
      carcinoma--analysis of long-term results].

PMID- 3990031
TI  - [Examination of the upper digestive tract--X-ray or endoscopy? A discussion].

PMID- 3990032
TI  - [Follow-up of anti-HBs levels in vaccinees with different initial values of anti
      HBs after three doses of HB vaccine].

PMID- 3990033
TI  - [A basic and clinical study of internal biliary drainage by diathermic knife].

PMID- 3990034
TI  - [Correlation of quantitative changes of gastric mucosal glycoproteins with
      ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats].

PMID- 3990035
TI  - [Gastrointestinal disorders due to increased blood coagulation. III. Changes of
      microcirculation of rat gastrointestinal tract in experimental disseminated
      intravascular coagulation].

PMID- 3990036
TI  - [Serum long chain fatty acids in the patients with inflammatory bowel disease].

PMID- 3990037
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of tissue enzymes that diagnose malignant tendency of
      colon polyp].

PMID- 3990038
TI  - [The effects of sex hormones on Kupffer cell-mediated hepatocytotoxicity].

PMID- 3990040
TI  - Augmentation of in vitro antibody response by disulfide compounds. I. Comparison
      between intermolecular and intramolecular disulfides.
AB  - The following disulfide compounds: 2-hydroxyethyldisulfide (2-MEox), 2
      aminoethyldisulfide (cystamine) and oxidized dithiothreitol (DTTox) were found to
      augment the in vitro antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in murine
      lymphocytes as effectively as their reduced forms when they were added to the
      culture medium. We, however, found out that the mode of action of DTTox was
      greatly different from that of 2-MEox or cystamine. 2-MEox and cystamine showed
      augmenting effects on the proliferative response to lipopolysaccharide and on the
      uptake of (35S)-cystine by the lymphocytes. In contrast to these intermolecular
      disulfides, DTTox, an intramolecular disulfide compound, was found to be inactive
      in these systems. 2-MEox and cystamine, but not DTTox, were reduced to thiol
      forms by the intact lymphocytes or by the cell homogenate. Thus, it is likely
      that DTTox did not behave as the reduced form in the lymphocyte culture in
      contrast to 2-MEox and cystamine, suggesting that the disulfide form itself plays
      an important role in augmenting effects of DTTox.

PMID- 3990039
TI  - Depression of hepatic microsomal enzyme systems by lentinan in mice.
AB  - Studies were performed to determine the effects of an immunopotentiating agent,
      lentinan, on the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice. Lentinan was injected
      twice a day for two days, and the enzyme activities were determined 12 hr after
      the last injection of lentinan. A lentinan dose of over 0.25 mg/kg was required
      to cause a significant decrease (20-40%) in the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N
      demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities. The loss of drug-metabolizing
      activity by the treatment with lentinan agreed with the loss of cytochrome P-450
      content in many cases. Strain and substrate differences concerning the effect of
      lentinan on the metabolism of drug were also observed. That is to say, the loss
      of cytochrome P-450 content by the treatment with lentinan was observed in the
      ddY, C57BL/6 and BDF1 strain mice, but was not observed in the DBA/2, C3H/He and
      C57BL/10 strain mice. The decrease in the activities of 7-ethoxycoumarin O
      deethylase and biphenyl 2-hydroxylase by the treatment with lentinan was
      considerably less than that of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase
      in ddY mice.

PMID- 3990041
TI  - Intracerebroventricular injection of 125I-salmon calcitonin in rats: fate,
      anorexia and hypocalcemia.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 19 pmol/rat or more of salmon
      calcitonin (sCT) or iodinated sCT suppressed spontaneous intake of food and water
      in a dose-dependent manner. Tail-whipping was a peculiar behavior which
      concomitantly developed, but no analgesia ensued from the doses tested (up to 62
      pmol/rat). It was examined how the rise and fall pattern of these behavioral
      effects would correlate with the dispositional pattern of 125I-sCT. When the
      radioactive peptide was injected in anorectic doses via the i.c.v. route, the
      radioactivity was found to distribute throughout the brain, but not uniformly. In
      rats which showed a marked anorexia and tail-whipping behavior, distribution
      occurred in such a manner that it could be interpreted to reflect the regional
      and subcellular distribution pattern of sCT-specific binding sites. Even 3 hr
      after injection, the hypothalamus, the smallest region, retained the highest
      radioactivity corresponding to about 1% of the dose and at least one half of
      which was identified as the intact iodo-sCT. To be noted is the finding that sCT
      injected centrally will quickly enter the systemic circulation and peripherally
      induced long-lasting hypocalcemia, since the anorectic dose of sCT is
      considerably higher than the dose needed for the peripheral effect. It is
      concluded that most of the sCT after i.c.v. injection leaks into the systemic
      circulation, but the rest is retained rather selectively around the receptor in
      hypothalamic nuclei for a long time, leading to day-long suppression of feeding
      and drinking behavior.

PMID- 3990042
TI  - Characterization of tumor-induced inflammation and the effect of some anti
      inflammatory drugs on the increased vascular permeability.
AB  - The vascular bed in a murine dermal tissue responded to inoculated tumor cells by
      two-phased changes in the vascular permeability. The initial increase in the
      vascular permeability was seen in an early stage (1 to 3 day post tumor cells
      inoculation), and the inflammation was sensitive to glutathione (GSH).
      Glucocorticoids reduced the increased vascular permeability, but neither
      acetylsalicylic acid nor indomethacin did. The later vascular response was
      produced by a growing solid tumor in a continuous mode beginning at 5th to 10th
      day post inoculation. The degree of the increased vascular permeability in this
      chronic phase was in direct proportion to the wet weight of the solid tumor, and
      the inflammation was insensitive to glutathione. Glucocorticoids reduced the
      increased vascular permeability, but neither acetylsalicylic acid nor
      indomethacin did. The action of glucocorticoids on the tumor-induced vascular
      hyper-permeability was discussed in connection with a tumor factor possibly
      responsible for the vasoexudation.

PMID- 3990043
TI  - Enhancement of the binding of O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate (EPNoxon)
      to microsomal carboxylesterase by NAD in vitro.
AB  - Inhibition of rat liver microsomal carboxylesterase (CEase) by O-ethyl O-p
      nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN) and binding of EPN oxygen analog to
      microsomal CEase were enhanced by addition of NAD or NADP. This was more
      prominent in addition of NAD than NADP. No potentiation of anti-CEase action of
      EPN by NAD was seen when pure esterase (E.C. 3.1.1.1) instead of liver microsomes
      was used as an enzyme source. This effect of NAD in microsomal CEase was
      significantly decreased when N-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoic acid was
      added. From these findings, it is strongly suggested that NAD-mediated
      potentiation of the anti-CEase action of EPN might be attributed to the increase
      in formation of NADH from NAD by microsomal dehydrogenase(s) containing a
      sulfhydryl group, leading to a subsequent increase in formation of the EPN oxygen
      analog from EPN, and in turn, CEase inhibition was enhanced.

PMID- 3990044
TI  - Increase in membrane permeability in the absence of Ca and Mg in the smooth
      muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli.
AB  - In Ca-deficient smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli, repeated application of
      high-K solution (45.4 mM) containing Ca induced contractions of similar shape and
      magnitude. In muscle treated by a Ca- and Mg-deficient solution, however,
      addition of Ca and K either did not induce contraction or induced only a delayed
      contraction. Ouabain (1 X 10(-3) M) also inhibited Ca- and K-induced contraction.
      Na content of taenia coli smooth muscle increased and K content decreased during
      incubation in Ca- and Mg-deficient solution. Ouabain produced similar, but
      smaller, changes in Na and K contents. Contractility of Ca- and Mg-deficient
      taenia partially recovered if the muscle was treated with Na-deficient solution
      which resulted in a large decrease in Na content. Similar treatment produced only
      a small decrease in Na content in ouabain-treated taenia, and contractility did
      not recover in these muscles. Application of hyperosmotic NaCl (160 mM) decreased
      tissue weight in both control and ouabain-treated taenia. In muscle treated with
      Ca- and Mg-deficient solution, however, hyperosmotic NaCl application had little
      effect on tissue weight. Following pretreatment of muscle with Ca- and Mg
      deficient solution (containing 2 mM EDTA) for 2 hr, graded contractions were
      induced by cumulative application of Ca between 10(-7) to 10(-6) M in the
      presence of Mg and ATP. It is concluded that Ca- and Mg-deficient solution
      increases membrane permeability and also abolishes transmembrane gradients of Na
      and K in guinea pig taenia coli.

PMID- 3990045
TI  - The fundamental factor determining the clinical prognosis of prolonged jaundice-
      relation to the arterial ketone body ratio.
AB  - Factors related to the prognosis of patients with hyperbilirubinemia were
      investigated in 16 highly jaundiced patients. Patients who died within 3 weeks
      showed a deterioration of the hepatic energy status, measured by the arterial
      ketone body ratio, but patients who did not die within 3 weeks after the
      measurement of the ketone body ratio had a ratio within the normal range, despite
      high total bilirubin levels (18 mg/0.1 L). C3, C4 and CH50 in the former were
      also significantly lower than those in the latter. However, endotoxin and high
      fever occurred to the same extent, in the both groups. Thus, hepatic energy
      balance is the most pertinent factor related to prognosis, and is concerned with
      both the hepatocyte and reticuloendothelial systems. On the other hand, infection
      or endotoxin, when the energy balance is disturbed, becomes an aggravating but
      not a fundamental factor.

PMID- 3990047
TI  - Pathological studies on esophageal varices treated with injection sclerotherapy.
AB  - Injection sclerotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for esophageal
      varices. To investigate the fate of esophageal varices embolized with a
      sclerosant (ethanolamine oleate), we have examined at autopsy the esophageal wall
      of 14 patients with esophageal varices. When the sclerosant was injected into the
      varices, at first thrombi formed. After two weeks, granulation tissue appeared
      and the thrombi were gradually replaced. The granulation tissues were organized
      slowly after 3 months and in the organized granulation tissue, microscopic
      recanalization of vessels were seen in 8 out of 9 cases. There was no recurrence
      of the original varices and de novo varices occurred in one patient. These
      observations indicate that the varices embolized with ethanolamine oleate become
      organized in three months after the treatment, and accordingly the esophageal
      varices are cured. It became also clear that recurrence of the original varices
      did not occur after the organization.

PMID- 3990046
TI  - Reconstructive surgery for mitral and tricuspid valves--principles and personal
      experience.
AB  - We have experienced 246 cases of reconstructive surgery for mitral and tricuspid
      valves, with 17 deaths in the immediate post-operative period or during follow
      up. This gives an overall mortality rate of 6.9 per cent whereas in 72 cases of
      mitral valve reconstruction we recorded only 2 deaths i.e. a mortality rate of
      2.7 per cent although the post-operative period remains relatively short. Thus,
      we feel fully justified in pursuing our conservative surgery program, especially
      for younger patients who, given their superior myocardial state, can lead a
      fuller life after mitral reconstruction than after mitral replacement. It is our
      conviction that mitral and tricuspid valve reconstruction should not be
      overlooked and that prior to resection and replacement, the surgeon and the team
      should pause and scrupulously examine the valvular components with a view to
      conservative surgery. For certain lesions, reconstruction can be carried out
      rapidly and reliably. The mortality rate is not higher than conventional cardiac
      surgery and the patient's long term prognosis is considerably improved.

PMID- 3990048
TI  - Rastelli operation as one stage anatomical correction for infants with complete
      transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect.
AB  - We recently adopted the Rastelli operation as a one stage anatomical correction
      for three infants with transposition of the great arteries and associated with
      ventricular septal defect (TGA + VSD). In all, ventricular septal defect was
      enlarged by excision of the conus septum to avoid obstruction of intraventricular
      tunnel and Hancock valved conduits of 18 mm in diameter were used for
      reconstruction of pulmonary trunk. The postoperative function of the left
      ventricule proved to be better than that of the right ventricle, as the systemic
      ventricle, after the Mustard procedure for TGA + VSD. Our results show that the
      Rastelli operation is effective as a one stage anatomical correction in infants
      with TGA + VSD.

PMID- 3990049
TI  - Pelvic perfusion hyperthermia for advanced pelvic malignancies.
AB  - Pelvic perfusion hyperthermia (PPH) for malignant gynecologic diseases in the
      pelvis was performed for four hours with favorable results. Serial monitoring of
      chemotherapeutic drug concentrations in the blood, tissues and circuit showed
      that the drugs were satisfactorily incorporated into the tumor bearing area and
      that the systemic leak was minimal with no demonstrable systemic side effects.
      The temperature of the tumor was kept between 41.8 degrees C and 42.7 degrees C
      for over three hours. The esophageal temperature was maintained below 40 degrees
      C throughout the procedure. In one patient, there was an eighty percent reduction
      in tumor size and in the other, a complete regression of the tumor. We conclude
      that the PPH is a procedure that warrants further attention as an adjunct to
      cancer therapy for malignant pelvic tumors.

PMID- 3990050
TI  - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus--a case report.
AB  - We treated a 66-year old woman with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus.
      The histologic features of this tumor seemed to originate from esophageal glands
      and their ducts. This deduction was based on the subepithelial growth pattern and
      the presence of in-situ carcinoma showing a glandular or squamous pattern at the
      location of the esophageal gland duct. Although the biological nature of this
      tumor was not elucidated, the prognosis is similar to that seen with the ordinary
      type of esophageal squamous carcinoma.

PMID- 3990051
TI  - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland--a case report.
AB  - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is rare. We report here a
      case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland in a middle aged
      woman who had a thyroid nodule of 12 years duration with a recent rapid increase
      in size and associated with pressure symptoms. There was massive enlargement of
      the thyroid with retrosternal extension and fixity. Cervical nodes were also
      enlarged. The X-rays revealed calcification. A palliative thyroidectomy was done
      leaving the residual tumour behind. Endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy were
      required for respiratory distress in the postoperative period.

PMID- 3990052
TI  - Idiopathic arterial calcification in 9-year-old boy: a successful reconstruction
      for ilio-femoral occlusion.
AB  - We treated a 9-year-old boy suffering from underdevelopment of the length as well
      as circumference of the left lower extremity due to idiopathic arterial
      calcification of the left ilio-femoral artery. There was no deposition of calcium
      on the other arteries and tissues of the body. He had undergone aorto-internal
      iliac bypass graft with resection of the calcific iliac and superficial femoral
      arteries in the National Fukuoka Central Hospital when he was 4 years old, but
      the graft became occluded. He was admitted to the University of the Ryukyus
      Hospital. The common femoral artery was completely occluded with severe
      deposition of calcium on the wall and with gritty contents. The profunda femoris
      artery and the proximal part of the superficial femoral artery were also
      completely occluded with organized thrombi. Re-establishment of blood flow to the
      ischemic left lower extremity was performed with an ilio-femoral cross-over
      synthetic bypass and femoro-popliteal saphenous vein bypass graft, in situ. The
      patient has been well with adequate pulses of the pedal and posterior tibial
      artery 8 months after surgery.

PMID- 3990053
TI  - Hemostatic defects in experimental obstructive jaundice.
AB  - To elucidate the etiology of hemostatic abnormalities in cases of obstructive
      jaundice, we occluded the bile duct of rats for one week and found that the
      moderately jaundiced rats exhibited a marked reduction in the value of
      Hepaplastin test and Thrombotest with minimum histological changes in liver. All
      other coagulation and fibrinolysis profiles were within normal limits. These
      findings exclude the occurrence of a hypercoagulable state or hypofibrinolytic
      state in the jaundiced rats due to bile duct occlusion. Similar results were
      obtained in rats with tube choledochostomy. The abnormalities were almost
      completely prevented by the daily parenteral administration of vitamin K. These
      observations suggest that malabsorption of vitamin K may be the sole etiologic
      factor producing hemostatic defects in case of uncomplicated obstructive
      jaundice.

PMID- 3990054
TI  - Esophageal varices produced in dogs.
AB  - In attempts to produce esophageal varices in dogs, we designed a procedure based
      on the concept of hyperdynamic flow. The first stage operation involved the
      achievement of an arteriovenous shunt between the left renal artery and the
      proximal splenic vein, in concert with the distal splenic venous-left renal
      venous shunt. About one month after the initial operation, sixteen of the twenty
      eight dogs had tolerated the manipulations. Both shunts proved to be functioning
      well in six of sixteen survivors, in which an ameroid constrictor was placed
      around the splenic vein just proximal to the confluence of the left gastric vein.
      Again one month later, in five of these six, esophageal varices were evidenced,
      both endoscopically and histologically. Arterialization of left gastric vein
      concomitant with the distal splenorenal shunt, gave rise to a hyperdynamic state
      in the upper stomach and resulting in reproducible esophageal varices.

PMID- 3990055
TI  - [Unusual Blalock-Taussig operation under anatomically limited situations].

PMID- 3990057
TI  - [A apparatus for training in heart surgery].

PMID- 3990056
TI  - [Statistical analysis on 241 cases of pulmonary sequestration reported in Japan
      and clinical experience with 4 cases].

PMID- 3990058
TI  - [Intrathoracic balloon for the postoperative hemorrhage in pyothorax].

PMID- 3990059
TI  - [A new pulsating extracorporeal circulation].

PMID- 3990060
TI  - [3 cases of acquired tricuspid stenosis].

PMID- 3990061
TI  - [Recurrent left atrial thrombus in early postoperative period].

PMID- 3990062
TI  - [Bronchial atresia associated with additive anomalous bronchus].

PMID- 3990063
TI  - [Transpulmonary artery closure of PDA in the adult patient with decreased
      pulmonary function].

PMID- 3990064
TI  - [Correction of tetralogy of Fallot following arteriovenous shunt of the pulmonary
      artery and superior vena cava].

PMID- 3990065
TI  - [DeBakey type III dissecting aneurysm of the aorta treated by extra-anatomic
      bypass grafting and closure of a re-entry without permanent aortic clamping].

PMID- 3990066
TI  - [Accidental incision of an anomalous anterior descending coronary artery during
      corrective surgery of tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 3990067
TI  - [Graft inclusion technique with an aid of femoro-femoral partial bypass for
      thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms involving abdominal visceral arterial
      branches].

PMID- 3990068
TI  - [The characteristics of subvalvular lesions of excised rheumatic mitral valves].

PMID- 3990069
TI  - Runner's hematuria.

PMID- 3990070
TI  - Outcome: low birth weight infants.

PMID- 3990071
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism].

PMID- 3990072
TI  - [Tolerance and hemodynamic support for physical loading in patients in the early
      period of an acute large-focus myocardial infarct].
AB  - Tolerance to physical stress and hemodynamic support of the latter were compared
      in normal subjects, patients with chronic coronary disease and those at early
      stages after large-focal myocardial infarction. Tolerance to stress and its
      hemodynamic support were shown to be virtually identical in patients at early
      postinfarction stages and chronic coronary patients. It was therefore suggested
      that controlled bicycle ergometry was a safe test for patients at early stages
      after large-focal myocardial infarction (6 days, on average), and a useful one
      for the objective assessment of individual tolerance of varying load regimens.

PMID- 3990073
TI  - [Central hemodynamic changes during graded physical training of patients with a
      history of myocardial infarct].

PMID- 3990075
TI  - [Myocardial blood flow and its relation to myocardial function in ischemic heart
      disease patients with various manifestations of coronary arteriosclerosis].
AB  - An analysis of variance applied to myocardial flow (MF) data obtained using 133Xe
      clearance technique, coronaro- and ventriculography in 53 coronary patients and
      22 patients with intact coronary arteries, demonstrated a relationship between
      the MF level, myocardial contractility, oxygen requirement of the heart muscle
      and left-ventricular isovolumic relaxation time. The rate of myocardial fibres
      circular shortening and the ejection fraction were found to be the most sensitive
      indicators of myocardial contractility, responding to MF reduction. The latter
      was noted in coronary patients with ischemic and postinfarction asynergies. In
      cases of a normokinetic left ventricle, MF did not differ significantly from that
      of the controls, irrespective of the extent of lesion.

PMID- 3990074
TI  - [A school for patients with a history of myocardial infarct and their families: a
      method of group psychosocial intervention and an assessment of its
      effectiveness].
AB  - A group method of psychosocial intervention (a "school") has been developed for
      post-myocardial infarction patients and their families in order to build up
      positive attitudes to medical recommendations. The efficiency of the school as
      well as the social and psychologic factors involved were assessed using the
      multifactorial scale of psychosocial changes, and 16PF, and "polar profiles"
      tests, and Leary's method, in 27 post-myocardial infarction patients (mean age
      49.8 years) and their 12 wives. It was demonstrated that the patients' attitudes
      to medical recommendations became more positive, as compared to a control group;
      moreover, this positive quality persisted over long-term follow-up. Certain
      personality features (self-image, psychological makeup) affecting the patient's
      observance of medical advice were demonstrated which should be considered in
      planning the rehabilitation strategy for myocardial infarction patients. The
      results indicate that patients' wives should also be enrolled in the group
      effort.

PMID- 3990076
TI  - [Changes in arterial pressure, heart contraction rate and ECG indices in ischemic
      heart disease patients undergoing static-dynamic loading].
AB  - Thirty males with coronary heart disease were examined using bicycle ergometry
      and a combined statico-dynamic test. It was established that the latter was
      accompanied by a more rapid (as compared with bicycle ergometry) increase of the
      heart rate, the systolic arterial pressure, the value of "double multiplication"
      and, in contrast to dynamic exercise, by an elevation of the diastolic arterial
      pressure. During a combined test an anginal attack and displacement of the ST
      segment occurred earlier as against bicycle ergometry. The above characteristics
      of the hemodynamics during the statico-dynamic exercise justify the use of this
      test for studying the relationship of the coronary blood flow and myocardial
      contraction.

PMID- 3990077
TI  - [Effect of emotional tension on intravascular coagulation in patients with
      angiographically established ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The effect of simulated emotional stress (ES) on the platelet/vascular and plasma
      components of the hemostatic system was examined in normal subjects and coronary
      patients. In coronary patients, prestress hemostatic platelet/vascular and plasma
      factors were disturbed, their blood showing a tendency to activated intravascular
      coagulation. Stress further increased the blood thrombogenic potential of
      coronary patients, causing intravascular coagulation as evidenced by declining
      cAMP/cHMP ratio, enhanced release of soluble fibrin and fibrinogen-fibrin
      degradation products (FDPs), and reduced antithrombin III.

PMID- 3990078
TI  - [Changes in the blood surface-active properties during the correction of
      hemorheological disorders in patients with occlusive lesions of the abdominal
      aorta and arteries of the extremities].
AB  - Significant hemorheologic disorders were demonstrated in 68 patients with
      Leriche's syndrome and 50 patients with Raynaud's disease, as compared to 42
      normal controls. Plasma and erythrocyte membrane surface tension (ST) was
      measured, using a surface balance, in 29 patients with Leriche's syndrome, 26
      patients with Raynaud's disease and 24 normal subjects. In both kinds of vascular
      abnormality, major parameters of erythrocyte membrane adsorption film ST remained
      unchanged, yet the areas of their adsorption hysteresis loops increased. In
      patients with Raynaud's disease, the minimal plasma ST increased, while the
      stability index and the hysteresis loop area declined. In patients with Leriche's
      syndrome, those were unchanged. The control of hemorheologic disorders by
      moderate hemodilution using albumin, rheopolyglucin, antiaggregants and
      fibrinolytic agents resulted in the normalization of plasma ST parameters in
      Raynaud's disease, and a greater hysteresis loop area in both kinds of vascular
      disease. Major parameters of erythrocyte membrane adsorption film ST remained
      unchanged, while the area of their hysteresis loops decreased.

PMID- 3990079
TI  - [Changes in the indices of plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein spectra in
      patients with myocardial infarct and unstable stenocardia over the course of a
      year's observation].
AB  - Over the period of one year the authors examined the changes in the parameters of
      the plasma spectrum of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in 46 patients with acute
      macrofocal myocardial infarction and 35 patients with labile angina. In six cases
      variations in these parameters were studied in the course of unstable angina and
      in the post-infarction period. It was established that myocardial infarction
      induced specific alterations in the plasma lipoprotein system not only in the
      immediate post-infarction period but also at more long-term periods. Myocardial
      infarction causes deep and prolonged disorders in the apolipoprotein system which
      may contribute to the progression of atherosclerotic damage to the coronary
      arteries.

PMID- 3990080
TI  - [Calcitrophic hormone content--calcitonin and parathyrin--of chronic ischemic
      heart disease patients].
AB  - Patients with chronic ischemic heart disease showed absolute hypercalcitoninemia
      combined with normal levels of the parathyroid hormone. The unbalance between
      calcitrophic hormones is not associated with a history of myocardial infarction.
      Hypercalcitoninemia was the most pronounced in patients with cardiac rhythm
      disorders and a simultaneous reduction in total serum calcium.

PMID- 3990081
TI  - [Haptoglobin phenotype distribution in patients at high risk of developing
      myocardial infarct].
AB  - Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotyping was carried out in patients at risk for myocardial
      infarction. A highly significant increase in the incidence of the phenotype Hp 2
      2 was demonstrated in the high-risk group, as compared to a group of normal
      subjects.

PMID- 3990082
TI  - [Clinical importance of determining the level of circulating immune complexes in
      patients in the acute period of myocardial infarct].

PMID- 3990083
TI  - [Real oxygen transport in myocardial infarct patients in relation to the central
      hemodynamic type].
AB  - Real oxygen transport (ROT) was investigated in relation to central hemodynamic
      type in 41 patients on Days 1,2, 3,5, 10 of myocardial infarction. In patients
      with normodynamic central hemodynamics, ROT gradually goes down by Day 5 of the
      disease, mostly due to a decrease in blood oxygen capacity (BOC), and eventually
      returns to normal. The hyperdynamic type of central hemodynamics is associated
      with significant ROT variation, its increase in the presence of the hyperdynamic
      syndrome alternating with declines at other times. The hypodynamic type with
      clinical signs of congestive heart failure is associated with a progressive ROT
      decrease, mostly due to reduced cardiac index as well as moderately decreased
      BOC. Providing a link between the circulatory and respiratory systems of the
      body, ROT is an informative parameter for the assessment of the severity of heart
      failure in myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3990084
TI  - [Coronary blood flow function in patients with chronic postembolic pulmonary
      hypertension].
AB  - Variations in coronary blood flow and cardiac output were studied using
      dopplerography throughout rationed exercise in 16 patients with chronic
      postembolic pulmonary hypertension. All patients showed reduced coronary flow
      during exercise, an evidence of early signs of coronary insufficiency. A
      correlation was demonstrated between coronary flow disorders and the severity of
      pulmonary hypertension, the extent of pulmonary vascular bed lesion and right
      ventricular hypertrophy.

PMID- 3990085
TI  - [Diagnosis of infectious endocarditis and the assessment of the effectiveness of
      its treatment].
AB  - The results of investigation and treatment of 58 patients with infectious
      endocarditis are presented. Changed clinical pattern of the disease, its
      increasing incidence among older people and the emergence of its "immunologic"
      variety with signs of myocarditis, vasculitis and, less commonly,
      glomerulonephritis have been noted over recent years. The disease has become
      polyetiologic. Methods of treatment for infectious endocarditis are discussed
      with reference to the etiology and clinical pattern of the disease. Indications
      for surgical treatment are outlined.

PMID- 3990087
TI  - [Prostaglandin and cyclic nucleotide content of the ventricular myocardium in
      noradrenaline damage to the heart].
AB  - The effect of intraperitoneal noradrenaline injection (2.5 mg/kg body weight) on
      myocardial levels of cAMP, cHMP, PGE and PGF2 alpha of the left and right
      ventricles was examined in male Wistar rats. The findings were compared with
      morphologic changes in the myocardium and sympathetic nerves of both ventricles.
      Cyclic nucleotides and PGs were measured by RIA, sympathetic nerves, by a
      fluorescent histochemical technique; myocardial lesions were demonstrated by Lie
      staining. A sharp drop was noted in cAMP and PG levels at early stages of the
      experiment followed by a gradual return to control values. The decrease in cAMP
      was less marked, and more transient, in the right ventricle. These changes were
      accompanied with a more pronounced damage to the left ventricle, perhaps due to
      differences in adrenergic innervation as well as cyclic nucleotides and PG
      metabolism in the examined compartments of the heart.

PMID- 3990089
TI  - [Function of the monocyte link in the mononuclear phagocytosing system in acute
      myocardial infarct].

PMID- 3990086
TI  - [Ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of the ischemic myocardium after
      reperfusion].
AB  - An experimental study in 19 mongrel dogs with myocardial reperfusion demonstrated
      the pathogenetic role of microcirculatory disturbances, conducive to
      cardiomyocyte damage. Electron microscopic and biochemical investigation showed
      that the accumulation of fluid was mainly due to inflated bound-water fraction,
      and the development of interstitial and, to a smaller degree, intracellular edema
      was connected with increased permeability of the histohematic border.
      Ultrastructural changes were more pronounced in the infarcted and marginal zones,
      while the intact zone showed adaptive changes only.

PMID- 3990088
TI  - [Effect of long-term intensive physical training on adrenocortical function of
      patients with a history of myocardial infarct].

PMID- 3990090
TI  - [Comparison of the inference of the existence of ischemic heart disease in
      epidemiological research with prior polyclinical diagnosis].

PMID- 3990091
TI  - Modulation by calcitonin of magnesium and calcium urinary excretion in the rat.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of human calcitonin (hCT) on electrolyte excretion in
      hormone-deprived rats, that is, in the absence of endogenous parathyroid hormone,
      antidiuretic hormone, thyrocalcitonin and glucagon, the effects of which might
      have interfered with those of exogenous calcitonin. Plasma hCT levels, measured
      by radioimmunoassay, varied from 0 to 32 ng/ml. In these rats, hCT decreased
      magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) excretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Maximal
      decreases were observed for hCT plasma concentrations comprised between 3 and 5
      ng/ml, and persisted at the highest doses. Sodium, potassium, water, and total
      solute excretions were constant in the calcitonin concentration range explored.
      The same was observed for phosphate, except that slight but significant
      phosphaturia was elicited by the highest doses. Calcium and phosphate infusions
      to attenuate the fall in plasma Ca and phosphate concentration subsequent to hCT
      infusion, did not alter the hormonal effect on Ca and Mg excretion. hCT can
      therefore directly modulate Mg and Ca reabsorption by the kidney at plasma
      concentrations within the physiological range. The maximal effects on Mg and Ca
      reabsorption were obtained at plasma concentrations which are generally reached
      after maximal stimulation of endogenous calcitonin secretion. It is suggested
      that in rats, endogenous secretion of calcitonin stimulates Ca and Mg renal
      reabsorption without modification of sodium and phosphate excretion.

PMID- 3990092
TI  - Effect of plasma levels of parathyroid hormone on NADPH pathways in kidney and
      liver.
AB  - NADPH available for mixed function oxidations (pathway 1) or biosynthetic
      processes (pathway 2) has been evaluated in different cells from rat liver and
      kidney. In addition, changes of the proportion of NADPH utilized in each pathway
      were demonstrated in the same cells from rats showing different circulating
      levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Quantitative levels of NADPH directed into
      each of these pathways have been measured and histologically located in sections
      from rat liver and kidney using quantitative cytochemistry and scanning and
      integrating microdensitometry. Centrilobular hepatocytes utilize the major amount
      of NADPH, either via pathway 1 or 2. Kidney cells utilize most NADPH via pathway
      2, particularly in the distal part of the nephron. The cells of the pars recta
      have shown the highest capacity to utilize NADPH via pathway 1, which is about
      half that of centrilobular hepatocytes. In centrilobular cells, the presence of
      high plasma levels of PTH results in a significant increment of NADPH utilization
      either via pathway 1 or 2. In kidneys from rats showing high plasma levels of
      PTH, a selective increase in NADPH utilized via pathway 2 was observed in the
      distal convoluted tubule whereas a selective increase in NADPH utilized via
      pathway 1 was demonstrated in cells of the pars recta. These observations provide
      further information in the understanding of the physiology of kidney and liver
      cells.

PMID- 3990093
TI  - Mesangial function and glomerular sclerosis in rats with aminonucleoside
      nephrosis.
AB  - The possible relationship between mesangial dysfunction and development of
      glomerular sclerosis was studied in the puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) model.
      Five male Wistar rats received repeated subcutaneous PAN injections; five
      controls received saline only. After 4 weeks the PAN rats were severely
      proteinuric (190 +/- 80 mg/24 hr), and all rats were given colloidal carbon (CC)
      intravenously. At 5 months glomerular sclerosis was found in 7.6 +/- 3.4% of the
      glomeruli of PAN rats; glomeruli of the controls were normal. Glomeruli of PAN
      rats contained significantly more CC than glomeruli of controls. Glomeruli with
      sclerosis contained significantly more CC than non-sclerotic glomeruli in the
      same kidneys. CC was preferentially localized within the sclerotic areas of the
      affected glomeruli. Since mesangial CC clearance from the mesangium did not
      change during chronic PAN treatment, we conclude that this preferential CC
      localization within the lesions is caused by an increased CC uptake shortly after
      injection in apparent vulnerable areas where sclerosis will develop subsequently.
      Cluster analysis showed a random distribution of lesions in the PAN glomeruli in
      concordance with the random localization of mesangial areas with dysfunction in
      this model. Similar to the remnant kidney model in PAN nephrosis the development
      of glomerular sclerosis may be related to "mesangial overloading."

PMID- 3990094
TI  - [Results of roentgenologic thorax diagnosis on the 1st day of life of newborn
      infants in an intensive care unit].

PMID- 3990095
TI  - [Computerized tomography of the thoracic organs in children--indications and
      results].

PMID- 3990096
TI  - [Effect of selected factors on morbidity in preschool children].

PMID- 3990097
TI  - [Scientific research and training of research personnel in surgery in the
      Ukraine].

PMID- 3990098
TI  - [Clinico-endoscopic evaluation of large intestinal tonus at various periods after
      surgery].

PMID- 3990099
TI  - [Roentgenosemeiotics of changes in the small intestine in nonspecific ulcerative
      colitis and Crohn disease].

PMID- 3990100
TI  - [Algorithm of selection of the method of treatment and the extent of surgical
      intervention in nonspecific ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 3990101
TI  - [Functional state of ceco-appendicular regulatory apparatus in idiopathic
      megadolichocolon].

PMID- 3990102
TI  - [Technic of end-to-end intestinal anastomosis using glue].

PMID- 3990103
TI  - [Intestinal fistulas as a cause of abdominal abscesses].

PMID- 3990104
TI  - [Objective method of determining intestinal viability].

PMID- 3990105
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of duodenal polyps].

PMID- 3990106
TI  - [Inflammatory pseudotumors of the cecum].

PMID- 3990107
TI  - [Early complications after operations on the large intestine].

PMID- 3990108
TI  - [Treatment of multiple primary tumors of the large intestine].

PMID- 3990109
TI  - [Appendicitis-like form of Crohn disease].

PMID- 3990110
TI  - [Phlegmon of ascending colon simulating acute cholecystitis].

PMID- 3990111
TI  - [Perforation of a Crohn disease-affected segment of the ileum situated in an
      inguinal-scrotal hernia].

PMID- 3990112
TI  - [Obturation of external intestinal fistulas using screw obturators].

PMID- 3990113
TI  - [Obturation and local dialysis in unformed intestinal fistulas].

PMID- 3990114
TI  - [Regional hemosorption through mesenteric-splenic venous shunt].

PMID- 3990116
TI  - [New type of fecal receptacle].

PMID- 3990115
TI  - [New method of coloproctectomy].

PMID- 3990117
TI  - [An improved proctoscope].

PMID- 3990118
TI  - [A holder for the colonofibroscope].

PMID- 3990120
TI  - [Thrombohemorrhagic complications of external intestinal fistulas].

PMID- 3990119
TI  - [Methods of collecting samples of human peripheral lymph].

PMID- 3990121
TI  - [Tube for intracavitary thermometry and decompression of the duodenum].

PMID- 3990123
TI  - [Cellular immunity after surgery and massive blood transfusions in patients with
      profuse gastroduodenal hemorrhage].

PMID- 3990122
TI  - [Status and developmental prospects of the science of burns in the Ukraine].

PMID- 3990124
TI  - [Effect of hemosorption on kidney function indices in burn patients].

PMID- 3990125
TI  - [Disordered functional activity of the immunocompetent cells in burn injury].

PMID- 3990126
TI  - [Effect of the burn injury on myocardial bioelectrical activity in the acute
      periods of the burns].

PMID- 3990127
TI  - [Single-stage combined surgical interventions in blood disease patients].

PMID- 3990128
TI  - [Development and trials of antimicrobial surgical suture materials].

PMID- 3990130
TI  - [Effect of antioxidants on the content of macroergic compounds in the liver and
      kidneys in burns].

PMID- 3990129
TI  - [Immediate and late results of selective proximal vagotomy with different types
      of stomach-draining operations in treating pyloroduodenal ulcers].

PMID- 3990132
TI  - [Methods of preventing sepsis in severely burned patients].

PMID- 3990131
TI  - [Treatment of burn patients in a controlled abacterial environment].

PMID- 3990133
TI  - [Use of protease inhibitors on burn patients].

PMID- 3990135
TI  - [Management of surgical care in clinical hospitals].

PMID- 3990134
TI  - [Current organizational problems of the modern science of burns].

PMID- 3990136
TI  - [Reduction of the treatment time for patients in a surgical hospital].

PMID- 3990138
TI  - [Reasons for the occurrence of chills during hemosorption and the measures for
      their prevention].

PMID- 3990139
TI  - [Plummer-Vinson syndrome].

PMID- 3990137
TI  - [Treatment results with burn patients under various conditions].

PMID- 3990140
TI  - [Transcutaneous transhepatic papillotomy].

PMID- 3990141
TI  - [Unit for warming patients and drying burn wounds].

PMID- 3990142
TI  - [Activity of the inflammatory process in convalescing burn patients during
      rehabilitation in an aseptic microclimate].

PMID- 3990143
TI  - [Home monitoring following sudden infant death--report of the personal
      experiences of an anesthesist].
AB  - An infant boy (brother of a SIDS victim) was followed up for the first 6 months
      of life by home cardiorespiratory monitoring. The case reports of both the two
      children are presented. Some of the problems arising after the subsequent
      pregnancy as there are selection of the kind of monitor, preparations for
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation and home situation are discussed. The personal
      decisions made in this context by the author are presented.

PMID- 3990144
TI  - [Idiopathic lung hemosiderosis in a 3-year-old child following ductus ligation in
      the neonatal period].
AB  - A premature girl (birth weight 1 405 g, gestational age 32 weeks) was
      mechanically ventilated for 36 days because of respiratory distress, pulmonary
      hemorrhage and ductus arteriosus. The hemodynamically active ductus was ligated
      on the 22nd day of life. At the age of three years a mycoplasma pneumonia and a
      pulmonary hemosiderosis developed. The possible etiologic role of the neonatal
      lung problems and the mycoplasma infection for the pulmonary hemosiderosis is
      discussed. Because a similar case has thus for not been reported the coincidence
      may be by chance.

PMID- 3990145
TI  - [Extraneural medulloblastoma metastasis following non-operated medulloblastoma].
AB  - We present a case of a 3 8/12 years old boy with histologically proved
      medulloblastoma. Preoperatively a tumor of the parotid gland was diagnosed,
      exstirpated and interpreted as a metastasis of medulloblastoma. Therefore the
      opinion seems to be questionable, that extracranial metastases of
      medulloblastomas only occur after injury of the dura mater (operation, shunt).

PMID- 3990146
TI  - On the requirement of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D by premature and low
      birthweight infants.
AB  - During recent years the increased survival rate of very low birthweight infants
      has lead to an increased incidence of rickets and/or osteopenia in these infants.
      The pathogenesis is multifactorial. From several studies performed under
      different conditions it can be concluded that the vitamin D requirement of these
      infants is about 3 times higher than the normal prophylactic dose. Breastfed
      infants should be supplemented with extra phosphorus and possibly also extra
      calcium. Infant formulas designed for low birthweight infants should have a
      calcium content compensating for the initially poor calcium absorption of these
      infants.

PMID- 3990148
TI  - A radiological sign of bone demineralization in preterm infants.
AB  - Bone demineralization is a common condition in very preterm infants. It can
      easily be detected on plain chest films which are often taken in these patients
      for other reasons. On the first day of life each vertebral body is formed by two
      x-ray dense plates which are separated by a smaller horizontal more radiolucent
      zone. As a result of a calcium and/or phosphorus deficient nutrition the plates
      loose their x-ray density. Within four weeks the vertebral bodies appear then as
      a thin x-ray dense outer border surrounding a radiolucent "empty" center.

PMID- 3990147
TI  - [Regional early mortality in relation to social and hospital structure].
AB  - Detailed analysis of governmental mortality statistics yields information on
      regional differences in the care for preterm infants in West Germany. 68% of
      newborn infants dying within the first 7 days of life are of low birth weight. In
      the 11 states, highest/lowest early neonatal mortality fell from 11.6/6.0 to
      6.2/3.1 during the years 1978 to 1982. In the 31 administrative districts, a
      small negative correlation (r = -0.37) exists for neonatal mortality and tax
      revenue. Increased regional mortality indicates diminished regionalization of
      perinatal care for preterm infants.

PMID- 3990149
TI  - [Phenobarbital prevention of intraventricular hemorrhages in premature infants].
AB  - We have extended our controlled study to a total of 129 patients. Infants treated
      with phenobarbital confirm to have a significant lower incidence of IVH of all
      degrees. We now give phenobarbital to all prematures under 1800 g birthweight.

PMID- 3990150
TI  - [Lumbar cisternography in the evaluation of hydrocephalus in premature infants].
AB  - Radionuclide lumbar cisternography with 111In-DTPA was utilized as a bedside
      procedure to evaluate CSF dynamics and the patency of the ventricular system in
      29 preterm infants with hydrocephalus. Serial images of the brain were obtained
      at 0, 1, 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours after instillation of the isotope in the lumbar
      subarachnoid space. Three distinct patterns were seen. Infants with
      posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus displayed prompt ventricular filling but markedly
      delayed emptying with minimal flow over the cerebral convexities. Infants with
      ventriculomegaly secondary to suspected brain atrophy or periventricular
      leukomalacia demonstrated a pattern of prompt ventricular filling, delayed
      emptying, but with flow present over the convexities. An infant with
      noncommunicating hydrocephalus secondary to an Arnold-Chiari malformation showed
      a pattern of complete obstruction with no ventricular filling. Radionuclide
      lumbar cisternography appears to be a safe, well-tolerated procedure which
      produces images of sufficient resolution to provide valuable information about
      CSF dynamics, delineating basal cisternae, ventricles, and subarachnoid flow
      paths.

PMID- 3990152
TI  - [Non-invasive monitoring of the cardiopulmonary status of newborn infants
      immediately following birth].
AB  - Blood gas and acid base values in cord blood are not predictive for neonatal
      cardiopulmonary adaptation on the extrauterine life. The oxygen
      cardiorespirography shows objectively the state of adaptation. By this monitoring
      beat-to-beat heart rate, respiratory rate, thoracic impedance and the
      transcutaneous PO2 are measured. 16 of 337 newborns had severe cardiopulmonary
      problems (11 respiratory distress, 5 congenital heart disease), which was seen in
      at least one of the parameters. In 10 of 16 infants a pathological pattern was
      recognized by oxygen-cardiorespirography before clinical symptoms appeared.
      Additional information can be given by the hyperoxia test to differentiate
      healthy and sick newborns (respiratory problems and congenital heart disease).
      With two tcPO2-electrodes fixed on the thorax and abdomen, the shunt through an
      open ductus arteriosus can be estimated by different values.

PMID- 3990153
TI  - The protein requirement of preterm infants.
AB  - The daily fetal protein accretion rate (g/kg b.w.) was calculated from the daily
      fetal weight gain and the protein content of the fetus. Taking the net protein
      utilization of 80% in preterm infants (Snyderman et al., 1969) we calculated the
      protein requirement of preterm infants from the fetal protein accretion rate to
      be at a maximum of 2.7 g/kg b.w. day for the fetus growing on the 50th weight
      centile during the 30th to 31st postconceptional week. The more preterm infant
      has lower requirements.

PMID- 3990151
TI  - Carbohydrate and lipid abnormalities in infants of diabetic mothers.
AB  - Abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in infants of diabetic mothers
      are accounted for by maternal hyperglycemia shortly before and during delivery,
      and are caused by excessive fetal insulin secretion at birth. Thus, hypoglycemia
      and suppressed lipolysis (low serum free fatty acid and blood ketone body
      concentrations) in the newborn infant are correlated with cord serum C-peptide
      and free insulin levels at birth. Hypoglycemia is usually self-correcting, and
      treatment is required only in symptomatic or prolonged (over 6 hr) cases'
      Postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity is twice as high in infants of
      diabetic mothers as in infants of normal mothers; this enzyme is inducible by
      insulin. For optimal homeostasis of the fetus and newborn infant, careful control
      of maternal blood glucose is necessary, not only during pregnancy but also during
      delivery.

PMID- 3990155
TI  - Brain protection by phenobarbitone in very low birthweight (VLBW) prematures--a
      controlled trial.
AB  - Prematures with birthweights below 1500 g were enrolled in a randomized
      controlled study to evaluate the effect of phenobarbitone on early
      periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) and late handicap due to neuronal damage. PVH
      was diagnosed by ultrasound in 8 of 25 in the treatment group and in 14 of 27 in
      the control group. So far, 22 infants have been examined at the age of 9 months;
      3 of 9 treated and 4 of 13 control infants were neurologically handicapped. These
      preliminary results suggest a beneficial effect of phenobarbitone. The study
      continues to establish long-term effects.

PMID- 3990154
TI  - [Recent studies on the pathogenesis of hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus].
AB  - After a short summary of recent studies on the blood brain barrier and bilirubin
      entry into the brain and the intestinal bilirubin absorption, a report is given
      on actual investigations in Gunn rats. The animals were given by gavage a
      bilirubin stock solution and simultaneously milk or different milk ingredients.
      Cream, oil and lipid emulsions delayed bilirubin absorption.

PMID- 3990159
TI  - [Sonographic position and functional diagnosis of ventricular positioned shunt
      systems in infants with hydrocephalus].
AB  - By cranial sonography through the open fontanelles of infants with hydrocephalus
      a diagnosis of position and function of ventricular shunts is possible. A
      malposition of the ventricular catheter was diagnosed sonographically in 11 of 55
      patients after primary shunting. Complications after shunting as overdrainage or
      shunt insufficiency could be demonstrated early and reliable. Controls in due
      course are diagnostically important. The number of computerized tomographies in
      infants with hydrocephalus can be reduced significantly. In order to reduce
      complications after shunting an intraoperative sonographical control of catheter
      position is intended.

PMID- 3990156
TI  - [Early closure of ductus arteriosus with indomethacin].
AB  - The open ductus arteriosus was closed with indomethacin on the first days of life
      in 13 out of 27 preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. The early
      medical closure of the ductus arteriosus shortened the duration of the
      ventilatory assistance and need of additional oxygen in these infants.

PMID- 3990157
TI  - [Computer-assisted data analysis in a pediatric intensive care unit].
AB  - Computer assisted real time data analysis introduces a reasonable method of
      judgment into patient monitoring systems. From fast changing vital parameters
      discrete heart and respiration rate samples are immediately evaluated and
      presented as graphs near the bedside. Thus, statistical routines can increase the
      better understanding of instable clinical conditions and lend support to the
      decision making process. The early detection of a pathological trend in a patient
      whose ability to compensate is still present provides necessary time for
      diagnostic or preventive countermeasures in case of emergency.

PMID- 3990158
TI  - Quantity and quality of milk protein intake: metabolic responses in the neonate.
AB  - All whey proteins in human milk are not absorbed and thus not nutritionally
      available. There is evidence that SIgA, lactoferrin and lysozyme are resistant to
      proteolytic action and the major part of these protective proteins are excreted
      in the infants stool. An exclusively breast-fed infant would thus have a mean
      intake of 1.3 g of protein per kg/d during the first month and about 0.9 g/kg/d
      during the third month. Term infants fed with formulas containing 1.5 g of
      protein per 100 ml show metabolic changes which indicate that they receive more
      protein than they require for growth, these changes are not seen in breast-fed
      infants or in infants receiving a whey-predominant formula containing only 1.1
      g/100 ml of protein. A reevaluation of protein requirement and intake during
      infancy is suggested.

PMID- 3990160
TI  - [Progress in the therapy of children with congenital hemolytic anemias by
      transfusion of neocyte concentrations. Initial experiences in the separation and
      transfusion of young erythrocytes, obtained with the cell separator Fenwal CS
      3000].
AB  - Transfusion-induced hemochromatosis remains a major therapeutic complication in
      the management of patients with chronic hemolytic anemias. Red cell units
      harvested with blood cell separators have an average estimated mean cell age of
      30 days, compared to 60 days for unfractionated blood. Our initial experience
      with transfusion of neocytes indicates that the amount of transfused erythrocytes
      can be reduced on 60 per cent. Further studies must demonstrate the clinical
      benefit. When combined with modern iron chelator regimens, it may be possible to
      achieve consistently negative iron balance prior to the onset of hemochromatosis
      which would allow patients to probably lead a normal life-span.

PMID- 3990161
TI  - [Diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases using suprasternal M-mode
      echocardiography].
AB  - The suprasternal approach can be used to image the aortic arch, the right
      pulmonary artery and the left atrium. Dilatation or dissections involving the
      aortic arch were detected echocardiographically from the suprasternal notch. The
      echocardiogram of the right pulmonary artery is altered in cases of acute and
      chronic pulmonary hypertension. Intrapulmonary thrombi in patients with acute
      pulmonary embolism were visualized with this technique. A volume overloading of
      the pulmonary circulation due to a congenital left to right shunt, as well as a
      decreased pulmonary blood flow due to a congenital right to left shunt causes
      characteristic changes in the wall motion pattern of the right pulmonary artery.
      Hypoplasia or aplasia of the central pulmonary arteries can be diagnosed as well.
      Imaging of the left atrium from the suprasternal notch may help to differentiate
      between supraventricular and ventricular rhythm disturbances. The suprasternal
      approach is therefore recommended to be used as a routine part of each
      echocardiographic examination.

PMID- 3990163
TI  - [Pathogenesis and clinical significance of Monckeberg medial calcinosis].
AB  - Medial calcinosis of Monckeberg is frequently observed in peripheral arteries of
      diabetics with neuropathy. The cause of this vessel alteration is unknown and the
      clinical significance has been questioned. Six to eight years after uni- or
      bilateral lumbar sympathectomy 60 patients were investigated radiologically for
      medial calcinosis of foot arteries. Of 60 patients, 55 had Monckeberg's
      sclerosis. In 93% of the patients who had undergone bilateral operation medial
      calcification was seen in both feet. After unilateral sympathectomy the incidence
      of medial calcinosis on the operated side was significantly higher than on the
      non-operated side (88% versus 18%, p less than 0.01). There was no significant
      difference between diabetics and non-diabetics. These findings suggest that
      medial calcification is related to autonomic neuropathy of peripheral vessels.
      Fifty-two of 160 patients (32.5%) with severe arterial occlusive disease of the
      lower limbs showed medial calcification of foot arteries. Monckeberg's sclerosis
      was significantly associated with the peripheral type of vascular disease (p less
      than 0.025). Two groups of patients with the same stage of occlusive vascular
      disease but without (group A) and with (group B) medial calcification were
      examined by Doppler ultrasound. In group A the mean ankle pressure (pD) was 51 mm
      Hg lower than the Riva-Rocci pressure (pRR). In spite of the severe ischemia mean
      pD in group B exceeded pRR by 14 mm Hg. Of the patients of group B 63% had a pD
      pRR value greater than or equal to 0 mm Hg. In group A no positive difference pD
      pRR could be shown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990162
TI  - Secretion of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen in long-term organ culture
      of human medullary thyroid carcinoma: biochemical and immunocytochemical studies.
AB  - Tissue cultures of four C-cell carcinomas (medullary thyroid carcinoma, MTC) were
      prepared to study the basal and stimulated calcitonin (CT) and carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) release. Immunohistological staining of the explants for CT and CEA
      have been performed after various periods of culture. These MTC explants were
      able continuously to release CT and CEA for periods up to 157 days. The
      spontaneous CT and CEA release decreased sharply during the 1st week of culture,
      then remained nearly constant over the observation period. THE CEA/CT secretion
      ratio slightly declined during long-term culture; CEA release seems to drop
      earlier than CT production. CT and CEA could be detected in the same cells by
      immunocytochemical technique. The septal tissue consisting of dense connective
      tissue and amyloid produced by tumor cells seemed to increase during long-term
      culture. CT, but not CEA, was stimulated by pentagastrin (10(-5) M), glucagon (6
      x 10 (-6) M), and dose related by calcium (2.5-20 mM) in vitro. The MTC explant
      organ long-term culture proved to be a useful model for studies of human CT and
      CEA secretion.

PMID- 3990164
TI  - Effect of an acute protein load on the creatinine clearance in healthy
      vegetarians.
AB  - In normal man an acute protein load increases the glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) significantly, which seems to represent a renal functional reserve. Healthy
      vegetarians are known to have a statistically reduced baseline GFR. We performed
      three creatinine clearance studies (24-h study design) on each of nine healthy
      vegetarian subjects. The first clearance was measured as baseline, the second one
      was done on day 2 after an oral protein load of 100 g vegetarian protein (1.2-2.0
      g/kg body wt.), respectively, ingested within half an hour. The third clearance,
      serving as a control, was done on day 14. All subjects had their normal
      vegetarian meals during the study. All vegetarians had at all times a normal
      serum creatinine level. The mean baseline creatinine clearance was 65.4 +/- 33.3
      ml/min. 1.73 m2. In five of nine vegetarians we found a significant increase of
      the creatinine clearance after the protein load of 66.0% (mean) and a decrease to
      the baseline values, respectively, when the control clearance was measured. The
      remaining four vegetarians did not increase their creatinine clearance
      immediately after the protein challenge and their control clearances were found
      to be significantly reduced (-40.2%) compared to the individual baseline.

PMID- 3990165
TI  - The effects of a combination of cigarette smoking and oral contraception on
      coagulation and fibrinolysis in human females.
AB  - Oral contraception as well as cigarette smoking influence haemostasis. The
      simultaneous effect of both on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis was studied in
      nine female smokers. While continuing oral contraception after a 4-week
      abstinence from smoking the concentration of fibrinogen, antithrombin III and
      alpha 1-Antitrypsin decreased (P less than 0.01 or P less than 0.04) and of
      plasminogen increased (P less than 0.03). The other coagulation parameters
      remained unchanged. Although all determinations of these parameters were in the
      normal range, the observed trends were statistically significant. The
      concentrations of the fibrinopeptide A and B 15-42 did not differ. It is
      concluded that the observed alteration is caused by cessation from cigarette
      smoking.

PMID- 3990166
TI  - Epidural opiates: long-term experiences in cancer pain.
AB  - Epidural opiates were administered to 139 patients with pain due to malignant
      diseases via a chronic indwelling catheter inserted percutaneously. So far, 9,716
      days of treatment can be evaluated. In 87% of the patients whose pain previously
      could not be controlled with conventional analgesic approaches, epidural opiates
      resulted in remarkable pain relief. With a mean daily dose of 15.6 mg morphine
      (range 2-290 mg) or 0.86 mg buprenorphine (range 0.15-7.2 mg) half of the
      patients could be treated as outpatients. The mean duration of therapy was 72
      days (range 1-700 days), 26 catheters being in place for more than 100 days and
      one catheter being in place for 510 days. Two severe side-effects (meningitis)
      were observed, both patients being free of symptoms after catheter removal and
      antibiotic therapy. Epidural opiates proved to be a valuable method of pain
      control in terminal illness. The method should be reserved for those patients,
      for whom oral opiates fail to produce effective pain relief.

PMID- 3990167
TI  - [Transient, direction changing spontaneous and provocation nystagmus in the
      course of visceral lupus erythematosus].
AB  - Vestibule dizziness in the course of Lupus erythematodes visceralis has not been
      investigated to any depth up until now. The observation of a transient,
      directional changing spontaneous and provoked nystagmus during an acute phase of
      the disease indicates that homogeneous short episodes of dizziness are probably
      not so rare, but the vestibular symptom, which possibly may be objectified only
      by Frenzel glasses examination, becomes not realized or disregarded. Pathogenesis
      and formanalysis of nystagmus are discussed.

PMID- 3990168
TI  - [Excretion of free dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in 190 males in
      relation to age and blood pressure].
AB  - The 24-h urinary excretion of free catecholamines was evaluated in: 62 healthy
      and 20 hypertensive (primary hypertension, stage 1 and 2) male subjects, less
      than or equal to 39 years of age, and in 64 healthy and 44 hypertensive (primary
      hypertension, stage II and III) male subjects greater than or equal to 40 years
      of age. Noradrenaline excretion correlates positively with the age, based on the
      date of all 190 subjects (r = 0.29, P less than 0.001) and for the 126 healthy
      subjects (r = 0.37, P less than 0.001), however not for the 64 hypertensive
      patients. Adrenaline and dopamine excretion does not show any significant
      correlation with the age of the investigated subjects, neither for all 190
      subjects nor for the different groups. The noradrenaline-adrenaline ratio also
      correlates positively with the age (r = 0.28, P less than 0.001, n = 190). The
      younger hypertensives (less than or equal to 39 years of age) show a slightly but
      not significantly higher noradrenaline excretion; this, however, is significantly
      higher in the group of older hypertensive subjects (P less than 0.05; greater
      than or equal to 40 years of age). No significant differences are recognizable
      for adrenaline and dopamine excretion between normotensive and hypertensive
      subjects.

PMID- 3990169
TI  - Mechanisms of altered myocardial contractility during hemodialysis: importance of
      changes in the ionized calcium to plasma potassium ratio.
AB  - Hemodialysis is associated with alterations in myocardial contractility, but
      duration and precise determinants responsible for these changes are unknown. We
      investigated the effect of several variables, established to influence left
      ventricular (LV) contractility, which normally changed during dialysis: the
      plasma concentrations of ionized calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, and magnesium
      and the removal of uremic toxins. The influence of three different isovolemic
      bicarbonate-dialysis procedures in 16 patients with normal (group 1) and
      hypertrophied myocardium (group 2) was assessed by echocardiography prior to and
      up to 44 h following each dialysis. During the first procedure, ionized calcium
      and potassium concentration decreased, but LV performance remained unchanged in
      both groups. The second procedure with increased ionized calcium and decreased
      potassium concentration resulted in an improvement of mean circumferential fiber
      shortening (VCF from 1.15 to 1.56 circ/s (P less than 0.001) in group 1 and from
      1.05 to 1.16 circ/s (P less than 0.05) in group 2. The positive inotropic effect
      declined gradually up to 12 h (group 1) and 2.5 h (group 2) respectively. In the
      third procedure when ionized calcium was increased and potassium concentration
      remained unchanged contractility did not improve. Removal of uremic toxins,
      decrease in magnesium, and increase in bicarbonate concentrations were comparable
      during each procedure. These results suggest that the ionized calcium to
      potassium ratio is the important determinant of dialysis-related augmentation in
      LV contractility. In LV hypertrophy the expected contractile response is
      diminished indicating a depressed inotropic state.

PMID- 3990171
TI  - Gastric epitheloid leiomyomas, pulmonary chondroma, non-functioning metastasizing
      extra-adrenal paraganglioma and myxoma: a variant of Carney's triad. Report of a
      patient.
AB  - A female suffering from a complete Carney's triad (two gastric epithelioid
      leiomyomas, recurrent and metastasizing laryngeal paraganglioma, and pulmonary
      chondroma or hamartoma), and from a myxoma is described. The time elapsed between
      the detection of the gastric tumors and the metastases of the paraganglioma was
      19 years.

PMID- 3990170
TI  - Serum-cholesterol-lowering effect of metronidazole and possible mechanisms of
      action.
AB  - In five patients with Crohn's disease long-term therapy with metronidazole (400
      mg b.i.d.) was followed by a significant reduction of total serum cholesterol
      from 179 mg/dl to 156 mg/dl, 134 mg/dl, and 143 mg/dl, after 2-4 months, 6
      months, and 9-12 months, respectively. Lipoprotein analysis before and after 3
      weeks of administration of metronidazole (400 mg/day) to five normolipemic
      volunteers revealed that LDL-cholesterol was reduced by 21% (P less than 0.05),
      whereas HDL-cholesterol remained unchanged. Biliary secretion of cholesterol and
      bile acids were reduced by 13% and 20% (P less than 0.05), respectively, which
      might suggest a decreased sterol synthesis. The amount and percentage of
      intestinal cholesterol absorption were decreased by 33% and 22% (P less than
      0.05). Thus, a possible decrease in sterol synthesis and a reduction of
      cholesterol absorption might be responsible for the serum-cholesterol-lowering
      effect of metronidazole. However, caution should be taken when considering
      metronidazole for long-term treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia due
      to possible side effects.

PMID- 3990172
TI  - [Surgical results in patients with multiple polyps of the large intestine].

PMID- 3990173
TI  - [Variants in the x-ray picture of the mediastinal form of lymphogranulomatosis].

PMID- 3990174
TI  - [Blood coagulation factors of thyroid tissue in thyrotoxicosis patients].

PMID- 3990176
TI  - [Madelung's disease (symmetric lipoma of the the neck)].

PMID- 3990175
TI  - [Differential use of diet and drugs in dyslipoproteinemias].

PMID- 3990177
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical course of erysipelas].

PMID- 3990178
TI  - [Clinical aspects of Salmonella haifa infection].

PMID- 3990179
TI  - [Meningitis caused by Branhamella catarrhalis].

PMID- 3990180
TI  - [Hemosorption in treating severe forms of botulism].

PMID- 3990181
TI  - [Atypical course of hepatic coma and the aortic arch aneurysm syndrome].

PMID- 3990182
TI  - [Case of hemolytic anemia during dopegit treatment].

PMID- 3990183
TI  - [Indications for referring cardiology patients for surgical treatment].

PMID- 3990184
TI  - [Preoperative preparation in the surgical treatment of cancer of the large
      intestine].

PMID- 3990185
TI  - [Information value of research on blood myoglobin in myocardial infarct
      patients].

PMID- 3990186
TI  - [Pyromecaine in the therapy of disorders of the heart rhythm].

PMID- 3990187
TI  - [Effectiveness of patient rehabilitation in a complicated course of myocardial
      infarct].

PMID- 3990188
TI  - [Electrocardiographic diagnosis and classification of the early ventricular
      repolarization syndrome].

PMID- 3990189
TI  - [Immediate and late results of closed mitral commissurotomy in patients over 50].

PMID- 3990190
TI  - [Impedance cardiographic evaluation of left ventricular contractility in patients
      having undergone closed mitral commissurotomy].

PMID- 3990191
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of left atrial myxomas].

PMID- 3990192
TI  - [Coronary reserve and the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in the
      saliva of hypertension patients].

PMID- 3990193
TI  - [Results of clinico-laboratory research on patients with an acute mesenteric
      circulatory disorder].

PMID- 3990194
TI  - [Renal functions in inflammatory kidney diseases].

PMID- 3990196
TI  - [Basal gastrin content of the blood in kidney diseases].

PMID- 3990195
TI  - [Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis].

PMID- 3990197
TI  - [Clinical x-ray studies of patients having undergone gastric resection with the
      creation of a constrictor in the area of the anastomosis].

PMID- 3990198
TI  - [Emergency endoscopy in symptomatic gastroduodenal ulcers complicated by
      hemorrhage].

PMID- 3990199
TI  - [Use of anabolic drugs and amino acid complex in patients with chronic
      enteritis].

PMID- 3990200
TI  - [Diffuse familial polyposis of the large intestine].

PMID- 3990201
TI  - [Clinico-bacteriological characteristics of gram-negative infection in burns].

PMID- 3990202
TI  - [The complement system in patients with burns].

PMID- 3990203
TI  - [Antibacterial therapy and various parameters of nonspecific resistance in
      patients with burns].

PMID- 3990204
TI  - [Primary amyloidosis mainly affecting the heart].

PMID- 3990205
TI  - [Case of secondary podagra associated with long-term administration of
      diuretics].

PMID- 3990206
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of edema].

PMID- 3990207
TI  - [Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 3990208
TI  - [Intestinal ischemia].

PMID- 3990209
TI  - [Long-term use of anti-angina preparations and the development of drug
      tolerance].

PMID- 3990212
TI  - [Cardiac contractility in the acute period of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 3990210
TI  - [Diffuse connective tissue diseases and malignant tumors].

PMID- 3990211
TI  - [Prevention of primary ventricular fibrillation in the acute period of myocardial
      infarction with trimecaine].

PMID- 3990213
TI  - [Steroid sex hormone and cortisol levels in the blood of patients with various
      forms of ischemic heart disease and vegetative-endocrine myocardiodystrophy].

PMID- 3990214
TI  - [Pseudoinfarction Q waves in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].

PMID- 3990215
TI  - [20 years' experience in using electric reversion of sinus rhythm in patients
      with atrial fibrillation].

PMID- 3990216
TI  - [Competition of intrinsic cardiac rhythm with the rhythm of a permanent
      asynchronous electric cardiac stimulant].

PMID- 3990217
TI  - [Characteristics of the regulation of cardiac rhythm in patients with alcoholism:
      data from variation pulsometry].

PMID- 3990218
TI  - [Side effects of treatment of arterial hypertension with hypothiazide].

PMID- 3990219
TI  - [Increasing the effectiveness of the scientific potential of public health].

PMID- 3990221
TI  - [Mechanisms of therapeutic effect of hemosorption in chronic arterial occlusive
      diseases of the lower limbs].

PMID- 3990220
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of cardiac lesions in oncological patients].

PMID- 3990222
TI  - [Use of autologous macrophage suspension in the treatment of lung abscesses].

PMID- 3990223
TI  - [Hiatal hernia associated with gastrointestinal diseases].

PMID- 3990224
TI  - [Gastric leiomyomas].

PMID- 3990225
TI  - [Psychophysiological characteristics of the organization and regulation of the
      daily work-rest cycles for the crew on a prolonged space flight].
AB  - This paper presents the results of analysis of work-rest cycles of the Salyut-6
      and Salyut-7 prime crewmembers. The distribution of work-rest cycles within the
      day, week, month and the flight as a whole, their relation with other components
      of the time schedule, the effect of various factors involved on the health status
      and work capacity were studied. It was shown that specified work-rest cycles
      should be rigorously adhered to. It was demonstrated that proper planning and
      realization of work-rest cycles, as well as their correction during actual flight
      with respect to psychophysiological and biorhythmological variations are required
      to maintain good health condition and high work capacity of crewmembers.

PMID- 3990226
TI  - [The functional comfort zone for a human operator controlling a dynamic object].
AB  - Objective evaluation of the psychic strain of six operators who performed
      multiparameter compensatory tracking of the moving object helped to identify the
      zone of changes of its basic parameters. The control within this zone required a
      minimum psychophysiological cost (zone of functional comfort). The control beyond
      this zone was associated either with information overload or with a dramatic
      increase of the risk of failure. In five operators this led to a significant
      aggravation of the psychic strain. This study has shown that special
      identification of the zone of functional comfort in the design of data display
      devices may be a method of optimizing man's work in the ergatic systems.

PMID- 3990227
TI  - [Effect of human body position and its holding on the level of manifestation of
      spatial illusions in weightlessness].
AB  - Test subjects were exposed to short-term weightlessness in various positions:
      standing, seated, supine in the cosmonaut's chair and on the flat surface, with
      the head kept straight ahead, bent forward or backward. Their susceptibility to
      illusionary sensations was measured. It was found that the development of spatial
      illusions in the weightless state was not correlated with body position, head
      position relative to the torso or restraint type.

PMID- 3990228
TI  - [Typological characteristics of hemodynamic states in the orthostatism of healthy
      persons].
AB  - Central circulation and respiratory function of 90 healthy men, aged 24-45, were
      investigated during active and passive tilt tests. It was found that circulation
      can be influenced by the orthostatic factor which is expressed as the stage of
      early effects, intermediate stage, and the stage of stabilized hemodynamics. With
      respect to cardiac output the three basic hemodynamic states can be
      distinguished: hypokinetic, intermediate, and hyperkinetic. It is shown that
      circulation parameters in clino- and orthostatics are reciprocally related. It is
      demonstrated that the cardiorespiratory parameters used can be selectively
      employed in the classification of the circulating state in orthostatics. It is
      claimed that the hemodynamic conditions reflect the sequential phase states in
      circulation regulation. The concept of clino- and orthostatic normative
      characteristics of hemodynamics is presented.

PMID- 3990229
TI  - [Bile acid spectrum during 120 days of head-down tilt hypokinesia in man].
AB  - The composition of bile acids in the B and C portions of the duodenal juice of
      six essentially healthy test subjects exposed to 120-day head-down bed rest was
      investigated. As the exposure continued, the percentage content of bile acids
      conjugated with taurine increased and that of bile acids conjugated with glycine
      decreased. The rapid and significant decrease of the ratio of glycine conjugated
      to taurine conjugated bile acids suggests a specific modification of the
      synthetic function of hepatocytes under the above conditions.

PMID- 3990230
TI  - [Vascular mechanisms of adaptation to head-down tilt body posture].
AB  - Using occlusion plethysmography and rheography, the state of peripheral
      circulation of 18 test subjects during 25 exposures to head-down tilt was
      investigated. The test subjects were subdivided into two groups: nine subjects
      actively changed their body position by 90 degrees and nine others were passively
      transferred to the head-down position at an angle of -12 degrees. It was found
      that regular training facilitated the development of vascular mechanisms which
      assisted adaptation to the head-down tilt: it decreased the tone of resistance
      vessels of the arms and legs and that of capacitance vessels of the legs; it
      increased the tone of cerebral resistance and capacitance vessels. The tone of
      leg capacitance vessels varied, depending on the type of training: passive
      tilting increased their compliance and active tilting decreased it. The final
      result of the tone redistribution in the peripheral vascular bed during training
      was a smaller increase of head blood content and a smaller fluid outflow from the
      legs.

PMID- 3990232
TI  - [Effect of short-term head-down tilt hypokinesia on the dynamics of the
      cardiorespiratory indices during graduated physical loading].
AB  - Seven healthy volunteers were exposed to head-down tilt at -15 degrees for 5 h.
      Before and after exposure they exercised on a bicycle ergometer in the supine and
      seated positions. During the study their respiration function, gas exchange, and
      arterialized blood parameters were measured. It was found that after exposure the
      physical aerobic performance diminished. The changes detected suggest that a
      lower exercise tolerance can be caused not only by a decreased circulating blood
      volume but also by increased energy expenditures of the cardiorespiratory system
      itself.

PMID- 3990231
TI  - [Hemodynamic and cerebral ventricular functions during head-down tilt at -15
      degrees].
AB  - Sixteen men were exposed to head-down tilt at -15 degrees for 6 h. Cerebral
      circulation was examined by bipolar rheoencephalography, ventricular function by
      one-dimensional echoventriculometry, and blood pressure by Korotkoff's sounds.
      Group 1 consisting of 10 test subjects tolerated the antiorthostatic exposure
      well enough (they reported only blood rush to the head and moderate facial
      puffiness). They showed stable parameters of cerebral circulation, ventricle
      size, and mean blood pressure, which is indicative of adequate compensatory
      capabilities of their organisms. Group 2 consisting of 6 test subjects exhibited
      polymorphic clinical symptoms, including the syndrome of liquor hypertension
      (burst-like headache, autonomic dysfunction, etc). This was accompanied by
      decreased pulse pressure of cerebral vessels, primarily in the vertebrobasilar
      area, instability of the vessel tone against the background of marked dilatation
      of the capacitance vessels and brain ventricles.

PMID- 3990233
TI  - [Human amino acid metabolism during combined short-term exposure to head-down
      tilt hypokinesia and ultraviolet irradiation].
AB  - Changes in the amino acid pool in the plasma of test subjects exposed to short
      term head-down tilt combined with ultraviolet irradiation were investigated.
      Exposure to head-down tilt alone (Group 1 of 3 test subjects) and combined with
      ultraviolet irradiation (10 sessions) (Groups 2 and 3 of 3 test subjects each)
      acted as a stress-agent that diminished the amino acid pool. Exposure to 2-hour
      head-down tilt in combination with 20 UV-irradiations (Groups 2 and 3) increased
      the amino acid pool as a result of inhibition of anabolic and stimulation of
      catabolic processes. The amino acid pool did not return to normal within the
      recovery period allowed.

PMID- 3990234
TI  - [General characteristics of an experiment to study the ontogeny of rats on board
      the Kosmos-1514 biosatellite].
AB  - Ten female Wistar rats were exposed to zero-g during 5 days, i. e., from
      gestation day 13 to day 18. After recovery the flight animals showed a
      significant delay in weight gain, thymus involution, decreased liver weight,
      hemoglobin concentration. Nevertheless, their reproductive function did not
      differ from that of the controls: the rate of preimplantation and total fetal
      mortality as well as the number of live fetuses were very similar in the
      experimental and control animals. The flight group showed a slight decline of
      fetal weight and water content. The size of the litters produced by the flight
      and control rats was identical but the mortality rate of those former during the
      first 7 days after birth was significantly higher. This experiment has
      demonstrated that the mammalian fetus exposed to zero-g during the last term of
      pregnancy, i. e., at the stage of active organogenesis, can grow and develop in
      the normal way. A large body of biological material has been obtained for
      biochemical and histological examinations that will help evaluate the condition
      of dams, fetuses, and newborns.

PMID- 3990235
TI  - [Head-down tilt hypokinesia in monkeys: a morphological study].
AB  - Morphological examinations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) exposed to head
      down tilt for 7 and 19 days are summarized. The major changes detected in various
      systems, organs and tissues are described. The changes are thought to be of
      different origin and caused by blood redistribution, hypokinesia per se and
      concomitant stress. It is emphasized that head-down tilt is one of the most
      adequate methods for simulating effects of zero-g in monkeys.

PMID- 3990236
TI  - [Results of microbiological research conducted during the mission of the Saliut-6
      orbital station].
AB  - This paper presents the results of microbiological examinations of the Salyut-6
      crewmembers and environment. There were few cases of adverse changes in the
      automicroflora composition, i. e., propagation of staphylococci of a certain
      biotype among crewmembers. However, no over manifestations of infectious
      pathology were seen. This allows the conclusion that personal hygiene measures
      and general hygiene and antiepidemic measures taken before and during Salyut-6
      missions were adequate and efficient.

PMID- 3990237
TI  - [Experimental verification of the permissible sodium and potassium concentrations
      in potable regenerated water].
AB  - White noninbred rats were used to study the effect of reclaimed potable water
      containing 25-100 mg/l sodium and 2.5-10 mg/l potassium. The results show that
      consumption of water containing 50 mg/l sodium and/or 5 mg/l potassium disturbs
      their balance in the body. It is recommended to use water that contains 35 mg/l
      sodium and 4.0 mg/l potassium as a maximum, and 5.7 mg/l sodium and 0.6 mg/l
      potassium as a minimum.

PMID- 3990238
TI  - [Electroanesthesia as a means of controlling cold stress during regional
      hypothermia].

PMID- 3990239
TI  - [Morphological manifestations of the hemodynamic shifts in the lungs in monkeys
      during head-down tilt hypokinesia].

PMID- 3990241
TI  - [Effect of the substrate moisture content on the growth and structure of corn
      leaves].

PMID- 3990240
TI  - [Effect of experimental motion sickness on postrotatory nystagmus and the
      illusion of counterrotation].

PMID- 3990243
TI  - Inhaled asbestos activates a complement-dependent chemoattractant for
      macrophages.
AB  - Pulmonary macrophages migrate to the sites where inhaled chrysotile asbestos
      fibers initially are deposited (i.e., surfaces of alveolar duct bifurcations).
      These macrophages have been shown to form a major component of an early asbestos
      induced interstitial lesion in rats. In this report, we describe a potential
      mechanism by which macrophages are attached to these sites of fiber deposition.
      Chrysotile asbestos fibers used in vitro activate complement proteins in
      peripheral blood serum and in lavaged cell-free lung proteins. After brief
      inhalation of chrysotile asbestos, fluids lavaged from the lungs of exposed rats
      contain substantial chemotactic activity for macrophages compared to fluids from
      sham-exposed animals (p less than 0.01). We hypothesize that this chemotactic
      activity is derived from complement activated by inhaled asbestos on alveolar
      surfaces. This contention is supported by the following observations. Production
      of chemotactic activity by asbestos in vitro in serum or in lavaged lung fluids
      was blocked by complement inhibitors. Fractionation, by molecular sieve
      chromatography, of serum proteins and concentrated proteins lavaged from the
      lungs of asbestos-exposed rats showed that chemotactic activity was detected in
      the 14,000- to 18,000-dalton range. This fractionation profile is similar to C5a,
      the chemotactic product of complement activation. Rats treated with cobra venom
      factor to deplete circulating complement as well as complement-deficient mice
      demonstrated significantly depressed macrophage accumulation at sites of asbestos
      deposition. Pulmonary macrophages are the cells that form the initial
      inflammatory response to asbestos inhalation. Our findings support the hypothesis
      that asbestos fibers, and possibly other inhaled particulates, activate
      complement-derived chemotactic activity on alveolar surfaces. Consequently,
      macrophages are attracted to the alveolar duct bifurcations where inhaled
      asbestos fibers are deposited, and this is where the initial lesion of asbestosis
      is manifested.

PMID- 3990242
TI  - Isolation and characterization of amyloid protein AA in the Abyssinian cat.
AB  - Amyloid fibrils were isolated by extraction in deionized water from the kidneys
      of an Abyssinian cat with familial renal amyloidosis. The fibrils were suspended
      in a buffer containing 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and reduced and alkylated
      using dithiothreitol and iodoacetid acid. The resulting amyloid fibril subunit
      protein was isolated by chromatography on a column of Sepharose CL6B. It was
      fragmented using cyanogen bromide, and the resultant peptides were separated by
      reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The protein was
      characterized by determination of the amino acid sequence of the cyanogen bromide
      fragments using a Beckman 890C sequencer. The primary structure of this amyloid
      fibril subunit protein showed strong homology with amyloid protein AA found in
      man and animals with spontaneous and experimentally induced reactive systemic
      amyloidosis. This study confirms the reactive nature of familial renal
      amyloidosis in the Abyssinian cat and suggests that this disease may be a
      valuable spontaneous animal model for the study of familial Mediterranean fever
      in man.

PMID- 3990244
TI  - Onset and progression of experimental bioprosthetic heart valve calcification.
AB  - Calcification, the major cause of bioprosthetic heart valve failures, is a
      serious clinical problem with uncertain pathogenesis. The objectives of the
      present study were to define the progressive chemical and morphologic sequence of
      mineralization in glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valve cusps implanted
      subcutaneously in rats and to compare the pathology and pathophysiology of
      calcification in subcutaneous implants with that of orthotopic valve replacements
      in calves. Cusps were implanted subcutaneously in 3-week-old rats for 24 hours to
      18 weeks. Cuspal calcium was 114 +/- 18 micrograms/mg of dry weight (mean +/-
      SEM) at day 21 and 218 +/- 6 at day 56 of implantation and unchanged thereafter.
      The earliest mineral deposits, noted at 48 hours, were associated with
      devitalized porcine connective tissue cells, but by 7 days, mineral deposits also
      involved collagen bundles. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x
      ray analysis demonstrated predominant accumulation in the spongiosa with a
      spongiosa to fibrosa energy-dispersive x-ray analysis count ratio of calcium of
      15 at 21 days. In stent-mounted glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine valves implanted
      in five calves as mitral replacements for 69 to 142 days, cuspal calcium was 86
      micrograms/mg (mean) (range 47 to 128). Calf implants also had cell oriented and
      collagen calcification predominating in the valvar spongiosa. In both rat
      subcutaneous and calf mitral valve models, early diffuse calcific microcrystals
      evolved into confluent nodules that disrupted tissue architecture. It is
      concluded that calcification of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic valves
      implanted subcutaneously in rats begins within 48 hours, earliest deposits are
      localized to residual porcine connective tissue cells, but latter deposits also
      involve collagen fibrils, mineralization is most prominent in the spongiosa, the
      pathology of calcification in rat subcutaneous implants and calf mitral
      replacements is comparable, suggesting a common pathophysiology, and calcific
      nodule formation most likely initiates clinical features.

PMID- 3990245
TI  - Cerebral atherosclerosis in New Orleans. Comparisons of lesions by age, sex, and
      race.
AB  - We compared mean extent of atherosclerotic lesions in carotid and intracranial
      arteries at autopsy among age, sex, and race subgroups in New Orleans. Most
      comparisons were made within similar broad cause-to-death categories after
      excluding deaths due to diseases associated with increased amount of
      atherosclerosis. Use of this basal group of cases reduces the effect of selection
      bias due to cause of death in this autopsy population. Fatty streaks were present
      in the carotid arteries of almost all cases even in the youngest age group (10 to
      14 years) and were more extensive in blacks than in whites. Raised
      atherosclerotic lesions increased with age in the carotid arteries of blacks from
      age group 15 to 24 years and in whites from age group 25 to 34 years; black men
      and white men had about the same amount of raised lesions, whereas black women
      consistently had more than white women. In the intracranial arteries, fatty
      streaks and fibrous plaques began from age 15 to 24 years; blacks had more raised
      lesions than whites, particularly in the oldest age group, 65 to 69 years. These
      findings and mortality data suggest that in the 1960s and early 1970s black men
      and women were more susceptible to cerebral atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular
      diseases than white men and women.

PMID- 3990246
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of monosaccharide residues on cerebral endothelium.
AB  - Biotinylated lectins were used to localize oligosaccharides on the luminal plasma
      membrane of endothelium of intracerebral cortical vessels. Binding of
      concanavalin A, wheat germ and Ricinus communis-I was observed on the endothelial
      luminal plasma membrane of cerebral arterioles and capillaries indicating the
      presence of alpha-D-mannosyl, alpha-D-glucosyl, beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl,
      sialyl, and beta-D-galactosyl residues. Lectin binding occurred on the plasma
      membrane of pinocytotic vesicles open to the vascular lumen and on membranes at
      the luminal end of interendothelial junctions but not on membranes within
      junctions. Higher concentrations of Ulex europaeus-I, soybean, and Dolichos
      biflorus agglutinins were required to demonstrate the alpha-L-fucosyl and alpha-N
      acetyl-D-galactosaminyl residues. Pretreatment of brain slices with neuraminidase
      accentuated the staining produced by soybean agglutinin and resulted in exposure
      of peanut agglutinin-binding sites on endothelium of arterioles and capillaries.
      In this respect cerebral endothelium differs from noncerebral endothelium which
      binds peanut agglutinin without prior neuraminidase pretreatment. The role of
      these saccharide residues in endothelial permeability and charge remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 3990247
TI  - Impact of biological matrix, drug concentration, and method of isolation on
      detectability and variability of retention index values in gas chromatography.
AB  - The retention indices of eight basic and neutral drugs extracted from plasma,
      blood, or liver homogenate by six different methods were calculated using
      temperature-programmed gas chromatography on OV-1 and SE-30 columns. Two
      concentrations were applied: 1 and 50 mg/L, respectively. The type of extraction
      had great influence on recovery and analytical background. The retention indices
      tended to be slightly concentration-dependent in that they were somewhat lower at
      higher drug concentration. Neither the biological sample nor the type of
      extraction exerted significant influence on scatter and mean value of the
      retention indices.

PMID- 3990248
TI  - Screening biological samples for underivatized drugs using a splitless injection
      technique on fused silica capillary column gas chromatography.
AB  - A rapid screening technique is presented for the detection of underivatized drugs
      using a multi-level temperature program. This allowed for the identification of
      major clinically significant drugs extracted from serum, urine, and other body
      fluids. Acidic or basic extractions are injected into a gas chromatograph
      equipped with a flame ionization detector and a single wide-bore, thick film
      capillary using the splitless mode of injection. Identification is by retention
      time relative to that of a common internal standard. Deactivation of the fused
      silica liner is necessary to consistently detect low concentrations of specific
      drugs.

PMID- 3990249
TI  - Radioimmunoassay screening and GC/MS confirmation of whole blood samples for
      drugs of abuse.
AB  - From 1981 to 1984, an average of 300 radioimmunoassay screens on whole blood were
      performed each week in the authors' laboratory. Most samples were screened for
      opiates, phencyclidine and its analogs, barbiturates, and cocaine or its
      metabolite benzoylecgonine. A commercially available radioimmunoassay was used
      with modifications to facilitate screening of whole blood. Increasing sample size
      increased the sensitivity of the assay. Changing reagent concentration (1:1
      dilution), incubation time, sample matrix (water, urine, or blood), or fraction
      counted (precipitate or supernatant) did not affect the utility of the standard
      curve or the sensitivity of the assay. All positive results for phencyclidine,
      opiates, cocaine, and related compounds were confirmed by GC/MS. Barbiturate
      positives were confirmed by UV spectrophotometry. The rate of confirmation in
      postmortem bloods from coroner's cases for 1981-84 was: cocaine/benzoylecgonine,
      57%; opiates, 79%; phencyclidine, 49%; and barbiturates, 58%.

PMID- 3990250
TI  - Simultaneous determination of lidocaine, mexiletine, disopyramide, and quinidine
      in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the
      simultaneous quantitation of four commonly prescribed antiarrhythmic drugs:
      lidocaine, mexiletine, disopyramide, and quinidine. An isocratic system using a
      reverse phase column was used to separate these compounds. Coefficients of
      variation were less than 4%.

PMID- 3990252
TI  - Determination of carboxyhemoglobin in heated blood--sources of error and utility
      of derivative spectrophotometry.
AB  - The cause for discrepancies in results from different methods of the
      carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) analysis on the blood from bodies of burn victims was
      investigated. Blood samples with 0, 50, and 100% carbon monoxide (CO) saturation
      were heated at various temperatures for some time and then analyzed.
      Carboxyhemoglobin content was determined by the fourth-derivative
      spectrophotometric method and compared with results from the usual two-wavelength
      method. For total hemoglobin measurement, the fourth-derivative technique and
      cyanmethemoglobin method were used. Turbidity in blood samples, which occurred
      when samples were heated above 50 degrees C, affected the analysis. At about 70
      degrees C, coagulation and hemoglobin degeneration occurred accelerating the
      errors of determined values. The fourth-derivative technique, however, proved to
      be independent of the turbidity and would be useful for the analysis on the blood
      without hemoglobin degeneration.

PMID- 3990251
TI  - Application of derivative spectroscopy to the determination of plasma
      theophylline in the presence of phenobarbital.
AB  - A rapid, simple, and sensitive procedure for the determination of theophylline in
      plasma using second derivative spectroscopy is described. Second derivative
      spectra of plasma extracts containing theophylline in concentrations ranging from
      2 to 20 micrograms/mL were studied. The method is suitable for the measurement of
      plasma theophylline in patients treated for cardiorespiratory disorders.
      Interference from other compounds such as phenobarbital can be avoided.

PMID- 3990253
TI  - Volatile nitrosamine levels in rubber teats and pacifiers available in New
      Zealand.
AB  - Samples of rubber baby bottle teats and pacifiers available in New Zealand were
      analyzed for nitrosamines by HPLC-TEA. These products, which were manufactured in
      the USA, Singapore, West Germany, England, and Japan contained one to three
      nitrosamines. All but one product, which was made of synthetic polyisoprene
      rubber complied with the US Food and Drug Administration regulatory limit of 60
      ng/g. The mean level of total nitrosamines in 11 of the 12 products was 34 ng/g
      with a range from 9-63 ng/g. The twelfth product recorded a level of 190 ng/g
      total nitrosamines.

PMID- 3990254
TI  - 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine: identification of a new street drug.
AB  - The identification of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine as a street drug is
      described. NMR, UV, and mass spectral data used in the identification of the
      compound are presented.

PMID- 3990255
TI  - Acute thiothixene overdose.
AB  - An acute thiothixene intoxication is presented. Blood thiothixene concentration
      of 0.52 mg/L was detected before it declined to 0.047 mg/L in 12 hrs. Analysis
      was by thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and fluorescence
      spectrophotometry.

PMID- 3990256
TI  - Communication apprehension in esophageal and tracheoesophageal speakers.
AB  - A comparison of communication apprehension levels between a group of esophageal
      speakers and a group of tracheoesophageal (TEP) speakers was undertaken. Ten
      esophageal speakers and 10 tracheoesophageal speakers were given the Personal
      Report of Communication Apprehension (McCroskey, 1978) and also were rated on
      their degree of intelligibility. Results indicated no significant difference
      between the mean communication apprehension scores of the esophageal and TEP
      speakers. The majority of speakers in both groups were in the moderate to low
      range of communication apprehension. Results are compared with existing
      literature and related to clinical management considerations.

PMID- 3990257
TI  - Spondee recognition threshold as a function of set size.
AB  - Recognition thresholds for spondaic words were obtained in normal listeners under
      conditions of varying set size. Six sets of spondees were derived from the 36
      word corpus of a Northwestern University recording of CID W-1 spondaic words. One
      of these sets represented the full list of 36 spondees, whereas the remaining
      five were comprised of 27, 18, 9, 6, and 3 spondees selected to be homogeneous in
      level and slope characteristics. Results revealed a systematic and reliable
      effect wherein mean threshold decreased from 19.1 dB SPL to 12.2 dB SPL as set
      size was reduced from 36 to 3 spondees. The data are consistent with past
      research on human information processing in that spondee recognition threshold
      increased linearly with the number of bits per stimulus.

PMID- 3990259
TI  - Some effects of FM-system coupling on hearing aid characteristics.
AB  - A variety of electroacoustic characteristics was measured on four hearing aids
      and then repeated with the hearing aids connected to two different FM systems via
      three coupling methods: direct input, neck loop, and silhouette inductor. The
      measurements included frequency response, harmonic distortion, noise levels,
      input-output functions, and FM receiver volume control wheel taper curves.
      Omnidirectional and directional FM microphones were compared in a classroom
      environment, and minor changes in hearing aid-silhouette coupling were
      investigated. Large differences were found in some frequency response
      comparisons, with no single coupling method providing consistently better
      agreement with the hearing aid alone response. With the exception of the
      silhouette inductor, distortion and noise levels were similar for the hearing
      aids and FM-hearing aid combinations. Differences in the input-output functions
      between the hearing aids and the FM systems were observed. Some FM-hearing aid
      combinations produced very nonlinear FM receiver volume control wheel taper
      curves. The output level of a broadband noise in a classroom was reduced when a
      directional FM microphone was compared to the omnidirectional version. The
      results indicate that it cannot be assumed that the electroacoustic
      characteristics of a personal hearing aid are preserved when it is connected to
      an FM system.

PMID- 3990258
TI  - Vowel confusions of hearing-impaired listeners under reverberant and
      nonreverberant conditions.
AB  - The effects of reverberation on the perception of vowels and diphthongs were
      evaluated using 10 subjects with moderate sensorineural hearing losses. Stimuli
      were 15 English vowels and diphthongs, spoken between/b/and/t/and recorded in a
      carrier sentence. The test was recorded without and with reverberation (T = 1.2
      s). Although vowel confusions occurred in both test conditions, the number of
      vowels and diphthongs affected and the total number of errors made were
      significantly greater under the reverberant condition. The results indicated that
      the perception of vowels by hearing-impaired listeners can be influenced
      substantially by reverberation. Errors for vowels in reverberation seemed to be
      related to the overestimation of vowel duration and to a tendency to perceive the
      pitch of the formant frequencies as being higher than in vowels without
      reverberation. Error patterns were somewhat individualized among subjects.

PMID- 3990260
TI  - Lexical imitation and acquisition in language-impaired children.
AB  - This investigation examined the influence of unsolicited lexical imitation on the
      comprehension and on the production of novel words by language-impaired children.
      Subjects were 13 children (2:8-3:1) exhibiting specific language impairment who
      were presented with 16 unfamiliar words referring to unfamiliar objects or
      actions over 10 experimental sessions. Unsolicited imitations appeared to
      facilitate subsequent production of these words on a posttest. This effect was
      greatest when these words were also produced spontaneously prior to the posttest.
      Words that were produced imitatively and spontaneously also appeared more
      frequently in spontaneous usage than words that were only produced spontaneously.
      No relationship between such imitations and comprehension was observed. These
      findings suggest that unsolicited imitations benefit children's lexical
      acquisition primarily by providing them with additional opportunities to produce
      words that are in the process of being established in their expressive lexicons.

PMID- 3990261
TI  - Relationship between early pronunciation processes and later pronunciation skill.
AB  - Two boys who exhibited different early phonological processes for the maintenance
      of syllables in polysyllabic words were studied at two subsequent times during
      the phonology development period. At Time 1 (mean age 1:10) one child used
      assimilation and reduplication, while the other used glottal and glide
      replacement. At Time 2 (mean age 3:8) and Time 3 (mean age 6:0) the children
      maintained differences in types and frequencies of process use. The child using
      glottal and glide replacement lagged somewhat behind the other regarding the rate
      of process dissolution, especially for those processes affecting affricates and
      clusters. The longitudinal data suggest that early processes applied to
      polysyllabic words may be predictive of later pronunciation skill for the
      production of continuous speech.

PMID- 3990262
TI  - Reliability of threshold, slope, and PB max for monosyllabic words.
AB  - The Auditec recordings of the CID W-22 monosyllables were used to generate test
      and retest intelligibility functions on normally hearing listeners and subjects
      with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. The normally hearing subjects
      were tested with 50-word lists at SPLs ranging from 15 to 50 dB. Lists of 25
      words were used with the hearing-impaired group. The functions were analyzed to
      assess the reliability of threshold (50% point), slope (20%-80% points), and
      maximum intelligibility (PB max). The 50% point was obtained at 28 dB SPL for the
      normally hearing listeners and at a sensation level (SL) of 12 dB respondaic
      thresholds for the hearing-impaired group. Very stable monosyllabic thresholds
      were found because 95% of the test-retest values were within 6 dB for both
      subject groups. Slopes of 4.9% per dB and 2.7% per dB were obtained for the
      normally hearing and hearing-impaired groups, respectively. Fair reliability was
      observed; 95% of the test-retest values encompassed a range of +/- 1.9% per dB
      for the normally hearing subjects and +/- 1.1% per dB for the hearing-impaired
      group. Although group slopes provide useful information for selecting the range
      and step size for generating psychometric functions, the value of routinely
      obtaining slope on an individual basis has not been demonstrated. Even though the
      same word lists were used for both test and retest measurements, reliability
      closely agreed with predicted results based on the binomial theorem. In contrast
      to the large variability for a single list of 25 words, very stable PB max scores
      were found when two or three scores were averaged on the plateau of the function.

PMID- 3990264
TI  - A preliminary investigation of reduplication in children with specific language
      impairment.
AB  - The frequency of reduplication was examined in relation to syllable maintenance,
      final consonant production, and whole word repetitions in two preschool children
      with specific language impairment--one who reduplicated frequently and one who
      did so infrequently. Spontaneous speech was sampled for a period of 18 months.
      During the single-word utterance period, reduplication was associated with
      infrequent production of final consonants but frequent maintenance of
      multisyllabic structure. After the single-word utterance period the child who had
      frequently reduplicated during this period ceased reduplication but frequently
      produced whole word repetitions. Infrequent production of final consonants
      continued, but syllable maintenance decreased. The data are discussed in relation
      to hypotheses about the function of reduplication and the function of whole word
      repetitions in language development.

PMID- 3990263
TI  - A microcomputer-based wearable biofeedback device to improve transfer of
      treatment in parkinsonian dysarthria.
AB  - Achieving transfer of treatment outside the clinic is a problem for almost all
      individuals with speech disorders but has been particularly difficult in the
      treatment of patients with Parkinsonism. Given this situation and the frequency
      of vocal intensity problems in this population, we developed a wearable
      biofeedback device that could provide a patient with information about speech
      intensity outside the clinic. Auditory-perceptual and acoustic analyses were
      performed on audiotaped samples of reading and spontaneous speech recorded in the
      clinic pre- and posttreatment and at 10- and 20-week follow-ups. Visual feedback
      of intensity was integrated with auditory cues from a microcomputer that was then
      worn outside the clinic. The results indicated that the subject did transfer a
      substantial portion of clinic improvement to the outside environment while
      wearing the feedback device and suggest the utility of a microcomputer-based
      wearable device for assessing treatment effects as well as for improving
      transfer.

PMID- 3990265
TI  - Word, syllable, and sound awareness in language-disordered children.
AB  - The present investigation evaluated language-disordered children's metalinguistic
      awareness of words, syllables, and sounds. Subjects were 15 language-disordered
      children matched for mental age to 15 normally developing children and for
      language age to another 15 normally developing children. In the first task,
      children were asked to divide sentences, bisyllabic words, and monosyllabic words
      into smaller units. In the second task, children were asked several questions
      designed to assess their word awareness. The language-disordered children
      performed significantly poorer than both groups of normally developing children
      in dividing sentences and words. The language-disordered children also did not
      show the same level of responses to the word-awareness questions as the normally
      developing children. These findings indicate that language-disordered children's
      metalinguistic deficit is not limited to difficulty making grammatical judgments.
      Importantly, these disordered children's lack of word, syllable, and sound
      awareness places them significantly at risk for future academic difficulties, in
      particular, learning how to read.

PMID- 3990266
TI  - Effects of glycerol on cochlear frequency selectivity in patients with Meniere's
      disease.
AB  - During transtympanic electrocochleography, action potential (AP) tuning curves
      were derived as a measure of cochlear frequency selectivity. In 18 out of 21
      patients with symptoms of Meniere's disease, a poor frequency selectivity was
      observed. In 12 subjects the effects on frequency selectivity of oral glycerol
      were measured, and in 5 patients AP tuning curves indicated an improvement in
      sharpness of tuning by a factor of 1.5-2.5. These changes started approximately
      30 min after oral glycerol administration. In 2 subjects there was a
      deterioration in AP tuning. In 5 patients no significant changes were observed.

PMID- 3990267
TI  - Stuttering and speech naturalness: some additional data.
AB  - Thirty listeners used the 9-point speech naturalness rating scale described by
      Martin, Haroldson, and Triden (1984) to score 1-minute spontaneous speaking
      samples from 15 normally fluent speakers and 15 stutterers who had completed the
      initial phases of a prolonged speech treatment program. The same listeners were
      later asked to judge whether each sample was from a stutterer or from a normal
      speaker. Reliable listeners identified almost identical numbers of samples from
      both speaker groups as "normal speakers," but the stutterers received
      significantly higher scores on the rating scale, indicating that their speech was
      judged more unnatural sounding. The speech samples incorporated those used in a
      related study by Ingham and Packman (1978), thus permitting a reevaluation of the
      findings of that study.

PMID- 3990268
TI  - The speech of the adventitiously deaf and auditory information: a response to
      Goehl and Kaufman (1984)

PMID- 3990269
TI  - Elevated energy expenditure in hepatocytes from tumor-bearing rats.
AB  - Mechanisms for the development of cancer cachexia are not well defined. Oxygen
      consumption and the capacity of the host liver to metabolize lactate were studied
      in isolated hepatocytes from sarcoma-bearing rats (TIH) and pair-fed controls
      (CH). Basal oxygen consumption (without exogenous substrate) is significantly
      increased by 65% in the TIH as compared to the CH. The addition of a physiologic
      concentration of lactate stimulated oxygen consumption over the already
      stimulated basal state by 13% in the TIH compared to 5% in the CH. When the
      hepatocytes are incubated with 1.5 mM of [U-14C]lactate, glucose production,
      lactate oxidation, and entry of lactate carbons into nonsecretory protein are
      significantly increased in the TIH. Associated with this stimulation is a
      significant decrease in lactate incorporation into glycogen and lipid in the TIH.
      This study suggests that the tumor-influenced liver utilizes lactate at an
      increased rate and its intermediary metabolism is directed toward energy
      utilization rather than energy storage. The enhanced metabolic processes in the
      tumor-influenced liver are associated with an increased oxygen consumption which
      may be a contributory factor to the negative energy balance, a characteristic of
      cancer cachexia.

PMID- 3990270
TI  - Endoscopic measurements of gastric mucosal blood flow in dogs.
AB  - The feasibility and validity of endoscopic measurements of gastric mucosal blood
      flow (GMBF) using 3% H2 gas clearance were investigated in the intact stomach of
      anesthetized dogs. Platinum electrodes were lengthened and modified to permit
      passage through the instrument channel of a standard gastroscope. In five
      anesthetized dogs, antral mucosal blood flow (103.2 +/- 5.3 ml/min/100 g tissue)
      was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that in the corpus (66.9 +/- 7.1
      ml/min/100 g tissue). Histamine stimulation selectively increased flow in the
      corpus to 134.5 +/- 7.5 ml/min/100 g tissue. Comparison of endoscopic GMBF
      measurements in these five dogs on 2 different days revealed a close correlation
      (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). Endoscopic H2 clearance measurements obtained in
      five awake dogs were not significantly different from those obtained during
      pentobarbitol anesthesia. In 12 dogs, GMBF determined by endoscopic H2 gas
      clearance showed a good agreement (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) with that
      measured by radioactive microspheres. These two methods also demonstrated
      comparable changes in GMBF induced by intravenous infusion of histamine and
      vasopressin. It was concluded that 3% H2 gas clearance can be used to accurately
      and reproducibly measure GMBF through the endoscope, a unique advantage of this
      method for potential clinical use.

PMID- 3990271
TI  - Verapamil attenuates stress-induced gastric ulceration.
AB  - Since many of the proposed etiologic factors leading to gastric stress ulceration
      involve stimulation of calcium influx, the effect of verapamil, a potent calcium
      channel blocker, on the gastric mucosa in cold-restrained inbred rats was
      assessed. Twenty-nine rats received intraperitoneal normal saline (2 ml) while
      the experimental group (N = 29) received 1 mg/kg verapamil in an equal volume of
      normal saline intraperitoneally. All animals were then stressed at 4 degrees C
      for 4 hr and sacrificed. Gastrin and fatty acid levels were measured and blinded
      ulcer scoring of the gastric mucosa was carried out. Verapamil-treated animals
      had decreased frequency and severity of gastric stress ulceration as assessed by
      ulcer index, ulcer grade, and number of ulcers/animal. In addition, the plasma
      gastrin levels tended to be lower in the verapamil group. Fatty acid levels were
      similarly depressed following cold restraint in both groups. Pretreatment with
      verapamil significantly decreased gastric ulcerative response to cold-restraint
      stress in the rat. This effect of verapamil pretreatment may be secondary to
      cytoprotection of the gastric mucosa, preservation of gastric mucosal blood flow,
      or blockade of calcium-mediated ulcerogenic stimuli.

PMID- 3990272
TI  - Effect of intravenous glucagon on the survival of rats after acute occlusive
      mesenteric ischemia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal timing of intravenous
      glucagon infusion for the treatment of acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia. The
      superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded for 85 min in 106 Sprague-Dawley
      anesthetized rats. The animals were divided into 12 treatment groups according to
      the timing of glucagon and saline administration, and survival was measured to 48
      hr. Without treatment, all rats died within 24 hr. Intravenous saline (10
      ml/kg/hr) for 2 hr did not significantly improve 48-hr survival (17-33%).
      Glucagon (1.6 micrograms/kg/min iv) plus saline (10 mg/kg/hr iv) for 2 hr after
      SMA occlusion significantly improved survival from 33% (saline control) to 83% (P
      less than 0.02). The same treatment begun 1 hr before SMA release (during
      ischemia) did not significantly improve survival (33% at 48 hr). Glucagon
      infusion during occlusive mesenteric ischemia was detrimental when added to
      effective postischemia treatment, reducing survival from 83 to 33% (P less than
      0.02). Adequate saline infusion was required for glucagon efficacy after
      ischemia, as shown by an intermediate 48-hr survival of 50% when only maintenance
      saline (1.5 ml/kg/hr) was given. These data suggest that glucagon therapy should
      be delayed until after operative release of an acute SMA occlusion and should be
      accompanied by vigorous volume expansion.

PMID- 3990273
TI  - Collateral back pressure--is it a valid predictor of infrainguinal bypass graft
      patency?
AB  - While it is generally thought that collateral back pressure (CBP) is a reliable
      predictor of graft patency, this correlation has not yet been validated. We have
      used a new, simple technique to measure CBP without direct puncture of the
      recipient artery. After the distal anastomosis is completed, the graft is filled
      with saline and clamped proximally. A transducer connected needle is then
      inserted into the distal portion of the graft for CBP measurements (mm Hg). These
      were obtained in 84 grafts (43 femoropopliteals [FP] and 41 femorodistals [FD]).
      Outflow resistance (OR) measurements (mm Hg/ml/min) were also obtained in 70 (36
      FP; 34 FD) of these grafts by a previously described technique. The mean CBP for
      FP and FD bypasses was 41 +/- 17 and 26 +/- 19 mm Hg, respectively (P less than
      0.001). Although early graft patency (3 months) (13 occluded, 71 patent) did not
      correlate with angiographic findings of popliteal runoff or integrity of pedal
      arch, it did significantly relate to CBP. Mean CBP for occluded grafts was 22 +/-
      17 mm Hg and for patent grafts it was 36 +/- 19 mm Hg (P less than 0.01).
      Similarly, mean OR was significantly related to patency, 1.29 +/- 0.23 mm
      Hg/ml/min for occluded grafts and 0.36 +/- 0.23 mm Hg/ml/min for patent grafts (P
      less than 0.0001). Moreover, only OR was a significant predictor of
      infrapopliteal graft patency (P less than 0.01). OR was found to be a better
      predictor of graft patency than CBP by stepwise logistic regression analysis (P
      less than 0.0001). We conclude that CBP is a more reliable predictor of graft
      outcome than angiographic criteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990274
TI  - Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on gallbladder filling.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that pancreatic polypeptide (PP) alters gallbladder
      pressure and reduces delivery of bile to the duodenum. Whether this peptide
      influences gallbladder emptying and/or filling is not clear. Using the prairie
      dog model, we tested the hypothesis that exogenous PP induces gallbladder
      filling. Animals maintained on control diets underwent laparotomy with placement
      of catheters into the gallbladder and common bile duct. The gallbladder was
      perfused with [14C]polyethtyleneglycol ([14C]PEG)-labeled lactated Ringer's
      solution (LR) at 0.1 ml/min. Effluent from the common bile duct was collected at
      5-min intervals during 30-min intravenous infusions of LR, LR + 2% serum albumin,
      and LR + 2% serum albumin + bovine PP (10 and 50 ng/kg/min). Gallbladder pressure
      was continuously recorded. Total and incremental fillings were calculated based
      on volume and [14C]PEG concentration changes. Infusion of PP, 50 ng/kg/min,
      induced significant gallbladder filling. The filling response was progressive and
      peaked during the final 10 min of peptide infusion. These findings coupled with
      the observation that serum PP levels are increased for up to 6 hr postprandially
      suggest that PP may play an important role in the regulation of interdigestive
      gallbladder filling.

PMID- 3990275
TI  - Regulation of monocyte function by complement activation products.
AB  - Normal human monocytes, obtained at a mean purity of 60% by Percoll density
      gradient centrifugation, were found to be chemotactically deactivated to C5a by
      exposure to low, and biologically significant, concentrations of zymosan
      activated serum (ZAS), while retaining their full response to FMLP. C5a was found
      to be 40X more potent than its metabolite C5adesArg in reducing chemotaxis to
      activated pooled serum. Conversely, exposure of monocytes to varying
      concentrations of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) decreased
      chemotaxis to that attractant, though had no effect on chemotaxis to activated
      serum. Monocytes were also found to actively absorb C5a from solutions of ZAS,
      rich in C5a. Our data support the concept that monocytes are specifically
      regulated by C5a and C5adesArg.

PMID- 3990277
TI  - Enhanced survival in antibiotic-treated murine fecal peritonitis by
      administration of copovithane, a selective immunostimulative polymer.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an immunostimulative
      polymer, Copovithane (Cpv), plus antibiotics (netilmicin and clindamycin) in a
      murine model of fecal peritonitis. Cpv augments humoral immunity with little
      effect on T cells and is nontoxic. Cpv 100 mg/kg iv administered at the onset of
      sepsis increased median survival time (MST) by 40-55% over untreated controls.
      Four experiments were performed. Cpv in combination with antibiotics when given
      at the time of onset of sepsis was significantly more effective than antibiotics
      alone (MST 235 vs 105 hr, P less than 0.05 at 144, 168, 192, 216 hr). In the
      second and third experiments Cpv alone and with antibiotics was administered 15
      hr after the onset of sepsis. Cpv significantly augmented survival over controls
      in the second experiment (MST 87 vs 60 hr, P less than 0.025 at 96 hr). Cpv plus
      antibiotics was significantly better than antibiotics alone in the third
      experiment (MST 111 vs 64 hr, P less than 0.05 at 72 hr, P less than 0.005 at 120
      hr). In the final experiment, Cpv did not inhibit growth of 20 bacterial species
      in agar and liquid media. Cpv significantly enhances survival in murine fecal
      peritonitis even when administered after the onset of sepsis; furthermore Cpv
      plus antibiotics in established peritonitis produces longer survival than
      antibiotics alone. Synthetic immunomodulators such as Cpv could eventually play a
      significant role in the management of peritoneal infection in humans.

PMID- 3990276
TI  - Distribution and quantitation of immunoreactive gut neuropeptides in piebald mice
      and their normal littermates.
AB  - Piebald mice inherit congenital megacolon associated with distal aganglionosis.
      To study the distribution of intrinsic peptidergic nerves in the gut of piebald
      mice and their normal littermates, we used specific radioimmunoassays to measure
      the tissue concentrations of the following immunoreactive neuropeptides:
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI),
      [Met]enkephalin (Enk), substance P (SP), and bombesin-like intestinal peptide
      (BLIP). In the normal littermates, all neuropeptide concentrations were
      significantly greater in the colon than in the proximal gut. SP, Enk, VIP, PHI,
      and BLIP levels were all decreased in the distal colon of piebald mice as
      compared to normal littermates, SP, BLIP, and Enk levels were also decreased in
      the dilated proximal colon of piebald mice. These results suggest that there are
      abnormalities in the peptidergic innervation of the proximal and the distal colon
      in piebald mice. The abnormalities localized to the proximal colon of piebald
      mice may be related to functional obstruction of the colon.

PMID- 3990278
TI  - Is atrial function affected by conventional cardioplegic arrest?
AB  - Conventional cardioplegic arrest results in persistent atrial electrical and
      mechanical activity. This activity has been postulated to result in atrial
      ischemia which can induce postoperative arrhythmias and impair the transport
      function of the atrium. In this study, the effects of simple cardiopulmonary
      bypass (CPB) (seven pigs) and conventional cardioplegic arrest (CCA) (seven pigs)
      on right atrial function were evaluated. Function was assessed in an isolated
      right atrial preparation with a compliant balloon inserted via the superior vena
      cava. CCA for 1 hr produced significant deterioration in right atrial function
      (developed pressure 14.1 +/- 0.7 vs 18.9 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, P less than 0.05,
      diastolic pressure 10.0 +/- 1 vs 4.5 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, P less than 0.05, dP/dt 134
      +/- 25 vs 187 +/- 19 mm Hg/sec, P less than 0.05 at a balloon volume of 20 ml
      after 1 hr of reperfusion). CPB alone caused no alteration in pressures in the
      right atrium but was associated with a late decrease in dP/dt (developed pressure
      19.3 +/- 1.8 vs 18.9 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, diastolic pressure 4.0 +/- 1.2 vs 4.5 +/- 1.4
      mm Hg, dP/dt 148 +/- 18 vs 187 +/- 19, P less than 0.05 at a balloon volume of 20
      ml at a time corresponding to 1 hr of reperfusion in the CCA group). These
      results are consistent with the postulate that conventional techniques of
      cardioplegic arrest are associated with ischemic dysfunction of the right atrium.

PMID- 3990279
TI  - Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in mechanical intestinal obstruction.
AB  - Experiments were designed to study the effect of duration of small bowel
      obstruction (SBO) on rate of recovery of fasting and nonfasting GI myoelectric
      activity (MEA) in 10 dogs. Two weeks after implantation of a gastric cannula and
      bipolar silver electrodes in the antrum, duodenum, proximal and midjejunum,
      terminal ileum, right and left colon, complete SBO was created in the distal
      ileum. Duration of SBO was 24 hr in group I (five dogs) and 48 hr in group 2
      (five dogs). MEA was recorded on 5 consecutive postop days after creating SBO.
      Water (500 cc) was given via cannula 90 min after release of SBO and on
      subsequent days after 90 min of fasting MEA recording. Control data were pooled
      from MEA recordings obtained on 10th and 12th days after electrode implant, each
      dog serving as its own control. On the day of SBO release there were no
      significant differences in MEA between groups 1 and 2. Twenty-four hours after
      SBO release, group 2 fasting and nonfasting jejunal and ileal MEA was
      significantly decreased vs group 1 and control levels. These significantly
      decreased jejunal and ileal MEA levels persisted for 48 hr after SBO release.
      After water by cannula, group 2 antral MEA was significantly less than group 1
      and control levels and remained at these low levels for 72 hr after SBO release.
      Colonic MEA in group 1 and group 2 was not significantly decreased vs control
      levels. These data suggest that the colon does not play a regulatory role in
      ileus caused by SBO. These results also imply that prolonged ileus can be avoided
      by early operation for mechanical SBO.

PMID- 3990280
TI  - Early phase of pancreatic polypeptide release is augmented by calcium infusion.
AB  - This study evaluated the effect on an intravenous infusion of calcium chloride (4
      and 8 mg/kg/hr) on both fasting and meal-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
      release in an awake canine model. Intravenous calcium had no effect on fasting
      levels of PP. A protein-rich meal was a potent stimulus for PP release with a
      peak response of 1474 +/- 266 pg/ml occurring at 45 min after the meal.
      Intravenous calcium at a dose of 8 mg/kg/hr augmented meal-stimulated PP release
      from 30 to 180 min after the meal compared to control values. Significant
      increases in serum calcium occurred at 60 to 180 min during infusion of calcium
      at 8 mg/kg/hr. This study demonstrates that the early cephalic (vagal) phase of
      pancreatic polypeptide release appears to be sensitive to subthreshold increases
      in extracellular calcium, suggesting that calcium is a factor in the stimulus
      secretion coupling for the endogenous release of pancreatic polypeptide.

PMID- 3990281
TI  - Differences in NMR spectra between tumor clones of defined metastatic potential.
AB  - NMR can discriminate between malignant and normal tissues. This study attempts to
      determine if NMR can discriminate between tumor clones of differing metastatic
      potential derived from the same parent tumor. Rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma
      clones of either high (MTLn3), intermediate (MTC), or low (MTPa) metastatic
      potential were grown in roller-bottle tissue culture, harvested during
      exponential growth phase, centrifuged to form a 0.75-cm3 pellet, and analyzed in
      a Varian 360L spectrometer operating at 60.0 MHz. Dimethyl sulfoxide (10%) was
      used as an internal standard at 3.1 ppm downfield from tetramethyl silane (TMS).
      NMR spectra of replicate samples were analyzed and compared. The position of the
      water peak for MTLn3 (n = 7) was 5.14 +/- 0.0301 vs 5.07 +/- 0.0207 for MTC (n =
      5) and 5.05 +/- 0.009 for MTPa (n = 5) (P less than or equal to 0.001).
      Integrated area of upfield peaks (where glycoproteins residues are expected to
      resonate) was 47.43 +/- 7.17 for MTLn3 (n = 6) and 40.95 +/- 5.48 for MTC (n = 4)
      vs 32.06 +/- 10.1 for MTPa (n = 5) (P less than or equal to 0.05). Previous work
      with these tumor clones suggests quantitative changes in surface glycoproteins
      are associated with differences in metastatic behavior. This study demonstrates
      differences in water peaks between cells of high, intermediate, and low
      metastatic potential and differences in the integrated area of upfield spectral
      peaks. How these observations relate to the biologic properties of the cells is
      uncertain. If they prove to have general validity, NMR could be used to profile
      biologic potential of human malignancies.

PMID- 3990282
TI  - Changes of oestrogen receptor levels in Leydig cells from mice and rats during
      culture.
AB  - Two functional properties of Leydig cells in culture, i.e. LH-stimulated
      steroidogenesis and nuclear oestrogen receptor levels have been investigated.
      Leydig cells isolated from testes of immature rats and mature mice maintained
      their responsiveness to LH during 48-72 h of cell culture, although the mouse
      Leydig cells appeared to be less responsive to LH after 72 h of culture. In
      contrast, nuclear oestrogen receptor levels in both types of Leydig cells
      declined to 10-20% of the initial value after 24 h in culture. In the 48-72 h
      culture period nuclear oestrogen receptor levels recovered to 75% of the initial
      value only in Leydig cells from immature rats, whereas the nuclear oestrogen
      receptor levels in Leydig cells from mature mice remained low. These data
      demonstrate that during in vitro culture of Leydig cells, preservation of LH
      responsiveness does not necessarily warrant that other Leydig cell parameters
      e.g. nuclear oestrogen receptors also remain unaltered.

PMID- 3990283
TI  - Covalent modification of aromatase by a radiolabeled irreversible inhibitor.
AB  - 7 alpha-Substituted 4-androstene-3,17-diones are effective inhibitors of
      aromatase. The microsomal enzyme complex has a greater affinity for several of
      these inhibitors than for the substrate androstenedione, with 7 alpha
      (4'amino)phenylthio-4-androstene-3,17-dione being the most potent competitive
      inhibitor of the series. A potential affinity analog, the bromoacetamide
      derivative of the amino compound, has been synthesized in both unlabeled and 14C
      labeled forms via a condensation of bromoacetic acid with the amino compound
      using DCC. Inactivation studies with the unlabeled inhibitor showed a time
      dependent, first-order inactivation of aromatase enzymatic activity.
      Androstenedione, when incubated in varying concentrations with the irreversible
      inhibitor, provided protection from inactivation. Binding studies with
      radiolabeled inhibitor and microsomal aromatase preparations showed that
      irreversible binding had occurred. SDS-electrophoresis, followed by fluorography,
      identified four major microsomal proteins that were radiolabeled, with the
      protein band at 52,000 mol. wt predominating. Similar studies with a solubilized
      aromatase preparation decreased the amount of nonspecific binding. Thus, covalent
      bonds between the irreversible inhibitor and the aromatase cytochrome P450
      molecule were formed.

PMID- 3990284
TI  - Specificity of the immune response to the oestrone-azo-hapten structure.
AB  - Comparison of the cross-reactions between 14 related steroids with eight
      antibodies showed that each antibody had its individual molecular specificity.
      During the 183-day period covering eight immunizations, cross-reaction between
      oestrone and 1-methyloestrone showed only very little change with five
      antibodies, while the great differences in cross-reactivity values for the
      individual antibodies were retained. With the same five antibodies, the course of
      cross-reaction between oestrone and 3-sulphooestrone as well as 6-oxooestrone was
      also fairly constant, the differences in cross-reactivity in relation to the
      individual antibodies being considerably large. The blood plasma antibody
      concentrations measured at the same intervals showed considerable fluctuation,
      whereas the affinity constants of the respective antibodies, except one of them,
      showed a moderate upward trend. The suggested molecular parameters of binding
      sites of the antibodies to the oestrone-4-azo-hapten structure were in
      surprisingly good agreement with those reported in the literature for mouse
      myeloma immunoglobulin A proteins possessing dinitrophenyl-binding activity. The
      individual antibodies exhibited highly sensitive radioimmunoassay curves for both
      oestrone and 3-sulphooestrone.

PMID- 3990285
TI  - Characterization of estrogen receptors in the hamster brain.
AB  - Although the hamster is frequently used as an experimental animal for studying
      reproductive neuroendocrinology and sex behavior, estrogen receptors (ER) in the
      central nervous system have not been fully characterized. Using Sephadex LH-20
      gel filtration and DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography, estrogen binding
      macromolecules having the physicochemical properties of classical ER were
      identified in cytosolic and nuclear extracts of brain tissues. These receptors
      exhibited high affinity for estradiol (Kd = 10(-9) M), limited capacity (30-50
      fmol/g tissue), and estrogen specificity; however, competition studies indicate
      that brain and uterine ER have different binding kinetics. The neuroanatomic
      distribution of ER was similar in males and females with highest levels in the
      limbic brain and consistently low levels in remaining forebrain and
      mid/hindbrain. No sex differences in receptor number or other binding parameters
      were evident. Sucrose gradient centrifugation showed that cytosolic ER sedimented
      in the 7-8S region of a 5-20% linear gradient (no salt), whereas nuclear ER had a
      sedimentation coefficient of 5S under high ionic strength. On DNA-cellulose
      affinity columns, these receptors had an elution maximum of 0.18 M NaCl. After a
      single injection of estradiol, nuclear ER increased and cytosolic ER were
      depleted. The lower estradiol binding affinity and receptor levels in hamster
      brain as compared to the rat are consistent with observed species differences in
      neural sensitivity to estrogen. We expect these data in hamsters, a markedly
      photosensitive species, to provide a basis for future studies examining the role
      of receptors in mediating the effects of day-length on steroid dependent feedback
      and behavioral responses.

PMID- 3990286
TI  - Capillary gas chromatography as a tool for characterization of urinary steroid
      excretion in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Urinary steroid excretion was studied by capillary gas chromatography in 23
      patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In 5 patients the estimated
      excretion rates of pregnanetriol were in or below the normal range and 7 patients
      presented supranormal excretion rates of tetrahydro-cortisone and/or other
      glucocorticoid metabolites. Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase was nevertheless
      demonstrated in each patient by an increased ratio of excreted precursors vs
      products of 21-hydroxylase, e.g. of pregnanetriol/tetrahydro-cortisone. Due to
      this relative deficiency of glucocorticoids the patients' steroid excretion was
      further characterized by a predominance of 5 alpha-hydrogenated C19O3 metabolites
      (11-keto-androsterone, 11-hydroxy-androsterone) over their 5 beta-hydrogenated
      homologues (11-keto-etiocholanolone, 11-hydroxy-etiocholanolone). An apparent
      preponderance in the excretion of pregnenetriol over that of pregnanetriol was
      found in 4 patients, but the presence of pregnenetriol was not confirmed by mass
      spectrometry following prepurification of the urine samples by thin-layer
      chromatography indicating interference of an unidentified steroid metabolite with
      the initial gas chromatographic analysis. The simultaneous determination of
      steroids serving as precursors or products of 21-hydroxylase by capillary gas
      chromatography helps to establish the diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency and
      to characterize the pattern of steroid excretion in this syndrome even in
      patients where the estimation of single urinary steroids may lead to erroneous
      conclusions.

PMID- 3990287
TI  - Metabolism of testosterone by human semen.
AB  - Following the incubation of human sperm and seminal plasma with 13C2-labelled
      testosterone, the main metabolite, identified by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS), was 4-androstene-3,17-dione. In addition, 6 alpha- and 6
      beta-hydroxytestosterone were identified. The more common metabolites of
      testosterone were not detected, and it is possible that the high substrate-tissue
      ratio influenced the result. Incubation of individual sperm and seminal plasma
      specimens with [14C]testosterone resulted in the identification, by specific
      activity measurements, of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in almost every specimen but
      with a widely varying conversion rate. Dihydrotestosterone, which on general
      grounds was considered a likely metabolite, could not be positively confirmed as
      such, although in some samples its presence was suspected. Gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry was also used to identify steroids in sperm and seminal plasma
      extracts. Some, but not all the steroids identified as present in such extracts
      by other investigators, were found. During the course of this work C18 Sep-Pak
      cartridges were successfully used to prepare fractions suitable for SP-Sephadex
      and TEAP-Lipidex chromatography and subsequent analysis by GC-MS. Their use
      eliminated the need for purification steps otherwise necessary.

PMID- 3990288
TI  - Fractionation of cortisol antisera by immunoadsorption chromatography:
      characterisation and use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
AB  - The use of affinity chromatography in the presence of 20% acetonitrile combined
      with a decreasing pH gradient has allowed the fractionation of two cortisol
      antisera into components of varying affinity. The high affinity fractions
      generate considerably improved ELISA standard curves compared to the intact sera
      but do not grossly alter the specificity of the antisera. Accordingly, the high
      affinity fraction of the least cross-reactive antiserum was used for a plasma
      cortisol ELISA. The cortisol ELISA, although returning slightly higher values
      than RIA, was comparable in the ability to distinguish dexamethasone suppression
      and cortisol response to synacthen and should thus prove of value in the assay of
      plasma cortisol.

PMID- 3990289
TI  - Biotransformation of progesterone to 14 alpha-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione,
      a novel fungal metabolite, by Colletotrichum antirrhini.
AB  - The fermentation of progesterone by Colletotrichum antirrhini SC 2144 was
      examined. Instead of 15 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, the reported product, this
      fungus converted progesterone to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, androsta-1,4-diene
      3,17-dione, 14 alpha-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 11 alpha-hydroxypregn
      4-ene-3,20-dione, 14 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, and a hitherto
      undescribed compound, 14 alpha-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione.

PMID- 3990290
TI  - The naturally occurring C-17 fatty acid esters of estradiol are long-acting
      estrogens.
AB  - C-17 fatty acid esters of estradiol are naturally occurring biosynthetic
      metabolites of estradiol. A representative component of this family of esters,
      estradiol-17-stearate, was studied in order to determine the estrogenic
      properties of these unusual hydrophobic steroids. Following the classical
      estrogen bioassay, a solution of this ester in oil was injected subcutaneously
      into immature rats once a day for 3 days. There was little effect on the uterus
      on the first day after the third injection. However, on subsequent days a large
      stimulation of uterine growth occurred. The course of this estrogenic effect was
      exactly opposite to that obtained with estradiol. In order to eliminate the
      possibility that this effect on the time course of estrogenic stimulation was
      caused by increased solubility of the hydrophobic esters in the carrier oil, the
      steroids were administered to adult ovariectomized animals in aqueous medium via
      a single intravenous injection. The uterotrophic response to estradiol was
      maximal at 12 h and was completely dissipated in 48-60 h. Estradiol-17-stearate
      produced a uterotrophic effect of twice the duration of estradiol. In the
      immature rat, aqueous intravenous injections of estradiol-17-stearate produced a
      greater uterotrophic effect than estradiol and this effect was still maximal 96 h
      later. In addition, this single injection of estradiol-17-stearate advanced the
      time of vaginal opening, a marker for puberty in the female rat. The mechanism of
      the prolonged estrogenic stimulation was investigated by studying the steroidal
      content of the uterus after injecting [3H]estradiol and [3H]estradiol-17 
      stearate i.v. into immature rats. At 1 and 4 h there was significantly more
      radioactivity in the uteri of the [3H]estradiol treated animals. At later times
      (8 h and onwards) the total radioactivity in the uterus did not differ
      appreciably between the two groups. However at these later times, the amount of
      [3H]estradiol was far greater in the uteri of animals receiving [3H]estradiol-17
      stearate. Consequently, the prolonged estrogenic effects of the endogenous C-17
      fatty acid esters of estradiol are caused by the increased duration of the
      estrogenic signal. It is hypothesized that one of the roles of the fatty acid is
      to protect the steroid nucleus from metabolism and thereby prolong the life of
      the parent C18 steroid. Thus, the results of these experiments are consistent
      with the family of endogenous alkyl esters of estradiol having a physiological
      role as long-acting estrogens.

PMID- 3990292
TI  - Characterization of a glucocorticoid receptor in neonatal rat mammary gland.
AB  - A glucocorticoid receptor has been identified in cytosolic fractions prepared
      from 4-day old female Sprague-Dawley rat mammary glands at an early resting stage
      of mammary development. This component sedimented at 10S and 5S on respectively
      low and high (0.4 M KCl) ionic strength gradients. It bound dexamethasone with a
      high affinity (Kd approximately 2-6 nM) and a low capacity (N = 300 +/- 100 fmol
      per mg of proteins or 3.3 +/- 1.3 fmol per micrograms DNA), with a hierarchy of
      affinity by competition studies dexamethasone greater than corticosterone greater
      than progesterone greater than R 5020 much greater than Estradiol-17 beta. The
      characteristics of this glucocorticoid-binding protein are thus very similar to
      the adult one isolated from adult rat mammary gland.

PMID- 3990291
TI  - The role of malic enzyme in the malate dependent biosynthesis of progesterone in
      the mitochondrial fraction of human term placenta.
AB  - Mitochondria isolated from human term placenta were able to form citrate from
      malate as the only added substrate. While mitochondria were incubated in the
      presence of Mn2+ the citrate formation was stimulated significantly both by NAD+
      and NADP+ and was inhibited by hydroxymalonate, arsenite, butylmalonate and
      rotenone. It is concluded that NAD(P)-linked malic enzyme is involved in the
      conversion of malate to citrate in these mitochondria. It has also been shown
      that the conversion of cholesterol to progesterone by human term placental
      mitochondria incubated in the presence of malate was stimulated by NAD+ and NADP+
      and inhibited by arsenite and fluorocitrate. This suggests that the stimulation
      by malate of progesterone biosynthesis depends not only on the generation of
      NADPH by NAD(P)-linked malic enzyme, but also on NADPH formed during further
      metabolism of pyruvate to isocitrate which is in turn efficiently oxidized by
      NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase.

PMID- 3990293
TI  - A new defect in the peripheral conversion of cortisone to cortisol.
AB  - A steroid disorder is described in two sisters, aged 13 and 17 years, in which
      the metabolism of cortisol results almost exclusively in urinary excretion of
      tetrahydro-cortisone (11-keto) derivatives. The evidence implies the existence of
      a deficiency in the peripheral enzymatic conversion of cortisone to cortisol.

PMID- 3990294
TI  - Biochemical diagnosis of alcoholism in men psychiatric patients.
AB  - A comparison was conducted of several discriminant models (linear, stepwise
      linear and quadratic) using two definitions of prior probability (proportional
      and equal) to detect alcoholism on the basis of routine blood test results.
      Discriminant functions were derived on a sample of men alcoholic (N = 407) and
      nonalcoholic (N = 1068) psychiatric patients, and were cross-validated on an
      independent sample of the same two populations (NS = 365 and 1020, respectively).
      Linear discriminant models generally outperformed quadratic models. The best
      classification was obtained by the equal stepwise linear model that retained
      SGOT, calcium, albumin, inorganic phosphate and BUN. The best quadratic model
      (equal) achieved good overall accuracy but weak sensitivity. The linear model was
      relatively accurate in terms of classification, and better sensitivity was
      achieved with the five best predictors than with all available measures.

PMID- 3990295
TI  - Alcohol, selective attention and sexual arousal in men.
AB  - Thirty-two men social drinkers were randomly assigned to the cells of a balanced
      placebo design to investigate the effects of expected and actual alcohol
      consumption on sexual responsiveness. Using a dichotic listening task, erotic and
      nonerotic information was presented in the nonattended channel while subjects
      performed simple (low-attention demand) and complex (high-attention demand)
      numerical tasks presented in the attended channel. Penile tumescence was recorded
      continuously in response to all audiotaped information. The high-attention demand
      task significantly interfered with sexual arousal compared with the low-attention
      demand task, primarily because of the significant suppressant effect of alcohol
      on arousal during the complex task. The lack of differences in tumescence under
      the two cognitive tasks when subjects were sober is inconsistent with the
      cognitive interference model of sexual arousal. Alcohol expectations increased
      arousal during the low-attention demand task, whereas actual alcohol consumption
      decreased arousal only during the high-attention demand task. Both effects are
      attributed to the different effects of these separate variables on attentional
      processes. The clinical implications are discussed.

PMID- 3990297
TI  - Power and coherence analysis of the EEG in hospitalized alcoholics and
      nonalcoholic controls.
AB  - EEG recordings from 56 alcoholics (20 women) and 9 nonalcoholic controls (15
      women) were compared using power spectral density and coherence techniques.
      Alcoholics had more power in the delta frequency bands (1-4 Hz) and less power in
      alpha (9-13 Hz) from all regions of the skull. Interhemispheric coherence scores
      from homologous brain sites were greater for alcoholics in the delta band (1-4
      Hz) but greater for nonalcoholics in the higher frequencies. Among alcoholics,
      power in the alpha bandwidth was positively correlated with Brain Age Quotient
      (BAQ) scores, whereas delta power was inversely related to BAQ scores. Increased
      power in the beta frequencies (14 + Hz) among alcoholics was a function of the
      time elapsed since the last drink and the use of chlordiazepoxide during
      detoxication. Issues relating to transient brain dysfunction in recently
      abstaining alcoholics are also discussed.

PMID- 3990296
TI  - Neuropsychological test results are related to ratings of men alcoholics'
      therapeutic progress: a replicated study.
AB  - The relationship of tests of neuropsychological functioning to clinical ratings
      of participation in therapeutic activities and predictions of outcome were
      investigated in two groups of men alcoholics. Factor analysis of the clinical
      ratings confirmed the existence of three factors: cognitive, clinical improvement
      and interpersonal. Significant relationships were found in the first group of
      alcoholics (N = 52) between neuropsychological test scores and scores on each of
      the three factors. These findings were replicated in the second group of
      alcoholics (N = 28) drawn from the same population. Patients rated by therapists
      as having a poor prognosis performed significantly worse on certain
      neuropsychological tests, especially measures of abstracting and problem solving,
      than patients rated as having a good prognosis. These data provide evidence that
      neuropsychological tests are sensitive to many of the same dimensions assessed by
      clinicians in evaluating therapeutic progress.

PMID- 3990298
TI  - Construct validity of the MacAndrew Scale: secondary psychopathic and dysthymic
      neurotic character orientations among adolescent male misdemeanor offenders.
AB  - The empirical validity of the MacAndrew Scale was investigated in 200 adolescent
      males convicted of misdemeanor offenses who were classified according to their
      pattern of alcohol intoxication. Classification results were comparable to those
      from studies of adult men--true positive = 80%, false negative = 20%, true
      negative = 81% and false positive = 19%. An empirical cluster analysis of factor
      scores from the California Psychological Inventory yielded 14 personality types.
      About 56% of these cases resembled two character orientations (Emotional
      Extraversion or Emotional Introversion) that were hypothesized by MacAndrew to
      mediate addiction-proneness among males. However, 38.7% of these subjects were
      not alcohol misusers. The hypothesis that Emotional Introverts tend to be
      classified as false negatives was not supported--true positive = 79% and false
      negative = 21%. Although MacAndrew's formulation of two character orientations
      has heuristic value, the present study found alcohol misuse among adolescents
      with other personality characteristics. Studies of nonoffender adolescent males
      were recommended to clarify the MacAndrew Scale's sensitivity to the character
      orientation Emotional Introvert. Consistent with earlier research, the present
      study found no evidence of high levels of emotional tension in the form of
      anxiety or depression among adolescent alcohol misusers.

PMID- 3990299
TI  - Factor structure of the drinking behavior interview in a private inpatient
      treatment program.
AB  - The 32-item Drinking Behavior Interview (DBI) was administered to 103 patients
      newly admitted to a private, inpatient, alcohol problems treatment unit. When
      intercorrelations among the 32 variables were subjected to factor analysis, DBI
      profiles of alcoholics in this population differed primarily along four major
      dimensions: close interpersonal relationships, physical symptoms, societal
      functioning and alcohol consumption. Whereas the DBI has previously been used to
      define a single composite alcoholism index, these results suggest the importance
      of considering differences in components of the DBI profile pattern.

PMID- 3990300
TI  - Subjective effects of alcohol: the influence of setting and individual
      differences in alcohol expectancies.
AB  - Contemporary theorists view many alcohol effects as complex functions of a number
      of interacting variables ranging from pharmacological factors (e.g., limb of the
      blood alcohol curve), environmental factors (e.g., setting) and dispositional
      factors (e.g., individually held expectations concerning the effects of alcohol).
      To examine this general model, the joint effects on subjective state of beverage
      (alcohol vs placebo), of setting (alone vs group) and of individual differences
      in alcohol expectancies were examined in a sample of 98 men social drinkers.
      Assessment of subjective state included measures of both mood and perceived
      physical sensations. The results demonstrated the complex determinants of
      subjective effects of alcohol and illustrated the difficulty of making strong
      generalizations concerning the subjective effects of alcohol. Alcohol
      consumption, alcohol expectancies and setting appear to have both independent and
      interacting effects on subjective state. These effects appear to vary in
      importance across the types of effects considered and the time since drinking.

PMID- 3990301
TI  - Alcohol consumption rates among managers and professionals.
AB  - Women and men in management and professional positions in a large midwestern city
      were surveyed regarding their alcohol consumption. Compared with other surveys,
      more of the women in this sample were drinkers, but there was not a proportional
      difference in heavy drinking rates. Women who were single, divorced or separated
      reported higher rates of heavy drinking than did married women. Evidence for
      denial of heavy consumption of alcohol was found among both men and women heavy
      drinkers.

PMID- 3990302
TI  - Alcohol and property crime: exploring the causal nexus.
AB  - The literature on the relationship between alcohol use and property crime is
      reviewed. Four sources of data (detailed criminal and drinking histories of 32
      men prison inmates, interviews with 67 men imprisoned for robbery, biographies of
      10 criminals, and case materials found in scholarly works on "causal" and
      "professional" property crime) reveal three models of the alcohol-crime link:
      Drinking at the time of the offense and alcoholism are deterrents to professional
      property crime because they lead to the perception of unreliability by crime
      partners and thus serve as barriers to admission to crime partnerships. Certain
      aspects of the professional criminal lifestyle are conducive to heavy drinking-
      being unmarried, being geographically unstable, having alternating periods of
      intense activity and leisure, and having large amounts of money to spend. Heavy
      drinking provides easy companionship and relaxation to criminals who lack the
      normal family and work restraints. There is a complex relationship between
      alcohol use and casual property crime committed in groups. Social isolation leads
      some individuals to drink to form a "primary group atmosphere." Group
      participation in crime serves to maintain the cohesiveness of the group.
      Intoxication facilitates participation in unplanned, low-profit, high-risk crime
      since it causes group members to focus on the immediate reward of group cohesion
      and not on the longer-term negative consequences.

PMID- 3990303
TI  - Ethnic differences in alcohol misuse: a striking reaffirmation.
AB  - A comparison of alcohol-related and nonalcohol-related diagnoses among immigrants
      in New York State Psychiatric facilities yielded differences according to
      birthplace. Over 50% of the Irish men vs only 4% of the Italian men were
      hospitalized for alcohol-related diagnoses.

PMID- 3990304
TI  - Legislated policies and recidivism for driving under the influence of liquor in
      Massachusetts.
AB  - Legislation on driving under the influence of liquor was changed significantly in
      Massachusetts on 1 December 1975; it permitted courts to continue cases without a
      finding if defendants were place probation and assigned to driver alcohol
      education. The effect of the revisions on the incidence of rearrest was assessed.
      The 3-yr arrest records of 522 individuals arrested for drunken driving 2 yr
      before the changes (1973) were compared with 716 and 690 offenders arrested 1
      (1976) and 2 (1977) yr post-law modification. Sample participants were selected
      randomly. The legislation strongly affected court dispositions. Over 70% of the
      1976-1977 cases were continued without findings and more offenders were
      sanctioned. The proportion found not guilty dropped from 1973 to 1976-1977.
      Absolute rearrest rates were similar for each cohort. Probability of arrest,
      however, rose substantially between 1973 and 1980. Relative to the increased
      arrest rate, there was a significant decline in rearrests 2 and 3 yr after a
      drunken driving arrest during the post-law period. The legislation apparently
      contributed to an amelioration of the drunken driving problem by encouraging
      judicial reforms and educational interventions.

PMID- 3990305
TI  - Altered characteristics of B16 melanoma cells induced by chemically crosslinking
      fibronectin to cell surfaces.
AB  - The loss of fibronectin from tumor cell surfaces has been correlated with an
      increased incidence of metastases. To determine directly whether cell surface
      fibronectin influences the metastatic potential of solid tumors, we chemically
      crosslinked fibronectin to B16 murine melanoma cells using a photosensitive
      heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent, N-succinimidyl-4-azidophenyl-1,3
      dithiopropionate (SADP). Cell attachment to plastic surfaces was increased in
      cells to which fibronectin was attached; cell growth over a 24-hr period was not
      significantly affected by the addition of fibronectin. When C57BL/6 mice were
      injected with fibronectin-crosslinked B16 cells, there was a 63% reduction in the
      number of pulmonary nodules compared to untreated controls. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that fibronectin enhances the recognition and
      removal of tumor cells from the circulation, possibly by cells of the
      reticuloendothelial system.

PMID- 3990306
TI  - Value of liver scintigraphy in pretreatment staging and in follow-up of patients
      with malignant melanoma.
AB  - Liver scintigraphy (99Tcm sulphur colloid) was performed in 118 patients with
      malignant melanoma. In 73 patients diagnosed as stage I, the pretreatment
      evaluation showed one false-negative and one false-positive examination. During
      follow-up there were ten abnormal liver scintigraphies; one was later correlated
      to liver metastases. In 46 patients diagnosed as stage II-IV, the pretreatment
      liver scintigraphy yielded false-negative results in 36% and false-positive
      results in 15%. The predictive values of positive and negative tests were 44% and
      81%, respectively. The yields of liver tests (S-alkaline phosphatase, S-gamma
      glutamyl-transferase) in patients with liver metastases were low. This study
      demonstrated the limitations of liver scintigraphy for diagnosis of liver
      metastases in patients with malignant melanoma.

PMID- 3990307
TI  - Squamous metaplasia in colonic adenomata: report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of squamous metaplasia in colonic adenomata are reported. Since
      squamous metaplasia is known to occur rarely in the colon it is surprising that
      its occurrence in colonic adenomata has not been emphasized; this is more
      remarkable as its presence may have clinical significance as a precursor of rare
      forms of carcinoma of the colon.

PMID- 3990308
TI  - Heterogeneity of breast carcinomas determined by flow cytometric analysis.
AB  - Eight cases of primary breast carcinoma were studied for evidence of
      heterogeneity by flow cytometry using propidium iodide staining of DNA. Tumors
      ranged from 2.5 to 8.0 cm in greatest dimension, mean 4.2 cm. Five to 11 samples,
      determined by tumor size, were analyzed from each primary tumor in addition to 4
      axillary lymph nodal metastases from 3 of the 8 cases. The presence of carcinoma
      was demonstrated histologically in each flow cytometric sample. Three of the
      carcinomas showed only diploid DNA content. Three showed the same single
      hyperdiploid population in each sample. Two carcinomas (2.5 and 3.5 cm) were
      heterogeneous and demonstrated 2 or 3 hyperdiploid populations. The 2 or 3
      distinct hyperdiploid populations were present singly or sometimes in combination
      in one sample. Five of the 11 samples from 1 of the heterogeneous tumors and its
      axillary metastasis contained a single diploid population. Therefore, flow
      cytometric analysis of a single sample from a breast carcinoma may not be
      representative of the entire tumor. The study of multiple samples of breast
      carcinomas by flow cytometry is necessary for full characterization of the
      tumors.

PMID- 3990310
TI  - Immune status in advanced upper gastrointestinal cancers.
AB  - Thirty-eight cases of advanced upper gastrointestinal cancer were assessed for
      their immune status prior to any form of therapy. Cell-mediated immunity, as
      tested by absolute lymphocyte count, T-cell count and delayed cutaneous
      hypersensitivity reactions to purified protein derivative and phytohemagglutinin
      showed severe depression. Immunoglobulins A and M were elevated, while
      immunoglobulin G reduced. No correlation could be established between the immune
      status and the site of cancer or its extent, the performance status of the
      patients, or their response to chemotherapy.

PMID- 3990309
TI  - Mixed juvenile-adenomatous polyp of the rectum in an elderly patient.
AB  - Large bowel polyps with mixed histologic patterns are rare. Recommendations for
      their management must be based on the component most propense to develop into a
      malignancy.

PMID- 3990311
TI  - Effectiveness of scalene node biopsy for staging of lung cancer in the absence of
      palpable adenopathy.
AB  - Scalene node biopsy (SNB) has been performed in patients with lung cancer at the
      Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center if any of the following criteria has
      been present: (1) potentially resectable central lesion by chest radiograph, or
      (2) significant cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction, thereby placing the patient at
      increased risk for thoracotomy, or (3) a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma prior to
      SNB. Within these guidelines, a retrospective study was undertaken to determine
      the benefit of routine SNB in the absence of clinically palpable scalene nodes.
      In a 2-year period beginning April 1981, 56 patients (37 males) presented with
      radiographic evidence of lung carcinoma without clinical evidence of scalene
      adenopathy. Approximately half of the lesions were of a central position. While
      the majority had symptoms of cough, hemoptysis, or chest pain, the primary lung
      lesion was identified on routine chest radiograph in 15 (27%). In only three was
      there no history of smoking, the remainder having at least a 20-pack-year history
      of cigarette use. Following a routine evaluation, 57 SNBs were performed alone or
      in concert with other surgical procedures (mediastinoscopy, bronchoscopy). Of
      these, only two (3.5%) were diagnostic and indicative of unresectable disease.
      While in one patient no additional procedure was performed, a simultaneous
      Chamberlain procedure in the other confirmed that the patient was unresectable
      for cure. In the remaining patients, tissue diagnosis of cancer was obtained
      through other maneuvers. Because of the low probability that SNB in the absence
      of clinically palpable nodes altered the management of lung cancer, we do not
      believe it to be of benefit in the diagnosis or staging of this disease.

PMID- 3990312
TI  - Histopathologic effect of preoperative chemotherapy using 5-Fu fat emulsion in
      gastric cancer.
AB  - The authors report histopathologic effect of preoperative chemotherapy using 5-Fu
      fat emulsion for a series of 42 cases of gastric carcinoma. To each patient 348
      464 mg of 5-Fu emulsion was given orally every day for 10 days before operation.
      It was well tolerated and no apparent side-effects were encountered. The overall
      response rate was 57.14%. We hold that this regimen is beneficial for gastric
      cancer.

PMID- 3990313
TI  - Discrepancy in ER levels of breast carcinoma in biopsy vs mastectomy specimens.
AB  - The presence of estrogen receptors (ER) in breast tumors has been used by many as
      the major indicator for hormonal treatment of breast cancer. However, multiple
      factors have been shown to be involved in determining the hormone dependence of
      breast cancer. This paper reports another factor that influences the accuracy of
      ER determination. From January 1977 through December 1983 fifty-eight (58) of
      these patients had ER determination of both biopsy and mastectomy specimens. Of
      the 31 patients that remained ER positive in mastectomy specimen, 13 had
      significantly lower ER levels (by at least 50%) from the mastectomy specimens.
      These findings indicate that ER status is greatly influenced by the source of the
      specimen.

PMID- 3990314
TI  - Calcitonin as a tumor marker for nonthyroid neoplasia.
AB  - Plasma levels of calcitonin have been utilized as a tumor marker for medullary
      carcinoma of the thyroid. Elevated calcitonin levels have been noted with other
      tumors as well. The present case documents a marked decrease in calcitonin levels
      following therapy for breast carcinoma, supporting further evaluation of
      calcitonin as a clinically useful tumor marker for nonthyroid neoplasm.

PMID- 3990315
TI  - Antifertility effect of Citrus hystrix DC.
AB  - An alcohol and chloroform extract of Citrus hystrix DC. fruit peel was
      investigated for antifertility activity in pregnant rats by oral administration
      at different periods of gestation. The extracts were found to effectively inhibit
      implantation, produce abortion and slightly hasten labor time when it was given
      from day 2 to 5, day 8 to 12 and day 15 until labor, respectively. At the same
      dose level which interrupted pregnancy, the extract did not affect the estrous
      cycle. Neither uterotrophic effects nor induction of vaginal cornification was
      observed when it was given to spayed rats. However, the extract enhanced the
      uterotrophic effect of estradiol when both were simultaneously given.
      Additionally, the extract stimulated uterine contractions observed in an in situ
      study. It is suggested that these two effects may be responsible for the
      interruption of pregnancy associated with the extract.

PMID- 3990316
TI  - Pharmacological aspects of selected herbs employed in Hispanic folk medicine in
      the San Luis Valley of Colorado, USA: I. Ligusticum porteri (osha) and Matricaria
      chamomilla (manzanilla).
AB  - Interviews with Hispanic families in the San Luis Valley of Colorado delineated
      several medicinal herbs that are popular in Hispanic folk medicine, including
      Ligusticum porteri (osha) and Matricaria chamomilla (manzanilla). A search of the
      scientific literature reveals that related species of Ligusticum and Matricaria
      chamomilla contain compounds that possess significant pharmacologic activity.
      This combined information is now being used as a basis for further investigation
      at the University of Colorado School of Pharmacy in an effort to detect
      pharmacologic activity in osha and manzanilla preparations.

PMID- 3990317
TI  - Medicinal plants of the Mapuche.
AB  - A list of 136 plants used for medicinal purposes by the Mapuche Amerindians of
      Chile has been compiled. This is the first such list in English and is important
      due to the disappearance of Mapuche culture with increasing urbanisation. Some
      introduced plants have been incorporated into the traditional medicine of the
      Mapuche since the advent of European settlers but there is also a wealth of
      information about the uses of many indigenous species.

PMID- 3990318
TI  - Does pleural bronchial wrapping improve wound healing in right sleeve lobectomy?
AB  - The effect of bronchial circulation on wound healing at the site of anastomosis
      after right upper sleeve lobectomy was studied in dogs. In two dogs (Group I),
      the bronchial arteries were carefully preserved during the sleeve lobectomy. In
      16 dogs (Group II), only sleeve lobectomy was performed after all bronchial
      arteries in the hilum were ligated. In three dogs (Group III), the site of
      anastomosis was wrapped by a Penrose drain after sleeve lobectomy. In three other
      dogs (Group IV), the site of anastomosis was wrapped with a free pleural flap
      after sleeve lobectomy. In another group of 11 dogs (Group V), the anastomotic
      site was wrapped with a pedicled pleural flap. The dogs in Group I were put to
      death immediately and bronchial arterial circulation was recognized to consist
      primarily of systemic arterial blood. In Group II dogs, bronchial arteries distal
      to the anastomosis filled with pulmonary arterial blood immediately after the
      sleeve lobectomy. Although the majority of bronchial arteries became filled with
      systemic arterial blood with time, some vessels were filled with pulmonary
      arterial blood even 7 days after the sleeve lobectomy. In Group III dogs, wound
      healing at the site of anastomosis was severely delayed, and 7 days after the
      sleeve lobectomy the majority of bronchial arteries in the bronchial wall distal
      to the anastomosis were filled with pulmonary arterial blood. In Group IV dogs,
      the state of wound healing at the bronchial anastomotic site was similar to that
      of Group III dogs. In Group V, although the state of wound healing at the
      anastomosis was relatively good in most of the animals, the pedicled pleural wrap
      did not significantly improve bronchial circulation over that of Group II.

PMID- 3990319
TI  - The role of cardioplegic solution buffering in myocardial protection. A
      biochemical and histopathological assessment.
AB  - The advantages of buffering cardioplegic solutions to improve adenosine
      triphosphate preservation and postarrest hemodynamic function have been
      previously promoted. We evaluated the benefit of histidine buffering (195 mmol/L)
      in a low sodium (27 mEq/L) cardioplegic solution (Roe's) in a canine model of
      multidose cardioplegic arrest. Four solutions, two unbuffered (K+ = 10 mEq/L and
      K+ = 30 mEq/L) and two buffered (K+ = 10 mEq/L and K+ = 30 mEq/L), were tested in
      four groups of dogs for a 4 1/2 hour arrest period followed by 1 hour of
      reperfusion. Use of the unbuffered solution resulted in a drop in myocardial
      adenosine triphosphate from 29 +/- 1 mmol/kg (mean +/- standard error of the
      mean) (K+ = 30 mEq/L) and 28 +/- 2 mmol/kg (K+ = 10 mEq/L) to 8 +/- 2 mmol/kg and
      7 +/- 2 mmol/kg, respectively, during the arrest period. In both buffered groups,
      adenosine triphosphate remained at preischemic levels during the entire arrest
      period. Myocardial glycogen followed the same pattern as adenosine triphosphate
      in the buffered groups. Lactate production was markedly elevated in all groups
      during ischemia. Postarrest hemodynamic function, as assessed by intraventricular
      isovolumic developed pressure measurements, was better (p less than 0.05) in the
      buffered low-potassium group than in the other three groups. The extent of
      myocardial necrosis, measured by triphenyl tetrazolium staining and confirmed by
      electron microscopy, was minimal (2% +/- 1% of biventricular mass) in the
      buffered low-potassium group, significantly greater (7% +/- 2% and 10% +/- 2%) in
      the unbuffered high-potassium and low-potassium groups, respectively, and highest
      (35% +/- 9%) in the buffered high-potassium group. These findings indicate that
      significant buffering capacity (similar to that of blood) in a crystalloid
      cardioplegic solution can be effective in preserving myocardial adenosine
      triphosphate stores, improving postarrest contractile function, and minimizing
      myocardial necrosis, provided the combination of high extracellular potassium and
      high pH levels is avoided.

PMID- 3990320
TI  - Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the muscles encountered during
      median sternotomy and in the myocardium of the cardiac chambers.
AB  - The validity of using creatine kinase MB and lactate dehydrogenase serum
      isoenzymes to confirm the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction in
      patients who have had cardiac operations has been questioned, since both have
      been detected in skeletal muscles. Little is known concerning the concentration
      of either isoenzyme in the muscles routinely encountered during median
      sternotomy. Since we have previously shown that the dog is an adequate model in
      which to study creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, eight
      healthy dogs were placed under general anesthesia and 1 gm blocks were resected
      from selected muscles (intercostals, rectus abdominis, diaphragm, and
      sternothyroid) and from the walls of all four cardiac chambers. Each 1 gm block
      was homogenized individually in Ringer's lactate, centrifuged, and the
      supernatants were analyzed for total creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase
      activity by spectrophotometry. Isoenzymes were determined by agarose gel
      electrophoresis. The study shows that the chest wall muscles and atrial
      myocardium have appreciable quantities of creatine kinase MB. Hence, serum
      creatine kinase MB bands in the perioperative period can be generated by
      manipulation of chest wall muscles and the atrial wall as well as by infarction
      of the ventricular myocardium.

PMID- 3990321
TI  - Late clinical results with the use of heterologous pericardium for closure of the
      pericardial cavity.
AB  - In a limited series of 87 patients, the pericardial cavity was closed with a
      patch of heterologous glutaraldehyde-preserved pericardium. Five specimens have
      become available for macroscopic and microscopic study, with a postimplant time
      ranging between 1.5 and 59 months. The patches maintained their initial
      structure, but the reaction over the epicardial area facing the graft greatly
      impeded the recognition of the coronary vessels.

PMID- 3990322
TI  - Cardiovascular and thoracic battle injuries in the Lebanon War. Analysis of 3,000
      personal cases.
AB  - This report comprises 3,000 casualties of the Lebanon War whom I operated upon
      for cardiovascular-thoracic injuries in twelve Lebanese hospitals between
      January, 1969, and July, 1982. These patients were studied retrospectively
      through 1978 and prospectively thereafter. The logistics, weapons, wounds, and
      operative results in this study were unique. The patients' injuries can be
      categorized as follows: primarily thoracic, 1,251 (42%); peripheral vascular,
      1,008 (34%); cardiac, 285 (9%); and thoracic mixed, 456 (15%). The male to female
      ratio was 3.6:1, the mean age 20 years, and the military to civilian ratio 1.7:1.
      The mean transport distance was 2 miles in 1,740 patients (58%). In patients with
      thoracic wounds, the incidence of cardiac involvement (14%) was higher than in
      World War II and Vietnam. The overall survival rate in casualties with cardiac
      injuries was 73%--best in pericardial, coronary, and right atrial wounds and
      dropping to 46% in left ventricular wounds, wherein pump failure was also a
      factor. A 13% (seven deaths) mortality for patients with injuries to the thoracic
      great vessels contrasted with the 1.2% (14 deaths) mortality for the rest of the
      patients with noncardiac thoracic wounds. Open thoracotomy in 818 operations
      (55%) reflected massive wounds and logistics. Pulmonary resection (310
      operations) carried a 1.9% (five deaths) mortality and tube thoracostomy (683
      operations) for lesser injuries, 0.7% (four deaths.) Thoracoabdominal injuries
      were 1.5 times more lethal. Fifty percent (504) of nonthoracic vascular wounds
      occurred in the femoral-popliteal area as a result of sniper attacks. Subintimal
      damage averaged 8 cm and mandated saphenous vein grafts in 72%. The mortality for
      injury to the aorta was 60% (12 deaths), contrasted with 1% (three deaths) for
      injury to extremity vessels. Hemorrhage and cardiac rupture were the most
      frequent causes of death. Early, proficient, open surgical control after or
      concomitant with intensive resuscitation proved successful in this special
      military conflict.

PMID- 3990323
TI  - Pulsatile flow past St. Jude Medical bileaflet valve. An in vitro study.
AB  - An in vitro hemodynamic study of the St. Jude Medical bileaflet aortic prosthesis
      was performed in a mock circulatory system simulating physiological pulsatile
      flow. The study included measurements of pressure drop across the valves, percent
      regurgitation, velocity, and turbulence in a model human aorta. The measurements
      indicated that pressure drop (mean systolic pressure drop of 6.2 mm Hg), percent
      regurgitation (10.15%), and turbulent normal stresses immediately downstream from
      the valve (825 dynes/cm2) were better than those with other prosthetic valves and
      bioprostheses. The flow development in the aorta was not significantly affected
      by the orientation of the bileaflet valve in the root of the aorta. However,
      velocity measurements immediately downstream from the valves showed flow reversal
      and separation in the vicinity of the hinge points of the leaflets where thrombus
      formation has been previously reported.

PMID- 3990324
TI  - Relief of superior vena caval syndrome with autologous femoral vein used as a
      bypass graft.
AB  - Two patients presenting with superior venal caval syndrome have been treated
      surgically. In one patient the obstruction was caused by benign idiopathic
      mediastinal fibrosis; in the other it was secondary to carcinoma. In both cases
      venous decompression was achieved by using a segment of autogenous femoral vein
      to bypass the obstruction.

PMID- 3990325
TI  - Surgical treatment of cardiac pheochromocytomas.
AB  - The development at our institution of the radiopharmaceutical 131-I
      metaiodobenzylguanidine has permitted for the first time scintigraphic
      localization of pheochromocytomas. By the use of this scan in combination with
      contrast-enhanced computed tomography, intrapericardial pheochromocytomas have
      been demonstrated in eight patients at our hospital during the past 2 years. Four
      of these patients have been operated upon by us, and each was found to have a
      pheochromocytoma arising from the heart (left atrium in three and
      interventricular groove at the aortic root in one). While in one patient it was
      possible to "shell" the tumor away from the left atrial wall without
      cardiopulmonary bypass, in the remaining patients, bypass and cardioplegia were
      required to resect the pheochromocytomas without inducing life-threatening
      intraoperative hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. One patient required
      coronary artery reconstruction and two, excision of the posterior left atrial
      wall with pericardial replacement. One of these latter two patients died
      intraoperatively of uncontrollable hemorrhage. The three remaining patients are
      well and normotensive after more than 1 year of follow-up. Cardiac
      pheochromocytomas should not be approached as typical posterior mediastinal
      tumors, or as they are in the abdomen, with the expectation that they will "shell
      away" from contiguous structures. Cardiopulmonary bypass should be available, and
      resection of involved myocardium may be necessary for complete removal.

PMID- 3990327
TI  - Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with a bovine pericardial monocusp
      patch. Long-term clinical and hemodynamic evaluation.
AB  - A bovine pericardial monocusp patch was used in 21 patients with a variety of
      congenital heart defects for reconstruction of obstructed right ventricular
      outflow tract. Two early postoperative deaths and one late death occurred, and
      these were unrelated to monocusp patch function. Survivors have completed a mean
      follow-up of 113 months (range 29 to 141 months). They are all asymptomatic, and
      their physical activity is unrestricted. Seventeen patients have completed more
      than 5 years of follow-up and, of these, 11 patients have completed more than 10
      years of follow-up. Eleven patients have been reinvestigated by sequential
      postoperative hemodynamic and angiographic studies at mean periods of 16, 48, and
      100 months. The mean peak systolic pressure gradient across the right ventricular
      outflow tract under conditions of normal flow was 13 +/- 2.4 mm Hg at 16 months,
      and it has shown no significant change when measured at intervals of up to 124
      months after the operation. This lack of change suggests effective long-term
      relief of the outflow tract obstruction. Serial radiographic screening of all
      patients and angiographic studies in 11 patients disclosed no evidence of graft
      calcification, stenosis, or dilatation. The monocusp valve remained functional
      and effectively abolished or reduced pulmonary valve incompetence. In 11 patients
      who had residual pulmonary regurgitation, the regurgitation was mild and, up to
      12 years after operation, had not resulted in any adverse clinical sequelae.

PMID- 3990326
TI  - Update on infections involving permanent pacemakers. Characterization and
      management.
AB  - From January, 1974, to December, 1983, 75 patients with infections related to
      permanent pacemakers were successfully treated. Demographic characterization,
      mode of presentation, types of infecting organisms, potential predisposing
      factors, significance of a retained infected pacemaker lead, and various medical
      and surgical treatment methods were analyzed. Likely infecting organisms depended
      on the mode of presentation and the time of the infection. Dermatologic diseases
      accounted for a significant number of secondary infections. Removal of the entire
      infected pacing system was required for eradication of infection in 74 of 75
      patients. In 31 patients, the infected system was removed at the same time that
      the new system was implanted. In 26 patients, a two-stage procedure was used that
      included a period of temporary pacing between explantation of the old system and
      implantation of the new. No difference in complications or incidence of
      reinfection was found between these two groups. Infections occurring within 2
      weeks after operation accounted for 15% of the cases. In these patients,
      Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism. In patients with later
      infections, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common.

PMID- 3990328
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot: selective staged management.
AB  - One hundred twenty-four patients with tetralogy of Fallot have undergone either
      primary total repair (61), shunt and later repair (30), or an initial shunt (33).
      The mean ratio of pulmonary anulus to descending thoracic aorta increased from
      0.80 +/- 0.25 before the shunt to 1.22 +/- 0.26 before the repair (p less than
      0.0001). The mean ratio in the primary repair group was 1.23 +/- 0.25. A
      transannular patch was necessary in only six of 91 patients (6.6%). Postrepair
      right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio averaged 0.50 +/- 0.11 in the
      shunt plus repair group and 0.43 +/- 0.12 in the primary repair group. Only four
      patients had a right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio less than 0.65.
      A significant inverse linear relationship existed between this ratio and the
      pulmonary anulus size measured at operation and normalized for the patient's
      height (p less than 0.01). Postoperative complications occurred in 21% of
      patients after a shunt and 20% of patients after open heart repair. The early
      mortality was 0.8% (1/124). An initial shunt in patients with a small pulmonary
      anulus can result in an increased anulus size and better hemodynamic result with
      frequent avoidance of a transannular patch. Staged repair may result in improved
      overall mortality rates.

PMID- 3990329
TI  - Normothermic caval inflow occlusion. Application to operations for congenital
      heart disease.
AB  - The technique of normothermic caval inflow occlusion was introduced primarily for
      relief of pulmonary valve stenosis and continues to be used for this purpose with
      excellent results. However, the technique may also be applied to a number of
      other lesions such as aortic valve stenosis in neonates and infants, for
      placement of outflow patches or valve excision for pulmonary atresia with intact
      ventricular septum, for atrial septectomy in children with restrictive atrial
      septum, and for other conditions wherein a period of up to 2 minutes of
      intracardiac exposure is sufficient. This report examines the early and long-term
      results in 140 children who underwent normothermic caval inflow occlusion at The
      Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, over the past 11 years. Ninety-four
      children underwent pulmonary valvotomy (early mortality 0%), 21 had aortic
      valvotomy (19%), 10 with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum
      underwent various procedures (50%), 11 had atrial septectomy (9%), and there were
      four miscellaneous procedures (50%). Apart from avoiding many of the potential
      complications of cardiopulmonary bypass, inflow occlusion has provided as good or
      better short-term and long-term results as those obtained with cardiopulmonary
      bypass, particularly in infants and neonates, and also has proved more cost
      effective.

PMID- 3990330
TI  - Direct measurements of oxygen tension on the spinal cord surface of pigs after
      occlusion of the descending aorta.
AB  - Spinal cord injury is the most dreaded complication of operative procedures on
      the descending aorta. Our previous experimental study on pigs indicated that an
      increase in the cerebrospinal fluid pressure after aortic cross-clamping did not
      influence the occurrence of spinal cord injury. We therefore concluded that the
      cause of spinal cord injury after aortic cross-clamping is due to primary oxygen
      deficiency in the spinal cord distal to the occlusion site, especially in the
      area supplied by the artery of Adamkiewicz. The aim of the present study is to
      examine the primary ischemic cause of spinal cord injury after aortic cross
      clamping by directly measuring the oxygen tension on the spinal cord surface in
      pigs. During the occlusion phase, oxygen tension decreased significantly distal
      to the clamping site and especially in the areas supplied by the artery of
      Adamkiewicz both after occlusion of the high thoracic (Group I) and the lumbar
      aorta (Group II). The marked decrease in oxygen tension proves that hypoxia is
      the primary reason for spinal cord injury. The presence of a "steal phenomenon"
      should be discussed.

PMID- 3990331
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cardiac myxoma.
AB  - A case of left atrial myxoma is reported in which tumor tissue was found to
      contain high levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. This finding further
      supports the concept that myxomas are true neoplasms and may explain some of the
      poorly understood clinical manifestations of this tumor.

PMID- 3990332
TI  - Surgical treatment for rhabdomyoma of the right atrium causing arrhythmias.
AB  - Rhabdomyomas of the heart occur as multiple lesions in 90% of patients so
      affected, and 80% of the patients die in the first year of life. A 21-month-old
      child presented with a large isolated right atrial rhabdomyoma causing a
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. Surgical excision cured the arrhythmia.

PMID- 3990333
TI  - Transposition of posterior leaflet for treatment of ruptured main chordae of the
      anterior mitral leaflet.
AB  - A 13-year-old girl with mitral regurgitation resulting from rupture of multiple
      chordae of the anterior leaflet had repair by transposition of a part of the
      posterior leaflet to the free edge of the anterior mitral cusp. Postoperative
      clinical hemodynamic, and angiographic studies showed perfect function of the
      mitral valve. This technique seems to be a good solution for mitral repair in the
      presence of ruptured anterior mitral chordae.

PMID- 3990334
TI  - Acute undifferentiated leukemia: induction of partial differentiation by phorbol
      ester.
AB  - Expression of lineage-associated surface antigens, was studied in 7 patients with
      acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL), 3 patients with acute myeloid leukemia
      (AML), 4 patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and bone marrow from 2
      healthy donors, before and after exposure to the differentiating agent 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The surface antigens were identified by
      monoclonal antibodies (My4, My8, My9, MO1, B1, CALLA, T11) and formation of EA
      and EAC rosettes. Adherence to plastic was also assessed. Cells from the AML
      patients responded to TPA with an increase in myeloid antigen positive cells and
      other markers of differentiation. Four of the AUL patients showed, also, a large
      increase in the fraction of cells expressing one or more myeloid markers, in
      correlation with formation of EAC rosettes. In contrast, the percentage of cells
      expressing myeloid antigens, did not increase in the 4 ALL patients, or in the
      normal donors. These findings confirm the heterogeneity of undifferentiated
      leukemias, and suggest the hypothesis that some AUL's can be induced to express
      markers of early myeloid cells.

PMID- 3990335
TI  - Association between Bell's palsy and lymphoid malignancies.
AB  - Eight cases of lymphoid malignancy preceded by Bell's palsy are reported. There
      was a disproportionate number of ALL cases, two of which were of T-cell type. The
      possible pathogenic association of these conditions is discussed.

PMID- 3990336
TI  - Relationship between the intracellular level and growth inhibition of a new
      anthracycline 4'O-tetrahydropyranyl-Adriamycin in Friend leukemia cell variants.
AB  - The relationship between the intracellular amount of a new anthracycline
      derivative, 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyl-adriamycin (THP-ADM) and its cytotoxic
      activity in Friend leukemia cells (FLC) was investigated. By comparison to
      adriamycin (ADM), the uptake of THP-ADM is a very rapid process reaching maximal
      levels within 5 min. Both drugs are accumulated and retained in the nuclear
      fraction. The two main consequences associated to these different uptake rate
      are: following short-time cell exposure to comparable drug concentration, the
      higher cytotoxic effect of THP-ADM correlates to the ease with which it crosses
      the cell membrane; the intracellular amount of THP-ADM but not of ADM decreases
      with the cell density. These results emphasize the importance of considering drug
      uptake kinetics and its relationship to cytotoxicity. Studies comparing uptake
      and efflux of both drugs in ADM-resistant cells showed that THP-ADM extrusion
      correlate more to cytotoxicity than that of ADM. The relevance of these in vitro
      findings to clinical application is considered.

PMID- 3990337
TI  - Rapid morphological and substratum adherence response by hairy cell and other
      human leukemic cells to phorbol ester tumor promoters.
AB  - Human leukemic cells, maintained in tissue culture, responded differentially
      following exposure to the phorbol ester tumor promoter 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate (TPA). Short-term (0-2 h) TPA treatment of hairy cell leukemic cells
      (of presumed B-lymphocytic origin) resulted in the attachment of 5-100% of cells
      (depending on % leukemic mononuclear cells) to the culture dish and extension of
      long processes. Similar changes were also observed with cells from acute
      myelogenous, acute prolymphocytic and some acute monomyelocytic leukemic
      patients. Related non-promoters such as phorbol and 4-alpha-phorbol-12, 13
      didecanoate, had no effect. In contrast, both chronic and acute lymphocytic,
      chronic myelogenous and acute promyelocytic leukemic cells showed no response to
      TPA over this short time period. Neither the adherence nor morphological changes
      were blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) or glycosylation
      (tunicamycin), but the process formation was sensitive to inhibitors of
      microtubule formation such as colchicine. The effect was not reversible by TPA
      removal, and exposure to TPA for only 5 min resulted in a complete adherence and
      morphological induction within 60 min.

PMID- 3990338
TI  - Low-dose cytarabine: chromosomal findings suggesting its cytostatic as well as
      differentiating effect.
AB  - Chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells of two leukemic patients treated with
      low-dose cytarabine were performed before initiation of therapy and after a
      complete remission had been achieved. Results suggest that low-dose cytarabine
      had a mainly cytostatic effect in one patient and a more differentiating effect
      in the other.

PMID- 3990339
TI  - An inexpensive microcomputer-based image-analysis system: novel applications to
      quantitative autoradiography.
AB  - We describe a relatively inexpensive, yet versatile and powerful microcomputer
      based image-analysis system, and its applications to processing of deoxyglucose
      autoradiographic data. Images are acquired via a video camera mounted on a light
      microscope or a light box, and digitized in 40 ms to 512 X 512 picture elements
      with 8-bit resolution (256 gray levels). The bit-mapped image analysis hardware
      can provide up to 256 colors for pseudo-color coding, and virtually instantaneous
      readout of brightness values for densitometry. The system is controlled by an 8
      bit S-100 bus microcomputer, providing flexibility and ease of expansion. In
      addition to pseudo-color coding and densitometry, we have developed programs for
      averaging of successive sections, image subtraction and quantitative
      reconstruction of different planes of section from serial autoradiograms.

PMID- 3990340
TI  - A technique for chronic extracellular recording of neuronal activity in the
      dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord in drug-free, physiologically intact, cats.
AB  - A technique has been developed which allows extracellular recording from single
      neurons in the spinal cord of physiologically intact, awake, drug-free,
      restrained cats. The technique involves the surgical placement, under general
      anesthesia, of a stainless steel recording chamber which has a rectangular
      opening in its center that is 6 mm wide by 12 mm long. The recording chamber is
      attached to the vertebral column so that the opening is positioned over a similar
      opening that has been made in the bone of the vertebral column overlying the
      lumbar enlargement. Following a two week recovery period, the cats, which have
      been trained to accept restraint, are placed in a plexiglass restraining box, and
      a microdrive assembly is attached to the recording chamber. Tungsten
      microelectrodes (Frederick Haer & Co.) are then advanced through the dura into
      the dorsal horn of the spinal cord while receptive fields are stimulated. The
      chamber, when properly positioned, provides access to neurons with receptive
      fields on both hindlimbs. The stability of the system makes it possible to
      maintain single cell recordings from neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal
      cord in the presence of either experimenter-induced or spontaneous movement of
      hindlimbs, tail or back musculature or during and after intramuscular,
      intravenous, spinal and epidural drug injections. Of greatest importance is the
      fact that the animals remain healthy and normal throughout the period of neuronal
      recordings.

PMID- 3990341
TI  - Intracranial application of substances in the unrestrained, awake rat by pressure
      injection through glass micropipettes.
AB  - A method is described which allows intracranial injection of drug solutions
      through glass micropipettes (tip diameter 15 micron) in the freely moving rat by
      use of air pressure. Compared with conventional injection methods through steel
      cannulae this method has the advantages of (1) minimal destruction of brain
      tissue, (2) precise injection of small volumes of solutions (1 nl to several
      microliters), (3) simultaneous recording of local EEG activity, and (4) usage of
      multipipette assemblies.

PMID- 3990342
TI  - Early dialysis stands the test of time.

PMID- 3990343
TI  - A urea kinetic model for haemofiltration.

PMID- 3990344
TI  - Phosphate removal by haemoperfusion in acute renal failure (animals).

PMID- 3990345
TI  - Correlation between thyroid function and nephron loss.

PMID- 3990346
TI  - Short papers from the XIth congress of the European Society for Artificial
      Organs. September 1984.

PMID- 3990347
TI  - 2-pool model of thyroid hormones for plasma exchange therapy.

PMID- 3990348
TI  - Implantable infusion pump for insulin delivery: past, present, and future.

PMID- 3990349
TI  - Continuous long term heparin therapy--dosage problems using an Infusaid device.

PMID- 3990350
TI  - An experimental investigation of post-valvular flow field.

PMID- 3990351
TI  - Control system for assist pump using noninvasive measurements.

PMID- 3990352
TI  - Development of atrio-ventricular septal wall driven artificial heart pump
      (AVSDP).

PMID- 3990353
TI  - Can we obtain one year survival of total artificial heart(TAH) animal?
AB  - A TAH goat survived 344 days postoperatively. The cause of death was hypoxia due
      to lung embolism and anemia.

PMID- 3990355
TI  - An "in vitro" fatigue tester for arterial substitutes.

PMID- 3990354
TI  - The International Council for Clinical Research on mechanical circulation. The
      univentricular TAH project.

PMID- 3990356
TI  - Computer assisted cardiopulmonary bypass--diagnostic and therapeutic advice based
      on dynamic knowledge.

PMID- 3990357
TI  - Plasma fibronectin concentrations in hemodialyzed patients. Influence of
      different dialyzers.

PMID- 3990358
TI  - Circulating levels of myoglobin and muscle enzymes in uremics on regular dialytic
      treatment (RDT): effect of the single dialysis.

PMID- 3990359
TI  - Low pressure drop microporous hollow fiber membrane oxygenator.

PMID- 3990360
TI  - Effects of double filtration plasmapheresis on immunosuppressive activity of sera
      of the patients with advanced cancer.

PMID- 3990361
TI  - [Injury-causing agents and anatomical lesions].

PMID- 3990362
TI  - [Collecting - setting up. Initial evacuation].

PMID- 3990363
TI  - [The surgical field hospital in times of war or disasters].

PMID- 3990364
TI  - [Craniocerebral injuries due to war].

PMID- 3990365
TI  - [Spinal and spinal cord injuries caused by war projectiles].

PMID- 3990366
TI  - [Maxillofacial injuries in war time].

PMID- 3990368
TI  - [Genitourinary injuries in war practice].

PMID- 3990367
TI  - [Thoracic, abdominal and thoraco-abdominal war injuries].

PMID- 3990369
TI  - [Resuscitation in severe burns during the first 48 hours in war time].

PMID- 3990370
TI  - [Resuscitation problems in war surgery].

PMID- 3990371
TI  - [Fracture-dislocations of the hip].

PMID- 3990372
TI  - [Mac Farland's slipped epiphyses fractures (apropos of 17 cases)].

PMID- 3990373
TI  - [Neglected shoulder dislocation].

PMID- 3990375
TI  - [One-stage treatment of Cauchoix and Duparc type II and III open fractures:
      without loss of bone substance (apropos of 10 cases)].

PMID- 3990374
TI  - [Krunkenberg's operation. Current role in the functional rehabilitation of the
      upper extremity (apropos of 3 case reports)].

PMID- 3990376
TI  - Assay for beta-glucuronidase in cerebrospinal fluid: usefulness for the detection
      of neoplastic meningitis.
AB  - The specificity and sensitivity of the assay for beta-glucuronidase in
      cerebrospinal fluid were evaluated to determine the usefulness of this test for
      the detection of neoplastic meningitis. The enzyme activity was first measured in
      cerebrospinal fluid from 131 patients with various disorders and was then
      prospectively measured in cerebrospinal fluid from 30 patients with cytologic
      results that were positive for or suggestive of malignant disease. Within the
      first group, elevated levels of beta-glucuronidase were found only among patients
      with neoplastic processes in the central nervous system, including neoplastic
      meningitis. Among 26 patients with neoplastic processes in the central nervous
      system, including neoplastic meningitis. Among 26 patients with positive
      cytologic results, 13 had elevated beta-glucuronidase activities. Elevated values
      were more frequent among patients with adenocarcinoma (75%) and myelogenous
      leukemia (60%). The patients with these two disorders also had the highest enzyme
      activities. The correlation of th beta-glucuronidase level with other
      cerebrospinal fluid values, including total protein, glucose content, and cell
      count, was not significant. The findings of this study indicate that measurement
      of beta-glucuronidase in cerebrospinal fluid can be used as an adjunctive
      diagnostic test for neoplastic meningitis. The results should be interpreted with
      caution, however, because of the possibility that the elevated enzyme levels may
      be due to acute or subacute bacterial or fungal meningitis.

PMID- 3990378
TI  - Coronary heart disease in residents of Rochester, Minnesota. V. Prognosis of
      patients with coronary heart disease based on initial manifestation.
AB  - During the period 1960 through 1979, 1,014 residents of Rochester, Minnesota, had
      a diagnosis of classic angina pectoris as the first manifestation of coronary
      heart disease, and 1,013 had a myocardial infarction as the initial
      manifestation. In the angina cohort, about 50% were men, and of them, 20% were 70
      years old or older. The female patients were an average of 6 years older than the
      men, and 43% were 70 years old or older. In this cohort, the 5-year survival rate
      increased from 77% in the 1960s to 87% in the 1970s (P less than 0.01). The 5
      year net survivorship free of a myocardial infarction increased from 76% to 85%
      during that same time (P less than 0.01). In the myocardial infarction cohort,
      the 5-year death rate among the 30-day survivors of myocardial infarction was the
      same during both decades of the study. The age-adjusted reinfarction rate per 100
      person-years at risk during teh first 5 years of follow-up decreased very
      slightly among men and increased among women; thus, it remained essentially
      unchanged overall. Although the case fatality rate in the myocardial infarction
      cohort declined sharply from the 1960s to the 1970s, the long-term prognosis of
      the 30-day survivors of a myocardial infarction did not improve.

PMID- 3990377
TI  - Use of 131I-MIBG scintigraphy in the evaluation of suspected pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Studies at the University of Michigan have shown that 131I
      metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) is an effective agent for the diagnosis and
      localization of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. We conducted a study that
      confirmed and expanded that finding. From January 1983 to March 1984, 48 patients
      at our institution had 51 131I-MIBG scans during the workup of suspected sporadic
      or metastatic pheochromocytoma. Scintigrams were obtained after 500 microCI of
      131I-MIBG had been administered intravenously. The final diagnosis (true
      positive, false-negative, or false-positive result) was made at operation and
      pathologic examination. A true-negative diagnosis was confirmed by normal plasma
      and fractionated urinary levels of catecholamines and metabolites and, in most
      patients, computed tomography (CT). There were 20 true-positive studies (6
      pheochromocytomas, 4 paragangliomas, and 10 metastatic or recurrent
      pheochromocytomas) and 24 true-negative studies. One patient with a suspected
      recurrent paraganglioma near the bladder had a false-positive 131I-MIBG scan (and
      also a false-positive (CT). Among six patients with false-negative scintigrams
      (three pheochromocytomas, one paraganglioma, and two metastatic lesions), one
      also had a false-negative CT. The overall sensitivity of 131I-MIBG scanning was
      77%, specificity was 96%, and accuracy was 86%. This test is fairly sensitive in
      the workup of patients with known or suspected recurrent or metastatic
      pheochromocytoma. It may also be helpful in the evaluation of suspected sporadic
      pheochromocytoma when CT findings are normal.

PMID- 3990379
TI  - A blood bank consultation service: principles and practice.
AB  - In the blood bank setting, a close relationship with both clinicians and patients
      is essential for good medical practice. In July 1982, the Mayo Clinic Blood Bank
      and Transfusion Services formally organized a consultation service with daily
      visits to patients of mutual interest to blood bank consultants and clinicians
      for practice and education. Detailed diaries of this activity were maintained for
      12 months, during which time 802 impatient visits were recorded. The most
      frequent reasons for consultations were clarification or amplification of the
      clinical history (34.0%), evaluation of transfusion reactions (27.2%), and
      assessment of serologic problems (18.2%). These consultations resulted in
      diagnostic, management, and therapeutic recommendations for a wide variety of
      medical problems. Of the 802 consultations, 23% were conducted at the direct
      request of clinicians. We believe that a blood bank consultation service is
      feasible, is enlightening for the blood bank and clinicians, and contributes to
      patient care.

PMID- 3990380
TI  - Elevated bone aluminum content in dialysis patients without osteomalacia.
AB  - In almost all dialysis patients, bone aluminum content (BAC) is elevated in
      comparison with levels in normal subjects. Extremely high BAC (200 micrograms or
      more of aluminum per gram of bone) is significantly associated with classic
      aluminum-related osteomalacia. We noted three patients with elevated BAC but
      without histologic evidence of typical osteomalacia. Two of the patients had
      moderately severe osteitis fibrosa (hyperparathyroidism), and one patient had
      mixed uremic bone disease--predominantly hyperparathyroidism but some impairment
      of bone mineralization as well. As has recently been reported by others, the
      deferoxamine infusion test yielded unusual results in these patients. On the
      basis of our observations, we believe that an isolated measurement of BAC to
      determine whether aluminum-related osteomalacia is present has certain
      limitations. Aluminum-related bone disease can be accurately diagnosed only with
      use of bone histomorphometry. Elevated levels of immunoreactive parathyroid
      hormone may offer protection from the toxic effects of aluminum.

PMID- 3990381
TI  - Cardiac tamponade: pericardiocentesis directed by two-dimensional
      echocardiography.
AB  - Symptomatic pericardial effusion has been recognized as a diagnostic and
      therapeutic problem for many centuries. Although surgical incision and blind
      needle puncture of the pericardium for removal of the fluid have been available
      for somewhat more than 150 years, both procedures are associated with serious
      complications. Echocardiography provides a unique means of diagnosing and
      managing pericardial effusion. The two-dimensional echocardiographic beam
      demonstrates the presence of the pericardial effusion and locates an ideal entry
      point and track for the needle used in pericardiocentesis. At our institution,
      echocardiography-directed pericardiocentesis has been the procedure of choice for
      cardiac tamponade for the past 4 years, during which time 132 consecutive
      pericardial taps have been performed. Our experience has shown that this is a
      safe, effective technique that can be used by a physician who is familiar with
      two-dimensional echocardiography. We recommend its wide acceptance and use.

PMID- 3990382
TI  - Peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones.

PMID- 3990383
TI  - An electron microscopic study of astroglia and oligodendroglia in the lateral
      geniculate nucleus of aged rats.
AB  - The ultrastructural features of glial cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of
      aged rats have been studied. Abundant filaments as well as heterogeneous dense
      bodies are observed in the majority of astrocytes. They frequently surround both
      axons and nerve terminals showing signs of degeneration. In addition, some
      degenerating myelinated axons are seen in phase suggestive of engulfment by
      astrocyte processes. Oligodendrocytes display broad processes containing an
      organelle-rich cytoplasm and a continuity between their plasma membrane and the
      outer myelin lamellae which partially ensheath the adjacent axons. Multivesicular
      bodies and pleomorphic dense inclusions, composed of amorphous material as well
      as laminated structures, are also present in oligodendrocytes. The significance
      of these morphological features is discussed in relation to process of normal
      ageing.

PMID- 3990384
TI  - Lipofuscin accumulation and its prevention by vitamin E in nervous tissue:
      quantitative analysis using snail buccal ganglia as a simple model system.
AB  - The total numbers and sizes of the lipofuscin granules in buccal ganglia of the
      pond snail Planorbis corneus were measured by light microscope morphometry of
      serial sections in different groups of animals. One group, weight range 0.5-5.0 g
      (age 1-4 years), was maintained on a lettuce diet (low Vitamin E content).
      Lipofuscin content increased with age by over a 100 times in this group. The
      lipofuscin deposits accumulate in the glial cells at the periphery of the
      ganglia. The other group, weight range 0.5-5.0 g was fed a supplemented Vitamin E
      diet for 4 months before quantitisation of the lipofuscin. This diet prevented
      lipofuscin appearance in the young animals, and reduced the lipofuscin content by
      50% in the old animals. The findings provide direct evidence that Vitamin E
      reduces lipofuscin accumulation in glial cells in intact nervous tissue. The
      buccal ganglia of Planorbis provide a useful model system for studying age and
      dietary related alterations of lipofuscin in nervous tissue.

PMID- 3990385
TI  - Changes of cell shape and surface charge topography in ATP-depleted human red
      blood cells.
AB  - ATP depletion crenates human red blood cells. With ferritin-avidin (FA) and
      cationized ferritin (CF) cell surface labeling, it is demonstrated that the
      discocyte----crenated shape transformation alters the two-dimensional topography
      of negative charge sites. With restoration of ATP levels, cell shape and charge
      topography return to normal. Concurrent changes in red cell shape and surface
      charge topography can be explained by associations between membrane integral
      proteins and the red cell cytoskeleton.

PMID- 3990386
TI  - Effect of age and ambient temperature on n-pentane production in adult housefly,
      Musca domestica.
AB  - The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between lipid
      peroxidation and aging in the male housefly. Metabolic rate of flies is known to
      be higher and life span shorter at elevated ambient temperature. Evolution of n
      pentane and level of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive material were used as
      indicators of lipid peroxidation. n-Pentane accumulated by houseflies in vivo and
      by whole body homogenates of houseflies, in response to tert-butyl hydroperoxide
      (1 mM), increased with age. n-Pentane accumulation in vivo was markedly higher at
      higher ambient temperature. Furthermore, n-pentane generated by flies in vivo and
      by fly homogenates in vitro tended to be lower in flies raised at a lower ambient
      temperature. TBA-reactive material, elicited by tert-butyl hydroperoxide, was
      augmented in older flies, but no significant difference was found between flies
      aged at different ambient temperatures. Analysis of fatty acids in housefly
      homogenates indicated an age-associated increase in the ratio of polyunsaturated
      to saturated fatty acids.

PMID- 3990387
TI  - An empirical analysis of self-reported, work-limiting disability.
AB  - This study considers the correlates of the incidence of self-reported disability.
      Because the data base used followed individuals for a number of years,
      simultaneity bias is avoided. A great number of regressors are considered.
      Holding a hazardous job, being recently divorced or widowed, smoking cigarettes,
      experiencing unemployment, and frequently working overtime are positively
      associated with becoming disabled, while education and risk preference are
      negatively associated. Moreover, the findings suggest that some of the reasons
      for the strong association between health and schooling in prior studies include
      the association between schooling and access to a safe job, less chance of
      unemployment, fewer cigarettes smoked, and risk preferences.

PMID- 3990388
TI  - Career preferences under conditions of medical unemployment. The case of interns
      in Mexico.
AB  - This article presents a multivariate analysis of the career preferences of 923
      Mexican interns. Such preferences were operationalized along two dimensions: type
      of activity (general/family practice, primary specialties, or subspecialties) and
      type of institution (public assistance, social security, or private). There were
      six independent variables: father's occupation, father's education, type of
      medical school, place of internship, assimilation to the internship hospital, and
      perception of the medical labor market. The appearance in recent years of
      unemployment and underemployment among Mexican physicians made labor market
      issues particularly salient. Thus the study offered an appropriate occasion to
      test the relative strengths of alternative explanations of career choice that are
      based on social mobility, professional socialization, or responses to labor
      market signals. Results obtained through multiple regression revealed that the
      most important variable in the determination of activity preference was medical
      school, although the two social origin variables retained the important role of
      directing students into different schools. With regard to institution preference,
      the most important factor was shown to be place of internship, as it interacted
      with the level of assimilation to the hospital. Although perception of the
      medical labor market was a significant predictor of both dimensions of career
      preference, the greater importance of the other variables indicated that, even
      under extreme conditions of medical unemployment, explanations of career choice
      must go beyond simple models of rational decisionmaking to include the
      experiences that socialize future physicians into dominant paradigms about
      medical practice.

PMID- 3990389
TI  - Testing for physician-induced demand with hypothetical cases.
AB  - It has been hypothesized that there is more demand creation by doctors in high
      physician density areas. Empirical tests of actual utilization have had
      difficulties accounting for potential confounders, particularly possible
      differences in the health status of diverse populations. To eliminate that
      problem, physicians were presented with identical, hypothetical medical cases.
      Actual physician density was significantly and positively correlated with the
      aggressiveness of proposed treatment, holding constant other physician
      characteristics. This result lends support for the hypothesis of demand
      inducement.

PMID- 3990390
TI  - Family structure and children's use of ambulatory physician services.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to examine children's use of ambulatory physician
      services in relation to three dimensions of family life: maternal employment,
      single-parent versus two-parent households, and the presence of a nuclear or
      extended family. Data from the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey show that
      maternal employment has no relationship to children's experience of disability
      days, and although children of mothers employed full-time are less likely to have
      a physician contact than are other children, this is attributable to a lower
      probability of seeing a doctor for children in good health (i.e., no disability
      days). Multivariate analysis confirms that although maternal employment decreases
      the likelihood of an ambulatory physician visit (among children with no
      disability days), it does not affect the total number of ambulatory physician
      visits or the likelihood of a telephone consultation with the child's physician.
      Children in single-parent families are more likely to see a physician when they
      have no disability days, than are children in families with two parents present.
      Children in nuclear rather than extended families do not differ in patterns of
      use, even when the mother works. Aside from other characteristics that might be
      expected to affect use (e.g., age, health status, insurance coverage, a usual
      source of care), there is a clear relationship between likelihood and volume of
      use by mothers and children.

PMID- 3990391
TI  - [The thyroid and amiodarone (I). Changes in peripheral thyroid hormones caused by
      prolonged treatment with amiodarone].

PMID- 3990392
TI  - [Analysis of the therapeutic response in a hypertensive population].

PMID- 3990393
TI  - [Amiodarone and the thyroid].

PMID- 3990395
TI  - [Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with a cerebral hemisphere lesion. Clinico
      radiologic case].

PMID- 3990394
TI  - [Physician-patient concordance in a general medical practice].

PMID- 3990396
TI  - [Artificial insemination and sperm banks].

PMID- 3990397
TI  - [Spontaneous peritonitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni in a cirrhotic patient].

PMID- 3990398
TI  - [Cutaneo-lymphatic sporotrichosis].

PMID- 3990399
TI  - [Serum neuron-specific enolase in the diagnosis of lung pathologies, tumorous or
      not. Preliminary results].

PMID- 3990400
TI  - [Systemic candidiasis in heroin addicts: clinical and therapeutic
      considerations].

PMID- 3990401
TI  - [Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis].

PMID- 3990403
TI  - [Consumption, food habits and nutritional status of the population of Reus (II):
      distribution by age and sex of the consumption of meat, eggs, fish, and
      vegetables].

PMID- 3990402
TI  - [Acquired amebic liver abscess in Vizcaya in a heterosexual patient].

PMID- 3990404
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of arterial pressure in students].

PMID- 3990405
TI  - [Fever in the patient with hepatic cirrhosis: 6-month prospective study].

PMID- 3990406
TI  - [Autonomic neuropathy, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3990407
TI  - [Complete atrioventricular block as a presenting form of endocarditis caused by
      Haemophilus parainfluenza].

PMID- 3990408
TI  - [Systemic manifestations in dystrophia myotonica or Steinert's disease].

PMID- 3990409
TI  - [Transient monoclonal gammapathy in an angiolymphoblastic lymphadenopathy].

PMID- 3990410
TI  - [Cutaneous necrosis caused by dicoumarinics].

PMID- 3990412
TI  - [Pneumonitis caused by hydrocarbons. Use of bronchio-alveolar lavage in its
      diagnosis].

PMID- 3990411
TI  - [Rapid diagnosis in a case of Legionnaires' disease using transthoracic puncture
      aspiration and bronchio-alveolar lavage].

PMID- 3990413
TI  - [Human cryptosporidiosis in Spain].

PMID- 3990414
TI  - [Cyclosporin A].

PMID- 3990415
TI  - [Recurring meningococcemia and C5 deficiency].

PMID- 3990416
TI  - [Consumption, diet habits and nutritional status of the population of Reus: (I)
      Global consumption by food groups and its correlation with socioeconomic and
      educational levels].

PMID- 3990417
TI  - [Glycosylated hemoglobin: evaluation of labile and stable fractions in type I and
      type II diabetes].

PMID- 3990418
TI  - [Study of opiate addicts admitted to a general hospital. Experience with the
      model of collaborative psychiatry].

PMID- 3990420
TI  - [Acute tuberculous pneumonia and acute respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 3990419
TI  - [Possible consequences of dietary errors in developed countries].

PMID- 3990421
TI  - [Giant cell arteritis and erosive arthritis].

PMID- 3990422
TI  - [High-doses BCNU in diseases of the central nervous system caused by myeloma].

PMID- 3990423
TI  - [Solid tumors in multiple myeloma].

PMID- 3990424
TI  - [Hypovolemic shock caused by erosion of the splenic artery in acute
      pancreatitis].

PMID- 3990425
TI  - [Spontaneous pneumomediastinum associated with anorexia nervosa].

PMID- 3990426
TI  - [Subacute brucellosis with simultaneous seroconversion against Coxiella
      burnetii].

PMID- 3990427
TI  - [Pleuropericardial effusion as the initial manifestation of malignant thymoma].

PMID- 3990428
TI  - [Domiciliary hospitalization: why not?].

PMID- 3990429
TI  - [Intense photodermatosis due to amiodarone].

PMID- 3990430
TI  - Symposium on infections of the central nervous system.

PMID- 3990431
TI  - Bacterial meningitis. Specific etiologic diagnosis on the basis of distinctive
      epidemiologic, pathogenetic, and clinical features.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to point out a clinical approach to the etiologic
      diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in cases in which it is not possible to define
      the cause by microscopic studies of spinal fluid in the very early stage of the
      disease. The striking differences in epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical
      behavior, complications, and prognosis permit identification of the etiology in
      many instances.

PMID- 3990432
TI  - Acute bacterial meningitis in children and adults. A perspective.
AB  - Bacterial meningitis is an acute and serious illness associated with significant
      morbidity and mortality. Although methods to make the diagnosis are relatively
      simple and effective antimicrobial agents are available, bacterial meningitis
      accounts for more than 2000 reported deaths per year in the United States. The
      majority of cases and deaths occur in otherwise healthy individuals.

PMID- 3990433
TI  - Bacterial meningitis in the neonatal infant.
AB  - Meningitis occurs more often in the neonatal period than at any other time of
      life. It is often the result of maternal infection and occurs more often in the
      prematurely born infant and in those born after prolonged rupture of the
      membranes. Even with early treatment, the chance for survival is limited and the
      likelihood of complications among survivors is high.

PMID- 3990434
TI  - Prophylaxis for bacterial meningitis.
AB  - Close contact of patients with bacterial meningitis that is caused by either
      Haemophilus influenzae type b or Neisseria meningitidis are at an increased risk
      of developing invasive infections with these bacteria. Chemoprophylaxis with
      rifampin and immunoprophylaxis with vaccines may prevent some secondary
      infections.

PMID- 3990435
TI  - Central nervous system infection in the compromised host.
AB  - The possible causes of central nervous system infection in the compromised host
      are many. Careful consideration of the underlying defects in host defenses, the
      epidemiology of infection, and the clinical findings, however, can narrow these
      possibilities and focus diagnostic testing. Aggressive attempts at early
      diagnosis and therapy offer the potential for meaningful survival.

PMID- 3990437
TI  - Tuberculous meningitis.
AB  - Tuberculous meningitis arises from the discharge of bacilli from a subjacent
      caseous focus into the subarachnoid space. Meningeal involvement is most marked
      at the base of the brain. The clinical spectrum is very broad and the outcome of
      therapy depends mainly on the stage of disease at the time treatment is
      instituted.

PMID- 3990436
TI  - Infections of central nervous system shunts.
AB  - Approximately 1 out of every 10 ventricular shunts for hydrocephalus will become
      infected. This represents a three- to fivefold increase in infection rate
      compared with other neurosurgical procedures. Most often, the infection results
      from colonization of the shunt device by normally nonpathogenic skin flora at the
      time of surgery. Properties of the foreign body itself may contribute to this
      increased risk of infection, and most infections are clinically apparent within
      the first 6 months following surgery. Meticulous surgical technique remains one
      of the most important variables in reducing shunt infection while the role of
      prophylactic antibiotics is still unclear. When a shunt infection is suspected,
      percutaneous needle aspiration of the shunt reservoir is most always diagnostic.
      Fluid specimens should be sent for Gram smear, culture, and susceptibility
      testing. Appropriate systemic antibiotics should be started. In most instances,
      the infected patient should be treated by external ventricular drainage and
      intraventricular antibiotics until the CSF is sterilized. The drain should then
      be removed and a new shunt placed. Immediate removal of the infected shunt with
      simultaneous replacement by a new shunt in a different location also has a high
      cure rate but carries an increased risk of subsequent infection. With few
      exceptions, antibiotic therapy alone or partial shunt revision will be
      unsuccessful, and these therapies carry increased morbidity and mortality rates
      due to prolonged shunt infection. Despite the frequency of shunt surgery and its
      high rate of infection, a well-organized investigational approach to this problem
      has been lacking. Both laboratory and clinical investigation needs to explore new
      shunting techniques, biomaterials, the role of antibiotics, and microbial factors
      involving host defenses and the shunt apparatus itself.

PMID- 3990438
TI  - Cryptococcal infection of the central nervous system.
AB  - The pathogenesis, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory manifestations, and
      laboratory diagnosis of cryptococcal infection of the central nervous system are
      reviewed, as well as the interaction between the organism and the immune system
      of the host. In addition, based on our own experience and that of others, the
      therapy and prognosis of cryptococcal meningitis are discussed.

PMID- 3990439
TI  - Brain abscess.
AB  - The results of CT brain scan in diagnosing and monitoring the course of brain
      abscesses and the recognition of the major role that anaerobic bacteria play in
      causing this disease have led to a reduction in disease mortality and have
      allowed a greater percentage of infected patients to recover without major
      neurosurgical procedures. Monitoring intracranial pressure, the availability of
      new antibiotics, and recognition and treatment of some of the more unusual
      syndromes associated with defective or suppressed immune systems have helped lead
      to a reduction in disease mortality from about 50 per cent to 10 per cent with
      excellent functional recovery in the majority of the patients.

PMID- 3990440
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess.
AB  - Spinal epidural abscess is an uncommon and serious infection resulting from
      direct extension of a local process or hematogenous spread from an antecedent or
      ongoing distant focus of infection. The findings of spinal ache, tenderness, and
      fever should suggest the diagnosis, and the appearance of weakness and loss of
      sensation below the area of pain should be considered as the strongest possible
      clinical confirmation. In cases in which this constellation of findings occurs,
      rapid evaluation and immediate surgical decompression and drainage offer the
      patient a possible successful functional recovery. Even in recent series,
      permanent paralysis and death occur with unfortunate frequency, and these have
      usually been related to delay in diagnosis and definitive surgical therapy.

PMID- 3990441
TI  - Viral meningitis.
AB  - Viral meningitis is part of the aseptic meningitis syndrome but must be
      distinguished from bacterial meningitis on the basis of a careful examination of
      the CSF and sound clinical judgment. Enteroviruses probably account for the bulk
      of cases of aseptic meningitis that occur in the United States and which are
      reported to the Centers for Disease Control each year. The seasonal pattern in
      the incidence of aseptic meningitis is largely due to the seasonal variation of
      enteroviral infections. Early on, the CSF in patients with viral meningitis
      frequently contains a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and may even
      have a low glucose level. The presence of neutrophils in the initial CSF sample
      is especially common in patients with enteroviral infections. A CSF glucose level
      lower than 50 per cent of a simultaneously drawn blood glucose determination is
      not uncommon in patients with viral meningitis due to mumps, LCM, and herpes
      simplex. In a patient with a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the
      initial CSF specimen and in whom a viral infection is suspected, antibiotics may
      be withheld if a spinal tap is repeated within 12 hours. A shift from
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes to mononuclear cells makes viral meningitis the
      likely diagnosis. Both herpes simplex and varicella-zoster may infect the
      meninges by means of spread from cervical and dorsal root ganglia in a retrograde
      fashion much the way they spread in an antegrade fashion to the skin. HSV-2 is
      more likely to cause the clinical syndrome of viral meningitis, while HSV-1 is
      more likely to cause a meningoencephalitis with serious brain dysfunction. The
      identification of a specific viral agent in body fluids, especially the CSF, in a
      patient with aseptic meningitis is of more than academic interest, since it can
      shorten duration of hospital stay and eliminate unnecessary antimicrobial
      therapy. The diagnosis of enteroviral infections depends upon the isolation of a
      virus from CSF, stool, or throat plus a fourfold antibody response in the serum
      to the viral isolate. The 60-odd serotypes of enterovirus, each with different
      antigenic determinants, preclude serologic testing alone as a useful diagnostic
      test to identify the patient infected with coxsackievirus or echovirus. For
      infections, due to herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, LCM, and arboviruses, a
      serologic test alone can be useful.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3990442
TI  - Influence of silymarin and some flavonoids on lipid peroxidation in human
      platelets.
AB  - Sixteen natural phenolics and semisynthetic derivatives thereof, including
      silymarin, flavonoids, catechines and phenolic acids, together with 6 standard
      drug substances with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and peroxide radical
      scavenging properties have been tested in an in vitro model using human platelets
      for their inhibitory action against N-ethyl maleimide-induced lipid peroxidation.
      The malondialdehyde formed during the reaction was estimated by means of the
      thiobarbituric acid method. In all compounds tested, the inhibitory action was
      clearly dose-dependent; IC50 values were calculated from the dose-activity
      curves. The IC50 found ranged from between 1.47 nM and approximately 900 mM.

PMID- 3990443
TI  - Incorporation of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleoside analogues into DNA of a
      thymidylate synthetase-deficient murine FM3A carcinoma cell line.
AB  - Various 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine (dUrd), 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd), 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyluracil (araU) and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC)
      analogues have been investigated for their stimulatory effect on the growth of a
      thymidylate (dTMP) synthetase-deficient murine mammary carcinoma cell line
      (FM3A/TS-) that is auxotrophic for thymidine (dThd). Such stimulatory effect may
      be considered as indicative for the incorporation of the nucleoside analogue into
      host cell DNA. Based on this premise, several dUrd analogues were found to be
      incorporated into FM3A/TS- cell DNA (in decreasing order of incorporation): 5
      bromo-dUrd greater than 5-chloro-dUrd greater than 5-(3-hydroxy-1-propynyl)-dUrd
      greater greater than 5-(1-pentynyl)-dUrd approximately 5-(1-propynyl)-dUrd
      approximately 5-iodo-dUrd greater than 5-(5-carboxy-1-hexenyl)-dUrd greater than
      5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl)-dUrd greater than 5-ethyl-dUrd greater than 5-(5
      chloro-1-pentynyl)-dUrd greater than 5-ethynyl-dUrd approximately 5 vinyl-dUrd
      greater than 5-phenylethynyl-dUrd greater than 5-(5-cyano-1-pentenyl)-dUrd
      greater than 5-(1-propenyl)-dUrd greater than 5-(1-hexynyl)-dUrd greater than 5
      (5-hexyn-1-enyl)-dUrd. Among the 5-substituted dCyd analogues, 5-methyl-dCyd, 5
      chloro-dCyd, 5-bromo-dCyd and 5-iodo-dCyd were also found to stimulate cell
      growth, and are therefore assumed to be incorporated into FM3A/TS- cell DNA.
      Since the stimulatory effects of these compounds on FM3A/TS- cell proliferation
      were suppressed in the presence of a Cyd deaminase inhibitor (tetrahydrouridine)
      or dCMP deaminase inhibitor (2'-deoxytetrahydrouridine), it is surmised that the
      dCyd analogues are first deaminated to the corresponding dUrd analogues before
      they are incorporated into DNA. None of the 5-substituted araU or araC analogues
      tested were able to sustain the growth of FM3A/TS- cells. It is postulated,
      therefore, that these araU or araC analogues are not incorporated to any
      appreciable extent into the DNA of FM3A/TS- cells, or, if they are incorporated,
      prevent cell growth. Thus, the dTMP synthetase-deficient FM3A/TS- cell line
      represents a unique system to distinguish those pyrimidine nucleoside analogues
      that are able to sustain cell growth and, therefore, assumed to be incorporated
      into the host cell DNA from those pyrimidine nucleoside analogues that are not.

PMID- 3990444
TI  - Evaluation of a new germicidal hand creme.
AB  - A new germicidal hand creme (Wash & Heal, Med-Chem Labs, Okemos, MI) was
      evaluated for its ability to reduce bacterial levels on the hands. Colony counts
      of coagulase-negative staphylococci were significantly reduced immediately after
      use, with notable antimicrobial activity present for the next 90-120 minutes. The
      germicidal creme was more active against staphylococci than gram negative
      bacilli. The creme's germicidal activity occurred rapidly and was targeted
      against gram positive cocci found on the skin; whereas the bar soap's activity
      occurred more slowly and had a broader target. This creme could be used between
      hand washings to further reduce microbial flora of the hands.

PMID- 3990445
TI  - Oxotremorine-induced cholinergic syndrome: modifications by levodopa and/or oral
      cytidine diphosphocholine.
AB  - A peripheral and cerebral cholinergic syndrome was induced in mice by
      oxotremorine administration; pretreatment orally with cytidine diphosphocholine
      (CDP-choline) does not potentiate this syndrome and even antagonizes oxotremorine
      induced salivation. Levodopa antagonizes the oxotremorine-induced cerebral
      symptoms (akinesia + tremor); however this antagonism disappears when mice are
      chronically pretreated orally with CDP-choline, confirming the action of CDP
      choline on dopaminergic pathways. The proven efficacy of CDP-choline in
      Parkinsonism could then be mediated by a hypersensitivity of some cerebral
      dopamine receptors, and not by a direct stimulating effect of the striatal
      dopaminergic receptors.

PMID- 3990446
TI  - The involvement of histamine receptors in morphine-induced increased naloxone
      potency in mice.
AB  - In the present study, the effect of histamine agonists and antagonists on
      morphine antinociception and naloxone antagonism were studied. The
      antinociceptive effect of morphine and the antagonistic effect of naloxone were
      measured by the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test in mice. It was
      found that pretreatment with 2-methylhistamine, a histamine H1-receptor agonist,
      altered neither the antinociceptive effect of morphine nor the antagonistic
      effect of naloxone. When 2-methylhistamine was given together with morphine as
      pretreatment, the naloxone potency was enhanced compared with pretreatment by
      morphine alone. Pretreatment with 2-pyridylethylamine, another histamine H1
      receptor agonist, alone or in combination with morphine, altered neither the
      antinociceptive activity of morphine nor the antagonistic potency of naloxone.
      Pretreatment with 4-methylhistamine, a histamine H2-receptor agonist, did not
      alter the antinociceptive activity of morphine or the antagonistic effect of
      naloxone. However, when given together with morphine as the pretreatment, the
      antinociceptive effect of morphine as well as the antagonistic activity of
      naloxone were enhanced. Similar effects were observed with dimaprit, another
      histamine H2-receptor agonist. Pretreatment with diphenhydramine, a histamine H1
      receptor antagonist, alone or in combination with morphine, altered neither the
      antinociceptive effect of morphine nor the antagonistic activity of naloxone.
      Pretreatment with cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, did not affect
      the antinociceptive effect of morphine and the antagonistic potency of naloxone.
      However, when given together with morphine as pretreatment, it suppressed the
      ability of morphine in inducing an increase in naloxone potency. Similar effects
      were observed with ranitidine, another histamine H2-receptor blocker.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990447
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid leucine-enkephalin-like levels in febrile convulsions.
AB  - Enkephalin levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 17 patients
      with febrile convulsions and 11 control patients without a history of pain or
      convulsive disorders. Enkephalins were extracted from CSF by adsorption with
      synthetic resin XAD-2 eluted with methanol, and assayed using the radioreceptor
      assay (RRA). Results were expressed as Leucine-Enkephalin (Leu-E) equivalents.
      Enkephalin levels in CSF were 2.27 +/- 0.42 pmol/ml (mean +/- SE) in the
      convulsion group and the 4.8 +/- 0.8 pmol/ml (mean +/- SE) in the control group.
      Statistical comparison in both groups shows significant differences (p less than
      0.001). These results suggest a correlation between convulsions and enkephalin
      levels in CSF.

PMID- 3990449
TI  - [Cancer occurrence in Sweden in the year 2000--a study of various prognostic
      models].

PMID- 3990448
TI  - Systolic time intervals--a new technique in clinical pharmacology.
AB  - Systolic time intervals (STI) are unique in describing cardio-vascular function
      in terms of time alone. Although the STI were first adequately described over 60
      years ago, it is only recently that they have been applied in a scientific way to
      the study of drug action in man. The STI are highly sensitive to changes in
      myocardial contractility, left ventricular filling pressure, peripheral
      resistance, heart rate, and intra-cardiac electrical conduction and electro
      mechanical coupling. Early investigators tended to regard STI as a specific
      measure of contractility, and they also used inappropriate methods for correcting
      the STI for changes in heart rate. The reputation of the method was not enhanced
      by the fact that many studies were performed in an open fashion and without
      placebo control. Furthermore, the STI have never been popular with clinicians
      because they many sometimes be normal in spite of the presence of obvious severe
      heart disease. Now, however, STI are being used increasingly in clinical
      pharmacological studies. They can be recorded quickly, easily and painlessly with
      inexpensive apparatus which is readily available; they carry no risk, and
      multiple recordings can be made without discomfort. The lack of specificity of
      the STI can be mitigated by combining them with measurements of heart rate, blood
      pressure, the high-speed surface electrocardiogram, and cardiac output. The most
      promising applications of the STI in clinical pharmacology are as a screening
      test for cardiovascular activity of new compounds, and in the examination of dose
      response relationships and agonist-antagonist interactions.

PMID- 3990450
TI  - [Mapping of the natural history of cervical cancer--a pilot case of systems
      analysis in medicine].

PMID- 3990451
TI  - [Genital chlamydia infection causing acute periappendicitis and acute
      pericolitis].

PMID- 3990452
TI  - [Kingella kingae--a new infectious agent].

PMID- 3990453
TI  - [Successful diet therapy in radiation-induced diarrhea].

PMID- 3990454
TI  - [Microembolism--an important but often missed diagnosis].

PMID- 3990455
TI  - [High resistance to antibiotics in urinary tract infections. Simple questions can
      eliminate the need for resistance determination in patients with urinary tract
      infections].

PMID- 3990456
TI  - [First case of infantile botulism in Sweden?].

PMID- 3990457
TI  - [Gait disturbances with slow leg tremor in alcoholism and malnutrition].

PMID- 3990458
TI  - [AIDS--risk groups, risk factors, measures].

PMID- 3990459
TI  - [Acute compartment syndrome caused by snake bite].

PMID- 3990460
TI  - [Fulminant fatal Haemophilus influenzae infection with abdominal symptoms].

PMID- 3990461
TI  - [Patients are more independent if they can do their own anticoagulation check
      ups].

PMID- 3990463
TI  - [Psychiatry in primary health care: Senile dementia in primary health care-
      definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutic aspects].

PMID- 3990462
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment of 1,741 patients. High frequency of hemorrhagic
      complications in anticoagulant therapy].

PMID- 3990464
TI  - [Bicycle heel--an unnecessary injury which is easy to prevent].

PMID- 3990465
TI  - [Clinical pharmacology of carbamazepine--a comparison with phenytoin].

PMID- 3990466
TI  - [Obstruction in the ampulla of Vater. Endoscopic choledochoduodenostomy-
      considerate alternative to conventional surgery].

PMID- 3990467
TI  - [Whirlpool illness caused by liquid soap].

PMID- 3990468
TI  - [2 epidemics of whirlpool dermatitis in Sweden--the risks are increasing].

PMID- 3990469
TI  - [Retroperitoneal, mediastinal and cervical emphysema as a complication to
      colonoscopy].

PMID- 3990470
TI  - [Suprarenal aortic sclerosis with multiple splenic infarctions].

PMID- 3990471
TI  - [Pancreatic duct occlusion from the surgical viewpoint].

PMID- 3990472
TI  - [Ischemic colitis following reconstructive interventions of the aortoiliac
      vascular segment].
AB  - Ischemic colitis after aortoiliac vascular reconstructions represents a seldom
      but life-threatening postoperative complication (incidence: 1.6%, mortality rate:
      50-70%). The authors present a retrospective evaluation of 10 cases observed in a
      consecutive series of 1121 reconstructive aorto-iliac procedures. The incidence
      of ischemic bowel complications was 1.3% in the group of abdominal aortic
      aneurysms but only 0.6% in the group of arterial occlusive disease. The
      pathogenesis including new approaches of prophylaxis, diagnostic and
      therapeutical measures are discussed. The risk of ischemic damage to the bowel
      may be best assessed from the preoperative aortogram (special vascular patterns),
      the intraoperative stump-pressure measurement in the inferior-mesenteric artery
      and the pre- and postoperative PB-Index. In contrast to earlier reports the
      leading clinical symptom is an unexplained prolonged gastrointestinal paralysis
      during the first postoperative week. Early diagnosis is most important and best
      realized by the routine use of colonscopy in all risk cases in the first 48 h.
      Such an aggressive diagnostic approach offers the possibility of early
      relaparotomy in a pretoxic stage and a better outcome for the patient than
      heretofore with a median delay of 11 days between vascular reconstruction and
      relaparotomy.

PMID- 3990473
TI  - [Separation of an asymmetric xipho-omphalo-ischiopagus tripus].
AB  - A case of asymmetrical thoraco-omphalo-ischiopagus tripus will be reported. Anal
      atresia, ruptured omphalocele with lesion of the small intestine made an
      artificial anus necessary. Recurrent adhesion ileus made three further operations
      necessary. After precise preliminary examinations we separated these twins at the
      age of 21/2 years. After 7 and 9 months both children had to be reoperated
      because of fistula of the small intestine. Twin R. died at the age of 3 years and
      8 months in consequence of a candida sepsis. Twin P. now lives with his parents.

PMID- 3990474
TI  - [Transcutaneous measurement of oxygen partial pressure in the preoperative
      determination of the amputation level in the arterial occlusive disease of the
      lower extremity].
AB  - For major limb amputation in patients with occlusive arterial disease, the
      peripheral amputation level (at the knee or below the knee) is the most important
      factor in obtaining an optimal functional result and reducing the relatively high
      operative mortality of above knee amputation. In the study presented, measurement
      of transcutaneous oxygen tension has proved to be a helpful tool in realizing
      this therapeutical principle. Comparison with another group of amputees without
      pO2 measurement indicated that the ratio of above-knee to below-knee amputation
      could be changed from 2:1 to 1:2. The reduced number of above-knee amputations
      also resulted in a decrease in operative mortality (7.1% vs 11.4%). The optimal
      value of pO2 in the lower leg is in the range of 40-45 mm Hg. With this
      prerequisite, primary stump healing may be expected below the knee. For
      amputation at the knee and above the knee, the primarily used borderline value of
      30-35 mm Hg has proved sufficient. The pO2 values were in good correlation with
      the arteriographic finding of a patent deep femoral artery, but there was no
      clear correlation with the ankle pressures found preoperatively by Doppler
      ultrasound. The sensitivity of the transcutaneous pO2 method is still limited
      because it mainly reflects the perfusion quality of the skin and the subcutaneous
      tissue, but no the quality of the blood supply in the subfascial tissue layers.
      Tissue histography with micro-Pt electrodes offers a new, but invasive approach
      to measurement of the actual pO2 level in the underlying muscle as well [3].

PMID- 3990475
TI  - [By what indications are limited interventions in breast cancer currently
      justified?].

PMID- 3990476
TI  - [Invasion of thyroid gland tumors in the larynx and trachea].
AB  - Intraluminal involvement of larynx or trachea in thyroid cancer causes
      extraordinary therapeutical problems. Surgical or medical treatment fails in most
      of these advanced tumours. Only carcinomas of low-grade malignancy--especially
      follicular and papillary type--can be cured by operation if involved parts of
      larynx or trachea are resected with the tumour. Surveying 85 cases reported in
      literature and 9 observations of our own we present the clinical, diagnostical
      and therapeutical aspects of this disease.

PMID- 3990477
TI  - [Biophysical aspects on the result of the Spacelab experiment and consequences
      for Barany's theory].
AB  - On testing the peripheral vestibular apparatus of astronauts with healthy
      labyrinths, nystagmus was observed when flushing the ears with hot or cold water
      even in the absence of gravitation. In the opinion of some scientists, this seems
      to refute Barany's theory. They attempt to explain nystagmus as a result of
      compression. The hypothesis of Barany, basing on terrestrial conditions, explains
      the peripheral impulse as the result of a convective flow caused by heating or
      cooling within the horizontal semicircular canal. However, if gravitation is
      absent any such circulation is excluded, because buoyancy is impossible without
      gravitation. The article shows, on the one hand, that the compression hypothesis
      cannot be correct, where as on the other Barany's theory needs completion. For,
      in addition to the convective flow, the expansion of the endolymph resulting from
      heat must be considered. This effect occurs even in the absence of gravitation.

PMID- 3990478
TI  - [2 reactions in caloric stimulation of the labyrinth. Is Barany's theory
      disproven?].
AB  - Caloric nystagmus in weightless condition is completely inverse to Barany's
      nystagmus in optimum downward position. Therefore, another stimulation must
      prevail over the Barany effect in the optimum up position which is observed only
      in weightless condition. The intensity of the two reactions is very different.

PMID- 3990479
TI  - [Latency behavior of early acoustic evoked potentials in inner ear hearing loss].
AB  - In 101 patients suffering from sensory hearing loss the latency of the auditory
      evoked brain stem potentials was investigated. In case of minor and moderate
      pancochlear deafness latency is found to be within normal range. In severe
      pancochlear hearing loss above 80 dB latency is significantly delayed. In
      basocochlear hearing disorders the latency-delay is depending on the extent of
      the frequency loss and on the degree of pure tone threshold shift. If the patient
      is suffering from a high frequency hearing loss, normal latency will be found in
      the higher stimulus levels whereas within low levels latency tends to be delayed
      depending on the cut-off frequency. A general prolongation of latency across all
      sound pressure levels will take place in cases with steep forms of high frequency
      hearing loss. For the purpose of investigating the wave-I-latency we used an
      earcanal electrode in some patients. It can be shown, that in cochlear hearing
      disorders the latency of wave V is delayed to the same extent as the latency of
      wave V. After discussing model studies reference values of wave-V-delay as a
      function of the degree of high frequency disorders are listed

PMID- 3990480
TI  - [Rarefaction-pressure problem of acoustic stimuli from the neuro-otologic
      viewpoint].
AB  - The differences in response pattern of early auditory evoked potentials (EAEP)
      depending on the two phases (rarefaction & condensation) are well accepted. There
      are, however, intricacies when EAEP are applied in the otological and
      neurological fields. Wave V guarantees a fairly good threshold determination.
      Rarefaction stimuli, however, tend to indicate the threshold more precisely than
      condensation stimuli. In neurological application, there are different patterns
      of waves II to V according to the phase, so that different sites of lesions may
      result. The responses due to rarefaction and condensation stimuli have to be
      known in the otological and neurological application of the test.

PMID- 3990481
TI  - [Technical difficulties in intratympanic gentamycin therapy in Meniere disease].

PMID- 3990482
TI  - Diagnostic potential of CT in neurotological disorders.
AB  - The reliability of a neurotological evaluation in differentiating labyrinthine
      (end organ) lesions from retrolabyrinthine lesions has been well established. The
      purpose of this communication is to determine the diagnostic potential of
      computed tomography (CT) in patients suspected of having retrolabyrinthine
      lesions on the basis of their neurotological evaluations. Our study indicates
      that the validity of central vestibular and audiometric signs can be best
      substantiated with CT. The anatomy of neurovascular bundles within the internal
      auditory canal and cerebellopontine cistern can be readily visualized and
      identified by CT pneumocisternomeatography. By obtaining appropriate thin CT
      sections not only can very small lesions be identified but their anatomic
      locations can also be accurately established. CT pneumocisternomeatography is the
      method of choice to diagnose an intracanalicular acoustic neuroma. An unusually
      large vascular loop of the internal auditory canal may be responsible for
      sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus in some patients.

PMID- 3990483
TI  - The risk to the orbit in head and neck cancer.
AB  - Cancers in the head and neck are recognized as placing their environs at risk.
      The orbit is threatened by a variety of cancers originating in adjacent
      structures because of its anatomic relationship to skin, sinuses, nasal cavity,
      skull, palate, and salivary glands. The poignancy of this is highlighted by the
      fact that the orbit contains the organ of sight and also has high aesthetic
      value. An evaluation of the pathologic physiology of the various neoplasms
      affecting the orbit, their management, the methods of reconstruction, and the
      criteria for radical and conservation techniques will be discussed.

PMID- 3990484
TI  - The versatile cartilage autograft in reconstruction of the nose and face.
AB  - This paper deals with the long-term follow-up of cartilage autografts taken from
      various parts of the body to reconstruct areas of the nose, ear, trachea, eyelid,
      and other areas of the body which require augmentation, effacement, and long-term
      support. Our thesis will be that the cartilage autograft is the implant of choice
      in many of these areas, and that fate of autogenous cartilage is well known and
      should be given strong priority in facial grafting.

PMID- 3990485
TI  - Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the neuromuscular junction
      distribution in the human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.
AB  - Recent studies have indicated that in a denervated muscle highly specific
      interactions occur between regenerating axons and the basal lamina of the
      myofiber precisely at the original synaptic sites. Since these findings suggest
      that synapse regeneration is facilitated at the original synaptic sites, a
      knowledge of the distribution of neuromuscular junctions in the human posterior
      cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle may guide reinnervation procedures in this muscle.
      We, therefore, have used histochemical and computer graphics techniques to
      reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution of neuromuscular junctions in the
      human PCA taken fresh at autopsy. The results indicated a more localized pattern
      of neuromuscular junctions as compared to the human thyroarytenoid muscle. The
      results will be discussed with respect to their implications for procedures for
      reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

PMID- 3990486
TI  - The conservation neck dissection.
AB  - This study compares the neck tumor recurrence rate between patients treated with
      radical neck dissection and those treated with conservation neck dissection. A
      standard radical neck dissection modified by sparing at least the internal
      jugular vein or the spinal accessory nerve is defined as a conservation
      dissection. Six hundred ninety-one neck dissections performed on 631 patients in
      the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the University of
      Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago were reviewed retrospectively. All
      patients had been followed postoperatively for at least 24 months. Group I
      consisted of 422 radical neck dissections. Group II contained 269 conservation
      neck dissections. We found no statistically significant difference in the rate of
      neck recurrence between the group of patients who underwent radical neck
      dissection and the group who underwent conservation neck dissection.

PMID- 3990487
TI  - The petrified auricle: comments on ossification, calcification and exostoses of
      the external ear.
AB  - The petrified auricle is a clinical entity in which the auricle, in part or
      total, has become stone-hard and moves as a rigid unit. This uncommon condition
      is most often due to ectopic calcification of the auricular cartilage. It may
      occur as a result of local trauma, in association with various systemic diseases
      such as Addison's disease, hypopituitarism, thyroid or parathyroid disorders, or
      following radiation therapy. Auricular ossificans (ectopic ossification) is a
      rare phenomenon in which the rigidity of the petrified ear is due to replacement
      of the elastic cartilage by bone. In the literature there are presently nine
      cases documented histologically. Two more cases are reported here. In most cases,
      the auricular changes are preceded by acute, severe hypothermia (frostbite).
      Exostoses of the external auditory canal is another disease of the external ear
      in which the proliferation of bone follows chronic mild hypothermia of the
      external auditory canal caused by exposure to cold water while surfing. It is
      postulated that if surfers who have developed exostoses of the external auditory
      canal from the cold water continue to enjoy such littoral activities,
      ossification of the auricle may also occur.

PMID- 3990488
TI  - Simultaneous manometry and electromyography in the pharyngoesophageal segment.
AB  - Whether the occlusion between hypopharynx and esophagus is established by
      anatomical relations and tissue elasticity or by a functional resting tone of the
      muscle fibers is not quite clear. This study describes simultaneous
      electromyography (EMG) and electromanometry in the pharyngoesophageal segment to
      solve this problem and investigate the complex mechanism of deglutition. To
      register the EMG from the hypopharyngeal constrictor muscle and the upper
      esophageal sphincter (UES), two copper wire electrode pairs with hooked bare ends
      were used. These electrodes were introduced into the muscles through a rigid
      esophagoscope. It is demonstrated that at rest muscle activity is present in the
      UES. This activity disappears during the relaxation period. Simultaneous
      manometry and EMG is a valuable supplement to diagnostic procedures in dysphagia
      patients.

PMID- 3990489
TI  - Group psychotherapy for head and neck cancer patients.
AB  - The diagnosis of cancer has a profound emotional effect on the patient. We report
      the two-year experience of a weekly support group attended by 142 hospitalized
      head and neck cancer patients and 33 family members. The major goal for the group
      was to provide an open forum for discussion of any problems that faced the
      patient. Group size was usually four to eight patients and two to four
      therapists. Weekly data sheets documented attendance and major themes for the
      group. The most common theme was anticipation of and reaction to treatment.
      Initial difficulties with the group included ambivalence by the professional
      staff, low attendance, and logistical problems. Subjective impressions of the
      staff were that the group improved patients' morale, patient to patient support,
      compliance, and decreased the rate of discharge against medical advice.

PMID- 3990490
TI  - Granulomas of the vocal cords caused by Sporothrix schenckii.
AB  - A 42-year-old female acquired an acute respiratory infection one week after
      working in a sphagnum moss packing plant. Three and one half months later direct
      laryngoscopic examination, done because of persistent hoarseness, revealed
      granulomas of the left true cord. Initial biopsy showed noncaseating granulomas,
      and a repeat biopsy with fungal cultures grew Sporothrix schenckii. The patient
      was treated with an oral solution of saturated potassium iodide and gradually
      improved although mild hoarseness has persisted.

PMID- 3990491
TI  - Head and neck complications of epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Epidermolysis bullosa is a rare congenital skin disease which is characterized by
      easy formation of traumatic skin bullae. The disease is usually detected in early
      infancy due to the recurrent bullae. Prognosis is dependent on the histological
      variant which is present. A case of autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa is
      presented, which demonstrates many of the head and neck complications of the
      disease. Traditional skin care modalities as well as multiple surgical procedures
      such as skin grafts and the use of amniotic membrane were used without success.
      Limited natural healing, which was possibly promoted by oral phenytoin, has
      occurred.

PMID- 3990492
TI  - Surgical management of cutaneous carcinomas at the inner canthus.
AB  - Surgical management of carcinomas at the inner canthus is based on three criteria
      which are listed in a descending order of importance: tumor resectability with
      adequate margins, preservation of vision, and acceptable cosmetic result. The
      lesions resected are to create trapezoid or rectangular defects which can be
      closed simply with primary closures or with Z- or W-plasties. In medium sized
      defects skin is borrowed from the glabella, upper nasal dorsum, or nasolabial
      sulci and used as rotational flaps. In more extensive lesions, through and
      through defects, or when lined flaps are required, nondelayed midline forehead
      pedicled or island flaps are employed. For very large defects, sliding cheek
      flaps, sickle forehead flaps, horizontal forehead flaps, and (in rare instances)
      scalping flaps where the distal segment is the temporal, hairless skin is used.
      Tumors which extend intracranially and are deemed resectable are removed with a
      combined intracranial approach. The latter may be via a transfrontal sinus
      resection or a combined lateral rhinotomy and frontal craniotomy resection.
      Regional lymph node metastasis normally requires a superficial parotidectomy,
      radical neck dissection (including submaxillary, angular, and mandibular nodes),
      and occasionally postauricular lymph node dissection. Distant metastases are
      contraindications for major surgical procedures.

PMID- 3990493
TI  - Simplified tracheoesophageal puncture for insertion of voice prosthesis.

PMID- 3990494
TI  - A method of determining the correct amount of palatal resection in
      palatopharyngoplasty.

PMID- 3990496
TI  - Myringotomy with a syringe needle.

PMID- 3990495
TI  - Electronystagmography: reporting results.

PMID- 3990497
TI  - In situ monitoring of myocardial metabolism by laser fluorimetry: relevance of a
      test of local ischemia.
AB  - We have developed a hypoxia test by local ischemia, to be performed with a
      special probe adapted to an in situ NADH laser fluorimeter. Local ischemia is
      produced by pressurization on the organ surface in an area of approximately 0.2
      mm2. In order to assess the method on open-chest rat hearts (ten), we used the
      following protocol: local ischemia tests (three), global anoxia (100% N2
      ventilation), superimposition of local ischemia to global anoxia, and local
      ischemia tests during the period just prior to death and immediately thereafter.
      Three different responses were observed: large amplitude of compensated
      fluorescence (Fo) increase, medium amplitude of Fo increase, and no Fo increase.
      These responses were related to the metabolic state prior to the test (States 3,
      4, and 5 of Chance's nomenclature). We have thus demonstrated the possibility of
      very rapidly determining the in situ NADH degree of reduction, without a
      destructive assay. Such a parameter may be of great relevance in heart surgery,
      as it might allow detection of potentially harmful situations, thereby enabling
      early and appropriate treatment.

PMID- 3990498
TI  - Ultrastructural findings after the use of a CO2 laser in carpal tunnel surgery.
AB  - The laser beam enables tissue cutting and care of the cut edges, which prevents
      an increased scar tissue formation. For this reason we have used the laser beam
      in carpal tunnel surgery for transection or sealing of the transverse carpal
      ligament since 1981 because scar tissue formation is for the most part the cause
      of recurrence. Scanning-electron microscopic studies of the carpal ligament show
      the difference between the laser and traditional cutting techniques. After using
      the laser beam, there is no normal tissue structure; the cut surface appears as
      uneven and rough in contrast to the cut surface of the cold knife.

PMID- 3990499
TI  - [Cholelitholysis--gallbladder sediments and pigment stones].
AB  - Dissolution of cholesterol stones in the gallbladder can give rise to insoluble
      sediment and pigment stones. Thus can lead to a change of the type of gallstones.
      We have observed such a development during a period of 4 years in 23.5% of a
      group of 51 patients, whose cholesterol stones originally had been dissolved.
      Formation of pigment stones can be prevented, if calcium sediments with a grain
      size below 3 mm are removed early and forcefully enough out of the gallbladder.
      The voiding function of the gallbladder must be intact for such treatment, and
      this has to be tested before appropriate drug therapy is choosen.

PMID- 3990500
TI  - [Primary biliary cirrhosis and scleroderma: long-term benign course of a complex
      autoimmune disease].
AB  - A 57 year old female patient suffered from Raynaud's syndrome and relapsing
      necrotizing lesions of the finger tips. Diagnosis of sclerodermia was established
      by angiography and biopsy. A spotty brownish coloration of the skin and cirrhosis
      of the liver were observed in addition. Clinical chemistry showed increased
      alkaline phosphatase and increased titers of antimitochondrial antibodies.
      Histology of liver tissue was compatible with a diagnosis of primary biliary
      cirrhosis. After a course of several years a Sicca syndrome appeared. On
      investigation of family members an increased incidence of positive antinuclear
      and antimitochondrial antibodies was found. The patient has now been followed for
      5 years. Prognosis may be considered to be good.

PMID- 3990501
TI  - [Disseminated fibromatosis of the mesenterium].
AB  - A case report is given of a man, who died at the age of 56. At post mortem
      examination the following was found: Postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver,
      esophageal varicosis, ascites as well as multiple white nodes located in the
      serosal layer of the small intestine and the mesenterium. Histological
      examination showed fibromatosis. Differential diagnosis is discussed including
      other connective tissue tumors, Whipple's disease, peritoneal tuberculosis,
      Gardner syndrome, solitary fibromatosis, diffuse peritoneal fibromatosis and
      sclerosing peritonitis. Similarity of the findings reported with the disease
      entity of sclerosing mesenteritis is discussed as well as a possible causal
      relationship between liver cirrhosis and fibromatosis.

PMID- 3990502
TI  - Vaccination against leprosy; recent advances and practical implications.

PMID- 3990503
TI  - Leprosy--the Moslem attitude.

PMID- 3990504
TI  - Social aspects of leprosy: a case study in Zaria, northern Nigeria.

PMID- 3990505
TI  - Immunological status of histoid leprosy.

PMID- 3990506
TI  - Reconstruction of the heel with chronic ulceration with flexor digitorum brevis
      myocutaneous flap.

PMID- 3990507
TI  - Relationship between the loss of maxillary anterior alveolar bone and the
      duration of untreated lepromatous leprosy in Malaysia.

PMID- 3990508
TI  - The influence of blinding, olfactory bulbectomy and pinealectomy on plasma and
      anterior pituitary prolactin levels and on uterine and anterior pituitary weights
      in normal and neonatally androgenized rats.
AB  - Lactating Sprague-Dawley rats had their litters adjusted to 8-10 pups on day 3 of
      lactation favoring females and some litters were injected with 1.25 mg of
      testosterone propionate to neonatally androgenize (NA) them. At 22-25 days of age
      both normal and NA animals were ovariectomized (OVX) and subjected to either sham
      olfactory bulbectomy (ANOS) + sham pinealectomy (PX), blinding (BLD) + ANOS or
      BLD + ANOS + pinealectomy (PX). At 13 weeks of age all animals were injected with
      0.5 mg of polyestradiol phosphate. At 15 weeks of age the animals were fitted
      with atrial catheters and at 16 weeks of age blood samples (0.3 ml) were obtained
      every 3 hours over a 24 hour period. Uterine and anterior pituitary (AP) weights
      were recorded at sacrifice. Plasma and AP were assayed for prolactin (PRL) by RIA
      and AP were also assayed for PRL using the Nb2 lymphoma cell PRL bioassay. In
      both normal and NA animals, BLD + ANOS suppressed plasma PRL levels and PX
      partially prevented this response. Uterine weights were similar among groups
      while AP weights were significantly lower for sensory deprived animals. Anterior
      pituitaries extracted at pH 7.6 had a PRL concentration that was higher for the
      BLD + ANOS groups when estimated by either RIA or BA, a result that was not
      observed when the AP were extracted at pH 10.6. The amount of PRL extracted at pH
      10.6 was twice that obtained at pH 7.6. Sensory deprived animals that were OVX
      prepubertally and administered estrogen as adults had a small but significant
      increase in mean plasma prolactin at 1700 hr. Both normal and NA animals
      responded in a similar manner to experimental manipulation.

PMID- 3990510
TI  - Morphine decreases 3H-norepinephrine release and increases endogenous
      norepinephrine levels in the isolated cat superior cervical ganglion.
AB  - The isolated cat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was labeled in vitro with
      either 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) or 3H-choline and stimulated through its
      preganglionic trunk. The release of 3H-NE and 3H-acetylcholine (3H-ACh) elicited
      by the stimulation was measured under control conditions and in the presence of
      drugs. The incubation during 30 min with 10 microM morphine lead to a 70%
      decrease in the amount of 3H-NE released in response to the preganglionic
      stimulation (10 Hz, 80 V, during 5 min). No further decrease in 3H-NE release was
      produced by a 10 times higher concentration of morphine. The reduction in 3H-NE
      release caused by morphine was coincident with a 60% increase in the endogenous
      content of NE. Both effects of morphine were entirely prevented by an antagonist
      of opioid receptors, 1.0 microM naltrexone. The opioid antagonist did not modify
      by itself either the stimulation-induced release of 3H-NE or the endogenous
      content of NE. The basal efflux of 3H-NE was not altered by morphine. In ganglia
      labeled with 3H-choline, morphine (10 and 100 microM) did not modify either the
      basal efflux of 3H-ACh or the release of 3H-ACh evoked by stimulation of the
      preganglionic trunk (5 Hz, 40 V, during 5 min). These observations suggest that
      in the cat SCG morphine has a direct action on the dendrites of the
      postganglionic neuron which store and release NE. The effects of morphine in
      vitro on 3H-NE release and on the tissue levels of NE may be mediated through the
      interaction with dendritic opioid receptors.

PMID- 3990509
TI  - Effect of amines on erythropoietin-stimulated heme synthesis in fetal mouse liver
      cells.
AB  - Amines, diamines and polyamines inhibit the erythropoietin-stimulated
      incorporation of 59Fe into newly-synthesized heme by fetal mouse liver cells in
      short-term culture. As assessed by cellular retention of lactic dehydrogenase,
      most of these compounds affect the viability of the cells very little at
      concentrations that substantially inhibit heme synthesis. In the families of
      amines tested, compounds of chain length greater than five carbons are more
      effective inhibitors the longer the chain, and monoamines are more inhibitory
      than diamines. The naturally-occurring polyamines spermine and spermidine are
      among the most potent amine inhibitors tested.

PMID- 3990511
TI  - Racial differences in bumetanide-sensitive cotransport and N-ethylmaleimide
      stimulated potassium efflux.
AB  - Racial differences in erythrocyte potassium effluxes mediated by two loop
      diuretic sensitive modes of cotransport were compared. In red cells loaded to
      contain approximately equimolar amounts of sodium and potassium, black subjects
      had lower bumetanide-sensitive sodium-dependent net potassium effluxes as
      compared to whites. In fresh, washed erythrocytes pretreated with N
      ethylmaleimide (NEM), maximal net potassium efflux was greater in blacks than in
      whites. NEM-stimulated potassium efflux was partially inhibited by bumetanide but
      only at very high concentrations. The quantitative differences in these two modes
      of potassium efflux suggest that NEM-stimulated potassium efflux is not an
      altered mode of sodium-dependent potassium efflux.

PMID- 3990512
TI  - The putative dopamine autoreceptor agonist B-HT 920 decreases nigral dopamine
      cell firing rate and prolactin release in rat.
AB  - Recent behavioural and biochemical investigations have suggested that the alpha-2
      receptor agonist B-HT 920 is also a centrally acting dopamine (DA) agonist with a
      selectivity for autoreceptors. It is presently demonstrated that B-HT 920, in
      contrast to the structurally related alpha-2 agonist B-HT 933, effectively
      reduces the firing rate of nigral DA neurons both after intravenous and
      microiontophoretic administration. Furthermore, B-HT 920, but not B-HT 933,
      decreases plasma levels of prolactin in reserpine pretreated rats. The
      electrophysiological as well as the neuroendocrine effects of the drug were
      antagonised by DA antagonists but not by alpha-2 receptor antagonists. The data
      support the contention that B-HT 920 acts as an agonist at central DA
      autoreceptors. Furthermore, they reinforce the hypothesis that lactotroph DA
      receptors are more similar to DA autoreceptors than to postsynaptic DA receptors
      in the brain.

PMID- 3990513
TI  - Degradation of kyotorphin by a purified membrane-bound-aminopeptidase from monkey
      brain: potentiation of kyotorphin-induced analgesia by a highly effective
      inhibitor, bestatin.
AB  - Kyotorphin (Tyr-Arg) was rapidly degraded in rat brain homogenates and the Vmax
      and Km were 29.4 nmol/mg protein/min and 16.6 microM, respectively. This
      degradation was effectively inhibited by bestatin (IC 50; 0.08 microM) and p
      chloromercuribenzoate (IC 50; 0.70 microM). Kyotorphin was also degraded by a
      membrane-bound aminopeptidase from monkey brains. The Vmax and Km of kyotorphin
      degradation by the aminopeptidase were 20.0 nmol/mg protein/min and 29.2 microM,
      respectively. The degradation of kyotorphin was also inhibited effectively by
      bestatin (KI; 0.4 microM). Co-administration with bestatin 50 micrograms
      (i.cist.) potentiated the analgesic effects of kyotorphin (i.cist.) by 4.8 times,
      and these effects were abolished by pretreatment with naloxone 0.5 mg/kg s.c.
      These results suggest that potentiation of analgesia by bestatin may be due to
      the protection against the degradation of kyotorphin and released enkephalin by a
      membrane-bound aminopeptidase.

PMID- 3990514
TI  - Adrenalectomy does not prevent the hyperprolactinemic, induced sexual behavior
      deficits in CDF male rats.
AB  - Inbred male CDF rats were bilaterally adrenalectomized and received either two
      pituitaries under each kidney capsule or were sham operated. They were tested at
      approximately four, seven and eight weeks after surgery. Between the first and
      second behavioral test, the animals received corticosterone replacement therapy.
      In each of the three tests, grafted animals exhibited deficits in male sexual
      behavior as compared to sham-grafted controls. These results suggest that, at
      least in CDF inbred rats, the adrenal gland is not necessary for the reduction in
      male sex behavior resulting from chronic hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 3990515
TI  - Inhibition of locus coeruleus neuronal activity by beta-phenylethylamine.
AB  - The effect of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) on brain noradrenaline (NA) neurons in
      the rat locus coeruleus (LC) was analyzed using single unit recording techniques
      including microiontophoretic methodology. Systemic injection of low doses of PEA
      consistently produced an instantaneous and dose-dependent inhibition of firing
      rate of the LC neurons. The effect was strongly antagonized by administration of
      the alpha 2-receptor antagonist yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) or by depletion of
      endogenous stores of NA by pretreatment with reserpine (10 mg/kg, i.p., 6 h), but
      unaffected by inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase (alpha-met-hyl-p-tyrosine (alpha
      MT), 250 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min). In contrast, the inhibitory effect of PEA on the
      LC neurons was strongly potentiated by pretreatment with the selective monoamine
      oxidase (MAO) - B inhibitor pargyline (2 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h), but, unexpectedly,
      also by pretreatment with the MAO-A selective inhibitors clorgyline (2 mg/kg,
      i.p., 1 h) or FLA 336 (2 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h). When microiontophoretically applied
      directly onto the LC neurons, PEA produced inhibition of a majority of the NA
      neurons. This action was prevented by intravenous injection of yohimbine (2.5
      mg/kg). The results suggests that the action of PEA on NA neurons in the LC is an
      indirect effect, requiring availability of a reserpine-sensitive storage pool of
      NA, and mediated via activation of central alpha 2-receptors within the LC.

PMID- 3990516
TI  - Lymph node localization of non-specific antibody-coated liposomes.
AB  - Subcutaneously injected small unilamellar liposomes are drained into the
      lymphatics and localized in the regional lymph nodes, and thus they can be used
      for the detection of metastatic spread in breast cancer patients and for delivery
      of drugs to diseased lymph nodes (1-8). An aqueous phase marker, [125I]
      polyvinylpyrrolidone, and a lipid phase marker, [3H]-cholesterol, were used to
      study the lymph node localization of IgG-coated liposomes injected subcutaneously
      into mouse and rat footpads. The results show that human immunoglobulin G (IgG)
      coated liposomes are rapidly removed from the site of injection and are localized
      in the regional lymph nodes to a greater extent than control liposomes (i.e.
      liposomes without IgG). Free IgG was found to inhibit the uptake of IgG-coated
      liposomes by the lymph nodes. The localization of IgG-coated liposomes in the
      regional lymph nodes is influenced by charge of the liposomes. The results
      presented here suggest that antibody-coated liposomes may provide a more
      efficient way of delivering therapeutic agents to the lymph nodes in the
      treatment of diseases such as breast cancer with lymph node involvement.
      Similarly, monoclonal antibody-coated liposomes containing lymphoscintigraphic
      material may improve the detection of lymph node metastases.

PMID- 3990517
TI  - Stable isotope study of plasma taurine kinetics in rhesus monkey.
AB  - Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in mammals and there is
      increasing evidence for the importance of taurine during development. Plasma
      taurine kinetics in a rhesus monkey was studied using [1,2-13C2]taurine. Taurine
      in plasma was derivatized to its dimethylaminomethylene methyl ester, separated
      on a gas chromatographic column, and the [M+2+H]+/[M+H]+ ion ratio was measured
      by ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The results were comparable to
      those obtained from the simultaneous radioisotope tracer study using
      [35S]taurine. This stable isotope method requires only 200 microliters of plasma
      for precise and accurate determination and is suitable for taurine kinetic
      studies in human infants.

PMID- 3990518
TI  - Epinephrine and norepinephrine syntheses are regulated by a glucocorticoid
      receptor-mediated mechanism in the bovine adrenal medulla.
AB  - The bovine adrenal medulla was investigated regarding the presence of
      glucocorticoid binding protein and the increases in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
      activity and epinephrine and norepinephrine by dexamethasone. Scatchard analysis
      of specific cytosol [3H] dexamethasone-binding study indicated a single class of
      high affinity (kd, 35 +/- 5 nM) and limited binding sites (150 +/- 26 fmoles/mg
      protein). Competition studies of various steroids indicated a high affinity for
      dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. Sedimentation in sucrose density gradients
      revealed a 7.3 S binding peak in the cytosol. Dexamethasone caused an increase in
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity within 1 to 2 hours after which the
      norepinephrine and epinephrine contents increased 16 hours after the peak of ODC
      activity in a dose dependent manner of dexamethasone in bovine adrenal medullary
      chromaffin cells in primary monolayer culture. These data suggest that the bovine
      adrenal medulla is a target organ of glucocorticoid hormone and that
      norepinephrine and epinephrine syntheses are regulated by a glucocorticoid
      receptor-mediated mechanism.

PMID- 3990519
TI  - The effect of exogenous L-carnitine on fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in the
      rat.
AB  - In rats receiving a fat diet (75% Altromin R and 25% olive oil) ad libitum for 15
      hours, an orally administered dose of 500 mg/kg L-carnitine produces: an increase
      in serum carnitine and acetyl-carnitine levels; a decrease in serum triglyceride
      (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels; a normalization of the heart and liver
      carnitine pattern; a reduction of myocardial neutral lipase (NL) activity,
      without affecting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) of the heart. Under these
      experimentally-induced conditions, L-carnitine stimulates the excretion of acyl
      groups as acyl-carnitines with the urine. Acylcarnitines are practically absent
      from the urine of control animals.

PMID- 3990520
TI  - Firing properties of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in freely moving rats.
AB  - Single unit recordings were obtained from putative dopaminergic neurons in the
      substantia nigra of awake, freely moving rats. The cells exhibited waveforms,
      range of firing rates and types of firing patterns identical to those of
      identified DA neurons of anesthetized or paralyzed rats. Two firing patterns were
      observed: single spike activity and a bursting mode with spikes of progressively
      diminished amplitude and increased duration within each burst. The degree of
      burst firing varied considerably among the cells and individual cells sometimes
      switched from one pattern of firing (e.g. predominantly single spike) to another
      (e.g. bursting), although the determinants of these transitions are, at this
      time, unclear. Putative DA neurons were inhibited by i.v. apomorphine and excited
      by i.v. haloperidol. Haloperidol also reversed the apomorphine-induced inhibition
      of firing. Inhibitions and excitations were associated with a reduction and
      elevation, respectively, in burst firing. The effects of the two drugs were
      identical to their effects in immobilized rats. In several cases, a putative DA
      neuron was observed to fire all of its spikes in near coincidence with at least
      one other cell with identical electrophysiological characteristics. This form of
      interaction (i.e. presumed electrical coupling) between DA cells is only rarely
      observed in anesthetized or paralyzed rats and may play a significant role in the
      normal functioning of the nigrostriatal DA system.

PMID- 3990521
TI  - Metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine by swine platelets.
AB  - Incubation of intact platelets from Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine with 32P
      labeled lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso PC) indicated the presence of an active
      lysophospholipase with a pH optimum of 8.0 for hydrolysis of the substrate.
      However, lyso PC was incorporated into the membrane phosphatidylcholines by the
      acyltransferase pathway upon addition of ATP, Mg++ and CoA to the platelet
      suspension. These results suggest that intact platelets are able to resist the
      cytotoxic effects of lyso PC in plasma, and the phospholipids in platelet
      membranes are not readily affected by the lipid environment of the plasma. The
      acyltransfer reaction apparently is saturated with endogenous free fatty acids
      since arachidonic acid added exogenously did not further enhance the
      incorporation activity. Neither the acyltransferase nor the lysophospholipase
      activity was affected by Ca++, but divalent metal ions such as Zn++ inhibited the
      lysophospholipase activity. Cholesterol but not cholesteryl esters elicited a
      biphasic effect on both enzymes, stimulating at low concentration but inhibiting
      at a cholesterol to lyso PC ratio greater than 1. Serum albumin inhibited the
      lysophospholipase but gave a small biphasic effect to the acyltransferase.

PMID- 3990522
TI  - New natural 2-acetoxy fatty acids using chemical ionization and electron impact
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - The phospholipids of the sponge Polymastia gleneni contain saturated long chain
      (C22-30)-acetoxy fatty acids. Their structures were assigned based on
      chromatographic and spectrometric data as well as comparison with a synthetic
      sample. The use of capillary gas chromatography combined with chemical ionization
      and electron impact mass spectrometry was instrumental in the eludication of
      structures, since only a very small amount of crude lipids was available.

PMID- 3990523
TI  - Intestinal cholesterol uptake: comparison between mixed micelles containing
      lecithin or lysolecithin.
AB  - The aim of our study was to define the mechanism by which cholesterol uptake is
      inhibited by lecithin but not by lysolecithin. The work compared the cholesterol
      uptake by everted rat jejunal sacs from bile salt-lecithin-cholesterol or bile
      salt-lysolecithin-cholesterol micelles. The micellar size and the cholesterol
      saturation were measured. The size or molecular weight increases when the
      lecithin concentration rises, and the cholesterol uptake decreases and leads to
      zero when the micelles contain more than 30% lecithin. The size of bile salt
      lysolecithin-cholesterol micelles is smaller than that of lecithin micelles in
      comparable molar ratios. Consistent with this result is the fact that, for a
      given phospholipid concentration, cholesterol uptake is greater in the presence
      of lysolecithin than in the presence of lecithin. The diffusion rate of the
      micelles through the unstirred water layer decreases when micellar size
      increases. However, the comparison of uptakes from lecithin or lysolecithin
      micelles similar in size and in cholesterol saturation showed that the
      cholesterol uptake is still lower for lecithin micelles. This shows that with
      larger micelles some factor other than micellar size and cholesterol content of
      the micelles is important. We observe that lysolecithin absorption is 15-fold
      greater than lecithin absorption. We suggest that lysolecithin absorption results
      in a rapid supersaturation with cholesterol leading to cholesterol absorption.

PMID- 3990524
TI  - Inhibition of C28 and C29 phytosterol metabolism by N,N-dimethyldodecanamine in
      the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Effects on the metabolism of campesterol and stigmasterol in Caenorhabditis
      elegans were investigated using N,N-dimethyldodecanamine, a known inhibitor of
      growth, reproduction and the delta 24-sterol reductase of this nematode. 7
      Dehydrocholesterol was the predominant sterol (51%) of C. elegans grown in
      stigmasterol-supplemented media, whereas addition of 25 ppm amine resulted in a
      large decrease in the relative percentage of 7-dehydrocholesterol (23%) and the
      accumulation of a substantial proportion (33%) of delta 24-sterols (e.g.,
      cholesta-5,7,24-trienol) and delta 22,24-sterols (e.g., cholesta-5,7,22, 24
      tetraenol) but yielded no delta 22-sterols. Dealkylation of stigmasterol by C.
      elegans proceeded in the presence of the delta 22-bond; reduction of the delta 22
      bond occurred prior to delta 24-reduction. Addition of 25 ppm amine to
      campesterol-supplemented media altered the sterol composition of C. elegans by
      increasing the percentage of unmetabolized dietary campesterol from 39 to 60%,
      decreasing the percentage of 7-dehydrocholesterol from 26 to 12%, and causing the
      accumulation of several delta 24-sterols (6%). C. elegans also was shown to be
      capable of dealkylating a delta 24 (28)-sterol as it converted 24
      methylenecholesterol to mostly 7-dehydrocholesterol. The proposed role of 24
      methylenecholesterol as an intermediate between campesterol and 7
      dehydrocholesterol was supported by the results.

PMID- 3990525
TI  - Influence of dietary cholesterol on the relative synthesis of hepatic glycerides
      and molecular classes of 1,2-diglycerides and phospholipids in the gerbil in
      vivo.
AB  - The influence of dietary cholesterol on the relative rates of synthesis of
      hepatic lipids in the male Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, was studied.
      The semi-purified starch-based diet used lard as the dietary fat and was fed with
      or without a 0.5% (by wt.) cholesterol supplement. Each animal received 300
      microCi [2-3H]-glycerol i.p. after 3 or 7 days on the dietary regimens. Relative
      rates of [2-3H]-glycerol incorporation into the major hepatic glycerides in vivo
      was not affected significantly by dietary cholesterol (0.5% level), suggesting
      that alteration in the relative biosynthesis of these lipids could not readily
      account for the higher triglyceride (TG) to phospholipid (PL) mass ratio in liver
      with cholesterol feeding. However, there was evidence for an increased formation
      of 1,2-diglyceride (1,2-DG). The complement of molecular species of hepatic 1,2
      DG, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) formed de novo,
      as measured using isotopic glycerol, was not influenced greatly by dietary
      cholesterol, although lower mean rates of synthesis of tetraenoic relative to
      dienoic species of phospholipids were indicated in cholesterol-fed gerbils.

PMID- 3990526
TI  - The effect of penicillin on fatty acid synthesis and excretion in Streptococcus
      mutans BHT.
AB  - Treatment of exponentially growing cultures of Streptococcus mutans BHT with
      growth-inhibitory concentrations (0.2 microgram/ml) of benzylpenicillin
      stimulates the incorporation of [2-14C] acetate into lipids excreted by the cells
      by as much as 69-fold, but does not change the amount of 14C incorporated into
      intracellular lipids. At this concentration of penicillin cellular lysis does not
      occur. The radioactive label is incorporated exclusively into the fatty acid
      moieties of the glycerolipids. The increase in the radioactive content of the
      extracellular lipids reflects an actual net increase in the total fatty acid
      content as determined by a chemical assay. During a 4-hr incubation in the
      presence of penicillin, the extracellular fatty acid ester concentration (per mg
      cell dry weight) increases 1.5 fold, even though there is no growth or cellular
      lysis. No change is observed in the intracellular fatty acid ester content. An
      indication of the relative rate of fatty acid synthesis was most readily obtained
      by placing S. mutans BHT in a buffer containing 14C-acetate. Under these
      nongrowing conditions free fatty acids are the only lipids labeled, a factor
      which simplifies the assay. The addition of glycerol to the buffer causes all of
      the nonesterified fatty acids to be incorporated into glycerolipid. The cells
      excrete much of the lipid whether glycerol is present or not. Addition of
      penicillin to the nongrowth supporting buffer system does not stimulate the
      incorporation of [14C]-acetate into fatty acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990527
TI  - High performance liquid chromatographic separation of stereoisomeric bile acids
      as their UV-sensitive esters.
AB  - High performance liquid chromatographic separation of a series of mono-, di- and
      trihydroxylated 5 beta-cholanic acids, which differ only in position and
      configuration of hydroxyl groups at positions C-3, C-7 and/or C-12, is reported.
      The C-24 free acids were derivatized to four different classes of UV-sensitive
      esters, i.e., p-bromophenacyl (BP), m-methoxyphenacyl (MP), 4
      nitrophthalimidemethyl (NPM) and 9-anthrylmethyl (AM) esters, and chromatographed
      on two variants of C18 reversed-phase columns (Nova-Pak C18 and Zorbax ODS) with
      methanol-water systems as mobile phase. Separation efficiency and elution order
      of some isomeric pairs were influenced by both the structure of the C-24 ester
      groups and the nature of the columns used. Excellent chromatographic properties
      were found for those derivatives, particularly for the NPM esters.

PMID- 3990529
TI  - [Roentgenocontrast lienography in experimental diffuse liver lesions].
AB  - The diagnostic potentialities of i. v. lienography were studied in experiments on
      rodents during the administration of the liposome forms of radiographic contrast
      agents (RCA) in the presence of chronic diffuse liver lesion simulated by
      subcutaneous injection of 50% oil solution of CCl4 for 2 months. The time-course
      of splenomegaly was found to be in direct relation to the CCl4 summary dose. The
      degree of pathomorphological changes of the hepatic tissue and pathological
      shifts in the blood clinical and biochemical findings show good correlation with
      the time-course of splenomegaly. The use of the RCA liposome forms extends the
      range of radiodiagnostic potentialities in the recognition of chronic diffuse
      liver lesion.

PMID- 3990530
TI  - [Indications for lymphography in bladder cancer].
AB  - Proceeding from an analysis of the clinical and x-ray findings on 333 bladder
      cancer patients the frequency of lymphogenic metastatic spread was determined
      with relation to a degree of local extent of disease: T1 and T2--no metastases;
      T3a--metastases in 11.5%; T3b--in 30.3%; T4a--in 36.4%; T4b--in 50% of the cases.
      Metastases were mainly detected in the external inguinal lymph nodes. The lumbar
      lymph node involvement was always combined with tumorous changes in the pelvic
      lymphatic plexuses. Indications to lymphography with relation to a primary tumor
      spread (T3a, T3b and T4a) were defined. The authors determined the role of x-ray
      monitoring and repeated lymphography for the detection of metastases and a study
      of their regression caused by therapeutic measures.

PMID- 3990528
TI  - Lipid composition of different areas of murine brain: effects of lipid extraction
      procedures.
AB  - The effects of various chemical extraction procedures on the determination of
      lipid composition of rat and mouse brain have been investigated. Tissue
      extractions with formic acid/acetone or perchloric acid both resulted in
      significant losses of total phospholipids and cholesterol. Perchloric acid
      extraction also degraded, almost quantitatively, ethanolamine plasmalogens to
      lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Our findings have thus demonstrated that
      conventional procedures used for extraction of brain tissue for analysis of
      choline and acetylcholine content cannot also be used for concurrent/simultaneous
      extraction of phospholipids and cholesterol from the same tissue.

PMID- 3990531
TI  - [The results of metronidazole use in radiation and combined treatment of patients
      with laryngeal cancer].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the results of radiation and combined therapy of 153
      laryngeal cancer patients. Of them 103 received radiotherapy combined with
      metronidazole at a dose of 5-8 g/m2 2.5-3 h before an irradiation session, 50
      patients were controls. Radiotherapy was given by mean fractions at a dose of 5
      Gy 2 times a week with a summary focal dose of 20 Gy with subsequent irradiation
      at a daily dose of 2 Gy up to a summary dose of 32 Gy. The efficacy of
      radiotherapy was evaluated after a 2-week discontinuation. In a complete
      resorption or lessening of a tumor volume by more than 70% radiotherapy was
      continued by conventional fractionation at a daily dose of 2 Gy up to a summary
      focal dose of 52 Gy. In insignificant lessening of a tumor volume the patients
      were operated on. The use of metronidazole in a radical course of radiotherapy of
      laryngeal cancer patients did not improve therapeutic results, however the number
      of postoperative complications caused by surgical treatment for tumor recurrences
      increased 3 times. In combined treatment of the laryngeal cancer patients after a
      summary focal dose of 32 Gy and 1.5-3 years of follow-up the number of the
      patients increased up to 75.7% as compared to 50% in the control group. A
      decrease in the number of postoperative complications was noted.

PMID- 3990532
TI  - [Morphology of laryngeal cancer in radiotherapy combined with the use of
      metronidazole].
AB  - The authors described clinicomorphological correlations in the evaluation of the
      efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy combined with metronidazole (MZ) in
      laryngeal cancer patients. A study was made of the tumors from 61 laryngeal
      cancer patients following radiation exposure at a summary dose of 20 and 32 Gy
      with and without MZ. Histological change of a tumor confirmed a radiosensitizing
      effect of MZ. However the MZ effect was not equally noticeable in tumor central
      and peripheral parts. Microscopic foci of the affected epithelium of the larynx
      and gland mucosa, muscular cells and vessels were revealed. MZ produces a
      stimulating effect on collagen production by fibroblasts.

PMID- 3990533
TI  - [Results of radiotherapy of lung cancer in women].
AB  - Radiation therapy was provided to 38 (11.5%) of 331 lung cancer female patients
      at the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, USSR Ministry of Health. The
      combination of radiation- and chemotherapy was used in 9 patients. The Rokus, Rad
      gamma-therapeutic units or a linear accelerator were used for radiation therapy.
      Daily single focal doses were 1.2-2.0 Gy, the summary dose was 40-60 Gy. Two-five
      irradiation fields with the choice of optimum conditions on a computer using the
      linear programming method were used. The lymph outflow tracts were irradiated
      from isolated fields and in central lung cancer the tumor and mediastinal region
      (the root, bifurcation and paratracheal lymph nodes on the affected side) were
      incorporated in the irradiated zone. Five women received split course
      irradiation. An analysis of the long-term results of conservative therapy of lung
      cancer in women has shown that radiation therapy or its combination with
      chemotherapy is the most effective. These results were slightly better than those
      in men.

PMID- 3990534
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenological manifestations of gynecomastia].
AB  - The most common of all the breast diseases in men is gynecomastia (76%). The
      authors covered some aspects of clinical and x-ray diagnosis of gynecomastia,
      presented its roentgenological classification including the following three
      types: nodular, (28 patients), dendritic (88) and parenchymatous (16).
      Pseudogynecomastia, i.e. the gland enlargement in volume without consolidation of
      its structure, was described (10 patients). The authors emphasize the complexity
      of the differential diagnosis of the boundary forms of gynecomastia and the
      necessity of a multimodality study using mammography.

PMID- 3990535
TI  - [Modification of 239Pu metabolism in the blood in various methods of iron
      preparation administration in the body].
AB  - A study was made of the intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral routes of iron
      administration. It was shown that the oral route of the entry of appropriate
      amounts of iron in the body made it possible to saturate the transferrin spare
      capacity and hence to influence 239Pu metabolism in the blood. The results
      obtained can be employed for improving indirect dosimetry methods of 239Pu in the
      body using chelates.

PMID- 3990536
TI  - [Dosimetric planning of intracavitary multi-position irradiation in cancer of the
      corpus uteri].
AB  - An algorithm for the dosimetric planning of intracavitary multiposition
      irradiation of corpus uteri cancer patients is proposed making use of some
      elements of the inverse problem solution and permitting one to calculate without
      computer. The algorithm is used for irradiation planning for the Soviet ANET-B
      unit with 252Cf sources. Conditions for the inverse problem solution applied to
      the dosimetric planning of intracavitary multiposition irradiation in case of the
      use of two dosing points have been formulated. The algorithm makes it possible to
      calculate a biologically isoeffective dose of mixed gamma-neutron 252Cf
      radiation.

PMID- 3990538
TI  - 1985 American College of Sports Medicine annual meeting abstracts. May 26-29,
      Nashville, Tennessee.

PMID- 3990537
TI  - [A method of gamma-topographic examination of the liver].

PMID- 3990539
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of intestinal and urinary bilharziasis in the Tala Mokolo
      region (Mandara Mountains, North Cameroon)].
AB  - In the Mandara Mountains, where small dams have been erected, people living in
      the Tala Mokolo district eliminate some S. haematobium eggs in 31,4% of urines
      samples, and some S. mansoni eggs in 38,1% of stools samples. Evaluated from
      hemagglutination test, bilharziosis prevalence reaches 55,7%. Male subjects are
      more frequently affected than female subjects, particularly as for as intestinal
      bilharziosis is concerned. Urinary bilharziosis prevalence or intestinal
      bilharziosis prevalence are subject to proximity of small water reservoirs mostly
      infested either by Bulinus globosus or Biomphalaria pfeifferi. These small water
      reservoirs are mainly "mayo" head-bays.

PMID- 3990540
TI  - [Role of eye manifestations in chlamydioses].
AB  - Following an up-to-date bacteriological resume, are recalled the most important
      clinical manifestations presently attributed to C. trachomatis: general
      manifestations (pulmonary, articular, venereal, congenital, viscereal and others
      still under discussion); ocular manifestations (trachoma, inclusion
      conjunctivitis of newborn infants or adults, other ocular affections still under
      discussion). The main theories are exposed, which try to explain some
      epidemiological links between all these manifestations.

PMID- 3990541
TI  - [Ethnopsychiatric observations apropos of the ritualization of deviation].
AB  - The author compares certain aspects of "conventional" and "traditional"
      psychiatry, on the basis of observations carried out within different traditional
      African cultures, particularly referring to ritual practices that have as object
      the treatment of mental disorders. The author underlines the importance of the
      attitude of the traditional healer. Nevertheless he stresses the major role
      played by the social structure that represents the frame of any therapeutic
      action.

PMID- 3990542
TI  - [Health consequences of the economic development of tropical countries].
AB  - If the usefulness of industrial development of the Third World is not really
      discussed, nevertheless it appears more and more necessary to evaluate carefully
      its advantages and disadvantages on the health status and the well being of the
      population concerned. Indeed, the evil consequences are well known: new outbreak
      of bilharziosis, malaria, onchocerciasis, but also arbovirosis, tuberculosis and
      S.T.D. On the other hand, we must consider the positive aspects of economic
      development: improvement of hygiene, constructions of health centers, increased
      food production. In order to minimize the drawbacks, some measures have to be
      taken, f.i.: to set up the sanitary files of the population to be displaced, the
      organization of the redwelling zones. For all these reasons, the cost evaluation
      must take into account the sanitary sector, keeping in mind the difficulty to
      appraise the consequential effects on climate and fauna.

PMID- 3990544
TI  - Laser Doppler surveillance of the circulation of free flaps and replanted digits.
AB  - In a series of 40 clinical free flaps and replantations the laser doppler
      technique has been used successfully for postoperative surveillance of
      circulation. A uniform flow pattern was obtained from all uncomplicated cases
      contrasting to the flow pattern seen in cases with thrombotic complication. The
      laser doppler continuously records flow of the microcirculation and is able to
      monitor blood flow in all types of free tissue transfer presently used as well as
      replantations. The laser doppler has effectively diagnosed two arterial
      thromboses with a characteristic flow pattern. It can distinguish venous from
      arterial occlusion. It can record flow in skin flaps which are difficult to judge
      clinically and in buried flaps, where no clinical observations are possible. The
      laser doppler should be used in conjunction with routine clinical observations.

PMID- 3990543
TI  - [2 cases of cysticercosis observed in Cameroon].
AB  - The authors report two observations of cysticercosis in two pigs breeders living
      in the western part of Cameroon. Microscopic observation of several pieces
      demonstrated the presence of cysticercs larvae of Taenia solium. Treatment by
      praziquantel (Biltricide) was followed by an increase of antibodies rate, but it
      was not possible to appreciate the effectiveness of this therapy.

PMID- 3990546
TI  - Microlymphaticovenous anastomosis for lymphedema of the breast.
AB  - On the basis of microlymphaticovenous anastomosis for treating lymphedema of the
      extremities, the authors developed a microlymphaticovenous procedure to treat
      congenital lymphedema of the breast and applied it clinically in two patients.
      The immediate results have been fairly good. The breast and its nipple had been
      reduced in size and to a nearly normal level. The results are maintained after a
      half year of follow-up. The fundamentals and techniques of the operation are
      described and the two case histories are reported. The cases presented here
      appear to be the first successful clinical attempts to treat lymphedema of the
      breast by microlymphaticovenous anastomosis. The clinical character of congenital
      lymphedema, the indication of the microlymphaticovenous anastomosis, and the
      factors required for success of microlymphatic surgery are discussed.

PMID- 3990545
TI  - Evolution and reversibility of damage to rabbit fallopian tubes after five
      sterilization methods.
AB  - The authors used a scanning electron microscope to study epithelial damage to the
      rabbit fallopian tube after sterilization with different methods and its
      subsequent capacity to regenerate after recanalization. Thirty female NZW rabbits
      were divided into five groups and sterilized using the following methods: 1)
      Madlener 2) Pommeroy, 3) clips, 4) unipolar coagulation, 5) bipolar coagulation.
      Each group was divided into subgroups of two and submitted at differing intervals
      to a second laparotomy, during which one tube was removed and the other
      anastomosed according to Winston's method. Four weeks after the second laparotomy
      all the rabbits were sacrificed, the remaining tube removed, and all tubes
      examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that
      mechanical methods of occlusion such as clips offer greater recovery
      possibilities than those in which the lesion is extended to the mesosalpinx.
      There further exists a correlation between the time that elapses after
      sterilization and regeneration of the epithelium.

PMID- 3990547
TI  - Microlymphaticovenous anastomosis for treating scrotal elephantiasis.
AB  - Scrotal elephantiasis can be physically disabling and psychologically distressing
      to the victim. Ablative procedure has been used in its treatment and has achieved
      limited success. The authors developed a microlymphaticovenous procedure to treat
      elephantiasis of the scrotum and applied it clinically in three patients. The
      immediate and long-term (13-24 months) results have been very satisfactory. The
      scrotum size was dramatically reduced to a nearly normal level, and subjective
      symptoms and objective signs were improved. The operative techniques are
      described, the three case histories are illustrated, and the advantages of
      microlymphaticovenous anastomosis, the selection of patients, and the factors
      required for success of the surgery are discussed.

PMID- 3990548
TI  - Lymphedema in the replanted limb of the rat: scintigraphic evaluation.
AB  - The sequence of scintigraphic patterns in resolving lymphedema in the replanted
      hind limb of the rat is reported. Compared to simple observation of the limb,
      scintigraphy using 99mTc-antimony trisulfide colloid (99mTc SbSC) provides
      multiple qualitative parameters for assessing lymphedema, ie, diffuse uptake in
      the implanted limb, focal uptake at the site of surgical repair, accumulation in
      the popliteal node, and activity in the liver. Quantitative analysis in this
      model was not helpful. Scintigraphic criteria may be utilized to study the effect
      of alteration in the animal model described. It is hoped that this model can be
      used to clarify the clinical factors influencing the resolution of lymphedema.

PMID- 3990549
TI  - Microvascular repair following local crush and avulsion vascular injury.
AB  - A model has been developed demonstrating intimal damage resulting from a combined
      crush and avulsion injury to the femoral artery of the rat. Revascularization
      after traumatization is accomplished with microvascular anastomosis of the
      severed ends. Vascular patency rates at 2 and 7 days postoperatively are low (0
      25%) in comparison with control groups (90-100%). A high correlation is found
      between patency tests performed at 20 minutes and at 2 days after blood flow re
      establishment. Systemically administered heparin improves traumatized-vessel
      patency dramatically.

PMID- 3990550
TI  - Application of Kunlin's technique in vascular micro-anastomosis: experimental and
      clinical study.
AB  - Vascular microanastomosis of vessels that presents marked discrepancy in size can
      be performed without difficulty by making a longitudinal incision of the end of
      the smallest vessel, forming a kind of "spatula," and joined to the vessel of
      greater diameter.

PMID- 3990551
TI  - The lymphatic system: major points and importance reemphasized.

PMID- 3990552
TI  - The "discovery" of siblings.

PMID- 3990553
TI  - Communicative assessment of nonverbal youths with severe/profound mental
      retardation.

PMID- 3990554
TI  - Preliminary data on the presence of neuropsychological deficits in adults who are
      mentally retarded.

PMID- 3990555
TI  - A five-year follow-up of sheltered workshop employees placed in competitive jobs.

PMID- 3990556
TI  - The effects of an intraclass peer tutoring program on the sight-word recognition
      ability of students who are mildly mentally retarded.

PMID- 3990557
TI  - Changing places: a look at some realities of institutional behavior management.

PMID- 3990558
TI  - Alterations in cardiac composition with weight reduction in the obese rat.
AB  - Alterations in myocardial composition associated with obesity and weight
      reduction have been examined in the spontaneously obese rat. When compared to
      values obtained from obese animals, body weight reduction was associated with a
      significant decrease in body fat, heart weight, and absolute left ventricular
      mass. Compositional analysis indicated that protein, lipid, and water together
      accounted for approximately 98% of total heart weight, and that while each
      component decreased with weight reduction, decreased myocardial water content
      represented the largest contribution to the reduced total heart weight. These
      data therefore suggest that the cardiomegaly of obesity is contributed to by
      specific changes in myocardial composition which can be altered through body
      weight reduction.

PMID- 3990559
TI  - Coupled diminished energy turnover and phosphorylase a formation in contracting
      hypothyroid rat muscle.
AB  - Hypothyroidism leads to a diminished phosphorylase a formation and a reduction in
      both glycogen breakdown and lactate production during tetanic stimulation of fast
      twitch skeletal muscle (mixed type). Phosphorylase kinase activity is almost 50%
      lower in the hypothyroid (Tx) group, and the possibility that this might explain
      the reduction in phosphorylase a formation is discussed. In both the Tx group and
      the euthyroid (C) group the reconversion of phosphorylase a to b correlates well
      with a decrease in the energy cost for contraction.

PMID- 3990560
TI  - Effects of glucocorticoids on glutamine metabolism in visceral organs.
AB  - The effect of dexamethasone on interorgan glutamine exchange was studied in order
      to gain further understanding of the changes in nitrogen metabolism that occur
      following catabolic illness. In addition to studying glutamine, which transports
      as much as 40% of whole blood amino acid nitrogen, we determined the fluxes of
      glutamate, alanine, and glucose across the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and
      kidneys in 25 awake, chronically-catheterized dogs. Studies were performed during
      a control period and after dexamethasone (DEX) treatment (0.44 mg/kg X day) for
      two (DEX 2) and nine (DEX 9) days. Following dexamethasone treatment, arterial
      concentration of glutamine and glutamate fell, while alanine and glucose levels
      increased. Glutamine uptake by the intestine doubled with DEX (control 0.96 +/-
      0.13 mumol/kg X min v 2.23 +/- 0.24 on DEX 2, P less than 0.001, and 1.59 +/-
      0.20 on DEX 9, P less than 0.05). Alanine was produced by the intestine in
      controls (1.96 +/- 0.30 mumol/kg X minute), and release rate increased twofold on
      DEX 2 (4.10 +/- 0.66, P less than 0.01). The liver remained in balance for
      glutamine during both the control state and following DEX treatment, while renal
      glutamine uptake and renal glucose release were significantly increased after
      DEX. Glucocorticoids influence amino acid and glucose metabolism in the
      gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys. The marked increase in glutamine
      extraction and alanine production by the intestine in response to glucocorticoids
      suggests that altered gastrointestinal amino acid metabolism may contribute to
      both the low glutamine levels and the accelerated gluconeogenesis that occur
      during catabolic illness.

PMID- 3990561
TI  - Effect of epinephrine on carbohydrate metabolism in exercising dogs.
AB  - Well-trained dogs with indwelling arterial and venous catheters ran on a
      treadmill (15%, 133 m/minute). A mixture of 3-3H: glucose and 14C-glucose (U) or
      14C-lactate was infused at a constant rate. Hepatic glucose output (Ra),
      metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR), the percent participation of plasma
      glucose (G) in lactate production (%L comes from G), peripheral glycogenolysis
      (GLY) and lactate turnover (RaL) were calculated. Three types of experiments were
      conducted: (1) Type A, in which Epinephrine (E, 0.5 microgram/kg min) was infused
      mid-exercise for 75 min; (2) Type B, in which E was infused for three hours and
      exercise started mid-infusion for 75 min; and (3) Type C in which E and exercise
      began at the same time. In Type A, E increased G less (+15 mg/dL) than at rest
      (+50 mg/dL). Unlike at rest, during run E transiently decreased the Ra. The
      hyperglycemia was entirely due to a marked decrease of MCR. In Type B, E delayed
      the exercise-induced rise of Ra; and in Type C it delayed the rise of MCR. In all
      three types E reduced the %L comes from G from the usual 40% to 18% to 20%, and
      it potentiated the exercise-induced rise of GLY. In Type C, during the first
      hour, about five times as much lactate was produced (722 mg/kg) as in control
      runs (149 mg/kg). Beta-blockade abolished all the effects of E on glucose,
      lactate, MCR, GLY, %L comes from G and RaL. delta Ra and delta MCR rose faster,
      and they reached values that were approximately twice normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990562
TI  - Energy balance and brown fat activity in rats fed cafeteria diets or high-fat,
      semisynthetic diets at several levels of intake.
AB  - The object of the study was to determine the relative effects of hyperphagia and
      diet composition on energy balance and thermogenic activity in rats fed highly
      palatable cafeteria diets. Three types of diet were used: a pelleted stock diet,
      a cafeteria diet composed of a variety of human food items, and semisynthetic
      diets with nutrient compositions similar to the stock and cafeteria diets.
      Feeding rats a high-fat semisynthetic diet (similar to the cafeteria diet) at a
      energy intake equivalent to that of stock-fed controls (approximately 2.5 times
      maintenance) resulted in greater body energy gains and energetic efficiencies.
      These effects were probably due to the reduced energy costs of fat synthesis
      associated with high-fat diets. No effect of dietary composition on body energy
      gain was seen in animals fed below 2.5 times maintenance. Animals fed four
      cafeteria food items each day, or the high-fat semisynthetic diet, at 2.5 times
      maintenance showed significantly greater thermogenic responses to norepinephrine,
      increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass, and greater BAT mitochondrial GDP
      binding than controls on the same intake. Injection of propranolol reduced oxygen
      consumption in all groups, but the effect was greater in animals on higher
      intakes and was highest in the cafeteria groups. Thus, increasing fat intake,
      either by presenting cafeteria food items or by feeding a high-fat semisynthetic
      diet at the same level of intake as controls, stimulates the sympathetic nervous
      system and BAT activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990563
TI  - Effects of high cholesterol high fat diet on plasma lipoproteins in familial
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Heterozygous individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia possess about half of
      the normal numbers of functioning receptors on their cells. This is thought to be
      responsible for their hypercholesterolemia. In normals, dietary cholesterol
      increases LDL production and decreases LDL receptor-related LDL clearance,
      resulting in elevations in LDL cholesterol levels of approximately 30 mg/dL. To
      assess the effects of high fat and high cholesterol diets on the lipoproteins of
      individuals with diminished LDL receptors, three kinds of diets, including ones
      high in cholesterol, were fed to four patients with familial
      hypercholesterolemia, in the expectation that diet effects on apoB- or apoE
      containing lipoproteins would be exaggerated. The basal diet consisted of 15%
      protein, 30% fat, 55% carbohydrate, 300 mg/d cholesterol, P/S ratio 0.4; the high
      fat diet was identical except that fat calories were 55% and carbohydrate 30%;
      the high fat-high cholesterol diet was identical with the high fat diet except
      approximately 750 or approximately 1,500 mg/d of cholesterol were added. Each
      diet was eaten for five weeks at home and for the sixth week at the general
      Clinical Research Center. Fasting (12-14 hours) plasmas were collected every two
      weeks for lipoprotein-lipid and apoprotein quantitation. At the end of each
      period, fasting and 4-hour postprandial samples were analyzed also by zonal
      ultracentrifugation and gel permeation chromatography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3990564
TI  - Altered HDL subclasses in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia are not affected by
      weight reduction.
AB  - Reduction of body weight is commonly used to decrease the plasma lipids of
      patients with primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, but the effects of
      stabilized weight reduction on lipoprotein compositions and distribution are not
      well known. Since lipoprotein structures are perhaps as important in normal and
      abnormal metabolism and atherogenesis as are the levels of lipoproteins, we
      examined the effects of weight loss on the plasma concentrations, compositions,
      and ultracentrifugal flotation properties of plasma lipoproteins. Nine patients
      (eight males, one female) with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and low high
      density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels who were approximately 130% of ideal
      body weight were studied during two dietary periods (basal and low weight).
      Subjects consumed an isocaloric diet for 5 weeks consisting of approximately 15%
      protein, approximately 45% carbohydrate, approximately 40% fat, approximately 500
      mg/d cholesterol, P/S ratio 0.43 (basal), followed by a hypocaloric diet of the
      same composition, which was eaten for 16 to 52 weeks, until the desired weight
      was lost (9.6 +/- 3.6 kg). Then patients continued to eat a diet of the same
      composition lower in calories but sufficient in quantity to maintain their new
      lower body weights for the final 5 weeks (low-weight period). The last weeks of
      the basal and the low-weight periods were spent in a metabolic ward. Thus, high
      and low body weights were known to be stable for at least 5 weeks. Fasting (12 to
      14 hours) plasma total triglycerides decreased in all patients (from 328 +/- 204
      mg/dL at basal to 185 +/- 77 mg/dL at low weight, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990565
TI  - Hormone action. Part I: Peptide hormones.

PMID- 3990566
TI  - Assessment of receptor recycling in mammalian hepatocytes: perspectives based on
      current techniques.

PMID- 3990567
TI  - Preparation of dispersed pancreatic acinar cells and dispersed pancreatic acini.

PMID- 3990568
TI  - The preparation, culture, and incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells for
      static and dynamic studies of secretion.

PMID- 3990569
TI  - Purification of insulin receptor from human placenta.

PMID- 3990570
TI  - Purification of the LDL receptor.

PMID- 3990571
TI  - Assessment of effects of vasopressin, angiotensin II, and glucagon on Ca2+ fluxes
      and phosphorylase activity in liver.

PMID- 3990572
TI  - Radioactive labeling and turnover studies of the insulin receptor subunits.

PMID- 3990573
TI  - Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in cultured hepatoma cells and a
      solubilized system.

PMID- 3990574
TI  - Purification of human platelet-derived growth factor.

PMID- 3990575
TI  - Validation of [57Co]cyanocobalamin as an extracellular fluid marker and
      measurement of albumin exclusion from the interstitium in the rabbit.
AB  - The use of [57Co]cyanocobalamin as an extracellular marker has been validated.
      Its simultaneous use with 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and 125I-human serum albumin
      allows quantitative measurement of tissue water and the fractional exclusion of
      albumin from the interstitial compartment. The extravascular extracellular spaces
      of rabbit tissue are lung, 32 +/- 4%; heart, 25 +/- 2%; gut, 24 +/- 4%; and
      muscle, 13 +/- 1%. The fractional excluded albumin spaces are lung, 0.78 +/-
      0.05; heart, 0.37 +/- 0.03; gut, 0.69 +/- 0.05; and muscle 0.58 +/- 0.03. The
      oversimplification that the extravascular extracellular space is a homogeneous
      region defined by a small tracer molecule and has the composition of lymph must
      be reconsidered. Albumin has a vastly different distribution in the interstitial
      spaces of different organs. Use of the three tracers reported here allows
      efficient measurement of blood volume, interstitial space, and interstitial
      albumin exclusion in whole tissues and organs, and thus can lead to further
      understanding of the in vivo changes occurring in various physiologic and disease
      states.

PMID- 3990576
TI  - Functional and morphological changes in the microcirculation of the dog following
      acute coronary artery ligation.
AB  - Acute ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery in the dog had little
      immediate effect on heat clearance but immediately lowered heat production, which
      fell to its minimum level in 1/2 hr, after which it began to recover; recovery
      was complete in 6 hr. After 1/2 hr heat clearance also began to fall and reached
      a minimum level in 1 1/2 hr. Ligation increased oxygen extraction but reduced
      oxygen consumption markedly though temporarily. Complete recovery followed. After
      3 months, there was full recovery in flow, oxygen extraction ratio, and oxygen
      consumption mVO2. In morphological studies using Microfil injections soon after
      ligation, capillaries failed to fill retrogradely, though network vessels were
      perfused. After 1 hr of acute artery ligation, capillaries still did not perfuse
      but by 3 hr there was some reperfusion. After 6 hr there was marked capillary
      reperfusion. In dogs kept for 3 months after ligation the microcirculation was
      normal. These studies confirm that immediate circulatory failure occurred in
      capillaries (probably critical closure) which accounts for the immediate fall in
      venous outflow, heat production, and mVO2. Flow continued in network vessels
      which traversed the ischemic zone without perfusing capillaries. These results
      are contrasted with the findings of some other workers who found a continued
      functional decline leading to infarction. The present results were accounted for
      by closure and reopening to capillaries.

PMID- 3990577
TI  - Interstitial fluid pressure and hemodynamics in a sarcoma implanted in the rat
      tail.
AB  - To investigate the influence on tumor blood flow of changes in interstitial fluid
      pressure (IFP) and tumor perfusion pressure, 0.1 ml of sarcoma cell suspension
      containing 10(6) cells obtained from ascites fluid was injected in the tail of
      Lister rats. Experiments were performed 10-35 days after implantation in tumors
      weighing 0.25-1.5 g. The hydrogen gas washout technique was used for flow
      measurements in tumor and normal tail tissue, while IFP was measured with the
      wick-in-needle technique. Control tumor blood flow averaged 0.18 ml/min . g (SD
      0.15, N = 21), which was similar to tail skin. The corresponding tumor IFP was
      26.6 mm Hg (SD 11.5, N = 21). Interstitial fluid pressure was increased by
      inflating a cuff at the tail root to 30 and 55 mm Hg and/or by plasma volume
      expansion by a 5% solution of bovine serum albumin, the latter resulting in a two
      to threefold increase in tumor and tail skin blood flow. When the tail cuff was
      inflated to 55 mm Hg in control rats, mean IFP in tumor rose to 37.6 mm Hg and
      blood flow in tumor and tail skin fell by 45-70%. Inflating the cuff to 55 mm Hg
      in plasma volume expanded rats resulted in a rise in mean tumor IFP to 50.5 mm Hg
      and a reduction of tumor and tail skin blood flow by 40-56%. No change in tumor
      blood flow was observed after reduction of tail arterial pressure by 25 mm Hg.
      The experiments show that a high interstitial fluid pressure does not seem to
      affect tumor perfusion more than the host organ.

PMID- 3990578
TI  - Board of Medicine proposes new amphetamine rules.

PMID- 3990579
TI  - Plaintiff's lawyer describes a "good" malpractice case.

PMID- 3990580
TI  - Malpractice revisited.

PMID- 3990581
TI  - Magnetic resonance policy statement of the American College of Radiology.

PMID- 3990582
TI  - Michigan Department of Public Health issues NMR certificate of need policies.

PMID- 3990584
TI  - Physician Placement Service brings doctors and communities together.

PMID- 3990583
TI  - One phone call got ball rolling on organ sales law.

PMID- 3990585
TI  - Detection of fine spiral structures (spirosomes) by weak sonication in some
      bacterial strains.
AB  - Fine spiral structures (spirosomes) were observed in cell suspensions of five
      species of bacteria just after weak sonication. The structure is morphologically
      indistinguishable from the spirosome reported for Lactobacillus species. The
      molecular weight of the protein of the spirosomes from nine strains was about
      94,000 to 95,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The difference in the molecular weight among these spirosomes
      was not very great, but there were slight differences among the strains from
      which the spirosomes were derived.

PMID- 3990586
TI  - Effect of pH on turbidity and ultrastructures of endotoxins extracted from
      Salmonella minnesota wild type and Re mutant.

PMID- 3990587
TI  - Elevated natural killer (NK) cell activity: a possible role in resistance to
      infection and malignancy in immunodeficient splenectomized patients.
AB  - Splenectomized patients, who have had their spleens removed following trauma,
      have immune deficiencies. However, the risk of infection (with one exception-
      septicaemia caused mainly by Streptococcus pneumoniae) and malignancy in these
      patients appears to be comparable to that of healthy individuals. We propose that
      a compensatory increase in the activity of effector cells, such as natural killer
      cells (NK) and macrophages, may protect against infection and malignant diseases
      in splenectomized individuals.

PMID- 3990588
TI  - The utilization of BMR measurements as a routine diagnostic procedure in normal
      health maintenance.
AB  - The hypothesis that BMR measurements should become part of the routine
      diagnostics utilized by physicians in long term health maintenance programs is
      developed. The hypothesis is supported from two viewpoints. First, a number of
      conditions are known to cause increases in BMR. The conditions include endocrine
      disorders, cardiovascular abnormalities, and cancer. Thus an observed substantial
      rise in BMR could indicate the onset of a medical problem if the higher level is
      maintained over an extended period of time. Second, available data from a
      longitudinal aging study suggests that sustained periods of increased BMR
      indicate "killing" stresses which can be detrimental or even fatal to individual
      subjects. The recent improvements in BMR measurements techniques reported here
      now make it possible to set up an inexpensive, reliable, and easy-to-use
      apparatus. Thus it would not be difficult to incorporate BMR measurement
      techniques as one of the routinely utilized diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 3990589
TI  - Elemental selenium and glutathione reductase.
AB  - Selenium is an essential trace element important to several metabolic processes,
      although selenium in the chemical form of elemental selenium (Se degree) is
      commonly believed to be biologically inert. Recent data shows that colloidal
      suspensions of red amorphous elemental selenium are more easily reduced than
      previously thought, and that such reductions can potentially take place under
      biological conditions. The enzyme glutathione reductase, already known to be
      involved in selenium metabolism, is a good candidate to mediate the reduction of
      colloidal selenium to hydrogen selenide (H2Se), a compound of established
      biological activity. The implications of this hypothesis include the possibility
      that elemental selenium may be biologically active at least under some
      conditions, and that glutathione reductase may function in selenium metabolism
      primarily by maintaining the glutathione concentration in a reduced state.

PMID- 3990590
TI  - Linearization of human growth curves affords new classification of dwarfism.
AB  - We describe here a new technique for analyzing human growth curves using a first
      order kinetic representation. Plotting in ([h infinity-ht)/h infinity] vs time
      (where h infinity and ht represent the final and instantaneous heights)
      transforms growth curves into 3 linear phases and 2 interphases. These growth
      parameters can be quantitatively compared between normal individuals of the same
      gender, between different sexes, and between individuals of normal and aberrant
      growth. This analysis provides a new classification of dwarfism.

PMID- 3990592
TI  - Industry-university cooperative research: an industry perspective.

PMID- 3990591
TI  - Industry-university research revisited: a university perspective.

PMID- 3990593
TI  - Use of academic personnel and facilities by industry: an industry perspective.

PMID- 3990594
TI  - Small business innovation research program: a federal government program.

PMID- 3990595
TI  - High-technology medical instrumentation: state government support.

PMID- 3990597
TI  - Technology transfer: a university perspective.

PMID- 3990596
TI  - Use of combined systemic hypothermia and local heat treatment to enhance
      temperature differences between tumor and normal tissues.
AB  - The feasibility of combining local heat treatment with whole-body hypothermia in
      an effort to improve therapeutic gain was assessed. Superficial, nonperfused
      phantom tumors were fashioned in eight anesthetized mongrel dogs by
      transplantation of the spleen from the abdomen to a subcutaneous site on the
      hindlimb. After pretreatment of the animal with the vasodilator hydralazine (0.5
      mg/kg, IV) to enhance normal tissue perfusion, the spleen implant was heated with
      a 2450-MHz microwave diathermy apparatus, first with the animal's core body
      temperature in the normal range (39 degrees C) and then after the animal had been
      packed in ice to reduce core temperature to 30 degrees C. Applied power density
      and temperatures in both the phantom tumor and underlying muscle tissue were
      recorded during brief interruptions of diathermy until steady-state temperatures
      had been achieved. Under normothermic conditions with time-averaged applied power
      of 0.038 W/ml to phantom tumor and 0.014 W/ml to underlying muscle, tumor
      temperature rose to 45.9 +/- 1.8 degree C, while muscle temperature remained at
      40.5 +/- 0.7 degree C. During whole-body hypothermia applied power could be
      increased to 0.114 W/ml in phantom tumor and to 0.025 W/ml in muscle. Muscle
      temperature rose only to 33.8 +/- 1.6 degree C, while that of the nonperfused
      phantom tumor rose to 53.6 +/- 4.3 degrees C with systemic hypothermia.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990599
TI  - Equipment compatibility, cost containment, and purchasing policies.

PMID- 3990598
TI  - In vivo validation of a thermodilution system designed to measure peripheral
      blood flow.
AB  - A 5F triple-lumen thermodilution catheter was evaluated in a canine vena cava
      model to determine whether this catheter and the thermodilution technique provide
      valid in vivo determinations of blood flow. Our ultimate goal is to develop
      methods for studying limb blood flow in humans. Seven dogs were studied. Blood
      flow was provided and regulated by a calibrated roller pump. Flow rate
      determinations by thermodilution were made over a range of 0.5 to 5.01 1/minute.
      Excellent correlation (r = 0.98, r2 = 0.96, P less than 0.01) was found between
      actual flow and flow measured by thermodilution. The mean (+/- SD) coefficient of
      variation for the thermodilution method was 9.97 +/- 5.72 per cent over the flow
      range tested. The coefficient of variation tended to be higher at low flow rates.
      The thermodilution technique with this catheter provides valid in vivo
      determinations of blood flow through large vessels. This technology can be
      rationally applied to the study of limb blood flow in humans.

PMID- 3990600
TI  - Compensation neurosis.

PMID- 3990601
TI  - Ethics in epidemiological research.

PMID- 3990602
TI  - Safety helmets for pedal cyclists.

PMID- 3990603
TI  - Are patients who use alternative medicine dissatisfied with orthodox medicine?
AB  - Approximately 45% of asthmatic families and 47% of non-asthmatic families had
      consulted an alternative-medicine practitioner at some time. The most popular
      form of alternative medicine was chiropractic (21.1% and 26.4%, respectively),
      followed by homoeopathy/naturopathy (18.8% and 12.7%, respectively), acupuncture
      (9.4% and 10.9%, respectively), and herbal medicine (4.7% and 6.4%,
      respectively), while the remainder (20.3% and 11.8% respectively) was distributed
      among iridology, osteopathy, hypnosis, faith healing and megavitamin therapy.
      More families were satisfied with orthodox medicine (87.1% and 93.6%,
      respectively) than with alternative medicine (84.2% and 75.1%, respectively).
      Crosstabulation analysis of pooled data both from asthma and from non-asthma
      groups showed that 76.4% were satisfied both with orthodox and with alternative
      medicine, and 16.4% were satisfied with orthodox, but not with alternative,
      medicine. In contrast, only 2.7% were dissatisfied with orthodox medicine and
      satisfied with alternative medicine (chi2 = 9.33; P less than 0.01). These
      findings do not support the view that patients who use alternative medicine are
      those who are disgruntled with orthodox medicine.

PMID- 3990604
TI  - "Health for all by the year 2000". Educational, empirical and ethical
      responsibilities for the medical profession.

PMID- 3990605
TI  - "Compensation neurosis". An invalid diagnosis.
AB  - The concept of "compensation neurosis"--sometimes denoted by one of its numerous
      synonyms--has been invoked for many years in discussing the emotional sequelae of
      accidental injury when litigants present with symptoms and disability that are
      disproportionate to the original injury or to any demonstrable continuing
      physical abnormality. Although such "diagnoses" carry with them certain
      assumptions about the aetiology and the prognosis of the patient's symptoms, the
      clinical validity of these terms has not come under scrutiny in the literature
      dealing with issues of diagnosis and classification. An examination of
      "compensation neurosis" as an illness entity, using standard criteria of
      diagnostic validity, does not support the view that such a distinct disease
      exists. It is concluded that the possibility of financial gain after a
      compensable injury should be regarded as one of several potential secondary gains
      from an hysterical conversion reaction, and that multiple factors need to be
      considered in the medical assessment and treatment of litigants who complain of
      continuing symptoms after recovery from physical injury.

PMID- 3990607
TI  - Frequency of cervical cytology.

PMID- 3990606
TI  - The private hospital--a future or not?

PMID- 3990609
TI  - Gastritis and campylobacter infection.

PMID- 3990608
TI  - Trachoma treatment in aborigines.

PMID- 3990611
TI  - Rear-end collisions and injury.

PMID- 3990610
TI  - Complete dislocation of the knee.

PMID- 3990612
TI  - Merbentyl syrup caution.

PMID- 3990613
TI  - Adjuvant anti-oestrogen treatment for primary breast cancer.

PMID- 3990614
TI  - Salt and hypertension.

PMID- 3990615
TI  - Student elective.

PMID- 3990616
TI  - Group comparisons of blood pressure and indices of obesity and salt intake in
      Pacific populations.
AB  - Group comparisons of blood pressure and indices of obesity and salt intake from
      epidemiological studies conducted in the Pacific early in the 1980s are
      presented. The comparisons were of a rural-urban type, and showed a trend for a
      lower prevalence of hypertension and for lower mean blood pressures in adults
      from rural areas, compared with urban populations. Rural residents were also
      slimmer and appeared to have a lower salt intake than did urban dwellers. These
      findings give possible support to the role of adiposity and salt intake in the
      genesis of essential hypertension.

PMID- 3990617
TI  - Domiciliary oxygen treatment.

PMID- 3990618
TI  - Domiciliary oxygen therapy.

PMID- 3990619
TI  - Oxygen concentrators--an economical new technology.

PMID- 3990620
TI  - Tinidazole and hepatitis.

PMID- 3990621
TI  - Baragwanath Hospital.

PMID- 3990622
TI  - Bangladesh--a confrontation with reality.

PMID- 3990623
TI  - What does it all mean?

PMID- 3990624
TI  - "Discretionary" surgery statistics.

PMID- 3990625
TI  - Doctors versus Medicare.

PMID- 3990626
TI  - RSI revisited.

PMID- 3990627
TI  - Tell it to the Marines.

PMID- 3990629
TI  - Effect of drought on sex ratio.

PMID- 3990630
TI  - Asthma education for all.

PMID- 3990628
TI  - Rectal carcinoma: digital examination.

PMID- 3990631
TI  - A "Dram-Shop" rule in Virginia?

PMID- 3990632
TI  - [Lice--a growing plague].

PMID- 3990633
TI  - [Osteoporosis caused by long term heparin therapy].

PMID- 3990634
TI  - Oral electrolyte solutions for colonic lavage before colonoscopy or barium enema.

PMID- 3990635
TI  - Stage II neuroblastoma--does adjuvant irradiation contribute to cure?
AB  - Twenty-one children with Stage II neuroblastoma diagnosed between 1973 and 1983
      were analyzed retrospectively. Median age at diagnosis was eleven months (1 week
      to 153 months). Primary tumor was above the diaphragm in 67% and below the
      diaphragm in 33%. All patients underwent surgical resection and pathologic
      diagnosis was neuroblastoma in 76% and ganglioneuroblastoma in 24%. Regional
      lymph nodes were positive in three of eleven patients sampled. Sixty-seven
      percent had gross residual disease, and thirty-three percent had microscopic
      residual disease. Seventeen patients received postoperative irradiation and none
      has relapsed (median follow-up 57 months). Four patients received surgery alone
      (median follow-up 24 months); one local relapse occurred in this group and was
      subsequently treated with irradiation. All patients are alive and disease free,
      with a median length of follow-up of 55 months. Radiation dosage was 1000-1800
      rad in patients less than 12 months of age, and 1800-3000 rad in those greater
      than 12 months of age at diagnosis. The high disease-free survival rate in both
      groups of patients, but especially in the group receiving adjuvant irradiation,
      emphasizes the need for a controlled, prospective study to determine which Stage
      II neuroblastoma patients, if any, would be benefitted by postoperative
      irradiation.

PMID- 3990636
TI  - Abstracts of papers presented at the eleventh annual scientific meeting of the
      Clinical Oncological Society of Australia, November 27-30, 1984.

PMID- 3990637
TI  - [Sensitivity of Aedes aegypti infected with the malaria agent to DDT].

PMID- 3990638
TI  - [Fertility of blood-sucking biting midges in the Southern Transbaikal region].

PMID- 3990639
TI  - [Horseflies in the extreme north of the USSR and their aggressiveness].

PMID- 3990640
TI  - [Monitoring of the population of disease carriers (current problems,
      perspectives)].

PMID- 3990641
TI  - [Use of a drug with juvenile hormone action against flea transmitters of the
      plague agent].

PMID- 3990642
TI  - [Hypotheses interpreting the epizootic process in plague].

PMID- 3990643
TI  - [Interrelation between invertebrates and tickborne encephalitis virus.
      Discussion. 4. Amphibians and reptiles].

PMID- 3990644
TI  - [Cultivation of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus].

PMID- 3990646
TI  - [Effect of various factors on the selection of a site for oviposition by Musca
      domestica L. females].

PMID- 3990645
TI  - [Changes in species composition of synanthropic arthropods infesting houses in
      Moscow from 1951 to 1983].

PMID- 3990647
TI  - [Relation between the repellent activity of succinic acid diethers and their
      chemical structure].

PMID- 3990648
TI  - [Intrauterine infection of calves with cysticercosis and the role of this factor
      in the epidemiology of taeniarhynchosis].

PMID- 3990649
TI  - [Ecology of Anopheles messeae Fall. in headwaters of the future Sayan reservoir
      (Central Tuva Valley)].

PMID- 3990650
TI  - [Mebendazole in the treatment of opisthorchiasis].

PMID- 3990651
TI  - [Larvae of the housefly Fannia canicularis L. as the cause of myiasis of the
      bladder in humans].

PMID- 3990652
TI  - [Infection of humans with a nematode Dirofilaria repens Railliet et Henry, 1911].

PMID- 3990653
TI  - Distribution volume of ethanol as a measure of body water.
AB  - We compared the volumes of distribution of intravenous and intragastric ethanol,
      in a dose of either 7.7 or 11 mmol/kg, to the 3H2O space in anesthetized dogs.
      The intravenous ethanol space agreed closely with the 3H2O space (y = 0.197 +
      0.974x; x axis 3H2O space, r = 0.967, n = 37). After acute saline infusion,
      changes in both intravenous ethanol and 3H2O spaces reflected accurately the
      volumes of infused isotonic saline. The determination of intravenous ethanol
      space could be repeated within 5 h. The intragastric ethanol space overestimated
      both the 3H2O space and the intravenous ethanol space. Incomplete absorption of
      ethanol from the gastrointestinal tract was the cause of this observation. In
      dogs, the intravenous ethanol space provides an accurate measure of body water
      and of its short changes (a few hours). The intragastric ethanol space
      overestimates body water in anesthetized dogs because of delayed gastrointestinal
      absorption.

PMID- 3990654
TI  - Response to isotonic saline infusion after selective renal cortical ablation in
      the rat.
AB  - The response to progressive volume expansion with isotonic saline was studied in
      sham-operated (CS) rats and in rats with reduced nephron mass after unilateral
      removal of cortical tissue (CX) or amputation of the kidney poles (NX).
      Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in CS kidneys was not statistically different
      from that in control kidneys. CX and NX kidneys had GFR values markedly lower
      than control and CS kidneys. CX kidneys had FENa similar to that of control and
      CS kidneys until very high rates of urine flow were reached (volume expansion
      greater than 15% of body weight), when it was greater in CX than in CS or control
      kidneys (25 +/- 14% vs. 11 +/- 2%; p less than 0.05). The same relationship was
      found between NX kidneys and their controls: FENa only exceeded the values in
      control kidneys at high rates of urine flow. A defect in free water reabsorption
      was present in CX when compared to CS and control kidneys, while NX kidneys had
      TcH2O values which were not different from control kidneys. This different
      response of CX and NX kidneys suggests that the behavior of CX kidneys cannot be
      attributed simply to a nonspecific reduction of renal mass. Instead, these
      results suggest a heterogeneity of nephron function between superficial short
      loop nephrons and deep long-loop nephrons primarily with respect to water
      handling.

PMID- 3990655
TI  - MMIE malpractice claim review. Neurology. MMIE Risk Management Committee.

PMID- 3990656
TI  - Mammography 1985.

PMID- 3990657
TI  - Death with dignity.

PMID- 3990659
TI  - Health care for the elderly. A Minnesota physicians' perspective. MMA Ad Hoc
      Committee on Health Care for the Elderly.

PMID- 3990658
TI  - Hemorrhagic complications.

PMID- 3990661
TI  - Involuntary civil commitment: legal versus clinical paternalism.

PMID- 3990660
TI  - The community health education network.

PMID- 3990662
TI  - Competence and informed consent.

PMID- 3990664
TI  - Psychiatric malpractice issues.

PMID- 3990663
TI  - Rogers v. Commissioner: do multiple "wrongs" make patients' rights?

PMID- 3990666
TI  - Expanding the duties to protect third parties from violent acts.

PMID- 3990665
TI  - Differing conceptual models in psychiatry and law.

PMID- 3990667
TI  - The erosion of psychiatric confidentiality.

PMID- 3990668
TI  - Patient access to mental health records: impact on clinical practice.

PMID- 3990669
TI  - Symposium on pediatric neurology.

PMID- 3990670
TI  - Patients for sale at bargain prices.

PMID- 3990671
TI  - What to look for in a personal financial plan.

PMID- 3990672
TI  - Disappearing right atrial thrombus.

PMID- 3990674
TI  - Facial prosthetics.

PMID- 3990675
TI  - Evaluation of thyroid nodules by fine needle aspiration.

PMID- 3990673
TI  - Mycosis fungoides in husband and wife.

PMID- 3990676
TI  - A quantitative structure-activity relationship and molecular graphics study of
      carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AB  - A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) (log K = 1.55 alpha + 0.64
      log P - 2.07I1 - 3.28I2 + 6.94) has been formulated for the binding of a set of
      substituted benzenesulfonamides to human carbonic anhydrase. The binding constant
      (K) are from the studies of King and Burgen [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 193:107-125
      (1976)], sigma is the Hammett electronic substituent constant, P is the
      octanol/water partition coefficient, and I1 and I2 are indicator variables for
      meta and ortho substituents, respectively. The negative coefficients with the
      indicator variables suggest steric hindrance by these substituents in contrast to
      para substituents. Qualitative features of the QSAR are correlated with a color
      stereomolecular graphics model of the enzyme-inhibitor complex which was
      constructed from the X-ray crystallographic coordinates of the enzyme.

PMID- 3990677
TI  - Inhibition of synaptosomal membrane Na+-Ca2+ exchange transport by amiloride and
      amiloride analogues.
AB  - Na+-Ca2+ exchange in rat brain synaptosomal plasmalemma vesicles is reversibly
      inhibited by amiloride (3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N
      (diaminomethylene)pyrazinecarboxamide++ +). This drug (pKa = 8.7) inhibits Na+
      dependent Ca2+ uptake more effectively at basic pH values than at neutral pH
      values, indicating that the positively charged form of amiloride is the active
      moiety. Twenty amiloride analogues were examined for ability to inhibit Na+-Ca2+
      exchange. These studies demonstrate that the 6-chloro group, the 5-amino
      substituent, and the carbonyl guanidinium moiety are essential for drug
      inhibition of Na+-Ca2+ exchange. N-Benzyl amiloride derivatives such as 3,5
      diamino-6-chloro-N-(benzylamino-aminomethylene)pyrazinecarb oxamide (benzamil)
      and 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(2-phenethylamino-aminomethylene)p yrazinecarboxamide
      are more potent inhibitors of Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake than is amiloride. The
      amiloride analogue pattern of interaction with the Na+-Ca2+ exchange system is
      distinct from the inhibition patterns of the epithelial Na+ channel and the Na+
      H+ exchange transport system.

PMID- 3990678
TI  - Identification of the major covalent adduct formed in vitro and in vivo between
      acetaminophen and mouse liver proteins.
AB  - Improved analytical methodology has been developed for the structural
      characterization of covalently bound drug-protein adducts and has been applied to
      an investigation of the conjugates formed in vivo and in vitro between
      [14C]acetaminophen and mouse liver proteins. The major adduct released by acid
      hydrolysis of hepatic protein samples, which accounted for approximately 70% of
      the bound radioactivity in vivo and in vitro, was identified as 3-cystein-S-yl-4
      hydroxyaniline, a derivative whose structure reflects the predominance of
      acetaminophen thioether adducts in drug-modified proteins. It is concluded that
      the reactive, electrophilic metabolite of acetaminophen, which most likely is N
      acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, binds with a high degree of selectivity to cysteinyl
      thiol groups on protein, formally in a Michael-type addition reaction. Cysteine
      residues thus represent primary target sites for arylation by the reactive
      metabolite of acetaminophen, and proteins rich in free thiols may be especially
      vulnerable to damage by this toxic intermediate.

PMID- 3990679
TI  - Mechanism of microsomal metabolism of benzene to phenol.
AB  - The mechanism of microsomal hydroxylation of benzene to phenol has been studied
      by examining the microsomal metabolism of the specifically deuterated derivative
      1,3,5-[2H3]benzene. Evidence for the formation of the following four products was
      obtained: 2,3,5-[2H3]phenol, 3,5-[2H2]phenol, 2,4,6-[2H3]phenol, and 2,4
      [2H2]phenol. The presence of 2,3,5-[2H3]phenol and 2,4-[2H2]phenol shows that, in
      the microsomal metabolism of benzene to phenol, a NIH shift had occurred. A
      deuterium isotope effect (kH/kD) of approximately 4 was detected in both the meta
      and para-deuterated phenols. This finding indicates that cyclohexadienone,
      formed either by isomerization of the epoxide or directly from the enzyme
      substrate complex, is a major intermediate in the metabolism of benzene to
      phenol.

PMID- 3990680
TI  - Role of thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthetase in the cytostatic,
      antimetabolic, and antitumor effects of the carbocyclic analogue of 5-nitro-2'
      deoxyuridine. A comparison with 5-nitro-2'-deoxyuridine.
AB  - The carbocyclic analogue of 5-nitro-2'-deoxyuridine (NO2dUrd), in which the sugar
      moiety is replaced by a cyclopentane ring and which was designated C-NO2dUrd, has
      been evaluated for its cytostatic, antimetabolic, and antitumor properties. The
      following findings are noted. C-NO2dUrd is about 500- to 2000-fold less
      inhibitory to tumor cell proliferation in vitro than NO2dUrd. Phosphorolysis of C
      NO2dUrd by rabbit liver extracts was not observed under conditions where NO2dUrd
      was readily converted to 5-nitrouracil (NO2Ura). Also, C-NO2dUrd is converted to
      its 5'-monophosphate (C-NO2dUMP) by dThd kinase nearly as efficiently as the true
      nucleoside NO2dUrd. This metabolic conversion is necessary for the inhibitory
      effect of C-NO2dUrd on tumor cell proliferation in cell culture. The principal
      target enzyme for the cytostatic action of C-NO2dUrd is 2'-deoxythymidylate
      (dTMP) synthetase. C-NO2dUMP, the active metabolite of C-NO2dUrd, has a much
      lower affinity for dTMP synthetase than does NO2dUMP. This is the first
      demonstration of the interaction of a carbocyclic pyrimidine nucleotide analogue
      with dTMP synthetase. Neither NO2dUrd nor C-NO2dUrd exerts any significant
      antitumor activity in mice bearing L1210 or P388 leukemia; for NO2dUrd, this
      failure may be related to a rapid degradation to its inactive metabolite, NO2Ura;
      for C-NO2dUrd, it is most likely due to a decreased affinity of C-NO2dUMP for its
      target enzyme, dTMP synthetase.

PMID- 3990681
TI  - Malignant transformation and tumor promoter treatment increase levels of a
      transcript for a secreted glycoprotein.
AB  - The major excreted protein of transformed mouse fibroblasts, a secreted, mannose
      6-phosphate-containing glycoprotein, is induced in nontransformed cells by a
      variety of transforming agents, by phorbol esters, and by platelet-derived growth
      factor. We report here the molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding this protein
      and demonstrate that its induction is a consequence of enhanced mRNA levels for
      major excreted protein in both tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-treated 3T3 cells
      and 3T3 cells transformed by a variety of retroviruses or retroviral oncogenes.
      These results indicate that tumor promoters and retroviral transformation might
      share a common pathway of action in cultured cells and that major excreted
      protein is a molecular marker for the growth response of cells to these agents.

PMID- 3990682
TI  - Regulation of creatine kinase induction in differentiating mouse myoblasts.
AB  - The regulation of creatine kinase (CK) induction during muscle differentiation
      was analyzed with MM14 mouse myoblasts. These cells withdraw from the cell cycle
      and commit to terminal differentiation when fed with mitogen-depleted medium.
      Myoblasts contained trace amounts of an isozyme of brain CK (designated BB-CK),
      but differentiation was accompanied by the induction of two other isozymes of
      muscle and brain CKs (designated MM-CK and MB-CK). Increased CK activity was
      detectable within 6 h of mitogen removal, 3 h after the first cells committed to
      differentiation and 6 h before fusion began. By 48 h, MM-CK activity increased
      more than 400-fold, MB-CK activity increased more than 150-fold, and BB-CK
      activity increased more than 10-fold. Antibodies prepared against purified mouse
      MM-CK cross-reacted with muscle and brain CKs (designated M-CK and B-CK,
      respectively) from a variety of species and were used to demonstrate that the
      increase in enzymatic activity was paralleled by an increase in the protein
      itself. CK antibodies were also used to aid in identifying cDNA clones to M-CK.
      cDNA sequences which corresponded to protein-coding regions cross-hybridized with
      B-CK mRNA; however, a subclone containing the 3'-nontranslated region was unique
      and was used to quantitate M-CK mRNA levels during myoblast differentiation. M-CK
      mRNA was not detectable in myoblasts, but within 5 to 6 h of mitogen withdrawal
      (6 to 7 h before fusion begins) it accumulated to about 30 molecules per cell. By
      24 h, myotubes contained approximately 1,100 molecules per nucleus of M-CK mRNA.

PMID- 3990683
TI  - A complex control region of the mouse rRNA gene directs accurate initiation by
      RNA polymerase I.
AB  - To determine the size and location of the mouse rDNA promoter, we constructed
      systematic series of deletion mutants approaching the initiation site from the 5'
      and 3' directions. These templates were transcribed in vitro under various
      conditions with S-100 and whole-cell extracts. Surprisingly, the size of the rDNA
      region that determines the level of transcription differed markedly, depending on
      the reaction conditions. In both kinds of cell extracts, the apparent 5' border
      of the promoter was at residue ca. -27 under optimal transcription conditions,
      but as reaction conditions became less favorable, the 5' border moved
      progressively out to residues -35, -39, and -45. The complete promoter, however,
      extends considerably further, for under other nonoptimal conditions, we observed
      major effects of promoter domains extending in the 5' direction to positions ca. 
      100 and -140. In contrast, the apparent 3' border of the mouse rDNA promoter was
      at residue ca. +9 under all conditions examined. We also show that the subcloned
      rDNA region from -39 to +9 contains sufficient information to initiate accurately
      and that the region between +2 and +9 can influence the specificity of
      initiation. These data indicate that, although the polymerase I transcription
      factors recognize and accurately initiate with only the sequences downstream of
      residue -40, sequences extending out to residue -140 greatly favor the initiation
      reaction; presumably, this entire region is involved in rRNA transcription in
      vivo.

PMID- 3990684
TI  - Abundant nuclear ribonucleoprotein form of CAD RNA.
AB  - Transcripts of the CAD gene in Syrian hamster cells are as abundant in the
      nucleus as in the cytoplasm. This was shown by in situ hybridization of whole
      cells and by solution and blot hybridization of subcellular fractions. Similar
      results were obtained both for wild-type cells and for a mutant containing
      amplified CAD genes in which the level of CAD RNA is 150-fold greater. CAD
      nuclear RNA is indistinguishable from mature mRNA by gel electrophoresis and blot
      hybridization. Discrete higher-molecular-weight precursors are undetectable,
      although the persistence of a short length of intervening sequence in the
      otherwise fully processed RNA is not excluded. CAD RNA is released from nuclei by
      sonication in physiological conditions in a ribonucleoprotein form that sediments
      as a broad peak at about 200S in a sucrose gradient. CAD sequences extracted from
      nuclei by treatment with EDTA and RNase are found in the 30S particles previously
      described.

PMID- 3990685
TI  - Characterization and evolution of a single-copy sequence from the human Y
      chromosome.
AB  - To study the evolution and organization of DNA from the human Y chromosome, we
      constructed a recombinant library of human Y DNA by using a somatic cell hybrid
      in which the only cytologically detectable human chromosome is the Y. One
      recombinant (4B2) contained a 3.3-kilobase EcoRI single-copy fragment which was
      localized to the proximal portion of the Y long arm. Sequences homologous to this
      human DNA are present in male gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan DNAs but not in
      female ape DNAs. Under stringent hybridization conditions, the homologous
      sequence is either a single-copy or a low-order repeat in humans and in the apes.
      With relaxed hybridization conditions, this human Y probe detected several
      homologous DNA fragments which are all derived from the Y in that they occur in
      male DNAs from humans and the apes but not in female DNAs. In contrast, this
      probe hybridized to highly repeated sequences in both male and female DNAs from
      old world monkeys. Thus, sequences homologous to this probe underwent a change in
      copy number and chromosomal distribution during primate evolution.

PMID- 3990686
TI  - Characterization and purification of lupus antigen La, and RNA-binding protein.
AB  - HeLa cell La antigen, an RNA-binding protein, was characterized by using two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis. Eight isoelectric forms (pI 6 to 7) were
      observed, many containing phosphate. An in vitro translation product similar in
      size and antigenicity was identified. The HeLa cell protein purified by using an
      assay based on ribonucleoprotein reconstitution with adenovirus VA RNAI also
      comprised several isoelectric forms.

PMID- 3990687
TI  - Recombination events after transient infection and stable integration of DNA into
      mouse cells.
AB  - To investigate the recombinational machinery of mammalian cells, we have
      constructed plasmids that can be used as substrates for homologous recombination.
      These plasmids contain two truncated nontandem, but overlapping, segments of the
      neomycin resistance gene, separated by the transcription unit for the xanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene. Recombination between the two
      nonfunctional neomycin gene sequences generates an intact neomycin resistance
      gene that is functional in both bacteria and mammalian cells. Using these plasmid
      substrates, we have characterized the frequencies and products of recombination
      events that occur in mouse 3T6 cells soon after transfection and also after
      stable integration of these DNAs. Among the chromosomal recombination events, we
      have characterized apparent deletion events that can be accounted for by
      intrachromatid recombination or unequal sister chromatid exchanges. Other
      recombination events like chromosomal inversions and possible gene conversion
      events in an amplification unit are also described.

PMID- 3990688
TI  - Control of globin gene transcription by erythropoietin in erythroblasts from
      friend virus-infected mice.
AB  - Splenic erythroblasts of mice infected with the anemia-inducing strain of Friend
      virus can be isolated in large numbers with less than 5% contamination with other
      cell types. In short-term culture, the isolated cells will initiate globin
      synthesis and undergo other aspects of terminal differentiation only if
      erythropoietin (EP) is added to the medium. An early effect of the hormone on
      these cells is stimulation of total RNA synthesis. EP also causes initiation of
      transcription of the beta-globin genes after a lag period of 4 to 6 h. By 6 h,
      the transcription rate of beta-globin RNA is enhanced threefold, and by 12 h, it
      is nearly maximal at ca. 20 times the level of control cells which received no
      EP. Transcription rates of alpha and beta-globin genes are approximately equal to
      each other throughout the period of terminal differentiation. In the splenic
      erythroblasts, the chromatin structure in the vicinity of the beta-major globin
      gene was analyzed with two nucleases during these transcription rate changes. No
      S1 nuclease-hypersensitive site is detectable near the gene. The beta-major gene
      is quite sensitive to DNase I in comparison with the albumin gene; however, the
      level of sensitivity is the same before EP addition as it is during maximal gene
      transcription after EP addition. Also, a hypersensitive site near the 5' cap site
      of the beta-major gene is quantitatively equivalent both before and after EP
      addition. Analysis of cytosine methylation at two sites upstream from the gene
      showed no changes upon induction of beta-globin gene transcription by EP. Thus,
      the initiation of beta-globin transcription by EP appears to be at some step
      after chromatin structural alteration such as synthesis, release, or activation
      of a specific transcription initiation factor.

PMID- 3990689
TI  - Effect of insertions, deletions, and double-strand breaks on homologous
      recombination in mouse L cells.
AB  - We have used DNA-mediated gene transfer to study homologous recombination in
      cultured mammalian cells. A family of plasmids with insertion and deletion
      mutations in the coding region of the herpes simplex type 1 thymidine kinase (tk)
      gene served as substrates for DNA-mediated gene transfer into mouse Ltk- cells by
      the calcium phosphate technique. Intermolecular recombination events were scored
      by the number of colonies in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selective medium.
      We used supercoiled plasmids containing tk gene fragments to demonstrate that an
      overlap of 62 base pairs (bp) of homologous DNA was sufficient for intermolecular
      recombination. Addition of 598 bp of flanking homology separated from the region
      of recombination by a double-strand gap, deletion, or insertion of heterologous
      DNA increased the frequency of recombination by 300-, 20-, or 40-fold,
      respectively. Linearizing one of the mutant plasmids in a pair before cotransfer
      by cutting in the area of homology flanking a deletion of 104 bp or an insertion
      of less than 24 bp increased the frequency of recombination relative to that with
      uncut plasmids. However, cutting an insertion mutant of greater than or equal to
      24 bp in the same manner did not increase the frequency. We show how our data are
      consistent with models that postulate at least two phases in the recombination
      process: homologous pairing and heteroduplex formation.

PMID- 3990690
TI  - DNA-mediated transfer of human melanoma cell surface glycoprotein gp130:
      identification of transfectants by erythrocyte rosetting.
AB  - DNA sequences encoding a human melanoma membrane-bound sialoglycoprotein of
      130,000 molecular weight (gp130) were introduced into a clonal derivative of
      mouse B-16 melanoma cells with the selectable neomycin resistance gene
      (aminoglycoside phosphotransferase). Mouse transfectants were identified by a
      rapid and precise screening method with mouse monoclonal antibodies and
      erythrocyte rosetting. The frequency of gp130 transfectants was approximately 1
      in 2,000 to 5,000 colonies with neo+ cells. Analysis of secondary mouse
      transfectants has revealed that the transfected gp130 has a molecular weight,
      isoelectric point, intracellular processing, peptide map, and spatial orientation
      of surface-exposed epitopes indistinguishable from those seen with gp130 from
      human melanoma cells. In contrast to primary transfectants, secondary
      transfectants expressing gp130 lack demonstrable human repetitive sequences.

PMID- 3990691
TI  - Transfection by genomic DNA of cytochrome P1-450 enzymatic activity and
      inducibility.
AB  - An aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)-deficient gene A- mutant of the mouse line
      Hepa-1 was treated with calcium phosphate precipitates of DNA from Hepa-1, the
      rat line H4IIEC3, or an A- -human hybrid in which the A- mutation is complemented
      by the corresponding human gene. AHH+ transfectants were isolated by selection
      with benzo[ghi]perylene plus near UV. In addition, a gene A- mutant which also
      carries a mutation for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency was
      treated with the above genomic DNAs together with pSV2-gpt DNA, and
      cotransfectants were isolated after treatment with both benzo[ghi]pereylene and
      HAT. All transfectants and cotransfectants were inducible for AHH by 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Both transfectants and cotransfectants were unstable
      during culture, rapidly losing AHH activity. Rat DNA-derived transfectants were
      probed in Southern blots with a cDNA probe to mouse cytochrome P1-450 that cross
      hybridizes to the corresponding rat gene. All rat DNA-derived transfectants
      contained the rat P1-450 gene. In half of the transfectants, the rat gene was
      amplified four- to sevenfold. In one transfectant, the rat gene was truncated at
      the 3' end. The proportion of rat DNA in different transfectants, as determined
      by hybridization to a rat repetitive sequence, ranged from less than 1% to 5%.
      AHH activity and the rat P1-450 gene segregated together in subclones of one of
      the transfectants. These results demonstrate that the A gene is either the
      structural gene for cytochrome P1-450, or another very closely linked gene.
      Previous results (O. Hankinson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:1790-1795, 1985) favor
      the former alternative.

PMID- 3990692
TI  - Cloning of nascent monkey DNA synthesized early in the cell cycle.
AB  - To study the structure and complexity of animal cell replication origins, we have
      isolated and cloned nascent DNA from the onset of S phase as follows: African
      green monkey kidney cells arrested in G1 phase were serum stimulated in the
      presence of the DNA replication inhibitor aphidicolin. After 18 h, the drug was
      removed, and DNA synthesis was allowed to proceed in vivo for 1 min. Nuclei were
      then prepared, and DNA synthesis was briefly continued in the presence of Hg
      dCTP. The mercury-labeled nascent DNA was purified in double-stranded form by
      extrusion (M. Zannis-Hadjopoulos, M. Perisco, and R. G. Martin, Cell 27:155-163,
      1981) followed by sulfhydryl-agarose affinity chromatography. Purified nascent
      DNA (ca. 500 to 2,000 base pairs) was treated with mung bean nuclease to remove
      single-stranded ends and inserted into the NruI site of plasmid pBR322. The
      cloned fragments were examined for their time of replication by hybridization to
      cellular DNA fractions synthesized at various intervals of the S phase. Among
      five clones examined, four hybridized preferentially with early replicating
      fractions.

PMID- 3990694
TI  - DNA-mediated transfer of a human DNA repair gene that controls sister chromatid
      exchange.
AB  - The Chinese hamster cell line mutant EM9, which has a reduced ability to repair
      DNA strand breaks, is noted for its highly elevated frequency of sister chromatid
      exchange, a property shared with cells from individuals with Bloom's syndrome.
      The defect in EM9 cells was corrected by fusion hybridization with normal human
      fibroblasts and by transfection with DNA from hybrid cells. The transformants
      showed normalization of sister chromatid exchange frequency but incomplete
      correction of the repair defect in terms of chromosomal aberrations produced by 5
      bromo-2'-deoxyuridine.

PMID- 3990693
TI  - UV stimulation of DNA-mediated transformation of human cells.
AB  - Irradiation of dominant marker DNA with UV light (150 to 1,000 J/m2) was found to
      stimulate the transformation of human cells by this marker from two- to more than
      fourfold. This phenomenon is also displayed by xeroderma pigmentosum cells
      (complementation groups A and F), which are deficient in the excision repair of
      UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the DNA. Also, exposure to UV of the transfected
      (xeroderma pigmentosum) cells enhanced the transfection efficiency. Removal of
      the pyrimidine dimers from the DNA by photoreactivating enzyme before
      transfection completely abolished the stimulatory effect, indicating that dimer
      lesions are mainly responsible for the observed enhancement. A similar
      stimulation of the transformation efficiency is exerted by 2-acetoxy-2
      acetylaminofluorene modification of the DNA. No stimulation was found after
      damaging vector DNA by treatment with DNase or gamma rays. These findings suggest
      that lesions which are targets for the excision repair pathway induce the
      increase in transformation frequency. The stimulation was found to be independent
      of sequence homology between the irradiated DNA and the host chromosomal DNA.
      Therefore, the increase of the transformation frequency is not caused by a
      mechanism inducing homologous recombination between these two DNAs. UV treatment
      of DNA before transfection did not have a significant effect on the amount of DNA
      integrated into the xeroderma pigmentosum genome.

PMID- 3990695
TI  - Correction of the defect in initiation of DNA replication in a temperature
      sensitive mutant hamster cell line by in vitro addition of extracts from normal
      cells.
AB  - ts BN-2 is a temperature-sensitive hamster cell line that is defective in DNA
      synthesis at the restrictive temperature. The mutant expresses its defect during
      in vitro replication in whole-cell lysates. Addition of a high-salt-concentration
      extract from wild-type BHK-21, revertant RBN-2, or CHO cells to mutant cells
      lysed with 0.01% Brij 58 increased the activity in the mutant three- to fourfold,
      so that it reached 85% of the control value, and restored replicative synthesis.
      The presence of extract had an insignificant effect on wild-type and revertant
      replication and on mutant replication at the permissive temperature. Extract
      prepared from mutant cells was less effective than the wild-type cell extract
      was. Also, the stimulatory activity was more heat labile in the mutant than in
      the wild-type extract. Nuclear extract was as active as whole-cell extract.

PMID- 3990696
TI  - Dependency of the yield of sister-chromatid exchanges induced by alkylating
      agents on fixation time. Possible involvement of secondary lesions in sister
      chromatid exchange induction.
AB  - Chinese hamster V79 cells were pulse-treated (for 60 min) with various mutagens
      three, two or one cell cycles before fixation (treatment variants A, B and C,
      respectively) and the frequencies of induced SCEs were analysed and compared. The
      degree of increase in frequency of SCEs with dose in the treatment variants
      depended on the mutagen used. For the methylating agents MNU, MNNG and DMPNU,
      high yields of SCEs were obtained in the treatment variants A and B, and there
      was no difference in the efficiency with which these agents induced SCEs in these
      treatment variants. In the treatment variant C, however, no SCEs were induced
      with mutagen doses yielding a linear increase in SCE frequency in treatment
      variants A and B. A slight increase in SCE frequency in treatment variant C was
      observed only when relatively high doses of MNU or MNNG were applied. Like the
      above agents, EMS, ENU and MMS induced more SCEs in treatment variants A and B
      than in C, but for these agents treatment variant B was most effective and SCEs
      were induced over the entire dose range, also in treatment variant C. As opposed
      to the methylating and ethylating agents, MMC induced SCEs with high efficiency
      when treatment occurred one or two generations prior to fixation. There was no
      difference in SCE frequency between these treatment variants. MMC was completely
      ineffective for the induction of SCEs when treatment occurred three generations
      before fixation. The unexpectedly low SCE frequencies induced by the methylating
      and ethylating agents when treatment occurred one generation before fixation were
      not due to the exposure of cells to BrdU prior to mutagen treatment. From the
      results obtained, it is concluded that DNA methylation and ethylation lesions
      give rise to SCEs only with very low probability during the replication cycle
      after the lesion's induction, and that subsequent lesions produced during or
      after replication of the methylated or ethylated template (secondary lesions) are
      of prime importance for SCE formation after alkylation. For MMC, however, primary
      lesions seem to be most important for SCE induction.

PMID- 3990697
TI  - Study on the repair of the radioinduced lesions involved in the formation of
      chromosomal aberrations in G0 human lymphocytes after exposure to gamma-rays and
      fast neutrons.
AB  - Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and repair, has been
      used to study the mechanisms of formation of chromosomal aberrations after
      exposure to low- and high-LET radiation. When G0 human lymphocytes were exposed
      either to gamma-rays or to d(50 MeV)-Be neutrons and immediately treated with ara
      C for increasing periods of time, the frequency of aberrations (dicentrics)
      increased sharply. For gamma-rays, the enhancement increased with the duration of
      the treatment up to 5 h, whereas for neutrons, an ara-C treatment lasting for 5 h
      was no more effective than treatment for 3 h. These results were confirmed by the
      second experiment in which ara-C was administered for 3 h with an increasing time
      delay following irradiation. Since no increase in the dicentric frequency was
      observed when ara-C was administered 5 h after gamma-irradiation, it is suggested
      that the induced breaks rejoined within that time. For neutrons, the data were
      conflicting since the repair was completed within 3 h after a dose of 0.5 Gy, and
      in approximately 5 h after a dose of 2.0 Gy. From both experiments, it appears
      that gamma-rays and fast neutrons produce similar types of lesions, as ara-C
      increased the frequencies of aberrations induced by both types of radiation.
      However, the ara-C treatment resulted in a smaller increase in aberrations
      following neutron irradiation. According to the enzymatic nature of break
      formation and the mode of action of ara-C on the polymerase activity, it is
      suggested that, in addition to double-strand breaks, single-strand breaks could
      be the lesions involved in the repair processes inhibited by ara-C. Single-strand
      breaks formed directly or by secondary reactions would, therefore, be one of the
      major lesions responsible for the aberrations produced by gamma and neutron
      radiations.

PMID- 3990698
TI  - Increased chromosomal instability in lymphocytes from elderly humans.
AB  - Lymphocytes from young and old donors were incubated with PHA for 96 h and
      exposed to [3H]Tdr during the last 24 h of culture. Comparable amounts of [3H]Tdr
      were incorporated into chromosomes of old and young lymphocytes as measured by
      autoradiography of metaphase chromosomes. However, chromosomal damage and cell
      cycle arrest were far greater in lymphocytes from old as compared to young
      humans. The frequency of chromosome breaks, fragments, exchange figures and
      dicentric chromosomes induced by [3H]Tdr was greater in cultures from old than in
      cultures from young humans. Lymphocytes from old donors exposed to 20 microM BrdU
      during the last 24 h of culture showed significantly more sister-chromatid
      exchanges than did lymphocytes from young donors. These data suggest that
      chromosomes in lymphocytes from old donors express more damage after exposure to
      [3H]Tdr or BrdU than do chromosomes in lymphocytes from young donors.

PMID- 3990699
TI  - The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) method: a Bayesian
      approach.
AB  - Recently, a large number of relatively inexpensive in vitro short-term tests have
      been developed to help predict the carcinogenicity of chemicals. The
      carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) method utilizes the
      results of such short-term tests to screen for chemicals that are most likely to
      cause cancer. The method is an integrated approach for analyzing large, often
      sparsely filled, data bases containing short-term test results, which often have
      only marginal representation of known non-carcinogens. The CPBS method is
      developed for the purpose of (i) determining the reliability and predictive
      capability of individual and batteries of short-term tests, and (ii) developing a
      strategy for formulating and selecting optimally preferred batteries of short
      term tests for screening chemicals for further testing. The term 'optimally
      preferred' connotes the best acceptable combination of tests in terms of trade
      offs among the multiple attributes of each test and resulting battery (e.g.,
      cost, sensitivity, specificity, etc). The CPBS method consists of 5 major tasks:
      (1) data consolidation, (2) parameter estimation, (3) predictivity calculation,
      (4) battery selection and (5) risk assessment. Although there is a great need for
      more research and improvement, the CPBS method at its present stage should add an
      important method to the maze of the thousands of new chemicals that are
      introduced into drugs, foods, consumer goods and to the environment every year.
      This method should also provide an enhanced identification procedure for
      classifying chemicals more accurately as suspected carcinogens or non
      carcinogens.

PMID- 3990700
TI  - Cluster analysis in predicting the carcinogenicity of chemicals using short-term
      assays.
AB  - Cluster analysis can be a useful tool for exploratory data analysis to uncover
      natural groupings in data, and initiate new ideas and hypotheses about such
      groupings. When applied to short-term assay results, it provides and improves
      estimates for the sensitivity and specificity of assays, provides indications of
      association between assays and, in turn, which assays can be substituted for one
      another in a battery, and allows a data base containing test results on chemicals
      of unknown carcinogenicity to be linked to a data base for which animal
      carcinogenicity data are available. Cluster analysis was applied to the Gene-Tox
      data base (which contains short-term test results on chemicals of both known and
      unknown carcinogenicity). The results on chemicals of known carcinogenicity were
      different from those obtained when the entire data base was analyzed. This
      suggests that the associations (and possibly the sensitivities and specificities)
      which are based on chemicals of known carcinogenicity may not be representative
      of the true measures. Cluster analysis applied to the total data base should be
      useful in improving these estimates. Many of the associations between the assays
      which were found through the use of cluster analysis could be 'validated' based
      on previous knowledge of the mechanistic basis of the various tests, but some of
      the associations were unsuspected. These associations may be a reflection of a
      non-ideal data base. As additional data becomes available and new clustering
      techniques for handling non-ideal data bases are developed, results from such
      analyses could play an increasing role in strengthening prediction schemes which
      utilize short-term tests results to screen chemicals for carcinogenicity, such as
      the carcinogenicity and battery selection (CPBS) method (Chankong et al., 1985).

PMID- 3990701
TI  - Application of the carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) method
      to the Gene-Tox data base.
AB  - The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) method (Chankong et
      al., 1985) utilizes the results of short-term tests to predict the
      carcinogenicity of chemicals and select batteries of tests that are capable of
      giving accurate predictions at reasonable costs. The CPBS method has been applied
      to the data compiled under the aegis of the Gene-Tox Program of the U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency as a demonstration of the method on a typical
      data base. A number of batteries were selected by the methodology as having
      superior performance characteristics. The Bayesian predictions resulting from
      most of the selected 3-assay batteries were very good (greater than 90% of the
      carcinogens were correctly identified). It was also found that the 3-assay
      batteries of specified composition gave generally more accurate predictions than
      batteries of 4 or more assays of unspecified composition. A number of problems
      which may have affected our results have been identified: (1) the reliability of
      the sensitivities and specificities of the individual assays, (2) the prior
      probability that a chemical is a carcinogen was assumed to be 0.5, and (3) we
      have not (as yet) taken into account that some of the carcinogens are non
      genotoxic and will produce false negative assays results. We are currently
      investigating approaches to take these factors into consideration. Our analysis
      also indicates that more testing of chemicals for carcinogenicity (especially
      probable non-carcinogens) is needed to further enhance the predictive capability
      of the CPBS method.

PMID- 3990702
TI  - [Aspergillus restrictus and Candida parapsilosis--agents of endocarditis
      following heart valve replacement].

PMID- 3990703
TI  - [Permeation of labeled Oxiconazole. Comparison between the autoradiographic and
      horizontal slice technics with human skin].

PMID- 3990704
TI  - Evidence that the major surface proteins of three Leishmania species are
      structurally related.
AB  - Promastigotes of Leishmania major LRC-L137, L. donovani LEM 75, and L. tropica
      LRC-L32 were surface radioiodinated. The proteins of the parasites were analysed
      by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and labeled
      molecules were revealed by fluorography. A single major iodinated protein of Mr
      63 000 (p63) was identified in each of the three species. These proteins were
      partially purified by phase separation in Triton X-114 solution, demonstrating
      that the p63 of each of the three species is the most abundant integral membrane
      protein in the promastigote. Peptide maps were obtained by partial proteolysis
      with N-chlorosuccinimide or Staphylococcus V8 protease followed by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The maps of L. major and L. donovani
      were identical, but only partially homologous to the maps of L. tropica p63.
      Finally, immunological crossreactivity among the three p63s was demonstrated with
      the serum of a mouse immunized with purified L. major p63, and the serum of a dog
      naturally infected with L. donovani. The data show that the major surface
      proteins found on promastigotes of three Old World Leishmania species are
      structurally related.

PMID- 3990705
TI  - Identification of a novel, thiol-containing co-factor essential for glutathione
      reductase enzyme activity in trypanosomatids.
AB  - Soluble extracts of Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, Leishmania mexicana and
      Crithidia fasciculata contain a novel enzyme capable of reducing oxidized
      glutathione by NADPH solely in the presence of an unidentified, dialyzable, heat
      stable co-factor. Evidence is presented showing that co-factor contains
      enzymatically reducible thiol group(s), essential for activity. The co-factor is
      possibly unique to the Kinetoplastida, since dialysate extracts from a wide
      selection of other organisms would not substitute for trypanosomatid co-factor
      preparations.

PMID- 3990706
TI  - The contribution of a partial tricarboxylic acid cycle to volatile end-products
      in thiabendazole-resistant and susceptible Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
AB  - Acetate, propionate, ethanol and propanol were the predominant end-products
      released during incubation of a thiabendazole resistant and a susceptible strain
      of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The parasites in all the incubations appeared
      to be deficient in reducing equivalents if the end-products arose from the
      classical catabolic pathway through fumarate reductase (EC 1.3.1.6). Possible
      alternative pathways for accounting for redox balance, including beta-oxidation,
      the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism were investigated.
      Palmitate was oxidised aerobically. Radiolabelled tricarboxylic acid cycle
      intermediates, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate, were decarboxylated to 14CO2
      indicating that at least a partial tricarboxylic acid cycle to succinyl-CoA via
      alpha-ketoglutarate operates both anaerobically and aerobically in T.
      colubriformis. These data and the pattern of end-products suggest the presence of
      two pathways to propanol and propionate either through fumarate reduction or
      alpha-ketoglutarate oxidation. T. colubriformis may apportion carbon flow through
      these pathways to maintain a stable redox ratio. Similar calculations on
      previously reported data indicate that both pathways may also operate in
      Haemonchus contortus. Exposure of resistant T. colubriformis to thiabendazole
      under anaerobic conditions caused an increased accumulation of end-products,
      especially propanol, in the incubation medium. The alpha-ketoglutarate pathway
      may lower the dependence of the parasite on the fumarate reductase route which is
      sensitive to thiabendazole. The operation of the alpha-ketoglutarate pathway,
      with propanol as an end-product, may provide a mechanism for regulating redox
      balance in trichostrongylidae.

PMID- 3990707
TI  - In vitro translation of mRNA from Toxocara canis larvae.
AB  - 300 micrograms of total RNA was extracted from 1 ml of packed Toxocara canis
      larvae by centrifugation through a 5.7 M cesium chloride cushion. 60 micrograms
      of polyadenylated messenger RNA was separated from 300 micrograms of total RNA in
      an oligothymidylic acid-cellulose gel column. The in vitro translation of the
      mRNA, isolated from T. canis larvae, was carried out using the rabbit
      reticulocyte cell-free translation system. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into
      trichloroacetic acid precipitable material in the lysate containing mRNA was 4-5
      times greater than that of control. Translation products were analysed by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by
      autoradiography. Many polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 10000 to
      100000 were synthesised in the lysate. A T. canis positive human serum was mixed
      with translation products to form antigen-antibody complexes, which were then
      absorbed by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 strain and analysed by the
      autoradiography of SDS-PAGE. Three antigenic polypeptides with molecular weights
      of 49000, 27000 and 22000 which reacted specifically with IgG antibody in T.
      canis positive human serum, were demonstrated. The 27000 MW polypeptide reacted
      particularly strongly with the IgG antibody.

PMID- 3990708
TI  - Respiration and energy conservation in the filarial worm Litomosoides carinii.
AB  - The average rate of endogenous respiration of intact Litomosoides carinii was
      2.24 muatom O min-1 g-1 worm wet wt. No significant difference was observed in
      respiration capacities between male and female worms. Rates of oxygen uptake
      decreased progressively during disruption and fractionation of the parasite
      tissue and very few respiration capabilities remained in the mitochondrial
      fraction. Added substrates increased the respiratory rates of the intact filariid
      and cell-free extracts by a factor of 1.4 to 2.3, depending on the tissue system
      and substrate species used. Rotenone and cyanide strongly inhibited respiration
      in all incubations, whereas antimycin A, in most cases, suppressed oxygen
      consumption only partially. ATP conservation in cell-free extracts of L. carinii,
      as determined by the incorporation of 32Pi into the organic phosphate fraction,
      was twice as high in the presence of air as under an atmosphere of nitrogen.
      Anaerobically, rates of phosphorylation in these extracts were similar to the
      amounts of lactate. Phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from the filarial
      worm was supported by malate, succinate, pyruvate and TMPD/ascorbate, whereas L
      glutamate and beta-hydroxybutyrate exhibited only little or no effect,
      respectively. P/O ratios for pyruvate-supported oxidative phosphorylation were
      found to approach a value of 3. Electron transport inhibitors, oligomycin and 2,4
      dinitrophenol strongly inhibited substrate-dependent mitochondrial
      phosphorylation. The data of the present investigation, together with other
      recent findings made by the same authors, have provided evidence that in L.
      carinii mitochondria a mammalian-type of respiratory system capable of carrying
      out oxidative phosphorylation is functional. It seems likely that this
      respiration-dependent chemical energy, proceeding in addition to that generated
      through fermentation processes, may be vital for muscular contraction and
      survival of this filarial parasite.

PMID- 3990709
TI  - Simultaneous isolation of cytoplasmic endoribonuclease and exoribonuclease of
      Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - An endoribonuclease and an exoribonuclease have been isolated simultaneously from
      the cytoplasm of Trypanosoma brucei by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The
      endoribonuclease produced oligonucleotides from poly(adenylic acid) with 5'
      phosphate and 3'-OH termini. The exoribonuclease produced only ribonucleoside 5'
      phosphates from poly(adenylic acid). The relative rates of degradation of
      synthetic homopolynucleotides by the endoribonuclease under standard conditions
      were in the order poly(adenylic acid) greater than poly(uridylic acid)
      poly(cytidylic acid); for the exoribonuclease the order was poly(adenylic acid)
      poly(uridylic acid) greater than poly(cytidylic acid). Natural transfer and
      ribosomal RNAs were also degraded by both enzymes, while DNA was resistant to
      them. The optimal pH of activity for each enzyme was 7.5-8.0. Both ribonucleases
      require Ca2+ for maximum enzymatic activity.

PMID- 3990710
TI  - Structure of mRNA encoded by tubulin genes in Leishmania enriettii.
AB  - Both the alpha- and beta-tubulin genes of Leishmania enriettii are encoded by
      mRNA of 2.0-2.2 kb in length. We have shown previously that the alpha- and beta
      tubulin genes are arranged in separate, tandem repeats of 2 and 4 kb,
      respectively, and now report the mapping of mature mRNA onto these cloned genes.
      Here we show that the alpha-tubulin gene contains a very short intergenic region
      (100-200 bases) whereas the larger, tandemly repeated beta-tubulin gene contains
      a 1.8-2.0 kb region not found in mature mRNA. Comparison of S-1 mapping and
      primer extension results indicates that the messenger RNAs for both alpha- and
      beta-tubulin contain a sequence of about 35 base pairs located at the 5' end that
      is not encoded contiguously with the rest of the mRNA. This short 5' sequence may
      be added to the body of the tubulin mRNAs either through splicing of a precursor
      RNA molecule or by a novel post-transcriptional processing reaction. The alpha-
      and beta-tubulin genes are arranged identically in the two developmental stages
      of the parasite life cycle and are present in equal copy number.

PMID- 3990711
TI  - Changes in cell surface proteins and glycoproteins during the encystation of
      Entamoeba invadens.
AB  - Changes in cell surface components of axenically grown trophozoites of Entamoeba
      invadens which occur during encystation were followed. Protein patterns of
      trophozoites, immature and mature cyst forms, were analyzed by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate gel electrophoresis. Total protein profiles of trophozoites and cyst
      forms stained by Coomassie blue gave similar patterns. In contrast, a number of
      different bands were observed in gels stained with the carbohydrate-specific
      Schiff's reagent as well as when nitrocellulose blottings were treated with 125I
      radiolabelled wheat germ or soybean agglutinins. The most notable differences
      were bands at 250 and 95-105 kDa present in the cyst forms and absent in the
      trophozoites, and two bands at 70 and 75 kDa present in the latter and missing in
      the cysts. Labelling of trophozoites and cyst cell surfaces by iodination with
      lactoperoxidase revealed a number of protein bands which were exposed on the
      trophozoite surface and missing in the cysts. Moreover, gel electrophoresis
      patterns of non-reduced or reduced samples also differed considerably, indicating
      that a number of proteins are linked by disulphide bonds. This study shows that
      specific glycoproteins are produced during cyst formation.

PMID- 3990712
TI  - Neuraminidase activity in Trypanosoma rangeli.
AB  - Supernatants of cultures and extracts of Trypanosoma rangeli readily release N
      acetyl neuraminic acid from a variety of substrates. The activity in both
      supernatant and cell extract is precipitated between 30 and 50% ethanol, and
      between 40 and 70% ammonium sulfate. Fractionation of the culture supernatant by
      gel exclusion gives a single peak of neuraminidase activity of molecular weight
      48 000. The culture supernatant releases sialic acid at different rates from the
      following substrates:fetuin, sialyllactose and orosomucoid but not from bovine
      submaxillary mucin and ovomucoid. The enzyme in the culture supernatant is also
      active against human erythrocytes of all ABO types. The enzyme showed an optimum
      pH of 5.0 for sialyllactose and erythrocyte substrates. Large amounts of the
      enzyme are preferentially secreted during growth in vitro.

PMID- 3990713
TI  - The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary
      heart disease.
AB  - The low death rate from coronary heart disease among the Greenland Eskimos has
      been ascribed to their high fish consumption. We therefore decided to investigate
      the relation between fish consumption and coronary heart disease in a group of
      men in the town of Zutphen, the Netherlands. Information about the fish
      consumption of 852 middle-aged men without coronary heart disease was collected
      in 1960 by a careful dietary history obtained from the participants and their
      wives. During 20 years of follow-up 78 men died from coronary heart disease. An
      inverse dose-response relation was observed between fish consumption in 1960 and
      death from coronary heart disease during 20 years of follow-up. This relation
      persisted after multiple logistic-regression analyses. Mortality from coronary
      heart disease was more than 50 per cent lower among those who consumed at least
      30 g of fish per day than among those who did not eat fish. We conclude that the
      consumption of as little as one or two fish dishes per week may be of preventive
      value in relation to coronary heart disease.

PMID- 3990715
TI  - Normal-pressure hydrocephalus in rheumatic patients. A diagnostic pitfall.

PMID- 3990714
TI  - Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in
      patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - Dietary fish oils, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, have been reported to
      reduce plasma lipid levels in normolipidemic subjects. We examined the effects of
      fish oil in 20 hypertriglyceridemic patients: 10 with Type IIb hyperlipidemia and
      10 with Type V. These patients were put on three diets differing primarily in
      fatty acid composition and fat content. The control diet contained a fatty acid
      mixture typical of a low-fat therapeutic diet (ratio of polyunsaturated to
      saturated fat, 1.4), the fish-oil diet contained omega-3 fatty acids, and the
      vegetable-oil diet was rich in the omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid. Each diet
      was followed for four weeks. In the Type IIb group, the fish-oil diet led to
      decreases in both plasma cholesterol (-27 per cent) and triglyceride (-64 per
      cent), as compared with the control diet. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
      were also reduced markedly. The vegetable-oil diet had much less effect. With
      fish oil, the Type V group had marked decreases in total cholesterol and
      triglyceride levels (-45 and -79 per cent, respectively). VLDL levels were
      dramatically lowered, as were apoprotein E levels. The vegetable-oil diet (unlike
      the fish-oil diet) produced a rapid and significant rise in plasma triglyceride
      levels. We conclude that fish oils and fish may be useful components of diets for
      the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.

PMID- 3990716
TI  - Fish, fatty acids, and human health.

PMID- 3990717
TI  - Normal-pressure hydrocephalus and arthritis.

PMID- 3990718
TI  - AIDS in a child 5 1/2 years after a transfusion.

PMID- 3990719
TI  - Fibrocystic breast nondisease.

PMID- 3990720
TI  - Anaphylactic reaction to intravenous cyclosporine.

PMID- 3990722
TI  - Deferoxamine and favism.

PMID- 3990721
TI  - Benign liver tumor after chorionic gonadotropin administration.

PMID- 3990723
TI  - Verapamil concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration.

PMID- 3990724
TI  - Sixty years with Crohn's disease.

PMID- 3990725
TI  - Cecal volvulus: a different twist for the serious runner.

PMID- 3990726
TI  - Academic medical preceptorship for congressional aides.

PMID- 3990727
TI  - Prophylactic cesarean section at term?

PMID- 3990728
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 20-1985. A 39-year-old man with melena and a radiologic
      abnormality of the cecum.

PMID- 3990729
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis and the healthy host.

PMID- 3990730
TI  - A proposal for financing graduate medical education.

PMID- 3990731
TI  - Transplacental transmission of HTLV-III virus.

PMID- 3990732
TI  - Vaccination of college students with attenuated live measles vaccine.

PMID- 3990733
TI  - Maternal connective tissue disease and congenital heart block.

PMID- 3990734
TI  - Induction of menstrual disorders by strenuous exercise in untrained women.
AB  - We performed a prospective study of 28 initially untrained college women with
      documented ovulation and luteal adequacy to determine whether strenuous exercise
      spanning two menstrual cycles would induce menstrual disorders. To ascertain the
      influence, if any, that weight loss might exert, we randomly assigned the
      subjects to weight-loss and weight-maintenance groups. Subjects were expected to
      run 4 miles (6.4 km) per day, progressing to 10 miles (16.1 km) per day by the
      fifth week, and to engage daily in 31/2 hours of moderate-intensity sports. The
      normalcy of the menstrual cycles during the period of exercise was judged
      independently according to clinical and hormonal criteria, the latter comprising
      serial measurements of gonadotropin and sex-steroid excretion. A higher
      percentage of abnormalities proved to be detectable by hormonal means (P less
      than 0.02). Only four subjects (three in the weight-maintenance group) had a
      normal menstrual cycle during training. In the weight-loss group, the number of
      women who had luteal abnormalities as compared with those who lost the surge in
      luteinizing hormone altered significantly over time, the latter occurring more
      frequently (P less than 0.01) as training progressed. Within six months of
      termination of the study, all subjects were again experiencing normal menstrual
      cycles. We conclude that vigorous exercise, particularly if compounded by weight
      loss, can reversibly disturb reproductive function in women.

PMID- 3990735
TI  - Pathophysiology of male hypogonadism associated with endogenous hyperestrogenism.
      Evidence for dual defects in the gonadal axis.

PMID- 3990736
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 21-1985. A 21-year-old man with fever, diarrhea, and weakness of
      the legs during a sojourn in Kenya.

PMID- 3990737
TI  - The Journal as an open forum.

PMID- 3990739
TI  - Low-birth-weight infants.

PMID- 3990738
TI  - Prevention of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage.

PMID- 3990740
TI  - Prevention of melanoma by recognition of its precursors.

PMID- 3990741
TI  - Aluminum contamination of albumin-replacement solutions.

PMID- 3990742
TI  - Dexamethasone in the treatment of acute mountain sickness.

PMID- 3990743
TI  - Olfactory aura in migraine.

PMID- 3990744
TI  - The proprietary medical graduate (PMG) versus the foreign medical graduate (FMG):
      a critical distinction.

PMID- 3990745
TI  - Munchausen's syndrome simulating torsion dystonia.

PMID- 3990746
TI  - The NIH and numbers: a vital concern's concern.

PMID- 3990747
TI  - Infusion-related phlebitis.

PMID- 3990748
TI  - Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the elderly in nursing
      homes.
AB  - We studied reactivity to tuberculin skin testing in nearly all nursing home
      residents in Arkansas. Only 12 per cent of the 12,196 newly admitted residents
      were tuberculin positive, as compared with 20.8 per cent of the 13,441 residents
      who were first tested more than a month (mean, 30 months) after admission. The
      proportion of persons who were positive on initial testing varied greatly with
      the time spent in the home before testing. Those who were not reactive on initial
      testing had a 5 per cent rate of conversion for each year spent in a home with a
      known recent infectious case (within three years) and a 3.5 per cent rate for
      each year in a home with no recognized recent case. Active tuberculosis developed
      in only 1 of 534 persons with positive tuberculin tests or previous reactions who
      were treated with isoniazid, but in 79 (2.4 per cent) of 3270 persons who were
      not (P less than 0.001). The disease developed in only 1 (0.16 per cent) of 605
      persons whose tests converted to positive and who were treated with isoniazid, as
      compared with 45 (5.9 per cent) of 757 whose tests converted but who were not
      treated (P less than 0.001). We conclude that new infection with tuberculosis is
      an important risk for nursing home patients and that greater care should be taken
      to detect and treat new infections before the disease develops and the infection
      spreads.

PMID- 3990749
TI  - Risk of post-transfusion infection with the hepatitis delta virus. A multicenter
      study.
AB  - Hepatitis delta virus is a defective virus that can replicate only in the
      presence of hepatitis B virus. To determine the prevalence, circumstances of
      transmission, and clinical importance of infection with hepatitis delta virus, we
      obtained data on 262 patients with post-transfusion hepatitis who were positive
      for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) even though they had received blood
      screened for it. We also studied 94 HBsAg carriers who were receiving repeated
      blood transfusions for other diseases, and 103 HBsAg carriers with hemophilia who
      were receiving various forms of coagulation factors. Antibody to hepatitis delta
      virus was found in 9 of 262 patients (3.5 per cent) with post-transfusion
      hepatitis, 5 of 234 (2 per cent) with self-limited disease, and 4 of 28 (14.5 per
      cent) with fulminant disease (P less than 0.05). The absence of IgM antibodies to
      the hepatitis B core antigen indicated that three of the nine patients with both
      HBsAg and antibodies to hepatitis delta virus had been carriers of HBsAg at the
      time of transfusion, and the acute disease represented the combined effects of
      the two viruses. Antibody to hepatitis delta virus was found in 3 of 94 Italian
      carriers of HBsAg who were receiving repeated blood transfusions, in none of 24
      Brazilian, East German, or Australian hemophiliac carriers infused with clotting
      factors prepared from single or mini-pool volunteer plasma, and in 27 to 100 per
      cent of 79 hemophiliac carriers from European and U.S. series who received
      coagulation factors manufactured from large pools of plasma. We conclude that
      infection with hepatitis delta virus is likely to be more severe than infection
      with hepatitis B virus alone and that screening for HBsAg provides a high degree
      of safety in preventing infection with hepatitis delta virus, but that the risk
      is considerably greater in patients who are already carriers of HBsAg. We
      recommend that HBsAg carriers be given only blood derivatives prepared from a
      single donor or mini-pool donors.

PMID- 3990750
TI  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic investigation of human neuroblastoma
      in situ.

PMID- 3990752
TI  - Combined modality therapy of cancer. What is it and when does it work?

PMID- 3990751
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 23-1985. A 68-year-old woman with a huge abdominal mass
      containing pus.

PMID- 3990753
TI  - Tuberculosis: new views of an old disease.

PMID- 3990754
TI  - Delta hepatitis: a new scourge?

PMID- 3990755
TI  - Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma among patients with AIDS.

PMID- 3990756
TI  - Altered developmental sequences in diabetic embryopathy.

PMID- 3990757
TI  - 10-year trends in the Journal's publications.

PMID- 3990758
TI  - The "dumping" problem: no insurance, no admission.

PMID- 3990759
TI  - The distribution of ringworm infections among primary school children in Jos,
      Plateau State of Nigeria.
AB  - A survey was carried out on the distribution of ringworm infections among school
      children in four primary schools in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria. Out of a total
      population of 6 987,237 (3.4%) were found to be infected by this disease. There
      was a high incidence of both scalp and foot ringworms among the infected
      children. Fourteen species of dermatophytes were isolated from the ringworm
      cases. The scalp ringworm had the highest number of fungal isolates. Trichophyton
      mentagrophyte and T. rubrum had the highest frequencies of occurrence. Some of
      the infected children were found to have nomadic parents who moved about with
      cattle.

PMID- 3990760
TI  - Candida berkhout species isolated from deep-seated and superficial candidosis.
      Classification of species with the N. van Uden and H. Buckley key.
AB  - The purpose of the present paper is to improve the understanding of the incidence
      of Candidosis in human infections. 85 species of Candida isolated from deep
      seated and superficial Candidosis were studied. Identification was attained using
      the key of N. van Uden & H. Buckley (22).

PMID- 3990761
TI  - Isolation of Rhizopus rhizopodiformis from a case of mucormycosis in a pig.

PMID- 3990762
TI  - Myocardial infarct in disseminated mucormycosis: case report with special
      emphasis on the pathogenic mechanisms.
AB  - A case of myocardium infarction in generalized mucormycosis is reported in a
      patient suffering from chronic renal failure and receiving a cadaver kidney
      transplant. At autopsy we found a recent necrotic myocardium, coronary vessels
      occluded by mucor hyphae and a striking absence of inflammatory cells, chiefly
      neutrophils. Ultrastructural studies revealed thick-walled fungus that
      participate in the thrombus and cross the coronary artery in a 'corkscrew'
      pattern, without important cellular degeneration. Thin-walled irregularly
      branching structures were observed occluding the microcirculation of still
      preserved cardiac areas. These structures could be originated from the fungus
      cells that had lost their thick laminated wall, leaving the plasmatic membrane as
      external coat. Special emphasis is given to the relation between the poor
      coronary vascular protection against mucormycosis and the neutrophilic
      disfunction. The lungs are the main site of primary infection. This disease is
      underdiagnosed in vivo and leads always to death.

PMID- 3990763
TI  - Phylogenetic relationships among Fusarium species measured by DNA reassociation.
AB  - Deoxyribonucleic acid of 11 Fusarium species (F. acuminatum, F. arthrosporioides,
      F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. heterosporum, F. moniliforme, F.
      oxysporum, F. sambucinum, F. semitectum, F. solani) have been compared with
      respect to their physical characteristics (Tm, % G + C), homology values and
      nucleotide sequence divergence. A phylogenetic tree based on physical
      characteristics, homology values and differences in percentage divergence of
      Fusarium species DNAs has been constructed.

PMID- 3990764
TI  - Genetic distance in fungus genus Fusarium measured by comparative computer
      analysis of DNA thermal denaturation profiles.
AB  - High resolution thermal denaturation profiles of different members of fungus
      genus Fusarium were compared with respect to the shape of their DNA melting
      curves. Quantitative comparison of the shape (areas under differential curves) of
      all thermal denaturation profiles was made. Thermal denaturation profiles can be
      used to derive the quantitative parameter, genetic distance, defined by Soumpasis
      (12). Based on such data of genetic distance a dendrogram and a genetic distance
      tree was constructed.

PMID- 3990765
TI  - Case report: prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Pseudallescheria boydii and
      Clostridium limosum.
AB  - This report describes a patient with a combined infection due to Pseudallescheria
      boydii and Clostridium limosum on a prosthetic dura mater aortic valve homograft.
      While this patient had C. limosum only growing in blood cultures, both organisms
      were isolated from the surgically resected aortic valve. Because P. boydii is
      generally resistant to amphotericin B but susceptible to miconazole, accurate
      differentiation of P. boydii from other fungi which may appear similarly in
      tissue sections (e.g., aspergillus) is important.

PMID- 3990768
TI  - Rhinosporidiosis in Bahrain, Arabian Gulf.
AB  - Rhinosporidiosis occurred in Bahrain only in Indian expatriate workers who had
      the disease in India before coming to Bahrain. The pathological and clinical
      aspects of the disease as well as its possible health hazard in Bahrain are
      discussed.

PMID- 3990767
TI  - [Pityriasis versicolor due to Malassezia ovalis].
AB  - In a randomly collected series of 175 cases of pityriasis versicolor in residents
      of the central-northern part of Venezuela, 13% of the patients were infected with
      ovoid unicellular units of the causal fungus (Malassezia ovalis) and 87% with
      globous unicellular units in the scales (M. furfur). Only globous unicellular
      units (Pityrosporum orbiculare) were seen outside the active lesions and in
      these, after the successful treatment with ketoconazole. The median age of 40
      'ovalis' patients was 37.5 years; the same in 40 'furfur' patients was 24.5
      years. The median age at the moment of discovering the first lesions among
      'ovalis' patients was 31; among 'furfur' patients this was 20 years. There were
      16 male patients among the 'ovalis' and 24 among the 'furfur' groups of 40. The
      topographic distribution of the lesions varied according to the type of the
      invader. M. ovalis prevailed on the trunk below the waist-line and on the limbs,
      mainly on buttocks and upper legs. M. furfur prevailed on the chest, neck, face
      and upper limbs. The hypothesis is offered that the ovoid agent of pityriasis
      versicolor preferentially occupies the less sweating and sebum-producing parts of
      the body in older (and drier) persons than the globous type does.

PMID- 3990766
TI  - In vitro phagocytosis of several Candida berkhout species by murine leukocytes.
AB  - In vitro phagocytosis of thirteen Candida berkhout species by rat leukocytes was
      studied to assess a possible correlation between pathogenicity and phagocytosis
      Yeast-leukocyte suspensions were mixed up for 3 h and phagocytic index, germ-tube
      formation and leukocyte candidacidal activity were evaluated. Highest values for
      phagocytosis were reached in all cases at the end of the first hour. Leukocyte
      candidacidal activity was absent. Only C. albicans produced germ-tubes. The
      various phagocytosis indices were determined depending on the Candida species
      assayed. Under these conditions, the more pathogenic species presented the lower
      indices of phagocytosis. It is determined that the in vitro phagocytic index may
      bear a close relationship with the pathogenicity of the Candida berkhout.

PMID- 3990770
TI  - Distribution of Histoplasma capsulatum in Amazonian wildlife.
AB  - In a survey of 296 sylvatic animals captured from virgin forests in the north
      eastern and south-western Amazon of Brazil, Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated,
      via the indirect hamster inoculation method, from the liver and spleen of four
      common opossums Didelphis marsupialis and two pacas Agouti paca. The infected
      animals did not show any clinical symptoms or histopathology. The known Amazonian
      mammalian species with natural histoplasmosis now total five, the previously
      reported species being the spiny rat Proechimys guyannensis, the two-toed sloth
      Choloepus didactylus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus.

PMID- 3990769
TI  - Aflatoxin and aflatoxicosis: V. The kinetic behaviour of dietary aflatoxins in
      colostrum drawn from cows postpartum.
AB  - This work was conducted in order to study the kinetic behaviour of dietary
      aflatoxins in the colostrum of a pregnant cow exposed to contaminated feeds for a
      short period. In this study, two pregnant cows received a single dose of dietary
      aflatoxins in the form of rice powder contained 31.20 ppm aflatoxin B and 19.68
      ppm aflatoxin G during the last stage of pregnancy, at about two weeks before
      parturition. Samples of colostrum were collected from dams and assayed for the
      presence of toxic metabolites as well as its conjugations by electrophoretic
      analysis. The results revealed that the intake of aflatoxins appeared in the
      colostrum postpartum as AFM1 and also AFB2a which is a non toxic metabolite.
      Moreover, it was found that the excreted metabolites including AFB2a were
      conjugated to the immunoglobulin protein fraction of the colostrum. The
      significance of the obtained results to the newborn calf are discussed.

PMID- 3990771
TI  - Occurrence of a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-like activity in N-2
      fluorenylacetamide-treated rat liver.

PMID- 3990772
TI  - Sex differences in submaximal exercise tests correlation with coronary
      cineangiography in 133 patients.

PMID- 3990773
TI  - [Interference in the enzymatic determination of glucose from other carbohydrates
      by extraneous activities in glucose oxidase preparations (short communication)].

PMID- 3990775
TI  - Isolation of lactic whey proteins in the form of complexes with apple pectin.
AB  - The possibility of isolating lactic whey proteins (LWP) in the form of insoluble
      complexes (IC) with apple pectin was studied. The effect of pH, ionic strength
      (mu, NaCl), temperature (T degree C), pectin weight fraction (X3%) and the total
      concentration of macromolecular components in the system (Ws) on isolation has
      been considered. The process has been characterized by LWP yield in the
      composition IC--P, percentage and the extent of protein concentration in the
      concentrated phase (IC)--F. The mixing of lactic whey with a pectin solution
      usually yielded an IC (10% less than or equal to X3 less than or equal to 90%).
      The dependence of P on X3 is of an extreme nature with a maximum of 85% at X3 =
      60%. The following conditions correspond to the maximum LWP yield (90%) in the
      complex composition: pH 3.4, mu = 0.01, T = 5-20 degrees C, X3 = 60%, Ws = 0.5%.
      At compositions of the system corresponding to the maximum P value (X3 = 60%)
      practically all the LWP fractions are present in the concentrated phase. If X3
      much greater than 60% or X3 much less than 60% alpha-lactalbumin is practically
      absent in the concentrated phase. Usually, minimum F values (2.5-4.0) correspond
      to maximum protein yield at X3 = 60%. At X3 greater than 70% and X3 less than 50%
      F values may be considerably higher (20 times and more). A decrease in the pectin
      methylation degree from 56.7% down to 15.4% does not affect F. The maximum
      protein yield (94%) occurs when low methylated pectin is used. The character of
      the dependence of F on X3 is explained according to similar processes of complex
      gel formation and the processes of gel formation in polymer solutions.

PMID- 3990774
TI  - Influence of gestation and hydrocortisone-acetate treatment on the nutritive
      utilization of protein.
AB  - The effect of pregnancy and of cortisol on the digestive and metabolic
      utilization of protein in Wistar rats was studied. The cortisol is i.m.
      administered during 21 days in a pharmacological dose (4 mg/100 g weight per day)
      to female Wistar rats. Pregnancy is observed to increase and cortisol to decrease
      significantly the food intake (g dry matter/rat per day); the intake of nitrogen
      follows the same pattern. Pregnancy significantly increases the weight of both
      groups: pregnant rats as comparison to non-pregnant rats saline injected and
      pregnant rats cortisol-treated in relation to the animals pregnant but not
      hormone-treated. The increase being greater in the last 5 days of pregnancy.
      Cortisol in the pregnant and non pregnant rats considerably reduces the weight.
      The protein absorption is unaltered by pregnancy but is diminished by the effect
      of cortisol. Pregnancy increases the balance of nitrogen in both sets of rats;
      the increase being significantly greater in the last period of pregnancy. When
      administered to non pregnant rats, cortisol produces a negative balance of
      nitrogen. The protein of good quality (casein + 5% DL-methionine at a level of
      12%) partially equalizes the negative effect of cortisol in spite of the long
      treatment and high doses used.

PMID- 3990776
TI  - Nutritive value of some common Egyptian meals.
AB  - The protein quality of two common Egyptian meals namely lentils and "Koshari" was
      evaluated on rats by utilizing the net protein ratio (NPR), the relative protein
      value (RPV) and the serum urea content methods. Casein was used as a reference
      protein. The macro nutrient contents of the two meals are almost similar. The NPR
      is higher with low dietary protein level. The estimated RNV of the "Koshari" was
      higher than that of lentils. Lower serum urea levels were found with the
      "Koshari" than with lentils meal indicating its better protein quality. This is
      most probably due to the effect of amino acid supplementation of cereals and
      legumes. Results obtained are in favour of utilizing the serum urea content
      method as a simple and reliable one for evaluating protein quality since a
      negative relationship exists between blood urea content and the biological value
      of dietary protein. Its validity in estimating dietary protein quality in man
      need to be investigated.

PMID- 3990778
TI  - Solubility of protein fibers obtained from casein solutions and liquid two-phase
      water-casein-sodium alginate systems.
AB  - The solubility of protein and protein-polysaccharide matrix fibers obtained from
      casein solutions and two-phase water-casein-sodium alginate (W-C-A) systems in
      water and in 1 M NaCl solutions at different pH at 20 and 100 degrees C has been
      studied. The matrix fibers obtained from the two-phase W-C-A system are shown to
      be considerably less soluble than those from the casein solutions. This
      difference is seen particularly clearly when pH amounts to 5-7. However, it
      disappears with the spinning two-phase system at temperature above 80 degrees C.
      An assumption has been made about the matrix fibers being either mixed gels of
      the thermo-reversible, soluble calcium caseinate and thermo-irreversible
      insoluble calcium alginate, or complex protein-polysaccharide gels formed with
      the participation of the calcium ions. This latter assumption is in conformity
      with the negligible solubility of the protein fibers obtained as a result of the
      lyotropic gelation of the skimmed milk proteins.

PMID- 3990777
TI  - Modified determination of 2-thiobarbituric acid value in fats and oils.
AB  - Several methods for the determination of TBA-value were compared with a new
      direct modification (omitting the previous distillation), using 1-butanol as the
      sole solvent. The absorbance is measured at 530 nm after heating to 95 degrees C
      for 120 min, and cooling. The effect of variables was tested by the Youdens
      ruggedness test (reaction time, temperature, cooling, concentration of sample,
      thiobarbituric acid, water, heavy metals, antioxidants, chelating agents,
      bubbling with oxygen or nitrogen). The Lambert-Beers law is valid in the
      absorbance range between 0.05 and 0.8. The repeatability is better than that of
      the Dzikowskis procedure and comparable with those of more complicated
      distillation methods. The standard deviation is in a linear relation with the
      absorbance (range 0.1-1.0). The method was found satisfactory for evaluating
      lard, cooking fat, soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed oils in the stage of
      beginning rancidity.

PMID- 3990779
TI  - [The distribution of free and esterified carboxyl groups within the pectin
      molecule after the action of pectin esterase from Aspergillus niger and oranges].
AB  - By reaction of pectin esterase (PE) from Aspergillus niger and oranges as well as
      lye, with 95% esterified citrus and apple pectin we prepared series of
      preparations with degrees of esterification between 35 and 77%. In these partial
      deesterified pectins the form of distribution of the free and esterified carboxyl
      groups has been determined from the activity coefficient gamma Ca2+ of the
      calcium counterions in the solutions of the corresponding calcium pectinates,
      from the electrostatic free enthalpy delta (Gel/N)KCa of the ion exchange Ca2+---
      2K+ in these systems as well as from the relative activity of the
      polygalacturonase reacting with sodium pectinate. The PE from A niger hydrolyzes
      the esterified carboxyl groups more or less randomly, in a manner similar to the
      effect of lye on pectin. On the other hand PE from oranges brings about block
      like groupings of free carboxyl groups in the pectin molecule. The study revealed
      different reaction mechanisms of the pectin deesterification by pectin esterases
      from Aspergillus species and higher plants.

PMID- 3990780
TI  - [Comparative studies of 2 organic mercury compounds alone or in combination with
      ethanol following pre- or postnatal application in mice].
AB  - Studies on pre- and/or postnatal effects on mice were carried out with their
      identical exposure (2 mg Hg/kg body mass) to phenyl mercuric acetate or N,N'-bis
      (dimethylmercury)-p-toluol-sulphonamide. Parameters of morphology, of residues,
      and behaviour teratology were taken into consideration. Potentiating combination
      effects were only observed with behaviour toxicological investigations after
      prenatal exposure to methylmercury. That concerned the breeding results of the P
      generation and the capacity of the F1-generation to learn on the 30th and 31st
      day p.n. during a swimming test in a labyrinth. Synergistic effects were observed
      with both the mercury compounds in the swimming test on the 12th day p.n. after
      pre- as well as postnatal exposure.

PMID- 3990781
TI  - Size distribution of casein micelles during milk coagulation.
AB  - Electron microscopy was employed to study the size distribution and the surface
      to volume ratios of casein micelles in coagulum from raw milk, heated milk and
      milk enriched with calcium chloride before the heating process. The particles
      size distribution of milk protein was changed by heating resulting in an increase
      in the free subunits of smaller size and the surface to volume ratios. On the
      other hand the clotting time was prolonged. Depression in the clotting time and
      surface to volume ratios was occurred by adding calcium chloride to the milk
      before the heating process to retard the formation of complex between the whey
      protein and milk casein.

PMID- 3990782
TI  - Gas chromatographic investigation of volatile nitrogen containing bases of
      Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana.
AB  - The composition of the volatile nitrogen-containing bases of fresh-caught
      Antarctic krill E. superba has been investigated by gas chromatography. The
      analysis was carried out on three packed columns with Apiezon L, Triton X-305,
      PEG-1000 and one glass capillary column with Triton X-305. The components were
      identified by standardless gas chromatographic method with a special computer
      program. No less than 63 compounds have been found and 54 compounds have been
      identified, among these primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines as well
      as heterocyclic bases. The presence of 5 compounds has been confirmed by GC/MS
      technique. Analysis with the help of a specific flame-photometric detector has
      shown the presence of 9 bi-functional nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds.

PMID- 3990783
TI  - Phytate content of some foods from plant origin from Vietnam and Hungary.
AB  - For the estimation of phytate-ion the iron content of FeIII-phytate complex was
      determined by spectrophotometry with o-phenanthroline. In most cases phytate
      phosphorus was also evaluated. In different food samples iron to phosphorus ratio
      in phytate generally deviated significantly from the theoretical 1.20 value.
      Wheat flour products, maize, rice, beans, peas, lentil and soy from Vietnam and
      Hungary, furthermore several bakery products from Hungary and some imported soy
      products were analysed for phytate content. The effect of heat and fermentation
      on phytate content was also checked in breads and other foods. It was concluded
      that the processes often used in food industry, namely fermentation and thermal
      load, have relatively slight effect on the phytate content of plant foods.
      Cooking losses for phytates ranged 1-60% in cereals and legumes according to the
      usual kitchen technique in Vietnam.

PMID- 3990784
TI  - [Course of the adaptation of carbohydrate accumulation in the small intestine of
      chickens after saccharose feeding].
AB  - The increase of the accumulation of carbohydrates in the intestinal mucosa after
      a saccharose diet was investigated in vitro (accumulating mucosa preparations of
      the chicken intestine). An hour after saccharose application the accumulation
      capacity was already increased. The total accumulation of glucose and fructose
      was investigated after supplying an equimolary mixture of saccharose. Conclusions
      were drawn that the adaptation of the transport system which presupposes a
      hydrolysis of the disaccharide takes place more rapidly than the adaptation of
      the transport of both the monosaccharids. After feeding saccharose once more the
      increase of the accumulation capacity is in the distal intestinal part higher
      than in the two other intestinal parts.

PMID- 3990785
TI  - Estimation of the daily intake of nitrates and nitrites which children six to
      eleven years old, who attend primary schools in the City of Havana, may consume.

PMID- 3990786
TI  - The composition of Karadi ewe's and goat's milk.
AB  - The composition of bulk milk of 18 herds of ewes and 14 herds of goats and the
      milk of 10 individual animals of each ewes and goats during a 12 weeks lactation
      period was studied. The average percentage of acidity of bulk ewe's milk (0.22),
      fat (6.4), lactose (4.3), total nitrogen (0.9) calcium (0.169), ash (0.940) and
      total solids (18.6) were higher than 0.17, 4.0, 3.9, 0.62, 0.130, 0.81 and 12.8
      of bulk goat's milk. Phosphorus (0.074) was almost similar to (0.077), while non
      protein nitrogen (0.0022) was about thirteen times lower than 0.028 of goat's
      milk. Determined parameters increased, whereas lactose and non-protein nitrogen
      decreased with progression of the lactation period. Individual ewe's milk
      occasionally contained 1.4% fat and 0.56% total nitrogen closely resembling
      individual goat's milk.

PMID- 3990787
TI  - Sequence data.

PMID- 3990788
TI  - When does life begin?

PMID- 3990790
TI  - NIH research grants. Multi-year grants on ice.

PMID- 3990789
TI  - Biological role of IgG hinge region.

PMID- 3990791
TI  - Embryo research.

PMID- 3990792
TI  - Mummified human DNA cloned.

PMID- 3990793
TI  - Immunoglobulin-related domains for cell surface recognition.

PMID- 3990794
TI  - Novel DNA sequence representations.

PMID- 3990795
TI  - Calcium content of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in liver frozen rapidly
      in vivo.
AB  - The recognition that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), rather than the
      mitochondria, is the main organelle regulating the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration
      in non-muscle cells supports the notion that an alternative physiological role of
      mitochondrial Ca transport is the modulation of Ca-sensitive mitochondrial
      enzymes through small (micromolar) fluctuations in the concentration of
      mitochondrial matrix Ca2+. The latter mechanism could operate only if the
      mitochondrial Ca concentration were low, as it is in muscle and retinal rods,
      below the levels saturating the regulated enzymes. In contrast, if the ER serves
      as an intracellular Ca store, its Ca content would be expected to be high. In
      view of the major metabolic function of the liver, the question of whether
      hepatic mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ regulates metabolism is particularly important,
      but the range of Ca concentrations reported for isolated liver mitochondria is
      too wide to provide a conclusive answer. Therefore, we have used electron probe X
      ray microanalysis (EPMA) to measure the subcellular distribution of Ca in liver
      snap-frozen in vivo, and report here that the endoplasmic reticulum is a major
      intracellular store of Ca, while the concentration of Ca in mitochondria is low
      and compatible with the regulation of mitochondrial enzymes.

PMID- 3990796
TI  - Rearrangements of the cellular p53 gene in erythroleukaemic cells transformed by
      Friend virus.
AB  - There is now good evidence that the cellular protein, p53, is involved in the
      transformation process, although its precise role is unknown. It was reported
      recently that expression of the p53 gene can immortalize cells and that the p53
      gene can replace the myc oncogene in a myc-ras immortalization/transformation
      assay. We have investigated whether p53 is involved in the progression towards
      the neoplastic state in vivo and report here that erythroleukaemic cell lines
      transformed by different isolates of Friend leukaemia virus show altered
      expression of the cellular p53 gene. High levels of p53 protein are found in
      certain lines, but the protein is undetectable in others. This heterogeneity in
      p53 gene expression is associated with heterogeneity in tumorigenicity. We
      demonstrate that genomic rearrangements are responsible for p53 gene inactivation
      in these cell lines and that they occur in vivo during the natural progression of
      Friend virus-induced erythroleukaemia.

PMID- 3990797
TI  - alpha-Interferon-induced transcription of HLA and metallothionein genes
      containing homologous upstream sequences.
AB  - Complementary DNAs corresponding to the interferon (IFN)-induced messenger RNAs
      for histocompatibility locus antigens (HLA), metallothionein-II (MT2), 2',5'
      oligoadenylate synthetase and about eight other proteins of unknown sequence have
      been isolated recently, and by interferon regulation of transcription has been
      demonstrated for several of the eight mRNAs, with a significant increase apparent
      in as little as 5 min. We now show that IFN-alpha treatment results in a three-
      to fivefold increase in the transcription of MT2 and HLA class I genes in human
      T98G neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, comparison of regions upstream of the MT2A
      gene, two HLA genes and one HLA class II gene reveals a homologous sequence of
      approximately 30 base pairs (bp) which may be involved in regulating
      transcription of interferon-induced genes. Transcription of the mRNA for human
      MT2A is induced by glucocorticoids or metal ions and the regulatory elements have
      been mapped by promoter-fusion experiments. We now show that the rate of
      transcription of MT2A is the same on treatment with interferon or dexamethasone,
      but that the mRNA accumulates much faster with dexamethasone, indicating that
      post-transcriptional events are important in the latter case.

PMID- 3990798
TI  - Molecular cloning of Ancient Egyptian mummy DNA.
AB  - Artificial mummification was practised in Egypt from approximately 2600 BC until
      the fourth century AD. Because of the dry Egyptian climate, however, there are
      also many natural mummies preserved from earlier as well as later times. To
      elucidate whether this unique source of ancient human remains can be used for
      molecular genetic analyses, 23 mummies were investigated for DNA content. One
      2,400-yr-old mummy of a child was found to contain DNA that could be molecularly
      cloned in a plasmid vector. I report here that one such clone contains two
      members of the Alu family of human repetitive DNA sequences, as detected by DNA
      hybridizations and nucleotide sequencing. These analyses show that substantial
      pieces of mummy DNA (3.4 kilobases) can be cloned and that the DNA fragments seem
      to contain little or no modifications introduced postmortem.

PMID- 3990799
TI  - AIDS progress. Synthetic vaccine only a distant prospect.

PMID- 3990801
TI  - Sex chromosomes and evolution. Haldane's Rule OK.

PMID- 3990800
TI  - Embryo research (contd)

PMID- 3990802
TI  - Murine T lymphomas with retroviral inserts in the chromosomal 15 locus for
      plasmacytoma variant translocations.
AB  - The frequent trisomy of murine chromosome 15 in T lymphomas suggests that it
      bears one or more genes conducive to T-cell neoplasia. One such gene seems to be
      c-myc, the oncogene frequently activated in B-lymphoid tumours either by
      retroviral insertion, as in the avian bursal lymphomas, or by a translocation to
      the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus, as in the predominant t(12; 15) of murine
      plasmacytomas and the analogous t(14; 8) of human Burkitt lymphomas. The c-myc
      gene was strongly implicated in T-cell neoplasia when 15-25% of T lymphomas
      arising in AKR mice, a strain prone to leukaemia, were found to have retroviral
      inserts near c-myc. Proviruses near c-myc were also found in several T lymphomas
      induced by murine leukaemia viruses (MuLV) in both mice and rats, but many of the
      rat thymomas bear an insert instead at one of several other common sites, at
      least two of which have murine homologues on chromosome 15. We show here that
      some murine T lymphomas contain proviral inserts in the recently identified
      chromosome 15 locus for plasmacytoma variant (6; 15) translocations, which we
      have denoted pvt-1. Although 6; 15 breakpoints map cytogenetically to the same
      chromosome band as c-myc, the alterations of pvt-1 in tumours occur at least 72
      kilobases (kb) from the c-myc promoters. The insertions in T lymphomas suggest
      that an altered pvt-1 locus is conducive to neoplasia in T cells as well as B
      cells, possibly via long-range effects on c-myc expression.

PMID- 3990803
TI  - Reversible activation of non-steroid binding oestrogen receptor.
AB  - Two high-affinity oestrogen receptors have been identified in the chick oviduct
      with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 0.1 and 1 nM, differing in their
      binding kinetics, role in ovalbumin synthesis and independent regulation in vivo.
      The higher-affinity receptor (X) increases RNA polymerase II activity directly,
      whereas the low-affinity receptor (Y) seems to be necessary to confer specificity
      to transcription of oestrogen-dependent genes. Acute administration of
      progesterone to oestrogen-stimulated chicks results in preferential destruction
      of the nuclear Y receptor accompanied by interruption of ovalbumin gene
      transcription. Here we demonstrate that receptor Y exists in a non-oestradiol
      binding form (Ynb) which can be activated to the binding form in vitro by
      treatment with either ATP or ADP. Furthermore, dialysis of oviduct cytosol, which
      has no effect on the high-affinity receptor X, converts receptor Y to Ynb;
      receptor Y can then be recovered by treatment with ATP in the presence of Mg2+
      and independently of Ca2+. This is the first report of the controlled
      interconversion between a non-steroid binding form of oestrogen receptor and
      active receptor in a tissue that contains two independently regulated oestrogen
      receptor types.

PMID- 3990805
TI  - Protein structure. Hands on the calcium switch.

PMID- 3990804
TI  - Central nervous system and peripheral nerve growth factor provide trophic support
      critical to mature sensory neuronal survival.
AB  - Primary sensory neurones in cranial and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult
      animals are generally thought to be maintained through connections with their
      peripheral (but not central) targets by trophic factor(s) other than nerve growth
      factor (NGF). Damage to the peripheral process of sensory neurones results in a
      dramatic response or even death of the neurones, whereas axotomy (cutting) of the
      central process does not initiate profound reaction in these neurones. The
      development and maintenance of neurones are highly dependent on a supply of
      trophic agents produced by targets and retrogradely transported via the
      peripheral process to the cell body. NGF deprivation in fetal rodents produced
      either by exogenously administered antibodies or by those of maternal origin,
      results in death of DRG and of some cranial sensory neurones. However, as chronic
      NGF deprivation in neonatal or adult rodents produces little or no cell death, it
      has been assumed that some other trophic factor(s) derived from the peripheral
      target sustains sensory neurones in postnatal life. By inducing NGF deprivation
      by autoimmunizing guinea pigs with mouse NGF and/or by cutting the central root
      (process) of a DRG, we demonstrate here that under certain conditions DRG
      neurones require NGF and centrally derived trophic support. Our results indicate
      that sensory neurones are maintained by the trophic support provided by both
      peripheral and central targets. This support is mediated by NGF and other as yet
      unidentified trophic factors. The relative importance of the two target fields
      and NGF compared with other trophic factors changes during development.

PMID- 3990806
TI  - Can apes learn to count?

PMID- 3990807
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of calmodulin.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of calmodulin has been determined
      crystallographically at 3.0 A resolution. The molecule consists of two globular
      lobes connected by a long exposed alpha-helix. Each lobe binds two calcium ions
      through helix-loop-helix domains similar to those of other calcium-binding
      proteins. The long helix between the lobes may be involved in interactions of
      calmodulin with drugs and various proteins.

PMID- 3990809
TI  - US science budget. Deficit-cutting means freeze.

PMID- 3990808
TI  - Use of numbers by a chimpanzee.
AB  - Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although
      human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those
      in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for
      exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee
      (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of
      items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to
      name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no
      particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured
      two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study
      demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the
      sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'.

PMID- 3990810
TI  - AIDS. Undesirable import to Japan.

PMID- 3990811
TI  - Animal experimentation. Alternatives neglected.

PMID- 3990813
TI  - Dosage compensation and X-chromosome inactivation.

PMID- 3990812
TI  - Assessing the risk of dioxin exposure.

PMID- 3990814
TI  - High time for psychoimmunology.

PMID- 3990815
TI  - Evidence for echolocation in the oldest known bats.
AB  - The earliest-known bats are represented by excellent fossil material, including
      virtually complete skeletons of Icaronycteris index from the early Eocene (50 Myr
      BP) of western Wyoming and Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon from the middle Eocene (45
      Myr BP) 'Grube Messel' of western Germany. These taxa have been closely allied
      with Recent Microchiroptera, a suborder of diverse bats noted for their powers of
      ultrasonic echolocation. A problem with this relationship is the alleged absence
      in the Eocene forms of specializations in the auditory region and other aspects
      of the skeletal system. It has been proposed, therefore, that the oldest bats are
      members of a group more primitive and possibly ancestral to the Microchiroptera
      and the visually oriented Megachiroptera. Previously undescribed specimens now
      show, however, that Icaronycteris and Palaeochiropteryx share special basicranial
      features with microchiropterans which suggest comparable refinement of ultrasonic
      echolocation. These results support the theory that a sophisticated sonar system
      was present in the earliest records of microchiropteran history.

PMID- 3990816
TI  - Neuronal growth, atrophy and death in a sexually dimorphic song nucleus in the
      zebra finch brain.
AB  - The song control nuclei of the zebra finch brain contain more neurones of larger
      diameter in the male than in the female. This sexual dimorphism is thought to
      result from differential growth of neurones in the two sexes. Using
      neurohistological techniques and radioactive tracers, we have studied the
      development of several forebrain nuclei involved in the control of song and find
      that the dimorphism arises from neuronal atrophy and death in the female brain as
      well as from an increase in cell-body size and afferent terminals from other
      forebrain nuclei in the male. Although the timing of these events varies from
      nucleus to nucleus, the sequence is essentially similar in all of them except
      area X. Here we describe the events in one of these nuclei, the robust nucleus of
      archistriatum (RA), as an example.

PMID- 3990817
TI  - NIH. More competition, more disquiet.

PMID- 3990818
TI  - Compensation for US veterans.

PMID- 3990819
TI  - Embryo's right to protection.

PMID- 3990820
TI  - Why flying locusts do not crash.

PMID- 3990821
TI  - Hybrid oncogenes. A multi-purpose tool for studying multi-step processes.

PMID- 3990822
TI  - [Animal rights and animal experimentation: problems and possible solutions].
AB  - In order to discuss the justified and humane demands for more animal protection
      in science we need first to achieve conceptual clarity. A simple separation of
      highly developed animals from less developed ones is hardly possible. Although we
      have no reliable way of assessing pain and suffering in animals we still have the
      responsibility for protecting them. However, scientists will always require
      animal experimentation in order to further the understanding of ourselves and to
      improve health. These experiments should follow strict guidelines. Concrete
      measures for animal protection must be adapted to each case and the consequences
      carefully thought out.

PMID- 3990824
TI  - L-prolyl-L-arginine fragment of tuftsin peptide chain elicits analgesic action.

PMID- 3990823
TI  - [Metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma. Regulation of the glucostat of the
      liver].
AB  - The liver is the glucostat of the organism. It removes glucose when offered in
      excess as after a normal meal via glycogen synthesis and glycolysis; it provides
      glucose when needed as in between meals. Hepatocytes from the periportal
      (afferent) and perivenous (efferent) zones of the liver parenchyma differ in
      their enzyme content and subcellular structures. Therefore the model of
      "metabolic zonation" proposes different functions for the two zones. Glucose
      release is predominantly located in the periportal and glucose uptake in the
      perivenous zone. The non-zonal, homogeneous and the zonal heterogeneous
      organization of antagonistic pathways are compared to a narrow country road and a
      divided highway, respectively, which would allow traffic to proceed at a given
      time in only one or in both directions, respectively. The highway, corresponding
      to the model of metabolic zonation, is certainly more efficient than a narrow
      country road.

PMID- 3990825
TI  - Sialyltransferase probing glycolytic energy metabolism in the plasma membrane.

PMID- 3990826
TI  - Effects of corticoadrenal extract on the neuronal and extraneuronal uptake of
      noradrenaline in the isolated rabbit heart.

PMID- 3990827
TI  - Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on thermoregulatory responses and
      hypothalamic neuronal activity in the rat.
AB  - Rats were chronically implanted with a hypothalamic cannula to allow chemical
      stimulation of the hypothalamus on the conscious animals in repeated experiments.
      Direct administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (20-60 ng) into the
      preoptic anterior hypothalamic area caused a dose-related fall in rectal
      temperature at ambient temperatures of 8 degrees C and 22 degrees C. The
      hypothermia induced by CCK-8 was produced by a decrease in metabolism at an
      ambient temperature of 8 degrees C, whereas at 22 degrees C, it was caused by
      both a decrease in metabolism and an increase in cutaneous temperature. However,
      at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C, intrahypothalamic administration of
      CCK-8 caused an insignificant change in thermoregulatory responses. Furthermore,
      neither intrahypothalamic injection of 0.9% saline nor intraperitoneal injection
      of CCK-8 (60 ng) had any effect on thermoregulatory responses at the ambient
      temperatures of 8 degrees-30 degrees C studied. Under urethane anaesthesia, 59
      single neurons in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area were examined in 29
      rats. Each animal was subjected to scrotal warming or cooling and to the
      administration of CCK-8. Microiontophoretic application of CCK-8 resulted in
      inhibition of the majority (75%) of cold-responsive neurons as well as excitation
      of the majority (77.8%) of warm-responsive neurons recorded in the preoptic
      anterior hypothalamic area. However, the majority (69%) of thermally unresponsive
      cells were not affected by CCK-8 application. The data indicate that CCK-8, when
      administered intrahypothalamically, excites warm-responsive neurons and inhibits
      cold-responsive neurons within the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area to induce
      hypothermia by promoting an increase in heat loss and a decrease in heat
      production.

PMID- 3990830
TI  - Deutsche Pharmakologische Gesellschaft. Abstracts, 26th spring meeting. March 12
      15, 1985, Mainz.

PMID- 3990829
TI  - Plasma catecholamines in arterial and capillary blood.
AB  - Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in arterial and simultaneously
      collected "arterialised" capillary plasma (vasodilated ear-lobe) obtained from
      unmedicated resting subjects (n = 9) were measured radio-enzymatically and found
      to be indistinguishable (adrenaline: 112 +/- 42 ng/l versus 109 +/- 52 ng/l;
      noradrenaline: 378 +/- 174 ng/l versus 410 +/- 219 ng/l; mean +/- SD; paired t
      test: P greater than 0.10). The fitted regression lines did not differ
      significantly from the line of identity (slope = 1). The correlation coefficient
      was 0.969 for adrenaline and 0.945 for noradrenaline. Adrenaline and
      noradrenaline concentrations in plasma from freely flowing capillary blood (non
      hyperaemic fingertip) were very similar to those in arterial plasma (adrenaline:
      101 +/- 89 ng/l versus 90 +/- 72 ng/l;noradrenaline: 399 +/- 240 ng/l versus 395
      +/- 240 ng/l; n = 13 each; paired t-test: P greater than 0.10). The correlation
      coefficient was 0.981 and 0.917 for adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively.
      Adrenaline concentrations in capillary plasma (vasodilated earlobe), however,
      were significantly higher than those in venous (forearm) plasma (100 +/- 51 ng/l
      versus 61 +/- 23 ng/l; n = 15; P less than 0.01; capillary-venous difference = 35
      +/- 18%) while noradrenaline concentrations did not differ significantly. We
      conclude that capillary plasma resembles arterial plasma in its catecholamine
      content and we show that arterial catecholamine levels may be determined in
      capillary, especially "arterialised" specimens, eliminating the need for arterial
      blood sampling.

PMID- 3990831
TI  - [Magic in medicine].

PMID- 3990828
TI  - The depolarizing action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on rabbit vagal primary afferent
      and sympathetic neurones and its selective blockade by MDL 72222.
AB  - MDL 72222 (1 alpha H,3 alpha,5 alpha H-tropan-3-yl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate) is a
      novel compound with potent and selective blocking actions at certain excitatory 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors on mammalian peripheral neurones. In the
      present study, the sucrose-gap technique has been used to record depolarizing
      responses to 5-HT from the cells of the rabbit nodose and superior cervical
      ganglia and to investigate the potency and selectivity of MDL 72222 as an
      antagonist of these responses. On nodose ganglia, responses to 5-HT were
      inhibited surmountably by MDL 72222 at concentrations up to 100 nmol/l. The
      threshold for antagonism was 2-10 nmol/l and the apparent pA2 value (Schild 1947)
      was 7.7 +/- 0.2, n = 10. Blockade was selective since responses to GABA and
      noradrenaline were unaffected by MDL 72222, 100 nmol/l. With concentrations of
      MDL 72222 higher than 100 nmol/l, antagonism was concentration-related but not in
      a manner consistent with simple competitive antagonism and even a concentration
      of 1 mumol/l failed to abolish the response to 5-HT. The results from the
      superior cervical ganglion were essentially similar to those obtained from the
      nodose ganglion. The threshold concentration of MDL 72222 for inhibition of 5-HT
      was 1-10 nmol/l and blockade was selective in that depolarizing responses to
      dimethylphenyl-piperazinium (DMPP) was unaffected by a concentration of MDL 72222
      of 1 mumol/l. The data provide direct evidence that MDL 72222 is a potent and
      selective antagonist of the receptors for 5-HT which mediate depolarizing
      responses in vagal primary afferent cell bodies and in sympathetic ganglion
      cells.

PMID- 3990832
TI  - [Fumaric acid in the treatment of patients with psoriasis].

PMID- 3990833
TI  - [Phobias].

PMID- 3990834
TI  - [The unreliability of the determination of the blood lymphocyte count].

PMID- 3990835
TI  - [Acute abdomen in the Netherlands].

PMID- 3990836
TI  - [Postmenopausal hemorrhage; epidemiologic aspects and histological diagnosis].

PMID- 3990837
TI  - [Guidelines for the diagnosis and primary treatment of patients with injuries of
      the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae].

PMID- 3990838
TI  - [Copper removal using zinc].

PMID- 3990839
TI  - [Acute inflammation of the middle ear].

PMID- 3990840
TI  - [Hyper-IgE syndrome].

PMID- 3990841
TI  - [Compartment syndrome of the lower leg due to physical stress].

PMID- 3990842
TI  - [Plasma copper and zinc in psychiatric patients].

PMID- 3990843
TI  - [Unwanted pregnancy after careful contraception].

PMID- 3990844
TI  - [Nose destruction following septum abscess: surgical prevention].

PMID- 3990845
TI  - [The prescribing of antibiotics].

PMID- 3990846
TI  - [Sarmiento's treatment method for humeral shaft fractures].

PMID- 3990847
TI  - [Acute appendicitis; a retrospective analysis].

PMID- 3990848
TI  - [Combined passive and active immunization of infants of HbsAg-positive mothers].

PMID- 3990849
TI  - [Pregnancy complications in women with a (double) heterozygote hemoglobinopathy].

PMID- 3990850
TI  - [A classical method of committing suicide: with Taxus baccata].

PMID- 3990851
TI  - [Do men and women see cardiologists and internists in equal numbers?].

PMID- 3990852
TI  - [Responsibility of the physician in prescribing Tegretol].

PMID- 3990853
TI  - [An extreme form of hypochloremia].

PMID- 3990854
TI  - [Corticosteroids and brain injury].

PMID- 3990855
TI  - [Cations and blood pressure].

PMID- 3990857
TI  - [An epidemiological study of the relation between alcohol and blood pressure].

PMID- 3990859
TI  - [Guidelines for the treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain lesions].

PMID- 3990860
TI  - [Coughing in circulatory arrest].

PMID- 3990858
TI  - [Lipoprotein lipase deficiency in 2 young patients (hyperlipoproteinemia type
      I)].

PMID- 3990856
TI  - [Alcohol and blood pressure].

PMID- 3990861
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma].

PMID- 3990862
TI  - [Children with learning disabilities in the doctor's office].

PMID- 3990863
TI  - [Faciodigitogenital syndrome (Aarskog's syndrome)].

PMID- 3990864
TI  - [Cardiovascular abnormalities in Marfan's syndrome; an echocardiographic study].

PMID- 3990865
TI  - [National Obstetrical Registration: delivery in breech presentation].

PMID- 3990866
TI  - [Tenomyoplastic midtarsal amputation for gangrene of the forefoot].

PMID- 3990867
TI  - [Is euthanasia a solution?].

PMID- 3990868
TI  - [Abdominal pain and night sweats, a special combination].

PMID- 3990869
TI  - [Is digitalis still valuable in 1985?].

PMID- 3990870
TI  - [Digitalis and atrial fibrillation in 1985].

PMID- 3990871
TI  - [Endometriosis, predisposition and prevention].

PMID- 3990873
TI  - [Prosthesis arthroplasty for arthritis deformans of the carpometacarpal joint of
      the thumb].

PMID- 3990872
TI  - [Getting older and remaining ambulatory; the relation between osteoporosis and
      fractures].

PMID- 3990874
TI  - [A patient with primary thrombocythemia].

PMID- 3990875
TI  - [Cultivation and improvement of Digitalis lanata in the Netherlands].

PMID- 3990876
TI  - The importance of quality in mammography.

PMID- 3990877
TI  - Complications of mandibular fractures: a retrospective review of 100 fractures in
      56 patients.

PMID- 3990878
TI  - Vascular injury associated with a posterior elbow dislocation.

PMID- 3990879
TI  - Recommendations and medical guidelines for the use of home apnea monitoring.
      Nebraska Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics Fetus & Newborn Committee.

PMID- 3990880
TI  - "Medicine in transition". Resource allocation--rationing.

PMID- 3990881
TI  - [CT in senile dementia and depression].
AB  - This article reviews a series of investigations, which evaluated CT in senile
      dementia and depression in late life. Although both ventricular and sulcal
      dilatation were strongly associated with the clinical diagnosis of SDAT, such
      radiological changes were also found in healthy controls, with an overlap of
      about 15-20%. Cognitive decline correlated equally well with the diagnosis of
      SDAT, but within the demented group CT changes correlated poorly, if at all, with
      intellectual impairment. It is argued that CT is useful in the assessment of
      dementia only in conjunction with other clinical and psychometric data. In old
      age depression ventricular enlargement predicted an increased mortality at two
      years, and a reduced brain density, which may have reflected an ageing process
      within the CNS. With improvements in the technology and analysis of CT further
      clinical and research progress can be expected.

PMID- 3990882
TI  - [InSka (Intentionality Scale)--a new psychopathometric instrument for the
      detection of schizophrenic residual symptoms].

PMID- 3990883
TI  - [Sequelae of delayed electroconvulsive therapy. A case report].

PMID- 3990884
TI  - [Electroconvulsive and dantrolene treatment of acute febrile catatonia. A case
      report].

PMID- 3990885
TI  - [Specific cerebral current pictures in transsexualism].

PMID- 3990886
TI  - [Psychiatry reform in the psychiatric district hospital: progress and obstacles
      in the last 7 years].

PMID- 3990887
TI  - [Comparative studies on early and late operations in aneurysm surgery].
AB  - In a five years period from January 1979 to December 1983 241 patients with
      angiographically verified aneurysms underwent operative treatment in the
      Department of Neurosurgery at Hannover Medical School. The final results six
      months after surgery are presented with special regard to the following subjects:
      preoperative grading (Hunt and Hess scale) and postoperative outcome (Glasgow
      Outcome Score) timing of surgery: early surgery within 72 hours (88 patients)
      versus delayed surgery (153 patients) incidence of rebleeding outcome of patients
      with space occupying intracerebral hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysms.

PMID- 3990888
TI  - [Electron microscopy findings of the superficial temporal artery and the middle
      cerebral artery in patients with vascular diseases].
AB  - Tissue samples taken from the A. cerebri media and A. temporalis superficialis
      were examined via electron microscope in 52 patients surgically treated by
      applying an externa-interna anastomosis. The findings are described.

PMID- 3990889
TI  - [Treatment results in severe craniocerebral trauma with and without dexamethasone
      therapy].
AB  - A retrospective study was performed to determine the effect of dexamethasone
      therapy on the outcome of severe head injuries not combined with other serious
      injuries. Between 1981 and 1983 we treated 53 of 110 patients with an initial
      dose of 40 mg dexamethasone followed by 16 mg daily for 10 days. There was no
      statistically significant difference in the outcome and the lethality of the
      steroid and nonsteroid group. Infections or other complications did not occur
      more frequent in dexamethasone-therapy.

PMID- 3990890
TI  - [Experiences with selection criteria in myelomeningocele surgery].
AB  - Between 1972 und 1983 85 children with myelomeningocele were treated according to
      the criteria for selective treatment as given by Lorber. The results of children
      with early or delayed operation and of those who had only supportive care are
      presented. Survival time and causes of death in the group of children not
      operated on are in particular given, the sequelae of selective treatment are
      discussed.

PMID- 3990891
TI  - [Results of volar transposition of the ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel syndrome].
AB  - 66 volar transpositions of the ulnar nerve were performed in 63 patients with
      cubital tunnel syndrome. 53 patients were male, 10 female. The average age was
      49.2 years ranging from 21-74 years. 64 patients had a neurological deficit, 2
      merely suffered from pain. The nerve conduction velocity was delayed in all
      patients. 14 patients had had a cubital fracture in their history, 6 patients
      showed an arthrosis of the cubital joint. 5 patients suffered from a habitual
      luxation of the ulnar nerve. In 14 cases there had been recurrent distorsions of
      the cubital joint. 4 patients were diabetics, 2 alcoholics. In 31 cases no
      pathogenetic factor could be found. A deep intramuscular transposition with
      insertion of the intramuscular septa was performed. There were excellent and good
      results in 82% of all cases. 15% remained unchanged. In 3% a deterioration was
      observed. The shorter the preoperative history the better the prognosis. Complete
      recovery was less frequent in patient with severe neurological deficit than with
      slight. The results were better in younger patients than in elder. But long
      lasting severe atrophies in elder patients recovered completely in some cases.
      Diabetes mellitus and alcoholism could not be proved as contributing factors but
      seemed to cause poorer results.

PMID- 3990892
TI  - Neonatal malnutrition in the rat affects the delivery of sulfatides from
      microsomes and their entry into myelin.
AB  - Brain slices from 18 day old normal and malnourished rats were incubated in the
      presence of [35S]sulfate to explore its incorporation into sulfatides of a total
      brain homogenate and the appearance of labeled sulfatides in different
      subcellular fractions. While the incorporation of label into sulfatides of the
      total homogenate was similar in both groups of animals, in subcellular fractions
      separated on a linear sucrose density gradient, labeling of sulfatides in
      malnourished animals was relatively higher in the region corresponding to the
      microsomal fraction. Time course incorporation and pulse-chase experiments were
      carried out to explore the kinetics of labeling of microsomal and myelin
      sulfatides. In pulse-chase experiments, normal controls showed a decrease in the
      specific radioactivity of sulfatides in the microsomal fraction after the chase,
      which was not observed in malnourished animals, while the appearance of labeled
      sulfatides in the myelin fraction of the latter group of animals was found to be
      lower than in normals. These results suggest that in neonatal malnutrition there
      is a defect in the transport of de novo synthesized sulfatides towards myelin
      or/and a problem in the assembly of these lipids into the myelin membrane.

PMID- 3990893
TI  - Electroacupuncture alters catecholamines in brain regions of rats.
AB  - Electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation mediated the release of [3H]norepinephrine
      (NE) from synaptosomes prelabeled with [3H]NE. The pulse release of [3H]NE by EA
      stimulation was dependent on the presence of Ca2+. Treatment of rats with EA for
      30 min at 4 Hz did not significantly alter the dopamine (DA) content in
      hypothalamus, cerebellum, pons, midbrain, and cerebral cortex regions, but the DA
      level was decreased by 20% in caudate nucleus. The NE level was found to increase
      by 43% in caudate nucleus and 38% in hypothalamus. The results indicate that only
      certain neuronal pathways are affected by the EA treatment, and that NE and DA
      may respond differently to such stimulation.

PMID- 3990894
TI  - Comparison of the binding of optically pure (-)- and (+)- [3H]nicotine to rat
      brain membranes.
AB  - A comparison of the binding of (-)- and (+)-[3H]nicotine to rat brain membranes
      revealed that only the (-)-enantiomer showed high affinity binding; while the (+)
      enantiomer was at least 1/10 as effective as the (-)-enantiomer when in
      competition with (-)-[3H]nicotine as the ligand. Positive cooperativity, which is
      observed with (-)-[3H]nicotine in the presence of low concentrations of (+)
      nicotine, may account for the seeming paradox.

PMID- 3990895
TI  - Use of mitochondrial inhibitors to differentiate kinetic properties of the ATP
      dependent Ca2+ uptake system in synaptic membranes.
AB  - Synaptosomal membranes accumulate 3-6 times more Ca2+ in the presence of ATP (50
      1000 microM) than basal Ca2+ accumulation (-ATP). The location of this Ca2+
      accumulation appears to reside on the cytosolic face of the synaptosome since
      lysed synaptosomes accumulate 4-times more Ca2+ than intact synaptosomes. The
      inclusion of mitochondrial inhibitors, oligomycin (0.7 micrograms/ml), sodium
      azide (100 microM) and dinitrophenol (100 microM) differentiate mitochondrial
      from nonmitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation under conditions that are [Ca2+]- and ATP
      dependent. In the presence of low concentrations of ATP (less than 150 microM)
      and Ca2+ free (2.5 or 6.8 microM), Ca2+ accumulation occurs as one process in
      both lysed synaptosomal membranes and purified synaptic plasma membranes in the
      presence and/or absence of MI. When ATP levels are increased (greater than 200
      microM), Ca2+ accumulation process remains independent of the presence of
      mitochondrial inhibitors when Ca2+ free = 2.5 microM. When Ca2+ free is increased
      to 6.8 microM, mitochondrial inhibitors differentiate mitochondrial from
      nonmitochondrial accumulation. These studies suggest that optimal conditions for
      the measurement of Ca2+ accumulating mechanisms in synaptosomal membranes depend
      on both [Ca2+] and ATP. Use of these assay conditions provide evidence that ATP
      dependent Ca2+ uptake may be a viable mechanism for the regulation of
      synaptosomal Ca2+ levels.

PMID- 3990896
TI  - [Surgery of Crouzon's disease].

PMID- 3990897
TI  - [Superior facet syndrome--findings on metrizamide CT myelography].
AB  - Sciatica caused by root entrapment in the lateral recess was named superior facet
      syndrome by Epstein in 1972. Few reports on this subject based on large numbers
      of cases have been documented to date. Of the patients with sciatica, 32 patients
      were diagnosed to have root entrapment at the lateral recess L5 or/and S1 lumbar
      spine. Out of 32 patients, 20 patients were operated on and the lateral
      entrapment was recognized in all of surgical cases. Neuroradiological findings,
      especially of metrizamide CT (met. CT), were documented in detail. Thirty two
      patients were classified in three types according to radiological findings. They
      were congenital or developmental, degenerative, and combined type, respectively,
      Fourteen cases belonged to the congenital type, 13 to the degenerative and 5 to
      the combined type. Each group had the mean ages of 23.4, 53.8, and 36.8 years
      old, respectively. Of 32 cases the entrapment occurred in 47 L5 roots and 11 S1
      roots. There was no remarkable laterality. In operation the unroofing of the
      lateral recess were done and the sciatica subsided postoperatively in all of
      surgical cases. Met. CT revealed extreme medial protrusion of the superior
      articular joint in 18 of 24 cases (75%) and none filling of the root in the
      lateral recess in 21 of 24 cases (87.5%). In the degenerative type, met. CT
      showed some degenerative changes that were hypertrophy or deformity of the
      articular joints and spur formation of the vertebral body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990898
TI  - [Assessment of major stroke at onset in cerebral ischemia. In consideration of
      acute revascularization].
AB  - Since the acute revascularization was adopted as a probable means of surgical
      treatment for the acute cerebral ischemia, it became essential to discuss how the
      initial symptom at onset can predict the subsequent development of severe or mild
      cerebral infarction. In the 2 past years, 207 cases of cerebral ischemic lesion
      were admitted non-selectively and mostly in the early stage after the attack.
      Excluding 40 cases of surgical treatment, 167 cases were classified into 30 cases
      of TIA, 13 cases of RIND, 94 cases of minor completed stroke and 30 cases of
      major completed stroke. In 30 cases of major completed stroke, 21 cases developed
      severe motor hemiplegia from the onset and the rest 9 cases initially mild
      hemiparesis which gradually developed to severe hemiplegia thereafter. The cases
      of minor completed stroke showed mild or moderate hemiparesis initially and did
      not worsen thereafter. In the group of TIA and RIND, no case had developed severe
      hemiplegia in any stage of clinical course. The disturbance of consciousness were
      noted in 5 cases out of 94 cases of minor completed stroke (5%) and 12 cases out
      of 30 cases of major completed stroke (40%) in the following time course. More
      than half of the cases of major completed stroke were considered to be cerebral
      embolism including the retrospective review.

PMID- 3990899
TI  - [Prognosis of metastatic brain tumor from lung cancer with special reference to
      its stages].
AB  - An overview of treatment of brain metastasis from lung cancer in National Cancer
      Center is presented with respect to T and N categories in TNM classification. To
      know the rate of brain metastasis, CT scan on brain was performed for all the
      patients with lung cancer hospitalized for surgical treatment and revealed that 3
      of 87 patients had brain metastasis without any neurological signs and symptoms.
      On the other hand, 105 out of 320 (32.8%) lung cancer patients who had taken CT
      scan for some reason from 1975-1983 in this hospital had shown the brain
      metastasis. Therefore, it should be memorized that only 3.4% was detected to have
      brain metastasis from the patients without any neurological signs and symptoms.
      Two hundred sixty-one patients with metastatic brain tumor from lung cancer were
      treated in 1963-1983 at National Cancer Center in Japan. Of these, 205 patients
      were evaluated for the median survival and the average survival according to
      various therapeutic modalities. Of this 205 patients, 123 had no operation with
      or without other treatment--chemotherapy or radiotherapy showed median survival
      of 3-5 months (range 2-25 months). Eighty-two had operation on brain metastasis
      with or without chemotherapy showed median survival of 6-11 months (range 2-112
      months). Correlation between survival time and T and N categories in TNM
      classification at the diagnosis of lung cancer was studied and no remarkable
      difference was noted either in T or N categories in the average survival time and
      percent number of cases survived equal or more than 6 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990900
TI  - [A case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the frontal bone].
AB  - A case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the skull is reported. A 20-year-old boy
      visited our clinic on December, 1982 because of a recurrent forehead tumor. He
      had a 4 X 4 X 1.5 cm tumor on the right side of forehead and a 3 X 3 X 0.5 cm
      tumor on the left. Neurological examination showed no abnormalities. Skull X-ray
      film showed a large round radiolucent area with clear sclerotic margin in the
      frontal bone and right orbit. Right carotid angiogram showed marked posterior
      displacement of the anterior cerebral artery, but no tumor stain. Plain CT scan
      showed a mass with iso to low density area in the frontal region. It was markedly
      and irregularly enhanced with contrast media. Surgery was performed entirely in
      the epidural space, and the tumor was completely removed. The post-operative
      clinical course was uneventful. Histologically, the three components of
      chondroid, myxomatous and fibrous tissues in this tumor led to the diagnosis of
      "chondromyxoid fibroma."

PMID- 3990902
TI  - [Monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the parietal bone: a case report].
AB  - In this paper a case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the left parietal bone is
      described. This 51-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for a head injury
      on January 12, 1983, and a flat, painless hump (7 X 7cm) was incidentally found
      in the left parietal region. Plain x-ray film of the skull showed a multicystic
      lesion with slightly sclerotic margin in the left parietal bone, and outward
      bulging of the outer table without destruction of the inner table in tangential
      view. CT scan at the level of bone window clearly demonstrated the same
      abnormality and intradiploic mass separated by some bony septums. Angiography
      revealed no positive findings, but RI bone scan (99m Tc) showed an abnormal
      uptake in this lesion. On February 1, 1983, operation was performed to verify the
      nature of the lesion and for relief of the left-sided headache. Post operative
      course was uneventful. Histological findings of this mass were of inactive
      fibrous dysplasia with fibrous tissue replacing the normal bone and surrounded by
      island or scorlled edge of bones. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the cranial
      vault is rare. It is often possible to make diagnosis in this disease on the
      clinical course, plain x-ray film and CT scan showing cystic findings and outer
      table bulging, and RI scan demonstrating abnormal uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990901
TI  - [Familial occurrence of intracranial arteriovenous malformation].
AB  - It is beyond that cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a congenital
      disease based on abnormal vascular formation in the embryonic stage.
      Nevertheless, familial occurrence of cerebral AVMs has been previously reported
      only in five families throughout the world, when complications of specific
      diseases such as Sturge-Weber-Dimitri disease, von Hippel-Lindaeu disease, and
      Osler-Rendu-Weber disease were ruled out. We have recently encountered four cases
      of two familial AVMs. In this paper, we review nineteen cases of nine familial
      AVMs from literature including our four cases from two families. Case 1: A 50
      year-old male was admitted in June, 1975, for clonic convulsion. Cerebral
      angiography showed an AVM situated in the left parietal region, which was
      supplied from callosomarginal and central arteries. Total excision of the AVM was
      performed. The patient was completely cured and discharged without abnormal
      neurological deficits. Case 2: A 16-year-old male was admitted in May, 1978, with
      about ten years history of general convulsions. This patient was the third child
      of Case 1. Cerebral angiography revealed an AVM situated in the right parietal
      region, which was supplied from callosomarginal and precentral arteries. Total
      resection of the AVM was performed. The patient was completely cured. Case 3: An
      11-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital in a comatose state in January,
      1978, and soon died. Cerebral angiography showed only presence of internal
      hydrocephalus. The autopsy revealed a hematoma in the right cerebellar hemisphere
      with bilateral intraventricular hematomas, and AVM was histologically found in
      the cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990903
TI  - [Posttraumatic aneurysm-like shadow at the supraclinoid portion of the internal
      carotid artery--a case report].
AB  - Traumatic cerebral aneurysms occupy less than 1% in all cerebral aneurysms and
      the onset usually occurs two to three weeks after the head injury. The authors
      present a case revealing an aneurysm-like shadow at the supraclinoid portion of
      the internal carotid artery immediately after the head injury. A 45-year-old man
      was admitted in a semi-comatose state, with bleeding from the nose and the ear.
      He presented anisocoria, with the left pupil larger, and absence of light reflex
      of the pupil. Roentgenographic examinations revealed fractures of the skull, the
      left radius, and the pelvis. CT disclosed subarachnoid hemorrhage and
      intrasylvian and intracerebral hematoma, with midline shift to the right. Left
      carotid angiograms revealed an aneurysm-like shadow projecting medially at the
      supraclinoid portion of the left internal carotid artery, and an emergency
      operation was performed. A left fronto-temporo-parietal craniectomy was done.
      Incision of the dura disclosed a thin subdural hematoma and subarachnoid
      hemorrhage on the surface of the brain. Following removal of the intrasylvian and
      intracerebral hematoma and slight retraction of the left frontal lobe, a bone
      fracture and dural tear of the anterior cranial fossa were found. During exposure
      of the internal carotid artery, a heavy bleeding occurred from the supraclinoid
      internal carotid artery. Under control of the bleeding by temporary clipping of
      the internal carotid artery, the bleeding point was proved to be a longitudinal
      tear of the infero-medial wall of the internal carotid artery, and its length was
      about 5 mm. Because it was difficult to suture the tear, the internal carotid
      artery was doubly clipped.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990904
TI  - [Distal aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery--report of 3 cases].
AB  - The incidence of posterior fossa aneurysm is reported to be 4-15% of all
      intracranial aneurysms in large series. Most aneurysms of the posterior inferior
      cerebellar artery (PICA) arise at the origin of the PICA. However, aneurysms of
      the distal part of the PICA have only rarely been described. This report presents
      three cases of distal PICA aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Two aneurysms
      were located in the superior retrotonsillar segment of the PICA in two cases, and
      another was located in the tonsillohemispheric branch in one case. Obliteration
      of these aneurysms was comparatively easily done by bilateral suboccipital
      craniectomy. Computerized tomography (CT) was done in two cases. CT scan of the
      second case revealed a hematoma in the cerebellar vermis, and that of the third
      case revealed hemorrhage in the fourth and third ventricles. These findings seem
      to be common in subarachnoid hemorrhage of this lesion and may suggest the
      rupture of distal PICA aneurysm.

PMID- 3990905
TI  - [A case of pycnodysostosis].
AB  - Pycnodysostosis is a term introduced by Maroteaux and Lamy in 1962 to describe
      characteristic features such as dwarfism, separated cranial sutures, open
      fontanelles, hypoplasia and absence of mandibular angle, partial aplasia of the
      terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, generalized condensation of bone
      shadow, bone fragility, and autosomal recessive inheritance. We reported a such
      case in a 13-years old boy associated with an epidural hematoma. Four weeks after
      removal of the hematoma, lumbar puncture was performed with the initial pressure
      of 200mm H2O in an awake state and the plateau waves were observed several times
      during sleep. Such increased intracranial pressure may have caused the open
      fontanelle and cranial sutures in addition to dysostosis. Thus such patients
      require careful attention in order to prevent major bleeding from the superior
      sagittal sinus directly beneath the separated sagittal suture.

PMID- 3990906
TI  - [Facial nerve neurinoma--report of 2 cases].
AB  - Two cases of facial nerve neurinoma (VII-Nm) were reported. The first case is a
      41-year-old man who had 16 years of history of slowly progressive right facial
      palsy and hearing disturbance. The tumor originated in horizontal portion of the
      right facial nerve, and extended epidurally into the middle cranial fossa, as
      well as medially along the facial canal to the C-P angle. The second case is a 55
      year-old man with 16 years of history of progressive right facial palsy which was
      followed by hearing disturbance. The tumor was found in the vertical portion of
      the right facial nerve, expanding in the petrous bone. Both tumors were removed
      surgically. 116 VII-Nm were reported in the literature including our 2 cases.
      Most were reported in the ENT field, and only 11 cases in the neurosurgical
      field. Facial palsy or hearing disturbance is the initial symptom, depending on
      the site of origin in the facial nerve. VII-Nm can originate in any part of the
      facial nerve. The most common part of origin is the vertical portion where the
      tumor tends to expand locally, but it may extend extracranially along the facial
      canal. The tumor which originates in the tympanic portion tends to extend into
      the middle ear cavity. The tumor originating in the horizontal portion extends to
      the epidural space in the middle cranial fossa and/or medially along the facial
      canal. VII-Nm in the cisternal portion of the facial nerve extends to the
      posterior cranial fossa and produces the signs of C-P angle tumor. Unlike the
      acoustic neurinoma, VII-Nm is associated with marked facial palsy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990907
TI  - [Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the deep temporal artery--a case report].
AB  - A rare case of traumatic AV fistula of the deep temporal artery is reported. The
      patient, a 33 years old male, struck his forehead and left temporal region in a
      traffic accident on March 30, 1983. He noticed the swelling at his temporal
      region 5 days after the accident as it became pulsative and enlarged. He was
      admitted on May 23 and left external carotid angiography revealed an AV fistula
      which was fed by the deep temporal artery and drained into the superficial
      temporal vein. The operation was performed on May 27 and showed that the AV
      fistula was not in the subcutaneous tissue, but buried in the temporal muscle.
      Total extirpation was performed. Postoperative course was uneventful and he was
      discharged on June 10. Microscopic examination of the AV fistula demonstrated
      some traumatic findings, such as tear of the wall of vein, thrombosed artery and
      an aneurysm-like protrusion of the wall of the artery.

PMID- 3990908
TI  - Photoreceptor damage and eye pigmentation: influence on the sensitivity of rat
      pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin levels to light at night.
AB  - The threshold of light irradiance capable of inhibiting nighttime pineal
      serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content, and the
      importance of intact photoreceptors and eye pigmentation on these changes, were
      investigated in the rat. Groups of intact albino and black-eyed rats and albino
      animals with light-induced photoreceptor damage were studied in the dark period
      before, and after 15 and 30 min of exposure to either 0.0005, 0.175 or 3.33
      microW/cm2 irradiance of light. In animals with photoreceptor damage, the
      sensitivity of the pineal gland to light decreased so that only the highest
      irradiance tested (3.33 microW/cm2) was capable of totally inhibiting pineal NAT
      activity and melatonin levels. In one study, pineal NAT and melatonin levels in
      intact albino rats were inhibited by all three irradiances studied. In a second
      experiment, albino and black-eyed animals behaved identically, only responding
      with a depression in pineal NAT and melatonin after exposure to light irradiances
      of either 0.175 or 3.33 microW/cm2. In conclusion, the lowest irradiance of cool
      white light capable of inhibiting pineal NAT and melatonin in albino rats is
      around 0.0005 microW/cm2. At the irradiances studied, photoreceptor damage
      influences the response of pineal NAT and melatonin to acute light exposure at
      night. On the other hand, eye pigmentation does not seem to have a major effect
      on the nighttime inhibition of the pineal by light.

PMID- 3990909
TI  - Stimulatory or inhibitory effects of angiotensin II upon LH secretion in
      ovariectomized rats: a function of gonadal steroids.
AB  - The effects of intraventricular infusions of artificial cerebrospinal fluid
      (aCSF) or angiotensin II (AII) on LH secretion were investigated in rats that had
      been ovariectomized for 8 days. In untreated ovariectomized rats, the mean whole
      blood concentration of LH as well as the amplitude, frequency, and nadir of the
      LH pulses were not affected by infusion of aCSF or 15 ng AII/h, but were
      suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion by infusion of AII at doses of 150 or 600
      ng/h. The AII receptor antagonist, saralasin, blocked the inhibitory effect of
      AII, demonstrating the specificity of the response to AII. In ovariectomized rats
      pretreated with estradiol, infusion of AII did not modify mean blood LH levels.
      However, in ovariectomized rats pretreated with both estradiol and progesterone,
      infusions of AII at 150 or 600 ng/h produced dose-dependent increases in mean LH
      concentrations. The results demonstrate both inhibitory and stimulatory effects
      of AII upon LH secretion, the direction of the effect being determined by gonadal
      steroids.

PMID- 3990910
TI  - Properties and distribution of glucocorticoid-binding sites in cytosol of the
      spinal cord.
AB  - We have examined the spinal cord for the presence of glucocorticoid-binding
      sites. For this purpose, cytosol from the spinal cord of adrenalectomized rats
      was incubated with (3H)-dexamethasone. Maximal binding was obtained after 20 h of
      incubation at 0 degree C in the presence of 20 mM molybdate, whereas at 20
      degrees C the maximum was at 2 h. Using a range of (3H)-dexamethasone
      concentrations (0.2-30 nM), low capacity (161 +/- 23 fmol/mg protein) and high
      affinity (Kd 3.2 +/- 0.3 nM) sites were measured. Binding sites decreased by 25%
      and Kd increased 2.5-fold after incubation with a pure glucocorticoid (RU 26988).
      Relative binding affinities of several competitors of 10 nM (3H)-dexamethasone
      were: triamcinolone acetonide 108, dexamethasone 100, RU 26988 54, corticosterone
      18, progesterone 17, aldosterone 7, estradiol and testosterone less than 1.
      Sedimentation coefficients in glycerol gradients containing molybdate were in the
      range of those published for glucocorticoid receptors (9.6-9.8 S). Binding of
      (3H)-dexamethasone was decreased by omitting a SH-protective agent from the
      buffer or by addition of SH-blocking reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide and p
      chloromercuribenzoate. Using rats of different ages, it was found that binding
      sites were much lower in spinal cord from 2- to 8-day-old rats than in rats of 13
      20 days and adults. Regional distribution studies using cytosol from spinal cords
      dissected between vertebrae C1-C2, C3-C7, T1-T8, T9-L3 and L4-L6 revealed that
      binding sites were higher in regions containing the cervical (C3-C7) and lumbar
      (T9-L3) enlargements, with respect to L4-L6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990911
TI  - Central and peripheral catecholamine innervation of the rat intermediate and
      posterior pituitary lobes.
AB  - Catecholamines were measured in the separated intermediate and posterior lobes of
      the rat after stalk section and bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. In
      the intermediate lobe, after stalk section, dopamine decreases 96%,
      norepinephrine decreases 80%, and epinephrine is undetectable. In the posterior
      lobe, dopamine and epinephrine are absent, and norepinephrine decreases by 70%
      after the operation. In contrast, bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy
      produces only a 40% decrease in norepinephrine in the posterior lobe, and no
      changes in catecholamines in the intermediate lobe. Our results demonstrate that
      most of the intermediate and posterior pituitary catecholamines are present in
      nerve fibers of brain origin, and that the posterior lobe has a dual
      norepinephrine innervation, partly originating in the superior cervical ganglia.

PMID- 3990912
TI  - Chemosensory and neural influences on photoperiodic responsiveness of laboratory
      rats.
AB  - Olfactory bulbectomy unmasks photoperiodic responsiveness in normally
      nonphotoperiodic rats. We assessed whether the photoperiodic effects of
      bulbectomy reflect disruption of chemosensory input. At 26-28 days of age, male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to removal of their vomeronasal organ (VNO)
      complex, a sham-VNO ablation or large electrolytic lesions aimed at the pyriform
      cortex or corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala. Other rats were infused with (1)
      7.5% ZnSO4, a treatment that destroys the olfactory neuroepithelium, (2) 0.09%
      saline, or (3) air in each external nare every 4 days; rats from each treatment
      condition were assigned either to a long (LD 14:10) or short (LD 8:16) day
      lighting regimen and were autopsied at 90 days of age. Seminal vesicle and paired
      testes weights did not differ significantly among long-day groups. Mean seminal
      vesicle and paired testes weights were decreased only in short-day rats treated
      with ZnSO4. These results indicate that the VNO does not mediate the effects of
      photoperiod on rat reproduction. Olfactory information, not transduced by the
      amygdala, or nonsensory components of the olfactory bulbs appear to mask
      photoperiodism in intact rats.

PMID- 3990913
TI  - Changes in parathyroid hormone and calcium levels after superior cervical
      ganglionectomy of rats.
AB  - To assess the role of peripheral sympathetic nerves in the regulation of
      parathyroid hormone (PTH) release rats subjected to bilateral superior cervical
      ganglionectomy (SCGx) 8-24 h earlier were used. SCGx did not result in
      significant changes of basal serum calcium (Ca) or immunoreactive PTH (iPTH)
      levels. The i.p. administration of EDTA every 30 min for up to 3 h brought about
      an impending decrease of serum Ca levels in both sham-operated and SCGx rats when
      assessed 23 h after surgery. The extent of hypocalcemia was significantly larger
      in the SCGx group. In sham-operated controls serum iPTH increased by 32-145%, 1-3
      h after beginning EDTA treatment whereas such increases were considerably lower
      or absent in SCGx rats. In 3 out of 7 SCGx animals that survived to a double EDTA
      dose, iPTH increased to levels indistinguishable from controls. When SCGx rats
      subjected to surgery 23 h earlier and receiving d-1-propranolol (5 mg/kg) or
      phentolamine (10 mg/kg) 4 h and 30 min earlier were submitted to iterative EDTA
      injection serum iPTH increased, whereas no changes were detected in SCGx rats
      treated with vehicle and subjected to the same EDTA treatment. These data
      indicate that (1) SCGx does not affect basal release of iPTH or serum Ca
      concentration; (2) 23-26 h after SCGx there is a significant impairment of
      homeostatic iPTH responses to low Ca levels which can be overcome by suitable Ca
      stimulus; (3) circulating catecholamines may affect denervated parathyroid cells,
      as revealed by the changes in serum iPTH and Ca elicited by alpha- and beta
      adrenoceptor-blocker treatment of SCGx rats.

PMID- 3990914
TI  - Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of thyroid compensatory
      growth of normal and hypophysectomized rats.
AB  - Compensatory thyroid growth in rats subjected to unilateral thyroidectomy (Tx)
      and superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) performed ipsilaterally to the
      remaining lobe was about 2-fold that of rats subjected hemiTx alone, when
      assessed 7-15 days after surgery. HemiTx depressed serum T4 levels by 33% and
      increased serum TSH by 80% in control rats. Unilateral SCGx, which did not affect
      circulating T4 or TSH by itself, prevented hemiTx-induced changes of hormone
      levels. After hypophysectomy (Hpx) thyroid involution ensued. The subsequent
      hemiTx of Hpx rats did not affect Hpx-induced thyroid regression 7 days later,
      but abolished it 15 days later. At this time a factorial analysis of variance
      revealed lack of significant interaction between Hpx and hemiTx thus suggesting
      that a similar thyroid growth ensues after hemiTx regardless of pituitary
      intactness. However, both serum T4 and TSH levels were very low in Hpx rats
      regardless of whether one or two thyroid lobes were present indicating that
      thyroid growth in the absence of pituitary was not accompanied by increased
      secretory activity. SCGx performed ipsilaterally to the remaining lobe blunted
      the growth of the lobe in Hpx hemiTx rats. Moreover, the denervated thyroid lobe
      regressed in Hpx rats to values significantly lower than those of Hpx rats having
      intact sympathetic nerves both in the presence or in the absence of a
      contralateral thyroid lobe. SCGx did not modify the very low serum TSH and T4
      levels of Hpx rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3990915
TI  - Subcellular localization of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone.
AB  - Ultracentrifugation and sucrose gradient separation techniques have been applied
      to study of the subcellular distribution of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone
      (LH). Subcellular particle-bound LH accounted for 42% of the total LH while
      cytoplasm contained 58% of the total immunoassayable LH in these extracts. 70% of
      particle-bound LH was present in the P2 fraction and most of the particle
      associated LH was found in subfractions of P2 rich in synaptosomes but poor in
      myelin and mitochondria. While actual amounts of LH in the P3 and P4, the
      microsomal fractions, were relatively small, the concentration of LH, expressed
      as nanograms per milligram of protein was quite high. Both content and
      concentration of LH in the nuclear pellet, P1, were substantially lower. These
      findings provide further framework for speculation on the role of brain-based LH.

PMID- 3990917
TI  - Alterations in dopamine metabolism after chronic administration of haloperidol.
      Possible role of increased autoreceptor sensitivity.
AB  - Basal levels of the metabolites of dopamine (DA) were reduced following the
      chronic administration of haloperidol. The ability of small doses (50 or 100
      micrograms/kg) of apomorphine to reduce the concentrations of the metabolite of
      DA, homovanillic acid (HVA), was also enhanced following the chronic
      administration of haloperidol. In addition, the accumulation of DA and of the
      metabolite of DA, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), in rats treated with pargyline was
      reduced following the chronic administration of haloperidol, suggesting that
      basal turnover and release of DA also may be reduced. These findings are
      discussed in relation to possible changes in the sensitivity of DA autoreceptors
      and the activity of DA-containing neurons.

PMID- 3990916
TI  - Medial preoptic area involvement in norepinephrine-induced suppression of
      pulsatile luteinizing hormone release in ovariectomized rats.
AB  - This study examined whether the medial preoptic area (MPOA) is a site which
      mediates the inhibitory effects of norepinephrine (NE) on pulsatile luteinizing
      hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized rats. Animals were bled continuously at
      a rate of 50 microliter whole blood/7 min for 2 h prior to push-pull perfusion in
      the MPOA, and during a 2-3 h period of perfusion of the MPOA (20 microliter/min)
      with artificial CSF, or 2 or 20 pg NE/min. In another group of rats LH levels
      were only determined during a 2-3 h period of MPOA perfusion with CSF. Pulsatile
      LH release was not affected by push-pull perfusion with CSF when a comparison was
      made to preperfusion LH values in the same rats. Moreover, LH levels obtained
      from rats only bled during MPOA perfusion with CSF were not different from LH
      values obtained during the preperfusion periods in the other groups. However,
      push-pull perfusion of the MPOA with 2 or 20 pg NE/min significantly suppressed
      mean LH levels by causing a 35-45% reduction in pulse frequency. No decrease
      occurred in LH pulse amplitude. Therefore, these studies demonstrate that NE
      acting at the level of the MPOA can suppress pulsatile LH release solely by
      decreasing LH pulse frequency.

PMID- 3990918
TI  - Association between hypoalgesia and hypertension in rats after short-term
      isolation.
AB  - By isolating young rats (90-100 g) a state of hypertension and tachycardia was
      induced after 7 days or a longer period of social deprivation. Clonidine, a drug
      used to treat hypertension in man, readily reversed the high blood pressure and
      heart rate in this experimental model of hypertension. In two different tests, an
      elevated nociceptive threshold was shown to be present in isolated animals as
      compared to group-housed rats. Naloxone was found to reverse this hypoalgesic
      state. The opiate antagonist also diminished the high blood pressure in the
      socially-deprived animals. Moreover, after 7 days of isolation, 24 hr of housing
      the rats in groups of five made the level of blood pressure and the sensitivity
      to pain return to control values. In this experimental model, in which
      hypertension was linked to stressful housing conditions, the data suggest that
      high blood pressure and hypoalgesia are closely associated.

PMID- 3990919
TI  - Characterization of peripheral-type benzodiazepine recognition sites in the rat
      spinal cord.
AB  - The binding of [3H]Ro 5-4864 to membranes prepared from spinal cord of the adult
      rat has been studied in vitro. At 4 degrees C, the binding of [3H]Ro 5-4864
      reached equilibrium by 120 min, and was rapidly reversible (dissociation t0.5 =
      21 min). The [3H]Ro 5-4864 bound with a high affinity (Kd approximately equal to
      3 nM) to a single, saturable population of binding sites (Bmax = 27 pmol/g tissue
      wet weight). Activation of receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid with 10 microM
      muscimol did not alter these binding parameters. The drugs Ro 5-4864, diazepam
      and flunitrazepam were potent inhibitors of this binding (Kis of 10(-9)-10(-8) M)
      whereas clonazepam, CL 218,872 and Ro 15-1788 were weak inhibitors (Kis greater
      than 10(-5) M). A comparison of the binding of [3H]Ro 5-4864 in spinal cord with
      that in other areas of the CNS revealed that whereas the binding affinity was
      similar in all regions, membranes from spinal cord contained a slightly greater
      number of binding sites than cerebral cortex and cerebellum, and approximately
      one-third of the number present in the olfactory bulb. The characteristics of the
      binding of [3H]Ro 5-4864 obtained in this study are consistent with this ligand
      binding to peripheral-type benzodiazepine recognition sites in membranes from
      spinal cord.

PMID- 3990920
TI  - The continuity of dopamine receptor antagonism can dictate the long-term
      behavioural consequences of a mesolimbic infusion of dopamine.
AB  - An infusion of dopamine for 13 days into the nucleus accumbens of rat caused
      biphasic peaks of hyperactivity responding during infusion and an enhanced
      locomotor responsiveness to the dopamine agonist (-)N-n-propylnorapomorphine [(
      )NPA] after the infusion when rats where initially preselected as low activity
      responders to (-)NPA. Antagonism of the response to dopamine during the infusion
      by sulpiride, given every 8 hr (three daily doses provided 30 mg/kg, i.p.,
      daily), could both facilitate spontaneous locomotor activity after the infusion,
      and potentiate the consequence of enhanced hyperactivity responding to (-)NPA,
      for at least 11 weeks. In contrast, when sulpiride was administered in a daily
      dose of 30 mg/kg but by continuous intraperitoneal infusion, not only were the
      events during the infusion prevented, without subsequent change in spontaneous
      locomotion after the infusion, but also the long-term consequences for responding
      to (-)NPA were prevented and the rats remained at their preselected low activity
      response levels. The repeated treatment with (-)NPA or the repeated/continuous
      treatment with sulpiride alone were not responsible for the changes observed. It
      is concluded that the consequence of intervention with sulpiride during a period
      of infusion of dopamine into the mesolimbic region depends on the degree and/or
      continuity of antagonism of dopamine receptors such that fluctuating antagonism
      (daily injections) can exacerbate, whilst a continuous and constant receptor
      antagonism (effected by infusion), can prevent the long-term consequences of
      increased sensitivity to challenge with a dopamine agonist.

PMID- 3990921
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic treatment with amitryptyline on the sleep-wake
      activity of rats.
AB  - Amitriptyline (1, 5 or 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice a day) was administered
      to rats and the sleep-wake activity was recorded for either 24 hr (1 mg/kg) or 12
      hr (5 or 15 mg/kg) on the day before treatment with amitriptyline, on days 1 and
      5 of the treatment and on day 6, when the drug was withdrawn. In the first 3 hr
      amitriptyline increased non-REM sleep (NREMS), and decreased REM sleep (REMS) and
      wakefulness; the effects were dose-dependent. The changes in non-REM sleep and
      wakefulness (W) were followed by a compensatory reaction 6-12 hr after the
      treatment. The effects of chronic injection of amitriptyline on non-REM sleep
      revealed a definite decrease only in the case of the 15 mg/kg dose. Rebound of
      REM sleep appeared after withdrawal of the 5 and 15 mg/kg doses. Amitriptyline at
      1 mg/kg had no effect on the sleep-wake activity during the dark period. The
      results show that the increase in non-REM sleep is as characteristic of
      amitriptyline as the reduction of REM sleep, and that these effects are resistant
      to chronic treatment when the dose is small.

PMID- 3990922
TI  - Activation of muscarinic receptors on striatal synaptosomes increases the release
      of endogenous dopamine.
AB  - The release of endogenous dopamine was investigated using rat striatal
      synaptosomes in superfusion. Depolarization with 15 mM KC1 evoked a release which
      was totally calcium-dependent. Also, the basal release of dopamine was in part
      dependent on the presence of calcium ions. Exogenous acetylcholine potentiated
      the K+-induced release of endogenous dopamine through the activation of receptors
      of the muscarinic type located on dopamine nerve terminals. Very similar results
      were obtained when the release of 3H-dopamine, previously taken up into striatal
      synaptosomes, was examined.

PMID- 3990923
TI  - Distribution and characterization of cyclo (His-Pro)-like immunoreactivity in the
      human gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Cyclo (His-Pro) [C(HP)] has been measured by radioimmunoassay in perchloric acid
      extracts of human gastrointestinal (GI) tract structures derived from autopsy
      sources and fresh colonic biopsies. C(HP) was identified in all regions of the
      human GI tract, ranging in concentrations from 599 +/- 102 pg/mg protein in
      stomach, to 127 +/- 26 pg/mg protein in esophagus. The mean concentration of
      C(HP) from colonic biopsies was 335 +/- 30 pg/mg protein, statistically similar
      to values derived from postmortem sources. Since C(HP) concentrations are within
      the range of other gut peptide modulators, cyclo (His-Pro) is speculated to play
      a role as a new paracrine modulator of human GI tract function(s).

PMID- 3990925
TI  - Experimental carbon dioxide laser brain lesions and intracranial dynamics: Part
      2. Effect on brain water content and its response to acute therapy.
AB  - Experimental brain lesions were created over the left parietooccipital cortex of
      the albino rabbit through the intact dura mater with high radiating carbon
      dioxide laser energy (40-W impact, 0.5-second duration, for a total time of 4
      seconds on a 12.5-mm surface). The brain water content was studied 2, 6, and 24
      hours after the insult. Another two groups of animals received acute therapy with
      either dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) or furosemide (1 mg/kg). In all groups, Evans blue
      extravasation uniformly extended from the impact crater into the surrounding
      white matter. The brain water content in the gray matter was elevated from the
      control value by 2 hours after impact (P less than 0.005) and remained elevated
      at 6 and 24 hours. The white matter brain water content did not increase until 6
      hours after impact and remained elevated in the 24-hour group (P less than
      0.005). After dexamethasone treatment, there was a significant decrease of water
      in the gray matter (P less than 0.01), but not in the white matter. With
      furosemide therapy, there was no reduction of gray or white matter brain water.

PMID- 3990924
TI  - Mechanism of action of cholecystokinin on intestinal blood flow; interactions
      with opioid peptides and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
AB  - The effects of local administration of CCK-OP on mesenteric blood flow was
      studied in anaesthetized dogs using an electromagnetic flowmeter and interactions
      with the opioid peptides and VIP examined. CCK-OP was found to enhance enteral
      blood flow and tissue metabolism. Investigations with pharmacological antagonists
      showed that the vasoregulatory effect was exerted neurogenically, by influencing
      the activities of sympathetic alpha 2 adrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic,
      muscarinergic and nicotinic neurones. The flow-increasing action of CCK-OP was
      enhanced by D-Met2-NleS5-enkephalinamide; the effect was additive and partially
      blocked by naloxone. D-Met2-Pro5-enkephalinamide blocked the increases caused by
      CCK-OP in blood flow and tissue acetylcholine levels. The blockade was not
      competitive and could be totally eliminated by naloxone. VIP blocked the flow
      increasing effect of CCK-OP by a non-competitive mechanism. The results provide
      data on the peptidergic regulatory mechanisms of the mesenteric circulation.

PMID- 3990926
TI  - Cortically evoked motor action potential in spinal cord injury research.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) have been used extensively in the
      neurophysiological assessment of spinal cord integrity. However, SEPs mainly
      reflect the function of the dorsal column. In an effort to find a reliable method
      of assessing the integrity of the motor tracts for experimental purposes, we
      studied cortically evoked motor action potentials (CEMAPs). Twenty white rats
      used were anesthetized with ketamine, and extradural cortical stimulation was
      carried out through a parasagittal craniectomy posterior to the coronal suture. A
      single stimulus of 325 mV for a duration of 0.1 to 0.5 ms was used to obtain a
      motor action potential from the contralateral lower extremity. Complete
      transsection of the spinal cord abolished the CEMAP. A progressive increase in
      pressure applied to the spinal cord with a progressive increase in duration
      produced loss of the CEMAP. The selective motor tract study made possible by
      cortical stimulation makes this a good technique for studying the motor tracts in
      experimental work.

PMID- 3990927
TI  - Aneurysms associated with moyamoya disease.
AB  - Seven cases of moyamoya disease accompanied by an aneurysm were studied. The
      patients, two males and five females, were 13 to 57 years old (average, 32). The
      cases were classified into two groups: Group A (five cases), in which the
      aneurysm was located within the moyamoya vessels, and Group B (two cases), in
      which the aneurysm was located within the circle of Willis and remote from the
      moyamoya vessels. In all Group A cases, the presenting episode was intracerebral
      and intraventricular hemorrhage due to rupture of the aneurysm. One patient
      suffered two separate attacks. In this case, the aneurysm disappeared
      spontaneously. In one of the two Group B cases, there was hemorrhage from an
      anterior communicating artery aneurysm. In the other case, with a basilar
      superior cerebellar artery aneurysm, there was hemorrhage from the moyamoya
      vessels.

PMID- 3990929
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging: comparative study of radiofrequency pulse techniques
      in the evaluation of focal cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The recently developed technique of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging utilizes
      radiofrequency (RF) radiation in the presence of a strong magnetic field to
      provide cross sectional displays of body anatomy similar to computed tomography.
      When utilizing MR, the operator alters tissue contrast electronically by changing
      RF pulse sequences. The three most frequently used RF pulse sequences are partial
      saturation (PS), inversion-recovery (IR), and spin-echo (SE). We evaluated the
      sensitivity of these RF sequences to detect ischemic changes in our primate
      model. Serial MR scans were carried out using all three pulse formats 5 to 60
      hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in four animals. SE- and IR
      sequenced proton MR images readily identified areas of evolving infarct 5 to 60
      hours after MCAO, whereas PS scans that were performed during this acute period
      appeared normal. From 24 to 60 hours after MCAO, PS-sequenced scans showed focal
      areas of progressively decreasing signal intensity. However, SE and IR scans
      performed at the same intervals always demonstrated more extensive tissue
      changes. The basis of MR imaging, the effects of altering RF pulse sequences, and
      the resulting interpretation of changes observed in MR sections are presented.

PMID- 3990928
TI  - Confirmation of brain death with portable isotope angiography: a review of 204
      consecutive cases.
AB  - Intravenous isotope angiography is a rapid, safe, and specific bedside test for
      confirming brain death by demonstrating the lack of critical cerebral perfusion
      that occurs in this condition, regardless of etiology. A review of 204
      consecutive cases of suspected brain death studied with isotope angiography has
      reaffirmed our confidence in the specificity of the technique and has convinced
      us to make less stringent our radiographic criteria for confirming brain death by
      this method. A technically satisfactory single flow study that shows arrest of
      the carotid circulation at the base of the skull and absence of the intracranial
      arterial circulation may be considered confirmatory of a carefully established
      clinical diagnosis of brain death, even though there may be some visualization of
      the intracranial venous sinuses. Arbitrary waiting periods, withdrawal of
      sedative drugs, and electrophysiological studies are not needed when this
      technique is used.

PMID- 3990930
TI  - Clinical role of magnetic resonance imaging in the neurosurgical patient.
AB  - The results of magnetic resonance (MR) evaluation in 18 patients with common
      neurosurgical problems, including cerebrovascular lesions, intracranial tumors,
      and craniovertebral junction pathological conditions, are presented. The results
      are compared with those of routine diagnostic studies. Overall, MR imaging was
      equivalent or superior to computed tomography in 16 of 18 cases. In 2 cases, MR
      demonstrated pathological changes when standard diagnostic imaging procedures
      failed to demonstrate the lesion responsible for the patient's deterioration. MR
      is a versatile, noninvasive imaging technique that is capable of demonstrating a
      wide range of disease processes, without exposure to ionizing radiation or
      contrast agents.

PMID- 3990931
TI  - Improvement in the retinal circulation after superficial temporal to middle
      cerebral artery bypass.
AB  - The retinal circulation of 35 patients (age, 30 to 71 years) with symptomatic
      internal carotid occlusion (22 cases) or severe inaccessible stenosis (13 cases)
      was studied both before and after superficial temporal to middle cerebral artery
      (STA-MCA) bypass surgery using ophthalmodynamometry (ODM) and intravenous fundus
      fluorescein angiography (IVFA). Ninety-four per cent of the patients were found
      preoperatively to have funduscopic findings or symptoms indicative of ocular
      ischemia. ODM values were abnormal preoperatively in 32 of 35 patients (91%), and
      improvement in ODM values for the ipsilateral eye was noted postoperatively in 25
      patients (71%). ODM values obtained during the early (less than 3 months) and
      late (greater than 3 months) postoperative periods were significantly improved
      when compared to the preoperative values. IVFA values were abnormal in 25 of 29
      patients (86%) preoperatively, and significant improvement was noted in 22 of 25
      patients (88%) postoperatively. Preoperative patients with normal fundus
      examinations (10 cases) had significantly better values for IVFA and ODM than
      patients with venous stasis retinopathy. The findings of the study showed that
      STA-MCA anastomosis is beneficial in treating retinal ischemia secondary to
      ipsilateral severe inaccessible carotid artery stenosis or occlusion.

PMID- 3990932
TI  - Radiation brain damage induced by interstitial 125I sources: a canine model
      evaluated by quantitative computed tomography.
AB  - The canine brain is a good model of the human brain for studying radiation damage
      after megavoltage x-irradiation for brain tumors. We have further developed this
      model to study radiation damage induced by high activity interstitial 125I
      sources. Removable 125I sources were implanted in normal canine brains, and doses
      of 1,000 to 10,000 rads were delivered to a reference point at a 10-mm radius
      from the source; dose rates were 35 to 40 rads/hour at the reference point.
      Serial quantitative analysis of tissue damage (tissue density and contrast
      enhancement) was done using computed tomographic scanning up to 6 months after
      implantation and was compared to histopathological findings after the animals
      were killed. At doses greater than 19,000 rads (i.e., inside the reference
      point), frank coagulation necrosis was observed. Pronounced vessel-related
      changes, manifest as areas of contrast enhancement, corresponded to tissues
      receiving a minimum of 6,000 rads and a maximum of 19,000 rads. These results
      indicate that this model can be used in serial noninvasive studies to quantify
      the development of damage induced by interstitial irradiation and to provide dose
      response information in individual animals.

PMID- 3990933
TI  - Cervical diastematomyelia: a case report with operative management.
AB  - A case of midcervical diastematomyelia presenting as acute traumatic hemiplegia
      in an adult is discussed, with emphasis upon features reflecting this particular
      location. Advantages of metrizamide computed tomographic imaging in the diagnosis
      of this entity are presented, and a method of operative management is outlined.

PMID- 3990934
TI  - Intramedullary spinal neurofibroma diagnosed with computed tomography: report of
      a case.
AB  - A case of intramedullary neurofibroma of the cervical spine in a patient with no
      signs of von Recklinghausen's disease is presented. Intramedullary neurofibroma
      is extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of spinal cord neurofibromas. This
      case is the first diagnosed with computed tomography.

PMID- 3990935
TI  - Three phases of cerebral arteriopathy in meningitis: vasospasm and vasodilatation
      followed by organic stenosis.
AB  - A systematic radiological and pathological study of the cerebral arteries was
      made in an autopsy case of meningitis associated with three phases of cerebral
      arteriopathy. The latter consisted of vasospasm, vasodilatation, and organic
      stenosis. A marked change in the caliber of the cerebral arteries was
      demonstrated 3 times. Vasospasm, the stimulus phenomenon, was produced by the
      surrounding purulent material. Vasodilatation, the paralytic phenomenon, was
      presumably due to decreased contractile energy in association with myonecrosis.
      Organic stenosis, the repair process, was due to the organization of
      subendothelial edema with resultant intimal thickening. Evidence of increased
      endothelial permeability, subendothelial proliferation of smooth muscle cells,
      and necrosis of the latter in the media is presented in both light and electron
      micrographs.

PMID- 3990936
TI  - Communicating triventricular hydrocephalus and its treatment with a
      lumboperitoneal shunt.
AB  - With computed tomography, triventricular hydrocephalus shows enlargement of the
      3rd and both lateral ventricles with a nearly normal size 4th ventricle.
      Triventricular hydrocephalus has been described as noncommunicating because of
      aqueductal stenosis or obstruction. The authors, however, have encountered three
      patients whose computed tomographic (CT) images were those of triventricular
      hydrocephalus despite a patent aqueduct. This condition may be suitably referred
      to as communicating triventricular hydrocephalus because in all cases metrizamide
      CT cisternography demonstrated the communication between the spinal subarachnoid
      space and both lateral ventricles. The authors discuss its treatment with a
      lumboperitoneal shunt.

PMID- 3990937
TI  - Dynamic computed tomography: intracranial applications.
AB  - Rapid sequential computed tomography of the brain after the bolus injection of
      contrast material provides invaluable information as to the characteristic blood
      flow of intracranial lesions in a noninvasive manner. Plotted dynamic curves
      permit accurate diagnosis of particularly difficult cases of infarcts and
      neoplasms. Dynamic computed tomographic (CT) scanning has become a part of the CT
      work-up for infarcts, which has allowed their earlier demonstration, detected as
      areas of hypoperfusion not clearly evident on an initial conventional CT study.
      Quantitative assessment of vasogenic edema and hypoperfusion are helpful in
      establishing the diagnosis of infarction and neoplasia. Orbital and parasellar
      neoplasms can be distinguished accurately from vascular lesions. Dynamic CT
      studies complemented conventional film screen arteriography in the evaluation of
      three cases of intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm, defining thrombus
      formation and wall thickness and thus influencing the therapeutic approach. In
      addition, this modality is useful in differentiating jugular fossa neoplasm from
      vascular malformation. This review elaborates on the technique involved in
      dynamic CT scanning and the subsequent results.

PMID- 3990939
TI  - Retinal circulation after STA-MCA bypass.

PMID- 3990938
TI  - Phenol for posttraumatic spasticity.

PMID- 3990940
TI  - Steroids and lumbar discectomy.

PMID- 3990941
TI  - Cholinergic drug infusion and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 3990942
TI  - MRI and aneurysm clips.

PMID- 3990943
TI  - Normal frontal lobe gray matter-white matter CT volume ratio in children.
AB  - We attempted to establish a computed tomographic value representing the normal
      volume ratio of gray matter to white matter (G/W) in children in order to have a
      baseline for studying various developmental disorders such as white matter
      hypoplasia. The records of 150 children 16 years of age or younger who had normal
      cranial computed tomography were reviewed. From these a group of 119 were
      excluded for various reasons. The remaining 31 were presumed to have normal
      brains. Using the region of interest function for tracing gray and white matter
      boundaries, superior and ventral to the foramen of Munro area, measurements were
      determined for consecutive adjacent frontal slices. Volumes were then calculated
      for both gray and white matter. A volume ratio of 2.010 (sigma = 0.349), G/W, was
      then derived from each of 31 children. The clinical value of this ratio will be
      determined by future investigation.

PMID- 3990945
TI  - CT of pyogenic spine infection.
AB  - A retrospective review of 19 patients with a diagnosis of pyogenic spine
      infection evaluated with spine CT was performed. In addition to displaying bone
      involvement, CT routinely depicted paraspinous and epidural involvement often not
      apparent on conventional radiographs or nuclear medicine studies. CT proved
      particularly useful in workup of patients with clinical evidence of infection
      associated with back pain and neurologic symptoms, evaluation of patients with
      fever and recurrent back pain following recent spine surgery, guiding diagnostic
      aspiration of suspected spinal regions for culture and sensitivity, pre-operative
      planning of debridement surgery.

PMID- 3990944
TI  - Computed tomographic myelography (CTM) in atlanto-axial rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with severe cervical rheumatoid arthritis were investigated
      preoperatively with cervical myelography (CeM) and computed tomographic
      myelography (CTM). The severity of their clinical symptoms correlated excellently
      with a combination of the deformation of the spinal cord at the atlanto-axial
      level, the lateral dislocation of the cord at the same level, and the deformation
      of the cord at some lower cervical level. Obstructing soft-tissue excrescences
      seemed to have little significance. No correlation was found in this study
      between the deformation of the cord and the main findings of the plain films: the
      atlanto-axial subluxation (AAS), the vertical subluxation (VS), or their
      combination.

PMID- 3990946
TI  - Temporal evolution of hypoxic-ischaemic brain lesions in asphyxiated full-term
      newborns as assessed by computerized tomography.
AB  - Hypoxic-ischaemic brain lesions may be detected as low density (LD) areas by
      means of computerized tomography (CT), but the clinical significance of such LD
      areas has been controversial. Since timing might be a critical factor, we studied
      the temporal evolution of LD areas in 9 asphyxiated term babies who had had two
      or more CT, and compared the changes to the neurodevelopmental outcome. Scans
      were classified according to the elapsed time after asphyxia as early (day 1-7, n
      = 6), intermediate (week 2-4, n = 7; week 4-7, n = 3) and late CT (3 months or
      more, n = 7). In early scans, no, or only ill defined, LD areas were seen in the
      periventricular region. In intermediate CT's, LD-zones were further diminished in
      those babies who later were normal. Sharply accentuated LD areas, however,
      appeared in those who later suffered from neurodevelopmental disorders. These LD
      areas, probably representing hypoxic-ischaemic lesions, were located
      periventricularly, extending into the subcortical white matter and the cortex,
      and usually involved both hemispheres symmetrically. They began to disappear at 4
      to 7 weeks in some regions, possibly because of glial proliferation. LD
      persisting more than 4-7 weeks tended to transform into cyst-like lesions, or
      marked atrophy. We conclude (1) that hypoxic-ischaemic lesions appear as zones of
      low density on CT scans performed after the first week and (2) that the extent of
      such lesions can best be assessed between 9 to 23 days after asphyxia.

PMID- 3990947
TI  - CT in cerebral thrombophlebitis.
AB  - The authors report their experience based upon 56 cases of CT in cerebral
      thrombophlebitis. Direct signs of occlusion of the veins are infrequent and
      interest lies in the abnormalities due to brain edema or venous infarct. It is
      fundamental to recognize these infarcts as their evolution is favorable under
      treatment. Angiography is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis
      which can be only suspected on CT findings.

PMID- 3990948
TI  - Features of brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease. A CT scan study.
AB  - Multiple parameters for brain volume and mass were studied in 85 parkinsonian
      patients and in 149 normal controls aged 24 to 84 using CT scanning. In controls
      there was reduction in brain substance with advancing age. Increased brain
      atrophy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) was mainly observed in the
      younger age group of 24 to 49. This included parameters evaluating the size of
      the lateral and third ventricles (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01
      respectively) and the size of the subarachnoid space in the frontal
      interhemispheric and Sylvian fissures (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.01).
      With computed canonical correlation analysis a formula was obtained which
      expressed the tendency of the atrophic process in PD to involve the areas
      surrounding the third ventricle and the mesial aspect of the frontal lobes more
      than during normal aging.

PMID- 3990951
TI  - Demonstration of cerebellar involvement in adrenoleucodystrophy by CT.

PMID- 3990950
TI  - Computed tomography of intradural cervical lipoma.

PMID- 3990949
TI  - Application of contrast agents in CT and MRI (NMR): their potential in imaging of
      brain tumors.
AB  - 21 patients with clinical and CT diagnoses of intracranial tumor were studied by
      MRI (NMR) prior to and after administration of intravenous Gadolinium-DTPA.
      Resultant MRI images were compared with corresponding CT sections with respect to
      lesion detection, contrast enhancement, tumor delineation and visualization of
      perifocal edema. All intracranial lesions shown on CT were identified on MRI.
      Contrast enhancement in MRI images was achieved in 19 out of 21 patients, as it
      was also with CT. In these cases improved differentiation between tumor,
      perifocal edema and adjacent brain structures were obtained. In most cases
      sufficient visualization of perifocal edema in MRI required T2 weighted images
      (SE 1600/70) in addition to spin echo scans routinely performed prior to and
      after contrast medium (SE 400/30 or 800/30). No side effects were encountered
      following administration of Gadolinium-DTPA. The good tolerance and the efficacy
      justifies the use of Gadolinium-DTPA for contrast enhanced MRI imaging.

PMID- 3990952
TI  - Computed tomography of the ossicles.
AB  - Otologists and otolaryngologists have described in detail the disorders which are
      unique to the ossicles. However the anatomy and spectrum of pathology of the
      ossicles are not familiar to most radiologists. Recent advances in computed
      tomography (CT) and a systematic approach to evaluation now allow accurate
      identification of even subtle abnormalities of the ossicles. We present the
      normal anatomy, ossicular abnormalities, and indications for computed tomographic
      study. Because of the greater diagnostic capability of CT, the radiologist's role
      has increased in evaluation and treatment planning of patients with suspected
      ossicular abnormalities.

PMID- 3990953
TI  - Receptive field properties of neurones in visual area 1 and visual area 2 in the
      baboon.
AB  - In order to compare the receptive field properties of cells in the striate area
      (visual area 1; V1), and the parastriate area (visual area 2; V2), we have
      recorded from 174 cells in V1 and 112 cells in V2 in five anaesthetized and
      paralysed baboons (Papio ursinus). The receptive fields were mapped to determine
      their type, size and position in the visual field, and the binocular interaction,
      if any. Moving and stationary optimally oriented bars were used to distinguish
      cells with single "on" or "off" subregions and those with more than one such
      subregion (S and A types) from those with overlapping "on" or "off" subregion (C
      and B types). The A types had larger receptive fields than S types and C types
      had larger receptive fields than B types, but as receptive fields increase in
      size with eccentricity in V1 and even more rapidly in V2, the distinction between
      large and small receptive fields has to be defined for the different ranges of
      eccentricity. In V1 there are more cells with non-oriented receptive fields than
      in V2. In V1 S cells are found in all cortical layers except layer 5. C cells are
      absent from layer 4C, but predominate in layer 5. There is a preference for
      horizontal and vertical orientations in S cells only. The transition in cell
      properties from V1 to V2 occurs in two stages. There is a strip extending from
      the V1-V2 border for up to 6 mm containing the representation of the visual field
      from -2 degrees ipsilateral to +2 degrees (contralateral) azimuth in which the
      cell type distribution resembles that of V1 more than that of V2. By contrast, in
      V2 from 2 to 10 degrees there are very few S cells, many more C cells and over
      three times as many cells driven only by binocular stimulation, as compared to
      V1.

PMID- 3990954
TI  - Convergence of afferents from frontal cortex and substantia nigra onto
      acetylcholinesterase-rich patches of the cat's superior colliculus.
AB  - The patterns of distribution of frontotectal and nigrotectal fibers were studied
      with the anterograde horseradish peroxidase method in the cat. Direct serial
      section comparisons were made between the afferent-fiber patterns and the
      compartmentalized arrangements of acetylcholinesterase staining within the
      intermediate and deep collicular layers. Many of the patches of high
      acetylcholinesterase activity in the intermediate gray layer proved to be zones
      in which labeled frontotectal and nigrotectal fibers converged. These
      acetylcholinesterase-rich patches may thus represent sites at which functional
      influences from the basal ganglia and frontal cortex are coordinated. In the
      deeper tiers of the intermediate gray layer and layers ventral to it, there were
      also zones of heightened and diminished acetylcholinesterase staining. Much of
      this histochemical patterning was reflected in the arrangement of fibers labeled
      by large rostromedial frontal injections, but these deeper tiers were not
      strongly labeled after more lateral frontal injections or after injections placed
      in the substantia nigra. The deeper parts of the acetylcholinesterase-positive
      gridwork in the superior colliculus are thus distinct from its upper tier of
      acetylcholinesterase-positive patches. We conclude that the compartmentalized
      patterning of dense acetylcholinesterase staining in the intermediate and deep
      collicular layers represents a mosaic architecture to which collicular afferent
      circuitry is tightly related. This gridwork may serve to set up functional
      domains within which different aspects of collicular processing are accommodated.

PMID- 3990955
TI  - Changes in intracellular free Ca ion concentration evoked by electrical activity
      in cat spinal neurons in situ.
AB  - In cats under allobarbitone anaesthesia, Ca2+-sensitive microelectrodes were
      inserted into the lumbosacral spinal neurons to measure intracellular free Ca2+
      concentration [Ca]i. In 72 resting motoneurons, the global mean [Ca]i was 7.9
      microM (SD +/- 25.9). In the 36 "best" cells (with resting and action potentials
      better than 60 mV), mean [Ca]i was 1.6 microM (SD +/- 1.64). Activation of
      motoneurons by antidromic or direct stimulation evoked mean increases in [Ca]i of
      about 90 nM when stimulating for 30 s at 10 Hz, and 170 nM at 20 Hz. The mean
      time to half-recovery was 23 s (SD +/- 14.5). Orthodromic stimulation
      consistently produced smaller increases in [Ca]i. Measurements in motor axons
      showed a comparable resting level of [Ca]i, but only minimal changes during
      stimulation, even at 100 Hz. Sensory axons (also recorded within the spinal cord)
      similarly failed to show any increase in [Ca]i during high frequency stimulation.
      In some interneurons, however, particularly large and rapid increases in [Ca]i
      could be evoked by dorsal root stimulation at 1-5 Hz. Unresponsive cells
      (presumably neuroglia), with a typically high and stable resting potential, had a
      variable [Ca]i giving a mean of 32 microM (SD +/- 63.0). A tentative theoretical
      analysis of the magnitude and time course of delta [Ca]i evoked in motoneurons by
      tetanic stimulation is consistent with remarkably slow apparent diffusion of
      intracellular Ca2+ (1/250 of rate of diffusion in water), such as might be
      expected in the presence of very efficient mechanisms of Ca2+ sequestration.

PMID- 3990956
TI  - Morphology of motoneurons in a mixed motor pool of the cat facial nucleus that
      innervate orbicularis oculis and quadratus labii superioris, stained
      intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - Retrograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase showed that motoneurons to two
      distinct muscles, the orbicularis oculis and quadratus labii superioris, are
      intermixed within the dorsolateral subnucleus of the cat facial nucleus.
      Intracellular electrodes were used to identify and fill the motoneurons of the
      dorsolateral subnucleus with horseradish peroxidase. Soma diameters averaged 55
      micron. The average number of primary dendrites was 11.6. The area covered by the
      dendritic trees varied in shape according to the position of the soma within the
      subnucleus. Axon hillocks were seen arising in many orientations, bearing no
      apparent relation to subsequent axonal path, cell position within the nucleus or
      somatic geometry. Motoneurons to the two muscles appeared to be indistinguishable
      on the basis of morphology, even though they appear to be functionally
      independent. Their functional differences are not reflected in any measure of
      somadendritic shape studied here. Of further interest is the variability in shape
      associated with the neurons's position within the subnucleus. We conclude that
      many details of dendritic shape do not reflect specific physiological function.

PMID- 3990957
TI  - Localization of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in the ciliary ganglion of the
      embryonic chick: an autoradiographic study at the light and electron microscopic
      level.
AB  - Binding sites for [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin were localized in the chick ciliary
      ganglion by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Groups of four
      ganglia were incubated for 4 h with 20 nM [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin alone or with
      radioactive alpha-bungarotoxin plus either 1 microM unlabeled alpha-bungarotoxin
      or 100 microM d-tubocurarine. Specific binding to various morphological regions
      was determined by subtracting the densities of autoradiographic grains in the
      presence of competing nonradioactive ligands from the densities in the absence of
      those ligands. Most of the specific binding in the ganglion (91%) was associated
      with neurons. Seventy-four per cent was found within 1.2 micron of neuronal
      plasma membranes and 17% was found overlying neuronal cell bodies. Analysis of
      the specific binding associated with neurons, but not with the neuronal plasma
      membranes, revealed that lysosomes and multivesicular bodies were 9- and 32-fold
      more heavily labeled than other cellular organelles. The grain density over
      choroid cell bodies was significantly higher than that over ciliary neurons. Most
      (greater than 75%) of the autoradiographic grains within 0.25 micron of neuronal
      plasma membranes were found in "complex" contact regions of the membranes, which
      are characterized by extensive membrane evaginations. However, after correcting
      for the amount of plasma membrane present in the various regions of the membrane
      studied, alpha-bungarotoxin binding was found to be uniform. Few (less than 10%)
      of the specialized membranes between pre- and postsynaptic neurons were found in
      these "complex" contact regions suggesting that the bulk of alpha-bungarotoxin
      binding to neuronal membranes is located at some distance from the sites of
      transmitter release. The density of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in the
      neuronal plasma membrane was low (approximately 100-200 sites/micron 2 of
      neuronal membrane) compared to published values of the density of binding sites
      at the neuromuscular junction. Since alpha-bungarotoxin does not bind
      preferentially to specialized synaptic membranes, it seems unlikely that the
      binding sites for this toxin are the neuronal nicotinic receptors.

PMID- 3990958
TI  - Ultrastructure of gap junctions in the central nervous system of Lymnaea
      stagnalis with particular reference to electrotonic coupling between the
      neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells.
AB  - Presence and structure of gap junctions have been studied at the ultrastructural
      level in the central nervous system of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis.
      Gap junctions are clearly visible in thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed and
      phosphotungstic acid-stained material as well as in freeze-fracture preparations.
      Various types can be distinguished on the basis of junctional size and shape, and
      numerical density, diameter, spacing and arrangement of junctional particles.
      Junctions are present between neurones and between glial cells. The
      neuroendocrine ovulation-hormone-producing caudodorsal cells show gap junctions
      at four sites, viz. between somata, between axons in the "loop area" and in the
      intercerebral commissure and between neurohaemal axon terminals. These junctions
      show common characteristics as to numerical density, diameter, spacing and
      arrangement of junctional particles, but morphometry reveals different mean
      values for junctional size and numerical density. Values are the highest for
      axons in the loop area, intermediate for axons crossing the commissure, and the
      lowest for somata and axon terminals. It is proposed that the gap junctions
      particularly play a role in electrotonic intercellular coupling. The results
      strongly suggest that the gap junctions between the caudodorsal cells--especially
      those in the loop area and between the crossing axons--are the morphological
      correlates of the previously demonstrated electrotonic coupling between these
      cells. This coupling may enable all cells of the network to act synchronously so
      that a large amount of ovulation-hormone can be released within a short period of
      electrical activity (the discharge).

PMID- 3990959
TI  - Cell-free and cellular synthesis of chromogranin A and B of bovine adrenal
      medulla.
AB  - We have studied the cell-free and cellular synthesis of chromogranins A and B,
      two immunologically distinct protein families of adrenal chromaffin granules. Two
      cell-free systems (wheat germ and reticulocyte lysate) were used for translating
      messenger RNA isolated from bovine adrenal medulla. Two primary translation
      products could be immunoprecipitated in case of chromogranin A. In the presence
      of microsomes the two chromogranin A precursors (pre-chromogranins A) were
      converted into a single protein, apparently by the removal of different signal
      peptides. For chromogranin B only one precursor (pre-chromogranin B) was
      translated. In isolated chromaffin cells only one chromogranin A protein was
      synthesized which corresponded to the processed cell-free translation product.
      During prolonged incubation this protein became slightly larger and more acidic,
      probably due to glycosylation in the Golgi region. Chromogranin B is post
      translationally converted to a significantly more acidic protein. It is concluded
      that proteolytic breakdown of newly synthesized chromogranin A and B in
      chromaffin granules is a slow process comparable to that of the enkephalin
      precursors. It is not yet known what function these chromogranins have and
      whether breakdown to smaller subunits is necessary for any function to evolve.

PMID- 3990960
TI  - Changes in local cerebral glucose utilization induced by convulsants.
AB  - With the six convulsants studied (Soman, intrahippocampal penicillin,
      bicuculline, pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin and strychnine), the anatomical
      distribution of changes in local cerebral glucose utilization was related to the
      type of seizure observed. Strychnine induced a few very intense motor convulsions
      during the 2-deoxyglucose experimental period without having a major effect on
      brain local cerebral glucose utilization, in support of the view that its actions
      are predominantly in the spinal cord. Pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin induced
      intermittent intense seizures and marked increases in local cerebral glucose
      utilization in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Soman, intrahippocampal
      penicillin and bicuculline all induced persistent status epilepticus associated
      with increases in local cerebral glucose utilization in many brain areas; those
      with striking increases in glucose use include: cortical areas, the limbic
      system, basal ganglia and substantia nigra. The glucose use changes produced by
      Soman, penicillin and bicuculline greatly exceeded those induced by
      pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin. Activation of the substantia nigra and basal
      ganglia occurred with all centrally mediated convulsions and with status
      epilepticus there was also marked activation of cortical and limbic structures.

PMID- 3990961
TI  - Projections from the diencephalon and mesencephalon to nucleus
      paragigantocellularis lateralis in the cat.
AB  - The distribution of labelled cells in the diencephalon and mesencephalon has been
      mapped following injections of horseradish peroxidase into nucleus
      paragigantocellularis lateralis in the cat. Most of the labelled cells were found
      ipsilateral to the injection site. A group of small and medium-sized labelled
      perikarya (11-40 microns in diameter) was present in the caudal part of the
      periaqueductal grey matter (A3-P2) and in the adjacent tegmentum. Small, round or
      fusiform cells (8-25 microns were labelled in the tuberal region of the
      hypothalamus in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and in the lateral hypothalamic
      area. It is suggested that the cardiovascular responses which can be elicited by
      stimulation in these regions of the periaqueductal grey and hypothalamus are
      mediated via a relay on to spinally projecting neurones in nucleus
      paragigantocellularis lateralis which synapse on sympathetic preganglionic
      neurones in the intermediolateral cell column.

PMID- 3990962
TI  - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
AB  - We studied 24 patients with autopsy-proven cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Eight
      patients were demented or had some other medical problem and died of pneumonia or
      systemic disease. Sixteen patients died of intracranial hemorrhage. Amyloid was
      found in cortical arteries and arterioles of all patients. CT showed diffuse
      atrophy in demented patients and intracerebral hematomas in the others. The
      location and size of the hematoma, with cortical and subarachnoid extension, help
      to differentiate amyloid angiopathy from other causes of intracranial hemorrhage
      in the elderly.

PMID- 3990963
TI  - The clinical manifestations of pontine hemorrhage.
AB  - The survival rate was 40% in 10 patients suffering hemorrhage into the pons who
      were admitted to an acute care facility. This rate is higher than previously
      reported. In addition to the "classic" pontine hematoma syndrome characterized by
      coma, quadriparesis, and eventual demise, two more benign syndromes arising from
      hemorrhage confined to one side of the pons were also recognized. In one of these
      hemipontine syndromes, hematoma involved both the basis pontis and tegmentum and
      was associated with hemiparesis, brainstem signs, and preserved consciousness. In
      the other, hemorrhage was confined to the tegmentum and was associated with gaze
      paresis, motor sparing, and preserved consciousness. All patients suffering
      hemipontine hemorrhage survived. An impressive degree of functional recovery
      occurred in these survivors.

PMID- 3990964
TI  - Simultaneous recording of pattern electroretinogram and visual evoked responses
      in neuro-ophthalmologic disorders.
AB  - Simultaneous pattern electroretinograms (P-ERG) and pattern visual evoked
      potentials (P-VEP) to transient and steady-state checkerboard pattern reversal
      were recorded in 52 normal volunteers. Twenty-seven patients were also studied.
      Three patterns of abnormalities emerged. Pattern 1 with prolonged P-ERG,
      prolonged P-VEP, and normal retino-cortical time (RCT) was found exclusively in
      early maculopathies. Pattern 2 with normal P-ERG, prolonged P-VEP, and prolonged
      RCT was found in optic nerve lesions without optic atrophy, probably indicating
      the presence of a demyelinating lesion of the optic nerve. Pattern 3, with very
      small or absent P-ERG and P-VEP, was observed in both maculopathies and optic
      atrophies.

PMID- 3990965
TI  - Neurophysiologic study of olivopontocerebellar atrophy with or without glutamate
      dehydrogenase deficiency.
AB  - By neurophysiologic investigations, we evaluated 20 patients with
      olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), comprising 8 with glutamate dehydrogenase
      (GDH) deficiency and 12 with normal GDH activity. We found sensorimotor,
      predominantly sensory axonal neuropathy distally in the legs, and peripheral
      auditory nerve dysfunction (prolonged wave I but normal interpeak latencies in
      brainstem auditory evoked response) in GDH-deficient patients. These findings
      seem distinctive enough to serve as the electrophysiologic marker for diagnosis
      and monitoring of treatment and progression of the disease. The pattern-reversal
      visual and median nerve somatosensory evoked responses did not differ among the
      patients and controls.

PMID- 3990966
TI  - Motor impersistence: a right-hemisphere syndrome.
AB  - We studied motor impersistence with a standardized clinical test of sustained
      actions, both in patients with acute focal stroke lesions, who were matched for
      age and size of lesion, and normal controls. Patients with right-sided lesions
      had significantly more impersistence than did those with left-sided lesions. The
      most discriminating tests were eye-closure, mouth-opening, tongue-protrusion, and
      gaze to the left. Right central and frontal lesions seemed to be more responsible
      for motor impersistence than were posterior or left-sided lesions. Although motor
      impersistence is sometimes seen with diffuse cerebral disease, it is also a sign
      of right-hemisphere lesions; the phenomenon is probably related to mechanisms of
      directed attention that are necessary to sustain motor activity.

PMID- 3990967
TI  - Neurologic presentation of decompression sickness and air embolism in sport
      divers.
AB  - In a retrospective study of scuba divers with neurologic injuries, we found that
      mild symptoms were common. Seventy divers had decompression sickness, most often
      with paresthesias or numbness, rarely with paresis. Thirty-nine divers had air
      embolism that often caused unconsciousness or mild symptoms of cerebral injury.
      Many divers with neurologic decompression sickness gave histories of dives that
      were within conventional limits, and many with air embolism gave no history of
      breath-holding during ascent. Mild symptoms sometimes regressed spontaneously.
      Recompression delays were responsible for poor responses to therapy.

PMID- 3990969
TI  - Vascular compression, hemifacial spasm, and multiple cranial neuropathy.
AB  - Hemifacial spasm is usually an isolated symptom resulting from facial nerve root
      compression. Three patients had, in addition, tinnitus, hearing loss, facial
      sensory loss, diminished gag reflex, dysphagia, and dysarthria. Acoustic reflexes
      were abnormal, and facial nerve conduction studies showed evidence of ephaptic
      transmission and ectopic excitation. Brain CT and metrizamide cisternography were
      normal. Surgical exploration showed compression of cranial nerve roots by
      posterior inferior cerebellar artery branches. After decompression, symptoms
      abated, and electrical signs of hemifacial spasm disappeared. Vascular
      compression of nerve roots in the cerebellopontine recess may cause multiple
      cranial neuropathy.

PMID- 3990968
TI  - Cerebellar infarction in the superior cerebellar artery distribution.
AB  - Three patients with CT and angiographic documentation of cerebellar infarction in
      the superior cerebellar artery distribution had ataxic gait with little or no
      vertigo. Limb ataxia occurred in two patients. Transient chorea and signs of
      pontine infarction were also noted. CT demonstrated infarcts on the upper surface
      of a cerebellar hemisphere and/or vermis. Angiograms disclosed occlusion of the
      top of the basilar artery in two cases and distal superior cerebellar artery
      (SCA) branches in one. One patient later died after distal basilar artery
      occlusion; the others recovered.

PMID- 3990970
TI  - ALS and pet exposure.
AB  - To examine animal exposure in ALS patients, a case-control study was undertaken
      on 40 ALS patients and 40 closely matched controls. Exposure to pets of any kind
      and to small dogs in the period from birth until 10 years before onset of ALS
      symptoms was significantly increased. Affected men showed a trend toward
      increased exposure to neurologically ill pets, but there was no significant
      difference when male and female cases were grouped. No differences between ALS
      cases and controls were observed in exposure to any other single animal species.
      There may be a link between ALS and exposure to house pets.

PMID- 3990971
TI  - Newly treated childhood epilepsy: a prospective study of recurrences and side
      effects.
AB  - Eighty-two newly diagnosed children were started on anticonvulsant therapy and
      followed prospectively for 12 to 36 months. Compliance was excellent. However,
      41% had a recurrent seizure within 6 months of starting therapy despite
      "adequate" serum levels. Recurrences were least frequent in those with
      generalized tonic-clonic seizures or those with a single seizure plus
      epileptiform EEG before treatment. Toxicity screening led to unnecessary drug
      change in two children. Seven other children had behavioral side effects
      requiring drug change.

PMID- 3990973
TI  - Cryptococcal intracerebral mass lesions: CT-pathologic considerations.
AB  - Two patients with cryptococcal intracerebral disease showed CT evidence of
      multiple round hypodense nonenhancing lesions in the gray matter. These lesions
      proved to be gelatinous pseudocysts rather than granulomas or abscesses.
      Pseudocysts may occur alone or with meningitis or granulomas. Recognition of
      these will avoid confusion with other infectious, vascular, or neoplastic
      conditions.

PMID- 3990972
TI  - Alternating skew deviation: 47 patients.
AB  - Of 408 patients with ocular skew deviation, 47 (12%) had hypertropia that
      alternated on gaze to either side. Pretectal lesions were responsible for 29
      cases, and lower brainstem signs were seen in 5; the site of posterior fossa
      involvement was uncertain in 13. Acute hydrocephalus, tumors, strokes, and MS
      were the most frequent causes, followed by spinocerebellar degeneration and
      tentorial herniation. The mechanism of alternating skew is unknown, but probably
      involves pathways from both utricles to the vertical-rotatory ocular motor
      neurons.

PMID- 3990974
TI  - Chronic agonist therapy for Parkinson's disease: a 5-year study of bromocriptine
      and pergolide.
AB  - We used pergolide to treat 10 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who
      had first responded to, and then failed, bromocriptine therapy. At the end of 5
      years, patients had improved when compared with study entry. Peak efficacy, equal
      with both drugs, was seen at 12 months. After a mean treatment of 29 months,
      bromocriptine was no longer effective, but pergolide was still beneficial.

PMID- 3990976
TI  - Transient global amnesia and meningioma.
AB  - A patient with episodes of transient global amnesia and transient partial amnesia
      was found to have a meningioma impinging on the right medial temporal lobe.
      Multiple partial complex seizures and EEG abnormalities suggested an
      epileptogenic disorder.

PMID- 3990977
TI  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were abnormal in five of six patients with
      Guillain-Barre syndrome. The abnormalities imply focal demyelination in the
      extramedullary portion of the auditory nerve.

PMID- 3990975
TI  - Praziquantel in the treatment of neurocysticercosis: long-term follow-up.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with active neurocysticercosis were treated with
      praziquantel and followed for 1 year after therapy. CT and CSF analysis showed
      that 91% of patients with parenchymal cysts improved, and 47% of patients with
      chronic arachnoiditis had remission. A single treatment with praziquantel for 2
      weeks, administered in a daily dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, was highly
      effective in parenchymal cysticercosis but less effective in meningeal
      cysticercosis. The benefits were sustained for at least 1 year.

PMID- 3990978
TI  - Acute infectious torticollis in the United States.

PMID- 3990979
TI  - Parkinson's disease: intrauterine influence in twins?

PMID- 3990981
TI  - CSF Met-enkephalin levels in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 3990980
TI  - Narcolepsy-cataplexy and gelastic-atonic seizures.

PMID- 3990982
TI  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with cerebrovascular ischemic
      disease.

PMID- 3990983
TI  - Diagnostic biopsy in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 3990984
TI  - [Axillary recurrence after surgical therapy of carcinoma of the breast.
      Significance and treatment].

PMID- 3990985
TI  - [Evaluation of long-term prognosis of neoplasms of the stomach. Importance of
      parietal and lymphatic invasion].

PMID- 3990986
TI  - [Parathyroidectomy in the therapy of symptomatic secondary hyperparathyroidism in
      patients in periodic hemodialysis. Comparison of 3 strategies].

PMID- 3990988
TI  - [Pulmonary aspergilloma. Diagnosis and therapy in 6 cases].

PMID- 3990987
TI  - [Technical variation of the surgical correction of varicocele].

PMID- 3990989
TI  - [Pseudolymphoma of the lung: an interpretative doubt. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 3990990
TI  - [Right ovarian vein syndrome].

PMID- 3990991
TI  - [Technical note in oncological surgery: preservation of the intercostobrachial
      nerve in the course of axillary lymphadenectomy].

PMID- 3990992
TI  - [Indications and advantages of low colorectal anastomosis using the Dubois
      colorectal V-plasty].

PMID- 3990993
TI  - [Cancer of the colorectum. Notes on therapeutic management and surgical technic].

PMID- 3990994
TI  - [Low mechanical anterior resection in the treatment of neoplasms of the medial
      and superior rectum. Our experience].

PMID- 3990995
TI  - [Prevention of infections in surgery of the colorectum. Evaluation of the
      combined activity of clindamycin and tobramycin].

PMID- 3990996
TI  - [Clinical study of sexual dysfunction after surgery of cancer of the rectum].

PMID- 3990997
TI  - [Study of the recto-anal region using electromanometry and transmucosal potential
      differences in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Preliminary
      results].

PMID- 3990998
TI  - [Sphincter spasm and anal fissure: possible pathogenetic interpretation].

PMID- 3990999
TI  - [Lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of anal fissure].

PMID- 3991000
TI  - [Posterior sphincterotomy with anal graft].

PMID- 3991001
TI  - [Sphincterotomy-cryosurgery combination in the treatment of anal fissures].

PMID- 3991002
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria and selection of surgical treatment in anal fistula].

PMID- 3991003
TI  - [Our experience in the field of anal fistulas].

PMID- 3991004
TI  - [Treatment of anorectal abscesses].

PMID- 3991005
TI  - [Rational treatment in hemorrhoidal pathology].

PMID- 3991006
TI  - [Ferguson's operation in the surgical treatment of hemorrhoids].

PMID- 3991007
TI  - [Whitehead's operation in our experience].

PMID- 3991009
TI  - [Elastic ligation in the ambulatory therapy of hemorrhoids].

PMID- 3991010
TI  - [Perianal and intra-anal condylomata acuminata: a current problem].

PMID- 3991008
TI  - [Hemorrhoidectomy using the Milligan-Morgan method. Long-term results].

PMID- 3991011
TI  - [Immediate and long-term results of mechanical anastomoses in surgery of cancer
      of the rectum].

PMID- 3991012
TI  - [What should be done in diffuse pleural mesothelioma?].

PMID- 3991013
TI  - [Guidelines for the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid].

PMID- 3991015
TI  - [Surgical treatment of alkaline and/or mixed esophagitis].

PMID- 3991014
TI  - [Surgery of esophageal stenosis of caustic etiology].

PMID- 3991016
TI  - [Usefulness of computers in following-up patients after endoscopic sclerosis of
      esophageal varices. Evaluation of the results obtained in 103 patients followed
      up].

PMID- 3991017
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism].

PMID- 3991018
TI  - [Current status of the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism].

PMID- 3991019
TI  - [Total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplantation with fresh or
      cryopreserved tissue].

PMID- 3991020
TI  - [Percutaneous treatment of kidney calculi].

PMID- 3991021
TI  - [Surgery of the uremic patient].

PMID- 3991022
TI  - [Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: indications for surgery and the
      technical choice].

PMID- 3991023
TI  - [Importance of scanning electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis of
      Crohn's disease of the colon and ulcerative colitis. A study of 28 patients with
      irritable bowel syndrome].

PMID- 3991024
TI  - [Microsurgery of the lymphatic vessels. Antigravitational ligation to lymphatic
      and venous grafts].

PMID- 3991026
TI  - Diastematomyelia with congenital scoliosis. Report of 15 surgically treated
      cases.

PMID- 3991025
TI  - [Indications for and results of extra-anatomic bypass in obstructive
      arteriopathies of the lower limbs].

PMID- 3991027
TI  - [Breast cancer. Epidemiology and other factors related to incidence in various
      populations].
AB  - An extensive review of epidemiology, etiology, age, genetic factors, race,
      alimentary habits and hormonal patterns have been analysed in studies concerning
      patients with breast cancer. The role of other factors (the age of menopause, the
      geographic distribution, the action of reserpine and many possible causes) are
      also discussed. The evidences observed in many studies performed in the last
      years in different countries are compared but definitive data cannot be reached.
      The material reported in these studies is not homogeneous and this review can
      only indicate the problems still present in this field and the subjects we need
      to investigate in the next years.

PMID- 3991028
TI  - [Pregnancy and drug dependence].
AB  - The complex problem of drug-taking during pregnancy is examined. Clinical and
      metabolic effects on the baby at birth, amounting to withdrawal effects, are
      described. The importance of prophylactic and therapeutic abstinence during
      gestation, birth and the period following birth is emphasised.

PMID- 3991029
TI  - [Idiopathic pachydermoperiostitis. Description of a case].
AB  - A case of pachydermoperiostosis (idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy) is
      presented. This chronic and usually self-limited condition must be differentiated
      from other diseases, such as acromegaly, the osteoarthropaties complicating
      disorders of the connective tissue and osteoarthropaties in paraneoplastic
      syndromes.

PMID- 3991030
TI  - [Bioavailability of a delayed-action aminophylline preparation].
AB  - Absorption of theophylline from one commercial product labelled as aminophylline
      sustained release was compared to the absorption from an oral solution of
      aminophylline in a single-dose bioavailability study. Aminomal-R tablets had
      bioavailability (101.2 +/- 19) statistically indistinguishable from that of the
      standard but showed significantly slower absorption (peak times of 3.6 +/- 1.1 h
      vs 1.3 +/- 0.8 h) and lower peak plasma concentrations (16.8 +/- 4.7 mg/l/1 g
      aminoph. dose vs 21.1 +/- 4.2 mg/l/1 g aminoph. dose). Projections of plasma
      concentrations upon multiple dosing were made from single dose data: the dosage
      interval (every 12 h) concentration ratio which reflects both the frequency of
      dosing and the entry of the drug into and removal from the body was of 1.8 vs
      3.1.

PMID- 3991031
TI  - [Sociobiology and psychobiology: in the pantheon of science or in the basement of
      failures?].
AB  - The term sociobiology, coined by Wilson to describe the concept that human
      behaviour has a biological basis rooted in the genes, has aroused considerable
      controversy. The present report not only Wilson's hypothesis but takes it even
      further by putting forward the hypothesis that every human personality trait and
      resultant behavioural pattern is brought about by certain protein molecules,
      coded by the genes which activate special closed brain neuron circuits. The term
      "psychobiology" is suggested for this hypothesis, and "molecular personality
      code" for the whole complex of molecules mentioned above.

PMID- 3991033
TI  - [Prognostic, clinical and anatomo-pathological aspects of gastric lymphoma].
AB  - The authors refer about the results of a study made on 15 cases of gastric
      lymphoma with a mean follow-up of 6 years. Among the examined features they
      underlie the clinical appearance of each case according to histologic cell-type,
      stage of disease and performed treatment with relation to the survival rate.
      According to the Rappaport classification, diffuse histiocytic lymphoma was the
      most frequent histologic type of disease: the prognosis turned out to be
      significantly favorable in case of stage I, while no correlation was observed
      between different surgical procedures and cell-type. The overall 5 years survival
      rate was 33.3% with a strong suggestion of better survival in case of early
      diagnosis.

PMID- 3991032
TI  - [Etiology of bladder cancer].
AB  - Multiple agents have been suggested as urinary bladder carcinogens. Of these,
      certain aromatic amines and some tryptophan metabolites (Anthranilic acid, 3
      hydroxy Anthranilic acid) have been proved to be carcinogenic. Others are
      suggested but are not conclusively proved as carcinogenic agents. Various animal
      species have been used as experimental models for the study of induction of
      cancer of the bladder and substantial progress has been made in the search for
      etiologic factors and pathogenesis of bladder tumors. A carcinogenic model of
      cancer bladder induction is proposed. However, knowledge of the tumorigenesis of
      cancer of the bladder is still limited and fragmentary. It appears, however, that
      Tryptophan dysmetabolism play a major role in this field and future experimental
      and epidemiologic studies should take this fact into consideration.

PMID- 3991035
TI  - [Problems of infection in drug addicts and current possibilities of treatment].
AB  - Cefuroxime (a third-generation cephalosporin) administered parenterally (mostly
      i.m.) at a dose of 2-4 g/day for 4-16 days (mean 9.26 days) displayed marked
      antibacterial activity and excellent tolerability when employed in the treatment
      of variously located acute infections in 120 drug addict out-patients with almost
      constant pronounced immune depression. The drug is regarded as the antibiotic of
      choice in the outpatient management of infection episodes in immunodepressed
      subjects at high risk of infection.

PMID- 3991034
TI  - [L-carnitine chloride and potassium chloride in the treatment of a case of non
      traumatic rhabdomyolysis without myoglobinuria caused by the ingestion of
      liquorice].
AB  - The case is described of a 56 year old patient admitted to hospital with
      rhabdomyolysis without myoglobinuria and caused by hypokalaemia following the
      ingestion of liquorice. The patient was treated with L. Carnitine chloride and
      KCl.

PMID- 3991036
TI  - [Round table. Surgical management of benign and malignant stenosis of the
      esophagus].

PMID- 3991037
TI  - [Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A case diagnosed by endoscopy and treated by surgery].

PMID- 3991038
TI  - [Unusual cause of esophageal stenosis].

PMID- 3991039
TI  - [Esophageal stenosis caused by a mucosal ring in the middle third of the
      esophagus].

PMID- 3991041
TI  - [Author's experience in the treatment of peptic esophageal stenosis].

PMID- 3991040
TI  - [pH manometry with endoluminal transducer in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal
      reflux. Author's experience].

PMID- 3991042
TI  - [Combined approach in a radical surgical method for esophageal tumors of median
      and superior thoracic locations. Presentation of a case].

PMID- 3991043
TI  - [Endoscopic diagnosis of esophago-cardial cancer. Author's experience].

PMID- 3991044
TI  - [Surgical treatment of thoracic and abdominal esophageal cancer. Author's
      experience from 1950 to 1982. Evolution of management and methods].

PMID- 3991045
TI  - A retino-mesotelencephalic pathway in the rat.
AB  - We have demonstrated a disynaptic pathway in the adult rat that connects retinal
      ganglion cells with the anteromedial portion of the caudate-putamen and with the
      prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex through the ventral midbrain tegmentum.
      This retino-mesotelencephalic pathway has been revealed by double-labeling
      methods in which neurons located in the medial portion of the pars compacta of
      the substantia nigra and the lateral portion of the nucleus paranigralis of the
      ventral tegemental area have been retrogradely labeled with tracers injected into
      the anteromedial portion of the caudate-putamen or the prefrontal/anterior
      cingulate cortex and have been anterogradely, and transynaptically, labeled with
      [3H]adenosine injected into the eye. The data show a disynaptic connection from
      retinal ganglion cells to striatal and cortical neurons by which direction and
      velocity specific visual information may affect visually guided motor behavior.

PMID- 3991046
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid decreases levels of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding
      prolactin in the rat pituitary.
AB  - The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on levels of messenger ribonucleic
      acid (mRNA) encoding prolactin (PRL) was studied in cultured anterior pituitary
      cells, in vitro and in intact rats, in vivo. As quantitated by hybridization to a
      32P-labeled rat PRL complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) probe, levels of
      PRL mRNA in cultured pituitary cells were decreased by about 50% following 3 days
      exposure to 10(-5) M GABA. This effect was mimicked by muscimol (10(-6) M) and
      antagonized by bicuculline (10(-5) M). An increase of endogenous GABA levels in
      vivo effected by injection of GABA transaminase blockers (aminooxyacetic acid, 20
      mg/kg, twice daily; vinyl GABA, 800 mg/kg) into rats resulted in a similar
      decrease in rat PRL mRNA levels in the adenohypophysis 3-4 days following
      commencement of the drug treatment. These findings suggest that GABA might
      inhibit PRL gene expression by a direct action on lactotrophs of the
      adenohypophysis.

PMID- 3991047
TI  - Aging effects on conduction velocities of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of
      peripheral nerves.
AB  - Conduction velocities of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of cutaneous sural
      (SU), muscular gastrocnemius soleus (GS) and parasympathetic vagus nerves were
      measured in Wistar rats, ranging in age from 28 to 920 days. The maximum
      conduction velocity for myelinated fibers of all nerves tested gradually
      increased with age up to 300 days and then remained unchanged until 700 days.
      Although the maximum conduction velocity of SU myelinated fibers was stable up to
      900 days, that of GS and vagus nerves decreased by about 10-15% between 700 and
      900 days. In contrast to myelinated fibers, the conduction velocity of
      unmyelinated fibers showed only a small increase between 28 and 100-200 days and
      remained quite constant thereafter up to the maximum age tested, 900 days. The
      reason for the stability of unmyelinated fiber conduction velocity may depend on
      the fact that the majority of age-related changes in nerve are in the myelin
      sheaths.

PMID- 3991048
TI  - A bifurcate axon of horizontal cells in the carp retina.
AB  - In flatmounts of the carp retina, among 368 cone-connected horizontal cells,
      which were singly marked by intracellular Lucifer yellow under various
      experimental conditions, 15 cells (4.1%) were found to possess a bifurcate axon
      and two terminals. The lengths of single and bifurcate axonal processes (an axon
      plus its terminal) are all comparable, ranging from 400 to 600 micron.

PMID- 3991050
TI  - Reflex suppression and initiation of gastric contractions by electrical
      stimulation of the hepatic vagus nerve.
AB  - In the rat, electrical stimulation of the cranial end of the cut hepatic branch
      of the vagus nerve modulated gastric contractions. When the gastric contraction
      rate reached approximately one per min, nerve stimulation caused total
      suppression. When the stomach was free of contraction, nerve stimulation
      initiated one. The amplitude of the stimulation-initiated contractions was
      frequency related. These contractions were vagal-muscarinic mediated since
      vagotomy of the gastric branches or i.v. atropine (100 micrograms/kg) eliminated
      them. The results suggested that the hepatic nerve relayed both excitatory and
      inhibitory sensory inputs to the central nervous system that modulated the vagal
      excitatory cholinergic efferent nerve activities.

PMID- 3991049
TI  - The effects of orofacial sensory input on spontaneously occurring and apomorphine
      induced rhythmical jaw movements in the anesthetized guinea pig.
AB  - The effects of tonic mandibular loading (jaw depression) on spontaneously
      occurring and apomorphine (APO)-induced rhythmical jaw movements (RJMs) were
      examined in the anesthetized guinea pig. It was found that this type of
      perturbation significantly increased only the amplitude and burst duration of the
      masseter (jaw closer) EMG activity, whereas the frequency of RJMs was not
      changed. The data suggest that jaw closer muscle spindle or temporomandibular
      joint feedback does not strongly influence the activity of the neural networks
      responsible for determining the frequency of RJMs in the anesthetized guinea pig.

PMID- 3991051
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine mediates inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in rat dorsal
      raphe neurons.
AB  - In rat dorsal raphe neurons, focal electrical stimulation elicited a slow
      inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) associated with increased membrane
      conductance. On the basis of data in the literature this IPSP is presumably
      caused by a recurrent inhibitory circuit. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) application
      caused a hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, also associated with increased
      membrane conductance. Both responses could be abolished by lysergic acid
      diethylamide or methysergide, and enhanced by imipramine. The reversal potentials
      for the responses were at the same level of - 95 mV which suggests an increase in
      membrane potassium conductance as the mechanism of both responses. These data
      suggest that 5-HT may be the mediator of the IPSP evoked by focal stimulation.

PMID- 3991052
TI  - Naloxone-reversible respiratory inhibition induced by muscular thin-fiber
      afferents in decerebrated cats.
AB  - Stimulation of muscular thin-fiber afferents of cats causes two types of
      respiratory suppression: one is stimulus-locked suppression which is not affected
      by naloxone, and the other is naloxone-reversible respiratory suppression after
      cessation of the stimulation. Both types of respiratory suppression could still
      be evoked after decerebration of cats at the midcollicular level. The present
      experiment revealed that muscular thin-fiber afferents, presumably polymodal
      receptor afferents, caused respiratory inhibition mediated through an opiate
      system in the brain structure below the caudal part of the brain stem.

PMID- 3991053
TI  - Discrete lesions of the area postrema abolish radiation-induced emesis in the
      dog.
AB  - Studies carried out in several mammalian species during the 1950's led to the
      concept of a 'vomiting center' located in the dorsolateral reticular formation
      and a 'chemoreceptor trigger zone' (CTZ) within or near the area postrema (AP).
      This early work suggested that the AP was essential for vomiting induced by a
      variety of chemical emetics and by ionizing radiation. However, the lesion
      techniques used often produced significant damage to neural tissue underlying the
      AP, as well as to the AP itself, making localization of function very difficult.
      In the present study, electrolytic lesions confined to the AP abolished both
      radiation- and apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs. Thus, in addition to its
      postulated function in osmoreception and central cardiovascular regulation, the
      AP also appears to have a key role in vomiting initiated by chemical emetics and
      by ionizing irradiation.

PMID- 3991055
TI  - Cerebellar nuclear afferents from feline hypothalamus demonstrated by retrograde
      transport after implantation of crystalline wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish
      peroxidase complex.
AB  - A hypothalamo-cerebellar projection has recently been discovered in the cat, and
      its presence has been verified in other mammalian species. Due to methodological
      limitations only hypothalamic projections to cerebellar cortex had been
      demonstrated. By means of modification of the new implantation technique
      described by Mori et al. [10], hypothalamic projections to the cerebellar nuclei
      have been revealed using retrograde transport of a wheat germ agglutinin
      horseradish peroxidase complex (WGA-HRP). This method permits identification of
      afferents to restricted nuclear regions without uptake of the tracer into passing
      fibers. The projection from hypothalamus has an ipsilateral predominance and has
      its main terminal area in the fastigial nucleus. These findings were verified in
      anterograde transport experiments after hypothalamic injections of WGA-HRP.

PMID- 3991054
TI  - The effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone on homotypic collateral sprouting
      of serotonergic fibers in hippocampus.
AB  - Lesioning of serotonergic (5-HT) fibers using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)
      in one of the two median raphe-hippocampal pathways induced homotypic sprouting
      from the other. We have utilized this model with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      tracing technique to test the effects of an adrenal corticosteroid-corticosterone
      on homotypic sprouting in female adult rats. Removal of the adrenal glands does
      not interfere with the 5,7-DHT destruction of 5-HT fibers observed at 3 days.
      However, the animals without circulating adrenal steroids do not show the
      increase of the HRP-labeled cells normally seen 21 days after the 5,7-DHT
      lesions. Furthermore, s.c. implantation of corticosterone pellets was able to
      completely restore homotypic sprouting of 5-HT fibers in the hippocampus.

PMID- 3991056
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid enables synaptogenesis in the intact superior cervical
      ganglion of the adult rat.
AB  - Local gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application into the intact superior
      cervical ganglion (SCG) of the adult rat allows active innervation of a
      surgically implanted hypoglossal nerve in addition to the normal nerve supply of
      the ganglion. In GABA-treated SCG of the adult rat, action potentials could be
      obtained on stimulation of both the preganglionic nerve trunk and the implanted
      hypoglossal nerve. Both action potentials were reversibly sensitive to
      hexamethonium bromide indicating new cholinergic synapses established between
      axons in the hypoglossal nerve and principal sympathetic neurons. If GABA
      treatment of the ganglion was omitted, the double innervation did not develop
      after hypoglossal nerve implantation.

PMID- 3991057
TI  - Reduced day-to-day variation accompanies adaptive plasticity in the primate
      spinal stretch reflex.
AB  - Monkeys can change the amplitude of the spinal stretch reflex (SSR), or M1, when
      reward is made contingent on amplitude. The present study demonstrates that
      reduced SSR day-to-day variation accompanies such adaptive SSR change. This
      finding supports the assumption that initial, phase I, SSR change results from
      contingency-appropriate stabilization of tonic activity in relevant descending
      spinal cord pathways.

PMID- 3991058
TI  - The frontal eye field projects to the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi in the
      monkey.
AB  - Following horseradish peroxidase gel implants in prearcuate cortex involving the
      frontal eye field (area 8) in Old and New World monkeys, bilateral anterograde
      labelling was observed in the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, an important
      preoculomotor nucleus.

PMID- 3991059
TI  - Topographical projections from the thalamus to the putamen in the cat.
AB  - Thalamic projections to the putamen (Put) in the cat were studied by the
      retrograde horseradish peroxidase method. Major thalamic projections to the Put
      originate from the midline and intralaminar nuclear regions including the centre
      median-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf). The other thalamic projections to the Put
      arise mainly from the suprageniculate nucleus (Sg), magnocellular division of the
      medial geniculate nucleus (MGm), caudomedial part of the lateroposterior nucleus
      (LP) and ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus (VM). The VM projects to
      the rostral Put, while the posterior thalamic regions (Sg, MGm, LP) project to
      the caudal Put.

PMID- 3991060
TI  - Granule cell dendritic spine density in the rat hippocampus varies with spine
      shape and location.
AB  - The number of granule cell dendritic spines per micrometer of dendritic length in
      the dorsal and ventral leaves of the dentate gyrus was quantified using light
      microscopic-Golgi preparations of normal adult rats. Spines were counted in terms
      of 3 categories of spine form for the 3 afferent termination zones of the
      molecular layer and corrected for shading errors. Total spine density averaged
      1.6 spines/micron of dendritic length in the dorsal leaf and 1.3 spines/micron of
      dendritic length in the ventral leaf. Statistically significant differences in
      spine density existed among the 3 shape categories. Variations in spine density
      occurred by shape category among the afferent termination zones.

PMID- 3991061
TI  - Basal lamina at the site of spinal cord injury in normal, immunotolerant and
      immunosuppressed rats.
AB  - The cut ends of a rat spinal cord are capped with basal lamina (BL) within 20
      days. This BL may block regenerating axons. BL at the transection site in rats
      made immunologically unresponsive to central nervous system antigens is not
      significantly different from that of control rats, but rats treated with
      cyclophosphamide show a less complete BL cap during the first 25 days. This may
      account for the increased axonal regeneration found in cyclophosphamide-treated
      rats.

PMID- 3991062
TI  - Influences of pyramidal tract on the subthalamic nucleus in the cat.
AB  - In adult cats, with mesencephalic decerebration sparing the cerebral peduncles
      and ablation of the sensorimotor cortex, changes in firing of single cells of
      subthalamic nucleus (STN) were analyzed upon stimulation of ipsilateral medullary
      pyramidal tract (PT). Twenty-two out of 44 of the STN cells exhibited, following
      PT stimulation, discharge changes that in the greatest part of cases (91%) were
      excitatory in nature. Excitations, always followed by inhibitory rebound,
      appeared with latency values compatible with a monosynaptic linkage.

PMID- 3991063
TI  - A mathematical model for the growth of dendritic trees.
AB  - A theoretical model for calculating the total length of dendritic trees is
      presented. Predictions of velocity of dendritic growth, time when branching
      begins and mean maximal extent of dendritic tree derived from the model for
      apical dendrites in entorhinal cortex of the rat are presented.

PMID- 3991064
TI  - Decreased tuberoinfundibular and pituitary dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid concentrations in rats with estrogen-induced pituitary tumors.
AB  - The majority of pituitary adenomas are prolactin (PRL)-secreting, but it is still
      uncertain whether their pathogenesis results from a central nervous system (CNS)
      disturbance or autonomous lactotroph growth and function. We have measured
      dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations in rats
      bearing estradiol-induced PRL-secreting pituitary tumors. Female rats, injected
      at 3-week intervals with 2 mg estradiol valerate (EV), had increased plasma
      prolactin concentrations, up to 3 micrograms/ml, at 31 weeks. Inversely, there
      was a reduction of DA and DOPAC in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus as
      well as a decreased DOPAC/DA ratio in the arcuate nucleus. DA-containing nuclei
      in the other parts of the brain were not affected. Anterior pituitary weight
      increased while its DA concentration decreased during estradiol treatment. In the
      neurohypophysis, DA concentrations were unchanged while DOPAC and the ratio
      DOPAC/DA decreased following the estrogen treatment. Our data suggest that rats
      with primary estrogen-induced PRL-secreting tumors have a defect in the CNS-DA
      neurotransmission.

PMID- 3991065
TI  - The phagocytic activity of the pigment epithelium in development and after optic
      nerve sectioning in the rat.
AB  - The phagocytic activity of the pigment epithelium of the retina of the rat was
      studied in development and after optic nerve sectioning by injection of latex
      particles. The phagocytic activity took place before the visual cells developed
      and increased as the retina matured. On the other hand, a decrease in activity
      was observed after optic nerve sectioning.

PMID- 3991066
TI  - Lectin binding: a genuine marker for transganglionic regulation of human primary
      sensory neurons.
AB  - Medium-sized human dorsal root ganglion cells and their central terminals in the
      upper dorsal horn exert preferential affinity for Ulex europaeus I lectin. Lectin
      binding of glycoconjugates outlines lamina III (+IIi) and disappears after
      peripheral neurotomy, which renders it a useful marker to study transganglionic
      regulation in man.

PMID- 3991067
TI  - Localization of hindlimb vasomotor neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of the
      guinea pig.
AB  - After retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase, sympathetic preganglionic
      neurones projecting to paravertebral ganglion cells with destinations primarily
      in the hindlimb were found to lie laterally in the intermediate region of the
      lumbar spinal cord. The majority of the labelled cell bodies were located near
      the edge of the grey matter or lateral to it within the white matter. In the most
      caudal segments (L3-L4) neurons extended right across the lateral funiculi. This
      distribution of neurones with predominantly vasoconstrictor functions differs
      markedly from that observed after labelling preganglionic fibres that project in
      the hypogastric nerve to the pelvic viscera.

PMID- 3991068
TI  - Sequential treatment with low doses of kainic acid alters sensitivity of retinal
      cell types.
AB  - Examination of chick retinae soon after treatment with a single intraocular
      injection of 5 nmol kainic acid revealed degenerative changes in a small
      population of neurons located in the outer aspect of the inner nuclear layer,
      consistent with either bipolar and/or horizontal cells. Damage to the outer
      plexiform layer was also present. After one week, affected retinae were clear of
      neuronal debris. Following a second, identical injection, one week after the
      first, there was degeneration of a different population of neurons confined to
      the inner aspect of the inner nuclear layer indicative of amacrine cells. As
      amacrine cells were the only cell type affected by the second injection, our
      results suggest that they are directly affected by the second dose of kainic
      acid. The pattern of neuronal damage following successive doses of kainic acid
      appears to be potentially useful technique in elucidating retinal circuitry.

PMID- 3991069
TI  - Effects of early anosmia on two classes of granule cells in developing mouse
      olfactory bulbs.
AB  - Quantitative morphometric methods were used to examine the effects of early
      unilateral anosmia on two classes of granule cells in developing mouse olfactory
      bulbs. Volumetric results show that the internal granule cell layer in the
      deprived olfactory bulb is significantly smaller than the same layer in the
      experienced olfactory bulb. The major factor contributing to this retarded
      development is a selective loss of one class of interneurons; dark granule cell
      number is substantially reduced, while light granule cell number is not. This
      selective effect appears to be related to the time course of cell proliferation
      and differentiation and provides clues to the way early experience regulates
      neural development.

PMID- 3991071
TI  - Retinal innervation of the inferior colliculus in adult cats: electron
      microscopic observations.
AB  - A moderate number of degenerating synaptic boutons (DSB) in the pericentral
      nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) were identified electron microscopically
      following contralateral eye enucleation in adult cats. Most of the DSB measure
      0.6-1 micron and a lower percent are larger (1-2.5 micron). Both types contain a
      slightly polymorph population of clear vesicles, mainly round and oval, and a
      very few are elongated. The DSB are involved in asymmetric axodendritic contacts.
      The present report provides evidence for a crossed retinofugal monosynaptic
      excitatory tract innervating the IC pericentral nucleus, a possible audio-visual
      integrative subcortical center.

PMID- 3991072
TI  - The distribution of motilin-like peptides in rhesus monkey brain as determined by
      radioimmunoassay.
AB  - The distribution of motilin-like immunoreactivity (MLI) was determined by
      radioimmunoassay in the major regions of rhesus monkey brain. In agreement with
      previous studies, motilin concentration was higher in pituitary and pineal than
      brain. MLI was widely distributed in rhesus monkey brain and was particularly
      high in claustrum, inferior colliculus, and cerebellar floculus. Sephadex G50
      chromatography of monkey cerebellar and cerebral cortical extracts revealed
      multiple forms of MLI. The presence of MLI in rhesus monkey brain confirms
      previous reports of localization of motilin-like peptides by immunocytochemistry
      in the human cerebellum and is suggestive of a possible role for MLI in the
      functioning of the human brain.

PMID- 3991070
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase staining of the human amygdala.
AB  - This paper describes in detail the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining
      characteristics of the normal human amygdaloid complex using fixed post-mortem
      brain tissue. It was shown that the differential AChE staining of the amygdala
      could be used to accurately delineate amygdaloid subdivisions macroscopically.
      Using the same staining method on the amygdala from brains previously frozen and
      stored at -70 degrees C resulted in a staining pattern similar to that seen using
      fixed tissue, despite numerous ice artifacts. It was concluded that this stain
      may be useful to researchers working on post-mortem human amygdala, particularly
      those involved in microdissecting this region for neurochemical analysis.

PMID- 3991073
TI  - The effects of binocular and monocular occlusion on the number of optic nerve
      axons containing degenerative organelles.
AB  - In this study chicks were incubated in the dark and then reared for 2 days with
      either none, one or both eyes occluded. Cross-sections of the optic nerves were
      examined for profiles of axons containing accumulations of degenerative
      organelles. There were significantly more organelle-containing axons in the non
      occluded and monocularly occluded birds compared with the binocularly occluded
      birds. There was no significant difference between the non-occluded and monocular
      group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the occluded and
      non-occluded eyes of monocular birds. We propose that the rise in organelle
      containing axons during development reflects a phenomenon involved in the linking
      of the eyes, and that visual input to a single eye is sufficient to hasten this
      process.

PMID- 3991074
TI  - Vestibular nuclear efferents to the nucleus raphe pontis, the nucleus reticularis
      tegmenti pontis and the nuclei pontis in the cat.
AB  - The projection of the vestibular nuclei to the pontine tegmentum was investigated
      by means of anterograde transport of tritiated leucine. Dense patches of terminal
      labeling were observed in the contralateral nucleus raphe pontis and the nucleus
      reticularis tegmenti pontis in cases where the injection involved the medial and
      descending vestibular nuclei. Following injections in the superior vestibular
      nucleus and group Y, weaker termination, also patchlike, was observed in the same
      tegmental nuclei, and in addition in the dorsomedial pontine nuclei proper. The
      results are discussed in relation to the position of the nucleus raphe pontis and
      the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in the oculomotor pathways.

PMID- 3991075
TI  - Reciprocal inhibition upon initiation of voluntary movement.
AB  - Phasic changes in reciprocal inhibition of the soleus motoneurons upon initiation
      of active ankle dorsiflexion was investigated in normal man. H-reflex and
      reaction time methods were combined. Two phases of reciprocal inhibition were
      observed. The first inhibition appeared almost simultaneously with the activity
      of agonist EMG but was so weak as to be cancelled with a strong test stimulus or
      a slight stretch of the test muscle. The second inhibition developed 100 ms after
      EMG onset, in the early stage of dynamic contraction, and was strong. These
      inhibitions increased as the voluntary effort was strengthened. The neural
      mechanism of these inhibitions is discussed.

PMID- 3991076
TI  - Temporal relationship between noradrenaline release in the central amygdala and
      plasma noradrenaline secretion in rats and tree shrews.
AB  - In pentobarbital anesthetized Wistar rats and tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) the
      hypothalamus, the hippocampus and the amygdala were simultaneously superfused
      through push-pull cannulae with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Blood samples
      were withdrawn in order to make an attempt to correlate release rates of
      noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline and dopamine in the above-mentioned areas with
      plasma catecholamine levels. A strong, positive correlation was found between NA
      release in central amygdala and NA concentrations in peripheral blood suggesting
      a functional relationship between noradrenergic systems in discrete brain areas
      and the activity of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 3991077
TI  - Adenosine uptake sites in rat brain: identification using
      [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine and co-localization with adenosine deaminase.
AB  - The binding characteristics of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine ([3H]NBI) to rat brain
      membrane preparations was examined, and the autoradiographic distribution of this
      ligand in brain sections was compared with the immunohistochemical localization
      of adenosine deaminase (ADA). It was found that [3H]NBI labels sites for which
      adenosine has far higher affinity than do other nucleosides, that these sites are
      heterogeneously distributed and that there is an exact correspondence between
      areas containing [3H]NBI sites and ADA-immunoreactive neurons. Our results
      indicate that [3H]NBI and ADA are potential markers for revealing anatomical
      sites at which actions of adenosine may be expressed.

PMID- 3991078
TI  - Cerebellar lesions attenuate vasopressin release in response to hemorrhage.
AB  - The effect of bilateral lesions of the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum on the
      release of vasopressin in response to a hypovolemic-hypotensive stimulus was
      examined in unanesthetized rats. Electrolytic lesions of the rostromedial
      fastigial nucleus decreased plasma vasopressin levels and attenuated the release
      of vasopressin in response to hemorrhage. These results suggest that the
      fastigial nucleus is involved in the regulation of vasopressin release to
      baroreceptor information and support a role of the fastigial nucleus in the
      response to hemorrhage.

PMID- 3991079
TI  - Comparative toxicities of alpha- and beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic
      acids to rat spinal cord.
AB  - alpha- and beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acids, isolated from
      Lathyrus sativus seed, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of human
      neurolathyrism, were injected into rat lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. The alpha
      isomer was neither acutely nor chronically toxic, whereas the beta-isomer was
      both an acute and a chronic neurotoxin in this test system. These results are
      relevant to the aetiology of neurolathyrism and suggest that the conversion of
      the beta- to the alpha-isomer that occurs during boiling of the seed prior to
      human consumption reduces the neurotoxicity of the seed.

PMID- 3991080
TI  - Myocardial infarction in a young obese male.

PMID- 3991081
TI  - Body weight, health and longevity: conclusions and recommendations of the
      workshop.

PMID- 3991082
TI  - The leaky gut of alcoholism.

PMID- 3991083
TI  - Non-hematologic complications of iron deficiency.

PMID- 3991084
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse: physical assessment complications and management.
AB  - This article presents the fundamental knowledge nurse practitioners need when
      managing the care of a client with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). The assessment
      discussion includes information on where and how to perform cardiac auscultation,
      and it also includes a discussion of the particular mid-to-late systolic click
      with murmur that is typical of MVP. Client preparation for diagnostic tests
      (echocardiogram and ECG) is also presented. Potential complications of
      endocarditis, mitral regurgitation, ventricular dysrhythmia, chest pain, systemic
      emboli and sudden death are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the
      nursing management and client teaching that are required for clients with MVP.
      Nursing management includes teaching the client 1) the need and schedule for
      chemoprophylaxis of endocarditis, 2) how to maintain left ventricular volume, 3)
      the possible relationship between chest pain and hypovolemia and 4) the
      advantages of regular exercise. Changes in the click-murmur that may occur with
      pregnancy and the impact of MVP on contraception and childbearing decisions are
      discussed. Specific nursing diagnoses that may arise with the client with MVP are
      listed. Outcome criteria that may be used for evaluation of nursing care are
      provided.

PMID- 3991085
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse syndrome: etiology and symptomatology.
AB  - Mitral valve prolapse syndrome is the most common cardiac disorder today.
      However, it is relatively new in the medical literature and not well understood
      by most health care professionals. This article discusses the history,
      pathophysiology and etiology of the syndrome. An in-depth study of the
      psychological aspects of the disease is also presented. The syndrome is
      considered by some authors to be the same as soldier's heart and neurocirculatory
      asthenia. Mitral valve prolapse syndrome can produce disabling symptoms such as
      chest pain, chronic anxiety, syncope and many others. The cause of these symptoms
      is not well understood. Autonomic dysfunction and a congenital brain malfunction
      are proposed explanations for the symptoms. Nurse practitioners who are aware of
      and knowledgeable about this disease can provide an invaluable service to those
      afflicted with it.

PMID- 3991086
TI  - The review process: navigating the system.

PMID- 3991088
TI  - Alcoholics first need is detoxification.

PMID- 3991087
TI  - Readership survey results. Rise in patient encounters and prescription writing.

PMID- 3991089
TI  - Bhopal tragedy focuses on changes in chemical industry.

PMID- 3991090
TI  - Chemical handling training aided by MSDS information chart.

PMID- 3991091
TI  - Even 'healthy' environments can harbor many hidden hazards.

PMID- 3991093
TI  - Purpose of audiometric tests important in defining procedures.

PMID- 3991092
TI  - New role for physicians evolves from health team concept.

PMID- 3991095
TI  - Man's marriage to robotics: a 'for better or worse' union.

PMID- 3991094
TI  - Health promotion programs: limited funds no stumbling block.

PMID- 3991097
TI  - Hazards of confined spaces require clearly defined policies.

PMID- 3991096
TI  - Knowledge of causes, controls aids prevention of heat stress.

PMID- 3991098
TI  - Seven day work schedule compounds noise exposure problem.

PMID- 3991099
TI  - Successful health promotions key on worker acceptance, use.

PMID- 3991100
TI  - Present moment thinking helps to address inner game of safety.

PMID- 3991101
TI  - Simple safety incentive programs easier with planning, organization.

PMID- 3991102
TI  - Vision losses prevented by using protective eyewear.

PMID- 3991103
TI  - Health team has special challenge when employees face death or illness.

PMID- 3991104
TI  - Illness in office attributed to xylene.

PMID- 3991105
TI  - Can a teaching experience make a better M.D.?

PMID- 3991106
TI  - Monitoring antibiotics. One way to curb health care costs.

PMID- 3991107
TI  - Serum iron depression following a marathon swim in Lake Erie.

PMID- 3991108
TI  - Antitumoral activity of human fibroblast interferon administered intranodularly.
AB  - Human fibroblast interferon was given intranodularly to 14 patients with
      cutaneous metastases from breast cancer and malignant melanoma; 1,000,000
      units/cm3 of tumor tissue was administered daily for 8-10 days. 13 patients were
      evaluated. Complete response was achieved in 1 of 7 breast carcinoma nodules and
      in 2 of 6 melanoma nodules; partial response was achieved in 1 of 7 breast
      carcinoma and in 3 of 6 melanoma nodules. The overall objective response was
      therefore 7 of 13 (53.8%) metastatic nodules. Pathological complete response was
      confirmed in 2 of 3 complete clinical responses. Necrosis, lymphocytic
      infiltration and fibrosis were observed in all the specimens pathologically
      examined. In spite of a clear antitumoral activity, this approach does not appear
      to have clinical significance due to its extremely localized effect.

PMID- 3991109
TI  - Directed fine needle biopsy of anterior and middle mediastinal masses.
AB  - Mediastinal masses are seldom detected early by conventional radiography since
      density differences between mediastinal tissues often are inconspicuous. With CT
      mediastinal masses may be recognized more easily and their localization and
      relationship to other organs as well as their site of origin and extension is
      revealed. Sometimes clues to the type of tissue, of which they consist, may be
      obtained, but their specific histology often remains unclear. Definitive therapy
      depends on accurate tissue diagnosis of both benign and malignant masses. Fine
      needle biopsy (FNB) satisfies all the requests for accurate patient management
      and therapy. A presentation of 76 cases of a wide variety of anterior and middle
      mediastinal masses diagnosed by FNB, using different approaches, is given. The
      technique, results and complications are discussed.

PMID- 3991110
TI  - [Role of calcium-dependent and calcium-independent mechanisms in the adhesion of
      retinal and pigment epithelium cells in the chick embryo].
AB  - The mechanisms of adhesion of the retinal and pigment epithelium cells, as well
      of cell interaction within each of these tissues were studied during development.
      It was shown by means of separation of retina from pigment epithelium in
      different dissociation media that the adhesion of these tissues in 5-6 day old
      chick embryos is realized via a Ca2+-independent mechanism. The adhesion of these
      tissues decreases between days 7 and 16. Starting from day 16, both Ca2+
      independent and Ca2+-dependent mechanisms are involved in the interaction of the
      retinal and pigment epithelium cells. By measuring the output of single cells
      into the suspension after the treatment of retina and pigment epithelium with
      different dissociating agents, it was shown that from the 5th day of incubation
      on the adhesion of pigment epithelium cells is mediated by Ca2+-dependent
      mechanism. In the retina three types of cells were found: interacting via Ca2+
      dependent mechanism only, Ca2+-independent mechanism only, and both the
      mechanisms. In the course of differentiation, the numbers of the population of
      cells interacting only via Ca2+-dependent mechanism increase, while those of
      cells interacting via Ca2+-independent mechanism decrease. It is suggested that
      at each developmental stage those retinal cell possess Ca2+-dependent mechanism
      of adhesion which are closest to the definitive state.

PMID- 3991112
TI  - Surgically induced corneal astigmatism and its spontaneous regression.
AB  - Serial keratometry readings were obtained pre- and postoperative cataract
      extraction utilizing all silk closure. The induction of with-the-rule cylinder
      and its spontaneous regression was plotted over 24-weeks. The data are compared
      to others utilizing all nylon closure.

PMID- 3991111
TI  - [Factor inhibiting gonocyte division in the testes of the rabbit fetus].
AB  - A factor of protein nature selectively inhibiting the division of gonocytes was
      isolated from the extracts of testes of the 27 and 29 day old rabbit foetuses by
      the method of gel-chromatography with Sephadex G-100. Its molecular mass equals
      30 000. This factor is also present in the testes of newborn, one month old and
      adult rabbits. It appears to be involved in the local mechanisms of regulation of
      spermatogenesis, unlike inhibin acting via the central mechanisms affecting the
      FSH and LH secretion by the pituitary.

PMID- 3991114
TI  - Coumadin related spontaneous hyphemas in patients with iris fixated pseudophakos.
AB  - Spontaneous hyphemas in iris supported intraocular lenses are considerably more
      likely to occur in patients on systemic Coumadin therapy. Five cases are
      presented in which hyphemas appear to be related to Coumadin treatment.

PMID- 3991113
TI  - Sickle cell hyphema with secondary glaucoma in a non-black patient.
AB  - A 5-year-old Mexican-American boy developed marked elevation of intraocular
      pressure in association with a small traumatic hyphema. Laboratory studies
      prompted by this clinical presentation revealed that the child had sickle trait.
      Pressure returned to normal after surgical evacuation of blood from the anterior
      chamber. Sickle cell hemoglobinopathy should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of secondary glaucoma following blunt ocular trauma even in non-black
      patients.

PMID- 3991115
TI  - Ectopic lacrimal gland tissue of the orbit and sclerosing dacryoadenitis.
AB  - A 28-year-old man with unilateral proptosis was found to have sclerosing
      dacryoadenitis and ectopic lacrimal gland tissue of the orbit. The unusual
      combination simulated invasive adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland both
      clinically and histopathologically. Based on clinical and experimental
      observations, we propose that the acinar gland atrophy and fibrous replacement of
      the lacrimal gland and of the heterotopic tissue was the result of a primary
      developmental abnormality associated with obstruction to normal gland outflow.
      Physician awareness that ectopic lacrimal gland tissue in the orbit can be
      affected by sclerosing dacryoadenitis is probably the most critical factor in
      establishing the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 3991116
TI  - Dehydration of post-mortem eyes for practice and experimental surgery.
AB  - A technique has been developed that allows for rapid dehydration of the cornea of
      an intact globe. This technique results in a marked improvement in corneal
      clarity and visualization of anterior chamber structures. Treated eyes can be
      used for practice and experimental surgery.

PMID- 3991117
TI  - Diversionary grooves for filtering procedures.

PMID- 3991118
TI  - Cataract extraction without facial nerve block.

PMID- 3991119
TI  - Eye color affects cyclocryotherapy-induced inflammation.

PMID- 3991120
TI  - Evaluating the predictability of radial keratotomy.
AB  - The predictability of radial keratotomy surgery for both the steel and diamond
      knife cases is evaluated in a long-term prospective study. Over 500 cases are
      used to build predictability models for both types of knives at 1, 3, 6, and 12
      months after surgery. A predictability model is also presented at 24 months after
      surgery for the steel knife. R2 values range from 54 to 80% for the various
      models. Over 75% of cases are predicted within 2 D of their obtained result for
      the steel knife at all time periods and over 78% for diamond knife cases. Each
      model is also evaluated for how well it predicts future cases.

PMID- 3991121
TI  - Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of glaucoma. I. Experimental model.
AB  - Controlled ultrasonic energy was used to treat a series of laboratory animals in
      which glaucoma had been induced experimentally. Insonification successfully
      reduced elevated intraocular pressure in the majority (86%) of test animals.
      Histopathologic review of globes examined at varying time intervals following
      treatment showed localized thinning of the sclera with intact conjunctiva,
      allowing filtration and focal disruption of ciliary epithelium. This technique of
      treating elevated intraocular pressure in a noninvasive manner offers potential
      for clinical application in humans.

PMID- 3991123
TI  - Effect of pilocarpine in treatment of intraocular pressure elevation following
      neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted in 30 eyes of 30 patients to determine if
      pilocarpine would prevent increased intraocular pressure following Q-switched
      neodymium (Nd):YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Fifteen eyes were given
      pilocarpine 4%, immediately following laser therapy and every hour until bedtime.
      Fifteen eyes served as untreated controls. Our results show that without
      prophylactic therapy, 10 of 15 eyes (67%) had a post-laser intraocular pressure
      (IOP) elevation of greater than 10 mmHg, while only one of 15 (6.6%) of the
      pilocarpine-treated eyes had a rise of that magnitude. The facility of outflow
      was reduced by 42% in the untreated eyes in contrast to an increase of 3% in
      those eyes treated with pilocarpine. Thus, pilocarpine 4% is effective in
      reducing the incidence and magnitude of elevated IOP following Nd:YAG posterior
      capsulotomy.

PMID- 3991122
TI  - Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of glaucoma. II. Clinical applications.
AB  - Focused, high-intensity therapeutic ultrasound was used to treat 69 selected
      patients with uncontrollably elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). This new
      technique selectively thins scleral collagen, and produces focal damage to the
      ciliary epithelium. These tissue modifications provide a reduction in IOP
      pressure to 25 mmHg or less in 83% of patients with a minimum three-month follow
      up period.

PMID- 3991124
TI  - Early complications following Q-switched neodymium: YAG laser posterior
      capsulotomy.
AB  - A prospective evaluation was conducted of Q-switched neodymium: YAG laser
      capsulotomy in 53 eyes followed for one postoperative month. The first 31 eyes
      were seen at two-hour intervals for the first eight hours, and the remaining eyes
      were checked only at the second postoperative hour during that day. Eighty-nine
      percent of eyes required a pulse setting of less than 1.7 mJ to successfully
      penetrate the posterior capsule. Visual acuity was improved in 91% of eyes. A
      transient immediate postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was seen
      in over 75% of treated eyes, and one-third had an IOP elevation greater than 10
      mmHg over the preoperative IOP. This elevation was most common in glaucomatous
      eyes and occurred in almost one-half of the treated eyes by the second
      postoperative hour. This IOP change did not correlate with the degree of
      inflammation, bleeding, anterior chamber debris, or total energy delivered.
      Minimal iris bleeding occurred in 9% of treated eyes and was associated with
      iridocapsular adhesions. Eighty-one percent of eyes with posterior chamber
      implants developed some degree of lens damage.

PMID- 3991125
TI  - Phototoxicity. The eclipse filter.
AB  - In conjunction with ultraviolet filtration and to further minimize the risk of
      phototoxic retinal damage during anterior segment surgery, the operation
      microscope has been modified to eliminate on demand all light entering the eye by
      eclipsing the pupil when the red reflex is not required. Retinal light exposure
      may be reduced as much as 75%.

PMID- 3991126
TI  - Effect of an ultraviolet-filtering intraocular lens on cystoid macular edema.
AB  - A prospective double-masked study of 301 patients was undertaken to compare the
      effect of ultraviolet (UV) filtering in implant intraocular lenses (IOL) on the
      angiographic incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME) in patients undergoing
      extracapsular cataract extraction. Patients were randomized to receive either a
      posterior chamber IOL that contained UV-absorbing chromophore or an identical IOL
      which did not contain such a chromophore. All patients were scheduled for
      fluorescein angiography between three and six months after surgery; 228
      angiograms were obtained that were readable for the presence or absence of
      angiographic CME. The mean interval following surgery was 4.3 months. The
      incidence of CME was 18.8% (21 of 112) in patients who received lenses without UV
      filtering chromophore and 9.5% (11 of 116) in patients who received IOLs that
      contained UV-filtering chromophore. These findings show that UV-filtering-IOLs
      resulted in a statistically significant (P = 0.03) decrease in the incidence of
      CME. The presence or absence of the UV-filtering chromophore did not, however,
      significantly affect visual acuity in the early postoperative period.

PMID- 3991127
TI  - Retinal lesions following long bone fractures.
AB  - Patients with long bone fractures are at risk for the fat embolism syndrome
      (FES). Although an estimated 50% of patients with overt FES have retinal
      abnormalities, the overall incidence of fundus lesions in patients with long bone
      fractures has not been studied. We examined 100 consecutive patients who had
      suffered long bone or pelvic fractures in the absence of head, abdominal, or
      thoracic injury, and who had no other diseases associated with retinopathy. Only
      one patient had visual symptoms. Cotton-wool spots and retinal hemorrhages were
      observed in four patients, none of whom were suspected of FES prior to our
      examination. Subclinical FES may be found by ophthalmoscopy in patients with long
      bone fractures.

PMID- 3991128
TI  - Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Early findings.
AB  - Examination of two sisters ages 2 years 10 months and 6 years four months with
      gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina provided an opportunity for detailed
      clinical investigation. Although the chorioretinal lesions were confined to the
      peripheral retina in the older case and were quite minimal in the younger case,
      there was electroretinographic evidence of marked involvement of the cone and rod
      systems. These cases offer an opportunity to assess an arginine restricted diet
      in preventing the progress of the disease.

PMID- 3991129
TI  - Tissue toxicity of laser-damaged intraocular lens implants.
AB  - Because of close proximity to the posterior capsule, the posterior chamber
      intraocular lens is frequently damaged when capsulotomy is performed using the
      Nd:YAG laser. Damage to the optic or haptics of an intraocular lens may release
      substances potentially toxic to intraocular tissues. We found that injection
      molded intraocular lenses experimentally damaged using multiple YAG laser burst
      at energy levels of 10 mJ or greater released compounds which caused cell death
      to cultures of human conjunctival epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial
      cells, choroidal cells, and retinoblastoma cells. No cytotoxic effect was seen at
      energy levels of 2 and 5 mJ.

PMID- 3991130
TI  - The California syndrome. Functional visual complaints with potential economic
      impact.
AB  - The records of 84 patients with functional visual loss (59 adults and 25
      children) were reviewed over a six-year period. The patients were between 7 and
      69 years of age. In the young patients, psychosocial problems relating to
      parental divorce, poor school performance and attention-getting behavior were
      common, while in adult patients, financial gain was present in 51 of 59 (86%)
      individuals. Over 90% of the claimed abnormalities related to the afferent visual
      system. Fifty-three percent of the patients had underlying organic problems with
      functional overlay. Inconsistent test results were the most reliable means of
      identifying the malingering patients. In California, both ophthalmologists and
      optometrists are able to declare a patient legally blind as well as visually
      disabled for the purpose of income tax, workers' compensation, and disability
      benefits. The potential financial impact of malingering patients is discussed.

PMID- 3991131
TI  - The role of orbital exenteration in choroidal melanoma with extrascleral
      extension.
AB  - The management of choroidal melanoma with extrascleral extension has been a
      subject of controversy with some proposing orbital exenteration whenever
      extrascleral extension is demonstrated and others feeling it to be of no value in
      increasing survival. We reviewed the cases of 43 patients with extrascleral
      extension of choroidal melanoma. Although five-year survival had previously been
      demonstrated to be significantly improved in patients undergoing early orbital
      exenteration at our institution, extended follow-up in 16 consecutive cases
      revealed ultimate tumor related mortality to approach that of patients refusing
      exenteration. Only in cases with nonencapsulated or surgically transected
      extension did exenteration appear to improve survival. In ten cases with delayed
      recurrence of tumor in the orbit, exenteration proved to be palliative rather
      than curative.

PMID- 3991132
TI  - Cerebral and retinal vascular changes in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A 16-year-old white boy with acute systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who
      presented with chorea and florid retinopathy died in renal failure three months
      after diagnosis. Pathological studies revealed two types of lesion in both the
      cerebral and ocular vessels. Some meningeal and choroidal vessels showed a
      typical vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis, whereas other meningeal and retinal
      vessels were occluded by amorphous hyaline material in the absence of vasculitis.

PMID- 3991133
TI  - Lacrimal gland choristoma of the ciliary body.
AB  - A 22-month-old girl was found to have a pigmented mass of the ciliary body of the
      right eye. Five months later the globe was enucleated because of enlargement of
      the tumor and the appearance of brown pigment on the adjacent epibulbar surface.
      Histopathologic examination disclosed a lacrimal gland choristoma of the ciliary
      body with involvement of the limbal conjunctival surface and superficial sclera.
      Choristomas of the lacrimal gland are rare and only eight cases have been
      reported previously to occur intraocularly. Most of these cases showed
      extrascleral involvement which suggests that the anlage for these choristomas may
      be entrapped intraocularly during the development of the globe. We recommend
      conservative management, either by observation or local resection if possible.

PMID- 3991134
TI  - [Statistical evaluation of podograms of patients with bilateral coxarthrosis].

PMID- 3991135
TI  - [Myoarthrogenic flexion contracture of the hip joint and its surgical treatment].

PMID- 3991136
TI  - [Soft tissues of the hip in patients with contractures of the knee joint].

PMID- 3991137
TI  - [Neuro-orthopedic diseases of the knee joint].

PMID- 3991139
TI  - [Peripheral circulation in congenital developmental defects of the limbs].

PMID- 3991138
TI  - [Immunity in arthrosis deformans of the knee joint].

PMID- 3991140
TI  - [Use of depo-medrol in the complex conservative treatment of patients with
      arthroses deformans].

PMID- 3991141
TI  - [Local use of kenalog in diseases of the locomotor system].

PMID- 3991142
TI  - [Operations for the pathologic mediopatellar fold of the knee joint with the aid
      of an arthroscope].

PMID- 3991143
TI  - [Treatment of medial femoral neck fractures].

PMID- 3991144
TI  - [Marginal modeling resection in the complex treatment of patients with stage III
      coxarthrosis].

PMID- 3991145
TI  - [A device for the restoration of function of the knee joint].

PMID- 3991146
TI  - [Sivash-Kaz'min transportation splint for the hip].

PMID- 3991148
TI  - [Clinical manifestations of myofasciotenodesis of the knee joint].

PMID- 3991147
TI  - [Treatment of congenital hip dislocation].

PMID- 3991150
TI  - [Surgically treated cases of childhood and adolescent renovascular hypertension].

PMID- 3991149
TI  - [Centering operations in osteochondropathies of the femur head].

PMID- 3991152
TI  - [Factors affecting the recurrence rate and progression of superficial (Ta-T1)
      bladder tumors].

PMID- 3991151
TI  - [New possibilities in the differential diagnosis of lower and upper urinary tract
      infections].

PMID- 3991153
TI  - [Submucography in the diagnosis of esophageal tumors].

PMID- 3991154
TI  - [Primary percutaneous nephrolithotomy].

PMID- 3991155
TI  - [Renal hamartoma].

PMID- 3991156
TI  - [Chronic lymphoid leukemia in 3 brothers].

PMID- 3991157
TI  - [Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in obesity and during a two-week
      fasting period].

PMID- 3991158
TI  - [Neuropathy of the autonomic nervous system in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 3991159
TI  - [Various forms of pseudohypoparathyroiditis in one family].

PMID- 3991160
TI  - [Significance of lumbar peridural anesthesia in arterial surgery].

PMID- 3991163
TI  - [Contradictions and open questions concerning the surgical management of thoracic
      outlet syndrome].

PMID- 3991162
TI  - [Surgical management of combined urethro-, vesico- and recto-vaginal fistulas by
      islet skin flaps].

PMID- 3991161
TI  - [Unusual developmental anomaly of the renal artery: left renal artery originating
      from the right renal artery].

PMID- 3991164
TI  - [Therapeutic and prophylactic use of metronidazole (Klion) in obstetric and
      gynecologic practice].

PMID- 3991165
TI  - [Changes in calcium metabolism in children treated with anti-epileptic drugs:
      increased renal calcium reabsorption].

PMID- 3991166
TI  - [Distichiasis-lymphedema syndrome].

PMID- 3991168
TI  - [Medical training in the West Indies].

PMID- 3991167
TI  - [Primary sclerosing cholangitis and chronic pancreatitis in ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 3991169
TI  - [Effect of intravenous calcium load on serum calcitonin levels in postmenopausal
      osteoporotic women].

PMID- 3991170
TI  - [Aplasia cutis congenita and foetus papyraceus].

PMID- 3991172
TI  - [New data on the value of acupuncture].

PMID- 3991171
TI  - [Attempted suicide with barbiturate after glue sniffing].

PMID- 3991173
TI  - [In defense of acupuncture].

PMID- 3991175
TI  - [Changes in the blood levels of ceruloplasmin and zinc in children treated with
      antiepileptics].

PMID- 3991174
TI  - [Value of dynamic esophageal scintigraphy (radioisotope transit study) in the
      study of motility disorders of the esophagus].

PMID- 3991176
TI  - [Value of knee joint arthrography].

PMID- 3991177
TI  - [Value of genetic counseling in the light of the outcome of pregnancies following
      counseling].

PMID- 3991178
TI  - [Questions concerning the use of antibiotics].

PMID- 3991179
TI  - [Criticism of oral galactose loading as a diagnostic screening method in diseases
      of the small intestine].

PMID- 3991181
TI  - [Surgical staplers in colon surgery].

PMID- 3991180
TI  - [Microbiological experience with the distribution of factory-packaged drugs in
      hospital departments].

PMID- 3991182
TI  - [Diabetic amyotrophy].

PMID- 3991183
TI  - [Delayed effects of fetal and perinatal steroid therapy at receptor levels
      (considerations on results of possible iatrogenic damage)].

PMID- 3991184
TI  - [Role of pathological body weight in the development of functional female
      infertility].

PMID- 3991185
TI  - [Experience in the treatment of patients with infectious endocarditis in
      communicable disease departments].

PMID- 3991186
TI  - [Neonatal pneumonia caused by Chlamydia trachomatis].

PMID- 3991187
TI  - [Extra mini-chromosome with symptoms of cat-eye syndrome].

PMID- 3991188
TI  - [Exudative pericarditis as a rare complication of pancreatic pseudocyst].

PMID- 3991189
TI  - [Dementia: current research results, practical perspectives].

PMID- 3991190
TI  - [Extracorporeal, activated charcoal hemoperfusion in experimental endotoxic shock
      in dogs].

PMID- 3991191
TI  - [Varicosity of the lateral side of the lower extremities].

PMID- 3991192
TI  - [Familial streak gonad syndrome with 46,XX karyotype (pure gonadal dysgenesis)].

PMID- 3991193
TI  - [Pathological anatomy of congenital hip diseases].

PMID- 3991194
TI  - [Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease) and its orthopedic treatment].

PMID- 3991195
TI  - [Spinal cord monitoring during spinal operations].

PMID- 3991196
TI  - [Injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament: an unresolved controversy].

PMID- 3991197
TI  - [Selection protocol for the realization of roentgen studies in patients with
      injuries to the extremities].

PMID- 3991198
TI  - Symposium on the ethmoid sinus.

PMID- 3991199
TI  - Transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy.
AB  - The advantages of the transnasal approach to dacryocystorhinostomy over the
      external incision approach are numerous. The external incision, with dissection
      of the orbicularis muscle, medial canthal ligament, and other soft tissues,
      produces much more scarring and is more likely to interfere with the pump action
      of the orbicularis muscle on the canaliculi. Granulation tissue and scar stenosis
      are the causes of failure in both the external approach and transnasal surgery.
      In fact, if follow-up care by a nasal surgeon is not available with the external
      approach, the failure rate will be higher than with transnasal surgery. Patients
      who require dacryocystorhinostomy should be advised of the choice of procedures.

PMID- 3991200
TI  - The ethmoid sinus. Plain film and tomographic radiology.
AB  - Plain films from the routine paranasal sinus examination are used to identify the
      area occupied by the ethmoid sinuses. Thin-section tomography in coronal and
      lateral projections illustrates the detailed ethmoid anatomy. These studies are
      used to illustrate the most common abnormalities of the ethmoid sinuses and
      demonstrate the basic radiologic signs of disease.

PMID- 3991201
TI  - Anatomy of the ethmoid sinus.
AB  - The anatomy of the ethmoid sinus is complex and variable. The organization of the
      pneumatic cells, their drainage, and their relation to important adjacent
      structures are described and illustrated.

PMID- 3991202
TI  - Ethmoiditis. Pathophysiology and medical management.
AB  - The ethmoid labyrinth occupies the key anatomic position of the entire sinus
      complex. A series of cases is presented to illustrate radiographically the
      importance of the ethmoid sinus in various histopathologic states and the need
      for therapy to be directed to this location.

PMID- 3991203
TI  - External ethmoidectomy.
AB  - Complete exploration and exenteration of the ethmoid labyrinth are best done via
      a transorbital approach. Since the anatomy is consistent and directly visualized,
      the complication rate is lower with this approach although it is used primarily
      for more extensive or recurrent disease.

PMID- 3991204
TI  - Intranasal ethmoidectomy.
AB  - Intranasal ethmoidectomy is a safe procedure that provides predictable, positive
      surgical results when accomplished by a knowledgeable rhinologic surgeon.
      Previously described as "the most dangerous operation in all of surgery," it
      should be mastered through detailed study of the pertinent surgical anatomy and
      meticulous attention to technique.

PMID- 3991205
TI  - Intranasal sphenoethmoidectomy and antrotomy.
AB  - Acute disorders of the paranasal sinuses are treated primarily by medication.
      However, chronic sinus disease usually requires some degree of surgery.
      Intranasal sinus surgery is safe and effective when performed according to
      precise anatomic guidelines. Chronic infection of the sinuses can be cured by
      appropriate surgery. Patients with constitutional disorders resulting in
      intractable vasomotor rhinosinusitis cannot be "cured" by surgery, but they can
      be helped to cope with their problem with minimal symptomatology. Subsequent
      medical therapy or minimal surgical adjustments are part of the long-term
      management and their use does not constitute a valid criticism of the primary
      operative management.

PMID- 3991207
TI  - Nasoethmoid complex injuries.
AB  - Blunt and penetrating trauma to the nasoethmoid complex can present a challenge
      to reconstruction by the facial trauma surgeon. Both functional and cosmetic
      problems exist with these injuries and both must be considered in the surgical
      plan. Adequate preoperative physical examination and roentgenologic evaluation,
      coupled with a thorough ophthalmologic consultation, are required for complete
      knowledge of the extent of the damage. The surgical repair of nasoethmoid
      fractures involving the medial canthal tendon and lacrimal drainage system should
      be repaired primarily. A medial blow-out fracture of the orbit is uncommon but
      should be considered in all cases of severe nasoethmoid complex fractures.

PMID- 3991206
TI  - The use of the operating microscope in ethmoid surgery.
AB  - The operating microscope opens a new world of precision in intranasal sinus
      surgery by providing binocular vision with excellent illumination. With a self
      retaining speculum for better visualization, the surgeon is seated and both hands
      are free, allowing for better control. Removal of disease is more thorough,
      complications are reduced, and the need for repeat procedures is diminished.

PMID- 3991208
TI  - Diagnosis and management of ethmoid cerebrospinal rhinorrhea.
AB  - In most instances of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea, the dural defect occurs at or near
      the region of the ethmoid roof. The skills of the otolaryngologist are of primary
      importance in the diagnosis and management of this condition. In almost all
      cases, the dura can be repaired exclusively by an extracranial approach.

PMID- 3991209
TI  - Legislation from conception to implementation.

PMID- 3991210
TI  - Fifteen steps simplify effective scheduling.

PMID- 3991211
TI  - Small bowel injury following blunt trauma.

PMID- 3991212
TI  - An R.L.D.D. in search of R.L.P.P.s.

PMID- 3991213
TI  - Health psychology and medicine.

PMID- 3991214
TI  - [Rest nitrogen content of cerebrospinal fluid in children: relationship to the
      brain barrier function].

PMID- 3991215
TI  - [Steady-state response in boys with infantile brain damage].

PMID- 3991216
TI  - [Vertebrogenic-induced headache in childhood--its development, diagnosis and
      therapy].

PMID- 3991217
TI  - [Animal experiments on the reaction of dental hard substance to corticoids].

PMID- 3991218
TI  - [Development of clinical symptoms in asthmatic children under long-term treatment
      of ketotifen].

PMID- 3991219
TI  - [Pediatric aspects of child poverty in our society (our "child-unfriendly"
      Austria].

PMID- 3991220
TI  - [Etiology, pathogenesis and pathology of dysplastic hip dislocation].
AB  - Neonatal hip examination and early therapy of CDH proofed to be best in
      preventing early osteoarthritis of the hip. Nevertheless we still happen to be
      confronted with congenital dislocated hips and hip dysplasias diagnosed after
      walking age. The pathologic changes of the dislocated hip joint are described.

PMID- 3991221
TI  - [Anorexia nervosa: diagnosis, early detection and treatment concept].
AB  - The preliminary results of a retrospective study of 31 inpatient treated patients
      with anorexia nervosa are reported. We summarize the disordered psychological
      functions according to H. Bruch and outline our inpatient treatment plan.
      Anorexia nervosa is a developmental crisis which manifests in puberty and early
      adolescence. There is a great influence of family interactional patterns on the
      development of this disease. In most of the cases an inpatient treatment is
      necessary, to be followed by outpatient treatment. Our treatment plan consists of
      weight gain, individual psycho-therapy and family therapy. Especially in early
      onset anorexics family therapy is essential to clarify and correct the disturbed
      patterns of family interactions. Finally we stress on the importance of the first
      contact between this patients and the general practitioner or pediatrician,
      because early recognition of this disease will give a chance for better treatment
      and can minimize the cases of therapy delay.

PMID- 3991223
TI  - [Psychodynamic and family dynamic aspects of puberty crises].
AB  - Within the framework of psychotherapy with youth, family therapy occupied a
      significant part of entire therapy concept. While working with youth one is
      always confronted with the problem of differential diagnosis i. e. whether it is
      a "Phase-specific Problem" or an adolescent crisis or one must interpret symptoms
      as morbid pathological development requiring the help of physician or
      psychotherapist. However one should be aware of the danger of hastily tabelling a
      diagnosis on one side and minimising the importance of symptoms on the other
      side. In our opinion the physician or therapist runs a great risk of failure in
      therapy when he concentrates only on the problems of child and tries to solve
      them through medicaments of hospitalisation. The best possible chance of success
      lies in directing his attention and therapy towards the whole family. When
      therapist intends helping the parents he should set as a bridge between the
      generations and convince parents accept the inevitable growing up their children
      into adulthood.

PMID- 3991222
TI  - [Lysozyme in children with acute and chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases].
AB  - Fecal lysozyme excretion was determined in two hundred children and adolescent.
      In sixty three infants with enteritis due to Rotavirus the fecal lysozyme level
      was found to be significant higher than in the feces of a group of healthy
      infants (p less than 0.01). Elevated fecal lysozyme excretion could be detected
      in patients with untreated Crohn's disease. After treatment with
      Salazosulfapyridine, Prednisone and elemental diet during six week a significant
      drop in fecal lysozyme level was observed (p less than 0.01). In eighteen
      adolescent with Colitis ulcerosa and Crohn's disease the lysozyme level of
      colonic mucosa was found to be significant higher than a control group (p less
      than 0.01). The fecal lysozyme excretion can be used as an indicator for the
      clinical activity of the disease, as a control for therapeutic efficiency and a
      marker for a relapse.

PMID- 3991224
TI  - [Nail bed changes in the neonatal period].
AB  - In the years from 1973-1983, 36 children, ranging in ages from 14 days to 4
      years, with ingrown toenails, which they had had since birth, were admitted for
      stationary treatment. For 26 of the children, the nails of both large toes were
      ingrown. In eight cases the smear from the nail wall revealed pathological germs
      of differing types. Conservative therapy was attempted in each case without
      success. The operative treatment consisted of completely removing the nail in
      50%, an incomplete removal in 30%, and in all cases resection of the nail wall.
      None of the children showed a relapse. The treatment was completed within 14 days
      following the operation and conservative treatment. The cause is assumed to be a
      congenital hyperplasia of the nail bed.

PMID- 3991225
TI  - [Psychological and psychosomatic diseases in puberty (therapy analyses and
      catamnestic results)].
AB  - In a retrospective study we analysed the records of inpatient treated
      adolescents. It was of particular interest to investigate the "treated
      prevalence" of psychogenic problems in puberty and our therapeutic results.
      Within the 13-16 years old adolescent group we predominantly found the following
      disorders: depressive reaction, attempted suicide, but also a variety of
      psychosomatic disorders in respiratory, cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal
      system, and patients with anorexia nervosa. The structures and interactional
      profiles of the families with an adolescent patient are described. In family
      therapy, cooperation was especially difficult with parents of patients with an
      attempted-suicide. Despite the chronicity of the disorders in our sample our
      ratings of treatment results and the results of a follow-up questionnaire
      returned from the parents showed a good improvement. Out-patient therapy had
      worse results than in-patient therapy due to a drop-out rate of approximately 25
      50%.

PMID- 3991226
TI  - [Primary lacrimal duct probing in congenital dacryocystitis. Disadvantages and
      alternatives].
AB  - Conventional lacrimal duct probing is a common but not always successful
      treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction in infants. Some authors report on a high
      incidence of false passage during lacrimal duct probing proved by endoscopic,
      histological and clinical examinations. Others report on permanent scarring
      caused by damage of the lining mucosa of the nasolacrimal duct after probing.
      Therefore a conservatively unsuccessfully treated lacrimal duct obstruction in
      infants should be followed by high pressure irrigation and if necessary by
      silicon intubation of the lacrimal system.

PMID- 3991227
TI  - [Unusual cutaneous emphysema in a newborn infant following bilateral
      pneumothorax].
AB  - We report a patient with subcutaneous emphysema after a bilateral pneumothorax of
      gigantic extent: Subcutaneous emphysema extended over the chest, neck, axilla and
      both arms. The scalp was severed from the galea by an enormous air-cushion.
      Theories about the pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. Therapy consisted of
      treatment of the underlying condition e. g. thoracocentesis with pleural drainage
      and artificial ventilation. The subcutaneous emphysema resolved without further
      therapeutic measures; only the subgaleal air was removed by aspiration.

PMID- 3991228
TI  - Isolated hypoglossal paralysis.
AB  - A 5 year old girl suffering from chronic tonsillitis and bilateral tympanic
      effusion developed atrophy of the right half of the tongue. With the exception of
      the twelfth cranial nerve (right) no neurological signs could be detected. We are
      reporting a case of an isolated hypoglossal nerve paralysis.

PMID- 3991229
TI  - Thermal inhibition of nociceptor-driven spinal cord neurones in the rat.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of cutaneous thermal stimulation have been tested on
      background and noxious-evoked discharge of neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of
      anaesthetized rats. Inhibition of background discharges by warming and of noxious
      evoked discharges by warming and/or cooling have been demonstrated. Thermal
      inhibition may be a neural basis for thermal analgesia.

PMID- 3991230
TI  - Ventrolateral medullary lesions block the antinociceptive and cardiovascular
      responses elicited by stimulating the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter in rats.
AB  - In rats anaesthetised with Saffan (Glaxovet), inhibition of the tail flick reflex
      evoked by electrical stimulation in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
      was accompanied by an increase in blood pressure, tachycardia, vasodilatation in
      hind limb muscle, an increase in respiration, pupillodilatation and widening of
      the palpebral fissure. Stimulation deeper in the PAG and in the tegmentum ventral
      to it produced analgesia but without this pattern of autonomic changes. The
      antinociceptive, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of PAG stimulation were
      abolished by bilateral lesions in the ventrolateral medulla in the area which
      lies ventromedial to the facial nucleus (i.e., in nucleus paragigantocellularis
      lateralis, RPGL). Lesions in nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), or bilateral lesions of
      nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (RG) and paragigantocellularis (RPG) or a
      combination of a lesion in RPGL with one in NRM or the contralateral RG or RPG
      did not block the effects of stimulating in the dorsal PAG. These findings are
      discussed in relation to the role of the PAG in mediating behavioural responses
      to stress.

PMID- 3991232
TI  - Multidisciplinary pain center follow-up study: evaluation with a no-treatment
      control group.
AB  - The long-term efficacy of a multidisciplinary pain management center was
      evaluated by comparing 20 treated patients with 20 no-treatment control patients
      who met the program's entrance criteria, wanted to participate, but could not
      because they did not have insurance coverage. At 1-5 years follow-up, 60% of the
      treated patients met all of the criteria for success established by Roberts and
      Reinhardt, while none of the untreated patients did so. Treated patients reported
      less interference with activities, more uptime, lower pain levels, less
      depression, and fewer hospitalizations than untreated patients. Also, more
      treated patients reported being employed, while fewer used either narcotic or
      psychotropic medications at follow-up compared to untreated patients.
      Pretreatment-to-follow-up changes are reported for both the treated and untreated
      groups.

PMID- 3991231
TI  - Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical
      characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain.
AB  - In a prospective study 58 patients undergoing limb amputation were interviewed
      the day before operation about their pre-amputation limb pain and 8 days, 6
      months and 2 years after limb loss about their stump and phantom limb pain. All
      but one patient had experienced pain in the limb prior to amputation. Pre
      amputation limb pain lasted less than 1 month in 25% of patients and more than 1
      month in the remaining 75% of patients. At the first examination the day before
      amputation 29% had no limb pain. The incidence of phantom pain 8 days, 6 months
      and 2 years after amputation was 72, 65 and 59%, respectively. Within the first
      half year after limb loss phantom pain was significantly more frequent in
      patients with long-lasting pre-amputation limb pain and in patients with pain in
      the limb immediately prior to amputation. Phantom pain and pre-amputation pain
      were similar in both localization and character in 36% of patients immediately
      after amputation but in only 10% of patients later in the course. Both the
      localization and character of phantom pain changed within the first half year; no
      further change occurred later in the course. The incidence of stump pain 8 days,
      6 months and 2 years after limb loss was 57, 22 and 21%, respectively. It is
      suggested that preoperative limb pain plays a role in phantom pain immediately
      after amputation, but probably not in late persistent phantom pain.

PMID- 3991233
TI  - Multinucleate giant cells in murine and rat lungs during Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis infections. A study of the kinetics of the response in vivo,
      cytochemistry, IgG- and C3-mediated functions.
AB  - The cytochemical and functional characteristics of broncho-alveolar multinucleate
      giant cells and the kinetics of the giant cell response in the lungs of mice and
      rats during Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection were studied. Primary
      infections resulted in significantly increased numbers of recoverable giant cells
      for up to 30 and 50 days in rats and mice, respectively. During secondary
      infections in the rat the giant cell response was more rapid and greater in
      magnitude than in a primary infection, suggesting that it was immunologically
      mediated. The giant cells displayed decreased C3- and IgG-dependent binding or
      phagocytic potential compared with mononucleate alveolar macrophages. Fusion of
      mononucleate alveolar macrophages into giant cells may therefore compromise
      complement and antibody dependent helminthocidal activity of these cells.

PMID- 3991234
TI  - The effect of cyclosporin A on the course of murine infection by Schistosoma
      mansoni.
AB  - The effect of the immunomodulating substance cyclosporin A (CyA) has been
      evaluated in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Administration of CyA at the
      time of infection or during the schistosomulum stage resulted in failure of the
      larvae to develop into adult worms. However, a serological response was noted.
      Administration of CyA during the establishment of the adult worm stage resulted
      in a reduction of the worm burden as compared to non-treated mice. The
      established worm pairs, however, seemed to be sterile since no eggs were
      demonstrated in the liver. Infection of mice with cercariae which had been
      exposed to CyA in vitro resulted in only a slight reduction of the worm burden
      for the highest concentration of CyA tested (100 micrograms/ml). The results of
      the study show that administration of CyA in vivo affects the host-parasite
      relationship in favour of the host.

PMID- 3991235
TI  - Site potential for challenge attrition in mice, rats and guinea pigs vaccinated
      with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - The potential sites of attrition of a challenge population of schistosomes have
      been investigated in mice, rats and guinea pigs vaccinated with irradiated
      cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, by the use of challenge regimens that permit
      sequential site elimination. Vaccinated mice showed significant immunity to a
      percutaneous cercarial challenge, but were only marginally resistant to an i.v.
      challenge with healthy lung stage worms. Vaccinated rats and guinea pigs differed
      from mice, in that they were able to mediate significant challenge attrition at
      post-skin sites. Healthy lung worms were subject to immune elimination by rats in
      the lungs, or perhaps en route to the liver, but not in the liver itself. In
      contrast, guinea pigs had the capacity to kill challenge lung worms injected into
      either the lungs or the liver. Interestingly, lung worms harvested by extended
      incubation were shown to be sub-optimal in terms of viability, since they were
      eliminated in significant numbers when injected i.v. into vaccinated mice. These
      data show that different hosts vaccinated in essentially the same manner differ
      in terms of their site potential for challenge attrition. It is emphasised
      however, that sites implicated by these experiments as having the capacity to
      mediate immune elimination are not necessarily the sites at which challenge
      attrition occurs under normal circumstances.

PMID- 3991236
TI  - The role of humoral immune responses in determining susceptibility of A/J and
      C57BL/6 mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense.
AB  - The relative resistance of C57BL/6 mice to infection with Trypanosoma congolense
      as compared to A/J mice was found to be independent of the infective dose of
      trypanosomes and required an intact immune system, as sublethal levels of gamma
      irradiation abolished the differences in susceptibility between the two strains.
      C57BL/6 mice produced earlier and quantitatively superior antibody responses both
      to the variable surface glycoprotein and to common membrane antigens on the
      trypanosome than A/J mice. No difference was observed in the class of antibody
      produced. In parallel with the specific response, C57BL/6 mice also generated
      higher levels of antibody to an unrelated antigen (TNP) and developed higher
      levels of total serum IgM. However, despite the low levels of both specific
      antibody and antibody to TNP in A/J mice, these animals developed massive
      increases in total serum IgG2a. The role of this selective activation of IgG2a
      producing cells in the susceptibility of the A/J mice was unclear. Although
      susceptibility was closely correlated with specific antibody responses during
      infection, the two strains of mice showed a similar capacity to respond to fixed
      doses of irradiated trypanosomes. This indicates that an inherent difference in
      immune responsiveness to the trypanosomal antigens is not the major factor
      determining susceptibility. Moreover, the finding that a proportion of A/J mice
      which received infective and irradiated trypanosomes simultaneously showed
      depressed antibody responses to the trypanosome, suggests that active infection
      of A/J mice with T. congolense impairs their ability to initiate an appropriate
      immune response to the trypanosome.

PMID- 3991238
TI  - Selective use of wide excision with elective lymph node dissection for malignant
      melanoma.
AB  - One hundred and eighty individuals with clinically negative regional lymph nodes
      are the basis of this study. One hundred and ten of these underwent an elective
      lymph node dissection. The incidence of histologically positive lymph nodes was 0
      percent, 17 percent, and 42 percent for those with thin, intermediate thickness
      and deeply invasive lesions. Of these 25 patients with histologically positive
      lymph nodes, the metastases were micro in size (less than or equal to 2 mm) in 75
      percent of the intermediate thickness group compared with 38 percent of the
      deeply invasive group. At the present time, the size of lymph node metastases
      appears to correlate with disease-free estimates: at 2 years, the disease-free
      estimates are 70 percent for those with micro metastases and 24 percent for those
      with macro metastases. Therapeutic success is influenced greatly by the number of
      circulating cancer cells challenging the host's defense mechanism. The large cell
      mass of clinically evident metastatic disease would appear to present most
      patients with an uncontrollable number.

PMID- 3991237
TI  - Circulating antibody-antigen complexes following Trypanosoma musculi infection in
      mice genetically selected to produce high or low affinity antibody.
AB  - Mice from lines genetically selected for the production of either high or low
      affinity antibody to protein antigens and which differ in their susceptibility to
      chronic immune complex disease were infected with Trypanosoma musculi. The
      parasite became patent in both lines by day 5 and no significant differences in
      the levels of parasites during the infection were observed between the two lines.
      Serum levels of both antigen non-specific and T. musculi antigen specific immune
      complexes were determined during the infection by the solid phase conglutinin and
      Clq binding assays. In both lines, antigen non-specific complexes were detected
      by day 15 after infection with maximum levels observed by day 30. At this time,
      low affinity line mice had significantly higher levels than did high line mice as
      determined by the Clq assay but not by the conglutinin assay. The deposition of
      immune complex like material in glomeruli, assessed by immunofluorescence, was
      associated with the clearance of the parasite and the presence of circulating
      antigen specific complexes. The pattern of localization of complexes in both
      lines was predominantly mesangial with some deposition in the capillaries. The
      intensity of fluorescence increased during the infection. Initially (day 10) only
      IgM was observed in the glomeruli but IgG1 and IgG2b were detected from day 20 to
      day 40. IgG2a was only detected on day 40. However, in none of the animals was
      this deposition of complexes associated with proteinuria. Hence, the data
      presented here show that the low affinity line mice produce higher levels of
      smaller circulating complexes following T. musculi infection than do high
      affinity mice. However, this does not result in significant differences in
      localization and induction of renal disease as seen following chronic antigen
      injection.

PMID- 3991239
TI  - Relationships between clinical data and histology of the large bowel in Crohn's
      disease and ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Histologic changes of rectal biopsies were compared with clinical data in 83
      patients suffering from Crohn's disease, 78 patients with ulcerative colitis, and
      87 normal controls. Additionally, colonic biopsies were studied in 82 Crohn's
      disease patients. The biopsies were cut in serial sections and examined by
      quantitative and semiquantitative methods, determining changes of superficial
      epithelium, crypts, stroma, and submucosa. The statistical evaluation was
      performed by univariate and multivariate analyses. In normal controls, 2.6
      percent of the correlations existing between histologic and clinical data were
      significant; in rectal biopsies of Crohn's disease 8.9 percent, in colonic
      biopsies of Crohn's disease 6.7 percent, and in ulcerative colitis 10.4 percent.
      Multiple stepwise regression analyses revealed a distinct predictive value of
      histology of rectal biopsies for the clinical activity index according to Best et
      al. in Crohn's disease. Most effective histologic changes were content of goblet
      cells and acute inflammatory lesions. In colonic biopsies, significant predictive
      values were found for diarrhea, anal fissures, and meteorism. Most effective
      variables in prediction of diarrhea were granuloma and eosinophilic and
      histiocytic infiltration; in prediction of anal fissures increased basophilia of
      epithelium and leukocytic infiltration of crypts; in prediction of meteorism
      increased basophilia of epithelium and hyperemia. In ulcerative colitis,
      significant predictive values were present for activity of disease on colonoscopy
      and the blood content of thrombocytes. Most effective variables in the prediction
      of colonoscopically determined activity were histiocytic and neutrophilic
      infiltration, height of the cryptal epithelium, and cryptal distance; in the
      prediction of thrombocytic values cryptal length, cryptal distance, and
      plasmacellular infiltration. In normal controls, no consistent predictive value
      of histology was found. Though each multivariate statistical method depends on
      the underlying sample, at least the first variables entering the multiple
      regression analyses are of high value in the estimation of clinical parameters by
      morphologic methods. Thus, the study elucidates the high value of rectal biopsies
      in estimating the activity of illness, both in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative
      colitis.

PMID- 3991240
TI  - Benign epithelial polyps of the stomach.
AB  - It is clear that benign gastric epithelial polyps form a heterogeneous group with
      distinct pathologic features. Variability exists in regard to malignant potential
      and association with various polyposis syndromes. The most important aspects of
      these lesions are as follows: The only gastric polyps with a direct malignant
      potential are the neoplastic polyps. Since these lesions are most commonly
      solitary and antral, and such lesion identified at endoscopy or radiographically
      should be removed. The hyperplastic polyps, the most common of gastric polyps,
      are frequently associated with carcinoma, but probably do not have any malignant
      potential over and above that of the atrophic gastritis which usually accompanies
      them. Fundic-gland hyperplasia, a poorly recognized but common entity, carries no
      malignant potential. The diagnosis of FGH should be suspected in cases where the
      fundus and body of the stomach are carpeted with sessile 1 to 5 mm polyps. Since
      these lesions may spontaneously regress, no therapy is needed other than biopsy
      to confirm the diagnosis. However, because of the association with familial
      polyposis and Gardner's syndrome, patients with FGH should be evaluated for the
      possibility of one of these syndromes. Since in some cases several types of
      polyps may occur in the same stomach, it may be necessary to biopsy several in
      order to be sure a neoplastic polyp is not present. In cases of multiple gastric
      polyposis in which variability of gross appearance is noted, polyps of several
      types should be biopsied. Since the neoplastic polyps tend to be larger,
      pedunculated, and antral in location, lesions with these characteristics should
      be removed.

PMID- 3991241
TI  - A symposium on the autopsy.

PMID- 3991242
TI  - The pediatrician's role in dental care.

PMID- 3991244
TI  - Fundamentals of orthodontics with criteria for referral.

PMID- 3991243
TI  - Anomalous dental development with medical and genetic implications.

PMID- 3991245
TI  - Management of orofacial trauma in children.

PMID- 3991246
TI  - Common oral diseases of children.

PMID- 3991248
TI  - Symposium on nutrition.

PMID- 3991247
TI  - Prevention of oral disease in children: concepts and practices.
AB  - Many of the dental traits exhibit continuous variation due to the multifactorial
      nature of dental development. Genetic and environmental disorders can result in
      further variation in specific dental traits. Identification of a dental anomaly
      can, at times, lead to the initial diagnosis of an underlying disorder and
      portend the patient's future health risks. Examples include the specific pattern
      of hypodontia seen before the development of iris dysplasia in Rieger syndrome,
      and the presence of supernumerary teeth and facial osteomas preceding malignant
      transformation of intestinal polyps in Gardner syndrome. In addition, dental
      anomalies can be useful in evaluating a patient's past medical history. A
      horizontal line of structural alteration in teeth can be used as a kymographic
      record of the causative metabolic disturbance and help pinpoint the active period
      of the disturbance. Normal eruption times of primary and permanent teeth also
      show a broad range of individual variation. Many disorders can cause extreme
      alterations in the eruption times of primary and permanent teeth or act to cause
      their premature exfoliation through disruption of their supporting tissues. The
      disruption of the eruption and integrity of the dentition can function as an
      indicator of the existent disease state. For example, the early exfoliation of
      primary teeth may be the presenting symptom of a patient with leukemia.
      Recognition of dental anomalies, distinct from normal variation can, therefore,
      be useful to the physician in the diagnosis of a patient's underlying condition
      and lead to a more thorough understanding of the mechanism of these disorders.

PMID- 3991249
TI  - Infant feeding: formula, solids.
AB  - This article discusses and evaluates current formulas, traces their continual
      improvement (based largely on new information on breast milk composition), and
      then discusses the question of supplemental feedings.

PMID- 3991250
TI  - Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in premature infants.
AB  - Vancomycin pharmacokinetics were studied in nine premature infants. Infants
      weighing less than 1,000 gm had significantly larger volumes of drug distribution
      and consequently longer drug half-lives than larger premature infants, regardless
      of postconceptual or actual age. These differences alter the vancomycin dosing
      recommendations in these two groups of premature infants. We recommend initial
      dosage regimens consisting of a loading dose of vancomycin of 25 mg/kg followed
      by doses of 15 mg/kg every 12 hours for infants with weights less than 1,000 gm.
      Infants weighing over 1,000 gm should receive 10 mg/kg every 12 hours, with a
      loading dose of 12.5 mg/kg. Serum vancomycin concentration should be monitored,
      however, for final optimization of therapy.

PMID- 3991251
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine in normoxic and hypoxic newborn lambs.
AB  - We studied the effects of nifedipine, a calcium-channel blocker, in two acutely
      instrumented groups of newborn lambs during normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
      Nifedipine at 10 or more micrograms/kg reduced systemic, but not pulmonary artery
      pressure and resistance in normoxic lambs. When acute hypoxia was produced in
      these animals, 50 or more micrograms/kg reduced, but did not prevent, the
      expected rise in pulmonary pressure and resistance. When infused into already
      hypoxic lambs, nifedipine in doses of 50 micrograms/kg or more reduced both
      systemic and pulmonary pressures and resistances equally. Thus, nifedipine is a
      nonspecific vasodilator in newborn lambs.

PMID- 3991252
TI  - Hemodynamic and acid-base effects of meperidine on unanesthetized pregnant sheep
      and fetus.
AB  - Meperidine hydrochloride (MHCl) is one of the most widely used analgesics today.
      Its effect upon maternal and fetal sheep hemodynamics and acid base were
      investigated in 13 experiments following maternal IV administration of 100 mg
      (approximately 2 mg/kg) of the drug. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at
      7.5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes postinfusion. Significant changes
      were an increase in maternal pH at 45 minutes, P less than 0.01 and 120 minutes,
      P less than .01 accompanied by a decrease in pCO2 at 45 minutes, P less than .01.
      No changes in maternal pO2, O2 saturation (O2%), base excess (BE), hemoglobin
      (Hb), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and uterine blood flow (ut. BF) were
      noted. Fetal PH, pO2, pCO2, O2%, bicarbonate, BE, Hb, HR, and BP remained
      unchanged. It is suggested that MHCl causes transient maternal respiratory
      alkalosis without any significant changes in uterine blood flow. With the dose
      used in this study, no adverse effect was observed in the fetus. Therefore, based
      upon this study, MHCl seems to be tolerated well by both ewe and her fetus.

PMID- 3991253
TI  - Gentamicin kinetics in the neonate.
AB  - Gentamicin serum levels were measured and elimination half-life was calculated in
      a group of neonates with postconceptual ages ranging between 25-42 weeks. Infants
      were receiving intravenous gentamicin (2.5 mg/Kg/dose) at various dosage
      intervals and t 1/2e was calculated using a one-compartment open model. Evidence
      of gentamicin accumulation was present in 82% of infants 34 weeks. T 1/2e was 8.8
      +/- .7 hours in infants 30 weeks, 7.8 +/- 1.1 hour in infants between 30-34 weeks
      and 6.2 +/- .5 in infants greater than 34 weeks. The results of the study suggest
      that gentamicin elimination is related to postconceptual age and that infants
      treated with recommended dosage regimens may have possible gentamicin tissue
      accumulation and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the dosage interval may have to be
      lengthened to 18 hours in infants less than 34 weeks with close gentamicin plasma
      level monitoring.

PMID- 3991254
TI  - Inhibition of beta-amino acid transport by diamide does not involve the brush
      border membrane surface.
AB  - Diamide (dicarboxylic acid bis-(N,N-dimethylamide) has been shown in previous
      studies to block the uptake of the beta-amino acid taurine at its high affinity
      transport site in rat renal cortex slices. Diamide may act by increasing the
      efflux of taurine from the slice. Studies performed in rat slices again indicate
      enhanced efflux over 8-12 minutes. The time course of reduced glutathione (GSH)
      depletion from renal cortex is similar, indicating a potential interaction
      between GSH depletion and inhibition of taurine accumulation. Diamide further
      blocks the uptake of taurine by collagenase-isolated renal tubules in a dose
      dependent fashion with greater inhibition at 20 minutes than at 5 minutes. The
      effect of 9 mM diamide on the Na+ -dependent accumulation of taurine (10 and 250
      microM) by brush border membrane vesicles was examined, and the taurine uptake
      value both initially and at equilibrium was the same in the presence and absence
      of diamide. That the effect in tubules is greater at 20 minutes than at 5 minutes
      is consistent with the idea that diamide enhances efflux of taurine immediately
      after exposure of tubules to taurine, or that diamide influences some
      intracellular process, requiring a time interval before this action is observed.
      Isolation of the brush border surface and subsequent transport studies of taurine
      are not influenced by diamide. Thus, diamide inhibition of taurine uptake does
      not involve physiochemical alteration of the membrane surface where active amino
      acid transport occurs, despite the thiol-oxidizing properties of this agent.
      Further, these studies suggest that diamide either acts at the basolateral
      surface, rather than the brush border surface of rat renal cortex or requires the
      presence of an intact tubule, capable of metabolism, prior to its inhibitory
      action.

PMID- 3991255
TI  - Optimization of gentamicin therapy in very low birth weight infants.
AB  - In order to optimize gentamicin (G) therapy we studied G pharmacokinetics in 48
      preterm infants (gest. age 31.6 +/- 3.4, range 25-37 wk; birth weight 1.5 +/- 0.5
      kg, range 0.7-2.5 kg). They received IV G twice daily (5.2 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/day).
      After at least 2 days of treatment trough and peak levels were measured for 2
      successive doses. Trough levels were significantly higher in infants less than 1
      kg receiving 5 mg/kg/day than in other infants (1-2.5 kg) who received the same
      dose (3.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml; p less than 0.01). Mean G t 1/2
      was significantly longer in infants under 1 kg than in those weighing 1-2.5 kg
      (7.9 +/- 1.9 and 6.5 +/- 1.6 hr, respectively; p less than 0.01). These
      differences could be attributed to lower G clearance in infants less than 1 kg
      (31 +/- 6 vs. 39 +/- 8 ml/kg/hr; p less than 0.005). There was no difference in G
      distribution volume between less than 1 kg and 1-2.5 kg infants (0.35 +/- 0.07
      and 0.38 +/- 0.13 L/kg, respectively). A correlation was found between clearance
      and t 1/2 for the total group (r = 0.57, p less than 0.01). No correlation was
      detected between BUN and clearance or between gestational age and clearance. Our
      data suggest that G dose in infants less than 1 kg should be reduced to 3.5-4
      mg/kg/day in order to avoid excessive levels associated with nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 3991256
TI  - Radiographic plain film and CT findings in lipoid pneumonia in infants following
      aspiration of mineral oil used in the treatment of partial small bowel
      obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides.
AB  - Four children developed lipoid pneumonia following ingestion of mineral oil for
      the treatment of partial small bowel obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides whorl.
      CT of the chest showed negative Hounsfield numbers which may prove useful in
      diagnosis.

PMID- 3991257
TI  - Evaluation of esophageal transit in children and in infants by means of Krypton
      81m.
AB  - This paper presents the results of Krypton-81m esophageal transit study in a
      series of children and infants presenting various esophageal disorders. The
      advantage of Kr-81m, compared to other radionuclides, is that the radiation dose
      to the patient is extremely low. The study can therefore be repeated as often as
      necessary and a high dose can be given to ensure good quality results. The method
      is very easy to perform and allows a quantitative assessment of esophageal
      transit in physiological conditions. The method gives information about the
      severity of altered transit and it is particularly useful in studying the effects
      of treatment.

PMID- 3991258
TI  - Sternal ossification in normal newborn infants.
AB  - The lateral chest radiographs of 200 Nigerian newborn infants, whose gestational
      age was estimated by the Dubowitz examination, were analysed for the pattern of
      ossification of sternal segments. The length of each visible centre was also
      measured. The manubrium was ossified in all infants over 35 weeks. All infants 37
      weeks and above demonstrated ossification of the first and second mesosternal
      segments. Ten infants had ossification of the xiphisternum. The average number of
      ossified segments seen in this study is more than previously reported amongst
      Caucasian infants. The length of each segment correlated better with birth weight
      than gestational age. Our findings indicate that any infant with two ossified
      sternal segments, including the manubrium, is at least 30 weeks and those with 3
      and 4 segments 34 and 37 weeks gestation, respectively. There is no difference in
      the pattern of sternal ossification between the sexes.

PMID- 3991259
TI  - Small carpal bone surface area, a characteristic of Turner's syndrome.
AB  - An abnormality which has received little attention but may be easily recognized
      on radiographs of the hand of patients with Turner's syndrome is described.
      Eleven of thirty-one patients (35.5%) with Turner's syndrome were shown on
      radiographs of the hand to have a visually detectable smallness on the bone
      surface area of the carpus when compared to the area of the second through fifth
      metacarpals. Values for the "C/M" ratio (the area of the carpals divided by the
      area of the second through fifth metacarpals) were calculated for films of 31
      individuals with gonadal dysgenesis and compared with those from bone age-matched
      films of seventy-six individuals with normal development of the hand and wrist. A
      consistent difference with minimal overlap was documented. For all of the films
      of patients with Turner's syndrome the C/M ratio averaged 89% of the value in the
      films of the controls. In the 11 patients in whose films smallness was visually
      apparent, the C/M ratio averaged 82% of controls while in those where the
      diminution was detected only by planimetry the C/M ratio averaged 91% of
      controls. The incidence of a diminished C/M ratio was compared with the incidence
      of four other previously described signs of Turner's syndrome; although not seen
      as often as the coarse reticular pattern or delayed bone age, the C/M sign was
      recognizable without planimetry at least as commonly as the "metacarpal sign,"
      and a decreased carpal angle and/or Madelung's deformity. Taken together, these
      several criteria suggest the radiographic diagnosis of Turner's syndrome in more
      than 93% of cases.

PMID- 3991260
TI  - Artifacts, variants, and factors degrading image quality in pediatric magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - The experience from 123 pediatric MRI examinations disclosed several different
      types of artifacts and age-related variants that could have caused pitfalls in
      MRI interpretation. Artifacts were caused by metallic objects, patient touching
      the RF coil, and patient motion. The potential pitfalls are caused by the MRI
      variant appearances of anatomical structures specific to the growing body.
      Recommendations concerning preparation and immobilization of children prior to
      and during MRI examinations to minimize artifacts are given.

PMID- 3991261
TI  - Neonatal aspiration syndrome due to vernix caseosa.
AB  - Fetal aspiration of meconium in amniotic fluid is a well-known cause of
      respiratory distress in newborn infants. It causes an irregular, coarse, nodular
      pattern on chest radiographs. Less known is that aspiration of vernix caseosa
      causes a similar syndrome. We present a post-mature infant in whom aspiration of
      vernix caseosa caused respiratory distress, ventilatory difficulty, and
      radiographic changes essentially the same as in aspiration of meconium.

PMID- 3991262
TI  - Pneumomediastinum: an unusual complication of acute gastrointestinal disease.
AB  - Atraumatic or primary pneumomediastinum is an uncommon complication of severe
      retching and vomiting associated with acute gastrointestinal disorders. In two
      cases pneumomediastinum was the presenting radiographic abnormality; one patient
      presented with acute gastroenteritis, and the other presented with duodenal
      obstruction due to hematoma. The pathogenesis of pneumomediastinum in these
      patients is presented.

PMID- 3991263
TI  - Evolution of pyloric stenosis in the first week of life.

PMID- 3991264
TI  - Short fourth metacarpal in homocystinuria.
AB  - Homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency is an autosomal recessive
      multisystem disease which affects the eye, the cardiovascular system, the central
      nervous system, the skeleton and occasionally other organs. Archibald's
      metacarpal sign and Kosowicz's phalangeal sign were evaluated in 11 patients with
      homocystinuria. A short fourth metacarpal was demonstrated in four patients. Our
      study represents, to our knowledge, the first systematic evaluation of these
      skeletal signs in a rather large group of homocystinuric patients.

PMID- 3991265
TI  - The American Pediatric Society and the Society for Pediatric Research: combined
      program and abstracts. Washington, D.C., May 6-9, 1985.

PMID- 3991266
TI  - Aerobic capacity, obesity, and atherosclerotic risk factors in male adolescents.
AB  - Correlations between aerobic capacity, obesity, and atherosclerotic risk factors
      were evaluated in adolescents with low-to-moderate levels of physical fitness.
      Subjects with higher levels of fitness had a more favorable risk profile with
      decreased body mass index, lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and plasma
      triglyceride levels, and higher plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
      levels. Simple linear regression analysis revealed an association between body
      mass index and blood pressure, plasma triglyceride and plasma high-density
      lipoprotein-cholesterol. The level of aerobic fitness as determined by exercise
      duration was also associated with the same atherosclerotic risk factors. However,
      multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that body mass index provided
      the largest explanation, by those variables examined, of the interindividual
      variance in blood pressure, plasma triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol. Aerobic fitness contributed only minimally to the variation in these
      risk factors. These findings suggest that if aerobic conditioning is used to
      modify atherosclerotic risk factors, it should be accompanied by a reduction in
      weight in adolescents with low-to-moderate levels of physical fitness.

PMID- 3991267
TI  - Early detection of bacteremia in an outpatient clinic.
AB  - A total of 570 patients, aged less than 24 months, who were seen in the emergency
      room at Texas Children's Hospital for evaluation of acute febrile illness had a
      WBC count, differential count, and a blood culture obtained. Bacteremia occurred
      in 7.7% (n = 44) (22 Haemophilus influenzae; 17 Streptococcus pneumoniae; three
      Escherichia coli; one group B Streptococcus; one Staphylococcus aureus). The
      sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of morphologic changes
      (vacuolization and toxic granulation) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (segmented
      neutrophils plus band cells), WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/microL
      and band cells greater than or equal to 500/microL were examined. Additionally,
      abnormalities in three of four tests (WBC count greater than or equal to
      15,000/microL, band cells greater than or equal to 500/microL, segmented
      neutrophils greater than or equal to 10,000/microL, and/or total
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils greater than or equal to 10,500/microL) were
      evaluated. Morphologic changes of polymorphonuclear neutrophils were noted
      frequently in patients with culture-proven bacteremia (63% and 51% positive
      predictive value for vacuolization and toxic granulation, respectively) and were
      more predictive of bacterial infection than traditional tests. If both
      vacuolization and toxic granulation were present, the positive predictive value
      increased to 76%. Examination of the peripheral blood smear may provide important
      adjunctive information for the presence of bacteremia prior to bacteriologic
      confirmation.

PMID- 3991268
TI  - Effect of sleep state and position on the incidence of obstructive and central
      apnea in infants.
AB  - Sixty-four infants with a history of apnea were studied to determine the effects
      of sleeping position and sleep state (rapid eye movement [REM]) v (non-rapid eye
      movement [NREM]) on the occurrence of central and obstructive apneas. All-night
      polysomnographic studies were conducted on each infant, and the spontaneous
      occurrence of central and obstructive apneic events was determined in the prone,
      supine, and side positions. Sleeping position did not significantly affect the
      rate or duration of central or obstructive apneas. Furthermore, neither central
      nor obstructive apneic episodes were significantly altered by sleep state. These
      data suggest that, in spite of an ostensible predisposition to upper airway
      obstruction in the supine position and during rapid eye movement sleep, neither
      sleeping position nor sleep state appears to affect the rate of duration of
      apneic events.

PMID- 3991269
TI  - Glossoptosis-apnea syndrome in infancy.
AB  - The clinical and physiologic features of 28 infants with Pierre Robin syndrome
      and those of 20 infants with various types of nasal obstruction were reviewed to
      determine whether different causes of upper airway obstructure may lead to a
      common syndrome. The patients had no significant differences in distribution of
      main clinical manifestations. Their features included cyanosis with respiratory
      distress, apneic spells, oropharyngeal dysphagia, vomiting, failure to thrive,
      cor pulmonale, brain damage, and sudden death during sleep. The common
      physiologic manifestation appeared to be an oropharyngeal obstruction caused by
      glossoptosis, which occurred mainly during wakefulness. Upper airway obstruction
      led to hypoxemia, which, in many instances, was not associated with hypercapnia
      and was not relieved by oxygen administration. It is concluded that regardless of
      a specific cause, any airway obstruction that results in a decreased inspiratory
      pressure overcoming the airway maintaining genioglossus action causes a
      glossoptosis-apnea syndrome.

PMID- 3991270
TI  - Phenothiazine-induced sleep apneas in normal infants.
AB  - A relationship between sudden infant death syndrome and the use of phenothiazine
      containing medications is suspected. In order to investigate the influence of
      phenothiazines upon cardiorespiratory and sleep characteristics, four normal
      infants (mean age 15.8 weeks) had polygraphic recordings made for one night. The
      recordings were repeated three nights later, after the daily administration of a
      usual therapeutic dose of a standard phenothiazine syrup (promethazine, 1 mg/kg
      of body weight per day). The infants were monitored for six days after the first
      treatment. Findings from the first polygraphic recordings were normal for each
      infant. The second recordings disclosed an increase in sleep time, a reduction in
      the number and duration of awakenings, an increase in non-rapid eye movement
      (NREM) III sleep state, and a reduction in body movements. During the second
      night, each infant showed an increase in the number of central apneas, and each
      infant also had several episodes of obstructive apneas (median duration four
      seconds). It is concluded that promethazine depresses the arousal and respiratory
      mechanisms in normal infants during sleep. This observation reinforces the
      opinion that CNS depressants should be avoided in infants less than 1 year of
      age; CNS depressants could result in sudden death in apnea-prone infants.

PMID- 3991271
TI  - Hypoxic and hypercapneic arousal responses and prediction of subsequent apnea in
      apnea of infancy.
AB  - Hypoxic and hypercapneic arousal responses from quiet sleep were tested in 56
      infants with apnea of infancy (one or more episodes of cyanosis, limpness, and
      apnea requiring vigorous stimulation or resuscitation with no treatable cause;
      age 6.8 +/- 1.1 [SEM] months). Responses were compared with those of nine control
      infants ranging from 1 to 25 months of age. To assess hypercapneic arousal, the
      inspired PCO2 was rapidly increased during quiet sleep to 60 mm Hg or until
      arousal (restlessness, agitation, eye opening) occurred. All control infants and
      those with apnea of infancy aroused to hypercapnea, but control infants aroused
      at a lower inspired PCO2 (inspired PCO2 40.1 +/- 2.6 mm Hg) than those with apnea
      of infancy (inspired PCO2 46.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, P less than .05). To assess hypoxic
      arousal, the inspired PO2 was rapidly decreased during quiet sleep to 80 mm Hg or
      until arousal occurred. All control infants aroused to hypoxia (inspired PO2 78.3
      +/- 2.1 mm Hg). However, only 38% of those with apnea of infancy aroused
      (inspired PO2 78.1 +/- 0.8 mm Hg), indicating an abnormality in recognition of
      hypoxia, or central brainstem response to hypoxia. During the 10.4 +/- 1.2 months
      of follow-up, there was a high incidence of subsequent apneas (greater than 20
      seconds) during sleep at home in 50 apneic infants. Infants with abnormal hypoxic
      arousal responses had more severe subsequent apneas than those with normal
      hypoxic arousal responses (P less than .05).

PMID- 3991272
TI  - Social and familial factors in the development of early childhood asthma.
AB  - The role of social and familial factors in the development of childhood asthma by
      age 6 years was studied in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. Rates of
      asthma varied markedly with the child's sex; boys had twice the rate of asthma as
      girls. In addition, the factors associated with asthma varied with the child's
      sex. For boys, wheeze during infancy, early eczema, and parental asthma were all
      significant risk factors; for girls, the only risk factor was early eczema.
      Proportional hazards modeling of the data failed to show any significant
      associations between the development of asthma and a large range of other social
      and familial factors including breast-feeding, parental smoking habits, pets in
      the child's family, stress in the family, or family social background. It was
      concluded that asthma in early childhood appeared to be inherited to some extent,
      its age of expression was related to the child's sex, and it had a complex
      interaction with other forms of allergic disease. There was no evidence to
      suggest that the structure, practices, or dynamics of the child's family played a
      significant role in the development of asthma for children in this birth cohort.

PMID- 3991273
TI  - Candy flavoring as a source of salicylate poisoning.
AB  - Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) in the form of candy flavoring was
      ingested by a 21-month-old male infant who subsequently developed vomiting,
      lethargy, and hyperpnea. A "swallow" of the solution resulted in a serum
      salicylate concentration of 81 mg/dL six hours after ingestion. The infant was
      treated with parenteral fluids and sodium bicarbonate and he recovered rapidly.
      Hazards associated with salicylate use in this form include lack of parental
      awareness of the substance's toxic potential, the attractiveness of the candy
      like odor, and the availability of the liquid in non-child-resistant packaging
      containing potentially lethal quantities.

PMID- 3991274
TI  - Diet-related knowledge, skill, and adherence among children with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The dietary adherence of a sample of 97 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus has been quantitatively described. Now, in an effort to understand the
      poor dietary adherence found, diet-related knowledge and skill and their
      relationship to dietary adherence among 90 diabetic children have been studied.
      Diet-related competencies assessed were the ability to: (1) recall the personal
      diet plan, (2) correctly fill one's plate from a buffet, with the diet plan in
      hand, and (3) choose an appropriate meal from a restaurant menu. Adherence to the
      diet was assessed by unobtrusive observations at meals. Error rates on the three
      tests of knowledge and skill were .21, .28, and .51, respectively. The mean error
      rate at mealtime was .35, only slightly higher than the error rate for filling a
      plate when the children knew they were being tested. In a multiple regression
      analysis, age (r = .37) and sex (R = .48) were associated with adherence to the
      diet plan. Ability to choose correctly from a menu, duration of diabetes, and
      ability to correctly fill a plate from a buffet also entered the regression
      equation (R = .54). The data suggest that many children did not possess the
      knowledge and skill required for good dietary adherence, regardless of
      motivation. Health educators may underestimate the complexity of the behaviors
      expected of chronically ill patients.

PMID- 3991275
TI  - Injuries from fireworks.
AB  - In 1983, there were more than 8,200 victims of fireworks-related injuries treated
      in US emergency rooms. Half of those injured were children less than 15 years of
      age, and 11% of the injuries resulted in hospitalization. The eyes are the body
      part most often injured, followed by hands and fingers. Burns account for the
      majority of injuries. Every type of fireworks legally available has resulted in
      serious injury or death. Firecrackers, bottle rockets, and sparklers contribute
      to the most hospitalizations. States that allow a wide variety of fireworks to be
      sold for personal use have a rate of fireworks-related fires 50 times greater
      than states that strictly limit the availability of fireworks. The rate of
      fireworks-related injuries is more than seven times greater in the less
      restrictive states.

PMID- 3991277
TI  - Polaroid confirmation of the 'difficult-to-demonstrate' inguinal hernia.

PMID- 3991276
TI  - Idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction and impaired control of breathing.

PMID- 3991278
TI  - Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants.

PMID- 3991279
TI  - Concurrent agenesis of the corpus callosum and ureteroceles in siblings.

PMID- 3991280
TI  - Effect of furosemide on the clinical course of transient tachypnea of the
      newborn.
AB  - The effect of furosemide on the course of transient tachypnea of the newborn was
      evaluated in a controlled, prospective study. Fifty infants with transient
      tachypnea of the newborn were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups.
      Those in the treatment group were given furosemide, 2 mg/kg orally, at the time
      of diagnosis followed by 1 mg/kg 12 hours later if the symptoms persisted.
      Infants in the control group received a placebo. Compared with infants in the
      control group, the furosemide-treated group demonstrated no significant
      difference in the duration of tachypnea nor in the length of hospitalization. It
      is concluded that oral furosemide, at the doses used in this study, does not
      significantly affect the clinical course of transient tachypnea of the newborn.

PMID- 3991281
TI  - Cognitive deficits in adolescents who developed diabetes early in life.
AB  - A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to 125
      adolescents with a history of insulin-dependent diabetes, and to 83
      demographically similar nondiabetic control subjects. To test the hypothesis that
      developing this disease early in life greatly increases the risk of manifesting
      significant cognitive impairments, diabetic subjects were assigned to an "early
      onset" (diagnosis before age 5 years) or a "later-onset" subgroup. Results showed
      that subjects with early onset of diabetes performed more poorly than either
      subjects with later onset of diabetes or nondiabetic control subjects on
      virtually all tests, including measures of intelligence, school achievement,
      visuospatial ability, memory, motor speed, and eye-hand coordination. Moreover,
      multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the age at onset and the duration
      of diabetes seem to affect neuropsychological functioning in very different ways.
      The duration of the disease best predicted performance on those tests requiring
      highly overlearned, primarily verbal, skills whereas the age at onset best
      predicted scores on tests requiring the ability to process relatively unfamiliar,
      typically nonverbal, information in novel ways. Although the etiology of these
      deficits remains unclear, there is a possibility that they are secondary to mild
      brain damage that develops as a consequence of multiple episodes of serious
      hypoglycemia early in life.

PMID- 3991282
TI  - Epidemiologic study of infant botulism in Pennsylvania: Report of the Infant
      Botulism Study group.
AB  - The majority of the almost 400 confirmed cases of infant botulism in the United
      States have occurred in California, Pennsylvania, and Utah. In Pennsylvania, 44
      of 53 (83%) cases occurred within a geographic area of Southeastern Pennsylvania
      which represents one tenth of the Commonwealth's area and one third of the
      population at risk for infant botulism. In Southeastern Pennsylvania, a map of
      the residences of cases circumscribes a discrete ring around Philadelphia. A case
      control study performed to seek host-related risk factors, identifies the
      significant associations of botulism with infants who are white, breast-fed, and
      born at term into two-parent families with hospitalization insurance. County
      control studies were performed to identify differences in host-related factors
      between areas of high and low prevalence of botulism. Although some "protection"
      could be afforded Philadelphia infants by their feeding and family
      characteristics, the differences in case rates between Philadelphia and the
      botulism "ring counties" cannot be explained entirely by host-related factors.
      Further, the absence of botulism in counties just outside of the botulism "ring,"
      where infants were found to have identical potential risk factors, suggests that
      an uneven distribution of botulinal spores in the environment is the most
      significant determinant of case rate.

PMID- 3991283
TI  - Effect of cost-sharing on the use of medical services by children: interim
      results from a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - Health care expenditures of 1,136 children whose families participated in a
      randomized trial, The Rand Health Insurance Experiment, are reported. Children
      whose families were assigned to receive 100% reimbursement for health costs spent
      one third more per capita than children whose families paid 95% of medical
      expenses up to a family maximum. Outpatient use decreased as cost-sharing rose
      for a variety of use measures: the probability of seeing a doctor, annual
      expenditures, number of visits per year, and numbers of outpatient treatment
      episodes. Hospital expenditures did not vary significantly among children insured
      with varying levels of cost-sharing. Episodes of treatment for preventive care
      were as responsive to cost-sharing as episodes for acute or chronic illness. The
      results give no reason not to insure preventive care as liberally as care for
      acute illness.

PMID- 3991285
TI  - Case history of a child with Williams syndrome.

PMID- 3991286
TI  - The Rand Health Insurance Experiment for children.

PMID- 3991284
TI  - Consequences of cost-sharing for children's health.
AB  - Do children whose families bear a percentage of their health care costs reduce
      their use of ambulatory care compared with those families who receive free care?
      If so, does the reduction affect their health? To answer these questions, 1,844
      children aged 0 to 13 years were randomly assigned (for a period of 3 or 5 years)
      to one of 14 insurance plans. The plans differed in the percentage of their
      medical bills that families paid. One plan provided free care. The others
      required up to 95% coinsurance subject to a +1,000 maximum. Children whose
      families paid a percentage of costs reduced use by up to one third. For the
      typical child in the study, this reduction caused no significant difference in
      either parental perceptions of their child's health or in physiologic measures of
      health. Confidence intervals are sufficiently narrow for most measures to rule
      out the possibility that large true differences went undetected. Nor were
      statistically significant differences observed for children at risk of disease.
      Wider confidence intervals for these comparisons, however, mean that clinically
      meaningful differences, if present, could have been undetected in certain
      subgroups.

PMID- 3991288
TI  - Blood transfusions and safety.

PMID- 3991287
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing: new data, new challenges.

PMID- 3991289
TI  - Stop home phototherapy.

PMID- 3991290
TI  - Cost of varicella epidemic.

PMID- 3991291
TI  - Asthma and pneumomediastinum.

PMID- 3991292
TI  - Recurrence of rheumatic fever.

PMID- 3991293
TI  - Flexible residency programs for women.

PMID- 3991294
TI  - [Indicators of the phospholipid spectrum of blood serum and erythrocyte membranes
      in children with diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3991295
TI  - [Dermatoglyphics in juvenile diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3991296
TI  - [Evaluation of carbohydrate metabolism in children, born to mothers with diabetes
      mellitus, based on glucose tolerance tests].

PMID- 3991297
TI  - [Functional state of the cardiovascular system, the vegetative status and
      lipoprotein spectrum of blood serum in obese children].

PMID- 3991298
TI  - [Blood circulation in children and adolescents with exogenous obesity at rest and
      during physical exercise].

PMID- 3991299
TI  - [Changes and periods of normalization of urinary excretion of androgens and
      estrogens in children with thymomegaly].

PMID- 3991300
TI  - [Functional activity of the adrenal cortex and sex glands in boys with epidemic
      parotitis].

PMID- 3991301
TI  - [Joint activities of public education and health authorities in the fields of
      health care and the education of schoolchildren].

PMID- 3991302
TI  - [Treatment of chronic hypocorticism in children with implanted DOCA tablets].

PMID- 3991303
TI  - [Clinico-laboratory methods of diagnosis of diseases of the hepato-biliary system
      in children].

PMID- 3991304
TI  - [Clinical aspects of massive pneumonia and possibilities of its intensive
      treatment in a pediatric hospital].

PMID- 3991305
TI  - [Educational role of social organizations in the training of students of
      pediatrics].

PMID- 3991306
TI  - [Scientific students' society at the Chair of Children's Diseases as a school for
      the scientific training of future pediatricians].

PMID- 3991307
TI  - [Heparin-dependent diabetogenic factor in the plasma of children with diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 3991308
TI  - [Terminal pneumonia--shock lung (validity of diagnosis by evaluating respiratory
      disorders in children with severe forms of intestinal infections)].

PMID- 3991309
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of acetylsalicylic acid in children with rheumatic fever].

PMID- 3991310
TI  - [Acute dermatomyositis in an 8-year-old child].

PMID- 3991311
TI  - [Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome].

PMID- 3991312
TI  - [Liver abscess in a 6-year-old girl].

PMID- 3991313
TI  - Metrical and nonmetrical representations of temporal patterns.

PMID- 3991314
TI  - Agreement between indirect measures of perceived distance.

PMID- 3991315
TI  - The glabella startle reflex: inhibition by frequency and intensity modulations.

PMID- 3991317
TI  - Interaction of Muller-Lyer with filled-unfilled space illusion: an explanation of
      Muller-Lyer asymmetry.

PMID- 3991316
TI  - Cross-language evidence for three factors in speech perception.

PMID- 3991318
TI  - Interocular intermittence, retinal illuminance, and apparent depth displacement
      of a moving object.

PMID- 3991319
TI  - Spatial determinants of the distribution of attention.

PMID- 3991320
TI  - Combining vision and touch in texture perception.

PMID- 3991321
TI  - The category effect in visual search: practice effects on catch trials.

PMID- 3991322
TI  - Categorization time as independent of the number of condition-action rules.

PMID- 3991323
TI  - On the disparity gradient limit for binocular fusion.

PMID- 3991324
TI  - Nonlinearity in the perception of form.

PMID- 3991325
TI  - Luce's choice model and Thurstone's categorical judgment model compared:
      Kornbrot's data revisited.

PMID- 3991326
TI  - Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on ammonia production from L-glutamine in
      microdissected rat nephron segments.
AB  - To evaluate the role of each nephron segment in renal ammoniagenesis,
      distribution of renal ammoniagenic activity along the nephron in control and
      acidotic rats was examined. We used our original aerobic incubation system and
      ammonia produced from glutamine in 7 defined segments of microdissected nephron
      was measured using the enzymatic cycling method. When ammonia production in the
      control was compared in each nephron segment, the highest specific activity of
      ammoniagenesis per mm tubular length and that per microgram protein were observed
      in the proximal straight tubule (PST) and the thick ascending limb of Henle's
      loop, respectively. Chronic metabolic acidosis increased ammonia production per
      mm tubular length markedly in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (+171%),
      moderately in the medullary collecting tubule (+123%) and PST (+77%), and
      slightly in the distal convoluted tubule (+52%), revealing that the highest
      activity of ammoniagenesis was located in PCT and PST in acidosis. These data
      indicate that proximal tubules have major roles in renal ammoniagenesis both in
      the control and in acidosis. From the early observation of glutaminase I
      isoenzyme distribution along the nephron, our data suggest that not only
      phosphate-dependent glutaminase but also phosphate-independent glutaminase may
      have important roles in renal ammoniagenesis.

PMID- 3991328
TI  - Time-dependent effect of sectioning carotid sinus nerves on the vagally mediated
      baroreflex.
AB  - The purpose of the reported experiments was to examine whether the vagally
      mediated baroreflex system (V-system) increases its feedback gain with time after
      sectioning of the carotid sinus nerves (CSN). In 10 dogs anesthetized with
      Nembutal, we determined the overall open-loop gain (G) of the rapidly acting
      arterial pressure control system. G was assessed as (delta API/delta APs)-1,
      where delta API and delta APs represent the immediate and steady-state decreases
      in arterial pressure at the aortic arch following a fast step-wise reduction in
      blood volume. delta API, delta APs and GINTACT in the intact condition (30th min
      before sectioning of the CSN) were -1.8 +/- 0.1 kPa, -0.20 +/- 0.01 kPa and 8.4
      +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SE), respectively. The mean values of delta API, delta APs and
      G after sectioning of the CSN (Gv), first averaged within individual dogs and
      then averaged for ten dogs, were -2.53 +/- 0.07 kPa, -1.1 +/- 0.05 kPa, and 1.5
      +/- 0.1, respectively. Gv did not change with time over about 4 h after
      sectioning of the CSN. It is concluded that the V-system cannot augment its
      ability to restore arterial pressure in compensation for the lost function of the
      carotid sinus baroreflex system over 4 h after sectioning of the CSN in the
      anesthetized dog.

PMID- 3991327
TI  - Responses of Renshaw cells coupled with hindlimb extensor motoneurons to
      sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors in the decerebrate cat.
AB  - Contraction of ipsilateral limb extensors during side-down roll tilt of the head,
      leading to selective stimulation of labyrinth receptors, is attributed to an
      increased discharge of excitatory vestibulospinal (VS) neurons (alpha-responses)
      and a decreased discharge of medullary inhibitory reticulospinal (RS) neurons
      (beta-responses), both of which act on ipsilateral extensor motoneurons.
      Experiments were performed in decerebrate cats, with the de-efferented
      gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscle fixed at a constant length, to find out whether
      Renshaw (R) cells linked with GS motoneurons responded to labyrinth stimulation
      elicited by head rotation, while the neck had been bilaterally deafferented. We
      hoped in this way to clarify the role and the mechanism by which these inhibitory
      interneurons act on limb extensor motoneurons during the vestibular reflexes.
      72.7% of the R-cells, disynaptically excited by group I volleys elicited by
      single shock stimulation of the GS nerve, weakly responded to head rotation at
      frequencies of 0.026-0.15 Hz and at a peak amplitude of 10 degrees. For the
      frequency of head rotation of 0.026 Hz, +/- 10 degrees C, most of the GS R-cells
      increased their firing rate during side-down head displacement (alpha-responses);
      some responses were related to head position, but others showed some phase lead
      or lag with respect to head position. The gain of the first harmonic of these
      unit responses was very low and corresponded on the average to 0.084 +/- 0.062,
      S.D. imp./s/deg, while the sensitivity corresponded to 2.14 +/- 2.35, S.D.%/deg
      (base frequency, 6.85 +/- 5.97, S.D. imp./s). These responses were attributed to
      the activity of VS neurons, the increased discharge of which during side-down
      head rotation exerts a weak excitatory influence on a limited number of GS
      motoneurons and, through their recurrent collaterals, on the related R-cells. The
      modulation of the firing rate of R-cells coupled with the GS motoneurons
      increased linearly by increasing the peak amplitude of displacement from 5
      degrees to 20 degrees at the frequency of 0.026 Hz, so that the response gain
      remained almost unchanged. An increase in frequency of head rotation from 0.026
      to 0.32 Hz at a fixed amplitude of 10 degrees, thus changing the maximal angular
      acceleration from 0.26 degrees/s2 to 41.7 degrees/s2, reversed the response
      pattern of R-cells reported above. The resulting beta-responses, which also
      showed some phase lead or lag with respect to head position, were attributed to
      vestibular activation of RS neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3991329
TI  - Changes in pulp temperature during thermostimulation of human teeth by a simple
      electrically controlled thermode.
AB  - A simple electrically controlled thermode is described that was used in
      psychophysical experiments on thermoperception from teeth in human subjects. The
      time course of the intrapulpal temperature changes during a 60 s cooling or
      heating procedure was measured in in vitro experiments in which the temperature
      exchange between tooth and surrounding tissue, present in the psychophysical
      experiments, was stimulated.

PMID- 3991330
TI  - Segmental differences in electrical properties and Na-transport of rabbit caecum,
      proximal and distal colon in vitro.
AB  - Electrical potential difference, short circuit current, tissue conductance, and
      unidirectional Na-fluxes were measured in four segments of the rabbit large
      intestine in vitro. Compared to the relatively tight, low conductance distal
      colon, caecum and proximal parts of the colon are leaky epithelia with high
      conductances. Net Na-absorption was highest in caecum, and then decreased
      gradually towards the distal colon, whereas potential and short circuit current
      where high in the caecum and proximal colon, low in the middle part of the colon,
      and high again in the distal colon. Unidirectional Na-fluxes of all four segments
      were different. The discrepancy between the short circuit current and net Na
      absorption in the two segments of the proximal colon indicates electrogenic
      transport of other ions. 0.1 mM ouabain virtually abolished short circuit current
      and Na-absorption in all segments, whereas 0.1 mM amiloride was not effective in
      the caecum and the proximal colonic parts. The present study focuses on the
      comparative aspects of Na-transport. It demonstrates the marked segmental
      heterogeneity of the basic electrical properties and suggests four different
      segmental organizations of large intestinal electrolyte transport.

PMID- 3991331
TI  - Contribution of the inflow arteries to alterations in total cerebrovascular
      resistance in the rabbit.
AB  - The contribution made by the cerebral inflow arteries to total cerebrovascular
      resistance (CVR) and their importance in producing alterations in cerebral blood
      flow (CBF) (i.e., changes in CVR) were investigated. The arterial blood pressure
      at the circle of Willis was measured in 14 anesthetized rabbits via transorbital
      retrograde cannulation of the ophthalmic artery. CBF was measured in 21 rabbits
      under identical experimental conditions, using the hydrogen clearance technique.
      Inflow artery resistance was calculated from the measurements which were made at
      both normocapnia and hypercapnia throughout hemorrhagic hypotension. Under
      resting conditions, the inflow arteries made a relatively minor contribution to
      total CVR (7%). Hypercapnia resulted in a decrease in CVR and an increase in CBF;
      however, inflow artery resistance remained constant. Autoregulation and
      reductions in total CVR were observed as PP was reduced to 35 mm Hg. Inflow
      artery resistance remained constant at pressures greater than 45 mm Hg and
      increased slightly at PP less than 45 mm Hg. The relative contribution of inflow
      artery resistance to total CVR increased under the various conditions studied-
      increasing by a factor of 2 during hypercapnia, by a factor of 3 during
      hypotension, and by a factor of 4 during hypotension + hypercapnia. We concluded
      that the large inflow arteries do not participate in the autoregulatory or CO2
      responses of the cerebrovasculature of the rabbit.

PMID- 3991332
TI  - Variations of rhythmic diameter changes at the arterial microvascular
      bifurcations.
AB  - The variation of the pattern of the rhythmic diameter changes, in the hamster
      skin fold window preparation, was studied sequentially along the branching
      network of the arterial vessels, from A1 small arteries (70-100 micron diameter)
      to A4 terminal arterioles (less than 15 micron diameter). Contraction and
      dilation waveforms were characterized at all subsequent levels of bifurcation.
      The frequency of vasomotion was determined by a specialized spectral method
      called PRONY, which approximates the spectral composition of complex waveforms by
      the least square criteria and estimates the coefficient of correlation between
      reconstructed and original data. It was found that the frequency of vasomotion
      changes abruptly at the branching points, systematically increasing in the
      downstream direction. The power spectrum showed that the frequencies, which
      appear to originate at the bifurcations and have maximum amplitude at these
      points, are also found in the upstream waveforms. The downstream propagation of
      contractions and dilations causes superposition of waves. Thus the pattern of
      vasomotion is the composite effect of signals that originate at various branching
      points and spread downstream and upstream in the microvasculature. It seems
      likely to suggest that single unit smooth muscle cells, located at the branchings
      (local pacemakers), control the arterial rhythmic diameter changes. This time
      dependent phenomenon affects deeply the microvascular blood flow.

PMID- 3991335
TI  - The input impedance of the peripheral vascular termination in skeletal muscle.
AB  - In order to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the peripheral vessels of the
      arterial system, simultaneous pressure-flow measurements were made in the deep
      femoral artery of the rabbit at the same site. The input impedance calculated
      from the recorded pulses was regarded as representing the peripheral vascular
      termination in skeletal muscle and was expressed in terms of modulus and phase.
      The modulus decreases monotonously with increasing frequency while the phase
      angle is about -45 degrees in the low frequency range and becomes less negative
      with increasing frequency. This behaviour can be simulated by a model in which
      the inert mass of the pulsating blood, the elastic compliance of the blood
      vessels, and the frictional resistance to blood flow are taken into account. An
      essential result is that the model is provided with a considerable degree of
      elastic compliance, which means that the peripheral vessels as a whole possess an
      important compliance and do not behave like pure frictional resistances.

PMID- 3991334
TI  - Electrophysiological studies on lateral intercellular spaces of Necturus
      gallbladder epithelium.
AB  - The lateral intercellular spaces of Necturus gallbladder epithelium were
      punctured with double-barrelled ion selective microelectrodes in order to
      determine the ion concentrations of lateral space fluid and the contribution of
      the lateral spaces to transepithelial resistance. Neither under control
      conditions, nor after diluting the bathing fluids to increase the rate of volume
      absorption, nor during passage of direct current of 200 microA/cm2, were any
      reliable concentration differences observed between lateral space fluid and
      external bathing fluids. These observations suggest that water can follow salt
      transport without requiring osmotic concentration gradients of greater than 1 or
      2 mosmol/l and indicate that recently observed high values of water permeability
      must still be considered as underestimates. After developing a test to recognize
      and exclude leaky punctures, the contribution of the lateral spaces to
      transepithelial resistance could be determined. It amounted to around 29%. This
      value agrees well with results from recent impedance measurements which were
      performed under control conditions in the same preparation.

PMID- 3991336
TI  - Low cost storing of two electrical biosignals from DC to 20 kHz at more than 80
      dB dynamic range.
AB  - An instrumentation for storing electrical analog signals (DC to 20 kHz) was
      composed from a video recorder and a slightly modified pulse code modulation
      processor. As these components are mass products of the consumer electronics
      industry, the system price could be kept below 5000 DM. The setup allows one to
      register simultaneously two signals at DC to 20 kHz at a dynamic amplitude
      resolution of 16 bit [corresponding to a signal to noise ratio (S/N-ratio) of 96
      dB] and AC-signals on the audiochannels of the stereo-video recorder. This is
      exemplified by recordings of insect chemoreceptors.

PMID- 3991337
TI  - On the luminal membrane permeability to Cl- of necturus gastric surface cells.
AB  - The surface cells (SEC) luminal membrane conductance to Cl- was tested on the
      resting Necturus gastric mucosa by applying conventional and Cl--sensitive
      microelectrodes under luminal low-Cl- conditions. Reduction of chloride (2
      mmol/1) in the luminal bath did not result in any detectable reduction of
      intracellular Cl-. Therefore, in analogy to previous findings on the frog SEC,
      also the luminal membrane of the Necturus surface cells appears to have a
      negligible conductance to Cl-. The data speak against a relevant role of the
      amphibian SEC in the non-acidic Cl- secretion.

PMID- 3991333
TI  - Redistribution of glucose uptake by chronic exercise, measured in isolated
      perfused rat hearts.
AB  - The effects of 8-9 weeks of running and swimming training on the transmural
      distribution of cardiac glucose uptake and protein synthesis in isolated perfused
      heart were studied in male rats. The left ventricular glucose uptake in hearts
      from sedentary rats was 2.5 +/- 0.3 mumoles/min per g protein (mean +/- S.D.),
      and about 30% higher in the subendocardial layer than in the subepicardial layer
      (P less than 0.01). After the running and swimming programs the total left
      ventricular glucose uptake was at the level of sedentary rats, but the gradient
      was absent. The rate of protein synthesis was evenly distributed through the left
      ventricular wall and similar in all experimental groups. The altered transmural
      distribution of glucose uptake after exercise probably reflects differences in
      the adaptive response of various myocardial muscle layers to a long-term
      intermittent increase in the cardiac work load.

PMID- 3991338
TI  - The effect of cooling on the responses of splenic capsular and vascular smooth
      muscle to nerve stimulation in the dog.
AB  - Field stimulation of strips of canine splenic capsule and splenic artery
      suspended in an organ bath causes in both a contraction that is enhanced by
      cooling from 37 degrees C to 27 degrees C. This finding contrasts with that from
      the isolated perfused canine spleen in which cooling to 27 degrees C enhanced the
      vascular response to splenic nerve stimulation but depressed the capsular
      response. The results of experiments to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the
      capsular smooth muscle response to stimulation indicate that the reduced response
      in the perfused spleen probably results from the capsular smooth muscle fibres
      being less optimally placed on their length: tension curve at 27 degrees C when
      spleen volume is less. There is thus no need to postulate any fundamental
      difference in properties between the smooth muscles from the two intrasplenic
      distributions.

PMID- 3991339
TI  - [Chronic pain and psychosomatics].

PMID- 3991340
TI  - [Autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis].

PMID- 3991341
TI  - [Vasectomy--a follow-up study of 53 patients after surgery].

PMID- 3991343
TI  - [Lifetime loss through lung cancer in Denmark and Sweden].

PMID- 3991342
TI  - [The health of women and living conditions].

PMID- 3991344
TI  - [Genetic predisposition to lung cancer in smokers].

PMID- 3991345
TI  - [Current developments in clinical lung cancer research].

PMID- 3991346
TI  - [Pneumonia and antibiotics in general practice].

PMID- 3991347
TI  - [Sarcoidosis--etiology and treatment].

PMID- 3991348
TI  - [Computer utilization and diagnosis classification in a medical clinic].

PMID- 3991349
TI  - [The personnel computer or the minicomputer].

PMID- 3991350
TI  - [Retinal dysplasia in dogs--a review].
AB  - Retinal dysplasia is a developmental aberration of the neuroretina characterized
      by formation of retinal tubules, malformation rosettes and folding of the retina.
      Retinal dysplasia has been reported in Bedlington Terrier, Sealyham Terrier,
      Beagle, Labrador Retriever, English Cocker Spaniel, American Cocker Spaniel,
      English Springer Spaniel, Yorkshire Terrier and Rottweiler. A hereditary basis
      for retinal dysplasia has been proved or suggested for all breeds exhibiting
      retinal dysplasia except Beagle and Rottweiler. Ophthalmoscopically retinal
      dysplasia is characterized by vermiform streaks often radiating from the optic
      disc. The reflectivity of the tapetum is often altered in these areas.
      Accompanying retinal detachment or cataractous changes in the lens may be seen.
      Extensive retinal dysplasia and retinal detachment or cataract may result in
      visual impairment or blindness. Eyes exhibiting retinal dysplasia may be
      classified according to the number of layers from the retinal structure that are
      represented in the rosettes. Three-layer rosette. Two-layer rosette. Single-layer
      rosette. Primitive unilayer rosette. The etiology of retinal dysplasia includes
      viral disorders, irradiation, X-radiation, intrauterine trauma and heritable
      factors.

PMID- 3991351
TI  - Imported canine visceral leishmaniasis in Denmark.
AB  - The first case of imported visceral leishmaniasis in the dog in Denmark, and
      probably in Scandinavia, is described. The dog, a 5-year-old female wire-haired
      bird dog, became ill about 21 months after it had returned from a year's stay in
      Spain (Malaga). The clinical signs were fever, lameness, enlargement of the
      popliteal lymph nodes and weight loss. A tentative clinical diagnosis of
      leukaemia was discarded after the microscopic recognition of Leishmania organisms
      in a biopsy from a popliteal lymph node (Fig. 1). The diagnosis was confirmed by
      the demonstration of the kinetoplast in the organisms by electron microscopy
      (Fig. 3 a-b). The organisms measured about 2 micron in diameter indicating that
      the species in question was Leishmania donovani infantum, which is indigenous to
      Spain and other Mediterranian countries. The dog was killed, and Leishmania were
      found in sections of mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lung
      and kidneys. The most interesting histologic features were interstitial
      nephritis, dominated by numerous plasma cells and membranous glomerulonephritis
      (Fig. 2). It is suggested that the glomerulonephritis is immune complex-mediated
      as it is in human visceral leishmaniasis. The risk of bringing dogs in and out of
      the Mediterranean region is stressed, and veterinarians are advised to have
      leishmaniasis in mind when they are confronted with dogs taken ill with non
      specific symptoms after a stay in that part of the world, even if as much as two
      years have elapsed between the return and the onset of clinical signs.

PMID- 3991352
TI  - The effect of citric acid on the availability of tetracyclines in calves.
AB  - The effect of citric acid on the availability of tetracyclines was studied in
      calves. Citric acid did not significantly increase the serum levels of
      tetracyclines when calves were fed low doses (6-8 mg/kg) of oxytetracycline and
      chlortetracycline. When the dose of chlortetracycline was increased to 50 mg/kg,
      addition of citric acid caused higher serum levels the first two hours after
      feeding. The ratio citric acid: tetracyclines was 5:1 and 25:1. The palatability
      of the milk replacer was reduced when large amounts of citric acid was added.

PMID- 3991353
TI  - Bovine cryptosporidiosis in Denmark. 1. Prevalence, age distribution, and
      seasonal variation.
AB  - During the period 1.7. 1981-30.6. 1983 the prevalence of infection with
      cryptosporidia in Denmark was studied by examination of autopsy material from
      3358 animals and feces samples from 911 animals. The material was submitted for
      routine diagnostic examination. Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium infection was based
      on the detection of oocysts in smears from the mucosa of the small intestine,
      from colon contents, or from feces samples. Smears were stained by a modified
      Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Infection with cryptosporidia was demonstrated in 471
      specimens, representing 11% of the total of 4269 animals examined. Highest
      prevalence was found among calves of 4-30 days old, with a peak in the age group
      8-14 days (24.8% positive). Low-grade excretion of oocysts was observed in 2-5%
      of animals older than 1-2 months. No distinct seasonal variation was observed,
      but there was a tendency for the frequency to be highest in the 2nd quarter of
      the year and lowest in the 4th quarter.

PMID- 3991354
TI  - Bovine cryptosporidiosis in Denmark. 2. Cryptosporidia associated with neonatal
      calf diarrhea.
AB  - In recent years cryptosporidia have often been identified in diarrheic calves of
      under one month old, either as the sole pathogenic agent or in combination with
      other diarrhea-causing infectious agents. In 203 cases of bovine
      cryptosporidiosis, recorded over a period of two years, cryptosporidia were
      present in such great numbers that they would seem to be of causal significance.
      The calves were from three days to five weeks old. In 111 cases (55%) a
      monoinfection with cryptosporidia occurred, while in the rest of the cases mixed
      infections with other agents associated with calf diarrhea were demonstrated,
      especially rotavirus (61 cases) and coronavirus (32 cases); in addition, mixed
      infections with ETEC (four cases), septicaemic E. coli (two cases), salmonellosis
      (11 cases), and BVD and coccidiosis (one case each) were seen. In 87 (10%) of 849
      4-21-day-old dead calves a massive occurrence of cryptosporidia was demonstrated.
      Extreme emaciation was noted in 36 of 122 autopsied calves. Most of these calves
      were more than 14 days old, and mono-infection with cryptosporidia was
      demonstrated in two thirds of them. In younger calves, more acute cases of
      cryptosporidiosis were commoner, often in connection with concomitant infections
      with rota- or coronavirus.

PMID- 3991355
TI  - [Abnormal hemoglobins identified in Martinique].
AB  - Epidemiologic programs in Martinique during the last 10 years and particularly
      the last 5, have allowed the determination of the Hb S, Hb C, beta thalassemia
      traits frequencies. A number of rare variants have been detected during the
      course of these screening programs. Many of these Hb variants have been analysed
      at the structural level. For some of them a pathologic interaction with Hb S is
      observed (Hb D Punjab, Hb O Arab...), and the use of electrophoretic mobilities
      obtained with the reference samples provides the basis of a rapid, highly
      probable presumptive identification and then, a useful tool, when for example
      genetic counselling is necessary.

PMID- 3991356
TI  - Pulmonary vascular effects of Leu5-enkephalin in conscious newborn lambs.
AB  - Anatomic evidence suggests that leu5-enkephalin (Leu5-enk) may be involved in the
      physiologic control of pulmonary vascular tone. Information regarding its
      pulmonary vascular effect is limited; we therefore studied its effect on the
      immature pulmonary circulation. Normoxic and hypoxic unsedated newborn lambs with
      chronically implanted flow probes around the right and left pulmonary arteries
      were used. Leu5-enk was injected into one pulmonary artery only, so that any
      direct effect of the peptide on the pulmonary vessels could be determined by
      measuring changes in the ratio of blood flow to the injected versus the non
      injected lung. Leu5-enk caused a small but significant increase in pulmonary
      artery pressure without increasing cardiac output or left atrial pressure
      (threshold = 1 microgram/kg); it is therefore a pulmonary vasoconstrictor. At a
      dose of 10 micrograms/kg, Leu5-enk also raised pulmonary artery pressure (20.6
      mmHg to 23.9 mmHg; F(8,36) = 15.1 p less than 0.001) and calculated PAR (14.6 to
      16.1 units; NS). However, the ratio of blood flow to the two lungs did not
      change; thus, Leu5-enk does not appear to directly act on pulmonary vessels, but
      rather through an intermediary to produce pulmonary vasoconstriction. This
      indirect pulmonary vasoconstriction was blocked by pretreatment with naloxone (3
      mg/kg). We conclude that Leu5-enk is a pulmonary vasoconstrictor, albeit a weak
      one, in the lamb and may therefore play a role in pulmonary vascular homeostasis.
      This vasoconstriction does not seem to be due to a direct effect on pulmonary
      vessels by Leu5-enk, but may be effected through a neural or hormonal
      intermediary.

PMID- 3991357
TI  - Measurement of cholecystokinin octapeptide using a new specific radioimmunoassay.
AB  - A peptide analogue of CCK-8 (Tyroc) which has a tyrosine in place of the amide
      group in the C-terminal end, has been used both for raising antisera and for
      iodination. The antisera produced by immunisation with Tyroc are directed towards
      the N-terminal end of the CCK-8 molecule. The assay system appears totally
      specific for the CCK-8 sulphated molecule and shows no significant cross-reaction
      with other molecular forms of CCK, or with the gastrins. The assay can detect
      changes between adjacent tubes of 0.25 fmol/tube CCK-8 with 95% confidence. The
      assay is robust, reliable and reproducible and can be used to measure tissue and
      plasma levels of CCK-8.

PMID- 3991358
TI  - The effects of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on the release of anterior
      pituitary hormones.
AB  - Several members of the secretin family of hormones have been demonstrated to
      alter anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Here we report the action of gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on gonadotropin and somatotropin release.
      Intraventricular injection of 1 microgram (0.2 nmole) GIP (2.5 microliters)
      produced a significant decrease in plasma FSH at 30 (p less than 0.02) and 60 min
      after its injection (p less than 0.01). The FSH-lowering effect of a higher dose
      of 5 micrograms (1 nmole) of GIP was already developed at 15 min (p less than
      0.01) and was prolonged until the end of the experiment (60 min, p less than
      0.05). No change in plasma LH was detected at any time during the experimental
      period. If 5 micrograms of estradiol-benzoate were given SC 48 hr prior to
      experiment, the initial values of FSH and LH were markedly decreased. In these
      animals GIP failed to influence plasma FSH and LH. When dispersed anterior
      pituitary cells from OVX rats were cultured overnight and incubated in vitro with
      GIP, the peptide was found to induce both FSH and LH release. Highly significant
      release occurred with the lowest dose tested of 10(-7) M and there was a dose
      response effect for both hormones. The slope of the dose-response curve was
      similar for both FSH and LH release. GIP was less potent than LHRH which produced
      a greater stimulation of both FSH and LH release at a dose of 10(-9) M than did
      10(-7) M GIP. The two peptides had an additive effect on the release of both FSH
      and LH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3991359
TI  - Effect of nicotine on basal and bombesin stimulated canine plasma levels of
      gastrin, cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide.
AB  - The influence of nicotine on the basal and bombesin (BBS) stimulated plasma
      levels of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was
      investigated in conscious dogs. Plasma levels of nicotine and gastrointestinal
      (GI) hormones were measured by employing gas liquid chromatography and specific
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). The basal levels of gastrin, CCK and PP were found to be
      in pg/ml (pmol/l) (mean +/- S.E.), 28 +/- 5 (13 +/- 3), 252 +/- 32 (66 +/- 8) and
      347 +/- 136 (83 +/- 32), respectively and these values remained unchanged with
      nicotine. Significant increases in levels of gastrin, CCK and PP were, however,
      found with infusions of BBS alone or with BBS in combination with nicotine.
      Gastrin levels were higher whereas CCK and PP levels were lower with BBS alone
      than with BBS plus nicotine. The peak values for CCK and PP, but not gastrin,
      were less during second BBS infusion. These results indicate that nicotine, in
      presence of bombesin, has an inhibitory effect on the release of gastrin and a
      stimulatory effect on the release of PP and CCK.

PMID- 3991360
TI  - Oxidation/reduction of methionine residues in CCK: a study by radioimmunoassay
      and isocratic reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography.
AB  - The study was undertaken to investigate the oxidation and reduction of
      cholecystokinin (CCK) both as pure standards and as endogenous porcine peptides.
      Furthermore an attempt was made to prevent oxidation of the endogenous porcine
      peptides in the extraction procedure. CCK-8 and CCK-33 standards were always
      oxidized in weak solutions, CCK-8 varying from 26% to 67% oxidized and CCK-33
      from 18% to 70%. Similarly, tissue extracts of porcine brain and duodenum
      contained oxidized forms of the peptide. CCK standards were readily oxidized in
      the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Oxidized CCK-8 standard and CCK-8 in porcine
      brain was 90% reduced and oxidized CCK-33 standard and in duodenal extracts was
      reduced by 70% by a 40 hour incubation with 0.725 mol/l dithiothreitol at 37
      degrees C. Extraction of CCK peptides in the presence of 65 mmol/l dithiothreitol
      resulted in almost complete prevention of oxidation with over 95% of the peptides
      being obtained in the reduced state. This additive is therefore recommended for
      all tissue quantitation studies.

PMID- 3991361
TI  - The effect of chronic vs. acute injection of vasopressin on animal learning and
      memory.
AB  - The effect of chronic and acute treatment with DDAVP, a vasopressin analog, was
      studied in 2 month old male rats, using an active avoidance test in a shuttle
      box. The experiment lasted 6 weeks: an acquisition period of 4 weeks and an
      extinction period of 2 weeks. Rats were treated one hour before behavioral
      testing 3 times a week for 6 weeks with either DDAVP 20 micrograms/rat/day for
      the whole period (chronic group) or with DDAVP for the first week and again once
      only on the first day of the extinction period (acute group) or with saline.
      Chronic treatment with DDAVP resulted in better acquisition and in a marked
      retardation of extinction compared with the acute treatment group. These results
      were obtained both in normal rats and in rats pretreated at age 5 days of life
      with intracisternal 6-OH dopamine.

PMID- 3991362
TI  - A comparison of the antinociceptive and behavioral effects of D-Arg substituted
      dipeptides and tetrapeptides in mice.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular administration of D-Arg substituted dipeptides, H-Tyr-D
      Arg-OMe and H-Tyr(Et)-D-Arg-OMe, and D-Arg2 substituted N-terminal tetrapeptides
      of dermorphin, H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Gly-OEt and H-Tyr(Et)-D-Arg-Phe-Gly-OEt resulted
      in dose-related and naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effects. Among them,
      tetrapeptides not only exhibited much more potent and prolonged activities than
      dipeptides but also were significantly antagonized even by a low dose of
      naloxone. Spontaneous motor activity was lowered by dipeptides throughout the
      observation period, which was scarcely antagonized by naloxone. Tetrapeptides
      elicited locomotor hyperactivity following an initial locomotor suppression. Only
      the locomotor hyperactivity was significantly antagonized by naloxone. These
      results suggest that tetrapeptides induce the effects via opioid receptors,
      whereas the effects of dipeptides are involved in various systems non
      specifically.

PMID- 3991363
TI  - Peripheral motilin administration stimulates feeding in fasted rats.
AB  - Although the physiologic function of the gastrointestinal hormone motilin remains
      uncertain, plasma levels of this peptide vary with migrating myoelectric
      complexes (MMCs) in the small intestine. In the fed state, both MMCs and plasma
      motilin are suppressed. During fasting, cyclical peaks of motilin in plasma occur
      at the same time as Phase III of the MMC cycle occurs in the duodenum. This
      dependence of motilin concentrations in plasma on the feeding state of the animal
      prompted an investigation of the effects of motilin on feeding behavior.
      Intraperitoneal injection of motilin into fasted, but not fed, rats stimulated
      eating in a dose dependent manner. A significant stimulation of feeding was seen
      at doses of 5 and 10 micrograms/kg. Sated rats did not eat whether injected with
      motilin or vehicle. The feeding response to motilin was blocked by prior
      injection of the rats with naloxone, naltrexone, or pentagastrin. The dose
      response suppression of food intake by naloxone was similar in fasted animals
      treated with motilin or vehicle. Motilin may function as a hunger hormone during
      periods of fasting.

PMID- 3991364
TI  - Hypermotility induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide in the rat: its reciprocal
      action to cholecystokinin octapeptide.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular administration of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
      shortened the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep and produced significant
      hypermotility in the rat. Although hypermotility induced by methamphetamine was
      not potentiated by central administration of VIP, L-DOPA-induced hypermotility in
      pargyline-pretreated rats was markedly enhanced by VIP and this hypermotility was
      suppressed by simultaneous administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8)
      in a dose-related manner. Apomorphine-induced hypermotility was also potentiated
      by VIP. These results suggest that VIP may stimulate postsynaptic dopaminergic
      receptor, causing an increase in motility, and that a possible reciprocal
      interaction exists between VIP and CCK-8.

PMID- 3991365
TI  - Pancreatic polypeptides affect luteinizing and growth hormone secretion in rats.
AB  - We have examined the effects of third cerebroventricular (3V) injections of avian
      and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (APP and BPP) and the C-terminal hexapeptide
      amide of human PP (CHPP) on the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones in
      conscious ovariectomized rats. Injection of APP (2.0 micrograms; 472 pmoles) or
      BPP (5.0 micrograms; 1191 pmoles) decreased plasma levels of luteinizing hormone
      (LH) when compared to pre-injection levels in these animals or to saline-injected
      controls. The lower dose of BPP (0.5 micrograms; 119 pmoles) decreased plasma LH
      versus pre-injection levels and control animals, however, these effects
      diminished at later times. Plasma growth hormone (GH) also decreased following 3V
      injections of APP (2.0 micrograms) or BPP (5.0 micrograms). The lower dose of BPP
      (0.5 microgram) initially inhibited GH release, however, this effect was rapidly
      reversed and GH levels were significantly greater than those in controls at 60
      and 120 min. Injections of BPP or APP did not alter prolactin (PRL) or thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. Administration of 2.0 micrograms and 0.2
      microgram of CHPP (2488 and 249 pmoles) produced no significant effects on plasma
      LH, GH, PRL or TSH. APP and BPP had no consistent effects on hormone secretion
      from dispersed anterior pituitary cells. The results indicate that APP and BPP
      exert potent central effects which inhibit LH and GH release from the pituitary
      gland.

PMID- 3991367
TI  - Symposium on anxiety disorders.

PMID- 3991366
TI  - Specificity of nucleus accumbens to activities related to cholecystokinins in
      rats.
AB  - Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) were
      bilaterally injected into the areas where dopamine (DA) terminals and receptors
      have been detected; nucleus accumbens (NA), nucleus caudatus (NC), medial
      profrontal cortex (MPC), or prefrontal cortex (PC). The amount injected to each
      animal varied from 0 (control), 1 to 500 ng of CCK-8 and 0 (saline control), 0.5
      to 2.5 micrograms of CCK-4 in NA in a volume of 1 microliter. The other areas
      received 500 ng CCK-8, 2.5 micrograms CCK-4 and proper control injections. The
      effects were observed in an open-field apparatus by measuring locomotor and
      rearing responses, the latency to move out of a specified area where the animal
      was first placed, and the amount of excretory bolus during a 5 min period
      following injections. When injected into NA, CCK-8 decreased locomotion and
      rearing at doses of 2.5 ng or more in a dose-related manner whereas CCK-4
      increased locomotion and rearing at 1 microgram or more. The effects on latency
      and defecation were not detected. When the peptides were injected into NC, MPC or
      PC no effects were detectable. It appears that the effects of CCK-8 and CCK-4 on
      the exploratory responses are site-specific at NA where CCK-8 and DA are found to
      coexist in same neurons. CCK-4, a metabolite of CCK-8, could exert a negative
      feedback to moderate the effect of CCK-8.

PMID- 3991368
TI  - Anxiety and anxiety disorders. Toward a conceptual reorientation.
AB  - Traditionally, it has been assumed that there is only one type of anxiety; recent
      pharmacologic evidence suggests that there may be several. The psychoanalytic
      concept of "neurotic" symptoms as depressurizing mechanisms is out of keeping
      with most evidence now available. Spontaneous or "free-floating" anxiety may be
      partly biologic and genetic in origin. Anxiety symptoms evoked by specific
      stimuli behave in part like conditioned responses. Where conditioning theory has
      failed to propose a plausible unconditioned stimulus for pathologic anxiety,
      biology, ethology, and psychoanalysis may have been more successful.

PMID- 3991369
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse and panic disorder.
AB  - Recently, there has been considerable interest in the association between panic
      attacks and mitral valve prolapse. This article reviews the syndrome of mitral
      valve prolapse, the data on its association with panic attacks, and possible
      reasons for such an association. Clinical implications are also discussed.

PMID- 3991370
TI  - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) as a prognostic aid in human prostatic
      carcinoma.
AB  - Serum levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and prostatic acid phosphatase
      (PAP) in serum, the presence or absence of skeletal metastases, tumor grade,
      patient age, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined in 50
      patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma before onset of any therapy. Crude
      survival rates were estimated for a 5-year period after the time of diagnosis.
      The prognostic value was estimated by means of the log rank test and multivariate
      life table analysis. The TPA, PAP, tumor stage, and ESR all appeared to be useful
      as prognostic markers. Tumor grade and patient age were not significantly related
      to crude survival. The TPA proved to be the most reliable prognostic marker in
      single test estimates as well as in a multivariate life table analysis (p less
      than 0.01).

PMID- 3991372
TI  - Skin surface stripping in diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory, xerotic, and
      neoplastic diseases.
AB  - Skin surface stripping is a useful and simple diagnostic tool for the diagnosis
      of a number of diseases that affect the skin during childhood and adolescence.
      The procedure has proved to be especially valuable in inflammatory, xerotic, and
      neoplastic conditions as it provides information regarding pathologic changes as
      well as diagnosis.

PMID- 3991371
TI  - Methods for monitoring canine prostate size: internal and external caliper
      measurements.
AB  - A method has been developed that allows the generation of a three-dimensional
      representation of the canine prostate from a pair of orthogonal radiographs. This
      information can be used to externally measure the length, width, and height of
      the prostate and from these results to calculate prostate weight. This externally
      estimated prostate weight is correlated closely (r = 0.90) with the actual
      prostate weight. The ability to generate an external caliper measurement of
      prostate weight will facilitate future studies of the effect of aging and
      hormonal manipulation on the canine prostate.

PMID- 3991373
TI  - Pemphigus vulgaris in childhood: clinical features, treatment, and prognosis.
AB  - There are 31 reports in the literature of the clinical and immunopathologic
      features of pemphigus vulgaris in children. Bullous lesions often occur initially
      in the oral cavity, later spreading to the skin. The diagnosis can be established
      by means of histologic and immunopathologic criteria. Most patients respond to
      high doses of corticosteroids. In some instances, cytostatic drugs must be added
      to the treatment regimen. Two children reported in literature died in the first
      year of their disease, one child died 3 1/2 years after onset of the disease.
      Only four had a remission sufficient to discontinue therapy.

PMID- 3991374
TI  - Verrucous hemangioma.
AB  - Two patients with verrucous hemangioma, a congenital vascular malformation, were
      seen. The typical lesion is a unilateral group of hyperkeratotic papules and
      nodules on a lower extremity. Unlike the more common capillary or cavernous
      hemangiomas, verrucous hemangiomas tend to enlarge and spread with time, and to
      recur after excision.

PMID- 3991375
TI  - Processionary caterpillar dermatitis.
AB  - This work is the first description of processionary caterpillar dermatitis in
      pediatric patients. Seven children were exposed to caterpillar spines of the
      genus Thamatopoea Wilkinson; Tams, a pine tree caterpillar that is the main
      causative agent of caterpillar dermatitis in Israel. In all seven patients
      avoidance of re-exposure caused the symptoms to disappear within a few days. This
      disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dermatitis in
      children in endemic zones.

PMID- 3991376
TI  - Recurrent photosensitive dermatitis preceding juvenile dermatomyositis.
AB  - The classic features of childhood dermatomyositis include muscle weakness,
      elevated muscle enzymes, and characteristic abnormal muscle biopsy and
      electromyography. Paramount to the diagnosis are cutaneous dermatoses that
      include a heliotrope rash and Gottron's papules. Rarely, a photo-sensitive
      dermatosis may occur. A recurrent photoexacerbated dermatoses can be an initial
      sign of occult childhood dermatomyositis.

PMID- 3991377
TI  - Tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans.
AB  - Children with tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans often have a
      lifetime of association with the organism and, in spite of intermittent therapy,
      as adults pass the infection to successive generations. While most current
      treatment regimens are directed at treating the individual patient, our study
      supports the need to evaluate and possibly treat all family members and their
      home environment.

PMID- 3991378
TI  - Tinea capitis: current concepts.
AB  - Tinea capitis is still with us. The hair has been beaten into submission by
      irradiation in past years; the organisms have been beaten into submission with
      griseofulvin and other agents; yet the disease lives on. We thought it
      appropriate to have a symposium on the subject of the epidemiology of tinea
      capitis, its changing nature, its complications, the carrier state, differential
      diagnosis, culture techniques, and the current status of the management of its
      various causes. As one of our authors stated, it is a "vexatious" disease.

PMID- 3991379
TI  - Anticoagulation in cardiac diseases. Prevention and control of thromboembolic
      events.
AB  - Thrombosis is a common feature of cardiac diseases. In valvular heart disease,
      anticoagulant therapy is recommended to prevent an initial embolic episode in
      high-risk patients or recurrent episodes in patients who have had an embolic
      event. Prophylaxis is recommended for patients over age 40. For patients with
      prosthetic heart valves, chronic anticoagulant therapy is recommended immediately
      after surgery, followed by long-term use of oral anticoagulants. Moderate doses
      of subcutaneous or intravenous heparin should be given for at least two weeks in
      patients with acute transmural infarction, unstable angina, or sudden cardiac
      arrest. In addition, anticoagulation is currently recommended for use in patients
      with chronic cardiomyopathy associated with congestive heart failure or atrial
      fibrillation.

PMID- 3991380
TI  - Stress-related disorders. Recent developments in hospital treatment.
AB  - The stress treatment program at Ochsner, New Orleans, provides participants with
      knowledge of necessary skills and opportunities for rehearsal and practice within
      the setting. In addition, the modalities chosen reinforce what Lazarus and Opton
      described as "perceived control," which was found to be as instrumental as actual
      control in anxiety reduction. Upon return to day-to-day living, participants have
      the opportunity to use skills acquired and to receive reinforcement for doing so.
      The staff and patients found that traditional supportive and/or insight-oriented
      psychotherapy was as important as the vast array of behavioral training measures
      for inclusion in the patient's daily schedule. Individual therapy was provided to
      each patient up to 45 minutes daily, and one-hour group psychotherapy sessions
      were conducted three times a week. The belief that individual attention, social
      support, and insight into previous learning were critical ingredients to the
      appeal of individual psychotherapy was borne out in patient follow-up
      questionnaire data. Patients who were followed at the time of discharge and at
      six months in the Clark and Stiles study consistently ranked "individual session
      with their doctor" high within the ranking of some 14 treatment modalities or
      experiences. Collectively, the average of such rankings demonstrated "individual
      session" of equal benefit with the "stress management session," a purely
      behavioral/stress inoculation training experience. Such data therefore supported
      our initial belief that a marriage of the best of what traditional psychotherapy
      can offer with the best of behavioral medicine provides the optimal opportunity
      for growth and symptom improvement.

PMID- 3991382
TI  - Tuberculin skin test. Proper technique and interpretation.

PMID- 3991381
TI  - Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. The case for benign neglect.

PMID- 3991383
TI  - Glaucoma screening as part of the routine physical examination. What to look for
      and how to use the Schiotz tonometer.
AB  - Glaucoma is a leading cause of visual loss in the United States. The primary care
      physician can effectively screen patients at risk by performing Schiotz
      tonometry, checking the visual fields, and examining the fundus. Patients with
      elevated intraocular pressure, grossly abnormal visual fields, or abnormal optic
      disks should be referred to an ophthalmologist for confirmation of diagnosis and
      for therapy.

PMID- 3991384
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen use: current studies.

PMID- 3991385
TI  - Diagnosing pica.

PMID- 3991386
TI  - Importance of the lymphatic system.

PMID- 3991387
TI  - Simple remedy for varicose ulcers.

PMID- 3991388
TI  - Step-down therapy for hypertension. Effect of weight reduction and sodium
      restriction on success.
AB  - The recently completed Dietary Intervention Study in Hypertension shows that
      patients with mild hypertension who have successfully controlled blood pressure
      with medication for several years can discontinue antihypertensive drug therapy
      and remain normotensive for at least one year if they are willing to lose weight
      or restrict intake of sodium. On the other hand, patients with severe
      hypertension (defined by initial blood pressure or number of medications required
      for control) are likely to experience relapse after discontinuing medication.

PMID- 3991389
TI  - Medical School--only the rich need apply.

PMID- 3991390
TI  - Comments on wrist pain.

PMID- 3991391
TI  - Go steady with propranolol for PAT.

PMID- 3991392
TI  - Urinary incontinence in women. How to determine when surgery is not the answer.
AB  - Diagnosis of a nonanatomic cause of urinary incontinence in a female patient
      depends on the examiner's powers of observation and willingness to listen and
      take a thorough history and perform a meticulous physical examination to identify
      symptoms that seem atypical of stress incontinence. In particular, the external
      genitalia, urethra, vagina, perineum, and lower extremities should be carefully
      examined. Also, thorough assessment of neurologic status is a must because
      abnormal neurologic function of the bladder is an absolute contraindication to
      surgery. Laboratory studies to rule out infection, intrinsic urinary tract
      disease, and associated medical problems presenting as voiding difficulties must
      be performed when deemed appropriate. Tests of bladder capacity and intravesical
      pressure and internal examination of the bladder and urethra may be done when the
      problem is not straightforward. In the majority of patients, however, the cause
      of urinary incontinence can be diagnosed or strongly suspected without such
      studies. Most likely to benefit from systematic evaluation and, depending on the
      findings, pharmacologic therapy are patients whose urinary incontinence does not
      match the pattern usual for stress incontinence. These patients may or may not
      have a demonstrable anatomic lesion, but their voiding complaints are definitely
      inconsistent with stress incontinence. Medical management may also produce great
      improvement in incontinent patients who are unfit for surgery or have undergone
      one or more failed operations. Most patients with atypical voiding problems,
      including those in whom incontinence develops after pelvic surgery, can meet with
      a great degree of success if evaluated and treated as described herein.

PMID- 3991393
TI  - Nutritional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Can alterations in fat intake
      affect disease course?

PMID- 3991394
TI  - Step-down therapy for hypertension. Results of withdrawal from multiple drugs and
      from a single drug.

PMID- 3991395
TI  - Step-down therapy for hypertension. Results in a community-based program.
AB  - The study reported here involved a systematic attempt to withdraw medication from
      participants in a community-based hypertension treatment program. Sixty-six of 88
      patients with well-controlled mild or moderate disease had medication withdrawn
      after at least six months of treatment; nonpharmacologic intervention was not
      employed. After one year, 44 (66.6%) remained normotensive and drug free; after
      two years, 33 (50.0%). Of the 29 patients still available for three-year follow
      up, 15 (51.7%) were still normotensive and drug free. Withdrawal of medication
      was associated with correction of hypokalemia and reversal of impaired glucose
      tolerance. Thus, nearly one fourth of these patients, who were believed to be
      reasonably representative of those with mild or moderate hypertension, could
      discontinue drug therapy and remain normotensive for at least one year.
      Substantial medical and economic benefits are to be realized from wide
      replication of this experience.

PMID- 3991396
TI  - Hyperprolactinaemia in male diabetics.
AB  - We recently investigated two patients with diabetes and elevated serum prolactin
      levels in whom no cause of hyperprolactinaemia could be found. For this reason we
      measured fasting serum prolactin levels in 72 diabetic males and compared the
      results with those of 63 healthy males and 90 nondiabetic males attending an
      Impotence Clinic. The diabetic group had significantly higher serum prolactin
      levels (13.1 +/- 0.9 ng/ml) than the two control groups (9.9 +/- 0.6 ng/ml for
      normal males and 7.7 +/- 0.3 ng/ml for the non-diabetic impotent group). Eighteen
      percent of the diabetics studied had serum prolactin levels above the normal
      range for males (greater than 20 ng/ml). There was no correlation between serum
      prolactin levels and duration of diabetes, glycosylated haemoglobin level or
      presence of clinically apparent retinopathy. The correlation between serum
      prolactin level and fasting plasma glucose was weak though statistically
      significant (r = 0.26, P less than 0.05).

PMID- 3991397
TI  - A study of two diuretic/potassium combinations in heart failure.
AB  - The effect of potassium supplements was studied in 28 patients taking long term
      frusemide (40-80 mg daily). Plasma potassium fell when supplements were stopped,
      and rose towards prior values on the potassium/frusemide combination, Diumide K.
      In a crossover study in 14 of these patients comparing equivalent doses of
      frusemide, Diumide K (frusemide 40 mg, potassium 8 mmol), bumetanide, and Burinex
      K (bumetanide 0.5 mg, potassium 7.7 mmol) plasma potassium was lower on frusemide
      than on bumetanide. On Diumide K and Burinex K plasma potassium rose
      significantly but did not reach the levels on prior therapy. Small doses of
      potassium in combined formulations seem to be effective in countering the mild
      hypokalaemia caused by loop diuretics.

PMID- 3991398
TI  - Gastrointestinal disturbance in anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 3991399
TI  - Formic acid poisoning with suicidal intent: a report of 53 cases.
AB  - A report of 53 cases of formic acid ingestion with suicidal intention is
      presented. The patients were seen in one hospital in Kerala State over a 3 year
      period. Fifteen patients died and 38 patients survived. The pattern of clinical
      features seen is presented.

PMID- 3991400
TI  - Pancreatic and liver disease in an alcoholic.

PMID- 3991401
TI  - Acute pancreatitis and gastric dilatation in a patient with anorexia nervosa.
AB  - A case is described in which a young woman undergoing treatment for anorexia
      nervosa developed gastric dilatation and acute pancreatitis. Two previous reports
      have described these as complications of anorexia nervosa and in view of this
      case attention is drawn to a possible association between these conditions. The
      importance of monitoring the anorectic patient's clinical state during the early
      phase of treatment is stressed.

PMID- 3991402
TI  - Anorexia nervosa and necrotizing colitis.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa is associated with a mortality approaching 5% in patients
      severely enough affected to warrant hospital care (Hsu, 1980). The main causes of
      death are inanition, electrolyte disturbances or suicide. We report here a case
      of necrotizing colitis associated with anorexia nervosa, an association which has
      not been described previously.

PMID- 3991403
TI  - Survival after profound hypocalcaemia with tetany complicating severe
      haemorrhagic acute pancreatitis.
AB  - A patient is reported who developed severe haemorrhagic pancreatitis, without
      hyperamylasemia, which was complicated by gross hypocalcaemia presenting as
      tetany. Tetany is very uncommon in acute pancreatitis and is a grave prognostic
      indicator, recovery being exceptionally rare. The mechanisms responsible for
      disordered calcium homeostasis associated with acute pancreatitis are reviewed.
      CT scanning was an important feature of this patient's management and its role in
      severe pancreatitis is discussed.

PMID- 3991404
TI  - Symptomatic hypercalcaemia precipitated by magnesium therapy.
AB  - A patient with Crohn's disease receiving vitamin D and calcium had normal serum
      calcium levels when serum magnesium was low. Hypercalcaemia was precipitated when
      supplemental magnesium was given. The reason why serum calcium was initially
      normal is probably related to the effect of magnesium deficiency in reducing
      serum calcium level.

PMID- 3991405
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis, myasthenia gravis and periodic paralysis in a Chinese man.
AB  - The association of myasthenia gravis and periodic paralysis in thyrotoxicosis has
      not been reported before. We describe a Chinese man with thyrotoxicosis and
      myasthenia gravis, who subsequently developed periodic paralysis. The possible
      aetiological links are discussed.

PMID- 3991406
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis.
AB  - A fatal case of endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes is reported. Case
      reports of endocarditis due to this organism are rare but indicate a higher
      mortality than with many other causes of bacterial endocarditis. The size of the
      problem may be underestimated because the organism has a "diphtheroid' appearance
      and may be incorrectly dismissed as a contaminant.

PMID- 3991407
TI  - Severe hypertension and raised haematocrit: unusual presentation of Guillain
      Barre syndrome.
AB  - A 36 year old man presented with headache, polyuria, thirst and weakness of the
      lower limbs. Hypertension and a high haematocrit were striking features on
      initial assessment. Subsequently the full picture of Guillain-Barre syndrome
      developed. Hormone measurement revealed marked sympathetic nervous system and
      renin-angiotensin system activation with a return to normal of both blood
      pressure and hormones with neurological recovery.

PMID- 3991408
TI  - A mesothelioma presenting with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis.
AB  - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is a rare disorder of the skin and joints,
      with characteristic histological features. An increasing number of reported cases
      have been associated with internal malignancy. We report a case of multicentric
      reticulohistiocytosis in an elderly man with mesothelioma.

PMID- 3991409
TI  - Hyperlipidaemia and premature coronary artery disease associated with sex-change
      in a female.
AB  - We describe the management of a genotypic female who developed hyperlipidaemia
      and premature coronary artery disease following bilateral oophorectomy and
      methyltestosterone administration, and present evidence to suggest that the
      therapeutic androgenization involved in the sex-change was responsible for the
      hyperlipidaemia.

PMID- 3991411
TI  - Extrinsic duodenal obstruction by congenital bands in an adult patient.

PMID- 3991410
TI  - Severe haemorrhage from a lumbar artery as a complication of percutaneous renal
      biopsy.
AB  - A patient is described with severe haemorrhage from a lumbar artery following
      percutaneous renal biopsy. The exact source of haemorrhage in this previously
      unreported complication proved difficult to locate even at surgical exploration.

PMID- 3991413
TI  - Comparative responses of genetically resistant and nonselected Japanese quail to
      dietary aflatoxin.
AB  - Two lines of Japanese quail (AR2.5 and AR3) selected for resistance to aflatoxin
      and a nonselected control line (NS) were fed diets containing 0, 10, and 20
      micrograms of aflatoxin/g of feed. Line-related reductions in mortality and
      growth inhibition clearly demonstrated the resistance of the AR lines to dietary
      aflatoxin. Two-week cumulative mortality percentages for the NS, AR2.5, and AR3
      lines fed the 10 micrograms/g diet were 13.9, 7.7, and 2.6%, respectively, and
      44.4, 17.9, and 12.8% at 20 micrograms/g. Average growth reduction percentages
      resulting from feeding the 10 and 20 micrograms/g diets to the NS, AR2.5, and AR3
      lines were: 17.3 and 27.5%, 10.7 and 20.1%, and 4.3 and 10.5%, respectively. In
      addition, AR quail were resistant in varying degrees to the following aflatoxin
      induced effects: liver lipid accumulation and enlargement, hepatic protein
      depletion, elevated hepatic beta-glucuronidase activity, bursal regression, and
      hypoproteinemia. Comparisons of the AR and NS lines fed the control diet revealed
      no detrimental physiological or biochemical response to selection for aflatoxin
      resistance. Genetic resistance to aflatoxin was associated with increased
      relative liver weight, higher liver protein content, and elevated plasma
      concentrations of protein and lipid compared with NS quail. One or more of these
      differences may be related to the mechanism of genetic resistance to aflatoxin in
      AR quail.

PMID- 3991412
TI  - Use of amiodarone during pregnancy.
AB  - Two cases are reported in which amiodarone was administered during pregnancy for
      longer periods than has been reported previously. Limited placental transfer of
      amiodarone and its desethyl metabolite was observed in both cases. A normal child
      resulted from each pregnancy despite, in one case, amiodarone therapy throughout
      the entire pregnancy. However, caution is urged in the use of amiodarone during
      pregnancy in view of the limited data available.

PMID- 3991414
TI  - The tolerance of White Leghorn and broiler chicks, and turkey poults to diets
      that contained deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)-contaminated wheat.
AB  - Three experiments were done to determine the effects of giving White Leghorn
      chickens, broiler chickens, and turkey poults diets that contained white winter
      or spring wheat contaminated with 4-deoxynivalenol (DON). Diets that contained
      .35 and .7 mg DON/kg from winter wheat did not (P greater than .05) influence
      feed intake, body weight gain, feed/gain ratio, and organ weight/body weight
      ratios of Leghorn and broiler chickens, and poults when fed between 7 and 21 days
      in Experiment 1. Dietary DON levels up to 4.6 mg/kg increased the feed intakes (P
      less than .01) and daily body weight gains (P less than .05) of Leghorn chickens
      between 7 and 35 days of age in Experiment 2 but had little effect (P greater
      than .05) on these variables for broiler chickens between 7 and 52 days of age in
      Experiment 3. Within Experiments 2 and 3, feed/gain ratios and organ weight/body
      weight ratios were similar among the Leghorn and broiler chickens, respectively.
      The dressing percent and chilled carcass weights of eviscerated broiler chickens
      were not affected (P greater than .05) by DON in the diets of Experiment 3.
      Mortality was low (less than 3.3%) for the three experiments and necropsy
      examination indicated that the birds died from several causes unrelated to the
      dietary treatment. There was no evidence of emesis during the experiments or of
      overt changes in the appearance of the oral cavity, heart, liver, spleen, kidney,
      proventriculus, gizzard, and intestines of a random sample of birds killed by
      carbon dioxide asphyxiation and necropsied. Differences occurred between the
      analyzed and calculated DON contents of the experimental diets; possible reasons
      for these differences are discussed. The results of these experiments indicate
      that young chickens and turkey poults can tolerate diets that contain DON up to
      at least 5 mg/kg from white winter or spring wheat.

PMID- 3991415
TI  - Comparison of the antimycoplasma activity of two commercially available tylosin
      premixes.
AB  - Two tylosin premixes (referred to in this report as Premix A and tylosin Premix
      B), obtained as commercial products from Japan, were analyzed microbiologically
      for tylosin and by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for macrolide
      content. They were evaluated in the feed at concentrations of 550 and 1100 ppm
      antibiotic activity for the treatment of chickens with induced Mycoplasma
      gallisepticum (MG) infection. The tylosin microbiological assay value for Premix
      A was 3.0% below and for Premix B, 7.5% above the tylosin concentration stated on
      the respective premix labels. Analyses by HPLC showed tylosin Premix A contained
      84% tylosin and 16% other macrolide derivatives; whereas, tylosin Premix B
      contained 42.6% tylosin, 46.6% other macrolides, and 10.8% unidentified material.
      When the two premixes were administered in the feed for 5 days as treatments for
      MG-infected chickens, tylosin Premix A was significantly more effective than
      tylosin Premix B, as measured by reductions in mortality, air sac lesions, and
      infection as indicated by development of MG antibody. In experiments in pigs
      where individual macrolide derivatives were used, tylosin was more effective than
      the other macrolides, desmycosin or macrocin, for the treatment of Mycoplasma
      hyopneumoniae infection. It is apparent from these studies that commercially
      available tylosin products may contain varying quantities of tylosin and related
      macrolide antibiotics and that these differences may significantly affect the
      efficacy of the products.

PMID- 3991416
TI  - The effect of gizzerosine, a recently discovered compound in overheated fish
      meal, on the gastric acid secretion in chicken.
AB  - The effect of gizzerosine [2-amino-9-(4-imidazolyl)-7-azanonanoic acid], which
      causes gizzard erosion in chicks, on gastric acid secretion was studied in young
      chicks. Three-day-old broiler chicks given a diet containing synthetic DL
      gizzerosine showed severe symptoms of gizzard erosion after 7 days. The pH of the
      gastric and duodenal contents of these chicks was lower than that of the control
      chicks, demonstrating that acid secretion was enhanced in gizzerosine-fed chicks.
      The pH of gastric contents was lower and the amount of total gastric acid was
      higher in 1-day fasted chicks injected with gizzerosine intravenously than in
      those injected with physiological saline solution. The intramuscular injection of
      cimetidine, H2-receptor antagonist of histamine, blocked the stimulation of acid
      secretion by gizzerosine and by histamine. Cimetidine added in feed also
      prevented gizzard erosion, which was induced by feeding overheated mackerel meal.
      The results showed that gizzard erosion developed after oral or intravenous
      administration of gizzerosine is caused at least in part by the enhanced gastric
      acid secretion. Furthermore, it was suggested that gizzerosine acts on H2
      receptor of histamine and stimulates the gastric acid secretion in broiler
      chicks.

PMID- 3991417
TI  - A comparison of methods for organ-weight data adjustment in chicks.
AB  - An experiment was conducted with 168 Arbor Acre X Peterson unsexed, crossbred
      broiler chicks to compare methods of expressing organ-weight data and to assess
      changes in organ weights and physiological parameters as body weight (97 to 791
      g) and age (5 to 26 days) increased. Actual wet weight of liver, heart,
      intestine, spleen, and pancreas and percent bone ash increased (P less than .01)
      as age and body weight increased. Tibia length-to-width ratio decreased (P less
      than .01) as age and body weight increased. Blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, and
      plasma protein were not affected (P greater than .1) by age or by body weight.
      Liver, heart, and intestinal weight decreased (P less than .01) and spleen weight
      increased (P less than .01) as body weight and age increased when these tissue
      weights were expressed as percent of body weight. Liver weight adjusted for body
      weight by covariance analysis, however, remained constant; adjusted heart and
      intestinal weights decreased (P less than .01), and adjusted spleen weights
      increased (P less than .01) with increasing age and body weight. The covariate,
      body weight, was not significant (P greater than .1) for pancreas weight, tibia
      length-to-width ratio, and percent bone ash. Except for spleen, adjustment by
      covariance analysis more effectively reduced variation due to body weight than
      did expression as percent of body weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3991418
TI  - The relationship between plasma concentrations of prolactin and consumption of
      feed and water during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL) were measured throughout the
      reproductive cycle of turkey hens. Plasma PRL levels increased during egg laying
      from 20.1 +/- 3.9 ng/ml (means +/- SEM) at the first oviposition to 55.6 +/- 5.1
      ng/ml at the last oviposition. Levels of PRL increased during incubation and were
      maintained between 70 and 90 ng/ml. After the poults were hatched, the
      concentration of PRL decreased rapidly and by 7 days after hatch, PRL levels were
      not significantly different from those observed before egg laying. The
      consumption of feed and water decreased significantly (P less than .05) during
      incubation to less than 10% of that observed during egg laying. The intake of
      feed and water increased rapidly after the poults were hatched. Hens lost 17% of
      their body weight during the incubation period. The concentration of D-(-)-3
      hydroxybutyrate (DBHB) increased 16-fold during the incubation period and
      decreased rapidly after the poults were hatched. Body temperature and the
      concentration of glucose were significantly (P less than .05) depressed during
      incubation. Hematocrit increased significantly (P less than .05) during the
      transition from egg laying to incubation. These data suggest that the changes in
      the concentration of PRL may be related to the large changes in intermediary and
      water metabolism that occur during broodiness.

PMID- 3991419
TI  - Sexual dimorphism in early feed and water intake of broilers.
AB  - Four trials were conducted utilizing two nonselected (randombred) and two
      selected (commercial broiler) stocks to investigate sex divergence in feed and
      water intake, and feed efficiency immediately posthatch. Although differences
      between sexes in body weight were not significant until 4 days of age,
      male:female ratios indicated that divergence in body weight started immediately
      posthatch and increased in a more or less linear fashion with age. At 14 days of
      age males were 7% larger than females (ratio 1.07) in both selected and
      nonselected stocks. The male:female ratios for feed intake followed the same
      general pattern as body weight ratios, starting at low levels immediately
      posthatch and increasing to the same approximate levels (ratio 1.07). Conversely,
      the male:female water intake ratios indicated that males consumed more water (4
      to 9%) than females immediately following hatch and maintained constant rather
      than increasing ratios through 12 days. Feed efficiency and water:feed ratios
      were higher for males than females with the magnitude of the difference greater
      immediately posthatch. Data from these experiments indicated that both feed
      intake and feed efficiency are involved in the early body weight divergence
      between males and females.

PMID- 3991420
TI  - The effects of recessive white and dominant white genotypes on early growth rate.
AB  - The purpose of the studies reported herein was to determine whether the
      depressing effects on growth rate of dominant white (I) and recessive white (c/c)
      are additive or possibly interact with each other. A synthetic stock was used
      that was segregating for both dominant white and recessive white. Using
      phenotypic observations of down color and juvenile plumage color; it was possible
      to identify the genotypes at the I and C+ loci and to utilize a factorial
      experiment that provided for an evaluation of interaction effects between the
      loci. Five replications of this design were conducted with the following results:
      1) the main effect of dominant white on 6 and 8 week body weight was not
      statistically significant; 2) recessive white consistently depresses early growth
      rate and the difference (congruent to 4%) between C+/- vs. c/c was highly
      significant (P less than .01); 3) there was a significant interaction (P less
      than .05) between I and c indicating that depressing effects of these loci are
      not additive. It does not appear to be necessary to eliminate (I) from recessive
      white broiler stocks, but it would be economically advantageous to remove
      hypostatic (c) from dominant white lines.

PMID- 3991421
TI  - The effect of intermittent lighting on growth, feed:gain ratio, and abdominal fat
      content of broiler chickens of various genotypes and sex.
AB  - Intermittent lighting (IL) regimens were tested for rearing broiler chickens from
      2 to 7 weeks of age. In Experiments 1 and 2, the effects of 6 cycles of light (L)
      and darkness (D) of 1L:3D vs. 12 cycles of .25L:1.75 D were compared on the
      performance of 2400 broiler chickens. Eight genotypes of 5170 mixed-sex broilers
      were used to compare effects of 6 cycles of 1L:3D vs. 1 cycle per day of
      23.5L:.5D on broiler performance (Experiment 3). The sexes responded differently
      to two IL regimens in Experiment 1. Males had higher body weight, feed intake,
      and abdominal fat content with 1L:3D; in females, there was no difference in body
      weight or feed intake, but abdominal fat content was lower with 1L:3D regimen. In
      Experiment 2, no significant effect of lighting regimen on broiler performance
      was observed. In Experiment 3, most genotypes had lower feed intake and abdominal
      fat content for 1L:3D than for 23.5L:.5D, but response of weight gain was
      variable; one genotype had higher feed intake and another genotype had higher fat
      content with 1L:3D. It was concluded that sex and genotype should be considered
      in planning the use of IL techniques for broiler chickens.

PMID- 3991422
TI  - The effect of drying method and storage time on citrinin activity in corn.
AB  - Sterilized whole corn was inoculated with a Penicillium spp.,3 a citrinin
      producing fungus, and incubated at room temperature for 8 weeks. The corn was
      then blended and divided into two parts, which were dried either in air at room
      temperature (ADC) or in a forced draft oven at 60 C for 24 hr (ODC). Each batch
      of corn was ground and stored in plastic containers. The corn was fed to broiler
      chicks prior to and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of storage at 4 C. The
      inoculated corn was fed undiluted or blended with noninoculated corn to give
      mixtures containing one-third and two-thirds of inoculated corn. Noninoculated
      corn, inoculated corn, and blends of the two were fed to chicks for 5 hr as the
      only feed. Feed consumption, water intake, and excretion were measured at the end
      of the test. The citrinin contents of the ADC at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo were 824,
      599, 667, and 590 ppm and were 928, 541, 781, and 490 ppm for the ODC at the same
      periods. Water consumption and water excretion increased as the amount of
      citrinin intake increased. Neither drying method nor length of storage affected
      the citrinin activity in the corn. The citrinin in ODC was neither bound nor
      converted to a derivative that was unextractable.

PMID- 3991424
TI  - The effect of dietary cholesterol, energy intake, and oxygen consumption on
      cholesterol metabolism in the chick.
AB  - This experiment, involving 320 chicks, was conducted to determine the effects of
      dietary cholesterol, restricted caloric intake, and genetic lines on cholesterol
      metabolism in the bird. The two lines of chicks studied had been divergently
      selected for oxygen consumption and had been shown to differ significantly (P
      less than .01) in weight gain and carcass lipid deposition. The dietary
      treatments, administered for a 2-week period, consisted of two levels of dietary
      cholesterol (none and supplemented) for each of two levels of energy (ad libitum
      and restricted). At the end of this 2-week period, the birds were injected
      intravenously with 1-14C-acetate and their livers removed 4 hr later. Hepatic
      cholesterol and lipid synthesis were measured by the uptake of acetate. Added
      dietary cholesterol significantly (P less than .01) decreased hepatic cholesterol
      synthesis, lipid synthesis, and specific activity of hepatic cholesterol but
      increased plasma and liver cholesterol. However, the elevation in plasma and
      liver cholesterol represented only .9 and 1.8% respectively, of the increase in
      total intake of dietary cholesterol. Metabolizable energy of diets fed ad libitum
      was also significantly (P less than .01) reduced with supplemented dietary
      cholesterol. A significant (P less than .01) difference in body weight was
      present between the two lines, with low oxygen consuming (LOC) birds exhibiting
      heavier body weights than high oxygen consuming (HOC) birds. A significant
      interaction between line and energy intake (P less than .05) was present for
      hepatic cholesterol levels; LOC birds exhibited higher levels of hepatic
      cholesterol than HOC birds when both groups were fed at restricted
      levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3991423
TI  - Factors related to the incidence of the malabsorption syndrome.
AB  - Malabsorption syndrome has been produced in the laboratory with chicks and feed
      supplied by poultry integrators who had experienced the problem. Feed supplied by
      one company produced chicks that developed pale shanks and had apparent
      malabsorption of certain nutrients. One chick source also had a statistically
      lower pigmentation score than the other.

PMID- 3991425
TI  - Response of laying hens to dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the
      presence of varying dietary calcium levels.
AB  - The response of 33-week-old White Leghorn laying hens to dietary palmitic, oleic,
      or a 50/50 mixture of oleic and palmitic acids at an 8% inclusion level in the
      presence of 3, 3.6, or 4.2% dietary calcium was investigated over a 7-week
      period. There was no significant effect of treatments on egg production and egg
      weight. Although birds on diets supplemented with oleic acid consumed less feed
      (P less than .01) than those on diets supplemented with palmitic acid (102 g vs.
      114 g), they gained more weight (P less than .01) than birds on diets
      supplemented with palmitic acid (+105 g vs. -32 g) over the 7-week period. There
      was no significant effect of the fatty acid treatment on shell quality as
      estimated by shell deformation. However, increasing the calcium content of the
      diets reduced feed intake and weight gain (P less than .05) and improved egg
      shell quality (P less than .05). The fat content of diets supplemented with oleic
      acid was better utilized than that from diets with an oleic/palmitic mixture,
      which, in turn, was better utilized than fat from diets supplemented with
      palmitic acid (P less than .01). Metabolizable energy values of diets followed a
      trend similar to fat retention and were independent of dietary calcium levels.
      There were no significant effects of fatty acid supplementation on calcium and
      magnesium retention, although increasing the calcium content of the diet resulted
      in a decreased (P less than .01) percentage of calcium retention.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3991426
TI  - Variations in ascorbic acid concentrations in the liver, gonads, kidney, and
      blood serum of feral blue rock pigeon (Columba livia gmelin) during the breeding
      and nonbreeding seasons.
AB  - To elucidate the possible involvement of ascorbic acid in gonadal steroidogenesis
      and role of gonadal steroids on the vitamin's turnover, ascorbic acid levels were
      quantified in the liver, gonads, kidney, and blood serum in both sexes of the
      Indian feral blue rock pigeon (Columba livia gmelin) during the breeding (March
      to April) and nonbreeding (June to July) seasons. Low concentrations were
      observed during the breeding season and significantly higher cencentrations
      during the nonbreeding season. These changes are discussed in relation to the
      synthesis and distribution of ascorbic acid, gonadal steroidogenesis, and
      probable influence of gonadal function on ascorbic acid levels.

PMID- 3991427
TI  - Relationship of plasma estradiol and progesterone levels to egg productivity in
      domestic chicken hens.
AB  - Female chickens from eight different genetic stocks, ranging from 13 to 21 months
      of age, and exhibiting various levels of egg production were studied. Plasma
      samples were collected between 1700 and 2200 hr to determine basal circulating
      levels of progesterone (P4) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) by radioimmunoassay.
      Linear regression analysis was used to describe the relation between mean hormone
      levels (E2, P4, and E2/P4) and mean egg production from these groups, and
      correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the general usefulness of these
      hormone parameters for estimating egg production within a group or flock of hens.
      Of the three hormone parameters evaluated, basal circulating E2/P4 was found to
      be the best estimator of egg productivity.

PMID- 3991428
TI  - Effect of intracerebroventricular glucose injection on feeding in Leghorn chicks.
AB  - The food and water intake response of Leghorn chicks to intracerebroventricular
      (ICV) injections of glucose was studied. Experiments were done in both free
      feeding and 24-hr fasted birds. The ICV injection of 10 microliter of glucose
      solutions ranging from 5.5 to 30% had no significant effect on food or water
      intake in free-feeding or in 24-hr fasted Leghorns. This suggests that glucose
      does not influence food or water intake when injected into the lateral cerebro
      ventricle. This effect is discussed in relationship to recent findings showing
      that injection of glucose into the third ventricle decreases food intake.

PMID- 3991429
TI  - Concentrations of selected cations in turkey serum and oviductal mucosae.
AB  - Concentrations of selected cations in serum and oviductal mucosae were determined
      in samples taken immediately after laying and at 8 to 12 hr and 18 to 22 hr
      postoviposition in turkey hens at 2 and 17 weeks of egg production. Serum zinc
      (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) at 2 weeks of egg production and copper (Cu) and sodium
      (Na) at 17 weeks of egg production were influenced by time postoviposition. In
      general, serum Cu declined and Zn, Ca, and Mg concentrations increased between
      the 2nd and 17th week of egg production. Cation concentrations varied between the
      infundibular, uterine, uterovaginal junction (UVJ), and vaginal mucosae but
      showed less variation within individual segments over the postoviposition times
      examined. Pooled mean concentrations of cations within each segment revealed that
      the UVJ mucosa, when compared to the remaining segments, was higher in Zn, Cu,
      Fe, and Na in hens 2 weeks after egg production and in Zn after 17 weeks of egg
      production. The relatively high concentration of Zn in the UVJ mucosa may be
      related to the sperm storage capacity of this region.

PMID- 3991430
TI  - Zinc reduces turkey sperm oxygen uptake in vitro.
AB  - The effect of zinc and histidine (a zinc chelator) on oxygen (O2) uptake by
      turkey sperm was examined in diluents without and with added fructose. The
      presence of .5 mM zinc in a diluent without fructose depressed sperm O2 uptake
      significantly below that of sperm in diluent alone or in diluent with 3 mM
      histidine but did not depress sperm fertility. Histidine had no effect on sperm
      O2 uptake. Sperm O2 uptake in diluents containing 1 mM fructose was significantly
      less in the presence of zinc than in diluents alone or in diluent with histidine.
      It was suggested that zinc may play a regulatory role in sperm O2 uptake in vivo.

PMID- 3991431
TI  - Bone strength statistical distribution functions for broilers.
AB  - Shear and three-point bending tests were conducted on the femur and tibia bones
      from Hubbard broilers to establish the type of statistical distribution function
      that best fits bone strength data. In the past it was assumed that these types of
      data followed a normal distribution. The results of this investigation indicate
      that a log-normal function best describes the mechanical properties of the tibia
      and a normal function describes the properties of the femur. Overall the results
      of the distribution analysis indicate that the mechanical properties of bone tend
      to follow a log-normal distribution.

PMID- 3991432
TI  - Body and abdominal fat weight reduction upon feed withdrawal in coturnix quail.
AB  - Coturnix quail are used for human consumption, and loss of live weight prior to
      slaughter must be minimized. Feed, but not water, was withdrawn from 49-day-old,
      male Coturnix quail for times (treatments) of 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. Number of
      quail per treatment ranged from 24 to 26. Body weight decreased as length of feed
      withdrawal increased, but the difference between treatments 12 and 24 was not
      significant (P greater than .05). The largest loss in abdominal fat weight (1.10
      g) and percentage abdominal fat of body weight (.91%) was between Treatments 0
      and 48. The lack of significance (P greater than .05) among Treatments 0, 12, and
      24 indicates stability of abdominal fat during 24-hr feed withdrawal. These
      results indicate that body weight is affected more than abdominal fat weight by
      feed withdrawal in processing quail.

PMID- 3991433
TI  - Arthritis in a patient with asymptomatic neurosyphilis.

PMID- 3991434
TI  - Hypnotherapy and cigarette smoking.

PMID- 3991435
TI  - Injecting painful knees with triamcinolone.

PMID- 3991436
TI  - Self-treatment of condylomata acuminata with podophyllin resin.

PMID- 3991437
TI  - A comparison of bacampicillin and ampicillin in acute bronchitis.

PMID- 3991438
TI  - Treatment of common allergies.

PMID- 3991440
TI  - Dextrolyte in the management of children with acute gastroenteritis.

PMID- 3991439
TI  - Comparison of two methods of treating acute abscesses.

PMID- 3991441
TI  - Prescribing for the elderly--an audit.

PMID- 3991442
TI  - Prescribing for alcoholics. A survey of drugs taken prior to admission to an
      alcoholism unit.

PMID- 3991443
TI  - GP hospitals: reducing waiting, assessing standards.

PMID- 3991444
TI  - Hallucinations associated with amoxycillin?

PMID- 3991445
TI  - Lomotil-diphenoxylate hydrochloride.

PMID- 3991446
TI  - The addict, the doctor and the law.

PMID- 3991447
TI  - Disorders of the external eye.

PMID- 3991448
TI  - Managing cataract.

PMID- 3991449
TI  - Glaucoma.

PMID- 3991450
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy--a preventable cause of blindness.

PMID- 3991451
TI  - Psychosomatic eye conditions.

PMID- 3991452
TI  - The functions of the day hospital; a survey.

PMID- 3991453
TI  - Children's understanding of medical procedures.

PMID- 3991454
TI  - [Recurrent bilateral pneumothorax in progressive lung fibrosis following
      combination therapy with BCNU].

PMID- 3991455
TI  - [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: symptoms and early-stage classification of
      farmer's lung, hay moistener's lung and bird fancier's lung].

PMID- 3991456
TI  - [Inhalation experiments with Syrian golden hamsters: combination of chronic
      cigarette smoke inhalation and intratracheal installation of benzo(a)pyrene;
      detoxification of cigarette smoke with a charcoal filter].

PMID- 3991457
TI  - [Experiences with fiber optic bronchoscopic intubation].

PMID- 3991458
TI  - [Computer analysis findings in acute patients treated in the pulmonological
      department].

PMID- 3991460
TI  - [How do video recordings modify perceptions of family relations? Effects on the
      evaluation process of family members and therapists].

PMID- 3991459
TI  - [Mucociliary clearance 24 hours following fiber optic bronchoscopy under local
      anesthesia and atropine premedication].

PMID- 3991461
TI  - [An assessment list for educators in inpatient child psychiatric treatment].

PMID- 3991462
TI  - [Divorce as a family crisis and clinical problem--a review of recent North
      American literature].

PMID- 3991463
TI  - [Psychotherapy of adolescent asthma patients].

PMID- 3991465
TI  - [Failure, optimal failure and child rearing].

PMID- 3991464
TI  - [Self concept of adolescents].

PMID- 3991466
TI  - Amniotic fluid disaccharidases in the prenatal detection of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Intestinal disaccharidases in amniotic fluid were studied in 41 pregnancies with
      a recurrence risk for cystic fibrosis (CF). In 11 out of 13 pregnancies with CF
      fetuses the maltase and sucrase activities were either below the control range (8
      cases) or below the 10th percentile of control values (3 cases). Trehalase and
      lactase were slightly less informative indicators of CF. Of the other 28
      pregnancies 3 had low amniotic fluid activities of several intestinal enzymes and
      were terminated, 12 resulted in the birth of a healthy child and 13 are
      continuing. The findings in fetal CF suggest an impairment of the defaecation of
      intestinal contents into the amniotic fluid. Reduced or low amniotic fluid
      disaccharidase activities were also found in other fetal disorders with
      demonstrated or presumed intestinal anomalies: e.g. anal atresia (2 cases),
      anencephaly (3 our of the 7 cases), trisomy 13 (5 cases), trisomy 18 (3 of the 5
      cases) and trisomy 21 (19 of the 22 cases). Reduced amniotic fluid disaccharidase
      activities, although not specific for CF, are highly informative in pregnancies
      at high risk for CF. Using the 10th percentile of the normal range for amniotic
      fluid disaccharidase activities as an action line, the sensitivity of CF
      detection is estimated at 80 to 90 per cent, which could in high risk pregnancies
      reduce the risk of having another affected child from 1 in 4 to 1 in 20.

PMID- 3991467
TI  - Further examples of trisomy-20 mosaicism in amniotic cell cultures.
AB  - Amniotic fluid cultures from two patients showed trisomy-20 mosaicism. No trisomy
      20 cells were found in a normal full term infant and in multiple tissue biopsies
      and fetal blood from a fetus after a termination of pregnancy. No definitive
      advice is yet possible for parents where trisomy-20 amniotic cell mosaicism is
      detected. Fetoscopy and fetal blood sampling are of no value and termination of
      pregnancy is not indicated by empirical evidence. Preferential trophoblastic non
      disjunction (Kalousek and Dill, 1983) is discussed as a possible partial
      explanation for the variable occurrence and distribution of this type of
      mosaicism.

PMID- 3991468
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of a true mosaic trisomy 20 substantiated by demonstration of
      a gene dosage effect for adenosine deaminase (ADA).
AB  - Fibroblasts from a fetus with the prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 20 were
      cloned by dilution plating. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), a biochemical marker for
      chromosome 20, was assayed in trisomic clones and normal clones as control. The
      cytogenetic diagnosis was substantiated by demonstration of a triplex gene dosage
      effect for ADA in the trisomic cells.

PMID- 3991469
TI  - Fetal loss after chorionic villus sampling (CVS) in small and large centres.

PMID- 3991470
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 3991471
TI  - The relationship of placental protein 14 (PP14) in the mother and fetus to
      specific products of the human placenta.
AB  - Levels of placental protein 14 (PP14), human placental lactogen (hPL) and
      unconjugated oestriol (E3) were measured in maternal peripheral and umbilical
      arterial and venous blood obtained from 65 normal pregnancies at term delivery.
      PP14 levels were one order of magnitude higher in the mother than in the fetus.
      Neither maternal nor fetal levels of PP14 were related to the birthweight of the
      fetus. There was a relationship between maternal and umbilical venous levels of
      PP14, which suggests that fetal PP14 is derived by transfer from the mother, or
      that there is an independent fetal source with a control mechanism similar to
      that of the mother. The findings are compatible with earlier observations to the
      effect that PP14, in contrast to products such as hPL and E3, is not specific to
      the trophoblast.

PMID- 3991472
TI  - Continuing growth and development of the third-trimester human placenta.
AB  - Two hundred and nineteen human placentae of well ascertained gestational age were
      measured for weight and nuclear number. Contrary to previous reports, analysis of
      the results showed no faltering in either parameter, however expressed. The
      placentae from babies exhibiting intrauterine growth retardation were appropriate
      to the size of the babies. However else the placenta ages it does not do so in
      respect of the rate of increase in the number of its nuclei.

PMID- 3991473
TI  - Human placental ultrastructure after in vitro dual perfusion.
AB  - Unperfused term placental tissue maintained at 37 degrees C for two hours
      preserved a major part of its structure while displaying a number of signs of
      hypoxic damage. Most placentae perfused through maternal and fetal circulations
      with Krebs-Ringer medium retained their ultrastructural integrity after two or
      more hours of perfusion.

PMID- 3991474
TI  - Tissue factor (coagulation factor III) is present in placental microvilli and
      cofractionates with microvilli membrane proteins.
AB  - We have demonstrated that tissue factor is present in preparations of placental
      microvilli. The similarity of the procoagulant activities of microvilli and
      placental homogenates indicate that tissue factor is neither deficient nor
      enriched in microvilli relative to the bulk of placental tissue. On the basis of
      solubility in Triton X-100 and ammonium sulphate, and its affinity for phenyl
      Sepharose, microvilli tissue factor is indistinguishable from that in whole
      placental homogenates.

PMID- 3991475
TI  - The placenta of the salp (Tunicata: Thaliacea).
AB  - The morphology of the mature 'placenta' of the pelagic tunicate Salpa fusiformis
      is described, and it is shown that two syncytial layers, intimately connected by
      interdigitating microvilli, separate maternal and embryonic circulations. The
      central placental layer facing the maternal circulation is bordered by membrane
      infoldings; the cortical layer facing the embryonic circulation is bordered by
      extensively branching microvilli. Both layers are of maternal origin, although
      embryonic leucocytes pass into, and add to, the cortical layer.

PMID- 3991476
TI  - Histomorphometry of the human placenta in Class C diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Placentae from Class C diabetic mothers were compared by histomorphometric
      analyses with a group of normal placentae. The placentae of the diabetics were
      divided in two groups based on the growth characteristics and neonatal outcome of
      the infants at birth. This study has demonstrated that the placentae of both
      groups were somewhat heavier than the controls due to a parallel increase in
      parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissues. The placentae were also shown to be
      characterized by a relative increase in the surface areas of exchange between
      mother and fetus, in terms of peripheral villous and capillary surface areas and
      intervillous space volume. Consequently, the results of this study suggest that,
      in Class C diabetics, placental morphology and placental function are probably
      not more adversely affected than in other less severe forms of the disease during
      pregnancy. Furthermore, the findings in this investigation support the hypothesis
      that the placental changes, and the perinatal morbidity associated with this
      condition, are probably the results of hormonal and metabolic abnormalities
      present in the mother and the fetus.

PMID- 3991477
TI  - Notes on placentation in the Suina.
AB  - We examined the gross and microscopic anatomy of placental tissues and umbilical
      cords from six species representing the three living families of the Suina. These
      species included, of the Suidae, the wart hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), the
      giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), the domestic pig (Sus scrofa), and
      the banded pig of Malaysia (Sus scrofa vittatus); of the Tayassuidae, the white
      lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari); of the Hippopotamidae, the hippopotamus
      (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the pigmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). All
      these species have a diffuse epitheliochorial placenta. The chorion is folded,
      and has on its surface rows of shallow ripples or villi, interrupted by round,
      oval or irregularly shaped areolae. Placental capillaries indent the epithelial
      layer covering the tops and sides of the interareolar villi, but not the columnar
      cell layer lying in the troughs between these villi or covering the areolae.
      Cuboidal cells cover the crests of the villi in the Suidae and Hippopotamidae,
      whereas in the Tayassuidae the epithelium is syncytial in appearance. The
      similarities in placental structure between the six species are more apparent
      than the differences. Suidae and Tayassuidae have smooth umbilical cords
      containing two arteries and one vein; those of the Hippopotamidae are pustule
      encrusted and contain two arteries and two veins.

PMID- 3991478
TI  - [Conditions for porphyrin formation by propionic acid bacteria].
AB  - Porphyrin production by seven species of propionic acid bacteria
      (Propionibacterium shermanii, its mutant P. shermanii M-82, P. technicum, P.
      vannielii, P. rubrum, P. thoenii and P. jensenii) was being studied. All the
      bacteria were cultivated on a glucose-peptone medium. A positive correlation
      between the amount of the produced porphyrins and the vitamin B12-synthetizing
      activity was observed for the most of species. Exogenous delta-aminolevulinic
      acid stimulated the porphyrin accumulation, but the degree of its utilisation
      decreased as its content in the culture medium increased from 5 to 200 mg/l. A
      maximum synthesis of porphyrins by P. shermanii M-82 (mainly of coproporpyrin
      III) was observed at definite concentrations of glucose and cobalt salts.

PMID- 3991480
TI  - [Trephine biopsy of the thyroid in an endocrinology hospital].

PMID- 3991479
TI  - [Biospecific adsorption chromatography of phospholipase A2 from different
      sources].
AB  - Methods of biospecific adsorption chromatography of phospholipase A2 obtained
      from porcine pancreas and Naja naja oxiana, Vipera ursini renardi, Vespa
      orientalis venoms were developed. Granulated polyamide with covalently linked
      phosphatidylethanolamine were used as an affinity adsorbent. Chemical inertness
      of linked phosphatidylethanolamine to the hydrolytic action of phospholipase A2
      and its high affinity for biospecific complexes are shown. Forms of phospholipase
      A2 different in their affinity for an immobilized substrate was isolated by
      biospecific adsorption chromatography. The role of hydrophobic and electrostatic
      interactions in formation of enzyme-ligand complexes was studied.

PMID- 3991481
TI  - [Morphofunctional status of the ovaries in patients with congenital adrenal
      cortical dysfunction].
AB  - The authors studied the morphofunctional state of the ovaries in 98 patients aged
      15 to 40 with congenital adrenocortical dysfunction. It has been shown that
      primary amenorrhea and sterility observed in most of the patients were determined
      by changes in the ovaries and uterus as a result of a prolonged effect of
      androgens of adrenal origin. However these changes were reversible in nature
      because adequate glucocorticoid therapy is accompanied by the regeneration of
      ovarian function.

PMID- 3991483
TI  - [Classification of diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3991482
TI  - [Proteinuria in diabetics before and after treatment with the Biostator
      apparatus].
AB  - The authors present for the first time their results concerned with the
      determination of selective proteinurea by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide
      gel in patients with insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetes mellitus
      with and without the clinical signs of kidney affection. A study was made of the
      uroproteinograms of these patients before and after the correction of
      carbohydrate metabolism by means of programmed insulin administration. A
      conclusion was made of a possibility to use the above method for early detection
      of diabetic nephropathies. Programmed insulin administration using the Biostator
      apparatus was shown to improve tubuloglomerular functions, that was expressed in
      the lowering of proteinurea and in some cases in the improving of the qualitative
      composition of uroproteins.

PMID- 3991484
TI  - [Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Classification problems].

PMID- 3991485
TI  - [Diagnosis of embryonic pathology of sexual development].

PMID- 3991486
TI  - [Adrenal tumors and stenosis of the renal artery].

PMID- 3991487
TI  - [Effect of progesterone on the ion-regulating function of the kidneys].
AB  - The effect of progesterone on ion-regulating kidney function was studied in
      experiments on albino male rats under the conditions of spontaneous and water
      diuresis. Kidney function was evaluated by the level of urination, sodium,
      potassium and creatinine excretion with regard to the glomerular filtration and
      tubular reabsorption in water diuresis. Five series experiments were made,
      including a study of the effect of progesterone on kidney function under the
      conditions of a low and high sodium diet, adrenalectomy and castration.
      Progesterone was shown to possess a pronounced natriuretic effect in sodium
      deficiency in the body and to cause sodium retention in a high sodium diet.
      Adrenalectomy and castration did not prevent the natriuretic action of
      progesterone. The elevated excretion of sodium was determined by an increase in
      its filtration charge. In all the studies sodium excretion changed with a
      sufficient degree of significance (P less than 0,01 = PI less than 0,05).

PMID- 3991488
TI  - [Diabetes insipidus in sarcoidosis of the lungs].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the little-investigated problem of diabetes insipidus
      in lung sarcoidosis patients with calcium metabolic derangement. An analysis of
      the literature and the author's data made it possible to reveal some clinical
      features, to assume new pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetes insipidus occurrence
      and to document effective therapy.

PMID- 3991489
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of the sex steroid content in the blood plasma of
      the big-mouthed buffalo, silver carp and channel catfish during reproduction].
AB  - A radioimmunoassay was to determine the content of estrogens, progestins and
      androgens in the blood plasma of female and male big-mouthed buffalo, silver carp
      and canal sheatfish before reproduction and in the first two species during
      reproduction as well. It was shown that sexual hormones of all 3 groups were
      present in the blood of males and females of the species under study, the
      androgen concentration being significantly higher than the estrogen and progestin
      content in species of both sexes. Sexual dimorphism in the estrogen and androgen
      content in the blood of the fishes before reproduction was revealed. An exception
      was a silver carp with the absence of sex differences in the androgen content.
      There were no significant differences in the initial progestin levels in the
      species of both sexes. Sex differences in the time-course of gonadal hormones
      during reproduction were revealed: an increase in the level of steroids of all 3
      groups was observed during ovulation in females, that of androgens and progestins
      only in females of the studied species excluding silver carp. No increase in the
      concentration of androgens was observed in male silver carps during reproduction.
      In spite of the general regularities of the time-course of sexual steroids in the
      reproduction of the studied species of fish significant specific differences were
      noted in the absolute values of sexual hormone concentrations.

PMID- 3991490
TI  - Short-term kidney preservation: to perfuse or not to perfuse with the new Belzer
      perfusate.
AB  - Delayed graft function is ischaemically induced and the consequence of high
      energy phosphate depletion. A new perfusate, described by Belzer, has been used
      in 43 kidney preservations, 16 of which had prolonged cold ischaemia. The overall
      immediate function rate was 37 of 43 kidneys or 86 per cent. Of 18 kidneys cold
      stored during the same period, only nine functioned immediately. Twenty-six of
      these patients received cyclosporine for immunosuppression without an increase in
      delayed graft function or evidence of increased nephrotoxicity because of
      ischaemic injury or prolonged preservation.

PMID- 3991491
TI  - The importance of water treatment in haemodialysis and haemofiltration.

PMID- 3991492
TI  - Acute pulmonary hypertension, leucopenia and hypoxia in early haemodialysis.
AB  - A sheep model is described which produces acute pulmonary hypertension,
      leucopenia and hypoxia after blood, previously placed in contact with a Cuprophan
      hollow fibre artificial kidney, re-enters the circulation. Relationships between
      these manifestations (acute pulmonary hypertension, leucopenia and hypoxia) were
      examined in normal leucopenic and Indomethacin pre-treated sheep. The degree of
      pulmonary vascular response, and severity of leucopenia and hypoxia were all
      directly interrelated and were dependent upon the volume of blood injected. The
      induction of leucopenia did not affect the pulmonary hypertension or hypoxia. Pre
      treating the animals with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, Indomethacin, abolished
      both the pulmonary hypertension and the hypoxia without any effect on the
      development of neutropenia. These results suggest that leucocytes do not play a
      role in the haemodynamic response nor in the hypoxia; activation of the cyclo
      oxygenase system is necessary for the development of acute pulmonary hypertension
      which causes hypoxia subsequent to alterations in ventilation perfusion
      relationships.

PMID- 3991493
TI  - Effect of eosinophilia on the heterogeneity of the anticoagulant response to
      heparin in haemodialysis patients.
AB  - The anticoagulant response to heparin was determined, during haemodialysis, in a
      group of seven patients with eosinophilia and in a control group. The heparin
      half-life was similar in the two groups, but the heparin effect index was lower
      in patients with eosinophilia. The dose-response curve showed a reduced
      sensitivity to heparin in patients with eosinophilia. In patients with
      eosinophilia a significant reduction in eosinophil count was observed during
      cuprophan dialysis, but not during polyacrylonitrile dialysis. The
      hyposensitivity to heparin might be related to eosinophil degranulation, during
      cuprophan dialysis, with release of a major basic protein that neutralises
      heparin.

PMID- 3991494
TI  - Direct interaction between polymorphonuclear neutrophils and cuprophan membranes
      in a plasma-free model of dialysis.
AB  - Plasma-free, purified, normal, human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were
      recirculated for 60 minutes in an experimental model of dialysis using cuprophan
      membranes and acetate or bicarbonate dialysate. At different time intervals, the
      intracellular contents of PMN-derived cationic proteins (NCP), the release of
      lysosyme, beta-glucuronidase and PAF as well as the occurrence of PMN and
      platelet aggregating activities in the supernatants were evaluated. The formation
      of PMN aggregates, the depletion of intracellular contents of NCP together with
      the release of lysosomal constituents occurred early (5-10 min) in the course of
      recirculation. These events were concomitant with the occurrence of PMN
      aggregating activity in the supernatants due to the release of NCP, as it was
      antagonised (30-40%) by a rabbit anti-human NCP, and to the release of PAF which
      also accounted for the platelet aggregating activity that was independent from
      both adenosine diphosphate and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. These data suggest
      that direct interaction occurs between human PMN and cuprophan in in vitro
      conditions in the absence of plasma factors and point to a role for cellular
      mediators in the pathogenesis of the intravascular alterations occurring early in
      haemodialysis.

PMID- 3991495
TI  - Effects of blood-dialyser interaction (sham-dialysis) on haemodynamics and oxygen
      tension in healthy man.
AB  - To evaluate the normal haemodynamic and respiratory responses to blood-membrane
      contact sham-dialysis, i.e. with blood flowing through a dialyser but without
      dialysate and ultrafiltration, was performed on healthy young men during 150
      minutes. Heart rate, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure and pulmonary
      arterial blood pressure (continuously recorded during the initial 30 minutes) did
      not change significantly. The white blood cell count fell markedly to a minimum
      after 20 minutes of blood-membrane contact, then returning to above the baseline
      values, but PaO2 did not change significantly.

PMID- 3991496
TI  - Blood lines should be considered in studies of biocompatibility during acetate
      haemodialysis.
AB  - In this one-year prospective study, the biocompatibility of blood lines used for
      acetate haemodialysis treatment was evaluated in 12 patients. These blood lines,
      polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane extruded PVC (PE) respectively were
      compared in a schedule of four alternating three-month periods of treatment:
      PVC/PE/PVC/PE. White blood cell count, complement, IgE and thromboxane values
      were recorded monthly. A reduction in white blood cell and polymorphonuclear
      counts after 30 minutes of dialysis was significantly less during period 2 than
      period 1. Pre-dialysis eosinophil counts varied in a seasonally dependent
      pattern. We conclude that in spite of their small area, blood lines have some
      effect on biocompatibility and that the season of the year has to be considered
      in biocompatibility studies involving eosinophils.

PMID- 3991497
TI  - The effect of dialysate temperature on haemodialysis leucopenia.
AB  - We assessed the influence of dialysate temperature on intra-dialytic leucopenia.
      Lowering dialysate temperature from 38 degrees C to 20.5 degrees C caused a
      decrease in the dialysis associated white blood cell reduction from 82 +/- 6 per
      cent to 32 +/- 19 per cent. The degree of leucopenia bore a highly significant
      relationship with dialyser blood temperature suggesting that a further lowering
      of blood temperature (to about 20 degrees C) would almost entirely prevent intra
      dialytic leucopenia.

PMID- 3991498
TI  - Anaphylactoid reactions during haemodialysis are due to ethylene oxide
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - Anaphylactoid reactions during haemodialysis are unusual, but increasingly
      recognised. It has recently been reported that there is a significant association
      between such reactions and the presence of IgE to albumin exposed to ethylene
      oxide (ETO). Review of the clinical features and epidemiology of dialysis
      anaphylaxis in the light of this new data suggests that these reactions are due
      to ETO hypersensitivity.

PMID- 3991500
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular death in haemodialysed diabetic
      patients.
AB  - In a retrospective study, causes of death and the cardiovascular risk conferred
      by established risk factors were analysed in 200 diabetic and 200 matched non
      diabetic uraemic patients admitted for haemodialysis. Total and cardiovascular
      mortality was considerably higher in diabetics, both type I (4.8-fold) and type
      II (3.0-fold). Fifty-eight per cent of deaths in diabetics, but only 38 per cent
      of deaths in non-diabetics were due to cardiovascular causes; myocardial
      infarction and stroke accounted for less than 15 per cent of deaths, the majority
      being due to sudden death. Cardiovascular death in diabetes was predicted by both
      history of hypertension and by cardiomegaly, but to a much lesser extent by
      clinical evidence of macroangiopathy. The results are compatible with an
      important role of non-coronary cardiomyopathic mechanisms of cardiovascular death
      in dialysed diabetics.

PMID- 3991499
TI  - The role of endogenous opioids in the baroreflex dysfunction of dialysis
      patients.
AB  - We studied the effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on the response to
      Valsalva manoeuvre in nine dialysis patients, in six diabetics with normal renal
      function whose response to Valsalva manoeuvre was similar to that of dialysis
      patients and in eight healthy subjects. Naloxone caused a progressive increase in
      the subnormal Valsalva ratio in dialysis patients but it did not cause any change
      in diabetics nor in healthy subjects. The increase in Valsalva ratio observed in
      dialysis patients was due to restoration of the parasympathetically mediated
      reflex bradycardia of the release phase of the manoeuvre. Endogenous opioids may
      be responsible for the baroreflex dysfunction of dialysis patients.

PMID- 3991501
TI  - Sodium acetate, an arterial vasodilator: haemodynamic characterisation in normal
      dogs.
AB  - Sodium acetate (SA) has been implicated in hypotensive episodes of haemodialysis
      because of its vasodilatory effects. The haemodynamic correlates of the changes
      in blood pressure, cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) are
      well known but the site of action of SA (i.e. arteriolar, venular or both) is not
      yet clarified. We thus studied the changes in CO, TPR and mean arterial pressure
      (MAP) induced by four graded doses of SA (0.034 to 0.300 mEq/kg/min) in seven
      normal dogs. To evaluate the site of vasodilation we also measured the changes in
      cardiopulmonary volume (CPV), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and mean
      transit time (MTT). From control to the highest infusion rate, CO increased from
      1.63 +/- 0.20 to 3.59 +/- 0.38L/min (p less than 0.001), TPR decreased from 78.2
      +/- 11.3 to 36.4 +/- 4.8A.U. (p less than 0.001). MAP rose significantly from
      107.2 +/- 4.0 to 116.5 +/- 8.5 mmHg (p less than 0.05) and stroke volume was
      maintained (17.2 +/- 2.3 to 19.6 +/- 2.1 ml, NS) in spite of the marked
      tachycardia observed (heart rate from 106.1 +/- 7.6 to 194.8 +/- 9.1bpm, p less
      than 0.001). This was associated with increases in MPAP (from 13.3 +/- 0.7 to
      19.6 +/- 2.1mmHg, p less than 0.01) and CPV (from 195.0 +/- 21.3 to 224.4 +/-
      24.3ml, p less than 0.01) and marked decrease in MTT (from 7.74 +/- 0.73 to 3.78
      +/- 0.22 sec, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3991502
TI  - Effect of dialysate sodium on the dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline
      concentration in haemodialysis patients.
AB  - In eight stable patients, plasma dopamine (DA), adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline
      (NA) was measured during haemodialysis with high sodium (148mEq/L) and low sodium
      (131mEq/L) dialysate. During haemodialysis and ultrafiltration with high
      dialysate sodium an increase of DA, A and NA was not observed in response to the
      cold pressor test (CD). However, with the low sodium dialysate an increase in DA
      and NA was observed during CD. We suggest that high sodium dialysate is connected
      with the sympathetic dysfunction of haemodialysis patients.

PMID- 3991503
TI  - Changes in body compartments on different types of haemodialysis.
AB  - Changes in plasma volume (PV), extracellular volume (ECV) and intracellular
      volume (ICV) were studied in seven patients on conventional haemodialysis (HD)
      and in six patients on stable hypertonic HD. Weight loss and ultrafiltration were
      similar in both groups. Before HD the spaces of 125RISA (PV), 35SO4Na2 (ECV) and
      3H2) (total body water, TBW) were simultaneously determined ICV = TBW - ECV. At
      the end of HD the space of 35SO4Na2 was again tested. PV and ECV diminished more
      on conventional HD than on hypertonic HD, whereas ICV increased on conventional
      HD and decreased on hypertonic HD. The handling of plasma osmolality during HD is
      an effective method for modifying transcompartmental body fluid shifts in HD by
      distributing weight loss between intracellular and extracellular spaces allowing
      for a better maintenance of plasma volume.

PMID- 3991504
TI  - Raised serum nickel concentrations in chronic renal failure.
AB  - We have measured serum nickel concentrations using flameless atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. In 71 normals the median concentration was 1.0 micrograms/L,
      range less than 0.6-3.0 micrograms/L. Increased concentrations (p less than 0.05)
      were found in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) treated conservatively
      (median 1.6 micrograms/L, range less than 0.6-3.6 micrograms/L). Significantly
      increased concentrations (p less than 0.001) were found in patients treated by
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (median 8.6 micrograms/L, range
      5.4-11.4 micrograms/L) and haemodialysis. In patients on haemodialysis, post
      dialysis concentrations (median 8.8 micrograms/L, range 3.0-21.4 micrograms/L)
      were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than pre-dialysis values (median
      8.6 micrograms/L, range 0.6-16.6 micrograms/L).

PMID- 3991505
TI  - Changes in copper and zinc in chronic haemodialysis patients.
AB  - We studied the behaviour of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) during haemodialysis (HD)
      in 65 chronic renal failure patients. Serum Cu, Zn and total protein were
      measured before and after dialysis. The dialyser membrane contained Cu and Zn.
      However, when the dialyser was washed with normal saline, Zn was removed, while
      Cu was liberated from the membrane during HD. We conclude that during HD serum Cu
      and Zn concentrations increased significantly (p less than 0.01), Cu from 98 to
      120 micrograms/dl by haemoconcentration and liberation from the membrane, and Zn
      from 78 to 91 micrograms/dl by haemoconcentration.

PMID- 3991506
TI  - Myocardial studies in haemodialysis patients.
AB  - Myocardial perfusion was studied using Thallium-201 (Tl-201) after dipyridamol in
      33 patients on maintenance haemodialysis. It could be shown that coronary artery
      disease was underestimated by clinical symptoms, 55 per cent of patients had
      abnormal Tl-201 scintigrams, whereas typical or atypical chest pain was present
      in only 33 per cent of the patients. Eleven patients died within a year of the
      scintigraphic study, which resulted in an average mortality rate of 7.7 per
      cent/year. The risk of developing fatal cardiovascular complications was higher
      in patients with an abnormal Tl-201 perfusion (7 of 18) than in those with a
      normal scintigram (1 of 15). Thus nuclear medicine procedures appear to be of
      diagnostic value in haemodialysis patients, which in addition may have prognostic
      implications.

PMID- 3991507
TI  - Alternative vascular access in patients lacking veins for standard arteriovenous
      fistulae.
AB  - We have evaluated the Hickman catheter and Hemasite access port as means to re
      establish vascular access in patients lacking veins for conventional
      arteriovenous fistulae. The Hemasite is more convenient, but is also costlier,
      requires more surgical skill to implant, and is more frequently associated with
      major infections. One-half of the Hemasites have failed because of infection. As
      a result, the long-term survival rate is lower for Hemasite graft, although the
      differences noted have not yet reached statistical levels of significance.

PMID- 3991508
TI  - Initial experience with Hemasite vascular access device for maintenance
      haemodialysis.
AB  - Thirteen uraemic patients having undergone chronic haemodialysis from a minimum
      of 16 months to a maximum of 15 years (mean 6.5 years) with unsuitable peripheral
      vessels for standard arteriovenous fistulae, received Hemasite, a new vascular
      access device which provides vascular access without needle puncture. Eight
      devices are still being used routinely with enthusiastic acceptance by the
      patients. Three subjects died because of unrelated causes, two of whom had a
      functioning device. Nine thromboses occurred in five patients. Thrombectomy was
      successful in three subjects. There were two cases of infection with loss of one
      device. In conclusion, the main advantage of Hemasite is the possibility of
      performing haemodialysis without needles, thus potentially maintaining the
      longevity of graft fistula. The only disadvantage of the device is its cost.

PMID- 3991509
TI  - The Biocarbon vascular access device (DiaTAB) for haemodialysis.
AB  - The Biocarbon vascular access device (DiaTAB) is a relatively new method in
      secondary access surgery. Punctures, often the cause of complications can be
      avoided because it is a no-needle method of dialysis. However thrombosis due to
      stenosis of the venous anastomosis or of the efferent vein is a continuing
      problem. A new experience is the fibrin flap formation under the plug of the
      device, which can be removed easily.

PMID- 3991510
TI  - Haemodialysis in dogs with a heparin coated hollow fibre dialyser.
AB  - Haemodialysis was performed in non-uraemic dogs with equipment coated with a
      stable heparin. During a three hour dialysis a constant blood flow of 205 ml/min
      was easily maintained. There was no increase in whole blood coagulation time and
      no heparin release from the surface. The platelet count was initially reduced by
      15 per cent, but remained constant at this value throughout the dialysis. No
      increase in FPA concentration was detected. Heparin coating on inherently
      thrombogenic materials enables haemodialysis in the absence of systemic
      anticoagulation and without measurable activation of the haemostatic mechanism.

PMID- 3991511
TI  - Low molecular weight heparin in haemodialysis and haemofiltration--comparison
      with unfractioned heparin.
AB  - The low molecular weight heparin CY 222 (CHOAY) has been compared to unfractioned
      heparin (UFH) in patients on chronic haemodialysis and haemofiltration at various
      doses as regards it biological activity (measured by Activated Partial
      Thromboplastin Time and by anti-Xa activity) and its clinical effect on clot
      formation in the blood lines and bleeding at the puncture sites or recent wounds.
      Compared to UFH, CY 222 has a greater anti-Xa activity for a shorter APTT. This
      biological difference is of clinical advantage since clotting in lines is
      comparable or less than with UFH whereas compression time at puncture sites is
      shorter and recently bleeding wounds in 28 patients did not bleed again. The long
      half life of CY 222 allows its use as a single priming dose of 300 anti-Xa U/kg
      in haemodialysis and 450 anti-Xa U/kg in haemofiltration.

PMID- 3991512
TI  - Reduction of silicone particle release during haemodialysis.
AB  - Spallation of silicone was evaluated in an in vitro system, using a commercial
      blood pump and dialysis tubing. Silicone particle release was assessed at various
      occlusion forces (5.5-22 kp). When the occlusion force was reduced from 22 to 5.5
      kp, the number of released silicone particles decreased by approximately 80 per
      cent; in parallel, the amount of silicone retrieved from the recirculation fluid
      decreased from 1.6mg to less than 0.23mg. It is concluded that reduction of
      occlusion pressure within the blood pump effectively reduces spallation of
      silicone tubing.

PMID- 3991513
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome, shoulder pain and amyloid deposits in long-term
      haemodialysis patients.
AB  - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), and Shoulder Pain and Stiffness (SPS) are common in
      very long-term haemodialysis patients. To know whether this is a fortuitous
      association or if there is a link between these two manifestations a
      retrospective analysis of clinical charts, CTS surgical reports, tendon and
      synovia biopsies (Congo red, Crystal violet and Thioflavin T) was undertaken for
      110 patients treated by haemodialysis (HD) for eight years or more. SPS was less
      frequent (24%) in 58 patients not operated on for CTS than in 52 operated
      patients (SPS incidence: 77%). Furthermore the 38 patients with amyloid deposits
      at carpal biopsy had a very significantly (p less than 0.001) higher incidence of
      SPS (95%) than the 14 operated patients free of amyloid deposits (SPS incidence:
      28%). Hence, amyloid deposits represent a pathological link between these two
      correlated manifestations in very long-term haemodialysis patients.

PMID- 3991514
TI  - Reduction of osmotic haemolysis and anaemia by high dose vitamin E
      supplementation in regular haemodialysis patients.
AB  - In 15 haemodialysis patients receiving oral vitamin E supplementation, 600mg
      daily for 30 days, both plasma and RBC vitamin E concentrations were
      significantly increased, while in unsupplemented patients the values remained
      unchanged. Mean osmolarity at which in vitro haemolysis occurs at the start and
      end of haemodialysis decreased from 102.8 +/- 0.9 to 98.9 +/- 0.7 and 72.1 +/-
      1.1 to 67.4 +/- 0.8mOsm/L, respectively in supplemented patients. In addition the
      Hct increased from 26.1 +/- 1.0 to 28.1 +/- 1.2 per cent (p less than 0.05). In
      conclusion, oral supplementation of vitamin E could be of clinical benefit in
      correcting anaemia in regular dialysis patients by reducing the fragility of red
      blood cells.

PMID- 3991515
TI  - Vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with renal insufficiency.
AB  - To define the degree of renal insufficiency at which the immune response to
      vaccination against hepatitis B is impaired, anti-HB concentrations after
      vaccination with 20 micrograms HB-Vax at 0, 1 and 6 months were examined in 76
      dialysis patients, 24 patients with incipient renal failure (S-creatinine 1.4
      3.5mg/dl) and in 43 controls. Compared with controls, seroconversion rate and
      anti-HB concentrations were significantly (p less than 0.02) lower in patients
      with incipient renal failure. The time course of anti-HBs in dialysis patients
      with successful vaccination, either with three doses (0, 1, 6 months) or with
      five doses (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 months) of HB-Vax was compared with healthy controls.
      The proportion of patients losing anti-HBs and the decrease of antibody
      concentration was significantly greater in dialysis patients immunised with three
      doses of the vaccine. In dialysis patients vaccinated with five doses, the
      percentage losing HB antibodies was slightly higher than in controls, but final
      titres after 24 months were comparable.

PMID- 3991516
TI  - Platelet life span in uraemia.
AB  - Platelet life span estimated by the regeneration time of platelet cyclo-oxygenase
      activity after acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) intake, as measured by the
      malonyldialdehyde (MDA) production rate was 10.3 +/- 1.0 days for healthy
      volunteers (n = 7), 6.7 +/- 1.0 days for haemodialysis patients (n = 13), 8.0 +/-
      1.5 days for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients (n = 6)
      and 5.0 and 4.9 days for non-dialysed uraemic patients (n = 2). In uraemic
      patients, the platelet cyclo-oxygenase activity was significantly impaired and it
      correlated with the decline in platelet life span. The restoration of the
      platelet life span and cyclooxygenase activity was achieved better by CAPD.

PMID- 3991517
TI  - Morbidity of patients with analgesic-associated nephropathy and end-stage renal
      failure.
AB  - In our haemodialysis centre patients (n = 144), we compared 48 aspects of
      morbidity in patients with analgesic-associated nephropathy (AAN) and patients
      with other kidney diseases to determine the presence of characteristic diagnostic
      features of AAN in addition to a history of habitual analgesic intake. The
      comparison between 48 AAN patients and the control patients revealed
      statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) with regard to
      myocardial infarction (25% vs 7%), angina pectoris (63% vs 32%), atrial
      fibrillation (21% vs 4%), arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremity (52%
      vs 33%), anaemia (mean haemoglobin, 8.38 vs 9.16 g/dl), renal osteodystrophy (67%
      vs 41%), carpal tunnel syndrome (23% vs 7%), peptic ulcers and erosive gastritis
      (54% vs 23%), colonic diverticula (15% vs 4%), and haemorrhoids (67% vs 28%). AAN
      patients therefore have significantly higher morbidity with a characteristic
      pattern than do patients with other renal diseases.

PMID- 3991518
TI  - Nitrate induced anaemia in home dialysis patients.
AB  - Many home dialysis patients in Florence and the surrounding area suddenly showed
      an unusual anaemia. All used a softener for water treatment. They demonstrated
      methaemoglobinaemia, Heinz bodies and reduction in plasma haptoglobin indicating
      Hb oxidation. Tap water analysis showed excessive nitrates. The substitution of
      the softeners with deionisers solved this important and unusual clinical problem.

PMID- 3991519
TI  - Nitrogen balance: an adequate treatment prescription index for children on
      haemofiltration.
AB  - We studied 12 children (10.6 +/- 2.5 years; 21 +/- 4.8 kg body weight) with end
      stage renal disease on chronic haemofiltration prescribed using a urea kinetic
      model. After 12 months, urea generation rate, protein catabolic rate and nitrogen
      balance were assessed in each patient. Pre-treatment BUN was adequate in all 12
      patients but in three nitrogen balance and growth rate were unsatisfactory. These
      three children were studied for a second year in which plasma water cleared/week
      was increased; during this year a significant increase in nitrogen balance and
      growth rate was obtained.

PMID- 3991520
TI  - Visual function, blood pressure and blood glucose in diabetic patients undergoing
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Over the last five years, 46 insulin dependent diabetic patients (mean age 52 +/-
      13 years) have been treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
      Fourteen patients have been on treatment for more than two years. Visual acuity
      assessed every six months showed that improvement has been observed in 14 eyes
      (19%), stabilisation in 36 eyes (46%), worsening in 17 eyes (21%), five eyes had
      a minimal function during the entire follow-up. Systolic blood pressure decreased
      from 173 +/- 42 mmHg at start of dialysis to 149 +/- 30 and 146 +/- 32 after one
      and two years. Mean fasting and post-prandial blood glucose assessed monthly in
      36 patients treated with four daily intraperitoneal injections of insulin (660
      determinations) were respectively 7.5 +/- 3.5 and 8.5 +/- 3.5mmol/L.

PMID- 3991521
TI  - Systolic time intervals before and after haemodialysis.
AB  - We investigated changes of haemodynamics during haemodialysis in 107 patients by
      noninvasive measurement of systolic time intervals. Heart rate and preejection
      period index increased and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, left
      ventricular ejection time and isovolumic contraction time decreased. We found,
      that if the pre-dialysis ejection fraction (EF) was more than 55 per cent, post
      dialysis EF decreased by about 10 per cent. However if pre-dialysis EF was less
      than 55 per cent, post-dialysis EF increased by five per cent. Regarding cardio
      thoracic-ratio, Sokolow-Lyon-Index (SLI) and repolarisation disorders we found
      the most remarkable decrease in EF in patients with normal sized hearts with
      enlarged SLI and repolarisation disorders.

PMID- 3991522
TI  - Gastrointestinal aluminium absorption: is it modulated by the iron-absorptive
      mechanism?
AB  - Gastrointestinal aluminium (A1) absorption has been proved but its mechanism is
      still unknown. This study investigates the pattern of A1 absorption in patients
      with different degrees of iron stores. We studied 29 haemodialysis patients
      forming three groups according to their serum ferritin values. Over seven days
      all patients received the same dose of aluminium hydroxide after which patients
      with 'low-normal' and normal serum ferritin increased their serum A1
      proportionally with the increased aluminium hydroxide intake. By contrast
      patients with high serum ferritin did not show any change in their serum A1
      values. Our results therefore suggest that a 'common pathway' of metal absorption
      could be implicated in A1 absorption. Serum ferritin might be a valuable
      predictor of different behaviour.

PMID- 3991523
TI  - Protein binding of aluminium in normal subjects and in patients with chronic
      renal failure.
AB  - Ultrafiltration of serum through YM10 membranes showed that 46 per cent of the
      aluminium in normal subjects and 33 per cent of the aluminium in patients with
      chronic renal failure is ultrafiltrable, suggesting that the majority of the
      aluminium is bound to some serum component(s) having molecular weight greater
      than 10,000 daltons. After desferrioxamine infusion, both the ultrafiltrable and
      protein-bound aluminium increases significantly, probably due to mobilisation of
      aluminium from body tissues. Gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and affinity
      chromatography have shown that transferrin is the major aluminium binding
      protein.

PMID- 3991524
TI  - Desferrioxamine induced aluminium removal in haemodialysis.
AB  - This study evaluates if the use of high flux membranes and the type of dialysate
      influences aluminium removal in haemodialysis. Aluminium kinetics and dialysance
      were determined in baseline conditions and after infusion of desferrioxamine. The
      free diffusible fraction of plasma aluminium correlated significantly with the
      plasma aluminium post desferrioxamine, independently of the type of membrane or
      dialysate used. Aluminium removal therefore depends on the plasma concentration
      reached and the dialysate concentration. High flux membranes do not improve
      aluminium removal in vivo.

PMID- 3991525
TI  - The desferrioxamine test predicts bone aluminium burden induced by A1(OH)3 in
      uraemic patients but not mild histological osteomalacia.
AB  - Desferrioxamine (DFO), a chelating agent of aluminium was administered to 27
      uraemic patients on chronic haemodialysis or haemofiltration with a minimal
      parenteral exposure to aluminium but taking various amounts of A1(OH)3 for about
      two years. All these patients had a double bone biopsy for measurement of their
      aluminium content and histomorphometric evaluation. Bone aluminium of our
      patients were 10 times greater than in our uraemic controls. Plasma aluminium
      increase (delta A1) induced by DFO correlated better than basal plasma aluminium
      with bone aluminium and cumulative dose of A1(OH)3 correlated with bone aluminium
      and delta A1 DFO. None of the patients had florid osteomalacia and only two had
      traces of aluminium staining. However 16 had mild mineralisation defect as
      demonstrated by low mineral appositional rate. The aluminium parameters were not
      different between the two groups of patients with or without mild mineralisation
      defect. It is concluded that the DFO test predicts bone aluminium but not mild
      histological osteomalacia in uraemic patients moderately aluminium over-loaded
      with phosphate binders.

PMID- 3991526
TI  - Iron removal by desferrioxamine during haemodialysis: in vitro studies.
AB  - To find the best way of using desferrioxamine (DFO) in iron (Fe) overloaded
      patients on regular haemodialysis (HD) treatment, we investigated Fe removal in a
      standard in vitro haemodialysis model by measuring 59Fe activity in plasma and
      dialysate after the addition of DFO as a constant infusion during or as a bolus
      at different time intervals before haemodialysis. Data were compared with those
      obtained without DFO at normal or high plasma Fe concentrations and by
      haemofiltration (HF). In summary HF was superior to haemodialysis for Fe removal.
      No DFO was needed to dialyse high plasma Fe concentrations whereas the efficiency
      of removal of normal plasma Fe content increased with equilibration time of DFO
      before haemodialysis. For treatment of Fe overload DFO is therefore recommended
      to be given after each haemodialysis treatment.

PMID- 3991527
TI  - Desferrioxamine treatment for aluminium and iron overload in uraemic patients by
      haemodialysis or haemofiltration.
AB  - In an attempt to quantify iron and aluminium removal in patients following
      desferrioxamine therapy, a comparative study of haemodialysis and haemofiltration
      was performed in five patients. Haemofiltration was found to be the more
      efficient treatment especially if iron and aluminium clearances were related to
      urea clearances. The distribution volumes of chelated iron and aluminium at the
      low clearance rates obtained, behave as a single compartment which amounts to
      about 40 per cent of body weight.

PMID- 3991528
TI  - Incorporation of aluminium and effect of removal in experimental osteomalacia and
      fibro-osteoclasia.
AB  - Osteomalacia (OM) and fibro-osteoclasia (FO) was induced in growing rats by
      feeding a low calcium, low phosphorus, vitamin D poor diet or a low calcium diet
      respectively. After two weeks, Al Cl3 was supplemented up to a content of 0.1% of
      elemental Al and feeding continued for another two weeks, when half of the
      animals were sacrificed and the rest treated with desferrioxamine. In spite of
      similar blood aluminium concentrations, OM rats retained more Al in bone than FO
      rats. Desferrioxamine (DFO) treatment resulted in a significant decrease of Al in
      OM rats and tended to decrease Al in FO rats. Simultaneously the per cent mineral
      weight of the bone increased. We conclude that the preexisting bone pathology (OM
      or FO) is related to aluminium uptake and removal by DFO, which results in rapid
      mineral uptake.

PMID- 3991529
TI  - 1 alpha OH vitamin D3 increases plasma aluminium in haemodialysed patients taking
      Al (OH)3.
AB  - 1 alpha OH vitamin D3 at the dose of 6 micrograms per week was given for four
      weeks to 16 stable patients on chronic haemodialysis with a low dialysate
      aluminium while taking a constant dose of Al(OH)3. A significant increase of
      their plasma aluminium was observed while on 1 alpha(OH)D3 therapy and during the
      six weeks following. This increase correlated with the cumulative dose of Al(OH)3
      and duration on dialysis but not with the recent dose of Al(OH)3. The increase in
      plasma aluminium observed with 1 alpha(OH)D3 and after its discontinuation is
      more likely to be due to aluminium redistribution than to increased intestinal
      aluminium absorption. This effect indicates the need for close monitoring of
      plasma aluminium in uraemic patients treated with 1 alpha(OH)D3.

PMID- 3991530
TI  - Red blood cells indices and aluminium toxicity in haemodialysis patients.
AB  - Microcytic, hypochromic anaemia is a feature of aluminium toxicity. To detect the
      possible influence of aluminium on erythropoiesis in a general haemodialysis
      population we studied the evolution of red blood cell parameters and aluminium
      status in 30 patients (27 without aluminium toxicity symptoms). Aluminium status
      was assessed by serum aluminium measurements before (BAl) and after (PAl) a
      desferrioxamine infusion. The evolution with time (delta) of PAl and DAl (= PAl -
      BAl) during the prospective study inversely correlated with delta mean
      corpuscular volume (2 alpha less than 0.01) and delta mean corpuscular
      haemoglobin (2 alpha less than 0.001). Patients with DAl greater than 180
      micrograms/L had lower mean corpuscular haemoglobin values (p less than 0.05).
      These findings suggest that aluminium inhibits haemoglobin synthesis even in
      haemodialysis patients free of aluminium toxicity symptoms.

PMID- 3991531
TI  - Bone scan in haemodialysis patients: relation to hyperparathyroidism and
      aluminium toxicity.
AB  - The influence of hyperparathyroidism and aluminium toxicity on bone scan scores
      (FS = Fogelman's score) was studied in 37 haemodialysis patients (group 1), of
      whom 24 had aluminium toxicity (group 2). FS, parathormone (iPTH) and aluminium
      status were assessed simultaneously, the latter by measuring serum aluminium
      before (BAl) and 48 hours after (PAl) a desferrioxamine infusion. FS correlated
      directly with iPTH in all groups, inversely with PAl and DAl (= PAl - BAl) in
      group 1; FS less than or equal to 2 was found in group 2 only (2 alpha less than
      0.05). The time course of FS and aluminium concentration was also studied in 24
      patients: a PAl increase was significantly associated with a FS decrease (2 alpha
      less than 0.001). In conclusion, hyperparathyroidism increases and aluminium
      toxicity decreases FS; FS less than or equal to 2 is very suggestive of aluminium
      toxicity.

PMID- 3991532
TI  - The bone scan in patients with aluminium-associated bone disease.
AB  - The bone scans of 32 patients on regular dialysis who received desferrioxamine
      therapy for fracturing osteomalacia secondary to aluminium intoxication are
      reviewed. All scans show the same pattern, with lack of tracer deposition in bone
      and deposition in soft tissues. Therapy with desferrioxamine controlled the
      aluminium intoxication in all cases, and in 21 patients the bone scan reverted to
      normal or showed a pattern typical of hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 3991533
TI  - Assessing the benefit of changing aluminium hydroxide schedule on anaemia and
      serum phosphorus control.
AB  - Convincing evidence exists concerning aluminium hydroxide (A1 (OH)3) absorption
      and risk of toxicity. Over recent years our aim has been to reduce exposure to
      this risk. In this study we evaluated the effect of changing our A1 (OH)3
      prescription policy, reducing its intake by stopping the breakfast dose,
      separating the iron intake from the binder's influence, and tailoring the A1
      (OH)3 dose according to the protein intake patterns. The change was done
      gradually, initially in a pilot group and then in the whole unit. The results
      from the pilot group, who completed two years follow-up and from the whole unit,
      when more patients adhered to the new scheme, were similar. After the A1 (OH)3
      reduction serum phosphorus did not change, haemoglobin increased and the blood
      transfusion requirements decreased. These results support our preliminary
      findings that A1 (OH)3 might interfere with erythropoiesis and stress the
      necessity of reassessing the prescription of binders thoroughly aiming to give
      adequate individual doses according to the different protein intake patterns.

PMID- 3991534
TI  - Influence of biochemical and hormonal factors on the bone histomorphometric
      features of uraemic patients.
AB  - A multidimensional analysis was used to evaluate, the influence on bone histology
      of various biochemical and hormonal factors in 20 uraemic patients on chronic
      haemodialysis or haemofiltration. A positive relationship (p less than 0.1) was
      found between PTH and osteoclastic and osteoblastic surfaces but not with mineral
      apposition and bone formation rates. The mineral appositional rate which reflects
      the cellular activity of osteoblasts was positively related to D metabolites
      25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 and to phosphate (p less than 0.1). Mineral appositional
      rate and bone formation rate were negatively related to bone aluminium (p less
      than 0.05). These data indicate that: 1) PTH simulates bone turnover but has no
      direct effect on the bone cellular activity of osteoblasts which is mainly
      dependent on D metabolites and phosphate; 2) mild aluminium overload not severe
      enough to cause osteomalacia decreases bone formation in uraemic patients. This
      study evaluates the role of various simultaneously measured biochemical and
      hormonal factors on bone histological parameters in uraemic patients.

PMID- 3991535
TI  - Fluoride metabolism and renal osteodystrophy in regular dialysis treatment.
AB  - Fluoride in plasma, urine and bone tissue ash were estimated using a fluoride-ion
      electrode in 20 control persons (CP), 32 patients with compensated chronic renal
      failure (CRFP) and 59 patients in RDT (RDTP). The increase in plasma fluoride
      (CP: 2.4 +/- 1.4, CRFP: 6.5 +/- 2.2, RDTP: 12.3 +/- 4.5 mumol/L) and bone
      fluoride (CP: 55.1 +/- 31, CRFP: 99.9 +/- 31.2, RDTP: 339.1 +/- 150.6 mumol/g)
      significantly correlated with the decrease of residual glomerular filtration rate
      (RGFR), in RDT with the number of haemodialysis, so that the maximum increase in
      fluoride was found in completely anuric patients (379.7 +/- 153 mumol/g). The
      increase in fluoride retention was intensified by body retention of considerable
      amounts of fluoride each dialysis (the fluoridated dialysate increased the post
      dialysis plasma fluoride by 195%). Development of bone fluorose known to develop
      with a bone fluoride greater than 180 mumol/g was not found in any of 40 iliac
      crest trephine bone biopsy specimens. No correlation was found between laboratory
      and histological findings of renal osteodystrophy and plasma or bone fluoride. No
      patient developed spontaneous fractures even after 11 years of using fluoridated
      dialysate. In conclusion, this report indicates that fluoride might have a
      protective effect against the progression of renal osteodystrophy in patients
      with high retention values. The longer the exposure of RDT patients to the
      fluoridated dialysate, the greater the bone fluoride concentration.

PMID- 3991536
TI  - Evaluation of the intact hormone assay in the study of parathyroid autograft
      function.
AB  - Parathyroid autograft function was studied using radioimmunoassay measuring
      intact parathormone (iPTH) and C-terminal PTH (C-PTH). Blood samples were taken
      from graft and non-graft arms pre- and post-dialysis. The intact assay showed an
      appreciably greater differential gradient pre- and post-dialysis than the C
      terminal assay. We conclude that particularly in patients with chronic renal
      failure the intact assay is of greater value in monitoring graft function than
      the commonly used C-terminal assay. It may also be of value in distinguishing
      between graft overactivity and ectopic cervical parathyroid tissue in cases of
      recurrent hyperparathyroidism following apparently total parathyroidectomy and
      autotransplantation.

PMID- 3991537
TI  - Bone mineral loss during centre and home haemodialysis. Influence of vitamin D
      metabolites and serum parathyroid hormone.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients on chronic haemodialysis were investigated for a mean of
      4.8 years (3.0-6.5 years). Mean bone mineral content fell constantly and
      similarly at a rate of three to four per cent per year in both centre (n = 14)
      and home (n = 13) haemodialysis patients. Mean serum values of 25(OH)D3 (normal),
      24,25(OH)2D3 (decreased to half the normal level and 1,25(OH)2D3 (severely
      decreased and almost non-detectable) were similar in patients with a rapid bone
      mineral content loss (greater than 10%/3 years) and a slow bone mineral loss
      (less than 10%/3 years). Mean serum parathyroid hormone was markedly elevated,
      but significantly higher (about twice the level) in the 'rapid losers' than in
      the 'slow losers'; whereas the two groups did not differ with regard to mean
      serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 3991538
TI  - Haemofiltration without substitution fluid.
AB  - Haemofiltration at its best is able to give excellent clearances of solutes in a
      wide molecular weight range, but the need of large amounts of reliable
      substitution fluid makes this technique too expensive for more widespread
      application. In order to give an 'adequate' treatment by a safe, well tolerated,
      effective and comparatively cheaper method, haemofiltration without substitution
      fluid (HWSF) has been carried out. This method, consisting of the regeneration of
      appropriate amounts of pure convected plasma water by highly permeable, high
      surface area dialysis membranes, has been utilised for several months in four
      patients, with encouraging clinical results.

PMID- 3991539
TI  - Performance characteristics of high flux haemodiafiltration.
AB  - With the described technique of high diffusive and convective solute transport an
      almost threefold increase in efficiency over conventional dialysis was clinically
      demonstrated. Coupled with the better tolerance to high solute and weight removal
      rates, this approach permits drastic reduction of treatment time, without
      sacrificing treatment adequacy.

PMID- 3991540
TI  - Standard methods for the microbiological assessment of electrolyte solution
      prepared on line for haemofiltration.
AB  - The preparation of large volumes of intravenous solution at the bedside (on-line
      preparation) requires bacteriological monitoring and pyrogen control before final
      sterilisation. We tested the sensitivity of microbiological methods and their
      applicability in routine clinical conditions during haemofiltration. In vitro,
      the 0.22 micron membrane filter technique (MF) showed a better or equal bacterial
      recovery with two test organisms. Parallel tests of 0.22 and 0.45 micron MF under
      simulated haemofiltration conditions showed no significant difference in the
      number of detected bacteria. Routine MF with 0.22 micron membranes offers a
      simple and reliable way to monitor the bacterial content of on-line prepared
      electrolyte solution in clinical conditions.

PMID- 3991541
TI  - Phosphorus kinetics during haemodialysis and haemofiltration.
AB  - Phosphorus excretion during haemodialysis positively correlates with the plasma
      inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration and the dialyser Pi clearance. Therefore,
      by using highly efficient dialysers or haemofilters, disciplined patients may
      achieve a well regulated P-balance. The plasma Pi concentration time curve during
      haemodialysis or haemofiltration must be seen as the result of passive diffusion
      combined with an active mobilisation of Pi from a rapidly exchangeable P-pool.
      The plasma Pi concentration hardly falls below the normal range in dialysis
      patients, regardless of the quantity of Pi removed by haemodialysis or
      haemofiltration. The stability of plasma Pi demonstrates the existence of a
      mechanism for phosphate regulation in body fluids, independent of the calcium
      homeostasis.

PMID- 3991543
TI  - Maintenance haemodialysis treatment in patients aged over 60 years. Demographic
      profile, clinical aspects and outcome.

PMID- 3991542
TI  - Concomitant removal of aluminium and iron by haemodialysis and haemofiltration
      after desferrioxamine intravenous infusion.
AB  - In six anuric haemodialysed patients, aluminium and iron mass transfer were
      determined 48 hours after 40 and 80mg/kg body weight desferrioxamine intravenous
      infusion. All patients were aluminium overloaded (mean +/- SEM: 2.91 +/- 1.05
      mumol/g wet tissue bone) and two had high plasma ferritin. Haemodialysis and
      haemofiltration were performed using a highly permeable membrane. The adequate
      dose of desferrioxamine for aluminium removal is 40mg/kg, since aluminium mass
      transfer induced by haemodialysis and haemofiltration (47.4 and 40 mumol/session)
      are not significantly different from that obtained with 80mg/kg. Iron removal is
      dose related in high plasma ferritin concentration patients: 50 and 100
      mumol/session with haemodialysis and 29 and 175 mumol/session with
      haemofiltration after 40 and 80mg/kg body weight respectively.

PMID- 3991544
TI  - Maintenance dialysis in the elderly. A review of 15 years' experience in
      Languedoc-Roussillon.

PMID- 3991545
TI  - Optimum dialysis treatment for patients over 60 years with primary renal disease.
      Survival data and clinical results from 242 patients treated either by
      haemodialysis or haemofiltration.
AB  - An analysis of the data of 180 haemodialysis patients and 62 haemofiltration
      patients over 60 years of age when commencing treatment, clearly shows that this
      age group of patients (when suffering from primary renal disease) has a very good
      chance of surviving many years when treated with either haemodialysis or
      haemofiltration. This refers also to patients being older than 75 or 80 years,
      who have survival rates of 50 per cent after five years and three years
      respectively. The presented data further indicate that chronic haemofiltration
      seems to be the superior treatment when compared with acetate haemodialysis for
      the treatment of elderly renal patients, as the survival rates are at any chosen
      time interval higher with haemofiltration than with haemodialysis.

PMID- 3991546
TI  - Glomerulonephritis in essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia.

PMID- 3991547
TI  - Effects of various diets on the progression of human and experimental uraemia.

PMID- 3991548
TI  - Influence of phosphate restriction, keto-acids and vitamin D on the progression
      of chronic renal failure.
AB  - Progression of renal failure was investigated in a prospective follow-up study of
      60 patients with mild and 100 patients with advanced renal failure. Phosphate
      restriction in mild and protein restriction in advanced renal failure can delay
      the progression rate of patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Simultaneous
      administration of Vitamin D does not effect the progression. Administration of
      keto-acids to the low protein diet has a strong delaying effect on the
      progression rate.

PMID- 3991549
TI  - Adult-onset nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes: response to corticosteroids
      and cyclophosphamide.
AB  - Eighty-nine patients with onset of nephrotic syndrome over the age of 15 years
      and minimal changes on renal biopsy have been studied. Seventy-five patients were
      given a course of prednisone in an initial dosage of 60mg/24hr, tapering over the
      following 8-16 weeks. Only 45 were in remission after eight week's treatment, 55
      after 16 weeks; eventually, a total of 58 lost their proteinuria completely. Of
      these, 24 per cent never relapsed, 56 per cent relapsed on a single occasion or
      infrequently, and only 21 per cent were frequent relapsers. Cyclophosphamide,
      used in 36 patients, had a similar time to response. Stability of remission was
      better than in similar children, 66 per cent being in remission at five years,
      after which no further relapses were seen.

PMID- 3991550
TI  - Follow-up prednisolone dosage in rapidly progressive crescentic
      glomerulonephritis successfully treated with pulse methylprednisolone or plasma
      exchange.
AB  - Of nineteen patients with RPCGN who responded promptly to initial treatment with
      PMP or PX, and who were subsequently maintained on oral immunosuppression with
      prednisolone (reducing dosage from 30mg/day) and azathioprine/cyclophosphamide (1
      3 mg/kg/day), five showed progressive loss of renal function within one year of
      responding to treatment. Both the daily dose at four weeks and the cumulative
      dose of prednisolone at six months were significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in
      the group whose renal function deteriorated. We suggest that the follow-up dosage
      of prednisolone may be critical in maintaining continued stable renal function in
      the first few months after starting PMP or PX.

PMID- 3991551
TI  - Effects of dietary protein restriction on the course of early renal failure.
AB  - Two groups of patients with histologically proven glomerulonephritis and chronic
      renal failure were studied. Group 1 comprised 28 patients with an endogenous
      creatinine clearance of 66ml/min, daily protein excretion of 1.7g. These patients
      were maintained for eight to 18 months on a diet containing about 40Kcal/kg and
      1g/kg of protein. Phosphorous and calcium intake were unrestricted. Group 2 had
      32 patients with a mean creatinine clearance of 60ml/min and daily protein
      excretion of 1.8g. They followed no specific dietary regimen for six to 14
      months. Their dietary calorie and protein intakes averaged 30Kcal/kg and 70g
      respectively. At the end of the observation period creatinine clearance values of
      Group 1 averaged 74ml/min, the daily protein excretion amounted to 1.1g. Values
      for Group 2 averaged 53ml/min and 1.9g respectively. Moderate dietary restriction
      of protein alone results in improving creatinine clearance values and a decreased
      protein excretion in the early stages of chronic renal failure in patients with
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 3991552
TI  - Alteration of the course of chronic renal failure by dietary protein restriction.
AB  - The role of dietary protein restriction in the progression of chronic renal
      failure has been investigated in 47 patients suffering with moderate and severe
      renal impairment. Prescription of a diet containing 0.6g/kg body weight protein
      resulted in 87 per cent of the patients exhibiting a diminution in the decline of
      renal function, as assessed by a reciprocal creatinine plot. Those patients with
      the most rapidly declining renal function showed the greatest response, but no
      correlation with initial renal function, age, sex or drug therapy could be found.
      No adverse nutritional effects, within the parameters examined, was found.

PMID- 3991554
TI  - Diabetic nephropathy: a preventable complication?

PMID- 3991553
TI  - Effects of naloxone infusion on gonadotrophin and prolactin concentrations in
      patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Serum prolactin, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, determined
      by radioimmunoassay were measured during the infusion of 10mg naloxone or saline
      in eight male patients with chronic renal failure on regular dialysis and in
      seven normal controls. Neither saline nor naloxone caused any significant change
      in luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone or prolactin in patients
      with chronic renal failure. On the contrary, luteinising hormone secretion was
      significantly stimulated by naloxone in normal controls. Since naloxone is a
      specific antagonist of opiate receptors, the results would suggest a reduced
      hypothalamic opiate tone in patients with chronic renal failure. The data does
      not support the concept that the high circulating met-encephalin reported in
      chronic renal failure represents the pathogenetic cause of hyperprolactinaemia in
      chronic renal failure.

PMID- 3991555
TI  - Urinary excretion of albumin with an altered three-dimensional conformation in
      diabetic functional nephropathy. Evidence for a pathogenetic role.
AB  - The free sulfhydryl group content of serum and urinary albumin has been evaluated
      in eight normal and 23 diabetic patients with various grades of urinary albumin
      excretion rates. While in normal subjects and in diabetics with either normal
      albuminuria or functional nephropathy, urinary albumin showed a statistically
      higher content of free sulfhydryl groups compared to homologous serum, diabetic
      patients with clinical nephropathy showed no difference. These results indicate
      that an increased urinary excretion of albumin altered in its conformational
      status is the main feature of diabetic functional nephropathy and suggest that a
      molecular mechanism determines the glomerular accumulation of albumin.

PMID- 3991556
TI  - Low molecular weight proteinuria in diabetic children--a marker of early diabetic
      nephropathy?
AB  - Twenty-four hour urine specimens of 67 diabetic children aged 1-17 years without
      any renal manifestations were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE). The excretion of high molecular weight, i.e. glomerular proteins was
      compared to that of low molecular weight, i.e. tubular proteins corresponding to
      more or less than 68,000 daltons. The glomerulo-tubular protein ratio (GTPR)
      obtained was significantly lower in diabetic patients compared with 30 healthy
      children of the same age and showed a linear decrease with longer duration of
      diabetes.

PMID- 3991557
TI  - Radionuclear determination of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow to
      detect early decrease of renal function in insulin dependent diabetes.
AB  - To evaluate the role of renal haemodynamic factors in the pathophysiology of
      diabetic nephropathy, we determined by radionuclear techniques glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) in 18 patients affected by
      insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in good metabolic control, with normal
      blood pressure and plasma creatinine. GFR and RPF measured in the same patients
      after ten months correlated with proteinuria and duration of diabetes. Our
      finding of a significant correlation between the decline of RPF and duration of
      diabetes may support the haemodynamic hypothesis of progression of diabetic
      nephropathy.

PMID- 3991558
TI  - Macrophage function in primary and secondary glomerulonephritis.
AB  - The function of the mononuclear phagocyte system was assessed in vivo in 85
      patients with primary and secondary glomerulonephritis, by measuring the
      clearance of IgG - sensitised 51Cr-labelled autologous erythrocytes. Eleven per
      cent of patients in clinical remission were found to have a delayed clearance,
      whereas impaired macrophage function was present in 62.5 per cent of the patients
      with major urinary abnormalities. Blockade of mononuclear phagocyte system,
      induced at least in part by unidentified factors, might have a role in
      development and perpetuation of glomerular injury.

PMID- 3991559
TI  - Renal involvement in a syndrome of vasculitis complicating HBsAg negative
      cirrhosis of the liver.
AB  - Six HBsAg negative patients with cirrhosis of the liver (CL) presented with
      recurrent bouts of palpable purpura in the legs due to small vessel
      leucocytoclastic vasculitis. In addition, all patients had renal failure,
      proteinuria and microhaematuria. Renal biopsy disclosed either diffuse
      proliferative (3 cases) or focal necrotising glomerulonephritis with crescents (2
      cases). One patient had IgM-IgG mixed cryoglobulinaemia (type II). Four patients
      died of complications of their CL. Hepatocellular carcinoma was found in 1 case.
      In the patient without renal biopsy renal function improved following steroids
      and cyclophosphamide. The pathogenesis of this syndrome of cutaneous vasculitis
      with severe glomerular involvement in CL is unknown but could be immune-complex
      mediated.

PMID- 3991561
TI  - Hypertension in mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Blood pressure in 75 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgA-GN), confirmed by renal
      biopsy, was related to clinical, immunological and morphological findings. The
      findings were compared with an age-matched control group of patients with non-IgA
      GN. Overall prevalence of hypertension (HT) was similar in IgA-GN and non-IgA-GN
      (38.7% vs 38.2%). The presence of HT in IgA-GN was related to age, renal
      function, immunohistological pattern and degree of glomerular sclerosis or
      vascular lesions respectively. No correlation was found between HT and elevated
      serum IgA, circulating IgA immune complexes and IgA skin deposits. The current
      observations underline the value of hypertension for predicting development of
      renal failure. Vascular lesions are not only strongly correlated with, but may
      even precede development of, hypertension as confirmed by longitudinal
      observations.

PMID- 3991560
TI  - Familial nephropathic amyloidosis associated with indomethacin responsive fever.

PMID- 3991562
TI  - Are beta-haemolytic streptococci involved in the pathogenesis of mesangial IgA
      nephropathy?
AB  - In retrospect we have found that 38 of 187 patients who fulfilled the criteria of
      mesangial IgA-nephropathy had possible acute glomerulonephritis at the onset of
      their disease. We have therefore studied anti-streptococcal antibodies (ASO and
      ADNAseB) prospectively. Forty-three per cent of the patients had ADNAseB greater
      than 800 units. Thirty-one per cent of the patients studied more than once had a
      fourfold or greater change in their ADNAseB titre. Thirty-three per cent of the
      patients had different groups of beta-haemolytic streptococci isolated from their
      throats. This indicates a possible role of beta-haemolytic streptococci in the
      pathogenesis of some cases of mesangial IgA-nephropathy.

PMID- 3991563
TI  - IgA mesangial deposits in C3H/HeJ mice after oral immunisation.
AB  - In order to develop an experimental IgA nephropathy, C3H/HeJ mice, high producers
      of IgA, were strongly immunised orally by ferritin and compared to C3H/eB mice.
      After immunisation, serum IgA and IgG titres increased significantly only in
      C3H/HeJ mice. Specific antiferritin antibody could be detected in the serum.
      Mesangial IgA deposits were present in most of C3H/HeJ mice after immunisation
      and were significantly higher than in C3H/eB mice. No ferritin deposits could be
      detected in the kidney. No clinical manifestation appeared in these animals.

PMID- 3991564
TI  - The prevention of amyloidosis in familial Mediterranean fever with colchicine.
AB  - Colchicine has been used since 1972 to prevent the acute attacks of familial
      Mediterranean fever. The present study shows that colchicine is also effective in
      the prevention of amyloidosis. If initiated in patients without evidence of renal
      disease there is no appearance of proteinuria and no progression to renal
      insufficiency over long follow-up periods. Moreover, it ameliorates the course of
      the disease in patients with amyloid nephropathy and normal renal function. It
      does not alter the course of the disease if initiated after renal function is
      even mildly impaired. These findings suggest that colchicine prevents the new
      deposition of amyloid.

PMID- 3991565
TI  - Lupus nephritis in males and females.
AB  - The course of lupus nephritis in 51 males was compared to that of 337 females.
      Nephrotic syndrome occurred with equal frequency in males and females,
      hypertension was more frequent in males, rapidly progressive lupus nephritis was
      much more frequent in males. The overall 10-year survival rate from the onset of
      systemic lupus erythematosus was 41 per cent in males and 60 per cent in females.
      The 10-year 'renal survival' - from the clinical evidence of renal disease to
      'renal death' - was 40 per cent in males and 57 per cent in females. Thus the
      prognosis of lupus nephritis in males was worse than in females. In 10 males and
      65 females acetylation rate of sulfadimezine was studied. The predominance of
      slow acetylators was especially marked in males and in patients with more severe
      disease.

PMID- 3991566
TI  - Filtration fraction: an index of renal disease activity in patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were estimated by
      125I hippuran and 51Cr EDTA clearances using a single shot technique on two
      occasions at one-year intervals in 22 patients fulfilling the ARA criteria for
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). All these patients had histologically proven
      renal disease. Filtration fraction was a better parameter than proteinuria,
      urinary sediment or GFR for recognising diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
      with a sensitivity of 61 per cent and a specificity of 88 per cent. After one
      year all the patients with an initially low filtration fraction (FF) had
      significantly changed their GFR, which demonstrates that this parameter indicates
      the presence of an active renal lesion.

PMID- 3991567
TI  - The effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on renal function in type
      I diabetic patients with and without proteinuria.
AB  - The effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on renal function was
      studied in 12 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Serum creatinine
      was less than 110 mumol/L in all patients. Total urinary protein excretion was
      less than 250 mg/24 hr in seven patients (group I) and exceeded 0.5 g/24 hr in
      five (group II). Initial glomerular filtration rate was higher in group I
      compared with group II: 136.0 +/- 8.5 ml/min versus 103.2 +/- 4.6 ml/min (mean +/
      SEM; p less than 0.02). After one to three months pump therapy glomerular
      filtration rate decreased in both groups. It remained stable during 32-36 months
      in group I (126.3 +/- 6.1, and 127.9 +/- 7.7 ml/min, respectively) but
      deteriorated in group II (98.6 +/- 4.4, and 60.0 +/- 6.8 ml/min, respectively; p
      less than 0.01 compared with group I). These results indicate that strict blood
      glucose control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion does not prevent
      deterioration of renal function in type I diabetic patients with clinical
      proteinuria. This suggests that other factors than metabolic control are involved
      in the course of diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 3991568
TI  - Characterisation of mechanisms responsible for uraemic insulin resistance: in
      vitro experiments.
AB  - In an attempt to define the cellular basis of the uraemic insulin resistance we
      studied insulin action in adipocytes from eight patients with undialysed chronic
      uraemia and from eight matched healthy controls. (125I)-insulin binding to fat
      cells from uraemic patients was normal. In contrast (14C)-D-glucose transport
      exhibited decreased sensitivity to insulin. The concentrations of insulin that
      elicited a half-maximal response were 422 +/- 95 pmol/L in uraemic patients and
      179 +/- 38 pmol/L in normals (p less than 0.01). The non-insulin and the
      maximally insulin stimulated glucose transport of adipocytes from uraemic
      patients was normal. The lipogenesis of fat cells from uraemic patients had
      depressed sensitivity to insulin (half-maximal stimulation at 38 +/- 8 pmol/L in
      uraemic patients and at 11 +/- 3 pmol/L in normals, p less than 0.01) with
      unchanged non-insulin and maximally insulin stimulated lipogenesis. Taken
      together these results suggest that the insulin resistance of adipocytes from
      patients with chronic uraemia may be primarily accounted for by post-binding
      defects localised to glucose transport and metabolism.

PMID- 3991569
TI  - Ultrastructural markers of tubular transport in experimental diabetes insipidus.
AB  - Stereological analysis of changes in tubular transport markers in diabetes
      insipidus has been undertaken. Intracellular spaces and basal infolded channels
      were considered as the markers of water transport, while mitochondrial metabolic
      steady states were considered as the active transport markers. Transmission
      electron microscopic observations revealed morphometric differences in the
      surface area and volume of intercellular space and basal infolded channels in the
      distal tubules. Stereological markers of mitochondrial metabolic states
      demonstrated significant differences in the distal tubules between diabetes
      insipidus and control groups. In diabetes insipidus the volume and surface area
      of intercellular spaces and basal infolded channels in the distal tubules were
      decreased and the mitochondrial energy state was lowered.

PMID- 3991570
TI  - Distal tubular sodium and water resorption in man.
AB  - It is possible to quantitatively estimate Na and water transport by each segment
      of the human nephron during maximal water diuresis (MWD) with a newly developed
      technique. The present study describes a new development whereby Na reabsorption
      by the ascending limb of Henle's Loop can be measured during a test of maximal
      antidiuresis (TMA) and compared with that obtained in separate experiments during
      MWD. In experiments performed on eight subjects, Henle's Loop reabsorption,
      expressed as equivalent volume of solute-free water generated, was 23.9 +/- 3.7
      during MWD, 24.5 +/- 2.3 ml/min/100 ml GFR in TMA, p greater than 0.05; r = 0.68,
      p less than 0.05. Thus, our new method is reproducible and theoretically correct.

PMID- 3991571
TI  - High fluid intake or pharmacological therapy in recurrent stone former patients?
AB  - In order to evaluate whether therapy can reduce relapses of urinary stone
      formation, we have retrospectively analysed the long-term follow-up of 55
      recurrent stone former patients either treated with high fluid intake and
      moderate low calcium and low oxalate diet alone (Group A 18 patients), or with
      the same dietetic advice plus hydrocholorothiazide, amiloride and allopurinol
      (Group B 37 patients). In group A, stone recurrence was completely abolished in
      14 patients without hypercalciuria and hyperuricuria, but not in the four
      patients with hypercalciuria and hyperuricuria. In group B, no relapses were
      observed in 19 hypercalciuric and hyperuricuric patients during a cumulative
      follow-up of 91 years. Even if the other 18 patients had relapses during a
      cumulative follow-up of 89 years, they showed a significant decrease in
      stone/patient and stone/year rates. It is concluded that high fluid intake and
      diet can actually prevent stone recurrence in patients without hypercalciuria and
      hyperuricuria, but in hypercalciuric and hyperuricuric patients treatment with
      diuretic and allopurinol is better.

PMID- 3991572
TI  - Magnesium renal wasting in calcium stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria
      contrasting with lower magnesium:calcium urinary ratio.
AB  - Plasma magnesium (PMg) and urinary calcium (UCaV) and magnesium (UMgV) were
      measured after four days of calcium-restricted diet in 60 controls and 82
      patients classified according to their calcium excretion in three groups: normo
      calciuric (NCa), dietary hypercalciuria (DH) and idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH).
      When compared to controls, higher UMgV (4.26 +/- 0.28 mmol/d versus 3.4 +/- 0.16,
      p less than 0.01), lower PMg (0.79 +/- 0.01 mmol/d versus 0.84 +/- 0.01, p less
      than 0.05) and lower UMg/UCa ratio (0.6 +/- 0.04 versus 1.68 +/- 0.15, p less
      than 0.001) were observed only in IH. A significant correlation between UMgV and
      UCaV was found in controls, in NCa and in DH but not in IH. In conclusion, (1)
      the coexistence of a higher UMgV and of a lower PMg in IH suggests that there is
      a magnesium depletion in this group of patients; (2) since the lower UMg/UCa
      ratio may favour a higher propensity for calcium crystallisation and is seen only
      in IH, magnesium supplements may be specially indicated in this group.

PMID- 3991573
TI  - Acute renal failure in an infant with partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase.
AB  - A three week old boy presented with pneumonia, weight loss, metabolic acidosis
      and renal failure (serum creatinine 3.1 mg/100 ml, uric acid 11.5 mg/100 ml).
      Renal biopsy revealed severe crystal nephropathy. Low activity of hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in erythrocytes and fibroblasts
      suggested a partial deficiency of the enzyme. A family study proved the mother to
      be heterozygous and the maternal grandfather to be hemizygous for HPRT
      deficiency. The grandfather developed gouty nephropathy and uraemia. The
      propositus was treated with allopurinol and kept on low purine diet and high
      fluid intake with sodium bicarbonate. Thereafter GFR gradually improved. At the
      age of two and a half years, growth and psychomotor development were normal, but
      ultrasound examination still revealed a dense renal parenchyma. Partial HPRT
      deficiency is a newly recognised treatable form of renal failure in the newborn.

PMID- 3991574
TI  - Vitamin D metabolites and osteomalacia in the human Fanconi syndrome.
AB  - Experimental evidence suggests that renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity is
      impaired in Fanconi syndrome. We have evaluated plasma vitamin D metabolites in
      five patients with Fanconi syndrome, three of whom had metabolic bone disease;
      plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 was low in the three patients with bone disease, and normal in
      the two patients without a bone mineralisation defect. The data supports the
      hypothesis that renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity may be impaired in human
      Fanconi syndrome, and that altered vitamin D metabolism may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of metabolic bone disease in Fanconi syndrome.

PMID- 3991575
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic ranitidine administration on renal function and
      parathyroid activity in chronic renal failure.
AB  - In 11 patients with advanced renal failure, chronic treatment with ranitidine
      decreased plasma immunoreactive parathormone (PTH) without affecting phosphate
      reabsorption or urinary excretion of cyclic AMP. No significant changes in
      glomerular filtration rate and in urinary excretion of electrolytes were evident.

PMID- 3991576
TI  - Cimetidine the H2-receptor blocker: effect on the renal autoregulation in dogs.
AB  - Two groups of female mongrel dogs were examined. The renal perfusion pressure
      (RPP) was decreased to 100 then to 85 and to 75 mmHg. The following parameters
      were measured: renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR),
      ultraviolet (UV), UNaV and UPo4V. In the first group the autoregulation was found
      to be intact as the RBF and the GFR were kept constant in the face of a
      decreasing RPP. In the second group cimetidine infusion 10(-6) M/min caused 11
      per cent reduction in the RBF. Reduction of the RPP to 75 mmHg caused a
      significant decrease in the RBF by 30 per cent and the UV by 50 per cent, the GFR
      was stable. This work demonstrates the depressive effect of cimetidine on the
      total RBF and its autoregulation.

PMID- 3991577
TI  - Mechanisms and factors regulating the growth of glomerular cells.
AB  - The hallmark of end-stage renal disease is progressive sclerosis. The composition
      of the sclerotic material and its cellular source are under study and only partly
      elucidated. Sclerosis, in part, is composed of extracellular matrix components
      normal to the area, the sole exception thus far recognised is crescentic
      glomerulonephritis associated with Bowman's basement membrane disruption in which
      the sclerotic tissue contains interstitial connective tissue. The source of the
      extracellular matrix is the local glomerular cells. The complete composition of
      the extracellular matrix synthesised by individual glomerular cells is under
      current study, but it appears that all glomerular cells are capable of
      synthesising many of the various basement membrane components. The respective
      role of each cell type in sclerosing diseases and the initiating and propagating
      factors await further investigation.

PMID- 3991578
TI  - Plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and distal urinary acidification in
      diabetics with chronic renal failure.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the acidification capacity of the
      renal tubule were studied in 13 diabetic patients with chronic renal failure. As
      a whole, the group showed hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism (HH). Studied alone,
      12 of the 13 patients presented the requirements for HH. This group showed
      hypercholaemic hyperkalaemic metabolic acidosis with a disturbance in renal
      acidification which may be classified as Type IV renal tubular acidosis. The
      results of this group were compared to those of another two groups; one of
      diabetic patients without chronic renal failure and the other with chronic renal
      failure (C Cr less than 40ml/min); both were seen to show different behaviour to
      that of the group affected by the two processes.

PMID- 3991579
TI  - Effect of zinc treatment on cell mediated immunity of chronic renal failure
      patients.
AB  - This study was performed on 13 normal subjects and 34 patients with chronic renal
      failure (CRF). Oral elemental zinc at a dose of 60 mg/day for four weeks was
      administered. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests were performed using
      the multitest method. Monocyte accessory cell function (MAF) was tested by their
      ability to support T-cell colony growth in semi-solid cultures stimulated by
      staph-protein A (SpA). After zinc treatment a significant increase of DTH and MAF
      was found in all patients with advanced CRF in comparison with controls. These
      results provide evidence that zinc treatment may restore the impaired cellular
      mediated immunity of uraemia.

PMID- 3991580
TI  - Adult height in paediatric patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Forty-nine paediatric patients at different stages of chronic renal failure were
      followed until adult height was attained. Mean age at completion of growth was
      close to normal. Adult height was evaluated against population-specific
      standards. It was less than 2 SD under the mean in two of 18 patients on
      conservative treatment, five of 18 during dialysis and none of 13 after
      transplantation, but correlation with mode of treatment did not reach
      significance. These findings contradict previous data stating that most of these
      children become small adults. Although analysis of the data suggests that many
      children with renal failure remain below their genetic potential of growth, final
      stunting appears infrequent.

PMID- 3991581
TI  - Acute renal failure and tubular damage due to sepsis in an animal model.
AB  - Generalised sepsis was induced in sheep by caecal perforation. Serial measurement
      of haemodynamic parameters revealed that the subsequent generalised sepsis
      induced increased cardiac output and decreased systemic resistance comparable to
      that known to occur in man. Glomerular filtration rate in these animals fell
      significantly 48 hours after induction of sepsis and there was evidence of
      tubular damage in the finding of low molecular weight proteinuria and increased
      clearance of lysozyme. Pathological examination of the kidney revealed normal
      glomeruli, no consistent changes in tubular cells on light microscopy, negative
      immunofluorescence, but structural changes in proximal tubular cells on EM. In
      this model, non-hypotensive sepsis predictably produces damage to proximal
      tubular cells accompanied by reduction in GFR.

PMID- 3991583
TI  - Glomerulotubular function in cyclosporine-treated rats. A lithium clearance,
      occlusion time/transit time and micropuncture study.
AB  - Sprague-Dawley rats treated with cyclosporine (Cys) and appropriate controls were
      investigated with inulin, lithium and sodium clearances. It was found that Cys
      depressed glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and absolute proximal tubular
      reabsorption, while fractional proximal reabsorption was increased. As a normal
      proximal tubular reabsorptive capacity was found after volume expansion, and the
      intratubular pressure was normal, tubulotoxicity or obstruction of the tubular
      system by Cys was excluded. Increased fractional proximal reabsorption was also
      found with the occlusion time/transit time method. Intravenous Cys resulted in
      instantaneous renal functional changes qualitatively identical to those of
      prolonged Cys treatment. It was concluded that Cys nephrotoxicity is due to
      decreased ultrafiltration pressure, most probably due to a reversible spasm in
      the afferent glomerular arteriole.

PMID- 3991582
TI  - Cyclosporine and short ischaemia: a new model of experimental acute renal failure
      in rats.
AB  - To determine whether a mild episode of ischaemia may be a factor in the
      production of cyclosporine (Cys) toxicity, right nephrectomy was performed in
      three groups of Charles River rats: I. Ischaemia (left renal pedicle clamping)
      for 20 minutes, without treatment; II. Ischaemia of 20 minutes, followed by IP
      Cys 60 mg/kg BW/day; III. Sham (no ischaemia) followed by Cys as in Group II. The
      rats were sacrificed after four days. Cys plus ischaemia produced a lower
      creatinine clearance (136 +/- 15 microliter/min/100g BW, p less than 0.001) and a
      higher FENa per cent (0.94 +/- 0.14, p less than 0.05), FEK (1.07 +/- 0.02, p
      less than 0.01) compared with ischaemia alone creatinine clearance 261 +/- 39,
      FENa per cent 0.61 +/- 0.08, FEK 0.54 +/- 0.08, FEH2O -0.04 +/- 0.005. Histology
      showed more vacuolisation of tubular epithelial cells in the Cys plus ischaemia
      group than in the ischaemia alone group.

PMID- 3991584
TI  - Unilateral ureteric ligation in diabetic rats: a pathologic and morphometric
      study.
AB  - We studied the combined effect of unilateral ureteral ligation on the morphology
      and pathology of the contralateral kidney in normal and streptozotocin induced
      diabetic rats. In the diabetic group that underwent ligation of the right ureter
      the weight and volume of the left kidney was far greater, the tissue specific
      gravity far lower, while the percentage of affected glomeruli was significantly
      greater compared with control rats and those undergoing only ureteric ligation.

PMID- 3991585
TI  - Reversible tubular dysfunction in alcohol abuse.
AB  - The discovery of an unexplained alkaline urine pH in a significant percentage of
      chronic alcoholic patients prompted us to evaluate some aspects of their tubular
      function. We studied 60 patients with a history of alcohol consumption of at
      least 160g daily for 10 years or more. Only patients without clinical and
      histopathological evidence of chronic liver disease were included in the study.
      The endogenous creatinine clearance was in the normal range in all patients. On
      the first day of hospitalisation 22 patients (36.6%) had a urine pH greater than
      6.4 and a daily bicarbonate excretion ranging from 5.8 to 25.9mmol. The
      fractional urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, sodium, potassium,
      chloride, calcium, phosphorus and uric acid were significantly increased compared
      with those of 38 alcoholic patients with urine pH less than 6.4 and those of 50
      healthy controls. All these indices of tubular function improved during
      withdrawal, and after 30 days of abstinence their values did not differ from
      those of controls. This data provides evidence that in one-third of heavy
      drinkers alcohol abuse causes a complex tubular dysfunction which, at least in
      this stage of alcoholic disease, recovers with abstinence.

PMID- 3991586
TI  - Tubular function and renal selectivity towards glycosyl-albumin in diabetic
      hyperosmolar states.
AB  - The type of proteinuria and renal selectivity of glycosyl albumin has been
      evaluated in seven diabetic patients at the onset of plasma hyperosmolar state
      and after complete fluid replacement. The main feature of all patients was a
      marked increase in urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, which promptly
      returned to normal after the correction of the fluid disequilibrium. This
      indicates that a reversible tubular injury is the first symptom of the
      dehydration process in diabetic patients with plasma hyperosmolality.

PMID- 3991587
TI  - Ectopic calcification. The role of parathyroid hormone.
AB  - In 42 uraemic patients radiological skeletal survey, biochemistry and bone
      histology were compared before and at 6-12 months (42 patients), 12-24 months (26
      patients) or 24-48 months (12 patients) after parathyroidectomy. The presence of
      small vessel or non-visceral soft tissue calcification was not related to the
      age, sex, duration of end-stage renal failure treatment, total serum calcium,
      magnesium, phosphate, Ca x P product, alkaline phosphatase, ionised calcium,
      serum aluminium, iPTH, severity of radiological and histological osteitis fibrosa
      or parathyroid gland weight. Twenty-three patients (55%) had small vessel and 20
      (48%) soft tissue calcification before parathyroidectomy. Despite a marked
      improvement in subperiosteal erosions (37 healed, 5 improved) and healing of
      osteitis fibrosa histologically, seven patients developed new and six developed
      increased peripheral arterial calcification while in 10 patients non-visceral
      soft tissue calcification disappeared and in two decreased. Successful
      parathyroidectomy improves non-visceral calcification but not arterial
      calcification despite reduction in Ca x P product and iPTH.

PMID- 3991588
TI  - Ultrasonically guided fine-needle alcohol injection as an adjunct to medical
      treatment in secondary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - In 12 uraemic patients with symptomatic secondary hyperparathyroidism, 13
      parathyroid hyperplasias, detected by sonography and confirmed by fine-needle
      aspiration biopsy, were treated by ultrasonically-guided percutaneous injection
      of absolute ethanol, in order to reduce the gland mass. Only in the larger glands
      were significant volume reductions recorded, whereas in the smaller ones evident
      structural changes were observed. In most cases with single lesions, a reduced
      incidence of vitamin D hypercalcaemia and a permanent improvement in bone
      alkaline phosphatase and PTH were documented. This technique can be usefully
      employed either as an alternative to surgery in selected cases, or as support to
      medical therapy in single lesions.

PMID- 3991590
TI  - Dialysis membranes.

PMID- 3991589
TI  - Low incidence of hyperparathyroidism in diabetic renal failure.
AB  - The first study compared two groups on dialysis: 25 patients with diabetes
      mellitus and 25 matched non-diabetic patients, in relation to the presence of
      signs of hyperparathyroidism, to assess the reported low incidence of
      hyperparathyroidism in these patients. The diabetic group showed significantly
      lower values of PTH, Alk phosphatase, percentage of patients requiring vitamin D
      treatment, and less evidence of hyperparathyroidism on X-ray and in bone
      histomorphometry. In the second study 16 patients with chronic renal failure due
      to diabetic nephropathy were compared to 27 patients with the same degree of
      renal failure of other origin, the diabetic nephropathy group showed no increase
      in PTH, with falling creatinine clearance. Despite this low PTH, the phosphaturia
      was higher in the diabetic nephropathy group (Tm PO4/C Cr: 1.94 +/- 0.43 vs 2.5
      +/- 0.68). In conclusion, patients with diabetes mellitus are less prone to
      develop hyperparathyroidism in progressive renal failure. This could be due to a
      relative increase in phosphaturia during declining function.

PMID- 3991591
TI  - Simultaneous radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone and prolactin.
AB  - A combined radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of the anterior pituitary
      proteins luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) is described and compared
      with individual RIAs for these hormones. The standard curves and the sample
      values for LH and PRL were identical when determined in a combined or in an
      individual RIA. This technique may prove useful to a number of laboratories where
      it is desirable to determine levels of more than one hormone in limited sample
      volumes.

PMID- 3991592
TI  - Further studies on the mechanism of fat-free diet (FFD)--protection against
      indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcers in the rat.
AB  - A fat-free diet (FFD) reduces bacterial flora when compared to a regular diet
      (RD) in rats. FFD reduces the degree and incidence of indomethacin-induced
      intestinal ulceration concomitantly with a reduction in bacterial flora
      overgrowth produced by the drug. Present and previous findings indicate that
      diminished deconjugation of indomethacin and reduction of intestinal flora
      overgrowth play a major role in the ulcer-preventing properties of FFD.

PMID- 3991593
TI  - Acute effects of filipin on the plasmic, hepatic, and biliary cholesterol of the
      rat.
AB  - Twenty-one male Wistar rats, 13 weeks old, were fed ad libitum hyperlipidic diets
      (28% fats) loaded with cholesterol (1.2%) for 5 weeks. One group of 11 rats was
      fed saturated fats (diet group "S") and another group of 10 rats was fed
      polyunsaturated fats (diet group "PU"). On the day they were sacrificed 10 of the
      rats were injected intravenously with 1 mg of filipin. Contrary to the rats in
      diet group "PU," the rats in diet group "S" treated with filipin presented
      certain characteristics that were not found in the nontreated group: They
      provided evidence of biliary cholestasis accompanied by a decline in the level of
      secretion of bile salts and phospholipids into bile. The concentrations of both
      free and esterified cholesterol in plasma fell and the amount of (esterified)
      hepatic cholesterol rose, although there was no change due to the filipin in the
      amounts of hepatic phospholipids. Explanatory hypotheses for these phenomena were
      considered, first, at the site of plasma membranes where filipin binds
      selectively to the cholesterol in the membrane, causing a disruption which
      probably disturbs the absorbance of circulating lipoproteins, especially that of
      hepatocyte cells, particularly in diet group "PU." Second, the effects of filipin
      on subcellular membranes seem to disturb the secretion of lipids and lipoproteins
      into bile and plasma, especially in diet group "S." Last, at the intracellular
      level, filipin appears to have a blocking effect on the organelles involved in
      biliary lipid secretion. The activity of certain enzymes such as cholesterol
      esterase may also be blocked, particularly in diet group "S," which would explain
      the accumulation of esterified cholesterol in liver.

PMID- 3991594
TI  - Evidence for a non-steroidal angiotropic factor from the primate corpus luteum:
      stimulation of endothelial cell migration in vitro.
AB  - After luteal cells from 7 midluteal phase cynomolgus monkeys were cultured for 72
      h, luteal conditioned media were found to contain angiotropic activity that
      stimulated endothelial cell migration in vitro, using a 48-microwell chemotaxis
      assembly. The number of endothelial cells that migrated through 8 micron-pore
      polycarbonate membranes in 2 h was three-fold greater (P less than 0.01) with
      luteal cell-conditioned vs identical unconditioned media. Pre-treatment of luteal
      cultures with hCG, FSH, or testosterone did not enhance production of the
      endothelial cell migration stimulating activity (P greater than 0.25). Luteal
      angiotropic activity was both chemotactic and chemokinetic. Angiotropic activity
      was retained in steroid-depleted fractions after reversed-phase chromatography.
      These results demonstrate that monkey luteal cells secrete a non-steroidal
      factor(s) which directly stimulate(s) migration of endothelial cells in vitro. A
      luteal angiotropic factor may be an important intraovarian regulator of the
      formation and lifespan of the primate corpus luteum during the ovarian cycle.

PMID- 3991595
TI  - Activation of avian medullary bone osteoclasts by oxidized synthetic parathyroid
      hormone (1-34).
AB  - Synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone (1-34) [bPTH(1-34)] has been treated with
      hydrogen peroxide and assayed for the effect of such treatment on the ability of
      bPTH(1-34) to activate medullary bone osteoclasts during their quiescent period
      in the early phase of the ovulatory cycle in Japanese quail. In addition, the
      same batches of oxidized and unoxidized bPTH(1-34) were assayed for their
      hypercalcemic activity in Japanese quail and their capacity to stimulate renal
      adenylate cyclase activity in the same species. Three groups, each consisting of
      five 5-month-old egg-laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), were
      used. Between 4 to 5 hr after oviposition the three groups were injected
      intraperitoneally with acid saline (control) solution, bPTH(1-34) at 40
      micrograms/bird, or oxidized bPTH(1-34) at 40 micrograms/bird, respectively.
      Twenty minutes after injection, the femoral bones were removed, split, fixed, and
      appropriately processed for examination by electron microscopy. Both oxidized and
      unoxidized bPTH(1-34) stimulated the development of osteoclast ruffled borders
      within 20 min after injection of the hormone preparations. As anticipated from
      previously published work from this laboratory, oxidized bPTH(1-34) retained its
      hypercalcemic activity and lost its capacity to stimulate renal adenylate cyclase
      activity in the Japanese quail. These results support, but do not prove, the
      contention that bPTH(1-34) exhibits its responses in the Japanese quail through
      the mediation of more than one type of receptor.

PMID- 3991596
TI  - Cyanide and sulfide interact with nitrogenous compounds to influence the
      relaxation of various smooth muscles.
AB  - Sodium nitroprusside relaxed guinea pig ileum after the segment had been
      submaximally contracted by either histamine or acetylcholine, intact isolated
      rabbit gall bladder after submaximal contraction by either acetylcholine or
      cholecystokinin octapeptide, and rat pulmonary artery helical strips after
      submaximal contraction with norepinephrine. In each of these cases the relaxation
      produced by nitroprusside was at least partially reversed by the subsequent
      addition of excess sodium cyanide. Cyanide, however, in nontoxic concentrations
      did not reverse the spasmolytic effects of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, sodium
      azide, nitroglycerin, sodium nitrite, or nitric oxide hemoglobin on guinea pig
      ileum, nor did cyanide alone in the same concentrations have any effect. The
      similar interaction between nitroprusside and cyanide on rabbit aortic strips is
      not dependent on the presence of an intact endothelial cell layer. Also, on
      rabbit aortic strips and like cyanide, sodium sulfide reversed the spasmolytic
      effects of azide and hydroxylamine, but it had little or no effect on the
      relaxation induced by papaverine. Unlike cyanide, however, sulfide augmented the
      relaxation induced by nitroprusside, and it reversed the effects of nitric oxide
      hemoglobin, nitroglycerin, and nitrite. A direct chemical reaction between
      sulfide and nitroprusside may account for the difference between it and cyanide.
      Although evidence was obtained also for a direct chemical reaction between
      sulfide and norepinephrine, that reaction does not seem to have played a role in
      these results. These observations suggest the existence of at least three
      distinct subclasses of so-called nitric oxide vasodilators. At least in some
      cases cyanide and sulfide cannot be acting by the same mechanism in their
      modifications of the responses to the agonists.

PMID- 3991597
TI  - Renal transport of gossypol in the rabbit.
AB  - The present work was carried out to investigate the transport characteristics of
      gossypol, a toxic weak organic acid (pK = 7.2) contained in cottonseed, into the
      rabbit renal cortical slice. The uptake of gossypol increased linearly during a 2
      hr incubation after which it leveled off with the average slice-to-medium
      concentration ratio (S/M) slightly above 20. In the presence of metabolic
      inhibitors, the S/M gossypol leveled off at about 9, suggesting an extensive
      binding of gossypol to tissue proteins. The uptake of gossypol was significantly
      inhibited by p-aminohippurate (PAH), probenecid, ouabain, and DIDS, all of which
      are known inhibitors of renal organic anion transport. However, the gossypol
      uptake was not affected by tetraethylammonium (TEA), a prototypical organic
      cation. Kinetic studies indicated that the apparent Km for gossypol transport is
      0.28 mM, and also that probenecid inhibits gossypol transport in a competitive
      manner. It is concluded that gossypol is transported by the renal tubule through
      the classic organic anion system.

PMID- 3991598
TI  - Conformational changes of the sweet protein monellin as measured by fluorescence
      emission.
AB  - Monellin is a protein that tastes sweet. In the native state it is a dimer
      composed of two dissimilar noncovalently associated polypeptides. The
      conformation of the protein is a determinant of its sweetness, and the present
      investigation takes advantage of the fluorescence spectrum being a sensitive
      index of its conformation. The emission spectrum is used to evaluate the ability
      of temperature and pH to alter the conformation and the sweetness of the protein.
      When monellin dissolved in water is heated in discrete steps from 25 to 100
      degrees C, its sweetness decreases. The halfwidth of the fluorescence emission
      band increases in parallel with the loss of sweetness. The increase in halfwidth
      is due primarily to an increase in the intensity of tyrosine emission that may be
      the result of the two dissimilar polypeptides of monellin beginning to separate.
      Tyrosine residues are present in both chains, while the single tryptophan occurs
      in only one. Monellin is less susceptible to denaturation by increasing
      temperature when dissolved in sodium acetate buffer at pH 4 than it is at pH 3 or
      7. When the pH of a solution containing monellin in 0.1 M KC1 is varied from 2 to
      13, there is a broad pH range (pH 4 to 9) where monellin's conformation is not
      markedly altered. Below pH 3.5 and above pH 10.5, however, the emission spectra
      indicate that substantial denaturation occurs. However, monellin can be partially
      renatured following pH 12 treatment with only minimal loss of sweetness. The
      sweetness of monellin under these two types of denaturing conditions, temperature
      and pH, can be predicted by the fluorescence emission spectrum of the protein. In
      addition, this study confirms that the biological activity of monellin, its
      sweetness, is a function of quaternary structure of the protein.

PMID- 3991599
TI  - Role of thyroxine in the postnatal development of rat hepatic tryptophan
      oxygenase and ornithine aminotransferase.
AB  - The activities of tryptophan oxygenase and ornithine aminotransferase are known
      to increase markedly in rat liver during the postnatal period. The aim of this
      study was to determine whether thyroxine regulates the development of these two
      enzymes. It was found that hyperthyroidism had no effect on the activity of
      tryptophan oxygenase, but caused a modest increase of ornithine aminotransferase
      activity at 10 days of age. The latter effect persisted in adrenalectomized
      animals, indicating that it was not secondary to elevation of plasma
      corticosterone. When thyroxine was administered together with cortisone acetate,
      elevation of ornithine aminotransferase activity was substantially greater than
      that observed with cortisone acetate alone. It is concluded that the postnatal
      development of hepatic ornithine aminotransferase is primarily controlled by
      glucocorticoids, but that the effect of these hormones may be potentiated by
      thyroxine.

PMID- 3991600
TI  - Effect of obesity per se on plasma lipid and aortic responses to diet in swine.
AB  - Thirty-two genetically lean and obese Yorkshire X Duroc crossbred castrated male
      pigs were divided within genetic line into two groups at 7 weeks of age. Eight
      pigs within each line were fed a diet low in fat and cholesterol (maize-soybean
      meal diet fortified with minerals and vitamins). The other group was fed a
      similar diet containing added beef tallow (11%) and dried egg yolk (1%). All pigs
      were fed ad libitum for 4 months when one-half of each group was slaughtered. All
      other pigs were continued on their respective diets at a restricted level of
      intake for an additional 5 months at which time the protein source of two pigs in
      each diet group within each genetic line was changed from soybean meal to casein.
      After an additional 6 months on their respective diets (16 months total duration
      of experiment) these pigs were slaughtered. Blood samples were taken monthly or
      bimonthly for total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. At slaughter, the aorta
      was opened, stained with Sudan IV, and the stained area traced and measured
      planimetrically. Only a moderate rise occurred in plasma cholesterol and
      triglycerides of pigs fed high fat-high cholesterol diets. Genetically obese pigs
      were no more susceptible to diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and to the
      percentage of the surface area of the aorta stained with Sudan IV than were lean
      pigs. It is concluded that obesity per se is not necessarily associated with
      development of atherosclerosis in pigs and that innate ability to metabolize high
      dietary cholesterol is of greater importance than body fatness in determining the
      response to diet.

PMID- 3991601
TI  - Urea reabsorption along the papillary collecting duct in potassium-deficient
      rats.
AB  - These experiments were designed to evaluate the hypothesis that K+ deficiency may
      be associated with decreased delivery of urea to the renal papillary collecting
      duct and/or decreased reabsorption of urea from the papillary collecting duct.
      Either of these factors would result in diminished capacity for urea recycling
      and might explain the mechanism of the urinary concentrating defect that is
      observed in K+ depletion. Munich-Wistar rats were fed 25 ml of water and 12 g of
      normal (CON) or K+-deficient (KD) diet each day for 21 days. Papillary collecting
      duct samples were obtained by micropuncture through the intact ureter. Fractional
      delivery of H2O to the base and tip of the papillary collecting duct was
      increased in KD as compared to CON rats (1.50 +/- 0.30% in KD vs 0.72 +/- 0.09%
      in CON at the base, P less than 0.01; and 0.55 +/- 0.08% in KD vs 0.30 +/- 0.05%
      in CON at the tip, P less than 0.01). However, fractional delivery of urea to the
      base and tip of the papillary collecting duct was not different between KD and
      CON rats (26.9 +/- 5.6% in KD vs 21.4 +/- 3.3% in CON at the base, P greater than
      0.05; and 12.4 +/- 1.5% in KD vs 10.4 +/- 1.4% in CON at the tip, P greater than
      0.05). Furthermore, reabsorption of water or urea between the base and tip of the
      papillary collecting duct was not decreased in KD as compared to CON rats (water
      reabsorption was 57.8 +/- 4.4% in KD and 55.9 +/- 5.11% in CON and urea
      reabsorption was 45.0 +/- 6.5% in KD and 45.9 +/- 5.4% in CON, P greater than
      0.05). These results demonstrate that water reabsorption, but not urea
      reabsorption, is impaired in renal tubules proximal to the accessible papillary
      collecting duct in hydropenic rats.

PMID- 3991602
TI  - Hormonal and lipogenic and gluconeogenic enzymatic responses in LA/N-corpulent
      rats.
AB  - Genetically obese normotensive rats, LA/N-corpulent (cp), were fed ad libitum
      diets containing either 54% sucrose or cooked corn starch for 12 weeks. Twenty
      four rats were used for the study; half were corpulent (cp/cp) and half were lean
      (cp/+ or +/+). Fasting levels of plasma insulin, glucose, corticosterone,
      glucagon and growth hormone, and activities of liver and epididymal fat pad
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME), and liver and kidney
      glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase), and
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were measured. A significant phenotype
      effect was observed in insulin, corticosterone, growth hormone, and liver G6PD,
      ME, FDPase, and kidney PEPCK, G6Pase, FDPase, and epididymal fat pad G6PD and ME
      (corpulent greater than lean), and glucagon (lean greater than corpulent). Diet
      effect (sucrose greater than starch) was significant for plasma glucose, liver
      ME, and kidney G6Pase. Although not significant at the P less than 0.05 level,
      insulin, corticosterone, liver G6PD and FDPase and kidney FDPase tended to be
      higher in sucrose-fed rats. This study suggests that the corpulent rat is more
      lipogenic and gluconeogenic than the lean, and that the hormones responsible are
      effective in keeping both the lipogenic and gluconeogenic enzyme activity
      elevated.

PMID- 3991603
TI  - Poly(A).poly(U) as adjuvant in cancer treatment distribution and pharmacokinetics
      in rabbits.
AB  - Rabbits were injected with poly(A).poly(U) and the metabolic fate and stability
      studied using scintigraphic techniques, radioactive counting, and subcellular
      fractionation. The complex has a very long lifetime (measured in days) in both
      liver and spleen, the major locations of concentration in the animal, with about
      nine times more per gram of tissue in the spleen compared with the liver. In
      spleen cells the material is about equally divided between nuclei and cytoplasm.
      The polymer is slowly degraded to shorter molecules in these cells but, even 1
      week after injection, significant amounts of apparently intact polynucleotide
      complex can be detected in both cellular fractions.

PMID- 3991605
TI  - Effect of felodipine on renal hemodynamics and excretion in the dog.
AB  - The effects of felodipine on renal hemodynamics and excretion were evaluated in
      the anesthetized dog. Unilateral renal arterial infusion of felodipine produced
      ipsilateral increases in the absolute and fractional excretion of sodium and
      water which were greater than those of potassium; these effects occurred in the
      absence of changes in mean arterial pressure, renal blood flow, or glomerular
      filtration rate. There were no significant effects on renal hemodynamic or
      excretory function in the contralateral kidney. The unilateral renal arterial
      infusion of isotonic saline or vehicle produced no significant effects on renal
      hemodynamic or excretory function in either ipsilateral or contralateral kidney.
      Felodipine, a calcium antagonist with vasodilator antihypertensive properties, in
      doses which do not affect systemic or renal hemodynamics in the dog, increased
      urinary flow rate and sodium excretion by decreasing renal tubular water and
      sodium reabsorption. As a vasodilator antihypertensive agent, felodipine
      possesses potentially advantageous diuretic and natriuretic properties.

PMID- 3991604
TI  - Effect of a zinc-deficient diet on lipid peroxidation in liver and tumor
      subcellular membranes.
AB  - The effect of a zinc-deficient diet on lipid peroxidation in liver and tumor
      mitochondrial and microsomal membrane preparations from BALB/c mice was
      investigated. Mitochondrial and microsomal membranes from both tissues displayed
      increased rates of in vitro peroxidation, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic.
      Measurement of in vivo peroxidation, using diene conjugation as an index of
      measurement revealed slight increases in tissues from zinc-deficient animals that
      were not statistically significant. Serum lipoperoxides analyzed from all three
      groups revealed no significant differences. The results point to an alteration in
      the peroxidation potential of mitochondrial and microsomal membranes due to zinc
      deficiency which may be related to an alteration in fatty acid composition.

PMID- 3991606
TI  - Naloxone reduces release of creatine kinase in the isolated ischemic rat heart.
AB  - The effects of naloxone, propranolol, or both on the release of creatine kinase
      (CK) from the isolated ischemic rat heart were studied. Naloxone at
      concentrations of 1.1 and 3.6 mmole liter-1 in the perfusate at a rate of 1-2 ml
      min-1 reduced the release of CK from the isolated ischemic rat heart during
      myocardial ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. Propranolol at a concentration of
      7 mumole liter-1 in the perfusate also reduced the release of CK. Addition of
      naloxone (1.1 mmole liter-1) to propranolol further reduced the release of CK.
      The effect of the joint administration of the two drugs seemed to be additive.

PMID- 3991608
TI  - pH and magnesium alter 45calcium binding to platelets at sites other than
      glycoproteins I or IIb/IIIa.
AB  - Calcium is a cofactor of human platelet aggregation. Moreover a direct
      correlation between the ability of platelets to bind this divalent cation and to
      aggregate has been demonstrated. Since magnesium can substitute for calcium in
      supporting aggregation, especially in the presence of low calcium concentrations,
      and platelet aggregation is inhibited at low pH, the present study was designed
      to examine the effects of magnesium and low pH on 45calcium binding to human
      platelets, and to determine whether such effects might be associated with calcium
      binding to glycoproteins I (GPI) or IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa), the putative
      fibrinogen receptor. 45Calcium binding to aspirin-treated platelets that had been
      depleted of surface-associated calcium by brief exposure to EDTA was evaluated.
      Magnesium (5-10 mM) or a change in hydrogen ion concentration to decrease the pH
      from 7.5 to 6.0 was found to inhibit the binding of 45calcium to platelets from
      healthy donors by 34 +/- 6 and 32 +/- 8% (mean +/- SD, n = 13), respectively.
      Similar results were obtained with platelets incubated with chymotrypsin to
      selectively remove GPI or platelets from a patient with the Bernard Soulier
      Syndrome, congenitally deficient in GPI. In contrast, calcium binding to
      platelets from two patients with thrombasthenia, lacking GPIIb/IIIa, was reduced
      49 +/- 6% and 42 +/- 8% (n = 4) by magnesium and hydrogen ions, respectively.
      This apparently increased inhibition was attributed to the combined effects of an
      overall decrease (approximately 50%) in calcium binding to thrombasthenic
      platelets compared with that in control platelets, and a similar absolute
      reduction in calcium binding in the presence of magnesium and/or hydrogen ions.
      No additional inhibition of 45calcium binding was noted in the presence of
      magnesium and at low pH, indicating that magnesium and hydrogen ions may affect
      the same platelet membrane binding sites. The data suggest that although
      modulation of platelet aggregation by magnesium and pH is accompanied by changes
      in platelet-associated calcium, calcium binding to the three major platelet
      membrane glycoproteins, GPI, IIb, and IIIa is unaffected.

PMID- 3991607
TI  - Molecular advantage of diferric transferrin in delivering iron to reticulocytes:
      a comparative study.
AB  - The delivery of transferrin iron from four animal species and man to homologous
      reticulocytes was measured at different transferrin saturations. Total iron
      uptake in the in vitro reticulocyte incubation model employed followed a
      hyperbolic curve, increasing as the transferrin saturation increased but at a
      progressively slower rate. In all species, there was a much greater iron delivery
      from diferric as compared to monoferric transferrin, the molecular advantage
      varying from 8:1 to 14:1. The majority of iron was delivered from diferric
      transferrin when transferrin saturations exceeded 13-19% depending on the
      species. Thus a general similarity exists in the transferrin-iron interactions in
      these mammalian species. Formuli have been provided whereby the iron utilization
      curve may be calculated when uptake has been determined at any one transferrin
      saturation.

PMID- 3991610
TI  - Prevention of physical and mental congenital defects. Part C: Basic and medical
      science, education, and future strategies. Proceedings of an international
      conference. Strasbourg, France, October 10-17, 1982.

PMID- 3991609
TI  - Binding of leukotriene C4 to human lung membranes.

PMID- 3991611
TI  - Asymmetric limb malformations induced by drugs or mutant genes.

PMID- 3991612
TI  - The use of submerged limb culture and image analysis for evaluating retinoic acid
      induced dose-related effects.

PMID- 3991613
TI  - Regulation of size and pattern and the effect of vitamin A in regeneration and
      development.

PMID- 3991614
TI  - The role of cholinergic nerves in development.

PMID- 3991615
TI  - Cellular expression of a mutant gene (cmd/cmd) causing limb and other defects in
      mouse embryos.
AB  - The cmd mutation is associated with a systemic defect in all parts of the
      cartilaginous skeleton. Since limb buds isolated from the embryos and cultured in
      vitro develop the defect, the gene expression is independent of the humoral
      factors in the maternal/placental/embryonic environment. The limb development in
      the mutant progresses normally through early events in morphogenesis including
      the formation of mesenchymal cell condensations preparatory to chondrogenesis.
      The deviation first becomes apparent as soon as the chondrogenic cells begin the
      process of accumulation of extracellular matrix; cmd/cmd chondrogenic cells
      remain close to each other and lack the abundant extracellular matrix which
      accumulates between normal cells. Quantitatively normal levels of chondroitin
      sulfate proteoglycans are synthesized by the mutant limbs during precartilaginous
      stages. Subsequently, however, the mutant fails to attain the normally high
      levels of chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Its growth rate also slows down, as
      judged by the lowered protein synthesis in the mutant cultured limb buds. The
      lack of at least one species of protein molecules, ie, proteoglycan core-protein,
      is already known from previous studies on this mutation; an abnormal or a
      deficient core-protein was shown to lead to a virtually complete shut off of the
      biosynthesis of cartilage-specific proteoglycans in another mutation in the chick
      embryo [Goetinck, 1982]. It may be important to note that the cmd mutation does
      not seem to interfere with the process of determination of cartilage even though
      it interrupts virtually completely one important biosynthetic aspect of the
      chondrogenic cell differentiation pathway. The mutant chondrocytes, embedded as
      they are in an abnormal and proteoglycan-deficient matrix, begin to degenerate
      prematurely without first undergoing hypertrophy. Also, the process of
      ossification begins precociously in the shortened cartilage models of the mutant,
      hence resulting in overall shortening of the limbs. As assessed from the HA:s-GAG
      ratios during early embryonic limb development, some of the phenotypically normal
      embryos could be distinguished as recessive carriers of the mutation. Even though
      these carriers have an intermediate level of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
      synthesis, this does not interfere with their normal development during prenatal
      stages. It will be of practical importance to follow these carriers through
      subsequent postnatal stages and adult life to assess any long-term effects.

PMID- 3991616
TI  - Proper and improper interpretation of drug and chemical information. Workshop
      summary.

PMID- 3991617
TI  - Drug labeling for teratogenicity: requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration.

PMID- 3991618
TI  - Misinformation about risks of congenital anomalies.

PMID- 3991619
TI  - Negative correlation between sex hormone usage and malformations.

PMID- 3991620
TI  - Methods for judging human teratogenicity.

PMID- 3991621
TI  - Methods of evaluating the alleged teratogenicity of environmental agents.

PMID- 3991623
TI  - What is "recall bias" and does it exist?

PMID- 3991622
TI  - Methods for predicting human birth defects.

PMID- 3991624
TI  - Drugs in pregnancy: assessment of Parlodel.

PMID- 3991625
TI  - The rationale for models studying mechanisms of teratogenesis.
AB  - Any model used in the integrated assessment of human teratogenesis needs to be
      consistent at morphogenetic, toxicodynamic, toxicokinetic, and population levels.
      These requirements can be met exclusively by theoretical models designed on the
      basis of particular problem-solving on laboratory animals. Only such models may
      contribute substantially to the direct prevention of human inborn defects.

PMID- 3991626
TI  - In vitro assessment of abnormal developmental biology.

PMID- 3991627
TI  - [Systematic karyotyping of couples in early spontaneous abortion: a reliable
      examination in the prevention of chromosome anomalies].

PMID- 3991628
TI  - In vitro tests in screening teratogens: considerations to aid the validation
      process.
AB  - The need for improving the process of assessing teratogenic hazards has led to an
      increased interest in the potential for using in vitro systems as screens of
      developmental toxicity. The Consensus Workshop on In Vitro Teratogenesis Testing
      addressed many of the basic questions relative to the development and validation
      of these systems, and stressed the need to establish a well-controlled approach
      to that validation process [Kimmel et al, 1982]. It is obvious that this process
      has just begun and that considerable work remains. This paper indicates some of
      the areas that should be addressed in any in vitro study relative to experimental
      design and data reporting that may be helpful to that process.

PMID- 3991629
TI  - The use of human serum for studying malformations in whole embryo cultures.

PMID- 3991630
TI  - The role of postimplantation mammalian embryo culture in the study of teratogenic
      mechanisms.

PMID- 3991632
TI  - The mouse as a model in human cleft palate studies.

PMID- 3991631
TI  - Mechanisms of environmentally induced cleft palate.

PMID- 3991633
TI  - Early embryonic loss: report of the study group.

PMID- 3991634
TI  - Models of behavioral teratogenesis induced by metabolic, cytotoxic and receptor
      mediated insults in the perinatal period.

PMID- 3991635
TI  - Effects of common environmental exposures on spontaneous abortion of defined
      karyotype.

PMID- 3991636
TI  - Prevention of neural tube defects in a mouse model and in man.

PMID- 3991637
TI  - Phenytoin and trimethadione: pharmacokinetics, embryotoxicity, and maternal
      toxicity.

PMID- 3991638
TI  - Education of the public in relation to genetic counseling.

PMID- 3991639
TI  - Responsibilities and methods for diagnosing genetic defects in the dying newborn
      infant.

PMID- 3991640
TI  - The effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

PMID- 3991641
TI  - Information and education: valuable tools in prevention of birth defects.

PMID- 3991642
TI  - Computerized cytogenetic data for prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 3991643
TI  - Comments on two Hungarian Television educational series.

PMID- 3991644
TI  - In the beginning is the word.

PMID- 3991645
TI  - Report of the workshop on education.

PMID- 3991646
TI  - Strategies for future research on control mechanisms in development and
      differentiation. Workshop summary.

PMID- 3991648
TI  - Natural teratogens in human foods and the chemistry of embryology.

PMID- 3991647
TI  - Sex differentiation of liver protein synthesis.

PMID- 3991649
TI  - Minor congenital anomalies: organization, recommendations, and prefatory comments
      on individual submissions by workshop members.

PMID- 3991650
TI  - Malformation of the retina due to abnormality in cell-cell recognition.

PMID- 3991651
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic analyses of developmental defects induced in mice
      by accurately timed maternal alcohol administration.

PMID- 3991652
TI  - Reducing the incidence of congenital malformations through mutagenesis risk
      assessment: considerations for future research.

PMID- 3991653
TI  - Minor malformations in the neonate: utility in screening infants at risk of
      hidden major defects.

PMID- 3991654
TI  - Incidence of congenital malformations in the newborn, particularly minor
      abnormalities.

PMID- 3991656
TI  - The assessment of minor anomalies: some tools needed.

PMID- 3991655
TI  - The influence of antiepileptic drugs on minor anomalies in the offspring of
      epileptic parents.

PMID- 3991658
TI  - Clinical experience with major and minor birth defects.

PMID- 3991657
TI  - Developmental analysis of minor defects.

PMID- 3991659
TI  - [Brachydactyly and spinal stenosis].

PMID- 3991660
TI  - Limb defects: overview and recommendations.

PMID- 3991661
TI  - Thalidomide embryopathy in Germany, 1959-1961.

PMID- 3991663
TI  - Reproductive loss in man: total and chromosomally determined.

PMID- 3991662
TI  - The development and classification of anomalies of the limbs in the human.
AB  - It is stressed that more detailed and more precise information concerning the
      human limb is available than is found in even the most recent books on the
      development of the vertebrate limb. The classifications of limb anomalies are
      multiplying but are not necessarily becoming better. In addition to continued
      vigilance concerning possible teratogens, the most valuable approach in the human
      is the superimposition of genetic data (where they exist) onto a detailed
      classification based on sound morphology and current principles of anatomical
      terminology.

PMID- 3991664
TI  - Secular trends for congenital limb defects in South America.

PMID- 3991665
TI  - The association between limb anomalies and spatially-restricting uterine
      environments.

PMID- 3991666
TI  - Molecular basis of cancer. Part A: macromolecular structure, carcinogens, and
      oncogenes. Proceedings of the conference, Buffalo, New York, May 30-June 2, 1984.

PMID- 3991667
TI  - Theoretical studies of perturbed nucleic acid structures.

PMID- 3991668
TI  - Structures of DNA containing psoralen crosslink and thymine dimer.

PMID- 3991669
TI  - Conformations of DNA adducts with polycyclic aromatic carcinogens.

PMID- 3991670
TI  - A perspective on molecular mechanical and molecular dynamical studies involving
      DNA.

PMID- 3991671
TI  - NMR studies of carcinogen-modified DNA model compounds.

PMID- 3991672
TI  - Halogenated olefins and their epoxides: factors underlying carcinogenic activity.

PMID- 3991673
TI  - Theoretical investigation of possible intermediates in chemical carcinogenesis by
      N-nitrosamines.

PMID- 3991674
TI  - Halogenated nucleic acids: base properties and conformation of fluorinated
      derivatives.

PMID- 3991675
TI  - Quantum chemical and other theoretical studies of carcinogens, their metabolic
      activation and attack on DNA constituents.
AB  - We have carried out a variety of different types of studies on carcinogens: ab
      initio quantum chemical, including generation of electrostatic molecular
      potential contour (EMPC) maps and graph theoretical generation of polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) structures and characterization of the "carcinogenic"
      bay regions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogens are activated
      metabolically from precarcinogen (PAH's) through proximate carcinogens (PAH
      epoxides and dihydrodiols) to ultimate carcinogens (PAH dihydrodiolepoxides)
      which then attack DNA constituents. We carried out ab-initio MODPOT/VRDDO/MERGE
      calculations on a variety of these molecules using our own ab-initio programs
      which incorporate as options a number of desirable options for ab-initio
      calculation on large molecules. From these electronic wave functions, we
      generated electrostatic molecular potential contour (EMPC) maps around these
      molecules. These EMPC maps indicated predictively the positions at which epoxides
      would form and the propensity and geometrical preference to form dihydrodiols and
      dihydrodiolepoxides. We performed spin and symmetry analyses for attack of O
      adding across C = C bonds or inserting in C-H or N-H bonds. We also carried out
      ab-initio calculations for attack of ultimate carcinogens on DNA constituents.
      Using graph theory we generated all possible structures for any arbitrary numbers
      of aromatic rings and also set up a graph theoretical characterization of the
      "carcinogenic" bay region. Most recently, we have incorporated this into a
      computer program for global prediction of toxicity.

PMID- 3991676
TI  - Intra and intermolecular modeling studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 3991677
TI  - Computer automated evaluation and prediction of the Iball index of
      carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 3991678
TI  - Torsional properties of DNA in chromatin.

PMID- 3991679
TI  - Graph theoretical approach to structure-activity studies: search for optimal
      antitumor compounds.
AB  - An approach based on graph theoretical methods for searching the most potent drug
      among numerous candidate structures is outlined. First, we identify the strategic
      fragment and describe it by suitable graph theoretical invariants. We have
      adopted path numbers derived from suitably weighted bonds as basic invariants.
      Similarity among structures is quantitatively derived from similarity and
      differences in atomic path numbers for the strategic fragment. The approach is
      illustrated on a selection of antitumor phenyldialkyltriazenes for which log(1/C)
      are known. By starting the search with an unsubstituted parent compound, in few
      steps we located 1-(4-NHCOCH3-Phenyl)-3,3-dialkyltriazene as the most potent drug
      among those considered.

PMID- 3991681
TI  - The MCS-model of chemical initiation of cancer.

PMID- 3991680
TI  - Computational challenges in molecular modeling.

PMID- 3991682
TI  - Physical mechanisms of the activation of oncogenes through carcinogens.
AB  - In the last years about twenty human oncogenes have been discovered. It is shown
      that their main activation mechanisms: through non Watson-Crick-type point
      mutation, through activation by LTR binding to the end of an oncogene and through
      transposition of an oncogene to another chromosome need an external agent. The
      principal mechanisms of short- and long-range effects of chemical carcinogens are
      reviewed. A possible very effective mechanism for long-range effects of chemical
      carcinogenesis through generation of conformational solitons in DNA are discussed
      in detail.

PMID- 3991683
TI  - Mutational activation of proto-oncogenes.

PMID- 3991684
TI  - DNA fragments containing d(O6Me)G: synthesis and physical studies.

PMID- 3991685
TI  - Variation of double-helix stability along DNA molecular thread and its biological
      implications: homostabilizing propensity of gene double-helix.

PMID- 3991686
TI  - A multi-path theory of chemical carcinogenesis in the rat mammary gland.

PMID- 3991688
TI  - Protein structure and oncogenesis.

PMID- 3991687
TI  - Ataxia-telangiectasia: a human genetic disorder with predisposition to cancer.

PMID- 3991689
TI  - Some comments on protein taxonomy: procedures for functional and structural
      classification.

PMID- 3991690
TI  - Sequence homologies of oncogene proteins: a critical review.

PMID- 3991691
TI  - Conformational properties of oncogene products.

PMID- 3991692
TI  - Oncogenes: targets for immunodiagnosis and chemotherapy?
AB  - A hypothesis is presented that cellular proto-oncogenes encode proteins that play
      a regulatory role in embryonic development and in the terminal differentiations
      of cells in various tissues and that alterations in these genes yield oncogenes
      whose expression results in neoplasia. The hypothesis suggests that study of the
      disturbance in cell regulation introduced by oncogenes could permit the rational
      design of inhibitors capable of restoring neoplastic cells to normal
      differentiation lineages. Proteins encoded by oncogenes may be immunogenic and
      thus provide diagnostic markers in the tumor-bearing host.

PMID- 3991693
TI  - Biological and chemical properties of left handed Z-DNA.

PMID- 3991694
TI  - Chemical-viral interactions in cell transformation: enhancement of human
      adenovirus transformation of cloned rat embryo fibroblast (CREF) cells by
      alkylating carcinogens.

PMID- 3991695
TI  - Tumor promoters--an overview of membrane-associated alterations and intracellular
      events.

PMID- 3991696
TI  - Adhesive properties of the B16 melanoma.

PMID- 3991697
TI  - The computation of concentration and dielectric profiles in interfacial
      inhomogeneous regions, and the relation between surface charge density and
      surface potentials.

PMID- 3991698
TI  - Electrostatics and specificity in nucleic acid reactions.

PMID- 3991699
TI  - Molecular mechanism of catalysis by RNA.

PMID- 3991700
TI  - Physical characterization of a nucleic acid junction.
AB  - Normally unstable transient states of DNA, in which the linear duplex branches to
      form junctions with three or more arms, can be studied at the oligonucleotide
      level if their sequences are carefully selected. We have designed a series of
      oligonucleotide complexes with sequences that are restricted to prevent any major
      overlap among the arms, and chosen to exhibit high equilibrium stabilities, as
      well. The electrophoretic mobility of these complexes on polyacrylamide gels
      permits us to demonstrate formation of a stable four-strand complex with 1:1:1:1
      stoichiometry. We review here the evidence for formation of a stable
      stoichiometric junction, and present new circular dichroism data showing that the
      arms remain in B helix geometry within the complex, and that no significant loss
      of structure occurs on forming a junction.

PMID- 3991701
TI  - Molecular basis of cancer. Part B: macromolecular recognition, chemotherapy, and
      immunology. Proceedings of the conference, Buffalo, New York, May 30-June 2,
      1984.

PMID- 3991702
TI  - A program for determining approximate molecular electrostatic potentials and net
      atomic charges of biological macromolecules: an application to cytochromes.

PMID- 3991703
TI  - Cooperative interactions in globular proteins: analysis of protein crystal
      structures.

PMID- 3991704
TI  - Structural studies on sequence selectivity in drug-nucleic acid interactions.

PMID- 3991706
TI  - On the origin of sequence dependent structural changes in DNA.
AB  - Sequence specificity in the backbone conformation of DNA is controlled mostly by
      the electrostatic part of the base backbone interactions. However, local mobility
      or orientation of the bases depends on stacking and base backbone interactions.
      Latter has both non-bonded and electrostatic components. Environmental factors
      manifest themselves essentially through the electrostatic part of base-backbone
      interactions. They affect both backbone as well as internal core conformation and
      play a great role in biological recognition.

PMID- 3991705
TI  - Footprinting analysis as a means of quantitating antitumor drug-DNA interactions.

PMID- 3991707
TI  - Platinum(IV) antitumor agents.

PMID- 3991708
TI  - NMR analysis of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide-drug adduct: anthramycin-d(ATGCAT).

PMID- 3991709
TI  - Antitumor agents and the molecular basis of cancer.

PMID- 3991710
TI  - DNA interactive porphyrins: metalloporphyrin derivatives.

PMID- 3991711
TI  - Altering the hydrogen bond equilibrium in nucleotide base pairs.

PMID- 3991712
TI  - Design of glycosidase inhibitors: conformation of glycals as determined by
      molecular mechanics and compared with NMR and X-ray data.

PMID- 3991714
TI  - Design of anticancer drugs: computer graphic analysis of dihydrofolate reductase
      inhibitors.

PMID- 3991713
TI  - Structural basis for chemotherapeutic action of antiestrogens.

PMID- 3991716
TI  - Studies of the dependence of the internal energy of DNA on its conformation.

PMID- 3991715
TI  - Topological analysis of chemotherapeutic systems.

PMID- 3991717
TI  - Lithiated compounds of biological and oncological interest.

PMID- 3991718
TI  - Immunological probes for the biological significance of Z-DNA.

PMID- 3991720
TI  - Control of base-pair stability by H-bond interactions with proteins.

PMID- 3991719
TI  - Idiotypes as internal antigens.

PMID- 3991721
TI  - Flexibility of nucleic acid bases and its possible relationship with
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 3991722
TI  - Interaction between benzene and DNA bases: a model of intercalation.

PMID- 3991723
TI  - Chromosome segregation, kinetochores and DNA-microtubule interaction: a
      preferential satellite DNA-MAP interaction may be conserved in evolution.

PMID- 3991725
TI  - Advances in neuroblastoma research. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on
      Advances in Neuroblastoma Research. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 1984.

PMID- 3991724
TI  - A quantum chemical approach to the study of interaction between protein and
      nucleic acid fragments.

PMID- 3991726
TI  - Amplification of N-myc sequences in primary human neuroblastomas: correlation
      with advanced disease stage.

PMID- 3991727
TI  - Studies on the expression of the amplified domain in human neuroblastoma cells.

PMID- 3991728
TI  - Comparison studies of oncogenes in retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma.

PMID- 3991729
TI  - Peripheral neuroepithelioma: genetic analysis of tumor derived cell lines.

PMID- 3991730
TI  - Possible relationship of chromosome abnormalities and gene amplification with
      effects of chemotherapy: a neuroblastoma xenograft study.
AB  - The possible relationship of chromosome abnormalities and gene amplification with
      tumor growth and sensitivity to chemotherapy was studied in six human
      neuroblastomas transplanted in nude mice. Our results suggest that cells with DMs
      are more sensitive to Aclacinomycin A than those with HSRs.

PMID- 3991731
TI  - Glycosylation changes in membrane glycoproteins after transfection of NIH 3T3
      with human tumor DNA.
AB  - Glycoproteins from NIH 3T3 transformed by transfection with human tumor DNA had
      altered glycosylation. That is, the glycoproteins have a decrease in biantennary
      oligosaccharides with a concomitant increase in tri- and tetraantennary
      oligosaccharides. After swainsonine treatment, glycosylation of oncogene
      transfected NIH 3T3 was more similar to the normal counterpart. Thus, this
      inhibitor of glycoprotein processing is able to reverse at least one phenotypic
      expression of transformation, the formation of more highly branched
      oligosaccharides. The mechanism may be by inhibition of a specific glycosyl
      transferase.

PMID- 3991732
TI  - Analysis of neuroblastoma cell proteins using two-dimensional electrophoresis.
AB  - Polypeptide patterns of nine neuroblastoma and thirteen other cell lines were
      analyzed by 2-D PAGE. Of 600 polypeptide spots scored one was present in all
      neuroblastoma cell lines and none of the other cell types analyzed. Three were
      markedly increased in intensity in neuroblastoma relative to other cell lines,
      and one was markedly decreased in neuroblastoma and melanoma. These data provide
      a basis for a more detailed analysis of the polypeptide pattern of neuroblastoma
      cells.

PMID- 3991733
TI  - Circulating gangliosides as tumor markers.

PMID- 3991734
TI  - Induction-dependent and lineage-dependent models for cell diversification are
      mutually exclusive.
AB  - The purpose of this brief review is to put into perspective just how little is
      known about the mechanisms that control the assembly of the differentiation
      program of any cell type. Any number of "trivial" changes in the microenvironment
      of a Friend erythroleukemic or of a neuroblastoma cell induces both covertly
      differentiated cells to reveal their lineage affiliations. Demethylating
      molecules, BudR, retinoic acid, cAMP, butyrate or other "inducing molecules" do
      not, however, transform the descendents of the neuroblastoma cell into a Hb-
      synthesizing cell or vice versa. For thousands of generations both of these
      immortialized lines transmit to their daughters their unique, lineage-dependent
      differentiation programs with great fidelity. The stability of the inherited
      transcription complex that is ultimately responsible for this covert
      differentiation program of these cell lines--or of normal precursor cells--is
      awesome. Clearly, with these immortalized cells as with normal chick blastodisc
      cells, the cell's microenvironment plays a major role in permitting or blocking
      the expression of the cell's inherited differentiation program. But the program
      itself must be generated by intracellular mechanisms and must be inherited; its
      assembly is not dependent upon inductive events initiated by exogenous molecules.

PMID- 3991735
TI  - Prognostic importance of serum neuron specific enolase in local and widespread
      neuroblastoma.

PMID- 3991736
TI  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies which discriminate neuroblastoma from Ewing's
      sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroepithelioma, and hematopoietic malignancies.

PMID- 3991738
TI  - Detection of neuroblastoma with 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine.

PMID- 3991737
TI  - Immunohistologic detection and phenotyping of neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow
      using cytoplasmic neuron specific enolase and cell surface antigens.

PMID- 3991739
TI  - Preliminary studies of agglutination of metastatic neuroblastoma by soy bean
      lectin.

PMID- 3991740
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies and magnetic microspheres used for the depletion of
      malignant cells from bone marrow.

PMID- 3991741
TI  - Physical cell separation of neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow.

PMID- 3991743
TI  - Development of neuroblastoma monoclonal antibodies for potential utilization in
      diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 3991742
TI  - Antibody-complement killing of neuroblastoma cells.

PMID- 3991744
TI  - In vitro sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to antineoplastic drugs by short-term
      test.

PMID- 3991746
TI  - Preparation of a phenytoin beta-cyclodextrin complex and evaluation of a
      suspension and a tablet dosage form prepared from the complex.

PMID- 3991745
TI  - Effect of adenosine analogues on the growth and protein carboxylmethyltransferase
      activity of C-1300 murine neuroblastoma in tissue culture.

PMID- 3991748
TI  - [Condensation of drugs of a series of N,N-disubstituted aniline derivatives with
      4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde].

PMID- 3991747
TI  - [The adsorption of cationic amphiphilic drugs in antacids and adsorbents. 4.
      Adsorption of spasmolytics in relation to their colloid chemical properties].

PMID- 3991749
TI  - [Use of the kinetics of bactericidal effect of Kathon CG on known germs in order
      to determine its efficacy in water and in heparin hydrophilic cream].

PMID- 3991750
TI  - Studies on the moisture permeation process in some pigmented aqueous-based tablet
      film coats.

PMID- 3991751
TI  - [Iridoids and other natural terpenoid substances--species-protecting agents and
      antineoplastic drugs].

PMID- 3991752
TI  - [Rhubarb, an old drug--but still current].

PMID- 3991753
TI  - [Stereoelectronic effects in organic and bio-organic chemistry. I. Model examples
      from organic chemistry].

PMID- 3991754
TI  - Inhibition of mating by naloxone or morphine in recently castrated, but not
      intact male rats.
AB  - Administration of naloxone (SC 5 mg/kg) significantly reduced ejaculation and
      mounting in male rats in the weeks following castration. A similar effect was
      obtained by injecting morphine (SC 1 or 5 mg/kg). In contrast, the same dosages
      of naloxone or morphine did not affect the sexual performance of gonadally intact
      males. Opioid peptides may contribute to the temporary persistence of sexual
      behavior in testosterone-deficient male mammals, in which incentive qualities of
      the female partner are an important determinant of sexual arousal.

PMID- 3991755
TI  - Potentiation of morphine analgesia by subanesthetic doses of pentobarbital.
AB  - Pentobarbital pretreatment reportedly either inhibits, enhances or has no effect
      on morphine analgesia. The effect of subanesthetic doses of sodium pentobarbital
      (8-12 mg kg-1, SC) delivered via a delivery system on analgesia of morphine (5 mg
      kg-1, SC or 1 mg kg-1, IV) acutely administered 45 min after the sodium
      pentobarbital pellet implantation was assessed using the warm water (55 degrees
      C)-induced tail-withdrawal reflex in male Wistar rats. Significant potentiation
      of morphine analgesia was observed in sodium pentobarbital as compared to the
      placebo-pelleted animals. Pharmacokinetic or dispositional factors were not
      involved in this potentiation, which was possibly due to the activation of the
      descending inhibitory control pathways of nociceptive spinal tail-withdrawal
      reflex by a combined interaction of two drugs at spinal and supraspinal sites of
      action, that mediate opiate antinociception.

PMID- 3991756
TI  - Naltrexone fails to suppress spontaneous locomotor activity in hamsters.
AB  - The increased spontaneous locomotor activity (SLMA) of rats exposed to a novel
      environment is decreased by opiate antagonists. In the present study, naltrexone
      (1.0-40 mg/kg) failed to reduce the SLMA of hamsters exposed to the novel
      environment of activity cages. The SLMA of another group of untreated hamsters
      declined following 4 consecutive exposures to the activity cages. Thus, the
      novelty-induced increase in hamster SLMA is not sensitive to opiate antagonism.
      The differential sensitivity of rats and hamsters to opiate effects on activity
      and feeding may be due to the presence of an opiate-sensitive hibernation system
      in hamsters.

PMID- 3991758
TI  - Monoaminergic and local anesthetic components of cocaine's effects on kindled
      seizure expression.
AB  - Male Long-Evans rats were kindled via daily electrical stimulation of the left
      prepyriform cortex. The animals were then used in two experiments which examined
      the pharmacological basis of cocaine's effects on three mutually exclusive
      components of the kindled seizure, which were the following: (a) latency to
      clonus, (b) clonus duration, and (c) duration of AD outlasting clonus. The first
      experiment compared the effects produced by cocaine HCl (20 mg/kg, IP), lidocaine
      HCl (20 mg/kg, IP), and amphetamine sulfate (2.5 mg/kg, IP). The results
      indicated that both cocaine and lidocaine reduced the duration of kindled AD,
      latency to clonus, and duration of AD persisting beyond clonus, thus suggesting
      that these cocaine effects are mediated by local anesthetic mechanisms. Only
      cocaine reduced clonus duration, which suggests that this cocaine effect is not
      produced by a local anesthetic action. The second experiment examined the effects
      of cocaine following the administration of three dose levels of the monoamine
      antagonists haloperidol, prazosin, yohimbine, propranolol, or metergoline
      (selected for their ability to block dopamine, alpha-1-norepinephrine, alpha-2
      norepinephrine, beta-norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors, respectively). The
      results of this experiment found no support for a monoaminergic contribution to
      cocaine's effect on clonus latency or AD after clonus. However, results for
      prazosin, which reduced clonus duration and exhibited an additive effect with
      cocaine on this variable, suggest that cocaine's norepinephrine action
      (especially on the alpha-norepinephrine systems) may modulate clonus duration.

PMID- 3991759
TI  - Naltrexone's influence on neurobehavioral development.
AB  - The ontogeny of spontaneous motor and sensorimotor behaviors of preweaning rats,
      as well as ambulation, emotionality, and nociception at weaning (day 21), were
      studied in rats given chronic administration of 1 or 50 mg/kg naltrexone from
      birth to day 21. The age at which a specific spontaneous motor behavior or
      performance initially appeared and the age at which 100% of the animals
      demonstrated a particular behavior were accelerated in animals given 50 mg/kg
      naltrexone, but delayed in rats injected with 1 mg/kg naltrexone. In general,
      ambulation, emotionality, and nociceptive responses were not affected by
      naltrexone treatment, although the frequency of face-washing in both naltrexone
      groups and activity cage performance in the 50 mg/kg naltrexone group deviated
      from control levels. Observations of head-shake and wet-dog shake behaviors in
      naltrexone-treated animals at 2 hr and 10 hr post-drug injection were similar to
      controls with the exception of an abnormal increase in the 1 mg/kg naltrexone
      group at 10 hr. Although these results may imply that endogenous opioid systems
      play a role in regulating neurobehavioral development, further study is needed to
      distinguish whether these changes are a consequence of the somatic and
      morphological alterations known to occur with naltrexone administration or if the
      timetable of behavioral ontogeny is governed by endorphin-opiate receptor
      interaction.

PMID- 3991757
TI  - Alloxan-induced glucoprivic feeding deficits are blocked by D-glucose and
      amygdalin.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular injection of alloxan, a pancreatic beta (B) cell
      cytotoxin, impairs glucoprivic feeding in rats. The goal of this experiment was
      to determine whether alloxan-induced impairment of glucoprivic feeding can be
      attenuated by agents which antagonize alloxan's toxicity in the B cell.
      Therefore, alloxan was co-administered into the fourth ventricle alone or in
      combination with D-glucose, L-glutamine, or amygdalin, all known antagonists of
      alloxan's B cell toxicity, or with L-glucose, which does not antagonize B cell
      toxicity. We found that alloxan produced deficits in glucoprivic feeding which
      were not attenuated by co-administration with L-glucose or L-glutamine. Alloxan/L
      glucose treated rats ate 11% and 14% of control intake, respectively, after
      systemic administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG, 250 mg/kg) and fourth
      ventricular 5-thioglucose (5TG, 120 micrograms/5 microliter). Alloxan/L-glutamine
      rats ate 20% and 22% of control intake after 2DG and 5TG, respectively. In
      contrast, D-glucose and amygdalin (15 mM) completely blocked alloxan-induced
      impairment of glucoprivic feeding and amygdalin (10 mM) exerted a partial
      protective effect. These behavioral results may indicate that in the brain,
      susceptibility to alloxan toxicity depends upon cellular characteristics shared
      with the B cell.

PMID- 3991760
TI  - Effects of caffeine and L-PIA on rats with selective damage of the hippocampal
      system.
AB  - Rats with electrolytic lesions of either the medial septum or hippocampus or with
      colchicine-induced lesions of the dentate granule cells produced significantly
      higher amounts of lever pressing as compared to controls on both V150 sec and
      VT50 sec reinforcement schedules. Caffeine, at doses of 3.2, 10, and 32 mg/kg,
      produced a dose-related decrease in operant responding for all lesioned animals
      while having little effect on the responding of controls. L-PIA (an adenosine
      analog), at doses of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 mg/kg, produced similar but more
      variable effects in some of the groups tested and did not alter the rate-reducing
      effects of caffeine (32 mg/kg) when given concurrently (0.05 mg/kg). Caffeine
      administration also appeared to coincide with a long-term decrease in response
      rates that continued after cessation of its administration. Explanations are
      advanced as to caffeine's possible mode of action in this experiment. The
      postulate that colchicine-induced damage of dentate granule cells might be a
      viable animal model of some forms of hyperactivity also is advanced. This
      specific lesioning procedure, by itself, produced animals which displayed
      significantly higher than normal levels of general activity which were also
      sensitive to caffeine's rate-decreasing effects.

PMID- 3991761
TI  - Locomotor response of nialamide pretreated old rats to intraaccumbens dopamine.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the locomotor activity response of
      young (6 month), mature (15 month), and old (26 month) rats to bilateral
      intraaccumbens injections of dopamine after pretreatment with nialamide. Young
      and mature rats responded to dopamine with high rates of activity, while old rats
      either did not respond at all or responded with a lower intensity of activity. In
      contrast, the response of old rats to dopamine or ergometrine alone or to
      dopamine after pargyline pretreatment was not less than that of mature and young
      rats. These results suggest that the attenuated response of old rats to dopamine
      after nialamide pretreatment is not due to a decrease in dopamine receptor
      activity, but appears to be due to some unique property of nialamide in these
      animals. However, the reduced response of old rats to dopamine was not due to the
      inability of nialamide to inhibit monoamine oxidase, since nialamide completely
      inhibited the activity of this enzyme in the nucleus accumbens of old rats.

PMID- 3991763
TI  - Both response effort and current intensity affect self-stimulation train duration
      thresholds.
AB  - Self-stimulation thresholds obtained from rate/intensity functions have often
      been used to measure brain stimulation reward (BSR) under the assumption that
      these indices are not contaminated by performance factors. However, very few
      studies have explicitly examined the effect of performance variables on
      thresholds. The present experiment examined the joint effects of response effort
      and current intensity on train duration thresholds. Three levels of stimulation
      current and lever weightings were factorially combined and train duration
      thresholds (defined as 50% of maximum response rates) were determined for each
      condition. It was discovered that changes in both current intensity and response
      effort produced shifts in thresholds, and that these shifts were of approximately
      equal magnitude. It was concluded that caution must be exercised when
      interpreting self-stimulation threshold data since, at least under some
      conditions, both reward (i.e., train duration) and performance (i.e., effort)
      manipulations produced similar shifts in self-stimulation response functions.

PMID- 3991762
TI  - Toward understanding ethanol's capacity to be reinforcing: a conditioned place
      preference following injections of ethanol.
AB  - Rats that had previously consumed a 6% ethanol (ETOH) solution daily for 26 days
      and rats without such a history served as subjects in a test for the ability of
      ETOH to establish a conditioned place preference. The time of putative
      conditioning was from 4 to 8 min after injections of ETOH, 1 g/kg. The
      combination of programming the period of putative conditioning to be shortly
      after injections and using rats habituated to drinking ETOH allowed a conditioned
      place preference to emerge after only a few conditioning trials. Such a result
      potentially reveals features of the way ETOH achieves its reinforcing capability
      and sets the stage for understanding the mechanism of that reinforcement.

PMID- 3991764
TI  - Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, feeding and locomotor activity:
      reinstatement of feeding following central norepinephrine.
AB  - The effects of two dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors, FLA-63 and fusaric
      acid (FA) on feeding behaviour and locomotor activity were examined. In
      Experiment 1 activity was measured over 7 hr in 48 rats treated with FLA-63 (0,
      1.25, 2.50, 5.00 mg/kg) or FA (0, 20.0, 40.0, 80.0 mg/kg). While FA produced no
      significant effect on activity, FLA-63 produced an increase at the highest doses.
      In Experiment 2 the same doses of the two DBH inhibitors were administered to 48
      rats and food intake over 7 hr was measured; both FA and FLA-63 produced
      decreases in food intake. In a third experiment, rats were stereotaxically
      implanted with microinjection guide cannulae extending to the ventromedial
      hypothalamus and, following peripheral treatment with either 5.0 mg/kg FLA-63, 40
      mg/kg FA, or their respective vehicles were injected centrally with morphine (5.3
      nmoles in 0.5 microliter), norepinephrine (NE; 60 nmoles in 0.5 microliter for
      the FLA-63 pre-treated group and 30 nmoles in 0.5 microliter for the FA pre
      treated group) or saline. Central NE was found to reinstate feeding only in the
      hr following injection in both groups, while morphine reinstated feeding only in
      the FA group and only in the third hr following injection. Results support the
      involvement of hypothalamic NE in feeding.

PMID- 3991765
TI  - Tolerance to behavioral effects of clonidine after chronic administration of
      morphine.
AB  - Male rats (Buffalo strain) were studied under a procedure in which each 30th lick
      of a drinking tube resulted in the delivery of 0.01 ml water. The effects of
      clonidine HC1 (0.003-0.3 mg/kg, IP) were determined before, during and after
      exposure to conditions in which a morphine sulfate solution (0.5 mg/ml in 0.4%
      saccharin) was the only source of fluid. After either 10 or 80 days exposure to
      the chronic morphine regimen, rats were maintained under a repetitive cycle in
      which the morphine was available for 3 days and then removed for 4 days. The
      subjects consumed an average of 100 mg/kg/day morphine during the times it was
      available. The effects of clonidine were redetermined once weekly, on the 4th day
      after removal of the morphine solution. The effects of clonidine were also
      determined after morphine was removed for more prolonged periods (18-67 days).
      Chronic exposure to the morphine solution resulted in a 4- to 5-fold shift to the
      right in the dose-effect curve for clonidine (decreased responding). ED50 values
      returned to pre-morphine levels when rats were tested at longer post-morphine
      times (e.g., 18 days). Under the conditions of this experiment, chronic exposure
      to morphine produced marked cross-tolerance to the behavioral effects of
      clonidine.

PMID- 3991766
TI  - Toluene and ethanol effects on baboon match-to-sample performance: possible
      synergistic action.
AB  - Four juvenile male baboons were trained to respond for banana pellet rewards on a
      match-to-sample discrimination task. Exposure of the animals to a range of
      concentrations of either toluene or ethanol vapor resulted in a slowing of
      response times and a reduction in the percent trials attempted for some
      concentrations of either vapor. When behaviorally ineffective (subthreshold)
      concentrations of each vapor were combined, effects upon response times and
      trials attempted were similar to the effects produced by the higher
      concentrations of the individual vapors. However, while high concentrations of
      ethanol vapor produced errors in half of the subjects, combinations of ethanol
      and toluene did not increase this effect. This information suggests an ethanol
      potentiation of toluene effects, rather than the reverse.

PMID- 3991767
TI  - Pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes in post-weanling rats with
      hypothalamic obesity.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the
      ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMNL rats) at the age of 31 days; sham-lesioned
      rats served as controls. For 28 post-operative days all animals self-selected
      from three synthetic diets, each high in carbohydrate, fat and protein,
      respectively. Following this, half of the VMNL rats and half of the controls were
      switched to lab chow for 14 days. Body weights were comparable among the groups,
      but linear growth was greatly reduced and body fat (Lee Index) was elevated in
      VMNL rats, irrespective of diet. In the sham-lesioned controls, the synthetic
      diets reduced most parameters of exocrine pancreatic activity. In VMNL rats, in
      contrast, pancreatic parameters were unaffected by the synthetic diet. The data
      suggest that VMN lesions disinhibit the exocrine pancreas. In contrast, most
      parameters of intestinal activity were not influenced by VMN lesions.

PMID- 3991768
TI  - Interactions between enkephalin and dopamine in the control of locomotor activity
      in the rat: a new hypothesis.
AB  - D-ala2-met5-enkephalinamide (DALA) was found to be without effect on motility
      when injected in doses from 10 to 40 micrograms. When ICV injection of DALA was
      combined with IP injection of amphetamine, DALA markedly enhanced the stimulatory
      effect of amphetamine. The effects of DALA + amphetamine could be partially
      antagonized by naloxone. The locomotion-reducing effect of the dopamine
      antagonist pimozide was not affected by concurrent administration of DALA. These
      data suggest a complex interaction between opiates and dopamine. It is suggested
      that the effects of DALA are best explained assuming that the opiate inhibits
      GABAergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 3991769
TI  - Behavioral consequences of perinatal hypothyroidism in postnatal and adult rats.
AB  - The long-term effects of perinatal hypothyroidism on spontaneous locomotor
      behaviors were assessed after exposure to the antithyroid drug, methimazole.
      Perseveration was observed in methimazole-treated rats in a spatial maze.
      Locomotor activity in residential mazes was examined at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 6
      months of age. Treated rats were hypoactive at some intervals compared with
      controls and were hyperactive at others. These paradoxical differences resulted
      from changes in exploratory, diurnal, and nocturnal locomotor activity in control
      rats both with increasing age and on repeated exposures to residential mazes;
      rats after perinatal hypothyroidism had relatively constant levels of activity on
      repeated days of exposure to residential mazes and at different ages. These
      results may be related to perseveration noted in the spatial maze. In an analysis
      of walking patterns, treated rats tended to have a more pronounced asymmetry in
      gait than controls.

PMID- 3991770
TI  - Augmented depression and reduced excitability of the central nervous system (CNS)
      by cadmium in the rat.
AB  - Reports indicating that low doses of cadmium caused vasodilation, but that larger
      quantities elicited a pressor response, apparently mediated by a CNS reflex,
      prompted an examination of cadmium-induced changes in CNS responsiveness and
      activity. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with either 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg of
      CdCl2 solution, after which the CNS was either depressed by pentobarbital or
      excited by strychnine at different dose levels. Cadmium treatment, administered
      before pentobarbital, decreased the time required for sleep induction and
      prolonged sleep duration at doses of either 20 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg: at 40 mg/kg
      only induction was affected and at 60 mg/kg neither was influenced. At a dosage
      of 60 micrograms/kg, strychnine caused convulsions in all control animals, but in
      none pretreated with CdCl2. When either 75 or 120 micrograms/kg of strychnine was
      used, cadmium at either dosage failed to prevent convulsions, although the onset
      was delayed and duration curtailed. The rapidity with which Cd modified CNS
      activity indicated that the effect can not depend upon cadmium-induced synthesis
      of metallothionine, but represents a direct effect of Cd on the CNS. Cadmium
      treatment did not substantially improve the survival of rats that convulsed when
      treated with strychnine.

PMID- 3991771
TI  - Genetically determined differences in acute responses to
      diisopropylfluorophosphate.
AB  - The acute effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) were assessed in DBA/2Ibg,
      C57BL/6Ibg and C3H/2Ibg mice. The DFP was administered by intraperitoneal
      injection in saline. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was maximally
      inhibited within 5 min after injection. All mice showed signs of organophosphate
      intoxication including salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, respiratory distress,
      tremor and, at high doses, seizures. The C57BL mice were most susceptible to
      these effects of DFP. The LD50 values for DFP were 8.0, 7.6, and 6.8 mg/kg for
      male DBA, C3H, and C57BL mice, respectively. The LD50 values for females were
      nearly the same. Body temperature and brain AChE activity decreased in a dose
      dependent manner following injections of DFP of 3.17, 4.22, 5.28, and 6.33 mg/kg.
      Maximum temperature depression occurred 2 hours after DFP administration; by 24
      hours temperatures had returned to normal except for C57BL mice treated with the
      highest dose of DFP. The C57BL strain was most susceptible to the DFP-induced
      hypothermia, the C3H strain was the most resistant, and the DBA strain was
      intermediate. Maximum temperature depression and residual AChE activity, as
      measured 24 hours after injection, were linearly related. These strain
      differences do not seem to be explained easily by a differential inhibition of
      AChE activity.

PMID- 3991773
TI  - Prolongation of latencies for passive avoidance responses in rats treated with
      aniracetam or piracetam.
AB  - Effects of aniracetam (1-anysoyl-2-pyrrolodone) and piracetam (1-acetamido-2
      pyrrolidone) on passive avoidance behavior were studied in 2 and 18 months old
      rats using a step-down passive avoidance task. Repeated administration of
      aniracetam (30 and 50 mg/kg, IP X 5 days) or piracetam (100 mg/kg, IP X 5 days)
      significantly prolonged step-down latencies for a passive avoidance task in 2
      months old rats. Administration of aniracetam (50 mg/kg, IP) or piracetam (100
      mg/kg, IP), however, did not affect locomotor activity. This prolongation of
      latencies was also seen with oral administration of aniracetam (50 mg/kg X 5
      days). Similar prolongation of latencies also occurred in 18 months old rat
      treated with aniracetam (50 mg/kg, IP X 5 days). The results imply that
      aniracetam may improve learning and/or memory in 2 and 18 months old rats.

PMID- 3991772
TI  - Effects of betaine on seizures in the rat.
AB  - The ability of betaine to block homocysteine, pentylenetetrazol, and electroshock
      induced seizures in mice has previously been observed. In this study, betaine
      administered IP and intraventricularly to rats blocked pentylenetetrazol-induced
      seizures, but IP betaine did not block audiogenic seizures. Intraventricular
      betaine was about 1000-fold more potent than IP betaine in blocking PTZ-induced
      seizures. Glycine, a component of the betaine molecule, was ineffective. It is
      concluded that betaine has an appreciable but selective effect in controlling
      experimental seizures in rats. This effect is mediated directly by the brain, and
      is not due to metabolism of betaine to glycine.

PMID- 3991774
TI  - Stereospecific reduction by narcotic antagonists of clonidine-induced food
      intake.
AB  - The present study examined the effect of opiate antagonists on clonidine-induced
      feeding in rabbits. The change in food intake induced by clonidine was blocked by
      naltrexone. The active (-)-isomer of the antagonist 5,9 alpha-diethyl-2-(3
      furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan had an effect similar to naltrexone.
      Similar doses of the (+)-isomer were inactive, except at the highest dose used in
      the study. The results suggest that opiate antagonists block feeding elicited by
      a specific noradrenoreceptor agonist and that this inhibition is due to a direct
      interaction with opiate systems.

PMID- 3991775
TI  - Ketamine-induced locomotion in rats in an open-field.
AB  - The effects of ketamine on locomotion in an open-field were determined in hooded
      rats. Animals were given intraperitoneal injections of saline, or of 1, 10, 50 or
      100 mg ketamine/kg body weight on separate days. Open-field behavior was examined
      for 60 min following injection. The 50 mg/kg dose of ketamine produced an
      increase in locomotion which peaked approximately 30 min after injection. A
      cataleptic immobility produced by the 100 mg/kg dose was followed by
      postanesthetic locomotion. The ketamine-induced locomotion consisted largely of
      ambulation about the perimeter of the field and was accompanied by ataxia, but
      included relatively little tight circling (rotation) during the peak of activity.
      Comparisons with the results of past research suggests that test-chamber design
      influences the type of locomotion induced by ketamine.

PMID- 3991776
TI  - The time course of [3H]PteGlu uptake and its incorporation into
      pteroylpolyglutamates in liver of phenobarbitone treated rats.
AB  - The uptake of an injected dose of [3H]PteGlu and its incorporation into folate
      forms in the liver of control and phenobarbitone-treated rats were investigated
      at a number of time intervals from 1 to 24 h. At 1 h the hepatic uptake of the
      label was quite similar in both groups of animals and radioactivity was
      incorporated only in pteroylmonoglutamates. At 6 h label was present also in
      pteroylpolyglutamate forms and radioactivity values were similar in the two
      groups. At longer time periods the radioactivity was lower in treated animals
      than in control ones. The whole data show that phenobarbitone on the one hand
      does not modify the transport of the vitamin; on the other, it does interfere
      with "pteroylpolyglutamate synthetase activity".

PMID- 3991777
TI  - Effect of propranolol on pulmonary function and bronchoconstrictor responsiveness
      in guinea pigs and rats.
AB  - The beta-blocker propranolol was studied for its effects on basal pulmonary
      functions and on bronchoconstrictor responses to methacholine and histamine in
      mechanically ventilated guinea pigs and rats. Using doses that blocked the
      antibronchoconstrictor (bronchodilator) effects of the beta 2-agonist salbutamol,
      propranolol had no measurable effect on basal airway resistance and dynamic lung
      compliance in both guinea pigs and rats. However, bronchoconstrictor responses to
      methacholine and histamine were augmented by propranolol in guinea pigs. In
      contrast, propranolol did not change bronchoconstrictor responses to methacholine
      in rats. These results are discussed in terms of the functional role of pulmonary
      beta-receptors in guinea pigs and rats.

PMID- 3991778
TI  - Effect of morphine on acetylcholine content of electrically stimulated brain
      slices.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) levels were measured in guinea-pig thalamic and caudatal
      slices kept at rest or electrically stimulated for different times (2-30 min.).
      The decrease of ACh content caused by electrical pulses at 1 Hz and 2 Hz in
      caudate nucleus and thalamus slices, respectively, was directly related to the
      time of stimulation. The depletion was potentiated by HC-3 10 microM. In this
      condition the relationship between ACh content and time of stimulation was
      shifted to the left. In the presence of HC-3, Morphine (Mo) 30 microM did not
      affect the ACh levels of thalamic and caudatal slices kept at rest. The opioid,
      on the contrary, reduced the depletion of ACh caused by 10 min stimulation.
      Naloxone (Nx) 10 microM antagonized the opioid effect in caudate nucleus, while
      it increased the stimulus-induced ACh depletion in the thalamus treated with
      Morphine 30 microM. In conclusion, the electrically-stimulated brain tissue
      perfused with HC-3 may be a suitable tool to study drug effects on ACh depletion.
      This may offer an indirect, mirror-like evaluation of ACh apparent turnover and
      release. The results obtained with Mo and Nx support this statement.

PMID- 3991779
TI  - Plasma and CSF morphine concentrations after i.m. and epidural administration.
AB  - Morphine concentrations in plasma and CSF after i.m. and epidural morphine
      administration were assayed in patients undergoing surgery of the low abdomen.
      Morphine concentration in CSF after i.m. administration of this drug is
      remarkably lower than morphine concentration in plasma. The highest value is
      attained in CSF after about 90' and is followed by a slow downsloping to lowest
      values, which were observed 4 hours after drug administration. Kinetics of
      morphine passage into plasma after epidural administration is similar to that
      found after i.m. administration. In the latter experimental condition (epidural
      administration), concentrations of morphine in CSF 30' after administration are
      markedly lower than those found in plasma. However, 60 min. after epidural
      administration plasma and CSF morphine concentrations are similar, in particular
      CSF concentrations are 4 to 8 times higher than those obtained after i.m.
      administration. Such high levels persist for a long time.

PMID- 3991780
TI  - Studies in spiro heterocycles. Part 4(1): Investigation of the reactions of
      fluorinated 3-aroylmethylene-indol-2-ones with hydrazine and phenylhydrazine and
      synthesis of spiro [indole-3,3'-pyrazol]-2-ones.
AB  - Reactions of various 3-aroylmethylene-indol-2-ones with hydrazine and
      phenylhydrazine under exactly similar conditions have been carried out. The
      reaction with phenylhydrazine has not been investigated earlier. It was found
      that although the reaction with hydrazine hydrate afforded a spiro derivative
      viz., spiro[3H-indole-3,3'-(3H)pyrazol]-2(1H)-one, that with phenylhydrazine
      yielded simply a hydrazone derivative. Representative spiro compounds have been
      screened for antifertility activity but none was found active at a dose of 10
      mg/kg in adult female rats.

PMID- 3991781
TI  - [The stability of pilocarpine hydrochloride in eyedrops].
AB  - This study investigate the kinetics of the degradation of pilocarpine in aqueous
      solutions within the therapeutically relevant pH-value range from 2.9 to 6.5. A
      linear system of first order equations for the kinetics of complex pilocarpine
      degradation can be derived from the concentration course of decomposed products
      determined by HPLC. The kinetic parameters calculated from the results of
      isothermic short-term tests permit the prediction of a five-year durability of
      non-buffered pilocarpine eye drops, if their pH-value is in the maximum stability
      range of less than or equal to 4. Comparison of non-stereoselective photometric
      results with the hplc results shows the inappropriateness of the results of
      conventional spectrophotometric analysis in the presence of epimeric
      decomposition products for the interpretation of kinetic reaction and,
      accordingly, for evaluating stability. Contrary to previous studies, the results
      indicate a reversibility of epimerization in temperature-stressed isopilocarpine
      solutions.

PMID- 3991782
TI  - Photochemical decomposition of phenazone derivatives. Part 5(1): Isolation and
      identification of decomposition products in aqueous solution.
AB  - From aqueous solutions of phenazone, aminophenazone, propyphenazone, nifenazone,
      morazone, noramidopyrine, 4-aminophenazone and isopropylaminophenazone, UV
      irradiated at lambda = 254 nm in oxygen free atmosphere as well as in the
      presence of air, 24 decomposition products were isolated and identified as
      derivatives of pyrazoline, pyrazolidinone, imidazoline, hydantoin, aziridine,
      phenylhydrazine and aniline.

PMID- 3991783
TI  - [HPLC studies on the distribution behavior of guanyl- and N-phenylguanylhydrazone
      derivatives].
AB  - The article in hand presents first HPLC studies on the distribution behaviour of
      guanylic and N-phenylguanylic hydrazone derivates. The chromatographic parameters
      of compounds, which had been separated at NH2-columns by 0.06 mol X 1(-1) Na2HPO4
      buffer/methanole (30 : 70), could be identified, and the k'/rates could be
      utilized for the calculation of the coefficient of distribution. As a result of
      performed calculations of the correlation, it could be proved that the log. P
      rates which had been ascertained by the HPLC method, been determined by the
      shaked flash method and been calculated acc. to Leo, correlate to the 1%
      significant level.

PMID- 3991784
TI  - [The increase in the liberation rate of propyphenazone from preoral solid dosage
      forms].
AB  - The authors report on the influence of the granulation and tabletting applying
      macromolecular agents (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone Heweten 40, polyethylenglycol
      6000, polyvinylpyrrolidone K25, polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 and potato starch) on
      the liberation rate of propyphenazone which exhibits by its hydrophobicity
      unfavourable dissolution parameters. A significant increase of the liberation
      rate of propyphenazone (re-crystallized from various media) has been realized by
      direct pressing of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and Heweten 40 as well as by gelatine
      solution granulation, with which the last method exhibits the advantage of an
      increased accuracy of dosage and a decreased friability. The gelatine granulation
      of the drug itself as well as the starch granulate addition resulted in an
      increased dissolution rate. The addition of other agents (polyvinylpyrrolidone
      K25, K90 and polyethylenglycol 6000) as well as the pressing of a propyphenazone
      produced by re-crystallization of an aqueous tenside solution, which
      distinguishes by an extreme dissolution rate, were not at all suitable for the
      tabletting. The tablet disintegration caused by hydrophile disintegration media,
      is the condition granting the liberation of the hydrophobic drug. The wettability
      and thus the dissolution rate of the drug are increased by the liberation.

PMID- 3991785
TI  - [Dissolution processes and surface changes. 3. Determination of the surface with
      the BET process].
AB  - Two methods are demonstrated for the determination of the surfaces of solid
      substances by the BET-method. Using a newly constructed apparatus substances with
      high specific surfaces can be determined by the two-point-method with a good
      precision. For the determination of pulverous drugs we used the one-point-method
      proposed by Haul and Dumbgen [2] improving it in calibration und practicability.

PMID- 3991786
TI  - Absorption of pentacaine from ulcerous rat stomach.
AB  - Pentacaine is a local anaesthetic which exhibited positive effects on healing of
      model ulcers in the rat stomach. The in situ disappearance of pentacaine from the
      ulcerous and intact rat stomach was studied. Gastric ulcers were produced by oral
      administration of phenylbutazone (200 mg . kg-1) 3.5 h before absorption
      experiment. Pentacaine exhibited a biexponential decrease from the lumen of the
      stomach, the rate of which was essentially the same in both groups. The total
      amount of pentacaine absorbed was small because of extremely low absorption rate.

PMID- 3991788
TI  - [Synthesis and biological activity of isomeric structural analogs of platelet
      activating factor].

PMID- 3991787
TI  - [Determination of caffeine and metamizole elimination in men and women with and
      without hormonal contraceptives as an in vivo method for characterization of
      various cytochrome P-450 subspecies].
AB  - Caffeine is mainly metabolized by 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible cytochrome P-450
      (P-450MC) and noramidopyrine-methanesulfonate sodium (metamizol, Analgin) is
      mainly metabolized by phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450PB). We
      investigated the elimination of caffeine by the use of plasma concentration
      curves (HPLC) and the elimination of metamizol by spectrophotometric
      determination of the metabolites in urine in 10 healthy young males, in 10
      healthy young females using no OL-steroids and in 10 healthy young females using
      OC-steroids. No influence of sex on the microsomal drug metabolism activity of
      these two drugs has been observed. There was a significantly decreased microsomal
      drug metabolism of both drugs in females under hormonal contraception. We
      conclude that OC-steroids decrease the demethylation activity of both P-450MC and
      P-450PB.

PMID- 3991789
TI  - [The effect of tensides on helix conformation of gelatin].

PMID- 3991790
TI  - [The pyrogenicity of spore suspensions of Clostridium butyricum].

PMID- 3991791
TI  - [The improvement of solubility behavior of problem drugs. 2. Solubility behavior
      of slow dissolving products of iomeglamic acid and succinic acid].

PMID- 3991792
TI  - [The effect of relative molecular mass of polyethylene glycols (PEG) in the
      permeability of polymethacrylate coatings].

PMID- 3991793
TI  - [Relationship between geometry and drug liberation in implants].

PMID- 3991794
TI  - [The effect of heptacaine hydrochloride and trimecaine hydrochloride on the
      ultrastructure of the myocardium].

PMID- 3991795
TI  - [The stability of griseofulvin in standard preparations].

PMID- 3991796
TI  - Immunologic and anti-immunosuppressive effects of vitamin A.
AB  - The effects of vitamin A alcohol on cell-mediated immunity in vitro and its
      ability to prevent the immunosuppressive effects of prednisolone and
      cyclophosphamide in vivo were studied in mice. Lymphocytes from Calmette-Guerin
      bacillus (BCG) sensitized mice were stimulated specifically with purified protein
      derivative (PPD) and nonspecifically with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). In the
      vitamin A injected animals there was significant enhancement of the spleen
      lymphocyte transformation not only in the PPD-sensitive cells but also in the T
      cells at large. In addition, vitamin A was able to restore to normal the cellular
      and humoral forms of immunity in prednisolone and cyclophosphamide-treated
      animals. It is suggested that vitamin A in nontoxic doses may have a role in
      enhancing the responses to weak immunogens and in reversing immunosuppression.

PMID- 3991797
TI  - Isolation of nuclear fractions from human fetal tissues. Ultrastructure and
      presence of epoxide hydrolase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.
AB  - The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) activities with
      styrene oxide and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide as substrates were investigated and
      compared in the nuclear and microsomal fractions isolated from the human fetal
      liver, adrenals, kidneys and lungs. The purity of the fractions was estimated by
      electron microscopy and found to be around 85% for the nuclear and 90% for the
      microsomal fractions. All tissues catalyzed the hydration of the two epoxides at
      significant rates. The EH followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in all fractions.
      The highest activities were seen in the liver and the adrenals. The
      nuclear/microsomal ratios of the EH activity was tissue dependent, being highest
      in the kidneys and lungs. AHH was measurable in the microsomes of all
      investigated tissues. As to the nuclear fraction it was detectable only in the
      adrenals and the liver. The nuclear/microsomal ratio of AHH was four times higher
      in the adrenals than in the liver. It is concluded that not only the microsomal
      but also the nuclear fraction of several human fetal tissues have the potential
      of catalyzing formation and elimination of epoxides.

PMID- 3991799
TI  - Proceedings of the congress of the AGNP. Nuremberg, 1983. Abstracts.

PMID- 3991798
TI  - Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on cardiac neural discharge and
      pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptogenic activity in the cat.
AB  - The effect of phenobarbital on autonomic function associated with ictal
      discharges and interictal spikes (IS) was examined. Phenobarbital (20 mg/kg,
      i.v.) was infused over 10 min; 1 h later, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 10, 20, 50,
      100, 200, and 2,000 mg/kg was given intravenously at 10-min intervals. 10 mg/kg
      PTZ produced IS in only 3 of 9 phenobarbital-pretreated cats; when used alone, 10
      mg/kg of PTZ produced IS in 8 of 9 cats. Ictal discharges first appeared at 20
      mg/kg PTZ in 6 of 9 phenobarbital-pretreated cats; all 9 cats receiving only PTZ
      exhibited ictal discharges after 20 mg/kg. Phenobarbital pretreatment depressed
      heart rate, blood pressure and postganglionic cardiac sympathetic neural
      discharge. Maximal ictal discharges in the cats pretreated with phenobarbital
      occurred with 100 mg/kg PTZ. This discharge was associated with a 10 mm Hg
      increase in blood pressure and a slight decrease in heart rate, followed by a
      subsequent return to baseline. The concurrent sympathetic neural discharge
      increased. When maximal ictal discharges occurred in the cats receiving PTZ
      alone, blood pressure, heart rate, and sympathetic neural discharge increased
      significantly. Cardiac vagal neural discharge was not altered after PTZ even in
      phenobarbital-pretreated cats. Although phenobarbital suppressed PTZ-induced
      epileptogenic activity and the associated changes in blood pressure and heart
      rate, a X2 test indicated no significant difference in the incidence of
      arrhythmias between the two groups. Since phenobarbital did not prevent the
      changes in cardiac neural discharge and the arrhythmias associated with
      epileptogenic activity, its effectiveness in decreasing autonomic dysfunction is
      questionable.

PMID- 3991800
TI  - KUSTA (Kurz-Skala Stimmung/Aktivierung): a daily self-rating scale for depressive
      patients.

PMID- 3991801
TI  - Effects of food intake on CNS activity, psychomotor performance and mood states
      in healthy volunteers.

PMID- 3991802
TI  - Clinical aspects of dementia syndrome.

PMID- 3991803
TI  - Effect of tendon pressure on alpha motoneuron excitability.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the effect of tendon pressure on muscle
      activity by evaluating changes in the excitability of the motoneurons supplying
      the muscle. The excitability changes of the motoneurons were assessed by
      measuring changes in H-reflex amplitudes before, during, and after tendon
      pressure application. Twenty-eight of 32 subjects with no known neurological
      deficit displayed an initial decrease in H-reflex amplitude during tendon
      pressure (mean = 60% of control values) but returned to 85 percent of control
      values within the first 5 seconds of pressure and reached 93 percent of control
      values within 30 seconds of application. The ANOVA revealed significant
      differences (p less than .05) and the post hoc t test showed these differences to
      be between control values and those obtained during the first 10 seconds of
      pressure. These findings support the clinical impression of reduced muscle tone
      resulting from tendon pressure. If these results are applied to a patient group,
      the transient behavior of the tendon-pressure response would limit the
      applicability of the technique to situations demanding an immediate, short-term
      reduction in muscle activity.

PMID- 3991804
TI  - Elbow moment and forces at the hands during swing-through axillary crutch gait.
AB  - We investigated swing-through axillary crutch gait (nonweight bearing on the left
      lower extremity) to determine the effects of gait speed, crutch length, and
      handle position on the forces exerted at the hands and on the moments exerted
      about the elbow joints. Ten healthy subjects, skilled in swing-through crutch
      gait, walked at three speeds using fitted crutches, at a fixed speed with four
      different crutch lengths, and at a fixed speed with four different handle
      positions. We collected ground reaction forces that exerted simultaneously on the
      right crutch and motion data with a force plate and three high-speed movie
      cameras. A biomechanical model was developed to calculate the forces exerted at
      the right hand and the moments exerted about the right elbow joint. Changing gait
      speed from slow to the normal gait of the subject showed statistically
      significant effects (p less than .05) on the forces at the hand. When we changed
      crutch heights for the subjects, we found no significant effects on the forces at
      the subjects' hands. Changing handle position significantly affected the moment
      at the elbow. Increasing the elbow-flexion angle above 30 degrees by raising the
      crutch handle 1 to 2 in resulted in a 100 percent increase in elbow-extension
      moment. We found a correlation of .82 between actual average elbow-flexion angle
      and elbow-extension moment. Changing gait speed or crutch length did not affect
      elbow moment.

PMID- 3991805
TI  - Comparison of isometric exercise and high volt galvanic stimulation on quadriceps
      femoris muscle strength.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of both high volt
      galvanic current (HVG) and isometric exercise to strengthen the quadriceps
      femoris muscles in 17 healthy subjects. The subjects were divided into three
      groups. The Control Group (n = 6) received no exercise or stimulation. The
      Isometric Exercise Group (n = 5) performed 15 sessions of maximum isometric
      contractions, and the Electrical Stimulation Group (n = 6) engaged in 15 sessions
      of electrically stimulated isometric contractions. The Isometric Exercise Group
      was found to have an increase in strength significantly greater (p less than .05)
      than either the Control or Electrical Stimulation Group. No increase in strength
      was observed in either the Control or Electrical Stimulation Group. This study
      indicates that HVG stimulation is not as effective as isometric exercise in
      increasing strength in muscle.

PMID- 3991806
TI  - Effect of body position on pulmonary function.
AB  - Pulmonary physical therapy has focused largely on improving ventilation.
      Bronchial drainage techniques have incorporated body positioning to effect
      gravity-assisted mucous clearance and to enhance air entry. Body position
      directly affects ventilation and perfusion matching and arterial oxygen levels.
      This article briefly describes the role of body positioning on lung function and
      the clinical implications of this as a treatment priority. The effect of body
      position on arterial oxygen levels and lung function is discussed for the
      following positions: erect, lean forward, supine, lateral, prone, head-down tilt,
      hands and knees, and upside down. The implications of these positions are
      discussed for both the patient who has lung dysfunction and for the individual
      who may be at risk for developing pulmonary complications. Research is needed to
      investigate the principles of therapeutic positioning for optimal gas exchange
      and lung function. Such work may help to refine pulmonary physical therapy
      procedures and to identify the role of judicious positioning in a therapeutic
      exercise regimen.

PMID- 3991807
TI  - Factors to consider in the rehabilitation aspect of burn care.
AB  - The rehabilitation of an individual with burns presents a formidable challenge to
      physical therapists. Early physical intervention and prevention of joint
      deformity is the key to maximal functional recovery. Throughout the period of
      rehabilitation, the frequent changes of a patient's condition may require a
      process of ongoing evaluation and appropriate adjustments in the physical therapy
      program. This article identifies factors that contribute to the loss of
      functional mobility and discusses considerations for treatment. An awareness and
      understanding of the problems commonly encountered during the care of patient
      with burns may assist physical therapists in anticipating potential loss of
      function and in planning a proactive rather than a reactive treatment program.

PMID- 3991808
TI  - Localization of agropine-synthesizing functions in the TR region of the root
      inducing plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes 1855.
AB  - The region of the Ri plasmid pRi 1855 that encodes agropine synthesis has been
      identified through its sequence homology with the equivalent genes of the
      octopine Ti plasmid pTi ACH5. Interestingly the agropine genes lie outside the so
      far identified T-DNA of pRi 1855, and are separated from this latter by a long
      sequence of non integrated plasmid DNA. The presence of this additional T-DNA
      (TRight DNA) in hairy roots was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis and by the
      presence of specific transcripts. The genes for agropine synthesis are arranged
      in the Ri plasmid in a reversed order as compared to their orientation in the Ti
      plasmid pTi ACH5.

PMID- 3991809
TI  - A rapid single-stranded cloning strategy for producing a sequential series of
      overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing: application to sequencing the corn
      mitochondrial 18 S rDNA.
AB  - A simple new procedure was described for producing a sequential series of
      overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing. The technique used single-stranded
      M13 DNA and complementary DNA oligomers to form specific cleavage and ligation
      substrates. It was, therefore, independent of the sequence of the DNA cloned into
      the vector. Deletions of varying sizes were generated from one end of the insert
      through the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase. The approximate
      size of the deletion and therefore the starting point for DNA sequencing could be
      estimated by electrophoresis of the subcloned phage DNA on a agarose gel. This
      greatly reduced the number of templates that must be sequenced to obtain a
      complete sequence. The entire procedure could be carried out in one tube in less
      than a day. The procedure was used to subclone and sequence the maize
      mitochondrial 18 S rDNA and 5' flanking region (2622 bases) in less than a week.
      Other applications of oligomers and single-stranded DNA in the construction of
      insertions, deletions, and cDNAs are discussed.

PMID- 3991810
TI  - [The pedophilic criminal].
AB  - After a review of the literature dealing with pedophilia, the results of an
      analysis of 100 forensic psychiatric reports dealing with pedophile criminals are
      described. They show that, except for a few homosexual pedophiles, pedophilia is
      a pseudoperversion originating from different developmental conditions and, in
      individual cases, verifiable personality traits. The authors discuss problems
      involved in the forensic-psychiatric assessment of these delinquents. Attention
      is drawn to the necessity of purposeful, coordinated further education in this
      respect to enable the existing considerable discrepancies between forensic
      psychiatric evaluation of these and other sexual deviants to be overcome.

PMID- 3991811
TI  - [Ischemic brain insult following surgical intervention in the carotid triangle].
AB  - The authors describe the following rare case involving a young man: a vascular
      incident and a central hemiparesis with slight motor aphasia caused by ischemic
      lesions in the region of the A cerebri media developed suddenly after surgical
      intervention in the trigonum caroticum. The pathogenesis of the brain insult
      involves a neuroreflectory stimulus in the region of the carotis sinus during the
      operation combined with obstructed venous discharge after suturing the v
      jugularis interna which the collateral brain circulation was unable to compensate
      for.

PMID- 3991812
TI  - [Frequency of neurologic-psychiatric findings in the late phase following minor
      and medium severe blunt craniocerebral injuries].
AB  - The authors present a short review of the pertinent literature and report on
      their own neuropsychiatric findings following internal craniocerebral injuries,
      at the same time drawing attention to the necessity of psychological examination.
      Statistical comparisons with the international literature are complicated owing
      to the different classifications used for craniocerebral injuries.

PMID- 3991813
TI  - [The Marxist-Leninist concept of personality and its significance for the
      integration of psychiatric patients].
AB  - The Marxist view of man as the "ensemble of social relations" is a prerequisite
      for understanding the personality of the mentally handicapped. The dialectic
      relationship between biological and social events permits the conclusion that
      restrictedly developed versions of the personality must be accepted as natural.
      The particular obligation of society is to ensure the all-round integration,
      encouragement and care of such handicapped persons. The task of the medical
      fraternity is to establish a comprehensive system to prevent such handicaps.

PMID- 3991814
TI  - [Configuration of the dream in REM sleep].
AB  - Dreams during REM sleep have a characteristic form. They are, so to speak, "chain
      dreams, in which the scenes follow consecutively and, although distinctly
      separate from each other, are welded into a coherent dream by the primary
      integrating thoughts underlying the dream. The contents of the different scenes
      are difficult to reconcile with the integrating thought behind the dream because
      they are not stimulated by the thought alone but, in a certain way, also by past
      experiences. The author describes a dream which apparently filled the REM phase
      from beginning to end. It has been possible to explain the background of the
      integrating thought and the origins of the different scenes. The peculiar
      character of such dreams should find more attention in scientific research.

PMID- 3991815
TI  - [Catamnestic studies in patients with anorexia nervosa in puberty].
AB  - Catamnestic studies ware performed on 15 subjects (13 female und 2 male) who were
      treated individually with Leonhard's method for puberal emaciation between 1960
      and 1970. 14 of the patients, then children, now have a good physical status with
      normal weight, are coping well with life and are most cases married. One female
      patient died at age 31 years; when accepted for treatment 15 years ago there was
      some doubt regarding the diagnosis of a genuine puberal emaciation, and this
      doubt grew in the subsequent course of events. No connection could be found
      between her death and emaciation. We can thus consider that the success of
      individual treatment with Leonhard's method has been confirmed.

PMID- 3991816
TI  - ["Turning trouble into virtue"--5 years of cooperation of a psychiatric
      department with a center for the elderly and home for the aged].
AB  - The article describes the cooperation of a Department of Psychiatry with an old
      people's center or a home for the aged, and the possibilities and difficulties
      experienced during such cooperation over a period of five years. The starting
      point of this co-operation was that both institutions required one another for
      coping with their work. We tried to make a virtue of necessity. Of course it
      would not be easy to transfer our kind of cooperation to any other institution.
      However, we would point out the following problems of cooperation and the
      developments experienced by us: An old people's home with care facilities is
      suitable as a complementary to a psychiatric hospital for the continuing
      treatment of very aged patients who are severely psychotic. In an old people's
      home with nursing facilities it should certainly be possible to translate into
      reality a comprehensive psychiatric care programme besides drug therapy, if the
      personnel is properly instructed and the ensuing conflicts are mastered, although
      the scope is bound to be limited by shortage of personnel. Instructions can
      consist of team discussions on individual cases, consultation hours, and
      emergency services; time must be allowed to help the patients as well as to
      advise the nurses. Such cooperation can be financed (in the Federal Republic of
      Germany) on the one hand by sickness insurance payments of medical services
      rendered to the patients, and on the other hand by a lumpsum to be included in
      the fees charged by the home, although such lumpsums cannot unfortunately cover
      all the activities and therapy group costs in a satisfactory way. Almost all the
      inmates of an old people's nursing home display some psychiatric abnormalities,
      although only about one-half of them require direct psychiatric treatment. The
      remaining patients can be stabilised by means of comprehensive psychiatric care
      based on an understanding of their conflicts and difficulties. Development of
      such cooperation between psychiatric hospital and old people's nursing home is
      not continuous. It takes place phasewise, frustration alternating with
      effectivity. The article describes the course of such development in
      detail.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3991817
TI  - [Significance of expert-guided groups for relatives in psychiatry].
AB  - Psychiatric interest in relatives of patients was concentrated in the past on
      their pathogenetic and etiological influence on mental illness. The medical
      paradigma of mental illness did not account for relatives affliction in psychic
      disturbance of their family member. Against this a community care oriented
      approach involves relatives into psychiatric care, particularly under the aspects
      of coping strategies and rehabilitative sources. Practicability and effects of
      this approach were explored in expert-guided relative groups at the Psychiatric
      Hospital Gutersloh (FRG). Results indicated that relatives are concerned with a
      series of problems. Participating in relative groups facilitates coping with
      these problems. Expert-guided and relative centered groups were found helpful,
      discharging and encouraging for relatives.

PMID- 3991818
TI  - [Fate of nonadmitted patients in a psychiatric university clinic].
AB  - 148 patients rejected by the Psychiatric Hospital of Tubingen University in the
      course of six months, were investigated with regard to case history and
      catamnesis. It was found that 82% of such patients had to be hospitalised within
      30 days after rejection, and that existing outpatient treatment facilities are
      rarely sufficient to prevent this. The group of rejected alcohol addicts is
      distinctly over-represented compared to the total number of patients admitted to
      the hospital. It is only with this group that we can suspect a "silent"
      selection. During the period of our study, 75 patients residing in the city of
      Tubingen and in its rural districts, were rejected, whereas 200 were admitted
      from far-off residential areas. Considering the existing treatment facilities, it
      would be sufficient to change the policy of admission in order to cope with the
      requirements of medical care of acutely ill patients residing in the city and
      rural districts of Tubingen.

PMID- 3991819
TI  - [Treatment conditions and discharge from the viewpoint of the therapist and
      patient--on the follow-up of former patients of a social psychiatric model
      institution].
AB  - An interview conducted with former patients verified whether or not the reasons
      for being discharged from hospital coincided with those of the therapists. There
      was only agreement in approximately 50% of the cases according to whether the
      patients demanded to be released or whether their discharge was ordered by the
      hospital. Agreement was found to be greater particularly in cases where further
      treatment was not considered to be necessary by the patients and where patients
      were assigned to medical treatment elsewhere. There was more agreement in cases
      where further care was regarded as not necessary by both--therapists and
      patients. Patients who believed that they themselves had terminated treatment
      judged the hospital in a more negative light, as was to be expected. Agreement
      was high between therapists and patient regarding the treatment which was
      conducted afterwards. In this case medical records transpired to be very
      reliable. The question why a model setting, which aims at a high consensus among
      the medical staff and patients, attains only limited agreement on the reasons and
      necessity for discharge from hospital, is discussed.

PMID- 3991820
TI  - Female or male therapists for women patients: new formulations.
AB  - This paper seeks to provide some perspective on the frequently asked question:
      "Should women patients be referred only to women therapists?" This question, put
      starkly, cannot help but be provocative. An affirmative answer suggests a
      position that would deprive many of a profession and a livelihood. A negative
      answer could intimate that the sex of the therapist is irrelevant to the flow of
      the therapeutic process. The question stirs personal and economic fears that lurk
      behind the more academic question of "gender influences in the process of
      therapy," for it potentially implies that the majority of practitioners (men) may
      be unqualified to treat the majority of patients (women). To advance the
      discussion of this issue, this paper will emphasize several points. First, the
      focus will be on the actions of the therapist, not on the decision-making process
      of the patient. No one theory can predict the individual situation; the final
      selection is an agreement between two specific persons, not between an abstract
      "woman" and an abstract "man." Second, given this switch from focus on patient to
      therapist, the question becomes not whether women or men offer the best therapy
      for women, but rather, "What therapeutic conditions are most likely to facilitate
      women's emotional growth, and how might these best be established in therapy?"
      Third, even if some of the conditions that maximize women's potential are more
      likely to be associated with therapists of one sex than with the other, this
      should be seen not as an end point which directs a patient's decision, but as a
      starting point which could inform the training and supervision of therapists.
      Thus, the question of therapist gender and its effect on therapy with women
      highlights an issue of therapist self-awareness and growth rather than one of the
      patient's selection process.

PMID- 3991821
TI  - Post Vietnam syndrome: neurosis or sociosis?
AB  - Recently released figures from the Veterans Administration on the number of
      Vietnam veterans who have been granted service connection in their claims for
      post-traumatic stress disorder appear to be astonishingly low, given the
      publicity that the media and mental health professionals have placed on this
      diagnosis in recent years. As of the summer of 1984, only slightly more than
      7,000 Vietnam veteran cases had been approved by VA rating boards. A conservative
      popular estimate is that half a million Vietnam veterans are alleged to suffer
      from this neurosis, which is largely attributable to combat-related experiences.
      This gross discrepancy raises many serious questions about the appropriate use of
      the clinical diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. The point of contention
      is not the legitimacy of the diagnosis, but the abuse and misuse of the term for
      personal or political purposes to explain the dilemma of the Vietnam veteran in
      contemporary America. The traditional psychodynamic content of clinical
      psychology needs to be integrated with an analysis of the impact of social,
      political, historical, economic, and philosophical forces on individual and group
      dynamics. The objective of this paper is to examine those forces, the social and
      historical conditions in particular, which have contributed to the origin,
      development, and prolongation of readjustment difficulties for Vietnam veterans.

PMID- 3991822
TI  - Intimacy and depression in older women.
AB  - This study examines the effects of the qualities of intimate relationships on
      depression in older women. The data are from a study of women over 50, randomly
      selected from five census tracts in Madison, Wisconsin, who were given
      questionnaires about depression and the quality of their intimate relationships
      on two occasions (summer of 1978 and summer of 1979). The results showed that
      some dimensions of the relationships that the women described with their most
      significant others predicted depression. The more depressed the women were, the
      more they felt that (1) the relationship was less friendly, (2) their friendly
      feelings were not reciprocated by the significant other, (3) their relationship
      was less consistent and predictable, and (4) there was less time spent with the
      significant other in the best state. These findings are discussed as partially
      consistent with Seligman's arguments on the comparability of his "learned
      helplessness" model and depression and with the focus of cognitive theories of
      Beck and others on the role of perceptions and expectations in depression.

PMID- 3991823
TI  - On speaking to oneself.
AB  - This essay is an attempt to pull together a multiplicity of phenomena variously
      called "private speech," "egocentric speech," "self-communicative speech," "self
      guiding speech" or "soliloquy" within a unified perspective. I will attempt to
      demonstrate that soliloquy consists of 3 basic components: a "regressive"
      component involved with the release of raw emotional energy, an "intrapersonal"
      component concerned with structuring and sustaining cognition, and an
      "interpersonal" component directed toward communicating with others. An example
      of what can be called "regressive soliloquy" is the instinctive cry of a newborn
      baby or the involuntary curse of a person who has just struck his thumb with a
      hammer. An "intrapersonal soliloquy" is exemplified by the person who has looked
      up a telephone number in the directory and repeats it to himself for better
      retention as he prepares to dial the telephone, while "interpersonal soliloquy"
      is illustrated by one's rehearsal of a speech destined for public delivery.

PMID- 3991824
TI  - The N of 1 Markov chain design as a means of studying the stages of
      psychotherapy.
AB  - Research on the process or, more specifically, the stages of psychotherapy has
      been difficult to carry out and can lead to spurious results. An initial step in
      furthering knowledge of the stages of successful therapy would be the use of an N
      of 1 design with Markov chain analyses. This design would allow one to
      incorporate the uniqueness of each therapy dyad, the interactional nature of the
      psychotherapeutic process, and a statistical test of the changes in the
      interactional behavior over time that is not often available in nonbehavioral
      single case designs. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with
      N of 1 designs and Markov chain methodologies and to propose how they could be
      combined in an attempt to study the stages of successful therapy. A hypothetical
      study is presented to exemplify the operation and value of the proposed N of 1
      Markov chain design.

PMID- 3991825
TI  - In defence of international classification.

PMID- 3991826
TI  - A test of the repression hypothesis in agoraphobics.
AB  - In a recent study Turner et al. (1983) employed Bell & Byrne's (1978) Repression
      Sensitization (R-S) scale to test the hypothesis that agoraphobics utilize
      repression as a method of avoiding anxiety-arousing forms of cognition. However,
      no support was found for this view. Rather, the R-S scores indicated general
      sensitization and attention to negative affect. In this paper it is argued that,
      on both theoretical and psychometric grounds, the R-S scale cannot be considered
      a suitable measure of the repression-sensitization process. A study was carried
      out in which a number of other defensivity measures were used in addition to the
      R-S scale. Weak support was found for Goldstein & Chambless' (1978) view that a
      defensive cognitive style is characteristic of agoraphobic patients when compared
      with non-phobic psychiatric controls.

PMID- 3991827
TI  - An investigation of patients' attitudes to ECT by means of Q-analysis.
AB  - This paper is a preliminary investigation into the application of Q-analysis in
      clinical psychiatry. Q-analysis is used to describe the interrelationships of
      attitudes that two groups of patients were observed to hold towards ECT. The data
      were collected as part of the Leicestershire ECT trial. One group comprised 96
      patients who consented to enter the trial. The other group was formed by 23
      patients who refused to participate in the trial, but who agreed to be
      interviewed so that their attitudes could be assessed. The method of applying Q
      analysis is described, and the resultant outputs for the two groups are
      discussed. The presence of insight, a subjective need for treatment and trust in
      ECT were significant features in the 96 patients who agreed to enter the trial.
      However, among this group there was a subset of patients who were very anxious
      and who had little desire to receive ECT or trust in it. Among the 23 patients
      who refused to participate in the trial two main viewpoints could be discerned.
      First, there was a subgroup who seemed accurately to assess their need for
      treatment, had insight and trust in ECT as well as specifically wanting to
      receive it. The second was composed of patients who were very apprehensive, did
      not want ECT and generally were unhappy about being in hospital. In both groups
      it was considered that level of knowledge was relatively unimportant in the
      formation of attitudes.

PMID- 3991829
TI  - The Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire: does language make a
      difference?
AB  - The English and Chinese versions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were
      administered to a sample of 72 bilingual respondents for the evaluation of
      version equivalence by a series of item analyses, reliability analyses and factor
      analyses. Although certain notable discrepancies were observed at the item level,
      the two versions were found to be comparable at the scale level. In addition,
      cogent evidence was provided for the relative robustness of the symptom
      dimensions as assessed by the two versions of the GHQ.

PMID- 3991828
TI  - The factor structure of the Eating Attitudes Test with adolescent schoolgirls.
AB  - The 40-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) was administered to teenage
      schoolgirls. Factor analysis (N = 749) yielded a major dieting factor almost
      identical to that found by Garner et al. (1982) with anorexics. Although this
      factor clearly measures pathology in underweight girls, its interpretation is
      ambiguous for normal and overweight girls. Two other factors found in all
      analyses were food preoccupation and social pressure to eat.

PMID- 3991831
TI  - The development of a short observation method for the study of the activity and
      contacts of old people in residential settings.
AB  - Data from a non-participant, 'event-sampling', direct observation study of 32
      elderly persons in residential care were simplified and re-analysed, with the aim
      of developing a short, practical method of observation for use in research and
      training in residential care. A single, nominated hour's observation seemed to
      fit the data satisfactorily. This method, when applied to data from two newly
      observed contrasting samples, revealed the same important differences as had been
      found from a whole day's observation. A practical, short observation method thus
      emerged for use in research and training.

PMID- 3991830
TI  - Classification of severe school attendance problems.
AB  - Sixty-four children taken to court for failure to attend school were reliably
      classified into 4 groups, according to whether they exhibited the features of
      'school refusal' and/or 'truancy'. About a fifth of them were found to exhibit
      'school refusal'; a third showed 'truancy'; less than a sixth exhibited both
      'school refusal' and 'truancy' combined; and over a third had the characteristics
      of neither condition. Differences between these categories were found in
      manifestations of psychiatric disturbance and in responsiveness to a court
      adjournment procedure.

PMID- 3991832
TI  - Systematic observation and clinical insight--are they compatible? An experiment
      in recognizing family interactions.
AB  - Clinical descriptions of families are often viewed as being too subjective for
      systematic scientific inquiry. This study examines the extent to which
      independent observers can recognize statements made about family interactions.
      These statements were of a type which clinicians dealing with families would make
      and comprised observations with varying levels of inference. A special method was
      devised to test a number of specific hypotheses concerning the processes of
      clinical observation. The results show that such descriptions are recognizable as
      being made about a particular family even when this involves discriminating
      between clinically similar families. Some of the implications of these results
      for observational research are discussed.

PMID- 3991833
TI  - The List of Threatening Experiences: a subset of 12 life event categories with
      considerable long-term contextual threat.
AB  - In a survey of a random sample of the general population recent life events,
      collected and rated for long-term contextual threat according to the methods of
      Brown & Harris (1978), were also recorded where possible on an inventory of life
      event categories (Tennant & Andrews, 1977). Of the 82.5% of all events collected
      which were covered by the inventory, 12 of the 67 event categories accounted for
      77% of life events with an aetiologicaly significant rating of marked or moderate
      long-term threat. Where practical and economic constraints oblige research
      workers to choose the inventory method, a brief list of event categories, such as
      the List of Threatening Experiences, is recommended in preference to much longer
      lists.

PMID- 3991834
TI  - Lateral ventricular size in schizophrenia: relationship to the disease process
      and its clinical manifestations.
AB  - Using computed tomography, lateral ventricular size was studied in a sample of
      112 institutionalized chronic schizophrenic patients (selected from 510 cases to
      investigate the correlates of the defect state and intellectual decline and the
      effects of insulin, electroconvulsive and neuroleptic treatment), and compared
      with matched groups of non-institutionalized schizophrenics, patients with first
      schizophrenic episodes, institutionalized and non-institutionalized patients with
      primary affective disorder, and neurotic out-patients. Age was significantly
      correlated (P less than 0.0002) with lateral ventricular size, but the
      institutionalized schizophrenic patients had significantly larger (P less than
      0.025) lateral ventricles than the neurotics when age was taken into account.
      Ventricular enlargement was unrelated to past physical treatment (neuroleptics,
      insulin coma and electroconvulsive therapy). Within the group of
      institutionalized schizophrenic patients few correlates of ventricular
      enlargement were identified; thus in this population increased ventricular size
      was not clearly associated with the features of the defect state (negative
      symptoms and intellectual impairment). However, there was a curvilinear (inverted
      U) relationship between intellectual function and ventricular size. Increased
      ventricular size was significantly related to absence of hallucinations,
      impairment of social behaviour, inactivity and the presence of abnormal
      involuntary movements. The findings confirm that structural brain changes do
      occur in chronic schizophrenia, but illustrate some of the difficulties in
      elucidating the clinical significance of ventricular enlargement. Lateral
      ventricular size is strongly age-related and the distribution in chronic
      schizophrenia is skewed and not bimodal; the relationship to particular features
      of the disease is complex and likely to emerge only in studies with a large
      sample size.

PMID- 3991835
TI  - Genetic factors in the sex ratio of major depression.
AB  - A twofold increase in the prevalence of depression among women has been
      consistently observed. Several possible explanations, including methodological,
      endocrine, psychosocial, and genetic factors, have been proposed for the
      increased rates of depression among women. This paper describes the analysis of
      data from a family-genetic study of depressed probands to examine whether genetic
      factors can explain the preponderance of depressed females. Our data indicate
      that the excess of females with major depression cannot be attributed to
      increased genetic loading for depression in women. Other factors which may
      explain increased rates of major depression in women are discussed.

PMID- 3991836
TI  - Positive symptoms and the organization within and between ideas in schizophrenic
      speech.
AB  - The study examined the performance of positive symptom schizophrenics vis a vis
      that of demographically well-matched negative symptom schizophrenics and normals
      in organizing words into ideas and ideas into integrated spoken discourse. This
      involved applying a series of analyses to speech produced when describing
      pictures in an unconstrained way. The results showed that, for the most part,
      positive symptom schizophrenics organized their speech, both within and between
      ideas, as well as negative symptom schizophrenics and normals. The results did,
      however, show an increased tendency by the positive speech disordered
      schizophrenics to omit referents for noun phrases requiring referents. This
      constitutes a specific failure to connect ideas and does, at least in part,
      explain what makes positive speech disorder (incoherence of speech)
      unintelligible. However, taken altogether, the results do not support the extant
      view that positive symptom schizophrenics suffer from a general loss of control
      in producing speech.

PMID- 3991837
TI  - Some cognitive correlates of schizophrenic illnesses.
AB  - A battery of tests was developed to assess verbal, non-verbal and mixed cognitive
      functions. Interest was based on pattern of response rather than absolute scores.
      The subjects were 167 men held in prison on criminal charges or in a maximum
      security hospital after conviction. The present paper deals exclusively with two
      subgroups: the 61 schizophrenic men and the 41 men with no psychiatric disorder.
      The schizophrenic group as a whole presented a very different cognitive pattern
      from the 'normal' men. First, with the exception of the vocabulary subtest of the
      WAIS, the schizophrenics were inferior on all tests, whether verbal, non-verbal
      or mixed function. Secondly, they showed considerably more variation within
      subtests. The schizophrenic sample was therefore subdivided into four clinical
      groups. Each showed a distinctive cognitive profile. It is argued that these
      cognitive differences reflect real differences in the disorder and type of
      illness being experienced by members of these subgroups.

PMID- 3991838
TI  - Measurement of intimacy: conceptual and methodological issues of studying close
      relationships.

PMID- 3991839
TI  - Theoretical interpretations of the speed and accuracy of positive and negative
      responses.

PMID- 3991842
TI  - Description of heart-rate variability data in accordance with a physiological
      model for the genesis of heartbeats.

PMID- 3991841
TI  - The effect of stimulus significance on skin conductance recovery.

PMID- 3991840
TI  - Blood, sweat, and tears: individual differences in autonomic self-perception.

PMID- 3991843
TI  - A further analysis of age and sleep deprivation effects.

PMID- 3991844
TI  - A psychophysiological field study of stress at Three Mile Island.

PMID- 3991845
TI  - Second thoughts: multiple P300s elicited by a single stimulus.

PMID- 3991846
TI  - Changes in heart period, heart-period variability, and a spectral analysis
      estimate of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in response to pharmacological
      manipulations of the baroreceptor reflex in cats.

PMID- 3991847
TI  - Pupillary dilations in movement preparation and execution.

PMID- 3991848
TI  - Electrodermal activity in patients with chronic pain: implications for the
      specificity of physiological indices in relation to psychopathology.

PMID- 3991849
TI  - Sleep mentation in the elderly.

PMID- 3991850
TI  - Changes in skin, salivary, and urinary pH as indicators of anxiety level in
      humans.

PMID- 3991851
TI  - Neonatal acoustically-elicited cardiac response: modulation by state and
      antecedent stimulation.

PMID- 3991852
TI  - Left hemisphere specialization for facial and manual imitation.

PMID- 3991853
TI  - [Is the concept of neurosis meaningful and necessary?].

PMID- 3991854
TI  - [Nosology and classification in psychiatry based on DSM III with special
      reference to neuroses and personality disorders].

PMID- 3991855
TI  - [Characteristics of anorexia nervosa of early onset].

PMID- 3991856
TI  - [Problems in the relations between physicians and cancer patients].

PMID- 3991858
TI  - [Stigmatization of psychiatric patients: the city versus the country].

PMID- 3991857
TI  - [Medical conversation during rounds in an intensive care station--initial results
      of an empirical study].

PMID- 3991859
TI  - Combined psychiatric-medical inpatient units: the Mount Sinai model.

PMID- 3991861
TI  - Masked depression in a combined medical-psychiatric unit.

PMID- 3991860
TI  - Medical-psychiatric unit patients compared with patients in two other services.

PMID- 3991862
TI  - The medical-psychiatric unit and psychosocial education of internists.

PMID- 3991863
TI  - Cognitive screening at the bedside: usefulness of a structured examination.

PMID- 3991864
TI  - Delusions of halitosis.

PMID- 3991865
TI  - Observations on misdiagnosis of rabies.

PMID- 3991866
TI  - Depression and benign intracranial hypertension.

PMID- 3991867
TI  - Sexual assessment of the urologic oncology patient.

PMID- 3991869
TI  - Food handlers and food poisoning.

PMID- 3991868
TI  - Psychiatry: the primary care mental health profession.

PMID- 3991870
TI  - The general labour conflict in Sweden 1980: effects on the mortality in Stockholm
      County.

PMID- 3991871
TI  - Studies of blood pressures in school children in northern Japan.

PMID- 3991872
TI  - Blood lead levels in Malaysian urban and rural pregnant women.

PMID- 3991873
TI  - Obesity in school children: is there a case for screening?

PMID- 3991874
TI  - Field epidemiology: methodological constraints and limitations in the developing
      world.

PMID- 3991875
TI  - Characteristics of family planning acceptors at a Primary Health Care Project in
      Lagos, Nigeria.

PMID- 3991876
TI  - Overweight and obesity in hypertension.
AB  - Many studies have shown body weight to correlate with blood pressure and the
      prevalence of hypertension, but few have examined whether the correlation between
      overweight and hypertension holds at higher levels of blood pressure. This study
      evaluated the degree of overweight and hypertension among 1795 adult men and
      women with hypertension (diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg) who
      were referred to a community-based hypertension clinic in Milwaukee during a five
      year period. Using a nomogram for body mass index (BMI), we found that more than
      one-third of the subjects were overweight and over one-third were obese, with
      black and white females showing slightly higher indices than males. There was a
      trend for BMI to decline with age in both ethnic groups. Among the group not on
      antihypertensive medication (1344 patients), there was no correlation between BMI
      and blood pressure. Blood pressure correlated positively with age but BMI showed
      an opposite trend. After BMI was corrected for age, the correlation was the same
      and tended to be in the negative direction. A striking trend observed is that the
      higher the BMI, the greater the percentage of subjects with diastolic pressures
      between 90-104 mmHg. These results do not necessarily contradict a possible role
      of obesity in hypertension. Rather, they confirm the high prevalence of
      overweight among hypertensives and suggest that a large proportion of obese
      hypertensives tend to have a relatively mild pressure elevation. In view of the
      known hypotensive effect of weight reduction, the likelihood of reducing blood
      pressure to normotensive levels in this group by diet is stressed.

PMID- 3991877
TI  - Ten years' experience of an amyloid clinic--a clinicopathological survey.
AB  - The aetiology, clinical course and affected organs were studied in 124 patients
      with acquired systemic amyloidosis and seven patients with organ-limited amyloid
      deposits. Seventy-five patients had reactive systemic AA amyloidosis, which was
      associated with rheumatic disease in 55 and with chronic infection in 13 cases.
      Forty-nine patients had systemic AL amyloidosis. Thirteen of these cases were
      associated with myelomatosis and 11 with non-malignant immunocyte dyscrasias. In
      25 patients with systemic AL disease no immunocyte dyscrasia was identified.
      Renal involvement dominated the clinical course of both forms of systemic
      amyloidosis, and renal failure was the most common cause of death.
      Gastrointestinal disturbance and hepatosplenomegaly were found in both AA and AL
      disease, although differences were noted in the distribution of amyloid protein
      within rectal biopsies. Amyloid cardiomyopathy, neuropathy and macroglossia were
      present in patients with AL amyloidosis only. These clinical patterns were
      reflected by tissue distribution at necropsy in 67 patients.

PMID- 3991878
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of the dermal vasculature of diabetics.
AB  - The dermal microvasculature has been compared in 51 diabetics and 51 matched non
      diabetic controls using tissue measurement techniques and functional assessments
      of blood vessel reactivity. Blood vessel walls were thicker in different groups
      of diabetics than the controls (p less than 0.01) but the degree of thickness did
      not differ between patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and those
      with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or between diabetics with and
      without vascular complications. Vascular lumina were narrower in diabetics than
      in controls (p less than 0.01) and diabetics with vascular complications had a
      greater reduction in luminal area than those without such complications (p less
      than 0.001) but the luminal area did not differ between the insulin-dependent and
      the non-insulin-dependent groups. The luminal perimeter was also reduced in the
      diabetic group compared to controls. The weal and flare response to
      intracutaneous histamine acid phosphate (50 micrograms) was markedly decreased (p
      less than 0.001) in diabetic subjects compared with controls, as was the response
      to a topically applied vasodilator (Transvasin). The degree of reduction did not
      differ between patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and those with
      the non-insulin-dependent disease but diabetics with vascular complications show
      impaired responses as compared to those without. The maximum increase in skin
      temperature on the volar surface of the right middle finger during a period of
      reactive hyperaemia following 3 min of cuff-induced ischaemia was also markedly
      decreased in diabetics compared with control subjects. It did not differ between
      those with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and those with the non-insulin
      dependent disease but did between diabetics with vascular complications as
      compared with those without. This study confirms that the cutaneous vasculature
      of diabetics differs markedly from that of matched control subjects. The results
      also indicate that there are significant differences between diabetics with
      vascular complications and those without. The quantitative approaches adopted may
      have predictive value.

PMID- 3991879
TI  - Is parathyroidectomy of benefit in primary hyperparathyroidism?
AB  - A retrospective survey was performed on 265 patients with primary
      hyperparathyroidism who had received three forms of treatment on a non-randomised
      basis. 'Successful' surgery (normalisation of serum calcium) was carried out in
      142 patients, 'unsuccessful' surgery (persistence of hypercalcaemia after neck
      exploration) in 33 and no surgery in 90. Patients subjected to surgery were
      significantly younger than patients in the unoperated group and their serum
      calcium values at the time of decision were approximately 10 per cent higher. The
      mean follow-up period was significantly longer in the operated groups. The
      percentages of patients who had died were similar in each group. Clinical events
      relating to renal stones depended on the presence or absence of calculi at the
      time of decision rather than on the method of treatment. At the time of follow-up
      the prevalence of hypertension, renal impairment and vertebral crush fractures
      were similar in all three groups. Forearm osteo-densitometry showed a higher bone
      mineral content in the 'successful' group than in the other two groups. In spite
      of the selection bias inherent in a study of this kind, it is clear that
      untreated hyperparathyroidism is compatible with long survival and a lack of
      demonstrable deleterious effects on kidney and bone.

PMID- 3991880
TI  - Post-marketing surveillance of the safety of cimetidine: twelve-month morbidity
      report.
AB  - A total of 9928 patients taking cimetidine and 9351 controls were included in a
      post-marketing drug surveillance study in Glasgow, Nottingham, Oxford and
      Portsmouth; 98.8 per cent of the takers and 97.7 per cent of the controls were
      successfully followed up for at least one year during which hospital visits and
      deaths were recorded. Methods of identification of subjects and 12-month
      mortality results have been reported previously. A general analysis of the
      morbidity experienced by these patients during the study year is presented here.
      Thirty-nine per cent of takers and 21 per cent of controls were seen at
      outpatient clinics, and 18 per cent of takers and 8 per cent of controls were
      admitted to hospital; 15 325 individual diagnoses in takers and 5002 diagnoses in
      controls were reviewed. An association with cimetidine treatment was found, as
      expected, for gastrointestinal diseases. Weaker associations were found for
      haematological disorders, some tumours, infections, disorders of the locomotor
      system and respiratory diseases. Detailed examination revealed that these were
      mainly due to confounding from several sources, for example, from the underlying
      cause of the dyspepsia which resulted in cimetidine use, from the higher level of
      physician contact in cimetidine takers, and smoking. The scheme successfully
      detected and quantified some already known adverse effects of cimetidine and did
      not detect any new effects. It is concluded that this method of collecting
      information is feasible and useful, but several interpretive pitfalls arise, some
      of which can be avoided by careful analysis. No evidence of any major
      unrecognised risk of cimetidine treatment emerged from the study.

PMID- 3991881
TI  - Estimating silver content in used fixer.

PMID- 3991882
TI  - Education, continuing education and more education.

PMID- 3991883
TI  - Reducing the photographic budget in the imaging department. 1--From Finland.

PMID- 3991884
TI  - Reducing the photographic budget in the imaging department. 2--From Belgium.

PMID- 3991885
TI  - Reducing the photographic budget in the imaging department. 3--From Kenya.

PMID- 3991887
TI  - Rare congenital anomaly of the atlas.

PMID- 3991886
TI  - CT scanning in paediatric oncology.

PMID- 3991888
TI  - Mobile X-ray generators: a review.
AB  - Mobile X-ray generators vary widely in design, cost and radiographic performance
      and the new designs of recent years have led to the introduction of jargon. Such
      terms as 'capacitator discharge' and 'modicum frequency' can give rise to
      confusion regarding operating technique. This review classifies the mobiles into
      three distinct categories. Simple rules are presented to enable an operator to
      transfer exposure factors from one category to another, and an analysis of the
      relative merits of each category is provided. Part 1 provides a description of
      the categories available, a broad explanation of the principles involved and
      discusses the radiographic use. Throughout the text certain terms are given in
      italics when first used in that particular description and Part 2 gives full
      explanations of these terms in the context of Part 1.

PMID- 3991889
TI  - Parametric imaging.
AB  - The analysis of circulatory dynamics by functional data extraction from
      radiologic image sequences constitutes the latest development of digital imaging
      techniques in angiography. In this article, the methodologic approach of
      angiographic parameter extraction and the interpretation of functional
      information are outlined. Applications of parametric imaging in arterial blood
      flow, arterial flow distribution, parenchymal perfusion, and coronary and
      myocardial perfusion are discussed.

PMID- 3991890
TI  - Processing alternatives for digital chest imaging.
AB  - Radiographic imaging of the chest remains one of the most important and most
      challenging problems in radiology. The wide range of information that results
      from the great variation of radiation behind the lungs compared with that behind
      the mediastinum creates a very difficult imaging problem. The introduction and
      continued investigation of digital techniques have presented a potential solution
      to this problem. In this article, the authors describe the image-processing
      techniques of histogram equalization and adaptive filtration in digital chest
      imaging.

PMID- 3991891
TI  - The use of psychophysical principles in the design of a total digital radiology
      department.
AB  - In this article, the current design questions in developing a total digital
      radiology department (TDRD) are discussed, and the psychophysical techniques
      being used to determine the necessary spatial resolution in such systems are
      described. In addition, a review of the problems of designing the system and
      preliminary design results from the authors' institution are presented.

PMID- 3991892
TI  - The digital radiology department of the future.
AB  - The boom in microelectronics, including cost-effectiveness, has now allowed us to
      consider the use of these objects to store digital images. There remains much
      research, development, and clinical evaluation to be done in receptor technology.
      Further improvements in image processing, optical laser disk storage, and optical
      transmission and further commercial development of display technology must take
      place. All of these developments are occurring simultaneously. Within 5 to 10
      years, radiology departments will most likely be totally electronic, probably
      cost-effective, and, it is hoped, more diagnostically accurate.

PMID- 3991893
TI  - Teleradiology: part of a comprehensive telehealth system.
AB  - Present technologic limitations do not allow completely accurate reproduction of
      a chest film, the gold standard of teleradiology. Although interpretation
      accuracy of broad-band teleradiographs is reasonably good and encouraging, the
      low level of confidence engendered by teleradiology interpretations in narrow
      band transmission is self-evident in view of the tendency to provide an immediate
      provisional report followed later by a signed report after direct viewing of the
      film. Despite this, the important observation, putting things into perspective,
      was made by Andrus and Bird, namely that "the question is not whether
      teleradiology is preferable to direct visualization when either is available, but
      whether teleradiology offers an acceptable universally applicable method to
      augment the usefulness of the radiologist." Although fiberoptic guides may well
      lace the country in a few years, providing ample capacity and superb transmitted
      images, there are several options presently worth investigating now. These could
      provide teleradiology services to remote and rural communities, depending on the
      level of need and skills at the remote site, the availability and cost of
      transmission, and the need for access to 24-hour consultation services. The
      future role of teleradiology on a much larger scale within a regional network of
      health care facilities has yet to be defined, based on the perceived need for
      reasonable access to expensive but precise imaging methods. On the face of it, it
      would seem unlikely that small community hospitals will be able to afford the
      cost and maintenance of CT and MR scanners, digital angiography, and other useful
      and accepted imaging services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3991894
TI  - [The automatic film processing machine PENTACON AR 510--technics and economy].

PMID- 3991895
TI  - [2 years' experience with dynamic computed tomography of the pancreas].

PMID- 3991896
TI  - [Pharmacolymphography with Venalot and Venoruton--a 7 years' report].

PMID- 3991897
TI  - [Computed tomography of the petrous bone in comparison with conventional
      tomography].

PMID- 3991898
TI  - [From the x-ray department to the institute for imaging diagnosis].
AB  - The increasing sophistication of diagnostic radiology has led to rising emphasis
      on modality-related training and practice in radiological subspecialties. To
      accomplish both optimal patient management and a rational, cost-effective
      analysis of imaging procedures, a comprehensive approach to modern radiology is
      needed rather than a technology-related attitude. The imaging department, where
      the various imaging data are synthesized and correlation by a general
      practitioner of radiology, as opposed to the subspecialty radiologist, is the
      most suitable solution. The principles of management and the layout of such a
      center are described by the authors.

PMID- 3991899
TI  - [Mesotheliomas of the pleura and peritoneum].
AB  - From 1972 and 1982 we observed 6 cases of diffuse pleural mesothelioma and 3
      cases of peritoneal mesothelioma in the Department of Internal Medicine of the
      University of Erlangen-Nurnberg. In 5 of 6 cases one sided noncharacteristic
      relapsing pleural effusion was the only sign of the pleural tumor process. Only
      in one case a pleural tumor constallation was diagnosed. Tomography of the lung
      showed a normal free central bronchial system and peripheral bronchial
      infiltration or displacement. In all cases CT scans were able to localize the
      tumor furthermore to demonstrate the exact extension and the infiltration of the
      mediastinum or of the diaphragm into the abdomen. Beside conventional x-rays such
      as double contrast examination of the colon and mesenterial angiography CT scans
      played the major role in diagnosing this rare peritoneal mesothelioma. Massive
      ascites, mesenterial infiltration, thickening of the mesenterial radix, and tumor
      embedding of bowel and vessels is of diagnostic significance. To ensure the
      diagnosis one has to do a thoraco- or laparoscopy.

PMID- 3991900
TI  - Malignant diffuse pleural mesothelioma--does it produce mediastinal shift?
AB  - Four patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma are presented who developed
      mediastinal shift to the contralateral hemithorax. This finding seems to occur
      more frequently than previously mentioned in the literature.

PMID- 3991901
TI  - [Soft-tissue changes in the chest wall area after contusion trauma. The findings
      in conventional x-ray diagnosis].
AB  - Six cases of posttraumatic hematomas in areas of the chest wall are reported,
      four of them were found subpleural and two extrapleural. Radiological signs and
      differential diagnostic possibilities are discussed.

PMID- 3991902
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumor: malignant histiocytosis].
AB  - On chest X-ray picture a mediastinal mass may be an indication for manifestation
      of malignant histiocytosis. The history of two own cases is detailed. More common
      radiological features are reticular or nodular opacities or other interstitial
      infiltrations, pleural effusions and circumscribed lymphnode enlargements.

PMID- 3991903
TI  - [2 cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis--the ERCP documentation of a 3-year
      course of immunosuppressive therapy].
AB  - X-ray characteristics of two cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis are
      described. A discussion of clinical, immunological and histological features of
      the disease and the 3-years progress of a 40 year old man during treatment with
      immunesuppressive therapy (Imurek at the beginning with cortison) is shown. The
      stop of the progression of the disease is supposed.

PMID- 3991904
TI  - [Effect of steroids on the development of soft-tissue calcifications at the
      margin of the distal tuberosity of the fingers].
AB  - Long-term corticosteroid therapy leads to an increase in soft tissue
      calcification at the margin of the distal tuberosity of the fingers, which
      normally occurs infrequently. This steroid-induced calcification is most often
      seen in chronic respiratory disturbances.

PMID- 3991905
TI  - [The occult fracture in the roentgen picture and its detection using bone
      scintigraphy].
AB  - A retrospective study was made of patients with initially negative radiographs
      and positive radionuclide bone images. Comparison of conventional radiography and
      bone scanning in traumatology shows that the masked bone fracture can be seen in
      the bone scan but a focal accumulation of the radioactive material may not
      correspond to a bone fracture in every case. The ligamentous avulsion of a bone
      chip and/or the periosteum can yield the same image. Usually bones respond to
      trauma with an abnormal focal tracer accumulation because of irregular metabolic
      processes and the disturbance of the local blood circulation. By using a highly
      sophisticated technique (3-phases bone scanning) the focal disturbances can be
      seen. The greatest problem in scanning is the nonspecificity of abnormal tracer
      accumulation. Although bone scanning is very important in the diagnosis of any
      traumatic lesion of the bone it cannot replace the conventional radiograph.

PMID- 3991906
TI  - [Occult fractures of the skull].
AB  - Fractures of the skull represent a problem in traumatologic X-ray-diagnosis. The
      higher rate of errors in the skull compared with the rest of the skeleton result
      from problems in differentiation of fracture-lines from vascular channels and
      impressions in overlying skeletal structures. By special examination of the
      suspected region (special X-ray-views, conventional tomography, CT, magnification
      views etc.) additional information can be obtained, e.g., exact demonstration of
      dislocated bone fragments or the detection of intracranial hematomas as well as
      the unmasking of the fracture lines and their dimensions. Very often these
      special procedures results are the basis for correct treatment. For various skull
      regions, where masked fractures often occur, recommended radiological pathways
      are presented in order to find these fractures and to obtain additional
      information.

PMID- 3991907
TI  - [Detection of occult fractures of the pelvic bones by roentgen computed
      tomography].
AB  - The informational value of C.T. concerning pelvic fractures is presented. Not all
      injuries to the hip joint and to the os sacrum can be seen on standard a.p.
      projections, oblique views, special projections or conventional tomography. 17
      typical examples have been selected from young patients with multiple injuries.
      C.T.-findings concerning fractures of the hip joint, of the os sacrum and of
      hidden pelvic fractures are described. Emphasis is placed on careful radiological
      analysis of fractures with special regard to the planning of conservative or
      operative treatment and also on the later functional results following fractures
      of the hip joint.

PMID- 3991908
TI  - [Stress fractures of the navicular bone. Roentgen diagnosis of a rare fracture].
AB  - Stress fracture of the tarsal navicular are rare and their diagnosis is often
      delayed. 1982 and 1983 we found stress fractures of the os naviculare pedis in 16
      patients, 8 fractures were complete and 10 incomplete. Three types of
      radiographic findings are sclerosis, radiolucency and radiolucency with sclerotic
      borders. The fractures were localized in the middle third of the tarsal
      navicular. Laminography is necessary to evaluate the radiographic changes and
      their extension.

PMID- 3991909
TI  - [Preoperative use of computed tomography for foreign bodies].
AB  - Computed tomography, with the possibility of density determination, makes
      possible the detection of foreign bodies that are not visible when using
      conventional techniques. The possibilities of localization are improved by the
      fact that tomograms are free of shadows and that distances can be measured
      exactly. These advantages provide important information in those cases in which
      surgical operation is planned.

PMID- 3991910
TI  - [Occult fractures in infants and children].
AB  - Examples of occult skeletal lesions such as greenstick and depressed fractures,
      bends in bones and lesions of the non-ossified epiphyses in babies and young
      children are given and the possibilities of diagnosis are demonstrated. If there
      are corresponding clinical symptoms a special admission for follow up examination
      should follow after 10-14 days in order to observe around a discrete lesion. The
      value of bone imaging in early lesions is emphasized.

PMID- 3991911
TI  - Tricyclic response in obsessive compulsive disorder.
AB  - Therapeutic responses to the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine have been
      demonstrated in five double blind studies of patients with obsessive compulsive
      disorder. Biological alterations in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder
      resemble those of depressed patients for the dexamethasone suppression test, for
      some measures of sleep physiology, and in similar neuroendocrine responses to
      clonidine. Clomipramine's antiobsessional effect does not require high baseline
      depression ratings or biological abnormalities similar to those seen in
      depressives. Preliminary results suggest that in contrast to depressives,
      patients with obsessive compulsive disorder may respond to clomipramine but not
      to the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine.

PMID- 3991912
TI  - Longitudinal course of panic disorder: clinical and biological considerations.
AB  - The longitudinal course of panic disorder and its associated symptoms were
      investigated in thirty-eight patients. The temporal relationships among panic
      attacks, generalized anxiety, agoraphobia and depression are described. Similar
      and different biological alterations in the tricyclic-responsive disorders of
      primary depression and panic disorder are reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 3991913
TI  - Neuropeptides and schizophrenia: spinal fluid and brain studies. Introduction.

PMID- 3991914
TI  - [Solvation and properties of proteins].

PMID- 3991915
TI  - Neurotensin-induced colonic motor responses in dogs: a mediation by
      prostaglandins.
AB  - The effects of systemic infusion of neurotensin (NT) were studied in four dogs
      fitted with strain-gauge transducers implanted on the ascending and descending
      colon. The motility index of the colon was enhanced for the duration of the 20
      min NT infusion (20 pmol X kg-1 X min-1). Such stimulation was comparable to the
      colonic motor response elicited by feeding, i.e. the gastrocolic reflex. A period
      of hypomotility, lasting 40-90 min, occurred after either feeding or completion
      of NT infusion. Pretreatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors,
      ketoprofene (KTP) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), reduced the magnitude of both
      the NT- and meal-induced hypermotility responses. The results suggest that the
      ability of NT to increase colonic motility may involve prostaglandin synthesis
      and that endogenous prostaglandin may exert a physiologic effect on colonic motor
      response to feeding. Moreover, these findings support a possible role for NT as
      one of the mediators involved in the non-neural mediation of the gastrocolic
      reflex.

PMID- 3991916
TI  - Cimetidine fails to suppress the rise in plasma secretin during fasting.
AB  - The effects of cimetidine on plasma secretin were studied during prolonged
      fasting in order to determine whether gastric acid output influences secretin
      release under these circumstances. Twenty healthy volunteers starved for 36 h and
      were refed with oral glucose. They were given placebo or cimetidine (1.6 g daily)
      for 24 h before and during the starvation period. After 12 h fasting plasma
      secretin like immunoreactivity (SLI) was lower (P less than 0.02) in the
      cimetidine group than in the placebo group. After 36 h plasma SLI was higher (P
      less than 0.001) in both groups compared to the 12 h value but there was no
      statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. Refeeding caused
      prompt suppression of plasma SLI in both groups. Plasma gastrin was lower (P less
      than 0.001) after 36 h than 12 h in the placebo group only, but there was no
      significant difference between the groups. Blood glycerol (P less than 0.01) and
      3 hydroxybutyrate (P less than 0.02) concentrations were higher after 36 h than
      after 12 h fasting in both groups. During fasting, sufficient to cause
      mobilisation of fat and ketosis, cimetidine failed to suppress plasma SLI. This
      may be due to inadequate suppression of gastric acid output or to some
      alternative stimulus to secretin release during fasting.

PMID- 3991917
TI  - Bombesin, neurotensin and pro-gamma-melanotropin immunoreactants in human milk.
AB  - The concentration of bombesin-like, neurotensin-like and pro-gamma-melanotropin
      like immunoreactants in human skim milk was measured by radioimmunoassay and
      found to be 235 pg/ml (mean, n = 13, range 60-430 pg/ml), 63 pg/ml (mean, n = 13,
      range 20-105 pg/ml) and 2.4 ng/ml (mean, n = 6, range 1.2-5 ng/ml), respectively.
      The concentrations were 5-10 times higher than in plasma. High performance liquid
      chromatography showed that the neurotensin and pro-gamma-melanotropin
      immunoreactants co-eluted with the authentic peptides. Bombesin gave three peaks,
      one co-eluting with authentic bombesin and one with porcine gastrin releasing
      peptide 14-27, whereas another one had a shorter elution time, suggesting a less
      hydrophobic fragment, possibly even smaller than gastrin releasing peptide 14-27.

PMID- 3991918
TI  - Application of CR-39 plastic to rapid and quantitative macroautoradiography of
      alpha-emitters in a whole body section of an experimental animal.

PMID- 3991919
TI  - [Field application of instruments using radiation. 3. Nuclear well logging in oil
      wells].

PMID- 3991920
TI  - [Field application of instruments using radiation. 4. Geophysical prospecting].

PMID- 3991921
TI  - A method for measuring specific activities of 14C-labelled compounds by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer system.
AB  - A method for measuring specific activities of 14C-labelled compounds by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer system (GC-MS-CPU) was developed. This
      method was proved to provide practically precise and accurate specific activities
      of various 14C-labelled compounds with such merits as requirement of small amount
      of samples, being applicable to volatile compounds, and convenience. The C.V.
      percent obtained for tested compounds was within 3.9 and the reliable sensitivity
      should be over 37 MBq/mM (1 mCi/mM). This method was also useful for obtaining
      information on the labelling pattern and the synthetic procedures applied.

PMID- 3991922
TI  - Liquid scintillation counting of 55Fe applied to air-filter samples.
AB  - A simple and rapid method has been improved for determination of low specific
      activity of 55Fe with a liquid scintillation counter. High counting efficiency
      was obtained for a sample containing up to 150 mg of iron using mixture of a
      colorless solution of phosphate iron complex and an emulsifier liquid
      scintillator. The detection limit was 0.31 Bq (8.4 pCi) per gram iron assuming
      the counting for 1000 minutes and 95% confidence level. This counting method was
      applied to determination of 55Fe in air-filter samples.

PMID- 3991923
TI  - [Quantitative measurement of 125I with NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter].
AB  - This paper describes a NaI(Tl) scintillation survey meter which can quantify 125I
      on a contaminated surface in situ. This survey meter has four inherent windows;
      20-45 keV the singles photopeak region, 45-80 keV the sum photopeak region, 20-80
      keV the total photopeak region, and 80 keV-. The activity was calculated based on
      the sum peak method. The calculated activity of a point source agreed with the
      standardized source activity within an uncertainty of about 10% both up to the
      distance of 3 cm from the detector surface along the axis of the detector and on
      the detector surface. The activity of a simulated plate source also agreed with
      the source activity within the same uncertainty.

PMID- 3991924
TI  - Pressure measurement in tritium atmospheres by mass spectrometer and tritium
      effect.

PMID- 3991925
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of measuring plasma ferritin levels by a
      magnetic ferritin kit].

PMID- 3991926
TI  - [Serum ferritin determination by means of radioimmunoassay technic--rapid
      improved method and normal reference value].

PMID- 3991928
TI  - A new possibility for simultaneous determination of radioactive and stable
      isotopes in environmental samples by the substoichiometric method.

PMID- 3991927
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical studies on the determination of anti-HBc(IgM) by
      radioimmunoassay].

PMID- 3991929
TI  - Safety evaluation of over-the-counter products.

PMID- 3991930
TI  - An assessment of a toxicological incident in a drug development program and its
      implications.
AB  - In an exceptionally thorough program of preclinical toxicity testing in
      laboratory animals of the anti-allergy drug FPL 52757 (6,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-4
      oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylic acid), no significant hepatotoxic potential was
      detected. Despite this evidence of safety in a wide range of laboratory animals,
      the drug produced mild reversible hepatotoxicity in some patients in some
      clinical trials. Extensive toxicity and investigational studies are described,
      and the importance of the correct choice of species for toxicology evaluations
      based on sound pharmacokinetic principles is highlighted. This paper reviews this
      incident and the lessons to be learned from it in light of current regulatory
      requirements.

PMID- 3991931
TI  - Application of pharmacokinetics in drug safety evaluation.
AB  - The discipline of pharmacokinetics plays an important role in safety evaluation
      of drugs. In this presentation various kinds of pharmacokinetic studies have been
      discussed with specific examples of the studies that should be conducted in
      support of safety evaluation of new drugs. The design and evaluation of
      toxicologic and pathologic studies in animals, as well as of safety and efficacy
      studies in man, should take into consideration the pharmacokinetic
      characteristics of drugs.

PMID- 3991932
TI  - Basic principles of superfund litigation.
AB  - Many legal aspects of the 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
      Compensation, and Liability Act, known as CERCLA, pose problems for industry and
      the general public. The legal issues are developing and many of the numerous
      problems will require future resolution in the courts. A plea is made for a
      cooperative effort by lawyers, regulators, and courts to analyze and solve these
      problems from a proper perspective.

PMID- 3991933
TI  - A proposed plan for the detection and identification of potential sensitizers.
AB  - For toxicologists who are actively involved in safety testing and risk
      assessment, the ideal animal model should accurately predict the biologic
      response of humans after any contact with potentially hazardous materials.
      Unfortunately this goal is seldom, if ever, approached. Therefore, the
      toxicologist must design and execute experiments that will define to a higher
      degree of accuracy the inherent toxicity of the chemical and the biological
      response of the model. If the biologic response can be defined and understood and
      if the relevant information is available for comparable human responses, then the
      extrapolation to the human situation, although not always precise, can be made
      with a measure of assurance. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, it is
      essential that follow-up on human exposures be in sufficient detail so that the
      variations in biologic response can be further defined. In this way the precision
      and accuracy of the safety assessment can be checked.

PMID- 3991934
TI  - The role of the chemical industry in development.

PMID- 3991935
TI  - Mutagenicity in drug development: interpretation and significance of test
      results.
AB  - The use of mutagenicity data has been proposed and widely accepted as a
      relatively fast and inexpensive means of predicting long-term risk to man (i.e.,
      cancer in somatic cells, heritable mutations in germ cells). This view is based
      on the universal nature of the genetic material, the somatic mutation model of
      carcinogenesis, and a number of studies showing correlations between mutagenicity
      and carcinogenicity. An uncritical acceptance of this approach by some regulatory
      and industrial concerns is over-conservative, naive, and scientifically
      unjustifiable on a number of grounds: Human cancers are largely life-style
      related (e.g., cigarettes, diet, tanning). Mutagens (both natural and man-made)
      are far more prevalent in the environment than was originally assumed (e.g., the
      natural bases and nucleosides, protein pyrolysates, fluorescent lights,
      typewriter ribbon, red wine, diesel fuel exhausts, viruses, our own leukocytes).
      "False-positive" (relative to carcinogenicity) and "false-negative" mutagenicity
      results occur, often with rational explanations (e.g., high threshold,
      inappropriate metabolism, inadequate genetic endpoint), and thereby confound any
      straightforward interpretation of mutagenicity test results. Test battery
      composition affects both the proper identification of mutagens and, in many
      instances, the ability to make preliminary risk assessments. In vitro
      mutagenicity assays ignore whole animal protective mechanisms, may provide
      unphysiological metabolism, and may be either too sensitive (e.g., testing at
      orders-of-magnitude higher doses than can be ingested) or not sensitive enough
      (e.g., short-term treatments inadequately model chronic exposure in bioassay).
      Bacterial systems, particularly the Ames assay, cannot in principle detect
      chromosomal events which are involved in both carcinogenesis and germ line
      mutations in man. Some compounds induce only chromosomal events and little or no
      detectable single-gene events (e.g., acyclovir, caffeine, methapyrilene). In vivo
      mutagenicity assays are more physiological but appear to be relatively
      insensitive due to the inability to achieve sufficiently high acute plasma levels
      to mimic cumulative long-term effects. Examination of the mutagenicity of
      naturally occurring analogs may indicate the irrelevance of a test compound's
      mutagenicity (e.g., deoxyguanosine and the structurally related antiviral drug,
      acyclovir, have identical mutagenicity patterns). Life-threatening or severe
      debilitating diseases (e.g., cancer, severe psychoses, severe crippling
      arthritis, sight-threatening diseases) may justify treatment with mutagenic or
      even carcinogenic therapeutic agents (benefit/risk considerations).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3991936
TI  - [Hematologic changes in miliary tuberculosis. Study of 93 patients].

PMID- 3991937
TI  - [Sarcoidosis. Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects in 40 patients].

PMID- 3991938
TI  - [Familial diabetes insipidus, ureterohydronephrosis and terminal renal
      insufficiency].

PMID- 3991939
TI  - [Tuberculous pericarditis].

PMID- 3991940
TI  - [A new case of Caroli's disease].

PMID- 3991941
TI  - [Primary lung tumors. Clinical and histopathological characteristics and course
      in 307 patients].

PMID- 3991942
TI  - [Spontaneous pneumomediastinum].

PMID- 3991943
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism. Ca-P balance following parathyroidectomy].

PMID- 3991944
TI  - [Hypouricemia caused by an isolated tubular defect. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 3991945
TI  - [Treatment of fulminant hepatitis with hemoperfusion].

PMID- 3991946
TI  - [Acute renal failure in hepatitis B].

PMID- 3991947
TI  - [Shy-Drager syndrome].

PMID- 3991949
TI  - [Role of radiotherapy in the integral treatment of myeloma. Our experience in 51
      cases].

PMID- 3991948
TI  - [Oral overload of calcium as a diagnostic test in hypercalciuric renal
      lithiasis].

PMID- 3991950
TI  - [Chronic urticaria. Evaluation of cutaneous biopsy].

PMID- 3991951
TI  - [Meningeal carcinomatosis].

PMID- 3991952
TI  - [Hematomas of the brain stem in the light of new complementary study technics].

PMID- 3991953
TI  - [Shy-Drager syndrome. Description of a case].

PMID- 3991955
TI  - [Clinicobiologic profile of sarcoidosis. Analysis of 35 cases].

PMID- 3991954
TI  - [Hyperlipoproteinemia type I. Study of a familial deficiency of lipoprotein
      lipase].

PMID- 3991956
TI  - [Value of postdipyridamol myocardial perfusion gammagraphy (GT1 PD) in the
      diagnosis of ischemic cardiopathy and its angiographic correlation].

PMID- 3991957
TI  - [Thyroid function in hepatic cirrhosis].

PMID- 3991958
TI  - [Bilateral pleural effusion in patients without cardiac insufficiency. Study of
      61 cases].

PMID- 3991959
TI  - [Monoclonal gammapathy in a hospital population. Evaluation of diagnostic
      elements].

PMID- 3991960
TI  - [Arachnoid cysts and dementia in the aged].

PMID- 3991961
TI  - [Beuren-Williams syndrome and mitral prolapse].

PMID- 3991962
TI  - [Subcutaneous multiple angiolipomas].

PMID- 3991963
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism. Spontaneous tendon rupture as a first
      manifestation].

PMID- 3991964
TI  - [Transverse myelitis at the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 3991965
TI  - [Intestinal leiomyoma as cause of recurrent digestive hemorrhage].

PMID- 3991966
TI  - [Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery. Case report].

PMID- 3991967
TI  - [Incidence of congenital malformations in an autopsy sample from the 10-year
      period from 1974 to 1983].

PMID- 3991968
TI  - [Autoimmune hemolytic onset of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with
      disproteinemia].

PMID- 3991969
TI  - [Acute poisoning with arsenous anhydride].

PMID- 3991970
TI  - [Anti-collagen IV antibodies in patients with scleroderma and idiopathic
      Raynaud's phenomenon].

PMID- 3991972
TI  - [Origin and clinical significance of insulin antibodies].

PMID- 3991971
TI  - [Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: effects of dexamethasone, betamethasone
      and triamcinolone on insulin receptors in healthy subjects].

PMID- 3991973
TI  - [Binding of Salmonella minnesota R 345 (Rb) to human lymphocytes: useful method
      for enrichment of cells mediating antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity in the
      non-adherent fraction].

PMID- 3991974
TI  - [Use of routine tests in hospital practice].

PMID- 3991976
TI  - [Gynecomastia caused by an estrogen-secreting adrenal neoplasm].

PMID- 3991975
TI  - [A case of drug-induced lupus].

PMID- 3991977
TI  - [Effects of digitalis therapy in patients with degree I atrio-ventricular block:
      study with high-resolution electrocardiography].

PMID- 3991978
TI  - Electrode oxygen consumption and tissue oxygen tension in relation to electrical
      bone stimulation.

PMID- 3991979
TI  - In vivo modifications induced by electromagnetic stimulation of chicken embryos.

PMID- 3991980
TI  - Tooth germs of Mesocricetus auratus cultured in a pulsing electromagnetic field.

PMID- 3991981
TI  - The role of histamine H1 and H2 receptors in the canine kidney.
AB  - The functional role of H1 and H2 receptors in mediating the effects of histamine
      on renal hemodynamics and tubular function was investigated in anesthetized dogs.
      Histamine, infused directly into the renal artery, caused decreases in renal
      vascular resistance and increases in total renal blood flow without significant
      changes in mean arterial blood pressure or glomerular filtration rate. These
      hemodynamic effects of histamine were inhibited by the H2-receptor antagonist,
      cimetidine, but not by the H1-receptor antagonist, tripelennamine. Histamine also
      caused increases in fractional urine flow and the fractional excretion of sodium
      and calcium with a concomitant decrease in urine/plasma osmolality. These tubular
      effects of histamine were antagonized by both tripelennamine and cimetidine.
      Histamine-induced increases in the fractional excretion of potassium were blocked
      only by tripelennamine. These results suggest that (1) both H1 and H2 receptors
      mediate the effects of histamine on urinary dilution and tubular reabsorption;
      (2) H2 receptors mediate the effects of histamine on renal hemodynamics,
      indicating that H2 receptors are present in the renal vasculature, and (3) H1
      receptors may exist in the renal tubules.

PMID- 3991982
TI  - Verapamil effect on renal function of normotensive and hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effect of verapamil, a Ca++ antagonist drug, on renal function and proximal
      fluid reabsorption in normal and hypertensive (GII) rats was studied. During
      intravenous infusion of verapamil, mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell
      significantly in both groups, 23% more in hypertensive than in normotensive rats.
      Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was significantly higher in hypertensive rats
      and also increased significantly in this group during verapamil infusion.
      Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) was similar in both groups and did not change
      significantly during verapamil infusion. The increase in urine flow, Na+ and Ca++
      excretion was higher in hypertensive than in normotensive rats during verapamil
      infusion. When 10(-5) M verapamil was added to the luminal perfusate of proximal
      tubules, fluid reabsorption was reduced to 64% in normotensive and to 42% in
      hypertensive rats. When added to capillary perfusate, fluid reabsorption was
      almost completely but reversibly inhibited (92% in normotensive and 83% in
      hypertensive rats). Our findings indicate a direct effect of verapamil on renal
      Na+ and possibly also on Ca++ reabsorption, suggesting involvement of the Na+
      Ca++ countertransport system. The greater effect of verapamil on Na+ excretion in
      hypertensive rats was not due to increased action on proximal Na+ reabsorption.

PMID- 3991983
TI  - Function of the isolated spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney after blood
      pressure reduction.
AB  - We treated 20-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with either placebo
      or hydralazine, reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide for 1 month. Mean arterial
      pressure in treated SHR averaged 113 +/- 7 mm Hg (mean +/- SE), compared to 162
      +/- 12 mm Hg in animals receiving placebo (p less than 0.01). Glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) and sodium excretion were similar in both groups. In
      isolated perfused kidneys, the GFR and sodium excretion were significantly
      greater in the treatment group than in the placebo group at a perfusion pressure
      of 140 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). Renal vascular resistance (RVR) of kidney from
      treated SHR was no different from RVR of kidney from placebo SHR. Hydralazine (6
      mM) and diazoxide (4 mM) increased the GFR and sodium excretion of isolated SHR
      kidney perfused at 140 mm Hg (p less than 0.05), but decreased RVR significantly
      (p less than 0.05). We conclude that prolonged antihypertensive treatment renders
      higher GFR values to isolated SHR kidneys perfused at 140 mm Hg, with sodium
      excretion varying in proportion to the GFR. The addition of vasodilators to the
      perfusate of isolated SHR kidneys partially reproduced these changes, but only at
      extremely high concentrations unlike to be attained in vivo.

PMID- 3991984
TI  - Urea synthesis in the canine kidney.
AB  - The ability of the kidney to synthesize urea is of interest and some controversy.
      We tested the hypothesis that low plasma urea concentrations would stimulate
      renal urea synthesis, thereby enhancing urinary concentrating ability. We defined
      a ratio of specific activity of plasma/specific activity of urine (SA ratio)
      greater than 1.0 as indicative of de novo intrarenal urea synthesis. We studied
      dogs on 3 dietary regimens: (1) commercial chow ad libitum; (2) restricted
      rations of the same chow; (3) protein-free diet ad libitum with vitamin/mineral
      supplement. A significant inverse relationship between plasma urea concentration
      and SA ratio was seen only in the ration-restricted group, despite the fact that
      plasma urea concentrations in this group were highest of the three groups. In
      addition, dogs in this group were more likely to demonstrate renal urea synthesis
      than dogs in the other groups. Thus, the dog kidney is capable of de novo urea
      synthesis, but a reduced plasma urea concentration does not necessarily stimulate
      this metabolic activity. Other factors in addition to the plasma urea
      concentration appear to be involved in the regulation of renal urea synthesis.

PMID- 3991985
TI  - Inhibition of protein reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule by basic amino
      acids.
AB  - The effects of basic and neutral amino acids on the reabsorption of 125I-lysozyme
      by the renal proximal tubule were examined in rats. In whole animal experiments
      control animals were given an intravenous (i.v.) injection of 125I-lysozyme alone
      while experimental animals received an i.v. injection of either a basic or a
      neutral amino acid prior to the injection of 125I-lysozyme. In control animals
      the renal content of 125I-lysozyme 30 min after injection was 35% of the injected
      dose. After injection of basic amino acids there was a significant decrease in
      the renal uptake of lysozyme. There was no effect of neutral amino acids on the
      reabsorption of lysozyme. In microperfusion experiments proximal convoluted
      tubules were perfused in vivo for 3 min with a solution containing 125I-lysozyme
      and either lysine or alanine. In tubules perfused with lysine there was a
      significant decrease in the reabsorption of lysozyme, whereas alanine had no
      effect on lysozyme uptake. Electron microscope autoradiography revealed that
      lysozyme was located in endocytic vesicles and lysosomes in both experimental
      groups. However, the autoradiographic grain density was significantly decreased
      in tubules perfused with lysine as compared with those perfused with alanine.
      These findings demonstrate that basic amino acids inhibit the reabsorption of the
      cationic protein lysozyme by the proximal tubule cells.

PMID- 3991986
TI  - [Lipid metabolism during development.10th meeting of the Development Group of the
      National Institute of Agronomic Research, Rennes, 9-10 May 1984].

PMID- 3991987
TI  - [Role of brown adipose tissue in the development of genetic obesity in the obese
      Zucker rat (fa/fa)].
AB  - The lipogenic capacity and thermogenic activity (assessed by GDP binding to
      mitochondrial) of brown adipose tissue was studied in lean (Fa/fa) and obese
      (fa/fa) suckling Zucker rat pups 2 and 10 days old. By 10 days of age, fat
      deposition, lipogenesis in vivo and fatty acid synthetase activity were 1.5 to 2
      fold higher, whereas GDP binding to mitochondria was 40% lower in pre obese than
      in lean pups. Compared with lean pups, 2-day old fa/fa pups showed a 60% increase
      in triglyceride accumulation in interscapular brown adipose tissue and a 30%
      decrease in GDP binding to mitochondria, while no change occurred in fatty acid
      synthetase activity. These results strongly suggest that an impaired thermogenic
      activity in the brown adipose tissue of fa/fa pups could play a key role in the
      development of obesity. However, the concomitant increase in fat content in the
      brown adipose tissue of 2-day old pre-obese pups raises the question of the
      causal relationship between these two disorders.

PMID- 3991988
TI  - [Role of adipocyte precursors in the initiation of nutritional obesity before
      weaning].
AB  - The stroma vascular fraction of adipose tissue partly consists of adipose
      precursor cells which can convert into adipocytes in vitro. The aim of this study
      was to investigate the possible contribution of cells from the stroma vascular
      compartment to the initiation of obesity induced by overfeeding during the early
      neonatal weeks in rats. Overfeeding during the suckling period was obtained by
      reducing the litter size. The inguinal adipose tissue of overfed rats raised in
      litters of 4 pups each was overdeveloped compared to that of controls raised in
      litters of 8 pups each, and the difference between the two groups became
      significant as early as 10 days of age. At this age, adipose tissue enlargement
      was only due to adipocyte hypertrophy; afterwards, hyperplasia of the mature fat
      cells contributed to the overdevelopment of adipose tissue in 15-day old overfed
      rats. The cell number in the stroma vascular fraction increased in the overfed
      group as early as 10 days of age and thus preceded the onset of mature fat cell
      hyperplasia. The developmental pattern of lipoprotein lipase, glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-acyl-transferase and acyl-CoA ligase activities
      in stromal cells did not depend on litter size, but specific enzyme activities
      wee increased in 10-day old overfed rats compared to the controls. These results
      indicate that early overfeeding induced cell proliferation in the stroma vascular
      compartment and also induced the enzyme activities involved in adipose conversion
      to increase in these cells. This strongly suggests that precursor cell
      differentiation was greater in overfed rats than in control rats.

PMID- 3991989
TI  - [Adipose tissue cellularity in the piglet as a function of the level of energy
      supply of the maternal diet and the number of young per litter].
AB  - Adipose tissue cellularity has been evaluated in piglets at birth and at weaning
      at 35 days in relation with the energy supply of the maternal diet during
      gestation (group B: 3 000 KcalED/day: group N; 6 500 KcalED/day; group H: 10 000
      Kcal/day) and with the number of piglets per litter during suckling. This
      approximation was obtained by simultaneously measuring piglet carcass
      triglyceride content and the mean diameter of the lipid inclusions of the fat
      cell population. At birth there were no significant differences between N and H
      piglets. However, B piglets weighed less and had lower lipid stores than the
      piglets of the other two groups. This lower adiposity was due to the smaller
      number of fat cells (about--25%). A weaning piglet weight and adiposity depended
      on both the energy supply of the maternal diet during gestation and the number of
      piglets per litter. These differences were due to the number of fat cells; this
      number was usually greater when the maternal diet during gestation had a higher
      energy level and the number of piglets per litter was smaller. Between birth and
      weaning the number of fat cells increased by a factor related with the number of
      piglets per litter; this factor was 1.9 or 2.5, depending on whether the sow
      suckled 4 or 8 piglets.

PMID- 3991990
TI  - [Cellularity of different adipose deposits in growing cattle].

PMID- 3991991
TI  - [Regeneration of adipose tissue after lipectomy in rabbits between the ages of 6
      and 12 months].

PMID- 3991992
TI  - [Effects of very-low-density lipoproteins on fatty acid synthesis and VLDL
      secretion by isolated hepatocytes].
AB  - Hepatic VLDL production appears to be correlated with de novo fatty acid
      synthesis (lipogenesis). In this study lipogenesis was inhibited in vitro in
      order to establish an eventual direct effect on VLDL secretion. Hepatocytes from
      rats fed a standard diet were incubated with three triglyceride-rich
      lipoproteins: chylomicrons and VLDL obtained from rats fed a high-fat diet and
      VLDL obtained from rats fed a standard diet. The inhibition of lipogenesis (10 to
      55%) was proportional to the concentration of the lipoproteins added.
      Chylomicrons and VLDL originating mainly from the intestine (prepared from fat
      fed rats) inhibited lipogenesis more effectively than VLDL produced essentially
      by the liver (prepared from rats fed a standard diet). However the secretion of
      newly synthesized fatty acids in the medium did not decrease. When hepatocyte
      lipogenesis was inhibited by the addition of 1 mM oleic acid, total VLDL
      secretion (expressed as nmol of VLDL triglyceride/10(6) cells) was unchanged
      compared to control cells incubated without oleic acid. Our results suggest that
      hepatic VLDL secretion is not directly related to de novo fatty acid synthesis.

PMID- 3991993
TI  - [Plasma lipoproteins and fattening: description of a model in the domestic
      chicken, Gallus domesticus].
AB  - Developmental changes in the lipid transport system in two lines of broilers,
      selected for high or low adiposity, have been investigated during the first 7
      weeks after hatching. The major lipoprotein classes in the plasma of lean and fat
      chickens 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 weeks old were isolated by density gradient
      ultracentrifugation. The 2-week old chickens presented an heterogeneous
      distribution of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), often appearing as two distinct
      gradient bands; their very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were rich in
      cholesterol (25-30%) and relatively poor in triglycerides (approximately 35%). As
      the birds grew older, the HDL subclass of lower density disappeared, tending to
      fuse with that of higher density; at the same time, the triglyceride content of
      VLDL and HDL levels increased progressively in the two lines, their concentration
      being significantly higher in the fat line. These developmental changes suggest
      that our two lines of chickens are a suitable model for studies of the onset and
      hormonal control of the specific fattening process during growth.

PMID- 3991994
TI  - [Plasma lipoproteins of the preruminant calf].
AB  - The main lipoprotein classes (HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons) were isolated from
      the plasma of four 3-week old preruminant Friesian calves. The proportions of
      proteins and lipids and the fatty acid composition of the different lipid classes
      were determined over a 7-hour period corresponding to the pre and post-prandial
      periods. HDL, LDL, VLDL and chylomicrons averaged 58.3, 19.0, 13.3 and 9.1%,
      respectively, of total lipoproteins. Triglycerides predominated in VLDL and
      chylomicrons, and cholesterol esters and phospholipids in HDL and LDL. The lipid
      proportion and fatty acid composition of a given lipoprotein were stable, except
      for the triglycerides of the chylomicrons (and VLDL) which were hydrolysed during
      a 2 to 5-hour period after the morning meal, leading to a higher saturation of
      the remaining triglycerides. Linoleic acid, abundant in cholesterol esters of HDL
      (46.5%) and LDL (37.2%) and scarce in the cholesterol esters of VLDL (3.5%) and
      chylomicrons (3.2%), underlined the dual origin (plasma and tissues) of
      cholesterol esters in young bovines.

PMID- 3991995
TI  - [Effects of the essential fatty acid content of the diet on the distribution of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipoproteins of the rat pup].

PMID- 3991996
TI  - [Value of electrofocusing for purifying lipoprotein lipase and preparing anti-LPL
      antibodies].

PMID- 3991997
TI  - [Activity of lipoprotein lipase in different adipose deposits and its relation to
      adipocyte size in the cow during fattening or early lactation].
AB  - Twelve dry and eight lactating cows were slaughtered and the whole body was
      chemically analysed. Adipose tissue lipid and adipose cell size varied greatly
      with body condition and also with anatomical site (perirenal, omental,
      intermuscular, rump subcutaneous, leg subcutaneous). Lipoprotein lipase activity
      per adipose cell was very low in lactating cows, but very high in dry cows during
      fattening. Activity tended to be higher in omental adipose tissue and lower in
      subcutaneous adipose tissue. Total adipose lipoprotein lipase activity per cow
      was positively related with energy balance and negatively related with plasma non
      esterified fatty acids. There was no correlation with body fatness or adipose
      cellularity.

PMID- 3991998
TI  - [Effect of a hyperlipidic diet on lipogenesis, storage and utilization of lipids
      in the pregnant rat].
AB  - The aim of the present investigation was to determine the amount of fat
      accumulated and mobilized during pregnancy in rats fed either an hyperglucidic or
      an hyperlipidic diet. The feeding of an hyperlipidic diet increased the liver
      lipid content and did not modify the composition of the mammary gland. Fat was
      deposited till day 19 of pregnancy; after that date the fat was mobilized. The
      increase and decrease of fat stores were independent of the diet consumed. Both
      were correlated with body changes so that the same linear relationship between
      the lipid content of the carcass and maternal body weight was observed at all
      stages of pregnancy.

PMID- 3991999
TI  - [Development of energy expenditure in the Zucker rat during the first week of
      life].
AB  - The respiratory CO2 production and O2 consumption of Zucker fa/fa and Fa/fa rats
      2, 5 and 7 days old were measured for two hours from 16.30 to 18.30 h. Metabolic
      studies were performed at five different temperatures: 26, 28, 30, 33 and 35
      degrees C. At all the ages studied, maximal energy expenditure was observed at an
      ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. From the age of 2 days and for all the
      temperatures studied, except 35 degrees C (thermoneutral temperature), the level
      of gaseous exchange was statistically lower in fa/fa than in Fa/fa pups. The
      difference between the two genotypes increased with age. On the other hand, there
      was no difference in the level of the respiratory quotient between the two
      genotypes, whatever the age or the temperature. In conclusion, the deficit in
      energy expenditure of the obese pups, that seemed to be related to a defective
      thermoregulatory thermogenesis, began very early and was probably a primary
      manifestation of their genetic defect. It was more than enough to account for
      their excess fat storage.

PMID- 3992001
TI  - Development and regulation of ketogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from newborn
      rabbits.

PMID- 3992000
TI  - [Development of hepatic fatty acid metabolism in the rat during weaning].

PMID- 3992002
TI  - [Renal metabolism of palmitate during the perinatal period in the rat].

PMID- 3992003
TI  - [Specific contribution of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 series
      to the development of nervous system membranes].
AB  - Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially omega 3 fatty acids, made a specific
      contribution to the nervous tissue. Retarded intrauterine growth caused a twofold
      reduction in the oligodendrocyte ratio of omega 3/omega 6 while the same ratio
      increased by more than twofold in the neurons. A fatty acid-poor diet composed of
      arachid or sunflower oil dramatically altered the composition of cells and
      subcellular particles when compared with a soya or rapeseed oil diet containing
      omega 3 fatty acids; phosphatidylethanolamine was particularly affected. Nerve
      cell culture showed that brain essential fatty acids are probably docosahexaenoic
      acid and arachidonic acid.

PMID- 3992004
TI  - [Mobilization of body stores in the lactating primiparous sow].
AB  - To determine the nature and the amount of the tissues involved in weight loss
      during lactation, an experiment was carried out on 9 series of 3 littermate Large
      White gilts divided into three groups. The animals were similarly raised until
      first farrowing. The control gilts were slaughtered at farrowing, while those in
      the other two groups (group H and group B) received diets differing only in
      energetic level (14.2 and 10.3 Mcal ME/day, respectively). The gilts were
      slaughtered after 22 days of lactation. Half-carcasses were cut and dissected.
      Muscle weight decreased similarly in the two lactating groups (-9.5 and -11.3 kg
      in groups H and B, respectively), but fat loss was higher in the energy
      restricted animals (-6.7 vs -1.7 kg). These results were confirmed by changes in
      adipose cell size, blood urea and plasma free fatty acids between farrowing and
      weaning.

PMID- 3992005
TI  - Effects of ethanol feeding on hepatic collagen synthesis and degradation in rats.
AB  - After 4 weeks of ethanol feeding, collagen synthesis and its degradation system
      in the liver were investigated in male rats. The ethanol-fed rats had an
      increased hepatic protein content and a depleted hepatic reduced glutathione
      content. The content of hepatic hydroxyproline was not changed, however, the
      synthesis of protein-bound hydroxyproline was significantly increased, the latter
      was significantly correlated with hepatic protein content and inversely with
      hepatic reduced glutathione content. The synthesis of protein-bound proline was
      also increased and significantly correlated with hepatic protein content.
      Although hepatic collagenase activity was not change, hepatic collagenolytic
      cathepsin activity was significantly increased, and the latter had a significant
      relationship to the synthesis of protein-bound hydroxyproline. These results
      suggest that in the early stage of ethanol feeding, hepatic collagen synthesis is
      augmented in parallel with general protein synthesis and the newly-synthesized
      collagen is efficiently removed by collagen degrading system, at least, partly by
      collagenolytic cathepsins.

PMID- 3992006
TI  - Effect of ethanol on lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity.
AB  - The effect of variable doses of ethanol on plasma lecithin: cholesterol
      acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was examined in male, atherosclerosis-susceptible
      squirrel monkeys over a 12-month period. Primates were divided into three groups:
      1) Controls fed isocaloric liquid diet; 2) Low Ethanol monkeys given liquid diet
      with vodka substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate at 12% of calories; and 3)
      High Ethanol animals fed diet plus vodka at 24% of calories. There were no
      significant differences between the treatments in serum glutamate oxaloacetate
      transaminase (SGOT), a measure of liver function. However, plasma LCAT activity
      (% esterification/min) measured in vitro was significantly reduced in High
      Ethanol monkeys while cholesterol esterification was elevated in the Low Ethanol
      group and intermediate in Controls. Similarly, the in vivo appearance of
      radiolabeled cholesteryl ester in high density lipoproteins (HDL) following the
      intravenous injection of 3H mevalonolactone was highest in the Low Ethanol
      primates, intermediate in Controls and significantly lower in monkeys fed the
      high alcohol diet. In vitro measurement of LCAT enzyme efficiency was similar for
      the three groups while substrate efficiency was lower in the High Ethanol
      treatment. Although LCAT activator (apoprotein A-I) was not markedly altered by
      dietary ethanol and the concentration of LCAT substrates (HDL free cholesterol
      and phosphatidyl choline) was significantly elevated in the High Ethanol group,
      subtle modifications in substrate-product composition may account for the
      observed reduction in cholesterol esterification. These include potential
      substrate and/or product LCAT inhibition resulting from increased concentrations
      of plasma free cholesterol, HDL lysophosphatidyl choline, and higher HDL2/HDL3
      subfraction ratios, as well as alterations in HDL phospholipid fatty acid
      profiles in the High Ethanol group. Results from this study provide the first
      evidence of an anomalous enhancement in LCAT activity in nonhuman primates fed
      ethanol at 12% of calories and a marked depression in cholesterol esterification
      at the 24% dose which may be due to substrate alterations and product inhibition
      prior to overt biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction.

PMID- 3992007
TI  - Ethanol induced changes in lipid peroxidation and nonprotein sulfhydryl content.
      Different sensitivities in rat liver and kidney.
AB  - Acute ethanol ingestion (5 g/Kg) led to an acceleration of lipid peroxidation and
      reduction in non-proteinic free sulfhydryl (NPFSH) levels in the rat liver and
      kidney. In the liver, progressive changes of these phenomena were inversely
      related, and maximal effects were observed 6 hr after ethanol ingestion. Unlike
      the liver, in the kidney, there was a rapid fall in NPFSH content followed by
      constantly reduced levels during ethanol intoxication, whereas acceleration of
      lipid peroxidation was detected only after 6-8 hr of ethanol. In addition, a
      lower dose (2 g/Kg) which caused no significant change in the liver, was
      effective in reducing renal NPFSH, but not in enhancing lipid peroxidation. These
      results suggest that acceleration of lipid peroxidation may not be required for
      the NPFSH decrease, at least in case of kidney.

PMID- 3992009
TI  - Pretreatment with ascorbic acid attenuates the neurotoxic effects of
      methamphetamine in rats.
AB  - The toxic effects of methamphetamine on dopamine and serotonergic neurons have
      recently been linked to the endogenous formation of 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine, respectively. It has been speculated that the ability of
      methamphetamine to both release dopamine and serotonin as well as to inhibit
      monoamine oxidase activity leads to the non-enzymatic oxidation of dopamine and
      serotonin to the neurotoxins. This hypothesis was evaluated by pretreating rats
      with high doses of an antioxidant (ascorbic acid) prior to the administration of
      methamphetamine. It was observed that the administration of 25.0 mg/kg of
      methamphetamine at 12 hour intervals for a four day period caused a long-lasting
      depletion of dopamine and serotonin. Pretreatment with 100.0 mg/kg of ascorbic
      acid 30 minutes before each methamphetamine injection significantly (but not
      completely) attenuated this neurotoxic action of methamphetamine. These
      observations are discussed in reference to animal models of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 3992008
TI  - Effects of reserpine and adrenal demedullation on brown adipose tissue
      thermogenesis induced by dl-phenylpropanolamine.
AB  - The contribution of catecholamine release to activation of brown adipose tissue
      (BAT) thermogenesis induced by dl-phenylpropanolamine (dl-PPA) was assessed in
      adult male rats. The rats underwent adrenal demedullation or not and were then
      treated (2X) with 5 mg/kg reserpine or 0.9% saline over a 24 hour period.
      Interscapular BAT (IBAT) and rectal temperatures were recorded for 10 minutes
      prior to and 30 minutes following treatment were induced by dl-PPA. Significant
      increases in IBAT temperature were induced by dl-PPA treatment in sham-operated
      and demedullated rats but but not in sham-operated or demedullated rats treated
      with reserpine. The action of reserpine on IBAT thermogenesis induced by PPA was
      not an artifact of reduced feeding associated with reserpine treatment as rats
      deprived of food for 24 hours exhibited normal thermogenesis to 10 mg/kg dl-PPA.
      These data document the role of non-adrenal catecholamines in IBAT thermogenesis
      induced by dl-PPA.

PMID- 3992010
TI  - Effects of adrenalectomy on gonadal hormone-induced changes in hepatic microsomal
      carboxylesterase activities in rats.
AB  - Hepatic microsomal carboxylesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.1) showed a different capacity
      for the hydrolysis of various substrates in rats. Adrenalectomy in castrated male
      rats slightly decreased the activities towards p-nitrophenyl-acetate and
      malathion. The magnitude of testosterone-induced changes in the hydrolase
      activities by liver microsomes in adrenalectomized-castrated male rats was
      markedly decreased castrated male rats. However, when 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
      was administered to adrenalectomized-castrated male rats, malathion and p
      nitrophenylacetate hydrolase activities were significantly increased. But in all
      cases, isocarboxazid and acetanilide hydrolase activities were not affected by
      physiological states. These results suggest that hepatic microsomal
      carboxylesterases may be, at least in part, regulated by adrenal gland and
      gonadal hormones which exert different effects on the several isozymes of
      carboxylesterases.

PMID- 3992012
TI  - Anticonvulsive properties of newly-synthesized indenoimidazolediones.
AB  - We have synthesized and tested a series of derivatives of indenoimidazoledione
      and found that they can protect mice from seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol
      (Metrazol).

PMID- 3992011
TI  - Late preventive effects of several anticalmodulin drugs on galactosamine-induced
      liver necrosis.
AB  - Four anticalmodulin drugs: trifluoperazine (TFP), pimozide (PMZ), thioridazine
      (TDZ) and imipramine (IMP) (50 mg/kg, ip) were able to partially prevent
      Galactosamine (GAL) (600 mg/kg, ip) induced liver necrosis when given 6 h after
      the hepatotoxin. IMP was also effective 10 h after GAL. The possibility of
      calmodulin participation in late stages of GAL-induced liver injury is analyzed.

PMID- 3992013
TI  - Endotoxin protection of rats from pulmonary oxygen toxicity: lack of complement
      involvement.
AB  - Endotoxin (1 mg/kg, I.P.) greatly reduces lung damage and pleural edema in rats
      exposed to greater than 99% oxygen. Endotoxin also activates and depletes
      complement in vitro. Prior in vivo complement depletion has been shown to protect
      rats from lung edema in some experimental models. This study was designed to
      evaluate the possibility that endotoxin may protect rats from oxygen toxicity by
      activating and thereby depleting complement. We found no significant changes in
      complement hemolytic activity in serum from endotoxin pretreated rats breathing
      greater than 99% oxygen at sea level for 60 hours. We also found that complement
      depletion prior to oxygen exposure failed to protect rats from the lung damage of
      oxygen toxicity. These results indicate that the mechanism of endotoxin
      protection from pulmonary oxygen toxicity does not involve complement.

PMID- 3992014
TI  - Concentration independent accumulation of diazepam by rat liver slices. Effect of
      human serum albumin.

PMID- 3992015
TI  - Modulation of reticuloendothelial activity with liposomes.
AB  - The effect of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) on reticuloendothelial (RE) activity,
      as measured by the carbon clearance method, was investigated in mice. MLV were
      prepared with a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and a
      charged agent (7:2:1 molar ratio). RE activity was moderately depressed shortly
      (1-4 hr) after i.v. injection of all MLV tested; negatively charged MLV with
      dicetyl phosphate, positively charged MLV with stearylamine and neutral MLV
      without a charged agent. In the later time, either MLV with dicetyl phosphate or
      MLV with stearylamine caused a marked stimulation of reticulo-endothelial system
      (RES), but neutral MLV did not. A peak of RE activity resulted from the treatment
      of MLV with dicetyl phosphate appeared 48 hr after injection and then gradually
      returned to the normal level within 7 days. The depression and the enhancement of
      RE activity induced by the treatment of MLV with dicetyl phosphate were observed
      to be dose-related and significant at a dose of 1 mg/mouse and 0.3 mg/mouse,
      respectively. These results should be taken into consideration upon the use of
      liposomes as a drug carrier, or for blocking RES.

PMID- 3992016
TI  - Studies on tissue distribution of glutathione and on activities of glutathione
      related enzymes after carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury.
AB  - After an initial decrease following CCl4-application (1.0 ml/kg bodyweight,
      i.p.), in the liver of male Wistar rats, values of reduced glutathione (GSH) are
      at a maximum 6 and 12 h after treatment. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increases up
      to 24 h after intoxication. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is at a low level, when GSH is
      high. Glutathione peroxidase has a clear initial increase of activity, but
      otherwise shows only slight deviations from control values. Cytosolic and
      microsomal glutathione-S-transferases reach minimum values at 6 and 12 h,
      respectively. The histochemical demonstration of GSH reveals an uneven
      distribution in the liver lobule, with higher amounts of reaction products in the
      periphery. With increasing time after intoxication the typical lobular
      distribution pattern changes and the accumulation of GSH reaction products
      becomes patchy. Other parts, however, remain rather normal. 12 h after
      intoxication most of the hepatic lobules are relatively free of GSH, while the
      content of the central venules and sublobular veins is strongly stained. Lipid
      histochemistry shows a fat accumulation already 3 h after CCl4. Central lobular
      cells are particularly affected. Biochemical and histochemical results are
      discussed with respect to the regional differences.

PMID- 3992017
TI  - Possible interrelations of acetyl-homocysteine-thiolactone in mechanisms of
      lipofuscinogenesis.
AB  - The administration of acetyl-homocysteine-thiolactone (cythiolone) to Torpedo
      marmorata inhibits the production of neuronal lipofuscin. The possible mechanism
      of this action has been investigated. A free radical scavenger effect of the drug
      has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. Cythiolone is able to activate
      the enzyme superoxide dismutase, while no effect has been detected on catalase
      activity.

PMID- 3992019
TI  - Extracellular distribution of radiolabel obscures specific binding of
      diethylstilbestrol in mouse skeletal muscle.
AB  - The extracellular distribution of 3H-diethylstilbestrol (3H-DES) in mouse
      skeletal muscle was assessed following intraperitoneal injection. Total muscle
      extracellular space was measured with 14C-inulin, and the vascular space with
      125I-albumin. A significant difference in the distribution of native 3H-DES and
      its metabolites in muscle and blood was found. This could only be explained if
      these compounds distributed with the albumin space and not the inulin space.

PMID- 3992018
TI  - In vivo effects of glucocorticoids on serum corticosterone levels in rats.
AB  - In vivo effects of glucocorticoids on rat serum corticosterone level were
      investigated by using a simple and convenient HPLC-UV detection method. Serum
      corticosterone level was decreased by a single injection of hydrocortisone,
      methylprednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone or fluocinonide.

PMID- 3992020
TI  - Inhibition of calcium uptake by capsaicin.
AB  - The effects of capsaicin on 45Ca2+ uptake were studied in cultured rat aortic
      smooth muscle and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines. Capsaicin (up to 300 microM)
      caused a dose-dependent inhibition of 45Ca2+ uptake both under resting (5 mM K+)
      and depolarizing (50 mM K+) conditions in both cell lines. These results provide
      one possible mechanism of action of capsaicin.

PMID- 3992021
TI  - Long term treatment with clonidine during the development of hypertension in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Chronic administration of clonidine in the drinking water of spontaneously
      hypertensive (SH) rats from 11 through 17 weeks of age prevented the further
      development of hypertension in this model. A dosage adjustment (from about 0.1 to
      0.5 mg/kg) was required to maintain a stable systolic pressure of about 200 mmHg.
      After six weeks of treatment clonidine was withheld for 48 hrs during which time
      blood pressure increased to a level similar to that of untreated controls.

PMID- 3992022
TI  - Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on trimethadione metabolism in the rat.
AB  - Pretreatment of rats with cimetidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in a prolongation
      of TMO half-life, an increase in the area under the curve (AUC) and a decrease of
      clearance (Cl), whereas in the rats pretreated with ranitidine (120 mg/kg, i.p.),
      these parameters were not changed. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd)
      values were not changed by either of the drugs as compared to controls.
      Activities of hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolizing enzymes such as
      aminopyrine- and TMO N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity were
      decreased by pretreatment of rats with cimetidine, whereas in the rats pretreated
      with ranitidine, these enzyme activities were not changed. Cytochrome P-450
      contents were not changed by either of the drugs as compared to controls. The
      inhibition manner of aminopyrine- and TMO N-demethylase activities in the rats
      pretreated with cimetidine was noncompetitive. These results indicate, together
      with the previous findings, that cimetidine treatment inhibited TMO metabolism,
      but ranitidine did not.

PMID- 3992023
TI  - Biphasic regulation of detergent-solubilized muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
      from rat cerebral cortex by N-ethylmaleimide.
AB  - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors were solubilized from rat cerebral cortex with
      1% digitonin. Treatment with N-ethylmaleimide decreased or increased agonist
      affinity for the receptor, depending on the extent of alkylation. This indicates
      that certain determinants of receptor state do not depend on interactions with
      other membrane structures.

PMID- 3992024
TI  - Plasma and tissue levels of digoxin in the rat following pretreatment with
      verapamil.
AB  - Verapamil and digoxin are frequently used in combination, and clinical experience
      suggests that verapamil may increase digoxin toxicity. We have investigated the
      influence of verapamil on digoxin pharmacokinetics in the rat. Rats were injected
      with 10 mg/kg verapamil s.c. twice a day for 7 days while control rats were
      injected with saline only. On the 7th day, all the rats received 0.5 mg/kg of
      digoxin i.p. Two, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours later, groups of 6 to 8 verapamil
      pretreated and control animals were sacrificed and plasma, heart, brain, liver,
      kidney and muscle digoxin concentrations were assayed. Digoxin levels were
      significantly higher in the plasma, heart, liver and muscle of the verapamil
      pretreated rats at 6, 8 and 10 hours (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 3992025
TI  - Decreased intestinal absorption of methotrexate in the rat following repeated
      oral dosing.
AB  - The absorption of methotrexate (MTX) following single and repeated oral
      administrations was investigated in the rat and compared with that after
      intravenous injections. The absorption of intermediate dose MTX was poor (14.7%),
      both after single gift (25 mg X kg-1) and when given repeatedly at 72-hour
      intervals (3 X 25 mg X kg-1). Repeated oral administration did not produce higher
      plasma concentrations of MTX in spite of decreased elimination as a result of
      impaired renal clearance. It is concluded from these experiments that repeated
      oral administration of MTX when spaced 72 hours apart leads to a deterioration of
      the already incomplete intestinal absorption of the drug in the rat.

PMID- 3992026
TI  - Nitroprusside (NP) on post-ischemic acute renal failure.

PMID- 3992027
TI  - Depression of ovarian estradiol-17 beta following single oral dose of
      ketoconazole.
AB  - Ketoconazole, administered as a single oral dose depressed ovarian concentration
      of estradiol-17 beta in rats. Estradiol-17 beta was quantitated, following
      dansylation, by a high-performance-liquid-chromatographic method. Control
      proestrous concentration was 111.2 +/- 6.9 pg/mg. With ketoconazole doses of 5
      mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, the estrogen concentration was reduced to 84.0 +/- 8.4 pg/mg
      and 34.6 +/- 5.0 pg/mg respectively.

PMID- 3992028
TI  - Effects of ketamine on the catecholamine containing cells of the adrenal gland of
      the lizard Podarcis s. sicula Raf.
AB  - The authors studied the effects of ketamine on the morphology of the adrenal
      gland of Podarcis s. sicula Raf.. Low doses of the drug failed to anesthetize the
      lizards and did not cause significant changes in the morphology of the adrenal
      cells. Higher doses of ketamine caused deep anesthesia and marked depletion of
      catecholamine granules. The results support the theory that ketamine acts on the
      peripheral autonomic nervous system and sympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 3992029
TI  - Activation of accumbal and striatal dopamine autoreceptors by some ergoline
      derivatives.
AB  - The ability of several ergolines to stimulate terminal dopamine autoreceptors of
      the nucleus accumbens and corpus striatum was assessed in an in vivo biochemical
      model. All ergolines and apomorphine reduced the increase in dopamine synthesis
      associated with the gamma-butyrolactone-induced blockade of impulse flow in
      central dopaminergic neurones. Dopamine autoreceptors of the nucleus accumbens
      may display differential sensitivity to ergolines relative to the corpus
      striatum.

PMID- 3992030
TI  - Applicability of capillary gas liquid chromatography to the measurement of free
      fraction of disopyramide in human plasma.
AB  - A sensitive and specific capillary gas liquid chromatographic nitrogen/phosphorus
      selective detection technique was used to measure unbound disopyramide in human
      plasma. The concentration dependent protein binding of disopyramide was examined.
      Various concentrations of disopyramide alone ranging from 0.5 to 10.0
      micrograms/ml in 0.4 ml of isotonic phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were dialyzed for 6
      hours at 37 degrees C, against 0.4 ml blank plasma from five healthy volunteers.
      The concentration-dependent binding of disopyramide was confirmed. The average
      free fraction for disopyramide at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0
      and 10.0 micrograms/ml were 0.14, 0.15, 0.20, 0.27, 0.30, 0.34 and 0.53,
      respectively.

PMID- 3992031
TI  - Lack of changes in diene conjugate levels following ethanol induced glutathione
      depletion or hepatic necrosis.
AB  - Acute administration of 5 g/kg ethanol resulted in a 35% reduction of glutathione
      levels but not in increases in lipoperoxidation as measured by diene conjugate
      levels in mitochondria or in microsomes. Administration of diethylmaleate which
      markedly decreased glutathione levels by 85% did not render the livers
      susceptible to lipoperoxidation after ethanol administration. Chronic alcohol
      administration did not result in detectable changes in diene conjugates with
      respect to isocaloric sucrose treatment. Liver necrosis when induced by anemia in
      rats chronically treated with ethanol was not accompanied by increases in diene
      conjugate levels.

PMID- 3992032
TI  - Fetal hydantoin syndrome: inhibition of placental folic acid transport as a
      potential mechanism for fetal growth retardation in the rat.
AB  - Maternal hydantoin ingestion during pregnancy results in a well defined clinical
      entity termed "fetal hydantoin syndrome". The clinical characteristics of this
      syndrome includes growth retardation, and congenital anomalies. Because folic
      acid is essential for protein synthesis and growth, and since hydantoin
      interferes with intestinal transport of folic acid, we postulated that part of
      the fetal hydantoin syndrome may be due to inhibition of placental folic acid by
      maternal hydantoin. Therefore, we studied in vivo placental folate transport in a
      well-established model for fetal hydantoin syndrome in the rat. Our results
      indicate that maternal hydantoin ingestion, significantly decreased fetal weight
      and placental and fetal uptake of folate compared to controls. To determine
      whether maternal hydantoin ingestion has a generalized or specific effect on
      placental function, we examined placental and fetal zinc transport in the same
      model. Our results indicate that zinc transport is not altered by hydantoin
      ingestion. We conclude that maternal hydantoin ingestion results in fetal growth
      retardation which may be due in part to inhibition of placental folate transport.

PMID- 3992033
TI  - Rapid fluorometric assay of bilirubin binding parameters in newborn infants.
AB  - Using a self-calibrating, digital hematofluorometer, bilirubin binding parameters
      were determined for whole blood specimens from 20 premature infants from day one
      to day six of life. The mean gestational age of the infants was 31.0 +/- 2.7
      weeks and the birth weight was 1419 +/- 713.2 grams. There was a high correlation
      between the total blood bilirubin as determined by the hematofluorometer and
      total serum bilirubin as measured by a modified Jendrassik Grof method. An
      agreement between the hematofluorometer and coulter counter hemoglobin values was
      noted. There was a high correlation between the reserve bilirubin binding
      capacity as determined by the hematofluorometer and modified sephadex gel
      adsorption. No difference in the bilirubin binding parameter values was noted
      among infants treated and non-treated with phototherapy. Bilirubin binding
      parameters could be performed on the portion of heparinized specimen collected
      for blood gas measurement in infants with respiratory distress. The adaptability
      and 24 hour utility of the hematofluorometer within the neonatal intensive care
      area provides a convenient, practical and objective approach in the management of
      neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 3992034
TI  - Terminal nervous plexus of the atrioventricular junction of the rat.
      Microanatomical aspects and regional specialization.
AB  - The paraformaldehyde-fixed hearts of adult rats were embedded in paraffin. Serial
      sections throughout the interatrial septum and the atrioventricular junction were
      examined in the optical microscope after having been silver stained. The density
      and the distribution of different nervous elements in the perinodal nerve plexus
      were studied and the results compared with the electron-microscopic data. These
      data confirm that at the level of the atrioventricular junction, a dense terminal
      network can be seen. It is composed of both terminal nerve fibers and ganglionic
      cells forming a small ganglion adjacent to the lower edge of the bundle of His
      and a thin ganglionic lamina in the interatrial septum. Apart from small neurons,
      previously described as cholinergic, large neurosecretory cells could also be
      demonstrated in some of the serial thin sections through the Hissian ganglion.
      The neuromuscular junctions between the terminal nerve fibers and specialized
      cells exhibit regional specialization. While the distal portion of the
      atrioventricular node and the bundle of His receive essentially efferent fibers,
      afferent coiled endings prevail in the reticular portion of the atrioventricular
      node and in the adjacent interatrial septum. Similar structures, larger in
      diameter, can also be seen around the muscular fibers and around the capillaries
      of the interventricular septum. The functional significance of the aforedescribed
      regional specialization of the terminal innervation of the atrioventricular
      junction is briefly discussed.

PMID- 3992036
TI  - Is the purine nucleotide cycle important in heart muscle?
AB  - The purine nucleotide cycle catalyzes the net reaction: aspartate + GTP + H2O---
      fumarate + NH3 + GDP + Pi. The cycle leads to regeneration of AMP. In skeletal
      muscle the cycle's rate of operation increases severalfold in response to a
      corresponding increase in work load. This results in a net increase in citric
      acid-cycle intermediates and in release of ammonia. The same may be expected in
      heart muscle, which, like skeletal muscle, possesses the enzymes of the purine
      nucleotide cycle. Isolated and working rat hearts were therefore perfused for 45
      min at low or high work load (0.16 vs. 0.42 kg X m/min per g dry wt.) with
      glucose (5 mM) as substrate. Release of ammonia into the perfusate as well as the
      content of citric-acid-cycle intermediates (citrate, isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate,
      malate, and oxaloacetate), related amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, and
      glutamine), adenine nucleotides, and creatine phosphate were measured in freeze
      clamped tissue. There was no significant change between low and high work load in
      the sum of the citric-acid-cycle intermediates (1.295 vs. 1.313 mumole/g dry
      wt.), in aspartate (13.21 vs. 14.32 mumole/g dry wt.), in glutamate (15.58 vs.
      15.67 mumole/g dry wt.), ATP (19.06 vs. 19.17 mumole/g dry wt.), ADP (5.00 vs.
      4.11 mumole/g dry wt.), AMP (1.45 vs. 1.00 mumole/g dry wt.) or in creatine
      phosphate (22.58 vs. 25.80 mumole/g dry wt.). Ammonia release was 26 and 22
      mumole/hr per g dry wt. at low and high work load, respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3992035
TI  - Evidence for three catalytic sites in heart sarcolemmal phospholipid N
      methylation.
AB  - Conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine through sequential
      transmethylation reactions was studied in rat cardiac sarcolemmal membrane
      prepared by the hypotonic shock-LiBr treatment method. Three catalytic sites were
      identified on the basis of their requirement for divalent cations and kinetic
      parameters. Site I (Km = 0.1 +/- 0.01 microM) required Mg2+ as a cofactor and had
      a very high affinity for [3H]-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet). Sites II (Km =
      2.9 +/- 0.3 microM) and III (Km = 112 +/- 6 microM) did not require any divalent
      cation and showed comparatively lower affinities for AdoMet. Developmental
      related differences were found to exist among these three catalytic sites when
      phospholipid methylation was carried out in 1- to 12-week-old rats. The results
      suggest that three distinct methyltransferase sites are involved in cardiac
      sarcolemmal phospholipid methylation.

PMID- 3992037
TI  - A theoretical analysis of the rate of resting metabolism of isolated papillary
      muscle.
AB  - A mathematical model of simple oxygen diffusion into a homogeneous cylindrical
      muscle is developed. The model incorporates a variable sigmoidal relationship
      between oxygen consumption and oxygen concentration. For any given consumption
      concentration relationship, the simulated mean basal metabolic rate (averaged
      over the radial extent of the muscle) is computed. This calculation is repeated
      for a range of muscle diameters, yielding the basal metabolic rate-muscle size
      relationship. This theoretical relationship, which is specific for the underlying
      oxygen consumption-concentration relationship, is then compared to observed
      resting heat production-muscle size data reported in the literature. Simulated
      results fail to explain observed data unless the underlying oxygen consumption
      concentration relationship is of a highly improbable form. It is suggested that
      agreement between theoretical results, based on realistic oxygen consumption
      concentration relationships, and experimental observations might be achieved if
      the mathematical model were extended to include a contribution by myoglobin
      facilitated oxygen diffusion to the total oxygen flux.

PMID- 3992038
TI  - The adrenochrome pathway. A potential catabolic route for adrenaline metabolism
      in inflammatory disease.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes activated by latex (polystyrene) beads or the
      chemotactic peptide N-formyl Met Leu Phe stimulated the oxidation of adrenaline
      (0.3 microM-10 mM) to adrenochrome, detected spectrophotometrically at 480 nm or
      by a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. This oxidation was
      detectable within 5 min and continued for at least 4 hr. Over the concentration
      range 0.3-10 microM, more than 80% of the adrenaline oxidation occurred via the
      adrenochrome pathway rather than the amine oxidase-catechol methyltransferase
      pathway. Medium isolated after stimulation of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      retained the ability to oxidize adrenaline to adrenochrome. Serum from patients
      after myocardial infarction induced more oxidation of adrenaline to adrenochrome
      than control serum. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and azide inhibited by 70-95%
      the oxidation of adrenaline to adrenochrome, either by cells or medium.
      Commercially available adrenochrome was biologically active, but some of the
      actions were due to contaminants of the preparation. HPLC of an extract of
      synovial fluid from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, a fluid that contains
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes, showed a peak identical to that of the adrenochrome
      standard. The results provide a cellular mechanism for adrenochrome formation and
      preliminary evidence that adrenochrome can be produced in inflammatory conditions
      in which polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration occurs.

PMID- 3992039
TI  - A model for cardiac ischemia. Cardiac cells transplanted into the renal capsular
      space of the rat and their electrophysiological properties.
AB  - We have developed a new model for electrophysiological studies on ischemic
      myocardium in situ. Pieces of ventricular tissue (1 X 1 mm) excised from the
      neonatal rat heart were transplanted into the renal capsular space of the adult
      rat of the pure strain F 344-NSlc. Electrophysiological properties of the
      transplanted cells during normal circulation and during ischemia induced by
      ligation of the renal artery were examined in situ 7-10 days later, when the
      tissues were fully vascularized, by means of conventional microelectrode
      techniques. Transmembrane potentials varied in individual cells, ranging from -60
      to -90 mV. The amplitude, duration, and configuration of spontaneously occurring
      action potentials recorded from the transplanted cells were similar to those
      obtained in neonatal and adult rat myocardium. At 2-5 min after ligation of the
      renal artery, the frequency of the action potentials decreased markedly and their
      duration was transiently prolonged and then shortened. During the initial stage
      of ischemia (5-15 min), most of the cells were markedly depolarized and
      spontaneous activity ceased. Within 20-30 min, after the ligation, the cells did
      not respond to electrical stimulation. Reperfusion of the tissue by releasing the
      ligation restored the electrical activity of the cells within 15 min when a
      certain limited time of ischemia (30-40 min) was not exceeded.

PMID- 3992040
TI  - Absence of a relationship between extracellular potassium accumulation and
      contractile failure in the ischemic or hypoxic rabbit heart.
AB  - Ischemia and hypoxia both cause a rapid loss of potassium from myocardial cells.
      We have investigated the relationship between the accumulation of potassium in
      the extracellular fluid and the early loss of contractility. Experiments were
      performed on the isolated rabbit heart perfused with physiological saline at 36
      degrees C, paced at 3 Hz. Tension was recorded from the apex. Extracellular
      potassium concentration [( K+]o) was recorded with small ion-selective
      electrodes. After the onset of global ischemia, [K+]o rose within 15 sec and
      reached 9.5 +/- 1.1 mmoles/liter after 5 min. Developed tension (T) fell to 9 +/-
      2% of control over the same period. During substrate-free hypoxia, T declined at
      a similar rate, and [K+]o rose slowly to 5.5 +/- 0.1 mmoles/liter after 5 min.
      The relationship between [K]o and T during normal perfusion and oxygenation was
      investigated by incrementally increasing the perfusate [K+]. T dropped to 78.6 +/
      4.5% of control at a [K+]o of 9 mmoles/liter. Comparison of the relationship
      between [K+]o and T during high-potassium perfusion, ischemia, and hypoxia shows
      that extracellular potassium accumulation per se makes almost no contribution to
      the decline of contractile function in ischemia or hypoxia. (Values are means +/-
      S.E., N = 5.)

PMID- 3992041
TI  - The role of intracellular [Ca2+] and [H+] in contractile failure of the hypoxic
      heart.
AB  - When oxidative metabolism is inhibited in heart muscle, developed tension often
      increases slightly before decreasing below control. We have examined the possible
      mechanisms underlying these changes in developed tension in two series of
      experiments. In the first series of experiments, the photoprotein aequorin was
      used to monitor intracellular free [Ca2+] [( Ca2+]i) in papillary muscles during
      inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, using either cyanide or hypoxia. The
      observed changes of developed tension were independent of changes in [Ca2+]i. It
      was therefore possible that these changes of tension were due to changes of
      intracellular pH (pHi). We tested this idea in a second series of experiments,
      using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance to monitor pHi, [ATP], and phosphocreatine
      concentration [( PCr]) in Langendorff-perfused ferret hearts. During the
      application of cyanide, pHi increased transiently before decreasing to below
      control. [PCr] decreased throughout this period, but [ATP] did not change. It is
      concluded that the observed changes of pHi could account for most of the observed
      changes of developed tension. It is suggested that the initial increase of pHi is
      due to PCr breakdown and the subsequent decrease of pHi to accelerated anaerobic
      glycolysis.

PMID- 3992042
TI  - Studies on experimental coronary insufficiency. Effect of L-carnitine on
      myocardial ischemia produced by sympathetic-nerve stimulation with high plasma
      fatty acids.
AB  - Our previous studies revealed that sympathetic-nerve stimulation (SNSt) plays an
      important role in the precipitation and the augmentation of myocardial ischemia
      in dogs with coronary constriction. To clarify the underlying mechanism of the
      detrimental effect of free fatty acids (FFA) at a high plasma concentration and
      the beneficial effect of L-carnitine on myocardial ischemia, ischemic changes
      following SNSt were compared among three groups of dogs with mild or moderate
      coronary constriction: a saline control group, an intralipid [(IL) 0.1 ml/kg per
      min + heparin 5 mg/kg] group, and an IL + L-carnitine (200 mg/kg) group. High
      plasma concentration of FFA aggravated the ischemic changes induced by SNSt in
      dogs with coronary constriction, in which no signs of increase in myocardial
      oxygen consumption were seen. L-Carnitine clearly alleviated the mechanical
      dysfunction, acceleration of anaerobic metabolism, depletion of myocardial
      contents of high-energy phosphates, myocardial accumulation of lactate, and ECG
      ischemic changes that were augmented by high plasma FFA in the coronary
      constricted dogs with SNSt. From these findings, it was suggested that an
      increased plasma FFA might aggravate myocardial ischemia, at least, produced by
      SNSt in dogs with mild or moderate coronary constriction and that L-carnitine
      might improve the ischemia augmented by FFA, presumably by reducing myocardial
      accumulation of FFA intermediates.

PMID- 3992043
TI  - In vivo phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the regional metabolic
      response to cardiac ischemia.
AB  - We applied 31P nuclear magnetic resonance to the study of acute ischemia in vivo.
      In open-chest rabbits, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded
      after control spectra were obtained. Phosphocreatine concentration decreased in
      the first minute and ATP concentration declined subsequently, and pH decreased to
      5.8 within 20 min. Intracellular acidosis was greater than that previously
      reported for the isolated perfused rabbit heart.

PMID- 3992044
TI  - Adenosine deaminase inhibition and myocardial adenosine metabolism during
      ischemia.
AB  - It is generally assumed that myocardial adenine nucleotides are broken down
      (e.g., during ischemia) via AMP----adenosine----inosine, but contribution of the
      pathway AMP----IMP----inosine cannot be excluded. The catabolism of exogenously
      added adenosine (1-20 microM) was studied in isolated rat hearts. All catabolites
      (i.e., inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid) were measured together
      with nonmetabolized adenosine. Even at low (1 microM) adenosine concentrations,
      deamination accounted for 60% of adenosine disappearing from the perfusate. The
      adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) (5 and
      50 microM) was infused together with adenosine (5 microM). These two
      concentrations of EHNA inhibited deamination of exogenous adenosine by 65 and
      91%, respectively. When hearts were made ischemic by reduction of perfusion
      pressure, addition of EHNA raised the adenosine release from 1.4 to 9.8 nmole/min
      per gram wet wt., but surprisingly, the release of inosine and oxypurines (8
      nmole/min per g wet wt.) did not change. These results suggest that considerable
      breakdown of myocardial adenine nucleotides can occur via the AMP----IMP---
      inosine pathway instead of AMP----adenosine----inosine. The rate of total purine
      release is probably not a good measure of intracellular adenosine formation.

PMID- 3992045
TI  - Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity during myocardial ischemia.
AB  - The effect of ischemia on the concentration of active pyruvate dehydrogenase
      (PDH) complex has been investigated in glucose-perfused hearts of normal rats fed
      a normal diet or a high-fat diet or starved for 48 hr and in hearts from alloxan
      diabetic rats. Global ischemia induced by low flow (approximately equal to 1
      ml/min) lowered the concentration of active complex under most conditions
      employed. Parallel studies of the effect of anoxia and of potassium arrest of the
      heart indicated that the effect of low-flow ischemia may result from decreased
      mechanical activity of the heart as a consequence of tissue hypoxia; the
      enzymatic mechanism may be activation of PDH kinase by increased reduction of
      mitochondrial NAD. In hearts of normal rats fed a normal diet, global ischemia
      induced by zero flow increased the concentration of active complex. Evidence is
      given that this may result from a combination of anoxia and acidosis. In aerobic
      perfusions, concentrations of active complex were ranked in the order: normal
      diet greater than high-fat diet greater than 48-hr starved greater than alloxan
      diabetic. This order was maintained when the concentration of active complex was
      lowered by global ischemia induced by zero flow.

PMID- 3992046
TI  - Accelerated recovery of ischemic canine myocardium induced by AMP. Preliminary
      report.
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 18 dogs using an in situ blood-perfused canine
      heart model. Intracoronary infusion of AMP resulted in increased ATP and total
      adenine nucleotide levels. On reperfusion following a 15-min period of ischemia,
      ATP and total adenine nucleotide levels were significantly higher than control.
      Most important, contractile function recovered more rapidly in the AMP-treated
      dogs. It is therefore concluded that the delayed functional recovery noted after
      periods of ischemia is likely to be a direct result of delayed ATP resynthesis.

PMID- 3992047
TI  - Differences in electrical and mechanical recovery from ischemic heart arrest and
      cardioplegia.
AB  - The course of recovery of heart activity [assessed by heart rate,
      atrioventricular (AV) conduction time, monophasic action potentials, contractile
      force, and perfusion rate] from hypothermic ischemic arrest was studied on
      isolated perfused rat hearts. The effect of control ischemic arrest was compared
      with various cardioplegic protective formulations based on high K+ content.
      During control hypothermic ischemia (20 degrees C), the heart activity
      extinguished only gradually, action potentials were biphasic, AV conduction was
      extremely prolonged, and contractions were slow and relatively strong. On
      reperfusion (37 degrees C), the recovery of electrical activity was almost
      instantaneous and normalized within 2 min, whereas the contractile force remained
      substantially depressed. In contrast, K+-containing cardioplegic solutions
      stopped the heart within several cycles. Postarrest recovery was delayed and
      transitorily associated with severe arrhythmias (AV block, repetitive
      afterdepolarizations and oscillations during elevated plateau, and ventricular
      fibrillation). Nevertheless, the action potentials as well as the contractile
      force virtually normalized in 10-15 min. Procaine-containing cardioplegic
      solutions were ineffective in preventing the onset of postarrest reperfusion
      arrhythmias, whereas addition of nifedipine to the K+-containing cardioplegic
      solutions largely prevented these arrhythmias, and contractile force was further
      improved by high concentrations of glucose. The data indicate that postarrest
      electrical and mechanical recovery do not recover in parallel. Furthermore, high
      concentrations of calcium antagonist and glucose preserve the electrical and
      mechanical properties of the cardiac muscle during periods of cardiac arrest.

PMID- 3992048
TI  - Impairment of myocardial function induced by particulate contamination of
      cardioplegic solutions.
AB  - The U.S. Pharmacopoeia defines acceptable limits of particle contamination for
      intravenous solutions. Used conventionally, these solutions are filtered by the
      lungs, and there are few reports of particle-induced tissue injury to the
      systemic circulation. We have used an isolated rat heart model to assess whether
      unfiltered direct intraarterial administration of cardioplegic solutions, as in
      open-heart surgery, can be damaging to the myocardium. An intravenous solution of
      U.S. commercial manufacture was selected for evaluation. Particle-counting
      revealed this solution to be well within the U.S.P. limits. Direct intracoronary
      infusion of this solution at 20 degrees C and at constant pressure led to an
      approximate 75% reduction in coronary flow over 20 min. Filtration through a
      membrane of 0.8-micron porosity largely prevented this reduction of coronary
      flow. In studies with multidose cardioplegia (3-min infusions every 30 min),
      hearts given filtered solution recovered almost 90% of their preischemic
      functional capacity after 3 hr of hypothermic (20 degrees C) ischemic arrest.
      Hearts given an identical unfiltered solution essentially failed to recover
      despite the particle counts having conformed to the U.S.P. limit. This functional
      result was supported by measurement of creatine kinase leakage, which was
      significantly higher in the unfiltered group. These studies provide an argument
      for revision of U.S.P. particle limits when applied to intraarterially
      administered solutions; in particular, we believe that equipment for cardioplegic
      infusion into coronary arteries should incorporate a 0.8-micron in-line filter.

PMID- 3992049
TI  - Verapamil and nifedipine limit infarct size in the dog.
AB  - We studied the ability of two calcium antagonists, nifedipine and verapamil, to
      limit infarct size in the closed-chest, coronary-embolized dog. Immediately after
      embolization, 141Ce-labeled microspheres were administered into the left
      ventricle. Myocardium not receiving microspheres was considered to be the region
      at risk. The nifedipine group received 16 micrograms/kg, i.v., over 8 min as a
      loading dose, followed by continuous infusion (0.04 mg/kg per 24 hr) within 10
      min after embolization. The verapamil group received a 0.2 mg/kg bolus over 2
      min, followed by a continuous infusion of 8 mg/kg per 24 hr. Again, the drug was
      started within 10 min of embolization. The control groups received an equal
      volume of saline. At 24 hr after embolization, the dogs were sacrificed, the
      hearts were sectioned into 3-mm slices, and the slices were stained with
      tetrazolium to reveal the infarct. The region at risk was determined by
      autoradiography of the microspheres in the heart slices. Infarct and risk-zone
      volume were determined by planimetric methods. Infarct size was normalized by
      expressing it as a percentage of the region at risk. Nifedipine significantly
      reduced this percentage when compared to matched controls (38.7 +/- 4.7 vs. 79.5
      +/- 4.3%, p less than 0.001). Similarly, verapamil also reduced infarct size
      (18.0 +/- 4.4 vs. 62.0 +/- 7.4%, p less than 0.001). We conclude that both these
      drugs appear to offer protection in the presence of permanent coronary occlusion.

PMID- 3992050
TI  - Calcium antagonists and myocardial protection during cardioplegic arrest.
AB  - The ability of nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem to enhance cardioplegic
      protection has been assessed using an isolated rat heart preparation as a model
      of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic arrest. With normothermic ischemia (30 or
      35 min at 37 degrees C), the addition of these compounds enhanced the protective
      properties of the St. Thomas' cardioplegic solution. All these compounds showed
      bell-shaped dose-response characteristics, with the optimal concentrations in
      terms of functional recovery and enzyme leakage of verapamil being 1.0
      mumole/liter; nifedipine, 0.075 mumole/liter; and diltiazem, 0.5 mumole/liter.
      However, under conditions of hypothermia (150 or 180 min at 20 degrees C), none
      of these compounds improved postischemic functional recovery, although there was
      some reduction in enzyme leakage. From these results, further experiments were
      undertaken to investigate the relationship between calcium antagonists and
      temperature. Verapamil improved functional recovery at 34, 31 and 29 degrees C,
      but not at 27, 25, and 20 degrees C. These results suggest a common site of
      action between hypothermia and calcium antagonists in promoting functional
      recovery after ischemia.

PMID- 3992051
TI  - Myocardial reoxygenation damage. Can it be circumvented?
AB  - Isolated papillary-muscle preparations from the cat and rabbit were used to study
      the phenomenon of reoxygenation contracture and whether is is amenable to
      intervention independently of the preceding hypoxic insult. Reduction of
      extracellular Ca2+ to "0" mM abolished reoxygenation contracture, but subsequent
      replacement of Ca2+ resulted in severe contracture and death due to the "calcium
      paradox." Lowering of Ca2+ to 0.125 mM and its stepwise replacement to 2.5 mM
      resulted in no contracture with good mechanical recovery. Gradual reoxygenation,
      Mg2+ (30 mM), Mn2+ (8 mM), or H+ (pH 6.5) ions, or diltiazem (10(-4) M) delayed
      but did not prevent the development of contracture and contractile failure.
      Unlike diltiazem, verapamil (10(-4) M) and lidoflazine (2 X 10(-5) M) did not
      significantly affect the contracture.

PMID- 3992052
TI  - Anesthetics influence myocardial infarct size.
AB  - This study compares the effect of three anesthetics on infarct size and regional
      myocardial blood flow. The anesthetics--fentanyl, Na-pentobarbital, and halothane
      -differ in their effects on such hemodynamic parameters as blood pressure and
      heart rate. The mean blood pressure during ligation was 144/91 mm Hg with
      fentanyl, 141/104 mm Hg with Na-pentobarbital, and 113/82 mm Hg with halothane.
      The heart rate was 98, 146, and 135 beats/min, respectively. The most significant
      finding of our study following 90 min of reflow was the infarct size of 26 +/- 8%
      of the occluded vascular bed under the influence of fentanyl; infarct size under
      Na-pentobarbital and halothane was 32 +/- 5 and 47 +/- 7%, respectively. The
      regional flow in relation to the zones of the infarction also differed among the
      groups. Regional flow under Na-pentobarbital was 24 +/- 6% of normal flow at 90
      min of occlusion in the infarcted tissue; regional flow under fentanyl and
      halothane was 9 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 1%, respectively. The flow in the nitroblue
      tetrazolium-staining zone of the occluded vascular bed was 69 +/- 11% (fentanyl),
      77 +/- 11% (Na-pentobarbital), and 83 +/- 25% (halothane). It is concluded that
      anesthetics may well influence infarct size and the outcome of a myocardial
      infarction following a 90-min ischemia. Hemodynamic effects induced by these
      anesthetics may well be responsible for this outcome and could be determinants of
      infarct size, possibly by influencing collateral flow.

PMID- 3992053
TI  - Infarct-size limitation--real or artifactual. Studies with flurbiprofen using a
      reperfusion model.
AB  - With the use of tetrazolium staining and risk-zone analysis, flurbiprofen has
      previously been shown to limit infarct size at 6 hr but not at 24 hr following
      coronary embolization in the dog heart. This study was designed to assess whether
      this delay in the development of a histologically defined infarct was real or an
      artifact arising from the effect of the drug on tetrazolium staining
      characteristics. With the use of a closed-chest bead-embolization model with a
      capability for reperfusion, hearts were made ischemic for 4 hr by injecting a 2.5
      mm bead attached to a silk thread through a special cannula into the coronary
      vasculature. Immediately following occlusion, radioactive microspheres (141Ce)
      were administered to define the zone at risk of infarction. Hearts were divided
      into treatment (flurbiprofen, 1 mg/kg every 6 hr, N = 7) and control (saline, N =
      7) groups. Following 4 hr of ischemia, the ischemic area was reperfused by
      withdrawing the thread and attached bead. Twenty hours later, the hearts were
      removed and transverse sections (3 mm) were prepared. The area of necrosis was
      visualized by tetrazolium staining and the risk zone by microsphere
      autoradiography. In control hearts, 24.7 +/- 5.0% of the zone at risk
      deteriorated to necrotic tissue; in the flurbiprofen-treated hearts, 17.4 +/-
      4.3% of the risk zone became necrotic (NS, p greater than 0.10). Thus, despite
      earlier findings, these results suggest that the apparent delay in the
      development of tissue injury may be artifactual.

PMID- 3992054
TI  - Potassium balance and ouabain binding sites in intact porcine hearts during
      isoproterenol infusion.
AB  - A pacing-induced tachycardia causes a net loss of K+ from the myocardium whereas
      adrenergic stimulation at constant heart rate will cause a net K+ accumulation.
      In the intact heart, isoproterenol (ISO) will, as expected, exert both effects,
      but the net result with regard to K+ balance is unknown. In the experiments on
      intact porcine hearts presented herein, a shunt from the coronary sinus to the
      right atrium allowed continuous monitoring of the myocardial K+ balance. ISO
      caused heart rate, dP/dt, and peak aortic flow to increase to a new steady state
      in less than 10 sec. There was an initial K+ loss lasting 1 min followed by a 10-
      to 15-times larger net uptake subsiding after 7 min. Overall, tissue K+ increased
      by 140.5 +/- 60.0 mumole/100 g, corresponding roughly to a 3 mM increase in
      intracellular concentration during ISO infusion. Ouabain binding sites determined
      in intact biopsies from the left ventricle remained unchanged. Thus, ISO has a
      biphasic effect on myocardial K+ balance, eventually causing a net increase of
      tissue K+ content probably unrelated to the inotropic effects. Direct stimulation
      of the Na+, K+-ATPase without changing the number of enzymes is possible.

PMID- 3992055
TI  - Correlations between the quantity of cerebral flow, brain surface pO2, and EEG in
      the dog.
AB  - Complete cerebral ischemia was carried out in 19 dogs by repeated occlusion of
      the large neck arteries. The interruption of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was
      controlled with the electric silence recorded on EEG and the rapid fall of brain
      surface oxygen tension (bspO2). A critical flow was determined in each experiment
      by release of clamping of one artery (left carotid artery), which seemed
      effective not only to stop the decrease of bspO2 but also to ensure the
      reappearance of EEG waves. This crucial value of carotid artery flow (CAF) was 49
      ml/min and 38 ml/min after the first and second occlusions, respectively. The EEG
      changes during different phases of experiments were stored on magnetic tape and
      analyzed by computer. The distribution of the analyzed power spectrum of EEG
      provides a special characterization of brain function. Strict correlations are
      found between the actual blood flow and the changes of EEG and bspO2. Either
      alteration of the recorded two parameters can accurately reflect the possibility
      of brain recovery during and after short-lasting ischemia.

PMID- 3992056
TI  - Phospholipase-A1 and -A2 in experimental acute pancreatitis in rats.
AB  - Using a standardized model of bile-induced acute pancreatitis, the reaction of
      phospholipase-A1 activity was investigated in parallel to that of phospholipase
      A2, as well as their relationship to the pathomorphological spread of
      pancreatitis. While the measurement of the total free fatty acids (FFA) in serum
      as metabolites of phospholipase-A activity indicated variable reactions with the
      average remaining the same (0.186 +/- 0.15 to 0.192 +/- 0.153 mEq/l),
      phospholipase-A2 exhibited a highly significant increase from 9.6 +/- 2.2 to 18.2
      +/- 5.4 nmol/ml/min (P less than 0.01). It was demonstrated that in parallel
      phospholipase-A1 also showed a highly significant increase from 2.5 +/- 1.2 to
      6.7 +/- 3.1 nmol/ml/min (P less than 0.01). In relation to the pathomorphological
      score, both phospholipases showed a small increase at a low score (edema to focal
      necrosis), whereas in groups with a larger spread of the pancreatitis, score 5 or
      6 (extended necrosis to retroperitoneal necrosis), the increase was substantially
      clearer. As a result of these findings, we conclude that phospholipase-A1 could
      possibly be used as phospholipase-A2 as an indicator of the severity of acute
      pancreatitis and that it should be taken into consideration in the very promising
      therapy with phospholipase-A-antagonists.

PMID- 3992057
TI  - Chronotropic effects of the reversed carboxyl (RC) analogue of acetylcholine
      (beta-homobetaine methylester) at defined intraluminal pressures on isolated
      right rabbit atria.
AB  - With continuous perfusion at transmural pressures of 0.1 and 0.5 kPa, beta
      homobetaine methylester (HBM) decreased the rate of spontaneously beating atria
      significantly with an ED50 of about 5 X 10(-6) mol/l. The dose-dependent decrease
      in the atrial rate was stronger at an intraluminal pressure of 0.5 kPa, at this
      pressure the dose-response curve sloped more steeply. The stretch acceleration of
      the atrial rate was also significantly inhibited by HBM. In comparison with
      acetylcholine, the HBM was over 10 times more effective. Atropine blocked the
      interactions of the HBM with the muscarinic cholinergic receptors of the
      pacemaker cells.

PMID- 3992058
TI  - 31P-NMR spectra of AP4.
AB  - 31P-NMR spectra were obtained from adenosine-5'-tetraphosphate under a variety of
      conditions and the four discernible resonances assigned. The pK-value of the
      metal-free compound was determined to be 6.4, the pK-value of the Mg2+ complex to
      be 5.3. The dissociation constant for the AP4 X Mg2+ complex was estimated to be
      10(-4) M from the downfield shift of the resonances assigned to the gamma- and
      delta-phosphorus nuclei. The binding of a second metal ion can also be followed
      by NMR; the dissociation constant for this ternary complex is several orders of
      magnitude larger than that for the binary complex.

PMID- 3992059
TI  - Combined toxic effects of tetracycline and ethinyl estradiol on liver function of
      mice.
AB  - The combined effects of ethinyl estradiol (EE) (0.5 micrograms/g s.c. once daily
      for 4 days) and tetracycline (TC) or doxycycline (DC) (50 micrograms/g i.v.) on
      liver weight and water content, serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, urea,
      triglycerides, and cholesterol as parameters of various liver functions were
      investigated in mice. It became apparent that depending on the parameter tested
      synergistic and antagonistic effects may occur, e.g., synergistic effects were
      observed with the serum transaminases and liver cholesterol; antagonistic effects
      were seen with the serum urea and serum cholesterol.

PMID- 3992060
TI  - Prostaglandin formation and platelet aggregation during fasting and linoleic acid
      intake.
AB  - Prostaglandin formation, estimated by the determination of tetranorprostanedioic
      acid (TNPDA) in the urine, and platelet aggregation were investigated in seven
      healthy volunteers each day during fasting, and in three of them additionally
      during intake of carbohydrates (328kcal/day) or safflor oil (328 kcal, 20 g
      linoleic acid). Monitoring TNPDA in 8-h fractions of the urine showed a reduction
      during the night (23.00-07.00) by 70% on the average. During Days 1 and 2 of
      fasting the amount of TNPDA in 24-h urine was the same as under a conventional
      diet. On Day 3, TNPDA decreased in all experimental subjects to 162
      micrograms/day on the average and was not changed by carbohydrate intake. A
      linoleic acid intake of 20 g/day increased TNPDA in 24-h urine to pre
      experimental levels measured under free diet. Platelet aggregation did not change
      during the experiment. No relationship between prostaglandin formation and
      lipolysis in man was found.

PMID- 3992061
TI  - Skeletal muscle injury--molecular changes in the collagen during healing.
AB  - Changes in the collagen types and cross-linking of granulation and scar tissue in
      the injured site of partially ruptured gastrocnemius muscle were studied after a
      reproducible contusion injury to the left calf of a rat. In normal i.m. collagen
      the proportion of Type I collagen was considerably higher than Type III.
      Following injury there was a rapid increase in the proportion of Type III
      collagen reaching a maximum at 5 days after injury. After a further 2 days the
      proportion of Type I had increased significantly resulting in a decrease of the
      Type III/I ratio to below that of the control. However, as healing progressed
      there was a gradual shift back to the Type III/I ratio for normal i.m. collagen.
      The collagen produced in response to an injury was initially stabilized by the
      stable keto-imine cross-link hydroxylysino-5-keto-norleucine, characteristic of
      embryonic collagenous tissues. The proportion of the stable keto-imine cross-link
      gradually decreased, and a reversion to the cross-link pattern of normal
      uninjured i.m. collagenous connective tissue occurred towards the end of the 42
      day follow-up period. The present biochemical study demonstrates that during the
      early phases of the repair process there is a reversion to the collagens
      typically present in high proportions in embryonic dermal connective tissue. This
      suggests that the fibroblasts have the ability to modify their product expression
      under varying circumstances. The study also demonstrates the importance of
      collagen cross-linking in determining the tensile strength of collagen fibre
      during the repair process.

PMID- 3992062
TI  - Nasal heat exchange in a northern ungulate, the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).
AB  - When reindeer were exposed to low ambient temperatures, heat and water were
      recovered from the exhaled air by a nasal counter-current heat exchanger.
      Measurements of respiratory frequency, minute volume, exhaled air temperature and
      metabolic rate were made over a range of ambient air temperatures extending from 
      5.5 degrees C to 27.2 degrees C. At ambient air temperatures less than 10 degrees
      C the exhaled air temperatures were an average of 21 degrees C less than body
      temperature. The reduction of the exhaled air temperature at the lowest ambient
      air temperatures used in this study resulted in the recovery of 75% of the heat
      added and 80% of the water added to the inspired air on its way to the lungs. The
      heat and water recovered by the nasal temporal counter-current heat exchanger in
      reindeer significantly reduced the metabolic cost of survival during cold
      exposure.

PMID- 3992063
TI  - Morphometric variability of the human upper bronchial tree.
AB  - Available morphometric models of the human tracheobronchial tree are based on
      measurements of a small number of individuals from a few laboratories. In order
      to determine the degree of intersubject variability, and its relationship to
      intrasubject variability, analysis of airway lengths, diameters and branching
      angles was performed using solid casts of the upper bronchial trees from a series
      of human lungs. The results indicate that there are significant differences
      between subjects. Inter- and intrasubject variabilities should be considered in
      occupational and environmental hazard evaluation, and when extrapolating and
      modeling inhalation toxicologic data.

PMID- 3992064
TI  - Pulmonary design in a microchiropteran bat (Pipistrellus subflavus) during
      hibernation.
AB  - The Eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) is typical of exceptionally
      small bats capable of a 30-fold range in aerobic metabolism as they arouse from
      hypothermia and sustain foraging flight. This report describes their basic lung
      structure and the extent to which this organ is protected from protein depletion
      during hibernation. Bats were collected at the beginning (Fall), middle (Winter),
      and end (Spring) of hibernation from a permanent overwintering cave, and analyzed
      within several days of capture. Regardless of whether bats were examined in the
      Fall (average body weight = 6.22 g) or in the Spring (4.58 g) no significant
      differences existed for total lung volume (237 microliter), alveolar surface area
      (338 cm2), harmonic mean septal thickness, tau ht (0.221 micron), or membrane
      diffusing capacity (4.13 microliter O2/sec/mbar). These parameters exceed
      predictions based on body weights for either season, and resemble published data
      for another highly active mammalian group, the insectivorous shrews. Both tau ht
      and the minimal septal thickness of 0.083 micron approach the anatomical limits
      for thinning of alveolar septa without loss of epithelial continuity. Although
      both the heart and lungs lost 13% of their fresh weights during hibernation,
      compared to 25% for the liver, the lung contents of DNA (0.14 mg) and blood-free
      protein (7.38 mg) were not altered significantly. These small bats possess lungs
      which are well suited for the high aerobic cost of flight. Those lungs are
      resistant to hibernation-induced proteolysis, and also resistant to the
      deterioration of alveolar membranes which occurs in nonhibernators subjected to
      starvation-induced weight losses of similar magnitude.

PMID- 3992066
TI  - Variability of shell conductance and gas exchange of chicken eggs.
AB  - In 395 fertilized chicken eggs (strain Warren) obtained from a commercial
      hatchery the following coefficients of variation (SD/mean) were found: egg shell
      conductance for water vapor, GH2O, 22%; freshly laid egg weight, W, 8%; the
      specific conductance, gH2O (= GH2O/W), 22%. In 20 eggs selected for widely
      varying gH2O (range 57%-195% of the mean, 0.246 mg/(day X torr X g), the specific
      O2 uptake and the CO2 output, measured on days 16-19 of incubation, showed a
      maximum at medium gH2O values, decreasing at both lower and higher gH2O. The
      variations of gH2O in the selected eggs were shown to cause a variation of water
      loss up to hatching from 9 to 26% (average 15%), and a variation of the O2
      tension from 84 to 123 torr, and of the CO2 tension from 18 to 54 torr, in the
      perichorioallantoic air space on days 16-19 of incubation. Mechanisms responsible
      for the observed changes in the metabolic rate and for the physiological
      adjustments to varied egg shell conductance are discussed.

PMID- 3992065
TI  - Stimulation by central command of locomotion, respiration and circulation during
      exercise.
AB  - We studied the relationships between exercise (locomotion) and respiratory and
      circulatory responses in 19 cats that walked or ran normally on a treadmill, and
      in 16 paralyzed animals during fictive locomotion, i.e., locomotory activity in
      motor nerves to the legs. Preparations included anesthetized cats with intact
      brains and unanesthetized decorticate (hypothalamic) and decerebrate
      (mesencephalic) animals. Spontaneous actual locomotion and fictive locomotion
      occurred in all preparations except the mesencephalic cats. Electrical
      stimulation or injection of a GABA antagonist (picrotoxin) into the hypothalamic
      locomotor region caused locomotion to develop. In all cases when locomotion
      occurred, respiration and arterial pressure increased in proportion to the level
      of locomotor activity despite control or ablation of respiratory feedback
      mechanisms. Respiration and arterial pressure increased similarly during fictive
      locomotion despite the absence of muscular contraction or limb movement and the
      lack of change of metabolic rate. We conclude that the study provides
      experimental support for the feed-forward, or command signal, hypothesis for the
      genesis of proportional changes of respiration and circulation that occur during
      exercise. Feedback mechanisms are not required for its operation. We suggest that
      command signals emanating from the hypothalamus provide the primary drive for
      changes of respiration and circulation during exercise.

PMID- 3992067
TI  - Oxygen consumption and mode of energy production in the intertidal worm
      Sipunculus nudus L.: definition and characterization of the critical PO2 for an
      oxyconformer.
AB  - Oxygen consumption, anaerobic metabolism, and oxygen supply of inner tissues were
      analysed in Sipunculus nudus at different oxygen tensions. Oxygen consumption,
      energy expenditure, and the PO2 in the coelomic fluid decreased linearly with
      declining ambient PO2. Below a certain range of PO2, which was a function of the
      size of the animals, the rate of oxygen consumption deviated progressively from
      the linear PO2/MO2 function. In the same range of ambient PO2 the coelomic PO2
      levelled off. Anaerobic glycolysis, phosphagen degradation, and the succinate
      propionate pathway became apparent with concentration changes of anaerobic
      metabolites first occurring in inner tissues. In extension of the conventional
      definition (Prosser, 1973; Dejours, 1981) the term critical PO2 (Pc) is applied
      to the oxyconforming Sipunculus nudus. The Pc is redefined as the steady-state
      PO2 below which environmental oxygen availability becomes insufficient for
      complete aerobic metabolism (as indicated by the onset of anaerobic energy
      production). It is discussed to be closely linked to the oxygen supply of inner
      tissues. This redefined critical PO2 is shifted to higher partial pressures with
      increasing size of the animals because of the diffusion distance related decrease
      in coelomic PO2. Accordingly, with decline of ambient PO2, oxygen starts to be
      released from haemerythrin at higher ambient PO2 values in larger animals. The
      pigment, which is likely to function as an oxygen store, defers anaerobiosis and,
      thereby, supports compensation of a higher Pc in large individuals by means of an
      increased haematocrit. The Pc is discussed as crucial factor for survival of
      individual animals in intertidal oxygen-depleted environments.

PMID- 3992068
TI  - A measure to aid in the interpretation of published clinical trials.
AB  - The published literature contains numerous reports of clinical studies. A problem
      in their interpretation is that studies in which the observed efficacy of the
      treatment is high are much more likely to be reported than those in which the
      observed efficacy is average or poor. This phenomenon has had the consequence of
      generally discrediting the reliability of the literature, especially that of non
      randomized studies. In this paper a model is developed which permits estimation
      of the potential magnitude by which the reported efficacy of a treatment might be
      inflated. This quantity is termed the publication bias. The magnitude of the bias
      depends on the sample size of the study and the number of similar studies
      conducted concurrently. Tabulated values of the bias are presented, permitting
      easy computation. The new measure may have potential use for physicians in
      clinical decision making in that it characterizes the reliability of results from
      a specific published study, especially when there are no definitive randomized
      studies. However, correction of publication bias in this manner is not a
      substitute for a well controlled or a randomized study. The technique merely
      assists in the interpretation of available evidence from the literature.
      Moreover, it must be used with due caution in recognition of the assumptions and
      approximations involved in the calculation.

PMID- 3992069
TI  - A comparison of two methods for calculating expected mortality.

PMID- 3992070
TI  - A community trial strategy for evaluating treatment for symptomatic conditions.
AB  - A method has been developed for simultaneously comparing the usefulness of many
      treatments of established value for symptomatic medical conditions. Medical
      assessment of outcome is not employed. Instead patients are required to assess
      treatments prescribed during the course of ordinary general practice rather than
      under the strictly controlled settings of most clinical trials. Outcome
      incorporates patient compliance and treatment acceptability and is based on
      patients' subjective judgments of the usefulness of randomly allocated treatments
      as recorded in self-completed diaries, which are mailed directly to a trial
      centre. Thus large and more representative samples are achieved through
      minimizing the efforts required, both of participating doctors and of patients.
      Although the approach was originally developed and tested for the comparison of
      hay fever treatment regimens, we believe that it can be adapted to compare many
      other treatments where patient-reported symptoms validly describe the outcome of
      interest. The feasibility of the approach was tested in two pilot studies, and it
      has been employed successfully in a two-year trial comparing seven hay fever
      treatments. Aspects of analysing such trials are discussed.

PMID- 3992071
TI  - Note on interval estimation of the difference between proportions from correlated
      series.
AB  - This paper presents a procedure for estimating the confidence interval of the
      difference between proportions in paired observations. As an extension of
      McNemar's test, this large sample interval estimation procedure uses a variance
      estimator obtained at the limit and is not conditional on the number of
      discordant pairs.

PMID- 3992072
TI  - Dynamic evaluation of short-term prognosis after myocardial infarction.
AB  - The risk of cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock or death in the first 44 days after
      myocardial infarction is evaluated using a version of the Cox regression model.
      The (time-dependent) covariates include complications that have occurred, making
      it possible to give an individual assessment of prognosis that can be updated
      each day. Low risk patients can be discharged from hospital after a few days,
      whereas high risk patients must remain in hospital until their risk has fallen to
      an acceptable level. For the former group of patients it is possible to reduce
      the number of days in hospital without increased mortality and for the latter
      group mortality can be reduced by longer hospitalization.

PMID- 3992074
TI  - The effect of validation group bias on screening tests for coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - The exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is frequently used as a screening tool for
      coronary artery disease (CAD) in epidemiological studies and routine health
      evaluation. Estimates of the validity of this diagnostic test have usually been
      obtained by correlating the exercise ECG with the results of coronary
      angiography. However, coronary angiography is usually performed only on selected
      individuals with symptomatic CAD. If symptomatic subjects are more likely to
      respond positively to the exercise ECG than asymptomatic individuals with
      comparable severity of disease, then biased estimates of the test validity for an
      unselected population may be obtained. In this paper the validation group bias is
      shown to be a function both of the proportion of the population with symptomatic
      CAD and of the relative validity of the test for the symptomatic and asymptomatic
      subjects. The extent of this bias is examined.

PMID- 3992073
TI  - Inter-rater agreement among orthodontists in a blocked experiment.
AB  - Five orthodontists were asked to predict for 64 patients a particular dichotomous
      outcome of treatment based on pre-treatment X-ray films. The orthodontists rated
      the cases in blocks of size 4-6 with the knowledge of the number of positive
      outcomes in each block. We discuss the reasons why this blocked design is
      appropriate whenever clinicians are asked to rate cases which have not been
      randomly selected from a clinical practice similar to their own. We give a simple
      description of the inter-rater agreement for this type of blocked experiment as
      well as a procedure to test that the agreement is no better than that expected by
      random independent assignment.

PMID- 3992075
TI  - Dose-response analysis of combination preparations.
AB  - A parametric model for quantal response to combination preparations is defined
      and discussed. Tests for additivity of the combination preparation are specified
      and demonstrated by an example. Parallelism of the dose-response curves is not
      required.

PMID- 3992076
TI  - A Wilcoxon-type test for trend.
AB  - An extension of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is developed to handle the situation
      in which a variable is measured for individuals in three or more (ordered) groups
      and a non-parametric test for trend across these groups is desired. The uses of
      the test are illustrated by two examples from cancer research.

PMID- 3992077
TI  - The analysis of neuronal discharge sequences: change-point estimation and
      comparison of variances.
AB  - A key problem in neurophysiology is to determine whether, after presentation of a
      stimulus, there has been a modification in the discharge of a recorded neuron and
      if so, an attempt is made to estimate the latency of the response. The estimation
      problem can be considered as that of the estimation of a change-point in a
      sequence of random variables. The gamma distribution is adequate to model the
      distribution of intervals between action potentials for different types of
      neurons. Simulations show that the maximum likelihood estimator based on this
      model is efficient and robust. An additional problem, in the case of experiments
      in which a movement follows the stimulus, is to determine whether a response is
      related to the stimulus or to the movement. A test based on the comparison of
      marginal scales of a bivariate distribution is proposed. The whole procedure has
      been tested in simulation and with real examples.

PMID- 3992078
TI  - [Site of action of anticoagulant drugs].

PMID- 3992080
TI  - [Systemic embolisms in the acute phase of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 3992079
TI  - [Intracavitary thrombi in the acute phase of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 3992081
TI  - [Intraventricular thrombi and systemic embolisms in chronic-stage myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 3992082
TI  - [Anticoagulants in myocardial infarction].

PMID- 3992083
TI  - [Management of bronchopulmonary aspergilloma].

PMID- 3992084
TI  - [Neonatal medicine: evolution toward perinatology].

PMID- 3992086
TI  - [Pathology of the "roof of the shoulder" in sport traumatology].

PMID- 3992085
TI  - [Theophylline in 1985. Reevaluation, disenchantment and warning].

PMID- 3992088
TI  - [Aerodynamic filtration of inhaled particles. Applications to aerosol therapy].

PMID- 3992087
TI  - [Preoperative and postoperative measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): a
      prognostic factor in surgically treated rectocolic neoplasms?].

PMID- 3992089
TI  - [Painful and unstable shoulders in sports traumatology].

PMID- 3992090
TI  - [How to recognize and treat severe asthma].

PMID- 3992091
TI  - [Solitary ulcer of the rectum and its surgical treatment].

PMID- 3992092
TI  - [Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Contraindications to participation in
      sports?].

PMID- 3992093
TI  - [Concept and design of transdermal therapeutic systems].

PMID- 3992094
TI  - [Experience with calcitonin in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive
      diseases and coronary heart disease].

PMID- 3992095
TI  - [Internal medicine case report. Chronic constipation, abdominal pain].

PMID- 3992096
TI  - [A case from practice (35) (Munchausen syndrome). Female patient S.D., born 6-1
      1938, sales clerk].

PMID- 3992097
TI  - Amniotic band malformations.

PMID- 3992098
TI  - [Schistosomiasis].

PMID- 3992099
TI  - [Urinary incontinence].

PMID- 3992100
TI  - [Ambulatory noradrenaline infusion in refractory Shy-Drager syndrome].

PMID- 3992101
TI  - [Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava].

PMID- 3992102
TI  - [Biorhythms and myocardial infarct].

PMID- 3992103
TI  - Signs of REM prior to the first REM period in prepubertal children.
AB  - In a previous publication, prepubertal depressives were found not to exhibit a
      shortened REM period latency during active illness when compared with
      pathological and normal control groups. It was hypothesized that this might be
      due to a nonselective inhibition of REM sleep by slow-wave sleep (SWS), which is
      quite intense among prepubertal children, especially during the first 2 h of the
      sleep period. A number of polysomnographic signs normally associated with REM
      sleep were observed to occur periodically, prior to the beginning of the first
      REM period. It was thought that these signs might be indicative of "minor
      escapes" of REM sleep activity from the inhibitory influence of SWS. It was
      further hypothesized that differences among the experimental groups in the
      occurrence (timing and amount per minute) of these signs support the idea of an
      inhibitory effect of SWS on REM; and thus offer an explanation for the apparent
      dissociation between the depressive disorder among prepubertal children and a
      shortened REM period latency. The hypotheses were not supported by the results
      presented here indicating that the above dissociation is probably not due to
      inhibitory mechanisms of SWS on REM sleep.

PMID- 3992104
TI  - Effect of sleep disruption on sleep, performance, and mood.
AB  - Eleven young adult subjects were briefly awakened after each minute of
      electroencephalographic-defined sleep for 2 consecutive nights after undisturbed
      laboratory adaptation and baseline nights. Two undisturbed recovery nights
      followed disruption nights. On disruption nights, subjects were awakened with an
      audiometer and signaled the awakening by subjective rating of sleep state or
      button push response. The disruption procedure resulted in severely fragmented
      sleep with only very small amounts of slow-wave and REM sleep. Total sleep time
      was reduced by approximately 1 h on each night. Arousal threshold increased 56 dB
      across the disruption nights. Following disruption, subjects performed more
      poorly and rated themselves sleepier than on baseline. The level of decline was
      similar to that seen after periods of total sleep loss of 40-64 h. Recovery sleep
      was also similar to that seen after total sleep loss. It was concluded that
      periodic disruption of sleep, perhaps by destroying sleep continuity, quickly
      results in impaired function. These data may help explain function loss in severe
      sleep apneics.

PMID- 3992105
TI  - Sleep of healthy seniors: a revisit.
AB  - In an EEG sleep study of 40 healthy seniors (19 men and 21 women) aged 58-82
      years, men could not maintain sleep as well as women and experienced less stage 3
      sleep. The increased wakefulness after sleep onset among the men was particularly
      marked during the last 2 h of recording. REM density (during the first and second
      REM periods) showed an interaction of sex and age effects: thus, women in their
      60s had higher REM density than men, whereas men in their 70s had higher REM
      density than women. In both men and women, however, regardless of age, the
      temporal distribution of REM sleep and REM density during the night was flat.
      Finally, only a mild degree of sleep-disordered breathing was noted, with
      positive age effects on apnea/hypopnea index and maximal duration of apnea. These
      findings are reviewed in relation to the sleep and aging literature.

PMID- 3992107
TI  - Eligibility requirements in hypnotic trials.
AB  - Forty-eight patients complaining of insomnia were studied at two sleep
      laboratories using an identical protocol to evaluate hypnotic efficacy. All met
      the screening requirement of a mean sleep latency of 30 min or greater on 3
      laboratory nights following an adaptation night. Of these patients 34 still
      complaining of insomnia were screened a second time 2 to 6 months later. Sixteen
      of the 34 failed the second screen. Sleep parameters for the 34 on screen 1
      compared with screen 2 were the same except for sleep latency (the eligibility
      criteria), which was significantly shorter. There was no evidence of a systematic
      difference between laboratories, a change in procedure from screen 1 to 2, or a
      systematic loss of patients from screen 1 to 2. The data show that the
      statistical phenomenon of regression toward the mean must be considered in
      designing hypnotic efficacy studies.

PMID- 3992106
TI  - Preliminary communication: intellectual deficit and sleep-related respiratory
      disturbance in the elderly.
AB  - Polysomnography and neuropsychological tests administered to 41 nondemented male
      subjects (mean age, 69.5) indicated that impaired performance was associated with
      sleep-related respiratory disturbance. Such deficits could reflect deficits in
      vigilance or cortical insult resulting from nightly hypoxemia. Whether the degree
      of impairment observed here predicts more severe dementia will await longitudinal
      studies.

PMID- 3992108
TI  - Sleep-wake state organization in infant rats with episodic respiratory
      disturbance following sinoaortic denervation.
AB  - The role of arterial chemoreceptors in the maintenance of rhythmic respiration
      during sleep was investigated in 2-week-old rats by microsurgical sectioning of
      carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve fibers (SAD) and later recording of
      respiratory pattern by impedance pneumography and sleep-wake states by
      electrophysiological methods. Deafferentation produced high rates of an atypical
      respiratory pattern characterized by episodes during which the usual pattern was
      replaced by an arrhythmic series of low amplitude waveforms with frequent short
      pauses and occasional gasps. These episodes lasted a mean of 20s, occurred 15.1
      times/h and were virtually confined to the REM state. Apneas occurred in all
      stages of sleep and were not increased by SAD but were significantly associated
      with state changes only after denervation. Body movements were unchanged and
      sleep-wake state organization was only minimally affected by SAD. These results
      suggest that the REM state may constitute a vulnerable period for respiratory
      control in infancy during which afferent feedback from peripheral arterial
      chemoreceptors may ordinarily play a stabilizing role.

PMID- 3992109
TI  - Paradoxical sleep deprivation and the immobility response in the rat: effects of
      desipramine and phentolamine.
AB  - A series of experiments was conducted on the presumption that instrumental
      deprivation of paradoxical sleep (PS) has an effect comparable with that of
      antidepressant drug treatment in a behavioral paradigm, Porsolt's forced swim
      test. After long-term PS deprivation, we studied the duration of immobility,
      which can be markedly reduced by antidepressant drugs, using both the platform
      and the pendulum technique. In addition to a small common effect for PS
      deprivation, differences confirming the platform-pendulum controversy were also
      detected. Nonspecific platform effects are considered to explain these
      differences. In a second experiment it was shown that the small PS deprivation
      effect can be enlarged by desipramine treatment, suggesting similarities in the
      underlying mechanisms. In the third experiment, just before the end of the
      deprivation, phentolamine, a drug that blocks the rebound of PS, was
      administered. It reduced the effect of pendulum PS deprivation, suggesting that
      PS propensity is an important factor in the reduction of duration of immobility.

PMID- 3992110
TI  - Laboratory note: effect on sleep latency of presleep AEP procedures.
AB  - In a 12-night study of the effects of l-tryptophan in poor sleepers, waking
      auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were obtained prior to lights-out on the 3rd
      placebo-baseline night and the 5th treatment night. Sleep latencies were
      significantly shorter on both AEP nights. The components of the AEP procedure may
      facilitate sleep onset by promoting relaxation and lowering psychophysiological
      arousal level in poor sleepers.

PMID- 3992111
TI  - [Agreal: clinical experience. Review of the literature].
AB  - A number of studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of
      veralipride (Agreal) in the treatment of the psycho-functional manifestations of
      menopause. All of these studies have obtained essentially similar results: very
      good effectiveness, in the order of 80 p. cent against hot flushes; very
      satisfactory effectiveness against the psycho-functional syndrome (50 to 70 p.
      cent). Headaches were the least affected by treatment (about 40 p. cent good
      results).

PMID- 3992112
TI  - [Physiopathology of the menopause].
AB  - The menopause constitutes a considerable physiological alteration for the woman.
      The pre-menopausal period is essentially marked by luteal failure. The actual
      menopause, which coincides with the cessation of menstruation, corresponds to
      disturbance of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-ovarian axis, of which the most
      dramatic manifestations are hot flushes and psychiatric disturbances. The post
      menopausal period may be marked by peripheral and metabolic disorders.

PMID- 3992113
TI  - [The role of Agreal in the treatment of the menopause].
AB  - The treatment of menopause comprises two phases: on the one hand, the curative
      treatment of the premature climateric syndrome, including a case by case
      discussion of the value of a hormonal or non-hormonal treatment; on the other
      hand, the preventive treatment of delayed deficiency, for which only opotherapy,
      using estrogens and progestatives, is indicated. The therapeutic choice is
      guided, in the first case, by the existence or non-existence of an objective
      counter-indication to the use of estrogens or of reticence on the part of the
      patient to the use of a hormonal treatment. In the second case, the decision is
      based only on the benefit/risk ratio, and estrogeno-therapy, in the opinion of
      many, should be reserved for women in whom estrogen deficiency has been
      demonstrated. Veralipride (Agreal) is, medically speaking, a non-hormonal drug,
      and has a proven efficacy in vasomotor heat flushes and the psychofunctional
      signs of confirmed menopause. It is well tolerated and is easy to use.

PMID- 3992115
TI  - [How does one confirm the definitive character of the menopause on a clinical
      basis].
AB  - The statement of the definitive character of the menopause is not easy, save in
      the case of surgical castration. In all other cases one has seen the reappearance
      of the menstrual periods after several months of amenorrhoea. Although, in
      principle, amenorrhoea of an entire year's duration corresponds to the menopause,
      there are exceptions. In the case of women who are undergoing contraceptive
      treatment, the only means of knowing if they are menopausal consists of
      interruption of the oestro-progestational contraception and of advising the use
      of a local contraceptive for a period of several months.

PMID- 3992114
TI  - [Efficacy and clinical and biological tolerance of long-term veralipride
      administration. Apropos of 74 case reports].
AB  - Veralipride was given to 74 women with menopausal disorders. Clinical tolerance
      proved excellent and no abnormal variations were recorded in monitored biological
      parameters. Effectiveness is very satisfactory, all the more so that disorders
      are more specific and severe.

PMID- 3992117
TI  - [The experience of the menopause].
AB  - If 30% of women pass through the peak of the menopause without difficulty, the
      majority find themselves, at that period, in a more or less difficult situation,
      which is not only the consequence of physiological disorders, but also of
      environmental changes. The emancipation of children, the anxieties sometimes
      caused by the age of the parents, the lack of interest which society has in the
      50 years old woman, but which it very readily takes in the old woman, conjugal
      lassitude, the lack of comprehension of those around her, very often bring such
      women to the doctor, who should know not only how to palliate the oestrogen
      deficiency, and the organic disorders, but also show evidence of a certain
      psychological understanding. It would seem that the role of the physician is
      primordial in so far as he, or she, is able to inspire confidence and explain the
      treatment prescribed.

PMID- 3992116
TI  - [Physiopathology of the menopause].
AB  - The ageing of the ovary is marked by a diminution of the number of follicles and
      often of a decrease of the secretion of inhibine which entails the augmentation
      of the pituitary secretion. Although the menopausal ovary may not be absolutely
      inactive, its suddenly diminished secretory capacity then leads to a considerable
      fall of oestrogenic secretion. The author explains all the phenomena which allow
      the physiopathology of hot flushes to be assessed, and states the principal
      hypotheses which claim to explain them.

PMID- 3992118
TI  - [Psychological aspects of the menopause: the gynecologist's viewpoint].
AB  - This work details the personal results of a city gynaecologist based on 50 case
      records of menopausal women. The reasons for which they sought advice, and the
      attitude which the doctor should adopt towards them are specified.

PMID- 3992119
TI  - [Physiological osteopenia: histomorphometric findings].
AB  - The construction of bone results from the collaborative work of functional
      constituents; destructive cells or osteoclasts, the activity of which induces
      that of other, constructive cells, the osteoblasts. During the whole period of
      growth, construction surpasses destruction. During the rest of life the
      destructive process predominates, whence a physiological osteopenia, which
      affects man as well as woman, but which accelerates in the latter during the
      postmenopausal years. The measurement of this physiological osteopenia by bone
      biopsy shows clearly that it is due to a simultaneous diminution of these two
      processes. Common osteoporosis, of early appearance, presents in 50% of cases as
      the chemical and biological expression of an acceleration of normal processes.
      30% of them, on the contrary, are accompanied by an excess of destruction,
      whereas the rate of construction remains normal. In about 20% of cases it is the
      constructive phase which is depressed, destruction remains normal.

PMID- 3992120
TI  - [The osteoporosis disease in menopausal women. Physiopathology and therapeutic
      impact].
AB  - Trabecular osteoporosis of spongy bone expresses itself clinically by spontaneous
      vertebral compression and fractures of the lower end of the radius. Its
      prevention relies on calcium therapy, physical exercise, vitamin D, and, in
      women, oestrogens. The most effective curative treatment relies on fluorine, at a
      dose of 40-60 mg sodium fluoride, in conjunction with calcium equivalent to 1 g
      element (not the calcium salt). Small doses of vitamin D are used. The treatment
      is without effect on cortical osteoporosis and thus cannot prevent fractures of
      the neck of the femur.

PMID- 3992121
TI  - [Treatment of the menopause: estrogens and breast cancer].
AB  - The responsibility of oestrogens in the aetiology and development of cancer of
      the breast is critically discussed. There are in fact perfectly contradictory
      theoretical and clinical arguments. The work of epidemiologists and biologists
      results in no less heterogeneous results. It is possible that oestrogens may be
      incapable of inducing the development of cancer of the breast, but it is very
      probable that the oestrogens are capable of accelerating the development of a
      quiescent tumour of small volume. The lesion is clinically and radiologically
      undetectable.

PMID- 3992122
TI  - [Estrogens and the endometrium].
AB  - A large number of studies have drawn attention to the multiplication of the
      number of endometrial cancers in women under oestrogens. All these retrospective
      studies are concordant, but the majority can be the object of criticisms and do
      not necessarily carry conviction. Oestroprogestational associations seem, on the
      contrary, to protect, in a certain measure, against the appearance of carcinoma
      of the endometrium. The author concludes that, in the uncertainty, it is
      indubitably necessary not to establish as a principle that the menopause should
      be treated with oestrogens, but to give under surveillance the necessary
      oestrogen treatment to women who need them. One should take care to choose an
      oestrogen as natural as possible, and it is desirable to associate it with
      progesterone.

PMID- 3992123
TI  - How progestins prevent endometrial cancer.
AB  - This article discusses the role of progestational hormones in cancer of the
      endometrium in menopausal women and indicates the type of progestin and the doses
      which appear necessary to prevent anomalies of the endometrium. It is in fact
      established that the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinomas is augmented by the
      application of a continuous oestrogenic without countervailing progestational
      stimulus. Progestogens have an antimitotic action on endometrial cells, which
      leads to reduction of the oestrogenic stimulus and the probability of the
      occurrence of tissue anomalies. However, it is probable, and theoretically
      possible, that the regular disintegration of the endometrium may be capable of
      removing the potentially anomalous cells before they develop into carcinomas. Any
      oestrogenic treatment, however, whatever the dose and mode of administration, is
      not more certain than any other. The association of a progestogen is necessary
      but the choice of the individual progestogen is dictated by custom or fashion. It
      seems that administration during 12 days per month in a manner designed to obtain
      rhythmic bleedings may be the best solution.

PMID- 3992125
TI  - [The menopause. Therapeutic measures].
AB  - Hormonal therapy of the menopause can only be conceived with a careful choice of
      products and a judicious association of oestrogens and progestagens.

PMID- 3992124
TI  - [The menopause. Therapeutic regimens].
AB  - The author considers successively the hormonal and non-hormonal treatments of
      menopausal disorders in isolating the different therapeutic schemes adapted to
      different types of anomaly.

PMID- 3992126
TI  - [Various characteristics of intravenous polyvalent immunoglobulins].
AB  - Polyvalent human immunoglobulins for intravenous use (GVP) are obtained by
      fractionating human plasma with ethanol, according to a method in which traces of
      pepsin at pH4 eliminate any anticomplementary activity. All the analytical tests
      have come within official requirements. Results of extended tests concerning
      specificity, potency, immunoglobulin subclass distribution, biological half-life
      and opsonic function are presented. Since their official release for clinical use
      on July 1st, 1983, almost 15,000 therapeutic units of 2.5 g of immunoglobulins
      have been consumed without any reported major side effects. Multicenter clinical
      trials are being carried out with adults and children. Available results confirm
      very good tolerance, and, as expected, effectiveness for well known and codified
      indications.

PMID- 3992127
TI  - [Quality control: observation record on the use of pliable bags].

PMID- 3992128
TI  - [The value of enzymatic technics in the chemical control of stable and unstable
      blood products].
AB  - Some enzymatic methods are described allowing the quantitation of chemical
      additives in blood derivatives. They are quick reproducible and have a good
      specificity. They are equally valuable in the presence of proteins as well as in
      aqueous solutions.

PMID- 3992129
TI  - [Platelet preservation in a new type of plastic material. Functional in vitro
      study].
AB  - We report the comparison of the fonctionnal platelet criteria's evolution studied
      in vitro by aggregation with different agents, by osmotic stress, ATP total
      amount and platelet volume distribution for six days of storage in two different
      PVC bags. The results indicate that: platelet's evolution appears more
      appreciable when tested by aggregation with an important amount of collagen, by
      hypotonic stress and volume distribution. The difference between the two
      different bags is shown as early as the thirs day of storage; for quality
      control, we can choose some criteria despite the absence of their clear
      correlation with transfusion efficiency.

PMID- 3992130
TI  - [Immunological indications for autotransfusion in cardiovascular surgery].

PMID- 3992131
TI  - [2 new French families with Cad antigen].

PMID- 3992132
TI  - Serotonin receptors on pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested from the albino mouse lung were shown to
      possess surface receptor sites capable of binding physiological concentrations of
      serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). These specific, high affinity binding sites
      showed temperature-dependent kinetics with a single order high affinity binding
      site for serotonin. The presence of serotonin receptors on pulmonary alveolar
      macrophages provides a basis for relating at least one mediator of pulmonary
      inflammatory processes and transport processes to effects upon the macrophage
      surface.

PMID- 3992133
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of serotonin in human plasma.
AB  - A sensitive and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection for determination of serotonin in
      human plasma is described. The method has an average coefficient of variation of
      3.5%; the recovery of serotonin and 5-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine (internal
      standard) accounts for 95 +/- 2%. Average serotonin concentrations in platelet
      free plasma and in platelet-rich plasma from 21 normal subjects 22-63-year-old)
      ranged from 0.6 to 4.9 ng/ml (mean 2.8 +/- 1.3 SD) and from 38.3 to 106.5
      ng/10(8) platelets (mean 66.8 +/- 18.9 SD), respectively. The release of
      endogenous serotonin from human aggregating platelets challenged by collagen or
      adenosine diphosphate has been quantitated.

PMID- 3992135
TI  - [Intrasacral meningoceles].
AB  - The author reports on 8 patients with cystic enlargements of the canalis sacralis
      (occult intrasacral maningocele). The clinical pattern of signs, x-ray findings
      (plain radiography, myelography, computed tomography) and possible treatment are
      discussed in comparison with the cases published to date.

PMID- 3992134
TI  - Prognostic significance of serum lactic acid dehydrogenase in Ewing's tumor of
      bone.
AB  - Pretreatment serum lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were examined in 82
      patients with Ewing's tumor of bone (23 metastatic and 59 localized). The
      percentage of patients with increased serum LDH levels was significantly higher
      in the metastatic group than in the group of patients with localized disease (87
      vs. 45%). After treatment with combined therapy, in this latter group the
      recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with elevated serum LDH
      levels at admission than in those with normal serum LDH levels (50 vs. 9%). Of
      the 16 patients with localized disease who relapsed, 13 (81%) had elevated serum
      LDH levels at the time of recurrence. These results indicate that in Ewing's
      tumor serum LDH levels may serve as useful prognostic markers and could be
      valuable in monitoring the effectiveness of combined therapy.

PMID- 3992136
TI  - [Roentgen morphology and clinical picture of pulmonary hamartochondroma].
AB  - Based on a series of 44 surgical patients with hamartochondromas proven by
      histology the x-ray appearance and clinical aspects are shown. The percentage of
      calcified hamartochondromas is slightly higher than in the literature. Only one
      hamartochondroma was situated endobronchially.

PMID- 3992137
TI  - Bronchography in patients with persistent cough.
AB  - Bronchography was performed together with a fibre-optic bronchoscopic study in 98
      patients with persistent cough, 33 of whom also had haemoptysis. Finally there
      were chronic bronchitis in 62 patients, bronchiectasis in 21, subacute bronchitis
      in 9, inflammatory residuals in 3, pulmonary tuberculosis in 2 patients and
      metastases in one. In chronic bronchitis, the value of plain chest radiography
      was low. It was normal in 34 of 62 cases (55%), bronchography in 12 cases (19%).
      Mild cases of bronchitis were more numerous in bronchography than seen by
      scopist. Bronchiectasis was found in 21 patients, four of these unexpectedly (two
      in a tbc scar). Additionally, three cases were overdiagnosed by the radiologist
      on chest films and eight cases by the scopist with bronchoscopy. In patients with
      persistent cough and haemoptysis, bronchography mainly revealed alterations of
      bronchitis.

PMID- 3992138
TI  - [Wiener spectra of roentgen film-screen combinations].
AB  - Radiographic noise of screen-film combinations used in medical diagnostics can be
      described quantitatively by means of a power spectrum (Wiener spectrum) by which
      the quantum mottle can be mathematically expressed. The authors present a
      measurement method for power spectra and the results obtained with several screen
      film combinations. The influence of various parameters on the spectra is
      discussed, such as sensitivity, transfermodulation film-function, and noise.

PMID- 3992139
TI  - [Roentgen ray dose for effective aluminum filtering].
AB  - The aluminium equivalent of the effective prefiltration of an X-ray tube assembly
      varies significantly with the tube voltage. Neglecting this fact has up to now
      led to considerable differences in stated dose values. Corrected values for the
      whole appropriate range of tube voltages and Al filtrations are indicated.

PMID- 3992140
TI  - [Changes in the lung in Bourneville-Pringle disease--a contribution to the
      roentgenologic differential diagnosis of interstitial lung processes].
AB  - Adenoma sebaceum, also known as Pringle's tumour, is frequently associated with
      tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville's disease); if the lungs are involved, however,
      the clinical course is different from that of the "classical" type of the
      combination of these two diseases without lung involvement. The case record of a
      woman patient in whom the lung was affected, is presented with a brief discussion
      of the x-ray and pathological changes and their differential diagnosis.

PMID- 3992141
TI  - [When is computed tomography indicated in dilatation of the retrorectal space?].
AB  - The reasonable use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of an enlarged
      retrorectal space was analysed in 92 cases. CT is useful in differentiation of a
      pathologically enlarged retrorectal space without mucosal lesions of the rectum.
      It enables the separation between tumourous masses, proliferation of connective
      tissue (in retrorectal fibrosis or inflammatory disease) and pelvic lipomatosis.
      If simultaneous mucosal involvement in barium enema or rectoscopy--especially in
      rectal carcinoma or recurrent carcinoma of the rectum- is found, CT may show the
      perirectal extension of tumorous masses and thus help to clarify local
      operability.

PMID- 3992142
TI  - Pavel's "dynamic screening" for diabetes type 2: 14 years results in a district
      of northern Italy.
AB  - The AA. report the results of 14 years' screening for diabetes type 2 in their
      Health District (Emilia Romagna, North Italy), according to Pavel's method, for
      early diagnosis of clinical diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The
      AA. found in a first screening 1.03% of clinical diabetes and 2.65% of IGT cases
      in the population examined (200,000 subjects). Statistically significant
      correlations existed in relation to the various risk factors (hereditary factors,
      obesity, fetal macrosomia, job). The follow-up after 6 years for IGT subjects
      showed a 25.5% return to normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values, 21.7%
      improvement, 19% unchanged, 33.8% impairment. There was a correlation between
      these results and life-style (diet, physical exercise, weight loss). Fourteen
      years after these screening, a 2.7% negative incidence was observed for diabetes
      type 2 in this Health District.

PMID- 3992143
TI  - Microalbuminuria following exercise, an early sign of diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - Microalbuminuria after physical exercise is characteristic for the preclinical
      stage of diabetic nephropathy, permitting an early diagnosis of this severe
      complication of diabetes mellitus. In 24 patients with type I diabetes, 11 women
      and 13 men free of clinical and biological signs of renal damage, the presence of
      microalbuminuria has been investigated by radial immunodiffusion in the urines
      collected between 3 and 7 hrs in the morning, as well as after a 20-min rest
      following a moderate exercise of 75 watts during 20 min at the ergometric
      bicycle. The patients were distributed into four groups, according to the age of
      disease, and microalbuminuria was expressed in micrograms/min. Compared with the
      mean values recorded in normal subjects by the same method (6.8 micrograms/min),
      the level of microalbuminuria has been significantly higher in the cases
      evaluating since more than two years, in keeping with the time elapsed after
      onset, and particularly following exercise. No relationship could be established
      between the quality of metabolic control of diabetes and the levels of
      microalbuminuria after exercise.

PMID- 3992144
TI  - Vascular risk factors in the obliterative peripheral arteriopathy of diabetic
      patients.
AB  - To estimate the role of some vascular risk factors in the obliterative
      arteriopathy of diabetic patients, 71 subjects have been investigated: diabetics
      without arteriopathy, diabetics with arteriopathy and non-diabetics with
      arteriopathy. Age, sex, body weight, smoking habits, blood pressure, sedentary
      life style, diabetes therapy, plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total
      lipids, HDL-cholesterol, uric acid, and fibrinogen have been assessed, the
      parameters investigated. The results show that the risk factors studied maintain
      their role even in the obliterative peripheral arteriopathy of diabetic patients;
      however, there are differences in the relative importance of some of them.

PMID- 3992146
TI  - Increased plasma level of clotting factors VII and X in hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - When compared to values obtained in healthy normal-weight normolipidemic
      controls, the combined activities of clotting factors VII and XI, as well as
      serum cholinesterase were found to be significantly higher in hyperlipidemic and
      especially in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. The levels of the vitamin K
      dependent clotting factors are positively correlated with the concentration of
      serum cholesterol, the logarithm of serum triacylglycerol level and serum
      cholinesterase activity. Based on these data as well as on previous observations
      concerning an increased plasma level of other liver secretion enzymes in
      endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, a possible interrelationship between accelerated
      turnover of lipoproteins, enhanced hepatic protein synthesis and
      thromboatherosclerosis is suggested.

PMID- 3992145
TI  - Quantitative determinations of immunoglobulins and complement components in human
      aortic atherosclerotic wall.
AB  - Saline and acid eluates of intima with only fatty streaks, fibrous plaque and
      intima surrounding the fibrous plaque were obtained from 42 human aortae. IgG,
      IgA, IgM, C1q, C3c, C4, C9, C3A, C-reactive protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2
      macroglobulin, albumin, transferrin and fibrinogen were quantitatively determined
      in these eluates using the radial immunodiffusion technique. Saline extracted IgG
      and IgA were significantly higher in the fibrous plaque and adjacent tissue than
      in the fatty streak intima, where IgM was the highest. IgG and IgA were only
      present in acid eluates. The complement components were present in all saline
      eluates, but only traces of C3c and C1q in some acid eluates. Statistically
      significant differences were found for C1q and C9. C-reactive protein was present
      in 23 samples. The results could suggest an involvement of immune mechanisms in
      the progression of the atherosclerotic lesion.

PMID- 3992147
TI  - Observations on the diagnostic criteria of the "nontransmural" acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - In 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) lacking Q waves
      ("nontransmural"), selected from 317 patients with AMI, successively observed,
      diagnostic criteria and evolution were analysed. Clinical and enzymatic
      diagnostic criteria of the "nontransmural" AMI indicated a significant myocardial
      necrosis. Anginal pain was particularly recurrent. Various and variable
      electrocardiographic signs (ST--T changes, arrhythmias, etc.) suggested a
      significant, extensive, myocardial damage. Complications (heart pump failure,
      arrhythmias, peripheral and cerebral ischemic attacks), frequently severe,
      occurred in the majority of the patients. "Nontransmural" AMI occurred mainly in
      patients older than 60, with systemic arterial involvement. Four of the patients
      died (two during the acute phase); in one of them, transmural AMI, suggested by a
      complicating pericarditis, was confirmed by necropsy. The so-called
      "nontransmural" AMI proved to be an actual or potentially severe condition. Its
      differentiation from the "transmural" AMI on the basis of electrocardiographic
      criteria is artificial and unjustified.

PMID- 3992148
TI  - The nonspecific esterase activity in lymphocytes of workers occupationally
      exposed to benzene and its homologues.
AB  - Activity of nonspecific esterase (NE) was determined in peripheral blood
      lymphocytes from workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents containing
      benzene, toluene and xylene, using a semiquantitative histochemical method. The
      benzene, toluene and xylene concentration at the workplace of the subjects
      studied, was equal to 0-370 0-580 and 0-560 mg/cu. m, respectively. In subjects
      having a working time longer than 54 months a decreased count of lymphocytes
      showing presence of NE in intact lysosomes and increased count of cells with
      presence of this enzyme both in the partially destroyed lysosomes and in the cell
      cytoplasm was observed. The above phenomenon demonstrates the lysosome damage and
      consecutive replacing of the enzyme activity from the lysosome into the
      cytoplasm. Since there was a positive correlation between the exposure time and
      numbers of cells with damaged NE-positive lysosomes it may be suggested that the
      semiquantitative histochemical estimation of NE activity within the lymphocytes
      can be used for monitoring the toxic effect of benzene and its homologues on
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 3992149
TI  - Frequency of certain allergens in allergic bronchial asthma.
AB  - The frequency of some allergens involved in allergic bronchial asthma was studied
      in a group of 1177 patients who came for medical investigations to the Department
      of Allergy of the "N. Gh. Lupu" Institute of Internal Medicine--Bucharest between
      January 1980 and January 1982. The group presented a slight predominance of the
      female sex and the age group most affected was that of young adults. Of the
      allergens responsible for the onset bronchial asthma attacks the most frequent in
      the patients studied were: house dust (56%), moulds (53%), pollens (42%) and
      Dermatophagoides pteronissinus (28.3%). Of the pollens the most often involved
      was that of grasses. Almost a quarter of the patients started an attack of
      bronchospasm and presented positive reaction to certain drugs (24.39%) of which
      the most frequently involved was aspirin (17.4%), pyramidon (15.4%), biseptol,
      antibiotics (the latter being often used exagerately as self medication in the
      attacks of allergy mistaken for "colds"). The most frequent association of
      allergens were moulds--Dermatophagoides pt. (21%) and moulds--Dermatophagoides
      pt.--house dust (19%).

PMID- 3992151
TI  - [Evaluation of the effects of anabolic steroids, calcitonin and 25
      hydroxycholecalciferol on the spongy bone of rats].
AB  - Prevention of the experimental bone rarefaction which occurs in rats put on a low
      calcium diet was attempted by using salmon calcitonin and 25 hydroxyvitamin D
      given with a similar regimen to that used in human disease. Results were compared
      with the previously reported effects of synthetic anabolic steroids. Statistical
      analysis was carried out on measurements of cancellous bone mass. No
      statistically significant increase in the femoral trabecular bone volume occurred
      in rats put on an hypocalcemic diet plus treatment by calcitonin and vitamin D
      whereas such an increase had been noted when anabolic steroids were used.
      Measurement of the trabecular bone volume of proximal and distal epiphyses
      demonstrated a statistically significant difference between rats on a
      hypocalcemic diet treated by 25-OH-D3 and rats treated by calcitonin or controls
      on a normal diet. In rats on a normal diet, 25 hydroxyvitamin D led to an
      increase in bone mass which did not reach statistical significance but is
      probably explained by improvement in calcium intestinal absorption.

PMID- 3992150
TI  - [Vertebral osteonecrosis. Apropos of 3 cases, 1 complicated by spinal cord
      compression and 2 associated with another necrotic localization].
AB  - The authors report three cases of vertebral osteonecrosis which presented the
      phenomenon of intra-vertebral space. These patients had osteoporosis with
      vertebral compression. Two received steroid therapy. One case progressively
      developed spinal cord compression and the two other cases had an associated
      osteonecrosis (femoral head and talus). After reviewing the literature, the
      authors stress the relative frequency of neurological complications, in
      particular spinal cord compression (7 per cent).

PMID- 3992152
TI  - [X-ray computed tomographic exploration of cervico-brachial neuralgia. Value of
      the intravenous injection of contrast media].
AB  - Cervicobrachial neuralgias can now be easily evaluated by computerized tomography
      of the cervical spine due to recent technical progress (improved resolution,
      ultra-thin cuts, precise localization by computed radiography), and especially
      the use of intravenous contrast material, thus avoiding intrathecal metrizamide.
      The authors describe normal findings obtained by this method as well as disk
      herniations and disco-uncarthrosis. On the basis of this initial study of 35
      patients (7 disk herniations and 16 disco-uncarthrosis), this method could be
      employed following routine studies as the first preoperative examination for
      cervicobrachial neuralgia. Thus, the indications for cervical myelography would
      decrease, limiting the use of a more invasive procedure and patient discomfort.

PMID- 3992153
TI  - [Hypophosphatasia in adults. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Two very dissimilar cases of hypophosphatemia in the adult patient are described
      by the authors. The first case was symptomatic since childhood, with typical
      clinical and radiologic findings (fissures, diaphyseal bone spurs, bony
      deformities), whereas the second case was minimally symptomatic (loss of teeth
      and back pain). Articular chondrocalcinosis was observed in both cases, as was a
      decrease in alkaline phosphatase and the increased urinary excretion of
      phosphoethanolamine. Histological examination demonstrated an increase in
      osteoid. Review of the literature revealed 40 cases of this inborn error of
      metabolism seen in adulthood, enabling a detailed description of the
      characteristics of this polymorphic condition.

PMID- 3992154
TI  - [Radiculo-medullary syndrome in Scheuermann's disease].

PMID- 3992155
TI  - [Osteomalacia disclosing de Toni-Debre-Fanconi syndrome caused by the ingestion
      of 3-methylchromone].

PMID- 3992156
TI  - Vasotocin involvement in the maturation of the rat brain.
AB  - In order to investigate the effects of arginine vasotocin (AVT), (a pineal
      nonapeptide hormone) on the brain maturation, the sleep-wake cycle, the day of
      eyelids opening and the total brain lipids level were followed up in new-born
      rats receiving daily (between day 2 and 8 of life) 100 ng of synthetic AVT,
      arginine-vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT) or 0.1 ml saline solution. While AVP
      and OT had no effect, AVT induced: 1) an increase in the amount of active sleep
      (AS); 2) a decrease in the brain weight and the total brain lipids, and 3) a
      delay in the eyelids opening. These findings demonstrate that chronic
      administration of AVT induces a delay in the brain maturation of the new-born
      rats. Association of low brain lipids with a high percentage of AS is a very
      useful index of brain maturation. It is suggested that the drop in the endogenous
      brain levels of AVT below a critical threshold might represent a hormonal signal
      for triggering the beginning of brain maturation in mammals.

PMID- 3992158
TI  - Recurrent operated malignant pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Pheochromocytoma was diagnosed in a female patient aged 26 with paroxysmal
      arterial hypertension (AH), profuse sweating, headache, anxiety, tachycardia,
      transit arrhythmia, high urinary norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and
      vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA). Urography with intravenous Odiston revealed a
      relatively large tumor at the upper pole of the right kidney. Complete removal of
      the tumor in a 2-step surgical procedure brings apparent clinical and hormonal
      recovery for 6 years, but then clinical and hormonal relapse occurs through
      ganglionary metastasis and tumor at the basis of the mesentery. Removal of the
      metastasis and tumor brings again improvement in the clinical and hormonal
      picture.

PMID- 3992157
TI  - Chronobiologic observations of calcium and magnesium in the elderly.
AB  - Sixty-two elderly men (average age 75 +/- 6 yrs) and 85 elderly women (average
      age 79 +/- 8 yrs) institutionalized at Berceni Clinical Hospital, Bucharest,
      Romania, were investigated over a 24 hour span, some of them repeatedly, leading
      to a total of 269 profiles. The subjects were studied in 12 subgroups spread over
      all four seasons. Total serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, total protein,
      albumin and urinary calcium and magnesium were determined. Circadian rhythms were
      found in all variables. There were statistically significant phase differences
      between serum calcium, total protein and serum albumin speaking against the serum
      protein rhythm (or circadian variations in hydration) being responsible for the
      circadian rhythm in total serum calcium. There are phase differences between the
      elderly (and young) subjects studied in Romania and several series reported from
      Germany and the USA. Circadian and circannual variations were found for urinary
      calcium and magnesium excretion, with maximum in fall and low values during
      summer. The peak excretion thus follows, rather than coincides, with the time of
      maximum sun exposure. The elderly subjects studied in Romania show a relatively
      low circadian (24-hour) mean calcium excretion, and the circadian acrophase in
      the elderly occurs during the night hours in keeping with the acrophase shift
      found in elderly subjects in urine volume and other electrolytes.

PMID- 3992159
TI  - The Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. New endocrine data.
AB  - A little girl with the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome showing a characteristic
      essential insomnia was examined clinically, genetically and hormonally. The
      values of arginin-vasotocin (AVT) implied in producing paradoxical sleep were
      normal. The relationship between AVT and insomnia is discussed.

PMID- 3992160
TI  - The significance of 3-metoxy-4 hydroxyphenyl-glycol, a monoaminic metabolite.

PMID- 3992161
TI  - Non-tropical sprue. Malignant diseases and mortality rate.
AB  - The complications of non-tropical sprue were registered in 100 patients seen
      during an 18-year period. The patients had a significantly higher mortality than
      the age- and sex-matched general population. They had an increased incidence of
      malignancies, predominantly malignant lymphomas and carcinomas of the
      gastrointestinal tract. The disease must be considered a premalignant condition.

PMID- 3992163
TI  - Non-ulcer upper dyspepsia. Aspects of pain.
AB  - Subjects with upper abdominal pain without any demonstrable organic basis are
      often met with the attitude that the pain is "not real'. Twenty-five patients
      with long-standing upper abdominal pain but with normal findings on X-ray
      examination, gastroduodenoscopy, and relevant blood analyses were examined with
      pain-measuring techniques. Two fundamentally different techniques--pain estimate
      on a visual analogue scale and magnitude matching by submaximal effort tourniquet
      technique, respectively--gave correlating values for pain intensity (r = 0.70; P
      less than 0.001), indicating that these patients' asserted pain actually is
      "real'. Values for pain tolerance, measured with the submaximal effort tourniquet
      technique, were compared with pain tolerance in a group of healthy volunteers and
      were found to be three times lower (P less than 0.001) in the patient group. A
      methodological study of the submaximal effort tourniquet technique was performed
      on the healthy volunteers. The method was found to be suitable for use in pain
      studies, since the pain produced gradually increased as a linear function of
      time.

PMID- 3992162
TI  - Influence of gluten-free diet on the gastric condition in dermatitis
      herpetiformis.
AB  - Achlorhydric atrophic gastritis occurs in approximately 25% of patients with
      dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). The effect of gluten withdrawal on the gastric
      condition was studied in 35 patients, with a control group of 20 patients
      continuing their habitual diet. Gastrointestinal examinations were performed
      initially and repeated after about 1 3/4 years. Adherence to the diet was
      confirmed by dietary interviews, improvement of malabsorption test results and
      intestinal villous structure, and decreased dapsone requirement. Neither the non
      restricted diet nor the gluten-free diet had any effect on gastric morphology,
      the ability to secrete gastric acid, serum gastrin levels, or the frequency or
      titres of circulating parietal cell antibodies. The findings indicate that gluten
      is not responsible for the perpetuation of the gastric affection in DH, in
      contrast to the enteropathy.

PMID- 3992164
TI  - Does a portal-systemic shunt increase the risk of primary hepatic carcinoma in
      cirrhosis of the liver?
AB  - To test the relative risk (RR) of primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) in portal
      systemic-shunted patients with cirrhosis of the liver, two autopsy materials were
      studied, 201 shunted and 378 non-shunted patients with histologically verified
      cirrhosis. Of these 579 patients, 55 had PHC (cases) and 524 were without PHC
      (controls). Cases and controls were divided into subgroups in accordance with
      sex, age, and alcohol consumption habits. Shunted patients with a postoperative
      survival of more than 6 months were studied separately. For shunted men alive
      more than 6 months postoperatively, after adjustment for difference in age and
      presence of large alcohol consumption, a high risk of PHC was found (RR, 3.28;
      95% confidence intervals, 1.52-7.45). The presence of HBsAg was probably without
      importance for the relative risk of PHC in these patients, since liver tissue
      HBsAg was only found in 2 of all 19 shunted patients with PHC.

PMID- 3992165
TI  - Bleeding pattern before admission as guideline for emergency endoscopy.
AB  - In a prospective study of 539 patients admitted because of hematemesis and melena
      the bleeding pattern before admission was compared with the findings obtained on
      emergency endoscopy and the subsequent clinical course. Ranked in order of
      prognostic importance, red hematemesis with melena, black hematemesis with
      melena, and red hematemesis alone increased the probability of massive
      hemorrhage. Moreover, black hematemesis with melena was the superior predictor of
      bleeding ulcer, the commonest lesion carrying the risk of massive hemorrhage. In
      contrast, in patients with melena or black hematemesis alone massive hemorrhage
      occurred comparatively infrequently. The order of prognostic importance was
      supported by the transfusion requirement. In screening for a potentially life
      threatening ulcer hemorrhage, emergency endoscopy is recommended in patients with
      black hematemesis with melena or with red hematemesis with or without melena. In
      patients presenting with black hematemesis or melena alone endoscopy may be
      postponed to the next convenient daytime.

PMID- 3992166
TI  - The incidence of peptic ulcer disease related to occupation in the northern part
      of Norway. A prospective epidemiological and radiological study.
AB  - From a prospective epidemiological and radiological study of peptic ulcer disease
      in the northern part of Norway, relations between occupation and the occurrence
      of new peptic ulcers are presented. Over a 3-year period 1861 patients with
      dyspeptic complaints, 557 women and 1304 men belonging to 12 different
      occupational groups, were studied. Special attention was paid to the fishing
      population, constituting 2488 men and only 55 women. In the period studied 87
      gastric ulcers and 118 duodenal ulcers were found. A statistically significantly
      higher incidence of both gastric and duodenal ulcers was found in fishermen than
      in the other groups. Furthermore, significantly higher incidences of duodenal
      ulcers were found in men occupied in 'land or water transport'. Compared with the
      total male population at risk in the area studied, significantly higher
      incidences were found for duodenal ulcer in fishermen. The present study confirms
      prior reports both from Scotland and from North Norway, showing an increased
      incidence of peptic ulcers in the fishing population.

PMID- 3992167
TI  - Clindamycin-induced alterations in intestinal microflora-associated
      characteristics in rats.
AB  - Conventional Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with clindamycin, 40 mg/kg/day and
      0.04 mg/kg/day, for 5 days. At a dose of 40 mg/kg/day, microflora-associated
      characteristics (MACs), such as shape, color, and consistency of feces,
      proteolytic activity, electrophoretic pattern, and cholesterol and bilirubin
      metabolism were transformed into values like those found in germfree rats:
      germfree animal characteristics (GACs). The effect on the proteolytic activity
      lasted longest. It did not disappear until one or two enemas with cecal contents
      from intact conventional rats were administered. At a dose of 0.04 mg/kg/day,
      effects on the proteolytic activity and cholesterol metabolism were seen. With
      the exception of one rat, the effect on proteolytic activity did not disappear
      until one or two enemas were given. The results indicate that clindamycin, even
      in very small daily doses, has a profound and long-lasting influence on many
      intestinal MACs in rats.

PMID- 3992168
TI  - Stomach cancer: major trends in incidence during introduction of gastroscopy
      service in Norway.
AB  - The age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer has been studied during the
      introduction of gastroscopy service in Norway. The incidence showed an annual
      decrease of 3.5% for both sexes. More cases were classified within anatomic
      subsites. For men there was a decreasing incidence for cancers located in the
      antrum, for extensive tumours and for not otherwise specified (NOS) disease. No
      significant changes were found for cancer of the body or the cardia/fundus. In
      women a decrease in incidence was noted for the NOS subgroup, an increase was
      seen for tumours of the gastric body, and no significant changes were found for
      antral cancers or for tumours of the cardia/fundus. A marked increase in
      incidence was noted for gastric stump cancers for both sexes. During this period
      a shift in staging towards less advanced disease occurred. In conclusion, the
      increased diagnostic accuracy and the shift in staging of the disease may suggest
      that the introduction of gastroscopy service has been effective.

PMID- 3992170
TI  - Analysis of the distribution of human jejunal mast cells including the relation
      to age, sex, height, weight, and possible allergic manifestations.
AB  - The median number of mast cells (with 95% confidence interval) in jejunal
      specimens from 79 individuals was 108 (93-121)/mm2 section area. The distribution
      was unimodal and slightly skewed to the right. No relation was found between mast
      cell number and sex, age, height, or weight. A history of possible allergic
      manifestations did not influence the mast cell number.

PMID- 3992169
TI  - Gastric morphology and function in dermatitis herpetiformis and in coeliac
      disease.
AB  - Gastric acid secretory capacity was evaluated in 116 patients with dermatitis
      herpetiformis by means of the pentagastrin test. Endoscopic gastric mucosal
      biopsy specimens were obtained from both the body and the antrum in 90 of them.
      Forty-eight patients (41%) had a maximal acid output less than 10 mmol/h, and 30
      of them (26%) were achlorhydric. The frequency of achlorhydria increased with
      age, and 27 out of 58 patients (47%) more than 50 years old were achlorhydric.
      Antrum-sparing chronic atrophic gastritis was present in 92% of the achlorhydric
      patients, and hypergastrinaemia and serum parietal cell antibodies were found in
      most of them. The prevalence of chronic gastritis of the body and of the antrum
      increased with age. There was no correlation between atrophic gastritis or
      achlorhydria and small-intestinal villous atrophy, the results of the D-xylose
      test, and blood folate and serum zinc determinations. The transferrin saturation
      index was lower in patients with achlorhydria. The frequency of achlorhydria was
      significantly higher in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis than in 69
      patients with coeliac disease.

PMID- 3992172
TI  - Survival after jaundice: a prospective study of 1000 consecutive cases.
AB  - A consecutive series of 1002 jaundiced adult patients covering 23 different
      causes of jaundice is presented. Patients were followed up for 2 to 7 years. The
      survival for the 784 patients included during their first episode of jaundice was
      calculated for each diagnostic category. Examples of decreased survival as
      compared with the general population were (figures indicate 3 months' and 5
      years' survival, respectively): alcoholic cirrhosis 0.81, 0.35; cryptogenic
      cirrhosis 0.78, 0.32; pancreatic carcinoma 0.54, 0.04; cholangiocarcinoma 0.26,
      0.00; and heart failure with liver congestion 0.47, 0.07. Ten of 172 patients
      with acute viral hepatitis died, 1 of fulminant hepatitis and 9 because of
      suicide or accidents. Of 105 patients with gallstones 37 died during the study
      period, but in only 9 of these could death be attributed to the gallstone
      disease. New diagnostic methods and types of treatment for jaundiced patients
      have been developed during recent years. To justify fully these diagnostic and
      therapeutic modalities, knowledge of the prognosis for the various causes of
      jaundice is essential.

PMID- 3992171
TI  - Response of human jejunal mast cells to degranulatory procedures.
AB  - The distribution of the degranulatory response of human jejunal mast cells to
      serum containing egg white-specific IgE and egg white (IgE-egg white) was
      unimodal. A similar distribution of the response to neurotensin and compound
      48/80, although slightly positively skewed, was also observed. The median
      reduction in the number of granulated mast cells with these three degranulatory
      agents was remarkably parallel. There was a significant correlation between the
      degranulation obtained by IgE-egg white and neurotensin in the same tissue
      specimens. This correlation was not so apparent between the response obtained
      with IgE-egg white and neurotensin or neurotensin and compound 48/80. A possible
      history of allergic disease did not influence the results.

PMID- 3992173
TI  - Colloid osmotic pressure in decompensated cirrhosis. A 'mirror image' of portal
      venous hypertension.
AB  - Colloid osmotic pressure in plasma (IIP) and ascitic fluid (IIA) and hydrostatic
      pressures in the hepatoportal system were measured simultaneously in 20 patients
      with decompensated cirrhosis. IIP was significantly decreased (mean, 21 mm Hg,
      versus normal, 30 mm Hg; P less than 0.01), and IIA was significantly below that
      of plasma (average, 25% of IIP; P less than 0.01). Portal pressure (transmural),
      determined as wedged hepatic venous minus inferior vena caval pressure (WHV-
      IVCP), was significantly increased (mean, 18 mm Hg, versus normal, 3 mm Hg; P
      less than 0.01) and inversely correlated to IIA/IIP (r = -0.77, P less than
      0.001). WHV--IVCP was in most patients in the same order as and closely
      correlated to effective colloid osmotic pressure (IIP--IIA) (r = 0.88, P less
      than 0.001). No relationship was found between WHV--IVCP and IIP. The results
      indicate that a fall in colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial space and
      ascitic fluid is related to and most likely secondary to the elevated portal
      pressure in decompensated cirrhosis. Effective colloid osmotic pressure may
      therefore be regarded as a 'mirror image' of transmural portal pressure. The role
      of colloid osmotic pressure in the genesis and perpetuation of ascites should be
      reconsidered in the light of these findings.

PMID- 3992174
TI  - Plasma disappearance of 14C-glycocholic acid as a test of liver dysfunction.
      Relation to liver histology.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical usefulness of
      determining the plasma disappearance of 14C-glycocholic acid in the diagnosis of
      hepatic disease. This test was compared with the sulfobromophthalein test in 8
      control subjects and 46 patients with abnormal liver histology (15 with fatty
      liver, 20 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, 6 with primary biliary cirrhosis, and 5
      with chronic hepatitis). The best distinction between controls and patients with
      liver disease was obtained by using the ratio between the plasma radioactivities
      at 45 and 2 min. However, even then, the 14C-glycocholic acid test had a very low
      sensitivity for the four groups of patients (0, 60, 50, and 40%, respectively)
      compared with the sulfobromophthalein test (73%, 90%, 67%, and 100%
      respectively). The lower sensitivity of the 14C-glycocholic acid test may be
      explained by the assumption that the clearance of a radioactive tracer dose is
      more dependent on liver blood flow than on liver function. This test is thus of
      little clinical value in separating patients with and without normal hepatic
      histology.

PMID- 3992175
TI  - The incidence of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer in north Norway. A prospective
      epidemiological study.
AB  - From a prospective epidemiological study of peptic ulcer disease in the northern
      part of Norway, incidence rates for gastric and duodenal ulcer are presented.
      Over a 3-year period 4234 patients were examined radiologically or
      endoscopically. The population at risk was 72,537 persons, 16 to 93 years old.
      The yearly incidence rate for gastric ulcer in women was 0.9 per 1000 and for men
      1.4 per 1000. For duodenal ulcer the incidence rates were 0.8 and 1.5 per 1000,
      respectively. The ratio of gastric ulcer to duodenal ulcer is still 1 to 1.1 for
      both sexes, 1 to 0.9 in women, and 1 to 1.14 in men in the northern part of
      Norway. Furthermore, the present study indicates a statistically significant
      positive correlation between increasing age and the occurrence of peptic ulcers
      for both sexes.

PMID- 3992176
TI  - A glucose-dependent mechanism in jejunum inhibits gastric acid secretion: a
      response mediated through enteroglucagon?
AB  - In healthy subjects iso- and hyper-tonic glucose or saline was instilled
      intrajejunally and the effect on gastric acid secretion determined. Iso- and
      hyper-tonic glucose (100 ml; 300, 600, 900, 1200 mosm) reduced acid secretion
      dose-dependently (p less than 0.05), whereas iso- and hyper-tonic saline (100 ml;
      300, 1000, 1500 mosm) was without influence. The enteroglucagon plasma levels
      increased during intrajejunal glucose but not during saline infusion. Gastrin and
      pancreatic glucagon levels were not affected. Hence, our results substantiate the
      concept of a non-osmosensitive, glucose-specific inhibitory mechanism of acid
      secretion located in the jejunum. Furthermore, enteroglucagon could be a possible
      humoral mediator of the inhibition.

PMID- 3992177
TI  - Seven-year follow-up study of chronic gastritis in gastric ulcer patients.
AB  - The course of chronic gastritis in the antrum and body was followed up for 7
      years in 112 patients with gastric ulcer (GU). As controls served 155 subjects
      collected at random from the same geographical area. At the start of the study
      (first examination) there was a slight predominance of antrum gastritis in the
      series, but during the follow-up period (second examination at 4 years (61 out of
      112 patients) and third examination at 7 years (39 out of 112 patients] a
      distinct body gastritis gradually predominated in GU patients. The healing
      tendency of active ulcer was accompanied by a more pronounced progression of body
      gastritis. The rate of body gastritis progression was very rapid and was
      calculated to be 11-fold as compared with that in the population at large. No
      immunological phenomena were associated with the body atrophy process.

PMID- 3992178
TI  - Faecal steroids after jejunoileal bypass with 3:1 or 1:3 jejunoileal ratio.
AB  - The faecal steroid excretion was assessed after jejunoileal bypass with a 3:1
      ratio (n = 14) and with a 1:3 ratio (n = 9) between the jejunal and ileal segment
      left in continuity. The bile acid excretion with a 1:3 bypass was 49% of that
      with a 3:1 bypass (P less than 0.01), with a slight predominance of
      chenodeoxycholic over cholic acid in 1:3 compared with 3:1 bypass. The excretion
      of neutral steroids of cholesterol origin was slightly but insignificantly higher
      with a 1:3 bypass. Accordingly, the faecal bile acids contributed significantly
      less to total faecal steroids with a 1:3 bypass. The net sterol loss was higher,
      although not significantly so, with a 3:1 than with a 1:3 jejunoileal ratio. The
      study indicates that the 1:3, compared with the 3:1, jejunoileal ratio of the
      bypass reduces bile acid excretion considerably, whereas the effect on
      cholesterol turnover appears to be less pronounced.

PMID- 3992179
TI  - Subcellular fractionation of rectal biopsy homogenates from patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Rectal biopsy specimens from control subjects and from patients with Crohn's
      colitis, non-rectal Crohn's disease, and acute ulcerative colitis were
      homogenized in isotonic sucrose and subjected to analytical subcellular
      fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The gradient fractions
      and tissue homogenates were assayed for marker enzymes for the principal
      organelles: 5'nucleotidase (plasma membrane), malate dehydrogenase
      (mitochondria), catalase (peroxisomes), lactate dehydrogenase (cytosol), N-acetyl
      beta-glucosaminidase (lysosomes), and neutral-alpha-glucosidase (endoplasmic
      reticulum). In normal tissue there was a distinct plasma membrane peak at density
      1.12 g/ml. In tissue from patients with Crohn's disease the activity was
      increased approximately twofold even when the rectum showed no evidence of
      histological involvement. A second plasma membrane component was noted in Crohn's
      disease at density 1.19 g/ml. The total activity of the mitochondrial enzyme was
      similar in the various patient groups, but there was evidence of mitochondrial
      damage. There were no significant alterations in activity and density gradient
      distributions of catalase or of neutral alpha-glucosidase in the various patient
      groups, although less membrane-bound lactate dehydrogenase was noted in the
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease. There was a reduction of both cytosolic
      and particulate N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in ulcerative colitis and a
      selective reduction in particulate activity in non-rectal Crohn's disease,
      demonstrating lysosomal alterations in these disorders. These results indicate
      selective and specific alterations in the principal subcellular organelles,
      especially the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and mitochondria, in the inflammatory
      bowel disease.

PMID- 3992180
TI  - Gastroplasty as a treatment for massive obesity. A clinical and biochemical
      evaluation.
AB  - Twenty-four grossly obese patients were operated on with horizontal gastroplasty.
      One patient died postoperatively of pulmonary embolism. The remaining 23 were
      extensively studied before and repeatedly after surgery. Eighteen months
      postoperatively the average weight loss was 34.4 kg (range, 1-71 kg). Seven
      patients had a weight reduction of less than 20% after 18 months.
      Postoperatively, biochemical variables reflecting glucose and lipid metabolism
      and liver function improved. B-hemoglobin, S-iron levels, and serum
      concentrations of folate and cobalamins decreased significantly. No negative
      histological changes could be found in the gastric mucosa during the follow-up
      period. Although only positive metabolic changes have been registered, we feel
      that gastroplasty, which is not without early postoperative complications and has
      a failure rate of about 30%, cannot be generally recommended until the problem of
      postoperative dilation of the stoma has been successfully solved.

PMID- 3992181
TI  - Erosive prepyloric changes in persons with and without dyspepsia.
AB  - A specified endoscopic picture, consisting of standing prepyloric mucosal folds,
      injection, and erosions, is denoted erosive prepyloric changes (EPC) and is
      divided into three grades. In a prospective study in 1001 patients referred for
      routine upper endoscopy, active EPC (grades 2 and 3) was found in 25.8%, rising
      to 32.2% in dyspeptic patients with non-ulcer conditions. EPC was significantly
      more frequent in those below than those above 50 years of age, the male to female
      ratio being 1.1. In 34.5% of the EPC patients, EPC was an isolated finding.
      Maximal acid output was, on an average, significantly lower in patients with EPC
      than in duodenal ulcer patients and similar to that of healthy subjects. Non
      ulcer conditions were significantly more frequent, and ulcer in general
      significantly less frequent, in the EPC group than in a randomly selected control
      group without EPC. In 34 asymptomatic volunteers the frequency of EPC was 17.6%,
      significantly lower than in patients of comparable age with non-ulcer conditions.
      The findings indicate that EPC is related to non-ulcer dyspepsia. The recognition
      of this condition may lead to a more accurate definition of a patient group with
      ulcer-like symptoms, without ulcer, and thus, in turn, result in more efficient
      treatment procedures.

PMID- 3992182
TI  - Inhibitory effects of dopamine and isoprenaline on antral motor activity
      stimulated by acetylcholine or physostigmine in vitro.
AB  - Continuous pressure recordings were made in guinea-pig antral pouches in vitro.
      The antral phasic activity was stimulated by acetylcholine and by the
      cholinesterase inhibitory agent physostigmine. Dopamine and isoprenaline both
      significantly impaired antral pressure responses to physostigmine, whereas the
      acetylcholine-induced response was not significantly reduced. This suggests that
      both dopamine and isoprenaline to some extent act by reducing the spontaneously
      released acetylcholine, suggesting that both drugs act on intramural cholinergic
      neural pathways.

PMID- 3992183
TI  - Adrenergic innervation of the human liver. A fluorescence histochemical analysis
      of clinical liver biopsy specimens.
AB  - Liver biopsy specimens from 34 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopy were
      processed for glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical analysis. Most of
      the adrenergic nerves were located in the interlobular spaces and confined to
      blood vessels; no direct functional adrenergic innervation of the hepatocytes
      could be demonstrated. In eight cases of intrahepatic cholestasis, however,
      fluorescing varicose adrenergic axons were observed in patchy areas of
      accumulations of bile pigments. Otherwise the results were analogous in
      histologically normal liver tissue and in liver disease regardless of the
      underlying pathology. Methodological difficulties may explain some earlier
      contradictory results.

PMID- 3992184
TI  - Cobalamin binding proteins (haptocorrin and transcobalamin) in human
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - The unsaturated cobalamin binding capacity of transcobalamin and haptocorrin was
      studied in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma (P) from 37 reference
      individuals. These comprised 27 males and 10 females who underwent minor surgery
      in spinal anaesthesia. The 5th and 95th percentiles were as follows: P
      Transcobalamin 300-870 pmol/l (median 550 pmol/l); CSF-Transcobalamin 90-540
      pmol/l (median 194 pmol/l); P-Haptocorrin 75-290 pmol/l (median 159 pmol/l); CSF
      Haptocorrin 10-41 pmol/l (median 21 pmol/l). No sex difference was found between
      the levels of haptocorrin or transcobalamin in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. A
      positive correlation between P-Transcobalamin and CSF-Transcobalamin was found,
      whereas no correlation between P-Haptocorrin and CSF-Haptocorrin values was
      found. The plasma/CSF ratios of transcobalamin, haptocorrin, albumin and IgG
      indicated that the binders may be synthetized into the cerebrospinal fluid or are
      actively being transported into the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 3992185
TI  - High expression of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin in chronic lymphocytic
      leukaemia may be a bad prognostic sign.
AB  - Lymphocytes from 27 patients with B-type chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were
      tested with immunofluorescence for expression of surface membrane immunoglobulin
      (SmIg) and the B cell antigen 7420. When age at time of testing, sex, clinical
      stage according to Binet, disease progression according to Levin and percentage
      of SmIg and 7420 antigen-expressing cells were used as explanatory variables for
      survival in a linear logistic regression model, only the SmIg variable was
      significant (p less than 0.025). A high proportion of SmIg bearing cells (greater
      than 61%) was associated with short survival, large tumour mass and aggressive
      disease. The tentative conclusion is drawn that the differentiation stage of the
      tumour cells in CLL determines the clinical course of the disease and is
      inversely correlated to the SmIg expression.

PMID- 3992186
TI  - Effect of D-penicillamine on human granulopoiesis in vitro.
AB  - The effect of D-penicillamine on human bone marrow granulocyte-monocyte precursor
      cells (CFU-C) is studied in vitro. Bone marrow samples were obtained from 47
      donors (40 patients and 7 healthy volunteers) and cultured in semisolid agar in
      the presence of various concentrations of the drug. We found an inhibitory,
      possibly dose-dependent, effect of D-penicillamine on colony formation. The
      pathophysiological mechanism and the clinical relevance of this effect remain
      poorly understood. These findings, however, emphasize the need for careful
      monitoring of the granulocyte counts during D-penicillamine therapy.

PMID- 3992187
TI  - The effects of ethanol and anticonvulsants on erythroid delta-aminolaevulinic
      acid synthase.
AB  - The activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) synthase was measured in bone
      marrow from 13 control subjects, 12 chronic alcoholic patients and 9 patients on
      long term anticonvulsant therapy. The majority of patients in both groups had
      macrocytic red cells in the absence of megaloblastic changes in the marrow. There
      was a significant increase in ALA synthase activity in the alcoholic patients but
      no significant increase in enzyme activity in the patients on anticonvulsants and
      overall there was no correlation of activity with MCV. The macrocytosis
      associated with these drugs does not therefore appear to result from accelerated
      erythroid haem synthesis.

PMID- 3992188
TI  - Cyclosporine A in a case of refractory severe aplastic anaemia.
AB  - A boy, born in 1975, developed severe aplastic anaemia in 1982. Treatment with
      oxymetholone plus corticosteroids and later bolus methylprednisolone was
      ineffective. Following a 5-d course with antithymocyte globulin, a partial
      remission was achieved, but thrombocytopenia necessitating platelet transfusions
      every 10-14 d persisted. Under treatment with cyclosporine A the thrombocytopenia
      improved markedly, and there is no need for further transfusions. These
      observations combined with those reported in another case of aplastic anaemia by
      Stryckmans et al (1) indicate that cyclosporine A may be of value in some cases
      of aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 3992189
TI  - A study of disturbances in granulocytopoiesis in humans using a diffusion chamber
      system.
AB  - Data are presented demonstrating that bone marrow granulocytic cells from normal
      persons continuously proliferate and mature during 5 d of cultivation in a
      diffusion chamber system (DC). Bone marrow granulocytopoiesis in 3 patients with
      different granulocytopoietic disorders was investigated using DC. In patient 1,
      with drug-induced agranulocytosis, bone marrow aspirated on the "day of recovery"
      revealed intensive proliferation in DC resulting in a highly significant increase
      of mature granulocytes. Patient 2 suffered from chronic neutropenia of unknown
      aetiology. After 5 d cultivation of bone marrow in DC an increase of
      metamyelocytes was observed, indicating delayed maturation of granulocytic cells.
      Patient 3 had neutropenia probably due to the splenic sequestration. Data
      obtained with DC suggest stimulated granulocytopoiesis in this patient. The
      results obtained using DC reflect the particular phase of the disease in which
      bone marrow was aspirated. It may be concluded that this method could provide
      additional data in quantitative and functional disorders of granulocytes.

PMID- 3992191
TI  - Granulocytic and stromal progenitors in the bone marrow of patients with primary
      myelofibrosis.
AB  - Quantitative and qualitative changes in granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and
      fibroblast colony-forming cells (CFU-F) were studied in 7 patients with primary
      myelofibrosis (MF). Marrow cells were collected from bone biopsy specimens after
      treatment with collagenase. The number of CFU-GM correlated with the amount of
      haemopoietic tissue noted in the bone marrow histology and ranged between 0
      400/mg of bone. CFU-F were increased in 2 patients with moderate fibrosis.
      Circulating CFU-GM were increased in all patients studied (169-3749/ml of blood).
      There was no significant correlation between the number of CFU-GM in the bone
      marrow and that in the blood. Cytochemical studies showed a high incidence in
      eosinophil progenitors in the bone marrow and especially in the blood of patients
      with MF. These data suggest a functional abnormality of myeloid progenitors in
      this disease.

PMID- 3992190
TI  - Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity and porphyrin concentrations in peripheral
      red blood cells in hereditary sideroblastic anaemia.
AB  - The activity of coproporphyrinogen oxidase and the concentrations of
      coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin (measured by HPLC) in peripheral red blood
      cells were established in 2 families with different types of hereditary
      sideroblastic anaemia. 2 males and 4 females were members of a family with an X
      chromosome-linked and pyridoxine-responsive HSA, and 3 females were members of
      another family where the mode of inheritance is not clear and where pyridoxine
      did not produce a haematological response. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity
      was normal in 8 of 9 patients and slightly decreased only in 1 patient. All
      patients had normal red cell coproporphyrin concentrations, but red cell
      protoporphyrin concentration was decreased in 4 patients. These findings indicate
      that in vivo haem synthesis was not impaired at the step of coproporphyrinogen
      oxidase, hence enzymatic defects in earlier steps of haem synthesis are more
      evident. Earlier suggestions of impaired haem synthesis at this level, based on
      observed increased concentrations of coproporphyrin in peripheral red blood cells
      might be explained by the use of unspecific methods.

PMID- 3992193
TI  - Pericardial haematopoiesis with tamponade in myelofibrosis.
AB  - A 52-year-old male with idiopathic myelofibrosis of 8 years' duration developed
      pericardial tamponade during recovery from acute tubular interstitial
      nephropathia following septicaemia. Splenectomy had been performed 7 yr
      previously. The tamponade was relieved by pericardiocentesis and its recurrence
      was prevented by a minor pericardiectomy. Pathological examination, including
      staining for factor VIII-positive cells, demonstrated extramedullary
      haematopoiesis in the pericardium. In patients with myelofibrosis and increased
      silhouette on X-ray film, with or without clinical heart failure,
      echocardiographic examination is recommended in order to identify a possible
      pericardial effusion.

PMID- 3992194
TI  - Natural cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against equine target cells in vitro.
AB  - Human lymphocytes displayed a frequent natural cytotoxicity (NK) in vitro against
      normal equine dermal fibroblasts (ED) and against equine tumour cells of a virus
      containing cell line (Mc-1). Similarly, human normal sera contained antibodies
      that induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by normal human
      lymphocytes against the same target cells. Both NK and ADCC varied for different
      donors. For individual donors, however, cytotoxicity against the two target cells
      was significantly correlated both in NK and ADCC. For ED there was also a
      significant correlation between ADCC and NK activity. Both NK and ADCC showed
      some selectivity as assessed by cold target cell inhibition. Inhibition studies
      with Fab fragments of anti-human IgG established the involvement of
      immunoglobulins in the NK reaction. In this context, a marked and mainly
      immunoglobulin-dependent increase in both NK and ADCC activity against Mc-1 was
      observed in a laboratory worker frequently exposed to the target cells. The
      results indicate that variations of natural cytotoxicity in individual donors may
      sometimes be an indication of an ongoing spontaneous sensitization.

PMID- 3992192
TI  - Low dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute non-lymphocytic
      leukaemia.
AB  - Complete remissions were obtained with low dose cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) in 8
      of 21 previously untreated patients with ANLL above 60 years of age and in 2 of 4
      previously treated patients below 60 years of age. 7 of the patients remain in
      remission after 1-26 months. The results demonstrate that low dose ARA-C with
      rather low toxicity may induce remissions in elderly patients with ANLL.

PMID- 3992196
TI  - Rectum carried drugs may spread hepatitis A among drug addicts.
AB  - An hepatitis A epidemic among 36 persons, mainly drug addicts, occurring over an
      18-week period, is described. There were indications that smuggling and
      transportation of narcotic drugs in the rectum started the outbreak, either
      through direct contamination of the drug or manipulation of the drug resulting in
      contaminated fingers.

PMID- 3992195
TI  - Specific IgM enhances and IgG inhibits the induction of immunological memory in
      mice.
AB  - The effect of priming mice with IgM anti-SRBC (sheep erythrocytes) together with
      SRBC or IgG anti-SRBC together with SRBC on the development and expression of
      memory cells was studied. Mice primed with specific IgM and SRBC showed a much
      more efficient secondary plaque-forming cell and serum antibody response after
      challenge with SRBC in an adoptive transfer system than did controls primed with
      SRBC only. The expression of this enhanced memory of IgM-primed spleen cells was
      counteracted by the high levels of internal IgG anti-SRBC (also the result of
      priming with IgM) when the mice, instead of being tested in adoptive transfers,
      were challenged directly. The antigen-specific feedback suppression of the
      primary antibody response by specific IgG antibodies was also seen to inhibit
      partially the development of memory cells. The suppressive effect on priming
      could be demonstrated both in adoptive transfer systems and after direct boost of
      the same mice that received the primary immunization. Both the IgM enhancement
      and the IgG suppression of memory cell development were antigen-specific, since
      no effect on the antibody response to a non-cross-reacting antigen, horse
      erythrocytes, was seen. The effect of these up- or down-regulations of
      immunological memory could be demonstrated after secondary injections as long as
      90-280 days after priming.

PMID- 3992197
TI  - Group R streptococci: wild boars as a second reservoir.
AB  - Group R streptococci have caused many cases of septicaemia and meningitis in
      patients handling live or slaughtered pigs which were the only known reservoir of
      group R streptococci. A human case, due to a wild boar, is reported here and it
      is therefore concluded that there exist both a domestic (pig) and a wild (wild
      boar) reservoir of group R streptococci.

PMID- 3992199
TI  - Flucloxacillin-induced cholestatic liver damage.
AB  - Two female patients (75 and 68 yr old) developed jaundice 4 and 7 weeks
      respectively after treatment with flucloxacillin. Liver biopsies showed
      intrahepatic cholestasis. After cessation of the drug, the liver tests became
      normal.

PMID- 3992198
TI  - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septicaemia.
AB  - A 53-yr-old man developed pyrexia after a butcher's saw wound. One month later
      Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from the blood despite uncomplicated
      wound healing.

PMID- 3992200
TI  - Serum triglyceride elevations in patients with septicemia.
AB  - Among 239 patients with septicemia or endocarditis 41 (17%) had serum
      triglyceride levels in excess of 2.2 mmol/l (mean 3.1 mmol/l). This was more
      common in infectious with gram-negative rods than gram-positive cocci (p less
      than 0.001). A return to normal levels occurred in 22/37 patients during the
      course of the infection.

PMID- 3992201
TI  - Rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibility by a disc diffusion test for
      urgent clinical situations.
AB  - Employing the PDM method, disc diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests were
      read after 4 and 8 h and compared to traditional readings after 18 h. Four hours
      of incubation was not found suitable. After 8 h of incubation, all the 74 strains
      tested showed visible growth and more than 75% of the readings fell in the same
      sensitivity groups. Nearly all the discrepancies observed could be classified as
      minor, and reading the plates after 8 h of incubation should be considered as a
      valuable alternative when the clinical need for rapid information is obvious.

PMID- 3992202
TI  - Antibody response against the type specific capsular polysaccharide in
      pneumococcal pneumonia measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for estimation of the IgG
      and IgM antibody responses against 13 type specific pneumococcal capsular
      polysaccharides, individually and in a pool, in 52 patients with pneumococcal
      pneumonia and in 20 control patients with non-pneumococcal pneumonia or
      enterobacterial septicemia. By use of the isolated type 3 polysaccharide as
      antigen a greater than or equal to 50% increase in absorbance from acute to
      convalescence phase serum, equivalent to a doubling in antibody titer, was seen
      significantly more often in 22 patients with type 3 pneumococcal pneumonia than
      in the 20 control patients (for IgG 14 vs. 3, p less than 0.01; for IgM 14 vs. 4,
      p less than 0.01). However, for an acceptable degree of specificity to be
      obtained (less than or equal to 10% control patients positive) a doubling of the
      IgG or IgM absorbance values had to be demanded. With this criterium only half of
      the patients infected with pneumococcal types included in the antigen set up
      used, showed a type specific antibody response and only one third of all patients
      with pneumococcal pneumonia could be diagnosed by use of the 13 polysaccharides
      as a pool antigen.

PMID- 3992203
TI  - Neonatal infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - Three cases of neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae infections acquired during
      delivery are described. The cases resembled clinically group B streptococcal
      infections, presenting either as an early septic-pneumonic type, or as a milder
      disease.

PMID- 3992204
TI  - Prediction of staphylococcal etiology among patients with septicemia with or
      without endocarditis by multivariate statistical methods.
AB  - Multivariate statistical methods, multiple regression (RA) and automatic
      interaction detector analysis (AID) were used to study the possibility of an
      early prediction of staphylococcal etiology in 249 of 851 patients with verified
      septicemia or endocarditis. The variables included pertinent symptoms and signs
      and laboratory data available soon after admission. 10 of the 70 variables
      initially studied showed simple, or in various combinations, a statistically
      significant partial correlation to staphylococcal etiology in the AID. The
      highest predictive value with a high probability for staphylococcal etiology was
      recorded for combinations of the variables: i.v. narcotic addiction and septic
      pulmonary embolism; non-addiction, wound infection, and hospitalization within 4
      weeks; non-addiction, absence of skin infection, presence of foreign body, and
      age less than 60 yr. Staphylococcal etiology was contradicted by the absence of
      i.v. narcotic addiction, skin infection, foreign body, septic skin manifestation,
      surgical procedure within 4 weeks, joint symptom and a C-reactive protein less
      than or equal to 10 mm. Thus, a prediction of etiology may be valuable in
      choosing therapy before definite confirmation by positive blood cultures or when
      blood cultures remain sterile.

PMID- 3992205
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of acute viral hepatitis A in Swedish travellers to
      endemic areas.
AB  - A decreased incidence of hepatitis A (HA) in Swedish travellers to the northern
      part of the Mediterranean area was observed after 1972, from 1/3 000 travellers
      who did not receive gammaglobulin in the period 1970-72 to 1/14 200 travellers
      between 1979 and 1981 and 1/20 000 travellers in 1982. No such decrease in
      incidence was observed in travellers going to the southern part of the
      Mediterranean area. Differences in the incidences of HA in travellers to
      individual countries in southern Europe were also noticed. The risk of Swedish
      travellers to remote destinations, such as tropical Africa and Asia, contracting
      HA is still very high, being 1/150-100 travellers not receiving gammaglobulin. It
      was observed that years with high incidences of HA in travellers to certain
      destinations also saw increased incidences of HA in Sweden.

PMID- 3992207
TI  - Antibiotic tolerance of Staphylococcus epidermidis.
AB  - The phenomenon of antibiotic tolerance was studied in 50 strains of
      Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from blood cultures. The antibiotics used for
      study were methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, cefazolin and
      vancomycin. The MICs and MBCs were determined in Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) and
      Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) after incubation at 24 and 48 h at 37 degrees C.
      Tolerance was defined as the MBC/MIC ratio of greater than or equal to 16. About
      one third of the strains were tolerant to vancomycin and another one third were
      tolerant to multiple betalactam antibiotics. However, cross tolerance between
      vancomycin and betalactam antibiotics occurred very infrequently (4 strains).
      Tolerance was demonstrated for some strains in both MHB and BHI. Other strains
      were tolerant only in MHB or BHI. Similarly, some strains were tolerant at both
      24 and 48 h. However, many strains were tolerant only at 24 and not at 48 h.

PMID- 3992206
TI  - Treatment and prevention of recurrent staphylococcal furunculosis: clinical and
      bacteriological follow-up.
AB  - Various therapeutic and preventive methods were evaluated in 80 patients with
      recurrent staphylococcal furunculosis. The most appropriate treatment was peroral
      antibiotics for 10-14 days, mainly flucloxacillin twice daily. Fusidic acid
      ointment was used for prevention of relapses. Patients and healthy family members
      who carried the patient strain applied the ointment in nares twice daily every
      4th week during 4-15 months. The method had a permanent effect in 80%.
      Implantation of strain 502 A was less effective when evaluated during a 2-3 yr
      period. 40-80 patients were checked up to 8 yr after their last furuncle. Three
      still had furuncles, in 2 of these cases the original strain was found in nares.
      37 patients, now healthy after a mean observation time of 4.5 yr, showed either
      new nasal strains or negative cultures. A significantly lower frequency of phage
      group II strains in nares was noted in comparison to the previous findings during
      active furunculosis.

PMID- 3992208
TI  - Pseudomonas cepacia septicemia in patients with burns: report of two cases.
AB  - Pseudomonas cepacia has been ascribed to low pathogenicity in man. Within a 10
      day period this organism caused 2 cases of septicemia in the Karolinska Hospital
      burn unit, one with fatal outcome. Both cases were severely burned patients. A
      serological response to Ps. cepacia was observed in the surviving patient. The
      blood isolates from the patients showed a very high degree of similarity in
      biochemical tests, indicating a common origin although the source was not found.
      The characteristic antibiogram with resistance to aminoglycosides as well as
      ampicillin and most cephalosporins causes therapeutic problems, since many
      septicemias of unknown origin are treated with a combination of ampicillin and an
      aminoglycoside.

PMID- 3992209
TI  - Ceftriaxone: pharmacokinetics and effect on the intestinal microflora in patients
      with acute bacterial infections.
AB  - 12 patients with acute bacterial infections were treated with ceftriaxone, 1.5 g
      intravenously twice daily for 7-13 days. Pharmacokinetic variables were studied
      in 11 patients. In older subjects, serum half-lives were longer and serum
      clearances lower than in younger individuals. After the last dose, a larger
      increase in AUC compared to the first dose was observed in older patients and a
      biphasic elimination curve appeared in all patients but 2, with a terminal half
      life of 15.6 h and 11.4 in old and young subjects, respectively. Estimated
      biliary clearances showed large individual variation, with a range of 0-16 ml/min
      X 1.73 m2. Changes in the colonic microflora were pronounced. Almost total
      disappearance of staphylococci, streptococci and enterobacteria was found, and
      there was a marked tendency to overgrowth of yeasts and enterococci. One patient
      with the highest estimated biliary clearance of ceftriaxone developed diarrhoea
      after 7 days of therapy. A toxin-producing Clostridium difficile was isolated
      from the stool.

PMID- 3992210
TI  - Intervention on cardiovascular disease risk factors in Finnmark county: changes
      after a period of three years. The Cardiovascular Disease Study in Finnmark
      County, Norway.
AB  - In Finnmark county in Norway, 12 329 males and females aged 20-49 years
      participated in two screening examinations with an interval of 3 years. The
      primary health service attempted, without receiving any extra resources, to
      reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by means of a personal intervention
      programme among high-risk individuals and a health education programme directed
      at all residents in the county. During these 3 years the serum total-cholesterol
      (cross-sectionally) level decreased on average by about 0.3 mmol/l due to:
      firstly, a decrease among persons recommended a follow-up examination and
      secondly a decrease among household members of persons followed-up. The effect of
      a recommendation to attend a follow-up examination because of high blood pressure
      was doubtful. Cigarette consumption (cross-sectionally) decreased 12% for males
      and 4% for females. The joint decrease (improvement) in risk factors indicates a
      possible health benefit of about 20%, calculated in terms of myocardial
      infarction over 10 years.

PMID- 3992211
TI  - Comparison of participants and non-participants in a population study of
      injuries. The study of men born in 1913 and 1923.
AB  - In a population study of injuries in two samples from the general population of
      Goteborg, Sweden, of altogether about 1200 50- and 60-year-old men, the non
      participation rates were 25% and 19% respectively. The aim of this report was to
      estimate the size of the bias caused by non-participation. Besides comparing
      official register data, e.g., marital status, dwelling conditions and mortality
      between non-participants and participants, it was also possible to measure
      certain morbidity variables by using the register of an emergency department over
      a 7-year period. The non-participants had less stable dwelling conditions and
      were more often unmarried, divorced or widowed than the participants. They also
      had more accidents per person and more head injuries, were more often transported
      to the emergency department by ambulance, tended to have more serious injuries
      and had a higher mortality rate during follow-up. The non-participants were about
      six times more often inebriated at the attendance and the differences seemed to
      be associated mainly with the alcohol factor and less with the participation
      factor. In conclusion, the bias in incidence estimates caused by non
      participation appears to be small to moderate in this type of study as long as
      the non-participation rate can be kept on the same level as in this study or
      lower.

PMID- 3992212
TI  - Head injury in road traffic accidents. A prospective Study in Trondelag, Norway,
      1979-80.
AB  - The purpose of the present prospective investigation was to study the
      epidemiology of head injuries sustained in road traffic accidents. The
      characteristics of all 503 head-injured patients admitted to hospitals in the two
      counties of Trondelag province, Norway, in 1979 and 1980 are described. The
      annual incidence was 89 per 100 000 inhabitants. There was a male preponderance
      in all categories of victims. The highest male to female ratio was found in
      motorcyclists and mopedists (6.3:1). Pedal cycle accidents accounted for 33% of
      all accidents, constituting the most common cause of head injury on the roads in
      the period from May to the end of September. There were more pedal cycle
      accidents in the present series than in previous studies on road traffic
      accidents.

PMID- 3992213
TI  - The heritability of smoking behaviour in pregnancy, and the birth weights of
      offspring of smoking-discordant twins.
AB  - Questionnaire information on smoking habits in pregnancy was collated in 341
      monozygotic (MZ) and 321 dizygotic (DZ) female twin pair cases from a population
      based Norwegian Twin Panel. In a multifactorial model, the intra-pair correlation
      in smoking was 0.797 (+/- 0.042) in monozygotic (MZ) and 0.443 (+/- 0.075) in
      dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, indicating a substantial genetic influence on
      liability to smoke in pregnancy. The questionnaire information was linked with
      birth records in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, and birth weights of
      offspring of 62 MZ and 100 DZ smoking-discordant twin pairs were studied.
      Offspring of smoking MZ twins weighed 127 g less than birth order matched
      offspring of the non-smoking co-twins. This finding is additional evidence that
      smoking is a direct cause of reduced birth weight in offspring.

PMID- 3992214
TI  - Dental habits, knowledge, and attitudes of young drug addicts.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to obtain information about a group of young
      drug addicts' dental habits, knowledge, and attitudes. Semistructured interviews
      with open-ended questions based on well-defined hypotheses were obtained with 20
      intravenous drug addicts attending a Danish addiction clinic. All the interviews
      were taped and typed out verbatim. The analysis of the interviews was primarily
      carried out qualitatively. Almost all the addicts had been enrolled in the Public
      Child Dental Care system and the majority vividly remembered this as an
      unpleasant experience. None of the addicts attended a dentist regularly after
      having finished school, when the drug abuse usually started. Only a need for
      acute relief could generally motivate the addicts to visit a dentist, and in the
      few instances they were questioned about any drug abuse or viral hepatitis
      infection they usually concealed this. They evidenced very limited knowledge
      concerning the causes and prevention of dental decay and periodontal disease, and
      the high prevalence of dental caries was often believed to be caused solely or
      partly by the ascorbic acid or citric acid that is mixed and injected together
      with the drugs. A distinct behaviour with a neglected oral hygiene and an
      excessive intake of candy, soft drinks, and other food with a high sugar content
      was common. The dietary habits were related to the injection of the drugs in a
      ritual manner. The drug addicts only realized how deplorable their dental health
      had become during periods of abstinence, and then they were often embarrassed or
      ashamed of their esthetic appearance, although this was not perceived to have a
      negative influence on attempts at resocialization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3992215
TI  - Long-term regret among 216 sterilized women. A six-year follow-up investigation.
AB  - Six years after tubal sterilization 16 of 208 women reported serious regret. The
      desire for another child in a new relationship was given as the main reason for
      later regret, although other causes were also reported. No association between
      age, parity, time or type of tubal sterilization and later regret was
      demonstrated. However, a greater proportion of regretters than of the remainder
      had been recommended the sterilization by a doctor at abortion application. The
      regretters had undergone more abortions before their sterilization, and the study
      revealed more unstable marriages with consequently less support from the spouse
      at sterilization in the regretting group. Post-sterilization regret is discussed
      within the framework of life events and social support.

PMID- 3992216
TI  - Blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors of long-term exposure to
      lead.
AB  - The coronary risk profile was studied for 96 heavily exposed lead smelter workers
      employed between 9 and 45 years and for a reference group not exposed to lead but
      comparable with respect to age, sex, height, weight, social grouping,
      occupational status, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. The lead smelter
      workers had a little higher diastolic blood pressure and significantly more
      ischemic electrocardiographic changes, and their high-density lipoprotein levels
      were lower than the corresponding values of the reference group. The lead workers
      with electrocardiographic changes had higher blood pressures than the referents
      with corresponding changes. These findings indicate a higher coronary risk
      profile for the examined lead smelter workers. The study supports the hypothesis
      of a positive association between lead exposure and arteriosclerosis and high
      blood pressure.

PMID- 3992217
TI  - Across-shift changes in the pulmonary function of meat-wrappers and other workers
      in the retail food industry.
AB  - Pulmonary function was measured before, during, and after the end of the
      workshift in 83 workers in the retail food industry. All acute changes in forced
      expiratory volume in 1 s were standardized for lung size before the magnitude of
      the changes were compared between the workers exposed and unexposed to the use of
      hot wires for cutting plastic film. No association was found between acute drop
      in pulmonary function and either direct or indirect exposure in the absence of a
      history of asthma or allergy to inhaled materials. The borderline significance of
      an interaction term between exposure and asthma/allergy in a regression analysis
      suggests that workers with a history of asthma or atopy may have an acute
      response to hot-wire wrapping emissions.

PMID- 3992218
TI  - Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function among welders working with aluminum,
      stainless steel and railroad tracks.
AB  - Sixty-four aluminum welders, 46 stainless steel welders, and 149 railroad track
      welders were investigated regarding respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function
      (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s). Referents consisted
      of nonwelding industrial workers and railroad workers. All groups of welders
      showed a higher frequency of chronic bronchitis symptoms than their respective
      referents. Respiratory symptoms were related to ozone concentrations in welders
      working with aluminum. In stainless steel and railroad track welders respiratory
      symptoms were related to chromium exposure rather than to total particle
      exposure. The pulmonary function was not affected in any of the welding groups
      studied.

PMID- 3992219
TI  - Relation of mercury exposure to elemental mercury levels in the urine and blood.
AB  - The levels of elemental and inorganic mercury were measured in urine and blood
      samples from workers in thermometer manufacturing factories. The inorganic
      mercury levels in the urine did not correlate with the levels of mercury exposure
      for each worker. However, a significant correlation was noted between elemental
      mercury levels in the urine and the levels of individual exposure. A significant
      correlation was also found between elemental mercury levels in the urine and
      mercury levels in the blood. These findings suggest that the determination of
      elemental mercury in urine may serve as a useful indicator for assessing levels
      of recent exposure to mercury vapor, as well as the level of inorganic mercury in
      the blood.

PMID- 3992220
TI  - Exposure and urinary excretion of aluminum during welding.
AB  - The exposure and urinary excretion of aluminum was studied among three previously
      unexposed volunteers and six welders exposed to welding fumes containing
      aluminum. The aluminum concentrations in air and urine were determined. The
      urinary aluminum concentrations rose rapidly in volunteers exposed only for 1 d
      and returned to the preexposure levels with an estimated half-time of about 8 h.
      The welders were monitored for one workweek. During the subsequent weekend a
      decrease in the urinary concentrations occurred in the three welders exposed for
      two years or less, but such a decrease was not observed among welders exposed for
      more than 15 years. The urinary concentrations of aluminum were dependent partly
      on the level of current exposure and partly on the duration of exposure. The data
      suggest that welders exposed to welding fumes containing aluminum may retain some
      of the inhaled metal fume for extended periods of time.

PMID- 3992221
TI  - The urine mutagenicity assay system. Studies related to recovery, storage and
      concentration procedures.
AB  - Studies were conducted to determine (i) the effect of storage on the mutagenic
      activity of urine spiked with known mutagens, (ii) the efficiency of XAD-2 column
      on the recovery of complex mixtures from spiked urine samples, and (iii) whether
      the addition of XAD-7 resin to the column and/or the addition of methylene
      chloride to the elution process increases the recovery of mutagens from urine
      samples spiked with complex mixtures. Chemically spiked or nonspiked urine
      samples were concentrated with XAD resin and were tested for mutagenic activity
      with the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay system. The results indicate that the
      mutagenic activity of chemically spiked urine remains essentially unchanged after
      7 d, but it decreases by approximately 50% for some compounds after 28 d of
      storage at -70 degrees C. The recovery of mutagens from mutagen-spiked urine
      varied from 0% to more than 100%. Mutagenic activities of concentrates from urine
      samples spiked with complex mixtures were higher if resin columns were eluted
      with both methylene chloride and acetone than with acetone alone. A slight
      increase in mutagenic activity was also found if a mixture of XAD-2 and XAD-7
      instead of XAD-2 alone was used to concentrate urine spiked with air particle
      extracts.

PMID- 3992222
TI  - Systemic reactions associated with polyisocyanate exposure.
AB  - A spray-painter suffered attacks of chills, fever, general malaise, dyspnea and
      wheezing, headache, arthralgia, and leucocytosis a few hours after exposure to
      aerosols of varnishes containing two different polyisocyanates based upon
      monomers of hexamethylene or toluene diisocyanate. Immunologic studies revealed
      an increase in the serum immunoglobulin G level, but no specific antibodies
      against isocyanates conjugated to human serum albumin. The polyisocyanate level
      in the workroom air was high [a time-weighted average of 4.2 mg/m3, corresponding
      to 17 mumol NCO (isocyanate groups)/m3], the toluene diisocyanate monomer level
      being much lower (a time-weighted average of 0.03 mg/m3, corresponding to 0.3
      mumol NCO/m3).

PMID- 3992224
TI  - [Cerebral metastases manifesting as bronchopulmonary carcinoma (small-cell
      cancers excluded). The surgeon's viewpoint].
AB  - Within the last 20 years, 16 patients have undergone surgery for solitary
      intracerebral tumours revealing asymptomatic broncho-pulmonary cancer for which
      they all underwent subsequent operations without operative mortality or
      morbidity. One patient who was operated upon at the age of 39 is still alive
      without recurrence 11 years after removal of an intracranial metastasis, and 9
      years after successful lobectomy for a mixed bronchopulmonary carcinoma
      (adenocarcinoma and a squamous cell carcinoma). This patient received no adjuvant
      treatment. The other 15 patients had survivals varying from 2 to 18 months. The
      treatment of bronchial carcinoma and its metastases is a complex problem, in
      particular as regards the indication for surgery, which for most patients is the
      only means of improving survival and, in exceptional cases, securing prolonged
      remission.

PMID- 3992223
TI  - Toluene coma and liver function.

PMID- 3992225
TI  - [Congenital heart defects, incidence and course up to the 8th year of life].
AB  - The incidence of congenital heart disease in children born alive in Switzerland
      in 1975 is estimated at 10%. Of these, 17% died within the first eight years of
      life (14% due to the cardiac lesion and 3% due to non-cardiac causes), with 2/3
      dying within the first year of life. 33% of all these children become "normal",
      after successful operative correction or spontaneous closure of defects. Of the
      survivors, only 2% are prevented from attending normal school by the cardiac
      lesion, 2% are considered psycho-socially abnormal by parents or family doctor
      and 4% are regarded as having limited exercise tolerance due to the cardiac
      malformation. More problems may arise from additional non-cardiac malformations,
      such as chromosomal aberration. 62% of all these children need nothing more than
      out-patient follow-up, while 38% have had to be hospitalized due to heart
      disease. Of these, 31% underwent cardiac catheterization and 18% cardiac surgery
      within the first eight years of life. As is to be expected, there are significant
      differences in outcome and medical procedures depending on the nature of the
      cardiac lesion.

PMID- 3992226
TI  - [Remote results of mitral valve surgery in mitral valve insufficiency, 1972
      1982].
AB  - Between 1972 and 1982 315 patients were operated on for isolated or predominant
      mitral insufficiency at Surgical Clinic A, University of Zurich. The etiology was
      rheumatic in 51 patients and degenerative in 133. Of these 164 patients, 42
      underwent a reconstructive procedure and 122 mitral valve replacement. Patients
      who underwent mitral valve reconstruction were younger and had a longer average
      postoperative observation time than patients who had mitral valve replacement.
      Operative mortality of the total series was 2.4%. Late postoperative survival was
      very similar in the patients with rheumatic and degenerative mitral incompetence.
      Seven-year survival after mitral valve reconstruction was 87 +/- 5%, compared to
      76 +/- 6% after mitral valve replacement. Mitral valve reconstruction patients
      required more reoperations than those with mitral valve replacement. On the other
      hand, the incidence of late embolism and endocarditis was lower after mitral
      valve reconstruction. Age of patients at operation and a preoperative reduction
      of ejection fraction and cardiac index were predictors of a less favourable
      postoperative course. From these observations we conclude that surgery should be
      carried out before irreversible impairment of left ventricular function, even
      where symptoms are less than severe. If possible, reconstructive surgery for
      mitral incompetence is justified in view of the lower postoperative risk of
      embolism and endocarditis and in spite of the higher incidence of recurrences
      requiring reoperation.

PMID- 3992227
TI  - [Diagnostic clarifications and follow-up of 105 patients with syncope].
AB  - 105 patients with syncope (56 males and 49 females aged 15-87 years) were
      followed up for 15 +/- 8 months after their first visit in an outpatient clinic.
      Diagnosis after initial evaluation was syncope of unknown origin (n = 24),
      vasodepressor syncope (n = 18), orthostatic syncope (n = 18), syncope of cardiac
      origin (n = 16), seizure disorder (n = 13), syncope occurring during
      hyperventilation (n = 6), micturition syncope (n = 6), cough syncope (n = 2), and
      vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack (n = 2). In 55% of patients the
      diagnosis was based on the patient's history alone and only in 23 patients was
      additional laboratory workup of diagnostic importance. During follow-up 4
      patients died, but only in one was death related to the syncope (recurrent
      ventricular tachycardial). In 1 patient the initial diagnosis after follow-up had
      to be changed (from syncope of unknown origin to cardiogenic syncope) due to sick
      sinus syndrome. In patients with syncope the history should be carefully
      evaluated, since it is diagnostic in more than half of the cases. An additional
      diagnosis workup including resting and 24-hour ECG, as well as EEG examinations,
      should be ordered not as screening but only in selected patients.

PMID- 3992229
TI  - [Atopy screening: prick multitest, total IgE or RAST? On the value of
      allergologic testing of the staff of an industrial bakery].
AB  - The predictive value of diagnostic tests for the recognition and differentiation
      of allergic diseases of the immediate type has been evaluated on the basis of the
      results of a non-selective allergologic-pneumologic examination of the staff of
      an industrial bakery. Out of the 314 subjects tested, 22 (7%) had a respiratory
      allergy against flour (flour rhinitis and/or flour asthma), and 21 (6.7%) a
      preexistent atopic disease without actual symptoms of flour allergy. Thus the
      predominance of atopy in the group examined was 13.7%. A prick-multitest was
      carried out in all 314 subjects on each forearm and allowed simultaneous and easy
      application of twice eight test substances ("atopy-screening" and "bakery-line").
      50% of the bakers with flour allergy also showed positive skin tests with non
      occupational inhalative allergens (housedust, housedust mite, pollen) while only
      9.2% of the subjects without respiratory allergy to flour did so. 17.1% of the
      heavily exposed, asymptomatic bakers showed a positive immediate reaction to the
      highly sensitive intracutaneous test with wheat flour. Here the problem of latent
      sensitization arises. With histamine the prick-multitest resulted - compared to
      the intracutaneous test - in 1.6% "false negative" and 3.2% only questionably
      positive results. Furthermore, 6.1% of the subjects showed a strong, and 3.2% a
      very strong, nonspecific reaction to the control solution glycerin. Despite these
      restrictions the prick-multitest proved far superior to measurement of total
      serum IgE for screening of atopy. Technical improvements have been made in the
      meantime by the manufacturer. Specific IgE was detected in RAST screening in 59
      of the 306 subjects who underwent blood tests. The geometric mean of total IgE
      values was only 75 U/ml, and for the RAST-negative subjects 23.3 U/ml, while
      their 95% confidence level was 225 U/ml. This logarithmic-normal distribution of
      the measured values, together with the excessive normal-atopic overlap, makes it
      impossible to lay the test cutoff point in a way which results in an acceptable
      relation between sensitivity and specificity. For the population examined the
      sensitivity of the total IgE measurement was already below 50% at a cutoff point
      of 80 U/ml, while the positive predictive value did not yet reach 50% at 160
      U/ml. This diagnostic test is at present certainly used too often and without
      sufficient awareness of its very limited predictive value. As a screening method
      the RAST is too expensive. Furthermore, the problem of a latent sensitization
      also exists for the RAST.

PMID- 3992228
TI  - [Pregnancy in a representative Swiss population (study of pregnancy and newborn
      infants in Aarau). 3. Diseases and drugs in pregnancy].
AB  - As part of an overall study, a cohort of 996 Swiss mothers was interviewed upon
      admission to the labour ward regarding illnesses, disorders and the use of drugs
      during pregnancy. The data are presented and compared with analogous data on the
      entire female population of the same age group in Switzerland, and with
      epidemiologic reviews of pregnancy events from other countries. Somatic illness,
      particularly the common cold, were reported by 55%, and complaints of a more
      psychosomatic character by 47%. Illness related to pregnancy was found in more
      than 40% of the women. Only 16% reported no illnesses or complaints during the
      course of pregnancy. On the other hand, 33% of the mothers had taken no
      medication during pregnancy. Compared with studies from other countries the use
      of medication in this group of women was lower, particularly self-medication for
      minor complaints. The women reported an average intake of 1.6 drugs. In the
      offspring of these mothers only a few minor somatic effects were demonstrable.
      The Brazelton behavioral assessment did, however, reveal some significant
      correlations.

PMID- 3992230
TI  - [Intestinal parasitosis in irritable colon].
AB  - Parasitic infestation of the intestinal tract was investigated in a prospective
      study of 177 patients from southern Europe and Turkey. In a group of patients (n
      = 127) who attended the Medical Outpatients Department because of abdominal pain,
      pathogenic parasites were isolated from a single stool sample in 69 (54%). 19
      patients had 2 or more parasites. 22 out of 25 patients reviewed after treatment
      were free of parasites, and 17 were symptom-free. Abdominal pain persisted
      unchanged in 8 patients. In a second group of patients (n = 50) with
      extraabdominal symptoms, 11 (22%) had pathogenic parasites in stool. Multiple
      infestation did not occur in this group. The results show that in this population
      group stool examination for parasites should be carried out routinely in the
      investigation of abdominal pain. The high prevalence rate possibly justifies a
      search for parasites even where there are no intestinal symptoms.

PMID- 3992231
TI  - [Capillary damage following freezing of the extremities, evaluated by
      fluorescence videomicroscopy].
AB  - Four patients with subacute cold injury of the fingers have been examined by
      dynamic fluorescence videomicroscopy after intravenous bolus injection of Na
      fluorescein. Avascular skin areas with no perfused capillaries were detected, a
      finding best explained by destruction of the microvessels induced by cold injury.
      Microvascular spasms play an additional role. Transcapillary diffusion of the
      fluorescent tracer seems to be enhanced in some preserved capillary groups. Cold
      injury induces microangiopathy characterized by spasms of precapillary vessels,
      destruction of capillaries in large skin areas, and increased permeability of
      microvessels still perfused.

PMID- 3992232
TI  - [Bilateral femur head necrosis following high dosage corticosteroid therapy for
      chorioretinitis].
AB  - The early development of bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head after high
      doses of steroids in two young patients suffering from chorioretinitis is
      described. Steroids were given orally and by parabulbar injections. Consecutive
      avascular necrosis of the femoral head was treated in both cases by flexion
      osteotomy combined with cancellous bone grafting of the lesion. In one case a
      pedunculate bone graft was inserted. Early treatment requires early diagnosis and
      a high index of suspicion in the affected patient, and seems crucial in respect
      to prognosis. Conventional X-rays of the affected hips, combined with skeletal
      scintigraphy in the early stage, appear to be simple and useful diagnostic tools.

PMID- 3992233
TI  - [Sudden cardiac death].
AB  - Sudden cardiac death, most often due to ventricular fibrillation, is caused by
      three vessel coronary disease in over 90% of the cases. At autopsy acute coronary
      thrombosis superimposed on an arteriosclerotic plaque is often found. However, a
      terminal myocardial ischemia can also develop without coronary thrombosis. In
      these cases platelet thrombi or coronary spasm may be the cause of ventricular
      fibrillation. In approximately one fourth of all patients with coronary disease
      sudden death is the first manifestation of the patient's illness. After
      myocardial infarction a high risk patient group can be detected by non-invasive
      methods: patients with cardiac failure, high enzyme values, a positive exercise
      ECG and malignant ventricular arrhythmias three weeks after myocardial infarction
      have a significantly higher mortality in the following 12 months than patients
      without these complications. In this group of patients prevention of sudden death
      should be tried by an aggressive management of myocardial ischemia, heart failure
      and ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 3992234
TI  - [DMSP treatment in acute sublimate (mercury chloride) poisoning].
AB  - A 19-year-old girl was treated for a heavy mercury chloride intoxication (3 g
      HgCl2) with 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMSP) and dialyses. The anuric
      stage lasted for 10 days. With DMSP the mercury clearance by hemodialysis was 3,5
      5,0 ml/min, with BAL 0,6 ml/min. DMSP is an effective watersoluble mercury
      chelator and is subjectively better tolerated and less toxic than BAL. The anuric
      stage was probably not shortened.

PMID- 3992235
TI  - [Large-cell eosinophilic tumors of the thyroid gland].
AB  - Problems surrounding malignancy of large-cell oxyphilic thyroid tumors,
      frequently but not quite correctly designated as Hurthle-cell tumors, are still
      under discussion. Whether a reliable histopathological diagnosis of malignancy
      can already be made on the primary lesion was tested in a series of 55 large-cell
      oxyphilic tumors of the thyroid seen at the Department of Pathology of the
      University of Zurich between 1962 and 1973, hence with a follow-up period of at
      least 10 years. One case was excluded due to insufficient histological slides. 34
      of the remaining 54 neoplasms were reclassified histopathologically as
      carcinomas, 15 as adenomas and 5 as borderline tumors with doubtful malignancy.
      In 16 of the 35 carcinoma patients the clinical course or later pathological
      findings were in accordance with the histopathological diagnosis of malignancy. 6
      patients had local recurrences and in 7 cases the clinical data were
      insufficient. Only 5 of the 34 cancer cases definitely showed no further signs of
      malignancy. On the other hand, only one of the 7 adenoma patients developed lung
      metastases, 15 years after thyroidectomy, though in this case only one
      histological slide could be re-examined, which is obviously an insufficient
      number to exclude malignancy. 3 of the 5 patients with borderline lesions
      followed up over a period of at least 10 years developed no signs of malignancy.
      In the light of these results, some 2/3 of large-cell oxyphilic thyroid tumors
      must be classified as carcinomas (mainly follicular) provided that only isolated
      tumors and not large-cell oxyphilic nodules of adenomatous goiters are
      considered. Benign large-cell oxyphilic tumors of the thyroid do, however, exist.
      Histopathologically it is quite possible to diagnose a primary lesion accurately
      as malignant or benign, if it is screened very carefully for capsular perforation
      and vascular invasion, the most reliable signs of malignancy in such tumors apart
      from metastases.

PMID- 3992236
TI  - [Chronic fatal vitamin A poisoning with hemolytic anemia].
AB  - A case of chronic, lethal vitamin A intoxication is reported, the diagnosis of
      which was not established intra vitam. The patient presented with chronic mixed
      prehepatic and hepatic icterus and hypersplenism with hemolytic anemia. On post
      mortem histological examination, abundant deposits of neutral lipids in the
      reticuloendothelial cells of liver, spleen and bone marrow were found. Chemical
      analysis of the lipids extracted from these organs revealed esterified fatty
      acids. Triglycerides could be ruled out since the triglyceride content of the
      patient's liver was significantly lower than that of a normal control. By means
      of thinlayer chromatographic analysis it was possible to identify retinol, i.e.
      retinylester (vitamin A) in the deposits. Vitamin A was determined
      photometrically and found to be very elevated in the liver and, to a lesser
      degree, in the spleen of the patient. These findings lead to a definite diagnosis
      of chronic hypervitaminosis A. Unique features of the case presented are both
      hemolytic anemia and the lethal outcome of the chronic hypervitaminosis A.

PMID- 3992237
TI  - [Mammary tumors in the dog: diagnosis, prognosis and biological behavior].

PMID- 3992238
TI  - [Isolation of Campylobacter species in slaughter animals and in a slaugtherhouse
      environment].

PMID- 3992239
TI  - Anesthesiology.

PMID- 3992241
TI  - Tooth enamel tells a complex story.

PMID- 3992240
TI  - Activated proto-onc genes: sufficient or necessary for cancer?
AB  - Proto-onc genes are normal cellular genes that are related to the transforming
      (onc) genes of retroviruses. Because of this relationship these genes are now
      widely believed to be potential cancer genes. In some tumors, proto-onc genes are
      mutated or expressed more than in normal cells. Under these conditions, proto-onc
      genes are hypothesized to be active cancer genes in one of two possible ways: The
      one gene-one cancer hypothesis suggests that one activated proto-onc gene is
      sufficient to cause cancer. The multigene-one cancer hypothesis suggests that an
      activated proto-onc gene is a necessary but not a sufficient cause of cancer.
      However, mutated or transcriptionally activated proto-onc genes are not
      consistently associated with the tumors in which they are occasionally found and
      do not transform primary cells. Further, no set of an activated proto-onc gene
      and a complementary cancer gene with transforming function has yet been isolated
      from a tumor. Thus, there is still no proof that activated proto-onc genes are
      sufficient or even necessary to cause cancer.

PMID- 3992242
TI  - Trigeminal-taste interaction in palatability processing.
AB  - Peripheral transection of the sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve in rats
      unbalanced palatability, selectively reducing the ingestive actions elicited by
      preferred tastes but leaving unchanged the aversive actions elicited by
      unpreferred tastes. The reduction in the number of positive ingestive actions
      occurred even though the capacity to emit these actions remained unimpaired.
      These findings show that there is an interaction between somatosensation and
      gustation in the processing of palatability.

PMID- 3992243
TI  - EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects
      emotional and cognitive processes.
AB  - Two experiments were designed to examine the effects of attentional demands on
      the electroencephalogram during cognitive and emotional tasks. We found an
      interaction of task with hemisphere as well as more overall parietal alpha for
      tasks not requiring attention to the environment, such as mental arithmetic, than
      for those requiring such attention. Differential hemispheric activation for beta
      was found most strongly in the temporal areas for emotionally positive or
      negative tasks and in the parietal areas for cognitive tasks.

PMID- 3992244
TI  - Clay eating.
AB  - In the report "Transfection of v-ras(H) DNA into MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
      bypasses dependence on estrogen for tumorigenicity" by A. Kasid et al. (10 May,
      p. 725), a line connecting two sentences was inadvertently omitted from the text.
      On p. 726, column 1, line 9, the sentence beginning "Densitometric scans of the
      blots " should have continued as follows: "showed that the transfectants
      expressed ras(H) RNA at levels 10 to 12 times higher than wild-type MCF-7 cells
      (Fig. 1E) or MCF-7(gpt) cells. Wild-type MCF-7 cells contained a low level of
      endogenous c-ras(H) RNA and neither its expression nor that of the exogenously
      acquired v-ras(H) gene was altered by E(2) treatment (Fig. 1E)."

PMID- 3992245
TI  - Model structure for the inflammatory protein C5a.
AB  - The complement cleavage product C5a is a potent stimulant of inflammatory
      processes; thus, inhibition of C5a activity is of therapeutic interest. The three
      dimensional structure of the major portion of C5a was modeled from the homologous
      C3a crystal structure by comparative modeling techniques. The model shows that
      core residues of C5a are completely conserved, while external residues differ
      from C3a. Even though the amino-terminal 12 residues of C3a are disordered in the
      crystal, this sequence in C5a may form an amphipathic helix. The distribution of
      species sequence differences in the complete C5a structure suggests a possible
      receptor binding site.

PMID- 3992246
TI  - Hopping along the chromosome.

PMID- 3992247
TI  - Adaptation of the membrane lipids of a deep-sea bacterium to changes in
      hydrostatic pressure.
AB  - The fatty acid composition of the cell membrane of the barophilic marine
      bacterium CNPT3 was found to vary as a function of pressure. Greater amounts of
      unsaturated fatty acids were present in bacteria growing at higher pressures. The
      results suggest adaptations in the membrane lipids to environmentally relevant
      pressures. This response to pressure appears to be analogous to temperature
      induced membrane adaptations observed in other organisms.

PMID- 3992248
TI  - A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain.
AB  - A sexually dimorphic cell group is described in the preoptic area of the human
      hypothalamus. Morphometric analysis revealed that the volume of this nucleus is
      2.5 +/- 0.6 times (mean +/- standard error of the mean) as large in men as in
      women, and contains 2.2 +/- 0.5 times as many cells. Between the ages of 10 and
      93 years, the nucleus decreases greatly in volume and in cell number. Although no
      function has yet been established for this nucleus, it is located within an area
      that is essential for gonadotropin release and sexual behavior in other mammals.

PMID- 3992250
TI  - [Isolated post-traumatic damage of the musculocutaneous nerve].

PMID- 3992249
TI  - Loss of M2 muscarine receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease and
      experimental cholinergic denervation.
AB  - Cerebral cortex samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease and from rats
      after experimental cholinergic denervation of the cerebral cortex exhibited
      reductions in the presynaptic marker choline acetyltransferase activity and in
      the number of M2 muscarine receptors, with no change in the number of M1
      receptors. These results are in keeping with evidence that M2 receptors function
      in cholinergic nerve terminals to regulate the release of acetylcholine, whereas
      M1 receptors are located on postsynaptic cells and facilitate cellular
      excitation. New M1-selective agonists and M2-selective antagonists directed at
      post- or presynaptic sites deserve consideration as potential agents for the
      treatment of the disease.

PMID- 3992252
TI  - [Combination osteosynthesis. Indications--biomechanics--operative technic].

PMID- 3992251
TI  - [Plastic reconstruction of post-traumatic skull defects with bone cement].

PMID- 3992253
TI  - [Diagnostic value of computer tomography in spinal injuries].

PMID- 3992254
TI  - [Cause, prognosis and therapy of surgically treated empyema of the knee].

PMID- 3992255
TI  - Fracture gap motion in combined fixation.

PMID- 3992256
TI  - [Therapy of brain edema in craniocerebral trauma].

PMID- 3992257
TI  - Case of the season. Diagnosis: intracranial aneurysms in a patient with tuberous
      sclerosis.

PMID- 3992259
TI  - Persistent truncus arteriosus: pathologic, diagnostic and therapeutic
      considerations.

PMID- 3992258
TI  - Transposition of the great arteries.

PMID- 3992260
TI  - Anomalous pulmonary venous connections.

PMID- 3992261
TI  - The adult with congenital heart disease.

PMID- 3992262
TI  - The hypoplastic right heart complex.

PMID- 3992263
TI  - Staging of musculoskeletal neoplasms. Musculoskeletal Tumor Society.
AB  - This review reports the natural evolution of benign and malignant lesions of
      connective tissue derivation that led to the staging system, the system for both
      benign and malignant lesions, its articulation with surgical treatment and early
      experience with its use.

PMID- 3992264
TI  - Familial osteochondritis dissecans: a dysplasia of articular cartilage?
AB  - Two cases of osteochondritis dissecans in a boy and his mother are described. In
      the son only the knee and elbow joints and the epiphysis of the right second
      metacarpal were involved, whereas the mother showed early generalised
      degenerative joint disease associated with many large loose bodies in one knee.
      The authors speculate that familial osteochondritis dissecans is a dysplasia of
      articular cartilage caused by abnormal chondrocyte metabolism.

PMID- 3992265
TI  - Jogger's fracture and other stress fractures of the lumbo-sacral spine.
AB  - The posterior rings of the lower lumbo-sacral vertebrae are subject to stress
      fractures at any part - pedicle, pars, or lamina. The site of fracture is
      apparently determined by the axis of weight bearing. The three illustrative
      clinical examples cited include a jogger with a laminar fracture, a ballet dancer
      with pedicle fractures, and a nine-year-old boy with fractures of pars and
      lamina. Chronic low back pain is the typical complaint with stress fractures of
      the lower lumbo-sacral spine. Special imaging techniques are usually needed to
      demonstrate these lesions, including vertebral arch views, multi-directional
      tomography, and computed tomography (CT).

PMID- 3992266
TI  - Case report 301. Diagnosis: dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the upper end of
      the humerus.

PMID- 3992267
TI  - Case report 307. Diagnosis: synovial osteochondromatosis limited to a popliteal
      cyst.

PMID- 3992268
TI  - Case report 308. Diagnosis: disseminated syphilitic osteomyelitis (presumptively
      proved).

PMID- 3992269
TI  - Case report 309. Diagnosis: complete volar subluxation of the right scaphoid bone
      and fracture of the right capitate bone.

PMID- 3992270
TI  - Case report 310. Diagnosis: primary hyperparathyroidism (HPR), with patchy
      diffuse osteosclerosis at multiple skeletal sites.

PMID- 3992271
TI  - Illegitimate birth and deprivation: recent findings from an exploratory study.
AB  - The association between illegitimate birth and deprivation documented in studies
      from the 1950s is re-examined using data from an exploratory investigation of
      three cohorts of illegitimate children born in the 1970s. Because the link
      between illegitimate birth and disadvantage has been complicated by the complex
      set of interrelationships between illegitimacy, specific demographic
      characteristics of the illegitimate childbearing population, familial
      organization preceding and succeeding illegitimate birth and consequences for the
      illegitimate child and his mother, recent changes in the incidence, demographic
      patterning and familial configurations of illegitimacy are outlined before living
      conditions are described. In addition, control factors have been introduced in
      the study from which findings are reported to allow separation of the influences
      of illegitimacy from the impact of correlated demographic and familial variables.
      An examination of past and current living conditions in terms of housing, income,
      use of social services and child health reveals a continued association between
      illegitimate birth and relative deprivation. The persistence of disadvantage is
      related to the high incidence of single parenthood among illegitimate
      childbearers and the predominance of illegitimate childbearing among young,
      single, primiparous, poor women.

PMID- 3992272
TI  - The significance of psychosocial factors in predicting coronary disease in
      patients with valvular heart disease.
AB  - Several prognostic indices for predicting various aspects of coronary artery
      disease were significantly improved by the inclusion of psychosocial factors. 218
      patients with valvular heart disease who had undergone routine coronary
      arteriography before valve replacement were studied in terms of cigarettes
      smoked, family history of ischaemic heart disease, HDL:cholesterol ratio, angina,
      sex, blood pressure and four psychosocial characteristics (i.e. social support,
      work stress, life events and Type A behavior). It was found that the psychosocial
      factors improved the preoperative predictive power of significant coronary artery
      disease on four criteria: previous history of hypertension, previous history of
      myocardial infarction, signs of peripheral vascular disease and ECG evidence of
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3992274
TI  - Illness behaviour in mothers with young children.
AB  - 113 families with young children were studied over a 12-month period, when all
      contacts with the general practitioner and hospital emergency services were
      recorded. Socioeconomic data was obtained at interview, together with responses
      to a vignette instrument describing common childhood problems. Health diaries
      were completed by 70% of mothers, providing further information about illness and
      mothers anxiety about it. Analyses showed that significant disease in any child
      was the strongest predictor of frequency of new consultations, with measures of
      mothers anxiety, number of children in the family, mothers education level and
      her response to the vignettes also contributing significantly. Socioeconomic
      deprivation was associated with increased utilisation, even when the effects of
      prevalence of chronic diseases, size of family and mothers' anxiety were taken
      into account. From the spontaneous comments made during the vignette responses
      further information was obtained about how mothers reach the decision to consult
      the family doctor about children's illness. Thus in a Primary Care setting some
      systematic differences have been demonstrated between high and low consulting
      families, which may partly explain the wide variation in spontaneous consultation
      rates observed.

PMID- 3992273
TI  - Living with an amputation: the helper.
AB  - One hundred and nine key helpers were interviewed in connection with a study of
      the psychosocial implications of amputation. They were found to carry formidable
      burdens. Social isolation was a major problem which increased over time and was
      associated with diminished capacity to express needs. The respondents discussed
      emotional problems readily. Social workers had little sustained contact with
      helpers: welfare agencies had intervened mainly to provide practical help. The
      Artificial Limb Centre did not routinely see helpers or communicate with General
      Practitioners. A more realistic approach to the support of those who implement
      community care policies is advocated, with particular reference to the need for
      respite care to be provided in the domestic setting. The dangers of the
      exploitation of women as carers are highlighted.

PMID- 3992275
TI  - Type A behaviour in two ethnic rural communities of males in Israel with and
      without coronary heart disease.
AB  - In an all male case-control study, 40 coronary heart disease patients were
      compared with 80 controls without coronary disease in terms of selected
      behavioural variables. The coronary patients were drawn from several rural
      villages receiving medical care from the Shimshon Medical Centre in Israel. The
      controls were selected at random from the computerized medical records of the
      Centre. The major behavioural assessment was the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS)
      designed to measure the coronary-prone behaviour pattern (Type A). Coronary
      patients were found to score significantly more in the Type A direction than
      those men free of coronary disease. These results replicate earlier findings
      reported for several U.S.A. and European samples of retrospective coronary cases
      and controls. The Israeli sample was also compared in terms of other demographic
      variables and found to be similar to the prevalence samples studied in the U.S.A.
      This study is one of the first to provide evidence linking the Type A coronary
      prone behaviour pattern, as measured by the JAS, to coronary disease in a rural
      population outside the United States. In addition, cases scored consistently
      higher than controls for both ethnic groups studied.

PMID- 3992276
TI  - Japan's clinic physicians and their behavior.
AB  - The paper examines the behavior of the Japanese general practitioner or clinic
      physician. Clinic physicians in Japan are entrepreneurs who own and operate their
      own clinics with either no beds or less than 20 beds. They have been the prime
      providers of Japan's health care, and they are represented by the politically
      powerful Japan Medical Association. General practitioners are reimbursed
      basically on the basis of fee-for-service with fees determined by the authority.
      Japan has universal health insurance. The paper modeled the general practitioner
      as a maximizer of his own utility and explored its theoretical and empirical
      implications. The maximization of his own utility which is a function of his
      income and leisure time should reflect the fact that the physician's
      conscientious behavior is relied upon for the effective delivery of medical care
      in Japan. Our empirical results found that revenues and net profits of clinics
      are critically related to the quantity of drugs used, the age of physicians and
      the size of clinics. This finding gives some support to the oft-heard allegation
      in Japan that physicians maximize their income by prescribing more drugs and
      examinations.

PMID- 3992277
TI  - Status of life-areas: congruence/noncongruence in ESRD patient and spouse
      perceptions.
AB  - Perceptions of ESRD patients' satisfaction with, and abilities in, 13 life-areas
      were assessed in 50 patients and their spouses by means of a series of linear
      rating scales. Patient and spouse views were congruent on 10 dimensions.
      Noncongruence existed only on perception of the patient's satisfaction with
      his/her medical situation, perception of the patient's ability to care for self,
      and perception of the patient's satisfaction with feelings about self. This
      noncongruence was especially pronounced in certain patient subgroups, and
      explanations related to the nature of ESRD and its treatment are suggested. We
      recommend that future studies examine not only perceptions of patients'
      satisfaction but also perceptions of the spouse's own satisfaction with various
      life-areas.

PMID- 3992278
TI  - Who are those most likely to be institutionalized, the elderly who receive
      comprehensive home care services or those who do not?
AB  - Three samples of clients aged 65 and over from three different home care and
      homemaker programs are compared to elderly persons with a risk of
      institutionalization chosen from three random samples of people aged 65 and over
      living in the catchment areas of the three programs. The most important
      differences between the clienteles and the populations with a risk of
      institutionalization appear when examining the availability of help. The
      populations at risk generally have access to a source of help living with the
      elderly person while the clienteles of comprehensive home care programs depend on
      outside help. Home care and homemaker programs therefore replace in-home services
      with out-of-home services. These services will be effective insofar as they
      succeed in reproducing some of the essential characteristics of in-home care.

PMID- 3992279
TI  - Intervention against loneliness in a group of elderly women: an impact
      evaluation.
AB  - An intervention program, based on an interpretation of everyday loneliness as
      consisting of two parts--emotional and social estrangement--is discussed. The
      main variables were availability of a confidant, social comparison and personal
      control (the CCC-design). The intervention took the form of small group meetings.
      The sample consisted of elderly women living in Stockholm and interviews were
      held before, and 6 months after participation in the program. Results showed that
      subjects had less feelings of loneliness, and also less feelings of
      meaninglessness, more social contacts, higher self-esteem, greater ability to
      trust and lower blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) after the
      intervention. Analyses showed that women with several years of adult employment
      on the same job experienced the greatest decrease in feelings of loneliness.
      Also, women who had had much contact with their grandparents, and women who had
      experienced a serious or protracted illness in the family during childhood, had
      the greatest decline in blood pressure. It was concluded that change in blood
      pressure operates through some other mechanism than the one which effects
      feelings of loneliness. Finally, a model is presented for distinguishing between
      different levels of intimacy.

PMID- 3992280
TI  - Social bonds in a healthy elderly sample: characteristics and associated
      variables.
AB  - Social bonds were examined in 256 healthy, independent-living elderly men and
      women using the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). Multivariate
      techniques were used to test for relationships between six dimensions of social
      bonds, as measured by the ISSI, and demographic characteristics as well as scores
      from the Kellner-Sheffield Symptom Questionnaire, the Jacobs Cognitive Screening
      Exam, the Halstead Category Test and the Wechsler Memory Scale. The study
      participants reported involvement in a range of satisfying, supportive,
      interpersonal relationships. Significant associations were found between social
      bonds and income, marital status, work status and health status. Emotional
      status, cognitive functioning, and memory were found to be independent of social
      bonds in our statistical model.

PMID- 3992281
TI  - Variation in inpatient racial composition among acute-care hospitals in New York
      State.
AB  - This study examined the racial composition of inpatients among 282 short-stay,
      non-Federal hospitals in New York State. The primary data sources were two
      inpatient censuses conducted by Blue Cross in late 1975. These were augmented
      with data from the American Hospital Association's 1975 Annual Survey and the
      1970 U.S. Census. Substantial disparity in racial mix was evident. Within New
      York City, for example, 24 out of 94 hospitals had fewer than 10% nonwhite
      patients, while 21 hospitals had 50% or more and 7 had 80% or more nonwhites. The
      proportion of patients covered by Medicaid was found by multiple regression
      analysis to be a major correlate of the proportion of patients who were nonwhite.
      Other factors positively associated with the proportion nonwhite included the
      proportion of patients admitted from the emergency room or outpatient department;
      presence of a residency program; and availability of family planning services.
      Analysis of two quality of care indicators revealed that, taking total patient
      load into account, hospitals with more nonwhite patients tended to have fewer
      nurses and total assets. In spite of nonwhite gains in access and utilization,
      the hospital system can still be characterized as 'separate and unequal'. It is
      suggested that a renewed effort to integrate health care facilities can have a
      positive impact on both majority and minority populations in this period of
      fiscal retrenchment.

PMID- 3992282
TI  - Infant mortality in Sri Lankan households: a causal model.
AB  - The infant mortality rate in Sri Lanka has fallen precipitiously since World War
      II, to 44 per 1000 births, a rate that is similar to a number of Western
      Countries. Yet the aggregated country rate masks wide variations across
      districts, from a low 21 per 1000 in Jaffna District to a high of 100 per 1000 in
      Nuwara Eliya District. Such regional variations in infant mortality rates have
      been shown to be related to a number of social, demographic and intitutional
      characteristics of each area. To specify such linkages we move, in this paper,
      from the aggregate level of analysis to the level of individual households in
      order to look for social, economic and other characteristics associated with
      infant deaths. Data are derived from a systematic interview of 480 household
      heads in 12 villages of Sri Lanka, collected in 1980. The most proximate factors,
      public health or medical variables, that predict infant death in particular
      households include quality of family nutrition, supervised childbirth,
      immunization of children and, most significant, whether the family has a sanitary
      latrine. Yet these medical variables are strongly associated with educational and
      economic characteristics of the family which, in turn, are predictive of infant
      mortality. Poor families and poorly educated mothers are less likely to go to
      hospital for childbirth, have a latrine, etc., and more likely to have had an
      infant die. Underlying the variations in education and economic status are
      variations in ethnic group; families with poor sanitation, least education and
      few economic resources are most likely to be members of the minority communities,
      Ceylon or Indian Tamils and Muslims. Minority group membership is significantly
      associated with infant mortality as well. When a set of medical, educational,
      economic and cultural variables are examined simultaneously within a path model
      we show that the best causal explanation of infant death in Sri Lankan households
      says, "Minority group status results in poverty which prevents families from
      having safe sanitary facilities which causes infant death". Infant mortality in
      Sri Lanka is thus not simply a medical problem to be dealt with by public health
      programs, nor is it solely an economic problem that can be solved with creation
      of jobs, but it is better seen as a problem of the structure of the whole
      society.

PMID- 3992283
TI  - Social and public health implication of water supply in arid zones in the Sudan.
AB  - The quantity and physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of water from
      wells, tap and zeers in Port Sudan and from wells, rectified and unrectified
      hafirs in South Kordofan Province were investigated. The relationship between
      water quantity and quality and prevalence of water-related diseases was also
      assessed. Both areas are semi-arid and tragically suffer from shortage of water.
      The average per capita consumption in Port Sudan was about 1001, and about 301,
      in South Kordofan. All water sources in both areas were invariably contaminated
      with coliforms. In South Kordofan the provision of water was primarily the
      responsibility of women and children. Depending on the crowds and the distance of
      the water source people spend between 3-5 hours per day carrying water. 50% of
      the families have to cover more than 2 km to reach the water source. It was
      evident that hafirs rectification increased the amount of water stored. Tap and
      zeer (home pots) water in Port Sudan was also contaminated with coliforms. The
      content of suspended and dissolved solids and turbidity of hafirs water was
      exceptionally high, which warrants proper protection and water treatment before
      distribution to the public. Scarcity of water rather than bacterial contamination
      was the cause of alarmingly high prevalence of diarrhoeal, skin and eye
      communicable diseases (water-washed diseases) among children and adults of Port
      Sudan and South Kordofan Province. However, it is plausible to suggest that even
      minor improvements on the provided quantity of water will reduce the prevalence
      of water-washed diseases.

PMID- 3992285
TI  - Double standards in the analysis of Marxist scholarship: a reply to Reidy's
      critique of my work.
AB  - This article is a reply to Reidy's critique of my work, published under the
      title, 'Marxist Functionalism in Medicine: A Critique of the Work of Vicente
      Navarro'. The first part of Reidy's article contains a lengthy list of what she
      defines as "the symptoms of the disease" and the second part includes the
      analysis and "definition of the disease; Marxist Functionalism". Her conclusion
      is that human liberation requires the elimination of my disease: Marxist
      Functionalism. She refers to my writings on Chile as yet one more proof of my
      disease. This article is an answer, case by case, and symptom by symptom, of
      Reidy's accusations and shows that it is the accuser--Reidy--rather than the
      accused--Navarro--who is guilty of misrepresentation and inaccurate reporting and
      her target of criticism is not Marxist Functionalism but Marxism. My article
      shows that Reidy's piece is an outcome of her maliciousness, limited knowledge of
      Parsons', Marx's and my own work and own political beliefs, intolerant of Marxist
      revolutionary positions. The article concludes that Allende's Chile proved me
      right, rather than wrong, as she indicated.

PMID- 3992284
TI  - Supply projections as planning: a critical review of forecasting net physician
      requirements in Canada.
AB  - This study involves a critical review of the current methods used to establish
      net future physician manpower requirements in Canada. The paper explores specific
      examples of physician manpower forecasting in Canada, and contrasts them with an
      extensive U.S. exercise completed recently. The conceptual and measurement
      difficulties inherent in the Canadian methodology are outlined. Particular
      attention is paid to the various factors that can potentially influence physician
      requirements but which are omitted from consideration in traditional forecasting.
      The paper concludes with a discussion of the definition of 'need' in the context
      of physician requirements.

PMID- 3992286
TI  - Socioeconomic and health effects on mortality declines in developing countries.
AB  - It has been argued that mortality declines in developing countries have not been
      associated with social and economic factors because of the diffusion from the
      developed countries to the developing countries of health and medical techniques.
      This paper examines the relationship between socioeconomic development and health
      and mortality declines in developing countries which are in two different stages
      of the demographic transition. A path model linking socioeconomic and health
      variables and mortality is developed and tested for early and late transition
      nations. The empirical findings indicated that the network of socioeconomic
      variables and their effects on mortality were much more significant in late
      transition countries than in early transition countries. While the impact of
      health services on crude death rates is large in the early transition nations,
      its impact declines considerably as countries reach a more transitionally
      'mature' stage.

PMID- 3992287
TI  - The urban bias in health facilities in Pakistan.
AB  - In this paper we examine the urban bias in the health facilities in Pakistan.
      Although urban areas in Pakistan contain less than 30% of the population, the
      health facilities are grossly over-represented here. We have argued that the
      evolution of the health sector has taken place under the broader dynamics of the
      economy and society in Pakistan. Opting for a capitalist path of growth, with its
      inherent class contradictions, the health sector has grown in response to the
      needs of the bourgeois (predominantly urban) classes. The two factors which we
      feel are responsible for this urban bias are the type of medical education in
      Pakistan, and the role of the Government. The pattern of medical education is one
      which is a replica of the developed countries resulting in a demand for the
      'latest' and the 'best' in medical care. The result is an urban-biased, hospital
      oriented, curative-care model. The Government of Pakistan has also enhanced this
      urban-bias by investing heavily in urban-centred health facilities, often at the
      expense of the larger rural population. We have argued that it is the class
      structure under capitalism which gives rise to an urban bias. Policies are made
      by the ruling class, and allocations within and outside the health sector are
      made not on need, but on political expediency and on the ability to pay. To alter
      this maldistribution of resources, it is the class structure in Pakistan which
      will have to be attacked.

PMID- 3992288
TI  - A Maori perspective of health.
AB  - Health is not a universal concept nor are health professionals necessarily best
      suited to formulate the health aspirations of a people. Like other fundamental
      objectives, health is defined for Maori people by their elders, at traditional
      tribal gatherings. Four cornerstones of health have been recognised: te taha
      wairua (a spiritual dimension), te taha hinengaro (a psychic dimension), te taha
      tinana (a bodily dimension), te taha whanau (a family dimension). Between Maori
      elders and Western health professionals, priorities for health are likely to
      differ, the Western approach emphasising personal dysfunction and socio-economic
      inequalities; Maori concerns moving to wider cultural factors affecting their
      community as a whole. The pollution of food sources is seen as a current health
      hazard with the subsequent cultural pollution a major threat to community
      integrity and health. Similarly a lack of confidence in Western child rearing
      techniques has aroused Maori elders into advocating traditional practices with
      less dependence on biological parents and more on tribal parents. Any widescale
      intervention aimed at promoting health among Maori people must involve elders and
      may need to accept alternate goals and methods, relevant to current Maori
      thinking, though possibly peripheral to established Western health concerns.

PMID- 3992290
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment of victims of occupational hand injuries.
AB  - A group of hand injury patients was followed up 2-3 years after their injury.
      Compared to a non-patient control group hand injury patients were more externally
      oriented, and reported more psychological symptoms. Based on their General Health
      Questionnaire scores, the patients were divided into a low score and a high score
      group. High GHQ scores were associated with external locus of control, less
      social activities, and dissatisfaction with social life. The medical rating of
      loss of earning capacity was not predictive of overall occupational or
      psychosocial adjustment. Suggestions are made for future research into
      determinants of occupational adjustment of these patients.

PMID- 3992289
TI  - Hospital care utilization in a 17,000 population sample: 5-year follow-up.
AB  - The growing utilization of hospital care, especially of the services of Emergency
      Departments (ED), has been of great concern for many Western countries. The
      purpose of this study was to relate the amount of hospital care utilization to
      the frequency of ED visits. The study, based on a computerized medical
      information system, was carried out at Huddinge hospital which serves a suburban
      area of Stockholm, Sweden. ED visits were found to predict hospital care
      utilization in a 5-year follow-up of a 10% population sample. Persons who had
      made 2 or more ED visits during a period of 15 months before follow-up (less than
      1/8 of the population sample) contributed 24% of all hospital outpatient visits,
      29% of all hospital admissions and 31% of all hospital days during the 5-year
      follow-up period. The number of hospital outpatient visits per 100 personyears
      was more than 3 times higher among those who had 4 or more ED visits as compared
      to those who were non-visitors at the ED. Hospital admissions and days were 5
      times higher. The utilization of medical specialties differed most in psychiatry,
      where those with 4 or more ED visits had nearly 17 times more admissions per 100
      personyears than non-visitors. The difference increased gradually with increasing
      number of ED visits and was also evident in each age group. The mortality was
      also significantly increased for those with several ED visits. Higher migration
      in the latter group may besides indicate social instability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3992291
TI  - Socialization and interpersonal environment in nurses' affective reactions to
      work.
AB  - The dominant explanation of nurses' affective experience in work is the conflict
      between the beliefs and expectations developed during the formal training process
      (education) and the role definitions in the hospital work setting. Specifically,
      it is generally proposed that baccalaureate trained nurses experience this person
      role conflict more than the associate or diploma trained nurse because
      baccalaureate training instills more beliefs/expectations that conflict with the
      hospital nursing role. However, research has not sufficiently compared the effect
      of 'socialization' variables like education with other variables found to affect
      the work experience. This study uses path analysis to explore the relative
      effects of education, length of experience and the measured interpersonal work
      environment across types of person-role conflicts, on overall job satisfaction
      and on propensity to leave. The results show that the interpersonal factors are
      the paramount determinants of the measured person-role conflicts and, as well,
      have a greater effect than education and experience on job satisfaction. Also,
      education and length of experience have greater direct than indirect effects on
      propensity to leave, indicating that their effects are not via causality of job
      related stress. Implications for programs designed to improve the nurse's work
      experience and affects are discussed.

PMID- 3992292
TI  - The shaman and the medicine-man.
AB  - The present article discusses the terms medicine-man and shaman as used by
      scholars and scientists, and tries to arrive at a possible distinction between
      them. It is obvious that the two terms not only overlap but also cause confusion,
      even among shamanologists. They have consequently been used interchangeably by
      many scholars. By recourse to the North American ethnographic material in
      particular (which once was the source of this confusion) the author reaches the
      conclusion that the only way of separating the terms from each other is to
      approach the whole problem structurally as a two-levelled issue. It is then
      possible to differentiate between the shaman as primarily the mediator between
      the supernatural powers and man, and the medicine-man as primarily the curer of
      diseases through traditional techniques. The shaman may also be medically active
      when his expert knowledge of the supernatural disease agents is called for. This
      means that some shamans are medicine-men. Conversely, some medicine-men are
      shamans.

PMID- 3992293
TI  - Weaving a tangled web: the psychology of deception and self deception in
      psychogenic pain.
AB  - Accounting for the unusual economy of secondary gain or reinforcement,
      understanding abnormal illness behavior and evaluating for the role of the
      unconscious and primary gain are three important problems which complicate the
      understanding of psychogenic pain. These problems might be addressed in part by
      an examination of the experimental studies of the social psychology of deception
      of self and others. The forced compliance situation, in which subjects who lie
      for a certain level of compensation persist in telling the lie in other settings,
      is one of the best studied of these experimental situations. Ways in which this
      experimental work might apply to problems in understanding pain patients are
      explored. Possible applications of this research to treatment are discussed along
      with areas for further research.

PMID- 3992294
TI  - Reducing presurgical anxiety: a possible visitor effect.
AB  - Previous research has suggested that the effectiveness of different types of
      preparatory information in reducing presurgical anxiety will depend on the locus
      of control orientation of the patient. This study examined this interaction and
      the relationship of presurgical anxiety to patient background variables. Subjects
      in this study were 60 female patients awaiting gallbladder surgery. Patients'
      state anxiety was assessed before and after the presentation of one of three
      types of information: reassurance, self-care instructions or a neutral message.
      Anxiety was measured with the Affect Adjective Check List (AACL), and locus of
      control orientation was measured with Rotter's I-E scale. The expected
      interaction of information type and locus of control orientation was not found,
      but anxiety differed significantly depending on the patient's age and whether or
      not the patient had had visitors. Patients' anxiety scores also declined
      significantly from initial to second AACL administration. Contact with visitors,
      including patients' contact with the investigator, appeared to be effective in
      reducing patients' anxiety. However, alternative interpretations for the
      significant findings are presented.

PMID- 3992295
TI  - Doctors, psychiatrists and disease.
AB  - The paper's aim is to show how moral concerns may be kept segregated from
      strictly medical concerns. To do this, the doctor's specialty is characterized in
      terms of disease. Doctors may plausibly make special claims qua doctors when they
      are treating disease. Since mental diseases are sometimes thought to be no more
      than immoral behavior, the concept of disease receives detailed treatment. So
      called 'antipsychiatric' arguments against the existence of purely mental disease
      are restated. It is accepted that these arguments illustrate the need to insist
      that genuine diseases have, at least in principle, an underlying physical
      pathology. It is then argued that prevalent philosophical analyses which seek to
      do away with the physical pathology requirement do not adequately meet
      antipsychiatric arguments, and threaten to allow the annexation of morals by
      medicine. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as to what conclusion might
      reasonably be drawn concerning psychiatry if it is allowed that diseases must
      involve physical pathology.

PMID- 3992296
TI  - Deinstitutionalization and public policy.
AB  - Deinstitutionalization, originally hailed as a major advance in public policy
      towards mental illness, has recently become increasingly controversial. This
      paper reviews the implementation of this policy in the United States, providing a
      critical examination of some of the central issues and problems that are the
      focus of current debates. It concludes with a pessimistic assessment of the
      likelihood of substantial improvements occurring in the lot of the chronic mental
      patient in the contemporary United States.

PMID- 3992297
TI  - Renal carcinoma and dialysis in end-stage renal disease.
AB  - We describe five patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (mean duration of 6.4
      years) in whom eight renal carcinomas were found. In four patients, the carcinoma
      was confirmed by tissue pathology, while the fifth patient had multiple (four)
      areas of neovascularity on selective renal arteriography. Two patients died of
      metastases. In four patients the diagnosis was initially made with selective
      renal arteriography and in the remaining one, with sonography and computerized
      tomography. In three of the four arteriography showed diffuse cystic
      degeneration; pathologic findings revealed renal carcinoma and the changes of
      "end-stage" disease. Two patients had brief pharmacologic immunosuppression
      during unsuccessful renal transplantation six years earlier. These cases
      demonstrate an apparently increased risk of renal carcinomas in end-stage renal
      disease, a risk that appears to be independent of pharmacologic
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 3992298
TI  - Complications of vascular access for hemodialysis.
AB  - This study of 533 vascular access sites for long-term hemodialysis in patients
      with end-stage renal disease, accumulating more than 12,000 patient months,
      indicated that primary arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the procedure of choice.
      The group receiving primary AVF had the greatest duration of patency: 84% at
      three years compared to 70% for the group receiving polytetrafluoroethylene
      (PTFE) grafts and less than 50% for those receiving bovine carotid artery
      heterografts (BCAH). Furthermore, the primary AVF group had fewer complications
      (25 complications in 273 fistulas) than either the BCAH group (61 in 58 grafts)
      or the PTFE group (171 in 202 grafts). No complication resulted in death in the
      primary AVF group, but seven deaths resulted from complications of the access in
      the graft groups, further solidifying the position of the primary AVF as the
      procedure of choice for chronic hemodialysis access.

PMID- 3992300
TI  - Complications requiring operative intervention after gastric bariatric surgery.
AB  - In a series of 565 morbidly obese patients having one of five gastric bariatric
      procedures done at North Carolina Memorial Hospital between May 1975 and December
      1982, 55 patients had 58 complications requiring reoperation. These complications
      included a leak from the stomach or anastomosis, stomal obstruction, and
      subphrenic abscess. Weight loss after vertical banded gastroplasty appears to be
      comparable to that following gastric bypass with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy. The
      complication rate of vertical banded gastroplasty is the lowest of the gastric
      obstructive operations we have done.

PMID- 3992299
TI  - Parathyroid cyst.
AB  - Although parathyroid cyst has been infrequently reported until the past decade,
      its presumed rarity is attributed to nonrecognition. First reported in 1905, only
      58 cases of parathyroid cyst had been documented in the world literature by 1967.
      Since then, however, substantial literature about this entity has been
      accumulating. The three cases we are reporting bring the cumulative total to 149.
      All three have been examined histologically and treated by aspiration or surgical
      excision. There is confusion clinically with thyroid cysts, and assay of fluid
      aspirate for parathormone and thyroxine may not accurately distinguish the origin
      of the cyst. Tissue diagnosis is confirmatory. Parathyroid cysts may be
      developmental, arising from vestigial remnants of the third and fourth branchial
      clefts; or coalescence of microcysts with associated hypersecretion may enlarge
      into macrocysts; or an adenoma may degenerate into a pseudocyst.
      Hyperparathyroidism, if present, is associated with only the last two.

PMID- 3992301
TI  - Effects of sterilization on menstruation.
AB  - We surveyed 551 women more than a year after they or their husbands had had a
      sterilization operation. According to menstrual data from before and after the
      operation, a much greater proportion of women who had been sterilized had longer
      periods after the operation than before, but so did women whose husbands had had
      a vasectomy. Women who had taken an oral contraceptive before operation, had more
      days of bleeding and heavier bleeding than women who had been using other methods
      of contraception; those who had an intrauterine device removed had fewer days of
      bleeding after the sterilization operation. Discontinuing the previous
      contraception probably had a greater effect on menstruation than had the
      operation, for the effect was the same for those who had sterilization and the
      women whose husbands had an operation.

PMID- 3992303
TI  - Supplemental Food Program: effects on health and pregnancy outcome.
AB  - To determine the effect of participation in the Special Supplemental Food Program
      for Women, Infants, and Children on use of health care, health-related practices,
      health knowledge, and pregnancy outcome, a total of 519 pregnant women were
      interviewed during public health department clinics in six Alabama counties. Of
      the sample, 341 women were participants in the WIC program and were therefore at
      nutritional risk; 178 were control subjects (nonparticipants) who were not at
      nutritional risk. There were no significant differences in pregnancy outcome
      between the two groups. In fact, mean birth weight was identical (7.13 lb), and
      mean weight gain for WIC participants was 25.8 lb, compared to 24.9 for controls.
      Other findings were less positive, however. Utilization patterns and health
      related practices differed little between groups. There was no significant
      difference in the percentage of women planning to nurse. Significantly more WIC
      participants had discussed nursing, but significantly fewer felt they knew how to
      nurse. WIC is effective in overcoming nutritional risk and improving pregnancy
      outcome, but its educational component needs to be strengthened.

PMID- 3992302
TI  - Plasma prolactin concentrations and pregnancy-induced hypertension.
AB  - Human prolactin (PRL) has been related to various pathologic disorders known to
      be associated with osmoregulation and hypertension. In this study, we compared
      changes in plasma PRL concentrations in normal pregnant patients to those in
      patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Comparison of plasma
      PRL concentrations collected antepartum, at delivery, and 48 hours postpartum
      failed to distinguish women with PIH from those without. Only women with PIH,
      however, showed a significant rise in systemic PRL concentrations between
      admission to the study and delivery. Antepartum abnormalities in plasma PRL
      concentrations associated with PIH may not have been detected because of diurnal
      variations in PRL secretion.

PMID- 3992304
TI  - Digitalis toxicity at Duke Hospital, 1973 to 1984.
AB  - In a review of the records of 81 patients with the discharge diagnosis of
      digitalis toxicity, I found a preponderance of very old patients, many of whom
      had anorexia, nausea, and prerenal azotemia. Arrhythmias were common (93%) and
      reflected enhanced automaticity, enhanced AV block, or both. Atrial fibrillation
      with complete heart block and a regular junctional rhythm should particularly
      elicit suspicion of digitalis toxicity. Atrial tachycardia with block is less
      specific and less frequent.

PMID- 3992305
TI  - Meniscectomy for damaged disks of the temporomandibular joint.
AB  - Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint are now known to be a common
      cause of pain in the joint area. Several specific surgical treatments for this
      disorder are advocated, but none is yet well established. Meniscectomy has been
      one of the more commonly done procedures. While published results of meniscectomy
      are encouraging, there are few details upon which to base opinions. In this
      study, meniscectomy was performed in 40 joints with seriously deformed disks. A
      detailed analysis of the results lends further support to the effectiveness of
      this form of treatment.

PMID- 3992306
TI  - Medical education for an uncertain future.

PMID- 3992307
TI  - Primary cardiac fibrosarcoma.

PMID- 3992308
TI  - Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema after charcoal hemoperfusion.
AB  - Hemoperfusion over cellulose-coated activated charcoal was used to treat a
      patient with severe doxepin overdose. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE)
      developed temporally in relation to the procedure. In this case, NCPE may have
      been from complement activation by the cellulose-coated charcoal column.

PMID- 3992309
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with unsuspected pheochromocytoma.
AB  - We have described a patient given electroconvulsive therapy who was subsequently
      found to have a pheochromocytoma. The variability of the manifestations of
      pheochromocytoma combined with the nature of complaints normally encountered in
      the psychiatric population makes the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma difficult in
      such patients. Pheochromocytoma remains, however, an absolute contraindication
      for ECT and should therefore be ruled out if the patient is hypertensive or has
      episodic symptoms.

PMID- 3992310
TI  - Variant of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia.
AB  - Nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia was diagnosed in a 34-year-old man with jaundice
      since childhood. Splenectomy at the age of 8 had no influence on the anemia.
      Bronze diabetes was diagnosed at age 31, presumably due to hemosiderosis and
      secondary hemochromatosis. Iron chelation was unsuccessful in controlling iron
      overload, but phlebotomies proved effective without aggravating the anemia. We
      believe the anemia represents a variant of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia,
      type I.

PMID- 3992311
TI  - Arnold-Chiari malformation in a geriatric patient.
AB  - Downbeat nystagmus was the salient clinical manifestation of an Arnold-Chiari
      malformation in the 74-year-old woman we have described. Interesting features
      included the patient's age at the time of diagnosis, the sensitivity of
      downbeating nystagmus as a localizing neuro-ophthalmologic sign, and the value of
      metrizamide cisternography in defining lesions of the craniocervical junction.

PMID- 3992312
TI  - Deferred rectal examination.
AB  - Rectal examination is an integral part of the clinical evaluation of patients.
      The supine knee-chest position provides optimal access to most disease processes
      that manifest positive rectal findings.

PMID- 3992313
TI  - Pulmonary vasculitis complicating ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Pulmonary vasculitis is an infrequent complication of ulcerative colitis. The
      patient reported herein had biopsy-proven pulmonary vasculitis on two occasions,
      associated with flares in ulcerative colitis. The diagnosis of this entity is
      best made by open lung biopsy. Corticosteroid therapy appears to be a rational
      first step in the management of this condition.

PMID- 3992314
TI  - Transient fungemia due to Candida lusitaniae.

PMID- 3992315
TI  - Metronidazole and panic attacks.

PMID- 3992316
TI  - [Late results of surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer associated with chronic
      duodenal obstruction].

PMID- 3992317
TI  - [Neurologic manifestations in acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 3992318
TI  - [Hyperdiagnosis of disseminated sclerosis].

PMID- 3992319
TI  - [Complex treatment of patients with alopecia areata].

PMID- 3992320
TI  - [Severe complication of transcatheter embolization of the internal iliac artery].

PMID- 3992321
TI  - [Macro- and microelements in duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 3992322
TI  - [Prolactin level in primary hypothyroidism].

PMID- 3992323
TI  - [Triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars].

PMID- 3992325
TI  - [Fluorography of the heart in a polyclinic].

PMID- 3992324
TI  - [Effect of physical exertion on the activity of the humoral pressor systems and
      electrolytes in the initial stages of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 3992326
TI  - [Peripheral vasodilator in cardiac insufficiency in the acute period of
      myocardial infarction].

PMID- 3992327
TI  - [Valsalva's maneuver in the diagnosis of cardiac insufficiency].

PMID- 3992328
TI  - [Sensitization to antitetanus serum].

PMID- 3992330
TI  - [The abdominal syndrome and surgical complications in Schoenlein-Henoch disease
      in children].

PMID- 3992329
TI  - [Human anti-botulin immunoglobulin in botulism].

PMID- 3992331
TI  - [Determining the degree of microbial contamination of wounds and microbial
      sensitivity to antibacterial drugs by the TTX test].

PMID- 3992332
TI  - [Acupuncture in bronchial asthma].

PMID- 3992333
TI  - [Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy].

PMID- 3992334
TI  - [Effect of metoclopramide on pentagastrin-stimulated gastroesophageal reflux].

PMID- 3992335
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of chronic acalculous cholecystitis].

PMID- 3992336
TI  - Computed axial tomography in C1-C2 trauma.
AB  - Twenty patients with C1-C2 vertebral trauma underwent computed tomographic (CT)
      scans to evaluate prospectively its efficiency for diagnosis and treatment. It is
      suggested that if standard roentgenograms are inconclusive, CT scan is
      recommended for further evaluation of C1 fractures and C1-C2 rotatory subluxation
      in preference to tomography and cineradiography. CT scans do not assess dynamic
      stability and may miss minimally displaced odontoid fractures. It was also
      concluded that they add little in the treatment of hangman's fractures, although
      scanning did show that the pathology was often more complex than anticipated. The
      clinician must be aware of the capabilities and the limitations of the specific
      scanner in use and work closely with the radiologist to maximize the yield of
      information. The CT scan is very helpful as an adjunct to standard x-ray studies,
      but is not recommended as a screening procedure.

PMID- 3992337
TI  - Cervical cord trauma. The relationship between clinical syndromes and force of
      injury.
AB  - Several different syndromes, such as central cord, anterior cord, and root, have
      been described in injuries to the cervical spine. If stress analysis theory is
      used to analyze the applied forces that cause injury, the various syndromes
      appear to be interrelated and follow in an orderly progression that depend on the
      magnitude of the applied force. The modes of injury, either flexion or extension,
      theoretically produce similar injuries, dependent on the severity of the blow.
      These applied forces then cause the pathologic changes that have been described.
      This article applies commonly used principles of engineering design to analyze
      clinical syndromes and to demonstrate that these syndromes are related in a
      sequential manner.

PMID- 3992338
TI  - Biomechanical study of cervical spine stabilization with methylmethacrylate.
AB  - Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been used to provide immediate fixation in the
      spine, especially in the cervical region. With its use spreading to nontumor
      cases and a younger patient population, its biomechanical contribution to the
      stability and strength of the injured spine becomes increasingly important. The
      present study is unique, as it provides, for the first time, results of a three
      dimensional stability and flexion strength testing of a surgical specimen removed
      at autopsy after 7 years. Also tested, in the identical manner, is a normal
      specimen to provide control data. The PMMA specimen, as compared with the
      control, was generally found to have less motion. Its flexion strength was at par
      with that of the control, although it did not exhibit the initial low-stiffness
      region of the normal spine specimen.

PMID- 3992339
TI  - A biomechanical analysis of spinal instrumentation systems in thoracolumbar
      fractures. Comparison of traditional Harrington distraction instrumentation with
      segmental spinal instrumentation.
AB  - A total of 61 biomechanical tests were performed on 25 cadaveric spinal segments
      to investigate the comparative strengths of three instrumentation systems: 1)
      conventional Harrington distraction instrumentation (HRI), 2) segmentally wired
      Harrington distraction rods, and 3) Luque segmental spinal instrumentation (SSI).
      In type I testing in which axial preload was applied to normal specimens, and
      then progressive rotation until ultimate failure followed, five of six Harrington
      systems failed at the bone-metal interface. In contrast, all six Luque SSI
      vertebral segments disrupted in a location removed from the bone-metal interface.
      In Type-II testing (six specimens) in which axial loading of experimentally
      produced unstable burst fractures was applied, the most stable fixation in
      resisting compressive loads was segmentally wired Harrington distraction rods (P
      less than 0.001). In Type-III testing (six specimens), there was axial
      preloading, then progressive rotation applied to translational fracture
      dislocations and this showed that the ability to resist torsion was lowest with
      plain HRI, slightly improved by segmentally wired HRI, and the stiffest system
      was Luque SSI (P less than 0.05). The three methods of testing cadaveric segments
      provided a relevant laboratory model for investigation of spinal instrumentation
      systems in thoracolumbar fracture stabilization. The results compare favorably
      with other biomechanical studies, information derived from in vitro and ex vivo
      animal models and clinical experience with failures of fixation. The
      biomechanical advantages of segmentally wired Harrington distraction
      instrumentation in resisting axial loads seem to justify this method of fixation
      in unstable burst fractures. Similarly, the use of Luque segmental spinal
      instrumentation with L-rods coupled together is the best method of achieving
      rotational stability in translational injuries (fracture-dislocations). However,
      the above biomechanical considerations should be balanced against the increased
      operative time, more exacting technical expertise required, and possible risk of
      iatrogenic neurologic sequelae in implementing segmental fixation in unstable
      thoracolumbar fracture management.

PMID- 3992340
TI  - Confirmation of the posterolateral technique to decompress and fuse thoracolumbar
      spine burst fractures.
AB  - A posterolateral technique to decompress retropulsed bone from the spinal canal
      has been employed in nine patients, confirmed with intraoperative canal
      inspection and pre- and postoperative computed axial tomographic (CAT)
      evaluation. This technique has allowed reduction of retropulsed bony elements
      from the spinal canal, assessment of canal decompression and reestablishment of
      vertebral body alignment. The approach permits posterior fusion at the same
      operation. If the postoperative CAT scan continues to show spinal cord
      embarrassment from anterior bony elements, an anterior approach can be performed
      for additional decompression and fusion. The posterolateral approach does not
      necessarily improve neurologic function. However, when compared with posterior
      instrumentation alone, it does help ensure canal reduction and alignment, which
      may aid recovery and hasten rehabilitation.

PMID- 3992341
TI  - The surgical treatment of congenital kyphosis. A review of 94 patients age 5
      years or older, with 2 years or more follow-up in 77 patients.
AB  - Ninety-four patients with surgical treatment of congenital kyphosis have been
      reviewed. Of these, 77 had a follow-up of 2 years or more, with an average follow
      up of 7 years. The average age at surgery was 15, and the average kyphosis was 75
      degrees. Twenty-seven had posterior fusion only, and 48 had combined anterior and
      posterior fusion. (Two others had anterior fusion only). The average kyphosis in
      the two groups was the same, but the anterior and posterior group had a better
      correction and a better maintenance of correction than the posterior group alone.
      Kyphosis of less than 55 degrees in growing children often was stabilized
      successfully by posterior surgery only, but adults and patients with kyphosis
      greater than 55 degrees required both anterior and posterior fusion. Halo-femoral
      traction was responsible for two of the three paralyses in this review.

PMID- 3992342
TI  - Radiographic measurement of the lumbar spine. A clinical and experimental study
      in man.
AB  - The accuracy of radiographic measurements of lumbosacral lordosis, vertebral
      size, spondylolisthesis, and disc height were studied. Errors caused by lateral
      tilt or longitudinal axis rotation of the lumbosacral spine were assessed in an
      experimental study on 12 cadavers. In a series of 170 normal individuals, the
      distribution of radiographic variables describing lumbosacral lordosis, size of
      vertebrae, and disc height was investigated. The interobserver measurement
      variation was studied with respect to all measured variables. The differences
      between radiographs of 125 spondylolytic patients in the recumbent and standing
      positions were analyzed with respect to vertebral slipping and lumbosacral
      lordosis. There were only minor projectional and interobserver measurement errors
      in the variables describing vertebral size and lumbosacral lordosis, which make
      these variables suitable for radiographic assessment at repeated examination. The
      absolute measurements of disc height were too inaccurate to be used as a basis
      for conclusions. A semiquantitative approach is more reliable, and can be
      recommended for the comparison of radiographic assessments of disc height. In
      adults, the radiographic evaluation of vertebral slipping and lumbosacral
      lordosis is equally reliable in the recumbent and standing positions.

PMID- 3992343
TI  - Pars interarticularis fusion of multiple levels of lumbar spondylolysis. A case
      report.
AB  - Numerous surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of
      spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. This case report involves the use of a
      technique for pars defect repair originally described by James Scott of
      Edinburgh. Our patient, an 18-year-old woman, was initially treated for bilateral
      injury to the pars interarticularis with non-operative methods, but the results
      proved unsuccessful. She then underwent bilateral pars repair at L3 and L4 using
      iliac bone grafting and wiring of the transverse processes and spinous processes
      of the involved vertebrae. Follow-up radiographs showed complete fusion of the
      right pars defects at L3 and L4 and incomplete fusion of the left pars defect.
      The procedure effectively restored spine stability and repaired the pars defects.

PMID- 3992344
TI  - Instability of the lumbar spine. Cambridge, England, April 1983.

PMID- 3992345
TI  - Biomechanical definitions of spinal instability.
AB  - Instability is a mechanical entity, and an unstable structure is one that is not
      in a optimal state of equilibrium. In the spine, stability is affected by
      restraining structures that, if damaged or lax, will lend to altered equilibrium
      and thus instability. Instability is defined as loss of stiffness.

PMID- 3992346
TI  - Centrode patterns and segmental instability in degenerative disc disease.
AB  - Moire fringes were used to determine centrode patterns in cadaveric spines with
      degenerative disc disease. The normal centrodes were compared with those with
      minor, mild, moderate, and severe degenerative disc disease. The most complex
      loci noted were those discs that showed minimal radiographic evidence of
      degeneration, that is, the minor and mild groups. The loci lengthened
      significantly (P less than 0.001) when compared with normal controls. The
      position of the centrode shifted downward into the body of L5 in the moderate
      group.

PMID- 3992348
TI  - Physical signs of instability.
AB  - The author asserts that if an instability is of any consequence, then it can be
      detected during the physical examination by a trained observer. Radiographs,
      which display full-range or even paradoxical movements, do not represent true
      functional movements. If the instability cannot be seen or palpated there is a
      serious question as to whether it exists. Hypermobility can also be detected and
      differentiated from instability.

PMID- 3992347
TI  - Radiologic diagnosis of degenerative lumbar spinal instability.
AB  - A lumbar motion segment is considered to be unstable when it exhibits abnormal
      movement. This movement can be abnormal in quality (abnormal coupling patterns)
      or in quantity (abnormal increased motion). This instability can be symptomatic
      or asymptomatic, depending on the demands made on the motion segment. Pain is a
      signal of impending or actual tissue damage, and when present it indicates that a
      certain mechanical threshold has been reached or transgressed. Repeated
      transgressions will damage the stabilizing structures beyond physiologic repair,
      thus putting abnormal demands on secondary restraints. Radiographic study with
      dynamic views obtained in the frontal and lateral planes identify unstable states
      in the clinical environment.

PMID- 3992349
TI  - Segmental instability. Rationale for treatment.
AB  - Segmental instability, secondary to spinal degeneration, is a controversial
      topic. Based on current clinical, radiographic, and biomechanical considerations,
      this condition is classified as axial rotational, translational, retrolisthetic,
      and postsurgical instability syndromes. Each of these conditions would be
      expected, if untreated, to progress to a fixed deformity in which the clinical
      symptoms of spinal stenosis would predominate. The classification of these four
      types of instability suggests a need for specifically tailored fusion techniques
      in those patients who fail to respond to conservative treatment. Antitorsion
      facet fusion is suggested for axial rotatory instabilities; anterior (or
      posterior) interbody fusion for translational instabilities; and fusion in
      flexion (Knodt rods or facet fusion) for retrolisthetic instabilities. Post
      surgical instability syndromes require carefully selected approaches based on the
      overall pathology. Application of specific fusion techniques, in carefully
      selected patients, may improve the currently unacceptable low rate of success
      from such operations.

PMID- 3992350
TI  - Degenerative spondylolisthesis. To fuse or not to fuse.
AB  - Two groups of surgically treated patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis
      were compared. Those who had decompression accompanied by fusion had more
      favorable outcomes than those treated with decompression alone.

PMID- 3992351
TI  - Lumbar spine instability. A critical update and symposium summary.
AB  - Conflicting views exist on the definition of motion segment instability, from a
      clinical as well as from an experimental point. Enough data are at hand, however,
      on normal and abnormal motion to test their validity in clinical patient
      material, using refined radiographic techniques. It is likely that such testing
      must include motion in three planes, as well as correlation to relevant measures
      obtained by computed tomography.

PMID- 3992352
TI  - Three dimensional analysis of right thoracic idiopathic scoliosis.

PMID- 3992353
TI  - [Basis for the comparison of various health care systems].

PMID- 3992354
TI  - [The need for developing human resources for the investigation of health
      services].

PMID- 3992357
TI  - [Is trichinosis increasing in Mexico? Could this be an unexpected consequence of
      our "development"?].

PMID- 3992356
TI  - [Operational aspects in the implementation of short-term antituberculous
      treatment].

PMID- 3992355
TI  - [The right to health protection and the responsibility of the State].

PMID- 3992358
TI  - [Frequency of paralytic poliomyelitis in Tecoman, Colima, in a school survey of
      lameness].

PMID- 3992359
TI  - [Socioeconomic repercussions of ocular injuries due to foreign bodies].

PMID- 3992360
TI  - [Frequency and differential diagnosis of intracranial calcifications in the
      computed tomogram].

PMID- 3992361
TI  - [Application and potentialities of brain scintigraphy with iodine 123
      amphetamine].

PMID- 3992362
TI  - [Technical facilitation of lymphatic vessel puncture in lymphography].

PMID- 3992363
TI  - Emergency fistulectomy of the acute primary anorectal cryptoglandular
      intermuscular abscess-fistula in ano.

PMID- 3992364
TI  - The ischaemic hand and upper limb--a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.

PMID- 3992365
TI  - Lipid profiles in peripheral vascular disease--a comparison between blacks and
      whites.

PMID- 3992366
TI  - The management of abdominal stab wounds. The optimal algorithm.

PMID- 3992367
TI  - The anatomical position of duodenal ulcers--a hypothesis based on an experimental
      study.

PMID- 3992368
TI  - Splenic trauma--the role of splenic salvage procedures.

PMID- 3992369
TI  - An approach to the increased incidence of penetrating cardiac injuries in the
      RSA.

PMID- 3992370
TI  - Some unusual presentations of pneumoperitoneum.

PMID- 3992371
TI  - Amoebic perforation of the stomach. A case report.

PMID- 3992372
TI  - Intermittent obstruction of the subclavian vein. A case report.

PMID- 3992373
TI  - Rupture of the pulmonary artery by a Swan-Ganz catheter.

PMID- 3992374
TI  - Pseudocysts of the pancreas.

PMID- 3992375
TI  - Should the dose of antituberculosis drugs be reduced in patients with liver
      disease?

PMID- 3992376
TI  - Myocarditis and dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 3992377
TI  - Serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol--reference values obtained
      in the Coronary Risk Factor Study baseline survey.
AB  - Serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and
      HDL/TC ratios have been established in 7 188 males and females aged 15-64 years
      who participated in the 1979 Coronary Risk Factor Study (CORIS) baseline survey
      in the southwestern Cape. TC levels in a sample of 575 1- and 2-year-olds were
      also determined. TC levels were found to be considerably higher at all ages than
      corresponding values found in recent surveys in the USA. By fitting
      epidemiological values associated with a low risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)
      to the CORIS data, cut-off points (CPs) for 'desirable' TC and HDL levels and
      HDL/TC ratios were obtained. The CPs for TC are considerably lower than those
      commonly used by pathology laboratories, and their adoption would result in a
      greater proportion of the 'westernized' population being regarded as being at
      risk of CHD, and therefore as requiring diet modification or drug treatment.
      Experience with the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) suggests
      that the CORIS 80th percentile for TC will correctly identify over 90% of cases
      of FH. On the basis of this, TC CPs for population screening for FH are also
      presented.

PMID- 3992378
TI  - Lack of a relationship between plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels and ischaemic
      heart disease.
AB  - The 'vitamin B6-homocysteine theory' has been proposed as an alternative to the
      widely accepted lipid hypothesis in the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease
      (IHD). In a cross-sectional study of 71 white men with evidence of IHD and 110
      male controls (all aged 45-54 years) we have been unable to demonstrate any
      differences in plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) levels between the groups. It is
      therefore unlikely that deficiency of vitamin B6 has a primary causal role in
      development of IHD. However, 31% of the overall study population had low plasma
      PLP levels, and the possibility that underlying vitamin B6 deficiency may
      facilitate the actions of the primary risk factors for IHD therefore cannot be
      excluded.

PMID- 3992379
TI  - The effect of water intake on body temperature during rugby matches.
AB  - The effect of drinking up to 1 litre of fluid on water deficit, sweat loss and
      rectal temperature was determined during three separate rugby matches played in
      thermoneutral environments. Each player was allotted a litre of fluid and
      encouraged to drink 500 ml before the start of the game and a further 500 ml at
      half-time. The players were weighed and rectal temperatures determined before and
      after the matches. Rectal temperatures were markedly elevated after all three
      matches and reached levels which may have been high enough to have impaired
      performance towards the end of the game. The volume of fluid ingested by the
      players had no influence on final rectal temperatures. The majority of the
      players had sweat rate/rectal temperature relationships similar to those of heat
      acclimatized subjects. It is concluded that, in a thermoneutral environment, the
      ingestion of volumes of fluid up to 1 litre has no significant beneficial effect
      on thermoregulation during rugby games, and that the role of the clothing worn
      may have a greater influence on thermoregulation than was hitherto envisaged.

PMID- 3992380
TI  - Surgery for the complications of peptic ulceration in urban black patients.
AB  - We report on a series of 63 urban black patients who required surgical treatment
      for duodenal or gastric ulcers. Intractable pain from duodenal ulceration was an
      uncommon indication for surgery, which was mostly required for the complications
      of perforation, haemorrhage and stenosis. Perforation was the most common
      indication for surgery in these patients, while in rural black patients pyloric
      stenosis is reported to be a common complication. It appears that the
      complications of duodenal ulcers in the urban black population now resemble those
      occurring in white patients. Giant duodenal ulcers were present in almost 25% of
      these patients and those presenting with haemorrhage required aggressive surgery
      to control the bleeding. Twenty-five per cent of cases of gastric ulceration
      proved to be malignant. These were mostly prepyloric ulcers, suggesting the need
      for vigorous investigation of such ulcers to exclude gastric carcinoma and early
      surgery if a conservative regimen fails to heal them. There was a 100% mortality
      rate among patients with perforated benign gastric ulcers, largely the result of
      late presentation.

PMID- 3992381
TI  - [Scoliosis studies with low-dose X-rays].
AB  - A modification of the Oxford technique for the radiological examination of
      scoliotic curvatures in school-children has been devised. Satisfactory image
      quality is achieved in this way and the radiation dose to patients, despite
      examinations every 3 months, is only a fraction of the maximum permissible level
      for radiation workers. The method is simple. Conventional X-ray equipment can be
      employed.

PMID- 3992382
TI  - Drug utilization in internal medicine wards at a teaching hospital serving a
      developing community.
AB  - Drug utilization, i.e. prescribing, was investigated in four general internal
      medicine wards at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, the main teaching hospital for the Medical
      University of Southern Africa. Survey forms for computer processing were designed
      to cover important patient parameters (including diagnosis) and to classify drugs
      into the most frequently used therapeutic groups. There were 154 patients in the
      survey which took place over a 2-week period in July 1983. Analysis of the
      diagnosis data showed that cardiovascular disorders (34,4% of the total) and
      infectious and parasitic diseases (29,2%) predominated. Data for drugs prescribed
      revealed a preponderance of anti-infective agents (29,7%), diuretics (12,0%),
      cardiovascular preparations (10,5%) and respiratory medicines (8,1%). The
      predominant two disease groups and four drug groups were subjected to further
      analysis. Detailed results which cover specific disease entities and individual
      drugs are presented. A clear picture of the respective disease patterns and drugs
      prescribed has emerged. The implications are discussed with reference to the
      population which the hospital serves, therapeutic needs and medical education.

PMID- 3992383
TI  - Intractable postphlebitic ulceration of the leg.
AB  - A new regimen for the successful treatment of intractable postphlebitic
      ulceration of the leg is described. It is based on preliminary culture of
      organisms in the ulcers followed by sensitivity tests to ascertain the
      appropriate antibiotics or antibacterials to be used. Patients with Pseudomonas
      infection are hospitalized and receive: intramuscular injections of amikacin
      sulphate 500 mg twice daily for 7 days; a once-daily spraying of antibiotic
      powder on the ulcer for 7 days; and a topical gentian violet regimen once daily
      for a further 2 days to encourage adhesion of a dressing to the ulcer bed. After
      discharge the patients are treated in the consulting rooms. Ulcers without
      Pseudomonas infection but from which organisms have been cultured are treated in
      the consulting rooms with drugs indicated by the results of sensitivity tests,
      and topical gentian violet. Patients from whom organisms have not been cultured
      are treated with co-trimoxazole and topical gentian violet. Patients are taught
      correct bandaging of the calf with a 150 mm wide crepe bandage and a Rowden Foote
      elastic bandage. Firm bandaging prevents calf oedema, the factor predisposing to
      ulceration. Patients are initially seen daily and then, as the dressing becomes
      adherent, at decreasing intervals until it is shed. Both bandages are worn until
      the affected tissues heal. The patient is then fitted with a below-knee heavy
      duty elastic stocking.

PMID- 3992384
TI  - Sorting out triage in urban disasters.
AB  - In the prehospital phase of disaster management the concept of triage is
      confused, complicated and too often unrealistic. It is proposed that where triage
      or sorting is necessary it should be based on the observation of vital signs and
      not on injuries or suspected injuries. It is hoped that such a system, based on
      everyday practice and easily understood, will be seriously considered for
      adoption at the disaster site.

PMID- 3992385
TI  - Hepatic abscess in a patient with polycystic liver disease. A case report.
AB  - A patient with a liver abscess and underlying polycystic renal and liver disease
      is described. The liver abscess was diagnosed on the clinical findings and
      accurately localized by ultrasonography. Tube drainage and antibiotic
      administration resulted in a rapid recovery. The polycystic liver disease, which
      was previously undiagnosed and asymptomatic, was an unexpected finding at
      laparotomy.

PMID- 3992387
TI  - Accidents are no accident.

PMID- 3992388
TI  - Absence of antibodies reactive with simian AIDS virus surface antigens in sera of
      vervet monkeys and baboons.

PMID- 3992386
TI  - Rupture of the head of the pancreas by blunt trauma. A case report.
AB  - An unusual injury to the head of the pancreas is described. The various surgical
      options are discussed and the literature is reviewed. The Roux-en-Y
      pancreaticojejunostomy for a major isolated rupture of the head of the pancreas
      is considered to be the operation of choice.

PMID- 3992389
TI  - Iron poisoning--a preventable hazard of childhood.
AB  - We retrospectively studied the records of all patients with poisoning due to
      excessive iron ingestion admitted to a children's hospital during a 7 1/2-year
      period. There were 80 such children, aged between 0,6 and 3,93 years. Almost half
      were severely poisoned. Most children took iron tablets intended for their
      mothers or aunts as a supplement during pregnancy. These were packed in easy-to
      open plastic packets. Estimates of the number of tablets taken were unreliable.
      All 29 children who received parenteral desferrioxamine (Desferal; Ciba) on
      presentation survived, whereas 3 of the 51 children in whom desferrioxamine
      therapy was delayed died. Late morbidity from brain damage and intestinal
      strictures was not assessed. Many cases of iron poisoning in childhood could be
      prevented by strip-packaging of iron tablets. Parenteral desferrioxamine should
      be given without delay whenever a child is suspected of having swallowed
      excessive iron tablets.

PMID- 3992390
TI  - [Artificial insemination by donor as an alternative for childless couples in
      South Africa. A pilot study].
AB  - Data obtained during 1981-1983 from an investigation of artificial insemination
      by donor (AID) as an alternative for childless couples in which 93 gynaecologists
      participated undeniably proved that AID, although operating on a relatively small
      scale, is already firmly established in South Africa. General practitioners
      appear to be well informed as to which gynaecologists couples can be referred to
      for AID. Gynaecologists who practice AID do not necessarily prefer AID to
      adoption. With the exception of a few, the majority of gynaecologists are in
      favour of a counselling service for childless couples where they can freely
      discuss their feelings of loss and evaluate various alternatives, such as
      remaining childless, adoption or AID. Despite the fact that selection of couples
      for AID in terms of the important psychosocial parameters is primarily a non
      medical activity, it appears that by far the majority of gynaecologists carry out
      this selection themselves without necessarily being trained for such a task.

PMID- 3992391
TI  - Infectious osteitis pubis. Case reports.
AB  - Two cases of spontaneous septic osteitis of the pubis in patients who had not
      previously undergone intrapelvic or abdominal surgery are presented. Early
      diagnosis and evaluation of the immunological system are discussed. Drainage of
      the pus and thorough debridement of the affected bone are the hallmarks of
      correct treatment. The administration of suitable antibiotics with simultaneous
      correction of immunological deficiencies will result in eventual cure.

PMID- 3992393
TI  - Immigrant mortality.

PMID- 3992392
TI  - Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Popliteal artery entrapment results from compression of the artery between the
      medial femoral condyle and the muscles of the popliteal fossa, either through an
      abnormal muscle origin or through an abnormal course of the artery. The
      consequence of this entrapment is intermittent claudication, often presenting at
      a young age. Two cases are presented with a brief review of the condition.

PMID- 3992394
TI  - Prevention of tetanus.

PMID- 3992395
TI  - A comparison of mortality rates from cancer in white, Indian and coloured adults
      in 1970 and 1980.
AB  - In 1980 lung cancer was associated with the highest mortality rate (MR) in white,
      Indian and coloured men in the RSA. MRs for this type of cancer were higher in
      1980 than in 1970 in all three populations, the increase of 47% in that for
      coloured men being especially marked. On the other hand, MRs for stomach cancer
      were lower in 1970 than in 1980 in men from all three populations; however, this
      type of cancer was still associated with the second highest MR in all groups in
      1980. Breast and lung cancer had the highest MRs in white women. In this group
      there was little change in the MR for breast cancer, but a 27% increase in that
      for lung cancer over the 10-year period. The three types of cancer associated
      with the highest MRs in coloured women were cancer of the cervix, breast and
      stomach. In this group the MR for breast cancer dropped by 22% and that for lung
      cancer increased by 135% over the 10-year period. In Indian women MRs for cancer
      of the stomach, breast and cervix ranked highest, a marked increase occurring
      only in the MR for breast cancer. The MR for lung cancer in Indian women showed a
      decrease of 71% in 1980 compared with 1970.

PMID- 3992396
TI  - Filling pressures of the heart during anaesthesia.
AB  - The validity of extrapolating central venous pressure (CVP) to left ventricular
      (LV) filling pressure as gauged from the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP)
      was investigated in 9 subjects undergoing lung resection. Correlations existed
      between CVP and PAWP before, during and after surgery, and between changes in CVP
      and PAWP during surgery. There was, however, a wide scattering of the data around
      the regression lines, and an inability of the CVP and changes therein to predict
      the actual and directional change in PAWP in specific individuals. Caution is
      therefore advised in assessing the LV filling pressure from the CVP in patients
      undergoing lung resection during any phase of the peri-operative period.

PMID- 3992397
TI  - Feeding of very-low-birth-weight infants with special formula--continued use
      beyond 2000 g and effects on growth to 1 year.
AB  - Ten very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants fed a premature formula up to a weight
      of 2 000 g were randomized either to continue on the premature formula for a
      further 8 weeks or to change to a standard infant formula. Four infants in each
      group completed the 8-week study period, while growth and biochemical data were
      available on the other 2 infants for half the study period. No significant
      differences were seen at the end of the study. Infants on the premature formula
      showed a trend towards more rapid growth during the 8-week period, but this was
      no longer evident at a corrected age of 3 months. All infants were followed up to
      a corrected age of 1 year, during which time growth curves were similar to those
      previously described for VLBW infants. No long-term tendency towards obesity was
      evident in these infants, who had gained weight up to 2 000 g at a rate
      equivalent to the intra-uterine rate.

PMID- 3992398
TI  - Laboratory monitoring of rubella.
AB  - A study was undertaken to determine the level of immunity to rubella in the
      population on the basis of findings in serum specimens sent to the laboratory of
      the National Institute for Virology. A total of 4791 sera taken between August
      1982 and October 1983 were examined for rubella-specific IgG antibodies by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A disquietingly high proportion (18,4%) of
      women of child-bearing age were not immune; 59 cases of primary infection
      occurred in pregnant women, as documented by the presence of rubella-specific IgM
      antibodies on ELISA. The need to ensure the protection of susceptible women of
      child-bearing age by prepubertal immunization and screening for immunity is
      emphasized.

PMID- 3992399
TI  - The prevalence of corneal disease in the coloured community of a Karoo town.
AB  - Corneal and other external eye diseases are very common in rural areas of
      southern Africa. A corneal survey was undertaken in Calvinia in the northwestern
      Cape to establish the incidence and nature of these disorders. Corneal diseases
      were found in 20,2% of the population and a further 8,4% had other external eye
      diseases, giving an overall incidence of 28,6%. However, many of the diseases
      were degenerative, their incidence rising rapidly with increasing age. Pterygium
      and climatic droplet keratopathy, both of which are related to actinic damage,
      were particularly common. The aetiology and management of the most frequently
      encountered diseases are discussed.

PMID- 3992400
TI  - The attitude of South African women to mastectomy for breast cancer.
AB  - No previous study has reported on the acceptance of and attitudes towards the
      treatment of breast cancer among white South African women. The influence of age,
      social, economic and marital status, occupation, and the effect of knowledge of
      the disease on the reaction to the possible diagnosis of breast cancer, the
      attitude to mastectomy, and physical and psychological readjustment after
      mastectomy were studied in 100 respondents to a questionnaire. The preliminary
      conclusions from this study are that South African women desire effective
      treatment of breast cancer, that physical and psychological readjustments are
      readily made by the majority without major problems, and that reconstructive
      surgery is not in high demand.

PMID- 3992401
TI  - Acute renal failure caused by non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis. Case reports.
AB  - Four cases of severe acute renal failure are described in which rhabdomyolysis
      was a causative or contributory aetiological factor. This diagnosis is worthy of
      consideration in the alcoholic or drug-overdose patient who presents with renal
      impairment. The particular biochemical changes are reviewed.

PMID- 3992402
TI  - Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)--some clinical implications.

PMID- 3992403
TI  - Self-administered intravenous analgesia during labour. A comparison between
      pentazocine and pethidine.
AB  - Pentazocine or pethidine was administered to healthy parturients up to the time
      of delivery using a self-demand (self-administration on demand) intravenous
      apparatus, the Cardiff Palliator. Good analgesia was obtained with both drugs.
      The patients receiving pethidine exhibited side-effects (nausea, vomiting and
      drowsiness), whereas there were no side-effects among those receiving
      pentazocine. Apgar and neurobehavioural scores of the babies of mothers in both
      groups were the same and did not differ from those of a third group of babies,
      the mothers of whom had received 4-hourly intramuscular pethidine on demand
      according to the usual hospital routine. The self-administration technique proved
      a safe and effective means of providing analgesia during labour and delivery,
      with pentazocine having a decided advantage over pethidine because of its lack of
      side-effects.

PMID- 3992404
TI  - Hospital admissions for adverse reactions to drugs and deliberate self-poisoning.
AB  - In a prospective study of 300 patients, 14 admissions (4,6%) were considered to
      be related to adverse drug reactions. A further 29 admissions (9,6%) were due to
      self-poisoning with drugs prescribed for therapeutic purposes. Agents causing
      adverse reactions were predominantly cardio-active drugs and anticoagulants. Mean
      duration of hospital stay in this group of patients was 8,3 days (range 2-18
      days); there were no deaths. Tranquilizers and antidepressants were most commonly
      used for self-poisoning. Duration of admission in these patients was much shorter
      than in the previous group--mean 1,8 days (range 1-5 days), and there was 1
      death. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported series of such
      cases in South Africa. It shows that drugs are an important cause of morbidity in
      hospital patients in the RSA.

PMID- 3992405
TI  - Nutritional status and blood pressures of adults in northern Gazankulu.
AB  - A random cluster sample survey of 432 adults aged 21-60 years was undertaken to
      increase available information on the nutritional status of the inhabitants of
      northern Gazankulu and to discover the prevalence and distribution of
      hypertension. Mainly owing to the migrant labour system, only 9,3% of the people
      in the sample were men. The present nutritional status of adults is adequate by
      anthropometric standards. The absence of a secular trend towards increased adult
      stature indicates that no major improvement in nutrition and socio-economic
      conditions has occurred in the last 20-60 years. Mean blood pressures were found
      to increase with age, but the prevalence of hypertension is low compared to urban
      populations.

PMID- 3992406
TI  - Syphilitic aortitis. A case report.
AB  - A case of syphilitic aortitis with total occlusion of the infrarenal aorta
      without aneurysmal dilatation is presented. Incapacitating claudication of both
      legs together with pain at rest necessitated an aortobifemoral bypass operation,
      which resulted in complete relief of symptoms. Histological examination of the
      aorta showed atherosclerosis together with characteristic perivascular
      lymphocytic infiltration of the aortic vasa vasorum.

PMID- 3992407
TI  - Awareness during total intravenous anaesthesia using etomidate. A case report.
AB  - Total anaesthesia using a combination of droperidol and fentanyl and an etomidate
      infusion was induced and maintained intravenously in a 29-year-old patient
      undergoing laparotomy for a colonic resection. Post-operatively the patient
      complained of awareness. Possible explanations for this are discussed.

PMID- 3992409
TI  - Paracetamol-induced acute renal failure in the absence of severe liver damage.

PMID- 3992408
TI  - Deep-vein thrombosis in pregnancy. A case report.
AB  - The incidence of thrombo-embolic complications in pregnancy varies between 2 and
      5 per 1000 deliveries. Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) is classically associated with
      pulmonary embolism and chronic venous insufficiency, which are leading causes of
      maternal morbidity and mortality. An accurate diagnosis of iliofemoral or calf
      vein thrombosis should be confirmed by either Doppler ultrasonography, impedance
      plethysmography or ascending phlebography. Full-dose continuous intravenous
      heparin for 5-10 days is the established method of therapy for acute DVT and
      pulmonary embolism occurring during pregnancy or in the puerperium. Thereafter,
      long-term treatment with self-administered subcutaneous injections of heparin in
      low doses is feasible and effective. During pregnancy, coumarin administration
      results in embryopathy as it readily crosses the placenta; it should be avoided
      until after delivery. In view of its safety and effectiveness, low-dosage
      intravenous heparin or heparin by subcutaneous injection seems to be the
      anticoagulant of choice for the expectant mother.

PMID- 3992410
TI  - Dangers of isopyrine-phenylbutazone.

PMID- 3992411
TI  - Atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in blacks--an established problem.
AB  - Records of black (predominantly Zulu), Indian and white patients admitted to
      hospital for elective evaluation of chronic peripheral arterial disease over a 2
      year interval were examined. The commonest lesion encountered in all three groups
      was atherosclerosis, although arteritis occurred more frequently in blacks. While
      atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities showed minor
      differences in distribution in the three groups, aneurysmal disease of the aorta
      was more frequent in the white than Indian and black groups. Cerebrovascular
      occlusive disease was also less prevalent among blacks. Age and sex distribution
      was similar. In a subset of patients, matched for age, with aorto-iliac occlusive
      disease blacks had a statistically significantly lower incidence of ischaemic
      heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and hypertension than whites or Indians;
      and smoked less. Diabetes had a significantly higher incidence in Indians. Within
      the same group of patients, blacks tended to present at a more advanced stage in
      the natural history of the disease. However, early and medium-term results of
      aortobifemoral bypass are not significantly different from those in whites or
      Indians. Atherosclerosis, contrary to popular belief, is a well-established
      clinical problem in the black population in Natal.

PMID- 3992412
TI  - A comparison of traditional assessment with the objective structured clinical
      examination (OSCE).
AB  - As the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was being introduced into
      the medical curriculum, its validity was evaluated and the results obtained were
      compared with three components of the traditional assessment, i.e. tutors' mark,
      clinical assessment (long case) and multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in 170 5th
      year students. The OSCE appeared to be a reliable and valid test of clinical
      skills, although this became apparent only with increasing experience.
      Traditional methods, in particular those which are inherently subjective, were
      found to upgrade students more often than OSCE scores. There were some
      correlations between OSCE marks and results of traditional examinations,
      especially the clinical assessment and the MCQ. Accordingly the OSCE appears to
      measure aspects of both clinical competence and theoretical knowledge. It has
      many advantages over traditional methods and should therefore be considered for
      inclusion in the assessment of medical students.

PMID- 3992413
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy. Part I. A genealogical study in the northern Transvaal.
AB  - Myotonic dystrophy is a disabling multisystem disorder which appears to be more
      common in South Africa than is generally recognized. Twenty white kindreds with
      the disease were studied; of these 4 large kindreds had a common ancestry.
      Genealogical data for 1 527 individuals were acquired. The minimum prevalence of
      myotonic dystrophy in the northern Transvaal was found to be 14,3/100 000 of the
      population. Recognition of the disorder is important since some of its
      complications are preventable and others potentially treatable.

PMID- 3992414
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy. Part II. A clinical study of 96 patients.
AB  - To demonstrate the widespread manifestations of myotonic dystrophy the clinical
      features of 96 patients are reviewed. The study includes 24 children, 6 of whom
      have congenital myotonic dystrophy.

PMID- 3992415
TI  - Bronchiectasis in urban black children.
AB  - From July 1979 to July 1982, 29 cases of childhood bronchiectasis were
      encountered at Leratong Hospital. They were retrospectively divided into two
      groups: 16 patients underwent surgical intervention and the other 13 patients
      received medical treatment only. Symptoms and signs were reviewed and findings on
      bronchography were studied. The left lower lobe was the most common site of
      involvement, and the lingular segment was invariably also affected by
      bronchiectatic changes. Ten of the surgical patients (63%) underwent
      pneumonectomy. In 75% of the surgical group there was an excellent or good result
      after surgery, while a good result was achieved in 40% of those receiving medical
      treatment only. We have reviewed other large series to compare surgical and
      medical management, and discuss factors that may influence the outcome of
      surgical treatment.

PMID- 3992417
TI  - False aneurysm of the profunda femoris artery complicating fracture of the
      femoral shaft and treated by transcatheter embolization. A case report.
AB  - False aneurysm of the profunda femoris artery is a serious complication following
      fractures of the femoral shaft. Development of the false aneurysm is due to
      either initial injury of the vessel or is a complication of internal fixation of
      the femoral fracture. Clinical diagnosis is confirmed by selective arterial
      angiography after occurrence of a significant haemorrhage or pulsatile swelling
      in the injured thigh. Our case confirms the effective use of selective arterial
      angiography in the diagnosis of a false aneurysm of the profunda femoris.
      Simultaneously therapeutic embolization of the localized false aneurysm was
      undertaken successfully. Diagnosis and management of the false aneurysm of the
      profunda femoris artery (distal third) was carried out within 30 minutes.

PMID- 3992416
TI  - Severe mefenamic acid poisoning. A case report.
AB  - An 18-year-old girl was admitted to hospital after deliberately ingesting about
      90 capsules of mefenamic acid 250 mg (Ponstan). The management is discussed.

PMID- 3992418
TI  - Lead toxicity in South Africa.

PMID- 3992420
TI  - Clinical use of total-dose infusion of iron dextran.

PMID- 3992419
TI  - Isocyanates and health.

PMID- 3992421
TI  - Cancer of the oesophagus in Soweto.
AB  - Oesophageal cancer is remarkably common in Transkei, a rural part of South
      Africa, but has not been thought to affect urban blacks nearly as often. The
      incidence of oesophageal cancer in Soweto, South Africa's largest urban black
      community, is assessed. The age-standardized incidence is 125/100 000 in men and
      37/100 000 in women. Oesophageal cancer is now a disease as much of urban as of
      rural blacks, a fact which may be epidemiologically significant. The prognosis
      for oesophageal cancer in blacks is widely believed to be almost hopeless,
      regardless of treatment. The results of treatment in 265 patients over 3 years
      are presented - in 21% the disease was confined to the oesophagus and these
      patients were treated by oesophagectomy (30% 3-year survival rate); 23% had local
      spread and were treated by extra-oesophageal bypass (11% 1-year and 2% 2-year
      survival rate); and 51% had advanced disease (1% 1-year survival rate, no
      survivors at 2 years). Five per cent of the patients died before any treatment
      could be given.

PMID- 3992422
TI  - Survival after local treatment for early breast cancer.
AB  - A 10-year survival rate of 82% was found in 517 women with early localized breast
      cancer (pathological stage T1-2N0M0) who had been treated with local therapy
      alone (total mastectomy and axillary clearance). Factors influencing survival
      were tumour size (T1 versus T2) and age; patients older than 50 years fared
      better than younger patients at 5 years but this advantage had disappeared at 10
      years. Receptor status influenced disease-free survival, but not survival.
      Recurrence developed in 93 patients--systemic in 46 and local in 47. Support for
      the contention that all breast cancer is systemic was thus not found at 10 years,
      and the value of local therapy alone in node-negative women was endorsed.

PMID- 3992423
TI  - Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin determination for screening for lead exposure.
AB  - Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin (EZP) and
      blood lead concentrations were measured in 150 male subjects, 110 of whom were
      employed in industries where lead exposure was possible. Eighty-seven per cent of
      these 110 workers had blood lead levels above the maximum safe level of 40
      micrograms/dl, which suggests that the factory control of lead toxicity is
      inadequate. The AVIV dedicated front-face fluorometer (AVIV instruments, New
      Jersey, USA), which measures EZP, was evaluated as a simple, rapid method of
      screening for lead accumulation. EZP concentrations agreed well with conventional
      estimations of FEP (r = 0,987, P less than 0,0001), and both correlated well with
      the blood lead concentration (r = 0,558, P less than 0,0001 for EZP; r = 0,633, P
      less than 0,0001 for FEP). The specificity of the EZP level as a screening test
      was found to be high (98%) and the sensitivity moderately good (83%). In view of
      the ease and speed of operation of this portable fluorometer, it should prove
      useful as an aid to the detection of early lead intoxication.

PMID- 3992424
TI  - Anaesthesia for a patient injured in a landmine explosion. A case report.
AB  - An adult male injured in a landmine explosion presented with the classic triad of
      primary, secondary and tertiary blast injuries. The anaesthetic management and
      postoperative treatment of blast injury to the lung is discussed.

PMID- 3992425
TI  - Carcinoma of the vagina. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - The clinical details of a case of primary carcinoma of the vagina are described.
      The literature on the management of vaginal cancer is reviewed. Treatment must be
      individualized and planned according to the location and stage of the primary
      tumour. All patients treated for malignant lesions of the vagina must be followed
      up for life with regular pelvic and vaginal cytological examinations.

PMID- 3992427
TI  - Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal
      meningitis.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid from rabbits with chronic cryptococcal meningitis was tested
      for its chemotactic activity towards polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes. CSF
      chemotactic activity was present; it peaked 5-8 days after infection, coinciding
      with the time when the number of inflammatory cells in CSF was greatest. However,
      little chemotactic activity could be found in the early stages of infection,
      during the initial ingress of inflammatory cells. The chemotactic activity
      appeared to be host-derived, with characteristics consistent with lymphokine(s)
      or C5a. Treatment with cortisone significantly reduced the CSF chemotactic
      activity for both cell types; this reduction may contribute to the severe CSF
      leukopenia observed in cortisone-treated animals, which are unable to eradicate
      this yeast infection. Modulation of CSF chemotactic activity may be important to
      the success or failure of the host central nervous system response to
      Cryptococcus neoformans.

PMID- 3992426
TI  - [Tinea caused by Microsporum canis in children under 30 days of age].
AB  - Six cases of ringworm due to Microsporum canis are reported in infants no more
      than 30 days old. The infections came from cats. The patients responded to
      therapy with griseofulvin and tolnaftate, miconazole or iodine.

PMID- 3992428
TI  - Intravenous miconazole therapy for experimental keratomycosis in rabbits.
AB  - Intravenous miconazole (90 mg daily for 3 weeks) reduced the intensity of
      experimental fungal keratitis due to Candida albicans in a group of 10 rabbits.
      Clinical scores of affected eyes were statistically significantly lower in the
      treated group than in a control group of 10 untreated rabbits. All cultures of
      corneal scrapings were negative on 18th day after inoculation in the treated
      group, but four cultures were still positive on the 21st day in the control
      animals. Histopathological examination of eyes from treated and untreated rabbits
      showed great differences in the severity of inflammatory changes in the two
      groups.

PMID- 3992429
TI  - Blastomyces dermatitidis in bats: first report of its isolation from the liver of
      Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei Gray.
AB  - Blastomyces dermatitidis is reported for the first time from the liver of
      Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei Gray (the 'lesser rat-tailed bat'); it was
      cultured from one of 46 samples of the bat captured on December 10, 1982, from
      the basement of Safdar-Jang Tomb, a historical monument in New Delhi. The fungus
      was not found in 581 other bats representing R. hardwickei hardwickei, three more
      insectivorous and one frugivorous species investigated from several sites in
      Delhi and New Delhi metropolitan areas. The identity of the isolate was based
      upon its macroscopic and microscopic cultural morphology, dimorphic character and
      verification of pathogenicity for white mice. It was further confirmed by
      determining the capacity of the isolate to produce the 'A' exoantigen specific
      for B. dermatitidis. The infected bat did not manifest any obvious clinical signs
      and symptoms of illness. Its visceral organs were free from macroscopic lesions,
      and histopathologically none of them including the liver, revealed any fungal
      elements or tissue response. B. dermatitidis was not found in any of the 34
      samples of bat guano investigated by direct culture or mouse-inoculation
      technique. The results reinforce the available evidence for the endemic
      occurrence of B. dermatitidis in India and focus on the possible role of R.
      hardwickei hardwickei as a natural host or vector for this pathogen.

PMID- 3992430
TI  - Morphogenesis of the mycelium-to-yeast transformation in Paracoccidioides
      brasiliensis.
AB  - The sequential changes observed during the mycelium to yeast transformation in
      Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were studied microscopically. The mycelial elements
      produced terminal and intercalary swellings which, later on, became chlamydospore
      like structures. These increased in size, acquired a double contour and, finally,
      gave rise to multiple budding cells. Transformation was asynchronous. During the
      observation period, multiple budding cells and chlamydospores remained attached
      to the parent mycelium.

PMID- 3992431
TI  - The health care social worker's role in facilitating grief work: an empirical
      study.
AB  - In this research, 155 people who had recently experienced the loss of someone
      they cared about rated the extent to which different social work activities would
      or would not have been helpful to them at the time of their loss. Discussion of
      the data focuses on how social workers in a health setting can assist individuals
      who are grieving.

PMID- 3992432
TI  - Hospice social work: support for generalist training.

PMID- 3992434
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment of the family caregiver: home hemodialysis as an example.
AB  - Chronic renal failure is an example of chronic illness where the family is often
      expected to provide ongoing home health care. This paper reports the results of a
      study with 19 women who were trained to assist their husbands with home
      hemodialysis. The impact of living with a spouse with chronic renal failure is
      discussed, using case examples. Future research needs are addressed.

PMID- 3992433
TI  - Discharge to independent living for the chronically ill patient: a case study.

PMID- 3992436
TI  - Stress, adaptation and coping in a maternal-fetal intensive care unit.
AB  - The emotional needs of 18 patients in a maternal-fetal intensive care unit were
      assessed using a semistructured interview. Patients were asked to rank order the
      stresses they experienced while on the unit as well as the supports which they
      felt enabled them to cope with the hospitalization. Responses were analyzed
      taking into account the duration of the patients' hospitalizations and the
      differences in two settings of the intensive care unit. Being away from home and
      family, physical discomforts, medication side effects, and feelings of
      helplessness and loss of control were the common stresses noted. Physicians,
      nurses and family and friends were the most frequently mentioned supports.

PMID- 3992435
TI  - Sources of strain between physicians and social workers: implications for social
      workers in health care settings.
AB  - This paper analyzes the sources of strain between the professions of medicine and
      social work. The two professions are compared in relation to (1) the organization
      and socialization process of professional training; (2) perspectives on patient
      care, illness and role of the health care professional; (3) attitudes toward
      knowledge and data; (4) attitudes toward and preparation for team-work; (5)
      perspectives on the role of the patient; (6) perceptions of social work's
      function.

PMID- 3992437
TI  - Bipolar disorder and social work practice.
AB  - With the introduction of lithium and increasing evidence that bipolar disorder is
      a biogenetic condition, changes have occurred in the diagnosis and treatment of
      bipolar disorder. Cross-cultural studies indicate that in the United States there
      is a tendency to overuse the diagnosis of schizophrenia when bipolar may be
      indicated. Both disorders have psychotic symptoms, rendering diagnostic confusion
      possible. This paper describes the characteristics of bipolar disorder,
      explanatory theories and treatment. A medical model of treatment is preferred.
      Issues of concern to social workers are addressed.

PMID- 3992439
TI  - Rapid preparation of lecture slides.
AB  - When lecture slides must be prepared at a moment's notice, these methods of rapid
      preparation will allow you to create good quality slides. Although rush jobs are
      usually associated with higher costs, using these methods will keep the price per
      slide to a minimum. An investment must be made for the initial equipment, but the
      cost per slide is much less than that of slides produced by the standard methods.
      Type produced by typewriters or computer printers is adequate for most slides,
      but better slides can be produced with KroyType or Letraset letters. The KL film
      is preferred for reverse slides of text or line drawings, and the RPC film for
      production of radiographic slides. If an X-omat developer is not available,
      Polaroid film is a good alternative for rapid production of slides. The KL
      reverse slide projects best and can be colored, but RPC film produces a good
      positive slide of typed material. We have also photographed from a computer
      terminal screen using the KL film to make positive slides, the Polaroid
      continuous tone film for reverse slides, and Polaroid color film for color slides
      of material composed on a computer terminal with multicolor and graphics
      capabilities.

PMID- 3992438
TI  - Chronic intestinal ischemia. The Lahey Clinic approach to management.
AB  - Recognizing decreased mesenteric arterial blood supply in symptomatic and
      asymptomatic patients is essential to successful treatment of the ischemic bowel.
      The vascular disease can be documented by using standard arteriography, including
      a lateral projection. We favor revascularization by bypass in the celiac and
      superior mesenteric systems and by reimplantation or bypass in the inferior
      mesenteric system. Externally supported ringed PTFE is our conduit of choice. The
      chances of late recurrence can be lessened by complete revascularization. For the
      patient with no symptoms of mesenteric insufficiency who undergoes
      revascularization for other abdominal arteries, it is important to avoid
      restricting the mesenteric flow when disease is present, and it may be necessary
      to revascularize the superior mesenteric artery simultaneously as a prophylactic
      measure. Avoidance of the major problems of bowel infarction can be achieved by
      these maneuvers.

PMID- 3992440
TI  - Symposium on surgical practices at the Lahey Clinic I.

PMID- 3992441
TI  - Delay in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast.
AB  - The prognostic impact of pretreatment delays was examined in an inception cohort
      of patients with carcinoma of the breast. Patients with delays of three months or
      more had a more advanced clinical stage than those with shorter delays; however,
      within each stage, prognosis was not affected by delay. Patients with delays of
      three months or more had a worse over-all prognosis than those with short delays
      because they had a less favorable distribution by anatomic stage and they had
      more adverse changes in clinical state. Nonetheless, progression of disease did
      not invariably occur among patients with longer delays. Patients with long
      delays, but without adverse changes had an excellent prognosis. The data suggests
      that carcinoma of the breast does not always progress as a function of time.
      Estimates were made of the number of patients who would benefit by reducing
      pretreatment delay. In this cohort, a maximum of 5 per cent of the patients were
      adversely affected by longer delays. Reducing delay may benefit only a small
      proportion of women with carcinoma of the breast.

PMID- 3992442
TI  - Rapid warming of infusion solution.
AB  - A useful method was developed to warm solutions rapidly used for infusion and
      peritoneal irrigation, frozen plasma and blood for transfusion. It takes only two
      minutes to warm 1 liter of saline solution from a room temperature (24.5 degrees
      C.) to a body temperature (37.0 degrees C.) with the 600 w electronic range. The
      time necessary to warm a solution to any temperature can be simply determined.
      With an infrared sensor, the time setting is not necessary. A large volume of a
      solution can be rapidly warmed. The time necessary to warm any solution can be
      shortened with higher wattage. Whole blood did not suffer any change from the
      rapid warming. A living fish was also not damaged by the electronic range, which
      directly vibrates and heats water molecules with high frequency electromagnetic
      waves. With the present method, troublesome warming procedures which have been
      done in many hospitals, even at midnight, are not necessary anymore.

PMID- 3992443
TI  - Lesions of the thyroid gland in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - To determine the frequency of coexisting thyroid gland lesions, a consecutive
      series of 30 patients operated upon for primary hyperparathyroidism were studied.
      Lesions of the thyroid gland were found in 21 (70 per cent) patients. It is known
      that patients undergoing surgical treatment for a disease of the parathyroid or
      thyroid gland should be carefully evaluated both preoperatively and
      intraoperatively for abnormalities in the other gland or glands to recognize
      coexistent disease and treat it in one single procedure. The results of this
      study has lead to the appreciation of the value of a scintiscan of the thyroid
      gland prior to operations upon the parathyroid gland. All of the patients with an
      abnormal scintiscan had coexisting pathologic findings of the thyroid gland.
      These results suggest that it is quite helpful in evaluating the thyroid gland
      prior to parathyroid gland operations.

PMID- 3992444
TI  - Factors influencing the survival of patients with follicular carcinoma of the
      thyroid gland.
AB  - Between 1948 and 1977, 84 patients with follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland
      were treated at the Cleveland Clinic. The crude survival rate was 73 per cent at
      five years and 43 per cent at ten years. The most important prognostic factor was
      the age of the patient--86 per cent of those less then 40 years old appeared to
      be cured of carcinoma compared with only 26 per cent of those more than 60 years
      old. The survival of women was a little better than that of men. Patients with
      large tumors did not do as well as those with small or medium sized ones. Those
      with highly invasive carcinoma did poorly as did those with oxyphilic tumors.
      Neither the extent of the operation nor the use of either external radiation or
      131I appeared to affect prognosis. Both involvement of lymph nodes and local
      recurrences had grave prognostic significance. Those who had neither distant
      metastases nor a history of recurrence after a previous operation when they were
      first seen by us had good prognoses, 90 per cent of them apparently having been
      cured.

PMID- 3992445
TI  - Autopsy findings after prolonged catheterization of the right atrium for
      chemotherapy in acute leukemia.
AB  - Autopsies performed upon 59 patients treated for acute leukemia through venous
      access provided by long term right atrial catheters demonstrated a significant
      incidence of thrombus formation in the vena cava or right atrium. Similar thrombi
      were not present in 49 patients who were treated for the same disease without
      long term catheters. The clinical significance of these lesions, which were not
      usually seen with less than 150 days of catheter use, is unclear. No increase in
      the likelihood of other pathologic lesions, specifically of pulmonary emboli, was
      seen to accompany thrombus formation nor did they seem in any way contributory to
      the demise of the patient. No good screening test is yet available to detect
      these lesions ante mortem.

PMID- 3992446
TI  - Unresectable hepatic metastases from carcinoma of the colon and rectum.
AB  - To alter the dismal prognosis of multiple unresectable metastases to the liver
      from carcinoma of the colon and rectum, 30 patients underwent hepatic
      dearterialization (ligation of the hepatic artery, transection of hepatic
      ligaments and cholecystectomy) and distal hepatic artery cannulation with
      prolonged infusion chemotherapy by a portable infusion pump followed by systemic
      intravenous chemotherapy. Involvement of the liver by carcinoma was less than 50
      per cent in 16 and more than 50 per cent in 14 patients. The results of follow-up
      examinations, LFT, CEA and CT scan studies showed more than 50 per cent
      regression of the tumor and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase values and CEA in
      29 patients (97 per cent); six had complete regression of tumor. The duration of
      response ranged from five to 39 months with the median of 17 or more months. The
      results of sequential LFT showed immediate increase in liver enzymes with return
      to normal in seven to 14 days. The mean CEA value decreased by 69 per cent within
      the first week and further decreased by 88 per cent in two months at the end of
      infusion chemotherapy. The over-all and adjusted survival rates from diagnosis
      were 79 and 91 per cent at 12 months; 56 and 81 per cent at 18 months, and 40 and
      65 per cent at 24 months. The over-all and adjusted median survival rate after
      the treatment was 17 and 23 months, respectively. Of the 14 patients who failed
      this program, 11 had recurrences at sites other than the liver, with hepatic
      disease in remission in the majority. Of the 17 patients who died, six died of
      causes unrelated to the recurrence of disease. Thus, hepatic dearterialization
      and infusion regional chemotherapy can "effectively" control the hepatic disease
      and increase over-all survival time from three to six months to 23 months.
      However, recurrences of extrahepatic carcinoma and other causes are responsible
      for death and the over-all guarded prognosis.

PMID- 3992447
TI  - Pregnancy after valve replacement with porcine xenograft prosthesis.
AB  - The course of 22 pregnancies in 11 women undergoing heart valve replacement with
      a porcine xenograft is reported. All of the pregnancies treated with warfarin
      were interrupted by induced abortion. Of the 11 pregnancies treated with
      dipyridamole which were not interrupted by induced abortion, fetal wastage
      occurred in five. There was no fetal wastage among three patients who were not
      treated by any kind of anticoagulant. A review of the literature revealed that
      fetal complications among patients with the mechanical prosthetic valve are
      significantly higher compared with patients with bioprosthetic valves. There was
      no maternal hemorrhagic or thromboembolic event in patients with bioprosthetic
      valves. Delivery after porcine xenograft insertion is safe provided that the
      patient is in good cardiac condition and does not require warfarin treatment.

PMID- 3992448
TI  - Cardiac response to fluid resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - The choice of fluid for volume replacement in hemorrhagic shock remains
      controversial. This study was done to compare the cardiac hemodynamic and
      metabolic effects of several regimens of fluid resuscitation. Thirty
      nonsplenectomized dogs subjected to two hours of hemorrhagic shock were
      resuscitated with shed blood alone or in combination with plasma, saline solution
      or Ringer's lactate solution. All regimens of volume replacement were equally
      effective in the initial resuscitation from severe shock. Furthermore, correction
      of metabolic acidosis and decreased lactate production were comparable in all
      groups. During late resuscitation (180 to 200 minutes), cardiac hemodynamic and
      myocardial efficiency were significantly lower in the shed blood, plasma and
      saline solution groups. Our data show that Ringer's lactate solution is
      singularly effective in maintaining left ventricular performance despite similar
      preload, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen delivery after all regimens of
      volume replacement.

PMID- 3992450
TI  - Modified Hartmann procedure for acute ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 3992449
TI  - A new approach for the reconstruction of continuity of the alimentary tract after
      pancreaticoduodenotomy.
AB  - To assess the value of a new method of reconstruction after PD, 14 patients are
      presented who underwent this operation. We used two jejunal segments for the
      reconstruction after PD, one for the biliary tract and pancreatic anastomosis and
      one for the gastrojejunal anastomosis. Additionally truncal vagotomy was carried
      out in all 14 patients. Pancreatic anastomotic leakage developed in two patients
      who responded favorably to conservative treatment and two patients died. Long
      term results revealed a satisfactory nutritional status, satisfactory quality of
      postoperative life and absence of dumping, steatorrhea and marginal ulceration.
      The results are attributed to the aforementioned reconstruction after PD. The
      encouraging results with the present series of patients prompted us to recommend
      this type of reconstruction. From the results of the present study, we recommend
      this type of reconstruction after PD as a single, safe and effective approach in
      reconstructing continuity of the alimentary tract after the aforementioned
      operation.

PMID- 3992452
TI  - Expanded use of suction drains.

PMID- 3992451
TI  - Needle biopsy of skeletal muscle using suction.
AB  - We have modified the percutaneous skeletal muscle biopsy technique by applying
      suction to the biopsy needle. This has increased the reliability and the average
      size of the specimen but has allowed the procedure to continue to be safe and
      simple.

PMID- 3992453
TI  - A universal tunneling device.
AB  - A universal tunneling device is described herein using a trocar chest tube. For
      the surgeon, it is readily available, simple, precise and effective. For the
      patient, this procedure is quick and traumatic.

PMID- 3992454
TI  - Surgical treatment of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage.
AB  - Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage accounts for 5%-10% of intracerebral hemorrhage
      in most series. From June 1979 to June 1983 we had 26 surgical cases of
      spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. There were 15 men and 11 women. The typical
      history was sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting, dizziness, and inability
      to walk. Disturbance of consciousness was usually a late feature. Common signs
      were truncal ataxia, nystagmus, conjugate eyeball deviation, small miotic pupils
      with or without light reflex and abducens palsy. Surgical indications are (a)
      disturbance of consciousness, (b) signs of brainstem compression and (c) hematoma
      with transverse diameter greater than 3 cm. The overall surgical mortality was
      34.6%. Twenty-two patients underwent suboccipital craniectomy to evacuate
      hematomas with or without ventriculostomy; mortality rate was 27%. Four patients
      underwent ventriculostomy only; mortality was 75%. Causes of death were (a)
      brainstem failure, six patients; (b) airway obstruction, one patient; (c) chest
      infection, one patient; (d) chronic renal failure, one patient. CONCLUSION: (a)
      suboccipital craniectomy to evacuate the hematoma is the most effective procedure
      where treatment is indicated; (b) the clinical recovery of the survivors show
      that 31% return to work, 38% are moderately disabled but take care of themselves,
      and 31% remain dependent on others; (c) deeply comatose patients may still
      benefit from early operation.

PMID- 3992456
TI  - Acute traumatic mutism.
AB  - A patient who had suffered acute trauma to the head is reported. The patient was
      observed immediately upon admission to the hospital, and he was noted from the
      outset to have wakeful speechlessness. The evolution and resolution of
      neurological deficits were also observed. A review of the literature and a
      discussion of the possible causes of acute traumatic mutism are presented.

PMID- 3992455
TI  - Spinal cord compression in neuroblastoma.
AB  - Twelve of 80 patients suffering from neuroblastoma who were treated during a 21
      year period had intraspinal involvement. Mediastinal tumors have a greater
      tendency to extend to the spinal canal; however, distant spread of the tumor is
      rare in patients presenting with intraspinal extension. Patients with intraspinal
      extension also survive longer than those without. Other factors affecting
      survival are age, stage of disease, duration of neurological symptoms, degree of
      histologic differentiation, and mode of therapy. In the absence of osseous
      metastasis, total excision of the primary lesion and its intraspinal components
      is usually followed by a favorable outcome; residual neurological deficits among
      survivors, however, are relatively common.

PMID- 3992458
TI  - Diencephalic syndrome of emaciation (Russell's syndrome). Long-term survival.
AB  - Three cases of diencephalic syndrome are reported. Two of them, which have been
      observed postoperatively for more than 7 years, showed typical clinical and
      endocrinologic features at the time of their first admission, but showed mass
      signs uncharacteristic of diencephalic syndrome after recurrence of the tumor.
      Recent data showed a normal baseline for plasma growth hormone but abnormalities
      in provocation tests. The significance of age in the manifestation of the
      syndrome is briefly discussed, especially in relation to the tendency toward
      normalization in the growth hormone level at a later age.

PMID- 3992457
TI  - Postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages: a survey of computed tomographic
      findings after 1074 intracranial operations.
AB  - We surveyed computed tomographic findings after 1074 intracranial operations to
      determine the incidence and etiology of postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages.
      Medium or large hemorrhages occurred after 42 operations (3.9%). Larger
      hemorrhages, hemorrhages in the suprasellar region, and hemorrhages associated
      with other types often preceded a poor outcome. Major etiologies underlying
      postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages were uncontrolled bleeding from a blind
      area, difficult dissection of a tumor from the brain, retraction injury, vessel
      injury from a needle, bleeding from a residual tumor, local hemodynamic changes
      after removal of a tumor, premature rupture of an aneurysm, and hypertensive
      putaminal hemorrhage. Hypertension during recovery from anesthesia was another
      important factor.

PMID- 3992459
TI  - Microsurgical anatomy and related techniques to an anterolateral transthoracic
      approach to thoracic disc herniations.
AB  - The microsurgical anatomy and related techniques of a modified anterolateral
      transthoracic approach to the thoracic disc space is presented. This procedure
      was performed on at least three thoracic levels of 12 cadavers within a few hours
      after death. Such an approach allows a safe decompression of the spinal cord and
      roots under full visual control. There is minimal risk to radiculomedullary
      vessels, minimal osteoligamental resection, and no compromise of stability of the
      spinal column. Therefore, this procedure does not require surgical stabilization
      of the spinal column, postoperative bracing, or prolonged bed rest. The
      difference between this approach and anterolateral transthoracic, posterolateral,
      and transpedicular approaches is discussed.

PMID- 3992460
TI  - Brain abscess as a complication of cranial traction.
AB  - A case of cerebral abscess developing as a late complication of cervical traction
      by means of Crutchfield tongs is reported and compared with 18 published cases of
      cerebral abscess after cranial traction with tongs or halo fixation. Penetration
      of the inner table by the pins of the tongs or halo unit seems to be the main
      cause of this complication. The literature is reviewed.

PMID- 3992461
TI  - Intracranial hematoma with subsequent brain abscess after carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - A 62-year-old man developed an infected left carotid endarterectomy with false
      aneurysm formation and subsequent bacteremia after staged carotid
      endarterectomies. He was found to have a right frontal lobe hemorrhage that
      developed into a staphylococcal brain abscess. We postulate there was bacterial
      seeding of the hematoma resulting in brain abscess formation.

PMID- 3992463
TI  - "Reverse" superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass.
AB  - A new technical variant on the superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery
      anastomosis was performed in a patient with occlusions of both the left internal
      and external carotid arteries and persistent ischemic symptomatology. Instead of
      anastomosing the proximal segment of the superficial temporal artery to the
      middle cerebral artery as is conventionally done, the distal segment of the
      superficial temporal artery was anastomosed to a cortical branch of the left
      middle cerebral artery. Reconstituted flow of the left superficial temporal
      artery via right superficial temporal artery collateral branches proved adequate
      to relieve the patient's ischemic episodes. "Reverse" superficial temporal artery
      middle cerebral artery anastomosis should be considered in those cases where
      occlusive disease of the external carotid circulation renders conventional bypass
      procedures ineffective in the treatment of ischemic symptomatology.

PMID- 3992462
TI  - Superolateral orbital exposure and reconstruction.
AB  - Based upon experience with 10 cases of surgical excision of orbital tumors, we
      describe a modification of the supraorbital and lateral approaches to the orbit.
      This technique gives a wide superior and lateral exposure of the orbital contents
      for microsurgical removal of orbital tumors. It is particularly applicable to
      large orbital neoplasms, tumors in the orbital apex, growths with intracranial
      extension, and medial orbital tumors. Two separate bone flaps are removed: a
      craniotomy (or cranio-orbital) flap that includes the superior and lateral
      orbital rim and a smaller, more posterior flap that includes the remainder of the
      roof and lateral wall of the orbit. After excision of a tumor, the orbital walls
      can be reconstructed in their entirety or the surgeon can leave out the smaller,
      posterior flap for orbital decompression. After reconstruction there are no
      significant anatomic, functional, or cosmetic deficits.

PMID- 3992464
TI  - Posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm associated with arteriovenous
      malformation fed by the same artery.
AB  - A 37-year-old man presented with a peripheral aneurysm of the left posterior
      inferior cerebellar artery associated with a more peripheral arteriovenous
      malformation fed by the same artery. Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred
      from rupture of the aneurysm. Review of the pertinent literature indicates that
      the aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery originates from the
      peripheral portion of the artery, when associated with arteriovenous
      malformation.

PMID- 3992465
TI  - Symptomatic disc herniation into the vertebral body.
AB  - Chronic disc herniations into the vertebral body are a common finding and rarely
      produce symptoms. However, trauma may cause them to become symptomatic and to
      imitate other mass lesions.

PMID- 3992466
TI  - Priapism as a feature of claudication of the cauda equina.
AB  - A case is reported of a man 60 years of age with degenerative stenosis of the
      lumbar canal at the L3-4 level and lumbar arachnoiditis, whose symptoms of
      claudication of the cauda equina were accompanied by uncomfortable involuntary
      erections. All symptoms were relieved by surgical decompression.

PMID- 3992467
TI  - Complications of sublaminar wiring.
AB  - Complications of sublaminar wiring are reported, including four cases that
      involved the cervical spine and one case that included the thoracolumbar spine.
      The complication rate at our institution involving the cervical spine was about
      7% and less than 1% for the thoracic spine. A direct correlation exists between
      the degree of anterior bowing, number of consecutive laminae the wire passes
      beneath, and the complication rate. The clinical presentations, radiologic
      findings, and indications for surgical removal of the wires are discussed. To our
      knowledge, nothing has been reported in the literature regarding the
      complications caused by sublaminar wiring of consecutive vertebrae.

PMID- 3992468
TI  - Cerebral angiography and neuropsychological measurement: the twain may meet.
AB  - In a sample of 31 cerebral revascularization candidates, severity and
      dissemination of atherosclerosis on the cerebral angiogram were correlated with
      two of three global indicators of neurobehavioral impairment. Additionally, the
      angiographic rating was correlated with age and with an index of medical risk
      factors, but not with duration of the longest symptomatic episode. It seems
      likely that several variables, particularly collateral circulation, help to
      determine whether a given pattern of stenoses results in neuropsychological
      dysfunction and what type of behavioral deficit occurs. In many cases, the
      configuration of neuropsychological test scores may not directly mirror the
      pattern of cerebrovascular stenoses.

PMID- 3992469
TI  - Ligamentum flavum.

PMID- 3992470
TI  - Melanocytoma: nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment.
AB  - A melanocytoma (magnocellular nevus) is a benign pigmented tumor that may arise
      wherever uveal melanocytes are present. The most commonly observed site is on or
      adjacent to the optic nerve head. In the past this tumor was frequently
      misdiagnosed as a malignant melanoma and many unnecessary enucleations were
      carried out. Its clinical features are now well recognized and, fortunately,
      specimens of melanocytomas are rarely received in ocular pathology laboratories
      today. A review of the literature concerning this tumor is presented, with
      special reference to the changing concepts in nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural
      history, and treatment that have evolved in the past one hundred years. We also
      define the clinical and histopathological features of this tumor.

PMID- 3992472
TI  - Ocular drug bioavailability from topically applied liposomes.
AB  - During the past decade liposomes have been investigated extensively for their
      ability to improve drug utilization by the body, first in the area of
      chemotherapeutics and most recently in the area of ophthalmology. Liposomes are
      vesicle-like structures with a concentric series of alternating compartments of
      aqueous spaces and phospholipid bilayers. To date, liposomes have been found to
      both promote and reduce ocular drug absorption, indicating that a definite need
      exists for further studies to evaluate the interplay of drug, liposomes, and the
      corneal surface in determining the effectiveness of liposomes as vehicles for
      topically applied ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this review is to place in
      perspective the role of liposomes in topical ocular drug delivery. As background
      material, the factors influencing ocular drug bioavailability and the features of
      liposomes pertinent to their effectiveness as drug carriers are reviewed.

PMID- 3992471
TI  - Melanocytoma of the ciliary body: presentation of four cases and review of
      nineteen reports.
AB  - A clinical and histopathologic review of 23 cases of melanocytoma of the ciliary
      body discloses that the tumor is unilateral, extends into contiguous structures,
      slowly enlarges, and commonly undergoes necrosis. We report the clinical and
      histopathologic features of four cases of melanocytoma of the ciliary body,
      review the previously reported and presented cases, and discuss the differential
      diagnosis of melanocytoma of the ciliary body.

PMID- 3992473
TI  - The disc that really isn't (hypoplastic disc syndrome)
AB  - A nine-and-one-half month old boy with poor visual function was found to have
      bilaterally small optic discs. He subsequently demonstrated a retarded growth
      pattern. A series of photographs revealing part of the spectrum of optic disc
      hypoplasia are included. Associated structural and endocrine defects as well as
      various opinions concerning the appropriate approach to these patients are
      discussed.

PMID- 3992474
TI  - The ambulatory ophthalmic surgery unit: concepts, regulations, and guidelines.
AB  - It is now accepted that ambulatory surgery--performed in a hospital-based, free
      standing, or office-based unit--can be safe, efficacious and cost-effective.
      Establishment of a successful ambulatory ocular surgery unit requires thorough
      knowledge of pertinent local, state and federal regulations, as well as
      understanding of both the physical and functional needs of such a facility. In
      this article, these aspects of establishing an ambulatory ocular surgery unit are
      outlined, and sources of additional specific information are provided.

PMID- 3992476
TI  - Ultrasonic fragmentation of gallstones in vitro.
AB  - With a Wolf Ultrasonic lithotrite, gallstones from 12 patients were fragmented in
      vitro. The average fragmentation time was 20 seconds compared with 4 days when
      they could be dissolved by monooctanoin. A stone from one patient could not be
      fragmented successfully. The ability of ultrasound to fragment gallstones did not
      depend on their cholesterol content. Ultrasonics may have an important role in
      the treatment of biliary stones, especially pigment stones.

PMID- 3992475
TI  - The diagnostic value of fungal autofluorescence.
AB  - Many pathogenic and saprophytic fungi fluoresce under ultraviolet light.
      Autofluorescence usually persists even if the specimen has undergone fixation,
      paraffin embedding, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Thus, fluorescence
      microscopy can help to identify organisms in histopathologic sections of ocular
      and periocular tissue. It may reveal microorganisms that do not stain with
      hematoxylin and eosin, and it does not alter or adversely affect microscopic
      sections. We describe a case of periocular cutaneous blastomycosis which was
      misdiagnosed clinically and histologically as squamous cell carcinoma.
      Fluorescence microscopy of the initial hematoxylin and eosin stained section
      revealed microorganisms that were not appreciated on the first skin biopsy.

PMID- 3992477
TI  - Surgical complications of neuroblastoma resection.
AB  - Locally advanced neuroblastomas in infants and very young children often require
      intricate dissection to separate the tumors from the anatomic structures that
      they have enmeshed. The rationale for these procedures is based mainly on the
      premise that near-total resection is almost as effective as total extirpation,
      given favorable circumstances of age and stage. The principal reason for not
      undertaking or aborting such resections has been to avoid the fallacy of
      intentionally sacrificing vital structures, causing serious disability, in
      circumstances in which cure is either impossible or equally likely to accrue from
      a lesser procedure. This report describes five surgical mishaps, two of which
      resulted in postoperative deaths. The potential for these complications was
      greatest during resection of locally advanced tumors in small babies. We suspect
      that this hazard is more prevalent than its scarcity in the literature would
      suggest and that potential for unintended injury should be a prominent factor in
      the decision to proceed or desist with resection of a large neuroblastoma.

PMID- 3992478
TI  - The effect of surgical weight reduction on sleep quality in obesity-related sleep
      apnea syndrome.
AB  - Obesity-related sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) was diagnosed in 13 patients evaluated
      for gastric bypass surgery. A diagnostic sleep study was performed whenever a
      specially designed questionnaire revealed characteristic signs of sleep
      disturbances. Pretreatment polyhypnographic recordings of patients with SAS
      demonstrated considerable reduction of deep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
      stages with a correspondent prolongation of wake within sleep or non-REM sleep
      stages I and II. After surgical weight reduction repeated polyhypnographic
      recordings revealed considerable improvement or even a complete recovery of
      breathing in sleep and a normalization of sleep structure. Non-REM deep sleep
      stages (III and IV) augmented from 5.51% +/- 2.53% (mean + SEM) to 22.69% +/-
      3.56% (p less than 0.002), and the REM stage increased from 9.91% +/- 1.78% to
      18.15% +/- 2.13% (p less than 0.005). Surgical weight reduction in obesity
      related SAS is a valuable therapeutic measure for this respiratory derangement,
      as well as for sleep quality.

PMID- 3992479
TI  - Surgical strategy in nonfamilial primary parathyroid hyperplasia: long-term
      follow-up of thirty-nine cases.
AB  - The extent and result of surgery in 39 cases of nonfamilial primary parathyroid
      hyperplasia followed from 2 to 20 years are reported. Thirteen patients had been
      subjected to subtotal parathyroidectomy leaving no gland intact, while 26 had
      undergone less extensive surgery leaving at least one grossly normal or near
      normal gland intact without biopsy. In the former group two patients (15%)
      developed permanent hypoparathyroidism requiring vitamin D treatment. In the
      latter group there were two patients (8%) with persistent hypercalcemia, which
      might have been avoided with a subtotal parathyroidectomy. Judging from these
      results, we believe that an individualized surgical approach is justifiable in
      nonfamilial primary parathyroid hyperplasia. Subtotal parathyroidectomy, leaving
      no gland intact, is advocated as the method of choice only when all four glands
      are enlarged. If one or more glands are grossly normal or near normal, factors
      such as degree of hypercalcemia, symptoms, age, general condition, and life
      expectancy should be taken into consideration when the extent of the operation is
      decided. A more conservative operation leaving at least one grossly normal gland
      intact without biopsy appears to be sufficient for cure in most of these cases
      and minimizes the risk for development of permanent hypoparathyroidism.

PMID- 3992480
TI  - Oscillating loop endarterectomy for peripheral vascular reconstruction.
AB  - A new technique for endarterectomy of the aorta, iliac, femoropopliteal, and
      three distal vessels of the lower leg is a safe and predictable method of
      endarterectomy that has proved to be effective. By the use of this technique the
      superficial femoral artery and its collateral branches are opened, considerably
      increasing the blood flow to the lower leg. Increased knowledge concerning
      thrombogenic enzymes, released when cleavage of the arterial wall is performed,
      has led to the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulative drug therapy. This has
      significantly enhanced the patency of the endarterectomized vessel. Today, with
      many patients having the saphenous veins harvested for coronary bypass or needing
      these veins for future bypass surgery, it seems reasonable to perform an
      endarterectomy of the femoral artery.

PMID- 3992481
TI  - Laser-assisted microvascular anastomoses: angiographic and anatomopathologic
      studies on growing microvascular anastomoses: preliminary report.
AB  - A low-powered carbon dioxide laser was used to perform end-to-end anastomoses of
      growing femoral arteries (mean diameter 1.6 mm) in miniature swine. Five
      microvascular conventional anastomoses were performed with 10-0 monofilament
      interrupted sutures. Nine laser-assisted vascular anastomoses were performed. The
      mean duration of each anastomosis was 30 +/- 3 minutes for the conventional
      anastomosis and 20 +/- 2 minutes for the laser-assisted vascular anastomosis (p
      less than 0.05). All anastomoses were patent at the completion of the procedure.
      Each laser-assisted anastomosis required an average of eight laser pulses of 2 to
      4 seconds. After 13 weeks the external diameters of the conventional anastomoses
      were 1.8 mm (+15%), while the laser-assisted anastomoses averaged 3.0 mm (+81%)
      (p less than 0.05). All nine laser-assisted anastomoses were patent, functional,
      and free of stenosis compared with one out of five conventional anastomoses.
      Histologically the laser induced minimal or no fibrosis, allowing normal
      physiologic healing and growth patterns. Electron microscopy confirmed that the
      integrity of the arterial layers had been restored. These findings suggest that a
      low-energy carbon dioxide laser has potential clinical application for
      anastomosis of small growing vessels.

PMID- 3992482
TI  - Hemihepatectomy and transfer of the portal inflow tract of the retained hemiliver
      in the dog.
AB  - The results of resection of cancers arising from the biliary tract or hilar
      portions of the liver might be improved by concomitant resection of all
      potentially involved regional lymphatics and vessels in the hepatoduodenal
      ligament. A method to replace the portal vein before its resection in combination
      with a hemihepatectomy was developed in 15 dogs. A second hepatic inflow tract
      for the portal blood was constructed by transposition of the splenic vein to an
      intrahepatic portal vein branch spared during hemihepatectomy. When this
      paraportal bypass had been shown to function well, the portal vein could be cut
      safely. Under the influence of the initially raised portal blood pressure, the
      bypass expanded in the next several weeks to a vessel almost as wide as the
      former portal vein, with concomitant normalization of the portal pressure and
      normal liver regeneration. Replacement of the portal vein as such by an adequate
      paraportal bypass enhances the resectable area of the liver hilus.

PMID- 3992483
TI  - Liver transection: a controlled study of four different techniques in pigs.
AB  - The optimal method of transecting liver parenchyma has not been established and
      presently a variety of methods are in use. In a controlled study in pigs standard
      resections were performed with four different transection techniques: ultrasonic
      dissection, suction dissection, electrocautery, and sharp dissection. The blood
      loss, number of vessels identified before their division, need for additional
      hemostatic measures, and time for each procedure were evaluated. Also, the
      histologic appearance of the fresh and the healing cut surface of the liver was
      studied. The blood loss was the lowest when ultrasonic dissection was used
      (median blood loss of 58 ml per resection). The comparisons with suction
      dissection (median blood loss of 87 ml) and cautery (median blood loss of 79 ml)
      were not significant. The ultrasonic and suction dissection techniques were both
      effective in isolating vessels, but the ultrasonic dissector did this more
      atraumatically. Cautery and ultrasonic dissection had a hemostatic effect on the
      parenchyma in that a significantly smaller number of vessels needed to be clipped
      or tied. On histologic study of the fresh cut liver surface, a smooth surface was
      seen with ultrasonic dissection, parenchymal hemorrhage after suction dissection,
      and coagulation necrosis after electrocautery. Ultrasonic dissection was the only
      technique that combined lowered blood loss because medium- and large-size vessels
      were dissected free and ligated before transection and a hemostatic effect on
      small vessels.

PMID- 3992484
TI  - An unusual thyroid tumor: a comparison to a literature review of thyroid
      teratomas.
AB  - Presented is a patient with a tumor containing elements from two germ layers. It
      was associated within the patient's thyroid gland (located in a benign adenoma),
      but since the elements were widely separated from each other the tumor could not
      be classified as a teratoma or hamartoma. To our knowledge no similar tumor has
      been described. The interesting characteristics of this patient are described.
      The characteristics of this benign tumor are compared with those of cases in the
      literature of adult thyroid teratomas.

PMID- 3992485
TI  - Venous gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
AB  - We present a patient with deep venous thrombosis, which progressed to venous
      gangrene while the patient was receiving heparin therapy. Heparin-induced
      thrombocytopenia was confirmed with platelet aggregation studies, and a causal
      relationship is suspected. The association is an argument for close monitoring of
      platelet counts in patients undergoing heparinization for deep venous thrombosis.

PMID- 3992486
TI  - Iliac endarterectomy with crossover ileofemoral bypass grafting for bilateral
      iliac artery stenosis.
AB  - The high-risk patient with claudication or impending limb loss secondary to iliac
      artery occlusive disease presents a difficult management problem. The morbidity
      and operative mortality rates of an aortoiliac or aortofemoral bypass procedure
      can be significant in the elderly or high-risk patient with multiple medical
      problems. An alternative to the axillofemoral bypass graft and other procedures
      that have been used in this clinical setting is presented. The combination of
      endarterectomy of the donor iliac vessel and retrorectus crossover bypass graft
      has been used in five patients, with good results at 6-month to 2-year follow-up.
      There have been no operative deaths and a retroperitoneal hematoma has been the
      only complication. One patient required balloon catheter dilatation of a stenotic
      vessel distal to the bypass graft for relief of recurrent claudication symptoms.
      This procedure appears to be a safe and effective therapeutic option in the
      patient considered an unsuitable candidate for aortofemoral bypass grafting
      because of advanced age or associated medical problems.

PMID- 3992487
TI  - Recurrent pseudocysts and pancreatitis after trauma: a complication of pancreas
      divisum.
AB  - Two patients are described who developed pancreatitis and recurrent pseudocysts
      after minimal trauma. Both had the congenital anomaly of pancreas divisum, and
      neither responded to surgical therapy appropriate to patients with normal
      anatomy. Both patients eventually required excision of the entire dorsal portion
      of the pancreas for relief. Patients with pancreatitis and pseudocysts should
      undergo endoscopic pancreatography immediately before surgery to aid in the
      definition of appropriate surgical therapy.

PMID- 3992488
TI  - Visceral anomalies in the Meckel syndrome.
AB  - The visceral abnormalities of 32 autopsied Meckel's syndrome cases were analysed
      macroscopically and histologically in order to observe the distribution and
      spectrum of internal abnormalities in this hereditary malformation syndrome. All
      cases showed the classical triad of central nervous system anomaly, postaxial
      polydactyly, and cystic kidneys. Five cases were midterm fetuses and 27 cases
      were perinatal deaths. The kidneys were grossly enlarged in almost all of the
      cases (29) and showed a uniform histological pattern of fibrocystic
      proliferation, which is considered characteristic of MS. Fibrosis and
      proliferation of the bile ducts in the hepatic portal tracts were found in each
      case. Severe hypoplasia of the male genitalia associated with cryptorchidism was
      the third consistent anomaly. Derivatives of the mullerian ducts were present in
      four males, and the initial sex determination of the male infants was sometimes
      difficult. Epididymal cysts (39%) and ductal dilatation as well as fibrosis of
      the pancreas (31%) were further common anomalies. This series showed that a
      number of gross and microscopic abnormalities are consistently present in MS and
      that histological investigation is invaluable in defining the syndrome in
      doubtful cases.

PMID- 3992489
TI  - Monozygotic twin aborted fetuses discordant for holoprosencephaly/synotia.
AB  - A pair of monozygotic twin fetuses aborted at 15 weeks were found to be
      discordant for holoprosencephaly and synotia. They were studied grossly,
      radiologically, and histologically. Features of first brancial arch dysplasia
      (synotia, agnathia, and astomia) and holoprosencephaly (absent ethmoid bone and
      Rathke's pouch) observed in one twin were contrasted with minimal dysmorphology
      in the co-twin. Some evidence of the twin transfusion syndrome was also apparent,
      perhaps contributing to the twins' spontaneous abortion.

PMID- 3992490
TI  - Reduction of caffeine teratogenicity in mice by inducing maternal drug metabolism
      with beta-naphthoflavone.
AB  - The effect of stimulating maternal drug metabolism on caffeine teratogenicity was
      investigated in C57BL/6J (cytochrome P1-450 inducible) and AKR/J (cytochrome P1
      450 noninducible) mice. The inducing agent, beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) in corn
      oil, was administered intraperitoneally (IP) to dams at 20 or 80 mg/kg/d on days
      9 and 10 of gestation. Teratogenic injections of 175 mg/kg/d caffeine in
      deionized water were administered IP on days 11 and 12 of gestation. All dams
      were sacrificed on day 18 of gestation, and fetuses were fixed for razor blade
      sectioning and skeletal examination. Caffeine, without maternal metabolism
      stimulation, caused similar types and rates of malformations in both strains of
      mice. Inducing drug metabolism during pregnancy with beta-NF protected the
      embryos from the congenital toxicities of large injections of caffeine.
      Reductions in embryolethality, limb malformations, and hematoma formation were
      evident in the inducible strain but not in the strain incapable of being induced.
      A dosage of eighty mg/kg/d was more effective than 20 mg/kg/d beta-NF in
      decreasing malformations, suggesting that stimulation of metabolism and caffeine
      induced teratogenicity are inversely related. Rapid elimination of caffeine
      resulting from increasing drug metabolism with the concomitant decrease in
      toxicity would indicate that caffeine, and not a metabolite, is the toxicant.

PMID- 3992491
TI  - Effects of hyperketonemia on mouse embryonic and fetal glucose metabolism in
      vitro.
AB  - The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (B-OHB) has been shown to be teratogenic to
      early-somite mouse embryos, although the mechanism responsible for these defects
      has not been determined. In an attempt to define this mechanism, the present
      study investigated the normal pattern of both glucose and B-OHB utilization in
      the developing embryo and fetus. Furthermore, the metabolic interaction of these
      two substrates, i.e., the potential for B-OHB to inhibit glycolysis, was studied.
      All studies compared early and late embryonic periods of development as well as
      fetal stages. The results show that the early embryo relies almost exclusively on
      glycolysis for energy metabolism and suggests that there is an increasing
      importance of the Krebs cycle with increasing gestational age. Similarly, the
      early embryo has a low capacity to metabolize B-OHB, whereas later gestational
      stages display a greater rate of utilization. Finally, there appears to be no
      inhibition of glycolysis by B-OHB (via so-called "substrate interactions") during
      early embryonic stages. However, the compound significantly inhibits glycolysis
      during later embryonic and fetal stages. These studies suggest that the
      teratogenicity of B-OHB in the early embryo is not due to its effects on
      modulating glycolysis, although this mechanism may be operating at later periods
      of gestation.

PMID- 3992492
TI  - Developmental toxicity of the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin in the golden
      hamster.
AB  - Cassava, a staple food in many tropical countries, has been suspected as a cause
      of human congenital defects. Ingestion of the material during pregnancy has been
      reported to induce limb defects, microcephaly, open eye, and growth retardation
      in rats. Linamarin is a natural cyanogenic glycoside that occurs in high
      concentrations in cassava. In the present study, pregnant hamsters received an
      oral dose of 70,100, 120 or 140 mg/kg linamarin or an equivalent volume of
      isotonic saline during the early primitive streak stage of gestation. A dose of
      120 or 140 mg/kg of the glycoside was associated with an increased incidence of
      vertebral and rib anomalies as well as the production of encephaloceles in the
      offspring. These larger doses of linamarin also resulted in obvious maternal
      toxicity. Linamarin treatment had no effect on fetal body weight, ossification of
      fetal skeletons, embryonic mortality, or litter size. Although ingestion of the
      cyanogenic glycoside was associated with a significant teratogenic response, the
      effects occurred only at doses that elicited signs of maternal intoxication.

PMID- 3992493
TI  - Embryotoxic effects of doxorubicin and N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate
      (AD-32).
AB  - Anthracyclines are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and also cardiotoxic. Concern has
      been shown over the use of anthracycline anticancer drugs during pregnancy as
      these may be teratogenic to the human fetus. We have performed a series of
      experiments using the chick embryo to investigate and compare the toxic and
      teratogenic effects of doxorubicin (DX) and its new analog N
      trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD-32). DX and AD-32, dissolved in 1:1
      emulphor/ethanol and diluted to 1:4 with water, were injected into the air sac of
      white leghorn chick eggs at dose levels of 1-20 micrograms (DX) and 5-100
      micrograms (AD-32) per egg. Eggs received a single injection of the drugs on days
      1 and 2 of incubation. Control eggs were injected with an equivalent volume of
      the drug vehicle (0.05 ml per egg). Both of the drugs caused embryonic death,
      stunted growth, and various gross morphological malformations. Surviving embryos
      were sacrificed when they reached 13 days of incubation. The LD50 values for days
      1 and 2 were as follows: (DX, 2.5 micrograms/egg on day 1 and 0.9 microgram/egg
      on day 2; AD-32, 10.6 micrograms/egg on day 1 and 11.8 micrograms/egg on day 2).
      Stunting of growth, a common anomaly with both drugs, decreased sharply from day
      1 to day 2. The studies demonstrate that both DX and AD-32 are toxic and
      teratogenic during the period of early organogenesis in the chick embryos.
      However, the toxic and teratogenic potentials of DX and AD-32 differ
      quantitatively. AD-32 is a more potent teratogen than DX when injected on day 1.

PMID- 3992494
TI  - Pathogenesis of the mouse forelimb deformity induced by acetazolamide: an
      electron microscopic study.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopic observations after removal of the epidermis from
      developing limb buds reveal a fine mesenchymal cell process meshwork (CPM). The
      relationship between apical ectodermal ridge (AER) development and CPM density
      was investigated and related to the postaxial reduction deformities induced by
      acetazolamide (AA). AA was given orally to pregnant mice at 9 A.M. and 4 P.M. of
      day 9 and 9 A.M. of day 10 (VP = 0) in a dose of 1,000 mg/kg. Forelimb
      ectrodactyly, especially on the right, was the most common deformity observed.
      Scanning electron microscopic observations showed that the AER in AA-treated
      right forelimb buds did not extend postaxially as far as that in controls. The
      postaxial region with the hypoplastic AER became defective. Scanning and
      transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that in control and
      treated right forelimb buds, the CPM underneath the typical AER was sparser than
      that underneath the dorsal or ventral non-ridge epidermis. However, in treated
      right forelimb buds, the CPM underneath a hypoplastic AER was denser than that
      underneath the normal AER. These findings suggest that AA-induced deformity
      results from a disturbance of the AER-mesenchymal interactions.

PMID- 3992495
TI  - Hyperthermia as a teratogen: parameters determining hyperthermia-induced head
      defects in the rat.
AB  - This study determined the relationship between the duration and extent of
      temperature elevation, during a critical period of rat embryonic development, and
      the induction of congenital malformations. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, at 9
      days 12 hours gestation (gastrulation stage), were partially immersed in a water
      bath until their core temperature, monitored by a rectal thermistor probe, was
      elevated to a nominated temperature. Seven temperatures were tested from 40.5
      degrees C to 43.5 degrees C, elevations of 2.0-5.0 degrees C in core temperature.
      Various durations at each of these temperatures were tested for potential
      teratogenicity. A single elevation of 5.0 degrees C or 4.5 degrees C needed only
      a "spike" in duration to be teratogenic, 4.0 degrees C was teratogenic within 5
      minutes, 3.5 degrees C within 10 minutes, 3.0 degrees C within 20 minutes, and
      2.5 degrees C within 1 hour. An elevation of 2.0 degrees C for 8 hours was not
      teratogenic. Microphthalmia was the most common malformation at all teratogenic
      temperatures and was frequently the only malformation seen at the shortest time
      exposure for a particular temperature. Encephalocele, facial clefting, and
      maxillary hypoplasia were the other frequently seen malformations. Five control
      rats were placed in the water bath for 2 hours at 38 degrees C so that their core
      temperature was not elevated. All the control fetuses were normal. An elevation
      of 2.5 degrees C for 1 hour was the threshold combination for teratogenesis. As
      the temperature increased above a 2.5 degrees C elevation the necessary duration
      of exposure for teratogenesis decreased.

PMID- 3992496
TI  - Potentiation of acetazolamide induced ectrodactyly in Wistar rats by vasoactive
      agents and physical clamping of the uterus.
AB  - The vasoactive agents serotonin, ergotamine, and nicotine potentiate
      acetazolamide induced forelimb ectrodactyly (missing digits) in Wistar rats.
      These vasoactive agents administered alone do not produce forelimb ectrodactyly
      and are not known to be inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. Additionally, physical
      clamping of the uterine horns in addition to oral acetazolamide administration
      increases the frequency of forelimb ectrodactyly, suggesting that decreased
      uterine blood flow can potentiate acetazolamide teratogenesis. Since the
      vasoactive agents used in this study are reported to possess uterine
      vasoconstrictive activity, a decrease in uterine blood flow is a plausible
      mechanism for the potentiative ability of these agents.

PMID- 3992497
TI  - Strain differences between C57BL/6 and SWV mice in time of palate closure and
      induction of palatal slit and cleft palate.
AB  - Palatal slit, which occurs spontaneously in C57BL/6 (C57BL) mice, is increased in
      frequency among C57BL fetuses from dams treated with triamcinolone acetonide, but
      is not induced in SWV fetuses. On the other hand, C57BL is more resistant than
      SWV to cleft palate induction by triamcinolone. Using these C57BL and SWV mice,
      the relation of palate stage and chronological age was examined from 1 P.M. on
      day 14 to 9 A.M. on day 16 in untreated embryos, and the condition of the palate
      after triamcinolone treatment on day 12 was examined at 9 A.M. on day 16. In
      untreated embryos, horizontalization and fusion of the palatal shelves occurred
      earlier in C57BL than in SWV embryos, but fusion of the primary palate with the
      secondary palate occurred later. After triamcinolone treatment, the development
      of the palate was delayed in both C57BL and SWV embryos. These results suggest
      that the times of normal palate closure are related to the differences between
      C57BL and SWV mice in their susceptibilities to palatal slit and cleft palate
      induction and that triamcinolone produces palatal slit and cleft palate by
      delaying palate closure.

PMID- 3992498
TI  - Teratogen update: iodine deficiency.

PMID- 3992499
TI  - Advances in the treatment of acute leukemia.

PMID- 3992501
TI  - Malpractice avoidance techniques.

PMID- 3992500
TI  - Rhinoscleroma.

PMID- 3992502
TI  - Demographic characteristics of entering medical students at the University of
      Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.

PMID- 3992503
TI  - Preferred provider organizations--an emerging health care delivery system.

PMID- 3992504
TI  - From statistics to history: personal accounts of professional liability suits.

PMID- 3992505
TI  - [Colpitis and cytological cancer smears].

PMID- 3992506
TI  - [Oral therapy of vaginal candidiasis with ketoconazole].

PMID- 3992507
TI  - [Chlamydia infections in gynecology and obstetrics].

PMID- 3992508
TI  - [Acute Lipschutz vulvar ulcer in the differential diagnosis].

PMID- 3992509
TI  - [Current treatment methods in aspecific colpitis].

PMID- 3992510
TI  - [Treatment of aspecific colpitis with Solco Trichovac].

PMID- 3992511
TI  - Measurement of fibrinogen concentrations in suspensions of washed rabbit and
      human platelets by radioimmunoassays.
AB  - Although fibrinogen is a cofactor in platelet aggregation, washed rabbit
      platelets aggregate when stimulated with ADP even when no fibrinogen is added to
      the platelet suspension. Washed human platelets usually do not aggregate to a
      significant extent when stimulated with ADP unless fibrinogen is added. To study
      this phenomenon, radioimmunoassays for rabbit and human fibrinogens have been
      developed and used to measure fibrinogen concentrations in suspensions of washed
      platelets. The fibrinogen concentration in the suspending medium of rabbit
      platelets was 2.5 +/- 0.9 micrograms/10(9) platelets, and upon stimulation with 9
      microM ADP it increased to 10.7 +/- 2.9 micrograms/10(9) platelets. The loss of
      fibrinogen from the platelets was significantly greater than the loss of 14C
      serotonin (11% vs 2%). The presence of prostaglandin E1 reduced the fibrinogen
      concentration to approximately 1 micrograms/10(9) platelets and prevented
      aggregation and loss of fibrinogen when the platelets were stimulated with ADP.
      With human platelets, the extracellular concentrations of fibrinogen and beta
      thromboglobulin, expressed as percentages of the amount in the platelets, were
      similar, and the increase in fibrinogen concentration upon ADP stimulation
      (approximately 2%) was much lower than with rabbit platelets. We conclude that
      rabbit platelets may release fibrinogen from their alpha-granules when stimulated
      with ADP, and that a portion of the released fibrinogen becomes available to
      support aggregation. Smaller amounts of fibrinogen would become available in the
      case of human platelets.

PMID- 3992512
TI  - A comparison of heparin potency estimates obtained by activated partial
      thromboplastin time and british pharmacopoeial assays.
AB  - Heparin samples from five manufacturers were assayed by the revised British
      Pharmacopoeia (BP) heparin assay and the results compared with those obtained
      using the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay. The United States
      Pharmacopoeia (USP) reference heparin preparation and the 4th International
      Standard (IS) for heparin were also assayed by the two methods relative to the
      3rd IS. The results obtained by the revised BP assay were in close agreement with
      those obtained by the APTT assay for all the heparins that were tested. The
      assays revealed that there is at least a 10% discrepancy between the
      International Unit for heparin and the USP unit.

PMID- 3992513
TI  - Relationship between thromboembolic complications and intensity of treatment
      during long-term prophylaxis with oral anticoagulants following DVT.
AB  - The frequency of thromboembolic recurrencies during secondary prophylaxis after
      DVT was retrospectively studied and related to the intensity of the oral
      anticoagulation. All patients receiving oral anticoagulation after DVT at our
      hospital during April 1972-May 1980 were studied. Treatment was given to 596
      patients for 724 thrombotic events for a total of 4450 months. Thirty-six
      thromboembolic complications, all objectively verified, occurred. Patients with
      cancer had complications throughout the entire range of anticoagulation. Patients
      without neoplastic disease (15 events) never had complications below a
      prothrombin complex level of 27% as assessed with Simplastin A, corresponding to
      a BCT-ratio of 1.9. This study confirms, that the lower limit of the therapeutic
      range, determined by the risk of thromboembolic complications, should be set at a
      Simplastin A-level of approx. 25% corresponding to BCT 2.0.

PMID- 3992514
TI  - Reliability and clinical impact of the normalization of the prothrombin times in
      oral anticoagulant control.
AB  - In 1983, the World Health Organization (WHO) published recommendations for
      normalization, in oral anticoagulant control, of the prothrombin time (PT). The
      common denominator is the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of a
      thromboplastin, obtained by means of thromboplastin calibration. The common scale
      is that of the International Normalized Ratio (INR). The INR is the PT ratio
      (Formula: see text) which would have been found with the WHO primary
      international reference preparation (IRP) 67/40. The reliability of the INR
      depends on the extent of calibration precision, patient-specific influences, as
      well as inter-laboratory variation in the PT determination. Under well-controlled
      conditions the overall coefficient of variation (CV) of the INR is 11-13.5%, if
      thromboplastins of ISI congruent to 1 are used. For so-called low-sensitivity
      thromboplastins (ISI congruent to 2-2.5), the overall variation is larger due to
      a large between-laboratory variation of the measured PT-ratios. The user of
      thromboplastin will be provided with a chart or graph enabling him to convert the
      conventional terms used for expressing PTs into INRs. For quality assurance, and
      to prepare his own calibration chart if necessary, he should check normalization
      by means of control plasmas to which INRs have been assigned. There is sufficient
      clinical evidence to express optimal therapeutic ranges in terms of INR.
      Manufacturers should revise and adapt their inserts where necessary in order to
      conform to these requirements.

PMID- 3992515
TI  - International Committee for Standardization in Haematology, International
      Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis: ICSH/ICTH recommendations for reporting
      prothrombin time in oral anticoagulant control.

PMID- 3992516
TI  - Low molecular weight heparins and bleeding.

PMID- 3992517
TI  - Discrepancy in fibrinolytic response to desmopressin as compared to venous
      occlusion--a preliminary report.

PMID- 3992518
TI  - Monitoring the intrinsic pathway of coagulation during heparin therapy.

PMID- 3992519
TI  - "In vivo" catabolism of prothrombin molecule--parallel decrease of coagulant,
      antigenic and staphylo-coagulase activities.

PMID- 3992520
TI  - Binding of fibrinogen to cultured bovine endothelial cells.
AB  - The binding properties of purified bovine fibrinogen to bovine aortic endothelial
      cells have been examined in a tissue culture system. Endothelial cells bound 125I
      fibrinogen in a calcium dependent fashion. Removal of calcium by EDTA
      instantaneously detached most of the cell-associated fibrinogen. Binding of
      fibrinogen to the endothelial cells was not saturable with time and dosage.
      Competition studies and displacement experiments did not indicate the involvement
      of a specific receptor site for the fibrinogen-endothelial cell-interaction.
      Bovine serum albumin provided in the physiological ratio of 20:1 to fibrinogen
      competed as effectively as unlabelled fibrinogen for 125I-fibrinogen binding to
      the endothelial cells. And furthermore, internalization of cell-associated tracer
      into the endothelial cells that could be demonstrated in the presence of serum
      free medium did not occur in the presence of albumin. These data suggest that
      fibrinogen binding to intact bovine endothelial cells is unspecific and
      presumably negligible in the presence of physiological albumin concentrations.

PMID- 3992521
TI  - Phosphorus labeling of proteins and phospholipids in intact platelets in response
      to pH 5.3.
AB  - Previous studies had shown that when gel-filtered or washed human platelets were
      incubated at pH 5.3, the cells secreted their granule-stored materials suggesting
      that low pH can act as a platelet activator. We determined here whether the
      effects of low pH on platelet protein phosphorylation and on platelet lipid
      metabolism were consistent with this view. When washed human platelets were
      incubated for 20 min at pH 5.3 and electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE, there was a great
      increase in 32P-label in the 20,000 and 47,000 dalton protein bands. There was
      also an increase in the labeling of phosphatidic acid and a small decrease in
      phosphatidyl inositol. When the platelets were returned to pH 7.6, the 32P
      labeling of the 20,000 and 47,000 dalton bands was greatly reduced, and that of
      phosphatidic acid reduced to the control value, while the labeling of
      phosphatidyl inositol was increased above control. Incubation at pH 5.3 for 60
      min gave the same pattern, but return to pH 7.6 resulted in only partial reversal
      of labeling of the two protein bands and little decrease in the label associated
      with phosphatidic acid, but the radioactivity in phosphatidyl inositol was
      greatly increased. The changes in the 32P-labeling of phospholipids and proteins
      after incubation of platelets at pH 5.3 may reflect an increase in cytoplasmic
      Ca++ resulting from leakage of Ca++ from intracellular storage sites, a process
      which becomes irreversible after longer time exposure to the low pH.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3992522
TI  - Quantitative and continuous analysis of ATP release from blood platelets with
      firefly luciferase luminescence.
AB  - An analytical method was devised to determine the entire course of the adenosine
      triphosphate (ATP) release from blood platelets based on a continuous measurement
      of firefly luciferase luminescence. The equation of the release reaction was
      derived after due consideration of substrate (ATP) consumption and product
      (oxyluciferin) inhibition on the luciferase reaction as follows: Ct = Vt X
      (Km/Vmax) X (1 + It/Ki) + It, where Ct is the total concentration of the released
      ATP at time t, vt is the velocity of the luciferase reaction at time t and is
      directly measured, It is the concentration of oxyluciferin at time t, and Vmax,
      Km and Ki are constants. Ct of the gel-filtered platelet suspension (GFP) could
      be determined by substituting vt and It as functions of t. The effects of albumin
      and temperature on the reaction were also studied.

PMID- 3992523
TI  - The involvement of platelets and the coronary vasculature in collagen-induced
      sudden death in rabbits.
AB  - The mechanism of collagen-induced sudden death in rabbits was studied by
      measuring blood pressure (BP), heart rate, ECG, the continuous platelet count and
      the plasma levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto prostaglandin F1a (6-keto
      PGF1a). Death was preceded by myocardial ischaemia and a sharp fall in BP which
      occurred before any fall in platelet count was observed. The calcium entry
      blockers (CEBS), verapamil, nifedipine and PY 108-068 protected the rabbits from
      sudden death without any significant effect on the decrease in the platelet count
      or increase in plasma TXB2 levels. 6-keto PGF1a could not be detected in any
      plasma samples. Indomethacin and tri-sodium citrate also protected the rabbits
      but significantly reduced the fall in platelet count and plasma TXB2. In vitro
      studies on isolated aortae indicated that verapamil non-specifically inhibited
      vasoconstriction induced by KCl, adrenaline and U46619 (a thromboxane agonist).
      It is concluded that CEBS physiologically antagonize the vasoconstricting actions
      of platelet-derived substances and that it is coronary vasoconstriction that is
      primarily the cause of death.

PMID- 3992524
TI  - Measurement of autoantibodies against fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products
      by enzyme-linked immunoassay.
AB  - We have devised a simple enzyme immunoassay to detect and quantitate
      autoantibodies against derivatives of fibrinogen. This assay has been applied
      with a range of antigens including a fibrinogen lysate (containing X, Y, D and
      E), D dimer, D dimer-E and a preparation of high molecular weight complexes
      derived from crosslinked fibrin. We have found that autoantibodies interacting
      with these antigens can be detected in varying concentrations in most sera from
      both normal subjects and patients with a variety of diseases and are evidently of
      mixed Ig class. These autoantibodies are directed against at least several
      cryptic antigens which appear during fibrinogen/fibrin degradation and some
      appear to be directed specifically against cross-linked fibrin derivatives. No
      clear disease correlates have yet emerged but a relationship between elevated
      levels and prior infective, thrombotic, inflammatory or traumatic disorders is
      likely. It is suggested that these autoantibodies may contribute to the
      catabolism of fibrinogen derivatives, provide a marker of thrombosis, and
      sometimes produce pathologic effects.

PMID- 3992525
TI  - PAF-acether may not mediate the third pathway of platelet aggregation since self
      desensitization reduces the effects of low thrombin but enhances those of
      convulxin.
AB  - PAF-acether (platelet-activating factor) was hypothesized as the mediator of the
      ADP and thromboxane-independent activation of platelets induced by thrombin (Thr)
      and by the snake venom glycoprotein convulxin (Cx). Aspirinized rabbit platelets
      self-desensitized to PAF-acether were less responsive to low amounts of Thr, as
      expected if PAF-acether would be formed, but were hyper-reactive to Cx, in
      contradiction with its hypothesized mediating role. Aggregation by higher
      concentrations of Thr overcame inhibition. Experiments with ADP-depleted
      platelets showed that secretion is neither involved with desensitization to PAF
      acether nor with hyper-reactivity to Cx. Those effects required the presence of
      PAF-acether in the platelet suspension and persisted when transformation of PAF
      acether into its recognized metabolite alkyl-acyl-glycerophosphorylcholine was
      inhibited. The ADP and thromboxane-independent activation of rabbit platelets by
      low and medium concentrations of Thr may be accounted for by platelet formation
      of PAF-acether, but overall the contrasting effects of platelet desensitization
      to PAF-acether on responsiveness to Thr and to Cx suggest that the third pathway
      of aggregation requires other explanations.

PMID- 3992526
TI  - The effects of post-heparin plasma lipases on anti-Xa clotting activity.
AB  - The effects of hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on
      the anti-Xa clotting activity of plasma were studied. LPL had no effect, but HTGL
      enhanced anti-Xa activity. This enhancement was shown to be due to a time
      dependent action of HTGL on lipoproteins. These results could explain the
      increases in anti-Xa clotting activity previously observed after injection of
      heparin analogues, SSHA and SP54, which are potent releasers of lipase enzymes.

PMID- 3992527
TI  - Fibrinogen Kawaguchi: an abnormal fibrinogen characterized by defective release
      of fibrinopeptide A.
AB  - A congenital dysfibrinogenemia was found in a 32-year-old asymptomatic female and
      her immediate family. The propositus, apparently a heterozygote for the
      abnormality, characteristically showed defective release of fibrinopeptide A from
      half of her fibrinogen molecules. No fibrinopeptide A was cleaved off from the
      isolated abnormal molecule by thrombin or snake venoms (Reptilase and Ancrod) as
      evidenced by radioimmunoassay, high performance liquid chromatography and
      determination of the NH2-terminal amino acids. The abnormal fibrinogen formed a
      solid gel solely by the release of fibrinopeptide B upon incubation with
      thrombin. We provisionally designate this abnormal fibrinogen as "Fibrinogen
      Kawaguchi", although possible identity with other abnormal fibrinogens is not
      excluded.

PMID- 3992529
TI  - The activation of Glu- and Lys-plasminogens by streptokinase: effects of fibrin,
      fibrinogen and their degradation products.
AB  - Studies were performed on the activation of a native form of human plasminogen
      (Glu-plg) or its degraded form (Lys-plg) by streptokinase (SK) in the presence of
      fibrin, fibrinogen, SK-potentiator, fragment D or E. When Glu-plg (0.1 microM)
      was activated by 0.5 u/ml of SK in the presence of 100 micrograms of S-2251 and
      0.1 microM of fibrin, fibrinogen or their degradation products (potentiating
      agents), fibrin enhanced the rate of the hydrolysis of S-2251 to the largest
      extent. Fragments D and E only slightly enhanced it. The order of effectiveness
      of enhancement was fibrin greater than SK-potentiator greater than fibrinogen
      greater than D greater than E. When Lys-plg (0.1 microM) was activated by 0.5
      u/ml of SK in the presence of potentiating agents, SK-potentiator enhanced the
      hydrolysis of S-2251 to the largest extent. The enhancement was far less in
      comparison to the enhancement of the hydrolysis by Glu-plg and SK. The
      measurement of delta OD405/min at the time of 50% hydrolysis of the substrate was
      performed in order to compare the effects of concentrations of potentiating
      agents. The maximum enhancement was obtained at almost an equimolar ratio of
      plasminogen and fibrin. Fifty percent enhancement was obtained at 0.05 microM for
      SK-potentiator, 0.072 microM for fibrinogen, 0.21 microM for D and 0.35 microM
      for E. Fibrin caused the largest extent of enhancement among other potentiating
      agents. These results may indicate that a trimolecular complex between SK,
      plasminogen and potentiating agents hydrolyzes S-2251 more effectively than SK
      plasminogen complex, thus a trimolecular complex being a better activator than SK
      plasminogen complex. Although D and E enhanced only slightly the rate of
      hydrolysis of S-2251 at equimolar ratio to plasminogen, increase in their
      concentration resulted in the same extent of enhancement as shown in the presence
      of fibrinogen or SK-potentiator.

PMID- 3992528
TI  - In vivo production of thromboxane in acute human myocardial infarction: a
      preliminary study.
AB  - Using a specific quantitative method based on gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry the urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-TxB2 was measured in five
      patients with acute myocardial infarction shortly after the onset of symptoms.
      The urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-TxB2 was markedly higher than seen in normals
      in three of the five patients. This increased excretion of 2,3-dinor-TxB2 during
      and after the development of myocardial necrosis indicates an involvement of
      thromboxane A2 in the pathogenesis of at least some cases of acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 3992530
TI  - Accuracy of strain-gauge plethysmography for the diagnosis of deep vein
      thrombosis.

PMID- 3992531
TI  - Effects of garlic extract and of three pure components isolated from it on human
      platelet aggregation, arachidonate metabolism, release reaction and platelet
      ultrastructure--comments.

PMID- 3992532
TI  - Fibrinogen fragment D is a recognition site for release-related platelet
      aggregation.
AB  - The present study probes for the segment of the fibrinogen molecule which
      interacts with the platelet surface upon induction of release-related
      aggregation. The capability of platelets affixed with fibrinogen fragment D or
      fibrinogen fragment E to enhance aggregation of gel-filtered platelets (GFP) was
      compared with that of platelets affixed with fibrinogen. It is shown that release
      related aggregation induced by either A23187, 10 microM ADP or thrombin is
      enhanced by the addition of fixed platelets bearing covalently bound fragment D
      by as much as 60-70% of the augmentation obtained by platelets bearing
      fibrinogen. On the other hand, fixed platelets bearing covalently-bound fragment
      E have no effect on the aggregation of GFP. It is concluded that fragment D bears
      the site for the interaction of fibrinogen with activated platelets, apparently,
      with surface-bound thrombospondin.

PMID- 3992534
TI  - Acceleration of fibrin gel formation by unrelated proteins.
AB  - Addition of gamma-globulin, serum albumin, hemoglobin, or ovalbumin in
      concentrations of 1-10 g/dl to solutions of purified fibrinogen results in a
      substantial (up to six-fold) decrease in the lag time preceding appearance of a
      firm fibrin gel following addition of thrombin at 24 degrees C. The effect does
      not appear to be due to a protein-induced enhancement in the enzymatic activity
      of thrombin, nor does it appear to be due to the co-condensation of the added
      protein with fibrin/fibrinogen. It is suggested that the observed effect is
      primarily due to nonspecific volume exclusion arising from increased fractional
      occupancy of solution volume by macromolecules.

PMID- 3992533
TI  - Antihemostatic and antithrombotic effects of capsaicin in comparison with aspirin
      and indomethacin.
AB  - Capsaicin prolonged the tail bleeding time in the conscious mice. This effect was
      dose-dependent and maximal effect was observed at 3 hr after the oral
      administration. Capsaicin was effective in preventing death caused by ADP-induced
      acute pulmonary thromboembolism in mice at dose of 25 mg/kg, while aspirin and
      indomethacin had no effect at 200 mg/kg. Capsaicin also reduced the mortality in
      collagen- and sodium arachidonate-induced thromboembolic death at dose of 25 and
      50 mg/kg, respectively, and aspirin and indomethacin were also effective in these
      models but only when the dose was higher than 200 mg/kg. Capsaicin, aspirin or
      indomethacin could not protect mice from endotoxin shock. Capsaicin was found to
      suppress platelet aggregation markedly, but did not affect blood coagulation. In
      conclusion, capsaicin was proved to be more effective than aspirin and
      indomethacin in preventing the death of acute pulmonary thromboembolism, and this
      effect could be due to its inhibition on platelet aggregation.

PMID- 3992536
TI  - In vivo consumption of prothrombin during clot formation: an "all or none"
      phenomenon.

PMID- 3992535
TI  - Fibronectin-complex (FN-C) present in normal plasma.

PMID- 3992537
TI  - [Regulation of heart minute volume. The significance of the venous system].

PMID- 3992538
TI  - [Femoral neck fractures in the elderly. A comparison of 3 therapeutic methods].

PMID- 3992540
TI  - [Deafness after spinal anesthesia].

PMID- 3992539
TI  - [Pathologic early pregnancy. Evaluation of new pregnancy tests].

PMID- 3992541
TI  - [Luxation of the nasal septum in the newborn].

PMID- 3992543
TI  - [Methyldopa as the cause of prolonged diarrhea].

PMID- 3992542
TI  - [Uncertain conclusions about adverse effects. Metronidazole and tinidazole].

PMID- 3992544
TI  - [Community health services in Oslo. The factors of health services needs and
      distribution of resources in the various districts].

PMID- 3992545
TI  - [The first babies in Norway after in vitro fertilization].

PMID- 3992546
TI  - [Psychiatric disorders. Destiny or therapeutic and personal challenge? 20-year
      follow-up in the practice of a psychiatric specialist].

PMID- 3992547
TI  - [Cancer among nurses. With special reference to exposure to anesthetic gases].

PMID- 3992549
TI  - [Dystopia coeci proximolateralis. A possible cause of diffuse abdominal
      complaints].

PMID- 3992548
TI  - [Gallstone ileus].

PMID- 3992550
TI  - [Carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical aspects].

PMID- 3992551
TI  - [Recurrent compartment syndrome in athletes].

PMID- 3992552
TI  - [Caffeine in drinks].

PMID- 3992553
TI  - [Cooperation in health services. A study of the district medical officers
      cooperation in the county of Ostfold].

PMID- 3992554
TI  - [Coronary heart disease among fishermen in the Gamvik district].

PMID- 3992555
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. A population study].

PMID- 3992556
TI  - [Diagnostic arthroscopy. A prospective evaluation of clinical and arthroscopic
      diagnosis of knee injuries].

PMID- 3992557
TI  - [Mycoplasma hominis salpingitis. A serological study].

PMID- 3992558
TI  - [Familial primary pulmonary hypertension].

PMID- 3992559
TI  - [Pulmonary edema after administration of peroral biliary contrast media].

PMID- 3992560
TI  - [Diagnosis of injuries caused by solvents at an occupational health unit].

PMID- 3992561
TI  - [Non-steroid antiphlogistics. New aspects of the mechanism of action].

PMID- 3992562
TI  - [Glaucoma in dogs and cats. Review and retrospective evaluation of 421 patients.
      II. Clinical aspects].
AB  - The pathobiological backgrounds, breed predispositions and classification of
      glaucoma have been described in a previous publication. The symptoms of acute
      glaucoma (corneal edema and vascular injection of the scleral conjunctiva) may
      bear an insidious resemblance to those of a 'keratoconjunctivitis'. However, it
      is of great importance to diagnose glaucoma as soon as possible after onset,
      since lack of treatment may lead to irreversible blindness within one week. When
      glaucoma becomes chronic the eyeball becomes enlarged. The prognosis concerning
      vision is then grave. The most important diagnostic and prognostic examinations
      are retrograde illumination, slitlamp examination, gonioscopy, examination of the
      fundus and tonometry. Provocative tests may also be useful. Glaucoma can be
      treated medically or surgically. Medical treatment includes the administration of
      timolol). Combinations may be useful. Surgical treatment is directed toward
      improving the outflow of aqueous humor (iridectomy, iridencleisis) and decreasing
      the rate of formation of aqueous humor (cyclocryotherapy). When all therapies
      have failed to lower the intraocular pressure and there is no hope of preserving
      vision, enucleation of the globe can be performed.

PMID- 3992563
TI  - [From the Veterinary Chief Inspection of Public Health and the Board of
      Veterinary Service. Toxoplasmosis and Toxoplasma infection].

PMID- 3992564
TI  - [Swine fever: a changing clinical picture].
AB  - Signs of disease typical of classical swine fever are often absent in outbreaks
      caused by virus strains of low virulence. The clinical picture and epizootiology
      of these strains causing swine fever in the Netherlands are elucidated on the
      basis of experimentally induced infections and outbreaks in the field
      respectively. Strains of both high and low virulence are involved in the present
      epizootic. The absence of symptoms hampers early detection in the field. Intra
      uterine infections may occur in a large proportion of the pregnant sow
      population. On one farm, 43 per cent of these sows showed intra-uterine
      infection. Piglets born of these sows may live for weeks and occasionally months
      without showing any marked symptoms, as a result of which the virus may persist
      over prolonged periods even in vaccinated herds.

PMID- 3992565
TI  - [Various aspects of African swine fever].
AB  - Clinical, pathological and epidemiological characteristics of African swine fever
      (ASF), and methods of differential diagnosis with classical swine fever are
      discussed in the light of recent outbreaks of ASF in North-Western Europe.

PMID- 3992566
TI  - [Effect of energy intake on production and reproduction characteristics in
      (breeding) sows].
AB  - A total number of 113 first-litter sows and 680 gilts of the Dutch Landrace were
      used in order to study the effect of energy intake on productive and reproductive
      characteristics. A high feeding level in normal sows after weaning is essential,
      not to increase the ovulation rate but rather to improve the condition of the sow
      and advance oestrus. The experiment with the gilts showed that from the point of
      view of the cost of the feed consumed and reproductive performance, an energy
      intake during rearing of more than 2.1 times maintenance will have an adverse
      effect when adequate protein is given.

PMID- 3992567
TI  - [Establishment of the Government Service for Cattle and Meat Inspection].

PMID- 3992569
TI  - [Protein requirements of young infants. The effect of protein content in food on
      growth, protein intake and protein utilization].
AB  - The protein content of human breastmilk as given by different authors does not
      agree very well (table I). This may be caused by the stage of lactation and the
      nutritional state of the mother, which influences the composition of the milk.
      Likewise there is no agreement in literature concerning the recommended minimum
      protein level in infant formulae (table II). Generally the protein level in
      infant formulae is significantly higher than in human breastmilk. In our
      experiments the growth of new-born infants fed on a formula with a rather low
      protein level (1,4 g/100 ml) and with an average protein level (1,9 g/100 ml) was
      compared (table IV). The experimental stage covered the age from 4 weeks up to
      and including the twelfth week. In the first four weeks of life the infants were
      breast-fed; after twelve weeks some additional food was given. Both weight and
      length were recorded of boys as well as girls. No statistically significant
      differences were observed on the two different formulae. The growthcurves fit
      very well with the growth of the Dutch infants (graphics). The average weight
      increase was under all circumstances somewhat higher on the milk with the lower
      protein content, these differences however were statistically not significant
      (table V). No significant differences were seen in the food-intake (table VI and
      VII). The average food efficiency (weight gained per 100 ml of food) was always
      the highest on the low protein formula. This effect is however not statistically
      significant. The food efficiency decreased with increasing age. Boys showed a
      higher food efficiency than girls. The protein intake (grams per kg bodyweight)
      was of course lower with the low protein formula (table IX). From an average
      weight increase of about 30 g a day (table V) and the average protein content of
      the infant, an average protein increment of 3,4 grams a day was calculated. This
      means that at a body weight of 3500 grams and a milk-intake of 150 ml/kg a day
      the protein-intake will be respectively 7,4 and 10,0 grams a day with formulae of
      respectively 1,4 and 1,9 g protein/100 ml. These daily intakes diminished with
      the daily protein increment of the infant lead to an amount of respectively 7,4
      minus 3,4 leaving 4,0 and 10,0 minus 3,4 leaving 6,6 grams of protein that must
      be metabolized and must be excreted with the urine respectively as 23 mmol and 38
      mmol of urea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3992568
TI  - [Diagnosis of hereditary metabolic disorders in newborn and young infants].
AB  - This report describes anamnestic, physical and biochemical data in the neonatal
      period which have led to the diagnosis of an inborn error of metabolism in 12
      children. Even in hospital laboratories without facilities for elaborate
      biochemical assays, adequate investigations permitting timely referral of the
      patient to a more specialised hospital can often be carried out. Most important
      is the constant awareness of the pediatrician in case of serious illness which
      cannot be easily explained by more common causes. The similarity of the clinical
      presentation and often the coexistence of neonatal sepsis and inborn error of
      metabolism are stressed. Even when treatment is not possible or has not been
      successful, a correct diagnosis is important for genetic counseling and antenatal
      diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 3992570
TI  - [Practical experiences with very young children with vision disorders].
AB  - Very low vision or blindness affects the sensori-motor development of children.
      During infancy other exteroceptive stimuli like tactile and auditory stimuli, are
      being used as a substitute for the loss of vision. The very early motor signs of
      young neurologically normal infants, are based on this phenomenon. From a
      retrospective study of 30 very young low vision and blind infants some early
      motor signs are mentioned, as they can be used in diagnosis and treatment
      programs.

PMID- 3992571
TI  - [Prune belly syndrome].
AB  - Referring to a patient operated on the third day of life for pyeloureteral
      stenosis the 'prune belly' syndrome is described. The syndrome is delineated by
      urinary tract anomalies, undescended testicles and a prune like abdominal wall.
      Several other anomalies are commonly seen. In this patient the megaureters, the
      vesicoureteral reflux and megacystis are considered part of the syndrome. The
      pyeloureteral stenosis was only seen once before in a succumbed newborn.

PMID- 3992572
TI  - HLA antigens in Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - In 55 children with Hirschsprung's disease, 64 of their normal siblings and 120
      other members of their families, HLA-A, B and C types were examined. The
      statistical significance of the raised incidence of A1, B14, B37 and Bw35 in the
      patients disappeared after correction for multiple testing. The levels of
      homozygosity were very similar in patients and normal controls. The results
      indicate no direct association of the disease with HLA type.

PMID- 3992573
TI  - Evidence for the existence of HLA A11 subgroups in Hong Kong Chinese.
AB  - A study of 771 consecutive blood samples from Hong Kong Chinese has shown the
      existence of two variants of HLA A11 which can be recognized by antisera of
      Chinese and other origins. The two variants, identified as HLA A11S (for Short)
      and HLA A11L (for Long) occurred in 6.4% and 45.9%, respectively, of the samples
      tested, 2.6% of the samples gave reactions consistent with the presence of both
      variants and in one case this could be verified by a family study. Segregation of
      the variants was evident in two other families.

PMID- 3992574
TI  - [Vaccination of rabbits and fur animals].
AB  - Short survey of vaccination programmes for rabbits and fur animals and of
      vaccines, available in Western Germany. Rabbits: myxomatosis, pasteurella
      infection, dysenteria; mustelides (mink, polecat a.o.): distemper, virus
      enteritis, botulism, pseudomonas infection; fox: leptospirosis, distemper, fox
      encephalitis; ocelot: panleukopenia; chinchilla: pseudomonas infection, coli
      infection, yersinia infection.

PMID- 3992575
TI  - [Practical advice concerning the immobilization of wild and zoo animals].
AB  - The usage of ketamine, etorphine and carfentanyl, each combined with xylazine,
      for the immobilization of captive and free living wild animals is reported. The
      side-effects of these immobilizaion combinations are discussed. The dosage rates
      of the immobilization combinations for mammmals, birds and reptiles are presented
      in tabular form.

PMID- 3992576
TI  - [Ovarian hematoma and hemorrhage in a cow due to the manual rupture of cysts].
AB  - The case of a German Black Pied cow at the age of about six years which died in
      consequence of an abdominal haemorrhage caused by the manual rupture of ovarious
      cysts is described. Based on this event, the legal aspects of manual surgical
      procedure on the bovine ovary are discussed.

PMID- 3992577
TI  - [Trombiculid mite--Neotrombicula autumnalis (Shaw 1790)--in veterinary medicine.
      Nervous systems in dogs following massive infestation].
AB  - Initially the biology of chigger mites and the clinical course of Trombiculosis
      is reviewed. This is followed by a case study dealing for the first time with
      nervous symptoms associated with this disease. Twenty-four hours after a massive
      infestation of at least 2000 larvae of N. a. autumnalis two male Yorkshire
      terriers of approximately three years of age showed initial stages of paresis of
      the rear extremities in a few hours. The lameness worsened to such an extent that
      the front extremities were also affected and the dogs could no longer stand.
      After repeated acaricide treatments and symptomatic therapy these nervous
      symptoms disappeared within three days.

PMID- 3992578
TI  - [Asteroid hyalosis in the dog].
AB  - Two cases of asteroid hyalosis in the dog are described. Asteroid hyalosis is a
      rare degenerative phenomenon in the vitreous body. Ophthalmoscopically it is
      characterized by spherical, small bodies which gleam brilliantly in the vitreous
      like stars in the night sky. Histochemically these spherical bodies are a calcium
      lipid complex. The etiology of asteroid hyalosis is unknown. The condition
      usually does not give rise to symptoms and can not be influenced by conservative
      treatment.

PMID- 3992579
TI  - [Ossifying parotid tumor in the dog].
AB  - Diagnosis and treatment of an ossificated parotis-neoplasma is demonstrated. The
      etiology is unknown.

PMID- 3992580
TI  - Inhibition of sterol and DNA syntheses in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human
      lymphocytes by 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol.
AB  - Sterol and DNA syntheses were induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
      stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). DNA synthesis in the PHA-stimulated
      lymphocytes was suppressed by 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol (7 alpha-HC). The
      maximum suppression of DNA synthesis was observed when 7 alpha-HC was added in
      the culture within 6 hr of PHA stimulation to the lymphocytes. However, as the
      concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the culture medium was increased,
      the inhibitory effect of 7 alpha-HC on the syntheses of sterol and DNA were
      decreased. Furthermore, low and high density lipoproteins completely reversed the
      inhibition of DNA synthesis by 7 alpha-HC. These results suggest that cholesterol
      is an essential requirement of lymphocyte blastogenesis regardless of whether the
      source of the sterol is exogenous or endogenous.

PMID- 3992581
TI  - Impairment of opsonic function in children with hematologic malignancy during
      remission induction therapy.
AB  - The activity of complement-mediated opsonin was measured by the whole blood
      chemiluminescence method in 17 children with hematologic malignancy (including 6
      with ALL, 7 with ANLL and 4 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) during remission
      induction therapy. The activity of opsonin, which was at the normal level before
      chemotherapy, decreased in all of the children during the therapy. This
      phenomenon was especially marked in the children treated with L-asparaginase.
      Although no clear relationship was found between the decrease in opsonin activity
      and the susceptibility to infection, it was confirmed that in 4 children having
      an episode of sepsis or septic fever, the infection started when the granulocyte
      decreased to the nadir, and simultaneously the activity of opsonin decreased.
      Therefore, it may be reasonable to suspect the decrease in opsonin activity when
      treating children with such infections.

PMID- 3992582
TI  - Prevalence of hypertension in diabetes mellitus--its relation to diabetic
      nephropathy.
AB  - The prevalence of hypertension was studied in 374 patients with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in 1197 non-diabetic controls. The
      diagnosis of hypertension was made when the mean systolic pressure of three
      measurements on different occasions was 151 mmHg or greater, or the mean
      diastolic pressure was 91 mmHg or greater. The prevalence was 42.8% in the
      diabetics and 17.8% in the controls. It showed a significant difference over age
      31 (p less than 0.05). Proteinuria (p less than 0.001), abnormal ECG (p less than
      0.01), hyperlipidemia (p less than 0.05) and hypertensive or sclerotic changes of
      the retina (p less than 0.001) were more frequently observed in the diabetics
      than in the controls. Hypertension was found in 71% of those with proteinuria,
      48% with diabetic retinopathy, 61% with abnormal ECG and 54% with hyperlipidemia
      in the diabetics. The incidence of proteinuria was 22.8% in the diabetic
      hypertensives and was 8.3% in the non-diabetic hypertensives (p less than 0.001).
      24 subjects out of 119 diabetics, who were normotensive at their initial visits,
      became hypertensive within 10 years (N-H), and 95 remained normotensive (N-N).
      38% of N-H showed proteinuria already on their initial examinations and 3% of N-N
      did. 73% of those who showed proteinuria on their initial examination became
      hypertensive and 13% of those who were free from proteinuria did (p less than
      0.001). The results suggest that diabetic nephropathy plays an important role in
      developing hypertension in diabetics.

PMID- 3992583
TI  - Sulfated glycopeptides, containing desmosine and isodesmosine, isolated from
      porcine aorta.
AB  - Intima-media of porcine thoracic aorta was digested with pronase, after
      extraction of saline-soluble matters and fat. A crude sulfated glycopeptide
      fraction (CSGP) was precipitated with 90% (v/v) ethanol from the 80% ethanol
      soluble fraction of the trichloroacetic acid (7%)-soluble fraction of the pronase
      digest. CSGP was fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 (Cl- form) column
      chromatography. Of the resulting 9 fractions, 4 major fractions were further
      purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, followed by affinity chromatography
      on concanavalin (Con) A-Sepharose 4B to a homogeneous state in electrophoresis on
      cellulose acetate membrane. All the purified fractions contained glucosamine,
      galactose, mannose, and sialic acid as the major sugars, and desmosine and
      isodesmosine as the unique constituents. The fractions with affinity for Con A
      (S1 and S2) contained much more mannose than those without affinity for this
      lectin (S3 and S4). The latter contained sulfate. The predominant amino acids in
      the former were glycine, aspartic acid (and/or asparagine), and serine, while
      those in the latter were glycine, proline, and alanine.

PMID- 3992584
TI  - Measurement of SRS-A activities in plasma of asthmatic patients.
AB  - Ethanol extracts of arterial blood from 20 of 29 asthmatic patients during
      attacks produced sustained contractions of the guinea pig ileum. These
      contractions were inhibited by FPL 55712, a specific antagonist of slow reacting
      substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). SRS-A activity was significantly higher during
      attack than during remission. Reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) was performed on two extracts which had shown high SRS-A activity with
      bioassay. One extract showed double peaks, which had retention times identical to
      those of leukotriene (LT) C4 and LTD4. The other extract showed a single peak,
      which had a retention time identical to that of synthetic LTC4.

PMID- 3992585
TI  - Pathochemical study of a case of hereditary cerebral degenerative disease-
      lipopigment accumulation and peroxidase deficiency in brain.
AB  - Ultrastructural study of autoptic cerebral tissue from a patient with hereditary
      degenerative disease of the nervous system revealed lipofuscin-like bodies and
      variable sized osmiophilic granular masses in neurons. Autofluorescent granules
      were also found in neurons. Biochemical study demonstrated a deficiency of
      diaminobenzidine peroxidase and the accumulation of lipopigment in cerebral
      tissue.

PMID- 3992586
TI  - Motor time of the rectus femoris during passive movements.
AB  - Motor time (MT) of 10 normal subjects were examined in three conditions: 1)
      during passive flexion of the knee (PFLX), 2) during passive extension (PEXT),
      and without passive movement (STAT). Compared to STAT, MTs of PFLX and PEXT were
      significantly long. MT tended to be shorter, though insignificant statistically,
      in PFLX than in PEXT. In conclusion, passive movements are influential in
      changing the physical state of the muscle including both series-elastic and
      contractile components.

PMID- 3992587
TI  - The postnatal effects of prenatal exposure to low doses of nitrofen (2,4
      dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) in Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Nitrofen was administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats by gavage on days 8-16
      of gestation at 5 different dose levels--0, 0.46, 1.39, 4.17 and 12.5 mg/kg/day.
      Diaphragmatic hernias were found in pups that died immediately after birth at the
      3 highest dose levels. At the 1.39-mg/kg dose level 3 of the 4 pups examined had
      diaphragmatic hernias, at the 4.17-mg/kg dose level 2 out of 3 pups had
      diaphragmatic hernias, and at the 12.5-mg/kg dose level all 5 pups found dead had
      diaphragmatic hernias. Locomotor activity of the offspring was measured on
      postnatal days 17 and 24, and hyperactivity was evident at the 3 highest dose
      levels. However, when the rats were later tested at 45, 49 and 90 days of age
      they had apparently recovered from this earlier hyperactivity. In the female rat,
      nitrofen did not delay the onset of puberty as measured by the age of vaginal
      opening or the age at first estrus. At necropsy of the offspring which began on
      postnatal day 133, Harderian gland weight reduction and hydronephrosis were seen
      at the 4.17- and 12.5-mg/kg dose levels, while no effects were found in body,
      liver, testes, seminal vesicle, kidney, or lung weights. Results of the present
      study and earlier studies demonstrate that rats are more sensitive than mice to
      the teratogenic effect of nitrofen (Gray et al., Science, 215 (1982) 293 and Gray
      et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 67 (1983) 1). In general, nitrofen affects the
      same organ systems in rats as it does in mice, but the rank order of sensitivity
      of these effects differs from those described earlier in the mouse by Gray et al.
      (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 67 (1983) 1).

PMID- 3992588
TI  - Acute nephrotoxicity of N-phenyl and N-(monochlorophenyl) succinimides in Fischer
      344 and Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - The experimental fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) has been
      shown to be nephrotoxic in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats. The purpose of
      this study was to evaluate the role of the chlorine atoms in NDPS-induced
      nephropathy. Male Sprague-Dawley or Fischer 344 rats received a single
      intraperitoneal injection of a phenylsuccinimide (0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg) or sesame
      oil (2.5 ml/kg), and renal function was monitored at 24 h and 48 h. In Sprague
      Dawley rats urine volume was increased by NDPS and N-(3-chlorophenyl)succinimide
      (3-NCPS) (0.4 and 1.0 mmol/kg) at 24 h but only by NDPS at 48 h. Accumulation of
      both p-aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) was decreased only by
      NDPS (1.0 mmol/kg) administration. N-(2-chlorophenyl)succinimide (2-NCPS) or N-(4
      chlorophenyl) succinimide (4-NCPS) (1.0 mmol/kg) administration reduced only
      basal and lactate-stimulated PAH accumulation. Only NDPS increased blood urea
      nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight. In Fischer 344 rats results were
      similar to those obtained in Sprague-Dawley rats, except that 3-NCPS was the only
      monochlorophenylsuccinimide which produced a decrease in PAH accumulation by
      renal cortical slices. N-Phenylsuccinimide had little effect on any renal
      parameter studied in either rat strain. The order of increasing nephrotoxicity
      generally paralleled the increasing partition. coefficients of the compounds.
      These results indicate that reducing the chlorine substitution of NDPS produces
      compounds with reduced nephrotoxic potential. In addition, lipophilic character
      might be a predictor for the nephrotoxic potential of N-(halophenyl)succinimides
      in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats.

PMID- 3992589
TI  - Direct effects of nicotine on rabbit preimplantation embryos.
AB  - The effects of various concentrations of nicotine on the in vitro development of
      1-cell rabbit preimplantation embryos and on the DNA-synthesis of 4-day-old
      rabbit blastocysts are investigated. Exposure of rabbit preimplantation embryos
      to concentrations of nicotine higher than 1 X 10(-3) M results in a marked
      decrease in the in vitro development and in DNA-synthesis. Concentrations of
      nicotine below 1 X 10(-3) M have no effect on these early embryos. It can be
      concluded that the concentrations of nicotine which exert a direct embryotoxic
      effect are higher than the concentrations that may be expected in the blood
      circulation of humans considered to be "normal smokers".

PMID- 3992590
TI  - The effects of lanthanum chloride on pregnancy in mice and on preimplantation
      mouse embryos in vitro.
AB  - A single intraperitoneal injection of 10(-6.5) mol lanthanum chloride/g body wt
      (44 mg metal/kg body wt) into pregnant mice reduced the number of successful
      pregnancies and the average litter size. The most susceptible periods of
      pregnancy were peri-implantation (days 4 and 6) and near-term period (days 14 and
      16). Injection of lanthanum during the peri-implantation period resulted in a
      cessation of pregnancy in 24-43% of females, and injection during near-term
      period produced the cessation of pregnancy in 36-46% of the females. The average
      litter size after injection of lanthanum during peri-implantation or near-term
      periods was reduced to about 75% of the average litter size in the control
      animals. No external malformations were observed among fetuses. Paradoxically,
      the exposure of 1-cell stage embryos to 10(-3.0) M and 10(-3.5) M lanthanum
      chloride in vitro resulted in a significant improvement of the proportion of
      embryos developing into blastocysts.

PMID- 3992591
TI  - Potentiation of methotrexate-induced gastrointestinal toxicity by non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and vincristine.
AB  - Inhibition of intestinal nutrient absorption by the folate antagonist
      methotrexate (MTX) and the effects of several organic acid drugs and vincristine
      on MTX-induced gastrointestinal toxicity were investigated. Male Swiss-Webster
      mice received MTX, 25 mg/kg, i.p. once daily for 4 successive days. Using the
      everted sac technique, the rates of D-glucose and L-tyrosine transport were
      decreased by MTX to 10.9 and 6.3 mumol/g/h from control values of 35.0 and 10.0
      mumol/g/h, respectively. Probenecid, sodium salicylate, phenylbutazone, or
      vincristine administered simultaneously with MTX, further decreased the rates of
      D-glucose transport to 3.6, 2.0, 0.8, and 2.6 mumol/g/h, respectively, and the
      rates of L-tyrosine transport to 1.2, 1.9, 0.6 and 0.9 mumol/g/h, respectively.
      When intestinal sacs from untreated animals were exposed to MTX (10(-3) M) on the
      serosal side only, the drug had no significant effect on the rate of transport of
      D-glucose or L-tyrosine. The rate of lactate production in everted intestinal
      sacs from MTX treated animals decreased to 11.8 from a control value of 30.3
      mumol/g/h. Co-administration of phenylbutazone with MTX further decreased the
      rate of lactate production to 8.2 mumol/g/h. Body weight loss caused by MTX
      treatment (15.0%) was potentiated by the concurrent administration of probenecid
      (19.4%), salicylate (22.4%), phenylbutazone (23.0%) or vincristine (22.8%). These
      results demonstrate that vincristine and several commonly used organic acid drugs
      can potentiate the inhibitory effect of MTX on intestinal nutrient absorption.
      Thus, MTX dosage adjustment may be required in patients receiving such drugs.

PMID- 3992592
TI  - The acute toxicity of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in the rat.
AB  - The acute toxicity of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT) was studied in
      Sprague-Dawley rats. CMT was found to produce convulsions and pulmonary edema.
      The ED50s for convulsion were 32 mg/kg (95% C.I. 24-42 mg/kg) p.o. and 20 mg/kg
      (95% C.I. 15-26 mg/kg) i.p. The LD50s for p.o. and i.p. administration were 22
      mg/kg (95% C.I. 19-26 mg/kg) and 14 mg/kg (95% C.I. 10-20 mg/kg), respectively.
      Approximately 13-16% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine from 0
      to 48 h post-dosing. The majority of this material was present as an
      organometallic form of manganese other than CMT. Phenobarbital pretreatment
      prevented the convulsions and pulmonary damage produced by a 50 mg/kg i.p. dose
      of CMT. Rats pretreated with CMT (5 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days exhibited convulsions
      but no deaths after treatment with a 34 mg/kg p.o. dose of CMT. These results
      suggest that CMT does not require metabolic activation to produce toxic effects,
      and that prior exposure to CMT produces tolerance.

PMID- 3992593
TI  - Occurrence of a water soluble toxin in a parrotfish (Ypsiscarus ovifrons) which
      is probably responsible for parrotfish liver poisoning.
AB  - The liver of the parrotfish Ypsiscarus ovifrons sometimes causes severe muscle
      pain, paralysis and dyspnea when ingested by humans. Individual livers, ovaries
      and digestive tracts and their contents were examined for lethal potency in mice.
      They were all toxic, except for livers obtained from April to June. Lethal
      potency ranged from 0.25 to 5.0 MU/g tissue. Livers were extracted with acidic
      aqueous ethanol and the extracts purified by charcoal treatment, gel filtration
      and partition and reversed phase column chromatography. Both the crude and
      partially purified toxin showed chemical and/or pharmacological properties
      different from those of tetrodotoxin or paralytic shellfish poisons.

PMID- 3992594
TI  - Toxicity assays.

PMID- 3992595
TI  - Characterization of ten proteins from the venom of the Moroccan scorpion
      Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus, six of which are toxic to the mouse.
AB  - When the venom of the scorpion Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus was
      submitted to purification procedures, ten proteins were obtained; six were lethal
      to mice and four were devoid of toxicity in the biological tests used. The ten
      molecules were characterized by their amino acid composition, and among them
      toxin V and polypeptide P2 by their amino acid sequences. Peptide P2 (35 amino
      acid residues), a structural homologue of the so called Buthus epeus short
      'insectotoxins' I1 and I5, was inactive on fly larvae and absent from the 'manual
      venom' obtained by manual handling and excitation of the scorpions.

PMID- 3992596
TI  - Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody specific for Naja nivea
      cardiotoxin VII1.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against Naja nivea cardiotoxin VII1 were produced using the
      hybridoma technique. The antibodies of two clones were found to be identical by
      an avidity test, isoelectric focusing and immunodiffusion typing assay. The
      monoclonal antibody was focused at a pH range of 7.4-8.1 and belonged to the
      mouse sub-class IgG1. A dissociation constant of 0.26 nM demonstrated its high
      affinity to cardiotoxin. The monoclonal antibody had no effect on cardiotoxin
      lethality or lysis of red blood cells by the toxin and could therefore be assumed
      to bind to an antigenic site separate from the active centre.

PMID- 3992597
TI  - Physiological actions of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from
      Bacillus thuringiensis on KB III cells: alkaline phosphatase release and growth
      inhibition.
AB  - Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C of Bacillus thuringiensis caused
      the release of alkaline phosphatase from KB III cells and plasma membrane
      preparations prepared from the cells. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase
      C added to the culture of KB III cells inhibited cell growth by 30%. The release
      of alkaline phosphatase induced by phospholipase C was dependent on, or
      proportional to, the reaction time and the concentrations of the phospholipase C,
      KB III cells and plasma membrane preparation. The Arrhenius plot for phosphatase
      release reaction showed a single break at 18.1 degrees C for KB III cells or at
      27.3 degrees C for the plasma membrane preparation. The activation energies of
      the phosphatase-release reaction were 3.2 and 29.2 kcal/mol for KB III cells, and
      4.3 and 26.5 kcal/mol for the plasma membrane preparation. The released alkaline
      phosphatase had a mol. wt of 105,000 and isoelectric points of 4.05 (major) and
      4.4 (minor).

PMID- 3992598
TI  - Edema-forming activity of bushmaster (Lachesis muta stenophrys) and Central
      American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus durissus) venoms and neutralization by a
      polyvalent antivenom.
AB  - The edema effect induced in mice by venoms of Crotalus durissus durissus and
      Lachesis muta stenophrys was studied. Minimum edema-forming doses were 11 and 5
      micrograms, respectively. Edema developed very rapidly after injections of both
      venoms and reached a maximum at 6 hr. Neutralizing activity was tested by
      preincubation of the venoms with polyvalent antivenom. The edema induced by the
      venom of L. m. stenophrys was partially neutralized, whereas that induced by the
      venom of C. d. durissus was not neutralized.

PMID- 3992599
TI  - In vivo effects of snake venoms on passive and facilitated glucose transport
      across blood-ocular and blood-CSF barriers of the rat.
AB  - The transport of (3H)-3-0-methyl-D-glucose (mD-glu) and (14C)-L-glucose (L-glu)
      across blood-ocular and blood-CNS barriers was studied in rats with previously
      introduced (i.v.) lethal doses of lyophilized venom from one of three venomous
      snakes; mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus; cottonmouth mocassin,
      Agkistrodon piscivorus; yellow cobra, Naja nivea. Transport rate constants
      calculated for mD-glu are taken as an indication of carrier-mediated transport,
      whereas L-glu constants are considered a measure of passive barrier permeability.
      C. scutulatus venom increased L-glu transport (+121%) across the blood-vitreous
      barrier. A passive increase in blood-vitreous permeability was also observed with
      mD-glu. This venom also increased passive L-glu entry rate into CSF (+160%). A.
      piscivorus venom also increased passive L-glucose entry into vitreous. However,
      whereas rattlesnake venom had little effect on blood-aqueous transport,
      cottonmouth venom may have also decreased carrier transport across this barrier.
      In addition, mD-glu transport from blood into CSF is decreased, suggesting a loss
      of carrier function across this barrier. N. nivea venom decreased the transport
      of both L-glu and mD-glu across the blood-aqueous, blood-vitreous and blood-CSF
      barriers, suggesting a possible decrease in cerebral blood flow as causative.
      There is also a possible increase in passive transport across the vitreous
      barriers, which may be in part countered by the decreased blood flow. Transport
      from aqueous into lens and cornea remained unchanged by the three venoms tested.
      It is suggested that components of rattlesnake and cottonmouth venoms alter
      transport barrier properties, with the blood-vitreous barrier being most
      susceptible to damage, whereas cobra venom likely decreases the supply of blood
      borne substances to brain and ocular fluids and tissues by decreasing cerebral
      blood supply.

PMID- 3992600
TI  - Isolation and properties of two phospholipases A2 from the venom of an Australian
      elapid snake (Pseudechis australis).
AB  - Two phospholipases A2 (Pa-11 and Pa-13) were purified from the venom of an
      Australian elapid snake (subfamily Acanthophiinae) Pseudechis australis (king
      brown snake) by chromatography on CM-cellulose CM-52 followed by gel filtration
      on a Sephadex G-75 column. The apparent molecular weights of the two
      phospholipases A2 (Pa-11 and Pa-13) were 14,000 and 13,500, respectively, by gel
      filtration analysis on a Sephadex G-75 column. Each enzyme molecule consists of a
      single polypeptide chain of 118 amino acid residues. The isoelectric points of Pa
      11 and Pa-13 were 10.5 and 10.0, respectively. The optimum pH values of Pa-11 and
      Pa-13 for hydrolysis of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine were 7.8 and 7.5,
      respectively. Pa-11 was lethal to mice (LD50 0.23 micrograms/g body weight),
      whereas Pa-13 showed no lethal activity at a dose level of 7.4 micrograms/g
      mouse. Each enzyme was inactivated by reaction with p-bromophenacylbromide on the
      sole histidine residue (Pa-11) or on one of the two histidine residues (Pa-13).
      Oxidation of the tryptophan residues in Pa-11 and Pa-13 with N-bromosuccinimide
      led to a decrease in the phospholipase A activity. A complete loss of both
      enzymic and lethal activities of Pa-11 was observed upon oxidation of one of the
      two tryptophan residues of the molecule.

PMID- 3992602
TI  - Changes in fatty acid elongation in developing mouse brain by mercury--comparison
      with other metals.
AB  - Hg2+ dramatically altered microsomal synthesis of very long chain fatty acids
      specific for myelin in mouse brain, as measured by lengthening of behenyl-CoA by
      means of malonyl-CoA in vitro. This alteration was found with Cu2+, but not with
      various other metal ions, showing that changes in fatty acid synthesis could be
      due to the alteration of sulphydryl groups.

PMID- 3992601
TI  - Reduction of ochratoxin A toxicity in mice treated with phenylalanine and
      phenobarbital.
AB  - LD50 of ochratoxin A (OCT A) was estimated to be 29.4 mg/kg in intraperitoneal
      (i.p.) and 46.0 mg/kg in per os (p.o.) administration in ddY strain male mice.
      Acute toxicity of OCT A was reduced by simultaneous administration of
      phenylalanine or by pretreatment with phenobarbital (PB) for 1 week and the LD50
      increased to 1.5-2.0 times control. Chromatographic analyses of OCT A and the
      metabolite, OCT alpha, extracted from urine and bile after administration of OCT
      A, indicated that amounts of OCT A and OCT alpha decreased in the urine and
      increased in the bile of PB-pretreated mice, suggesting that a change in
      metabolism of OCT A could cause the decrease in the toxicity of OCT A in PB
      pretreated mice.

PMID- 3992603
TI  - The water, DNA, collagen and noncollagen protein contents in embryos after
      maternal administration of a teratogenic dose of phenytoin.
AB  - The growth of developing A/J mouse embryos was studied after maternal
      administration of phenytoin (Dilantin), an anticonvulsant drug. Wet weight, dry
      weight, protein and DNA contents of the embryos were quantitated 24 h after drug
      administration. Collagen content was investigated because of its importance in
      cellular differentiation. The wet and dry weight of embryos from phenytoin
      treated mothers were 52.3 and 57.5%, respectively, of that of embryos of control
      mothers. DNA and protein contents were also decreased in embryos from phenytoin
      treated mothers. Collagen represented only 0.07% of the protein present in day 11
      control embryos, but was increased 4.9-fold in embryos from phenytoin-treated
      mothers in comparison to controls. These results suggest that phenytoin reduces
      overall embryonic growth but stimulates collagen synthesis.

PMID- 3992604
TI  - Changes in adenylate energy charge and total adenine nucleotide concentration in
      mouse testis induced by cadmium administration.
AB  - Subcutaneous administration of CdCl2 (3 mg/kg body weight) caused a decrease in
      adenylate energy charge, (ATP + 0.5ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP), and a depletion of the
      adenine nucleotide pool in the testis of mice. This preceded a decrease in LDH-X
      activity in the testicular extracts. These results biochemically support the
      hypothesis that the testicular damage induced by cadmium is secondary to anoxia
      caused by vascular lesion.

PMID- 3992605
TI  - Diazinon concentrations and blood cholinesterase activities in rats exposed to
      diazinon.
AB  - The tissue distribution of diazinon and the inhibition of blood cholinesterase
      (ChE) activity were investigated in male rats which received a single
      intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of diazinon (100 mg/kg body wt) in olive oil.
      Diazinon concentration in the blood reached a maximum 1-2 h after dosing.
      Comparing the distribution of diazinon among liver, kidney and brain in treated
      rats, the diazinon residue was much greater in the kidney than in other organs,
      being 500 times that in the liver and 11 times that in the brain at 8 h after
      dosing. Erythrocyte and plasma ChE activities were inhibited rapidly, but ChE
      inhibition was greater in the erythrocytes than in plasma.

PMID- 3992607
TI  - [Diagnostic problems in recurrences of lymphogranulomatosis].
AB  - Report on the incidence of recurrences, the time necessary for complete
      remission, and the sites of recurrences in 333 patients with demonstrated
      lymphogranulomatosis. Suggestion of an examination scheme considering clinical
      data and laboratory findings for early diagnosis of recurrences. Among the image
      producing methods, sonography and CT are of special importance besides thorax
      examination, lymphography, and bone scintigraphy.

PMID- 3992606
TI  - Dietary butylated hydroxyanisole reduces covalent binding of acetaminophen to
      mouse tissue proteins in vivo.
AB  - Covalent binding of acetaminophen (APAP) metabolites to mouse liver and kidney
      proteins was significantly decreased by prior consumption of diets containing
      0.75% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). However, dietary BHA did not influence the
      covalent binding of APAP-derived radioactivity to liver microsomal protein in
      vitro. These findings suggest that BHA has no effect on monooxygenases involved
      in the conversion of APAP to reactive metabolites in vivo. The decreased covalent
      binding in vivo may be ascribed to the increased concentration of reduced
      glutathione (GSH) in liver and kidney following BHA consumption.

PMID- 3992608
TI  - [Treatment results of advanced tonsillar tumors].
AB  - The authors present 99 patients irradiated for a tonsillar carcinoma. 41 patients
      were primarily irradiated and 52 patients postoperatively. Radiotherapy was
      combined with cytostatic chemotherapy in six cases. Most of the cases treated
      were advanced tumors: 76 patients with T3/T4 tumors. 52% out of the 23 patients
      with T1/T2 tumors survived five years and 45% ten years; only 26% of the patients
      with T3 tumors and 15% of those with T4 tumors survived five years. The prognosis
      was significantly influenced by the lymph node state: whereas 75% of the patients
      with N0 tumors survived five years, this rate is reduced to 21% in case of lymph
      node state N3. 22 out of the 34 recurrences were situated in the tumor region, 12
      in lymph nodes. 94% of recurrences became evident during the first two years
      after the end of treatment.

PMID- 3992609
TI  - Guidelines for overcoming design problems in family planning operations research.
AB  - This report is concerned with designs for field intervention studies utilized in
      operations research. Beginning with an overview of the objectives of operations
      research, the authors go on to review the difficulties associated with using
      "true experimental" designs. Proposed guidelines for designing quasi-experimental
      studies are then discussed. The guidelines focus on using multiple sources of
      data, multiple measurements over time, and multiple replications of the study
      intervention. Finally, an example is presented of one ongoing operations research
      study in Sri Lanka.

PMID- 3992611
TI  - Breastfeeding and contraception: why the inverse association?
AB  - Recent research results on infant feeding practices in developing countries have
      consistently shown a strong negative association between breastfeeding and
      contraceptive use. This relationship is explored in-depth with a detailed
      analysis of Taiwanese data and supplementary evidence from 20 developing country
      populations. Implications for appropriate policies relating to family planning
      programs and the encouragement of breastfeeding are discussed.

PMID- 3992610
TI  - Why women don't get sterilized: a follow-up of women in Honduras.
AB  - In 1980, a study to determine interest in and access to sterilization for females
      was initiated at two Ministry of Health hospitals in Honduras. Results of the
      baseline study showed that 42 percent of women desiring sterilization from the
      Tegucigalpa hospital and 21 percent from the San Pedro Sula hospital had had a
      tubal ligation. A second study was conducted two years later, following up the
      interested but unsterilized women from the baseline study. Results show that 33
      percent of women in the Tegucigalpa group, compared to 15 percent in the San
      Pedro Sula group, had been sterilized. Part of this difference can be attributed
      to an increase in sterilization facilities in Tegucigalpa over the two years
      after the baseline study was conducted. Among the major reasons women gave for
      not having been sterilized were financial and time constraints. Over the two-year
      period, the authors estimate that, of women interested in sterilization at
      delivery, 52 percent in total were sterilized in Tegucigalpa and 29 percent in
      San Pedro Sula.

PMID- 3992612
TI  - Fertility reduction policies and poverty in Third World countries: ethical
      issues.
AB  - This article begins with a discussion of the motivation for fertility reduction
      and related population policies. Next, it identifies the two major approaches to
      evaluating these policies in the population ethics literature: the
      individualistic approach and the international approach. Each approach is then
      characterized according to the kinds of policies evaluated, the ethical
      principles that are most prominent, and the major conclusions drawn. Major
      empirical gaps in the population ethics literature are identified, and pertinent
      social science issues concerning the effectiveness of family planning programs,
      the socioeconomic determinants of fertility, and the interpersonal or community
      determinants of fertility are discussed. Finally, these issues are linked with
      the United Nations World Population Plan of Action to identify ethical questions
      that warrant detailed scrutiny.

PMID- 3992614
TI  - Comparison of suicides among Anglos and Hispanics in five southwestern states.
AB  - Little is known about deaths resulting from self-inflicted violent behavior for
      Hispanic Americans. To learn more about suicide for Hispanics of Mexican origin
      (Mexican Americans) we focused on the five southwestern states (Arizona,
      California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas) in which more than 60% of all
      Hispanics in the United States reside (86% of whom are Mexican American). We
      obtained data on the number of suicide deaths in the white population, with
      Hispanics and Anglos (white, non-Hispanic) identified separately. Suicides of
      Anglos were used as a comparison group. Results show that the suicide rate for
      whites in the five southwestern states (15.6) was almost one-fourth higher than
      the rate for whites nationally (12.7). Suicide rates for the two ethnic groups,
      however, showed the rate for Hispanics (9.0) to be less than the national rates
      for whites (12.7) and one-half that of Anglos residing in the same area (17.3).
      The lower suicide rate for Hispanics relative to Anglos is seen for both males
      and females. The ratio of male and female suicides for Hispanics was almost twice
      that for Anglos (4.0 to 1 for Hispanics and 2.3 to 1 for Anglos). More than 1 in
      3 Hispanic men who committed suicide and more than 1 in 4 Hispanic women who
      committed suicide are under the age of 25.

PMID- 3992613
TI  - Household fertility decisions in West Africa: a comparison of male and female
      survey results.
AB  - This study compares the responses of matched husbands and wives in monogamous and
      polygynous unions, in the Yoruba village of Bolorunduro in Ondo State, Nigeria,
      with respect to a variety of family planning and fertility-related attitudes and
      behaviors. The results suggest that, although the husband and wife responses on
      the family planning and achieved fertility items were generally similar,
      responses relating to prospective fertility intentions were very different
      between husbands and wives. The results are consistent with the notion that
      fertility intention orientations in this particular culture operate essentially
      on an individual and not a family level. Women, whether in monogamous or
      polygynous unions, have fertility preferences that, while normatively bound, are
      clearly individual preferences and not necessarily related to their husbands'
      desires.

PMID- 3992615
TI  - Suicide and suicide attempts in the European Economic Community: an analysis of
      trends, with special emphasis upon trends among the young.
AB  - An attempt is made to explain the increase in adolescent suicidal behavior
      reported for most countries in the European Economic Community over the last two
      decades, within the framework of a social learning theory. A typology of suicidal
      acts based on an outcome-expectancy model is proposed that would make
      intelligible the observed positive correlation between the incidence of lethal
      and nonlethal suicidal acts, the latter having grown to epidemic proportions
      among the young. This epidemic can be attributed to the interplay of three groups
      of factors, namely, the socialization of a specific problem-solving behavior
      repertoire, socioeconomic conditions, and attitudes toward suicide. The
      implications for suicide prevention are briefly discussed.

PMID- 3992616
TI  - Suicide epidemics and newspaper reporting.
AB  - This paper looks at the relationship between suicide-related newspaper reports
      and a subway-suicide epidemic. More reports were published during the epidemic,
      without statistically significant differences between epidemic and nonepidemic
      years. There did not appear to be an excess of reports antecedent to the suicide.
      The role of newspapers is discussed with particular reference to suicide
      epidemics. The need for studies of content of newspaper items related to self
      harm is emphasized.

PMID- 3992617
TI  - Some thoughts on grief and mourning.

PMID- 3992618
TI  - Backgrounds of higher suicide rates among "name university" students: a
      retrospective study of the past 25 years.
AB  - Cases from the past 25 years of 143 students who committed suicide at Kyoto
      University, a "name university" in Japan since 1956, were investigated
      retrospectively. Then the total trends of the suicide rate were reexamined in
      comparison with a control group, and the recent trends after the student strife
      (1970) were confirmed in comparison with the 15-year period before the strife.
      Thus, using a longer time span, the total pattern of suicide could be
      reidentified as the "performance type" within an "achievement-oriented culture."
      Seemingly healthy students from normal homes have suddenly committed suicide in
      this recent "pupa within a cocoon" syndrome, resulting from "unbalanced
      personality development" in the context of modern mass higher education.

PMID- 3992619
TI  - Interference with high performance liquid chromatographic chloramphenicol assay
      in a patient receiving dobutamine.
AB  - We report potential interference by dobutamine with our high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) procedure for assaying chloramphenicol succinate and
      chloramphenicol. Interference was discovered in a 1-year-old boy receiving
      chloramphenicol succinate and dobutamine. The identity of the interfering
      substance was confirmed by HPLC and gas chromatography.

PMID- 3992620
TI  - Simultaneous plasma carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide concentrations in
      pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies.
AB  - A comparative bioavailability study of carbamazepine (CBZ) in tablets and a syrup
      preparation was carried out in six volunteers, using a crossover design. Plasma
      and saliva samples were collected at appropriate times, and the plasma specimens
      were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for concentrations of CBZ
      and its epoxide metabolite (CBZ-EP). Analysis of the data showed that the
      preparations were equally bioavailable, although absorption was faster from the
      syrup and gave higher maximum plasma levels of CBZ. In other respects the
      preparations were pharmacokinetically equivalent. Analysis of simultaneous plasma
      CBZ and CBZ-EP concentration-time data by iterative curve fitting to a one
      compartment linear model permitted the calculation of elimination kinetic
      parameters of the CBZ-EP; the mean elimination half-life was 6.9 +/- 2.7 h.
      Failure of the salivary CBZ concentrations soon after drug intake to correlate
      with simultaneous plasma CBZ levels rendered the salivary data useless for
      bioavailability comparison, but prompted a further study of salivary CBZ levels.

PMID- 3992621
TI  - Fallacious results from measuring salivary carbamazepine concentrations.
AB  - During a carbamazepine (CBZ) relative bioavailability study involving tablets and
      a syrup preparation, salivary drug concentrations appeared disproportionately
      high relative to simultaneous plasma drug concentrations in the first 2-3 h after
      oral drug intake. This raised the suspicion of contamination of saliva by
      retention of drug in the mouth. In a separate study CBZ was retained in the mouth
      in tablet form (whole or crushed) or in syrup, for only 5 s before being spat
      out, and the mouth was carefully rinsed. Despite this, measurable salivary
      concentrations, sufficient to cause substantial error if extrapolated to
      simultaneous plasma drug concentrations, were present for at least 2 h after drug
      administration. CBZ in these studies disappeared from saliva with an apparent
      mean half-life of 21.0 +/- 4.8 min. This experience suggests that, in therapeutic
      drug monitoring, salivary CBZ concentrations for at least 2 h after dosage may
      lead to invalid conclusions about simultaneous plasma CBZ concentrations.

PMID- 3992622
TI  - Carbamazepine-phenytoin interaction: elevation of plasma phenytoin concentrations
      due to carbamazepine comedication.
AB  - By intrapatient comparison at constant phenytoin (PHT) dose, the effect of
      carbamazepine (CBZ) comedication on PHT was studied in a group of 24 epileptic
      outpatients. In half of the patients with steady-state PHT plasma concentration,
      a significant increase of this concentration was noted after CBZ was added to
      their regimen. Twenty percent showed clinical manifestations of acute drug
      toxicity initially thought to be CBZ related. The mean PHT plasma concentration
      for the 12 patients (22.7 +/- 5.64 micrograms/ml) as well as concentration/dose
      ratio for PHT (4.61 +/- 1.65 micrograms/ml plasma per mg/kg/day dose) was
      significantly higher (p less than 0.001) with concomitant administration of CBZ
      than when PHT was given alone: PHT concentration, 12.54 +/- 3.93 micrograms/ml
      and PHT concentration/dose ratio, 2.52 +/- 0.78 micrograms/ml plasma per
      mg/kg/day dose. Those patients with higher PHT plasma concentrations seem to be
      at higher risk of PHT toxicity due to CBZ comedication.

PMID- 3992623
TI  - Investigations of long-term treatment with perhexiline maleate using therapeutic
      monitoring and electromyography.
AB  - Experience is reported with 41 patients taking perhexiline maleate for angina
      pectoris for periods of up to 70 months, while serum concentrations of the drug
      were monitored, and liver function tests and electromyographic tests were made
      before and during treatment. Severe side effects did not occur unless serum
      perhexiline levels were greater than 1.5 mg/L. The drug seems effective for
      prolonged dosage, and the monitoring of weight, liver function test results, and
      serum concentrations should prevent or reduce toxicity. A starting dose of 100 mg
      daily is recommended. The drug is not recommended for routine use in angina
      pectoris.

PMID- 3992624
TI  - Comparison of eight phenytoin dosing methods in institutionalized patients.
AB  - Until now, no evaluation of phenytoin dosing methods has been undertaken in a
      large group of patients, to our knowledge. The goal of this study was to
      determine which of eight different dosing methods most accurately predicts a
      phenytoin steady-state concentration. Seventy-six patients were chosen,
      retrospectively, from a state-funded institution for the mentally retarded.
      Eligibility criteria included two or more different doses of phenytoin and
      corresponding plasma concentrations. Relative predictive performance was
      determined by comparing results of simple linear regression. Also, relative bias
      and precision were determined by comparing mean prediction errors, root mean
      squared errors, and respective 95% confidence intervals. Of the methods requiring
      one dose-concentration pair, Rambeck's nomogram was the best predictor of
      phenytoin concentrations. The methods requiring two known doses and plasma
      concentrations were more accurate. Their predictive performance was equivalent,
      although use of the Tozer equation might be preferred for its convenience. None
      of the methods tested were sufficiently precise to substitute for confirmatory
      serum phenytoin concentrations.

PMID- 3992625
TI  - Steady-state serum levels of anticonvulsant drugs in Chinese epileptic patients
      living in Taiwan.
AB  - Steady-state serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbital were obtained in
      70 epileptic patients in Taiwan and evaluated with respect to age, sex, and body
      weight. As demonstrated, the steady-state serum level of phenytoin is not
      affected by the age and sex of the patients or by phenobarbital used as a
      comedication. Thus, the main contributing factor influencing the steady-state
      serum concentration of phenytoin is the drug dosage. Among Chinese epileptic
      patients, the saturation of phenytoin metabolism occurs at the dosage of 4
      mg/kg/day.

PMID- 3992626
TI  - Monitoring drug noncompliance in epileptic patients: assessing phenobarbital
      plasma levels.
AB  - In an attempt to detect drug noncompliance in epileptic patients, we assessed
      phenobarbital plasma concentrations and examined the determinants of
      noncompliance in 252 outpatients, with 22 inpatients as controls. The plasma
      level of phenobarbital was measured at least twice, at mean intervals of 4.8
      months. The percent difference (PD) between the minimum and maximum levels was
      calculated in each case. A PD of more than 35% was associated with noncompliance.
      The frequency of noncompliance was 19% in the outpatient group. The medication
      period, seizure-free period, and, secondarily, number of drugs and drug forms
      were found to be correlated with noncompliance. Noncompliance was not influenced
      by the age of the patient, sex, psychomotor development, or seizure type or
      frequency. The mean period until complete control of seizures was significantly
      shorter in compliant than in noncompliant patients.

PMID- 3992627
TI  - No influence of doxycycline on theophylline pharmacokinetics.
AB  - The influence of the antibiotic drug doxycycline on steady-state pharmacokinetics
      of theophylline was studied in nine healthy adults by comparing the
      pharmacokinetic parameters measured during a 9-day course of theophylline alone
      and during comedication with doxycycline. Theophylline plasma concentrations were
      measured by means of high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Trough
      theophylline plasma concentrations were measured on days 1-8. On day 9 of each of
      the two periods of drug administration, a plasma concentration-time curve was
      evaluated. No influence of doxycycline on absorption, elimination, and volume of
      distribution of theophylline was found. Mean steady-state plasma concentrations
      were not significantly different during the two treatments. It is concluded that
      the drugs can be given concomitantly without any dosage adjustment of
      theophylline.

PMID- 3992628
TI  - Probing by Glossina morsitans centralis infected with pathogenic Trypanosoma
      species.

PMID- 3992629
TI  - Leishmania isolated from wild mammals caught in endemic areas of leishmaniasis in
      Ecuador.

PMID- 3992630
TI  - Anti-leishmanial effect of allopurinol ribonucleoside and the related compounds,
      allopurinol, thiopurinol, thiopurinol ribonucleoside, and of formycin B,
      sinefungin and the lepidine WR6026.
AB  - Allopurinol and allopurinol ribonucleoside tested in vitro and in vivo for
      activity against Leishmania donovani. Activity in vitro was low against the
      amastigote form of this parasite with ED50 values of the order of 54 and 96
      microM and 86 and 213 microM respectively for the two compounds. In vivo
      inhibition of up to 47% was achieved with allopurinol ribonucleoside given in the
      drinking water. However, low blood levels were found in the mouse relative to
      those in man. Low in vivo activity was also seen with allopurinol ribonucleoside
      against L. major and other species of Leishmania causing cutaneous lesions. The
      metabolism of allopurinol ribonucleoside in aldehyde oxidase deficient mice
      (inbred strains DBA/1, DBA/2) resembled that of man, but the antileishmanial
      activity remained low. Other compounds, formycin B, sinefungin and the lepidine
      WR6026 were highly active against mice infected with L. donovani or L. major.

PMID- 3992631
TI  - A note on the efficacy of a new class of compounds, 9-acridanone-hydrazones,
      against Schistosoma mansoni in a primate--the baboon.
AB  - Five 9-acridanone-hydrazone compounds were tested against moderately heavy
      Schistosoma mansoni infections in baboons. They were administered as a single
      oral dose at a rate of 50 mg/kg body-weight. Compared with results from an
      untreated control baboon, four of the compounds showed high levels of activity
      judged by the reduction or elimination of faecal egg production, adult worms and
      tissue eggs.

PMID- 3992632
TI  - Isolation and identification of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri (aerobia) from a
      swimming pool in Bombay.

PMID- 3992633
TI  - Is Leishmania major the cause of infantile kala-azar in Alexandria, Egypt?

PMID- 3992634
TI  - Capillary blood on dried spots has only limited value for sero-epidemiological
      research.

PMID- 3992635
TI  - Disposable nitrocellulose filtration plates simplify the Dot-ELISA for
      serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.

PMID- 3992636
TI  - Bulinus wrighti, potential snail host for Schistosoma haematobium in northern
      Oman.

PMID- 3992637
TI  - A new record of Sergentomyia garnhami (Heisch, Guggisberg and Teesdale, 1956) in
      Kenya.

PMID- 3992638
TI  - Pentamidine-induced diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 3992639
TI  - Ascaris lumbricoides in Canada: a reply to D.A. Denham.

PMID- 3992640
TI  - The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in man in Plateau State and meat
      animals in Nigeria.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in the sera of 22.86% of people in the
      Jos area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The incidence of antibodies in Nigerian food
      animals was 17.40%, the highest being in sheep (21.92%) and lowest in goats
      (13.88%). Cattle and horses were roughly equally infected--about 17.0%. The
      zoonotic potential of T. gondii in food animals is stressed and epidemiological
      factors are reviewed.

PMID- 3992641
TI  - Treatment of elephantiasis in a community with timorian filariasis.
AB  - To elucidate the issue of lymphoedema and elephantiasis in our previous reports,
      all data on the two clinical conditions have been reviewed and analysed. The
      various characteristics of the swelling are described and factors that may
      influence the outcome of treatment with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) analysed. The
      results showed that all cases with lymphoedema could be treated with DEC,
      irrespective of the size of the swelling, and that in most cases the swelling
      disappeared within one year. On the other hand, it required at least two to four
      years for most swelling to disappear in people with elephantiasis. Elephantiasis
      of the arms was easier to treat than of the legs. Bilateral elephantiasis of the
      legs were more difficult to treat than unilateral elephantiasis. Elephantiasis of
      less than three to five years' duration were easier to treat than that of longer
      duration. Individuals with a higher grade of elephantiasis were more difficult to
      treat than those with a lower grade of elephantiasis. The age and sex of patients
      did not influence the outcome of treatment.

PMID- 3992642
TI  - Detection of antibodies in strongyloidiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA).
AB  - Detection of IgG antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis in sera of 29 patients
      with strongyloidiasis was attempted by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) using an extract of filariform larvae of S. stercoralis. The antibodies
      were found with a high degree of sensitivity in almost all patients. The ELISA
      values, however, did not correlate with the intensity of the infection or with
      differences in clinical and laboratory parameters. When the ELISA values of
      persons with Strongyloides were compared with those showing no S. stercoralis by
      faecal examinations, a significant difference was obtained between these two
      groups. The cross reactions with other helminth infections were significantly
      weaker than the reaction with Strongyloides infection. It was concluded that the
      antibodies are strongly elicited in human strongyloidiasis and that the assay
      provides a sensitive and specific method for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis.

PMID- 3992643
TI  - The effect of different types of skin surfaces on the transmission of Brugia
      pahangi infective larvae by the mosquito Aedes aegypti.
AB  - The transmission of Brugia pahangi from Aedes aegypti into Meriones unguiculatus
      was compared for four different skin surfaces (HAIRY, CLOTH, CLEAN, GREASY).
      Unshaven jirds reduced the feeding avidity of infective mosquitoes. The loss of
      larvae from infective mosquitoes was greatest when these insects fed on "exposed"
      skin surfaces. Significantly fewer infective larvae penetrated the host when
      infective mosquitoes fed on a jird through a thin layer of cloth.

PMID- 3992644
TI  - Cryptococcosis in Zimbabwe.
AB  - The records of 16 consecutive patients with proven cryptococcosis, admitted to
      the two referral hospitals in Harare over a 15-year period, were reviewed. 15
      were cases of meningitis, one with spinal cord granuloma, and the 16th was an
      orbital osteomyelitis. There were eight children and eight adults with a marked
      male preponderance. There was an absence of any predisposing conditions. The
      common clinical signs and symptoms were headache, neck stiffness, fever,
      confusion or drowsiness, cranial nerve lesions and long tract signs. The
      diagnosis was rarely suspected on admission but was discovered during life in 15
      patients, in 12 by finding the organism in the (CSF) cerebrospinal fluid, and in
      three by biopsy of affected tissue. 50% of patients presented with a predominance
      of polymorphs in the CSF. The mortality rate was very high (57%) but most died
      before adequate treatment could be given.

PMID- 3992645
TI  - Granulomatous reaction induced by lipids isolated from Paracoccidioides
      brasiliensis.
AB  - The possibility that the histological responses produced in
      paracoccidioidomycosis might be attributed to lipid constituents of cells of
      Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was investigated. Charcoal particles coated with
      the lipid extract were prepared and the suspension inoculated intravenously into
      mice. The lung inflammation was characterized by an intense mononuclear and
      polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate surrounding the particles from two to eight
      days after inoculation. Fractionation of lipid extract by preparative thin-layer
      chromatography allowed the separation of several fractions and it was observed
      that fractions containing free fatty acids and triglycerides were the most
      active. The participation of an uncommon fatty acid eliciting an inflammatory
      reaction is discussed.

PMID- 3992646
TI  - Induction of human serum-sensitive Trypanosoma brucei stabilates into human serum
      resistant "T. rhodesiense".
AB  - When chronic Trypanosoma brucei infections of mice are treated with 20 mg/kg
      suramin, those trypanosomes which have escaped chemotherapy because they are
      residing in the brain, exhibit a higher degree of human serum resistance than the
      original infection. This resistance increases if the chronic infection is
      retreated for a second time, before the trypanosomes in the brain are tested by
      the blood incubation infectivity test. The transformation is not due to a
      selection of T. rhodesiense from a T. brucei/T. rhodesiense mixture in the
      original stabilates as cloned derivatives also exhibit these same
      characteristics. The implications of this finding are discussed.

PMID- 3992647
TI  - A serosurvey for leptospirosis in Trinidad among urban and rural dwellers and
      persons occupationally at risk.
AB  - A survey for leptospiral antibodies was made of 1,375 persons in northern
      Trinidad between mid-1977 and mid-1978. The subjects were employees in seven
      occupational categories thought to entail a high risk of exposure to leptospires,
      and members of the general population of three rural and two urban communities.
      They were questioned inter alia about their leisure and occupational activities,
      household water supply and effluent, and contact with animals. Leptospiral
      infection was found to be widespread in the general population but not primarily
      associated with employment. Among the occupational groups the highest prevalence
      of antibodies was found in sugar-cane workers (45% infected), while among the
      communities prevalence was highest in the rural village of Cacandee (37%) and
      lowest in Woodbrook (Port-of-Spain) (5%). Keeping cattle, hunting and walking
      barefoot in the countryside were significantly associated with leptospiral
      serology. Over-all, serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Autumnalis each accounted
      for about 25% of the seropositives in the general population. Among the
      occupational groups Autumnalis was the most commonly found (36%). It accounted
      for 42% of the seropositive sugar-cane workers and 57% of the seropositive rice
      farmers.

PMID- 3992648
TI  - Synergism between minor and major histocompatibility antigens in the rejection of
      cultured allografts.
AB  - Thyroid lobes cultured in hyperbaric oxygen were transplanted into recipients
      that differed from the donor in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens
      alone (2 strain combinations), minor histocompatibility antigens alone (5 strain
      combinations), or both (5 strain combinations). Significant foci of lymphocytic
      infiltration, referred to here as a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, were
      seen only if there were minor antigenic differences, and a significant number of
      rejections occurred only if there were both minor plus MHC antigenic differences.
      Thus, these results demonstrated a synergism between some minor and MHC
      histocompatibility antigens in the rejection of cultured allografts. Possible
      mechanisms of this synergism are discussed.

PMID- 3992650
TI  - Cyclosporine absorption in intestinal transplantation.
AB  - The absorption of oral cyclosporine (CsA) was studied in a canine small
      intestinal transplantation model. Absorption of CsA was almost absent in bowel
      resected dogs. Autotransplanted dogs showed a persisting malabsorption of CsA
      (mean peak of 687 +/- 348 ng/ml vs. 1683 +/- 154 ng/ml in control dogs).
      Allotransplanted dogs with normal graft histology showed a similar malabsorption
      (mean increase in CsA level: 833 ng/ml), whereas allotransplanted dogs with
      rejection of the graft showed a markedly decreased absorption (mean increase: 368
      +/- 31 ng/ml). In two autotransplanted dogs pretreated with olive oil alone, CsA
      absorption increased over four weeks to a mean peak of 2215 +/- 5 ng/ml. We
      conclude that oral CsA is absorbed through the small intestine. Absorption of CsA
      is decreased after autotransplantation and allotransplantation, and rejection of
      the graft impedes it further. Regular administration of olive oil alone enhances
      absorption of oral CsA in a canine model.

PMID- 3992649
TI  - Effects of preservation conditions and temperature on tissue acidification in
      canine kidneys.
AB  - The influence of temperature (5, 15, 25, and 35 degrees C) on the degree of
      tissue acidification was examined using 74 canine kidneys with simple ischemia or
      after protection of the kidneys with Euro-Collins solution or with the HTK
      solution of Bretschneider. At an incubation temperature of 5 degrees C, the
      intrarenal pH value in HTK-protected kidneys is continuously higher than 7.3
      during 36 hr of ischemia. In Euro-Collins kidneys the pH value decreases to a pH
      of 6.4 during this time. In simple ischemic kidneys pH is 6.3 after 36 hr. At 15
      degrees C the pH value falls to a lower level in Euro-Collins kidneys than in
      purely ischemic kidneys, but the pH in HTK-protected kidneys is higher than 6.9
      for 24 hr. At 25 degrees C, and especially at 35 degrees C the intrarenal
      acidosis in Euro-Collins kidneys is much stronger than in unprotected kidneys,
      and the pH in HTK-protected kidneys does not decrease below 6.7. The lactate
      production in simple ischemic kidneys and in HTK-protected kidneys is nearly the
      same (80-100 mumol/gdw), although Euro-Collins kidneys have a steeper increase
      and reach higher lactate levels (330 mumol/gdw). The HTK solution guarantees
      satisfactory protection against damaging acidosis over the whole temperature
      range (5-35 degrees C), but the Euro-Collins solution leads to a stronger and
      more dangerous acidosis the higher the temperature.

PMID- 3992651
TI  - Suppression of cellular immune reactions by rat ovarian cells.
AB  - The influence on the immunologic response by rat ovarian cells of follicle and
      stromal tissue origin was investigated using the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR),
      the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) assay, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay, and a
      cytotoxic T-cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test. The MLR between BN/Mai Pfd (RT
      In) stimulator splenocytes (mitomycin-C treated) and R/A Pfd (RT-1u) responder
      lymph node cells was markedly suppressed by ovarian cells of follicle and/or
      stromal tissue origin. A similar in vitro inhibition was observed with cell-free
      supernatants from ovarian cells, not only in the rat MLR but also in the mouse
      MLR between Balb/c stimulator splenocytes and C57B1 responder lymph node cells.
      Moreover, the reactivity of rat lymphocytes was suppressed when they were
      cocultured with ovarian cells in the PHA and CTL assays. Preincubation of the
      supernatants with serial diluted antiprogesterone serum (APS) and antiestradiol
      serum (AES) revealed that the suppressive effect of these supernatants could be
      completely abolished with APS--and, to a lesser extent, by AES. As shown by the
      cell-mediated microcytoxicity assay both the ovarian cells and the steroids
      secreted by these cells were, however, ineffective in suppressing the effector
      phase. It is suggested that the steroid secretion by the ovary may play an
      important role in the prolonged survival of ovarian grafts.

PMID- 3992652
TI  - [Comparison of the level of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations
      induced by chemical mutagens in vitro and in vivo].
AB  - The paper presents results of a study of a dose dependence of induction of SCE
      and chromosomal aberrations at the exposure of human lymphocytes in vitro and
      bone marrow cells of mice in vivo to 5 alkylating chemicals. The efficiency of
      SCE induction in vitro is found to be 300-30 times as high as that of arising of
      chromosomal aberrations. The same regularity is observed in experiments in vivo,
      but the ratio is reduced to 60-20 times.

PMID- 3992653
TI  - [Characteristics of the ultrastructural changes in adrenal cortical cells in the
      intermediate period of endotoxin shock].
AB  - Ultrastructural alterations of adrenocorticocytes are sharply pronounced at the
      intermediate stage of endotoxin shock. The retrograde embolia by the chromaffine
      tissue elements of cortical vessels is a qualitatively new feature of the injury,
      which results in disadaptation and necrosis of adrenocorticocytes.

PMID- 3992654
TI  - [Heterochromatin of the human Y chromosome as an example of selfish DNA].
AB  - The nature of human Y-chromosome of Q-positive heterochromatic region is
      discussed. Both the authors data and those from literature show the existence of
      human population polymorphism with respect to the appearance of this region which
      consists of one or several bright fluorescent blocks. Their multiplication
      results probably from an unequal sister-strand crossing-over. Absence of these
      blocks has no visible phenotypic effect. Their extra multiplication affects the
      embryonal and possibly postnatal psychic development. It is supposed that Q
      positive heterochromatin is an example of selfish DNA in the human genome.

PMID- 3992655
TI  - [Reparative DNA synthesis in the lymphocytes of persons coming in contact with
      chromium compounds in industry].
AB  - The intensity of repair DNA synthesis in the lymphocytes of persons who were in
      contact with chromium compounds was studied depending on the contact duration. It
      is discovered that the intensity of repair DNA synthesis is reduced with the
      increase of the contact duration with chromium compounds. It is suggested that
      the mutagenic effect of chromium compounds is connected with the influence on the
      repair DNA synthesis in human cells.

PMID- 3992656
TI  - [Effect of PHA on lymphocyte respiratory activity in mice].
AB  - A study of the intensity of oxygen consumption by mice lymphocytes at different
      stages of cultivation with PHA showed a pronounced increase of the respiratory
      activity beginning from the 14th hour. Maximum values of oxygen consumption by
      stimulated cells were observed at the 16th and 30th hours of cultivation (before
      the beginning of blastogenesis and before the maximum uptake of H3-thymidine,
      respectively.

PMID- 3992657
TI  - [Electron microscopic research on the capillary permeability of the primary
      portal plexus in rats in the prenatal period].
AB  - Permeability of portal capillaries to intravascularly injected ionic lanthanum,
      ferritin and horse-radish peroxidase has been examined in rats on the 18th fetal
      day, and on days 1 and 9 of postnatal life. For several minutes, tracer molecules
      pass through the capillary wall and reach the median eminence. In the case of
      immature capillaries, the materials pass freely through the endothelial cells,
      and to a lesser extent are transferred via occasional plasmalemmal vesicles and
      fenestrae. As the maturation of capillaries proceeds their permeability via
      plasmalemmal vesicles and fenestrae increases considerably due to a gradual rise
      in the number of these structures. The plasmalemma of differentiated endothelial
      cells becomes impermeable to all the tracers. Only ionic lanthanum appears to
      penetrate through transendothelial channels and intercellular junctions between
      adjacent endothelial cells.

PMID- 3992658
TI  - [Ultracytochemical study of adenylate cyclase localization in the adenohypophysis
      of rats].
AB  - Using an electron cytochemical method and adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP--PNP) as
      substrate, the localization of adenylate cyclase activity was determined in the
      rat's adenohypophysis. This activity was discovered in the perinuclear space, in
      the canaliculi of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, in mitochondria,
      on the external surface of the plasma membrane. In sinusoidal capillaries, the
      reaction product was localized on the plasma membrane, in perinuclear space,
      endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The addition of isoproterenol and sodium
      fluoride to the incubation medium led to a rise in adenylate cyclase activity.

PMID- 3992659
TI  - [Individual and age-related characteristics of the mitotic condensation of human
      Y chromosome].
AB  - Three types of contraction (steady, speeding and slowing) of fluorescent (f) and
      nonfluorescent (nf) parts of the human Y chromosome were revealed in the
      spiralization interval limited by reper chromosome 3 length from 16.6 to 2.9 mkm.
      On the basis of regression analysis it was shown that in the initial phase of the
      spiralization interval studied the f-block was condensed more rapidly than the nf
      region; then the speed of contraction of the latter exceeded that of the former.
      A decline of the Y chromosome condensation in relation to ageing was revealed. A
      possible chromosome segregation disturbance in gametogenesis due to senescent
      changes of heterochromatic regions is discussed.

PMID- 3992660
TI  - [Effect of amines on the pH in the lysosomes of 3T3 cells].
AB  - The measurements of intralysosomal pH under the action of the number of amines
      earlier reported to block the process of the initiation of cell proliferation
      (Nikolsky et al., 1984) were made on Swiss 3T3 cells. The intralysosomal pH (pH1)
      value was estimated by parameters of fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled dextran
      in single intact cells. The pHl value was equal to 4.7 +/- 0.2 for both actively
      growing and quiescent cells. The pH gradient between lysosomes and the cytoplasm
      was completely destroyed by monensin and partially by carbonylcyamide-m
      chlorophenylhydrasone. Methylamine and chloroquine rapidly enhanced the pHl,
      value to 6.4-7.0. Dansylcadaverine, 5-methoxytryptamine and dimethylurea did not
      affect pHl value. Intracellular accumulation of dansylcadaverine was shown to be
      due to the existence of acidic compartments into the cell and highly decreased in
      the presence of monensin. A conclusion is made that the inhibition of mitogenic
      signal by amines cannot be unequivocally accounted for by increasing the pH in
      organelles involved in the intracellular processing of growth factors.

PMID- 3992661
TI  - [Induction of arginase activity in the splenocytes of C3HA mice undergoing
      partial hepatectomy].
AB  - In splenocytes of C3HA mice after partial hepatectomy the increase in arginase
      activity is found. It correlates with the increase in cytotoxic splenocyte
      activity towards tumor cell-target. The suspension without cells capable of
      adhesion and phagocytosis shows decrease in arginase activity up to 50%. But the
      enzyme activity is still higher than in splenocytes of intact mice.

PMID- 3992662
TI  - [Thickness of mammalian cells in culture, the absorption of UV radiation in the
      cells and the related shift in action spectra].
AB  - The thickness of SPEV cells in monolayer with different cell densities was
      measured by means of 3-dimensional reconstruction from serial vertical sections.
      No significant changes in the mean cell thickness were detected despite the wide
      range of volume and cell density variations. UV absorption at different wave
      lengths was measured in various sites of single cells. It is shown that the well
      known shift between peaks of the UV action spectrum for mammalian and bacteria
      cells may result from the cell self-shielding at short wavelengths.

PMID- 3992663
TI  - [Variation in the number of C-heterochromatin blocks in the interphase nuclei of
      the cells of a transplantable murine rhabdomyosarcoma].
AB  - By means of staining procedure which reveals the constitutive heterochromatin
      (CH), the number of CH-blocks was detected in the nuclei of interphase cells
      obtained from the subcutaneously growing rhabdomyosarcoma and from its 10 lung
      colonies. The range of variability of the number of CH-blocks in tumor cell
      populations was greater than in the populations of normal lung cells and
      lymphocytes. The mean numbers of CH-blocks varied from 17.8 +/- 0.9 to 28.0 +/-
      1.2 in cells of different clones, the mean number of CH-blocks in clones being
      the same as in the subcutaneously growing uncloned tumor. The coefficient of
      heritability h2 of character "the number of CH-blocks", calculated on the basis
      of population and interclonal variances, was equal to 0.15, and that calculated
      by one-factor dispersional analysis was actually the same (0.16). It is concluded
      that the high heterogeneity of tumor cells may be conditioned not only by their
      high phenotypic instability, but also by a high frequency of mutations.

PMID- 3992664
TI  - [Ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells of the anterior commissural nucleus
      of the hypothalamus in rats].
AB  - The ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells of the anterior commissural nucleus of
      rat hypothalamus is similar to that of the supraoptic nucleus and of the
      "magnocellular" part of the paraventricular nucleus. The only difference is a
      less expressed granular endoplasmatic reticulum and a smaller diameter of
      elementary neurosecretory granules (80-150 nm in diameter). Such elementary
      granules are characteristic of neurosecretory terminals located in the external
      zone of the median eminence. It is suggested that neurosecretory cells of the
      anterior commissural nucleus project to this neurohemal region.

PMID- 3992665
TI  - [Dependence of the nature of the action of metabolic inhibitors on ribosomal RNA
      synthesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells on cell integrity].
AB  - Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis in the intact Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells is
      selectively inhibited by papaverin (ED50 = 0.01 mM), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DPN; ED50
      = 5 microM), and actinomycin D (ED50 = 0.1 microgram/ml). The inhibition of rRNA
      synthesis is not connected with a direct action of these agents on the rRNA
      synthesis apparatus, and they had no effect on isolated cell nuclei. The rRNA
      synthesis in cells permeabilized with triton X-100 (0.05%) becomes insensible to
      the action of papaverine and DPN, but is inhibited by actinomycin D in low doses.
      In cells permeabilized with digitonin (0.01%) the rRNA synthesis shows no
      sensibility to the action of low doses of actinomycin D. The results suggest that
      the action of these agents on the rRNA synthesis may depend on cell integrity and
      on the permeabilization method employed.

PMID- 3992666
TI  - [Automatic television analyzer of micro-objects for morphometric research on
      blood cells].
AB  - A method of karyometric analysis of blood cells and the hardware for its
      realization are described. The method is based on TV object image analysis, and
      involves measuring videosignal parameters.

PMID- 3992667
TI  - Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in Zimbabwe. III. Theileria parva
      group.
AB  - A survey of the occurrence of antibodies to Theileria parva using the IFA test in
      calves up to one year old at 244 localities in Zimbabwe revealed that the
      parasite occurred throughout the country although the prevalence of positive
      serological reactors was generally low. Outbreaks of theileriosis in high
      rainfall areas in the north, east and west of the country were attributed to
      Theileria parva bovis transmitted from cattle to cattle by Rhipicephalus
      appendiculatus. Outbreaks in high and low rainfall areas in the south and west of
      the country were attributed to Theileria parva lawrencei transmitted from buffalo
      to cattle by Rhipicephalus zambeziensis or R. appendiculatus. R. appendiculatus
      was not uniformly distributed in Zimbabwe. It occurred very commonly in foci in
      the commercial farming areas but was rare in most overgrazed communal farming
      areas. Outbreaks of disease attributed to T. parva bovis were recorded in some
      but not all the R. appendiculatus foci. The disease was present in areas infested
      with R. zambeziensis but it did not cause cattle deaths in these areas.

PMID- 3992668
TI  - A field strain of Babesia bovis apparently resistant to amicarbalide isethionate.

PMID- 3992669
TI  - Prevalence of hydatid cysts in domestic livestock in the Niger Delta.
AB  - The prevalence of infection with hydatid cysts in pigs, cattle, sheep and goats
      in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria studied over a 10-month period was generally
      high; 56% in pigs, 42% in goats, 32% in cattle and 24% in sheep. This high
      prevalence rate is probably related to the socio-economic factors prevalent in
      the area. The high prevalence and viability of the cysts in pigs and cattle
      suggests that the strain of Echinococcus present in this area differs from those
      reported elsewhere.

PMID- 3992670
TI  - Use of a silicone membrane feeding technique in the laboratory maintenance of a
      colony of Ornithodoros moubata.
AB  - Adult Ornithodoros moubata from a laboratory colony were fed on mice or through
      natural or artificial membranes on pig blood. The rate of feeding and its
      efficiency as assessed by fecundity were markedly superior when membranes rather
      than live mice were used. Artificial silicone membranes offer major advantages of
      both convenience and economy over alternative membranes in the maintenance of
      soft tick colonies.

PMID- 3992671
TI  - Measuring the benefits of disease control: relationship between herd structure,
      productivity and health.
AB  - The influence of calving percentage and mortality levels on herd structures is
      studied. Standard herd structures with set levels of mortality are calculated for
      comparison with field data. Herd structures from field surveys in Zambia are
      studied in order to determine how these can be used to gain more information
      about herd input and output dynamics. Methods of calculating off-take and the
      problems relating to making such calculations are discussed.

PMID- 3992672
TI  - Combined natural infection with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and rinderpest
      viruses.

PMID- 3992673
TI  - Simple techniques for increasing the batch size of rinderpest cell culture
      vaccine.

PMID- 3992674
TI  - Abscesses and caseous lymphadenitis in goats in tropical semi-arid north-east
      Brazil.
AB  - This study reports the incidence of abscesses in relation to Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis infection in goats in north-east Brazil. Among 656 goats
      examined periodically over almost two years 41.6% were found with superficially
      palpable abscesses. Most of the infected areas were in the anterior half of the
      body in front of the pre-scapular region; the inguinal region formed the other
      prominent area. Among 486 dead or slaughtered goats, 56 (11.5%) revealed
      abscesses in the internal organs. Lungs and epididymis were affected most, liver,
      spleen, udder and lateropharyngeal nodes were next in order and kidneys and
      mediastinal nodes were least affected. Thus the overall incidence of external and
      internal abscesses was 28.8%; of all the abscesses 27.7% were due to C.
      pseudotuberculosis and the rest due to infections of Corynebacterium pyogenes and
      several species of streptococci or staphylococci. The growth of C.
      pseudotuberculosis-infected and non-infected goats was of the same order and it
      seems that caseous lymphadenitis is not the cause of much financial loss in north
      east Brazil but in view of its high incidence remedial measures should be
      considered necessary in regions where the goat meat industry is likely to become
      more intensive and important.

PMID- 3992676
TI  - [Diagnosis of hypereosinophilia of parasitic etiology (continued)].

PMID- 3992675
TI  - Cryptosporidium spp. in new born lambs in Iran.
AB  - In a study conducted to investigate the causes of the death of new born lambs due
      to diarrhoea 237 cases were studied. In 16 of these lambs necropsied at four to
      10 days old organisms considered to be Cryptosporidia at various stages of its
      life-cycle were associated with the luminal surface of the epithelium of the
      intestinal tract. The histopathology and the mechanism of the diarrhoea caused by
      the parasite and the resulting deaths are discussed.

PMID- 3992677
TI  - [Fournier's gangrene].

PMID- 3992678
TI  - [Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome. Apropos of 13 cases].

PMID- 3992679
TI  - [Sacrococcygeal chordoma. Apropos of 1 case--review of the literature].

PMID- 3992680
TI  - [Relation between blood theophylline levels and bronchodilator effect in
      asthmatics: comparison with salbutamol].

PMID- 3992681
TI  - [Cysto-hepatic channels--surgical incidence and review of the literature. Apropos
      of 2 cases].

PMID- 3992683
TI  - [Pulmonologic aspects of chlamydia infections in the adult].

PMID- 3992682
TI  - [Asymptomatic carriers of HBs antigen. Correlations between biological and
      histological findings].

PMID- 3992684
TI  - [Data on hemoglobinopathies in Tunisia. Epidemiologic data].

PMID- 3992685
TI  - [Surgical treatment of esophageal achalasia].

PMID- 3992686
TI  - [Effect of consanguinity on certain hereditary-degenerative spinocerebellar
      diseases in Tunisia].

PMID- 3992687
TI  - [Foreign bodies of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts: apropos of 123
      cases].

PMID- 3992688
TI  - [Mechanisms of significance in the development of hypercalcemia in malignant
      disease].

PMID- 3992689
TI  - [Thorotrast-induced carcinoma of the renal pelvis].

PMID- 3992690
TI  - [Ankle replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 3992691
TI  - [Postoperative measurements of the skin temperature in free skin flaps after
      microvascular anastomosis].

PMID- 3992692
TI  - [Argon laser trabeculoplasty in primary wide-open glaucoma].

PMID- 3992693
TI  - [Emptying of the intestine prior to colonoscopy. A comparative study of
      intestinal irrigation via a stomach tube and intestinal emptying by diet and
      laxatives].

PMID- 3992694
TI  - [Urethral pressure profile compared with retrograde urethrography in the
      diagnosis of urethral stricture].

PMID- 3992695
TI  - [Bilateral compartment syndrome in a drug addict].

PMID- 3992696
TI  - [Transient hypothyroxinemia in a beer-drinker with hyponatremia].

PMID- 3992698
TI  - [The future of rehabilitation clinics].

PMID- 3992697
TI  - [A reservoir combined with mucosal proctectomy and ileo-anal anastomosis].

PMID- 3992699
TI  - [The possibilities of rehabilitation. A 5-year follow-up of rehabilitation
      patients].

PMID- 3992700
TI  - [Leukemia in Denmark 1943-1980].

PMID- 3992701
TI  - [Smoking and the hospital environment].

PMID- 3992702
TI  - [Penetrating heart injuries. Review of the literature from the past 3 years].

PMID- 3992703
TI  - [Knife injuries--also a Danish problem].

PMID- 3992704
TI  - [Penetrating abdominal injuries].

PMID- 3992706
TI  - [The diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome].

PMID- 3992707
TI  - [Resection of the bladder and uretero-entero-cystoplasty of fibrosis of the
      bladder and ureter].

PMID- 3992705
TI  - [Perfusion of the intervillous space in the human placenta measured by
      radioactive isotopes].

PMID- 3992708
TI  - [Multicentric pigmented Bowen's disease in the vulva and anal canal].

PMID- 3992709
TI  - [Primary amyloidosis complicated by chylothorax].

PMID- 3992710
TI  - [Health complaints caused by working with chlorinated solvents in the electronic
      industry].

PMID- 3992712
TI  - [Collagen colitis. A review and 5 case reports].

PMID- 3992711
TI  - [Comparison of life years lost in 1972 and 1982. A follow-up study].

PMID- 3992714
TI  - [Identification of carriers of hemophilia A].

PMID- 3992713
TI  - [Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Is it an overlooked complication of
      ascites?].

PMID- 3992715
TI  - [Employment of axillary block in an ambulatory casualty department].

PMID- 3992716
TI  - [Volvulus of the cecum. Diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 3992717
TI  - [Pleural exudate in pancreatitis--a differential diagnosis].

PMID- 3992718
TI  - [Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy].

PMID- 3992719
TI  - [Hypercalcemia in Addison's disease].

PMID- 3992720
TI  - [Mortality of patients discharged after acute drug and alcohol poisoning. A
      follow-up study of 615 patients discharged from the Municipal Hospital in
      Copenhagen in 1980].

PMID- 3992721
TI  - [Regional differences in precancerous conditions of the cervix. A classification
      problem].

PMID- 3992722
TI  - [Psychiatric practice--10 years in figures. I. Patient material].

PMID- 3992723
TI  - [Maternity leave for mothers of hospitalized neonates].

PMID- 3992724
TI  - [Relative employment of the health services. Chronic patients with occlusive
      arterial diseases compared with a control group].

PMID- 3992725
TI  - [Garlic--natural remedy for atherosclerosis-related symptoms?].

PMID- 3992726
TI  - [Prostaglandins and acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 3992727
TI  - [Measurement of the stability of various universal ball-and-socket joints for
      external fixation].

PMID- 3992728
TI  - [Complete shoulder arthroplasty by the St George method. A preliminary study in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 3992729
TI  - [Medicinal treatment of asthmatic children prior to referral to an allergy
      clinic].

PMID- 3992730
TI  - [Nutritional status of patients hospitalized for elective surgery in a general
      surgery department].

PMID- 3992731
TI  - [Transient reduction of vision in connection with transurethral resection of the
      prostate].

PMID- 3992732
TI  - [Superscan].

PMID- 3992733
TI  - [Immobilization hypercalcemia].

PMID- 3992734
TI  - [Attempted suicide in a representative region of Denmark 1976-1980].

PMID- 3992735
TI  - [The patients' experience of hospital admissions].

PMID- 3992736
TI  - [Phenoxyacetates and sarcoma in the Danish chemical and agricultural industry].

PMID- 3992737
TI  - Adverse effects during endocrine therapy for prostatic carcinoma with a high dose
      of estrogen.
AB  - A clinical study of the adverse effects induced by the endocrine therapy with a
      high dose of estrogen in 45 patients with stage C or D prostatic carcinoma is
      conducted. Transient decreases of hemoglobin and serum protein values were
      observed after administration of estrogen. The levels of glutamine-oxaloacetic
      and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase showed a transient increase. The value of serum
      total cholesterol and electrolytes showed no changes. Serial evaluations of
      electrocardiograms have played a minor role in the observation of cardiovascular
      disease. Up to date we have not experienced cardiovascular death in our cases
      during the endocrine therapy.

PMID- 3992738
TI  - Pathophysiological studies in hypercalciuric and normocalciuric stone formers.
AB  - This study has been carried out in order to investigate the effects of a standard
      oral calcium load in 18 hypercalciuric and 18 normocalciuric recurrent stone
      formers. Following oral loading there was not a significant difference in the two
      groups studied, as far as serum calcium increment was concerned; however, urinary
      calcium excretion was significantly greater in hypercalciuric stone formers. The
      results obtained, although they do not exclude the presence of intestinal calcium
      hyperabsorption, seem to demonstrate the existence of a diminution of renal
      tubular calcium reabsorption in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria.

PMID- 3992739
TI  - The inverted urothelial papilloma.
AB  - 3 additional cases of inverted urothelial papilloma are presented. A
      pathological, clinical and epidemiological review of this rare urothelial lesion
      is given.

PMID- 3992740
TI  - Urinoma--a rare presentation of carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - Urinoma as a presenting sign of carcinoma of the bladder, as occurred in this
      case, is rare. Aspiration of the cystic mass under sonography and chemistry of
      the fluid confirmed the diagnosis. The inferior extension of the urinoma on CT
      scan confirmed the gradual fading of Gerota's fascia into the retroperitoneum.
      Abdominal mass in the form of a urinoma is an uncommon presentation and only a
      few documented cases are reported in the literature. This case illustrates that
      the Gerota's fascia fades inferiorly into the retroperitoneum.

PMID- 3992741
TI  - Symposium on female urology.

PMID- 3992742
TI  - The structure of the female lower urinary tract and pelvic floor.
AB  - This article presents the salient features of the histology of the human female
      bladder, bladder neck, and urethra. Also described are the structure and
      relationships of the pelvic floor, with particular emphasis on aspects that
      concern the functional control of the urethra.

PMID- 3992743
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the female lower urinary tract.
AB  - An accurate history has an important part in the clinical evaluation of women
      with symptoms referable to the lower urinary tract. Symptoms are suggestive of
      four broad categories: problems of incontinence, problems of bladder
      irritability, structural problems, and psychogenic problems. Specific conditions
      within each category are discussed in detail.

PMID- 3992744
TI  - Stress incontinence. Why and how operations work.
AB  - We still remain uncertain of the precise mode of cure produced by many continence
      procedures. In achieving a cure, some operations produce unacceptable side
      effects of urge incontinence and voiding difficulty. True comparison of results
      of different procedures cannot be made until both subjective and objective
      results are presented, the criteria for patient entry are documented, and
      randomized studies using matched patients as far as possible (taking into account
      factors such as the patient's age, parity, and past history of bladder neck
      operations) are carried out. A follow-up for at least 2 years and preferably 5
      years is necessary. As more than one factor may act to cause urethral sphincter
      incompetence, operations must be selective, and bearing that in mind, a schematic
      approach is needed to match the operation with the pathophysiology or anatomic
      lesion responsible for incontinence.

PMID- 3992745
TI  - Abdominal procedures for stress incontinence.
AB  - Abdominal operative procedures in properly selected patients have a 90 per cent 5
      year success rate in alleviating stress incontinence. The best overall method of
      selection is by radiographic and preferably fluoroscopic characterization of the
      response of the urethra and bladder to a change in intra-abdominal pressure.
      Discussed specifically are standard and nonstandard retropubic procedures and
      pubovaginal sling operations.

PMID- 3992746
TI  - The use of the artificial sphincter in the treatment of urinary incontinence in
      the female patient.
AB  - Data analysis of my experience with the implantation of the artificial sphincter
      shows an overall success rate of 84 per cent. These results are in 139 females
      ranging from 5 to 84 years of age. The surgery is difficult primarily because the
      urethral-vaginal septum is not a surgical plane. Even partial injury to these
      tissues can lead to failure with erosion of the device into the urethra or
      vagina. The use of a new surgical instrument, the "cutter clamp" (see Fig. 8) is
      expected to improve results because of the precision it offers in dissecting
      around the bladder neck. Infection occurred in 4 of 139 patients, or 3 per cent.
      In one infected patient, the cuff eroded into the urethra. The infection rate may
      actually be higher because infection might account for some of the other erosions
      that occurred. Once erosion occurs, secondary infection can obscure the fact that
      the device was contaminated at the time of the original implantation. The use of
      a surgical isolation bubble system may lower both the incidence of infection and
      erosions in the future. The relief to the totally incontinent female by the
      artificial sphincter cannot be overestimated. The patients are very grateful,
      especially because most have undergone multiple treatment methods in an effort to
      cure their incontinence. The effectiveness of the device, barring infection or
      erosion, is evident by a success of 91 per cent of such patients being socially
      continent and 66 per cent being completely dry.

PMID- 3992747
TI  - The unstable bladder.
AB  - The unstable bladder is a common clinical problem of uncertain etiology. Current
      in vitro studies of unstable human detrusor samples show differences in behavior
      and response to pharmacologic agents from normal detrusor. The fundamental
      urodynamic abnormality is the occurrence of involuntary detrusor contractions,
      which cause the cardinal symptom of urgency. The incidence of other symptoms is
      determined by the functional bladder capacity and the patient's ability to resist
      the unstable contractions. Having excluded outflow obstruction as a causative or
      associated factor, empirical treatment may reasonably be started on the basis of
      the findings of a 48-hour voided volume chart, reserving full urodynamic
      investigation for patients who fail to respond to treatment as expected. For
      those with minimal urodynamic dysfunction, bladder drill is the treatment of
      choice; when this fails or is inappropriate, drug treatment with oxybutynin is
      indicated, supplemented by other drugs when appropriate. When these standard
      conservative measures fail, then transvesical injection of the pelvic plexuses
      with phenol gives worthwhile results and is a trivial procedure. If this fails,
      and in men in whom the phenol procedure is contraindicated, "clam"
      ileocystoplasty is usually if not always curative.

PMID- 3992748
TI  - Percutaneous extraction of renal calculi.
AB  - Percutaneous procedures have rapidly gained widespread acceptance for the
      management of most patients requiring removal of renal calculi. Included in this
      review is a detailed description of currently applicable techniques.

PMID- 3992749
TI  - [Cellular and humoral immunity in pyelonephritis].

PMID- 3992751
TI  - [Effect of radiation therapy on the immune system of kidney cancer patients].

PMID- 3992750
TI  - [Characteristics of the biochemical and radioimmunological diagnosis of
      urolithiasis of hyperparathyroid etiology].

PMID- 3992753
TI  - [Cardiovascular complications during the estrogen therapy of prostatic cancer
      patients].

PMID- 3992752
TI  - [Intra-arterial chemotherapy of patients in the late stages of bladder cancer].

PMID- 3992754
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis of pretumorous diseases of the bladder].

PMID- 3992755
TI  - [Causes of failure of Ivanissevic's operation in varicocele].

PMID- 3992756
TI  - [Lipoprotein lipase activity of the blood in chronic glomerulonephritis
      patients].

PMID- 3992757
TI  - [Characteristics of stomach lesions in chronic kidney disease].

PMID- 3992758
TI  - [Potentials for the early diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy in patients with
      chronic kidney failure during treatment by systematic hemodialysis].

PMID- 3992759
TI  - [Immunity parameters in chronic pyelonephritis in adults].

PMID- 3992760
TI  - [Resection of the kidney in racemose hemangioma].

PMID- 3992761
TI  - [Solid clear-cell adenoma in a simple kidney cyst].

PMID- 3992762
TI  - Experimental study of the pressure-volume and pressure-time relations in the
      completely obstructed pelvis of the porcine kidney. Part 1: Introduction and
      theory.
AB  - Little is known about pressure-volume and pressure-time relations of the
      obstructed renal pelvis. In a series of experiments with pigs the completely
      obstructed renal pelvis was infused with Ringer's lactate at a constant rate of 2
      ml/min. On the basis of these experiments a mathematical description is given of
      the pressure-volume and pressure-time relations that were recorded.

PMID- 3992763
TI  - In vitro comparison of isometric and stop-test contractility parameters for the
      urinary bladder.
AB  - Contractility parameters in the urinary bladder can be calculated from isometric
      contractions (no extra patient load as compared to routine cystometry) or from
      stop-tests (more accurate, simpler analysis). A stop-test involves a voluntarily
      interrupted micturition with pressure and flow measurement. In a series of
      measurements in vitro on pig urinary bladder strips, parameters of the first
      type, obtained either by analyzing isometric contractions in terms of the Hill
      model, or by making phase plots, were compared to parameters of the second type.
      A good correlation was found. Th parameter correlating best with the maximal
      contraction velocity of the bladder, normalized for differences in initial muscle
      length, as obtained from stop-test, is the isometric contraction force, which can
      be obtained from an isometric contraction by either of the two analysis
      techniques. Clinically, making phase plots seems more promising than analyzing
      contractions in terms of the Hill model.

PMID- 3992764
TI  - Intravesical cytostatics: pH-dependence of antitumour activity.
AB  - The effects of pH on the antitumour activity of six cytostatics--cisplatin,
      doxorubicin, ethoglucid, mitomycin C, thiotepa and VM-26--used in intravesical
      instillations were tested in vitro. The activity of cytostatics was determined on
      the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cell line by using ATP-bioluminescence method.
      Cytostatics were incubated at different pH's (5.0-7.4) for 2 and 4 h. The
      activity of most of the cytostatics was not affected by pH, but mitomycin C had
      somewhat lower activity at pH 5.0 at 4 h and cisplatin at pH 6-7 at 2 and 4 h.
      Because the pH of normal urine is within the range used in this test, the use of
      a buffer solution during the intravesical instillation therapy is not necessary.
      However, according to our clinical experience, buffering is recommended to avoid
      chemical cystitis.

PMID- 3992765
TI  - The influence of cytoreductive surgery on the response to chemotherapy of a rat
      renal cancer.
AB  - The potential ability of cytoreductive surgery to increase the effectiveness of
      chemotherapy (vindesine) was tested utilizing male Wistar Lewis rats transplanted
      simultaneously with intraperitoneal and flank implants of a spontaneously arising
      renal adenocarcinoma. Cytoreduction was accomplished in some animals by removing
      the flank tumor 5-7 weeks following implantation; all animals received vindesine
      (IP injection of 0.5 mg/kg on two successive weeks). While vindesine reduced
      tumor growth, in no case did the addition of cytoreductive surgery enhance the
      effect of chemotherapy. The addition of cytoreductive surgery to marginally
      effective chemotherapy was found to be ineffective or even detrimental.

PMID- 3992766
TI  - Experimental study of the pressure-volume and pressure-time relations in the
      completely obstructed pelvis of the porcine kidney. Part 2: The relation between
      actual hydrostatic pressure, intrapelvic volume and time.
AB  - In a series of experiments with pigs the completely obstructed renal pelvis was
      infused with Ringer's lactate at a constant rate of 2 ml/min. At various pressure
      levels (lower than 50 mm Hg) the relations pressure vs infused volume and
      pressure vs actual intrapelvic volume and the effects on the intrapelvic pressure
      of rapid total or partial extraction of the actual volume were measured. At
      pressure levels lower than 15-20 mm Hg the P-V relation is exponential; at
      pressure levels between approximately 20 to 50 mm Hg this relation is linear. In
      the pressure range from 20 to 50 mm Hg the pressure decays, at a constant or
      increasing volume, asymptotically to a certain stabilisation value when the
      infusion is stopped. The relation between stabilised pressure and intrapelvic
      volume is linear.

PMID- 3992767
TI  - Experimental study of the pressure-volume and pressure-time relations in the
      completely obstructed pelvis of the porcine kidney. Part 3: Stability of the
      pelvicalyceal system.
AB  - In a series of experiments with pigs the completely obstructed renal pelvis was
      filled with Ringer's lactate at a constant rate of 2 ml/min. At various pressure
      levels lower than 50 mm Hg the relations pressure vs infused volume and pressure
      vs actual intrapelvic volume were repeatedly measured. It was concluded that the
      measurements were reproducible and that the pelvicalyceal system is -under these
      experimental conditions- a stable elastic unit.

PMID- 3992768
TI  - Pain control: comparison of percutaneous and operative nephrolithotomy.
AB  - Percutaneous removal of renal calculi is an effective form of therapy with less
      morbidity than some other operative procedures. The narcotic requirements of 21
      patients treated percutaneously were compared with a comparable group of patients
      treated by open nephrolithotomy. Patients treated percutaneously stayed in the
      hospital for 8.9 days and required 6.5 doses of narcotics. Patients treated by
      open surgical lithotomy remained in the hospital for 11.0 days and required 21
      doses of narcotics. When compared on a daily basis, patients in the open
      operative group required 2.7 times more doses of narcotics than patients treated
      percutaneously. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy appears to be significantly less
      painful than operative nephrolithotomy utilizing a standard flank incision as
      indicated by narcotic analgesic usage.

PMID- 3992769
TI  - Flexible cystourethroscopy: alternative to rigid instruments for evaluation of
      lower urinary tract.
AB  - The flexible nephroscope offers several advantages when used to evaluate the
      lower urinary tract. Fifty-six men have been endoscoped in an effort to document
      the ease of urethral passage and visibility with two of these instruments.

PMID- 3992770
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of complete urethral obstruction using thin trocar.
AB  - We used an endoscopic thin trocar to reestablish the continuity of the completely
      obliterated urethra in 2 patients. In 1 man the obstruction resulted from a
      pelvic fracture and in 1 woman from early removal of the urethral catheter after
      a bladder neck reconstruction. We found this technique safe and effective, and we
      consider it to represent an improvement over previously described methods of
      endoscopic treatment of the obliterated urethra.

PMID- 3992771
TI  - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in lower urinary tract.
AB  - Primary involvement of the bladder and prostate by non-Hodgkin lymphoma is
      exceedingly rare. Usually bladder lymphoma can be cured by aggressive local
      therapy, but the prognosis of prostatic lymphoma is poor. The devastating
      clinical course of a young man with primary lymphoma involving the prostate and
      bladder base is reported to emphasize the heterogeneity of this group of tumors
      and to encourage precise tumor classification. Prognosis depends on the tumor
      stage and the specific lymphoma cell-type as defined by conventional histologic
      and immunologic criteria. Management should be tailored according to tumor grade,
      stage, and site.

PMID- 3992772
TI  - Plasma concentrations of lidocaine resulting from instillation of lidocaine jelly
      into genitourinary tract prior to cystoscopy.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of lidocaine were measured over a period of three hours
      following the instillation of lidocaine jelly (Xylocaine 2% Jelly) into the
      genitourinary tract of 30 patients (15 male, 15 female) scheduled for cystoscopy.
      The mean quantity of jelly instilled was 21.4 Gm (11-27.5 Gm) and of lidocaine
      HCl administered thereby 428 mg (218-550 mg). Plasma concentration reached
      measurable levels in only 5 cases, never exceeding 0.2 microgram/ml.

PMID- 3992773
TI  - Antibacterial perineal washing for prevention of recurrent urinary tract
      infections.
AB  - Antibacterial ointment applied to the urethral meatus in females with recurrent
      urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been reported to decrease the incidence of
      UTIs. The value of perineal washing with the antibacterial lotion,
      hexachlorophene, in preventing urinary tract infections was determined in 56
      females with recurrent UTIs. Of three groups of females one group used
      hexachlorophene perineal washings morning and night, another group used
      hexachlorophene perineal washings and an oral antibacterial daily (nitrofurantoin
      or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), and the third group used the oral
      antibacterials daily alone. The infections per patient were 3.4 with
      hexachlorophene washings, 0.5 with hexachlorophene washing and oral
      antibacterials daily, and 0.9 with oral antibacterials alone. These results
      suggest that hexachlorophene perineal washing was not effective in preventing UTI
      in females.

PMID- 3992774
TI  - Bulbocavernosus reflex testing in 100 consecutive cases of erectile dysfunction.
AB  - Electrophysiologic testing of the bulbocavernosus reflex is often part of the
      routine workup of erectile dysfunction. To assess how often prolonged or absent
      reflexes occur 100 consecutive males with erectile dysfunction, who had been
      referred to a hospital-based medial sexology program, were tested. Four per cent
      had prolonged latency times (greater than 43 msec), and an additional 5 per cent
      had an absent reflex. Bulbocavernosus reflex testing needs to be done in males
      where penile revascularization, or sex therapy, or both, are being considered as
      therapeutic options. An abnormal latency would contraindicate revascularization
      and should limit outcome expectations of sex therapy. It does not need to be a
      routine part of the diagnostic workup.

PMID- 3992775
TI  - Acute scrotal lesion secondary to barium peritonitis in an infant.
AB  - We report on an acute scrotal lesion occurring secondary to barium peritonitis in
      an infant with a patent processus vaginalis. To our knowledge, this has not been
      described previously. Treatment of the peritonitis may be sufficient for the
      scrotal lesion.

PMID- 3992776
TI  - Comprehensive scrotal flow and scan technique for detection of varicoceles.
AB  - We describe a noninvasive modified radionuclide technique, the "comprehensive
      scrotal flow and scan," for the detection of varicoceles. The procedure utilizes
      in-vivo-labeled pyrophosphate red blood cells and 99mTc-pertechnetate as a blood
      pool scanning agent. The procedure includes an immediate flow study along with
      early and delayed static images, both in the upright and supine position. These
      studies were examined by visual inspection and by computer analysis. Data were
      obtained from 50 patients and 8 control subjects. The technique demonstrated a
      91.1 per cent sensitivity when compared to physical examination and an 84.6 per
      cent sensitivity when compared to venography from patients with subclinical or
      poorly palpable varicoceles.

PMID- 3992778
TI  - Peliosis hepatis after long-term androgen therapy.
AB  - Peliosis hepatis is a recognized, but rare, complication of androgen replacement
      therapy. We herein report such a complication with necropsy study of the liver so
      involved.

PMID- 3992777
TI  - Experimental use of free grafts of bladder mucosa in canine bladders. Successful
      closure of recurrent vesicovaginal fistula utilizing bladder mucosa.
AB  - Three to 4 cm-diameter, circular-shaped full thickness sections of the anterior
      wall of canine bladders were resected. Free grafts of bladder mucosa were lifted
      from the muscular wall and sewn back as a patch onto the original defect. Fusion
      of the graft and normal urothelium occurred, and at eight weeks a dense fibrotic
      external layer and normal urothelium was observed. No diverticuli occurred. A
      successful closure of recurrent multiple vesicovaginal fistulas in a woman using
      mucosa alone is reported.

PMID- 3992779
TI  - Carcinomatous meningitis from transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
AB  - The following case report presents a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of
      the bladder referred to this medical center after carcinomatous meningitis
      developed. Previously he had undergone surgical resection of the primary lesion
      and had received cis-platinum chemotherapy for lung metastasis. This unusual
      presentation of metastatic disease (carcinomatous meningitis) seems to alert the
      surgical and medical communities to new complications.

PMID- 3992780
TI  - Unusual behavior of low-grade, low-stage transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
AB  - A case report of low-grade, low-stage transitional cell cancer of the bladder
      with isolated metastases to the uterus, fallopian tube, and ovary is presented.
      The pathogenesis of such unusual behavior for a local bladder malignancy is
      discussed along with a review of similar cases from the literature.

PMID- 3992781
TI  - Penile cryptococcosis with review of mycotic infections of penis.
AB  - A recurrence of cryptococcosis sixteen years after the primary infection as a
      penile ulcer is reported. The clinical manifestations of genitourinary and skin
      involvement by cryptococci are discussed. The epidemiology, pathogenesis,
      diagnosis, and treatment of penile mycotic infections are reviewed.

PMID- 3992782
TI  - Neonatal genital trauma.
AB  - A neonate with severe scrotal ecchymosis resulting from a breech delivery is
      presented. The incidence, potential complications, and management are discussed.

PMID- 3992783
TI  - Primary carcinoid tumor of testis with metastasis.
AB  - A primary carcinoid tumor of the testis metastatic to one preaortic lymph node in
      a forty-three-year-old man is reported. The case was of great clinical interest
      not only because of the extreme rarity of testicular carcinoid with metastasis
      but also because of a coincidental bacterial endocarditis.

PMID- 3992784
TI  - Urologic use of the iconoclast.

PMID- 3992785
TI  - Sacrococcygeal chordoma metastatic to penis.

PMID- 3992786
TI  - Renal pelvic hematoma in hydronephrotic kidney.

PMID- 3992787
TI  - Bilateral renal cell carcinoma diagnosed as renal abscesses.
AB  - The history of a patient with bilateral renal cell carcinoma, simulating
      bilateral renal abscesses is reported. Since hypernephroma can present with
      misleading systemic effects, all diagnostic tools concerning space-occupying
      lesions of the kidney must be interpreted with care before treatment. Punctures
      for cytology can be indicated when both kidneys are affected.

PMID- 3992788
TI  - [Relaparotomy in children].
AB  - 124 relaparotomies were performed in 70 children (1,9% of all the patients who
      had been operated on organs of the abdominal cavity). Eventrations made their
      appearance mainly in children of the first year of life, operated upon for
      malformations and having severe background diseases. The transrectal incision was
      found to have no advantages over the median incision in relation to the
      appearance of eventrations. Lethality after relaparotomied was 36,6%.

PMID- 3992789
TI  - [Liver resection in closed injury in a child].

PMID- 3992791
TI  - [Rare form of intestinal strangulation associated with destructive appendicitis
      in a child].

PMID- 3992790
TI  - [Giant cyst of the common bile duct in a child].

PMID- 3992792
TI  - [Means of filling in extensive defects with cutaneous-subcutaneous-fascial flaps
      on a Filatov pedicle].
AB  - The authors propose methods for closing vast defects by cutaneous-fascial grafts
      transferred on the Filatov's pedicle through the upper extremity. These whole
      thickness grafts must be previously subjected to surgical training which
      eliminates risk of ischemia. The tubular feeding pedicle is convenient for care
      and prevents infections in the postoperative period. The first method consists in
      the forming of the Filatov's pedicle (as the first step) which is then
      transferred onto the hand (the second step). In the first method both steps are
      supposed to be fulfilled simultaneously in order to shorten time of treatment.
      The methods described were used for closing great wounds on the head and lower
      extremities in 8 patients.

PMID- 3992793
TI  - [Duodenal dilatation in the treatment of duodenal ulcer and hazards associated
      with its implementation].

PMID- 3992794
TI  - [Microcirculatory disorders in mitral stenosis surgery].
AB  - The clinical investigation of microcirculation in 100 patients with rheumatic
      mitral stenosis performed by clinico-morphological and laboratory methods has
      revealed changes of microcirculation in 100% of cases. Three degrees of
      disturbances of microcirculation are shown. The authors believe microcirculation
      disturbances to be responsible for severity of the patient's state and
      effectiveness of surgical treatment.

PMID- 3992795
TI  - [Early postoperative acute mechanical intestinal obstruction].

PMID- 3992796
TI  - [Fulminating gangrene].

PMID- 3992797
TI  - [Syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation after surgery on major
      vessels].

PMID- 3992798
TI  - [Calculi of the major duodenal papilla].

PMID- 3992799
TI  - [Extent and character of medical services in combined injuries of the maxillo
      facial area].

PMID- 3992800
TI  - [Clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of anaerobic abscess of the lung and
      pleurisy].
AB  - Bacteriological examinations of 65 patients with abscesses of lungs and pleuritis
      have shown that non-sporulating anaerobic bacteria were isolated in 85% of
      purulent foci (without a concomitant aerobic microflora). Express-methods of
      diagnosis taking only 30-40 minutes give opportunities for early etiotropic
      therapy. Best results of treatment of anaerobic abscesses of lungs and pleuritis
      were obtained by a combination of sufficient drainage with the purposeful
      antianaerobic therapy.

PMID- 3992801
TI  - [Prevention of wound infection after pulmonary resection of acute suppurative
      disease].
AB  - The appearance of suppuration of the operation wound is real after resection of
      lungs for a restricted and spread gangrene despite prophylactic use of
      antibiotics and washing of the wound with antiseptics. Early diagnosis of local
      suppuration of the wound, effective drainage of the focus and increase of non
      specific resistance give a way out of the situation. Choice of diagnostic
      criteria of suppuration and a method of correction of healing the thoracotomic
      wound are presented.

PMID- 3992802
TI  - [Clinico-morphologic evaluation of regenerative processes in gastric incisions
      made with a laser scalpel].
AB  - Clinical observations and experiments in animals enabled the authors to conclude
      that after operations on hollow organs of the abdominal cavity the healing of
      wounds made by a usual scalpel developed more favorably than of those made by a
      laser scalpel.

PMID- 3992803
TI  - [Status of the cellular immune system in acutely developing complications of
      peptic ulcer before and after surgical treatment].
AB  - The ulcer perforation of bleeding can arize against the background of
      immunodeficiency characterized by decreased T- and B-lymphocytes in the
      peripheral blood. The immunodeficiency retains after operation and can facilitate
      a recurrent disease. In the postoperative period it is necessary to control the
      immune system in order to correct immunodeficiency.

PMID- 3992804
TI  - [Unresected antral mucosa in the duodenal and gastric stump--a cause of peptic
      ulcer of the anastomosis].
AB  - The article describes 44 observations of peptic ulcers, the appearance of them
      being explained by the retained antral mucosa in the stump of the duodenum and
      stomach.

PMID- 3992806
TI  - [Possibility of predicting and preventing postoperative complications leading to
      relaparotomy].
AB  - The occurrence of relaparotomies is known to be 1,2% of operations on the abdomen
      organs. Pyo-inflammatory complications are responsible for more than half cases
      resulting in relaparotomies. Relaparotomies are divided into emergent and urgent,
      radical and palliative. A system for prognosis of complications and differential
      diagnosis of postoperative paresis of the gastro-intestinal tract and
      postoperative peritonitis is presented. Prophylactics of postoperative
      complications reduced lethality after relaparotomies from 79% to 56%.

PMID- 3992805
TI  - [Optimal timing of radical surgery for tumors of the pancreaticoduodenal zone
      associated with jaundice].
AB  - In cancer of the pancreatoduodenal zone complicated by obturative jaundice it is
      expedient to perform pancreatogastroduodenal resection in two steps: the first
      step is laparoscopic hepatocholecystostomy, the second step should be fulfilled
      10-12 days after normalization of bilirubinemia. The data obtained were taken
      into consideration in pancreatogastroduodenal resection performed in 20 patients.

PMID- 3992807
TI  - [Endogenous toxicity in acute hepatic failure and ways of eliminating it].
AB  - The structure of causes of the endogenous intoxication in 39 patients with acute
      hepatic insufficiency is studied. Eleven toxic compounds of an organic nature
      were found responsible for genesis fo the disorders and outcomes of acute hepatic
      insufficiency. Possible use of hemosorption and hyperbaric oxygenation for the
      elimination of toxic products is analysed. A combination of them is proved to be
      expedient. The selectivity of sorption for each toxin separately in various types
      of hepatic insufficiency is established.

PMID- 3992808
TI  - [Administration of medications via a lymphatic vessel in the treatment of diffuse
      peritonitis and sepsis].
AB  - Endolymphatic infusions of an antibacterial complex (antibiotic--lysozyme-
      proteinase inhibitor) resulted in recovery of 92,6% of patients after a complex
      treatment of diffuse peritonitis and sepsis. Gauze-sorbent tampons used in
      empyema of pleura give rapid cleaning of the cavity walls from pyo-necrotic
      masses and decreased the activity of the inflammatory process.

PMID- 3992809
TI  - [Generalized sarcoidosis of the organs of the abdominal cavity].

PMID- 3992810
TI  - [Excision of duodenal ulcer after resection of the stomach "for exclusion"].

PMID- 3992812
TI  - [Status of the liver in acute suppurative destruction of the lungs].

PMID- 3992811
TI  - [Strangulated hernia of the xiphoid process in a patient with severe heart
      disease].

PMID- 3992813
TI  - [Therapeutic effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on suppurative wound healing].

PMID- 3992814
TI  - [Current methods of treating pseudarthrosis].
AB  - Treatment of 706 patients with 708 false joints is described. 756 operations were
      fulfilled. Consolidation was achieved in 632 patients (89,9%). Principles of the
      treatment are described.

PMID- 3992815
TI  - [Evaluation and prediction of the severity of ischemic disorders in injured
      extremities by a clinico-mathematic method].
AB  - A method for mathematical evaluation and prognosis of severity of ischemia is
      described on the basis of analysis of ischemic disorders in injured extremities
      in 195 patients.

PMID- 3992816
TI  - [Early rehabilitative therapy of musculoskeletal injuries in patients with severe
      multiple and combined injuries].
AB  - The author has studied results of the early rehabilitative treatment of 155
      patients with severe multiple and associated traumas. Good results were obtained
      in 89,5%, satisfactory--in 7,3%, bad--in 3,2%. The method of treatment and
      rehabilitation is described.

PMID- 3992817
TI  - [Use of dimiphen blue to determine the viability of mechanically injured
      tissues].
AB  - Results of the experimental use of Dimiphen blue for determination of viability
      of tissues are presented. Experiments were made in 23 rabbits with standard
      contusion-crush skin-muscle wounds. the results have shown that the method is
      good for diagnosis and may be recommended for clinical use.

PMID- 3992819
TI  - The franchise operation.

PMID- 3992818
TI  - Veterinarians and laboratory animals.

PMID- 3992820
TI  - Larvae of Elaphostrongylus cervi in the deer of Scotland.
AB  - Protostrongylid larvae were recovered from the faeces or lungs of red deer
      (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
      in Scotland during 1981. Typical protostrongylid first-stage larvae were also
      recovered from possible intermediate hosts, the grey field slug (Agriolimax
      reticulata) and the white-soled slug (Arion fasciatus). All these protostrongylid
      larvae were microscopically identical to those of the nematode Elaphostrongylus
      cervi. Despite careful search, adult E cervi were not found, but it is concluded
      that infection with E cervi is widespread in Scottish deer.

PMID- 3992822
TI  - Tarsal osteomyelitis in foals.
AB  - Nine foals with haematogenous osteomyelitis of the tarsal bones were studied
      clinically, radiologically and pathologically. Clinical examination, including
      aspiration of articular or periarticular effusions in the tarsal area, and
      radiological study provide definitive diagnosis in most cases.

PMID- 3992823
TI  - Bertiella studeri in a mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona mona) in Nigeria.

PMID- 3992821
TI  - Effect of thiabendazole treatment on feed intake, digestibility and selected
      blood values in lactating dairy cows.
AB  - Observations of feed intake, digestibility, production and selected blood values
      were made during the winter housing period on 10 lactating dairy cows, naturally
      infected with gastrointestinal roundworms, which were either left untreated or
      dosed on two occasions with thiabendazole in-feed. While treatment had no
      significant effect on appetite or production, there was a 9.8 per cent
      improvement in cellulose digestibility (P less than 0.05). An increase in
      circulating cholesterol in treated cows was associated with the improved
      utilisation of cellulose. It is considered unlikely that thiabendazole's primary
      anthelmintic activity was responsible for this effect. Treated cattle also
      exhibited a significant improvement in thyroid function during the course of the
      study compared with control animals. This might account for the increase in milk
      production reported in several trials following anthelmintic treatment of dairy
      cows.

PMID- 3992825
TI  - Anticoccidials and turkeys.

PMID- 3992824
TI  - Entropion in sharpeis and CPRA in briards.

PMID- 3992826
TI  - Vaccination against equine influenza.

PMID- 3992827
TI  - Paracetamol poisoning in cats.

PMID- 3992829
TI  - Veterinary manpower requirements.

PMID- 3992828
TI  - Newcastle disease: what now?

PMID- 3992830
TI  - High incidence of abortions and congenital deformities of unknown aetiology in a
      beef herd.
AB  - In 1980, 16 abortions or stillbirths occurred and 26 deformed calves were born in
      a beef herd of 115 Friesian cross Hereford cows mated to Charolais bulls. The
      deformities were principally arthrogryposes with contractures, particularly of
      the forelimbs, and various skull abnormalities. Following investigation it was
      considered highly unlikely that hereditary causes, infectious agents or a
      nutritional deficiency were responsible. The most likely cause was exposure to an
      unidentified teratogen early in pregnancy.

PMID- 3992831
TI  - Effects of trenbolone acetate and propylene glycol on pregnancy toxaemia in ewes.
AB  - Eleven ewes with pregnancy toxaemia were monitored clinically and biochemically
      after daily treatment with trenbolone acetate (30 mg) and propylene glycol (twice
      daily 100 ml), for at least one week. The clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia at
      first examination were less severe than those described in ewes in other
      countries. After the first treatment, the appetite improved in nine ewes, blood
      glucose levels increased in 10 ewes and blood ketone body concentrations
      decreased in nine animals. A statistically significant decrease in mean ketone
      body levels was found between the day of first examination and the second day
      thereafter. Four animals recovered before lambing (group 1). One animal lambed
      one day after the first treatment and recovered. In the remaining ewes clinical
      and biochemical improvement did not last long. Three of these animals did not
      recover until after lambing (group 2) and three animals died (group 3). In three
      animals of group 2 and two animals of group 3 an increase of serum activities of
      lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transferase and
      alkaline phosphatase was found. In two necropsied animals of group 3 a severe
      fatty degeneration of the liver was found. Treatment of pregnancy toxaemia with
      trenbolone acetate and propylene glycol appeared to have some positive effect in
      mild cases. In more advanced cases the time of parturition is the crucial factor
      leading to recovery.

PMID- 3992832
TI  - Classical swine fever and its diagnosis: a current view.
AB  - Classical swine fever is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs and a
      major source of loss for pig producers worldwide. The disease was eradicated from
      Great Britain in 1966 and, apart from a single incident in 1971, has not
      reappeared. A major epizootic started in Europe in 1982-83 and continued through
      1984. Extra vigilance is necessary in order to detect any introduction of
      infection. The disease takes several forms apart from the dramatic disease
      described in textbooks. These include mild and chronic disease and reproductive
      losses of various types. Mild disease is a feature of the epizootic in Europe at
      present. Diagnostic methods are outlined. Diagnosis is frequently difficult and
      requires laboratory help. The selection and handling of specimens for the
      laboratory is critical to the success of diagnosis.

PMID- 3992833
TI  - Rhododendron poisoning in sheep.

PMID- 3992834
TI  - Rotavirus infection in pheasant poults.

PMID- 3992835
TI  - Giant hogweed and ducklings.

PMID- 3992836
TI  - Ataxia/paresis syndrome of sheep.

PMID- 3992837
TI  - Paracetamol poisoning in cats.

PMID- 3992838
TI  - A source of antibiotic residues in milk.

PMID- 3992840
TI  - Non-specific reactions to the Brucella abortus SAT.

PMID- 3992839
TI  - Anticoccidials and turkeys.

PMID- 3992842
TI  - Euthanasia of tortoises.

PMID- 3992841
TI  - LH and progesterone concentrations in heifers.

PMID- 3992843
TI  - Observations on semen quality of dogs in the tropics.
AB  - Semen was obtained from eight mongrels and 17 purebred dogs kept in a tropical
      climate. The mean spermatozoal output per ejaculate was 303.6 +/- 138.2 and 602.9
      +/- 466.2 million, respectively. Values for individual progressive motility, live
      and abnormal spermatozoa were comparable with those obtained in temperate
      regions. The type and frequency of spermatozoal abnormalities are illustrated.

PMID- 3992844
TI  - Diseases diagnosed in broiler chicken flocks in Victoria, Australia, 1977 to
      1984.
AB  - During the period July 1977 to June 1984, specimens from 1402 broiler chicken
      flocks were submitted to the Veterinary Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
      for investigation of morbidity, mortality and, or, poor performance. A total of
      19,450 post mortem examinations, as well as numerous ancillary tests, were
      performed. The findings on these flocks are presented and the consequences of
      some particular diseases noted.

PMID- 3992845
TI  - Use of a long-acting oxytetracycline preparation in respiratory disease in young
      beef bulls.

PMID- 3992846
TI  - Efficacy of nitroxynil against Oestrus ovis in sheep.

PMID- 3992847
TI  - Hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning in the pig.

PMID- 3992848
TI  - Methods of copper supplementation.

PMID- 3992849
TI  - Isolation of Mycoplasma arginini from a goat in Malaysia.

PMID- 3992850
TI  - Anaesthesia of wildlife.

PMID- 3992851
TI  - Red eared terrapins.

PMID- 3992852
TI  - Animal rights.

PMID- 3992853
TI  - Natural subclinical salmonella infection in chickens: a potential model for
      testing the effects of various procedures on salmonella shedding.
AB  - The influence of growth additives on the duration of salmonella shedding has been
      variously reported. The different conclusions reached were mainly because of the
      different experimental systems used. In this paper a naturally infected chicken
      model for evaluating this problem is described. It simulates commercial
      conditions and proved to be reproducible in 13 groups, each of 125 birds, over a
      two-year period.

PMID- 3992854
TI  - Failure of drinking water sanitisation to reduce the incidence of natural
      salmonella in broiler chickens.
AB  - The addition of a sanitiser, containing a mixture of organic acids and other
      approved additives, to water offered to broiler chickens was effective in
      eliminating salmonella from the drinking water. However, it failed to influence
      salmonella carriage by the chickens which were still shedding salmonella at
      market age (seven weeks old).

PMID- 3992855
TI  - Performance and progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta concentrations in fat-free
      milk of a cow with a cystic ovarian follicle.

PMID- 3992856
TI  - Outbreak of posthitis in grazing wethers in Scotland.

PMID- 3992857
TI  - Effect of testosterone immunisation on ovarian activity in pony mares during late
      winter and spring.

PMID- 3992858
TI  - Duration of tick activity.

PMID- 3992859
TI  - Boluses of controlled release glass for supplementing ruminants with cobalt.
AB  - Boluses of controlled release glass containing cobalt and weighing approximately
      either 60 g or 14.5 g were administered to 22 steers and 21 sheep respectively.
      The steers were housed and slaughtered at intervals between 17 and 145 days after
      dosing. The boluses released more than 0.85 mg cobalt daily. In both untreated
      and dosed animals serum and liver vitamin B12 concentrations were at the upper
      end of the normal range. Two types of glass were administered to sheep. In five
      wethers one glass released 0.07 mg cobalt per day, and in 16 grazing lambs a
      second glass released more than 0.15 mg cobalt per day. Fourteen of the boluses
      were recovered from the lambs up to 276 days after dosing. The concentration of
      B12 in serum of lambs increased significantly from a mean +/- sd of 1.64 +/- 0.47
      to 2.02 +/- 0.04 ng/ml serum and the concentration in liver from 3.84 +/- 0.85 to
      4.99 +/- 0.72 micrograms/g dry weight liver.

PMID- 3992860
TI  - A practical method of reducing spread of disease by hypodermic needles.
AB  - Transmission of infection between animals is possible when using multidose
      syringes. The possibility of infection spreading can be reduced by using a
      telescopic device which fits the syringe barrel and is topped by a cap containing
      plastic foam impregnated with biocide. Under laboratory conditions, and
      continually contaminating the needle with various bacteria, infection could not
      be cultured in broth until after at least 25 injections and in most cases
      contamination did not occur after 50 injections. When culture was undertaken on
      solid media breakdowns occurred more frequently, possibly because the agar became
      lodged in the needle and shielded the bacteria from the biocide.

PMID- 3992861
TI  - Serogroups of Bacteroides nodosus isolated from ovine footrot in Britain.

PMID- 3992862
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with inhalation pneumonitis in
      a scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx tao).

PMID- 3992863
TI  - Addison's disease in a puppy.

PMID- 3992864
TI  - Suppression of Babesia microti infection in mice concurrently infected with
      Fasciola hepatica.
AB  - Blood cell parasitaemia of Babesia microti and the associated haematological
      changes were examined in mice harbouring patent Fasciola hepatica infections and
      in fluke-free control mice. B. microti parasitaemia was markedly suppressed in
      mice harbouring primary 7-week F. hepatica infections, as reflected in a
      reduction in the percentage of erythrocytes parasitised and in the incidence of
      multiple B. microti infections in the red cells. This suppression was accompanied
      by an annulment of B. microti induced reductions in haemoglobin and haematocrit
      levels in F. hepatica infected mice. In naive recipient mice, inoculated with
      blood from mice concurrently infected with F. hepatica and B. microti, the course
      of B. microti infection was characterised by a prolonged pre-parasitaemia period,
      a reduced peak parasitaemia and a delayed fall in haematocrit levels as compared
      to those inoculated with blood from mice infected with B. microti only. This
      feature may presumably be dose-related. The present study does not reveal the
      actual mechanism(s) involved in the suppression of the blood protozoan by F.
      hepatica. However, since B. microti has a preference for mature erythrocytes, the
      suppression may be a result of the altered erythrocyte kinetic state induced by
      the removal of erythrocytes by the blood-sucking fluke resulting in high levels
      of reticulocytes.

PMID- 3992865
TI  - Evidence of cell mediated immune response in infection with Eimeria bareillyi in
      buffaloes.
AB  - Delayed dermal hypersensitivity and leucocyte migrations were measured in buffalo
      calves experimentally inoculated with Eimeria bareillyi. Dermal hypersensitivity,
      characterized by increased thickness and local inflammation, was observed in
      calves inoculated intradermally with E. bareillyi antigen on Days 21 and 28 after
      infection. The highest inhibition of leucocyte migration was observed in infected
      buffalo calves on Days 21 and 28 post-infection.

PMID- 3992866
TI  - Chemotherapeutic efficacy of sulphadimidine, amprolium, halofuginone and
      chloroquine phosphate in experimental Eimeria bareillyi coccidiosis of buffaloes.
AB  - Sulphadimidine, amprolium, halofuginone and chloroquine phosphate were
      administered to buffalo calves 10 days after experimental infection with Eimeria
      bareillyi. Animals given sulphadimidine or amprolium remained clinically normal
      and shed only a few oocysts in their faeces. Halofuginone was found partially
      effective and chloroquine phosphate completely ineffective in preventing faecal
      oocyst discharge and intestinal lesions. Sulphadimidine and amprolium treated
      calves gained weight, but chloroquine treated calves suffered progressive weight
      loss similar to that of infected untreated controls. No significant alterations
      of haematological values were observed either in the treated calves or in the
      untreated controls.

PMID- 3992867
TI  - Histochemical alterations in the duodenum of goats experimentally infected with
      Paramphistomum cervi.
AB  - Certain histochemical alterations in the different tunics of duodenum in kids
      were studied 20, 40, 60 and 80 days post-infection (DPI) with Paramphistomum
      cervi and the results compared with those of uninfected kids. There was a general
      reduction of polysaccharide complex substances and glycogen at 20 DPI. A marked
      decrease in polysaccharide complex substances and glycogen at 20 DPI. A marked
      decrease in polysaccharide complex substances and glycogen was especially
      discernible in the Brunner's gland and muscularis mucosa 20 DPI. Thereafter,
      these substances gradually increased and at 80 DPI this decrease was fully
      replenished. A slight reduction in mucin and protein content of the infected
      duodenal goblet cells was noticed at 20 DPI. It is suggested that juvenile P.
      cervi utilize host-tissue polysaccharide complex substances and glycogen for
      their growth and development during duodenal migration.

PMID- 3992868
TI  - Worm recovery, haemagglutinating antibodies and IgE-levels after immunisation
      against Fasciola hepatica in rats.
AB  - Female inbred Hooded Lister (HL) rats were each infected with 20 metacercariae
      (Mc) of Fasciola hepatica. Remarkable variations between the number of flukes
      established in the bile ducts suggest the presence of individual, perhaps
      genetically controlled, differences in immune responsiveness of HL rats to F.
      hepatica. Serum (4 ml) from HL rats infected with 20 Mc 6 weeks prior to transfer
      partially protected rats against a F. hepatica challenge infection. However, 1 X
      10(6) lymphoid cells originating from rats of the same age and stage of infection
      did not show the same protective qualities. Furthermore, attempts to immunise HL
      rats i.p. with either juvenile or adult excretory/secretory (ES) products, or
      somatic tissue antigens and AlOH3-gel as adjuvant failed. When compared to other
      investigations, the present results further suggest that both the adjuvant and
      the route of administration are crucial for the stimulation of a protective
      immunity to F. hepatica. Low titers and low anamnestic responses of
      haemagglutinating antibodies after prior immunisation with juvenile ES antigens
      or both juvenile ES and somatic tissue antigen suggest the occurrence of an
      immunosuppressive effect caused by juvenile ES products. The total serum IgE
      levels in immunised groups were generally lower when compared to the challenge
      control group, whereas the F. hepatica ES-specific IgE-levels rose after
      challenge, but immediately decreased again when compared to challenge controls.
      These findings support the hypothesis of an immunomodulatory effect caused by the
      vaccination scheme.

PMID- 3992869
TI  - The seasonal prevalence of inhibited development of Haemonchus contortus in sheep
      in Senegal.
AB  - Throughout a period of 13 months, the abomasa of 1024 sheep, living in a sahelian
      region, were examined for adult Haemonchus contortus and their inhibited L4
      larvae. Of these 796 (78%) were found harbouring H. contortus, but with low worm
      burdens (geometric mean 37). Significant numbers of inhibited larvae appeared
      early in the dry season (November) and they represented 49% of the total in
      December. A similar proportion of inhibited larvae were present until April and
      after that their number declined abruptly. It was concluded that Haemonchus sp.
      survives the dry season as hypobiotic larvae as well as adults.

PMID- 3992870
TI  - Evaluation of a topical treatment, alone and in combination with a detergent, for
      generalized demodicosis.
AB  - Thirty dogs (20 treated, 10 controls) with naturally-acquired generalized
      demodicosis were utilized to evaluate the bio-activity and safety of a liquid
      concentrate formulation of amitraz, with or without the addition of a nonionic
      detergent. The detergent was added to the treatment mixture to enhance wetting
      and thereby reduce the number of treatments required to return diseased animals
      to a normal state. Three--six miticide treatments were topically applied to dogs
      at 14-day intervals, at a concentration of 250 parts per million active drug. The
      liquid concentrate with or without detergent, was equally effective and safe as a
      dermatotherapy for demodicosis; addition of the nonionic detergent grossly
      improved the wetting characteristics of the treatment mixture; however, it did
      not alter the biological activity or the safety of the therapy.

PMID- 3992871
TI  - The effect of pre-exposure to Fasciola hepatica or Schistosoma mansoni on
      challenge infection with Fasciola hepatica.
AB  - Two groups of 12 and 6 rats were inoculated with Fasciola hepatica and
      Schistosoma mansoni, respectively. The Schistosoma-inoculated group, as well as 6
      Fasciola-inoculated rats and 6 uninfected rats were challenged 8 weeks later with
      F. hepatica. A control group of 6 rats was left unexposed. Eight weeks after the
      challenge exposure all rats were necropsied and subjected to post-mortem
      examination. The number of Fasciola recovered after challenge was lower in both
      groups of rats primarily infected with F. hepatica or S. mansoni. F. hepatica
      induced pathological changes were observed in all infected rats, but were
      pronounced in the group which was first exposed at the time of challenge of the
      primarily infected groups. No Schistosoma eggs or adults were detected in
      Schistosoma-inoculated rats. The results demonstrated that rats primarily
      infected with F. hepatica acquired resistance against a challenge exposure to the
      homologous parasite. Also S. mansoni, even without patency, can provide partial
      protection against F. hepatica infection.

PMID- 3992872
TI  - Prevalence of Eimeria in faeces of cattle in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - The faeces of 205 domestic cattle (Bos taurus) from 5 regions of Saudi Arabia
      were examined for the presence of coccidian parasites. The following species of
      Eimeria were recovered: Eimeria auburnensis, E. bovis, E. cylindrica, E.
      ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, E. wyomingensis and E. zuerni. A total of 34.1% of
      the individual faecal samples were positive for the presence of coccidial
      oocysts. Mixed infections of 2-4 species were found in 15.7% of the specimens. E.
      zuerni and E. bovis occurred most frequently and were generally the most
      predominant species. The incidence of coccidia-infected cattle was higher in the
      eastern region.

PMID- 3992873
TI  - Ovine coccidia in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - Eimeria oocysts were found in 89% of fecal samples collected from the rectum of
      75 sheep from 3 locations in Papua New Guinea. Eighty five percent of the hosts
      which were positive for coccidia had multiple infections with up to 6 different
      species of Eimeria. In order of decreasing predominance in the 67 Eimeria
      positive samples the species were: E. ovina (72%); E. parva (58%); E. ovinoidalis
      (48%); E. ahsata (45%); E. crandallis (39%); E. faurei (28%); E. intricata (24%);
      E. granulosa (4%). Fecal oocyst counts showed the highest mean of 1252 oocysts
      per gram (o.p.g.) for E. parva and a maximum of 8000 for E. ovina.

PMID- 3992874
TI  - Susceptibility of Bos indicus and Bos taurus to Anaplasma marginale and Babesia
      bigemina infections.
AB  - The reaction of Bos taurus and pure-bred Bos indicus heifers to infection with
      the intraerythrocytic parasites Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina was
      studied. B. bigemina infection at 18 months and A. marginale infection at 13 or
      24 months resulted in slightly less severe reactions in pure-bred Bos indicus
      cattle than in Bos taurus. In both breeds, the reaction to A. marginale infection
      was more severe in older cattle. The severity of B. bigemina infection was not
      affected by a previous infection with A. marginale.

PMID- 3992875
TI  - The survival in sheep and infectivity to dogs of Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis in
      sheep.
AB  - Lambs were reared from birth to 3 months of age on pasture contaminated with the
      eggs of either Taenia hydatigena or Taenia ovis. They were necropsied at 3, 6, 9
      or 12 months. Almost all larvae that were viable at 3 months continued to survive
      throughout the experiment. Larvae of T. hydatigena were infective to dogs at 3
      months, whereas those of T. ovis required more than 3 months to reach the
      infective stage.

PMID- 3992876
TI  - Experimental infections with Hyostrongylus rubidus and the effects on performance
      of growing pigs.
AB  - Pigs infected with Hyostrongylus rubidus at the rate of 550 larvae kg-1 body
      weight followed 15 days later with 220 larvae kg-1 body weight gained less weight
      (P less than 0.010) than uninfected control pigs. Feed efficiency (feed/gain) was
      8% better (P greater than 0.10) in control than in infected pigs. Peak H. rubidus
      eggs per gram counts (EPG) occurred 22 days after each infection of pigs. H.
      rubidus EPG at necropsy were correlated with total number of adults recovered and
      with female/male ratio. High EPG were associated with H. rubidus populations
      composed of approximately equal numbers of males and females. Digestion trials
      consisted of pigs infected with 335 larvae kg-1 body weight compared to
      uninfected controls. Control pigs had higher (P less than 0.05) crude protein
      digestion coefficients, excreted less (P less than 0.05) N in feces and had a
      higher (P less than 0.05) N balance than infected pigs.

PMID- 3992877
TI  - Field efficacy of a morantel sustained release bolus for control of
      gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling steers.
AB  - The efficacy of a morantel sustained release bolus (MSRB) for control of
      gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling steers was evaluated over a 6-month
      grazing period commencing on 26 March 1982. Three groups of 15 steers were
      allotted to the following treatments: Group 1 -- one MSRB at start of trial;
      Group 2 -- one therapeutic dose of thiabendazole at start of trial; Group 3 --
      untreated control. The treatment groups were grazed separately. Parasite egg
      counts (EPG), herbage larval counts, pepsinogen levels and weight gains were
      monitored. Every other month, sets of 2 parasite-free tracer calves were placed
      in the pasture grazed by each treatment group and allowed to graze for 3 weeks
      before being subsequently necropsied for worm counts. At the end of the trial, 6
      animals from each group were also necropsied for worm counts. The MSRB treatment
      resulted in significantly lower egg counts, fewer infective larvae on pasture,
      lower pepsinogen levels and lower worm burdens in tracer calves than was the case
      for the untreated group, but generally the levels were not significantly
      different from those associated with the thiabendazole treatment. The mean weight
      gain for the MSRB treated steers showed a significant advantage (70.9 lb) over
      the untreated animals, but was not significantly different from those which
      received thiabendazole. Total worm counts at the end of the trial were not
      different from any treatment group.

PMID- 3992878
TI  - Effect of parasitism with Ostertagia circumcincta on pharmacokinetics of
      fenbendazole in sheep.
AB  - Plasma and abomasal fluid concentrations of fenbendazole and its two major
      metabolites in sheep experimentally infected with Ostertagia circumcincta were
      compared with those in the same sheep when non-parasitised. Bio-availability of
      the drug was reduced in the parasitised state. There was also a reduction in the
      proportion of drug present in the form of metabolites in parasitised as compared
      with non-parasitised animals.

PMID- 3992879
TI  - Observations on erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase activity in experimentally
      induced anaplasmosis in calves.
AB  - Erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was assessed in splenectomized
      bovine calves inoculated with Anaplasma marginale. Other parameters, i.e.,
      haematological values (haemoglobin, packed-cell volume, and total erythrocytic
      count), percentage parasitaemia and the ensuing host reactions during Anaplasma
      infection were also studied in relation to AChE activity. There was significant
      inhibition of red blood cell-AChE activity commencing soon after inoculation of
      infected blood; this preceded a substantial decrease in haematological values
      along with high parasitaemia. The changes in AChE activity may possibly be
      associated with increased cell membrane permeability, thus triggering the entry
      of A. marginale organisms into red blood cells.

PMID- 3992880
TI  - Chemoprophylaxis of Anaplasma ovis infection in sheep with a long-acting
      oxytetracycline.
AB  - The chemoprophylactic efficacy of long-acting oxytetracycline was determined in
      13 susceptible ewes infected with Anaplasma ovis. The drug was administered
      intramuscularly at a dose rate of 20 mg kg-1 body weight during the prepatent
      period. When the ewes were exposed to an equivalent homologous challenge on Day
      45 post-infection, each showed a mild or inapparent reaction. The host reactions,
      i.e., body temperature, parasitaemia, packed-cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin,
      humoral and cell mediated immunity (CMI) were also studied. The results indicate
      that the use of oxytetracycline during the incubation period would minimise
      clinical signs of an Anaplasma infection; this may be due to an increasing CMI
      response.

PMID- 3992881
TI  - Cross-reaction of tick salivary antigens in the Boophilus microplus-cattle
      system.
AB  - Calves were immunized with Boophilus microplus saliva, filtered through Millipore
      membranes, in Freund's complete adjuvant. Serum samples were tested by passive
      hemagglutination against Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma marginale, B. microplus
      larvae extract, Stomoxys calcitrans extract and B. microplus saliva. After
      immunization, titers to saliva, larval tick-extract and to S. calcitrans were
      increased. The challenge with live tick larvae enhanced the formation of
      antibodies against larva extract, fly extract and tick saliva, which supports the
      idea that under natural controlled conditions this cross-reactivity could occur.

PMID- 3992882
TI  - Thioridazine toxicity--an experimental cardiovascular study of thioridazine and
      its major metabolites in overdose.
AB  - Thioridazine, thioridazine side chain sulfoxide, side chain sulfone and ring
      sulfoxide were each given to two dogs in incremental doses. Profound changes in
      cardiac output and blood pressure were seen only in the dogs receiving the ring
      sulfoxide. Although all four drugs increased the QRS and Q-Tc interval,
      ventricular arrhythmias and "torsades de pointes" were seen only in dogs
      receiving the ring sulfoxide. Total plasma concentrations of thioridazine ring
      sulfoxide were in the same range as those seen in some patients on thioridazine
      therapy although the free concentrations were higher. Thioridazine ring sulfoxide
      appears to be the most toxic metabolite of thioridazine.

PMID- 3992883
TI  - Report of the Poison Control Center, Japan September 1, 1983-August 31, 1984.

PMID- 3992885
TI  - Potential holiday poisonings.

PMID- 3992884
TI  - A suspected case of endrin toxicosis in a cat.
AB  - Endrin toxicosis was diagnosed in a cat after it ingested birds poisoned with
      endrin. The animal lived next to a feed mill where an avicide was used. Analysis
      by gas chromatography of vomitus from the cat revealed the presence of endrin.

PMID- 3992887
TI  - Poison control legislation and state governmental funding in the United States. A
      report from the American Association of Poison Control Centers, Legislative
      Review and Governmental Affairs Committee.

PMID- 3992886
TI  - Thallium concentrations in body fluids and tissues in a fatal case of thallium
      poisoning.
AB  - A fatal case of thallium poisoning is described in which the thallium
      concentration was quantitated in plasma and urine during treatment and in tissue
      samples obtained on postmortem examination. As ileus paralyticus and the onset of
      renal failure were already manifested on admission of the patient, charcoal
      hemoperfusion and this technique in combination with hemodialysis were applied
      which showed to be tenfold more effective than the simultaneous renal
      elimination. The highest thallium concentration was found in the heart and not in
      kidneys as reported previously in animal experiments. Evidence is presented that
      thallium distribution in kidneys is dose dependent.

PMID- 3992888
TI  - A case of apparent copper deficiency in cattle.

PMID- 3992889
TI  - Toxicology problems related to energy production.

PMID- 3992890
TI  - Radiation effects on livestock: pathological effects.

PMID- 3992891
TI  - [Optimal periodicity of fluorographic examinations for detecting lung cancer].

PMID- 3992893
TI  - [Skialogical characteristics of electroroentgenograms and their significance for
      the differential diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer].

PMID- 3992892
TI  - [Improvement of large-frame fluorography for diagnosing heart diseases in
      polyclinic conditions].

PMID- 3992894
TI  - [Roentgenography of lung preparations in lung diseases].

PMID- 3992895
TI  - [Evaluation of the state of the pulmonary picture in heart septal defects using
      roentgenodensitometry].

PMID- 3992896
TI  - [Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum (roentgenological study)].

PMID- 3992897
TI  - [Roentgenosemeiotics of chronic laryngeal stenoses in children].

PMID- 3992899
TI  - [Potentialities of roentgenological examinations in detecting penetrating
      duodenal ulcers].

PMID- 3992898
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenological evaluation of the state of the resected larynx].

PMID- 3992900
TI  - [Complex roentgenofunctional diagnosis of chronic enterocolitis].

PMID- 3992901
TI  - [Electroroentgenography in gynecological contrast examinations].

PMID- 3992903
TI  - [Spot tomography].

PMID- 3992902
TI  - [Complex roentgenofluorographic examination of the thoracic organs in conducting
      outpatient screening].

PMID- 3992904
TI  - [Method of selective catheterization of the bronchi].

PMID- 3992905
TI  - [Roentgenodiagnosis of urinary bladder concrements].

PMID- 3992906
TI  - [Use of fluorohysterography in gynecology].

PMID- 3992907
TI  - [2 cases of intrapulmonary hematomas imitating pulmonary tuberculomas].

PMID- 3992908
TI  - IgE and IgG antibodies to flea antigen in differing dog populations.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of IgG and IgE canine
      antibodies against partially purified flea antigen. Low background levels were
      found in flea naive dogs, but high levels of both IgE and IgG antibodies were
      found in many sera from dogs with clinical flea hypersensitivity. In sera from
      non-allergic dogs exposed chronically to fleas, IgE levels differed little from
      background, and levels of IgG anti-flea antibodies were much lower than those
      from the flea allergic group. The results suggest that chronic flea exposure may
      result in partial or complete tolerance rather than hyposensitization in the
      commonly accepted sense.

PMID- 3992909
TI  - Immune responsiveness and lymphoreticular morphology in cattle fed hypo- and
      hyperalimentative diets.
AB  - Immune responses and lymphoreticular morphology were studied in 3 groups of
      yearling Hereford steers fed hypoalimentative, maintenance and hyperalimentative
      diets for 142 days. Significant decreases in plasma protein levels and
      circulating lymphocyte levels occurred in low energy intake steers. Percent
      circulating lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulins and serum levels of IgG
      and IgM did not vary significantly within or between groups. Antibody responses
      to Brucella abortus bacterin inoculated on day 63 were similar in all 3 groups.
      Antibody responses to chicken erythrocytes inoculated on day 88 were
      significantly lower in hypoalimentated steers. Differences between groups in
      lymphocyte blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con
      A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were not significant. Hyperalimentated steers had
      significantly depressed PWM responses compared to a baseline value established
      for that group. In addition, hypoalimentated steers tended to have elevated
      responses to PHA, although differences were not significant. There were no
      significant differences between groups in dermal hypersensitivity responses to
      tuberculin following sensitization with viable Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).
      The thymuses of hypoalimentated steers were markedly atrophied but lymph nodes
      and splenic white pulp were normal. Thymus, lymph nodes and spleen were normal in
      hyperalimentated steers.

PMID- 3992910
TI  - Depression of lymphocyte reactivity by granulocytes in equine whole blood
      culture.
AB  - Tritiated thymidine uptake in response to Concanavalin A was recorded as
      stimulated counts per minute (SCPM) in equine whole blood cultured with an
      optimum concentration of 3 X 10(4) mononuclear cells/culture. A significant
      negative correlation was found between log10 SCPM and granulocyte level in
      culture, in a group of 27 adult horses (r = -0.745, P less than 0.001). Addition
      of isolated autologous granulocytes to such cultures resulted in a reduction of
      log10 SCPM of a magnitude similar to that predicted by the gradient of the log10
      SCPM/granulocyte level regression line in the group of adult horses. It is
      concluded that the presence of granulocytes in culture directly depresses
      lymphocyte reactivity, and that a large part of the variability of SCPM between
      horses is due to variation of granulocyte levels.

PMID- 3992911
TI  - [Salmonella abortus ovis carrier state in dogs and rats].
AB  - Serologic and bacteriologic investigations were carried out with 10 dogs,
      guarding sheep flocks with and without Salmonella abortions, and 17 grey rats. It
      was found that both species of animals could harbour Salmonella abortus ovis
      provided they swallowed infective material (aborted fetuses and fetal membranes).
      It was shown that although lasting but 2 to 3 months only the carrier state could
      play a definite part in the epizootiology of Salmonella abortions in sheep.

PMID- 3992912
TI  - [Epizootiological research on salmonellosis in swine].
AB  - The epizootiology of Salmonella infections in swine was studied in 1970-1980 in 7
      districts of this country on a number of farms and industrial complexes in order
      to elucidate some aspects of the epizootiologic process. A total of 26,957
      samples taken from swine and the environment were studied bacteriologically. An
      industrial complex in each district served as a test one to investigate samples
      from various groups of swine in the technologic process. It was found that
      salmonelloses did exist, and Salmonella organisms were isolated from pigs on all
      studied farms and complexes, however, no diseases and organisms were recorded
      with both animals and the environment in Swine Nucleus Bases. On the complexes
      Salmonellae were isolated from pigs of all technologic groups, and, in most
      cases, the Salmonella species coincided by sows and pigs. This explained the
      stationary character of the disease on some complexes where a sui generis
      epizootic process ran its course, exhibiting particular aspects and correlations.
      Salmonella organisms were isolated in 0.95 per cent of the investigated samples
      from the test groups on the test complexes as well as in 4.13 per cent of the
      groups out of the experiment. In samples taken from other complexes, farms of
      AIC, IAC, auxilliary farms, etc., there were positive findings in 5.32 per cent
      of the cases. Enzootics on the complexes were most common with pigs aged 40-50
      days as against farms with traditional types of technology where 2-4-month-old
      pigs were involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3992913
TI  - [Gnosiology and its effect on veterinary medical science].

PMID- 3992914
TI  - [Experimental infection of lambs with strains of the bovine respiratory syncytial
      virus].
AB  - Lambs were successfully infected with bovine strains of a respiratory syncytial
      virus. When the Nomi reference strain and the local Antonovo strain of the RSV
      were used i/v and via the trachea the animals reacted on the 3rd to 5th day with
      dizziness, dyspnea, conjunctivitis, nasal discharges, etc., more strongly
      manifested with the use of the Antonovo strain. The temperature reaction started
      on the 3rd day and receded on the 7th day, with a second peak on the 8h day.
      Serologically, RSV-antibodies were released on the 14th day, and that correlated
      in dependence on the severity of the clinical manifestations. Such observations
      made it possible to use lambs as a sensitive animal species to differentiate the
      virulence of the tested strains. Testing along these lines rendered is feasible
      to obtain attenuated strains and use various immunoprophylactic agents against
      the respiratory syncytial virus.

PMID- 3992915
TI  - [Rapid method for determining the drug resistance of gram-negative bacteria].
AB  - Comparative studies led to the working out of a new diffusion indicative method
      for the rapid determination of drug sensitivity in Gram-negative bacteria. It is
      a modification of the diffusion method, consisting in the use of an indicator
      medium, bromothymol blue in glucose agar, instead of the meat peptone agar or
      other routinely employed nutritive media. The new method makes it possible to
      record rapidly the drug sensitivity of bacteria--only for 4-6 hours (compared
      with 24 hours with the conventional method). Besides, the new method is readily
      applicable, precise, distinctive and rapid.

PMID- 3992916
TI  - [Newcastle disease virus carrier state following the aerosol immunization of
      chickens against the disease using different doses of La Sota vaccine].
AB  - Six experiments were carried out with aerosol immunization, using various doses
      of the La Sota vaccine against Newcastle disease, and a control infection with
      massive amounts of the viscerotropic virus strain Pavlikeni to evaluate the
      duration of carrying the Newcastle disease virus. The aerosol vaccination of the
      birds was performed in laboratory conditions in an aerosol chamber of a flow
      dynamic type of 450 l. The amount of the virus in the aerosol was determined
      through virologic investigations of samples taken by means of a glass capillary
      impinger. It was found that a short-term carrier state set in up to the 9th-10th
      day with the La Sota strain, regardless of the dose used and the age of the
      birds. The persistence of the velogenic virus in the organs of birds depended on
      the amount of vaccine used and the age of the birds. With 2-month-old chickens at
      optimal dosing of the vaccine resistance could be built up to the infection. When
      low doses of the vaccine were used with 10-day-old chicks as well as when over
      dosing occurred the strain Pavlikeni could be recovered from the organs in the
      course of 3 to 7 days.

PMID- 3992917
TI  - [Age-related dynamics of blood biochemical indices in Black Pied calves].
AB  - The level of a number of blood indices was followed up in Black-and-white calves
      from the first day after birth up to the sixth month such as hemoglobin, 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate, blood sugar, phosphorus, and total, ionized, and protein
      bound calcium, with total protein. The calves were clinically normal and were
      raised in various regions under routinely adopted zoohygiene, technologic, and
      microclimatic conditions and parameters, and were offered rations that were
      currently adopted in this country. The dynamic established with the changes of
      the indices investigated disclosed possibilities of obtaining additional
      information concerning the state of the animal's organism which proved
      instrumental in choosing the right prophylaxis in compliance of the respective
      age period.

PMID- 3992918
TI  - [Simplified method for the nonsurgical transplantation of embryos in mice].
AB  - A new, simplified method for the nonsurgical transplantation of mouse embryos was
      developed. Use was made of embryos of sexually mature mice of the Balb/c and C
      57BL lines, transplanted intraline or cross-like to recipients of both lines. It
      was established that nonsurgical methods of transplantation with laboratory
      animals were less time-consuming and were more readily applicable. Besides, they
      proved cheaper and did not require special preparatory work as they were
      simplified as compared with the methods known and used up to then. The new method
      is a valuable experimental model and contributes to the expansion of fundamental
      research in biology.

PMID- 3992919
TI  - [Freezing of sperm distributed in IMV pipettes and aluminum tubes over nitrogen
      vapors].
AB  - The freezing is described of the dense fraction of boar semen as diluted with the
      Serdika medium at 1:2 ratio and alloted into IMV 5 cm3 tubes and aluminum 8 cm3
      tubes. The check variant made use of semen samples frozen in the form of granules
      over dry carbon dioxide. Both types of tubes were frozen over nitrogen vapours at
      initial temperatures of -90 degrees C, -100 degrees C, -110 degrees C, -120
      degrees C, -130 degrees C, and -140 degrees C for 15 min and stored in nitrogen
      for 48 h. The semen was thawed in water bath at 55 degrees C. It was found that
      the dense fraction of ejaculates of good quality that had cryotolerance in
      diluted state was best frozen at -140 degrees C, and -130 degrees C. The regimes
      of freezing at such temperatures were characterized by a higher speed in the
      first 5 min (from 18.4 degrees C to 12.0 degrees C per minute for IMV tubes, and
      from 14.8 degrees C to 9.4 degrees C for aluminum tubes), with slowing down in
      the following 10 minutes.

PMID- 3992920
TI  - [Microclimate parameters in an isolation nursery for calves].
AB  - An experiment was carried out to establish the dynamic of some microclimate
      parameters on a transformed premise for the raising of calves up to 15 days of
      age. The newborns were accommodated in group boxes (2 to 5 animals) located in
      two rows, with a central path between them. The illumination coefficient was
      1:14, and air exchange was effected through natural ventilation. The feeding of
      the newborn calves on the first and second day took place four times with
      colostrum and milk taken from their own dams and from the third day on it was
      performed three times a day. From the fourth day pooled milk was used, and from
      the seventh day the calves were offered concentrated fodder, hay, and water. The
      temperature and humidity regime of the air was investigated via thermohygrograph
      TZ18, and air velocity was checked periodically by means of Hill's
      catathermometer; the amount of carbon dioxide was measured after Wolpert, and
      that of ammonia gas--colorimetrically through indicator tubes. It was found that
      in the nursery under investigation no optimal temperature and humidity regime of
      the air was provided in the winter and transitive seasons. In winter there were
      highest percent of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. The air cooling
      coefficient was higher than the optimal one in the winter season, and it was
      lower in summer. Air velocity and gas admixture values proved within the
      admissible hygiene range.

PMID- 3992921
TI  - [Zoohygienic study of the wastes from commercial pig farm complexes].
AB  - A year-round study was carried out by seasons at a swine breeding complex for
      3,500 fattened pigs. It was found that the concentration of dry matter in the
      compost is influenced by the way of cleaning in summer and autumn. It was found
      to be higher in autumn and winter. In winter and spring the device retaining the
      deposited sediment captured 15-20 per cent of the dry matter, about 32 per cent
      nitrate nitrogen, 20-44 per cent organic matter, 2-12 per cent ammonia nitrogen,
      and 3-20 per cent phosphates. In summer and autumn the deposited sediment
      contained 3-10 per cent dry matter, 3-31 per cent nitrate nitrogen, 2-5 per cent
      ammonia nitrogen, and 6-10 per cent organic matter. The amount of organisms in
      the air on the premises varied within a wide range, in TP-6 type building it
      being 2.5 X 10(6), on an average, and in BC-70 type buildings--1.4 X 10(6) per 1
      m3. The choice of building spots should be associated with considerations
      concerning the amount and type of wastes.

PMID- 3992922
TI  - [Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from calves in Bulgaria].
AB  - Studied were a total of 58 samples, containing intestinal content of calves that
      had died of enteritis as well as fecal samples and samples from clinically normal
      calves. Campylobacter spp. were isolated in 8.8 per cent of the cases. The
      isolated 5 strains was determined as Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis.
      This is the first communication on the isolation of Campylobacter spp. in this
      country.

PMID- 3992923
TI  - [Mycoplasma carrier state in the respiratory apparatus of sheep and lambs].
AB  - Mycoplasma and acholeplasma organisms (M. ovipneumoniae, M. arginini, etc.) were
      isolated from clinically normal lambs and sheep as well as from lambs with a
      respiratory disease. M. ovipneumoniae was more frequently isolated than M.
      arginini, and was found in higher percent during the winter. Both sheep and lambs
      of the Romanovska breed proved more susceptible, however, lambs of local breeds,
      aged 30-40 days also contracted the disease in conditions of overpopulation and
      higher humidity. The respiratory diseases were complicated with P. haemolytica
      infections.

PMID- 3992925
TI  - [Histogenesis of leukemic changes in cows].
AB  - A histopathologic study was carried out on lymph nodes and viscera of 98 cows and
      28 heifers that responded positively in serologic examinations for leukosis. The
      animals did not exhibit clinical and paraclinical symptoms, neither were there
      found any morphologic changes characteristic of leukosis. There existed
      activation and proliferation of the reticuloendothelial tissue in the sinuses of
      the lymph nodes. The same response was shown by the endothelium of the
      capillaries in visceral organs. There was also metaplasia that concerned mainly
      the connective tissue cells of the lymph node trabeculas as well as the
      adventitial cells of the vascular walls. It was considered that the infection
      could be manifested morphologically as a reticuloendotheliosis. By its clinical
      course and morphologic manifestation bovine leukosis resembles some other virus
      diseases that have been systematized as "delayed virus infections'.

PMID- 3992924
TI  - [Commercial method of aerogenic immunization of pigs against swine fever].
AB  - An industrial method is presented through a model with a chamber for aerogenic
      immunization of about 250 pigs, aged 2.5 months. The experiments were carried out
      with more than 1,000 pigs of the Camborough hybrid under industrial conditions of
      raising. The process of immunization was feasibly carried out when the pigs
      passed through the chamber using aerosol at mixing them upon transference from
      the growing section to the fattening one, according to the provisions of the
      raising technology. A lapinized K-vaccine against fever, obtained from rabbits or
      tissue cultures was used in a dispersed state. Essential proved the high titer of
      the vaccine. Used were the aerosol devices DAG-2 or Microjet Fogmaster mounted at
      1.5 m above the chamber floor. They guarantee the production of highly dispersed
      aerosol of an average arithmetic size of 7-10 microns, its concentration reaching
      3,000,000 particles per 1 cm3. The animals were exposed for 30 min with Fogmaster
      and 45 min with DAG-2. It was shown that they tolerated perfectly this group
      immunization. A single procedure with the vaccine conferred immunity at 2.10(5)
      LT50 and protected the pigs from fever over the entire fattening period. The
      method was evaluated as a biotechnology.

PMID- 3992926
TI  - [Histochemical changes in leukemia in cattle].
AB  - Histochemical investigations were carried out to demonstrate the activity of
      succinic dehydrogenase, diphosphopyridine-nucleotid-diaphorase, alkaline
      phosphatase, and acid phosphatase in the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, and heart
      muscle of a total of 20 cows with positive serologic response for leukosis as
      well as in organs of 2 normal controls. It was found that the lymphoid cells of
      the leukotic proliferations and the activated endothelial and adventitial cells
      of the blood vessels had high alkaline phosphatase activity and negligibly
      expressed acid phosphatase activity. Dehydrogenase activity was low in the
      lymphoid-cell proliferations and in the activated cell of the vessels. The cell
      metabolism of the leukotic proliferations was like-wise disturbed. Histochemical
      methods of investigations could be used test-like in the diagnosis of bovine
      leukosis.

PMID- 3992927
TI  - [Prevention of ruminal acidosis during the intensive fattening of weanling
      lambs].
AB  - Forty-eight intensely fattened weaned lambs, divided into 2 groups were used to
      test the prophylactic effect of lasalocid with regard to rumen acidosis. The
      animals were offered complete mixtures ad libitum, containing 80 per cent
      concentrates and 20 per cent cut meadow hay. The weaned lambs of the test group
      were given the preparation "Avatek' (with 15 per cent lasalocid) in the course of
      60 days with the feed at the rate of 250 g per ton of the complete mixture.
      Periodic biochemical and hematologic investigations on the animals of the two
      groups were carried out, following up their body development. The animals of the
      test group showed higher level of alkaline reserves, volatile fatty acids, and pH
      values of the rumen content and lower level of lactic acid in the blood and rumen
      liquid. By the 45th day of the experiment certain changes in the biochemical
      indices took place (rise of lactic acid and drop of alkaline reserves) as well as
      arrest of the weight development in the test animals. The average daily gain of
      the test group over the entire experimental period was 7.74 per cent higher than
      that of the control animals.

PMID- 3992928
TI  - [Pathogenesis of paramphistomiasis in sheep].
AB  - Experimental studies were carried out on the pathogenesis of Paramphistomum
      infection of 58 weaned lambs, aged 4 to 12 months, infected with various numbers
      of adolescaria. The test animals were divided into 5 groups, each group having 2
      subgroups. Most of the animals were given the infectious material only once,
      while some of them were infected three times at 30-day intervals. The animals of
      the fifth group were infected with 5,000 live worms each. Adolescaria were
      obtained from experimentally infected snails of the Galba truncatula species. The
      changes taking place in both the test and the control animals were followed up,
      concerning the total protein, protein fractions, hemoglobin, red and white blood
      picture, and the hematocrit values. The changes in the level of Ca, P, and serum
      enzymes were also studied. The liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, periportal and
      mesenterial lymph nodes duodenum, and small intestine were sampled for
      histopathologic investigation, the cross-sectioned material being stained with
      hematoxylin-eosin and after Mallory (for the demonstration of hyalin). The PAS
      test was used to demonstrate glycogen. It was found that reconstructive changes
      took place in the infected animals as judged by the changes in the blood picture
      and the protein fractions, most substantial of which were those concerning the
      gamma-globulin fractions which rose almost twice by the 90th day.
      Microscopically, there were degenerative changes in the parenchymal organs, the
      duodenum, and the rumen as well as considerable reticulo-histiocytic
      proliferation and eosinophilic infiltration, with nonreactive necrotic foci in
      the rumen.

PMID- 3992929
TI  - [Quantitative dynamics of zinc in the coat of cows during pregnancy].
AB  - An atomic-absorption spectrophotometer AAS1 was used to evaluate the content of
      zinc in the coat of cows of the Bulgarian Black-and-white breed during the period
      of pregnancy. It was found with the advancement of pregnancy the amount of zinc
      in the hairs dropped almost twice as compared to the initial content of zinc
      prior to the impregnation of the cows. The weight of the fetus correlated
      negatively with the content of zinc in the coat of dams. After calving the level
      of zinc rapidly came back to normal. The method of the spectrophotometric
      analysis employed was shown to be rational when used with a great number of
      animals of a herd in order to obtain a general idea of zinc dynamic in the
      animals' coat of this same herd.

PMID- 3992930
TI  - [Nature of animal husbandry in the community systems and the administrative and
      legal status of the veterinary medical services in agroindustrial complexes].
AB  - A characteristic is given of the public, private, and auxiliary system of animal
      breeding within the structure of the community systems. Important integrational
      links are stated to exist between these three categories of farms. On the base of
      the contractual system with private animal breeding a solid trend concerning the
      stock production seems to be established. In connection with the new character of
      animal husbandry the changes that have taken place in the territorial community
      structure and the implementation of the system of providing the supply of meat,
      milk, eggs, and fish of own resources have substantiated the necessity to
      stabilize the administrative and juridical statute of the veterinary service on
      the agro-industrial complexes with a view to guaranteeing the more effective
      veterinary service with all categories of farms. A suggestion is made to transfer
      the veterinary establishments from the agro-industrial complexes to the community
      systems, with responsibilities and rights of their own for the entire and
      dependable veterinary service in aid of the community systems.

PMID- 3992931
TI  - [Morphological changes in chickens receiving cadmium with the feed].
AB  - An experiment was carried out with a total of 100 broiler chickens of the
      Plymouth Rock breed. From hatching up to the 56th day of age they were offered a
      maize-soybean ration that was balanced in terms of nutrients and exogenically
      supplemented with cadmium at various rates in the form of cadmium chloride. The
      birds were divided into five experimental groups. The first group was given the
      basic ration with 2.5 mg Cd per kg of feed. The second group was given the same
      ration with 5 mg Cd; the third group--the same feed with 10 mg Cd; and the fourth
      group--the same ration with 20 mg Cd. The morphologic studies revealed that the
      presence of Cd in the feed led to severe dystrophic and necrotic changes
      accompanied with hemorrhages in the kidneys, heart muscle, and liver. Besides,
      the birds of the second and third group showed thinning and prolongation of villi
      intestinales, and those of the fourth group--shortening and thickening of the
      villi in the small intestine. These changes were indicative of chronic toxic
      lesions.

PMID- 3992932
TI  - [Inhibition of NDV replication by theophylline].
AB  - Theophylline is said to produce an inhibiting effect on the replication of the
      Newcastle disease virus in chick embryo fibroblast cultures when used in conc. of
      1 mM. When the cultures are treated with theophylline 24 hours prior to their
      infection or following one-hour adsorption the virus titer is lowered in the
      process of replication by about 2 lg as against the titer when the virus is
      replicated in theophylline-free cultures. The inhibiting effect consists in
      blocking or arresting the production of mature virions.

PMID- 3992933
TI  - [Modified method for the rapid determination of the magnesium requirement of cows
      and sheep].
AB  - Korzeniowski's method was modified in preliminary investigations on the
      semiquantitative determination of magnesium in urine as follows: solution A-
      citric acid, 6.5 g; 8-oxicholine, 1.8-2.0 g and distilled water up to 100 cm3;
      solution B--ammonium chloride, 70 g; potassium chloride, 20 g; 25% ammonia, 100
      cm3; 96 degrees ethanol, 500 cm3; and distilled water up to 1000 cm3. Prior to
      work solutions A and B at 1.5 cm3, resp., 6 cm3 were poured in an ordinary cone
      shaped or graded centrifugal test tube and were mixed; added was urine for
      investigation at 5 cm3, the system was stirred and was allowed to stay in a stand
      for 1 h. If a sediment appeared the amount of magnesium in the urine of cows was
      above 7 mg%, and in the urine of sheep--above 9 mg%. With the study of a total of
      169 urine samples from cows and 74 samples from sheep the results were comparable
      with what was established via the paper test of De Groot and coll. and the
      reactive test of Merck. At enhanced diuresis (colourless watery urine with
      creatine below 20 mg%) false negative results were obtained, and this made it
      necessary to investigate other samples of urine and blood serum. The method gave
      favourable information on magnesium sufficiency, and proved suitable for
      screening work on a mass scale.

PMID- 3992934
TI  - [Chemical composition of the meat of chickens treated with antibiotics].
AB  - Studies were carried out on the chemical composition of meat obtained from a
      total of 150 Leghorn birds at the age of four weeks, treated with nine antibiotic
      preparations. When the antibiotics were applied at therapeutic rates certain
      changes took place in the amount of total nitrogen as well as in the amino acids
      tryptophane and hydroxi-proline, which depended on the type of the antibiotic
      used. The study of muscle samples from the test groups revealed negligible rise
      (P greater than 0.05) of the fats and water to the detriment of total nitrogen as
      against the values of the same indices of the controls. Demonstrated was the
      higher biologic value of white meat proteins as shown by the control group as
      compared with the test groups. The withdrawal time was found to be six days
      during which full elimination of the antibiotic preparations from the body of the
      birds was achieved, and there was no rise both of the total nitrogen and of the
      index of the tryptophane/hydroxi-proline ratio.

PMID- 3992935
TI  - [Fatty acid content in the lipid fraction of the meat of wild pigs].
AB  - The content of fatty acids was studied in the lipid fraction of m. longissimus
      dorsi of wild swine weighing 70 to 100 kg shot in the autumn-winter season of
      1983-1984. A gas chromatography device of the Pye Unicam system, model 104 with a
      flame-ionization detector was used. It was found that the average content of
      fatty acids in the lipid fraction of m. longissimus dorsi in terms of percent of
      the total amount of the fatty acids was 1.57 for myristic acid, 25.78 for
      palmitic acid, 11.14 for stearic acid, 2.32 for palmitoleic acid, 50.90 for oleic
      acid, and 8.29 for linoleic acid. Linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were in
      trace amounts only.

PMID- 3992936
TI  - [Microbiological research on processed cheese].
AB  - Microbiologic studies were carried out with a total of 136 batches of 8
      assortments of softened cheese to establish the amount and composition of the
      microbial content of this product. It was found that the total count of
      mesophilic organisms of 72.8 per cent of the investigated batches reached up to
      200 000/g. The content of hygiene-indicative organisms (coliforms and
      enterococci) was limited: 97 per cent of batches had a coli titer of 1 and over
      1. The content of enterococci in 54.4 per cent of the investigated was below
      100/g, and in 4.4 per cent it was over 100 000/g. No Salmonella bacteria and
      plasmacoagulase positive staphylococci in 25, resp., 10 g of the product were
      found. Contamination with sporeforming aerobic and anaerobic organisms in 72.1,
      resp., 91.9 per cent reached up to 1000, resp., 100 per gram of the product. The
      amount of proteolytic bacteria in 61.8 per cent of the batches was up to 1000/g,
      and in 8 per cent only--up to 100 000/g. The content of yeasts and moulds in
      58.8, resp. 83.1 per cent of the batches was below 100/g.

PMID- 3992937
TI  - [Comparative studies of the properties of Br. ovis strains 03, 303 and 100671 to
      those of local strains for the production of antigen].
AB  - Colorimetric analysis, biochemical methods, and the complement-fixation test were
      employed to study 3 Australian and 5 Bulgarian strains of Brucella ovis.
      Determined were some biochemical manifestations, the adaptation capacity with
      regard to aerobic conditions of cultivation without serum, the amount of
      polysaccharides contained in the strains, and the properties of the antigens
      obtained as checked via CFT. Milanov's method was employed for antigen
      production. Three of the Bulgarian strains showed definite advantages in the
      commercial production of antigens for the serologic diagnosis of the Brucella
      ovis infection in sheep.

PMID- 3992938
TI  - The bootstrap and finite population sampling.

PMID- 3992939
TI  - [State and prospects of using electronic computer technics in military-medical
      institutions].

PMID- 3992940
TI  - [Training of military-medical specialists].

PMID- 3992941
TI  - [Classification of peritonitis and its treatment].

PMID- 3992942
TI  - [Optimal time for performing and increasing the effectiveness of early
      hemodialysis in ethylene glycol poisoning].

PMID- 3992943
TI  - [Clinical forms, diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis].

PMID- 3992944
TI  - [Organization of sanitary control of the water supply using underground sources].

PMID- 3992945
TI  - [Electropuncture diagnosis in the study of the functional state of pilots].

PMID- 3992946
TI  - [Body supply of vitamin C in sailors in tropical climates].

PMID- 3992947
TI  - [Indirect radioisotope angiography of the aorta and major arteries using
      scintigraphic tables].

PMID- 3992948
TI  - [Simultaneous bilateral lung resection by transsternal approach in patients with
      tuberculosis].

PMID- 3992949
TI  - [Organization of emergency medical and resuscitation services at the pre-hospital
      stage].

PMID- 3992950
TI  - [Errors in the diagnosis of otorhinolaryngologic neoplasms at the pre-hospital
      stage].

PMID- 3992951
TI  - [Vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 3992952
TI  - [Alcoholism in the armed forces of capitalist countries].

PMID- 3992953
TI  - [Annual holidays of personnel of medical departments, institutions and military
      educational establishments of the Soviet Army and Navy].

PMID- 3992954
TI  - [Endometrial hemangioendothelioma combined with a urogenital anomaly (a case
      report)].

PMID- 3992955
TI  - [Trace element content in the blood and tissues of patients with precancerous and
      precursor diseases of the female genitalia].
AB  - Emission spectrum analysis was used for measuring the levels of such trace
      elements as copper, manganese, zinc, nickel and silver in blood serum and tissues
      of the diseased organs in female patients with certain precancerous and precursor
      lesions of genital tract. It was found that such changes as an increase in serum
      copper, a decrease in zinc concentration in blood cells and a rise in the levels
      of zinc and silver in the affected tissues were more pronounced in cases of
      precancerous lesions than in those of precursor pathology.

PMID- 3992956
TI  - [Laser therapy of cervix dysplasia].
AB  - Irradiation from a continuous wave CO2-laser was used in the treatment of 1,234
      cases of cervical epithelial dysplasia. Diagnosis was established on the findings
      of extended colposcopy, aiming biopsy and cytological examination of smears. Such
      advantages over diathermocoagulation as complication-free recovery and a low
      incidence of recurrences (2.6%) were shown. The end results were studied.

PMID- 3992957
TI  - [Optimal treatment modality for patients with stage-I cervical cancer].
AB  - Expansive extirpation of the uterus was performed in 726 cases of stage TIbNXMO
      cervical cancer. 19.3% of 600 cases of pTIb cancer showed metastatic involvement
      of lymph nodes. Metastases into regional lymph nodes were found to be resistant
      to preoperative large-fraction irradiation. The long-term results of treatment of
      484 patients with pTIbNOMO cervical cancer receiving 3 different treatment
      modalities (operation alone, surgery + preoperative irradiation and surgery +
      postoperative distant irradiation) did not show any significant difference.
      Complications and relapse were rarer in patients who received surgery only.
      Therefore, expansive extirpation of the uterus unaccompanied by distant
      radiotherapy should be a method of choice in treatment of stage I cervical cancer
      (pTIbNOMO).

PMID- 3992958
TI  - [Metastasis of cervical cancer (based on lymphography data)].
AB  - The frequency and extent of lymphogenic dissemination of cervical carcinoma
      versus histologic type, growth pattern and degree of local spread of tumor were
      studied on the basis of clinico-roentgenological data on 131 cases. Regional
      metastases developed in external and general iliac lymph nodes. Locally
      disseminated T1b, T2a and T3 tumors made the case for lymphography because it
      provided data necessary for radiation treatment planning. Roentgenologic follow
      up and repeated lymphography were instrumental in evaluating the effectiveness of
      radiation treatment and detected lymphogenic metastases in 7.3% of cases.

PMID- 3992959
TI  - [Malignant tumors of the uterus characterized by endocrine differentiation].
AB  - Widely varying numbers of endocrine cells were identified in 12 out of 64 cases
      of uterine cancer in the course of histochemical and electron microscopic
      examination. Some neoplasms had morphologic features of apudoma of various degree
      of differentiation, the remaining ones (adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous
      carcinoma) were identified as tumors of endocrine origin if their cells contained
      certain specific metabolites most reliably detectable by the argyrophilic method
      after Grimelius and electron microscopy. The results of the study and literature
      data suggest that both endocrine and epithelial cells originate from
      multipotential epithelial stem cells.

PMID- 3992960
TI  - [Sympathetico-adrenal system function in myoma and cancer of the corpus uteri].
AB  - The study was concerned with the functional status of sympatho-adrenal system in
      cases of myoma and cancer of the uterine body and in healthy subjects. Cancer
      patients showed a paradoxical reaction to the subcutaneous injection of
      adrenaline: a 15 mm Hg drop in blood pressure matched by a rise in healthy
      subjects. Hyperglycemic coefficient in standard glucose load test was higher in
      cancer patients--by 32 and 44% at minutes 60 and 90, respectively, as compared
      with normals. No pronounced disturbances in sympatho-adrenal system functioning
      were registered in myoma patients.

PMID- 3992961
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic ovarian tumors in patients
      treated for breast cancer].
AB  - The report deals with some problems of differential diagnosis between primary and
      metastatic ovarian tumors in 78 patients treated for breast cancer (without local
      recurrence). Clinical symptoms, results of palpation, evidence supplied by
      surgical intervention, data of cytological examination of exudates and even the
      findings of express histological analysis of bioptates fail to provide a
      sufficient improvement on diagnosis. Final diagnosis can be obtained by means of
      an all-round histological examination only. The extent of surgical procedure
      should match the operation of choice for primary ovarian tumor. Since ovarian
      involvement is rather frequent in breast cancer patients, they should be followed
      up by the gynecologist in the course of the whole survival time.

PMID- 3992962
TI  - [Clinical picture and treatment of ovarian dysgerminoma patients].
AB  - The data on 80 cases of ovarian dysgerminoma are presented. The average age of
      patients was 19.1. In 9 out of 18 menstruation--free patients dysgerminoma was
      associated with genital infantilism and intersexuality. Pain was the most
      frequent symptom (70%). In 82%, correct diagnosis was established during primary
      examination. Among the most frequent misdiagnoses were acute appendicitis or
      pregnancy. Stage I tumor was established in nearly 70%. Unilateral involvement
      was registered in 83.5% of cases. Metastatic spread was limited to peritoneal
      cavity in 19.2%, paraaortic lymph nodes were involved in 16.4%. Five-year
      survival rate was 71.4%. Such characteristics of tumor process as stage and size
      of neoplasm proved to be of the highest prognostic value. The choice of a
      treatment modality was found to produce an insignificant effect on the results of
      therapy.

PMID- 3992963
TI  - [Role of the cellular inoculation dose in the development of the inhibitory
      effect of transplantable tumors on metastasis].
AB  - The study was concerned with a relationship between the influence of
      subcutaneously (s/c) transplanted LS and MMT1 tumors in a syngeneic system on the
      development of spontaneous and experimental lung metastases in mice and the dose
      of transplanted tumor cells. It was shown that the development of spontaneous of
      metastases in the lung depends on s/c transplanted tumor cells dose. Tumor
      inhibitory effect on experimental lung metastasis formation became apparent at
      doses ranging 10(6) -6 X 10(6), it rising proportionally to the increase in the
      dose of transplanted tumor cells. This relationship was more pronounced in MMT1
      tumor-bearers. The relationship of experimental lung metastasis development and
      transplanted tumor cells was reproduced in the system of adoptive transfer of
      tumor-bearers' splenocytes to intact mice (no other splenocytes than those in
      mice with tumors induced by 2 X 10(6) of transplanted cells were capable of any
      antitumor activity). The blood serum of tumor-bearing mice blocked the antitumor
      effect of splenocytes.

PMID- 3992964
TI  - [Effect of analgesics on the growth and metastasis of sarcoma 37].
AB  - Treatment with such analgetics as analginum, promedol and pantopon was shown
      experimentally either to inhibit or to stimulate the growth of sarcoma-37 and its
      dissemination. It was also found to reduce the tumor growth--stimulating effect
      of operative trauma.

PMID- 3992965
TI  - [Standardization of the cytological results attained in conducting prophylactic
      gynecological examinations].
AB  - The paper discusses some problems of standardization of diagnostic reports made
      at different stages of cytologic examination in the course of mass gynecologic
      screenings. The stages were as follows: (1) sorting-out of pathologic and normal
      material, (2) primary cytologic diagnosis, (3) final cytomorphologic diagnosis. A
      cytomorphologic classification based on the degree of atypia of cervical
      epithelium and on histo-cytological correlations is suggested.

PMID- 3992966
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of human red cell loss of viability during storage at +4
      degrees C in vitro. I. Cell shape and total adenylate concentration as
      determinant factors for posttransfusion survival.
AB  - Red cells stored in SAGM medium for 42 days at +4 degrees C were rejuvenated by
      bicarbonate, pyruvate and adenosine. Autologous 24-hour posttransfusion survival
      was determined in untreated as well as rejuvenated cells and showed an
      improvement from 77.4 +/- 4.7 to 89.2 +/- 7.2%. The erythrocyte adenylate energy
      charge decreased relatively more than the total adenylate concentration during
      storage, but the latter correlated better with posttransfusion red cell survival.
      Considerable deteriorations in red cell morphology (expressed as morphology
      index) and in deformability (measured as red cell fluidity) were observed during
      storage but were partly reversed by rejuvenation. The morphology index and the
      posttransfusion survival showed a significant correlation (r = 0.95, p less than
      0.005) after, but not before, rejuvenation, indicating that the remaining changes
      are more permanent and decisive of survival. It is suggested that, in the
      proportion of stored erythrocytes which respond to rejuvenation, the capacity and
      time dependence of recovery of normal shape and flexibility are important.

PMID- 3992967
TI  - Evaluation of flatbed reciprocal motion agitators for resuspension of stored
      platelet concentrates.
AB  - We studied the storage characteristics of platelet concentrates prepared in
      polyolefin (PL-732) and thin-film polyvinyl chloride (CLX) plastic bags and
      stored on a newly designed flatbed reciprocal motion agitator with a 1.5 inch
      (3.8 cm) lateral movement and an oscillation frequency of 70 cycles/min. We also
      studied the ability of this device to resuspend the platelet button formed after
      preparative centrifugation. Results showed that platelet concentrates stored on
      the 1.5-inch shaker had storage characteristics equivalent to those reported for
      the conventional 70 cycles/min, 1-inch (2.5-cm) lateral movement flatbed shaker.
      Due to a more rapid acceleration and deceleration rate, however, the 1.5-inch
      shaker resuspended the platelet button formed after preparative centrifugation
      much more efficiently than did the less dynamic 1-inch shaker. Furthermore, with
      either agitator, platelet aggregates in the CLX bag were more readily resuspended
      than were aggregates in the PL-732 bag due in part to differences in plastic bag
      wall elasticity.

PMID- 3992968
TI  - Biological and physical properties of fibronectin pasteurized in the presence of
      stabilizers.
AB  - Interest in human plasma fibronectin (Fn) as a potential clinical product for
      replacement therapy in septic patients has prompted the search for stabilizers to
      protect the protein from heat denaturation during pasteurization designed to
      inactivate hepatitis viruses. Fn was pasteurized (60 degrees C, 10 h) in the
      presence of either citrate, tricarballylate, sucrose or four mixtures of lysine,
      glucarate, gluconate or citrate which had been found to increase the denaturation
      temperature of Fn by greater than or equal to 19 degrees C. All but a
      citrate/gluconate mixture were effective in preventing aggregation as measured by
      dye fluorescence, light scattering, gel filtration and electrophoresis. Binding
      to gelatin was retained and immunological activity was only slightly diminished
      compared to a sample heated without stabilizers. Opsonic activity was measured as
      ability to mediate the uptake of 125I-gelatin-coated polystyrene beads by
      attached human monocytes. Fn heated without stabilizers underwent a transient
      increase in activity which was traced to formation of aggregates having elevated
      specific activities. Pasteurized samples had slightly elevated opsonic activities
      with no detectable aggregates present, while the unstabilized control was
      inactive. These results indicate that the physical properties of Fn as well as
      the functional activities of the gelatin- and cell-binding domains can be
      protected against thermal denaturation by various compounds.

PMID- 3992969
TI  - Example of a thimerosal-dependent antibody without apparent blood group
      specificity.
AB  - A third example of a thimerosal-dependent hemagglutinin is reported. The IgG
      antibody reacted by antiglobulin or ficin techniques with all cells incubated in
      the presence of thimerosal, including iadult cells and two examples of the Rhnull
      phenotype. Agglutination was inhibited by excess thimerosal (5 g/dl).

PMID- 3992970
TI  - A further example of IgM anti-K2 (Cellano).
AB  - An example of a cold-reacting IgM anti-K2 is described. The patient has a history
      of blood transfusion and two pregnancies. It is, therefore, not possible to
      differentiate between natural occurrence or immune stimulation as an explanation
      of this antibody's presence. In 1966, Thomas and Konugres reported an unusual
      example of anti-K2 composed entirely of IgM and reacting optimally at 20 degrees
      C, although some reactions at 37 degrees C were observed. We wish to report a
      further example which does not react at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 3992971
TI  - Red blood cell mononuclear phagocyte assay.

PMID- 3992972
TI  - [Effective effort of medical workers of the Ukraine in the final year of the Five
      Year Plan].

PMID- 3992973
TI  - [Use of the generalized theory of probability in hygienic studies].

PMID- 3992974
TI  - [Embryotropic effect of fenuron].

PMID- 3992975
TI  - [Various indicators of the pathology of the internal organs and the nervous
      system in workers exposed to pesticides in hothouses].

PMID- 3992976
TI  - [Use of anticoagulants and antifibrinolytic agents in the complex treatment of
      patients with acute pneumonia].

PMID- 3992977
TI  - [Methods of studying ecological and epidemiological aspects of a territory].

PMID- 3992978
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenological data on congenital developmental disorders of the large
      intestine].

PMID- 3992979
TI  - [Histoenzymological and electron microscopy changes in the gastric mucosa of
      patients with peptic ulcer].

PMID- 3992980
TI  - [Effect of levopa on energy metabolism of the gastric mucosa during the treatment
      of stomach ulcer].

PMID- 3992981
TI  - [Treatment of patients with uncomplicated peptic ulcer].

PMID- 3992982
TI  - [Effect of electrophoresis of atropine, ganglerone, papaverine and magnesium
      sulfate on liver hemodynamics studied by rheography].

PMID- 3992984
TI  - [Enzyme activity and tubular dysfunction in patients with latent
      glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 3992983
TI  - [Morphological characteristics of prostatic sclerosis as one of the causes of
      subvesical obstruction].

PMID- 3992985
TI  - [Paraneoplastic amyloidosis of the kidneys and adrenal glands in a patient with a
      kidney tumor].

PMID- 3992986
TI  - [Determination and spectrophotometric evaluation of the functional activity of K
      cells in healthy persons and in patients with cancer of the bladder].

PMID- 3992987
TI  - [Somatotropic function of the hypophysis in patients with diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3992988
TI  - [Incidence and sites of diabetic angiopathies in patients with newly detected
      diabetes].

PMID- 3992990
TI  - [Circulating myocardial antigens in patients with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 3992989
TI  - [Serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertension and chronic
      glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 3992991
TI  - [Hemodynamic variants in patients with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 3992992
TI  - [Relation between systemic hemodynamics and clinical variants of the restorative
      period in patients with myocardial infarct].

PMID- 3992993
TI  - [Use of laser radiation in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 3992994
TI  - [Vegetative cardiovascular disorders in solar syndromes].

PMID- 3992995
TI  - [Disorders of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the acute period of mild closed
      cranio-cerebral injuries].

PMID- 3992996
TI  - [Emergency treatment of patients with schizophrenia].

PMID- 3992997
TI  - [Detection of the antibodies to the virion antigen of tick-borne encephalitis
      virus in patients' sera using counterimmunoelectrophoresis].

PMID- 3992998
TI  - [Radioimmunological study of the antigenic conformity of the hemagglutinins of
      vaccinal and epidemic strains of influenza virus].
AB  - Antigenic relationships of the vaccine A/Victoria/35/72 strain and vaccine
      candidate A/Khabarovsk/15/76 and recombinant RK-5 strains with hemagglutinins of
      the epidemic A/Victoria/3/75, A/Leningrad/173/75, and A/Victoria/112/76 strains
      were studied by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in two test systems. Alongside with other
      tests RIA is useful and expedient for rapid and accurate quantitative evaluation
      of the antigenic conformity of influenza virus strains under comparison.

PMID- 3992999
TI  - [Method for the cross protection of mice in studying the antigenic variability of
      the influenza virus].
AB  - A modification of the method of cross protection of mice was developed for the
      study of influenza virus antigenic drift. This modification does not require a
      pre-adaptation of the virus to mouse lungs. The experiments of cross protection
      of immune animals carried out by the modified method demonstrated antigenic
      variability of the influenza A virus strains (H3N2) isolated in 1968-1983.
      Immunologically significant differences between influenza A/Hong Kong/68/ and
      A/Victoria/36/72 virus strains were detected. Subsequently, with isolation of
      more influenza virus strains immunologically significant differences were found
      between A/Victoria/36/72 and A/Leningrad/42/75 (an analogue of A/Scotland/840/74)
      strains, A/Leningrad/42/75 and A/Leningrad/399/76 (an analogue of
      A/Victoria/3/75) strains. The differences between influenza A/Texas/1/77 and
      A/Leningrad/527/80 (an analogue of A/Bangkok/1/79), A/Leningrad/385/80 (an
      analogue of A/Bangkok/1/79), and A/Leningrad/50/83, (an analogue of
      A/Philippines/2/82) strains were not immunologically significant.

PMID- 3993000
TI  - [Formation and protective functions of antibodies to neuraminidase of the
      influenza A virus].
AB  - The features of production and protective properties of antineuraminidase
      antibodies in subjects of various ages with influenza infection caused by
      currently important influenza A virus strains of H1N1 and H3N2 serosubtypes were
      studied. In children, antineuraminidase antibodies were found to accumulate less
      intensively than in adults and in infants under 1 year they were detected
      extremely rarely. In young infants, their titres after the disease decreased more
      rapidly than antihemagglutinin titres. As compared with adults, in younger
      children these antibodies have a higher protective role in modifying the severity
      of influenza infection. A direct correlation between the age of the children and
      the levels of antineuraminidase antibodies demonstrable in them was established.
      Within the same period of time, ratio of antihemagglutinins and antineuraminidase
      antibodies was shown to differ significantly in the population of different
      regions of the country. The results of trials in volunteers of 10 strains as
      candidates for a live influenza type A vaccine (H3N2) indicate considerable
      variability of the immunogenic potency of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of
      these strains.

PMID- 3993001
TI  - [Erythrocyte antibody diagnostic agents for determining the type and subtype of
      influenza viruses].
AB  - The method of antibody sensitization of sheep erythrocyte using amidole was
      employed to prepare diagnosticums for influenza A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1),
      A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2), and B/Hong Kong/75 viruses. Comparison of the potency of
      diagnosticums obtained on the basis of hyperimmune influenza sera and
      immunoglobulin preparations demonstrated that the use of globulins isolated with
      ammonium sulphate, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and ion-exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose 32 gives a higher sensitivity of the HI test
      than that obtained with sera and Fab-2 fragments of antibodies. The diagnosticums
      produced by the amidole method show higher specificity and facilitate the
      determination of the type and subtype appurtenance of epidemic and inter-epidemic
      influenza virus strains. In determinations of hemagglutinin the sensitivity of HI
      test with subtype homologous antibody diagnosticum was 2-8 times higher than that
      of HA test.

PMID- 3993002
TI  - [Effect of influenza virus glycoproteins on the permeability of pulmonary
      capillaries in mice].
AB  - Isolated glycoproteins of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) administered intranasally to
      white mice were found to increase permeability of lung capillaries.

PMID- 3993003
TI  - [Persistent influenza virus infection. Molecular genetic characteristics of ts
      mutants selected during persistence].
AB  - Properties of ts mutants isolated from systems of persistent influenza infection
      formed in MDCK cell culture by A/Victoria/35/72 virus were studied. The ts
      mutants isolated at later intervals of persistent infection (158 days) were
      characterized by thermolability of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, changes in
      the EP mobility of HA2 polypeptide, decrease in the molecular weight of this
      polypeptide, appearance of multiple ts mutations in genes 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8,
      coding for P2, NP, NA, M, and NS proteins, respectively.

PMID- 3993004
TI  - [Identification of influenza virus type A by solid-phase radioimmunological
      analysis].
AB  - High sensitivity and specificity of solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) in
      identification of influenza A (H1N1 and H2N2) viruses in the infected allantoic
      culture were demonstrated. Mixtures of influenza hyperimmune sera free from
      antibodies to host cell antigens and antineuraminidase antibodies were used as
      active test sera. The test serum a-H1N1 consisted of antisera to A/FmI/47,
      A/Netherlands/36/56, and A/USSR/090/77 strains; it detected practically all
      tested variants of H1N1 virus isolated in 1947-1982 in allantoic cultures
      containing virus-specific protein in amounts of 1.4 to 0.7 ng/ml. For the
      detection of H2N2 subtype viruses (1957-1967), a mixture of antisera to
      A/Singapore/1/57, A/Leningrad/2/63, A/Gorkiy/62/65, and A/Tokyo/3/67 viruses was
      used. This test serum could detect H2N2 virus in the allantoic fluid containing
      0.7-035 ng/ml of virus protein.

PMID- 3993005
TI  - [Design of an algorithm for the numerical classification of viruses].
AB  - The data are presented dealing with the construction of algorithm of numerical
      classification of RNA- and DNA-containing viruses of vertebrates. The possibility
      of using of a limited number of parameters with certain coefficients was
      demonstrated. Suitable parameters for this purpose were elucidated and
      coefficients (weights) for them determined.

PMID- 3993006
TI  - [Comparative study of the oligopeptide maps of virus-specific proteins of the
      viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex].
AB  - A comparative analysis of tryptic hydrolysates of virus-specific proteins NV5, V3
      and NV3 of the tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses showed proteins NV5 to
      have considerable regions of similar amino acid sequences, V3 proteins to have
      significantly differing primary structures, and NV3 proteins to have different
      amino acid sequences.

PMID- 3993008
TI  - Standardized treatment of severe methanol poisoning with ethanol and
      hemodialysis.
AB  - Seven patients with methanol poisoning were treated with ethanol, hemodialysis
      and supportive measures. The interval between ingestion and initiation of ethanol
      therapy varied from 3 to 67 hours and from ingestion to dialysis from 9 to 93
      hours. All patients survived, but one had permanent visual impairment. A 10%
      ethanol solution administered intravenously is a safe and effective antidote for
      severe methanol poisoning. Ethanol therapy is recommended when plasma methanol
      concentrations are higher than 20 mg per dl, when ingested doses are greater than
      30 ml and when there is evidence of acidosis or visual abnormalities in cases of
      suspected methanol poisoning.

PMID- 3993007
TI  - [Concentrated and purified vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis prepared by
      ultracentrifugation and chromatography].

PMID- 3993009
TI  - Clinical symptoms in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - We questioned 113 patients with subsequently diagnosed sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) regarding the symptoms that prompted their seeking hospital
      treatment, eliciting the following: 15% of patients had lost consciousness, 15%
      had near syncope, 35% had mild lightheadedness and 35% had no cerebral symptoms.
      Patients with preexisting congestive heart failure or a VT rate of 200 beats per
      minute or greater more often lost consciousness. Other symptoms included
      palpitations in 57% of patients, chest pain in 27%, dyspnea in 25%, weakness in
      6%, nausea or diaphoresis in 3% each and flushing in 2%. In approximately 50% of
      patients who had mild lightheadedness or no cerebral symptoms, their condition
      was incorrectly diagnosed as supraventricular tachycardia based on the absence of
      severe symptoms during the tachycardia. In some patients, VT may be associated
      with mild or atypical symptoms. The differentiation of supraventricular from
      ventricular tachycardia should be based on electrocardiographic criteria and
      should not be influenced by the nature or severity of a patient's symptoms. The
      severity of cerebral symptoms is at least partially related to the VT rate and a
      patient's underlying heart disease.

PMID- 3993010
TI  - Indomethacin therapy for hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in patients with
      bronchogenic carcinoma.
AB  - Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO) is a disabling complication of lung
      cancer often requiring thoracotomy with vagotomy for control of pain. This
      condition was confirmed by scintigraphy in six consecutive patients with biopsy
      proved lung cancer. All had characteristic bone and joint pain unresponsive to a
      variety of analgesics. Treatment with indomethacin gave dramatic relief of pain
      within 72 hours in all six. Consideration should be given to instituting a
      controlled trial to establish the efficacy of indomethacin for the treatment of
      HPO.

PMID- 3993011
TI  - Congenital tracheal occlusion in neonates--a minireview.
AB  - Congenital tracheal occlusion, though seemingly rare, is generally fatal if not
      attended to immediately. A high index of suspicion should help to make the
      diagnosis in a neonate when there are respiratory distress at birth and no
      audible cry and an endotracheal tube cannot be advanced beyond the vocal cords.
      We present our experience with cases of congenital tracheal obstruction due to
      various causes during a period of four years.

PMID- 3993012
TI  - The Athletic Health Care and Training Program. A comprehensive approach to the
      prevention and management of athletic injuries in high schools.
AB  - The Athletic Health Care and Training Program was developed to meet the
      educational, organizational and record-keeping needs of the interscholastic
      athletic program of the Seattle Public Schools. The program components were the
      education of coaches, school nurses and student trainers; development of a
      centralized training room; implementation of written procedures, and
      establishment of a record-keeping system. At the end of the three-year study
      period, schools involved in the program were better prepared to handle
      emergencies than were control schools. Schools involved in the program were found
      to have an injury-recognition rate comparable to that previously reported for
      high schools that had athletic trainers, a rate substantially higher than that in
      the control schools. The experimental schools were judged to have managed these
      injuries satisfactorily 95% of the time, compared with a satisfactory management
      rate of 14% for the control schools.

PMID- 3993013
TI  - Psychosocial events and subsequent illness--a review.
AB  - The public readily accepts the relationship between psychosocial events and
      illness and acknowledges that stress is important in the acquisition of disease.
      However, scientific documentation of these relationships has not been convincing
      and many clinicians remain skeptical. In this review we survey selected studies
      from socioepidemiologic, psychologic and physiologic research, chosen for their
      methodologic rigor, that help clarify the relationship between psychosocial
      events and illness. We conclude (1) though difficult to prove, available data
      support a positive relationship between psychosocial events and illness, and (2)
      psychologic well-being is important for good physical health.

PMID- 3993014
TI  - Ozone and photochemical pollutants. Status after 25 years.

PMID- 3993015
TI  - Disseminated Mycobacterium gordonae infection associated with glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 3993016
TI  - Accidental dopamine in the eye.

PMID- 3993017
TI  - Ischemic bowel infarction and phenylpropranolamine use.

PMID- 3993018
TI  - Munchausen alert.

PMID- 3993019
TI  - Thrombosis of the iliac artery from seat belt injury.

PMID- 3993020
TI  - Hygienic management of hypertension.

PMID- 3993021
TI  - The swollen leg.

PMID- 3993022
TI  - Culture shock--a review of Vietnamese culture and its concepts of health and
      disease.
AB  - Misunderstandings of Vietnamese culture and beliefs have led to many unfortunate
      incidents in the United States, including court cases for child abuse and even
      suicide. These can be avoided by an awareness of the cultural background of the
      Vietnamese, their philosophy of life and the influence of religion and beliefs on
      their personalities, both as individual persons and as members of extended family
      units. The Vietnamese concepts of health and disease are presented, along with
      brief descriptions of certain folk medicines that are frequently misconstrued by
      American physicians.

PMID- 3993023
TI  - Measles transmission in medical facilities.

PMID- 3993024
TI  - Patient understanding of oral contraceptive side effects.

PMID- 3993025
TI  - [Physical work on recreational gardening plots and myocardial infarction].

PMID- 3993026
TI  - [Acid-base equilibrium and the activity of various lysosomal enzymes in the
      cerebrospinal fluid and arterial blood in severe brain injury and in post
      traumatic apallic syndrome].

PMID- 3993027
TI  - [Old people in the community health services system].

PMID- 3993028
TI  - [Consequences of occupational accidents].

PMID- 3993029
TI  - [Injuries of the locomotor system complicated by burns].

PMID- 3993031
TI  - [Leiomyoma of the greater curvature of the stomach].

PMID- 3993030
TI  - [Results of treatment of bleeding stomach or duodenal ulcers in 207 patients].

PMID- 3993032
TI  - [Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer].

PMID- 3993033
TI  - [Giant retroperitoneal cyst].

PMID- 3993035
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in clinical medicine].

PMID- 3993034
TI  - [Diagnostic difficulties in subdural hematoma].

PMID- 3993036
TI  - [Use of monoclonal antibodies in the purification and analysis of human
      interferon].
AB  - This paper describes the development of hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal
      antibodies to human IFN-alpha and the implementation of these antibodies in the
      purification of recombinant IFN-alpha 2 and the quantification of this protein by
      means of immunological assay procedures.

PMID- 3993037
TI  - [Protein binding of thromboxane--one of the sources of error in thromboxane
      determination].
AB  - The determination of thromboxane A2 (TxA2), the main metabolite of arachidonic
      acid (AA) in platelets, is very difficult due to extreme instability of this
      compound. Only stable end products such as TxB2, the hydrolysis product of TxA2,
      and malondialdehyde (MDA) can be analysed by means of routine techniques. Since
      the presence of proteins interferes with the photometric determination of MDA,
      these have to be eliminated by acidification. The TxB2 concentration was measured
      in the supernatant in parallel with MDA determinations before and after protein
      precipitation. A significant difference was found between these two TxB2
      concentrations. The TxB2 values after precipitation were significantly lower than
      before precipitation, indicating that a high percentage (about 70%) of TxB2 is
      bound to proteins. Protein precipitation in a biological sample might, thus,
      cause misinterpretation of the measured value.

PMID- 3993038
TI  - [Pulmonary function tests in a population with endemic pleural plaques and
      environmental asbestos exposure].
AB  - The prevalence of pleural plaques in a sample of a community subjected to
      environmental asbestos exposure from natural deposits was 10%. Spirogram, flow
      volume curves and pulmonary resistance of persons with plaques were not
      significantly different from controls. The larger, age-dependent decrease in lung
      function parameters in our sample as compared with various reference values may
      be explained by accelerated "aging" of the bronchial tree related to exposure to
      the noxious inhalant or by underrepresentation of the higher age groups in the
      reference studies.

PMID- 3993039
TI  - [Does preventive medicine still have a chance today?].

PMID- 3993040
TI  - [Alcohol-induced type V hyperlipidemia in relation to changes in the chemical
      composition of HDL2].
AB  - Alcohol consumption is one of the most common causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia
      in man, but not all alcohol addicts display hyperlipidaemia. 10 healthy male
      controls were compared with three groups of patients. The first group consisted
      of 9 heavy drinkers exhibiting type V hyperlipidaemia under the influence of
      alcohol. The second group consisted of 7 patients who had displayed type V
      hyperlipidaemia during alcohol consumption in the past; at the time of
      investigation, however, they had ceased to drink alcohol at least 6 months
      previously and were normolipidaemic. The third group consisted of 7 heavy
      drinkers without hyperlipidaemia. Determinations of plasma lipids and
      lipoproteins (by means of rate zonal ultracentrifugation), as well as the major
      apolipoproteins (apo) of high-density lipoproteins2 (HDL2) and HDL3 (by means of
      polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis) was carried out in all subjects. Two
      distinct findings were obtained: the one caused by alcohol abuse itself and the
      other possibly representing a primary trait consisting of an alteration in
      lipoproteins. In both groups of heavy drinkers the content of apo-CI in HDL2 was
      lower and the content of apo-AII was higher than in the controls and the
      abstinent group. In groups I and II with alcohol-dependent type V
      hyperlipidaemia, the percentage content of total protein in HDL2, as well as the
      content of apo-D was higher than in controls and in heavy drinkers without
      hyperlipidaemia. This increased content of apo-D in HDL2 is discussed as being a
      possible primary marker of alcohol-inducible hyperlipidaemia.

PMID- 3993041
TI  - [Comparative study on the effect of diet, exercise and iodine balneotherapy on
      blood rheologic parameters in diabetics within the scope of a 4 week health
      resort stay in Bad Hall].
AB  - A total of 123 spa patients with inadequately controlled diabetes mellitus was
      divided into the following 3 therapeutic groups: 1. therapeutic exercise alone,
      2. iodine therapy with iodine brine (including drinking cure with "iodine-brine
      concentrate"), 3. remedial exercise plus iodine brine therapy. All patients
      received a rigidly controlled diabetic diet. The following parameters were
      determined at the beginning and at the end of the cure: whole blood and plasma
      viscosity, fibrinogen, blood glucose, total and HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides,
      HbA1c, alpha 2-macroglobulin, total protein, microhaematocrit. A significant
      improvement was found in the values of whole blood viscosity, cholesterol,
      triglycerides and blood glucose, indicative of a beneficial effect on metabolism,
      primarily due to the administered diet. The largest decreases were shown by blood
      viscosity, relative viscosity, triglycerides, cholesterol and HbA1c in group III,
      and by plasma viscosity in group II. alpha 2-Macroglobulins did not change.
      Fibrinogen was raised in groups I and III. The importance of the improved blood
      rheological properties is discussed, particularly with respect to reduced
      erythrocyte flexibility in diabetics.

PMID- 3993042
TI  - [Results of the Zirl prevention project].
AB  - A model for community health and social services was set up in 1979 in the
      village of Zirl, Tyrol. All persons entitled to a preventive medical examination,
      i.e. those aged 19 years and over, were invited to make an appointment with their
      general practitioner in 1979/80 and again in 1981/82. 737 people took part in the
      first examination, corresponding to 26.8% of those originally invited and 446
      persons (13.2%) responded to the second invitation. 188 persons (76 men and 112
      women) participated in both examinations. Means and standard deviation of plasma
      cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and uric acid, as well as systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure and weight are presented for those 188 persons who
      participated twice. A significant reduction in plasma cholesterol level in both
      men and women was observed at the second examination following nutritional
      counselling by the general practitioners concerned.

PMID- 3993043
TI  - [Resistance of blood culture isolates in vitro to 4 aminoglycoside antibiotics in
      Austria--1982/83].
AB  - Over the period September 1982 to February 1983 268 blood culture isolates were
      consecutively collected in 4 microbiological laboratories in Austria (Linz,
      Vienna, Graz, Feldkirch) and 251 of these strains (streptococci excluded) were
      tested for resistance to Gentamicin (G), Tobramycin (T), Netilmicin (N) and
      Amikacin (A) using a microtitre broth dilution method. This investigation was
      part of an international study. Of the bacterial strains examined 57% were
      staphylococci (34% Staphylococcus aureus) and 43% gram-negative rods (18% E.
      coli, 17% other enterobacteriaceae and 5% Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc.). 25% of
      all strains tested were resistant to Gentamicin (MIC greater than 4 mg/l), 27% to
      Tobramycin (MIC greater than 4 mg/l), 6% to Netilmicin (MIC greater than 4 mg/ml)
      and 5% to Amikacin (MIC greater than 8 mg/l). The resistance rate of
      staphylococci was markedly greater towards Gentamicin (35%) and Tobramycin (39%)
      than Netilmicin (4%) and Amikacin (6%). The respective percentages of resistant
      gram-negative rods were considerably smaller, except in the case of Netilmicin (G
      13%, T 11%, N 8%, A 4%). Regional differences were observed between Linz and
      Vienna in the resistance of staphylococci to Gentamicin (24% versus 49%) and
      Tobramycin (33% versus 53%). On a weight basis Netilmicin was the most active
      substance in combating nearly all groups of bacteria. Also in strains sensitive
      to the other aminoglycosides the MIC values of Netilmicin were considerably lower
      than for the other substances. A noteworthy feature in comparison with the
      results of other countries participating in this international study was the
      distinctly higher incidence of staphylococci among the blood culture isolates and
      the considerably higher percentage of aminoglycoside-resistant strains in
      Austria. Analysis of the data suggests that the high resistance rates among
      staphylococci are a consequence of selection by frequently used antibiotics.
      Hence, it appears essential to observe the development of aminoglycoside
      resistance in Austria closely and to recommend that these substances, of extreme
      value in the treatment of severe infections, should be used solely for the most
      stringent indications.

PMID- 3993044
TI  - [Causes of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes].
AB  - Insulin resistance is a well-known phenomenon in diabetic patients. Its
      occurrence in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes is thought to be due both to
      metabolic and immunological disturbances. In this context, a key role is
      attributed to the augmented release of the 'diabetogenic' hormones, adrenaline,
      glucagon, cortisol and growth hormone, as well as to hypertonic dehydration and
      to the presence of insulin-binding antibodies. In this connection it is
      noteworthy that among the 'diabetogenic' hormones adrenaline exerts the strongest
      insulin-antagonistic effect and that hypertonic dehydration is associated with
      impairment of insulin action and of non-insulin-dependent hepatic glucose uptake
      (in vitro), while hypotonic rehydration reduces the elevated hepatic glucose
      production in dehydrated Type 1 diabetic patients. By contrast, the generally
      only slightly elevated serum insulin-binding capacity in insulin-treated
      diabetics is probably of least importance in the development of insulin
      resistance, unless excessively high insulin antibody titres prevail.

PMID- 3993045
TI  - [Model construction and systems analysis in physiology and pathology].
AB  - A model is the result of an epidemiological process which can be circumscribed by
      the words systems analysis and identification. Some characteristics of this
      process, as well as the problem of teleology and reason of different aspects of
      systems analysis are discussed in this essay using examples from circulation
      research. Such a description also makes it understandable that the essence of
      systems analysis can best be described in conjunction with the example of medical
      diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 3993046
TI  - [The self and its enemy].
AB  - This essay uses the form of an imaginary debate between an immunologist and a non
      immunologist to discuss the problem of immunological self-recognition and the
      clinical relevance of this phenomenon to the development of autoimmune disease.
      The first part deals with the communication between different cell types involved
      in normal and abnormal immune reactions. Then the problems of "physiological"
      autoimmunity and regulation of the normal immune response are discussed. The
      development of autoimmune diseases is reviewed on the basis of data obtained in
      the so-called Obese strain (OS) of chickens, which show a spontaneous hereditary
      autoimmune thyroiditis analogous to human Hashimoto thyroiditis. The role played
      by the thymus for the homeostasis of a normal immunological reactivity is
      emphasized. Finally, parallels are drawn between those mechanisms underlying the
      development of autoimmune disease and changes in the normal immune system with
      increasing age. The contribution finishes with some thoughts on the potential
      applications of our present knowledge of the process of auto-immunity to new
      therapeutic approaches to this large group of human diseases.

PMID- 3993047
TI  - [So-called benign papilloma of the bladder. A retrospective study].
AB  - A retrospective study of 34 patients with histologically verified, so called
      "benign" papilloma of the mucuous membrane of the urinary bladder (pTa GO) served
      as a basis for investigation of the course of the condition, the tendency to
      recurrence and the development of carcinoma. A histologically identical recurrent
      tumour was found in 53% of the patients, while 85% developed a urothelial
      carcinoma in a period of between 1 and over 10 years. From the time of the
      diagnosis of papilloma, the 5-year survival rate was 87% and the 10-year survival
      rate was 76%. From the time of the carcinoma diagnosis the 5-year survival rate
      was 40%, none of the patients survived 10 years.

PMID- 3993049
TI  - [Membranous duodenal stenosis in a newborn infant. A case with preoperative
      roentgen diagnosis].
AB  - Case report of a 36 hours old boy with a congenital duodenal diaphragm with
      preoperativ roentgenologic examination and diagnosis. The etiology, diagnosis,
      and treatment are mentioned and a synopsis of the literature is given.

PMID- 3993048
TI  - [Primary malignant tumors of the small intestine. A review with demonstration of
      a case].
AB  - Malign tumours in the small bowel are rarely found. A survey is given on
      appearance, symptoms, diagnosis and therapy of these tumours (by exclusion of the
      tumours of the duodenum and the tumours derived from Meckel's diverticulum). By
      means of a case report and a number of observed patients it is demonstrated, how
      the non-characteristic symptoms cause a late diagnosis and therefore late
      therapy.

PMID- 3993050
TI  - [Multicenter study of cefoperazone in Austria].
AB  - 109 patients entered a multicentre study for treatment with Cefoperazone of
      respiratory, urogenital, and hepato-biliary tract infections, as well as
      peritonitis. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy, tolerance as
      well as the therapeutic advantages of a new agent of the group of betalactam
      antibiotics which is excreted by the liver with the bile and--to a far lesser
      extent--by the kidneys. The mean duration of therapy was 7.2 days. The mean
      dosage was 2 g twice a day. Efficacy and tolerance of Cefoperazone were
      excellent.

PMID- 3993051
TI  - Hirschsprung's disease: progress in management and diagnostics.

PMID- 3993052
TI  - Splenic preservation in children.

PMID- 3993054
TI  - Surgical treatment of high imperforate anus.

PMID- 3993053
TI  - Progress in pediatric trauma.

PMID- 3993055
TI  - Choledochal cyst.

PMID- 3993056
TI  - Esophageal atresia: embryogenesis and management.

PMID- 3993058
TI  - Surgery of gastroesophageal reflux.

PMID- 3993057
TI  - Shunt surgery for treatment of portal hypertension in children.

PMID- 3993059
TI  - Surgery of necrotizing enterocolitis.

PMID- 3993060
TI  - Progress in the treatment of biliary atresia.

PMID- 3993062
TI  - Training in pediatric surgery.

PMID- 3993061
TI  - Emergent and therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children.

PMID- 3993064
TI  - Rare late complication after operation of traumatic aneurysm of the thoracic
      aorta.

PMID- 3993065
TI  - Dehiscence of a prosthetic graft nineteen years after coarctation repair.

PMID- 3993063
TI  - Research in pediatric surgery.

PMID- 3993066
TI  - Child abuse--after the report is made.

PMID- 3993068
TI  - Endemic Kawasaki disease in rural Wisconsin.

PMID- 3993067
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): view of the Wisconsin Radiological Society.

PMID- 3993069
TI  - Legal aspects of medical genetics in Wisconsin.

PMID- 3993070
TI  - Physician morbidity: a limited study.

PMID- 3993071
TI  - Dying with your "rights on" or . . . killing with your "rights on".

PMID- 3993073
TI  - Clonorchis sinensis infection associated with adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder
      and cystic duct.

PMID- 3993072
TI  - Pneumatic injury from a nailgun.

PMID- 3993074
TI  - Clinical and laboratory findings in ten Milwaukee patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome or prodromal syndromes.

PMID- 3993076
TI  - [The influence of psychological, cultural and social factors on the complex care
      in retirement homes].

PMID- 3993075
TI  - Optimum nutrition through better planning of world agriculture.

PMID- 3993077
TI  - [Cultural, social and psychological factors in the care process of elderly and
      aged citizens].

PMID- 3993078
TI  - [Possibilities in day care and semi-hospitalization care].

PMID- 3993079
TI  - [Rehabilitation as a therapeutic and nursing task in the care of chronic
      patients].

PMID- 3993080
TI  - [First aid in geriatrics from the viewpoint of the specialist in general
      medicine].

PMID- 3993081
TI  - [Psychological guidance of elderly hospitalized patients in need of care].

PMID- 3993082
TI  - [Health status of elderly and aged people].

PMID- 3993083
TI  - [Status and role of nursing in the medical care process].

PMID- 3993084
TI  - [Forms of and developmental trends in nursing].

PMID- 3993085
TI  - [Sunbath, tanning booths and skin changes].

PMID- 3993086
TI  - [Primary retroperitoneal tumors].

PMID- 3993087
TI  - [Clinical experiences in the treatment of central giant cell granulomas in
      childhood].

PMID- 3993088
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic consequences in suspected esophageal and airway
      foreign bodies].

PMID- 3993089
TI  - [Perivasal anesthetic infiltration as a simple method for peripheral sympathetic
      blockade in pain states of the extremities (sympathalgias)].

PMID- 3993090
TI  - [Recommendations for the evaluation and interpretation of the electrocardiogram
      of adolescents and adults. Brief programmed course. 13: Partial program IV:
      Ischemia and infarct diagnosis. 3: Detection and elimination of infarct signs
      (B)].

PMID- 3993091
TI  - [Criteria and references for the recognition of malignant tumors as occupational
      disease].

PMID- 3993092
TI  - [Indication for thoracic x-ray studies].

PMID- 3993093
TI  - [Indication for x-ray studies--cholegraphy, colonic contrast enema and i.v.
      urography].

PMID- 3993094
TI  - [Q fever--a reportable disease].

PMID- 3993095
TI  - [Organizational and methodological aspects of the recording and assessment of
      nosocomial infections].

PMID- 3993097
TI  - [Criminal aspects of the medical use of technology].

PMID- 3993096
TI  - [Recommendations for assessing and judging the electrocardiograms of young people
      and adults. An abridged programmed course. 14. Program section IV. Ischemia and
      infarct diagnosis. 4. Recognition and exclusion of ischemia and infarct signs.
      The demonstration of selected electrocardiograms].

PMID- 3993098
TI  - [Guidance of the ideological processes as the task of continuing education].

PMID- 3993099
TI  - [Model concepts of disease formation and development from the viewpoint of
      psychotherapy].

PMID- 3993100
TI  - [Significance of the inducing situation and conflict content of the current life
      status in females with neurotic-functional disorders].

PMID- 3993101
TI  - [Work disability as chronifying factor of neurotic disorders].

PMID- 3993102
TI  - [Effectiveness of psychotherapy from the sociologic viewpoint].

PMID- 3993104
TI  - [Effect of the physician on the effectiveness of drugs (impressive experiment
      with medical students)].

PMID- 3993103
TI  - [Threshold status in adolescence].

PMID- 3993105
TI  - [Significance of current life conflicts for psychological disorders].

PMID- 3993106
TI  - [Catamnestic study following inpatient dynamic group psychotherapy].

PMID- 3993107
TI  - [Social learning processes and dynamics in psychotherapeutic encounters].

PMID- 3993108
TI  - [Possibility of direct distance perception: relation of objective and phenomenal
      center].

PMID- 3993109
TI  - [Memory psychological aspects of patient education studied with the example of
      cerebral angiography].

PMID- 3993110
TI  - [Task related information processing and generation effects in picture
      materials].

PMID- 3993111
TI  - [Effect of various pesticides on the thyroid gland of the rat].

PMID- 3993112
TI  - [Organization and implementation of the course segment "Public health
      antiepidemic protection" within the scope of military medicine education].

PMID- 3993113
TI  - [Formation of bacterial resistances to heavy metals in the environment].

PMID- 3993114
TI  - [Tasks in the control of occupationally-induced diseases in the chemical
      industry].

PMID- 3993116
TI  - [Procedure for the evaluation of thermal sterilization].

PMID- 3993115
TI  - [Pilot study on the health status of tanners doing chromium-tanned leather
      polishing].

PMID- 3993117
TI  - [Medical study of blind compensation recipients of working age in a large city-
      results and conclusions].

PMID- 3993118
TI  - [Need for physical therapy in the rehabilitation of oligophrenic adolescents and
      adults].

PMID- 3993119
TI  - [Significance of redox potential voltage measurement for public health monitoring
      of bathing water in indoor and outdoor pools].

PMID- 3993120
TI  - [Observation of meteorologic effects in the measurement of noise emissions in a
      community environment].

PMID- 3993121
TI  - [Effect of discotheque music on the subjective comfort of exposed persons].

PMID- 3993122
TI  - [Effect of light on human regulation. Results of seasonal variations in pupil
      size].

PMID- 3993124
TI  - [Contraction force relation of spectral performance density distribution in
      surface EMG].

PMID- 3993123
TI  - [Age related characteristic values in the assessment of endurance limits during
      local dynamic muscle work].

PMID- 3993125
TI  - [Contamination of drugs with dichlorvos following the use of Fekama dichlorvos
      50].

PMID- 3993126
TI  - [Effect of Propotox M on the mucous membrane of the stomach in rats].

PMID- 3993127
TI  - [Comparison of the drop and capillary technics of the leukocyte migration
      inhibition test in the detection of sensitization to candidin].
AB  - 15 test persons with a positive and 3 with a negative intradermal test of
      candidin were examined with two modifications of the migration inhibition test.
      In these cases the agarose droplet test proved to be somewhat more sensitive in
      comparison to the capillary method. There were no correlations between the size
      of the cutaneous test reaction and the adequate migration index. The droplet test
      using culture residues (lymphokin assay) was less evident in comparison to the
      direct method. The two techniques (droplet test, capillary method) are well
      suited for the proof of cell-mediated immune reactions to candidin and other
      comparable antigens, respectively.

PMID- 3993128
TI  - [Experiences in quantitative electrocardiographic evaluation of cardiovascular
      risk patients using new ischemia criteria in occupational medicine].
AB  - Using a partially automatized form analysis of the electrocardiogramme a
      methodology of the quantitative determination of parameters of the ST-segment is
      described. The introduction of an index, the surface integral of the ST-segment
      referred of function shows a good correspondence with the decrease of the ST
      segment under exercise. In subdivision into three possible norm regions the
      integral is used as a suitable additional parameter for the ascertainment and the
      coordination of the diagnosis latent ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 3993129
TI  - [Peripelvic extravasation in intravenous urography].
AB  - The perivelvic extravasation is a rare X-ray symptom in the intravenous
      urography. Etiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed on the
      basis of an own case and the present literature.

PMID- 3993130
TI  - [Comparison between classical ECG and ST mapping].
AB  - In a group of patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease whose diagnoses were
      ascertained by the clinic, by the electrocardiogram after resting and after work,
      by the coronarography and/or by the complication of the ischaemic heart disease
      (myocardial infarction), we compared the findings of the classical ECG with those
      ones of the ST-mapping. In 32% the ST-mapping brought an increased evidence. A
      correspondence of 100% we found in the certainly normal and certainly
      pathological findings. The maxima of the repolarisation disturbances withdrew
      from the proof of the Wilson derivations at rest at 54.8% and under submaximal
      strain at 79.3%, changed in 25.8% their position under load and during the load
      the emigrated in 16.5% out of the precordial leads after Wilson. The evaluated
      sums of the partial surfaces of the ST-mapping have a higher correlation to the
      severity of the ischaemic heart disease, permit a better differentiation between
      the individual degress of severity and render possible an exacter judgment of the
      prephase of the ischaemic heart disease than it is possible with the usual ECG.
      In 25.8% of all examinations after work repolarisation disturbances limited to
      small myocardiac areas could be proved only by means of the mapping. The
      localisation of lesions of the myocardium is better possible by means of the ST
      mapping above all dorsally/caudally than by means of the classical ECG.

PMID- 3993131
TI  - [Spurious aneurysm of the heart].
AB  - Report on an extremely thin-walled, not ruptured spurious aneurysm
      (pseudoaneurysm) in the apical region of the left ventricle in a 82-year-old
      woman. Discussion of the causal and formal pathogenesis of the disinvagination
      with reference to complications, diagnostics and therapy.

PMID- 3993132
TI  - [Autonomic alcoholic polyneuropathy].
AB  - Measurement of heart rate variability was performed in a group of 106 healthy
      volunteers and 31 alcoholics. The mean momentary arrhythmia of normal individuals
      shows an exponential decrease with growing age. In 5 of 31 alcoholics a cardiac
      autonomic neuropathy was found with this parameter. The withdrawing alcoholics
      had a significant increase of heart rate and decrease of heart rate variability
      compared to later measurements, what is in agreement with the concept of
      hyperexcitability in early withdrawal.

PMID- 3993134
TI  - [Quantity and trace elements in callus in secondary fracture healing; animal
      experiment study].
AB  - The quantitative analysis of quantity elements and trace elements in the callus
      tissue of tibial fractures was carried out in 120 adult rabbits during the
      secondary bone fracture healing. The processing of the callus and the analysis
      methods of the inorganic elements were demonstrated. The trace elements copper
      and zinc are available much more compared with the quantity elements in the
      callus tissue during the acidotic early phase of the fracture healing. Copper and
      zinc are necessary for synthesis of the bone substance and the enzymes. The
      phosphorus concentration increased in a three-phasic way in the callus during the
      fracture healing. Phosphorus is prematurely enriched in the callus quantitatively
      stronger than calcium.

PMID- 3993133
TI  - [Levels of alkaline phosphatase, quantity and trace elements in the serum and
      compact bone in the rabbit].
AB  - One can find only little information about the quantitative analysis of quantity
      elements and trace elements in animal bone compact substance and blood serum. The
      authors analysed potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, and
      the alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum and in the compact substance of the
      tibial shaft of the rabbit. The collection and the preparation of blood serum and
      bone for the analytic investigation and the analysis methods were shown. The
      concentration of the inorganic elements were determined in mol/l and the content
      were calculated on 1 g dry bone substance.

PMID- 3993135
TI  - [Hyperchlorhydria of the stomach following hypothalamus lesions in the rat].
AB  - Effects of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH corresponding Nucleus ventromedialis
      hypothalami NVM) lesion on gastric acid output were examined. Acid output was
      determined by using the gastric perfusion method in rats anesthetized with
      urethan. With lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus a significant increase in
      acid output occurred 28 days after lesion. Basal acid output increased from 5.9
      +/- 2.5 to 32.2 mumol H+ X h-1 and stimulated acid output increased from 15.4 +/-
      7.2 to 75.3 +/- 15.3 mumol H+ X h-1. Gastric hypersecretion in rats with VMH
      lesions was due to a vagally-mediated gastric stimulation. This model is useful
      to trial drugs which reduce gastric acidity.

PMID- 3993136
TI  - [Treatment of neonatal jaundice by efficient phototherapy].
AB  - Idiopathic neonatal jaundice derives from an initial insufficiency of all
      processes which metabolize hydrophobic bilirubin into diglucuronide excretable in
      bile. The term 'neonatal hyperbilirubinemia' should only be used when there is a
      potential risk of bilirubin intoxication. Thus, the concept hyperbilirubinemia is
      not necessarily linked to the exceeding of a certain threshold value, but rather
      to the maturity of the child and its clinical condition. In this sense,
      hyperbilirubinemia is, therefore, always a syndrome requiring treatment. Besides
      substitution transfusion, which is highly effective per se, but risky and costly,
      enzyme induction (e.g., by administration of phenobarbital) represents an elegant
      causal therapy; however, because of its slow onset of action, it has to be given
      prophylactically to almost all newborns. In addition, this method requires a
      general induction of all microsomal enzyme systems, and is hence a major
      intervention in the process of maturation of the neonatal enzyme systems.
      Therefore, phototherapy must be regarded as the treatment of choice in cases of
      idiopathic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. It leads to a bypassing of the hepatic
      enzyme insufficiency in that by interaction between light with a wavelength of
      around 460 nm and the bilirubin molecules in the skin, an isomeric, water
      soluble, renally secretable bilirubin is produced. The effect of phototherapy,
      i.e., the reduction in the serum bilirubin concentration under phototherapy, may
      be described as a simple e-function. The evaluation of this regular occurrence
      provides important information applicable to the phototherapy procedure: it
      should not be initiated prematurely, the duration of radiation should be as short
      as possible, the irradiated surface as large as possible, the radiation source
      should be exploited to a maximum by keeping the distance from the light source
      short and using lateral reflectors. As supporting measures intestinal lavage,
      early oral administration of dextrose or oligosaccharide solution and possibly in
      some cases also human albumin are very useful.

PMID- 3993137
TI  - [Behavior of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) in normal and pathologic pregnancy].
AB  - Glycosylized hemoglobin (Hb-A1) was measured in 314 gravidae with normal kidneys
      and metabolism from the tenth to the 41st week of pregnancy. From the first to
      the second trimester of pregnancy a significant drop in Hb-A1 occurs, from 6.93%
      to 6.66%, toward the third trimester there is a significant increase to 6.86%.
      Post partum the Hb-A1 was also significantly lower (6.82%) than in the
      nonpregnant control group (7.23%). In patients with the histories and findings of
      risk factors influencing carbohydrate metabolism the same, though nonsignificant
      course was found (probably because of the lower number of cases), with a drop in
      Hb-A1 in the second trimester. A possible cause of this is the accelerated
      metabolism of glucose during pregnancy, which leads to an improvement in
      carbohydrate tolerance and thus lowers the Hb-A1 level, or the increased
      erythropoetic activity of the bone marrow during the second trimester, leading to
      a "thinning" and thus a reduction of the Hb-A1 concentration due to the increased
      volume of erythrocytes. Knowledge of the kinetics of Hb-A1 in normal pregnancy is
      important in order to permit correct interpretation of concentrations measured in
      pregnant diabetics.

PMID- 3993138
TI  - [Problem of fetal arrhythmias--a case report].
AB  - A fetal congenital complete AV-block was detected in the 30th week of gestation.
      After close sonographic and cardiotocographic follow-up examinations premature
      labor occurred in the 37th week of gestation. The interpretation of the fetal
      heart rate pattern was difficult. The bradycardia was accompanied by late
      decelerations (dip II), only different from familiar hypoxia-patterns by the
      bradycardia. Caesarean section therefore was immediately done. A partial abruptio
      placentae was found as causing hypoxia. The child developed well after insertion
      of a temporary transvenous pacemaker. The AV-block is still persisting. At the
      age of three months the child fell ill of an acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
      The symptoms disappeared after unspecific treatment. Antinuclear antibodies
      pathognomonic for lupus erythematosus were traceable in the symptomless mother.
      There are other observations of motherly autoantibodies passing the placental
      barrier impairing the fetal heart conduction.

PMID- 3993139
TI  - [Acute fatty liver in pregnancy--treatment of hemorrhagic diathesis].
AB  - This case report describes the successful treatment of a patient suffering from
      acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Results of treatment presented in the literature
      are discussed, as well as suggestions for treatment of hemorrhagic diathesis.

PMID- 3993140
TI  - Maternal blood total oxypurines and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels
      during normal pregnancy.
AB  - The effects of pregnancy on the levels of maternal plasma total oxypurines
      (hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid) and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
      (2,3-DPG) was investigated. With advancing gestation there was a slight
      increasing tendency in plasma total oxypurines as well as erythrocyte 2,3-DPG in
      pregnant women. When the ratio of 2,3-DPG to total oxypurines was calculated, the
      ratio was almost unchanged until week 34. After week 35, the ratio decreased to
      week 37; the ratios between week 37 and 40 had similar values to cord blood. The
      above data suggest that the changes of these metabolites in maternal peripheral
      blood may be indicative for hypoxia with fetoplacental tissue.

PMID- 3993141
TI  - [Impotentia coeundi in prolactinoma].
AB  - We report on a 48-year-old patient who had increasingly suffered from impotence
      since 20 years. Since three years, aspermatism had been additionally noted.
      Androgenic dysfunction was attributed to low plasma testosterone and high
      prolactin levels. As the cause, we diagnosed prolactinome growing downward the
      pituitary sella. Our therapy comprised neurosurgery as well as combined oral
      administration of bromocriptin.

PMID- 3993142
TI  - [Mucopolysacchariduria in genetic dermatoses: hereditary epidermolysis bullosa,
      congenital ichthyosis and ectodermal dysplasia].
AB  - 4 patients suffering from epidermolysis bullosa, 11 persons with genetically
      determined ichthyosis, as well as 3 cases of x-linked recessive ectodermal
      dysplasia were investigated with regard to glycosaminoglycane(GAG)uria; the GAG
      fractions were analysed by means of GAG thin-layer chromatography. All three
      groups of patients showed increased GAG-uria. The GAG fractions proved to be
      chondroitin-6-sulphate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, and heparan-sulphate. The
      pathomechanism of the increased GAG-uria is supposed to be an increased GAG
      degradation process.

PMID- 3993144
TI  - [Cutaneous malignant melanoma of the trunk].

PMID- 3993143
TI  - [New viewpoints on the prognostic index in malignant melanomas].
AB  - Investigation of anamnestic development, Tumor types, levels of invasion (Clark),
      tumor thickness (Breslow), mitotic index (Schmoeckel and Braun-Falco) in 407
      (without lentigo maligna and preinvasive superficial spreading melanoma 317)
      cases revealed an interdependence between thickness and mitotic index. This is a
      theoretical argument against the "prognostic index" as a product of both these
      parameters.

PMID- 3993145
TI  - [Cryotherapy of giant condylomata acuminata--a contribution to therapy
      (photographic report)].
AB  - Three cases of condylomata acuminata gigantea were treated with cryosurgery.
      Compared to conservative surgical treatment of condylomata acuminata gigantea,
      cryosurgery offers the advantage of rapid necrosis of the condylomata which are
      repelled without any further surgical intervention and heal without scars.
      Therefore we consider cryosurgery the more refined technique in treatment of
      condylomata acuminata gigantea. In extensive involvement, however, cryosurgical
      measures must be repeated.

PMID- 3993146
TI  - [Surgical therapy of late x-ray-induced skin lesions].
AB  - The method as well as the degree of surgery in treatment of skin lesions induced
      by radiation must be individually planned, considering site and severity of the
      lesions. On account of insufficient blood supply and, consequently, high
      susceptibility to infection, only myocutaneous or full thickness grafts are
      suitable for the covering of the defects. Due to reduced elasticity, high tension
      at the receptor site often leads to rejection of the transplant. These problems
      are illustrated by some cases showing lesions on the face, breast, and abdominal
      wall; the difficulties of treatment are discussed.

PMID- 3993147
TI  - [Information before basaloma surgery--results of an inquiry].
AB  - We report on the results of an empirical investigation on medical information
      before surgery of basaliomas. The study comprised 42 patients who had been
      informed. The given information was documented by consent forms. In the second
      year after surgery, all patients received a detailed questionnaire. One aim of
      the investigation was to find out which particulars of the verbal and written
      information they still kept in mind. 26 questionnaires were returned. Evaluation
      showed that some patients had completely forgotten that information about
      complications of surgery had been given at all. Only one of the patients could
      name a special complication of treatment.

PMID- 3993148
TI  - [Molluscum contagiosum in a cystically dilated follicular infundibulum].
AB  - We report on the hardly known development of molluscum contagiosum in a
      cystically dilated follicular infundibulum. The molluscum virus infection extends
      over two thirds of the distal cyst wall, which a rudimentary hair root ends in.

PMID- 3993149
TI  - [Clinical course of childhood atopic neurodermatitis. A catamnestic study of 121
      cases].
AB  - 121 patients who had been treated because of atopic dermatitis (AD) in 1967-1970
      (at the age of 1-10 years) at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital
      of Zurich (in- and outpatient department), were controlled by means of
      questionnaires, 62 of them were also personally examined. Interesting items were
      localisation of the AD, influences on its course, as well as micromanifestations.
      Infantile atopic eczema was most often localized on the face (65.3%) and on the
      hair-covered head (34%). The elbows and popliteal regions were attacked in 27%
      each. In 63% of the patients, personal examination revealed typical lesions of
      AD, mostly occurring on the elbows (59%) and popliteal areas (56.4%). Other
      common localisations were: wrist (34%), neck (31%), ankles (31%), eyelids (21%),
      as well as the areas behind the ears (13%). 73% of the patients had dry skin,
      only 8% showed a fatty one. In 66.7%, we observed the eczematic form of reaction,
      in 66.7% the lichenoid type, and in 10.3% the pruriginous form. 26% of the
      patients actually suffering from AD had perleche or cheilitis exfoliativa, 54% of
      them showed follicular keratosis. 17% of the examined persons, who actually did
      not suffer from classic AD, had perleche, 56% of them follicular keratosis. We
      discuss the possible interrelation between these findings and ichthyosis vulgaris
      which often occurs concomitantly. The course of AD is influenced by seasons in
      77%. Deterioration of the skin conditions was predominantly found in periods of
      psychical stress (22%), with nervousness (33%), or with sweating (51%).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993150
TI  - [Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. A new entity or a variant of pyoderma
      vegetans].
AB  - We report on a 69-year-old woman suffering from an erosive pustular and crusted
      lesion of the scalp having persisted over years. There could not be found any
      external cause, and a large number of different physical and medicamental
      therapies failed. Prompt healing was achieved, however, after a low serum zinc
      level was corrected by a zinc preparation administered orally.-The dermatosis
      described closely resembles the so-called "erosive pustular dermatosis of the
      scalp". A search of the earlier dermatological literature supported our view that
      this is not a new disease, but rather a variant of pyoderma vegetans, a disease
      showing extremely variable clinical and histopathological features.

PMID- 3993151
TI  - [Therapy-refractory permanent ventricular tachycardia in the immediate
      postinfarct period--treatment using endomyocardial ventriculotomy].
AB  - Endocardial encircling ventriculotomy was carried out in a 47-year-old male
      patient because of recurrent drug-resistant permanent ventricular tachycardia
      complicating acute myocardial infarction. Earliest activation during ventricular
      tachycardia determined by intraoperative mapping was recorded from the left side
      of the interventricular septum. At this site, a parital encircling endocardial
      ventriculotomy was performed. Postoperatively, there was no spontaneous
      recurrence of ventricular tachycardia. During a postoperative electrophysiologic
      study, no ventricular tachycardia could be induced. These results indicate that
      map-guided surgery may be carried out successfully in selected patients with drug
      resistant ventricular tachycardia complicating the acute phase of myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 3993152
TI  - [Echocardiographic pressure-dimension analysis following anatomically corrective
      operation of d-transposition of the great arteries].
AB  - The major theoretical advantage of anatomic correction of transposition of the
      great arteries compared with intraatrial repair is that the left ventricle
      becomes the systemic pump. In 10 patients we analysed 5-12 months after anatomic
      correction the left ventricular echocardiographic pressure-dimension loop,
      meridional wall stress and left ventricular stiffness from the simultaneous
      recordings of the left ventricular pressure and M-mode echocardiogram. The low
      left ventricular diameters, left ventricular hypertrophy in 4 patients, and
      increased peak meridional wall stress in 3 patients indicate that left
      ventricular adaption to systemic impedance is still incomplete 5-12 months after
      anatomic correction. The cycle efficiency was reduced in 2 patients, indicating
      incoordinate left ventricular contraction and relaxation. In one of these
      patients the left ventricular stiffness was severely increased, while in another
      patient there was a slight increase in left ventricular stiffness. In all
      patients the right ventricular internal diameter was increased due to the long
      standing preoperative pressure and volume overload.

PMID- 3993153
TI  - [Dose-dependent effect of amrinone on hemodynamics, myocardial circulation and
      myocardial energy requirement. An experimental study].
AB  - This study was designed to assess the dose-dependent effects of amrinone (1, 2
      and 4 mg/kg i.v.) on hemodynamics, myocardial blood flow and myocardial oxygen
      consumption in anesthetised closed chest dogs (n = 8). Heart rate (HR), cardiac
      output, mean aortic pressure (MAP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
      (LVEDP), maximum dp/dt (dp/dtmax), myocardial blood flow (MBF) and aorto-coronary
      sinus oxygen difference (AVDO2 cor) were measured. Cardiac index (CI), stroke
      volume index (SVI), ejection fraction (EF), total peripheral resistance (TPR),
      coronary vascular resistance (CVR) and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) were
      calculated from standard formulas. Amrinone improved myocardial pump function by
      a direct positive inotropic effect on the myocardium. EF and SVI increased to a
      maximal degree with 1 mg/kg amrinone (28% resp. 30%). dp/dtmax increased dose
      dependent (46, 64, 71%). Following a systemic vasodilation due to amrinone, left
      ventricular filling pressure and TPR decreased significantly. With 1 and 2 mg/kg
      amrinone MAP remained unchanged. 4 mg/kg produced a distinct fall in MAP
      accompanied by an increase in HR. The improvement in myocardial contractility did
      not cause a comparable increase of myocardial oxygen consumption. Due to an
      unloading of the heart 1 and 2 mg/kg amrinone induced no significant and
      prolonged augmentation of the myocardial oxygen demand. In the coronary
      circulation a non energy dependent vasodilation occurred followed by a marked
      decrease of AVDO2 cor (10, 18, 28%).

PMID- 3993154
TI  - [Modification of myocardial function parameters by L- and D-penbutolol--an
      echocardiography, placebo-controlled double-blind study].
AB  - In order to study left ventricular contraction parameters of L-penbutolol and D
      penbutolol (isopenbutolol) we evaluated TM-echocardiograms of 12 healthy
      volunteers at 30 and 60 minute intervals for 8 hours after oral administration of
      40 mg L- and D-penbutolol and placebo. Three different observers determined end
      systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, left ventricular shortening fraction (SF)
      as well as mean-, peak- and rate corrected circumferential fiber shortening (VCF)
      and calculated at each measuring point the difference from the control value
      (Delta). L-penbutolol demonstrated a typical beta-blocking effect with a
      significant (p less than 0.001) decrease of systolic (11.1 +/- 8.6 mm Hg) and
      diastolic blood pressure (6.7 +/- 4.6 mm Hg) and heart rate (10.0 +/- 7.4 bpm) as
      well as a significant (p less than 0.001) negative inotropic effect expressed by
      a decrease of SF (6.5 +/- 4.2%) and VCF-mean (0.40 +/- 0.15 circ/s), VCF-peak
      (1.04 +/- 0.61 circ/s) and rate corrected VCF (0.28 +/- 0.08 circ/s). However, we
      saw a similar but less distinct negative inotropic and chronotropic effect of D
      penbutolol as compared to placebo. HR decreased by 5.3 +/- 6.2 bpm (p less than
      0.001), SF decreased maximally by 5.0 +/- 3.2% (p less than 0.05), VCF-mean by
      0.27 +/- 0.08 circ/s (p less than 0.001), VCF-peak by 0.71 +/- 0.31 circ/s (p
      less than 0.001) and rate corrected VCF by 0.22 +/- 0.04 circ/s (p less than
      0.001). By means of TM echocardiography it was therefore possible to document a
      strong beta-blocking effect of L-penbutolol as well as a negative inotropic and
      negative chronotropic effect by the D-isomer of penbutolol.

PMID- 3993155
TI  - [Light and electron microscopy findings in early and late stages of heart
      failure. Studies of endomyocardial biopsies of patients with latent (LCM) and
      dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy].
AB  - Right-ventricular myocardial biopsies were obtained from 28 patients with LCM (EF
      72 +/- 10.4%) and 36 patients with DCM of different degrees (EF 45 +/- 15%).
      Using paraffin sections and electron micrographs, 16 structural variables were
      semiquantitatively evaluated. Hypertrophy of myofibres, and nuclear and
      mitochondrial alterations were significantly more pronounced in patients with
      DCM. A score of 9 selected variables was found to be significantly higher in the
      DCM-group as compared with the LCM-group. The diameter of the myofibres was
      significantly thicker in DCM (17.5 +/- 2.2 microns) than in LCM (14.6 +/- 0.95
      microns), but no significant difference of the volume density of myofibrils and
      of mitochondria could be determined. In the myocytes of DCM the mitochondria were
      significantly smaller than in LCM. The EF correlates with the myofibre thickness,
      with the semiquantitative score, and with the size of the mitochondria, but no
      significant correlation was seen with the volume density of myofibrils or
      mitochondria. The study has shown: At present no alterations in myocardial
      biopsies are known to be diagnostic for LCM or DCM. The findings support the
      concept of a diffuse myocardial disease in LCM. Only one patient out of 28
      exhibited a myocardium without any pathologic changes. There is no evidence for
      small vessel disease in LCM. From the morphological point of view DCM and LCM are
      different only in quantity, but not in quality of their structural
      alterations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993156
TI  - [Significance of precordial ST segment depressions in acute inferior infarct-
      correlation with coronary angiography and ventriculography findings in the acute
      infarct phase].
AB  - Thirty-two patients presenting with acute transmural inferior wall myocardial
      infarction underwent cardiac catheterization and angiography within 12 hours of
      onset of symptoms. Twelve lead electrocardiograms performed within 11/2 hours of
      catheterization revealed the following: Seventeen patients exhibited ST-segment
      depression in the anterior precordial leads in addition to inferior wall changes
      (group A). Fifteen patients did not manifest any ST-segment changes in the
      anterior precordial leads (group B). Clinical, arteriographic, and
      ventriculographic variables were compared between the two groups. No significant
      differences were observed with regard to age, sex, risk factors for coronary
      disease, duration of symptoms prior to angiography, Killip class, number of
      inferior leads with ST-segment elevation, or initial creatine kinase. The extent
      of coronary artery disease as well as the prevalence of severe disease in the
      left anterior descending artery were similar for both groups. Biplane left
      ventriculography revealed no significant differences between the two groups with
      regard to global or local left ventricular function.

PMID- 3993157
TI  - [Relation between electrocardiography and coronary angiography findings in the
      infarct stage].
AB  - One hundred and fifty-two patients underwent cardiac catheterization and coronary
      arteriography within 6.3 +/- 6.0 hours from onset of acute myocardial infarction.
      All had a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram recorded within 1.5 hours of cardiac
      catheterization. The electrocardiographic abnormalities present were correlated
      with the infarct related artery as determined by coronary arteriography. ST
      segment elevation was the most common finding in patients with the left anterior
      descending (LAD), or right coronary artery (RCA) as the infarct related artery.
      ST segment depression was the most common abnormality in patients with left
      circumflex artery (CX) as the infarct related artery. A typical pattern of
      anterior acute myocardial infarction was seen in 93% of all patients with the LAD
      as the infarct related artery. A typical pattern of acute inferior myocardial
      infarction was seen in 53% of all patients with RCA or CX narrowing taken as one
      group. The pattern of true posterior or posterolateral wall acute myocardial
      infarction in the absence of typical changes in the inferior leads was highly
      specific and predictive of CX narrowing. In contrast, the pattern of an inferior
      wall myocardial infarction, in the absence of true posterior or lateral wall
      changes, was highly specific and predictive of right coronary artery narrowing.
      Fifty-six percent of patients with CX artery as the infarct related artery
      presented with non-classical electrocardiographic abnormalities. The
      electrocardiographic pattern in patients with subtotal occlusions were similar to
      those of patients with total occlusions. Thus the electrocardiogram obtained in
      the first few hours of acute myocardial infarction is reliable in localizing the
      LAD as the infarct related artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993159
TI  - [Dissimilar course in the right and left ventricular function in a patient with
      dilated cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The case of a patient with severe dilative cardiomyopathy and cardiomegaly
      demonstrates that M-mode echocardiography and planar chest radiographs are not
      always sufficient to follow up the disease correctly. Using other non-invasive
      imaging modalities, in this case radionuclide ventriculography and NMR
      tomography, which provide more precise information with regard to morphology and
      function of both the right and the left heart, allows a more reliable follow-up
      of the disease.

PMID- 3993158
TI  - [Arrhythmia behavior and sudden heart death in isolated stenoses or obstructions
      of the anterior interventricular branch].
AB  - The incidence and pattern of ventricular arrhythmias recorded with 24 h
      ambulatory monitoring were studied in 144 patients with angiographically
      documented stenoses (greater than or equal to 75%) or occlusions of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and were related to left ventricular
      wall motion abnormalities. Ambulatory monitoring was performed at the time of
      coronary angiography and mean follow-up ranged from less than 1 to 5.4 with a
      mean of 3.3 years. The incidence of sudden cardiac death (within 1 h after onset
      of symptoms) was significantly higher in patients with LAD occlusion than in
      patients with LAD obstructions (14/79, 17.7% versus 2/65, 3.1%); (p less than
      0.05). One hundred and twenty-two patients had anterior myocardial infarctions
      documented with ECG and LV-angiograms. The incidence and size of infarctions were
      comparable in patients with LAD stenoses and LAD occlusions. There was no
      difference in wall motion abnormalities, LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and
      ejection fraction in both groups. The majority of patients in both groups showed
      complex ventricular arrhythmias of Lown classification IV during Holter
      monitoring. The incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with ventricular
      arrhythmias of Lown class IV was significantly higher in patients with LAD
      occlusions than in patients with LAD stenoses (9/40, 22.5% versus 1/31, 3.2%); (p
      less than 0.05). Quantitative evaluation of the arrhythmias showed that there was
      no difference between patients with LAD occlusions and LAD stenoses so far as
      single PVC's is concerned, yet complex ventricular arrhythmias (pairs and/or
      salvos) were found significantly more often in patients with LAD occlusions than
      with LAD stenoses (means 9.8 versus 6.3); (p less than 0.05). We conclude
      therefore that complete occlusion of the LAD is accompanied by more complex
      ventricular arrhythmias and bears a higher risk for sudden cardiac death than
      mere LAD stenoses although both groups of patients have the same left ventricular
      wall motion abnormalities.

PMID- 3993160
TI  - [Acute aneurysm with prerupture of the left ventricle following inferior
      infarct].
AB  - A large infero-posterior aneurysm of the left ventricle following myocardial
      infarction is reported, which still showed the echo- and angiocardiographic
      criteria of a true aneurysm. Because of concomitant pericardial effusion a
      prerupture was suspected. A resection showed that the wall of the aneurysm was
      composed of epicardium and thrombi only.

PMID- 3993161
TI  - [Hemodynamic aspects of differential therapy of acute myocardial infarct with
      nitrates].

PMID- 3993162
TI  - Can the problem of nitrate tolerance be solved?

PMID- 3993163
TI  - [Endoscopy supported biochemical pancreatic differential diagnosis within the
      scope of a diagnosis strategy].

PMID- 3993164
TI  - [Adaptation of the linear discriminant analysis to medical-diagnostic questions].

PMID- 3993165
TI  - [Simplified method for the determination of average affinity constants K0 of
      antisera using Sips equation].

PMID- 3993166
TI  - [Adenosine nucleotide metabolism of the myocardium].

PMID- 3993167
TI  - [Effect of hormonal contraceptives on the activity of various enzymes in blood
      serum].

PMID- 3993168
TI  - [Key problems and a practical solution for the miniaturization of automated
      analyzers of the flow principle].

PMID- 3993169
TI  - [Linearity of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction. 1. Reaction direction pyruvate-
      --lactate (P----L)].

PMID- 3993170
TI  - Effects of busulfan on the placental labyrinth of the rat.

PMID- 3993171
TI  - Enzyme histochemistry of the response by naive and sensitised macrophages to
      phagocytosis of collagen and latex particles.

PMID- 3993172
TI  - Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. XVIII. Quantitative
      histologic and cytologic studies on adrenal glands of Phasianus colchicus.

PMID- 3993173
TI  - Cytology and cytochemistry of male accessory sex glands in the dog tick,
      Rhipicephalus sanguineus (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae).

PMID- 3993174
TI  - Structural and ultrastructural features of the interpeduncular nucleus in the
      frog, Rana ridibunda.

PMID- 3993175
TI  - Ultrastructural characterization of Golgi cells in the cerebellum of the frog,
      Rana ridibunda.

PMID- 3993176
TI  - [Morphogenetic aspects of the juxtaoral organ (Chievitz's organ) in the human].

PMID- 3993177
TI  - Histology and secretory activity of cephalic neurosecretory cells in adult Samia
      cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae).

PMID- 3993178
TI  - Histology, secretory activity and metamorphic changes in the ventral nerve cord
      neurosecretory cells in the larvae of Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera:
      Saturnidae).

PMID- 3993179
TI  - Photodestruction of Propionibacterium acnes porphyrins.
AB  - The fluorescence spectra of colonies of Propionibacterium acnes were studied
      under various experimental conditions. The spectra contained peaks at 580 nm and
      620 nm. These bands were due to two different components; the 580 nm component
      was likely to be a metalloporphyrin, and there are indications that the 620 nm
      component could be a coproporphyrin. The 580 nm fluorescence was destroyed by the
      combined action of light and oxygen (no destruction under strict anaerobic
      conditions). A dark period interrupting the bleaching light stopped the
      destruction of this component for the time of the dark period. The initial
      production of the 620 nm component was due to the oxygen exposure. Upon light
      irradiation this component was later destroyed by the combined action of oxygen
      and light.

PMID- 3993180
TI  - Chemical and physical characterization of four interfacial-active rhamnolipids
      from Pseudomonas spec. DSM 2874 grown on n-alkanes.
AB  - Four extracellular glycolipids produced under growth-limiting conditions were
      isolated from the culture broth of Pseudomonas spec. DSM 2874. After purification
      by column and thick-layer chromatography they were identified as anionic
      rhamnolipids. 1H and 13C-NMR studies showed that two of these, beta(beta(2-O
      alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)decanoyl)decanoic acid and beta(beta(2-O-alpha-L
      rhamnopyranosyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosylox y)decanoyloxy) decanoic acid, were
      identical with compounds described previously, while the other more hydrophilic
      compounds, beta(2-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)decanoic acid and beta(2-O-alpha-L
      rhamnopyranosyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) decanoic acid, were new compounds.
      Surface and interfacial activity of the organic crude extract and of the purified
      components were determined in different aqueous solutions. The pH-dependence of
      surface and interfacial properties of the two previously described rhamnolipids
      (4, 20, 23) were examined in Teorell-Stenhagen-buffer (supplemented with 10%
      NaCl) at pH 3.0 and pH 9.0. All rhamnolipids reduced the surface-tension from 72
      to about 30 mN/m and the interfacial-tension from 42 to about 1 mN/m. The
      critical micelle concentrations were of the order of 5 to 200 mg/l depending on
      the structure of the molecule.

PMID- 3993181
TI  - Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from bovine blood platelets.
      Inhibition by calmodulin-inhibitors--activation by ATP and ADP.
AB  - The phospholipase C-activity in crude extracts of bovine blood platelets is
      strongly inhibited by the calmodulin-inhibitors fluphenazine and calmidazolium in
      the mM range, and activated by ATP and ADP, but not by AMP. The activating effect
      is also shown by the nonhydrolysable ATP- and ADP-analogs alpha,beta- and
      beta,gamma-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate and alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine
      5'-diphosphate, thus indicating that it is an allosteric effect. The stimulation
      of the phospholipase C-activity by ATP is also detectable in some partially
      purified fractions of the crude platelet extract, but it is abolished on further
      purification of the enzyme.

PMID- 3993182
TI  - Higher cardol homologues (5-alkenylresorcinols) from rye affect the red cell
      membrane-water transport.
AB  - The influence of 5-heptadecenylresorcinol and total rye 5-alkenylresorcinols
      isolated from rye grains on the red blood cell water permeability was studied
      using osmotic shrinkage experiments performed in 300 mM sucrose. The studied
      compounds induced significant increase of erythrocyte water permeability. The
      threshold concentration needed for the increase of water permeability was in an
      order of 10(-6) mol/l. The temperature dependence of the observed process showed
      the discontinuity which was related to the 5-alkenylresorcinol transition
      temperatures. It was shown also that alkenylresorcinols did not exert the
      biphasic action on hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes usually observed for water
      soluble surfactants. The specific lysine activity is postulated for the studied
      compounds.

PMID- 3993183
TI  - Control of the activity of brain synaptosome-associated acetylcholinesterase by
      acidic phospholipids.
AB  - Incubation of synaptosomal plasma membranes (SPM) with liposomes of
      phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PIN) or phosphatidylglycerol
      (PGL), led to an increase of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity at
      concentrations of 0.1-1 mumol phospholipids per mg SPM protein. The use of higher
      concentrations (1-7 mumol/mg protein), however, led to a progressive inhibition
      of the activity with respect to the maximal percentage of enzyme stimulation. To
      explain the enzyme stimulation by the acidic phospholipids, AchE was solubilized
      with the detergent Lubrol-PX and showed no change in the enzyme activity at any
      PS, PIN or PGL concentration used, indicating that these compounds do not act on
      the protein molecule directly. Arrhenius plots of AchE activities in untreated
      SPM (control), exhibited a break point at 23 degrees C, which was decreased to 16
      17 degrees C in PS-treated SPM. Moreover, the Arrhenius activation energy (Ea)
      value in PS-treated SPM was increased related to the Ea below the break point in
      the control. These results indicate that acidic phospholipids do not act on AchE
      directly, but indirectly, affecting the membrane fluidity probably. Such
      modifications of interactions between lipid and AchE may control physiological
      processes in the central nervous system.

PMID- 3993184
TI  - Depletion of secondary lysosomes in mouse macrophages infected with Leishmania
      mexicana amazonensis: a cytochemical study.
AB  - Leishmania amastigotes lodge and multiply within parasitophorous vacuoles, which
      can fuse with secondary lysosomes of the host macrophages. This study examines
      the effect of infection with amastigotes of L. mexicana amazonensis on the
      secondary lysosomes of mouse macrophage cultures. The cultures were stained for
      the activities of two lysosomal enzyme markers, acid phosphatase and
      arylsulfatase, and the light microscopic observations were supplemented by
      electron microscopy. Nearly all noninfected macrophages contained numerous
      stained secondary lysosomes. The number of such lysosomes was markedly reduced 24
      h postinfection, and the reduction persisted for at least 10 days. Stained
      secondary lysosomes reappeared after the amastigotes were destroyed by exposure
      of the cultures to phenazine methosulfate or by placing them at 37.5 degrees C.
      The depletion of lysosomes shown by cytochemical methods may reflect a high rate
      of fusion of the lysosomes with the parasitophorous vacuoles, exceeding the rate
      of formation of new secondary lysosomes. Alternatively, the parasites may inhibit
      the synthesis of lysosomal hydrolases, or the assembly or formation of primary or
      secondary lysosomes.

PMID- 3993185
TI  - Ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst and developing cercaria of Schistosoma
      japonicum in experimentally infected snails, Oncomelania hupensis hupensis.
AB  - Ultrastructure of daughter sporocysts and cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were
      studied 2 and 4 months after infection of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis. The body
      walls of daughter sporocysts are similar at all infectious stages. They consist
      of an external syncytial tegument on a basement membrane, and an internal
      cellular subtegument surrounding a body cavity containing developing cercariae.
      The cercariae embryos develop 2 months after infection from germinal balls in the
      brood chamber of the daughter sporocyst. They are at first enveloped by a
      primitive epithelium rising from the daughter sporocyst. Four months after
      infection, the cercariae were almost fully developed and the primitive epithelium
      had degenerated. The body wall of the cercaria consists of a thin tegument
      covered by a surface coat of fibrous material and connected to the subtegumental
      cells by cytoplasmic processes. The matrix of the tegument contains numerous
      dense bodies, vacuoles, and spines. Two types of sensory structures - uniciliated
      and multiciliated - are found at the anterior tip of the cercaria. There are five
      pairs of penetration gland cells of two distinct types differentiated by the
      morphology of secretory granules. Flame cells are found in both daughter
      sporocysts and in cercariae. The cilia of the flame cells are characterized by
      the typical 9 and 2 cilium pattern.

PMID- 3993186
TI  - Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: occurrence of multiple protein kinases.
AB  - The presence of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosvitin kinases, with
      activity independent of cyclic nucleotides, was shown in the intestinal nematode
      Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The activity of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein
      kinase was found to be enhanced about 8-fold in the presence of 10(-7) M cyclic
      AMP; the apparent Km values were determined to be 20 microM and 80 microM for ATP
      and kemptide, respectively. The molecular weight of the holoenzyme was about 170
      000. Two phosvitin kinases could be isolated and distinguished by their molecular
      weights of 600 000 and 40 000. The activity of the high-molecular-weight
      phosvitin kinase was effectively inhibited by suramin and heparin. The apparent
      Km values were found to be 30 microM and 0.1 mg/ml for ATP and phosvitin,
      respectively. In the case of the low-molecular-weight phosvitin kinase the
      apparent Km values for ATP and phosvitin were found to be 30 microM and 0.6
      mg/ml, respectively. The investigation of different developmental stages of N.
      brasiliensis revealed a marked higher level of protein kinase activity in the L4
      larvae compared to L3 larvae and adults.

PMID- 3993187
TI  - In vitro and in vivo isolation of Leishmania tropica from Saudi Arabia.

PMID- 3993188
TI  - Searching for a new system.

PMID- 3993189
TI  - The "neo no-fault" alternative.

PMID- 3993190
TI  - [Experimental demonstration of the capacity of the influenza virus persisting in
      the body to cause a slow infection].

PMID- 3993191
TI  - [Persistence of M. arthritidis and the Rauscher leukemia virus in a mixed
      Mycoplasma-viral infection in mice].

PMID- 3993192
TI  - [Persistent Chlamydia infection in cell culture].

PMID- 3993193
TI  - [Effect of the natural light regimen on human circadian rhythms].

PMID- 3993194
TI  - [Cyclic nucleotides in cancer, polyps of the large intestine and nonspecific
      colitis (a preliminary report)].

PMID- 3993195
TI  - [Reduction of 5-fluorouracil toxicity with allopurinol].

PMID- 3993196
TI  - [Theoretical basis for using unsaturated phospholipids for restoring the
      structure and functions of damaged biological membranes].

PMID- 3993197
TI  - [Experimental contact dermatitis caused by microdust from thermoelement powder in
      guinea pigs].

PMID- 3993198
TI  - [Methods of improving the teaching process at the Chair of Skin and Venereal
      Diseases].

PMID- 3993199
TI  - [Results of socio-hygienic and clinical studies of persons referred for
      examination to exclude the diagnosis of syphilis].

PMID- 3993200
TI  - [Periungual and subungual fibromas].

PMID- 3993201
TI  - [Heparin in the treatment of severe dermatoses].

PMID- 3993202
TI  - [Immediate and remote results of treatment of patients with psoriasis by the
      method of selective phototherapy].

PMID- 3993203
TI  - [Relations between lipoid necrobiosis and diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3993204
TI  - [Combined skin lesions in sarcoidosis].

PMID- 3993205
TI  - [Clinico-genetic characteristics of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome].

PMID- 3993206
TI  - [Multiple basalioma in an asphalt-laying worker].

PMID- 3993207
TI  - [Method of treatment of common warts with low-energy laser irradiation].

PMID- 3993208
TI  - [Toxico-allergic reaction to wasp venom].

PMID- 3993209
TI  - [Prospects of using licorice root preparations in dermatology].

PMID- 3993210
TI  - [Jessner-Kanof lymphocytic infiltration].

PMID- 3993211
TI  - [Diagnostic device for visual urinalysis in cases of gonorrhea and non-gonorrheal
      urethritis].

PMID- 3993212
TI  - [Social, personality and clinico-epidemiological characteristics of patients with
      syphilis].

PMID- 3993213
TI  - [Study of the blood lipoprotein spectrum in patients with disseminated psoriasis
      in the course of selective phototherapy].

PMID- 3993214
TI  - [Trichometric control of treatment of hair growth pathology].

PMID- 3993215
TI  - [Basis for combination differentiated therapy of patients with rubromycosis].

PMID- 3993217
TI  - [Complications in treatment of patients with dermatoses].

PMID- 3993216
TI  - [Passive hemagglutination reaction in syphilis serodiagnosis].

PMID- 3993218
TI  - [Dispensary service to patients with dermatoses at the present stage].

PMID- 3993219
TI  - [Method of teaching dermatovenereology].

PMID- 3993220
TI  - [Laser therapy in the combination treatment of patients with true pemphigus].

PMID- 3993221
TI  - [Functional state of the vegetative nervous system and skin in patients with
      dermatoses during balneopeloidotherapy].

PMID- 3993222
TI  - [Combination treatment of keloid scars of the skin].

PMID- 3993223
TI  - [Effect of hemosorption on the state of lipid metabolism in patients with
      psoriasis].

PMID- 3993225
TI  - [Vesicular eruptions in systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 3993226
TI  - [Experience in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor with the drug Kanesten].

PMID- 3993224
TI  - [Catecholamine content of the skin in patients with psoriasis].

PMID- 3993227
TI  - [Oropharyngeal gonorrhea in women].

PMID- 3993228
TI  - [Tabes dorsalis in patients given complete antisyphilitic treatment].

PMID- 3993229
TI  - [Functional state of the liver in patients with seroresistant syphilis].

PMID- 3993230
TI  - [Case of secondary syphilis combined with disseminated psoriasis].

PMID- 3993231
TI  - Western equine encephalomyelitis virus: in vivo infection and morphogenesis in
      mosquito mesenteronal epithelial cells.
AB  - The infection and morphogenetic events associated with the replication of Western
      equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus within the mesenterons of Aedes dorsalis and
      three strains of Culex tarsalis are compared and contrasted. WEE virus apparently
      penetrates mesenteronal epithelial cells in vivo through membrane fusion.
      Profiles of apparent membrane fusion events were observed between virus particles
      and the microvillar surface of the mesenteron and naked nucleocapsids are
      observed intracellularly along the apical margin of the mesenteronal epithelial
      cell within 3 h of ingestion of the bloodmeal. Further, no viral particles were
      found in association with endocytotic nor lysosomal vacuoles during the initial
      phases of infection. In those strains of Cx. tarsalis that supported viral
      replication and in Ae. dorsalis, accumulations of nucleocapsids and maturation of
      WEE virus were evident along basolateral membranes of the mesenteron by 22-24 h
      after ingestion of the blood-meal. Maximal extracellular nascent virus occurred
      between 30-36 hrs. The Knights Landing strain of Cx. tarsalis revealed no
      subcellular morphological alteration in response to infection throughout the
      period of study. However, distinct morphological structures associated with the
      infection were observed in strains or species with enhanced susceptibility
      compared to Knights Landing (i.e., Cx. tarsalis WS-3 and Ae. dorsalis). In both,
      apical accumulations of nucleocapsids were apparent by 29 h post infection. These
      nucleocapsids were most often embedded in a rather amorphous matrix and
      occasionally in association with membrane profiles; presumably endoplasmic
      reticulum. Ae. dorsalis also demonstrated some alterations in response to WEE
      viral infection that were unique relative to Cx. tarsalis and some of these may
      be considered cytopathological. First, progeny virions were observed repeatedly
      within lysosomal figures. Second, extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization was noted
      and occasionally it appeared that these vacuolated cells were being sloughed off
      into the lumen of the mesenteron.

PMID- 3993232
TI  - Inhibition of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase by the distal products of its own
      metabolic pathway.
AB  - Vaccinia virus thymidine kinase activity is inhibited by low concentrations (10
      microM) of dTDP or dTTP, but not by dTMP. This inhibition is specified for the
      thymidine nucleotides as dATP, dGTP, and dCTP have no effect. The viral enzyme
      phosphorylates thymidine to dTMP with typical first-order kinetics. However,
      evidence was obtained to indicate that the observed dTTP inhibition was
      noncompetitive in nature. This suggests that thymidine and dTTP interact with
      different sites in the native viral enzyme.

PMID- 3993233
TI  - Characterization of the 10 proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus:
      identification of a fourth envelope-associated protein.
AB  - A total of 13 respiratory syncytial (RS) virus specific polypeptides were
      identified by pulse-chase metabolic labeling of infected HEp-2 cells. Ten of the
      13 proteins were shown to be unique. They were the L, G, F (F1, F2), N, P, M,
      24K, 14K, 11K and 9.5K proteins. These conclusions were based on peptide mapping
      and on previous work showing that each of 10 polypeptides are coded for by a
      unique mRNA. The seven largest proteins, L, G, F (F1, F2), N, P, M and 24K were
      identified clearly as virion structural proteins. The 24K protein was
      characterized by detergent and salt dissociation studies as an envelope
      associated protein, bringing to four (G, F (F1, F2), M and 24K) the number of
      membrane associated proteins for RS virus. A fourth membrane-associated protein
      has not been described previously for any other paramyxovirus. Of the three
      smallest proteins, the 14K and 11K were characterized as non-structural proteins.
      The 9.5K protein was detected in low amounts in highly purified preparations of
      virions.

PMID- 3993234
TI  - An unexpected effect of divalent cations on the adenovirus endogenous protein
      kinase: alteration in the specificity of phosphorylation.
AB  - The adenovirus endogenous protein kinase specifically phosphorylates capsid
      protein IIIa in the presence of Mg2+, utilizing either ATP or GTP as a phosphate
      donor. When Mn2+ is substituted for Mg2+, in the presence of ATP, phosphorylation
      of IIIa is enhanced by 2-3 fold. However, in addition to IIIa phosphorylation,
      the core proteins V and VII are now phosphorylated. A similar finding is made
      when Co2+ is used instead of Mg2+. Further, when Mn2+ or Co2+ is substituted for
      Mg2+, the phosphoamino acid residue profile is changed, viz., instead of only
      phosphoserine being labeled, phosphothreonine is now extensively labeled. These
      results are specific for the above endogenous viral proteins, since when the
      viral protein kinase is used to phosphorylate added exogenous substrates such as
      casein, no enhancement of phosphorylation nor any change in phosphoamino acid
      profile is achieved by substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+. It is thus likely that MnATP
      or CoATP somehow interacts differently with adenovirus structural proteins than
      does MgATP and this facilitates their accessibility to the enzyme.

PMID- 3993235
TI  - [Problems in assessing the effect of pollutants on the physiology of the
      cardiovascular and respiratory systems of fishes].

PMID- 3993236
TI  - [Distribution of elastic bodies (elastic globes) in healthy human skin. Studies
      with a dense grid].
AB  - Since the turn of the century, there have been descriptions of corpuscular
      structures in the human skin. These are situated at the epidermal-corial junction
      zone. They can be visualized well with resorcinol-fuchsin staining according to
      Weigert. They may attain forensic significance in the topographic assignment of
      isolated skin fragments to certain body regions. The research results available
      so far, which are in some cases contradictory, were checked and the
      investigations were continued. A total of 584 skin punch samples were taken from
      the trunk and limbs of a 39-year-old male corpse. Of these, a total of 1752
      paraffin serial sections (resorcinol-fuchsin staining) were prepared and
      investigated for the occurrence of elastic bodies. The investigation essentially
      showed that in almost all serial sections, elastic bodies were found to have a
      frequency concentration at points on the limbs. It could not be established that
      there was a sharp separation of skin areas containing elastic globes and skin
      areas free of elastic globes. The distribution of elastic bodies is evidently
      subject to a pattern of its own, which does not display any interrelationships
      with that of the skin appendages (apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, sebaceous
      glands, and male body hair). Because the skin of the trunk and the limbs is
      relatively regularly interspersed with elastic globes, there can only be used in
      connection with other features (e.g. thickness of the epidermis, skin appendages)
      to assign isolated skin fragments to certain regions of the body.

PMID- 3993237
TI  - [Discriminant analysis of the mandible for sex determination].
AB  - Seventeen measuring parameters were used to characterize 197 mandibles (109
      males, 88 females) taken from the corpses of people 20-80 years of age from the
      Rhine-Main-Neckar area. The representative measuring parameters and
      discriminating functions of intact lower jaws and lower jaw fragments of most
      frequent fracture types were determined in this practice group by means of
      discriminating analysis. In the present research material it was possible to
      determine sex accurately from an intact lower jaw bone in 82.6% (m) and 79.5% (f)
      of the cases. Furthermore, our results show clearly that sex may even be
      determined from lower jaw fragments. The classification was correct, depending on
      the type of fragment, in 72.5%-81.7% (m) and 71.6%-79.5% (f) of the cases.

PMID- 3993238
TI  - Skeletal muscle activity of alcohol-treated rabbits in immersion hypothermia:
      adenine nucleotide concentrations and phosphorylation state.
AB  - The effects of alcohol injection (0.5 g . kg-1 i.v.) on the core cooling and
      rewarming rates, concentration of the adenine nucleotides, and the
      phosphorylation state of the adenylate system (ATP/ADP X P) were studied in the
      skeletal muscle of anesthetized rabbits immersed in ice-cold water. NaCl-injected
      rabbits immersed in ice-cold water were used as cold controls, alcohol-treated
      animals at room temperature (20 degrees C) as alcohol warm controls, and NaCl
      injected animals at room temperature as anesthesia controls, respectively. The
      fall of core temperature to 32 degrees C in the alcohol-treated rabbits and the
      cold controls took about 40 min. During this time the temperature of the alcohol
      warm and anesthesia controls fell by about 1 degree C. No difference in the
      rewarming rate was observed between the alcohol-treated and cold control rabbits.
      Serum glucose concentration was elevated in the cold controls (from 5.9 to 8.3
      mmol/l) but not in the alcohol-treated rabbits. Cold exposure reduced the
      phosphorylation state in the skeletal muscle of the alcohol-treated rabbits by
      32% (P less than 0.05), but the decrease (6%) was not significant in the cold
      controls. After rewarming the phosphorylation state decreased in the above groups
      by 71% and 15%, respectively, as compared with the initial values. No significant
      changes in the phosphorylation state were found in the warm control animals. The
      redox state of the cytosol in the skeletal muscle or liver did not change, nor
      was there any change observed in the arterial pO2 or pCO2
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993239
TI  - [Pulmonary artery perforations as typical complication in the use of Swan-Ganz
      catheters].
AB  - Two cases of pulmonary artery perforation are reported in association with the
      use of the Swan-Ganz catheter. A 71- and a 95-year-old woman were monitored by a
      flow-directed catheter pre- and intraoperatively. Both of them died. After taking
      other cases in the literature into consideration, this severe complication can be
      classified as "typical" for this examination technique. Possible means of
      prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these complications are discussed. A
      review of incidence and genesis is given.

PMID- 3993240
TI  - Accidental fire deaths. The 5-year Metropolitan Dade Country experience from 1979
      until 1983.
AB  - Accidental fire deaths that occurred in Metropolitan Dade County, encompassing
      Miami, Fla., USA, during the years from 1979 until 1983 were studied. A total of
      108 cases were collected, representing 6.1% of the nontraffic-related accidents
      during this 5-year period, and analyzed as to the age, race, sex, cause of death
      of the victim along with the blood alcohol content at autopsy, toxicologic
      analysis, location of the fire, and how the fire started. Essentially, the
      victims ages cluster in the 0-5 years and does 70 years, although other age
      groups are evenly distributed. A white male population predominates. The cause of
      death is listed as either smoke inhalation or thermal injury. Most toxicologic
      analyses were not performed due to the high rate of fire rescue intervention and
      at least emergency room hospitalization prior to death. Carboxyhemoglobin levels,
      when analyzed, ranged from less than 20% to over 80%. In a smaller group of
      cases, cyanide was analyzed for and was found negative (or none detected) in the
      majority of the cases. More fires occurred in residences and started due to
      cigarette smoking or electric malfunction.

PMID- 3993241
TI  - [Optimization of peritoneal dialysis using diffusion curves].
AB  - By taking peritoneal diffusion curves of several substances characterizing the
      uraemia it is possible, taking into consideration a creatinine clearance of 0.1
      ml X s-1, to calculate the quantity of dialysate necessary for this, regarding
      also the residual renal function at a differently long duration of the dialysis
      cycle. Moreover, by this way also the clearances of other investigated substances
      can be calculated. Apart from a sufficient detoxication optimized duration of the
      disease and consumption of the dialysate are the advances of the method.

PMID- 3993242
TI  - [Significance of local tumor associated infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes
      for persistent tumor formations following transurethral resection (TUR) of
      bladder cancers].
AB  - In 140 patients with primarily curatively resected tumour of the urinary bladder
      the inclination to persistence was investigated in relation to the local
      peritumoural infiltration of leucocytes. 19% of the tumours with cellular
      infiltration and 33% of the tumours without cellular infiltration showed
      persistent tumour formations. Altogether 30 (21%) of the 140 tumours were
      persisting. The following parameters were found in persistent tumour formations:
      Multifocal tumours have a higher persistence rate than isolated primary tumours.
      With increasing degree of malignancy (G) the rate of persistence is elevating. It
      seems that in differentiated transurethral resection (separate resection of the
      exophyte, the tumour basis, resection of the marginal wall, if necessary, with
      second look operation) the local depth spreading of the tumour has no influence
      on the rate of persistence. Tumours without peritumoural infiltration with
      mononuclear leucocytes show a higher persistence rate than tumours with cellular
      infiltration, in which case this difference becomes even more significant with
      advanced tumour formation (T) and degree of malignancy (G).

PMID- 3993243
TI  - [Cancerous and precancerous changes in the tumor margin areas of patients with
      bladder cancers].
AB  - In histologically investigated tumour marginal biopsies of 68 patients with
      carcinomas of the urinary bladder a great number of findings was detected, which
      have a decisive influence on the prognosis. Degree of severity and frequency of
      these changes increase with reducing degree of differentiation of tumours.
      Hyperplasias of the urothelium, papillary formations and low-degree urothelial
      dysplasias are not easily to be estimated in the evaluation of their dignity in
      connection with highly differentiated papillary carcinomas of the urothelium.
      Multiple biopsies are the prerequisite for a modern therapy planning, in which
      case the tumour marginal area is of particular importance.

PMID- 3993244
TI  - [Value of computer tomography and lymphography for staging of malignant
      testicular tumors].
AB  - Findings of computer tomographic and lymphographic examinations of 74 patients
      were evaluated concerning their evidence in the pretherapeutic staging compared
      with the histological results of lymphonodectomy. The security of the computer
      tomography was about 82.4%, the specifity about 95.12%, the sensitivity about
      66.66%. Lymphographically, a security of 85.14%, a specifity of 95.12% and a
      sensitivity of 66.66% was achieved. The combination of the methods achieved a
      security of 91.7%, a specifity of 100% and a sensitivity of 71.72% was achieved.
      Metastases of lymphatic nodes less than 0.5 cm diameter were not recognized by
      means of the two methods. In 2 cases no metastases, which were not covered by
      means of computer tomography, could not be recognized lymphographically in
      slightly enlarged lymphatic nodes. In contrast to this in 11 out of 74 patients
      (14.8%) in the computer tomography an enlargement of the findings was the result
      in comparison to lymphography. Since none of the two methods is absolutely
      reliable for the proof or the exclusion of smaller metastases, in a secure
      evidence of the computer tomography before a lymphonodectomy the lymphography can
      be omitted.

PMID- 3993245
TI  - [A place for intraoral surgery of small experimental animals. Brief report].

PMID- 3993246
TI  - [2 methods of bloodletting in horses--from the jugular vein and the left heart
      ventricle].

PMID- 3993247
TI  - Plasma IgG1 and IgG2a in female mice and their offspring during the period of
      colostrum production.

PMID- 3993248
TI  - [Spontaneous demyelinization processes in the brain of laboratory rats].

PMID- 3993249
TI  - Subcutaneous cannula in the jugular and femoral vein--a tool for frequent blood
      sampling and infusions in the rat.

PMID- 3993250
TI  - Spontaneous renal pelvic carcinoma in DA/Han rats. Short communication.

PMID- 3993251
TI  - Bacteriological flora of meat and meat products.
AB  - The bacterial flora of meat and meat products consumed by Egyptian people was
      estimated. The highest counts, either for total viable bacteria and coliforms
      were found in sausage and in raw kofta and kabab, but they markedly decreased
      after grilling. Heavy loads of bacteria were also observed in the fresh beef
      samples, frozen imported beef, minced meat, and liver. The luncheon meat samples
      gave the lowest total bacterial counts and seemed to be free of coliforms. Gram
      negative rods constituted most of the total isolates of the different types of
      meat. In the heat-treated meat products, the most predominant bacteria were Gram
      positive cocci. The predominating organisms in fresh beef were Pseudomonas,
      Bacillus and Micrococcus spp. as well as E. coli and Lactobacillus plantarum. On
      adopting the total viable and coliform standard counts suggested in the U.S.A.,
      it was found that some of the meat products (sausage, raw kabab and kofta)
      contained higher total and coliform counts than that of the standard, whereas the
      total counts of the other meat products were lower.

PMID- 3993252
TI  - Liberation of electrolytes during the induced autolysis of Aspergillus niger.
AB  - The induced autolysis of Aspergillus niger was studied by suspending mycelia in
      water; after 120 hours there was a 50% reduction in dry weight. The kinetics of
      the liberation of electrolytes during autolysis was studied, and a positive
      correlation was observed between the electrical conductivity of the autolizate
      and autolysis loss of mycelium dry weight.

PMID- 3993253
TI  - [Prevention of mycoses caused by yeasts].
AB  - The wide-spread ubiquitous occurrence of molds and great masses of aerial spores
      (conidia, arthrospores etc.) as well as of yeast species with facultative
      pathogenicity, renders prophylaxis of respective human infections caused by such
      opportunists, rather difficult. Suppression of such fungi and continuous
      surveillance of endangered patients require considerable efforts and costs.
      Adequate control is particularly cumbersome in Candida infections, since the
      causative yeasts may be considered as "normal" commensals of the mucous membranes
      in many individuals. Overt secondary infections are frequently of endogenous
      origin, hence the name "endomycoses" as introduced by Gemeinhardt (1976). Under
      particular conditions such as care for patients with extended burns, or patients
      after bone-marrow transplantation or irradiation of the whole body, or patients
      after joint surgery, the complete elimination of yeasts is just as essential as
      the antibacterial decontamination over a limited period of time. In other groups
      of individuals similar drastic measures of control against Candida albicans are
      not deemed necessary. Reduction of local Candida cell counts to amounts below the
      individual level of tolerance may be deemed sufficient. Since the level of
      tolerance is, however, extremely low in infants and in many patients of the
      intensive care wards, especially in cases of malignant immunocytomas and
      leukemias of various nature, prophylaxis by proper hygienic measures and eventual
      preventive antimycotic treatment is an integral part of proper control.

PMID- 3993254
TI  - [Vaccination: barriers and motivation].
AB  - The investigation is aimed at analysing from different aspects the complex nature
      of the barriers against vaccination and with this the prerequisites for the
      development of adequate motivations among the population. The pilot study is
      based on the detailed interviewing of 80 persons (30 parents or mothers with
      infants aged up to 15 months; 30 parents or mothers with children aged from six
      to ten years; 20 physicians). The group interviewed was additionally broken down
      into persons favouring vaccination (50%) and others skeptical about or opposed to
      vaccination (50%). The barriers against vaccination likely to influence the
      attitude of the population in the Federal Republic of Germany are mentioned
      below: In the general consciousness of health, health education and preventive
      medicine the idea of vaccination does not play an important role. Vaccination is
      not seen as a preventive means against the central risks of life (environmental
      burden, stress factors, road traffic, semiluxuries). The body is not expected to
      suffer lasting damage from infectious diseases in childhood; the knowledge of the
      risks resulting from childhood diseases or infectious diseases is minimal.
      Childhood ailments and infectious diseases successfully overcome by the sufferer
      tend to weaken the motivating insight into the necessity of vaccination. The
      general outbreak of infectious diseases and epidemics in the Federal Republic of
      Germany is considered rather unlikely. The probability of being attacked by
      infectious diseases regarded as dangerous is deemed negligible.

PMID- 3993255
TI  - [Infection prevention in animal husbandry. A contribution to the improvement of
      the sanitary consumer protection].
AB  - The scientific and organizational development of an effective prophylaxis against
      infections in animal husbandry results from the fact that many zoonoses, like
      salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis,
      rickettsiosis (Q-Fever) and cysticercosis as well as certain important virus
      infections with regard to meat hygiene cannot be detected during official ante-
      and postmortem inspection. The cause of these infections is clinically inapparent
      and leaves no pathologic-anatomical lesions. Partly responsible for these latent
      infections is mass production with its specific forms of husbandry, particularly
      in poultry and pigs. The development of these animal production methods as well
      as the spread of the aforementioned zoonoses in man and animal is being discussed
      in this paper. The information on zoonoses is based on cases reported in
      accordance with the Federal Communicable Diseases Act and/or the regulations on
      notifiable animal diseases. The potential harmfulness to the consumer's health,
      especially in view of his food habits, is discussed in the light of the increase
      of foodborne infections and intoxications caused by Salmonella. Up until now,
      several regulations exist to keep causative agents of zoonoses away from animal
      farms. In view of the successful eradication of tuberculosis in cattle and
      brucellosis, it is recommended on a longterm basis, to eliminate those zoonoses
      from animal farms, which are of special importance from the meat-hygienic point
      of view. On a medium-term basis, examination of farm animals should be introduced
      voluntarily prior to the official ante- and postmortem inspection. It is of vital
      importance to establish the necessary diagnostic and practical conditions for the
      herd-tests. A recommendation worked out by the European Community for the
      examination of broiler-farms is welcomed as an example of prophylactic measures
      suitable for the improvement of consumer protection.

PMID- 3993256
TI  - [Production hygiene for quality assurance].
AB  - Reliable hygienic conditions in food processing are necessary to exclude any risk
      for human health and to secure the supply with high quality products. In the
      processing plant are cleaning and disinfection of high importance. For
      comparative evaluation of these processes three characteristic values are
      introduced: The volume/surface ratio indicating the total available solution, the
      active substance/soil ratio indicating the chemical capacity, and the
      flow/reacting film ratio indicating the mechanical exchange frequency during the
      treatment. Some examples elucidate the correlations between plant and test
      conditions respectively. Means of improving plant hygiene and the possibilities
      of supervision and legislation to that purpose are discussed.

PMID- 3993257
TI  - [Pest control in food establishments].
AB  - Pest control measures in rooms serving the production, treatment or marketing of
      foods have to be executed according to the principles laid down in the food
      hygiene regulations of the Lander of the Federal Republic of Germany. However, a
      proper pest control following these rules can only be realized if such control is
      performed by persons experienced and qualified in the field of hygiene.
      Corresponding knowledge includes diagnostic and accessory equipment, morphology,
      biology, sensitivity including resistance and vector function of the pest to be
      controlled, suitable pesticides, formulations according to the type of action,
      possible residual effect and indoor air exposure, the respective technique of
      application, decontamination procedures, structure and pH value of the materials
      used for the application, methods for the determination of the concentrations of
      the active substances and solvents in indoor air as well as of climatic factors
      in the resting and hatching area of pests, the shelf-life of foods, their
      protection against pesticides and their safe removal in the case of
      contamination.

PMID- 3993258
TI  - [Possibilities for salmonellosis control].
AB  - With special regard to the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany, the
      potential of prevention and control of Salmonellosis is evaluated on the basis of
      recommendations made by experts of WHO. This is done by a comparison of measures
      already carried out and methods still in the stage of experiment or discussion,
      based on 3 main points, and taking in account their usefulness: Eradication of
      Salmonella infections in animals; decontamination of raw foods; observation of
      hygienic principles for handling and preparation of foods for human consumption.

PMID- 3993259
TI  - [Physical preservation of food].
AB  - Physical preservation procedures are mostly aimed at prolonging the durability of
      foods by slowing down or repressing the spoilage mechanisms by the alteration of
      relevant parameters. Of these mechanisms of microbiological, enzymatic, chemical
      and mechanical type, especially the first-named are dealt with. Growth and
      multiplication of micro-organisms can be influenced by temperature, water
      activity and high-energy radiation. Depending on the susceptibility to
      deterioration of the products and the intensity of the processes based on these
      parameters, different degrees of durability are obtained. Micro-organisms are
      killed by the application of high temperatures in conjunction with the treatment
      times required in a given case. Relatively mild treatments affect only the
      vegetative forms (pasteurization), whereas more aggressive treatments are
      required to kill spores as well (sterilization). Recontamination of the products
      which were subjected to the two procedures must be avoided. Pasteurized foods
      require additional cold storage to prevent the spores from sprouting. Low
      temperatures reduce and repress the growth of micro-organisms (refrigeration) or
      prevent any activity of the micro-organisms (deep-freezing). The latter deprives
      the micro-organisms of the water they need for their growth. The same principle
      applies to another method of preservation where so much water is extracted from
      the product that the residual humidity no longer allows the micro-organisms to be
      active (drying). Ionising radiation can be used to reduce a potential risk to
      hygiene, to influence physiological processes, to control insects and to lengthen
      the durability of fresh food in the short term. Finally optimum product quality
      can be maintained by combining various procedures. If such methods cope with
      controlling the microbiological situation, attention must nevertheless be given
      to the other spoilage mechanisms as well, as they may prove to be limiting
      factors with respect to product quality.

PMID- 3993260
TI  - [Chemical preservation of food].
AB  - Preservation of foodstuffs has always been a necessity for a number of reasons:
      the durability of food is limited, numerous foodstuffs are only available during
      a short harvesting season, the transport routes of food or raw materials from the
      production site to the consumers are continuously increasing in length and the
      consumers in modern society characterized by division of labor and changed
      shopping habits increasingly insist on buying durable products. Beyond this,
      there are medical-hygienic efforts aimed at inhibiting the growth of micro
      organisms in food. The hazard to health which many bacteria carry, has been long
      known. Recently, a number of fungi have been shown to form toxins during their
      growth on foodstuffs. There are two methods of food preservation: the physical
      and the chemical. The greater proportion of foodstuffs is rendered durable by
      physical procedures: drying, cooling, deep-freezing and heating. But chemical
      preservation also plays a prominent role. The use of preservatives is often
      combined with physical methods. The application of preservatives has a long
      history, such as the use of common salt, smoke or sulfur dioxide. Some of these
      agents, such as benzoic acid, are achievements of the last century. Others, such
      as propionic acid and sorbic acid, result from research during the last few
      decades. The preservatives now in use have been thoroughly tested for their
      toxicological properties. Their use in the food industry is subject to stringent
      legal regulations. The consumer can be certain of not running any risk by
      partaking foods which contain preservatives.

PMID- 3993261
TI  - [The global problem of foodborne infections and intoxications].
AB  - Contaminated food is the cause of serious health problems in both developed and
      developing countries. It is one of the main etiological factors of malnutrition
      in developing countries due to its role in the causation of diarrhoea. Frequently
      foodborne, diarrhoea kills about 5 million children per year in Asia, Africa and
      Latin America. Although the mortality rates of foodborne disease are negligible
      in industrialized countries, some experts believe that these diseases rank second
      only to respiratory diseases in morbidity. An Expert Committee convened by WHO
      and FAO in 1983 concluded that illness due to contaminated food is perhaps the
      most widespread health problem in the contemporary world and a significant cause
      of reduced economic productivity. In 1977, the World Health Assembly adopted
      "Health for All by the Year 2000" as the official goal of all Member States of
      the Organization. An international conference held in 1978 in Alma-Ata, USSR,
      defined how this goal could be achieved through Primary Health Care (PHC). One of
      the essential elements of PHC is the qualitative and quantitative improvement of
      food supply. Improvements in food quality refer not only to nutritional aspects
      but also to raised hygienic quality and only if attention is given to both these
      factors will the prevention of foodborne diseases be possible. Some of WHO's
      efforts to improve food safety as a means preventing foodborne diseases are
      discussed in this paper.

PMID- 3993262
TI  - [Hygienic problems of sanitation procedures in civil aviation].
AB  - Hygiene problems that arise in connection to sanitation procedures in civil
      aviation are described; the relevant international regulation and recommendation
      are explained. The particular problems that arise in connection to prophylaxis to
      infections, food hygiene, sanitation, refuse disposal and the maintenance
      lavoratory facilities are emphasized. Relevant rules and recommendations are
      quoted.

PMID- 3993263
TI  - [Rarely occurring complications in vacuum extraction].
AB  - The authors report on two seldom observed complications of vacuum extraction,
      infraction or fracture of the parietal bone of newborn. They healed up without
      sequels in the further psychomotoric development. The authors consider vacuum
      extraction as a contribution to obstetric operation practise. They recommend
      smaller cups with a maximum diameter of 40 mm and a suction vacuum only to 0,6
      kp/cm2 (0,06 M Pa) to be used.

PMID- 3993265
TI  - [Morphometric mitochondrial studies in the placenta of early pregnancies
      following a normal course of pregnancy and in maternal diabetes mellitus].
AB  - 89 electron micrographs from a diabetic placenta of the 8th week of pregnancy and
      from two normal placentas of the same period of gestation are investigated
      morphometrically. In the trophoblast mitochondria of the diabetic placenta the
      surface/volume ratio between the surface of the cristae and mitochondrial volume
      shows a statistically significant reduction as compared to the values in the
      normal placenta of the same period of gestation. The morphological changes of the
      placenta are being related to disorders of the regulation of the metabolic
      processes in diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy.

PMID- 3993264
TI  - [Pregnancy with ventriculoperitoneal drainage in hydrocephalus internus].
AB  - Reported is a case of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt owing to hydrocephalus internus
      and partial thrombosis of V. cava. By means of the case the reasons of increased
      intracranial pressure and its prevention in pregnancy and delivery are discussed.

PMID- 3993267
TI  - [45,X/46,X,del(Yq) sex chromosome mosaicism--analysis of the phenotypic
      expression].
AB  - Three female patients with Turner-syndrome (sexual infantilism, short stature and
      somatic Turner-stigmata) have been analysed cytogenetically by means of different
      banding techniques. A deletion of the distal heterochromatic band Yq12 of the Y
      chromosome was observed in a mosaic with a 45,X-cell line, i.e. the karyotype is
      45,X/46,X,del(Y)(q12). In order to get information about the phenotypic
      expression of the 45,X/46,X,del(Yq) mosaicism all previously published cases have
      been reviewed. Comparing the phenotypes of all 45,X/46,X,del(Yq) mosaic cases
      three different phenotype categories of sexual development can be distinguished:
      female individuals with sexual infantilism and Turner-stigmata, individuals with
      ambiguous genitals, ranging from clitoris hypertrophy of female genitals to
      hypospadia of males, male individuals, who are infertile (azoospermic). A
      comparison of the appearance of external genitals with the status of gonads of
      all patients revealed an unequivocal relationship between the gonad status and
      the resulting phenotype category. Furthermore, the role of Y-chromosomal loci
      determining testicular differentiation (biological function of H-Y antigen) for
      male development has been emphasized. The effect of the 45,X-cell line on the
      expression of short stature and somatic Turner-stigmata is independent of sexual
      development. Considering the great phenotypic variability of the
      45,X/46,X,del(Yq) mosaicism it seems impossible to deduce a definitive phenotype.
      This problem is acute in prenatal diagnosis especially.

PMID- 3993266
TI  - [Shoulder dystocia as an obstetrical complication].
AB  - A case report shows pediatrical and obstetrical aspects of the rare occurring
      shoulder dystocia. Beyond the cases' valuation conclusions will be taken for a
      prospective obstetrics.

PMID- 3993268
TI  - [Psychological factors in isthmic tubal occlusion].
AB  - Report on 5 cases of sterility by isthmic tubal occlusion. Two patients became
      pregnant. Connected with the psychic situation of the women, the beginning of
      pregnancies and diagnostic and therapeutic problems a functional isthmic tubal
      occlusion is to be interpreted as a exclusively psychosomatic impairment to
      fertility caused by the patients ambivalence of the wish having a child.

PMID- 3993269
TI  - [Problems in the discontinuation of sterility treatment].
AB  - In the period from 1970 to 1983 sterility treatment was broken off by 218
      patients of the women's clinic, Wilhelm-Pieck-University Rostock. From 103
      returned questionnaires 194 individual responses were recorded suggesting that on
      the average more than one reason led to the decision to break off treatment.
      Personal problems such as unsuccessful treatment, advanced age, too high demand
      on time, conflicts in marriage, consumption of stimulants, and diseases (61.2%)
      were prevalent. Pregnancy (50.5%), adoption (20.4%), occupational problems
      (13.6%), and a problematic physician-patient-relationship (6.8%) were also cited.
      Already from the beginning of treatment these patients were not willing to
      cooperate, to supply necessary information and fully participate. A tendency
      towards a shifting of the problems could be observed. 24.3% of the patients
      continued seeing a gynaecologist. 15.5% asked for recommencement of sterility
      treatment.

PMID- 3993270
TI  - [Stimulation of ovulation by follicular puncture].
AB  - We report on a patient with long-standing sterility, who became pregnant only
      after laparoscopic puncture of the follicle in spite of all possible diagnostic
      and therapeutic procedures being applied. The methods so far used for stimulation
      of ovulation are discussed and the puncture of the ovary is proposed as new
      possibility in the treatment of sterility.

PMID- 3993271
TI  - [Spontaneous perforation of the small intestine following cesarean section].
AB  - A very rare complication after cesarean section is reported. A spontaneous
      perforation of the small intestine caused an acute abdomen. Ileus, peritonitis
      and septic shock are the most important signs of this life threatening
      complication. In this matter a very good cooperation between the different
      disciplines is of importance. An early relaparotomy is essential in the
      management.

PMID- 3993272
TI  - [Diagnosis of posterior pneumomediastinum in newborn infants].
AB  - Report on a newborn with a posterior pneumomediastinum with considerations about
      clinical and X-ray diagnostic necessities.

PMID- 3993273
TI  - [Genotypic studies of the causative agents of hemorrhagic necrotizing
      pleuropneumonia in swine].

PMID- 3993274
TI  - [Isolation of Mycoplasma canadense in the genital tract of a cow in North
      Germany].

PMID- 3993275
TI  - [Season-related incidence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in fecal
      samples of healthy slaughter cattle].

PMID- 3993276
TI  - [Breeding ability of the stallion depending on bacteriological findings].

PMID- 3993277
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of the vitreous body proteins in vertebrates].
AB  - Using disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immunochemical methods,
      studies have been made on proteins from the vitreous body of mammals (albino
      mouse, rat, guinea pig, pig, dog, cat), birds (hen), amphibians (the frog Rana
      ridibunda) and fish (the perch Perca fluviatilis). It was found that vitreous
      body proteins in man and animals include both the specific proteins and those of
      the blood serum. During evolution, specific antigens of the vitreous body
      attained strict species specificity, although some of them preserved the initial
      properties.

PMID- 3993278
TI  - [Characteristics of staphylococci isolated from newborn infants].
AB  - The microflora of the skin and the nasal mucosa was studied in 14 healthy
      newborns, 3 newborns with purulent infections and a nurse working in a neonatal
      ward. To make this study, washings were obtained with the use of 0.1% Triton X
      100 solution. The determination of the number of microorganisms, the percentage
      of staphylococci, the percentage of lecithinase-positive staphylococci and the
      number of colonies with antagonistic properties revealed that these
      characteristics differed according to the state of health of the newborns and the
      time elapsed after their birth, and that changes in the number of
      antagonistically active bacteria occurred in parallel with changes in the total
      number of bacteria. Among S. aureus strains isolated from the subjects covered by
      the survey strains belonging to phagovar 80, as well as untyped strains, and
      among S. epidermidis strains those belonging to biovars I and II occurred most
      frequently. Strains belonging to the same biovar or phagovar differed in their
      plasmid markers.

PMID- 3993279
TI  - [Ultrastructural characteristics of the natural heteromorphic growth of
      Clostridium septicum].
AB  - Periodic cultures of C. septicum strain No. 59, growing in Pope's broth, have
      been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections.
      During the lagphase of growth the inoculated bacilliary cells are sequentially
      converted into giant filamentous multinucleate forms. These changes, reflecting
      the reaction of phenotypical adaptation to new environmental conditions, are
      followed by the restoration of the initial phenotype via the fragmentation of the
      giant cells. At the same time heteromorphic growth becomes, also spontaneously,
      atypical in some of the multinucleate cells. This atypical heteromorphic growth
      results in pronounced degenerative changes leading to bacteriolysis and the death
      of microbial cells due to disturbances in the coordination of the formation of
      structural and functional complexes in these cells at the period of their
      phenotypical adaptation. Such pathology of microbial cells leads to elimination
      of individual cells with developmental defects, which is finally conducive to the
      sanitation of the population.

PMID- 3993280
TI  - [Isolation of Vibrio cholerae mutants with altered toxin production].
AB  - V. cholerae multiple-labeled mutants 569B with altered toxin production have been
      obtained by the method of induced mutagenesis with the use of nitrosoguonidine.
      These mutants can be used for the genetic mapping of tox genes on the chromosome
      of V. cholerae.

PMID- 3993281
TI  - [Effect of human immunoglobulins on mouse intestinal microflora in
      dysbacteriosis].
AB  - Human immunoglobulins, injected into mice subcutaneously after their irradiation
      or at the beginning of antibiotic therapy, protected the mucous membrane of the
      proximal section of the small intestine from the penetration of enterobacteria.
      The formation of the protective barrier was observed when immunoglobulin
      preparations with the titer of antibodies to Escherichia coli O14 between 1:16
      and 1:256 was used. The preliminary exhaustion of immunoglobulin preparations
      with E. coli strain O14 led to the complete loss of their protective properties.

PMID- 3993282
TI  - [The phenomenon of the formation of universal rosette-forming cells under
      superextreme loads].
AB  - A combined immunological study of cell-mediated and humoral immunity factors in
      sportsmen at the period of important competitions was made. The effect of the
      maximum bearable load was found to lead to the formation of a great number of
      universal rosette-forming lymphocytes and neutrophils. In the control group their
      number did not exceed 1-4% of the total population of these cells.
      Simultaneously, the suppression of the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and
      some of the humoral factors of systemic and local immunity with the parallel
      development of compensating processes were recorded.

PMID- 3993283
TI  - [Epidemiological characteristics of Angola].
AB  - The epidemiological analysis of infectious morbidity for recent years has been
      made and the main nosological forms existing in Angola (malaria, tuberculosis,
      lepra, African trypanosomiasis, plague, intestinal diseases, etc.) have been
      briefly characterized on the basis of primary medical reports and the data
      provided by the literature and experimental work. This analysis creates the
      necessary prerequisites which enable the local public health organs to determine
      the regularities of the epidemic process, thus making it possible to take
      rational prophylactic measures and to organize proper epidemiological
      supervision.

PMID- 3993284
TI  - [The Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii as a source of
      immunology information].

PMID- 3993285
TI  - [Prospective means of decreasing suppurative-septic diseases in puerperae and
      newborn infants].
AB  - The comparative analysis of the occurrence of purulent septic diseases in mothers
      during the puerperal period and in newborns, observed in a maternity hospital
      before and after the introduction of the system of keeping newborns together with
      their mothers, showed a considerable decrease in the morbidity rate among newborn
      infants (6 times) and in occurrence of mastitis among puerperae (30 times). This
      is attributed to a decrease in the frequency of the colonization of newborns and
      mothers in the puerperal period by the hospital strains of staphylococci
      belonging to epidemic phagotypes. The gradual elimination of staphylococci of
      phagotype 80, which dominated for several years, from the hospital was observed.
      To decrease the morbidity rate, the introduction of the system of keeping newborn
      infants with their mothers in all maternity hospitals of the USSR is proposed.

PMID- 3993286
TI  - [Role of lysosomes during the development of a fibroblast staphylococcal
      infection].
AB  - The study of staphylococcal infection in chick embryo fibroblasts, carried out by
      electron-histochemical and morphometric methods, has revealed the presence of
      correlation between the degree of fibroblast destruction and the permeability of
      lysosomal membranes. The development of bacterial infection, depending on the
      presence of homologous bacteriophages in the medium, has also been studied.

PMID- 3993287
TI  - [Sensitizing and protective activity of a staphylococcal vaccine made of water
      soluble antigens, depending on the method and schedule of administration].
AB  - An experiment on guinea pigs immunized with staphylococcal vaccine prepared from
      water-soluble antigens revealed that the degree of developing sensitization and
      specific resistance was essentially determined by the method and schedule of the
      administration of the preparation. The intranasal administration of the vaccine
      induced a lesser degree of sensitization in comparison with its subcutaneous
      injection. The optimum response to the administration of the vaccine (a low
      sensitization level and a high degree of protection from infection) was observed
      in the animals immunized first intranasally and then by subcutaneous injection.
      The subcutaneous injection of the preparation in combination with its subsequent
      intranasal application induced a more pronounced degree of sensitization and a
      lesser degree of protection from infection.

PMID- 3993288
TI  - [High-molecular antigenic complex of the pneumococcus: its properties].
AB  - The study of an antigenic preparation isolated from pneumococci, serotype 3, by
      the method of alkaline hydrolysis has revealed that the preparation contains a
      high-molecular complex protein-polysaccharide composition of the cell wall of
      this microorganism. The preparation contains at least two immunologically active
      components: the type-specific polysaccharide of serotype 3 pneumococcus and a
      nonspecific protein component. This antigenic preparation is capable of the
      formation of immunological memory in mice and protecting them from experimental
      challenge with pneumococci of homologous and heterologous serotypes.

PMID- 3993289
TI  - [Short-latency brain stem evoked potentials to acoustic stimulation in patients
      with hereditary neuromuscular diseases].
AB  - Short-latent evoked potentials (SLEP) of the brain stem following acoustic
      stimulation (AS) were studied in 70 patients with hereditary neuromuscular
      diseases. The degree of changes in the components of brain stem SLEP in response
      to AS was found to correlate with disorders of impulse sensor conduction along
      the peripheral nerves in patients with the Roussy-Levy areflex distasia, the
      Charcot-Marie neural amyotrophy and Friedreich's spinocerebral ataxia. This
      method of recording brain stem SLEP following AS is a new modern highly
      informative tool of investigation allowing the physicians to assess the state of
      different portions of the brain stem in health and disease.

PMID- 3993290
TI  - [Functional status of the brain stem in cerebral circulatory disorders according
      to the results of a study of evoked brain-stem auditory potentials].
AB  - Patients with various forms of cerebral circulation impairment were examined. The
      changes of evoked truncal acoustic potentials (ETAP) point to a lesion of the
      brain stem formations predominantly at a mesencephalic level. It has been shown
      that ETAP correlate with the neurological symptomatology.

PMID- 3993291
TI  - [Clinical and experimental amyotrophic leukospongiosis (progressive spinal
      amyotrophy)].
AB  - The authors succeeded in reproducing amyotrophic leukospongiosis in experiments
      on two squirrel monkeys 16-23 months after challenge with cerebral suspension
      obtained at autopsy from a human patient. The clinico-morphological studies
      showed the similarity of the disease in humans and monkeys. A previously unknown
      agent belonging by its properties to "slow" viruses was isolated. The successful
      reproduction of amyotrophic leukospongiosis under experimental conditions proved
      its infectious nature.

PMID- 3993292
TI  - [Clinico-pathogenetic polymorphism of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome].
AB  - The authors present the results of examining 31 patients with the Tolosa-Hunt
      syndrome and analyze the relevant literature data. According to the authors, the
      syndrome may be due to limited pachymeningitis in the area of the cavernous
      sinus, periarteritis (arteritis) of the carotid artery siphon and their
      combination with limited leptomeningitis of the same localization. Clinical
      polymorphism depends on the nature, degree and stage of the process as well as on
      the individual characteristics of the topography of the damage. The necessity of
      the differential treatment is emphasized.

PMID- 3993293
TI  - [Blood lipid disorders in Becker-Kiner progressive muscular dystrophy].
AB  - The article is devoted to one of the rare forms of hereditary neuromuscular
      diseases--Becker-Kiner progressive muscular dystrophy. Blood lipids were
      determined in nine patients aged 16 to 45 years with Becker-Kiner progressive
      muscular dystrophy. Profound disorders of the blood lipid metabolism were
      established which were expressed in hyperbeta-lipoproteinemia,
      hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterinemia. The examination of these
      parameters is useful for objective assessment of the given form of progressive
      muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 3993294
TI  - [Correlation between the severity of atherosclerosis of cerebral, coronary and
      retinal vessels].
AB  - As a result of clinico-physiological examinations 643 patients suffering from
      cerebral atherosclerosis were divided into 3 groups by the severity of
      atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels. These patients also exhibited
      atherosclerosis of the coronary and retinal vessels. Mathematical methods have
      been used to study the relationship and severity of atherosclerosis of the
      cerebral, coronary and retinal vessels. The findings obtained indicate that
      despite a systemic nature of the atherosclerotic process the involvement of
      various vascular areas is individual and asynchronous. With the development of
      cerebral atherosclerosis its correlation with atherosclerosis of other
      localizations becomes closer.

PMID- 3993295
TI  - [Electroneuromyographic evaluation of the efficacy of vibrotraction treatment of
      patients with vertebrogenic lumbosacral radiculitis].
AB  - The authors compared the results of the treatment in patients with the neurologic
      manifestations of lumbar osteochondritis using vibrotraction with and without
      electrostimulation and in control patients treated without vibrotraction and
      electrostimulation. The electroneuromyographic examinations showed the best
      normalization of the electroneuromyographic parameters in patients receiving a
      multimodality treatment including the employment of medicamentous means of
      physiotherapy and also vibrotraction and electrostimulation. The use of the
      multimodality treatment reduced the period of the patients' work fitness recovery
      to a greater degree than other methods of therapy.

PMID- 3993296
TI  - [Rehabilitation of movement disorders using functional biocontrol approaches].
AB  - Methods of functional biocontrol (FBC) were used for treating motor disorders in
      different groups of patients: with DCP and post-stroke hemipareses (n-103). The
      treatment efficacy was assessed by a specially elaborated 5-point scale of
      clinical efficacy and also electromyographically. It was found that FBC improved
      the function of the affected muscles with a readjustment of the mechanisms of
      their regulation while following the conventional methods of treatment without
      FBC, the improvement of motor possibilities took place at the expense of one or
      another mechanism of compensation: active involvement in the motor act of
      antagonistic or synergistic muscles. A conclusion is drawn as to the clinical
      efficacy of FBC employment in various motor disturbances of the CNS. Examples of
      the use of FBC under outpatient conditions are presented.

PMID- 3993297
TI  - [Dynamics of the bioelectric activity of the brain in patients with primary
      hyperparathyroidism treated surgically].
AB  - The clinico-electroencephalographic examination over time of 23 patients with
      primary hyperparathyrosis using the automated assessment of the EEG findings
      showed that the disease was characterized by unmarked inconclusive changes in the
      cerebral rhythm, the degree of these changes showing no dependence on the level
      of blood calcium. Six to seven days after surgery for removing the adenoma of the
      parathyroid gland, the EEG disorders either increased or remained unaltered; they
      exhibited no correlation with the post-surgical normo- or hypocalcemia. Stable
      normalization of the clinico-neurological and EEG parameters was observed at a
      later post-surgical period, varying from 6 to 12 months.

PMID- 3993299
TI  - [Features of the psychic functions of patients with severe degrees of
      oligophrenia].
AB  - Clinical and experimental study involving occupational therapy was conducted in
      two age-different groups of patients with idiopathic oligophrenia at the stage of
      idiocy and profound imbecility bordering on idiocy. It proved to be possible to
      alter behavioural reactions of the patients and to develop in them some stable
      occupational skills. The results obtained point to the possibility of the
      development of the primitive purposeful forms of behaviour and correction of the
      psychomotor defects by occupational therapy, particularly in early childhood.
      Methodology has been elaborated for organizing the process of occupational
      therapy.

PMID- 3993298
TI  - [Method of treating parkinsonism with metamizil in combination with galanthamine
      (clinico-experimental basis)].
AB  - Using experimental models of parkinsonism, imitating the hypertonus of the
      parasympathetic system (hypokinesia, rigidity and tremor) following the
      intraperitoneal injection of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galanthamin (15
      mg/kg) to mice, the authors showed that the m-cholinoblocker metamisyl (2 mg/kg)
      blocks all manifestations of the CNS parasympathetic hypertonus whereas the n
      cholinoblocker eterofen (30 mg/kg) increases them. Based on the theory developed
      by the authors as to the reciprocity of interaction between the m- and n
      cholinergic mechanisms within the framework of the single cholinergic system of
      the body, they offered the treatment of parkinsonism by the combined use of
      metamisyl (1-2 mg) and galanthamin (5-10 mg). Forty-five patients were treated
      with metamisyl alone and 40 patients with metamisyl coupled with galanthamin. The
      latter method of treatment proved to be more effective. The patients responded to
      the treatment immediately. It lasted 2-4 weeks. The follow-up showed that in some
      patients, the effect of the treatment stabilized and persisted for 4 weeks to 12
      months without the use of the antiparkinsonian drugs. The authors emphasize that
      in cases of parkinsonism it is necessary to study and take into account the
      nature of changes in both intersystemic mediator interaction (between ACh and NA,
      ACh and D, ACh and 5-HT, etc.) and the intrasystemic one (between m- and n
      cholino, alpha- and beta-adreno, D1 and D2, 5-HT1 and 5-HT2-ergic mechanisms).

PMID- 3993300
TI  - [Medico-genetic consultation of families of oligophrenic patients (according to
      empirical risk findings)].
AB  - On the basis of the careful etiological and clinical differentiation of different
      types of oligophrenia observed in 402 probands of mentally retarded patients, the
      authors have developed a table of empirical risk for individual groups of
      relatives with regard to various familial situations and epidemiologico
      demographic characteristics. The results of the study indicate the need of medico
      genetic consultations with a thorough clinico-geneological analysis of inbred
      would-be spouses.

PMID- 3993301
TI  - [Features of the growth and physical development of mentally retarded school age
      children].
AB  - Using an expanded antropometric programme, the authors conducted a comparative
      study of the growth and physical development of oligophrenic children at the
      stage of debility (n = 504) and of normal children (n = 551) aged 8 to 16 years.
      The study has demonstrated that the size of the body in oligophrenic children is
      lower as compared to the control group which is due to a less intensive character
      of growth processes in mentally retarded children in the pubertal period and also
      a less intensive growth of body segments at later age stages. It is suggested
      that oligophrenic children have a longer adolescent period and that the growth
      processes in such children may stabilize at an older age.

PMID- 3993302
TI  - [Familial craniometaphyseal dysplasia associated with mental retardation].
AB  - The authors describe two sisters with the typical characteristics of cranio
      metaphyseal dysplasia and mental retardation. They also discuss a cause-and
      effect nature of the pathogenetic relationship of the intellectual deficiency and
      the systemic bone hereditary damage as well as the difficulty of assessing the
      type of heredity in the given family.

PMID- 3993303
TI  - [Role of personality reactions in the pathology of character formation in
      infantile cerebral palsy (clinico-psychological study)].
AB  - In a clinico-dynamic and experimental-psychological study (using methods of
      examining interpersonal relations and frustration tolerance), the authors
      investigated 40 children and adolescent suffering from infantile cerebral
      paralysis responsible for a psychogenic pathological formation of the personality
      of the deficient type. Inhibitory and excitable variants of the latter are
      identified. Differential therapeutic-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic measures
      for the above group of patients are offered.

PMID- 3993304
TI  - [Borderline neuropsychiatric disorders in purine metabolism disorders in
      children].
AB  - A thorough examination of 410 children with the preliminary diagnosis of neuro
      arthritic diathesis revealed a family history of primary disorders of purine
      metabolism with hyperuricemia (HU) and hyperuricuria (HUK) in combination with
      borderline neuropsychic disturbances in 150 children. Most of the children (122
      of the 150) presented disorders of the neurotic level of reactivity according to
      the type of systemic and monosystemic neuroses and neurotic reactions in the
      presence of moderate HU and HUK. The clinical picture in children with the signs
      of residual-organic cerebral insufficiency (28 of the 150) was predominantly
      characterized by behavioural abnormalities in conjunction with significant
      deviations on the part of purine metabolism parameters.

PMID- 3993305
TI  - [Clinical picture and treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children].
AB  - The article presents the results of the treatment of 275 cases of nocturnal
      enuresis which are subdivided by the author into 3 forms according to the nature
      of the pathogenesis: neurotic, organic and familial. The neurotic form of
      eneuresis showed the best response to a combination of hypnotherapy with
      tranquilizers and antidepressants, the organic form was most responsive to
      nootropic agents, antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Antidepressants were
      effective for the treatment of familial enuresis in its pure form.

PMID- 3993306
TI  - [Features and forensic-psychiatric significance of psychogenic jealousy in
      psychopathies in women].
AB  - Examination of 37 cases of psychogenic nonpsychotic jealousy in women with
      psychopathies revealed specific features of the clinical picture of psychogenic
      emotions in relation to the premorbid characteristics of the personality and
      showed differences between psychogenic jealousy in women and an analogous state
      in males. Peculiarities of law offences committed by such individuals for
      jealousy motives were elicited and approaches to the prevention of socially
      dangerous actions of such individuals are outlined.

PMID- 3993307
TI  - [Clinical picture and differentiated therapy of mental disorders in
      oncostomatologic diseases].
AB  - Using clinical and experimental-psychological methods, the author studied the
      pathogenesis of mental disturbances in patients suffering from malignant
      neoplasms of the maxillofacial area. Disturbances are differentiated into
      predominantly psychogenic and predominantly somatogenic. The article considers
      the mechanisms of the development of the pathological states and also possible
      approaches to the psychoprophylaxic and psychotherapy for each group of patients.
      The necessity of the participation of the psychiatrist in the multiple modality
      treatment of oncostomatologic patients is demonstrated.

PMID- 3993308
TI  - Protected homocysteine peptides as precursors of labelled methionine peptides.
      Application in preparation of methionine-enkephalin.
AB  - A synthetic scheme from N-benzyloxycarbonyl S-benzyl homocysteine peptide benzyl
      ester, assembled using well-established procedures in solution and purified, to
      the corresponding free methionine peptide, has been explored preparatively.
      Deprotection by sodium in liquid ammonia followed by alkylation on sulfur with
      methyl iodide gave, after purification by semipreparative HPLC, in the case of
      methionine-enkephalin a pure product in high yield. No evidence from side
      reactions on tyrosine could be detected by HPLC. The scheme was primarily
      designed to be adaptable to the preparation of 11C-labelled methionine-enkephalin
      and, in particular, to exploit 11C-methyl iodide, now in routine production in
      our laboratory, in peptide synthesis, thus providing access to 11C-labelled
      enkephalins with high specific radioactivity for in vivo experiments. Applying 2H
      , 3H-, 13C- or 14C-methyl iodide instead, however, this approach should be
      equally useful for the preparation of the corresponding peptides. Provided
      overalkylation by methyl iodide and fatal splitting of peptide bonds by the
      sodium/ammonia reagent can be avoided, the scheme should be applicable also to
      the synthesis of other methionine-containing peptides.

PMID- 3993309
TI  - Fructosylvaline. A simple model of the N-terminal residue of human haemoglobin
      A1c.
AB  - The phenylhydrazone of N-[D-fructosyl-(1)]-L-valine (1-deoxy-L-valine-D-fructose)
      was synthesized. The hydrazone was shown to exist in open form in basic solution
      and in closed form in acidic solution. The findings have bearings upon the
      discussion of the reaction of human haemoglobin A1c with phenylhydrazine.

PMID- 3993310
TI  - A convenient synthesis of the potent mutagen 3,4,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5
      f]quinoxalin-2-amine.
AB  - The highly mutagenic title compound (4,8-DiMeIQx) was synthesized in 13% overall
      yield from 2-fluoro-5-nitrotoluene in eight operations. The average operation
      yield was 83%. The reaction sequence used gave, in addition to the title
      compound, the isomer 3,4,7-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-amine (4,7
      DiMeIQx).

PMID- 3993311
TI  - Bromocriptine therapy as pre-operative adjunct of non-functional pituitary
      macroadenomas.
AB  - Although bromocriptine administration produces reduction in size of
      prolactinomas, its effect upon non-functional pituitary adenomas is still
      uncertain. Nine patients with macroadenomas, 2 of them with prolactinomas and 7
      with non-functional tumours, received bromocriptine prior to transsphenoidal
      surgery. Size reduction of tumour mass was assessed by computerized tomography
      and by visual field examination before and following bromocriptine treatment.
      There were no signs of size diminution or pathological changes in the non
      functional adenomas treated pharmacologically during 15 to 360 days. Both
      patients with prolactinomas had radiological evidence of size reduction and
      morphological changes on microscopic examination. These 2 patients had tumours
      with prolactin granules (immunocytochemistry) and adenoma cells showed reduced
      cytoplasmatic, nuclear and nucleolar areas. Neither vascular damage, cell
      necrosis, nor infarction was observed by electron microscopy. Patients with non
      functional tumours as determined by immunocytochemistry and hormone production
      did not benefit from bromocriptine. The suggestion that bromocriptine can be used
      as primary treatment for non-functional pituitary tumours is not supported by the
      present study. Conversely, in cases of macroprolactinoma, bromocriptine is a
      useful pre-operative adjunct when surgery is planned and for those patients in
      whom a surgical cure is considered difficult owing to the tumour size.

PMID- 3993312
TI  - Effect of metoclopramide, domperidone and apomorphine on GH secretion in children
      and adolescents.
AB  - The way in which the dopaminergic system controls GH secretion in infancy and
      adolescence was investigated by studying the effects on GH of a specific
      dopaminergic agonist apomorphine, and two antagonists, metoclopramide (MC), which
      can and domperidone (DOM), which cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, (BBB), in
      14 males and 6 females aged 8-17 years. Treatment with both antagonists was
      followed by a marked increase in Prl, whereas only MC stimulated GH secretion,
      suggesting that this action must occur inside the BBB if it is linked to
      antidopaminergic properties. GH secretion was also stimulated by apomorphine,
      which acts at the central level. The paradox posed by the presence of a central
      effect on GH secretion derived from both an agonist and an antagonist of the
      dopaminergic receptors is discussed.

PMID- 3993313
TI  - Plasma prolactin in the rat during suckling without prior separation from pups.
AB  - The relation between suckling and plasma prolactin (Prl) was studied in the rat,
      without prior separation of the dam from its pups. When the pups were replaced by
      a hungry foster litter, upon renewed suckling plasma Prl showed episodic
      increases and decreases in individual rats. When, subsequent to litter removal,
      similar rats were injected with perphenazine, a significant increase of plasma
      Prl was observed. This indicates that a decline of plasma Prl during suckling was
      not caused by exhaustion of Prl stores in the pituitary. In 22 individual rats
      blood was sampled every other minute while observations were made on nursing
      behaviour of the dams. During apparent suckling, increases as well as decreases
      of plasma Prl occurred. However, in most cases suckling did not affect plasma
      Prl, i.e. it remained stable at a high or a relatively low level. On the other
      hand, a considerable rise of plasma Prl was frequently observed when a dam was
      away from the nest. The data indicate that in the physiological situation Prl
      secretion from the pituitary is not directly related suckling activity, though
      episodes of suckling are essential to maintain a high Prl secretory capacity of
      the pituitary gland.

PMID- 3993314
TI  - Effect of long-term corticosteroid administration on rat pituitary growth hormone
      and prolactin.
AB  - In vitro corticosteroids stimulate GH synthesis by pituitary cells, while in vivo
      they suppress stimulated plasma GH levels. In this study we investigated in rats
      the effect of hydrocortisone administration for 2-4 weeks on pituitary GH
      content. Hydrocortisone added to the drinking water (100 mg/l) resulted in a
      marked stimulation of pituitary GH content after 3 and 4 weeks of treatment. No
      significant stimulation, however, was observed on basal GH release by the
      pituitary gland incubated in vitro. Further, we found that both Prl content and
      release were inhibited by hydrocortisone administration.

PMID- 3993315
TI  - Regional anaesthesia in paediatric surgery.
AB  - The use of regional anaesthesia in paediatric surgery remains controversial
      although the pharmacological and technical aspects, even in this age group, have
      been described. Many authors regard regional anaesthesia as contra-indicated, and
      consequently general anaesthesia is preferred in paediatric surgery. In the
      present study regional anaesthesia was used in the form of supraclavicular,
      interscalene brachial plexus blockade, axillary brachial plexus blockade, lumbar
      epidural and spinal blockade in altogether 199 patients in the paediatric age
      group. Surgically excellent or satisfactory analgesia was achieved in 92-100% of
      the blocks. No complications were observed.

PMID- 3993316
TI  - Vasodilator responses to enflurane in the small intestine.
AB  - Local effects of enflurane on intestinal vascular resistance were studied in vivo
      in cats. A jejunal segment was prepared and perfused at constant flow with blood
      from the femoral arteries. The intestine was either: (1) left with intact
      sympathetic innervation, (2) denervated and exposed to electrical post-ganglionic
      vasoconstrictor nerve stimulation, or (3) excluded from neurogenic remote control
      by post-ganglionic denervation. Enflurane dissolved in lipid and intra-arterially
      administered to the jejunal segment in doses comparable to those clinically
      encountered, decreased intestinal vascular resistance in relation to the intra
      arterial concentration of the drug. The vasodilator response was, at the highest
      enflurane doses studied (blood concentration: 400 and 800 mg X 1(-1], most
      pronounced in the intestine with intact sympathetic innervation. Otherwise, no
      differences were observed in vasodilator responses between the three different
      investigated modes of neurogenic influence on the intestine. In vitro enflurane (
      in-lipid) did not affect the vasoconstrictor response to electrical field
      stimulation in the rat mesenteric arterioles. Enflurane, however, dose
      dependently reduced spontaneous contractile activity in the rat portal veins.

PMID- 3993317
TI  - Intestinal vascular effects of inhaled and locally administered enflurane in the
      cat.
AB  - The effects of enflurane on intestinal vascular resistance and blood flow in the
      intestine were studied in cats during basal chloralose anaesthesia. A jejunal
      segment was prepared and perfused with blood from both femoral arteries, allowing
      control of intestinal inflow pressure. Mesenteric venous blood flow was measured
      with an optical drop recorder. During constant intestinal arterial pressure (75
      mmHg; 10 kPa), intestinal vascular resistance was calculated during enflurane
      inhalation at MAC 0.5 and 1.0 before and after postganglionic denervation of the
      jejunal segment. Inhalation of enflurane reduced intestinal vascular resistance
      in a dose-dependent fashion. The decrease in vascular resistance was attenuated
      but not abolished by post-ganglionic denervation, indicating both peripheral and
      central nervous sites of action for enflurane. Furthermore, with the intestinal
      segment perfused at systemic arterial pressure, the effects of locally
      intraarterially infused enflurane dissolved in a fat emulsion was studied. A
      vasodilator response was elicited in the intestine when exposed to local arterial
      enflurane concentrations in the same range as encountered during surgical
      anaesthesia in man, supporting the hypothesis of a peripheral site of action.

PMID- 3993318
TI  - Effects of mechanical ventilation and halothane on pulmonary serotonin removal in
      dogs.
AB  - The type of anesthesia and anesthetic drug used may significantly change the
      capacity of the lungs to regulate blood concentrations of serotonin. This study
      was performed to examine the possible effect of mechanical ventilation and 1%
      halothane in ventilation air on pulmonary serotonin removal using C14-serotonin
      in eight dogs. Mechanical ventilation significantly increased serotonin removal
      when compared with spontaneous ventilation during anesthesia, the removal rates
      being 74.4% and 48.4%, respectively. The 1% halothane concentration in
      ventilation air did not significantly affect the pulmonary serotonin removal. It
      was concluded that mechanical ventilation protects the organism against harmful
      cardiovascular effects of serotonin during anesthesia.

PMID- 3993319
TI  - Halothane-relaxant anaesthesia in elderly patients.
AB  - Twenty-three elderly patients, scheduled for elective cholecystectomy, were
      studied during halothane-relaxant anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with
      thiopentone and maintained with halothane in 12 patients, six of whom had also
      received premedication. Eleven patients were anaesthetized with halothane,
      without thiopentone induction and with no premedication. Measurements of central
      haemodynamics were performed awake and during anaesthesia at end-tidal halothane
      concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0%; at the lower concentration, measurements were
      also made after addition of nitrous oxide. Premedication and thiopentone had no
      influence on the subsequent halothane anaesthesia. Halothane caused reductions of
      cardiac index, mean arterial blood pressure and oxygen uptake. However, neither
      right atrial nor pulmonary capillary venous pressure increased and the arterio
      venous oxygen content difference decreased. These findings differ from those made
      by others in younger subjects and are probably attributable to a dose-dependent
      reduction in systemic vascular resistance. The addition of nitrous oxide had only
      minor effects on central circulation. The results suggest that the age of the
      patients influences their reaction to halothane anaesthesia.

PMID- 3993320
TI  - Bladder function in spinal anaesthesia.
AB  - Spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine (22.5 mg) or with a glucose-containing
      solution of bupivacaine (20 mg) or tetracaine (15 mg) was given to 21 patients
      allocated randomly to these three groups. A urodynamic study was performed by CO2
      cystometry. It consisted of recording of first sensation of bladder filling,
      sensation of full bladder, strength of maximal detrusor contraction, bladder
      capacity and urethral pressure. At the same time, using a quantitative method for
      measuring muscle strength, the motor block was evaluated for three separate
      movements--hip flexion, knee extension and plantar flexion of the big toe. After
      the spinal injection, the micturition reflex was rapidly blocked. One minute
      after the injection, eight patients experienced no strong desire to void when the
      bladder was overfilled, and 5 min after the injection bladder paralysis was
      present in most patients. The length of time from spinal injection to complete
      recovery of detrusor strength was 7-8 h and did not differ significantly between
      the three groups. The level of analgesia lay at or caudal to L5 when the detrusor
      strength returned. On the average, sensibility (pin-prick) in the sacral segments
      returned simultaneously with or somewhat earlier than complete recovery of
      detrusor strength. The muscle strength in the lower limbs was fully restored 40
      140 min, on average, before the detrusor strength had completely recovered. There
      was good correlation between the time of full restoration of hip flexion and
      detrusor strength in the bupivacaine groups. Urethral pressure was reduced by a
      mean of 48% and returned to normal either at the same time as or slightly before
      complete recovery of detrusor strength.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993321
TI  - Metoclopramide given pre-operatively empties the stomach.
AB  - Sixty adult patients admitted for emergency major orthopedic surgery were studied
      according to a double-blind, randomized design in order to evaluate if a single
      dose of 20 mg metoclopramide given intravenously at least 90 min before
      premedication could evacuate the stomach before anesthesia. Three patients were
      excluded. X-ray examination following intake of barium sulfate before anesthesia
      showed 10 patients with a full stomach, all belonging to the placebo group. This
      study demonstrates significantly fewer (P less than 0.002) patients with a full
      stomach before anesthesia after metoclopramide, indicating that administration of
      metoclopramide reduces the risk of aspiration of gastric contents to the lungs
      during anesthesia.

PMID- 3993322
TI  - Spinal cord and cerebral blood flow responses to subarachnoid injection of local
      anesthetics with and without epinephrine.
AB  - Subarachnoid anesthesia with lidocaine, mepivacaine, or tetracaine with and
      without added epinephrine (1:100 000) produced no demonstrable changes in average
      cerebral (CBF) or segmental spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) in 38 cats anesthetized
      with pentobarbital. Blood flow was measured by the injection of radioactive
      microspheres. Seven groups of cats received either lidocaine 15 mg, lidocaine 15
      mg with epinephrine, mepivacaine 10 mg, mepivacaine 10 mg with epinephrine,
      tetracaine 5 mg, tetracaine 5 mg with epinephrine, or saline with epinephrine
      1:100 000. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased significantly (P less than
      0.05) in Groups I-VI. Added epinephrine had no effect on the decrease in MAP.
      Amplitude of the somatosensory cortical evoked response decreased significantly
      in Groups I-VI, but did not change from control in Group VII. No significant
      change in CBF or SCBF was demonstrated in any group at any time. Plasma lidocaine
      and mepivacaine levels were significantly less at 5 min after subarachnoid
      injection in the groups receiving epinephrine compared to those not receiving
      epinephrine (P less than 0.05). The data appear to support the hypothesis of a
      vasoconstrictive reduction in systemic absorption of intrathecal local
      anesthetics, but suggest that significant segmental spinal cord ischemia does not
      occur. Maintenance of total flow in the face of a decrease in MAP suggests that
      autoregulation in brain and spinal cord may be maintained. Changes in regional
      SCBF or CBF may have been present but were not examined in this study. Further
      studies of brain and spinal cord blood flow dynamics, regional flow changes, and
      regulation of flow after intrathecal agents are necessary.

PMID- 3993323
TI  - Thiopental after brain ischemia in monkeys. Cardiovascular and
      electroencephalographic effects.
AB  - The cardiovascular and electroencephalographic (EEG) effects of thiopental were
      investigated, with and without preceding global brain ischemia (GBI). Four groups
      of pigtailed monkeys were used: Group I received thiopental 90 mg/kg over 1 h
      after 16 min GBI. Group II received thiopental 90 mg/kg over 1 h without
      preceding brain ischemia. Group III received 90 mg/kg over 1, 3, 6, or 8 h with
      varying infusion rates and no brain ischemia. Group IV, after 16 min GBI,
      received thiopental 90 mg/kg over 12 h with a gradually reduced infusion rate,
      keeping thiopental serum levels around 120-140 mumol X l-1 throughout the
      infusion. Large doses of thiopental (Group II) produced serious cardiovascular
      side-effects. With co-existing brain ischemia (Group I), these side-effects were
      much worse; five of six animals not receiving lidocaine prophylaxis suffered
      circulatory arrest. A prolongation of the Q-T interval on the electrocardiogram
      may be of pathogenetic importance. In contrast, lower thiopental blood levels,
      sufficient to depress the EEG to burst suppression or isoelectricity, were well
      tolerated with and without preceding brain ischemia (Groups IV and III).

PMID- 3993324
TI  - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the human lung: the effect of prolonged
      unilateral hypoxic challenge during anaesthesia.
AB  - The influence of time on the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia was
      studied in six subjects during general anaesthesia and artificial ventilation
      prior to elective surgery. The lungs were intubated separately with a double
      lumen bronchial catheter. After preoxygenation of both lungs for 30 min, the test
      lung was rendered hypoxic for 60 min by ventilation with 5% O2 in N2, with the
      control lung still being ventilated with 100% O2. Cardiac output was determined
      by thermodilution, and the distribution of blood flow between the lungs was
      assessed from the excretion of a continuously infused poorly soluble gas (SF6).
      The fractional perfusion of the test lung decreased from 53% to 25% of cardiac
      output within the first 15 min of unilateral hypoxia. The pulmonary artery mean
      pressure increased by 14% and the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of the test
      lung increased by 54%. Venous admixture increased from 21% to 39% of cardiac
      output, while the "true" shunt was maintained at about 15%. Arterial oxygen
      tension (Pao2) fell from 45 kPa to 12 kPa. Prolonging the unilateral hypoxic
      challenge caused no further change in the redistribution of the pulmonary blood
      flow, but cardiac output and pulmonary artery mean pressure continued to increase
      to 40%-50% above control values after 1 h of hypoxia. The PVR of the test lung
      remained unchanged. The findings suggest that there is an immediate
      vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia in the human lung and that there is no
      further potentiation or diminution, of the response during a 60-min period of
      hypoxia.

PMID- 3993326
TI  - Contribution of CT scan to the diagnosis of Fahr's syndrome.
AB  - Of 7040 patients who were examined with CT scan for various reasons, 72 (1.02%)
      showed symmetrical intracranial calcifications. On the basis of the extent of the
      calcifications, the patients were divided into 3 groups of which the first (10
      cases), with extensive calcifications, showed clear findings of
      hypoparathyroidism; the second (4 cases), with less extensive calcifications,
      showed borderline laboratory findings and the third (58 cases), with
      calcifications only in the internal part of the globus pallidus, had no relation
      to any disturbance of the parathyroid function. The limited percentage (4.2%) of
      calcifications detected by ordinary cranial X-rays was discussed as compared to
      those diagnosed by CT scan; this is due to the weakening of the relationship
      which existed in the past between hypoparathyroidism and calcifications. Patients
      with extensive calcifications do not seem to have a significantly higher
      proportion of neurological impairment (35.8%) than patients who showed limited
      calcifications (34.5%). On the other hand, patients with extensive calcifications
      showed more frequent mental disorders (50%) compared to those who showed limited
      calcifications (34.5%). The proportion of mental disorders is still higher in
      patients with dilatation of the subarachnoid spaces (56.7%) compared to those who
      do not show dilatation (23.8%). Finally, of the 72 patients with calcifications,
      15 (20.8%) showed extrapyramidal syndrome, possibly due to calcium salt deposits
      in the metasynaptic dopamine receptors while 13 (18%) were taking anticonvulsant
      drugs which, apart from influencing the metabolism of calcium, also influence the
      activity of alkaline phosphatase and are involved in the creation of
      calcifications.

PMID- 3993325
TI  - Progressive supranuclear palsy--20 years later.
AB  - Reviewing the literature since recognition of progressive supranuclear palsy
      (PSP) as a clinicopathological entity 20 years ago, the present state of
      knowledge is delineated. The etiology of PSP is still unknown. The clinical
      hallmarks are supranuclear palsy of vertical gaze, axial dystonia in extension
      and pseudobulbar palsy with marked dysarthria and dysphagia. Accessory features
      include subcortical dementia, mental, extrapyramidal, pyramidal and cerebellar
      symptoms. PSP is a disease of the presenium (average age at onset, 59.6 years)
      with a male preponderance (60% men). The onset is insidious with vague complaints
      of dysequilibrium (60%), mental changes (46%) and disturbed vision (21%), often
      preceding abnormal neurological findings. The important borderland and main
      differential diagnosis is parkinsonism. However, in PSP, responsiveness to
      antiparkinsonian agents is poor and progression is rapid and fatal within few
      years (average survival time, 5.7 years). Promising diagnostic tools at present
      include CT-scanning and neuro-otologic and -ophthalmologic examination.
      Neuropathological findings, confined to specific diencephalic, brainstem and
      cerebellar nuclei, include neurofibrillary tangles (ultrastructurally different
      from those seen in other CNS disorders), neuron loss and gliosis. The importance
      of research on neurocytochemistry, brain ultrastructure and immunology in the
      current investigation of PSP is outlined.

PMID- 3993327
TI  - Response to platelet-activating factor of platelets from patients with multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - The response of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and control platelets to different
      concentrations of platelet-activating factor was studied. At concentrations in
      the range 10(-7) to 10(-5)M, it was found that the MS platelets tended to
      aggregate fully at lower concentrations than was the case with control platelets.
      At a concentration of 10(-6)M, it was found that in 19 cases the MS platelets
      gave a full aggregation response whilst 4 cases showed biphasic but full
      aggregation, whereas at this concentration the control platelets showed full
      aggregation in only 2 cases, biphasic but less complete aggregation in 5 cases
      and reversible aggregation in 16 cases. In crossover studies, it could be shown
      that MS platelets resuspended in control platelet-poor plasma still showed
      enhanced aggregability and that the response of control platelets was unaffected
      by resuspension in MS platelet-poor plasma. Differences were also seen in
      susceptibility of platelets of MS and control subjects to inhibition by
      indomethacin, bromophenacyl bromide (a phospholipase inhibitor) and verapamil (a
      Ca2+ antagonist). It is suggested that the hyperaggregability of the MS platelets
      could reside in the platelets themselves, and may be associated with enhanced
      phospholipase activity.

PMID- 3993328
TI  - Vibration-induced neuropathy among forestry workers.
AB  - The neurological findings of 217 forestry workers were evaluated during a
      compulsory annual health examination. Vibration detection thresholds were
      determined for the left hand and foot. The handgrip forces were measured for both
      hands. A reduction in the vibration detection threshold or handgrip force was not
      associated with clinical neuropathy. Polyneuropathy was found in 4% of the
      lumberjacks whereas neuropathy restricted to the arms was found in 7.5% of the
      lumberjacks. The neuropathic findings were not linked with alcohol consumption
      but were associated with a history of numbness in the hands and diminished muscle
      force. The findings support the concept that local vibration can cause neuropathy
      in the arms, but the mechanism of vibration-induced neuropathy still remains
      uncertain.

PMID- 3993329
TI  - Preliminary analysis of cell and serum-induced demyelination in vitro using a
      syngeneic system.
AB  - Previous studies on immune-mediated demyelination in vitro have usually tested
      sera and lymphoid cells in heterologous systems. The present study involved the
      examination of CNS cultures of SJL/J mouse spinal cord exposed to sera and
      lymphoid cells isolated from animals of the same strain previously injected with
      syngeneic spinal cord homogenate (SSCH) to induce acute experimental autoimmune
      encephalomyelitis (EAE). Examination of treated versus control cultures by light
      and electron microscopy at varying time points after exposure showed that spleen
      cells from animals with EAE produced significant demyelination and
      oligodendroglial cell destruction. Lymph node cells and sera from the same
      animals showed the same type of demyelination without marked oligodendroglial
      cell damage. The degree of myelin damage induced by spleen cells and sera did not
      correlate with the clinical status of the animal but a slight positive
      correlation was noted with lymph node cells. Cells and sera from control animals
      did not induce significant demyelination. These results suggest that in this
      syngeneic mouse system, there was a differential effect among cells from spleens
      and lymph nodes, and serum. This syngeneic system might allow for more meaningful
      pathologic and genetic analyses of immune-mediated demyelination.

PMID- 3993330
TI  - Comparative study of visual evoked potentials in spinocerebellar ataxias and
      multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were delayed in 11 out of 18 patients with
      Friedreich's ataxia, in 1 out of 8 patients with Strumpell's hereditary spastic
      ataxia, in 2 out of 5 cases with cerebellar atrophy and in 42 out of 50 patients
      with multiple sclerosis (MS). Responses were normal in 5 cases with Pierre
      Marie's disease. Amplitude and temporal dispersion were statistically analyzed in
      the above-mentioned groups of patients with respect to controls. An abnormal
      temporal dispersion, also considered as interpeak N1P2, was frequently found in
      MS but only occasionally in spinocerebellar ataxias. Amplitude was statistically
      reduced in Friedreich's ataxia group, where an inverse relationship between
      latency and amplitude was found. No relation was found between VEP delay and
      duration of the disease, in any group considered.

PMID- 3993331
TI  - Rapid detection of S-phase cells by anti-bromodeoxyuridine monoclonal antibody in
      9L brain tumor cells in vitro and in situ.
AB  - FITC-conjugated anti-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) monoclonal antibody (anti-BU-MAb)
      was used to detect S-phase cells of 9L rat brain tumor cells in vitro and in
      situ. Monolayer 9L cells were treated with 0.625-20 microM of BrdUrd for 30 min,
      harvested, and reacted with a 1:100 dilution of FITC-conjugated anti-BU-MAb and
      analyzed with a flow cytometer. BrdUrd-treated cells stained satisfactorily with
      antibody. Values obtained for the labeling index using this method (48.6%) were
      10%-20% higher than the fraction of cells in S-phase calculated from DNA
      histograms or as the labeling index calculated from autoradiographs of cells
      pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine. BrdUrd (1-40 mg/kg) was administered by i.p.
      injection to rats bearing 9L brain tumors. Single cell suspensions obtained by
      disaggregation of excised tumors were stained with anti-BU-MAb. The percentage of
      fluorescent cells (15.9%) calculated using this method was similar to that of S
      phase cells (17.2%) calculated from DNA histograms and from autoradiographics for
      tumor bearing rats pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine in situ. The antibody staining
      technique is a rapid and accurate method for various cell kinetic studies both in
      vitro and in vivo in a rat model, and has promise as a technique for the study of
      cell kinetics in humans.

PMID- 3993332
TI  - [Case report on lipofibromatous hamartoma of the median nerve: neuropathologic
      report of 2 cases].
AB  - Report of two cases of lipofibromatous hamartoma of the median nerve in which the
      complete operative removal allowed a detailed neuropathologic examination. The
      nosologic and etiologic classification of this hamartomatous neuropathy and its
      possible relation to neurofibromatosis and hypertrophic neuritis are discussed.

PMID- 3993333
TI  - Chronic encapsulated hematomas in the brain.
AB  - Two cases, one of a chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma occurring in a 43
      year-old man and the other of an intracerebellar hematoma in an 8-year-old boy,
      are reported. In both cases CT scans revealed an encapsulated lesion containing
      the hematoma, but angiographic pictures were poor except for revealing a space
      occupying lesion and a small vascular lesion. Both hematomas were successfully
      removed. Each case was associated with a thick, fibrous capsule that was found
      histologically to arise from an occult angiomatous malformation. The encapsulated
      hematomas partially included old thromboses, and both old and recent areas of
      hemorrhage. The latter were considered to be due to the rupture of vessels
      developed near the inner surface of the thickest part of the fibrous capsule.
      Although the condition is uncommon, chronic hematoma must be considered when
      encapsulated mass lesion is present in the brain.

PMID- 3993334
TI  - Role of extracellular proteins in the dynamics of vasogenic brain edema.
AB  - The relationship between extravasation of proteins into extracellular spaces of
      brain parenchyma and the water content of such regions were evaluated in an
      experimental model. In this model, a temporary opening of the blood-brain barrier
      (BBB) to proteins was produced without significant injury to the cellular
      elements of brain tissue. Rabbits were subjected to bolus injection of their own
      blood under 360-400 mm Hg pressure via the internal carotid artery. The opening
      of the barrier and its duration were evaluated with Evans blue (EB), horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP), and sodium fluorescein (NaFl) tracers. The water content of
      brain tissue was assessed by specific gravity (SG) measurements in 1-mm-diameter
      tissue samples. Quantitative evaluation of protein penetration into brain tissue
      was carried out using 125I bovine serum albumin (BSA). The opening of the BBB to
      proteins persisted up to 9 h, whereas the barrier remained permeable to small
      molecular NaFl for 24 h. The SG measurements indicated in the areas of EB
      extravasation a progressive increment in water content up to 9 h, i.e., the
      duration of BBB opening to proteins. Following this, there was a progressive
      clearance of edema in spite of the BBB remaining open for NaFl for 24 h.
      Quantitative evaluations of 125I-BSA and SG in the same tissue samples, supported
      by statistical analysis, indicated approximately linear relationship analysis,
      indicated approximately linear relationship between albumin and water, implying a
      strong correlation between the development of vasogenic edema and extravasation
      of proteins into extracellular spaces.

PMID- 3993335
TI  - Cortical atrophy in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type is mainly due to a
      decrease in cortical length.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to select mentally normal old subjects and
      patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). The test score of
      Blessed et al. (1968) (BTS) was used to determine the severity of mental
      impairment. A pathologic study confirmed the diagnosis of either SDAT or normal
      brain aging at postmortem examination in 12 cases. The cortical area and the
      cortical perimeter of the different cerebral lobes were measured on 1-cm-thick
      coronal sections using a semiautomatic image analyzer. Cortical length and
      thickness were calculated using perimeter and area values. BTS was significantly
      correlated with both the area (r = 0.7695, P = 0.003) and the length (r = 0.7421,
      P = 0.006) of the temporal cortex. There was no significant correlation between
      BTS and thickness of the temporal cortex (r = 0.559, P = 0.059). These results
      show that reduction of length is one of the major determinants of cortical
      atrophy. Although this has to be confirmed by histological study, they favor the
      hypothesis of a column-selective atrophy in SDAT which should be considered in
      the interpretation of the microscopic data.

PMID- 3993336
TI  - Luyso-pallido-nigral atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - The clinical and pathologic findings in a 34-year-old woman with basal ganglia
      degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are reported. The duration of
      symptoms was 2 years. A maternal uncle had a parkinsonian syndrome with onset at
      45 years of age. Neuropathologic examination revealed extensive neuronal loss and
      gliosis in the corpus Luysii. Nerve cell loss and gliosis also involved both
      parts of the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra. The corticospinal tracts
      were demyelinated in the spinal cord, and neuronal loss was observed in the
      anterior horns. Only one similar case of pallido-luyso-nigral atrophy associated
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has, to our knowledge, been reported
      previously. Such an association may represent more than a coincidental
      occurrence.

PMID- 3993337
TI  - The oxygen tension and temperature of the superior palpebral conjunctiva.
AB  - A Clark-type oxygen sensor and temperature-sensing thermistor embedded in a ring
      designed to fit into the human palpebral aperture were used to directly measure
      the oxygen tension and temperature of the upper palpebral conjunctiva in 16 human
      subjects. The mean oxygen tension was found to be 61.4 +/- 6.9 mmHg, equivalent
      to an atmosphere of 8.2% oxygen, slightly higher than previously reported. The
      mean temperature was 36.2 +/- 0.6 degrees C, in good agreement with previous
      findings. Significant individual differences in both oxygen tension and
      temperature were apparent.

PMID- 3993338
TI  - The corneal endothelial cell interface.
AB  - The apical edges of corneal endothelial cells have been separated along lines
      forming a crisscross pattern, by the help of a special method of preparation. The
      visualization by SEM of the lateral faces of the cells is thereby made possible.
      The separation leads to the formation of thin strands spanning the gap between
      the apical edges of adjoining cells. They are formed by stretching of the normal
      apical flaps. This stretching demonstrates that the main intercellular adherence
      is located at the tips of the apical flaps. The basal edges of the endothelial
      cells can be inspected, and it can be seen that the basal face of the cells has
      and irregular form. Threadlike processes extend from the basal cell edges. They
      ascend in the intercellular space and make contact with the lateral face of the
      neighbouring cell at varying levels. These processes are presumed to mediate
      intercellular transfer.

PMID- 3993339
TI  - A comparison between iris-ciliary body concentration and receptor affinity of
      timolol.
AB  - Topical unilateral application of timolol reduces the IOP (intraocular pressure)
      of both the treated and the untreated eye. For this reason, a cental mechanism of
      action, in addition to the local one, has been suggested for the reduction of IOP
      by this drug. In this study timolol concentrations in the iris-ciliary body of
      the treated and untreated rabbit eyes were compared with pharmacologically active
      in vitro timolol concentrations. The drug concentration in the untreated eye too
      was found to be high enough to exert a local action.

PMID- 3993341
TI  - Laser treatment for open angle glaucoma. A one year follow-up.
AB  - Of 52 eyes treated with argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) 49 were considered to
      be well controlled after treatment. At the one year follow-up of these latter
      eyes 7 showed either a high IOP (greater than 22 mmHg), in spite of medical
      treatment (4 eyes), or progression in visual field defects (3 eyes). No further
      deterioration was seen when 35 eyes were re-examined at 18 months. There were no
      serious complications that could be attributed with certainty to ALT. Rapidly
      healing corneal burns, previously not systematically studied, were noticed in 80%
      of the eyes.

PMID- 3993340
TI  - Transient corneal anaesthesia after topical pindolol in rabbits.
AB  - The acute corneal anaesthetic potency of 0.5% pindolol eye drops was compared
      with that of 2% lidocaine and placebo solutions in 10 rabbits. Pindolol produced
      a rapid-onset anaesthetic effect similar to that of lidocaine, whereas placebo
      drops were without effect. The chronic effect of 0.25% pindolol, 0.5% timolol and
      placebo eye drops on corneal sensitivity were evaluated weekly for 1 month in
      rabbits. None of the solutions affected the basal corneal sensitivity, but
      pindolol eye drops caused a slight corneal anaesthesia, when tested at 10 min
      after application, especially during the first weeks of therapy. The effect of
      timolol was qualitatively similar, but much weaker and not statistically
      significant.

PMID- 3993343
TI  - Ascorbic acid determination in serum and aqueous humour by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - High-performance liquid chromatography on a Supelcosil LC-HN2 analytical column
      in weak anion exchange mode has allowed separation of ascorbic acid, in less than
      5 min, from other interfering substances in serum and aqueous humour. UV
      monitoring at 254 nm enables ascorbic acid to be detected at 20 pmol level. A
      method for determination of ascorbic acid concentration in serum and aqueous
      humour is described, and values from 10 cataract patients are reported.

PMID- 3993342
TI  - Astrocytoma of the ciliary body. A clinicopathological case report.
AB  - Gliomatous tumours are rare in the eye. A case of well differentiated fibrillary
      astrocytoma of the ciliary body is reported and a review of intraocular gliomas
      is given.

PMID- 3993344
TI  - Infrared radiation and cataract. III. Differences between the two eyes of glass
      workers.
AB  - In an epidemiologic investigation of the eyes of 209 glass workers with
      occupational exposure to infrared (IR) radiation and 298 non-IR-exposed controls,
      the two eyes were compared regarding the degree of lens opacities. The left eye
      was found to be the most affected in a significantly larger number of persons
      than the right in IR-exposed workers. The exposure to the two eyes was measured
      with a system of two pyroelectric radiometers monted in a face mask. The left eye
      was found to be exposed up to 2.3 times as much as the right in some working
      moments and never less. These results show a dose-effect correlation between IR
      exposure and cataract.

PMID- 3993345
TI  - Psychiatric reactions complicating intracapsular cataract surgery. A 5 years
      follow-up.
AB  - This follow-up study describes the 47 patients out of 1506 intracapsularly
      extracted cataracts (1505 patients) who presented with a psychotic reaction post
      operatively. Matched non-psychotic cataract patients served as a control group.
      The mean age of both groups of patients was 78 years at time of surgery,
      female/male ratio was 39/8, and the mode of anaesthesia was local
      analgesia/general anaesthesia 16/31. The surgery had been performed in 1977-1979
      and this follow-up examination in autumn 1983. Twenty-seven patients of the study
      group and 16 of the controls had died during the interval period. The difference
      between the groups was statistically significant. The patients of the study group
      were statistically significantly more dependent on nursing, and their mental
      performance, according to an orientation test, was more reduced, compared to the
      controls. Visual prognosis in the operated eye was unfavourable in the study
      group, versus the controls, mainly because of visual deprivation due to mental
      debilitation. Pre-operative vision did not predict future psychotic reaction.

PMID- 3993346
TI  - Cataract in retinitis pigmentosa. An analysis of cataract surgery results and
      pathological lens changes.
AB  - The result of cataract surgery and lens pathoanatomical examination were
      presented in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). A retrospective study of 24
      cataract extractions in 15 RP patients was carried out, with special regard to
      visual outcome and surgical complications. The results were compared to an age
      matched randomly selected control group. In the retinitis pigmentosa group the
      post-operative visual acuity was generally good, and the surgical complications
      except for one case of central venous thrombosis were not more frequent than in
      the control group. Seven lenses from 5 patients with RP were analysed using
      transmission electron microscopy and quantitative microradiography. In the lenses
      with a progressive subcapsular edema, extensive extracellular vacuolization was
      found in the lens epithelium. Focal degeneration of epithelial cells was seen
      both in the more stationary posterior subcapsular cataracts and the progressive
      subcapsular cataracts. Different degrees of mitochondrial swelling was found in
      the epithelial cells of the stationary cataracts. The subcapsular lens fiber
      changes consisted of an extensive swelling of hydrated cells together with a
      significant reduction in their dry mass content. Migrating elongated nuclei
      containing cells were found on the posterior capsule in both stationary and
      progressive cataracts.

PMID- 3993347
TI  - Epidemiology of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a Finnish population.
AB  - During a -4 year period, 1978-1981, 310 eyes of 301 patients living in the
      district of the Helsinki University Central Hospital were examined for
      rhegmatogenous detachment of the retina. This corresponds to an annual incidence
      of 6.9 per 100 000 mean population. The mean age of the patients was 54.2 years,
      and the sex distribution corresponded with that in the general population. The
      right eye was significantly (P less than 0.05) more often affected than the left
      eye. 78% of the eyes were phakic, and 22% were aphakic. The corresponding annual
      incidences were 5.4 for phakic and 1.5 for aphakic detachment per 100 000 mean
      population. Myopia was found in 51% of the phakic and in 24% of the aphakic eyes.
      The estimated annual incidence of rhegmatogenous detachment in the myopic
      population was more than 3 times that in the non-myopic population. The annual
      incidence of traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was 0.8 per 100 000 mean
      population. There were significant (P less than 0.005) seasonal variations in the
      occurrence of retinal detachment.

PMID- 3993348
TI  - Light perception in diabetic vitreous haemorrhage and its prognostic value in
      pars plana vitrectomy.
AB  - Ninety-two years with a pre-operative visual function of light perception 6 m or
      less, were treated with vitrectomy because of diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. The
      post-operative visual function after 6 months was improved to 5/50-5/5 in 37 eyes
      and counting fingers from 1 to 5 m in 32 eyes. In 23 eyes the postoperative
      visual function was unchanged or decreased, and among these were all 7 eyes with
      pre-operative light perception at 1.5 m or less. No eye with pre-operative light
      perception at 1.5 or less benefitted from vitrectomy due to extensive retinal
      damage.

PMID- 3993349
TI  - Fluorescein angiography in the long-term follow-up of choroidal melanoma after
      conservative treatment.
AB  - Three patients showed a growing choroidal melanoma, of them 2 in the only eye.
      The tumours were treated with Ru106/Rh106 plaques and surrounded by argon or
      krypton photocoagulation. The patients were followed up for 34-36 months by
      regular fluorescein angiography. In areas in which the radiation effect was
      optimal most choroidal and retinal vessels disappeared within 3-6 months. Outside
      this area occlusion of the vasculature as well as progressing atrophy of the
      tumour and the overlying retinal pigment epithelium were seen to continue for
      more than 12 months after treatment. Disappearance of the leaking vessels of the
      tumour may be the most reliable fluorescein angiographic sign of tumour
      regression following conservative treatment.

PMID- 3993350
TI  - Recurrence of periphlebitis retinae in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Periphlebitis retinae (PR) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined as
      ophthalmoscopically visible cuffs around veins in the otherwise normal retina. PR
      in MS has been suggested to be of a recurring nature, but to the authors
      knowledge this is the first study in which PR in MS has been seen to recur. A
      recurrence of PR in MS reflects the neurological progress. The material is unique
      because of the span of years these patients have been followed. In the 4 patients
      here presented the interval between the two episodes of PR was 16, 13, 5 and 0.5
      years, respectively.

PMID- 3993351
TI  - Periphlebitis retinae in multiple sclerosis. A histopathological study of two
      cases.
AB  - The reported findings of periphlebitis retinae (PR) at autopsy, in which brain
      autopsy was also performed, in 2 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are, so
      far as the authors are aware, the first histological account of this
      manifestation of the disease. The similarity between the cellular accumulations
      around the veins of the central nervous system seen in multiple sclerosis and the
      periphlebitic cellular accumulations here described suggests that periphlebitis
      is an initial event in plaque formation.

PMID- 3993352
TI  - Tear secretion in juvenile diabetics with and without autonomic neuropathy.
AB  - Tear secretion rates measured by Schirmer test No. 1 were studied in three
      groups, group 1 comprising 26 diabetics without autonomic neuropathy, group 2
      comprising 26 diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (according to Wheeler & Watkins
      1973; Hilsted & Jensen 1979). Group 3 comprised 32 non-diabetic controls. No
      significant difference in tear secretion was found between the three groups. The
      interindividual variation in tear secretion was of the same order in the three
      groups. Significantly greater right-left eye difference (P less than 0.05) was
      found in the controls as compared to the diabetic groups between which no
      difference was found.

PMID- 3993353
TI  - Allergic conjunctivitis, total and specific IgE in the tear fluid.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with allergic conjunctivitis caused by birch, timothy or
      mugwort pollen were examined for the presence of total and specific IgE in the
      tear fluid. In thirteen of the 23 patients IgE could be shown in the tears.
      Specific IgE antibodies against the causative pollens were present in the tear
      fluid of 8 of the patients. The relation between serum and tear IgE on one hand
      and serum and tear albumin on the other hand suggests local production of the
      specific IgE antibody.

PMID- 3993354
TI  - [Retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle. Contribution of CT scanning and
      treatment, apropos of a case].

PMID- 3993355
TI  - [Recurrent trapeziometacarpal dislocation treated by active ligament transfer of
      the short extensor].

PMID- 3993356
TI  - The biology of idiopathic necrosis of the human femoral head studied by
      tetracycline labelling and microradiography.

PMID- 3993357
TI  - [Stability of the first metatarsophalangeal joint].

PMID- 3993358
TI  - [Treatment of hallux valgus by repositioning the abductor muscle of the great
      toe].

PMID- 3993359
TI  - Surgical treatment of acromioclavicular dislocations. Long-term follow-up study.

PMID- 3993361
TI  - Accidents in childhood: from epidemiology to prevention.
AB  - The overwhelming importance of accidental injuries, deaths and disabilities in
      children and adolescents is no longer a "privilege" of the industrialized world:
      many developing countries are now facing a tremendous increase in accidents in
      the young. A sound epidemiological knowledge of accidents is a prerequisite for
      any preventive programme: it is based on hospital or community surveys, in which
      the epidemiological approach seems more meaningful than the clinical one. The
      conditions to be fulfilled are reviewed in the light of several WHO publications.
      Finally, some preventive strategies are presented, based on models more and more
      currently used in planning for prevention. The role of paediatricians, either
      individually or through their professional associations, is emphasized.

PMID- 3993360
TI  - [Transposition of the coraco-acromial ligament according to the Weaver and Dunn
      technic in the treatment of old acromioclavicular dislocations. Apropos of 15
      cases].

PMID- 3993362
TI  - Pre-school children of amphetamine-addicted mothers. I. Somatic and psychomotor
      development.
AB  - Sixty-five children whose mothers took amphetamine during pregnancy have been
      followed prospectively since birth. At 4 years of age their somatic growth and
      general health did not differ from that of another unselected Swedish population
      of the same age examined at the Child Health Centre. Developmental screening by
      the Terman Merrill method showed that the group as a whole had a significantly
      lower IQ (103) than a sampled Swedish group (110). The psychological assessment
      of the child's adaptation and emotional wellbeing showed that there were more
      disturbed children or "problem children" in the group that had lived partly or
      all the time with a mother who was still addicted to drugs.

PMID- 3993363
TI  - Pre-school children of amphetamine-addicted mothers. II. Environment and
      supportive social welfare.
AB  - Sixty-five children, whose 63 mothers took amphetamine during pregnancy, were
      followed prospectively with regard to their environmental conditions, during
      their first four years of life. Nine of the 16 mothers, who gave up drug-taking
      in early pregnancy, were able to remain drug-free until their children reached
      four years of age. All but three of the remaining 47 mothers have continued to be
      addicts. Twenty-two of 52 children (42%), who had initially been left in the care
      of their mothers, were placed in foster-homes at four years of age. The decision
      to take the child into custody was often based on several negative factors, as
      determined by the social worker, such as a continuing addiction, unsatisfactory
      social conditions (12/22), and neglect (6/22). In many cases the decision was
      made following the failure of different noncompulsory supportive measures.

PMID- 3993364
TI  - Vitamin D deficiency rickets and vitamin B12 deficiency in vegetarian children.
AB  - During the years 1978-83 four vegetarian children have been admitted to the
      pediatric departments of Ullevaal and Aker Hospitals in Oslo and Haukeland
      Hospital, Bergen, with the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency rickets. One had
      vitamin B12 deficiency as well. All had been fed a vegetarian diet with some
      cows' milk, but without vitamin supplementation. All had marked hypocalcemia, and
      three had tetany or convulsions. All responded well to conventional doses of
      vitamin D therapy. Two of the mothers had vitamin D deficiency, and one of them
      also had vitamin B12 deficiency. This report describes the case histories of
      these children, and also discusses predisposing factors of vegetarian diets for
      the development of nutritional rickets.

PMID- 3993365
TI  - The relation between attained adult height and the metaphyseal lesions in
      hypophosphataemic vitamin-D resistant rickets.
AB  - In 13 young adult patients (5 men and 8 women) adult height was correlated with
      the average rachitic activity on radiographs of the wrist, taken at intervals
      during childhood. To this end the rachitic activity was classified into 4
      different, clearly distinguishable stages according to its severity. The
      coefficient of correlation between adult height (expressed as standard deviation
      score) and the average rachitic activity or score was -0.796 (p less than 0.01),
      indicating that adult height varied inversely with the severity of the disease.
      The regression equation between adult height (y) and the rachitic score (x) was:
      y = -1.53x + 0.90; the SEy was 0.76. Although the coefficient of correlation was
      highly significant, this value for SEy indicated that much of the observed
      variation was due to other factors, apart from the rachitic process.

PMID- 3993366
TI  - Sequential measurements of the reticulo-endothelial system function in Henoch
      Schonlein disease of childhood. Correlations with various immunological
      parameters.
AB  - Different immunological parameters were studied in 16 children suffering from
      Henoch-Schonlein purpura. The following results were observed during the acute
      phases in some patients: (1) an increase in C3d plasma levels; (2) the presence
      of circulating immune complexes (CIC); (3) an increase in IgA plasma levels and
      (4) an impairment of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) function assessed by an
      in vitro and an in vivo test. After the acute phase, all the altered parameters
      were almost normalized in recovering patients. On the contrary, all 5 patients
      with persistent urinary findings or relapsing purpura continued to present
      increased IgA plasma levels and/or CIC and/or impaired RES function. Our results
      therefore show that, in Henoch-Schonlein disease of childhood, a correlation
      exists between persisting clinical signs and persisting high IgA plasma levels,
      CIC and RES function impairment.

PMID- 3993367
TI  - Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination in children undergoing hemodialysis.
AB  - Among 54 patients, between 2 and 18 years of age, submitted to hemodialysis due
      to severe chronic renal failure, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers was
      66.7% and that of HBsAg was 13.0%. Eighteen children, with no evidence of
      hepatitis B virus infection, were vaccinated. Following three vaccine injections,
      only 2 patients did not respond and a third one developed low anti-HBs titers.
      The vaccine was well tolerated. No relationship was observed between the
      intensity of the humoral immune response and age, sex, type of renal disease and
      time on dialysis. Seroconversion rates (87.5%) and geometric means of anti-HBs
      titers (greater than 4 000 Ausab Units) of these patients are similar to those
      observed following vaccination of healthy adults.

PMID- 3993368
TI  - Defective leukocyte interferon response in children with recurrent infections
      accompanied by arthralgia.
AB  - Children with recurrent and/or unusually severe infections were investigated for
      possible defects in the interferon (IFN)-natural killer (NK) cell system. Two
      series, each of 13 children, were examined, one in 1982 and one in 1983. Healthy
      children, seven in 1982 and eight in 1983, served as controls. Peripheral blood
      mononuclear leukocytes were examined for IFN production induced by the IFN-alpha
      inducers Sendai virus and Escherichia coli and by the IFN-gamma inducers
      Concanavalin A and Lens culinaris lectin. None of these inducers discriminated
      patients from controls. However, the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I
      (SACol), inducers of atypical IFN in null lymphocytes, yielded significantly
      lower IFN production in infection-prone children than in controls, particularly
      in children with recurrent infections accompanied by arthralgia. No differences
      in basal NK activity or in the in vitro enhancement of such activity by IFN-alpha
      were found between patients and controls.

PMID- 3993369
TI  - Mechanical feeding difficulties after primary repair of oesophageal atresia.
AB  - A detailed feeding questionnaire was sent to 35 sets of parents of children who
      had undergone successful primary repair of oesophageal atresia. Twenty-three were
      returned completed. All indicated difficulty with feeding. Some foods were better
      tolerated than others. Eighteen children had episodes of food sticking in the
      oesophagus, the parents using a variety of techniques to remove this. We feel
      that it may be possible to offer constructive, practical advice on feeding these
      children.

PMID- 3993370
TI  - The growth of breast fed and artificially fed infants from birth to twelve
      months.
AB  - Growth data collected from 394 healthy infants were analysed in relation to
      feeding practices. Infants were grouped on the basis of sex, if breast fed or
      artificially fed, and duration of breast feeding. From birth to 3 months, weight
      gains were similar for boys (2.5 kg) and also for girls (2.3 kg) irrespective of
      feeding method. From 3 to 6 months weight gains were greater in infants who were
      artificially fed from birth (2.0 kg both sexes) or breast fed for only a short
      time (1.9 kg) than for those exclusively breast fed for 6 months (1.6 kg) or
      longer (1.7 kg). Weight gains continued to be greater in artificially fed infants
      after 6 months. Over 12 months, artificially fed boys gained 410 g and girls 750
      g more than those who were breast fed from birth. These differences occurred even
      though the artificial feedings that prevailed to 6 months and longer were low
      solute ('humanized') formulas.

PMID- 3993371
TI  - Immunological protection of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract: the importance
      of breast feeding.
AB  - Immunoglobulins A, M and G were measured in the milk of 20 nursing mothers at the
      beginning of lactation and simultaneously in the faeces of their children. The
      IgA level in the human milk was very high especially during the first week of
      lactation. After the start of breast-feeding IgA rapidly increased in the faeces,
      whereas IgG and IgM concentrations were consistently very low. In 74 normal full
      term bottle-fed infants IgA appeared in the faeces at the age of 3-4 weeks but
      the level was significantly lower than the IgA level in breast-fed infants at the
      same age. Secretory IgA of human milk is stable and resistant to gastrointestinal
      juices and enzymes, thus giving passive immunological protection to the digestive
      tract of the newborn infant.

PMID- 3993372
TI  - Longitudinal study of the selenium content in human breast milk in Belgium.
AB  - The selenium content of expressed human milk obtained at different stages of
      lactation from 32 lactating mothers was measured by hydride generation atomic
      absorption spectrometry after previous wet acid digestion. The highest selenium
      level was found in colostrum (14.8 ng/g; wet weight), subsequently the content
      declined and plateaued off after one month (9.4 ng/g; wet weight). The daily
      selenium intake for Belgian infants of 3 months of age was found to be 7.1
      micrograms (girls) and 8.1 micrograms (boys), which is lower than the values
      obtained in most other countries and lower than the recommended safe and adequate
      daily intake of 10 to 40 micrograms/day for the same age group.

PMID- 3993373
TI  - Bone mineral content in preterm infants at age 4 to 16.
AB  - Using photon absorptiometry the forearm bone mineral content (BMC) was determined
      in 75 children aged 4 to 16, who all had a low birth weight. Forty-five of them
      were born preterm AGA (27 boys, 18 girls, mean weight 1 580 g; range 920-2 060 g)
      and 30 preterm SGA (17 boys, 13 girls, mean weight 1510; range 940-2130 g). The
      results were compared with a control group of children of the same age, and
      analyses of covariance with age, height and weight as the covariant factors were
      performed. The BMC, weight and height did not differ between the children born
      AGA or SGA. Irrespective of AGA or SGA, the BMC was significantly decreased in
      boys but the difference was less pronounced and less significant when height and
      weight were used as covariant factors. Boys who had been born preterm had a less
      BMC than the control boys for their age but they were also somewhat shorter and
      lighter than expected with regard to their age.

PMID- 3993375
TI  - Peripheral facial palsy in children. A cerebrospinal fluid study.
AB  - Seven children and five adults with acute, peripheral facial palsy were
      investigated by clinical, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations.
      Routine blood examinations and blood and CSF serological tests were normal. In
      all children studied the CSF showed an increased number of mononuclear white
      cells despite the absence of clinical signs of meningitis in all but one. Two of
      the twelve patients studied had normal CSF. Contrary to that in adults the
      outcome in children was excellent, all recovered totally within three months. The
      present study indicates that acute, peripheral facial palsy is a manifestation of
      a generalized disorder with subclinical pathology of the central nervous system,
      and that in children a lumbar puncture should be done, even if there are no signs
      of meningitis.

PMID- 3993374
TI  - Influence of the maternal plasma glucose concentration at delivery on the risk of
      hypoglycaemia in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers.
AB  - Plasma glucose concentrations at birth and at two hours of age were measured in
      53 infants of insulin-dependent mothers (IDMs). The plasma glucose concentrations
      at delivery were measured in the mothers of 17 IDMs and in the remaining 36
      mothers, glucose was estimated by interpolation from concentrations achieved just
      before and after delivery. Clinical and laboratory data from the two groups were
      otherwise similar, so the groups were combined for further analyses. The maternal
      plasma glucose at delivery correlated positively with the glucose concentration
      of the IDMs at birth (rho = 0.82, p less than 0.001) and negatively with the
      glucose concentration at two hours of age (rho = -0.46, p less than 0.001).
      Maternal plasma glucose concentration was higher in mothers delivered by
      caesarean section than in vaginally delivered mothers (p less than 0.05). Eleven
      IDMs became hypoglycaemic at two hours of life (plasma glucose less than or equal
      to 1.7 mmol/l). These infants had higher cord plasma glucose concentrations at
      birth than those who remained normoglycaemic; the maternal glucose concentration
      was also higher. None of the IDMs became hypoglycaemic if the maternal glucose
      concentration at delivery was less than 7.1 mmol/l. In 28 IDMs the simultaneous
      plasma concentrations of non-antibody bound immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were
      recorded. Cord plasma IRI correlated with glucose and IRI at two hours of age
      (rho = -0.73, p less than 0.001 and rho = 0.77, p less than 0.001, respectively).
      Cord plasma IRI was higher in IDMs who became hypoglycaemic than in the remaining
      infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993376
TI  - Incidence of cystic fibrosis in ethnic Italians and Greeks and in Australians of
      predominantly British origin.
AB  - The incidence of cystic fibrosis among the Australian born children of parents
      born in Italy was 1:3 625 live births and among Australian born children of
      parents born in Greece 1:3 726. These incidences were significantly lower than
      the incidence for cystic fibrosis of 1:2 021 in children born to Australian born
      parents, about 90% of whom have ancestors born in the British Isles. The figures
      suggest there are significant variations in the incidence of cystic fibrosis in
      different European populations.

PMID- 3993377
TI  - Increased breast milk iron in severe maternal anemia: physiological "trapping" or
      leakage?

PMID- 3993378
TI  - CSF lactate in bacterial meningitis with minimal CSF abnormalities.

PMID- 3993379
TI  - Recurrence of febrile convulsions and phenobarbital treatment.

PMID- 3993380
TI  - Malrotation in children with symptoms of gastrointestinal allergy and
      psychosomatic abdominal pain.
AB  - Three children with malrotation 4.5, 5 and 9 years old at operation are
      presented. Their preliminary diagnoses were gastrointestinal (GI) allergy, GI
      allergy with colon irritable and psychosomatic abdominal pain. They were treated
      on an outpatient basis under these diagnoses for more than two years before their
      malrotations were discovered. In two children radiology did not demonstrate any
      signs of intestinal obstruction and in one of these children repeated
      radiological examinations were necessary for the diagnosis of malrotation.
      Operative findings were chronic volvulus with compromised blood flow and
      obstructive duodenal bands. The third child suffered acute strangulation ileus
      with gangrene of the intestines before diagnosis was made. We conclude that
      special consideration must be given to the possibility of malrotation when
      treating and radiologically investigating children with GI disturbances.

PMID- 3993382
TI  - A 13q- syndrome with extensive intestinal atresia.
AB  - The first autopsy case of a 13q- syndrome with extensive intestinal atresia,
      viz., absence of almost the entire jejunum and ileum, is reported. The absence of
      the mesentery and the histological properties of the intraperitoneal string
      structures composed of some muscle layers resembling the tunica muscularis of the
      alimentary tract suggest that one of the causative agents of the atresia may be
      abnormalities of mesenteric vessels.

PMID- 3993381
TI  - Respiratory failure and multiple fractures in vitamin D-dependent rickets.
AB  - A 20-month-old boy presented with multiple fractures and respiratory failure. He
      was found to have vitamin D-dependent rickets. The rickets did not improve with
      phosphate, calcium and calciferol. The rickets healed, however, with large doses
      of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. The presentation is unusual and the response
      to therapy suggests metabolic heterogeneity in vitamin D-dependent rickets.

PMID- 3993383
TI  - Antagonism of physostigmine induced lethality by a combination of scopolamine and
      methscopolamine.
AB  - The antagonistic effects of scopolamine, methscopolamine, and a combination of
      methscopolamine and scopolamine were evaluated in preventing physostigmine
      induced lethality in Swiss Webster mice. Low dose scopolamine was found to be
      highly effective in reversing high dose (3 X the LD100) physostigmine induced
      lethality, in contrast to methscopolamine, which was ineffective except in very
      high doses. A combination of scopolamine and methscopolamine was more effective
      than either drug alone.

PMID- 3993384
TI  - Propyl ether. I. Interaction with the sensory irritant receptor.
AB  - The sensory irritating response of propyl ether, measured as a decrease in
      respiratory rate in mice, faded within one minute. The threshold was 620 p.p.m.,
      calculated from the concentration-response curve, which had a low slope. The
      sensory irritating level depressing the respiratory rate to 50 per cent (RD-50 =
      89,000 p.p.m.) could not be reached with saturated vapour at 20 degrees. The
      thermodynamic activity corresponding to the RD-50 was about 0.6, a rather high
      value. The low slope and high thermodynamic activity may be explained by steric
      hindrance of the oxygen atom and thereby decreasing the receptor-activating
      capacity and/or the stability of the active receptor conformation. A specific
      effect beyond the receptor offers another explanation.

PMID- 3993385
TI  - Propyl ether. II. Pulmonary irritation and anaesthesia.
AB  - After cessation of the sensory irritation response, described in part one
      (Nielsen et al. 1985), a mixed response due to pulmonary irritation and
      anaesthesia appeared, resulting a decrease in respiratory rate and tidal volume.
      The corresponding thresholds were 1490 p.p.m. and 1280 p.p.m., respectively,
      obtained from the last half hour of a four hours exposure period. As the decrease
      in respiratory rate and tidal volume was found to be correlated, the per cent
      decrease in respiratory minute volume could be approximated from the square of
      the respiratory frequency. A threshold limit value (TLV) about 100 p.p.m. based
      on pulmonary irritation and anaesthesia was proposed. No impurities in the
      technical grade ether influenced the responses.

PMID- 3993386
TI  - Enprofylline and theophylline on small human placental arteries: studies of in
      vitro effects and mode of action.
AB  - Vascular effects of theophylline and enprofylline, a novel xanthine derivative
      lacking adenosine receptor antagonism, were studied comparatively in tubular
      preparations of small human placental arteries mounted in an isometric myograph.
      Both xanthines produced concentration-dependent (10(-7)-3 X 10(-3) M) relaxation
      of arteries contracted by PGF2 alpha or PGE2 in both normal Ca2+-medium and in
      Ca2+-depleted medium. Enprofylline was about three times more potent than
      theophylline. Also in vasopressin-contracted arteries enprofylline was a more
      potent vasodilator in both media. In contrast the xanthines were equally potent
      in relaxation of the tonic as well as the phasic part of a K+-induced
      contraction, but less potent than in relaxation of PG-induced contractions.
      Propranolol, phentolamine, atropine, indomethacin or tetrodotoxin did not
      influence the xanthine relaxations. It is concluded that the theophylline-induced
      relaxation of small human placental arteries is not due to adenosine receptor
      antagonism. A common important mechanism of action, in which enprofylline is more
      potent than theophylline, seems to be interference with intracellular Ca2+
      binding/mobilisation processes. Some decrease in cellmembrane Ca2+-permeability
      produced by the xanthines seems to take part in the mechanism of relaxation.

PMID- 3993387
TI  - Tests for local toxicity of intramuscular drug preparations: comparison of in
      vivo and in vitro methods.
AB  - Different concentrations of aqueous preparations of metoclopramide, gaboxadol,
      cis(Z)-clopenthixol, digoxin and chlorpromazine and of cis(Z)-clopenthixol
      acetate in Viscoleo have been tested for local toxicity after intramuscular
      injection in rabbits. The weight of macroscopically changed muscle tissue
      isolated 3 days after injection was determined. In addition, homogenized
      injection site muscle tissue was analysed for creatine kinase (CK) activity and
      by comparison with the CK activity of contralateral muscle tissue, the amount of
      injection site muscle tissue totally depleted for CK activity was calculated. The
      substances have also been tested for in vitro toxicity. The concentrations of the
      substances which caused 100% haemolysis of human erythrocytes or minimal
      cytotoxicity in cell culture assays using MRC-5 fibroblasts were estimated.
      Metoclopramide and gaboxadol caused no or only minimal local muscle damage in the
      rabbits. Metoclopramide caused local bleeding. The four other substances caused
      concentration-dependent muscle damage. Although there was some deviations, the
      two in vitro tests reflected reasonably well the in vivo findings. The results of
      this study suggest that the in vitro tests employed can be useful as screening
      tests for local toxic effect of intramuscular drug preparations. However, further
      studies are required before conclusion as to predictability can be drawn. The in
      vitro methods are inexpensive and quick, especially the haemolysis test.

PMID- 3993388
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peripheral vasodilation.

PMID- 3993389
TI  - Effect of hypoxia on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride
      and vinylidene chloride in rats.
AB  - The metabolism of vinylidene chloride (VDC) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was
      investigated by measuring the removal of the compounds from the atmosphere of a
      closed exposure system occupied with male rats. Hepatotoxicity was evidenced in
      the same rats by determining serum enzyme activities of the aminotransferases
      (GOT, GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) before, at the end of the exposure
      time and 24 hrs later. Control rats exposed to VDC concentrations up to 2000
      p.p.m. showed only slight increases of serum aminotransferase- and SDH
      activities, which were not at all observed under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia
      evoked a small, but significant reduction of the VDC metabolism at 500 p.p.m.,
      but not at 2000 p.p.m. exposure concentration. In contrast to VDC CCl4-metabolism
      (150 p.p.m.) was increased under hypoxia and consequently hepatotoxicity was
      aggravated.

PMID- 3993390
TI  - Effect of intracerebroventricular clonidine on some renal functions in rats.
AB  - In male Charles Foster rats, intracerebroventricular clonidine (0.2, 1.0, 10
      mmol/l) caused dose dependent increase in the urine output and sodium excretion
      (P less than 0.01). Urinary creatinine excretion was decreased to a significant
      level (P less than 0.02). Urinary potassium excretion was increased but was not
      dose dependent. Maximal increase in the urine volume occurred during first hour
      of clonidine administration. Intraperitoneal administration of clonidine in
      similar molar concentration failed to produce changes in the urine volume. The
      results indicate that clonidine-induced diuresis is centrogenic and is attributed
      to the inhibition of the release of vasopressin from central
      hypothalamoneurohypophyseal axis.

PMID- 3993391
TI  - Rapid formation of reduced haloperidol in guinea pigs following haloperidol
      administration.
AB  - Haloperidol, a butyrophenone neuroleptic, is metabolically reduced in man, but
      not in rat and not in many other experimental animals. Here we present data that
      describes reductive haloperidol metabolism in guinea pigs in vivo. When
      haloperidol was injected intraperitoneally to guinea pigs, it was converted to
      reduced haloperidol so quickly that 1 hr after the injection the concentration of
      haloperidol was only about one fifth of that of reduced haloperidol. Dopamine
      metabolism was enhanced in the striatum after the administration of reduced
      haloperidol, but this enhancement could mostly be explained by oxidation of a
      small amount of reduced haloperidol back to haloperidol. The molecular mechanisms
      of haloperidol reduction should be further studied using guinea pigs as a model
      for human haloperidol metabolism.

PMID- 3993392
TI  - Ibuprofen, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the isolated rabbit heart.
AB  - Myocardial pharmacokinetics and dynamic effects of the non-steroidal
      antiinflammatory drug ibuprofen were studied in isolated, spontaneously beating
      and retrogradely perfused rabbit hearts. Both myocardial uptake and disposition
      of ibuprofen showed two-compartment characteristics, which possibly reflects
      extracellular and intracellular binding sites. Initial and terminal kinetic half
      lives were about 0.6 and 13.4 min., respectively. Vd beta was about 82 ml/g
      myocardial tissue. Stepwise increased ibuprofen concentrations from 30 to 160
      micrograms/ml in the Krebs-Henseleit perfusion liquid produced a progressive
      increase in coronary flowrate up to 178%, which then decreased somewhat at higher
      concentrations. Preliminary observations showed a direct relaxing effect on PGF-2
      alpha produced contractions in coronary vasculature. Oxygen consumption increased
      simultaneously to 143% at 160 micrograms/ml and then decreased. Myocardial
      contractility (measured by amplitude and rate of contraction) decreased
      progressively to about 55% at concentrations from 60-160 micrograms/ml and
      further to 20% at 580 micrograms/ml. Myocardial efficiency expressed as the ratio
      of contraction rate to oxygen consumption decreased to about 0.2. Heart beat
      frequency decreased simultaneously to 73%. The electrocardiographic PQ and QRS
      intervals increased to 143 and 139%, respectively, whereas the QT interval did
      not increase significantly. Asystolia occurred in some cases at ibuprofen
      concentrations of 580 micrograms/ml. The findings suggest that ibuprofen at
      therapeutic concentrations may possibly produce some coronary vasodilation
      accompanied by a slight negative inotropic effect. Interactions with other
      cardioactive drugs seem possible. The drug may cause direct cardiotoxic effects
      at supratherapeutic concentrations.

PMID- 3993393
TI  - K-complex formation of the EEG in sleep. A survey and new examinations.
AB  - The first part of the work offers a survey of the literature on the K complex. In
      the second part the authors' own investigations are discussed. The data come from
      three series of experiments: 1) from five sleeps of eight subjects (s) observed
      under different experimental conditions: 2) from twenty-one nights spent without
      stimulation and fourteen nights at acoustic stimulation of the same s; 3) from
      the analysis of the K complexes appearing in stimulated and non-stimulated
      periods alternating every five minutes of stages 2 in the first cycles of 6
      sleeps of another s. In five sleeps of an identical s the K complexes were
      examined also by means of averaging. The frequency of the K complexes was greater
      in the stages 2 ascending type than in those of descending type. Sensory
      stimulation increased the formation of K complexes in the ascending slopes of the
      cycles to a higher degree than in the descending ones. Repression of the K
      complexes appearing on the effect of stimulation in the ascending slope was more
      marked than in the descending one. These findings indicate a close connection of
      the formation of K complexes and phasic sensory activation. At the same time a
      connection between K-complex formation and the measure of sleep synchronization
      was observed. From evening to morning the frequency of K complexes decreased from
      cycle to cycle, parallel with the decrease in the depth of sleep. Similarly, the
      frequency of the K complexes measured in stages 2 showed a relationship with the
      depth of the cycles: the deeper the sleep in the given cycle, the more the K
      complexes found in unit time in stages 2 belonging to the cycle anchoring the
      measured stage 2. The EEG responses that could be identified with K complexes
      elicited by means of acoustic stimuli could be demonstrated by averaging in the
      whole slow-wave sleep. It is assumed that the EEG phenomena of K complex-type of
      spontaneous sleep arise under the effect of continuous sensory activation, hence
      they correspond with nonspecific evoked potential elements, and therefore the K
      complex can be regarded as a building stone of slow-wave sleep. At the same time
      K complexes were interpreted as conflict products of sensory activation and sleep
      protecting influences and considered important indicators of the dynamics of the
      sleep-waking system.

PMID- 3993394
TI  - Porcine follicular fluid treatment at proestrus diminishes the serum progesterone
      level of rats in early pregnancy.
AB  - Proestrous rats were treated with porcine follicular fluid (pFF) or porcine serum
      (pS) extract, afterwards they were put with males together. Next morning, the
      sperm positive females were considered as day 1 pregnant animals. On days 2, 8
      and 14 of pregnancy serum progesterone level was determined by RIA. On days 2 and
      8 of pregnancy serum progesterone level of pFF treated animals was significantly
      lower than that of pS treated ones, but it was not different from the controls on
      day 14 of pregnancy. The decreased progesterone level indicates that there are
      biologically active endogenous substances in the pFF (presumably inhibin or
      granulosa cell luteinization inhibitor) which may responsible for some forms of
      corpus luteum insufficiency and for some unexplained infertility cases.

PMID- 3993395
TI  - A study of trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and trehalose in relation to aging in
      Callosobruchus analis.
AB  - Trehalase (EC. 3.2.1.28) activity has been studied during aging in male and
      female Callosobruchus analis beetles. Enzyme activity was much higher in females
      than males throughout adult life. Trehalase showed two peaks of activity in
      females, a small peak on the 3rd day and another on the 10th day after adult
      ecdysis, while males showed one peak only on the 10th day after emergence.
      Besides trehalase activity, trehalose as a percentage of total sugars, and
      mortality curves have been studied. It was found that the energy needs of the
      insects also increase as they age.

PMID- 3993396
TI  - Recrystallization from ether causes unusual changes in the convulsant activity of
      pentylenetetrazol.
AB  - The convulsant activity of commercial pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and that of
      pentylenetetrazol recrystallized from ether (PTZE) were compared in the waking
      rabbit by means of recording the electrical activity of the brain. In addition,
      the interaction between the two substances was studied. When given in slow
      intravenous infusion, PTZE proved only half as effective as PTZ (threshold doses:
      23.18 +/- 1.8 mg/kg and 12.40 +/- 0.7 mg/kg, respectively). One single infusion
      of PTZE 5-10 days prior to the administration of PTZ decreased the latter's
      convulsant activity to half of the original, while PTZ pretreatment left the
      activity of PTZE unaltered. Previous physico-chemical investigations suggested
      that, after recrystallization from ether the molecule might be present in dimer
      form at the phase-boundaries. Such a process, if taking place also at the cell
      membrane surface might account for the diminished convulsant activity of the
      recrystallized molecule.

PMID- 3993397
TI  - Measurement of local blood flow in acute myocardial infarction: loss of 15-micron
      microspheres during the first hour.
AB  - Distribution of radiolabelled microspheres is widely utilized for determination
      of regional blood flow in experimental myocardial infarction studies. The purpose
      of this investigation was evaluation of the microsphere method during 1 h of
      regional ischaemia. Special attention was focused upon loss of preocclusion
      microspheres from ischaemic myocardium; mechanisms for loss and blood flow
      distribution in non-ischaemic left ventricle. Microspheres (15 micron) were
      injected into the left atrium in nine pentobarbital anaesthetized cats prior to
      coronary artery occlusion and again after 1 h of occlusion. Preocclusion blood
      flow estimates were lower in ischaemic compared with non-ischaemic myocardium
      (1.36 vs. 1.62 cm3 X min-1 X g-1, P = 0.002), corresponding to 16% apparent loss.
      In endocardial ischaemic tissue, development of oedema could account for the
      loss. In epicardial ischaemic tissue, oedema was not present and loss was
      therefore due to migration of microspheres. Epicardial loss increased in
      proportion to restoration of left ventricular contractility. There was no
      evidence for significant microsphere loss through lymphatic pathways. In non
      ischaemic left ventricular tissue, myocardial blood flow was evenly distributed
      from apex to base, and also between endocardial and epicardial layers. This study
      quantitates an important limitation to measurements of local blood flow in
      ischaemic myocardium by radiolabelled microspheres.

PMID- 3993398
TI  - Effects of reserpine and isoproterenol on elemental distribution in submandibular
      gland of rat.
AB  - The effects of a single dose of reserpine or isoproterenol on the acinar cells of
      rat submandibular gland were investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray
      microanalysis. About 4 h after injection of reserpine, the cellular Ca
      concentration started to increase and at 24 h a level two to three times the
      control value was reached. The mucus content of the cells increased in parallel
      with the Ca concentrations. Isoproterenol stimulation depleted the acinar cells
      of their mucus. Resynthesis of mucus was visible at 8-12 h after injection.
      Changes in cellular Ca concentrations followed the mucus content of the cells.
      After 24 h both the mucus content and the Ca concentration were significantly
      increased over the control values. High-resolution X-ray microanalysis on thin
      cryosections showed that the calcium was accumulated in the mucus granules, both
      after reserpine and after isoproterenol administration. The newly synthesized
      mucus was also more calcium-rich than the original mucus. The effect of a single
      isoproterenol stimulation on elemental content of rat submandibular gland acinar
      cells was not significantly different from that of chronic isoproterenol
      treatment. Chronic treatment with reserpine resulted in a higher cellular Na/K
      ratio than a single dose.

PMID- 3993399
TI  - Physiological responses associated with feigned death in the American opossum.
AB  - Heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature of four free-ranging American
      opossums, Didelphis marsupialis of both sexes (2.47 +/- 0.27 kg; mean +/- SE),
      were monitored during mild provocation and during death feigning ('play possum').
      Mild provocations, caused by the approach of either man or dog, elicited a
      freezing response. The behavioural response was accompanied by a 12% decrease in
      heart rate (218 +/- 11 to 192 +/- 10 beats X min-1; mean +/- SE) and a 31%
      reduction in respiratory rate (26.7 +/- 1.7 to 18.4 +/- 1.4 breaths X min-1) from
      pre-stimulation values. Death feigning was induced by vigorous tactile
      stimulation by either investigator or dog. The response was marked by immobility,
      prone position and stiffness of the body. Mouth was open and the animal showed no
      response to touch or pinching. Death feigning was always accompanied by
      salivation, urination, defaecation and erection of the penis (in males). Heart
      rate decreased 46% (222 +/- 10.6 to 120 +/- 17 beats X min-1) and respiratory
      rate was reduced 30% (27.4 +/- 1.5 to 19.2 +/- 2.3 breaths X min-1) from pre
      stimulation values. Body temperature dropped from 34.8 +/- 0.2 to 34.2 +/- 0.3
      degrees C. During death feigning the animal was fully conscious as was evident by
      heart rate reduction during the re-approach of the dog. Atropine treatment had no
      obvious effect on behaviour but abolished the bradycardia when compared to pre
      stimulus condition.

PMID- 3993400
TI  - Evidence that the arterial baroreceptors influence muscle blood flow and not
      subcutaneous flow in man.
AB  - Studies in man indicate that skeletal muscle blood flow is modulated via high
      pressure baroreceptors located in the carotid body. However, whether subcutaneous
      blood flow is influenced in this way remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of
      the present study was to determine whether subcutaneous as well as skeletal
      muscle blood flow was influenced by direct carotid body stimulation; this was
      done by means of neck suction. Six young healthy males were investigated.
      Subcutaneous and skeletal muscle blood flow in the forearm was measured by the
      local 133Xe washout technique. Neck suction of -20 mmHg was applied through a
      tight helmet covering the head and neck. In the supine position heart rate
      increased about 10%, mean arterial pressure was unchanged, subcutaneous blood
      flow was unchanged, but skeletal muscle blood flow increased about 70%.
      Measurements were repeated during neck suction, -20 mmHg, and 45 degrees head-up
      tilt (which is known to decrease subcutaneous blood flow and skeletal muscle
      blood flow by increasing sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity). Heart rate
      increased by about 20%, mean arterial pressure was unchanged, subcutaneous blood
      flow was unchanged and skeletal muscle blood flow increased about 100%. These
      results indicate that skeletal muscle blood flow is modulated through carotid
      baroreceptors. Subcutaneous blood flow seems not to be influenced by high
      pressure baroreceptor modulation, although a vasoconstrictor response to head-up
      tilt was demonstrated in this as well as other recent studies.

PMID- 3993401
TI  - Serum factors other than albumin are needed for the maintenance of normal
      capillary permselectivity in rat hindlimb muscle.
AB  - To investigate the effects of different perfusates on capillary permeability, we
      determined the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC), the capillary diffusion
      capacity (PS) for Cr-EDTA and clearance of albumin during isogravimetric
      conditions and maximal vasodilatation in the isolated, perfused rat hindquarter
      preparation. Experiments were conducted in 30 rats with different perfusates. We
      were able to confirm the classical 'protein effect'. Absence of proteins, using
      pure dextran solution as perfusate, induced a 45% increase in CFC and a three
      fold increase in albumin clearance. However, we also found evidence for a 'serum
      effect'. Hence, the clearance of albumin was normal when the serum content
      exceeded 5% (v/v) in perfusates otherwise composed of albumin in Tyrode, but
      increased three-fold from 0.0305 to 0.0912 ml (min X 100 g)-1 when the rats were
      perfused with albumin in Tyrode with no serum present, without any change in CFC,
      PS for Cr-EDTA or vascular resistance to flow. Thus, certain non-dialysable serum
      factors, other than albumin, seem to be needed for the maintenance of normal
      capillary permselectivity in rat hindquarters. These factors are probably needed
      for the capillary membrane to maintain its character of a negatively charged
      barrier.

PMID- 3993402
TI  - Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of
      progression in humans.
AB  - Knowledge of adaptations to changes in speed and mode of progression (walking
      running) in human locomotion is important for an understanding of underlying
      neural control mechanisms and allows a comparison with more detailed animal
      studies. Leg movements and muscle activity patterns were studied in ten healthy
      males (19-29 yr) during level walking (0.4-3.0 m X s-1) and running (1.0-9.0 m X
      s-1) on a motor-driven treadmill. Movements were recorded in the sagittal plane
      with a Selspot optoelectronic system. Recordings of EMG were made from seven
      different muscles of one leg by means of surface electrodes. Durations,
      amplitudes and relative phase relationships of angular displacements and EMG
      activity were analysed in relation to different phases of the stride cycle
      (defined by the leg movements). The durations of the entire stride cycle and of
      the support phase were found to decrease curvilinearly with velocity. Swing and
      support phase durations were linearly related to cycle duration in walking, and
      curvilinearly related in running. The characteristic occurrence of double support
      phases in walking was also seen in very slow running. Support length increased
      with speed up to about 1.2 m both in walking and running, but was longer in
      walking at the same velocity. Increases in net angular displacements were largest
      for hip movements and for knee flexion-extension during the swing phase in
      running. With increasing velocity a clear shift in relative rectus femoris
      activity occurred from knee extension to hip flexion. Gastrocnemius lateralis
      (LG) was co-activated with the other leg extensors prior to foot contact in
      running, whereas in walking LG was not turned on until later in the support
      phase. The ankle flexor tibialis anterior had its main peak of activity after
      touch-down in walking and before touch-down in running. The same basic structure
      of the stride cycle as in other animals suggests similarities in the underlying
      neural control. Human speed adaptation is distinguished primarily by an increase
      in both frequency and amplitude of leg movements and by a possibility of changing
      between a walking and a running type of movement pattern.

PMID- 3993403
TI  - Graded effects of oxygen and respiratory inhibitors on cell metabolism and
      spontaneous contractions in smooth muscle of the rat portal vein.
AB  - The basis for the hypoxic relaxation of spontaneous activity in the rat portal
      vein was investigated by comparing responses to oxygen and the respiratory chain
      inhibitors amobarbital and cyanide. With the inhibitors, O2 consumption (FO2) is
      uniformly decreased throughout the cell mass, and thus O2 gradients in the tissue
      are avoided. Hence the effects are not to be attributed to all-or-none inhibition
      in anoxic regions, a possibility that might complicate the interpretation of
      responses to hypoxia. With stepwise reduction in PO2 (96 to o% in N2 + 4% CO2) or
      increasing concentration of inhibitor (o-5 mmol), FO2 decreased with a
      concomitant reduction in mean contractile activity (P) and increase in lactate
      production (FLA). The calculated ATP production (FATP) was linearly related to P
      for P greater than 10% of the control value in 96% O2, with the same slope for
      hypoxia and both inhibitors. In this range the reduced FATP with P can largely be
      attributed to decreased metabolic demand of contraction, as evident from a
      comparison with the responses to hypoxia of portal veins relaxed in nominally
      Ca2+-free medium. With reduced PO2 or increased amobarbital concentration the
      tissue content of phosphocreatine decreased, whereas ATP remained constant for P
      greater than 10% of control. Similar responses to hypoxia and respiratory
      inhibition demonstrate graded effects on metabolism and contractility in the
      vascular smooth muscle cells, correlating with reported vasodilatory effects of
      these interventions in vivo.

PMID- 3993404
TI  - Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the spontaneous phasic activity
      of rabbit bladder and kidney pelvis preparations in vitro.

PMID- 3993405
TI  - Potent vasoconstrictor actions of alpha, beta-methylene ATP, a stable analogue of
      ATP, on the rat vasculature, in vivo.

PMID- 3993406
TI  - Nerve stump length and 2-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by rat diaphragm muscle.

PMID- 3993407
TI  - Effects of denervation and protein synthesis inhibitors on amino acid transport
      in the rat diaphragm.

PMID- 3993408
TI  - The effects of scopolamine upon verbal memory: evidence for an attentional
      hypothesis.

PMID- 3993409
TI  - Calculation of time differences between pairs of clock times.

PMID- 3993410
TI  - The effects of effort on stroop interference.

PMID- 3993411
TI  - The effect of irrelevant cues on 'same-different' judgments in a sequential
      information processing task.

PMID- 3993412
TI  - Perceptual processing modes in the functional visual field.

PMID- 3993413
TI  - The effects of noise on the naming of colours and reading of colour names.

PMID- 3993414
TI  - Output organization in the free recall of mildly retarded children.

PMID- 3993416
TI  - Diaphanography in benign breast disorders. Correlation with clinical examination,
      mammography, cytology and histology.
AB  - Histologically classified benign breast disorder was present in 163 breast of 158
      symptomatic women. The results of diaphanography (DPG) were correlated with those
      obtained by clinical examination (CE), mammography (M) and cytology (C). A tumour
      was palpable in 108 cases (66.3%). A false positive diagnosis, i.e. possibly
      malignant, probably malignant or malignant was made in 15 cases (9.2%) with DPG,
      and in 33 cases (20.2%) with M. Use of both M and DPG reduced the number of false
      positives to 1.8 per cent. In 8 cases (4.9%) false positive diagnosis was made
      with C. During a mean observation time of 58.5 months (range 44-72 months, one
      case of breast carcinoma was diagnosed.

PMID- 3993415
TI  - Angiography of the internal mammary artery.
AB  - The anatomy and catheterization techniques of the internal mammary artery
      (i.m.a.) are described. The diagnostic criteria and importance of i.m.a.
      angiography in thymoma, lymphoma, carcinoma, parathyroid adenoma, diseases of the
      breast, and trauma are discussed. The role of i.m.a. catheterization for i.a.
      infusion therapy in lung carcinoma, mesothelioma and chest wall metastases of
      breast carcinoma and embolization of i.m.a. in bleeding following trauma or
      tumour ulceration are described. Transcatheter treatment of mediastinal
      parathyroid adenoma is also described.

PMID- 3993417
TI  - Anatomic basis for the pathogenesis and radiologic features of vertebral
      osteomyelitis and its differentiation from childhood discitis. A
      microarteriographic investigation.
AB  - Microarteriography has demonstrated the anatomy which explains the pathogenesis
      and radiologic features of adult vertebral osteomyelitis and of childhood
      discitis. Infarction is caused in the metaphysis by a septic embolus. The
      intraosseous arteries in children are anastomotic and a small portion of bone is
      destroyed. In adults a larger portion of bone is destroyed because the
      intraosseous arteries are end-arteries and septic thrombosis spreads into
      peripheral intraosseous arteries. The disc is avascular at all ages and is
      attacked by infection equally. The trans-equatorial spread of osteomyelitis
      occurs via an artery which is first described here. It joins the metaphyseal
      anastomoses of the same vertebral body in the midline.

PMID- 3993418
TI  - Radiography of the spine and sacro-iliac joints in ankylosing spondylitis and
      psoriasis.
AB  - A grading system involving six stages of arthritis from grade 0 = normal joints
      to grade V = extensive bony ankylosis in the sacro-iliac joints and a scheme
      applicable for quantitative registration of the radiographic findings of the
      spine in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are detailed. These radiographic grading
      systems were used in a study comprising 48 patients with psoriasis (group A), 19
      patients with AS and psoriasis (group B), 103 patients with AS (group C) and 231
      first-degree relatives of the patients belonging to groups B and C (group D).
      Radiographic abnormalities of the spine were found totally in 80 per cent of the
      patients belonging to groups B and C. In these groups sclerotic anterior borders
      of vertebrae (SABS) and/or straightened anterior surfaces of vertebrae were seen
      totally in 66 per cent. SABS were earlier findings than syndesmophyte formation
      which was found in 60 per cent of the patients belonging to groups B and C.
      Except for ankylosis of the apophyseal joints and ossified interspinous ligament
      most frequently found in the lower lumbar region in patients with duration of
      disease more than 20 years, all abnormalities of the spine were most frequent in
      the dorsolumbar junction. Grade V sacro-iliitis was associated with ankylosis of
      two or more segments of the spine. Such spinal changes were infrequently seen in
      patients with grade IV sacro-iliitis. This finding supports the previous notion
      that among patients fulfilling the criteria for AS, there is a group with a non
      ankylosing disease. Thus two different subgroups of AS could be identified.
      Except for frequent unilateral sacro-iliitis and slight changes of the spine in
      group A no radiographic differences were found between the groups A, B and C.
      Sacro-iliitis was found in 22 (9%) in group D, and 11 of those with sacro-iliitis
      had abnormalities of the spine compatible with AS.

PMID- 3993419
TI  - Transpharyngeal radiography of mandibular condyle. Comparison with other
      conventional methods.
AB  - Transpharyngeal examination of the mandibular condyle was compared with
      transcranial and transmaxillary examinations in 22 patients with mandibular
      pain/dysfunction. All projections were supplementary and a combination of at
      least two methods seemed preferable. When a single examination was used,
      underestimation of abnormalities was evident. In demonstrating condylar
      destruction, the transpharyngeal examination seemed to be superior to the more
      commonly used transcranial, but inferior to the transmaxillary examination.

PMID- 3993420
TI  - Unilateral demonstration of the atlas in ipsilateral maxillary alveolar bone
      destruction.
AB  - In conventional sinus films in occipito-frontal projection, the atlas is
      superimposed on the maxillary alveolar processes. If destruction of the alveolar
      process is present, the atlas-half on the affected side may be unusually clearly
      demonstrated. The value of this 'unilateral demonstration of the atlas' was
      confirmed by comparing a group of 20 patients with alveolar process destruction
      with two groups of 50 patients, one reported as normal and another with mucosal
      thickening, fluid levels or entirely dense sinuses.

PMID- 3993421
TI  - Evaluation of the Dunlap/Rippstein method for determination of femoral neck
      angles.
AB  - The accuracy of the Dunlap method, as modified by Rippstein, for measuring the
      femoral neck angles was evaluated using adult bodies. The results were correlated
      to measurements on the dissected femurs. The Dunlap/Rippstein method correlated
      well with the determinations made in the specimens. The accuracy of the method
      was within +/- 7 degrees for the anteversion angle and within -5 to +9 degrees
      for the head-neck-shaft angle.

PMID- 3993422
TI  - Shrinking pleuritis with atelectasis. Specificity of abnormalities present at
      conventional radiography of the lung.
AB  - Radiographic appearances claimed to be typical of shrinking pleuritis with
      atelectasis (SPA) were tested by mingling chest films from 6 SPA patients with
      those from 56 cancer cases. Two radiologists were asked to interpret the films
      independently, make a diagnosis, and state what abnormalities could be
      distinguished. No single abnormality or combination of abnormalities was found to
      be pathognomonic and the wish to diagnose the SPA cases led to misdiagnosis of
      cancer in one of 56 cases by each radiologist. To prevent underdiagnosis of
      cancer, further examinations are required. Careful follow-up of SPA cases, if
      they are not operated upon, is recommended.

PMID- 3993424
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and tissue characterization of a renal cell carcinoma
      and its osseous metastasis. Report of a case.
AB  - A patient with renal cell carcinoma, first presenting because of symptoms from an
      osseous metastasis, was examined with CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
      Both the primary tumor and the metastasis were well demonstrated by both methods.
      MRI tissue characterization showed that the T1 values in the kidney and the
      metastasis were the same, as were the T2 values. This may mean a potential for
      the MRI to define primary tumors when a metastasis is found.

PMID- 3993423
TI  - Alterations in the CT image following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in early
      stage non-seminomatous testicular tumor.
AB  - CT was performed before and after lymphadenectomy in 105 patients with early
      stage non-seminomatous testicular tumor. Retroperitoneal blurring and retracted
      bowel were the most common findings and might cause interpretation problems. A
      reference CT making future comparison possible should be routinely performed two
      months after the operation.

PMID- 3993425
TI  - Rapid dilatation of the nephrostomy track using a new type of balloon catheter.
AB  - A new type of balloon catheter for rapid nephrostomy track dilatation from 3 to
      10 mm is described. The balloon has a length of 10 cm, which means that the tract
      can be dilated in its entire length in one step. The catheter system is
      recommended for use, especially in patients previously not operated upon.

PMID- 3993427
TI  - [The effect of alcohol on lymphocytes and the influence of serum from alcoholics
      on the process of lymphocyte transformation in the circulating blood of healthy
      persons].

PMID- 3993426
TI  - High dose urography in patients with renal failure. A double blind investigation
      of iohexol and metrizoate.
AB  - The new non-ionic contrast medium iohexol 350 mg I/ml was compared with the ionic
      contrast medium metrizoate 350 mg I/ml in a double blind, two-group urographic
      study performed on 20 patients with stable, impaired renal function. A dose of
      contrast medium of 500 mg I/kg body weight was given to each patient. Iohexol
      resulted in significantly fewer subjective adverse reactions than metrizoate. A
      similar image quality was obtained with the two contrast media. No clinically
      significant difference existed between the two contrast media with respect to
      influence on blood pressure, pulse or clinical chemical parameters. A tendency to
      deterioration of renal function after urography was found in both groups, but no
      difference of statistical significance existed between the two contrast media
      with respect to possible nephrotoxicity. Inadequate hydration may have been
      partly responsible for the nephrotoxic effect of the urographic procedure.

PMID- 3993428
TI  - The influence of mental stress at work on the development of psychosomatic
      disease.

PMID- 3993429
TI  - Evolution and prognosis of aplastic anemia.

PMID- 3993430
TI  - [Osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis and the possible potentiating effect of
      corticosteroids].

PMID- 3993432
TI  - Ten years of infective endocarditis: a clinicopathologic study.
AB  - The records of 46 patients with infective endocarditis diagnosed either
      clinically or post-mortem were analyzed. Twenty-six patients were over 60 years
      of age. S. aureus was the predominant organism, almost exclusively found in
      patients with acute endocarditis. Thirty-six patients had pre-existing heart
      disease, the most common being non-rheumatic valvular calcification and
      congenital defects. Two thirds of the patients, especially those with aortic
      valve regurgitation, developed new or progressive heart failure. A correct
      clinical diagnosis was established in only 30 patients. Twenty-three patients
      died, the mortality being 71% in acute and 32% in subacute disease. Only one of
      eight patients with prosthetic valve infection died. Four patients required
      urgent valve replacement. Early surgical intervention should be considered in
      patients with uncontrolled heart failure.

PMID- 3993433
TI  - Does post-exercise ST depression reflect local ischemia or some global effect in
      the left ventricle?
AB  - As exercise-induced ST depressions are most frequent and marked in lead V5
      independent of which single coronary artery is obstructed, some other mechanisms
      of ST depressions than local ischemia should be searched for. Left ventricular
      hemodynamics during exercise was studied in two groups of patients with severe
      effort angina, 19 with and 12 without ST depression after exercise (STAE). During
      supine exercise until angina, stroke index became significantly lower (37 vs. 52
      ml/m2) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) significantly higher
      (40 vs. 30 mmHg) in the STAE group. The best discriminator was the early
      diastolic pressure (LVeDP) (22 vs. 11 mmHg), which is interpreted as a sign of a
      more ischemic ventricle in the STAE group. The sum of STAE in all leads is
      correlated to LVeDP but not to LVEDP during exercise. The link between the
      significant ischemia in various locations and STAE appearing most frequently and
      markedly in V5 seems to be some global mechanism as the occurrence of STAE and
      the height of the R wave were positively correlated in the various leads. As STAE
      in coronary heart disease shows similar configuration and distribution as in
      aortic valvular stenosis and digoxin medication of healthy subjects, a possible
      link could be the compensatory increase in contractility in non-ischemic parts of
      the ventricle.

PMID- 3993431
TI  - Genetic and environmental determinants for lipoprotein concentrations in blood.
AB  - Path and segregation analyses have been performed on cholesterol and triglyceride
      contents of serum as well as on very low, low and high density lipoproteins in 78
      Swedish nuclear families. The effect of environmental variables like alcohol and
      smoking on the concentrations of the different lipoproteins has been studied.
      Genetic heritability was 0.16-0.68 for the cholesterol fractions and 0-0.56 for
      the triglyceride fractions. No major gene was evident for any of the variables
      studied.

PMID- 3993434
TI  - Effects of secretin on parathyroid hormone and calcium in normal subjects,
      patients with hyperparathyroidism and patients with gastrinoma.
AB  - In vitro studies have demonstrated that secretin can stimulate the release of
      parathyroid hormone (PTH), but reports concerning its effects on PTH and calcium
      in vivo are contradictory. To examine this question further, a bolus injection of
      secretin (75 IU) was given to 12 normal subjects and 10 patients with primary
      hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Six of the patients had multiple endocrine neoplasia
      and five had endocrine pancreatic tumours (EPT). Three normocalcaemic patients
      with EPT were also included in the study. The mean serum gastrin level rose
      significantly (from 19 to 40 pmol/l, p less than 0.01) within 15 min of secretin
      injection in the normal subjects. HPT patients without EPT had a somewhat higher
      mean basal level of gastrin (39 pmol/l, p less than 0.05 compared with controls),
      but it did not increase significantly after the secretin bolus. In six EPT
      patients the gastrin concentrations rose by more than 300 pmol/l. Although
      secretin had a biological capacity to release gastrin, it had no discernible
      effects on either serum PTH or serum calcium in any of the groups studied. Nor
      were any changes in PTH or calcium observed when secretin was given as a
      continuous infusion (3 IU/kg/h) over 90 min. Thus, our data do not support the
      concept that secretin, in vivo, is a secretagogue of PTH.

PMID- 3993435
TI  - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Denmark. A report from the
      Copenhagen study group of AIDS on the first 20 Danish patients.
AB  - Twenty Danish patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had
      been diagnosed by January 1984, 14 of them after 1982. Eighteen patients were
      male homosexuals, 8 of whom had visited the USA after 1979, 2 were heterosexual
      males with a history of sexual contacts in Central Africa, suggesting a
      transmission of AIDS from woman to man. AIDS has not been observed in drug
      abusers, hemophiliacs or transfused non-risk persons in Denmark. The clinical
      picture varied according to the presence of Kaposi sarcoma or the type of
      opportunistic infections, but was in general similar to that reported from the
      USA. Investigation of T-lymphocyte subsets revealed that the AIDS patients
      differed from controls and healthy homosexual men by having either a very low
      number of helper cells or a low helper/suppressor cell ratio. Functional
      immunological studies revealed a decreased natural killer cell activity and
      decreased blast transformation by mitogens. The survival two years after
      diagnosis was 16%.

PMID- 3993436
TI  - Facial skin temperature in chlorpropamide alcohol flush.
AB  - Objective methods to study the chlorpropamide alcohol flush (CPAF) have been
      inadequate. Determination of blood acetaldehyde has proved to be a promising
      method, but the analysis is difficult and time-consuming. To measure the facial
      skin temperature is more handy. The results of these measurements can be
      presented as delta T (skin temperature increase), %T (per cent of maximum
      possible temperature rise) or delta MTCI (malar thermal circulation index) after
      calculations. The baseline skin temperature is accounted for in %T and delta
      MTCI. Blood acetaldehyde determinations and placebo-alcohol tests can be used to
      separate the CPAF reaction from alcohol flushing. Single dose CPAF tests
      including facial skin temperature measurements were performed in 133 type 2 (non
      insulin dependent) diabetics. Facial flush was observed in 42.9%. The specificity
      and sensitivity of all three skin temperature methods were high: 88.2, 85.5,
      96.1%, and 89.5, 86.0, 86.0%, respectively. Skin temperature measurement, whether
      expressed as delta T, %T or delta MTCI, provides a method to study CPAF with high
      accuracy.

PMID- 3993437
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica infection complicated by severe thrombocytopenia
      resistant to high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin.
AB  - A young female patient developed severe thrombocytopenia 10 days after an
      infection with Yersinia enterocolitica, serotype 3. She was treated with high
      dose intravenous immunoglobulin without effect, and later corticosteroids also
      failed to induce remission. After 10 days of profuse bleeding the platelet count
      rose slowly to normal. Her tissue type was HLA-B27. To our knowledge,
      thrombocytopenia complicating Yersinia infection has not been reported before.

PMID- 3993438
TI  - Factors associated with changes in serum cholesterol during a community-based
      hypertension programme.
AB  - A cohort of 1019 male and 1232 female hypertensives, aged 25-59 years, based on a
      random population sample, was followed for five years during a community-based
      cardiovascular prevention programme. A small mean reduction in serum cholesterol
      level was found. The observed changes in casual serum cholesterol values were
      partly due to the regression to the mean. The reductions were most marked in
      elderly people and in those with high baseline serum cholesterol values. The
      partial regressions of the cholesterol change were computed in subgroups by age,
      sex and baseline serum cholesterol level. Changes in weight in men and in age in
      women were the strongest independent predictors of the change in serum
      cholesterol. Changes in dietary fat intake were also associated with the change
      in serum cholesterol. Only a small part of the total variation in the change in
      serum cholesterol was explained by the regression models. The results indicate
      that reduction of the serum cholesterol level among hypertensive persons,
      especially men, was caused by changes in their dietary habits.

PMID- 3993439
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis in Iceland 1980-1982. An epidemiological survey.
AB  - A nationwide survey of the incidence of clinical thyrotoxicosis in Iceland was
      made during the three-year period 1980-1982. An annual incidence of 23.6 per 100
      000 inhabitants was found, females outnumbering males by 4.2:1; 72% of all
      patients were aged 20-49. Graves' disease was considered the cause in 83.3% of
      the patients.

PMID- 3993440
TI  - The relationship between QTc changes and nutrition during weight loss after
      gastroplasty.
AB  - Electrocardiograms, serum electrolytes, plasma concentrations of pre-albumin and
      retinol-binding globulin, and dietary intakes were analyzed in 22 women during
      weight loss after gastroplasty surgery for morbid obesity. QT interval corrected
      for heart rate (QTc) was prolonged (greater than 0.44 sec) in 32% (95% confidence
      limits 14-55%) on one or more occasions. No clinical or electrocardiographic
      complications were seen. Occurrence of QTc prolongation was significantly (p less
      than 0.05) associated with protein intake below recommendation and with low
      plasma pre-albumin concentrations. QTc prolongation was not associated with
      mineral intake and occurred in spite of normal serum levels of calcium
      (uncorrected and albumin-corrected), magnesium, potassium and sodium. Because QTc
      prolongation may precede fatal arrhythmias, adequate protein intake is mandatory
      during weight reduction.

PMID- 3993441
TI  - Pericardiocentesis in patients with and without incipient cardiac tamponade due
      to pericardial effusion. An easy and safe bedside approach.
AB  - Fourteen patients with pericardial effusion of various origins underwent
      pericardiocentesis on 16 occasions. Incipient cardiac tamponade was present on 19
      occasions in 12 patients. Pericardiocentesis was carried out bedside under
      sterile conditions by a trained cardiologist. In case of impaired central
      circulation, drainage was sufficient to stabilize the clinical condition
      haemodynamically, and no adverse events occurred during pericardiocentesis.
      Fenestration of the parietal pericardium was necessary in 5 patients because of
      rapid regeneration of the fluid and in one patient due to pyopericardium with
      cardiac constriction. Pericardiocentesis is recommended in incipient cardiac
      tamponade. In the hands of experienced cardiologists the drainage procedure can
      be carried out safely without sophisticated equipment.

PMID- 3993442
TI  - Hypokalemia, arrhythmias and early prognosis in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Serum potassium concentration was estimated on admission to hospital in 289 women
      and 785 men with acute myocardial infarction. The proportion of women in
      potassium subgroups was inversely related to serum potassium concentration,
      increasing from 8% at serum potassium greater than or equal to 5.2 mmol/l to 58%
      at less than or equal to 3 mmol/l. The frequency of diuretic therapy was also
      higher in women (35%) than in men (23%). The mortality rate was high at 3 months
      in patients with one or more arrhythmias (atrioventricular block grade 2,
      complete heart block, bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation, premature
      ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia) detected by conventional
      methods during the first 48 hours after admission. Hypokalemia (serum potassium
      less than or equal to 3.5 mmol/l) did not significantly predict increased
      occurrence of any of these arrhythmias. Small inhomogeneities of arrhythmias
      between the potassium groups may have been caused by digitalis therapy prior to
      admission. Hypokalemia on admission did not predict altered prognosis during the
      first 3 months.

PMID- 3993444
TI  - Echocardiographic findings in a patient with left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.
AB  - A 57-year-old woman, treated for a large anterior transmural myocardial
      infarction, was readmitted after 8 weeks because of progressive cardiac failure.
      Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly with an atypical cardiac silhouette. Two
      dimensional echocardiography disclosed a large left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.
      The patient underwent resection of the false aneurysm with repair of the left
      ventricular wall and recovered gradually. Different methods for diagnosing
      pseudoaneurysm are discussed.

PMID- 3993443
TI  - Arterial blood pressure and general sympathetic activation in essential
      hypertension during stimulation.
AB  - We asked whether exaggerated blood pressure (BP) reactivity in patients with
      essential hypertension (HT) is a sign of specific activation of the
      cardiovascular system or of generalized sympathetic activation. Fourteen patients
      with essential hypertension and 14 matched normotensive (NT) controls were
      subjected to tasks involving attentional demands, mental arithmetic, a cold
      pressor test and isometric muscular contraction. Systolic and diastolic BPs, skin
      and muscle blood flows, heart rate, skin conductance level and fluctuations
      during each task were recorded. Urine samples for determination of epinephrine
      and norepinephrine excretion were collected after task completion. All tasks
      caused BP increases in both groups. HT showed greater absolute and percentage BP
      reactivity than NT during isometric muscle contraction. Variables for which
      reactivity differences were observed were poorly correlated across tasks both in
      HT and NT, whereas resting values prior to each task were highly correlated in
      both groups. Skin conductance activity, epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion
      rates being examples of non-cardiovascular sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
      indicators did not separate HT from NT. Thus, the exaggerated pressor response in
      HT is not accompanied by signs of generalized SNS activation.

PMID- 3993445
TI  - Clinical aspects of the hypothalamus. Workshop, October 14-15, 1983, Munich.

PMID- 3993446
TI  - Disturbances of the hypothalamic thermoregulation.
AB  - Although compression of the hypothalamus in cases of suprasellar tumour is
      common, spontaneous dysregulation of body temperature is extremely rare.
      Bilateral localization of the hypothalamic nuclei and a high grade of
      compensatory value of temperature regulation may be the reason for this
      phenomenon. In the postoperative period temperature dysregulation is observed
      more often. In order to analyse the influence of diencephalic regulation in these
      patients classification of the degree of hypothalamic compression is necessary.
      The problem was studied under experimental and clinical conditions. Experimental
      studies in rabbits after acute hypothalamic compression and decompression showed
      a reversible disturbances of temperature regulation. Hypothalamic compression in
      dogs resulted in reversible hypothalamic endocrine dysfunction. Clinical
      observations of body temperature in the period after operation of suprasellar
      tumors showed similar results. The temperature study was extended on patients
      with cerebral trauma and intracranial haemorrhage to differentiate the degree of
      hypothalamic lesion. Morphological examinations confirmed alterations localized
      in the anterior and posterior region of the hypothalamus. The analysis proved the
      fact that temperature regulation seems to be a highly sensitive parameter of
      diencephalic function.

PMID- 3993447
TI  - Vegetative dysfunctions of the hypothalamus.
AB  - Experiment and clinical evidence of hypothalamic influence on autonomic function
      has accumulated since the early part of this century. Localization of
      hypothalamic lesions is difficult, and damage must be bilateral to produce
      symptoms. Caloric balance may be altered, with ventromedial lesions causing
      hyperphagia, and lateral hypothalamic lesions producing a syndrome of aphagia and
      weight loss in experimental animals. Gastric ulcerations are associated with
      brainstem lesions, including the diencephalon. Anterior hypothalamic lesions
      cause hyperthermia, while posterior lesions result in hypothermia, often
      accompanied by disturbance of sweating mechanisms. Disorders of sleep and
      wakefulness are seen clinically in encephalitis lethargica and Wernicke's
      syndrome, both associated with hypothalamic damage. The hypothalamus is the
      regulator and co-ordinator of central autonomic activity.

PMID- 3993448
TI  - Surgical therapy of lesions within the hypothalamic region.
AB  - On one hand pituitary microadenomas with autonomous character and those, which
      had been influenced by hypothalamic disorders, are summarized and discussed. On
      the other hand, the neurosurgical management of tumours, adjacent to or involved
      with the hypothalamus, are described. Endocrinologically active pituitary
      adenomas are characterized by their hormone excess of ACTH, GH, and prolactin. In
      Cushing's disease endocrine and clinical remission occurred in 74%. 3 patients
      out of this group showed a reincrease of ACTH after a period of remission,
      indicating a possible hypothalamic influence. In acromegaly the hypothalamic
      influence is also discussed. One patient with an ectopic GRF-producing tumour
      showing a reincrease of GH levels after successful transsphenoidal adenomectomy
      has been described. In microprolactinomas, 7 patients out of 45 showed a
      reincrease of prolactin-levels after a period of normalization, we also discussed
      hypothalamic disorders. Tumours with suprasellar extension such as macroadenomas
      without endocrine activity and meningiomas are removed nowadays with minimal risk
      for the life of the patients. In craniopharyngiomas radical excision is
      accompanied by a high risk of hypothalamic defects caused by mechanical lesions
      and possible secondary vasospasm. Finally the excision of a hamartoma growing
      from the floor of the third ventricle into the interpeduncular cistern is
      discussed. Up to now the successful excision could be documented by
      endocrinological data, which give no sign of further growth of the hamartoma.

PMID- 3993450
TI  - Medical therapy of hypothalamic diseases.
AB  - Hormonal disturbances caused by hypothalamic pathology can be treated effectively
      by target hormone replacement in the case of failure of glandotropic hormone
      secretion. Hyposomatotropism in children has to be substituted by parenteral
      administration of growth hormone. In addition gonadotropins respectively
      gonadotropin releasing factor have to be given in order to restore fertility in
      hypothalamic hypogonadism. Posterior pituitary failure can be adequately replaced
      by administration of analogues of antidiuretic hormone. Hypothalamic pathology
      causing hypersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones may also be accessable to
      medical treatment. This pertains particularly to hyperprolactinemia and
      precocious puberty. However, there is no medical therapy so far for hypothalamic
      disturbances leading to veterative dysfunction like disturbances of temperature
      regulation and control of thirst and polyphagia. In this situation symptomatic
      correction of the abnormality represents the only possibility to keep these
      patients alive.

PMID- 3993449
TI  - Tumours of the third ventricle.
AB  - Primary intraventricular tumors, including colloid cysts, choroid plexus
      papillomas, and ependymomas have their attachment within the IIIrd ventricle and
      stay within its confines. Secondary intraventricular tumours arise adjacent to
      the IIIrd ventricle, often in the suprasellar region, and include
      craniopharyngiomas, optic nerve gliomas, and meningiomas. Approaches to the
      ventricle include subfrontal, subtemporal, anterior transventricular, anterior
      and posterior transcallosal, and transtentorial routes. Memory problems have been
      noted with anterior dorsal methods, implicating damage to one or both anterior
      forniceal columns. Methods of opening the roof of the third ventricle must
      evaluate risk to the deep ventricular veins, the fornix, and the choroid plexus.
      The basal subfrontal method may be modified by opening the lamina terminalis or
      including a lateral approach from the pterional area. The application of these
      approaches in a series of 100 third ventricle tumours is analyzed.

PMID- 3993452
TI  - Surgical anatomy of the hypothalamus.
AB  - Described are the borderlines of the hypothalamus, its nuclei and fiber
      connections and its functions. The vascular supply of the hypothalamic area is
      included. Furthermore measurements of the IIIrd ventricle and distances between
      surface areas of the brain and skull as well as different landmarks near the
      hypothalamus are presented. For example the distance between the frontal pole and
      the lamina terminalis in our material measures 59.3 (52-65) mm. Distances for the
      different approaches to the hypophyseal region (transsphenoideal, pterional,
      supra- and infratentorial, transcallosal and transventricular) are also given.

PMID- 3993454
TI  - Computed tomography in severe head trauma.

PMID- 3993456
TI  - Intracranial hypertension due to acute vitamin A intoxication.

PMID- 3993455
TI  - Parenteral isoniazid as experimental model of epilepsy in rats.

PMID- 3993453
TI  - Hypothalamic neuropeptides and memory.
AB  - Vasopressin and oxytocin exert pronounced effects on behavior by a direct action
      on the brain. A single injection of vasopressin results in a long-term inhibition
      of extinction of a conditioned avoidance response suggesting that vasopressin
      triggers a long-term effect on the maintenance of a learned response, probably by
      facilitation of memory processes. In addition vasopressin improves passive
      avoidance behavior, facilitates retention of sexually motivated T-maze choice
      behavior in male rats, delays extinction of an appetitive discrimination task,
      affects approach behavior to an imprinting stimulus in ducklings, delays the
      postcastration decline in copulatory behavior in male rats, prevents or reverses
      amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock, CO2 inhalation, pentylenetetrazol or
      puromycin. The majority of these effects may be explained by stimulatory
      influences of vasopressin on memory processes. Generally oxytocin exerts effects
      which are opposite to those of vasopressin and it has been suggested that
      oxytocin may be an amnesic neuropeptide. Evidence has been obtained that
      endogenous vasopressin and oxytocin play a physiological role in brain processes
      related to memory. Various limbic system structures seem to act as the anatomical
      substrate for the behavioral effects of vasopressin and different
      neurotransmitter systems seem to be involved. It is postulated that in case
      vasopressin affects retrieval processes the site of action is located in the
      amygdala and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal complex with dopamine and
      serotonin as the respective neurotransmitter systems involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993457
TI  - Brachial monoparesis following herpes zoster.

PMID- 3993458
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess. A case report.

PMID- 3993451
TI  - Sexual maturation of the hypothalamus: pathophysiological aspects and clinical
      implications.
AB  - Sexual maturation in humans begins early in fetal life and culminates in
      adulthood when the gonads have acquired a full capacity for reproduction. It is
      remarkable that during this long process, the pituitary gonadal function, hence
      its hypothalamic control presents an alternative of activation and inhibition
      periods, during which the interrelations of the 3 components of the hypothalamic
      pituitary-gonadal axis change gradually and inversely. The ontogeny of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary system, the varying activity of the reproductive endocrine
      system throughout sexual maturation and the developmental changes in the
      interrelations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are reviewed: the most
      striking feature of human sexual development is the long inhibition of
      hypothalamo-pituitary function during childhood. Much indirect evidence points to
      the determining role of the CNS in the maturation of hypothalamic function: the
      occurrence of rhythms of secretion, the amplitude of secretions and peripubertal
      specific sleep-related nycthemeral rhythm of secretion at the onset of puberty.
      Despite the reality of a negative feedback control, these changes do occur
      independently of gonadal secretions since they are observed (qualitatively if not
      strictly quantitatively) in agonadal children. It is likely that
      neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonine) and opiates have an inhibitory effect on
      Gn-RH release. But we still don't know their evolution during sexual maturation.
      It does not appear that melatonine plays any determinant role in the onset of
      human puberty. The clinical implications of our present understanding of the
      physiological events occurring during sexual maturation are several. Considering
      the major problems related to abnormal sexual maturation we will discuss
      successively: (1) diagnosis of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in early infancy;
      (2) differential diagnosis between premature thelarche and true sexual precocity;
      (3) the usefulness of endocrine investigations in the evaluation of hypothalamic
      pituitary function; and (4) the new developments in the treatment of precocious
      puberty, delayed puberty or hypogonadism.

PMID- 3993460
TI  - Tumors of the occipito-cervical junction: diagnosis by computed
      myelocisternography.

PMID- 3993459
TI  - Intradural tuberculoma of the spine and opto-chiasmatic arachnoiditis as
      complication of tuberculous meningitis. A case report.

PMID- 3993461
TI  - The Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome: polygraphic study of nocturnal sleep.

PMID- 3993462
TI  - The infra-areolar longitudinal incision in reduction mammoplasty.
AB  - The author presents a reduction mammoplasty technique in which an infra-areolar
      longitudinal incision is used. The incision can be either one line, without skin
      removal, or an ellipse, with some skin to be removed. The gland is totally freed
      from the pectoral muscle and the resection of the mammary cone's base is then
      done, using pre-established measurements. The skin retracts spontaneously over
      the remaining breast tissue, which maintains its original shape in a smaller
      size.

PMID- 3993463
TI  - New low-bleed implant--Silastic II.
AB  - A new low-bleed breast implant has been tested both clinically and
      experimentally. In the guinea pig, two-thirds of the capsules are thin; there is
      less inflammation and less foreign body reaction than we have seen in previous
      implants. Evaluations by various investigators show good patient and surgeon
      acceptance of the new low-bleed implants.

PMID- 3993464
TI  - Should face-lifts be performed before the age of 40?
AB  - Patients are seeking rhytidectomies at a younger age. Review of literature
      indicates most procedures are performed in patients over 40 years of age. This
      paper attempts to answer the question, "Should face-lifts be performed before
      40?" In a study by the author, measurements of skin removed from 50 female
      patients were taken. Five of the 50 patients were under 40. The amount of skin
      removed was grouped and compared by decades. Surprisingly, the amount of skin
      removed from patients under 40 was greater than that removed in other groups.
      This group represented a high degree of patient/doctor satisfaction and a low
      complication rate. The study identifies patients with considerable laxity in
      their skin because of hereditary predisposition and other factors. There is no
      reason to defer rhytidectomy for an under-40 patient as long as other
      preoperative criteria are met.

PMID- 3993465
TI  - [Cataract surgery, its indications and prognosis].

PMID- 3993466
TI  - [The structure of the intracanal portion of the optic nerve--its morphology and
      function].

PMID- 3993467
TI  - [Lipid metabolism in hyperglycemic human and rabbit's lenses].

PMID- 3993468
TI  - [VEP dynamic topography in children. A study on the development of the visual
      system].

PMID- 3993469
TI  - [Histochemistry of hyaluronic acid of the bovine vitreous body by
      electronmicroscopy].

PMID- 3993470
TI  - [Retinal correspondence observed by infrared fundus haploscope. The 15th report:
      relationship between binocular depth perception and convergence eye movement].

PMID- 3993472
TI  - [Effect of ocular massage on the function of ciliary body].

PMID- 3993473
TI  - [Drainage of subretinal fluid by the retinal pigment epithelium: their role in
      reattachment of the retina].

PMID- 3993471
TI  - [Behcet's disease and Streptococcus infection. Time course of titer of
      streptococcal antigen and comparison with other uveitis].

PMID- 3993474
TI  - [Study of kinetic vitreous fluorophotometry with computer simulation. I. Computer
      simulation of the vitreous fluorescein kinetics].

PMID- 3993475
TI  - [The shrinkage of corneal endothelial cells during tissue processing].

PMID- 3993476
TI  - [Electrophysiology in the visual pathway and its clinical application].

PMID- 3993477
TI  - [Investigations on the oculomotor system].

PMID- 3993478
TI  - [Dynamic topography of visual evoked potentials: a clinical application with
      basic study].

PMID- 3993479
TI  - [Reduction phalloplasty using the bilateral Nesbit technic. A case of congenital
      hypertrophy of the adrenal glands].

PMID- 3993481
TI  - [The dissolution of obstructive uric acid lithiasis by intravenous perfusion of
      1/6 molar lactate].

PMID- 3993480
TI  - [Kidney oncocytoma, clinical and physiopathologic aspects].

PMID- 3993482
TI  - [The neurogenic bladder in children. I. Introduction].

PMID- 3993483
TI  - [Long-term evaluation of the results in sphincterotomies in spina bifida].

PMID- 3993485
TI  - [A clinical observation of genitourinary tract tuberculosis during the last
      decade].
AB  - Altogether, 92 patients were diagnosed as having genitourinary tuberculosis, and
      were treated at our clinic from 1972 to 1981. These patients form the basis for
      our statistical study. The incidence of genitourinary tuberculosis among our new
      outpatients showed a tendency to decrease and was less than 0.4% during the last
      five years. The mean age of the genitourinary tuberculosis patients was 42.8,
      rather higher than ten years ago. Of these, 41% had a history of tuberculosis and
      54% chiefly complained of bladder-related symptoms. Tubercle bacilli were
      detected in 87% of the patients. About 45% of the patients with urinary
      tuberculosis underwent nephrectomy, which was indicated principally in cases of
      non-functioning kidneys and severe hydronephrosis. A combination of PAS, INH, and
      RFP was used most often and was administered in 58 cases. Used second most often
      was a combination of SM, PAS, and INH (administered in 46 cases).

PMID- 3993484
TI  - [Studies of urinary risk factors in urolithiasis].
AB  - Urinary excretions of calcium, oxalate and uric acid were estimated in 160 stone
      formers (male 118, female 42) and 257 healthy controls (male 207, female 50).
      Stone-formers were divided into two groups according to their stone analysis:
      calcium containing stone-formers and non-calcium stone-formers. Calcium stone
      formers were divided again into those who had a single stone episode and multiple
      or recurrent stone episodes. Urinary calcium and oxalate showed significant
      increases in calcium stone-formers, while urinary uric acid increased only in
      male calcium stone-formers. Recurrent calcium stone-formers demonstrated
      significant high levels of urinary calcium excretion especially in males, whereas
      no difference of urinary oxalate excretion between recurrent and single stone
      formers. The frequency distributions on the excretion of three subjects were
      estimated respectively in patients with calcium stone and in controls. Relative
      risks, risk curves and stone probabilities were proposed and compared. The higher
      excretion values of urinary calcium and oxalate closely related to higher risks
      of forming calcium stones. On the other hand, urinary uric acid did not have such
      a relation to calcium stone formation. We defined the states which urinary
      excretions exceeded 95% upper confidence limits of normal controls as
      hyperexcretions. Hypercalciuria was more than 200 mg/day in male and female,
      hyperoxaluria was 50 mg/day in male and 45 mg/day in female and hyperuricosuria
      was 850 mg/day in male and 650 mg/day in female according to our definition.
      Among male calcium stone-formers, hypercalciuria was found in 45.3%,
      hyperoxaluria in 26.4% and hyperuricosuria in 15.1%. While in female calcium
      stone-formers, hypercalciuria in 23.7%, hyperoxaluria in 26.3% and
      hyperuricosuria in 13.2%. Of the male calcium stone-formers 57.5% showed either
      or both hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria, and recurrent stone-formers also
      demonstrated a higher incidence among them. Excretion products of urinary calcium
      and oxalate were calculated and compared in each group. Calcium stone-formers
      showed significant high values especially in male recurrent stone-formers. The
      estimation by combining some risk factors will provide more useful means of
      assessing severity of urinary calculous diseases and therapeutic effects of their
      various treatments.

PMID- 3993486
TI  - [Clinical statistics of the Urological Department, Kinki University Hospital from
      May of 1975 to December of 1983].

PMID- 3993487
TI  - [A case of giant hydronephrosis and a review of 324 cases in the literature].
AB  - A case of giant hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction in an 18
      year-old boy is reported. The patient had been told to undergo an operation for
      the left hydronephrosis at 2 years of age. However, he stayed away from hospital
      until he presented at our clinic with nausea caused by a large abdominal mass.
      Radiological evaluation revealed a left giant hydronephrosis with no function and
      slight compensatory hypertrophy in the right kidney. Left nephrectomy was
      performed and the pelvic capacity was approximately 7,700 ml. Histopathological
      examination showed muscular hyperplasia at the ureteropelvic junction. The term
      giant hydronephrosis may be defined as a hydronephrosis the contents of which are
      greater than 1,000 ml. Three hundred twenty four cases of giant hydronephrosis in
      the literature are reviewed and the age, sex, side involved, pelvic capacity,
      etiology, and relation to hypertension are discussed.

PMID- 3993488
TI  - [Two cases of congenital hydronephrosis discovered by renal trauma].
AB  - Two cases of congenital hydronephrosis discovered by renal trauma are reported.
      The first case was a 15-year-old girl. When she was practicing KENDO, her Hakama
      clung to her legs, and she tumbled. She had emergency operation for abdominal
      injury. At surgery, no evidence of abdominal injury was detected. Renal trauma
      was suspected. Right renal angiography revealed hydronephrosis. The second case
      was a 23-year-old girl, complaining of abdominal pain after stumbling over a
      block. Intravenous pyelography showed no visualization of the right kidney and CT
      scan showed an abnormal shadow. Retrograde pyelography and angiography revealed
      right hydronephrosis. Including our two cases, 47 cases of renal traumata
      occurring in hydronephrotic kidney in the Japanese literature were reviewed.
      Thirty five of these cases were males. Many were youths under the age of twenty.
      Various sports caused many of the renal traumata. 37 of these cases were treated
      by nephrectomy.

PMID- 3993489
TI  - [Co-existence of renal cyst and tumor: report of two cases and a review of the
      literature].
AB  - We report on two patients with renal cyst and tumor in the same kidney. Despite
      the diagnosis of benign renal cyst obtained by radiological investigation, one
      case proved to be malignant at surgical exploration. The other patient was
      diagnosed to have renal cyst and tumor in the same kidney preoperatively. Co
      existence of renal cyst and tumor is considerably rare. Thirty four cases
      collected from the Japanese literature, including our two cases, are reviewed and
      discussed.

PMID- 3993490
TI  - [A case of non-specific inflammatory granuloma of the bladder with marked
      eosinophilic infiltration].
AB  - A case of non-specific inflammatory granuloma of the bladder with marked
      eosinophilic infiltration is reported. A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our
      hospital on March 9, 1983, with the suspicion of bladder cancer. Her primary
      complaints were miction pain, frequency and gross hematuria. Cystoscopic
      examination revealed a hemi-sphere-shaped tumor at the dome of the bladder.
      Biopsy revealed no malignancy and marked eosinophilic and macrophagocytic
      infiltration of the submucosa. The patient was treated with antiallergic drugs
      and antibiotics with excellent relief of symptoms and objective remission of
      bladder findings on repeated cystoscopy and computed tomography.

PMID- 3993491
TI  - [Male adenomatoid tumor: report of two cases and a review of 100 cases in Japan].
AB  - Two cases of adenomatoid tumor are reported. The patients visited our hospital
      because of a painless mass in the scrotum. Preoperative diagnoses were epididymal
      tuberculosis in the first case and epididymal tumor in the second case. Removal
      of tumors were performed and histological diagnoses were adenomatoid tumor of the
      epididymis in both cases. One hundred cases of male adenomatoid tumor which have
      been reported in Japan are discussed and reviewed.

PMID- 3993492
TI  - [Hemo-lymphangioma of the scrotum and penis].
AB  - A case is reported of a patient with hemo-lymphangioma of the right scrotum and
      penis. The tumor resected surgically weighed 165 grams. The pertinent literature
      is reviewed.

PMID- 3993493
TI  - [Treatment of hypercalciuria found in urolithiasis patients].
AB  - To reduce urinary calcium excretion, 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide per day was
      given to 35 patients with hypercalciuria. Urinary calcium decreased significantly
      after 4 weeks of drug administration, but urinary magnesium did not change.
      Magnesium calcium ratio increased significantly. Although serious side effects
      were not seen, serum potassium decreased and serum uric acid increased
      significantly. From these results thiazide seems to be a useful and safe medicine
      to reduce urinary calcium excretion. The dose and method of administration
      require further examination because the patients have to take the drug for a long
      time.

PMID- 3993494
TI  - [Clinical effectiveness of pipemidic acid on gonorrhoeal urethritis].
AB  - Twenty cases of gonorrhoeal urethritis were orally treated with pipemidic acid
      (PPA). The results are as follows. The clinical effect of PPA was excellent in 9
      cases and good in 6 cases, the efficacy rate being 75%. The usefulness of PPA was
      satisfactory in 12 cases (60%). No side effects were observed. The minimal
      inhibitory concentrations against 14 isolated Neisseria gonorrhoeal strains
      ranged from 0.78 to 3.13 micrograms/ml with a median value of 1.56 micrograms/ml.
      A beta-lactamase-producing strain was observed among the 14 strains and the case
      infected by this strain was successfully treated with PPA. These results indicate
      that PPA is a useful drug for the treatment of gonorrhoeal urethritis.

PMID- 3993495
TI  - [Etiology and prognosis of renovascular hypertension].
AB  - Eleven cases of renovascular hypertension treated by the authors during the 10
      year period from 1974 to 1984 are summarized in this paper, referring
      particularly to its etiology and prognosis. The causative diseases included 3
      cases of atherosclerosis, 4 cases of fibromuscular dysplasia, 1 case of aortitis
      syndrome, 1 case of abdominal aneurysm, 1 case of renovascular thrombosis, and 1
      case of unknown origin. Operations were given in 10 of the 11 cases i.e., 7 cases
      of nephrectomy and 3 cases of reconstructive surgery for renal blood-flow. The
      results of operations at discharge were 7 cases of blood pressure normalization,
      2 cases of its improvement and 1 case of no change. There was no operative
      mortality. The outcome of long followup revealed that 2 of the 3 patients with
      atherosclerosis died in 9 months and 1 year and 10 months, respectively, due to
      cerebral hemorrhage and renal failure. However, the patients with other diseases
      maintained their health for 5 years and 5 months (mean observation period), with
      normal blood pressure or a mild hypertension. Sometimes, in patients with
      atherosclerosis in whom severe arteriosclerotic lesions already exist in the
      cardiovascular system, conservative therapy is better than surgical therapy. The
      indication for surgical therapy, should be made after considering the results of
      the angiotensin II analogue test.

PMID- 3993496
TI  - [Urological analysis of treatment and survival after gynecological
      operation:study of 23 cases].
AB  - The urological treatment and analysis of 23 patients with urological disorders
      after gynecological operation during the past three years were studied. Primary
      trauma of ureter, bladder and other urological organs that was caused by
      gynecological operation occurred in 6 cases (26%) consisting of 3 malignant tumor
      cases, and 3 benign tumor cases. Injured organs were 4 cases of ureter and 2
      cases of bladder. Reconstruction of ureter and ureterovesical implantation were
      performed to all those patients except one who suffered from schizophrenia, and
      these operations brought favorable results. Secondary trauma that caused
      urological disorder after gynecological operation was found in 17 cases (74%),
      all of which were induced by radical operation against malignant tumors. The
      symptoms were uremia, abdominal pain, vesicovaginal fistula, severe bladder
      bleeding with poor general condition. In most cases, uretero-cutaneostomy was
      performed as emergency measures, and recontruction of ureter was possible in 3
      cases. It is presumed that urological operation for secondary damage is
      favorable, since only one patient died of uremia.

PMID- 3993497
TI  - [gamma-Seminoprotein in serum of prostatic cancer].
AB  - From August, 1981 to May, 1984, we measured gamma-seminoprotein in the serum of
      51 untreated patients with prostatic cancer in the Chiba University Hospital.
      Prostatic acid phosphatase (radioimmunoassay) in serum was also measured in these
      patients. We also measured gamma-seminoprotein and prostatic acid phosphatase in
      serum of patients under control by hormonal treatment and of reactivated
      patients. In untreated stage B and stage C cases, positive rate of gamma
      seminoprotein in serum was larger than that of prostatic acid phosphatase.
      Therefore the measurement of gamma-seminoprotein in serum is considered to be
      useful in the diagnosis of early prostatic cancer. Four weeks after hormonal
      treatment, gamma-seminoprotein in the serum of 74% of the patients returned to
      the normal level. The positive rate of gamma-seminoprotein in the serum of
      reactivated patients is significantly larger than that of the patients under
      control by hormonal therapy.

PMID- 3993498
TI  - [DNA flow cytometric evaluation of spermatogenesis. Part 2: Studies on male
      infertility].
AB  - Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on the testicular biopsy tissue
      obtained from 17 oligospermic men, 25 azoospermic men and 5 normal men. DNA
      histograms were made after viewing a small piece of biopsy tissue for a short
      time. The DNA histograms were classified by eye into four types (Type A:
      Aspermatogenesis without haploid cell, Type B: Maturation arrest at primary
      spermatocyte, Type C: Hypospermatogenesis, Type D: Normal spermatogenesis).
      Analysis of the DNA histograms accurately revealed the proportion of haploid,
      diploid and tetraploid cells. The DNA distributions for 5 normal men were 58.9 +/
      3.6% haploid cells, 24.3 +/- 3.8% diploid cells and 16.8 +/- 0.8% tetraploid
      cells. Significant correlation was found between the proportion of haploid cells
      (%haploid) and the testicular volume. The results of the investigation of the
      correlation between the DNA distributions and histological evaluations show that
      testicular degeneration increase proportionally to the decrease in haploid cells.
      Therefore, the %haploid appears to be an effective index for the quantitative
      evaluation of spermatogenesis.

PMID- 3993499
TI  - [Treatment of organic impotence. Self-administered intracavernous injection of
      papaverin HCI (a preliminary report)].
AB  - Intracavernous injection of 40 mg papaverin HCI caused erection sufficient for
      intromission in all six cases of organic impotence. The patients were taught to
      self inject one corpus cavernosum just prior to coitus and reported that they
      were able to have coitus at home. No complications were encountered. This method
      should be tried first as an alternative to penile implant for patients with
      organic erectile failure.

PMID- 3993500
TI  - Coagulase-negative staphylococci--emerging pathogens.

PMID- 3993501
TI  - Bone histomorphometry in clinical evaluation of metabolic bone diseases.

PMID- 3993502
TI  - Dead reckoning for Alabama medicine.

PMID- 3993503
TI  - An analysis of the language of young hearing-impaired children in terms of
      syntax, semantics, and use.

PMID- 3993504
TI  - American literature: making a mountain out of a molehill.

PMID- 3993505
TI  - A comparison of intellectual structure in deaf and hearing children.

PMID- 3993506
TI  - The attributional beliefs of hearing-impaired students concerning academic
      success and failure.

PMID- 3993507
TI  - The primary mode of human communication and complex cognition.

PMID- 3993508
TI  - Comprehensive assessment of the elderly patient.
AB  - Successful clinical evaluation of the elderly patient begins with supportive
      office-staff response to the initial contact, affording the patient an
      opportunity both to provide and to obtain health-related information. The
      physician uses a problem-oriented historical interview that includes an informal
      mental status examination. The physical examination focuses on disorders that can
      be reversed or stabilized, avoiding premature hospitalization. Brief follow-up
      visits provide continuous, empathic and optimistic support.

PMID- 3993510
TI  - Pretibial myxedema.
AB  - Pretibial myxedema is a localized dermopathy seen in patients with past or
      present hyperthyroidism. Massive intradermal deposition of mucin (acid
      mucopolysaccharide) produces the classic indurated nodules or plaques on the
      anterior lower legs. Most patients have elevated levels of LATS in their serum;
      however, this appears to be a marker for the disease, rather than a cause. Mild
      pretibial myxedema requires no treatment. Topical, intralesional or systemic
      steroids may be useful in severe cases.

PMID- 3993511
TI  - Burkitt's lymphoma.

PMID- 3993509
TI  - Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.
AB  - All antibiotics, except parenteral aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and vancomycin,
      can induce pseudomembranous colitis. The worst offenders are clindamycin,
      ampicillin, amoxicillin and the cephalosporins. The cytotoxin produced by
      Clostridium difficile has been identified as the cause of pseudomembranous
      colitis. Treatment includes an antimicrobial to eradicate the organism and
      cholestyramine or colestipol to bind the toxin.

PMID- 3993512
TI  - Chronic lymphadenopathy in children and adolescents.

PMID- 3993513
TI  - Myocardial blood flow during cardiac tamponade in dogs with coronary occlusion:
      effects of isoproterenol.
AB  - To determine the effects of cardiac tamponade in dogs with ligation of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery, fluid was introduced into the pericardial
      space to raise right and left atrial and pericardial pressures, first to 7 to 9
      mm Hg and then to 11 to 12 mm Hg. Normal and ischemic myocardial blood flow fell
      approximately 20% to 25% during mild tamponade (1.27 +/- 0.16 to 1.00 +/- 0.06
      ml/min/gm and 0.52 +/- 0.12 to 0.39 +/- 0.08 ml/min/gm, respectively) and by 50%
      during moderate tamponade (0.66 +/- 0.08 and 0.23 +/- 0.05 ml/min/gm,
      respectively). The inner/outer left ventricular wall blood flow ratio decreased
      modestly from 1.16 to 1.08 (p less than 0.025) in normal areas but increased from
      0.53 to 0.61 (p less than 0.05) in the ischemic regions, suggesting possible
      epicardial vessel compression. Isoproterenol resulted in prompt decreases in
      pericardial and filling pressures, 16% increase in aortic pressure, and 200% rise
      in cardiac output. Normal myocardial blood flow more than doubled (1.55 +/- 0.12
      ml/min/gm, p less than 0.001). Although average ischemic blood flow rose slightly
      to 0.042 +/- 0.10 ml/min/gm, the increase was not significant. Furthermore,
      changes in ischemic blood flow were heterogeneous with frank decrease in one dog.
      Therefore, although isoproterenol has salutary hemodynamic effects, its
      unpredictable action on myocardial blood flow should cause one to use it
      cautiously in those with tamponade who are believed to have coronary occlusive
      disease.

PMID- 3993514
TI  - Right ventricular outflow pouch associated with double-chambered right ventricle.
AB  - Of 12 patients who underwent complete hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic
      study for double-chambered right ventricle, seven were found to have a previously
      undescribed abnormality. Each of these patients exhibited an actively
      contractile, pouchlike structure closely associated with the right ventricular
      outflow tract, which occupied a right medial position in respect to the right
      ventricle. It varied considerably in size but not in location. This abnormality
      could be best defined when the distal, low-pressure, aspect of the doubled
      chambered right ventricle was the injection site. It was best seen in those
      angiographic projections which allowed optimal viewing of the right medial aspect
      of the right ventricle. This structure is considered to develop postnatally,
      secondary to altered flow patterns produced by the underlying malformation, and
      it appears to constitute a unique finding with double-chambered right ventricle.

PMID- 3993515
TI  - The role of aortic valve calcium in the detection of aortic stenosis: an
      echocardiographic study.
AB  - One hundred fifty-three men (mean age 67.0 +/- 10.0 years) with basal systolic
      murmurs and aortic valve calcium on the echocardiogram (group II) were studied to
      assess the relationship between the grade of calcium and severity of aortic valve
      obstruction. Patients were subdivided into group IIA (hypertension, no coronary
      artery disease), group IIB (coronary artery disease, no hypertension), group IIC
      (hypertension and coronary artery disease) and group IID (neither hypertension
      nor coronary artery disease). Group I consisted of 21 normal age-matched men
      (mean age 60.5 +/- 10.9 years). Aortic valve calcium was graded as 1+ (63
      patients), 2+ (54 patients), or 3+ (36 patients) according to the degree of
      involvement. Left ventricular wall thickness was greater in group II than in
      group I, and close correlation between wall thickness parameters and grade of
      aortic valve calcium was observed for group IID. Of 31 catheterized patients,
      none of seven with 1+ aortic calcium and 11 of 14 with 3+ calcium had gradients
      greater than or equal to 50 mm Hg. With 3+ calcium the valve area was 0.8 +/- 0.4
      cm2, and with 1+ calcium it was 2.8 +/- 0.7 cm2 (f = 0.0006). The presence of 3+
      calcium or grade 2+ calcium combined with a left ventricular ejection time index
      greater than 433 msec and a left ventricular mass greater than 300 gm was highly
      suggestive of severe aortic stenosis and could be used to separate patients to be
      considered for invasive studies from those with benign aortic valve sclerosis.

PMID- 3993516
TI  - Effect of end-diastolic volume on the canine left ventricular ejection fraction.
AB  - Left ventricular ejection fraction is commonly used in the clinical assessment of
      ventricular function. However, the effect of changes in end-diastolic volume on
      ejection fraction is controversial. The present study examines the effect of
      changes in end-diastolic volume on ejection fraction in 26 anesthetized dogs on
      right heart bypass with controlled hemodynamics. At the end of each experiment,
      pressure-volume relationships were obtained in the potassium arrested heart
      following suturing of the mitral valve leaflets and clamping of the aortic root.
      This technique allowed determination of the end-diastolic volume from the end
      diastolic pressure. Ejection fraction is highly dependent on end-diastolic volume
      and end-diastolic pressure at lower levels of end-diastolic volume and end
      diastolic pressure. Ejection fraction increased from 30 +/- 1% (SEM) to 64 +/- 2%
      (p less than 0.001) when end-diastolic pressure was increased from 4 +/- 0.5 to
      11 +/- 0.5 cm H2O. The corresponding end-diastolic volumes were 22 +/- 0.5 and 38
      +/- 1 ml, respectively (p less than 0.01). Ejection fraction only increased from
      64 +/- 2% to 71 +/- 1% (p less than 0.01) when end-diastolic pressure was
      increased from 11 +/- 0.5 to 18 +/- 1 cm H2O. The corresponding end-diastolic
      volumes were 38 +/- 1 and 50 +/- 1 ml (p less than 0.01), respectively. This
      dependence of ejection fraction on preload is present over a wide range of levels
      of aortic pressure. Similar directional changes in ejection fraction with preload
      were present after an adequate autonomic blockade, in the presence of either
      increased or decreased inotropic state and in the presence of an open or closed
      pericardium. Thus, the present study demonstrates that ejection fraction can be
      substantially altered by acute changes in end-diastolic volume. This factor
      should be taken into account when using ejection fraction for the clinical
      assessment of ventricular function.

PMID- 3993517
TI  - The arrhythmogenicity of antiarrhythmic agents.

PMID- 3993518
TI  - Bradycardic and vasodepressor syncope secondary to glossopharyngeal neuralgia
      from hypopharyngeal tumor.

PMID- 3993519
TI  - Atrioventricular block induced in an athlete by carotid baroreceptor stimulation.

PMID- 3993520
TI  - Treatment of sinus node reentrant tachycardia with verapamil.

PMID- 3993521
TI  - Brucella melitensis pericarditis.

PMID- 3993522
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial abscess complicating
      ventricular septal defect.

PMID- 3993523
TI  - Traumatic aorto-right ventricular fistula presenting with a diastolic murmur.

PMID- 3993524
TI  - Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with pulmonary venous obstruction:
      survival into adulthood.

PMID- 3993525
TI  - Gallium-67 lung uptake associated with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 3993526
TI  - Evaluation of left atrial myxoma with transmission computed tomography.

PMID- 3993527
TI  - Lack of correlation between occlusion and reperfusion arrhythmias in the cat.
AB  - Recently it has been stated that in dogs absence of arrhythmias during coronary
      artery occlusion identifies a subgroup at almost no risk for developing
      ventricular fibrillation (VF) during reperfusion. A potential implication would
      be that prevention of ischemic arrhythmias may also prevent the most severe
      reperfusion arrhythmias. This concept is at variance with available clinical
      evidence. In order to reexamine this problem the left anterior descending
      coronary artery was occluded for 20 minutes in 41 anesthetized cats; the
      incidence and type of arrhythmias during occlusion and during the first minute of
      reperfusion were analyzed. Five animals had VF during occlusion and were not
      resuscitated. Twenty animals had ischemic arrhythmias, and among them the
      incidence of reperfusion VF was 50%. Sixteen animals did not have ischemic
      arrhythmias, but they did have a very similar incidence of reperfusion VF (44%).
      Thus, in this feline preparation, absence of ischemic arrhythmias did not help to
      predict a favorable outcome at the moment of reperfusion. This disparity with
      previous studies does not depend on the protocol used, but it may be partly due
      to species difference. These results demonstrate a lack of correlation between
      reperfusion VF and ischemic arrhythmias and provide further support for the
      concept of different mechanisms involved in occlusion and reperfusion
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 3993528
TI  - The effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on life-threatening arrhythmias induced by the
      interaction between acute myocardial ischemia and sympathetic hyperactivity.
AB  - Transient myocardial ischemia, with attendant sympathetic hyperactivity, seems to
      play a major role in sudden cardiac death among patients with ischemic heart
      disease. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF) are consistently and
      repeatedly elicited in cats by the interaction between a 2-minute occlusion of
      the left descending coronary artery and a 30-second stimulation of the left
      stellate ganglion. When three consecutive trials yield almost identical results,
      time alone will not modify the response and a given drug can be injected to test
      its efficacy with an internal control analysis. In 90 cats the efficacy of the
      following drugs was assessed: lidocaine (n = 11), mexiletine (n = 12),
      propafenone (n = 12), propranolol (n = 19), prazosin (n = 10), amiodarone (n =
      14), and verapamil (n = 12). Class I antiarrhythmic drugs completely failed to
      afford protection and worsening of arrhythmia was observed in several instances.
      Propranolol and prazosin showed efficacy in approximately 80% and 60% of the
      animals, respectively. Amiodarone and verapamil completely prevented the onset of
      VT and VF. Protection from arrhythmias seems to be related to the combined
      presence of a noncompetitive adrenergic blockade associated with salutary effects
      on coronary circulation. These findings correlate with and help to explain the
      results of clinical trials in postmyocardial infarction patients. This model may
      help to provide a rational choice of antiarrhythmic drugs to be tested in
      clinical trials.

PMID- 3993529
TI  - Prevention of ventricular fibrillation by dextrorotatory sotalol in a conscious
      canine model of sudden coronary death.
AB  - The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of the dextrorotatory isomer of
      sotalol, administered in a multiple-dose regimen, were evaluated in conscious
      dogs 3 to 5 days after anterior myocardial infarction. The intravenous
      administration of d-sotalol, four 8 mg/kg doses over a 24-hour treatment period,
      suppressed the induction of ventricular tachycardia by programmed electrical
      stimulation in six of nine dogs tested, slowed the rate of the induced
      tachyarrhythmia in two of the remaining three dogs, and provided significant
      protection (5 of 8 d-sotalol vs 0 of 8 vehicle control) against the development
      of ventricular fibrillation in response to ischemia at a site distant to a
      previous myocardial infarction. Increases in ventricular myocardial
      refractoriness and in QTc and paced QT intervals suggest that class III
      electrophysiologic actions contribute to the antiarrhythmic properties of
      dextrorotatory sotalol in this animal model. The degree of beta-adrenergic
      receptor blockade produced by d-sotalol in this dose regimen was negligible.
      These findings suggest the potential utility of d-sotalol in the prevention of
      ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in the setting of myocardial
      infarction, particularly when beta-adrenergic receptor blockade is undesirable or
      contraindicated.

PMID- 3993531
TI  - Determinants of simultaneous fast and slow pathway conduction in patients with
      dual atrioventricular nodal pathways.
AB  - Double His bundle and ventricular responses to a single atrial impulse caused by
      a simultaneous fast and slow pathway conduction was observed during
      electrophysiologic study in three patients with dual-pathway atrioventricular
      nodal reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In patient No. 1 this
      phenomenon occurred during rapid atrial pacing, in patient No. 2 during both
      rapid atrial pacing and delivery of a single atrial extrastimulus, and in patient
      No. 3 during delivery of double atrial extrastimuli. Retrograde unidirectional
      block in the slow pathway was suggested by retrograde induction of tachycardia at
      a long ventricular paced cycle length and/or long ventricular coupling interval
      in all three patients. Our findings suggest that major determinants of this
      phenomenon include: a sufficient conduction delay in the slow pathway so that the
      distal tissue is able to respond for the second time, and a retrograde
      unidirectional block in the slow pathway so that the fast pathway impulse will
      not enter and collide with the oncoming slow pathway impulse.

PMID- 3993530
TI  - Clinical significance of ventricular fibrillation-flutter induced by ventricular
      programmed stimulation.
AB  - Two hundred twenty-four patients underwent ventricular programmed stimulation
      (VPS) without prior documentation of the clinical occurrence of sustained
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation-flutter (VF).
      Indications for VPS were: palpitations or nonsustained VT during ambulatory
      monitoring (85 patients), syncope or presyncope (137 patients), and a family
      history of sudden death (two patients). Sustained VF requiring transthoracic
      defibrillation was initiated by VPS in 18 patients (8.0%). Four patients were
      treated for inducible VF with antiarrhythmic agents directed by
      electropharmacologic testing; five patients were treated empirically; nine
      patients received no therapy. No patient has had a cardiac arrest or sudden death
      during a follow-up period 25.2 +/- 13.8 months (mean +/- standard deviation). VF
      was initiated by two ventricular extrastimuli in three patients and by three
      extrastimuli in 15 patients. The incidence of VF was similar in patients with and
      without previous symptoms (8.8% vs 6.9%) or heart disease (7.1% vs 9.6%). It was
      significantly higher when VPS at three ventricular sites with a current of 5 mA
      (pulse width 2 msec) was compared to programmed stimulation at two ventricular
      sites with a current twice diastolic threshold (pulse width 2 msec) (15.2% vs
      3.0%, p less than 0.05). VF initiated by VPS in patients without prior VT or VF
      appears to be a nonspecific finding. Antiarrhythmic therapy for VF may not be
      necessary in these patients.

PMID- 3993532
TI  - Effect of imipramine and nortriptyline on left ventricular function and blood
      pressure in patients treated for arrhythmias.
AB  - The effect of imipramine or nortriptyline on left ventricular function and
      orthostatic blood pressure was evaluated in 20 nondepressed cardiac patients
      treated for ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs). Drug was administered
      by mouth and dose ranging used, 1 mg/kg/day (imipramine) or 0.5 mg/kg/day
      (nortriptyline), was increased after four doses (imipramine) or six doses
      (nortriptyline) until greater than 80% suppression of VPDs or adverse effects
      occurred or until a maximum dose of 5 mg/kg/day (imipramine) or 3.5 mg/kg/day
      (nortriptyline) was given. Fourteen (70%) had greater than 80% VPD suppression,
      five had less than 80% improvement (range 25% to 77%), and one had a VPD
      frequency increase of 6%. Mean daily imipramine dose was 210 +/- 103 mg and mean
      nortriptyline dose was 100 +/- 29 mg. Neither drug significantly changed mean
      ejection fraction or peak systolic pressure end-systolic volume ratio by
      radionuclide angiogram. Both reduced standing systolic blood pressure: mean
      change after imipramine was 26 mm Hg (NS), and after nortriptyline, 14 mm Hg (p
      less than 0.05). Drug was discontinued in two patients because of symptomatic
      orthostatic blood pressure change greater than 30 mm Hg. There was not a
      significant relationship between dose, drug concentration, or functional class
      and orthostatic change in systolic blood pressure but there was for age (p less
      than 0.05). These observations suggest that even cardiac patients with impaired
      systolic function may take imipramine or nortriptyline for VPDs; however,
      frequent blood pressure measurement is advised, particularly in older patients.

PMID- 3993533
TI  - A sequential approach to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease using
      multivariate analysis.
AB  - There has been considerable interest in recent years in enhancing the accuracy of
      noninvasive tests in diagnosing coronary artery disease. The recognition that no
      currently available test is a perfect predictor has led to the use of probability
      analysis as a means of assessing the presence or absence of coronary disease. In
      this article we present a multivariate approach to the diagnosis of coronary
      disease. One hundred forty-seven patients undergoing coronary angiography,
      thallium-201 imaging, and exercise ECG were studied. Patients were classified
      according to age, sex, and typical vs atypical chest pain. Sequential stepwise
      logistic regression analysis was performed to develop probability statements
      prior to testing, after exercise ECG, and after exercise ECG and thallium-201.
      The results indicate that this sequential approach can be used to develop
      strategies for the diagnosis of coronary disease in the same way as Bayes'
      theorem, while permitting integration of multiple characteristics into one model.

PMID- 3993534
TI  - Once-daily acebutolol and atenolol in essential hypertension: double-blind
      crossover comparison.
AB  - Acebutolol was compared to atenolol in 33 patients with mild to moderate
      essential hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 mm Hg) with the
      use of a double-blind crossover study design. At 8 weeks of treatment,
      acebutolol, 400 mg once daily, and atenolol, 100 mg once daily, produced similar
      significant (p less than 0.01) reductions in average mean arterial blood pressure
      (12% and 11%, respectively) from baseline. Average heart rate at 4 weeks was also
      significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) from baseline (acebutolol, 14.8%;
      atenolol, 18.3%); the reduction with acebutolol, however, was significantly less
      (p less than 0.05) than that seen with atenolol. Both agents produced similar
      effects during exercise, and serum drug determinations showed acebutolol to be
      rapidly metabolized. Acebutolol appeared to be better tolerated: the frequency of
      side effects with acebutolol (24%) was less than with atenolol (45%). Acebutolol
      is as effective as atenolol in mild to moderate essential hypertension.
      Acebutolol appears to be better tolerated and to have a lesser effect on heart
      rate than atenolol.

PMID- 3993535
TI  - Comparison of acebutolol with propranolol, quinidine, and placebo: results of
      three multicenter arrhythmia trials.
AB  - Acebutolol was compared to placebo, propranolol, and quinidine for the
      suppression of chronic ventricular arrhythmia in three double-blind, randomized
      crossover studies. Patients averaged greater than or equal to 10 to 30 premature
      ventricular contractions (PVCs) per hour in the baseline periods. Compared to
      baseline in all three studies, acebutolol significantly (p less than 0.002 to p
      less than 0.001) reduced mean total PVCs and complex PVCs. In all measurements,
      acebutolol was superior to placebo (p less than 0.02 to p less than 0.001) and
      comparable to propranolol and quinidine. During acebutolol treatment, 39% of the
      patients had reductions of greater than or equal to 75% in mean hourly PVC
      frequency compared to 23% during placebo treatment (p = 0.02). Similar numbers of
      patients had greater than or equal to 75% reductions during acebutolol treatment
      in comparison with propranolol and quinidine. Acebutolol was better tolerated
      than quinidine and produced an antiarrhythmic effect equivalent to that of
      propranolol, with a significantly (p less than 0.01) lesser decrease in resting
      heart rate. The antiarrhythmic activity of acebutolol, its ancillary
      pharmacologic properties, and its tolerance by a diverse group of patients make
      acebutolol a significant tool for the clinician in the management of chronic
      arrhythmia.

PMID- 3993536
TI  - Acebutolol for premature ventricular contractions: short- and long-term effects.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of oral acebutolol therapy for the suppression of
      premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were assessed in two clinical trials
      pooled for analysis. Thirty-two patients suffering from organic heart disease,
      who had experienced an average of greater than or equal to 10 PVCs/h (range 14 to
      996 three times a day) on Holter monitoring during a 24-hour baseline study
      period, were given acebutolol (100 mg three times a day to 400 mg four times a
      day) over 4 weeks. Three patients were withdrawn from the study for
      administrative reasons, and four patients were excluded from the efficacy
      analysis. Of the 25 remaining patients (24 men, 1 woman; mean age 56 years, range
      37 to 69), 18 (72%) experienced some reduction in PVCs from the second through
      the fourth week of therapy. Eleven patients (44%) experienced clinically
      significant reductions (greater than or equal to 75%) in PVCs. The onset of the
      antiarrhythmic effect of acebutolol was within 7 days of administration.
      Transient mild to moderate side effects were noted in eight patients. Significant
      correlations (p less than 0.001) were observed between the mean daily dose of
      acebutolol and (1) mean blood levels, (2) reduction in PVCs, and (3) reduction in
      resting heart rate. The average daily dose of acebutolol ranged from 304 to 1060
      mg. In nine patients receiving acebutolol in a 12-month open-label extension,
      both efficacy and safety were maintained. This study confirms that oral
      acebutolol therapy in both safe and efficacious for suppressing PVCs in patients
      with organic heart disease.

PMID- 3993537
TI  - Evaluating cancer clusters.
AB  - We have had considerable success in identifying cancer causing agents in the
      workplace using epidemiologic methods. This success had made us very sensitive to
      the occurrence of cancer clusters among workers in the belief that identification
      of some common exposure could reveal the presence of a carcinogen and lead to
      preventive measures. This intense surveillance is both a blessing and a curse. On
      the one hand, it is a proven way of discovering environmental causes of cancer.
      On the other, it leads to false alarms or does not always lead to identification
      of a causal agent. It is easy to demonstrate, using tables of random number 5,
      how clusters can occur by chance and to demonstrate that when the number of
      comparisons made in identifying clusters is known there is a basis for their
      evaluation. Unfortunately, in most instances, when cancer clusters are detected
      in the workplace the number of comparisons made is unknown and the statistical
      significance of the cluster cannot be evaluated. Moreover, it is not usually
      recognized that in this situation when a study is made as a result of discovering
      a cluster in a particular population, the cases that make up the cluster cannot
      be included in a data set which tests the hypothesis that a cluster exists. This
      paper illustrates the above points by actual experiences.

PMID- 3993538
TI  - Airborne asbestos measurement: preliminary findings identify a new source of
      variability in the membrane filter method.
AB  - Significant quantities of asbestos fibers have been found on the inside surfaces
      of the filter cassettes using the current membrane filter method (P&CAM-239).
      This introduces a major new source of random error not previously recognized in
      these measurements. This phenomenon is apparently due to the presence of
      electrostatic charges generated within the plastic filter cassettes.

PMID- 3993539
TI  - Residential formaldehyde sampling--current and recommended practices.
AB  - The usefulness of test results in assessing the health hazard potential of
      residential formaldehyde exposures depends in great measure on the accuracy and
      reliability of sampling/analysis methods employed, the protocol used in
      collecting samples, sampling objectives, and an understanding of residential
      formaldehyde dynamics and their relationship to environmental variables. Active
      sampling and analysis methods including detector tubes, the impinger/chromotropic
      acid method, the impinger/pararosaniline method, and the CEA continuous monitor
      are reviewed as to advantages and limitations for residential sampling. Passive
      dosimeter methods including the Dupont Pro-Tec Badge, 3M Monitor, Air Quality
      Research, Inc. Passive Formaldehyde Kit, and Envirotech, Inc. Dosimeter are also
      reviewed. Sampling considerations for one-time formaldehyde sampling using the
      impinger/chromotropic acid method are discussed in detail, including pre-sampling
      closure of residences, maintenance of a standard indoor temperature both before
      and during sampling, the undesirability of sampling during cold, dry winter
      weather, sample number, sampling location, height and duration, environmental
      measurements during sampling, source identification and sample storage. A model
      formaldehyde sampling protocol based on the impinger/chromotropic acid method is
      described.

PMID- 3993540
TI  - Validation of techniques for the destruction of dimethyl sulfate.
AB  - It has been reported that dimethyl sulfate (DMS) can be degraded with sodium
      hydroxide solution (1 mol/L), sodium carbonate solution (1 mol/L), or ammonium
      hydroxide solution (1.5 mol/L). This has now been confirmed. Complete destruction
      of undiluted DMS or DMS in solvents miscible with water (methanol, ethanol, DMSO,
      DMF, acetone) or solvents partially miscible or immiscible with water (toluene, p
      xylene, benzene, 1-pentanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
      acetonitrile) could be obtained using any of the above methods. Reaction times
      were 15 min after homogeneity was obtained for undiluted DMS, 15 min for
      solutions in methanol, ethanol, DMSO, and DMF, one hour for solutions in acetone,
      three hours for acetonitrile, and one day for the other solvents listed above.
      The final reaction mixtures were tested for mutagenicity, and when the solutions
      were not cytotoxic, no mutagenic response was obtained. DMS in solution was
      determined by a colorimetric method. The products of the reactions were found to
      be methanol when NaOH and Na2CO3 were used and methylamine, dimethylamine,
      trimethylamine, and methanol when ammonium hydroxide was used. The stability of
      DMS in various solvents was also determined.

PMID- 3993541
TI  - A new static sampler for airborne total dust in workplaces.
AB  - This paper describes the development and laboratory testing of a new static dust
      sampler for airborne total dust in workplaces. Particular attention is paid to
      designing the sampling head and entry consistent with the concept of
      inspirability which in turn defines a biologically-relevant aspiration
      efficiency. The sampling head has a small cylindrical body and a transverse entry
      slot with thin protruding lips forming an integral part of a weighable capsule
      containing a 37 mm filter which collects all of the sampled dust (without
      introducing errors due to external particle blow-off or internal wall losses). A
      battery-powered sampling pump provides both air suction at 3 L/min and rigid
      mounting for the sampling head. The sampling head is rotated continuously through
      360 degrees at approximately 1.5 rpm by a simple electric drive, connected to the
      stationary pump through a rotating seal. Wind tunnel testing of the instrument
      showed it to display an entry efficiency very close to the inspirability curve of
      Vincent and Armbruster (now recommended by the ACGIH Technical Committee on Air
      Sampling Procedures for defining inspirable particulate matter (IPM] for
      particles of aerodynamic diameter up to 90 micron and for windspeeds in the range
      of one to three m/sec.

PMID- 3993542
TI  - Evidence for the formation of a hydrate of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
AB  - To explain the differences obtained when sampling 4,4'-diphenylmethane
      diisocyanate (MDI) in industrial atmospheres, with solvent and solvent-free
      sampling techniques, as previously described, a complex "MDI matrix" was looked
      for. The dimer of MDI and MDI treated with water (compound X) were evaluated as
      possible candidates for the "complex MDI matrix". The compound X was analyzed by
      high pressure liquid chromatography, infrared spectrometry, mass spectrometry,
      nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry. The melting
      point was also determined. Suggested from these experiments is that MDI forms a
      hydrate with water and that this hydrate might be the explanation for the
      ambiguous results obtained when sampling MDI by different techniques in the
      industrial atmosphere.

PMID- 3993543
TI  - Exercise training during long-term beta-blockade treatment in healthy subjects.
AB  - Although it is well accepted that treatment with beta-blocking drugs impairs
      endurance exercise capacity acutely, whether a trained state can be achieved
      while receiving long-term beta-blocker therapy is controversial. The apparent
      attenuation of training reported in some studies has given rise to the theory
      that adrenergic stimulation represents a unifying mechanism by which endurance
      training effects are produced. This theory is supported by studies of long-term
      beta-agonist infusions that show apparent training responses. To assess the role
      of beta-adrenergic stimulation produced by exercise in the development of
      cardiovascular training effects, 39 healthy men were assigned in a random, double
      blind fashion to receive oral propranolol, atenolol or matched placebo. Drug
      doses were titrated individually to minimize the heart rate response to
      submaximal exercise (dose ranges: atenolol, 50 to 200 mg/day; propranolol, 160 to
      320 mg/day). After beginning chronic drug administration, all subjects
      participated in an intense, supervised 6-week exercise training program (5
      days/week, 45 min/day, at least 75% peak heart rate). Adherence to training was
      monitored by daily supervision; compliance to the medication regimen was assessed
      by weekly pill counts, medication diaries and plasma drug assay. Maximal exercise
      testing was performed before and after training. Peak oxygen consumption
      increased significantly with training in all 3 groups, whether comparisons were
      made in the presence or absence of medication. The magnitude of change in oxygen
      consumption did not differ between groups (F = 0.12, p greater than 0.88).
      Similarly, peak work rate and duration of work increased in all 3
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993544
TI  - Beta blockade in the compensation for bed-rest cardiovascular deconditioning:
      physiologic and pharmacologic observations.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic blockade using intravenous propranolol was evaluated as a
      countermeasure for bedrest-induced cardiovascular deconditioning. After
      propranolol administration, tolerance to a maximal lower body negative pressure
      (LBNP) test after bed rest improved to at least the -70 mm Hg level; following
      this, there was a sharp decrease in tolerance time. Propranolol decreased mean
      tolerance time by 36% (17.7 +/- 2.4 to 11.5 +/- 2.3 minutes) before bed rest, and
      by only half as much (16.6%) after bed rest (14.4 +/- 2.2 to 12.0 +/- 2.3
      minutes). Systemic vascular resistance was maintained and even slightly increased
      after propranolol despite a decrease in cardiac output, indicating beta 2
      adrenergic blockade. Heart rates at all levels of LBNP were lower during beta
      blockade, yet increases occurred with successive LBNP steps, both before and
      after bed rest, indicating withdrawal of parasympathetic nervous system
      influences. Results support the use of propranolol in small dosages as a
      countermeasure after bed rest, and the findings may also be extrapolated to space
      flight deconditioning.

PMID- 3993545
TI  - Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic
      blockade: implications for the prescription of exercise.
AB  - Forty-seven healthy male subjects, 17 to 34 years old, completed a test to
      exhaustion on a motor-driven treadmill to determine their maximal oxygen uptake.
      A second test was administered 2 days later during which the subject walked for
      20 to 25 minutes at a steady-state level representing 60% of the maximal oxygen
      uptake as determined in the first test. The grade was then increased every 2
      minutes until the subject reached the state of exhaustion. After the second test,
      the subjects were randomly assigned, in a double-blind manner, to either placebo,
      propranolol (160 mg/day), or atenolol (100 mg/day) treatment for 7 days. Exactly
      1 week from the time of the second test, and 3 hours after the last medication,
      the subjects completed the final exercise test using the same treadmill protocol
      administered in the second test. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest
      and during submaximal steady-state exercise were significantly reduced by both
      drugs, whereas diastolic pressure was unaffected. During submaximal steady-state
      exercise, cardiac output was reduced in both the placebo and atenolol groups,
      stroke volume was increased in both atenolol and propranolol groups, oxygen
      uptake was reduced in the atenolol group, pulmonary ventilation was reduced in
      both propranolol and atenolol groups, and the respiratory exchange ratio remained
      unchanged. With maximal exercise, treadmill time was significantly reduced with
      propranolol, pulmonary ventilation and heart rate were reduced significantly with
      both drugs, but maximal oxygen uptake remained unchanged. Thus, beta blockade
      does not appear to limit ability to exercise. However, there appears to be a
      significant advantage to using a cardioselective rather than a nonselective beta
      blocking agent.

PMID- 3993546
TI  - Cardiorespiratory alterations consequent to endurance exercise training during
      chronic beta-adrenergic blockade with atenolol and propranolol.
AB  - A study was undertaken to determine if normal healthy subjects can increase their
      endurance capacity consequent to endurance training during chronic beta
      adrenergic blockade. Forty-seven subjects, 17 to 34 years of age, were randomly
      assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (placebo, propranolol, 160 mg/day, and atenolol,
      100 mg/day) and then completed a 15-week aerobic exercise training program. All
      groups reduced their submaximal steady-state heart rates consequent to training;
      submaximal oxygen uptake was slightly reduced; submaximal stroke volume was
      increased only in the placebo and atenolol groups; submaximal cardiac output was
      generally lower; and arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference was increased after
      training in all 3 groups, suggesting decreased muscle blood flow and increased
      oxidative capacity. Maximal oxygen uptake and maximal treadmill time were
      increased in all 3 groups after training. However, while still on medication the
      atenolol group had significantly greater increases in maximal oxygen uptake and
      maximal treadmill time compared with the propranolol group. Because most patients
      will remain on medication, these results suggest a distinct advantage for
      cardioselective blocking agents. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic blockade
      does not reduce the ability of normal healthy subjects to gain the benefits
      associated with cardiorespiratory endurance training.

PMID- 3993547
TI  - Effects of cardioselective and nonselective beta-adrenergic blockade on the
      performance of highly trained runners.
AB  - Twenty-five highly trained runners with a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of 64.7
      +/- 4.3 ml . kg-1. min-1 were administered clinically equivalent doses of a
      nonselective (propranolol) and a cardioselective (atenolol) beta-blocking agent
      as well as a placebo. The subjects performed a horizontal treadmill test on the
      eighth day and a 10-km track race on the tenth day of each treatment. Beta
      blockade decreased submaximal heart rate and propranolol caused the largest
      decrease. Beta blockade caused a decrease in maximal heart rate, VO2 max, maximal
      ventilation, maximal respiratory exchange ratio and treadmill time. Propranolol
      caused a greater decrease than atenolol in each of these values. The 10-km race
      times were significantly slower during beta blockade, and propranolol race times
      were significantly slower than atenolol race times. It is concluded that the
      performance of highly trained distance runners is significantly altered by beta
      adrenergic blockade and that nonselective agents reduce performance to a greater
      extent than cardioselective agents.

PMID- 3993548
TI  - Cardiovascular control during exercise: central and reflex neural mechanisms.
AB  - Both reflex neural and central command mechanisms have been postulated to explain
      the cardiovascular responses that occur during exercise. The 2 mechanisms appear
      to affect the same neural circuits and to be capable of working either in
      conjunction with one another or independently.

PMID- 3993549
TI  - Physical activity and health: need to define the required stimulus.
AB  - Exercise is frequently recommended as part of a comprehensive program of
      prevention, treatment or rehabilitation of chronic degenerative disease. General
      guidelines on prescribing exercise are based more on the characteristics of
      exercise required to improve physical performance than on preventing disease.
      Most exercise regimens are evaluated according to their effect on aerobic power
      or endurance. Health benefits of exercise may occur in conjunction with an
      improvement in physical performance capacity, but some benefits appear to be
      achieved by exercise that normally does not lead to improved physical fitness.
      Health benefits may occur as a result of repeated acute responses to exercise
      (but without producing a training effect) and by frequent performance of low
      intensity exercise (inadequate for increasing fitness). Psychological benefits
      may also be derived by the process of exercising. The persons who benefit most
      from an increase in exercise are the very inactive because the detrimental health
      related consequences of extreme inactivity are rapidly reversed. There is less
      evidence that an increase in exercise by the already active person results in
      significant health benefits.

PMID- 3993550
TI  - Hemodynamic adaptations to exercise.
AB  - It is not currently known whether central hemodynamic or peripheral (vascular or
      metabolic) factors limit maximal oxygen uptake. By measuring the blood flow and
      oxygen uptake of exercising muscles when only a small fraction of the total
      muscle mass is engaged in exercise, it has been demonstrated that the skeletal
      muscle of man could accommodate a blood flow of at least 200 ml/100 g min, and
      consume 300 ml O2/100 g min at exhaustive exercise. Thus, in whole body exercise
      the limiting factor is the capacity of the heart to deliver oxygen, not the
      muscle. It has also been observed that at high perfusion of the muscle the
      arteriovenous O2 difference is small (14 to 15 vol %), and that the low
      extraction of oxygen is related to the mean transit time (MTT) of red blood cells
      passing through the capillaries. It has been concluded that the primary
      importance of enlargement of the capillary bed with endurance training is not to
      accommodate flow but to maintain or elongate MTT. It has also been concluded
      that, in whole body exercise, the capacity of the muscles to receive a flow
      exceeds by a factor of 2 to 3 the capacity of the heart to supply the flow. Thus,
      vasoconstrictor tone must also be present in the arteries that "feed" exercising
      muscles.

PMID- 3993551
TI  - Role of receptor mechanisms in the adaptive response to habitual exercise.
AB  - Many of the physiologic adaptations that occur in response to habitual exercise
      are associated with changes in neuroendocrine control of specific cell and tissue
      functions. Because all of the hormones and neurotransmitters important to
      exercise physiology exert their effects at the cellular level by binding to
      specific receptors, alterations in receptor properties induced by physical
      conditioning constitute a potential biochemical mechanism underlying changes in
      neuroendocrine control that contribute to the altered physiology of the exercise
      trained state. This article summarizes existing data concerning the effects of
      exercise conditioning on receptor properties in several tissues. Considerable
      evidence suggests that hypersensitivity of adipocyte beta 1-adrenergic receptors
      to catecholamine stimulation is a response to exercise training, and may
      contribute to the increased consumption of fat, as opposed to carbohydrate, as
      fuel for muscular work during submaximal exertion in trained subjects.
      Conversely, cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors appear to be unaltered by physical
      conditioning, such that the relative bradycardia of the trained state is not
      attributable to changes in receptor properties. Training-induced changes in
      skeletal muscle, vascular and bronchial smooth muscle, platelet and leukocyte
      adrenergic receptors have also been reported, but the published findings are
      either inconsistent or of uncertain physiologic significance at the current time.

PMID- 3993552
TI  - Effect of selective and nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade on
      thermoregulation during prolonged exercise in heat.
AB  - The effect of selective and nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the
      thermoregulatory responses of 11 physically active, healthy, young adult men was
      studied during 2-hour block-stepping in heat. The trial consisted of 3 periods of
      6 days each during which propranolol (160 mg/day), atenolol (100 mg) or matching
      placebo was administered in a randomized, double-blind crossover fashion.
      Propranolol and atenolol induced similar, significant (p less than 0.001)
      increases in subjective ratings of perceived exertion. The mechanism of this
      increased fatigue was not evident from the documented alterations in serum
      electrolyte, blood glucose and blood lactate levels or ventilatory parameters.
      Propranolol did, however, induce a postexercise delayed serum-potassium
      reversion. Although rectal and mean skin temperature responses were essentially
      unaltered by beta-adrenoceptor blockade during block-stepping, an increased total
      sweat loss was observed with propranolol (p less than 0.01 versus placebo) and to
      a lesser degree with atenolol (p = not significant versus placebo). This
      indicates that persons receiving beta-adrenoceptor blockers have an increased
      need to adhere to a strict fluid-replacement regimen during exercise. This
      potentially adverse response was minimal with atenolol in contrast to
      propranolol, and this in turn suggests the use of beta1-selective adrenoceptor
      blockers during prolonged exercise when adequate fluid replacement is not
      possible.

PMID- 3993553
TI  - Effect of beta 1-selective and nonselective beta blockade on blood pressure
      relative to physical performance in men with systemic hypertension.
AB  - Eleven physically active men with systemic hypertension were studied after 5
      weeks of treatment with placebo, atenolol or propranolol. A double-blind,
      crossover randomized design was used. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR),
      physical performance capacity, rate of perceived exertion and blood lactate
      concentrations were measured during rest, exercise to exhaustion and
      postexercise, at 8 and 24 hours after intake of the last dose. Blood pressure at
      rest and during exercise was similarly decreased with both drugs (8 and 24
      hours), and there was no difference between 8 and 24 hours with any of the
      treatments. Heart rate (8 hours) was decreased similarly by both drugs, but after
      24 hours, HR at increased workloads (above 120 watts) was higher with atenolol
      compared with propranolol. Maximal HR was lower with propranolol than atenolol at
      both 8 and 24 hours. Maximal exercise loads (8 and 24 hours) were 231 and 232
      watts with placebo, 211 and 212 with propranolol and 228 and 227 with atenolol.
      That is, maximal workload was decreased with propranolol compared with placebo
      and atenolol at both 8 and 24 hours. No difference was found between placebo and
      atenolol at either 8 or 24 hours. The rate of perceived exertion values were
      higher with propranolol than atenolol. Blood lactate concentrations did not
      differ according to treatments. The results indicate that atenolol, when given in
      a dose that decreases resting and exercise BP to the same extent as propranolol,
      limits physical performance less than propranolol.

PMID- 3993554
TI  - The degree to which myocardial infarct site and size determine the
      electrocardiographic axis. Analysis of correlative data by computational
      modeling.
AB  - The spatial electrical QRS axis was determined for 428 twelve-lead
      electrocardiograms from patients subsequently shown by postmortem dissection to
      have ventricular myocardial fibrosis or necrosis. Four 16-segment ventricular
      models of the heart were used to "predict" the spatial electrical QRS axis from
      known ventricular mass and deficit. The raw model I in ideal anatomic position
      and vectors perpendicularly outward for each muscle segment showed a mean
      correlation value of -0.494; model II was rotated in the chest to produce best
      fit with a correlation of 0.638, but the anatomic orientation was not reasonable;
      model III maintained original position and orientation but the vectors were
      scaled (correlation 0.780); and model IV, with nonperpendicular vectors, yielded
      a mean correlation of 0.793. The exceptions to good predictability formed a
      distinct subset largely composed of electrocardiograms with some form of variant
      intraventricular conduction (slight QRS widening, fascicular block patterns and
      "indeterminate frontal-plane axis").

PMID- 3993555
TI  - Angina pectoris before and during acute myocardial infarction: relation to degree
      of physical activity.
AB  - One hundred ninety-seven patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI) were interviewed to evaluate the character of angina pectoris relative to
      physical activity before AMI and at the onset of AMI. Ninety-two patients had no
      angina before AMI and 105 had angina. Among the 105 patients with angina, 58 had
      chronic stable angina that did not change before AMI, 22 noted worsening of
      symptoms within 2 weeks before AMI, and 25 had onset of angina within 2 weeks
      before AMI. In the 92 patients without angina before AMI, AMI occurred during
      heavy exertion in 10 (11%), mild exertion in 43 (47%), at rest in 28 (30%), and
      during sleep in 11 (12%). In the 58 patients with chronic stable angina, 47 had
      angina during exertion, 7 during rest and 4 during both. However, subsequent AMI
      occurred during heavy exertion in 9 (15%), during mild exertion in 16 (28%), at
      rest in 25 (43%), and during sleep in 8 (14%). In the patients without angina, or
      with chronic stable angina without worsening of symptoms, AMI occurred
      unpredictably or differently from the mode of physical activity precipitating
      angina before AMI.

PMID- 3993557
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to early exercise in inferior wall ST acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The heart rate and blood pressure responses to standardized exercise tests were
      studied in a group of patients with electrocardiographic evidence of inferior
      wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The tests were done on a bicycle
      ergometer at 8 to 10 days and 10 to 12 weeks after AMI. At 8 to 10 days after
      AMI, those with ST AMI (n = 12) had a significantly reduced heart rate response
      to exercise compared with patients with Q-wave AMI (n = 25). This difference was
      not evident at 10 to 12 weeks. The systolic blood pressure response in patients
      with ST AMI was lower than that of Q-wave AMI patients during the first exercise
      test, although the difference did not attain statistical significance but was
      significantly lower than the responses of both groups at the second test. The
      patients with ST AMI had smaller amounts of myocardial damage than those with Q
      wave AMI as indicated by plasma creatine kinase values (p less than 0.01). These
      differences in the heart rate responses appeared to result from the preferential
      activation of nonmyelinated afferent fibers in the subepicardial region of the
      inferior wall of the myocardium.

PMID- 3993556
TI  - Importance of coronary collaterals for restoration of left ventricular function
      after intracoronary thrombolysis.
AB  - In an evaluation of the role of coronary collaterals in the early period of acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI), 30 patients with acute total coronary occlusion
      treated with intracoronary thrombolysis 2 to 8 hours after the onset of symptoms
      were studied. Only 13 patients with well-developed collaterals in the early
      period of AMI and successful thrombolysis showed improvement of global and
      regional ejection fraction (EF) from the acute phase to the chronic phase (global
      EF from 50% to 71%, p less than 0.001; regional EF from 25.4% to 49.2%, p less
      than 0.001). In patients with no or less well-developed collaterals and
      successful thrombolysis, global and regional EF were similar to those in patients
      in whom thrombolysis was unsuccessful. Among the 19 patients with successful
      thrombolysis, there was no significant correlation between the duration of
      ischemia and the improvement of regional EF (r = -0.03, difference not
      significant). These data suggest that the extent of coronary collateral vessels
      in the early period of AMI is an important determinant of restoration of left
      ventricular function after intracoronary thrombolysis.

PMID- 3993559
TI  - Selective absorption of ultraviolet laser energy by human atherosclerotic plaque
      treated with tetracycline.
AB  - Tetracycline is an antibiotic that absorbs ultraviolet light at 355 nm and
      preferentially binds to atherosclerotic plaque both in vitro and in vivo.
      Tetracycline-treated human cadaveric aorta was compared with untreated aorta
      using several techniques: absorptive spectrophotometry, which demonstrated a
      distinct absorptive peak at 355 nm in tetracycline-treated plaque that was absent
      in treated normal vessel; ultraviolet microscopy, which showed that treated
      atheroma acquired the characteristic fluorescence of tetracycline under
      ultraviolet light; and tissue uptake of radiolabeled tetracycline, which showed 4
      fold greater uptake by atheroma than by normal vessel. In addition, intravenous
      tetracycline administered to patients undergoing vascular surgery demonstrated
      characteristic fluorescence in surgically excised diseased arteries. Because of
      tetracycline's unique properties, we exposed tetracycline-treated and untreated
      aorta to ultraviolet laser radiation at a wavelength of 355 nm. We found enhanced
      ablation of tetracycline-treated atheroma compared with untreated atheroma. The
      plaque ablation caused by ultraviolet laser radiation was twice as extensive in
      tetracycline-treated vs nontreated plaque (2.2 +/- 0.25 mm vs 1.3 +/- 0.55 mm, p
      less than 0.017). This study demonstrates the potential of tetracycline plaque
      enhancement for the selective destruction of atheroma by ultraviolet laser
      radiation.

PMID- 3993558
TI  - Effects of intravenous infusion of esmolol and propranolol on biventricular
      performance at rest and during exercise as assessed by quantitative radionuclide
      angiography.
AB  - This double-blind, randomized, crossover study examined the effects of
      intravenous infusion of esmolol (a new ultra-short-acting beta-receptor blocking
      agent) and propranolol on cardiovascular performance at rest and during peak
      upright exercise in 15 patients. Biventricular function was assessed by means of
      first-pass radionuclide ventriculography with a computerized multicrystal camera.
      At rest, significant treatment differences between esmolol and propranolol vs
      baseline were found for the heart rate, systolic blood pressure, double product,
      left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), systolic blood pressure to end-systolic
      volume ratio, cardiac index and right ventricular EF. During exercise,
      significant treatment differences were also found for the heart rate, systolic
      blood pressure, double product, right ventricular EF and cardiac index. The mean
      baseline measurements were higher than the mean treatment measurements, but no
      significant differences were found between mean esmolol and mean propranolol
      measurements at rest and during exercise except for the exercise systolic blood
      pressure, which was lower during esmolol infusion. The magnitude of drug effect
      was greater at the time of exercise than at rest. The blood level of esmolol
      decreased markedly by 30 minutes after infusion. Esmolol was well tolerated, with
      no important local, systemic or laboratory abnormalities. Thus, the effects of
      esmolol on cardiovascular performance at rest and exercise are similar to those
      of propranolol.

PMID- 3993560
TI  - Left ventricular responses to upright isometric handgrip and deadlift in men with
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - Isometric exercise is usually discouraged for patients with coronary artery
      disease (CAD) because of the possible adverse effects of increased blood pressure
      on left ventricular (LV) function. Cardiovascular and LV responses to upright
      handgrip and deadlift were compared in 10 normal men (mean age 52 years) and 14
      men (mean age 54 years) with documented CAD or myocardial infarction who were in
      a supervised exercise program. Handgrip and deadlift were each performed at 30%
      maximal effort for 3 minutes. LV technetium-99m multigated radionuclide
      angiograms, electrocardiogram and blood pressure were measured during the final
      60 seconds. CAD patients had a significantly lower LV ejection fraction at rest
      (41%) than normal subjects (57%). Both groups showed equal and significant
      increases in heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure during handgrip and
      deadlift. These responses were all significantly greater in both groups during
      deadlift. No significant changes in LV ejection fraction occurred in either group
      during handgrip or deadlift. LV wall motion abnormalities were present in 9 of 14
      CAD patients at rest and increased with handgrip (11 men) and deadlift (13 men).
      No LV abnormalities occurred in normal subjects. These data indicate
      cardiovascular responses are similar in normal and exercise-trained CAD patients
      during upright submaximal isometric exercise using small or large muscle groups.
      Radionuclide measurements of global LV function remain stable in both groups,
      during similar conditions of increased systolic pressure afterload. However, LV
      wall motion abnormalities are aggravated in CAD patients during isometric
      exercise.

PMID- 3993561
TI  - Prediction of improvement in left ventricular function after ventricular
      aneurysmectomy using Fourier phase and amplitude analysis of radionuclide cardiac
      blood pool scans.
AB  - Postoperative improvement in left ventricular (LV) function is a common objective
      of LV aneurysmectomy, but is difficult to predict. The first Fourier component of
      time-activity curves of pre- and postoperative gated radionuclide angiographic
      studies was evaluated for this purpose in 20 patients who had undergone
      aneurysmectomy. LV aneurysms had portions that characteristically exhibited
      marked phase delay with varying degrees of amplitude. Total aneurysmal amplitude
      was obtained preoperatively by summing the amplitude component of all pixels that
      exhibited phase delay, suggesting paradoxical motion. LV ejection fraction (EF)
      before and after aneurysmectomy and the absolute postoperative increase in LVEF
      were calculated. Nine of 20 patients had an absolute increase of EF less than 10%
      despite resection of large aneurysms. A strong correlation was found between the
      absolute increase in EF after aneurysmectomy and the total amplitude within
      paradoxically moving areas (r = 0.93, p less than 0.0001). Thus, preoperative
      measurement of the total paradoxical amplitude predicts absolute change in EF and
      may be important in selecting patients for aneurysmectomy. The data also suggest
      that the total aneurysmal amplitude reflects the stroke volume ejected into an
      aneurysm in systole and that paradoxical expansion of an aneurysm contributes to
      LV dysfunction in some of these patients.

PMID- 3993562
TI  - Prediction of mortality during the first year after acute myocardial infarction
      from clinical variables and stress test at hospital discharge.
AB  - The predictive value of a predischarge symptom-limited stress test was studied in
      405 consecutive survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Three hundred
      patients performed bicycle ergometry; 105 could not perform it. Among these
      latter 105 patients, the stress test was contraindicated in 43 because of angina
      or heart failure and in 62 because of noncardiac limitations. One-year survival
      was 44% in the "cardiac-limited" group (19 of 43) and 92% in the "non-cardiac
      limited" group (57 of 62). One-year survival among the patients who performed an
      exercise test at discharge was 93% (280 out of 300). The best stress test
      predictor of mortality by univariate analysis was the extent of blood pressure
      (BP) increase: 42 +/- 24 mm Hg in 280 survivors vs 21 +/- 14 mm Hg in 20
      nonsurvivors (p less than 0.001). Among the 212 patients in whom BP increased 30
      mm Hg or more, mortality was 3% (n = 6), while it was 16% (n = 14) among the 88
      patients in whom BP increased less than 30 mm Hg. Angina, ST changes and
      arrhythmias were not as predictive. Stepwise discriminant function analysis
      showed inadequate BP increase to be an independent predictor of mortality. A high
      risk group can be identified at discharge on clinical grounds in patients unable
      to perform a stress test, whereas intermediate- and low-risk groups can be
      identified by the extent of BP increase during exercise.

PMID- 3993563
TI  - Echocardiographic versus hemodynamic monitoring during attacks of variant angina
      pectoris.
AB  - Six attacks of variant angina (2 spontaneous, 4 induced by ergonovine) were
      studied in 6 patients by combined echocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring. A
      decrease of percent systolic thickening of the ischemic wall, which occurred as
      early as the decrease in peak dP/dt of contraction, was detected before the onset
      of ST-segment elevation ("pre-electrocardiographic phase"). At this stage, no
      significant change in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure or end
      diastolic diameter was observed. Subsequently, in the presence of clear-cut ST
      segment elevation ("electrocardiographic phase"), percent systolic thickening (an
      index of regional function) reached its nadir, while dP/dt of contraction (an
      index of global function) was almost back to preischemic values. In this phase, a
      significant increase in LV end-diastolic diameter and end-diastolic pressure
      could be also detected. In the recovery phase, when the ST segment had returned
      to the isoelectric line ("post-electrocardiographic phase"), percent systolic
      thickening and dP/dt of contraction showed supernormal values, while LV end
      diastolic pressure and end-diastolic diameter decreased below basal values. Thus,
      echocardiographic signs of impairment in LV mechanics are as early and sensitive
      as hemodynamic indexes during attacks of variant angina. Furthermore, information
      on morphologic characteristics and regional LV function, not available with
      hemodynamic monitoring, can be obtained by echocardiography.

PMID- 3993564
TI  - Site of conduction delay and electrophysiologic significance of first-degree
      atrioventricular block in children with heart disease.
AB  - Associated electrophysiologic abnormalities and site of delay were studied in 20
      patients, aged 1.5 to 16.5 years, with congenital heart disease and first-degree
      atrioventricular (AV) block (PR interval above the 98th percentile for age and
      heart rate). Eight of the 20 patients with first-degree AV block were studied
      after 1 or more cardiovascular operations. Refractory periods of the atrium, AV
      node, His-Purkinje system and ventricle were determined. As a further test for AV
      nodal integrity, rapid atrial pacing was performed and the cycle at which
      Wenckebach periodicity occurred was noted. Four groups were identified. Group I
      included 4 patients (20%) with intraatrial conduction delay (long PA interval).
      Three patients had depressed sinus nodal function and 1 had depressed AV nodal
      function. Group II included 7 patients (35%) with AV nodal delay (long AH
      interval). One patient had sinus nodal depression and 2 had AV nodal depression
      (prolonged AV nodal refractory period or Wenckebach at a long paced cycle
      length). Group III included 3 patients (15%) with His-Purkinje delay (long HV
      interval). Measured functions were normal in all patients. Group IV included 6
      patients (30%) with normal or high normal intracardiac intervals with long PR.
      One patient had sinus nodal dysfunction, 2 patients had long atrial refractory
      periods, 1 had AV nodal depression; 2 had long refractory period of the His
      Purkinje system, and 1 had long ventricular refractory period. Atrial flutter was
      induced in 1 patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993565
TI  - Ventricular tachycardia in children without heart disease.
AB  - To assess the natural history of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in children without
      heart disease, the clinical course of 26 children, aged 1 day to 15 years at
      initial detection, was reviewed. Symptoms related to the rhythm were present in 8
      children at some time during their course of follow-up. Evaluation included
      echocardiogram (19 patients), Holter monitoring (22 patients), graded treadmill
      exercise testing (16 patients) and invasive electrophysiology (4 patients).
      Exercise induced or exacerbated VT in 9 patients, but suppressed rhythm in 7. Ten
      patients were never treated. Of the remaining 16 treated patients, therapy was
      discontinued in 10 on the basis of the electrocardiographic or Holter monitor
      recordings. Six continued to receive therapy without complications. There were no
      known deaths over a period of 1 month to 34 years (mean 59 months, median 42
      months). Although 2 patients have been lost to follow-up, based on our findings
      and a review of the reported cases of VT in children to date, after undergoing
      complete noninvasive cardiac evaluation symptomatic patients should be treated
      and studied with invasive electrophysiology if antiarrhythmic control is
      inadequate. The rate of VT or age at onset are not predictive of outcome in
      asymptomatic patients. As a group, these patients do not appear to benefit from
      therapy, but warrant follow-up since deaths have been reported in untreated
      asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 3993566
TI  - Effect of site of pacing on dispersion of refractoriness.
AB  - The variation in dispersion of ventricular refractoriness with different sites of
      pacing was measured in 11 patients not taking antiarrhythmic drugs. Dispersion of
      refractoriness between 3 right ventricular sites was determined at constant paced
      cycle lengths (S1S1). Refractoriness to ventricular extrastimulation (S2) using
      atrial pacing vs "clinical" pacing (drive or S1 at the right ventricular apex) vs
      the conventional measurement of dispersion (S1 at the site of S2) was compared.
      Effective and functional refractory periods (ERP and FRP) were measured from
      electrograms at the site of application of S2. Dispersion of ERP was always wider
      using clinical pacing (65.4 +/- 26 ms [+/- standard deviation]) than atrial
      pacing or traditional drive (20.4 +/- 14 and 19.1 +/- 10 ms, p less than 0.0001).
      Similarly, dispersion of FRP was greater with clinical pacing (45.0 +/- 35 vs
      21.8 +/- 14 and 17.3 +/- 13, p less than 0.011). In 2 patients with left bundle
      branch block these differences were most striking. Clinical pacing foreshortened
      FRP relative to ERP (FRP shorter than ERP by an average 12.5 ms at nonapical
      sites) but this did not induce tachycardias, perhaps because FRP was still longer
      than the shortest V1V2 achieved conventionally (FRP was longer at nonapical sites
      than at the apex using clinical pacing, p less than 0.05). With atrial pacing
      there is less dispersion of refractoriness than with clinical ventricular pacing,
      although this difference is not appreciated when dispersion is measured in the
      conventional manner.

PMID- 3993567
TI  - Concealment of manifest, and exposure of concealed, ventricular parasystole
      produced by isoproterenol.
AB  - Few studies have dealt with the effects of isoproterenol on ventricular
      parasystole. Intravenous isoproterenol (2 to 4 micrograms/min) was administered
      to 11 nonmedicated patients with ventricular parasystole. At the onset of the
      drip infusion, 8 patients had continuous parasystole, 2 had intermittent
      parasystole, and 1 patient (in whom intermittent parasystole was documented 2 to
      5 days earlier) showed no manifest parasystolic activity. In all patients, whose
      control parasystolic cycle length varied between 960 and 2,530 ms, isoproterenol
      caused a decrease of the parasystolic cycle lengths ranging from 12 to 36%.
      Therefore, isoproterenol produced a consistent increase of the parasystolic rate.
      In 4 patients, parasystolic activity ceased to be manifest when the concomitantly
      enhanced (by isoproterenol) sinus cycle lengths became shorter than 430 ms. This
      phenomenon reflected a tachycardia-dependent parasystolic concealment, presumably
      as a result of interference in the parasystolic-ventricular junction. In every
      case, the arrhythmia reappeared at its initial rate upon stopping the drip
      infusion. In no patient did parasystolic ventricular tachycardia develop. In the
      patient without manifest parasystolic beats, isoproterenol unmasked the
      intermittent parasystole that previously had been intrinsically manifest. The
      latter effect reflected a true exposure, or unmasking of a latent, rate
      independent concealed, parasystolic focus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993568
TI  - Signal-averaged electrocardiographic late potentials in patients with ventricular
      fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: correlation with clinical arrhythmia and
      electrophysiologic study.
AB  - High-frequency potentials measured in the terminal 40 ms of the signal-averaged
      QRS complex during sinus rhythm are of abnormally low amplitude in most patients
      with ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, less is known about high-frequency
      late potentials in patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF), and the relation
      between late potentials and arrhythmia inducibility during electrophysiologic
      study has not been established. Signal-averaged electrocardiography was used to
      measure high-frequency (more than 25 Hz) late potentials in 24 patients with
      spontaneous VF, 27 patients with spontaneous sustained VT, and 19 normal
      subjects, none of whom were receiving antiarrhythmic drugs. Late-potential
      amplitude in patients with VT was significantly lower than that in patients with
      VF (p less than 0.02). Late-potential amplitude in patients with VF was not
      significantly different from that in normal subjects. Ventricular arrhythmia
      induction was attempted during electrophysiologic study in 46 of the patients
      with VF or VT. Late-potential amplitude was significantly lower in 26 patients
      with reproducibly inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias than in 20 without
      (p less than 0.001). The correlation between late-potential amplitude and
      arrhythmia inducibility was independent of that between late-potential amplitude
      and clinical arrhythmia (VT vs VF).

PMID- 3993569
TI  - Response of plasma vasopressin to ethanol in congestive heart failure.
AB  - Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels are frequently increased in patients
      with congestive heart failure (CHF). Further, AVP does not respond normally to
      certain osmotic and nonosmotic manipulations in this condition. As a test of the
      central suppressibility of AVP in CHF, an oral ethanol challenge was given (0.7
      ml/kg body weight) to 10 patients with CHF and 10 normal control subjects, and
      the response of AVP, osmolality, heart rate and blood pressure was measured over
      the next 2 hours. In the CHF group, AVP was 9.6 +/- 3.9 pg/ml (+/- standard
      deviation) at control and remained unchanged throughout the protocol. In the
      normal group, AVP was 6.9 +/- 2.9 pg/ml at control and declined significantly to
      4.9 +/- 2.0 pg/ml at 20 minutes (p less than 0.05). Osmolality and blood ethanol
      changes were similar in the 2 groups, as were those in mean arterial pressure.
      The administration of ethanol therefore did not result in an acute decrease in
      plasma AVP in patients with CHF, but did so in normal subjects. Differences in
      the response of blood pressure and osmolality do not explain the abnormality;
      hence, a defect in the central control of AVP release may exist in CHF. This
      observation may have implications for the mechanisms involved in the generation
      or maintenance of elevated AVP levels in patients with this disease.

PMID- 3993570
TI  - Sublingual nifedipine: acute effects in severe chronic congestive heart failure
      secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Nine patients with chronic, severe (New York Heart Association class III to IV)
      congestive heart failure were studied to determine the acute effects of 10 mg of
      sublingual nifedipine on left ventricular (LV) function. Hemodynamic and
      echocardiographic data were obtained at rest and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours
      after nifedipine. Measurements at rest reflected LV dysfunction with elevation of
      end-diastolic volume index (102 +/- 46 ml/m2), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
      (17 +/- 8 mm Hg), systemic vascular resistance (1,547 +/- 439 dynes s cm-5) and
      reduction of cardiac index (2.8 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2). There were no adverse
      effects noted with administration of sublingual nifedipine. Initial changes
      through 1 hour reflected an unloading effect of nifedipine with reduction in
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (11 +/- 5 mm Hg) (p less than 0.05), systemic
      vascular resistance (1,179 +/- 289 dynes s cm-5) (p less than 0.01), end
      diastolic volume index (91 +/- 37 ml/m2 [difference not significant]) and an
      increase in cardiac index (3.6 +/- 0.7 ml liters/min/m2) (p less than 0.01).
      Subsequently the cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance and end-diastolic
      volume index returned toward baseline. Only the pulmonary capillary wedge and
      pulmonary artery pressures demonstrated a sustained reduction through the 6-hour
      study period suggesting an effect of nifedipine on LV relaxation. Thus,
      sublingual nifedipine administered acutely to patients with clinical congestive
      heart failure is a safe and efficacious vasodilator.

PMID- 3993571
TI  - Angiographic anatomy of hearts with one ventricular chamber: the true single
      ventricle.
AB  - Fifteen patients with an isolated ventricular chamber were studied using
      angiography. These patients constitute 7% of the 218 patients with single
      ventricle who were examined at our institution over a 10-year period. The atrial
      situs was solitus in 6 and isomeric in 9. The ventricular chamber showed 3
      varieties based on trabecular pattern: right type, mixed and indeterminate. The
      atrioventricular (AV) connection was through 2 valves in 4 hearts, through a
      common AV valve in 8 and through a single valve in 3. The morphologic features of
      the ventricular chamber and the AV valves are considered the most important
      factors for planning surgical management.

PMID- 3993572
TI  - Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries: diagnostic difficulties
      and surgical repair of associated lesions.
AB  - Four patients, aged 5 to 14 years, had repair of abnormalities associated with
      anatomically "corrected malposition," a condition associated with mitral/aortic
      discontinuity with atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial concordance, and with
      the aorta lying anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery. All 4 patients
      had ventricular septal defect; in addition, 1 patient had coarctation, 2 patients
      had pulmonary infundibular stenosis, 1 patient had acquired pulmonary valve
      atresia, 1 patient had acquired fixed subaortic stenosis and 2 patients had left
      juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. The position of the great arteries
      suggest corrected transposition, but the true diagnosis is made from finding
      atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial concordance with wide mitral/aortic
      separation on the cross-sectional echocardiogram. The electrocardiogram shows
      normal ventricular activation. Three of the 4 patients had anticlockwise rotation
      of the heart, which displaced the apex. This made echocardiography difficult and
      caused a problem in visualizing the right-sided valved conduit and closing the
      VSD in conventional ways. One patient died at reoperation for an obstructed
      conduit. Mitral regurgitation developed after resection of subaortic stenosis in
      1 patient. No arrhythmias occurred in the 3 surviving patients, followed for 1 to
      5 years, but the risk of subaortic stenosis remains.

PMID- 3993574
TI  - Relation of intensity of cardiac sounds to age.
AB  - The absolute intensity of the first (S1), third (S3), and fourth (S4) heart
      sounds (in mm Hg) and the relative intensity of S4 compared with S1 were measured
      in 146 normal persons, aged 8 to 91 years, using an infinite time-constant,
      calibrated pressure mechanocardiograph applied to the chest wall with a loading
      pressure of 400 mm Hg. The absolute intensity of S1 (r = 0.28) and S3 (r = 0.43)
      decreases with age, but the absolute intensity of S4 does not increase with age
      (r = 0.06). Therefore, the relative intensity of S4 compared with S1 increases
      with age (r = 0.31). This finding may explain the increased frequency of S4 in
      qualitative phonocardiograms in older persons.

PMID- 3993573
TI  - Echocardiographic incidence of cardiac rhabdomyoma in tuberous sclerosis.
AB  - Cardiac rhabdomyoma occurs frequently in patients with tuberous sclerosis (TS).
      Although there have been case reports of detection of cardiac rhabdomyoma by 2
      dimensional echocardiography, no study has examined the frequency of cardiac
      rhabdomyoma detected by cardiac ultrasound in patients with TS. Echocardiography
      was performed in 16 consecutive patients with TS. Physical examination revealed
      normal cardiac findings in each. Discrete areas of increased acoustic density
      were found in 8 of the 16 patients (50%). The maximum diameters ranged from 3 to
      20 mm. Multiple areas were found in 3 of 8. The left ventricle was involved in 5
      of the 8. Six masses were intracavitary and 8 were intramyocardial. No atrial
      masses were seen. Left ventricular size and function were normal. Although other
      tumors cannot be excluded, the diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma is almost certain
      in these young patients with TS. The male predominance and the high incidence of
      intracavitary and left ventricular masses are similar to those in reported
      autopsy series, also supporting the diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma. The
      prognosis and potential for growth of these masses are not known, but can be
      determined by longitudinal follow-up. Cardiac ultrasound should be considered for
      all patients with TS regardless of physical findings.

PMID- 3993575
TI  - A comparative study of laser beam characteristics in blood and saline media.
AB  - Little information is available concerning the influences on laser radiation
      exerted by the various media through which lasing is done. The effects of saline
      solution and blood on argon laser beam divergence and projection were studied. In
      addition, the resulting effects on arterial tissue were evaluated after lasing
      through these media. This was performed with the fiber tip held in various
      positions relative to the arterial wall. The presence of blood, even in a diluted
      form, increased beam divergence and reduced forward projection. Perpendicular
      lasing through saline solution resulted in crater diameters similar in size to
      the core diameter of the fiber used irrespective of energy levels (424 +/- 97
      microns at energy = 2 W X 5 seconds and 490 +/- 80 microns at energy = 2 W X 10
      seconds). In contrast, lasing through blood produced much wider craters that
      increased in size with the higher energy level (878 +/- 215 microns at 2 W X 5
      seconds and 1,294 +/- 314 microns at 2 W X 10 seconds). Arterial wall damage
      could also be inflicted at a greater distance when lasing through blood than
      through saline solution. Lasing arterial tissue through blood with the fiber tip
      held parallel to and in contact with the arterial wall resulted in wide craters
      when lasing was performed in a "static" as well as a "dynamic" fashion. Lasing
      through saline solution in these positions produced no visible damage to the
      arterial wall. These results provide some guidelines that may be useful in the
      clinical application of Argon laser revascularization.

PMID- 3993576
TI  - Effect of diltiazem on renal clearance and serum concentration of digoxin in
      patients with cardiac disease.
AB  - The effect of diltiazem on digoxin serum concentration was evaluated in 9
      patients who had been treated chronically for heart disease with digoxin, 0.25
      mg/day. The indications for digoxin therapy were arrhythmias in 5 patients and
      mild heart failure in the other 4. Renal digoxin clearance was also evaluated in
      8 of these patients. Serum digoxin concentration was measured at control, 7 +/- 2
      days after initiation of 120 mg/day of diltiazem and 11 +/- 5 days after
      increasing the dose of diltiazem to 240 mg/day. Serum digoxin concentration was
      0.9 +/- 0.4 ng/ml at control, 0.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml with 120 mg/day of diltiazem, and
      0.8 +/- 0.3 ng/ml during therapy with 240 mg/day. The differences between these
      values were not significant. Renal digoxin clearance also did not show a
      significant change after diltiazem therapy (44 +/- 15 ml/min before diltiazem and
      46 +/- 13 ml/min with 240 mg/day of diltiazem). This study shows no effect of
      diltiazem in doses of 120 to 240 mg/day on serum digoxin concentration or renal
      digoxin clearance in patients who are treated chronically for heart disease with
      digoxin. In this dose range, diltiazem has advantages over verapamil, which
      markedly elevates digoxin levels.

PMID- 3993577
TI  - Mechanism of the effect of bretylium on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in
      dogs.
AB  - Experiments were performed to determine the importance of sympathetic blockade vs
      a direct myocardial effect as a mechanism for the antifibrillatory action of
      bretylium. The ventricular fibrillation (VF) threshold was determined in open
      chest, anesthetized dogs by scanning the vulnerable period with either a single
      electrical stimulus (10 ms) or a train of electrical stimuli (14 pulses, 4 ms,
      100 Hz). Using the train-of-pulses technique, the VF threshold increased from 6.8
      +/- 0.6 mA to 29.7 +/- 6.4 mA 15 minutes after a 10-mg/kg intravenous bolus of
      bretylium (p less than 0.001, n = 8). There was no further significant change in
      the train-of-pulses VF threshold at 2 or 4 hours. Beta-adrenergic blockade with
      timolol (0.2 mg/kg) increased the train-of-pulses VF threshold from 6.7 +/- 1.6
      mA to 24.5 +/- 5.2 mA (p less than 0.01 n = 8) and prevented any further
      significant change in response to bretylium. When single electrical pulses were
      used to scan the vulnerable period, bretylium at doses of 10 mg/kg (n = 8) and
      100 mg/kg (n = 6) did not alter the VF threshold over a 4-hour observation
      period. The administration of timolol, alone or in combination with bretylium,
      did not significantly alter the single-pulse VF threshold. The failure of
      bretylium to alter the single-pulse VF threshold was not dependent on the site of
      stimulation. Stimulation of the right sympathetic cardiac nerves showed that 15
      minutes of bretylium treatment was sufficient to completely inhibit adrenergic
      neuronal transmission to the myocardium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993578
TI  - Atrial vulnerability in the immature canine heart.
AB  - The induction of repetitive atrial responses during atrial extrastimulation
      (atrial vulnerability) was studied in 3 groups of dogs. Group I consisted of 19
      neonatal puppies (age 3 to 15 days), group II of 10 older puppies (age 5 to 11
      weeks) and group III of 10 adult dogs. In all dogs, atrial extrastimulation was
      performed coupled to a constant paced rhythm that was 85 +/- 7% of the sinus
      cycle length at rest in group I, 86 +/- 6% in group II and 83 +/- 10% in group
      III. In all groups, atrial repetitive responses were observed as the atrial
      functional refractory periods were approached during extrastimulation; however,
      the number of repetitive atrial responses was greater and the duration of
      repetitive firing longer in the neonates. In the neonatal group as many as 28
      repetitive atrial responses were induced (9.4 +/- 8.2 beats) and the duration of
      repetitive atrial firing averaged 838 ms (range 120 to 2,425). In contrast, in
      only 1 of 20 older puppies and adult dogs were more than 2 repetitive atrial
      beats observed (number of repetitive atrial beats in group II, 1.7 +/- 1; in
      group III, 1.2 +/- 0.5). Thus, the normal neonatal atrium is more susceptible to
      intraatrial reentry in response to premature extrastimulation than the more
      mature canine atrium. This enhanced atrial vulnerability may be related to the
      shorter atrial refractory periods of the neonate and may be of importance in
      understanding the genesis of certain dysrhythmias in the human neonate.

PMID- 3993580
TI  - Relation between the transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction and
      associated myocardial contractility two weeks after infarction.
AB  - To characterize the relation between the transmural extent of acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) and associated regional contractility after recovery from
      ischemia, 11 mongrel dogs underwent occlusion of the proximal left anterior
      descending coronary artery and were evaluated 2 weeks after infarction. Occlusion
      was permanent in 5 dogs, and reperfusion was allowed after 2 hours of occlusion
      in 6 dogs. All dogs had computer-assisted quantitative wall-thickening analysis
      by 2-dimensional echocardiography and infarct localization by the triphenyl
      tetrazolium chloride technique. Percent systolic wall thickening was correlated
      with the transmural extent of AMI in 40 regions of interest, each measuring
      approximately 60 arc degrees in circumference. In 11 non-infarct-containing
      regions, the mean wall thickening was 59 +/- 16% (+/- standard deviation). In 29
      infarct-containing segments (with transmural extent of infarction 11 to 100%)
      systolic wall thickening ranged from -4% to 47%. Wall thickening and transmural
      extent of AMI were inversely related. Least-squares regression analysis found the
      relation to be best described by the logarithmic function, percent wall
      thickening = 61 - 26 log (percent transmural extent of infarction +1), r = -0.87.
      The nature of this relation between structure and function suggests that salvage
      of small amounts of myocardium (transmural extent less than 30 to 40%) by
      coronary reperfusion or other means may have little effect on systolic myocardial
      function when compared with the function of transmural infarcts. Alternatively,
      salvage of more than 40% of the jeopardized myocardium should be expected to
      appreciably augment myocardial function.

PMID- 3993579
TI  - Effect of various regimens of chronic and acute nicotine exposure on myocardial
      infarct size in the dog.
AB  - Smoking is a risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, and the risk
      increases with increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked. The effect of cigarette
      smoking on the size of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been evaluated.
      This study describes the effect of 1 component of tobacco smoke, nicotine, on the
      size of experimentally induced AMI in closed-chest dogs. Daily exposure to
      nicotine before AMI increased the volume of infarcted tissue (p less than
      0.0001). Acute exposure to nicotine (with prior chronic exposure) resulted in a
      larger volume of infarcted tissue (p less than 0.0001). Thus, chronic, acute and
      post-AMI exposure to nicotine has an adverse effect on the volume of subsequent
      infarcted tissue, and continued exposure after AMI further enlarges infarct size.

PMID- 3993581
TI  - Survival after acute myocardial infarction associated with total obstruction of
      left main coronary artery.

PMID- 3993582
TI  - Traumatic dissecting coronary arterial aneurysm with subsequent complete healing.

PMID- 3993583
TI  - Association of false tendons with left ventricular aneurysm.

PMID- 3993584
TI  - Exercise-induced intermittent angina and ST-segment depression.

PMID- 3993585
TI  - Diagnostic potential for verapamil in wide QRS complex tachycardia.

PMID- 3993586
TI  - Wenckebach periodicity with apparent 1:2 conduction over the atrioventricular
      node: the problem of interpretation.

PMID- 3993587
TI  - Correlation of paradoxical atrial septal motion and an interatrial pressure
      gradient in severe tricuspid regurgitation.

PMID- 3993588
TI  - Echocardiographic demonstration of satellite lesions in aortic valvular
      endocarditis.

PMID- 3993589
TI  - Aortic regurgitation due to aortic valve prolapse.

PMID- 3993590
TI  - Hemolytic anemia secondary to erosion of a Silastic band into the lumen of the
      pulmonary trunk.

PMID- 3993591
TI  - Congenital absence of the left portion of parietal pericardium demonstrated by
      nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 3993592
TI  - Normal cardiac dimensions by magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 3993593
TI  - Constrictive pericarditis as a late complication of meningococcal pericarditis.

PMID- 3993594
TI  - Nifedipine-induced periorbital edema.

PMID- 3993595
TI  - Arteriovenous fistula: a rare complication of arterial puncture for cardiac
      catheterization.

PMID- 3993596
TI  - Right ventricular outflow obstruction caused by constrictive pericardial disease.

PMID- 3993597
TI  - Dynamic histology of the antral epithelium in the mouse stomach: II.
      Ultrastructure and renewal of isthmal cells.
AB  - The isthmus of typical mucous units of the pyloric antrum was investigated in 3-
      to 4-month-old CD1 mice using light and electron microscopy as well as 3H
      thymidine radioautography. On the average, the isthmus measured 25 microns in
      length and was composed of 36 isthmal cells and two enteroendocrine cells.
      Isthmal cells generally displayed features found in embryonic cells, such as many
      free ribosomes, scant organelles, and a large reticulated nucleolus, and were,
      therefore, at an immature stage of development. Isthmal cells could be devoid of
      secretory granules ("granule-free cells," 2%) or contain a few small, spherical,
      PA-Schiff-positive, mucous granules in their apex. The granules in some of the
      cells had a variegated appearance and a diameter averaging 235 nm ("mottled
      granule cells," 39%); in other cells, the granules had a large diameter, 278 nm,
      with a pale background and a dense core ("core granule cells," 28%); while in
      still others they were homogeneously dark and measured 264 nm ("dense granule
      cells," 12%). Finally, some cells included a mixture of core and dense granules
      ("mixed granule cells," 14%). One hour after a single injection of 3H-thymidine,
      37% of the isthmal cells were labeled. Each of the five isthmal cell types could
      acquire label and, therefore, divide. After one or more days of continuous 3H
      thymidine infusion, all isthmal cells were labeled. Their turnover time was
      estimated to be 16.1 hr (t1/2 = 11.2 hr). The isthmus is thus composed of several
      cell types which are turning over rapidly. While all are relatively immature, the
      various types are thought to represent different developmental stages in the life
      history of an isthmal cell. A model devised on this basis proposes that the
      granule-free cells are stem cells, from which mottled granule cells are derived.
      These in turn evolve into either the dense granule cells of the upper isthmus or
      the core granule cells of the lower isthmus, or into the mixed granule cells
      (which are believed to develop eventually into dense granule cells or core
      granule cells). Maintenance of a steady state requires that the rapid production
      of isthmal cells be associated with rapid emigration; the dense granule cells
      presumably going to the pit and the core granule cells to the gland. The turnover
      of isthmal cells is accordingly described as following a "bidirectional pattern"
      of renewal.

PMID- 3993598
TI  - Dynamic histology of the antral epithelium in the mouse stomach: III.
      Ultrastructure and renewal of pit cells.
AB  - The pit (foveola) of typical mucous units of the pyloric antrum was investigated
      in 3- to 4-month-old CD1 mice, using light and electron microscopy, sometimes
      combined with 3H-thymidine radioautography. Reconstruction of units from serial
      sections revealed that, on the average, the pit measured 151 microns in length
      and was lined by 184 mucus-containing pit cells. Of these, 164 were located along
      the wall of the pit, whereas 20 surrounded its opening on the free surface. For
      ultrastructural examination the pit was divided into equal thirds. The proximal
      third, located next to the isthmus and referred to as pit base, was composed of
      cells showing electron-dense mucous granules greater in number but similar in
      density and diameter to those of isthmal dense granule cells. Nucleoli were
      rather large, irregular, and reticulated; these and other features were
      indicative of partial differentiation. The appearance of the cells gradually
      changed with the distance from the isthmus. In the middle third or mid pit, cells
      had small, fairly rounded nucleoli, while mucous granules were more numerous than
      in the pit base but similar in appearance and size; these cells were considered
      to be mature. In the distal third or pit top-surface, granules became elongated
      and nucleoli shrank, and lysosomes and vacuoles greatly increased in number,
      indicating that cells were at a terminal stage. Indeed, some of the cells were
      extruded into the stomach lumen while others were phagocytosed by adjacent cells.
      Following a single injection of 3H-thymidine, labeling was found only in a small
      cohort of cells in the pit base. At the end of 1 day of continuous infusion, the
      cohort of labeled cells had reached the mid pit; by 2 days, the pit top; and by 3
      days, the free surface, where cells were eventually lost. The renewal time of pit
      cells was assessed at 2.98 days (t1/2 = 1.8 days), giving a turnover rate of
      33.5% per day. It is estimated that the divisions of pit base cells provide two
      thirds of the cells needed daily for pit-cell renewal, while the other third is
      supplied by an influx of dense granule cells from the isthmus. These cells enter
      the pit and continuously migrate toward the gastric lumen, while differentiating
      in the pit base, maturing in the mid pit, and reaching a terminal stage at the
      pit top-surface. The progressive and orderly migration of pit cells is described
      as a "pipeline pattern" of renewal. It is completed in about 3 days when terminal
      cells are lost at the pit top-surface.

PMID- 3993599
TI  - Dynamic histology of the antral epithelium in the mouse stomach: IV.
      Ultrastructure and renewal of gland cells.
AB  - The renewal of gland cells was investigated by three-dimensional reconstruction
      of typical mucous units of the pyloric antrum using electron microscopy and 3H
      thymidine radioautography in 3 to 4 month-old CD1 mice. Based on analysis of 42
      units, the average gland measured 31 micron in length and was composed of 37
      (mucous) gland cells with eight enteroendocrine cells scattered among them. The
      gland neck cells located close to the isthmus showed the cytoplasmic and nuclear
      features characteristic of differentiating cells. The mid-gland cells occupying
      the central portion of the gland appeared to be at a more advanced stage of
      development and completing differentiation. The gland base cells comprising the
      blunt end of the gland were fully mature. To quantify the renewal process, the
      percent of gland cell nuclei carrying label was determined at several times
      following 3H-thymidine administration. The rate of proliferation was found to be
      greatest in the gland neck, lower in the mid-gland, and even lower within the
      gland base. Furthermore, the isthmus contributed to gland-cell renewal by
      providing an estimated 12.4 cells per day. Labeled cells migrated toward the
      blunt end of the gland. The migration rate became progressively slower with their
      descent, and many cells were lost along the migration pathway, mainly in the
      gland neck. The loss took place without being preceded by gradual cell
      degeneration, but occurred as a result of rapid extrusion to the lumen or, less
      frequently by pyknosis, which could be followed by phagocytosis. It is concluded
      that the rapid rate of mitosis within the isthmus and gland neck generates a
      pressure causing downward migration of the cells toward the blunt end of the
      gland. The rate of migration, however, gradually diminishes as cells descend into
      the gland, presumably owing both to decreasing proliferation rate and to cell
      loss. Thus, while cells migrate down toward the gland base, many are lost before
      reaching it. This sequence is described as "the cascade pattern" of renewal.

PMID- 3993600
TI  - Analysis of gland cell behavior: appendix to the dynamic histology of the antral
      epithelium in the mouse stomach.
AB  - The origin, route of migration, and ultimate fate of mucous gland cells in mouse
      antral units have been described in the preceding article. Three regions of the
      mucous gland, consisting of gland neck cells, mid-gland cells, and gland base
      cells, respectively were defined; and the renewal events in each of these regions
      were studied. In this article, the data obtained by Lee and Leblond (1985) were
      subjected to a mathematical analysis to obtain additional information about the
      rate of loss of cells. Calling each anatomical division a compartment, and
      utilizing the available histometric knowledge concerning the number of cells and
      the turnover of labeled cells in each compartment, a set of equations was
      developed, assuming a steady state, for which solutions yielded the number of
      cells lost from each compartment per unit time.

PMID- 3993601
TI  - Restriction to endogenous plasma proteins by a fenestrated capillary endothelium:
      an ultrastructural immunocytochemical study of the choriocapillary endothelium.
AB  - The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed in the eye that restricts the
      egress of exogenous tracer molecules with Einstein-Stokes radii (ESR) greater
      than or equal to 3.2 nm. The present study examined the permeability of its
      endothelium to the endogenous plasma proteins albumin (ESR, 3.5 nm) and IgG (ESR,
      5.5 nm) using ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Reaction product indicative of
      the localization of albumin and IgG (using Fab-HRP conjugates) was high in the
      capillary lumen. In contrast, neither protein was localized extravascularly in
      Bruch's membrane, in endothelial vesicles, or in endothelial channels. The
      restriction was evident at the luminal side of the diaphragms spanning fenestrae,
      vesicles, and channels, and at the luminal front of cell junctions. In marked
      comparison, high levels of reaction product were localized in the extravascular
      space surrounding mucosal capillaries in the ileo-jejunum. Observations of tissue
      subjected to postembedment staining using a protein A-gold method were similar.
      These findings demonstrate for the first time the restriction of endogenous
      plasma proteins by a capillary endothelium identical in morphology to that of
      other vascular beds proven to be permeable.

PMID- 3993602
TI  - The early changes of parietal cell structure in the course of secretory activity
      in the rat.
AB  - The fine structure of the rat parietal cell was studied, both at rest and after
      stimulation by refeeding or insulin administration. Experiments on fixation
      procedures showed that whenever the fixative contained sucrose at a concentration
      higher than 0.2 M, the system of cytoplasmic membranes was clearly tubular in
      arrangement, whereas the omission of sucrose in the fixative usually resulted in
      a vesicular structure. The study with the high-voltage electron microscope of
      thick sections prepared by conventional techniques or by impregnation with zinc
      iodide-osmium (ZIO) revealed that the tubules are grouped into fascicles, and
      that these form a feltwork that is especially thick toward the cell apex. The
      development of the secretory canaliculus after stimulation appears to take place
      by an in situ remodeling of the cytoplasmic domain occupied by the tubular
      system. Cells examined after short periods of stimulation (5-15 min) showed
      images of the tubular system and of the canalicular structure which differed both
      from the nonstimulated and from the fully active (30-45 min of stimulation) cell.
      These features include the formation of wide cisternae and of pericanalicular
      cytoplasmic trabeculae or laminae, whose fine structure bears close resemblance
      to that of the intracanalicular processes in the same cells. These images can be
      ordered into a hypothetical sequence which is proposed as a model to explain the
      transformation of the tubular system and intervening cytoplasmic matrix into
      secretory canaliculus.

PMID- 3993603
TI  - Unmyelinated fibers in the cervical and lumbar ventral roots of the cat.
AB  - Ventral spinal roots at all spinal levels in humans contain many unmyelinated
      axons, as do all spinal roots of the cat which have been examined. Rats, however,
      have fewer unmyelinated fibers in cervical and certain lumbar ventral roots. To
      determine if unmyelinated fibers are distributed uniformly in ventral roots of
      the cat, cervical and lumbar ventral roots were examined by light and electron
      microscopy, and axons were counted. Lesions were made to determine the origin of
      unmyelinated fibers in ventral root L6. From 5 to 15% of the axons in cervical
      ventral roots are unmyelinated. This distribution of unmyelinated fibers in the
      cat is similar to the distribution in humans, although the cervical ventral roots
      of the cat contain relatively fewer unmyelinated fibers than the cervical ventral
      roots of humans. Approximately 24% of the axons in ventral root L6 are
      unmyelinated. More than 90% of these axons degenerate proximal to, but not distal
      to, a ventral rhizotomy and ipsilateral to a dorsal root ganglionectomy. Thus,
      most unmyelinated axons in ventral root L6 appear to rise from dorsal root
      ganglion cells. Much variation in the number and percent of unmyelinated axons in
      ventral roots at the same spinal level exists between individual cats and between
      opposite sides of the same cat.

PMID- 3993604
TI  - Effect of thiocyanate levels in milk on thyroid function in iodine deficient
      subjects.
AB  - To utilize the antibacterial effect of the lactoperoxidase system to prevent
      bacterial spoilage of raw milk it is necessary to increase the thiocyanate
      concentration of the milk. Thiocyanate has, however, a potent antithyroid effect
      which is enhanced by iodine deficiency. In this study the thyroid function has
      been studied, before and after 4 weeks daily administration of 250 ml of such
      treated milk, in 55 goitrous subjects living in an endemic goiter region of
      western Sudan. The iodine content was 0.1 mg/l and the thiocyanate content was
      either 3.6 mg/l (n 19) or 19 mg/l (n 36) in the milk. At the start of the
      experiment all subjects were iodine deficient with a urinary excretion of 40-50
      micrograms/g creatinine. After 4 weeks daily intake of 4.75 mg of thiocyanate by
      way of milk the serum thiocyanate level increased by approximately 1.7 mg/l. Both
      at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period the serum levels of
      thyroxine, triiodothyronine and TSH were in the normal range for all subjects.
      After 4 weeks the TSH levels had decreased significantly, (from 2.6 +/- 0.2 to
      2.1 +/- 0.2 mU/l, p less than 0.001) probably as an effect of the supplementary
      intake of iodine. The thyroid hormone levels remained unchanged during the
      experimental period. In conclusion, the intake of milk with an iodine
      concentration of 0.1 mg/l and a thiocyanate concentration of 19 mg/l does not
      have a negative effect on the thyroid function in iodine deficient subjects.

PMID- 3993605
TI  - Effects of supplementation with high-selenium wheat bread on selenium,
      glutathione peroxidase and related enzymes in blood components of New Zealand
      residents.
AB  - The effects of supplementation with high-Se wheat bread on selenium (Se)
      concentrations, glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9, GSHPx) activities and
      related enzymes in the prevention of lipid peroxidation were studied. Four New
      Zealand women were supplemented with 200 micrograms Se daily for 8-13 weeks
      followed by a post-dosing period of 9-12 weeks. GSHPx activities increased in
      whole blood, erythrocytes, plasma and platelets of all subjects but increases
      were considerably less than those of Se concentrations in whole blood, plasma and
      erythrocytes. During the post-dosing period Se concentrations and GSHPx
      activities fell to levels which were in most cases somewhat higher than baseline
      values. Glutathione-S-transferase activities in erythrocytes, plasma and
      platelets did not change during the study, nor did superoxide dismutase in
      erythrocytes and platelets, erythrocyte catalase or plasma alpha-tocopherol. Thus
      Se supplementation of healthy New Zealand subjects increased GSHPx activities but
      did not produce any adaptive changes in other components of the lipid
      peroxidation defense mechanisms.

PMID- 3993606
TI  - Zinc and copper nutrition in human pregnancy: a longitudinal study in normal
      primigravidae and in primigravidae at risk of delivering a growth retarded baby.
AB  - A longitudinal study of plasma zinc and copper concentration and plasma volume
      was carried out in 33 normal healthy primigravidae for comparison with 31
      primigravidae selected as being at risk of delivering a growth retarded baby.
      Neither group received mineral or vitamin supplements. In Group A, plasma zinc
      concentration fell as plasma volume increased between 14 weeks and 35 weeks.
      Intravascular mass of zinc therefore increased and showed significant correlation
      with intravascular mass of albumin. Both of these were significantly lower in
      Group B, reflecting poorer plasma volume expansion. Plasma copper concentration
      mirrored the increase in plasma ceruloplasmin and was comparable in both groups.
      Plasma zinc and copper concentrations were unaffected by smoking or by method of
      feeding and there was no correlation found with percentile birth weight
      distribution. In both groups at 30 weeks daily dietary zinc intake was
      approximately half the Recommended Dietary Allowance.

PMID- 3993607
TI  - Hair manganese concentrations in newborns and their mothers.
AB  - The study was designed to investigate the manganese (Mn) status of mothers and
      their offspring at delivery. Hair Mn concentrations in 31 full-term, 18 preterm
      and 12 newborn infants with congenital malformations and their mothers were
      determined by the flameless atomic absorption technique. Both in infants with
      congenital malformations and their mothers, hair Mn levels were significantly
      lower than the full-term and preterm infant-mother pairs. With the exception of
      mothers of infants with congenital malformations, hair Mn concentrations in
      mothers were significantly higher as compared with their infants. Low hair Mn
      concentrations of infants with congenital malformations and their mothers may
      possibly reflect a state of Mn deficiency in these women. These results imply
      that 1) Mn deficiency may play a role as one potential factor in intrauterine
      malformations, 2) Mn is supplied to the fetus by a homeostatic mechanism which is
      mainly dependent on the Mn status of the mother, 3) prenatal Mn analysis in
      maternal hair may prove to be a reliable indicator for the risk of intrauterine
      malformations.

PMID- 3993608
TI  - Vitamin E, vitamin A and essential fatty acid status of patients hospitalized for
      anorexia nervosa.
AB  - A group of 17 patients hospitalized for anorexia nervosa was assessed for
      nutritional status with respect to the essential fatty acids and vitamins E and
      A. Plasma aliquots available from blood drawn upon hospital admission were frozen
      and later extracted for total lipids. The total lipids were then fractionated by
      thin layer chromatography to isolate the phospholipids (PL). The fatty acid
      profile of both total plasma and PLs was determined by gas chromatography. High
      pressure liquid chromatography was used to quantitate the tocopherol isomers and
      retinol (vitamins E and A, respectively). The anorexic patients showed below
      normal weight-for-height, decreased percent body fat, and a high incidence of
      secondary amenorrhea. Of the four tocopherol isomers measured, only the beta +
      gamma fraction was significantly lower than the normal value (0.16 +/- .06 mg/dl
      vs 0.25 +/- 0.51 mg/dl, p less than .001). The essential fatty acids, linoleate
      and linolenate, were lower in the PL fraction of the anorexic group (linoleate,
      19.35 +/- 5.65 vs 24.96 +/- 2.24, p less than .01); linolenate, none detected vs
      0.16 +/- 0.13, p less than .05). Other indicators of essential fatty acid status
      differed from the normal group in the direction of deficiency (total omega 6,
      31.44 +/- 7.41 vs 37.42 +/- 3.40, p less than .05; 20:4 omega 6/18:2 omega 6,
      0.49 +/- 0.14 vs 40 +/- 0.02, mean +/- standard deviation, p less than .01).
      Eicosatrienoic acid, however, was not detected in either group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993609
TI  - Whole body protein turnover in malnourished cystic fibrosis patients and its
      relationship to pulmonary disease.
AB  - To investigate the effect of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis (CF), total
      body protein synthesis and catabolism were determined in eight CF children with
      acute exacerbations of pulmonary infection at the time of study (CF I), a group
      of CF children (n = 7) with chronic but stable pulmonary disease (CF II) and a
      group (n = 8) of healthy children. Protein synthesis was determined by the method
      of Waterlow et al (1978) using a single oral dose of 15N glycine and protein
      catabolism derived from nitrogen balance. Protein synthesis was markedly
      decreased (p less than 0.001) in the CF I group (1.01 +/- 0.10 g kg-1 10 h-1)
      compared with that of controls (2.02 +/- 0.08) and with CF children with chronic
      but stable pulmonary disease (CF II) (2.36 +/- 0.17). Protein catabolism was
      increased (p less than 0.01) in the CF II group compared with both controls and
      CF I. These findings contrast strongly to studies in normal children and those
      with mild protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and infection, where infection
      increased protein synthesis, but are consistent with the observed decrease in
      protein turnover where severe PEM is accompanied by infection. We conclude that
      repeated pulmonary infection can adversely affect protein-energy balance and that
      adequate nutritional support should be considered in management during and after
      each episode.

PMID- 3993610
TI  - Effect of reduced energy intake versus increased physical activity on the outcome
      of nitrogen balance experiments in man.
AB  - The effects of energy deficiency created by a reduced energy intake versus an
      increased physical activity on urinary nitrogen excretion, nitrogen balance and
      the biological value of the dietary protein (0.57 g/kg/day from a mixed diet) are
      reported. Two experiments, 21 and 27 days respectively, designed to even out
      possible effects of time on nitrogen balance, were conducted on 12 young adult
      men and women. During energy deficiency, urinary nitrogen increased while
      nitrogen balance and biological value decreased. No significant differences
      between the two kinds of energy deficiency were found but the effect on the
      parameters studied tended to be less pronounced the longer the subjects had been
      on the experimental diets.

PMID- 3993611
TI  - Effect of food supplementation (WIC) during pregnancy on birth weight.
AB  - Of 824 women screened, 410 were enrolled at midpregnancy in a prospective,
      randomized, controlled nutrition intervention study. Of these, 226 were predicted
      as likely to have small or large babies, 184 to have average-sized babies. Two
      hundred thirty eight mothers received USDA Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Food
      Supplementation vouchers from midpregnancy, 172 did not. Leukocyte protein
      synthesis (as a cell model) was significantly higher (p = 0.009) by 36 weeks
      gestation in supplemented mothers. Mean birth weight of their babies was greater,
      3254 vs 3163 g, (+91 g) p = 0.039, adjusted for sex, gestational age, prenatal
      visits, pregnancy interval, smoking, and previous low birth weight infants.
      Controlling for entry weight obviated the significance of the difference, except
      for WIC supplemented smokers (greater than 10 cigarettes/day) whose babies were
      significantly heavier by +168 g (p = 0.017) than those of unsupplemented smokers.
      WIC partially protects fetal growth in smokers.

PMID- 3993612
TI  - Outcome of maternal nutritional supplementation: a comprehensive review of the
      Bacon Chow study.
AB  - In a double blind controlled intervention, two groups of nutritionally at-risk
      rural Taiwanese women were given a nutrient-rich dietary supplement (group A, n =
      114) or a placebo (group B, n = 111) beginning after the birth of one child and
      continuing through the lactation period for a subsequent child. Outcome variables
      assessed include infant birth measurements postnatal physical growth, motor,
      mental, and dental development, morbidity, and maternal weight and skinfold
      changes during pregnancy and lactation. While few A-B differences in mean values
      of outcome variables were found, there were significant responses in subgroups of
      the sample. Comparisons of infants born after a nutrient-supplemented pregnancy
      (A2) versus an unsupplemented pregnancy (A1) showed that A2 male infants weighed
      more than A1 males at birth, and A1-A2 sibling correlations in birth
      measurements, especially Rohrer's index (wt/l3) were significantly reduced.
      Important mediators of supplement effects included sex of the offspring, season
      of birth, maternal body size, and birth of a previous infant characterized by
      dysmorphic prenatal growth. The limited effects of supplementation on the
      population as a whole may reflect the operation of long term adaptations which
      allow women to maintain reproductive success despite their apparent marginal
      nutritional status.

PMID- 3993613
TI  - Effects of varying degrees of chronic dietary restriction in rat dams on
      reproductive and lactational performance and body composition in dams and their
      pups.
AB  - To assess the effects of varying degrees of chronic dietary restriction, rats
      were fed ad libitum or were restricted to 75%, 50% or 40% of ad libitum intake
      beginning 28 days prior to breeding and continuing through day 14 of lactation.
      Pup birth weight did not differ among the groups, but maternal weight gain, net
      maternal growth, and litter number were proportional to dietary intake. During
      lactation, maternal weight loss was minimal in all groups and carcass protein
      proportions remained constant. However, maternal fat stores were mobilized in all
      groups, with smaller changes in the 50% group. Milk yield was reduced in
      restricted dams. Despite a partial compensation in milk yield by the 75% group,
      litter weights were proportional to maternal dietary level. In contrast, rats in
      the 50% group made no compensation in milk yield. Possible explanations for the
      discrepancy between milk yield and litter growth are explored.

PMID- 3993614
TI  - Total phospholipid analysis in human milk without acid digestion.
AB  - A colorimetric method for measuring the organic phosphorus in human milk without
      acid digestion was studied. Human milk samples were assayed and compared to
      phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin standards.
      Spectral and calibration curves prepared from phospholipid standards were
      equivalent. Absorption maxima occurred between 720 and 740 nm. A reproducibility
      study of twenty total lipid samples had a coefficient of variation of 3.8%.
      Phosphorus ranged from 4.7 to 5.5 micrograms with a mean +/- SD of 5.2 +/- 0.2
      micrograms P. The recovery of phosphatidylcholines added to 10 mg samples of
      human milk triacylglycerols ranged from 99.0 to 102.1%. The results from the new
      method were comparable to those obtained by a modified Fiske and Subbarow method
      for measuring inorganic phosphorus after sulfuric acid digestion of the milk
      lipids. We concluded that the new method provides a satisfactory alternative for
      the determination of organic phosphorus in human milk.

PMID- 3993615
TI  - Comparison of the elimination of 10 and 20% TRAVAMULSION lipid emulsion from the
      blood of beagle dogs.
AB  - Metabolic utilization of fat emulsions containing 20% lipid and 10% lipid were
      compared using beagles. The key parameter measured was elimination of the lipid
      from the bloodstream, which serves as an indication of the emulsion's
      availability for metabolism. Nonlinear kinetic analysis was used in this
      determination. Blood concentrations of free fatty acids, phospholipid, and
      cholesterol were also measured as additional ways of determining emulsion
      metabolism. The 10 and 20% emulsions appeared to be equivalent in elimination of
      the caloric substrate triglyceride from the blood stream. Results also showed an
      adaptation to emulsion infusion over time at both dosages administered (3 and 6
      g/kg of body weight). This was indicated by increased elimination capacity and
      stabilization of each lipid class measured. However, blood concentrations of
      phospholipid and cholesterol indicate that the 20% emulsion provides a lesser
      lipid load for the amount of calories administered when compared to an emulsion
      containing 10% lipid.

PMID- 3993616
TI  - Wheat foods: nutritional implications in health and disease. Proceedings of a
      symposium. Washington, D.C., May 21-22,1984. Sponsored by the Scientific Advisory
      Committee of the Wheat Industry Council.

PMID- 3993617
TI  - Wheat: its processing and utilization.

PMID- 3993618
TI  - Trace elements and vitamins and bioavailability as related to wheat and wheat
      foods.

PMID- 3993619
TI  - Diet and diabetes.

PMID- 3993621
TI  - Dietary carbohydrates and endurance exercise.
AB  - Antecedent diet can greatly influence both substrate utilization during exercise
      and exercise performance itself. A number of studies have convincingly
      demonstrated that short-term (three to seven days) adaptation to a low
      carbohydrate diet results in greatly reduced liver and muscle glycogen stores.
      While carbohydrate utilization after such a diet is reduced, the limited glycogen
      stores can severely limit endurance exercise performance. High carbohydrate diets
      on the other hand expand carbohydrate stores which can limit performance.
      However, long-term adaptation to a low carbohydrate diet can greatly alter muscle
      and whole body energy metabolism to drastically limit the oxidation of limited
      carbohydrate stores with no adverse effect on performance. Glycogen loading
      techniques can result in supercompensation of muscle stores. Exercise induced
      depletion of muscle glycogen is the most important single factor in this
      phenomenon. Following the exercise a low carbohydrate diet for two to three days
      after which a high carbohydrate diet is eaten seemingly has the same effect on
      increasing muscle glycogen stores as simply eating a high carbohydrate diet. The
      form of the dietary carbohydrate during glycogen loading should be high in
      complex carbohydrates; however, the type of dietary starch that effects the
      greatest rate of resynthesis has not been investigated. Rapid resynthesis of
      glycogen following exercise is at least in part due to increased insulin
      sensitivity. The enhanced glucose transport caused by the increased sensitivity
      provides substrate for glycogen synthase. How rapidly this enhanced sensitivity
      returns to pre-exercise levels in humans is uncertain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3993620
TI  - Diet and obesity.

PMID- 3993622
TI  - Coronary heart disease and the consumption of diets high in wheat and other
      grains.
AB  - Diets high in cereal grains, legumes and other vegetables are consistently
      associated with a reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease. This appears to be
      due primarily to the associated reduction in serum cholesterol and low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol. Replacement of animal fats and specifically the
      saturated fat and cholesterol components with complex carbohydrates and with
      unsaturated fat from vegetable sources appear to be the major reasons for the
      reduced levels of serum cholesterol. Additional effects of the high carbohydrate
      diets from vegetable sources may be caused by certain plant fibers including
      lignin, pectin and gums. Vegetable proteins may also have an intrinsic
      cholesterol reducing effect as compared to certain animal proteins, such as
      casein. A habitual increase in vegetable grains in the western diet should
      produce a sustained reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease without a
      sacrifice of nutritional adequacy.

PMID- 3993623
TI  - Proceedings of the American Radium Society 67th annual meeting. April 27-May 1,
      1985, Acapulco, Mexico. Abstracts.

PMID- 3993624
TI  - New prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix uteri.
AB  - The prognostic importance of a detailed histopathological grading system and the
      ploidy level as determined by flow cytometry were investigated in squamous cell
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The study included 79 patients, Stages Ib-III. A
      multiple regression analysis of different prognostic variables identified stage
      and size as highly correlated. Stage was a significant prognostic variable when
      size was excluded. The histopathological degree of differentiation held no
      significant prognostic information, but the ploidy level was highly significant
      in that respect and should be used for a rational planning of new treatment
      schedules.

PMID- 3993625
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy of malignant melanoma. A pilot study.
AB  - In a pilot study, 26 patients with stage I malignant melanoma, tumor thickness
      greater than 2.25 mm, and/or Clark level IV, and Stage II tumors were randomized
      to adjuvant chemotherapy with either DTIC, DTIC/CCNU/vincristine, or to a control
      group with no further treatment after surgery. The chemotherapy group contained
      17 patients and the control group nine patients. The follow-up time is 37-54
      months. The recurrence-free and overall survival is significantly longer in the
      patient group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy as compared to controls (p less
      than 0.025, according to the log-rank test).

PMID- 3993626
TI  - Sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in the primary treatment of metastatic
      colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma were treated with
      sequential conventional dose methotrexate (60 mg/m2) followed within 1 hour by 5
      fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2) every 3 weeks. Thirty of 33 patients were assessable
      for response. One patient (3%) achieved a partial remission (3.5 months). Three
      patients demonstrated minor tumor regressions. In an additional 17 patients,
      tumor stabilization was observed. The treatments were tolerated without any
      significant morbidity. A disappointingly low response rate was observed in our
      study as opposed to previous reports. Further clinical studies are necessary to
      establish the optimum dose levels and scheduling of sequential methotrexate and 5
      fluorouracil.

PMID- 3993627
TI  - A comparative study of the DuPont antithrombin III and fibrinogen assay systems.
AB  - Antithrombin III (AT-III) levels are useful for diagnosing thrombosis and for
      assessing antithrombotic therapy. Fibrinogen levels also are useful in numerous
      thrombohemorrhagic disorders and for noting cessation of fibrinolysis after
      thrombolytic therapy. With the availability of these assays on the DuPont aca, a
      comparative study of AT-III and fibrinogen assays was performed. DuPont assays
      were compared to Dade Protopath (AT-III) and Auto-Fi (fibrinogen) assays. In 38
      instances a third comparative AT-III assay also was used, namely the Kabi S-2238
      method (COATEST). Poor correlation existed between the DuPont AT-III and
      Protopath AT-III, r - sq = 0.53 to 0.61. There also was poor correlation between
      the DuPont and S-2238 AT-III assay, r - sq = 0.59. Excellent correlation was
      noted with the Protopath and Kabi AT-III assays, r - sq = 0.90. There was poor
      correlation between DuPont and Dade fibrinogen levels, r - sq = 0.55. When
      comparing AT-III values, the DuPont level was consistently higher. DuPont
      fibrinogen levels also were consistently higher. The DuPont AT-III and fibrinogen
      levels correlate poorly with existing assays, and higher results than those noted
      with the other methods appear common. Spuriously high values noted with the
      DuPont system could misguide clinicians caring for patients with
      thrombohemorrhagic diseases where they would expect low levels of AT-III or
      fibrinogen.

PMID- 3993628
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of the Coulter "three-part electronic differential".
AB  - Comparisons were made between "electronic" white blood cell (WBC) differential
      counts based on nuclear volume, differential counts performed by an automated
      image analyzer, and conventional manual counts performed by experienced
      technologists in a routine laboratory setting. The correlation between methods
      was excellent for lymphocytes (r = 0.9) and granulocytes (r = 0.9), but none of
      the three methods that were tested produced good results in enumeration of
      mononuclear cells (r = 0.6). Approximately 85% of the samples on which
      differentials were requested for an inpatient population could be processed by
      the electronic counter. Although the electronic counter failed to flag all
      abnormal samples (there were 6% false negatives), the performance of
      technologists doing 200 cell differentials was similar. Rapidly generated
      "electronic differentials" might be a useful and cost-effective adjunct to
      inpatient hospital practice if certain suggestions were implemented.

PMID- 3993629
TI  - Quantitative changes of red blood cell shapes in relation to clinical features in
      beta-thalassemia/HbE disease.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of red blood cell (RBC) shapes was performed in 79 patients
      with beta-thalassemia/HbE disease, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most
      patients had many abnormal RBC shapes, namely: torocytes, codocytes, dacryocytes,
      keratocytes, and schizocytes with a reduction in the number of normally shaped
      red blood cells (discocytes). Splenectomy, larger splenic sizes, and increasing
      anemia all were associated with a further reduction in the number of discocytes,
      reflecting increasing numbers of abnormally shaped RBC. The number of torocytes
      was increased with anemia; a larger spleen was associated with a decrease and
      splenectomy with an increase in the number of torocytes, indicating that they are
      destroyed by the spleen. The numbers of codocytes and echinocytes were singularly
      associated with splenectomy. Most likely, almost all of the echinocytes are
      destroyed by the spleen. The red blood cell types that occur as a result of RBC
      fragmentation, namely, dacryocytes, keratocytes, and schizocytes, were remarkably
      associated with the splenic status; larger splenic size was associated with an
      increased number of these cells, while splenectomy was associated with a
      noticeable reduction in their numbers. This finding confirms the role of the
      spleen in the fragmentation of thalassemic RBC. An increasing degree of anemia
      did not affect the number of codocytes and echinocytes, but was associated with a
      mild increase in the number of fragmented RBC and a significant increase in the
      number of torocytes.

PMID- 3993630
TI  - Tests for departure from normal in laboratory data.
AB  - This study was undertaken to compare several methods of evaluating the common
      assumption that laboratory data may be treated as if they had been drawn from an
      underlying Gaussian distribution. As had been described earlier, the usual
      Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was found to be unsatisfactory due to its sensitivity to
      rounding. In addition, a recently suggested modification also was shown to be
      unsuitable, because it was quite insensitive when applied to simulated data known
      to be positively skewed. The authors suggest the following: that the coefficients
      of kurtosis and skewness are valuable for use against specified alternatives;
      that the traditional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is appropriate if the degree of
      rounding is minimal; and that a satisfactory "omnibus" test is not yet available.

PMID- 3993631
TI  - Isolation of Klebsiella ozaenae from a corneal abscess.
AB  - In this report, a case of bacterial keratitis caused by Klebsiella ozaenae is
      presented. The patient was an otherwise healthy 65-year-old woman with a history
      of chronic ocular inflammation and a corneal transplant two years prior to the
      appearance of the corneal ulcer. K. ozaenae is uncommon as a cause of keratitis
      and is recognized as a cause of atrophic rhinitis and as an opportunistic
      pathogen in patients with various underlying diseases. The organism was not
      identified with the computer-assisted API 20E for identification of the
      Enterobacteriaceae, and conventional methods were required to demonstrate its
      unique properties. The clinical spectrum of disease, the characteristics of the
      organism, and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents are discussed.

PMID- 3993632
TI  - Nifedipine reduces the colonic motor response to eating in patients with the
      irritable colon syndrome.
AB  - Patients with the irritable colon syndrome have an exaggerated and/or prolonged
      colonic motor response to eating. This is believed to be the cause of their
      postprandial complaints. Since the flux of calcium ions across cell membranes
      plays a major role in the contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, we
      investigated the effect of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, on the
      gastrocolonic response in nine patients with the irritable colon syndrome.
      Colonic myoelectric and contractile activity was recorded during fasting and
      after a 1000-cal mixed meal, either with or without nifedipine (20 mg
      sublingually) administration. Nifedipine reduced the postprandial increase of
      both spike potential activity and motility index. This effect of acute
      administration of the drug provides rational support to test nifedipine in
      clinical trials as a possible means for treating the irritable colon syndrome.

PMID- 3993633
TI  - Barrett's esophagus in a patient with achalasia.
AB  - Barrett's esophagus has been reported in patients with achalasia who have
      undergone esophagomyotomy. The condition was thought to be acquired from
      gastroesophageal reflux secondary to the iatrogenically produced incompetent
      sphincter. We present the case of a patient with Barrett's esophagus and
      achalasia without any previous surgical intervention.

PMID- 3993634
TI  - Infectious jejunitis with stricture after gastrojejunostomy.
AB  - Although bacterial overgrowth has often been reported in postgastrectomy
      patients, inflammatory stricture near the surgical anastomosis is rare. We
      describe a 36-year-old woman with infectious jejunitis and subsequent jejunal
      stenosis after gastrojejunostomy.

PMID- 3993635
TI  - Infarction of a duodenal duplication cyst.
AB  - An unusual case of infarcted duodenal duplication cyst is presented. Our case is
      the first ever reported. Total excision followed by duodenojejunostomy
      successfully cured the patient.

PMID- 3993636
TI  - Mesoappendiceal paraganglioma.
AB  - A 10-cm tumor of the mesoappendix was removed from an asymptomatic 81-year-old
      woman, who is alive and healthy 5 years later. Histologically, the tumor was a
      paraganglioma. Five other case reports of paraganglioma involving the
      gastrointestinal tract distal to the duodenum are reviewed. The authors believe
      these tumors should be regarded as aberrant retroperitoneal paragangliomas.

PMID- 3993638
TI  - Merkel cell tumor with liver metastases: presentation as fulminant hepatic
      failure.
AB  - This report demonstrates that hepatic metastases can present with fulminant
      hepatic failure and that liver enzyme abnormalities may not become prominent
      until there has been massive replacement of the liver. The CT scan of liver may
      not demonstrate diffuse liver metastases as seen in this patient. Merkel cell
      tumor or trabecular neuroendocrine skin tumor is a previously unreported cause
      for the development of the syndrome of hepatic failure due to liver metastases.

PMID- 3993639
TI  - Serum amyloid P-component as a marker of liver involvement in measles infection.
AB  - The P-component of amyloid (SAP) is a normal serum protein. Recent studies have
      pointed to the liver as the site of synthesis of SAP. Moreover, we have recently
      demonstrated a close correlation between serum level of SAP and the degree of
      liver impairment in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, and
      cirrhosis. In the present study we have investigated liver involvement and serum
      SAP level during measles infection. Up to 80% of patients with measles had
      evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Serum SAP level was markedly decreased in
      patients with measles and correlated with the presence of liver involvement.
      Taken together, this finding suggests that serum SAP level might be a useful and
      sensitive indicator of liver disease.

PMID- 3993637
TI  - Cancer of the gallbladder in Bolivia: suggestions concerning etiology.
AB  - In order to investigate the very high incidence of gallbladder cancer in Bolivia,
      a series of patients with gallbladder cancer and/or cholelithiasis from a
      hospital in La Paz was compared to a series of patients with cholelithiasis from
      Philadelphia. Each group demonstrated a similar female predilection. Bolivian
      patients with gallbladder cancer were older than patients with cholelithiasis
      who, in turn, were older than the general population (p less than 0.001). Racial
      differences demonstrated previously were confirmed. Bolivian gallstones were
      uniformly cholesterol in type, in contrast to the US series, in which 27% of
      patients had black pigment stones. Bile specimens obtained from Bolivian patients
      with cholelithiasis had a lower concentration of bile salts, phospholipids, and
      cholesterol than bile specimens from US cholelithiasis patients (p less than
      0.01, less than 0.001, and less than 0.001, respectively). These biochemical
      differences may help to explain the differing incidence of cholelithiasis and
      gallbladder cancer in the US and Bolivia.

PMID- 3993640
TI  - Carcinoma arising in chronic ulcerative colitis: diagnosis by computed
      tomography.
AB  - Distinguishing between a benign and malignant etiology of a segmental stricture
      in a colon involved with long-standing ulcerative colitis may present a
      diagnostic dilemma radiographically. We present a case of a constricting
      carcinoma arising in chronic ulcerative colitis diagnosed by computed tomography.

PMID- 3993641
TI  - Liver abscess and Crohn's disease.

PMID- 3993642
TI  - A modified feeding jejunostomy tube for use with the percutaneous endoscopic
      technique.

PMID- 3993643
TI  - Hypertension and the kidney. Proceedings of a symposium. New York, New York,
      March 30-31, 1984.

PMID- 3993644
TI  - The kidney in the pathogenesis of hypertension. A prologue.

PMID- 3993646
TI  - Hypertension with renal disease. Introduction.

PMID- 3993645
TI  - The kidney in the pathogenesis of hypertension: the role of renal nerves.
AB  - The intrinsic efferent innervation of the kidney consists of exclusively
      noradrenergic fibers that innervate the preglomerular and postgomerular
      vasculature, all elements of the juxtagomerular apparatus and virtually all
      segments of the nephron in both cortical and medullo-papillary regions. Increases
      in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity produce renal vasoconstriction,
      release of renin, catecholamines, prostaglandins and other vasoactive substances,
      and increases in renal tubular sodium reabsorption; these responses are graded
      and differentiated. The intrinsic afferent innervation of the kidney consists of
      mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors which participate in reno-renal and reno
      systemic reflexes that modulate sympathetic neural outflow in an organ-specific
      differentiated pattern. Therefore, alterations in efferent and afferent renal
      nerve activity produce changes in several important renal functions known to
      contribute to the development and maintenance of hypertension.

PMID- 3993647
TI  - Mortality among rubber workers: X. Reclaim workers.
AB  - This study evaluated the mortality experience of 1,352 white and 438 nonwhite men
      who worked in the rubber-reclaiming division of a large rubber manufacturing
      company. In comparisons of mortality of white reclaim workers with that of
      nonreclaim workers rate ratios were 2.7 for esophageal cancer (six observed
      deaths among reclaim workers), 2.1 for bladder cancer (seven observed deaths),
      and 4.5 for multiple myeloma (six observed deaths). The excess of bladder cancer
      among white reclaim workers may be associated with their employment in other high
      risk areas of the plant, whereas no such explanation was found for the excesses
      of esophageal cancer and multiple myeloma. Overall, the lung cancer mortality
      rate of white reclaim workers was similar to the rate of US white males and other
      white rubber workers. There was a 50% excess of lung cancer deaths among nonwhite
      reclaim workers compared with other nonwhite rubber workers. However, this
      observation is based on small numbers, and no firm conclusions can be reached
      about the risk of lung cancer associated with reclaim operations in this group of
      rubber workers.

PMID- 3993648
TI  - Asbestos disease in sheet metal workers: the results of a proportional mortality
      analysis.
AB  - The results of a proportional mortality analysis of a cohort of sheet metal
      workers who have only intermittent exposure to asbestos demonstrates a
      significant excess of cancer at the three sites most frequently associated with
      asbestos: lung, colon and rectum, and the mesothelium. No excess nonmalignant
      respiratory disease was detected. These data strongly suggest that significant
      asbestos-related disease is present in populations with secondary exposure to
      asbestos and emphasize the importance of considering possible asbestos-related
      disease when treating patients with a history of employment in the construction
      industry.

PMID- 3993649
TI  - Percutaneous penetration of benzene in hairless mice: an estimate of dermal
      absorption during tire-building operations.
AB  - Repeated skin contact with solvents containing as much as 0.5% benzene is common
      in workers building regular bias passenger tires. To estimate the amount of
      benzene absorbed through the skin of these workers, a series of in vivo studies
      was conducted in hairless mice. Percutaneous absorption, following single dermal
      applications of 14C-benzene contained in rubber solvent at a concentration of
      0.5% (v/v), was calculated directly from the sums of radioactivity found in
      excreta, expired breath, and the carcass. Data from the study, together with
      observations made during tire-building operations, suggest that a worker could
      absorb 4-8 mg of benzene daily through the skin. This compares to 14 mg per day
      via inhalation at the NIOSH recommended standard of 1 ppm. Thus dermal absorption
      could contribute from 20-40% of the total benzene dose of these workers.

PMID- 3993651
TI  - Occupational health in Chinese metallurgical industries: report based on a visit.

PMID- 3993650
TI  - Respiratory predictors of disability days: a five year prospective study of U.S.
      coal miners.
AB  - A 5-year prospective analysis tests the hypothesis that coal miners who have
      impaired respiratory health also experience greater numbers of disability days
      due to occupational injury. Occupational and respiratory health information
      collected for the period 1977 through 1981 by the National Institute for
      Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) on 1,118 U.S. underground coal miners was
      linked to coal miner injury records collected under a mandatory reporting system
      by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Respiratory impairment,
      based on spirometric measures, and a questionnaire measure of chronic bronchitis
      symptoms, after adjustment for cigarette smoking and total years of underground
      mining, did not provide statistically significant prediction of average
      disability days. In addition, respiratory impairment did not predict the number
      of episodes of occupational injuries resulting in days lost from work.

PMID- 3993652
TI  - Clinical implications of aging physiology.

PMID- 3993653
TI  - Diagnostic utility of pleural fluid eosinophilia.

PMID- 3993654
TI  - The adult medicine specialist.

PMID- 3993655
TI  - Clinical, electrocardiographic, and ventriculographic consequences of isolated
      occlusion of the right coronary artery.
AB  - The effects of total occlusion of the right coronary artery, a sole lesion, were
      evaluated in an unselected series of 45 patients. Findings ranged from no
      detectable consequences to massive post-infarction left ventricular scars.
      Patients were divided into three groups: Group I, those without clinical or
      ventriculographic evidence of myocardial infarction (10 patients); Group II,
      those with clinical or angiographic evidence of nontransmural myocardial
      infarction (eight patients); Group III, those with electrocardiographic evidence
      of transmural myocardial infarction (27 patients). The critical compensatory
      importance of collateral vessels was demonstrated (1) by the difference between
      the presence of adequate collaterals in Groups I and II (89 percent), versus 44.5
      percent in Group III (p less than 0.005), and (2) by the fact that the three
      patients without demonstrable collaterals showed the most extensive wall motion
      abnormalities. Four patients in Group I had no clinical evidence of ischemic
      disease, occlusion being an incidental finding. It is concluded that the natural
      history of total occlusion of the right coronary artery depends largely upon the
      function of collateral vessels.

PMID- 3993656
TI  - Normal catecholamine and hemodynamic responses to orthostatic tilt in subjects
      with mitral valve prolapse. Correlation with psychologic testing.
AB  - Various functional abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system have been
      reported in symptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse. It has also been
      suggested that mitral valve prolapse may be a component of a neurovascular
      endocrine abnormality and a marker for anxiety. Eleven consecutive patients with
      mitral valve prolapse (six men and five women), five of whom were asymptomatic,
      were studied. In comparison with 11 control subjects matched for age and sex who
      underwent 60-degree upright tilt, there was no significant difference between
      plasma norepinephrine levels, heart rate, and blood pressure, before, during, and
      after tilting. Psychologic testing for anxiety neurosis in both groups showed no
      significant difference on any of these measurements. There was therefore no
      evidence of autonomic dysfunction or neurosis in the patients with mitral valve
      prolapse. This variance with the findings of other investigators is probably
      related to their study of patient groups skewed by a disproportionate number of
      symptomatic females; the patients in the study reported herein are more
      representative of mitral valve prolapse in the general population. The symptoms
      attributed to mitral valve prolapse are quite likely adrenergically mediated and
      precipitated by anxiety, but this probably represents a coincidence of two common
      conditions encountered in medical practice.

PMID- 3993657
TI  - The bleeding time as a preoperative screening test.
AB  - To examine the benefit of determination of the bleeding time as a preoperative
      screening test, the medical records of all patients who had a prolonged bleeding
      time during a six-month period were reviewed. At Northwestern Memorial Hospital,
      where the bleeding time test is part of the presurgical panel, 1,941 bleeding
      time determinations were performed during six months. Prolonged bleeding times
      were recorded in 110 preoperative patients, of whom 83 (75 percent) had bleeding
      risk factors, including drug ingestion, thrombocytopenia, and azotemia. In these
      patients, the bleeding time ranged unpredictably from 10 to more than 20 minutes.
      However, of the 27 patients without apparent risk factors, only two had bleeding
      times of more than 20 minutes. This small number probably does not justify the
      routine use of the test in all preoperative patients. Rather, the test should be
      used selectively for those subjects who, on the basis of history or laboratory
      evidence, are suspected of being at risk of hemorrhage. Moreover, even in these
      patients, prolongation of the bleeding time may not always be associated with
      excessive surgical blood loss.

PMID- 3993658
TI  - Clinical significance of "reciprocal" S-T segment depression in acute myocardial
      infarction. Relative contributions of infarct size and ischemia at a distance.
AB  - The early electrocardiographic results in 100 patients surviving their first
      myocardial infarction who thereafter underwent serial radionuclide
      ventriculography were reviewed. Site of infarction was anterior in 46 and
      inferior in 54, with lateral extension in two patients. Those with "reciprocal" S
      T segment depression of more than 1 mm in the acute phase (n = 53) sustained
      larger infarcts on the basis of enzyme criteria (mean peak serum creatine kinase,
      +/- SD, 2,203 +/- 1,271 versus 1,544 +/- 1,197 IU/liter, p less than 0.02), with
      a higher incidence of ventricular akinesis and dyskinesis. Reciprocal change was
      more common during inferior infarction (n = 33) than anterior infarction (n =
      20). Despite equivalent peak enzyme levels following anterior and inferior
      infarction with reciprocal S-T depression (mean peak creatine kinase 2,330 versus
      2,128, NS), there was marked sparing of left ventricular function in the latter
      group (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.31 +/- 0.14 versus 0.42 +/-
      0.09, p less than 0.01). Of 17 patients who died within two years of infarction,
      14 had reciprocal changes. Patients who died after anterior infarction with
      reciprocal changes (n = 5) had poor left ventricular function compared with those
      who died after inferior infarction (n = 9; left ventricular ejection fraction, +/
      SD, 0.21 +/- 0.05 versus 0.38 +/- 0.11, p less than 0.01). One third of those
      recovering from inferior infarction with reciprocal changes subsequently had
      positive results on exercise testing, and of the nine patients who died, five had
      good left ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction 0.44 to 0.50).
      Infarct size and ventricular wall motion abnormality proved to be of major
      importance in the production of inferior reciprocal S-T change during anterior
      infarction, and subsequent mortality was related to poor left ventricular
      function. The proximity of the precordial leads to left ventricular myocardium
      may increase the detection of concomitant anterior ischemia during inferior
      infarction, and those who exhibit reciprocal change are presumably at risk from
      left main stem or anterior descending lesions but with reasonably good
      ventricular function represent a more attractive population for invasive
      investigation.

PMID- 3993659
TI  - The changing natural history of nephropathy in type I diabetes.
AB  - Events in the natural history of diabetic nephropathy (including the onset of
      persistent proteinuria and end-stage renal failure) were studied in a cohort of
      292 patients with juvenile-onset type I diabetes who were followed for 20 to 40
      years. The risk of persistent proteinuria increased rapidly between the fifth and
      15th years of diabetes and declined thereafter. This pattern suggests that
      susceptibility to this complication was limited to a subset of patients and was
      exhausted over time. Patients with the most frequent severe hyperglycemia (the
      highest quartile) during the first 15 years of diabetes had a risk of persistent
      proteinuria that was four and a half times higher than that for those with the
      least frequent hyperglycemia (the lowest quartile). Patients whose diabetes was
      diagnosed in the 1930s had twice the risk of persistent proteinuria as those in
      whom the condition was diagnosed in later decades. Once persistent proteinuria
      appeared, progression to renal failure almost always followed. Half reached this
      stage within 10 years, and the interval for progression did not vary according to
      sex, frequency of hyperglycemia, or calendar year of diagnosis of diabetes. This
      period, however, was significantly shorter (eight versus 14 years) for patients
      whose diabetes was diagnosed after puberty than for those who were younger at
      onset. In conclusion, the development of diabetic nephropathy consists of at
      least two stages. The onset of proteinuria, although related to the level of
      exposure to hyperglycemia, appears to be influenced by genetic and/or
      environmental factors. The second stage, progression to renal failure, seems to
      be influenced by processes related to maturation or aging.

PMID- 3993660
TI  - Familial granulomatous synovitis, uveitis, and cranial neuropathies.
AB  - A family is presented that had what is believed to be a previously undescribed
      syndrome of granulomatous synovitis, bilateral recurrent uveitis, and cranial
      neuropathies. Affected members included the proband, his brother, father, and
      probably the decreased paternal grandmother. Disease onset was in childhood. Each
      had symmetric, boggy polysynovitis of the hands and wrists, resulting in nearly
      identical boutonniere deformities. Hand radiography in the proband and his
      brother revealed no erosions or joint destruction despite more than 20 years of
      disease. Synovectomy specimens in the proband and his brother showed
      granulomatous inflammation with giant cells. Recurrent, nongranulomatous, acute
      iridocyclitis with visual impairment afflicted the proband, brother, and father.
      Apparently corticosteroid-responsive bilateral neurosensory hearing loss occurred
      in the proband, and a transient sixth cranial nerve palsy in his brother. All
      members of the family were antinuclear antibody-, rheumatoid factor-, and HLA-B27
      negative. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were within normal limits in
      all family members. The inheritance pattern of this syndrome is most consistent
      with an autosomal dominant mode.

PMID- 3993662
TI  - Acquired anhaptoglobinemia in panhypopituitarism.
AB  - This report describes the first case of acquired anhaptoglobinemia observed in
      panhypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome). Anhaptoglobinemia was completely
      reversed by the administration of hydrocortisone. These findings suggest that
      haptoglobin synthesis and/or secretion are modulated by hydrocortisone.

PMID- 3993661
TI  - Abdominal pain, purpura, and death in an elderly woman.

PMID- 3993663
TI  - Asymptomatic long-standing idiopathic hypoparathyroidism discovered following
      delivery of a healthy infant.
AB  - A case of long-standing idiopathic hypoparathyroidism that remained asymptomatic
      during pregnancy is described in a 25-year-old primipara. Clinical signs
      including carpopedal spasm, convulsions, and acute psychosis developed after the
      patient gave birth to a healthy infant. In contrast to previous reported cases,
      no signs of osteitis fibrosa cystica were found in the infant. This is believed
      to be the first such case described.

PMID- 3993664
TI  - Insulin antibodies in patients receiving penicillamine.
AB  - In a patient receiving penicillamine for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,
      antibodies to insulin developed, which resulted in symptomatic hypoglycemia. When
      30 additional patients receiving penicillamine were screened, another patient was
      discovered to have antibodies to insulin. The level of antibody fell sharply in
      both patients after penicillamine was discontinued. This particular immunologic
      reaction to penicillamine has not been reported previously.

PMID- 3993665
TI  - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteremia presenting as septic shock.
AB  - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae rarely causes bacteremia, and it has never been
      reported to cause septic shock. A 58-year-old man with fulminant hyperdynamic
      shock associated with E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia is described. Erysipelothrix
      must be considered when a patient with an appropriate history presents with
      septic shock.

PMID- 3993666
TI  - Hypomorphic variant of the slow allele of C3 associated with hypocomplementemia
      and hematuria.
AB  - This report describes the first instance of a hypomorphic variant (C3*s) of the
      most common C3 allele, C3 Slow, which was detected in a four-year-old Caucasian
      boy with hematuria. Analysis of C3 phenotypes, as determined by agarose
      electrophoresis, showed a hypomorphic C3 Slow in the patient and a maternal aunt.
      Serum C3 concentration was significantly reduced in the patient and his mother
      (610 and 750 micrograms/ml; normal +/- 1 SD = 1,240 +/- 240 micrograms/ml) and
      was at the lower limits of normal in the affected aunt (770 micrograms/ml). The
      mother's phenotype was C3 S (? Ss) and she was the presumed carrier, since the
      father (C3 FS) had neither an abnormal C3 S band nor a low C3 concentration (980
      micrograms/ml). Total hemolytic complement was significantly reduced only in the
      patient (19 units/ml; normal = 38 +/- 16). Hypomorphic C3 variants should be
      considered in the evaluation of decreased serum C3 levels.

PMID- 3993668
TI  - Spontaneous recovery from cardiogenic shock and renal failure.
AB  - A patient is described with an unexpected and spontaneous recovery from
      cardiogenic shock and acute severe oliguric renal failure despite her refusal to
      receive appropriate therapeutic action. The uniqueness of this patient's course
      and the need to individualize ethical decisions are emphasized.

PMID- 3993667
TI  - Renal and testicular agenesis in a patient with Darier's disease.
AB  - Darier's disease is a familial disorder of the skin that has been associated with
      corneal, bone, pulmonary, and urogenital abnormalities. This report describes a
      novel urogenital anomaly, namely renal and testicular agenesis, in a patient with
      Darier's disease. Detailed study of the kindred demonstrated an autosomal
      dominant pattern of inheritance for Darier's disease and also revealed the
      presence of autoimmune thyroiditis in several family members. Thyroid involvement
      ranged from isolated goiter to hypothyroidism. Tissue typing for HLA-A, B, C, and
      DR antigens did not reveal a specific haplotype common to all the carriers of the
      cutaneous or thyroid disorder. It is concluded that patients with Darier's
      disease should be carefully evaluated for the occurrence of systemic diseases,
      especially urogenital abnormalities and thyroid disorders.

PMID- 3993669
TI  - Hypercalcemia in disseminated histoplasmosis. Aggravation by vitamin D.
AB  - Hypercalcemia associated with disseminated histoplasmosis in an elderly male is
      described. Serum calcium levels increased during vitamin D supplementation,
      supporting the proposed mechanism of hypercalcemia in granulomatous diseases.
      Rapid clinical deterioration and death occurred shortly after administration of
      steroids for relative adrenal insufficiency. Vitamin D and calcium supplements
      may aggravate the hypercalcemia of granulomatous disease and should be avoided.

PMID- 3993670
TI  - Familial embryonal carcinoma in a cancer-prone kindred.
AB  - Familial testicular cancer is rare. This report describes a family with an
      unusual cancer spectrum that included the infantile form of embryonal carcinoma
      of the testis in the son of a cancer-free but putative obligate gene carrier
      mother, and the adult form of embryonal carcinoma in this women's maternal half
      brother (their mutual mother had malignant melanoma and urinary bladder
      carcinoma). Hereditary syndrome designation remains elusive. Priority attention
      to biomarker research in families of this type for elucidation of cause and
      control is discussed.

PMID- 3993671
TI  - An unusual distal arthrogryposis.
AB  - We report on a mother and her dizygotic twin fetuses who were affected with
      distal arthrogryposis. In addition the mother has cervical vertebral anomalies,
      scoliosis, short stature, nuchal and axillary pterygia, and unusual facial
      appearance. The fetuses had a short neck, pterygium colli, retrognathia, and mild
      apparent scoliosis. We think that these three individuals have a previously
      undescribed type of distal arthrogryposis.

PMID- 3993672
TI  - A lethal autosomal recessive syndrome of multiple congenital contractures.
AB  - We describe 16 cases of a lethal syndrome with multiple congenital contractures
      from ten families. The main clinical findings included intrauterine growth
      retardation with marked fetal hydrops, multiple contractures, and facial
      abnormalities, especially micrognathia. At autopsy, pulmonary hypoplasia and
      muscular atrophy were present. There was a paucity of anterior horn motor neurons
      in the four studied cases. We think that the cases represent the same clinical
      entity, probably caused by homozygosity of an autosomal recessive gene. The
      syndrome resembles the Pena-Shokeir I syndrome, but seems to differ in some
      respects, including length of survival and presence of hydrops. Prenatal
      diagnosis of this syndrome is possible after the 16th week of pregnancy with
      ultrasound.

PMID- 3993673
TI  - The lethal multiple pterygium syndromes: is prenatal detection possible?

PMID- 3993674
TI  - Sixty-four patients with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome: a survey.
AB  - We surveyed 64 individuals with the diagnosis of Brachmann-de Lange syndrome
      (BDLS) to determine the natural course and cause of the disorder. The 64
      individuals were ascertained through membership in a national organization, the
      Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CDLS) Foundation, comprised of families who have a
      relative with BDLS. We surveyed 64 families by questionnaire and personally
      examined 24 of the 64. Our data suggest that lower birth weight correlates with a
      more severe phenotype, specifically including severe upper limb malformations and
      greater psychomotor retardation. The lower birth weight group showed a
      significant excess of females. The miscarriage rate was normal and there were no
      recurrences reported in the 64 families we surveyed. Major management problems
      included feeding problems and projectile vomiting, behavioral problems including
      frequent tantrums, hearing and dental difficulties, and recurrent respiratory
      tract infections. The oldest, teenaged subjects in our study entered puberty;
      although pregnancy has not been reported in the syndrome, it is likely that
      people with BDLS are fertile. Though most BDLS children reared at home survive
      through adolescence, a significant degree of psychomotor retardation and
      difficult medical management problems still occur.

PMID- 3993675
TI  - Carpenter syndrome: natural history and clinical spectrum.
AB  - Recently, we evaluated three sibs with Carpenter syndrome, permitting further
      clinical, orthopedic, radiographic, and psychometric delineation of this
      disorder. All three patients were operated on for craniostenosis at or before 2
      months. Although all had gross motor delay in early infancy, two had normal
      intelligence at 12 months and 10 years, respectively. Bony abnormalities
      contributed to functional impairment especially in the older children. Preaxial
      polydactyly of feet was present in all three affected sibs and in all other
      reported individuals with this condition, allowing differentiation of Carpenter
      syndrome from the other autosomal-recessive acrocephalopolysyndactyly syndromes.

PMID- 3993676
TI  - Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with congestive cardiomyopathy: an autosomal
      recessive disorder?
AB  - We report on two sisters with ovarian dysgenesis and secondary hypergonadotropic
      hypogonadism and congestive cardiomyopathy. Their parents are first cousins. It
      is suggested that these are the main manifestations of a previously unreported
      autosomal-recessive syndrome.

PMID- 3993677
TI  - Unbalanced translocation (15;17)(q13;13.3) with apparent Prader-Willi syndrome
      but without Miller-Dieker syndrome.
AB  - We studied after death a 3-month-old girl whose karyotype was 45,XX,-15,
      17,+der(17),t(15;17)(q13;p13.3) and thus combines abnormalities of chromosome 15
      associated with the Prader-Willi syndrome and of chromosome 17 associated with
      the Miller-Dieker syndrome. This infant had several manifestations of the Prader
      Willi syndrome in infancy but none of the Miller-Dieker syndrome. We propose that
      essentially no loss of 17p material has occurred and confirm previous reports
      that the critical region for the production of the Miller-Dieker phenotype is
      located subterminally in the 17p13.3 region.

PMID- 3993678
TI  - Study of H-Y antigen in abnormal sex determination with monoclonal antibody and
      an ELISA.
AB  - A newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been applied to
      the study of H-Y antigen in cases of XY, XYY, and X,dicY gonadal dysgenesis,
      testicular feminization syndrome, XXXXY syndrome, and XX true hermaphroditism.
      Monoclonal H-Y antibody was absorbed with cells from each of eight patients and
      from normal male and female controls, and then reacted with a plated antigen
      source in a system subsuming the addition of biotinylated secondary antibody,
      avidin-biotin-enzyme complex and substrate, and thereby the generation of a
      color. Positive absorption decreased the reaction, and this allowed sensitive
      measurement of H-Y phenotype in an electronic optical density reader. The ELISA
      obviates many of the technical difficulties encountered in complement-mediated
      cytotoxicity systems and can be used in the study of clinical cases of aberrant
      sex determination and in the evaluation of current models of the genetics of sex
      determination.

PMID- 3993679
TI  - A thermolabile variant of alpha-L-fucosidase--clinical and laboratory findings.
AB  - A family with two sibs affected clinically with the severe infantile form of
      fucosidosis is described. Biochemical studies revealed a relatively high residual
      activity (34-60% of normal) with markedly decreased thermostability. The
      importance of including thin layer chromatography for urinary oligosaccharides in
      the diagnostic workup for such patients is emphasized.

PMID- 3993680
TI  - A new syndrome of dwarfism, neonatal death, narrow chest, spondylometaphyseal
      abnormalities, and advanced bone age.

PMID- 3993681
TI  - Update on the Marshall-Smith-Weaver controversy.

PMID- 3993682
TI  - Tetraphocomelia in the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radii (TAR
      syndrome).
AB  - We report on an infant with the syndrome of Thrombocytopenia with Absent Radii
      (TAR) with severe lower-limb involvement. Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia was
      detected at 6 days when the platelet count was 11,000/microL. The platelet count
      increased steadily to 100,000/microL at 3 years. The patient required bilateral
      above-knee amputations for femorotibial synostoses. We recommend postponement of
      all elective operations until platelet counts are normal.

PMID- 3993683
TI  - Vesicoureteric reflux: segregation analysis.
AB  - Complex segregation analysis was applied to data from 88 families containing at
      least one person with vesicoureteric reflux. Analysis showed that a single major
      locus was the most important causal factor in this condition, with the mutant
      allele being dominant to the normal allele and having a gene frequency of about
      0.16%. Forty-five percent of gene carriers will have vesicoureteric reflux and/or
      reflux nephropathy as adults and 15% will develop renal failure, compared to
      0.05% and 0.001%, respectively, for those not carrying the gene. This analysis
      confirms the importance of screening close relatives of persons with proven
      vesicoureteric reflux or reflux nephropathy.

PMID- 3993684
TI  - Anomalies associated with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both.
AB  - Numerous investigators have reported on a low frequency of other anomalies in
      patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. The data have been somewhat
      inconsistent, ranging from a 3% to over 30% frequency of associated
      malformations. However, a recent study concluded that over half of the children
      with clefts at a large metropolitan center have associated anomalies. In an
      effort to elucidate further the genetic and morphologic characteristics of
      patients with clefts, 1,000 patients with clefts of the lip, palate, or both were
      examined and reviewed. The results indicate that associated anomalies occur in
      63.4% of the sample. Approximately half of the patients with multiple anomalies
      have recognized syndromes, sequences, or associations, while the other half have
      physical examination (apparently one-of-a-kind) syndromes. The high frequency of
      associated anomalies has obvious implications for the genetic counseling offered
      to all patients at cleft palate and craniofacial centers. The frequency of
      associated anomalies also raises questions regarding the validity of past genetic
      research involving populations of subjects with clefts.

PMID- 3993685
TI  - Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Sotos syndrome.
AB  - The metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) was analyzed on 16 Sotos syndrome
      patients. A mean Sotos syndrome profile was produced. Correlation studies confirm
      clinical homogeneity of Sotos syndrome individuals. Discriminant analysis of
      Sotos syndrome patients and normal individuals produces a function of two MCPP
      variables and age, which may provide a useful tool for diagnosis.

PMID- 3993686
TI  - An anatomical study of a duplication 6p based on two sibs.
AB  - Dup (6p) patients have a peculiar facial appearance (frontal bossing,
      hypotelorism, hypoplastic midface), low birthweight, cardiovascular defects,
      small kidneys, and psychomotor retardation. We thought that a detailed anatomical
      dissection would more precisely define the syndrome, which has been developed
      from clinical evaluations and autopsy reports. Our patient, a female adolescent,
      died at 17 11/12 years and is the oldest patient with this syndrome to be
      described. The brain and skull showed the greatest number of abnormalities. The
      brain was smaller than normal and abnormally shaped. Many of the skull
      abnormalities, including shortened basisphenoid/basiocciput, reduced size of
      cranial fossae, and steep orbital roofs, may be attributed to the brain's shape.
      There were no olfactory bulbs, and only one rudimentary olfactory tract was
      present. Other findings were the following: a high interventricular septal defect
      and right ventricular hypertrophy, absence of uterus and vagina, hypoplastic
      ovaries, a common mesentery, two left extensor indicis bellies, bilateral absence
      of palmaris brevis and of peroneus tertius. Our results are compared with
      anomalies found in other aneuploidy syndromes. Variations in some organ systems
      may be similar to those whose presence Shapiro [1983] has attributed to amplified
      developmental instability. Relationships between the brain shape and size and
      skull abnormalities are also discussed. From 16 reported cases, a detailed
      autopsy report of the affected brother, and our anatomical findings, we suggest
      that this syndrome may also be characterized by arhinencephaly, common mesentery,
      absent uterus in the female, and growth retardation in those surviving the
      neonatal period.

PMID- 3993687
TI  - The frequency and economic burden of genetic disease in a pediatric hospital in
      Mexico City.
AB  - A survey of 2,945 admissions to the National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico, was
      undertaken to document the frequency and burden of genetic disorders. Patients
      were classified into five categories: single gene disorders; chromosomal
      disorders; complex genetic etiology; unknown etiology, and nongenetic disorders.
      Of all admissions studied, 4.3% had a genetic disease (categories 1 and 2); 33.5%
      had a partly genetic condition (category 3); 13.8% had a disorder of unknown
      etiology; and 48.4% had an environmental disease. In terms of economic burden,
      patients with genetic or partly genetic disorders came more frequently from
      outside the city and had more and longer admissions with a higher number of
      surgeries. The results suggest that genetic disease, although less frequent than
      disease caused by environmental conditions, lays a considerable financial burden
      on the hospital and on the affected families. The need to create genetic units in
      developing countries is emphasized.

PMID- 3993689
TI  - Ichthyosis and neutral lipid storage disease.
AB  - Four members of a consanguineous middle eastern family had a lipid storage
      disease characterized by congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, neurosensory
      deafness, cataracts, mild myopathy, and leukocyte vacuoles. These patients are
      similar to several others recently reported and represent a unique disorder of
      lipid metabolism. The clinical and biochemical manifestations of this lipid
      storage disease are reviewed. Evidence is presented that the disorder is
      inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and that heterozygotes may be detected
      by the presence of vacuoles within circulating eosinophils.

PMID- 3993688
TI  - Azoospermia and duplication 3qter as distinct consequences of a familial t(X;3)
      (q26;q13.2).
AB  - A t(X;3) (q26;q13.2) was found in three generations of a family. Female carriers
      exhibited normal reproductive function, whereas all three postpuberal male
      carriers showed spermatogenesis arrest at meiosis I. Additionally, a 2 3/12-year
      old girl had duplication 3qter resulting from an adjacent-1 segregation.

PMID- 3993690
TI  - The syndrome as finding or as cause: suggested terminology.

PMID- 3993691
TI  - Linkage between the genes for Wolfram syndrome and brachydactyly E.

PMID- 3993692
TI  - An inventory to assess psychopathology of mentally retarded adults.
AB  - An inventory of psychopathology (self-report and informant versions) was
      developed for mentally retarded adults. The inventory was administered to 110
      retarded adults from institutional (n = 59) and community (n = 51) settings. Data
      indicated that both versions of the instrument showed acceptable levels of
      internal consistency and test-retest reliability. In addition, the correlations
      between self-report and informant versions were low but significant for selected
      symptom clusters. To provide preliminary evidence regarding the clinical utility
      of the measure, we examined the relationship of diagnosis of depression (based on
      informant ratings) to other measures of psychopathology. The diagnosis of
      depression on the informant version of the inventory corresponded to other self
      report and clinical ratings of dysfunction. The feasibility of this instrument in
      identifying psychopathology among retarded persons and its future use as a
      screening instrument for additional psychiatric evaluation were discussed.

PMID- 3993693
TI  - Neuropsychological deficits in early treated phenylketonuric children.
AB  - In this preliminary study, six early treated children with phenylketonuria (PKU)
      were compared on the Halstead Neuropsychological Battery for Older Children with
      three groups of children with documented neurological disorders involving
      predominantly the left, the right, or bilateral dysfunction. The children with
      PKU had an overall level of neuropsychological impairment similar to that of the
      brain-damaged groups. The PKU group did not show a consistent pattern of
      lateralization, but there was some specificity to their deficits. The analyses
      showed that they were most similar to the right-hemisphere group. The children
      with PKU tended to show deficits consistently in two neuropsychological domains,
      conceptual and visuospatial skills, which would help explain their reported
      difficulty with mathematics. Further work is needed to test these results in a
      larger sample and to examine possible relationships with dietary compliance.

PMID- 3993694
TI  - The aberrant behavior checklist: a behavior rating scale for the assessment of
      treatment effects.
AB  - The development of a scale to assess drug and other treatment effects on severely
      mentally retarded individuals was described. In the first stage of the project,
      an initial scale encompassing a large number of behavior problems was used to
      rate 418 residents. The scale was then reduced to an intermediate version, and in
      the second stage, 509 moderately to profoundly retarded individuals were rated.
      Separate factor analyses of the data from the two samples resulted in a five
      factor scale comprising 58 items. The factors of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist
      have been labeled as follows: (I) Irritability, Agitation, Crying; (II) Lethargy,
      Social Withdrawal; (III) Stereotypic Behavior; (IV) Hyperactivity, Noncompliance;
      and (V) Inappropriate Speech. Average subscale scores were presented for the
      instrument, and the results were compared with empirically derived rating scales
      of childhood psychopathology and with factor analytic work in the field of mental
      retardation.

PMID- 3993695
TI  - Medical needs of institutionalized mentally retarded persons: perceptions of
      families and staff members.
AB  - Agreement between families and institutional staff members on the intensity of
      medical needs of mentally retarded residents was investigated. Agreement was
      poor, with families perceiving far greater levels of medical needs. Implications
      for deinstitutionalization planning in relation to family opposition were
      discussed.

PMID- 3993696
TI  - Behavioral attempts to eliminate air-swallowing in two profoundly mentally
      retarded clients.
AB  - Attempts were made to eliminate the aerophagia (pathological air-swallowing)
      exhibited by two profoundly retarded clients in a state residential institution.
      In Experiment 1, a positive-practice overcorrection procedure (coactive mouth
      covering) tripled the frequency of a female's air-swallowing and subsequent time
      out failed to reduce it below free-operant levels. In Experiment 2, further
      unsuccessful attempts were made to reduce air-swallowing by the same subject
      using additional time-out procedures. For a second subject (Experiment 3),
      increased durations of positive-practice overcorrection produced corresponding
      reductions in air-swallowing. After physical opposition to treatment,
      overcorrection was withdrawn, resulting in near-baseline responding. Multiple
      baselines in each experiment showed no transfer effect. Findings were discussed
      with reference to investigators who reported negative side-effects of
      overcorrection and overcame them through continued experimental analysis.

PMID- 3993697
TI  - Identification of vocally expressed emotions by mentally retarded and nonretarded
      individuals.
AB  - Nonretarded, TMR, and EMR individuals matched on MA attempted to identify the
      emotional states (happy, angry, sad, or fearful) of tape-recorded voices speaking
      in an unfamiliar language by pointing to one of four stick-figure depictions of
      the emotions. Although analyses indicated that TMR subjects were less accurate
      overall than were EMR and nonretarded subjects, all three groups were able to
      identify each of the emotions well above chance expectation. Of the four
      emotions, fear was judged least accurately by each group. Correlational analyses
      revealed that accuracy in decoding emotional passages was positively related to
      IQ and CA. Generally, the experimental and correlational findings indicated few
      important differences in patterns of emotion identification among the groups and
      were consistent with results obtained in other studies of nonverbal decoding by
      nonretarded individuals.

PMID- 3993698
TI  - Vocabulary acquisition by mentally retarded students under direct and mnemonic
      instruction.
AB  - Twenty EMR junior-high-school students learned the definitions of unfamiliar
      English vocabulary words under either direct instruction or mnemonic instruction
      in a crossover design. When in the mnemonic-instruction condition, students
      remembered 50% more vocabulary definitions than when they were in the direct
      instruction condition. Only three of the 20 students failed to exhibit superior
      performance when in the mnemonic instruction condition. Supplementary analysis of
      the response data revealed distinctly different error patterns in the two
      instructional conditions. In particular, far more intralist intrusions were
      associated with direct instruction. Implications of these results were discussed.

PMID- 3993699
TI  - Parathyroid hormone and the altered vascular response to norepinephrine in
      uremia.
AB  - Patients with chronic renal failure manifest reduced pressor response to
      norepinephrine (NE); this abnormality is at least partly responsible for the
      autonomic nervous system dysfunction observed in these patients. Since uremia is
      associated with increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and since PTH
      blunts the pressor effect of NE most likely via activation of prostaglandins, we
      have studied the relationship between blood levels of PTH and the reduced pressor
      response to NE in 17 uremic patients and we examined the effect of treatment with
      indomethacin on the response to NE in 9 uremic and 5 normal subjects. There was a
      significant negative correlation (r = -0.63, p less than 0.01) between the
      changes in blood pressure and the blood levels of PTH in uremic patients.
      Treatment with indomethacin was followed by significant improvement or
      normalization of the pressor response to NE in uremic patients. These data are
      consistent with the notion that the decreased pressor response to NE in uremia is
      due to increased production of prostaglandins induced by excess PTH and provide a
      therapeutic tool for the treatment of some of the manifestations of autonomic
      nervous system dysfunction in uremia.

PMID- 3993700
TI  - Treatment of acute cyanide intoxication with hemodialysis.
AB  - A dramatic response was noted in a patient at our hospital who received
      hemodialysis therapy for severe acidosis secondary to an unknown toxin,
      subsequently identified as cyanide. We were unable to find any information
      concerning the hemodialysis clearance and extraction ratio of cyanide; thus, we
      studied the effect of hemodialysis in dogs receiving a constant infusion of
      cyanide with and without a simultaneous infusion of thiosulfate. The hemodialysis
      clearance of cyanide in the presence of thiosulfate was 38.3 +/- 5.4 ml/min with
      an extraction ratio of 0.43 +/- 0.06 (n = 4). Hemodialysis was found to increase
      the lethal dose of cyanide without thiosulfate infusion, and a further increase
      was noted with the thiosulfate infusion. Thiosulfate promotes mitochondrial
      metabolism of cyanide to thiocyanate. The end product, thiocyanate, is quickly
      removed by hemodialysis. We believe that the demonstrated effectiveness of
      hemodialysis in the treatment of acute cyanide intoxication is related not only
      to the hemodialysis clearance of cyanide, but also to the removal of its
      metabolic end product, thiocyanate. Based on our observations, we feel that
      hemodialysis is an effective adjunct in the treatment of acute cyanide
      intoxication.

PMID- 3993701
TI  - IgA nephropathy in Japan.

PMID- 3993702
TI  - Consent to dialyzer reuse: is it ethically necessary?
AB  - It is argued that consent by the patient to reuse dialyzers which have been
      mechanically cleansed is not required provided adequate standards of practice and
      safety are utilized. Based on medical benefits, administrative order and cost
      saving we propose that specific informed consent for such reuse should not be
      mandatory and that it could at times be unhelpful, both to care givers and
      recipients.

PMID- 3993703
TI  - Piroxicam-induced acute interstitial nephritis and minimal-change nephrotic
      syndrome.

PMID- 3993705
TI  - Phospholipid analyses in amniotic fluid contaminated by seminal ejaculate.

PMID- 3993706
TI  - The management of bradycardia during nonstress tests.

PMID- 3993704
TI  - Eutopic and ectopic macromolecular human placental lactogen.
AB  - Macromolecular forms of human placental lactogen have received little attention
      because it has been thought that such forms either compose only a small fraction
      of total immunoactive placental lactogen or are merely laboratory artifacts. We
      examined serum and placental tissue from women with normal pregnancy (first and
      third trimesters), serum and tissue from women with eutopic tumors (mole and
      choriocarcinoma), and serum from men with ectopic placental lactogen production.
      Samples were chromatographed on dextran gel (Sephadex G-100), and placental
      lactogen was measured in the fractions by radioimmunoassay. In all specimens
      examined, immunoactive placental lactogen was found at the void volume of the
      column (molecular weight greater than 150,000 daltons). This macromolecular
      placental lactogen comprised less than 4% of total placental lactogen in the
      third trimester, in mole, and in 16 of 18 first-trimester samples but was
      significantly higher, up to 19%, in the malignant cases. In two first-trimester
      placental extracts (but not in their matched sera) macromolecular placental
      lactogen was the dominant (greater than 45% of the total placental lactogen)
      immunoactive species. Authentic monomeric placental lactogen was not converted to
      macromolecular placental lactogen by repeated freezing and thawing. Third
      trimester placental macromolecular placental lactogen was unstable; only 13%
      remained at the void on rechromatography. First-trimester placental
      macromolecular placental lactogen, on the other hand, was stable to
      rechromatography. The behavior of immunochemical dilutions of macromolecular
      placental lactogen from first-trimester placenta was similar to that of monomeric
      placental lactogen in the same sample. Macromolecular placental lactogen is
      probably not artifact, and it can comprise a large fraction of the total
      immunoactive placental lactogen in certain conditions.

PMID- 3993707
TI  - HELLP syndrome: pathologic entity or technical inadequacy?

PMID- 3993708
TI  - The elusive ellipse.

PMID- 3993709
TI  - Mumps and postmenopausal ovarian cancer.

PMID- 3993710
TI  - Histomorphometry of the human placenta in maternal preeclampsia.
AB  - The placentas of five mothers with severe preeclampsia who gave birth to
      moderately growth-retarded term infants were compared to a group of placentas
      collected from mothers who had uncomplicated pregnancies and normal term infants
      who were appropriate for gestational age. This study demonstrated that, on a
      quantitative histologic basis, the placentas of the preeclamptic mothers were
      morphologically very similar to the control placentas in terms of weight,
      parenchymal and cellular content, and surface areas of exchange between mother
      and fetus. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that, in
      preeclampsia not associated with severe intrauterine growth retardation, the
      perinatal morbidity associated with this condition is probably related more to
      some alterations in uteroplacental and, possibly, umbilical blood flows than to
      significant changes in placental structure and function. This may be due to
      compensatory repair mechanisms and extensive functional reserve capacities in
      these placentas.

PMID- 3993711
TI  - Maternal and perinatal outcome of conservative management of severe preeclampsia
      in midtrimester.
AB  - Pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia in the second trimester are
      associated with a high incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality. One way to
      possibly improve perinatal outcome in these pregnancies is to attempt to prolong
      the gestation with conservative management. Reported here the results of
      conservative management of 60 consecutive patients with severe preeclampsia in
      the second trimester (18 to 27 weeks' gestation). Although there were no maternal
      mortalities, the morbidity rate for the 60 patients was very high. Severe
      maternal complications included abruptio placentae (n = 13), eclampsia (n = 10),
      coagulopathy (n = 5), renal failure (n = 3), hypertensive encephalopathy (n = 2),
      intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 1), and ruptured hepatic hematoma (n = 1). In
      addition, perinatal outcome for these pregnancies was exceptionally poor, with 31
      of the 60 pregnancies resulting in a stillborn infant, and 21 resulting in a
      neonatal death, for a total perinatal mortality rate of 87%. Thus, the results of
      this retrospective study do not support the use of conservative management for
      pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia in the second trimester.

PMID- 3993712
TI  - Genital tuberculosis in an elderly woman with the primary symptoms of pelvic
      prolapse: case report.

PMID- 3993713
TI  - Surface changes in intrauterine contraceptive devices after variable use.
AB  - Four used intrauterine contraceptive devices and two new control devices were
      studied by scanning electron microscopy. All intrauterine contraceptive devices
      were found to have surface deposits that differed not only from site to site on a
      given device but between devices. A finding of this study not previously
      described in the literature was the observation of a euhedral crystal rosette of
      an apatite mineral group [Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)] on the Lippes Loop that had been in
      situ for 15 years.

PMID- 3993714
TI  - Advanced maternal age: the mature gravida.
AB  - A 3-year study of women ages 35 years and older who were delivered at Women's
      Hospital of Long Beach from January 1, 1981, to December 31, 1983, was performed
      to study the risks involved with advanced maternal age. The study group included
      1023 women who were 35 years and older, and they were divided into parous and
      nulliparous groups. A control group consisting of 5343 women aged 20 to 25 years
      was used for comparison. Each group was analyzed for the following parameters:
      pregnancy complications, labor complications, delivery factors, and neonatal
      outcome. The results show very few statistical differences in the factors
      analyzed. On the basis of this 3-year study it appears that pregnancies in women
      of advanced maternal age in the 1980s who are delivered in a modern tertiary care
      center may be of no higher risk for adverse outcome than pregnancies in younger
      parturients.

PMID- 3993715
TI  - Pregnancy complicated by solid-papillary epithelial tumor of the pancreas,
      pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary embolectomy.

PMID- 3993716
TI  - An arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy: a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - A case is described of a young woman with progression of a macrofistulous
      arteriovenous malformation during pregnancy. This resulted in severe symptoms
      necessitating cesarean section, following which there was a dramatic postpartum
      recovery. The arteriovenous malformation was confirmed by angiography. The
      literature related to arteriovenous malformations in pregnancy is reviewed.

PMID- 3993717
TI  - Aminoglycoside dosing in obese puerperal women.
AB  - We compared serum aminoglycoside levels in two groups of obese puerperal women
      being treated for endometritis. In these obese puerperal women (weights as much
      as 100 kg), the aminoglycoside dose did not have to be adjusted for excess weight
      initially, but it seems that determination of antibiotic levels should be
      performed in view of the large doses.

PMID- 3993718
TI  - Exercise dynamics in late gestation: effects of physical training.
AB  - Heart rate and stroke volume were measured serially in subjects at rest in the
      sitting position and at the onset and end of a 6-minute period of upright bicycle
      exercise. Twenty-three subjects with normal pregnancy were studied in late
      gestation and again post partum. Rest and exercise cardiac outputs in late
      gestation were not different from those in the postpartum period. Heart rate was
      higher at rest and stroke volume lower during exercise in late gestation than
      post partum. At the end of exercise, stroke volume fell dramatically in late
      gestation but not post partum. Ten women prospectively identified as physically
      fit had responses that were not different from those of the nonfit cohort in late
      gestation. Post partum, the physically fit women had exercise responses typical
      of trained persons and different from those of the nonfit cohort. In late
      gestation, rest and exercise hemodynamics in subjects in the sitting position
      appeared to be dominated by factors influencing venous return, independent of
      physical fitness.

PMID- 3993719
TI  - Nationally speaking. The challenge for research in a practice profession.
AB  - We have suggested that certain research challenges now face the profession. In
      summary, these challenges may be seen as part of the dual mission of research in
      a practice profession. Research must contribute to the development of a body of
      knowledge: some research is academic and theoretical in nature and other research
      helps to sustain and improve clinical practice. In either case, theory in a
      practice profession differs significantly from that in more traditional sciences.
      It is, in fact, more sophisticated and complex than the theory utilized by
      nonpractice professions, because it must provide the means to state intended
      outcomes and identify the methods required to achieve the prescribed results (5).
      This is known as "prescriptive theory" and represents the ultimate research
      challenge to the practice profession. Prescriptive theory cannot rest on studying
      what is and what has been; it must anticipate what might be--indeed, what must be
      -if patients are to achieve their greatest potential as functional members of
      society.

PMID- 3993721
TI  - A comparison of impact of undergraduate and graduate occupational therapy
      education on professional productivity.
AB  - This article presents an account of the evolutionary changes in occupational
      therapy graduate education at the University of Southern California (USC) in
      response to the increasing professional demands and the expanding knowledge base
      of the field. The contention that undergraduate and graduate education
      represented by these changes would result in different student products was
      tested. A questionnaire survey was used to assess the responses of 189 former
      undergraduate and graduate occupational therapy students of USC on issues
      relating to professionalism, leadership, attitudes, and scholarly contributions.
      Results of this study support the theory that graduate education of a specific
      kind and quality enhances the professionalization of occupational therapy more so
      than does undergraduate education.

PMID- 3993720
TI  - An occupational therapy approach to assessing psychiatric patients' adaptive
      functioning.
AB  - This study focused on the relative utility of the model of human occupation for
      occupational therapy assessment of persons having mental disorders. The
      organizational status of the human system and its relationship to adaptive level
      of functioning and degree of symptomatology were examined in a sample of 30 adult
      psychiatric patients. We used a six-test assessment battery developed for this
      study, which was based on the model of human occupation, to measure the
      organizational status of the following components of the human system: locus of
      control, goals, temporal orientation, interests, roles, and skills. Subtests of
      the American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) Adoptive Behavior Scale and
      the Modified Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were used to measure adaptive level
      functioning and symptomatology, respectively. When we compared organizational
      status with psychiatric diagnosis and symptomatology, we found organizational
      status to be the more significant index of adaptive level of functioning.

PMID- 3993722
TI  - Group work in occupational therapy: a survey of practice.
AB  - This paper documents the extent to which occupational therapists use groups in
      practice. A questionnaire was mailed to 300 occupational therapists nationwide.
      Questions included the types of groups occupational therapists lead, the
      facilities in which the groups take place, the patients included, the activities
      presented, and individual and groups goals. Results were tabulated based on the
      responses of 120 therapists. We established that 60% of occupational therapists
      in all areas of practice lead groups in treatment. Of the 209 groups described by
      the respondents, there was a significantly greater number of activity groups than
      verbal groups. Also, there were significantly more groups with ten or less
      members than groups of more than ten. This paper describes the ten categories of
      groups that were identified in this study.

PMID- 3993723
TI  - Brief or new: disk hand control for persons with high-level spinal cord injuries.

PMID- 3993724
TI  - The foundation. Ritual, rigor, and relevance: the design of clinical research.

PMID- 3993725
TI  - A library skills program serving adults with mental retardation: an
      interdisciplinary approach.
AB  - During the past decade, there has been a thrust, both socially and legally, to
      integrate adults with developmental disabilities, particularly those with mental
      retardation, into community life. Libraries, which are resources in the community
      for all citizens, can play a significant role in this integration. This article
      describes the format and outcome of a California-based library program for
      mentally retarded adults. It describes the materials developed, gives the
      contributions made by an interdisciplinary team, and discusses occupational
      therapy's role in the implementation of this community program.

PMID- 3993726
TI  - Quantitative trends in occupational therapy research: implications for practice
      and education.
AB  - Articles that appeared in The American Journal of Occupational Therapy (vol 27,
      1973 and vol 37, 1983) were reviewed and categorized according to the
      quantitative procedures employed. Data analysis revealed that the proportion of
      articles reporting no statistical information decreased from 57% in 1973 to 31%
      in 1983. Conversely, there was a significant increase in articles containing
      quantitative methods that were categorized as advanced, from 8% (vol 27) to 29%
      (vol 37). A trend was also revealed toward multiple authorship of articles over
      the ten-year period. In addition, the senior authors of articles appearing in
      1983 were much more likely to possess graduate degrees than were senior authors
      of articles published in 1973. This paper discusses the implications of the
      increased use of quantitative procedures in the occupational therapy literature.

PMID- 3993727
TI  - A model for implementing color contrast in the environment of the elderly.
AB  - Much has been written on the use of color as a functional facilitator in the
      environment of the elderly, but little information is available on how to
      implement it. This paper a) restates the main age-acquired visual defects, b)
      critically examines the literature on the use of environmental color, and then c)
      proposes a model which incorporates the factors that enhance visual clarity and
      Johannes Itten's rules of color contrast. Implicit in the application of color to
      enhance vision is a clear understanding of the main functional purpose of the
      area to be heightened.

PMID- 3993728
TI  - Occupational therapy's challenge: caregiving and research.
AB  - This article is based on the closing General Session presentation at the 1984
      AOTA Conference in Kansas City, Missouri. The paper addresses the need for
      clinicians to become committed to research endeavors. The occupational therapy
      profession must heighten its commitment to the systematic documentation of its
      principles and the efficacy of its therapeutic approaches. The practicing
      clinician has the potential to maximize the outcome of these endeavors by
      contributing current practice knowledge and by participating in research projects
      themselves. The factors that seem to be having an impact on clinicians are
      addressed. External factors include social, technological, and economic
      pressures, and internal factors include lack of knowledge about the research
      process and the resulting anxieties about approaching a new territory.
      Acknowledging these factors, a variety of proposals are made to help the
      clinician make the transition to clinical researcher.

PMID- 3993729
TI  - Brief or new: two pronation splints.
AB  - For two years we have made pronation splints to assist quadriplegic patients who
      lack adequate forearm pronation but who have enough upper extremity strength to
      feed themselves and perform other self-care or functional activities. We have
      found the splints to be an appropriate alternative to the MAS. The first
      pronation splint fits underneath the arm, is simple in design and fabrication,
      and is hidden. However, occasionally the lever of the splint hangs up in the
      shirt, catches on the post of the wheelchair, or slips out from underneath the
      arm when the patient reaches away from the body. To eliminate these problems, we
      designed a second splint. But, this splint requires more time to make and adjust,
      has two parts to put on instead of one, and is more noticeable because it is worn
      on top of the arm rather than underneath it. When a patient uses either splint,
      the degree of pronation may be adjusted according to the activity by slightly
      rotating the splint either way when strapping it on. For example, full pronation
      may be required for feeding, but only half the range is necessary to operate the
      keyboard of a computer or typewriter. Once the Velcro straps are applied, the
      splints do not slip. The splints are not interchangeable from left to right and
      assistance is always needed to put them on. For patients with "weak" or "absent"
      wrist extensors, a wrist support and cuff splint may be used along with the
      pronation splint or a universal cuff, if wrist extension is adequate. The
      pronation splints are appropriate for those patients whose forearms supinate when
      they reach their hand to or near their mouth.

PMID- 3993730
TI  - Effect of contrast on fusional visual evoked potential (VEP): a model and
      experimental results.
AB  - A visual evoked potential (VEP) component that appears in the power spectrum only
      during binocular fusion has recently been discovered. When both eyes are
      stimulated with the same checkerboard but at different pattern reversal rates,
      this fusional component appears at a frequency intermediate between the two
      stimulus frequencies. We have proposed a model to explain the appearance of this
      intermediate component and have tested the model's predictions that the fusional
      component will remain constant independent of binocular or monocular changes in
      stimulus contrast. As predicted by the model, changes in contrast over the range
      of 10 to 90% produced no significant change in the power of the fusional
      component.

PMID- 3993731
TI  - Retinal image quality during oblique gaze through spectacle lenses: plastic vs.
      glass.
AB  - The optical performance of standard plastic and glass spectacle lenses was
      compared at increasing angles of oblique gaze up to 40 degrees on either side of
      the optic axis of the lenses. For this purpose, the border enhancement method was
      used, a method which is suitable for monitoring small order changes in the
      retinal image. It was found that the enhancement band width increases with
      obliquity of gaze in all cases, signifying a deterioration in the retinal image.
      A glass lens will exaggerate this deterioration to some extent, whereas a plastic
      lens will exaggerate it to the greatest extent. It is shown that the relatively
      poorer performance of plastic is due to a relatively larger amount of narrow
      angle scattering than is produced by glass.

PMID- 3993732
TI  - Mechanism of tear film rupture and its implications for contact lens tolerance.
AB  - A mechanism for the rupture of the tear film is identified. The key step in the
      process of tear film breakup is the instability and eventual rupture of the
      mucous layer of 0.02 to 0.04 micron thickness, which covers the epithelium. The
      rupture is caused by the van der Waals dispersion forces acting on the mucous
      layer. The aqueous part of the tear film then ruptures because it comes into
      contact with the exposed hydrophobic epithelium. The time of rupture derived from
      the proposed mechanism is consistent with the range of observed breakup times
      (BUT's) and other clinically observed characteristics of rupture. The proposed
      mechanism has implications in understanding the cause of adhesion of the contact
      lens to cornea and in the rapid buildup of deposits on the lens surface, both of
      which are attributed to the mucous deficiency. It also suggests various
      possibilities for diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions of a dry
      eye, and lends support to existing ones.

PMID- 3993733
TI  - Clinical significance of detecting visual field loss.
AB  - The clinical effect of detecting visual field loss was studied in 66 patients
      with visual field defects. Fifty-two percent of defects were the result of
      conditions which were themselves considered to be significant. Visual field
      results were considered to have made vital and important contributions to that
      diagnosis in 28% and 23% of cases, respectively. The results also brought about a
      change in the intended management strategy in 39% of cases, but were also helpful
      in another 35% of cases. It was concluded that the clinical importance of regular
      perimetric examination is emphasized by these results, which may in turn
      contribute to the detection of unexpected visual field defects.

PMID- 3993734
TI  - Differentiation of asymptomatic patients from symptomatic patients by the slope
      of the forced vergence fixation disparity curve.
AB  - Eighty-nine optometry students were divided into an asymptomatic group and a
      symptomatic group on the basis of a case history. A forced vergence fixation
      disparity (FD) curve was generated for each subject using a Disparometer (Vision
      Analysis, Columbus, Ohio). Slopes were calculated for each curve. In addition,
      each curve was labeled steep or flat based on a previously determined cutoff
      point of -0.96 min/delta (Sheedy, 1980). Steep curves did not correlate well with
      symptomatic patients, whereas flat curves did not correlate well with
      asymptomatic patients. An independent t-test found no significant difference
      between the two groups.

PMID- 3993735
TI  - An unusual case of antimetropia.
AB  - Antimetropia is a condition in which one eye is myopic and the fellow eye is
      hyperopic. This report describes functional and optical characteristics of a
      patient with a substantial degree of antimetropia.

PMID- 3993736
TI  - Quantitative relationship between hepatocytic neoplasms and islands of cellular
      alteration during hepatocarcinogenesis in the male F344 rat.
AB  - Hepatocytic neoplasms (nodules and carcinomas) and islands of cellular alteration
      which display abnormal retention of glycogen on fasting were quantified in F344
      male rats at intervals after initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis by the
      combination of a two-thirds partial hepatectomy with a single treatment with
      methyl(acetoxymethyl)-nitrosamine during the subsequent peak of DNA synthesis in
      regenerating livers. In initiated rats fed the liver tumor promoter
      phenobarbital, yields of neoplasms and islands maintained a constant numerical
      relationship over time, with one neoplasm emerging for every 1600 islands.
      Significantly fewer neoplasms developed in rats not fed the phenobarbital,
      although the numbers of islands observed at 45 and 60 weeks after initiation were
      not significantly increased by the promoter. The ratio of islands to neoplasms in
      rats not fed the phenobarbital was about 11,000:1. Dietary phenobarbital appeared
      to have an effect on initiated hepatocytes (or latent neoplasms) that was not
      revealed by its effects on the growth and size of the island population.

PMID- 3993737
TI  - Avian tibial dyschondroplasia. I. Ultrastructure.
AB  - Tibial dyschondroplasia is an abnormality of the growth cartilage that occurs in
      chickens and other rapidly growing animals. The disease is characterized by a
      mass of avascular opaque cartilage, which is continuous with the growth plate of
      the proximal tibia and extends into the metaphysis. In this study electron
      micrographs revealed that chondrocytes in the hypertrophic zone of the growth
      plate were normal in appearance with the exception that the cells did not undergo
      complete hypertrophy. In the proximal region of the lesion, cells began to
      undergo necrotic changes suggestive of an energy depletion. These changes
      included dilatation and vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum, enlargement of
      the paranuclear space, mitochondrial swelling with dilatation of the intracristal
      spaces and the appearance of electron-dense, flocculent material in the
      mitochondrial matrix, chromatin margination, and dilatation of the Golgi
      saccules. Chondrocytes also occurred with rarefied cytoplasm and atrophic Golgi
      saccules. A few cartilage cells in the proximal region of smaller lesions
      contained crescentic caps of condensed chromatin in the nuclei, which is
      indicative of apoptosis. These cells also exhibited dilated endoplasmic reticulum
      and lamellar bodies; and sometimes, in the proximal region of the lesion, they
      appeared to be condensed and convoluted. This process continued in the mid and
      distal regions. The condensed necrotic cells appeared as amorphous osmiophilic
      masses with karyorrhexic and pyknotic nuclei. Matrix vesicles were observed at
      all levels of the lesion, but calcified only at the distal edge of the lesion,
      where mineralization of both matrix and cells occurred. The resulting shell of
      mineral may act as a diffusion barrier.

PMID- 3993739
TI  - Avian tibial dyschondroplasia. III. Electron probe analysis.
AB  - Tibial dyschondroplastic (TD) lesions and their associated growth plates,
      obtained from chickens, were prepared by freeze-drying and embedding in an
      anhydrous epoxy resin. Quantitative electron probe analysis was performed on dry,
      unstained sections. Levels of Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca were determined in
      cytoplasm (endoplasmic reticulum), mitochondria, and extracellular matrix of the
      proliferative, prehypertrophic, and early hypertrophic zones of the growth plate
      and in the proximal, mid, and distal regions of the lesion. A zone of
      calcification in the growth plate was absent. The concentration of elements in
      all regions of the TD growth plate was the same as found in an earlier study for
      normal growth plate. The cytoplasm of proximal lesion chondrocytes was similar to
      that of early hypertrophic chondrocytes. However, in the remainder of the lesion
      there was a progressive increase in cellular Na, S, Cl, and Ca and a progressive
      loss of P. In matrix, there was less S and K than expected in all regions of
      growth plate and lesion, except in the proliferating zone. Also, in matrix of the
      distal lesion there was less Na and Cl. The levels of Na, S, Cl, and K in matrix
      may have been lowered by their adsorption into the condensed masses of dead
      cells. Mitochondria acquire only half as much Ca and P as normal and release it
      earlier than usual (ie, early prehypertrophic cells, rather than chondrocytes of
      the lower hypertrophic zone). There were no granules in mitochondria of the cells
      at all levels of the lesion, even though anhydrous methods were used. The first
      sign of the disease appears in the matrix of the growth plate, where it seems
      that S and K are in abnormally low amounts. Although there are sufficient levels
      of Ca and P present, the matrix does not calcify. The cartilage remains
      avascular, and the cells appear to be dying. The event that triggers the
      chondrocytes of the growth plate to form an abnormal uncalcified matrix is not
      known.

PMID- 3993738
TI  - Avian tibial dyschondroplasia. II. Biochemical changes.
AB  - Biochemical parameters (dry matter, DNA, protein, cAMP, and calmodulin) were
      measured in tibial dyschondroplastic (TD) cartilage. This abnormal cartilage,
      which is a mass of unmineralized, unvascularized cartilage found in the proximal
      metaphysis of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, was compared with normal
      epiphyseal growth plate and hypertrophic cartilage obtained from day-old
      embryonic cone. The latter tissue is an example of cartilage which rapidly
      undergoes vascularization and mineralization. When compared with normal growth
      plate, tibial dyschondroplastic cartilage was found to contain lower amounts of
      dry matter, DNA, protein, cAMP, and calmodulin. This cartilage did not respond to
      factors in serum which stimulate 35S uptake. Although the above two types of
      cartilage contained similar amounts of ash, TD cartilage had less phosphorus and
      potassium and more sodium than the growth plate. The two types of cartilage had
      similar lysozyme activity and proteoglycan (hexosamine) content. In many of the
      parameters measured, day-old hypertrophic cartilage was similar to the normal
      growth plate. However, these tissues did differ in DNA, protein, ash, and
      lysozyme content. Substantially greater amounts of ash and lysozyme were found in
      the hypertrophic cartilage, which appeared to be related to events of
      mineralization and vascularization of this cartilage. These events did not occur
      in the abnormal cartilage cells found in the tibial dyschondroplastic lesion.

PMID- 3993740
TI  - Early atherogenesis in White Carneau pigeons. II. Ultrastructural and
      cytochemical observations.
AB  - The addition of cholesterol (0.5%) to the diet of White Carneau pigeons induces
      site specific, temporally predictable, atherosclerotic lesions. The earliest
      lesions, which occurred after 3 weeks, were small (less than 2500 sq mu in
      surface area) and were composed primarily of macrophage foam cells (94% of lesion
      volume). With a prolonged time on the diet the lesions expanded due to increases
      in the number and size of foam cells, increases in the amount of extracellular
      space, and influx of smooth muscle cells. Macrophage foam cells in advanced
      lesions composed 61% of the lesion volume, smooth muscle cells 25%, and
      extracellular space 14%. Concurrent with the alteration in the constituency of
      the lesion, redistribution of lipid within foam cells was noted. Lipid in small
      lesions was primarily cytoplasmic (88%), with the remaining 12% in acid
      phosphatase-positive secondary lysosomes. In more advanced lesions, 34% of the
      lipid was cytoplastic and 66% was lysosomal. The changes in large lesions
      appeared to be a function of lesion age, because at the growing edge of large
      lesions both composition and lipid distribution resembled those of small early
      lesions.

PMID- 3993741
TI  - Retroperitoneal fibromatosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in macaques.
      Pathologic observations and transmission studies.
AB  - A peculiar fibroproliferative syndrome called retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF)
      has been observed in Macaca nemestrina, Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, and
      Macaca fuscata at the Washington Regional Primate Research Center. RF is
      characterized by the aggressive proliferation of highly vascular fibrous tissue
      subjacent to the peritoneum covering the ileocecal junction and associated
      mesenteric lymph nodes. In the early, proliferative phase of the disease, most of
      the fibroblastlike cells contain Factor VIII-related antigen. Two syndromes have
      been recognized: localized, in which fibroproliferative lesions occur only in
      solitary nodules; and progressive, in which fibromatosis occurs throughout the
      abdominal cavity. RF-affected monkeys often develop a simian acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) with severe thymic and lymphoid atrophy,
      chronic enterocolitis, and wasting. Experimental intraperitoneal inoculation with
      suspensions of RF tissue in two separate experiments resulted in the development
      of SAIDS in 5 of 16 and RF-SAIDS in 3 of 16 macaques. RF associated with SAIDS
      appears to be an excellent model for the Kaposi's sarcoma associated with AIDS.

PMID- 3993742
TI  - Endothelial injury and healing in vitro. Studies using an organ culture system.
AB  - The authors have developed an organ culture system in which segments of rabbit
      aorta were used for the study of the healing of superficial, intimal injury
      analogous to that produced in vivo by a nylon monofilament catheter. Aortic
      segments containing an intact endothelial monolayer were obtained for culture by
      careful avoidance of the damaging consequences of loss of vascular pressure,
      vasocontraction, and thrombosis. The segment could be maintained in culture for
      several weeks. Repair of superficial injury was studied after placing a series of
      precisely located injuries, 100 mu wide, on each aortic segment over a period of
      several days. The pattern of healing observed was similar to that observed in
      vivo. The wounded area was recovered by migrating cells within 24 hours, and
      during succeeding days these cells underwent a predictable pattern of remodeling
      which restored the normal morphologic features of the endothelium. The cells
      within the wound underwent a burst of cell division between 24 and 96 hours after
      injury and subsequently became quiescent. This organ culture approach potentially
      allows the investigation of many consequences of endothelial injury in a system
      which provides far greater control and manipulation of the cellular environment
      than is possible in vivo.

PMID- 3993743
TI  - Carotid body hyperplasia in cystic fibrosis and cyanotic heart disease. A
      combined morphometric, ultrastructural, and biochemical study.
AB  - A combined morphometric, ultrastructural, and biochemical study was done on
      carotid bodies (CBs) obtained at autopsy from 213 patients in a pediatric and
      young adult population. The objective was to determine whether this group had
      statistically significant differences in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, n =
      38), cystic fibrosis (CF, n = 30) and cyanotic heart disease (CHD, n = 17),
      compared with an age-matched control population (n = 128). Average combined
      weights of CBs in CF and CHD were significantly greater than those of controls in
      most age intervals (Student t test, P less than 0.05), and computerized
      planimetry showed an increase in both total surface area and area of "functional"
      parenchyma. There was diminished chief cell argyrophilia in 72% of CF CBs, and in
      8 cases studied ultrastructurally there was moderate to marked depletion of dense
      core neurosecretory granules. Most CBs from patients with CHD showed intense
      cytoplasmic argyrophilia similar to that of controls. Quantitative analysis for
      tissue catecholamines showed that dopamine was present in greatest concentration
      in each group of patients but was significantly elevated in CHD. There were no
      significant differences in morphometry, ultrastructure, or catecholamine content
      of CBs from SIDS victims, compared with age-related controls. These data add
      further support to CBs having a chemoreceptor role in humans with compensatory
      hypertrophy and hyperplasia occurring in most patients with chronic hypoxia due
      to CF and CHD. There were no significant findings to indicate that CBs play a
      direct role in the etiopathogenesis of SIDS.

PMID- 3993744
TI  - The effect of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine on pulmonary neuroepithelial
      cells in Syrian golden hamsters.
AB  - The present study was carried out for determination of the effect of N
      nitrosobis(2-hydroxyproyl)amine (BHP) on pulmonary neuroepithelial cells (NECs)
      in Syrian golden hamsters. This study was also carried out for elucidation of the
      histologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural features of NECs in the normal
      lungs of the hamsters. In the normal hamster lungs, NECs occurred exclusively in
      bronchioles and in bronchi lacking cartilage, appearing in groups as
      neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs). The number of NEBs was dependent on the age of the
      animals. Neonatal lungs contained large numbers of NEBs, but these seemed to
      disappear or remain as inconspicuous cell nests in adult lungs. Chronic BHP
      exposure (21 weeks) induced subepithelial spherical or fungating nodules composed
      of proliferating NECs, which projected into the bronchial lumens. The nodules
      appeared to arise from inconspicuous cell nests, which were rudiments of neonatal
      NEBs.

PMID- 3993745
TI  - Autoimmune thyroiditis. Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in praomys (Mastomys)
      coucha.

PMID- 3993746
TI  - Malignant Post-Vietnam Stress Syndrome.
AB  - A particularly severe form of Post-Vietnam Stress Syndrome is described. Its most
      distinctive clinical characteristic is the mutually escalating interaction among
      four psychological and social features: explosive, violent behavior; social
      ostracism and isolation; extreme self-loathing; and the exceptionally vivid and
      persistent reexperiencing of psychological war trauma. Recognition of these
      features, and consideration of their diagnostic significance and etiologic
      background, are essential in meeting the clinical challenge posed by these
      veterans.

PMID- 3993747
TI  - Therapist-client sexual involvement: a challenge for mental health professionals
      and educators.
AB  - Damage to clients caused by sexual involvement with their therapists is a growing
      concern for the mental health disciplines. Legal systems and professional ethics
      committees have failed to find ways to prevent, ameliorate, or contain such
      sexual involvement. Reasons for the failures are explored and alternative models
      suggested.

PMID- 3993748
TI  - Clients' reactions to sexual intimacy in therapy.
AB  - Recent psychological research has increased professional and public awareness of
      the problem of sexual intimacy between psychotherapists and their clients. A
      group therapy project for people who have been sexually involved with their
      therapists is described, and three major clinical issues encountered in these
      therapy sessions are discussed.

PMID- 3993749
TI  - The mother-child interactions of hyperactive boys and their normal siblings.
AB  - The mother-child interactions of hyperactive boys and their normal siblings were
      compared during free play and tasks. Hyperactive boys were less compliant in both
      settings, and their mothers were less positive toward them during tasks and rated
      them as having more behavior problems at home than their normal siblings.

PMID- 3993750
TI  - Children and affect: strategies for self-regulation and sex differences in
      sadness.
AB  - Thirty-two children, aged 6 to 11, were interviewed concerning their responses to
      distressing situations. Results indicate that the children possessed expectancies
      for coping with both sadness and anger. Coping strategies were predominantly
      behavioral, verbalized, and self-oriented; the most common was to engage in a
      distracting activity. Strategies employed with parents differed from those used
      with peers, and girls reported higher proportions of sadness-inducing events than
      did boys.

PMID- 3993751
TI  - Continuities and change in behavior disturbance: a follow-up study of mildly
      retarded young people.
AB  - The relationship between behavior disturbance in childhood and the early adult
      years was examined for a population of mildly retarded young people. Behavior
      disturbance was also examined in relation to upbringing experiences and whether
      or not treatment was received in childhood. Relationships found were different
      for males and females.

PMID- 3993752
TI  - Time orientation in Nazi concentration camp survivors: forty years after.
AB  - Temporal aspects were evaluated in 44 Nazi concentration camp survivors and 31
      control subjects, all 50-60 years old. The survivors attached to the Holocaust a
      more intense role within time orientation; they were more past-oriented, less
      future-oriented, and had a generally more pessimistic attitude toward life
      events. Implications of the findings are discussed, with emphasis on the role of
      time orientation in the long-term effects of the Holocaust on survivors.

PMID- 3993753
TI  - Child-rearing patterns in depressed, abusive, and normal mothers.
AB  - Child-rearing patterns in relation to discipline, emotion regulation, separation
      individuation, and level of aspiration differentiated depressed, abusive, and
      normal mothers. Depressed and abusive mothers both expressed inconsistency,
      hostility, and protectiveness. Both groups used anxiety and guilt inducing
      methods but only abusive mothers used them in conjunction with harsh
      authoritarian practices.

PMID- 3993754
TI  - The single-parent family and abusive child punishment.
AB  - This retrospective survey of 802 noninstitutionalized adults reveals that abusive
      punishment in single-parent households is twice that of two-parent families.
      However, the sex of the single parent was not related to abusive punishment.
      Parent-child compatibility findings delineate these relationships further.

PMID- 3993755
TI  - Children of marital violence: a closer look at the unintended victims.
AB  - The impact of marital violence on male children was assessed via data provided by
      mothers in three groups: maritally abused; nonviolent, maritally discordant; and
      satisfactorily married. Both marital violence and nonviolent marital discord were
      found to be related to behavioral and emotional problems in the witnessing
      children. Frequency of exposure to both discord and violence and punitive
      maternal parenting style were also shown to have differential negative effects.

PMID- 3993756
TI  - Ethnicity and foster care: census data as predictors of placement variables.
AB  - An epidemiological approach to foster care is presented, in which two separate
      data sets are used to analyze issues of ethnicity and child placement. A national
      probability sample and a large-city sample are drawn from the 1980 Office of
      Civil Rights ethnic survey and from the 1980 U.S. Census in order to test several
      hypotheses on ethnic differences predictive of time in care.

PMID- 3993757
TI  - Grandparent visitation rights: rendering family dissension more pronounced?
AB  - Legislation allowing grandparents to file suit to gain court-ordered visitation
      with their grandchildren is now law in most states. Legal issues and reported
      cases are presented, and problems for children and families that are posed by
      this sort of legal conflict are outlined.

PMID- 3993758
TI  - Motion of the center of gravity of the body in clinical evaluation of gait.
AB  - The motion of the center of gravity during walking was analyzed in five
      hemiplegic subjects and eleven subjects affected by unilateral hip arthritis. In
      the hemiplegic subjects and 6 subjects with hip arthritis the transfer between
      kinetic and potential energy (with a passive pendular motion) was found to be 9
      95% greater during the step performed on the affected limb ("pathological" step);
      as a consequence, the muscular work done during this step was 7-81% of the work
      done during the step performed on the second limb ("normal" step). Qualitatively
      similar gait anomalies were recorded in all hemiplegic subjects with hypertonus
      of the paretic limb: these subjects had to lift the spastic limb as a whole
      during the normal step, with the consequence that the center of gravity was
      lifted 0.6-3 cm more than during the pathological step. In contrast, various
      motor patterns were found in patients with hip arthritis. During the pathological
      step the center of gravity reached a height 0.5-3 cm greater in 7 subjects, 1 cm
      smaller in one subject, and about the same height reached during the normal step
      in 3 subjects. This was consistent with the various motor deficits caused by hip
      arthritis.

PMID- 3993759
TI  - Changes with age in monosynaptic reflexes elicited by mechanical and electrical
      stimulation.
AB  - Absence of the achilles tendon reflex (T) has been reported to increase with age.
      Other investigators have reported no age relationship. Age changes in the
      Hoffmann reflex (H) have been examined in only one recent investigation. It was
      our purpose to compare the T and H reflexes of healthy, active old (n = 20)
      against young (n = 20) subjects using methods which provide stimulus-response
      data for both T and H. We also compared the age differences of H against T to
      estimate fusimotor involvement in age changes. No significant age difference were
      found in the response:stimulus ratio for T. Amplitude of H responses were 32.7
      percent smaller in the old (P less than 0.04) and M waves were smaller by 24
      percent (P less than 0.025). No significant age difference was found between
      mechanically and electrically elicited reflexes; and, therefore, our data do not
      support fusimotor involvement in the age changes of monosynaptic reflexes.

PMID- 3993760
TI  - Proceedings of the fifty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of
      Physical Anthropologists. Knoxville, Tennessee, April 10-13, 1985. Abstracts.

PMID- 3993761
TI  - Lead in bone III. Prediction of social correlates from skeletal lead content in
      four Colonial American populations (Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Governor's
      Land, and Irene Mound).
AB  - Lead content was determined in the skeletal tissue of 82 individuals representing
      two black and two white Colonial American populations: Catoctin Furnace, College
      Landing, Governor's Land, and Irene Mound. Group and individual differences in
      bone lead concentrations were used to assess behavioral, social and occupational
      characteristics. Variations in skeletal lead content suggested that the white
      owners of the Catoctin iron furnace shared little of their food and beverage with
      their black, male, industrial slaves, but that some of these workers' women had
      access to the owners' food sources--probably via domestic duty assignments. A
      broad range of lead concentrations in bones of the free blacks at College Landing
      implies a wide range of economic success among these tradesmen. Bone lead content
      of the white populations at Governor's Land and Irene Mound helped confirm family
      relationships that had been assigned on an archaeological and osteological basis,
      and also suggested that the social and functional status of the white tenant
      farmers' white servants frequently differed little from that of black slaves.
      These findings suggest that, when applied in appropriate circumstances, lead
      studies of archaeological skeletal tissue may provide information supplemental to
      that derived from historical, archaeological, or other conventional sources.

PMID- 3993762
TI  - Molar microwear and diet in the genus Cebus.
AB  - Recent analyses have documented differences in dental microwear between primate
      species with different diets, especially between primate hard-object feeders and
      primate leaf-eaters. Thus far, these microwear differences have only been
      documented for primates with vastly different foraging strategies and geographic
      distributions. To see if similar differences could be documented for closely
      related species, dental replicas from Cebus apella, Cebus nigrivittatus, and
      Cebus capucinus were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative
      analyses reveal that (1) even for closely related species, microwear differences
      between facets of one species are still far less than those between homologous
      facets of different species; and (2) the dental microwear of Cebus apella, Cebus
      nigrivittatus, and Cebus capucinus are still significantly different from one
      another. Furthermore, the data suggest that the dietary differences between these
      species may center around the presence or absence of hard objects in the diet.

PMID- 3993763
TI  - On the genetic and cultural relationships of certain Polynesian outlier
      populations.
AB  - The results of a population genetic study of several Polynesian Outlier and
      Melanesian populations are compared with recent findings from archaeology.
      Certain remarkable correspondences offer independent confirmation of particular
      inter-island contacts and prehistoric population movements.

PMID- 3993765
TI  - Ecological factors in skin color variation among Papua New Guineans.
AB  - An EEL reflectance spectrophotometer was used to measure the skin color of the
      inner upper arm and the forearm of 913 Karkar Islanders (Madang District) and 684
      Lufa villagers (Eastern Highlands District). The samples were subdivided to study
      sex, age, and population variation against a background of ecological
      observations, including sunlight exposure, clothing, and erythemally effective
      wavelengths of ultraviolet light (Robertson, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 1974).
      Population differences in sex and age variation in upper arm skin color may
      largely be attributable to the effects of culturally associated clothing
      differences. Not only do the Lufa villagers wear substantially less clothing than
      the Karkars, but also their arms are exposed more frequently to ultraviolet light
      during heavy manual work in unshaded gardens. For the melanin content of the
      forearm skin there are similar patterns of age variation in both populations;
      however, the populations differ in mean percentage of reflectance throughout most
      of the age span. These between-population differences are interpreted as a
      consequence of greater average daily exposure to sunlight and the higher
      intensity of ultraviolet light in the highland environment. On the forearm the
      percentage of reflectance at 685 nm decreases more rapidly with age in the
      prepubertal and adult age groups, a result attributed to endocrine changes
      superimposed on cumulative changes in the melanin pigmentary mechanism.

PMID- 3993764
TI  - Longitudinal study of growth status and airport noise exposure.
AB  - A study of children living adjacent to an international airport was conducted to
      learn whether noise exposure affected physical growth. Prenatal and postnatal
      noise exposures were estimated for each subject based on noise levels at their
      residences during jetplane takeoffs. Subjects' birthweights were standardized for
      sex and parity, and their postnatal heights and weights were standardized for sex
      and age (range 6-11 years). The difference between standardized birthweight score
      and postnatal height score, and between birthweight score and postnatal weight
      score, represent a change in growth status of a more or less permanent nature,
      respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, children from the exposed
      community (n = 103) had a significantly smaller mean of status change by height
      (p less than 0.05), and a somewhat smaller mean of status change by weight (0.10
      less than p less than 0.05) in comparison to children from an unexposed community
      (n = 94). A dose-response curve was then expected in the exposed community.
      However, in multiple regression analyses of the exposed children, noise exposure
      was not related to either change in growth status variable. This second result is
      inconsistent with the differences between communities and suggest that they are a
      result of factors other than noise exposure. We conclude that the moderate to
      severe noise levels of the areas surrounding most subjects' homes did not
      adversely affect postnatal growth. Further studies of noise and growth should
      concentrate observations on people exposed to even more severe noise levels than
      those experienced by most subjects in this study.

PMID- 3993766
TI  - A new method for determination of relative ion permeabilities in isolated cells.
AB  - The unidirectional influx of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+)
      into isolated epithelial cells is a function of the membrane potential that
      exists across the cellular plasma membrane. Because of the potential dependence,
      [14C]TPP+ influx can be used as a qualitative sensor of changes in the membrane
      potential induced by diffusion of ions after the experimental imposition of
      transmembrane ion gradients. This report describes a "crossover" procedure in
      which the influx of [14C]TPP+ during systematic changes in the ionic composition
      of incubation media is used to identify conditions in which no change in membrane
      potential occurs. The ion ratio at the crossover provides a measure of the
      relative permeabilities of the two test ions being compared. By using this
      approach, the ion permeabilities for intestinal epithelial cells prepared from
      White Rock chickens can be ranked relative to the permeability of Na+ (PNa),
      i.e., when PNa is equal to 1.0. The permeability sequence and relative values for
      ion permeability in this system are tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-gluconate
      (less than 0.1) less than Li+ (0.3) less than Na+ (1.0) less than Cl- (2.0) less
      than K+ (6.0) = NO3- (6.0) less than SCN- (18) less than K+ + valinomycin (40).
      The procedure is general enough in principle to be of broad application to a wide
      variety of cell or membrane vesicle preparations.

PMID- 3993767
TI  - Effect of catecholamines on glucose uptake and glycogenolysis in rat skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - The effect of catecholamines on glycogenolysis and sugar transport was evaluated
      in rat epitrochlearis (fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles in vitro.
      When muscles were incubated with 0.1 microM epinephrine (both an alpha- and beta
      agonist), the proportion of phosphorylase in the a form increased from 6.2 +/-
      0.7 to 37.4 +/- 5.7% in epitrochlearis muscle and from 9.1 +/- 0.7 to 21.6 +/-
      1.3% in soleus muscle. Both the activation of phosphorylase and the resulting
      glycogenolysis could be prevented by preincubation with the beta-blocker,
      propranolol. The effect of catecholamines on the rate of sugar transport was also
      examined in epitrochlearis muscle. The beta-agonist, isoproterenol, significantly
      depressed the rate of 3-O-methylglucose uptake, while the alpha-agonist,
      phenylephrine, had no effect. Inclusion of 0.1% albumin in the incubation medium
      increased the resting rate of sugar transport twofold. When isoproterenol +
      albumin were present, rather than exerting a depressive effect the catecholamine
      further increased the rate of sugar uptake. This increase was prevented by
      preincubation with propranolol. It was concluded that glycogenolysis and sugar
      transport in rat skeletal muscle are solely under beta-adrenergic control.

PMID- 3993768
TI  - Iodoacetic acid inhibition of calcium-dependent potassium efflux in red blood
      cells.
AB  - The metabolic inhibitor, iodoacetic acid (IAA), has commonly been used to
      increase Ca-dependent K efflux in red blood cells. It is thought that this effect
      of IAA involves the irreversible inhibition of glyceraldehyde-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12), resulting in the energy depletion of the cell.
      Without energy, active transport stops, and the K loss is enhanced both by
      increasing cellular Ca and by preventing K reuptake. The present study shows that
      in addition to this metabolic effect, which increases Ca-dependent K efflux, IAA
      also inhibits this efflux. This inhibition is irreversible and is not related to
      the ATP or Ca concentrations of the cells. The carboxymethylation of a specific
      protein band correlates with IAA inhibition of K efflux.

PMID- 3993769
TI  - Roles of cell geometry and cellular viscosity in red cell passage through narrow
      pores.
AB  - The relative roles of two fundamental determinants of red cell deformability,
      namely cell size and cellular viscosity, in affecting red cell passage through
      narrow channels have been assessed by determining the filterability of red cells
      subjected to osmotic variations. Suspensions of red cells (10(6)
      cells/microliter) in eight different osmolalities ranging from 172 +/- 3 (mean +/
      SD) to 665 +/- 28 mosmol/kg H2O were filtered through polycarbonate sieves with
      three different pore diameters (2.6 +/- 0.2, 4.5 +/- 0.6, and 6.9 +/- 0.8
      micron). The mean corpuscular volume varied inversely with osmolality and ranged
      from 149 +/- 9 to 67 +/- 10 fl; the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
      varied directly with osmolality and ranged from 23.7 +/- 0.8 to 55.9 +/- 3.9
      g/dl. The filtration data were analyzed with a theoretical model to derive the
      parameter beta, which is the ratio of resistance in a pore bearing a red blood
      cell to that in a pore filled with the suspending medium alone. For each pore
      size, beta showed a V-shaped relationship with osmolality; the optimum osmolality
      for minimum beta varied inversely with the pore size. For the small 2.6-micron
      pores, the minimum beta was attained following hyperosmotic shrinkage of the red
      cells at 400 mosmol/kg H2O, whereas passage through the large 6.9-micron pores
      was facilitated by hypoosmotic swelling of the red cells in about 200 mosmol/kg
      H2O. Red cell filtration through small pores is more sensitive to alterations in
      cell volume, whereas that through large pores is primarily determined by changes
      in cellular viscosity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993770
TI  - Altered norepinephrine uptake in neuronal cultures from spontaneously
      hypertensive rat brain.
AB  - Uptake of [3H]norepinephrine (NE) has been characterized and compared in neuronal
      cultures prepared from the brains of 1-day-old normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY)
      and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. In cultures from both strains total
      [3H]NE uptake consisted of a sodium-dependent portion and a sodium-independent
      portion. The sodium-dependent [3H]NE uptake was inhibited by NE uptake blockers
      such as maprotiline or desmethylimipramine (both at 0.5-100 microM). This sodium
      dependent, NE uptake blocker-sensitive portion of the uptake was also
      stereospecific, preferring the l-isomer of NE. In contrast, the sodium
      independent uptake was not sensitive to maprotiline or desmethylimipramine.
      Autoradiograms of cultures incubated with [3H]NE showed label concentrated in
      certain, but not all, neurites and in a few neuronal cell bodies. Cultures
      incubated with label in sodium-free buffer did not show any such localization of
      grains but instead showed a diffuse pattern. Incubation of neuronal WKY or SH
      brain cultures with various concentrations of l-[3H]NE and unlabeled l-NE in the
      presence or absence of sodium enabled the construction of saturation curves for
      sodium-dependent uptake in each culture type. In WKY cultures, Km and maximal
      velocity of uptake (Vmax) values of 0.37-0.45 microM and 0.58-0.69 pmol X mg
      protein-1 X min-1, respectively, were obtained for sodium-dependent uptake. In
      contrast, the Km and Vmax values for [3H]NE uptake in SH neuronal cultures were
      1.4 microM and 1.31 pmol X mg protein-1 X min-1, respectively. Kinetic analyses
      of the results show that in SH neuronal cultures the [3H]NE uptake sites are of
      lower affinity but higher capacity compared with those in WKY neuronal cultures.

PMID- 3993771
TI  - Kinetic analysis of mechanism of intestinal Na+-dependent sugar transport.
AB  - Zero-trans kinetics of Na+-sugar cotransport were investigated. Sugar influx was
      measured at various sodium and sugar concentrations in K+-loaded cells treated
      with rotenone and valinomycin. Sugar influx follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics as
      a function of sugar concentration but not as a function of Na+ concentration.
      Nine models with 1:1 or 2:1 sodium:sugar stoichiometry were considered. The flux
      equations for these models were solved assuming steady-state distribution of
      carrier forms and that translocation across the membrane is rate limiting.
      Classical enzyme kinetic methods and a least-squares fit of flux equations to the
      experimental data were used to assess the fit of the different models. Four
      models can be discarded on this basis. Of the remaining models, we discard two on
      the basis of the trans sodium dependence and the coupling stoichiometry [G. A.
      Kimmich and J. Randles, Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Cell Physiol. 16): C74-C82, 1984].
      The remaining models are terter ordered mechanisms with sodium debinding first at
      the trans side. If transfer across the membrane is rate limiting, the binding
      order can be determined to be sodium:sugar:sodium.

PMID- 3993773
TI  - Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured endothelial
      cells.
AB  - The vasoactive effects of media obtained from bovine aortic endothelial cells
      (EC) in culture were directly tested on isolated rings of the porcine left
      anterior descending coronary artery. Increasing concentrations of EC-conditioned
      culture media resulted in progressive dose-dependent increments in isometric
      tension in porcine, bovine, and canine coronary arteries; the response did not
      require an intact endothelium. Control (nonconditioned) media and that
      conditioned by fibroblasts or vascular smooth muscle cells in culture had
      negligible effects on vessel tone. The vasoconstriction required extracellular
      Ca2+ and was unaffected by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase or by
      antagonists to the alpha- or beta-adrenergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, or
      cholinergic receptor systems. Calibrated gel filtration of the media indicated a
      molecular weight of 8,500 for the vasoactive factor; treatment of the EC
      conditioned media with either sodium dodecyl sulfate, trypsin, alkali, or with
      acid hydrolysis completely abolished the vasoconstrictive effect. These findings
      and others now provide evidence for the existence of an EC-derived polypeptide
      vasoconstrictor that may be important in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle
      contractility.

PMID- 3993772
TI  - Chemical changes in rat leg muscle by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance.
AB  - Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 145 MHz were obtained with a
      surface coil from the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles of anesthetized rats.
      Phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) contents and intracellular pH
      were measured before, during, and after periods of contractile activity induced
      by twitch or tetanic stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Reduced levels of PCr,
      increased levels of Pi, and intracellular acidification were achieved in a graded
      fashion with increased rates of twitch stimulation from 2 to 10 Hz without
      detectable changes in the ATP content. In all cases, the decrease in PCr was
      matched by a stoichiometric increase in Pi content. The time constant of
      resynthesis of PCr averaged 30 s, was five times faster than the restoration of
      intracellular pH to control levels, and was independent of the degree of
      intracellular acidosis at the beginning of recovery.

PMID- 3993775
TI  - Incorporation of glucose carbons into rat lung lipids after exposure to 0.6 ppm
      ozone.
AB  - Continuous exposure to low concentrations of ozone has previously been associated
      with proliferation of lung alveolar type II epithelial cells. In this study, 14C
      incorporation into tissue lipids was determined in isolated rat lungs by
      perfusion with [U-14C]glucose, at a time of maximal hyperplasia brought about by
      3 days continuous exposure to 0.6 ppm ozone. Ozone exposed lungs exhibited
      increased rates of glycolytic energy production, indicated by an 89% increase in
      3H2O generation on perfusion with [5-3H]glucose, from a control value of 17.5 +/-
      2.1 mumol X h-1 X g-1 X dry wt-1 (+/- SE, n = 4). Ozone exposure resulted in
      enhanced 14C incorporations into glyceride-glycerol and fatty acid moieties of
      lung lipids of 95 and 180%, respectively, with a greater proportion of label
      being recovered in shorter chain fatty acids. Although increased labeling was
      observed in both neutral and phospholipids, the pattern of 14C recovery suggested
      a relative increased glucose carbon incorporation into lung free fatty acids,
      phosphatidic acid, and such membrane associated lipids as phosphatidylinositol
      and those containing sphingosine. These results are consistent with the needs of
      a dividing cell population for enhanced energy production and synthesis of new
      lipids.

PMID- 3993774
TI  - Mechanism for glycogenolysis in nonexercising human muscle during and after
      exercise.
AB  - Arterial-deep venous differences for glucose and lactate across the nonexercising
      forearm were determined in healthy subjects during 3 h of leg exercise at 50% of
      maximum oxygen uptake and during 20-min recovery. At 160 min of exercise 0.5 mg
      propranolol was infused into the brachial artery. The results were compared with
      a control group that did not receive propranolol during exercise. Exercise
      stimulated to increased forearm lactate release which was higher than that which
      could be accounted for by the simultaneous blood glucose uptake. After
      propranolol forearm lactate production decreased during and after exercise while
      the controls still showed increasing lactate release. In contrast to the control
      values the lactate production by the blocked forearm could be accounted for by
      the glucose uptake. It is concluded that the stimulating effect of prolonged
      exercise on nonexercising muscle that persists during recovery is characterized
      by increased lactate release derived from beta-adrenergically stimulated
      glycogenolysis.

PMID- 3993776
TI  - Diabetes enhances activity of alanine transport in liver plasma membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - In the present study plasma membrane vesicles were prepared from livers of
      control and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and the substrate specificity and
      kinetic characteristics of alanine transport determined in both groups. Sodium
      dependent alanine uptake at physiological alanine concentrations (100 microM) was
      enhanced threefold in diabetic as compared with control animals (0.31 +/- 0.04
      vs. 0.11 +/- 0.01 nmol X mg protein-1 X 10 s-1). This accelerated influx
      corresponded to a three- to fourfold increase in the Vmax of alanine transport in
      diabetic versus control group (7.1 +/- 2.1 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 nmol X mg protein-1 X
      10 s-1, P less than 0.05), whereas the Km of alanine uptake was unchanged (2.8 +/
      1.2 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.1 mM). Other neutral amino acids (20 mM) inhibited alanine
      transport to a similar degree in both groups. The sodium-dependent influx of
      glutamine (100 microM) was similar in diabetic and control groups (0.17 +/- 0.03
      and 0.14 +/- 0.02 nmol X mg protein-1 X 10 s-1, respectively). The initial
      velocity of 22Na uptake (80 mM) into vesicles and half-maximal stimulation of
      alanine transport was achieved at essentially identical sodium concentrations
      (approximately 40 mM) in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993777
TI  - Biphasic changes in 3-methylhistidine excretion in humans after exercise.
AB  - We previously reported that 3-methylhistidine excretion was increased in human
      subjects after a strenuous bout of exercise. Because other investigators have not
      corroborated this finding, we undertook the present study to investigate the
      conditions that result in decreased and increased 3-methylhistidine excretion in
      human subjects after exercise. Four experiments were performed: a cross-sectional
      study comparing 3-methylhistidine excretion in endurance-trained subjects with
      untrained controls, a longitudinal study of 3-methylhistidine excretion by female
      basketball players before the start of the season and again during the
      competitive season, an experiment to determine changes in 3-methylhistidine
      excretion as a result of 2 h of exercise each day for 7 consecutive days, and a
      study to determine changes in 3-methylhistidine excretion during 4-h intervals
      after a strenuous exercise bout. The 3-methylhistidine-to-creatinine ratio was
      approximately 20% higher for trained than nontrained subjects. In three separate
      experiments a biphasic change of 3-methylhistidine excretion was observed in
      response to exercise with an immediate decrease in the 3-methylhistidine-to
      creatinine ratio during exercise followed by a prolonged increase. The magnitudes
      of the negative and positive responses determine whether one observes an
      increase, no change, or a decrease in the total daily excretion of 3
      methylhistidine.

PMID- 3993778
TI  - Vascular perfusion: a novel means of studying oviduct function.
AB  - An in situ preparation for the combined vascular and luminal perfusion of the
      rabbit oviduct has been developed. Medium 199, gassed with 5% CO2 in O2 and
      supplemented with heparin, antibiotics, and 2.5% wt/vol dialyzed bovine serum
      albumin was infused into the ovarian artery at a rate of 1 ml/min. Krebs Ringer
      bicarbonate medium was recirculated through the lumen at a rate of 50
      microliter/min. The ovary was perfused together with the oviduct, and the
      preparation is viable for up to 3 h. Equal concentrations of pyruvate, lactate,
      glucose, and sucrose added to the vascular medium were transported at different
      rates into the lumen, as was a physiological mixture of amino acids. A proportion
      of the lactate entering the lumen was synthesized within the oviduct from
      vascular glucose. When glucose and pyruvate were omitted from the vascular
      medium, their appearance and that of lactate in the lumen was barely detectable,
      suggesting that these oviduct fluid components are mainly derived from the blood.
      The oviduct maintained a steady transmural potential difference of 5.9 mV (lumen
      negative). With vascular perfusion alone, oviduct fluid entered the oviduct lumen
      at a rate of 16.8 microliter/h. In oviducts taken from rabbits 3 days
      postovulation, there was a general decrease in the vascular to lumen flux of all
      nutrients measured. Preliminary work has shown that the preparation may be used
      to study ovulation, ovum pickup and transport, and fertilization.

PMID- 3993779
TI  - Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I activity and ureagenesis in regenerating liver
      of the normal rat.
AB  - Urea excretion per gram of liver was increased 219% 2-5 h post-partial
      hepatectomy (Hx) and 45% 24-27 h post-Hx. Mitochondrial carbamoyl-phosphate
      synthetase was also increased 5 h post-Hx but was not increased at 27 h. An NH4+
      load did not increase urea excretion per gram liver or the enzyme activity
      noticeably in the 2- to 5-h period but did increase them 24-27 h post-Hx. These
      results suggest that the enzyme activity and urea formation per unit weight of
      liver were nearly maximal early during regeneration. Orotic acid excretion per
      gram of liver in rats that received NH4+ was increased more than 30-fold 2-5 h
      post-Hx and was similar in this respect to nonhepatectomized rats. Ornithine
      prevented the increase in both normal and hepatectomized rats, suggesting that
      ornithine was rate limiting for the ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT)
      reaction. The orotic acid excretion response to NH4+ was much less 24-27 h post
      Hx, indicating that ornithine availability for the OCT reaction may be increased
      at this time.

PMID- 3993780
TI  - Myogenic regulation of propagation in gastric smooth muscle.
AB  - Experiments were performed to test the effects of frequency and stretch on the
      velocity of slow wave propagation parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of
      circular muscle fibers in the canine gastric antrum. Slow waves were evoked from
      one corner of a rectangular sheet of muscle and propagated throughout the tissue.
      Mathematics were derived and are presented, which simultaneously compute
      conduction velocities in each direction, regardless of electrode positions.
      Increased rate of stimulation had no significant effect on conduction velocity in
      the circumferential axis, but propagation slowed in the axis perpendicular to the
      circular fibers by an average of 25% over interstimulus intervals between 12 and
      60 s. Conduction velocity was also a function of the degree of stretch. The most
      rapid conduction velocity occurred when muscles were stretched to an average of
      118% of the resting, fasted length found in situ in the axis parallel to the
      circular fibers and 140% in the axis perpendicular to the circular fibers.
      Propagation was blocked by stretching muscles past 200% of resting length. These
      results suggest that the frequency of slow waves and gastric distension are
      intrinsic mechanisms capable of regulating the spread of slow waves.

PMID- 3993781
TI  - Contribution of hyperosmolality to glucose-induced intestinal hyperemia.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that changes in tissue osmolality participate in glucose
      induced absorptive hyperemia, the mucosa of the rat jejunum was suffused with
      isotonic or hypertonic glucose solutions. Blood flow was calculated from the
      product of a constant, arteriolar diameter, and red blood cell velocity, which
      were measured in the submucosal microcirculation. Isotonic glucose solutions (293
      +/- 2 mosmol/kg) were prepared by diluting 5, 10, or 20 ml of 5% glucose, which
      is isotonic with plasma, to 100 ml with Ringer-bicarbonate buffer to
      concentrations of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/100 ml. Glucose was added directly to
      Ringer-bicarbonate buffer to increase osmolality. The osmolalities of the 250,
      500, and 1,000 mg/100 ml hypertonic solutions were 305 +/- 3,319 +/- 3, and 353
      +/- 1 mosmol/kg, respectively. Glucose caused a concentration-related increase in
      estimated submucosal arteriolar blood flow that averaged 18-21% (n = 14), 24-27%
      (n = 14), and 34-45% (n = 14) at 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/100 ml glucose,
      respectively. There was no effect of solution osmolality on either the time
      course or the magnitude of the hyperemia at a given glucose concentration.
      Whereas the magnitude of the glucose-induced hyperemia averaged less than 50%,
      the application of 10(-2) M adenosine caused a fivefold increase in calculated
      blood flow (492 +/- 67%, n = 24). Thus, glucose caused relatively small increases
      in intestinal blood flow. If changes in luminal osmolality caused changes in
      intestinal tissue osmolality, then it is unlikely that hyperosmolality
      participates in the functional hyperemia associated with glucose absorption.

PMID- 3993782
TI  - Dose-response effects of atropine on pancreatic response to secretin before and
      after truncal vagotomy.
AB  - In dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas, we studied the effect of
      intravenous atropine in doses ranging from 0.9 to 58 nmol X kg-1 X h-1 on the
      pancreatic secretory response to secretin before and after truncal vagotomy.
      Truncal vagotomy did not alter the incremental bicarbonate response to secretin.
      Before and after truncal vagotomy, 7 nmol X kg-1 X h-1 and all higher doses of
      atropine sulfate significantly decreased the bicarbonate response to low doses
      (5.2 and 10.3 pmol X kg-1 X h-1) of secretin but had no significant effect on
      responses to high doses (20.5 and 41 pmol X kg-1 X h-1). The inhibitory potency
      of the effective doses of atropine did not differ significantly. Secretin did not
      stimulate pancreatic protein output above basal. Truncal vagotomy reduced protein
      output basally and during secretin by about 50%. Before and after truncal
      vagotomy, 7 nmol X kg-1 X h-1 and all higher doses of atropine significantly
      decreased protein output basally and during secretin. Secretin and truncal
      vagotomy did not alter basal heart rate. Only the three highest doses (14, 29,
      and 58 nmol X kg-1 X h-1) of atropine significantly increased heart
      rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993783
TI  - Measurement of regional gastroduodenal blood flow with iodo [14C]antipyrine
      autoradiography.
AB  - Regional blood flow was measured in the gastroduodenal area by means of
      iodo[14C]antipyrine autoradiography. The tracer was given intravenously over a
      short period of time in awake rats followed by cardiac arrest and quick freezing
      of stomach and duodenum. Dry autoradiography of frozen sections provide a
      pictorial representation of radioactivity in the different tissue layers. This
      could be converted to blood flow after incorporation of the time course of blood
      radioactivity into an operational equation. A high level of resolution was
      achieved, allowing delineation of blood flow compartments of small dimensions
      such as single villi and regions within the fundic mucosa. The value of blood
      flow recorded in resting conditions were in agreement with previous observations
      with the microspheres technique. Hypotension induced a generalized decrease in
      blood flow, most marked in the corpus mucosa.

PMID- 3993784
TI  - Acid formation by permeable gastric glands: enhancement by prestimulation.
AB  - Digitonin was used to render isolated gastric glands permeable. This procedure
      was found to release cellular lactic dehydrogenase without disrupting the
      parietal cell's ability to generate proton gradients. Optimal conditions for
      permeabilizing the glands were found to depend on the ratio of digitonin to gland
      concentration. Stimulation of the glands with histamine, forskolin, or 8-bromo
      cAMP prior to digitonin treatment resulted in a marked enhancement of the
      subsequent ATP-dependent acid formation. This enhancement was not found with the
      cholinergic agonist carbachol. These results indicate that preservation of the
      active secreting state does not require the continued presence of soluble
      factors. Characterization of the ATP-dependent acid formation in prestimulated
      permeable glands showed a dependence on exogenous substrate and inhibition by the
      mitochondrial inhibitors oligomycin and atractyloside. Moreover, it was found
      that ADP could replace ATP in promoting acid formation. These results are
      interpreted to show that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation can serve as an
      in situ ATP-recycling system to provide a local supply of ATP for proton
      transport. The overall study demonstrates that the digitonin-permeabilized
      gastric gland preparation is a valuable model system for studying mechanisms of
      gastric proton transport.

PMID- 3993785
TI  - Microelectrode studies of Necturus antral mucosa. II. Equivalent circuit
      analysis.
AB  - Intracellular microelectrode techniques were employed to determine the equivalent
      circuit parameters in Necturus antral mucosa. Stable intracellular impalements
      were obtained using 15- to 50-M omega microelectrodes. Measured transepithelial
      and cellular potentials and voltage deflections produced by transepithelial
      current pulses were used to calculate the electrical resistances of the cell
      membranes and the equivalent electromotive forces (EMF) at both cell borders. The
      measured potentials were -4.1 +/- 0.8 mV for the entire epithelia, -41.8 +/- 5.1
      mV for the apical membrane, and -45.9 +/- 5.0 mV for the basolateral membrane.
      Values for the resistances were 7,300 +/- 1,900 omega X cm2 for the apical, 3,990
      +/- 1,170 omega X cm2 for the basolateral, and 710 +/- 40 omega X cm2 for the
      shunt. Assuming that the shunt EMF is zero with control Ringer solution on both
      sides of the tissue, the effect of this relatively low-resistance shunt on
      electrical parameters can be determined. The cell membrane EMFs are both oriented
      with the interior negative and are -1.2 +/- 9.7 mV (apical) and -69.7 +/- 11.3 mV
      (basolateral). The difference between these values and the measured potentials is
      the result of a flow of current through the shunt from serosa to mucosa,
      hyperpolarizing the apical and depolarizing the basolateral membranes.

PMID- 3993786
TI  - NH4Cl inhibition of transport in the rabbit cortical collecting tubule.
AB  - Ammonium has previously been found to inhibit transport in a number of tissues.
      The present experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of ammonium chloride
      on transepithelial voltage (VTE) and cation transport in the isolated rabbit
      cortical collecting tubule perfused in vitro. Peritubular NH4Cl (2-10 mM)
      inhibited VTE in these tubules independent of bath or lumen pH. Luminal NH4Cl had
      a similar effect. However, VTE did not change with bath NH4Cl in tubules treated
      with amiloride or ouabain. Furthermore, when bath PCO2 was lowered simultaneously
      with the addition of NH4Cl to the bath, little change in VTE occurred, raising
      the possibility that intracellular pH falls after addition of NH4Cl to the bath.
      Consistent with the voltage effects, 5 mM NH4Cl in the bathing solution inhibited
      net sodium reabsorption by 36% and potassium secretion by 44%. Unidirectional
      lumen-to-bath tracer fluxes were consistent with predominant inhibition of the
      sodium reabsorptive flux and the potassium secretory flux. These findings may
      have relevance to metabolic acidosis in vivo because ionic ammonium
      concentrations attain the levels used in this study.

PMID- 3993787
TI  - Stimulation of distal potassium secretion by low lumen chloride in the presence
      of barium.
AB  - Potassium secretion into the renal distal tubule is increased when chloride in
      the tubule fluid is replaced by another anion. The present experiments were done
      to determine whether this increment in transported potassium traverses a
      conductive pathway from cell to lumen. Transport rates of potassium, sodium,
      chloride, and fluid by the renal distal tubule of rats were examined in vivo by
      continuous microperfusion. The effects of substituting gluconate for chloride in
      the presence and absence of 5 mM barium in the perfusion fluid were determined.
      When gluconate replaced chloride in the perfusion solutions, potassium secretion
      increased (by 44%) without a significant change in transepithelial voltage.
      Barium in the lumen increased the magnitude of the lumen-negative transepithelial
      voltage (by 30%) and reduced potassium secretion (by 56%) by inhibiting
      conductive potassium movement. Barium also decreased both sodium (by 51%) and
      chloride (by 37%) absorption. Barium did not reduce the stimulation of potassium
      secretion caused by reducing lumen chloride concentration. Potassium secretion
      increased (by 77%) when lumen chloride was reduced in the presence of 5 mM
      barium. We interpret these results by postulating that a cotransport mechanism
      linking potassium and chloride is present in the luminal membrane of distal
      tubule cells, that this mechanism operates in parallel with a conductive
      transport pathway for potassium, and that the K-Cl cotransport mechanism is not
      inhibited by barium.

PMID- 3993788
TI  - Water and urea transport in renal microvillus membrane vesicles.
AB  - Light scattering was used to measure the water and urea permeability of brush
      border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from rabbit renal cortex. In stop-flow
      experiments, exposure of BBMV to a 200 mM inwardly directed mannitol gradient
      gave a monophasic time course of decreasing BBMV volume corresponding to an
      osmotic water permeability (Pf) of 1.1 +/- 0.1 X 10(-2) cm/s at 37 degrees C. The
      temperature dependence of Pf was biphasic with delta H = 2 kcal/mol for T less
      than 33 degrees C and delta H = 14 kcal/mol for T greater than 33 degrees C. A
      200 mM inwardly directed urea gradient gave a biphasic time course of BBMV volume
      due to rapid water efflux (approximately 50 ms) followed by slower urea influx (1
      5 s) with urea permeability (Purea) of 2.4 +/- 0.2 X 10(-6) cm/s. Preincubation
      of BBMV with increasing [urea] reversibly inhibited both urea flux (Kd = 1,200
      mM) and thiourea flux (Kd = 370 mM) according to a single-site inhibition model,
      suggesting a saturable urea carrier. Comparison of BBMV Pf and Purea with
      proximal tubule transepithelial water and urea transport rates suggests that the
      permeability of the tubular apical membrane (BBMV) is high enough to support a
      transcellular route for both osmotic water and urea transport.

PMID- 3993789
TI  - Postprandial regulation of renal hemodynamics: role of pancreatic glucagon.
AB  - The aim of this study was to ascertain the quantitative importance of glucagon in
      mediating protein-induced increases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) during the postprandial state. Six chronically instrumented
      conscious dogs were each subjected to four protocols: normal protein control meal
      (C); high protein meat meal (M); somatostatin infusion and meat (S + M); and
      glucagon infusion. C produced small increases in RBF (12 +/- 2%) and GFR (14 +/-
      2%) without changing arterial plasma glucagon. M produced marked increases in RBF
      (38 +/- 4%), GFR (41 +/- 5%), and glucagon (from 23.3 +/- 3.6 to 73.3 +/- 7.1
      pg/ml) over a 3-h period. During S + M, RBF and GFR failed to increase while
      glucagon was suppressed by 36 +/- 8% over a 2-h period. When S was stopped,
      glucagon rose to 100 +/- 13.9 pg/ml over the next hour, yet RBF and GFR increased
      by only 14 +/- 4 and 10 +/- 3%, respectively. Glucagon infusion (3 ng X kg-1 X
      min-1, i.v.) markedly elevated plasma glucagon to 131.6 +/- 27.3 pg/ml, yet
      neither RBF nor GFR significantly changed. These data indicate that while a
      protein-rich meat meal does elevate arterial plasma glucagon, the rise is not
      great enough to elicit significant changes in renal hemodynamics. Thus, elevated
      plasma levels of glucagon cannot account for protein-mediated increases in RBF
      and GFR during the postprandial state.

PMID- 3993790
TI  - Arginine vasotocin and glomerular filtration rate in saltwater-acclimated ducks.
AB  - We examined the relationship between whole kidney glomerular filtration rate
      (GRF) and the plasma concentration of immunoreactive arginine vasotocin (AVT),
      the avian antidiuretic hormone, in saltwater-acclimated ducks. During steady
      state diuresis, driven by infusion of sodium chloride solutions, transient
      reductions of [14C]inulin clearance (3 ml X min-1 X kg-1) occurred when plasma
      AVT concentrations were roughly doubled by systemic injection of synthetic AVT or
      after stimulation of endogenous AVT release by perfusion of the third ventricle
      with hypertonic artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Transient increases in GFR
      occurred when plasma AVT was reduced during inhibition of its endogenous release
      by hypotonic ventricle perfusion. GFR also increased after injection of AVT
      antiserum but returned to control values within 30 min, while plasma AVT
      concentration remained very low for at least 1 day. During antidiuresis evoked by
      infusion of strongly hypertonic saline, GFR values estimated from plasma
      disappearance curves of [125I]iothalamate were not different from the GFR values
      estimated subsequently with the same method in the same ducks made diuretic by
      hypotonic saline infusions, although AVT concentrations were depressed during the
      latter as compared with the former infusion. Factors other than AVT must be
      important for the control of GFR during sustained osmotic stress.

PMID- 3993791
TI  - Glomerular response to verapamil by isolated spontaneously hypertensive rat
      kidney.
AB  - We investigated the possibility that altered cell calcium regulation may affect
      function of isolated Kyoto spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) kidneys as
      compared with kidneys from Wistar-Kyoto control (WKY) rats. The kidneys were
      perfused at 120 and 160 mmHg. At 120 mmHg, SHR glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
      was 0.24 +/- 0.04 compared with WKY GFR of 0.70 +/- 0.10 ml/min (P = 0.001). At
      160 mmHg, SHR GFR was 0.48 +/- 0.05 compared with WKY GFR of 1.09 +/- 0.05 ml/min
      (P less than 0.001). At 120 mmHg, addition of norepinephrine increased renal
      vascular resistance (RVR) by 50% and decreased SHR GFR by 27% and WKY GFR by 57%
      (P = 0.04). At 160 mmHg, norepinephrine elicited similar changes. Addition of
      verapamil, 5-10 microM, in the presence of norepinephrine returned RVR to 100
      110% of control. With verapamil at 120 mmHg, SHR GFR increased to 0.84 +/- 0.23
      ml/min, a value 3.5 times that of control (P = 0.03). In contrast, WKY GFR in the
      presence of norepinephrine and verapamil was 0.97 +/- 0.07 ml/min, unchanged from
      control (P = 0.07). At 160 mmHg, norepinephrine and verapamil also failed to
      increase WKY GFR above control (P = 0.4) but increased SHR GFR to 52% above
      control (P = 0.03). Isolated SHR kidneys exhibited exaggerated GFR responses to
      verapamil but not to norepinephrine. Abnormal cell calcium regulation may
      underlie the marked decrease in GFR when SHR kidneys are perfused acutely at
      normotensive perfusion pressures.

PMID- 3993792
TI  - Effect of potassium depletion on chloride transport in the loop of Henle in the
      rat.
AB  - Microperfusion of the superficial loop segment (latest proximal to earliest
      distal tubule) was performed in potassium-depleted and control rats. Potassium
      depletion was confirmed by analysis of muscle content (control 45 +/- 2,
      potassium depletion 33.5 +/- 0.9 meq/100 g dry solids). During perfusion at 20
      nl/min net chloride absorption was decreased (66 +/- 3 vs. 77 +/- 2%, P less than
      0.01) and early distal chloride concentration increased (70 +/- 5 vs. 50 +/- 4
      meq/liter, P less than 0.01) in the potassium-depleted rats. In separate paired
      experiments in potassium-depleted rats, indomethacin infusion increased net
      chloride absorption (P less than 0.05) and lowered early distal chloride
      concentration (P less than 0.05) toward, but not to, normal. A similar effect of
      indomethacin to decrease early distal chloride concentration was seen in rats
      ingesting a normal diet and in control rats. We conclude that in potassium
      depleted rats there is impaired net chloride absorption in the loop segment, most
      likely in the thick ascending limb, and that this effect is not produced by an
      altered response to prostaglandins. This defect in chloride transport may be
      responsible, at least in part, for the impaired concentrating capacity seen in
      potassium-depleted rats.

PMID- 3993793
TI  - Tubuloglomerular feedback after nephron or ureteral obstruction.
AB  - The effects of 1 day of single nephron, unilateral ureteral (UUO), and bilateral
      ureteral (BUO) obstruction on tubuloglomerular feedback were studied in
      anesthetized rats. Stop-flow pressure (SFP) was measured as an index of
      glomerular capillary pressure before, during, and after loop of Henle
      microperfusion. Tubuloglomerular feedback (delta SFP) showed an increased
      sensitivity to low loop perfusion rates and an increased maximal response after 1
      day of single nephron obstruction or relief of UUO. Tubuloglomerular feedback was
      not significantly different from normal after release of BUO. Whole kidney
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was about 10% of normal after release of
      ureteral obstruction, and single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR)
      averaged one-third of normal. Paired measurements of SNGFR from proximal and
      distal tubules revealed no significant differences in control or in BUO kidneys,
      but a significant proximal-distal SNGFR difference was observed after UUO. The
      results suggest that tubuloglomerular feedback does not significantly contribute
      to the low GFR after release of BUO; after release of UUO, approximately one
      fourth of the fall in GFR may be due to activation of the feedback mechanism.

PMID- 3993794
TI  - Prostaglandin inhibitors alter loop segment chloride uptake during furosemide
      diuresis.
AB  - Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition antagonizes the chloruretic effect of
      furosemide. To identify the site of this interaction, cortical micropuncture was
      performed in furosemide-treated rats during meclofenamate or indomethacin
      infusion. Control rats received the vehicle for prostaglandin synthesis
      inhibition. The fractional excretion of chloride decreased from 10.6 +/- 1.0% in
      control rats to 6.5 +/- 0.93% in indomethacin-treated rats (P less than 0.01) and
      to 5.7 +/- 0.7% in meclofenamate-treated rats (P less than 0.001). Mean arterial
      pressure, inulin clearance, renal blood flow, and single nephron glomerular
      filtration rate were not different among the groups. Chloride delivery out of the
      late proximal tubule was also not different among the groups. Early distal tubule
      chloride delivery was greater (P less than 0.001) in control rats than in either
      prostaglandin-inhibited group. Late distal chloride delivery was also greater in
      control rats. Calculated loop segment chloride uptake was 9 +/- 2% in furosemide
      treated control rats but 18 +/- 2% in both indomethacin- and meclofenamate
      treated rats (P less than 0.05). Distal tubule chloride uptake was greater in
      control than in prostaglandin-inhibited rats. Thus, the attenuated chloruretic
      response to furosemide observed in indomethacin- or meclofenamate-treated animals
      may in part result from increased chloride uptake in the loop segment of
      superficial nephrons.

PMID- 3993795
TI  - Effect of pH on phosphate transport in rat renal brush border membrane vesicles.
AB  - The initial linear rate of phosphate uptake was analyzed in rat renal brush
      border membrane vesicles. An increase in medium pH from 6.0 to 8.0 increased the
      sodium gradient-dependent phosphate uptake about 20-fold. Sodium-independent
      phosphate uptake was not altered in this pH range. At pH 7.4 an intravesicular
      acid pH stimulated the initial linear uptake rate (20-25%). The apparent Km for
      sodium increased from about 100 to 200 mM when pH was decreased from 7.4 to 6.4.
      The Hill coefficient for sodium interaction was close to 2 and was unaffected by
      pH. Increasing external sodium reduced the apparent Km of the transport system
      for phosphate independent of pH. Variations of phosphate concentration had no
      influence on the apparent Km for sodium. At high sodium concentrations, small
      effects (20-30%) of pH on the apparent Vmax of the transport system were found;
      measured at saturating sodium concentrations, the apparent Km values calculated
      on the basis of total phosphate were increased (50-60%) when pH was decreased
      from 7.4 to 6.4. The data indicate that the major effect of pH is to modify the
      interaction of the transport system with sodium. At nonsaturating sodium
      concentrations, this resulted indirectly in a reduction in the affinity for
      phosphate related to a different occupancy of the sodium binding site. The
      differences of transport rate at low phosphate and high sodium concentrations
      could be explained by preferential transport of divalent phosphate as well as by
      pH effects on other carrier properties.

PMID- 3993796
TI  - Rapid correction of severe hyponatremia in the rat: histopathological changes in
      the brain.
AB  - The purpose of the present studies was to examine the effects of rapid correction
      of severe hyponatremia (serum sodium less than 120 meq/liter) either to mildly
      hyponatremic levels (serum sodium = 130 meq/liter) or to normonatremic levels
      (serum sodium = 150 meq/liter) on the brain histology of rats. In group I, 13% of
      the rats revealed brain lesions following correction to mildly hyponatremic
      levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl. All the rats (100%) in group II had
      brain lesions following correction to normonatremic levels by 24 h of water
      restriction. Similarly, all the rats in group III showed brain lesions following
      correction to normonatremic levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl. Severe
      hyponatremia by itself did not cause any brain lesions in another group. We
      conclude that rapid correction of severe hyponatremia to mildly hyponatremic
      levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl does not cause significant brain
      lesions. On the other hand, rapid correction to normonatremic levels either by
      water restriction or by the administration of 855 mM NaCl results in significant
      brain lesions.

PMID- 3993797
TI  - Ammonia transport by the turtle bladder: relationship to H+ secretion.
AB  - The turtle bladder is apparently capable of transporting ammonia in the form of
      NH3 as well as NH+4. In the present study we examined the relationship of ammonia
      transport into the mucosal solution to H+ secretion and to chemical reactions in
      the unstirred layers. The relationship between ammonia transport and H+ secretion
      was examined before and after inhibition of H+ secretion by acetazolamide, SITS,
      and the putative inhibitor of the H+ pump dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. All these
      inhibitors caused a significant decrease in H+ secretion and led to a parallel
      decrease in the rate of ammonia transport with serosal pH at 6.4. Stimulation of
      H+ secretion by 1% CO2 increased both H+ secretion and ammonia transport at
      serosal pH 6.4. At serosal pH 6.4 the changes in H+ secretion were highly
      correlated with changes in ammonia transport. Ammonia transport at serosal pH 6.4
      was electrogenic and inhibited by a low mucosal pH. In contrast, the diffusion of
      NH3 down an imposed concentration gradient was not correlated with changes in H+
      secretion. Chemical reactions in the unstirred layers seem to influence ammonia
      transport in that increasing serosal nonvolatile buffer concentrations decreased
      the diffusion of NH3 down the concentration gradient from the serosal into the
      mucosal solution, probably by decreasing serosal NH3 concentration. Conversely,
      addition of uncouplers in the mucosal solution in an attempt to decrease the H+
      concentration in the mucosal solution unstirred layer decreased the ammonia
      transport at serosal pH 6.4.

PMID- 3993798
TI  - Tubular capacity for phosphate reabsorption in superficial and deep nephrons.
AB  - The present studies were performed to determine the capacity for phosphate
      reabsorption in superficial and deep nephron proximal tubules in vivo.
      Micropuncture experiments were performed in 20 acutely thyroparathyroidectomized
      (TPTX) Munich-Wistar rats fed a normal phosphate diet (0.7%). Four groups were
      infused with differing amounts of phosphate (0,2,4, or 6 mumol/min) to increase
      the filtered phosphate load. The sites selected for micropuncture were the
      superficial early distal tubule and the deep nephron loop of Henle, which reflect
      fractional phosphate delivery (FDPi%) from superficial and deep nephron proximal
      tubules, respectively. In response to phosphate infusions, plasma phosphate
      increased from 3.03 +/- 0.09 to 7.01 +/- 0.58 mM, and fractional phosphate
      excretion rose from 2 +/- 1 to 58 +/- 5%. FDPi% increased from both superficial
      (14 +/- 1 to 58 +/- 2%) and deep nephron proximal tubules (4 +/- 1 to 27 +/- 5%)
      but always remained lower from deep nephrons, reflecting more avid reabsorption
      by deep nephron proximal tubules. The maximal rate of phosphate reabsorption (max
      RPi/SNGFR) in the superficial proximal tubule was significantly less than in the
      deep nephron proximal tubule (3.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.1 +/- 0.1 pmol/nl). In seven of
      the phosphate-infused rats, parathyroid hormone (PTH, 33 U/kg bolus; 1 U X kg-1 X
      min-1) was added to the infusion following the initial collections. In the
      presence of PTH, the RPi/SNGFR was significantly lower in deep than in
      superficial proximal tubules (0.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.4 pmol/nl). Thus, the
      maximum capacity for phosphate reabsorption was greater in deep than in
      superficial nephrons in TPTX rats. Furthermore, in the presence of phosphate
      infusions, PTH inhibited phosphate reabsorption to a greater extent in deep than
      in superficial proximal tubules.

PMID- 3993799
TI  - Erythrocyte adenosine transport: effects of Ca2+ channel antagonists and ions.
AB  - On the basis of observations of adenosine-Ca2+ competition, we assessed the
      effects on erythrocyte adenosine transport of Ca2+ channel antagonists, mono- and
      divalent cations, and Cl- and Cl- transport inhibitors. The Ca2+ channel
      antagonists, diltiazem and verapamil, competitively inhibited adenosine influx
      (Ki = 158 +/- 17.4 and 13.5 +/- 1.3 microM at 10 microM adenosine, respectively),
      despite no apparent effect on transport by Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, or K+. Verapamil also
      inhibited uridine efflux (Ki = 1.7 +/- 0.3 microM at 84-100 microM intracellular
      uridine). The absence of Cl- decreased adenosine influx rates from 0.615 +/-
      0.013 to 0.386 +/- 0.008 nmol X s-1 X ml intracellular H2O-1. The Cl- transport
      inhibitors, diisothiocyanostilbene disulfonate (10 microM), furosemide (1 mM),
      and NO-3 (145 mM), decreased adenosine influx rates to 0.301 +/- 0.008, 0.325 +/-
      0.013, and 0.430 +/- 0.009 nmol X s-1 X ml intracellular H2O-1, respectively.
      These studies indicate that the Ca2+ channel antagonists inhibit adenosine
      release and uptake and therefore may modulate adenosine-mediated events.
      Additionally, they suggest that adenosine and anion transport systems are linked
      or share common features.

PMID- 3993800
TI  - Effects of infarction, procainamide, coupling interval, and cycle length on
      refractoriness of extrastimuli.
AB  - The effects of prematurity, cycle length, site of stimulation, and procainamide
      on ventricular refractoriness following an extrastimulus (S2) were assessed in 10
      dogs with and 10 dogs without infarction. Extrastimuli were introduced at
      preselected coupling intervals (S1-S2) from normal right and left ventricular
      sites and from left ventricular sites of infarction during drive cycle lengths
      (S1-S1) of 350 and 250 ms. At each S1-S2 interval, the effective refractory
      period of S2 was determined by introducing a second extrastimulus (S3). At all
      stimulation sites, cycle lengths, and before and during infusion of procainamide
      (mean concn 18.6 +/- 3.5 micrograms/ml), shortening (greater than 10 ms change)
      in refractoriness was most marked over a narrow range of closely coupled S1-S2
      intervals. Regardless of stimulation site, the effective refractory period of S2
      was less during a cycle length of 250 ms compared with a cycle length of 350 ms.
      In dogs without infarction, the effective refractory periods of S2 from left
      ventricular sites tended to be longer than from right ventricular sites,
      particularly during procainamide administration. The refractory period of S2 at
      sites of infarction did not differ consistently from those at normal sites.
      Finally, at all stimulation sites and cycle lengths, procainamide prolonged
      refractoriness of S2 at each S1-S2 interval and blunted the total shortening in
      refractoriness in response to S2.

PMID- 3993801
TI  - Transmembrane potassium fluxes in isolated feline ventricular myocytes.
AB  - Radioactive tracer (42K) flux techniques were used to determine transmembrane K+
      influx and efflux in isolated cardiac myocytes. Ca2+-tolerant adult feline
      ventricular myocytes were isolated by retrograde perfusion of the coronary
      arteries with a collagenase-containing solution. The isolated cells had
      intracellular Na+ (17.2 +/- 0.2 mM) and K+ (135.0 +/- 3.9 mM) concentrations that
      were stable over time. 42K influx and efflux were both described by a single
      exponential function. The rate constant describing 42K influx was 5.86 +/- 0.40 X
      10(-2) min-1, and the calculated total K+ influx was 18.4 +/- 1.6 pmol X cm-2 X s
      1. Ouabain produced a dose-dependent decrease in K+ influx with maximal
      inhibition at 10(-4) M. In the presence of 10(-4) M ouabain, total K+ influx was
      resolved into both active (ouabain-sensitive 12.2 pmol X cm-2 X s-1) and passive
      (ouabain-insensitive 6.2) components. The rate constant describing 42K efflux was
      6.46 +/- 0.50 X 10(-2) min-1, and the calculated total K+ efflux was 22.0 +/- 1.5
      pmol X cm-2 X s-1. K+ efflux was not significantly altered (P greater than 0.5)
      in the presence of 10(-4) M ouabain. The absolute magnitudes of total K+ influx
      and efflux were not significantly different (P greater than 0.1), thus suggesting
      that the cells were in a steady state with respect to K+. These studies
      demonstrate that transmembrane tracer kinetics and K+ fluxes were readily
      described using isolated adult cardiac myocytes and that both the active and
      passive components of these unidirectional fluxes were identified in the presence
      of ouabain.

PMID- 3993802
TI  - Passive membrane properties of isolated feline ventricular myocytes.
AB  - Membrane properties of adult mammalian cardiac muscle are difficult to define
      mainly because of experimental complications arising from complex packing of
      myocytes in the tissue matrix. Isolated feline myocytes were used in the present
      study to avoid these complications. The objectives of this study were to define
      the functional relationship between passive unidirectional transmembrane
      potassium (K+) fluxes, membrane permeability to K+ (PK), and membrane K+ (Ko)
      dependency of this relationship. Passive (ouabain-insensitive) components of
      unidirectional K+ fluxes were measured with 42K, and membrane potential (Em) and
      membrane (slope) conductance (gm) were measured with electrophysiological
      techniques. Myocytes studied in solutions with 5 mM K+o had normal resting
      potentials (-81 +/- 1 mV). The input resistance and membrane time constant were
      2.72 +/- 0.47 X 10(-7) omega and 7.01 +/- 1.0 ms, respectively. When K+o was
      lowered Em hyperpolarized, input resistance (Ri) increased, and K+ fluxes
      decreased. When K+o was increased Em depolarized, Ri decreased, and K+ fluxes
      increased. These data were combined to determine whether K+ fluxes obey the
      independence principle and to calculate PK and gK. The results obtained support
      the idea that 1) unidirectional K+ fluxes do not obey the independence principle,
      2) PK is much greater than the membrane permeability to other ions, and 3) the gK
      calculated from passive K+ fluxes was similar to the gm measured electrically (at
      all K+o's tested).

PMID- 3993803
TI  - Superoxide dismutase enhances recovery following myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Oxygen-derived free radicals, specifically superoxide (O-2) and the hydroxyl
      radical (OH.), have been implicated as possible mediators in the development of
      myocardial damage induced by ischemia and reflow. The purpose of this study was
      to examine the ability of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a O-2 scavenging enzyme, to
      protect the heart against functional and structural alterations due to ischemia
      and reflow. An isolated perfused rabbit interventricular septal preparation was
      used for these experiments. Septa were treated with SOD by adding either 10 or 20
      micrograms/ml of the enzyme to the perfusion solution 15 min prior to ischemia
      and during reflow. Other septa were not treated. Septa were made ischemic for 1 h
      and reperfused for 1 h. The contractile performance of reperfused septa was found
      to be significantly improved in SOD-treated septa when compared with nontreated
      septa. After 60 min of reflow, values for nontreated, 10- and 20-micrograms/ml
      SOD-treated septa, respectively, were 48.5 +/- 5.2 (SE), 67.4 +/- 4.2, and 82.0
      +/- 3.8% of control values for developed tension. The rise in resting tension
      observed with reflow was significantly decreased. SOD treatment also provided
      significant protection of myocardial ultrastructure. The percent of myocytes
      showing normal structure was increased approximately 40%, and the percentages of
      myocytes showing mild or severe damage were decreased approximately 30 and 15%,
      respectively, for SOD-treated septa. Vessel structure showed a similar trend.
      Thus SOD preserves myocardial function and structure in septa reperfused
      following ischemia. These results support the possibility that oxygen-derived
      free radicals may be involved in the damage resulting from ischemia and reflow.

PMID- 3993804
TI  - Myocardial adenine pool depletion and recovery of mechanical function following
      ischemia.
AB  - The loss of nucleotide pool precursors from the heart during ischemia and
      reperfusion may affect resynthesis of ATP and consequently mechanical recovery.
      Isolated working rat hearts were made globally ischemic for from 15 to 25 min,
      and the tissue content of adenine pool metabolites, creatine, creatine phosphate
      (CP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi), were measured after 20 min of reperfusion. In
      addition, the coronary effluent was assayed for nucleotides, nucleosides, and
      oxypurines. Hearts that recovered 75% or more of their preischemic hemodynamic
      function had significantly lower ATP and NAD but greater CP and Pi than controls.
      Complete failure of hearts was associated with severely depleted ATP but not CP.
      All hearts released 25% or more of their preischemic adenine pool during the 20
      min reperfusion. This loss correlated more closely with a reduction in recovery
      from 100 to 75% than with complete failure. Thus extensive loss of adenine pool
      precursors is not critically related to the failure of heart muscle to recover
      function but may be an important limiting factor in determining the extent and
      time course of mechanical recovery.

PMID- 3993805
TI  - Role of vasopressin and sympathetic nervous system during hypertonic NaCl
      infusion in conscious dog.
AB  - The contribution of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the sympathetic nervous system
      to the pressor response elicited by hypertonic NaCl infusion was investigated in
      conscious dogs with intact carotid sinus baroreceptors or in dogs subjected to
      chronic sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation (SAD). Infusion of 6% NaCl at 0.05 ml
      X kg-1 X min-1 for 60 min increased plasma osmolality an average of 12 +/- 2
      mosmol/kg in both intact and SAD dogs. Arterial pressure increased 6 +/- 2 mmHg
      in intact animals and was normalized by subsequent administration of a specific
      vascular AVP antagonist. Pretreatment with the AVP antagonist did not alter
      resting arterial pressure but prevented the increase due to the osmotic stimulus.
      Pretreatment with ganglionic blockade reduced resting arterial pressure (-17 +/-
      2 mmHg). Subsequent infusion of hypertonic NaCl elevated arterial pressure (21 +/
      7 mmHg) to a significantly greater level than that observed with the autonomic
      nervous system intact. In SAD dogs, the osmotic stimulus increased arterial
      pressure (16 +/- 1 mmHg) to a significantly greater extent than in intact
      animals. Subsequent administration of AVP antagonist normalized arterial
      pressure, and pretreatment with the antagonist prevented any pressor response.
      Pretreatment with ganglionic blockade did not alter the pressor response (15 +/-
      2 mmHg) to hypertonic NaCl. Data suggest that the increase in arterial pressure
      due to an osmotic stimulus is due to AVP release and does not require a
      functional sympathetic nervous system. The response is normally buffered by
      arterial baroreflexes, presumably due to sympathetic withdrawal.

PMID- 3993806
TI  - Arterial blood pressure control during hindlimb and forelimb contraction in the
      dog.
AB  - This study examined the differential reflex cardiovascular responses evoked by
      separate contractions of the right hindlimb and forelimb and established the
      mechanism of a regional reflex vasodilation associated with hindlimb skeletal
      muscle contraction. The two groups of skeletal muscle were contracted separately
      by electrical stimulation (2-48 Hz) of the peripheral motor nerves. The left
      nonexercising hindlimb was perfused at constant flow. All blood pressure
      regulating mechanisms were intact. Arterial blood pressure (ABP), left
      nonexercising hindlimb perfusion pressure (HLPP), and heart rate (HR) were
      recorded. HR was increased by skeletal muscle contraction. This response was
      independent of muscle group and contraction frequency. Increases in both ABP and
      HLPP were produced by high-frequency contractions (greater than 16 Hz) of either
      the hindlimb or forelimb. Decreases were evoked only by hindlimb contractions
      (greater than 8 Hz). The nonexercising skeletal muscle vascular bed contributed
      to this systemic depressor response by vasodilating. The mechanism involved a
      contraction-induced withdrawal of sympathetic nerve activity to that vascular
      bed. Concomitant with this response was an increase in heart rate that was
      blocked with propranolol. Similar heart rate changes evoked by forelimb
      contractions also were blocked with propranolol. These data indicate that
      sympathetic outflow to resting skeletal muscle depends on the origin and
      magnitude of the afferent signal from the contracting skeletal muscle.

PMID- 3993807
TI  - Carotid sinus and blood pressure control during hindlimb and forelimb
      contractions.
AB  - Arterial blood pressure (ABP) regulation during exercise involves in part
      medullary interaction of afferent information from contracting skeletal muscles
      and the major baroreceptors. This study examined in chloralose-anesthetized dogs
      the role of the carotid sinus baroreceptors in modulating reflex changes in ABP,
      nonexercising hindlimb skeletal muscle vascular resistance, and heart rate (HR)
      evoked by two separately contracting (4, 16, and 48 Hz) groups of skeletal
      muscle, the right hindlimb and forelimb. When arterial and cardiopulmonary
      baroreceptor afferent information was interrupted, hindlimb contractions evoked a
      greater augmentation of ABP (16 and 48 Hz) and no further increase in
      nonexercising hindlimb perfusion pressure (HLPP). Forelimb contractions, which in
      the presence of baroreceptors had not affected ABP (4 and 16 Hz), now reduced it
      profoundly. Nonexercising HLPP, which increased independently of contraction
      frequency, now was decreased by 4 Hz, not affected by 16 Hz, and increased by 48
      Hz. The increase in HR was abolished. Increasing carotid sinus pressure to 220
      mmHg in vagotomized dogs abolished the reflex changes evoked by hindlimb skeletal
      muscle contractions. However, forelimb contractions continued to decrease ABP.
      Nonexercising HLPP and HR did not change from the precontraction values. These
      data indicate that the carotid sinus baroreceptor could buffer completely those
      changes in the selected cardiovascular variables evoked by hindlimb but not
      forelimb skeletal muscle contractions. Thus the role of the carotid sinus
      baroreceptors in controlling ABP during exercise depends on the group of skeletal
      muscle initiating the somatic afferent signal and its influence on the
      contraction-induced distribution of the efferent signals.

PMID- 3993808
TI  - Pressure and tone dependence of coronary diastolic input impedance and
      capacitance.
AB  - To quantify reactive elements of the coronary circulation, we have characterized
      in vivo diastolic coronary input impedance by introducing sinusoidal pressure
      oscillations of constant amplitude and varying frequency at constant mean
      pressure levels during prolonged diastoles in heart-blocked dogs anesthetized
      with pentobarbital. The behavior of coronary input impedance is similar to that
      observed in other peripheral vascular beds and is a function of both mean
      distending pressure and vasomotor tone. The behavior of impedance modulus and
      phase at each pressure level could be described by a lumped resistive-capacitive
      (RC) parallel model over a frequency range of 1-5 Hz. At higher frequencies the
      phase angle response could be characterized by adding a Voigt viscoelastic
      element to the original RC model. Calculated coronary capacitances for both
      models were similar in magnitude and varied inversely with mean coronary
      distending pressure. Values for the RC and RC viscoelastic model in the maximally
      dilated coronary bed were 14.1 and 21.6 X 10(-3) ml X mmHg X 100 g-1 at 30 mmHg
      and 2.65 and 2.70 X 10(-3) ml X mmHg-1 X 100 g-1 at 110 mmHg. With vasomotor tone
      intact, calculated coronary capacitance at each pressure level was reduced by a
      factor of two. These results indicate that an RC parallel model with pressure-
      and vasomotor tone-dependent capacitance adequately describes diastolic coronary
      input impedance at frequencies encountered during ordinary diastoles. The
      addition of a viscoelastic element provides adequate fits up to frequencies of 10
      Hz.

PMID- 3993809
TI  - Different effects of two types of ischemia on myocardial systolic and diastolic
      function.
AB  - Acute increases in left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure relative to volume
      occur during angina in humans and after pacing tachycardia in dogs with coronary
      stenoses. In this study we assessed myocardial function following pacing
      tachycardia in dogs with coronary stenoses and compared it with function of the
      same myocardial segment during coronary occlusion. Also we calculated regional
      wall stiffness following pacing tachycardia in dogs with coronary stenoses. In
      anesthetized dogs with two-vessel critical (90%) coronary stenoses, ultrasonic
      crystals were implanted subendocardially to measure either anterior wall (AW) and
      lateral wall (LW) segment lengths (SL; n = 14) or LV wall thickness (h; n = 7).
      LV pressure was measured using a high-fidelity micromanometer catheter. After
      pacing tachycardia in dogs with two-vessel coronary stenoses, there was a
      substantial rise in LV end-diastolic pressure (from 6 +/- 1 to 15 +/- 1 mmHg; P
      less than 0.001), a slight increase in end-diastolic segment length (AWEDSL from
      15.6 +/- 1.0 to 16.4 +/- 1.0 mm; p less than 0.01; and LWEDSL from 13.8 +/- 1.4
      to 14.3 +/- 1.4 mm; P greater than 0.01) and a reduction of percent systolic
      shortening of the ischemic segments. An upward shift of the diastolic pressure-SL
      relation was observed in the postpacing period. During coronary occlusion the
      diastolic pressure-SL relation of the same segment shifted rightward, or
      rightward and downward, and systolic shortening became holosystolic bulging.
      Ischemia due to coronary stenoses plus increased O2 demand had substantially
      different effects on regional wall motion and segmental diastolic mechanics than
      did ischemia due to coronary occlusion. Over the same range of residual
      transmural LV diastolic pressure, the radial stiffness modulus was higher after
      pacing tachycardia in the presence of coronary stenoses.

PMID- 3993810
TI  - Altered myocardial mechanics in diabetic rabbits.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus may lead to congestive heart failure in humans, independent of
      atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Previous studies have explored the
      myocardial effects of chronic diabetes in dogs and rats with somewhat divergent
      results. Therefore the current study examined papillary muscle function in
      rabbits made diabetic with 140-150 mg/kg intravenous alloxan compared with that
      of age-matched controls. The period of diabetes was 3 days (study 1), 1 mo (study
      2), 3 mo (study 3), and 6 mo (study 4). The duration of isometric and isotonic
      contraction and relaxation were markedly prolonged in diabetes from studies 2, 3,
      and 4. Shortening velocity was diminished in diabetics from studies 1, 3, and 4.
      A blunted inotropic response to increasing stimulus frequency was observed in
      diabetics. Changes in resting tension were not consistently observed, suggesting
      that passive muscle stiffness is not altered. These findings indicate that
      previous work on diabetic rats can be extended to diabetic rabbits and suggest
      that chronic diabetes diminishes contractility and prolongs the duration of
      contraction in mammalian hearts.

PMID- 3993811
TI  - Autonomic modulation of refractoriness in canine specialized His-Purkinje system.
AB  - The effects of autonomic efferent stimulation on refractoriness of the
      specialized His-Purkinje system were examined in open-chest dogs anesthetized
      with 1.0% halothane. In eight animals submaximal bilateral stimulation of the
      ventral ansae subclavia decreased (P less than or equal to 0.01) the average
      functional refractory period for the propagation of His bundle extrastimuli to
      five ventricular recording sites (HP-FRP) by 10.9 +/- 0.6 ms. Submaximal
      stimulation of the decentralized vagal nerves that produced first degree
      atrioventricular block did not affect ventricular refractoriness. Combined
      vagosympathetic stimulation produced a smaller (P less than or equal to 0.01)
      decrease of the average HP-FRP (7.2 +/- 1.1 ms) than that produced by sympathetic
      stimulation alone. Administration of atropine abolished (P less than or equal to
      0.05) vagal antagonism of the shortening effect of isoproterenol on the average
      HP-FRP. Treatment with propranolol reversed (P less than or equal to 0.01) the
      sympathetic effect on the average HP-FRP and nonuniformly increased
      refractoriness in the His-Purkinje system. The latter changes were abolished (P
      less than or equal to 0.05) by infusion of phentolamine. The autonomic nervous
      system modulates His-Purkinje refractoriness by actions mediated by cholinergic
      and both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 3993812
TI  - Effect of propylthiouracil dose on serum thyroxine, growth, and weaning in young
      rats.
AB  - The antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU) is a potent inducer of hypothyroidism
      in the rat. To evaluate the effects of PTU on serum thyroxine (T4) concentration,
      growth, and weaning progression during development, five doses of PTU (0.0001,
      0.0005, 0.001, 0.005, and 0.01 g/100 ml) were administered to infant rats via
      drinking water of the dam. The highest dose, 0.01%, is commonly used in
      developmental studies. The results indicate that 0.001% PTU creates hypothyroid
      pups without the debilitating characteristics of pups raised on 0.01% PTU. A
      second experiment examined the effects of 0.001% PTU on serum T4 concentration,
      growth, and weaning progression during the fourth postnatal week. Serum T4
      concentration was depressed throughout the study period to 25% of controls. The
      hypothyroid pups continued to grow, although they were significantly smaller than
      untreated controls. Weaning was initiated by postnatal day 22 and completed on
      day 29. For normal untreated pups, weaning is initiated by day 17 and completed
      by day 26. Thus hypothyroidism delays but does not abolish the weaning process.

PMID- 3993813
TI  - Effects of variable caloric restriction on utilization of ingested energy in
      rats.
AB  - Body weight reductions were produced in five groups of male Wistar rats (325 g)
      by starvation or by variable degrees of underfeeding. The resulting body weights
      were maintained, by adjusting daily food intake, at constant levels for at least
      18 days. We found that 1) energy conservation (i.e., a reduction in the amount of
      energy required for maintenance) developed in proportion to reduction in body
      weight, 2) energy conservation increased even while reduced body weights were
      maintained at constant levels, 3) reduction in the energy required for
      maintenance was largely due to reduced resting metabolic rate, 4) a maximal
      ability to conserve energy seemed to occur in severely food-restricted rats, and
      5) the magnitude of energy conservation appeared to be proportional to the
      absolute reduction in body weight and was unrelated (in the long run) to rapidity
      of weight loss. This study confirms that precise mechanisms of energy
      conservation are set in motion by food restriction and attempts to identify some
      components of this adaptive response.

PMID- 3993814
TI  - Urinary responses to cold temperature during water immersion.
AB  - If cold temperature combines with ambient water pressure to stimulate the Henry
      Gauer reflex in humans, then free water clearance (CH2O) should be greater during
      immersion in cold water (29.8 degrees C) than during exposure to cold air (14.8
      degrees C) or immersion in thermoneutral water (35 degrees C). Urinary responses
      to these environments were compared with control measurements made during 6 h of
      sitting in thermoneutral air (27.6 degrees C). CH2O was not significantly greater
      in cold water than in the other environments. Rather, the diuretic response was
      characterized by an increased osmolar clearance (P less than 0.05). Cold
      temperature and water pressure additively raised urinary output during cold water
      immersion, with ambient water pressure accounting for two-thirds of the urinary
      water loss. An elevated rate of sodium excretion (P less than 0.05) began
      significantly earlier in cold water than in thermoneutral water. This effect of
      low temperature might have resulted from cold-induced vasoconstriction, since
      cold temperatures was observed to reduce the foot volume. Sodium excretion was
      inversely proportional to vital capacity, indicating a responsiveness of the
      kidney to expansion of the central blood volume. In addition to the effects of
      water pressure and cold temperature, urinary function was also sensitive to time.
      The rate of potassium excretion was significantly elevated at min 199 of exposure
      to all environments. Failure of CH2O to increase above control values indicated
      that the human diuretic response to cold water immersion is atypical for the
      Henry-Gauer reflex.

PMID- 3993815
TI  - Forced internal desynchronization between circadian temperature and activity
      rhythms in squirrel monkeys.
AB  - In an attempt to force internal desynchronization between the rest-activity
      rhythm and the body temperature rhythm of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus),
      five animals were studied in a 14:14 light-dark cycle. In four animals a 28-h
      spectral component was found to predominate in the rest-activity rhythm, whereas
      an unentrained circadian component (tau = 25.9 +/- 0.4 h) predominated in the
      body temperature rhythm. Plots of the cycle-by-cycle acrophases of the two
      rhythms confirm that they desynchronize, due to the failure of the temperature
      rhythm to entrain to the light-dark cycle. These data from intact animals provide
      further support for the hypothesis that the squirrel monkey circadian timing
      system has at least two pacemakers. A rhythm for which the supra-chiasmatic
      nuclei (SCN) have previously been shown to be essential (rest-activity)
      simultaneously exhibited a different period from a rhythm (body temperature) that
      has been shown to persist after destruction of the SCN.

PMID- 3993817
TI  - Temperature regulation in lizards: effects of hypoxia.
AB  - Temperature regulation during external (lowered lung PO2) and internal hypoxia
      (anemia) was examined in four species of lizards. Exposure to a hypoxic gas
      mixture in a thermogradient resulted in the animals lowering their selected
      (preferred) body temperature. A 50% reduction in the O2 carrying capacity of the
      blood also reduced the selected body temperature. Lizards "shuttle" when forced
      to select a temperature either above or below their normal selected temperature.
      Exposure to hypoxia decreases the upper and lower exit temperatures during
      shuttling. Furthermore, a decrease in the inspired O2 causes the rate of heating
      to no longer exceed the rate of cooling as is normal. The behavioral reduction of
      body temperature and the altered neural and physiological aspects of temperature
      regulation appear to be generalized responses to impaired O2 transport and not
      PO2 per se. The reduced body temperature, by lowering metabolic demand, provides
      an effective, even life-saving, adaptation to hypoxia.

PMID- 3993816
TI  - Glucose transport in intestinal epithelia of winter flounder.
AB  - D-Glucose (Glc) transport was studied in stripped intestinal epithelial sheets of
      the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. At 1 mM Glc and 15 degrees C,
      Glc uptake did not occur against a concentration gradient (free cell Glc 0.78 +/-
      0.06 mM) but was inhibited by 0.5 mM phlorizin or ouabain. [U-14C]-Glc oxidation
      to 14CO2 was also depressed by these agents or the absence of Na+ and was
      saturable (Km 3.3 +/- 1.2 mM Glc; maximal velocity at saturating substrate
      concentration (Vmax) 4.0 +/- 2.0 mumol X g wet wt-1 X h-1]. No electrical
      transcellular manifestations of the Na-Glc cotransport system were seen in
      regular media. In the absence of Cl-, Glc and nonmetabolizable Glc analogs (alpha
      methyl-D-glucopyranoside or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose) added mucosally elicited an
      increase in a serosally directed short-circuit current that was inhibitable by
      0.5 mM mucosal phlorizin or 0.1 mM serosal ouabain and dependent on the external
      sugar concentration [Km 2.3 +/- 1.8 mM (range 0.6 to 6.1); Vmax 2.4 +/- 1.1
      microA X cm-2 (range 0.8-4.2)]. Vmax for L-leucine transport was fivefold greater
      [13.4 +/- 7.3 microA X cm-2 (range 4.6-20.7)]. These results indicate the
      presence of a mucosal Na+-linked Glc absorptive system and reflect the paucity of
      transport sites for Glc relative to leucine.

PMID- 3993818
TI  - Differences between CSF and plasma Na+ and K+ activities and concentrations.
AB  - [Na+] and [K+] determined by ion-selective electrodes (ISE) by direct
      potentiometric determination were compared with those obtained by flame
      photometry in plasma and in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Comparisons of pre- and postanesthesia values
      showed no change in plasma [Na+] but a 5% fall in plasma [K+]. CSF and plasma Na+
      activities were identical, indicating that Na+ does not contribute to the
      potential difference between them. CSF K+ activity was 74% of that in plasma. The
      CSF-to-plasma molar and molal ratios differed from the activity (ISE) ratios.
      Concentrations of Na+ and K+ were also determined in an electrolyte solution and
      in the same solution with albumin added. Flame values differed from ISE values in
      plasma, CSF, and solutions. Albumin lowered flame values to a greater extent than
      ISE values. Bicarbonate lowered ISE values. ISE ratios, which equal activity
      ratios, rather than molar or molal ratios should be used in thermodynamic
      equilibrium equations, whereas molar concentrations should be used in
      electroneutrality equations or in determination of the strong ion difference.

PMID- 3993819
TI  - Increased sympathetic nervous system activity in rats fed a low-protein diet.
AB  - To examine the state of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) function in animals fed
      a protein-restricted diet, [3H] norepinephrine ([3H]-NE) turnover was measured in
      heart and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of rats fed synthetic diets
      of equal caloric density containing 22% protein (as casein) or 7% protein (the
      difference being made up by sucrose). Because dietary availability of tyrosine is
      a potential mediator of SNS responses to protein ingestion, a third diet (7%
      protein supplemented with tyrosine) was also tested. After 12 days dietary
      preparation [3H]-NE turnover was increased 35-70% in heart by 7% protein feeding
      and 93-103% in IBAT. When smaller animals were fed the synthetic diets for 4-5
      wk, sympathetic stimulation in those given the protein-restricted formula was
      also apparent, although demonstration of this response was complicated by
      comparative problems due to the marked differences in body size between normal
      and protein-restricted groups. Addition of tyrosine (sufficient to normalize
      plasma and brain tyrosine levels) was without effect on the stimulation of NE
      turnover induced by the protein-deficient diet. Similarly, augmented urinary NE
      excretion observed in animals consuming the 7% protein diet was unaffected by
      supplemental tyrosine. Urinary dopamine excretion, however, was uniquely and
      strikingly elevated with restoration of dietary tyrosine to animals fed the low
      protein diet. Thus isocaloric substitution of sucrose for casein in the diet
      activates the SNS in heart and IBAT, a response unrelated to limitation of
      dietary tyrosine.

PMID- 3993820
TI  - Primary role of volume expansion in stimulation of rectal gland function.
AB  - Chloride secretion by the in vivo rectal gland of the shark is stimulated by the
      intravascular infusion of salt solutions of varying osmolar and sodium
      concentration. In a cross-perfused and denervated rectal gland, the infusion of a
      small amount of a hypertonic salt solution raises plasma osmolality but does not
      increase plasma volume in the donor fish. Under these conditions, rectal gland
      chloride secretion is not stimulated. A subsequent infusion of isotonic shark
      Ringer solution increases plasma volume 50%, decreases plasma osmolality, and
      produces a fourfold increase in chloride secretion and a threefold decrease in
      vascular resistance within the gland. Both the vasodilatory and secretory
      responses also follow the infusion of a hypotonic shark Ringer solution. The data
      further support the hypothesis that the rectal gland of the shark is involved in
      the regulation of intravascular volume rather than in osmoregulation.

PMID- 3993821
TI  - Some aspects of separation and loss in therapy with disturbed children.
AB  - I have suggested that the impact of loss and separation on disturbed children can
      best be assessed from a developmental point of view that takes into account not
      only the reality of the object loss but the subjective experiences of the loss or
      separation, which will be determined by a host of subtle psychological variables.
      I have attempted to illustrate these existential variables with clinical
      examples.

PMID- 3993823
TI  - Loss as a metaphor for attachment.

PMID- 3993822
TI  - Separation and loss: significance for women.

PMID- 3993824
TI  - The use and abuse of theory in psychoanalysis.

PMID- 3993825
TI  - Children and parents in the divorce court.

PMID- 3993826
TI  - Separation and loss in psychoanalytic therapy with borderline patients: further
      remarks.
AB  - This paper is a continuation of an earlier one concerning borderline patients,
      and I can recapitulate only a few of the many areas touched upon here. The
      borderline individual is faced continually with the threat of loss, either of his
      tenuously established individual identity, through fusion with the other person,
      or of his fragile interpersonal relatedness, through uncontrollable flight into
      autism of psychotic degree. A basic theme in one's work with these persons is
      that of unconscious, fantasied omnipotence, variously an aspect of the patient's
      unconscious self-image or projected into the therapist. The acting-out which the
      patient does consists in his inflicting loss, deprivation, and other forms of
      injury upon his introjects of part-aspects of the therapist. The grief involved
      in the relinquishment of so-called bad introjects is discussed. The patient early
      in therapy is aware of his inability to grieve, and endeavors to conceal this
      deficiency by spurious emotionality. I give examples of patients' manifesting
      regressive dedifferentiation to fusion with elements of the nonhuman environment,
      as an unconscious defense against feelings of separation and loss. Effective
      therapy with these patients involves the therapist's deeper working through of
      his own losses. The significant losses occurred so early in these patients' lives
      that the therapeutic exploration of these areas may enable the therapist to gain
      access to comparably early losses on his own part, losses from a developmental
      era which many a training analysis may not have explored at all adequately.

PMID- 3993827
TI  - Influence of group psychotherapy: a thirty-eight-year follow-up.

PMID- 3993828
TI  - The effect of immunoglobulin occurring on human sperm in vivo on the human
      sperm/hamster ova penetration assay.
AB  - We selected 91 infertile men who were tested for increased sperm-associated
      immunoglobulin and also tested in the human sperm/hamster ova penetration assay.
      There was a statistically significant association between the presence of
      increased sperm-associated IgG alone (p = 0.0218) and both sperm-associated IgG
      and A (p = 0.0187) when correlated with the failure to penetrate any hamster ova.
      There was a trend but no statistical significance when sperm-associated
      immunoglobulin A alone was present. There was a trend but no statistical
      relationship between the presence of sperm-associated immunoglobulin and the
      sperm penetration assay when the criteria for normality of the sperm penetration
      assay was a 15% or greater ovum penetration rate.

PMID- 3993829
TI  - Antispermatozoal antibodies in human follicular fluid.
AB  - The possibility of antispermatozoal antibodies in women having significant
      effects in the higher regions of the female reproductive tract has been
      investigated. Follicular fluids (FF) and sera taken at the time of oocyte
      recovery from women undergoing in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer (IVF
      ET) were tested for the presence of antispermatozoal antibodies, and the
      concentrations of IgM, IgG, IgA, and complement C3 were determined. The
      concentrations of immunoglobulins and C3 in FF were consistent with transudation
      from serum inversely proportional to molecular weight. Titres of agglutinating
      and immobilizing antibodies in FF were usually one or two dilution steps below
      those of serum except where immobilizing activity was associated with IgM.
      IgG:IgA ratios were lower in FF from women with antispermatozoal antibodies,
      suggesting local production or enhanced transudation of IgA; however, a secretory
      component could not be detected in any of the follicular fluids in this study.
      Two women with antispermatozoal antibodies and infertility in excess of 5 years
      had successful IVF-ET and have delivered healthy infants.

PMID- 3993830
TI  - Leydig cell tumors of the testis. A clinicopathological analysis of 40 cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - The clinical and pathological features of 40 Leydig cell tumors of the testis
      were analyzed. The patients ranged from 2 to 90 (average 46.5) years of age. The
      most common initial manifestation was testicular swelling, which was sometimes
      associated with gynecomastia; 15% of the patients presented because of
      gynecomastia and were found to have palpable testicular tumors. All three
      children were brought to the physician because of isosexual pseudoprecocity. The
      tumors, one of which was asynchronously bilateral, ranged from 0.5 to 10.0
      (average 3) cm in greatest diameter. They were usually well circumscribed, but in
      seven of them the margin with the adjacent testis was ill-defined. On microscopic
      examination the most common pattern was that of diffuse sheets of neoplastic
      cells, but insular, trabecular, pseudotubular, and ribbon-like patterns were also
      encountered. The neoplastic cells were most often large and polygonal with
      abundant eosinophilic, slightly granular cytoplasm; occasionally the cytoplasm
      was abundantly vacuolated. In eight tumors some of the cells were spindle-shaped,
      and in six some had scanty cytoplasm. Crystalloids of Reinke were identified in
      35% of the tumors. Conspicuous nuclear atypicality was present in 12 tumors and
      the mitotic rate ranged from less than 1 to 32/10 high-power fields. Blood vessel
      invasion, lymphatic invasion, or both were identified in four tumors. Follow-up
      of 2 months to 22 years (average 4 years) was available for 30 patients. Five of
      them died as a result of spread of their tumor. A comparison of the clinically
      malignant tumors with those associated with survival for 2 or more years
      postoperatively revealed that the former occurred in older patients and were
      accompanied by symptoms of shorter duration and an absence of endocrine
      manifestations. The malignant tumors were larger, often had an infiltrative
      margin and had spread beyond the testis, frequently exhibited blood vessel or
      lymphatic invasion, and had a greater degree of cellular atypia and necrosis and
      a higher mitotic rate than the benign tumors.

PMID- 3993831
TI  - Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis. Report of eight cases with clinicopathologic
      review.
AB  - Pulmonary sporotrichosis in the absence of lymphocutaneous disease is unusual;
      however, its incidence may be greater than previously recognized. This report
      describes the AFIP experience in eight cases of primary pulmonary sporotrichosis
      and reviews an additional 23 cases. The disease is often a bilateral, apical,
      chronic and cavitary, progressive, destructive, and debilitating infection, most
      often seen in middle-aged men with a history of alcoholism and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease. In this clinical setting, pulmonary sporotrichosis
      closely mimics tuberculosis or histoplasmosis. However, this clinical charade can
      be unmasked by serologic tests, cultures, and identification of the causative
      agent, Sporothrix schenckii, in sections of paraffin-embedded lung containing
      necrotizing granulomas and stained with periodic acid-Schiff and Gomori
      methenamine-silver nitrate. Previously not recognized is the presentation of
      primary pulmonary sporotrichosis as a solitary, peripheral, necrotizing pulmonary
      nodule, observed in two patients. Chronic cavitary pulmonary sporotrichosis is
      usually refractory to drug therapy; however, when combined with surgical
      resection, cure can be attained.

PMID- 3993832
TI  - Atypical and borderline endometrioid adenofibromas of the ovary. A report of 27
      cases.
AB  - The significance of varying degrees of epithelial atypicality was investigated in
      27 endometrioid adenofibromas and cystadenofibromas of the ovary. The tumors were
      classified as atypical or borderline on the basis of the degree of atypicality of
      the epithelial element. All tumors were confined to the ovary at the initial
      operation and most of them were treated by a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo
      oophorectomy. Seven tumors with mild to severe cytologic and architectural
      atypicality similar to that encountered in atypical endometrial hyperplasia were
      classified as atypical adenofibromas. No recurrences or deaths from tumor
      occurred in patients with this type of tumor during 1-18.5 years of follow-up.
      Twenty tumors that contained closely packed glands or epithelial islands with a
      cribriform pattern composed of cells with low-grade malignant nuclear
      characteristics embedded in an abundant fibromatous stroma without evidence of
      invasion were classified as borderline. Nineteen patients with tumors of this
      type had no evidence of disease 1-13 years after initial therapy. One of these
      tumors was discovered at autopsy. These data, although based on a relatively
      small series of cases, suggest that atypical endometrioid adenofibromas and those
      of borderline malignancy have an excellent prognosis.

PMID- 3993833
TI  - Peri-articular reactions to microscopic erosion of silicone-polymer implants.
      Light- and scanning electron-microscopic studies with energy-dispersive x-ray
      analysis.
AB  - Two patients are described who underwent implantation of silicone-polymer
      prostheses: one for an arthroplasty of the left great toe after a bunionectomy,
      and another for replacement of fractured trapezoid bone of the left wrist. Each
      patient developed unexplained severe pain at the sites of surgery at 3 and 7
      months postoperatively. On removal of the implants and adjacent tissues, there
      was a microscopic foreign-body reaction to amorphous material in the subsynovial
      connective tissue. Although both prostheses were grossly intact, scanning
      electron microscopy revealed multiple erosions on their surfaces. Energy
      dispersive x-ray analysis of foreign material in the paraffin-embedded sections
      revealed a peak for silicon. These two cases indicate that clinically significant
      pathological reaction may occur as early as 3 months after silicone-polymer
      implantation and that energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of excised tissue is a
      useful and specific diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 3993834
TI  - Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The Tacoma experience.
AB  - The Tacoma, Washington surgical experience with 37 consecutive patients with
      ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms seen over a 5 year period has been reported.
      The overall survival rate was 38 percent. The development of shock before
      initiation of surgery was a common finding and portended a poor prognosis. The
      presence of a known aneurysm before presentation with rupture had no influence on
      the delay required to make the diagnosis and institute surgery or on the
      proportion of patients in shock but it did negatively influence the survival
      rate. The need for improved community understanding of aneurysms, their natural
      history, and the necessity for prompt diagnosis and immediate surgical
      intervention combined with avoidance of shock when rupture occurs are stressed.

PMID- 3993835
TI  - Fibroblast inhibition: a new and treatable cause of prosthetic graft failure.
AB  - We have encountered two patients who had repeated false aneurysms, seromas, and
      unseated grafts which presented about 18 months after aortobifemoral grafting. An
      inhibitor of fibroblast growth was detected in each patient's serum by in vitro
      dilution tests. Normal ingrowth of fibrous tissue resumed after plasmapheresis,
      leaving the patients clinically stable for up to 3 1/2 years after treatment.
      Criteria for the diagnosis of fibroblast inhibition are an unseated prosthesis
      which simulates infection, no bacterial growth on carefully studied cultures, and
      inhibition of fibroblast growth by the patient's serum in vitro. The diagnosis
      should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of graft infection when an
      unseated graft is encountered in association with a late seroma or false
      aneurysm. Plasmapheresis removed the inhibitor. Fibroblast inhibition has not
      been reported previously.

PMID- 3993836
TI  - Review of conservative surgery in early breast cancer. British Columbia
      experience.
AB  - Conservation mastectomy in combination with radiotherapy is becoming an accepted
      treatment for early breast cancer. No absolute guidelines exist as to appropriate
      patient selection or correct surgical technique, but certain unifying trends can
      be ascertained from the current literature. The purpose of this study was to
      review the literature and to identify areas of incongruence between present
      management of patients in British Columbia and suggestions in the current
      literature. One hundred patients were reviewed. Twenty-six percent of them did
      not receive preoperative mammograms, and tumor stage was inappropriate in 9
      percent. Thirteen percent had excisional biopsies only. A quarter of the patients
      had tumor resection through unfavorably placed incisions. Eight percent did not
      have estrogen receptor determination. Thirty-nine percent of the pathology
      reports made no comment as to adequacy of resection margins. It is hoped that
      these areas that, with proper attention, can improve cosmetic results and
      decrease the incidence of local tumor recurrence.

PMID- 3993837
TI  - Carcinoma of the lung in patients under 40 years of age.
AB  - Bronchogenic carcinoma in the young population (40 years of age or less) is
      reported to present in an advanced stage and to have a virulent course. Between
      1969 and 1979, 101 patients (65 men and 36 women) presented with cancer of the
      lung. Their mean age was 36.2 +/- 3.9 years (range 18 to 40 years). Eighty-seven
      percent had a history of cigarette smoking. Fifty percent of the patients had a
      strong familial history of malignancy of several organs. The interval between
      onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 4.01 +/- 3.48 months (3.56 +/- 3.34 for the
      surgically treated group and 4.16 +/- 3.53 for the nonoperated or unresectable
      group). Diagnosis was made at bronchoscopy in 32 patients, during thoracotomy in
      30 patients, during nodal biopsy in 28 patients, and on cytologic examination of
      the sputum in 9 patients. The most common cell types were adenocarcinoma in 39
      patients, squamous carcinoma in 29 patients, and oat cell carcinoma in 18
      patients. Eighty-six patients (the majority) presented in stage III, whereas 9
      were in stage I and 6 were in stage II. Twenty-seven patients (26.7 percent)
      underwent resection for cure, whereas 18 patients were inoperable at surgery.
      Eighteen of the surgical patients had adjuvant radiotherapy, and chemotherapy,
      immunotherapy, or both. The average length of survival for the nonresected
      patients was 7.12 +/- 5.9 months (range 1 to 36 months) and the actuarial
      survival was 1.5 percent at 36 months. The survival for the surgically managed
      patients was 56.1 +/- 52.6 months (range 3 to 168 months) or 48 percent at 36
      months. At 46 to 168 months after treatment, the only survivors were 13 patients
      who were surgically managed. Stage III patients had longer survival after surgery
      (24.1 +/- 24.6 months to 7.09 +/- 5.90 months; range 3 to 74 months and 1 to 36
      months, respectively). The survival at 5 years for patients with stage I disease
      was 78.8 percent, stage II disease 66.6 percent, and stage III disease, 3.6
      percent. Early diagnosis and aggressive surgical management are necessary to
      improve the survival of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma under 40 years of
      age.

PMID- 3993838
TI  - Carcinoma of the breast in women 80 years of age and older: still a lethal
      disease.
AB  - Cancer of the breast is a frequent and potentially lethal problem in women 80
      years of age and older. In our experience, many present with advanced disease
      which indicates the continuing need for patient and doctor education concerning
      the significance of a breast lump in the elderly. Although many of these patients
      have other diseases, only a small number, if thoughtfully managed, will not be
      fit for appropriate standard methods of treatment. In the majority of patients
      who died, death was due to the breast cancer and many who did die from other
      causes had the added misery of persisting or metastatic breast cancer. In those
      patients with potentially curable cancer, we recommend either wide local
      excision, axillary node dissection and irradiation, or modified radical
      mastectomy. When simple mastectomy alone is used, there is a very high local
      recurrence rate. Although the patients studied were treated before the era of
      tamoxifen therapy, it is noteworthy that hormone manipulation would be of value
      in many of these patients and in selected cases, chemotherapy should also be
      considered.

PMID- 3993839
TI  - Lymph node metastases from well-differentiated thyroid cancer. A clinical review.
AB  - The records of 77 patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer and proved
      lymph node metastases have been reviewed. The control of regional metastases was
      satisfactory in those with only a few nodes involved when limited dissections
      were utilized initially. In those patients with more extensive nodal involvement,
      the ultimate rate of failure to control disease in the neck was unacceptably high
      among those who initially underwent conservative localized neck dissection.
      Although regional control will not influence mortality, a more aggressive
      modified neck dissection is recommended for patients presenting with significant
      nodal involvement.

PMID- 3993840
TI  - Use of radionuclide lymphograms to determine lymphatic drainage of truncal
      melanomas.
AB  - Radionuclide lymphograms provide invaluable preoperative information on many
      truncal melanomas of the skin that require elective regional lymph node
      dissection.

PMID- 3993841
TI  - Is nasogastric suction necessary after elective colon resection?
AB  - It is commonly held that nasogastric suction is necessary after colon resection
      to prevent small and large bowel distension, wound complications, and anastomotic
      problems. In this retrospective study of 118 patients undergoing colon resection
      for malignancy or inflammatory disease, 83 underwent postoperative nasogastric
      suction and 35 did not. A wide variety of postoperative variables were evaluated
      in these two groups of patients and few differences were found. However, there
      were trends toward shorter postoperative hospital stays, and less abdominal
      distension, nausea, and vomiting could be discerned in the patients who did not
      undergo nasogastric suction. This retrospective study suggests that routine
      nasogastric suction may not be necessary or useful after elective colon
      resection.

PMID- 3993842
TI  - Management of Hickman catheter sepsis.
AB  - Hickman catheters have been shown to be efficacious and durable. We believe their
      performance can be safely prolonged with aggressive management of complications.
      One hundred sixty-five consecutive patients with catheters were followed
      prospectively and 28 episodes of sepsis in 24 patients were evaluated. At least
      90 percent of septic catheters were salvaged with a combination of antibiotics
      and thrombolytic agents. When our protocol was followed, all episodes of sepsis
      were successfully treated. This included gram-positive and gram-negative
      organisms as well as one case of fungal sepsis. Since treatment can be handled
      mostly on an outpatient basis, there are benefits in regard to patient comfort as
      well as health care costs.

PMID- 3993843
TI  - Results after posterior sagittal anorectoplasty: a new approach to high
      imperforate anus.
AB  - Six patients, 3 to 12 months of age have undergone posterior sagittal
      anorectoplasty for high imperforate anus. A rectourethral fistula was present in
      all patients. The operative procedure performed was the method of de Vries and
      Pena, utilizing electrostimulation and identification of the external sphincter
      muscles. One patient required an abdominal operation as well as the perineal
      approach. There were no complications. Serial assessment was carried out over a
      period of 4 months to 2 1/2 years. Normal continence was achieved in three
      patients. Anorectal manometry was performed in five patients. Four of five
      patients had normal rectal sensation and normal mean anal canal pressures. These
      results suggest that this procedure is applicable to the young infant with high
      imperforate anus, and a satisfactory result can be anticipated.

PMID- 3993844
TI  - Minicholecystostomy and radiologic stone extraction in high-risk cholelithiasis
      patients. Preliminary experience.
AB  - The treatment of gallstone disease in elderly patients continues to pose problems
      for surgeons because of a high associated complication rate. We have presented
      our preliminary experience with a new technique consisting of minicholecystostomy
      under local anesthetic, followed by radiologic intervention for stone extraction.
      In this paper, we outline important details of the surgical and radiologic
      technique and details of our results and complications. This approach has been
      proved safe and effective in 21 high-risk patients. On the basis of our early
      results, we suggest that this technique should be given a more extensive trial.

PMID- 3993845
TI  - Cecoproctostomy.
AB  - A new technique of cecoproctostomy using the side-to-end technique has been
      documented in 21 patients over 7 years, representing 6 percent of one surgeon's
      series of colectomies. This procedure was performed in patients requiring removal
      of all of the colon except the cecum and the rectum. It has advantages over
      ileoproctostomy because it spares the terminal ileum, ileocecal junction, and
      cecum. Cecoproctostomy has not resulted in morbidity or mortality and has
      resulted in good postoperative bowel function with a mean of 2.3 bowel movements
      per day. With the high incidence of disabling stool frequency after
      ileoproctostomy, we recommend cecoproctostomy as a beneficial alternative in a
      select group of patients with extensive or multiple colonic diseases that spare
      the cecum and rectum.

PMID- 3993846
TI  - Cholangiography and small duct injury.
AB  - Eighteen instances of bile duct injury over the past 25 years have been reported.
      Manipulation of a minute cystic duct where the common bile duct was 3 mm in
      diameter or less was responsible for the division of the duct in eight cases.
      Most of the commercial catheters are sharp, about 2 mm in diameter, and can
      easily divide the bile duct if pushed too far. Since manipulation of the duct
      with a mosquito or tonsil clamp to insert other smaller catheters can also divide
      a small bile duct, we have decided to discontinue obtaining cholangiograms under
      these circumstances. Longitudinal splitting of two additional 3 mm ducts with a 3
      mm dilator was another major source of injury. Overclipping of the cystic artery
      to involve the hepatic duct and overmobilization of the bile duct were other
      sources of injury. We have ceased attempting to obtain cholangiograms in patients
      with small cystic ducts because of the availability of endoscopic sphincterotomy,
      the low yield of the films under these circumstances, and fear of damaging the
      ducts. We use hepaticojejunostomy with Silastic tube stenting for repair of bile
      duct injuries.

PMID- 3993847
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy followed by first rib resection for spontaneous ("effort")
      subclavian vein thrombosis.
AB  - Spontaneous (effort) subclavian vein thrombosis in young persons has historically
      produced long-term disability from arm swelling and exercise limitation because
      of failure of the occluded vein to recanalize. Several investigators have
      speculated that the use of thrombolytic therapy to produce clot dissolution
      followed by resection of the first rib to prevent recurrence might be ideal
      management of this condition. Our recent experience with treatment of two such
      patients formed the basis for this report. Two young men were seen within 24
      hours of onset of acute arm swelling, found by venography to be caused by acute
      thrombosis of the subclavian vein at the level of the first rib. They were
      treated with systemic thrombolytic therapy with intravenous streptokinase. Both
      had prompt resolution of all signs and symptoms, confirmed by repeat venography
      to be accompanied by recanalization of the occluded veins. Both were then
      anticoagulated with heparin followed by warfarin and underwent elective first rib
      resection, after which anticoagulation was discontinued. Both patients have
      remained asymptomatic. Persistent venous patency has been confirmed by repeat
      venography. Thrombolytic therapy to recanalized spontaneous (effort) subclavian
      vein thrombosis followed by first rib resection appears to be an advance in the
      treatment of this condition and may avoid the long-term disability with which it
      has historically been associated.

PMID- 3993848
TI  - Hypoperfusion as a possible factor in the development of gastrointestinal
      complications after cardiac surgery.
AB  - This study has presented the spectrum of postoperative gastrointestinal system
      complications after open heart surgery at the University of Washington from 1980
      through 1983. The frequent necessity for operative intervention and a mortality
      rate of 17 percent in our study of gastrointestinal complications in patients who
      have undergone open heart surgery indicates the need for early diagnosis and
      treatment. The data suggest that bypass times approaching 100 minutes and the
      presence of postoperative cardiogenic shock are important risk factors in the
      development of such complications in elective cardiac surgery patients. An
      incidence of gastrointestinal complications of 8.6 percent in those undergoing
      repair of acute aortic dissections makes gastrointestinal complaints particularly
      suspicious in this subgroup.

PMID- 3993849
TI  - Management of the tortuous internal carotid artery.
AB  - The tortuous internal carotid artery as the basis of cerebral vascular
      insufficiency is a controversial entity, as such lesions frequently occur without
      neurologic symptoms. However, some tortuous vessels are associated with
      significant carotid atherosclerotic disease requiring a specific surgical
      approach. This formed the basis of our report. Symptoms of cerebrovascular
      insufficiency in association with a tortuous internal carotid artery was
      encountered in 27 of 853 carotid endarterectomies over a 22 year period. Stenosis
      of hemodynamic significance was noted in nine patients and irregularities or
      ulceration were noted in the rest. With the standard technique of carotid
      endarterectomy, removal of plaque from a tortuous vessel leads to loss of the
      stenting effect provided by the plaque such that angulation occlusion is likely
      to occur. The optimal reconstruction in our experience is eversion endarterectomy
      by transection and lower reimplantation of the internal carotid artery on the
      common carotid artery. Our experience with 17 such procedures in 15 patients has
      been presented.

PMID- 3993850
TI  - Effect of cimetidine on healing and surgical treatment of gastric ulcers.
AB  - In this retrospective study, a cohort of gastric ulcer patients treated with
      antacids was compared with a well-matched group of patients treated with a
      combination of antacids and cimetidine. Cimetidine combined with antacids
      enhanced gastric ulcer healing, thereby significantly reducing the number of
      gastric ulcer operations. Cimetidine appears to act by providing a less acidic
      environment in which gastric ulcers can heal. The exact mechanism of cimetidine's
      action on gastric ulcers is not clear. Nonprophylactic administration of
      cimetidine apparently has no effect on the recurrence rate of gastric ulcers.

PMID- 3993851
TI  - Effects of sphincteroplasty and endoscopic sphincterotomy on the bacteriologic
      characteristics of the common bile duct.
AB  - Forty-five patients with sphincter of Oddi stenosis had specimens of common bile
      duct cultured during ERCP before either sphincteroplasty or endoscopic
      sphincterotomy. All had sterile bile before sphincter ablation. Bile was
      recultured 6 to 36 months later during endoscopy at which time 70 percent of the
      sphincterotomy and 76 percent of the sphincteroplasty patients had bile colonized
      principally by enteric organisms. Growth was heavy to moderate in most of the
      patients and contained few nasopharyngeal organisms. Despite bactobilia, no
      patient had symptomatic cholangitis, presumably due to excellent drainage of
      bile. The most likely source of the bactobilia is from direct extension of
      duodenal organisms into the common bile duct.

PMID- 3993852
TI  - Complications of colostomy closure.
AB  - The records of 83 patients with 85 colostomy closures at Charity Hospital, New
      Orleans from January 1976 through June 1981 were reviewed. There were 47
      complications in 30 patients (36 percent) with no deaths. The material used for
      anastomosis and fascial closure, the precipitating or underlying disease, the
      site of colostomy, and the length of operation did not influence the complication
      rate. The major factor affecting the complication rate was the interval of time
      from creation of the colostomy to its closure. Those patients who underwent
      closure after a 90 day interval had a lower overall complication rate than
      comparison groups with less than a 30 day interval and 30 to 90 day intervals (p
      less than 0.05). Other factors that appeared to influence the complication rate
      were as follows: loop colostomies had a lower suture line complication rate than
      divided colostomies, patients who underwent relaparotomy and closure had a higher
      complication rate than those whose closures were confined to the colostomy site,
      and wounds left open or that underwent delayed primary closure had a lower
      infection rate than wounds closed primarily. Thus, loop colostomies appear to
      have fewer complications at the time of closure than divided stomas. This is most
      likely related to the necessity for relaparotomy in some of the patients with
      divided stomas and the need for minimal mesenteric dissection required for most
      loop colostomy patients. Divided stomas should still be created if indicated, but
      when a choice exists, loop colostomies are preferable. Contaminated wounds are
      best managed with secondary closure or delayed primary closure. Because of the
      significant difference in complication rates between intervals from formation to
      closure of a colostomy, all patients should have their colostomies closed only
      after a minimum of 90 days has elapsed.

PMID- 3993853
TI  - Side-to-side and end-to-side anastomosis in partial gastrectomy and hemicolectomy
      using the EEA stapler.
AB  - We have described a new technique for side-to-side gastrojejunostomy as performed
      in Billroth II gastrectomy and for end-to-side ileocolostomy after right
      hemicolectomy utilizing the EEA stapler. By introducing the stapler through the
      area to be resected, we eliminated the need to close insertion enterostomies.
      This stapling technique also reduces the hazards and complications associated
      with multiple pursestring sutures normally required for end-to-end anastomosis
      with the EEA stapler, since, at most, one such suture is used. With minor
      modifications, the surgical technique can be applied to other operations in the
      alimentary tract, thus enhancing the utility of the EEA surgical stapler.

PMID- 3993854
TI  - Elephantiasis of the penis and scrotum. A review of 350 cases.
AB  - Three hundred fifty patients with elephantiasis of the penis and scrotum were
      surgically treated by excision of all elephantoid skin and subcutaneous tissues.
      Before attempting to excise the extensive elephantoid tissues, the spermatic cord
      and testes with their coverings were taken out by two small lateral incisions,
      which made the operation easier and less time-consuming and minimized the
      complications. The skin of the scrotal neck was found to be the best for
      reconstruction of the scrotum to accommodate the two testes. The fascial penis is
      an ideal bed for intermediate split-thickness skin grafts. There was mechanical
      improvement in the physical disability, restoration of potency and sexual habits,
      and reduction of mental anguish.

PMID- 3993855
TI  - Inguinal hernia in Saudi Arabia. A 10 year experience.
AB  - There are differing opinions regarding the cause of inguinal hernias in adults.
      It seems that a patent vaginal process may determine the type of herniation that
      occurs in an adult but may not actually cause the hernia. Also, altered collagen
      metabolism seems to play a significant role in many cases of hernias in adults.
      Thus, most of these hernias are actually caused by a mixture of congenital and
      acquired factors. Consequently, it follows that there are a variety of opinions
      regarding surgical repair. This follow-up study on recurrence after inguinal
      hernia repair in Saudi Arabia was aimed at testing the effectiveness of Bassini's
      repair and the results achieved when it is employed for primary inguinal hernia
      repair in adults. One hundred forty patients (95 with indirect and 45 with direct
      hernias) who had Bassini's repair were studied. Only pure direct or indirect
      hernias were included. Combined direct, indirect bilateral, recurrent, or femoral
      hernias were not investigated. All the patients were followed for 2 years after
      repair, with a total recurrence rate of 2.14 percent. The projected recurrence
      rate at 25 years is 5.3 percent. These results are comparable to those achieved
      with other techniques. Therefore, I believe that the criticisms of Bassini's
      repair are based on theoretic grounds only. Bassini's repair has stood the test
      of time, is easier to teach and to perform by junior surgeons, and the chance of
      being complicated by thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism is less than the
      chance with Cooper's ligament repair.

PMID- 3993856
TI  - Effect of preoperative irradiation on the healing of colorectal anastomoses.

PMID- 3993858
TI  - Acoustic neuroma presenting as sudden hearing loss.
AB  - Sudden hearing loss occurs as the initial symptom in 1 to 9 per cent of all
      acoustic neuromas. A case of an acoustic neuroma presenting with sudden hearing
      loss is described. In this case, the hearing thresholds returned to normal. To
      the authors' knowledge, this is the first case in which an acoustic neuroma
      presenting with sudden hearing loss exhibited a return to normal thresholds. This
      suggests that such tumors may have an initial reversible effect on hearing
      thresholds.

PMID- 3993857
TI  - DNA pattern of human pituitary tumors.
AB  - The tumor tissue from 62 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas was
      analyzed with regard to ploidy and percentage of cells in different phases of the
      cell cycle by use of flow-cytofluorometry. In six of 62 cases, two tumor-cell
      populations were identified; therefore the study material comprised 68 cell
      lines. Approximately half of the cell lines were diploid (33 of 68, or 49 per
      cent); five of 68 (7 per cent) were hypodiploid, and 30 of 68 (44 per cent) were
      hyperdiploid-aneuploid. A low occurrence of aneuploid cell lines appeared in
      hormonally nonsecreting tumors (22 per cent). An aneuploid DNA pattern was
      predominantly found in prolactinomas (70 per cent). In acromegaly, tumors
      secreting growth hormone had only an aneuploid DNA pattern in 41 per cent of the
      cases, whereas 67 per cent of the tumors with concomitant secretion of growth
      hormone and prolactin were aneuploid. The latter group also comprised the largest
      number of adenomas with two cell lines and all but one hypodiploid tumor. Most
      tumors with an aggressive clinical course were either aneuploid or diploid but
      with a high percentage of proliferating cells.

PMID- 3993859
TI  - The fables and foibles of academe.

PMID- 3993860
TI  - Pathophysiology and management of cupulolithiasis.
AB  - Substantial support for the concept that the posterior semicircular canal is
      responsible for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo comes from four sources:
      clinical observations, temporal bone histopathology, experimental observations,
      and results of selective denervation of the posterior canal crista (singular
      neurectomy). The complete immediate relief of the positional vertigo and
      nystagmus that resulted from 39 of 40 singular neurectomies establishes this
      procedure as an effective management for patients with the chronic disabling form
      of cupulolithiasis. The ocular response in cupulolithiasis and the release
      nystagmus that follows singular neurectomy are explained by neural pathways that
      have been previously elucidated by anatomic and physiologic techniques. Although
      sensorineural hearing loss followed surgery three times among the first 15
      patients, hearing loss has not occurred in the last 25 operations for
      cupulolithiasis.

PMID- 3993861
TI  - Vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex in patients with benign paroxysmal positional
      nystagmus.
AB  - The vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was tested in 13 patients with benign
      paroxysmal positional nystagmus and in ten normal subjects. Patients and normal
      subjects were rotated in the sagittal plane and in the plane of the vertical
      semicircular canal pairs using sine and step stimuli. Gain, phase, and time
      constant measurements of the vertical components of induced nystagmus were not
      significantly different (P greater than normal 0.05) in the normal subjects and
      patients for any test condition. At least for the range of test stimuli used in
      this study, the dynamics of the vertical VOR were normal in patients with benign
      paroxysmal positional nystagmus.

PMID- 3993862
TI  - Influence of gamma irradiation on developing otoconia.
AB  - Thirty-two CBA/CBA mice were irradiated in utero on the 12th, 13th, or 16th
      gestational day with doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 Gy, respectively (1 Gy = 100 rads).
      One month after birth, the inner ears were examined by light microscopy and
      transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Otoconia with defective shapes was
      identified frequently. The strict hexagonal shape of normal otoconia seldom
      developed and, in exposed animals, had often been replaced with rounded, oval, or
      elongated shapes. The otoconial substructure was disarrayed, and fusion of two or
      three otoconia occurred. Degenerating otoconia appeared in the intercellular
      space of the dark-cell epithelium. Fetal gross structures of otoconia persisted
      into maturity.

PMID- 3993863
TI  - Surgical approaches to tumors of the parapharyngeal space.
AB  - The authors' experience with 58 patients with parapharyngeal tumors is presented.
      Forty-nine patients were operated on using an external approach. Mandibulotomy
      was required in fewer than 10 per cent of procedures. The main features of the
      operation include identification of the facial nerve in all cases, division of
      the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and styloid apparatus, and excision
      of the styloid process. No patient died, and morbidity was acceptable and
      confined to malignant or locally invasive tumors.

PMID- 3993864
TI  - Evoked responses from peripheral stimulation of the facial nerve.
AB  - Evoked responses to electrical stimulation of the facial nerve were recorded in
      dogs with vertex electrodes placed both inside and outside the skull. Three
      waveforms were recorded. The first two waveforms appeared to be related to
      electrical activity carried by antidromic propagation within fibers of the facial
      nerve. The third waveform appeared to be caused by the muscular response that
      occurred as a result of orthograde conduction in the nerve. The effects of
      changing the stimulation site, voltage, duration, and frequency were recorded. It
      appears that, by means of far-field techniques, it is possible to reliably record
      evoked responses that reflect antigrade conduction via fibers of the facial
      nerve.

PMID- 3993865
TI  - Diagnosis and immunotherapy of mould allergy. I. Screening for mould allergy.
AB  - In order to screen for mould allergy, extracts of five common atmospheric moulds
      (Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Mucor) from various
      manufacturers were investigated in 130 patients (5-60 years old) with clinical
      symptoms indicating possible mould allergy. The patients were screened by skin
      prick test (SPT) and radioallergosorbent test (RAST). SPT seemed to be more
      sensitive than RAST as a diagnostic screening procedure (80% positive reactions
      to one or more species compared to 50%). With a partially purified, standardized
      preparation of Cladosporium herbarum more positive reactions were obtained than
      with crude extracts without evidence of any unspecific reactions. The difference
      between commercial and standardized extracts is most probably a result of a
      variation of both the biological potency of allergenic determinants and the
      allergenic composition. A considerable number of negative RAST reactions with
      standard discs were found in patients with positive skin reactions to partially
      purified Cladosporium, but RAST seemed to be more sensitive than SPT with the
      other commercial mould extracts. Based on the screening, a very convincing
      tendency to IgE-reactivity to other moulds was found in patients reacting to
      Cladosporium, the most common cause of mould allergy. The results confirm the
      inadequacy of most mould extracts used in diagnostic procedures and strengthen
      the value of using standardized extracts.

PMID- 3993866
TI  - In vitro production of IgE and IgG protein by blood mononuclear cells from non
      atopic and atopic donors.
AB  - The production of IgE and IgG protein by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      in culture has been examined. Cells obtained from 18 grass-sensitive donors
      during the grass pollen season and from 11 atopic dermatitis patients (total
      serum IgE levels greater than 960 ng/ml), spontaneously produced significant
      amounts of IgE but not IgG with time. Similar results were obtained using B-cell
      enriched preparations from both groups. Cells from 16 non-atopic donors had mean
      levels of pre-formed IgE similar to those of grass pollen-sensitive donors, but
      there was no increase in culture IgE with time. Treatment of mononuclear cells
      with pokeweed mitogen did not influence the production of IgE but markedly
      increased the amount of IgG synthesized by non-atopic and atopic donor cells.
      Slight, but significant increases in culture IgE, but not IgG, were seen
      following a 7-day mixed lymphocyte reaction involving both unrelated non-atopic
      donor cells and the lymphoblastoid B-cell line, Raji. Treatment of cells with 50
      HA units of influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus or with 0.02% v/v (240 IU/ml)
      of a purified beta-interferon preparation did not alter IgE or IgG produced.

PMID- 3993867
TI  - The effect of aspirin during aspirin "desensitisation" on compound 48/80 and
      histamine-induced skin responses in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics.
AB  - In a group of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics we studied skin weal and flare
      responses to intradermal injections of compound 48/80 and histamine during oral
      aspirin (ASA) provocation and after ASA "desensitisation". During provocation
      (bronchospasm accompanied by naso-ocular symptoms) the mean weal area after
      compound 48/80 increased to about 42.4% (P less than 0.05). Neither the threshold
      (provocative) doses of ASA nor 600 mg ASA, when given after ASA-desensitisation,
      significantly influenced the weal reactions to compound 48/80 (mean changes of
      area were -1.8% and -16.5% respectively). Aspirin did not change flare reactions
      to compound 48/80 and weal and flare reactions to histamine on any of the three
      study occasions. Initial (pre-aspirin) weal reactions to compound 48/80 after
      desensitisation to the threshold ASA doses were significantly reduced, but after
      desensitisation to 600 mg ASA were significantly increased as compared with the
      reactions before. These data suggest that ASA-"desensitisation" may influence the
      skin reactivity to non-specific mast cell degranulating stimulus in ASA-sensitive
      asthmatics.

PMID- 3993868
TI  - Bronchial challenge with serotonin in asthmatics.
AB  - Bronchial challenge with serotonin creatinine in phosphate buffer was performed
      in 20 stable asthmatics. In contrast to some earlier studies we observed no
      changes in FEV1 or FVC 0 and 2 min after provocation with increasing
      concentrations of serotonin (maximal concentration 20 mg/ml). In the first eight
      patients the PC20 histamine was 0.125-0.65 mg/ml, performed on a separate day. In
      three other asthmatics serotonin chloride 20 mg/ml did not affect lung function
      or produce any subjective symptoms. Serotonin can not be used to evaluate non
      specific bronchial hyperreactivity in asthmatics.

PMID- 3993869
TI  - Standardization of house dust mite extracts. Liberation of allergenic and
      antigenic components in relation to extraction conditions.
AB  - The spontaneous release of house dust mite components from cultures of
      Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus into slightly buffered water was studied against
      time, using both continuous and discontinuous extraction procedures. It was shown
      that proteins, carbohydrates, IgE binding components and precipitating antigenic
      components were rapidly released from the house dust mite cultures, reaching a
      maximal liberation within 1 h of extraction. Repeated extractions of house dust
      mite cultures (discontinuous extraction) showed an additional release of IgE
      components but the IgE binding potency declined after successive extractions,
      while showing increasing release of immunological inactive components. IgE
      binding to antigens immobilized to polystyrene surfaces (IgE-ELISA) appeared to
      be less sensitive compared with cyanogen-bromide activated discs (IgE-RAST). It
      was concluded that extraction procedures of house dust mite cultures with short
      incubation time of 1 h or less are to be preferred.

PMID- 3993870
TI  - Cytodestructive mechanisms provoked by food antigens. I. Direct, allergic
      autocytotoxicity.
AB  - In vitro challenge of peripheral white blood cells (WBC) from 62 food sensitive
      patients and 22 asymptomatic control individuals was performed using standardized
      extract of cow milk, corn and wheat. 81% of the patients reacted at least toward
      one food antigen, showing disintegration of WBC, as measured by trypan blue
      exclusion technique. The presented experimental condition of the direct binding
      between food antigen and cell wall membrane suggests that this phenomenon is
      multicellular in its origin. The interpretation of these studies is of distinct
      value in directing human food hypersensitivity research in the future.

PMID- 3993872
TI  - The pathogenesis of the allergic phenotype.

PMID- 3993871
TI  - Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing of 150 volunteers. Retesting results and
      antibody measurements.
AB  - We studied skin test reactivity to five commonly used antigens by testing 150
      healthy adults. The delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin test is widely used to
      assess the immune status of patients. The battery of antigens suitable for use
      may vary in different countries, but the reactivity to the antigens in our
      population did not differ remarkably from reports of other authors. The
      reactivity rates were: candida 32.7%, mumps 86%, streptokinase-streptodornase (SK
      SD) 70%, trichophyton 0% and tuberculin 58.7%. Sixteen of the subjects were
      retested after 2 weeks. Only eight of them showed unchanged reactions to all five
      antigens. Specific IgG antibody concentrations measured by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against each of the five antigens in the serum of 42
      subjects before and after testing showed great inter-individual variation. The
      antibody concentration did not correlate with the DH skin test results, but the
      testing itself increased the production of anti-mumps- and anti-SK-SD-antibodies.

PMID- 3993874
TI  - [No loss of analgesic effect by peridural low volume morphine administration].
AB  - The risk of respiratory depression after epidural bolus injections of morphine
      can be reduced by lowering the injection volume of bolus epidural injections. The
      aim of the investigation was to evaluate the analgesic effectiveness of low
      volume epidural injections of morphine and to determine the relationship between
      morphine consumption and the time of commencement of treatment by epidural, on
      demand, low-dose infusion of morphine for constant pain relief after abdominal
      operations. Two mg morphine were administered immediately prior to the epidural
      infusion at the initial basal rate of 0.16 mg/0.06 ml per hour. The sixteen
      patients of Group I received an initial morphine bolus injection in a 10 ml
      volume of saline after complaining of worst post-surgical pain. The 34 patients
      that comprised Groups II and III in a randomised investigation received the
      initial 2 mg morphine in 1 ml saline. The treatment of Group II (n = 14)
      commenced when the patients complained of worst pain, in Group III (n = 20) after
      the patients had been extubated and were awake but before they complained of
      pain. Mean morphine consumption of the three groups until 8 a.m. on the first
      postoperative day did not differ significantly. We may, therefore, conclude that
      reduction of the injection volume does not result in loss of analgesic
      effectiveness, and that the treatment should commence as early as possible so as
      to spare the patient's pain. If the epidural catheter's tip is placed in the
      spinal area of the maximum nociceptive input, low-volume administration of
      morphine should be definitely employed.

PMID- 3993873
TI  - [Monitoring of auditory function in comatose patients in therapy with potentially
      ototoxic substances using acoustically evoked brain stem potentials].
AB  - Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials were measured in 14 comatose patients
      treated with aminoglycosides in cases of bronchopulmonary infection. Patients
      treated with tobramycin showed little influences on the latencies of wave 1,
      whereas treatment with amikacin resulted in enhanced wave 1 latencies even after
      completion of therapy. These changes were observed with therapeutic plasma levels
      of the aminoglycosides in all cases. As a method of bedside monitoring of
      auditory function with no additional stress to the patient with immediate results
      monitoring brain-stem auditory evoked potentials is recommended as a routine
      method to control auditory function in comatose patients under administration of
      aminoglycosides.

PMID- 3993875
TI  - [Toxic methemoglobinemia following the postoperative ingestion of 4,4
      diaminodiphenylsulfone (DADPS)--on the differential diagnosis of cyanosis].
AB  - Blood gas analysis devices routinely used in clinical practice measure pH, pCO2
      and pO2 directly, while all other values they specify are calculated on the basis
      of nomograms. In the presence of higher concentrations of biologically useless
      forms of haemoglobin, calculation of the haemoglobin saturation (% O2 Hb) leads
      to a clinically relevant false assessment of oxygen availability. A case is
      described in which toxic methemoglobinaemia occurred postoperatively after
      resumption of long-term medication with 150 mg 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfone
      (DADPS). Increasing methaemoglobin values up to maximal 17.7% at a total
      haemoglobin of 11.3 g/dl correlated with the symptoms of cyanosis and respiratory
      distress. This symptom complex, which is not atypical postoperatively, could not
      be clarified by differential diagnosis with the aid of cardiac output
      measurements and arterial blood gas analyses. The cardiac index amounted to 4.1
      l/m2 at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 8 mmHg; the arterial partial
      oxygen pressure was between 16 and 19 kPa. Only the differential determination of
      oxihaemoglobin, CO-haemoglobin and methaemoglobin with an oximeter yielded
      evidence of severe arterial hypoxaemia and made therapy possible.

PMID- 3993876
TI  - [Acute isoniazid poisoning].
AB  - Acute isoniazid intoxication is characterised by high mortality and vomiting,
      seizures, coma and metabolic acidosis as main symptoms. Besides isoniazid, its
      metabolites may also cause neurotoxicity, as demonstrated in a patient. Delayed
      onset of neurotoxicity should be considered. The therapy of intoxication with
      special emphasis on high-dose vitamin B6 application is discussed.

PMID- 3993877
TI  - [Obstruction of bacterial filters in general anesthesia].
AB  - 3 cases of impaired ventilation during general anaesthesia caused by obstruction
      of bacterial filters on the expiratory limb of the anaesthesia circuit are
      reported. For explanation, faulty cleaning procedures or defects by manufacturing
      of bacterial filters possibly have been responsible for these dangerous
      complications. Finally, the risks and questionable hygienic efficacy of bacterial
      filters are discussed.

PMID- 3993878
TI  - [How much labor assistance should the emergency physician render?].
AB  - Seven case reports of emergency obstetrics serve to demonstrate to what extent an
      emergency physician can be of help and where the limits of his field of
      activities are. The article describes the emergency physician's tasks in general
      as well as the education and training which may reasonably be expected in young
      physicians. It is concluded, among other things, that it is not one of the tasks
      of an emergency physician to supervise or initiate parturition since that is no
      longer part of the physician's training in the FRG.

PMID- 3993879
TI  - [EEG parameters in the monitoring of ventilated intensive care patients under
      various sedation methods].
AB  - Visual evaluation of the EEG and spectral analysis of the background activity are
      useful in monitoring changes of cerebral function caused by sedatives, hypoxia
      and changes in state of health. Continuous slow changes of the EEG are indicative
      of critical situations of cerebral blood flow or metabolism. Monitoring cerebral
      function of 40 sedated and ventilated patients on an intensive care unit, we
      found typical EEG changes dependent on different regimes of sedation, amount of
      sedatives and patient condition. In patients sedated with etomidate, there was a
      good correlation between the relative power of the delta and beta-band and
      patient condition. Sedation with thiopental caused flattening and slowing of the
      EEG, as well as a decrease of total power, if the doses were increased. The EEG
      was an aid to predicting the outcome of intensive care and to demonstrate the
      degree of cerebral damage. In patients with septicaemia, cerebral function was
      more depressed than in patients with cardiac failure. Spectral analysis and
      computed parameters proved to be valuable in monitoring cerebral changes caused
      by sedation and state of health in ventilated patients.

PMID- 3993880
TI  - Helping the sick doctor.

PMID- 3993881
TI  - Influence of meptazinol on metabolic and hormonal responses following major
      surgery. A comparison with morphine.
AB  - Opioid drugs in high doses can obtund the stress response to major surgery but
      only at the expense of marked cardiorespiratory depression. The postoperative
      hormonal response to surgical stress was measured in 20 patients undergoing
      hysterectomy who were given either meptazinol 100 mg or morphine 15 mg
      intramuscularly at the end of the surgery. Both drugs at the doses used failed to
      diminish the stress response. Those patients who received meptazinol showed
      elevated prolactin levels: this may be an indicator of agonist activity at the mu
      1 opioid receptor.

PMID- 3993882
TI  - Plasma ionized calcium during open-heart surgery.
AB  - Plasma ionized calcium has been measured in eighteen patients undergoing open
      heart surgery. No change in ionized calcium concentration was found during the
      period of cardiopulmonary bypass. In the early postbypass period, a wide range of
      ionized calcium concentrations was found, but this did not obviously affect
      myocardial performance. Factors influencing the ionized calcium concentration
      under these circumstances are discussed.

PMID- 3993883
TI  - Antagonism of neuromuscular block in the elderly. A comparison of atropine and
      glycopyrronium in a mixture with neostigmine.
AB  - Glycopyrronium 10 micrograms/kg has been compared with atropine 20 micrograms/kg
      in a mixture with neostigmine 50 micrograms/kg administered for antagonism of
      residual nondepolarising neuromuscular block in patients over 65 years of age.
      The initial peak increase in heart rate was less after glycopyrronium, but there
      were no differences beyond the first two minutes. The incidence of dysrhythmias
      was less after glycopyrronium but the difference was not significant. The control
      of secretions was superior with glycopyrronium. It is suggested that the dosage
      of anticholinergic agents given with neostigmine could be reduced in elderly
      patients in comparison to that in younger patients.

PMID- 3993884
TI  - Tracheal compression caused by aneurysms of the aortic arch. Implications for the
      anaesthetist.
AB  - Two cases of severe tracheal compression caused by aortic arch aneurysm are
      reported. There was a marked similarity in the clinical presentation of these
      patients but the different outcomes of surgical resection appeared to be related
      to the content of the aneurysms. The first patient had a fixed obstruction due to
      solid clot, which proved irreversible; while the second had an aneurysm
      containing fluid blood. The anaesthetic management of this complication is
      discussed.

PMID- 3993885
TI  - Disruption of colonic anastomosis during continuous epidural analgesia. An early
      postoperative complication.
AB  - The clinical presentation is described of partial rupture of a colonic
      anastomosis two hours after surgery during epidural analgesia. The unusually
      early presentation of this complication is possibly due to removal of normal
      intestinal sympathetic activity by epidural analgesia resulting in normal or
      increased colonic motility. It is not known whether epidural analgesia may
      precipitate anastomotic breakdown due to increased contractions and strain on the
      anastomosis, or lead to an earlier presentation of a disruption caused by failure
      of surgical technique or other factors.

PMID- 3993886
TI  - Organophosphate insecticide poisoning.
AB  - Organophosphate insecticides are widely used agents which are quickly absorbed
      through the skin and mucous membranes. The effects of acute exposure to these
      agents can be severe and intensive therapy may be required. Specific drugs are
      available to reverse the muscarinic, nicotinic and central effects of these
      poisons. When given early they are very effective and early diagnosis and
      treatment may therefore be life-saving. A case of acute poisoning with an
      organophosphate anticholinesterase insecticide is reported. The signs and
      symptoms of acute poisoning are described and a rational approach to specific
      treatment is discussed.

PMID- 3993887
TI  - The evacuated canister method of personal sampling. An assessment of its
      suitability for routine monitoring of operating theatre pollution.
AB  - Although there is a recognised need for routine monitoring of the exposure of
      operating theatre staff to waste anaesthetic gases, there is as yet no standard
      method for carrying out such measurements. We have assessed a commercial version
      of one proposed sampling system--the evacuated canister--by testing it in the
      laboratory and also using it to carry out pilot surveys in operating theatres. We
      encountered many difficulties in using the system; some of these were caused by
      design faults in the commercial equipment, but others are inherent in the concept
      of using an evacuated canister for personal sampling.

PMID- 3993888
TI  - Ludwig's angina. The anaesthetic management of nine cases.
AB  - We reviewed nine patients with Ludwig's angina who required surgical drainage
      over a 24-month period. This represents the largest series reported in world
      literature. All of these patients were managed successfully by a combination of
      tracheal intubation and early surgical intervention. None required tracheostomy,
      which is the previously recommended procedure of choice for airway management.

PMID- 3993889
TI  - Drug dilution in anaesthetic practice.
AB  - The accuracy of dilution by anaesthetists of commonly used drug preparations was
      assessed by ultra violet spectrophotometric assay of the diluted drugs.
      Percentage deviation from target concentrations was then calculated. Of a total
      of 358 drug dilutions carried out by 28 anaesthetists only 58% were within 10% of
      the target concentration while 6% lay outside 50% of the target concentration.

PMID- 3993890
TI  - Changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation during tension pneumothorax.

PMID- 3993891
TI  - Posture and isobaric subarachnoid anaesthesia.

PMID- 3993892
TI  - Loss of face technique.

PMID- 3993893
TI  - Subcutaneous morphine for postoperative pain.

PMID- 3993894
TI  - Ketamine.

PMID- 3993895
TI  - A special needle for combined subarachnoid and epidural block.

PMID- 3993896
TI  - [Cardiovascular effects of isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia in peripheral and
      abdominal surgical interventions].
AB  - The cardiovascular actions of isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia were studied in
      20 patients (age rage 46-76 yr) undergoing laparatomy (group A = 13 patients) or
      peripheral vascular surgery (group B = 7 patients). Measurements were performed
      in the awake state, 20 min after induction of anesthesia and during surgical
      stimulation. Isoflurane produced small changes in heart rate but a significant
      reduction in mean arterial pressure which was due to a reduction in peripheral
      vascular resistance and myocardial contractility. During surgical stimulation
      arterial pressure rose above control values in group A but remained below control
      in group B. Cardiac index and stroke volume index both decreased after induction
      of anesthesia in group A and B. During surgical stimulation cardiac index
      increased in group A due to an increase in heart rate but remained below control
      in group B, while stroke volume index was reduced in both groups throughout the
      whole procedure. These results suggest, that contrary to the findings in human
      volunteers, isoflurane produces a significant cardiovascular depression in aged
      surgical patient.

PMID- 3993897
TI  - [Intraoperative monitoring using transesophageal 2-dimensional echocardiography].
AB  - Currently used monitoring techniques, such as measurements of blood pressure and
      heart rate, provide incomplete information about cardiac function during surgery.
      Invasive monitoring like intraoperative pulmonary artery pressure measurement
      with flow-directed balloon catheters may be more sensitive to detect cardiac
      instability, but they are associated with potentially fatal complications such as
      dysrhythmias and pulmonary artery rupture. In search of a more informative and
      yet safe intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring system, we have investigated the
      use of 2-D transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE). So far more than 400 patients
      were studied by TEE for up to 12 hours during elective surgery without any
      complications. High quality recordings of the left ventricle (LV) could be
      obtained in 87% of all patients. On the basis of the results presented below, we
      believe that TEE holds three fundamental advantages over the existing monitoring
      systems: it is inherently safer than intravascular measures, it allows direct
      assessment of LV filing, and it provides direct information on global and
      regional LV wall motion.

PMID- 3993898
TI  - [Transesophageal 2-dimensional echocardiography in hip endoprostheses].
AB  - Previous studies indicate that during total hip replacement intraoperative
      pulmonary embolization of air and medullary bone marrow occurs. This was based on
      histological examination of lung tissue obtained during animal investigations and
      postmortem in human tissue. In vivo proof of this embolization has not as yet
      been found because of the methodological problems involved. Using
      transoesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography continuously direct imaging of
      the right atrium and the right ventricle can be carried out and the embolization
      thus visualized. In a prospective randomized study in 26 patients having to
      undergo total hip replacement operation the right atrium and right ventricle were
      continuously scanned. Endexpiratory CO2-partial pressure was simultaneously
      recorded. A venting hole in the femur is said to prevent the pressure rising in
      the medullary space and therefore prevents embolization. In 13 patients
      therefore, a 4.5 mm lateral drill hole 4 cm distal the tip of the prosthesis was
      made in order to vent the medullary space. Transoesophageal two-dimensional
      echocardiography revealed air bubbles in 12 of 13 patients in the control group
      during implantation of the femoral prosthesis. This is significantly different to
      the group of vented patients where bubbles were only seen in 4 cases (p less than
      0.01). Emboli were visible in 8 patients in the control group in contrast to only
      2 cases in the vented group (p less than 0.05). The endexpiratory CO2-pressure of
      the control group fell from 35 mmHg to 33 mm Hg (Median, p less than 0.001). The
      CO2 of the vented patients remained constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993899
TI  - [Atypical course of malignant hyperthermia].
AB  - A 40 year old man, who was suspected on clinical evidence (fever, severe muscle
      pains, dark urine following general anesthesia 8 years ago) of being susceptible
      to malignant hyperthermia, was scheduled for traumatologic surgery. Dantrolene
      Sodium 4 mg/kg orally was given prophylactically the day before surgery; as a
      premedication the patient received morphine and triflupromazine intramuscularly.
      Anesthesia was induced with flunitrazepam and fentanyl, pancuronium bromide was
      administered for endotracheal intubation and neuromuscular blockade during
      surgery. No complications were seen during anaesthesia and the following
      immediate postoperative period. 10 hrs after surgery an episode of pyrexia
      lasting about 20 h and an elevation of blood creatine phosphokinase (CPK) has
      been noted. The remainder of the postoperative course was uneventful. The patient
      was discharged 9 days later.

PMID- 3993901
TI  - [Abstracts of presentations at the joint meeting of the Austrian and Hungarian
      Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care. 31 May-1 June 1984,
      Eisenstadt].

PMID- 3993900
TI  - [Experiences with a new double-lumen venous catheter in anesthesia and intensive
      care medicine].
AB  - A new double-channelled catheter with one main lumen and one accessory small
      lumen is described. The different ranges of application and the advantages are
      discussed. Flow rates through the two channels are measured and compared with the
      well-known "Cavafix"-system. Reactions of incompatibility and possible changes in
      efficacy of drugs and infusions can be provided with this kind of central venous
      catheter.

PMID- 3993902
TI  - Separation and quantitation of molecular species from plant lipids by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Monogalactosyl-, digalactosyl-, and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol as well as
      phosphatidyl glycerol were isolated by conventional TLC and then separately
      subjected to HPLC for resolution of molecular species. Molecular species emerge
      in groups from reversed-phase columns during gradient elution. The groups are
      separated according to the sum of carbon and double bond numbers in fatty acyl
      pairs in linear relation to elution times. Therefore, it is possible to identify
      a species group with respect to carbon and double bond numbers by its retention
      time. The separation is monitored by recording the absorbance at 200 nm which
      depends on double bond combinations in acyl pairs. Diacylglycerols released from
      glyco- and phospholipids were separated as rho-anisoyl derivatives according to
      similar criteria. In this case separation was monitored at 250 nm, at which
      wavelength the absorbance is directly related to molar proportions. By
      calculating corrected 200-nm/250-nm absorbance ratios for different molecular
      species of rho-anisoyl diacylglycerols, relative response factors for different
      double bond combinations were obtained. The 200-nm absorbances of intact lipid
      species can be converted to molar proportions by division with these factors.

PMID- 3993903
TI  - Biosynthetic labeling with 32P: radiation damage to mammalian cells.
AB  - Theoretical calculations showed that biosynthetic radiolabeling of cells using
      typical concentrations of 32P (1 mCi/ml) resulted in high radiation doses (200
      500 rad/h) being absorbed by the cells. Subsequent investigations with a mouse
      myelomonocytic leukemia cell line (WEHI-3B(D+)) showed significant loss of
      replicative ability during brief (less than 1 h) exposures to 1 mCi/ml of 32P.
      Complete loss of cell replicative ability was found with isotopic doses less than
      100 rad (i.e., 100 muCi/ml for 5 h). Experiments employing a less radiosensitive
      pre-B-cell line (18.81) revealed that significant loss of viability occurred
      during incubation with 32P under identical conditions to those employed for the
      WEHI-3B(D+) cell line. Control experiments utilizing decayed batches of 32P and
      physical separation of the isotope solution from the cells confirmed that the
      cytotoxicity was caused by radiation emission rather than the presence of toxic
      components in the isotopic solution. The radiation doses absorbed by cells
      biosynthetically labeled with 59Fe, 33P, 35S, and 14C were calculated. Although
      significant levels of radiation can be absorbed 32P was considerably more
      radiotoxic than the other isotopes. The results of calculations indicated that
      the judicious choice of container geometry could reduce the absorbed radiation
      dose from 32P solutions. In particular the biosynthetic radiolabeling of cells in
      capillary tubes (diameter less than 1 mm) can reduce the absorbed rate to less
      than one-tenth of the dose received by cells suspended in Petri dishes or
      centrifuge tubes.

PMID- 3993904
TI  - Fluorimetric assay for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity.
AB  - A fluorimetric assay for measuring terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity
      in purified and crude enzyme preparations has been developed. Etheno-substituted
      deoxynucleotides are shown to be substrates of the enzyme. The assay involves
      polymerization of the fluorescent nucleotide 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine
      triphosphate (epsilon dATP) on an oligodeoxynucleotide initiator,
      [poly(deoxyadenylic acid) with an average chain length of 50 residues] under the
      reaction conditions used in the standard radiometric assay. The incorporation of
      epsilon dATP into polymer is quantitated by fluorescence after isolation and
      nuclease digestion of the product. The enzymological properties of etheno
      substrates were also determined. Epsilon dATP binds about twofold tighter than
      dATP to terminal transferase, but has a twofold-lower catalytic rate. However
      etheno substitution does not affect initiator binding. The fluorimetric assay is
      suitable for clinical analysis of terminal transferase in human leukemias, and
      may be a useful adjunct to recently developed immunochemical methods which detect
      protein, not activity.

PMID- 3993905
TI  - A quenched-flow technique for the measurement of glucose influx into human red
      blood cells.
AB  - A quenched-flow apparatus is described and applied to measurements of the
      hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl acetate by sodium hydroxide and the entry of D-[U
      14C]glucose into human red blood cells at 37 degrees C. Glucose influx into red
      cells was a saturable process obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km for
      glucose of 6.6 +/- 0.61 mM and a maximum rate for glucose entry under "zero
      trans" conditions of 20.7 +/- 0.76 mmol (L cell water)-1 s-1. The technique used
      requires only readily available laboratory equipment and should be easily
      adaptable to the study of other rapid transport processes.

PMID- 3993906
TI  - Microheterogeneity of the mammalian high mobility group (HMG) proteins 1 and 2
      investigated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Microheterogeneity within the high mobility group (HMG)-1 and HMG-2 groups of
      nonhistone chromatin proteins has been investigated using reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) under conditions (acetonitrile
      elution with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the counter ion) which separate
      proteins primarily on the basis of differences in their overall hydrophobicity.
      RP-HPLC proved to be a fast and efficient means for separating multiple
      subspecies of both the HMG-1 and HMG-2 proteins from both crude nuclear extracts
      and from ion-exchange column "purified" protein samples obtained from different
      types of mammalian cell nuclei. In crude nuclear extracts at least eight
      different HMG-2 protein species (two major and six minor), but only one major HMG
      1 species, could be resolved by RP-HPLC. Three of the minor HMG-2 protein species
      could be isolated in "pure" form from crude extracts in one RP-HPLC step whereas
      under the same conditions the two major HMG-2 peaks (as well as the other minor
      species) were contaminated with either HMG-1 or HMG-3 (a degradation product of
      HMG-1). In crude extracts the major HMG-1 fraction always seems to be
      contaminated with one of the HMG-2 subfractions. RP-HPLC analysis of apparently
      "pure" protein preparations isolated by ion-exchange chromatography techniques
      revealed that "pure" HMG-1 can be resolved into at least three different protein
      species and "pure" HMG-2 into at least four different species. Amino acid
      analyses of different resolvable forms of the HMG proteins were not inconsistent
      with the suggestion that at least some of these may be primary sequence variants
      of the individual proteins, but other possibilities also exist.

PMID- 3993907
TI  - Orthophosphate determination in the presence of high concentrations of ATP.
AB  - A method to measure orthophosphate which contaminates samples of ATP was
      developed. Concentrations of orthophosphate as low as 0.4% of the ATP
      concentration were determined using a zinc-molybdate reagent [D. A. Bencini, J.
      R. Wild, and G. A. O'Donovan, Anal. Biochem. 132, 254-258 (1983)] and continuous
      spectrophotometric monitoring of chromophore formation. Since the rate of ATP
      hydrolysis was pseudo-first order and was slow compared to the rate of
      chromophore formation, the initial concentration of phosphate could be readily
      determined by extrapolation to zero time. The method is rapid and reproducible,
      and requires a single, stable reagent.

PMID- 3993908
TI  - Simultaneous isolation and determination of prothymosin alpha, parathymosin
      alpha, thymosin beta 4, and thymosin beta 10.
AB  - A method was described for the isolation of peptides from rat thymus. Frozen,
      powdered tissue was suspended in boiling buffer to inactivate endogenous
      proteinases, the suspension was homogenized, and the peptides were isolated by a
      two-step procedure including gel filtration and purification by HPLC. The
      recoveries from rat thymus were, in micrograms per gram of whole tissue, 60-80
      for prothymosin alpha, 50-80 for thymosin beta 4, and 20-30 for thymosin beta 10.
      The procedure also yielded smaller quantities of a fourth peptide, designated
      parathymosin alpha. The quantities of these peptides in vertebrate tissues can be
      evaluated by applying radioimmunoassays for prothymosin alpha and thymosin beta 4
      to the boiled tissue extract.

PMID- 3993909
TI  - Microchemical synthesis of the serotonin receptor ligand, 125I-LSD.
AB  - The synthesis and properties of 2-[125I]-lysergic acid diethylamide, the first
      125I-labeled serotonin receptor ligand, are described. A novel microsynthesis
      apparatus was developed for this synthesis. The apparatus employs a
      micromanipulator and glass micro tools to handle microliter to nanoliter volumes
      on a microscope stage. This apparatus should be generally useful for the
      synthesis of radioligands and other compounds when limited amounts of material
      must be handled in small volumes.

PMID- 3993910
TI  - Functional analysis of 2-5A-dependent RNase and 2-5a using 2',5'-oligoadenylate
      cellulose.
AB  - 2-5A is an intracellular effector that has been implicated in interferon action,
      hormonal regulation, and cell growth control. 2-5A action is mediated through its
      activation of 2-5A-dependent RNase (RNase L, RNase F). Affinity resins [2-5A
      cellulose and core (2-5A)-cellulose] were chemically synthesized for purification
      and immobilization of 2-5A-dependent RNase from mouse L cells and rabbit
      reticulocyte lysates. The breakdown of poly(U)-[3'-32P]Cp to acid-soluble
      fragments was demonstrated using the 2-5A-dependent RNase:2-5A -cellulose
      complex; this activity was enhanced by adding (free) 2-5A. In contrast, RNase
      activity was measured from the 2-5A-dependent RNase:core (2-5A)-cellulose complex
      only after the addition of free 2-5A. The rabbit reticulocyte 2-5A-dependent
      RNase is activated only by tetramer or higher oligomers of 2-5A; therefore there
      was breakdown of poly(U)-[3'-32P]Cp using core (2-5A)-cellulose-bound
      reticulocyte 2-5A-dependent RNase after addition of tetramer 2-5A but there was
      no poly(U) degradation in the presence of trimer 2-5A. The absence of significant
      general nuclease in the assays was demonstrated by the resistance to breakdown of
      poly(C)-[3'-32P]Cp (not susceptible to 2-5A-dependent RNase). Moreover, core (2
      5A)-cellulose was used to develop a sensitive (subnanomolar) assay for the
      detection of authentic 2-5A. 2-5A, or the material to be tested, was added to
      mouse L-cell 2-5A-dependent RNase:core (2-5A)-cellulose complex in the presence
      of poly(U)-[3'-32P]Cp. The concentration of 2-5A in the sample could be measured
      from the amount of poly(U) degradation. Several closely related analogs of 2-5A
      were tested and found to be completely inactive. The technology described herein
      may be applied to the study of the regulation of 2-5A-dependent RNase, the
      detection of 2-5A from cells and tissues, and other aspects of the 2-5A system.

PMID- 3993911
TI  - Computerized analysis of TV images for ultrasensitive monitoring of the reaction
      of fluorochrome with protein.
AB  - Preparation of protein-specific fluorescent probes with the desired degree of
      fluorochrome can be greatly facilitated by a technique that combines thin-layer
      chromatography (TLC) with quantitative image analysis (QIA). Using TLC/QIA, the
      investigator can determine the fluorochrome/protein ratio on-line with only a few
      micrograms of protein as fluorochrome is conjugated to protein. In addition, this
      technique allows rapid quantitation of dye noncovalently adsorbed to fluorochrome
      labeled protein.

PMID- 3993912
TI  - A rapid-scanning spectrophotometer designed for biological tissues in vitro or in
      vivo.
AB  - Rapid and sensitive detection of optical signals from biological materials has
      been very useful in studies of cell physiology and biochemistry. A rapid-scanning
      spectrophotometer is described here that has the following advantages: (i) it can
      be used in transmission or reflection modes, (ii) it can rapidly accumulate
      spectra and simultaneous kinetic data, (iii) it has high accuracy and
      sensitivity, and (iv) it can analyze and store large amounts of spectral
      information. Evaluations described here are aimed toward the measurement of
      reduction/oxidation shifts of mitochondrial cytochromes in tissues, but the
      flexibility of the optical components makes this spectrophotometer adaptable to
      the study of light absorption changes of intrinsic or extrinsic optically active
      molecules in a variety of light scattering preparations, tissues, and organs in
      vitro or in vivo.

PMID- 3993913
TI  - Ligand binding systems at equilibrium: specificity, heterogeneity, cross
      reactivity, and site-site interactions.
AB  - The simplest ligand binding model that can account for systems which consist of
      heterogeneous receptors that show site-site interactions and can react with
      several types of ligands was presented. This model was based on the grand
      canonical partition function whose properties and potentialities for obtaining
      binding functions are briefly illustrated. A computer simulation of this model
      was carried out in order to examine the contributions of site-site interactions
      on the shape of binding isotherms and on specificity curves. The shape of the
      binding isotherms was shown to be independent regardless of whether the path of
      binding was considered. However, the shape of the specificity curves was strongly
      dependent on site-site interactions and on the particular sequence of ligand
      receptor configurations formed during the ligand binding process, leading to the
      conclusion that site-site interactions may influence the specificity of a system
      more than even very strong cross-reactions. A method based on the Ising model of
      statistical mechanics was also described and was used for obtaining binding
      functions applicable to infinite lattices which show site-site interactions and
      competitive binding. The results presented here point out possible errors that
      can arise if standard statistical methods are used to fit binding data in order
      to prove a given binding model.

PMID- 3993914
TI  - Microanalysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in hair and melanomas by chemical
      degradation and liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method for the quantitative analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in tissues,
      e.g., hair and melanoma, is described. The method is simple and rapid because it
      does not require the isolation of melanins from the tissues. The rationale is
      that permanganate oxidation of eumelanin yields pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid
      (PTCA) which may serve as a quantitatively significant indicator of eumelanin,
      while hydriodic acid hydrolysis of pheomelanin yields aminohydroxyphenylalanine
      (AHP) as a specific indicator of pheomelanin. The degradation products, PTCA and
      AHP, can be readily analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemical
      degradations of synthetic melanins, prepared from dopa, 5-S-cysteinyldopa, and
      their mixtures in various ratios, gave PTCA and AHP in yields that correlated
      with the dopa/5-S-cysteinyldopa ratio. The PTCA/AHP ratio as well as the contents
      of PTCA and AHP reflected well the type of melanogenesis in hair and melanomas.
      The amounts needed for each degradation were 0.5 mg of melanin, 2 mg of hair, and
      5 mg of tissue samples. As many as 20 samples can be analyzed within 3 working
      days.

PMID- 3993915
TI  - Indirect [3H]methyl exchange as a general method for labeling methionine
      residues: application to calcitonin.
AB  - Native porcine calcitonin from Armour is known to contain two components. It is
      shown that these can be separated by cation-exchange chromatography in 8 M urea.
      The technique of [3H]methyl exchange on the methionine residue was used to
      prepare each of these in a tritiated form. The reduced components formed by
      demethylation were found to readily reoxidize at neutral pH, to regenerate the
      disulfide bridge. Evidence is provided to show that the two forms were partially
      interconverted during these steps. The reoxidized 3H-labeled products were found
      to be indistinguishable in chemical, immunological, and biological properties
      from the equivalent components in native porcine calcitonin and had specific
      activities of approximately 20 Ci/mmol. It is concluded that this labeling method
      can be conveniently applied to peptides containing one or more disulfide bridges,
      to give products of high specific activity in acceptable yield, provided
      appropriate conditions are used to ensure correct reoxidation occurs.

PMID- 3993916
TI  - Detection of oxidized and reduced glutathione with a recycling postcolumn
      reaction.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive, and selective method for the quantitation of both oxidized
      (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione in biological materials is described.
      Oxidized and reduced glutathione are resolved by anion-exchange high-performance
      liquid chromatography and detected with an in-line, recycling postcolumn
      reaction. The recycling reaction specifically amplifies the response to oxidized
      and reduced glutathione 20-100 times over that obtained with a stoichiometric
      reaction, permitting the detection of 2 pmol glutathione. Oxidized and reduced
      glutathione levels were measured in rat liver and in dog heart mitochondria.
      Special precautions are necessary to avoid artifacts which lead to either
      underestimation or overestimation of GSSG levels. GSH/GSSG ratios of
      approximately 100-300 were observed in samples prepared from rapidly frozen rat
      liver. Somewhat higher GSH/GSSG ratios were observed in isolated dog heart
      mitochondria.

PMID- 3993917
TI  - PH Control in the fluorometric assay for selenium with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene.
AB  - Inconsistencies in reproducibility and duplication in the fluorometric assay of
      selenium in biological materials with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) were
      investigated. These were attributed to inadequate pH control in the reaction
      mixture following acid digestion of samples and preceding formation of the
      piazselenol complex. The problems were overcome by using methyl orange as an
      internal indicator to establish an initial pH of approximately 3 and, after
      addition of the DAN reagent in 0.1 N HCl, a final pH of 1.8. Formation of the DAN
      selenol complex at this pH gave maximum fluorescence response measured in
      cyclohexane extracts of the reaction mixture. Use of a single tube for the
      digestion and extraction procedures, followed by automatic sampling of the
      cyclohexane extract and printout of fluorescence intensities, provided a simple
      method of analysis capable of handling 150 tubes simultaneously. Analyzed by the
      method described, selenium standards gave consistently acceptable results (r =
      0.9995, P less than 0.001, CV 2.3-3.3); Standard Reference Liver gave values of
      1159 +/- 34.7 ng/g, which compared favorably with the published value of 1100 +/-
      100 ng/g; and recoveries of selenium from animal blood and liver varied from 96
      to 104%.

PMID- 3993918
TI  - Isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis of tubulin using
      immobilized pH gradients under denaturing conditions.
AB  - Modifications of the LKB Immobiline isoelectric focusing (IEF) technique are
      described for use under conditions that solubilize and denature most proteins (8
      M urea and 2% Nonidet-P40). This procedure permits pH gradients that are four- to
      fivefold shallower than previously available with conventional ampholine-IEF
      procedures. It can also be used as a first dimension in two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. The advantage of the stable ultranarrow pH gradient is
      demonstrated by directly comparing the resolution of vertebrate brain tubulins
      using (i) denaturing conventional ampholine-IEF and (ii) denaturing Immobiline
      IEF. Analysis of tubulin on the Immobiline-IEF gel increases the separation
      distance between the individual tubulins and distinguishes differences among
      tubulin samples that could not be resolved by conventional ampholine isoelectric
      focusing.

PMID- 3993919
TI  - Application of capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to chemical
      characterization of radiation-induced base damage of DNA: implications for
      assessing DNA repair processes.
AB  - The application of capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to the
      chemical characterization of radiation-induced base products of calf thymus DNA
      is presented. Samples of calf thymus DNA irradiated in N2O-saturated aqueous
      solution were hydrolyzed with HCOOH, trimethylsilylated, and subjected to GC-MS
      analysis using a fused-silica capillary column. Hydrolysis conditions suitable
      for the simultaneous analysis of the radiation-induced products of all four DNA
      bases in a single run were determined. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of these
      products had excellent GC properties and easily interpretable mass spectra; an
      intense molecular ion (M+.) and a characteristic (M-CH3)+ ion were observed. The
      complementary use of t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives was also demonstrated.
      These derivatives provided an intense characteristic (M-57)+ ion, which appeared
      as either the base peak or the second most intense ion in the spectra. All mass
      spectra obtained are discussed. Because of the excellent resolving power of
      capillary GC and the accurate high-sensitivity identification by MS, the
      capillary GC-MS is suggested as a very suitable technique for identification of
      altered bases removed from DNA by base excision-repair enzymes such as DNA
      glycosylases and, thus, as very useful for an understanding of the base excision
      repair of DNA.

PMID- 3993920
TI  - A two-step purification of ATP-citrate lyase from rat liver and its use in a
      fluorometric assay for N-acetylglutamate synthetase.
AB  - ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) was purified to homogeneity from the liver of rats
      maintained on a diet containing no fat and high carbohydrate. The procedure
      involves two steps: dye-ligand chromatography on yellow MX-6G Sepharose CL-4B and
      ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Trisacryl. The specific activity of the
      enzyme was 10 mumol X min-1 X mg-1 at 25 degrees C, which is equal to the highest
      specific activity reported to date. The yield was also the highest reported to
      date, being in excess of 50%, and the enzyme isolated by this procedure has
      little proteolytic nicking. The pure enzyme was used to establish a coupled
      fluorometric assay for N-acetylglutamate synthetase (amino-acid
      acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.1) based on coupling coenzyme A production to the
      oxidation of NADH via ATP-citrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase. The method is
      easy to perform compared with existing methods and enables the measurement of 100
      pmol X min-1 of N-acetylglutamate synthetase activity. The method is generally
      applicable for measurement of enzymes which produce coenzyme A. The fluorometric
      method was used to measure the Km for glutamate and acetyl coenzyme A at pH 7.0
      and 25 degrees C, which were 8.2 and 0.4 mM, respectively. Arginine at 1 microM
      gave half-maximal activation of N-acetylglutamate synthetase.

PMID- 3993921
TI  - Effect of various substances on the colorimetric amino acid-ninhydrin reaction.
AB  - The effect of salts, acids, alkali, and buffer solutions on the color development
      of the Cd-ninhydrin-amino acid reaction has been investigated. Of the salt
      solutions examined only Cu2+ and Fe3+ interfered with the color yield. Very low
      concentrations of these ions were sufficient to drastically inhibit color
      development.

PMID- 3993922
TI  - Purification of undegraded ceruloplasmin from outdated human plasma.
AB  - A method for the rapid isolation of homogeneous undegraded ceruloplasmin from
      outdated human plasma is reported. The procedure consists of a precipitation step
      with polyethylene glycol 4000, batchwise adsorption and elution from QAE
      Sephadex, and gradient elution from DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. Ceruloplasmin was
      purified 1740-fold and the yield from outdated plasma was 67%. The purified
      ceruloplasmin was found to be homogeneous on anionic polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, and
      low-speed equilibrium centrifugation. The isoelectric point as determined by
      isoelectric focusing was 4.4. The purified enzyme was sensitive to storage; when
      a sample was resubmitted to PAGE after 4 months of storage at 4 degrees C, two
      bands were obtained and the fast-moving band showed no oxidase activity. The
      molecular weight estimated by gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium
      centrifugation was 130,000.

PMID- 3993923
TI  - tris(Hydroxymethyl)aminomethane: an artifact detected as an aminotetrose by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - The monosaccharide content of the ethanol-soluble moiety of crude polysaccharide
      fractions of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and the blood fluke Schistosoma
      mansoni was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography of alditol acetate
      derivatives. A prominent, unusual peak was found, and mass spectrometry suggested
      identification as an aminotetrose, a four-carbon aminosugar reported only once in
      the past 15 years [D. A. Cumming, C. G. Hellerquist, and O. Touster (1981) J.
      Biol. Chem. 256, 7723-7726]. The unknown molecule was found to be
      tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), whose acetylated derivative has a mass
      spectrum identical to that of an aminotetrose. The source of the Tris was traced
      to buffers used in conjunction with polysaccharide isolation.

PMID- 3993924
TI  - Partial proteolytic protein maps: Cleveland revisited.
AB  - Low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate have a dramatic effect on the
      partial proteolytic products obtained by digesting bovine serum albumin with
      chymotrypsin or trypsin. The effect observed may be important for the
      interpretation of peptide maps obtained by the method of D. W. Cleveland et al.
      [(1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1102-1106].

PMID- 3993925
TI  - Simultaneous extraction and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic
      determination of adenine and pyridine nucleotides in human red blood cells.
AB  - A simple and rapid method for the determination of ATP, ADP, AMP, NADP+, NAD+,
      NADPH, and NADH in human erythrocytes is described. A single-step extraction
      procedure employing alkaline medium and CF 50A Amicon ultrafiltration membranes
      allows a simultaneous and total recovery of the compounds of interest. Analysis
      is performed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a 5
      micron Supelcosil LC-18 column and uv detection. Extraction and analysis require
      about 30 min. Levels of adenine and pyridine nucleotides in normal adults are
      also presented.

PMID- 3993926
TI  - Separation of dansyl hydrazine-derivatized oligosaccharides by liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A sensitive method has been developed for the rapid separation of neutral
      oligosaccharides derivatized with dansyl hydrazine by liquid chromatography on
      silica gel modified with 1,4-diaminobutane. Malto-oligosaccharides from corn
      syrup in amounts ranging from 7 to 280 nmol and ovalbumin-derived
      oligosaccharides in amounts ranging from 0.25 to 250 nmol were easily detectable
      and gave linear responses over the respective ranges.

PMID- 3993927
TI  - Carbohydrate-specific adhesion of bacteria to thin-layer chromatograms: a
      rationalized approach to the study of host cell glycolipid receptors.
AB  - Conditions have been adapted for the binding of intact bacteria to
      glycosphingolipids in a thin-layer chromatogram. Bacteria labeled externally with
      125I or metabolically with other isotopes are layered on the plate and after
      repeated washing the bound bacteria are detected by autoradiography. Using this
      technique several kinds of bacteria have been shown to adhere to the plate in a
      carbohydrate-specific way with practically no background binding. Among the
      advantages of the method is the possible detection of a minor receptor component
      of a complex mixture extracted from a target cell, facilitating the isolation of
      the receptor for structural studies. In addition, the multivalent solid-phase
      presentation of the receptor candidate should also reveal low-affinity binding
      sites, which may escape detection in traditional inhibition experiments with
      soluble oligosaccharides.

PMID- 3993928
TI  - Use of digitonin fractionation to determine mitochondrial transmembrane ion
      distribution in cells during anoxia.
AB  - A method to determine intracellular distribution of ions and metabolites under
      conditions of low oxygen concentration was developed. The technique involves
      rapid digitonin fractionation and addition of cyanide to inhibit reoxygenation.
      Applicability of the procedure was examined by studying the distribution of the
      lipophilic ion triphenylmethylphosphonium, the weak acid 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine
      2,4-dione, and adenine nucleotides.

PMID- 3993929
TI  - Separation and measurement of short-chain coenzyme-A compounds in rat liver by
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed to measure
      short-chain CoA compounds in freeze-clamped liver. Seventeen CoA compounds can be
      quantitated in 37 min using a 3-micron octadecylsilica column (4.6 mm X 7.5 cm).
      The chromatographic separation of CoA compounds is conducted with a gradient
      system of sodium phosphate and acetonitrile. The large amount of uv-absorbing,
      non-CoA material present in liver extracts is eluted earlier than the CoA
      compounds when the phosphate concentration is 0.2 M. The CoA compounds that can
      be resolved by this method include acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA,
      CoASH, crotonyl-CoA, dephospho-CoA, glutathione-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA,
      methylmalonyl-CoA, oxidized-CoA, propionyl CoA, succinyl-CoA, and valeryl-CoA.
      Comparisons at pH 3 and 6 showed that the stability of the CoA compounds is much
      greater when perchloric acid extracts of rat liver are adjusted to pH 3. Recovery
      of CoA standards added in tissue extracts ranged from 83 to 107%. The method is
      linear over the range of 12 to 700 pmol, and this sensitivity allows acetyl-CoA
      content to be determined in extracts of as little as 0.1 mg of liver. The values
      for CoA compounds obtained for freeze-clamped liver from starved rats include
      (units are nmol/g wet weight +/- SE) malonyl-CoA, 1.50 +/- 0.14; glutathione-CoA,
      6.57 +/- 1.72; CoASH, 56.06 +/- 2.90; methylmalonyl-CoA, 4.60 +/- 1.27; succinyl
      CoA, 13.52 +/- 0.76; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, 7.06 +/- 0.89; and acetyl
      CoA, 100.5 +/- 6.4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3993930
TI  - Gel chromatography on a Sepharose 4B column: earlier elution of protein-sodium
      dodecyl sulfate complexes of low Stokes radii.
AB  - A procedure is described for the determination of the Stokes radius of a
      detergent micelle by gel chromatography. It was observed that different lots of
      Sepharose 4B can exhibit a wide variation in the permeation of their gel pores.
      It is shown that this variation is due to differences in their pore size
      distribution. It has been observed that protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
      complexes of high Stokes radii eluted on a Sepharose 4B column with Stokes radii
      lower than the theoretical, as it has been previously reported but that protein
      SDS complexes of low Stokes radii (less than 70 A), contrary to what might have
      been expected, eluted with Stokes radii higher than the theoretical. Evidence was
      obtained that their anomalous elution is due to an interaction of the detergent
      SDS with the gel pores of small diameter.

PMID- 3993931
TI  - A single affinity column step method for the purification of ricin toxin from
      castor beans (Ricinus communis).
AB  - A rapid method for purifying ricin toxin from castor beans is presented which
      uses a single affinity column step to obtain pure toxin from a crude extract of
      castor beans. A galactosyl-Sepharose affinity matrix was used to bind ricin toxin
      and its associated agglutinin, which both bind specifically to galactose, from a
      crude extract. The selective elution of ricin toxin and agglutinin was then
      achieved by eluting the affinity column with a galactose gradient, which
      sequentially elutes the two proteins due to a difference in binding avidity to
      the matrix.

PMID- 3993932
TI  - A solvent partition method for microscale ganglioside purification.
AB  - A simple and rapid method for the purification of gangliosides from the total
      lipid extract of plasma, cells, or tissue is described. The novel component of
      the method is the partition of the dried total lipid extract in the three
      component solvent system consisting of diisopropyl ether, 1-butanol, and 50 mM
      aqueous NaCl (6/4/5, v/v/v). Gangliosides partition nearly quantitatively into
      the lower aqueous phase, and other lipids into the upper organic phase, resulting
      from the mixture of these three solvents. The ganglioside-containing aqueous
      phase is then freed of salts and other low-molecular-weight impurities by gel
      filtration. The thin-layer chromatographic patterns of total gangliosides thus
      obtained are clear and distinct, even when small samples with very low
      ganglioside concentrations (e.g., 1-ml samples of plasma) are processed by this
      method. Thus, this new ganglioside purification method is especially applicable
      to comparative qualitative studies of gangliosides requiring the analysis of
      multiple small samples.

PMID- 3993933
TI  - A method of isolating nick-translated DNA by subsequent separation on low-melting
      temperature agarose.
AB  - The use of nick translation of cloned DNA segments followed by separation on low
      melting-temperature agarose has been used to obtain multiple radiolabeled DNA
      probes from a single nick-translation procedure. This technique avoids gel matrix
      inhibition of enzymatic reactions. Examples of the utility of this procedure are
      presented and the advantages and drawbacks discussed.

PMID- 3993935
TI  - Determination of N-acetyl-L-glutamate using high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - Acetylglutamate in HClO4 tissue extracts is first separated from glutamate by ion
      exchange. It is then deacylated with aminoacylase, and the resulting glutamate,
      after adsorption to and elution from an AG 50 column, is quantitated by a fast
      HPLC method using o-phthaldialdehyde precolumn derivatization, separation in a
      C18 reverse-phase column, and fluorescence detection. A linear response is
      obtained up to 2 nmol, the detection limit is 5 pmol, and the method is suitable
      for assay in 1 mg liver tissue and thus for needle biopsies. When samples were
      analyzed by this procedure and by earlier procedures based upon detection of
      glutamate with glutamate dehydrogenase or upon activation of carbamoyl phosphate
      synthetase the results were similar. The method, which is highly specific,
      compares favorably in sensitivity, precision, and accuracy with all other
      published procedures. Using this assay, no acetylglutamate has been found in
      chicken liver and rat kidney.

PMID- 3993934
TI  - Deglycosylation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan by hydrogen fluoride in
      pyridine.
AB  - The original deglycosylation procedure using HF/pyridine has been modified for
      maximal removal of carbohydrate from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, with
      minimal alteration of the core protein. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis after
      treatment for various times showed that 95% of xylose and mannose and 70-85% of
      other sugars were removed within 30 min, indicating that almost all chondroitin
      sulfate chains and about 80% of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides were removed. In
      contrast to the loss of carbohydrate, no change in amino acid composition or loss
      of immunoreactivity occurred. Longer treatment of up to 16 h resulted in little
      additional removal of carbohydrate, but did cause a significant decrease in
      solubility and recovery of the deglycosylated product. Optimal removal of xylose
      residues after about 1 h was also shown by maximal acceptor activity of the
      product in a xylosyltransferase assay. Rapid removal of the HF reagent by vacuum
      evacuation and ion-exchange chromatography, coupled with the reduced time of
      treatment allowed recovery of an intact, homogenous protein core that is amenable
      to structural and sequence studies.

PMID- 3993936
TI  - Calibration and use of a Clark-type oxygen electrode from 5 to 45 degrees C.
AB  - A calibration procedure for a Clark-type oxygen electrode over a wide range of
      temperatures is described. The autoxidation of duroquinol (2,3,5,6-tetramethyl
      1,4-benzenediol) was used to verify the electrode's ability to accurately sense
      the total amount of dissolved O2 in an aqueous buffer. Electrode response time
      was measured by using oxygenated ethanol to deliver a rapid increase in O2
      concentration to the reaction medium. An oxygen-producing system (spinach
      thylakoids) was utilized to test the range of O2-evolution rates able to be
      sensed. It was concluded that a Clark-type oxygen electrode has the absolute
      sensitivity, rapidity, and range necessary to accurately track rates of O2
      production or consumption from 5 to 45 degrees C.

PMID- 3993938
TI  - Protein quantitation at the picomole level: an O-phthaldialdehyde-preTSK column
      derivatization assay.
AB  - A fluorescent protein assay was described wherein an isocratic high-performance
      liquid chromatography system was used to separate the o-phthaldialdehyde
      derivatized proteins from interfering components. Using a small TSK guard column
      equilibrated in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, it was demonstrated that all
      proteins and peptides examined, containing more than 22 residues, coelute in the
      excluded volume and were resolved from fluorescent signals contributed by
      commonly used reagents. The assay was linear over a useful range of 3 ng to 1
      microgram of protein and required less than 15 microliter of sample.

PMID- 3993937
TI  - Tracer diffusion coefficients of proteins by means of holographic relaxation
      spectroscopy: application to bovine serum albumin.
AB  - Holographic relaxation spectroscopy has been used to measure tracer diffusion
      coefficients for photochromically labeled bovine serum albumin in solutions
      having total bovine serum albumin concentrations in the range 3.25 to 257
      g/liter. In the limit of zero concentration, the diffusion coefficient (20
      degrees C, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.05 M Tris, pH 8.0) was found to be (5.9 +/- 0.1) X 10(
      7) cm2/s and the initial slope was zero. The concentration dependence of the
      diffusion coefficient was not significantly affected by the fraction of protein
      molecules which were labeled. Holographic relaxation spectroscopy permits rapid,
      accurate determination of tracer diffusion coefficients for proteins in mixtures.

PMID- 3993939
TI  - Continuous gas-depletion technique for measuring O2-dissociation curves of high
      affinity hemoglobins.
AB  - The O2-depletion technique allows a continuous measurement of the complete O2
      dissociation curve of high-affinity hemoglobins in the O2-partial pressure range
      of 700 to 10(-4) mm Hg. With this technique p50 values greater than or equal to
      0.01 mm Hg (approximately equal to 1.3 Pa) can be determined for 3-microliter
      hemoglobin samples. As examples, O2-dissociation curves of sperm whale myoglobin
      (p50 = 0.9 mm Hg, 25 degrees C, pH 8.0) and Dicrocoelium hemoglobin (p50 = 0.06
      mm Hg, 25 degrees C, pH 4.9) are demonstrated which show Hill coefficients of n =
      1.0 over the complete O2-saturation range.

PMID- 3993940
TI  - The reaction of horseradish peroxidase with hydroperoxides derived from Triton X
      100.
AB  - All of the commercially available Triton X-100 examined gave Compound I upon
      reaction with horseradish peroxidase, followed by its gradual transition into
      Compound II. Titration of horseradish peroxidase with Triton X-100 to form
      Compound I indicated that 1% (v/v) aqueous solutions of the detergent contained
      0.4 to 3.2 microM equivalent peroxide but iodometric titration revealed 1.1 to
      5.0 microM peroxide, suggesting the occurrence of different types of peroxides,
      reactive and unreactive with the peroxidase. The rate constant for Compound I
      formation was 1.5 X 10(7) M-1 S-1 at pH 7.4 at 25 degrees C, and for conversion
      into Compound II apparent first-order rate constants were 5.2 X 10(-3) to 1.7 X
      10(-2) S-1. These results indicate that the Triton peroxides are as highly
      reactive as hydrogen peroxide. The amount of Triton peroxides increased as
      aqueous solutions of the detergent were allowed to stand, but the peroxides were
      destroyed by treatment with sodium borohydride. Although freshly prepared aqueous
      solutions of sodium cholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene
      sorbitan monolaurate), and Emasol 1130 (an equivalent of Tween 20) did not
      contain any detectable amount of peroxide, aged solutions of sodium dodecyl
      sulfate and Emasol 1130 contained peroxides. These observations suggest the need
      for appropriate precautions when biologically active substances vulnerable to
      attack by peroxides are incubated with Triton X-100 either for their
      solubilization from biomembranes or for other processing.

PMID- 3993941
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Met-enkephalin using unconjugated
      enkephalin as a solid phase antigen.
AB  - This paper presents a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Met
      enkephalin, in which there is no need for preparing any special derivative of Met
      enkephalin for its optimal function as a solid-phase antigen. Immunoplate wells
      were first coated with free Met-enkephalin, and then incubated with antiserum and
      free Met-enkephalin. The antibodies bound to the solid-phase Met-enkephalin were
      determined by using anti-IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The detection
      limit of the assay was 44 fmol Met-enkephalin per well. The results also showed
      that Met-enkephalin bound to the solid phase can be titrated directly.

PMID- 3993942
TI  - Endogenous folate of normal fibroblasts using high-performance liquid
      chromatography and modified extraction procedure.
AB  - The endogenous levels of the various folate monoglutamate compounds in cultured
      human fibroblasts were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography
      for the separation of folate monoglutamate. Endogenous folates were converted to
      monoglutamate forms using conjugase enzyme present in rat serum and incubation
      was carried out at pH 6.5. This minimized folate coenzyme interconversion during
      processing. Using methanol for precipitation of protein instead of heat minimized
      degradation of labile folates. Recovery of all folates except 10
      formyltetrahydrofolic acid (10-CHO H4PteGlu) using this procedure was more than
      90%. Disruption of cells by boiling appeared to cause less postextraction changes
      of cell folates than did freezing and thawing or sonication. When heat to release
      endogenous folate, conjugase treatment with rat serum at pH 6.5, and
      precipitation of protein with methanol were used, more than half of the
      intracellular folate of normal fibroblasts in confluent growth was 5
      methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH3 H4PteGlu), and 10-CHO H4PteGlu and
      tetrahydrofolic acid (H4PteGlu) comprised 29 and 6%, respectively.

PMID- 3993943
TI  - Preparation of tritium-labeled tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates of high specific
      radioactivity.
AB  - Tritium-labeled [6S]-tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates of high radiospecific
      activity were prepared from the corresponding pteroylpolyglutamates. Malic enzyme
      and D,L-[2-3H]malate were used as a generating system to produce [4A-3H]NADPH
      which was coupled to the dihydrofolate reductase-catalyzed reduction of
      chemically prepared dihydropteroylpolyglutamate derivatives. Passage of the
      reaction mixtures through a column of immobilized boronate effectively removed
      NADPH, and the tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates were subsequently purified by
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Overall yields of the [6S]-tetrahydro
      derivatives were 18-48% and the radiospecific activities were 3-4.5 mCi X mumol
      1.

PMID- 3993944
TI  - A colorimetric method for the determination of hydroxamic acid by iodine
      oxidation.
AB  - A new colorimetric method for the determination of hydroxamic acid is described.
      Hydroxamic acid was oxidized quantitatively by iodine to produce nitrous acid,
      which was thereafter determined according to the diazocoupling reaction. This
      method is sensitive to as little as 5 nmol of hydroxamic acid, and the
      calibration curve is linear up to 50 nmol. Using this method, acyl-CoAs were
      determined after conversion to hydroxamic acid by the addition of hydroxylamine.
      The present method is applicable to the determination of free fatty acids which
      are activated by acyl-CoA synthetase.

PMID- 3993945
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aromatization of 16
      alpha-hydroxylated androgens with human placental microsomes.
AB  - A sensitive nonradiometric assay of aromatization of 16 alpha-hydroxylated
      androgens, 16 alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (16 alpha-OHA), and 16 alpha
      hydroxytestosterone (16 alpha-OHT), has been developed using reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography with voltametric detector. The estrogens
      produced by human placental microsomes, estriol (E3) and 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone
      (16 alpha-OHE1), were simultaneously detected in quantities as low as 1-2 ng
      using 3-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-2, 16 alpha,17 beta-triol as an internal
      standard. E3 was the only estrogen detected from the incubate of 16 alpha-OHT
      with the microsomes and NADPH, while 16 alpha-OHA gave 16 alpha-OHE1 and E3 under
      the same conditions. Apparent Km and Vmax of the microsomal aromatase for 16
      alpha-OHA and 16 alpha-OHT were 2.56 microM and 71.4 pmol/min/mg and 13.33 microM
      and 15.4 pmol/min/mg, respectively.

PMID- 3993946
TI  - Microprocessor-controlled ex vivo monitoring of sodium and potassium
      concentrations in undiluted urine with ion-selective electrodes.

PMID- 3993947
TI  - Comparison of isopentane and isobutane as chemical ionization reagent gases.

PMID- 3993948
TI  - Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric and gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometric characterization of lipids in corn suspension cells.

PMID- 3993950
TI  - Ionization and mass analysis of nonvolatile compounds by particle bombardment
      tandem-quadrupole Fourier transform mass spectrometry.

PMID- 3993949
TI  - Pulsed infrared laser thermal lens spectrophotometry of flowing gas samples.

PMID- 3993951
TI  - Modified interface for pyrolysis gas chromatography with capillary columns.

PMID- 3993952
TI  - Snow peas and acephate. Confirmation of illegal pesticide residues.

PMID- 3993953
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 3993954
TI  - Pulse residence in short chromatographic columns.

PMID- 3993956
TI  - Negative gold ion gun for liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry.

PMID- 3993955
TI  - Moderate-power helium plasma as an element-selective detector for gas
      chromatography of dioxins and other halogenated compounds.

PMID- 3993957
TI  - Optimized field-flow fractionation system based on dual stream splitters.

PMID- 3993958
TI  - Determination of aluminium in dialysate fluids by atomic-absorption spectrometry
      with electrothermal atomisation.

PMID- 3993959
TI  - Determination of chlordane in human blood by gas chromatography.

PMID- 3993960
TI  - Zeeman-corrected graphite furnace atomic-absorption spectrometric screening
      method for the determination of lead in infant formulas and powdered milks.

PMID- 3993961
TI  - Comparative teratological study of insecticide Wofatox 50 EC (50% methyl
      parathion) on chicken and pheasant fetuses.
AB  - An experimental insecticide Wofatox 50 EC, injected into the embryonated eggs
      from hens and pheasants at 12th day of incubation, caused a significantly
      diminished body mass, a high incidence of developmental malformations and
      embryonic mortalities at higher dose-levels. The lower, in plant protection
      practice used concentration was no teratogenic or lethal on embryos.

PMID- 3993962
TI  - Retinal fine structure in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. IV. Photoreceptors
      of the yellow eel stage.
AB  - The complex life cycle of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) involves a long
      catadromous migration during which the eye undergoes a number of morphological
      alterations. This report deals with the fine structure of the photoreceptors of
      the yellow eel stage and is part of a comparative study of the retina of the eel
      during the major stages of its life cycle. The photoreceptors of the yellow eel
      are easily divisible into rods and single cones and the rods at least appear to
      be capable of retinomotor responses. Rods are more elongated and more numerous
      than cones. In the light-adapted state the inner segment of rods is of the same
      diameter as the outer segment but narrows abruptly in the myoid region. Cone
      inner segments on the other hand are much wider than the outer segments which
      taper distally. Both rods and cones display organelles in the inner segment
      indicative of high metabolic activity. Cone nuclei are located scleral to the
      external limiting membrane while rod nuclei are vitreal to this boundary. Both
      rods and cones display both invaginated and superficial synaptic sites. Except
      for an apparent increase in number and outer segment width of the rods, the
      photoreceptors of the yellow eel have changed only slightly from that described
      for the glass eel stage.

PMID- 3993963
TI  - [Previously undescribed course and branching pattern of a persistent primitive
      trigeminal artery].

PMID- 3993964
TI  - The number and location of the parietal foramen in human skulls.
AB  - The number and location of the parietal foramen were examined in 100 skulls of
      brazilian whites, negroes and mulattoes. The authors observed its presence or
      absence, the lateral differences, the bilateral symmetry, the existence of a
      median or multiple foramina and the perforation of one or both tables. The
      parietal foramen was more frequent in the right side than in the left, but the
      difference was statistically not significant.

PMID- 3993965
TI  - A comparative study of the hyoid bone (os hyoides) of 6 ruminant species
      (Ruminantia Scopoli, 1777).
AB  - The shape, position and measurements of the hyoid bone of 6 small and medium
      sized European ruminant species of different feeding types as classified by
      Hofmann (1976), (rose deer, mouflon, sheep, red deer, fallow deer and goat) were
      fully described. A comparison with other domestic species was carried out, the
      most characteristic species differences were shown and the results were expressed
      in 9 Figs. and 1 Table. The basic structural plan of the hyoid bone is found to
      be similar in all species studied; there are, however, distinct species
      variations.

PMID- 3993966
TI  - [Early and late reaction of the guinea pig cochlea to impulse noise].
AB  - Guinea pigs (GP) were exposed to 10 impulses of 164 dB (SPL). Measuring of
      cochlear microphonics (CM) at frequencies between 0.5 and 10 kHz and
      morphological examination of the cochlea by the surface preparation technique
      followed 2 hours, 2 and 6 weeks after exposure to impulse noise. During the 2
      hours following noise exposure the amplitudes of CM decreased in all tested
      frequencies, while recovery of CM never could be observed at this time.
      Subsequent morphological changes in the structure of the organ of Corti could be
      found. They varied considerably between the tested animals. 2 and 6 weeks after
      exposure to 10 impulses all GP had irreversible defects in the cochlea in an
      extent from an incomplete pattern of outer hair cells up to a total lack of areas
      of the organ of Corti. Only in GP with morphological damages in a small extent CM
      were recordable again. A good agreement of functional and morphological results
      was established. It can be concluded that exposure to few single impulses with
      peaks of sound pressure of sufficient intensity will produce irreversible
      morphological defects in the cochlea, resulting in marked functional injury, if
      the damaged area is large enough.

PMID- 3993967
TI  - Cilia in rat articular chondrocytes.
AB  - The cilia ultrastructural characteristics of chondrocytes from articular
      cartilage during its prenatal development were studied. It was established that
      these structures are not rare in electron microscopic observation of cartilage.
      They appear in the early stages of differentiation of the mesenchymal cells into
      chondroblasts. Ultrastructurally they show no differences during all periods of
      development. In some of the tangential layer cells of the newly formed articular
      cartilage were discover elements of more than one cillium in the same cell. It
      was also established that these structures project from parts of the cell
      presenting well developed Golgy complex.

PMID- 3993968
TI  - Innervation of the anterior perineal muscles and its morphological consideration.
AB  - 3 male and 3 female pelvic-halves were dissected carefully under a
      stereomicroscope in order to obtain more detailed data on the nerve supply to the
      anterior perineal muscles. At its origin from the pudendal plexus, the perineal
      nerve has a close relationship with the dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris,
      while it tends to be separate from the inferior rectal nerve. The
      ischiocavernosus and the transversus perinei profundus are in general supplied by
      a common branch which arises from the perineal nerve at the posterior part of the
      ischiorectal fossa and takes a more lateral course, independent of the cutaneous
      branches. The bulbospongiosus and the transversus perinei superficialis receive
      several twigs from the medial and intermediate cutaneous branches of the perineal
      nerve. From the view point of nerve supply, the anterior perineal muscles may be
      classified into 2 groups: the lateral group comprising the ischiocavernosus and
      the transversus perinei profundus, the medial group comprising the
      bulbospongiosus and the transversus perinei superficialis.

PMID- 3993969
TI  - [Anomalies of the biceps muscle of the arm].
AB  - The author studied the biceps brachii muscle with respect to the incidence of
      accessory heads (Caput accessorium) and compared the data obtained with those in
      different human races. Dissection of 552 human arms in Teheran and Mainz,
      revealed the presence of 2 biceps brachii muscles with accessory heads one of a
      right arm with one accessory head, the other on a left arm with two accessory
      heads. From data in the literature it is concluded that in the white race the
      incidence of accessory heads of the biceps brachii m. is relatively rare, high in
      the yellow race and intermediate in negroes.

PMID- 3993971
TI  - Explorative studies on karyometric frequency distributions. I. Quantitative
      description and comparison of curves with 2 maxima.
AB  - A mathematical procedure is introduced describing frequency distributions of
      nuclear size with 2 maxima sufficiently by the evaluation of three parameters
      which are directly representative for the curves: the positions of the first and
      second maximum and the percentage ratio of the first maximum related to the
      second maximum. This approximation is a prerequisite to statistical comparison
      and interpretation of the curves.

PMID- 3993970
TI  - Nerve fiber caliber analyses in the mouse ramus digastricus and rami stylohyoidei
      with the electron microscope.
AB  - 2 nerve branches to the m. stylohyoideus are found in the mouse. One of them (r.
      stylohyoideus proximalis) arises from the posterior side of the truncus facialis
      just under the crossing and contacting region with the r. auricularis n. vagi and
      just proximal to the origin of the r. digastricus. It passes postero-medially
      along the r. auricularis n. vagi and enters the region of the origin of the m.
      stylohyoideus. The other branch (r. stylohyoideus distalis) arises as a common
      branch with the r. digastricus, passes postero-media-inferiorly and separates
      from the r. digastricus on the way. The myelinated fibers of the r. digastricus
      and the rr. stylohyoidei derive from the large fiber zone of the truncus
      facialis. But they are considerable larger than those in the large fiber zone.
      While they are scattered in the more proximal truncus facialis, they gradually
      become crowded as they come near to the origins of these rami. On the average,
      the r. stylohyoid, prox., the r. stylohyoid. dist., and the r. digast. contain
      15, 16 and 49 myelinated fibers and 5, 13 and 24 unmyelinated fibers
      respectively. About 67% of the myelin sheaths of the r. digast. and about 71% of
      those of the rr. stylohyoid. prox. et dist. are 3-5.5 micron in minor diameters.
      About 64% of the axons of the myelinated fibers of these rami are 2-4 micron in
      minor diameters. The frequency distributions of minor diameters of the myelin
      sheaths and axons of the myelinated fibers of these rami show that they are
      approximately 1 micron larger than those of the large fiber zone of the motor
      root of the n. facialis and the truncus facialis distal to the foramen
      stylomastoideum.

PMID- 3993972
TI  - Evidence for erythrocyte-microvesiculation in vivo.
AB  - During physiologic aging, erythrocytes (RBC) mainly loose membrane as shown by
      biochemical investigations. The most likely reason for a such loss would be the
      pinch off of RBC-microvesicles. The detection of RBC-microvesicles generated in
      vivo is rendered more difficult because of the relatively small amount of
      vesiculation processes under physiologic conditions accompanied by the fast
      phagocytosis of RBC-microvesicles in the reticulo-histiocytic system. The latter
      has been shown after the intravenous injection of heat-induced RBC-microvesicles.
      Investigations of spleens resulted in the case of PHZ-treatment, up till now in a
      clear demonstration of RBC-microvesicles. The result of microvesiculation in the
      PHZ-model led to the conclusion, that also rigid, naturally aged RBC could pinch
      off microvesicles in physiologic narrows of the blood flow like in the spleen.

PMID- 3993973
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in neurons of the anterior subdivision of the rat
      hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus following repeated immobilization stress.
AB  - The fine structure of neuronal somata of the anterior subdivision of the
      hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was studied in repeatedly immobilized
      rats. After the 40th immobilization daily for 150 min a small population of
      neuronal somata containing endoplasmic reticulum formations classified as
      lamellar bodies and whorls were identified in the area investigated. These
      neuronal somata differed from the neighbouring perikarya of VMN also in several
      other ultrastructural features. They showed an extraordinarily dilated cisternae
      of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi complexes, moderately swollen
      mitochondria and a large number of free ribosomes evenly distributed in the
      cytoplasm.

PMID- 3993974
TI  - Meiosis and spermiogenesis in the testis of Salamandra salamandra (L.) (Amphibia,
      Urodela).
AB  - Meiosis and spermiogenesis in the fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra, take
      place in an intermediate zone of the testis between the cephal immature and the
      more caudal mature part. Primary spermatocytes in zytogene and pachytene are
      characterized by synaptonemal complexes, flattened vesicles at the periphery of
      the cytoplasm and mitochondria with dilated cristae. Mitochondria in primary
      spermatocytes during meiosis, in secondary spermatocytes and early spermatids are
      typically arranged beneath the plasmalemma. Secondary spermatocytes are provided
      with pro-acrosomal granules, nucleolus-like bodies and complexes of annulate
      lamellae. Cytoplasmic parts with numerous vesicles seem to become extruded from
      secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. In testicular lobules containing
      pachytene spermatocytes the normally fibroblast-like follicle cells transform
      into glandular Sertoli cells. Already after the second meiotic division of germ
      cells lobule boundary cells show morphological features of steroid hormone
      secreting cells.

PMID- 3993975
TI  - [Approximations for growth in weight and length of the golden hamster
      (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) following data of Du Bois (1950)].
AB  - Weight and length of body as well as length of tail and right hind leg of 111
      golden hamsters after Du Bois (1950) are submitted to approximations with several
      functions of organic growth. As already verified for rats and mice the generic
      growth function has priority in representing weight whilst length series of the
      golden hamster are expressed best by a formulation of Sager (1980a). Allometric
      relations are rather poor between weight and length and fail altogether between
      total and partial lengths. Special remarks are added concerning calculations of
      allometric parameters.

PMID- 3993976
TI  - Humerus length and foramen magnum area as indicators of size in birds.
AB  - In a group of birds (passerines and non-passerines) body weight was found to be
      highly correlated with the length of the humerus and with the area of the foramen
      magnum. In addition, body weight was highly correlated with humerus length in 58
      specimens of streak-necked fly-catcher, Mionectes striaticollis, suggesting a
      possible use of this measurement to estimate body weight of individuals in a
      single species. Body weight was not correlated with foramen magnum area in 25
      specimens of savannah sparrow, Ammodramus sandwichensis.

PMID- 3993977
TI  - Assemblies of linear arrays of particles in the apical plasma membrane of
      mitochondria-rich cells in the gill epithelium of the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine
      glutinosa).
AB  - In the gill epithelium of the Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa a mitochondria
      rich cell type is described which ultrastructurally resembles the chloride cells
      in other fish species. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal different supramolecular
      structures in the luminal plasma membrane and in the intracellular amplification
      (tubular system) of the basolateral plasma membrane of these mitochondria-rich
      cells. In the luminal plasma membrane ordered assemblies of particles and fibril
      like elements are regularly found. On the P face, the assemblies are composed of
      up to 20 linear arrays of particles which are preferentially located in the
      microvillar membrane on which they show a helicoidal orientation. The arrays are
      formed by globular (diameter 8-9 nm) and rod-shaped (length 16-20 nm) particles,
      which occasionally are so tightly end-to-end attached that they generate fibril
      like structures. The distances between adjacent arrays within an assembly measure
      10-15 nm. On the E face complementary patterns of linear grooves are present.
      These assemblies have not previously been demonstrated in the freeze-fractured
      plasma membrane of branchial chloride cells. In the membrane of the tubular
      system, emerging from the basolateral plasma membrane of the mitochondria-rich
      cells, infrequently repeating rows of 7-8 nm particles are present in addition to
      randomly distributed globular particles (diameter 7-8 nm). Complementary patterns
      of grooves are present on the E face. These intramembranous structures resemble
      the repetitive elements which have been previously described in the tubular
      system of branchial chloride cells in euryhaline teleosts and the subunits of
      which are considered to be the sites of ion pumps.

PMID- 3993978
TI  - Matrix compartments in the growth plate of the proximal tibia of rats.
AB  - The cartilaginous matrix in the growth plate of the proximal tibia of rats is
      subdivided into various compartments according to criteria established by
      electron microscopic examination. In conventionally fixed specimens, the
      arrangement of collagen fibrils was analyzed by transmission and scanning
      electron microscopy. Distribution of proteoglycans and relations between matrix
      and cells were studied after fixation in media containing cationic dyes. Matrix
      compartments are best characterized by the density and arrangement of their
      collagen fibrils. On the other hand, proteoglycans are distributed almost
      homogenously all over the matrix. Each chondrocyte is surrounded by a thin
      envelope of proteoglycans, the pericellular matrix. Adjacent to this is a layer
      dominated by the content and order of its collagen fibrils, the territorial
      matrix. Its inner part covers the pericellular matrix with a thin net of
      intersecting fibrils. The outer part unites the cells of each column by a sheath
      of tightly packed longitudinal fibrils. This distinction is only possible in the
      longitudinal parts of the territorial matrix, whereas in the transverse septa
      both layers fuse into a common network. The interterritorial matrix is interposed
      between the columnar units and thus represents the central part of the
      longitudinal septa. Mineralization is restricted to the interterritorial matrix
      and matrix vesicles are coincidentally found in the same compartment. During
      growth, this structural organization undergoes a permanent and relatively fast
      remodeling, a process that is discussed in view of possible cell matrix
      interactions.

PMID- 3993979
TI  - Progenitor cell populations in the periodontal ligament of mice.
AB  - Stem cells in a variety of renewal tissues exhibit a slow rate of cell
      proliferation (Potten et al., 1979). The periodontal ligament of mouse molars was
      examined for the presence of slowly cycling progenitor cells to provide evidence
      for the existence of stem cells in this tissue. A pulse injection of 3H-thymidine
      was administered and mice were sacrificed between 1 hour and 14 days after
      injection. Analysis of radioautographs using percentage of labeled cells and
      grain counts demonstrated that a population of label-retaining cells within 10
      micron of blood vessels traversed the cell cycle more slowly than proliferating
      cells located greater than 10 micron from blood vessels. These data suggest that
      there is a slowly dividing population of progenitor cells in paravascular sites
      in mouse molar periodontal ligament which may be stem cells.

PMID- 3993980
TI  - Distribution of fibronectin on the migratory pathway of primordial germ cells in
      mice.
AB  - The distribution and localization of fibronectin (FN) on the migratory pathway of
      primordial germ cells (PGCs) in mouse embryos were studied immunocytochemically
      at the light and electron microscopic levels. In embryos 9.5 to 11.0 days of
      gestation, the dorsal mesentery as the final region through which PGCs migrate
      was rich in FN. At this stage, migrating PGCs often showed amoeboid features with
      pseudopods in contact with neighboring mesentery (mesenchymal) cells. With the
      electron microscope, the reaction product to FN was visualized on the surfaces of
      somatic cells and of PGC pseudopods and at the site of contact between PGCs and
      somatic cells. Abundant extracellular FN was also found, probably binding with
      the extracellular matrices. By 11.5 to 12.0 days, when PGCs had arrived in the
      gonadal anlage, FN reaction had weakened or disappeared in the dorsal mesentery.
      Thus, the results suggest that FN plays a significant role in the migration of
      PGCs at least in the last portion of the migratory pathway.

PMID- 3993981
TI  - Morphology of the distal conducting airways in rhesus monkey lungs.
AB  - This study systematically characterizes the organization and nature of epithelial
      populations in the distal airways of the adult rhesus monkey. Infusion-fixed
      lungs were evaluated using airway dissection and scanning and transmission
      electron microscopy. We found that a true bronchiole free of cartilage and
      alveolar outpockets was not consistently present. Cartilage and alveolar
      outpocketings were often observed within the same airway generation. The
      epithelial population of nonalveolarized terminal conducting airways was
      pseudostratified columnar, consisting of ciliated, mucous, and basal cells. The
      respiratory bronchiole found immediately distal to the terminal conducting
      airways had two clearly demarcated zones of distinctly different epithelial
      populations. Overlying the pulmonary artery was the same pseudostratified
      ciliated columnar epithelial population observed in nonalveolarized terminal
      airways. The epithelial population in the remainder of the respiratory
      bronchiole, not associated with the pulmonary artery, was simple nonciliated
      cuboidal with a few squamous cells. The cuboidal nonciliated bronchiolar cell
      differs from the mucous cell by having few small granules and rough and smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum. The extension of the ciliated, mucous, and basal cells
      several generations into the respiratory bronchiole in rhesus monkey has not been
      observed in rodents and other laboratory mammals. Data from studies of human
      airways, although not explicit, suggest that the rhesus monkey epithelial cell
      pattern resembles the pattern in the human terminal airways.

PMID- 3993982
TI  - Chronic changes in male rats' hormone-sensitive systems after suprathreshold
      pulses of testosterone.
AB  - Adult male rats were castrated and maintained on daily SC injections of a
      threshold amount (200 micrograms) of testosterone propionate (TP). To mimic
      naturally occurring pulses of suprathreshold testicular hormones in intact males,
      animals in the experimental groups also received either one (single TP) or five
      (multiple TP) injections of 800 micrograms TP over 12 days. The rats were
      examined on the following day (acute) or 15 days later (chronic) for changes in
      hormone-sensitive behavior, physiology, and morphology. The hypothesis tested was
      that the hormonal pulses function to provoke chronic changes in substrates
      underlying the reproductive system. The results were that multiple doses of
      suprathreshold TP provoked acute modifications in aggressive behavior, sex
      accessory glands, and glans penis integrity. Chronic changes were observed in sex
      accessory gland functioning and penile morphology, particularly in the size of
      penile papillae. A single exposure to suprathreshold TP was considerably less
      effective, though there was some evidence of acute changes in sex accessory
      glands and chronic changes in penile papillae. There was substantial variation in
      the responses of individual animals, particularly the chronic responses. The data
      were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis.

PMID- 3993984
TI  - Constant position of the superficial cerebral veins of the rat: a quantitative
      analysis.
AB  - The normal anatomical position of the point of junction of the superficial
      cerebral veins with the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses of the rat was
      studied with an analytical mathematical method. There were eight fixed veins,
      each characterized by a constant point of juncture having minimal variance. The
      findings indicate that the points of juncture between large veins and sinuses are
      developmentally fixed and that there is a definite order in the number and the
      territories of the large veins.

PMID- 3993983
TI  - Quantitative and comparative stress analysis in human femur under two different
      static situations by three-dimensional photoelasticity.
AB  - Using the three-dimensional photoelastic method a quantitative analysis was
      carried out on the tension trends in the proximal third of a normal human femur
      in a stationary weight-bearing situation on two legs. The results obtained show
      that in this loading situation the maximum stress values (both for tension and
      compression) are in the area just below the subtrochanteric zone; while going up
      along the borders of the diaphysis, the tension trends do not vary appreciably.
      Moreover, the state of the stresses is not constant but varies slightly along the
      thickness of the bone. The neutral axis is considerably displaced towards the
      tensile area. A comparison between the stress tension trends in two different
      static loading situations (one-leg and two-leg support) was carried out. It was
      found that the maximum tensile stress value in the one-leg position was about 24
      times greater than that in the two-leg position and the maximum compression
      stress value was about 14 times greater than in the two-leg situation.

PMID- 3993985
TI  - Network and lamellar structures in the tail muscle fibers of the metamorphosing
      anuran tadpole.
AB  - Networks of regularly arranged tubular units and lamellar structures were
      observed in the degenerating tail muscle fibers of spontaneously metamorphosing
      anuran tadpoles. These networks appeared to be similar to those previously found
      in the skeletal muscle of other animals under abnormal conditions. They stained
      clearly with ruthenium red (RR) and a continuity with the transverse tubular
      system (T tubules) of triads was clearly observed. The diameter of the tubular
      unit, 20-25 nm, was almost equal to that of the T tubules of the intact tail
      muscle fibers, indicating the network structures were probably formed by T
      tubules connecting together. In the early stages of metamorphosis, networks in
      the tetragonal configuration were observed within the end region of the muscle
      fibers. At the climax of metamorphosis, well-developed networks in which the
      tubular units were arranged in a hexagonal pattern were seen in various regions
      of the fibers. Other observed lamellar structures may originate from lateral
      elements of the triads. The formation of the network structure is discussed.

PMID- 3993987
TI  - Epidermal and papillary dermal characteristics of the bowhead whale (Balaena
      mysticetus).
AB  - Skin samples from most body regions of the bowhead whale were examined. The
      epidermis is 2.7 to 50 times thicker than that reported in other cetaceans with
      both regional and individual variations in thickness. The thinnest areas examined
      (1 mm) occur on the eyelid margins and the thickest (25 mm) occur on the lower
      jaw. A distinctive parakeratotic stratum corneum with a thick underlying stratum
      spinosum (without a stratum granulosum) extends over the entire body surface.
      From a few dozen to several hundred epidermal lesions are present on all whales
      studied. A typical stratum basale of germinative keratinocytes (with melanocytes
      in pigmented areas) rests upon a well-defined basal lamina. Epidermal rod arrays
      arise from the basal keratinocytes which cover highly elongated dermal papillae
      and extend to the epidermal surface through the distal stratum spinosum and the
      stratum corneum. At least four diatom genera occur on and in the stratum corneum
      and lesion areas of different whales. The superficial dermis consists of a
      papillary layer with long (up to 13 mm) dermal papillae interdigitating with the
      epidermis from a basal area that is 2-4 mm in thickness. The number of dermal
      papillae per mm2 varies inversely with the thickness of the epidermis. Large
      diameter, sensory papillae packed with tortuous, highly elongated, encapsulated
      nerve end organs also interdigitate with the thin epidermal areas of the ventral
      surface of the rostrum, the upper and lower lip margins, and the upper and lower
      eyelid margins. Scattered, single, stiff hairs emerge from the skin only in
      specific, pigmented regions of the head.

PMID- 3993986
TI  - Heterogeneous distribution of glycoconjugates in human kidney tubules.
AB  - Paraffin sections of normal human kidney were stained with a battery of ten
      lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates. Staining of proximal tubules revealed a
      relatively uniform distribution of glycoconjugates having bi- and/or triantennary
      N-linked sugar chains as well as terminal beta-galactose and alpha-fucose in all
      cells. In contrast, terminal alpha- and beta-galactose and alpha-fucose were
      localized in only some cells of the thin limbs, whereas N-linked sugar chains and
      terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine occurred in all cells. In the ascending
      thick limbs, terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine was found in some cells and N
      linked sugar chains and terminal beta-galactose were present in all cells. The
      distal convoluted tubules contained N-linked oligosaccharides and terminal beta
      galactose in all cells. Terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine was found in some
      but not all profiles of distal convoluted tubules in a few kidneys. In the
      initial (connecting) segment of cortical collecting ducts, cells varied in their
      content of glycogen and glycoconjugates with terminal alpha- and beta-galactose,
      alpha-fucose and alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine, but cells in this segment evidenced
      uniform localization of N-linked sugar chains. A similar distribution of sugars
      occurred in the medullary ray segment of cortical collecting ducts, except for
      terminal beta-galactose which was present in all cells. In the medullary
      collecting ducts, there was also considerable cell-to-cell variation in the
      content and distribution of glycogen and glycoconjugates having N-linked sugar
      chains, terminal alpha-galactose, alpha-fucose, alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine, and
      the disaccharide galactose-(beta 1----3)-N-acetylgalactosamine. The content and
      distribution of glycoconjugates in the nephron varied only slightly between
      kidneys from different individuals, but individual variability was extensive in
      the collecting ducts. The reasons for these individual differences have not been
      determined, however. Cellular heterogeneity of glycosubstances within the
      different regions of the human kidney correlates with similar findings in other
      mammals and implies diverse functional roles for the various types of complex
      carbohydrates in the kidney.

PMID- 3993988
TI  - Fiber type composition of monkey forearm muscle.
AB  - Histochemical staining methods were applied to selected superficial forearm
      muscles of Macaca mulatta monkeys. The muscles were analyzed with regard to
      relative percentage distribution of different fiber types. In extensor carpi
      radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and palmaris longus there was an
      even dispersion of each fiber type from the superficial to the deep part of the
      muscle. Extensor digiti communis showed a slightly higher percentage of type I
      fibers and correspondingly lower percentage of type II fibers in its central as
      compared to its superficial area. Three muscles, bracioradialis, extensor carpi
      ulnaris, and flexor carpi radialis, displayed marked differences between their
      superficial and deep areas. All of them contained a higher proportion of type I
      fibers (and correspondingly lower percentage of type II fibers) in their deep
      parts than in their superficial areas. Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) differed from
      the other muscles studied in that it showed distinctly different fiber
      proportions on either side of a central tendon. While the ulnar head of FCU was
      dominated by type II fibers (71% compared to 27% type I fibers), the humeral head
      contained a larger proportion of type I fibers (58% vs. 40% type II fibers). This
      difference in fiber type distribution suggests different functional demands for
      the two heads of FCU, with the possibility of more sustained activity in the
      humeral head.

PMID- 3993989
TI  - Decidua-associated changes in guinea pig uterine blood flow and volume: relation
      to uterine norepinephrine concentrations.
AB  - Changes in uterine blood flow (UBF) and uterine blood volume (UBV) during
      decidual tissue (DT) formation in the guinea pig were assessed at 2, 6, and 10
      days postuterine trauma (PT). Uterine weight increased steadily between days 2
      and 10 PT in DT-bearing animals as compared with the constant uterine weights
      observed in controls. Both UBF and UBV levels were elevated between days 2 and 10
      PT in DT-bearing animals as compared with controls with the vascular changes
      being histologically related to the progressive stromal differentiation. Uterine
      norepnephrine (NE) levels were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05-0.01)
      depressed in the hyperemic, DT-bearing uteri as compared with controls. These
      results indicate that the uterine hyperemia associated with DT formation in the
      guinea pig involves a sustained increase in uterine vascular volume as well as
      vascular perfusion rate under conditions of depressed uterine NE levels. These
      events are intimately associated with the support of stromal differentiation in
      the guinea pig.

PMID- 3993990
TI  - Diabetes-associated alterations in uterine structure in the C57BL/KsJ mouse:
      relationship to changes in estradiol accumulation, circulating ovarian steroid
      levels, and age.
AB  - The effects of the diabetes (D) mutation on utero-ovarian structure and function
      were examined in match-paired D and control (C) C57BL/KsJ mice between 2 and 16
      weeks of age. Between 4 and 8 weeks of age, the uterine epithelium of D mice
      exhibited a remarkable increase in the amount of cytoplasmic lipid stores as
      compared with that of C animals. Associated with progressive hyperglycemia
      between 8 and 16 weeks of age, uterine atrophy and continued lipid accumulation
      occurred. Both serum progesterone and estradiol levels were lower in D than C
      mice between 8 and 16 weeks of age. In addition, the uteri of D mice failed to
      accumulate as much 3H-estradiol as C uteri at 16 weeks of age. These data
      demonstrate that changes in uterine structure that are attributable to depressed
      ovarian activity in diabetics underlie the reproductive failure in these animals.
      The temporal association between the onset of reproductive tract involution and
      the expressed hyperglycemic condition suggests a causal association between these
      events in the genetically diabetic C57BL/KsJ mouse.

PMID- 3993991
TI  - Whole population cell kinetics and postnatal development of the mouse intestinal
      epithelium.
AB  - Measurements of whole population cell kinetics of mouse intestinal epithelium
      during postnatal development are reported. Swiss albino mice aged 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,
      8, 10, 12, 16, 19, 24, and 28 weeks were studied. Isolated epithelial
      preparations of jejunum and colon were used. Most kinetic parameters studied
      either increased or decreased with age to reach a steady level sometime after
      weaning. For example, before weaning about 30% of crypts were observed to be
      branching, while after weaning, the population of crypts that were branching
      decreased to adult levels of 5-10% in jejunum and 1-2% in colon. Thus, there was
      very active crypt formation before weaning, which likely continued into adult
      life but at a lower level. Villus formation appeared to be occurring in animals
      before weaning (i.e., 1-3 weeks), while it stopped with weaning, and thus the
      mean villus height increased to a plateau, which was constant with age after 4
      weeks. In contrast, the mean villus width increased steadily with age. As the
      width of villi increased with age, the number of crypts associated with a villus
      also increased (presumably as a result of net crypt production in the adult).
      These measurements and many others (proportion of cells in S phase, number of
      cells/cm2, number of cells/villus, number of cells/crypt, etc.) are described.

PMID- 3993992
TI  - Morphometry of postnatal development in the porcine lung.
AB  - Alveolar regions of normal pig lungs (newborn to 60-day-old) were characterized
      morphometrically to provide a basis for comparison in future investigations of
      porcine respiratory diseases. Endotracheal installation of fixative was done to
      expand the lungs uniformly at total capacity. Differential effects of lobar
      variations were determined by stratified random sampling of lung lobes. A
      stereologic study was done by point and intersection counts on electron
      micrographs. At birth, the lungs were remarkably well developed. Relative
      alveolar and capillary surface densities and air-blood tissue barrier thicknesses
      were at adult levels. In allometric regressions, volumes and surfaces of lung
      components regressed directly to lung volume, but monoexponentially (to the 3/4
      power) with body weight. In the first postnatal week, however, relative volume
      densities of cellular interstitium in septal tissue and of capillary lumina in
      parenchyma increased at statistically significant levels. Composition of lung
      parenchyma and septa was changed, although without statistically significant
      direct impact on parameters related to gas exchange. Type II pneumocytes had
      increased nuclear to cytoplasmic volume ratios in 7- to 14-day-old pigs, probably
      reflecting cell activation and increased surfactant production. Age (postnatal
      lung growth) created the most substantial variance of results; interanimal
      variation in pigs of the same age was less important and no consistent lobar
      variations were seen.

PMID- 3993993
TI  - Morphometric evaluation of diabetes-associated ovarian atrophy in the C57BL/KsJ
      mouse: relationship to age and ovarian function.
AB  - Progressive, diabetes-associated ovarian atrophy was analyzed in C57BL/KsJ
      diabetic (db/db) and control (+/?) mice between 2 and 16 weeks of age. Tissue
      changes were histologically and morphometrically analyzed and compared with
      ovarian functional indices (i.e., serum estradiol and progesterone) and metabolic
      (i.e., glucose uptake and estradiol sequestration) parameters. No significant
      differences were found between the ovarian follicular populations of either group
      at 2 and 4 weeks of age. However, between 4 and 8 weeks, the ovaries of diabetic
      mice exhibited marked stromal and follicular degeneration and an associated
      decline in the population of viable follicles as compared with controls. Between
      8 and 16 weeks of age the follicular atrophy in the diabetics became more marked,
      as compared with controls, with the accumulation of intracellular lipid pools
      accenting the tissue degeneration and adiposity observed in both follicular and
      stromal compartments. In addition, ovarian function was depressed after 6 weeks
      of age in diabetic females as compared with controls as indicated by lowered
      serum estradiol and progesterone levels. Ovarian glucose uptake was enhanced in
      diabetic females while the ability of the ovary to sequester radiolabeled
      estradiol declined between 4 and 16 weeks of age as compared with controls. These
      data indicate that ovarian dysfunction in the (db/db) mutant mouse is associated
      with follicular atrophy, adiposity, impaired steroidogenesis, and imbalanced
      glucose utilization. These events occur in temporal association with the onset
      and progressive exacerbation of the hyperglycemic condition. It is suggested that
      ovarian involution in these mutants is directly related to an impaired follicular
      ability to metabolize properly the elevated intracellular glucose concentrations
      that develop in the (db/db) mice as compared with controls.

PMID- 3993994
TI  - Fine structure of the forelimb regenerate of the African clawed toad, Xenopus
      laevis.
AB  - Forelimb regenerates from postmetamorphic Xenopus froglets were examined at
      various stages postamputation by light microscopy and scanning and transmission
      electron microscopy. The outside surface of the wound epithelium was found to
      exhibit progressive changes following amputation with a distinct difference in
      appearance between stump epidermis and wound epithelium at all stages examined.
      The internal structure of the wound epithelium is characterized by loosely
      arranged cells with numerous cell junctions and abundant intracellular filaments.
      The wound epithelium is separated at an early stage from the underlying cells by
      a thick band of extracellular matrix. Cells accumulating beneath the wound
      epithelium were morphologically similar to blastemal cells from completely
      regenerating limbs in other species but no evidence of myogenesis or abortive
      myogenesis was seen. Blastemal cells from the central portion of the regenerate
      were observed at varius stages of chrondrogenesis with those immediately beneath
      the wound epithelium least advanced in this respect. Those located more laterally
      appear not to be directly involved in chondrogenesis. Although the usual
      explanation for lack of complete regeneration in this species is inadequate
      innervation of the regenerate, the fine structure of the regenerating spikes
      noted here is markedly different than that of denervated, amputated newt limbs.

PMID- 3993995
TI  - Formation and perforation of closing plates in the chick embryo.
AB  - The morphology of the closing plates between adjacent pharyngeal arches was
      examined in chick embryos between stages 11 and 21 (Hamburger-Hamilton). Each
      closing plate is formed by apposition between the basal surfaces of portions of
      the pharyngeal pouch endoderm and the ectoderm of the overlying pharyngeal cleft.
      Initial contact between ectoderm and endoderm occurs at several small points
      which are separated by regions containing mesenchymal cells and extracellular
      material. Contact between the opposed epithelia is made by extension of cellular
      processes through the intervening basal laminae and extracellular space.
      Endodermal and ectodermal cells then interdigitate to create a cellular layer
      which rapidly thins. The interposed extracellular material is sequestered into
      small pools as cellular interdigitation proceeds. Perforations form through
      certain regions of closing plates 1-3 and persist during the stages studied.
      Small slit-like depressions appear between cells of the closing plate just prior
      to perforation. The initial perforations enlarge until they are separated only by
      thin cellular strands. These strands presumably rupture, leaving small cellular
      accumulations which persist for a short time marking the junction between
      ectoderm and endoderm along the walls of adjacent pharyngeal arches. Clear
      evidence of cell degeneration is rare. These results suggest that cellular
      reorganization, rather than cell death, is a major mechanism of initial
      perforation.

PMID- 3993996
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of neurotensin in hamster adrenal medulla.
AB  - Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was localized in nerve fibers and terminals of
      hamster adrenal medulla at light and electron microscopy using the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method. Numerous varicose neurotensin-immunoreactive nerves and
      terminals were found among nonlabeled cell groups situated peripherally in the
      adrenal medulla. Combined formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (Faglu) fluorescence and
      immunohistochemistry of the same vibratome section showed that only
      norepinephrine cells were innervated by neurotensin-immunoreactive nerves. All
      norepinephrine cells seemed to be innervated by neurotensin-immunoreactive
      nerves. Neurotensin-immunoreactive nerves disappeared after extrinsic denervation
      of the adrenal gland. By electron microscopy numerous neurotensin-immunoreactive
      terminals were seen to make synaptic contacts with norepinephrine cells and with
      autonomic ganglion cells present in small numbers among norepinephrine cells. In
      the terminals neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was localized mainly in large
      dense-cored vesicles, but some precipitates were also associated with small
      vesicles, diffusely scattered in the axoplasm. The present findings suggest that
      in the hamster adrenal medulla part of the nerve terminals arising from
      splanchnic nerves contain neurotensin-like peptide. The functional significance
      of these nerves in the hamster adrenal medulla remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 3993997
TI  - Superior cervical ganglionectomy results in the loss of pineal concretions in the
      adult male gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).
AB  - Twelve weeks after bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, the number of
      pineal concretions in adult male gerbils was drastically decreased irrespective
      of photoperiodic treatment. These findings present further evidence that pineal
      concretions may be related to the metabolic activity of the gland. It is
      suggested that the pineal concretions of the gerbil are associated, in a yet
      unknown way, to the metabolism of the gland and that an active pineal is
      essential to maintain the large number of concretions seen in the normal state.

PMID- 3993998
TI  - Oigarche: the age at first ejaculation.
AB  - In our study the mean age of the age at first ejaculation in Belgium is 13 yrs 2
      mos, corresponding with a testicular volume of 10 ml with the orchidometer of
      Prader. These data are in agreement with those of Laron et al. (1980) and
      Richardson and Short (1978). The relationship between the age at first
      ejaculation and the testicular volume means that once this testicular volume (10
      ml) has been reached, the question about the presence of ejaculations no longer
      need be posed "prematurely" (and becomes the possible cause of feelings of
      inferiority). The age at first ejaculation certainly can be used as an index of
      genital and sexual maturation in male puberty.

PMID- 3993999
TI  - Varicocele and male subfertility: prognostical criteria in the surgical
      treatment.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 324 infertile patients who underwent the surgical
      treatment of varicocele was conducted. Patients were divided into groups
      according to the presence or not of other pathological conditions, associated
      with varicocele: genital inflammation, left testicular hypotrophy, elevated FSH,
      history of cryptorchidism and azoospermia. Age was also considered. The overall
      pregnancy rate was 34.2% and the semen improvement was obtained in 181 cases
      (52.7%). Higher percentages were attained in patients with varicocele only: 56.9%
      pregnancy rate, 78% sperm improvement. The analysis of the results allowed us to
      define a prognostical index and to offer the criteria of operability in an
      infertile patient with varicocele.

PMID- 3994000
TI  - Treatment of infertile patients by intrauterine insemination of washed
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Thirty-five couples with a variety of infertility problems were treated by a
      sperm-washing and intrauterine-insemination method. The husband's semen was
      washed with a modified Biggers, Whitten, and Whittingham's medium to obtain a
      seminal plasma-free, highly concentrated sperm suspension for intrauterine
      insemination. Couples receiving these inseminations were evaluated by semen
      analysis, zona-free hamster egg penetration test (EPT), post-coital test (PCT),
      antisperm antibody test (ASAT), and other appropriate infertility tests to
      determine the possible cause of infertility. The pregnancy rate as a group was
      17%, while the spontaneous rate was found to be only 7%. Patients with a poor PCT
      result had a good success rate (25%) especially if the male's fertilizing ability
      appeared normal in the EPT (50% success). This treatment did not help men with
      poor EPT results or reduced sperm concentration (5% and 0% success). By excluding
      unsuccessful patients attempting less than three months, the calculated
      conception rate for this treatment is 33%. No infection or other serious
      complications were reported. It is concluded that this method is an uncomplicated
      and effective treatment for certain infertility patients. The patients most
      likely to be assisted by this method can be identified by using the EPT, PCT, and
      ASAT, and these patients should be treated for a minimum of three cycles.

PMID- 3994001
TI  - Acrosomeless sperm. A cause of primary male infertility.
AB  - Sperm without acrosome of two males--spouses of infertile marriages--were
      studied. No acrosome could be identified in the Papanicolaou stained smears of
      either patient. Electron microscopy study confirmed the absence of acrosome and
      post-acrosomal sheath. The physical and functional integrity of the sperm
      membrane was determined by vital staining technique (72% unstained) and
      hypoosmotic stress test (69% swollen). Acrosin assay showed a five-fold decrease,
      and proacrosin values were almost eight-fold lower than the normal values.
      Nonzymogen acrosin level was normal. Zone-free hamster oocytes were not
      penetrated by the acrosomeless sperm showing 46% progressive motility, but
      postcoital tests in both female spouses showed active sperm. The results would
      indicate that the sperm devoid of acrosome may be considered as a primary cause
      of male infertility.

PMID- 3994003
TI  - Non-therapy related pregnancies in the consorts of a group of men with
      obstructive azoospermia.
AB  - From 17 consorts of a group of men with obstructive azoospermia, a total of 21
      pregnancies were traced. Most of these pregnancies were the result of AID.
      However, in 4 (24%) women, 6 pregnancies (29%) occurred which were not related to
      any therapy.

PMID- 3994002
TI  - Fine structure and protein biosynthesis of the rat seminal vesicles under
      experimental conditions.
AB  - The morphology and functional activity of rat seminal vesicles from normal
      animals were compared to those administered 3 weeks the synthetic ergot alkaloid
      lisuride hydrogenmaleate (LHM) with or without simultaneous prolactin
      substitution and to those from rats castrated 3 days previously. The secretory
      cells in seminal vesicle epithelium of LHM-treated animals showed regressive
      changes, irrespective to simultaneous prolactin treatment. Castration resulted in
      a sharp drop of serum testosterone and consequently in a significant decrease in
      protein biosynthesis of tissue slices. LHM treatment depressed serum prolactin
      levels, but testosterone levels and protein biosynthesis were in the normal
      ranges. In LHM-treated, prolactin-substituted animals both the prolactin and
      testosterone levels were low, but amino acid incorporation of tissue slices was
      unaltered. The results indicate that the expected changes of prolactin depression
      on seminal vesicle functions are obscured by the toxic effects of LHM. LHM
      treatment is therefore inappropriate for the study of prolactin depletion on the
      functions of the rat seminal vesicle.

PMID- 3994004
TI  - Studies on the coagulational characteristics of human ejaculates.
AB  - To study coagulation of human ejaculates, fresh semen samples were classified
      into coagulated (CG), fully-gelified (FG), partly-gelified (PG) and liquid (LQ)
      groups. The groups were identified physically, morphologically and biochemically.
      Physically and biochemically, there was no essential difference between the CG
      and FG ejaculates, but they differed markedly from those of the PG and LQ
      samples. Coagulation did not occur in ejaculates showing decreased vesicular
      activities. PG and LQ ejaculates demonstrated significantly higher prostatic
      activities from those of the CG and FG samples.

PMID- 3994005
TI  - Conception rate according to semen characteristics in a series of 15 364
      insemination cycles: results of a multivariate analysis.
AB  - The study was undertaken on 1438 ejaculates from 342 donors. The sperm count,
      volume, prefreeze and postthaw motility were evaluated for each ejaculate and the
      morphology for the first ejaculate of each donor. The success rate was found to
      increase steadily with the sperm count, prefreeze and postthaw motility. For the
      volume and percentage of all abnormal forms, the success rates are stable up to
      5,5 ml and 40% respectively and then decrease. Among all the abnormal forms
      considered, only the microcephalics and irregular heads were found to be linked
      to the success rate. As most of the studied characteristics are correlated, a
      multiple stepwise regression was completed in order to determine the proper role
      of each variable. The most predictive variable is the postthaw motility. The
      second variable is the percentage of microcephalics. The other variables bring no
      further information. In particular, at a given postthaw motility, the prefreeze
      motility and consequently, the loss in motility have no influence on the success
      rate.

PMID- 3994006
TI  - Zinc transport through residual bodies in the rat testis; a histochemical study.
AB  - The aim of the present report was to study the zinc localization in rat testis
      with the help of a modified selective histochemical method (dithizone method). To
      achieve a selective demonstration of zinc, 16 microns thick serial cryostat
      sections of the Wistar rat testis were incubated with dithizone solution followed
      by a treatment with a "complexing buffer". PAS-reaction with haematoxylin was
      performed to determine the stages of spermatogenesis. During the maturation phase
      (from stage III onwards) the red coloured zinc dithizonate granules are observed
      in the mid piece and tail of elongated spermatids; the number and the stain
      intensity of zinc granules increase continuously till the stage VII. During the
      stages IX--X the zinc granules, present in the residual bodies, migrate from the
      adluminal to the basal Sertoli cell compartment. Thereafter, the zinc granules
      are observed only in the boundary tissue till the stage XIV. The results lead to
      suggest that the residual bodies play an essential role in the zinc transport.

PMID- 3994008
TI  - Epinephrine does not prolong lidocaine spinal anesthesia in term parturients.
AB  - The effect of adding epinephrine to spinal anesthesia performed with lidocaine in
      young, healthy patients was determined in a prospective, controlled, randomized
      double-blind study. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One
      group received lidocaine in dextrose, and the other, lidocaine in dextrose plus
      epinephrine. Maximum segmental level, time to maximum level, and duration as
      determined by time to two-segment regression were determined for each of the two
      groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of
      the observed parameters, most notably, duration. The present results substantiate
      those from a previous study in an older population that showed that epinephrine
      did not significantly prolong lidocaine spinal anesthesia. The present results do
      not, however, support the hypothesis based upon these earlier data that failure
      of epinephrine to prolong lidocaine spinal anesthesia is restricted to elderly
      patients.

PMID- 3994007
TI  - Nitrous oxide does not hinder the repair of halothane-induced hepatic injury in
      the rat.
AB  - Nitrous oxide administration may limit DNA synthesis by inactivating methionine
      synthetase, and may thus hamper the repair of an injured organ such as the liver.
      To test this possibility, we pretreated rats with phenobarbital and exposed them
      to 0.3 MAC halothane in 9% oxygen for 46 min, followed immediately and again 24
      hr later by 70% nitrous oxide (0.25 MAC) at an FIO2 of 0.30 for 2 hr. The results
      from this group were compared with an anesthetic control group in which 0.35%
      isoflurane (0.25 MAC) was substituted for the nitrous oxide. Additional groups
      were given a third exposure to nitrous oxide or isoflurane 48 hr after the
      halothane exposure. All rats were killed 24 hr after their last anesthetic
      exposure. A second (nonanesthetic) control group of phenobarbital-pretreated rats
      received 0.3 MAC halothane in 9% oxygen for 46 min and no anesthetic thereafter.
      They were killed 24, 48, or 72 hr later. Histologic changes in the livers of rats
      did not differ among the groups given nitrous oxide, isoflurane, or no additional
      anesthetic after exposure to halothane alone. Thus neither nitrous oxide nor
      isoflurane appears to hinder the repair of hepatic injury produced by halothane
      in the hypoxic rat model.

PMID- 3994009
TI  - Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to fentanyl in infants.
AB  - Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to fentanyl were studied in 12
      infants after repair of congenital heart defects. During controlled ventilation,
      hemodynamic responses to 25 micrograms/kg of fentanyl were measured. No
      significant changes were found in heart rate, cardiac index, mean pulmonary
      artery pressure, or pulmonary vascular resistance index 5 min after the fentanyl
      had been given. There were small but statistically significant decreases in mean
      arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index after fentanyl. We
      conclude that under the conditions of this study, pulmonary and systemic
      hemodynamics in infants are minimally altered by 25 micrograms/kg of fentanyl.

PMID- 3994010
TI  - Liver function in patients with mild alcoholic hepatitis, after enflurane,
      nitrous oxide-narcotic, and spinal anesthesia.
AB  - The effects of three anesthetic techniques on liver function were compared in
      patients with mild alcoholic hepatitis who required surgery, both peripheral and
      superficial. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three
      anesthetics: thiopental, nitrous oxide and oxygen, enflurane, plus muscle
      relaxant; thiopental, nitrous oxide and oxygen, narcotic, plus muscle relaxant;
      or spinal anesthesia with tetracaine. Measurements of hepatic function were made
      preoperatively (on the day of operation) and on the first and third postoperative
      days. Levels of serum bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum
      glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase liver isoenzyme were
      similar in the three groups on both postoperative days. They were not
      significantly different from those obtained preoperatively, although mean values
      decreased by the first postoperative day and again on the third. The data suggest
      that the choice among the three anesthetic methods studied could be based on
      factors other than the presence of mild alcoholic hepatitis and that, when
      peripheral surgery is required, one may not anticipate a worsening of any
      biochemical disorder in the first three postoperative days.

PMID- 3994012
TI  - In vitro study of the effect of epidural blood patch on leakage through a dural
      puncture.
AB  - Pressure resistance of an experimental epidural blood patch was studied in vitro.
      Pieces of canine lumbar dura were perforated with a 19-gauge needle (n = 12) or a
      25-gauge needle (n = 6) and kept between the intercommunicating chambers of a
      plexiglass apparatus. One chamber (epidural side) was filled with autologous
      blood and the other chamber (subdural side) was filled with autologous
      cerebrospinal fluid. Control studies consisted of dural specimens not exposed to
      blood on the epidural side (19-gauge, n = 8; 25-gauge, n = 4). After 30 min, the
      dura was removed and placed in saline for inspection. In blood-treated specimens
      small sheets of coagulated blood were found attached to the epidural side of the
      dura, and in eight of the twelve of 19-gauge puncture experiments and one of the
      six of the 25-gauge puncture experiments clotted blood was visible on the
      subdural side. The dura was then placed back into the chamber for pressure
      testing 30 min or 16-18 hr later. The subdural chamber was filled with saline and
      air was left in the epidural chamber. Pressure (1.5, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mm Hg)
      was applied by injecting additional saline into the subdural chamber. Each
      pressure level was maintained for 5 min. Saline leaked through the perforation in
      all control specimens at 1.5 mm Hg pressure. Four blood-treated specimens showed
      some leakage at 20 mm Hg. All dura specimens perforated with a 19-gauge needle
      leaked at 40 mm Hg, five of them only at the lowest score rate, 1-4 drops/5 min.
      One blood-patched dura perforated with a 25-gauge needle did not leak until the
      pressure reached 50 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994011
TI  - Successful cardiovascular resuscitation after massive intravenous bupivacaine
      overdosage in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - We investigated whether anesthetized dogs (n = 6) could be resuscitated from
      massive cardiovascular toxic intravenous bupivacaine overdoses. Five mg/kg of
      bupivacaine was given into the right atrium over 10 sec every minute until
      cardiac collapse occurred. At the same time the bupivacaine was given, the
      animals were made apneic for 90 sec (to mimic the clinical situation in which
      seizures often render patients apneic) and then ventilated with 100% oxygen.
      After bupivacaine administration, cardiovascular collapse occurred in the form of
      ventricular tachycardia, or more commonly, electromechanical dissociation.
      Resuscitation was performed using open-chest heart massage, bretylium for
      ventricular tachycardia, and epinephrine with atropine for electromechanical
      dissociation and bradycardia. After successful resuscitation, each animal was
      again given bupivacaine as above until cardiovascular collapse occurred and
      resuscitation was performed again. Each dog underwent three arrests and
      resuscitations. The total cumulative bupivacaine dose was 64.1 +/- 26.8 mg/kg. We
      conclude that anesthetized dogs receiving massive cardiovascular toxic doses of
      bupivacaine can be resuscitated easily and consistently with appropriate therapy.

PMID- 3994013
TI  - Effects of low-dose morphine and fentanyl infusions on urinary and plasma
      catecholamine concentrations during scoliosis surgery.
AB  - Plasma and urinary catecholamines were measured in 20 patients during scoliosis
      surgery to determine whether low dose fentanyl (1.5-2.5 micrograms . kg-1 . min
      1) and morphine (150-250 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1) affect the catecholamine
      stress response to surgery differently. In all patients epinephrine (1.6-11.4
      micrograms/kg) was injected locally at the operative site for hemostasis. This
      was an advantage because exogenous and endogenous epinephrine undergo the same
      fate and the increase in epinephrine might enhance otherwise subtle effects. The
      data indicate that both narcotics have similar effects on catecholamine
      metabolism but that even low doses of fentanyl are more effective than morphine
      in obtunding the catecholamine response to painful stimuli. Also, postoperative
      differences in plasma epinephrine indicate that recovery of awareness, and thus
      the onset of postoperative pain, is more rapid in patients receiving fentanyl.

PMID- 3994015
TI  - Epidural anesthesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

PMID- 3994014
TI  - Effect of halothane on rat liver adenylate cyclase: role of cytosol components.
AB  - Halothane, in a number of tissues, alters the activity of adenylate cyclase, the
      enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate, an
      important intracellular regulator. The present studies demonstrate that in rat
      liver whole homogenates, basal and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity
      is increased by halothane. In isolated rat liver membranes, halothane does not
      increase basal activity and it decreases activity stimulated by glucagon.
      Suspension of membranes in the cytosol fraction restores the halothane-induced
      increase of basal and glucagon-stimulated activity. When cytosol denatured by
      trypsin or heat was used, the halothane-induced increase in glucagon-stimulated
      activity was lost, but the increase of basal activity was still observed.
      Suspension of membranes in albumin solution restored the effect of halothane on
      basal activity only. These results suggest that presence of heat-labile proteins
      in the cytosol fraction that modulate the halothane interaction with rat liver
      adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 3994016
TI  - Treatment of severe bronchial asthma with a low-pressure chamber and 100% O2.

PMID- 3994017
TI  - Violent fasciculations may not signal pseudocholinesterase deficiency.

PMID- 3994018
TI  - Use of intravenous glucose solutions in surgical patients.

PMID- 3994019
TI  - Saline with benzyl alcohol prevents pain of needle insertion: true but dangerous.

PMID- 3994020
TI  - Can we trust the direct radial artery pressure immediately following
      cardiopulmonary bypass?
AB  - Reversal of the usual relationship between aortic and radial artery pressure can
      occur in patients following cardiopulmonary bypass. Radial systolic (and often
      radial mean) pressures were lower, relative to aortic pressure, after
      cardiopulmonary bypass than before bypass in all 18 patients studied. The
      systolic pressure difference (aortic minus radial) was large enough to be of
      clinical concern (12-32 mmHg) in 13 patients. The change persisted for 10-60 min,
      gradually returning toward normal. The change temporally was associated with
      warming at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass and lowered forearm vascular
      resistance. Relative forearm vascular resistance (x) predicted the systolic
      aortic minus radial pressure difference (y) by the equation y = -0.34x + 17 for
      all patients (r = -0.49, P less than 0.001). The authors conclude that radial
      artery pressure does not accurately reflect central aortic pressure in the
      immediate postbypass period.

PMID- 3994021
TI  - Methohexital plasma concentrations in children following rectal administration.
AB  - Despite the increasing use of rectal methohexital as a premedicant-induction
      agent in pediatric anesthesia, there are no data to confirm the assumption that
      low plasma methohexital concentrations are the cause of inadequate sedation of
      children and that high concentrations are associated with the loss of
      consciousness. Plasma methohexital concentrations were determined in 20 ASA Class
      I children, ages 2-7 yr, after the rectal administration of methohexital (25
      mg/kg). Seventeen of the 20 children in this study fell asleep after receiving
      the drug and achieved peak plasma concentrations greater than 2 micrograms/ml.
      The maximum plasma methohexital concentration in children that did not fall
      asleep was less than 2 micrograms/ml. The mean time to the onset of sleep after
      drug administration was 8.3 min (at which time the mean plasma concentration was
      4.4 micrograms/ml). The mean peak plasma concentration and the mean time to peak
      plasma concentration were 4.7 micrograms/ml and 13.9 min, respectively. Loss of
      consciousness after rectal administration of methohexital correlates well with
      the plasma concentration of the drug.

PMID- 3994022
TI  - Halothane anesthesia reduces pulmonary function in the newborn lamb.
AB  - To study the effects of anesthesia on respiratory function of the neonate, the
      authors investigated the effect of breathing 100% oxygen and of breathing oxygen
      plus 0.75 MAC halothane on functional residual capacity, lung and airway
      resistance, expired minute volume, work of breathing, lung compliance, and blood
      gases and pH in nine 5-8-day-old, 4.6-7.7-kg lambs. Breathing 100% oxygen
      increased PaO2 but had no effect on PaCO2, minute ventilation, or lung mechanics.
      Three-fourths MAC halothane depressed minute ventilation 34% +/- 13% (P less than
      0.05) and increased PaCO2 50% +/- 5% (P less than 0.05). Lung and airway
      resistance increased 59% +/- 26% (P less than 0.05); work of breathing decreased
      (P less than 0.05); and lung compliance was unchanged. Functional residual
      capacity was reduced 32% +/- 6% (P less than 0.05), which may be due to loss of
      diaphragm and intercostal muscle function and to an inability to take deep
      breaths. The authors conclude that 0.75 MAC halothane significantly impairs the
      pulmonary function of lambs who breathe spontaneously. Similar changes in human
      infants could account for the hypoxemia and hypercarbia that often are seen
      during anesthesia.

PMID- 3994023
TI  - Maintaining blood pH at 7.4 during hypothermia has no significant effect on work
      of the isolated rat heart.
AB  - Variation in the pH of biologic fluids parallels modifications in the neutral
      point of water, which is temperature dependent. Therefore, pH adjustment, when
      organs from homeotherms are subjected to hypothermia as presently practiced in
      cardiac surgery or organ preservation, appears to be justified. The present study
      evaluated, during moderate hypothermia (26 degrees C), the effect of variations
      in perfusate pH on hemodynamic performance of isolated working rat hearts in
      conditions of increased workload. Perfusates of blood with a pH corrected
      according to the pH-temperature relationship of neutral water, and blood with pH
      maintained at 7.4 were used. Hemodynamic function was unaltered by respiratory
      modifications in blood pH (normal pH blood: pH = 7.59 +/- 0.01; PCO2 = 20 +/- 1
      mmHg; blood maintained at pH 7.4: pH = 7.39 +/- 1; PCO2 = 37 +/- 1 mmHg) and the
      hypothermic heart perfused with blood at pH 7.4 maintained its ability to do work
      in response to increased workload. The authors conclude that isolated heart at
      this degree of hypothermia has the capacity to resist noticeable changes in blood
      pH with no deleterious effect on its functional characteristics even at high
      workloads. The results suggest that the range of optimum extracellular pH value
      is relatively large at a given temperature. Such good tolerance could be related
      to tissue buffering efficiency and no conclusion concerning the relationship
      between tolerance of cellular function and intracellular pH changes can be made.

PMID- 3994024
TI  - Effect of halothane on coronary collateral circulation.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of halothane in a canine model of coronary
      collateral circulation secondary to chronic occlusion of a coronary artery. Two
      sets of experiments were performed. In the first experiments, Ameroid
      constrictors were placed around the left anterior descending coronary artery to
      produce complete occlusion in three weeks. An inflatable occluder was placed
      around the circumflex coronary artery in order to apply a mild stenosis to the
      artery supplying the collateral vessels to produce vasodilation distal to the
      stenosis. Regional myocardial blood flows were measured using radioactive
      microspheres. Blood flows to normal and collateralized myocardium were decreased
      significantly during halothane anesthesia, but perfusion of the subendocardium in
      both regions was maintained even in the presence of mild stenosis of the
      circumflex coronary artery supplying the collateral vessels, as indicated by
      unchanged endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratios. In the second experiments,
      chronic occlusions of both circumflex and right coronary arteries were produced
      using Ameroid constrictors. In these animals, sedated using xylazine, pacing
      induced tachycardia produced a marked but reversible decrease in blood flow to
      the collateralized subendocardium. During halothane anesthesia at normal heart
      rate, blood flow to the collateralized subendocardium was well maintained, but
      tachycardia produced marked decrease in blood flow to the collateralized
      subendocardium, leading to the demise of four of seven dogs. The authors conclude
      that in this chronic canine model, in which control measurements were made during
      sedation using xylazine, coronary collateral blood flow is well maintained during
      halothane anesthesia at normal heart rate, but tachycardia during halothane
      anesthesia severely limits blood flow to the collateralized subendocardium.

PMID- 3994025
TI  - Reserpine-induced changes in anesthetic action of fentanyl.
AB  - The effect of prior administration of reserpine on fentanyl dose-response curves
      for loss of the righting reflex and prevention of purposeful movement response to
      noxious stimulation was studied in rats. It was found that reserpine (5 mg X kg
      1, 3 h before the tests) antagonized the effect of fentanyl on purposeful
      movement response to the tail clamp and, at the same time, strengthened its
      effect on the righting reflex. As a result, reserpine pretreatment reversed the
      order of fentanyl potency regarding these two effects. Reserpine changed fentanyl
      ED50 values for the purposeful movement response from 8.2 to 20.3 micrograms X kg
      1 (P less than 0.0001) and for the righting reflex from 20.5 to 13.7 micrograms X
      kg-1 (P less than 0.0001). The results suggest that reserpine dissociates the
      analgesic action of fentanyl from its anesthetic action, defined as a loss of the
      righting reflex. This may be regarded as an indication that the analgesic action
      of narcotics may not adequately reflect their anesthetic potency.

PMID- 3994026
TI  - Postcountershock myocardial damage after pretreatment with adrenergic and calcium
      channel antagonists in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Transthoracic electric countershock can cause necrotic myocardial lesions in
      humans as well as experimental animals. The authors investigated the effect on
      postcountershock myocardial damage of pretreatment with prazosin (0.1 mg/kg), an
      alpha-1 antagonist; L-metoprolol (0.5 mg/kg), a beta-1 antagonist, and verapamil
      (0.5 mg/kg), a calcium channel-blocking agent. Twenty dogs were anesthetized with
      halothane and given two transthoracic countershocks of 295 delivered joules each
      after drug or vehicle treatment. Myocardial injury was quantitated 24 h following
      countershock by measuring the uptake of technetium-99m pyrophosphate in the
      myocardium. Elevated technetium-99m pyrophosphate uptake occurred in visible
      lesions in most dogs regardless of drug treatment. For each of four parameters of
      myocardial damage there was no statistically significant difference between
      control animals and those treated with prazosin, metoprolol, or verapamil. These
      data suggest that adrenergic or calcium channel-mediated mechanisms are not
      involved in the pathogenesis of postcountershock myocardial damage.

PMID- 3994027
TI  - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the human lung: effect of repeated hypoxic
      challenges during anesthesia.
AB  - Six patients, ages 29-58 yr, were investigated during barbiturate and fentanyl
      anesthesia. After intubation with a double-lumen bronchial catheter, one lung was
      ventilated continuously with 100% O2, and the other was rendered hypoxic during
      three 15-min periods by ventilation with 95% N2 + 5% O2, with intervening 15-min
      periods of oxygen ventilation. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution,
      and the distribution of blood flow between the lungs was assessed from the
      excretion of a continuously infused poorly soluble gas (SF6). The first hypoxic
      challenge resulted in a 10% increase in cardiac output (QT) and a reduction in
      the fractional perfusion of the test lung from 57% to 31% of QT. The pulmonary
      artery mean pressure increased by 54%, and the vascular resistance of the test
      lung increased threefold. The venous admixture increased from 19% to 40% of QT,
      whereas the inert gas shunt remained unaltered at 15% (inert gases also being
      eliminated by nitrogen-ventilated areas). The arterial oxygen tension decreased
      from 353 mmHg to 79 mmHg. On resumption of the control state, central
      hemodynamics and gas exchange returned to the initial values. The second and
      third hypoxic challenges resulted in reductions in the fractional perfusion of
      the test lung to 35% and 37% of QT. All other variables were altered to the same
      degree as during the first challenge. The authors conclude that hypoxic challenge
      of one lung in an intravenously anesthetized human subject elicits a maximum
      vasoconstrictor response within the first 15 min, and this response cannot be
      potentiated by repeated challenges.

PMID- 3994028
TI  - Effects of enflurane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide on somatosensory evoked
      potentials during fentanyl anesthesia.
AB  - The effects of nitrous oxide, enflurane, and isoflurane on cortical somatosensory
      evoked potentials (SEPs) were studied in 29 patients undergoing intracranial or
      spinal operations. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (25 micrograms/kg, iv)
      plus thiopental (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, iv). In one group of patients (n = 12), nitrous
      oxide (50%) was compared with enflurane (0.25-1.0%), and in another group (n =
      12) nitrous oxide (50%) was compared with isoflurane (0.25-1.0%). In a third
      group of patients (n = 5) with preexisting neurologic deficits, nitrous oxide
      (50%) was compared with enflurane (0.25-1.0%). In all three groups, one gas was
      administered for 30 min, and then the alternate gas was administered for 30 min;
      then the cycle was repeated for a total of two administrations of each of the two
      anesthetics. SEPs were determined before and after induction of anesthesia and at
      the end of each 30-min study period. The latencies and amplitudes of the early
      cortical components of the upper- and lower-extremity SEP were examined.
      Induction of anesthesia resulted in increases of latency in both upper- and lower
      extremity SEPs without any alteration of amplitude. Nitrous oxide, enflurane, and
      isoflurane each decreased the amplitude of the upper-extremity SEPs compared with
      the postinduction value. The amplitude of the upper-extremity SEPs was less
      during nitrous oxide than with either enflurane or isoflurane. Nitrous oxide
      decreased the amplitude of lower-extremity SEPs below postinduction value, while
      enflurane and isoflurane had no effect. Isoflurane and enflurane increased the
      latency of both upper- and lower-extremity SEPs slightly, while nitrous oxide had
      no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994029
TI  - Sterility of anesthetic multiple-dose vials after opening.
AB  - Despite the widespread use of multiple dose vials (MDV) for anesthetic
      medications, there is a paucity of data concerning the sterility of in-use MDV.
      The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of bacterial contamination
      of MDV used in current anesthesia practice. The authors collected weekly samples
      from 351 in-use MDV for seven consecutive weeks and cultured them using
      appropriate bacterial growth media. The vials contained drugs including
      neuromuscular blockers, anticholinergics, and an induction agent. They were
      sampled from locations designated for elective as well as emergency surgery. Six
      vial subgroups were studied with multiple samplings for 6-48 days. One-half of
      all opened vials remained in use after 4-9 days, while less than 5% remained
      after 6 weeks. No vial yielded bacteria. The authors conclude that the incidence
      of MDV contamination with live bacteria is low for the anesthetic medications
      studied. This appeared to be true even for vials with increasing duration of use
      and for vials from locations where emergency surgery commonly was performed.

PMID- 3994030
TI  - The use of succinylcholine in open eye surgery.

PMID- 3994031
TI  - Clinically silent venous thrombosis following internal and external jugular
      central venous cannulation in pediatric cardiac patients.

PMID- 3994032
TI  - The one that got away: misplaced esophageal stethoscope.

PMID- 3994033
TI  - Femoral block with mepivacaine for muscle biopsy in malignant hyperthermia
      patients.

PMID- 3994034
TI  - Prolonged low flow isoflurane anesthesia for status epilepticus.

PMID- 3994035
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse--another cause of intraoperative dysrhythmias in the
      pediatric patient.

PMID- 3994036
TI  - Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation for emergency dental appliance removal.

PMID- 3994037
TI  - Malposition of left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tubes.

PMID- 3994039
TI  - Contralateral hydrothorax: an unusual complication of central venous catheter
      placement.

PMID- 3994040
TI  - Errors in installation of a new gas delivery system found after certification.

PMID- 3994038
TI  - Control of life-threatening air leak after gastrostomy in an infant with
      respiratory distress syndrome and tracheoesophageal fistula.

PMID- 3994041
TI  - Anesthetic management of thoracopagus twins undergoing cardiopagus separation.

PMID- 3994042
TI  - Macroglossia in a 16-month-old child after a craniotomy.

PMID- 3994043
TI  - Major errors in thermodilution cardiac output measurement during rapid volume
      infusion.

PMID- 3994044
TI  - Epidural meperidine for control of autonomic hyperreflexia in a paraplegic
      parturient.

PMID- 3994045
TI  - Pneumocephalus with headache during spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 3994046
TI  - Assessing inspiratory force--an indicator.

PMID- 3994048
TI  - Are seizures caused by nitrous oxide or isoflurane?

PMID- 3994047
TI  - Alteration of double-lumen endobronchial tube position by flexion and extension
      of the neck.

PMID- 3994049
TI  - A simple device for delivering bronchodilators into the anesthesia circuit.

PMID- 3994050
TI  - Another method to provide left uterine displacement.

PMID- 3994051
TI  - [General anesthesia, prevention and intensive therapy of early complications of
      lung surgery in patients over 70].

PMID- 3994053
TI  - [Various problems of increasing the effectiveness of synchronous veno-arterial
      perfusion with blood oxygenation for the normalization of hemodynamics during the
      development of acute cardiovascular insufficiency].

PMID- 3994052
TI  - [General anesthesia with large doses of fentanyl in heart surgery].

PMID- 3994054
TI  - [Mechanical support of the weakened heart in the immediate post-perfusion period
      in heart surgery patients].

PMID- 3994055
TI  - [Pathogenesis of respiratory insufficiency in patients with acute renal failure
      treated by hemodialysis].

PMID- 3994056
TI  - [Medium-sized molecules and the degree of endogenous toxemia in intensive care
      patients].

PMID- 3994057
TI  - [Improved method of the hemosorption procedure for suckling infants in
      resuscitation practice].

PMID- 3994058
TI  - [Hemosorption in pediatric resuscitation practice].

PMID- 3994059
TI  - [Effectiveness of combined anesthesia using drip infusion of ketamine during
      abdominal surgery].

PMID- 3994060
TI  - [A method of the complex evaluation of the pain reaction].

PMID- 3994061
TI  - [Corinfar test for evaluating the degree of cardiac insufficiency in the acute
      period of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 3994062
TI  - [Various mechanisms of respiratory insufficiency after oncosurgical operations on
      the abdominal organs].

PMID- 3994063
TI  - [Therapeutic management of angiodysplasia].

PMID- 3994064
TI  - [Ergot poisoning as a cause of acute ischemia].

PMID- 3994065
TI  - [Lateral bypass with PTFE synthetic grafts].

PMID- 3994066
TI  - [A useful combination in the treatment of ulcers of the legs].

PMID- 3994067
TI  - Biological response modifiers for the therapy of cancer.
AB  - I believe that the prospects for therapy of cancer by biological response
      modification are quite good, particularly since this offers an approach to
      affecting tumor cells which is substantially different from conventional
      chemotherapy or radiotherapy. But in view of the quite limited success from
      empirical approaches with immunotherapy or other forms of biological response
      modification, and the quite unimpressive results that have been seen in patients
      with advanced disease, I feel that a shift in emphasis to more systematic and
      well planned studies is needed. It will probably be necessary to develop a
      detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action of the various BRMs to better
      understand the immunoregulatory processes affected by these agents, and to
      develop protocols which are able to produce optimal and sustained alterations in
      immunologic reactivity. Since a variety of BRMs have shown considerable antitumor
      effects in animal tumor model systems, particularly against micrometastatic
      disease which represents a major clinical problem, further research in this area
      may be expected to lead to significant advances in the therapy of patients with
      cancer.

PMID- 3994068
TI  - Acute bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and an arteriovenous fistula in an
      intravenous drug abuser.

PMID- 3994069
TI  - Allergenic airborne pollen and spores in Anchorage, Alaska.
AB  - Major aeroallergens in Anchorage are birch, alder, poplar, spruce, grass pollen,
      Cladosporium, and unspecified fungus spores. Lesser pollens are sorrel, willow,
      pine, juniper, sedge, lamb's-quarters, wormwood, plantain, and others. The aero
      flora is discussed in terms of the frequency of allergenically significant events
      and within-season and year-to-year dynamics.

PMID- 3994070
TI  - Compliance with oral theophylline therapy in asthmatic children.
AB  - Serum theophylline levels were obtained from 111 children on continuous
      theophylline therapy when seen in the emergency department for acute episodes of
      wheezing. Sixty-six percent of patients were at least partially compliant and
      only 34% were noncompliant in medication taking on the basis of a serum
      theophylline level of less than 5 micrograms/mL. The main factors associated with
      compliance were type of primary care source, whether the patient had difficulty
      keeping appointments, and the relationship of the caretaker to the patient.

PMID- 3994071
TI  - Predisposing factors to apparent theophylline-induced seizures.
AB  - Fifteen patients experienced theophylline-related seizures at our institution
      over the past 3 years. Thirteen of the patients were receiving oral maintenance
      theophylline therapy while two patients were on IV therapy at the time of their
      episode. The serum theophylline concentration (STC) obtained 1.8 +/- 1.5 hours
      after the seizure was 26 +/- 11 micrograms/mL, although this level was not
      obtained until 5.2 +/- 2 hours after the last oral dose. Factors potentially
      decreasing theophylline metabolism (URI, abnormal liver functions, cimetidine
      therapy) were noted in 11/15 (73%) of the patients. This varied significantly
      from a control group of asymptomatic patients (P less than .01). Ten of thirteen
      patients on oral therapy were receiving solid-dose theophylline prescriptions
      over 17 mg/kg/day and differed from the control group (19 +/- 8 v 14 +/- 4, P
      less than .01). An abnormal neurologic history, brain scan, or head CT was noted
      in 11/15 (73%); however, there was no acute mortality or neurologic morbidity
      noted in this series. The clinical features of our patients differed from
      previously reported cases with respect to a lower STC, higher incidence of
      underlying CNS problems, higher percentage of patients on oral therapy, and the
      absence of serious morbidity or mortality.

PMID- 3994072
TI  - Sulfite sensitivity in a seven-year-old child.
AB  - Recognition of sulfite sensitivity by the practicing physician has become
      increasingly important. A wide spectrum of reactions can occur after the
      ingestion or inhalation of sulfites in foods and medications. This case report of
      a 7-year-old child with sulfite sensitivity expands the patient population at
      risk even further.

PMID- 3994073
TI  - Cell mediated immunity in school children assessed by Multitest CMI skin testing
      II. Epidemiologic factors affecting immune responsiveness.
AB  - The Multitest CMI system was used to measure cutaneous delayed type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) to a standardized battery of seven recall antigens in 448
      healthy school children in relation to sex, age, race, and socioeconomic groups.
      Blacks demonstrated highest overall DTH, hispanics were intermediate, and whites
      were lowest. There was a trend for males to be more reactive than females at
      certain ages in each race. Incidence of reduced DTH scores (relative to adult
      values) was somewhat increased in the youngest school children, chiefly whites.
      Incidence and size of DTH responses to certain antigens were consistently higher
      in the blacks and/or hispanics as compared with whites. Blacks lived almost
      exclusively in the "poorer" school district, hispanics were evenly divided in
      both districts, while whites were mostly from the "affluent" district. Level of
      DTH appeared to be greatest in children from relatively poor homes possibly
      reflecting more intense and frequent exposure to ubiquitous microorganisms.

PMID- 3994074
TI  - Serum IgE levels in patients with cancer.
AB  - Serum levels of IgE and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined in 100
      patients with carcinoma of the breast and 81 with colon carcinoma in different
      stages of their disease. CEA levels reflected the stage of the disease and
      increased progressively from stage 1 to 4. In contrast, all patients regardless
      of their type of malignancy, stage of the disease, or CEA level had a similar IgE
      blood level which did not differ from that of the control group.

PMID- 3994075
TI  - Predictive indices of successful cardiac resuscitation after prolonged arrest and
      experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - To determine if clinically accessible hemodynamic and blood gas measurements are
      of value in predicting outcome of countershock after prolonged ventricular
      fibrillation (VF) and artificial cardiopulmonary support, 14 dogs were studied
      during 30 minutes of VF using two randomly assigned closed-chest techniques.
      Seven dogs underwent conventional CPR; the other seven were supported with a
      pneumatic thoracic vest and abdominal binder, which were inflated synchronously
      with the airway. Ascending aortic (Ao), right atrial (RA), and instantaneous
      coronary perfusion pressures (Ao - RA) were measured at five-minute intervals. Ao
      and RA blood samples were analyzed at 10, 20, 25 and 30 minutes for PO2, PCO2,
      and pH. After 25 minutes, 1 mg epinephrine was given intravenously, and five
      minutes later defibrillation was attempted. If unsuccessful, repeated
      countershocks, conventional pharmacologic therapy, and artificial support were
      continued. If a perfusing spontaneous cardiac rhythm did not result within an
      additional 30 minutes, the experiment was terminated. Six animals developed a
      perfusing cardiac rhythm after one or more countershocks (Group 1); eight failed
      to develop a perfusing rhythm after repeated countershocks and an additional 30
      minutes of resuscitative effort (Group 2). Five Group 1 dogs received vest/binder
      artificial support. When measured values were averaged over the study period,
      Group 1 was found to have a significantly greater Ao end-diastolic pressure
      (AoEDP) and peak diastolic coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) when compared to
      Group 2 (23 +/- 6 vs 14 +/- 8 mm Hg, P less than .05; and 22 +/- 6 vs 5 +/- 10 mm
      Hg, P less than .01, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994076
TI  - Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements during graded hemorrhage and
      reinfusion.
AB  - Measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtCO2) has been suggested as a
      useful monitoring tool in the hypovolemic patient. Our study was undertaken to
      evaluate changes in PtCO2 that occur during graded hemorrhage and reinfusion, and
      to compare PtCO2 values to standard cardiorespiratory and biochemical parameters
      during hypovolemia. Seven mongrel dogs were bled 50% of their estimated blood
      volume (44 mL/kg) over one hour. This was followed by a one-hour monitoring
      period, a 30-minute reinfusion period, and an additional one-hour monitoring
      period. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP),
      cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mixed venous oxygen tension
      (MvO2), arterial blood gases, and PtCO2 were measured serially throughout the
      study period. Cardiac index (CI), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), O2
      consumption, delivery, and percentage of extraction were calculated for each
      sampling period. A statistically significant fall in CI, MvO2 and PCWP occurred
      following the first 10% of blood loss; PtCO2 and MAP fell significantly after 20%
      hemorrhage; CVP fell after 30% hemorrhage. PtCO2 rose significantly after the
      first 10% of reinfusion, and it continued to rise during the entire reinfusion
      period, as did MvO2, CO, MAP, CVP, and PCWP. In contrast to the other measured
      variables, the elevations in PtCO2, and MvO2 were more pronounced early in the
      reinfusion period. During postreinfusion monitoring, PtCO2, MvO2, CO, and PCWP
      fell significantly despite maintenance of prehemorrhage MAP and CVP. Overall
      PtCO2 correlated well with MvO2 and the O2 extraction ratio, and to a lesser
      extent with CI, MAP, and O2 delivery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994077
TI  - Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid
      resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion.
AB  - Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling
      hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock:
      intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used
      concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm
      with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST
      inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty
      eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely
      crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for
      four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped
      during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing
      this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect.
      Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals
      in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing
      the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all
      except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and
      nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically
      significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the
      course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline
      (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.

PMID- 3994078
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of toxic concentrations of theophylline in the dog.
AB  - A canine model of theophylline toxicity was used to study the cardiovascular
      effects seen in severe theophylline poisoning. Eight mongrel dogs were divided
      equally into two groups. The dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital and
      paralyzed with pancuronium bromide. They were ventilated with 100% oxygen and
      underwent the placement of pulmonary arterial, central venous, femoral arterial,
      and peripheral venous lines. Group 1 animals received 5.6 mL/kg D5W intravenously
      (IV) over 20 minutes. Group 2 animals received 140 mg/kg (5.6 mL/kg) of
      aminophylline IV over the same period. Peak theophylline levels in Group 2
      animals averaged 208.9 micrograms/mL. Group 2 animals suffered a marked fall in
      mean arterial pressure (MAP) and an increase in heart rate. In spite of the fall
      in MAP (P less than .01), cardiac index actually was increased almost two-fold
      over Group 1 animals, due mainly to a fall in systemic vascular resistance index
      (P less than .01). There were no physiologically significant differences in
      ventricular filling pressures or stroke index between the two groups.

PMID- 3994079
TI  - The effects of toxic concentrations of theophylline on oxygen consumption,
      ventricular work, acid base balance, and plasma catecholamine levels in the dog.
AB  - Theophylline poisoning, characterized in part by tachyarrhythmias, hypokalemia,
      and a metabolic acidosis, is similar to that expected from excessive beta
      adrenergic activity. Using a previously described canine model of theophylline
      poisoning, invasive cardiovascular parameters were determined along with oxygen
      consumption (VO2), arterial pH, base deficit, and plasma epinephrine (EPI) and
      norepinephrine (NEPI) concentrations in four control animals (Group 1) and in
      four animals receiving 140 mg/kg aminophylline intravenously (Group 2). Group 2
      animals developed a significant rise in VO2 as compared to controls (P less than
      .01). Although left ventricular stroke work index was less in Group 2 animals (P
      less than .01), the sum of the total amount of ventricular work performed by both
      ventricles per minute did not differ between the two groups (P greater than .15).
      There was a marked increase in circulating levels of EPI (P less than .01) and
      NEPI (P less than .01) in Group 2 animals, along with the development of a
      metabolic acidosis. Catecholamines, which have been shown to produce
      tachyarrhythmias, increased VO2, hypokalemia, and a metabolic acidosis, may play
      an important role in the cardiovascular and metabolic effects seen in
      theophylline poisoning.

PMID- 3994081
TI  - Misuse of tetanus immunoprophylaxis in wound care.
AB  - We prospectively studied medical personnel compliance with antitetanus
      prophylaxis in 211 patients with wounds in three emergency departments. The
      guidelines were incorrectly followed in 13.4% of the patients, with 88.9% of the
      mistakes resulting from overimmunization. The most common mistake was the
      practice of giving tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td) to a patient with a clean
      wound who had complete primary immunization and a booster within ten years. This
      mistake accounted for 63% of the mistakes. The next most common, accounting for
      18.5%, was the practice of giving Td and tetanus immune globulin to the never
      immunized patient who had sustained a clean wound. Overimmunization increases the
      possibility of adverse reactions, and undertreatment places the patient at risk
      for tetanus.

PMID- 3994080
TI  - Concomitant use of activated charcoal and N-acetylcysteine.
AB  - Activated charcoal is a safe, effective, inexpensive adjunct in the management of
      most toxic ingestions. It has the ability to adsorb a wide variety of drugs and
      chemicals, one of which is acetaminophen. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the specific
      antidote available for serious overdoses of acetaminophen. Current management of
      acetaminophen overdose, however, does not recommend the concomitant oral
      administration of these two useful agents because adsorption and inactivation of
      NAC by charcoal is believed to occur. Our study was designed to help evaluate the
      effect of activated charcoal on N-acetylcysteine absorption. Ten healthy male
      volunteers were each given in the first, or control, phase of the study an oral
      dose of 140 mg/kg NAC, and venous blood samples were obtained. In the second
      phase, after a washout period, each subject received 60 g activated charcoal
      orally followed immediately by 140 mg/kg NAC. NAC serum levels were measured
      using gas-liquid chromatography, and levels were compared with and without the
      concomitant administration of charcoal. Although only a small number of the
      subjects completed the study, the results showed that in both phases there were
      no significant differences in the peak NAC levels, the plasma half-life of NAC,
      or the calculated area under the curve. We recommend that NAC and activated
      charcoal not be used clinically until further studies are completed.

PMID- 3994082
TI  - Are urine dipsticks reliable indicators of hematuria in blunt trauma patients?
AB  - Dipstick results in patients with blunt trauma have not been demonstrated to be
      predictive of the amount of microscopic hematuria. Our study examined the
      relationship between dipstick results and the degree of microscopic hematuria in
      185 patients admitted to our emergency department following blunt trauma. Urine
      samples of 169 were dipsticked; the remaining 16 were grossly bloody. A wide
      range of microscopic hematuria results was obtained for each dipstick value. Of
      the 80 patients with negative dipsticks, 15 (18.7%) actually had microscopic
      hematuria. Conversely in 16 of 32 patients (50%) with a "trace" positive dipstick
      value, no microscopic hematuria was present. Similarly the dipstick value of 1+
      had three of 14 (21%) false positives. False positives were recorded seven of 26
      times (27%) for 2+, and three of 17 times (18%) for 3+ dipstick readings. We
      conclude that dipstick results do not correlate well with the presence or absence
      of hematuria in patients with blunt trauma. Microscopic urinalysis is a better
      test on which to base the decision to perform further diagnostic tests in the
      evaluation of the urinary tract.

PMID- 3994084
TI  - Defining the pressure needs of the fibrillating heart during prolonged arrest:
      identification and application.

PMID- 3994083
TI  - Traumatic cardiac arrest: scope of paramedic services.
AB  - The challenge of the 1960s to ambulance care provision was the stimulus for the
      emergence of prehospital advanced life support (ALS) being provided by paramedic
      personnel. While services for cardiac disease have been accepted, paramedic
      activities for the trauma victim continue to be a concern for many trauma
      surgeons. The capability and success rate of treatment, and the time spent at the
      scene and during transport to the hospital have raised questions about the
      overall need for paramedic services. Our study period was from January 1, 1981,
      to December 31, 1982, and it covered 95 clinically dead trauma victims who were
      first seen and subsequently treated by paramedics working in a medically
      controlled emergency medical services system. Endotracheal intubation was
      successful in 81 of the patients (85%). Esophageal obturator airway use was
      viewed as unsuccessful intubation. Intravenous (IV) access utilizing 16-gauge
      angiocaths was placed successfully by a peripheral or jugular vein in 70 patients
      (74%). Thirty-three patients averaged 860 mL volume infusion (30 to 3,000 mL).
      Average scene time was 22 minutes. Scene time of patients with unsuccessful IV
      and endotracheal intubation was 14 minutes (P = .07). Fourteen patients (14.7%)
      were admitted to the operating room or intensive care unit. Only three of the
      study group (3.2%) survived.

PMID- 3994085
TI  - Differential auscultation of the acutely ill patient.
AB  - The differential stethoscope is a unique instrument that assists in rapid
      evaluation of pulmonary problems in the acutely ill patient. Simultaneous
      auscultation of homologous lung segments eliminates the problem of variability of
      breathing rate and pattern that must be confronted in conventional auscultation.

PMID- 3994086
TI  - An acute hypertensive response after intravenous use of a new pentazocine
      formulation.
AB  - We present the case of a 27-year-old woman with a history of drug abuse.
      Following her routine intravenous (IV) injection of solubilized pentazocine and
      tripelennamine tablets ("Ts and Blues"), the patient developed severe
      hypertension, a finding not characteristic of either drug alone or of the
      combination. The manufacturers of Talwin (pentazocine) recently have added
      naloxone to the tablets to discourage IV abuse of this oral preparation. Our
      patient unknowingly had injected the new pentazocine formulation, and she
      subsequently developed narcotic withdrawal symptoms. Her hypertension was
      treated, and she was discharged from the emergency department. We report the case
      as an "unusual reaction" that may develop in frequent abusers of pentazocine and
      its combinations.

PMID- 3994087
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to ethylene glycol ingestion.
AB  - Presented is a case of ethylene glycol poisoning in a 24-year-old man who
      subsequently developed adult respiratory distress syndrome. The noncardiogenic
      nature of the patient's pulmonary edema was documented with hemodynamic
      monitoring, and a successful outcome was achieved with hemodialysis, ethanol, and
      intermittent mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure.

PMID- 3994088
TI  - Multiple organ failure resulting from intravenous abuse of methylphenidate
      hydrochloride.
AB  - A 32-year-old woman who abused methylphenidate hydrochloride developed
      complications including hepatic, renal, pancreatic, pulmonary, and CNS
      toxicities. These were manifested by abnormal liver function enzymes, poor urine
      output, hypotension, tachypnea, tachycardia, abnormal blood gases, rising serum
      BUN and creatinine, and hyperactive deep-tendon reflexes. All were reversible
      with medication withdrawal and supportive therapy. Toxicities of this medication
      and their implications are discussed.

PMID- 3994089
TI  - Priapism resulting from fluphenazine hydrochloride treatment reversed by
      diphenhydramine.
AB  - A chronic schizophrenic patient received 30 mg fluphenazine hydrochloride
      (Prolixin) PO and developed priapism. Urological examination and subsequent
      urological workup was negative, indentifying fluphenazine hydrochloride as the
      cause of the priapism. During the period of priapism evaluation, the patient
      developed a severe extrapyramidal reaction that was treated with diphenhydramine
      (Benadryl) 50 mg IV push. There was remission of the extrapyramidal reaction in
      three minutes followed by resolution of the priapism. The rationale for the
      treatment of antipsychotic drug-induced priapism with anticholinergic drugs is
      discussed.

PMID- 3994090
TI  - Cutaneous blisters and carbon monoxide poisoning.
AB  - We present the cases of three patients with skin blisters following carbon
      monoxide (CO) poisoning. Their blisters appeared to be related to the severity of
      the poisoning (HbCO levels of more than 40%). Two of the three patients died
      despite aggressive initial 100% surface oxygen followed by hyperbaric oxygen
      therapy. The pathophysiology of this type of blister remains unresolved. It could
      result from pressure necrosis alone or from a combination of pressure necrosis
      and direct CO inhibition of tissue oxidative enzymes. Although skin involvement
      as a result of CO poisoning is less frequently reported today than in the past
      (perhaps because of misidentified burns or because of more aggressive
      resuscitation and treatment protocols), the physician should recognize that such
      blisters may signal severe CO poisoning.

PMID- 3994091
TI  - Renal artery obstruction.
AB  - A 57-year-old woman with an extensive cardiac history presented complaining of
      left flank pain. An intravenous pyelogram performed for the presumptive diagnosis
      of renal calculus showed poor function of the left kidney. Angiography
      demonstrated a 95% obstructing embolus in the left renal artery, which was
      removed surgically. This case illustrates some of the pitfalls in the diagnosis
      of renal artery obstruction and the need for a high index of suspicion. The
      intrarenal infusion of thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase may become the
      treatment of choice despite the success of surgical embolectomy. The diagnosis,
      laboratory analysis, and treatment of renal artery obstruction is discussed.

PMID- 3994092
TI  - Renal infarction.
AB  - A 43-year-old woman complaining of left flank pain was found to have renal
      infarction. New-onset atrial fibrillation suggested thromboembolism, which was
      confirmed by retrograde urogram and intravenous pyelogram. The patient was
      treated with heparin and was discharged on coumadin after evaluation of her
      cardiac disease.

PMID- 3994093
TI  - Early prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 3994094
TI  - Tension pneumothorax following CPR or mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 3994095
TI  - Fireworks-related injuries.

PMID- 3994096
TI  - Pasteurella multocida prosthetic joint infection.

PMID- 3994097
TI  - Ultrastructure of normal epiphyseal cartilage of the articular-epiphyseal
      cartilage complex in growing swine.
AB  - Normal epiphyseal cartilage from the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex (A-E
      complex) of the distal parts of the femur and humerus of growing commercial
      crossbred boars was collected, embedded in plastic, and studied by light and
      electron microscopies. The morphology of this cartilage was determined to provide
      a basis for comparison with cartilage affected with osteochondrosis, an important
      clinical disease in swine. Normal epiphyseal cartilage from the A-E complex in
      growing swine was divided into 4 major regions of cells: resting, proliferating,
      hypertrophic, and calcifying regions. Cells in the resting zone contained
      prominent lipid and densely aggregated glycogen. As the cells proliferated and
      matured, the lipid and glycogen became less prominent. The lipid droplets became
      smaller and scarcer, and the glycogen became dispersed in the cytoplasm.
      Proliferating and hypertrophic cells clustered in roughly egg-shaped groups of 4
      to 8 cells/plane of section. In the calcifying region, the interterritorial
      matrix (between cell clusters) calcified, and the territorial matrix (uniting
      cells in a cluster) remained uncalcified. Calcified matrix extended the depth of
      one cell group from the area of capillary penetration, and the capillaries
      invaded by entering a cluster of cells. Territorial matrices in all regions of A
      E complex epiphyseal cartilage were composed of randomly oriented collagen
      fibrils with a granular fibrillar proteoglycan network dispersed between the
      fibrils. Heterogeneity of chondrocytes was characterized by the presence of both
      light- and dark-staining cells in the proliferating through calcifying regions
      and by 3 morphologically distinct light cell types in the late hypertrophic and
      calcifying regions.

PMID- 3994098
TI  - Q fever serologic surveillance program for sheep and goats at a research animal
      facility.
AB  - Since Q fever is a potential risk to personnel working with small ruminants, the
      serologic status of sheep and goats received at a medical school animal facility
      for research was evaluated. A total of 104 sheep and 102 goats were subjected to
      blood sample-collection procedures on arrival, as well as after a 2-week
      quarantine period, and the sera were tested for Q fever specific antibodies by
      complement-fixation (CF) and microagglutination (MA) tests. The results from the
      2 tests were compared and analyzed for seroconversion. On the basis of the CF
      test, 14 sheep and 3 goats were considered positive; these included 7 sheep and 2
      goats that seroconverted during the quarantine period. In contrast, 1 sheep and 5
      goats were found positive by the MA test, which also detected seroconversion of 1
      sheep and 1 goat. The use of both tests for serologic surveillance of Q fever in
      sheep and goats increased the likelihood of detection. Management safety
      practices are also required to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

PMID- 3994099
TI  - Experimental infection of calves with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo:
      conjunctival versus intravenous route of exposure.
AB  - Eight-month-old calves, housed under maximum isolation, were exposed to
      pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo by the conjunctival route or IV.
      One calf served as an unexposed control. Infection was monitored serologically
      (microscopic agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) and
      by leptospiral culture isolation from periodic urine samples and from the
      kidneys, epididymides, and aqueous humor collected at slaughter. Microscopic
      agglutination test titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 were detected among
      all IV exposed calves at postinoculation day (PID) 7 and among conjunctival
      exposed calves at PID 14. By ELISA, all IV exposed calves were positive by PID 3,
      whereas conjunctival exposed calves were positive at PID 14. The ELISA was more
      sensitive for the detection of antibodies against leptospires in cattle.
      Leptospires were isolated from the urine of 4 calves and from the kidney of 3
      calves exposed by the conjunctival route, but not from IV exposed calves. The
      results indicated that the conjunctival route of exposure was a more natural and
      successful route for experimental infection of cattle with serovar hardjo.

PMID- 3994100
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin in horses.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin given (IV, IM) to horses at
      the dosage of 11 mg/kg were investigated. The disposition of cefazolin given by
      IV route was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a half-life of 5 to
      10 minutes and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a half-life of 35 to 46
      minutes. The total plasma clearance of cefazolin averaged 5.51 ml/min/kg and was
      due mainly to renal clearance (5.39 ml/min/kg) of unchanged drug. The volume of
      distribution at steady-state averaged 188 ml/kg. Plasma protein binding of
      cefazolin at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml averaged 8.1 +/- 1.9%. Given by
      the IM route, cefazolin was rapidly absorbed; the extent of bioavailability was
      78.4 +/- 18.8%, and the terminal half-life ranged from 49 to 99 minutes. Thus,
      cefazolin was extensively absorbed, but was eliminated more slowly than after IV
      administration.

PMID- 3994101
TI  - Equine congenital defects.
AB  - In a 13-year survey of equine congenital defects that resulted in death or
      required euthanasia in central Kentucky, necropsies were performed on 608
      deformed fetuses or newborn foals. The following congenital anomalies were
      observed: contracted foal syndrome (33.2%), miscellaneous limb contraction (20%),
      multiple defects (5.3%), microphthalmia (4.6%), craniofacial malformations
      (4.3%), cleft palate (4.0%), heart defects (3.5%), umbilical defects (3.5%), and
      hydrocephalus (3.0%). Eleven less frequently occurring anomalies constituted the
      balance of the congenital defects in fetuses and newborn foals.

PMID- 3994102
TI  - Effects of phenylbutazone and anabolic steroids on adrenal and thyroid gland
      function tests in healthy horses.
AB  - Adrenal and/or thyroid gland function tests were evaluated in horses at various
      times during short-term therapy with phenylbutazone, stanozolol, and boldenone
      undecylenate. There were no significant treatment or time effects on mean basal
      plasma cortisol concentrations in horses during treatment with the following:
      phenylbutazone, given twice daily (4 to 5 mg/kg, IV) for 5 days; stanozolol,
      given twice weekly (0.55 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; boldenone undecylenate, given
      twice weekly (1.1 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; or nothing. There was no significant
      effect of phenylbutazone treatment on the changes in plasma cortisol
      concentration during the combined dexamethasone-suppression adrenocorticotropic
      hormone (ACTH)-stimulation test. Plasma cortisol concentration was significantly
      decreased from base line at 3 hours after dexamethasone administration and was
      significantly increased from base line at 2 hours after ACTH in all horses (P
      less than 0.05). Likewise, the stimulation of basal plasma cortisol
      concentrations at 2 hours after administration of ACTH (P less than 0.05) was not
      affected by treatment with stanozolol or boldenone undecylenate. There were no
      significant treatment effects on mean basal plasma concentrations of thyroxine
      (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) among horses during the following treatments:
      stanozolol, given twice weekly (0.55 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; boldenone
      undecylenate, given twice weekly (1.1 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; or nothing. There
      was a significant time effect on overall mean basal plasma T4 and T3
      concentrations (P less than 0.05): plasma T4 was lower on day 8 than on days 1,
      10, and 12; plasma T3 was higher on day 8 than on days 4 and 12.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994103
TI  - Hemodynamic responses in halothane-anesthetized horses given infusions of
      dopamine or dobutamine.
AB  - The hemodynamic changes induced by constant infusions of dopamine or dobutamine
      (each 3, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg/min) were observed in halothane-anesthetized
      horses. Left ventricular dp/dt and cardiac output were increased in horses given
      dobutamine at dosage of 3 micrograms/kg/min and in those given either of the
      drugs at dosages of 5 and 10 micrograms/kg/min. Concomitant increases in systemic
      arterial blood pressure occurred at lower infusion dosage rates of dobutamine
      than those of dopamine and were modulated by dosage-related changes in peripheral
      vascular resistance that were different between the 2 drugs. Total peripheral
      vascular resistance was unchanged by the 3 micrograms/kg/min dosage of dopamine,
      significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased at the 5 micrograms/kg/min dosage of
      dopamine, and returned to base line in horses when given the largest dosage.
      Dobutamine had no effect on total peripheral vascular resistance. Heart rate was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased by the 2 smaller dosages of
      dobutamine, but returned to base line at the 10 micrograms/kg/min dosage. Heart
      rates did not change significantly in response to dopamine over the range of the
      dosages. Sinus tachycardia with atrioventricular conduction block was noted in
      some horses given either of the drugs. The results of the present study indicate
      that the hemodynamic responses in horses given dopamine or dobutamine infusions
      are similar to those in other species, and are the net result of the different
      adrenergic pharmacologic profiles of the 2 drugs combined with autonomic nervous
      system reflexes.

PMID- 3994104
TI  - Characterization of magnesium-induced urinary disease in the cat and comparison
      with feline urologic syndrome.
AB  - Aggregates of struvite crystals caused urethral obstruction in a high percentage
      of cats fed moist and dry diets supplemented with Mg oxide. Some of the diets
      were associated with cystolith formation as well. The percentage of Mg in the
      experimental diets was a misleading indicator of Mg intake because of differences
      between moist and dry diets in their caloric density. Magnesium homeostasis was
      maintained in cats ingesting large quantities of Mg. Tissue (kidney, muscle, and
      rib) concentrations of Mg were the same in cats fed high Mg and control diets.
      Plasma Mg concentration was increased only in cats ingesting the largest amount
      of Mg. Magnesium homeostasis was maintained by a marked increase in urine Mg
      excretion. However, urine Mg concentration was not directly related to Mg intake,
      apparently because of differences between diets in intestinal absorption of Mg.
      Urethral obstruction of experimental cats was not associated with a transient
      increase in Mg intake, nor did obstructing cats have higher urine Mg
      concentrations than did nonobstructing cats fed the same diet. This observation
      indicates that factor(s) other than urine Mg concentration are important in
      urethral obstruction. Cats with urethral obstruction due to naturally occurring
      disease, feline urological syndrome (FUS), had markedly lower urine Mg
      concentrations than cats fed high Mg diets. This finding refutes the theory that
      cats develop FUS because of primary Mg hyperabsorptive phenomena or because of a
      primary urinary leak of Mg. It also indicates that factors other than urine Mg
      concentration are involved in the genesis of naturally occurring urethral
      obstruction. Another difference between the natural and the induced disease was
      related to the character of the urinary precipitates. Experimental diets higher
      in Mg concentration caused urolith formation, which is uncommon with FUS. Lower
      Mg diets caused obstruction with aggregates of crystals, but mucus was not
      observed. However, in the experimental disease induced in the present study,
      urinary precipitates were predominantly or exclusively struvite, as has been
      reported in the natural disease. Many similarities were seen between the diet
      induced disease and FUS, but factors in addition to Mg intake are involved in the
      natural disease. The importance of Mg, compared with the undefined factors,
      remains to be established.

PMID- 3994105
TI  - Dental fluorosis in bovine temporary teeth.
AB  - Deciduous incisors from calves born to dams fed an average of 40 mg of
      fluoride/kg of forage ration (40 ppm) were compared with incisors from calves
      born to dams fed a normal dairy ration. Skeletal fluoride concentration in the
      calves born to fluoride-fed dams was increased 5 to 8 fold, but enamel mottling
      and hypoplasia, typical of permanent bovine incisor dental fluorosis were not
      seen by gross, histologic, or radiologic examination. Decreases in the amount of
      enamel on the tooth or hardness of the enamel were not observed. These data do
      not support recent reports of widespread dental fluorosis of deciduous bovine
      teeth as a clinical sign of fluoride toxicity.

PMID- 3994106
TI  - Adhesion of Corynebacterium renale and Corynebacterium pilosum to epithelial
      cells of bovine vulva.
AB  - Corynebacterium renale and C pilosum adhered effectively to the epithelial cells
      of the bovine vulva; the numbers of these organisms that adhered to the vulval
      epithelial cells were 50 and 30/cell, respectively, which were several times as
      many as those that adhered to the uroepithelial cells. Of the epithelial cells of
      the vulva, cornified cells lacking nuclei bound more bacteria than did those with
      indistinct nuclei, indicating that adhesion of bacteria was most effective to the
      most aged cells. The marked adhesion of C renale and C pilosum to the epithelial
      cells of the vulva may indicate that the vulva is an important portal of entry of
      these bacteria.

PMID- 3994107
TI  - Effect of the morantel sustained-release bolus, used during one grazing season,
      on the sensitivity of Ostertagia and Cooperia to morantel tartrate in calves.
AB  - Infective 3rd-stage larvae of Ostertagia and Cooperia, obtained from the feces of
      nonmedicated and morantel sustained-release bolus (MSRB)-treated calves, were
      orally administered to 2 groups of parasite-free calves. After a 42-day
      maturation period, a therapeutic dose of morantel tartrate was administered to
      half of the calves from each group. All calves were necropsied 7 days after
      treatment. After comparing the nematode counts for the nonmedicated and morantel
      treated calves of each group, morantel tartrate was demonstrated to be equally
      effective against the nonmedicated-derived and MSRB-derived nematode populations.
      The sensitivity of Ostertagia spp and Cooperia spp to morantel tartrate,
      therefore, was not diminished after use of the MSRB for a single grazing season.

PMID- 3994108
TI  - Bovine-murine hybridoma that secretes bovine monoclonal antibody of defined
      specificity.
AB  - Spleen cells from a calf hyperimmunized with bovine enteric coronavirus were
      fused with nonproducer mouse plasmacytoma cells. Stable hybridoma lines secreting
      bovine immunoglobulins were obtained. One line secreted monoclonal bovine
      immunoglobulin G2, which reacted specifically with bovine enteric coronavirus in
      an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, inhibited virus hemagglutination, and
      precipitated a structural polypeptide with a molecular weight of 26,000 daltons.

PMID- 3994109
TI  - Anaplasma marginale infections in American bison: experimental infection and
      serologic study.
AB  - Anaplasma marginale was experimentally transmitted from cattle to bison and back
      to cattle. Of the 2 splenectomized and 1 intact American bison calves (Bison
      bison) inoculated with a North Texas A marginale stabilate, 1 splenectomized and
      1 intact bison exhibited clinical signs of anaplasmosis. Active parasitemias in
      these bison were observed along with positive reactions in the rapid card
      agglutination and complement fixation tests. Blood from the infected bison
      produced disease in splenectomized bovine calves. Screening tests for anti
      Anaplasma antibodies in 178 blood samples collected from adult bison from the
      National Bison Range, Montana, revealed 1 rapid card agglutination test-positive
      sample, and 110 negative, 40 suspect, and 28 positive (15.7%) complement fixation
      test samples.

PMID- 3994110
TI  - Rifampin in the horse: comparison of intravenous, intramuscular, and oral
      administrations.
AB  - The plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of rifampin disposition were
      determined after a single IV, IM, or oral dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight and an
      oral dose of 25 mg/kg. The overall elimination rate constants per minute were
      similar for the 10 mg/kg dose (0.0021 +/- 0.0004, IV; 0.0017 +/- 0.0002, IM; and
      0.0023 +/- 0.0006, orally). The apparent bioavailability was moderate to low for
      IM and oral administrations (59.8% +/- 3.2% and 39.5% +/- 5.0%, respectively).
      The rate of absorption was most rapid for oral administration with an absorption
      half-life of 249.7 +/- 71.6 minutes as compared with 403.5 +/- 89.7 minutes for
      IM administration. However, the IM route produced longer detectable plasma
      concentrations (50 hours in 2 of the 4 horses). Based on bacterial sensitivity
      information derived for human and canine isolates, the daily oral administration
      of 10 mg of rifampin/kg administered in the feed represents a reasonable dose for
      susceptible gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Higher doses (greater than or
      equal to 25 mg/kg) or IV administration would be required for most gram-negative
      bacteria. Adverse effects of sufficient severity to limit use of the drug,
      especially by the oral route of administration, were not encountered under the
      single-dose experimental conditions used.

PMID- 3994111
TI  - Susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents.
AB  - In vitro antimicrobic susceptibility patterns of commonly isolated aerobic gram
      positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens of equine origin were determined,
      using the agar-plate dilution method. All organisms were recent clinical isolates
      and included Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi, Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis, (coagulase positive) Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus equi,
      Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus sp, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia
      coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella. In vitro
      susceptibility levels were outlined for 14 antimicrobics as follows: amikacin
      less than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/ml, ampicillin less than or equal to 1.0
      microgram/ml, amoxicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, cefadroxil less
      than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml, chloramphenicol less than or equal to 8.0
      micrograms/ml, erythromycin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, gentamicin
      less than or equal to 2.0 micrograms/ml, kanamycin less than or equal to 4.0
      micrograms/ml, penicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, tetracycline
      less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, sulfadimethoxine less than or equal to
      10.0 micrograms/ml, ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine less than or equal to 0.5/9.5
      micrograms/ml, sulfadiazine less than or equal to 10.0 micrograms/ml, and
      trimethoprim/sulfadiazine less than or equal to 0.5/9.5 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 3994112
TI  - Iron and transferrin in acute experimental Salmonella cholerae-suis infection in
      pigs.
AB  - The effects of experimental Salmonella cholerae-suis inoculation with a virulent
      and an avirulent strain on serum iron (SI), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC),
      and transferrin (TF) were evaluated. Inoculation of virulent strain 38 was
      followed by significant (P less than 0.05) decreases of SI, TIBC, and TF.
      Exposure to avirulent strain 33 was followed by moderate decreases of SI, TIBC,
      and TF. When exposure to avirulent strain 33 was followed by challenge exposure
      with virulent strain 38, the SI, TIBC, and TF values remained at initial values
      or were higher. Negative correlation was observed between rectal temperature and
      SI and TIBC values, but was significant (P less than 0.0001) only 7 days after
      inoculation of the virulent strain 38.

PMID- 3994113
TI  - Prevalence of trichinosis in southern Louisiana swine.
AB  - After an outbreak of human trichinosis in Louisiana involving 45 cases and 1
      death in 1979 and 1980, a survey of pigs killed in 21 selected small
      slaughterhouses in southwestern Louisiana was conducted from November 1980 to
      September 1981. The sera from 1,225 pigs were examined for trichinella antibodies
      using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 1,223 diaphragms were
      subjected to peptic digestion and examined for the presence of Trichinella
      spiralis larvae. One diaphragm (0.08%) was found to contain T spiralis (26
      larvae/g of muscle) and 4 of the slaughterhouse sera were positive (0.33%
      seroprevalence). Pigs in 52 herds throughout the state were also tested for ELISA
      antibodies. The ELISA-positive pigs were not found among the 267 pigs tested from
      the 52 herds.

PMID- 3994114
TI  - Effect of verapamil on cardiac chronotropic response to vagal stimulation in
      neonatal pigs.
AB  - The effects of verapamil on the chronotropic response to vagal stimulation in
      young pigs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg of body weight,
      intraperitoneally) was evaluated. After bilateral vagotomy, the administration of
      verapamil (loading dose of 100 micrograms/kg, followed by 2 micrograms/kg/min
      infusion) resulted in a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in heart rate
      (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure. Cardiac frequency responses to vagal
      stimulation were obtained by stimulating the distal end of the right vagus nerve
      at selected frequencies (5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz) with supramaximal voltage (10 to
      15 V) and constant duration (2 ms). The HR was measured after 15 s at each level
      of stimulation. The slopes of decrease in HR to the frequency of vagal
      stimulation were significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced after verapamil as
      compared with its controls. After atropine (0.5 mg/kg), the vagally induced
      tachycardia was partially attenuated by verapamil, but was completely eliminated
      by beta blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg). These findings indicated that
      verapamil may influence the parasympathetic control of the heart in young pigs.

PMID- 3994115
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in sheep: limitations of the use of biological half
      life for interspecies extrapolation.
AB  - After of single IV digoxin injection of 50 micrograms/kg of body weight, the
      serum digoxin concentrations of 4 sheep were fitted to a 2-compartment open
      model. The mean value for the elimination half-life was 7.15 hours; for area
      volume of distribution, 13.8 L/kg; and for total body clearance, 1.36 L/kg/hr. A
      comparison of this study with previous studies in sheep and cattle revealed that
      serious misconceptions could arise if one chose to rely upon elimination half
      life as the sole descriptor of drug disposition. A more informative
      characterization was determined to be total body clearance and area volume of
      distribution.

PMID- 3994116
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone sodium succinate and its metabolites in
      normovolemic and hypovolemic dogs.
AB  - Tritium-labeled prednisolone sodium succinate was administered IV to 4 healthy,
      awake, nonsplenectomized dogs. The concentration of prednisolone and its
      metabolites in the plasma were measured for 10 hours. Forty-one percent of the
      blood volume of these dogs was removed, and plasma prednisolone was measured
      again. The data before and after hemorrhage were fitted to a 2-compartment open
      model. From plasma profiles, a rapid distributional phase, followed by a slower
      phase, was observed in control and shock groups. Volume of the central
      compartment of prednisolone before and after hemorrhage was 165 ml/kg of body
      weight and 110 ml/kg, respectively; and the difference was significant (P less
      than 0.05). The rate of total body clearance of prednisolone before and after
      hemorrhage was 3.96 ml/min/kg and 2.53 ml/min/kg, respectively; the difference
      was significant. The mean plasma half-lives for prednisolone sodium succinate and
      its metabolites, before and after hemorrhage, were 166 and 197 minutes,
      respectively; the difference was not significant. The mean half-life data
      indicated that prednisolone sodium succinate may be repeated in a patient 2.5 to
      3 hours after onset of treatment if signs of hypovolemic shock reappear.

PMID- 3994117
TI  - Single-injection method for evaluation of renal function with 14C-inulin and 3H
      tetraethylammonium bromide in dogs and cats.
AB  - A double-isotope single-injection method without urine collection for the
      estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow
      (ERPF) in dogs and cats was evaluated. The GFR was determined, using 14C-inulin
      and ERPF was determined, using [3H]tetraethylammonium bromide. Using a modified
      single exponential, 1-compartment mathematical model, the renal clearance of
      these solutes was estimated with a plasma radioactivity disappearance curve
      constructed from samples collected over a 150-minute time period. In 25 dogs,
      GFR, ERPF, and filtration fraction were 3.55 +/- 0.14 ml/kg/min, 10.51 +/- 0.72
      ml/kg/min, and 0.34 +/- 0.02, respectively. In 25 cats, GFR, ERPF, and filtration
      fraction were 3.24 +/- 0.14 ml/kg/min, 8.14 +/- 0.53 ml/kg/min, and 0.39 +/-
      0.02, respectively. This time-efficient and reliable method, using beta-emitting
      isotopes, yielded renal functional values well within the normal ranges reported
      by a variety of other isotopic and nonisotopic procedures. The advantages of the
      present procedure over previous double-isotope single-injection methods include
      the use of less costly, lower energy-using, and less penetrating beta emittors,
      as well as a shortened blood sampling schedule.

PMID- 3994118
TI  - Electrophoretic comparison of myosins from masticatory muscles and selected limb
      muscles in the dog.
AB  - Myosins from canine limb muscles (triceps brachii [medial and long heads],
      anconeus, and extensor carpi radialis) were compared biochemically with myosins
      from canine masticatory muscles (temporalis and masseter). Compared with the limb
      muscles, the temporalis and masseter muscles had: a unique myosin isoform pattern
      as determined by nondenaturing pyrophosphate gel electrophoresis; unique light
      chains as determined by 1-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and peptide mapping; and a
      unique heavy chain as determined by peptide mapping.

PMID- 3994119
TI  - Effects of urinary bladder distension on the length of the dog and cat urethra.
AB  - Urethral lengths were determined in male and female cats and in female dogs from
      positive contrast retrograde urethrocystograms at 2 levels of urinary bladder
      distension. Urethral lengths were longer on urethrograms obtained after urinary
      bladder distension in female cats and in 7 of 8 female dogs. The intrapelvic and
      penile urethra were longer after bladder distension in 4 of 6 male cats. In
      female cats, urethral lengths significantly increased (P less than 0.05) after
      urinary bladder distension.

PMID- 3994120
TI  - Evaluation of Key's hypothesis in the feline tibia: an experimental model for
      augmented bone healing studies.
AB  - Key's hypothesis states that a segmental long bone defect 1.5 times the
      diaphyseal diameter exceeds the regenerative capacity of bone in skeletally
      mature dogs and results in nonunion. This hypothesis was evaluated in 5 adult
      cats with rigidly fixated segmental tibial ostectomies ranging from 1.25 to 1.52
      times the diaphyseal diameter. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic data were
      obtained over a 12-week period. Healing was classified as mature bony union,
      clinical union, delayed union, or nonunion. Absence of a consolidating callus and
      instability after removal of fixation devices was found for all cats at 12 weeks.
      Scant formation of new bone within the gap was histologically evident for only 1
      cat. In the remaining 4 cats, fibrous tissue and striated muscle predominated
      within the gap, and independent healing of the proximal and distal cut ends of
      the bone were observed. The occurrence of 4 nonunions and 1 equivocally delayed
      union indicated that Key's hypothesis overestimates the regenerative capacity of
      bone in the cat. Failure of this experimental model to produce clinical union
      within 12 weeks demonstrated that this model is a valid method of investigating
      augmented bone healing techniques that promote union within this period in the
      cat.

PMID- 3994121
TI  - Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves:
      light microscopic lesions, microbiology, and studies on lavaged lung cells.
AB  - Conventionally raised male Holstein calves, 1 month of age, were infected by
      intranasal and intratracheal inoculation with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.
      Viral antigen was identified by fluorescence microscopy most commonly in the
      cytoplasm of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells 3 to 5 days after
      inoculation. Cytoplasmic viral antigen was identified also in nasal,
      nasopharyngeal, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelial cells and in alveolar
      macrophages. Bronchitis and tracheitis, characterized in part by epithelial
      necrosis, formation of syncytial epithelial cells and epithelial hyperplasia,
      were the most common lesions observed histologically. Rhinitis, bronchiolitis,
      and interstitial pneumonia were observed less frequently. Alterations were not
      detected in the numbers of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage after
      inoculation. An increase in the phagocytic rate of latex beads occurred in
      macrophages 5 days after inoculation. Viral-induced lesions were resolved by 30
      days after inoculation. The results indicated that bovine respiratory syncytial
      virus inoculation of calves results in reversible alterations in airway
      epithelial structure and in the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages.

PMID- 3994122
TI  - Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves:
      ultrastructural respiratory lesions.
AB  - The morphogenesis and repair of airway and alveolar injury induced by bovine
      respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was studied ultrastructurally in conventional
      calves to characterize pulmonary cell types susceptible to viral infection and
      cytopathologic changes associated with infection. Viral nucleocapsids and budding
      virions were present in tracheal and bronchial ciliated and nonciliated
      epithelial cells and mucous cells 3, 5, and 7 days after inoculation and in
      bronchiolar ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells 5 days after inoculation.
      Mild interstitial pneumonia was observed 5 days after inoculation and was
      characterized by swelling of type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells,
      interstitial edema, and infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. Viral
      assembly and release in tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells was associated
      with loss of cilia from ciliated cells, formation of syncytial epithelial cells,
      swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and cell necrosis.
      Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages were present in close association with
      the viral-infected and damaged epithelial cells. There was intercurrent
      hyperplasia of basal epithelial cells that, in association with other epithelial
      lesions, resulted in the loss of normal ciliated epithelium in these airways 5
      and 7 days after inoculation. Regeneration of airway epithelium was largely
      completed by 10 days after inoculation, except in 1 of 4 calves that had failure
      of epithelial repair and that developed secondary bacterial pneumonia. Pulmonary
      ultrastructure in BRSV-inoculated calves 30 days after inoculation was
      indistinguishable from that in controls. The results demonstrated that BRSV can
      induce reversible alterations in airway epithelium, which may cause depression of
      mucociliary clearance and thereby enhance susceptibility to bacterial infection.

PMID- 3994123
TI  - Multielement assays of bovine tissue specimens by inductively coupled argon
      plasma emission spectroscopy.
AB  - Inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy was used to generate multielement
      profiles of bovine serum (n = 607), liver (n = 229), and kidney (n = 90) samples
      submitted to the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State
      University, East Lansing. The presented frequency distribution histograms of
      element concentrations in the different samples provided a data base for
      diagnostic interpretations and illustrated some of the advantages, as well as
      limitations, of inductively coupled argon plasma for this purpose.

PMID- 3994125
TI  - Bovine anaplasmosis: transplacental transmission as it relates to stage of
      gestation.
AB  - Six mature, pregnant, anaplasmosis-susceptible and 3 anaplasmosis-carrier beef
      cows were used in Anaplasma in utero transmission studies. Susceptible cows were
      randomly allotted into 3 groups of 2 cows each and were inoculated with a
      Virginia A marginale stabilate. Each group was Anaplasma-exposed once during 1 of
      the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained from each fetus at
      various stages of development for evaluation and for subinoculation into
      splenectomized calves once during gestation. Precolostral blood from neonates was
      also subinoculated into individual susceptible calves. Two of the 9
      splenectomized calves given fetal blood inoculations developed acute
      anaplasmosis. The dam of 1 fetus with infective blood was Anaplasma-exposed
      during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, and the dam of the second fetus was
      exposed during her 3rd trimester. Infective fetal blood was obtained during the
      same trimester of gestation in which the dams were inoculated. Calves given
      neonatal precolostral blood did not develop anaplasmosis.

PMID- 3994124
TI  - Effect of a once-daily suckling program on gastrointestinal parasitism in Angus
      cows and calves.
AB  - Over a 2-year period involving a total of 168 Angus cows and their calves, 2
      studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of once-daily suckling on cow
      reproduction, calf growth, and gastrointestinal parasitism. Experiment I compared
      2 restricted suckling (RS) groups with 1 normal suckling (NS) group. Each group
      consisted of 24 cows with their calves (24 cows-calves/group = 24 cows and 24
      calves/group). In the RS groups, suckling by the calves was restricted to once a
      day for 45 days, and then the calves were allowed to suckle normally throughout
      the remainder of the experiment. In the NS group, the calves suckled normally
      throughout the experiment. Experiment II compared 2 groups of RS cow-calves (24
      cow-calves/group) with 2 groups of 24 NS cow-calves/group. In experiment I, there
      were no differences (P less than 0.05) in pregnancy rate or in the average number
      of nematode eggs/g of feces (epg) between the cows from the 2 treatment groups.
      The RS calves consistently had higher epg counts than did the NS calves during
      the 45 days of RS (169 vs 62 epg, P less than 0.05) and from the time of their
      return to pasture until weaning (266 vs 186 EPG, P = 0.27). The RS calves also
      had a higher average coccidia oocyst count during the RS period only. In
      experiment II, RS cows had a higher pregnancy rate (87.6% vs 66.0%, P less than
      0.05) and a shorter postpartum interval (83 vs 101 days, P less than 0.05) than
      did NS cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994126
TI  - Toxicity of Riddell's groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle.
AB  - The toxicity of Riddell's groundsel (Senecio riddellii) fed to calves in gelatin
      capsules, by gavage, or mixed in their hay ration was determined. Dosages were
      varied according to the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) content of the plant, and the
      calves' responses were measured by clinical signs, serum enzyme changes, survival
      time, and histopathologic changes. Calves fed S riddellii to provide 10 mg of
      PA/kg of body weight/day in capsules or by gavage for 20 consecutive days did not
      develop clinical signs of seneciosis and did not have meaningful serum enzyme
      changes. However, feedings of the plant that provided 15 to 20 mg of PA/kg/day or
      more (gavaged or fed in capsules for the same time period) resulted in high
      mortality. The Senecio plant mixed in calves' hay ration was eaten slowly and
      reluctantly and was tolerated at dosages greater than 20 mg/kg/day, emphasizing
      that the toxicity was dependent on the rate at which the dosage was consumed and
      that mortality was not necessarily dependent on the cumulative dosage. Because of
      its high PA content, S riddellii presents a great hazard to cattle managed under
      conditions where they can consume quantities of the plant in short periods of
      time.

PMID- 3994127
TI  - Demonstration of vaccine-induced immunity to anaplasmosis without induction of
      persistent postvaccinal complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies in
      yearling steers.
AB  - The protective effect and anti-Anaplasma complement-fixing and agglutinating
      antibody responses induced in yearling steers by vaccination with an inactivated
      Anaplasma marginale vaccine were evaluated by challenge exposure. Eleven 12- to
      14-month-old Hereford X Angus steers were randomly allotted into 6 principals and
      5 controls. The principals were injected IM with 5 ml of vaccine on days 0 and
      21. On day 70, the 11 steers were challenge exposed by IV inoculation of A
      marginale-infected blood. After a prolonged prepatent period, the vaccinated
      steers developed a significantly (P less than 0.01) lower A marginale parasitemia
      (8.0%) than did the nonvaccinated controls (26.3%). The persistence of a greater
      than or equal to 0.5% parasitemia was significantly (P less than 0.025) reduced
      from 34 days in the control to 21 days in the vaccinated group. The percentage
      reduction in PCV was significantly (P less than 0.025) less in the vaccinated
      group (34%) as compared with the controls (57%). Complement-fixing and
      agglutinating antibody responses induced by vaccination did not persist for more
      than 21 days after the 2nd vaccine injection and did not interfere with positive
      seroconversion resulting from challenge exposure.

PMID- 3994129
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of aqueous humor in the healthy dog, cat, horse, and cow.
AB  - Using routinely available clinical laboratory methods, aqueous humor samples were
      evaluated from 12 healthy dogs, 15 healthy cats, 7 healthy horses, and 6 healthy
      cows. Aqueous humor was almost acellular; cells that were present had degenerated
      beyond recognition. Protein concentration was low; only albumin was detectable on
      electrophoresis. Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were
      not detected. Artifacts induced by sampling were insignificant compared with
      alterations in aqueous humor composition that occur with ocular diseases.

PMID- 3994128
TI  - Effects of three diets on dogs with induced chronic renal failure.
AB  - Healthy mixed-bred dogs of both sexes had renal mass surgically reduced and were
      allowed 2 to 3 months for hypertrophy of the remnant kidney. They were then
      allotted into 3 groups with equal renal function and were fed 1 of 3 diets that
      differed in composition. Group 1 dogs (n = 6) were fed moist food that contained
      50% protein, 2.34% Ca, and 1.64% P with a P-binding agent (basic aluminum
      carbonate gel) added. Group 2 dogs (n = 6) were fed a dry diet that contained
      24.5% protein, 1.26% Ca, 1.21% P, and the same P-binding agent as used for group
      1. Group 3 dogs (n = 7) were fed a moist diet that contained 16.1% protein, 0.38%
      Ca, and 0.3% P without a P-binding agent. Each group was fed its diet for 92 days
      and monitored for responses. Mortality associated with uremia occurred in 2 of 6
      group 1 dogs, 0 of 6 group 2 dogs, and in 2 of 7 group 3 dogs. Among survivors,
      clinical signs were seen in the more azotemic dogs of group 1, but not in dogs of
      groups 2 and 3. The blood urea nitrogen, plasma P concentrations, and PCV values
      were most favorable in group 3 and least favorable in group 1. Marked differences
      between groups were not seen in plasma concentrations of protein, albumin, or Ca
      or in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. Values for glomerular filtration rate
      did not change in any group during the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3994130
TI  - Effects of aspirin and propranolol alone and in combination on hemostatic
      determinants in the healthy cat.
AB  - The effects of aspirin (75 mg orally/average-size cat) and propranolol (5 mg
      orally every 8 hours/average-size cat) alone and in combination on hemostatic
      determinants in healthy cats were studied. In cats, aspirin alone did not cause a
      significant effect in platelet numbers, plasma fibrinogen, activated partial
      thromboblastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, or platelet aggregation
      response to adenosine diphosphate. Aspirin did, however, significantly reduce the
      degree of aggregation induced by acid soluble collagen. Propranolol alone or in
      combination with aspirin did not cause a significant effect on platelet numbers,
      plasma fibrinogen, activated partial thromboblastin time, prothrombin time,
      thrombin time, or platelet aggregation in response to acid soluble collagen,
      adenosine diphosphate, or adrenaline. It was concluded that aspirin alone at the
      recommended dosage of one-quarter of a 5-grain tablet (1.25 grains or 75 mg)
      every other day will significantly affect platelet function and may be of value
      in the prevention of thromboembolic disease in the cat.

PMID- 3994131
TI  - Evaluation of jackrabbits as nonruminant hosts for Anaplasma marginale.
AB  - Two black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus), 1 splenectomized and 1 intact,
      were inoculated with 0.2 ml of a 1:5 dilution of a Florida Anaplasma marginale
      stabilate. Five months later, both hares were inoculated with 1 ml of whole blood
      from a calf with acute anaplasmosis. Neither hare developed any signs of clinical
      anaplasmosis. Pooled blood (7 ml) from these jackrabbits which was inoculated
      into 2 Anaplasma-susceptible, splenectomized calves failed to induce hematologic
      or serologic signs of anaplasmosis for at least 90 days. Two susceptible,
      splenectomized calves were inoculated with 35 ml of pooled whole blood from 9
      wild-collected black-tailed jackrabbits from a known anaplasmosis enzootic area.
      Both steers remained free of anaplasmosis signs for 90 days.

PMID- 3994132
TI  - Pathogenesis and electron microscopic changes of spherulogenesis of Coccidioides
      immitis (valley fever).
AB  - Pathogenesis and electron microscopic changes of spherulogenesis of Coccidioides
      immitis were determined. The organism showed a strong affinity for lung tissue,
      with granuloma developing in 100% (n = 40) of animals after subcutaneous and
      intraperitoneal inoculation. Intranasal instillation of the arthrospores resulted
      in moderate granuloma, with a markedly low frequency rate of infection in 11
      animals (55%). Intradermal inoculation and skin scarification did not induce
      systemic infection. Unlike other routes used to induce infection, only 30% of the
      mice showed cutaneous changes, whereas in the group infected by skin
      scarification, 25% of the animals revealed pathologic changes. Indurated tiny
      nodular lesions developed in the skin at the site of the inoculation. The lesions
      did not ulcerate, and complete resolution was observed in 4 to 6 weeks. Electron
      microscopy of the spherulogenesis showed that the tissue form of the fungus
      replicated in the host tissues by segmentation of the innermost stratum of the
      wall of the spherule. The layer appeared to function as a germinating center, and
      as many as 8 spores of irregular size and shape were produced within a kidney
      shaped segment. Many segments were in each spherule. The spores were separated,
      pushed more centrally, and became rounded to become the endospores. When the
      endospores were freed, each developed into a spherule.

PMID- 3994133
TI  - Antifungal sensitivity testing for equine keratomycosis.
AB  - We evaluated 31 fungal specimens obtained from equine corneas over a 10-year
      period, 1973 to 1983. More than half were received in late summer and early
      autumn, and the number tended to increase in frequency during the 1980s. These
      isolates included 13 different genera and 20 different species. The prevalent
      genus was Aspergillus (35%). On the basis of examinations for tube-dilution
      minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal fungicidal concentrations of 16
      fungal isolates, the imidazole antibiotics such as miconazole and ketoconazole
      consistently showed the lowest geometric mean titers for filamentous fungi.
      Because fungal sensitivities varied considerably among different species in vitro
      sensitivity testing is suggested as an aid in the determination of optimal
      therapy.

PMID- 3994134
TI  - Prevalence of some internal parasites recovered at necropsy of Thoroughbreds born
      in 1982 in Kentucky.
AB  - A total of 89 Thoroughbreds, 14 to 333 days old (born in 1982), were examined at
      necropsy for certain internal parasites during a 1-year-period, Mar 1, 1982, to
      Feb 28, 1983. The eyes of 73 of the horses and the cranial mesenteric arteries of
      71 were examined. Specific interest was on prevalence of parasites according to
      month of the year and age of the horses at necropsy. Parasites recovered (first
      month-last month infected horse found) were as follows: Thelazia lacrymalis
      (eyes) immature and mature (June - February); Habronema/Draschia (lungs) immature
      (May - September); Habronema muscae (stomach) immature (July - February) and
      mature (September - February); Draschia megastoma (stomach) immature (August -
      December), mature (August - February), and lesions (September - February);
      Gasterophilus intestinalis (stomach) 2nd instars (July - February) and 3rd
      instars (August - February); Gasterophilus nasalis (stomach) 2nd instars (August 
      November) and 3rd instars (August - February); Parascaris equorum (lungs)
      immature (March - November), P equorum (small intestine) immature (March -
      February), and mature (July - February); Strongyloides westeri (small intestine)
      mature (March - September); Anoplocephala perfoliata (cecum) immature and mature
      (August - February); Strongylus vulgaris (cranial mesenteric artery) immature and
      mature (May - February). Other parasites recovered, but only from 1 or 2 horses
      each (months found in infected horses) were: Thelazia skrjabini (eyes) (October),
      Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (lungs) (January); Trichostrongylus axei (stomach)
      (October); Anoplocephala magna (small intestine) (October, November); S vulgaris
      (cecum) (November); Strongylus edentatus (cecum) (January); Setaria spp
      (abdominal cavity) (January). Influence of probable chemotherapy of the horses on
      prevalence of the parasites is discussed.

PMID- 3994135
TI  - Evaluation of the wick catheter as used to measure intracompartmental muscle
      pressure in equine muscle.
AB  - The use of the wick catheter to measure intracompartmental muscle pressure in
      equine muscle was documented. The presence of muscle compartments involving the
      extensor carpi radialis muscle and the long head of the triceps brachii was
      demonstrated by anatomic dissection and radiographic technique. The wick catheter
      was capable of accurately measuring pressures within both of these compartments.
      Furthermore, the wick catheter was sensitive to pressure changes resulting from
      external compression of muscle compartments. Manipulation of systemic blood
      pressure and PaCO2 in 1 anesthetized horse did not affect intracompartmental
      muscle pressure.

PMID- 3994136
TI  - Effect of protective padding on forelimb intracompartmental muscle pressures in
      anesthetized horses.
AB  - Wick catheters were used to measure intracompartmental muscle pressures (ICMP)
      within the long heads of the triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis muscles
      of 8 horses maintained under halothane anesthesia while their breathing was
      controlled by intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Blood gas, cardiac
      output, and blood pressure determinations were monitored to maintain a stable
      plane of anesthesia. The horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency and
      were placed sequentially on each of 4 contact surfaces for 1 hour. The 4 surfaces
      used for each horse were concrete, foam rubber, air dunnage bag, and a water
      mattress. Hematologic and biochemical determinations were made before and 24
      hours after anesthesia. All horses recovered from the anesthesia. One horse had
      forelimb lameness for 36 hours after anesthesia, which was clinically diagnosed
      as a myoneuropathy. The ICMP values were markedly elevated in the muscle bellies
      of the lower limb of all horses. Supporting the horse on a water mattress caused
      the least dramatic pressure elevation and foam caused the most. The triceps
      muscle and, to a lesser extent, the extensor carpi radialis muscle of the lower
      limb are at risk of ischemia in anesthetized horses because the ICMP may exceed
      the critical closing pressure of 30 mm of Hg required for capillary blood flow.

PMID- 3994137
TI  - Comparison of rectal mucosal cultures and fecal cultures in detecting Salmonella
      infection in horses and cattle.
AB  - Bacteriologic cultures of 65 rectal mucosal samples and 335 fecal samples from 53
      horses and 5 cattle shedding Salmonella were performed. Salmonella spp were
      isolated from 34 (52%) rectal mucosal samples, 21 (32%) concurrent fecal samples,
      and 150 (45%) total fecal samples. The use of rectal mucosal samples when
      compared with concurrently obtained fecal samples significantly (P less than
      0.025) improved the ability to isolate Salmonella spp. Concurrent bacteriologic
      culture of rectal mucosal samples and fecal samples resulted in 39 (60%)
      isolations. Compared with a series of fecal samples, Salmonella was isolated
      significantly more often when rectal mucosa and feces were cultured concurrently.
      Salmonella was isolated from rectal mucosal samples when it was not isolated from
      feces.

PMID- 3994138
TI  - Prednisolone succinate and prednisolone acetate in cattle: pharmacokinetics and
      action on the adrenal gland.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of prednisolone were studied in a group of 6 cows given
      prednisolone 21-sodium succinate IV and IM (600 micrograms/kg of body weight
      expressed as prednisolone alcohol) and prednisolone acetate IM (600 micrograms/kg
      of body weight expressed as prednisolone alcohol). After IV administration of
      prednisolone 21-sodium succinate, the half-life of elimination was 3.6 +/- 1.177
      hours. After IM administration of prednisolone 21-sodium succinate, absorption
      was rapid and complete. After IM administration of prednisolone acetate,
      absorption was very slow with an absorption half-life of 48 hours, but was still
      complete. Basal plasma hydrocortisone was about 7.5 ng/ml. After IV and IM
      administration of prednisolone 21-sodium succinate, plasma hydrocortisone
      returned to normal values within 48 hours. In contrast, after IM administration
      of prednisolone acetate, a long adrenal suppression lasting from 4 to 6 weeks was
      observed.

PMID- 3994140
TI  - Phenolsulfonphthalein test in healthy sheep and in sheep with reductions in
      functional renal mass.
AB  - The phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) plasma clearance and urinary excretion tests were
      applied to sheep before and after 50% and 75% reductions in functional renal
      mass. The PSP determinants found most useful as indicators of renal mass
      reduction were the 15-minute urinary excretion percentage and the 60-minute
      (PSP60) plasma concentration. Although both of these determinants could be used
      to detect renal mass reduction, the 15-minute PSP excretion percentage was the
      more sensitive. The PSP60 value was influenced by factors other than reduced
      nephron numbers; the contraction of the PSP volume of distribution that occurred
      after renal mass reduction was one important influencing factor. Overall, the PSP
      tests more accurately reflected the volume of blood delivered to the kidney than
      the proximal tubular secretory capacity.

PMID- 3994139
TI  - Chondrolysis associated with cartilage canals of the epiphyseal cartilage of the
      distal humerus of growing pigs.
AB  - The articular-epiphyseal (A-E) cartilage of the distal humeri of 7 pigs weighing
      13.1 to 18.2 kg and of 3 pigs weighing 36.4 to 40.9 kg was studied. Frozen
      samples of A-E cartilage were stained for the presence of reduced nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate
      dehydrogenase, and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase. Additional frozen
      sections and paraffin-processed sections were stained using the Alcian blue
      critical electrolyte concentration method, safranin O-fast green, and hematoxylin
      and eosin. An area of grossly visible, opaque A-E cartilage of the medial condyle
      corresponded to regions of chondrolysis of the epiphyseal cartilage. The
      chondrolytic regions contained chondrocytes that did not stain for enzymes, had
      reduced staining for proteoglycans in the matrix, and were located at the site
      where the A-E cartilage increased in thickness. Cartilage canals were associated
      with the chondrolytic areas. Cartilage canals in both groups of pigs were
      commonly in various stages of chondrification, some of which were associated with
      degenerative cartilage. The regions of chondrolysis may indicate sites of
      biomechanical weakness in the A-E cartilage during the transformation of the
      epiphyseal cartilage into bone.

PMID- 3994141
TI  - Effects of intravesical hydrostatic pressure and volume on the distensibility of
      the canine prostatic portion of the urethra.
AB  - Positive-contrast retrograde urethrocystograms were obtained serially on 12 male
      dogs weighing 11.4 to 23.2 kg before, during, and after the injection of contrast
      medium until the urinary bladder neck and prostatic and membranous portions of
      the urethra remained open and distended as viewed by fluoroscopy. Correlations of
      intravesical volumes and pressures required to achieve maximum distension of the
      midprostatic portion of the urethra with body weight and surface area were not
      significant. Because of the variability in intravesical volumes and pressures
      encountered at maximum distension of the prostatic portion of the urethra, a dose
      of contrast material expressed relative to body weight or surface area could not
      be determined for consistently providing maximum distension of the prostatic
      portion of the urethra.

PMID- 3994142
TI  - When is an apnea not an apnea?

PMID- 3994143
TI  - Defining an adverse respiratory health effect.

PMID- 3994144
TI  - Diethylcarbamazine inhibits acute and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in
      awake rats.
AB  - Leukotriene inhibitors preferentially inhibit the acute pressor response to
      hypoxia in isolated rat lungs. If leukotrienes are important in hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction, then inhibition of their synthesis could prevent the
      development of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. We found that
      diethylcarbamazine (DEC), a leukotriene synthesis blocker, reversibly inhibited
      acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the awake rat. Rats exposed to
      chronic hypobaric hypoxia showed pulmonary hypertension and the production of a
      slow-reacting substance compared with low altitude control rats. The higher of 2
      doses of DEC blocked the pulmonary hypertension and the production of slow
      reacting substance in all of the hypoxic rats treated. The lower dose of DEC
      attenuated the pulmonary hypertension in only some of the rats. Changes in weight
      gain, hematocrit, or generation of prostacyclin did not explain the prevention of
      the pulmonary hypertension by DEC. We conclude that diethylcarbamazine inhibits
      acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension in the intact rat.

PMID- 3994146
TI  - Density-dependence of maximal expiratory flow and its correlation with small
      airway disease in smokers.
AB  - Density-dependence of maximal expiratory flow was measured in 110 patients prior
      to resection for peripheral coin lesions. The resected lung or lobe was examined
      morphologically and graded for emphysema, membranous bronchiolitis, and
      respiratory bronchiolitis. Density dependence did not decrease with increasing
      airway obstruction, and there was no relationship between density-dependence and
      peripheral airway abnormality or emphysema in the group as a whole. When patients
      were arbitrarily divided into those with forced expiratory volume in one second
      (FEV1) greater than 80% predicted (n = 80) and FEV1 less than 80% predicted (n =
      30), density-dependence correlated significantly and negatively with membranous
      bronchiolitis in those with FEV1 greater than 80% predicted and significantly but
      positively in those with more advanced airway obstruction. We conclude that
      density-dependence of maximal expiratory flow is not an accurate predictor of
      peripheral airway abnormality in patients with mild to moderate air-flow
      obstruction.

PMID- 3994145
TI  - A respiratory epidemiologic survey of grain mill workers in Cape Town, South
      Africa.
AB  - Exposure to grain dust may induce acute and chronic respiratory, nasal, and
      ocular symptoms. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms, atopic status, and lung
      function changes, as measured by pulmonary function tests (PFT) over the week in
      582 grain mill workers and 153 control subjects not exposed to grain dust were
      studied in Cape Town. Atopic status, smoking habits, and baseline PFT did not
      differ significantly between grain workers and control subjects. Grain workers
      showed significant deterioration in lung function values over the week, with
      forced expiratory volume in one second declining on average by 4.8% compared with
      an increase of 3.3% in control subjects (p less than 0.001). Forced expiratory
      flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity declined by 14.8% in
      grain workers and by 0.8% in control subjects (p less than 0.0001). Grain workers
      had significantly higher prevalences than did control subjects of regular cough
      (46 versus 30%), expectoration (35 versus 17%), wheeze (25 versus 11%), and
      watery eyes (25 versus 10%) (p less than 0.01 for all). These symptoms were not
      related to the duration of employment. A dose-response relationship, independent
      of smoking habits, was demonstrated between reported dust exposure and symptoms
      as well as between dust exposure and PFT. These results have important
      implications for the grain mill industry in South Africa where there is
      insufficient legislation and worker compensation.

PMID- 3994147
TI  - Effects of vasodilators on canine cardiopulmonary function when a decrease in
      cardiac output complicates an increase in right ventricular afterload.
AB  - In canine oleic acid pulmonary edema, we investigated acute cardiopulmonary
      effects of nitroprusside (NP) before (NP1), and after (NP2) pulmonary vascular
      resistance (PVR) was increased via glass bead embolization. In the setting of
      increased PVR and reduced cardiac output (CO), acute cardiopulmonary effects of
      NP and hydralazine were compared. Oleic acid increased (p less than 0.05)
      pulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) from 15 to 24%, but did not alter PVR. Cardiac output
      decreased (p less than 0.01) 31% with oleic acid from 4.2 to 2.9 1 X min-1 and
      systemic vascular resistance (SVR) increased (p less than 0.01). When PVR was
      normal, NP reduced (p less than 0.05) blood pressure (BP) from 148 to 123 mmHg,
      decreased SVR 31%, and increased (p less than 0.05) CO and Qs/Qt. Glass bead
      embolization increased (p less than 0.001) PVR from 2.2 to 20 mgHg X 1-1 X min
      and reduced (p less than 0.01) CO 23%, from 2.6 to 2 L/min. The Qs/Qt did not
      increase with embolization. In contrast to effects of NP1, when RV afterload was
      increased, CO fell (p less than 0.05) with NP2 from 2 to 1.6 1 X min-1.
      Alternatively, hydralazine improved cardiopulmonary function. In the setting of
      increased RV afterload, SVR and PVR decreased (p less than 0.01) 48 and 29%,
      respectively, with hydralazine. Corresponding to the decrease in resistance, CO
      increased (p less than 0.001) 84% with hydralazine, from 1.9 to 3.5 1 X min-1.
      Also, BP and Qs/Qt remained constant and arterial O2 tension increased (p less
      than 0.05) with hydralazine, from 113 to 152 mmHg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3994148
TI  - Effect of vasodilators at rest and during exercise in young adults with cystic
      fibrosis and chronic cor pulmonale.
AB  - Six clinically stable patients with cystic fibrosis (24 to 31 yr of age) and
      severe pulmonary impairment, right ventricular hypertrophy, and previous right
      sided heart failure underwent cardiac catheterization to assess the hemodynamic
      effects of oxygen (fraction of inspired O2, 0.31, 0.50), phentolamine (5 mg
      intravenously), hydralazine (0.33 mg/kg intravenously), and nifedipine (20 mg
      sublingually). Measurements during dynamic exercise were also obtained before and
      after hydralazine therapy. Studies after 5 to 8 wk of continuous, orally
      administered hydralazine therapy were performed in 3 patients. The resting mean
      pulmonary artery pressure was 31 +/- 4 mmHg. At rest, only oxygen was a selective
      pulmonary vasodilator, decreasing pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary
      vascular resistance in all patients. Systemic arterial pressure and resistance
      were not significantly changed. Phentolamine, hydralazine, and nifedipine did not
      alter pulmonary artery pressure or selectively affect the pulmonary vascular bed,
      reducing both calculated pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance, the latter
      to a similar or greater degree. Hydralazine and nifedipine significantly
      increased cardiac index and decreased systemic arterial pressure. Nifedipine
      mildly decreased systemic oxygenation. During exercise, the mean pulmonary artery
      pressure increased to 51 +/- 15 mmHg. Hydralazine increased systemic and mixed
      venous oxygenation both at rest and during exercise but did not alter the
      elevation in pulmonary artery pressure observed during exercise. After orally
      administered hydralazine therapy, oxygen delivery and cardiac index remained
      increased in 2 patients. These data support the use of oxygen but not of the
      other agents in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic cor pulmonale unless
      the ability of hydralazine to increase oxygen delivery is determined to improve
      prognosis.

PMID- 3994149
TI  - Bronchodilators increase airway instability in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Supramaximal flow transients of partial expiratory flow-volume curves are caused
      by a rapidly emptying compartment. By superimposing a maximal and a series of
      partial expiratory flow-volume curves, the volume of the flow transient
      equivalent for the maximal curve was estimated (volume of airway contribution =
      VACMEFV). This flow transient equivalent is caused by an extra dead space,
      created in the large airways by a full inspiration. In 18 children with cystic
      fibrosis (CF), routine pulmonary functions and VACMEFV were measured before and
      after bronchodilator medication. Baseline VACMEFV correlated directly with the
      curvilinearity of the flow-volume curve and inversely with the clinical and
      radiologic score. Significantly, bronchodilator medication improved FVC, FEV1,
      FEF25-75, VC, PEF, Raw, and also VACMEFV. In 6 children, VEmax25 increased as a
      result of apparent peripheral bronchodilation. In 3 others, end-expiratory flow
      increased slightly but the expanded VACMEFV included the measuring point
      invalidating the measurement. In the remaining 9 patients, VEmax25 decreased
      after bronchodilator. As an apparent discrepancy, FEV1, FVC, PEF, VC, FEF25-75
      increased, and Raw decreased in 4 to 9 patients. The volumes and flow rates
      measured early in forced expiration and the end-expiratory flow behaved
      differently because VACMEFV expanded beyond the measuring points of early
      expiratory and mid-expiratory flow rates. As the bronchodilator rendered the
      compliant large airways still more distensible, the amount of air emptied from
      the dead space in early forced expiration increased. Simultaneously, end
      expiratory flow decreased because of enhanced airway compression.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994150
TI  - Altered urinary excretion of elastin cross-links in premature infants who develop
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - In order to determine whether elastin degradation is increased in infants whose
      respiratory insufficiency requires ventilation with high concentrations of O2, we
      quantitated, by amino acid analysis, the elastin degradation products
      (desmosines) excreted in the urine of 14 premature male infants during the first
      3 wk of life. Eight of these infants, the "low-O2" infants, did not have severe
      lung disease and did not require more than 40% O2 beyond the first 8 h of life.
      The other 6 infants, selected retrospectively because they developed
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), were ventilated with more than 60% O2 for at
      least the first 72 h of life. The pattern of desmosine excretion observed in
      infants who developed BPD differed significantly (p less than 0.05) from the
      excretion pattern seen in "low-O2" infants during the first 3 wk of life. At the
      end of the first week of life, desmosine excretion was significantly greater (p
      less than 0.05) in the infants who later developed BPD than in the "low-O2"
      infants without severe lung disease. From Days 7-9 to 20-22, desmosine excretion
      increased in the "low-O2" infants from 6.9 +/- 1.7 micrograms/kg to 9.0 +/- 3.5
      micrograms/kg. In contrast, desmosine excretion did not remain elevated in the
      BPD infants, decreasing from 10.6 +/- 2.2 micrograms/kg to 6.1 +/- 2.9
      micrograms/kg during the same period. In the BPD infants, elevated desmosine
      excretion through Day 9 is likely to reflect lung injury, whereas decreased
      desmosine excretion beyond Day 9 suggests that elastin synthesis and turnover is
      impaired, possibly as a result of nutritional deficiencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994151
TI  - The relationship of respiratory infections in early childhood to the occurrence
      of increased levels of bronchial responsiveness and atopy.
AB  - We assessed the relationship of antecedent acute respiratory illness to the
      occurrence of airway responsiveness and atopy in a population-based cohort of 194
      children 12 to 16 yr of age from East Boston, Massachusetts. A history of croup
      or bronchiolitis as reported by their parents was determined at study onset when
      the children were 5 to 9 yr of age. During the second and third years of the
      study, acute respiratory illness was assessed. Five years after the prospective
      respiratory illness assessment, airway responsiveness was evaluated with
      eucapneic hyperpnea to subfreezing air, and atopy was evaluated with skin tests
      to 4 environmental antigens. Both a prior history of croup of bronchiolitis (OR =
      2.29, p = 0.04) and greater than 2 acute lower respiratory illnesses (OR = 3.72,
      p = 0.012) were associated with increased levels of airway responsiveness.
      Neither index of respiratory illness experience was related to the presence of
      atopy. However, maternal cigarette smoking was significantly associated with
      atopy in these children (OR = 2.24, p = 0.02). These data suggest that
      respiratory illness in early life is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness
      as measured later in childhood. The data further suggest the need for
      longitudinal studies to better assess the etiologic role of these potential risk
      factors.

PMID- 3994152
TI  - Deterioration of oxygenation and abnormal lung microvascular permeability during
      resolution of leukopenia in patients with diffuse lung injury.
AB  - To determine whether circulating leukocytes contribute to gas exchange
      abnormalities in diffuse lung injury, we retrospectively examined oxygenation in
      6 patients who met 3 criteria: leukopenia caused by marrow aplasia from remission
      inducing chemotherapy for myelogenous leukemia, the eventual resolution of
      leukopenia, and concurrent acute respiratory failure diagnosed clinically as
      increased permeability pulmonary edema. Four of the 6 patients abruptly developed
      overt clinical evidence of pulmonary dysfunction within the 96 h preceding the
      resolution of the peripheral leukopenia. In all 6 patients, the alveolar to
      arterial oxygen tension difference increased between leukocyte counts. The mean
      value for the alveolar to arterial oxygen tension difference for the group
      doubled during this period (148 +/- 37 mmHg 3 days prior to resolution; 290 +/-
      37 mmHg 1 day after resolution; p less than 0.05). As an index of lung capillary
      permeability, we measured the lung permeability-surface area product for urea
      (PSu) for an additional patient with oxygen toxicity and drug-induced leukopenia
      whose hypoxemia increased immediately before the resolution of leukopenia. The
      PSu in this patient was high, in the range previously reported as being highly
      specific for increased permeability pulmonary edema with a fatal outcome. We
      conclude that such diffuse lung injury resembling the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome can occur in leukopenic patients, but the resolution of leukopenia in
      such patients may be associated with worsening oxygenation and with abnormally
      high pulmonary microvascular permeability. These observations do not prove a
      causal relationship but provide a clinical parallel to several leukocyte
      depletion studies reported in animal models of increased permeability pulmonary
      edema that implicate white blood cells in the pathogenesis of hypoxemia and lung
      edema.

PMID- 3994154
TI  - Polysomnography scoring for sleep apnea. Use of a sampling method.
AB  - The all-night polysomnogram is used to assess the severity of sleep apnea by the
      quantitative analysis of a number of respiratory and sleep parameters. Because
      precise scoring of these parameters is a time-consuming process, we studied the
      effect of scoring varying percentages of polysomnograms on the accuracy of
      estimating sleep apnea severity. Twenty adult all-night polysomnograms with apnea
      hypopnea (AH) indexes ranging from 1.0 to 67.8 were scored in the following
      manner: every 30-s epoch (100% scoring), every other epoch (50% scoring), every
      fourth epoch (25% scoring), every sixth epoch (16.7% scoring), every eighth epoch
      (12.5% scoring), and every tenth epoch (10% scoring). Each method was then
      compared with 100% scoring. For each parameter we established criteria for
      classifying studies as having a mild, moderate, or severe degree of abnormality.
      The number of studies correctly categorized for the following parameters was: (1)
      AH index, 20/20 for 50 and 25% scoring, 19/20 for 16.7 and 10% scoring, and 18/20
      for 12.5% scoring; (2) AH time, 20/20 for 50, 25, and 16.7% scoring, 17/20 for
      12.5% scoring, and 18/20 for 10% scoring; (3) mean AH duration, 20/20 for 50, 25,
      and 12.5% scoring, 18/20 for 16.7% scoring, and 15/20 for 10% scoring; (4) mean
      event percent O2 saturation, 20/20 for 50 and 25% scoring, 18/20 for 16.7 and
      12.5% scoring, and 17/20 for 10% scoring; (5) longest AH, 19/20 for 50% scoring,
      18/20 for 25% scoring, and 15/20 or less for 16.7, 12.5, and 10% scoring; (6)
      lowest percent O2 saturation, 19/20 for 50% scoring, 17/20 for 25% scoring, and
      15/20 or less for 16.7, 12.5, and 10% scoring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994153
TI  - Immunoglobulin G subclass proteins in serum and lavage fluid of normal subjects.
      Quantitation and comparison with immunoglobulins A and E.
AB  - Although total concentration of immunoglobulin G has been quantitated in the
      lower respiratory tract of humans, the contribution of the 4 subclass species of
      IgG to total recoverable IgG protein has not been assessed. We have developed
      sensitive, micro-ELISA assays specific for the individual subclasses and employed
      them to measure serum and local intrapulmonary levels of these proteins. We have
      compared lung lavage and serum concentrations of these proteins (relative to
      albumin) and also compared these immunoglobulins with IgA and IgE. The results of
      serum level measurements of subclass proteins are similar to results reported by
      others; IgG1 and IgG2 are present in lung lavage in concentrations similar to
      their serum concentration, serum and lavage levels are directly related, and IgG4
      is increased in lavage compared with that in serum, suggesting increased local
      synthesis or accumulation of this protein within the lower respiratory tract.
      Local intrapulmonary concentrations of both IgA and IgE also are increased
      compared with those in their serum concentrations. Local IgG3 is variable, with
      some subjects having increased amounts compared with that in serum, whereas
      others have concentrations similar to those in serum. These data suggest a
      preferential accumulation of IgG4 in the lower respiratory tract. It is possible
      that IgG4, like IgA and IgE, plays a special role in the immune defense of the
      lung.

PMID- 3994155
TI  - Damage of the airway epithelium and bronchial reactivity in patients with asthma.
AB  - We measured bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and prepared electron
      micrographs from bronchial biopsies from 8 asthmatic patients who never smoked (2
      females, 6 males, 18 to 62 yr of age). Judging from their clinical histories and
      the need for medication and long-term follow-up of PEF values, 2 of them had mild
      asthma, 3 moderately severe, and 3 severe asthma. They had not experienced
      respiratory infections for at least 2 months prior to the study. The result,
      obtained from the cumulative dose-response curve, was expressed as the
      provocative dose (PD20) of histamine producing a 20% fall in forced expiratory
      volume in one second (FEV1). In 5 patients, the PD20 varied from 0.049 mg to
      2.234 mg. In the sixth patient, only PD15 could be measured (5.187 mg). In 2
      patients, the low initial FEV1 values, because of severe, partly irreversible
      obstruction, prevented the measurement of bronchial reactivity. Bronchial
      biopsies were taken with rigid tube bronchoscopy from 3 levels: (1) at the carina
      of the right upper lobe, (2) at the opening of the right middle or lower lobe,
      and (3) inside the right lower lobe. The specimens were prepared for both light
      and electron microscopy. Fresh biopsies showed that asthma patients can have
      epithelial destruction at all levels of the airways. The ciliated cells appeared
      to be the most destroyed cell type in the epithelium. Intraepithelial nerves and
      mast cells were seen. Epithelial destruction in the respiratory tract of the
      asthma patients with mild to severe bronchial hyperresponsiveness was prominent
      enough to expose the epithelial nerves for specific or nonspecific stimuli.

PMID- 3994156
TI  - Pulmonary inflammation generates chemotactic activity for tumor cells and
      promotes lung metastasis.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated a chemotactic factor for tumor cells in
      inflammatory peritoneal exudates. Because the lung is a frequent site of
      inflammation and of secondary tumors, we looked for tumor cell chemotactic
      factors in alveolar inflammatory exudates and examined the effect of inflammation
      on the localization and metastasis of circulating syngenic fibrosarcoma cells.
      Intratracheal injections of a 1-mg carbon suspension (0.03-mu particles in 0.1 ml
      sterile water) were given to C57 b1/6 mice that were killed between 6 h and 28
      days later. The total number of cells recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
      fluids rose from 8 X 10(4) to 240 X 10(4), and was maximal at 3 days. Neutrophils
      accounted for more than 75% of the inflammatory cells in the first week when
      there was a greater than twentyfold rise in the levels of glucosaminidase in
      lavage fluids. Injection of water alone caused a mild inflammatory response that
      subsided rapidly. In Boyden chambers, the tumor cells demonstrated chemotactic
      responses to lavage supernatants from animals with inflamed lungs, and the
      magnitude of response correlated directly with the number of neutrophils (r =
      0.60) or total exudate cells (r = 0.47) but not with macrophages (r = 0.05).
      Intravenous injection of 2 X 10(5) 131I-iododeoxyuridine labeled tumor cells on
      the third to fifth day after intratracheal injection was followed after 24 h by
      pulmonary localization of 3 to 5 times more tumor cells in inflamed lungs than in
      control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994157
TI  - Evidence for chronic inflammation as a component of the interstitial lung disease
      associated with progressive systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) is a generalized disorder characterized by
      fibrosis of many organs including the lung parenchyma. Unlike most other
      interstitial disorders, traditional concepts of the interstitial lung disease
      associated with PSS have held it to be a "pure" fibrotic disorder without a
      significant inflammatory component. To directly evaluate whether an active
      alveolitis is associated with this disorder, patients with chronic interstitial
      lung disease and PSS were studied by open lung biopsy, gallium-67 scanning, and
      bronchoalveolar lavage. Histologic evaluation of the biopsies demonstrated that
      the interstitial fibrosis of PSS is clearly associated with the presence of
      macrophages, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, both in the
      interstitium and on the alveolar epithelial surface. Gallium-67 scans were
      positive in 77% of the patients, showing diffuse, primarily lower zone uptake,
      suggestive of active inflammation. Consistent with the histologic findings,
      bronchoalveolar lavage studies demonstrated a mild increase in the proportions of
      neutrophils and eosinophils with occasional increased numbers of lymphocytes.
      Importantly, alveolar macrophages from patients with PSS showed increased release
      of fibronectin and alveolar-macrophage-derived growth factor, mediators that
      together stimulate lung fibroblasts to proliferate, thus suggesting at least one
      mechanism modulating the lung fibrosis of these patients. Thus, evidence from
      several different points of view together demonstrates that the interstitial lung
      disease associated with PSS is associated with chronic inflammation in the local
      milieu, leading to the hypothesis that the inflammation plays some role in the
      derangements to the alveolar structures that characterize this disorder.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994158
TI  - Influence of two-phase gas-liquid interaction on aerosol deposition in airways.
AB  - Many patients with chronic simple bronchitis, viz., chronic productive cough
      without major airway obstruction, frequently show enhanced aerosol deposition in
      the airways. We hypothesized that this phenomenon might relate in part to wave
      motion of an accumulated layer of mucus caused by dynamic, two-phase gas-liquid
      interactions. In the present investigation, two-phase gas-liquid interaction was
      demonstrated in vivo by observing wave motion during tidal breathing of
      radiopaque-labeled viscous and viscoelastic fluids that had been added to distal
      tracheas of conscious sheep. Total aerosol deposition in the lung and mean
      pulmonary resistance (RL) were measured after addition of 4 to 10 ml of
      viscoelastic or viscous fluids to the distal main bronchi of conscious sheep.
      Change in aerosol deposition over baseline after fluid addition was compared with
      change in RL. In 21 experiments, 5 for each of 3 viscoelastic fluids with varying
      characteristics and 6 for a viscous fluid, aerosol deposition was significantly
      enhanced in every experiment, irrespective of the type of fluid added. This
      increase in aerosol deposition ranged from 13 to 66% above baseline. The RL
      increased in 5 of the 6 experiments with viscous fluid and in 4 of the 15
      experiments with viscoelastic fluids. There was less wavelike motion with viscous
      than with viscoelastic fluids. These results suggest that two-phase gas-liquid
      interaction in the airways can account for increased aerosol deposition with
      little alteration in airway resistance.

PMID- 3994159
TI  - Effect of superoxide dismutase encapsulated in liposomes or conjugated with
      polyethylene glycol on neutrophil bactericidal activity in vitro and bacterial
      clearance in vivo.
AB  - Encapsulation in liposomes (LIP) or conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG)
      are methods being used to increase circulating half-life periods and/or improve
      delivery of antioxidant enzymes that could decrease lung injury induced by O2
      metabolites. We found that pretreatment with LIP, with or without the antioxidant
      enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased killing of Staphylococcus aureus
      502A by neutrophils in vitro and clearance of intravenously injected S. aureus in
      rabbits in vivo. In contrast, pretreatment with PEG (with or without SOD) had no
      effect on neutrophil bactericidal activity in vitro or bacterial clearance in
      vivo. Our results suggest that conjugation with PEG may be a better way than
      encapsulation in liposomes for delivering antioxidant enzymes, especially if one
      is concerned about preserving host-defense mechanisms.

PMID- 3994160
TI  - Perinatal age determines the severity of retarded lung development induced by
      starvation.
AB  - Susceptibility of the lung to caloric restriction is age-dependent, with more
      permanent damage occurring during the phases of growth and differentiation.
      Because the guinea pig is born with more well-developed alveoli than are other
      rodents, the postnatal lung of this species may better resist alveolar hypoplasia
      than the prenatal lung. Control animals were raised from sows provided food ad
      libitum during and after normal gestations (66 to 68 days). Starvation groups
      received 50% rations of control food intakes during 1 of three 21-day periods:
      prenatal starvation, with sows rationed during their last trimester (Day 45 to
      term); neonatal starvation, with nursing sows rationed during the 21 days
      postpartum before weaning; weanling starvation, with animals starved from 21 to
      42 days postpartum. Lungs were fixed in situ with glutaraldehyde and analyzed for
      pulmonary morphometrics. At the end of starvation and before refeeding, lungs of
      prenatal and weanling starvation groups were significantly reduced for tissue
      volumes, alveolar and capillary surface areas, and pulmonary diffusing capacity.
      Recovery with feeding was complete for most parameters in the starved weanlings
      by maturity, but animals starved prenatally showed residual starvation effects as
      adults. The neonatally starved animals showed minimal effects of starvation on
      lung dimensions, both acutely and as adults. Morphologically, the lungs of some
      prenatally starved neonates were apparently retarded, at least to the saccular
      phase, and correlated with significant increases in the number of stillborn
      litters and in neonatal mortality within hours of parturition.

PMID- 3994161
TI  - Effects of a two-year inhalation exposure of rats to coal dust and/or diesel
      exhaust on tension responses of isolated airway smooth muscle.
AB  - This study was performed to determine whether chronic inhalation exposure of rats
      to levels of coal dust (CD) and/or diesel exhaust (DE) similar to those
      experienced by underground miners affects the pharmacologic characteristics of
      the animal's airway smooth muscle. Animals were exposed for 2 yr to CD alone (2
      mg/m3 of respirable particulates), DE alone (2 mg/m3 of respirable particulates),
      or CD and DE (CD + DE) in combination (1 mg/m3 CD plus 1 mg/m3 DE). Concentration
      response relationships for tension changes induced with acetylcholine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine, potassium chloride, and isoproterenol were assessed in vitro
      on isolated preparations of rat airway smooth muscle (trachealis). Compared with
      control animals, the maximal contractile responses to acetylcholine of tissues
      from CD-, DE-, and CD + DE-exposed animals were significantly increased; the
      effects of CD and DE exposure were additive. The CD + DE exposure, but not the
      individual treatments, resulted in a significant increase in the maximal
      relaxation response elicited by isoproterenol; this interaction may have resulted
      from the addition of, or the synergism between, the nonsignificant effects of CD
      and DE alone. No treatment altered the sensitivity (EC50 values) of the muscles
      to the agonists used. The results indicate that chronic exposure to CD, DE, and
      CD + DE produces differential modifications in the behavior of rat airway smooth
      muscle. These findings may have some bearing on humans exposed to these
      substances.

PMID- 3994162
TI  - Variability in measurements of pressure-volume curves in normal subjects.
AB  - Changes in lung elasticity as measured by the pressure-volume curve are used in
      clinical investigative studies to diagnose abnormalities in lung function and to
      evaluate changes in a patient either over time or with an acute intervention. To
      assess the intrinsic variability of parameters derived from this technique, 4
      static deflation curves per day on 5 separate days during a 2-month period were
      constructed for 10 healthy adults. The pressure-volume data were fitted to the
      exponential equation: V = A-Be-KP. The coefficients of variation for maximal
      elastic recoil pressure, transpulmonary pressures at 90, 80, 70, and 60% total
      lung capacity, static expiratory compliance, and the constants A, B, and k were
      determined. No significant correlation was found between the variability of daily
      curves and that of curves performed on separate occasions. The natural log of the
      exponential constant showed the lowest coefficient of variation, indicating that
      this parameter is the most reproducible.

PMID- 3994163
TI  - Effect of 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide on airway resistance in freely breathing,
      heavily exercising, asthmatic subjects.
AB  - We sought to determine whether 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide in filtered air causes
      bronchoconstriction when inhaled by freely breathing, heavily exercising,
      asthmatic subjects. Nineteen asthmatic volunteers exercised at 750 kilogram
      meters/min for 5 min in an exposure chamber that contained filtered air at
      ambient temperature and humidity or, on another day, filtered air plus 0.25 ppm
      sulfur dioxide. The order of exposure to sulfur dioxide and to filtered air alone
      was randomized, and the experiments were double-blinded. Specific airway
      resistance, measured by constant-volume, whole-body plethysmography, increased
      from 6.38 +/- 2.07 cm H2O X s (mean +/- SD) before exercise to 11.32 +/- 8.97
      after exercise on days when subjects breathed filtered air alone and from 5.70 +/
      1.93 to 13.33 +/- 7.54 on days when subjects breathed 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide in
      filtered air. The increase in specific airway resistance on days when subjects
      breathed 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide was only slightly greater than on days when they
      breathed filtered air, but the difference was significant. To determine whether
      0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide causes greater bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects
      exercising more vigorously, 9 subjects then repeated the experiment exercising at
      1,000 instead of 750 kilogram meters/min. Specific airway resistance increased
      from 6.71 +/- 2.25 to 13.59 +/- 7.57 on days when subjects breathed filtered air
      alone and from 5.23 +/- 1.23 to 12.54 +/- 6.17 on days they breathed 0.25 ppm
      sulfur dioxide in filtered air. The increase in specific airway resistance on the
      2 days was not significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994164
TI  - Guidelines as to what constitutes an adverse respiratory health effect, with
      special reference to epidemiologic studies of air pollution.

PMID- 3994165
TI  - American Lung Association 81st annual meeting; American Thoracic Society 80th
      annual meeting; Congress of Lung Association Staff 73rd annual meeting. May 12
      15, 1985, Anaheim. Abstracts.

PMID- 3994166
TI  - Actinomycosis. Surgical aspects.
AB  - Actinomycosis is an anaerobic infection caused by actinomycetes, which are part
      of the normal flora in the oral cavity and intestine. Antecedent disease or
      surgery predisposes to infection, and involved tissue becomes indurated and forms
      multiple draining fistulae discharging characteristic sulfur granules. Three
      principal clinical syndromes are described: cervicofacial, thoracic, and
      abdominal. Recently pelvic actinomycosis has become more prevalent and associated
      with women who use the intrauterine device. The diagnosis of actinomycosis
      usually is made at surgery. Biopsied material histologically demonstrates sulfur
      granules and filamentous gram-positive rods. The differential diagnosis includes
      cancer and other chronic infections. Treatment consists of appropriate
      antimicrobial therapy and often surgery including incision and drainage or
      excision of abscesses, drainage of empyemas, and removal of persistent sinuses.

PMID- 3994167
TI  - Appendectomy during pregnancy.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients suspected of having appendicitis while pregnant had
      appendectomies, and 20 patients had appendicitis. Right lower quadrant pain and
      tenderness of less than 24 hours duration with nausea and vomiting, a fever of 38
      C or less, and a leukocyte count of more than 15,000 were the more common
      findings in patients with appendicitis. Right lower quadrant pain and tenderness
      of more than 24 hours' duration, fever of more than 38 C, and a leukocyte count
      of less than 15,000 were more common findings in patients with idiopathic right
      lower quadrant pain or such pain associated with urinary tract infection. Neither
      fetal nor maternal death or complication occurred. The use of antibiotics and
      progestational agents appeared to be a matter of choice and did not appear to
      influence fetal or maternal outcome. These data support the concept that
      peritonitis rather than appendectomy is the cause of fetal and maternal death and
      complication in pregnant women suspected of having appendicitis and further argue
      for early appendectomy in such patients.

PMID- 3994168
TI  - Intraperitoneal splenic implants do not alter clearance of pneumococcal
      bacteremia.
AB  - The effect of intraperitoneal splenic autotransplants was studied in Sprague
      Dawley rats. Twenty animals underwent total splenectomy. Splenectomy was
      performed in another group of 20 rats, after which the spleen was diced into 15
      pieces and replaced within the leaves of the small bowel mesentery. Twelve weeks
      later pneumococcal bacteremia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 5 X
      10(6) Streptococcus pneumoniae. Quantitative blood cultures were obtained from
      the tail vein 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 240 minutes after injection. Mean bacterial
      counts with time for animals bearing splenic autotransplants were not
      significantly different from completely asplenic rats. At autopsy, all animals
      receiving splenic implants were found to have viable splenic tissue among the
      leaves of the small bowel mesentery. This study shows that even allowing 12 weeks
      for maximal regeneration, splenic autotransplants fail to significantly alter the
      clearance of an established bacteremia.

PMID- 3994169
TI  - Subclavian vein catheterization for central line placement in children under 2
      years of age.
AB  - Using subclavian vein catheterization after unsuccessful internal jugular venous
      puncture, the authors have been successful in 23 of 32 children younger than 2
      years of age. There was no mortality, and minimal morbidity, with this procedure.
      Cannulation should be performed in most cases on the first insertion of the
      needle, and the Seldinger technique using a J-wire aids in catheter placement.
      Though we did not cause pneumothorax, the inability to obtain a chest x ray prior
      to the operative procedure in most patients causes us to suggest that this
      technique be used only on those patients requiring an open chest operative
      procedure.

PMID- 3994170
TI  - Activated clotting time for control of anticoagulation during surgery.
AB  - Two groups of patients undergoing extracorporeal bypass were compared for heparin
      activity and for heparin and protamine dosage. In group I (18 patients), a
      uniform dosage pattern was neutralized at the end to a normal clotting time. In
      group II (43 patients), heparin and terminal protamine doses were regulated by
      activated clotting times (ACT) using a Hemochron (International Technidyne Corp.,
      Metuchen, NJ). In group II there was a 39 per cent reduction of total heparin
      dose per case, protamine was reduced 76 per cent, and if the initial heparin
      doses were excluded, maintenance heparin was reduced 73 per cent. No pattern of
      heparin administration could be applied to all patients. Heparin half-life varied
      from 43 to 220 minutes. Other factors that alter heparin activity during bypass
      revealed no statistical differences. Plasma Hgb was significantly higher in group
      I, and platelet counts the day following operation were higher in group II. ACT
      allows tailoring heparin and protamine without the unnecessary dangers of
      variations in patient response and drug potency.

PMID- 3994171
TI  - Use of intravenous diazepam in patients on chronic hemodialysis undergoing
      surgery.
AB  - Diazepam is a drug commonly used for sedation in surgery done under local
      anesthesia. Since its primary metabolites are excreted in the urine, its safety
      for use in functionally anephric patients has not been determined. This report
      describes the results of diazepam use in chronic hemodialysis patients undergoing
      angioaccess procedures. Thirty consecutive angioaccess procedures with an average
      duration of 1 hour and 27 minutes were done in 22 different patients using an
      average of 25 mg diazepam per patient. No other sedation was used. All patients
      except one were considered to have satisfactory sedation. Only two patients
      developed superficial phlebitis which had no lasting adverse effect. It is
      concluded that intravenous diazepam may be used in anephric patients with a
      response and safety comparable to that reported in patients with normal renal
      function.

PMID- 3994172
TI  - Who will become a surgeon?

PMID- 3994173
TI  - Emergency subxiphoid pericardial decompression for malignant pericardial
      effusion.
AB  - Malignant pericardial effusion can result in acute cardiac tamponade with serious
      hemodynamic compromise. This condition requires prompt pericardial decompression
      for relief of symptoms; however, the risks of general anesthesia in this setting
      are considerable. In a series of 12 patients, all operated on under local
      anesthesia without operative mortality, there were six patients with malignant
      pericardial effusion secondary to lung carcinoma; four patients, secondary to
      breast carcinoma; one patient, secondary to squamous cell carcinoma of the oral
      cavity; and one patient, secondary to an unknown primary. The clinical
      presentation of each was abrupt and echocardiography was definitive. The
      procedure is performed through an upper abdominal midline incision. The xiphoid
      process is excised, the diaphragm is visualized, and a pericardial window is
      created through which two chest tubes are placed through separate stab incisions.
      The tubes are removed when the drainage has subsided, usually 3-7 days. No
      medication or irritant is instilled. There was no recurrence following this
      treatment. The average survival time was 27 weeks with a range of 2-153 weeks.
      This operation should be part of the repertoire of the general surgeon who treats
      breast cancer and of the thoracic surgeon who treats lung cancer.

PMID- 3994175
TI  - The association of primary hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis.
AB  - The long-held tenet that a cause and effect relation exists between primary
      hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis has recently been questioned. To clarify
      this association, records of 1475 patients seen with pancreatitis during a 10
      year period were reviewed. Five patients (0.4%) were identified with primary
      hyperparathyroidism. The four men and one woman ranged in age from 31 to 57
      years. Four had recurrent pancreatitis over a 2-10 yr period before
      hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed. One patient had hypercalcemia noted 1 year
      prior to developing pancreatitis. Four patients had associated potential causes
      of pancreatitis including alcohol abuse, gallstones, and hypotension.
      Pancreatitis was severe in each patient. Two patients had more than four
      admissions for acute pancreatitis, one patient underwent pseudocyst drainage and
      distal pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis, one patient underwent
      pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis, and one patient died from
      hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Four patients have undergone successful
      parathyroidectomy and have had no further attacks of pancreatitis on follow-up
      ranging from 1 to 4 years. Hyperparathyroidism is rarely associated with
      pancreatitis, but when this combination occurs, the pancreatitis is likely to be
      severe. Despite its rarity, a cause and effect relationship is still suggested by
      the fact that parathyroidectomy seems to prevent recurrence of pancreatitis.

PMID- 3994174
TI  - Acute penetrating arterial injuries of the forearm. Ligation or repair?
AB  - The management of forearm arterial trauma is controversial and follow-up data on
      such injuries is scant. A survey was made of 249 patients with penetrating
      forearm trauma to determine the incidence and outcome of arterial injury. Sixty
      six patients (26.5%) sustained 69 arterial injuries documented at operation or
      with angiography. The clinical manifestations of arterial injury were often
      subtle; 42.4 per cent of the patients had normal pulses and only 7.6 per cent
      presented with distal ischemia. In 9.1 per cent of the patients there was no
      clinical evidence of vascular injury. The most frequent types of arterial injury
      were transection (72.5%) and partial laceration (14.5%). Arterial repair was
      performed in 84.8 per cent of the cases, and resection with end-to-end
      anastomosis was usually possible. Volar compartment fasciotomies were necessary
      in 18.2 per cent of the cases. The early postoperative complications seen were
      wound-related, and these were six times more frequent in the group undergoing
      arterial ligation (36% vs 6%). In 49 patients evaluated an average of 6 months
      after repair, the patency rate determined by clinical examination was 85.7 per
      cent. Because of a high incidence of associated nerve (56.1%) and tendon (54.5%)
      injuries, the functional status of the injured extremity was less satisfactory,
      with only 49.2 per cent of the patients having normal hand function. Since the
      forearm vessels can be repaired with minimal morbidity and acceptable results,
      arterial ligation is recommended only when repair is not readily accomplished, or
      when treatment of a more pressing associated injury demands priority.

PMID- 3994176
TI  - Directed manual recruitment of collapsed lung in intubated and nonintubated
      patients.
AB  - Four patients with collapsed lung are presented that demonstrate the utility of
      the directed manual recruitment technique (DMRT) in a range of clinical
      situations presented by weaning difficulties, recurrent acute atelectasis, and
      acute respiratory failure in the nonintubated patient. DMRT is an easily applied
      noninvasive method of lung expansion in the treatment of patients with segmental
      and lobar collapse and is safe when carried out with appropriate precautions.

PMID- 3994177
TI  - The significance of hypoalbuminemia following injury and infection.
AB  - Serum albumin and absolute hepatic albumin synthetic rates were measured in ten
      seriously ill injured and septic patients using the (14C) carbonate technique.
      Although it is commonly believed that serum albumin levels (SAL) reflect hepatic
      function and visceral protein status in hospitalized patients, no relationship
      was found between these two measured parameters in this patient population. A
      depressed mean serum albumin level of 1.98 +/- 0.50 gm/dl (range: 1.25-2.69
      gm/dl) was associated with a supranormal mean albumin synthetic rate of 215 +/-
      121 mg/kg/day (range: 21-447 mg/kg/d). No significant mean SAL and albumin
      synthetic rate differences were noted between injured nonseptic and septic
      patient populations. Since albumin synthesis was elevated in most of these
      stressed patients these findings support the view that extravascular protein
      redistribution and/or increased peripheral catabolism are the major factors
      responsible for hypoalbuminemia in critically ill patients.

PMID- 3994178
TI  - Pancreas divisum. Detection and management.
AB  - Pancreas divisum is a variant of pancreatic ductal drainage. Its existence is
      being observed more frequently with the widespread use of endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). On occasion, a relative stenosis of the
      accessory sphincter will cause a symptom complex which includes nausea, vomiting,
      upper abdominal pain, and intermittent pancreatitis. In 20 patients seen over the
      past 4 years, symptoms have been severe enough to consider the patient for
      transduodenal sphincteroplasty. The use of morphine prostigmine stimulation as a
      screening tool, has been helpful in 79 per cent of the patients in the series.
      Intravenous secretin has been a valuable adjunct to both ERCP identification and
      cannulation of the duct, as well as in two patients in whom the diagnosis was
      only suspected, and confirmed at the operating table. Operative common duct
      manometry has shown 40 per cent of the patients to have abnormal flow dynamics,
      suggesting possible disturbance in the biliary sphincter, as well as the
      accessory pancreatic sphincter. Pathologic examination has demonstrated abnormal
      gallbladders in nine of nine patients without previous cholecystectomy. The
      suggested procedure of dual sphincteroplasty has resulted in no mortalities, but
      a 50 per cent complication rate. Follow-up shows 70 per cent of the patients to
      be currently asymptomatic, two patients have had recurrent pancreatitis, and four
      patients have other problems causing continued post-operative pain. This study
      suggests dual sphincteroplasty is an acceptable form of therapy for patients with
      pancreatic divisum and no other source for their pain. Further follow-up will be
      necessary to insure that therapy is truly curative.

PMID- 3994179
TI  - Peptic ulcer disease and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
AB  - The medical records of 265 patients with peptic ulcer disease were reviewed for a
      history of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use preceding hospital
      admission. Ninety-five patients (36%) gave a history of regular use of such
      agents. The admission characteristics of the peptic ulcer patient group not using
      NSAIDs (age, sex, ulcer location, admission indication, method of diagnosis) were
      virtually identical to those of the group taking NSAIDs. Although 24.5 per cent
      of patients not taking NSAIDs were admitted because of hemorrhage from their
      ulcer compared with 28.4 per cent of NSAID users, only 7.5 per cent of nonusers
      required surgery for hemorrhage control compared to 29.6 per cent of users.
      Eighty per cent of patients regularly using more than one NSAID required surgery
      for an ulcer complication. Hemorrhage mortality was 5 per cent among nonusers
      compared with 14.8 per cent among users. It is concluded that NSAID use by
      patients with peptic ulcers adversely affects therapeutic response in general and
      significantly impairs normal hemostatic mechanisms in patients bleeding from an
      ulcer.

PMID- 3994180
TI  - [11th National Congress of Pediatric Nephrology. Santander, 20-23 June 1984.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 3994181
TI  - [24th annual meeting of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Surgery. Palma de
      Mallorca, June 1984. Abstracts].

PMID- 3994182
TI  - [Iron metabolism and its pathology in children. Abstracts].

PMID- 3994183
TI  - [8th national meeting of the Pediatric Intensive Care Section (Spanish Pediatric
      Association). Abstracts].

PMID- 3994184
TI  - [5th national meeting of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Abstracts].

PMID- 3994185
TI  - Protection of the patient in radiation therapy. A report of Committee 3 of the
      International Commission on Radiological Protection.

PMID- 3994186
TI  - Adverse cardiac effects of acute alcohol ingestion in young adults.
AB  - Previous studies of the effects of acute alcohol ingestion in normal subjects
      have used measures of left ventricular performance that are altered by changes in
      preload and afterload and in contractile state. In studies involving nine
      healthy, young adults, we measured sensitive load-independent end-systolic
      indices of left ventricular contractility over a wide range of pressures
      generated by methoxamine infusion before and after oral alcohol administration.
      Echocardiography was used in conjunction with calibrated carotid pulse tracings.
      Alcohol ingestion resulted in a fall (p less than 0.01) in left ventricular end
      diastolic dimension (a measure of preload), end-systolic wall stress (a measure
      of afterload), and systemic vascular resistance, while not changing the left
      ventricular shortening fraction. In contrast, the end-systolic pressure-dimension
      slope decreased (p less than 0.001) and the rate-corrected velocity of left
      ventricular fiber shortening at an end-systolic wall stress of 50 g/cm2 fell (p
      less than 0.001). Thus, when load-independent assessment of left ventricular
      contractility is done, acute alcohol ingestion has a myocardial depressant effect
      greater than previously suspected.

PMID- 3994188
TI  - Stool electrolyte and osmolality measurements in the evaluation of diarrheal
      disorders.
AB  - Stool osmolality and electrolyte measurements were obtained from 12 patients with
      diarrheal disorders. Osmolality of diarrheal stool (285 to 330 mosmol) regardless
      of the cause is less than the reported osmolality of normal stool. Storage of
      stool at room temperature can artifactually increase stool osmolality as the
      result of bacterial metabolism. When stool samples are fresh, a negative osmotic
      gap (measured osmolality - 2 X [Na + K]) is commonly associated with secretory
      diarrhea, whereas a high osmotic gap (greater than 160 mosmol) is seen in
      patients with osmotic diarrhea. In many conditions fasting does not resolve
      diarrhea completely, and when the stool osmotic gap is greater than 50 mosmol,
      the pathogenesis of diarrhea is difficult to define.

PMID- 3994187
TI  - Reactivation of chronic type B hepatitis presenting as acute viral hepatitis.
AB  - Three asymptomatic chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, who had
      normal serum aminotransferase levels and no detectable hepatitis B e antigen in
      serum, developed icteric, symptomatic acute hepatitis. Serologic evidence of
      acute infection with hepatitis A virus, delta hepatitis virus, cytomegalovirus,
      or Epstein-Barr virus was absent. However, hepatitis B virus DNA and DNA
      polymerase activity, which were not detectable before the exacerbation, appeared
      in the serum of all three patients during the acute illness, confirming the
      diagnosis of spontaneous reactivation of chronic type B hepatitis. Thus, acute
      exacerbations of chronic type B hepatitis may present as an acute hepatitis
      superimposed on the chronic carrier state.

PMID- 3994189
TI  - Hypercalcemia in pheochromocytoma. Evidence for a novel mechanism.
AB  - A child with a pheochromocytoma had hypercalcemia but no evidence for excessive
      parathyroid hormone secretion from the parathyroid glands or the
      pheochromocytoma. Therapy with the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor metyrosine
      (alpha-methyltyrosine) reversed the catecholamine excess but had no effect on the
      hypercalcemia. Adrenalectomy promptly reversed the hypercalcemia. Extracts of the
      tumor contained a substance(s) that produced both potent in-vitro bone resorption
      and striking adenylate-cyclase-stimulating activity in renal cortical membranes.
      This stimulating activity was due to activation of the parathyroid hormone
      receptor/adenylate cyclase complex but was not due to parathyroid hormone. Our
      findings document hypercalcemia in association with pheochromocytoma and show
      that hypercalcemia occurred in the absence of previously proposed mechanisms. We
      also provide preliminary characterization of the presumed responsible
      substance(s) and suggest that this substance(s) may be related to that associated
      with the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

PMID- 3994190
TI  - Cerebral thrombosis in smokers' polycythemia.

PMID- 3994191
TI  - Guanabenz overdose.

PMID- 3994192
TI  - Granulomatous endocarditis with systemic embolism in Behcet's disease.

PMID- 3994193
TI  - Unsuspected parathyroid cysts diagnosed by measurement of thyroglobulin and
      parathyroid hormone concentrations in fluid aspirates.

PMID- 3994194
TI  - Cryptogenic hemoptysis. Clinical features, bronchoscopic findings, and natural
      history in 67 patients.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical outcome of 67 patients with hemoptysis and a normal or
      nonlocalizing chest roentgenogram and nondiagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopic
      examination. During a 38 +/- 22 (SD) month period after bronchoscopy, 57 (85%)
      patients remained well without evidence of active tuberculosis or overlooked
      bronchogenic carcinoma, and 9 patients died of nonpulmonary conditions. One
      patient developed bronchogenic carcinoma 20 months after bronchoscopy and
      resolution of symptoms. Hemoptysis had resolved completely before hospital
      discharge in 38 (57%) patients, within 6 months in 60 (90%), and recurred in only
      3. Five patients (7.5%) had intermittent episodes of bleeding for more than 1
      year. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy effectively excludes specific underlying causes of
      hemoptysis in the setting of a normal chest roentgenogram. The prognosis for
      patients with cryptogenic hemoptysis is generally good, usually with resolution
      of bleeding within 6 months of evaluation.

PMID- 3994196
TI  - Instant blood counts.

PMID- 3994195
TI  - Screening for bronchogenic carcinoma.

PMID- 3994197
TI  - Biofeedback for neuromuscular disorders. Health and Public Policy Committee,
      American College of Physicians.

PMID- 3994198
TI  - Preventive medicine in general internal medicine residency training. Preventive
      Health Care Committee, Society for Research and Education in Primary Care
      Internal Medicine.

PMID- 3994199
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma in Nigeria.

PMID- 3994200
TI  - Ambulatory Holter electrocardiography.

PMID- 3994201
TI  - Nifedipine and ureteral colic.

PMID- 3994202
TI  - Mast cells in the skin: progressive systemic sclerosis and the toxic oil
      syndrome.

PMID- 3994203
TI  - Polymyalgia rheumatica: the diagnosis.

PMID- 3994204
TI  - Imidazoles, ketoconazole, amphotericin B, and Candida guilliermondii.

PMID- 3994205
TI  - Infection, hypothermia, and hemodynamic monitoring.

PMID- 3994206
TI  - Hypothyroidism and phenytoin.

PMID- 3994207
TI  - Hemochromatosis, hypogonadism, testosterone, and erythropoiesis.

PMID- 3994208
TI  - Hyponatremia and ion-selective electrodes.

PMID- 3994209
TI  - Ibuprofen in the treatment of uveitis.
AB  - Ibuprofen has gained widespread acceptance for the treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. We have used ibuprofen in the control
      of both anterior and posterior uveitis and have found it to be effective in the
      control of these disorders.

PMID- 3994210
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the choroid: treatment with episcleral 198Au plaque and
      xenon-arc photocoagulation.
AB  - A method of treatment for posteriorly located malignant melanomas of the choroid
      is reviewed. Twenty-six patients have been treated either by radioactive gold
      (198Au) seed radiation plaque, alone or in combination with postradiation xenon
      arc photocoagulation. Success, defined as the preservation of the globe with
      tumor ablated or regressed, was achieved in 92.3% of the treated eyes. These
      patients have been followed from 1 to 8.5 years, with an average follow-up of
      44.84 months. Fifteen out of 26 patients (57.69%) had a final visual acuity of
      20/50 or better. The main complications were radiation retinopathy (19.2%) and
      cystoid macular edema (19.2%). There were two enucleations, one after 29 months
      and one after 24 months following treatment.

PMID- 3994211
TI  - Classification and treatment of bilateral superior oblique palsy.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with bilateral superior oblique palsy were studied in order
      to classify them into five major categories. By classifying the presentations, an
      orderly approach to the diagnosis as well as the treatment of bilateral superior
      oblique palsy is made.

PMID- 3994212
TI  - Further observations on use of atropine in the treatment of myopia.
AB  - In order to further our observations on the effects of atropine eyedrops for the
      management of myopia, we conducted a retrospective study of seventy-nine (79)
      patients, followed over a ten-year period (1971 to 1980). The atropine sulfate
      drops were used daily in most cases, tapering the frequency in the later teenage
      years. In general, those children who showed a good initial response during their
      first year of treatment, continued to use them for several years. Bifocal or
      reading glasses were used and family acceptance was good. Those children who
      showed less favorable results in the first year or who had unconcerned parents,
      stopped the drops within a year or two and went back to glasses or later, contact
      lenses. The data support the fact that children with low refractive errors may
      well have "functional myopia," as opposed to the "axial myopia," that
      characterizes the higher levels of myopia. These low degree myopes are the best
      candidates for using atropine to reduce or diminish myopia changes.

PMID- 3994213
TI  - Bilateral retinal infarction associated with high dose dopamine.
AB  - A 30-year-old unconscious woman in a hypoglycemic coma responded rapidly to
      intravenous glucose administration with full neurologic recovery. She was
      diagnosed with fulminant non-A-non-B hepatitis. On the fourth hospital day, she
      became suddenly lethargic and required dopamine and dobutamine for respiratory
      and cardiovascular support. Ophthalmic examination revealed clinical
      manifestations consistent with bilateral neuroretinal infarction. She died on the
      tenth hospital day. Careful serial ophthalmologic examinations may serve to
      prevent the occurrence of such a devastating complication in the setting of
      otherwise life-saving medical management.

PMID- 3994214
TI  - Leber's optic atrophy with myopia masquerading as glaucoma: case report.
AB  - In recent years there has been much discussion in the literature regarding the
      proper approach to the patient who presents with apparent "low tension" glaucoma.
      In addition to a complete workup and proper management of such a patient, careful
      consideration must be given to the differential diagnosis of clinical conditions
      presenting with optic disc cupping and visual field changes. We present an
      interesting clinical situation in which a patient with severe myopia and Leber's
      optic atrophy was referred for surgery for treatment of apparent progressive "low
      tension" glaucoma.

PMID- 3994215
TI  - Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis.
AB  - A total of 54 cases of Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis (TSPK) were
      studied. In our series, women were significantly more affected than men. The
      median age of onset for women was younger than in men. The Schirmer values were
      much higher than in an age and sex matched control group, but the lysozyme
      concentration did not differ significantly in the affected and control group.
      Plasma cortisol levels were within the normal limits in TSPK for both sexes but
      significantly higher in the female group. The serum protein and protein fractions
      concentration were normal.

PMID- 3994216
TI  - Laser treatment for retinal vascular diseases.
AB  - To obtain a clinically adequate laser lesion one must adjust four variables,
      namely treatment spot size, duration of application, wavelength, and power. The
      intensity of the necessary reaction will depend upon the type of disease and
      lesion being treated. When retinal vascular diseases are treated using the laser,
      the pattern of laser lesions is determined by the morphology, type, and
      distribution of the retinal vascular disease. This pattern varies from focal and
      multifocal direct treatment to ablative techniques from one to four quadrants and
      maximally four quadrants and treatment within the temporal retinal vascular
      arcades usually avoiding treatment within the papillomacular bundle.

PMID- 3994217
TI  - The Angres Permalid-Liner method to enhance the result of cosmetic
      blepharoplasty.
AB  - The purpose of cosmetic blepharoplasty is the reduction of redundant soft tissue
      of the upper and lower eyelids, improvement due to wrinkling and relaxation of
      the lid skin, and eradication of the fullness and bulges in the lids. The Angres
      Permalid-Liner is a new microsurgical procedure that implants various earthtone
      color pigments to the base of the eyelashes. When done together with aesthetic
      blepharoplasty, it can dramatize the eyes by giving sharper definition to the eye
      shape, makes lashes look thicker, makes the eye look larger and amplifies the
      whites of the eyes. At the same time, it can also be used to eliminate dark
      circles around the eyes, blend in skin grafts, and mask unsightly blemishes.

PMID- 3994218
TI  - Retinal cryopexy in the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - Peripheral retinal cryopexy resulted in stabilization of progressive retinopathy
      and vitreous hemorrhage in 13 eyes of 13 diabetics. In most cases, cryopexy
      followed complete or nearly complete pan-retinal photocoagulation which did not
      prevent subsequent vitreous hemorrhage. No eyes in our series hemorrhaged
      following cryopexy during the period of postoperative observation. Existing
      vitreous opacities generally cleared sufficiently to permit further
      photocoagulation. Visual acuity did not decrease on the basis of hemorrhage after
      cryotherapy, but rather improved in most cases. Peripheral retinal cryopexy is
      recommended as an alternative to vitrectomy for the initial treatment of
      recurrent and persistent diabetic vitreous hemorrhage.

PMID- 3994219
TI  - Hereditary macular dystrophies in relation to radionuclide ocular scintigraphy.
AB  - Radionuclide ocular scintigraphy was investigated to determine whether it could
      detect blood-retinal barrier disruption secondary to retinal disease. Patients
      were examined who had hereditary macular dystrophies and good correlations were
      found of the dynamic and equilibrium results obtained on scintigraphy with the
      clinical disease state. This test may hold promise as another measurement of the
      disruption of ocular physiology in retinal diseases.

PMID- 3994221
TI  - Cortical blindness following Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.
AB  - A 16-month-old child demonstrated cortical blindness following Hemophilus
      influenzae meningitis. The CT scan and flash VER findings were normal, and visual
      recovery was noted several weeks after hospital discharge.

PMID- 3994220
TI  - Nursing home glaucoma and visual acuity screening results in western Oklahoma.
AB  - Six hundred and four patients from 19 nursing homes in rural western Oklahoma
      underwent visual acuity and glaucoma screening. Thirty-seven percent (221/604)
      had corrected near visual acuity less than or equal to 20/200 in one or both
      eyes. Fourty-nine percent (298/604) had best distance visual acuity less than or
      equal to 20/200 in one or both eyes. Improvement of distance visual acuity of two
      or more lines of vision by the use of pinhole viewing (indicating a possible need
      for glasses lens change) was helpful in only 12% (36/298) of patients with
      distance visual acuity less than or equal to 20/200. Fifteen percent (50/316) had
      intraocular pressure (Schiotz tonometry) greater than or equal to 24 mm hg. The
      incidence of significant visual acuity impairments and borderline-elevated
      glaucoma testing in the nursing home population is significantly higher than for
      a comparable general community vision and glaucoma screening of a more mobile and
      youthful population (Table 7). Eleven percent (66/604) were determined to have
      had an eye examination (ophthalmological or optometric) within the previous two
      years. Because potentially severe visual loss caused by cataracts, glaucoma, some
      forms of macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy may be reduced by timely
      medical or surgical eye treatment, the study suggests that many nursing home
      patients who might benefit from ophthalmologic care are currently not receiving
      it. Consideration, therefore, should be given for similar future screenings at
      other nursing home populations.

PMID- 3994222
TI  - Angle recession glaucoma: review and two case reports.
AB  - The natural course of angle recession in a previously traumatized eye and its
      relationship to the development of glaucoma is still not well defined. Two cases
      of late-onset glaucoma occurring some 19 and 23 years after the initial contusion
      injuries to the eye are described. Medical therapy alone was inadequate, and
      surgical intervention was required in both cases. Life-long follow-up is
      indicated in patients with significant angle injury following trauma.

PMID- 3994223
TI  - Myofibroblasts in filtration operations.
AB  - Myofibroblast cells, involved with collagen production, bridge incisional sites
      after two filtration operations. These spindle-shaped cells appeared as early as
      the seventh postoperative day and progressively developed through day 14. Later
      reparative stages were characterized by collagen production, though myofibroblast
      were strikingly absent after day 14. These histopathologic data obtained from
      healthy cats suggest that contraction of wound sites in early post-operative
      period may be causative in cicatrization failures of standard filtration
      procedures.

PMID- 3994224
TI  - Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Central America: first enterovirus epidemic
      in the western hemisphere.
AB  - Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is an eye infection that was first noted
      in 1969 and became a pandemic disease in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Japan in the
      1970s. It was not noted in the western hemisphere until 1981. This report
      describes the clinical experience with AHC in Honduras where it was first seen in
      the western hemisphere. Clinical presentation includes acute onset with symptoms
      of foreign body sensation, burning, and photophobia. Signs include lid edema,
      periauricular lymphadenopathy, conjunctival injection, follicular reaction, and
      typically subconjunctival hemorrhages. Since AHC appears to be a very contagious
      conjunctivitis, it can spread rapidly and result in a high proportion of the
      population becoming infected. There is no known specific treatment for this
      disease, and containment includes increased attention to hygiene.

PMID- 3994225
TI  - Chronic laryngeal stenosis.
AB  - The results of treatment of 82 patients with chronic laryngeal stenosis during a
      20-year period are presented. Road traffic accidents accounted for 30% of the
      cases and iatrogenic disease for 40%. Of the stenoses 10% were supraglottic, 20%
      glottic, 50% subglottic, and 15% combined. Virtually all patients with
      supraglottic stenosis had a good result as regards voice and airway, and we
      describe the use of a laryngeal widening operation for this group of patients.
      Over 80% of patients with glottic stenosis achieved good results. However,
      patients with a subglottic stenosis did badly, and only 60% were relieved of
      their tracheostomies. Patients with stenosis due to previous tracheostomy or to
      systemic disease such as Wegener's granuloma did badly.

PMID- 3994226
TI  - Delayed lower esophageal perforation: management with Celestin tube.
AB  - Rupture of the esophagus carries a high mortality rate with delayed closure in
      the compromised patient. In the five patients observed at the Virginia Mason
      Medical Center, Seattle, we had uniform success in controlling infection and in
      resolution of the fistula with the use of the Celestin tube. We feel this method
      is simple, effective, and worthy of further evaluation for treatment of the
      complicated esophageal perforation.

PMID- 3994227
TI  - Malakoplakia of the maxillary sinus.
AB  - The first case of malakoplakia in the nasal cavities is reported. The patient, a
      21-year-old man, presented a polypoid formation in the left maxillary sinus that
      was removed and studied by light and electron microscopy. The polypoid formation
      consisted of pseudostratified epithelium surrounding a central myxoid tissue
      which contained fibroblasts, histiocytes, and small inflammatory infiltrates. The
      most relevant features were histiocyte accumulations containing 1 to 5-microns
      diameter granules which displayed a concentric multilayered configuration.
      Ultrastructural findings revealed three types of lysosomes within the histiocyte
      cytoplasm: phagolysosomes, intermediate bodies, and Michaelis-Gutmann bodies.
      Septate junctions between lysosomes were frequent. The etiopathogenesis of this
      lesion is discussed.

PMID- 3994228
TI  - Damage to the cochlea following interrupted exposure to low frequency noise.
AB  - This study determines how the magnitude and pattern of cochlear damage is altered
      when exposure to noise is interrupted by regularly spaced rest periods. Groups of
      chinchillas were exposed for six hours per session to an octave band of noise
      with a center frequency of 0.5 kHz. The rest interval between successive
      exposures varied from 18 to 162 hours. The total energy in these exposures was
      equal to that in a nine-day continuous exposure at 95 dB sound pressure level.
      The ears of all animals were prepared for histological study so that the extent
      of cochlear damage could be determined. The pattern of damage produced by
      interrupted exposure to low frequency noise was the same as that found with
      continuous exposure, while the magnitude of damage was usually reduced. The
      amount of protection provided by a particular rest period was found to be
      different for the low and high frequency regions of the cochlea. The significance
      of these findings with regard to the mechanisms of noise damage is discussed.

PMID- 3994230
TI  - Prevalence of handicapping hearing loss in an aging population.
AB  - The mean hearing thresholds of 369 Finnish inhabitants, 65 years, and born in 3
      consecutive years on two elected days each year, were studied in high standard
      measurement conditions. Eighty-nine of these subjects were reexamined 3 years
      later. They represented a typical partly industrialized white population with a
      high standard of living. With the criteria for hearing rehabilitation for
      presbycusis set at a mean hearing threshold of 30 dB or worse at 500 to 1,000 to
      2,000 Hz, and/or 50-dB hearing loss at 2,000 Hz, the prevalence of rehabilitation
      need was 3.2%. Conductive hearing losses were found in 6% of the subjects.

PMID- 3994229
TI  - Multiple primary cancer risk in patients with major salivary gland carcinoma.
AB  - The subsequent primary cancer experience of 498 patients with major salivary
      gland carcinoma was evaluated using a life-table approach. Expected numbers were
      generated from two sources. These were population-based tumor registry data and
      an internal comparison group of randomly selected individually matched patients
      drawn from the same institution. Compared with either referent group, elevated
      risk ratios for all cancer sites combined were demonstrated. Risks for subsequent
      lung cancer were raised but were not statistically significant. For subsequent
      skin cancer, significantly elevated risks were noted.

PMID- 3994231
TI  - Ipsilateral acoustic reflexes in infants.
AB  - Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were studied in otoscopically normal ears
      of infants 2 weeks to 12 months old. Probe tones of 220 and 660 Hz and pure tone
      activators were used. Reflex recordings were free of activator artifact and were
      measured using quantitative standards. Reflexes were detected in 85% to 95% of
      infant ears for 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz activators but were present in only 76%
      of ears at 4,000 Hz. Median thresholds of 80 to 85 dB hearing level were obtained
      with all activators and both probe tones. There were no differences in
      proportions of reflexes obtained with the two probe tones. With a 500-Hz
      activator, thresholds at 220 Hz were lower than those at 660 Hz, while no
      threshold differences were demonstrated between probe tones at other activators.
      No relationship was demonstrated between age in the first year of life and
      presence or threshold of reflexes. Ipsilateral acoustic reflex measures have
      potential use in the identification of hearing loss and middle ear disease in
      infancy.

PMID- 3994232
TI  - Aluminum oxide ceramic ossicular replacement prosthesis.
AB  - Two different prototypes of columella materials made from aluminum oxide ceramics
      were newly designed by the author for ossicular reconstruction. CORP-P (ceramic
      ossicular replacement prosthesis-partial) is used as a columella to fit onto the
      stapes head, and CORP-T (ceramic ossicular replacement prosthesis-total) is used
      as a columella placed onto the footplate of the stapes. In addition to the
      general properties of ceramic implants, CORP has these two characteristics: the
      unique shape of its head, which allows easy and smooth contact with the fascia
      graft, and the radiopacity, which makes it possible to confirm the position of
      the implants by x-ray examination after implantation.

PMID- 3994233
TI  - Influence of environmental temperature on human nasal mucosa.
AB  - Nasal mucosal blood flow and nasal patency were studied in seven healthy subjects
      in order to evaluate normal physiological reactions to cold and heat. Blood flow
      was measured by means of the 133Xe washout method, and nasal patency was
      determined by measuring maximal nasal expiratory air flow. In comparison with the
      results at room temperature (23 degrees C), there was a decreased blood flow and
      a decreased nasal patency after 20 minutes of exposure to cold (6 degrees C).
      After exposure to heat (40 degrees C), an unaltered blood flow and an increased
      nasal patency were registered. The results suggest that nasal patency is
      important for the conditioning of air and support the hypothesis that changes in
      nasal mucosal blood flow is engaged in body temperature regulation.

PMID- 3994234
TI  - Type II collagen-induced autoimmune salpingitis in rats.
AB  - Autoimmune salpingitis was induced in 17 (85%) of 20 outbred Wistar rats by
      immunization with bovine type II collagen; three of those also developed
      eustachian tube chondritis. The lesions were characterized by infiltrations of a
      large number of mononuclear cells in the mucosa and submucosa, destruction of
      cartilaginous structure, and deposition of IgG and complement C3. The animals had
      high titers of anti-type II collagen antibody. Immunohistochemical examination
      using monoclonal antibody to type II collagen revealed the presence of type II
      collagen in the eustachian tube cartilage. These observations suggest a causal
      relationship between autoimmunity to type II collagen and salpingitis in the rat,
      and this animal model may be useful in defining the pathogenesis of eustachian
      tube diseases mediated by immunity to type II collagen.

PMID- 3994235
TI  - Epidermal cysts of temporal fossa: an unusual complication of ear surgery.
AB  - Otologic procedures have been described as etiologic factors in the development
      of epidermal cysts in the middle ear as well as in the tympanic membrane. We
      recently treated two cases of large epidermal cysts of the temporal fossa with
      extension to the infratemporal space; both cases had histories of ear surgery on
      the same side as the cysts and therefore the cysts are presumed to have
      originated from implanted epidermal elements at the time of surgery.

PMID- 3994236
TI  - Pressure-induced bone resorption in the middle ear.
AB  - Osteoclastic activity is seen in areas of bone resorption which are the result of
      experimental and human cholesteatoma. Many factors may induce osteoclasts,
      including transmitted pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine if
      transmitted pressure, in the absence of cholesteatoma, could cause localized bone
      resorption in the middle ear. Surgical grade silicone was implanted into the
      middle ear of gerbils without cholesteatoma. Bone resorption was observed only in
      areas where the implants exerted pressure on bone. It was estimated that
      pressures of 50 to 120 mm Hg (6.7 X 10(4) to 16 X 10(4) dynes/cm2) resulted in
      the induction of osteoclastic bone resorption.

PMID- 3994237
TI  - Goblet cells in the laryngeal mucosa in benign diseases of the larynx.
AB  - Pieces of mucosa were removed from the subglottis, the entrance into the sinus of
      Morgagni, and from the ventricular fold in 82 patients with benign diseases of
      the larynx. The goblet cells in these specimens were studied morphologically and
      quantitatively by an elective staining method and a whole mount technique. In 38
      patients, the clinical and histological findings indicated an inflammatory
      disease in the form of chronic laryngitis or laryngeal edema. In 44 patients, the
      diagnosis was a nonmalignant tumorous lesion, such as papilloma, polyp, or cyst.
      These findings were compared with a similar study of goblet cells in normal
      larynges. In the inflammatory group as well as in the tumor group, the goblet
      cell density in the subglottis and ventricular fold proved to be lower than in
      normal larynges, but significantly lower only on the ventricular fold. This
      finding is assumed to be a result of the increased turbulence of the respiratory
      air, due to the disease process in the glottic fissure, which causes a greater
      contact surface between the mucosa and the respiratory air. In the close vicinity
      of the tumorous lesion there was a reduced, but not significantly reduced, goblet
      cell density, possibly caused by a tumor-initiated metaplasia to an epithelium
      poor in goblet cells. There were no morphological differences in goblet cells
      between the two disease groups and the normal larynges.

PMID- 3994238
TI  - Regional cochlear blood flow studied by observation of microspheres in serial
      sections.
AB  - Using the microsphere method combined with light microscopic observation of
      serially sectioned plastic-embedded cochleas, the distribution of microspheres
      trapped within the cochlea can be observed and the regional blood flow can be
      determined. In the guinea pig, the blood flow is greatest in the lateral wall,
      high in the modiolus, and low under the organ of Corti.

PMID- 3994239
TI  - Histamine H1 receptors and affinity analyses in human nasal mucosa in cases of
      nasal allergy.
AB  - An increased number (density) or sensitivity (affinity) of histamine H1 receptors
      could cause an increase of allergic symptoms. Using the specific H1 receptor
      blocker 3H-mepyramine, we have demonstrated for the first time an H1 receptor
      number (Bmax) and a binding affinity (Kd) in guinea pig and human nasal mucosa.
      H1 antihistamines inhibited that 3H-mepyramine binding sites represent H1
      receptors in nasal mucosa. Bmax and Kd values were not significantly different
      among the nonallergic sinusitis, vasomotor rhinitis, or the nasal allergy group,
      suggesting that H1 receptors do not change quantitatively and qualitatively in
      allergic nasal mucosa. There was no significant correlation between H1 receptor
      number and clinical data (IgE, peripheral eosinophils, RAST). These data suggest
      that H1 receptor number and affinity are not main etiological and
      pathophysiological factors in nasal allergy.

PMID- 3994240
TI  - Measurement of action potential thresholds in experimental endolymphatic hydrops.
AB  - Unilateral experimental endolymphatic hydrops was created by endolymphatic sac
      and duct obstruction in guinea pigs. Studies of action potential (AP) threshold
      were then performed and compared with histologic findings. Action potential
      thresholds were significantly increased in the hydrops ears. The close
      relationship between AP changes and hydrops was sufficient to allow the detection
      of hydrops by AP threshold measurements alone. The AP threshold changes were
      positively related to the degree of hydrops and postoperative interval in a
      manner consistent with hearing changes seen in Meniere's disease. Based upon the
      foregoing, experimental endolymphatic hydrops appears to be a valid and usable
      model for the study of the cochlear aspects of Meniere's disease.

PMID- 3994241
TI  - Histamine-induced middle ear effusion and mucosal histopathology in the guinea
      pig.
AB  - It has been suggested that immune responses and resultant generation or release
      of inflammatory mediators play a role in otitis media with effusion (OME). To
      explore the potential of one such mediator to contribute to OME, the effects of
      histamine injected into the middle ear cavity were examined. Injection of
      histamine into the guinea pig middle ear was found to produce dilation and
      endothelial disjunction in capillaries, leading to striking mucosal edema and
      effusion which persisted for at least several hours. This response could be
      partially blocked by pretreatment with either H1 or H2 antihistamines. It is
      suggested that histamine released during immune responses in the middle ear may
      contribute to the formation of effusion and submucosal edema as observed in OME.

PMID- 3994242
TI  - Diagnosis of tracheopathia osteoplastica by computed tomography.

PMID- 3994243
TI  - Hodgkin's disease: contemporary classification and correlates.
AB  - The current histologic classification of Hodgkin's disease into lymphocyte
      predominance, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion
      forms is practical, reproducible by pathologists, and correlates with extent and
      course of disease. Such a classification, however, is only a step toward complete
      understanding of this often enigmatic disease.

PMID- 3994244
TI  - [Acute diarrhea in children. Trends in therapy].

PMID- 3994245
TI  - [Diarrhea upon returning among migrant children. Apropos of 80 cases].

PMID- 3994246
TI  - [Coloscopy in Crohn's disease in children].

PMID- 3994247
TI  - [Long-term outcome of changes in the intestinal mucosa in intolerance to cow's
      milk proteins. Apropos of 21 cases].

PMID- 3994248
TI  - [Esophageal manometry in infants and children].

PMID- 3994249
TI  - [Hepatic surveillance during mucoviscidosis].

PMID- 3994250
TI  - [Update on scintigraphic exploration in pediatrics].

PMID- 3994251
TI  - [Outcome of mumps meningoencephalitis in children. Apropos of 42 cases].

PMID- 3994252
TI  - [Major neonatal form of Steinert's disease. Comments apropos of a case].

PMID- 3994253
TI  - Taking root in new soil.

PMID- 3994254
TI  - Aesthetic aspects of composite oromandibular cancer resection and reconstruction.
AB  - Disfigurement after oromandibular cancer surgery is as much feared as the tumor
      itself. A deviated jaw, collapsed neck and muffled speech are external markers
      that may prevent normal life. Yet such stigmata are not necessary. For two years
      we have used an immediate reconstruction that avoids these problems. In 12
      patients we used a pectoralis musculocutaneous flap plus a stainless steel shaped
      bridging bone plate placed under or through the flap. The flap reconstructs the
      floor of the mouth, while the bridging bone plate preserves mandibular
      continuity. A McFee incision avoids vertical scarring, and the muscle pedicle
      duplicates the missing neck contents. Meticulous lip closure completes the
      procedure, which often does not necessitate tracheotomy scarring. Our patients
      have maintained a highly satisfactory appearance of face and jaw, with normal
      swallowing and clear speech. In treatment of oromandibular cancer, aesthetic
      considerations are essential.

PMID- 3994255
TI  - A developmental approach to the classification of birth defects.
AB  - Surgeons are accustomed to categorizing the birth defects they treat surgically
      according to morphology rather than pathogenesis. Commonly used classification
      systems fail to take into account the cause or developmental pathology of a given
      structural defect. Furthermore, surgeons often select operative procedures
      without considering the evolution of specific defects. Dysmorphology is a fairly
      new discipline that seeks a better understanding of the cause and pathogenesis of
      birth defects, not only to ensure optimum treatment but also to encourage
      prevention of birth defects.

PMID- 3994256
TI  - Early tongue resection for Beckwith-Wiedemann macroglossia.
AB  - Dentists are aware of the extraordinary influence an active thrusting tongue can
      have on dental development. In the presence of the profound muscle hypertrophy
      characteristic of macroglossia in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a compelling
      need exists for surgical reduction of the tongue as early in life as possible.
      This report describes our clinical experience with 3 children, 1 referred late
      and the other 2 treated within the first year of life.

PMID- 3994257
TI  - Management of the recovering alcoholic who seeks cosmetic surgery.
AB  - Plastic surgeons are likely to see patients who have successfully completed
      alcohol or drug abusers' rehabilitation programs. These patients are seeking to
      improve their appearance and, hence, their self-image. Unless special care is
      given to the recovering alcoholic, he or she is at risk of readdiction to alcohol
      or to drugs after surgery. Recommendations are made regarding the timing of
      elective operations, the use of drugs during and after the procedure, and
      reliance on a dependable third party to dispense drugs postoperatively.

PMID- 3994258
TI  - Repair of the unilateral cleft lip nose using contralateral alar crease grafts.
AB  - An operation is described for the correction of the unilateral cleft lip nose
      when there is a deficiency of alar tissue with superior displacement of the alar
      maxillary junction. This method uses a full-thickness graft from the
      contralateral alar crease.

PMID- 3994259
TI  - Safe margins for melanoma excision.
AB  - The oft-quoted 5-cm rule for melanoma excision is not valid. Substitute
      guidelines are offered and their scientific basis is discussed. A 1-2-3-cm rule
      is carefully outlined in terms of maximum rather than minimum margins, because
      little evidence exists to support the importance of wide excision limits in the
      treatment of melanoma.

PMID- 3994260
TI  - Pressure ulcer of the breast after subcutaneous mastectomy and reconstruction
      with prosthesis.
AB  - A 28-year-old woman underwent bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate
      reconstruction with silicone gel-filled prostheses. Three months after surgery,
      she developed an acute pressure sore on one side, owing to prolonged pressure of
      the insensitive breast against a hard surface. This complication is presented,
      the literature on the subject is reviewed, and brief considerations and
      recommendations are made.

PMID- 3994261
TI  - False-positive radiographic diagnosis of breast implant rupture: report of two
      cases.
AB  - Two augmentation mammaplasty patients are described for whom there was false
      positive mammographic indication of implant rupture following manual capsule
      release. In each instance, the implants were intact and the radiographic findings
      were explained by herniation of the capsule.

PMID- 3994262
TI  - Ear reconstruction with a flap from the medial surface of the auricle.
AB  - Correction of defects of the external ear following trauma or partial amputation
      for cancerous lesions is difficult. A flap from the medial surface of the auricle
      has been devised to correct the deformity. The flap is either introduced through
      the cartilaginous framework or passed around the edge of the helical cartilage
      for reconstruction of the lateral surface of the ear. The small part of the flap
      that passed underneath the auricular skin or through the auricular cartilage is
      deepithelialized. Six patients have been treated with this technique; they have
      had at least one year of follow-up and good postoperative results.

PMID- 3994263
TI  - To share or not to share.
AB  - We describe our extensive experience in nipple reconstruction on breasts formed
      by subpectoral implants, latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps, or rectus
      abdominis musculocutaneous flaps.

PMID- 3994265
TI  - Advancement of oral commissure in correcting mild macrostomia.
AB  - A natural oral commissure is not easily achieved in cases of macrostomia
      associated with branchial arch syndrome. A technique designed to preserve the
      existing commissure using a composite flap advanced to the required position is
      presented. The flap consists of the vermilion at the angle of the mouth and a
      small amount of adjacent skin together with mucosa and submucous soft tissue. The
      flap is shifted after excision of medial sections of vermilion of the upper and
      lower lips. The donor site defect is closed using a Z-plasty or W-plasty. The
      technique was utilized in 8 patients with satisfactory results. It is especially
      suitable in patients with mild degrees of cleft and well-preserved contour of the
      corners.

PMID- 3994264
TI  - Microsurgical technique in resection of hemangioma in infants.
AB  - A microsurgical dissection technique for residual strawberry marks applied to
      patients 6 years of age or older (a total of 7 cases) resulted in minimal
      bleeding during the operations. Therefore, the same technique was used for
      patients aged 4 months through 3 years and 4 months. The latter 8 patients had a
      minimal amount of intraoperative bleeding (no tourniquet was applied to the upper
      arm case), direct skin closure of the wound, and no postoperative complications.
      The procedure is tedious but makes dissection of the hemangioma easier because of
      the watery subcutaneous structure in the infant; it also is less traumatic than
      the usual surgical dissection technique. We found this procedure to be valuable
      for complete removal of the unwanted strawberry mark with subcutaneous hemangioma
      in infants.

PMID- 3994267
TI  - What muscle is responsible for lateral pharyngeal wall movement?
AB  - In an attempt to discover what muscle is responsible for medial movement of the
      lateral pharyngeal wall, the levator muscle was anesthetized with lidocaine under
      visual control by fiberscope in 3 normal subjects. The results indicate that the
      medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal wall results from the contraction of
      the levator. The attendant roll-up of the uvula toward the nasal side induced by
      the anesthesia was regarded as the action of the uvular muscle without the
      counterbalance of levator action.

PMID- 3994266
TI  - A new surgical method for repair of funnel chest.
AB  - We have devised a new surgical procedure for the repair of funnel chest
      deformity, which we have used in 148 of our 154 patients. The procedure involves
      resection of the deformed thoracic wall, including ribs and sternum, rib-sternal
      turnover, and anastomosis of the internal thoracic artery and veins. Several
      preoperative and postoperative examinations, such as bone biopsy, sternal
      puncture and indium chloride test, revealed definite signs of living tissue. This
      procedure results in minimal secondary deformity postoperatively and is indicated
      for adults as well as children.

PMID- 3994268
TI  - Experimental study of vascularized nerve grafts: morphometric study of axonal
      regeneration of nerves transplanted into silicone tubes.
AB  - Rat sciatic nerves were used in a comparative study of vascularized and free
      (nonvascularized) nerve grafts transplanted into silicone tubes. A total of 39
      sciatic nerves were used, 21 as vascularized nerve grafts and 18 as free nerve
      grafts. The rats were killed at intervals from the first to the 24th
      postoperative weeks, and biopsied sciatic nerves were processed for morphometric
      studies using a fiber caliber analyzer. There was a significant increase in the
      number of large myelinated axons (more than 5 mu) in the vascularized nerve graft
      models over those in the free nerve graft models at the distal ankle region.
      Furthermore, the diameters of myelinated axons in the vascularized nerve graft
      were larger than those in the free nerve graft at all specimen sites during all
      postoperative weeks. We suggest that the preservation of the vascular system in
      vascularized nerve grafts would decrease the likelihood of fibrosis and result in
      better regeneration of axons.

PMID- 3994269
TI  - Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human scar tissue.
AB  - Patients with unstable scars in some areas of the body complain of local
      itchiness and pain, which may be caused by histamine and serotonin. Therefore, I
      measured these substances in scar tissue in various conditions taken at the time
      of operation. The histamine value was determined by the amount of carbon dioxide
      produced in histidine decarboxylase activity (HDCA); the measurement of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was done by the Ninhydrin method. High values of HDCA
      were usually found in skin flaps and scar tissue around pressure sores. 5-HT
      activity reached a higher level in unstable scars than in stable scars.

PMID- 3994270
TI  - Changes in quantity of fibronectin from human skin fibroblasts with cellular
      aging.
AB  - Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we investigated the amount of cell
      surface fibronectin and the amount released to the culture medium in human skin
      fibroblasts during successive cultivation. Cell surface fibronectin did not show
      a remarkable change in quantity through early and midpassage, but it decreased
      markedly in late passage. Released fibronectin per cell also did not show a
      remarkable change through early and midpassage. In late passage, however, it
      exhibited a marked increase.

PMID- 3994271
TI  - Changes in bone remodeling after palatal surgery.
AB  - It is generally well known that an infant with a cleft palate will have facial
      underdevelopment after corrective surgery. In such a case, we can suppose that
      the internal remodeling of the facial bone becomes abnormal postoperatively. The
      purpose of this study was to observe the changes in palatal bone remodeling after
      palatal surgery and the external bone growth inhibition using the
      microradiography and hard tissue labeling method. In this investigation we had 4
      experimental groups and used large undecalcified ground sections to observe the
      whole palatal bone. Our experiments showed that the changes resulting from
      surgery include not only external bone growth inhibition, but also considerable
      abnormal remodeling in the interior of the bone. When the mucoperiosteum was
      removed, the changes continued to occur for an especially long period.

PMID- 3994272
TI  - Effects of low-power diode lasers on flap survival.
AB  - We investigated the effect of low-power laser irradiation on the survival of
      experimental skin flaps in rats. A gallium-aluminum-arsenide diode laser that was
      developed by the Japan Medical Laser Laboratory was used. The laser power was 15
      mW and the wavelength 830 nm. Irradiation was carried out, either before or after
      flap elevation, in two groups of 20 Wistar strain rats. A third group of 20 rats
      served as controls. A caudally based skin flap, 3 X 9 cm, was designed on the
      back of each rat. Laser irradiation therapy was performed for 5 consecutive days
      for 6 minutes per flap per day, preoperatively in one group and postoperatively
      in the other. Seven days postoperatively, the survival areas of the flaps were
      measured and compared. The survival area was increased significantly in both
      groups receiving laser therapy, probably due to the observed proliferation of
      blood vessels around the irradiated points and an increase in blood flow.

PMID- 3994273
TI  - The role of carbon monoxide poisoning in the production of inhalation burns.
AB  - Because heat and many poisonous chemicals are generated in a fire, studies of
      inhalation burns have tended to focus on injury by heat and irritative chemicals.
      In view of the frequent carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning associated with burn
      deaths and in patients with inhalation burns, however, nonirritative poisonous
      gases such as CO cannot be disregarded as possible causative factors involved in
      the production of inhalation burns. Accordingly, we attempted to clarify in
      animals the effect of nonlethal CO poisoning on inhalation burns due to heated
      air. The experimental results indicate that inhaling an amount of moderately
      heated dry air that alone could not cause pulmonary injury produces severe
      pulmonary injury in the presence of CO. This seems to occur because CO poisoning
      causes hyperventilation and thus allows a massive amount of heat to reach the
      lung.

PMID- 3994274
TI  - Cholesteatoma auris congenita arising from microtia.
AB  - The external auditory canal opens medial to lateral in embryonal development. It
      is obvious that a developmental arrest anywhere during this stage would produce
      an absence or discontinuity of the canal, that is, congenital atretic ear.
      Whether or not the obliterative tissue has a bony structure, cholesteatoma can be
      formed behind it. Microtia is usually associated with an atretic meatus, and it
      may involve the possibility of epithelial cyst or cholesteatoma. The diagnosis
      can usually be made by the finding of tender swelling in the deformed auricle or
      its surroundings. On occasions, it may become necessary to distinguish these
      conditions from secondary infection of an epidermal cyst on the auricular
      surface. Several recurrent painful swellings on the deformed auricle in spite of
      conservative treatment indicate the need for routine otologic radiographs.

PMID- 3994275
TI  - Refinements in the treatment of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system: the
      retroauricular flap and the zygomatic rolled flap.
AB  - In face lifts, we utilize the excess superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS)
      tissue when dissection and traction are carried out. In 73 consecutive cases, the
      use of the zygomatic rolled flap and the retroauricular flap resulted in improved
      cosmetic results.

PMID- 3994276
TI  - The relationship of the great auricular nerve to the superficial
      musculoaponeurotic system.
AB  - We reported in 1980 the course of the great auricular nerve from the perspective
      of the surgeon performing rhytidectomy using the platysma flap operation. Since
      the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) operation has become
      increasingly popular during the interim, we reviewed the course of the nerve with
      regard to our current operative dissection. We found, in both clinical cases and
      anatomical specimens, that the great auricular nerve is deep enough to allow safe
      division of the SMAS along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

PMID- 3994277
TI  - Superficial musculoaponeurotic system amelioration of parotidectomy defects.
AB  - Resection of the parotid area for tumor results in several deformities. In
      addition to the neck scar, there is a retromandibular and cheek depression. By
      using a rhytidectomy incision and advancement of the superficial
      musculoaponeurotic fascia, we have obtained excellent exposure for all parotid
      operations, including those for accessory parotid lobe lesions, and have
      corrected the resultant deformities initially or secondarily. This procedure has
      been used for superficial and deep lobe tumors, partial masseter muscle
      resection, and recurrent tumors without compromising any of the principles of
      parotid tumor resection. The approach has resulted in greater acceptance of the
      tumor surgery by patients and less dissatisfaction postoperatively.

PMID- 3994278
TI  - Muller's superior tarsal muscle: anatomy, physiology, and clinical significance.
AB  - Muller's superior tarsal muscle has been extensively studied by anatomists and
      physiologists but has been largely ignored by surgeons. This muscle is considered
      from the standpoint of both gross and finer anatomy. Concepts regarding the
      uncertain course of its sympathetic nerve supply fibers are reviewed, and "semi
      conclusions" are given. The physiology of the muscle, both normal and
      pathological, is considered in view of both accepted and controversial concepts.
      Methods of weakening an overactive Muller's muscle medically and surgically are
      discussed. Some methods that have attempted to utilize the lid-elevating power of
      Muller's muscle are described, and the muscle's potential in this regard is
      considered. This small muscle is deserving of more appreciation and of a higher
      surgical status than it has received in the past.

PMID- 3994280
TI  - Fasciocutaneous flap coverage for periolecranon defects.
AB  - Soft tissue defects in the periolecranon region are difficult to manage by
      standard techniques such as closure by approximation, split-thickness skin
      grafting, or healing by secondary intention. We employed cadaver injections and
      dissections to study the vascular anatomy of the periolecranon region in search
      of a suitable local flap for coverage of periolecranon defects. This report
      details our experience in 31 patients with a one-stage technique for elbow
      coverage employing a proximally based forearm fasciocutaneous flap. Surgical
      techniques and clinical applications are discussed; a satisfactory long-term
      outcome is documented in 30 of 31 patients. The advantages of using this model
      fasciocutaneous flap include enhanced vascularity, sensibility, and ease of
      elevation.

PMID- 3994279
TI  - A method for lining the superiorly based pharyngeal flap.
AB  - The development of a mucosal flap as a lining for a superiorly based pharyngeal
      flap has undergone many modifications. The technique described herein uses tissue
      from the nasal surface of the soft palate with its base at the uvula. Its ease of
      construction is based on the adaptive use of modern vascular instruments. Since
      1979 a total of 32 pharyngeal flaps have been lined in this manner. The results,
      as determined by a trained speech pathologist and the use of the oral
      panendoscope, have been quite good. This method offers a number of advantages,
      including the ability to line the pharyngeal flap with a shortened soft palate or
      one that is difficult to mobilize due to scarring, no through-and-through
      incision into the soft palate, and no exposed raw surfaces that can contribute to
      recurrence of velopharyngeal incompetence.

PMID- 3994281
TI  - Otopalatodigital syndrome.
AB  - A young man with deafness, a characteristic face, and deformities of the hands
      and feet was diagnosed as having the otopalatodigital syndrome. The literature is
      reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 3994282
TI  - Distally based abductor digiti minimi muscle flap.
AB  - The abductor digiti minimi muscle flap is known as good tissue coverage for the
      lateral ankle and heel. For reconstruction of the distal portion of the foot, the
      distally based flap of this muscle can be useful, effectively utilizing the blood
      supply through the plantar arch communication. A case of frostbite of the right
      fifth toe is reported, which we successfully repaired with a distally based
      abductor digiti minimi muscle flap. In addition, some information on distally
      based use of the muscles of the foot is presented.

PMID- 3994283
TI  - Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.
AB  - This article describes a 20-year-old man with widespread polyostotic fibrous
      dysplasia that resulted in massive craniofacial deformity with unilateral
      exorbitism and oronasal obstruction. The patient illustrates the rare occurrence
      of fibrous dysplasia with major malformation of the face and skull, requiring
      multiple stages of surgical "sculpture" to improve function and appearance. The
      disease entity, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 3994284
TI  - Monitoring of drugs in breast milk.
AB  - With the increasing popularity of breast feeding, the secretion of drugs in
      breast milk would be of clinical interest. The merits of breast feeding and the
      composition of breast milk are outlined. The pharmacokinetics of drugs in breast
      milk may be described by a 3-compartment open model, with breast milk being the
      third compartment--a deep compartment with limited capacity. Recent clinical
      studies on secretion of atenolol, propranolol, propoxyphene, phenytoin,
      carbamazepine, and valproic acid in breast milk showed that the infant ingested
      dose was insignificant. Thus, nursing mothers on these drug therapies should be
      allowed to breast feed their infants. Owing to the lack of adequate clinical data
      and methodology for studying the secretion of antidepressants in breast milk,
      there is a need for a sensitive assay. Thus, a reversed-phase high performance
      liquid chromatography assay of imipramine and desipramine in breast milk was
      outlined, with sensitivity of 5 micrograms per liter. With the instrumentational
      capability of most clinical laboratories, it would be possible to perform drug
      levels measurement in breast milk. In collaboration with other clinicians, a
      useful data base could be accumulated for making rational decisions on breast
      feeding for mothers on drug therapy.

PMID- 3994285
TI  - Age and incidence of estrogen receptor positive breast tumors.
AB  - Estrogen receptors of primary breast cancer tumors were determined by
      sedimentation analysis. Positive tumors from pre- and post-menopausal patients
      were those that contained estrogen receptor content greater than 250 and greater
      than 750 fmoles per g wet weight tissue, respectively. A positive correlation of
      patients' age with increasing incidence of estrogen receptor positive tumors was
      found; test for linear trend significance z = 5.38 (P less than 0.001). One-sixth
      of those less than 29 years had positive tumors, 27 percent in the age group 40
      to 49 years, 46 percent in those 70 to 79 years, and 62 percent in those 80 years
      or older.

PMID- 3994286
TI  - In vitro electron microprobe of carcinogenic nickel compound interaction with
      tumor cells.
AB  - Some nickel compounds (Ni3S2,Ni) induce tumours in muscle, while others have no
      effect (NiO). It has been suggested that the carcinogenicity of nickel is related
      to its penetrating power (phagocytosis) in transformed cells. The penetration of
      various nickel salts into cultured rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RhC) was studied.
      Electron microscopy and microanalysis were used to study the ultrastructure and
      intracellular localization of nickel in ultra-thin sections. Nickel subsulfide
      (Ni3S2) and nickel oxide (NiO) penetrated into cells and were concentrated in
      vacuoles, exhibiting a particular affinity for membrane structure. They
      subsequently appeared to be eliminated in the extracellular medium. Colloidal
      nickel and iron carbonyl, on the other hand, did not penetrate these cells.
      Various tumoral and normal cells were compared for their ability to phagocytose
      Ni3S2; it was found that these compounds penetrated only RhC and macrophages. In
      vivo studies have demonstrated the various carcinogenic properties of nickel and
      two of its salts. Comparison with in vitro results suggests that the phagocytosis
      of nickel compounds is not directly related to eventual induction of a tumour. No
      nuclear localization could be detected, but a mechanism for concentration and
      elimination of these compounds, and especially for rhabdomyosarcoma tumour cells,
      was suggested.

PMID- 3994287
TI  - Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, an ubiquitous environmental contaminant.
AB  - Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used plasticizing agent
      for the widely used plastic polyvinylchloride (PVC). Consequently, this compound
      is found everywhere in the environment of civilization, where it is in frequent
      contact with every person. Blood storage bags and tubing, food wrappers, and many
      children's toys contain appreciable amounts of DEHP. Given this frequency of
      exposure, the toxic potential of the compound has become a major concern. Many
      workers have demonstrated its exceedingly low acute toxicity, while results from
      chronic exposure studies have been mixed. However, in 1982 the National
      Toxicology Program reported a significantly increased incidence of hepatocellular
      carcinoma in rats and mice exposed to high doses of DEHP over a period of two
      years. The significance of these studies remains in question. Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate is metabolized extensively by mammals, but reports of the direct study
      of the toxic effects of its metabolites are few. Efficient methods for analysis
      of biological samples for DEHP are available, but they are complicated by the
      constant presence of this compound as a contaminant.

PMID- 3994288
TI  - Reproductive defects in patients of both sexes with cystic fibrosis: a review.
AB  - Current knowledge of reproductive duct function in both male and female cystic
      fibrosis patients is reviewed. Almost all male patients are sterile because of
      azoospermia. The mechanistic basis of the obstructive defect leading to pre- and
      post-natal destruction of selected portions of the sperm-conducting network
      remains unknown. Female cystic fibrosis patients are fertile. Pulmonary status
      appears to be the most important factor in determining pregnancy outcome. In
      contrast to earlier concerns about the normality of breast milk, breast milk
      composition of cystic fibrosis mothers is normal, and they can successfully
      breast feed their infants.

PMID- 3994289
TI  - Exercise during pregnancy--potential fetal and placental metabolic effects.
AB  - Exercise during pregnancy has become an important topic with the recent
      popularity of physical fitness programs among the non-pregnant population.
      Various physiological effects of exercise have been reported in several animal
      species, and there are some reports of physiological effects in pregnant women
      which will be reviewed.

PMID- 3994290
TI  - Ionizing radiation and the conceptus: neurophysiologic effects of prenatal X
      radiation on offspring.
AB  - A brief review of the literature precedes the presentation of a radiation
      behavioral teratology study. The various types of radiation and the units of
      measure used in radiation biology are discussed. The concept of the radiation
      induced teratogenic "triad" of growth retardation, malformation, and death is
      presented. A discussion of stage- and dose-dependent sensitivity to prenatal
      irradiation is followed by an introduction to behavioral teratology as a new
      interdisciplinary area of investigation, emphasizing postnatal psychophysiologic
      analyses of the effects of prenatal exposure. In the present study, rats were
      exposed to an acute dosage level of 0.6 Gy (60 RAD) X-radiation on day 9 or 17 of
      gestation. The neonates were given five neonatal reflex tests, observed for the
      appearance of four physiologic markers, and, as young adults, subjected to three
      of six behavioral tests. The irradiated offspring exhibited retarded postnatal
      growth and altered reflex and behavioral activity. These results indicate that
      irradiation at a dosage level which does not cause overt morphologic
      malformations at birth does result in altered postnatal growth and
      psychophysiologic development.

PMID- 3994291
TI  - Current considerations of the menopause.
AB  - Menopause occurs in approximately 50 percent of women by the time they reach the
      age of 50. Increased lifespan owing to modern medical achievement allows women to
      spend more than one-third of their life time in menopausal period. Although
      mechanism of ovarian aging is not fully understood, menopause associated clinical
      problems can be controlled and improved. Estrogen replacement therapy in
      conjunction with a progestin regimen not only controls hot flashes, osteoporosis,
      dyspareunia, and other estrogen-deficiency symptoms, but also prevents the
      potential risk of estrogen treatment such as endometrial and/or breast carcinoma
      and cardiovascular disorders. In addition to hormonal therapy, nutritional
      supplements such as calcium and vitamin D, and physical exercise are essential to
      the well-being of women in the post-menopausal period.

PMID- 3994292
TI  - Increased lipid peroxidation in tissues of nickel chloride-treated rats.
AB  - Parenteral administration of nickel chloride (NiCl2) to rats enhanced lipid
      peroxidation in liver, kidney, and lung (but not in brain, heart, spleen, or
      testis), as measured by the thiobarbituric acid reaction for malondialdehyde
      (MDA) and related chromogens in fresh tissue homogenates. After sc injection of
      NiCl2 (0.75 mmol per kg body wt), MDA concentrations in liver and kidney became
      significantly increased by nine h and reached peak values at 48 h. For example,
      in nine rats killed 48 h after the NiCl2 injection, hepatic MDA concentrations
      averaged 2.5 +/- 1.0 mumol per g dry wt (P less than 0.001 versus 0.5 +/- 0.3
      mumol per g in 30 controls). Dose-effect relationships for lipid peroxidation in
      liver and kidney were observed with NiCl2 dosages ranging from 0.12 to 0.75 mmol
      per kg, sc. Intrarenal administration of a carcinogenic nickel compound, nickel
      subsulfide (Ni3S2, 0.36 mmol per kg body wt), did not affect MDA concentrations
      in the injected kidneys of rats killed one to 20 days post-injection. The results
      of this study implicate lipid peroxidation as a molecular mechanism for cell
      injury in acute NiCl2 poisoning, but they do not furnish any evidence that lipid
      peroxidation is involved in the initiation of nickel carcinogenesis.

PMID- 3994293
TI  - Leukopoor platelet concentrates: a direct comparison of three blood filters.
AB  - Repeated exposure to foreign human leukocyte antigens (HLA) present on both
      platelets and leukocytes often results in refractoriness to transfusions of
      platelet concentrates. Evidence now exists which suggests that the leukocytes are
      more immunogenic and that their removal from blood products may delay or prevent
      the development of refractoriness. In this study, the ability of three blood
      filters to remove leukocytes from platelet concentrates was directly compared.
      Pooled platelet concentrates were filtered through the Fenwal 4C 2131 depth
      microaggregate blood filter (MABF), the Pall Ultipor SQ 40S screen MABF, and the
      Terumo Imugaard IG-500 blood filter. The results were then compared to a previous
      study (done in the same laboratory) which used differential centrifugation to
      render platelet concentrates leukocyte-poor. The Fenwal and Pall MABFs did not
      remove leukocytes or platelets from platelet concentrates. In contrast, the
      Terumo filter removed 90.2 percent of the leukocytes while sacrificing 7.5
      percent of the platelets; results superior to differential centrifugation which
      removed 84.9 percent of the leukocytes but sacrificed many more platelets, 32.3
      percent. The Terumo Imugaard IG-500 blood filter produces leukocyte-poor platelet
      concentrates as efficiently as differential centrifugation with much less
      platelet loss. Use of the Terumo filter may aid further studies required to
      evaluate the use of leukocyte-poor platelet concentrates for the prevention of
      platelet refractoriness.

PMID- 3994294
TI  - Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus bacteremia--a rising threat in the newborn
      infant.
AB  - Based on a three year surveillance in the neonatal intensive and transitional
      care nurseries (NICU) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), an
      analysis of all cases of nosocomial bacteremia was made. From January 1982 to
      September 1984, a total of 57 nosocomial bacteremic episodes were identified.
      This gave a rate of 3.6 episodes per 100 NICU admissions or 6.5 per 1000 live
      hospital births. While coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) accounted for
      approximately 40 percent of all positive blood cultures, it was responsible for
      73 and 66 percent of the nosocomial bacteremias in 1982 and 1983, respectively.
      In 1984, coagulase-negative staphylococcus was the responsible pathogen for 92
      percent of all nosocomial bacteremic episodes. Of 139 infants weighing less than
      or equal to 1250 g at birth, 30 (22 percent) developed CNS bacteremia. The risk
      of coagulase-negative staphylococcus bacteremia was associated with low birth
      weight, respiratory distress, prolonged hyperalimentation, and multiple
      supportive measures. Infants were treated with vancomycin hydrochloride, as most
      of the CNS were resistant to methicillin and/or gentamicin. There were no deaths
      related to coagulase-negative staphylococcal septicemia.

PMID- 3994295
TI  - Conjugated bilirubin: a better indicator of impaired hepatobiliary excretion than
      direct bilirubin.
AB  - A prototype KODAK EKTACHEM Clinical Chemistry Slide (BuBc) provided a measurement
      of serum conjugated bilirubin which was at least as sensitive to developing
      conjugated hyperbilirubinemia as values provided by a direct (diazo) bilirubin
      assay. Under conditions where the impairment of hepatobiliary excretion was
      relieved in patients being treated for various hepatobiliary diseases, conjugated
      bilirubin was cleared from serum more rapidly than alkaline phosphatase, the
      delta bilirubin fraction, and bilirubin measured by the direct and total
      bilirubin assays. It is concluded that the conjugated bilirubin measurement
      provided by the BuBc Slide appears to be an earlier indicator of relief from
      hepatobiliary cholestasis, or conversely of residual impairment, than direct
      bilirubin, total bilirubin, or alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 3994296
TI  - Contrasting effects of low or high copper intake on rat tissue lipid essential
      fatty acid composition.
AB  - The effects of low copper intake or copper supplementation on the metabolism of
      stearic acid have been studied previously, but their effects on essential fatty
      acids have not been reported. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 12 weeks on
      pelleted semi-synthetic diets containing less than 1 mg/kg copper (low copper), 6
      mg/kg (copper control), or 250 mg/kg copper (copper supplemented). The fatty acid
      composition of the total phopholipids and triglycerides of plasma, liver, heart
      and adipose tissue was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. In low copper rats
      compared to controls, palmitic and oleic acids were decreased but stearic acid
      and docosahexaenoic acid were increased in plasma, liver and heart phopholipids.
      Arachidonic acid was also increased in plasma and liver phospholipids in low
      copper rats. In liver triglycerides, linoleic and arachidonic acids were
      increased but palmitic and oleic acid were decreased in low copper rats. Copper
      supplementation had the opposite effect; palmitic and oleic acids were increased
      in phospholipids and triglycerides whereas essential fatty acids were generally
      decreased. Hence, copper not only has a direct effect on the desaturation of
      stearic acid but also has significant effects on the tissue lipid composition of
      essential fatty acids.

PMID- 3994297
TI  - Effect of dietary cholesterol and cholestyramine on developmental pattern of 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.
AB  - Supplementation of the diet with 2% cholesterol suppressed the increase observed
      in the hepatic and intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity
      from normally fed chicks during the first days after hatching. Cholestyramine
      feeding clearly increased both hepatic and intestinal reductase activities. In
      contrast, brain reductase did not show significant changes by cholesterol or
      cholestyramine feeding. Dietary cholesterol produced a clear increase in the
      cholesterol/lipidic phosphorus molar ratio of hepatic and intestinal microsomal
      membranes. However, this molar ratio did not change by cholestyramine feeding
      during postnatal development. Both dietary cholesterol and cholestyramine had
      practically no effect on the cholesterol/lipidic phosphorus molar ratio of brain
      microsomes. The relationship between the inhibition of reductase activity by
      dietary cholesterol and the increase of cholesterol/lipidic phosphorus molar
      ratio is in agreement with a mechanism of regulation of both hepatic and
      intestinal reductase by alterations of membrane fluidity, mechanism that would be
      already operative during the neonatal period.

PMID- 3994299
TI  - Variability in parasite protein antigen structure and protective immunity to
      malaria.
AB  - Cloned lines of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi (denoted AS and
      CB) have been used to investigate the strain specificity of immunity to malaria.
      One defined difference between these lines is their expression of serologically
      and structurally distinct forms of an Mr 250Kd parasite-encoded antigen. This
      antigen is a member of a family of schizont/merozoite-associated polypeptides
      which have been implicated in the induction of protective immunity to rodent,
      simian and human malaria parasites. CBA/Ca mice were immunized by either (a)
      purified P. chabaudi AS-250Kd antigen, (b) chronic AS infection or (c) irradiated
      nonreplicating AS-parasitized erythrocytes. Post-immunization sera were examined
      by immunoprecipitation of 35S-methionine-labelled parasites, and the mice
      challenged with either AS or CB parasites. On challenge, mice developed a
      parasitaemia, the level of which was determined in part by isolate specificity,
      but only mice in groups (b) and (c) later developed a response which transcended
      AS/CB differences. The implications of these findings for the nature of exposed
      parasite antigens and the induction of protective immunity to malaria is
      discussed.

PMID- 3994298
TI  - Growth, zinc and copper nutritional status of male premature infants with
      different zinc intake.
AB  - Zinc is an essential nutrient for growth and low intake can result in growth
      retardation. However, high zinc intake can affect copper metabolism. Therefore,
      data from a study of 10 male premature infants fed a cow's milk-based formula
      nonfortified with zinc (mean +/- SD = 1.4 +/- 0.1 mg X l-1) were compared with
      data of 10 similar infants fed the same formula fortified with zinc (4.1 +/- 0.3
      mg X l-1). Growth, food intake, zinc and copper nutritional status were studied
      from 6 through 122 days of age. No differences in gain of weight, length and head
      circumference and in food intake were found. Serum zinc concentration was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) and hair zinc concentration was slightly higher
      in the infants fed the zinc-fortified formula at 122 days of age. Copper and
      ceruloplasmin concentrations in serum and hair copper concentration were similar
      in both groups at 122 days of age. The results suggest that feeding a formula
      nonfortified with zinc did not affect growth of male premature infants. Feeding a
      zinc-fortified formula on the other hand had no influence on copper nutritional
      status.

PMID- 3994300
TI  - X-ray diffraction studies of an anti-azophenylarsonate antibody and of an antigen
      antibody complex.
AB  - X-ray crystallographic studies of the Fab fragments of two murine monoclonal
      antibodies of predefined specificity are under way. Diffracted X-ray intensities
      of the crystalline native Fab fragment of an anti-azophenylarsonate antibody and
      of three heavy atom derivatives have been measured to a resolution of 3.5 A. A
      preliminary 6-A resolution electron density map has been obtained. The 6-A
      resolution structure of an antigen-antibody (hen lysozyme-Fab) complex has been
      determined. There are close contacts between the antigen and the antibody over a
      large contact area, about 20 X 25 A. At least two segments of the polypeptide
      chain of lysozyme, of about 10 amino acids each (positions 19-27 and 116-129),
      are involved in the contacts, as well as all six complementarity-determining
      regions of the antibody. No gross conformational changes are observed in the
      antigen at this resolution, although there are some smaller local changes in
      areas in contact with the antibody and elsewhere. The effects of amino acid
      substitutions on antigen recognition by the monoclonal anti-hen lysozyme antibody
      were investigated using different, closely related lysozymes. These effects can
      be readily explained in terms of the three-dimensional model presented here. A
      3.5-A resolution electron density map has been calculated and is currently under
      study.

PMID- 3994301
TI  - The internal image and the structural idiotypic network (Ab1, Ab2, Ab3) in the
      GAT system.
AB  - The GAT repertoire expressed at the different levels of the classical idiotypic
      cascade Ag----Ab1----Ab2----Ab3 has been analysed by direct nucleotide sequencing
      of H- and L-enriched mRNA. Ab1 and Ab3 expressing the major public idiotypes used
      similar, if not identical, VH and VK genes. The VH Ab3 of the Ab1 type (Ab1')
      appeared highly conserved. Ab2 also use a small number of germ-line genes. The D
      region of Ab2 is of particular interest since it contains either a Tyr-Tyr-Glu or
      a Glu-Glu-Tyr sequence, characteristic of the GAT major determinants. It is
      therefore suggested that this D region contains the internal image of the
      antigen. A large number of VH germ-line genes have been isolated and sequenced.
      They all pertain to the VH-II family, which contains a large number of members,
      some of them being very close in sequence.

PMID- 3994302
TI  - Selective telomere activation and the control of antigen gene expression in
      trypanosomes.
AB  - African trypanosomes escape the immune defence of their mammalian host by
      changing their antigenic surface coat. Antigenic variation occurs through
      differential gene activation: only one antigen gene is transcribed at a time,
      among a large collection of specific sequences. This transcription always takes
      place in a telomere, but it seems that different telomeres can be used
      alternatively as the gene expression site. Since the trypanosome genome is made
      up of numerous chromosomes, it would appear that a highly selective process
      allows the activation of only one telomere at a time. This process seems linked
      to the differential inactivation of a peculiar telomeric DNA modification system.
      Two mechanisms allow antigen genes to be expressed. First, a gene copy can be
      inserted in the expression site by replacing the formerly expressed gene. This is
      due to gene conversion, whose extent can vary considerably, according to the
      degree of homology between the recombining partners. The second mechanism
      involves the activation of another telomere along with deactivation of the
      telomere containing the previously expressed gene. This form of activation can
      occur without apparent DNA rearrangement. The alternate use of these mechanisms
      leads to rapid changes in the antigen gene repertoire, due to gain and loss of
      different sequences, and to alteration of their activation rate.

PMID- 3994303
TI  - Structure and variation within variant surface glycoproteins of Trypanosoma
      brucei.
AB  - Variant surface glycoproteins of the African trypanosomes are members of a
      multigene family which show extraordinary amino sequence diversity. The extent of
      this diversity and the significance of homologies both in the amino acid sequence
      and in the post-translational modifications are discussed in the light of what is
      predicted for the structure of these molecules and what is now known from X-ray
      crystallographic analysis.

PMID- 3994304
TI  - Expression and variability in multigenic families.

PMID- 3994305
TI  - Do non-linked genes really reassort at random?

PMID- 3994306
TI  - The hormonal regulation of uteroglobin gene expression.
AB  - Uteroglobin is a small progesterone-binding protein expressed in various organs
      of the rabbit and other rodents. In the endometrium, the expression of this gene
      is regulated by progesterone and estrogen whereas in the lung uteroglobin gene
      expression is regulated only by glucocorticoids. The hormonal regulation of
      uteroglobin gene expression is therefore a useful system for the study of the
      differential hormonal regulation of a mammalian gene in differentiated tissues.

PMID- 3994307
TI  - Transmission electron microscopy of cocultures between normal rat brain tissue
      and rat glioma cells.
AB  - An ultrastructural study of cocultures between fragments of normal rat brain
      tissue and aggregates of BT 5C rat glioma cells is herein described. Glioma cells
      invaded and replaced the peripheral parts of the brain fragments. Degeneration of
      brain tissue was seen all over the normal structures. Specialized junctional
      structures between normal and malignant cells were observed. The phagocytic
      activity of invading glioma cells was not increased as compared to non-invading
      cells. Insofar as interaction between normal brain tissue and glioma cells can be
      studied in detail in these cocultures, they may also be useful as a test system
      for the study of potential chemotherapeutic agents against gliomas.

PMID- 3994308
TI  - Radioimmunodetection of gliomas by administration of radiolabelled monoclonal
      antibodies. Experimental data.
AB  - Radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) raised against membrane components of
      an experimental rat glioma (79FR-G-41) were administered parenterally to
      immunodeficient mice bearing glioma grafts for tumor radioimmunodetection by
      external imaging. Purified McAbs (14AC1) of IgG2a isotype were labelled with
      Na131I (2mCi/50ml) using the Chloramin-T method. As control, for non-specific
      uptake of proteins in the tumor, normal mouse IgG were also iodinated. For
      radioimaging, nude mice bearing gliomas in the thigh muscle were injected
      intravenously with 15 micrograms of the 131I-McAb with an activity of
      approximately 150 mu Ci. Control tumor-bearing animals received the same amount
      of mouse 131I-IgG. Scans obtained immediately after injecting the intact 131I
      14AC1 antibody and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours demonstrated accumulation in the
      tumor. The tumor was clearly visible 48 hours following injection of 131I
      labelled antibody. At 96 hours after injection, the McAb showed a clearly higher
      uptake into the tumor as the control IgG. The biodistribution of the injected
      antibody was studied at 96 hours after injection following the last gamma
      imaging. At this time the blood activity was still high, but the maximum activity
      was found in the tumor for the specific McAb. Using the 131I-14AC1 to image
      glioma transplants, it could be shown that grafts are permeable for the McAb. The
      time-course experiments administering 131I-14AC1 antibody and normal mouse 131I
      IgG, demonstrated that the localization of 131I-I4AC1 antibody in glioma grafts
      is the result of specific antigen binding. The scintigrams using intact antibody
      without background subtraction provided adequate tumor visualization, but the
      activity in the blood was high even 96 hours after injection. More rapid
      clearance of blood - pool radioactivity would possibly be achieved with F(ab')2
      fragments. These in vivo glioma imaging studies, together with related in vitro
      binding tests, indicate the potential value of monoclonal antiglioma antibodies
      not only for clinical tumor radioimmunodetection, but also for the evaluation of
      immunotherapeutic approaches to the glioma disease of man.

PMID- 3994310
TI  - Dexamethasone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and vindesine modulation of human
      malignant melanoma growth in soft agar.
AB  - We have previously shown biopsies from human malignant melanoma, as well as a
      cell line (MELUR) derived from human malignant melanoma cells, to contain
      dexamethasone (DEX) - and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) - binding
      macromolecules exhibiting properties of glucocorticoid receptors from well-known
      target organs. In this paper, we demonstrate that the cloning efficiency of MELUR
      melanoma cells is inhibited by DEX and MPA in a dose-dependent manner. MELUR
      tumour colony-forming units (MELUR-TCFU) were inhibited more than 40% by either
      DEX or MPA at 1 X 10(-7) mol/l with concentrations needed to obtain a 50%
      reduction in TCFU counts for both hormones of 3 X 10(-9) mol/l. MELUR cell growth
      in soft agar was also modulated by vindesine (VI). At 50 ng/ml, VI produced a 70%
      reduction of colony formation. The combined drug effects of either DEX or MPA and
      VI on colony formation were additive. The data indicate that the proliferative
      activity of MELUR cells is regulated by DEX and MPA, both acting additively to
      VI.

PMID- 3994309
TI  - Prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides as effectors in non-lymphocyte mediated
      surveillance processes ( short review).
AB  - This paper reviews the evidence pointing to a role of prostaglandins and cyclic
      AMP in the regulation of surveillance processes against transformed cells carried
      out by activated monocytes macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. Specific
      topics of discussion include: (a) the regulation of monocyte/macrophage system
      and NK cells by prostaglandins and cyclic AMP; and (b) the possible
      immunomodulatory role of thromboxanes generated by activated monocytes and
      macrophages. Also the role of cyclic AMP dependent and independent protein
      kinases as well as their link with oncogenes is briefly reviewed.

PMID- 3994311
TI  - Immune functions in melanoma patients during treatment with interferon [HuIFN
      alpha (Le)] alone or in combination with cimetidine.
AB  - While leukocyte interferon was found therapeutically ineffective in a series of
      20 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma, subsequent combination treatment
      with interferon and cimetidine induced 5 complete and 1 partial tumour
      remissions. Prior to interferon therapy initiation, regressor patients
      demonstrated a significantly greater ability to mediate antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity than progressor patients and also tended to have higher
      natural killer-cell activity. These differences were more pronounced following in
      vitro exposure of effector cells to interferon alone or in combination with
      cimetidine. During therapy the differences decreased to statistically
      nonsignificant levels. The number of immunoglobulin producing cells and
      lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A were found to increase in both
      patient groups after interferon therapy initiation; but this augmentation
      vanished gradually upon combined treatment with cimetidine. A gradual decrease of
      the number of T lymphocytes and granulocytes was also recorded. None of the
      demonstrated alterations in the activities of circulating lymphocytes appears to
      be a relevant correlate to the efficacy of combined therapy compared to
      interferon alone.

PMID- 3994312
TI  - Effect of long-term administration of retinoids on rats exposed transplacentally
      to ethylnitrosourea.
AB  - A neurogenic cancer model, involving transplacental administration of
      ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to Sprague-Dawley rats, was employed to evaluate the
      efficacy of retinyl acetate, 13-cis-retinoic acid, and all-trans-retinoic acid in
      prevention of nervous system tumors in the offspring. Supplementation of the diet
      with either of these retinoids did not alter the incidence, number, or latency
      period of the induced neurogenic tumors. Long-term administration of high doses
      of 13-cis-retinoic acid (240 mg/kg of diet) or all-trans-retinoic acid (65 mg/kg
      of diet) produced lethal toxicity in this strain of rats, possibly due to
      interference with vitamin K absorption and the resulting internal hemorrhages
      associated with hypoprothrombinemia. Prolonged feeding of retinyl acetate
      increased the retinyl palmitate level in the liver. The concentration reached was
      not dose-dependent; a maximum level (approximately 10-fold that of controls) was
      observed after six months of feeding. An unexpected observation was the decrease
      in liver retinyl palmitate concentration in the livers of rats fed 13-cis-or all
      transretinoic acid.

PMID- 3994313
TI  - Clonal growth in the Hamburger-Salmon assay improved by rat RBCs.
AB  - This study was devoted to finding ways to improve the colony forming efficiency
      of the Human Tumor Colony Assay. Rat erythrocytes incorporated into the feeder
      layer of the Hamburger and Salmon assay showed notable improvements in colony
      growth by three different tumor cell lines.

PMID- 3994314
TI  - Growth stimulation by misonidazole of lung carcinoma cells maintained in
      continuous organotypic and monolayer cultures.
AB  - Inasmuch as misonidazole is a drug used in clinical trials for sensitizing
      radioresistant hypoxic cells in solid tumors, it seemed of interest to study its
      effects in human tumor cells maintained in tridimensional organotypic cultures.
      This type of culture involves: spatial organisation of the cells with fairly
      undisturbed differentiation patterns, minimal traumatizing culture conditions,
      and offers the possibility to follow post-treatment growth patterns over several
      months without disturbing the cultures. Misonidazole exhibited a radiosensitizing
      effect on irradiated nodules derived from a lung adenocarcinoma, and on cells of
      this tumor growing in monolayers. However, after a 4 hour contact with
      misonidazole at concentrations corresponding to the range of those found in the
      serum of treated patients, a significant stimulation of nodule growth was
      repeatedly observed, together with a strong increase in the frequency of sister
      chromatid exchanges. Similarly, after treatment of the same tumor cells in
      confluent monolayers, their colony forming ability was increased. These
      observations may account for some of the non- convincing therapeutic results
      obtained in clinical trials.

PMID- 3994315
TI  - Alzheimer changes in nondemented patients younger than sixty-five: possible early
      stages of Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of Alzheimer type.
AB  - Senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) were found in 38 (74.5%) of
      51 unselected brains of nondemented patients who died between the ages of 55 and
      64 years. A high proportion (22, or 43%) had only NFTs. These were consistently
      present in the entorhinal cortex and/or the hippocampus; the olfactory bulb, the
      amygdala, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert were also occasionally involved.
      Isolated SPs were seen in only 3 brains (6%); SPs and NFTs coexisted in 13
      (25.5%). The distribution patterns of NFTs and SPs differed. NFTs were seen in
      discrete, mostly single neurons of the structure, already noted, whereas SPs
      occurred in a more generalized distribution over the base and convexity of the
      cerebrum. The plaques were usually small (30 mu in diameter) and consisted of
      delicate fibrillary material. Other types of SP were also seen. The incidence of
      various types of plaques in nondemented patients is considered to indicate a
      morphological evolution of these structures.

PMID- 3994316
TI  - Atypical Alzheimer's disease with spastic paresis and ataxia.
AB  - An unusual case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is reported. The patient was a 33
      year-old Japanese housewife who had progressive dementia, severe spasticity, and
      mild ataxia for six years. Postmortem examination revealed severe changes of AD
      and degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, as well as neuritic plaques and
      plaquelike degeneration in the cerebellum. This appears to be the twelfth
      reported case of AD with spasticity and ataxia.

PMID- 3994317
TI  - The role of plasma lipids in carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis.
AB  - The severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis correlates with increased plasma
      concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (LDL-C), and triglycerides and with decreased plasma concentrations of high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The role of plasma lipoproteins in the
      pathogenesis of cerebral atherosclerosis, however, is less clear. Several
      investigators report that lipoprotein abnormalities correlate inversely with the
      incidence of cerebral infarction. We analyzed risk factors for carotid
      bifurcation atherosclerosis in 121 consecutive patients who underwent cerebral
      angiography. This analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between
      the plasma TC/HDL-C ratio and the extent of carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis
      (p = 0.01). The extent of atherosclerosis correlated inversely with plasma
      concentrations of HDL-C (p = 0.02). Triglyceride concentration correlated
      positively with the extent of atherosclerosis with marginal significance (p =
      0.07). LDL-C and TC concentrations did not correlate with bifurcation
      atherosclerosis (p greater than 0.1). Only 4% of the variation in the extent of
      bifurcation atherosclerosis was explicable on the basis of plasma lipoprotein
      concentrations.

PMID- 3994319
TI  - Central pontine myelinolysis diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 3994318
TI  - Anatomical basis for acquired fluent aphasia in children.
AB  - Three girls aged 9 to 11 years developed fluent aphasia associated with acute
      brain lesions. As localized by computed tomography, the abnormalities in all
      three resided in the posterior part of the left hemisphere, encroaching upon
      Wernicke's area.

PMID- 3994320
TI  - Adrenoleukomyeloneuropathy with onset in early childhood.

PMID- 3994321
TI  - Stimulus-induced myoclonus and burst suppression on EEG: effects of phenytoin
      toxicity.

PMID- 3994322
TI  - Computed tomography in white matter diseases.

PMID- 3994323
TI  - Genital herpes--yesterday, today, tomorrow.
AB  - Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are clinically important because of
      their occasional severity and complications, as well as their psychosocial
      impact. They are currently recognized as a significant public health problem and
      appear to be on the rise in the United States and in other Western countries. The
      increased interest in genital herpes recently led to newer information about the
      epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the
      infection. In this chapter we highlight some of the older important contributions
      to this subject, and review current concepts and future perspectives.

PMID- 3994324
TI  - Cultural barriers to effective medical care among Indochinese patients.
AB  - Since 1975, over 600,000 Indochinese refugees have resettled in the United
      States. This patient population has significant personal health problems in need
      of medical treatment. However, Indochinese refugees frequently underutilize
      existing health care services. This, in part, results from major cultural
      barriers between patient and provider. A review is provided of the history of the
      recent Indochinese immigration and the cultural traits, religious beliefs, and
      health care practices of this refugee population. This information is provided in
      the hope that health care providers will learn to understand the Indochinese
      refugee as a patient and reduce those cultural barriers that appear to limit
      their access to medical care in this country.

PMID- 3994325
TI  - Elimination half-life of drugs: value and limitations.
AB  - A drug's half-life of elimination from plasma or serum has long been considered a
      familiar and important pharmacologic property. In fact, elimination half-life has
      limitations, and its value has been overestimated. Elimination half-life is a
      dependent variable, related directly to volume of distribution and inversely to
      clearance. Changes in drug distribution as well as in rate of clearance can alter
      elimination half-life. Half-life also has limitations as a predictor of a drug's
      duration of pharmacologic action after single doses, which is related more to
      distribution than to elimination or clearance. During multiple dosage,
      elimination half-life does have value in predicting the rate and relative extent
      of drug accumulation, as well as the rate of washout after termination of
      treatment. Clinicians should consider volume of distribution and clearance, in
      addition to elimination half-life, when evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties
      of drugs.

PMID- 3994326
TI  - Preparation and usefulness of frozen blood.
AB  - Red blood cell freezing is now practiced widely. Advantages of deglycerolized red
      cells over whole blood or packed cells include indefinite preservation, leukocyte
      destruction and removal, and plasma removal. Deglycerolized red cells are a purer
      blood component than whole blood or conventional red cells.

PMID- 3994327
TI  - Colonic polyps.
AB  - Carcinoma of the large bowel arises almost exclusively in neoplastic polyps,
      which are present in 5-10% of the population over age 40. These polyps may be of
      three histologic types: (a) tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp), (b)
      tubulovillous adenoma (villoglandular polyp), and (c) villous adenoma. The
      tendency for malignant change is greatest in the villous adenoma (41%) and in
      tubulovillous (villoglandular polyps--23%). In tubular adenomas (simple
      adenomatous polyps), the incidence of malignancy is 5% over all. The tendency
      toward malignant change is determined by histologic type, size, and degree of
      atypicality of adenoma. Early detection and complete removal of neoplastic polyps
      of the colon are essential to the prevention of cancer of the large bowel, and
      this may usually be done in most cases with the colonoscope.

PMID- 3994328
TI  - Cultural barriers to effective medical care among Hispanic-American patients.
AB  - In attempting to successfully diagnose and treat people from different cultural
      dimensions, medical practitioners must supplement theoretical concepts with
      knowledge about the patients' cultural heritage. In this chapter, the author
      discusses relevant cultural factors related to the medical management of Cubans,
      Puerto Ricans, and Mexican Americans residing in the United States.

PMID- 3994329
TI  - Alcohol and pregnancy: a clinical perspective.
AB  - Exposure of the fetus at any gestational stage to high concentrations of alcohol
      can adversely affect growth, morphology, and neurophysiologic development.
      Sustained heavy drinking can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome. Cessation of
      heavy drinking during pregnancy will benefit both mother and child. Primary
      health care providers can effectively identify and treat women at risk.

PMID- 3994330
TI  - Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption and transport.
AB  - Highly specialized mechanisms are required for transporting cobalamin (vitamin
      B12) into and out of mammalian cells. This review describes the key role of the
      cobalamin-binding proteins in meeting the stringent requirements for transport of
      this essential nutrient. Also summarized are the various defects capable of
      impairing intestinal absorption and transcellular transport of cobalamin.
      Elucidation of these defects proved crucial for our current understanding of
      normal cobalamin transport mechanisms.

PMID- 3994331
TI  - Age changes of skull dimensions.
AB  - At cranial level, external apposition during ageing has been postulated by some
      authors. In longitudinal studies, a gradual increase of cranial diameters has
      been shown by cephalometry (Kendrick et al. 1967) or by lateral radiography
      (Israel 1968, 1970). However, these results are contested at methodological level
      by other longitudinal studies (Tallgren 1974). It is the aim of this study to
      analyse, in a cross-sectional sample, the effects of senescence on several
      cephalic dimensions. A series of skulls of known age and sex has been selected
      for this purpose.

PMID- 3994332
TI  - Maturational sequence of growth in transverse dimensions of head, face and trunk
      among male Jats of North India.
AB  - The maturational sequence of growth in the transverse measures of head, face and
      trunk has been studied on a sample of 500 male Jats of North India, measured
      cross-sectionally, ranging in age from 10.0 to 19.0 years. This clearly reveals
      the existence of both cephalo-caudal and caudo-cephalic directions of maturation.
      The existence of multiple gradients is also observed at different age levels
      within the head and face measures and also between the cephalo-facial and trunk
      breadths. Growth has not ceased among Jats of North India by age 19, and a slight
      increase in the breadths of head, face and trunk is expected beyond 19 years.

PMID- 3994334
TI  - An odontometric analysis of the early Griqua dentition.
AB  - The teeth of 28 Griqua skeletons were subjected to odontometric analysis.
      Significant sexual dimorphism in tooth size was demonstrated in canines and
      molars. Coefficients of variation were generally greater in the more distal tooth
      within morphological classes. Rank order correlations suggest similar patterns of
      variability in males and females. Comparisons of the Griqua dentition with
      similar populations were made.

PMID- 3994333
TI  - A morphotypological analysis of an Italian population: association with obesity.
AB  - The morphotypological method of Brian (1960) was applied to the data collected in
      Aosta (N. Italy) during an investigation on human obesity. The data consist of
      anthropometric measurements on members of families ascertained by the presence of
      obesity in the children and therefore the frequency of obesity is much higher
      than in the general population. One of the morphotypes was found only among the
      obese and two others were much more common among the obese than among the non
      obese. More than 80% of the obese (vs. 10% of the non-obese) belonged to these
      three classes. There was a positive parent-offspring association for two of the
      components of the morphotype (morphy and somy).

PMID- 3994335
TI  - Dermatoglyphic configurations of proximal and middle phalanges in Spaniards.
AB  - In this paper the dermatoglyphic configurations of proximal and middle phalanges
      in Spaniards have been analysed. From the data of 112 males and 135 females it is
      seen that on proximal phalanges the highest frequencies correspond to basic types
      and enclosures. On the contrary, the middle phalanges are displaying an enlarged
      frequency distribution. On both phalanges no significant sexual and bimanual
      differences were found. The hitherto reported population data do not permit to
      claim clear differences among the main racial groups.

PMID- 3994336
TI  - [Relations between blood polymorphism and uterine carcinoma].
AB  - In a study of 63 female patients with cervical carcinoma and 37 with corpus
      carcinoma (all patients from Hamburg), polymorphisms of the blood were
      determined, which have not previously or only rarely been studied in such
      patients. Comparisons with a control group revealed no significant differences
      for the MNSs, P, Jk, SEP, PGM, GPT, EsD, Hp, Gc, and Gm systems. The patients
      with corpus carcinoma, however, exhibited a lesser frequency of Ccee and an
      increased frequency of homozygotes in the Fy system. Furthermore, the proportion
      of patients with GLO1 was greater among the women with cervix carcinoma.

PMID- 3994337
TI  - Population study in Assam: ABO blood groups, haemoglobin E and G-6-PD deficiency.
AB  - An attempt has been made to give a comprehensive picture of occurrence of ABO
      blood groups, haemoglobin E and G-6-PD deficiency among certain representative
      populations of the two major racial groups--Mongoloids and Caucasoids--of Assam,
      India. The qualitative pattern of distribution of ABO gene frequencies shows a
      clear demarcation between these two major groups. The same is true in respect of
      HbE gene, too. The Mongoloids present high frequencies of this gene, while among
      the Caucasoids its frequency is comparatively much lower. With regard to G-6-PD
      deficiency the distinction between the two groups is not so clear cut, yet some
      Mongoloid populations show relatively higher incidence of the trait in comparison
      to that in the Caucasoid populations.

PMID- 3994339
TI  - Prevention of perioperative infections.

PMID- 3994338
TI  - Serum proteins among Dusads of Bihar.
AB  - Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis has been employed for the detection of
      haptoglobin, transferrin and albumin phenotypes among 88 Dusads of Bihar. No
      variant of the haptoglobins or transferrins has been found in this sample,
      whereas one individual showed bisalbuminemia.

PMID- 3994340
TI  - Perioperative prevention of infection in cardiac surgery.

PMID- 3994342
TI  - [Quantitative indicators of gentamicin and sisomicin interaction with isolated
      subcellular fractions of the liver and kidneys and intracellular distribution of
      these antibiotics].
AB  - Interaction of gentamicin and sisomicin with isolated subcellular fractions of
      the rat liver and the kidney cortical layer was studied. Distribution of the
      antibiotics was investigated in a system with the volume ratio of the main
      components (organoids and cytosol-dissolved drug) simulating the natural volume
      ratio of the cytoplasm and organoids in the cells. It was shown that lysosomes
      were the most active elements in binding antibiotics. The microsomes and
      mitochondria were less active. By the binding capacity the subcellular structures
      of the kidneys were superior to the analogous structures of the liver.
      Dissociation of the organoid complexes with the antibiotics was possible, the
      mobility of the sisomicin complexes being higher than that of the gentamicin
      complexes. During intracellular distribution the major amount of every of the
      above aminoglycosides was absorbed by the organoids. Up to 20 per cent of
      gentamicin and up to 30 per cent of sisomicin remained in the cytoplasm in the
      active form. The characteristic features of the intracellular distribution of
      sisomicin (build up of high levels of the free antibiotic in the cytoplasm and
      relatively easy dissociation of the antibiotic complexes with the organoids of
      the kidney cortical layer) may define the higher activity of sisomicin as
      compared to that of gentamicin against intracellularly located microorganisms and
      its lower potential nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 3994341
TI  - [Utilization of mycelial waste of antibiotic production in the technology of
      kilned construction materials].
AB  - At present the main part of the mycelial waste of antibiotic production is
      collected in sludge lagoones, discarded to the sewage treatment system or burnt.
      The mycelial waste is one of the causes of the environmental pollution. It
      contains a significant quantity of valuable substances, such as lipids,
      carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. The inorganic portion of the waste
      includes the compounds of calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, silicium and
      phosphorus. The levels of the above substances in the mycelial waste allow using
      it as organic mineral additives in making expanded clay aggregate gravel with the
      use of low quality clay and loam. It may be also used as the burn-out of the raw
      material charge in making burnt bricks and other burnt building materials. By its
      calorific value the mycelial waste is equal to brown coal or peat. It was shown
      that the structural and mechanical properties of the mixtures of the mycelium and
      clay depended on the moisture content of the composition and the proportion of
      its components. The mycelial waste provided a decrease in the optimal temperature
      of burning by 40-50 degrees C. The production tests at the expanded clay
      aggregate plants showed that the bulk weight of expanded clay aggregate might be
      lowered by 50-100 kg/m3 and the usual additives with the use of petroleum
      products might be completely excluded from the technological process. The use of
      the mycelial waste for manufacture of burnt building materials provides saving of
      the fuel energy sources and improvement of the quality of the finished product.
      It is also important from the ecological viewpoint.

PMID- 3994343
TI  - [Enzymological evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of ampicillin and its therapeutic
      form, roscillin, in the treatment of pyelonephritis in pregnancy].
AB  - The combined enzymological investigation including determination of the total
      activity of asparagine transaminase and alanine transaminase, two serum enzymes,
      alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acetyl cholinesterase, and
      butyryl cholinesterase was applied to two groups of pregnant women with
      pyelonephritis treated with ampicillin (12 patients) and roscillin (14 patients).
      The investigation was performed at the following stages: before the treatment, on
      the 7th and on the 12th day of the treatment. No statistically significant
      differences in the average values of the activity of the above enzymes at these
      stages were observed in patients of the both groups which indicated the absence
      of the hepatotoxic effect of the preparations on the patients of a group as a
      whole. An increase in the levels of transaminases recorded in some patients after
      discontinuation of the treatment course was evident of a possible cytotoxic
      effect of the drugs without the signs of cholestasis. The effect was connected
      with the initial functional renal insufficiency.

PMID- 3994344
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin and gentamicin in abusers of intravenous drugs.
AB  - The kinetics of aminoglycoside elimination were determined in 18 hospitalized
      narcotics abusers receiving gentamicin or tobramycin for treatment of severe
      infection. Rapid aminoglycoside elimination (requiring doses of greater than 5
      mg/kg per day to maintain adequate drug levels) was noted in 12 of the 18
      patients (18 of 27 clearance studies). Patients found to have rapid elimination
      were younger (P less than 0.01) and had larger drug distribution volumes (P less
      than 0.005), greater measured creatinine clearances (P less than 0.05), and lower
      creatinine levels in serum (P less than 0.001) than those with normal
      elimination. Nevertheless, by regression analysis, age, creatinine levels in
      serum, creatinine clearances, and drug distribution volumes proved to be
      unreliable predictors of individual aminoglycoside clearance. Measured drug half
      life in serum appeared to be the only reliable predictor of drug clearance (r =
      0.93). Patients with rapid drug elimination had aminoglycoside clearances 16 to
      43% greater than measured creatinine clearances, suggesting an extraglomerular
      route of drug elimination. We conclude that in drug abuse patients a significant
      and clinically unpredictable interpatient variation occurs in aminoglycoside
      elimination and that accurate serum kinetics are needed to determine therapeutic
      dosing. In addicts younger than 35 years, with a creatinine level of less than
      1.0 mg/100 ml in serum, the risk of inadequate therapy is high if standard dosing
      guidelines are followed. For this group, initial dosing of 8 mg/kg per day, with
      a drug half-life determination on the first dose, is recommended. Pharmacokinetic
      analysis is critical for all drug abusers treated with aminoglycosides for
      serious infection.

PMID- 3994345
TI  - In vitro and in vivo comparisons of amphotericin B and N-D-ornithyl amphotericin
      B methyl ester.
AB  - N-D-Ornithyl amphotericin B methyl ester (N-D-ornithyl AmE) has a lower toxicity
      for animals than does amphotericin B (AmB), and peak serum levels can be achieved
      that are fourfold higher than those obtained with an equivalent dose of AmB.
      However, N-D-ornithyl AmE has one-fourth the in vitro activity and between one
      fifth and one-eighth the in vivo activity of AmB. N-D-ornithyl AmE and the
      corresponding lysyl derivative also lack the immunoadjuvant effects of AmB.

PMID- 3994346
TI  - Uptake, accumulation, and egress of erythromycin by tissue culture cells of human
      origin.
AB  - The ability of erythromycin A base to penetrate and accumulate in tissue culture
      cells of human origin was investigated. The antibiotic was highly concentrated by
      early passage cells of normal bronchus, kidney, liver, lung, and skin and by
      cancer cells derived from breast, liver, and lung. Intracellular levels 4 to 12
      times that of the extracellular milieu were obtained in both early-passage and
      transformed cells. The total quantity of erythromycin accumulated depended on the
      extracellular concentration of antibiotic, but the cellular/extracellular ratios
      were, for the most part, independent of the initial extracellular drug
      concentration. In all cell types tested, the accumulated antibiotic rapidly
      egressed when cells were incubated in antibiotic-free medium. Bioactivity assays
      demonstrated that the expelled drug was unmetabolized, fully active antibiotic.
      The concentration of erythromycin by a variety of human cell types probably
      accounts, in part, for the effectiveness of the antibiotic against intracellular
      parasites such as Legionella and Chlamydia spp.

PMID- 3994347
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria isolated from female genital
      tract infections.
AB  - Certain species or subspecies of anaerobic bacteria are isolated with higher
      frequency from female genital tract infections than from other anatomic sites. To
      gain susceptibility data more specific to the treatment of these infections, nine
      antimicrobial agents were tested by an agar dilution technique against 230
      anaerobic bacteria isolated solely from obstetric and gynecological infections.
      These genital isolates were, in general, very susceptible to imipenem (most
      active, inhibiting all gram-negative rods at less than or equal to 1
      microgram/ml), clindamycin (all isolates inhibited at less than or equal to 4
      micrograms/ml), metronidazole (all gram-negative rods inhibited at less than or
      equal to 4 micrograms/ml), and chloramphenicol. Penicillin G had generally low
      activity against Bacteroides spp., not restricted to just the Bacteroides
      fragilis group, although it was very active against gram-positive species.
      Bacteroides bivius, a species uniquely common in female genital infections, was
      particularly resistant (90% MIC, 64 U/ml). Also, the Bacteroides melaninogenicus
      isolates were less susceptible than previously reported for isolates not
      exclusively from genital sites. Compared with moxalactam, cefotaxime, and
      cefoperazone, cefoxitin usually demonstrated equal or greater activity against
      most Bacteroides spp., with the exception of greater activity of moxalactam
      against B. fragilis (formerly subsp. fragilis). Resistance to moxalactam was
      observed among strains of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, a common genital
      isolate. Overall, the activities of these four drugs were not as predictable as
      those observed for clindamycin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol, and imipenem.

PMID- 3994348
TI  - Comparison of moxalactam and cefazolin as prophylactic antibiotics during
      cesarean section.
AB  - Prophylactic antibiotics have been shown to be effective in decreasing the
      incidence of febrile morbidity associated with cesarean section after labor.
      However, the relative effectiveness of different single antibiotics has been
      studied infrequently, and these investigations have been limited by small patient
      samples. Several new, broad-spectrum antibiotics are now available, and any
      further benefit from more traditional antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis
      remains untested. A randomized prospective double-blind therapeutic trial was
      therefore undertaken to compare the value of a first-generation cephalosporin
      (cefazolin) with a new third-generation cephalosporin (moxalactam). Between July
      1981 and June 1983, 254 qualifying women who underwent primary cesarean section
      after labor were randomly chosen for either of the two treatment groups. Although
      not statistically significant, the rates of febrile morbidity, wound infection,
      and endometritis were less for those treated with cefazolin (4.0, 3.2, and 0.8%,
      respectively) than for those treated with moxalactam (9.2, 7.7, and 1.6%,
      respectively). No serious adverse effects were apparent in the mother and newborn
      infant from short-term exposure to either drug. Although the newer, more
      expensive, and broader-spectrum cephalosporin, moxalactam, was associated with a
      low postoperative febrile morbidity rate and short postpartum hospitalization, it
      was no more beneficial than cefazolin.

PMID- 3994349
TI  - In vitro activity and mechanism of action of A21978C1, a novel cyclic lipopeptide
      antibiotic.
AB  - The in vitro activity of A21978C1, a novel cyclic polypeptide antibiotic, was
      compared with those of vancomycin, teichomycin, and several beta-lactam
      antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria. The new drug was at least as active
      as vancomycin against all species of streptococci and staphylococci tested,
      including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant
      pneumococci. Activity of the drug was found to be strongly correlated with the
      calcium concentration in test media. Against enterococci, A21978C1 was
      bactericidal at concentrations near the MIC (MIC for 100% of the strains, 2
      micrograms/ml), but combining that drug with gentamicin resulted in bactericidal
      synergism by time-kill methods. Studies were undertaken to examine the mechanism
      of action of the drug. A21978C1 did not interact with penicillin-binding proteins
      of bacterial cell membranes. No direct effect of the drug on the synthesis of
      DNA, RNA, or protein by a susceptible strain of Streptococcus faecalis could be
      demonstrated. However, A21978C1 inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis in early-log
      phase cultures of both Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 3994350
TI  - Activities of the modified polyene N-D-ornithyl amphotericin methyl ester and the
      azoles ICI 153066, Bay n 7133, and Bay l 9139 compared with those of amphotericin
      B and ketoconazole in the therapy of experimental blastomycosis.
AB  - We studied the efficacy of new experimental antifungal drugs, which represent
      molecular modifications of present active agents, in a murine model of
      blastomycosis. Ketoconazole, previously the best azole drug studied and which is
      protective when administered orally, was superior to a new oral imidazole, Bay l
      9139, and a new oral triazole, Bay n 7133. A new oral triazole, ICI 153066, was
      markedly more effective than ketoconazole and is the only oral drug studied which
      came close to producing complete sterilization of all visceral infection in all
      animals treated. Amphotericin B, a polyene given parenterally, was shown to be
      more efficacious than any drug studied. It completely sterilized the infection. A
      modified polyene, N-D-ornithyl amphotericin methyl ester, was only slightly less
      effective on a milligram-per-kilogram basis.

PMID- 3994351
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of HR810 against 419 strict anaerobic bacteria.
AB  - HR810 and four other new beta-lactams were tested against 419 recent clinical
      anaerobic bacterial isolates. HR810 was found to have an antimicrobial spectrum
      most similar to that of cefotaxime, inhibiting 52.6% of Bacteroides fragilis
      group strains and 97.2% of all other anaerobic strains at an MIC of less than or
      equal to 16 micrograms/ml. Cefoxitin was found to have a narrower antimicrobial
      spectrum against the gram-positive anaerobic bacteria (8.4 to 10.1% less) than
      HR810 and cefotaxime, respectively.

PMID- 3994352
TI  - Effect of L-cysteine on the activity of penicillin antibiotics against
      Clostridium difficile.
AB  - We observed elevated MICs of penicillin antibiotics while performing agar
      dilution susceptibility testing of strains of Clostridium difficile on
      supplemented brain heart infusion agar, an effect which was completely eliminated
      by the exclusion of L-cysteine from the medium. L-Cysteine antagonizes the
      activity of penicillins against C. difficile, most likely by direct inactivation
      of the antibiotic.

PMID- 3994353
TI  - Intramuscular ceruletide does not affect food intake in obese and non-obese human
      subjects.
AB  - Intramuscular ceruletide or placebo was given in a randomized double-blind
      crossover design to 12 non-obese and 12 obese individuals, 30 min before a
      palatable lunch meal. No significant effects were found on the amount of food
      intake or the hunger ratings in any group. Although rapid CCK or ceruletide
      infusions have been found in some studies to reduce food intake in man and
      animals, slow infusions have increased food intake. Under the present study
      conditions, the moderate rate of release of ceruletide from intramuscular depots
      did not affect the food intake.

PMID- 3994354
TI  - Sensory and social influences on ice cream consumption by males and females in a
      laboratory setting.
AB  - Both male and female undergraduates ate more ice cream when eating occurred in
      groups of three or four than when they ate alone. These subjects also ate more
      ice cream when offered three different flavors than when offered only one flavor
      of their own choosing. For women, both variety and eating in a group combined to
      enhance eating more than either variable did alone. For men, variety or eating in
      a group caused about the same enhancement of consumption but the combination of
      the two variables did not lead to further increases in intake. This latter result
      probably reflects a ceiling effect, but it could represent a true gender
      difference.

PMID- 3994355
TI  - Hyperinsulinism and feeding; not all sequences lead to the same behavioral
      outcome or conclusions.

PMID- 3994356
TI  - Chimpanzee diet--in bad taste? Comment on Rozin and Kennel (1983).

PMID- 3994357
TI  - The social status-socioempathy relationship among mildly handicapped and
      nonhandicapped children: analysis of the person X environment fit.
AB  - The notion of person X environment fit was explored as a framework for
      understanding the relationship between the social status and socioempathy
      abilities of 234 nonhandicapped and 85 mildly handicapped children in special-
      and regular-education settings. The results revealed that the amount of
      discrepancy between actual and estimated social status varied according to child
      characteristics and the classroom placement settings in which those measurements
      were taken. Additionally, the person X environment fit model was found to be
      appropriate for describing the relationship between social status and
      socioempathy. That is, accurate estimators of social status were significantly
      more popular than underestimators or overestimators. In turn, underestimators
      were more popular than overestimators. The same relationships were found for
      estimates of rejection. The above relationships were examined for integrated and
      segregated classroom settings.

PMID- 3994359
TI  - Teaching mentally retarded children to use an experimental device for telling
      time and meeting appointments.
AB  - This study evaluated a program for teaching mentally retarded children to use an
      experimental clock-agenda combination (CAC). The CAC was designed to serve as a
      prosthetic device for children with minimal numerical skills and time concepts to
      (a) tell time to the nearest 5-minute interval, and (b) meet scheduled
      appointments. The target skills were trained in two phases, each of which
      consisted of two or more steps and substeps. A modified multiple-probe technique
      was used for each phase. Three mildly mentally retarded children and one
      moderately retarded child served as subjects. The data indicated that all
      subjects acquired both skills in 5 to 10 hours.

PMID- 3994358
TI  - The use of response deprivation to increase the academic performance of EMR
      students.
AB  - This research was designed to evaluate the proposed advantages of response
      deprivation as the basis for establishing reinforcement schedules in applied
      settings. In Experiment 1, response deprivation was used to improve the cursive
      writing of six EMR children, using math as the contingent response. The results
      suggested that writing improved in schedules that produced response deprivation
      and when the children were given corrective feedback on their performances. In
      Experiment 2, reversibility of reinforcement was investigated in four EMR
      children working on math and writing tasks. The students were sequentially
      presented two reinforcement schedules that produced response deprivation;
      however, the instrumental and contingent responses were reversed from the first
      to the second. Consistent with the response deprivation view, the results
      indicated an increase in instrumental responding in both schedules, which
      suggests that reversibility of reinforcement can be achieved simply by changes in
      schedule requirements. In summary, the results of both experiments offered
      support for response deprivation as an alternative method of producing
      reinforcement in educational settings.

PMID- 3994360
TI  - Behavior disorders and mental retardation: associations with age, sex, and level
      of functioning in an outpatient clinic sample.
AB  - A survey of 130 mentally retarded children and adults referred to an outpatient
      mental health clinic is reported. Three categories of behavior problems accounted
      for a majority of the referrals: schizoid-unresponsive and psychotic disorders,
      conduct disorder, and anxious-depressed withdrawal disorder. The distribution of
      referrals among the three categories was examined as a function of level of
      intellectual functioning, age, and client sex. Comparisons are made with previous
      surveys of mentally retarded and of nonretarded clinic populations. The
      implications of the survey results for planning mental health services with
      mentally retarded individuals are discussed.

PMID- 3994361
TI  - A multielement analysis of contingent versus contingent-interrupted music.
AB  - A multielement design was employed to evaluate the comparative effects of
      contingent music and contingent-interrupted music procedures. Two profoundly
      mentally retarded children who attended a community day training center
      participated. During the contingent music procedure, access to brief periods of
      listening to music was contingent upon the display of a specified criterion of
      appropriate behavior. Alternately, during the contingent-interrupted music
      procedure, access to music was provided at the beginning of the session, and it
      remained on until an inappropriate behavior occurred. The two procedures were
      implemented to decrease crying and increase unsupported sitting. The multielement
      design required that each procedure and a baseline condition be alternated across
      sessions. Results demonstrated that the contingent-interrupted music procedure
      was more effective for both reducing crying and increasing proper sitting.
      Implications for research with music as a reinforcer were discussed.

PMID- 3994362
TI  - Bacterial and fungal cometabolism of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4
      chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its breakdown products.
AB  - Resting cells of bacteria grown in the presence of diphenylmethane oxidized
      substituted analogs such as 4-hydroxydiphenylmethane, bis(4
      hydroxyphenyl)methane, bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane (DDM), benzhydrol, and 4,4'
      dichlorobenzhydrol. Resting cells of bacteria grown with benzhydrol as the sole
      carbon source oxidized substituted benzhydrols such as 4-chlorobenzhydrol, 4,4'
      dichlorobenzhydrol, and other metabolites of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4
      chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), such as DDM and bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.
      Bacteria and fungi converted 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane to 1,1
      dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4
      chlorophenyl)ethane, DDM, 4,4'-dichlorobenzhydrol, and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone.
      Aspergillus conicus converted 55% of bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid to
      unidentified or unextractable water-soluble products. Aspergillus niger and
      Penicillium brefeldianum converted 12.4 and 24.6%, respectively, of 1,1,1
      trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane to water-soluble and unidentified
      products. 4-Chlorophenylacetic acid, a product of ring cleavage, was formed from
      DDM by a false smut fungus of rice. A. niger converted 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone
      to 4-chlorobenzophenone and a methylated 4-chlorobenzophenone.

PMID- 3994363
TI  - Metabolites and biodegradation pathways of fatty alcohol ethoxylates in microbial
      biocenoses of sewage treatment plants.
AB  - The biodegradation of fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers was studied by analyzing
      the 14C-labeled intermediates isolated from the effluent of a model continuous
      flow sewage treatment plant after dosage of either alkyl- or heptaglycol-labeled
      stearyl alcohol ethoxylate (SA-7EO). In each case, uncharged and carboxylated
      (mainly dicarboxylated) polyethylene glycols constituted the most prominent
      metabolites. The results indicate that there is a faster degradation of the alkyl
      than the polyethylene glycol moiety and that there are two distinct primary
      degradation mechanisms acting simultaneously in microbial biocenoses:
      intramolecular scission of the surfactant as well as omega- and beta-oxidation of
      the alkyl chain. Characterization of the bulk of 14C-labeled metabolites as a
      homologous series of neutral and acidic polyglycol units and identification of
      several C2-fragments accounted for the depolymerization of the hydrophilic part
      of the surfactant by stepwise cleavage of ether-bound EO units; from additional
      degradation studies employing either neutral or carboxylated 14C-labeled
      polyethylene glycols as model metabolites, it was concluded that hydrolytic as
      well as oxidative cleavage of C2-units is involved. Most of the identified low
      molecular-weight 14C-labeled acids suggest an ultimate degradation of EO monomers
      by the oxidative dicarbonic acid cycle or the glycerate pathway or both. In
      addition, the finding of considerable amounts of oxalic and formic acids allow
      consideration of an additional mineralization route via glyoxylic, oxalic, and
      formic acids. The simultaneous action of different degradation mechanisms
      indicates the involvement of several distinct bacterial groups in the
      biodegradation of fatty alcohol ethoxylates under environmental conditions.

PMID- 3994364
TI  - Microbiological hydroxylation of estradiol: formation of 2- and 4
      hydroxyestradiol by Aspergillus alliaceus.
AB  - Microorganisms known to hydroxylate alkaloids, amino acids, and aromatic
      substrates were examined for their potential to hydroxylate 17 beta-estradiol and
      estrone. Thin-layer chromatography of fermentation extracts revealed a wide range
      of steroid products. Aspergillus alliaceus (UI 315) was the only culture capable
      of producing good yields of catechol estrogens with 17 beta-estradiol. The
      organism also transformed estrone but not to catechol products. Analytical
      experiments with high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that A.
      alliaceus formed 4- and 2-hydroxyestradiol with yields of 45 and 16%,
      respectively. A preparative-scale incubation was conducted in 2 liters of medium
      containing 1 g of 17 beta-estradiol as substrate. 4-Hydroxyestradiol was isolated
      and identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass
      spectrometry. Ascorbic acid was added to microbial reaction mixtures as an
      antioxidant to prevent the decomposition of unstable catechol estrogen
      metabolites. The microbial transformation of 17 beta-estradiol by A. alliaceus
      provides an efficient one-step method for the preparation of catechol estrogens.

PMID- 3994365
TI  - Fermentation of cellodextrins by cellulolytic and noncellulolytic rumen bacteria.
AB  - Water-soluble cellodextrins were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose by
      using fuming hydrochloric acid and acetone precipitation. This cellodextrin
      preparation contained only trace amounts of glucose and cellobiose and was
      primarily composed of cellotetraose and cellopentaose. When various species of
      cellulolytic and noncellulolytic bacteria were cultured with cellodextrins, their
      growth rates and maximal optical densities were in most cases similar to those
      observed with cellobiose. Time course samplings and analyses of cellodextrins by
      high-pressure liquid chromatography indicated that longer-chain cellodextrins
      were hydrolyzed extracellularly to cellobiose and cellotriose. Cellodextrin
      utilization by noncellulolytic rumen bacteria and extracellular hydrolysis of
      cellodextrins increase the possibility that cross-feeding occurs in the rumen and
      help to explain the high numbers of noncellulolytic bacteria in ruminants fed
      fibrous diets.

PMID- 3994366
TI  - Effects of sorption on biological degradation rates of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)
      acetic acid in soils.
AB  - Three mathematical models were proposed to describe the effects of sorption of
      both bacteria and the herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) on the
      biological degradation rates of 2,4-D in soils. Model 1 assumed that sorbed 2,4-D
      is not degraded, that only bacteria in solution are capable of degrading 2,4-D in
      solution, and that sorbed bacteria are not capable of degrading either sorbed or
      solution 2,4-D. Model 2 stated that only bacteria in the solution phase degrade
      2,4-D in solution and that only sorbed bacteria degrade sorbed 2,4-D. Model 3
      proposed that sorbed 2,4-D is completely protected from degradation and that both
      sorbed and solution bacteria are capable of degrading 2,4-D in solution. These
      models were tested by a series of controlled laboratory experiments. Models 1 and
      2 did not describe the data satisfactorily and were rejected. Model 3 described
      the experimental results quite well, indicating that sorbed 2,4-D was completely
      protected from biological degradation and that sorbed- and solution-phase
      bacteria degraded solution-phase 2,4-D with almost equal efficiencies.

PMID- 3994367
TI  - Novel microbial screen for detection of 1,4-butanediol, ethylene glycol, and
      adipic acid.
AB  - A novel microbial-screening procedure was developed for separate detection of 1,4
      butanediol, ethylene glycol, and adipic acid, three commercially important
      oxychemicals potentially derivable from bacterial omega-oxidation of n-butanol,
      ethanol, and hexanoic acid, respectively. The screening method involved
      postproduction addition of one of several specific Pseudomonas strains which
      produce a soluble fluorescent pigment during growth on the product of interest. A
      mutation and selection procedure was developed for isolation of specific strains
      with phenotypes for growth and pigment production on the desired product (e.g.,
      1,4-butanediol), but not on its bioconversion substrate (e.g., n-butanol), common
      by-products (e.g., n-butyrate), or product isomers. Pigment production was growth
      associated and required cultivation of the screening strains under limiting Fe3+
      concentrations. The pigments resembled well-characterized, iron-chelating
      siderophores produced by other fluorescent pseudomonads. The sensitivity of the
      assay for product accumulation was enhanced by (i) conducting the screening in
      microtiter dishes to permit examination of individual isolates of putative
      producers and to control product diffusion, (ii) using a wavelength cutoff filter
      to reduce background source light, and (iii) using adapted screening strains
      which grew at lower (0.3 mM) concentrations of test compounds. The potential
      utility of the method for detecting a variety of oxidative catabolic products is
      discussed.

PMID- 3994368
TI  - Leucine incorporation and its potential as a measure of protein synthesis by
      bacteria in natural aquatic systems.
AB  - Leucine incorporation was examined as a method for estimating rates of protein
      synthesis by bacterial assemblages in natural aquatic systems. The proportion of
      the total bacterial population that took up leucine in three marine environments
      was high (greater than 50%). Most of the leucine (greater than 90%) taken up was
      incorporated into protein, and little (less than 20%) was degraded to other amino
      acids, except in two oligotrophic marine environments. In samples from these two
      environments, ca. 50% of the leucine incorporated had been degraded to other
      amino acids, which were subsequently incorporated into protein. The degree of
      leucine degradation appears to depend on the organic carbon supply, as the
      proportion of 3H-radioactivity incorporated into protein that was recovered as
      [3H]leucine after acid hydrolysis increased with the addition of pyruvate to
      oligotrophic water samples. The addition of extracellular leucine inhibited total
      incorporation of [14C]pyruvate (a precursor for leucine biosynthesis) into
      protein. Furthermore, the proportion of [14C]pyruvate incorporation into protein
      that was recovered as [14C]leucine decreased with the addition of extracellular
      leucine. These results show that the addition of extracellular leucine inhibits
      leucine biosynthesis by marine bacterial assemblages. The molar fraction of
      leucine in a wide variety of proteins is constant, indicating that changes in
      leucine incorporation rates reflect changes in rates of protein synthesis rather
      than changes in the leucine content of proteins. The results demonstrate that the
      incorporation rate of [3H]leucine into a hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble cell
      fraction can serve as an index of protein synthesis by bacterial assemblages in
      aquatic systems.

PMID- 3994369
TI  - Bovine serum eliminates rapid nonspecific toxic reactions during bioassay of
      stored fish for Clostridium botulinum toxin.
AB  - When stored fish or some fish products were tested for the presence of
      Clostridium botulinum toxin, nonspecific toxic reactions in mice often occurred,
      rendering the bioassay inconclusive. The nonspecific toxic reactions were
      mediated by the gram-negative microbiota, inherent to the fish, which were the
      source of lethal, heat-stable endotoxins. The treatment of assay samples with
      bovine serum eliminated nonspecific reactions through the interaction of
      constituent serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) with endotoxic material. Removal of IgM
      from bovine serum through treatment with protein A or concanavalin A resulted in
      a loss of protective activity.

PMID- 3994370
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Pediococcus halophilus from salted anchovies
      (Engraulis anchoita).
AB  - The presence of bacteria in salted anchovies during and at the end of the curing
      process was investigated. Attempts to isolate bacteria under aerobic or anaerobic
      conditions led to the isolation of only bacteria of the genus Pediococcus which
      were identified as Pediococcus halophilus. The isolates correspond to a rather
      heterogeneous group in which some of the members differ in some biochemical tests
      from the types described in the literature.

PMID- 3994371
TI  - Degradation of halogenated aliphatic compounds by Xanthobacter autotrophicus
      GJ10.
AB  - A bacterium that is able to utilize a number of halogenated short-chain
      hydrocarbons and halogenated carboxylic acids as sole carbon source for growth
      was identified as a strain of Xanthobacter autotrophicus. The organism
      constitutively produces two different dehalogenases. One enzyme is specific for
      halogenated alkanes, whereas the other, which is more heat stable and has a
      higher pH optimum, is specific for halogenated carboxylic acids. Haloalkanes were
      hydrolyzed in cell extracts to produce alcohols and halide ions, and a route for
      the metabolism of 1,2-dichlorethane is proposed. Both dehalogenases show a broad
      substrate specificity, allowing the degradation of bromine- and chlorine
      substituted organic compounds. The results show that X. autotrophicus may play a
      role in the degradation of organochlorine compounds and that hydrolytic
      dehalogenases may be involved in the microbial metabolism of short-chain
      halogenated hydrocarbons in microorganisms.

PMID- 3994372
TI  - beta-Glucuronidase activities of intestinal bacteria determined both in vitro and
      in vivo in gnotobiotic rats.
AB  - The beta-glucuronidase activities of bacterial strains isolated from the rat
      intestinal tract were studied both in vitro in culture media and in vivo in the
      intestinal contents of gnotobiotic rats. Only 50 of 407 strains tested were found
      to be positive in vitro. They belonged to the three genera Clostridium,
      Peptostreptococcus, and Staphylococcus. The in vitro-negative strains were also
      negative in vivo. The beta-glucuronidase activities of the beta-glucuronidase
      activities of the positive strains were generally greater in vivo than in vitro.
      The highest in vivo activities were found in the intact bacterial cells and in
      the soluble fractions prepared from disrupted pellets. There was a discrepancy
      between the activities obtained from both conventional and gnotobiotic rats
      harboring selected positive strains, suggesting that the main beta-glucuronidase
      positive strains have not yet been isolated from the intestines of conventional
      rats.

PMID- 3994373
TI  - Preparation of a DNA gene probe for detection of mercury resistance genes in gram
      negative bacterial communities.
AB  - A DNA gene probe was prepared to study genetic change mechanisms responsible for
      adaptation to mercury in natural bacterial communities. The probe was constructed
      from a 2.6-kilobase NcoI-EcoRI DNA restriction fragment which spans the majority
      of the mercury resistance operon (mer) in the R-factor R100. The range of
      specificity of this gene probe was defined by hybridization to the DNA of a wide
      variety of mercury-resistant bacteria previously shown to possess the mercuric
      reductase enzyme. All of the tested gram-negative bacteria had DNA sequences
      homologous to the mer probe, whereas no such homologies were detected in DNA of
      the gram-positive strains. Thus, the mer probe can be utilized to study gene flow
      processes in gram-negative bacterial communities.

PMID- 3994374
TI  - Presence of microorganisms in hemolymph of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus.
AB  - Hemolymph samples obtained from Limulus polyphemus at the time of collection and
      after a 1-week holding period exhibited a significant increase in bacterial
      levels. No differences were observed in the ability of amoebocyte lysate,
      prepared from these same samples, to gel in the presence of lipopolysaccharide.

PMID- 3994375
TI  - Isolation, chemical structure, acute toxicity, and some physicochemical
      properties of territrem B' from Aspergillus terreus.
AB  - We have isolated a metabolite of territrem, designated territrem B', from the
      chloroform extract of a rice culture of Aspergillus terreus 23-1 by using the
      same isolation procedure as that for territrems A, B, and C. The present
      isolation procedure gave about 10 mg of territrem B' from 4 kg of rice culture
      per batch. Analysis of the high-resolution mass spectrum showed that the
      molecular composition of territrem B' is C29H34O10 (found, 542.2167; required,
      542.200). Some results of physicochemical and acute tests are presented in this
      paper. Single-crystal X-ray diffractometry of territrem B' indicated that the
      three-dimensional structure of territrem B' has not changed significantly from
      that of territrem B except for the insertion of one oxygen atom into territrem B
      to make an additional pyron ring in the E ring. The tremorgenic activity of
      territrem B' is greatly reduced as tested by intraperitoneal injection in mice.

PMID- 3994376
TI  - L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine catabolism by selected Streptomyces species.
AB  - L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine were completely catabolized through homogentisate
      by Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2 but only partially degraded by Streptomyces badius
      252, Streptomyces sioyaensis P5, Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, and Streptomyces
      sp. strain V7. Intermediates of catabolism were confirmed by thin-layer, gas, and
      high-pressure liquid chromatography. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was present in
      all cell extracts.

PMID- 3994377
TI  - Estimation of Campylobacter spp. in broth culture by bioluminescence assay of
      ATP.
AB  - The luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence reaction was used to estimate cell
      numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in broth cultures based on
      a linear relationship between cell numbers (in excess of 10(4) to 10(5] and ATP
      levels. The sensitivity was lower than that obtained with Escherichia coli. The
      calculated amount of intracellular ATP per cell of C. jejuni and C. coli ranged
      from 1.7 to 2.1 fg.

PMID- 3994379
TI  - The enzymatic synthesis of beta 1-2 glucans.
AB  - Incubation of labeled uridine diphosphate glucose with an enzyme preparation from
      Rhizobium meliloti or Agrobacterium tumefaciens leads to the formation of a
      glucan which appears to be identical to the beta 1-2 cyclic glucan described by
      several workers. This conclusion is based on the molecular size, the formation of
      sophorose and higher homologs by partial acid hydrolysis, the liberation of only
      glucose by total acid hydrolysis, and the release of only 3,4,6-tri-O
      methylglucose after methylation and hydrolysis. A snail intestinal juice enzyme
      was found to break down the glucan and its partial hydrolysis products. A beta
      glucosidase from sweet almonds degraded sophorose but not the intact glucan.

PMID- 3994378
TI  - Maintenance and induction of cytochrome P-450 in cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Maintenance of microsomal cytochrome P-450 content by cultured rat hepatocytes
      has proven an elusive goal. It is reported here that exogenous heme maintains
      cytochrome P-450 content of cultured rat hepatocytes at high levels during the
      first 72 h of incubation. The maintenance studies have been expanded to
      demonstrate the in vitro induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital
      treatment. The induction of P-450 in vitro by phenobarbital required the trace
      element, selenium, in the presence of exogenous heme. The present findings
      suggest that selenium, and other trace elements, may have an essential role in
      the formation of holocytochrome P-450 in vitro.

PMID- 3994380
TI  - Glycosphingolipids of human plasma.
AB  - A number of glycosphingolipids, including 10 gangliosides, not previously
      identified in human plasma have been characterized. The plasma contains 2
      micrograms of lipid-bound sialic acid/ml plasma and 54% of the gangliosides are
      monosialo, 30% disialo, 10% trisialo, and 6% tetrasialo. Individual
      glycosphingolipids were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and
      thin-layer chromatography, and were characterized on the basis of their
      chromatographic mobility, carbohydrate composition, hydrolysis by glycosidases,
      methylation analysis, and immunostaining with anti-glycosphingolipid antibodies.
      The monosialogangliosides were identified as GM3, GM2, sialosyl(2-3)- and
      sialosyl(2-6)lactoneotetraosylceramides, sialosyllacto-N-nor-hexaosylceramide,
      and sialosyllacto-N-isooctaosylceramide. The major gangliosides in the polysialo
      fractions contained a ganglio-N-tetraose backbone and were identified as GD3,
      GD1a, GD1b, and GQ1b. The most abundant neutral glycosphingolipids were glucosyl,
      lactosyl, globotriaosyl, globotetraosyl and lactoneotetraosylceramides. The other
      neutral glycosphingolipids, tentatively identified by immunostaining with
      monoclonal antibodies, contained H1, Lea, Leb, and lacto-N-fucopentose III (X
      hapten) structures.

PMID- 3994382
TI  - Identification of mammalian aspartate-4-decarboxylase.
AB  - Several animal tissues were examined for aspartate-4-decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.12)
      activity. Highest activity was seen in murine livers, in rodent livers, and in
      rodent kidneys. The rat liver enzyme was membrane associated and could be
      solubilized and partially purified with the aid of detergents. The purification
      studies, and studies on the stoichiometry and kinetics of the reaction, showed
      that aspartate is directly converted to alanine. Such a metabolic reaction had
      not been reported before in animals. The rat liver enzyme differed significantly
      from the microbial aspartate-4-decarboxylases. Among other things, the rat liver
      beta-decarboxylase could be purified away from a cysteine sulfinate desulfinase
      activity. Also, unlike the bacterial enzymes, the mammalian beta-decarboxylase
      could not be inactivated by preincubation with aspartate or cysteine sulfinate.
      These later observations strongly suggest that the mammalian aspartate-4
      decarboxylase does not have an inherent transaminase activity. Like many
      decarboxylases, rat liver aspartate-4-decarboxylase could be inhibited by
      reagents which react with carbonyl groups; however, the enzyme showed no
      dependence on pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

PMID- 3994381
TI  - Hydrolysis of dolichyl esters by oviduct membranes and characterization of
      endogenous dolichyl esters.
AB  - The chick oviduct system has been employed to study whether dolichol esters might
      serve as a storage form of dolichol to be converted to dolichyl phosphate (Dol-P)
      during periods when Dol-P levels increase. Chicken oviduct membranes catalyze the
      hydrolysis of dolichyl-[14C]oleate; the reaction is dependent on detergent (0.04%
      NP-40 is optimal), is unaffected by divalent cations and EDTA, and exhibits a pH
      optimum of 6.0. Oviduct membranes also hydrolyze cholesteryl-[14C]oleate, which
      exhibits similar properties except the pH optimum is 5.0-5.5. Neither Dol
      [14C]palmitate nor Chol-[14C]palmitate is hydrolyzed by membranes. Chol-ester
      hydrolysis is more sensitive to heat-denaturation than is Dol-ester hydrolysis.
      Esterase activity was assayed in membranes prepared from immature chicks, chicks
      treated with diethylstilbestrol, chicks withdrawn from diethylstilbestrol, and
      mature hens. The highest esterase specific activity was observed in membranes
      obtained from chicks withdrawn from hormone. In order to characterize the fatty
      acid composition of Dol-esters they were purified from mature hen oviducts by
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Fractogel ORPVA-6000, reverse-phase HPLC,
      and TLC. About 15-25% of oviduct dolichol is in the esterified form. Fatty acid
      analysis revealed that approximately 85% of the dolichol was esterified to oleic
      acid. The fact that the highest esterase activity is found in membranes from
      chicks withdrawn from hormone and that only 20% of the dolichol is esterified
      argues against a role for Dol-esters as a reservoir of dolichol for conversion to
      Dol-P.

PMID- 3994383
TI  - Carbodiimide-mediated O-sulfation of hydroxy-amino acids and peptides: a reaction
      suitable for radiolabeling.
AB  - Carbodiimide-mediated sulfation of hydroxy-amino acids, peptides, and proteins
      can be accomplished in dry dimethylformamide by incubation in a 20-50 molar
      excess of sulfuric acid and various concentrations of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide
      [(1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide or 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2
      morpholoethyl)carbodiimide p-toluene sulfonate)] at 4 degrees C for 2-4 h. Under
      these conditions, hydroxy-amino acids are quantitatively converted into O
      sulfates, while cysteine yields the S-sulfonate. Other amino acids, including
      tryptophan, do not react and are recovered quantitatively. Porcine sodium insulin
      yields a product that can be separated into six bands by nondenaturing
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radiolabeling of peptides by this method can
      be carried out with a high degree of efficiency if the added [35S]sulfuric acid
      is used carrier free with an acid excess provided by trifluoromethyl sulfonic
      acid. Under these conditions, over 60% of [35S]sulfuric acid was incorporated
      into insulin and bovine serum albumin. This method may prove useful in the
      radiolabeling of other peptides and proteins.

PMID- 3994384
TI  - Factors stabilizing pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase of rat intestine mucosa at a
      physiological temperature.
AB  - Mammalian pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PC) synthase in the mitochondrial membrane of
      rat small intestine mucosa possesses marked thermal instability at temperatures
      of 30 to 37 degrees C [Y. Wakabayashi, J. G. Henslee, and M. E. Jones (1983) J.
      Biol. Chem. 258, 3873-3882]. Factors stabilizing the enzyme activity at 37
      degrees C were extensively examined by incubating the enzyme with various
      compounds before assay. In the presence of 60% sorbitol, the enzyme retained full
      activity for 30 min. Xylitol, glycerol, and fructose were also effective,
      although sucrose, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide
      were ineffective. AMP, GMP, IMP, and UMP (15 mM) were completely protective while
      ATP and adenosine were not. Phosphate and arsenate at 10 mM maintained 90 and
      82%, respectively, of the original activity after 10 min. NADPH and NADP (3 mM)
      were protective whereas 3 mM NADH was not. The possibility that phosphate and
      NADPH are stabilizing PC synthase in vivo was discussed. Addition of 0.13 mM p
      chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid or 0.55 mM 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
      to the enzyme resulted in complete loss of activity, but prior addition of excess
      dithiothreitol to the enzyme prevented the inactivation, suggesting that a
      sulfhydryl group is involved in the activity.

PMID- 3994385
TI  - Temperature- and time-dependent inactivation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase:
      suggestive evidence for an allosteric regulation of the enzyme.
AB  - When pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PC) synthase activity in the membrane of
      mitochondria of rat small intestine mucosa was assayed in the presence of 0.5 mM
      ornithine, the time course of inactivation showed that the activity disappeared
      entirely by about 8 min at 30 degrees C, whereas there was no decrease in the
      activity at 15 degrees C. A prior incubation of the enzyme with ornithine at 30
      or 37 degrees C in the presence of 50% sorbitol as a thermal stabilizer resulted
      in a marked loss of the activity, while that at 0 or 15 degrees C did not lose
      any. This suggests that PC synthase is inactivated by ornithine regardless of the
      presence of substrates. The inactivation at 30 degrees C proceeded gradually for
      about 7 h, until an equilibrium was attained. Extensive dialysis allowed the
      inactivated enzyme to regain about 60% of the original activity. These results
      suggest that the inactivation is reversible. The concentration of ornithine and
      the percentage of inactivation at equilibrium was correlated by the Hill equation
      and displayed a sigmoidicity with n = 1.47 and [S]50 = 0.036 mM. In the presence
      of sorbitol, the inactivation was prevented by 0.2 mM ATP or ADP. The role of the
      nucleotides in PC synthase regulation is discussed.

PMID- 3994386
TI  - The biological activity of cyclopropyl analogs of all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoic
      acid in the rat vaginal smear assay.
AB  - The biological activity of a series of cyclopropyl analogs of all-trans- and 13
      cis-retinoic acid has been evaluated in the vaginal smear assay carried out in
      vitamin A-deficient rats. These analogs were designed to probe the role of the 13
      cis isomer in the actions of the parent all-trans-retinoic acid by blocking the
      interconversion of these two compounds. Although relatively less active, the
      potency of some of the cyclopropyl analogs suggests that 13-cis-retinoic acid is
      a fully active metabolite of all-trans-retinoic acid. Since 13-cis-retinoic acid
      represents a small percentage of the retinoic acid metabolites, the physiological
      significance of this activity is still unclear. Possible reasons for the reduced
      activity of the cyclopropyl analogs, as well as an aromatic analog of retinoic
      acid, are discussed.

PMID- 3994387
TI  - Mass-spectrometric identification of trehalose 6-monomycolate synthesized by the
      cell-free system of Bacterionema matruchotii.
AB  - The fluffy layer fraction prepared from Bacterionema matruchotii was found to
      possess high activity for the biosynthesis of mycolic acids which were bound to
      an unknown compound by an alkali-labile linkage [T. Shimakata, M. Iwaki, and T.
      Kusaka (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 229, 329-339]. To determine the structure
      of the mycolate-containing compound, it was purified and analyzed by field
      desorption (FD) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SI-MS). When non-labelled
      palmitic acid was used as a precursor in the in vitro biosynthetic system, the
      underivatized product had a cationized molecular ion, [M + Na]+, at m/z 843 in FD
      MS and a protonated ion, [M + H]+, at m/z 821 in SI-MS, corresponding to the
      quasimolecular ion of trehalose monomycolate (C32:0). In SI-MS, characteristic
      fragment ions due to cleavage of glycosidic linkages were clearly detected in
      addition to the molecular ion. If [1-13C]palmitic acid was the precursor, 2 mass
      unit increases in both the quasimolecular and fragment ions were observed,
      indicating that two molecules of palmitate were incorporated into the product.
      alpha-Trehalose was found in the aqueous phase after saponification of the
      product. By the electron impact mass spectrometry of the trimethylsilylated
      product, the mycolate was found to be esterified with an hydroxyl group at
      position 6 of the trehalose molecule. These results clearly demonstrated that the
      predominant product synthesized by the fluffy layer fraction with palmitate as
      substrate was 6-monomycolate (C32:0) of alpha-D-trehalose. Because newly
      synthesized mycolic acid was mainly in the form of trehalose monomycolate instead
      of free mycolate or trehalose dimycolate, the role of trehalose in the
      biosynthesis of mycolic acid is discussed.

PMID- 3994388
TI  - Acceleration of rat liver phospholipid metabolism after long-term cadmium
      administration.
AB  - Male Wistar rats, 6 weeks old, were allowed free access to water containing
      cadmium chloride at a concentration of 250 ppm as cadmium (Cd) for 6 and 12
      months. The growth, as measured by body weight of Cd-treated rats, was
      significantly retarded. Electron microscopic studies revealed the appearance of
      small vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and involution of the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum (RER) in both the liver and whole kidney. When radioactive precursors
      of phospholipids, H3(32)PO4 and [1(3)-H]glycerol, were injected (ip) into cd
      treated rats, the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the liver
      was increased 3.2- and 5.8-fold after 6- and 12-month Cd administration,
      respectively, and that of 3H into PC was also increased 2.3- and 2.2-fold after 6
      and 12-month Cd administration, respectively. In the kidney, however, the
      incorporation rates of these radioactive precursors were little affected by long
      term Cd administration. In the liver of rats treated with Cd for 6 and 12 months,
      the activity of CDP-choline:cholinephosphotransferase was increased by 20-30%
      over the control. It was shown that de novo synthesis of PC, which is a major
      constituent of biological membranes, was accelerated by long-term Cd
      administration in the liver but not in the kidney. These results suggest the
      possibility of regenerating the membranes in damaged hepatocytes after 6 and 12
      months of Cd administration.

PMID- 3994389
TI  - Mechanism responsible for the hypoglycemic action of 2-alkoxy-2-propenylidene
      methanaminiums.
AB  - 2-Alkoxy-2-propenylidene methanaminiums inhibited gluconeogenesis and stimulated
      glycolysis by hepatocytes isolated from 48-h-fasted rats and fasted-refed rats,
      respectively. The order of effectiveness of these compounds was the same as the
      hypoglycemic response of intact rats found in other studies, i.e., butoxy greater
      than propoxy greater than ethoxy derivative. Lactate/pyruvate and beta
      hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios were elevated whereas cellular ATP
      concentration was decreased by these compounds. The butoxy derivative inhibited
      the oxidation of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 but increased glucose utilization and
      lactate accumulation by isolated rat diaphragms. The butoxy derivative also
      inhibited site I reversed electron transfer and the oxidation of NAD+-linked
      substrates but not succinate by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Methanaminium
      induced hypoglycemia in intact rats was accompanied by an increase in blood
      lactate concentration as well as blood beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate
      ratio. The hypoglycemia caused by these compounds is proposed to be due to
      inhibition of glucose synthesis in the liver along with increased glucose
      utilization in peripheral tissues, both for want of ATP as a consequence of
      inhibition of site I electron transfer.

PMID- 3994390
TI  - The role of chloride ion on the photoreactivation of the oxygen-evolving center
      of tris-washed, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol-treated grana.
AB  - Chloride ion is found to be an essential factor in photoreactivation of the
      oxygen-evolving center. Tris-washed, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol-treated grana
      are low in both Mn content and oxygen-evolving activity. These grana can restore
      high oxygen-evolving activity, however, by incorporating Mn2+ ion under weak
      light in the presence of chloride and calcium ions with dithiothreitol. This
      restoration is called photoreactivation. When chloride ion is omitted from the
      medium for the photoreactivation, the recovery of oxygen-evolving activity is
      inhibited. Other anions, such as bromide and nitrate anions, could also mediate
      the reactivation; but, anions of weak acids or polyvalent strong acids were not
      effective. Chloride ion is also required in the light-induced H+ and Mn2+ uptake
      of these grana, which are essential partial reactions for the reactivation. It is
      therefore concluded that chloride ion plays an important role in the
      photoreactivation.

PMID- 3994391
TI  - An essential arginine residue at the binding site of pig kidney 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase.
AB  - Pig kidney 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) decarboxylase is inactivated by the
      arginine-specific reagent phenylglyoxal. Under these experimental conditions, the
      reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a second-order rate constant of
      25 m-1 min-1. Holo- and apo-enzyme were inactivated at the same rate. However,
      inactivation seems to be related to modification of 1 and 2 arginyl residues per
      mol of holo- and apo-enzyme, respectively. Only one of these two residues was
      essential to decarboxylase activity of the enzyme. Phenylglyoxal-modified apo
      Dopa decarboxylase retained the capacity to bind pyridoxal-P. Neither this
      reconstituted species nor the phenylglyoxal-modified holoenzyme were able to form
      Schiff base intermediates with aromatic amino acids in L and D forms. These data
      together with protection experiments suggest that the susceptible arginine
      residue in holoenzyme may somehow perturb the substrate binding site. However,
      unlike in other pyridoxal-P enzymes, this critical arginine in Dopa decarboxylase
      does not seem to behave as an anionic recognition site for the phosphate group of
      the coenzyme or the carboxy group of the substrate. It is speculated that this
      guanidyl group could function in hydrogen bonding of substrate side chain.

PMID- 3994392
TI  - Regulation of rat liver microsomal squalene epoxidase: inactivation of the
      supernatant protein factor by nucleotides.
AB  - Modulation of squalene epoxidase activity by nucleotides was studied in rat liver
      microsomal preparations. Supernatant protein factor (SPF) stimulates hepatic
      microsome-associated squalene epoxidase. The stimulatory effect of this activator
      was abolished by some nucleotides, and the effect of ATP on SPF was examined in
      detail. The inhibition by ATP was time- and concentration-dependent and was
      increased remarkably by the addition of Mg2+. Binding studies employing Sephadex
      column chromatography showed that ATP and SPF formed a complex (molar ratio,
      1:1). These results suggest that nucleotides may regulate cholesterol metabolism
      through inactivation of the supernatant protein activator in the presence of
      bivalent metal ions.

PMID- 3994393
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis of polymethylated flavonols in Chrysosplenium americanum. I.
      Partial purification and some properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonol 3-,
      6-, 7-, and 4'-O-methyltransferases.
AB  - Four novel flavonol O-methyltransferases (OMTs) were partially purified from
      Chrysosplenium americanum by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, successive
      chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 and hydroxylapatite, and chromatofocusing on
      Polybuffer ion exchanger. They exhibited strict position specificity for
      positions 3 of quercetin, 7 of 3-methylquercetin, 4' of 3,7-dimethylquercetin,
      and 6 of 3,7,3'-trimethylquercetagetin. None of these enzymes reacted with
      phenylpropanoids, flavones, dihydroflavonols, or any of their glucosides. Except
      for the 7-OMT whose activity was lost during chromatofocusing, the other enzymes
      had apparent pI values of 4.8, 5.4, and 5.7 for the 3-, 4'-, and 6-OMTs,
      respectively. They had similar molecular weights (Mr 57,000) and their pH optima
      varied between 7.8 and 9.0, with a shift in optimal activity from lower to higher
      pH with increasing level of substrate methylation. Unlike the 3 and 4' enzymes,
      the 6-OMT showed an absolute requirement for Mg2+ whose activation was saturable
      and was inhibited by EDTA. The in vitro stepwise O-methylation of quercetin----3
      methylquercetin----3,7-dimethylquercetin----3 ,7, 4'-trimethylquercetin tends to
      suggest a coordinated sequence of methyl transfers in this tissue.

PMID- 3994394
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis of polymethylated flavonols in Chrysosplenium americanum. II.
      Substrate interaction and product inhibition studies of flavonol 3-, 6-, and 4'-O
      methyltransferases.
AB  - The steady-state kinetic behavior of three position-specific O-methyltransferases
      (3-, 4'-, and 6-OMTs) was compared with reference to substrate inhibition
      patterns in Chrysosplenium americanum. The 6-OMT was severely inhibited by the
      flavonoid substrate at concentrations close to Km, whereas the other two enzymes
      were less affected by their respective flavonoid substrates. Substrate
      interaction kinetics for the 6-OMT gave converging lines consistent with a
      sequential binding mechanism, whereas the data generated for the 3- and 4'-OMTs
      could be fitted to the equation for a ping-pong mechanism or to that of a
      sequential binding mechanism where Kia was much smaller Ka. More information on
      the mechanism of reaction was obtained from product inhibition studies. The three
      enzymes exhibited competitive inhibition patterns between S-adenosyl-L-methionine
      (SAM) and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), whereas other patterns were either
      noncompetitive or uncompetitive. The steady-state kinetic properties of the 3-,
      4'-, and 6-OMTs were consistent with a sequential ordered reaction mechanism, in
      which SAM and SAH were leading reaction partners and included an abortive EQB
      complex. Product inhibition constants were sufficiently low to suggest that these
      may be important in regulating the pathway of polymethylated flavonoid synthesis.
      It was suggested that due to their greater sensitivity to inhibition by SAH, the
      OMTs involved in earlier steps of the methylation sequence may regulate the rate
      of synthesis of final products in Chrysosplenium.

PMID- 3994395
TI  - Relative abilities of phosphagens with different thermodynamic or kinetic
      properties to help sustain ATP and total adenylate pools in heart during
      ischemia.
AB  - Hearts of chicks fed the creatine analog, 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine
      (cyclocreatine), accumulated 15 mumol/g wet wt of the synthetic phosphagen,
      cyclocreatine-3-P; had total creatine levels reduced from the normal 6 mumol/g to
      only 1.8 mumol/g; and had their glycogen levels tripled. During total ischemia in
      vitro these hearts utilized the cyclocreatine-P for synthesis of ATP, had greatly
      prolonged glycolysis, and exhibited a two- to fivefold delay in depletion of both
      ATP and the total adenylate pool, relative to controls. Accumulation from the
      diet of comparable levels of the closely related 1-carboxyethyl-2-imino-3
      phosphonoimidazolidine (homocyclocreatine-P) by heart was accompanied by only
      slight lowering of total creatine to 4.2 mumol/g, and a tripling of glycogen
      levels. During ischemia these hearts exhibited prolonged glycolysis, but they did
      not utilize the very stable homocyclocreatine-P (200,000-fold less reactive than
      creatine-P) and thus formed less Pi; most significantly, there was no delay in
      depletion of ATP levels relative to controls. Feeding of creatine doubled total
      creatine levels in heart, but had no marked effect on ATP depletion during
      ischemia; in all dietary groups creatine-P pools had fallen to less than or equal
      to 1.2 mumol/g by first tissue sampling. Although adaptive responses were also
      involved, maximal conservation of ATP and total adenylate pools in heart during
      ischemia apparently required, in addition to adequate glycogen reserves,
      substantial levels of a kinetically competent phosphagen that is
      thermodynamically poised to continue to assist glycolysis in buffering decreases
      and oscillations in the [ATP]/[free ADP] ratio at the lower phosphorylation
      potentials and more acid pH characteristic of later stages of ischemia. Decreases
      and oscillations in the [ATP]/[free ADP] ratio cannot be buffered effectively
      late in ischemia by the creatine-P system for thermodynamic reasons, or by the
      homocyclocreatine-P system because of kinetic limitations.

PMID- 3994396
TI  - Preparation of functionally intact monomers by limited disulfide reduction of
      human plasma fibronectin dimers.
AB  - Most (90 to 95%) human plasma fibronectin (PFn) molecules exist as 450-kDa
      disulfide-rich dimers comprised of two major types of subunits (A, 220 kDa; B,
      215 kDa) that are joined near the COOH terminus by two disulfide bonds. Smaller
      PFn species (Zone II; 190-235 kDa) consist mainly of monomers and/or a monomeric
      subunit joined covalently to a smaller peptide remnant presumably derived by
      proteolysis of a parent 450-kDa molecule. A relatively simple and selective
      method for preparing functionally active, partially reduced monomeric fibronectin
      subunits (PR-PFn) by limited and selective reduction of dimeric plasma
      fibronectin (PFn) has been developed. PR-PFn was prepared by incubating PFn in
      phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, for 2 h at room temperature in the presence of
      17 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Following S-carboxymethylation or S
      carboxyamidomethylation, the material was passed through a gelatin-Sepharose
      column and nonbinding material was discarded; gelatin-bound material was eluted
      using a 0 to 2 M KSCN gradient. Residual dimeric species (10-20%) could be
      separated from monomers in high yield by gel-sieving chromatography on a
      Sepharose 6B-Cl in the presence of a chaotropic salt, 0.3 M KSCN. Most new SH
      groups (74-81%) in that fraction of PR-PFn binding to gelatin were localized in
      proteolytic fragments containing the COOH terminus, thus suggesting that
      selective cleavage of the interchain disulfide bridges had taken place. The
      binding affinity of PR-PFn to gelatin- and fibrin-Sepharose was lower than that
      of dimeric PFn, but the same as that of Zone II PFn and other monomeric gelatin
      binding proteolytic derivatives. PR-PFn also bound to heparin-Sepharose and
      promoted cell attachment and spreading. We conclude that PR-PFn monomers possess
      the same functional activities as those of the parent chains.

PMID- 3994397
TI  - [Experience in local hyperthermia with using Therma Tech 2000. First report].
AB  - Studies of the effects of hyperthermia on neoplastic tumors have been developed
      on the basis of biology. At the some time, machines for the clinical application
      of hyperthermia have been slowly improved. The Therma Tech 2,000, however, unlike
      most other pieces of hyperthermia equipment, generates RF energy at 13.56MHz. In
      the present study, rabbits bearing VX2 tumors were given hyperthermia treatment
      and measurements of their temperatures were taken.

PMID- 3994398
TI  - [Induction of human monocyte-mediated tumor cell killing by alpha or beta
      interferon].
AB  - Human blood monocytes, separated on a continuous percoll gradient, were not
      cytotoxic to allogeneic A375 melanoma cells. The monocyte monolayers were
      activated to become tumoricidal by incubation for 24 hr with interferon (IFN)
      alpha or beta at concentrations of more than 1,000 IU/ml. Significant and
      reproducible activation of the monocytes was achieved by incubating them with
      10,000 IU/ml of IFN-alpha or IFN-beta for 24 hr. Similarly, suspended, but not
      plated, monocytes were activated to a tumoricidal state by interaction with IFN
      alpha or IFN-beta. Monocytes that had lost tumoricidal activity during culture,
      were reactivated by a second exposure to IFN-alpha. Fluorescence analysis showed
      that the monocyte-rich adherent monolayers were contaminated with up 2.0% of
      natural killer (NK) cells. Pretreatment of isolated monocyte preparations with
      anti-NK cell monoclonal antibody (Leu-11b) to deplete them of NK cell activity
      did not inhibit the monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. These results indicate that
      human monocytes are rendered tumoricidal by direct interaction with IFN-alpha or
      IFN-beta, although more than 1,000 IU/ml of IFN-alpha or IFN-beta is required for
      maximal expression of monocyte activation.

PMID- 3994399
TI  - [Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial chemo
      embolization for patients with simultaneous bilateral breast cancer].
AB  - We have treated 2 cases of simultaneous bilateral breast cancer by intra-arterial
      infusion chemotherapy (IA) and transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization (TAC-E),
      respectively. In the former case treated by I. A., both the treated tumor and the
      contralateral mass were remarkably regressed and necrotized. However, serious
      systemic side effects due to the intraarterially infused drug were observed. In
      the latter case treated by TAC-E, chemo-embolic effects were selectively observed
      in the treated tumor, and side effects were slight. On the other hand, a non
      treated mass showed no changes. From these findings, we concluded that I. A.
      serves as a semisystemic therapy, and that TAC-E, at least in our subjects, works
      as a loco-regional cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 3994400
TI  - [Effect of KW-2083 in Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate].

PMID- 3994401
TI  - Importance of appropriate wavelength, dosage, and test site in the experimental
      reproduction of polymorphous light eruption.

PMID- 3994402
TI  - Urticaria and angioedema due to topically applied chloramphenicol ointment.

PMID- 3994403
TI  - Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis.

PMID- 3994405
TI  - Ultraviolet-laser ablation.

PMID- 3994404
TI  - Topical minoxidil lacks efficacy in alopecia areata.

PMID- 3994406
TI  - Tattoos today. From eyelids to ankles and some in '3-D'.

PMID- 3994407
TI  - Ultraviolet-laser ablation of skin.
AB  - We report on the use of pulsed ultraviolet-laser irradiation at 193 nm from an
      argon-fluoride laser and at 248 nm from a krypton-fluoride laser to ablate skin.
      In vitro, both wavelengths performed comparably, removing tissue precisely and
      cleanly, and leaving minimal thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. In vivo,
      the 193-nm laser radiation failed to remove tissue after bleeding began. The 248
      nm radiation, however, continued to remove tissue despite bleeding and left a
      clean incision with only minimal thermal damage. The krypton-fluoride excimer
      laser beam at 248 nm, which should be deliverable through a quartz optical fiber,
      has great potential as a surgical instrument.

PMID- 3994408
TI  - Serum lysozyme in patients with localized and generalized granuloma annulare.
AB  - Serum lysozyme (Muramidase) levels in patients with localized and generalized
      granuloma annulare were measured by a turbidometric method. More lysozyme is
      present in the serum samples of patients with generalized granuloma annulare than
      patients with the localized form or normal controls. The mean level of patients
      with generalized disease was 9.27 mg/L compared with 5.96 mg/L for patients with
      localized disease and 6.8 mg/L for controls.

PMID- 3994409
TI  - Retinoid modulation of connective tissue metabolism in keloid fibroblast
      cultures.
AB  - Recent observations have suggested that retinoids might affect the metabolism of
      the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. In this study, we examined the
      effects of tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) and isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic
      acid) on the production of procollagen in keloid fibroblast cultures that were
      characterized by enhanced procollagen synthesis in vitro. The activities of three
      enzymes relevant to connective tissue metabolism, prolyl hydroxylase,
      collagenase, and an elastaselike neutral protease were also determined. The
      results demonstrated that collagen production was markedly reduced in cultures
      treated with either one of the retinoids. The activity of prolyl hydroxylase, a
      key enzyme in the intracellular biosynthesis of collagen, was not affected, while
      the production of collagenase was markedly reduced by the retinoids. In contrast,
      the activity of an elastaselike neutral protease in the cell culture medium was
      markedly enhanced by both retinoids. The results, therefore, indicate a
      differential modulation of connective tissue metabolism by retinoids in keloid
      cell cultures.

PMID- 3994410
TI  - Werner's syndrome. Biochemical and cytogenetic studies.
AB  - Werner's syndrome is a rare condition of autosomal-recessive inheritance, showing
      some features of accelerated aging. We describe the clinical findings and
      laboratory studies in a 29-year-old man with this disorder, who presented because
      of a leg ulcer. Skin fibroblasts from our patient were difficult to culture and
      proliferated more slowly than those of controls. They produced less
      glycosaminoglycans than those of controls but synthesized more collagen, which
      was normal in type. The patient's urinary glycosaminoglycan level was slightly
      elevated, with hyaluronic acid as a major component. His peripheral blood
      lymphocytes showed no chromosomal instability and responded normally to mutagens.

PMID- 3994411
TI  - Interrelationship between water-barrier and reservoir functions of pathologic
      stratum corneum.
AB  - Scaly skin lesions are caused by decreased water content of the stratum corneum,
      despite the well-known fact that they usually show increased water passage. By
      performing simultaneous measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to check
      the water-barrier function of the stratum corneum and cutaneous conductance to
      the high-frequency electric current of 3.5 MHz, which is an indicator of skin
      surface hydration state, in patients with psoriasis who had lesions of various
      grades of severity, we obtained data indicating that there is an inverse
      relationship between these functions of the stratum corneum. Furthermore, a time
      course study of TEWL and functional analysis of stratum corneum by an in vivo
      water sorption-desorption test performed on the experimentally induced scaly
      lesions after adhesive-tape stripping demonstrated that such pathologic stratum
      corneum is characterized by a water-holding defect that is associated with
      increased TEWL.

PMID- 3994412
TI  - Cutaneous inoculation tuberculosis secondary to 'jailhouse tattooing'.
AB  - Cutaneous inoculation tuberculosis is rare in the United States today. When seen,
      it usually occurs in individuals whose occupations or environments place them at
      increased risk for exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The reaction of the
      skin to M tuberculosis infection is polymorphous and depends upon the interplay
      of bacterial virulence and host immunity. Thus, both a high index of suspicion
      and positive cultures are required to make the diagnosis. Herein, we report a
      case of cutaneous inoculation tuberculosis occurring in a tattoo.

PMID- 3994413
TI  - Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis type IVa.
AB  - Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis was first reported in 1947. We describe a 1-year
      old Japanese girl who, since birth, has had three nevoid skin disorders: nevus
      flammeus, nevus spilus, and aberrant mongolian spots. No systemic disease of any
      kind has been present. We believe that this phakomatosis, which we have named
      phakomatosis pigmentovascularis type IVa, does not reflect the merely
      coincidental coexistence of three kinds of nevi.

PMID- 3994414
TI  - Behavior of melanocytes in reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura.
AB  - Four patients with reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura (RAPK) had reticulate
      pigmentation that was slightly depressed below the skin surface. Histologic
      findings revealed epidermal atrophy, elongation of the rete ridges with large
      amounts of melanin, and an increased number of dopa-positive basal melanocytes.
      Electron microscopic findings showed many melanosome complexes within the
      keratinocytes, dendrites filled with numerous melanosomes, and some melanosome
      complexes within the melanocytes. It is concluded that the hyperpigmentation of
      RAPK is due to increased number of active melanocytes and to increased transfer
      of melanosomes to surrounding keratinocytes.

PMID- 3994415
TI  - Subchronic oral toxicity of tributoxyethyl phosphate in the Sprague-Dawley rat.
AB  - The effects of the widely used alkyl phosphate, tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBOP),
      were investigated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. This chemical was
      administered (low dose: 0.25 ml/kg X day; high dose: 0.50 ml/kg X day) by gavage
      once a day for 5 days/wk, over a period of 18 wk. Histopathological examination
      of tissues in treated male rats showed the presence of cardiac lesions, including
      myocardial necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration. This study indicated
      that oral administration of TBOP may have caused or contributed to the early
      onset of a common background finding in this rat strain.

PMID- 3994416
TI  - An evaluation of possible effects on health following exposure to ethylene oxide.
AB  - A study was made of the effects of ethylene oxide (ETO) on the health of
      sterilizer workers and other personnel exposed while using ETO for sterilization
      of disposable medical devices. The only significant findings were obtained by
      chromosomal analysis of cultured lymphocytes harvested from the workers. There
      were significant differences in the numbers and types of chromosomal aberrations
      between the exposed workers and the nonexposed controls. Quadriradial and
      triradial chromosomal forms, which are rarely found in nonexposed populations,
      were increased in exposed workers. Increased numbers of sister chromatid
      exchanges (SCE) were found in the cultured lymphocytes of some, but not all,
      exposed persons during the 2 yr of study. Thirteen workers were removed from
      exposure in 1979 because of increased numbers of aberrant cells. Follow-up over 4
      yr has not shown a significant improvement, except for a moderate reduction in
      SCE. Recommendations are given for a surveillance of persons working with or
      exposed to ethylene oxide.

PMID- 3994417
TI  - Neurobehavioral changes among shipyard painters exposed to solvents.
AB  - Painters in three shipyards, exposed to a wide variety of solvents, were
      examined. A short battery of performance tests, a detailed occupational history,
      and a special questionnaire to assess acute (prenarcotic, transitory) and chronic
      (persistent) neurologic symptoms was administered. The results of the
      neurobehavioral performance tests demonstrated decrements in central nervous
      system function in painters when compared with a control group matched for age,
      sex, race, and education. The prevalence of reported acute neurological symptoms
      among painters was increased significantly compared to other occupational groups
      in the same yards; for chronic, persistent symptoms the difference was not
      statistically significant. Performance test scores were significantly, negatively
      correlated with chronic symptoms but not with acute symptoms. No significant
      correlations between performance test scores and duration of solvent exposure or
      between symptoms and duration of solvent exposure were observed. The
      reversibility of such symptoms and of decrements in central nervous system
      function after cessation of exposure is still uncertain.

PMID- 3994418
TI  - Immediate skin reactivity and its relationship to age, sex, smoking, and
      occupational exposure.
AB  - To evaluate potential predictors of atopy, 3353 workers from various occupations
      were classified according to airborne exposures into three groups: (1) 1213
      control workers with no measurable exposures, (2) 815 workers with gas and fume
      exposure, and (3) 1325 workers with organic dust exposure. Atopic status was
      determined by prick skin testing with common allergens. Workers exposed to
      organic dusts had a lower prevalence of skin test reactivity than either controls
      or gas- and fume-exposed workers. Skin test reactivity also decreased with age
      and was higher in nonwhite workers compared to white workers. No difference in
      skin test reactivity was seen between female and male workers, nor between
      smoking and nonsmoking workers. A logistic regression analysis that controlled
      for the correlation between the predictive factors confirmed the results of the
      crude analyses. It is suggested that atopic workers exposed to organic dusts
      might selectively leave the industry.

PMID- 3994419
TI  - Morbidity survey of U.S. oil shale workers employed during 1948-1969.
AB  - The health status of 325 oil shale workers employed at the Anvil Points,
      Colorado, demonstration facility from 1948 to 1969 was evaluated. As a comparison
      population, 323 Utah coal miners frequency matched for age were studied. The
      prevalence of respiratory symptoms among oil shale workers who smoked were
      similar to the coal miners who smoked, although nonsmoking oil shale workers had
      fewer symptoms compared to nonsmoking coal workers. Four cases of skin cancers
      were found on the oil shale workers and eight cases in the controls. Similar
      numbers of nevi, telangiectasiae, possible pitch warts, pigment changes
      (solar/senile lentigo), and papillomata (seborrheic keratoses and skin tags) were
      seen in both groups, while actinic keratoses were more frequent in the oil shale
      workers. The prevalence of actinic keratoses was significantly associated with
      oil shale work after allowing for age, sun exposure, and other exposures. The
      prevalence of pulmonary cytology metaplasia was associated with years of
      production work in oil shale among both smokers and exsmokers. More of the oil
      shale workers had atypical cells in the urine, but the excess was mostly found
      among exsmokers. Although these workers had short-term and limited oil shale
      exposure work exposure, we recommend that medical surveillance of oil shale
      workers consider the skin, respiratory, and urinary systems for special
      observation.

PMID- 3994420
TI  - [24 new cases of urothelial cystosis].

PMID- 3994421
TI  - [Subcutaneous metastases of an adenocarcinoma of the prostate].

PMID- 3994422
TI  - [Superior pole anatrophic nephrolithotomy].

PMID- 3994423
TI  - [Urodynamic exploration of neurogenic bladder. Causes of error in the urodynamic
      study].

PMID- 3994424
TI  - [Endoscopic urethrotomy under local anesthesia].

PMID- 3994425
TI  - [Treatment of infertility caused by varicocele].

PMID- 3994426
TI  - [Intestinal metastasis of a bladder tumor in a patient without urinary diversion:
      apropos of a case].

PMID- 3994427
TI  - [Hypernephroma 8 years after transitional carcinoma of the bladder].

PMID- 3994428
TI  - [Conservative treatment of intraperitoneal bladder rupture. Report of a case].

PMID- 3994430
TI  - [Blood components in renal calculi composed of organic material].

PMID- 3994429
TI  - [Urinary bilharziasis. Report of a case].

PMID- 3994431
TI  - [Clinico-practical commentary (urine collection)].

PMID- 3994432
TI  - [Severe hemorrhage secondary to a post-surgical iatrogenic renal pseudoaneurysm:
      embolization].

PMID- 3994433
TI  - Evaluation of antibiotic therapy following penetrating abdominal trauma.
AB  - Postoperative infection accounts for significant morbidity and mortality
      following penetrating abdominal trauma. During a 2 1/2-year period, December 1980
      through June 1983, 257 patients sustaining penetrating abdominal injury were
      initially treated at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas. Following the
      patient's written consent, they were prospectively randomized to receive, prior
      to surgery, intravenous clindamycin 600 mg every 6 hours and tobramycin 1.2 mg/kg
      every 6 hours (CT), or cefamandole 1 gm every 4 hours (M), or cefoxitin 1 gm
      every 4 hours (C). The antibiotics were continued for 48 hours. Major organ
      injuries in the three groups were comparable. The overall infection rate was
      significantly less in the cefoxitin group (13%), compared to cefamandole at 29%,
      and was comparable to the combination of clindamycin/tobramycin at 20%. The most
      significant difference followed colon injury. There were 96 patients who
      sustained colon injuries and the infection rate was CT 33%, M 62%, and C 19% (p =
      0.002). If nonoperative wound infections were excluded from the colon group and
      only severe infections were evaluated, the infection rate was CT 18%, M 38%, and
      C 13% (p = 0.021). The infection rate was higher in the shock patients and tended
      to increase as age increased. Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella
      pneumoniae were the most frequent aerobes isolated along with anaerobes. Five of
      six Bacteroides isolates from major infections occurred in the cefamandole group;
      two of which were in bacteremic patients. The hospital stay corresponded with
      infection rates, being 11.4 days (CT), 13.1 days (M), and 9.4 days (C). The
      results of this study indicate that cefoxitin is comparable to the combination of
      clindamycin/tobramycin and superior to cefamandole when used before surgery in
      patients sustaining penetrating abdominal trauma. The study suggests that
      antibiotic coverage should be against aerobes and anaerobes. Routine
      administration of an aminoglycoside is unnecessary.

PMID- 3994434
TI  - Surgical adjuvant treatment of locally advanced breast cancer.
AB  - The reported incidence of local recurrence after mastectomy for locally advanced
      breast cancer (TNM Stage III and IV) is between 30% and 50%. The purpose of this
      study was to evaluate the effect of radiation therapy (XRT) followed by total
      mastectomy on the incidence of local recurrence in patients with locally advanced
      breast cancer. Fifty-three patients who presented with locally advanced breast
      cancer, without distant metastases, were treated with XRT (4500-5000 R) to the
      breast, chest wall, and regional lymph nodes. Five weeks after completion of XRT,
      total mastectomy was performed. There were no operative deaths. The complications
      that occurred in 22 patients after surgery were flap necrosis, wound infection,
      and seroma. Patients have been followed from 3 to 134 months. Twenty-five
      patients are alive (3-134 months), 12 free of disease; 28 patients have died with
      distant metastases (6-67 months). Isolated local recurrence occurred in only two
      patients. Four patients had local and distant recurrence (total local recurrence
      is 6/53). The remaining patients all developed distant metastases. We have
      devised a treatment strategy which significantly decreases the incidence of local
      recurrence in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. However, the rapid
      appearance of distant metastases emphasizes the need for systemically active
      therapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 3994436
TI  - Transthoracic vagotomy for postoperative peptic ulcer. Effects on basal, sham
      feeding- and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, and on clinical outcome.
AB  - Transthoracic vagotomy was performed in 16 patients with postoperative peptic
      ulcer diagnosed by endoscopy. Transabdominal vagotomy had been attempted at a
      previous operation in 10 patients. Five patients had been treated previously by
      subtotal gastrectomy without vagotomy and one had had gastrojejunostomy without
      vagotomy. Three of the 16 patients had had no previous gastric resection. Before
      transthoracic vagotomy, the ratio of sham feeding-stimulated acid output (SAO) to
      peak pentagastrin-stimulated acid output (PAO) was greater than 0.10 in each
      patient, suggesting intact vagal innervation of the stomach (mean ratio: 0.44;
      range: 0.17-0.79). After transthoracic vagotomy, SAO and PAO decreased by 98 +/-
      1% and 73 +/- 8%, respectively. There was no operative mortality, and a
      clinically important postoperative complication developed in only one patient.
      Two patients had delayed gastric emptying transiently, and three have developed
      diarrhea. No patient has developed recurrent peptic ulceration or ulcer
      complications during a mean follow-up period of 3.9 years (range: 1.0-7.5 years).
      This study indicates that: (1) sham feeding is useful for identifying patients to
      undergo transthoracic vagotomy, and (2) transthoracic vagotomy is a safe and
      effective means of reducing acid secretion and preventing peptic ulcer
      recurrence, regardless of previous operation.

PMID- 3994435
TI  - Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: 14-year experience.
AB  - Forty-eight consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) attended by
      generalized weakness were treated by complete thymectomy, performed
      transsternally in 46 patients and through a left thoracotomy in two with
      thymomas. There were no operative deaths. A 12-year-old child with fulminating MG
      died of acute pneumonia shortly after hospital discharge. Of the remaining 47
      evaluable patients, thymectomy resulted in complete remission in six, marked
      improvement with a reduced need for medication in 20, and mild improvement on the
      same dosage of medication in 18. Neither the age of the patient, nor the
      histopathology of the excised thymus, nor the postoperative change in
      acetylcholine receptor antibody titer were found to have a significant influence
      on the response to thymectomy. If the ten patients who were 20 years of age or
      younger were excluded, the patients with a shorter duration of MG achieved a
      better response to operation. The authors conclude that thymectomy is effective
      treatment for MG, regardless of the age of the patient or the type of thymic
      pathology.

PMID- 3994437
TI  - Computed tomography and the prediction of pancreatic abscess in acute
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Pancreatic abscess has become the most common cause of death from acute
      pancreatitis. Since computed tomography (CT) permits noninvasive imaging of the
      peripancreatic anatomy, the relationship of early CT findings to late pancreatic
      sepsis has been evaluated in 83 patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic
      abscesses developed in 18 patients and were responsible for five of the six
      deaths in this study. Initial CT findings were graded: A = normal, in 12
      patients; B = pancreatic enlargement alone, in 19; C = inflammation confined to
      pancreas and peripancreatic fat, in 17; D = one peripancreatic fluid collection,
      in 12; and E = two or more fluid collections, in 23. The incidence of pancreatic
      abscess in grades A and B was 0%; in grade C, 11.8%; in grade D, 16.7; and in
      grade E, 60.9%. The severity of pancreatitis was also graded by previously
      reported prognostic signs as "mild" (0-2 signs) in 56 patients, "moderate" (3-5
      signs) in 22, and "severe" (greater than or equal to 6 signs) in five patients.
      The incidence of abscesses in mild disease was 12.5%; in moderate, 31.8%; and in
      severe, 80%. Fluid collections on CT resolved spontaneously in 19 of 35 (54.3%)
      patients. Abscess developed in two patients with no fluid collections on initial
      CT study. No abscess occurred in 31 patients with CT grades A or B, and in one of
      22 patients (4.5%) with CT grade C or D and less than three positive prognostic
      signs. Among 30 patients with CT grade E or CT grade C or D and three or more
      positive prognostic signs, 17 (56.7%) developed abscesses. All deaths were in
      patients with five or more positive prognostic signs. Early imaging of the
      pancreas by CT identifies a group of patients with increased risk of pancreatic
      abscess. Identification of this group is improved further by use of early
      objective prognostic signs.

PMID- 3994439
TI  - Failure of standard cardioplegic techniques to protect the conducting system.
AB  - To determine the site of persistent electrical activity during cardioplegic
      arrest, microelectrodes that were also capable of recording temperature were
      placed along the conducting system in dogs undergoing one hour of cardioplegic
      arrest. Electrical activity was highest in the atrioventricular (AV) junction
      area (AV node and proximal bundle of His), and the temperature in this area could
      not be lowered to the level of the temperature in the left ventricular apex by
      routine cardioplegic technique. Neither changing K+ concentration (16 to 20
      mEq/L) nor adding procaine hydrochloride abolished the activity of the conducting
      system during cardioplegia, and only 2 of 15 dogs were in sinus rhythm 30 minutes
      after reperfusion. When the conducting system temperatures were lowered to less
      than 15 degrees C by right AV lavage with iced saline solution, electrical
      activity was abolished during arrest and all 4 of 4 animals were in sinus rhythm
      30 minutes after reperfusion. This study localizes the site of persistent
      conducting system activity during cardioplegic arrest, confirms it can be
      abolished with local cooling, and establishes the relationship between conducting
      system activity during cardioplegia and the incidence of conduction block and
      junctional rhythm following reperfusion.

PMID- 3994438
TI  - What is pulsatile flow?

PMID- 3994440
TI  - Management of aortic arch aneurysm using profound hypothermia and circulatory
      arrest.
AB  - The cases of 9 patients with aneurysms involving the aortic arch, repaired under
      profound hypothermia (average, 15.5 degrees C) and circulatory arrest, are
      presented. Five patients underwent elective operation and 4, emergency operation.
      Arch resection and graft replacement were done in 7 patients. Two patients with
      infected pseudoaneurysms of the aortic arch received patch grafts. There were 2
      deaths (22%) from coagulopathy and decerebration. Seven patients are alive and
      well 18 to 45 months following repair. The combination of profound hypothermia
      and circulatory arrest appears to be a promising solution to a difficult problem.

PMID- 3994441
TI  - Risk factors for survival following surgical treatment of traumatic aortic
      rupture.
AB  - Linear discriminate analysis was used to determine the effects of age and Injury
      Severity Score on survival in 37 consecutive patients treated surgically for
      traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Pearson product moment correlations were
      calculated between associated injuries and survival. The age of the injured
      patients was the only variable that correlated statistically with survival: the
      lower the patient's age, the greater the chance of survival (r = 0.3535; p =
      0.016). The severity of the injury, as represented by the Injury Severity Score,
      showed a tendency toward decreased survival with increasing Injury Severity Score
      (r = -0.2523; p = 0.066). Specific types of associated injuries did not correlate
      with survival. Survival rates were not statistically different for patients who
      underwent cardiopulmonary bypass compared with those in whom a temporary plastic
      shunt was used (chi-square = 1.72; p = 0.19). We conclude that age is the most
      significant factor in predicting survival in patients who undergo surgical repair
      of traumatic aortic rupture.

PMID- 3994442
TI  - Myasthenia gravis in elderly patients.
AB  - The clinical features and the effect of thymectomy were compared between 27
      elderly patients (Group 2) and 119 young adult patients (Group 1) with myasthenia
      gravis (MG). In the elderly group, MG was type I in 3 patients, type IIA in 6,
      type IIB in 17, and type III in 1; and in the young group, type I in 6, type IIA
      in 36, type IIB in 73, and type III in 4. The association rate with autoimmune
      disease in patients without thymoma was 12.5% (1/8) in Group 2 and 21.3% (20/94)
      in Group 1. Autoimmune diseases were not seen in any patients with thymoma. The
      clinical stage of thymoma was not significantly different between the two groups.
      The rates of remission and of palliation at 3 years after thymectomy were 18.2%
      and 72.7%, respectively, in Group 2 patients with thymoma, 21.4% and 78.6% in
      Group 1 patients with thymoma, 50% and 100% in Group 2 patients without thymoma,
      and 50% and 98.1% in Group 1 patients without thymoma.

PMID- 3994443
TI  - Pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation for treatment of intraoperative right
      ventricular failure.
AB  - Pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation was used in 3 patients who underwent
      open-heart operation for the treatment of acquired cardiac lesions. This form of
      support was initiated because the patients could not be weaned from
      cardiopulmonary bypass even with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and maximal
      pharmacological support. After pulmonary artery balloon pumping was instituted,
      cardiopulmonary bypass was successfully terminated in all 3 patients. One of them
      is alive and well one year after operation.

PMID- 3994444
TI  - The experimental production of a persistent ductus arteriosus for testing
      catheter closure devices.
AB  - An experimental model was constructed to simulate a persistent ductus arteriosus
      (PDA) in infants. In 21 beagles (mean weight, 8.2 kg), a piece of subclavian
      artery was interposed between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta, thereby
      creating a large left-to-right shunt across the short, straight arterial pathway.
      There were no intraoperative complications. Three animals died postoperatively of
      stenosing tracheitis, pneumothorax, or bronchopneumonia. The model proved
      suitable for the serial testing of a new transvenous catheter closure procedure.
      Occlusion of the shunt was mandatory within a day after placement or severe heart
      failure would occur. Twelve animals with a released silicone double-balloon plug
      inside the vascular connection had a long-term follow-up of up to three years.
      Autopsy findings after the death of the animals at specified intervals revealed
      smooth ingrowth of the anastomoses and occlusion, by endothelialized fibrous
      tissue, of the pulmonary and aortic sides of the plugged experimental PDA within
      a month.

PMID- 3994445
TI  - Phrenic nerve injury complicating closed cardiovascular surgical procedures for
      congenital heart disease.
AB  - Phrenic nerve injury (PNI) with resulting hemidiaphragmatic paralysis occurred in
      19 (2.1 +/- 0.5%) of 891 closed cardiac surgical procedures during a twenty-three
      year period. Diagnosis was confirmed by standard radiographic criteria. Phrenic
      nerve injury was most commonly noted following systemic-pulmonary artery
      anastomosis, ligation of persistent ductus arteriosus plus pulmonary artery
      banding, and atrial septectomy. Most patients were managed conservatively
      (nasotracheal or orotracheal intubation and positive end-expiratory pressure).
      Although no deaths were a direct result of PNI, major complications occurred in
      15 of the 19 instances of PNI (79% +/- 10%). The serious morbidity and the
      hospital costs associated with this complication, however, underscore the
      cardinal importance of prevention. If injury does occur, early surgical
      intervention (diaphragmatic plication) in very young infants may reduce the
      attendant morbidity, but the complete role of diaphragmatic plication remains to
      be defined.

PMID- 3994446
TI  - A new surgical technique for orthoterminal correction: experimental development.
AB  - A new technique is presented for surgical correction of tricuspid atresia,
      univentricular heart, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and
      hypoplastic ventricle, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The procedure
      consists of an angled right atriotomy, creation of an interatrial septal defect
      and a right neoatrium that is anastomosed to the pulmonary artery, and creation
      of a left neoatrium communicating with the left atrium through the interatrial
      septal defect. The technique was evaluated in 28 mongrel dogs. In 15 of these
      experimental procedures, the objective was to acquire skill in performing the
      technique. In the remaining 13, the procedure was executed with cardiopulmonary
      bypass. Hemodynamic studies were made at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after
      operation. The results and advantages of the procedure are discussed. We consider
      it feasible for clinical application.

PMID- 3994447
TI  - In vivo hemodynamics of prosthetic St. Jude Medical and Ionescu-Shiley heart
      valves analyzed by computer.
AB  - Using a method of our own design, we evaluated intraoperatively the function of
      prosthetic heart valves. The changing hemodynamics induced by a stress test were
      assessed by simultaneously measuring the mean transvalvular pressure gradient and
      the stroke volume. The effective orifice area (EOA) of the valves was determined
      for each stroke by computer analysis, and this value was compared with the actual
      orifice area. Data were collected from 19 patients undergoing aortic or mitral
      valve replacement or both with 17 St. Jude Medical and 12 Ionescu-Shiley valves.
      The mean pressure gradient increased with tachycardia and an increase in mean
      left atrial pressure in the mitral position, but decreased with a decrease in
      cardiac output and peak left ventricular pressure in the aortic position. The St.
      Jude Medical valve had a smaller mean pressure gradient than the Ionescu-Shiley
      bioprosthesis. For both valves, the EOA increased with valve size. The St. Jude
      Medical valve had a greater EOA than the Ionescu-Shiley bioprosthesis, regardless
      of the valve size (p less than 0.005). However, the performance of prosthetic
      leaflets was better with the Ionescu-Shiley bioprosthesis than with the St. Jude
      Medical mechanical valve (p less than 0.001). This method involving computer
      analysis of each cardiac cycle proved to be useful for evaluating prosthetic
      heart valve function in the presence of changing hemodynamics.

PMID- 3994448
TI  - Congenital intrapericardial aneurysmal dilatation of the left atrial appendage.
AB  - Congenital intrapericardial aneurysmal dilatation of the left atrial appendage is
      a rare but correctable lesion. One such patient who underwent aneurysmectomy is
      described, and the literature is reviewed.

PMID- 3994449
TI  - Congenital aneurysm of the left atrium.
AB  - Left atrial aneurysm is a rare condition. Only 29 cases have been reported, to
      our knowledge. We report 1 such case in a 24-year-old man who complained of
      dyspnea and arrhythmias. Diagnosis was suspected on review of chest roentgenogram
      and confirmed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Surgical repair
      was achieved without complications, and preoperative symptoms disappeared
      completely. According to the literature, these patients are almost always
      asymptomatic. When present, the most common symptoms are arrhythmias, heart
      failure, emboli, and chest pain. This lesion is seen mainly in young adults (mean
      age, 23.5 years). The diagnosis should be confirmed by echocardiography, nuclear
      imaging, and cardiac catheterization. A review of the literature indicates that
      surgical repair can be accomplished with low mortality and that arrhythmias
      usually disappear postoperatively.

PMID- 3994450
TI  - Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus.
AB  - Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is rare, and its symptoms are similar
      to those of squamous cell carcinoma. This tumor tends to be polypoid,
      pediculated, and irregular. Hematogenic and lymphogenic metastases are common.
      Surgical resection with reestablished continuity of the gastrointestinal tract is
      the treatment of choice, and postoperative irradiation may be useful. Despite
      these measures, however, the prognosis is poor, with a 5-year survival of 4.2%.
      The case of a 47-year-old man with esophageal melanoma is described, and a review
      of the world literature is presented.

PMID- 3994451
TI  - Iodine toxicity in a patient treated by continuous povidone-iodine mediastinal
      irrigation.
AB  - Continuous povidone-iodine irrigation is frequently used to treat mediastinitis
      after median sternotomy and has been considered safe and effective. We describe a
      34-month-old patient with mediastinitis after median sternotomy who was treated
      with continuous povidone-iodine irrigation and who absorbed toxic quantities of
      iodine (total serum iodine, 9,375 micrograms/dl; normal range, 4.5 to 9.0
      micrograms/dl). An unexplained metabolic acidosis developed, along with changes
      in mental status, and the patient died. This experience and a thorough review of
      the literature lead us to believe that continuous povidone-iodine irrigation of
      the mediastinum is contraindicated.

PMID- 3994452
TI  - Use of a three-channel electrocardiographic recorder for limited intracardiac
      electrocardiography during single- and double-chamber pacemaker implantation.
AB  - A technique for making unipolar intracardiac recordings with a three-channel
      electrocardiograph during permanent pacemaker insertion is described.

PMID- 3994453
TI  - Tricuspid commissurotomy.
AB  - The technique of tricuspid commissurotomy is based on principles different from
      those employed in mitral valve commissurotomy. In performing tricuspid
      commissurotomy, it is essential to identify and split the fan chordae, which are
      always fused and which clearly delineate the fused commissures. Failure to do
      this can result in an incorrect commissurotomy and secondary massive
      insufficiency. Our technique of tricuspid commissurotomy, employed in 205
      patients, is presented.

PMID- 3994454
TI  - Bjork-Shiley convexoconcave prosthesis.

PMID- 3994455
TI  - Intraluminal occlusion of calcified aorta.

PMID- 3994456
TI  - Two-patch technique for AV canal defect repair.

PMID- 3994457
TI  - [Institut Pasteur de Madagascar: Annual report 1983].

PMID- 3994458
TI  - Geriatric medicine. From neonate to toddler.

PMID- 3994459
TI  - Ketoconazole metamorphosis. An antimicrobial becomes an endocrine drug.

PMID- 3994460
TI  - Clinical effects and side effects of amrinone. A study of 24 patients with
      chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - Amrinone, a new inotropic agent, was used to treat 24 patients with chronic
      congestive heart failure who were classified as clinically stable and who were in
      New York Heart Association's classes II and III. Patients were treated for up to
      30 months (mean, 12.5 months). Exercise tolerance improved in 20 patients, but
      only eight experienced significant improvement in symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea,
      and orthopnea and only nine tolerated the drug without apparent side effects.
      Eight were unable to continue amrinone therapy because of limiting side effects.
      The most significant adverse effects were cardiac arrhythmias, thrombocytopenia,
      abnormal results of liver function tests, diarrhea, fever, and nausea. Amrinone
      has a narrow therapeutic-toxic ratio, but a significant proportion (42%) of
      patients tolerate and benefit from amrinone therapy.

PMID- 3994461
TI  - Coronary angiography in 506 patients with extracranial cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - Coronary angiography was performed during the evaluation of a prospective series
      of 506 patients (mean age, 65 years) presenting with extracranial cerebrovascular
      disease and previous neurologic symptoms (N = 288) or asymptomatic carotid bruits
      (N = 218). Severe, surgically correctable coronary artery disease was documented
      in 37% of patients suspected to have coronary artery disease by conventional
      clinical criteria, compared with 16% of those who were not. Severe inoperable
      coronary disease was present in 9.8% and 1.5% of these respective subsets and was
      especially common (14%) among diabetics. As the result of this investigation, an
      algorithm for perioperative cardiac screening has been developed in an attempt to
      reduce the eventual mortality caused by myocardial infarction in patients who
      require extracranial reconstruction.

PMID- 3994462
TI  - Sleep apnea in active acromegaly.
AB  - Previous case reports have shown an association between acromegaly and the sleep
      apnea syndrome (SAS). Some of the patients described had central SAS, raising the
      possibility that an elevation of the growth hormone (GH) level may cause a defect
      in respiratory drive. We determined the prevalence of SAS in 21 patients with a
      history of acromegaly. We separated them into two groups based on serum GH
      concentrations. Ten patients had active acromegaly (mean GH concentration, 62.2
      ng/mL; range, 12.6 to 148 ng/mL), while 11 patients had inactive acromegaly (mean
      GH, 3.2 ng/mL; range, 0.7 to 6.4 ng/mL). Four of the ten patients with active
      acromegaly had SAS; none of the 11 patients with inactive acromegaly had SAS.
      Three patients with SAS had the purely obstructive type, and one had the mixed
      central and obstructive type. The hypercapnic ventilatory response was normal in
      all patients tested and was not influenced by the GH level. We conclude that SAS
      is associated with active acromegaly and that the GH level does not affect the
      hypercapnic ventilatory response. The absence of SAS in successfully treated
      patients suggests that it may resolve after a normal GH level is restored.

PMID- 3994463
TI  - The spectrum of relapsing fever in the Rocky Mountains.
AB  - Between 1940 and 1976, two cases of tick-borne relapsing fever were reported in
      Colorado, but since 1977, 23 confirmed cases have occurred. All patients had
      fever, with a mean of 2.8 febrile episodes (range, one to six). Complications
      included thrombocytopenia, endophthalmitis, meningitis, abortion, in utero
      infection, and erythema multiforme. All treated patients were eventually cured
      with antibiotics, although two pregnant patients failed to be cured by their
      initial courses of antibiotics. Seven of 21 treated patients had Jarisch
      Herxheimer reactions, three of whom required intensive care. Five of nine
      patients who received tetracycline at an initial dose of 5 mg/kg or more had
      reactions v none of four patients treated with lower doses. Possible causes of
      the recent increased incidence include increased physician awareness and
      reporting, improved diagnostic techniques, and an actual increase due to a larger
      population at risk. Because summertime visits to the Rocky Mountains are becoming
      increasingly popular, physicians elsewhere should know how to recognize and treat
      this condition.

PMID- 3994464
TI  - Treatment of central nervous system fungal infection with ketoconazole.
AB  - Two patients with fungal infection of the central nervous system (coccidioidal
      meningitis and cerebral histoplasmomas) were treated with ketoconazole for 30
      months. Both responded to dosages substantially less than those described
      previously for similar infections. Neither patient experienced any significant
      adverse effects from the prolonged therapy.

PMID- 3994465
TI  - Morning report. A successful format.
AB  - Morning report can function as an instructive teaching conference capable of
      providing a broad coverage of topics in internal medicine. A format at our
      institution that utilizes brief case presentations by on-call interns, followed
      by an in-depth discussion of key points among representative subspecialty staff,
      provided coverage of 85.6% of material present in three major medical references.
      An internal monitoring system used to guide case selection assures a broader
      coverage of topics. In addition, preconference preparation to delineate major
      teaching points, timely follow-up of previously discussed cases, and the
      generation of a pertinent bibliography are significant features of a format for
      morning report that provides a conference for exposing house staff to a wide
      variety of internal medicine problems.

PMID- 3994466
TI  - Esophageal motility disorders and chest pain.

PMID- 3994467
TI  - The role of susceptibility bias in epidemiologic research.
AB  - Because prognostic adjustment in epidemiologic studies of disease etiology has
      usually been limited to matchings or stratifications based on demographic
      characteristics, clinical sources of susceptibility bias have received little
      attention. This may have led to an incorrect association in two prominent
      epidemiologic relationships: that between clear-cell vaginal carcinoma and the
      use of diethylstilbestrol to treat women with bleeding or previous pregnancy
      loss; and that in the conflicting results of the studies linking sex steroids to
      the risk of birth defects. The recognition and management of susceptibility bias
      requires attention to the patients' clinical status at the time of exposure to
      the alleged causative agent, and also requires collecting and analyzing clinical
      data excluded or ignored in most epidemiologic studies. To avoid susceptibility
      bias, data about bleeding, threatened abortion, and other clinical reasons for
      prescribing therapy are needed for the appropriate matchings or stratifications.

PMID- 3994468
TI  - Hyperthyroidism and Addison's disease in a patient with myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - A 53-year-old man had myotonic dystrophy, hyperthyroidism, and Addison's disease,
      an association not previously reported, to our knowledge. In the literature, at
      least five cases of hyperthyroidism associated with myotonic dystrophy have been
      described, but none also had Addison's disease. The presence of thyroid anti
      microsomal antibodies and anti-adrenal antibodies suggests that the two endocrine
      disorders may be autoimmune. In our case, the treatment of the two
      endocrinopathies caused a reduction of myotonic symptoms.

PMID- 3994469
TI  - Tissue culture isolation of Toxoplasma from blood of a patient with AIDS.
AB  - A man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and multiple opportunistic
      infections developed central nervous system signs, and results of computed
      tomography suggested brain abscess. Histologic study and culture of material
      obtained from the brain biopsy specimen revealed Aspergillus. The clot from a
      peripheral venous blood sample obtained at the time of biopsy was processed and
      cultured on a monolayer of L cells. Five days later, Toxoplasma tachyzoites were
      identified in the cell culture. We bring this case to the attention of the
      medical community to point out that inoculation of tissue cell cultures as for
      viral isolation may aid in the diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection in these and
      other immunocompromised patients.

PMID- 3994470
TI  - Legionella pneumophila pericarditis without pneumonia.
AB  - To our knowledge, Legionella pericarditis has been reported only four times in
      the literature and only once without pneumonia. We report the second case of
      nonpneumonic Legionella pericarditis in a man who eventually required
      pericardiectomy for constriction. Since Legionella endocarditis, myocarditis, and
      pericarditis have all been documented by culture or direct fluorescent antibody
      staining, it is important to be aware of the possibility of cardiac
      legionellosis.

PMID- 3994471
TI  - Palatal myoclonus in Behcet's disease.
AB  - A patient with neuro-Behcet's disease developed palatal myoclonus approximately
      eight years after the initial symptoms of brain-stem involvement. We could find
      no prior instances of this association in the English-language literature.

PMID- 3994472
TI  - Acute oxalate nephropathy after massive ascorbic acid administration.
AB  - A single 45-g dose of intravenous ascorbic acid, a metabolic precursor of
      oxalate, was administered to a patient as adjuvant therapy for primary
      amyloidosis and the nephrotic syndrome. Acute oliguric renal failure occurred.
      Postmortem histopathologic examination of renal tissue revealed extensive
      intratubular deposition of crystalline material, which was confirmed as calcium
      oxalate by a microincineration technique. There were no extrarenal deposits of
      calcium oxalate. Plasma oxalate and ascorbic acid concentrations were increased.
      We conclude that therapy with high-dose ascorbic acid is a potential cause of
      oxalate nephropathy.

PMID- 3994473
TI  - Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.

PMID- 3994474
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis in elderly patients.

PMID- 3994475
TI  - Judaism and the New York State Appeals Court brain death ruling.

PMID- 3994476
TI  - Nifedipine in antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 3994477
TI  - Stool blood testing for colorectal cancer.

PMID- 3994478
TI  - A profession at risk is not lost!

PMID- 3994479
TI  - Spurious hypertension and obesity.

PMID- 3994480
TI  - Bacterial meningitis in the elderly.

PMID- 3994481
TI  - Oxalobacter formigenes gen. nov., sp. nov.: oxalate-degrading anaerobes that
      inhabit the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - This report describes a new group of anaerobic bacteria that degrade oxalic acid.
      The new genus and species, Oxalobacter formigenes, are inhabitants of the rumen
      and also of the large bowel of man and other animals where their actions in
      destruction of oxalic acid may be of considerable importance to the host.
      Isolates from the rumen of a sheep, the cecum of a pig, and from human feces were
      all similar Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic rods, but differences between
      isolates in cellular fatty acid composition and in serologic reaction were noted.
      Measurements made with type strain OxB indicated that 1 mol of protons was
      consumed per mol of oxalate degraded to produce approximately 1 mol of CO2 and
      0.9 mol of formate. Substances that replaced oxalate as a growth substrate were
      not found.

PMID- 3994482
TI  - Enhancement of carnitine acetyltransferase synthesis in alkane-grown cells and
      propionate-grown cells of Candida tropicalis.
AB  - The level of carnitine acetyltransferase was markedly increased in harmony with
      appearance of peroxisomes in alkane-grown cells and propionate-grown cells of
      Candida tropicalis. From immunochemical studies with antibodies against
      peroxisomal and mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferases, it was confirmed that
      no other type of the enzyme than the peroxisomal and mitochondrial ones was
      present in alkane-, propionate- and glucose-grown cells of the yeast. The
      increase in the enzyme level in alkane- and propionate-grown cells was
      immunochemically proved to result from the increase in the amount of the enzyme
      protein.

PMID- 3994483
TI  - Osmotic control of luminescence and growth in Photobacterium leiognathi from
      ponyfish light organs.
AB  - Osmolarity was found to control the luminescence and growth of Photobacterium
      leiognathi strain LN-1a isolated from the light organ of the ponyfish Leiognathus
      nuchalis (family Leiognathidae). Low osmolarity (ca. 400 mOsm) stimulated
      luminescence per cell 80 to 100-fold to a level (ca. 2.0 X 10(4) quanta . s-1 .
      cell-1) equal to that of bacteria taken directly from the light organ and
      increased the level of luciferase per cell 8 to 10-fold compared to high
      osmolarity (ca. 800 mOsm). Conversely, high osmolarity stimulated oxygen uptake
      and growth rate 2 to 4-fold compared to low osmolarity. Of 21 additional tested
      strains of P. leiognathi from light organs of 9 other ponyfish species, all
      responded similarly. Low osmolarity may be a host control factor that functions
      to stimulate the luminescence and restrict the growth of ponyfish light organ
      bacteria in situ.

PMID- 3994484
TI  - Oxygen dependent lactate utilization by Lactobacillus plantarum.
AB  - Lactobacillus plantarum P5 grew aerobically in rich media at the expense of
      lactate; no growth was observed in the absence of aeration. The oxygen-dependent
      growth was accompanied by the conversion of lactate to acetate which accumulated
      in the growth medium. Utilization of oxygen with lactate as substrate was
      observed in buffered suspensions of washed whole cells and in cell-free extracts.
      A pathway which accounts for the generation of adenosine triphosphate during
      aerobic metabolism of lactate to acetate via pyruvate and acetyl phosphate is
      proposed. Each of the enzyme activities involved, nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide independent lactic dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      dependent lactic dehydrogenase, pyruvate oxidase, acetate kinase and NADH oxidase
      were demonstrated in cell-free extracts. The production of pyruvate, acetyl
      phosphate and acetate was demonstrated using cell-free extracts and cofactors for
      the enzymes of the proposed pathway.

PMID- 3994485
TI  - Characterization of citrate lyase from Clostridium sporosphaeroides.
AB  - Cells of Clostridium sporosphaeroides which were grown on citrate contained
      citrate lyase and citrate lyase acetylating enzyme, but no detectable citrate
      synthase and citrate lyase deacetylase activities. Citrate lyase from C.
      sporosphaeroides was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. In contrast to the
      enzyme from Clostridium sphenoides, the addition of L-glutamate was not necessary
      for activity and stabilization of the enzyme. The purified enzyme had a specific
      activity of 34 U/mg protein and was comparable to other citrate lyases with
      respect to its molecular weight and subunit composition. Electron microscopic
      investigations showed that similar to the lyase from C. sphenoides and in
      contrast to all other citrate lyases examined so far, the majority of the enzyme
      molecules was present in "star" form.

PMID- 3994486
TI  - Methanosphaera stadtmaniae gen. nov., sp. nov.: a species that forms methane by
      reducing methanol with hydrogen.
AB  - Methanosphaera stadtmaniae is a non-motile, Gram-positive spherical-shaped
      organism that obtains energy for growth by using hydrogen to reduce methanol to
      methane. It does not produce methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide, formate,
      acetate or methylamines and cannot grow with hydrogen and carbon monoxide,
      nitrate, fumarate, sulfate or choline. Its pH optimum is 6.5 to 6.9 and its
      temperature optimum is 36 degrees to 40 degrees C. It is not inhibited by bile
      salts, inhibitors of the synthesis of folic acid coenzymes, cephalothin or
      clindamycin but is inhibited by metronidazole, bacitracin, monensin, lasalocid,
      or bromoethanesulfonate. It requires acetate, carbon dioxide, isoleucine,
      ammonium, and thiamin for growth and biotin is stimulatory. It does not contain
      cytochromes and the mol % G + C of its DNA is 25.8. The composition of its cell
      wall and 16 S rRNA and its immunological fingerprint are consistent with
      characterization of the organism as a member of a new genus of the family
      Methanobacteriaceae. The habitat of the type strain is the human large intestine.

PMID- 3994488
TI  - [Pathohistological research on the white mouse after infection with swine strains
      of Bordetella bronchiseptica. 2. Pathohistological research results using
      intratracheally infected mice].

PMID- 3994487
TI  - Survival of Brevibacterium linens during nutrient starvation and intracellular
      changes.
AB  - The present work reports the survival capacity of a strain of Brevibacterium
      linens isolated from a French camembert cheese and the ensuing changes in cell
      composition. Exponentially growing cells were harvested, washed and resuspended
      with shaking in pH 8.0 buffer at 21 degrees C in the absence of a carbon source.
      The viability of this strain, assessed with slide cultures, is much less than
      that of coryneform bacteria isolated from soil samples, even though no cell lysis
      was detected. Intracellular RNA was rapidly consumed during the first few days
      although magnesium levels remained high. The quantity of DNA initially increased
      by 17% within 24 h and then remained stable during the 30 days of the experiment.
      During the same period, absorbance of the medium at 260 nm reached 2 absorbance
      units. Reserve polysaccharides in this strain are less abundant than in
      Arthrobacter and were rapidly consumed. Proteolysis was regular and thus
      maintained a pool of free amino acids which was greater than 60% of the initial
      value. There was a parallel accumulation of ammonia in the medium. Catalase
      activity decreased regularly during the first 80 h whereas the quantity of
      Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) dropped by 47% in 10 h, stabilizing at less than
      10% of its initial value. Cell respiration declined very rapidly and was very low
      after 24 h.

PMID- 3994489
TI  - [Thermoregulatory heat production in laying hybrids--the relation between heat
      production, evaporative heat loss and heat passage through the skin].

PMID- 3994490
TI  - [Determination of the physiological ammonia content of rumen juice in cattle].

PMID- 3994491
TI  - [Differentiation of influenza virus proteins by enzyme immunoassay].

PMID- 3994492
TI  - [Isolation and biological characterization of reduced-virulence mutants of
      influenza virus A/Krasnodar/101/59 (H2N2)].

PMID- 3994493
TI  - [Effect of oral levamisole doses on the defense of calves against infection].

PMID- 3994494
TI  - [Pathohistological research on the white mouse after infection with swine strains
      of Bordetella bronchiseptica. 1. Pathohistological research results using
      intravenously infected mice].

PMID- 3994496
TI  - [Reactions of antiphlogistic indole derivatives with singlet oxygen. 1.
      Participation of reactive oxygen species in the mechanism of prostaglandin
      synthesis].

PMID- 3994495
TI  - Photosensitized decomposition of contraceptive steroids: a possible explanation
      for the observed (photo)allergy of the oral contraceptive pill.

PMID- 3994497
TI  - [The melting behavior of hydrated tenside suppository bases].

PMID- 3994498
TI  - Synthesis and antimycotic activity of some 3-(1-imidazolylmethyl)indoles.

PMID- 3994500
TI  - Differences between males and females in motives for engaging in sexual
      intercourse.
AB  - In a test of the hypothesis that a difference exists between males and females in
      motives for participating in sexual intercourse, a random sample of 249 college
      students was given a questionnaire containing questions about sexual behavior and
      attitudes, focusing on motives for having intercourse. There were significant
      differences between males and females in approval of casual sexual intercourse,
      number of premarital sexual partners, most important part of sexual behavior, and
      whether an emotional involvement was a prerequisite for participating in sexual
      intercourse. Effect-size analyses indicated that these differences are large,
      with a median omega 2 = 0.24. Both males and females approved of premarital
      sexual intercourse in a serious relationship and stressed the importance of
      feeling loved and needed. However, males found it easier to participate in sexual
      intercourse without an emotional commitment, whereas females were unlikely to
      want intercourse for physical pleasure in the absence of psychological
      involvement.

PMID- 3994499
TI  - [Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. 15. Chiral arylhydroxycarboxylic acids].

PMID- 3994501
TI  - The role of perceived relative parent personality in the development of
      heterosexuals, homosexuals, and transvestites.
AB  - This study examines the hypothesis that non-normative parent sex-role qualities
      contribute to homosexual and transvestite development. Using the Parent
      Characteristics Questionnaire (PCQ), this hypothesis was tested among samples of
      male and female heterosexuals, male and female homosexuals, and male
      transvestites. The PCQ assesses the relative distribution of five personality
      traits between mother and father: R-F (relative father) intellectuality, R-F
      dependence, R-F affiliation, R-F endurance, and R-F aggressive-dominance. No
      significant differences were noted for the male homosexuals, while the
      hypothesized effects were evident for lesbian women and male transvestites, even
      when statiscally controlling for age and education differences. Theoretical
      interpretations of the results are offered in the context of a nonpathological
      explanation of sexual orientation and preference.

PMID- 3994502
TI  - Premarital contraceptive use: a discriminant analysis approach.
AB  - The ability of seven independent variables to predict accurately, from a sample
      of unmarried, sexually active students, which ones use reliable contraceptives
      and which ones use unreliable contraceptives, was investigated. Using
      discriminant analysis, the seven independent variables were age individuals
      started engaging in coitus, frequency of coitus, frequency of dating, length of
      time sex partners knew each other, number of sex partners, having anticipated
      coitus to occur, and the number of close friends who were thought to use birth
      control. The results indicated that these variables were accurate in predicting
      which students were users of contraceptives, with more than 80% of males and
      females being correctly classified. The number of close friends thought to use
      contraceptives was the most influential variable for both sexes, followed by
      length of time the partners knew each other.

PMID- 3994503
TI  - Explorations of the improvisational side of sex: charting the future of the
      sociology of sex.
AB  - On close inspection, the concept of the sexual script reveals a side to human
      sexual conduct, the improvisational side, that has yet to be addressed by the
      sociology of sex. Three questions are answered: What is improvisational sex? Why
      is sex improvisational? When is sex improvisational? The answers indicate that,
      in focusing on rule-regulated sexual behavior, the sociology of sex has
      overlooked the bulk of human sexual conduct. Recommendations are made for
      correcting errors of the past and for plotting the future of the sociology of
      sex.

PMID- 3994504
TI  - Volunteer bias in erotica research: effects of intrusiveness of measure and
      sexual background.
AB  - Volunteer characteristics and volunteer rates across several laboratory
      experiments of sexual arousal were compared. Conditions were created to assess
      which component of the experimental setting was responsible for low volunteer
      rates in experiments using genital measurement. Subjects were 324 male and 424
      female undergraduate students who had volunteered for an experiment on sexuality
      and personality. After completing several measures of sexual experience and
      attitude, subjects received a written description of one of the following
      conditions and were asked if they wished to volunteer: sexual film, sexual film
      and subjective rating of arousal, sexual film and assessment through forehead
      temperature, sexual film and assessment with a device that was placed over the
      clothes and measured genital heat flow, sexual film and assessment with the heat
      flow device while partially undressed, or sexual film and assessment with the
      vaginal photoplethysmograph or penile strain gauge while partially undressed. Men
      were significantly more likely to volunteer than women, and volunteer rates for
      both men and women decreased significantly when and only when subjects were
      required to undress. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed that both male
      and female volunteers were more sexually experienced, reported more exposure to
      erotic materials, and worried less about their sexual performance than
      nonvolunteers. No differences in volunteer characteristics occurred across the
      increasingly intrusive conditions for women while a few differences occurred for
      men. The present findings suggest that researchers should be cautious about
      discussing the generality of findings of studies involving exposure to a sexually
      explicit film alone as well as of experiments that involve self-report or
      physiological measures of sexual arousal.

PMID- 3994505
TI  - The median lethal dose and its estimation.
AB  - An important paper by Zbinden and Fluri-Roversi (1981) has shown the many
      weaknesses in any policy or regulatory system that regards an estimated LD50 in
      an animal species as an adequate guide to toxicity in man. The present paper
      draws attention to some statistical aspects of LD50 estimation that are too often
      neglected or misunderstood when this quantity is wanted. It is solely concerned
      with practice when a LD50 must be estimated, and deliberately does not approach
      the broader issues of whether the LD50 should be estimated. A first need is clear
      distinction between the true but unknown form of dependence of mortality on dose
      and the estimate of it (or of a particular property such as the LD50) that is
      obtainable from an experiment. Some assumptions are necessary before any
      estimation is possible. The graphical and semi-graphical methods that once were
      popular because of their simplicity and speed are today only reasonable as a last
      resort, when data are wholly inadequate and all that can be found is a very rough
      preliminary indication. Many "simple" arithmetical methods have been shown to be
      inherently bad, in that equally simple alternatives are usually more precise and
      less subject to bias. The Spearman-Karber method remains as a useful possibility,
      demanding little knowledge of the form of the response curves but often needing
      other unverifiable assumptions. For most purposes, maximum likelihood estimation
      of a parametric formulation of the response curve is the best choice, not only
      because of theoretical merits but also because it can now be performed on a
      microcomputer in a very few seconds.

PMID- 3994506
TI  - The influence of administered mass on the subcellular distribution and binding of
      mercury in rat liver and kidney.
AB  - The influence of the administered mass on the tissue and sub-cellular
      distribution of mercury (Hg) was investigated in rats, using 203Hg. The fraction
      of the dose deposited in liver increased threefold over the dose range 0.17-1.65
      mg Hg X kg-1, while the retention in the kidney decreased by a factor of 2. The
      uptake in other organs, lung, spleen, brain, thymus, salivary glands showed no
      dose-dependent variation. Subcellular fractionation studies showed a dose
      dependent increase in the Hg content of the liver cytosol, with corresponding
      decreases in the deposition in the lysosomal and nuclei-cell debris fractions. In
      contrast, no clear changes in the distribution of Hg amongst the subcellular
      organelles of the kidney were observed. The amount of Hg bound to metallothionein
      in the liver cytosol rose steeply with increasing dose. However, in the kidney
      cytosol the mass of Hg bound to metallothionein increased with dose up to 0.55 mg
      Hg X kg-1, thereafter remaining approximately constant. These observations
      suggest that the Hg-binding metallothionein in the kidney was saturated by
      administered doses greater than 0.55 mg Hg X kg-1, whereas in liver saturation
      levels of the metal were not reached even at the highest dose tested, 1.65 mg Hg
      X kg-1.

PMID- 3994507
TI  - Metallothionein content and zinc status in various tissues of rats treated with
      iodoacetic acid and zinc.
AB  - Metallothionein (MT) content was determined in 11 tissues of saline-treated rats,
      and 18 h after single IP injections of iodoacetic acid (IA, 15 and 30 mg/kg) or
      zinc sulfate (20 mg zinc/kg). Zinc increased MT content in eight tissues, being
      most effective in pancreas, liver, and small intestine. After IA, MT increased in
      liver, muscle, pancreas, and thymus, the highest amount being in liver. Increased
      levels of total tissue zinc were observed in those tissues which clearly
      responded to the treatments with elevated MT levels, such as liver, kidney, small
      intestine, and pancreas. MT induction by zinc in these tissues was associated
      with an accumulation of zinc not bound to MT. In the IA-treated rats non-MT zinc
      accumulated in liver and pancreas. It is concluded that induction of MT by zinc
      and in particular by organic chemicals such as IA without exogenously supplied
      metals interferes with zinc homeostasis and the physiological role of MT in liver
      and extrahepatic tissues of the rat.

PMID- 3994508
TI  - The effects of dietary selenium on cadmium binding in rat kidney and liver.
AB  - In acute studies, approximately 70-90% of cytosolic cadmium in liver and kidney
      has been shown to be bound to metallothionein, a low-molecular weight protein. In
      this study, we report on the influence of dietary selenium on the distribution of
      cadmium in rat kidney and liver. Contrary to the findings of most acute studies,
      our results indicate that only a relatively small proportion of cadmium
      (approximately 14% in the kidney and 44% in the liver) is bound to
      metallothionein when cadmium is administered for 7 weeks in the diet and via
      osmotic minipumps to selenium-deficient rats. Feeding rats the same diet
      supplemented with 1.0 ppm selenium results in no detectable cadmium
      metallothionein peak in the kidney, and only about 10% of the cytosolic cadmium
      elutes as cadmium bound to metallothionein in the liver. In animals fed the
      selenium-supplemented diet, the bulk of the cadmium is recovered in the low
      molecular weight fraction. Dietary selenium did not significantly affect the
      distribution of zinc and copper in the kidney or liver.

PMID- 3994509
TI  - Effect of oral cadmium administration to female rats during pregnancy on zinc,
      copper, and iron content in placenta, foetal liver, kidney, intestine, and brain.
AB  - Cadmium chloride was administered in drinking water at a concentration of 50 ppm
      cadmium to female rats for 20 days of gestation. The foetuses were then removed
      from the uteri of the dams. Gestational exposure to oral cadmium resulted in
      decreased zinc, copper, iron, metallothionein, and thionein-bound zinc content in
      foetal liver as well as in reduced copper content in placenta and foetal
      intestine, brain and kidney. Subcellular fractionation of the foetal liver
      revealed decreased nuclear and cytoplasmic zinc content as well as decreased
      microsomal iron content. Pregnant rats exposed to oral cadmium revealed decreased
      serum zinc and iron concentration as well as reduced ceruloplasmin activity. The
      decreased zinc, copper, and iron content in foetal organs is suggested to be
      causally connected with the diminished availability of these metals in the
      maternal circulation.

PMID- 3994510
TI  - Assessment of the teratogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and mono(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate in mice.
AB  - Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) were
      administered PO or IP to pregnant ICR mice at varying doses on days 7, 8, and 9
      of gestation. In groups given DEHP orally, resorptions and malformed fetuses
      increased significantly at 1,000 mg/kg. Fetal weights were also significantly
      suppressed. Anterior neural tube defects (anencephaly and exencephaly) were the
      malformations most commonly produced. No teratogenic effects were revealed by IP
      doses of DEHP and PO or IP doses of MEHP, although high doses were abortifacient
      and lethal to pregnant females. Thus DEHP is highly embryotoxic and teratogenic
      in mice when given PO but not IP. The difference in metabolism, disposition, or
      excretion by the route of administration may be responsible for the difference in
      DEHP teratogenicity. Although MEHP is a principal metabolite of DEHP and is
      several times more toxic than DEHP to adult mice, it seems that MEHP and its
      metabolites are not teratogenic in ICR mice.

PMID- 3994511
TI  - In vitro mutagenicity of valepotriates.
AB  - Valepotriates are epoxide-bearing triesters of the monoterpene alcohol 4,7
      dimethylcyclopenta-(c)-pyrane isolated from the roots of several Valerianacae
      species. They are regarded as the main tranquilizing constituents of these drugs.
      Although the valepotriates valtrate/isovaltrate (VAL) and dihydrovaltrate (DH
      VAL) showed a strong alkylating activity against the nucleophilic agent 4-(p
      nitrobenzyl)-pyridine (NBP), they were not clearly mutagenic for the strains
      TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 of Salmonella typhimurium or for the strains WP2
      and WP2 uvrA- of Escherichia coli in the absence of a metabolic activation system
      (S9-mix). However, the valepotriates were mutagenic for TA100, WP2 and WP2 uvrA-
      at concentrations up to about 1.0 mumole/plate when S9-mix was added to the test
      system. With more than 1 mumole/plate the valepotriates were toxic in the
      presence of a metabolic activation system for all strains tested. The
      mutagenicity of the valepotriates was inversely related to the protein content of
      the S9-mix used. The mutagenicity and toxicity of the valepotriates could be
      inhibited when the S9-mix was preincubated with the esterase inhibitor paraoxon
      (1 mM) for 5 min before the test compounds and bacteria were added. Therefore,
      bioactivation of the valepotriates by an enzymatic hydrolysis of their ester
      groups is considered. This could be proven by activating the valepotriates with
      purified esterase.

PMID- 3994512
TI  - Hypothermia produced by tributyl S,S,S-phosphorotrithioate (DEF).
AB  - Tributyl S,S,S-phosphorotrithioate (DEF) produces profound hypothermia in rats,
      mice and guinea pigs by inhibition of thermogenesis. Its actions on heat
      conservation and motor control are, however, minimal. It is effective against
      both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis and completely blocks the increase
      in body temperature evoked by anterior hypothalamic stimulation. A number of
      other measures indicated that this is unlikely to be due to a lack of peripheral
      thermogenic capacity: thus plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids,
      and ketone bodies remained normal or rose after DEF, and in vitro noradrenaline
      stimulated lipolysis was normal in the presence of DEF. The metabolic response to
      the uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol was unchanged by DEF, and the increase in
      temperature of brown fat evoked in vivo by nerve stimulation or noradrenaline was
      also unaffected. It is suggested that DEF (or more likely a DEF metabolite) acts
      selectively on a central thermogenic control process.

PMID- 3994513
TI  - Effects on mouse embryos of in utero exposure to saccharin: teratogenic and
      chromosome effects.
AB  - For teratogenesis studies, pregnant ICR albino mice were administered saccharin
      by three routes and at three different doses by each route as follows:
      Intraperitoneal injection of 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg saccharin on day 10 of
      gestation; intragastric tube delivery of 5, 10, or 25 mg/kg/day of saccharin on
      days 5-15 of gestation; and as drinking water containing a 5, 10, or 20% solution
      of saccharin from day 0 through day 17. Appropriate controls were used for each
      set. No increase in either resorptions or malformations was found in mouse
      embryos whose dams had received saccharin by any of the three routes. For
      chromosome studies, saccharin was administered IP to pregnant ICR albino mice on
      day 10 of gestation as either a 1,000 mg/kg or 2,000 mg/kg dose. To demonstrate
      sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), bromodeoxyuridine was administered as 16
      consecutive half-hourly doses of 25 mg/kg during the 8 h prior to saccharin
      injection. In addition, one group received two doses of BrdU and 2,000 mg/kg
      saccharin 8 h apart to demonstrate SCE frequency following exposure to saccharin
      for two cell cycles. The mice were given colchicine (4 mg/kg) 6 h after the final
      injection and killed 2 h later. Embryonic cell suspensions and metaphase spreads
      were prepared by routine methods. Metaphase spreads were examined for breaks or
      gaps (after Giemsa staining), for G-banding (using the ASG technique), for C
      banding (using Giemsa staining after exposure to 0.07 N NaOH and incubation in 2
      X SSC at 60 degrees C), and for SCE by the Hoechst-Giemsa method. Fifty metaphase
      spreads were counted for each experimental condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3994514
TI  - Primary irritant contact dermatitis from synthetic pyrethroid insecticide
      exposure.
AB  - Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with numerous applications,
      varying from food protection to general pest control. Humans are capable of
      tolerating greater acute and chronic exposures to the pyrethroids than to many
      other insecticides. An abnormal cutaneous sensation (paresthesia) is known to
      occur after dermal contact with the pyrethroids. Recent field studies have
      indicated that a primary irritant contact dermatitis may also develop. This
      investigation evaluated dermal irritancy from cutaneous synthetic pyrethroid
      application to albino rabbits. Through repeated daily applications of either
      fenvalerate or permethrin, a slight erythema was noted visually which correlated
      with increased cutaneous blood flow measured by laser Doppler velocimetry.
      Histopathological changes were also documented, but no significant differences
      were detected in edema or thermal variation.

PMID- 3994515
TI  - Capsid symmetry of viruses of the proposed Birnavirus group.
AB  - The capsid architecture of three members of the tentatively formed group of
      bisegmented ds RNA containing animal viruses (Birnavirus group) was studied in
      comparison with the fine structure of reovirus type 1 using high resolution
      negative staining and shadowing techniques followed by rotational enhancement
      analysis. IPNV of the trout, IBDV of the chicken, and eel virus (Berlin) are
      single-shelled particles with a capsid diameter of 61-65 nm and thus clearly
      distinguishable from the double-shelled reovirus being 80-85 nm in size. The
      capsid symmetries of both groups of viruses are skew, with a triangulation number
      T=13. The handedness of the capsid is dextro for IBDV and EV, and laevo for IPNV
      and reovirus type 1.

PMID- 3994516
TI  - Pathogenetic observations on pleural effusion disease in rabbits.
AB  - A pathogenetic study of pleural effusion disease (PED) in rabbits was made, using
      the virulent PED agent or virus (PEDV) and an avirulent derivate of this isolate.
      Independent of infective dose within the range examined, the virulent isolate
      caused fatal clinical disease, whereas the avirulent isolate caused subclinical
      infection. The two isolates differed in rapidity of initial spread of infection
      and in the maximum virus titres in serum, but they both resulted in a similar low
      level persisting viraemia. Circulating virulent virus gradually became avirulent
      during the viraemia. Avirulent infection induced protective immunity to virulent
      challenge during the first week after primary infection, but full clinical
      protection was not established until after the fourth week. The findings,
      corrobated with other closely comparable observations, suggest that the emergence
      of PED as an intercurrent mortality problem during rabbit passage of pathogenic
      Treponema pallidum is the result of a specific selective pressure on a benign
      passenger virus. The expression of virulence of PEDV appears to be dependent on
      length of interval between passages.

PMID- 3994517
TI  - Rubella virus haemagglutinin: association with a single virion glycoprotein.
AB  - Undenatured rubella virus envelope glycoproteins released by Tween-ether and
      trypsin treatment have been separated by Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. Red
      cell adsorption located the haemagglutinin on VPI and its 13K cleavage product.

PMID- 3994518
TI  - Rabies virus interaction with various cell lines is independent of the
      acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - Rabies virus infects most cells in vitro. The presence of the nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor on the plasma membrane of various cell lines is not an
      obligate factor for rabies virus susceptibility of those cells.

PMID- 3994519
TI  - [The significance of measuring theophylline and its metabolites in the sera of
      children with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 3994520
TI  - [Studies on the allergic aspect of interstitial cystitis. (2) A case of
      interstitial cystitis associated with eosinophilia of the bladder wall probably
      due to tonsillar focal infection].

PMID- 3994521
TI  - [Surface structure of nerve tissue transplants growing in the anterior chamber of
      the rat eye (electron-microscopic study)].
AB  - Two different types of the glial envelope are demonstrated around the septal
      cerebral area grafts (SCAG) and the hippocampal grafts (HG) developing in the
      anterior eye chamber of the rat during 3-4 months. In the SCAG it is
      multilayered, consists mainly of modified oligodendrocytes. Processes of the
      nervous cells perforate the surface of the envelope. In the HG the unilayered
      glial envelope consists of bodies and processes of the fibrous astrocytes; it is
      impenetrable for the nervous processes. Since both types of the cellular elements
      making these envelopes have been described in the norm, it is possible that the
      differences in the surfaces described are specific for these structures.

PMID- 3994522
TI  - [Surface of the vascular plexuses of human cerebral ventricles].
AB  - The racemose part of vascular plexuses of the lateral ventricles has been studied
      in fetuses and persons at various age in the scanning and transmissive electron
      microscopes. In the magistral arteries of the vascular plexuses the neural trunks
      have been studied. They form the periadventitial plexus with a more complex
      network of connections in mature persons. The sulci and the elongated folds
      between them make the relief of the plexus. A rough surface of epitheliocytes has
      deep craters and irregular protrusions, microvilli, cilia and spherical bodies.
      The epitheliocytes are arranged in a single layer and connected with each other
      by means of protoplasmic peduncles. Over the epithelial layer, as single groups,
      Kolmer cells are situated.

PMID- 3994523
TI  - [Types of anatomic correspondence between the conducting system and the heart].
AB  - The principles of a quantitative determination of characteristics concerning the
      types of anatomical correspondence between the conduction system and the heart at
      its congenital malformations are presented. This makes it possible to establish
      that the topographoanatomical type of the conduction system depends on the
      peculiarities of the heart structure at its congenital malformations rather than
      from changes in the structure and position of the parts of the conduction system,
      or the conduction system as a whole according to the types of congenital heart
      malformations. The mechanism of the left-sided position of the atrioventricular
      bundle (His bundle) in some congenital malformations of the heart is explained.

PMID- 3994524
TI  - [Electron microscopic characteristics of plant peroxidase transport pathways in
      the microcirculatory bed of the rabbit peritoneum].
AB  - The dynamics of exogenic peroxidase transfer from blood into the roots of the
      rabbit mesenteric lymphatic system have been studied by means of electron
      microscopic methods in combination with the trasser technique. Light optic
      identification of the vascular segments and selection of samples for electron
      microscopic analysis make it possible to reveal certain differences in the
      pathways of protein transport via the walls of the blood capillaries and venules.
      The vesicular transport is the only means for peroxidase to be transferred via
      the walls of the mesenteric blood capillaries. The time for transendothelial
      transfer of the marker is more than 10 min. In the venules the vesicular
      transport of protein does not differ from that in the capillaries, however, the
      predominant leakage of peroxidase from blood into the interstitium is performed
      through open interendothelial contacts. The hemato-interstitial transport via the
      intercellular clefts takes less than 3 min. For transferring protein from the
      interstitium into the lumen of the lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries, the
      vesicular mechanism is used, and to a less extent--the open intercellular
      contacts. A suggestion is made that the term "open contact" should be understood
      in functional meaning and this means should be considered as an intercellular
      pathway for transporting molecules of a definite size.

PMID- 3994525
TI  - [Structural features of the brains of rats selected for their thresholds of
      neuromuscular excitability].
AB  - As a result of selection of rats possessing a high threshold of neuro-muscular
      exitability in comparison with rats possessing a low threshold of neuro-muscular
      exitability, certain changes take place in the structures that are connected with
      the learning process: the visual cortex is wider, volumes of the pyramidal cells
      in the fields CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus are increased, density of the glial
      elements in the fornix is essentially increased and that of neurons in the septal
      nucleus is decreased.

PMID- 3994527
TI  - [Macrophages and lymphoid cells exposed to antigenic stimulation].
AB  - After antigenic stimulation (intraperitoneal administration of 6% emulsion of
      sheep erythrocytes) interaction of macrophages and lymphoid cells has been
      studied in non-inbred mice spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and skin. Histological,
      morphometrical and radiographic techniques demonstrate that dermal macrophages
      possess the least reactivity. In 15 days of the experiment activation of the
      macrophagial link of the spleen and lymph node coinsides with the most intensive
      transformation of lymphoid elements into the antibody-producing plasma cells. In
      the lung the phenomena described are observed on the 9th day of the experiment.

PMID- 3994528
TI  - [Principles of organization of tissue mosaics of simple squamous epithelia].
AB  - With the aim to study general principles on organization of tissue mosaics of
      various types of simple squamous epithelii, a quantitative topological analysis
      has been performed in the frog mesothelial mosaics, in the posterior epithelium
      of the rabbit cornea and in the rat aortal endothelium after Lewis method. To all
      the types of simple squamous epithelii studied the histological law of Lewis can
      be applied. As demonstrates the qualitative analysis of the mosaics, the
      mesothelium and the posterior epithelium of the cornea are typical isotropic
      mosaics, while the mosaic of the aortal endothelium is nearer to the polystichous
      one. The possibilities of qualitative and quantitative topological analysis of
      the biological mosaics after Lewis method for studying their organization, degree
      of regularity, histogenesis and proliferative properties are discussed.

PMID- 3994526
TI  - [Structure of the inguinal lymph nodes after extirpation of the pancreas].
AB  - Swiching off the external and internal secretion of the pancreas by means of
      extirpation of the organ demonstrates a progressive hypoplasia of the
      immunocompetent tissue in the inguinal lymphatic nodes. The involution is
      determined by decreasing number of small, middle and large lymphocytes in the
      cortical part of the node. Together with the decreasing number of the lymphatic
      nodules, by the 20th-60th days after the operation the germinative centers become
      poor in middle, large lymphocytes and in lymphoblasts. Among the cells mentioned,
      mitotic activity is decreased. Hence, thymus-dependent, but to a greater extent,
      thymus--independent zones of the lymphatic nodes are subjected to involution.

PMID- 3994529
TI  - [Ultrastructural and biochemical changes in the muscle tissue of Notothenia
      nudifrons L. during prolonged cold preservation].
AB  - During initial stages freezing and conservation of Notothenia nudifrons L. muscle
      tissue are accompanied with nonspecific changes in the intracellular membranous
      system of fibers, in their lipid and protein composition. Certain connections
      between development of destructive changes in mitochondrial membranes,
      sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-system and intensity of accumulation of free fatty
      acids and products of peroxide oxydation of tissue lipids are revealed.
      Manifestation of hydrolitic enzymes activity coinsides, in time, with formation
      of autophage vacuoles. Transformation of the latter into residual bodies is in
      accord with a decreased enzymatic activity. A supposition is made concerning the
      mechanism of the muscle tissue destruction in the process of a prolonged
      conservation in cold.

PMID- 3994531
TI  - [Method of simultaneous detection of histones and endogenous RNA polymerase
      activity in cell nuclei].

PMID- 3994530
TI  - [Structuro-functional changes in the placenta as a result of exposure to
      atmospheric pollutants].
AB  - Under the influence of atmospheric pollutions certain structural-functional
      changes take place in placenta: terminal villi per stipulated square unite, villi
      with desquamated epithelium, with dilated vessels, with deposition of fibrinoid
      masses, with plasmodial buds increase in number; section area occupied by
      epithelial layer decreases; RNA concentration and histoenzymatic activity change
      in the latter.

PMID- 3994532
TI  - Atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: effects of verapamil
      and procainamide.

PMID- 3994533
TI  - Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 3994534
TI  - Retinal branch vein occlusion.

PMID- 3994535
TI  - Does Arizona really need more physicians?

PMID- 3994536
TI  - [Bone formation after graded distraction in patients with open fractures of the
      long tubular bones complicated by purulent infection].
AB  - Osteogenesis under the above conditions is studied on the material of biopsies
      from 22 men with the open fractures of long bones complicated with a purulent
      infection. The increasing space between the edges of the fractured bone is filled
      with an osteoid tissue and subsequently a normal bone tissue is formed. The cells
      with a high proliferative activity (an intense DNA synthesis) are localised
      exclusively or predominantly in the wall of the capillary type vessels or in
      their vicinity. This indicates a close link between angiogenesis and
      osteogenesis. It is possible that the undifferentiated precursor cell which is
      the main source of the formation of all components of a new bone is localised in
      the wall of small vessels as a pericyte or adventitial cell. The method of graded
      distractional osteosynthesis in combination with the use of a controlled
      abacterial medium gives a possibility to replace without a free bone transplant
      big bone defects in open fractures complicated with a purulent infection.

PMID- 3994537
TI  - [Granulomatous hepatitis].
AB  - The diagnosis of granulomatous hepatitis was made on the basis of granulomas
      observed in the liver biopsies from 64 patients. It is shown that the macrophagal
      granulomas are, as a rule, localized inside the lobules, do not possess the
      characteristic features and represent the morphological manifestations of a non
      specific reactive hepatitis. At the same time macrophagal granulomas may be a
      stage in the formation of the epithelioid-cell granulomas. The latter reflect the
      long persistence of the antigen in the liver macrophages. In certain cases the
      epithelioid-cell granulomas acquire specific features and these allow one, when
      analysing the liver biopsies, to confirm or to suggest the etiology of the
      disease (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis). An essential help in establishing the
      etiology of granulomatous hepatitis comes from the repeated clinical examination
      of patients and repeated liver punctures.

PMID- 3994538
TI  - [Morphological characteristics of hemorrhagic myocardial infarction].
AB  - The main features of hemorrhagic myocardial infarction (HMI) are presented basing
      on the light and electron microscopic study of 32 cases. HMI is distinguished
      macroscopically from the ischemic infarction by its dark-red colour due to a
      diffuse hemorrhagic imbibition and by the clear borders already seen within, the
      first hours of the disease. Histologically HMI is distinct due to the fibrinoid
      necrosis of the walls of small arteries, capillaries and, first of all, veins
      with their thrombosis. This results in the increasing vessel permeability, large
      hemorrhages into the interstitium with the fibrin deposits and the penetration of
      erythrocytes and fibrin into cardiomyocytes. Pathogenetic peculiarity of HMI is
      the blockade of the microcirculatory and venous bed in the background of normal
      coronary circulation. These events develop probably primarily in natural course
      of HMI and secondarily when fibrinolytic therapy is used. The thrombi of big
      arteries found in 9 out of 32 cases seem to arise secondarily in the background
      of the altered venous circulation. Possible causes of the microcirculatory-venous
      blockade in HMI may be persistent angiospasm, alteration of the blood
      coagulation, complications of the fibrinolytic therapy as well as toxicoallergic
      reactions and microembolism.

PMID- 3994539
TI  - [Pathological anatomy of the myorenal syndrome in the light of current methods of
      treatment].
AB  - Clinical and morphologic analysis of material from 39 patients who died from the
      myorenal syndrome is given. It is shown that during last 10 years the mortality
      rate from this syndrome is markedly reduced from 55 to 14% due to new active
      methods of detoxication. The main morphologic manifestations of the syndrome
      remain the skeletal muscles necrosis and hemoglobinuric nephrosis leading to
      acute renal failure. The author describes morphologic, histochemical and electron
      microscopic features of these lesions. It is noted also that progress in the
      treatment changed the whole structure of mortality, and the role of new
      complications, mainly septicemia, was increased. The sources of septicemia are
      both skin and muscles lesions and catheters and shunts used in modern methods of
      treatment.

PMID- 3994540
TI  - [Ischemic diseases of the lower limbs].
AB  - On the material of 200 necropsies and 230 surgically amputated lower extremities
      in patients with an acute obstruction of the main arteries as well as the study
      of the limb muscles in the appropriate experimental models, the principal rules
      and the pathogenesis of the muscle damage in the ischemic disease of the lower
      extremities (IDLE) are described. Four clinico-anatomical variants of the acute
      IDLE are distinguished: (1) diffuse degenerative-necrotic muscle damage; (2)
      large-focal necrosis; (3) massive isolated necrosis of single muscles; (4) limb
      gangrene. Grave general and local somatic background in a patient, causes of
      death and role of the IDLE in thanatogenesis are characterized.

PMID- 3994541
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of postmortem fibrinolysis].
AB  - The blood of patients dying suddenly possess the capacity of coagulation in vitro
      and then of transforming spontaneously into a liquid state, this being explained
      by the post-mortem fibrinolysis. Electron microscopic examination of this process
      allowed one to follow the dynamics of structural changes in the postmortem
      coagulates in the course of their spontaneous lysis and retraction in vitro. It
      is established that the main morphological criterion of the coagulates lysis is
      the destruction of fibrin fibrils and their degradation into the globular
      particles. Polynuclear leucocytes play an important role in the lysis of
      coagulates; they not only phagocytized the aggregated platelets and fibrin but
      seemed to release specific fibrinolytic factors into the coagulates. In the
      coagulates undergoing retraction, as distinct from those undergoing lysis, the
      destruction of platelet aggregates, strengthening and densening of the fibrin
      network are noted.

PMID- 3994542
TI  - [Clinico-anatomical analysis of the complications and causes of death in
      pancreonecrosis].
AB  - The results of the clinico-anatomical analysis of 228 autopsy cases of
      pancreonecrosis identified during 20 years are presented. The authors put forward
      their own classification of pancreonecrosis based on the degree of the pancreas
      affection: diffuse small-focal, large-focal and subtotal with the distinguishing
      their haemorrhagic and ischemic (fat) types. Early (up to 7 days) and late (more
      than 7 days) complications with typical clinico-morphological manifestations are
      distinguished depending upon the time when the death occurred. The main cause of
      "early" death was a pancreatogenic shock with the morphological manifestations of
      the enzymatic polyserositis, acute pulmonary thrombo-hemorrhagic complications
      and degenerative alterations in the parenchymatous organs. Late complications of
      pancreonecrosis were manifested by a purulent-necrotic destruction of the
      pancreas and retroperitoneal fat with the abscesses, purulent peritonitis, inner
      fistulas of the alimentary canal organs and erosive hemorrhages.

PMID- 3994543
TI  - [Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease)].
AB  - One case of Krabbe's disease was found for 25 years among 40500 newborns; this
      concerned a girl who died from the aspiration pneumonia at the age of 8.5 months.
      A number of typical one- and multinuclear globoid cells were observed in white
      matter of the large hemispheres and brain stem. Brain was atrophied by 27%.
      Thrombosis of some brain vessels was noted microscopically in the zone affected,
      this being attributed to the cytomegalovirus angiotoxic effect. The presence of
      polynuclear leukocytes in the nervus trigeminus branches is considered to be an
      equivalent of the brain globoid cells that phagocytize the products of the myelin
      destruction in the peripheral nerves.

PMID- 3994544
TI  - [Cerebellar gangliocytoma (Lermitt-Duclo disease)].
AB  - A case of the nodular diffuse gangliocytoma of the cerebellum right hemisphere in
      a female of 34 is described. The authors consider their case as a peculiar
      variant of the Lermitt-Duclo disease. The death occurred suddenly from the
      disturbances of liquor and blood circulation in the presence of an asymptomatic
      course of disease.

PMID- 3994545
TI  - [Pituitary hemangiopericytoma].
AB  - Information on the first observation of the hypophyseal hemangiopericytoma having
      the clinical symptoms of hypophyseal adenoma is presented. It is noted that such
      tumours can be mistakingly diagnosed as adenomas. Therefore on the basis of light
      microscopical, histochemical and electronmicroscopical data a tactical
      diagnostical algorithm is worked out and proposed that facilitates the
      distinguishing of hemangiopericytoma among other tumours of the hypophysis
      anterior lobe.

PMID- 3994546
TI  - [Semiquantitative method of examining thyroid follicles].
AB  - The ratio between the thyroid epithelium height and intrafollicular lumen
      diameter determined by means of a proportional dividers is taken as a basis for
      the method proposed. The values of the ratios are assessed by classes.

PMID- 3994547
TI  - [Method of precise measurement of the volume of small biological objects].
AB  - A method for precise measurement of small biological objects volume is described.
      The method is based on the determination of the object total weight and specific
      weight with the use of the sucrose water solution. The method has been tried on
      80 adrenals of 6-16-week-old human foetuses.

PMID- 3994549
TI  - Action on mitochondrial calcium metabolism of an ionophorous compound isolated
      from uremic plasma or normal urine.
AB  - An ionophorous compound that is one of the uremic middle molecules is able to
      inhibit the mitochondrial storage of calcium. Its active concentration is
      equivalent to that found in uremic plasma. This result can explain the diminution
      of phosphate calcium granules observed in mitochondria from uremic children.
      Moreover, this phenomenon may be involved in the calcium pool decrease observed
      in chronic renal insufficiency.

PMID- 3994548
TI  - Studies on circulatory stability during bicarbonate hemodialysis with constant
      dialysate sodium versus acetate hemodialysis with sequential dialysate sodium.
AB  - Eight stable patients on maintenance hemodialysis were studied while undergoing
      (a) acetate hemodialysis with a sequential dialysate sodium concentration from
      147 to 137 mEq/L (SNa-HDA) and (b) bicarbonate hemodialysis with a constant
      dialysate sodium concentration of 140 mEq/L (HDB). Circulatory behavior was
      observed during both of these methods, and both were found to allow a high volume
      removal. However, as a consequence of the high sodium load during SNa-HDA, volume
      was shifted from the extra- to the intravascular space. This stabilizing effect
      on the circulation disappeared with the sequential decrease of dialysate sodium
      concentration (despite a constant plasma sodium concentration (despite a constant
      plasma sodium concentration of approximately 140 mEq/L), which was concomitant
      with a significant decline of the mean arterial blood pressure and an inadequate
      compensation of the metabolic acidosis. In contrast, a better circulatory
      response to comparable volume removal was found during HDB, expressed by a stable
      mean arterial blood pressure in the presence of well-balanced arterial acid-base
      values.

PMID- 3994550
TI  - Evaluation of the thrombogenicity of selected microporous oxygenator membranes.
AB  - A comparative study of the thrombogenicity of several microporous membranes was
      performed using an ex vivo system simulating the conditions in an artificial
      lung. A study of platelet adhesion and adsorbed protein layer indicated that the
      membranes separated into three groups. Copolyurethane membranes adsorbed very few
      platelets and appeared to be most compatible; microporous polypropylene and
      polytetrafluoroethylene membranes were intermediate in their response; silicone
      rubber and silicone rubber-coated paper membranes showed numerous platelet clots,
      often involving neutrophils and fibrin, and were the least blood compatible.

PMID- 3994551
TI  - Paraproteinemia associated with demyelinating polyneuropathy or myositis:
      treatment with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drugs.
AB  - Four patients with chronic, progressive demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathy
      were found to have paraproteinemia. Two of the patients had multiple myeloma
      [both immunoglobulin (Ig)G lambda]. The other two had benign gammopathies: one of
      IgG kappa type and the other one with marked polyclonal elevation of IgM.
      Immunofluorescence studies revealed deposits of the abnormal serum immunoglobulin
      along the myelin sheaths in two of the patients in whom sural nerve biopsies were
      performed. All four patients were treated with plasmapheresis in combination with
      immunosuppressive drugs. Favorable responses to the therapy was observed in all
      four patients, but the degree of response varied from patient to patient. Two
      patients who presented clinical and electromyographic findings consistent with
      polymyositis were found to have serum IgG kappa M components. Immunofluorescence
      studies performed on muscle biopsy material from both patients revealed deposits
      of the abnormal serum paraprotein along the sarcolemmal basement membrane. A
      treatment course of plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drugs resulted in a
      sustained increase of muscle strength in both patients.

PMID- 3994552
TI  - Innervation of atrial stumps in calves living with the TNS-Brno II artificial
      heart.
AB  - The remnant stumps of the atria in six calves surviving with the artificial TNS
      Brno II methacrylate heart for up to 5 months were examined by means of the
      Bodian silver-impregnating technique and by the formalin-induced fluorescence
      technique visualizing noradrenaline in monoaminergic nerve terminals. The
      degeneration of the nerve terminal system detected in animals surviving for 2
      days and 1 week was followed by regeneration of the vegetative nerve system in
      four animals surviving for greater than 1 month. Moreover, thick myelinated
      nerves afferent in character were detected within the atrium of one animal
      surviving for 5 months.

PMID- 3994553
TI  - Pharmacokinetic monitoring of heparin therapy for regular hemodialysis.
AB  - Using a pharmacokinetic model for heparin prescription during hemodialysis leads
      to a precise monitoring of the coagulation time (CT) with 25% less heparin
      required. Two different populations were distinguished: The first group
      maintained stable sensitivity and elimination constant, permitting a stable
      prescription and giving stable CT values for up to 2 years. The other group
      exhibited wide variations of these parameters, necessitating daily dose
      monitoring.

PMID- 3994554
TI  - Dialysate sodium control during modeling in hemodialysis.
AB  - Dialysate sodium (Na+) modeling in hemodialysis requires precise individual
      adjustment and control of Na+ dialysate concentration. In practice, variations of
      Na+ concentration can be important and can affect the accuracy of Na+ modeling.
      Variations relate mainly to the low accuracy of dialysate concentrate (+/- 2.5%
      for Na+ is tolerated by the European Pharmacopeias), purity of hemodialysis water
      (2.17 mEq/L is the limit fixed by the French Pharmacopeia), and precision of the
      proportioning delivery systems for hemodialysis bath preparation. To minimize
      these difficulties, this study focused on the following points: (a) Na+
      concentration is maintained constant (133 mEq/L) in the dialysate manufacturing
      unit. In 1982, 268 dialysate preparations (177,000 L) were made, and the mean
      value for Na+ concentration was 133.1 +/- 0.3 mEq/L with a probability of 99.9%.
      (b) The purity of the water, especially for Na+, Ca2+, and K+, is controlled for
      two times a day. (c) The accuracy of the proportioning delivery system is
      controlled by two conductivity monitors, and the variation of Na+ concentration
      around 133 mEq/L is smaller than +/- 0.5%. As the composition of the basic
      dialyzing fluid remains constant before adaptation, conductivity values reflect
      exactly Na+ variation, and are not affected by variations of other elements (K+,
      Ca2+, Mg2+) that may occur when modification of the dialysate is used for Na+
      modeling. (d) Na+ dialysate concentration is adapted for each patient's need by a
      bedside monitor with sterile Na+ solutions (5 mol/L).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3994555
TI  - Orthotopic heart replacement by nonpulsatile axial blood pumps.
AB  - In the last decade, there have been many experiments with nonpulsatile blood
      pumps to perform functional heart replacement by biventricular assist devices. To
      determine if life is sustainable with nonpulsatile blood flow, two nonpulsatile
      blood pumps were implanted in the orthotopic position as an artificial heart
      after removal of the natural heart in extracorporeal circulation. In three
      preliminary experiments, the feasibility of total heart replacement with
      nonpulsatile implantable blood pumps was shown.

PMID- 3994556
TI  - New hollow-fiber dialyzers.

PMID- 3994557
TI  - Therapeutic artificial organs: future perspectives.

PMID- 3994558
TI  - Carotid bruit controversy.

PMID- 3994559
TI  - Subcortical neglect: intentional or attentional?

PMID- 3994560
TI  - Anterior choroidal artery syndrome.

PMID- 3994561
TI  - Cerebral dominance.

PMID- 3994562
TI  - Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A
      hypothesis and a program for research.

PMID- 3994563
TI  - Phenytoin disposition in obesity. Determination of loading dose.
AB  - Fourteen obese subjects (mean body weight, 124 kg; percent of ideal body weight
      [IBW], 178%) and ten control subjects of normal body habitus (mean body weight,
      67 kg; 92% IBW) received 300 mg of phenytoin sodium by ten-minute intravenous
      infusion. Obese subjects compared with controls had prolonged phenytoin
      elimination half-life (19.9 v 12.0 hours). Total metabolic clearance of phenytoin
      was greater in obese than in control groups, although the difference was not
      significant (59 v 39 mL/min). Phenytoin half-life, inversely proportional to
      clearance and directly proportional to volume of distribution (Vd), was prolonged
      in obesity mainly as a result of the increase in Vd in obese subjects (84 v 40
      L). Phenytoin loading dose should be calculated on the basis of IBW plus the
      product of 1.33 times the excess weight over IBW. Very obese individuals will
      require large absolute loading doses of phenytoin to rapidly achieve therapeutic
      drug concentrations.

PMID- 3994564
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid in CSF of children with febrile seizures.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) may be decreased in children with febrile seizures. We
      used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to measure CSF GABA levels in 14
      children with febrile seizures. The results were compared with the GABA levels in
      six children with first-time afebrile seizures, three with recurrent febrile
      seizures, and 13 controls (febrile children undergoing lumbar puncture to rule
      out meningitis). Children with central nervous system infections or known
      neurologic disease were excluded. The CSF GABA levels in children with febrile
      seizures were not significantly different from those in controls and children
      with afebrile or recurrent febrile seizures. In the control group, CSF GABA
      levels correlated with increasing age. There was no correlation with severity of
      febrile response in any group. The results indicated that the CSF GABA level may
      not be abnormal in patients with first-time febrile convulsions.

PMID- 3994565
TI  - Long-term follow-up of seizures associated with cerebral arteriovenous
      malformations. Results of therapy.
AB  - Of 115 patients with angiographically demonstrated cerebral arteriovenous
      malformations (AVMs), seizures occurred in 66 (57%), all of whom had
      supratentorial AVMs. Seizures were the initial manifestations in 36 patients. In
      14 patients seizures developed within 30 days of hemorrhage or surgical
      resection; in 16 others seizures started within 0.5 to 16 years after hemorrhage
      or resection. Seizures were infrequent in the majority of patients; in only nine
      (16%) were they incapacitating. Among 46 patients observed from two to 36 years,
      23 (50%) were seizure free for a minimum of two years at follow-up. Neurological
      deficits on examination and previous occurrence of hemorrhage did not adversely
      affect seizure control. No significant difference was found between the
      percentage of seizure-free patients in the medical and surgical groups at follow
      up. Irrespective of treatment method, seizures starting within 30 days of
      hemorrhage or resection had the best prognosis.

PMID- 3994566
TI  - Incidence of seizures with tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants.
AB  - One hundred eighty-six depressed psychiatric inpatients were seen at our
      institution during 1982. Forty-five of these patients were treated with tricyclic
      antidepressants, 32 received maprotiline hydrochloride, a tetracyclic compound,
      20 received other medications, and 82 received no drug treatment. One patient in
      the tricyclic group (2.2%) and five patients in the maprotiline group (15.6%)
      developed seizures. In four patients the seizure followed the institution of
      maprotiline therapy by less than three weeks. These data indicate that depressed
      patients taking the tetracyclic drug maprotiline are at risk for developing
      epileptic seizures.

PMID- 3994568
TI  - Cluster headache. Local anesthetic abortive agents.
AB  - Cocainization of the sphenopalatine fossa region has been shown to abort acute
      cluster headaches rapidly. Whether this response occurs by sympathomimetic action
      or via local anesthetic effect has been unknown. In this study, lidocaine
      hydrochloride was given as a therapeutic abortive agent to patients with cluster
      headache to elucidate cocaine's mechanism of action in relieving symptoms and to
      search for a safe, nonaddicting agent for self-administration. Using a 4%
      lidocaine solution applied to the sphenopalatine fossa, four of five patients
      obtained rapid relief of nitrate-induced cluster headaches and associated signs.
      Lidocaine was also effective in relieving spontaneous attacks. These results
      indicated that anesthetic rather than sympathomimetic effects are responsible for
      cocaine-medicated abortion of cluster headache, that transmission of pain in
      cluster headache likely occurs via the sphenopalatine fossa, and that topical
      lidocaine is effective in rapidly aborting acute cluster headache.

PMID- 3994567
TI  - Unilateral hemispheric injury and ipsilateral instinctive grasp reaction.
AB  - Development of pathological grasping in the hand ipsilateral to a focal cerebral
      lesion was studied in 100 consecutive patients with unilateral hemispheric
      lesions caused by recent stroke. Thirteen of 45 patients with right-hemispheric
      damage (29%) but only two of 55 patients with left-hemispheric damage (4%) showed
      pathological grasping. The ipsilateral grasping was of the nature of an
      instinctive grasp reaction. Lesion sites in the patients with this ipsilateral
      instinctive grasp reaction (IIGR) were in either the perisylvian region or the
      subcortical region. The IIGR was highly correlated with various right-hemispheric
      behavioral syndromes. These results suggest that the IIGR is another of the right
      hemispheric behavioral syndromes and that the basis of this sign is a disturbance
      of selective attention. The preponderance of right-sided IIGR may reflect the
      right hemisphere's dominance for attention and the greater tendency in man to
      explore the right side of space.

PMID- 3994569
TI  - A modified curved ruler for strabismus surgery.

PMID- 3994570
TI  - Histologic and immunopathologic findings in sympathetic ophthalmia.

PMID- 3994572
TI  - Analysis of follow-up data.

PMID- 3994571
TI  - American Board of Ophthalmology requirements. One new word is added.

PMID- 3994573
TI  - Severe ocular injuries from orthodontic headgear.
AB  - Dislocation of extraoral orthodontic tractional devices (headgear) resulted in
      penetrating ocular injuries in three eyes of two patients. An endophthalmitis
      caused by mixed flora developed in each injured eye. Despite medical and surgical
      therapy, only one eye retained useful vision two years following injury. All
      wearers of headgear and their families should be educated in the proper use of
      these devices and about the potential for severe facial injuries. Penetrating
      ocular injuries initially may be relatively asymptomatic. Thus, even persons with
      seemingly minor injuries from such devices should seek immediate and thorough
      ophthalmic evaluation. In eyes with penetrating injuries, culture of intraocular
      fluids should be performed at the time of initial repair. Because the penetrating
      device is heavily contaminated with oral flora, broad-spectrum antibiotics should
      be administered by intravenous, subconjunctival, and intravitreal injection. Such
      injuries, although rare, may have a grave prognosis.

PMID- 3994574
TI  - Corneal blood staining at low pressures.
AB  - After sustaining blunt ocular trauma and total hyphemas, two patients quickly
      developed corneal blood staining in the absence of elevated intraocular pressure.
      Corneal blood staining has previously been reported to occur in association with
      hyphema and raised intraocular pressures. Although several bibliographic
      references acknowledge that corneal blood staining may occur without raised
      pressure, a careful review of the literature failed to reveal any well-documented
      cases.

PMID- 3994575
TI  - Circular polarizers enhance visibility of endothelium in specular reflection
      biomicroscopy.
AB  - A simple and inexpensive technique for enhancing the visibility of corneal
      endothelial cells in specular reflection biomicroscopy involves the insertion of
      a circular polarizer in front of the patient's eye, intersecting both the
      incident and reflected light beams. This filter significantly reduces the glare
      from the epithelium and enables more comfortable and clearer viewing of the
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 3994576
TI  - Hereditary sclerocornea.
AB  - Sclerocornea is a primary anomaly in which scleralization of a peripheral part of
      the cornea, or the entire corneal tissue, occurs. In the peripheral type of
      sclerocornea, the affected area is vascularized with regular arcades of
      superficial scleral vessels. In total sclerocornea, the entire cornea is opaque
      and vascularized. To our knowledge, 97 cases of all types of sclerocornea have
      been reported in the world literature, either as a primary anomaly or in
      association with cornea plana. Peripheral sclerocornea in association with cornea
      plana was found in nine members of one family, in four of five generations
      studied. To our knowledge, this is the largest pedigree of hereditary peripheral
      sclerocornea identified. Our pedigree suggests the autosomal-dominant
      transmission of this entity but doesn't rule out phenocopies or other modes of
      inheritance in other cases of sclerocornea. Chromosomal analyses of
      representative family members revealed normal karyotypes.

PMID- 3994577
TI  - Occipital lobe dysplasia. Magnetic resonance findings in two cases of isolated
      congenital hemianopia.
AB  - Magnetic resonance images were obtained from two patients with isolated
      congenital hemianopia. Computed tomographic investigations failed to show
      occipital abnormalities commensurate with the field defects. Magnetic resonance
      imaging identified dysplasia imaging of the striate cortex and underlying white
      matter.

PMID- 3994578
TI  - Radial keratotomy. Clinicopathologic case report.
AB  - A 36-year-old man underwent radial keratotomy in both eyes to correct mild
      myopia, with good visual results. The corneoscleral buttons were obtained
      following the patient's death 17 months after the second procedure and were
      examined by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. The average
      depth of the scars was 86.8% of the corneal thickness, and the deeper portions of
      the wounds healed by fibrous scarring, with no vascularization. The superficial
      portion of the incision healed by epithelial ingrowth. The average depth of
      epithelium within the wounds was 25.3% of the corneal thickness. The presence of
      epithelium in the wounds of radial keratotomy may play a role in decreased wound
      strength and flattening. The gradual replacement of epithelium by fibrous
      scarring may be a factor in the regression of corneal flattening.

PMID- 3994579
TI  - Occult thyroid metastasis from untreated uveal melanoma.
AB  - A localized and asymptomatic metastasis from an untreated choroidal melanoma
      developed in the thyroid and was incidentally discovered by fine-needle
      aspiration biopsy. Since metastases from uveal melanoma usually are absent at the
      time of clinical diagnosis but occur much later in highly predictable sites, the
      finding of a distant blood-borne metastasis in such an early phase and in the
      thyroid is very unusual, as illustrated by a review of the literature.

PMID- 3994580
TI  - Retinal pigment epithelial cells release a chemoattractant for astrocytes.
AB  - Astrocyte migration was studied using a modified Boyden chamber. Astrocytes
      migrated in response to a concentration gradient (chemotaxis) of retinal pigment
      epithelial cell-conditioned medium. In contrast, smooth muscle cell- and corneal
      fibroblast-conditioned media stimulated random migration (chemokinesis) of
      astrocytes but not chemotaxis. Furthermore, retinal pigment epithelial cell
      conditioned medium stimulates only random migration of smooth muscle cells and
      corneal fibroblasts. The chemotactic factor produced by retinal pigment
      epithelial cells appears to have a molecular weight between 10,000 and 30,000
      determined by ultrafiltration. Activity is lost after boiling but is stable, with
      a pH between 2 and 7. These results suggest that in proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy, retinal pigment epithelial cells on the retina and within the
      vitreous cavity may release a chemoattractant that stimulates astrocytes to
      migrate into the vitreous cavity.

PMID- 3994581
TI  - Intraocular cannula for continuous, chronic drug delivery. Histopathologic
      observations and function.
AB  - An indwelling cannula for drug delivery was implanted in rabbit eyes. Rabbits
      were followed up for as long as 1 1/2 years after surgery. They showed almost no
      adverse effects as a result of the implantation, and cannula patency was
      demonstrated by the injection of fluorescein sodium through the cannula at
      various times following surgery. Histopathologic studies using light and electron
      microscopy were performed at various times to determine the effect of cannula
      implantation on the eye. Cellular proliferation along the cannula after 1 1/2
      years was limited to the region immediately adjacent to the wound and rarely
      extended to the surrounding retina or ciliary body. The proliferative tissue at
      the wound site originated mainly from the episclera; the retina and the choroid
      at the posterior fundus remained intact. Photoreceptor cell metabolism was
      studied by light microscopic autoradiography following intraocular injection of
      tritiated leucine to assess photoreceptor outer-segment renewal. Autoradiography
      showed normal receptor uptake of leucine. A broad band of radioactive labeling of
      the outer segments resulted from continuous, chronic drug delivery, while a
      narrow band of labeling resulted from a single intravitreous injection. These
      data indicate that the cannula system continuously delivered tritiated leucine
      into the vitreous cavity. We believe that the implanted intraocular cannula,
      which allows continuous drug delivery on a relatively long-term basis, will be a
      valuable technique for research and possibly clinical studies.

PMID- 3994582
TI  - Antiatherosclerotic effects of nicardipine and nifedipine in cholesterol-fed
      rabbits.
AB  - Dutch-belted rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 8 weeks developed
      atherosclerotic lesions that covered 37.2% +/- 3.5% of the aortic luminal
      surface. In samples of aortic arch, accumulation of cholesterol and triglyceride
      was also observed. Oral administration of nicardipine or nifedipine at dosages of
      40 mg/kg twice daily for 8 weeks reduced plaque area by 49.2% and 58.7%,
      respectively. Nicardipine and nifedipine reduced cholesterol accumulation in the
      aortic arch by 74.5% and 69%, respectively. Triglyceride accumulation was totally
      abolished. Neither drug significantly altered cholesterol concentration of plasma
      low density lipoprotein or high density lipoprotein, although nicardipine
      produced a 42% reduction in cholesterol concentration of the d less than 1.006
      g/ml fraction. The above results suggest potential therapeutic utility of
      nicardipine in atherosclerosis.

PMID- 3994583
TI  - Lipoprotein levels in genetically selected mice with increased susceptibility to
      atherosclerosis.
AB  - Male mice of two inbred strains, C57BR/cdJ and CBA/J, were maintained either on
      an atherogenic diet rich in cholesterol (5%) and saturated fat (30%) or on a
      control Purina Laboratory Chow diet. After 3 weeks on a 90% atherogenic/10% chow
      diet, the C57BR/cdJ mice showed a fivefold increase in plasma total cholesterol
      levels, while the CBA/J strain indicated only a twofold increase. On the
      atherogenic diet, both groups of animals showed marked increases in a lipoprotein
      of a broad density spectrum (1.006 greater than d less than 1.063) with prebeta
      and beta mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis, but the C57BR/cdJ strain showed
      a greater increase than the CBA/J strain. The very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
      contained predominantly lipoprotein of prebeta mobility, while intermediate
      density lipoprotein (IDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) contained lipoprotein
      of beta-mobility. In both strains, the major lipid component in this lipoprotein
      was cholesteryl ester and both strains showed large amounts of an apoprotein
      (apo) with E mobility as defined for known apoproteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide
      urea disc gels. The phosphatidylcholine/free cholesterol ratio of the VLDL, IDL,
      and LDL fractions isolated from the C57BR/cdJ mice on the atherogenic diet (0.76
      to 0.95) was noticeably lower than that (1.10 to 1.19) from the CBA/J mice
      maintained on the same diet. There was a marked decrease in the high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) fraction in both strains of mice on the atherogenic diet, but a
      greater reduction in the HDL level of the C57BR/cdJ strain with a 50% decrease in
      the phosphatidylcholine/free cholesterol ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994584
TI  - Postheparin plasma triglyceride lipases. Relationships with very low density
      lipoprotein triglyceride and high density lipoprotein2 cholesterol.
AB  - Hepatic triglyceride (HTGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) probably have major
      roles in the removal of triglyceride from triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and in
      the formation of high density lipoprotein (HDL). However, no population-based
      study of their activity and relationship to lipoprotein lipid levels has been
      reported. To determine these relationships, we recalled 33 men and 17 women of a
      randomly selected sample of the Lipid Research Clinics Pacific Northwest Bell
      Telephone Company Health Survey. The subjects were 53 +/- 7 years old (mean +/-
      SD) with total triglyceride levels of 120 +/- 57 mg/dl and total cholesterol
      levels of 224 +/- 35 mg/dl. Postheparin plasma LPL activity (127 +/- 61
      nmol/min/ml) was not significantly correlated with either age, sex, or adiposity.
      In contrast, HTGL activity was significantly higher in men (235 +/- 84
      nmol/min/ml) than women (170 +/- 91 nmol/min/ml, p less than 0.02), and was
      correlated with age in men and with adiposity in women. In both men and women,
      HTGL activity was related positively with VLDL triglyceride and inversely with
      HDL2 cholesterol. When the association between HTGL activity and VLDL
      triglyceride was examined with values from men and women pooled, the relationship
      was not weakened after adjustment for the linear effect of sex, adiposity, LPL,
      or HDL2 cholesterol.

PMID- 3994585
TI  - Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Positive
      correlation between plaque location and low oscillating shear stress.
AB  - Fluid velocities were measured by laser Doppler velocimetry under conditions of
      pulsatile flow in a scale model of the human carotid bifurcation. Flow velocity
      and wall shear stress at five axial and four circumferential positions were
      compared with intimal plaque thickness at corresponding locations in carotid
      bifurcations obtained from cadavers. Velocities and wall shear stresses during
      diastole were similar to those found previously under steady flow conditions, but
      these quantities oscillated in both magnitude and direction during the systolic
      phase. At the inner wall of the internal carotid sinus, in the region of the flow
      divider, wall shear stress was highest (systole = 41 dynes/cm2, diastole = 10
      dynes/cm2, mean = 17 dynes/cm2) and remained unidirectional during systole.
      Intimal thickening in this location was minimal. At the outer wall of the carotid
      sinus where intimal plaques were thickest, mean shear stress was low (-0.5
      dynes/cm2) but the instantaneous shear stress oscillated between -7 and +4
      dynes/cm2. Along the side walls of the sinus, intimal plaque thickness was
      greater than in the region of the flow divider and circumferential oscillations
      of shear stress were prominent. With all 20 axial and circumferential measurement
      locations considered, strong correlations were found between intimal thickness
      and the reciprocal of maximum shear stress (r = 0.90, p less than 0.0005) or the
      reciprocal of mean shear stress (r = 0.82, p less than 0.001). An index which
      takes into account oscillations of wall shear also correlated strongly with
      intimal thickness (r = 0.82, p less than 0.001). When only the inner wall and
      outer wall positions were taken into account, correlations of lesion thickness
      with the inverse of maximum wall shear and mean wall shear were 0.94 (p less than
      0.001) and 0.95 (p less than 0.001), respectively, and with the oscillatory shear
      index, 0.93 (p less than 0.001). These studies confirm earlier findings under
      steady flow conditions that plaques tend to form in areas of low, rather than
      high, shear stress, but indicate in addition that marked oscillations in the
      direction of wall shear may enhance atherogenesis.

PMID- 3994586
TI  - Coordinate regulation of cholesterol metabolism.

PMID- 3994587
TI  - Position of the American Heart Association on research animal use. A statement
      for health professionals by a task force appointed by the Directors of the
      American Heart Association.

PMID- 3994588
TI  - Measuring the contribution of printed context information to acoustical word
      recognition by normal subjects.
AB  - The present study focuses on measuring the contribution of context in the form of
      visually presented printed sentences toward the acoustical identification of a
      word. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of the objective selection
      and calibration of sentence material that could serve to quantify an individual's
      efficiency in utilizing contextual information during speech perception. In the
      employed experimental procedure, a reference group of normal-hearing subjects are
      presented acoustically with test words either in isolation or together with
      context in the form of a written sentence. The test words are presented under
      various levels of superimposed noise and the median signal-to-noise ratio at
      which identification occurs in the reference group serves to characterize the
      intelligibility of a particular presentation of a word or word-sentence
      combination. This median value is shifted toward lower signal-to-noise ratios
      when contextual information in the form of a sentence is provided along with the
      test word. The resultant context-induced shift can be adopted as an objective and
      quantitative measure of the effect of contextual information provided by the
      written sentence on the intelligibility of the test word. The data obtained in
      this study demonstrate that such context-induced shifts are large enough to be
      easily measured with the adopted experimental approach.

PMID- 3994589
TI  - Temporal modulation transfer functions in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired
      listeners.
AB  - Modulation thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broadband noise were
      obtained from normal-hearing and sensorineural hearing-impaired listeners as a
      function of modulation frequency. The resulting temporal modulation transfer
      functions (TMTFs) indicated that the impaired listeners were generally less
      sensitive than the normals to amplitude modulation and, unlike previously
      published data from normal-hearing listeners, TMTFs in the impaired listeners
      were level dependent: sensitivity to modulation, particularly for modulation
      frequencies greater than 100 Hz, decreased with decreases in level. TMTFs were
      also obtained with band-limited noise from the normal-hearing listeners: the
      noise was low-pass filtered at 1.6 kHz after modulation and was generally
      presented with a 1.6-kHz high-pass masker. The TMTFs in the low-pass condition
      were similar to the TMTFs obtained with broadband noise from the impaired
      listeners, suggesting that the impaired temporal processing in the hearing
      impaired listeners is a result of a narrower effective, 'internal' bandwidth.
      Increment thresholds for continuous broadband and low-pass noise were obtained in
      conditions similar to those in which TMTFs were obtained. In general, a similar
      power-law relationship between modulation threshold and increment threshold was
      found to exist for both the normal-hearing and the hearing-impaired listeners.

PMID- 3994590
TI  - Hearing disability and communication handicap for compensation purposes based on
      self-assessment and audiometric testing.
AB  - It is reasoned that for compensation or epidemiological studies an evaluation of
      hearing disability and the concomitant handicap must include the ability to
      perceive visual cues. A scaling procedure for hearing- and audiovisual
      communication handicap is presented. The procedure deviates in two ways from
      previous handicap assessments: (1) It is based on individual self-assessment of
      semantic speech perception but can be implemented by means of professional
      audiological test procedures. (2) The system does not make use of pure-tone
      auditory thresholds as a predominant audiological principle, but is based on
      speech perception. The interrelationship between auditory and audiovisual
      handicap is evaluated. A total score including audio- and audiovisual perception
      handicap is proposed and a suggestion for disability percentages is presented.

PMID- 3994591
TI  - Brainstem electric audiometry: is routine sedation necessary?
AB  - Decreased EEG and EMG waves in sedated adults might produce more sensitive and
      better defined brainstem electric response. This was investigated by comparing
      the brainstem electric response to click stimulation in 10 adult volunteers
      before and during sedation with chloral hydrate. The results showed that there is
      no increase in sensitivity of the test in cooperative and relaxed adult subjects.
      The definition of wave I did not improve after sedation. It is therefore
      concluded that routine sedation is not advantageous in brainstem electric
      response audiometry in cooperative subjects.

PMID- 3994592
TI  - Auditory-evoked potential correlates of susceptibility to noise-induced hearing
      loss.
AB  - Correlations between changes in cochlear microphonics (CM) and auditory brainstem
      evoked potentials (ABEP) resulting from transitory-threshold-shift (TTS)-inducing
      noise, in normally hearing subjects, and the eventual permanent threshold shift
      (PTS) which the same subjects developed after 9-14 months of well-quantified
      occupational noise were evaluated. In addition, the predictive value of
      pigmentation, as an indicator of eventual PTS, was assessed. Eleven CM and ABEP
      indices which showed significant correlation with the eventual hearing loss were
      identified. Eight of these indices reflect the effect of increased stimulus rate
      and experimental TTS-inducing noise. These results show that the difference in
      ABEP latencies as a result of increased stimulus rate is smaller in persons with
      large eventual PTS (high susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss). The
      effect is larger in persons that eventually developed a small PTS (low
      susceptibility). Pigmentation, as reflected by iris and skin color, was found to
      have a negative correlation with susceptibility to noise, i.e. the more pigment
      the less PTS developed. The above indices may be useful to determine personal
      susceptibility to noise in normally hearing subjects.

PMID- 3994593
TI  - [Upward spread of masking in normal and abnormal ears].
AB  - Upward spread of masking was studied for normals and sensorineurally hearing
      impaired subjects with high-frequency hearing loss. Hearing-impaired listeners
      were recruited in such a way as to present normal hearing on the frequency of the
      masker, that is a narrow band of noise centered at 1 000 Hz. Levels of the masker
      were set at 70, 80 and 90 dB, respectively. Results first indicated the presence
      of a relationship between masked and elevated absolute thresholds for a masker
      level of 70 dB. At masker levels of 80 and 90 dB, hearing-impaired listeners
      showed excessive upward spread of masking in spite of normal hearing sensitivity
      at the masker frequency: with 80 and 90 dB of noise, upward spread of masking
      grew, respectively, 2.6 and 1.6 times faster than in normals. Furthermore,
      excessive upward spread of masking was shown to progress as a function of hearing
      loss. Results were interpreted as additional evidence of abnormal frequency
      selectivity in sensorineurally hearing-impaired listeners.

PMID- 3994594
TI  - Extra-high-frequency auditory thresholds: fine structure, reliability, temporal
      integration and relation to ear canal resonance.
AB  - Three trained subjects were repeatedly tested for detection of auditory
      thresholds at 27 frequencies, from 2 to 18 kHz. A double-blind procedure was used
      with the method of adjustment, and the quasi-free-field delivery system of
      Osterhammel et al. [Scand. Audiol. 6:91-95, 1977] was used to monaurally
      stimulate the ear. A very reliable series of high- and low-threshold changes,
      termed the fine structure of the extra-high-frequency audiogram, was observed
      from 8 to 16 kHz. All 6 ears had a major low-threshold region at or near 13.5
      kHz, and up to 3 other replicable sensitive frequencies along this one octave
      range. Thresholds were invariant over 3 conditions of stimulus presentation
      (constant tone; 500 ms duration, 25 ms rise and decay, 1 s interstimulus
      interval; and 100 ms duration, 1.5 ms rise and decay, 200 ms interstimulus
      interval). As the duration of the tone was decreased from 100 to 5 ms, temporal
      integration (an average of approximately 2.5 dB threshold increase as the
      duration was halved) was noted. Although temporal integration was slightly less
      at higher frequencies, the shape of the audiograms remained essentially unchanged
      as the stimulus duration was decreased to 5 ms. There was no consistent
      relationship between the maximally sensitive high frequencies and the amount of
      temporal integration. But there was a general association between the maximally
      sensitive high frequencies and the resonant frequency characteristics of that
      particular ear.

PMID- 3994595
TI  - Environmental factors in the provocation of asthma and hay fever.

PMID- 3994596
TI  - Asthma mortality.

PMID- 3994597
TI  - The treatment of hyperuricaemia and gout.

PMID- 3994598
TI  - A computerised drug information system for general practice.

PMID- 3994599
TI  - Domiciliary obstetrics.

PMID- 3994600
TI  - Death in sport.

PMID- 3994601
TI  - Case notes and reports.

PMID- 3994602
TI  - Changes in general practice in Victoria.

PMID- 3994603
TI  - Resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics in field strains of Ostertagia and
      Nematodirus in sheep.
AB  - Resistance to a range of benzimidazole anthelmintics was investigated in 2
      strains of Ostertagia spp. One strain (SR80) had been exposed to fenbendazole,
      oxfendazole and thiabendazole, the other strain (KR79) only to thiabendazole.
      Both strains showed a high degree of resistance to albendazole, fenbendazole,
      oxfendazole and thiabendazole, which had efficiencies of 11-38% and 0-60% against
      all developmental stages of SR80 and KR79, respectively. There was no significant
      reduction in the KR79 worm count by thiabendazole at 132 mg kg-1 given either as
      a single dose or divided into 12 equal portions, one administered every 6h.
      Nematodirus spp were also found to be resistant to all benzimidazoles tested.
      Levamisole at 7 mg kg-1 and naphthalophos at 30 mg kg-1 had efficiences of 89 and
      66%, respectively, against SR80 Ostertagia and 99 and 19% against Nematodirus,
      all but the last of these being significant reductions in worm burdens. The
      resistant SR80 Ostertagia occurred on a research station, but possibly originated
      from a property which 3 years earlier had supplied ewes to the station. The use
      of benzimidazole anthelmintics and subsequent grazing on worm-free pasture may
      have enhanced the level of resistance. A relationship was established between egg
      counts and adult worm counts 10 days post-treatment, which suggested that for
      Ostertagia the worm count could be predicted from the geometric mean egg count
      from about 10 animals. Thus, where an Ostertagia population is suspected of being
      resistant, an anthelmintic efficiency assay using pre- and post-treatment faecal
      egg counts should provide a satisfactory diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 3994604
TI  - Use of electroacupuncture as an analgestic for laparotomies in two dairy cows.
AB  - Electroacupuncture was used as the sole analgesic for standing laparotomies on 2
      Friesian cows. Needles placed in the lumbosacral space, and second lumbar
      interspinous space and high in the lumbar fossa were stimulated with an AC
      current at 15 to 28 Hz. The analgesia produced was similar to that of a
      paralumbar nerve block.

PMID- 3994606
TI  - Geeldikkop in goats.

PMID- 3994605
TI  - Immunisation of sheep against experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa dermatitis and
      fleece-rot associated body strike.
AB  - Sheep immunised with an experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine and
      unvaccinated control sheep were challenged by induction of experimental
      dermatitis with the homologous strain. All of 6 control sheep developed
      ulcerative dermatitis, and 2 of the 6 challenge sites were struck by larvae of
      Lucilia cuprina. Neither severe dermatitis nor strike occurred in 6 vaccinated
      sheep. These results were confirmed in an experimental challenge using 3
      different serotypes of P. aeruginosa on each of 3 vaccinated and control sheep,
      although fly-strikes did not occur. In a field trial of the same vaccine, none of
      26 vaccinated sheep developed severe exudative, fleece-rot lesions nor were any
      fly-struck, whereas 61 of 115 control sheep developed severe, exudative, fleece
      rot lesions, 21 of these becoming struck by L. cuprina. The isolates of P.
      aeruginosa recovered from the field challenge experiment were a different
      serotype to that used in the vaccine.

PMID- 3994607
TI  - Breeding difficulties with a stud dog.

PMID- 3994608
TI  - An outbreak of facial eczema in sheep.

PMID- 3994609
TI  - Leptospiral titres in wild platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in New South
      Wales.

PMID- 3994610
TI  - Granulocytopaenia and thrombocytopaenia in cattle.

PMID- 3994611
TI  - Hypnotics and aircrew.
AB  - The management of sleep difficulties which arise during air operations must be
      related, at least initially, to the cause, but the aeromedical specialist is
      frequently faced with the possible use of hypnotics. There are no simple
      guidelines, but an understanding of various issues will help toward the effective
      use of these drugs in those who have to cope with irregularity of rest and carry
      out skilled work. Some knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of the drugs concerned
      is useful as persistence of effect and the potential for accumulation with
      repeated ingestion are important factors, while efficacy in relation to sleep of
      different durations and at unusual times must also be considered.

PMID- 3994612
TI  - The sources of stress on the wives of commercial airline pilots.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the pilot's job on the
      personal and life satisfaction of his wife. A representative sample of 282 wives
      of commercial airline pilots was investigated to empirically determine which
      sources of stress and demographic characteristics would predict life
      dissatisfaction. It was found, using multiple regression analysis, that life
      dissatisfaction was significantly predicted by "domestic role overload," and "the
      job's impact on social life," particularly for wives whose husbands worked for
      smaller airlines. In addition, the wives were concerned about the "fear of
      husband's job loss."

PMID- 3994613
TI  - The association of age, flying time, and aircraft type with hearing loss of
      aircrew in the Israeli Air Force.
AB  - Exposure to aircraft (A/C) noise is considered to be one of the factors which
      causes permanent hearing threshold shifts among military aircrew. Consequently
      most studies, dealing with this field of evaluation, fail to focus on the
      contribution of other elements, especially biological (physiological) ones. We,
      therefore, decided to evaluate the effect of the subject's age on this process.
      Audiometric records of 777 aircrew members within the Israeli Air Force were
      examined. The average age was 27.2 +/- 5.2 years. The individual files were
      composed of all yearly audiograms from time of recruitment to present, personal
      information, recorded flight time and type of A/C flown (i.e., rotary-wing and
      fighter, transport and light fixed-wing aircraft). Hearing loss was studied using
      two criteria (a. USAF criteria; b. acoustic trauma criteria we devised). The
      significance of each of the factors was analysed by using uni- and multivariate
      analysis (Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression). A progressive
      linear correlation between age and hearing loss was exhibited (p less than
      0.001). The results suggest that the age of the subject is strongly correlated
      with values of hearing threshold shift, while A/C type and accumulated time
      played a minor role.

PMID- 3994614
TI  - Hypertension induced by repeated exposure to high sustained +Gz (HS + Gz) stress.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether repeated exposure to high
      sustained +Gz (HS + Gz) stress induced persistent changes in the functional state
      of the cardiovascular system. Three groups of rabbits--centrifuged, restrained,
      and control--were studied. After being placed in the restraining system of the
      centrifuge, the animals were submitted three times in a row to 8-9 +Gz sustained
      for 40 s. This exposure was repeated three times a week for 3-6 weeks. Restrained
      animals were not exposed to HS + Gz. Control animals were not restrained. The two
      types of stress (centrifuge + restraint; restraint alone) determined the
      appearance of two types of arterial hypertension. Systolic arterial pressure (AP)
      and left ventricular pressure (LVP) significantly increased in restrained
      animals. The function of the cardiovascular system was more perturbed in
      centrifuged rabbits since the significant changes affected not only systolic AP
      and LVP but alos systemic diastolic AP and the maximum rate of rise of LVP. The
      myocardium of rabbits repeatedly subjected to HS + Gz exposures, except for those
      that suffered a fracture of the lumbar spine, was significantly glycogen
      depleted.

PMID- 3994615
TI  - Fluid replacement during hypothermia.
AB  - Hypothermia produces acidosis, depressed cardiac function, hypovolemia and
      hypotension. This study was designed to examine the cardiovascular dynamics
      involved with restoration of the hypovolemia before rewarming. Mixed breed
      splenectomized adult dogs (n = 16) were anesthetized with pentobarbital and
      cooled to a right atrial temperature of 25 degrees C at a rate of 3 degrees C X h
      1. The animals were maintained at 25 degrees C for 6 h and rewarmed at 3 degrees
      C X h-1. Group 1 was given no fluid, Group 2 was given saline (20% of plasma
      volume infused in 10 min). 2 h after reaching 25 degrees C and Group 3 received
      saline just prior to rewarming. The hematocrit was elevated in all groups (p less
      than 0.05) upon cooling, but did not differ between groups even after saline was
      given. Cardiac output (Co) at 25 degrees C was 35% of precooled values. Group 2
      increased their Q by 15% with fluid and this Q was maintained at higher levels
      than Groups 1 or 3 for the next 4 h. Plasma volume, heart rate, and cardiac
      contractility returned to control levels upon rewarming, but Q remained low (less
      than 10%). The level of Q at the start of rewarming did not affect the final
      level of Q.

PMID- 3994617
TI  - Physiological characteristics of elite sport parachutists.
AB  - The physiological characteristics of 10 male elite sport parachutists (31.6 +/-
      3.69 years of age) were determined and compared to 10 male non-sport parachutist
      controls (30.2 +/- 4.31 years) and other selected elite athletes. The typical
      sport parachutist was a highly educated (16.4 +/- 2.41 years), first born (9 out
      of 10), and, more often than not, single individual. During their mean 10.8 years
      of sport parachuting, these individuals made an average total number of 1,950
      jumps (range 980 to 3,100) with a mean of 237.5 jumps during each of the last
      three years. Mean total free fall time was 22 h and 40 min. Compared to the non
      sport parachutist control group, the elite sport parachutists were significantly
      higher (p less than 0.05) in aerobic power (47.4 +/- 9.04 vs. 37.2 +/- 4.67 ml X
      kg-1 X min-1), vital capacity (5.27 +/- 0.49 vs. 5.05 +/- 0.31 L), maximum heart
      rate (203.2 +/- 9.2 vs. 190.1 +/- 7.4 bpm), and back hyperextension flexibility
      (21.12 +/- 4.1 vs. 18.41 +/- 2.4 in). The elite sport parachutist were also
      significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in relative (%) body fat when compared to
      the control group (15.7 +/- 4.51 vs. 20.1 +/- 2.12%). The two groups were not
      significantly different (p greater than 0.05) with respect to resting heart rate,
      absolute body weight, dominant hand-grip strength, or lower back/hamstring
      flexibility as measured by the sit-and-reach test. Regarding somatotype, the
      elite sport parachutist can be classified as a balanced mesomorph. Compared to
      other selected elite athletes, the sport parachutists were lower in aerobic power
      and higher in relative body fat, yet with a summation of triceps, suprailiac, and
      abdominal skinfolds in the acceptable range for male athletes. The elite sport
      parachutists were approximately mid-range in absolute body weight and lower
      back/hamstring flexibility when compared to other selected elite athletes. Based
      on the findings of this study, there is evidence to suggest that some form of
      regular aerobic exercise along with a stretching and flexibility program is
      advisable for those individuals considering frequent participation and desiring
      peak performance in sport parachuting.

PMID- 3994616
TI  - Effects of some motion sickness suppressants on static and dynamic tracking
      performance.
AB  - Two studies examined the influence of three established antimotion sickness drugs
      on tracking performance in static (stationary) and dynamic (angular acceleration)
      conditions and on visual fixation ability during motion. In Study I, 40 young men
      were randomly assigned in equal numbers to either a control (lactose placebo),
      dimenhydrinate (50 mg), promethazine hydrochloride (25 mg), or mixture (25 mg
      promethazine plus 10 mg d-amphetamine) group. Study II used 30 new subjects
      equally divided into control, dimenhydrinate (100 mg), and promethazine (50 mg)
      groups. Following practice, tests were conducted prior to, and 1, 2, and 4 h
      after drug ingestion. The depressant drugs had little effect on static tracking,
      but impaired dynamic tracking performance and reduced ability to maintain visual
      fixation on a localizer/glide slope instrument due to increased ocular nystagmus.
      The mixture of promethazine plus d-amphetamine produced none of these deleterious
      effects.

PMID- 3994618
TI  - Use of RU 25960, a new calcium antagonist, in normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia.
AB  - RU 25960--3-[Bis(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-amino]-propan-1-ol hydrochloride--a
      vasodilator with calcium antagonist properties, was tested on learning in
      hypobaric hypoxic rats and survival time in normobaric hypoxic mice. It decreased
      learning in hypobaric hypoxia, but did not change survival time in mice. This
      suggests that the mechanisms underlying learning and survival are not the same,
      and that like other calcium antagonists, RU 25960 has no protective effect
      against the deleterious effects of hypoxia on the brain.

PMID- 3994620
TI  - Medical assistance to travellers: a new concept in insurance--cooperation with an
      airline.
AB  - Medical assistance to travellers is a new concept in insurance. Payment of a
      premium makes it possible in an emergency for a traveller, by means of a phone
      call, to obtain free medical support, i.e., on-the-spot treatment, repatriation,
      hospitalization, etc. This kind of service necessarily involves a 24-h telephone
      system; a network of national and international correspondents, physicians and
      nurses trained in resuscitation; and sophisticated medical equipment, aircraft,
      etc. This study gathered data on the activity across 1982 of such an assistance
      company, especially in its cooperation with a scheduled international airline for
      air evacuation of patients who had become ill or had been injured far from their
      homes. Of 1618 repatriated patients in the single year, 1241 were evacuated by
      air (247 of these by the airline involved in the study) mainly from Europe or
      Africa. Traumatology, cardiovascular diseases, and psychiatric syndromes were the
      main causes of air evacuation. Medical equipment and personnel were placed aboard
      aircraft based on the gravity of each case. Assistance contracts provide valuable
      back-up for travellers' medical and psychological safety; close cooperation with
      airlines is of prime importance, both to the patient and to airline operations.

PMID- 3994619
TI  - Changes in the serum LDH isoenzymes in monkey during chronic exposure to
      simulated high altitude.
AB  - When the monkey was exposed to a simulated high altitude of 18,000 ft (5,486 m)
      for 30 d, the serum LDH activity was increased to its maximum in 1 week. After
      the monkey returned to sea level, the enzyme activity showed a rapid recovery. On
      the basis of electrophoretic analysis of LDH isoenzymes, the percentages of LDH-1
      and LDH-2 were decreased during the first 2-3 weeks of hypoxic exposure whereas
      those of LDH-3, LDH-4 and LDH-5 were increased. After 2 or 3 weeks of hypoxic
      exposure, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5 become predominant, indicating that the
      isoenzyme pattern shifted to an anaerobic form from an aerobic form. These
      results clearly showed that relative proportions of the five isoenzymes were
      significantly altered by chronic hypoxia of high altitude and that the elevation
      of total serum LDH activity induced by hypoxia came predominantly from rapid
      accumulation of M type LDH isoenzymes in serum.

PMID- 3994621
TI  - Health practices in United States Air Force personnel compared to United States
      adult civilians.
AB  - Seven physical health practices have been found to be related to both physical
      health and mortality in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The practices
      include adequate rest, sufficient exercise, eating breakfast, no snacking,
      maintaining a reasonable body weight, no smoking, and use of alcohol in
      moderation. The purpose of this study was to describe physical health practices
      in the United States Air Force (USAF) and to compare them to those in the US
      adult population. In 1977 the USAF conducted a Health Survey that included
      questions concerning the seven physical health practices, and the National Center
      for Health Statistic's Health Interview Survey included a Health Practices
      Supplement. The results indicated a lower level of breakfast eating and more
      snacking in the USAF compared to other U.S. adults, but the difference may have
      been due to the relatively younger age distribution in the USAF. Air Force
      members reported sleeping less, and the females and older persons in both
      populations reported less physical activity. Air Force females reported drinking
      more than other females, but there appeared to be less heavy drinking in the
      USAF. Cigarette smoking in the USAF was slightly higher. The validity of self
      reported health practice data is of considerable importance in these studies.
      However, there is no reason to suspect meaningful differences in reporting
      between the USAF and US populations.

PMID- 3994622
TI  - Retention of a classically conditioned reflex response in spinal cat.
AB  - Retention of classically conditioned flexion reflex facilitation was examined in
      unanesthetized, decerebrate, acute spinal cats. Flexion reflex facilitation,
      recorded from the tibialis anterior muscle, was obtained by pairing saphenous
      nerve stimulation (the conditioned stimulus) with superficial peroneal nerve
      stimulation (the unconditioned stimulus). The flexion reflex declined in control
      animals receiving the same number of nerve stimuli over the same time span, but
      in an explicitly unpaired sequence. To investigate retention, conditioned stimuli
      were presented at 5-min intervals following acquisition for a 2 1/2-h period.
      During this time a significant difference between conditioning and control groups
      was maintained even to the last trial, with no indication that the difference was
      subsiding over time. The results support the possibility that a classical
      conditioning paradigm applied to the spinal cord can induce alterations in spinal
      reflexes of long duration. Furthermore, the results appear to rule out post
      tetanic potentiation as a mechanism producing the observed long-term effects.

PMID- 3994623
TI  - The effect of methyl parathion on susceptibility of bobwhite quail (Colinus
      virginianus) to domestic cat predation.
AB  - Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) that received either 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg
      methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl o-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) treatment were
      investigated as to their susceptibility to predation by a cat (Felis domesticus)
      predator. Four hours after receiving methyl parathion (MP), physical activity
      levels were monitored in quail and included the number of seconds spent still,
      walking, running, or flying before and after a cat was introduced into an
      experimental arena. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity for each quail on
      experiment was determined. Quail that were captured exhibited significantly
      greater inhibition of brain ChE activity and spent significantly more time being
      still than noncaptured birds. Birds receiving MP at 8 mg/kg spent more seconds
      being still than those in other treatment groups and had ChE activity reduced to
      42.8% of normal activity. There was a tendency for quail at increasing treatment
      levels to be more susceptible to capture by the cat predator. The neurological
      and behavioral effects of methyl parathion may have important ecological
      ramifications.

PMID- 3994625
TI  - Development of place navigation in rats from weaning to puberty.
AB  - Young hooded rats were trained to escape onto a hidden platform after swimming in
      a pool of opaque water. Subjects 21, 28, 35, 42, and 64 days of age on the first
      training day were given 28 trials on 5 consecutive days. Half of the rats were
      required to localize the platform in relation to external room cues only ("place
      only" condition) and the other half were helped by the presence of a visible cue
      on the platform ("cue + place" condition). A deficiency in place navigation was
      observed in the 21- and 28-day groups; they showed slow escape and took
      circuitous routes more often than older rats. This deficiency was related to a
      poor spatial bias toward the training position when the subjects were allowed to
      swim for 30 s in the absence of the platform, at the end of the 28-trial training
      period (probe trial). The 35-day group showed adult-like learning ability in both
      training conditions, but failed to show searching behavior during the probe trial
      after having been trained in the presence of the proximal cue. Only rats older
      than 40 days showed typical adult behavior such as swimming directly toward the
      platform from any starting position and localized searching around the absent
      platform's position during the probe trial, no matter what the training
      conditions were. These results suggest that central nervous system structures
      responsible for place learning in the rat are functional from around 32 days of
      age, but fail to trigger searching behavior following cued training before the
      sixth week.

PMID- 3994624
TI  - An investigation of the alarm response in Bufo boreas and Rana cascadae tadpoles.
AB  - Tadpoles of the western toad (Bufo boreas) and of the Cascades frog (Rana
      cascadae) show an alarm reaction to an extract containing chemical cues from
      damaged conspecifics. The mean time spent by individual B. boreas tadpoles in the
      half of the test tank to which the extract solution was added was significantly
      lower than expected by chance. Activity was also significantly greater in Bufo
      extract tests than in control tests. Tadpoles did not avoid an extract of another
      tadpole species (Hyla regilla). Rana cascadae tadpoles did not avoid areas
      containing Rana extract but did significantly increase their level of activity in
      response to the extract. These results suggest that the R. cascadae tadpole alarm
      reaction exists but differs from the B. boreas reaction.

PMID- 3994626
TI  - Suppression of schedule-induced drinking and food-reinforced bar pressing by tail
      pinch is not reversed by naloxone.
AB  - In Experiment 1 eleven food-deprived rats were tested in a schedule-induced
      drinking paradigm under both tail-pinch and non-tail-pinch conditions. Tail-pinch
      produced a strong suppression of schedule-induced drinking, licking, licks per
      milliliter, bar presses, and number of reinforcers received during 30-min test
      sessions. Experiment 2 showed that the narcotic antagonist naloxone (2 and 4
      mg/kg) did not reverse the tail-pinch suppression of schedule-induced drinking
      and food-reinforced bar pressing. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the suppression
      of schedule-induced drinking by tail-pinch could not be attributed to a
      suppression of drinking behavior in general, as tail-pinch had no effect on
      deprivation-induced drinking. The failure of naloxone to reverse this blockade
      suggests that endogenous opiate systems do not play a very important role in the
      suppression of schedule-induced polydipsia by tail-pinch. It was suggested that
      the combination of both the schedule-induction paradigm and the tail-pinch
      procedure increased arousal levels to such a high level that all behaviors were
      suppressed.

PMID- 3994627
TI  - Genetic consequences of nucleotide pool imbalance.

PMID- 3994628
TI  - Multiple mechanisms of adenosine toxicity in an adenosine sensitive mutant of
      baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells.
AB  - A class of arabinosyladenine-resistant baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell mutants,
      isolated in our laboratory, shows cross-resistance to deoxyadenosine, alteration
      of adenosine kinase, elevation of spontaneous mutation rate, and extreme
      sensitivity to adenosine. One of these adenosine sensitive mutants, ara-s10d, was
      isolated spontaneously and studies with Ador revertants suggest the involvement
      of a single pleiotropic mutation. The enhanced adenosine toxicity in ara-s10d
      cells can be attributed to pyrimidine nucleotide starvation and to at least one
      other mechanism, which is associated with a 200-fold elevation of IMP, 3-5 fold
      elevation of ATP, GTP, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and methylthioadenosine
      (MeSAdo).

PMID- 3994629
TI  - Induction of mitochondrial mutations in human cells by methotrexate.
AB  - Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase by the folate analog, methotrexate (MTX)
      results in a depletion of tetrahydrofolate dependent one carbon transfer
      reactions in amino acid and nucleic acid biosynthesis. When human cells (either
      HeLa or normal skin fibroblasts) are exposed to MTX in a defined medium
      containing dialyzed fetal calf serum, essential and non-essential amino acids,
      and purine source, the thymidylate pools alone are depleted. Under these
      conditions exposure to 10(-6) M MTX induces mitochondrial mutagenesis, measured
      as an increase in the frequency of chloramphenicol resistant (CAPR) colonies,
      without altering the rate of nuclear mutation monitored by determining the
      frequency of 6-thioguanine resistance (TGr). The occurrence of CAPR mutations is
      time, and MTX concentration dependent and the frequency of CAPR can be decreased
      quantitatively by adding thymidine to the culture medium. This mitochondrial
      specific mutagenesis can also be achieved using the thymidylate synthetase
      inhibitor, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine further implicating thymidylate pools as the
      mediator of this effect. During the course of exposure to 10(-6) M MTX the
      thymidine kinase deficient HeLa BU25 cell line exhibits a progressive depletion
      and degradation of mitochondrial DNA suggesting that the mutagenesis and DNA
      degradation represent portions of a progressive process. The basis for the
      selective sensitivity of the mitochondrial genome to thymidylate depletion
      mutagenesis may be the consequence of its differences from the nuclear genome in
      mechanisms of DNA replication or repair.

PMID- 3994630
TI  - The biochemical basis of 5-bromouracil- and 2-aminopurine-induced mutagenesis.
AB  - We describe in vitro measurements of heteroduplex base mispaired intermediates
      involving 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine in A X T----G X C and G X C----A X T
      transition mutation pathways. For the case of 2-aminopurine, 2-aminopurine X
      cytosine mispairs are formed at a much higher frequency than adenine X cytosine
      mispairs in either transition pathway. For the case of 5-bromouracil, at least a
      40-fold increase in 5-bromouracil X guanine mispairs are observed over thymine X
      guanine mispairs but only in the G X C----A X T pathway. In the A X T----G X C
      pathway, mispairs involving 5-bromouracil are formed 2.5-fold more frequently to
      those involving thymine suggesting perhaps that 5-bromouracil may exhibit
      substantially different base-pairing behavior depending on whether it is present
      as a template base or as a deoxyribonucleosides triphosphate substrate. The
      effect of the base analogs on dNTP pool size perturbations is discussed. A
      measurement of dNTP pools in 2-aminopurine mutagenized bacteriophage T4-infected
      cells is presented. An approximate eight-fold expansion in common dNTP pools is
      observed in a ts L141 antimutator genetic background compared to wild type T4 43+
      and ts L56 mutator backgrounds. The effects of distorted dNTP pools on
      mutagenesis will be considered.

PMID- 3994631
TI  - Regulation of extracellular thymidine pools in human blood samples.

PMID- 3994632
TI  - Adult heart muscle cells. Isolation, properties and applications. International
      Erwin Riesch Symposium, March 22-25, 1984.

PMID- 3994633
TI  - The correlation between catecholamine and lipid peroxidation induced damage in
      heart cells.
AB  - Cardiocytes incubated with isoprenaline plasma showed an initial rise in the
      intracellular ATP levels followed by a steady fall; after two hours the ATP
      levels of the cells treated with the plasma were less than half that of the
      control cells. This fall in intracellular ATP was accompanied by morphological
      changes, in particular the formation of both large and small membrane blebs.

PMID- 3994634
TI  - Anoxia in neonatal rat heart cell cultures.
AB  - Monolayer cultures of heart cells are prepared by dissociation of neonatal rat
      hearts with collagenase. The regularly and synchronously contracting monolayer is
      subjected to oxygen and metabolic substrate deprivation for some time (anoxia),
      and is, in a number of experiments, followed by a short period of oxygen and
      metabolic substrate repletion (reoxygenation). Analysed were the frequency and
      regularity of beating, number of nonvital cells, and enzyme activities and DNA
      content in the cells as well as in the extracellular medium. We observed that a
      correlation exists between the released activity of a cytoplasmic enzyme, alpha
      hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) and i) number of nonvital cells, ii)
      depression of beating frequency measured during reoxygenation, iii) the released
      activities of enzymes from sarcolemma (L-leucylnaphthylamidase), from lysosomes
      (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase), and mitochondrial outer membrane (monoamine
      oxidase). No correlation exists between the released activity of HBDH and a) the
      released activity of an enzyme system from the mitochondrial inner membrane
      (succinate: cytochrome c reductase), and b) the released amount of DNA.
      Furthermore, reoxygenation of anoxic heart cell cultures leads to a suddenly
      occurring HBDH release which phenomenon is known as "oxygen paradox".

PMID- 3994635
TI  - Enzyme release and glycolytic energy production.
AB  - In substrate-free anoxia, activities of released cytosolic enzymes (LDH, MDH)
      correlate inversely with the actual ATP level (for both: r = -0.98). At the same
      time there is a close correlation between lactate production from glycogen and
      the ATP content (r = 0.98). With external glucose present enzyme release is
      greatly delayed, but this could be due to the stimulation of glycolysis as well
      as to the maintenance of high ATP levels. When glycolysis is blocked by
      iodoacetate under aerobic conditions, the cells also become depleted of high
      energy phosphates. This depletion is delayed in the presence of pyruvate.
      Cytosolic enzyme release again is correlated with total ATP contents, by the same
      relation in the presence or absence of pyruvate. Glycolytic energy production is
      negligible in both cases and does not seem to determine enzyme release directly.

PMID- 3994636
TI  - Anoxia influences the lateral diffusion of a lipid probe in the plasma membrane
      of isolated cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Using the technique of fluorescence photobleaching recovery we have measured the
      characteristics of lateral diffusion of oleylaminofluorescein (OAF) in the plasma
      membrane of isolated rat cardiac myocytes under normoxic and anoxic conditions.
      The normoxic pattern is one of slow diffusion and low recovery (D = 1.8 +/- 0.3 X
      10(-10)cm2/s, r = 0.44 +/- 0.059), while under anoxic conditions faster diffusion
      and higher recovery (D = 2.5 +/- 0.4 X 10(-9)cm2/s, r = 0.58 +/- 0.063) are
      observed, the change proceeding via an intermediate stage with a yet faster
      diffusing species (D greater than 2.5 X 10(-9)cm2/s). The process is reversible.
      We hypothesize that under normoxic conditions the lateral diffusion of OAF is
      hindered by the division of the cell membrane into a patchwork of more or less
      isolated domains by lateral and longitudinal barriers of spectrin (7, 13) which
      are rearranged under anoxic conditions to another pattern which permits the label
      greater, but still not unrestricted, freedom of movement.

PMID- 3994637
TI  - Guinea-pig atrial cardioballs.
AB  - Myocytes from atria of adult guinea-pigs were isolated by means of a previously
      described enzyme perfusion with some modifications. The problem of Ca-intolerance
      of the dispersed cells was circumvented by (i) avoiding cooling of the cells
      below 25 degrees C and (ii) increasing the Ca concentration slowly already during
      the enzyme perfusion. Isolated atrial myocytes were taken in long-term cell
      culture. Under this condition they become spherical within about 2 days. The
      rounded stage (cardioballs), which is found in the cultures for a period of ca.
      10 days is highly suited for electrophysiological studies using the different
      recording configurations of the patch clamp technique, including 'tight-seal
      whole-cell recording' with simultaneous cell dialysis.

PMID- 3994638
TI  - Anoxic injury of adult cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Cultured adult cardiocytes were exposed to anoxia. The initial decrease of high
      energy phosphates was accompanied by a moderate release of cytosolic enzymes and
      morphological changes: the appearance of sarcolemmal 'microblebs' (approximately
      1 micron in diameter) and an increase of subsarcolemmal vesicles. At ATP levels
      above 2 mumol/gww, metabolic and morphological alterations were reversible.
      Probably the sarcolemmal changes are causally related to the loss of
      macromolecules from reversibly injured cells. At ATP levels below 2 mumol/gww, an
      increasing number of cells become irreversibly hypercontracted. In these cells
      cytoplasmic masses are protruded into large 'macroblebs' (10-30 micron in
      diameter), however sarcolemmal continuity is preserved. Thus, enzyme release,
      irreversible contracture and cytolysis do not occur simultaneously in anoxic
      isolated cardiocytes.

PMID- 3994639
TI  - Characteristics of lactate transfer in isolated cardiac myocytes.
AB  - L-lactate uptake of isolated cardiac myocytes was investigated, since due to
      different lactate concentrations in the interstitial fluid and vascular space,
      lactate uptake cannot be studied satisfactorily in whole hearts. Lactate uptake
      exhibits sigmoidal saturation kinetics. Pyruvate (2.3 mM) inhibits L-lactate
      uptake at lower lactate concentrations (less than 15 mM) and enhances L-lactate
      uptake at higher (greater than 25 mM) lactate concentration. L-lactate uptake is
      increased at lowered pH (7.1) to an extent not explainable by non-ionic
      diffusion. The results are discussed in terms of a complex L-lactate carrier
      system which might involve cooperative mechanisms and H+-co- or OH- 
      countertransport.

PMID- 3994640
TI  - Kinetics of cellular uptake of tracers used in myocardial scintigraphy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to obtain more information about the role of the
      plasma membrane in cellular uptake of tracers used in myocardial scintigraphy
      (radioactive thallium chloride and palmitic acid). This knowledge is of
      importance for an adequate interpretation of the results obtained under clinical
      conditions.

PMID- 3994641
TI  - Adhesion of cardiac myocytes to extracellular matrix components.
AB  - The interaction of ECM components with adult cardiac myocytes is not well
      understood, but is of physiological importance. Most physiological studies are
      conducted on myocytes in suspension yet in vivo the cells are attached to each
      other and to the ECM. In this paper, we further define the interaction of
      isolated adult myocytes with the ECM substrates. Of interest is not only the
      short-term attachment of cells to ECM substrates but also the ability of ECM
      components to support the long-term maintenance of cardiac myocytes in cultures.

PMID- 3994642
TI  - Development of new intercellular contacts between adult cardiac myocytes in
      culture.
AB  - On serum precoated tissue culture dishes, isolated ventricular myocytes attach
      firmly during 4 hours of incubation. Since in this monoculture cells do not
      divide and show only minimal signs of cytoplasmic spreading, individual cells
      mostly lie isolated from others. However, when occasionally two cells attach in
      close vicinity, new cell-cell contact structures are formed already during the
      first hours in culture. The de-novo formation of these communications is
      demonstrated by the finding that they often connect cells in an end-to-side
      manner that does not occur in vivo.

PMID- 3994643
TI  - Long-term primary cultures of adult human and rat cardiomyocytes.
AB  - An improved protocol for isolating and culturing adult mammalian cardiomyocytes
      is presented. Problems of establishing and maintaining cultured adult human and
      rat cardiomyocytes, and some of their properties, are discussed.

PMID- 3994644
TI  - Morphological dedifferentiation of adult cardiac myocytes in coculture with
      hepatocytes.
AB  - When adult heart cells are plated on a dish covered with a monolayer of
      hepatocytes gradual morphological changes are observed. While during the first
      day the myofibrils are still organized in rod-like shape, later the cells become
      flat and spread on top of underlying hepatocytes. After two days most cells have
      a flat, polygonal appearance with spread myofibrillar bundles. At this stage they
      start spontaneous rhythmic contractions which are characteristic for embryonic
      myocytes, but not for isolated adult ventricular cells. In this culture myocytes
      form specific contact structures to adjacent myocytes as well as to hepatocytes.
      These results demonstrate the phenotypical plasticity of adult heart muscle cells
      which are believed to be terminally differentiated.

PMID- 3994645
TI  - Isolated adult heart cells. The development of a new experimental model.
AB  - The isolation and characterization of calcium-tolerant cells from adult
      myocardial tissue has proved a major new field of heart research. The wide range
      of problems which can be examined using single cells in suspension offers the
      possibility of investigating many important mechanisms underlying diseased states
      in the myocardium.

PMID- 3994646
TI  - [Prognosis of epiphyseolysis capitis femoris].

PMID- 3994647
TI  - [Hemophilia and its skeletal changes].

PMID- 3994648
TI  - [Femur head necrosis as a prearthrotic deformity].

PMID- 3994649
TI  - [Femur head necrosis--value of so-called radiologic early signs for diagnosis and
      therapy].

PMID- 3994650
TI  - [Meat hygiene and feed technology studies of the use of industrial dried laying
      hen excreta for fattening beef cattle. 2. Fattening performance, in fattening
      beef cattle, of 2 feeding trials with laying-hen manure].

PMID- 3994651
TI  - [Meat hygienic and feed technological studies of the use of industrially dried
      laying hen excreta for fattening beef cattle. 3. Residues, quality and sensory
      characteristics of meat].

PMID- 3994652
TI  - [An improved method for the diagnosis of whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis,
      Hofer 1903) in rainbow trout].

PMID- 3994653
TI  - Chromosome-mediated transfer of murine alleles for hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) and ouabain resistance into human cell lines.
AB  - Genetic drug-resistance markers were transferred via purified metaphase
      chromosomes from mouse L cells into the human fibrosarcoma line HT1080 and HeLa
      S3 cells. Interspecific chromosome-mediated transfer of hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT; EC 2.4.2.8) from mouse L cells into HGPRT-
      HT1080 cells occurred at a frequency of approximately 1 x 10(-7). The presence of
      the mouse allele for HGPRT in transferent isolates was confirmed by isoelectric
      focusing. Transfer of ouabain resistance from mouse L cells to HT1080 and HeLa S3
      cells occurred at an average frequency of approximately 4 x 10(-7). Expression of
      the mouse trait in transferent isolates was confirmed by their ability to
      withstand doses of ouabain which would be lethal to spontaneous ouabain-resistant
      mutants of the human cells but not to mouse L cells, ouabain-resistant
      transferents of human cells showed 10(4)-to greater than 10(5)-fold enhanced drug
      resistance, characteristic of either wild-type or mutant alleles, respectively,
      from ouabain-resistant donor L cells. Unstable expression of the transferred
      phenotypes in the absence of selection was seen in some isolates, but expression
      was lost at slow rates.

PMID- 3994654
TI  - Mapping of zein polypeptides after isoelectric focusing on agarose gels.
AB  - Isoelectric focusing of zein in agarose gels gives sharp separations of at least
      25 bands noted among 25 corn-belt inbreds. Six inbreds provided standard bands
      which were used to construct a pattern map. A method is provided for comparing
      bands, identified by distance from the cathode, which differ only slightly in
      position. The 25 inbreds were separated into five groups on the basis of pattern
      similarity. Some groups contained inbreds derived from widely different sources.
      Zein isoelectric focusing in agarose should be useful for genotype identification
      and for determination of varietal purity.

PMID- 3994655
TI  - Identification of the G-genome donor to Triticum timopheevii by DNA:DNA
      hybridizations.
AB  - In vitro DNA:DNA hybridizations and hydroxyapatite thermal-elution chromatography
      were employed to identify the diploid Triticum species ancestral to the G genome
      of Triticum timopheevii. Total genomic, unique-sequence, and repeated-sequence
      fractions of 3H-T. timopheevii DNA were hybridized to the corresponding fractions
      of unlabeled DNAs of T. searsii, T. speltoides, T. sharonensis, T. longissimum,
      and T. bicorne. The heteroduplex thermal stabilities indicated that, of the five
      species examined, T. speltoides was the most closely related to the G genome of
      T. timopheevii. Thus, T. speltoides appears to be the G-genome donor to T.
      timopheevii. The thermal stability profiles further indicated that the repeated
      DNA fractions from the five diploid species and the tetraploid T. timopheevii are
      more similar than the unique DNA fractions. This indicates that all of these
      species are closely related and that the sequences which comprise the current
      repeated fractions in the various species have not undergone any significant
      change since the formation of various species.

PMID- 3994656
TI  - Genetic variability of alkaline phosphatase expression in inbred mouse tissues.
AB  - Quantitative alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1) expression varies among
      various tissues and among inbred mouse strains. There is about a 20-fold
      difference in ALP activity in lungs from CBA/J and C57L/J inbred strains and this
      difference is inherited additively with a heritability of 0.84. Studies of
      thermostability at 56 and 65 degrees C and sensitivity toward inhibitors (L
      phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, L-phenylalanylglycylglycine, and levamisole) do
      not demonstrate differences in the ALP from lungs or liver of the CBA/J and
      C57L/J strains. The ALP activity in intestine expressed by the intestinal locus
      varies over 100-fold between A/J and DBA/1J strains. Further studies of the
      mechanisms resulting in this difference in ALP activity should help elucidate the
      mechanisms for aberrant expression of ALP in malignancy and for manipulation of
      low ALP activity in hypophosphatasia.

PMID- 3994657
TI  - Myosin light chain-1: genetic analysis of three variants found in fast white
      chicken muscle and investigation of linkage with the muscular dystrophy gene.
AB  - Backcross and F2 analyses have been carried out to determine the genetic basis of
      inheritance of three myosin light chain-1 variants present in the fast white
      muscle fibers of the domestic chicken. Two of the variants (types I and II) were
      described previously [Rushbrook, J. I., Yuan, A. I., and Stracher, A. (1982).
      Muscle Nerve 5:505], while the existence of the third (type III) is reported
      here. The results are consistent with an autosomal and allelic origin for the
      variants. A test linkage backcross to the muscular dystrophy gene am was found to
      be negative. This is the twelfth negative linkage result for the am gene.

PMID- 3994658
TI  - A second polymorphic lens crystallin (LEN-2) in the mouse: genetic and
      biochemical analysis of LEN-1 and LEN-2.
AB  - Two electrophoretic polymorphisms affecting lens crystallins, designated LEN-1
      and LEN-2, have been discovered among inbred strains of mice. Analysis by
      isoelectric focusing demonstrated that both crystallins are monomeric proteins
      with isoelectric points at or above pH 7. Both proteins eluted in the low
      molecular weight (LM) fraction upon Sephadex G-200 gel filtration but LEN-2 was
      shown to be larger than LEN-1 by G75SF gel filtration and denaturing gel
      electrophoresis. Linkage analysis demonstrated that the genes encoding LEN-1 and
      LEN-2 assort independently. Amino acid analysis of the allelic products of the
      two genes revealed that genetic variants of each respective crystallin were very
      similar in amino acid compositions but that LEN-1 and LEN-2 were dissimilar
      crystallins.

PMID- 3994659
TI  - On the nature of L-xylulose reductase deficiency in essential pentosuria.
AB  - Essential pentosuria is the result of a partial deficiency of L-xylulose
      reductase. Red blood cells of normal individuals have been found to contain two L
      xylulose reductases: a major and a minor isozyme. Red cells from pentosurics
      contain only one isozyme. The residual enzyme of pentosurics and the normal minor
      isozyme have similar Michaelis constants for L-xylulose and xylitol, similar
      activity responses to pH, and similar rates of migration when electrophoresed or
      subjected to ion-exchange chromatography. It is suggested that homozygosity for
      the pentosuria allele results in the absence of the major isozyme and that the
      residual isozyme of pentosurics is identical to the minor isozyme of normal
      individuals.

PMID- 3994660
TI  - The expression of creatine kinase isozymes in Xenopus tropicalis, Xenopus laevis
      laevis, and their viable hybrid.
AB  - Starch gel electrophoresis of creatine kinase (CK) isozymes of Xenopus tropicalis
      shows that at least two different genes code for CK in this diploid (2n = 20)
      species. These genes seen to be orthologous to the CK-A and CK-C genes of extant
      crossopterygian fish. Additional isozymes may be interpreted either as products
      of duplicate genes or, more probably, as epigenetically modified forms of the
      homodimers AtAt and CtCt, respectively. The originally tetraploid species X.
      laevis laevis (2n = 36), which may have arisen by hybridization of diploid
      ancestors some 30-40 million years ago, has retained expression of all duplicate
      CK-A and CK-C genes. Differential expression during ontogenesis (CK-A genes) and
      in different adult tissues (CK-C genes) indicates that divergence occurred not
      only with respect to the primary sequence of these duplicate genes, but also with
      respect to the regulation of their expression. In the interspecific hybrid X. l.
      laevis x X. tropicalis, all parental CK genes appear to be expressed
      simultaneously in the heart. However, several subunit combinations cannot be
      detected on the zymograms.

PMID- 3994661
TI  - Analytical errors in measuring radioactivity in cell proteins and their effect on
      estimates of protein turnover in L cells.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory on protein turnover in 3H-labelled L-cell
      cultures have shown recovery of total 3H at the end of a 3-day experiment to be
      always significantly in excess of the 3H recovered at the beginning of the
      experiment. In this study we have critically reviewed a number of possible
      sources for this error in measuring radioactivity in cell proteins. 3H-labelled
      proteins, when dissolved in 0.3 M-NaOH and counted for radioactivity in a liquid
      scintillation spectrometer, showed losses of 30-40% of the radioactivity; neither
      external or internal standardization compensated for this loss. Hydrolysis of
      these proteins with either Pronase or concentrated HCl significantly increased
      the measured radioactivity. In addition, approx. 5-10% of the cell protein is
      left on the plastic culture dish when cells are recovered in phosphate-buffered
      saline. To aggravate this latter loss further, this surface-adherent protein,
      after pulse labelling, contains proteins of high radioactivity that turn over
      rapidly and make a major contribution to the accumulating radioactivity in the
      medium. These combined errors can account for up to 60% of the total
      radioactivity in the cell culture. Similar analytical errors have been found in
      studies of other cell cultures. The effect of these analytical errors on
      estimates of protein turnover in cell cultures is discussed.

PMID- 3994662
TI  - Isolation and characterization of chicken thymic electrolectin.
AB  - We have detected the presence of a beta-D-galactoside-binding lectin
      (electrolectin) in extracts of the thymus of adult chickens. This lectin was
      purified by affinity chromatography on a lactosyl-Sepharose column to yield 1.4
      mg of pure protein from 230 g of thymus. The chicken thymic electrolectin (CTE)
      has an Mr of 15 300 when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis and of 30 000 when analysed by gel filtration. The amino acid
      composition of CTE is similar to that of other electrolectins purified from human
      and rat lung. CTE cross-reacts immunologically, but is not identical, with
      electrolectins from electric-eel electric organ and from chick-embryo pectoral
      muscle. CTE agglutinates chicken thymocytes but does not appear to promote their
      mitosis.

PMID- 3994663
TI  - Aldehydes or dicarbonyls in non-enzymic glycosylation of proteins.
AB  - The non-enzymic post-translational glycosylation of certain proteins has been
      implicated in the production of diabetic sequelae. In the present paper the
      possibility that it is not the glucose aldehyde that binds to proteins but a
      dicarbonyl autoxidation product is investigated. Earlier experiments may not have
      distinguished between these two possibilities. The rate of binding of 2
      deoxyglucose (a non-autoxidizable sugar) to lens alpha-crystallin is compared
      with that of glucose (an autoxidizable sugar). The stabilized Schiff-base adducts
      was investigated by using proton n.m.r. and fast-atom-bombardment mass
      spectroscopy to distinguish whether they are the product of aldehyde or
      dicarbonyl addition. We conclude that it is the open-chain aldehyde of glucose
      that binds initially to amino groups and that there is no participation of
      dicarbonyl autoxidation products in the initial non-enzymic protein glycosylation
      reaction.

PMID- 3994664
TI  - Oxidation of NAD dimers by horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase catalyses the oxidation of NAD dimers, (NAD)2, to NAD+ in
      accordance with a reaction that is pH-dependent and requires 1 mol of O2 per 2
      mol of (NAD)2. Horseradish peroxidase also catalyses the peroxidation of (NAD)2
      to NAD+. In contrast, bacterial NADH peroxidase does not catalyse the
      peroxidation or the oxidation of (NAD)2. A free-radical mechanism is proposed for
      both horseradish-peroxidase-catalysed oxidation and peroxidation of (NAD)2.

PMID- 3994665
TI  - Stimulation of liver tryptophan pyrrolase during heat exposure.
AB  - Exposure of rats to heat (39 +/- 1 degree C) stimulated liver tryptophan
      pyrrolase 2-fold between 3 and 48 h. Plasma corticosterone increased 2-fold after
      1 h of heat exposure and decreased to a low value of 50% by 16 h. The effect of
      heat exposure on the enzyme was obtained in adrenalectomized animals. Stimulation
      by cortisol and tryptophan of the enzyme was also obtained in heat exposure, and
      the effects seemed to be additive. The concentration of tryptophan in the liver
      remained unchanged, and that in the plasma decreased to about 50% at 8 h exposure
      to heat and reverted to normal by 46 h. Simultaneous administration of
      noradrenaline to heat-exposed rats had no effect, whereas that of thyroxine
      partly prevented the stimulation of the enzyme activity. Hypothyroid conditions
      obtained by thyroidectomy or treatment with propylthiouracil significantly
      stimulated the enzyme activity. Cycloheximide treatment of heat-exposed rats did
      not prevent the stimulation of the enzyme activity. The results indicate that the
      effect of heat exposure on liver tryptophan pyrrolase is obtained, due to the
      accompanying hypothyroid condition, by increasing the activity of the existing
      protein by a mechanism possibly different from those known at present.

PMID- 3994666
TI  - Heat exposure and hypothyroid conditions decrease hydrogen peroxide generation in
      liver mitochondria.
AB  - Exposure of rats to heat (39 +/- 1 degree C) decreased H2O2 generation in
      mitochondria of the liver, but not of the kidney or the heart. The effect was
      obtained with three substrates, succinate, glycerol 1-phosphate and choline, with
      a decrease to 50% in the first 2-3 days of exposure, and a further decrease on
      longer exposure. The dehydrogenase activity with only glycerol 1-phosphate
      decreased, which is indicative of the hypothyroid condition, whereas choline
      dehydrogenase activity remained unchanged and that of succinate dehydrogenase
      decreased on long exposure. The serum concentration of thyroxine decreased in
      heat-exposed rats. Thyroxine treatment of rats increased H2O2 generation.
      Hypothyroid conditions obtained by treatment with propylthiouracil or
      thyroidectomy caused a decrease in H2O2 generation and changes in dehydrogenase
      activities similar to those with heat exposure. Treatment of heat-exposed or
      thyroidectomized rats with thyroxine stimulated H2O2 generation by a mechanism
      apparently involving fresh protein synthesis. The results indicate that H2O2
      generation in mitochondria of heat-exposed animals is determined by thyroid
      status.

PMID- 3994667
TI  - Binding of active and inactive forms of lipoprotein lipase to heparin. Effects of
      pH.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase has been shown to bind to, be internalized by, and perhaps be
      transferred through, a variety of cells. These processes may involve a heparin
      like cell-surface receptor and passage through acidified cell compartments. We
      have therefore studied effects of low pH on the binding of the lipase to heparin
      and on its catalytic activity. The rate of inactivation of the lipase in solution
      was found to increase as the pH was lowered. Addition of heparin stabilized the
      enzyme. Binding of active lipoprotein lipase to heparin-Sepharose could be
      demonstrated at pH down to 6.5. At pH below 6, binding could not be studied
      directly because the lipase was too unstable in solution. Lipase bound to heparin
      Sepharose could, however, be exposed to pH 4.5 at 10 degrees C with little loss
      of activity. Binding to heparin-Sepharose also stabilized under physiological
      conditions (37 degrees C, 0.15 M-NaCl, pH 5.5-7.4). Catalytically inactive
      lipoprotein lipase retained the ability to bind to heparin-Sepharose. Higher
      concentrations of salt were needed to displace both active and inactive lipase
      from heparin-Sepharose at lower pH, indicating that the affinity increased as pH
      was lowered. The inactive lipase was, however, displaced by lower concentrations
      of salt than was active lipase.

PMID- 3994668
TI  - Factors determining the subunit composition of tropomyosin in mammalian skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Adult rat fast-twitch skeletal muscle such as extensor digitorum longus contains
      alpha- and beta-tropomyosin subunits, as is the case in the corresponding muscles
      of rabbit. Adult rat soleus muscle contains beta-, gamma- and delta-tropomyosins,
      but no significant amounts of alpha-tropomyosin. Evidence for the presence of
      phosphorylated forms of at least three of the four tropomyosin subunit isoforms
      was obtained, particularly in developing muscle. Immediately after birth alpha-
      and beta-tropomyosins were the major components of skeletal muscle, in both fast
      twitch and slow-twitch muscles. Differentiation into slow-twitch skeletal muscles
      was accompanied by a fall in the amount of alpha-tropomyosin subunit and its
      replacement with gamma- and delta-subunits. After denervation and during
      regeneration after injury, the tropomyosin composition of slow-twitch skeletal
      muscle changed to that associated with fast-twitch muscle. Thyroidectomy slowed
      down the changes in tropomyosin composition resulting from the denervation of
      soleus muscle. The results suggest that the 'ground state' of tropomyosin-gene
      expression in the skeletal muscle gives rise to alpha- and beta-tropomyosin
      subunits. Innervation by a 'slow-twitch' nerve is essential for the expression of
      the genes controlling gamma- and delta-subunits. There appears to be reciprocal
      relationship between expression of the gene controlling the synthesis of alpha
      tropomyosin and those controlling the synthesis of gamma- and delta-tropomyosin
      subunits.

PMID- 3994670
TI  - Hybrid sialylated N-glycans are minor constituents of normal BHK-cell
      glycoproteins and a prominent feature in glycoproteins of some ricin-resistant
      cell lines.
AB  - Baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cells were labelled metabolically by growth in media
      containing radioactive sugars and the asparagine-linked glycopeptides (N-glycans)
      obtained by Pronase digestion of disrupted cells were fractionated by
      chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. About 2-3% of the total [3H]galactose
      or [3H]fucose-labelled glycopeptides were found to be bound tightly to the
      lectin column and were eluted with 500 mM-methyl alpha-mannoside. Further
      analysis of these minor components by chromatography on Bio-Gel P4, lentil-lectin
      Sepharose and DEAE-Sephacel and sensitivity to alpha-mannosidase indicates the
      presence in BHK-cell glycopeptides of hybrid structures of the following form:
      (Formula: see text) Similar structures were identified as major features of the
      glycoproteins of ricin-resistant mutants RicR17 and RicR19 as described
      previously for RicR21 cells [Hughes, Mills & Stojanovic (1983) Carbohydr. Res.
      120, 215-234]. The RicR15 cell line also produces significant amounts of hybrid N
      glycans. The studies show that the novel N-glycans accumulating in ricin
      resistant mutants are derived by a metabolic pathway that exists to a minor
      extent in normal BHK cells.

PMID- 3994669
TI  - Surface-simulation synthesis of the substrate-binding site of an enzyme.
      Demonstration with trypsin.
AB  - From the X-ray co-ordinates of bovine trypsin and its complexes with substrate
      analogues (benzamidine) and with soya-bean trypsin inhibitor, a peptide (TP) was
      designed and synthesized by surface-simulation synthesis, a concept previously
      introduced by this laboratory, to mimic the binding site of trypsin. Also, a
      control peptide (CTP) was synthesized that contained all the amino acids present
      in the TP peptide, except that their order was randomized. The radioiodinated TP
      peptide bound specifically to adsorbents of benzamidine, whereas the control CTP
      peptide exhibited no binding activity. Conjugates to succinyl (3
      carboxypropionyl)-lysozyme of the TP peptide, control CTP peptide and other
      unrelated peptides were examined by a radiometric binding assay for the ability
      to bind soya-bean trypsin inhibitor and human alpha 1-antitrypsin. Conjugates of
      the TP peptide exhibited considerable binding activity to adsorbents of soya-bean
      trypsin inhibitor or alpha 1-antitrypsin. None of the other peptide conjugates
      possessed any binding activity. Action of the active-site-directed reagents
      phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride and di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate on free TP
      and CTP peptides resulted in the modification of a serine residue in the TP
      peptide whereas the CTP peptide remained unaltered. The TP peptide, either in the
      free form or as a conjugate on succinyl-lysozyme, had no enzymic activity on
      protein substrates or on tosylarginine methyl ester. These findings indicated
      that the binding activity of an enzyme was well mimicked by the surface
      stimulation peptide but that reproduction of the catalytic activity was not
      obtained.

PMID- 3994671
TI  - Hepatic thiol and glutathione efflux under the influence of vasopressin,
      phenylephrine and adrenaline.
AB  - Thiol and glutathione (GSH) efflux across the sinusoidal plasma membrane in
      isolated perfused rat liver was stimulated by addition of hormones such as
      vasopressin, phenylephrine and adrenaline, whereas glucagon or dibutyryl cyclic
      AMP were without effect. Phenylephrine and adrenaline effects were sensitive to
      prazosin and phentolamine, respectively. The increase in thiol efflux was largely
      accounted for by an increase in GSH efflux. Thiol efflux and the hormone effects
      were abolished in GSH-depleted liver. Biliary GSH efflux was diminished upon
      hormone addition. The newly discovered hormone-dependence of GSH release across
      the sinusoidal plasma membrane may explain the known loss of GSH during
      conditions of experimental shock (traumatic or endotoxin) and stress and
      peripheral inflammation.

PMID- 3994672
TI  - Localization of chloroplastic fatty acid synthesis de novo in the stroma.
AB  - The synthesis of fatty acids de novo from [2-14C]malonyl-CoA was studied in
      fractions from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts.
      When lettuce chloroplasts were subjected to osmotic lysis, disintegration through
      a Yeda press and high-speed centrifugation, essentially all of the fatty-acid
      synthetic activity was found to be soluble. The distribution of the activity in
      various chloroplast fractions was similar to that of soluble marker enzymes such
      as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and NADP+-linked glyceraldehyde-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase. Marked differences were apparent in the quality of
      products from fatty acid synthesis de novo in the various fractions of
      chloroplasts. Thus soluble fractions produced predominantly stearate, whereas
      those containing membranes produced a greater proportion of palmitate. In pea
      chloroplasts, osmotic lysis released almost all of the fatty acid synthetase into
      the stromal fraction. In this instance, no major alterations in the products of
      fatty acid synthesis were observed. The fatty-acid-synthetic activity of the
      stromal fraction was still soluble after prolonged ultracentrifugation. The
      results show clearly the soluble nature of fatty acid synthesis de novo in
      lettuce and pea chloroplasts. Thus fatty acid synthesis measured in microsomal
      fractions from such plant tissues is not due to the presence of chloroplastic
      membranes.

PMID- 3994673
TI  - A conformational study of a glutamine- and proline-rich cereal seed protein, C
      hordein.
AB  - A combination of c.d. spectroscopy and computer prediction is used to show that C
      hordein has an unusual secondary structure with an absence of alpha-helix and
      beta-sheet, but the presence of regularly repeated beta-turns. This is associated
      with a repetitive primary structure based mainly on blocks of eight residues.
      Similar spectral changes occurred when the protein was heated from 6 to 86
      degrees C in aq. 70% (v/v) ethanol or dissolved in increasing concentrations (50
      100%, v/v) of trifluoroethanol in water. The studies indicated that the
      conformation is stabilized by strong hydrophobic interactions and by extensive
      hydrogen-bonding.

PMID- 3994674
TI  - Comparison of ornithine decarboxylase from rat liver, rat hepatoma and mouse
      kidney.
AB  - Comparisons were made of ornithine decarboxylase isolated from Morris hepatoma
      7777, thioacetamide-treated rat liver and androgen-stimulated mouse kidney. The
      enzymes from each source were purified in parallel and their size, isoelectric
      point, interaction with a monoclonal antibody or a monospecific rabbit antiserum
      to ornithine decarboxylase, and rates of inactivation in vitro, were studied.
      Mouse kidney, which is a particularly rich source of ornithine decarboxylase
      after androgen induction, contained two distinct forms of the enzyme which
      differed slightly in isoelectric point, but not in Mr. Both forms had a rapid
      rate of turnover, and virtually all immunoreactive ornithine decarboxylase
      protein was lost within 4h after protein synthesis was inhibited. Only one form
      of ornithine decarboxylase was found in thioacetamide-treated rat liver and
      Morris hepatoma 7777. No differences between the rat liver and hepatoma ornithine
      decarboxylase protein were found, but the rat ornithine decarboxylase could be
      separated from the mouse kidney ornithine decarboxylase by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. The rat protein was slightly smaller and had a slightly more
      acid isoelectric point. Studies of the inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase in
      vitro in a microsomal system [Zuretti & Gravela (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      742, 269-277] showed that the enzymes from rat liver and hepatoma 7777 and mouse
      kidney were inactivated at the same rate. This inactivation was not due to
      degradation of the enzyme protein, but was probably related to the formation of
      inactive forms owing to the absence of thiol-reducing agents. Treatment with 1,3
      diaminopropane, which is known to cause an increase in the rate of degradation of
      ornithine decarboxylase in vivo [Seely & Pegg (1983) Biochem. J. 216, 701-717]
      did not stimulate inactivation by microsomal extracts, indicating that this
      system does not correspond to the rate-limiting step of enzyme breakdown in vivo.

PMID- 3994675
TI  - Structural studies of a mannitol teichoic acid from the cell wall of bacterium
      N.C.T.C. 9742.
AB  - Degradative and n.m.r.-spectroscopic studies have been carried out on a novel
      mannitol teichoic acid extracted from the cell wall of bacterium N.C.T.C. 9742,
      for which the name Brevibacterium iodinum has been proposed. The backbone of the
      polymer is a poly(D-mannitol phosphate) containing 1----6 phosphodiester
      linkages. In most residues, pyruvic acid is acetal-linked to positions 4 and 5 of
      the mannitol. About half of the mannitol residues carry a beta-D-glucopyranosyl
      substituent at position 2. The glucosylmannitol was isolated and thoroughly
      characterized. At least 24 products were detected by ion-exchange chromatography
      and paper electrophoresis after alkaline hydrolysis of the polymer. Not all of
      these products could be identified. The main mechanistic pathways for
      depolymerization by the cleavage of phosphodiester linkages during alkaline
      hydrolysis involved (a) participation by the 2-hydroxy group and a cyclic
      phosphodiester intermediate (leading to a series of mannitol-based products) and
      (b) participation by the 3-hydroxy group in the cyclization of mannitol (leading
      to a series of products based on 1,4-anhydromannitol). The presence of glycerol
      phosphates in hydrolysates could be ascribed either to a linkage unit or to a
      separate glycerol teichoic acid. The mannitol teichoic acid was absent from the
      cell walls of Brevibacterium linens and Brevibacterium epidermis (one strain of
      each was examined).

PMID- 3994676
TI  - Quin 2: the dissociation constants of its Ca2+ and Mg2+ complexes and its use in
      a fluorimetric method for determining the dissociation of Ca2+-protein complexes.
AB  - Fluorimetric or spectrophotometric titrations with the appropriate cations gave
      Kd values of 2.9 +/- 0.2 nM and 89 +/- 5 microM respectively for the Ca2+ and
      Mg2+ complexes of quin 2 at pH 7.5. Mixtures of quin 2 and vitamin D-dependent
      Ca2+-binding protein from pig duodenum were titrated fluorimetrically with Ca2+
      in the absence or presence of Mg2+. These measurements were used with the Kd
      values of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ complexes of quin 2 to obtain Kd or apparent Kd
      values for Ca2+-protein complexes ranging from 5 nM to 5 microM with good
      accuracy.

PMID- 3994677
TI  - Reconstitution of nucleosomes containing dinitrophenylated histones.
AB  - Histone octamers of purified monomer nucleosomes were labelled with
      [3H]dinitrofluorobenzene. Authentic 11 S nucleosomes were reconstituted in vitro
      from a mixture of [3H]dinitrophenylated histones and excess unlabelled monomer
      nucleosomes. The reconstituted nucleosomes were found to contain
      [3H]dinitrophenylated histones H2a and H2b but not [3H]dinitrophenylated histones
      H3 and H4. Approx. 83% of [3H]dinitrophenylated nucleosomes were
      immunoprecipitable with anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin and Staphylococcus
      aureus. These results demonstrate that histones H2a and H2b contain
      dinitrofluorobenzene-reactive groups that can be modified without destroying
      their ability to participate in nucleosome formation in vitro.

PMID- 3994678
TI  - Characterization of a novel Na+-independent amino acid transporter in horse
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Horse erythrocytes are polymorphic with respect to L-alanine permeability. The
      present investigation compared the specificity, kinetics and cation-dependence of
      erythrocyte amino acid transport in two groups of thoroughbred horses, those with
      erythrocyte L-alanine permeabilities in the range 5-15 mumol/h per litre of cells
      (0.2 mM extracellular L-alanine, 37 degrees C) (transport-negative type) and
      those with L-alanine permeabilities in the range 450-700 mumol/h per litre of
      cells (transport-positive type). Transport-positive cells are shown to possess a
      novel high-affinity, stereospecific, Na+-independent transporter selective for
      neutral amino acids of intermediate size. This carrier system (provisional
      designation asc) operates preferentially in an exchange mode and is functionally
      absent from erythrocytes of transport-negative-type horses.

PMID- 3994679
TI  - Rapid thyroid-hormone effect on mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios in the
      intact liver cell.
AB  - The effect of thyroid-hormone application on cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP/ADP
      ratio was investigated in rat liver in vivo and in the isolated perfused organ.
      In vivo the ATP/ADP ratio in livers from hypothyroid rats was 0.84 +/- 0.08 in
      the mitochondrial matrix and 5.6 +/- 0.9 in the cytosol, as was observed in
      euthyroid controls. In contrast, hyperthyroidism was followed by a significant
      decrease in the mitochondrial and by an increase in the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio
      (to 0.34 +/- 0.06 and 11.3 +/- 2.8 respectively). In the perfused liver from
      hypothyroid animals, addition of L-3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine in the perfusate also
      provoked, within 2 h, a significant decrease in the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio,
      whereas the cytosolic ratio was unaffected. From these and previous data in the
      isolated perfused liver and in isolated mitochondria from hypothyroid and tri
      iodothyronine-treated rats it is concluded that thyroid hormones increase
      mitochondrial respiration and ATP regeneration, which is associated with an
      acceleration of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transport and significant
      alterations in the mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios.

PMID- 3994680
TI  - Electrophoretic characterization of hepatic alkaline phosphatase released by
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. A comparison with liver membrane
      and serum-soluble forms.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase was solubilized from plasma membrane of rat liver with
      butanol-ol, bile acids or sodium deoxycholate, and electrophoretically compared
      with a soluble form in serum which was derived from the liver. The three enzyme
      preparations from the plasma membrane migrated at the same position on
      polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of either Triton X-100 or
      sodium dodecyl sulphate. The mobility of them, however, was distinctly different
      from that of the serum-soluble form of the liver-derived alkaline phosphatase. On
      the other hand, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C isolated from
      Bacillus cereus was used to release alkaline phosphatase from plasma membrane.
      The released alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated to have the same mobility as
      the serum-soluble form on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence or
      absence of detergents. The phospholipase C also converted the butan-1-ol
      extracted membrane form into the serum-soluble form. The results suggest that
      release of alkaline phosphatase from the liver into serum is not simply caused by
      a detergent effect of bile salts, but involves an enzymic hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylinositol, with which alkaline phosphatase may strongly interact in
      the membrane.

PMID- 3994681
TI  - The stimulation of glycogenolysis in isolated hepatocytes by opioid peptides.
AB  - Addition of the opioid peptides, [Leu]enkephalin and [Met]enkephalin, to isolated
      hepatocytes was shown to produce a stimulation of glycogenolysis comparable with
      that observed in the presence of maximal concentrations of glucagon, adrenaline
      or angiotensin. This stimulation was demonstrated to be the result of an
      activation of phosphorylase by a rapid Ca2+-dependent mechanism and was not
      decreased by the presence or either alpha- or beta-adrenergic antagonists,
      although it was dependent on the presence of the N-terminal tyrosine residue in
      the enkephalin molecule. It is suggested that this may be further evidence for
      specific opioid receptors in the liver. Addition of [Leu]enkephalin also
      inhibited lactate formation, indicating that the opioid peptides exert a
      concerted effect on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism to enhance glucose output.
      The transient nature of the effect of the enkephalins was shown to be the result
      of a rapid breakdown of the peptides in the incubation as a result of
      aminopeptidase activity, the initial product being the inactive des-tyrosine
      derivative.

PMID- 3994682
TI  - A sensitive spectrophotometric assay for peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase.
AB  - A simple spectrophotometric assay was developed for peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA
      oxidase activity. The assay, based on the H2O2-dependent oxidation of leuco
      dichlorofluorescein catalysed by exogenous peroxidase, is more sensitive than
      methods previously described. By using mouse liver samples, cofactor requirements
      were assessed and a linear relationship was demonstrated between dye oxidation
      and enzyme concentration. By using this assay on subcellular fractions, palmitoyl
      CoA oxidase activity was localized for the first time in microperoxisomes of rat
      intestine. The assay was also adapted to measure D-amino acid oxidase activity,
      demonstrating the versatility of this method for measuring activity of other H2O2
      producing oxidases.

PMID- 3994683
TI  - Structural studies of human basement-membrane collagen with the use of a
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody monospecific for human type IV collagen was used as a
      structural probe to examine aspects of the macromolecular organization of
      basement-membrane collagen. Electron-microscopic observation of rotary-shadowed
      antigen-antibody complexes demonstrated a unique binding site for the antibody 55
      +/- 6 nm distant from the 7S cross-linking region of tetrameric type IV collagen.
      This observation allowed a series of studies that showed: (1) the localization of
      an intramolecular disulphide bridge within the helical domain of the molecule,
      (2) the alignment of major peptic-digest fragments of the alpha 1 (IV) chain, and
      (3) confirmation of the postulated antiparallel arrangement of individual
      molecules within type IV collagen tetramers.

PMID- 3994684
TI  - Calcium transport mechanisms in basolateral plasma membrane-enriched vesicles
      from rat parotid gland.
AB  - Ca2+ transport was studied by using basolateral plasma membrane vesicles from rat
      parotid gland prepared by a Percoll gradient centrifugation method. In these
      membrane vesicles, there were two Ca2+ transport systems; Na+/Ca2+ exchange and
      ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport. An outwardly directed Na+ gradient increased Ca2+
      uptake. Ca2+ efflux from Ca2+-preloaded vesicles was stimulated by an inwardly
      directed Na+ gradient. However, Na+/Ca2+ exchange did not show any 'uphill'
      transport of Ca2+ against its own gradient. ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport
      exhibited 'uphill' transport. An inwardly directed Na+ gradient also decreased
      Ca2+ accumulation by ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake. The inhibition of Ca2+
      accumulation was proportional to the external Na+ level. Na+/Ca2+ exchange was
      inhibited by monensin, tetracaine and chlorpromazine, whereas ATP-dependent Ca2+
      transport was inhibited by orthovanadate, tetracaine and chlorpromazine.
      Oligomycin had no effect on either system. These results suggest that in the
      parotid gland cellular free Ca2+ is extruded mainly by an ATP-dependent Ca2+
      transport system, and Na+/Ca2+ exchange may modify the efficacy of that system.

PMID- 3994686
TI  - Half-site reactivity in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes.
AB  - 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes was purified by an
      improved procedure. Binding studies showed that the dimeric enzyme binds 2 mol of
      NADP+/mol but only 1 mol of NADPH/mol, and that the bindings of oxidized and
      reduced coenzyme are mutually exclusive. From initial-rate kinetics and
      inhibition studies, a sequential random-order mechanism is proposed. Double
      reciprocal plots with NADP+ as varied substrate show a downward curvature,
      indicating a negative co-operativity. We suggest that the negative co-operativity
      observed kinetically is a result of the half-site reactivity for the NADPH. The
      different binding stoichiometries for NADP+ and NADPH generate a non-linear
      relationship between the apparent dissociation constant for the NADPH and the
      concentrations of the NADP+, resulting in a regulatory mechanism highly sensitive
      to the changes in the NADP+/NADPH ratio.

PMID- 3994685
TI  - Differential haemin-mediated restoration of cytochrome P-450 N-demethylases after
      inactivation by allylisopropylacetamide.
AB  - Administration of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) to phenobarbital-pretreated rats
      results in the destruction of several phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450
      isoenzymes and a correspondingly marked loss of benzphetamine N-demethylase and
      ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities. Accordingly, the ion-exchange h.p.l.c. or
      DEAE-cellulose-chromatographic profile of solubilized microsomal preparations
      from such rats revealed a marked decrease in the cytochrome P-450 content of
      several eluted fractions compared with that of microsomes from corresponding non
      AIA-treated controls. Incubation of liver homogenates from such rats with haemin
      restores not only cytochrome P-450 content from 35 to 62% of original values, but
      also benzphetamine N-demethylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities, from
      23 to 67%, and from 12 to 36% of original values respectively. Moreover, the
      chromatographic profiles of microsomes prepared from such homogenates indicated
      increases of cytochrome P-450 content only in some fractions. Reconstitution of
      mixed-function oxidase activity of cytochrome P-450 by addition of NADPH:
      cytochrome P-450 reductase to these fractions indicated that incubation with
      haemin restored benzphetamine N-demethylase activity predominantly, but
      ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity only minimally. After injection of [14C]AIA,
      a significant amount of radiolabel was found covalently bound to protein in
      chromatographic fraction III, and this binding was unaffected by incubation with
      haemin. Furthermore, the extent of this binding is apparently equimolar to the
      amount of cytochrome P-450 refractory to haemin reconstitution in that particular
      fraction. Whether such refractoriness reflects structural inactivation of the apo
      cytochrome remains to be determined. Nevertheless, the evidence presented very
      strongly argues for AIA-mediated inactivation of multiple phenobarbital-induced
      isoenzymes, only a few of which are structurally and functionally reparable by
      haemin.

PMID- 3994687
TI  - The epithelial differentiating activity in vivo of (E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro
      5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthylenyl) -1-propenyl]benzoic acid and 4,4
      difluororetinoic acid.
AB  - Female rats fed on a vitamin A-deficient diet from weaning were oophorectomized
      after introitus and used to test analogues of all-trans-retinoic acid for
      epithelial differentiation activity by the vaginal-smear assay. Several
      modifications have been made in the assay; housing facilities were modified, the
      diet changed and the existing scoring system for the assay altered. The arotinoid
      (E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthylenyl)-1 -propenyl]
      benzoic acid was 12-fold more active than all-trans-retinoic acid, which had a
      50% effective dose (ED50) of 80 pmol/vagina. The fluorinated analogue 4,4
      difluororetinoic acid had an ED50 of 2.5 nmol/vagina and was therefore 30-fold
      less active than all-trans-retinoic acid.

PMID- 3994688
TI  - H.p.l.c. analysis of di- and tri-carboxylic porphyrins in porphyric patients.
AB  - New h.p.l.c. methods have been developed for the quantitative determination of di
      and tri-carboxylic porphyrin methyl esters, and applied to the analysis of
      faecal extracts from patients with four different types of porphyria.

PMID- 3994689
TI  - Some comments on the relationship between mammalian ferritins and the complex non
      haem-iron-containing bacterial cytochromes b557.5.

PMID- 3994690
TI  - Protein-peptide conjugation by a two-phase reaction.

PMID- 3994691
TI  - Purification and characterization of 2-enoyl-CoA reductase from bovine liver.
AB  - Mitochondrial 2-enoyl-CoA reductase from bovine liver was purified and
      characterized. A simple three-step purification was developed, involving ion
      exchange chromatography to separate the bulk of the NADPH-dependent 2,4-dienoyl
      CoA reductase, followed by chromatography on Blue Sepharose and adenosine 2',5'
      bisphosphate-Sepharose. Homogeneous enzyme with a subunit Mr of 35 500 is
      obtained in 35% yield. The Mr of the native enzyme, determined by three different
      methods, yielded values that suggest that the enzyme is dimeric. NADPH is
      required as cofactor, and cannot be replaced by NADH. The activity of the
      purified enzyme towards 2-trans-double bonds in 2-monoene and 2,4-diene
      structures was investigated. 2-Enoyl-CoA reductase reduced the double bonds in a
      series of 2-trans-monoenoyl-CoA esters with different chain lengths, but did not
      exhibit significant activity towards 2-trans-double bonds of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA
      esters. This result is discussed in the light of analogous observations with
      enoyl-CoA hydratase.

PMID- 3994692
TI  - Complexing of heparin with phosphatidylcholine. A possible supramolecular
      assembly of plasma heparin.
AB  - In a series of attempts to reveal plasma heparin, we found that high ionic
      strength and modification of protein amino groups were not effective in
      extracting endogenous heparin (or, indeed, a large percentage of exogenous
      labelled heparin), whereas delipidation in the presence of 4M-guanidinium
      chloride gave high yields, indicating that plasma heparin may be assembled with
      compounds other than proteins, in a form making it inaccessible to water and
      ions. During the extraction of lipids, a paradoxical entry of heparin into the
      organic phase was observed. Detergents, including sodium dodecyl sulphate, did
      not shift heparin into the aqueous phase, whereas repeated chloroform/methanol
      extraction did so. Using purified compounds we were able to reproduce in vitro
      both the scavenging of heparin from water as well as the formation of heparin
      phosphatidylcholine complexes soluble in organic solvents. Evidence for
      complexing of heparin with phosphatidylcholine was also obtained by
      electrophoretic and ultracentrifugation assays. The quaternary-ammonium
      containing phosphatidylcholine was the more effective phospholipid in binding
      heparin; anionic phospholipids did not bind. Only heparin-like glycosaminoglycans
      bound phosphatidylcholine, but less-sulphated compounds (heparan sulphate and
      dermatan sulphate) were weaker ligands. Gel-filtration experiments showed that
      heparin was not bound to liposome vesicles, but that a measurable percentage of
      the phospholipids was stripped off from vesicles and was found in the form of a
      complex separable from liposomes by gel filtration. The molecular basis as well
      as the biological role of the interaction of heparin with major membrane
      phospholipids are discussed.

PMID- 3994693
TI  - Effect of cobalamin inactivation on folate-dependent transformylases involved in
      purine synthesis in rats.
AB  - N2O oxidizes and inactivates cob[I]alamin, and animals exposed in this way serve
      as models for cobalamin 'deficiency'. Such animals show a fall in activity of
      glycinamide ribotide transformylase and a rise in that of 5-amino-4
      imidazolecarboxamide ribotide transformylase. The fall in glycinamide ribotide
      transformylase activity was prevented by parenteral 5'-methylthioadenosine
      derived from methionine. Methylthioadenosine in turn is converted into formate.
      Activity of glycinamide ribotide transformylase recovers after 7 days despite
      continued N2O inhalation, and this is probably related to restoration of
      methionine synthesis by induction of betaine:homocysteine transmethylase.

PMID- 3994695
TI  - Prevention of the metabolic effects of 2-tetradecylglycidate by octanoic acid in
      the genetically diabetic mouse (db/db).
AB  - 2-Tetradecylglycidate is a specific inhibitor of the enzyme carnitine palmitoyl
      transferase, the rate-limiting step in long chain fatty acid oxidation. We
      previously showed that chronic administration of TDGA to genetically diabetic
      mice caused a dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose, retarded the development
      of renal immunopathologic lesions, and resulted in significant cardiomegaly. The
      present study was designed to evaluate whether all the observed consequences of
      chronic TDGA administration resulted from inhibition of long chain fatty acid
      oxidation or whether the drug exerted other nonspecific effects. To circumvent
      the effects of LCFAO inhibition, diabetic mice were dosed with TDGA and given a
      diet containing 9% octanoic acid. Octanoic acid is a medium chain fatty acid,
      whose oxidation is not dependent on the carnitine transferase system and is not
      inhibited by TDGA. Administration of the octanoate diet to diabetics receiving
      TDGA abrogated all the drug effects, including lowering of blood glucose and
      prevention of renal immunopathology. Cardiomegaly, a consequence of increased
      protein accretion associated with TDGA dosing, did not occur in the octanoate-fed
      animals. These results indicate that all the actions of TDGA are mediated via its
      inhibitory effects on long chain fatty acid oxidation. The cardiac changes
      resulting from chronic TDGA administration suggest that long chain fatty acid
      oxidation and its relationship with myocardial energetics may exert a regulatory
      role on protein synthesis in the myocardium.

PMID- 3994694
TI  - Folate polyglutamate synthetase activity in the cobalamin-inactivated rat.
AB  - Exposure to N2O inactivates cob[I]alamin and interferes with the activity of
      methionine synthetase, of which cob[I]alamin is a coenzyme. Less directly, it
      stops the formation of folate polyglutamate from tetrahydrofolates. Studies on
      the activity of folate polyglutamate synthetase in rat liver in vivo were carried
      out. The synthetase activity increased after exposure to N2O for up to 48 h, but
      longer exposure was accompanied by a return of activity to baseline values. The
      rise in synthetase activity was prevented by supplying methionine, 5'
      methylthioadenosine or 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. The fall in folate polyglutamate
      synthetase activity after 48 h was accompanied by a restoration of hepatic
      synthesis of folate polyglutamate despite continuation of N2O exposure.

PMID- 3994696
TI  - A simplified procedure for the in vitro assay of the initial linear rate of the
      reaction of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in human serum.
AB  - A simple sensitive method for the determination of the initial rate of the
      reaction of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase by equilibrating [3H]cholesterol
      with unesterified cholesterol of human serum is described. The resulting serum is
      incubated for various time periods at 37 degrees C and the increase of the label
      in the cholesterol ester fraction is measured. The labeling is effected by a
      filter paper method in which a paper strip containing the labeled cholesterol is
      placed in serum at 4 degrees C, thereby preventing the formation of labeled
      cholesterol esters by the action of the enzyme. The rate of the reaction was
      linear up to 30 min.

PMID- 3994697
TI  - Lectin-specific targeting of beta-glucocerebrosidase to different liver cells via
      glycosylated liposomes.
AB  - Galactosylated and mannosylated liposomes were more efficient in transporting
      liposome-entrapped beta-glucocerebrosidase to liver compared to nonglycosylated
      liposomes. The enzyme entrapped to glycoside-bearing liposomes was found to be
      cleared at a much faster rate than that entrapped in liposomes having no sugar on
      their surface. Asialoorosomucoid and hydrolyzed mannan were found to inhibit both
      the clearance and the uptake of galactosylated and mannosylated liposomes,
      respectively, supporting involvement of lectin-sugar interaction. Further studies
      on the uptake of glucocerebrosidase by isolated liver cells revealed that the
      enzyme entrapped in mannosylated liposomes has much higher affinity for
      nonparenchymal cells whereas the assimilation of the entrapped enzyme into
      hepatocytes is clearly favored for liposomes having galactose on their surface.

PMID- 3994698
TI  - Stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway in the human erythrocyte by Mn2+:
      evidence for a Mn2+-dependent NADPH peroxidase activity.
AB  - In human RBC hemolysates, Mn2+ was found to stimulate the HMP as determined by
      the release of 14CO2 from [1-14C]glucose, providing activities of 125, 200, and
      300% of basal at Mn2+ concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 mM, respectively. To
      explore the possibility that this stimulatory effect upon the HMP is a result of
      redox recycling of NADPH, RBC hemolysates were used to study NADPH oxidation.
      Mn2+, alone or in combination with a free radical-generating system, did not
      enhance the ability of hemolysates to oxidize NADPH. However, hemolysates + 10 mM
      H2O2 brought about a 10-fold increase in NADPH oxidation (0.51 +/- 0.05 nmole/min
      to 5.67 +/- 0.84 nmole/min) and the addition of 10 mM Mn2+ to this system
      increased the rate of oxidation to 34.10 +/- 2.97 nmole/min. Boiled hemolysates,
      either in the presence or absence of Mn2+, had some residual catalytic activity.

PMID- 3994699
TI  - Characterization of plasma lipids and lipoproteins in cholesteryl ester storage
      disease.
AB  - Cholesteryl ester storage disease, caused by the loss of lysosomal acid ester
      hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13), has been previously associated with hyperlipidemia and
      premature atherosclerosis. We identified a 23-month-old female with cholesteryl
      ester storage disease and characterized the plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the
      proband and her family. These studies illustrate several important points about
      this disease. First, a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose this
      disease since the major physical manifestation of the disorder, mild
      hepatomegaly, is subtle. Second, the Type II hyperlipoproteinemia in the proband
      is paralleled by a reduction in the concentration of high density lipoproteins.
      Third, analysis of the plasma lipids and lipoproteins in family members revealed
      both Type II and Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia with an inheritance pattern similar
      to that of familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Fourth, the parents and
      brother of this patient had 50% normal fibroblast acid ester hydrolase activity.
      These results raise the possibility that deficiency of the lysosomal acid ester
      hydrolase may be linked to familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia and that this
      enzyme deficiency may be more common than previously appreciated.

PMID- 3994701
TI  - Increased urinary excretion of m-octopamine in neuroblastoma.
AB  - The urine of three patients with neuroblastoma was found to have a 3 to 5-fold
      elevation of m-octopamine concentration. The concentration of m-synephrine was
      normal in two cases and slightly elevated in the third. These findings were
      attributed to an increased formation of m-octopamine by this tumor.

PMID- 3994700
TI  - Fluorometric assay of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in normal and mutant human
      fibroblasts.
AB  - A fluorimetric, ETF-linked procedure to determine activities of acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase in cultured human fibroblasts is described. The assay readily
      distinguishes between cell lines deficient in medium-chain acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase,
      and controls, and may allow for the diagnosis of heterozygous carriers of these
      disorders. The method has been made feasible with the development of rapid and
      efficient procedures to isolate ETF, and offers several advantages over
      procedures that are currently employed.

PMID- 3994703
TI  - Effects of phenylalanine on phenylalanine hydroxylase separation and stability.

PMID- 3994702
TI  - Phenylalanine hydroxylase isozymes in regenerating liver: effects of diet and
      age.

PMID- 3994704
TI  - The chronically reserpinized rat: decreased glycolytic activity in the
      submandibular gland.
AB  - Some of the enzymes and metabolites of the glycolytic pathway of an animal model
      for cystic fibrosis (the chronically reserpine-treated rat) were investigated.
      The activities of the enzymes phosphofructokinase (P less than 0.002), enolase (P
      less than 0.03), pyruvate kinase (P less than 0.005), and lactate dehydrogenase
      (P less than 0.009) were decreased whereas the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase was unaffected in the submandibular glands of the treated animals.
      For metabolites, the reserpine treatment resulted in an increased concentration
      of glycogen (P less than 0.0002) and phosphoenolpyruvate (P less than 0.001) and
      a decreased concentration of pyruvate (P less than 0.005) and lactate (P less
      than 0.002) in the glands. The concentration of glucose and glycerate-2-phosphate
      was unaffected. The perchloric acid-soluble part of the proteins was also
      increased (P less than 0.0001) in the submandibular glands of the reserpine
      treated animals, as was the activity of ribonuclease. These findings point to a
      disturbance in the metabolism of glucose and a possible acidosis in the
      submandibular glands of this animal model for cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 3994705
TI  - Immune complexes in insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - Circulating immune complexes (IC) were studied in 40 newly-diagnosed insulin
      dependent diabetics (IDDM), 40 long duration IDDM, and 16 healthy controls. IC
      were detected by the solid-phase Clq test (SP-Clq). IDDM patients at diagnosis
      (25%) showed a higher incidence of IC compared to the long duration IDDM patients
      (15%) and the control group (7%). There was no difference in the prevalence of
      circulating IC in long duration IDDM with clinical nephropathy and those without
      clinical nephropathy. IC detected by Sp-Clq, seem to be associated with the
      clinical onset of IDDM but not with the development of nephropathy.

PMID- 3994706
TI  - Cloning and expression of a rat class I major histocompatibility gene fragment in
      bacteria.

PMID- 3994707
TI  - Temperature dependence of dielectric relaxations in alpha-elastin coacervate:
      evidence for a peptide librational mode.
AB  - The dielectric permittivity of alpha-elastin coacervate is reported over the
      frequency range of 1 MHz to 1000 MHz and the temperature dependence from 6.8
      degrees C to 70 degrees C is also reported. A temperature-dependent simple Debye
      type relaxation is observed with a correlation time of 8 nsec (40 degrees C)
      which is similar to that of the polypentapeptide of elastin (i.e. 7 nsec at 40
      degrees C) where the band has been assigned to a peptide librational mode. By
      analogy this allows for the first assignment of a peptide librational mode in a
      naturally occurring polypeptide or protein. The strong spectrally localized band
      indicates a regularity of structure. The low temperature dependence of the
      correlation time, giving a 1.7 kcal/mole enthalpy of activation, is consistent
      with torsional motions associated with a peptide librational mode.

PMID- 3994708
TI  - Immunochemical studies on the metabolism of nitrosamines by ethanol-inducible
      cytochrome P-450.
AB  - The ethanol-induced rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, P-450LM3a, has been
      shown previously to efficiently catalyze the demethylation of N
      nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) with a Km of 2.9 mM. Since the predominant Km in
      hepatic microsomes from ethanol-treated rabbits is 0.07 mM, the role of P-450LM3a
      in the activation of this carcinogen has been uncertain. In the present study,
      antibodies to P-450LM3a were shown to almost completely inhibit NDMA
      demethylation by the purified P-450 in a reconstituted system as well as the low
      Km activity of liver microsomes from control or ethanol-treated rabbits. In
      contrast, the antibody did not inhibit the high-Km NDMA demethylase activity in
      the microsomes. These results indicate that P-450LM3a is the major P-450
      responsible for the low-Km NDMA demethylase activity. In addition, evidence is
      provided for the existence of a cytochrome immunochemically similar to P-450LM3a
      in liver microsomes from rats, mice, and guinea pigs that effectively catalyzes
      the demethylation of NDMA.

PMID- 3994709
TI  - Interaction of reduced glutathione with bovine brain tubulin.
AB  - Incubation of phosphocellulose-purified tubulin with GSH at 30 degrees C results
      in an inhibition of colchicine binding activity. GSSG has a protective effect
      against the GSH-induced loss of colchicine-binding. Incubation of tubulin with
      GSH at 30 degrees C results in the formation of abnormal tubulin polymers which
      are insensitive to cold. Such aggregation is insensitive to antimicrotubular
      drugs. Aggregation is inhibited by GSSG but not by DTT or mercaptoethanol. GSH
      induced aggregation is very sensitive to the ionic strength of the assembly
      medium; both the aggregation and colchicine binding inhibition induced by GSH are
      inhibited at higher ionic strength. These results indicate a very complex
      interaction of GSH with tubulin.

PMID- 3994711
TI  - Evidence that a collagen derived octapeptide inhibits fibrinogen binding to
      platelets stimulated by collagen and not by ADP.
AB  - A synthetic octapeptide derived from type III collagen which specifically
      inhibits the activation and aggregation of platelets by collagen without
      affecting their adhesion was assayed on the collagen and ADP dependent fibrinogen
      binding to platelets. With 20 micrograms/ml collagen, the octapeptide (6 mM)
      inhibited by 68% the fibrinogen binding: this inhibition was correlated (p less
      than 0.01) to a decrease in the velocity of aggregation, suggesting that the
      fibrinogen binding might influence this parameter. The octapeptide did not affect
      the ADP-induced platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding. This indicates that
      the octapeptide does not inhibit the binding of fibrinogen to its receptor
      directly, but interferes with some step(s) preceding the collagen-induced
      expression of the fibrinogen receptor.

PMID- 3994710
TI  - Short-term stimulation of lipogenesis by triiodothyronine in maintenance cultures
      of rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Within 4 h following the addition of 3,3',5 triiodo-L-thyronine to monolayer
      cultures of hepatocytes isolated from hypothyroid rats, a very distinct
      stimulation of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, measured as incorporation of
      either [1-14C]acetate or [3H]H2O into these lipid fractions, is observed. A
      smaller but significant increase in the rate of lipogenesis occurs in hepatocytes
      derived from euthyroid animals. These stimulatory effects of triiodothyronine are
      also observed in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that the described
      early and direct stimulation of lipogenesis by the thyroid hormone is, at least
      in part, independent of protein synthesis.

PMID- 3994712
TI  - Fibroblast growth factor in the human placenta.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) has been purified 333,000-fold from human placenta
      by a combination of salt precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography, and
      Heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Molecular weight (15-16 kDaltons),
      amino acid composition, bioactivity and immunological crossreactivity with bovine
      pituitary FGF indicate that the mitogens from the two species are closely related
      molecules.

PMID- 3994714
TI  - Identification of calcium-binding proteins associated with the lymphocyte plasma
      membrane.
AB  - The Nonidet P40 insoluble fraction of lymphocyte plasma membrane contains three
      polypeptides of about 68,000-, 33,000- and 28,000-Mr which are solubilised by
      Ca2+-chelators. As judged by various criteria the 33,000-Mr polypeptide is
      homologous to the 36,000-Mr pp60src kinase substrate of chicken fibroblasts and
      the 68,000-Mr polypeptide is related to the 67,000-Mr "calelectrin" of bovine
      liver. The 28,000-Mr polypeptide may also be related to calelectrin.

PMID- 3994713
TI  - (Met)enkephalin and carboxypeptidase processing enzyme are co-released from
      chromaffin cells by cholinergic stimulation.
AB  - A carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme is involved in processing of proenkephalin in
      adrenal medulla. Nicotine stimulated the co-release of this enzyme with
      (Met)enkephalin pentapeptide from bovine chromaffin cells in primary culture. The
      ratio of enzyme activity/immunoreactivity was determined for the released
      carboxypeptidase to provide an index of the level of enzyme activity per unit
      number of enzyme molecules. The ratio for the Co++-stimulated carboxypeptidase
      secreted into the cell culture medium upon nicotinic stimulation was 10.1 +/-
      1.02 (pmol Met-enkephalin formed per ng carboxypeptidase immunoreactivity), while
      the Co++-stimulated carboxypeptidase in the soluble and membrane components of
      purified chromaffin granules had lower ratios of 5.46 +/- 0.70 and 1.07 +/- 0.13,
      respectively. Hexamethonium, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, blocked the
      nicotine-induced release of the carboxypeptidase processing enzyme and
      (Met)enkephalin. These data suggest that a pool of carboxypeptidase enzyme
      molecules at a high state of activation are present in functionally mature
      granules whose contents are released by nicotinic receptor stimulation.

PMID- 3994715
TI  - Inactivation of human placental aromatase by 6 alpha- and 6 beta
      hydroperoxyandrostenedione.
AB  - The epimeric 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroperoxy derivatives of androstendione caused
      irreversible inactivation of human placental aromatase. Microsomes from term
      placentae were first preincubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of
      the hydroperoxides. The microsomes were then washed free of steroids and its
      residual aromatase activity was assayed by the tritium-exchange method to
      [3H]water. Aromatase activity decreased in a time-, and concentration-dependent
      manner; the axial, beta-hydroperoxy epimer was the slightly stronger inactivator.
      Less inactivation occurred when during the preincubation stage the natural
      aromatase substrate, androstenedione, or the anti-oxidant, dithiothreitol, was
      added. The sulfhydryl reagent, p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate, decreased this
      protective effect. The inactivation is not dependent on the presence of NADPH.
      Both steroids induced a Type I difference spectrum with a Ks of 0.167 microM and
      0.163 microM for the 6 alpha-, and the 6 beta-hydroperoxyandrostenedione,
      respectively. We suggest that these 6-hydroperoxyandrogens may function as active
      site directed inhibitors and inactivators of estrogen synthetase through
      oxidation of cysteine residues.

PMID- 3994716
TI  - Iron-57 chemical shifts in carbonyl myoglobin and its model complexes determined
      by iron-57-carbon-13 double resonance.
AB  - The 57Fe chemical shift of sperm whale carbonyl myoglobin and two model complexes
      have been determined by double resonance methods in doubly enriched [57Fe, 13C]
      samples. Deprotonation of the axial imidazole in the model complex causes a large
      upfield 57Fe chemical shift, consistent with the increased ligand field strength.
      The 57Fe signal for MbCO is to low field of that of the neutral imidazole
      complex, arguing against significant hydrogen-bonding of its imidazole but
      supporting a slight axial strain. This indirect method permits the first
      effective study of 57Fe shifts in a limited class of hemoproteins.

PMID- 3994717
TI  - Particulate nature of the unoccupied uterine estrogen receptor.
AB  - Homogenization of rat uteri at 25 degrees C resulted in a particulate
      partitioning of the estrogen receptor. Homogenization at 0 degrees C, the use of
      frozen tissue, or the pre-exposure of the tissue to 0 degrees C prior to 25
      degrees C homogenization induced soluble partitioning of the estrogen receptor.
      Binding of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody indicated that, in absence of
      estradiol, the estrogen receptor is particulate and is associated with the nuclei
      enriched fraction of the target cell. The presence of receptor in the soluble
      fraction thus appears to be an artifact of homogenization. The unoccupied
      receptor, loosely associated with the particulate fraction (cold-sensitive)
      represents the "native" form of receptor which, upon arrival of the hormone,
      becomes tightly associated (cold-insensitive). The transition from the cold
      sensitive to the cold-insensitive status is accompanied by a modification of the
      electrical charge of the receptor.

PMID- 3994718
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipid monolayers: effect of
      fatty acyl composition on enzyme activity.
AB  - The phospholipase A1 activity of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) was determined with
      monomolecular phospholipid films. Rates of phospholipid hydrolysis were dependent
      on apolipoprotein C-II (the activator protein for LpL) phospholipid fatty acyl
      composition, and lipid-packing density. In sphingomyelin: cholesterol (2:1,
      molar) monolayers containing 5 mol % disaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) and at
      a surface pressure of 22 mNm-1, rates of LpL hydrolysis of diC14:0PC, diC16:0PC,
      and diC18:0PC were 74, 207, and 65 nmol h-1 mg LpL-1, respectively. At 22 mNm-1,
      phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acyl chains were hydrolyzed at rates 5
      10 times greater than saturated lipids. At higher lipid packing densities, the
      difference in hydrolysis rates between saturated and unsaturated lipids was less
      apparent. Comparison of molecular areas indicate no simple dependency between the
      rate of LpL catalysis and phospholipid fatty acyl chain length and
      saturation/unsaturation.

PMID- 3994719
TI  - Properties of the tryptophan residue in rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450
      isozyme 2 as determined by fluorescence.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 isozyme 2 from rabbit liver microsomes fluoresces upon
      excitation at 295 nm due to the single tryptophyl residue (Trp121) in the
      protein. The fluorescence spectrum, which is not altered by the presence of
      phospholipid or substrates, has a maximum at 335 nm, which suggests that the
      environment of the residue is hydrophobic. The fluorescence intensity decreases
      linearly with increase of specific content of the cytochrome preparations, and
      the holoenzyme was estimated to exhibit, at most, 6% as much fluorescence as the
      apoenzyme. This indicates that the fluorescence of the tryptophan is quenched by
      energy transfer to the heme. The distance between the tryptophyl residue and the
      heme was estimated to be less than 40 A. From enhancement of the fluorescence by
      methanol and ethanol, 30 to 50% of the Trp residue was found to be accessible to
      these solvents. On the other hand, the accessibility to iodide and cesium ions,
      as estimated by quenching effects, is less than 14%. From such evidence, the
      tryptophyl residue is believed to be partly buried. Since Trp121 is conserved at
      or near the same position in all mammalian P-450's so far sequenced, the results
      obtained may be applicable to these related cytochromes as well.

PMID- 3994720
TI  - Hemoglobin M: effect of the proximal or distal histidine replacement on circular
      dichroism in the visible region.
AB  - To examine the effects of a replacement of the proximal or the distal histidine
      on the structure of hemoglobin (Hb), absorption and circular dichroic (CD)
      spectra of five species of Hbs M in the visible region were measured. Four Hbs M
      had a characteristic but a similar absorption spectrum upon amino acid
      substitution, however, the proximal histidine replaced Hbs M (Hb M Iwate and Hb M
      Hyde Park) showed considerably different CD spectra from those of the distal
      histidine replaced ones (Hb M Boston and Hb M Saskatoon). The former exhibited
      large positive CD but the latter gave a complex CD spectrum with positive and
      negative extrema. On the other hand, absorption and CD spectra of Hb M Milwaukee
      did not changed very much from those of Hb A.

PMID- 3994721
TI  - Naturally-occurring pituitary growth hormone is phosphorylated.
AB  - The results of this communication show that ovine growth hormone (oGH) contains
      organically-bound phosphorous. The phosphorous content of growth hormone, lot S
      11, is 1:3 (mol/mol) and that of lot S-12 is 1:6 (mol/mol). Results of 31P NMR
      studies suggest that the phosphorous exists in two chemical forms: as a
      monophosphoryl ester and as a phosphodiester. Evidence is provided which
      demonstrates that growth hormone can be phosphorylated in vitro with the
      catalytic subunit of protein kinase.

PMID- 3994722
TI  - Temperature dependent spectral changes of iron and nickel hemoglobins and their
      derivatives.
AB  - Temperature dependent absolute and difference spectra for deoxy and oxy human
      hemoglobin, alpha and beta subunits, NiHbA, carboxypeptidase A treated deoxy HbA
      and NiHbA have been investigated. It is shown for the first time that the alpha
      subunits are mainly responsible for the temperature dependent spectral changes in
      the absorption spectra of Hb in the range from 0 degrees C to 40 degrees C. It
      has also been found that in the R state the spectral alterations caused by
      temperature variation are about 85% of those found for the T state of Hb. The
      value of following the temperature dependence of the porphyrin bands of
      hemoproteins, as a sensitive probe for subtle changes in the region of the heme,
      is demonstrated.

PMID- 3994723
TI  - DNA polymerase activity in a repair-deficient human cell line.
AB  - A human low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient diploid fibroblast cell
      line (GM1915) was determined to be short patch competent (DNA polymerase-beta)
      and long patch deficient (DNA polymerase-alpha) for DNA excision repair. Analysis
      of DNA from GM1915 cells or from WI38 control cells, following treatment with a
      mutagen known to initiate long patch excision repair, showed that GM1915 cells
      exhibited decreased resynthesis of oligonucleotide segments excised during
      repair. When cells deficient in DNA polymerase-alpha activity were permeabilized
      to permit LDL entry, repair synthesis immediately increased. These data suggest
      that DNA polymerase-alpha is not activated by mutagen treatment in GM1915 cells
      and that introduction of LDL into the cells results in activation of the enzyme.

PMID- 3994724
TI  - Immunochemical relatedness between secretory phospholipase A2 and intracellular
      phospholipase A2.
AB  - The immunochemical relationship between rat pancreatic phospholipase A2 and rat
      splenic phospholipase A2 was examined with the use of anti-rat pancreatic
      phospholipase A2 antibody as a probe. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns showed
      that the antibody cross-reacted with the splenic enzyme. The immuno
      crossreactivity was also shown by counter immunoelectrophoresis. The splenic
      phospholipase A2, whether it was purified from the cytosolic fraction or the
      microsomal fraction, formed an immunoprecipitin band with the anti-pancreatic
      phospholipase A2 antibody. The antibody was shown to inhibit the activity of the
      pancreatic phospholipase A2 as well as that of the splenic phospholipase A2.

PMID- 3994725
TI  - Tetanus toxin induces fusion and aggregation of lipid vesicles containing
      phosphatidylinositol at low pH.
AB  - We report here on the ability of tetanus toxin to induce, at low pH, fusion and
      aggregation of lipid vesicles containing phosphatidylinositol. It has been shown
      that diphtheria toxin is internalized in acidic vacuoles (endosomes) and that the
      low endosomal pH could induce a protein conformational change responsible for the
      interaction with the endosomal membranes and the toxin translocation into the
      cytoplasm. The data here reported indicate that tetanus toxin might interact with
      lipid membrane in a similar way as diphtheria toxin suggesting for the two
      proteins an identical mechanism of entry into cells.

PMID- 3994726
TI  - Phosphatidyl glycerolphosphate serves as glycerolphosphate donor in polymer
      synthesis.
AB  - Phosphatidyl glycerolphosphate was found to serve as the glycerolphosphate donor
      for polymer synthesis. When CDP-diglyceride and radiolabeled glycerolphosphate
      were incubated with the membrane enzyme prepared from Streptococcus sanguis,
      active syntheses of radiolabeled lipids and polymers were observed. The synthesis
      of polymer was not inhibited by low concentration of unlabeled
      phosphatidylglycerol. When [3H, 32P]glycerolphosphate was used, the polymer
      synthesized contained both 3H and 32P. The lipids formed were characterized as
      phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl glycerolphosphate. The polymers formed from
      the latter were characterized as lipoteichoic acid like compounds by sodium
      dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 3994727
TI  - In vivo and in vitro destruction of rat liver cytochrome P-450 by a monoterpene
      ketone, pulegone.
AB  - In vivo administration of pulegone once daily decreased the levels of liver
      microsomal cyt. P-450 to the extent of 32 and 76% at the end of 24 and 96 hrs
      respectively. However, cyt. b5 and NAD(P)H-cyt. c reductase activities remained
      unchanged. In vitro incubation (15 min) of liver microsomes from phenobarbitol
      (PB)-treated rats with pulegone (10 mM), aerobically or anaerobically resulted in
      the loss (approximately 60%) of cyt. P-450 in the presence or absence of NADPH.
      Destruction of cyt. P-450 was more in PB-treated microsomes as compared to 3
      methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated and control microsomes. The loss of cyt. P-450
      was accompanied by a concomitant loss of microsomal heme. In contrast, menthone
      or carvone upon incubation with PB-induced microsomes resulted in the conversion
      (25-40%) of cyt. P-450 to cyt. P-420 without any loss of microsomal heme. The
      destructive process is irreversible, time dependent, linear upto a substrate
      concentration of 10 mM and follows first order kinetics.

PMID- 3994728
TI  - Chemiluminescence in L-tyrosine-H2O2-horseradish peroxidase system: possible
      formation of tyrosine cation radical.
AB  - Tyrosine-H2O2-horseradish peroxidase system at pH 7.4 emitted light in visible
      region. Phenolic compounds other than tyrosine were also emissive, whereas
      methoxy phenylalanine and phenyl compounds were not, in H2O2-peroxidase systems.
      Chemiluminescence spectrum of tyrosine of tyrosine-H2O2-horseradish peroxidase
      system showed two prominent peaks at 478 nm and 500 nm (Luminescence 1) and
      additional two or three peaks near 550 and 610 nm (Luminescence 2). Luminescence
      1 is quite similar to the phosphorescence originated from an excited tyrosine in
      triplet state, while Luminescence 2 is quite similar to the phosphorescence
      originated from an indole in triplet state. Possible formation of tyrosine cation
      radical (a precursor of the excited tyrosine) and indole cation radical in the
      enzyme protein (a precursor of the excited tryptophan residue) were discussed.

PMID- 3994729
TI  - Effect of S-adenosylhomocysteine on sulfhydryl xenobiotic transmethylases in rat
      liver.
AB  - Rat liver cytosolic thiopurine methyltransferase and microsomal thiol
      methyltransferase were each found to be subject to control by the absolute molar
      ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine using cell-free enzyme
      preparations. As this ratio was lowered, inhibition of both sulfhydryl xenobiotic
      transmethylases occurred. On the other hand, when the ratio was decreased in vivo
      by the administration of D,L-homocysteine thiolactone to animals, this alteration
      was accompanied by an inhibition of only thiopurine methyltransferase activity.
      Thiol methyltransferase activity was not significantly affected after drug
      treatment, which would suggest that there is a compartmentalization of S
      adenosylhomocysteine in the intact hepatocyte.

PMID- 3994730
TI  - Factors influencing ascorbate free radical formation.
AB  - Several constituents of serum and related substances were examined in order to
      find factors influencing ascorbate radical formation. Human ceruloplasmin and
      albumin catalyzed singly ascorbate oxidation and caused a remarkable increase in
      ESR intensity of the ascorbate radical. Although, however, the combination of
      these two factors showed synergic effects on catalysis of ascorbate oxidation,
      the radical intensity significantly decreased. Fibrinogen and fetuin showed
      inhibitory effects on catalysis of ascorbate oxidation, whereas transferrin,
      citric acid, or other related substances exhibited no effect. A new factor which
      inhibited ascorbate oxidation was found in a serum fraction. These results
      indicate there is a counterbalanced equilibrium in the redox process of ascorbate
      in serum and the intensity of ascorbate radical is influenced by the summation of
      the complicated effects of many factors.

PMID- 3994732
TI  - A new assay method for lipid peroxides using a methylene blue derivative.
AB  - To determine the absolute amount of lipid hydroperoxides in biological materials,
      a simple and sensitive colorimetric method was newly developed, based on the
      reaction of lipid hydroperoxides with a leucomethylene blue derivative in the
      presence of hemoglobin. The amount of methylene blue formed was measured by its
      absorbance at 666 nm to calculate the amount of lipid hydroperoxides using cumene
      hydroperoxide as external standard. By this method, lipid hydroperoxide
      concentrations of less than 7.5 nmol/tube were accurately determined.

PMID- 3994731
TI  - Effect of L-propargylglycine on metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids in
      pregnant rats and their fetuses.
AB  - Cystathionine accumulated in several tissues of dams and fetuses by a single
      intraperitoneal administration of L-proparglyglycine to pregnant rats.
      Cystathionine in the liver of dams reached its maximal level at about 15 hrs
      after L-proparglyglycine injection (10 mg/300g), while that in the kidney and
      brain of dams, and in the liver, kidney, and brain of fetuses reached a maximum
      at about 21 hrs. The content of cystine in the liver of fetuses decreased
      gradually in proportion to the amount of L-proparglyglycine administered.
      Cystathionine gamma-lyase activity in the liver of dams and fetuses decreased to
      about 2-4% of that of control rats at 15 hrs after L-proparglyglycine injection,
      and that in the kidney and pancreas of dams to about 10-20% of that of control
      rats. On the other hand, cystathionine beta-synthase activity did not show
      significant changes from that of control rats.

PMID- 3994733
TI  - Response of the cockroach brain gamma-aminobutyric acid system to isonicotinic
      acid hydrazide and mercaptopropionic acid.
AB  - The presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) enzymes was demonstrated in
      the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) brain. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) in
      vivo (2.19 mumol/g) inhibited brain GAD activity, the inhibition lasted for about
      2 hours and the normal activity levels reappeared at 4 h after INH
      administration. Brain GABA levels increased initially but then declined and were
      restored to normal levels at 4 h after INH administration. GABA-T activity was
      strongly inhibited by INH and a total 100% inhibition was observed at 2-3 h
      following INH treatment. The GABA-T activity, however, began to recover after 3 h
      but only 37% of the total enzyme activity was released from inhibition.
      Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) in vivo (32 micrograms/g) inhibited brain GAD
      activity and depleted GABA level also. Results indicate that INH response of the
      cockroach brain GABA system is similar to that reported for the chick brain but
      differs from that of the mammalian brain.

PMID- 3994734
TI  - Anomeric specificity of glycolysis in a non glucokinase-containing cell.
AB  - In rat erythrocyte homogenates, the phosphorylation of D-glucose measured at 30
      degrees C over a wide range of glucose concentrations (50 microM to 20 mM)
      yielded in a double reciprocal plot a single straight line with a Km close to
      0.06 mM and a maximal velocity close to 47 nmol/60 min per mg hemoglobin. At 8
      degrees C, the rate of glucose phosphorylation was 60% higher in the presence of
      beta-D-glucose than alpha-D-glucose. Yet, in intact erythrocytes incubated at 8
      degrees C in the presence of beta-D-glucose (4 or 7 mM), the glucose-induced
      increment in lactic acid output represented no more than 39 to 74% of that found
      in the presence of alpha-D-glucose. Thus, a greater rate of glycolysis in the
      presence of alpha-D-glucose was observed in a cell devoid of glucokinase and
      containing a hexokinase with preference for beta-D-glucose. These findings
      indicate that the anomeric specificity of glycolysis in intact cells cannot be
      predicted and does not necessarily depend on the anomeric preference of glucose
      phosphorylating enzyme(s).

PMID- 3994735
TI  - Changes in rat liver immunoreactive cathepsin D after cycloheximide.
AB  - A rocket immunoelectrophoretic procedure has been developed for the assay of
      cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) immunoreactive protein, in a 10-100 ng range, directly
      on crude soluble liver homogenate extracts. By this method, the drop in activity
      of rat liver cathepsin D effected by repeated doses of cycloheximide, a protein
      synthesis inhibitor, reflects a parallel change in total enzyme protein content,
      the specific activity being stable in the course of the treatment. These
      observations are compatible with the hypothesis that ongoing enzyme degradation,
      coupled with impaired synthesis, accounts for such a decline of cathepsin D.

PMID- 3994736
TI  - Substrate-dependent inactivation of muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase: identification
      of the acetyl-substituted enzyme form.
AB  - The properties of the pyruvate dehydrogenase component isolated from the pigeon
      breast muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were studied upon inactivation of
      the enzyme in an incomplete reaction mixture: in the presence of cofactors and
      pyruvate, and in the absence of electron acceptors. The substrate-dependent
      inactivation was shown to result in the modification of two sulfhydryl groups per
      mole of the enzyme, in the appearance of a maximum at 235 nm in the protein
      absorption spectrum, and in the involvement of 1.5 moles of the [2-14C]-pyruvate
      fragment per mole of the pyruvate dehydrogenase. The fragment-protein bond is
      acid-stable, labile in alkali, and breaks up in the presence of performic acid,
      neutral hydroxylamine and dithiothreitol. An acetyl-substituted form of pyruvate
      dehydrogenase appearing with the participation of sulfhydryl enzyme groups is
      suggested.

PMID- 3994738
TI  - Red blood cell oxidative metabolism induced by hydroxypyruvaldehyde.
AB  - Hydroxypyruvaldehyde is a substrate for the red cell glyoxalase system. It was
      metabolized by glyoxalase I with reduced glutathione to S-glyceroyl glutathione
      which was subsequently enzymatically hydrolyzed to reduced glutathione and
      glycerate by glyoxalase II. There was a competing spontaneous reaction of
      hydroxypyruvaldehyde with oxygen, which produced hydrogen peroxide, inducing
      oxidative metabolism in hydroxypyruvaldehyde-treated red cells. The incubation of
      red cells with hydroxypyruvaldehyde produced a stimulation in the flux of glucose
      oxidized through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, a stimulation in lactate
      production with a decrease in pyruvate production in the Embden-Meyerhoff
      pathway, an oxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotides and reduced glutathione to
      their oxidized cogeners, and changes in the oxidative status of hemoglobin.
      Overall, the majority of hydroxypyruvaldehyde consumption in red cell suspensions
      appeared to occur via non-oxidative routes, e.g. glyoxalase and/or 2-ketoaldehyde
      dehydrogenase, and non-enzymic protein binding. Although the observed oxidative
      metabolism induced by hydroxypyruvaldehyde in red cells was not severe (reduced
      glutathione levels in hydroxypyruvaldehyde-treated red cells were ca. 80% of the
      control values in untreated cells), the oxidative effects may be important in red
      cell ageing processes.

PMID- 3994737
TI  - Metabolism of phosphorus-containing compounds by pig liver microsomal FAD
      containing monooxygenase.
AB  - Oxidative desulfuration of phosphonate insecticides such as fonofos (S-phenyl
      ethyl ethylphosphonodithioate) and its analogs is catalyzed by pig liver
      microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase, although desulfuration of
      phosphorodithioates, such as parathion, is not. Substitution of an alkyl group
      for the remaining alkoxy group, as in S-phenyl diethylphosphinodithioate, did not
      increase its oxidation rate. Diethylphenylphosphine sulfide, containing 3
      phosphorus-carbon bonds, was actually a poorer substrate than fonofos.
      Replacement of the S-phenyl group of fonofos with an O-phenyl group increased the
      Km value above the solubility limit. Trivalent phosphorus-containing compounds
      were also excellent substrates for this enzyme. Diethylphenylphosphine had a Km
      value lower than 2.5 microM. Diethyl phenylphosphonite also appeared to be an
      excellent substrate but its rapid nonenzymatic hydrolysis and/or oxidation
      precluded accurate Km determinations. Stoichiometry studies with
      diethylphenylphosphine and its sulfide showed that O2 and NADPH consumption were
      approximately equal to the substrate consumed. The major metabolite of both
      diethylphenylphosphine and its sulfide was the phosphine oxide. These results
      show that microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase of pig liver has activity as a
      phosphorus-oxidase, in addition to its well characterized nitrogen- and sulfur
      oxidase roles.

PMID- 3994739
TI  - The role of pentachlorophenol in causing mitochondrial derangement in
      hexachlorobenzene induced experimental porphyria.
AB  - Hexachlorobenzene feeding to rats for 60 days to induce experimental porphyria
      resulted in partial and constant uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of liver
      mitochondria from the early phase (i.e. 20 days) of treatment. Direct
      experimental evidence has been presented that this uncoupling is completely due
      to the action of pentachlorophenol endogenously formed by metabolism of
      hexachlorobenzene. The complete restoration of membrane potential by albumin
      under these conditions indicates that no irreversible damage occurs in the
      mitochondrial membrane. No appreciable correlation between concentrations of
      pentachlorophenol and the degree of porphyria has been observed.

PMID- 3994741
TI  - A novel biologically active selenoorganic compound--IV. Protective glutathione
      dependent effect of PZ 51 (ebselen) against ADP-Fe induced lipid peroxidation in
      isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - PZ 51 (Ebselen) is capable of inhibiting ADP-Fe-induced lipid peroxidation in
      isolated hepatocytes, assessed by generation of low-level chemiluminescence, and
      the formation of alkanes (ethane, n-pentane) and malondialdehyde. The sulphur
      analog PZ 25 is much less active. PZ 51 is ineffective in glutathione-depleted
      hepatocytes that were obtained after phorone pretreatment of the animals.
      However, other antioxidants, like (+)-cyanidanol-3 or diethyldithiocarbamate are
      effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation also in glutathione-depleted cells.
      The results are attributed to a GSH peroxidase-like activity of PZ 51. Addition
      of the chemically synthetized compound, PZ 51-SG, a glutathione adduct of PZ 51,
      does not provide extra protection in GSH-depleted cells in comparison to the
      parent compound, PZ 51. Dithioerythritol exhibits a protective effect, and PZ 51
      is more efficient than in the absence of this thiol reductant. Dithioerythritol
      also exerts an effect in glutathione-depleted cells. A peroxidase-like activity
      using DTE as reductant is demonstrated in vitro.

PMID- 3994742
TI  - Enzymatic requirement for cyanamide inactivation of rat liver aldehyde
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - The in vitro inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) by cyanamide in rat
      liver slices, in intact mitochondria, and at various stages of purity was
      characterized. Low-Km ALDH was more susceptible to cyanamide inactivation than
      was the high-Km form. In addition, the presence of NAD or NADH was necessary for
      cyanamide inhibition of the ALDH activity. Cyanamide at low concentrations
      required enzymatic conversion to a reactive derivative that could inhibit ALDH.
      The data in this study are consistent with the suggestion of DeMaster et al.
      [Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 122, 358 (1984)] that catalase is the cyanamide
      converting enzyme. An inhibitor of catalase activity, malonate, decreased the
      rate of cyanamide inactivation of ALDH in intact mitochondria. Furthermore,
      affinity chromatography-purified ALDH, free of catalase activity, was not
      susceptible to cyanamide inactivation. This affinity-purified ALDH was only
      inactivated by high concentrations of cyanamide. Thus, an alternative pathway for
      ALDH inactivation may exist in which enzymatic modification of cyanamide is not
      necessary. It is more likely, however, that a contaminating enzyme in the ALDH
      preparation is capable of activating cyanamide.

PMID- 3994740
TI  - Cellular pharmacology of deferrioxamine B and derivatives in cultured rat
      hepatocytes in relation to iron mobilization.
AB  - Two radiolabelled derivatives of deferrioxamine B (DF) have been synthesized:
      methyl-DF and acetyl-DF. Both derivatives are non cytotoxic and stable in cell
      culture but they are degraded in human plasma and more extensively in rat plasma.
      Methyl-DF, acetyl-DF and DF mobilize radioiron to the same extent from
      hepatocytes loaded with 59Fe citrate in the same range of extracellular
      concentrations. The uptake and release of the 3H-labelled derivatives and their
      corresponding iron complexes have been measured and appear to represent a passive
      phenomenon resulting from the gradient of concentration between the cellular
      compartment and the extracellular medium. The results indicate that only a
      limited pool of cellular iron is accessible for chelation and that neither the
      permeability of the cellular membrane, nor the intracellular concentration of the
      chelators are the limiting factors for iron mobilization. On the basis of the
      subcellular distribution of the 3H-DF analogues, methylamine inhibition of iron
      chelation by siderophores in cell cultures and the positive effect of acidic pH
      and hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes on in vitro iron mobilization from
      radiolabelled ferritin, we suggest that iron mobilization by DF and its
      derivatives occurs in lysosomes where they complex iron released from ferritin
      under the conjugate actions of acidic pH and lysosomal enzymes.

PMID- 3994743
TI  - Effect on mast cell histamine of inhibiting histamine formation in vivo with
      alpha-fluoromethylhistidine.
AB  - An irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
      (FMH), was used to inhibit histamine formation by mast cells in vivo. Even at
      doses of FMH sufficient to reduce histamine formation more than 95%, the ability
      of mast cells to synthesize histamine recovered rapidly. It was possible,
      however, to sustain levels of histamine-forming activity below 10% of normal with
      continuous administration of FMH from subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps.
      Administration of FMH under these conditions did not deplete significantly mast
      cell histamine but did prevent the increase in total mast cell histamine that
      occurs over 14 days and also prevented the reconstitution of mast cell histamine
      stores after depletion by treatment with polymyxin B.

PMID- 3994744
TI  - Action of camptothecin and its derivatives on deoxyribonucleic acid.
AB  - Camptothecin, an antitumor alkaloid, induced alkali-labile linkages to
      supercoiled closed circular DNA. The induction was dependent on the concentration
      of salt, and the highest level of induction was obtained in the presence of 1.0 M
      NaCl. The active site was the OH group at the C-20 in the E ring. Camptothecin
      interacted with adenine base at the C-7 in the B ring which resulted in
      inhibition of hyperchromicity in heat denaturation of DNA. Replacement of the H
      group with a substituent whose chain length was longer than -CH2CH3, such as 
      CH2OCOCH2CH3 or -CH2(CH2)4CO2CH3, caused a loss of potency for the inhibition of
      hyperchromicity. In the presence of 1.0 M NaCl, camptothecin interacted with
      superhelical closed circular DNA at 37 degrees. The apparent number of binding
      sites per base-pair of superhelical DNA was about one hundredth of ethidium
      bromide according to the equilibrium dialysis experiment. An intercalative
      interaction was observed with poly(dG-dC) in a 4 M NaCl concentration, but not in
      0.1 M NaCl. A similar intercalation was detected in brominated poly(dG-dC) in the
      physiological concentration of NaCl. Camptothecin seemed to intercalate into the
      Z-form region which was favorably induced in a negatively superhelical closed
      circular DNA.

PMID- 3994745
TI  - Effect of hypoxia on oxidative and reductive pathways of omeprazole metabolism by
      the isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - The effect of hypoxia on the elimination of omeprazole, a potent inhibitor of
      gastric acid secretion, was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver. During
      normal oxygenation, a 10 mg bolus dose was eliminated rapidly (T 1/2 beta = 8.0
      +/- 1.1 min; mean +/- S.E.M., N = 4), while under hypoxic conditions T 1/2 beta
      was increased to 81.6 +/- 5.4 min (P less than 0.01). Upon reoxygenation, T 1/2
      beta returned to 9.6 +/- 1.3 min. During hypoxia, perfusate concentrations of an
      oxidative metabolite (the sulphone) were reduced by 68%, while those of the
      reductively-generated sulphide increased 4-fold. With reoxygenation, both
      formation and elimination of the sulphone were increased, while the sulphide,
      which had accumulated during the hypoxic period, was eliminated rapidly. These
      findings were duplicated in steady-state experiments, in which omeprazole
      clearance during hypoxia fell by at least 70%, and sulphide concentrations in
      perfusate rose from undetectable levels to 200 ng/ml (at least a 10-fold
      increase). Sulphone concentrations did not change with hypoxia, consistent with a
      reduction in both its formation and elimination rates. We conclude that the
      hepatic elimination of omeprazole is severely retarded by hypoxia, but that this
      effect is promptly reversed by reoxygenation. The increased formation of
      reductive metabolite during hypoxia is not of sufficient magnitude to sustain the
      normal hepatic elimination of omeprazole.

PMID- 3994746
TI  - Possible relationships between changes in body weight set-point and stress
      metabolism after treating rats chronically with D-fenfluramine. Effects of
      feeding rats acutely with fructose on the metabolism of corticosterone, glucose,
      fatty acids, glycerol and triacylglycerol.
AB  - Rats were maintained on a corn oil diet and treated with D-fenfluramine at doses
      of 2.5 mg/kg twice a day for 11 days or with 10 mg or 25 mg/kg once a day for 12
      days. The lower dose of D-fenfluramine produced no marked changes in body weight
      and after 11 days of treatment the weights of the rats on average were only 2%
      lower than the controls. The food intake of these rats was only decreased on the
      first day. The two higher doses of D-fenfluramine decreased the food consumption
      for about 3 days but thereafter it was similar to that of the control rats. The
      body weight of these rats fell on the first day, but after about four days the
      gain in body weight paralleled rather than approached that of the control rats.
      Increasing the dose of D-fenfluramine progressively decreased the relative size
      of the epididymal fat pad. At the end of the treatment period the rats were fed
      acutely with fructose to increase the circulating concentrations of
      corticosterone and to stimulate triacylglycerol synthesis. All three doses of D
      fenfluramine decreased the concentration of circulating triacylglycerol after
      fructose feeding. The 10 mg/kg dose also decreased the basal concentration of
      triacylglycerol. The two higher doses of fenfluramine decreased the rises in the
      circulating concentrations of corticosterone, glycerol and fatty acids that are
      produced by fructose feeding. The basal concentrations of these compounds in the
      absence of fructose feeding were not significantly affected by the 10 mg/kg dose
      of D-fenfluramine. The possible relationship between the effect of chronic
      treatment with D-fenfluramine in decreasing a metabolic stress response and
      lipolysis is discussed relative to its hypotriglyceridaemic action and its effect
      on body weight-set point. The results demonstrate that D-fenfluramine produced
      persistent changes in metabolism at a time when the treated rats were growing at
      the same rate as the control rats and when they were eating similar quantities of
      food.

PMID- 3994747
TI  - Effect of a hypocholesterolemic agent on cholesteryl ester metabolism in
      glioblastoma cells.
AB  - The hypocholesterolemic agent 3 beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one .
      HCl (U18666A) is known to induce experimental epilepsy. The possibility that this
      drug interferes with cholesteryl ester formation in glioblastoma cells was
      examined. The incorporation of radioactive oleic acid into cellular cholesteryl
      ester was drastically and specifically inhibited by U18666A. The inhibitory
      effect of U18666A persisted in different oleic acid concentrations. Kinetic
      studies revealed the rapidity of U18666A action. U18666A was found to be
      ineffective in inhibiting acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity when it
      was added directly to the cell homogenates. In contrast, the acyltransferase
      activity was greatly diminished in homogenates derived from U18666A-treated
      cells. Thus, U18666A appeared to block cellular cholesteryl ester biosynthesis by
      indirectly inactivating acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in a cell
      dependent manner. The potent inhibition of cholesteryl ester formation by U18666A
      represents one unique aspect of the drug which might contribute to its ability to
      induce chronic epileptiform activity.

PMID- 3994748
TI  - A time-dependent biphasic effect of an acute ethanol injection on 3-methoxy 4
      hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate in rat brain.
AB  - The present experiment demonstrated that acute administration of ethanol appeared
      to have a biphasic effect on the accumulation of 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) in rat brain. The magnitude of
      these alterations in MHPG-SO4 levels was also observed to be highly correlated
      with peripheral blood ethanol levels. Since levels of MHPG-SO4 are considered to
      be an index of noradrenergic activity, the findings suggest that ethanol may
      affect norepinephrine activity in a specific dose- and time-dependent manner.
      These results are discussed in reference to previous reports describing apparent
      divergent effects on norepinephrine. Possible mechanisms for the biphasic actions
      are also suggested.

PMID- 3994749
TI  - Glucuronidation and sulfation in the rat in vivo. The role of the liver and the
      intestine in the in vivo clearance of 4-methylumbelliferone.
AB  - The role of the liver in the conjugation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU), mainly
      glucuronidation, was investigated in the rat in vivo. The liver extracted 4MU
      almost completely (97%) during steady-state infusion, as measured by the
      difference between 4MU concentration in portal and hepatic venous blood.
      Previously, it was shown that the intestinal region extracts 40% of the 4MU of
      the incoming arterial blood. The liver and the gastrointestinal region are so
      efficient that their conjugation activity can account for total body clearance of
      4MU (50-60 ml/min per kg). These results and other evidence on extrahepatic
      conjugation of phenolic substrates suggest that glucuronidation may be limited to
      the liver, (the kidney) and the gastrointestinal region, while sulfation may
      occur more widespread throughout the body. Protein binding studies showed the
      sulfate conjugate to be even more protein-bound than unconjugated 4MU, while 4MU
      glucuronide was much less bound to rat plasma proteins.

PMID- 3994750
TI  - An essential requirement for ferrous-haemoglobin in the hydrogen peroxide
      stimulated oxidation of red blood cell membrane lipids.

PMID- 3994751
TI  - Sulfation in isolated kidney tubule fragments of rats. Dependence on inorganic
      sulfate.
AB  - Uptake and conjugation of sulfate was studied in isolated kidney tubule fragments
      of rats: Sulfate is rapidly taken up, and maximal cellular concentrations are
      attained after 5-10 min; intracellular steady-state levels depend on the sulfate
      concentrations of the medium and attain a maximal value at 2 mM. At 1 mM sulfate
      in the medium the ratio of intracellular/extracellular concentrations of the
      inorganic anion amount to about 0.25. Formation of 7-hydroxycoumarin sulfate
      increases almost linearly up to an extracellular sulfate concentration of 500
      microM. Thereafter, rates of sulfation increase more slowly and maximal sulfation
      rates are attained at 2 mM sulfate. The data indicate that sulfation of 7
      hydroxycoumarin proceeds at almost maximal rates in kidney tubule fragments at
      physiological serum sulfate concentrations.

PMID- 3994752
TI  - Inhibition of in vitro microsomal lipid peroxidation by isoflavonoids.
AB  - In a comparative study the inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by
      an Fe2+-ADP-complex and NADPH by naturally occurring isoflavones and their
      reduced derivatives (isoflavanones and isoflavans) has been examined. It is found
      that the isoflavanones are more active than the parent isoflavones and the
      isoflavans are by far the most potent inhibitors. In our in vitro test system
      6,7,4'-trihydroxy- and 6,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavans (IC50 values 1.3 X 10(
      6) and 1.1 X 10(-6) mol/l respectively) surpass the inhibitory effect of alpha
      tocopherol, (+)-cyanidanol-3 and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole). In order to
      establish a structure-activity relationship, a few more isoflavans have been
      included in the investigation.

PMID- 3994753
TI  - Mechanism of manganese-induced tolerance to cadmium lethality and hepatotoxicity.
AB  - Pretreatment with Mn2+ is known to produce tolerance to Cd2+-induced lethality.
      This study was designed to determine the mechanism of tolerance to Cd2+-induced
      lethality and hepatotoxicity following Mn2+ pretreatment. Rats given 36 mumoles
      Cd2+/kg, i.v., died within 10-20 hr while only one of nine rats pretreated with
      Mn2+ (250 mumoles/kg, s.c., 48 and 24 hr prior to Cd2+ challenge) died. Ten hours
      after Cd2+, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase
      activities were elevated markedly, and extensive histopathologic lesions of the
      liver were evident in control rats but not in Mn2+-pretreated rats. To examine
      the mechanism of this tolerance, distribution of Cd2+ to fourteen organs and the
      subcellular distribution in six organs were determined in control and Mn2+
      pretreated rats. Two hours after challenge (31 mumoles Cd2+/kg, i.v., 0.75
      microCi 109Cd2+/mumol Cd2+), the distribution of Cd2+ to liver markedly increased
      after Mn2+ pretreatment with concomitant decreases in other tissues. Mn2+
      pretreatment also resulted in a marked difference in the hepatic subcellular
      distribution of Cd2+ with more present in cytosol and less associated with
      organelles. Gel-filtration chromatography indicated that most cytosolic Cd2+ was
      bound to a low molecular weight protein. Isolation and partial characterization
      of this protein suggest that it is identical to metallothionein (MT); it had a
      similar relative elution following gel-filtration chromatography, had low
      absorbance at 280 nm and, after separation into two isoproteins by DEAE A-25
      anion exchange chromatography, had the same mobility after electrophoresis on non
      denaturing polyacrylamide gels as Cd2+-induced metallothioneins. These data
      suggest that Mn2+ pretreatment reduces Cd2+-induced hepatotoxicity by altering
      the hepatic subcellular distribution of Cd2+ with more Cd2+ binding to MT in the
      cytosol. This decreased hepatotoxicity is probably responsible for tolerance to
      Cd2+-induced lethality.

PMID- 3994754
TI  - Effects of benzene and other organic solvents on the decarboxylation of some
      brain aromatic-L-amino acids.
AB  - The intraperitoneal administration of benzene produced marked increases in mouse
      striatal concentrations of beta-phenylethylamine, p-tyramine and, to a lesser
      extent, m-tyramine. Similar increases were observed in rat striatal p- and m
      tyramine. The subcutaneous administration of benzene dissolved in sesame oil
      increased mouse striatal p-tyramine but did not change m-tyramine. Benzene
      administration to mice pretreated with p-tyrosine produced marked increases in
      mouse striatal p-tyramine as well as in m-tyramine. The statistical analysis of
      the results indicated that the treatment produced an interaction that led to an
      increase in the concentration of both the p- and m-isomers of tyramine. The
      administration of benzene to m-tyrosine-pretreated mice increased striatal m
      tyramine but p-tyramine was not increased. The treatment produced no potentiation
      in the formation of p- or m-tyramine. Of the other organic solvents given,
      pyridine produced the most marked effects. Its administration increased the
      concentration of both p- and m-tyramine in the mouse striatum. Treatment with
      toluene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride or isoamylalcohol produced moderate
      increases in mouse striatal p-tyramine while toluene, dichloromethane or
      isobutylalcohol also increased m-tyramine. These increases in brain beta
      phenylethylamine, p-tyramine and m-tyramine may play a contributory role in the
      human toxicity of benzene and some of these organic solvents; these toxic effects
      could be exacerbated after ingestion of foodstuffs containing the aminoacids
      phenylalanine or p-tyrosine or for those under treatment with a monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor.

PMID- 3994755
TI  - Spectral properties of substrate-cytochrome P-450 interaction and catalytic
      activity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in isolated rainbow trout liver
      cells.
AB  - A method for the isolation of intact viable rainbow trout liver cells in high
      numbers is described. The technique involves perfusion of collagenase through the
      liver. A major part of the cytochrome P-450 in isolated liver cells was present
      in the oxidized non-substrate bound form. It was observed that 7-ethoxycoumarin
      was rapidly taken up by the liver cells and bound to cellular cytochrome P-450.
      The substrate binding spectrum for isolated trout liver cells was slightly
      modified compared with that obtained with trout liver microsomes. The microsomal
      affinity of 7-ethoxycoumarin, calculated as the apparent spectral dissociation
      constant (ks), was elevated 11-fold after fish were treated with beta
      naphthoflavone, indicating a qualitative alteration in the nature of the
      constitutive cytochrome P-450. The metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin in isolated
      liver cells was found to be of a comparable rate to that obtained in liver
      microsomes. Pretreatment of fish with Clophen A50 or beta-naphthoflavone
      significantly increased the content of cytochrome P-450 and elevated the rate of
      7-ethoxycoumarin deethylation in isolated liver cells. Furthermore, the rate of
      conjugation of 7-hydroxycoumarin was significantly elevated in liver cells
      isolated from beta-naphthoflavone treated fish when compared with the control
      rate. In isolated liver cells, 90% of the 7-hydroxycoumarin formed from
      deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin was further metabolized to conjugated products.
      However, in beta-naphthoflavone of Clophen A50 treated fish the fraction of
      conjugated metabolites was markedly decreased, indicating a changed balance
      between cytochrome P-450 dependent reactions and conjugation reactions in the
      cell.

PMID- 3994756
TI  - The effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on paracetamol glucuronidation and
      sulphation in cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Cimetidine and ranitidine have been investigated for their ability to inhibit
      conjugation reactions in cultures of rat hepatocytes. Neither compound had any
      appreciable effect on rates of paracetamol sulphation. However, both cimetidine
      and ranitidine inhibited the glucuronidation of paracetamol in a dose-dependent
      manner. No adverse effects on cellular viability were noted utilizing enzyme
      leakage (lactic dehydrogenase) or protein synthesis measurements. The kinetics of
      inhibition by ranitidine were studied in more detail. At 0.25 mM ranitidine, the
      inhibition appeared to be purely competitive. However, at higher concentrations
      decreases in Vappmax were noted suggesting a more complex mechanism of
      inhibition. The relevance to inhibition in vivo by cimetidine and ranitidine and
      possible interactions between paracetamol and these histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists are discussed.

PMID- 3994757
TI  - Uptake of inorganic lead in vitro by isolated mitochondria and tissue slices of
      rat renal cortex.
AB  - Slices of rat renal cortex were shown to take up Pb2+ during incubation in vitro;
      Pb2+ was also shown to enter mitochondria within the slices. The uptake of Pb2+
      by isolated mitochondria was inhibited by N-3, La3+ and ruthenium red. A steady
      state of uptake was attained within 60 sec. The concentration dependence of
      uptake was complex; maximum uptake was attained at 25 microM and inhibition
      ensued at higher concentrations. A substantial inhibitor-resistant component of
      Pb2+ uptake was noted, especially at medium Pb2+ concentrations greater than 25
      microM, and these concentrations also inhibited respiration state 3. The effects
      on respiration were reduced if the mitochondria had been preincubated with
      ruthenium red. Slices of renal cortex incubated at 1 degree in medium with
      various concentrations of Pb2+ showed two fractions of uptake, one saturating at
      50-100 microM external Pb2+ and the other at 150-200 microM. Subsequent
      incubation for 60 min at 25 degrees led to further uptake at all concentrations.
      Upon isolation of mitochondria from incubated slices, significant amounts of Pb2+
      were detected in the mitochondria within 5 min of addition of Pb2+ (200 microM),
      with maximum attained at 30 min. Electron microscopy of slices showed electron
      dense particles, apparently of Pb2+, in the cortical cells but the greatest
      concentration was deposited in the basement membranes. The results indicate the
      importance of the basement membrane in limiting access of Pb2+ to cortical cells,
      and of mitochondria in accumulating Pb2+ once it is in the cells. They also
      illustrate the importance of interactions between Pb2+ and Ca2+.

PMID- 3994758
TI  - Cellular activation of diaziquone [2,5-diaziridinyl-3,6-bis (carboethoxyamino)
      1,4-benzoquinone] to its free radical species.
AB  - Human leukemic cell lines K562 and HL60, and the murine leukemic cell line L1210,
      reduce Diaziquone (AZQ) (NCS182986) to its free radical anion. With all cell
      lines, the free radical was observed immediately in both aerobic and anaerobic
      cell suspensions. The steady-state concentration of AZQ free radicals was
      approximately 1% of the total AZQ concentration. L1210 cells treated with azide
      reduced AZQ, but cells treated with diamide and N-ethylmaleimide did not. NADPH
      and L-cysteine reduced AZQ. The latter did so under anaerobic conditions; the
      former did so under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.

PMID- 3994759
TI  - Heterogeneous distribution of drug metabolism in elutriated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate isolated rat hepatocytes into five
      fractions containing cells of different sizes. These fractions were compared with
      regard to cell size, morphology and function. Analyzed by flow cytometry, the
      small cells were found to be enriched in fraction 1 and the large cells in
      fraction 5. Evaluation by light and electron microscopy indicated that the
      fractions contained single hepatocytes of normal structure. The cytochrome P-450
      content and the 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity were assessed in
      hepatocytes from untreated animals, those treated with phenobarbital, and those
      treated with phenobarbital plus allylisopropylacetamide. In both untreated and
      phenobarbital-treated animals, cytochrome P-450 content and 7-ethoxycoumarin O
      deethylase activity rose significantly from fraction 1 to fraction 5. The P-450
      content gradually rose up to 2-fold. The enzyme activity rose 5-fold, and it
      increased steeply between fractions 2 and 3. The cytochrome P-450 content in
      phenobarbital-plus-allylisopropylacetamide-treated animals was decreased in all
      fractions but more extensively in fraction 5 than in fraction 1.

PMID- 3994760
TI  - Mechanisms regulating cell resistance to adriamycin. Evidence that drug
      accumulation in resistant cells is modulated by phosphorylation of a plasma
      membrane glycoprotein.
AB  - Incubation of adriamycin resistant Chinese hamster lung cells with the calmodulin
      inhibitor trifluoperazine (TFP) resulted in a significant increase in the
      cellular accumulation of drug. When resistant cells were prelabeled with 32Pi and
      then treated with TFP, a major increase also occurred in the phosphorylation of a
      plasma membrane glycoprotein (P-180). The concentration of TFP required for
      inducing the superphosphorylation of this protein correlated well with the TFP
      concentration required for inducing an increase in drug accumulation in resistant
      cells. In addition to TFP, the Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil also induced drug
      uptake and enhanced the phosphorylation level of P-180. Additional studies showed
      that, when resistant cells reverted to drug sensitivity, there was a parallel
      loss in the TFP-induced P-180 phosphorylation. The results of this study indicate
      that the trifluoperazine-induced uptake of drug in resistant cells is mediated by
      a mechanism which involves an enhanced phosphorylation of P-180. It is suggested
      that, when this protein is superphosphorylated, it becomes biologically inactive,
      and that this results in the conversion of the resistant cell to one having a
      drug sensitive phenotype.

PMID- 3994761
TI  - Declining catecholamine secretion in adrenal medulla on prolonged stimulation
      with acetylcholine.
AB  - Perfused pig adrenal glands and cortex-free ox adrenal medullae were stimulated
      by continuous infusion of 10(-4) M acetylcholine (ACh). Secretion of adrenaline
      rose to a maximum in approximately 5 min but, after a further 15 min, declined to
      36 +/- 19% (+/- S.D.) of maximum for pig (N = 5) and 27 +/- 10% of maximum for ox
      (N = 3), in spite of continued infusion of ACh. After 20 min, no further
      significant decline was detectable. Nevertheless, in ox medullae, oxygen
      consumption measured after stimulation showed no significant change relative to
      the pre-stimulation value, indicating that the decline in secretion did not arise
      from a failure of oxidative energy metabolism. In 4 pig adrenal glands subjected
      to a 1 hr infusion of ACh, adrenaline secreted in the last 20 min was only 52 +/-
      10% of that secreted in the first 20 min but, after a 2 hr rest interval,
      recovered to 74 +/- 18% (P less than 0.05) in the first 20 min of a second 1 hr
      stimulation. In the same glands, no reproducible recovery was detectable for
      noradrenaline and, by the last 20 min of the second 1 hr stimulation,
      noradrenaline secretion had declined to 36 +/- 20% of the initial value, even
      though only 15% of the noradrenaline originally in the gland had been secreted.
      It is concluded that, while decline and recovery of adrenaline secretion may, in
      part, have arisen from desensitization and resensitization of the ACh receptor;
      the decline in noradrenaline secretion arose mainly from depletion of a readily
      secreted pool which was considerably smaller than the total in the gland.

PMID- 3994762
TI  - Effects of pyrazole on nitrosodimethylamine demethylase and other microsomal
      xenobiotic metabolising activities.
AB  - Pyrazole administered to immature rats at one day or on four successive days
      prior to sacrifice increased a microsomal NDMAD with apparent Km 0.04 mM. Aniline
      hydroxylase activity was also increased by these treatments. Ethoxycoumarin
      deethylase and amino pyrine demethylase activities were not altered when animals
      were treated with pyrazole one day prior to sacrifice but were reduced to below
      control activity when animals were treated for four successive days. All
      microsomal mono-oxygenases were decreased when animals received a single
      administration of pyrazole four days prior to sacrifice and the cytochrome P-450
      content of these microsomes was reduced by up to 50%. When microsomes from
      untreated animals or animals treated for four successive days were incubated with
      pyrazole in the presence of NADPH, cytochrome P-450 content decreased in a time
      dependent process to a limiting value. The effect was dependent on pyrazole
      concentration and saturable. These results suggest that pyrazole induces a
      cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme with high affinity for NDMA but also acts as a suicide
      inhibitor of the cytochrome.

PMID- 3994763
TI  - Effects of disulfiram on the oxidation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde in rat
      liver.
AB  - The in vitro oxidation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde was studied in liver
      samples from disulfiram-treated and control rats. With 25 microM substrate, both
      cytosol and mitochondria appeared to make a nearly equal contribution to the
      oxidation of benzaldehyde, whereas ca. 90% of acetaldehyde oxidation occurred in
      mitochondria. When the Km values for benzaldehyde with aldehyde dehydrogenase
      (ALDH) were determined, two Km values (3 and 120 microM) were obtained with
      mitochondria, but only a single Km value (25 microM) was obtained with the
      cytosolic fraction. The relatively high Km (2.9 mM) found with microsomes makes
      it unlikely that microsomes are important in the oxidation of benzaldehyde. In
      intact mitochondria, with 200 microM acetaldehyde or benzaldehyde the matrix
      space enzyme accounted for 77 and 62%, respectively, of the total ALDH activity.
      When the activity was determined in a mixture containing both substrates, the
      activity was found not to be additive, indicating that both substrates are
      oxidized by the same matrix space enzyme. With subcellular fractions, from livers
      of disulfiram-treated and control rats, a greater degree of inhibition of ALDH
      was obtained when acetaldehyde was a substrate compared to that with benzaldehyde
      in cytosol and mitochondria. Microsomal ALDH was not inhibited by disulfiram. In
      liver slices from rats given disulfiram, a statistically significant inhibition
      was found when either 25 or 250 microM acetaldehyde was used (46 and 33%). With
      benzaldehyde, a significant inhibition (24%) was observed only with the lower
      substrate concentration. Finding that both mitochondrial fractions and slices
      were less inhibited at the higher substrate concentration implies that the high
      Km enzyme is not inhibited. It can be concluded that, in rat, disulfiram
      inhibiting liver ALDH not only affects oxidation of acetaldehyde, but also that
      of benzaldehyde.

PMID- 3994764
TI  - Induction of epoxide hydrolase in cultured rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cell
      lines.
AB  - The expression of epoxide hydrolases was studied in cultured rat hepatocytes and
      hepatoma cell lines. Styrene 7,8-oxide and benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide were used as
      substrates for microsomal epoxide hydrolase and trans-stilbene oxide for the
      cytosolic form of this enzyme. In freshly isolated hepatocytes from control rats,
      microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity was 7.7 and 10.8 nmoles/mg cellular
      protein/min with benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide and styrene 7,8-oxide as substrates
      respectively. This enzyme activity increased by more than 2-fold in hepatocytes
      after 24 hr in culture and remained elevated throughout 96 hr using both
      substrates. In cultured hepatocytes from rats pretreated in vivo with
      phenobarbital, trans-stilbene oxide, 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-2
      acetylaminofluorene, both benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide and styrene 7,8-oxide
      hydrolase activities were increased greater than 1.8 relative to controls.
      Hepatocytes from 2-acetylaminofluorene-pretreated animals at 24 hr in culture had
      approximately 9-fold higher activities than control hepatocytes. In marked
      contrast to microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity, the cytosolic enzyme showed an
      initial activity of 191 pmoles/mg cellular protein/min in freshly isolated
      hepatocytes, decreased by 75% after 24 hr in culture, and was barely detectable
      at 96 hr. A similar trend was apparent in hepatocytes from the pretreated
      animals. In vitro treatment of hepatocytes with trans-stilbene oxide and
      phenobarbital increased microsomal epoxide hydrolase, while this activity was
      refractory to 2-acetylaminofluorene treatment. Styrene 7,8-oxide hydrolase
      activity was increased in the McA-RH-7777 rat hepatoma cell line by
      phenobarbital, trans-stilbene oxide and 2-acetylaminofluorene treatment.
      Similarly, benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide hydrolase activity was also increased in this
      cell line by treatment with phenobarbital and trans-stilbene oxide but not by 2
      acetylaminofluorene. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity in rat H4-II-E
      hepatoma cells was refractory to induction, except by trans-stilbene oxide
      treatment, which caused a 70% increase in benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide hydrolase
      activity.

PMID- 3994766
TI  - Comparative effects of aprophen, atropine and benactyzine on central and
      peripheral cholinoceptors and on acetylcholinesterase.

PMID- 3994765
TI  - Inhibition of platelet and neutrophil phospholipase A2 by hydroxyeicosatetraenoic
      acids (HETES). A novel pharmacological mechanism for regulating free fatty acid
      release.
AB  - The present study demonstrated that acid-extracted platelet phospholipase A2
      (PLA2) exhibited marked hydrolytic activity against both [1-14C]oleic acid- and
      [1-14C]arachidonic acid-labeled Escherichia coli. The rate of hydrolysis was
      linear up to 30 min and was directly proportional to the amount of enzyme added
      to the reaction mixture. The data further indicated that 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,15
      eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) inhibited platelet PLA2 in a dose-dependent manner
      (IC50 = 42 microM), whereas 5-lactone HETE had no inhibitory effect up to 100
      microM. The degree of inhibition of PLA2 activity was unaffected by Ca2+
      concentrations but was reduced in the presence of increasing amounts of E. coli
      substrate. Both 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 15
      hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) also inhibited platelet PLA2
      activity (IC50 = 26 and 72 microM respectively). Furthermore, the inhibitory
      effects of these monoHETEs were confirmed with a PLA2 preparation derived from
      rat neutrophils. Thus, these data suggest a novel pharmacological action of HETEs
      on PLA2 which may have potential ramifications in the regulation of arachidonic
      acid metabolism.

PMID- 3994767
TI  - Inhibition of cholinesterases by the opioid analgesic meptazinol.

PMID- 3994768
TI  - Perinatal exposure to methadone and the development of hepatic microsomal
      testosterone hydroxylation and methadone N-demethylation in the rat.

PMID- 3994769
TI  - Properties of mitochondria treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.

PMID- 3994770
TI  - Modification of propranolol binding to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein by serum
      albumin.

PMID- 3994772
TI  - [Synthesis and properties of an organophosphorous regulator of hemoglobin
      oxygenation].
AB  - Racemic 1-O-(epsilon-aminohexanoyl)-2,3-diphosphoglycerol (ADPG) was synthesized.
      The pH dependence of the 31P-NMR spectra was studied for the ADPG
      cyclohexylammonium salt. ADPG binding to hemoglobin and its functional activity
      as a regulator of human hemoglobin reversible oxygenation were assayed.

PMID- 3994771
TI  - [The use of parameters of non-uniform widening of probe fluorescence spectra in
      the study of conformation changes in Ca2+-binding proteins].
AB  - The parameters of inhomogeneous broadening in the fluorescence spectra of 1
      anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, recorded in the
      systems with respective proteins, have been analyzed in order to shed light on
      the mechanism of interaction between Ca2+ ions and calmodulin, troponin C and
      parvalbumin. It was shown that only calmodulin and troponin C but not parvalbumin
      bind calcium ions with concomitant formation of hydrophobic sites that are
      responsible for interaction with the "executor enzymes". The relative pools of
      the probes adsorbed in the hydrophobic sites and polarity of the latter were
      assessed. These parameters in calmodulin obtained from the brain of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats or normotensive rats do not differ. It was established that
      trifluoroperazine and verapamil inhibit the calmodulin-dependent enzymes by
      essentially different mechanisms. Trifluoroperazine diminishes the relative pool
      of the adsorbed probe and enhances the polarity of the calmodulin binding sites,
      whereas verapamil affects these parameters in the opposite direction.

PMID- 3994773
TI  - [Preparative method of isolating influenza virus glycoproteins].
AB  - Two preparative methods for isolation of biologically active glycoproteins from
      influenza virus A - hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, were elaborated. A three
      step procedure involves solubilization of glycoproteins with nonionic (Triton N
      101, TN) or cationic (cetylpyridinium chloride, CPC) detergents, separation from
      degraded virions by centrifugation, and removal of detergents and lipids by
      precipitation of the glycoproteins with butanol (TN), or, alternatively,
      precipitation of CPC upon cooling. Using virion concentration of approximately 1
      mg/ml and optimal weight ratio of detergent to virus (protein) of approximately
      20:1 (for TN) and 1:1 (for CPC), the glycoproteins were obtained with the overall
      yield of 70-80%. The isolated glycoproteins exhibit the same immunological and
      enzymatic activities as intact virus A/Texas/77 and A/Leningrad/80.

PMID- 3994774
TI  - The audiologist's role in occupational hearing conservation.

PMID- 3994776
TI  - Effects of altered endocrine function on biliary metabolites of [4-14C]androst-4
      ene-3,17-dione in rats. Possible utility as a model for identifying anti
      atherosclerotic agents.
AB  - Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and elevated serum cholesterol are
      frequently associated with an abnormal pattern of androgen metabolites,
      especially an elevation of etiocholanolone (E) and/or epiandrosterone (EA)
      relative to androsterone (A). Therapeutic correction of these metabolic defects
      may lower serum cholesterol. We have attempted to reproduce this metabolic
      syndrome in rats by altering their endocrine status. Intact male rats excreted
      very little A or E in their bile; more than 80% of the [4-14C]A-dione was
      excreted as unknown polar compounds. Adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy or
      streptozotocin diabetes induced little or no change in the excretion of both E
      and A and did not alter the A/E ratio. Hypophysectomy (hypox), however, resulted
      in a huge increase in E excretion and a 10-fold decrease in the A/E ratio.
      Treatment of hypophysectomized males with bovine growth hormone (bGH) but not
      testosterone or thyroxine restored the pattern of androgen metabolites to that of
      intact male rats. Intact female rats excreted mainly A, and this was decreased by
      ovariectomy. Hypophysectomy, however, resulted in a marked increase in E and a
      corresponding large decrease in A excretion. Treatment of hypox females with
      estradiol or triiodothyronine did not correct the metabolic defects in A and E
      production, whereas GH resulted in a pattern of A-dione metabolism resembling
      that of intact males; i.e., primarily polar metabolites with low A and E.
      Hypophysectomy thus results in a dramatic increase in 5 beta-reductase activity
      in male and female rats. GH therapy restores the metabolic pathway to that seen
      in intact males. Our objective had been to find a model capable of detecting
      substances which would increase A and decrease E production. The male rat
      (regardless of endocrine status) has little 5 alpha-reductase activity. The
      intact female rat, however, has high 5 alpha-reductase activity, and retains
      significant 5 alpha-reductase in the absence of the ovaries. In hypox females, 5
      alpha-reductase was much reduced while 5 beta-reductase was increased.
      Furthermore, serum cholesterol was elevated in hypox females but could be lowered
      by exogenous androsterone. Thus the hypox female rat appears to offer the best
      model for identifying non-hormonal agents which could enhance the production of A
      and/or decrease the production of E. Such agents might favorably influence
      cholesterol metabolism.

PMID- 3994775
TI  - Effect of removal of atherogenic diet on protein synthesis and cholesterol
      retention in rabbit aorta and lung.
AB  - The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of cholesterol feeding
      in rabbits on the synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins in both aortic
      and lung tissues. Rabbits were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 30 or 60 days,
      followed by 30 days of a low cholesterol diet (i.e. 30-30 or 60-30). After 30
      days of cholesterol feeding non-collagen protein synthetic rates were
      significantly elevated in aortic tissues, but not in the lung. After 60 days of
      cholesterol feeding, both collagen and non-collagen synthetic rates were elevated
      in the aorta but not in the lung. Both tissues demonstrated significant increases
      in cholesterol content. When cholesterol was removed from the diet, cholesterol
      continued to accumulate in the aorta but decreased in the lung. The 60-30 group
      demonstrated both the largest increase in aortic cholesterol, and the largest
      increase in the per cent of collagen being synthesized in the aorta. These data
      therefore demonstrate that cholesterol feeding stimulates both collagen and non
      collagen protein synthesis and suggests that there may be some differences in the
      lag phase before significant changes are apparent in both parameters. Following
      removal of cholesterol from the diet the per cent collagen synthesized in the
      aorta increased further, due to an apparent reduction in non-collagen protein
      synthesis rather than a further acceleration of collagen synthesis. These changes
      may be important in explaining how intermittent-cholesterol feeding produces a
      more fibrous aortic lesion.

PMID- 3994777
TI  - Serum linoleic acid and cardiovascular death in postinfarction middle-aged men.
AB  - Linoleic acid in serum total lipids was the first variable in the stepwise
      regression analysis of metabolic, nutritional and cardiovascular factors in a
      secondary preventive study of postinfarction middle-aged men. It was followed in
      the regression analysis where the dependent variable was cardiovascular death by
      previous myocardial infarction, heart volume index and hyperlipoproteinaemia.
      Linoleic acid was the only fatty acid entering the regression. Unlike other fatty
      acids, it exhibited by its low percentage an accumulation of deaths. The
      decreased percentage of linoleic acid was also evident in the comparison of fatty
      acid patterns of cardiovascular deaths to age- and triglyceride-matched men free
      from ischaemic heart disease. This study confirms prospective associations found
      in previously healthy men. Conclusions are drawn about the relevance of low serum
      linoleic acid to long term prognosis after MI.

PMID- 3994778
TI  - Cerebral macroaneurysms in a Ghanaian adult population. An autopsy study.
AB  - An autopsy study of cerebral vessels in 310 Ghanaian adults showed an incidence
      of macro(berry)aneurysms of 16.6% among 181 hypertensives and 8.5% among 129
      normotensives. Hypertension increased the formation and development of
      intracranial aneurysms. Severe atherosclerosis (Grade 3) was not a common
      association with aneurysms and there was no increase in aneurysm formation in
      subjects dying from cerebral haemorrhage. This may be a reflection of the
      observed low incidence of severe cerebral atherosclerosis in Ghanaians compared
      to whites and an indication of differences between ethnic groups in the relative
      importance of the factors that contribute to the formation of aneurysms.
      Mortality from ruptured aneurysms could not be determined from this study,
      perhaps because the aneurysms seen were small in size (less than 10 mm diameter)
      and less likely to rupture and bleed. Multiple aneurysms were an uncommon finding
      compared to figures quoted in other studies, but in agreement with them the sites
      of predilection were in the anterior parts of the Circle of Willis; notably the
      anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries.

PMID- 3994780
TI  - Atherosclerosis in vascular grafts for peripheral vascular disease. Part 1.
      Autogenous vein grafts.
AB  - 29 autogenous vein grafts, from 26 patients with peripheral arterial disease,
      were studied. 4 grafts of Group I (less than 3 months duration) were patent and
      removed for reasons other than graft failure. These showed 'arterialisation'
      only; 4 grafts of Group II (duration 5-18 months) showed thrombotic occlusion; 21
      grafts of Group III (duration greater than 2 years) showed impaired graft patency
      and lipid identifiable as apolipoprotein B-containing-lipoproteins (LpB), and
      fibrinogen-related antigens (FRA) were seen as intramural deposits in the
      thickened grafts. LpB was also seen in a perifibrous distribution on the collagen
      of organised thrombi. Complicated lesions in some Group III grafts showed
      stenosis or occlusion, ulceration, calcification or aneurysm formation. These
      features suggest that a process indistinguishable from 'true' atherosclerosis
      affects vein grafts of long duration. The ways in which such changes may:
      contribute to graft failure; and improve our understanding of the basic processes
      involved in atherogenesis, are discussed.

PMID- 3994779
TI  - Serum lipoproteins in Japanese rural community with low cardiovascular mortality.
AB  - The lipid profiles of sera obtained from the adult inhabitants of a rural
      community with low cardiovascular mortality named Kin-cho in Okinawa were studied
      by the lipoprotein profiling system. The results were compared with those of the
      control sera obtained from healthy adults in Tokyo. Serum lipid profiles of the
      inhabitants in Kin-cho revealed significantly higher HDL cholesterol and
      significantly lower atherogenic indices than those of the control group in both
      sexes. The favorable lipid profiles as well as the open-minded temperament of Kin
      cho inhabitants and favorable weather conditions are supposed to contribute to
      their long life expectancy and low cardiovascular mortality.

PMID- 3994781
TI  - Serum triglycerides are a risk factor for myocardial infarction but not for
      angina pectoris. Results from a 10-year follow-up of Uppsala primary preventive
      study.
AB  - At a follow-up 7-10 years after a health survey of men born in 1920-1924 in the
      municipality of Uppsala, 31 of the participants (n = 2322) had died from
      ischaemic heart disease (IHD). In response to a letter to all men alive in 1980,
      106 men declared that they had had a myocardial infarction (MI) (verified or
      suspected). In 58 cases MI was verified from the hospital records. 28 other men
      had had typical central chest pain (angina pectoris) only. In another 20 men
      other diagnoses explained the chest pain for which they were treated in hospital.
      The health screening values for S-cholesterol and S-triglycerides, blood pressure
      and smoking habits were analysed in relation to the occurrence of IHD. In this
      prospective study, smoking, hypertension, S-cholesterol and S-triglycerides were
      identified as risk factors for fatal and non-fatal MI. The risk factor values
      were similar in subjects suffering from angina pectoris only to those in subjects
      who also developed ECG and/or transferase changes, with the exception of S
      triglyceride concentration, which was normal in the group with angina pectoris.
      The subjects who had a fatal MI had a significantly higher blood pressure than
      those with non-fatal MIs, but otherwise these two groups did not differ. The
      results emphasize the importance of scrutinizing questionnaire data with regard
      to chest pain and of selection of end-points when risk factor patterns are
      described for cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 3994782
TI  - Training-induced changes in serum lipids, fat tolerance, and adipose tissue
      metabolism in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - Ten males (mean age 44 years) with primary hypertriglyceridemia were trained for
      4 months 3 times/week for 1-h sessions. Eleven patients with similar physical
      characteristics and hypertriglyceridemia served as controls. Serum was assayed
      for TG and cholesterol (CH) and the various lipoprotein fractions, apoprotein A
      I, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. The removal of TG from the circulation was
      estimated by the Intralipid test. An open fat biopsy was taken and the
      incorporation and esterification of [14C]palmitate and glycerol release were
      measured in vitro. Following endurance physical training, serum TG and VLDL-TG
      decreased by 25 and 27%, respectively. No changes were observed in total CH and
      CH in the lipoprotein fractions or in apoprotein A-I. Fat tolerance increased
      slightly (+8%) whereas the incorporation of labelled palmitate into adipose
      tissue was reduced by 16%. The diminished incorporation was concomitant with a
      reduction in the esterification of fatty acids to TG (-29%). Enhanced removal of
      TG may contribute to the lowering of serum TG. The skeletal muscle is probably
      responsible for this adaptation, whereas the uptake of TG into adipose tissue is
      diminished.

PMID- 3994783
TI  - Comparative evaluation of the effects of ciprofibrate and fenofibrate on lipids,
      lipoproteins and apoproteins A and B.
AB  - In a double-blind study over a 3-month period, a daily dose of 100 mg
      ciprofibrate, prescribed in a single administration and a daily dose of 300 mg
      fenofibrate, prescribed in 3 administrations, significantly reduced the mean
      values of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol, apoprotein B
      (P less than 0.001) and increased the mean values of HDL cholesterol (P less than
      0.01) and total apoprotein A (P less than 0.05). The study, followed-up as an
      open trial using higher doses (100 or 200 mg/day ciprofibrate, 400 mg/day
      fenofibrate) tried to demonstrate clearly the benefit of therapy after 9 months
      with the 2 drugs and to establish the dose-response effects. Comparison of the 2
      drugs at the optimal dosages, after 9 months of treatment, showed ciprofibrate to
      be more effective in increasing HDL cholesterol (P less than 0.05) and apo A (P
      less than 0.001). No other significant differences in terms of either therapeutic
      efficacy or biological tolerance became apparent between the 2 drugs. The results
      obtained in this comparative study were in accordance to those observed in
      separate trials for ciprofibrate or fenofibrate. Ciprofibrate has the benefit of
      a long half-life and may also be administered in the form of a single daily dose
      to patients suffering from major type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.

PMID- 3994784
TI  - Surface responses of aortic valve endothelia from diet-induced,
      hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
AB  - Endothelia lining the 2 surfaces (arterial and ventricular) of the posterior cusp
      of aortic valves from normocholesterolemic, New Zealand white rabbits were found
      to display pleomorphic surface features characterized by differences in cellular
      shape and orientation to the direction of blood flow, microappendage populations
      (microvilli and blebs), nuclear contours and the surface reactions of cationic
      dyes (RR, AB) and peroxidase-conjugated lectins (Con A, Limulin, WGA). With the
      aid of SEM and TEM, the cells lining the arterial surfaces appeared relatively
      smooth and flattened with a moderate to heavy reaction of the carbohydrate cell
      coat at the blood interface. By contrast, the contours of the endothelia lining
      the ventricular surfaces were noticeably raised with numerous plasmalemmal
      microappendages and only a moderate dye/lectin reaction. Observations of similar
      endothelial populations from diet-induced, hypercholesterolemic rabbits (500
      mg/dl) revealed a variety of dramatic changes in the cells lining the arterial
      surfaces of the valvular cusps. No severe changes were observed in the endothelia
      of the ventricular surfaces. Such findings are suggestive further of the
      importance of the interaction between the environment and the endothelial cell
      coat as influencing factors in the onset of intramural lipid infiltration.

PMID- 3994785
TI  - Some factors regulating collagen polymorphism in cultured porcine and bovine
      aortic endothelium.
AB  - The apparently random behaviour of the collagen profiles of cultured bovine and
      porcine aortic endothelium, both in the cells and the medium, has been studied.
      Despite the fact that these cells retain their normal cobblestone appearance, the
      collagen profile in each case changes over a period of 12 days in culture
      following confluence, the changes following distinct patterns. Varying the serum
      concentration from 2 to 20% in the culture medium has no effect on the collagen
      types produced. It thus appears that regulatory mechanisms do exist to control
      collagen polymorphism and that, in this system, the age of normal cobblestone
      cells in culture constitutes one factor whilst the occurrence of sprouting
      (angiogenesis), as reported previously, constitutes a second.

PMID- 3994786
TI  - Differences in the pattern of atherosclerotic involvement between non-branched
      regions and adjacent branching points of human coronary arteries.
AB  - A light-microscopic study carried out on 816 coronary arterial trees revealed
      that the variety of atherosclerotic lesions detected in non-branched segments was
      3-5 times greater than that recorded in branching points. The fibromuscular and
      fibronecrotic plaques, small fatty streaks, small intimal necrotic areas,
      incorporated microthrombi and intramural organized thrombi were recorded in both
      non-branched regions and branching points. The mucoid, foam cell-rich and
      necrotic plaques, large fatty streaks with abundant extracellular lipid and large
      intimal necrotic areas with lipid and fibrin deposition were recorded only in non
      branched regions, whereas the fibrohyaline plaques were recorded only in the
      branching points. The complexity of atherosclerotic involvement of the branch
      areas increased with the branch mouth diameter: at a diameter of 1 mm only
      fibromuscular and fibrohyaline plaques were recorded; at a diameter between 1 and
      2 mm the fibronecrotic plaques and at a diameter of more than 2 mm the small
      fatty streaks and small intimal necrotic areas were also detected. The results
      showed that along a distance of only 2-5 mm there are in the coronary arterial
      tree local hemodynamic and structural patterns which in non-branched regions
      favour and in adjacent branching sites restrict the onset and progression of
      atherosclerotic lesions; there are also local factors which in non-branched
      regions enlarge and in adjacent branching sites limit the types of
      atherosclerotic lesions which will develop. Any view on the etiopathogenesis of
      human coronary atherosclerosis needs to be considered in conjunction with the
      hemodynamic and structural patterns existing in the different parts of the
      coronary arterial tree, both closely related to the coronary branching anatomical
      pattern.

PMID- 3994787
TI  - High density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein A in cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 3994788
TI  - Thromboembolism in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarcts in rats fed a
      thrombogenic diet.

PMID- 3994789
TI  - Outgrowth of embryonal carcinoma cells from injected blastocysts in vitro
      correlates with abnormal chimera development in vivo.
AB  - Early embryonic cells are capable of regulating the proliferation of some
      embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells in vivo although other EC lines are not affected.
      Up to 80% of fetuses are chimeric following injection of P10EC cells into
      blastocysts and half of these are normal. P19, on the other hand, is not
      controlled by the embryo and all chimeric fetuses are abnormal. P10 and P19 cells
      were injected into blastocysts and vesicles of pure trophectoderm and examined
      following culture. EC cells grew from 62/72 P19-injected blastocysts but from
      only 7/73 P10-injected blastocysts. Both cell lines grew from injected
      trophectoderm vesicles in culture: P19 grew from 10/17 injected vesicles and P10
      grew from 9/13 injected vesicles, suggesting that trophectoderm alone is not
      responsible for controlling EC growth. When EC-injected vesicles were transferred
      to foster mothers, normal development did not ensue, indicating the failure of
      the trophectoderm to normalize EC cells in vivo. Results indicate that EC-embryo
      combinations that allow EC outgrowth in vitro are also those that result in
      incomplete control of EC proliferation in chimeras and that the in vitro system
      can thus be used to investigate factors in the embryonic environment that control
      EC proliferation and differentiation.

PMID- 3994790
TI  - Computer graphics representation of levels of organization in tobacco mosaic
      virus structure.
AB  - Methods for simplifying computer graphics images of atomic models of complex
      macromolecular assemblies have been applied to the tobacco mosaic virus structure
      to display different levels of its organization. By constructing sharply outlined
      pictures of the parts of the virus particle with the image resolution reduced or
      with obscuring detail eliminated, aspects of the subunit packing and chain
      folding are distinctly illustrated.

PMID- 3994791
TI  - [Relation of the size of the optic disk excavation to the hemodynamic level of
      the eye in persons with elevated ocular tension].

PMID- 3994792
TI  - Pediatric emergency department utilization in the 1970s.
AB  - An analysis was undertaken of 8,470 visits to a pediatric emergency department
      (ED) over a three-month period during 1975-76. The ED was busiest in the evening
      and on weekends. Visits were overwhelmingly for acute conditions, which varied
      seasonally. Very young children accounted for a large proportion of visits (22.3%
      less than 1 year old, 47.0% less than 3 years old). The proportion of very young
      children increased as the hour of day got later. Overall, 7.3% of visits resulted
      in admission to the hospital, and 10% of children less than 1 year old were
      admitted. Admission rates were significantly higher on the day and night shifts
      than in the evenings, and rates were higher on weekdays than on weekends. Visits
      were mainly by children living in areas near the hospital, and children from the
      most distant areas were significantly more likely to be admitted than those from
      the nearest areas. The authors conclude that the documented ED usage patterns
      reflect the conditions of the children seen (age, medical problems, and severity
      of illness) and diminished availability of other services on weekends and
      evening. This indicates reasonable utilization of medical services and suggests
      the need for non-ED sources of care at times of peak ED use. These ED usage
      patterns in the 1970s are similar to those described in the 1960s, and together
      with the earlier data they provide a basis for comparison of utilization patterns
      during the current period of rapidly changing health-service reimbursement
      schemes.

PMID- 3994793
TI  - Drug clearance by diarrhea induction.
AB  - Perfusion of the gastrointestinal tract with electrolyte solution has been used
      as an equivalent to peritoneal dialysis in patients with renal failure. It was
      hypothesized that the back-diffusion into the gastrointestinal tract induced by
      this procedure could affect systemically circulating drugs as well. Nine dogs
      were given intravenous phenobarbital and subjected to gastrointestinal perfusion
      in attempt to lower serum levels. All dogs served as their own controls. Decline
      in serum phenobarbital level was used to calculate the amount of drug removed
      from circulation. Five hours after initiation of gastrointestinal perfusion, the
      experimental dogs had cleared 24.8% of the initial dose of phenobarbital, while
      controls cleared 3.13% of the initial dose of phenobarbital. This procedure could
      be of potential benefit to patients in emergency departments who have ingested
      toxic substances.

PMID- 3994794
TI  - Effects of high infusion pressure and large-bore tubing on intravenous flow
      rates.
AB  - An in vitro study was conducted to determine the maximum flow rates that can be
      obtained with commercially available intravenous (IV) catheters, when infusion
      pressure and IV tubing size are modified. Standard tubing (3.2 mm ID) and two
      sizes of experimental large-bore tubing (5.0 mm and 6.4 mm ID) were tested with
      tap water and diluted packed cells (hematocrit 45) at 600 mm Hg, 300 mm Hg, and
      gravity flow infusion pressure. The maximum flow rate obtained was 3,158 ml/min
      for tap water and 3,000 ml/min for diluted packed cells. The increases in flow
      rates from gravity to 300 mm Hg and from gravity to 600 mm Hg are significant (P
      less than 0.05) and provide up to 197% and 341% increases, respectively, for all
      catheter/tubing combinations tested. Large-bore tubing is most effective when
      used in conjunction with large-bore catheters. For the 8.5 French catheter, a
      change from standard (3.2 mm ID) to large-bore (6.4 mm ID) tubing resulted in a
      statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increase in flow rate of more than
      200% regardless of infusion pressure.

PMID- 3994795
TI  - Placement accuracy of percutaneous transthoracic pacemakers.
AB  - Experience has shown that the frequency of electrical capture of the heart with
      percutaneous transthoracic pacemakers is disappointingly low. The authors sought
      to determine whether the accuracy of ventricular placement could help to explain
      this observation. Six approaches were used in each of twenty adult patients who
      were examined at autopsy. Three parasternal approaches used the fifth intercostal
      space (5ICS). One pacing wire was inserted immediately to the left of the sternum
      along the parasternal line (5ICS-PS), one wire was inserted 4.0 cm to the left of
      the midsternal line (5ICS-4), and the third wire was inserted 6.0 cm to the left
      of the midsternal line (5ICS-6). All parasternal needle insertions were directed
      medially, dorsally, and cephalad toward the second right costrochondral junction
      at an angle of 30 degrees to the skin. Three subxiphoid approaches were performed
      through the left xyphocostal notch at an angle of 30 degrees to the skin. One
      pacing wire was directed toward the right shoulder (SXRS), one toward the sternal
      notch (SXSN) and one toward the left shoulder (SXLS). Accuracy of ventricular
      placement was assessed at autopsy. The success rates for the three parasternal
      approaches were as follows: 5ICS-PS = 0.85; 5ICS-4 = 0.80; 5ICS-6 = 0.90. For the
      three subxiphoid approaches success rates were as follows: SXRS = 0.25; SXSN =
      0.50; SXLS = 0.65. All three parasternal approaches had higher success rates than
      the SXRS approach (P less than 0.05). In addition, the 5ICS-PS and 5ICS-6
      approaches were more successful than the SXSN approach (P less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994797
TI  - Emergency department presentation of type A botulism.
AB  - In October 1983, 28 people became ill with type A botulism in a common-source,
      food-borne outbreak. Thirteen of these patients presented to an emergency
      department for initial medical evaluation. The records of these thirteen patients
      were examined retrospectively in an attempt to characterize the initial
      presenting symptoms. All patients complained of at least three of four symptoms
      (generalized weakness, diplopia, dry mouth, and difficulty speaking). Emergency
      physicians can play a pivotal role in limiting the extent of common-source
      botulism outbreaks by early recognition of the disease and immediate mobilization
      of community public health resources.

PMID- 3994796
TI  - Recreational softball injuries.
AB  - Every patient who presented to an urban teaching hospital's emergency department
      during one season complaining of an injury sustained while playing softball was
      interviewed to determine the parameters of play associated with the injury.
      Trends were noticed toward increased frequency of injury to experienced players
      late in the season. A fall was the most common mechanism of injury, and player
      location at the time of injury was equally divided between the basepath and
      defense. Very few players were injured at bat. No conclusion could be drawn about
      the protection afforded a player from the use of a mitt or cleats. The relative
      rate of injury was estimated to be 2.26 injuries per 1,000 players per day,
      making the risk of injury for softball participants about 50% of that for
      recreational skiers.

PMID- 3994798
TI  - Renal infarction caused by paradoxical embolism.

PMID- 3994799
TI  - Relief of myocardial ischemia pain with a gastrointestinal cocktail.

PMID- 3994800
TI  - Toxicology rounds. Death from a rattlesnake bite.

PMID- 3994801
TI  - Pseudohyponatremia.
AB  - Pseudohyponatremia should be distinguished from true hyponatremia lest
      injudicious therapy be instituted. Pseudohyponatremia is caused by a displacement
      of serum water by elevated concentrations of serum lipids or proteins. Only two
      (flame photometry and indirect potentiometry) of the three current methods
      available for measuring serum sodium involve sample dilution and may consequently
      produce spuriously low sodium values. The third method (direct potentiometry)
      involves no sample dilution, and sodium measurements are unaffected by
      hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia. As all three methods for sodium measurements
      may coexist in a clinical laboratory, it is important for the physician to be
      aware not only of the serum value but also the method employed.

PMID- 3994802
TI  - EMT training for medical students.

PMID- 3994803
TI  - Trauma center organization and operation in academic health centers.

PMID- 3994805
TI  - Cost containment: freestanding emergency centers and the emergency department.

PMID- 3994804
TI  - Tertiary emergency care in Japan.

PMID- 3994806
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: micro, macro, and new.

PMID- 3994807
TI  - "Asymptomatic" cervical injuries: a myth?

PMID- 3994808
TI  - Esophageal burns from battery ingestion.

PMID- 3994809
TI  - Findings for public health from meta-analyses.

PMID- 3994811
TI  - Airborne asbestos and public health.

PMID- 3994810
TI  - Trace elements and public health.

PMID- 3994812
TI  - Postneonatal mortality.
AB  - In the field of infant mortality I believe we are facing a slower rate of decline
      in the death rate over the next decade than we have experienced in the past. This
      follows because a low point has already been reached for the age division beyond
      one month and because of the stationary condition of the high rate in the first
      four weeks of life.... It is the concentration of effort upon the causes of
      infant mortality beyond one month of age which brought about this reduction.

PMID- 3994813
TI  - Mathematical modeling strategies for the analysis of epidemiologic research.

PMID- 3994814
TI  - Quantitative risk assessment of environmental hazards.
AB  - Quantitative risk assessment may never become a rigorous scientific discipline
      because of the inherent difficulties in working with highly uncertain and often
      controversial data and methods, and because the predictions of risk assessment
      may not be subject to validation in their most important areas of application.
      However, the potential benefits of having quantitative estimates of risk may make
      quantitative risk assessment a valuable adjunct to traditional methods for making
      individual and social decisions about health hazards in the home, workplace, and
      general environment. Risk assessment, which is the process of estimating risks to
      populations exposed to hazardous agents or activities, must be distinguished from
      risk management, which is the process of forming and implementing a strategy for
      accepting or abating the risks. To the extent possible, these two processes
      should be kept separate. Quantitative risk assessment is in principle capable of
      estimating individual or lifetime excesses of specific health effects from
      exposures to a specified hazard. These excesses may be estimated on an absolute
      basis or expressed as a relative risk in comparison with the baseline risk that
      would exist without exposure. An individual risk is usually expressed in terms of
      the probability of developing the health effect in some time period following a
      specified exposure, whereas a population risk is the overall number of effects
      expected in a defined population with a defined distribution of exposure levels
      and patterns. The variation of risk with time after exposure may imply a constant
      absolute risk, a constant relative risk, or some other dependence on time,
      usually after a minimal latent period has elapsed. Risk estimates can rarely be
      made directly from observed human data, and models for extrapolating or
      projecting risk estimates from the conditions of observation to the actual
      conditions of exposure must be used. Dose-response relationships are used for
      extrapolating from high laboratory or occupational exposures to low exposures
      encountered more frequently in human populations. Thresholds of dose or nonlinear
      dose-response relationships may be related to nonlinear pharmacokinetics prior to
      the ultimate exposure of the critical organ to the proximate carcinogen or other
      hazardous agent. Time-response models estimate risks for periods after exposure
      longer than have been observed in epidemiologic studies. Extrapolations from
      experiments with laboratory animals to humans are made difficult because of great
      differences in size, lifespan, physiology, and metabolism between human and
      animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3994815
TI  - Hazardous waste disposal: emerging technologies and public policies to reduce
      public health risks.

PMID- 3994816
TI  - Reducing lead exposure in children.
AB  - The near elimination of lead-related childhood fatalities and encephalopathy by
      the 1970s and the sharp decline in mean blood lead levels nationwide documented
      between 1976 and 1980 are two milestones in the fight against lead poisoning. In
      the case of the latter, we know the antecedents, such as controls on the sale,
      use, and lead content of lead paint, improved chelation therapy, and increased
      awareness and case finding; however, the antecedents' relative contributions are
      not known due to a lack of evaluation. Similarly, the effect of a variety of
      social-welfare programs has not been evaluated. Since the 1970s, our perception
      of the problem of lead toxicity and consequently its control has changed. First
      steps have been made toward attaining one primary preventive objective,
      controlling the multiple sources of new inputs of lead to the biosphere that
      contribute to asymptomatic lead toxicity. The lead content of widely used
      commodities has been reduced (canned foods and gasoline) or virtually eliminated
      (paint). The benefits of passive measures used to attain reductions in lead
      exposure have been documented to a greater extent than those of active programs.
      The best example of a successful primary and passive preventive measure is the
      availability of lead-free gasoline since 1974, which largely accounts for
      decreases in ambient air lead concentrations nationwide and the recent shift to
      lower values in the distribution curve of children's blood lead levels. The
      latter provides a margin of safety for children before known toxic levels are
      reached. The contribution of reductions in dietary lead to changes in blood lead
      levels has not been well documented. Studies also show the benefits of the use of
      lead-free paint in new housing. Compared to children living in older homes with
      deteriorating lead paint, those living in lead-free homes are at low risk for
      lead toxicity. Likewise, affected children who move to lead-free homes are at low
      risk for further toxicity. Despite reductions of new inputs, reservoirs of
      concentrated lead remain in urban areas in soil, dust, and existing housepaint
      that will continue to be hazardous to children for decades to come. The second
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) described a
      population at continued risk of toxicity. Although lead poisoning is a problem in
      all socioeconomic and racial groups, poor black urban children remain at highest
      risk of chronic lead exposure. Compared to controlling new inputs, the control of
      existing sources of lead in and around housing is a more intractable
      problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3994817
TI  - The study of stress at work.

PMID- 3994818
TI  - The "right to know": toxics information transfer in the workplace.

PMID- 3994819
TI  - Surveillance for the effects of workplace exposure.

PMID- 3994820
TI  - [Comparison between oral and parenteral rehydration in children with dehydration
      caused by gastroenteritis].

PMID- 3994821
TI  - [In search of the ideal solution for oral rehydration].

PMID- 3994822
TI  - [Coronary fistula].

PMID- 3994823
TI  - [Correlation of menarche with age and various somatometric indexes].

PMID- 3994824
TI  - [Bacterial colonization of the duodenum and absorption of d-xylose in newborn
      infants fed through a transpyloric catheter].

PMID- 3994825
TI  - [Atresia of the esophagus and its association with other abnormalities].

PMID- 3994826
TI  - [Nephropathy with predominant mesangial IgA and its prognosis].

PMID- 3994827
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the colon in childhood].

PMID- 3994828
TI  - [Human parasitosis in Mexico].

PMID- 3994829
TI  - [Oral hydration in infants hospitalized for acute diarrheic syndrome, using
      formulations of different energy densities].

PMID- 3994830
TI  - Interneuronal relations within and between cortical areas during conditioning in
      cats.
AB  - Multiunit activity was chronically recorded in auditory, visual and motor cortex
      during classical conditioning and extinction. A statistical method for cross
      correlation analysis of interneuronal relations was used. Plastic changes in
      cortical integrative function had spatial features and depended upon types of
      conditioning. Results suggest the spatial features in cortical cell integration
      in the trained-brain consisting of 3 categories of neuronal system organizations:
      microset, local and inter-regional. The first two are localized in a cortical
      projection region, whereas the third occupies cortical regions activated during
      conditioning. An evaluation of systemic activity in cortical neurons suggests
      specific organizations of cortical integrative functions in learning.

PMID- 3994831
TI  - Chronic brain ischemia in the monkey assessed by somatosensory evoked potentials
      and local blood flow measurements.
AB  - Physiological changes occurring in experimentally induced chronic ischemic areas
      of the brain in monkeys have been investigated by measuring local cerebral blood
      flow (lCBF) and recording somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median nerve
      stimulation in the cortex and thalamus (VPL). Ischemia was produced by occlusion
      of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Its development was followed for weeks in
      the unanesthetized monkey. SEPs in VPL and cortex were shown to be useful
      indicators of neuronal activity in the course of brain ischemia. The most
      reliable parameters were found to be the amplitude of components P10, P12 and P20
      of the cortical SEP, generated around the central sulcus. The relationship
      between the changes in spontaneous recovery of the SEPs, lCBF and behavioral
      signs, in the course of time, revealed characteristic patterns. Different
      components of the cortical SEP provide useful information on the localization of
      the ischemic cortical area. In addition, the amplitude of the VPL SEP may also
      change significantly after the occlusion of the MCA. Clear evidence for the
      phenomenon of diaschisis in terms of SEPs, was found in only one animal. An
      analysis of the relationship between lCBF and the amplitude of the SEPs showed
      that cortical SEPs could be measured at local CBF levels as low as 15 ml/100 g X
      min. The relationship between lCBF and cortical SEP amplitude was approximately
      linear in the range from about 60 ml/100 g X min down to 15 ml/100 g X min.

PMID- 3994832
TI  - Neurons in the amygdala of the monkey with responses selective for faces.
AB  - To investigate the functions of the amygdala in visual information processing and
      in emotional and social responses, recordings were made from single neurons in
      the amygdala of the monkey. A population of neurons (40 of more than 1000
      recorded in 4 monkeys) was investigated which responded primarily to faces. These
      neurons typically (1) responded to some human or monkey faces, which were
      presented to the monkey through a large aperture shutter so that response
      latencies could be measured, or were simply shown to the monkey, (2) responded to
      2-dimensional representations of these faces, as well as to real 3-dimensional
      faces, (3) had no responses or only small (less than half maximum) responses to
      gratings, simple geometrical, other complex 3-D stimuli, or to arousing and
      aversive stimuli, (4) had response latencies of 110-200 ms, (5) were located in
      the basal accessory nucleus of the amygdala, (6) responded differently to
      different faces, as shown by measures of d', and could thus over a population of
      such neurons code information useful for making different responses to different
      individuals, (7) could in some cases (9/11 tested) respond to parts of faces, and
      (8) in a few cases (4/19 tested) responded more to a face which produced an
      emotional response. A comparison made in three monkeys of the responses of these
      neurons with the responses of 77 neurons with face-selective responses recorded
      in the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) showed that the amygdaloid
      neurons had longer response latencies (110-200 compared to 90-140 ms), and were
      in some respects more selective in their responses to different faces. It is
      suggested that the deficits in social and emotional behavior produced by amygdala
      lesions could be due in part to damage to a neuronal system specialized in
      utilizing information from faces so that appropriate social and emotional
      responses can be made to different individuals.

PMID- 3994833
TI  - Physostigmine reverses memory deficits produced by pretraining electrical
      stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus in mice.
AB  - The aim of the present experiments was to test the validity of the hypothesis
      that presynaptic cholinergic activity has a functional significance for memory
      formation. The results show that electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus
      delivered before learning in BALB/c mice which induces a decrease of about 40% in
      hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity at the time of learning
      results in deficits in retention scores in two appetitive learning tasks (operant
      conditioning in the Skinner box or a spatial memory task using a 4-hole board).
      In both behavioral tasks intraventricular injection of 1 microgram of
      physostigmine 20 min before the acquisition session reverses the disruptive
      effect of pretraining hippocampal stimulation. Our results seem to indicate that
      the memory deficits produced by pretraining electrical stimulation of the
      hippocampus result from both a decrease in ChAT activity and a corresponding
      reduction of acetylcholine availability in the hippocampal formation.

PMID- 3994834
TI  - Depletion of adrenal catecholamines alters the amnestic effect of amygdala
      stimulation.
AB  - Amygdala stimulation produces a robust retrograde amnesia which appears to be
      related to peripheral hormonal responses to stress. This present study
      investigated the effects of electrical stimulation of the amygdala delivered
      immediately after inhibitory and active avoidance training to rats depleted of
      adrenal catecholamines or sham adrenal operated rats. Comparable findings were
      obtained with the two training tasks: amygdala stimulation impaired retention of
      sham adrenal operated rats but it enhanced retention of rats depleted of adrenal
      catecholamines. These findings suggest that adrenal catecholamines released
      during a training situation modulate the effects of amygdala stimulation on
      memory.

PMID- 3994835
TI  - Peripheral epinephrine modulates the effects of post-training amygdala
      stimulation on memory.
AB  - The present study investigated the role of adrenal epinephrine in the memory
      modulatory effects of post-training amygdala stimulation. Adrenal demedullated
      (ADMX) or sham demedullated (SHAM) rats received electrical stimulation of the
      amygdala immediately after training on inhibitory and active avoidance tasks.
      With both tasks, the stimulation impaired retention only in the rats with intact
      adrenal medullae: the retention performance of the ADMX in the rats with intact
      adrenal medullae: the retention performance of the ADMX rats given post-training
      stimulation was better than that of the unstimulated ADMX group with implanted
      electrodes. However, ADMX rats given post-training epinephrine (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.)
      immediately before the amygdala stimulation had retention deficits comparable to
      those of the SHAM group given amygdala stimulation. If epinephrine was
      administered a short time after rather than before the post-training amygdala
      stimulation, retention of the ADMX animals was not impaired. The findings are
      interpreted as indicating that circulating epinephrine present at the time of
      amygdala stimulation modulates the effects of amygdala stimulation on memory.

PMID- 3994836
TI  - [Chemical composition and biological properties of Erythraea centaurium Rafn].
AB  - The steroidic fraction from the ethereal extract of the aereal parts of Erythraea
      centaurium Rafn. has showed the presence of the following sterols: beta
      sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, brassicasterol and delta 7 stigmastenol,
      isolated by H.P.L.C. and identified by G.L.C., 1H-N.M.R. and MS. Then the free
      amino-acids from the aqueous extract of E. centaurium were determined.

PMID- 3994837
TI  - [Sterols from Basidiomycetes].
AB  - Sterols of three Basidiomycetes were determined. The main sterol was ergosta
      5,7,22-trien-3 beta-ol, accompanied by other closely related sterols. Cholesterol
      was found only in trace amounts.

PMID- 3994838
TI  - Amiloride inhibits the PHA-evoked mouse splenic lymphocyte proliferation.
AB  - The present study was aimed to ascertain whether Na+ influx can be involved in
      regulation of blastogenesis and proliferation of PHA stimulated mouse splenic
      lymphocytes. The cells were cultivated in the presence of different
      concentrations of amiloride, an inhibitor of passive Na+ influx, and cellular
      activation was monitored by 3H-thymidine incorporation and blast index
      determination. The drug was not toxic and inhibited cell growth in concentrations
      ranging from 1 X 10(-3) to 1 X 10(-5) mmol/ml. The results are in agreement with
      the hypothesis that Na influx is necessary for PHA evoked mouse splenic
      lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 3994839
TI  - Biological activity of 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid derivatives. III. Variously
      substituted anilides with antimicrobial activity.
AB  - A series of 1,3-bis-anilides of 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid was prepared and
      investigated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The prepared compounds
      (I-XIV), of the general formula (A), where Xn = 2-NO2 (I); 2,4-(NO2)2 (II); 2,4
      NO2, Cl (III); 2,4-NO2,CF3 (IV); 3,4-NO2,Cl (V); 2,4-Cl,NO2 (VI); 2,5-Cl,NO2
      (VII); 2,4,6-Cl,NO2,Cl (VIII); 2,4-Br, NO2 (IX); 2-CF3 (X); 3-CF3 (XI); 2,5
      Cl,CF3 (XII); 2,5-CH3,Cl (XIII); 3,4-Cl,CH3 (XIV), were obtained in satisfactory
      yield by reacting 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid with the appropriate substituted
      aniline. (Formula: see text). The prepared compounds were tested for
      antimicrobial activity by a disk-diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer modified). The
      organisms used were the following: S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. anthracis, M.
      paratuberculosis 607, E. coli Bb, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. paratyphi B, Pr.
      vulgaris, K1. pneumoniae, Ps. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. niger. The results
      of the antimicrobial screening showed that a number of substituted anilides
      exhibited varying degrees of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative
      bacteria, and fungi, nitro-halogen-derivatives being the most interesting members
      of the series.

PMID- 3994840
TI  - [Use of the pancreolauryl test in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic
      insufficiency. Preliminary results].
AB  - The Pancreolauryl Test (PLT), a tubeless test used to study exocrine pancreatic
      function, was performed in 18 patients (8 healthy controls and 10 patients with
      suspected chronic pancreatitis) to evaluate its sensitivity and clinical
      applicability. The sensitivity rate of PLT was 75%, the specificity 85.7%, the
      predictive value of a positive test 60% and of a negative test 92.3%. The PLT
      proved to be a non invasive, easy to perform test; besides it was acceptable to
      the patients, without collateral effects.

PMID- 3994841
TI  - [Preliminary observations on the distribution of serotoninergic and cerebellar
      projecting neurons of the raphe nuclei of the brain stem].
AB  - Cerebellar projection from raphe nuclei were investigated in rabbit by using
      retrograde transport of HRP and serotonergic mapping by direct fluorescence. A
      close topographical correlation between the HRP labeled cells and the
      serotonergic neurons has been observed. The current study has demonstrated the
      presence of paramedian and lateral cells whose cytoarchitecture is identical with
      midline cells of many raphe nuclei. All of the raphe nuclei except the linear
      nuclei, contained serotonergic perikarya. The midline and paramedian portions of
      the nuclei raphe obscurus, pallidus, magnus, and nucleus raphe dorsalis contained
      principally serotonergic neurons; the lateral portions of the medullary raphe
      nuclei and the nuclei raphe pontis and centralis superior contained a significant
      number of non-fluorescent cells. In these regions, fluorescent sections often
      revealed the size, shape, and orientation of the perikarya and dendrites; further
      verification of cytoarchitectural characteristics of these neurons depended
      heavily upon these clues.

PMID- 3994842
TI  - [Parameters of analytic morphometry: proposal for a symmetry evaluator].
AB  - A morphometrical analytical evaluator of asymmetries of biological structures
      bonded by a closed curve was suggested. A second degree equation couple was found
      in order to detect, respectively according X and Y axis, first main asymmetry
      whereas third degree equation revealed first and second asymmetry for both
      abscissa and ordinate values. Final evaluator, named S.A.E. (Shape Analytical
      Evaluator), was computed as arch/cord ratio between function curve and its cord,
      it was equal to 1 for circles and any ellipse and symmetrical shapes whereas it
      was of different value for asymmetrical shapes.

PMID- 3994844
TI  - [Feeding behavior of the cat in response to stimulation of the caudate nucleus].
AB  - In chronic free-moving cats unilateral, low frequency, long duration stimulation
      of the caudate nucleus causes a significant reduction of food intake. The effects
      are greatest at the beginning of the stimulation. On cessation of stimulation the
      animals take enough food to compensate for that lost during the time of
      stimulation. Results are discussed either considering interrelationships between
      striatum and lateral hypothalamus, either regarding recent viewpoints
      distinguishing two striatal compartments: dorsal or "non limbic" striatal region
      and ventral or "limbic" striatal region.

PMID- 3994843
TI  - Evaluation of ouabain-insensitive red blood cell cation transport in uremic
      patients.
AB  - The authors present the results of a simultaneous assay of: intracellular Na+ and
      K+ concentrations, Na+ and K+ outward bumetanide-sensitive effluxes (Na+, K+
      cotransport), Na+ efflux stimulated by extracellular Li+ (Na+, Li+
      countertransport), and ouabain- and bumetanide-resistant Na+ and K+ effluxes
      (passive membrane permeability) performed in red blood cells from 15 uremic
      patients an regular hemodialysis and from 12 normal subjects, with an established
      flux assay. Na+ and K+ effluxes by the Na+, K+ cotransport system were
      significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in uremic patients then in normals (219 +/
      37 vs 82 +/- 17 mumol/l RBC/h and 251 +/- 29 vs 139 +/- 14 mumol/l RBC/h
      respectively). In normal subjects the bumetanide sensitive Na+ and K+ effluxes
      were strongly (r = 0.89; p less than 0.01) intercorrelated; and the intracellular
      Na+ concentration was related to the outward Na+ cotransport flux (r = 0.53; p
      approximately 0.05). Among uremic patients these correlations were not found. Na+
      and K+ intracellular concentrations, passive Na+ and K+ permeability, and Na+,
      Li+ countertransport activity were not different among uremic patients and normal
      controls. In conclusion, in uremic dialyzed patients, red blood cell Na+, K+
      cotransport activity is quite uniformly suppressed. The possible pathogenesis of
      this disfunction is still speculative and deserves further studies.

PMID- 3994845
TI  - [Effect of ethanol on young nerve endings].
AB  - The ethanol changes the quantal spontaneous release of acetylcholine and it
      affects the reinnervation time course. The effects of ethanol on regenerated
      nerve endings have been tested. 20 days after crushing sciatic nerve, the
      m.e.p.p. frequency at the end plate of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle keep
      in Ringer solution without and with ethanol has been estimated by intracellular
      recordings. The increase of the m.e.p.p. frequency produced by ethanol is greater
      in immature, than in normal nerve endings.

PMID- 3994846
TI  - [Recovery of sensation and reflex activity during treatment with ethanol].
AB  - Ethanol greatly modifies synaptic function and it affects the reinnervation time
      course. In order to better clarify the effects of ethanol on nerve regeneration,
      we have observed the recovery of algesthesia and reflex activity in the rat
      during the treatment with ethanol. For this purpose the posterior leg of Sprague
      Dawley rats was denervated by crushing the sciatic nerve and the recovery of
      algesthesia and reflex activity was tested at the level of the metatarsus-falanx
      articulation of the homolateral paw. During the reinnervation period, the animals
      were treated daily with ethanol 3 g/Kg of body weight. The recovery of
      algesthesia and reflex activity comes about in a medio-lateral direction and
      proceeds linearly. It is completed on the 25th day after the denervation. Ethanol
      does not cause changes in the time course of algesthesia recovery, however it
      does cause a slight delay in the recovery of the reflex activity.

PMID- 3994847
TI  - [Accentuated and irregular post-maximal deflection in thromboelastographic
      tracings: occurrence in various pathologies].
AB  - The increased and irregular post-maximal deflection of the two limbs of
      thromboelastographic traces has been variably interpreted by the Authors who
      utilize TEG as a global screening test for haemostasis evaluation. These
      thromboelastographic patterns have been attributed either to enhanced
      fibrinolytic activity or to raised clot's rectractility or even to incorrect
      technique. In our study, 1701 TEG's traces carried out in the last five years
      have been reviewed in order to evaluate the incidence of such patterns in both
      healthy subjects and in patients affected by different diseases. The data
      obtained show that such irregular post-maximal deflection's patterns are quite
      absence in healthy subjects while reaches a statistically significant incidence
      only in patients affected by diabetes mellitus, obesity or systemic hypertension.
      The results seem to suggest that the increased and irregular post-maximal TEG
      deflection is not a simply product of technique's mistake but may represent an
      useful index of some haemostatic alterations which need further studies.

PMID- 3994848
TI  - [Blood glutathione levels in rabbits treated with high doses of vitamin E].
AB  - High doses of parenterally administered vitamin E (30 mg/kg/die) have been given
      to albino rabbits. We have found a significant elevation of red blood cells
      reduced glutathione, while the percent level of oxidized versus the reduced form
      falls from 2% to 1.3%. This finding could be explained with an elevation of the
      synthesis of this tripeptide, depending on the stimulation of glutathione
      synthetase activity. On the other hand, a reduced utilization of this tripeptide
      for the free radicals detoxifying activity could be claimed for.

PMID- 3994849
TI  - Anatomical basis of the surgical approach to the medial wall of the orbit.
AB  - The main neurovascular structures related to the medial wall of the orbit were
      studied in 70 orbits after injection of the orbital arterial bed with latex dye.
      The position, anatomical relations and variations of the ophthalmic and ethmoidal
      arteries and trochlear and nasociliary nerves are described. Some differences
      were noted in comparison to classical anatomical descriptions, notably regarding
      the position of the ophthalmic artery which was commonly found to lie medial to
      the obliquus superior muscle distal to the point where it crosses under the
      muscle. An important surgical landmark, the lateral orifice of the anterior
      ethmoidal canal which lodges the anterior ethmoidal artery, was noted and its
      position described.

PMID- 3994850
TI  - Anatomical basis of the microsurgical approach to the pineal gland.
AB  - The microanatomic study of the pineal region was made from 18 cadaver brains. The
      purpose of this paper is to describe the surgical anatomy needed to approach this
      area, which is deeply located and in the midline, by analysing the different
      methods of approach.

PMID- 3994851
TI  - Spinal stability as defined by the three-column spine concept.
AB  - The three-column spine concept is supported by anatomical data from dry European
      and African skeketons, by experiments on fresh cadaver spines without chemical
      fixation and by an extensive clinical and surgical experience. There exists an
      axial and a transverse stability. Axial stability is maintained along a vertical
      column system: this consists of two columns at the C1-C2 level and three columns
      from C2 to the sacrum. The anterior column is formed by the vertebral bodies and
      discs, and the two posterior columns by posterior joints. Transverse stability at
      the motion segment levels is produced by a coupling of bony buttresses and
      ligamentous brakes. The three-joint motion segment is characterized by a
      triangular disposition of joints with opposing joint spaces, thus supporting the
      articular orthogonal triangulation concept. These observations have a clinical
      relevance in the field of spinal growth, changes consequent upon wear in spinal
      joints and clinical instability.

PMID- 3994852
TI  - Orientation of the articular processes at L4, L5, and S1. Possible role in
      pathology of the intervertebral disc.
AB  - In the synergistic complex formed by the intervertebral disc and posterior
      articular processes, the latter play a significant role to protect the disc and
      block forward movement of the spine. This role is of special importance at the
      level of the lumbosacral interface whose inclination contributes to increase
      shearing forces acting on the disc. The orientation of the lumbosacral articular
      processes modifies the distribution of the mechanical stress acting at their
      level. The relationship between the orientation of the articular processes and
      the stress transmitted to the disc was studied by computerized tomography (31
      subjects without disc prolapse, 35 subjects with disc prolapse, 110 operative
      reports). Sagittal orientation of the facet joints, which is consistently more
      pronounced on the right side, seems to promote the occurrence of disc prolapse at
      the lumbosacral level.

PMID- 3994853
TI  - Organization of the extensor complex of the digits.
AB  - On the basis of 150 dissections the authors show that, on the back of the hand,
      the tendinous formations ensuring the extension of the fingers can be arranged in
      four groups of a least two tendons for each finger, excepting the thumb. In the
      little finger the group comprises a constant tendon, the extensor proper, and two
      variables, the common extensor and the expansion of the extensor carpi ulnaris.
      In the index finger the extensor proper and the common extensor nearly always
      coexist. In the middle finger the great common extensor, sometimes divided, can
      be accompanied at depth, by an extensor tendon. Finally, in the ring finger, two
      or three more or less intricate slips are found forming the common extensor. The
      presence of anastomoses and the numerous slips originating in the tendon-forming
      band can reduce functional deficiency following the section or rupture of a
      tendon. On account of these variations the surgeon should operate with caution in
      tendon transplantations.

PMID- 3994854
TI  - Electromyography for the investigation and early diagnosis of scoliosis.
AB  - A clinically normal 5 year old child with a family history of scoliosis was
      studied. Electromyography of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles and
      roentgenography of the spine were both done on two separate occasions, six months
      apart. On the first electromyographic investigation, moderate predominance of
      activity was found over the left thoracic erector spinae muscles. At that time,
      spinal roentgenography showed normal results, whereas six months later left
      thoracolumbar scoliosis was evident. It was concluded that electromyographic
      investigation is useful for the early diagnosis of scoliosis in school-age
      children.

PMID- 3994855
TI  - Dilatation of the subarachnoid pericerebral space and absorption of cerebrospinal
      fluid in the infant.
AB  - The authors investigated intracranial pressure, resistance to cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) absorption following ventricular infusion and radiopharmaceutical
      absorption of radionuclide injected into the ventricles in two infants with
      dilatation of the subarachnoid pericerebral space. The results of this study
      showed an increased resistance to CSF absorption. Intraspinal CSF absorption was
      seen to predominate, as shown by isotopic cisternography.

PMID- 3994857
TI  - Fusion disability of embryonic osteoclast precursor cells and macrophages in the
      microphthalmic osteopetrotic mouse.
AB  - Osteoclast formation in the microphthalmic osteopetrotic (mi) mouse was studied
      from very early embryonic to newborn stages. Embryonic and fetal milmi
      osteoclasts, generated during the period before bone marrow is formed in the long
      bones, were predominantly mononuclear and lacked ruffled borders. These cells
      did, however, show many osteoclastic morphologic and functional properties, such
      as an abundance of mitochondria, positive succinic dehydrogenase and acid
      phosphatase reactions, and close contact with and resorption of the calcified
      cartilage matrix (though diminished). These osteoclastic mononuclear cells
      appeared in vivo as well as in organ cultures of fetal metatarsal bones with
      their intact periostea. They also were observed in cocultures of periosteum-free
      fetal metatarsal bones, with several extraneous sources of osteoclast precursors:
      yolk sacs and abdominal regions of 9- and 11-day-old embryos, fetal livers, and
      precultured mononuclear phagocytes isolated from the fetal liver. In contrast,
      +/+ osteoclasts were always multinuclear, functioned normally in resorbing the
      calcified cartilage matrix, and had ruffled borders in vivo as well as when
      derived from the above-mentioned sources. Fetal liver-derived milmi macrophages
      also failed to form multinuclear foreign body giant cells as opposed to +/+
      macrophages in granulomas on implanted pieces of Melinex. The fusion failure of
      cells derived from embryonic and fetal extramedullary milmi monocyte/macrophage
      sources contrasted with the occurrence of multinuclear osteoclasts and foreign
      body giant cells derived from precursors from the bone marrow in young milmi
      mice. We conclude that the fusion defect of milmi osteoclast precursor cells is
      already present in their ancestry in blood cell-forming organs of very young
      embryos and that these cells differentiate into mononuclear osteoclasts that
      function inefficiently in prenatal bone. We presume that in fully developed bone
      marrow, local factors are favorable for abolishing the fusion defect.

PMID- 3994856
TI  - Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk.
AB  - Vertebral trabecular mineral content and peripheral cortical bone mineral were
      measured in 94 female and 44 male osteoporotic patients and compared to vertebral
      mineral values obtained for 323 control subjects in a cross-sectional study. The
      rate of change of spinal trabecular mineral with age (measured by quantitative
      computed tomography) in control females averaged 1.2% per year from age 20 to 80,
      with an accelerated loss demonstrated at the menopause. Trabecular bone mass in
      male controls declined an average 0.72% per year. Female osteoporotics had a mean
      decrement of 48 mg cm-3 (39%) compared to age-matched controls, whereas males
      were decreased 66 mg cm-3 (50%). Radial cortical bone was correlated with spinal
      mineral in osteoporotics for both males (r = 0.48) and females (r = 0.62).
      Vertebral compression fractures or wedging was generally absent in patients with
      vertebral mineral values above 110 mg cm-3, whereas almost all patients with
      values below 65 mg cm-3 had fractures. Quantitative computed tomography for
      measurement of vertebral trabecular bone mineral density is useful for defining
      those patients in whom the risk of vertebral fracture is increased.

PMID- 3994858
TI  - Meeting of the Bone and Tooth Society. Edinburgh, (March, 1984). Abstracts.

PMID- 3994859
TI  - Thrombosis and ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 3994860
TI  - Provision of services for the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease in England
      and Wales. Third report of a Joint Cardiology Committee. Royal College of
      Physicians of London and the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
AB  - The principal conclusions of the report are as follows. Cardiology continues to
      change rapidly. In the five years since the issue of the Second Report of the
      Joint Cardiology Committee in 1980 the specialty has been affected principally by
      the increase in coronary artery surgery and the increasing importance of non
      invasive techniques of diagnosis, particularly echocardiography. The burden of
      heart disease in Britain shows some decline recently, but this falls short of
      that which has occurred in other countries. The vital role of the initial
      assessment of patients to ensure the efficient use of limited resources falls
      upon physicians and paediatricians in district general hospitals. Each district
      general hospital should have at least one physician, practising general medicine
      but having a special expertise and training in cardiology. He should undertake
      echocardiography, stress testing, ambulatory monitoring, emergency pacing,
      rehabilitation, and cardiac intensive care, with the necessary facilities and
      staff. He will also play an important part in the follow up of patients assessed
      and treated at cardiac centres. Paediatricians should continue to evaluate
      children with heart disease and their training should include periods at cardiac
      centres. Cardiac centres currently undertaking invasive investigations and
      cardiac surgery need to expand to cope with demand. A target figure of 750-1000
      coronary artery bypass operations annually is suggested. This implies three or
      four surgeons and six cardiologists per centre. Other staffing should be based on
      these figures. Smaller centres are not necessarily non-viable but should be
      encouraged to expand or merge. Funding should be clarified so that regional
      contributions to regional services are identified and not lost in district
      budgets. Expensive capital equipment should be regionally funded whether sited in
      cardiac centres of district general hospitals. (7) Supraregional centres for the
      cardiac problems of infants under the age of one year have been identified ans
      should receive supraregional funding. Their staffing and equipment should be
      appropriate to the exceptional demands of this work. If such a centre is sited
      within an existing cardiac centre the staff will be additional to those needed
      for the adult work. Facilities for older children should continue to be provided,
      as at present, at all cardiac centres. (8) Cardiac transplantation should be
      funded supraregionally. (9) The medical audit of cardiac work should be supported
      by the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS). (10) Research remains a
      high priority, and cardiac centres should be provided with the facilities, and
      staff with the contracts and time, to undertake it. (11) A revision of this
      report is recommended within five years.

PMID- 3994861
TI  - Haemostatic factors and ischaemic heart disease. The Caerphilly study.
AB  - In a preliminary report from the Caerphilly study four haemostatic factors showed
      univariate associations with prevalent ischaemic heart disease after adjusting
      for age. These factors were fibrinogen concentration, plasma viscosity, white
      cell count, and the heparin-thrombin clotting time. Age and these haemostatic
      variables were entered into a stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis;
      after age the white cell count and heparin-thrombin clotting time remained
      significantly associated with ischaemic heart disease. Further regression
      analyses indicated that diastolic blood pressure contributed additionally to this
      association with ischaemic heart disease but that smoking habit did not.

PMID- 3994863
TI  - Preoperative prediction of prosthesis size using cross sectional echocardiography
      in patients requiring aortic valve replacement.
AB  - In 43 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis with or
      without regurgitation the accuracy of preoperative left ventricular angiography,
      parasternal long axis cross sectional echocardiography of left ventricular
      outflow tract and proximal ascending aorta, and M mode echocardiography of aortic
      root in predicting aortic root size and thereby prosthesis size was compared.
      Cross sectional echocardiographic measurements and angiographic measurements of
      aortic root correlated well with prosthesis size, with over two thirds of the
      indirect measurements being within 2 mm of prosthesis diameter. M mode
      echocardiography did not yield useful predictive information. Non-invasive
      preoperative evaluation of patients likely to require aortic valve replacement
      may be usefully extended to include aortic root dimensions measured by cross
      sectional echocardiography.

PMID- 3994862
TI  - Effects of intracoronary and intravenous amrinone infusions in patients with
      cardiac failure and patients with near normal cardiac function.
AB  - The effects of intracoronary and intravenous infusions of amrinone were studied
      to distinguish the drug's direct cardiac actions from its peripheral vascular and
      neuroendocrine properties. Intracoronary infusions of amrinone were found to have
      no haemodynamic effect other than producing a slight reduction in the left
      ventricular ejection fraction and some suggestion of coronary vasodilatation in
      patients with impaired left ventricular function. They did not improve
      contractility, cardiac output, or filling pressures and had no significant effect
      on myocardial metabolism, although therapeutic concentrations of the drug were
      detected in coronary sinus blood. Intravenously administered amrinone reduced
      filling pressures and improved the cardiac index in all patients, but
      haemodynamic improvements were most pronounced in the patients with the worst
      cardiac function. These changes were accompanied by improvements in the indices
      of contractility only in patients in whom alterations in concentrations of free
      fatty acid, glycerol, and glucose suggested peripheral catecholamine release. In
      the patients with the best basal cardiac function intravenously administered
      amrinone produced a reduction in myocardial work and evidence of myocardial
      ischaemia, as a result of excessive reduction of coronary perfusion pressure and
      increased heart rate, without any appreciable increase in cardiac index. It is
      concluded that, at the concentrations of the drug that can be achieved in man
      without adverse effects, amrinone has no direct positive inotropic effect.
      Haemodynamic changes are predominantly the result of vasodilatation, although
      catecholamines may be released in some patients.

PMID- 3994864
TI  - Mechanism of late failure of the Alvarez disc valve prosthesis.
AB  - An Alvarez disc valve prosthesis had been implanted in the mitral and tricuspid
      positions in 15 patients between 1964 and 1967 in this hospital. Of these 15
      patients, only three survived longer than 10 years, all three dying unexpectedly
      between 16 and 18 years postoperatively. Two deaths were a direct result of
      disruption of the Alvarez prosthesis. The third patient was not examined at
      necropsy, but in retrospect the history was highly suggestive of valve
      malfunction. Cross sectional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography made valuable
      contributions to the diagnosis in both cases of valve disruption and, when
      available, should be part of the primary investigation of suspected prosthetic
      heart valve failure. The Alvarez valve prosthesis is liable to erosive wear which
      may cause late detachment of the disc from the valve ring with abrupt and
      catastrophic haemodynamic consequences.

PMID- 3994865
TI  - Double inlet ventricle. Lung biopsy findings and implications for management.
AB  - The lung was biopsied in 20 children with double inlet ventricle and pulmonary
      hypertension aged 2 months to 14 years. Eleven patients had two patent
      atrioventricular valves, three atresia of the right valve, and six hypoplasia of
      the left valve. Severe pulmonary arterial medial hypertrophy occurred in the nine
      children less than 1 year of age. The findings did not suggest a period of
      normality after birth when the pulmonary artery might have been banded most
      effectively. Of the 11 older patients, eight had medial hypertrophy and three
      intimal proliferation with medial atrophy. Six patients with medial hypertrophy
      had some reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure after banding. It is
      recommended that the pulmonary artery be banded as early as possible, and
      rebanded early if a satisfactory result is not obtained, particularly in patients
      destined for a Fontan-Kreutzer procedure. Early atrial septectomy should reduce
      the arterial and venous abnormalities seen in left atrioventricular valve
      hypoplasia.

PMID- 3994866
TI  - Cross sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous
      connection.
AB  - Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection can be diagnosed by cross sectional
      echocardiography. Information is, however, lacking concerning the diagnostic
      accuracy of this imaging method and any factors which may influence it. To
      predict the pulmonary venous connection 463 patients with congenital heart
      disease who had angiographic confirmation were prospectively examined. Total
      anomalous pulmonary venous connection was present in 34 (7%) patients and
      correctly detected in 33 (97% sensitivity). There were two false positive results
      (99% specificity). All 23 patients with atrial situs solitus with or without
      associated congenital heart defects were correctly detected. One false negative
      result occurred in a patient with right atrial isomerism and complex congenital
      heart disease with decreased pulmonary blood flow. Diagnosis of the type of total
      anomalous pulmonary venous connection, including the site and other anatomical
      details, was analysed and was correct in 24 of 34 (71%) patients. Errors included
      incorrect prediction of the site of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
      in five patients with right atrial isomerism, atrioventricular canal defect, and
      pulmonary atresia, details of confluence interconnection in three of four
      patients with the mixed type of connection, undiagnosed pulmonary venous
      obstruction in three of the patients with right atrial isomerism, and failure to
      predict common pulmonary vein atresia in one patient. Factors which were related
      to incorrect echocardiographic diagnosis were abnormal atrial situs, mixed total
      anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and associated congenital cardiac defects,
      whereas age, weight, sex, clinical condition, and time during the study were not
      related. It is concluded that cross sectional echocardiography can be used to
      diagnose accurately total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. This method can
      be the definitive imaging and diagnostic method in symptomatic infants with total
      anomalous pulmonary venous connection who have atrial situs solitus, unifocal
      pulmonary venous connection, and no evidence of other major congenital cardiac
      defect.

PMID- 3994867
TI  - Superiority of radionuclide over oximetric measurement of left to right shunts.
AB  - In 100 children with suspected left to right shunts the ratio of pulmonary to
      systemic flow was measured both by oximetry and first pass radionuclide
      angiography. The pulmonary time activity curve from the radionuclide study was
      analysed by the method of gamma variate fits. There was strong correlation
      between the two techniques; weaker correlation was found when the shunt was at
      atrial rather than ventricular level. This difference can be explained only by
      problems with the oximetric rather than the radionuclide technique. Although
      there are important limitations to the radionuclide method, it is the more
      precise and less invasive of the two and is to be preferred when the accurate
      measurement of left to right shunts is required.

PMID- 3994869
TI  - Predictive value and limitations of the ST/HR slope.
AB  - To assess the value and predictive limitations of the exercise ST/HR slope,
      exercise test results were compared in 50 patients with stable angina and in 17
      normal subjects with those in two groups known to have a high prevalence of
      inaccurate electrocardiographic responses to exercise. The last two groups
      included 51 patients tested within three weeks of acute myocardial infarction and
      17 with important aortic regurgitation but no coronary disease. Of the normal
      subjects, 16 (94%) had ST/HR values less than or equal to 1 X 1 microV/beat/min.
      Of those with stable angina pectoris, 42 of 46 (91%) patients with coronary
      artery disease had ST/HR slopes ranging from 1 X 2 to 20 X 0 microV/beat/min,
      with false negative findings (slopes less than or equal to 1 X 1 microV/beat/min)
      in only four (9%). In contrast, of those with recent myocardial infarction, 15 of
      42 (36%) with coronary disease had false negative slopes, including 12 of 20
      (60%) with anterior wall injury. Of those with aortic regurgitation, conversely,
      14 of 16 (88%) patients with calculable ST/HR slopes had values greater than 1 X
      1 microV/beat/min despite the absence of coronary disease. Despite the accuracy
      of the test in patients with stable angina, false negative results are common in
      those after recent myocardial infarction, and false positive results occur often
      in those with abnormal volume loading due to aortic regurgitation.

PMID- 3994868
TI  - Pacing in children.
AB  - Fourteen children had a permanent pacemaker implanted between May 1967 and July
      1983. Postoperative complete heart block was the indication in nine cases,
      congenital complete heart block in three, and sick sinus syndrome in two. Two
      patients died, one suddenly and one after aortic valve replacement. A total of 48
      pulse generators were implanted; five patients were given an isotopic pacemaker.
      Twelve patients had epicardial leads implanted initially, and two received a
      transvenous endocardial system. The lead system implanted initially remained
      without malfunction in only seven patients. In the other seven patients 20 lead
      malfunctions occurred. Psychological maturity and physical development seemed to
      be normal in all 14 children. Improvement in equipment and technique will improve
      the outlook for paced children in the future.

PMID- 3994870
TI  - Right atrial embolus. Echocardiographic features.
AB  - Although the value of echocardiography in detecting left heart thrombus is well
      recognised, right atrial thromboembolism has rarely been identified in life. In
      two patients with pulmonary embolism of varying severity cross sectional
      echocardiography identified a thrombus moving freely within the right atrium and
      clearly showed its string-like or even tubular structure. An embolectomy, based
      on the echocardiographic diagnosis, was undertaken successfully in one patient.
      The value of routine echocardiography in patients with suspected pulmonary
      embolism is yet to be confirmed.

PMID- 3994872
TI  - Evaluation of lay skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - The theoretical knowledge and practical performance of 166 lay people attending a
      short cardiopulmonary resuscitation course were evaluated according to the
      American Heart Association standards. Before tt course no participant was able to
      perform even a bad attempt at cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Theoretical
      knowledge was good at the end of the course and at the refresher course six
      months later. At the end of the initial course 65% (57/88) of the participants
      examined could adequately compress and ventilate the manikin. After six months
      44% (30/68) could perform resuscitation adequately. Women were as proficient as
      men, and elderly people in general were as proficient as the younger ones. The
      skill of carotid artery palpation was surprisingly well retained after six
      months. Data on pulmonary ventilation and cardiac massage were recorded
      simultaneously on a recording resuscitation manikin. When these objective data
      were compared with the American Heart Association standards only a few
      participants were able to perform correct cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The
      number of compressions and ventilations per minute were often insufficient. A
      large discrepancy between self, subjective, and objective assessment of
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge and performance was found. The importance
      of a rapid diagnosis, an immediate call for help, an adequate rate of cardiac
      massage, and a reduction in the time needed for ventilation should be emphasised
      at these courses. Refresher courses should be provided at least twice a year.

PMID- 3994871
TI  - Immunogenicity and the vascular risk of oral contraceptives.
AB  - Data concerning circulating immune complexes were obtained for women who had had
      a pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, or cerebral thrombosis, and for 224
      healthy controls. In women with pulmonary embolism who had used oral
      contraceptives concentrations of circulating immune complexes were significantly
      higher than in healthy controls (regardless of oral contraceptive use), or in
      those with pulmonary embolism who had never used these preparations.
      Concentrations of circulating immune complexes were not raised in myocardial
      infarction, but these women had major risk factors for ischaemic heart disease.
      The group of patients with cerebral thrombosis without risk factors tended to
      have high concentrations of circulating immune complexes. The data provide some
      confirmation that immunological mechanisms may play a role in thrombotic episodes
      associated with oral contraceptives, especially when they occur in the absence of
      risk factors for vascular disease.

PMID- 3994873
TI  - Diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta by pulsed Doppler cross
      sectional echocardiography.
AB  - Pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta are relatively uncommon compared with
      those evolving from the left ventricle. In a young man with endocarditis of the
      aortic valve who developed a pseudoaneurysm arising from the ascending aorta, the
      diagnosis was established with the pulsed Doppler technique and cross sectional
      echocardiography by passing the Doppler sample from the aorta through the neck of
      the false aneurysm into the large pseudoaneurysm. Aortic root angiography showed
      this connexion to be a small fistula between the aorta and right atrium. Necropsy
      findings confirmed the diagnosis.

PMID- 3994874
TI  - Echocardiographic features of a mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst.
AB  - Cross sectional echocardiography detected a mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst
      which caused extracardiac compression in a 49 year old man. Computed tomography
      confirmed the presence of a cystic lesion lying behind the heart and extending
      from the pancreas to above the carina. Surgical decompression resulted in
      resolution of the clinical and echocardiographic findings.

PMID- 3994875
TI  - Complement activation and anaphylactoid response to protamine in a child after
      cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - A 2 1/2 year old boy had a sudden, severe, and unexpected anaphylactoid reaction
      after an otherwise uncomplicated repair of a partial atrioventricular septal
      defect. The reaction, comprising haemorrhagic pulmonary oedema and peripheral
      circulatory collapse, followed neutralisation of heparin by protamine.
      Measurements of serum complement (C3 and C4) concentrations suggested that a
      pronounced consumption of complement occurred during the adverse response.

PMID- 3994876
TI  - Left ventricular function in coronary artery disease.

PMID- 3994877
TI  - Analysis of circadian blood pressure rhythms.

PMID- 3994878
TI  - Continuous recording of pulmonary artery pressure.

PMID- 3994879
TI  - Isoflurane as a routine anaesthetic in general surgical practice.
AB  - One hundred and thirty-five consecutive patients (aged 2 months to 95 yr) were
      anaesthetized with isoflurane for routine surgery in a District General Hospital.
      No major problem was encountered. One patient in the series developed ventricular
      extrasystoles (1 min-1), although 22 patients received a mean dose of adrenaline
      3.35 micrograms kg-1. Seventeen patients had pre-existing myocardial ischaemia or
      angina, but there was no electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia developing
      during anaesthesia. There was a mean increase in heart rate of 5 beat min-1
      during anaesthesia although the maximum values reached 200 beat min-1 in
      children, and 150 beat min-1 in adults who received fazadinium and 140 beat min-1
      in adults who did not. Supplementary doses of neuromuscular blocking drugs were
      seldom needed, and never for closure of peritoneum. There was a very low
      incidence of untoward events during recovery, although two patients early in the
      series showed delirium, probably as a result of sudden perception of pain
      following the rapid recovery. The mean half-time of wash-out of alveolar
      isoflurane (two patients) was 27 s. The mean volume of isoflurane administered
      per patient was 22 ml of liquid using fresh gas flow rates in the range 6-9 litre
      min-1.

PMID- 3994880
TI  - Cardiac rate and rhythm during anaesthesia for dental extraction. A comparison of
      halothane, enflurane and isoflurane.
AB  - Cardiac rate and rhythm were compared in 60 patients having dental extractions
      under conventional general anaesthesia using halothane, enflurane or isoflurane
      to supplement nitrous oxide in oxygen. The incidence of arrhythmia was higher in
      the halothane group when compared with both the enflurane (P less than 0.05) and
      the isoflurane (P less than 0.05) groups. Heart rates, measured at 1-min
      intervals, tended to be more rapid in the isoflurane group compared with the
      other two groups (P less than 0.001 in both instances), and patients
      anaesthetized with enflurane tended to have more rapid heart rates than those
      anaesthetized with halothane (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 3994881
TI  - Maternal and neonatal responses related to the volatile agent used to maintain
      anaesthesia at caesarean section.
AB  - A standardized technique of general anaesthesia, with one randomly selected
      variable, was provided for 237 patients undergoing elective and 540 undergoing
      emergency Caesarean section. The variable was the volatile agent used to maintain
      anaesthesia, the choice resting between trichloroethylene (0.2 or 0.3 vol.%) and
      halothane (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 vol.%). No association was found between the type
      of agent and the duration of anaesthesia, or the duration of either the I-D or
      the U-D interval. A smaller total dose of suxamethonium was administered in
      conjunction with the higher concentrations of volatile agent. A statistically
      significant but clinically unimportant increase in the time elapsing from the
      cessation of anaesthesia to maternal achievement of a "safe level of
      consciousness" was found with the higher concentrations. The incidence of
      maternal awareness plus unpleasant dreams was unacceptably high when the lower
      concentrations were used, and it is recommended that either trichloroethylene 0.3
      vol.% or halothane 0.4 or 0.5 vol.% be used. Neither agent, at these
      concentrations, was associated with neonatal depression in group A elective
      sections in which the fetus presented by the vertex, and although there was a
      possible tendency for their use in cases of fetal compromise to be associated
      with an increase in the incidence of neonatal respiratory depression, the degree
      of depression was of little consequence to neonatal well-being. It was confirmed
      that breech presentation and prolongation of the U-D interval are important
      determinants of depression and birth asphyxia among infants delivered by
      Caesarean section under general anaesthesia.

PMID- 3994882
TI  - Fade characteristics and onset times following administration of pancuronium,
      tubocurarine and a mixture of both agents.
AB  - The onset characteristics of pancuronium, tubocurarine and a mixture of these two
      neuromuscular blocking drugs were studied during the induction of neuromuscular
      blockade, using a train-of-four pattern of stimulation. Four characteristics of
      onset were defined: train-of-four fade = a reduction in the height of the fourth
      twitch greater than a reduction in the height of the first twitch; latent onset
      time = time from injection of neuromuscular blocker to a greater than 5%
      reduction in the first twitch in the train-of-four; total onset time = time to
      90% reduction in twitch height; manifest onset time = time from 5% to 90%
      reduction in twitch height. Tubocurarine was associated with significantly more
      fade than either pancuronium or the mixture. During the period of study the fade
      profile of the mixture was almost identical to that of pancuronium alone. The
      mixture had the most rapid total onset time (100.3 s), tubocurarine the slowest
      (135.1 s) and pancuronium was intermediate (124.0 s). The mixture and
      tubocurarine had similar latent onset times, while the mixture and pancuronium
      had similar manifest onset times.

PMID- 3994883
TI  - Effects of enflurane on myocardial ischaemia in the dog.
AB  - The effects of experimentally induced, severe coronary artery stenosis on
      regional changes in myocardial blood supply, cardiac function, and metabolism
      were studied in 14 dogs. The anterior interventricular branch of the left
      coronary artery (LAD) was constricted such that arterial inflow was reduced by
      80%. Nine dogs were given enflurane in a concentration of 2.2 vol.% (1 MAC) in
      air, and five animals received no enflurane (controls). Regional myocardial blood
      supply was measured by the tracer microspheres technique, using 8-micron
      microspheres labelled with five different radioisotopes. Regional cardiac
      function (end-diastolic length of the muscle fibres = EDL; segmental shortening
      during systole = delta L) was estimated with the aid of two ultrasonic crystals
      which were placed in the subendocardial layer of the myocardium supplied by the
      LAD. Regional myocardial metabolism (oxygen consumption; lactate extraction) was
      evaluated from arterial and coronary venous blood samples. The latter were
      collected selectively from the region supplied by the LAD via the great cardiac
      vein. The results showed that, during severe coronary artery stenosis comparable
      to clinical conditions, apart from the known actions on systemic haemodynamics
      and contractility, enflurane had beneficial effects on regional myocardial
      variables. This was indicated by reduced regional contraction, measured as EDL
      and delta L; unchanged subendocardial blood flow without any redistribution; and
      improved lactate extraction in the ischaemic region.

PMID- 3994884
TI  - Enzyme inhibition by steroid anaesthetic agents derived from progesterone.
AB  - The anaesthetic potency of steroids related by metabolism to progesterone shows
      marked variation with small changes in structure. In addition, the same group of
      substances have varying abilities to inhibit bacterial luciferase competitively,
      although there is no correlation between anaesthetic and inhibition potency. The
      data do, however, show that closely related hydrophobic steroids are able to
      interfere with the catalytic activity of an enzyme selectively and, by inference,
      suggest that differences in anaesthetic potency could be a consequence of
      selective differences in ability to interact with a target protein.

PMID- 3994885
TI  - Effects of spinal blockade with bupivacaine on parturition in rats.
AB  - On the day of expected delivery, primigravid rats received 0.5% bupivacaine
      continuously through a chronically implanted intrathecal cannula to produce
      intense sensory and motor blockade below the T10 level. The mean duration of
      delivery was prolonged to 3.1 h compared with 1.4 h in a control group without
      intrathecal blockade and a group which received an intrathecal infusion of
      Hartmann's solution. The mean percentages of live births per litter surviving the
      first 6 h was 94% in the control groups and 42% in those receiving bupivacaine by
      intrathecal infusion. No increased perinatal mortality was observed in another
      control group receiving an i.p. infusion of 0.5% bupivacaine in the same dose as
      that given intrathecally. Two mother rats died during delivery under spinal
      blockade because of prolonged labour. It is concluded that, without obstetric
      intervention, intense sensory and motor blockade delayed parturition and
      increased fetal mortality in the pregnant rats.

PMID- 3994886
TI  - Impaired metabolic activity of phagocytic cells after anaesthesia and surgery.
AB  - Peripheral blood leucocytes and their phagocytosis-associated metabolic activity
      were studied in 65 patients after elective surgery representing similar degrees
      of surgical trauma. Halothane (group A) or neurolept (group B) anaesthesia were
      given to 50 patients. Fifteen patients had extradural blockade only (group C).
      Leucocytosis was observed immediately after surgery in group B: patients in
      groups A and C responded more slowly. The higher 2nd-day values were followed by
      a decrease in leucocyte numbers on the 5th day. Although patients in groups A and
      B showed immediate decreases in nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, recovery was
      noted only in group B on the 5th day after operation. It is postulated that
      leucocytes with damaged membranes and receptors are probably lacking in the
      necessary functional integrity to fight invading microorganisms.

PMID- 3994887
TI  - Photo-electric plethysmography as a monitoring device in anaesthesia. Application
      and interpretation.
AB  - The optical principle of photo-electric plethysmography is described and the
      clinical significance of changes in the amplitude of the plethysmogram discussed.
      Physiologically, changes in blood volume pulsations depend on the distensibility
      of the vessel wall as well as on the intravascular pulse pressure. The importance
      of both factors in the interpretation of changes in the arterial pulse amplitude
      is illustrated by examples from 500 continuous recordings. In addition, it is
      shown that changes in the height of ventilatory waves may be of diagnostic
      significance.

PMID- 3994888
TI  - Comparison of plethysmograms taken from finger and pinna during anaesthesia.
AB  - Pulse plethysmograms from finger and pinna were recorded simultaneously during
      anaesthesia, and marked differences in their response to various stimuli
      recorded. The differences have been illustrated by a number of examples.

PMID- 3994889
TI  - Injury to terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve following tracheal
      intubation.
AB  - Injury to multiple terminal branches of the maxillary and mandibular divisions of
      the trigeminal nerve is described. The injury occurred following difficult
      tracheal intubation using a retrograde technique. The possible anatomical basis
      of the injury is described.

PMID- 3994890
TI  - Extradural blood patch--why delay?
AB  - Seven patients are described in whom a prophylactic blood patch was instituted
      within 15 min of accidental dural puncture. Five of the patients received
      extradural anaesthesia before the blood patch, and one after the blood patch had
      been performed. In three of these patients further "top-up" doses of local
      anaesthetic were performed through the extradural catheter. The quality of
      analgesia obtained was satisfactory. No symptoms of spinal headache occurred in
      any of the patients.

PMID- 3994891
TI  - Airway obstruction--an unusual presentation.

PMID- 3994892
TI  - Intercostal blockade.

PMID- 3994893
TI  - The effect of domperidone on oesophageal emptying in diabetic autonomic
      neuropathy.
AB  - Oesophageal emptying of solids was studied with a scintigraphic technique in 12
      patients with insulin dependent diabetes complicated by autonomic neuropathy and
      in 22 control subjects. In the diabetics the acute and chronic effects of oral
      domperidone on oesophageal emptying and symptoms of heartburn and dysphagia were
      assessed. The number of swallows required to clear the oesophagus in the
      diabetics (median 9.5, range 2-30) was significantly greater (P less than 0.001)
      than in normal controls (median 2, range 1-14). Domperidone did not increase
      solid oesophageal emptying in diabetic patients either after acute or after
      chronic administration.

PMID- 3994894
TI  - The effects in volunteers of BW12C, a compound designed to left-shift the blood
      oxygen saturation curve.
AB  - BW12C, a potent left-shifting anti-sickling compound in vitro, was administered
      to normal healthy male Caucasian volunteers. Doses of 2-20 mg kg-1 given by
      intravenous infusion over 1 h caused a dose-dependent left-shift of the blood
      oxygen saturation curve and at the highest dose some 16% of the haemoglobin
      existed in a high affinity form. Peak left-shift was observed at the end of
      infusion and decayed thereafter with a mean half-life of approximately 3 h. There
      were no adverse systemic effects, either clinical, biochemical or haematological,
      but there was some local irritation at the intravenous infusion site if the
      infusion was too concentrated. Pharmacokinetic measurements indicated uptake into
      erythrocytes, low levels in plasma and a volume of distribution not appreciably
      greater than the blood volume. A pilot radiolabel study indicated extensive
      metabolism with elimination into the urine.

PMID- 3994895
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of mephenytoin p(4')-hydroxylation: difference between
      Orientals and Caucasians.
AB  - The genetically controlled mephenytoin p(4')-hydroxylation capacity was
      determined in 118 Caucasians and 70 Orientals. After an oral dose of 50 or 100 mg
      of racemic mephenytoin, the amount of p(4')-hydroxymephenytoin in 24 h urine was
      measured by gas chromatography. Bimodal distribution was found with 9/70 (13%)
      Orientals and 5/118 (4%) Caucasians demonstrating deficient p(4')-hydroxylation.
      The statistically significant difference between Orientals and Caucasians (P less
      than 0.05) was accounted for by the high incidence of poor metabolizers among the
      Japanese subjects, 7/31 (23%). The frequency among Chinese subjects, 2/39 (5%),
      was similar to the frequency among Caucasians.

PMID- 3994896
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of potassium chloride in wax-based and syrup formulations.
AB  - The effect on plasma potassium of 64 mmol potassium chloride (KCl) in two oral
      formulations was compared against placebo in five healthy men, and their
      bioavailability was calculated from urinary data. Mean plasma potassium varied
      between 4.0-4.6 mmol/l during the placebo phase and mean (s.d.) urinary potassium
      excretion was 84.4 (18.5) mmol over 36 h. KCl syrup produced a significant change
      in plasma potassium over 24 h (P less than 0.02) with a marked elevation in the
      first 3 h after dosing and a mean (s.d.) peak plasma potassium 1.72 (0.52) mmol/l
      higher than placebo (P less than 0.05). By 36 h an excess of 55.9 (23.9) mmol
      potassium, equivalent to 87.3% of the stated dose, was excreted in the urine. KCl
      in wax base had a less consistent effect on plasma potassium (P greater than 0.5)
      and its effect was no more prolonged. The mean peak increment in plasma potassium
      was 1.03 (0.42) mmol/l (P less than 0.01) and the total potassium excretion was
      50.5 (17.7) mmol higher than placebo values giving a bioavailability of 78.8%
      calculated from the stated dose.

PMID- 3994897
TI  - Oral morphine in cancer patients: in vivo kinetics and in vitro hepatic
      glucuronidation.
AB  - The kinetics of morphine and formation of the main metabolite, morphine-3
      glucuronide (M3G) after single and intravenous doses of morphine were studied in
      six cancer patients and compared with the formation rate of M3G in vitro in
      microsomes isolated from liver biopsies obtained from the same patients at
      palliative laparotomy. The results showed that high formation rates of M3G in
      vitro in microsomes isolated from liver biopsies were associated both with high
      apparent oral clearance values and high M3G/morphine AUC (area under the
      concentration vs time curve) ratios as measured in vivo in the same patients. In
      accordance with previous results marked interindividual differences were seen in
      the kinetics of morphine; the oral bioavailability varied between 30 and 69% and
      the systemic plasma clearance between 18.6 and 34.0 ml min-1 kg-1. This variation
      correlated with the variation in morphine metabolism as assessed in vitro. In
      vivo, a high M3G/morphine AUC ratio predicted a high oral clearance. Hepatic UDP
      glucuronyl transferase activity is thus an important determinant of the in vivo
      kinetics of orally administered morphine.

PMID- 3994898
TI  - An investigation of the cause of accumulation of verapamil during regular dosing
      in patients.
AB  - The accumulation of verapamil during regular dosing conditions was studied.
      Plasma concentrations of verapamil (V) and norverapamil (NV) were measured as
      were urinary concentrations of verapamil, norverapamil, and four other N- and O
      dealkylated metabolites in nine patients after an initial single dose and after
      chronic oral verapamil administration to steady-state plasma concentrations.
      Indocyanine green (ICG) clearance was determined immediately prior to the initial
      verapamil dose and prior to the verapamil washout from regular dosing. An
      approximately two-fold accumulation of V had occurred during regular dosing. The
      area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC1) after the first dose was
      417.4 +/- 276.7 ng ml-1 h (mean +/- s.d.) and increased to 786.5 +/- 54 ng ml-1 h
      (P less than 0.01) during one dosage interval at steady-state (AUCss). NV also
      tended to accumulate from an AUC1 of 552.6 +/- 411 to an AUCss 668.7 +/- 332 ng
      ml-1 h (P less than 0.09). The ratio of AUC-V to AUC-NV was unchanged. The
      verapamil elimination half-life (t 1/2) increased from 8.4 +/- 4.2 to 12.0 +/-
      3.6 h (P less than 0.01) whereas the norverapamil t 1/2 was unchanged. ICG
      clearance was unchanged. Urinary excretion of NV increased slightly but the ratio
      of urinary V/NV concentrations was not significantly altered nor was the ratio of
      four other metabolites to verapamil or the ratio of the combined o-demethylated
      to the N-dealkylated metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994900
TI  - A comparison of standard and sustained release clonidine with respect to plasma
      concentration and blood pressure changes.

PMID- 3994901
TI  - Possible interaction between aminophylline and ascorbic acid.

PMID- 3994899
TI  - Plasma concentrations of melatonin in man following oral absorption of different
      preparations.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of melatonin in man, fasting and fed, were determined
      after ingestion of three different oral preparations. A dose of 2 mg was given as
      either a gelatine capsule, a solution in corn oil or as a slow-release pill.
      Gelatine capsules and the corn oil preparation gave reproducibly timed peak
      plasma concentrations, 30 to 60 min after ingestion regardless of nutritional
      status, and plasma melatonin remained at or above endogenous night-time levels
      for 3-4 h with mean elimination half-lives of 0.54 to 0.67 h. The slow-release
      preparation usefully extended high plasma melatonin concentrations for 5-7 h
      after ingestion but the timing of peak concentrations was very dependent on
      nutritional status. These preparations should be of use in the study of timed
      melatonin administration in man.

PMID- 3994902
TI  - Protein binding of theophylline.

PMID- 3994903
TI  - Rating scales for depression and anxiety: a current perspective.
AB  - Research now requires instruments capable of a better distinction between
      depressive and anxiety disorders. The study is concerned with two relatively
      recent clinician-rated scales, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and
      the Clinical Anxiety Scale together with two recent self-assessment scales, the
      Irritability-Depression-Anxiety Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression
      Scale. The concurrent validity of these scales as measures of the separate
      concepts of anxiety and depression is examined.

PMID- 3994904
TI  - Computers working for medicine.
AB  - A demonstration of the use of Viewdata Systems in clinical trials is presented.
      The potential of these systems in several areas of medicine is shown and related
      to their speed of development in the last 2 years. Particular reference is made
      to the use of computers in the assessment of patients with affective disorders.

PMID- 3994905
TI  - Symposium on new approaches to diagnosis and treatment of affective disorders.
      Introduction.

PMID- 3994906
TI  - Neurotic illness: conserving a threatened concept.
AB  - With the advent of the American Psychiatric Association's Classification DSM III,
      the usefulness of the term neurosis as a unitary concept has been questioned.
      This is largely because of the psychodynamic connotations that invest the term in
      the USA. However there has been pragmatic development, since the word was
      introduced into the English language in 1784, that carries epidemiological,
      behavioural and phenomenological implications. This is demonstrated in the
      definition contained in ICD 9. Disturbance of self-experience and problems with
      interpersonal relationships are common to all neurotic disorders, and bodily
      symptoms of non-organic cause are usual. Neurotic disorders are extremely
      frequent in the general population, amongst those who consult general
      practitioners and in psychiatric out-patients; they necessarily concern doctors.
      It is concluded that what different neurotic disorders have in common is more
      important for classification than the differences between them. An important
      practical consideration is that there are general aspects of treatment
      appropriate for all neuroses which are of less relevance in the treatment of
      other psychiatric disorders. Also the provision of treatment services require
      different emphases for the neuroses.

PMID- 3994907
TI  - Placental alkaline phosphatase as a tumour marker in seminoma using the H17 E2
      monoclonal antibody assay.
AB  - Serum samples from 62 patients with seminoma were assayed for placental alkaline
      phosphatase-like activity using the monoclonal antibody H17 E2, in order to
      evaluate its utility as a serum tumour marker. Fifteen of 16 patients (94%) with
      active seminoma had elevated serum PLAP levels. Sixteen of 46 (35%) of patients
      considered to be in remission had elevated PLAP levels (false positive rate 35%).
      Fifteen false positive results were considered attributable to concomitant
      smoking, and if these patients are excluded, only one false positive case was
      detected. In 7 out of 7 patients sequential PLAP assays reflected clinical
      response to treatment.

PMID- 3994908
TI  - Monoclonal antibody assay of serum placental alkaline phosphatase in the
      monitoring of testicular tumours.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (H17E2) recognising both placental alkaline phosphatase
      (PLAP) and testicular PLAP-like alkaline phosphatase was incorporated in a solid
      phase immunoassay. This was used to measure levels of PLAP in 257 sera from 148
      patients with germ cell neoplasms of the testis. High levels of PLAP were found
      in all patients with active seminomas (mean 0.85 O.D.) compared to those in
      clinical remission (mean 0.20 O.D.) (P less than 0.0001). More importantly,
      changing levels of PLAP correlated with the course of disease in 79 samples from
      33 patients with seminoma (P less than 0.0001). Elevated PLAP levels were also
      noted in patients in remission who were smokers (mean 0.32 O.D.) compared to non
      smokers (mean 0.15 O.D.) (P less than 0.001). These data demonstrate that
      determination of PLAP levels using this sensitive immunoassay is an important new
      adjunct in the monitoring of the response to treatment in patients with seminoma.

PMID- 3994909
TI  - Primary hypothyroidism in breast cancer patients with irradiated supraclavicular
      lymph nodes.
AB  - Since the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer patients with
      aminoglutethimide caused hypothyroidism with an unexpectedly high frequency
      previous treatment was suspected to contribute to hypofunction of the thyroid.
      Serum thyrotropin, triiodothyronine and free thyroxine index were compared
      between breast cancer patients who had undergone irradiation of regional lymph
      nodes and non-irradiated breast cancer patients, as well as patients having
      endometrial or colorectal carcinoma. Subclinical and clinical primary
      hypothyroidism was significantly more frequent in breast cancer patients who had
      previously received irradiation on supraclavicular lymph nodes comprising a minor
      part of the thyroid. Testing for the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid
      tissue components gave no evidence for radiation-induced autoimmune thyroiditis.
      Drugs suppressing thyroid hormone synthesis like aminoglutethimide may frequently
      cause myxedema in such irradiated women, especially at postmenopausal age.

PMID- 3994910
TI  - Human tumour cell lines established in vitro from tumours after long-term passage
      as nude mouse xenografts. Comparative fingerprinting of their concanavalin-A
      acceptor glycoproteins.
AB  - Two human colon cancer xenografts (EC and AC) were established in tissue culture
      only after long-term passage in nude mice. Earlier attempts to establish cell
      lines were unsuccessful. The epithelioid cells retain their tumourigenicity after
      in vitro growth, giving rise to tumours with a take rate of 60-80%. After
      reimplantation, the xenografts retain a similar morphology to that of the
      original human tumours. Both cell lines show human karyology. Comparative mapping
      of Concanavalin-A acceptor glycoproteins provides a fingerprint characteristic of
      each cell line. These glycoprotein patterns are similar to those shown by HT-29,
      an established colon cancer cell line.

PMID- 3994912
TI  - Body size and survival in premenopausal breast cancer.
AB  - The survival experience of 582 women with premenopausal breast cancer was
      examined to determine whether prognosis was related to body size or to
      demographic and reproductive factors. During the follow-up period 228 patients
      died and 18 emigrated or were lost to follow-up. Usual body weight, reported at
      the time of diagnosis, was a strong predictor of survival, with a statistically
      significant trend towards lower survival with increasing weight. Height and
      obesity (Quetelet index) were not significantly related to survival, although the
      tallest women and the most obese women appeared to fare worst. Other
      characteristics of prognostic importance were disease stage and reproductive
      history (women who were older when their first child was born fared better).
      Women aged 46-50 when diagnosed also appeared more likely to survive but no clear
      trend with age was evident. Other characteristics of the women including social
      class, cigarette use and oral contraceptive use were not significantly related to
      survival probability.

PMID- 3994911
TI  - Superior therapeutic activity of liposome-associated adriamycin in a murine
      metastatic tumour model.
AB  - We have examined the anti-tumour activity of liposome-entrapped Adriamycin in a
      murine metastatic tumour model produced by i.v. inoculation of J-6456 lymphoma
      cells and affecting predominantly the liver. Sonicated liposomes containing
      phosphatidylcholine, a negatively-charged phospholipid and cholesterol were used
      in these experiments. Liposome-entrapped Adriamycin was more effective than free
      Adriamycin at equivalent doses of the drug. The superior therapeutic effect of
      the liposome-associated drug was manifest, either with a single i.v. treatment
      using a dose bordering the toxicity threshold of free Adriamycin or with a multi
      injection schedule using smaller doses. Based on the growth kinetics data of the
      J-6456 lymphoma, our results indicate that tumour cell killing was enhanced by a
      factor of approximately 100 using the liposome associated form of Adriamycin.
      Histopathologic studies in mice bearing well-established metastases of the J-6456
      lymphoma in liver and spleen indicated that the extent and duration of pathologic
      remission were significantly improved in mice receiving the liposome-entrapped
      drug as compared to mice receiving free drug. No significant differences in the
      anti-tumour effect of liposome entrapped Adriamycin were observed replacing
      phosphatidylserine by phosphatidylglycerol and reducing the
      cholesterol:phospholipid molar ratio from 100% to 25%. In contrast to the
      metastatic tumour model, liposome-entrapped Adriamycin was significantly less
      effective than free Adriamycin on the local i.m. growth of the J-6456 tumour.
      Altogether the survival and histopathological data presented suggest that, with
      regard to a group of neoplastic conditions with a predominant pattern of liver
      dissemination, a substantial increase in the therapeutic index of Adriamycin can
      be achieved in a selective manner with the use of liposomes.

PMID- 3994913
TI  - Trend and distribution of mesothelioma in Denmark.
AB  - The time trend and the distribution of malignant mesothelioma in Denmark are
      described on the basis of all notifications of cancer cases to the Danish Cancer
      Registry during the period 1943-1980. The age and sex adjusted incidence rates of
      pleural as well as peritoneal mesothelioma are increasing with time and reached
      in the latest 3-year registration period 1978-1980 a remarkably high total
      incidence of 14.7 cases per million men and 7.0 cases per million women. Towards
      the end of the observation period, however, the rate of increase was stagnating
      and for the younger age-groups even a fall in incidence of this malignancy was
      noted, perhaps reflecting the introduction of compulsory hygienic precautions in
      the handling of asbestos in Denmark. The incidence and time trend of peritoneal
      mesothelioma was similar among males and females while pleural mesothelioma was
      three times more common among males compared with females and showed an increase
      in incidence 15 years previous to females. For pleural mesothelioma in men
      notified through the 10-year period 1968, 1977, a significant excess was
      associated with residence in areas with high degrees of urbanization and in ship
      building towns.

PMID- 3994915
TI  - Chemopotentiation of CCNU metabolites by misonidazole.

PMID- 3994914
TI  - Bladder cancer mortality of workers exposed to aromatic amines: analysis of
      models of carcinogenesis.
AB  - The effects of various factors were evaluated on both relative risk
      (multiplicative model), and absolute excess risk (additive model) of bladder
      cancer among 664 workers of a dyestuff factory in Northern Italy. These workers
      were exposed to aromatic amines in fairly constant working conditions from 1922
      to 1970, and were employed for at least one year. They were followed up till the
      end of 1981 for a total of 12,302 man-years at risk. Under both models, the risk
      was greater for workers directly involved in aromatic amine manufacture than for
      those with only intermittent exposure. There was no marked effect of age at first
      exposure on the absolute excess risk of bladder cancer, but the relative risk was
      strongly and negatively related to age at first exposure. Under the multistage
      theory of carcinogenesis, this pattern of risk indicates an early stage effect.
      Absolute excess risk increased sharply during exposure, and continued to rise,
      although less sharply, after exposure had ceased. Relative risk, however,
      decreased after cessation of exposure, indicating a possible late stage effect.
      Thus, the results derived from both additive and multiplicative models are not in
      contrast when interpreted in terms of the multistage theory of carcinogenesis,
      though they are not totally consistent with a single-stage effect, either early
      or late. Aromatic amines may act on a stage somewhere between the first and
      penultimate, or on more than one stage of the process of carcinogenesis.
      Alternatively, it is possible that imprecision in the job classification or other
      observational problems may obscure the trends, or produce fictitious trends in
      the effects of variables such as age at first exposure and time since last
      exposure. Finally, such a pattern of trends could emerge if there were only two
      stages and the first and penultimate stage were the same.

PMID- 3994916
TI  - Hyperthermic response of a mouse fibrosarcoma as modified by phenothiazine drugs.

PMID- 3994917
TI  - Antitumour activity of peroxidases.

PMID- 3994918
TI  - Distribution of polyamines in human epidermis.
AB  - Consecutive sections through the epidermis were cut parallel to its surface, and
      the polyamine (PA) concentration in each section was measured by liquid
      chromatography. There was a constant decrease in PA concentration (expressed as
      nmol/mg DNA) from the deepest layer to the more superficial layers. Putrescine
      showed the greatest increase (+83%) (P less than 0.02). The elevations of
      spermidine and spermine levels were less marked, respectively +30% (P less than
      0.05) and +27% (NS). Proliferating cells in the basal layer possess high
      polyamine levels and as they mature in the superficial layers their polyamine
      content decreases.

PMID- 3994919
TI  - Foot infection in coal miners: a reassessment.
AB  - Foot infection has been studied in 514 coal miners: 70% of men had some evidence
      of infection but dermatophyte fungi accounted for only one-third of those
      affected; Gram-negative bacilli accounted for much of the remaining pathology.
      Itching and cracking were more severe in those with dermatophytes than in those
      with Gram-negative bacilli. Duration of service in the industry correlated with
      increasing dermatophyte infection, but not with bacillary infection. Wetness of
      the feet predisposed to bacillary infection but not to dermatophyte infection.
      There was no evidence of an association of atopy with either form of infection.

PMID- 3994920
TI  - Dermatitis herpetiformis exacerbated by indomethacin.
AB  - Thirteen adults with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) controlled by dapsone or
      sulphamethoxypyridazine were given indomethacin or placebo in a double-blind
      cross-over study. In nine of the thirteen patients the rash and pruritus of DH
      were exacerbated more by indomethacin than by placebo. Dapsone and
      sulphamethoxypyridazine requirements were increased during the indomethacin
      period. The involvement of lipoxygenase products in the pathogenesis of the DH
      skin lesions is postulated.

PMID- 3994921
TI  - Skin irritation caused by transdermal drug delivery systems during long-term (5
      days) application.
AB  - We have studied the skin irritation produced by the prolonged application of
      transdermal therapeutic systems. The systems were applied to the skin of the back
      of male volunteers for 120 hours, and sweat accumulation and bacterial growth
      were studied. In some cases hydrogel discs were attached to the systems. The
      results showed that sweat accumulation contributed more to the skin irritation
      than the bacterial overgrowth. The incorporation of hydrogels in the transdermal
      delivery system may help to reduce skin irritation by absorbing water.

PMID- 3994922
TI  - Comparison of bioavailability and phototoxicity of two oral preparations of 5
      methoxypsoralen.
AB  - 5-Methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) (Psoraderm 5) tablets obtained from France and 5-MOP
      micronized in capsules (manufactured in our pharmacy department) were
      administered to seven psoriasis patients in a 1.2 mg/kg body weight dose
      schedule. Bioavailability and phototoxicity were compared. It was found that the
      maximum serum concentration and the area under the concentration curve were
      significantly higher (P less than 0.01) after administration of the capsules,
      indicating higher bioavailability. No erythema developed in any of the patients
      after administration of the tablets, whereas with the capsules four of the
      patients developed erythema at the test site. The absence of erythema following
      the use of the tablets is probably due to the poor bioavailability of this
      preparation.

PMID- 3994923
TI  - Tattoo removal using infra-red coagulation.
AB  - Using a radiation source from which the output is maximal in the near infra-red
      range, we have successfully treated thirty-six tattoos in twenty-one patients.
      This technique is described and its place in practice is discussed.

PMID- 3994925
TI  - The immunofluorescence findings in Indian pemphigus.

PMID- 3994924
TI  - Keratinocyte proliferative hierarchies confer protective mechanisms in surface
      epithelia.

PMID- 3994926
TI  - Litigation in obstetrics and gynaecology.

PMID- 3994927
TI  - The extent and antecedents of uncertain gestation.
AB  - The extent and genesis of uncertainty of gestation has been studied in a total
      obstetric population, using in all cases a best clinical estimate of gestation
      made according to a specific protocol. In 73.2% of patients, the estimate was
      assessed as certain, in 19.7% as approximate, and in 7.1% as uncertain.
      Uncertainty assessed in this way has several antecedents, and coding of only of
      these (presence or absence of a precise date for the last menstrual period) is
      insufficient in data to be used for research in which gestation length is to be
      used as a variable.

PMID- 3994928
TI  - The significance of uncertain gestation for obstetric outcome.
AB  - An analysis of 11 454 singleton births in a 'total obstetric population'
      (Aberdeen City District) from 1976 to 1980 showed that women whose gestation was
      assessed as approximate or uncertain had less favourable characteristics than the
      certain group. Uncertainty was significantly related to adverse pregnancy
      outcomes such as perinatal mortality, low birthweight, and spontaneous preterm
      delivery, and the association with the adverse outcomes was independent of
      unfavourable maternal characteristics. Moreover, uncertainty 'explained' adverse
      outcomes better than the traditional sociodemographic variables used in the
      analysis. It is argued that research findings based only on women of certain
      gestation cannot be generalized to total populations including women of uncertain
      gestation and will be subject to bias.

PMID- 3994929
TI  - A comparison of the effects of four intravenous solutions for the treatment of
      ketonuria during labour.
AB  - Forty women in whom ketonuria was detected during the first stage of labour were
      allocated randomly to intravenous treatment with one litre of either normal
      saline, Hartmann's solution, 5% dextrose or 10% dextrose. The solutions were
      administered over 1 h and blood was taken immediately beforehand and thereafter
      at 30-min intervals for 90 min to assess their effect on intermediary metabolism,
      plasma osmolality and acid-base status. Although both the 5 and 10% dextrose
      infusions caused a rapid decline in whole blood D-3-hydroxybutyrate
      concentrations, they also produced pathological degrees of maternal
      hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia and a marked elevation in the mean blood
      lactate and pyruvate concentrations. Administration of 10% dextrose was also
      associated with a significant increase in serum osmolality. Hartmann's solution
      produced significantly higher mean whole blood lactate and pyruvate
      concentrations than did normal saline. There was a significant increase in the
      venous base deficit in the group infused with 10% dextrose, indicating that the
      buffering capacity of the blood had been exceeded. It is concluded that rapid
      infusions of dextrose or Hartmann's solution should not be administered during
      labour. Normal saline should be used for rehydration and if dextrose therapy is
      deemed necessary the dose administered should not exceed physiological
      requirements.

PMID- 3994930
TI  - Platelet values during normal pregnancy.
AB  - Blood samples were obtained from 26 healthy women at regular intervals throughout
      pregnancy and analysed using a Coulter Counter Model S Plus III. The mean values
      for the various haematological indices at each stage of gestation were first
      calculated; the platelet count showed a small decrease throughout pregnancy as
      did haemoglobin concentration while there was an apparent increase in mean
      platelet volume, platelet distribution width and white cell count. However,
      analysis of the trends within patients did not always reflect these mean changes;
      there was considerable variation in platelet count within individuals and the
      apparent fall in the group as a whole was accounted for by a considerable fall in
      a few individuals. The assumption that the trends in platelet values determined
      from groups of patients will indicate how individual pregnant women behave is
      misleading.

PMID- 3994931
TI  - Nausea and vomiting and dietary cravings and aversions during pregnancy in South
      African women.
AB  - Frequency and severity of nausea and of vomiting during pregnancy, and of
      pronounced dietary cravings and aversions, were determined in a series of South
      African rural and urban black, Indian, coloured (European-African-Malay) and
      white women. Frequency of severe nausea ranged from 3.8% in rural blacks to 19.8%
      in white women, and of severe vomiting from 3.1% in rural blacks to 17.8% in
      white and Indian women. Proportions in the other groups were intermediate.
      Pronounced cravings, claimed by 67-84% in the various groups, included sour,
      savoury and sweet foods, also fruit and milk. Aversions were claimed by 45-81% of
      the women in the different groups with meat, fish, coffee and fatty foods, the
      foods most often avoided. Pica, the consumption of such substances as earth,
      clay, varied ethnically and regionally; frequency was high in rural and urban
      black women (44.0% and 38.3%), but much lower (5%) in Indian, coloured and white
      women.

PMID- 3994932
TI  - Fetal umbilical artery flow velocity-time waveforms in twin pregnancies.
AB  - The umbilical artery flow velocity-time waveforms were studied in 76 twin
      pregnancies. The ratio of peak systolic (A) to least diastolic (B) velocity was
      calculated for each fetus as an index of umbilical placental flow resistance.
      Seventy-one sets of twins were studied within 14 days before delivery. In 65
      cases both twins were alive at the time of study. In 32 pregnancies both fetuses
      were of birthweight appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and had A/B ratios
      within the normal singleton range. In 33 pregnancies one or both of the liveborn
      infants were small for gestational age (SGA) and in 78% of these at least one
      fetus had an elevated A/B ratio. Discordancy in birthweight and A/B ratio was
      associated with growth retardation. Clinically manifest twin-to-twin transfusions
      occurred in five of the ten pregnancies resulting in an SGA infant (eight with
      discordant weight) associated with a normal and concordant A/B ratio. Two twin-to
      twin transfusions were associated with perinatal death. The placentas were
      examined in 61 patients. In 43 dichorionic pairs the A/B ratio was elevated in 12
      of the 18 where there was at least one SGA infant. There was a greater incidence
      of growth retardation in the monochorionic pairs (12 of 18). Only seven of these
      were identified by an elevated A/B ratio. In 10 of these 18 pairs vascular
      anastomoses were demonstrated on placental inspection and in a further two there
      was evidence of twin-to-twin transfusion by haemoglobin discrepancy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994933
TI  - Microaerophilic/anaerobic bacteria as a cause of urinary tract infection in
      pregnancy.
AB  - The involvement of microaerophilic/anaerobic bacteria as a cause of urinary tract
      infection was investigated by appropriate culture of urine samples obtained after
      periurethral toilet from 48 pregnant women admitted to hospital with urinary
      tract symptoms. Significant bacterial counts were demonstrated in 28 of these
      patients; 24 were due to microaerophilic/anaerobic organisms, and the remaining
      four were due to established urinary pathogens. In 25 pregnant women admitted
      without urinary tract symptoms, who were used as controls, four had significant
      bacterial counts, all of which were due to microaerophilic/anaerobic organisms.
      It is concluded that these organisms may be responsible for urinary tract
      symptoms in pregnant women when no significant growth is demonstrated on urinary
      culture by conventional methods.

PMID- 3994934
TI  - The role of cytoreductive surgery in advanced carcinoma of the ovary: an analysis
      of primary and second surgery.
AB  - Second operations were performed as part of planned management in 53 patients 5-7
      months after starting apparently successful chemotherapy. The survival of these
      patients is compared with 56 other patients who did not have a second laparotomy
      but appeared to be responding to chemotherapy equally well. Survival advantage
      was seen for those who had a partial remission followed by a further debulking
      procedure later. However, those patients who have a clinical complete remission
      do not seem to benefit from a second surgical intervention.

PMID- 3994935
TI  - Plasmapheresis in a pregnancy complicated by acute systemic lupus erythematosis.
      Case report.

PMID- 3994936
TI  - Condylomatous atypia of the endometrial cavity. Case report.

PMID- 3994937
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of the liver in association with pregnancy. Case report.

PMID- 3994938
TI  - Campylobacter carriage and pregnancy.

PMID- 3994939
TI  - Do we need a retinal pigment epithelium (or choroid) for the maintenance of
      retinal apposition?
AB  - The relative rarity of retinal detachment following extensive surgical resection
      of choroid and retinal pigment epithelium for choroidal malignant melanoma is
      discussed in relation to the factors maintaining retinal apposition under these
      circumstances.

PMID- 3994940
TI  - Electroretinographic studies following vitrectomy and intraocular silicone oil
      injection.
AB  - Vitrectomy was performed bilaterally in pigmented rabbits and followed by
      silicone oil injection in one eye only. Electroretinographic studies were
      performed preoperatively and at selected postoperative intervals. In the early
      postoperative period both eyes showed an initial reduction in a and b wave
      amplitudes, followed by a return to baseline values. The amplitudes were
      symmetrically and equally affected. Sequential studies over a 20-month period
      showed no deterioration in electroretinographic response in eyes with and without
      silicone oil injection.

PMID- 3994941
TI  - Long-term outcome of primary acute angle-closure glaucoma.
AB  - Factors influencing the long-term cure of 116 consecutive cases of acute angle
      closure glaucoma, with at least one year's follow-up were examined. Delay in
      presentation and the time needed to terminate the attack were found to have a
      detrimental effect on the final outcome, while the height of the intraocular
      pressure at the time of the attack was found to be unimportant in predicting the
      long-term prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 3994942
TI  - Prevalence of posterior subcapsular lens opacities in patients with retinitis
      pigmentosa.
AB  - We clinically evaluated 338 patients with various genetic types of retinitis
      pigmentosa (RP) for the presence of posterior subscapsular (PSC) lens opacities.
      Of these, 180 (53%) had PSC lens changes or were bilaterally aphakic. Patients
      with X-linked recessive RP showed a greater prevalence and patients with
      autosomal dominant RP a lesser prevalence of PSC lens changes compared with
      autosomal recessive or isolated cases.

PMID- 3994943
TI  - Treatment of trichiasis with a lid cryoprobe.
AB  - A series of 112 eyelids with symptomatic aberrant eyelashes were treated by
      cryotherapy using a specially designed large-surfaced high-flow nitrous oxide
      probe. Either thermocouple control to -20 degrees C or timing of the application
      to 20 seconds (lower lid) or 25 seconds (upper lid) was used to monitor the
      freeze. Both techniques obtained a high cure rate and a low incidence of
      complications.

PMID- 3994944
TI  - Large bimedial rectus recessions in congenital esotropia.
AB  - The success rate of large (6 and 7 mm) bimedial rectus recessions in 45
      congenital esotropes with deviations of 50 prism dioptres or greater was found to
      be 91%. Judgment of final alignment was made six weeks postoperatively, with an
      average follow-up of 13 months. Large bimedial rectus recessions are an effective
      surgical treatment for congenital esotropia. This procedure does not
      significantly alter adduction, and leaves other muscles available should further
      surgery be necessary. These findings show that initial surgery on three or more
      muscles is unnecessary in congenital esotropia.

PMID- 3994945
TI  - Lipaemia retinalis in a 29-day-old infant with type 1 hyperlipoproteinaemia.
AB  - A 29-day-old infant born of consanguineous parents had type 1
      hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with lipaemia retinalis. Biochemical analyses
      disclosed hypertriglyceridaemia, hyperchylomicronaemia, and lipoprotein lipase
      deficiency. Ophthalmoscopically all retinal vessels had the creamy appearance of
      lipaemia retinalis. The plasma lipoprotein levels and fundus condition became
      normal after her ingestion of fat was limited. To our knowledge this is the
      youngest patient reported with type 1 hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with
      lipaemia retinalis.

PMID- 3994946
TI  - Schistosomotic choroiditis. I. Funduscopic changes and differential diagnosis.
AB  - This paper presents the results of biomicroscopy and funduscopy on five patients
      with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Fluorescein angioretinography was
      performed on two patients. All cases showed yellowish white multiple billateral
      nodules of various sizes, located in the choroidal plane. The nature and
      differential diagnosis of these nodules is discussed, and the suggestion is made
      that they represent cases of schistosomotic nodular choroiditis.

PMID- 3994947
TI  - Schistosomotic choroiditis. II. Report of first case.
AB  - The first case of granulomatous choroiditis produced by Schistosoma mansoni with
      histological confirmation is reported. The patient had the hepatosplenic and
      cardiopulmonary forms of the disease and presented with cerebral schistosomiasis.
      The funduscopic aspects of the lesion and the possible pathways taken by the
      parasite to reach the choroid are discussed.

PMID- 3994948
TI  - White thrombi in massive subchoroidal haemorrhage: indicators of the site of its
      origin and of the mechanism of its control.
AB  - Sharply circumscribed white thrombi with well developed Zahn's lines resembling
      the free-floating ball thrombi occurring in the auricles of the heart are
      demonstrated histologically at the end of ruptured ciliary arteries, causing
      massive subchoroidal haemorrhages in two degenerated human eyes. Not only do
      white thrombi in subchoroidal haemorrhages, in principle, serve as indicators for
      the exact location of the bleeding vessel, but their formation also allows for an
      understanding of the natural control of arterial bleeding in the eye.

PMID- 3994949
TI  - Changing pattern of childhood blindness in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - We studied 187 patients attending special educational institutions in Saudi
      Arabia who were blind before the age of 14. All patients underwent complete
      ophthalmological evaluation. The visual acuity in 31% of the patients was no
      light perception and in 58% light perception to counting fingers at 3 feet (1 m).
      70% were blind before age 2. Prior to 1962 acquired diseases led to blindness in
      75% of the patients. From 1962 onwards genetically determined diseases accounted
      for 84% of childhood blindness. 56% of this group were the product of
      consanguineous marriages. On the other hand in the group who acquired blindness
      only 14% were from consanguineous marriages (p less than 0.0001). We here
      describe guidelines for the prevention of childhood blindness in Saudi Arabia.

PMID- 3994950
TI  - The eye and the seatbelt in Wessex.
AB  - The records of all 373 patients undergoing surgery for perforation of an eye at
      the 10 eye units in the Wessex Regional Health authority (except the Isle of
      Wight) during February 1980 to January 1984 were examined. There were 86
      admissions as a result of road traffic accidents (RTAs), and 287 admissions
      arising from other accidents. The estimated annual incidence of perforating eye
      injuries as a result of RTAs has decreased by 73% following legislation for the
      compulsory wearing of seatbelts by drivers and front seat passengers. There is no
      evidence that this abrupt fall in the incidence of injury can be satisfactorily
      attributed to any other factor.

PMID- 3994952
TI  - Comparison between the complications of cataract surgery following local
      anaesthesia with short stay and general anaesthesia with a five-day
      hospitalisation.
AB  - In December 1979 97 patients underwent intracapsular cataract extraction under
      local anaesthetic with planned discharge on the day after operation. Twenty-three
      of these patients had a prolonged stay in hospital, and five of these required
      early operative intervention following surgical complications. Sixteen patients
      did not attain a visual acuity better than 6/18. The visual outcome and
      postoperative course are compared with those of a similar group of patients who
      stayed in hospital for five days after intracapsular cataract extraction.

PMID- 3994951
TI  - A genetic linkage study of a kindred with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - A large kindred with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) was investigated
      clinically and by means of genetic linkage with a view to developing methods of
      carrier detection and early diagnosis. A restriction fragment length
      polymorphism, identified by recombinant DNA probe L1.28, showed close genetic
      linkage to XLRP in this kindred and is a potentially useful marker for the
      purposes of genetic counselling.

PMID- 3994953
TI  - Retrospective study of 67 cases of secondary pars plana posterior capsulotomy.
AB  - A technique of late pars plana posterior capsulotomy following extracapsular
      cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation is described. The
      results and complications of 67 cases with an average follow-up period of
      approximately 14 months are reported. The incidence of cystoid macular oedema
      following this procedure was 2.9%, with no incidence of retinal detachment. The
      procedure appears to be an acceptable method of treating a thickened posterior
      capsule, and in the absence of a neodymium YAG laser and in a small unit it could
      prove to be a reasonable substitute.

PMID- 3994954
TI  - Argon laser iridotomy.
AB  - Argon laser iridotomy was successfully performed on 47 out of 52 eyes of 35
      patients by the continuous wave argon laser. The technique of argon laser
      iridotomy is described in detail. A number of complications were observed. The
      reasons for these are discussed, and measures for the avoidance of complications
      are suggested.

PMID- 3994955
TI  - Epithelial morphological response to soft hydrogel contact lenses.
AB  - Hydrogel (HEMA) contact lenses of increased thickness were worn by owl monkeys
      (Aotus tivergatus) under open and closed eye conditions to study
      ultrastructurally the corneal epithelial response to increased stress. The 0.07
      mm thick lens with a calculated Dk/L of 4.2-2.2 caused an epithelial thinning
      without oedema. This thinning was due to a loss of superficial cells and a
      flattening of the remaining ones. Factors in the mechanism of epithelial thinning
      without oedema may include anoxia, trauma, lid pressure, and lens weight. The 0.4
      mm thick lens offers negligible gas transmission in the closed eye, and after 48
      hours much of the epithelium was stripped, while oedema and degenerative
      cytoplasmic changes were prominent in areas of surviving cells. In such areas the
      thickness of the epithelium was reduced to one or two layers of cells. The
      basement membrane was in all experiments unharmed by hydrogel contact lens wear.
      The epithelial innervation was maintained in all corneas except those of the
      closed eye, and finding correlates well with the good corneal touch threshold in
      soft contact lens wearers.

PMID- 3994956
TI  - Measurement of total IgE antibody levels in lacrimal fluid of patients suffering
      from atopic and non-atopic eye disorders. Evidence for local IgE production in
      atopic eye disorders?
AB  - Total IgE levels in lacrimal fluid of patients suffering from different eye
      disorders were quantitatively measured by a modification of the paper radio
      immuno sorbent test (PRIST). The geometric mean values for patients with atopic
      conjunctivitis, patients with keratoconjunctivitis vernalis, and patients with
      asthma without conjunctivitis differed significantly from those for control
      persons and those for patients without atopic conjunctivitis. Besides lacrimal
      fluid IgE levels, serum IgE levels as well as lacrimal fluid and serum albumin
      levels were measured. From these values the local IgE production was calculated.
      Although there seemed a good correlation between the level of lacrimal fluid IgE
      and the amount of local IgE production, the results suggest that local IgE
      production in lacrimal fluid is not restricted to patients with atopic eye
      disorders only.

PMID- 3994957
TI  - Common causes of blindness in Zaire.
AB  - An analysis of 50 000 patients' medical records was made to determine the
      commonest causes of blindness in Zaire. It was found that the commonest causes of
      blindness in order of frequency were glaucoma (31%), cataract (18.4%), optic
      atrophy (16.3%), onchocerciasis (4.9%), and corneal leucoma (4.9%).

PMID- 3994959
TI  - Leber's congenital amaurosis.

PMID- 3994958
TI  - Massive juvenile ossifying fibroma of maxillary sinus with orbital involvement.
AB  - A 14-year-old black girl had painless, progressive proptosis and upward
      displacement of the left eye for approximately six months. Computed tomography
      showed a massive tumour involving the maxillary sinus with extension into the
      sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus, and orbit. The mass was excised surgically and
      proved histopathologically to be a juvenile ossifying fibroma. The clinical and
      histopathological features of this uncommon orbital tumour are discussed and its
      place in the spectrum of fibro-osseous tumours of the orbital region is
      considered.

PMID- 3994960
TI  - pH-dependent fusion of liposomes using titratable polycations.
AB  - Polylysine promoted extensive membrane mixing of liposomes only if the buffer pH
      was below the pKa of the lysyl residues. This observation suggested that fusion
      could be regulated in a physiological pH range if the homopolymer of L-histidine
      was substituted as fusogen. Microgram quantities of polyhistidine were added to
      liposomes composed of soybean phospholipids, or to defined phospholipid
      cholesterol mixtures which simulate the lipid composition of plasma membranes. A
      quantitative resonance energy transfer assay determined the extent of lipid phase
      mixing related to fusion. No fusion was detected at pH 7.4, but when the pH was
      lowered to 6.5 or below, fusion was rapid and substantial. The extent of membrane
      mixing increased with progressive acidification of the vesicle-fusogen
      suspension. The charge density of each polyhistidine molecule, not the total
      cationic charge per vesicle, influenced the extent of fusion. The kinetics of the
      fusion reaction were rapid, as membrane mixing was completed within 1 min. If the
      vesicle suspension was acidified before fusogen addition, the rate of membrane
      mixing slowed 4-fold. This, as well as a slight increase in light scattering
      noted whenever polyhistidine was added at pH 7.4, suggests an enhancement of
      fusion kinetics by preaggregation of vesicles at neutral pH. The lipid
      composition, regulation of membrane mixing by pH in a physiological range, and
      rapid kinetics suggest that this model of liposome fusion may be pertinent to
      understanding some biological fusion events.

PMID- 3994961
TI  - Binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to arthropod hemocyanin: an allosteric
      analysis.
AB  - The binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to hemocyanin from the mangrove crab
      Scylla serrata and the lobster Homarus americanus has been studied by thin-layer
      optical absorption and front face fluorescence techniques. Three types of
      experiments were performed on subunit and oligomeric preparations of each
      hemocyanin: oxygen binding, carbon monoxide binding, and oxygen-carbon monoxide
      competition studies. The results obtained from the subunit preparations of
      dissociated oligomers from both hemocyanins show that the binding site can be
      ligated by either one oxygen or one carbon monoxide. The binding results obtained
      with the oligomeric samples of hemocyanin from both species cannot be described
      by the two-state MWC model [Monod, J., Wyman, J., & Changeux, J. P. (1965) J.
      Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118] since the data from the three types of binding experiments
      cannot be fit with a single set of binding constants. The MWC model has been
      extended by including a third allosteric form, and an analysis based on the three
      state model is able to fit the data from the three types of experiments with the
      same set of binding constants. The comparison of the oxygen to carbon monoxide
      affinity ratios (kO2/kCO) indicates that the structure around the binding site of
      subunits in the T form oligomer is similar to that of the free subunits. The
      oligomeric forms of both these hemocyanins bind carbon monoxide with a weak but
      definite positive cooperativity. An analysis of the affinity ratios for the T, S,
      and R forms suggests that the high affinity of the R form results from a specific
      interaction between oxygen and binding site.

PMID- 3994962
TI  - alpha-Bungarotoxin immobilized and oriented on a lipid bilayer vesicle surface.
AB  - We have developed a new method to assess the binding site on alpha-bungarotoxin
      (alpha-BGT) for the acetylcholine receptor. It involves the covalent attachment
      of a palmitic acid chain to the toxin molecule, generating monopalmitoyl-alpha
      bungarotoxin (PBGT) which is then immobilized on the surface of a lipid vesicle
      by a process of spontaneous insertion via the acyl chain into preformed
      unilamellar vesicles (approximately 800 A in diameter). PBGT itself is able to
      bind specifically to Triton X-100 solubilized acetylcholine receptors with an
      association constant, KA, of 5.56 X 10(6) M-1 which is approximately 20-fold
      lower in affinity than native alpha-BGT. Vesicle-associated PBGT binds to
      acetylcholine receptor enriched microsac membrane vesicles in aqueous buffer with
      a KA for both lipid and protein of 4.26 X 10(7) M-1. The putative site of
      acylation on the PBGT molecule is determined by extensive cleavage of a reduced
      and carboxymethylated PBGT with thermolysin. An acylated fragment is purified by
      hydrophobic column chromatography and identified by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography methods from the known primary sequence of the native toxin as a
      decapeptide including residues Thr47-Glu56 [C. Y. Lee convention used; see Mebs,
      D., Narita, K., Iwanaga, S., Samejuma, Y., & Lee, C. Y. (1971) Biochem. Biophys.
      Res. Commun. 44, 711-716]. Sequential hydrolysis of the fragment from the carboxy
      terminus with carboxypeptidase Y indicates that Lys51 is the sole site of
      acylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994963
TI  - Drug-protein interactions: isolation and characterization of covalent adducts of
      phenoxybenzamine and calmodulin.
AB  - Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist containing a (chloroethyl)amine
      group, labels calmodulin in the presence of calcium. The covalent interaction is
      inhibited by chlorpromazine in a concentration-dependent manner. Adducts of
      calmodulin and phenoxybenzamine were separated by high-performance liquid
      chromatography into four major fractions: two containing 0.6 and 1.2 mol of drug
      per mol of protein and two different fractions each containing 2.0 mol/mol. Each
      adduct had a reduced ability to activate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and
      myosin light chain kinase, and the chlorpromazine binding capacities of the
      phenoxybenzamine-calmodulin adducts were diminished to the extent of
      phenoxybenzamine incorporation into each adduct. Isolation and characterization
      of labeled peptides from phenoxybenzamine-modified calmodulins indicated that
      peptides encompassing residues 38-75, 107-126, and 127-148 contained
      phenoxybenzamine label. These studies directly demonstrate the relatedness
      between the binding activities of two structurally dissimilar calmodulin
      antagonists, demonstrate that covalent adducts of calmodulin and drugs with equal
      stoichiometries of labeling can have quantitative differences in activity and
      sites of modification, and provide direct evidence of distinct drug binding
      regions in calmodulin located in the amphipathic alpha-helical regions of the
      second and fourth domains.

PMID- 3994964
TI  - Chain dynamics of selectively deuterated fatty acids in high-density lipoproteins
      studied by deuterium NMR.
AB  - Deuterium order parameters have been determined for approximately 5 mol%
      selectively deuterated palmitic acid incorporated into the outer monolayer of
      high-density lipoproteins (HDL3). The values are SCD = 0.38 for [2,2-2H2]palmitic
      acid, 0.38 for [4,4-2H2]palmitic acid, 0.37 for [5,5,6,6-2H4]palmitic acid, 0.23
      for [11,11,12,12-2H4]palmitic acid, and 0.05 for [16,16,16-2H3]palmitic acid.
      Comparison of the acyl chain order parameters in HDL3 with acyl chain order
      parameters determined recently [Parmar, Y.I., Wassall, S.R., & Cushley, R.J.
      (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 2434-2435] for approximately 5 mol% deuterated
      palmitic acid in sonicated unilamellar vesicles, composed of the same ratio of
      phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin (85/15 w/w) found in HDL3, shows that acyl
      chain order in the HDL3 monolayer is approximately 3-5 times higher than in the
      vesicle bilayer. The acyl chain order in the lipoprotein monolayer is
      approximately 1.5-2 times higher than in the bilayer of phosphatidylcholine
      multilamellar dispersions. Deuterium longitudinal relaxation times have been
      measured for deuterated palmitic acid in HDL3, and the values T1 approximately 16
      ms for C2H2 and 170 ms for C2H3 groups are a factor of more than 2 times smaller
      than found in phospholipid bilayers.

PMID- 3994965
TI  - 19F nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid fatty acyl chain order and
      dynamics in Acholeplasma laidlawii B membranes. Orientational order in the
      presence of a series of positional isomers of cis-octadecenoic acid.
AB  - The 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of membranes of Acholeplasma
      laidlawii B enriched with one of a series of positional isomers of cis
      octadecenoic acid plus small amounts of one of a number of isomers of
      monofluoropalmitic acid were interpreted in terms of an orientational order
      parameter (Smol). The variation of Smol with the position of the fluorine label
      in the liquid-crystalline state yielded an "order profile" with characteristics
      similar to those obtained via 2H NMR and which was relatively invariant
      regardless of the site of cis unsaturation. In the gel state, values of Smol
      approached the theoretical maximum, and the order profiles in the presence of
      different isomeric cis-octadecenoic acids displayed distinct dissimilarities.
      When the cis double bond was located proximal to the methyl terminus of the fatty
      acyl chain, a gradient of order across the bilayer was still evident in the gel
      state. When the cis double bond was located near the carbonyl head group, values
      of Smol were approximately equal at all chain positions. These observations were
      interpreted as indicating that in the gel state the stringency of packing
      restrictions is still subject to variation across the width of the bilayer.
      Relative overall orientational order among all isomers examined (specifically,
      18:1c delta 4, delta 5, delta 6, delta 7, delta 8, delta 9, delta 10, delta 11,
      delta 12, delta 13, delta 14, and delta 15) varied directly as a function of
      proximity to the lipid gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition (Tm)
      (determined via differential scanning calorimetry) when compared at a constant
      temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994966
TI  - Effects of cations and cosolvents on eukaryotic ribosomal subunit conformation.
AB  - The effects of various cations and cosolvents on the conformation of wheat germ
      ribosomes and ribosomal subunits have been investigated by using the techniques
      of circular dichroism and differential hydrogen exchange. A class of hydrogens on
      both the 40S and 60S subunits exchange out more rapidly as the Mg2+ concentration
      is raised, indicating that Mg2+ causes a change in subunit conformation. Ca2+ and
      the polyamines produce a similar increase in the rate of hydrogen exchange. These
      results suggest that increases in cation concentrations permit a tightening of
      ribosome structure and a greater degree of internalization of the rRNA. The
      cosolvent glycerol causes an alteration in the CD spectrum of 80S ribosomes in
      both the nucleic acid and protein portions of the spectrum. Glycerol also causes
      a decrease in the rate of exchange of a number of hydrogens on both the 40S and
      60S subunits. These results are interpreted to mean that glycerol favors a more
      native, less denatured structure in the ribosome.

PMID- 3994967
TI  - Transformed mouse glucocorticoid receptor: generation and interconversion of the
      3.8S, monomeric and 5.2S, oligomeric species.
AB  - Recent studies have implicated subunit dissociation as a possible mechanism of
      glucocorticoid receptor transformation [Vedeckis, W.V. (1983) Biochemistry 22,
      1983-1989; Raaka, B.M., & Samuels, H.H. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 417-425].
      While it is becoming increasingly evident that the untransformed (non-nuclear
      binding and non-DNA-binding) glucocorticoid receptor from mouse AtT-20 cells is a
      9.1S oligomeric species (Mr 290 000-360 000), two transformed species have been
      described for this receptor. One of these has a sedimentation coefficient of 5.2
      S (on molybdate-containing gradients), while the smallest nonproteolyzed,
      monomeric subunit is 3.8 S. The present study was undertaken to determine which
      is the most common form generated both in vitro and in vivo and the structural
      relationship between these two forms. A wide variety of in vitro transformation
      protocols all yielded the 5.2S form when analyzed on molybdate-containing sucrose
      gradients by using a vertical tube rotor. Kinetic studies showed that the
      appearance of the 5.2S form coincided precisely with the appearance of
      transformed receptor, as defined by DEAE-cellulose elution. Furthermore, when the
      3.8S and 5.2S peaks were collected from sucrose gradients directly, they were
      transformed receptors as defined by both DEAE-cellulose and DNA-cellulose
      chromatography, while the 9.1S sucrose gradient peak was untransformed when the
      same criteria were used. The 3.8S monomer, when isolated from high-salt sucrose
      gradients and then desalted, reverted to the 5.2S form (molybdate-containing
      gradients) or a 6.6S form (low-salt, molybdate-free gradients).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994968
TI  - Reaction of hemerythrin with disulfides.
AB  - The reactions of hemerythrin from Phascolopsis gouldii with the specific
      sulfhydryl reagents 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), 2,2'-dithiodipyridine, and
      4,4'-dithiodipyridine were studied at 25 degrees C. Spectrophotometric
      measurements showed that 1 mol of disulfide reacted per protein subunit
      consistent with a single cysteine at residue 50. Reaction leads to dissociation
      of the octameric structure of the native protein to monomers. The first-order
      rate constants at 25 degrees C and pH 9.0 for reactions of methemerythrin [(1.5
      +/- 0.3) X 10(-3) s-1] and metazidohemerythrin [(4.0 +/- 0.3) X 10(-3) s-1] are
      independent of both the concentration and the nature of the disulfide. The
      reactions of methemerythrin are strongly inhibited by ClO4-ion, which however has
      no effect on the rates of those of metazidohemerythrin. The first-order kinetic
      behavior is ascribed to a conformational change involving the protein controlling
      the reaction, and this slow change appears to dominate a number of the reactions
      of hemerythrin.

PMID- 3994969
TI  - Different modes of ligand binding to the hepatic galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine
      lectin on the surface of rabbit hepatocytes.
AB  - A study of the binding of three different 125I-labeled, galactose-terminated
      ligands to the hepatic galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin found on
      the surface of rabbit hepatocytes revealed that the different ligands manifest
      different physical parameters of binding. Asialoorosomucoid (125I-ASOR) binding
      was best described as involving two independent classes of binding sites on
      rabbit hepatocytes, with 161 000 sites/cell with a dissociation constant of 0.44
      nM and 292 000 sites/cell with a Kd of 9.7 nM. Asialotriantennary glycopeptide
      purified from human alpha-1 protease inhibitor and modified with tyrosine at the
      N-terminus to permit radioiodination (TRI) [Lee, Y. C., Townsend, R. R., Hardy,
      M. R., Lonngren, J., Arnarp, J., Haraldsson, M., & Lonn, H. (1983) J. Biol. Chem.
      258, 199-202] was also found to bind to two apparent classes of binding sites but
      with different binding parameters: 292 000 sites/cell of Kd = 1.47 nM and 982 000
      sites/cell of Kd = 25.3 nM. A synthetic ligand, alpha,beta-diaspartamide of
      tris[(beta-lactosyloxy)methyl](6-aminohexanamido)methane (di-tris-lac) containing
      six nonreducing galactose residues [Lee, R. T., Lin, P., & Lee, Y. C. (1984)
      Biochemistry 23, 4255-4261], was found to bind to 817 000 sites/cell of Kd = 0.63
      nM and 1.23 X 10(6) sites/cell of Kd = 25.3 nM. Thus, there were many more total
      binding sites for TRI or di-tris-lac on the surface of rabbit hepatocytes than
      there were for asialoorosomucoid, although the dissociation constants were
      similar for all three ligands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994970
TI  - Formation of radiation-induced cross-links between thymine and tyrosine: possible
      model for cross-linking of DNA and proteins by ionizing radiation.
AB  - A model for radiation-induced cross-linking of DNA and proteins has been
      developed. It is based on initial formation of free radicals on a DNA base, i.e.,
      thymine, and on an amino acid, i.e., tyrosine. It was demonstrated that
      interaction of these radicals is highly favored as measured by their kinetics and
      the cross-linked products. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology
      used for the identification of the thymine-tyrosine cross-links is suggested as
      an experimental approach in the measurements of biological cross-links.

PMID- 3994971
TI  - Incorporation of acylated antibody into planar lipid multilayers:
      characterization and cell binding.
AB  - Multiple (up to 14) layers of lipid were deposited onto an alkylated glass
      surface by dialysis of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and deoxycholate mixed
      micelles in the presence of alkylated glass coverslips. The amount of lipid
      associated with the coverslips was measured by using radioactive PC. It was found
      that the number of PC molecules in the multilayer increased with increasing
      initial lipid concentration in the dialysis mixture. Inclusion of cholesterol
      resulted in a significant increase in the amount of total lipid deposited in the
      multilayer. However, the PC/cholesterol ratio was up to 2-fold higher in the
      multilayers than in the liposomes present in the same dialysis bag. In addition,
      mouse monoclonal anti-H2Kk antibody which had previously been derivatized with
      palmitic acid could be readily incorporated into the lipid multilayer during
      dialysis. Measurements of lateral mobility with the fluorescence recovery after
      photobleaching technique on fluorescently labeled lipid or antibody in the
      multilayer showed that the lipid molecules diffused rapidly while the antibodies
      were essentially immobile. Lymphoma cells such as RDM4 cells expressing surface
      H2Kk glycoproteins could rapidly bind to the antibody-containing multilayers. The
      binding was blocked by free antibody or by goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G,
      indicating the immunospecificity of the binding. Cell binding to the multilayer
      also exhibited a threshold dependence on the antibody density of the multilayer.
      A lower threshold was found for cells expressing a higher surface density of
      H2Kk. This system may be useful for model studies of cellular recognition.

PMID- 3994972
TI  - Hemichrome binding to band 3: nucleation of Heinz bodies on the erythrocyte
      membrane.
AB  - Hemichromes, the precursors of red cell Heinz bodies, were prepared by treatment
      of native hemoglobin with phenylhydrazine, and their interaction with the
      cytoplasmic surface of the human erythrocyte membrane was studied. Binding of
      hemichromes to leaky red cell ghosts was found to be biphasic, exhibiting both
      high-affinity and low-affinity sites. The high-affinity sites were shown to be
      located on the cytoplasmic domain of band 3, since (i) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase, a known ligand of band 3, competes with the hemichromes for their
      binding sites, (ii) removal of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 by proteolytic
      cleavage causes loss of the high-affinity sites, and (iii) the isolated
      cytoplasmic domain of band 3 interacts tightly with hemichromes, rapidly forming
      a pH-dependent, water-insoluble copolymer upon mixing in aqueous solution. Since
      the copolymer of hemichromes with the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 was readily
      isolatable, a partial characterization of its properties was conducted. The
      copolymer was shown to be of defined stoichiometry, containing approximately 2.5
      hemichrome tetramers (or approximately 5 hemichrome dimers) per band 3 dimer,
      regardless of the ratio of hemichrome:band 3 in the initial reaction solution.
      The copolymer was found to be of macroscopic dimensions, generating particles
      which could be easily visualized without use of a microscope. The coprecipitation
      was also highly selective for hemichromes, since, in mixed solutions with native
      hemoglobin, only hemichrome was observed in the isolated pellet. Furthermore, no
      precipitate was ever observed upon mixing the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 with
      oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, (carbonmonoxy) hemoglobin, or
      methemoglobin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994973
TI  - Inactivation of chymotrypsin by 5-benzyl-6-chloro-2-pyrone: 13C NMR and X-ray
      diffraction analyses of the inactivator-enzyme complex.
AB  - The inactivation of chymotrypsin by 5-benzyl-6-chloro-2-pyrone has been studied.
      Chloride analysis of the inactivated enzyme suggests that chlorine is no longer
      present in the complex. 13C NMR spectroscopy of chymotrypsin inactivated with 5
      benzyl-6-chloro-2-pyrone-2,6-13 C2 shows the presence of two new resonances from
      the protein-bound inactivator. The chemical shift values of these resonances are
      consistent with an intact pyrone ring on the enzyme as well as the replacement of
      the C-6 chlorine by a different heteroatom. X-ray diffraction analysis at 1.5-A
      resolution of the inactivator-enzyme complex demonstrates that the gamma-oxygen
      of the active site serine residue (serine 195) is covalently attached to C-6 of
      the inactivator and that the pyrone ring is intact. The 5-benzyl group of the
      inactivator is bound to the enzyme in the hydrophobic specificity pocket. The
      conformational changes that occur in the protein as a result of complexation with
      the inactivator are discussed.

PMID- 3994974
TI  - Modulation of membrane fusion by membrane fluidity: temperature dependence of
      divalent cation induced fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles.
AB  - We have investigated the temperature dependence of the fusion of phospholipid
      vesicles composed of pure bovine brain phosphatidylserine (PS) induced by Ca2+ or
      Mg2+. Aggregation of the vesicles was monitored by 90 degrees light-scattering
      measurements, fusion by the terbium/dipicolinic acid assay for mixing of internal
      aqueous volumes, and release of vesicle contents by carboxyfluorescein
      fluorescence. Membrane fluidity was determined by diphenylhexatriene fluorescence
      polarization measurements. Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, diameter 250 A) or
      large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, diameter 1000 A) were used, and the measurements
      were done in 0.1 M NaCl at pH 7.4. The following results were obtained: (1) At
      temperatures (0-5 degrees C) below the phase transition temperature (Tc) of the
      lipid, LUV (PS) show very little fusion in the presence of Ca2+, although vesicle
      aggregation is rapid and extensive. With increasing temperature, the initial rate
      of fusion increases dramatically. Leakage of contents at the higher temperatures
      remains limited initially, but subsequently complete release occurs as a result
      of collapse of the internal aqueous space of the fusion products. (2) SUV (PS)
      are still in the fluid state down to 0 degree C, due to the effect of bilayer
      curvature, and fuse rapidly in the entire temperature range from 0 to 35 degrees
      C in the presence of Ca2+. The initial rate of leakage is low relative to the
      rate of fusion. At higher temperatures (15 degrees C and above), subsequent
      collapse of the vesicles' internal space causes complete release.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994975
TI  - 2',5'-Oligoadenylates chiral at phosphorus: enzymatic synthesis, properties, and
      biological activities of 2',5'-phosphorothioate trimer and tetramer analogues
      synthesized from (SP)-ATP alpha S.
AB  - The enzymatic synthesis and characterization of (RP)-2',5'-AMPS trimer and
      tetramer (SP)-5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphates) from chirally substituted (SP)-[alpha
      35S]ATP alpha S by 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase from interferon-treated L cell
      extracts are described. The (RP)-ATP alpha S isomer is not a substrate for the
      synthetase. The identification of the trimer and tetramer analogues (molar ratio
      70:30) was accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography and subsequent
      separation by charge using DEAE-cellulose thin-layer chromatography. The
      digestion of the analogue by snake venom phosphodiesterase I (SVPD) to [alpha
      35S]ATP alpha S and [35S]AMPS but not by T2 RNase demonstrated the presence of
      the 2',5' linkage. The assignment of RP configuration of the 2',5'
      phosphorothiodiester linkage was based on the highly specific stereoselectivity
      of SVPD for RP diastereomers [Burgers, P. M. J., & Eckstein, F. (1978) Proc.
      Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 4978-4800; Bryant, F. R., & Benkovic, S. J. (1979)
      Biochemistry 18, 2825-2828; Nelson, P. S., Bach, C. T., & Verheyden, J. P. H.
      (1984) J. Org. Chem. 49, 2314-2317]. This suggests that the synthesis of the
      phosphorothioate analogues proceeded via inversion of configuration at the chiral
      phosphorus of (SP)-ATP alpha S. The putative (RP)-2',5'-AMPS tetramer (SP)-5'-O
      (1-thiotriphosphate) displaced the 2',5'-p3A4[32P]pCp analogue from 2',5'
      oligoadenylate-dependent endonuclease 5 times more efficiently than did equimolar
      concentrations of authentic 2',5'-adenylate tetramer triphosphate. Furthermore,
      in studies using the calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique, the 2',5'
      phosphorothioate trimer and tetramer analogues inhibited protein synthesis better
      than did 2',5'-adenylate trimer and tetramer triphosphates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994976
TI  - Determination of the sidedness of carbocyanine dye labeling of membranes.
AB  - We have found that 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS) is an effective quencher
      of the fluorescence of the 1,1'-dialkyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanines
      (CNdiI's). This quenching appears to occur by complex formation rather than a
      collisional mechanism. By use of this quenching, we have studied the transbilayer
      asymmetry of CNdiI labeling for large unilamellar membranes of egg
      phosphatidylcholine and the plasma membranes of human red blood cells and of ram
      epididymal spermatozoa. When CNdiI is added to membranes by ethanolic injection,
      only the outer leaflet labels. We have further shown that in large unilamellar
      vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine, the CNdiI's do not appreciably "flip-flop"
      to the inner leaflet for at least 4 h at temperatures between 4 and 37 degrees C.

PMID- 3994977
TI  - Isolation and functional effects of monoclonal antibodies binding to thymidylate
      synthase.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against electrophoretically pure thymidylate synthase from
      HeLa cells have been produced. Antibodies (M-TS-4 and M-TS-9) from hybridoma
      clones were shown by enzyme-linked immunoassay to recognize thymidylate synthase
      from a variety of human cell lines, but they did not bind to thymidylate synthase
      from mouse cell lines. The strongest binding of antibodies was observed to enzyme
      from HeLa cells. These two monoclonal antibodies bind simultaneously to different
      antigenic sites on thymidylate synthase purified from HeLa cells, as reflected by
      a high additivity index and results of cross-linked radioimmunoassay. Both
      monoclonal antibodies inhibit the activity of thymidylate synthase from human
      cell lines. The strongest inhibition was observed with thymidylate synthase from
      HeLa cells. Monoclonal antibody M-TS-9 (IgM subclass) decreased the rate of
      binding of [3H]FdUMP to thymidylate synthase in the presence of 5,10
      methylenetetrahydrofolate while M-TS-4 (IgG1) did not change the rate of ternary
      complex formation. These data indicate that the antibodies recognize different
      epitopes on the enzyme molecule.

PMID- 3994978
TI  - Plant oligoadenylates: enzymatic synthesis, isolation, and biological activities.
AB  - An enzyme that converts [3H, 32P]ATP, with a 3H:32P ratio of 1:1, to
      oligoadenylates with the same 3H:32P ratio was increased in plants following
      treatment with human leukocyte interferon or plant antiviral factor or
      inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus. The enzyme was extracted from tobacco
      leaves, callus tissue cultures, or cell suspension cultures. The enzyme, a
      putative plant oligoadenylate synthetase, was immobilized on poly(rI) . poly(rC)
      agarose columns and converted ATP into plant oligoadenylates. These
      oligoadenylates were displaced from DEAE-cellulose columns with 350 mM KCl
      buffer, dialyzed, and further purified by high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) and DEAE-cellulose gradient chromatography. In all steps of purification,
      the ratio of 3H:32P in the oligoadenylates remained 1:1. The plant
      oligoadenylates isolated by displacement with 350 mM KCl had a molecular weight
      greater than 1000. The plant oligoadenylates had charges of 5- and 6-. HPLC
      resolved five peaks, three of which inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocyte
      and wheat germ systems. Partial structural elucidation of the plant
      oligoadenylates has been determined by enzymatic and chemical treatments. An
      adenylate with a 3',5'-phosphodiester and/or a pyrophosphoryl linkage with either
      3'- or 5'-terminal phosphates is postulated on the basis of treatment of the
      oligoadenylates with T2 RNase, snake venom phosphodiesterase, and bacterial
      alkaline phosphatase and acid and alkaline hydrolyses. The plant oligoadenylates
      at 8 X 10(-7) M inhibit protein synthesis by 75% in lysates from rabbit
      reticulocytes and 45% in wheat germ cell-free systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3994979
TI  - Reversible reduction of an alpha-imino acid to an alpha-amino acid catalyzed by
      glutamate dehydrogenase: effect of ionizable functional groups.
AB  - The glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reduction of delta 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic
      acid (PCA; an alpha-imino acid) with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate (NADPH) to give L-proline and NADP+ is employed as a model for the
      redox step of the corresponding enzyme-catalyzed reductive amination of alpha
      ketoglutarate. We demonstrate the reversibility of the model reaction and measure
      its equilibrium constant. The pH profiles for the model reactions show that the
      active substrates are the N-protonated imino acid in one direction and the
      proline anion with a neutral amino group in the other. The V/K value for the
      imino acid reduction is enhanced by a group Z of pK = 8.6 in the enzyme-NADPH
      complex, while that for the proline reaction is unaffected by any such group in
      the enzyme-NADP+ complex. The following conclusions emerge from a comparison of
      the pH dependence of the rates for the model reactions with that for the
      oxidative deamination of L-glutamate [Rife, J. E., & Cleland, W. W. (1980)
      Biochemistry 19, 2328]. The N-protonated form of alpha-iminoglutarate and the
      conjugate base of glutamate are the active substrates. The redox step is not
      sensitive to the protonation state of the groups that catalyze the hydrolysis of
      bound alpha-iminoglutarate. The group Z, which facilitates the PCA reaction,
      plays no role in the binding of alpha-ketoglutarate. We propose a chemical
      mechanism for the glutamate reaction where an unprotonated enzyme group of pK =
      5.2 in enzyme-NADPH catalyzes the conversion of the alpha-iminoglutarate to the
      carbinolamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994980
TI  - Purification and properties of a novel nucleolar exoribonuclease capable of
      degrading both single-stranded and double-stranded RNA.
AB  - A ribonuclease that hydrolyzes either linear duplex or single-stranded RNA in an
      exonucleolytic manner has been partially purified from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell
      nucleoli and is free from other ribonucleases. The enzyme will also degrade the
      RNA complement of an RNA X DNA duplex; however, no nuclease activity is observed
      on linear duplex or single-stranded DNA. The exonuclease acts on RNA
      nonprocessively from the 3' end releasing 5'-mononucleotides. The enzyme has a
      broad pH optimum around pH 8.0, requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ (0.06 mM) for optimum
      activity, and is sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and N
      ethylmaleimide inhibition. Monovalent cations including K+, Na+, and NH4+ are
      inhibitory. Gel filtration studies of this enzyme gave a Stokes radius of 40 A.
      Sedimentation velocity measurements in glycerol gradients yield a S20,W of 6.0 S.
      From these values a native molecular weight of 100 000 was calculated.
      Copurification of the single- and double-stranded activities, identical reaction
      requirements, and identical heat-inactivation curves strongly suggest that both
      activities reside with the same enzyme.

PMID- 3994981
TI  - Toroidal condensation of Z DNA and identification of an intermediate in the B to
      Z transition of poly(dG-m5dC) X poly(dG-m5dC).
AB  - Using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, quasi-elastic laser light
      scattering (QLS), and electron microscopy (EM), we have been able to show that
      the B to Z transition of poly(dG-m5dC) X poly(dG-m5dC) is accompanied by
      extensive condensation of the DNA in both low and high ionic strength buffers. At
      low concentrations of NaCl (2 mM Na+), an intermediate rodlike form, which
      exhibits a circular dichroism (CD) spectrum characteristic of an equimolar
      mixture of B and Z forms, is observed. This is produced by the orderly self
      association of about four molecules of the polymer after prolonged incubation of
      a concentrated solution at 4 degrees C. On addition of 5 microM Co(NH3)63+, the
      CD spectrum of the intermediate changes to that of the Z form, which is
      visualized as a dense population of discrete toroids on an EM grid stained with
      uranyl acetate. On the other hand, addition of NaCl to a solution of poly(dG
      m5dC) X poly(dG-m5dC) in the absence of any multivalent ion condenses the polymer
      to toroidal structures at the midpoint (0.75 M NaCl) of the B to Z transition.
      Further addition of NaCl unfolds these toroids to rodlike structures, which show
      characteristic Z-form CD spectra. These results show that Z DNA can take up a
      variety of tertiary structural forms and indicate that its inverted CD spectrum
      is due to its left-handed helical sense rather than to differential scattering
      artifacts.

PMID- 3994982
TI  - 113Cd NMR studies of reconstituted seven-cadmium metallothionein: evidence for
      structural flexibility.
AB  - A reproducible method for the reconstitution of rabbit liver metallothionein (MT)
      containing seven cadmium atoms per mole of protein is described. This protein was
      studied in detail by 113Cd NMR at 88-, 55-, and 44-MHz frequencies, including the
      effects of pH, temperature, and ionic strength on the spectra. Our results differ
      significantly from previous reports of 113Cd NMR on similar samples. Thus, the
      spectra of both chromatographically distinguishable isoforms MT1 and MT2 were not
      identical, and neither could be interpreted in terms of a unique static model
      with the seven Cd ions forming two independent clusters of four and three Cd
      ions. Large differential shifts of 113Cd resonances were observed with changes in
      temperature over the range 277-320 K and ionic strength (0.02-0.5 M). At low
      temperature a slow structural change (half-life of several minutes) was detected.
      The structure was more rigid at high ionic strength. The frequency dependence and
      two-dimensional J-resolved spectra revealed that 113Cd resonances were composed
      of several overlapping peaks, complicating the interpretation of fine structure
      in one-dimensional spectra. A new flexible model of the Cd cluster in
      metallothionein is proposed. This model incorporates dynamic thiolate exchange
      reactions and involves several configurational substates of the protein. The
      possible relationship of such flexibility to the function of metallothionein is
      discussed.

PMID- 3994983
TI  - Analysis and identification of aromatic signals in the proton magnetic resonance
      spectrum of the kringle 4 fragment from human plasminogen.
AB  - The aromatic 1H NMR spectrum of the kringle 4 domain from human plasminogen has
      been reexamined in order to identify signals stemming from individual residues.
      Acid-base titration, nuclear Overhauser effect experiments, and two-dimensional
      correlated spectroscopies have been implemented in order to analyze the spectrum
      both in the presence and in the absence of ligands. All six histidyl imidazole
      singlets have been recognized and paired according to their common side-chain
      origin. A similar identification has been achieved for the three sets of
      tryptophanyl resonances, and for Trp-I, the correspondence between indole singlet
      and multiplets is unambiguously established. The single phenylalanyl side chain
      and all tyrosyl phenol spin systems have been identified. Titration experiments
      indicate that one or two of the tryptophans are in the vicinity of carboxyl
      groups. It is shown that the spectrum for one tyrosyl ring, Tyr-V, undetectable
      at approximately 300 MHz, becomes visible at 600 MHz, reflecting slow motion on
      the NMR time scale and a constrained location within the kringle. A simulation of
      the complete kringle 4 aromatic spectrum is included.

PMID- 3994984
TI  - Release of exchangeably bound guanine nucleotides from tubulin in a magnesium
      free buffer.
AB  - The number of moles of guanine nucleotides (denoted GXP), either guanosine 5'
      triphosphate (GTP) or guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP), bound to a mole of
      phosphocellulose-purified tubulin after gel filtration into a variety of
      nucleotide-free buffers has been measured (H. B. Croom, J. J. Correia, and R. C.
      Williams, Jr., unpublished results). All buffers we have studied that promote
      reduction of the number of bound nucleotides to fewer than two per tubulin dimer
      also eventually cause irreversible loss of activity of the protein. However, in
      0.1 M 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (pH 6.9) and 2 mM dithioerythritol
      (with no Mg2+), tubulin rapidly releases approximately 0.4 mol of bound
      nucleotides during two successive gel filtrations requiring less than 0.5 h and
      regains the ability to polymerize when magnesium and GTP are immediately added to
      the buffer. No change in conformation detectable by circular dichroism or
      sedimentation velocity accompanies this reversible process. (Upon prolonged
      incubation in the buffer, however, tubulin undergoes irreversible changes
      according to apparent first-order kinetics with a half-life of approximately 8 h.
      These changes include the irreversible release of nucleotide, a loss of the
      ability to polymerize, and a decrease in molar ellipticity between 210 and 240
      nm.) The nucleotide which is reversibly released in this buffer comes from that
      population which exchanges readily with [3H]GTP in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994985
TI  - Translational diffusion of lipids in liquid crystalline phase phosphatidylcholine
      multibilayers. A comparison of experiment with theory.
AB  - A systematic study of the translational diffusion of the phospholipid derivative
      N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE) has been
      undertaken in liquid crystalline phase phosphatidylcholine bilayers by using the
      fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. This work was done with the
      intention of comparing the experimental results with the predictions of
      theoretical models for diffusion in membranes. The following is shown. For NBD
      PE, the dependence of the translational diffusion coefficient (Dt) upon the acyl
      chain length of the diffusant is not that predicted by continuum fluid
      hydrodynamic models for diffusion in membranes [Saffman, P.G., & Delbrueck, M.
      (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 3111-3113; Hughes, B. D., Pailthorpe, B.
      A., & White, L. R. (1981) J. Fluid Mech. 110, 349-372]. Plots of Dt vs. 1/T
      (Arrhenius plots) are nonlinear in dilauroyl-phosphatidylcholine (DLPC),
      dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and
      1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers where the acyl chain
      composition of the NBD-PE is matched with that of the host bilayer lipid. This
      suggests that a "free volume" model may be appropriate for the description of
      lipid diffusion in lipid bilayers. In bilayers of phosphatidylcholines with
      saturated acyl chains at the same "reduced temperature", the magnitude of Dt
      follows the order distearoylphosphatidylcholine greater than DPPC greater than
      DMPC greater than DLPC. This is the inverse of what may be expected from the
      hydrodynamic model but is in agreement with the free volume in these
      bilayers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994986
TI  - Effect of capping protein on the kinetics of actin polymerization.
AB  - Acanthamoeba capping protein increased the rate of actin polymerization from
      monomers with and without calcium. In the absence of calcium, capping protein
      also increased the critical concentration for polymerization. Various models were
      evaluated for their ability to predict the effect of capping protein on kinetic
      curves for actin polymerization under conditions where the critical concentration
      was not changed. Several models, which might explain the increased rate of
      polymerization from monomers, were tested. Two models which predicted the
      experimental data poorly were (1) capping protein was similar to an actin
      filament, bypassing nucleation, and (2) capping protein fragmented filaments.
      Three models in which capping protein accelerated, but did not bypass, nucleation
      predicted the data well. In the best one, capping protein resembled a
      nondissociable actin dimer. Several lines of evidence have supported the idea
      that capping protein blocks the barbed end of actin filaments, preventing the
      addition and loss of monomers [Cooper, J. A., Blum, J. D., & Pollard, T. D.
      (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 217-225; Isenberg, G. A., Aebi, U., & Pollard, T. D.
      (1980) Nature (London) 288, 455-459]. This mechanism was also supported here by
      the effect of capping protein on the kinetics of actin polymerization which was
      nucleated by preformed actin filaments. Low capping protein concentrations slowed
      nucleated polymerization, presumably because capping protein blocked elongation
      at barbed ends of filaments. High capping protein concentrations accelerated
      nucleated polymerization because of capping protein's ability to interact with
      monomers and accelerate nucleation.

PMID- 3994987
TI  - Head-group contributions to bilayer stability: monolayer and calorimetric studies
      on synthetic, stereochemically uniform glucolipids.
AB  - Monolayer and differential scanning calorimetry studies have been performed on
      synthetic, stereochemically uniform glyceroglucolipids having saturated, ether
      linked alkyl chains. The limiting area, A0 = 40 A2 X molecule-1, resulting from
      the monolayer measurements of the glucolipids is comparable to the A0 value found
      for phosphatidylethanolamine lipids. The area corresponds to twice the value
      observed with saturated straight chain fatty acids, which indicates that at high
      surface pressure the space requirement of the glucose head group does not exceed
      that of the two alkyl chains. The apparent specific heat capacities of the
      glucolipid dispersions have been found to be higher than those of corresponding
      phospholipids. They can be approximated from group parameters with the additional
      assumption that the experimental partial molar heat capacity of glucose is valid
      for the glucose head groups of the lipids. The transition enthalpies of the C16
      and C18 glyceroglucolipids are clearly larger than the delta H values of
      corresponding phospholipids, while the C14 glyceroglucolipid has the same
      transition enthalpy as dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine or
      ditetradecylphosphatidylethanolamine. Glucolipids exhibit gel to liquid
      crystalline phase transition temperatures which are only slightly lower than
      those of their phosphatidylethanolamine analogues, although they are uncharged
      molecules. Like phosphatidylethanolamine the glucolipids do not show a
      pretransition; however, with the C14 glucolipid a highly cooperative
      posttransition, approximately 5 deg above the main transition, has been found.
      Calorimetric experiments with a C14 glucolipid, in which the hydroxyl protons of
      the glucose moiety have been exchanged by deuterium, suggest that the
      posttransition might reflect structural changes of the head group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994988
TI  - Equilibrium constant for binding of an actin filament capping protein to the
      barbed end of actin filaments.
AB  - Depolymerization of treadmilling actin filaments by a capping protein isolated
      from bovine brain was used for determination of the equilibrium constant for
      binding of the capping protein to the barbed ends of actin filaments. When the
      capping protein blocks monomer consumption at the lengthening barbed ends,
      monomers continue to be produced at the shortening pointed ends until a new
      steady state is reached in which monomer production at the pointed ends is
      balanced by monomer consumption at the uncapped barbed ends. In this way the
      ratio of capped to uncapped filaments could be determined as a function of the
      capping protein concentration. Under the experimental conditions (100 mM KCl and
      2 mM MgCl2, pH 7.5, 37 degrees C) the binding constant was found to be about 2 X
      10(9) M-1. Capping proteins effect the actin monomer concentration only at
      capping protein concentrations far above the reciprocal of their binding
      constant. Half-maximal increase of the monomer concentration requires capping of
      about 99% of the actin filaments. A low proportion of uncapped filaments has a
      great weight in determining the monomer concentration because association and
      dissociation reactions occur at the dynamic barbed ends with higher frequencies
      than at the pointed ends.

PMID- 3994989
TI  - Efficiency of in vitro transcription of Dictyostelium discoideum actin gene is
      affected by the nucleotide sequence of the transcription initiation region.
AB  - The actin gene of Dictyostelium discoideum is transcribed faithfully but with
      very low efficiency in a cell-free system containing HeLa cell extract [Takiya,
      S., Tabata, T., Iwabuchi, M., Hirose, S., & Suzuki, Y. (1984) J. Biochem. (Tokyo)
      95, 1367-1377]. Using the same in vitro system, we determined that the promoter
      activity of the actin 5 gene is 100-200 times weaker than that of the silkworm
      fibroin gene. To clarify the cause of the low transcription efficiency, various
      chimeric genes were constructed from the actin and fibroin genes, and their
      transcription efficiencies were examined in vitro. Both the TATA box and the
      transcription initiation site of the two natural genes functioned in the
      transcription of the chimeric genes, the efficiency of which was especially
      affected by the transcription initiation region. In chimeric genes having the
      upstream sequence of the actin gene and a downstream sequence including the
      transcription initiation site of the fibroin gene, the transcription efficiency
      was higher than one-third of that of the natural fibroin gene. In chimeric genes
      having the actin transcription initiation region and an upstream sequence of the
      fibroin gene, the transcription efficiency was as low as that of the natural
      actin gene. We concluded that the transcription initiation site is a part of the
      promoter and an essential region for directing faithful and efficient initiation
      of gene transcription.

PMID- 3994990
TI  - Effects of replacement of a double bond by a cyclopropane ring in
      phosphatidylethanolamines: a 2H NMR study of phase transitions and molecular
      organization.
AB  - The thermotropic behavior and molecular properties of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn
      glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) and 1-palmitoyl-2-dihydrosterculoyl-sn
      glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PDSPE) have been investigated by 2H NMR
      spectroscopy using samples selectively labeled at the 5'-, 9'-, 10'-, and 16'
      positions of the sn-2 chains. Comparison with the corresponding phosphocholine
      analogues (POPC and PDSPC), obtained as intermediate synthetic products, was used
      to monitor the role of the polar head group. Replacement of the choline moiety by
      ethanolamine increased the gel to liquid-crystal transition temperature by 10-32
      degrees C and led to a significantly higher ordering of the fatty acyl chains in
      the liquid-crystalline bilayer state. The lateral compression effect, due to the
      smaller area per polar head group in PE, results in a bilayer to hexagonal phase
      transition at elevated temperatures. The effects on both PC and PE due to
      replacement of the olefinic group by a cyclopropane unit are similar. A decrease
      in the temperature of the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition, Tc, is observed
      upon introduction of a cyclopropane ring; it goes from 26 degrees C in POPE to
      approximately 10 degrees C in PDSPE. In addition, a very significant broadening
      of the transition profile is observed. These observations are consistent with the
      poor packing ability of mixed saturated and cyclopropane-containing chains due to
      the bulky substituent effect. The temperature of the bilayer-hexagonal phase
      transition of PE samples was decreased by 15-20 degrees C on replacement of
      oleoyl chains by dihydrosterculoyl chains at the sn-2 position.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994991
TI  - Temperature dependence of divalent cation induced fusion of phosphatidylserine
      liposomes: evaluation of the kinetic rate constants.
AB  - The effect of temperature and divalent cation binding (Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) on the
      kinetic rate constants of aggregation and fusion of large phosphatidylserine
      liposomes is measured for the first time. Fusion is monitored by the
      Tb3+/dipicolinate assay. Fusion rate constants increase with temperature (15-35
      degrees C) in a roughly linear fashion. These rate constants are not otherwise
      sensitive to whether the temperature is above or below the phase transition
      temperature of the Ba2+ or Sr2+ complex of phosphatidylserine, as measured by
      differential scanning calorimetry. Hence, the isothermal transition of the acyl
      chains from liquid-crystalline to gel phase induced by the cations is not the
      driving force of the initial fusion event. The aggregation rate constants
      increase with temperature, and it is the temperature dependence of the energetics
      of close approach of the liposomes which underlies this increase. On the other
      hand, the aggregation becomes more reversible at higher temperatures, which has
      also been observed with monovalent cation induced liposome aggregation where
      there is no fusion. Calculations on several cases show that the potential energy
      minimum holding the liposome dimer aggregates together is approximately 5-6 kT
      deep. This result implies that the aggregation step is highly reversible; i.e.,
      if fusion were not occurring, no stable aggregates would form.

PMID- 3994992
TI  - Incorporation of 6-carboxyfluorescein into myosin subfragment 1.
AB  - We describe for the first time the introduction of a label into the "50K" domain
      of myosin subfragment 1 (S-1), and we investigate the properties of this
      fluorescent modification in relation to the ATPase and actin-binding activities,
      both residing in the myosin head. The labeling consists of a major incorporation
      of 6-carboxyfluorescein into the "50K" domain of S-1. Using different conditions
      for tryptic digestion that allowed a fragmentation of the "50K" domain with a
      loss of 5 kilodaltons (kDa) leading to a final product of 45 kDa, we have shown
      that the fluorescent dye remains in the 45-kDa final product. By studying cross
      linking as a function of time, we have demonstrated that the "50K" domain and the
      45-kDa fluorescent peptide are equally cross-linkable to actin. We have also
      investigated the K+EDTA-, Ca2+-, Mg2+-, and actin-activated ATPase activities of
      this modified S-1 and after purification observed no enzymatic changes.

PMID- 3994993
TI  - Pressure effects on actin self-assembly: interspecific differences in the
      equilibrium and kinetics of the G to F transformation.
AB  - Purified skeletal muscle actins from species whose ambient pressures range from 1
      to greater than 500 atm were examined for the sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure
      of the globular (G) to filamentous (F) self-assembly reaction. Both the
      equilibrium position and the kinetics of self-assembly were affected by pressure.
      Increased pressure shifted the self-assembly equilibrium toward the monomer (G)
      state and reduced the rate of F-actin assembly. For most of the actins studied,
      the perturbation by pressure of F-actin formation decreased with increasing
      measurement of pressure, indicating that F-actin has a higher compressibility
      than G-actin. The increase in system volume and compressibility concomitant with
      the assembly of F-actin can be interpreted as reflections of the major role
      played by hydrophobic effects in stabilizing F-actin and of the existence of
      "hard" binding sites, in the terminology of Torgerson et al. [Torgerson, P. M.,
      Drickamer, H. G., & Weber, G. (1979) Biochemistry 18, 3079-3083], in the actin
      subunits. For actin from the deepest occurring species studied, the teleost fish
      Coryphaenoides armatus, which occurs to depths of approximately 5000 m
      (equivalent to 501 atm of pressure), there was no difference in compressibility
      between G-actin and F-actin; that is, the effect of increasing pressure on self
      assembly was linear over the entire pressure range examined, 600 atm. The self
      assembly reaction of the actin from C. armatus also differed from that of the
      other actins examined in that the G to F equilibrium was relatively insensitive
      to increased pressure; i.e., the volume change (delta V) of assembly was
      small.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994994
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of the Aspergillus cytotoxin mitogillin.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of the cytotoxin mitogillin has been determined
      by sequencing the intact chain and peptide fragments produced by cleavage at
      methionyl, arginyl, lysyl, and tryptophanyl residues and at one aspartic acid
      proline bond. The protein consists of 149 amino acid residues with alanine at the
      NH2 terminus and histidine at the COOH terminus. The calculated Mr of the native
      mitogillin was 16 867. The native molecule presents two disulfide bridges, one
      between cysteine residues at positions 5 and 147 and another one between cysteine
      residues at positions 75 and 131. The amino acid sequence of mitogillin shows 86%
      homology with another cytotoxic protein called alpha-sarcin.

PMID- 3994995
TI  - Unusual chemical properties of N-terminal histidine residues of glucagon and
      vasoactive intestinal peptide.
AB  - An N-terminal histidine residue of a protein or peptide has two functional
      groups, viz., an alpha-amino group and an imidazole group. A new procedure, based
      on the competitive labeling approach described by Duggleby and Kaplan [Duggleby,
      R. G., & Kaplan, H. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 5168-5175], has been developed by
      which the chemical reactivity of each functional group in such a residue can be
      determined as a function of pH. Only very small amounts of material are required,
      which makes it possible to determine the chemical properties in dilute solution
      or in proteins and polypeptides that can be obtained in only minute quantities.
      With this approach, the reactivity of the alpha-amino group of histidylglycine
      toward 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene gave an apparent pKa value of 7.64 +/- 0.07 at
      37 degrees C, in good agreement with a value of 7.69 +/- 0.02 obtained by acid
      base titration. However, the reactivity of the imidazole function gave an
      apparent pKa value of 7.16 +/- 0.07 as compared to the pKa value of 5.85 +/- 0.01
      obtained by acid-base titration. Similarly, in glucagon and vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP), apparent pKa values of 7.60 +/- 0.04 and 7.88 +/- 0.18,
      respectively, were obtained for the alpha-amino of their N-terminal histidine,
      and pKa values of 7.43 +/- 0.09 and 7.59 +/- 0.18 were obtained for the imidazole
      function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994996
TI  - Comparison of the transient folding intermediates in lysozyme and alpha
      lactalbumin.
AB  - Refolding kinetics of two homologous proteins, lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin,
      were studied by following the time-dependent changes in the circular dichroism
      spectra in the aromatic and the peptide regions. The refolding was initiated by
      20-fold dilution of the protein solutions originally unfolded at 6 M guanidine
      hydrochloride, at pH 1.5 for lysozyme and pH 7.0 for alpha-lactalbumin at 4.5
      degrees C. In the aromatic region, almost full changes in ellipticity that were
      expected from the equilibrium differences in the spectra between the native and
      unfolded proteins were observed kinetically. The major fast phase of lysozyme
      folding has a decay time of 15 s. The decay time of alpha-lactalbumin depends on
      the presence or absence of bound Ca2+: 10 s for the holoprotein and 100 s for the
      apoprotein. In the peptide region, however, most of the ellipticity changes of
      the two proteins occur within the dead time (less than 3 s) of the present
      measurements. This demonstrates existence of an early folding intermediate which
      is still unfolded when measured by the aromatic bands but has folded secondary
      structure as measured by the peptide bands. Extrapolation of the ellipticity
      changes to zero time at various wavelengths gives a spectrum of the folding
      intermediate. Curve fitting of the peptide spectra to estimate the secondary
      structure fractions has shown that the two proteins assume a similar structure at
      an early stage of folding and that the intermediate has a structure similar to
      that of partially unfolded species produced by heat and, for alpha-lactalbumin,
      also by acid and a moderate concentration of guanidine hydrochloride.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3994997
TI  - Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance of highly oriented DNA fibers. 1. Static
      geometry of DNA double helices.
AB  - The static geometry of the phosphodiesters in oriented fibers of DNA and a
      variety of polynucleotides was investigated by solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structural parameters of the phosphodiester
      backbone expressed by two Euler angles beta and gamma were estimated on the basis
      of the NMR spectra of natural DNA, poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(rA).poly(dT), and poly
      (rA).poly(rU). The Euler angles were calculated by using the known single crystal
      structures of a decamer, r(GCG)d(TATACGC), and a dodecamer, d(CGCGAATTCGCG). The
      distribution pattern of the Euler angles was quite different between these two
      oligonucleotides due to the different types of conformation, and it was fully
      consistent with the 31P NMR results, showing that the conformation of the B form
      DNA is very heterogeneous while that of the A or A' form is much more invariable
      with regard to the base composition. The structural parameters were also
      calculated by using various structures determined by the X-ray fiber diffraction
      studies, and they were evaluated on the basis of the 31P NMR data. Notably,
      poly(dA).poly(dT) fibers exhibited abnormal 31P NMR spectra which were very broad
      in line width and were not appreciably perturbed by hydration; a coiled double
      helical structure is proposed as the most plausible model for this polymer.

PMID- 3994998
TI  - Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance of highly oriented DNA fibers. 2.
      Molecular motions in hydrated DNA.
AB  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) of salmon sperm DNA, poly(rA).poly(rU), and
      poly(rA).poly(dT) fibers were measured as a function of relative humidity. The
      results indicated that the spectra were strongly perturbed by the molecular
      motions occurring in the hydrated fibers. The humidity dependence of the spectra
      at a number of orientations of the fibers relative to the magnetic field was
      reasonably explained by taking into account at least three motional modes,
      namely, conformational fluctuations, restricted rotation about a tilted axis, and
      rotational diffusion about the helical axis. The rotational diffusion about the
      helical axis was found to perturb the spectral line shapes most strongly, and its
      constants were 1.5 X 10(4) and 5.0 X 10(4) S-1 for DNA fibers at 92% and 98%
      relative humidities, respectively. A DNA-RNA hybrid, poly(rA).poly(dT), has been
      shown to adopt different conformations on two strands at high relative humidity
      [Zimmerman, S. B., & Pheiffer, B. H. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 78
      82], which was unquestionably confirmed in the present study: that is, the 31P
      NMR spectra from the hydrated form of this polymer were clearly explained by
      assuming that one strand had an A-like conformation and the other a B-like
      conformation.

PMID- 3994999
TI  - Conformation, dynamics, and structural transitions of the TATA box region of self
      complementary d[(C-G)n-T-A-T-A-(C-G)n] duplexes in solution.
AB  - Structural and kinetic features of the TATA box located in the center of the
      alternating self-complementary d(C-G-C-G-T-A-T-A-C-G-C-G) duplex (TATA 12-mer)
      and d(C-G-C-G-C-G-T-A-T-A-C-G-C-G-C-G) duplex (TATA 16-mer) have been probed by
      high-resolution proton and phosphorus NMR spectroscopy in aqueous solution. The
      imino exchangeable Watson-Crick protons and the nonexchangeable base protons in
      the TATA box of the TATA 12-mer and TATA 16-mer duplexes have been assigned from
      intra and inter base pair nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements. Imino
      proton line-width and hydrogen exchange saturation recovery measurements
      demonstrate that the dA X dT base pairs in the TATA box located in the center of
      the TATA 12-mer and TATA 16-mer duplexes are kinetically more labile than
      flanking dG X dC base pairs. The proton and phosphorus NMR parameters of the TATA
      12-mer monitor a cooperative premelting transition in the TATA box prior to the
      onset of the melting transition to unstacked strands. Phosphorus NMR studies have
      been unable to detect any indication of a right-handed B DNA to a left-handed Z
      DNA transition for the TATA 12-mer duplex in saturated NaCl solution. By
      contrast, we do detect the onset of the B to Z transition for the TATA 16-mer in
      saturated NaCl solution. Proton and phosphorus NMR studies demonstrate formation
      of a loop conformation with chain reversal at the TATA segment for the TATA 12
      mer and TATA 16-mer duplexes on lowering the DNA and counterion concentration.
      The imino protons (10-11 ppm) and phosphorus resonances (3.5-4.0 ppm; 4.5-5.0
      ppm) of the loop segment fall in spectral windows well resolved from the
      corresponding markers in fully paired segments so tha it should be possible to
      identify loops in longer DNA helixes. The equilibrium between the loop and fully
      paired duplex conformations of the TATA 12-mer and TATA 16-mer is shifted toward
      the latter on addition of moderate salt.

PMID- 3995000
TI  - Conformation and dynamics of the Pribnow box region of the self-complementary d(C
      G-A-T-T-A-T-A-A-T-C-G) duplex in solution.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to monitor the conformation and
      dynamics of the d(C1-G2-A3-T4-T5-A6-T6-A5-A4-T3-C2-G1) self-complementary
      dodecanucleotide duplex (henceforth called Pribnow 12-mer), which contains a
      TATAAT Pribnow box and a central core of eight dA X dT base pairs. The
      exchangeable imino and nonexchangeable base protons have been assigned from one
      dimensional intra and inter base pair nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)
      measurements. Premelting conformational changes are observed at all the dA X dT
      base pairs in the central octanucleotide core in the Pribnow 12-mer duplex with
      the duplex to strand transition occurring at 55 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate
      solution. The magnitude of the NOE measurements between minor groove H-2 protons
      of adjacent adenosines demonstrates that the base pairs are propeller twisted
      with the same handedness as observed in the crystalline state. The thymidine
      imino proton hydrogen exchange at the dA X dT base pairs has been measured from
      saturation recovery measurements as a function of temperature. The exchange rates
      and activation barriers show small variations among the four different dA X dT
      base pairs in the Pribnow 12-mer duplex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995001
TI  - Use of intermediate partitioning to calculate intrinsic isotope effects for the
      reaction catalyzed by malic enzyme.
AB  - For those enzymes that proceed via a stepwise reaction mechanism with a discrete
      chemical intermediate and where deuterium and 13C isotope effects are on separate
      steps, a new method has been developed to solve for the intrinsic deuterium and
      13C kinetic isotope effects that relies on directly observing the partitioning of
      the intermediate between the forward and reverse directions. This observed
      partitioning ratio, along with the values of the primary deuterium, tritium, and
      13C kinetic isotope effects on V/K for the substrate with the label being
      followed, allows an exact solution for the intrinsic deuterium and 13C isotope
      effects, the forward commitment for the deuterium-sensitive step, and the
      partition ratio for the intermediate in the reaction. This method allows portions
      of the reaction coordinate diagram to be defined precisely and the relative
      energy levels of certain activation barriers to be assigned exactly. With chicken
      liver triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) malic enzyme activated by Mg2+, the
      partitioning of oxalacetate to pyruvate vs. malate in the presence of TPNH, 0.47,
      plus previously determined isotope effects gives an intrinsic deuterium isotope
      effect of 5.7 on hydride transfer and a 13C isotope effect of 1.044 on
      decarboxylation. Reverse hydride transfer is 10 times faster than
      decarboxylation, and the forward commitment for hydride transfer is 3.3. The 13C
      isotope effect is not significantly different with reduced acetylpyridine adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate replacing TPNH (although the pyruvate/malate partitioning
      ratio for oxalactate is now 9.9), but replacement of Mg2+ by Mn2+ raises the
      value to 1.065 (partition ratio 0.99).

PMID- 3995002
TI  - Reaction of triosephosphate isomerase with L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and
      triose 1,2-enediol 3-phosphate.
AB  - Triosephosphate isomerase catalyzes the isomerization and/or racemization
      reactions of L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (LGAP), the enantiomer of the
      physiological substrate. The reaction is inhibited by the active site directed
      reagent glycidol phosphate. The amount of protonation product formation catalyzed
      by a fixed enzyme concentration is nearly independent of increasing steady-state
      concentrations of triose 1,2-enediol 3-phosphate caused by buffer catalysis of
      LGAP deprotonation. Therefore, enzymatic protonation of the enediol or
      enediolate, which could account for the observed enzymatic catalysis of LGAP
      isomerization and/or racemization, is at best a minor reaction. Instead LGAP
      reacts directly at the enzyme active site. Triosephosphate isomerase catalysis of
      the protonation of triose 1,2-enediol 3-phosphate was expected because of the
      strong evidence supporting an enediol reaction intermediate for the overall
      reaction catalyzed by isomerase. The most reasonable explanation for the failure
      to observe enzymatic protonation is that in solution the enediol undergoes beta
      elimination of phosphate (t 1/2 is estimated to be 10(-6) s) faster than it can
      diffuse to and form a complex with isomerase.

PMID- 3995003
TI  - Rotational diffusion and self-association of band 3 in reconstituted lipid
      vesicles.
AB  - Band 3, the anion transporter of the human erythrocyte membrane, has been
      purified and reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles of varying composition.
      Rotational diffusion of band 3 in these vesicles was measured by observing flash
      induced transient dichroism of an eosin triplet probe covalently bound to the
      protein. In egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles of high lipid/protein ratio at
      temperatures well above the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition, the
      absorption anisotropy decays to a constant value of 12 +/- 1% (expressed as a
      percentage of the initial anisotropy). However, higher values of the residual
      anisotropy and a slower decay are observed upon decreasing the temperature, even
      though the lipids remain in a liquid-crystalline phase. A similar effect is
      observed upon decreasing the lipid/protein ratio at constant temperature. It is
      concluded that self-association of band 3 occurs which is dependent on
      temperature and protein concentration in the bilayer. It is very probable that
      similar effects occur in the erythrocyte membrane, where a strong temperature
      dependence of band 3 rotational mobility is also observed. Reconstitution of band
      3 into dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles yields results similar to those
      obtained with egg phosphatidylcholine. When dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine is
      used for reconstitution, band 3 is immobilized below the lipid phase transition
      and remains partially associated above the transition. A precise analysis of the
      anisotropy decay curves is hampered by the presence of multiple rotating
      species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995004
TI  - Affinity-dependent cross-linking to neurotoxin sites of the acetylcholine
      receptor mediated by catechol oxidation.
AB  - The choline homologue 3-[(trimethylammonio)methyl]catechol (TMC) has been
      synthesized, and the controllable features of its complex oxidation have been
      examined spectroscopically and correlated with its toxin binding inactivating
      reactions with the acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) from Torpedo californica
      electroplax. Affinity-dependent reactions of early intermediates in the oxidation
      of TMC are suggested to intercede covalently in this inactivation. At pH 7.4,
      where the oxidative polymerization of catechols proceeds spontaneously,
      pyrocatechol produced no effect on the toxin binding function of AcChR, whereas
      comparable concentrations of TMC led to inactivation of half of all available
      sites. Lower concentrations of TMC converted via oxidation with ceric salts to an
      in situ mixture of monohydroxylated catechols were shown to be effective in short
      term incubations in inactivating approximately half of the toxin binding sites by
      covalent labeling of the receptor. Mixtures of dihydroxycatechol intermediates,
      hydroxy-p-quinones, and polymeric products led to nonspecific toxin binding site
      inactivation of AcChR in excess of half of all available sites. Collectively, the
      results suggest that both covalent labeling and oxygen reduction product
      inactivating mechanisms are operative in these model macromolecular site
      reactions and that catechol-containing affinity reagents may be useful in
      elucidating the molecular features of sites to which they are directed.

PMID- 3995005
TI  - 3-Phenylpropenes as mechanism-based inhibitors of dopamine beta-hydroxylase:
      evidence for a radical mechanism.
AB  - A series of ring-substituted 3-phenylpropenes has been examined as mechanism
      based inhibitors for the copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase. p-HO-, p-CH3O
      , m-HO-, m-CH3O-, p-Br-, and p-CN-substituted phenylpropenes all inactivate the
      enzyme under turnover conditions, requiring ascorbate and oxygen. Replacement of
      the benzylic hydrogens in 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propene with deuterium results in a
      kinetic isotope effect of 2.0 on kinact/KO2 but in no effect on the partition
      ratio, Vmax/kinact, consistent with a stepwise mechanism for hydrogen abstraction
      and oxygen insertion. The partition ratio is unchanged in the pH range from 4.5
      to 7.1. Determination of the kinetics of inactivation and the partition ratios
      for each of these ring-substituted phenylpropenes has allowed determination of
      the respective V/KO2 values. A linear free energy plot of these values as a
      function of sigma+ gives a rho value of -1.2, while the partition ratios show
      only a slight decrease upon going electron-withdrawing groups. The results are
      consistent with a mechanism for dopamine beta-hydroxylase in which a hydrogen
      atom is abstracted to form a benzylic radical, which then partitions between
      hydroxylation and enzyme inactivation.

PMID- 3995007
TI  - Mechanism of inactivation of monoamine oxidase by 1-phenylcyclopropylamine.
AB  - 1-Phenylcyclopropylamine (1-PCPA) is shown to be a mechanism-based inactivator of
      mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO). The strained cyclopropyl ring is important
      to inactivation since alpha,alpha-dimethylbenzylamine, the acyclic analogue of 1
      PCPA, is neither an inactivator nor a substrate of MAO. Two different pathways
      occur during inactivation by 1-PCPA, both believed to be derived from a common
      intermediate. One pathway leads to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme and a
      1:1 stoichiometry of radioactivity to the active site when 1-[phenyl-14C]PCPA is
      used as the inactivator; the other pathway results in a covalent reversible
      adduct. Three organic reactions are carried out on the irreversibly labeled
      enzyme in order to determine the structure of the active site adduct. Sodium
      boro[3H]hydride reduction results in the incorporation of 0.73 equiv of tritium,
      suggesting a carbonyl functionality. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation followed by
      saponification gives 0.8 equiv of phenol, indicating the presence of a phenyl
      ketone. Treatment of the labeled enzyme with hydroxide produces acrylophenone, as
      would be expected from the retro-Michael reaction of beta-X-propiophenone. The
      identity of X is determined in two ways. The optical spectrum of the flavin
      cofactor is reduced during inactivation; no reoxidation occurs upon denaturation.
      Pronase treatment of the radioactively labeled enzyme produces fragments that
      contain both the radioactivity and the flavin. The X group, therefore, is the
      flavin. The results of two tests designed to differentiate N5 from C4a attachment
      to the flavin suggest an N5 adduct. In addition to formation of this stable
      covalent adduct, another pathway occurs 7 times as often. This alternate reaction
      of 1-[phenyl-14C]PCPA with MAO produces 7 equiv of [14C]acrylophenone during the
      course of irreversible inactivation and is believed to arise from formation of
      the same type of adduct as described above except that X is something other than
      the N5-flavin (Y). Upon denaturation of this labeled enzyme, the flavin is
      completely oxidized when most of the radioactivity is still bound to the enzyme.
      This indicates that Y is not a C4a-flavin adduct and suggests attachment to an
      active site amino acid residue. More facile elimination of Y from this beta
      substituted propiophenone adduct would give acrylophenone on the time scale of
      the inactivation. Treatment of the reversible adduct with sodium borohydride
      prior to denaturation prevents release of radioactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 3995008
TI  - Distribution of reaction intermediates on chicken liver fatty acid synthase.
AB  - The distributions of covalent intermediates in the reaction cycle catalyzed by
      chicken liver fatty acid synthase were studied. In isotope-trapping experiments,
      30% of [1-14C] acetyl-enzyme and 6.7% of [2-14C]malonyl-enzyme are converted to
      long-chain fatty acids, indicating the initiation reaction is partially random.
      The 3-hydroxybutyryl intermediate is located on the tryptic peptide which
      contains the 4'-phosphopantetheine (greater than 90%), while the C4-C18 saturated
      intermediates are distributed both on this peptide and on the peptide that
      contains the active cysteine. The ratio of intermediates on the two peptides is
      about unity for chain lengths less than C14, but the amount on the active
      cysteine progressively decreases for chain lengths of C14, C16, and C18 with
      trypsinized enzyme. The distributions of carbon chain lengths for the saturated
      or 3-keto intermediates when acetoacetyl-labeled trypsinized enzyme is incubated
      with limiting malonyl coenzyme A or NADPH, respectively, show large fractions
      both of unreacted enzyme and of C16 or longer intermediates. A detailed analysis
      suggests that the initial condensation and reduction steps are slower than the
      analogous reactions with longer chain length intermediates. The 3-keto
      intermediate comprises over 70% of each chain length intermediate detected when
      NADPH is the limiting substrate, indicating the reduction of the 3-keto
      intermediates is at least 2 times slower than the reduction of the unsaturated
      intermediates.

PMID- 3995006
TI  - Secondary isotope effects and structure-reactivity correlations in the dopamine
      beta-monooxygenase reaction: evidence for a chemical mechanism.
AB  - The chemical mechanism of hydroxylation, catalyzed by dopamine beta
      monooxygenase, has been explored with a combination of secondary kinetic isotope
      effects and structure-reactivity correlations. Measurement of primary and
      secondary isotope effects on Vmax/Km under conditions where the intrinsic primary
      hydrogen isotope effect is known allows calculation of the corresponding
      intrinsic secondary isotope effect. By this method we have obtained an alpha
      deuterium isotope effect, Dk alpha = 1.19 +/- 0.06, with dopamine as substrate.
      The beta-deuterium isotope effect is indistinguishable from one. The large
      magnitude of Dk alpha, together with our previous determination of a near maximal
      primary deuterium isotope effect of 9.4-11, clearly indicates the occurrence of a
      stepwise process for C-H bond cleavage and C-O bond formation and hence the
      presence of a substrate-derived intermediate. To probe the nature of this
      intermediate, a structure-reactivity study was performed by using a series of
      para-substituted phenylethylamines. Deuterium isotope effects on Vmax and Vmax/Km
      parameters were determined for all of the substrates, allowing calculation of the
      rate constants for C-H bond cleavage and product dissociation and dissociation
      constants for amine and O2 loss from the enzyme-substrate ternary complex.
      Multiple regression analysis yielded an electronic effect of p = -1.5 for the C-H
      bond cleavage step, eliminating the possibility of a carbanion intermediate. A
      negative p value is consistent with formation of either a radical or a
      carbocation; however, a significantly better correlation is obtained with sigma p
      rather than sigma p+, implying formation of a radical intermediate via a
      polarized transition state. Additional effects determined from the regression
      analyses include steric effects on rate constants for substrate hydroxylation and
      product release and on KDamine, consistent with a sterically restricted binding
      site, and a positive electronic effect of p = 1.4 on product dissociation,
      ascribed to a loss of product from an enzyme-bound Cu(II)-alkoxide complex. These
      results lead us to propose a mechanism in which O-O homolysis [from a putative
      Cu(II)-OOH species] and C-H homolysis (from substrate) occur in a concerted
      fashion, circumventing the formation of a discrete, high energy oxygen species
      such as hydroxyl radical. The substrate and peroxide-derived radical
      intermediates thus formed undergo a recombination, kinetically limited by
      displacement of an intervening water molecule, to give the postulated Cu(II)
      alkoxide product complex.

PMID- 3995009
TI  - Effects of valency on thermodynamic parameters of specific membrane interactions.
AB  - We have measured the equilibrium binding of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles
      (800-A diameter) containing various densities of incorporated palmitoyl-alpha
      bungarotoxin (PBGT) to acetylcholine receptor (AchR) enriched microsac membranes.
      We have previously shown that these PBGT vesicles bind specifically to the
      microsacs mediated by direct interactions with the AchRs [Grant, S. W., Babbitt,
      B. P., West, L. K., & Huang, L. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 1274-1279]. The percent
      binding of liposomal lipid and associated PBGT to excess AchR sites, as well as
      the inhibition of binding by pretreatment of microsacs with excess alpha
      bungarotoxin (alpha BGT), was strongly dependent upon the protein/lipid molar
      ratio of the vesicles. In addition, there existed a threshold level of
      approximately six PBGT molecules per vesicle at which the binding increased
      dramatically. The apparent association constant, KAapp, for lipid vesicle
      microsac membrane binding increased approximately 4800-fold (from 3.95 X 10(4) to
      1.90 X 10(8) M-1) due to an increase of 20-fold in the vesicle-associated PBGT
      surface density. Direct competition for binding to microsac membranes between
      vesicles with different PBGT/lipid molar ratios indicated that multivalent
      binders could easily replace binders of lower valency when receptor sites were
      limited. Measurement of the temperature dependence of the KAapp indicated that
      weak (low valency) and medium strength (intermediate valency) PBGT vesicle
      binders bound to microsacs in a fashion similar to the binding of alpha BGT and
      PBGT to detergent-solubilized AchRs. Strong PBGT vesicle binders (high valency)
      appear to bind by a somewhat different mechanism. All results are discussed in
      terms of the effects of ligand (PBGT) valency on the binding strength of vesicles
      to microsac membranes.

PMID- 3995010
TI  - Aggregation, lipid exchange, and metastable phases of
      dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine vesicles.
AB  - A new fluorescent lipid analogue, bimanephosphatidylcholine, has been synthesized
      for use in lipid bilayers. This probe is well suited as an energy-transfer donor
      with N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine as the
      acceptor. Dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine vesicles are prepared by sonication
      at pH 9 and characterized by electron microscopy and other methods. Resonance
      energy transfer between separately labeled donor and acceptor vesicles is
      monitored during HCl-induced aggregation to determine the kinetics of lipid
      randomization. Light scattering is also monitored to measure the kinetics of
      aggregation. The light scattering shows a marked reversal with NaOH while the
      energy transfer does not, indicating lipid exchange during a reversibly
      aggregated state; the extent of energy transfer suggests that only lipids in the
      outer monolayers exchange. The gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition
      temperature in HCl-treated vesicles is found to be 47 degrees C with
      diphenylhexatriene. The initial sonicated dispersion does not show a sharp phase
      transition. In vesicles labeled with both donor and acceptor probes, a small,
      irreversible increase in energy transfer is obtained upon lowering and then
      restoring the pH. These results suggest a metastable phase in the sonicated
      vesicles containing a randomized distribution of lipid and probes within the
      bilayers; the thermodynamically favored phase, whose formation is triggered by
      the pH shock, contains domains within which the probe lipids are more highly
      concentrated.

PMID- 3995011
TI  - Arrangement of the subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo
      californica as determined by alpha-neurotoxin cross-linking.
AB  - [3H]Methyl-alpha-neurotoxin prereacted with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate)
      (DTSP) can be covalently linked to each of the subunits of the nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor in membranes from the electric tissue of Torpedo
      californica. Pronounced changes in the cross-linking pattern are observed upon
      prior incubation with receptor specific ligands and upon reduction and/or
      alkylation of the receptor. d-Tubocurarine has been shown to bind to two
      different sites in receptor-rich membranes. These sites are present in equal
      numbers but have different affinities [Neubig, R. R., & Cohen, J. B. (1979)
      Biochemistry 18, 5464-5475; Sine, S., & Taylor, P. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256,
      6692-6699]. Using d-tubocurarine inhibition of [3H]-methyl-alpha-neurotoxin
      binding, we demonstrate two inhibitory constants for d-tubocurarine of 67 +/- 21
      nM and 4.9 +/- 1.7 microM in unreduced membranes. We utilize the large difference
      in Ki's to preferentially block toxin cross-linking at the high affinity site for
      d-tubocurarine. Low concentrations of this competitive antagonist selectively
      block the cross-linking of toxin to the beta and gamma subunits of the receptor,
      suggesting that these subunits are located close to the toxin binding site which
      is also the high-affinity binding site for d-tubocurarine. Reduction of disulfide
      bonds alters the affinity of the receptor for alpha-neurotoxin. Alterations are
      also seen in the cross-linking pattern of DTSP-activated [3H]methyl-alpha
      neurotoxin to reduced and alkylated membranes in the presence of tubocurarine.
      The constants for d-tubocurarine inhibition of [3H]methyl-alpha-neurotoxin
      binding to reduced and alkylated membranes are 172 +/- 52 nM and 2.4 +/- 0.4
      microM. The effects of bromoacetylcholine, carbamoylcholine, gallamine, and
      procaine on the cross-linking pattern are also examined. Our observations are
      consistent with an arrangement of the subunits in the membrane of alpha beta
      alpha gamma delta.

PMID- 3995012
TI  - Covalent affinity labeling, detergent solubilization, and fluid-phase
      characterization of the rabbit neutrophil formyl peptide chemotaxis receptor.
AB  - The formyl peptide chemotaxis receptor of rabbit neutrophils and purified rabbit
      neutrophil plasma membranes has been identified by several affinity labeling
      techniques: covalent affinity cross-linking of N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-125I-Tyr
      Lys (125I-hexapeptide) to the membrane-bound receptor with either dimethyl
      suberimidate or ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) and photoactivation
      of N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-125I-Tyr-N epsilon-[6-[(4-azido-2
      nitrophenyl)amino]hexanoyl]Lys(125I-PAL). These techniques specifically identify
      the receptor as a polypeptide that migrates as a broad band on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, with Mr 50 000-65 000. The receptor has
      been solubilized in active form from rabbit neutrophil membranes with the
      detergents 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and
      digitonin and from whole cells with CHAPS. Chemotaxis receptor activity was
      measured by the ability of the solubilized membrane material to bind 125I
      hexapeptide or fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe with gel filtration or rapid filtration through
      poly(ethylenimine)- (PEI) treated filters as assay systems. 125I-PAL was
      specifically cross-linked to the same molecular weight material in the CHAPS and
      digitonin solubilized extract, but no specific labeling of the receptor was seen
      when membranes were extracted with Nonidet P-40 and Triton X-100. Therefore,
      although a large number of detergents are able to solubilize the receptor, it
      appears that some release the receptor in an inactive form. The ligand binding
      characteristics of fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe to the CHAPS-solubilized receptor shared
      properties with the membrane-bound formyl peptide receptor, both of which showed
      curvilinear, concave-upward Scatchard plots. Computer curve fitting with NONLIN
      and statistical analyses of the binding data indicated that for both the membrane
      bound and solubilized receptors a two saturable sites model fitted the data
      significantly better (p less than 0.01) than did a one saturable site model. The
      characteristics of the two saturable sites model for the soluble receptor were a
      high-affinity site with a KD value of 1.25 +/- 0.45 nM and a low-affinity site
      with a KD value of 19.77 +/- 3.28 nM. A total of 35% of the two sites detected
      was of the higher affinity. In addition, a Hill coefficient of 0.61 +/- 0.12 was
      observed.

PMID- 3995013
TI  - Studies on transcription of 3'-extended DNA templates by mammalian RNA polymerase
      II. Partial purification and characterization of a factor from HeLa cells that
      facilitates renaturation of the DNA template.
AB  - Transcription by purified mammalian RNA polymerase II in vitro leads to extensive
      formation of DNA-RNA hybrids between nascent RNA and the template DNA strand.
      This is especially clear during transcription of 3'-extended (dC-tailed) DNA
      templates where the nontranscribed DNA strand is progressively displaced as
      transcription proceeds [Kadesch, T. R., & Chamberlin, M. J. (1982) J. Biol. Chem.
      257, 5286-5295]. Addition of small amounts of a HeLa cell extract to such a
      transcription system enhances renaturation of the template DNA and displacement
      of the nascent RNA, as measured by the sensitivity of the RNA to pancreatic
      ribonuclease. Using this latter assay, we have purified a protein factor
      (renaturase) 250-fold from HeLa cell extracts using chromatography on DEAE
      cellulose, DNA-cellulose, and hydroxylapatite. Renaturase preparations facilitate
      complete renaturation of the template DNA duplex during transcription by RNA
      polymerase II and lead to concurrent displacement of the nascent RNA. Current
      preparations are free from all but traces of deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease.
      The active component has a molecular weight of about 30000 as estimated by
      preparative density gradient sedimentation. We have examined the structure of
      transcribing RNA polymerase II complexes in the presence and absence of
      renaturase, using the electron microscope and the Williams polylysine technique
      [Williams, R. C. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 2311-2315]. In the
      presence of renaturase, the DNA template is fully renatured, and a ternary
      complex in which the nascent RNA is displaced during transcription is
      seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995014
TI  - Covalent binding of a carcinogen as a probe for the dynamics of deoxyribonucleic
      acid.
AB  - In order to determine the kinetic parameters of the binding to DNA of two closely
      related ultimate carcinogens, 2-(N-acetoxy-N-acetylamino)fluorene (N-Aco-AAF) and
      2-(N-hydroxyamino)fluorene (N-OH-AF), three kinds of experiments were performed:
      measurement of the final amount of adduct (N-Aco-AAF and N-OH-AF), determination
      of the initial rate, and study of the reaction with deoxyguanosine (N-Aco-AAF
      only) at temperatures between 4 and 50 degrees C. The kinetic treatment of the
      chemical equations relies on two main assumptions: (i) binding of carcinogen to
      the C8 of guanine (G) could occur either with the classical B conformation or
      with a transient conformational state of the sugar--phosphate chain at the level
      of the guanine and denoted by G*; (ii) the equilibrium between G and G* is fast
      as compared to the chemical rate of carcinogen binding. These two assumptions
      have been verified by comparing experimental and calculated values of some of the
      data. From experimental data it is possible then to determine the characteristic
      independent parameters of the reaction: the constant K of the G in equilibrium G*
      and the enthalpy change delta H of the process, the rate constant k3 of the
      binding to the C8 of G, and the rate constant k1 of hydrolysis of the carcinogen
      with their corresponding activation enthalpies E3 and E1. Some essential results
      obtained are as follows: (a) The amount of G* that represents about 10% of the G
      at room temperature increases with temperature and is higher in denatured than in
      native DNA. (b) The values of delta H (approximately 9 kcal mol-1) and delta S
      (approximately 27 cal K-1 mol-1) of the G in equilibrium G* equilibrium are close
      to those associated with single base pair opening [Wartell, R.M., & Benight, A.S.
      (1982) Biopolymers 21, 2069]. (c) N-Aco-AAF reacts only with the G* conformation
      while N-OH-AF binds preferentially to the "classical" G (B conformation).
      Therefore, the electrophilic carcinogens behave as probes of the dynamic state of
      the DNA, but the rate of the G in equilibrium G* exchange is fast as compared to
      the binding rate of the carcinogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3995015
TI  - 500-MHz proton NMR studies of the medium-dependent conformational preference of
      prostaglandin F2 alpha analogues.
AB  - The complete assignments of the 1H NMR spectra of 2-10 mM D2O solutions of
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), its C-15 epimer, and analogues bearing a gem
      dimethyl group at C-16 or C-17 are presented. PGF2 alpha and its 1,9- and 1,15
      lactones were similarly studied in CDCl3 solution. The assignments follow from
      extensive scalar decoupling and difference NOE spectra and the examination of a
      specifically deuterated analogue. These studies also define the conformation
      (including cyclopentane pseudorotational preference) from C-5 through C-16 in
      each system. The macrolides show little or no conformational freedom at C-4----C
      1, but extensive rotational averaging occurs in the terminal portions of both
      side chains in the monocyclic compounds. The conformational features so
      determined are contrasted to those seen in crystal structures and those
      postulated to occur upon binding to PGF2 alpha-recognizing receptors. The NMR
      data run counter to the DeTitta hypothesis that changes in the orientation of the
      C-13,14 pi-bond nodal plane relative to the cyclopentane ring and the C-15-O bond
      are recognition determinants at PGF2 alpha-specific receptors and account for the
      medium-dependent chiroptical spectral changes previously reported.

PMID- 3995016
TI  - Nanosecond fluctuations of the molecular backbone of collagen in hard and soft
      tissues: a carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation study.
AB  - We have determined the amplitude of nanosecond fluctuations of the collagen
      azimuthal orientation in intact tissues and reconstituted fibers from an analysis
      of 13C NMR relaxation data. We have labeled intact rat calvaria and tibia
      collagen (mineralized and cross-linked), intact rat tail tendon and demineralized
      bone collagen (cross-linked), and reconstituted lathyritic (non-cross-linked)
      chick calvaria collagen with [2-13C]glycine. This label was chosen because one
      third of the amino acid residues in collagen are glycine and because the 1H-13C
      dipolar coupling is the dominant relaxation mechanism. Spin-lattice relaxation
      times (T1) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements were measured at 15.09 and 62.98
      MHz at 22 and -35 degrees C. The measured NMR parameters have been analyzed by
      using a dynamic model in which the azimuthal orientation of the molecule
      fluctuates as a consequence of reorientation about the axis of the triple helix.
      We have shown that if root mean square fluctuations in the azimuthal orientations
      are small, gamma rms much less than 1 rad, the correlation function decays with a
      single correlation time tau and T1 depends only upon tau and gamma rms and not
      the detailed model of motion. Our analysis shows that, at 22 degrees C, tau is in
      the 1-5-ns range for all samples and gamma rms is 10 degrees, 9 degrees, and 5.5
      degrees for the non-cross-linked, cross-linked, and mineralized samples,
      respectively. At -35 degrees C, gamma rms is less than 3 degrees for all samples.
      These results show that mineral and low temperature significantly restrict the
      amplitude of nanosecond motions of the collagen backbone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995017
TI  - Control of energy production in the heart: a new function for fatty acid binding
      protein.
AB  - The quantitative subcellular distribution of the fatty acid binding protein
      (FABP) in heart muscle is reported for the first time. A gradient-like
      distribution according to the following pattern was observed: 6.96 mg X mL-1 on
      the myofibrils, 2.77 mg X mL-1 in the spaces surrounding the mitochondria, and
      2.21 mg X mL-1 in the mitochondria. This heterogeneous distribution suggests that
      the local in vivo concentration of FABP might fluctuate as a function of time.
      The consequences of these possible fluctuations, particularly in the
      mitochondrial vicinity, were analyzed in an in vitro system containing a fixed
      concentration of cardiac mitochondria and stearic acid but variable
      concentrations of FABP. Competition for the fatty acid was observed between the
      mitochondrial membranes and the binding sites on the protein. Maximal binding of
      fatty acid to FABP was detected in the range of FABP concentration between 1 and
      3 mg X mL-1. Remarkably, in this concentration range, two emerging peaks of beta
      oxidative activity were also detected. As a major conclusion, it appears that the
      fatty acid pool, bound to FABP, is the source of fatty acid providing the beta
      oxidative system with substrate. The mechanism of fatty acid transfer from this
      pool toward the beta-oxidative system remains an open question. However, it is
      suggested that a gradient-like distribution of FABP in the mitochondrial vicinity
      leads to the coexistence of multispecies of the protein by self-aggregation. Only
      two of these species seem to be involved in this fatty acid transfer. As a
      consequence, a strong modulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation rate is observed in
      isolated mitochondria when the concentrations of these two species are allowed to
      fluctuate. In conclusion, this unique cardiac fatty acid carrier, via its self
      aggregation capacity and its in vivo gradient-like distribution, may act as a
      powerful effector in the regulation of heart energy.

PMID- 3995018
TI  - Regulation of the degree of coupling of oxidative phosphorylation in intact rat
      liver.
AB  - The degree of coupling of oxidative phopshorylation q was determined in isolated
      perfused livers and in livers in vivo from fed and fasted rats. This
      determination of q was based on a simple nonequilibrium-thermodynamic
      representation of the major reactions of cytosolic adenine nucleotides, and made
      use of the measured cytosolic concentrations of adenine nucleotides, phosphate,
      and lactate/pyruvate ratios in extracted livers. The deviations of the measured
      values from the theoretically predicted ones at different mass action ratios of
      the adenylate kinase reaction showed that the basic assumptions of the model,
      including linearity between flows and thermodynamic forces, were fulfilled in
      intact liver within the experimental error. The degree of coupling was higher in
      livers from fed rats than in livers from fasted rats. In particular, the
      determined values of q were close to the theoretical degrees of coupling qecp and
      qecf which allow maximization of output power and output flow of oxidative
      phosphorylation for fed and fasted states, respectively, at optimal efficiency
      and minimal energy costs. This finding indicates that conductance matching
      between the load and phosphorylation is fulfilled in vivo. Moreover, it was found
      that fatty acids lower the degree of coupling in a concentration-dependent
      manner. This suggested that in livers in the fasted state q is decreased due to
      elevated fatty-acid levels. Thus fatty acids could act as metabolic regulators of
      the degree of coupling, enabling the cell to optimize efficiency of oxidative
      phosphorylation under different metabolic regimes.

PMID- 3995019
TI  - Chlorpromazine inhibition of electron transport in Azotobacter vinelandii
      membranes.
AB  - Chlorpromazine was a potent inhibitor of O2-dependent malate oxidation, but not
      of H2 oxidation in Azotobacter vinelandii membranes. However, chlorpromazine did
      not significantly affect the activity of malate reductase or the reduction of
      cytochromes c and d. In the presence of chlorpromazine, cytochrome o failed to
      form a complex with CO. The site of action of chlorpromazine seems to be in the
      cytochromes c to cytochrome o branch, the pathway utilized by malate, succinate
      and NADH, but not by H2.

PMID- 3995020
TI  - Membrane glycoprotein and surface free energy changes in hypoxic fibroblast
      cells.
AB  - Hypoxia affects the biochemistry of mammalian cells and thus alters their
      sensitivity to subsequent chemo- and radiotherapy. When V79 Chinese hamster lung
      fibroblasts were grown under conditions of extreme hypoxia (less than 10 ppm O2)
      there was a significant shift in the membrane glycoprotein composition. Scanning
      electron microscopy revealed altered cell surface morphology including loss of
      pseudopodial projections. Experiments to determine changes in interfacial free
      energy of these cells using equilibrium two phase systems of poly(ethylene
      glycol) (PEG) and dextran were carried out. Test fluid droplets of the denser
      dextran-rich phase were formed on layers of cells in the PEG-rich phase as the
      bathing medium, and the contact angles the droplets made with the cell layers
      were measured from photomicrographs. The contact angles on cells in the plateau
      phase increased significantly with time of exposure to hypoxia, from 25 degrees
      (zero time) to 35 degrees (6 h) to 60 degrees (9 h). Contact angles on cells in
      the exponential phase increased from 80 degrees (zero time) to 150 degrees after
      20 h of hypoxia. It appears that the altered contact angles reflect changes in
      cell surface hydrophobicity that may, in part, reflect alterations in the
      membrane glycoprotein composition.

PMID- 3995021
TI  - Two-dimensional isoelectric focussing/sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoretic mapping and some molecular characteristics of the proteins of the
      adult guinea-pig small intestinal microvillus membrane.
AB  - The adult guinea-pig small intestinal microvillus membrane was purified
      approximately 25-fold by both cation-precipitation and differential
      centrifugation methods. Comparison by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed no substantial differences in polypeptide
      composition between the two preparations. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE and two
      dimensional isoelectric focussing (IEF)/SDS-PAGE, together with Coomassie-blue,
      silver and lectin-staining, showed three major high molecular weight
      polypeptides, Mr 108 000, 116 000 and 127 000, as well as a 47 kDa protein
      (actin), as major constituents of the membrane. The proteins of Mr 108 000 and
      116 000 were strongly concanavalin A reactive. A detailed two-dimensional IEF/SDS
      PAGE map of the membrane was constructed. Sodium carbonate treatment showed the
      two concanavalin A-reactive glycoproteins, Mr 108 000 and 116 000, comprising the
      sucrase-isomaltase complex, to be loosely-associated 'extrinsic' microvillus
      membrane proteins. Two proteins, Mr 127 000 and 135 000, were tightly-associated
      'intrinsic' microvillus proteins. Despite regional differences in specific
      activity of some small intestinal microvillar enzymes, most noticeably
      enterokinase (EC 3.4.21.9) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.x), no
      substantial regional differences were seen in microvillus membrane polypeptide
      composition. In contrast, a substantial increase in the major high molecular
      weight proteins of Mr 108 000 and 116 000 accompanied a 10-fold rise in sucrase
      isomaltase activity, and loss of a major protein of Mr 131 000 accompanied the
      complete loss of lactase activity from the membrane during postnatal development.

PMID- 3995022
TI  - Absorption of glutathione from the gastro-intestinal tract.
AB  - Transport of the peptide glutathione (GSH) has been studied with the rat small
      intestine in vitro and the human buccal cavity in vivo. Uptake was found to be
      sodium-independent in both systems. Saturation kinetics were demonstrated and
      uptake did not require energy in either system. Transport was inhibited by other
      small peptides. Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion was postulated as the mode
      of transport.

PMID- 3995023
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of human erythrocytes in the presence of
      manganese ions. Evidence for a thermal transition.
AB  - Water proton transverse relaxation was investigated in whole blood and washed
      erythrocytes samples, respectively, at various temperatures and manganese
      concentrations. Water diffusional exchange controls proton relaxation in whole
      blood samples at higher Mn2+ concentrations (20-30 mM) or in washed erythrocyte
      samples at low Mn2+ content (1-5 mM). Mn2+ uptake is significant in washed normal
      erythrocyte samples when its concentration is about 18 mM or higher in the
      medium, at temperatures below about 26 degrees C. The thermal transition as
      revealed by the NMR doping method represents a switch from a water exchange
      process, mainly seen in the higher temperature range, to a paramagnetic ion
      controlled water proton relaxation in the lower temperature range.

PMID- 3995024
TI  - Formation of alpha-tocopherol complexes with fatty acids. Nature of complexes.
AB  - Using ultraviolet spectrophotometry and 1H-NMR high-resolution spectroscopy, it
      has been demonstrated that the formation of alpha-tocopherol complexes with free
      fatty acids occurs via two types of interaction, namely formation of a hydrogen
      bond between the alpha-tocopherol chromanol nucleus hydroxyl and the carboxyl
      group of a fatty acid, and interaction of the fatty acid acyl chains with the
      chromanol nucleus methyl groups. The second interaction is significantly enhanced
      by an increase in the number of double bonds in the fatty acid molecule, which
      results in restriction of the molecular mobility of alpha-tocopherol. The
      proposed structural model of alpha-tocopherol-fatty acid complexes has been
      confirmed by the use of molecular models. It has been assumed that the efficiency
      of complex formation of natural tocopherols with fatty acids is correlated with
      their biological activity.

PMID- 3995025
TI  - Reconstitution of cytochrome b5 into lipid vesicles in a form which is
      nonsusceptible to attack by carboxypeptidase Y.
AB  - Pig liver cytochrome b5 is reconstituted into lipid vesicles by a method whereby
      cytochrome b5-lysophospholipid micelles are fused with liposomes. The
      reconstitution method inserts cytochrome b5 into the lipid bilayer in a mode
      which renders the C-terminal part of cytochrome b5 nonsusceptible to attack by
      carboxypeptidase Y. The effect of the lipid composition of the vesicles on the
      mode of insertion has been examined, when cytochrome b5 is reconstituted using
      the presently described method and methods previously used to reconstitute this
      protein, namely the direct incorporation method and the cholate dialysis method.

PMID- 3995026
TI  - Biochemical and immunological characterization of the cell surface of the fish
      pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida.
AB  - The identification of lipopolysaccharide as periodic acid-Schiff positive
      material, present in the membrane fraction of the fish pathogenic Gram-negative
      bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, is shown. Such analysis has revealed several periodic acid
      Schiff positive bands and many membrane proteins among which a pathogenicity
      related Mr 54000 protein as a constituent of an additional surface layer outside
      the outer membrane (Evenberg et al., (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 684, 241-248).
      The latter protein, designated as additional cell envelope protein or ACE
      protein, has been purified and characterized in our laboratory (Evenberg and
      Lugtenberg, (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 684, 249-254). Most strains produce
      both high and low molecular weight lipopolysaccharide species, presumably
      corresponding with the presence and (virtual) absence, respectively, of an O
      antigenic chain. The property to produce high molecular weight lipopolysaccharide
      can be lost upon subculturing in laboratory growth media and such is greatly
      enhanced by the prior loss of the ability to produce ACE protein.
      Lipopolysaccharide and ACE protein were identified as the major antigens. A new
      polysaccharide-like antigen, designated as PS-antigen, was detected. Moreover,
      immunological indications for the presence of a lipoprotein in A. salmonicida are
      described. The surface localization of the antigens was determined by testing
      whether preadsorption of antisera by intact cells decreased the binding of IgG to
      these antigens, or decreased the ability of the sera to agglutinate cells.
      According to these criteria lipopolysaccharide, ACE protein and PS-antigen are
      the major surface-located antigens. Material cross-reactive with
      lipopolysaccharide, ACE protein and PS-antigen has been found in a large number
      of strains. Several lines of evidence indicate the presence of interactions
      between ACE protein and lipopolysaccharide. Based on these results a molecular
      model of the cell envelope of virulent A. salmonicida is presented.

PMID- 3995027
TI  - Geometric and thermodynamic restrictions for the self-assembly of
      glycosphingolipid-phospholipid systems.
AB  - The thermodynamic and geometrical features of possible self-assembled structures
      of a series of chemically related glycosphingolipids differing in the complexity
      of their polar headgroup, and of their mixture with phospholipids, have been
      predicted according to the theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles of
      Israelachvili et al. ((1980) Q. Rev. Biophys. 13, 340-357). The type and number
      of carbohydrate residues in the oligosaccharide chain of the polar headgroup are
      of paramount importance to determine the characteristics and thermodynamic
      stability of the possible self-assembled structure. In single component systems,
      the general prediction of the theory is that smaller aggregates may form as the
      polar headgroup of the glycosphingolipid is more complex and as the lateral
      surface pressure is smaller. In noninteracting two-component glycosphingolipid
      phospholipid systems, the thermodynamic stability and the overall geometry of the
      possible aggregate appear to be determined by the proportion and type of
      glycosphingolipid present. Large and abrupt changes of the possible free energy
      per molecule, radius of curvature, and predicted asymmetry ratio for a particular
      glycosphingolipid may be triggered by relatively small changes of the molecular
      parameters, lipid composition, lateral surface pressure or vice-versa. If
      intermolecular interactions are taken into account with respect to the
      predictions for an ideal, noninteracting system, the theory indicates that two
      component bilayer vesicles of polysialoganglioside-phosphatidylcholine may be
      thermodynamically and geometrically more stable. On the other hand, for systems
      constituted by phosphatidylcholine and neutral glycosphingolipids or
      monosialogangliosides, the possible bilayer vesicle is predicted to be less
      stable than in the ideal, noninteracting case. The results emphasize the general
      validity of the theory as applied to glycosphingolipid-containing systems.

PMID- 3995028
TI  - Abnormal transbilayer mobility of phosphatidylcholine in hereditary
      pyropoikilocytosis reflects the increased heat sensitivity of the membrane
      skeleton.
AB  - We determined whether the membrane defect in hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP)
      is associated with thermally induced changes in the lipid bilayer, the stability
      of which was probed by the rate of translocation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) over
      the two leaflets. [14C]PC was incorporated into the outer leaflet of the lipid
      bilayer of the intact erythrocytes using a PC-specific phospholipid exchange
      protein. The transbilayer equilibration of this PC was determined by measuring
      the time-dependent changes in its accessibility to exogenous phospholipase A2.
      The rate of transbilayer equilibration of PC was increased in HPP cells at 37
      degrees C when compared to normal erythrocytes (rate constants, 0.07 +/- 0.02 and
      0.03 +/- 0.01 h-1, respectively). A further dramatic increase in PC transbilayer
      equilibration was noted in HPP cells incubated at 44 degrees C (rate constant,
      0.15 +/- 0.02 h-1). A similar marked acceleration in transbilayer movement of PC
      was also seen in normal erythrocytes when incubated at 46 degrees C (rate
      constant, 0.13 +/- 0.03 h-1). Despite the enhanced transbilayer mobility of PC in
      HPP cells when compared to normal erythrocytes, no major alteration in the
      asymmetric distribution could be observed when probed with phospholipase A2.
      Since changes in transbilayer mobility of PC and cell morphology occur in HPP
      cells at lower temperature than in normal red cells, it may be concluded that the
      enhanced thermal sensitivity of spectrin is the major factor responsible for
      these changes. Our results therefore support the view that the structural
      integrity of the skeletal network is essential for stabilization of the lipid
      bilayer of the red cell membrane.

PMID- 3995029
TI  - The effect of growth temperature on the thermotropic behavior of the membranes of
      a thermophilic Bacillus. Composition-structure-function relationships.
AB  - The following study was carried out with the aim of widening our understanding of
      the thermoadaptive mechanisms of the membrane of thermophiles, using Bacillus
      stearothermophilus var. nondiastaticus as test-organism. The phospholipids and
      their acyl chain composition of this Bacillus studied in relation to the physical
      properties of its membrane from bacteria grown at various temperatures.
      Phospholipids account for 68-75 weight% of the total lipid in cells grown at 45,
      55 or 65 degrees C. Phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol constitute up
      to 90% of the total phospholipids; no amino phospholipids were found. Increasing
      the growth temperatures from 45 degrees to 65 degrees C caused an approximately 4
      fold decrease in the proportion of the branched-chain fatty acids and a 2-fold
      increase in the amount of the saturated acyl chains. The reduced proportion of
      the branched fatty acids was mainly due to a decrease in their anteiso forms.
      Unsaturated fatty acids were not produced by cells grown at 65 degrees C. In
      accordance with the fatty acid composition, the molecular packing of
      phospholipids in monolayers was more expanded with phospholipids from 45 degrees
      C grown cells as compared with cultures grown at 55 degrees C. The thermotropic
      gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of the membrane lipids was monitored
      by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl
      1,3,5-hexatriene. With increase of the growth temperature the phase transition
      was progressively shifted to higher but narrower range of temperatures.
      Completion of the lipid melting occurred always at temperatures below those
      employed for growth. A constructed phase diagram enabled to relate the growth
      temperature, the fatty acid composition and the lipid apparent microviscosity at
      temperatures not used in the present study for growth of the thermophile. The
      minimum temperature for growth and the upper boundary temperature of the least
      saturated lipid crystallization were extrapolated in this manner; they correspond
      to the experimentally determined minimal growth temperature. The apparent
      microviscosity, a measure of membrane order, decreased gradually and
      conspicuously as the growth temperature was elevated. The delimiting apparent
      microviscosity values, at the maximal (65 degrees C) and minimal (41 degrees C)
      growth temperatures were 0.8 and 1.8 poise, respectively. This lack of rigorous
      homeostatic control of the bulk lipid viscosity prompted reevaluation of the
      physiological significance of 'homeoviscous adaptation' in Bacillus
      stearothermophilus.

PMID- 3995030
TI  - pH dependence of phosphate transport across the red blood cell membrane after
      modification by dansyl chloride.
AB  - Dansylation of the red blood cell membrane inhibits monovalent anion transport as
      measured by means of 36C1 and enhances divalent anion transport as measured by
      means of 35SO4 (Legrum, Fasold and Passow (1980) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem.
      361, 1573-1590 and Lepke and Passow (1982) J. Physiol. (London) 328, 27-48). In
      the present work the effect of dansylation on phosphate equilibrium exchange was
      studied over the pH range where the ratio between monovalent and divalent
      phosphate anions varies. At high pH, phosphate equilibrium exchange was enhanced;
      at low pH, exchange was inhibited. The pH maximum of phosphate equilibrium
      exchange, seen at pH 6.3 in untreated ghosts is now replaced by a plateau. The
      inverse effects of dansylation on the rates of exchange at high and low pH
      suggest that both monovalent and divalent phosphate anions are accepted as
      substrates by the anion transport protein. A tentative attempt to obtain a
      quantitative estimate of the ratio of monovalent and divalent phosphate transport
      indicates that in the untreated red cell membrane over the pH range 7.2-8.5 the
      transport of HPO42- is negligible compared to the transport of H2PO4-.

PMID- 3995031
TI  - A Langmuir film balance study of the interactions of ionic and polar solutes with
      glycolipid monolayers.
AB  - Using a Langmuir film balance experiments have been conducted to discover if
      dissolved salts or carbohydrates interact with glycolipid monolayers. Two types
      of glycolipid were studied, simple glycosides made by ether linking
      monosaccharides to fatty alcohols and cerebrosides extracted from natural
      sources. It was found that salts or carbohydrates in the subphase expanded
      glycolipid monolayers. That is, a monolayer spread on a solution occupied a
      greater area at a given pressure than it would have spread on pure water. Of the
      carbohydrates galactose and glucose, galactose caused a markedly greater
      expansion of monolayers than glucose. However, the magnitude of the expansions
      measured for stearyl glucoside, mannoside and galactoside films on solutions of a
      particular sugar were not significantly different, demonstrating that this
      phenomenon is independent of the glycolipid sugar residue. As with carbohydrates,
      salts also have differing effects on glycolipid monolayers. Although the effect
      an individual ion has on a monolayer cannot be directly measured, comparisons
      between salts indicate that there is a correlation between the size of an ion and
      the extent of the monolayer expansion it causes. To explain these observations
      two different mechanisms are proposed. In the case of salts it is suggested that
      large ions which have a low charge density disrupt water structure in such a way
      that monolayers spread on the surface of their solutions are expanded. The
      ability of carbohydrates to expand monolayers is explained in terms of the
      carbohydrate replacing water molecules bound to the polar groups of the monolayer
      and in so doing increasing the effective area of the lipid molecules. It is
      suggested that the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions of ions and
      carbohydrates with glycolipid monolayers may also operate in the interactions of
      glycolipids and glycoproteins with extracellular agents and surfaces.

PMID- 3995032
TI  - Solvent relaxation in lipid bilayers with dansyl probes.
AB  - The solvent relaxation properties of the dansyl group attached to two lipids
      (dansylphosphatidylethanolamine and dansylphosphatidylserine), a fatty acid
      (dansylundecanoic acid), and two drugs (dansylbenzocaine and dansylpropranolol)
      were compared in a variety of different lipid systems. Several methods for
      characterising solvent relaxation were compared in detail for dansylpropranolol
      in bilayer vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine. It was shown that the relaxation
      process is non-monoexponential; nevertheless, for comparative purposes, a model
      was adopted in which the lifetime associated with the negative exponent in a two
      exponential decay analysis, obtained at a particular energy on the red edge of
      emission, was taken as an approximation to a 'solvent relaxation' rate. A
      negative exponent, indicative of solvent relaxation processes, occurring in the
      nanosecond time-scale, was found only for dansylpropranolol, dansylPE and
      dansylundecanoic acid. On addition of the spin probe, 5-doxylstearate, the
      negative exponent was unaffected in liquid-crystalline phase lipids but was no
      longer found in gel-phase lipid in the case of dansylpropranolol, while for
      dansylPE the relaxation time was reduced. On the basis of these types of
      measurement it was possible to distinguish between different lipid environments
      using the same probe or between different dansyl environments of the different
      probes in the same lipid in cases where this would have been difficult or
      impossible solely on the basis of steady-state or fluorescence lifetime
      measurements.

PMID- 3995033
TI  - The effect of nonideal lateral mixing on the transmembrane lipid asymmetry.
AB  - It is shown that the equilibrium transmembrane lipid asymmetry strongly depends
      on the degree of nonideality in the lateral mixing of the lipid components. In
      two-component bilayers the effect of nonideal lateral mixing is maximal for a
      given component at mole fractions of this component between 0.35 and 0.4. For
      asymmetry creating factors about 3 kT correcting for lateral nonidealities
      typical for lipids can increase as much as three times the transmembrane
      asymmetry. The relationship between lateral nonideality and transbilayer
      asymmetry is analysed in detail in the case of electrostatically induced
      asymmetry by using the Gouy-Chapman theory of electric double layers and the
      Bragg-Williams (regular solutions) approximation of nonideal lateral mixing. Two
      representative models are studied: (a) a single flat bilayer with a transmembrane
      electric potential difference applied on it; (b) two parallel membranes at short
      separation. In case (a), for transmembrane potentials of about 50-100 mV the
      introduction of nonideality corrections increases up to 40% the transmembrane
      asymmetry. In case (b), at physiological electrolyte concentrations the lipid
      asymmetry and, consequently, the effect of lateral nonideality become significant
      only at unrealistically small separations between the membranes. The surprisingly
      great influence of the lateral nonideality on the equilibrium transmembrane
      asymmetry suggests a significant role for this effect in determining the membrane
      molecular organization. A restricted lateral lipid miscibility might serve as a
      peculiar, but rather strong 'amplifier' of the transmembrane asymmetry. The
      qualitatively different asymmetries found in small unilamellar
      phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles of different fatty acid
      composition (Lentz, B.R. and Litman, B.J. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5537-5543) can
      be reasonably well explained as an effect of the lateral nonideality. A
      hypothesis considering the transmembrane distributions of the major phospholipid
      species in erythrocytes as evolving from their lateral miscibilities is proposed.

PMID- 3995034
TI  - Pore-forming properties of iturin A, a lipopeptide antibiotic.
AB  - The addition of iturin A, a lipopeptide antibiotic extracted from Bacillus
      subtilis, to a bimolecular lipid membrane (BLM) increases dramatically its
      electrical conductance. For very low concentration of iturin A, discrete
      conductance steps are observed which are assigned to the formation of conducting
      pores. The characteristics of these pores depend on the lipid content of the BLM
      and they change with time. Cholesterol considerably increases the lifetimes of
      open states. The pores are slightly anion versus cation selective. These first
      observations unable us to briefly discuss the pore-forming properties of
      lipopeptides.

PMID- 3995035
TI  - t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced perturbations of human erythrocytes as a model for
      oxidant stress.
AB  - Erythrocytes were incubated with t-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence and
      absence of hemoglobin as a model system for oxidative stress and the alterations
      in the structure and integrity of the membranes were investigated. The results
      showed that in the presence of hemoglobin a significant modification in the
      membrane surface charge was induced but no such alteration was observed in
      peroxidized hemoglobin-free membranes. As increased hemoglobin oxidation occurred
      in the erythrocytes, membrane lipid peroxidation diminished, suggesting a
      protective role for methemoglobin in t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid
      peroxidation. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels showed modification of the
      cytoplasmic protein region but no high molecular weight aggregates formed at the
      concentrations of the hydroperoxide used in this work. The results suggest that
      the t-butyl hydroperoxide/normal erythrocyte system seems to be an instructive
      model for membrane perturbations characteristic of oxidative disorders.

PMID- 3995036
TI  - Effects of preparative procedures on the volume and content of resealed red cell
      ghosts.
AB  - The effects of variations in preparative procedures on the volume and content of
      resealed red cell ghosts have been investigated. Following hypotonic lysis at 0
      degrees C, and after a variable delay time (td), concentrated buffer was added to
      restore isotonicity; resealing was then induced by incubation at 37 degrees C for
      one hour. Using this procedure, both the resealed ghost volume and the residual
      hemoglobin (Hb) content decreased for increasing td. If ghosts were maintained at
      0 degree C (i.e., no 37 degrees C incubation), they remained nearly spherical
      until isotonicity was restored. Their volume then fell abruptly, but subsequently
      increased toward an intermediate level. The fall in volume was greater and the
      final level achieved was smaller for longer delay times. At 0 degree C, return to
      isotonicity also halted the otherwise gradual loss of residual Hb from unsealed
      ghosts. In addition, ghosts with internal osmolality of 40 to 300 mosmol/kg were
      prepared by adding different amounts of concentrated buffer before resealing for
      one hour at 37 degrees C. Under these conditions, the final ghost volume was
      inversely related to the resealing osmolality (i.e., lower osmolality yielded a
      larger volume). Ghost volume also increased, along with Hb content, if the
      quantity or concentration of the red cell suspension added to the lysing medium
      was increased. We conclude that resealed ghost volume is influenced by the ratio
      of lysate to resealing medium osmolality and by the colloid osmotic pressure of
      the residual ghost Hb. These data indicate methods by which ghosts with desired
      characteristics can be prepared, and have potential application for studies of
      ghost mechanical and biophysical behavior.

PMID- 3995037
TI  - Changes in the lipid content of boar sperm plasma membranes during epididymal
      maturation.
AB  - Plasma membranes of boar sperm from caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymis
      were purified by differential- and sucrose-density equilibrium centrifugation and
      were found to yield a single band at a density of 1.13 g/cm3. This fraction was
      enriched in acid and alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase
      activities, whereas it contained minimal amounts of hyaluronidase and N
      acetylglucosaminidase and no succinic acid dehydrogenase activities. The plasma
      membrane of caput, corpus and cauda sperm had the same phospholipid/protein and
      cholesterol/phospholipid ratios but yielded different amounts of protein and
      individual lipid classes. Several changes in the plasma membrane were observed
      during transit of sperm through the epididymis. Within the phospholipid class a
      decrease in the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and
      phosphatidylinositol was detected accompanied by an increase in amount of
      phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and polyphosphoinositides. In the other lipid
      classes there was a decrease in the amount of free fatty acid and the major
      glycolipid. The amount of cholesterol decreased, while the amount of desmosterol
      and cholesterol sulfate increased. There was an increase in the amount of
      diacylglycerol. In addition, the changes in the fatty acid composition of the
      total membrane lipid and each phospholipid were determined. The above changes in
      the lipid composition of the plasma membrane during epididymal maturation may
      help to explain the decreased resistance to cold shock and changes in membrane
      fluidity of sperm during transit in the epididymis.

PMID- 3995038
TI  - The inhibitory effect of choline and other quaternary ammonium compounds on
      thiamine transport in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Quaternary ammonium compounds, such as choline and acetylcholine significantly
      inhibited thiamine uptake in isolated rat hepatocytes. Kinetic analysis using
      Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots of inhibition experiments revealed that choline
      and acetylcholine were purely competitive inhibitors for thiamine uptake with Ki
      values of 0.61 mM and 0.31 mM, respectively. Among quaternary ammonium compounds,
      hemicholinium-3 and curare were the strongest inhibitors, and kinetic studies
      showed that these compounds were also purely competitive inhibitors with Ki
      values of 12.5 microM and 4.3 microM, respectively. These results indicate that
      choline, acetylcholine and their structural analogs share a common binding site
      with thiamine in isolated rat hepatocytes. On the other hand, choline uptake by
      isolated rat hepatocytes occurred by a saturable mechanism with a Kt of 162 +/-
      3.85 microM and Vmax of 80.1 +/- 1.30 pmol/10(5) cells per min as well as by a
      nonsaturable mechanism. Thiamine, pyrithiamine, oxythiamine, chloroethylthiamine
      and dimethialium inhibited choline uptake, while thiamine phosphates such as
      thiamine monophosphate and thiamine pyrophosphate insignificantly inhibited
      uptake. Although a Lineweaver-Burk plot of choline uptake in the presence of
      thiamine showed that thiamine also competitively inhibited choline uptake, a
      Dixon plot of the inhibition experiment was hyperbolic and indicated that the
      inhibition of choline uptake by thiamine was 'pseudo-competitive'. On the basis
      of these results, it is suggested that in isolated rat hepatocytes thiamine and
      choline do not share common transport sites.

PMID- 3995039
TI  - Choline transport across a carbon tetrachloride phase containing a chloroform
      methanol extract of brain.
AB  - The presence of a chloroform-methanol extract of cat brain in a carbon
      tetrachloride phase separating two aqueous phases resulted in an increased
      passage of [3H]choline across the organic phase which was inhibited by the
      choline transport inhibitor hemicholinium-3 and by high concentrations of non
      radioactive choline. In the absence of cat brain extract, [3H]choline passage
      across carbon tetrachloride was neither inhibited by hemicholinium-3, nor by non
      radioactive choline.

PMID- 3995040
TI  - Absence of transbilayer diffusion of spin-labeled sphingomyelin on human
      erythrocytes. Comparison with the diffusion of several spin-labeled
      glycerophospholipids.
AB  - We have measured the transbilayer diffusion at 4 degrees C of spin labeled
      analogs of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid in the human erythrocyte membrane.
      Measurements were also carried out in ghosts, released without ATP, and on large
      unilamellar vesicles made with total lipid extract. As reported previously
      (Seigneuret, M. and Devaux, P.F. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3751
      3755), the amino phospholipids are rapidly transported from the outer to the
      inner leaflet on fresh erythrocytes, whereas phosphatidylcholine diffuses slowly.
      We now show that phosphatidic acid behaves like phosphatidylcholine:
      approximately 10% is internalized in 5 h at 4 degrees C. Under the same
      experimental conditions, no inward transport of sphingomyelin can be detected. In
      ghosts resealed without ATP, all glycerophospholipids tested diffuse slowly from
      the outer to the inner leaflet (approx. 10% in 5 h) while no transport of
      sphingomyelin is seen. Finally in lipid vesicles, the inward diffusion of all
      glycerophospholipids is less than 2% in 5 h and a very small transport of
      sphingomyelin can be measured. These results confirm the existence of a selective
      inward aminophospholipid transport of fresh erythrocytes and suggest a slow and
      passive diffusion of all phospholipids on ghosts, resealed without ATP, as well
      as on lipid vesicles.

PMID- 3995041
TI  - The dielectric properties of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) and their
      influence on membrane structure.
AB  - The dielectric constant of water is reduced drastically on addition of
      poly(ethylene glycol). The behaviour is not described by a linear mixture
      equation. The decreased dielectric constant can lead to the general perturbation
      of the membrane structure which is necessary in such a manner that a strong
      aggregation of membranes would lead to their fusion. The changed cation
      permeability in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) can explained as the effect
      of the lowered dielectric constant on the transfer energy.

PMID- 3995042
TI  - Preparation and properties of an improved cell-free protein synthesis system from
      mammalian liver.
AB  - A cell-free protein synthesis system derived from mouse liver has been developed
      which faithfully translates endogenous and exogenous mRNA. The system is based on
      the unfractionated post-mitochondrial supernatant. The main measures taken to
      improve the activity of the system were: the use of high levels (30 mM) of
      creatine phosphate as an energy-generating system to counteract a hyperactive
      nucleoside triphosphatase activity in the extracts, the choice of homgenisation
      buffer, and the use of potassium acetate rather than KCl in the assay. The system
      exhibits a high initial rate of amino acid incorporation, and reinitiates
      translation on endogenous mRNA. Added tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA is
      faithfully translated into full-length products at a rate of 60-80 amino acid
      residues per min at 30 degrees. The rate of overall amino acid incorporation
      slows after about 20 min and eventually ceases due to a failure in the re
      initiation of translation, and not because of degradation of mRNA. Over a limited
      period of time, this improved cell-free translation system is comparable in
      activity to other eukaryotic systems generated to date, and should be useful in
      studies of the control of translation rates in mammalian liver.

PMID- 3995043
TI  - A rabbit reticulocyte factor which stimulates protein synthesis in several
      mammalian cell-free systems.
AB  - Rabbit reticulocyte lysate post-ribosomal supernatant is shown to stimulate
      protein synthesis in a variety of mammalian cell-free systems, particularly the
      less efficient systems, such as those from mouse liver, HeLa cells and heat
      shocked L cells. This stimulation reflects an increase in the rate of initiation,
      and is not due to the presence of globin mRNA. The stimulatory activity is
      unstable to purification, but some conditions favouring stability have been
      identified and partial purification has been achieved. It is free of eIF-2, but
      possesses eIF-2B activity. Its purification properties suggest that it is
      distinct from previously characterized initiation factors, including eIF-2/eIF-2B
      complex, and its possible relationship to known initiation factors is discussed.

PMID- 3995044
TI  - CTP synthetase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Subunit stoichiometry and
      regulation of activity.
AB  - CTP synthetase (UTP: glutamine ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.4.2) was purified
      from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to near homogeneity and found to be a dimer
      composed of two seemingly identical 66 kDa subunits. The formation of CTP was
      accompanied by the production of equivalent amounts of ADP from ATP and glutamate
      from glutamine. The reaction product, CTP, was a potent inhibitor generating
      sigmoidal kinetics as a function of UTP with an n value of 2.0. UTP and CTP pools
      in the ascites cells were elevated in an early period (12-16 h) following
      implantation into the intraperitoneal cavity of mice, whereas ATP, GTP and
      glutamine pools did not change. Kinetic data and analysis of the nucleotide pools
      in the cells growing in vivo suggested that the biosynthesis of CTP is regulated
      at the level of CTP synthetase by UTP and CTP.

PMID- 3995045
TI  - Coupled reaction of immobilized aspartate aminotransferase and malate
      dehydrogenase. A plausible model for the cellular behaviour of these enzymes.
AB  - To study the effect of facilitated diffusion of the intermediate metabolite,
      oxaloacetate, on the coupled reaction of aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:
      2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) and malate dehydrogenase (L
      malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37), these enzymes were co-immobilized on
      the surface of a collagen film. The kinetic properties of the immobilized enzymes
      were compared with those observed with the enzymes in solution. Since the
      reactions correspond to the cytosolic enzymes, they have been studied in the
      direction aspartate aminotransferase toward malate dehydrogenase. Coupled enzymes
      in solution showed classical behaviour. A lag-time was observed before they
      reached a steady state and this lag-time was dependent on the kinetic properties
      of the second enzyme, malate dehydrogenase. The same lag-time was observed when
      malate dehydrogenase in solution was coupled with aspartate aminotransferase
      bound to the film. When aspartate aminotransferase in solution was coupled with
      malate dehydrogenase bound to the collagen film, a very long lag-time was
      observed. Theoretical considerations showed that in the latter case, the lag-time
      was dependent on the kinetic properties of the second enzyme and the transport
      coefficient of the intermediate substrate through the boundary layer near the
      surface of the film. Then both enzymes were co-immobilized on the collagen film.
      The coupled activity of aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase was
      compared for films with an activity ratio of 5 and 0.8. In both cases, a highly
      efficient coupling was observed. In the former case, where malate dehydrogenase
      was rate-limiting, 81% of this limiting activity was observed. In the latter
      case, aspartate aminotransferase was rate-limiting and 82% of its rate was
      obtained for the final product formation. The linear increase of product
      formation with time corresponded fairly well to the theoretical equations
      developed in the paper. To interpret these rate equations, one should assume that
      the intermediate substrate oxaloacetate formed by aspartate aminotransferase was
      used by malate dehydrogenase in the diffusion layer near the film, before
      diffusing in the bulk solution.

PMID- 3995046
TI  - Microenvironmental effects on enzyme catalysis. A kinetic study of hydrophobic
      derivatives of chymotrypsin.
AB  - The aim of this work was to study the role of hydrophobic interactions in the
      enzymic activity of chymotrypsin. The amino groups of chymotrypsin were
      chemically modified by aliphatic aldehydes of various chain lengths -
      acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, hexanal - and with two aldehydes of different steric
      hindrance - benzaldehyde and trimethyl acetaldehyde. After a rapid study of the
      derivated enzymes, the hexylchymotrypsin has been chosen for its new catalytic
      properties: the Michaelis constant is not modified and the maximal velocity with
      N-glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-4-nitroaniline is increased to 164%. The increase is
      due to the increase of the acylation constant, k2, by 230%. The value of k3 is
      not modified or less modified. In the modified enzyme, 85% of free amino acids
      are still able to react with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid. The optimum pH is
      shifted by one pH unit towards the alkaline pH. The thermodynamic study shows
      that the catalytic process itself is not modified. The increase in Vm could be a
      simple increase of k2 linked to a modification of the site or of the protein. The
      phenomenon described is very specific and obtained only with one modification,
      hexanal, and with one enzyme, alpha-chymotrypsin.

PMID- 3995047
TI  - Inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by nucleosides.
AB  - The irreversible inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase purified from
      hamster and bovine liver by adenosine analogs substituted in the 5' and 2
      positions has been investigated in detail. 5'-Cyano-5'-deoxyadenosine inactivates
      as potently as 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (Ara-A). Substitution of the Ara
      A at the 2 position by halogens or deleting N at the 3 position decreases its
      potency. Although weak, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine can also inactivate the enzyme.
      The irreversible inactivation of the hydrolase in rat hepatocytes incubated with
      2-chloroadenosine or 3-deaza-Ara-A could be demonstrated, concomitant with
      increases in 35S-labeled S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine in the
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 3995048
TI  - Antigenic, molecular and functional heterogeneity of Clara cell secretory
      proteins in the rat.
AB  - In an earlier publication we had reported the preparation of a rabbit antiserum
      specific for rat Clara cell secretory proteins. This rabbit anti-rat Clara cell
      serum was found to react with two proteins in rat lung lavage by crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis. Immunoblotting of rat lung lavage proteins, after sodium
      dodecylsulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, disclosed three bands
      of reactivity with anti-Clara cell serum. The relative molecular masses of these
      three proteins were about 200 (protein A) 55 (protein B) and about 12 kDa
      (protein C). Anti-Clara cell antibodies eluted from Sepharose-4B-linked protein C
      (as well as the antiserum raised by immunizing rabbits with protein C) reacted
      with proteins A and C. Anti-Clara cell antiserum unbound to proteins A and C (as
      well as antiserum raised by immunizing rabbits with protein B) reacted with
      protein B only. In non-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein B migrated
      as a single band, slightly cathodic to albumin; protein C resolved into three
      bands, all anodic to albumin. Immunoblots of isoelectric focusing gels showed
      three bands (pI 5.2-5.7) that reacted with antibody to protein C, and four bands
      corresponding to protein B were seen in the pI range 4.6-5.0. As determined by
      immunoperoxidase staining of paraformaldehyde fixed methacrylate embedded 1
      micron thick sections of rat lung, protein(s) A (and protein C) and protein B
      were present in the same cells and in the same granules. Protein B was resistant
      to trypsin digestion, whereas proteins A and C were readily degraded by trypsin.
      Rat Clara cell secretory proteins consist of at least two antigenic types that
      appear to be functionally distinct, and each antigenic type displays charge
      microheterogeneity.

PMID- 3995049
TI  - The relationship between the carboxylesterase and monoacylglycerol lipase
      activities of chicken liver microsomes.
AB  - The carboxylesterase (carboxylic-ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1) and
      monoacylglycerol lipase (glycerol-monoester acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.23)
      activities, measured against ethyl butyrate and emulsified monooleoylglycerol
      respectively, were determined for chicken liver microsomes and highly purified
      chicken liver carboxylesterase. The activity ratio (ethyl butyrate
      activity/monooleoylglycerol activity) was approx. 5 for microsomes and approx.
      400 for carboxylesterase. Homogenization of microsomes in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer
      (pH 7.92) released all of the ethyl butyrate activity and about half of the
      monooleoylglycerol activity into a soluble form. Both activities eluted from a
      Sephadex G-200 column with the same elution volume as that of pure
      carboxylesterase. This fraction (fraction B) had an activity ratio of approx. 15,
      an average pI of 5.01 (cf. 4.75 for carboxylesterase), and ran on polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6 as a number of closely spaced esterase bands with
      mobilities considerably less than those of the esterase bands present in the
      carboxylesterase. Fraction B activities against both substrates were completely
      inhibited by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate and completely precipitated by
      antibody to carboxylesterase. The remaining half of the monoacylglycerol lipase
      activity of microsomes was solubilized by treatment with 1.5% (w/v) Triton X-100.
      This solubilized monoacylglycerol lipase was completely inhibited by diethyl p
      nitrophenyl phosphate, showing it to be a serine-dependent enzyme like the
      carboxylesterases. However, it had no detectable activity against ethyl butyrate,
      indicating that it is not closely related to the carboxylesterases.

PMID- 3995050
TI  - Multiple forms of arginyl- and lysyl-tRNA synthetases in rat liver: a re
      evaluation.
AB  - The size distribution of lysyl- and arginyl-tRNA synthetases in crude extracts
      from rat liver was re-examined by gel filtration. It is shown that irrespective
      of the addition or not of several proteinase inhibitors, lysyl-tRNA synthetase
      was present exclusively as a high-Mr entity, while arginyl-tRNA synthetase
      occurred as high- and low-Mr forms, in the constant proportions of 2:1,
      respectively. The polypeptide molecular weights of the arginyl-tRNA synthetase in
      these two forms were 74000 and 60000, respectively. The high-Mr forms of lysyl-
      and arginyl-tRNA synthetases were co-purified to yield a multienzyme complex, the
      polypeptide composition of which was virtually identical to that of the complexes
      from rabbit liver and from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Of the nine
      aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, specific for lysine, arginine, methionine, leucine,
      isoleucine, glutamine, glutamic and aspartic acids and proline, which
      characterize the purified complex, each, except prolyl-tRNA synthetase, was
      assigned to the constituent polypeptides by the protein-blotting procedure, using
      the previously characterized antibodies to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
      components of the corresponding complex from sheep liver.

PMID- 3995051
TI  - Measurements of exchange in the reaction catalysed by creatine kinase using 14C
      and 15N isotope labels and the NMR technique of saturation transfer.
AB  - 31P-NMR measurements of saturation transfer have been used to measure exchange
      between the gamma-phosphate of ATP and phosphocreatine and between the beta
      phosphate of ATP and the beta-phosphate of ADP in the reaction catalysed by
      creatine kinase in vitro. The calculated exchange fluxes have been compared with
      measurements of 15N label exchange between creatine and phosphocreatine and 14C
      label exchange between ATP and ADP. At pH 8.0 the fluxes between phosphocreatine
      and the gamma-phosphate of ATP and between the beta-phosphates of ATP and ADP,
      measured by saturation transfer, were the same and equal, within experimental
      error, to the fluxes between creatine and phosphocreatine, measured by 15N label
      exchange, and between ADP and ATP, measured by 14C label exchange. At pH 7.0 the
      flux between phosphocreatine and the gamma-phosphate of ATP, measured by
      saturation transfer, was equal, within experimental error, to the flux between
      creatine and phosphocreatine, measured by 15N label exchange. However, at low ADP
      concentrations (less than 0.2 mM), the flux between ATP and ADP measured by
      saturation transfer was significantly less than that between phosphocreatine and
      ATP and, more importantly, less than the ADP-ATP exchange flux measured by 14C
      label exchange. The saturation transfer and isotope exchange measurements at pH
      7.0 have shown that it is valid to equate saturation transfer measurements of
      exchange between phosphocreatine and ATP in vivo with the potential for net
      chemical flux through the reaction. The observed discrepancy at pH 7.0 between
      the 14C and saturation transfer measurements of ATP----ADP exchange can be
      explained if there is significant loss of saturation in an intermediate in the
      exchange reaction. Under these conditions analysis of the exchange according to
      two-site exchange model is invalid. In magnetisation transfer measurements of
      exchange in other enzyme catalysed reactions, the possible presence of a
      kinetically significant intermediate and therefore the validity of data analysis
      using a two-site exchange model should be considered.

PMID- 3995052
TI  - The inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase II by some organic compounds.
AB  - The inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase II (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1)
      by tetrazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 2-nitrophenol, and chloral hydrate has been
      investigated. These inhibitors, together with phenol which has been studied
      previously (Simonsson, I., Jonsson, B.-H. and Lindskog, S. (1982) Biochem.
      Biophys. Res. Commun. 108, 1406-1412), can be classified in three groups
      depending upon the kinetic patterns of inhibition of CO2 hydration at pH near 9.
      The first group, represented by tetrazole and 2-nitrophenol, yields predominantly
      uncompetitive inhibition under these conditions in analogy with simple, inorganic
      anions. The second group, represented by 1,2,4-triazole and chloral hydrate gives
      rise to essentially noncompetitive inhibition patterns, whereas phenol,
      representing the third group, is a competitive inhibitor of CO2 hydration. These
      diverse inhibition patterns are discussed in terms of the kinetic mechanism
      scheme originally proposed by Steiner et al. (Steiner, H., Jonsson, B.-H. and
      Lindskog, S. (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 59, 253-259.

PMID- 3995053
TI  - Association of chicken pectoralis muscle phosphorylase with the Z-line and the M
      line of myofibrils: comparison with 'amorphin', the amorphous component of the Z
      line.
AB  - By immunofluorescence technique, glycogen phosphorylase, one of the soluble
      glycolytic enzymes, was shown to be localized in the Z-line of chicken pectoralis
      muscle myofibrils, in addition to the M-line, as previously reported by Heizmann,
      C.W. and Eppenberger, H.M. (Heizmann, C.W. and Eppenberger, H.M. (1978) J. Biol.
      Chem. 253, 270-277). After extraction of thick filaments by a solution containing
      pyrophosphate and high salt (Hasselbach-Schneider solution), or after extraction
      of thin and thick filaments by a solution containing 0.6 M KI, phosphorylase
      still remained in the Z-line. Amorphin (Mr 85 000) was reported by Chowrashi,
      P.K. and Pepe, F.A. (Chowrashi, P.K. and Pepe, F.A. (1982) J. Cell Biol. 94, 565
      573) as a new Z-line amorphous component. The amino acid composition of amorphin
      reported by them was very similar to that of phosphorylase b reported by Heizmann
      and Eppenberger. The partially purified 85 kDa protein, according to Chowrashi
      and Pepe, showed cross-reactivity to anti-phosphorylase serum and phosphorylase
      activity. Although amorphin was reported to be eluted from DEAE-column
      chromatography around the gradient of 0.5 M KCl, little protein was eluted around
      0.5 M KCl in our experiments, and the 85 kDa protein which we identified as
      phosphorylase b was eluted around 0.2 M KCl. Hence, it should be said that the
      major 85 kDa protein extracted according to Chowrashi and Pepe was phosphorylase
      b.

PMID- 3995054
TI  - Relation between the structure of benzphetamine analogues and their binding
      properties to cytochrome P-450 LM2.
AB  - Twelve substrates of a homologous series of tertiary amines (type I substrates)
      have been reacted with cytochrome P-450 LM2 incorporated into unilamellar
      liposomes and in soluble form. The apparent spectral dissociation constants (Ks)
      of the substrate enzyme complexes and the induced high-spin shifts have been
      correlated with the electron density of distinct carbon atoms as monitored by 13C
      NMR chemical shifts, the solubility of the amines and steric parameters of the
      substrate molecules. The results obtained led to the conclusion that two
      different intrinsic properties of the substrates can be discriminated in relation
      to the substrate-enzyme interaction. A diminished electron density at the
      nitrogen atom is accompanied by an increased binding affinity. The steric
      structure of the respective substrate determines its capability to shift the spin
      equilibrium to the high-spin state. Some characteristics of the active center of
      the enzyme are derived from the evidenced properties of the substrates.

PMID- 3995055
TI  - The interaction between human pancreatic carboxylester hydrolase (bile-salt
      stimulated lipase of human milk) and lactoferrin.
AB  - An interaction between lactoferrin and human pancreatic carboxylester hydrolase
      (carboxylic-ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1) (of bile-salt-stimulated lipase from
      human milk) has been demonstrated using partition in an aqueous two-phase system.
      This binding was strongly increased by the presence of sodium taurocholate,
      giving an apparent dissociation constant of around 10(-7) M. With this constant,
      significant binding is expected to occur in the intestine of the newborn being
      breast-fed between lactoferrin and either the pancreatic carboxylester hydrolase
      or the milk bile-salt-stimulated lipase. For carboxylester hydrolase, the
      interaction with lactoferrin meant a 1.4-fold increase in hydrolytic activity
      against p-nitrophenylacetate and cholesterololeate. For the function of
      lactoferrin we have not studied the importance of this interaction.

PMID- 3995056
TI  - The amino acid sequence of human beta-microseminoprotein.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of beta-microseminoprotein of human seminal
      plasma was determined by automated Edman degradation of the protein and peptides
      which were obtained by enzymatic cleavage with trypsin, chymotrypsin and
      Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase. The carboxyl-terminal sequence of the
      protein was established with the aid of carboxypeptidase A. The amino acid
      sequence of this protein proved to be as follows: (sequence; see text) Thus, beta
      microseminoprotein consisting of 93 amino acid residues has a molecular mass of
      10 652 Da. The linear structure of this protein represents the first complete
      amino acid sequence of a sperm-coating protein specific to human seminal plasma.

PMID- 3995057
TI  - The pH dependence of the reductive carboxylation of pyruvate by malic enzyme.
AB  - The maximum velocity of the malic enzyme (L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase
      (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40) reductive carboxylation of pyruvate
      and V/KCO2 are pH-independent from pH 5.5 to pH 8.5. V/K for pyruvate exhibits pK
      values values of 6.50 +/- 0.25 and 7.25 +/- 0.25. These data suggest that the
      binding of pyruvate locks the protonation state of enzyme. In addition, the pK
      values are within experimental error identical for the pH dependence of V/Kmalate
      and V/Kpyruvate. Thus, the catalytic groups appear to have reverse protonation
      states in the two reaction directions. The ratio of (V/Kmalate)/(V/Kpyruvate) is
      100, suggesting that the protonation state of enzyme is optimum in the malate
      oxidative decarboxylation direction. Thus, the group with a pK of about 6 is
      unprotonated and the group with a pK of 7.5 is protonated for malate
      decarboxylation, and the opposite is true for pyruvate reductive carboxylation.

PMID- 3995058
TI  - Age pigments and free radicals: fluorescent lipid complexes formed by iron- and
      copper-containing proteins.
AB  - Haem and non-haem iron-containing proteins stimulate lipid peroxidation with the
      formation of fluorescent lipid complexes. This process requires the presence of
      lipid hydroperoxides which release ferrozine-reactive iron from haem-containing
      proteins. Stimulation of lipid peroxidation by the released iron is inhibited by
      the iron chelator desferrioxamine. Copper ions, although more stimulatory towards
      fluorescent lipid complex formation than iron ions, do not stimulate lipid
      peroxidation when tightly bound at the active centre of proteins, but are
      reactive when loosely bound to albumin and histidine.

PMID- 3995059
TI  - Inhibition of acetyl-carnitine oxidation in rat brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria
      by erucoyl-carnitine is due to sequestration of CoA.
AB  - The cause underlying the inhibitory effect of erucoyl-carnitine on acetyl
      carnitine oxidation in rat brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria was investigated.
      The inhibition was shown to be of a noncompetitive nature, with an I50 of about
      10 microM erucoyl-carnitine. Erucoyl-carnitine did not inhibit the respiratory
      chain or the citric acid cycle to a significant degree. Incubation of
      mitochondria with erucoyl-carnitine led to about 2/3 of all CoA being sequestered
      in the form of acid-insoluble esters (probably erucoyl-CoA). This sequestration
      had an apparent Km of about 10 microM. Erucoyl-carnitine also inhibited pyruvate
      oxidation with an I50 of about 10 microM. When added at this concentration, it
      also inhibited the oxidation of a wide variety of acyl-carnitines by about 50%,
      despite very different oxidation rates of these different acyl-carnitines. It was
      concluded that the inhibitory effect of erucoyl-carnitine on all CoA-dependent
      substrates could be adequately explained by the suggestion that erucoyl
      sequesters a significant fraction of mitochondrial matrix CoA as slowly
      metabolizable erucoyl-CoA esters. Possible physiological effects of this
      sequestration for brown adipose tissue thermogenesis are discussed.

PMID- 3995060
TI  - Altered phospholipid composition of plasma membranes from thrombin-stimulated
      human platelets.
AB  - The individual phospholipid concentrations, and their respective fatty acid
      distributions, in whole platelet lysates and plasma membranes derived from
      unstimulated and thrombin-stimulated intact human platelets were studied. This
      was of interest, since previous work had led to the suggestion that altered
      phospholipid concentrations in plasma membranes of intact stimulated cells may be
      of importance in mediating cellular responses. The concentrations (nmol/mg
      protein) of phosphatidylinositol in whole platelet lysates and plasma membranes
      derived from thrombin-activated platelets decreased by 37 and 45%, respectively,
      a compared to their corresponding controls. As well, concentrations of plasma
      membrane phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in thrombin-stimulated
      platelets decreased by 20 and 9%, respectively, when compared with their control
      values. The amounts of phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin in whole platelet
      lysates and plasma membranes were unchanged by exposure to thrombin. Fatty acid
      analyses revealed that thrombin stimulation of intact human platelets induced a
      decrease in the arachidonate content (from 37.7 to 33.1 wt.% of total fatty acid)
      of plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol. Similar shifts in the wt% of arachidonic
      acid in plasma membrane phosphatidylcholine were found. These results indicate
      that thrombin stimulation of intact human platelets produces a significant
      decrease in the mass of phosphatidylinositol in plasma membranes and raises the
      suggestion that the preferential depletion of the plasma membrane in arachidonoyl
      containing phosphatidylinositol may be of importance in mediating cellular
      responses to external stimuli.

PMID- 3995061
TI  - Fluorescent substances in mouse and human sera as a parameter of in vivo lipid
      peroxidation.
AB  - Water-soluble fluorescent substances like lipofuscin were found in the protein
      fraction of mouse and human sera and had fluorescence characteristics with
      excitation and emission maxima at 335-340 and 435-440 nm for mice, and at 355-360
      and 430-435 nm for human, respectively. When oxidized [U-14 C]linoleic acid was
      given intraperitoneally to mice, or added to the serum in vitro, both the
      fluorescence intensity and radioactivity of serum protein increased dose
      dependently in the two tests. Also, the fluorescent substances responded well to
      acceleration of in vivo lipid peroxidation caused by carbon tetrachloride. These
      results indicate that the substances were some binding compounds between the
      degraded lipids and serum proteins, and that they could be taken as a parameter
      of in vivo lipid peroxidation. The distribution of the pigments in the serum
      proteins, albumin and globulins, was shown to depend upon the number of free
      amino groups in each protein which appear to be binding sites of degraded lipids.
      Spectral characteristics and some chemical properties of the substances suggest
      that they might not be conjugated Schiff bases formed from protein and
      malondialdehyde but might be due to some other stable compounds. Significantly
      high levels of the substances were observed in sera of patients with diabetes and
      hypertension.

PMID- 3995062
TI  - Mitochondrial phospholipid composition and microviscosity in myocardial
      ischaemia.
AB  - Normothermic ischaemic arrest of the isolated perfused rat heart causes profound
      changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure. Since the mitochondrial membranes
      contain a high percentage of phospholipids, an evaluation of the effect of
      different periods of ischaemia on mitochondrial phospholipid content and fatty
      acid composition was made. The results showed that ischaemia had no effect on the
      content of the different phospholipid classes and no correlation was observed
      between ultrastructural changes and mitochondrial phospholipid content. However,
      the phospholipid fatty acid composition of several phospholipids showed marked
      changes. For example, with lysophosphatidylcholine a progressive increase in the
      percentage saturated fatty acids was observed with increasing periods of
      ischaemia, while a reduction occurred in lysophosphatidylethanolamine. To
      determine whether the ischaemia-induced changes in mitochondrial phospholipid
      fatty acid composition had an effect on the physical properties of the membrane,
      the microviscosity of mitochondrial preparations was studied, using the
      lipophilic probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrine. Mitochondria isolated from
      ischaemic hearts showed a progressive increase in fluorescence polarization with
      longer periods of ischaemia, indicating an overall increase in microviscosity.
      This phenomenon may be responsible for the increased mitochondrial fragility
      which is characteristic of ischaemic damage.

PMID- 3995063
TI  - GM2-ganglioside metabolism in cultured human skin fibroblasts: unambiguous
      diagnosis of GM2-gangliosidosis.
AB  - The metabolism of GM2-ganglioside was studied in situ using cultured skin
      fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with different forms of GM2
      gangliosidosis. [3H]Sphingosine-labeled GM2 was provided in the culture medium to
      confluent cells in 6-cm petri dishes. After 10 days, the cells were washed free
      of radioactivity and harvested by trypsinization. The cellular lipids were
      extracted and analyzed for radioactivity in GM2 and its metabolic products. In
      fibroblasts from healthy subjects, 50-60% of the total cellular radioactivity was
      found in the neutral glycosphingolipids, ceramide, sphingomyelin and fatty acids.
      Degradation of the labeled GM2 progressed rapidly via GM3, ceramide dihexoside
      and ceramide monohexoside with a build-up of radioactivity mainly in the ceramide
      pool of the cell. The labeled ceramide is also reutilized for the synthesis of
      ceramide trihexoside, globoside and sphingomyelin or is converted to fatty acid
      and incorporated in ester linkages. In contrast, cells from patients with GM2
      gangliosidosis representing Tay-Sachs, Sandhoff and AB variant forms of the
      disease did not metabolize the ingested labeled GM2-like controls. Nearly all of
      the radioactivity was present in the ganglioside fraction in the lipid extracts
      from these cells and consisted of unhydrolyzed GM2. High-performance liquid
      chromatographic analysis of monosialogangliosides from cells grown without added
      labeled GM2 in the medium indicated accumulation of endogenously synthesized GM2
      in cell lines from all patients with GM2 gangliosidosis compared to healthy
      controls. This approach provides a reliable tool for pre- and post-natal
      diagnosis of all forms of GM2-gangliosidosis without ambiguity.

PMID- 3995064
TI  - Diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate: an active site titrant for lipoprotein lipase.
AB  - Diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate is an active site-directed irreversible inhibitor
      of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of the water-soluble
      substrate, p-nitrophenyl butyrate. Interaction of lipoprotein lipase and the
      inhibitor in the absence of substrate gives a biphasic kinetics profile, which is
      consistent with rapid formation of a phosphoryl-lipoprotein lipase intermediate
      which hydrolyzes slowly. The magnitude of the absorbance increase accompanying
      formation of the intermediate provides an analytical method for determining
      lipoprotein lipase active site concentration.

PMID- 3995065
TI  - Formation of 15-HETE as a major hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the
      atherosclerotic vessel wall.
AB  - Atherosclerosis was induced in New Zealand White rabbits through cholesterol
      feeding. Aortae were taken out from treated animals and incubated with
      arachidonic acid. Aortae from cholesterol-fed animals converted arachidonic acid
      into 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). This conversion was
      not seen in aortae from control animals. The immediate precursor of 15-HETE, 15
      HPETE, is an inhibitor of prostacyclin synthetase and might hamper prostacyclin
      production.

PMID- 3995066
TI  - Molecular pathways in the transformation of model discoidal lipoprotein complexes
      induced by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.
AB  - Incubation (24 h, 37 degrees C) of discoidal complexes of phosphatidylcholine and
      apolipoprotein A-I (molar ratio 95 +/- 10 egg yolk phosphatidylcholine
      apolipoprotein A-I; 10.5 X 4.0 nm, long X short dimension; designated, class 3
      complexes) with the ultracentrifugal d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction
      transformed the discoidal complexes to a small product with apparent mean
      hydrated and nonhydrated diameter of 7.8 and 6.6 nm, respectively. Formation of
      the small product was associated with marked reduction in phosphatidylcholine
      apolipoprotein AI molar ratio of the complexes (on average from 95:1 to 45:1).
      Phospholipase A2 activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase participated in
      the depletion process, as evidenced by production of unesterified fatty acids. In
      the presence of the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction or partially purified
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and a source of unesterified cholesterol,
      the small product could be transformed to a core-containing (cholesteryl ester)
      round product with a hydrated and nonhydrated diameter of 8.6 and 7.5 nm,
      respectively. By means of cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate, the protein
      moiety of the small product was shown to contain primarily two apolipoprotein A-I
      molecules per particle, while the large product contained three apolipoprotein A
      I molecules per particle. The increase in number of apolipoprotein A-I molecules
      per particle during transformation of the small to the large product appeared to
      result from fusion of the small particles during core build-up and release of
      excess apolipoprotein A-I from the fusion product. The results obtained with the
      model complexes were consistent for the most part with recent observations (Chen,
      C., Applegate, K., King, W.C., Glomset, J.A., Norum, K.R. and Gjone, E. (1984) J.
      Lipid Res. 25, 269-282) on the transformation, by lecithin:cholesterol
      acyltransferase, of the small spherical high-density lipoproteins of patients
      with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency.

PMID- 3995067
TI  - The biosynthesis and turnover of lipid during the differentiation of
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Despite the fact that there are only relatively slight changes in lipid
      composition during the differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum, the rates of
      lipid synthesis were found to vary considerably. Polar lipid synthesis declined
      markedly during aggregation and pseudoplasmodium formation and then increased
      during the terminal stages of differentiation. Several neutral lipid classes
      (sterol, the diacylglycerols and triacylglycerol) exhibited similar changes in
      synthetic rates, although the effects were somewhat less pronounced. In contrast,
      the rates of synthesis of steryl ester and free fatty acid increased slightly
      throughout the differentiation period, so that, by the end of the later stages of
      fruiting body culmination, the rates were essentially doubled. Finally, the
      synthesis of an unknown component increases at least 10-fold during
      differentiation. Of the newly synthesized lipid, only triacylglycerol and polar
      lipid exhibited marked turnover. Accumulation of radioactivity in steryl ester
      and free fatty acid continued after the removal of radioactive acetate,
      presumably due to the incorporation of fatty acid produced by polar lipid
      degradation.

PMID- 3995068
TI  - Uptake and degradation of human very-low-density lipoproteins by rat liver
      endothelial cells in culture.
AB  - Rat liver endothelial cells in primary cultures take up and degrade 125I-labelled
      human very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in a saturable fashion at
      physiological triacylglycerol concentrations. The iodinated VLDL are readily
      taken up by the freshly isolated endothelial cells and degradation products
      appear in the medium about 30 min after the addition of VLDL to the cultures.
      Uptake and degradation at 37 degrees C are effectively inhibited by unlabelled
      human VLDL, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins and lymph
      chylomicrons, but only modestly by acetylated LDL. Purified apolipoproteins E and
      C-III:1 also compete with the uptake of iodinated VLDL, but when degradation was
      studied for longer periods of time, such a competition could not be demonstrated.
      This may be due to the fact that the added apolipoproteins become associated with
      the lipoproteins. In binding experiments at 7 degrees C, iodinated apolipoprotein
      C III:1 bound to the liver endothelial cells in a manner characteristic of
      receptor binding with a dissociation constant of 0.5 microM. This binding could
      not only be inhibited by unlabelled apolipoprotein C-III:1 but also by unlabelled
      apolipoprotein E. The results indicate that rat liver endothelial cells carry
      receptors for VLDL and that these recognize the apolipoproteins E, C-III and B on
      the lipoprotein surface. Considering the large endothelial surface and high blood
      flow through the liver, significant quantities of lipoproteins can be taken up
      and degraded, thus influencing the levels of circulating lipoproteins in the in
      vivo situation.

PMID- 3995069
TI  - Onset of changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition and prostaglandin
      synthesis following dietary manipulation with n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the rat.
AB  - A synthetic diet preparation supplemented with 10% by weight of either safflower
      oil, hydrogenated coconut oil containing 3% safflower oil, or 'max EPA' fish oil
      was fed to rats over a 8-week period. Serial measurements of serum fatty acids,
      serum thromboxane B2 and urinary prostaglandin excretion were taken during the
      treatment period to assess the rate of change in fatty acid composition and
      prostaglandin synthesis following dietary manipulation. There was no significant
      change in weight gain between the dietary groups during the treatment period.
      Significant changes in serum fatty acids occurred within 48 h of treatment, with
      the 'max EPA' oil group having arachidonic acid levels reduced by 23% (P less
      than 0.01) compared to the coconut oil group. Conversely, rats fed safflower oil
      had an 18% enhancement of arachidonic acid during the same time period. Whole
      blood synthesis of thromboxane B2 was significantly depressed (P less than 0.01)
      after 48 h in rats fed 'max EPA' oil compared to the safflower oil or coconut oil
      groups. This suppression reached a maximum of 65% (P less than 0.001) after 7
      days of dietary 'max EPA' oil treatment. The safflower oil and coconut oil-fed
      groups showed the same levels of serum thromboxane B2 production over the
      treatment period. Urinary excretion of both 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha and
      prostaglandin E2 varied significantly (P less than 0.01) between the groups after
      7 days of dietary treatment. Rats fed 'max EPA' oil had depressed urinary
      prostanoid excretion compared to the safflower and coconut oil groups which
      remained very similar to each other. After the 8-week treatment period rats were
      killed and the phospholipid fatty acid composition and prostaglandin-generating
      capacity of platelets, aorta and renal tissue was examined. Prostanoid production
      by kidney cortex and medulla and segments of aorta was consistently suppressed in
      rats fed 'max EPA' oil. These observations correlated well with changes in the
      phospholipid fatty acid profiles in these tissues. This study shows rapid changes
      in serum fatty acids and thromboxane B2 generation following dietary
      manipulation, while changes in urinary excretion or prostanoid metabolites occur
      only after a longer time period.

PMID- 3995070
TI  - The measurement in vivo of the rate of unesterified cholesterol exchange between
      rat plasma and erythrocytes.
AB  - In order to investigate the rate of unesterified cholesterol exchange between
      plasma and erythrocytes in vivo, cholesterol labelling in rats was achieved in
      one of the following ways: intravenous injection of cholesterol-labelled
      erythrocytes, subcutaneous injection of labelled acetate, feeding of labelled
      cholesterol. The specific activity of the unesterified cholesterol was measured
      at intervals up to 24 h and a kinetic analysis of the data was performed. It
      assumes that both the cholesterol in the erythrocytes and the unesterified
      cholesterol in the plasma were homogeneous pools. The rate constants obtained for
      the movements of unesterified cholesterol from erythrocytes to plasma and from
      plasma to erythrocytes were not significantly different in the three labelling
      conditions (mean values: 0.26 and 1.5 h-1, respectively).

PMID- 3995071
TI  - Putative role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in removal of cholesteryl
      ester from vascular interstitium, studied in a model system in cell culture.
AB  - A model system to study the putative role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein
      in the egress of interstitial cholesteryl ester is described. Confluent cultures
      of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells were labeled for 24 h with [3H]cholesteryl
      linoleyl ether and [14C]cholesteryl linoleate by incubation with bovine milk
      lipoprotein lipase. This method of labeling results in the transfer of
      cholesteryl linoleyl ether and cholesteryl ester to three compartments: a trypsin
      releasable, trypsin-resistant and catabolic compartment (Stein, O., Halperin, G.,
      Leitersdorf, E., Olivecrona, T. and Stein, Y. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 795,
      47-59). The efflux of labeled cholesteryl linoleyl ether and cholesteryl ester
      from the extracellular and cell-surface related compartments into a serum-free
      culture medium containing 1% bovine serum albumin was studied during 24 h of
      postincubation. The efflux was expressed as a percentage of pulse value, i.e.,
      radioactivity retained by the cell culture at the end of the labeling period. The
      efflux of [3H]cholesteryl linoleyl ether, [14C]cholesteryl ester and 14C-labeled
      free cholesterol (formed by cellular hydrolysis of cholesterol ester) into the
      culture medium with 1% bovine serum albumin was about 5% of the pulse value.
      Addition of human lipoprotein-deficient serum resulted in a 3-10-fold increase in
      the efflux of [3H]cholesteryl linoleyl ether and [14C]cholesteryl ester, but did
      not change markedly the efflux of 14C-labeled free cholesterol. Rat lipoprotein
      deficient serum which does not contain cholesteryl ester transfer protein did not
      increase the efflux of [3H]cholesteryl linoleyl ether or [14C]cholesteryl ester.
      The rate of cholesteryl ester efflux in the presence of human lipoprotein
      deficient serum was linear for about 6 h and increased further up to 24 h.
      Addition of Intralipid to medium containing human lipoprotein-deficient serum
      further enhanced the efflux of [3H]cholesteryl linoleyl ether and, to a lesser
      extent, that of cholesteryl ester. A similar effect was observed also by addition
      of rat VLDL to medium containing human lipoprotein-deficient serum. Inhibition of
      cholesteryl linoleyl ether and cholesteryl ester efflux and marked enhancement of
      free cholesterol efflux occurred when rat HDL was added to medium containing
      human lipoprotein-deficient serum, while human HDL was only slightly inhibitory.
      The results obtained with human lipoprotein-deficient serum were reproduced with
      partially purified cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Using the partially
      purified cholesteryl ester transfer protein, the efflux of cholesteryl linoleate
      was compared to that of cholesteryl oleate and was found to be the same.

PMID- 3995072
TI  - Biophysical properties of cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol in solution.
AB  - The physical properties of CDP diacylglycerol derived from egg
      phosphatidylcholine are very different from those of the common
      glycerophospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine. Gently dispersed in buffer (5
      mM phosphate, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4), the liponucleotide initially forms an
      opalescent suspension of spherical vesicles, up to 50 micron in diameter, which
      appear to be unilamellar. These large vesicles are unstable and, independently of
      initial concentration, unstirred suspensions are no longer turbid after being
      incubated for about 1 h at room temperature. The passage of samples through
      Sepharose and Sephadex at increasing time intervals after the first hour reveals
      a continuing but slow diminution in size until, at about two days, a final peak
      is obtained which remains invariant for longer times. Chromatography of these
      ultimate stable micelles on Sephadex G-200 gives a Stokes radius of 4.2 nm. Their
      sedimentation coefficient extrapolated to zero concentration is 6.1 S. These
      numbers, combined with a partial specific volume of 0.835 ml X g-1, give an
      anhydrous mass of 155 000 Da and an aggregation number of 158. Although the data
      suggest the particles to be spherical, other compact forms cannot be excluded.
      Proton NMR at 220 MHz shows time-dependent spectral changes which are consistent
      with the slow structural transformation observed by gel-filtration
      chromatography, and indicate that the sugar and cytosine groups in the ultimate
      micelles apparently are motionally restricted. The critical micelle concentration
      is near 6 microM, but micelle-free molecule equilibration requires at least 7
      days at a total concentration of 89 microM. Sonication considerably decreases the
      time required for the vesicle-micelle transformation and the micelle-free
      molecule equilibration. Some implications for enzymology are discussed.

PMID- 3995073
TI  - Composition, removal and metabolic fate of chylomicrons derived from diabetic
      rats.
AB  - Tri[14C]acylglycerol-labelled chylomicrons, obtained from cannulated mesenteric
      lymph of streptozotocin-diabetic donor rats, when intravenously injected into non
      diabetic recipient rats, disappeared from the circulation at a significantly
      slower rate than similarly prepared tri[14C]acylglycerol chylomicrons from non
      diabetic donor rats (t1/2, 5.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.5 min-1, P less than 0.02).
      The appearance of labelled lipolysis products among plasma lipids (free fatty
      acid, cholesterol ester and phospholipid fractions) was delayed, indicating
      decreased availability for lipolysis of the chylomicron-borne triacylglycerol of
      diabetic origin. Tissue distribution of triacylglycerol, 15 min after the
      injection of chylomicrons to recipient rats, disclosed a 4-5-fold increase in
      uptake by muscles (heart and diaphragm) in relation to adipose tissues
      (epididymal and perirenal sites), in the case of chylomicrons of diabetic
      derivation. Since a large share of the chylomicron triacylglycerol was taken up
      by the liver, this tissue was perfused with chylomicron 'remnants' prepared by
      partial in vitro lipolysis with purified lipoprotein lipase. The 'remnants' of
      diabetic derivation were taken up by the liver at a 2-3-fold slower rate than
      those of non-diabetic origin. Chylomicrons derived from diabetic rats were found
      to be similar in size but markedly depleted of E apolipoproteins as determined by
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focussing and a specific
      immunoassay. Decreases were also seen in A-I apolipoproteins by immunoassay and
      isoelectric focussing. Chylomicron 'remnants' were also markedly apolipoprotein E
      deficient. In vitro incubation of the 'diabetic remnants' with high-density
      lipoproteins raised their apolipoprotein E content approx. 3-fold and
      considerably increased their hepatic uptake. Injection of intact chylomicrons
      preincubated with high-density lipoproteins likewise increased their in vivo
      removal rate toward the range of that of 'non-diabetic' chylomicrons. We conclude
      that diabetes-induced changes in the apolipoprotein composition of the
      chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants play an important role in their removal
      from the circulation. It appears that their recognition pattern is altered,
      reducing their ability to interact with receptor sites in the peripheral tissues
      and the liver, respectively.

PMID- 3995074
TI  - Formation of phospholipid-rich HDL: a model for square-packing lipoprotein
      particles found in interstitial fluid and in abetalipoproteinemic plasma.
AB  - The major bovine HDL subfraction, fraction I-HDL, was incubated with increasing
      amounts of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). HDL size, as determined by
      gradient gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy, increased with increasing
      HDL-phospholipid to DMPC mole ratios. Control fraction I-HDL were spherical,
      hexagonally-packing particles with a peak on gradient gel electrophoresis at 12.3
      +/- 0.1 nm; at a ratio of 1:0.5, larger, mainly spherical particles with a peak
      at 12.9 +/- 0.08 nm were formed. At a ratio of 1:1, occasional square-shaped
      particles were seen by electron microscopy; by gradient gel analysis, the mean
      diameter of the HDL-product increased to 13.7 +/- 0.1 nm. At the 1:2 ratio,
      extensive domains of square-packing particles were noted; the major size peak of
      this product was 14.6 +/- 0.08 nm. In all incubations with DMPC, a small 9.4 +/-
      0.08 nm product was formed; it was most pronounced at the 1:2 ratio. The large,
      less dense particles generated by incubation contained apolipoprotein A-I and
      small molecular weight proteins. The 9.4 nm product contained only apolipoprotein
      A-I. The less dense product formed during incubation at the 1:2 ratio had a
      decreased protein-to-lipid ratio relative to control HDL and a 2-fold increase in
      percent phospholipid. At a 1:2 ratio, incorporation of DMPC into fraction I-HDL
      results in the loss of one molecule of apolipoprotein A-I; the resultant particle
      is a stable phospholipid-rich and protein-poor HDL which has a square-packing
      geometry. These phospholipid-laden HDL are morphologically similar to
      lipoproteins isolated from interstitial fluid or from plasma of
      abetalipoproteinemic patients. Our data suggest that the unusual morphological
      properties of the latter biologically formed particles may be due to increases in
      the polar lipid contents, and concomitant decreases in surface protein.

PMID- 3995075
TI  - Purification and properties of phospholipase A2 from human seminal plasma.
AB  - The soluble Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) was purified 6500-fold
      with a yield of about 20% from human seminal plasma. The successive purification
      steps comprised gel filtration, affinity chromatographies and micropartition. The
      final preparation consisted of two proteins in about equal quantities with
      molecular weights of 12000 and 14000, according to SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel
      electrophoresis. As yet these two proteins can not be separated without complete
      loss of activity. Apparent kinetic parameters have been determined for the
      purified preparation with different substrates (Vmax = 494 U/mg, and Km = 1.25 X
      10(-4) M long-chain phosphatidylethanolamine; Vmax = 7.4 U/mg, and Km = 2.5 X 10(
      5) M long-chain phosphatidylcholine; Vmax = 7196 U/mg and Km = 8.32 X 10(-4) M
      dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine). The enzymatic activity was not affected by
      diisopropylfluorophosphate and thiol reagents but it was inhibited by higher
      concentrations of nonionic and ionic (except taurocholate) detergents and by the
      alkylating reagent p-bromophenacyl bromide. Although the seminal enzyme
      functionally strongly resembles the pancreatic phospholipase A2, no
      immunochemical relationship was observed; anti-pancreatic phospholipase A2 IgGs
      did not inhibit seminal phospholipase A2. Similarly, partially purified
      phospholipase A2 from horse seminal fluid was not affected by antibodies raised
      against horse pancreatic phospholipase A2.

PMID- 3995076
TI  - Identification, isolation and characterization of epidermal lipids containing
      linoleic acid.
AB  - Three specific linoleate-rich lipids have been identified in pig epidermis and
      are referred to as O-acylglucosyl ceramide, O-acyl ceramide, and O-acyl acid. The
      acid moiety is up to 70% linoleic acid and linked via the hydroxyl group of a
      omega-OH long-chain fatty acid, which itself is linked to sphingosine or glucosyl
      sphingosine. The identification of O-acyl ceramide confirmed the findings of
      another group, whereas the structural configuration of the O-acylglucosyl
      ceramide is different to previous reports. The identification of an O-acyl acid
      in epidermis is novel. Our evidence allows us to speculate that a hydroxylated
      derivative of the O-acyl ceramide may be intimately involved in the permeability
      barrier of skin, perhaps providing sufficient polarity to maintain a lamellar
      phase in the intercellular space of the lower stratum corneum region, and that it
      is specifically in this form that linoleic acid is involved in skin barrier
      function. Alternatively, or concurrently, this species may act as a signal for
      late keratinisation events.

PMID- 3995077
TI  - Simultaneous preparation of the three biotin-containing mitochondrial
      carboxylases from rat liver.
AB  - Affinity chromatography on avidin-Sepharose column was used to bind the biotin
      containing carboxylases from rat liver. With a biotin gradient (0-0.3 mM), peaks
      of activity of pyruvate, propionly CoA and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylases
      co-eluted. Subsequent separation of the three carboxylases was attained using
      DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis showed each of the enzymes to be pure, with pyruvate carboxylase
      giving a single subunit band (Mr 130 000), propionyl-CoA carboxylase giving two
      bands (Mr 73 000 and 56 500) and beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase giving two
      bands (Mr 75 000 and 60 000). The specific activity of propionyl-CoA carboxylase
      (15.8 munits/mg) and beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (24.2 munits/mg) were
      comparable with reported activities for these purified enzymes, while that of
      pyruvate carboxylase (1.25 munits/mg) was low. This is a suitable method for the
      simultaneous preparation of purified carboxylases for the specific purpose of
      raising antisera to these enzymes.

PMID- 3995078
TI  - A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the interactions of antimalarial drugs with
      porphyrins.
AB  - Haematins (hydroxyferriprotoporphyrin IX) constitute a possible receptor for
      antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine or quinine. This paper reports the study
      of the interactions of these two molecules with two tetrapyrrole (haematin and
      uroporphyrin I) by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. This method provided us with the geometry
      of the interactions in aqueous medium. The interaction consists of a close
      stacking of the porphyrin ring and the quinoleine moiety of the drugs. Using a
      porphyrin ring current model it was possible to reach the spatial relationships
      of the interacting species. It was concluded that hydrophobic forces play a key
      role in the interaction. The porphyrin plane can accommodate wide structural
      variations of the interacting species, leading to a weak specificity. The
      consequences on the mode of action of antimalarial drugs are discussed.

PMID- 3995079
TI  - 25-Hydroxylation of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D-3 in rat and human liver.
AB  - 1 alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D-3 25-hydroxylase activity was measured in subcellular
      fractions of rat and human liver. The formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 was
      determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. In rat liver 1 alpha
      hydroxyvitamin D-3 25-hydroxylase activities were found in the purified nuclei,
      the heavy mitochondrial fraction and the microsomal fraction. The enrichment of
      25-hydroxylase activity was highest in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. With
      this fraction a minimum amount (about 0.5 mg) of protein was required before
      formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 could be detected. Above this amount the
      reaction was linear with amount of protein up to at least 2 mg/ml. The reaction
      was also linear with time up to 60 min. An apparent Km value of 2 X 10(-5) M was
      found. The mitochondrial 25-hydroxylase was stimulated by addition of cytosolic
      protein or bovine serum albumin. The degree of stimulation was dependent on the
      amount of mitochondrial protein present in the incubation mixture. Maximal
      stimulation was seen with 0.2 mg/ml of either protein in the presence of 0.5 mg
      mitochondrial protein. The stimulating effect remained after heating the protein
      for 5 min at 100 degrees C. The cytosolic protein did not stimulate a
      reconstituted mitochondrial 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D-3 25-hydroxylase. The
      mitochondrial vitamin D-3 25-hydroxylase was inhibited both by cytosolic protein
      and by bovine serum albumin. Human liver revealed only one 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin
      D-3 25-hydroxylase activity located to the heavy mitochondrial fraction. The
      results are in agreement with previous studies on the localization of vitamin D-3
      25-hydroxylase in rat and human liver. The difference in localization of the 25
      hydroxylase between rat and human liver implies that studies on the regulation of
      the microsomal 25-hydroxylase in rat liver may not be relevant to the situation
      in human liver.

PMID- 3995080
TI  - A comparison of warfarin resistance and liver microsomal vitamin K epoxide
      reductase activity in rats.
AB  - Vitamin K-1 epoxide reductase activity was investigated in liver microsomal
      preparations from warfarin-resistant and -susceptible rats. One rat strain (TAS)
      is susceptible to the anticoagulant and lethal effects of warfarin and the other
      two strains are homozygous for warfarin resistance genes from either wild Welsh
      (HW) or Scottish (HS) rats. The enzyme in microsomal preparations from HW rat
      livers apparently has a reduced affinity for both warfarin and vitamin K-1 2,3
      epoxide. The kinetic parameters for the enzyme activity in HS microsomal
      preparations indicated, however, that vitamin K-1 epoxide reductase in this
      warfarin-resistant strain was very similar, in respect of substrate and inhibitor
      affinities, to that prepared from susceptible (TAS) animals. Analysis of vitamin
      K-1 epoxide reductase activity in the livers of animals that had been orally
      treated with sodium warfarin (20 mg/kg body wt.) indicated that enzyme activity
      was inhibited in all three strains, although this dose is lethal only to animals
      of the TAS strain.

PMID- 3995081
TI  - Purification and characterisation of leukotriene A4 hydrolase from rat
      neutrophils.
AB  - Leukotriene A4 hydrolase was rapidly and extensively purified from rat
      neutrophils using anion exchange and gel filtration high-pressure liquid
      chromatography. The enzyme which converts the allylic epoxide leukotriene A4 to
      the 5,12-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid leukotriene B4 was localized in the
      cytosolic fraction and exhibited an optimum activity at pH 7.8 and an apparent Km
      for leukotriene A4 between 2 X 10(-5) and 3 X 10(-5) M. The purified leukotriene
      A4 hydrolase was shown to have a molecular weight of 68 000 on sodium
      dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and of 50 000 by gel
      filtration. The molecular weight and monomeric native form of this enzyme are
      unique characteristics which distinguish leukotriene A4 hydrolase from previously
      purified epoxide hydrolases.

PMID- 3995082
TI  - Purification, affinity to anti-human arginase immunoglobulin-Sepharose 4B and
      subunit molecular weights of mammalian arginases.
AB  - The affinities of anti-human liver arginase antibodies raised in rabbits to liver
      arginases from man, bovine, pig, dog, guinea pig, rat and mouse were investigated
      by Scatchard analysis of the binding of the arginases from crude liver extracts
      to Sepharose-bound immunoglobulins. All arginases bound with good affinity, but
      the binding capacities of the immunosorbent for the enzymes from various species
      decreased with decreasing phylogenetic relationship of the species. Arginase from
      murine peritoneal macrophages did not bind to the immunosorbent at all. A simple
      two-step purification method for the liver arginases of all species mentioned
      above is given. All arginases were purified to electrophoretical homogeneity. The
      molecular weights of their subunits were estimated.

PMID- 3995083
TI  - Binding of manganese in human and rat plasma.
AB  - Albumin, transferrin and 'transmanganin' have all been proposed as the major Mn
      binding ligand in plasma. The present investigations were initiated in order to
      resolve these discrepancies. Compared to other metals tested (109 Cd2+, 65Zn2+,
      59Fe3+), 54Mn2+ bound poorly to purified albumin. The addition of exogenous
      albumin to plasma did not result in an increased 54Mn radioactivity associated
      with this protein. Also, incubation of 65Zn-albumin in the presence of excess
      Mn2+ (1 mM) did not result in the displacement of Zn from albumin or Mn binding.
      In contrast to these results, 54Mn was bound to purified transferrin, not as
      readily as Fe3+, but better than Zn2+ or Cd2+. Saturation of transferrin with
      Fe3+ (1.6 micrograms Fe/mg) prevented the binding of 54Mn indicating that Mn
      probably binds to Fe-binding sites on the protein. Polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis further demonstrated the association of 54Mn with transferrin
      rather than with albumin in both human and rat plasma. The amount of 54Mn
      radioactivity recovered with transferrin increased as incubation time was
      increased, probably due to oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+. Mn binding to transferrin
      reached a maximum within 5 and 12 h of incubation. About 50% of 54Mn migrated
      with transferrin, whereas only 5% was associated with albumin. A significant
      portion (20-55%) of the 54Mn radioactivity migrated with electrophoretically slow
      plasma components whose identity was not determined. Possibilities include alpha
      2-macroglobulin, heavy gamma-globulins and/or heavy lipoproteins.

PMID- 3995084
TI  - In situ interaction of cartilage proteoglycans with matrix proteins.
AB  - The interaction of proteoglycans with other matrix proteins via thiol-disulphide
      interchange was explored. Chick sternal cartilage was extracted with 4 M
      guanidine hydrochloride in the presence and absence of N-ethylmaleimide and the
      proteoglycans from the centrifugation A2 fractions were isolated. Those from
      extracts without N-ethylmaleimide were linked with reducible bonds with 10-15
      proteins-glycoproteins including the link proteins, the 148 kDa and 36 kDa
      proteins. The same was observed with extracts of pig laryngeal and sheep nasal
      cartilage. The linked proteoglycans from sheep amounted to 2-3% of the
      extractable uronic acid and belonged to two populations. The major fraction was
      included by Sepharose 6B (Mr 110 000) had twice as long chondroitin sulphate
      chains, higher 4-sulphated residues and a high content of aspartic acid and
      leucine-rich protein. The larger proteoglycans had a size and composition similar
      to those of aggregating proteoglycans.

PMID- 3995085
TI  - Rat colonic mucosal cell sialic acid metabolism in azoxymethane-induced tumours.
AB  - Colonic tissue was examined from normal (control) rats and azoxymethane-
      (carcinogen-) treated animals. Tumour-bearing colons from azoxymethane-treated
      rats were divided into malignant and non-malignant areas. Mucosal cells were
      prepared from the three types of colonic tissue and then examined for DNA and
      protein content and for the activities of ten enzymes involved in sialic acid
      metabolism. Enzyme activities were related to either the protein or the DNA
      content of fractions. The DNA content of cell homogenates was significantly
      different between tumour and non-malignant tissue and between both these tissues
      and normal mucosa. The protein content of the 100000 X g membrane pellet and
      supernatant fraction did not vary significantly between normal and non-malignant
      material but both these tissues differed significantly from tumour tissue.
      Significant variation between normal control and tumour tissue was detected at
      all levels of sialic acid metabolism, including N-acetylhexosamine
      interconversion and phosphorylation, sialic acid formation and activation, CMP
      NeuAc breakdown and transfer and sialic acid release from glycoconjugates. The
      results indicate that major changes at all levels of sialic acid metabolism are
      associated with malignancy in rat colonic mucosa. Some of these changes are
      apparent in non-malignant mucosa and may reflect a pre-malignant state.

PMID- 3995086
TI  - Characterization of the adsorptive pinocytic capture of a polyaspartamide
      modified by the incorporation of tyramine residues.
AB  - Previously it has been shown (Duncan, R., Starling, D., Rypacek, F., Drobnik, J.
      and Lloyd, J.B. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 717, 248-254) that incorporation of
      tyramine residues into poly (alpha, beta-(N-2-hydroxyethyl]-DL-aspartamide (PHEA)
      greatly increases its rate of pinocytic uptake by rat visceral yolk sacs cultured
      in vitro. Here we describe the relationship between the tyramine content (1.2
      21.9 mol%) of modified PHEA and its rate of uptake by yolk sacs. Above a level of
      substitution of approximately 10 mol% the rate of uptake rises rapidly, and the
      concentration-dependence of capture is indicative of uptake by adsorptive
      pinocytosis. Serum proteins were shown to compete effectively for membrane
      binding sites, indicating a nonspecific interaction of PHEA-derivatives with the
      yolk sac membrane. PHEA derivatives of the same tyramine content, but of
      different mean molecular weights (Mr), were captured at the same rates.

PMID- 3995087
TI  - Adaptive cellular response to hyperthermia: 31P-NMR studies.
AB  - Dynamic intracellular ATP and Pi levels were measured non-invasively for Chinese
      hamster V79 cells by 31P-NMR under conditions of thermotolerance and heat-shock
      protein induction. High densities of cells were embedded in agarose strands,
      placed within a standard NMR sample tube, and perfused with medium maintained
      either at 37 or 43 degrees C at pH 7.35. Cell survival and heat-shock protein
      synthesis were assessed either from parallel monolayer cultures or cells
      dislodged from the agarose strands post-treatment. Thermotolerance (heat
      resistance) and heat-shock protein synthesis was induced by a 1 h exposure to 43
      degrees C followed by incubation for 5 h at 37 degrees C. After the 5 h
      incubation at 37 degrees C, marked thermal resistance was observed in regard to
      survival with concomitant synthesis of two major heat-shock proteins at 70 and
      103 kDa. Studies were also conducted where tolerance and heat-shock protein
      synthesis were partially inhibited by depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH)
      prior to and during heat treatment. Dynamic measurement of intracellular ATP of
      cells heated with or without GSH depletion revealed no change in steady-state
      levels immediately after heating or during the 5 h post-heating incubation at 37
      degrees C where thermotolerance and heat-shock proteins develop. These data are
      consistent with other reported data for mammalian cells and indicate that the
      steady-state ATP levels in mammalian cells remain unchanged during and after the
      acquisition of the thermotolerant state.

PMID- 3995088
TI  - 31P-NMR studies of metabolite compartmentation in Fasciola hepatica.
AB  - Fasciola hepatica, the common liver fluke, is an anaerobic parasitic worm.
      Possible compartmentation of metabolites between different cell types, metabolic
      compartments, and free and macromolecule-bound species was investigated using 31P
      NMR. A spectrum of the intact worm shows unusual metabolic features, among which
      are large amounts of glycerolphosphorylcholine, phospholipids mobile on the NMR
      time-scale, and free cytosolic ADP. Spectra from cells as different as those in
      oral sucker tissue and eggs showed similar features. Acidosis after serotonin
      administration was associated with parallel changes in chemical shifts of
      intracellular Pi and glucose 6-phosphate, suggesting that they are in the same
      metabolic compartment. Although 13.4 +/- 1.1 mumol/g wet wt. (n = 3) Mg2+ is
      present in fluke tissue, a considerable fraction is sequestered out of the
      cytosol. The intracellular free [Mg2+] was independently estimated from the
      chemical shifts of ATP and ADP as 1.6 +/- 0.5 mM and 2.9 +/- 0.7 mM,
      respectively. Quantitation of observable phosphate-containing metabolites in
      whole tissue and in perchlorate extracts demonstrated that 60% of the total ADP
      and 50% of the total Pi are 'NMR-invisible' in the intact fluke and therefore
      probably bound to macromolecules in the cells. The apparent ATP/ADP X Pi free
      concentration ratio is much lower in this anaerobic tissue than in mammalian
      oxidative tissues.

PMID- 3995089
TI  - Binding and endocytosis of heparin by human endothelial cells in culture.
AB  - Binding of heparin and low molecular weight heparin fragments (CY 222, Mr range
      1500-8000) to human vascular endothelial cells was studied. Primary culture of
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells and either 125I or 3H-labeled heparin or
      [125I]CY 222 were used. Slow, saturable and specific binding was found. No other
      tested glycosaminoglycan, excepting a highly sulfated heparan fraction, was able
      to compete for heparin binding. Two groups of binding sites for [3H]heparin could
      be distinguished: one with high affinity (Kd = 0.12 microM) and another with
      lower affinity (Kd = 1.37 microM) and a relative large capacity of binding (1.16
      X 10(7) molecules/cell) was calculated. The Kd for unlabeled heparin, as
      calculated from competition experiments, was 0.23 microM. Much lower affinity was
      calculated for unlabeled low molecular weight heparin fragments CY 222 (Kd = 4.3
      microM) from competition experiments with [125I]CY 222. The binding reversibility
      was only partial for unfractionated heparin. Even by chasing with unlabeled
      compound, a fraction of 25-30% was not dissociable from endothelial cells. This
      fraction was much lower if incubation was carried out at 4 degrees C. The
      addition of basic proteins (histones) to the incubation medium greatly enhanced
      the undissociable binding at 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C. The
      undissociable fraction of heparin was not available to degradation by purified
      microbial heparinase. These results suggest that a fraction of bound heparin is
      internalized by the vascular endothelium.

PMID- 3995090
TI  - 31P-NMR studies of the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans: observation of
      lipoteichoic acid.
AB  - We have used 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify phosphorus
      containing compounds in whole cells of two serotype c strains of the oral
      pathogen Streptococcus mutans. The major resonance, centered at 0 ppm in whole
      cells, was attributed to lipoteichoic acid on the basis of its chemical shift,
      insensitivity to pH changes, cellular localization and a comparison with spectra
      obtained with purified lipoteichoic acid from S. mutans. The linewidths of
      resonances observed for intact cells and purified lipoteichoic acid were
      moderately narrowed by increasing the ionic strength, and substantially broadened
      in the presence of the lectin concanavalin A. Experiments with purified
      lipoteichoic acid suggest that this compound in whole cells is complexed with
      divalent cations such as Mg2+. Intracellular pools of other phosphorus-containing
      metabolites were found to be low when compared to the lipoteichoic acid
      concentration in both starved and glycolyzing cells.

PMID- 3995091
TI  - Effect of estradiol-17 beta on glucose and proline uptake in plasma membrane
      vesicles from the R3230AC rat mammary carcinoma.
AB  - Purified plasma membrane vesicles isolated from R3230AC rat mammary tumors
      displayed carrier-mediated and stereospecific uptake. Uptake was shown to be
      proportional to protein concentration, sensitive to increasing osmolarity, and
      inhibited only by substrates entering by the same carrier. Carrier-mediated
      glucose uptake was inhibited rapidly by estradiol-17 beta and phloretin in a dose
      dependent manner, whereas proline uptake was not affected by estradiol-17 beta.
      The data suggest that the inhibition of glucose by estradiol and phloretin,
      originally observed in whole cells, occurs by an interaction of the steroid with
      a component on the plasma membrane. In contrast, the lack of effects of estradiol
      on proline transport into vesicles implies that intracellular components may have
      mediated the estrogen-induced effects observed in whole cells.

PMID- 3995092
TI  - 5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole-1-beta-D-riboside, specific inhibitor of cytokinin
      activity in tobacco cell suspension cultures.
AB  - Tobacco cell suspension cultures were supplemented with 4 to 10 microM 5,6
      dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DBR). The cell suspensions were
      cultured in the presence or without a cytokinin, kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine).
      The responses of the cultures to DRB and (or) kinetin were measured by the
      evolution of cell mass or cell counts in the cultures, as a function of time or
      kinetin concentration. Chlorophyll biosynthesis was also used as a test-response
      to cytokinin and (or) DRB activities. It was concluded that DRB behaves as a
      specific inhibitor of the physiological responses to cytokinins. The evolution of
      the inhibition ratio versus kinetin concentration shows that DRB is not a
      competitor of the cytokinins.

PMID- 3995093
TI  - Design and fitting of neural network transfer functions.
AB  - An algorithm is presented which (a) allows construction of mathematical models
      involving arbitrary combinations of linear cascades, parallel pathways, and
      feedback loops, (b) computes a total transfer function of the system, (c)
      performs a least-squares optimization of model parameters to best fit the model
      to experimental data, and (d) provides a measure of goodness-of-fit to the data.
      The technique has been employed to construct and test models of neural networks
      which mimic a class of responses observed in the cat vestibular nuclei in
      response to tilt, namely responses which show both a gain increase and
      progressive phase lag as the stimulation frequency goes from 0.01 to 2 Hz. A
      network consisting of a simple gain element in parallel with an inhibitory high
      pass filtered version of the input provided a satisfactory fit to these data.

PMID- 3995094
TI  - Model of the cone-horizontal cell circuit in the catfish retina.
AB  - A model of the cone-L-type horizontal cell circuit of the catfish contains 3
      stages. The outer segment consists of a compression factor producing the Naka
      Rushton relationship between amplitude of response and intensity and 7 low-pass
      filters in tandem that produces an absolute delay of about 15 ms. The cone
      pedicle consists of an internal negative feedback circuit in series with a low
      pass filter. The L-type horizontal cell acts as a linear low-pass filter and
      forms the external negative feedback circuit with the cone pedicle. The system
      shows piecewise linearity with the feedback gain of the external negative
      feedback circuit directly proportional to the dc level of the horizontal cell.
      Thus, at any given mean illuminance the impulse response of the cone and L-HC
      adequately defines the dynamics of the responses. The conversion of a slow
      monophasic to a faster biphasic impulse response due to either an increase in
      mean illuminance or use of a steady annulus results from the change in the
      characteristic equation as the effective value of the feedback gain changes. By
      proper adjustment of gains and time constants, the cone-L-HC circuit of the
      catfish retina simulates the experimental data.

PMID- 3995095
TI  - Identification of MGB cells by Volterra kernels. I. Prediction of responses to
      species specific vocalizations.
AB  - The function of CNS sites is frequently explored by an analysis of its input
      output relationships. However, such research are often confined to a qualitative
      and subjective inspection of raw data. System Identification methods can be used
      to formalize the stimulus--response relations, and one of them, the Volterra
      approach, is employed here in order to define these relations in the MGB of the
      squirrel monkey, natural vocalizations being the stimuli. In order to validate
      the formal representation of the system under study, the predictability power of
      the model is tested. Having the distances between responses (PSTH) and predicted
      response quantified, it is found that the predictions made by the model are, in
      general, "closer" to the actual responses then some arbitrarily chosen responses.
      It is concluded that there are cells in the MGB that can be characterized by
      their Volterra kernels, and further research on the cell's functional role can be
      based on these kernels.

PMID- 3995096
TI  - Systems model for pupil size effect. II. Feedback model.
AB  - The human pupillary control system has been the subject of interest to biologists
      and engineers as an example of a sensorimotor reflex which can be embedded in a
      control system paradigm. We present a nonlinear feedback model whose compact
      structure allows us to hypothesize possible physiological mechanisms which
      generate the proper behavior of the pupil system. The important pupil responses,
      including pupil size effect, asymmetry, and response the high-frequency stimuli,
      are defined. This model was simulated on a digital computer and comparisons to
      the paradigm experimental responses were performed, demonstrating a fit to each
      of the observed conditions. Improvements on previous models are discussed.

PMID- 3995097
TI  - Computer simulation of a cerebellar cortex compartment. I. General principles and
      properties of a neural net.
AB  - Here, Marr's theory of the cerebellum is elaborated at a detailed cellular level.
      The experimental grounds for the theory are briefly reviewed and problems related
      to (mossy-fibres) - (granule cell) coding are formulated. The properties of
      several particular types of (mossy-fibres) - (granule cell) connection matrices
      are illustrated through computer simulation.

PMID- 3995098
TI  - Computer simulation of a cerebellar cortex compartment. II. An information
      learning and its recall in the Marr's memory unit.
AB  - Computer simulation experiments are described regarding information storage and
      retrieval at a network consisting of one Purkinje cell and 20,000 granule cells.
      The information content depends on a scheme type and the properties of Purkinje
      cells. It is shown that a practically attainable information record efficiency is
      of the order 0.6 bit per binary memorising synapse. Associative information
      recall is demonstrated for the Marr's memory unit and expressions are derived for
      an information-content estimation based on parameter values obtained by
      simulation. The consequences of this computer simulation for physiological
      experiments are extensively discussed.

PMID- 3995099
TI  - Responses of the spinal alpha-motoneurone-Renshaw cell system to various
      differentially distributed segmental afferent and descending inputs.
AB  - A previously presented multi-loop model of the mammalian spinal alpha-motoneurone
      Renshaw cell system was extended to incorporate different physiological input
      patterns: Ia fibres from primary muscle spindle endings, spinal input systems
      descending in the ventral quadrant and from the nucleus ruber. The main goal of
      the computer simulation calculations was to present a number of dynamic input
      output relations between these inputs which are distributed inhomogeneously to
      different types of alpha-MNs (that is, S-, FR-, and FF-type MNs) and the outputs
      of pools of the latter, for the purpose of experimental testing. The main outcome
      was that the phase relations of the outputs of the different types of MNs depend
      very much on the overall strength of recurrent inhibition, such that small
      changes of this strength, which appears to be small anyway, can significantly
      alter these phase relations. Since this strength is alterable through descending
      and segmental afferent inputs, this provides a physiological means of phase
      decorrelation although it is unlikely to put the discharges of different MN types
      totally out of phase (by about 180 degrees). Also, the inhomogeneity of recurrent
      inhibition would help to prevent a strong phase separation of this kind. Yet a
      decorrelation at the microscopic level could help suppress physiological tremor.

PMID- 3995100
TI  - [Interaction between cytochrome P-448 and NADP-cytochrome P-450 reductase in
      reconstituted microsomal membranes].
AB  - The regularities of changes in the functional activity of the microsomal
      monooxygenase system reconstituted by self-assembly from intact rat liver
      microsomes solubilized with 4% sodium cholate were studied at variable levels of
      NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced form of
      cytochrome P-450. Using antibodies against cytochrome P-448, the role of
      cytochrome P-448 in the overall reaction of benzopyrene hydroxylation induced in
      the microsomal membrane by a set of molecular forms of cytochrome P-450 was
      investigated. The effect of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome P-448
      incorporation into reconstituted microsomal membranes on benzpyrene metabolism
      suggests that in intact microsomal membranes benzopyrene metabolism induced by
      different forms of cytochrome P-450, with the exception of P-448, is limited by
      reductase is not the limiting component; however, cytochrome P-448 reveals its
      maximum activity at the cytochrome to reductase optimal molar ratio of 5:1; above
      this level, the catalytic activity of cytochrome P-448 is lowered.

PMID- 3995101
TI  - [Interaction of mitochondrial succinate:ubiquinone reductase with
      thenoyltrifluoroacetone and carboxin].
AB  - Thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) and carboxin inhibit soluble ubiquinone-deficient
      succinate: ubiquinone reductase according to the mixed type (with respect to
      added Q2) inhibition. pattern. The Ki values for the inhibitors are mutually
      dependent, thus indicating the presence of a single binding site for both TTA and
      carboxin. The enolic form of TTA was shown to be the species interacting with the
      enzyme. Carboxin prevents the alkali-induced inactivation of the membrane-bound
      succinate dehydrogenase without having any effect on the reconstitution of
      succinate: ubiquinone reductase from the soluble dehydrogenase and b-c1 complex.
      The reduction of the respiratory chain by succinate protects succinate
      dehydrogenase against inactivation (solubilization) by alkali; under these
      conditions, carboxin does not affect the inactivation process. The cumulative
      data suggest that the degree of the mutual mobility of the succinate
      dehydrogenase smaller subunit and ubiquinone reactivity-conferring protein (QPs)
      is a prerequisite for the catalytic mechanism of succinate: ubiquinone reductase.
      A mechanism of the enzyme inhibition by TTA and carboxin is proposed, which
      consists in non-covalent cross-linking of the subunits by the inhibitors.

PMID- 3995102
TI  - [Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 from liver
      microsomes of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced Wistar rats].
AB  - Chromatography on 1.8-diaminooctyl-Sepharose and DEAE-Sephacel resulted in 4
      fractions of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of 3-methylcholanthrene
      induced Wistar rats. All the four fractions differed in terms of their absorption
      maxima in the CO-reduced state, Mr and catalytic activity. Only one cytochrome
      fraction (cytochrome P-450 C) possessed a high activity upon benz(a)pyrene
      hydroxylation. All cytochrome P-450 forms were characterized by a low rate of
      aminopyrine N-demethylation. Antibodies against cytochrome P-450 C (P-448) (anti
      P-448) were raised. Cytochromes of fractions A, B1 and B2 in the Ouchterlony
      reaction of double immunodiffusion did not give precipitation bands with anti-P
      448. Neither of the four cytochrome P-450 forms interacted with the antibodies
      raised against cytochrome P-450 isolated from liver microsomes of rats induced
      with phenobarbital. The procedure developed is applicable to the isolation of
      multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of 3-methylcholanthrene
      induced rats. Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, cytochrome P-450 C possessing a
      high (as compared to benz(a)pyrene metabolism) activity (18 nmol/min/nmol
      cytochrome) and a high (60-70%) content in 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver
      microsomes was shown to give a relatively high yield.

PMID- 3995103
TI  - Alkaline ribonuclease activity in maternal serum and in serum of newborns from
      birth up to thirty days of age. A study made with full-term appropriate-, full
      term small- and preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.
AB  - We have studied the alkaline ribonuclease (RNase) activity in maternal serum and
      serum of full-term small- (T-SGA), full-term appropriate- (T-AGA) and preterm
      appropriate-for-gestational age (PT-AGA) newborns. A significantly lower level of
      RNase was observed in T-AGA and T-SGA newborns on the 30th day of age and in PT
      AGA newborns on the 15th and 30th days of age, as compared to other T-AGA, T-SGA
      and PT-AGA groups of infants at birth. RNase activity was significantly higher in
      cord blood than in the maternal blood in all categories studied. Moreover, in
      preterm newborns, RNase activity in cord blood was significantly higher in those
      presenting a lower gestational age. We did not observe any significant difference
      in RNase levels in the cord blood of newborns from the 3 categories studied. The
      same results were observed concerning maternal blood. We, therefore, conclude
      that RNase activity in cord blood or in maternal blood is not a very satisfactory
      indicator of fetal malnutrition.

PMID- 3995104
TI  - Chromatographic characterization of endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive
      substances present in serum and urine of infants using gel filtration with
      Sephadex G 25.
AB  - We assayed digoxin-like immunoreactivity in the serum of 19 healthy neonates
      (blood sample from umbilical cord), not receiving digoxin therapy, using a solid
      phase radioimmunological method. In addition, urinary concentrations of a digoxin
      like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) were assayed throughout the first 10 weeks
      of extrauterine life in 50 healthy infants. The mean (+/- SD) serum DLIS
      concentration obtained was 211 +/- 60 ng/l digoxin equivalents (d.e.) while, in
      the urinary samples of the first day of life, the mean concentration was 818 +/-
      560 ng/l d.e. (n = 20). These DLIS values in infants were higher (about 5- to 10
      fold) than those previously observed in adults. In addition, urinary DLIS values
      were very high in the first week of life and fell quite rapidly in the next weeks
      of life. We used serum and urine pools from neonates for gel filtration
      experiments using a Sephadex G 25 column. In the urine sample we found some
      immunoreactive peaks eluted at the end and after the region of salts, while the
      chromatographic profiles of the serum pool showed only a major peak eluted with
      the peak of proteins. After boiling, the same serum pool showed an elution
      pattern characterized by a smaller immunoreactive peak eluted with that of
      proteins and by other peaks similar to those observed for the urine sample. Our
      study demonstrated that a substance or more substances which cross-react with
      digoxin-specific antibodies are present in blood and urine of healthy infants. In
      addition, our chromatographic studies indicate that DLIS is probably a low
      molecular weight substance(s) which circulate(s) in blood bound to a higher
      molecular weight molecule.

PMID- 3995105
TI  - Effects of exercise on fetal-placental growth and uteroplacental blood flow in
      the rat.
AB  - The effects of daily maternal exercise on fetal-placental growth and development
      and the associated changes in uteroplacental blood flow were studied in pregnant
      rats. Pregnant females were exercised for 1 h (0% grade at 28 m/min) daily
      between either days 1 and 12, 1 and 18, 1 and 22, 12 and 18, or 12 and 22 of
      gestation and compared with nonexercised controls. Exercise between days 1 and 12
      of pregnancy had no effect on fetal-placental parameters (i.e., fetal weight or
      gestation length) relative to controls. In contrast, exercise between days 1 and
      22 and 12 and 22 resulted in a lower number of live pups born, an increase in
      gestational length, and an increased birth weight of the live pups relative to
      controls. Exercise between days 1 and 18 or 12 and 18 induced a significant (p
      less than or equal to 0.05) suppression of uteroplacental blood flow, the number
      of viable fetuses, and placental weights as compared with controls. Daily
      exercise had no effect on ovarian function as indicated by the comparable serum
      progesterone levels in all groups. These data indicate that an exercised-induced
      depression of uteroplacental blood flow is related to impaired fetal-placental
      growth and development during pregnancy in the rat.

PMID- 3995106
TI  - Zinc concentration in amniotic fluid of zinc-deficient rats and its relation to
      fetal weight.
AB  - Zinc concentration in amniotic fluid and its relation to fetal weight were
      investigated in three groups of pregnant rats: group A received a zinc-adequate
      diet, and the rats of groups B and C were fed a zinc-deficient diet. Group C also
      received zinc supplementation in water. The daily food consumption, weight and
      plasma zinc levels on days 1, 10 and 20, zinc concentration in amniotic fluid,
      the number of implantation sites, the number of resorptions, the number of live
      fetuses and fetal weight were determined. Plasma zinc concentrations were
      significantly different at the end of gestation between group B (Zn = 167.6 +/-
      26.6 micrograms/dl) and the other two groups (group A = 199 +/- 18.6
      micrograms/dl; group C = 204 +/- 13.7 micrograms/dl). The number of resorptions
      was significantly higher in group B and the number of live fetuses was
      significantly lower in this same group (p less than 0.025). Fetal weight was
      significantly lower in group B (p less than 0.001). The zinc concentrations of
      the amniotic fluid were significantly lower in group B (14 +/- 4.7 micrograms/dl)
      as compared to group A (83 +/- 11.4 micrograms/dl) and C (82 +/- 21
      micrograms/dl; p less than 0.001). There was a positive linear correlation
      between zinc concentrations in amniotic fluid and fetal weight, being r: 0.7379
      (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 3995107
TI  - Psychiatric tidbits from teratopagi.

PMID- 3995108
TI  - Cholinesterase activity in plasma, erythrocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid of
      patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - Cholinesterases, including pseudocholinesterase (BChE) of human plasma and
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of erythrocytes and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have
      been considered as possible markers in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT).
      Reported data, however, are widely varied, and no significant pattern emerges
      when total enzyme activity is assayed. In the present studies, we have reexamined
      the relationship of ChE activities in DAT and control patients. ChE activity was
      measured in plasma, erythrocytes, and CSF from DAT patients and compared with
      normal controls as well as with samples from patients with a diagnosis other than
      DAT. Early age onset (presenile) and late age onset (senile) DAT were also
      compared. No significant differences in total enzyme activity were found in any
      of the comparisons. Calculations of AChE/BChE ratios in CSF also provided no
      significant indication of any changes in ChE activities in DAT. It is suggested
      that measurements of total AChE or BChE activity in these biological materials do
      not provide a useful index of alterations in central cholinergic function in
      patients with DAT.

PMID- 3995109
TI  - Auditory laterality in depression: relation to circadian patterns and EEG sleep.
AB  - Unmedicated endogenous (ED) and nonendogenous depressed (ND) patients were tested
      in the morning and evening on a dichotic click detection task and a dichotic
      consonant-vowel (CV) discrimination task. The ED and ND groups showed a morning
      to evening shift in lateral asymmetry for detecting dichotic clicks, which was
      opposite in direction to that previously seen for normal subjects. In contrast,
      there was no morning to evening shift in asymmetry for dichotic CV
      discrimination. Lateral asymmetry for dichotic click detection was significantly
      correlated with EEG sleep characteristics (sleep latency, REM period latency, REM
      time) and ratings of diurnal variation on the Hamilton Depression Scale. A
      reversal of the normal lateral asymmetry in the morning was associated with
      lengthened sleep latencies and with clinical ratings of diurnal variation.

PMID- 3995110
TI  - ECT: the search for the perfect stimulus.
AB  - Animal studies indicate that seizures can be produced reliably with a fraction of
      the electrical energy now required by currently available electroconvulsive
      therapy (ECT) instruments. This may result in further reduction of the side
      effects of ECT. The stimulus energy does not necessarily correspond to the energy
      deposited in the brain tissue, and electrostimulatory dosimetry needs further
      refinement. With these reservations, data are presented suggesting that the
      optimal stimulus, i.e., the stimulus capable of producing seizures reliably with
      the least energy, consists of brief, unidirectional pulses, between 40 and 60
      microseconds in duration, applied at a frequency between 100 and 300 Hz. The
      relevance of these findings to the use of existing ECT instruments is discussed.
      A device capable of producing such a stimulus has been built and is awaiting
      clinical trials.

PMID- 3995111
TI  - The skin conductance orienting response in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics:
      replication of the scoring criteria effect.
AB  - It has been suggested that the use of invalid scoring criteria might be
      responsible for the finding of excessive nonhabituation of the skin conductance
      orienting response (SCOR) in schizophrenia. Certain criteria may confuse SCOR and
      spontaneous SC activity in subjects with high rates of the latter (Levinson et
      al. 1984). To replicate this finding, data were reanalyzed from a study of 25
      neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients and 23 normal male subjects. Analysis of
      response latency and amplitude during a habituation paradigm of 11 78.5-dB tones
      confirmed the predictions. Broad scoring criteria (SCOR onset 1-5 sec
      poststimulus, and a three-no-response-trials habituation criterion) produced
      significantly different habituation scores than more restrictive criteria (1.6
      3.0 sec latency window and a two-trials habituation criterion). Nonhabituation
      was scored in five patients and six normals by the former criteria, but in no
      patient and one normal by the latter. Nonhabituators, defined by using the broad
      criteria, had higher rates of spontaneous activity. The narrow latency window
      contained significantly more responses than could be explained by the spontaneous
      activity rate, but this was not true for the added time permitted by the broad
      window. It is concluded that the use of more restrictive scoring criteria may
      help to clarify the validity of SCOR nonresponse or hyporesponse as a marker for
      a type of schizophrenic illness.

PMID- 3995112
TI  - Cognitive functioning in biological subtypes of depression.
AB  - This study describes a method for investigating clinical correlates of biological
      subtypes of depression, using cognitive functioning as the principal behavioral
      variable. Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) escapers were compared to DST
      suppressors and healthy controls on a battery of learning and memory procedures
      designed to investigate cognitive functioning in detail. DST suppressors, but not
      escapers, were cognitively impaired on our tasks. The performance of controls and
      DST escapers was related to depth of semantic processing, whereas performance of
      DST suppressors varied inversely with degree of felt hopelessness. Examination of
      cognitive functioning in future studies may provide useful insights into the
      clinical significance of biological markers of depression.

PMID- 3995113
TI  - Correlation of deep and surface electroencephalograms with psychosis and
      hallucinations in schizophrenics: a report of two cases.

PMID- 3995114
TI  - The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in depression, in schizophrenia, and during
      experimental stress.

PMID- 3995115
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: successful treatment with bromocriptine.

PMID- 3995116
TI  - Depression and panic in patients with borderline personality disorder.

PMID- 3995117
TI  - Resting metabolic rate is reduced in patients treated with antidepressants.

PMID- 3995118
TI  - Short term changes of event related potentials during concept learning.
AB  - In a concept learning task, the time course of P3 amplitudes following the
      stimuli to be categorized was investigated. That time course did not coincide
      with the learning curve: it was not until the 4th to 6th trial after learning
      that P3 amplitudes grew larger. Some implications of this effect are discussed.

PMID- 3995119
TI  - Behavioral responsivity during recovery sleep.
AB  - Previous research has shown that REM-deprived subjects are more likely than non
      REM-deprived subjects to perform an operant response during subsequent REM sleep
      when punishment (full awakening) for failure to respond was used. The present
      study used the same punishment procedure while attempting to extend these
      findings to other sleep stages. Response latencies were compared for six subjects
      under each of two conditions: Normal sleep occurring from 2300 to 0700 and
      recovery sleep occurring from 0700 to 1300 after 24 hr of continuous wakefulness.
      Alpha activity, EMG increases, stage shifts, and body movements were assessed to
      determine the amount of arousal associated with behavioral responding under both
      conditions. In general, response latencies lengthened during recovery sleep
      indicating a diminished ability to respond while no differences in arousal were
      evident.

PMID- 3995120
TI  - Evoked cortical potential correlates of rearing environment in rats.
AB  - Evoked cortical potentials were recorded from rats reared in either a complex
      sensory environment or in isolation. Potentials from enriched animals showed a
      decrease in amplitude with repeated somatic stimuli, whereas those from isolated
      animals did not. One hour after this experiment both groups showed similar
      decreases in potential amplitude with repeated stimulus. The results are
      interpreted as an habituation process whose development is influenced by early
      environment.

PMID- 3995121
TI  - Effects of threat of shock and control over shock on finger pulse volume, pulse
      rate and systolic blood pressure.
AB  - Previous research has evaluated finger pulse volume (FPV) as a
      psychophysiological measure and found it to reflect anxiety, orienting, effort
      and anger. Controllable versus uncontrollable threats have been found to have
      different effects on cardiovascular parameters, including pulse rate (PR) and
      systolic blood pressure (SBP). To date, no studies have compared the effects of
      such coping efforts on FPV with their effects on PR and SBP. The present study
      examined the response of PR, SBP and FPV to conditions of controllable shock,
      uncontrollable shock and no shock. As expected, SBP and PR measures were elevated
      in the controllable as compared to uncontrollable shock conditions, replicating
      previous work on cardiovascular responses to coping demands. In contrast, FPV was
      sensitive to the threat of shock, but did not differ as a function of the coping
      demands of the task. The findings were discussed in terms of the interpretation
      of FPV as a psychophysiological measure.

PMID- 3995122
TI  - The effects of anticipated information on skin conductance and cardiac activity.
AB  - This experiment examined electrodermal and cardiac activity within a two-stimulus
      anticipation paradigm. A warning stimulus informed subjects (N = 24) whether an
      imperative stimulus to follow would contain two or four letters (low or high
      information conditions) and whether this stimulus would be presented for 60 or 75
      msec (short or long duration). The subject's task was to identify as many of the
      letters in the imperative stimulus as possible. Although the amount of
      information conveyed by the warning stimulus was identical throughout the
      experiment (2 bits), skin conductance responses during the warning stimulus
      imperative stimulus interval were larger prior to the high information imperative
      stimulus than prior to the low. Cardiac activity was not affected by the
      experimental manipulations. The implications of these findings for theories of
      the orienting response are discussed, particularly with reference to the view
      that orienting reflects an activation of the information processing system.

PMID- 3995123
TI  - Cardiovascular responses and problem solving efficiency: their relationship as a
      function of task difficulty.
AB  - In this study the relationship was examined between cardiovascular changes and
      performance efficiency in adult males performing an anagram solution task. Three
      conditions (n = 20 in each) were used, differing in the percentage of solvable
      anagrams (100, 50, and 30%). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood
      pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured before, during, and after the
      task. It was found that subjects who performed better in the 100% condition had
      an increase in pulse pressure (PP), that is, a greater rise of SBP than of DBP,
      whereas subjects who performed less in that condition showed a decrease in PP.
      Conversely, subjects who performed better in the 50 and 30% conditions showed a
      decrease in PP, whereas subjects who performed less in these conditions showed an
      increase in PP. With respect to HR changes, no significant correlations with
      performance were detected. Consistencies with data from endocrinological research
      were pointed out. Consideration was also given to the possible role of anxiety in
      mediating the relationship between physiological patterning and task performance.

PMID- 3995124
TI  - Effects of conditioned stimulus preexposure on human electrodermal conditioning.
AB  - Two experiments investigated the effects of conditioned stimulus (CS) preexposure
      on Pavlovian differential conditioning and extinction of the skin conductance
      response. In both experiments, half the subjects were exposed to 20 presentations
      each of the CS+ and CS-, and the other half were exposed to control stimuli. CS
      duration was 8 sec. The unconditioned stimulus in Experiment 1 (N = 48) was a
      1000 Hz tone of 80 dB which signalled a reaction time requirement, and in
      Experiment 2 (N = 48), it was a 1 sec burst of white noise at 105 dB. The results
      of Experiment 1 indicated that no-preexposure groups displayed more CS+/CS-
      differentiation than preexposure groups during acquisition and more resistance to
      extinction, at least for the first interval anticipatory response. In addition,
      the results of Experiment 2 indicated that no-preexposure groups displayed more
      differentiation than preexposure groups in terms of the second interval
      anticipatory response. These data constitute a demonstration of the latent
      inhibition effect with human subjects, and imply that there is an intrinsic
      relationship between the orienting response and the conditioning process.

PMID- 3995125
TI  - Behavioural and electrodermal measures of lateralization for music perception in
      musicians and nonmusicians.
AB  - Two groups of students, musicians and nonmusicians were tested on a dichotic
      listening forced choice recognition task with concurrent recording of bilateral
      electrodermal activity. Stimuli were excerpts of Bach 4-part chorales; probes
      were the soprano, bass, harmony or the chorale excerpt, with or without changed
      notes. Laterality effects in recognition and the GSR were obtained only in
      musicians as a function of the complexity of the task. It was concluded that
      styles of information processing assumed by the hemispheres are the consequence
      of an interaction between the stimulus and the state of the organism at the
      moment, such that the direction of laterality can change within a subject
      performing the same task depending upon its perceptual demand.

PMID- 3995126
TI  - Gonadal steroid-induced modification of opiate binding sites in anterior
      hypothalamus of female rats.
AB  - It has been previously shown that treatment with estradiol valerate (EV) or 17
      beta-estradiol produces enhanced tritiated naloxone binding in the hypothalamus
      of the rat. In the present study, the following questions were addressed: Does
      this effect occur in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas (regions
      associated with the cyclic gonadotropin surge)? Is chronic estradiol (E2)
      exposure essential in producing a long-term elevation in opiate binding? Is the
      effect steroid specific? The results indicated that chronic, but not acute,
      exposure to estradiol induces and maintains enhanced binding in the anterior
      hypothalamus. E2 exposure was most effective in this regard, testosterone (T)
      significantly less so, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) caused no elevation
      in binding above castrate control levels. Furthermore, both T and DHT
      significantly inhibited the estradiol effect. In addition, intact animals showed
      significantly less binding than their ovariectomized counterparts, suggesting
      that the ovary normally produces a factor that suppresses opiate binding.
      Enhancement of anterior hypothalamic opiate binding is therefore dependent on
      chronic exposure to E2, and the marginal effects of T are probably due to in situ
      aromatization. E2 enhancement of opiate binding may be causal in producing the
      hypothalamic aberration that results in the EV-induced polycystic ovarian
      condition.

PMID- 3995127
TI  - Viability of frozen-thawed mouse embryos is affected by genotype.
AB  - Embryos from mice of five different genotypes were evaluated for their ability to
      survive cryopreservation as measured by post-thaw in vitro development. In Study
      1, ovulation was induced with a standardized pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin
      (PMSG)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) regimen, after which females were mated
      with males of the same genotype to produce incrossed embryos. Four- to 8-cell
      embryos were frozen in 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a rate of 0.5 degrees
      C/min to -80 degrees C and stored in liquid nitrogen. Following thawing at room
      temperature, embryos were cultured and development was evaluated 24 h later. The
      mean (+/- SEM) number of 4- to 8-cell embryos/pregnant female by stock/strain
      were: N:NIH(S), 6.8 +/- 0.8; N:NIH(S)-B, 5.8 +/- 0.5; N:GP(S), 6.5 +/- 0.6;
      C57BL/6N, 9.7 +/- 1.0; C3H/HeN MTV-, 9.5 +/- 0.9 (P less than 0.05). Post-thaw in
      vitro development was related to genetic background; the proportion of embryos
      culturing after thawing was: N:NIH(S), 49%; N:NIH(S)-B, 61%; N:GP(S), 66%;
      C57BL/6N, 75%; C3H/HeN MTV-, 56% (P less than 0.05). Study 2 was conducted to
      evaluate the influence of mating various females to males of a genotype known to
      have a lower post-thaw embryo survival rate. N:NIH(S)-B, N:GP(S), C57BL/6N, and
      C3H/HeN MTV- female mice were mated with N:NIH(S) males to produce hybrid
      embryos. Post-thaw embryo survival was reduced (P less than 0.05) in three of the
      four hybrid groups. Fresh incrossed and hybrid embryos from each study were
      cultured for 24 h and yielded culture rates ranging from 95% to 99% (P greater
      than 0.05) among all groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995128
TI  - Importance of duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion in determining the
      reproductive response to inductive photoperiod in the ewe.
AB  - The pineal gland, through its nocturnal melatonin secretion, mediates the effects
      of inhibitory (long) and stimulatory (short) photoperiod on reproduction in
      female sheep. Earlier studies revealed that duration of the nighttime melatonin
      rise is important in determining the inhibitory effect of day length on
      reproduction in the ewe. The present study tested whether the duration is also
      important in mediating the inductive response to short days. Pinealectomized
      ewes, housed under long days, received a short-day melatonin infusion (16-h
      duration) for 90 days. Reproductive status was monitored from the response to
      estradiol negative feedback of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. This short-day
      melatonin pattern led to unambiguous reproductive induction, despite the exposure
      to inhibitory long days. The increase in serum LH was comparable, in terms of
      latency and magnitude, to that in pinealectomized controls receiving the same
      short-day melatonin pattern under short days, and in pineal-intact controls
      transferred from long to short days. Since the reproductive status conformed to
      the length of time that melatonin was elevated each day rather than to
      photoperiod, these results support the conclusion that duration of the nighttime
      melatonin rise mediates the reproductive response of the ewe to an inductive
      photoperiod. In all, the melatonin rhythm is considered an integral component of
      the physiologic mechanism measuring day length; through duration of its nocturnal
      secretion, melatonin encodes both inhibitory and stimulatory photoperiods.

PMID- 3995129
TI  - Effects of prolactin on progestin secretion by human granulosa cells in culture.
AB  - Concentrations of human prolactin (hPrl) greater than or equal to 600 ng/ml
      produced inhibition of progestin production in cultures of granulosa cells pooled
      from follicles of women stimulated with clomiphene citrate-human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG). However, cells collected from follicles of human menopausal
      gonadotropin (HMG)-hCG-treated patients did not demonstrate a significant
      reduction in progestin secretion in response to hPrl. We conclude that high
      concentrations of hPrl can result in inhibition of steroidogenesis, but the
      expression of the inhibitory effects of Prl depends upon the hormonal treatments
      used to stimulate follicular growth.

PMID- 3995130
TI  - Identification of androgen-induced proteins in human epididymis.
AB  - Androgenic stimulation (0.1 microM testosterone or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in
      the medium) of cultured human epididymal tubules increased the synthesis of five
      proteins, identified by their mobility relative to albumin (Ra) in polyacrylamide
      gels as 0.31, 0.43, 0.67, 0.81 and 1.01. This effect was inhibited by the
      simultaneous presence of 10 microM cyproterone acetate in the medium. The caput
      epididymidis was the most active region in the production of these proteins and a
      gradient of decreasing activity was found in successive segments. The appearance
      of induced proteins in the culture medium suggests their secretory nature, while
      some data indicate that androgens may also affect the secretory process. Bands
      corresponding to Ra 0.31, 0.43, 0.68 and 1.01 were found in caput and cauda
      epididymidis fluids, while bands coincident with Ra 0.31 and 0.43 were
      consistently found in extracts (0.5 M NaCl) of caudal spermatozoa. Preliminary
      determinations of molecular weight and isoelectric point for the different bands
      yielded the following results: Ra 0.31, 38,000 and 5.8; Ra 0.43, 21,000 and 6.2;
      Ra 0.68, 69,000 and 5.1; Ra 0.81, 13,900 and 6.8; and Ra 1.01, 29,000 and 6.8.

PMID- 3995131
TI  - Immunochemical localization of secretory antigens in the human epididymis and
      their association with spermatozoa.
AB  - Ejaculated spermatozoa were washed and extracted with 0.6 M NaCl (2 h at 0 degree
      C) and the extract used to immunize rabbits. The crude antibody reacted with
      epididymal fluid and cytosol and with prostatic cytosol but did not recognize
      blood serum and testicular cytosol. After adsorption with prostatic proteins, the
      serum was specific for epididymis. Using immunoelectrophoresis and affinity
      chromatography, it was found that the antibody reacted with antigens which co
      electrophoresed with androgen-dependent proteins (mobility relative to albumin,
      Ra) 0.3, 0.43 and 1.0, previously identified in human epididymis. Weak
      immunofluorescence in the epithelium of proximal caput tubules was detected on
      tissue sections. In contrast, distal caput and corpus tubules displayed a strong
      fluorescence in the cytoplasm of basal and principal cells as well as in
      spermatozoa present in lumen. Intense fluorescence was limited to the luminal
      content and the apical border and sterociliae of principal cells in caudal
      tubules. When applied to isolated spermatozoa, the reaction was negative for
      testicular sperm, while 49%, 82% and 100% of spermatozoa from caput, corpus and
      cauda, respectively, had a fluorescent acrosomal cap. An apparent gradient of
      increasing fluorescent intensities was also observed in this sequence. The
      reaction was strongest over the acrosomal cap, apparently absent in the
      postacrosomal region and weaker over the midpiece and principal piece. These
      results are interpreted as suggestive of the progressive coating of human
      spermatozoa with androgen-dependent epididymal proteins during epididymal
      transit.

PMID- 3995132
TI  - Biosynthesis of specific histones during meiotic prophase of mouse
      spermatogenesis.
AB  - A kinetics study has demonstrated histone synthesis occurring at two distinct
      phases during meiotic prophase of mouse spermatogenesis. These two periods have
      been delineated by quantifying the synthesis of DNA and basic nuclear proteins in
      spermatogenic cells at discrete intervals following the intratesticular injection
      of [3H] thymidine and [14C] arginine, respectively. One phase of histone
      synthesis occurs coincident with DNA synthesis in preleptotene spermatocytes. By
      contrast, a second phase of histone synthesis occurs during midprophase of
      meiosis, independent of semiconservative DNA synthesis. The [14C] arginine
      incorporated into the basic nuclear proteins of pachytene spermatocytes is
      conserved during spermiogenesis and then subsequently discarded within the
      residual bodies, which are formed during late spermiogenesis. Fluorographic
      analyses of isotopically labeled basic nuclear proteins in pachytene
      spermatocytes has shown that only the somatic complement of histones are
      synthesized during the preleptotene period, whereas the second phase involves the
      synthesis of proteins H1t, H2S, and "A". In addition, several nonhistone basic
      nuclear proteins are synthesized concomitant with the germ cell-specific
      histones. Thus, the data clearly demonstrate that pachytene spermatocytes
      actively synthesize a number of novel chromatin-associated polypeptides.

PMID- 3995133
TI  - Characterization of deciduoma marker proteins in hamster uterus: detection in
      decidual cell cultures.
AB  - The objective of this study was first, to identify the proteins associated with
      decidualization of the hamster uterus by comparing the protein maps of
      decidualized and nondecidualized endometrium in vivo, and second, to determine
      whether decidual cell cultures produced these characteristic proteins.
      Decidualization was induced in one uterine horn, and the contralateral horn was
      not stimulated (control tissue). Animals were ovariectomized and a subcutaneous
      progesterone implant was used to maintain decidualization. Uterine proteins from
      nuclear and cytosol fractions were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis
      using a highly sensitive protein staining technique. Analysis of nuclear extract
      and cytosol from decidualized and nondecidualized endometrium from Days 6, 7, and
      8 of pseudopregnancy demonstrated the presence of 11 nuclear and five cytosolic
      deciduoma-associated proteins. Serum and erythrocyte proteins were identified by
      two-dimensional electrophoresis, and none of the 16 deciduoma-associated proteins
      was a serum or erythrocyte contaminant. Forty-eight-hour cultures of decidual
      cells harvested from Day 5 of pseudopregnancy produced all 16 of the deciduoma
      associated proteins found in whole tissue in situ. Culture conditions minimized
      serum and erthrocyte contamination, enhancing the detection of deciduomal cell
      proteins. Four nuclear and two cytosolic proteins were considered deciduoma
      specific, i.e., they were not associated with cellular proliferation, as
      evidenced by their absence from cultures of rapidly dividing fetal hamster
      fibroblasts. Thus, these studies show that the detection of deciduomal proteins
      may be a useful criterion for the assessment of decidualization in vitro and in
      vivo.

PMID- 3995134
TI  - Development of porcine ova that were centrifuged to permit visualization of
      pronuclei and nuclei.
AB  - The obscured pronuclei or nuclei in living one- and two-celled pig ova were
      revealed after centrifugation for 3 min at 15,000 X g. To determine viability of
      centrifuged ova, one- and two-celled pig ova were collected from superovulated
      gilts; half of the ova were centrifuged and all ova were transferred into
      recipient gilts. Prior to transfer all embryos were stained with
      tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) to distinguish the experimental
      embryos from the recipients's own ova. Centrifuged ova were transferred into one
      oviduct of recipient gilts and uncentrifuged ova were deposited into the opposite
      oviduct. Embryos were recovered 4 days after transfer and were stained with
      lacmoid or Hoechst 33342 to assess their stage of development. Centrifugation had
      no detectable influence on survival of the recovered embryos to 4 days.
      Centrifugation is a simple, reliable method for revealing pronuclei and nuclei of
      one- and two-celled pig ova and apparently does not alter subsequent
      preimplantation development.

PMID- 3995136
TI  - Simplified volume plethysmographic technique.

PMID- 3995135
TI  - Characterization of proteins produced in vitro by periattachment bovine
      conceptuses.
AB  - Bovine conceptuses from Days 16 (n = 4), 19 (n = 6), 22 (n = 3), and 24 (n = 4),
      and chorion from Day 69 (estrus/mating = Day 0) were cultured for 24 h in
      modified minimum essential medium (MEM) in the presence of radioactive L-leucine
      [( 3H] leucine) to characterize de novo synthesis and release of proteins.
      Proteins released into MEM were identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, fluorography, and gel and ion exchange chromatography. Major
      polypeptides identified in MEM were different from those identified in conceptus
      and chorionic tissues. Both uptake of [3H] leucine and quality of polypeptides
      produced de novo and released into MEM were related to stage of conceptus
      development. Percent retention of [3H] leucine in MEM was lowest (P less than
      0.01) in Day 16 cultures (1.2 +/- 4.1%), increased in Days 19 (16.8 +/- 3.7%) and
      22 cultures (20.9 +/- 5.8%), and decreased (P less than 0.07) in Day 24 cultures
      (6.9 +/- 4.1%). Complexity of polypeptides increased after Day 16. Days 16, 19,
      22 and 24 conceptus culture MEM was enriched in low-Mr, acidic polypeptides
      (Mr/isoelectric point ranges: 22K-26K/6.5-5.6, 20K-26K/5.5-5.4, and 16K-20K/5.0
      4.5), which were not prominent products of Day 29 and 69 tissues. A high-Mr (Mr
      +/- SEM; 735K +/- 22K) glycoprotein was produced by all conceptus and chorionic
      tissues. The transient nature of production of low-Mr polypeptides suggests that
      they may be required during the periattachment period.

PMID- 3995137
TI  - Microcomputer physiological model simulation used in physiology class.

PMID- 3995138
TI  - Biomagnetic measurements with applied magnetic field.

PMID- 3995139
TI  - A discrete model of pulmonary gas exchange.

PMID- 3995140
TI  - Discrete deconvolution of pulmonary inert-gas elimination data.

PMID- 3995141
TI  - Spline modeling of phenylephrine pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 3995142
TI  - The computerized medical record-on-a-card.

PMID- 3995143
TI  - The effect of coronary perfusion pressure on contractile force in the isolated
      rabbit heart.

PMID- 3995144
TI  - Static and dynamic properties of wire loop probes used in induction angiometry.

PMID- 3995145
TI  - Amplifier design considerations for blood-cell-counter sampling probes.

PMID- 3995146
TI  - An improved optoelectronic transducer for quantitation of contractile events in
      the mammalian fallopian tube.

PMID- 3995147
TI  - Interfacing a high precision waveform analyzer with an old HP-9830A
      calculator/controller.

PMID- 3995148
TI  - An eye tracking system for diagnosing CNS disorders.

PMID- 3995149
TI  - Electrophysiological interactions in neuronal populations at frequencies of 100
      Hz to 1 KHz.

PMID- 3995150
TI  - A method for reconstructing patterns of somatosensory cerebral cortical activity.

PMID- 3995151
TI  - [Calculation of right atrial volume: echocardiographic determination and control
      studies using casting technics].

PMID- 3995152
TI  - [Graphic visualization of a pulsating object by fluoroscopy, a new conceptual
      device].

PMID- 3995153
TI  - [Possibilities of radio recording of biosignals using digital memories].

PMID- 3995154
TI  - [A portable system for continuous stress-free recording of bladder motor
      activity].

PMID- 3995155
TI  - [Computer analysis of the nystagmogram--development and clinical use].

PMID- 3995156
TI  - [Manufacture of bone models based on computed tomographic data for use in surgery
      and orthopedics].

PMID- 3995157
TI  - [Tissue changes following hot air jet coagulation of the brain--an animal
      experimental study].

PMID- 3995158
TI  - Differential effects on the B-to-Z transition of poly(dG-me5dC).poly(dG-me5dC)
      produced by N1- and N8-acetyl spermidine.

PMID- 3995159
TI  - How can quantum mechanics of material evolution be possible? Symmetry and
      symmetry-breaking in protobiological evolution.
AB  - Material self-assembly as a self-organizing process is always accompanied by
      symmetry-breaking in the material configuration. Self-sequencing of amino acids
      during their thermal polymerization has lost a certain property of permutation
      symmetry that was observed in the mixture of free amino acids. The evolutionary
      precursor state is more symmetrical about its internal material configuration and
      more degenerate due to the multitude of the indistinguishable individuals. The
      evolution proceeds in the direction along which the degeneracy in the internal
      states dissolves owing to the symmetry-breaking originating in material flow
      equilibrium of open material aggregates. Protobiological information is latent in
      the material system which is highly symmetrical and highly degenerate in its
      internal states. Evolution of matter is an endogenous process in which the
      earlier symmetric property is lost and less degenerate states are approached.
      Quantum-mechanically, the generation of protobiological information is due to the
      symmetry-breaking of the Hamiltonian originating in the interaction with the
      exterior through material flow, in contrast to the Schrodinger equation which
      preserves a symmetry and the associated invariants.

PMID- 3995160
TI  - Chromatographic separation as selection process for prebiotic evolution and the
      origin of the genetic code.
AB  - A model for the evolution of a translation apparatus has been suggested where
      oligonucleotides in a hairpin conformation act as primordial adapters.
      Specifically activated amino acids are assumed to be attached to these hairpin
      molecules. For the specific activation, a chromatographic separation of, e.g. ala
      and CMP from gly and GMP can be accomplished on silica (e.g. of volcanic origin)
      with aqueous salt solutions. Other adsorbents like clays (kaolin, bentonite,
      montmorillonite), different silicates (florisil, magnesium trisilicate, calcium
      silicate, talc), hydroxyapatite, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium
      fluoride and titanoxide have been examined as model systems for the separation of
      nucleotides, nucleosides and amino acids on mineral surfaces. The possible role
      of chromatographic separation of amino acids for the formation of proteinoids,
      composed of selected amino acids, is also considered.

PMID- 3995161
TI  - Competition and efficiency in closed freshwater algal systems: tests of ecosystem
      design principles.
AB  - Seven species of freshwater algae were grown in defined media in monoalgal and
      mixed cultures, to test whether species interactions and community efficiency
      were predictable on the basis of ecological theory. Results supported the
      prediction of competitive interactions, although no differences were detectable
      in the strength of competition in two and three species mixed cultures, nor was
      the severity of competitive effects predictable on the basis of relatedness at
      the level of phyla. On a community level, cultures with two and three species
      fixed a greater proportion of available carbon than cultures with only one
      species, implying a more efficient overall use of available resources.
      Implications for the design of artificial closed ecosystems are discussed.

PMID- 3995162
TI  - Low dissipation computing in biological systems.
AB  - Biological systems frequently need to solve many computationally hard decision
      and optimization problems. The solution of these problems by digital computers as
      presently understood requires exponentially large energy dissipation. This
      severely restricts the ability of digital computers to attack such problems. We
      shall show that only polynomial dissipation is required to solve these problems
      adequately by "physical annealing", as realized in the genetic system, making
      these problems tractable energetically.

PMID- 3995163
TI  - Evolve II: a computer model of an evolving ecosystem.
AB  - The Evolve II program is a model of an ecosystem in which organisms are allowed
      to evolve. Organisms are subject to a changeable environment and competition from
      other organisms for a limited food supply. The gene structure may change through
      mutation. A feature of Evolve II is that the magnitude of phenotypic change
      resulting from mutation is itself a property of the gene. The system was studied
      under a number of environmental variation schemes. We report three significant
      findings. Two species (lineages with distinctly different survival strategies)
      evolved and coexisted in the same environmental conditions. Organisms developed a
      resistance to phenotypic change in response to mutation in slowly varying
      environments. However, traits which favor survival of the individual at the
      expense of reproduction could in some cases undergo phenotypic change in response
      to mutation despite the fact that this did not favor the survival of the
      offspring. This demonstrates that gene structures can evolve which are
      advantageous from the standpoint of the lineage, but not advantageous from the
      standpoint of individual offspring.

PMID- 3995164
TI  - Autocatalysis in cultural ecology: model ecosystems and the dynamics of
      biocultural evolution.
AB  - Using a well-known mathematical model frequently applied in theoretical
      population dynamics, certain ecological mechanisms are investigated that are
      inherent in the organic evolution of cultural capacities in man. Culture is
      argued to involve ecological interactions exhibiting analogies to the interaction
      of chemical species in autocatalytic biomolecular reactions. In the model,
      biocultural evolution proceeds by more and more broadening ecological niches and,
      thus, releasing competitive selection pressure on the populations involved. This,
      in turn, facilitates the maintenance of polymorphism in these populations as well
      as the individual acquisition of organic traits through learning and cultural
      transmission. The result is that the genetic variance in phenotypic expressions
      decreases at an accelerated rate.

PMID- 3995165
TI  - Drug-induced endocytosis of neonatal erythrocytes.
AB  - The erythrocytes of the newborn infant have many properties that distinguish them
      from those of adults, and their membranes are also different from those of adult
      erythrocytes. We compared the ability of adult and neonatal RBCs to undergo
      endocytosis on exposure to drugs. Using a quantitative method, we showed that
      neonatal erythrocytes undergo a greater degree of endocytosis than do adult RBCs
      in response to primaquine, vinblastine, and chlorpromazine, and are sensitive to
      lower concentrations of the drugs. Some forms of drug-induced endocytosis are red
      cell age-dependent; when RBCs were separated by density gradient centrifugation,
      the membranes of the younger, less dense populations of both the neonatal and
      adult RBCs were capable of more extensive internalization than those of the
      denser, older RBCs. Neonatal RBCs of a given density undergo more endocytosis
      than do adult RBCs of the same density, suggesting that the membrane of the
      neonatal RBC is less stable and capable of more of the reorganization reflected
      in endocytosis than is the adult RBC membrane.

PMID- 3995166
TI  - Elimination of clonogenic Burkitt's lymphoma cells from human bone marrow using 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide in combination with monoclonal antibodies and
      complement.
AB  - One requirement for autologous bone marrow transplantation is the selective
      removal of malignant cells from normal marrow precursors. Development of a
      clonogenic assay that detects elimination of up to 5 logs of Burkitt's lymphoma
      cells in the presence of a 20-fold excess of human bone marrow has permitted the
      evaluation of two different methods for the selective removal of malignant cells.
      Treatment with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) (60 to 100 micrograms/mL)
      eliminated 2.0 to 3.5 logs of clonogenic cells. Antitumor activity depended upon
      the concentration of 4-HC and the length of incubation, but not upon the
      concentration of normal bone marrow cells. Comparable removal of clonogenic
      Burkitt's cells was achieved by treatment with rabbit complement (C') and a
      combination of J5 anti-common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (J5 anti
      CALLA), J2 anti-gp 26, and the B1 anti-B1 murine monoclonal antibodies. A
      combination of 4-HC and monoclonal antibodies proved slightly but significantly
      more effective than either single agent in eliminating clonogenic tumor cells.
      Although treatment with 4-HC markedly reduced granulocyte-macrophage colony
      forming units-C (GM-CFU-C) content of human bone marrow, neither treatment with 4
      HC nor treatment with monoclonal antibodies and C' eliminated precursor cells
      that could generate new GM-CFU-C after growth in continuous bone marrow cultures.
      Our data suggest that treatment with 4-HC in combination with multiple monoclonal
      antibody reagents could be a safe and effective method of eliminating clonogenic
      tumor cells from human bone marrow.

PMID- 3995167
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of low-dose cytosine arabinoside.
AB  - Low doses of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) have recently been administered by
      intravenous (IV) infusion and intermittent subcutaneous (SC) injection to
      patients with pre-leukemia and acute leukemia. Our studies have demonstrated that
      the continuous IV infusion of low-dose (20 mg/m2/d) ara-C produces hematologic
      improvement in patients with preleukemic syndromes. The present work has
      monitored plasma ara-C levels in five of these patients. The results demonstrate
      mean steady-state plasma levels ranging from 1.8 to 6.9 X 10(-8) mol/L. The range
      for total drug exposure (area under the curve) for the 14-day course was 6.5 to
      15.9 X 10(-6) mol/L X hour. These findings have been compared to the
      pharmacokinetics of ara-C (10 mg/m2) given by bolus SC injection. This dose
      schedule resulted in peak ara-C levels 15 minutes after injection that were
      tenfold to 30-fold higher than the mean plasma level achieved during continuous
      IV infusion in the same patient. Furthermore, there was no detectable plasma ara
      C at six hours after bolus injection. The differences in ara-C pharmacology for
      the continuous IV infusion and bolus SC injection dose schedules may contribute
      to the variability in response and toxicity achieved with these regimens.

PMID- 3995168
TI  - Heterogeneity of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma probed by nucleic acid cytometry.
AB  - Flow cytometric analyses of cellular DNA, RNA, and double-stranded RNA content
      were performed on lymph nodes and extranodal tissue from 177 patients with non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma. With increasing histologic grade, a higher incidence of
      aneuploidy, higher proliferative activity, and higher total and double-stranded
      RNA content were found. Despite considerable cytometric heterogeneity within
      histologic grades and morphologic subdivisions, conformity between cytometric and
      morphologic classifications was observed in 85% of cases. Among intermediate
      grade and high-grade lymphomas, increased proliferative activity and diploidy
      were associated with more frequent responses to treatment. Thus, nucleic acid
      derived parameters relate to morphologic subtypes and permit an objective
      approach to lymphoma classification based on ploidy, proliferation, and RNA
      characteristics that also had prognostic implications.

PMID- 3995169
TI  - Identification of lectin-like substances recognizing galactosyl residues of
      glycoconjugates on the plasma membrane of marrow sinus endothelium.
AB  - Plasma membrane components capable of specific binding to the sugar residues of
      glycoproteins have recently been identified in several cell systems and
      implicated in the recognition and specific uptake of soluble or membrane-bound
      glycoproteins. Because the endothelium of bone marrow sinuses is the site of
      massive cellular and molecular traffic that is often specific, we studied the
      surface of sinus endothelium for the presence of sugar-recognizing systems.
      Neoglycoprotein probes were synthesized by covalently binding bovine serum
      albumin (BSA) to activated pyrannose form of galactose, fucose, or mannose. The
      probe was then labeled with colloidal gold. Galactosyl-BSA gold bound to
      endothelial membrane at 4 degrees C and was internalized at 37 degrees C. Both
      the binding and the internalization were inhibited in the presence of excess
      unlabeled galactosyl-BSA. Gold-labeled mannosyl-BSA and fucosyl-BSA did not bind
      to the endothelium. Nor did BSA-gold without galactosyl residues bind to
      endothelial membrane, confirming that galactosyl moiety was responsible for the
      binding. The uptake of galactosyl-BSA was further confirmed by perfusion of 125I
      galactosyl-BSA into the abdominal aorta. Small but highly specific uptake was
      noted in tibias and femurs. These data provide evidence for the presence of a
      lectin-like substance on the luminal surface of marrow endothelial membrane
      capable of specific interaction with galactosyl residues of circulating and cell
      bound glycoproteins and may provide a mechanism for specific recognition of these
      glycoproteins.

PMID- 3995170
TI  - In vivo studies of the role of factor VII in hemostasis.
AB  - The effect of both congenital and acquired factor VII deficiency on the cuticle
      bleeding time (CBT) was evaluated in dogs. The CBT has been previously documented
      to be a sensitive indicator of factor VIII:C deficiency in hemophilic dogs.
      Serial CBT determinations were made on normal dogs treated with high-dose
      warfarin. At 48 hours post-treatment, the CBT was normal, although the factor VII
      level was less than 1%, whereas the levels of factors II, IX, and X were 44%,
      25%, and 17%, respectively. At 120 hours the CBT became abnormal when all vitamin
      K-dependent clotting factors had dropped to less than 18%. Administration of a
      plasma concentrate of factors II, IX, and X corrected the CBT, despite the factor
      VII level remaining at less than 1%. Similar studies in a congenitally factor VII
      deficient dog (factor VII less than 2%) confirmed that this deficiency state was
      not associated with an abnormality of the CBT. Administration of heparin to both
      normal and factor VII-deficient animals was associated with prolongation of the
      CBT, but the heparin dose required in the normal animals was substantially higher
      than in the factor VII-deficient animals. These data do not suggest that factor
      VII/VIIa has an exclusive role in generating factor Xa, either directly or
      indirectly, by way of factor IXa generation, in vivo. However, the increase in
      heparin sensitivity of the factor VII-deficient animals does suggest that factor
      VII/VIIa may, in some circumstances, present a significant alternative pathway of
      factor X activation, although the activation pathway involved cannot be
      determined from the studies performed.

PMID- 3995171
TI  - The anticoagulant mechanism of action of heparin in contact-activated plasma:
      inhibition of factor X activation.
AB  - The effects of heparin on the activation of blood coagulation factors IX and X in
      contact-activated plasma were determined in the present study. In the presence
      and absence of 0.5 U/mL heparin, the amounts of factor IX that were cleaved 30
      minutes after the addition of calcium and phospholipid to plasma exposed to glass
      (ie, contact activated) were essentially identical. In the absence of heparin,
      however, the plasma clotting time was between three and four minutes, while in
      the presence of heparin, the clotting time was approximately 40 minutes. More
      factor IXa was inhibited by antithrombin III in the presence of heparin than in
      its absence, but factor IXa levels sufficient for factor X activation appeared to
      be present in the heparinized plasma. Neither an increase in factor Xa nor a
      decrease in factor X was detected, however, in heparinized plasma. We conclude
      that the step in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation that is inhibited in the
      presence of heparin is at the level of factor X activation.

PMID- 3995172
TI  - Morphological and ultrastructural study of megakaryocytopoiesis in liquid
      cultures of hamster spleen.
AB  - A long-term liquid culture system of hemopoietic tissue derived from adult
      hamster spleen has been described. These primary liquid cultures can maintain
      stem cell proliferation and differentiation for more than three months without
      secondary repopulation. A characteristic of the liquid cultures is the formation
      of clusters of hemopoietic cells around adherent stromal cells. Some islands were
      composed exclusively of megakaryocytes and adherent cells. Isolation of these
      clusters of differentiating megakaryocytes and their adherent cellular substrate
      permitted the analysis of the morphological and ultrastructural features of the
      interaction between cells of megakaryocytic lineage with the adherent stroma.

PMID- 3995173
TI  - Immuno-electron microscopical demonstration of lysosomes in human blood platelets
      and megakaryocytes using anti-cathepsin D.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry with affinity-purified anti-human cathepsin D was applied to
      ultrathin frozen sections of human bone marrow megakaryocytes and of blood
      platelets from peripheral blood. The fixative used was paraformaldehyde
      (concentration gradient 2----8%). Protein A/colloidal gold (5 and 8) particles
      were used as second label. Cathepsin D was localized in primary and secondary
      lysosomes in blood platelets and in primary and secondary lysosomes in
      megakaryocytes. Primary lysosomes in megakaryocytes were identified by their
      localization on the trans-side of the Golgi complex and secondary lysosomes by
      the presence of inclusions. The lysosomes in platelets differed from alpha
      granules by being smaller, lacking an electron dense core, and by the presence of
      a transparent submembrane halo. Platelets undergoing a release reaction after
      stimulation with thrombin showed cathepsin-D staining in the surface-connecting
      tubules.

PMID- 3995174
TI  - Fanconi's anemia variant.

PMID- 3995175
TI  - Cytomorphology in myeloma.

PMID- 3995176
TI  - Increased in vitro and in vivo generation of procoagulant activity (tissue
      factor) by mononuclear phagocytes after intralipid infusion in rabbits.
AB  - Intralipid, a fat emulsion widely used in parenteral nutrition, can produce
      marked functional changes of the mononuclear phagocyte system. We investigated
      the effect of Intralipid administration on the generation of procoagulant
      activity by rabbit mononuclear phagocytes. Two groups of ten rabbits given either
      a single infusion of Intralipid 10% or a similar volume of sterile saline were
      studied before and after infusion. Procoagulant activity was measured on isolated
      blood mononuclear cells after incubation with and without endotoxin, using a one
      stage clotting assay. Cells from animals infused with Intralipid produced
      significantly more procoagulant activity than controls (P less than .01). Results
      were similar when freshly collected whole blood was incubated with and without
      endotoxin, and procoagulant activity was measured on subsequently isolated
      mononuclear cells (P less than .01). In addition, when rabbits were given a
      single injection of endotoxin, blood and spleen mononuclear cells harvested 50 to
      60 minutes after the injection from animals pretreated with Intralipid expressed
      five to seven times more procoagulant activity than did cells from animals
      pretreated with saline. In all instances, procoagulant activity was identified as
      tissue factor. These findings suggest that Intralipid may cause functional
      changes in mononuclear phagocytes, resulting in increased production of tissue
      factor on incubation in short-term culture in vitro and in response to endotoxin
      in vivo.

PMID- 3995177
TI  - High-dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin as consolidation therapy for
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in first remission: a pilot study.
AB  - High-dose (HD) cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) is more effective treatment than
      conventional-dose ARA-C regimens for patients with relapsed acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia (ANLL). We report here that HD ARA-C given during the first remission of
      ANLL has resulted in long remission durations and a high proportion of patients
      who survive more than three years free of disease. From August 1979 to September
      1983, 36 adult patients with ANLL in first remission received one to three
      courses of HD ARA-C (3 g/m2 by one-hour infusion every 12 hours for 12 doses on
      days 1 through 6) alone or with daunorubicin (30 mg/m2 for two or three doses on
      days 7 through 9). Three patients died of sepsis or hemorrhage during
      consolidation, and 14 patients have relapsed from five to 48 months after
      diagnosis. The remaining 19 patients are in continued complete remission (CCR)
      from 11 to 62 months. Denoting all deaths in remission as relapse, the actuarial
      probability of CCR is 42% at 62 months, with an apparent plateau in the survival
      curve. Of the first 22 patients treated, ten remain in CCR from 37 to 62 months
      with no therapy for at least three years. Due to its heightened anti-leukemic
      activity, HD ARA-C allows brief but effective consolidation of ANLL in first
      remission, with long-term disease-free survival comparable to other approaches.

PMID- 3995178
TI  - Platelet-associated immunoglobulin, platelet size, and the effect of splenectomy
      in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
AB  - Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) thrombocytopenia is frequently improved by
      splenectomy, although the mechanism of the thrombocytopenia and its resolution
      are unknown. Previous studies in two patients have shown that mean platelet
      volume, which is characteristically reduced in WAS, increased along with platelet
      count postsplenectomy. Additional studies in a limited number of patients have
      also demonstrated that platelet-associated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG) is elevated
      presplenectomy, but to date no postsplenectomy data have been reported. The
      present study was performed to more fully evaluate the effect of splenectomy on
      platelet volume and PAIgG in WAS. Before splenectomy, mean platelet volume was
      reduced but platelet size was broadly distributed with substantial overlap of the
      normal range. PAIgG was significantly elevated in 13 of 14 presplenectomy WAS
      patients (means = 78.9 fg per platelet) and fell to normal levels postoperatively
      (means = 4.0 fg per platelet). Platelet count and clinical status improved
      postsplenectomy, and mean platelet volume and platelet volume distribution
      returned to the normal range. WAS subjects who relapsed with recurrent
      thrombocytopenia redeveloped elevated PAIgG but maintained normal platelet size.
      The spleen appears to play a critical role in a process that may be
      immunologically mediated and results in reduced platelet size.

PMID- 3995179
TI  - Megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis of W/Wv mice studied in long-term bone
      marrow cultures.
AB  - Megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis of marrow cells from W/Wv mice were
      studied using a continuous liquid marrow culture system. Cells in the suspension
      phase were assayed weekly over a 16-week period for total nucleated cells,
      megakaryocytes, granulocytes, megakaryocytes and granulocyte-macrophage
      progenitor cells (CFU-Ms, CFU-GMs), and spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-Ss).
      Without hydrocortisone supplementation, proliferation of megakaryocytes,
      granulocytes, and their progenitor cells was significantly less in W/Wv cultures
      than in +/+ cultures. These cells became undetectable in both W/Wv and +/+
      cultures at seven to 11 weeks in culture, after which only monocytes and
      macrophages proliferated in the cultures. Treatment of cultures with
      hydrocortisone improved megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis in both W/Wv and
      +/+ cultures. Following an initial lag phase of three to four weeks,
      proliferation of megakaryocytes, granulocytes, and their progenitor cells in W/Wv
      cultures equalled that observed in +/+ cultures and was sustained for 16 to 24
      weeks. This improvement was associated with a sustained reduction in monocytes
      and macrophages. Despite improvements in megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis,
      production of macroscopic and microscopic spleen colonies by cells from W/Wv
      cultures remained severely reduced or absent. Studies of DNA synthesis rates of
      fresh marrow cells indicated that significantly fewer CFU-Ms and CFU-GMs were in
      cycle in W/Wv mice compared with +/+ mice. However, in hydrocortisone-treated
      W/Wv cultures, DNA synthesis rates of CFU-Ms and CFU-GMs increased markedly and
      equalled those observed for +/+ cultures. These results suggest that the
      improvements in megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis in hydrocortisone-treated
      liquid cultures is associated with a reduction in monocytes and macrophages and
      that progenitor cells of W/Wv mice have a proliferative defect that is
      correctable by hydrocortisone treatment in vitro.

PMID- 3995180
TI  - Platelet interaction with subendothelial extracellular matrix: platelet
      fibrinogen interactions are essential for platelet aggregation but not for the
      matrix-induced release reaction.
AB  - Cultured endothelial cells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) to which
      platelets adhere and spread, ultimately resulting in platelet aggregation,
      thromboxane B2 production, and serotonin release. We have investigated the role
      of fibrinogen binding to the platelet GPIIb/IIIa complex in these reactions by
      comparing normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP), PRP from patients with Glanzman's
      thrombasthenia (whose platelets lack the GPIIb/IIIa complex), PRP in the presence
      of a monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of fibrinogen to the GPIIb/IIIa
      complex, platelets washed free of fibrinogen, and washed platelets to which
      fibrinogen was added. Although platelet aggregation was virtually completely
      inhibited in the samples in which the normal interaction between fibrinogen and
      GPIIb/IIIa was impaired, adhesion of platelets to the matrix, spreading, and
      release of [14C]-serotonin were not affected. All of the platelet preparations
      released significant amounts of T X B2 with time, but there was a decrease in the
      amount produced by both the thrombasthenic and antibody-treated platelets. We
      conclude that the interaction of fibrinogen with platelet GPIIb/IIIa is not
      required for platelet adhesion to ECM or for adhesion-induced shape change or
      serotonin release. On the other hand, the platelet-fibrinogen interaction may
      play some role in augmenting adhesion-induced T X B2 production, and it is
      absolutely required for adhesion-induced platelet aggregation.

PMID- 3995181
TI  - The characterization of protein 4.1 Presles, a shortened variant of RBC membrane
      protein 4.1.
AB  - In a previous report (Blood 60:265, 1982), we described a family with an abnormal
      RBC membrane protein doublet, which we considered a shortened protein 4.1 on the
      basis of biochemical and genetic data. Using an anti-4.1 monoclonal antibody, we
      confirm here that the shortened protein derives from protein 4.1. One of the
      members of the family contemporaneously displayed the 4.1 (-) trait, eg, the
      heterozygous state of this variety of hereditary elliptocytosis that lacks
      protein 4.1. The 4.1a/4.1b ratio was low whenever the 4.1 trait was present,
      regardless of the type of protein 4.1 involved. The RBCs of the compound
      heterozygote, containing only the shortened species of protein 4.1, made it
      possible to analyze without interference the contact between shortened protein
      4.1 and sialoglycoprotein beta, or glycoconnectin. Shortened protein 4.1 did not
      alter the amount of glycoconnectin in the ghosts nor did it change its
      extractability into the Triton shells. Limited proteolysis of shortened
      polypeptides 4.1a and 4.1b showed that they are sequence related. It is
      conflicting that the persons carrying the shortened protein 4.1 are devoid of
      specific clinical and morphological abnormalities, apart from those pertaining to
      the 4.1- trait, when the latter is present.

PMID- 3995182
TI  - Expression of latent hematopoietic progenitor cells in cultures of newborn and
      adult baboon liver.
AB  - The anatomic site of hematopoiesis changes during fetal development from the yolk
      sac to the liver and finally to the marrow. Factors controlling this switch in
      the site of hematopoiesis are unknown. We assayed erythroid colony (CFU-E) and
      erythroid burst (BFU-E) formation in fetal, newborn, and adult baboon liver and
      marrow to determine the growth requirements of primate hematopoietic progenitor
      cells from different anatomic sites and developmental stages. We cocultured
      fetal, newborn, and adult liver and marrow nonadherent cells with adherent cells
      from these organs to assess the role adherent cells may play in determining the
      site of hematopoiesis. Fetal liver, fetal marrow, newborn marrow, and adult
      marrow cultures formed CFU-E and BFU-E colonies in vitro. In contrast, newborn
      and adult liver cell cultures very rarely formed colonies. However, when newborn
      or adult liver nonadherent cells were cocultured with marrow adherent cells, CFU
      E and BFU-E colonies were detected. The colonies that formed in the newborn and
      adult liver cultures were derived from the liver and not from the marrow cells or
      peripheral blood trapped in the liver. These data suggest that in contrast to
      fetal liver, newborn and adult liver may not be hematopoietic organs in normal
      primates in vivo because of changes in the growth requirements of hematopoietic
      progenitor cells present in these organs.

PMID- 3995183
TI  - Acquired hypoprothrombinemia due to non-neutralizing antibodies to prothrombin:
      mechanism and management.
AB  - A patient developed bleeding due to an acute acquired specific prothrombin
      deficiency. Unlike previously described patients, this patient had no evidence of
      an associated lupus anticoagulant. Prothrombin activity and antigen were
      decreased concordantly and the patient's plasma did not neutralize the activity
      of added prothrombin or interfere with its measurement by electroimmunoassay.
      Nevertheless, immunoelectrophoresis and experiments using 125I-prothrombin
      revealed a prothrombin-binding antibody. The residual prothrombin in the
      patient's plasma was in the form of a prothrombin-antibody complex.
      Administration of adrenal corticosteroids was associated with a rise in
      prothrombin activity and cessation of bleeding, but circulating prothrombin was
      still bound to the antibody. This suggests that non-neutralizing antibodies to
      prothrombin cause plasma prothrombin deficiency because of a rapid clearance of
      prothrombin-antibody complexes, which is slowed by adrenal corticosteroids. The
      antibody had a relatively low affinity for prothrombin (Kd 5 to 8 X 10(-7)) and
      was transient. It is possible, therefore, that the antibody arose not to
      prothrombin itself, but to an antigen sharing an epitope with prothrombin.

PMID- 3995184
TI  - Inhibitors of cholera toxin-induced adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of
      membrane-associated proteins block stem cell differentiation.
AB  - Two potent inhibitors of mono-adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation have
      recently been described and characterized, named p
      methoxylbenzylaminodecamethylene guanidine sulfate (MBAMG) and
      benzylaminododecylguanine hydrochloride (BADGH). We have used these agents to
      investigate the role of ADP ribosylation in hematopoiesis using long-term marrow
      cultures. The addition of MBAMG (10(-6) mol/L) or BADGH (5 X 10(-4) mol/L) led to
      both an inhibition of mature cell production and the development of colony
      stimulating factor (CSF-1)-responsive GM-CFC, but had no effect upon spleen
      colony-forming units (CFU-S) or on progenitor cells which respond to the
      multilineage stimulating factor present in WEHI-3B cell-conditioned medium. These
      data indicate that these inhibitors of mono-ADP ribosylation can block the
      commitment and/or differentiation of stem cells and infers that ADP ribosylation
      may be of some importance in the hematopoietic process.

PMID- 3995185
TI  - A monoclonal antibody-defined membrane antigen complex is required for neutrophil
      neutrophil aggregation.
AB  - We examined the aggregation responses of normal neutrophils treated with the
      murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 60.3. Addition of MoAb 60.3 to normal
      neutrophils produced dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil aggregation in
      response to phorbol myristate acetate, zymosan-activated plasma, and N-formyl
      methionylleucylphenylalanine. We conclude that the membrane glycoprotein complex
      recognized by MoAb 60.3--designated CDw18--is required for neutrophil-neutrophil
      aggregation in vitro.

PMID- 3995186
TI  - Impaired factor X and prothrombin activation associated with decreased
      phospholipid exposure in platelets from a patient with a bleeding disorder.
AB  - Platelets from a platelet factor 3-deficient patient, which was first described
      by Weiss et al (Am J Med 67:206, 1979), were found to be equally impaired in
      their ability to promote factor X and prothrombin activation. Compared to normal
      platelets, the patient's platelets showed upon stimulation with thrombin plus
      collagen a much slower generation and a considerably lower level of platelet
      prothrombin- and factor X-converting activities. Treatment of stimulated
      platelets with phospholipases revealed a decreased exposure of negatively charged
      phospholipid at the outer surface of the patient's platelets, relative to
      control's. We suggest that the combined impairment of prothrombin- and factor X
      converting activities in this patient is due to a defect in the mechanism by
      which phosphatidylserine becomes exposed at the outer surface of stimulated
      platelets.

PMID- 3995187
TI  - Ploidy distribution of CFU-Meg progeny.

PMID- 3995188
TI  - Assaults in hospitals.

PMID- 3995189
TI  - Development of a rational taxonomy for the classification of rapists: the
      Massachusetts Treatment Center system.

PMID- 3995190
TI  - Reasonable medical certainty.

PMID- 3995191
TI  - Offenders in a silent world: hearing impairment and deafness in relation to
      criminality, incompetence, and insanity.

PMID- 3995192
TI  - The detection of malingered amnesia in accused murderers.

PMID- 3995193
TI  - Chest wall reflexes in newborns.

PMID- 3995194
TI  - Standardization of lung transfer factor.

PMID- 3995195
TI  - Optical measurement of the change in trunk volume with breathing.
AB  - Optical mapping provides three-dimensional information about the size and shape
      of the trunk. We have used the technique to measure and partition the volume
      change of the trunk with breathing in upright subjects. In 13 subjects, 12 of
      whom were normal and one scoliotic, respired volume could be measured with an
      average error (+/- SEM) of 170 +/- 20 ml. In one of the normal subjects, 24
      measurements of respired volume were in error by, on average, 120 +/- 20 ml. In a
      further eight normal subjects, partitioning of ventilation showed that the
      anterior trunk contributed 91 +/- 12%, the back 9 +/- 12%, the upper trunk 43 +/-
      4%, the lower trunk 57 +/- 4% and the right and left sides 50 +/- 2% each, to a
      vital capacity expiration. The measurements of respired volume suggest that the
      technique is sufficiently accurate for clinical purposes, but it offers the added
      advantage that the information generated can be used to determine the spatial
      distribution of each breath.

PMID- 3995196
TI  - Interpretation of changes in spirographic and flow-volume variables after
      operative treatment in bilateral vocal cord paralysis.
AB  - In 13 patients, who underwent a superolateralization of a vocal cord after
      bilateral vocal cord paralysis, we studied pre- and postoperatively spirometric
      dynamic and static lung volumes and variables from maximal expiratory and maximal
      inspiratory flow-volume (MEFV and MIFV) curves. The effects of surgical treatment
      on these variables have been established by comparing the statistical
      significance of the changes post- versus preoperative. A significant increase was
      found in the vital capacity and a significant decrease in the indices associated
      with the dynamic variability of the obstruction. The most significant changes
      were found in peak inspiratory flow and peak expiratory flow, and in the
      inspiratory defined dynamic estimates, as forced inspiratory volume in 1 second
      and maximal voluntary ventilation at a frequency of 30 c X min-1. Significant
      correlations, however, were found to exist only for the changes within the group
      of flow-volume indices and for those within the group of spirographic variables.
      This led us to the conclusion that for the diagnosis of this type of upper airway
      obstruction these measurements are additive, reflecting different aspects of
      airway mechanics.

PMID- 3995197
TI  - Vagal sensitivity in intrinsic and allergic asthma.
AB  - In 20 intrinsic and 25 allergic asthmatic patients with active disease, vagal
      baroreflex sensitivity was assessed by use of the phenylephrine test, and vagal
      blockade effects on airways were measured by the response to intravenous
      atropine. For a given phenylephrine-induced increase in blood pressure,
      bradycardia was more marked in patients with intrinsic asthma than in those with
      allergic asthma. Intravenous atropine caused a similar spirometric improvement in
      both groups. It is suggested that: 1) an inverse relationship exists between
      vagal sensitivity and the allergic state in asthma; 2) antigenic related
      stimulation modulated by a low vagal tone and non-antigenic related stimuli with
      high tone modulation result in similar cholinergic discharges.

PMID- 3995198
TI  - The diving response depresses ventilation in man.
AB  - When the face of diving animals comes into contact with water, the diving
      response is elicited, resulting in bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction and
      ventilatory depression. The cardiovascular aspects of the diving response have
      been described in man; little is known about the ventilatory depression in man.
      Compresses with water of various temperatures were applied to the cheeks of 16
      normal volunteers and of two hyperventilating subjects. Ventilation was measured
      with a spirometer or with a pneumatic thoracic transducer: an accordion shaped
      balloon, strapped around the thorax. When the ventilation was measured with the
      spirometer via mouth-piece and nose-clip, the diving response caused ventilatory
      depressions to 60-70% of control. Water temperatures of 10, 20 and 37 degrees C
      had no significantly different effects from one another on ventilation. When the
      face of the subjects was left free of nose-clip and mouth-piece and the
      ventilation was measured by a thoracic transducer, the diving response caused a
      ventilatory depression to approximately 60% of control. The ventilatory
      depression did not adapt within 5 min. The two subjects who hyperventilated
      reacted qualitatively and quantitatively the same as the other subjects.

PMID- 3995199
TI  - Forced oscillation technique. Reference values for resistance and reactance over
      a frequency spectrum of 2-26 Hz in healthy children aged 2.3-12.5 years.
AB  - The forced pseudo-random noise oscillation technique is a method by which total
      respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) can be measured simultaneously
      at various frequencies by means of complex oscillations, superimposed at the
      mouth during spontaneous quiet breathing. Reference values were obtained in 255
      healthy Caucasian children of Dutch descent aged 2.3-12.5 years. Rrs and Xrs vs
      frequency (f) curves are mainly determined by the child's sex, age, height and
      weight. Taking complete Rrs and Xrs-f curves into account, we found that Rrs
      values were significantly higher in young boys than in young girls. They were
      equal at about 8 years, but at about 12 years of age Rrs values were again
      significantly higher in boys than in girls. Frequency dependence of Rrs was found
      in healthy boys up to about 5 years of age, but not in girls of the same age or
      in older children. These data suggest differences in airway diameter between boys
      and girls. At all ages Xrs was significantly lower in boys than in girls. This
      suggests differences in bronchial patency of peripheral airways, boys being at a
      disadvantage. It is concluded that multiple frequency oscillometry is a method
      which is ideal for children from the age of about 3 years. The possibility of
      measuring Rrs as well as frequency dependence of Rrs and Xrs simultaneously is
      the major advantage over other oscillation devices.

PMID- 3995200
TI  - Right atrial myxoma: an unusual cause of intracardiac right-to-left shunt.
AB  - A case of a right-to-left intracardiac shunt caused by a right atrial myxoma is
      reported. Sudden hypoxaemia was the unique symptom. Measurement of Pao2 while the
      patient breathed pure oxygen demonstrated the presence of a shunt. Right heart
      catheterization showed a patent foramen ovale and a pressure gradient between the
      right atrium and the right ventricle, and between the right and the left atria,
      explaining the shunt. Cineangiography demonstrated a right atrial myxoma, which
      was surgically removed. This case report illustrates how a step-by-step
      diagnostic procedure, based on pathophysiology, may lead to such unexpected
      findings.

PMID- 3995201
TI  - Standardization of computation of single-breath transfer factor.
AB  - The transfer factor (TLCOsb) is currently widely used as a lung function test.
      Although the test maneuver itself is well described and uniformly approached by
      most workers, the computation technique varies considerably. Significant changes
      in the TLCOsb are induced by correcting for: blood hemoglobin concentration [Hb],
      apparatus and anatomic dead space (VD), alveolar gas sample dead space (VDbag),
      carboxyhemoglobin concentration (COHb), alveolar carbon dioxide fraction (FACO2),
      initial inspired gas (VI) conditions, and breath-hold time (t). The quantitative
      impact upon TLCOsb of the presence or absence of corrections was calculated using
      TLCOsb measurements from 245 normal subjects. The average change (%) in computed
      TLCOsb induced by correcting for the above variables is: Hb (+8%); VD (-8%);
      VDbag (-0.3 to -6%); COHb (+X% for X% COHb); FACO2 (+5%); VI (+4%); t (+7%).
      Since corrections are made by some laboratories and not by others and since no
      uniformity exists concerning the corrections to be made, it is possible for two
      laboratories to choose their computation routines in such a way that they would
      compute, from the same test results, TLCOsb values which differ by 41%.
      Standardization of the TLCOsb computation technique is needed.

PMID- 3995202
TI  - The book availability study as an objective measure of performance in a health
      sciences library.
AB  - In its search for an objective overall diagnostic evaluation, the University of
      Illinois Library of the Health Sciences' Program Evaluation Committee selected a
      book availability measure; it is easy to administer and repeat, results are
      reproducible, and comparable data exist for other academic and health sciences
      libraries. The study followed the standard methodology in the literature with
      minor modifications. Patrons searching for particular books were asked to record
      item(s) needed and the outcome of the search. Library staff members then
      determined the reasons for failures in obtaining desired items. The results of
      the study are five performance scores. The first four represent the percentage
      probability of a library's operating with ideal effectiveness; the last provides
      an overall performance score. The scores of the Library of the Health Sciences
      demonstrated no unusual availability problems. The study was easy to implement
      and provided meaningful, quantitative, and objective data.

PMID- 3995203
TI  - CINAHL list of subject headings: a nursing thesaurus revised.
AB  - The rationale and methods for revising the thesaurus of one of the major health
      sciences indexing tools are discussed. Computer production of the Cumulative
      Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature and the possibility of online access
      mandated a revision of the list of subject headings. CINAHL has maintained a
      policy of responding to user needs and to changes in the nursing and allied
      health literature, and user input was encouraged during revision of the
      thesaurus. The methods of structural revision are described, and major changes in
      the thesaurus are detailed. Modification of the thesaurus is expected to have a
      far-reaching impact on the retrieval of information in nursing and allied health.
      Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) is now available online through DIALOG (file
      218) and BRS (access code NAHL).

PMID- 3995204
TI  - Goals, objectives, and competencies for reference service: a training program at
      the UCLA Biomedical Library.
AB  - The UCLA Biomedical Library, in cooperation with the UCLA Graduate School of
      Library and Information Science, offers a medical library internship program for
      second-year library school students. Goals, objectives, competencies, and
      training guidelines have been developed for the reference services section of the
      internship, including reference desk experience, online searching, group
      discussions, assigned readings, and training new staff members, allows
      flexibility in meeting the differing interests, needs, and abilities of trainees.

PMID- 3995205
TI  - The new library building at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San
      Antonio.
AB  - The new University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Library opened
      in June 1983, replacing the 1968 library building. Planning a new library
      building provides an opportunity for the staff to rethink their philosophy of
      service. Of paramount concern and importance is the need to convey this
      philosophy to the architects. This paper describes the planning process and the
      building's external features, interior layouts, and accommodations for
      technology. Details of the move to the building are considered and various
      aspects of the building are reviewed.

PMID- 3995206
TI  - New technologies in a medium-size medical library: voice mail at the Bowman Gray
      School of Medicine.

PMID- 3995207
TI  - Microcomputer applications in a hospital library.

PMID- 3995208
TI  - Writing for publication: barriers and bridges.

PMID- 3995209
TI  - Copper, iron, free radicals and arthritis.

PMID- 3995210
TI  - Corticosteroid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 3995211
TI  - The development of screening tests for D-penicillamine-like antirheumatic
      activity based on in vivo interactions with copper.
AB  - Injections of labile copper complexes such as copper II bisglycinate [Cu(II)gly]
      induce marked inflammatory responses in rats in contrast to stable copper
      complexes like copper II bishistidinate which are nonirritant. The antirheumatic
      drugs D-penicillamine, mercaptopyridoxine, thiola and captopril, inhibit
      Cu(II)gly-induced cutaneous vascular permeability when given intravenously and
      show oral cupriuretic activity. Inhibition of Cu(II)gly inflammation alone or
      cupriuretic activity alone do not appear predictive of clinical antirheumatic
      activity since L-cysteine methylester and trien, which are active in the former
      and latter tests, respectively, are devoid of clinical antirheumatic activity.
      Indomethacin and aspirin are inactive in these tests, thus discounting the
      concept that such drugs act in part through their copper complexes. The
      mechanisms by which labile copper induces inflammation and by which D
      penicillamine-like drugs modulate the response are discussed. It is suggested
      that copper can generate free radicals in vivo and that D-penicillamine may act
      by neutralization of labile copper complexes and/or by formation of copper
      complexes with the capacity to catalyse the dismutation of superoxide anion.

PMID- 3995212
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus in an adult population in southern Sweden:
      incidence, prevalence and validity of ARA revised classification criteria.
AB  - In a defined Swedish population an annual incidence of 4.8 cases, a mortality of
      1.3 cases and a prevalence of 39 cases per 100 000 individuals was found for
      systemic lupus erythematosus. Sensitivities were comparable (94%, cf. 92%) for
      ARA criteria of 1982 and those of 1971. Males had more internal organ criteria
      and showed a tendency to fewer cutaneous criteria than females. Spontaneous
      abortion was rare and hospitalization infrequent among the 65 patients studied.

PMID- 3995213
TI  - Diuretic-induced gout in elderly women.
AB  - During a 21/2-year period, gout was diagnosed in 51 men and 9 women at the
      Rheumatology Unit in Bristol. The men had a mean age of 52 years and mean age of
      onset of gout of 46 years, whereas the women had a mean age of 82 years and a
      mean age of onset of 77 years. All the women were on long-term diuretic therapy
      compared to 33% of the men; 77% had mild impairment of renal function and 44% had
      tophi. The men could recall four times as many attacks of acute gout as the
      women. Elderly women are particularly prone to diuretic-induced tophaceous gout
      but less likely to present with acute gout than men.

PMID- 3995214
TI  - Corticosteroid prescribing in rheumatoid arthritis--the fiction and the fact.
AB  - The results of a postal questionnaire to consultant rheumatologists (80% response
      rate) suggest that most comply with current teaching regarding the indications
      for systemic corticosteroids in articular rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They are
      prescribed as a last resort and most frequently in the elderly. However, a review
      of 100 consecutive RA out-patients revealed 24 patients currently taking
      corticosteroids at a mean prednisolone dosage of 5.6 mg daily. Only two had been
      prescribed these drugs for extra-articular problems. In 11 cases the treatment
      was not initiated by a rheumatologist. The discrepancies between the two surveys
      are discussed.

PMID- 3995215
TI  - Pharmacokinetic projections for isoxicam and piroxicam in old and young subjects.
AB  - A single-dose pharmacokinetic study to determine the effect of age on the
      disposition of isoxicam and piroxicam was carried out on a group of old and a
      group of young subjects. Although there was no significant difference with either
      drug in the mean elimination half-time between the group of young and the group
      of old subjects, there was considerable individual variation. Steady-state levels
      were calculated to be three times as high in subjects with slow clearance as in
      those with more rapid clearance. Three weeks would be required with either drug
      to achieve steady-state drug levels in those subjects with slow drug-clearance.

PMID- 3995216
TI  - Comparison of reconstructive orthopaedic surgery in patients with seropositive
      and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The longitudinal orthopaedic history of 107 unselected patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis undergoing reconstructive surgery was studied to define the
      relationship between serology and surgery. Using strict criteria 85 patients were
      seropositive and 22 seronegative. Age, disease duration, number of reconstructive
      orthopaedic operations, and second-line or corticosteroid drug treatment were
      similar in seropositive and seronegative patients. Users of steroids and/or
      second-line drugs had a similar number of operations to non-users. However,
      patients undergoing only hip or knee surgery used steroids more often in the pre
      operative disease than those only having other operations (p less than 0.05).
      This may reflect more-aggressive disease or the direct effect of steroids. The
      expected proportions of seropositive and seronegative patients together with
      their similar surgical and treatment patterns do not suggest that they have
      different diseases.

PMID- 3995217
TI  - Libman-Sacks endocarditis: the diagnostic importance of two-dimensional
      echocardiography.
AB  - In 1980, a 44-year-old woman with the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus
      presented with fever and mitral and aortic valvular insufficiency. Blood cultures
      were sterile. M-mode echocardiograms of the mitral valve revealed an image
      resembling vegetations of infective endocarditis. The diagnosis was rejected
      after two-dimensional echocardiography which failed to demonstrate vegetation.
      Two-dimensional echocardiography should therefore be systematically utilized in
      the diagnosis of valvular lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 3995218
TI  - The case against 'seronegative RA': a laboratory viewpoint.

PMID- 3995219
TI  - Flexor tenosynovitis in rheumatoid arthritis--effect of local steroid injections.

PMID- 3995220
TI  - Resin-coated 5-aminosalicylic acid (Asacol) in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 3995221
TI  - Psychological, nutritional and physical status of olympic road cyclists.
AB  - Six members of the Irish Olympic Road Cycling Squad underwent a comprehensive
      medical, nutritional, psychological and biochemical assessment in January 1983.
      They were given specific medical and dietary recommendations and were reassessed
      in January 1984 after a period spanning the competitive racing season. The
      cyclists' diets at both sessions were comparable and generally conformed with
      recommended daily intakes. Supplementary ingestion was unnecessary to attain
      recommended daily intakes of vitamins. Serum levels of HDL-cholesterol increased
      and triglyceride decreased during the period of the study. The squad had
      characteristics indicating traits of self-sufficiency, toughness and practical
      mindedness. At the second assessment there was evidence of heightened ambition
      and competitiveness and an improvement in mood states with reduced ratings for
      confusion and tension.

PMID- 3995222
TI  - Androgenic steroid effects on liver and red cells.
AB  - Haematological and hepatic effects of testosterone/anabolic steroid self
      administration were investigated in five power athletes during 26 weeks of
      training. During steroid administration blood haematocrit had increased 9.6% (p
      less than .05) in the study group (n = 5), but not in the control group (n = 6).
      This erythropoietic phenomenon was supported by increased (p less than .05) RBC
      and unchanged MCV. Blood haemoglobin concentration did not change markedly and
      consequently MCHC level in the study group decreased significantly (p less than
      .001). Also the erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreased (p less than .05) in the
      study group. The mean values of serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline
      phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were and remained within normal range
      in both groups, although those of the study group were higher. The mean values of
      serum aspartate aminotransferase exceeded the normal range (56 U/l, at highest)
      but this may be of muscular rather than hepatic origin because of the severe
      training. It can be concluded that erythropoiesis was stimulated and liver
      function mildly impaired due to sustained high-dose testosterone/anabolic steroid
      administration.

PMID- 3995223
TI  - Pre-Asiad '82 injuries in elite Indian athletes.
AB  - Elite Indian athletes who were undergoing training at the NIS, Patiala for the
      preparation of IX Asian Games held in Delhi in 1982, suffered 317 injuries during
      the 14 months of training. Of the injuries 64 per cent were observed in males,
      while 36 per cent were observed in females. Most of the injuries seen were in the
      lower limbs (59.2 per cent) and when classified according to the tissues
      involved, most of the trauma was seen in ligaments (38 per cent). Female
      sprinters and male throwers contributed most injuries. On average, each athlete
      sustained three injuries during the total training period by which 50 days of
      training was lost in nursing various kinds of injuries. Preventive measures of
      lower limb injuries, vigorous treatment for athletes preparing for a competition
      and maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness during treatment is an important
      task of sports physicians and coaches.

PMID- 3995224
TI  - Stress fracture of a rib.

PMID- 3995225
TI  - Sports injuries in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Saudi Arabia has now a wealth of sporting facilities of which the youth of the
      country is making full use. A prospective study of sports related injuries was
      conducted during the twelve months of 1983. We present an analysis of 846 such
      injuries seen at the King Fahd University Hospital, Al Khobar. These injuries
      formed 8.36% of those who attended after an accident for emergency treatment, of
      which 63% were under 20 years. The majority was sustained during soccer games.
      The most frequent site of injury was the knee. We believe that specialised Sports
      Injury Clinics, initially based at the University Hospitals should be established
      here, to give guidance and education concerning avoidance of injuries, and for
      the treatment and follow-up of those injured and enable them to return to sports
      early.

PMID- 3995227
TI  - Grip strength and forearm straps in tennis elbow.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients who presented with tennis elbow had their grip strengths
      measured without a forearm strap, with an elastic strap and with an inelastic
      strap. Of these 85% displayed an increased pain-free grip strength with one or
      both straps. The increase in pain-free grip strength was statistically
      significant for both types of strap (p less than 0.001) and the results showed no
      consistent difference between them. The possible mode of action is discussed.

PMID- 3995226
TI  - Acute soccer injuries in Finland in 1980.
AB  - The present investigation analyses all the acute soccer injuries recorded in
      Finland during one year (1980). The mean follow-up time was 18 months. The
      calculated yearly injury incidence was 5.8%. No significant difference in the
      injury incidences between the two sexes could be detected. A major part, 64% of
      the injuries were located in the lower extremities. Fractures and dislocations
      accounted for 11% of all injuries. One quarter of the injuries were classified as
      mild, causing a playing disability shorter than a week. Most injuries occurred
      through physical contact with another player (p less than 0.001). The calculated
      median time of absence from practice after injury was 4 weeks.

PMID- 3995228
TI  - Anti-tetanus immunisation in orienteers.
AB  - The present state of anti-tetanus immunisation amongst orienteering runners from
      20 countries was assessed by questioning the orienteers as to when they last
      received an anti-tetanus injection. The results demonstrate that approximately
      55% were within five years of their last injection, 18% were within 5-10 years,
      12% were greater than 10 years and a further 15% did not know when or had never
      had an anti-tetanus injection.

PMID- 3995229
TI  - The hands of karate experts. Clinical and radiological findings.
AB  - The hands and wrists of 22 karate instructors who had practiced the sport for a
      minimum of five years were reviewed. Radiological evidence of a total of ten
      fractures was found. There was no evidence that practice of the sport predisposed
      to the early onset of chronic tenosynovitis or osteoarthritis.

PMID- 3995230
TI  - Cervical disc herniation in a football player.
AB  - A case of cervical disc herniation occurring in close association with playing
      football is reported. The handling of neck injuries in football players is
      outlined.

PMID- 3995232
TI  - Metatarsal head osteotomy for a supernumerary digit.

PMID- 3995231
TI  - Pneumothorax in a boxer.

PMID- 3995233
TI  - Strength training and cross-sectional area of muscles.

PMID- 3995234
TI  - Haematuria, running, bladder stone.

PMID- 3995235
TI  - The Dorset Get-Fit Campaign--community fitness testing programme.
AB  - A pilot programme promoting fitness and exercise was launched through the local
      media in the Bournemouth area. The aim was to study the feasibility and
      effectiveness of a fitness testing programme as a trigger to increase exercise
      participation. Three hundred and eighty adult volunteers (male and female, all
      ages) undertook a sub-maximal fitness test and were given advice on exercise and
      diet by trained counsellors. Two hundred and eighty-five (75%) completed a
      second, follow-up fitness test, four months later. The results were very
      encouraging. Almost all of those classified as being unfit at the first test had
      exercised more frequently and made great improvements in physical fitness by the
      second test (p less than 0.01). Similarly, most of those who were overweight made
      substantial weight reductions during the course of the campaign (p less than
      0.01). The majority of the group also made important changes in their diet. There
      appears to be sufficient interest in the general population to recruit people of
      all ages and fitness levels to join in fitness promotion programmes, but drop-out
      rates may be appreciative. On the basis of these findings it is proposed that
      fitness testing is an acceptable and helpful trigger to increased physical
      activity for both males and females of all ages. Such an increase in exercise
      appears to result in important improvements in fitness and, in combination with
      dietary modification, favourable reductions in weight. Further work should now be
      conducted in the form of controlled trials to compare the costs and effectiveness
      of fitness testing programmes with other methods of raising exercise levels in
      the community.

PMID- 3995237
TI  - Are distal vascular procedures worthwhile?

PMID- 3995236
TI  - Sports injuries of the knee ligaments--a prospective stress radiographic study.
AB  - Forty-six patients were entered into a prospective clinical and stress
      radiographic study done to assess the value of acute surgical treatment of
      injuries to the knee ligaments sustained during sports activities. After an
      average follow-up period of 5 1/2 years (range 4-6 1/2 years) medial instability
      was found only in two patients, both of whom were in the group with isolated
      rupture of the medial collateral ligament. Nine of the 29 patients in this group
      developed rotatory instability, but it was moderate and did not give rise to
      symptoms. Among the 17 patients with either injuries to the anterior cruciate
      ligament or combined injuries, anterior drawer instability persisted in seven,
      with an insufficient functional result in five. None of these 17 patients were
      able to resume competitive sport. Those patients who had not exercised physically
      just before the injury proved to have a significantly greater total instability
      than those who had. Therefore, routine limbering-up is recommended before sports
      activities.

PMID- 3995238
TI  - Achalasia of the cardia in children.
AB  - Fifteen children with achalasia treated surgically over a period of 21 years are
      reported. All had a modified Heller's myotomy as a primary treatment. The
      thoracic approach was used in five and the abdominal route in ten. In three
      patients the myotomy was confined to the oesophagus. Six patients had antireflux
      procedures at the time of initial myotomy. The mean follow-up period was 6.2
      years. Nine patients had excellent results, three had good results, two had fair
      results and one had a poor result. Of the nine children who did not have an
      antireflux procedure, three developed symptomatic and radiologically proven
      gastro-oesophageal reflux. The results of myotomy in children with achalasia are
      satisfactory but a significant number may develop gastro-oesophageal reflux. We
      believe that a modified Heller's myotomy combined with a short loose Nissen
      fundoplication should be the primary treatment of achalasia in children.

PMID- 3995239
TI  - Solid and liquid gastric emptying in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux.
AB  - A dual isotope radionuclide technique has been used to assess solid and liquid
      gastric emptying simultaneously in 72 patients with symptomatic gastro
      oesophageal reflux and 22 normal controls. Objective evidence of gastro
      oesophageal reflux was obtained from standard acid reflux testing and/or
      endoscopy in all patients. Solid emptying was delayed in 32 patients (44 per
      cent), liquid emptying was delayed in 27 patients (37 per cent) and 16 of those
      two groups had delayed solid and liquid emptying. Thus 29 patients (40 per cent)
      had normal solid and liquid group (P less than 0.01). There was a significant
      correlation (P less than 0.01) between the solid and liquid gastric emptying
      values obtained in patients. No significant correlation was found between gastric
      emptying and the resting lower oesophageal sphincter pressure or the presence of
      symptoms of regurgitation and epigastric fullness. In the patients with delayed
      solid emptying there was a higher incidence of oesophagitis than in patients with
      normal emptying (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 3995240
TI  - Is tissue copper deficiency associated with aortic aneurysms?
AB  - It has been suggested that patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms are deficient
      in tissue copper. Levels of copper and zinc in liver and aortic wall were
      therefore measured in 11 patients with aortic aneurysms and 11 fresh cadavers
      with normal aortas. The concentrations of copper were similar in both groups.
      Zinc concentration was higher in the normal aortic wall, probably because of the
      greater thickness of the media in the normal aorta. We found no evidence that
      aortic aneurysms are associated with reduced tissue copper concentrations.

PMID- 3995241
TI  - Effects of propranolol on hepatic haemodynamics in the cirrhotic and non
      cirrhotic rat.
AB  - The effects of systemic and intraportal administration of propranolol on hepatic
      haemodynamics were studied in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic rats. In the non
      cirrhotic rat systemic infusion of 4 micrograms (kg body wt)-1 min-1 propranolol
      significantly decreased portal pressure, wedged hepatic venous pressure, portal
      venous flow and liver blood flow without affecting heart rate. Similar changes
      were observed in the cirrhotic rat following an infusion of 2 micrograms (kg body
      wt)-1 min-1 propranolol. Higher rates of propranolol infusion produced greater
      reductions in portal pressure, wedged hepatic venous pressure, portal venous flow
      and liver blood flow in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic rats but these changes were
      accompanied by a bradycardia. The reduction in portal pressure effected by
      propranolol was accompanied by an increased splanchnic vascular resistance.
      Intraportal injection of propranolol resulted in a rapid but transient fall in
      portal pressure. The decrease in portal pressure was sustained if propranolol was
      infused intraportally. The results indicate that propranolol effects a reduction
      in portal pressure via a combination of increased splanchnic vascular resistance,
      increased hepatic arterial resistance and reduced cardiac output. The observation
      that propranolol can significantly reduce portal pressure without affecting heart
      rate may be clinically important in the long-term management of portal
      hypertension. Furthermore, the rapid reduction in portal pressure following
      intravenous administration suggests that propranolol may be of value in the acute
      control of variceal haemorrhage.

PMID- 3995242
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy: a cautionary tale.

PMID- 3995243
TI  - Probability of false negative nodal staging in conjunction with partial axillary
      dissection in breast cancer.
AB  - There is a risk of overlooking lymph node metastases and thereby contributing to
      inaccurate nodal staging when performing partial axillary dissection in
      conjunction with total mastectomy in female breast cancer. The Danish Breast
      Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) analysed this risk in a prospective nation-wide
      adjuvant trial dealing with primary operable breast carcinoma. The series
      comprised 3114 patients, initially found to have lymph node negative axillae,
      followed for a median of 24 months (quartiles 12-40). It was found that the
      probability of early ipsilateral axillary relapse of cancer, estimated by means
      of the life table method, decreased with the number of nodes removed. After 2
      years the recurrence rate was 12 per cent for patients with no lymph nodes
      removed, 7 per cent with one or two nodes removed and 2 per cent with three or
      more nodes removed. It is concluded that the risk of false negative nodal staging
      in conjunction with partial axillary dissection is modest, provided at least
      three lymph nodes are removed and found to be negative on histological
      examination.

PMID- 3995244
TI  - Dynamic liver scanning in cirrhosis.
AB  - Dynamic liver scanning using 99mTc sulphur colloid has been used in assessing 41
      patients with cirrhosis and the data compared with 33 control subjects. The
      mesenteric fraction (MF) was significantly reduced in cirrhotics (0.30 +/- 0.17)
      compared with controls (0.58 +/- 0.09), P less than 0.001. The liver: spleen
      ratio (L:S) was also significantly different (1.6 +/- 0.95 compared with 4.9 +/-
      1.4), P less than 0.001. Those patients who had undergone a recent variceal bleed
      had values less than patients who had not bled. Dynamic scintigraphy may be of
      value in monitoring the progress of disease and response to treatment.

PMID- 3995245
TI  - Ichthyosis in domestic animals: a review of the literature and a case report.

PMID- 3995246
TI  - Lameness in cattle--investigational and diagnostic check lists.

PMID- 3995247
TI  - Sex chromatin as a useful tool for detection of freemartinism in bovine twins.

PMID- 3995248
TI  - Enzyme activities in amniotic fluid and maternal blood in cattle before and after
      induced foetal death and abortion.

PMID- 3995249
TI  - Characterization of mycoplasmas isolated from pneumonic sheep lungs in Sudan.

PMID- 3995250
TI  - Antibiotic residues in milk.

PMID- 3995251
TI  - Observations on watery mouth in newborn lambs.

PMID- 3995252
TI  - Control of flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy heifers by Flectron ear-tags.

PMID- 3995253
TI  - Electrolyte and protein levels in bovine tears.

PMID- 3995254
TI  - Comparative response of Friesian milking cows and calves to Anaplasma centrale
      vaccine.

PMID- 3995255
TI  - The effect of terminal ileum cannulation on the performance of growing pigs.

PMID- 3995256
TI  - Electrophysiological analysis of motor cortical plasticity after cortical lesions
      in newborn rats.
AB  - Intracortical microstimulation of the motor cortex in normal adult rats evoked
      low threshold contralateral forelimb movements and high threshold ipsilateral
      movements. Ablation of the opposite sensorimotor cortex in adult animals did not
      alter these thresholds. However, stimulation of the unablated hemisphere in adult
      rats that sustained unilateral sensorimotor cortical lesions as neonates elicited
      low threshold ipsilateral forelimb movements that were similar to contralateral
      movements. These low threshold ipsilateral movements may be mediated via aberrant
      corticofugal pathways which are known to develop following neonatal cortical
      lesions.

PMID- 3995257
TI  - Effects of prenatal stress on differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus
      of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) of the rat brain.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine the effects of prenatal malnutrition
      or environmental stress on the development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of
      the preoptic area (SDN-POA). Pregnant rats were divided into a control group and
      two treatment groups (immobilization-illumination-heat or environmental stress,
      and nutritional stress). The two forms of stress were administered during the
      third trimester of gestation (days 14-20). Male and female offspring were
      sacrificed at birth, 20, and 60 days postnatally. The cross-sectional area of the
      SDN-POA was identified under light microscopy and was measured. The data confirm
      previous studies by showing a significant sex difference in the SDN-POA between
      control male and female rats. Prenatally stressed males sacrificed 20 and 60 days
      after birth showed SDN-POA areas 50% smaller than the nuclear areas of control
      males. The size of the SDN-POA of female offspring, however, was not
      significantly altered by prenatal treatments.

PMID- 3995258
TI  - Identified axo-axonic cells are immunoreactive for GABA in the hippocampus and
      visual cortex of the cat.
AB  - Chandelier or axo-axonic cells (AACs) are specialized interneurons terminating on
      the axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons. Two AACs have been localized by
      Golgi impregnation, one in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and one in the
      visual cortex of cat, for structural analysis and for the identification of their
      transmitter. They had 323 and 268 terminal bouton rows, respectively, probably
      making synapses with an equal number of initial segments. The distribution of the
      dendrites of the hippocampal cell was strikingly similar to that of pyramidal
      cells suggesting a similar input. Using an antiserum to GABA and postembedding
      GABA-immunocytochemistry, developed for Golgi-impregnated neurons, both cells
      were found to be GABA-immunoreactive. The strategic location of their synapses
      and the presence of GABA in AACs suggest that in normal cortical tissue they play
      a major role in GABA-mediated inhibition.

PMID- 3995259
TI  - The embryonic development of peripheral neurons in the body wall of the leech
      Haemopis marmorata.
AB  - The appearance of peripheral neurons within the skin during embryonic development
      of the leech is described. These neurons were labeled using a monoclonal
      antibody, Lan3-6, which recognizes antigens in both the cell body and the axons
      of these cells. Within the 5 annuli that are found in each midbody segment,
      peripheral neurons first label in the middle and last in the most anterior and
      posterior ones. In each annulus, the number of cells labeled is initially 4 and
      increases as development proceeds. By the end of embryogenesis, all annuli show
      approximately equal numbers of Lan3-6 labeled neurons. The development of
      peripheral neurons in the skin of the rear sucker is also described.

PMID- 3995260
TI  - Interaction between descending paraventricular neurons and vagal motor neurons.
AB  - The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is known to send projections to the
      dorsal medullary area where it appears to innervate the nucleus tractus
      solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Experiments were carried
      out in urethane anesthetized rats to identify single vagal motor neurons
      identified by antidromic invasion and to determine their response to stimulation
      of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. From the ipsilateral
      vagus, 26 single units were antidromically activated. Of these, the majority were
      unresponsive to PVN stimulation; however, 3 of these neurons demonstrated
      orthodromic excitation following paraventricular stimulation. These studies
      provide electrophysiological evidence in support of an interaction between
      descending paraventricular neurons and vagal motor neurons, but indicate that the
      majority of such vagal neurons are not influenced directly by the PVN.

PMID- 3995261
TI  - Effects of endogenous sugar acids on the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of the
      rat.
AB  - Effects of certain endogenous sugar acids such as 2-deoxytetronic acid (2-DTA)
      and 3-deoxypentonic acid (3-DPA) were investigated on the neuronal activity of
      the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) in the rat. Electrophoretically
      applied 2-DTA significantly and specifically facilitated the activity of
      glucoreceptor neurons in the VMH, while 3-DPA suppressed their activity. However,
      non-glucoreceptor neurons were not affected by these sugar acids. These results
      reinforces the previous suggestion that 2-DTA and 3-DPA also might act as
      endogenous satiety and hunger substances, respectively.

PMID- 3995262
TI  - Effects of glycine and GABA on the ganglion cels of the retina of the skate Raja
      erinacea.
AB  - Application of glycine and GABA caused inhibition of light-evoked activity from
      different populations of 'ON' center ganglion cells in the retina of the skate
      (Raja erinacea). Cells affected by glycine were not affected by GABA and vice
      versa. Addition of 100 microM strychnine to the glycine-containing perfusate
      caused a resumption in light-evoked responses of the cells. The action of GABA
      was antagonized by 100 microM bicuculline methochloride, but not by picrotoxin.
      Autoradiography revealed the presence of [3H]glycine accumulating amacrine cells.

PMID- 3995263
TI  - Endogenous opioid systems: physiological role in the self-limitation of seizures.
AB  - Immediately following a seizure, the severity of subsequent seizures is
      significantly reduced. The involvement of endogenous opioid systems as a
      physiological regulator of this postseizure inhibition was studied in rats using
      repeated maximal electroshock (MES) seizures. Both the opiate antagonist (-)
      naloxone and morphine tolerance abolished the progressive seizure protection
      associated with repeated MES. We propose that endogenous opioids, activated by a
      prior seizure, provide a central homeostatic inhibitory mechanism which may be
      responsible for the initiation of a postictal refractory state in the epileptic.

PMID- 3995265
TI  - Slow-adapting responses of the Pacinian corpuscles of cat planta.
AB  - Slow-adapting impulses were recorded from the single nerve fiber innervating the
      Pacinian corpuscle of the cat planta, which was stimulated by constant pressure.
      Slow-adapting Pacinian corpuscles responded to both low-frequency (0.1-0.01 Hz)
      and high-frequency (400-800 Hz) vibrations. Simultaneously performed electron
      microscopy showed that there were no definite ultrastructural differences between
      slow- and fast-adapting Pacinian corpuscles.

PMID- 3995264
TI  - Nigral reticulata neurons: potentiation of responsiveness to amphetamine with
      long-term treatment.
AB  - Single-unit activity was recorded in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of rats
      in response to intravenous challenge injections of D-amphetamine. The animals
      were pretreated with saline or 5.0 mg/kg D-amphetamine twice daily for 6
      consecutive days. Whereas the large majority of saline controls (6 of 8) showed
      no consistent responses to amphetamine at doses up to 2.0 mg/kg, amphetamine
      pretreated rats (7 of 10) responded with a progressive increase in firing rate.
      Both groups of animals responded to a subsequent injection of 5.0 mg/kg clozapine
      with a depression of firing rate. The remaining control rats were inhibited by
      amphetamine and this aberrant response was enhanced with long-term treatment. In
      these unusual cells, clozapine accelerated firing rate. Taken together, these
      results indicate that unlike dopaminergic neurons in the compacta region of the
      nigra, reticulata neurons increase their responsiveness to amphetamine with
      repeated administration.

PMID- 3995266
TI  - Mammalian endoneurial fluid: collection and protein analysis from normal and
      crushed nerves.
AB  - An elution procedure was developed for the extraction of endoneurial fluid from
      desheathed, rat sciatic nerves. The endoneurial fluid elutions (EFE) from normal
      and crushed nerves were evaluated for extracellular proteins by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-pore gradient electrophoresis (SDS-PGE) after silver stain and after
      immune overlay following electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose using
      antisera to albumin (ALB), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and the major myelin
      glycoprotein (P0). After removal of the epineurium/perineurium, the EFE protein
      accounted for 3.6% (34-37 micrograms) of the total endoneurial protein which did
      not change with intra-arterial perfusion. The endoneurium was further
      fractionated to obtain an aqueous supernatant (S-I), an SDS-solubilized
      supernatant (S-II), and an SDS-insoluble fraction. SDS-PGE analysis revealed that
      the EFE has a distinctive protein composition relative to the other endoneurial
      fractions. A predominant band with Mr of 64,600; 4 major bands with Mr of 86,200,
      61,000, 54,500 and 46,900; and several other minor bands were observed. The
      predominant band at 64,600 co-migrates with ALB and was demonstrated by immune
      overlay to be ALB, which was also the major protein in the S-I fraction. The
      uniqueness of the EFE was established by the absence of NSE, an enzyme marker for
      the cytoplasmic fraction of axons which was found to be present only in S-I
      (subunit Mr = 49,600), the absence of P0, and the distinctive protein profiles as
      determined by silver stain. Crush injury resulted in a progressive increase in
      the amount of protein found in the EFE as well as the S-I with a corresponding
      decrease in S-II protein as a function of time after crush (1, 2, 5, 10, 24, 48,
      96, 168 h). Dramatic alterations in the protein profile were demonstrated in the
      EFE from crushed nerves after SDS-PGE indicating substantial changes in the
      endoneurium as a result of the axonal degeneration, demyelination, and breakdown
      of the blood-nerve barrier. Alterations in EFE proteins after crush were also
      observed by lectin overlay experiments after SDS-PGE. Analysis of EFE collected
      after crush for NSE and P0 were negative. It is concluded that the distinctive
      pattern of EFE proteins identified from normal nerve will permit their further
      characterization as a separate endoneurial protein compartment. Such an elution
      procedure for collection of endoneurial fluid can readily be adapted to human
      sural nerve biopsies from patients with peripheral neuropathy for
      characterization of the appearance of new proteins which may be used as markers
      of disease activity.

PMID- 3995267
TI  - Persistence of circannual rhythms in ground squirrels with lesions of the
      suprachiasmatic nuclei.
AB  - Golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) sustained complete
      ablation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) while being maintained under
      constant conditions of photoperiod, temperature and food availability. After SCN
      ablation, most squirrels observed for up to 3 years postsurgically underwent
      normal circannual cycles in body mass. Other squirrels with similar SCN damage
      evidenced various anomalies in their circannual body weight cycles. Response of
      squirrels to SCN ablation was not related to the phase of the annual cycle in
      which lesions were produced. The variable nature of the effect of SCN ablation on
      circannual body mass cycles suggests that the SCN are non-essential components of
      the system underlying the generation or expression of circannual rhythms.

PMID- 3995268
TI  - Unit activity recorded from the globus pallidus during classical conditioning of
      the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
AB  - Single and multiple unit activity were recorded from the region of the globus
      pallidus (GP) in rabbits during classical conditioning of the nictitating
      membrane response. The most common response recorded in the GP was a short
      latency (less than 60 ms) change in firing following presentations of the pure
      tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and the corneal airpuff unconditioned stimulus
      (US). This response pattern was present in 39% of the pallidal records, and
      appeared to be elicited by the auditory components of the CS and US. Similar
      response patterns were seen in a few records from the putamen, entopeduncular
      nucleus, and ventral pallidum/substantia innominata. All of the single units that
      displayed this response pattern had a very sporadic pattern of spontaneous
      activity. Several other records from the GP displayed short latency responses
      after US presentations that appeared to be related to the tactile component of
      the airpuff. Responses of pallidal neurons to the CS and US were largely
      unaffected by the training procedures. It is concluded that this structure is
      most likely not directly involved in the classical conditioning of simple,
      striated muscle responses.

PMID- 3995269
TI  - The effects of decerebration and destruction of nucleus raphe magnus,
      periaqueductal grey matter and brainstem lateral reticular formation on the
      depression due to surgical trauma of the jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth-pulp
      stimulation in the cat.
AB  - The effects on the jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation of
      surgical trauma, decerebration and the destruction of a number of nuclei
      associated with descending inhibition of trigeminal or spinal neurones have been
      investigated in the cat. Surgical preparation caused a progressive elevation of
      the digastric reflex threshold. After decerebration, reflex thresholds remained
      elevated for 8-11 h before returning to close to pre-surgical control values.
      Destruction of the nucleus raphe magnus and of the periaqueductal grey matter did
      not affect the depressed reflex in decerebrate or anaesthetized cats. Variable
      effects were produced by bilateral ablation of the juxta-raphe reticular
      formation and destruction of the rostral ipsilateral lateral reticular formation
      of the brainstem.

PMID- 3995270
TI  - Fluid intake, distribution, and excretion during lateral ventricular infusions of
      carbachol in rats.
AB  - Infusion of carbachol into the lateral ventricles of rats at rates of 400 or 2000
      ng/h for 6 h produced dose-related natriuresis, kaliuresis, and water drinking
      but no consumption of hypertonic NaCl solution. Electrolyte excretion and water
      intake were maximal during the first 2 h, and no further increases occurred after
      4 h. Sodium losses were estimated as 15-30% of total extracellular sodium.
      Continuous infusion of 2000 ng/h carbachol for 6 days produced a chronic increase
      of water intake but no increased consumption of saline. Sodium balances were
      negative during the first day of infusion, but gradually returned to normal over
      6 days. Plasma volume, hematocrit, and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations
      were normal in carbachol-infused animals on the 6th day. Cholinergic stimulation
      of the brain thus appeared to interfere with the usual salt appetite following
      sodium loss.

PMID- 3995271
TI  - Comparison of deficits in electrical self-stimulation after ibotenic acid lesion
      of the lateral hypothalamus and the medial prefrontal cortex.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to compare the self-stimulation deficit produced
      by a unilateral injection of the neurotoxin, ibotenic acid, in the lateral
      hypothalamus (LH) to the deficit produced by the same unilateral injection in the
      medial prefrontal cortex (MPC). Four groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats
      were used: in two control groups, electrodes were bilaterally implanted in the LH
      (5 rats) or in the MPC (6 rats) and self-stimulation (ICSS) was obtained
      separately with the right and left electrodes. In the two experimental groups the
      intrinsic neurons of the LH (8 rats) or of the MPC (10 rats) were destroyed
      unilaterally by local injection of ibotenic acid (4 micrograms in 0.5
      microliter); the other side served as the sham-lesioned control. Ten days later
      ICSS electrodes were implanted bilaterally, one in the lesioned area, the other
      in the contralateral region. As in the case of the control rats, ICSS was
      determined separately for each electrode, first by a rate dependent test (nose
      poke) then by a 'rate-free' test (shuttle-box). In the LH and MPC control rats,
      ICSS responses were the same with stimulation on either side. In the LH-lesioned
      rats, the ICSS rates measured with the nose-poke test were significantly
      decreased with stimulation on the lesioned side, whereas rates with stimulation
      of the non-lesioned LH were normal. Likewise, while shuttle responses with
      stimulation of the non-lesioned LH were normal, the OFF-time was increased and
      the ON-time was decreased with stimulation of the lesioned LH. In the MPC
      lesioned rats, ICSS (nose-poke) was totally suppressed and the shuttle responses
      were disorganized since neither the ON- nor the OFF-times changed in response to
      increasing current intensities. Nose-poke responses with stimulation of the non
      lesioned MPC were just about normal. These results show that in the two brain
      regions studied local neurons are involved in ICSS. The difference in the
      magnitude of the deficit observed suggests, that the neuronal circuits involved
      in MPC self-stimulation are poorly represented whereas in the LH many neuronal
      circuits involved in these mechanisms overlap.

PMID- 3995272
TI  - Cerebellar, medullary and spinal afferent connections of the paramedian reticular
      nucleus in the cat.
AB  - The topographic organization of afferent projections from the deep cerebellar
      nuclei, medulla oblongata and spinal cord to the paramedian reticular nucleus
      (PRN) of the cat was studied using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method of
      retrograde labelling. Discrete placements of HRP within each of the dorsal (dPRN)
      and ventral (vPRN) regions of the PRN showed some segregation of input. The deep
      cerebellar nuclei project in a predominantly contralateral fashion upon the PRN.
      A small but significant ipsilateral fastigial afferent component is also present.
      The fastigial and dentate nuclei contribute the majority of fibers to the dPRN
      whereas the interposed nucleus provides very little. The vPRN receives a
      relatively uniform input from all 3 cerebellar nuclei. Both lateral vestibular
      nuclei contribute the majority of fibers from the vestibular nuclear complex
      largely from their dorsal division. Additional input arises from bilateral medial
      and inferior vestibular nuclei. The vPRN receives relatively more fibers from the
      inferior vestibular nuclei than does the dPRN while inputs from the medial
      vestibular nuclei are comparably sparse. The PRN receives bilateral projections
      from the nucleus intercalatus (of Staderini). A significant projection to the
      contralateral PRN occurs from the ventrolateral subnucleus of the solitary
      complex and its immediate vicinity. Additional sources of medullary afferent
      input include the lateral, gigantocellular and magnocellular tegmental fields,
      the contralateral PRN and the raphe nuclei. Sites of origin of spinal afferents
      to the dPRN are bilaterally distributed mainly within Rexed's laminae VII and
      VIII of the cervical cord whereas those to the vPRN are confined largely to the
      medial portion of the contralateral lamina VI in the C1 segment. A few labelled
      cells are found in the thoracolumbar cord with those to the vPRN being more
      caudal. These data provide the neuroanatomical substrate for a better
      understanding of the functional role of the PRN in mediating cardiovascular
      responses appropriate to postural changes.

PMID- 3995273
TI  - Vestibular afferents of the inferior olive and the vestibulo-olivo-cerebellar
      climbing fiber pathway to the flocculus in the cat.
AB  - The projection of the vestibular nuclei to the inferior olive was investigated by
      means of anterograde transport of tritiated leucine. Following injections in the
      medial and descending vestibular nuclei, terminal labeling was found
      ipsilaterally in the dorsomedial cell column, subnucleus beta and the caudal
      medial accessory olive, while the latter also received afferents from the nucleus
      prepositus hypoglossi. At the contralateral side termination in the dorsomedial
      cell column and the medial accessory olive was found after injections in the
      nucleus vestibularis superior and group Y. The ventrolateral outgrowth and
      different parts of the principal olive also received afferents from these two
      nuclei and also from ventral parts of the lateral cerebellar nucleus. The dorsal
      cap was labeled exclusively from the contralateral nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.
      The termination in the inferior olive of the vestibular afferents is compared
      with the projection from a number of pretectal nuclei. Furthermore the
      consequences of the divergence and convergence of both types of projections at
      the level of the inferior olive is discussed in relation to the subsequent
      climbing fiber projection to the flocculus.

PMID- 3995274
TI  - Immunochemical detection of S-100 protein in non-nervous structures of the rabbit
      eye.
AB  - S-100 is a protein originally believed to be unique to the nervous system. We
      report here on its immunochemical detection in non-nervous structures of the
      rabbit eye, namely in the lens, cornea and iris, at a markedly higher
      concentration in the latter.

PMID- 3995275
TI  - The prefrontal 'cortex' in the pigeon. Biochemical evidence.
AB  - Concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline were determined in 6 regions of the
      telencephalon and in the cerebellum of the pigeon. Noradrenaline was rather
      evenly distributed. A significant variation was found of the dopamine
      noradrenaline ratio (DA:NA), a measure which makes it possible to distinguish
      dopamine found in dopaminergic fibers from dopamine which is precursor of
      noradrenaline. The highest ratio was found in the anteroventromedial region
      (containing the presumed homologue of the mammalian neostriatum), and the next
      highest in the posteroventrolateral region (containing the archistriatum). Like
      in mammals, the lowest concentration of the non-precursor dopamine in the pigeon
      brain seems to be contained in the cerebellum. Among the regions which show
      physiological and anatomical similarities with the mammalian cerebral cortex, the
      DA:NA ratio was significantly higher in the posterodorsolateral, than in the
      posterodorsomedial and anterodorsomedial regions. The two dorsomedial regions
      contain the equivalents of the hippocampus and sensory cortical areas of mammals.
      The strong dopamine innervation of the posterodorsolateral region is comparable
      to that of the mammalian prefrontal cortex.

PMID- 3995276
TI  - Reticular nucleus of rat thalamus is metabolically activated during trained
      forelimb movements.

PMID- 3995277
TI  - Sequential changes of sensory neuron (fluoride-resistant) acid phosphatase in
      dorsal root ganglion neurons following neurectomy and rhizotomy.
AB  - Five to seven days after sciatic nerve section in rats, fluoride-resistant acid
      phosphatase (FRAP) expression in dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons was markedly
      decreased. The decrease was in contrast to increased acid phosphatase which has
      been reported to occur in other neurons after nerve section. FRAP expression in
      ganglion neurons subsequently increased 14-21 days after nerve section; this
      preceded the restitution of enzyme expression in the spinal cord substantia
      gelatinosa. FRAP expression in drg neurons was not decreased after dorsal root
      section.

PMID- 3995278
TI  - D-glucose anomers in the nucleus of the vagus nerve can depress gastric motility
      of rats.
AB  - The infusion of alpha-,beta-, or equilibrated (alpha: 36%; beta: 64%) D-glucose
      solution in the vicinity of the nucleus of the vagus nerve decreased gastric
      motility caused by insulin in rats with bilateral adrenalectomy. This effect was
      not reproduced after vagotomy at the cervical level. Of the 3 forms of D-glucose
      solution the effect of beta-D-glucose was greatest. The infusion of isotonic
      NaCl, however, produced no change in the motility. These results suggest that
      blood beta-D-glucose may predominantly activate a brain mechanism which vagally
      controls gastric motility at the medullary level.

PMID- 3995279
TI  - Ascending and descending effects of joint afferent discharge on forelimb and
      hindlimb flexion reflex excitability in decerebrate cats.
AB  - In decerebrate cats with intact innervation of the fore- and hindlimbs, flexion
      reflexes are most easily elicited in forelimb muscles when the hindlimb is
      extended, and hindlimb flexion reflexes are most easily elicited when the
      forelimbs are extended. After intra-articular injection of local anaesthetic,
      this modulation of reflex excitability is abolished. Thus, in addition to their
      known segmental effects, joint afferents also exert significant ascending and
      descending effects on motoneurone excitability.

PMID- 3995280
TI  - On the projections from the vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei to the spinal
      trigeminal and lateral reticular nuclei in the cat.
AB  - The projection from the vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei to the spinal
      trigeminal and lateral reticular nuclei has been studied in cats where the wheat
      germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex has been used as a retrograde
      tracer. All injections were made at the level of the caudal pole of the inferior
      olive. The medial and descending vestibular, and the perihypoglossal nuclei were
      found to project to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The projection to the lateral
      reticular nucleus reaches its medial-most part only, and originates in the
      lateral vestibular nucleus. The lateral part of the reticular formation also
      appears to be the target for some vestibular efferent fibres, mainly from the
      descending vestibular nucleus. The retrogradely labelled cells within the medial
      and descending vestibular nuclei are of all sizes and distributed throughout
      their entire territory. Certain observations furthermore indicate that the fibres
      reaching the lateral reticular nucleus are collaterals only from the
      vestibulospinal tract. The projections are bilateral. The observations confirm
      and extend previous observations on the afferent projections to the spinal
      trigeminal and lateral reticular nuclei.

PMID- 3995281
TI  - Catecholamine topochemistry in human basal ganglia. Comparison between normal and
      Alzheimer brains.
AB  - Analysis of catecholamine levels in postmortem human control and Alzheimer brains
      revealed lower mean concentrations of noradrenaline, but not dopamine, in nucleus
      caudatus, putamen and globus pallidus, but not in hippocampus, of the Alzheimer
      brains. Generally, noradrenaline levels were higher in the more posterior parts
      of nucleus caudatus and putamen in the control brains, whereas such gradients
      were absent in the Alzheimer brains.

PMID- 3995283
TI  - Activation of lumbar spinoreticular neurons by stimulation of muscle, cutaneous
      and sympathetic afferents.
AB  - Forty-four spinal neurons located mainly in laminae IV-VII of the L7 and S1
      segments projected primarily contralaterally and to the lateral reticular
      nucleus. Muscle and cutaneous input was via group II and III afferents, whereas
      sympathetic input was via group III or IV afferents. Close-arterial injection of
      bradykinin and/or capsaicin excited most of the neurons so tested. These
      responses make these neurons likely candidates for the ascending pathway of the
      exercise pressor reflex.

PMID- 3995282
TI  - Footshock and conditioned stress increase 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
      in the ventral tegmental area but not substantia nigra.
AB  - The effects of stress on dopamine (DA) metabolism in the mesencephalic DA cell
      body areas and DA terminal field regions were examined. Both mild footshock
      stress and exposure to a neutral stimulus previously paired with footshock
      resulted in a selective increase in the levels of the DA metabolite 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the prefrontal cortex as has been
      previously reported. Footshock stress also resulted in a slight but significant
      increase in DOPAC levels in the olfactory tubercles. DOPAC levels were
      selectively increased in the A10 cell body area (ventral tegmental area) but not
      A9 region (substantia nigra) by both footshock and the conditioned stress
      paradigm. These data indicate that the cell bodies of origin of the mesocortical
      dopaminergic system are activated by stress in contrast to those DA neurons
      innervating the striatum. It appears that mesocortical dopaminergic neurons
      exhibit different regulatory features than mesolimbic or nigrostriatal neurons.

PMID- 3995284
TI  - Reductive metabolism of ascorbic acid in the central nervous system.
AB  - Rat and feline brain and feline spinal cord were examined for the presence of
      semidehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.6.5.4) and dehydroascorbate reductase (EC
      1.8.5.1). Semidehydroascorbate reductase (SDAR), as monitored by both ascorbyl
      radical-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase activity and
      NADH-dependent ascorbyl radical quenching, was present in all tissues studied.
      Rat cerebrum exhibited the highest levels and feline spinal cord the lowest. SDAR
      activity was about twice as high in feline cerebral cortex as in underlying white
      matter, and paralleled ascorbic acid levels. Subcellular fractionation of rat
      cerebrum localized most SDAR in a large granular fraction. In contrast,
      dehydroascorbate reductase was not detectable in any of the tissues examined. The
      results suggest that semidehydroascorbate reductase is the major enzyme
      catalyzing the regeneration of reduced ascorbic acid in the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 3995285
TI  - Contrasting properties of neurons in two parts of the primary motor cortex of the
      awake rat.
AB  - Features of neuronal activity in two subdivisions of primary motor cortex (MI)
      were recorded in awake rats. Neurons in the caudal part of MI, which overlaps
      part of the somatic sensory cortex, discharge with brief bursts in conjunction
      with isometric bar pressing with the forelimb. Cells in this caudal region are
      activated by cutaneous stimuli. In the rostral part of MI, neurons discharge
      prior to and during forelimb force changes, begin to discharge earlier than in
      the caudal zone, and have non-cutaneous or unidentifiable receptive fields. These
      results suggest separate motor control functions for rostral and caudal parts of
      rat MI.

PMID- 3995286
TI  - Electrophysiological mapping of brainstem projections of spinal cord lamina I
      cells in the rat.
AB  - The course and terminations of the spinal and supraspinal projections of rat
      dorsal horn lamina I cells have been determined by antidromically activating the
      cells with a roving stimulating microelectrode which was used to map
      systematically the brainstem of the animals. The cells studied are the most
      common type of projection cell in lamina I of the rat with ascending axons
      coursing in the contralateral dorsolateral funiculus at C2. In the present study
      we have found that the axons decussate within 1-5 mm of the cell body. The
      ascending axons occupy a peripheral site within the dorsolateral funiculus at C2.
      Within the brainstem it was possible to identify a main or 'parent' axon which
      showed a progressive drop in conduction velocity as it coursed rostrally. All
      these terminated in the midbrain. In addition to the main branch each axon gave
      rise to several collaterals and these terminated in: ventrolateral periaqueductal
      grey and the immediately lateral n. cuneiformis; and the dorsal medullary
      reticular formation. (i.e. most fibres had two different projection zones). Since
      these cells did not project to the thalamus, it may be that the information they
      carry is used other than for purely sensory processes. One possibility is that
      they impinge on an antinociceptive system believed to originate in the
      periaqueductal grey.

PMID- 3995287
TI  - Cholecystokinin intracerebroventricularly applied stimulates gastric acid
      secretion.
AB  - Intracerebroventricularly applied cholecystokinin-8-sulfate (CCK-8) induced a
      significant and dose-related increase in gastric acid output in urethane
      anesthetized rats. On the other hand, cholecystokinin-8-non-sulfate (CCK-8-NS), a
      non-active analogue of CCK-8, and pentagastrin as one of the cholecystokinin
      families, had no effect on gastric acid secretion. Pretreatment with atropine 5
      min prior to CCK-8 as well as subdiaphragmatic vagotomy completely blocked this
      peptide-induced increase in gastric acid secretion. These results suggest that
      centrally applied CCK-8 induced a vagally mediated increase in gastric acid
      secretion.

PMID- 3995288
TI  - Neuroblastoma cell as a model for a taste cell: mechanism of depolarization in
      response to various bitter substances.
AB  - The mouse neuroblastoma cell (N-18 clone) was used as a model for a taste cell.
      The N-18 cell was found to be reversibly depolarized by various bitter
      substances. The minimum concentrations of bitter substances which induced
      depolarization (threshold concentration) varied greatly with the type of the
      substance. There was a good correlation between the threshold concentrations for
      various bitter substances in the N-18 cell and those in the human taste
      responses. The input membrane resistance was little changed during the
      depolarization induced by the bitter substances. Replacement of Na+ and Cl- with
      impermeable ions had practically no effect on the depolarization response to the
      bitter substances and reduction of calcium concentration from 1.8 to 0.2 mM led
      to a slight increase in the responses. It was suggested that the depolarization
      of the N-18 cell by bitter substances mainly stems from changes in the phase
      boundary potential at the outer surface of the cell.

PMID- 3995289
TI  - Effects of trigeminal tractotomy on facial thermal nociception in the rat.
AB  - Wire knife-cuts lesioning the descending trigeminal tract and trigeminal sensory
      nuclear complex at the level of subnucleus interpolaris significantly elevated
      response latencies to noxious thermal stimuli applied to one perioral locus of
      facial skin. Group analyses of four other ipsilateral sites did not reveal
      significant effects. Medial cuts, extensively damaging the sensory nuclear
      complex as well as the tract, were more likely to produce significant elevations
      than were lateral cuts. These results suggest that tractotomy does not result in
      complete facial analgesia in the rat, and that the effectiveness of tractotomy
      may in part be due to interruption of intranuclear trigeminal projections.

PMID- 3995290
TI  - Sex differences in the dendritic branching of dentate granule cells following
      differential experience.
AB  - Male and female hooded rats were raised from weaning in either a complex or an
      isolated environment in two separate replications. After one month, the brains
      were Golgi-Cox stained and dendritic fields of dentate gyrus granule cells were
      quantified. There was a sex difference in response to the environment. Females
      raised in the complex environment had more dendrite per neuron than females from
      the isolated environment in both replications. This difference was evident
      chiefly in the length of dendritic branches. Males showed few differences in
      response to the environments in either replication and, to the extent that there
      were differences, there was a slight tendency for isolated males to have more
      dendrite per neuron than males from the complex environment. In comparisons
      between the sexes within an environment, males had more dendritic material per
      neuron than females in the isolated environment while females had a larger
      dendritic tree than males in the complex environment. The above pattern of
      differences was not altered when hemisphere or location of the cell body within
      the granule cell layer were taken into account, although the shape of the
      dendritic tree varied with the cell's position in the layer in all groups. Thus,
      females show greater structural change in the dentate granule cells in response
      to these environments than do males.

PMID- 3995291
TI  - Tyrosine accelerates catecholamine synthesis in hemorrhaged hypotensive rats.
AB  - Tyrosine, the amino acid precursor of catecholamines, increases blood pressure
      (BP) in rats made hypotensive by hemorrhage. Since this amino acid also
      accelerates catecholamine synthesis in and release from frequently-firing
      neurons, we tested the hypothesis that tyrosine's pressor action resulted from
      this mechanism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (500 g) were anesthetized with
      chloralose (50 mg/kg) and urethane (500 mg/kg) and tracheostomized. The carotid
      artery was cannulated allowing BP to be recorded continuously. Blood was removed
      until systolic BP fell to half of each animal's starting value; 45 min later,
      animals received tyrosine or other treatments in volumes of 1 ml/kg. Tyrosine
      (100 mg/kg) increased BP by 58%, while saline caused an insignificant increase.
      Pretreatment with carbidopa, which inhibits tyrosine's conversion to
      catecholamines, blocked the amino acid's effect. Tyrosine also failed to increase
      BP in rats made hypotensive with phentolamine, suggesting that it acts via
      catecholamine receptors. Adrenal epinephrine significantly (P less than 0.02) and
      splenic norepinephrine slightly (P less than 0.07) increased in rats receiving
      tyrosine after 1 h of hypotension when compared with tissue-catecholamine
      contents in similar rats. These observations show that tyrosine increases BP
      during hemorrhagic hypotension by accelerating catecholamine synthesis.

PMID- 3995292
TI  - The distribution of mechanosensory hair afferents within the locust central
      nervous system.
AB  - The sensory projections from mechanosensory hairs on different body segments of
      the locust were filled with cobalt and their distribution within the central
      nervous system was described. A common feature of all projections was that in all
      ganglia axons were observed only in the median ventral tract and in the neuropil
      area known as the ventral association center. Within these restricted regions,
      axons from different segments or from different locations within a segment showed
      specific differences in the extent of their projection.

PMID- 3995293
TI  - Operant conditioning of somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) amplitude in rats.
      I. Specific changes in SEP amplitude and a naloxone-reversible somatotopically
      specific change in facial nociception.
AB  - The aim of this experiment was to investigate possible endogenous opioid
      modulation of innocuous somatosensory activity. Somatosensory activity was
      measured by recording cortical somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and reflex
      movement amplitude evoked by innocuous electrical stimulation of the spinal
      trigeminal tract in awake rats. Putative endogenous opioid activity was blocked
      using the opiate antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg). The amplitude of midlatency SEP
      components (14-50 ms latency) increased following administration of naloxone and
      repeated stimulus presentations. The amplitude of these components decreased
      following administration of the opiate agonist morphine (3 mg/kg). An early
      cortical component (10 ms latency) habituated following the administration of
      saline but did not habituate following naloxone. Naloxone also enhanced
      habituation of the late SEP components (60-120 ms latency) and reflex movement
      evoked at higher stimulus intensities. Morphine decreased the amplitude of the
      early cortical component but had no consistent effect on the amplitude of the
      late SEP components.

PMID- 3995294
TI  - Operant conditioning of somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) amplitude in rats.
      II. Associated changes in reflex and continuous non-timelocked movements.
AB  - Animals were rewarded for increasing (uptrain) or decreasing (downtrain) the
      amplitude of a 30 ms surface positive component of a somatosensory evoked
      potential (SEP) evoked by innocuous stimulation of the spinal trigeminal tract.
      The reflex movement produced by the evoking stimulus had a larger amplitude in
      uptraining than downtraining. This change in reflex amplitude suggests that
      operantly conditioning SEP amplitude was correlated with a change in innocuous
      somatosensory activity. There was no change in continuous non-timelocked movement
      associated with conditioning. This latter finding suggests that SEP conditioning
      is not necessarily mediated by such movement.

PMID- 3995295
TI  - Stages of axonal regeneration following optic nerve crush in goldfish:
      contrasting effects of conditioning nerve lesions and intraocular
      acetoxycycloheximide injections.
AB  - The progress of axonal outgrowth after a crush lesion of the goldfish optic nerve
      can be determined by examining longitudinal silver-stained sections at selected
      intervals. The outgrowth of leading axons proceeded at 0.46 mm/day after an
      initial delay of 4.2 days. Outgrowth can be rapidly characterized by
      differentiating among a series of qualitatively different stages. In the
      sprouting (S) phase of regeneration, stage S1 is defined by the presence of
      isolated axonal sprouts reaching into the crush zone, and stage S2 by bundles of
      sprouts in the crush zone. In the elongation (E) phase of regeneration, stage E1
      is defined by bundles that bridge the crush zone, stage E2 by bundles that reach
      the optic chiasm, and stage E3 by bundles that reach the level of the
      hypothalamus. During normal regeneration, stage E2 was attained 7-9 days after
      the crush (testing lesion), and stage E3 at 11 days. However, if the testing
      lesion had been preceded by a similar (conditioning) lesion 2 weeks earlier,
      stage E2 was reached at 3 days and stage E3 at 5 days. Conversely, when a protein
      synthesis inhibitor (acetoxycycloheximide) was injected into the right eye daily
      from the 5th through 9th day after a testing lesion, the injected side lagged 1-2
      stages behind the contralateral control side in nerves examined on the 10th day.

PMID- 3995296
TI  - Low doses of apomorphine elicit two opposing influences on dopamine cell
      electrophysiology.
AB  - Dopamine (DA) cells are known to be very sensitive to direct acting DA agonists,
      and inhibition of DA cell firing by low doses of DA agonists is generally
      considered to be an action of these agonists on DA cell autoreceptors. During
      intracellular recording from spontaneously discharging DA cells in vivo,
      intravenous administration of apomorphine (20 micrograms/kg i.v.) elicited a
      hyperpolarization and an increase in input resistance. The calculated reversal
      potential of the apomorphine effect was approximately -40 mV. However, in non
      firing DA cells the reversal potential of these effects was significantly
      different (P less than 0.01), being close to the reversal potential of responses
      induced by stimulation of striatonigral pathways (i.e. -67 mV). In addition,
      haloperidol (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) reversed the hyperpolarization produced by
      apomorphine but not the increase in input resistance. Transection of
      striatonigral pathways eliminated most of the increase in input resistance
      accompanying apomorphine administration, and shifted the apomorphine reversal
      potential to a value positive to 0 mV. Low doses of apomorphine were also found
      to affect a class of zona reticulata (ZR) interneurons. Apomorphine caused
      decreases in ZR cell firing rate, which were abolished by striatonigral pathway
      transection. Thus, the following mechanism is proposed for the
      electrophysiological actions of autoreceptor-selective doses of apomorphine on DA
      cells: (1) apomorphine directly inhibits spontaneous DA cell discharge by
      inhibiting the slow depolarization preceding action potentials and thereby
      hyperpolarizes the DA cell, (2) decreased DA cell firing disinhibits GABAergic
      striatal cells, whose increased firing preferentially (3) inhibits GABAergic ZR
      interneurons, and thus (4) removes an inhibitory input to DA cells, resulting in
      an increase in input resistance.

PMID- 3995297
TI  - Vibrotactile atonal interval correlated with activity in peripheral
      mechanoreceptive units innervating the human hand.
AB  - The quality of sensations and the vibrotactile atonal interval-the gap between
      detection and vibration thresholds-were studied with vibratory stimuli of varying
      frequency (20, 80 and 160 Hz) and duration (100, 400 and 800 ms) applied to the
      hairy and glabrous skin of the hand. Detection and vibration thresholds were also
      determined while simultaneously recording single unit activity from the radial
      nerve innervating the hairy skin of the hand. Both thresholds were lower on the
      glabrous than the hairy skin, and the thresholds decreased on both skin areas
      with increasing vibration frequency. A sensation of short duration was elicited
      at detection threshold only with a 20-Hz stimulus of 100-ms duration; with other
      frequency-duration combinations sensations of longer duration were reported.
      Considerably larger vibration amplitudes were needed on both skin areas for the
      sensations to be unequivocal with respect to duration and pitch (vibration
      threshold). There was no significant effect of stimulus duration on vibrotactile
      thresholds. The width of the average atonal intervals was above 10 dB on both
      skin areas, and with increasing vibration frequency, decreasing values of atonal
      intervals were obtained on the hairy skin, whereas considerably increasing values
      were obtained on the glabrous skin. Recording of single unit activity indicates
      that on the hairy skin detection of the stimulus at 20 Hz is correlated with
      activation of slowly adapting (SA) type II and the most sensitive rapidly
      adapting (RA) units, while distinct vibratory sensations involve entrainment of
      RA units. Also at 80 Hz, non-pacinian units could contribute to the mechanism of
      vibrotactile thresholds, whereas at 160 Hz only pacinian (PC) units are involved.

PMID- 3995298
TI  - Diffusion from an injected volume of a substance in brain tissue with arbitrary
      volume fraction and tortuosity.
AB  - When a substance is pressure-injected from a micropipette into the extracellular
      space of the brain it may either form a cavity or it may infiltrate the
      extracellular space. In either case subsequent diffusion is governed by the
      volume fraction and tortuosity of the brain tissue as well as the diffusion
      coefficient of the substance itself. Appropriate equations, solutions and
      approximations to these problems are discussed. The results are relevant to the
      interpretation of studies on neuropharmacology and in situ electrochemistry.

PMID- 3995299
TI  - Peripheral axons of the parabolic burster neuron R15.
AB  - In a combined electrophysiological and anatomical study, the parabolic burster
      neuron R15 was found to project axons through the genito-pericardial nerve onto
      the pericardial wall and digestive gland sheath and, more variably, into the
      heart and pericardial coelom. Projection into these tissues is consistent with
      the hypothesis that R15 is neurosecretory and may play a role in circulation
      and/or ion-water regulation in Aplysia.

PMID- 3995300
TI  - Enucleation demonstrates ocular dominance columns in Old World macaque but not in
      New World squirrel monkey visual cortex.
AB  - The effect of monocular enucleation on basophilic and metabolic staining in
      primary (striate) visual cortex has been compared in Old and New World monkeys.
      Both species show a 30-40% shrinkage of neurons in the layers of dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus receiving axons from the enucleated eye. In striate cortex Old
      World macaque monkeys show alternating bands of increased and diminished staining
      in layers 3, 4 and 6, corresponding to ocular dominance columns. New World
      squirrel monkeys show staining patterns in all layers which are unchanged from
      normal cortex, suggesting that New World monkeys lack obvious ocular dominance
      columns.

PMID- 3995301
TI  - Evidence for the existence of serotonin type-2 receptors on cholinergic terminals
      in rat cortex.
AB  - Levels of serotonin type-2 receptors and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were
      measured in various rat brain regions following unilateral lesions of the nucleus
      basalis magnocellularis (nBM). As expected, lesions of the nBM markedly decrease
      cortical ChAT activity. Moreover, [3H]ketanserin (serotonin type-2) binding is
      significantly decreased in lamina IV of the anterior and middle cortex on the
      lesioned vs control side. [3H]ketanserin binding in the striatum is not affected
      by lesions of the nBM. Autoradiograms of [3H]ketanserin binding in lesioned
      animals show similar results. This suggests that at least a certain proportion of
      serotonin type-2 receptor binding sites are located on cholinergic terminals in
      lamina IV of the rat cortex. Therefore, further investigations on cholinergic
      serotonergic interactions in the cortex and their possible involvement in senile
      dementia of the Alzheimer's type appear to be highly relevant.

PMID- 3995302
TI  - Effects of gonadectomy on the karyometric development of the ventromedial nucleus
      of the hypothalamus in the mouse.
AB  - We studied the karyometric development of 3 subdivisions (ventral, central and
      dorsal) of the ventromedial nucleus in male albino mice from the 5th to the 190th
      day of life. All subdivisions exhibited a similar development pattern. Another
      group of animals were castrated at the 20th day of life and examined from the
      25th to the 85th day. The increase of the nuclear size at the 35th day and the
      decrease at the 85th day, observed in the control group, were not present after
      castration.

PMID- 3995303
TI  - Plasticity of cerebellar parallel fibers following developmental deficits in
      synaptic number.
AB  - As demonstrated previously, a deficit in the number of cerebellar granule cells
      that is induced by pre-and postnatal malnutrition, results in fewer but larger
      synapses on Purkinje cells. Here, we report that the axons of granule cells
      compensate this loss by generating additional dense projections enlarging the
      presynaptic grids. This presynaptic response is directly related to the
      availability of the postsynaptic contact area of the target neurons which reaches
      a relatively constant amount during development.

PMID- 3995304
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of the visual system in mediating magnetic field
      effects on pineal melatonin synthesis in the rat.
AB  - In order to elucidate whether magnetic field effects on mammalian pineal function
      are direct, or instead indirect via retinal disturbances, acutely blinded and
      intact male rats were subjected to a single nocturnal magnetic stimulus. Then
      pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content were assayed. Only in
      intact animals did the magnetic stimulus significantly reduce pineal activity,
      i.e. no effects were detected in blinded animals. These data point to a retinal
      magnetosensitivity which may serve to modulate pineal gland function.

PMID- 3995305
TI  - Hypothalamic biosynthesis and transport of neurophysins and their precursors to
      the rat brain stem.
AB  - Twenty-four hours after the injection of [35S]cysteine near either the rat
      paraventricular nuclei or the supraoptic nuclei, the [35S]neurophysin-like
      proteins of the brain stem were extracted, immunoprecipitated with anti-bovine
      neurophysins antibodies and analyzed. They consisted essentially of species
      behaving as neurophysin on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. There was a very low percentage of neurophysins precursors which
      could be characterized in the paraventricular nuclei. In the rats pretreated by
      colchicine, the [35S]neurophysins were not detected in the brain stem, while they
      appeared in the paraventricular nuclei indicating that the precursors have been
      processed and the transport inhibited. These results suggest that: (i) both the
      biosynthetic and transport events in the hypothalamo-brain stem pathway are
      comparable to those occurring in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract; (ii)
      this pathway originates both from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
      Moreover, they indicate that processing is essentially complete in the
      hypothalamus of colchicine-pretreated animals. This provides further support to a
      model associating enzymes with both the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and the
      derived corresponding secretory vesicles.

PMID- 3995306
TI  - The use of antibody Fab fragments specifically directed to two different
      complementary parts of the tetanus toxin molecule for studying the mode of action
      of the toxin.
AB  - The injection of 500 minimal lethal doses (MLDs) of tetanus toxin into mice
      routinely causes a flaccid-type paralysis and death within 8 h. Non-precipitating
      antibody fragments (Fab) directed against each of two papain cleavage products of
      tetanus toxin (Ibc and IIc) were used to study this botulinum toxin-type effect
      of tetanus toxin. Ibc (100,000 daltons) is a toxic fragment which does not bind
      to gangliosides but will produce a flaccid type paralysis when injected into
      mice. Treatment of intact tetanus toxin (500 MLDs) with Fab-Ibc prevents the
      flaccid type paralysis and such mice will die from a spastic paralysis after
      about 24 h. IIc (50,000 daltons) is an atoxic fragment of tetanus toxin which
      binds tightly to gangliosides. Treatment of tetanus toxin with Fab-IIc prior to
      intracerebral injection converts the characteristic spastic paralysis to a
      flaccid paralysis. It is proposed that the botulinum toxin-type effect of tetanus
      toxin complexed to Fab-IIc results from the inability of such complexes to be
      transported to the central nervous system. Moreover, the ability of Fab-Ibc to
      prevent flaccid paralysis, but not spastic paralysis, suggests that both types of
      paralysis may be mediated by the same portion of the tetanus toxin molecule.

PMID- 3995307
TI  - The lack of 'sensitization' to the pressor effects of centrally injected
      vasopressin in rats.
AB  - Vasopressin causes motor disturbances following intracerebroventricular
      injections and a second central injection results in an apparent sensitization of
      the animal to the convulsant effect of vasopressin. In this study, the effect of
      vasopressin pretreatment on the central and peripheral pressor effects of
      vasopressin was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. There was no increase in the
      responsiveness to the pressor effects of vasopressin, either central or
      peripheral, in animals that had previously received central vasopressin. This
      evidence suggests that the phenomenon of increased sensitivity to vasopressin is
      not displayed by all vasopressin's actions.

PMID- 3995308
TI  - Funicular location of ascending axons of lamina I cells in the cat spinal cord.
AB  - The laminar distribution of spinal cord neurons projecting suprasegmentally
      through different funiculi was determined in the cat using horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) injections combined with selective spinal cord lesions. The lesions were
      designed to limit the caudal transport of HRP to either the ventral funiculi or
      the dorsolateral funiculus. HRP injections in the ventromedial or ventrolateral
      funiculi resulted in labeling primarily within laminae IV-VIII and a virtual lack
      of labeling within lamina I. When the dorsolateral funiculus was injected, 20-25%
      of all labeled cells were located in lamina I, bilaterally. These results
      demonstrate that the ascending lamina I projections are through the dorsolateral
      funiculus.

PMID- 3995309
TI  - Absence of spindle oscillations in the cat anterior thalamic nuclei.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were performed in cat anterior thalamic nuclei (anterior
      ventral, medial and dorsal) which, according to a recent anatomical study, do not
      receive afferents from the reticularis thalami nucleus. Neurons of anterior
      nuclei did not display spontaneous membrane potential oscillations of the spindle
      type and such oscillations could neither be evoked in these cells by cortical
      stimulation. The absence of spontaneous and evoked spindling activity was
      observed despite that anterior thalamic cells displayed intrinsic membrane
      properties similar to those of thalamocortical cells in other nuclei.
      Electrographic recordings from cortical areas connected to anterior thalamic
      nuclei were also free of spindle activity. Taken together with the evidence that
      thalamic relay neurons deprived from their reticularis input by sections or
      kainic acid lesions lose their spindling activity, our results point to the
      essential role of the reticularis complex in the genesis of thalamic spindle
      waves.

PMID- 3995310
TI  - Spinal pain suppression mechanisms may differ for phasic and tonic pain.
AB  - The dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) spinal pathway has previously been identified as
      a major pathway involved in descending modulation of pain. While bilateral
      lesions of the DLF attenuated systemic morphine analgesia as measured by the tail
      flick test, they failed to attenuate analgesia as measured by the formalin test.
      These results suggest that phasic and tonic pain, modeled by the tail-flick and
      formalin tests, respectively, may utilize different pain suppression mechanisms.

PMID- 3995312
TI  - A spindle-like wave in the cat hippocampus: a novel vigilance level-dependent
      electrical activity.
AB  - Bursts of spindle-like waves of about 110 Hz (minispindle) were recorded from the
      cat hippocampus. The minispindle began to appear in parallel with the slowing of
      neocortical EEG and occurred most frequently during the deep slow-wave sleep
      episode. The minispindles could be recorded simultaneously at different points
      not only in the ipsilateral but also in the contralateral hippocampus with a time
      lag less than 30 ms.

PMID- 3995311
TI  - Spike broadening in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of rat hypothalamic
      slices.
AB  - Bursts of action potentials recorded from rat magnocellular neuroendocrine cells
      (MNCs) are known to be associated with enhanced release of oxytocin or
      vasopressin from their axon terminals in the neurohypophysis. Intracellular
      recordings from MNC somata in hypothalamic slices showed that spike broadening
      was characteristic of such bursts. Transitions from slow to fast firing caused
      spike broadening in all cells, whether they were silent, slow firing, phasic or
      fast-continuous. During phasic firing, broadening increased with the intraburst
      spike frequency. However, the parameters of maximal spike broadening recorded at
      the soma did not directly coincide with the previously described firing patterns
      evoking maximal hormone release from neurohypophysial terminals.

PMID- 3995313
TI  - Increased estrogen receptor binding in amygdala correlates with facilitation of
      feminine sexual behavior induced by olfactory bulbectomy.
AB  - In this experiment we tested the hypothesis that the potentiation of feminine
      sexual behavior following olfactory bulb removal in female rats would be
      associated with increased ovarian steroid receptor binding in brain.
      Ovariectomized adult female rats underwent either bilateral olfactory bulb
      removal (BOB) or a sham operation and were exposed to 100% estradiol (E2) in
      silastic capsules for 4 or 6 h. Following behavior testing, either cell nuclear
      estrogen receptor levels were measured in amygdala, hypothalamus, preoptic area
      and pituitary, or cytosol progestin receptors levels were determined in cortex,
      preoptic area and hypothalamus. After 6 h E2 exposure, BOB females showed
      increasing lordosis responding with increasing progesterone (P) doses, at levels
      significantly higher than those of sham-operated rats. After 4 h E2 exposure
      bulbectomized rats showed both a facilitation of lordosis and elevated estrogen
      receptor levels in amygdala. Sham-operates showed neither response to the 4 h E2
      stimulus. For both BOB and sham groups, progestin receptors were induced after 6
      h E2 exposure, but were uninduced after 4 h E2 exposure. Additional rats were
      exposed to 5% E2 for 24 or 48 h, followed by P. Lordosis was potentiated in BOB
      rats at 24 h; sham-operates showed high levels of lordosis only after 48 h of 5%
      E2 exposure. Proceptivity was enhanced in BOB rats after both 24 and 48 h of 5%
      E2 exposure. In contrast, proceptivity was rarely observed in sham-operates, or
      in either group after 4 or 6 h E2 exposure. We propose that increased estrogen
      receptor binding in the amygdala may provide a biochemical basis for the
      increased estrogen sensitivity found in olfactory bulbectomized female rats.

PMID- 3995314
TI  - Evidence that projections from substantia innominata to zona incerta and
      mesencephalic locomotor region contribute to locomotor activity.
AB  - A series of anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral experiments was
      carried out in the rat to investigate the possible functional significance of a
      recently demonstrated neural pathway from the substantia innominata of the
      subpallidal forebrain to the mesencephalic locomotor region. Following injections
      of the anterogradely transported lectin PHA into the substantia innominata
      labeled fibers with terminal boutons were observed in the zona incerta, dorsal to
      the medial part of the subthalamic nucleus, and some appeared to continue on to
      the pedunculopontine nucleus. Electrophysiological recordings of action
      potentials were made from neurons in the substantia innominata and some of these
      neurons were activated antidromically by single-pulse stimulation of the zona
      incerta and/or by single-pulse stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus as
      well. Neurons in the zona incerta responded orthodromically to stimulation of the
      substantia innominata. Locomotor activity was initiated by injecting picrotoxin,
      a GABA antagonist, unilaterally into the substantia innominata through chronic
      cannulae, as reported previously. This picrotoxin-initiated locomotor activity
      was reduced significantly when procaine (a neuronal blocker) was injected into
      the ipsilateral zona incerta. Injecting procaine into the contralateral zona
      incerta had little or no effect on the picrotoxin-initiated locomotor activity.
      Taken together these observations suggest the tentative working hypothesis that
      projections from the substantia innominata to the zona incerta as well as the
      pedunculopontine nucleus may contribute to the locomotor component of adaptive
      behaviors resulting from limbic forebrain integrative activities, an hypothesis
      that can now be investigated further.

PMID- 3995315
TI  - Cells of origin and topographic organization of corticospinal neurons in the
      guinea pig by the retrograde HRP method.
AB  - In the guinea pig, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected in the cervical or
      lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord in order to examine the origin and
      topographical organization of corticospinal (CS) neurons. The cortex was divided
      into granular and agranular regions to attempt correlations with the location of
      labeled CS neurons. These, of all sizes, are found only in pyramidal layer V of
      both kinds of cortical regions and could be seen as single, grouped or organized
      in clusters of 3-5 or more cells. The soma diameters of HRP CS neurons ranged
      from 13 to 49 microns. The largest labeled cells were present in the medial part
      of both agranular and granular cortices and included the giant pyramidal neurons
      which were found only in the rostromedial agranular cortex. The predominating
      intermediate-size cells were mostly present in lateral granular areas. The
      smaller cells were distributed in rostrolateral agranular and caudal granular
      regions. Morphological evidence suggests that an aggregation in clusters of
      labeled neurons and the different groups of CS neurons identified in different
      cortical areas may have additional differences in organization with respect to
      their precise topographical relations and functional properties. Neurons
      projecting to cervical levels were more abundant compared to projecting to the
      lumbar spinal cord, being distributed widely more lateral and anterior on the
      hemisphere to cortical neurons projecting to lumbar enlargement. These were
      located only medially on the dorsal surface of the brain. The two groups of
      labeled neurons were distributed in both agranular and granular cortices and
      occur adjacent to each other with only a narrow strip of overlap. The findings
      i.e. laminar organization, the pyramidal shape of CS neurons of all sizes, the
      presence of clusters and the somatotopic distribution of CS neurons seen in the
      guinea pig are discussed in comparison with equivalent findings on the
      corticospinal tract (CST) system of other species. The presence of labeled
      neurons within the cortex on both sides following unilateral HRP injections in
      the spinal cord points to a bilateral origin of the CST. This finding is
      discussed on the basis of the present study and previous autoradiographic
      findings.

PMID- 3995316
TI  - Effects of a serotonin agonist and antagonist on cortically induced rhythmical
      jaw movements in the anesthetized guinea pig.
AB  - The effects of systemic injections of a serotonin agonist (quipazine), and
      antagonist (methysergide), on rhythmical jaw movements (RJMs) in the ketamine
      anesthetized guinea pig were examined. It was observed that quipazine, (1)
      significantly elevated the electrical threshold for inducing RJMs by repetitive
      stimulation of the masticatory cortex and (2) reduced the amplitude of the
      digastric and masseter EMG activity during RJMs. In contrast, the excitability of
      the short latency pathway from masticatory cortex to digastric motoneurons, and
      the excitability of the digastric reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of the
      mucosa of the tongue were not significantly affected by quipazine administration.
      Methysergide administration had little effect on the threshold for evoking RJMs,
      and on the excitability of the digastric reflex and short latency pathway from
      cortex to digastric motoneurons. These data suggest that the central pattern
      generator (CPG) for RJMs is not critically dependent upon serotonin receptor
      activation since RJMs can be induced after methysergide administration. On the
      other hand, excitation of the CPG by repetitive cortical stimulation can be
      inhibited by serotonin receptor activation. These results are interpreted as
      supporting our previously described model of RJM production by repetitive
      cortical stimulation.

PMID- 3995317
TI  - Inhibition by amiloride of chorda tympani responses evoked by monovalent salts.
AB  - The diuretic, amiloride, is a potent yet reversible inhibitor of passive sodium
      transport in many epithelia. It has been shown to inhibit sodium transport in
      dorsal lingual epithelia and to inhibit both psychophysical and neural measures
      of salt taste. The present results demonstrate that amiloride's action as an
      inhibitor of integrated whole chorda tympani nerve recordings in the rat is
      specific for Li and Na salts, displaying little inhibition of neural responses
      evoked by KCl and RbCl. Amiloride reduces both the phasic and tonic portion of
      the nerve recording equally. When amiloride inactivates the tonic portion of the
      nerve response to 250 mM NaCl, only a portion of the response is affected.
      Complete inactivation does not occur even at high amiloride concentrations. With
      amiloride flowing constantly over the tongue at 1 microM, 10 microM, or 50 microM
      a reciprocal plot of stimulus NaCl concentration versus response is non-linear.
      This result suggests that the inhibition of the NaCl-induced response has both
      competitive and non-competitive properties. These results support the hypothesis
      that salt taste is mediated in part by amiloride sensitive Na-channels located in
      taste receptor cell plasma membranes.

PMID- 3995318
TI  - Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. II. The
      striato-nigral influence on thalamocortical cells of the ventromedial thalamic
      nucleus.
AB  - Besides the nigro-collicular pathway, the nigro-thalamic projection to the
      ventromedial thalamic nucleus represents another efferent system of the basal
      ganglia through which striatum can influence motor centers. Since the striato
      nigrothalamic circuit is composed of two successive GABAergic inhibitory links
      and the SNR is tonically active, we tested that by inhibiting nigrothalamic
      cells, the striatum may exert a facilitatory influence on VM-thalamocortical
      cells. We show that a transitory block of SNR (substantia nigra pars reticulata)
      firing (induced by either intranigral application of GABA or by stimulating the
      inhibitory striato-nigral pathway), causes a perfectly time-locked increase of
      activity in a large number of VM cells projecting to motor cortex. Moreover, the
      striatally evoked excitation of VM-thalamocortical cells requires the functional
      integrity of the GABAergic striato-nigral link. We conclude that the double
      inhibitory striato-nigrothalamic pathway acts on VM-thalamocortical cells through
      a disinhibitory mechanism. The functional implication of such a mechanism is
      discussed.

PMID- 3995319
TI  - Effect of chronic desipramine treatment on adrenoceptor modulation of
      [3H]dopamine release from rat nucleus accumbens slices.
AB  - The effects of alpha 2- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists on the 25 mM K+-induced
      release of [3H]dopamine [( 3H]DA) from the nucleus accumbens slices of chronic
      desipramine (DMI)- and saline-treated rats were investigated using a superfusion
      technique. The K+-induced release of [3H]DA from nucleus accumbens slices was
      shown to be Ca2+ dependent and to be enhanced by ascorbic acid. In experiments
      with isoproterenol, ascorbic acid was added to the superfusion media in order to
      prevent the otherwise rapid oxidation of the drug. The K+-induced release of
      [3H]DA from nucleus accumbens slices of saline-treated rats was significantly
      decreased by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine (10 microM; 89 +/- 2.4%
      of control values; P less than 0.002), and significantly enhanced by the beta
      adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol (1 and 10 microM; 122 +/- 4.3 and 171 +/-
      2.9% of control values, P less than 0.002 and P less than 0.001, respectively).
      The basal release of [3H]DA was strongly enhanced by 10 microM but not 1 microM
      isoproterenol. Chronic DMI pretreatment (10 mg/kg i.p. for 28 days) did not
      significantly alter the K+-induced release of [3H]DA. Chronic DMI treatment
      attenuated the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of [3H]DA release, while
      the beta-adrenoceptor-mediated stimulation remained unchanged. The net effect of
      chronic DMI treatment therefore would appear to be a facilitation of dopaminergic
      neurotransmission in the mesolimbic system. This is consistent with behavioural
      evidence which suggests that the function of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward
      system is facilitated by chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 3995320
TI  - Separation of the medullo-spinal descending pathway for somatic and autonomic
      outflow in the cat.
AB  - The present study investigated differences between vestibulo-somatic and
      vestibulo-sympathetic reflexes, along with differences between somatic and
      autonomic spino-bulbo-spinal (SBS) reflexes in chloralose-urethane anesthetized
      cats. Electrical stimulation was applied to the vestibular nerve (V) for a
      duration of 0.3 ms. The potential responses in the sympathetic renal nerve (RN)
      and somatic lumbar nerve were recorded simultaneously. Responses were recorded
      for a variety of conditioning stimulus to testing stimulus intervals, and the
      results were plotted to form a recovery curve. The recovery curve for the test
      response from the somatic nerve was very different from that of the sympathetic
      nerve. Following transection of the lateral part of the thoracic cord, in the
      case of the sympathetic renal nerve, recorded responses were still present on
      vestibular and lumbar nerve stimulation, whereas in the case of the vestibulo
      somatic and somatic SBS reflexes, the reflex response had disappeared after
      transection. These findings suggest that sympathetic and somatic reactions as a
      result of vestibular stimulation have different descending pathways in the spinal
      cord, and that their physiological characteristics are different.

PMID- 3995321
TI  - EEG spindle activity as a function of age: relationship to sleep continuity.
AB  - This study assessed sleep spindle activity and its relationship to transient EEG
      activation in young adult and aged cats. Sleep-wake variables were monitored
      polygraphically for 12 h in 5 young adult (2-4 years) and five aged (9-11 years)
      animals. Recordings were scored for behavioral state. Then, using bandpass
      frequency analysis, sensorimotor cortical spindles were evaluated in three, 5-min
      segments of the NREM sleep EEG. Both the incidence of transient arousals (TA) and
      spindle (much greater than 25 microV) densities were significantly higher in the
      aged animals than in the young adults. In the young animals only, spindle
      densities reliably predicted the incidence of TAs. We suggest that spindle
      expression varies in relation to ascending reticular activating system tone,
      constituting a functionally-inhibitory thalamocortical response to
      neurophysiological conditions which promote central activation.

PMID- 3995322
TI  - Alteration of nicotinic cholinergic agonist binding sites in hippocampus after
      fimbria transection.
AB  - Nicotinic cholinergic agonist binding sites were studied in rat hippocampus by
      the binding of [3H]acetylcholine in the presence of 1.5 microM atropine sulfate.
      Following transection of the fimbria/fornix there was a 49% increase in the
      binding of [3H]acetylcholine reflecting an increase in the affinity of the
      receptor binding site from Kd = 18.82 +/- 3.6 nM in control animals to Kd = 9.06
      +/- 1.2 nM in experimental tissue. Chronic administration of the agonist nicotine
      (4 mg/kg/day) by osmotic minipumps produced an increase in the binding of 10 nM
      [3H]acetylcholine after 14 days (49% increase over control) and after 28 days
      (141% increase over controls). These data are consistent with the suggestion that
      [3H]acetylcholine labels a nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain. Further
      they support the notion that some of the termination sites of the septal
      cholinergic projection to the hippocampus are nicotinic.

PMID- 3995323
TI  - Metabolic activation of specific postsynaptic elements in superior cervical
      ganglion by antidromic stimulation of external carotid nerve.
AB  - Using the rat superior cervical ganglion in vivo as a model of the central
      nervous system, we have sought to determine whether postsynaptic elements as well
      as terminal processes are metabolically activated during impulse activity. The
      rate of glucose utilization in the ganglion was found to be stimulated by
      antidromic stimulation of the external carotid nerve. This stimulation was
      frequency-dependent and was confined only to the region in the caudal portion of
      the ganglion corresponding to the location of the cell bodies of origin of the
      external carotid nerve.

PMID- 3995324
TI  - Can tolerance to morphine be induced in arthritic rats?
AB  - The effects of acute injections of morphine (0.1-1 mg/kg i.v.) upon vocalization
      threshold elicited by pressure of the paw were analyzed in normal and arthritic
      rats, both groups being initially pretreated with calculated doses of morphine.
      The analgesic effects of morphine were greatly reduced in both groups of
      chronically morphine-treated rats. The lowest doses (0.1 mg/kg in normal rats;
      0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg in arthritic animals) became totally ineffective, while the
      highest dose (1 mg/kg) elicited a threshold increase only equivalent to that
      induced by 0.3 mg/kg in non-tolerant chronically vehicle-treated rats. Tolerance
      to morphine can be induced in rats suffering from arthritis, and appeared to be
      more complete than in normal rats.

PMID- 3995325
TI  - Evidence for a cortical projection to the magnocellular basal nucleus in the rat:
      an electron microscopic axonal transport study.
AB  - A potential reciprocal projection from the cerebral cortex to the nucleus basalis
      was studied in the rat using a new stabilization method to adapt
      tetramethylbenzidine-horseradish peroxidase histochemistry for electron
      microscopy. Following insular or cingulate cortical injections of wheat germ
      agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, anterogradely labeled axon terminals
      were seen making symmetric synaptic contacts with retrogradely labeled nucleus
      basalis neurons. Labeled axon terminals contained round vesicles. Most of such
      contacts were located on distal dendrites, although a small number of synapses on
      proximal dendrites and cell somata were seen as well. These findings suggest that
      there is a reciprocal, excitatory projection from the cerebral cortex to the
      nucleus basalis in the rat.

PMID- 3995326
TI  - Horseradish peroxidase tracing of dorsal root ganglion afferents within fetal
      mouse spinal cord explants chronically exposed to tetrodotoxin.
AB  - Afferent projection patterns within organotypic explants of fetal mouse spinal
      cord-dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were mapped out histologically using an HRP
      staining method. The role of spontaneous bioelectric activity in the development
      of cord-DRG connections was studied using tetrodotoxin (TTX) to eliminate action
      potential discharges in the experimental cultures. Cultures grown in TTX
      supplemented medium had a significantly lower proportion of DRG afferents within
      the dorsal half of the cord explant than did untreated cultures. In addition,
      afferent fiber entrances were made predominantly on the dorsolateral aspect in
      control cord explants, in contrast with the more diffuse entrance pattern
      displayed by the experimental group. Comparison of those cultures in both groups
      where the fiber entrances were chiefly dorsal revealed a greater tendency in the
      TTX group for DRG afferents to grow ventrally after penetrating the cord. Thus,
      it appears that bioelectric activity of the target neurons may be required by DRG
      afferents for the development of selective innervation patterns.

PMID- 3995327
TI  - Dissociation of endogenous components of auditory evoked potentials following
      carbachol microinjection into the cholinoceptive pontine inhibitory area.
AB  - Microinjections of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, into an area ventromedial
      to the principal nucleus of the locus coeruleus produce pronounced suppression of
      postural somatomotor and sympathetic visceromotor functions, and profound
      unresponsiveness to external stimuli. In order to clarify whether this
      unresponsiveness is due exclusively to disruption of motor components of various
      behavioral responses, we examined changes in the endogenous components of
      auditory evoked potentials recorded in conjunction with a tone discrimination
      task. Concomitant with carbachol-induced behavioral unresponsiveness, the late
      positive component (LPC) at 250-350 ms disappeared, while the early positive
      component at 80-150 ms was enhanced. This result suggests that, after the onset
      of carbachol-induced behavioral unresponsiveness, external stimuli enter the
      brain but are not integrated in neural processes reflected in LPC which has
      previously been implicated in processes mediating orienting responses, selective
      attention, and/or cognitive evaluation.

PMID- 3995328
TI  - Characteristics of K+- and veratridine-induced release of ATP from synaptosomes
      prepared from dorsal and ventral spinal cord.
AB  - K+ and veratridine released 2-3 times more ATP from dorsal than from ventral
      spinal cord synaptosomes (P2). K+-induced release of ATP was Ca2+-dependent
      whereas veratridine-induced release was augmented in a Ca2+-free medium. Twenty
      one to 24 days after section of the right sciatic nerve of the rat the evoked
      release of ATP from right dorsal synaptosomes was indistinguishable from release
      from left dorsal synaptosomes. Although these latter results suggest that ATP may
      not be a transmitter at primary afferent synapses in the spinal cord, it is
      possible that sciatic nerve section does not deplete the releasable pool of ATP
      in primary afferent terminals the releasable pool of ATP in primary afferent
      terminals or that ATP is also released from interneurons in the dorsal spinal
      cord.

PMID- 3995329
TI  - Strain-dependent variations in the number of forebrain cholinergic neurons.
AB  - The morphological organization of putatively cholinergic neurons was studied in
      the forebrain of two inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6 and DBA/2) by means of
      acetylcholinesterase pharmacohistochemistry. In both strains, putatively
      cholinergic perikarya were seen in the caudato-putamen, medial septum, diagonal
      band, and basal nucleus of Meynert: in all these regions, their distribution was
      similar in both strains, but their density was significantly higher (from 20 to
      32%) in DBA/2 mice. The present data demonstrate the existence of genetically
      determined differences in the organization of forebrain cholinergic systems.

PMID- 3995330
TI  - Cell division in the developing cat retina occurs in two zones.
AB  - Cytogenesis in the kitten retina has been investigated with [3H]thymidine
      autoradiography and a stain for mitotic figures. The nuclei of cells in S-phase
      are located adjacent to the inner margin of the cytoblast layer, near the inner
      plexiform layer. The nuclei then migrate toward the outer limiting membrane (OLM)
      to divide. Evidence is presented that in a small population of mitotic cells, the
      nucleus does not migrate to the OLM, but divides in the inner part of the
      cytoblast layer or, after the outer plexiform layer has formed, in the inner
      nuclear layer. Cell division in this inner zone begins and ends later than at the
      OLM. Cells dividing there are fewer in number than those at the OLM, their
      mitotic spindles are oriented randomly rather than parallel to the retinal
      surface and their nuclei move little between S- and M-phases of the mitotic
      cycle. The zones of cytogenesis at the OLM and in the inner cytoblast layer
      resemble, respectively, the ventricular and subventricular zones of other areas
      of the developing central nervous system.

PMID- 3995331
TI  - The effect of reducing the peripheral field on motoneurone development in the
      rat.
AB  - The tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat were
      reduced in size either by crushing the sciatic nerve or by removing part of the
      muscle tissue during the first postnatal week. Four to 6 weeks later the number
      and size of the motoneurones supplying these muscles were assessed using
      retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The pattern of synaptic
      connections in the muscles supplied by these motoneurones was examined 3-46 weeks
      after the initial operation using a combined silver cholinesterase stain. The
      number of labelled motoneurones was not reduced after nerve crush but was reduced
      to some extent after partial muscle removal. The distribution of motoneurone
      sizes, however, was altered by both procedures in that the largest motoneurones
      became smaller. In the muscle both procedures affected synaptic organization. In
      the case of sciatic nerve crush at 5-6 days the incidence of muscle fibres with
      more than one endplate and endplates contacted by more than one axon terminal was
      higher than in normal adult muscles. When part of the muscle was removed, the
      predominant feature was the persistence of a high incidence of free sprouting
      nerve fibres. We therefore conclude that reduction of the peripheral field during
      the postnatal period does affect the development of some motoneurones.

PMID- 3995332
TI  - Corrective effects of thyroxine on cochlear abnormalities induced by congenital
      hypothyroidism in the rat. I. Morphological study.
AB  - In order to study the corrective effects of thyroxine on the cochlear
      abnormalities induced by congenital hypothyroidism, small doses of thyroxine were
      injected in propylthiouracil-treated rat pups for 2 consecutive days during
      selected periods of development (days 3 and 4, 6 and 7, 9 and 10, 12 and 13, 18
      and 19). Some animals also received thyroid replacement therapy from days 12 to
      17. Corrective effects of thyroxine on cochlear structures were observed using
      light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The corrective effects not
      only depended on the period of administration of the hormone, but also on the
      structure investigated within the organ of Corti. For a given structure, a period
      of maximal sensitivity to thyroxine exists which corresponds to the period of
      development during which that structure undergoes its main morphological changes
      (i.e. from 6 to 13 days for the inner sulcus epithelium, the first postnatal week
      for the tectorial membrane, from 6 to 10 days for the pillars and the tunnel of
      Corti, the second and probably a part of the third postnatal week for outer hair
      cell synaptogenesis).

PMID- 3995333
TI  - Corrective effects of thyroxine on cochlear abnormalities induced by congenital
      hypothyroidism in the rat. II. Electrophysiological study.
AB  - In order to study the corrective effects of thyroxine (T4) on functional
      abnormalities induced by congenital hypothyroidism, small doses of T4 were
      injected to propylthiouracil-treated (PTU-treated) rat pups for 2 consecutive
      days on selected periods of development (days 3 and 4, 6 and 7, 9 and 10, 12 and
      13, 18 and 19). Some animals also received thyroid replacement therapy from days
      12 to 17. The animals were tested electrophysiologically on day 30, by recording
      the compound action potential and the cochlear microphonic from the round window
      after click and tone burst stimulation. PTU-treated animals given T4 for 2
      consecutive days demonstrated both AP and CM threshold shifts. On the contrary,
      PTU-treated animals given T4 from days 12 to 17 demonstrated a normal CM output
      of the cochlea, but still showed elevated AP thresholds. These results are
      discussed with previous data concerning the corrective effects of T4 on cochlear
      structures in PTU-treated rats previously described.

PMID- 3995334
TI  - Changes in the numbers of optic nerve fibers during late prenatal and postnatal
      development in the albino rat.
AB  - We have estimated from electron micrographs the numbers of axons in the optic
      nerves of a series of albino rats at 8 different ages ranging from embryonic day
      (E)18 through postnatal day 28. The number of axons was found to reach a maximum
      of about 325,000 (324,790 +/- 38,589) on E20, and to decline to about 275,000
      (273,744 +/- 20,973) by the day of birth. By the middle of the second postnatal
      week, the number was further reduced to a stable figure of just over 100,000
      (105,809 +/- 7,610). This represents a loss of two-thirds of the axons from the
      peak value at E20, and suggests that there is a comparable degree of cell death
      among the retinal ganglion cells. The reduction in the number of optic nerve
      fibers is not affected significantly by the removal of the opposite eye at birth.

PMID- 3995335
TI  - Effects of neonatal treatment with monosodium-glutamate in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Following neonatal treatment with monosodium-glutamate (MSG), blood pressure in
      adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was markedly lower than in control
      SHR, with only a small decrease in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto controls (WKY). In
      addition, in MSG-treated SHR an increase in pain-sensitivity was found and both
      strains showed increased water intake and reduced organ and body weights as
      compared to vehicle-treated rats.

PMID- 3995336
TI  - Rat oligodendrocytes have cell adhesion molecules.
AB  - The aggregation of isolated oligodendrocytes appears to be mediated by cell
      adhesion molecules. The cell adhesion molecules are inactivated by trypsin.
      Regeneration of the adhesion molecules is prevented by inhibitors of either
      protein synthesis or glycosylation. An immunological assay is described to
      quantitate the molecules involved in oligodendrocyte adhesion based on the
      following criteria: (a) treatment of oligodendrocytes with rabbit immunoglobulins
      against oligodendrocyte-conditioned medium prevented their aggregation; and (b)
      incubation of these immunoglobulins with oligodendrocyte-conditioned medium
      neutralized their ability to inhibit aggregation.

PMID- 3995337
TI  - Sex differences and maturational changes in arcuate nucleus neuronal plasma
      membrane organization.
AB  - Intramembrane particles (IMP) are believed to represent protein-containing
      structures in the membrane. Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neuronal plasma
      membranes from male and female rats studied from birth to adulthood were
      quantitatively assessed for IMP number and size using freeze-fracture techniques.
      We found that newborn female rats have a significantly greater number of IMP than
      newborn males. There is also a progressive increase in the number of IMP during
      the first 20 days of postnatal life in both sexes. The rate of protein particle
      insertion favors females, maintaining the unequal protein particle content into
      adulthood with female rats having more IMP than males of the same age. The
      differences in IMP concentration are mainly due to greater numbers of small (less
      than 10 nm) particles in neuronal membranes from female rats. These data extend
      previous reports of sexual dimorphism in the arcuate nucleus to the level of
      plasma membrane organization.

PMID- 3995338
TI  - Early unilateral eye removal produces a regional gradient in soma sizes in the
      uncrossed projection from the remaining eye.
AB  - Early unilateral eye removal reduces natural cell death within the population of
      ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells in the remaining eye. Here it is shown
      that there is a gradient in the soma sizes of cells which survive as a
      consequence of this manipulation. The additional ipsilateral projection from the
      far temporal retina arises mainly from cells with medium-to-large somas. Those
      located on the nasal side of the optic disk have small somas, while those located
      between the optic disk and the naso-temporal division arise from predominantly
      small cells whose soma sizes are intermediate between those which are located in
      the more nasal and more temporal regions.

PMID- 3995339
TI  - Effects of catecholamines on spinal motoneurones and spinal reflex discharges in
      the isolated spinal cord of the newborn rat.
AB  - The effects of catecholamines on spinal motoneurones and spinal reflex discharges
      were investigated in the isolated spinal cord of newborn rat. Noradrenaline (NA),
      adrenaline (Adr), dopamine (DA) and isoproterenol (Iso) caused depolarization of
      the motoneurones in a dose-dependent manner. The depolarizing action persisted in
      Ca2+-deficient Krebs solution. The order of potency was Adr greater than NA
      greater than DA much greater than Iso. The effects of NA and Adr on the
      monosynaptic reflex discharge varied; depression, potentiation or depression
      followed by potentiation. The polysynaptic reflex discharge was consistently
      depressed. DA depressed both the mono- and polysynaptic reflex discharges in all
      the preparations. Tyramine and adamantanamine induced a response similar to that
      to DA rather than to NA. Depolarization of the motoneurones and the effects on
      the spinal reflex discharges induced by all the catecholamines were decreased by
      phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine but not by propranolol or haloperidol. It is
      suggested that the endogenous catecholamines, mainly DA, depolarize the
      motoneurones and depress the mono- and polysynaptic reflex discharges through an
      alpha-adrenoceptor in the spinal cord of the newborn rat.

PMID- 3995340
TI  - Differential morphologic effects of two fractions from fetal calf muscle on
      cultured chick ciliary ganglion cells.
AB  - An extract of fetal calf striated muscle was found to support the survival,
      growth and differentiation of chick ciliary ganglion neurons in dissociated cell
      culture. The active material was precipitated in a single fraction by 35-60%
      ammonium sulfate. When this active fraction was passed over a concanavalin A
      Sepharose column, only a portion of the activity was bound to the column and
      could be eluted by high salt. Both the bound and unbound fractions supported long
      term neuronal survival and enhanced the neurons' capacity for acetylcholine
      synthesis. The two active fractions induced distinctly different morphologies in
      the cultures. The bound, salt-eluted fraction resulted in the extension of long,
      narrow multiply branched neurites with frequent varicosities, but it failed to
      support non-neuronal survival. The unbound, flow-through fraction caused the
      neurons to extend processes which aligned with each other and with the non
      neuronal cells in dense networks. Striated muscle may thus possess the capacity
      to send more than one signal to modulate the development as well as maintain the
      survival of motor neurons.

PMID- 3995341
TI  - Synaptogenesis in rat cerebral cortex cultures is affected during chronic
      blockade of spontaneous bioelectric activity by tetrodotoxin.
AB  - Reaggregated occipital cortex cells of 19-day-old fetal rats were grown in a
      serum-free, chemically defined medium, and chronically exposed to impulse
      blocking levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in order to study the role of bioelectric
      activity in synaptogenesis. As judged by phase-contrast microscopy, no
      differences were noticed in the development of neuronal networks in the TTX
      treated vs control cultures. In addition, when TTX was withdrawn from
      experimental cultures at any stage of development, bioelectric activity
      qualitatively comparable to that of the control cultures appeared within 1 min.
      However, quantitative stereological EM analysis revealed a significant
      retardation in synapse formation and ultrastructural maturation of synaptic
      junctions during the first 3 weeks. Around 23 days in vitro, the central zone of
      the reaggregates in control cultures started to degenerate, but not earlier then
      day 27 in TTX-treated cultures. During this time, the control, but not the
      experimental cultures showed (in intact tissue regions mainly situated at the
      outside of the aggregates) a large and selective loss of spine synapses. It is
      concluded that functional blockade not only retards the early growth and
      maturation of synaptic networks but also prevents the later occurring selective
      loss of spine synapses.

PMID- 3995342
TI  - Schwann cells fail to differentiate when co-cultured in contact with PC12
      neurites.
AB  - Schwann cells derived from mouse or rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were co
      cultured with either DRG neurons or nerve growth factor (NGF)-responsive PC12
      pheochromocytoma cells for up to 7 weeks. When Schwann cells were grown in the
      presence of DRG neurites, they displayed normal ensheathing behavior and produced
      basal laminae and small diameter collagen fibrils within 5-19 days in vitro.
      However, when Schwann cells were co-cultured in direct contact with PC12 cells
      and without DRG neurons, they largely failed to ensheath PC12 neurites, and
      failed to assemble either basal lamina or small diameter collagen fibrils at any
      point during 7 weeks. Schwann cell proliferation continued in the presence of
      PC12 neurites, indicating that PC12 cells produced a mitogenic activity for
      Schwann cells functionally similar to previously described neurite-associated
      activities. These results demonstrate that Schwann cell contact with PC12 cells
      does not elicit the final morphogenetic events in Schwann cells (ensheathment,
      basal lamina formation and collagen fibril assembly) that normally occur when
      Schwann cells are co-cultured in contact with DRG neurons.

PMID- 3995343
TI  - The output of neuronotrophic and neurite-promoting agents from rat brain
      astroglial cells: a microculture method for screening potential regulatory
      molecules.
AB  - Throughout embryonic development, as well as in response to injury of the central
      nervous system, astroglial cells may present neurons with a critical supply of
      neuronotrophic and neurite-promoting factors which control, respectively,
      neuronal survival and axonal growth. The identification of such astroglial cell
      derived factors, as well as of specific extrinsic agents regulating their
      production, will require the use of in vitro techniques. We define here a new
      microculture system in which added agents can be screened for their ability to
      enhance or inhibit the output of trophic and neurite-promoting factors from
      purified neonatal rat brain astroglial cells. With such a procedure, thousands of
      replicate secondary astroglial cultures can be set-up and maintained in
      chemically defined medium, on a defined substratum and in a viable, low
      proliferative stable state. These cultured astroglial cells release into their
      medium at least three distinct and separable types of agents addressing nerve
      cells in vitro: (i) high molecular weight trophic factors (Mr greater than
      10,000) which support the survival of embryonic peripheral neurons; (ii) low
      molecular weight trophic agents (Mr less than 10,000) supporting embryonic
      central neurons; and (iii) polyornithine-binding neurite-promoting factors which
      enhance neuritic regeneration for both peripheral and central neurons. The
      temporal release patterns of these three agents from astroglial cultures are
      quite distinct suggesting that their output is independently regulated.

PMID- 3995344
TI  - Effects of intraocular tetrodotoxin on dendritic spines in the developing rat
      visual cortex: a Golgi analysis.
AB  - The effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-induced monocular impulse blockade on the growth
      of dendritic spines in the developing rat primary visual cortex was analysed by
      quantitative Golgi techniques. Between 5 and 21 days postnatal (dpn), rats were
      injected with TTX every 2 days into the right eye to chronically eliminate optic
      impulses. Effectiveness of TTX was monitored by loss of the pupillary light
      reflex. At 21 dpn, the number of spines located on the portion of the apical
      dendrite within layers III, IV and the superficial region of layer V was reduced
      by approximately 26%. These decreases were found on the apical dendrites of both
      large and medium sized pyramidal cells. TTX also reduced the number of spines on
      the proximal portion of oblique dendrites in layer IV by 16%, yet did not change
      the number of spines on basilar dendrites. No evidence of transneuronal
      degeneration was seen following long-term TTX treatment. These data indicate that
      dendritic spine development in the visual cortex is sensitive to the loss of
      optic impulses and that the decrease in spine population is principally due to a
      reduction in spine growth.

PMID- 3995345
TI  - The ontogeny of estrogen receptors: brain and pituitary.
AB  - This study examines the prenatal and neonatal development of estrogen receptors
      in the central nervous system of the mouse. [3H]Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was
      injected into pregnant mice on days 4, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15 and 17 of gestation or
      into neonates. DES is an estrogen agonist that circumvents the alpha-fetoprotein
      barrier, thereby gaining access to intracellular estrogen receptors. Sixty
      minutes after injection whole embryos, fetuses or neonates were rapidly frozen
      and processed for autoradiography. Although the transplacental movement of the
      isotope was confirmed in all age groups evidence for nuclear estrogen receptors
      was not seen in the brain until day E14. On this day a few labeled cells first
      appeared in the basal hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala, midbrain and spinal
      cord. The number and the labeling intensity of target cells increased in each of
      these areas on days E15, E17 and P0. The first appearance of estrogen receptors
      closely follows the reported birthdates of neurons in these regions.

PMID- 3995346
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in human infant forebrain: [3H]quinuclidinyl
      benzilate binding in homogenates and quantitative autoradiography in sections.
AB  - The ontogeny of muscarinic receptors in human brain was studied by comparing
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB) binding in postmortem tissue from infants
      1 week to 3 months of age with binding in adult specimens. Saturation analysis
      with [3H]QNB and displacement studies with muscarinic antagonists and agonists in
      tissue homogenates demonstrated that binding sites in the infants' forebrain
      regions were present in adult or higher than adult concentrations (Bmax). Binding
      affinity (Kd) and pharmacological characteristics were nearly identical at the
      two ages. Quantitative receptor autoradiography demonstrated more [3H]QNB binding
      in the gray matter of infants than adults and revealed a marked difference
      between the two ages in the laminar distribution of binding sites in neocortex.
      In contrast to the adult pattern with higher binding in superficial layers 1-3
      than in layers 4-6, the distribution in the immature cortex was inverted. These
      results suggest that muscarinic receptors in infants resemble closely those in
      mature brain. However, the topography of receptors in the immature neocortex is
      distinct and they are redistributed in a gradient from inside outward during
      postnatal development.

PMID- 3995347
TI  - Early development of olfactory receptor cell axons.
AB  - An electron microscope study was done on development of olfactory receptor cell
      axons in rat fetuses 13-17 days after conception (E13-E17). Initiation of axon
      outgrowth was first seen on E13. On E14, small bundles of olfactory axons,
      accompanied by epithelial cells, grow out of the epithelium and, by so doing,
      breach the basal lamina. Close examination of these epithelial cells from E14
      fetuses has revealed that they can be grouped into two types, one containing a
      ribosome-rich, dense cytoplasm, the other containing fewer free ribosomes and a
      more lucent cytoplasm. The first of these types is present infrequently or not at
      all at later times in development. The fate of the migrating cells is not known.
      Another notable observation was the indentation of olfactory epithelium by blood
      vessels during the developmental stages studied. There is very close association
      between processes of vascular endothelium and cells of the olfactory epithelium,
      so close, in fact, that a basal lamina is frequently absent. It is possible that
      vascular endothelium plays a role in breakdown of basal lamina, thus enabling
      olfactory axons to breach this barrier as they leave the epithelium.

PMID- 3995348
TI  - Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. II. Synaptic
      morphometry.
AB  - An array of morphological measurements was made upon spine synapses in the upper
      4 layers of occipital cortex of rats reared for 30 days after weaning in complex
      (EC), social (SC) or isolated (IC) environments. The mean length of the synaptic
      contact zone (post-synaptic density plus interpolated non-impregnated regions)
      was greater in layer IV of EC rats than in IC rats. SC rats were intermediate,
      not differing from other groups. There were no differences in these measures in
      other layers, nor were there differences in the mean area or perimeter of
      presynaptic terminals or postsynaptic processes, the relative frequency of headed
      vs sessile shaped spines, the length of the apposition between pre- and
      postsynaptic processes, or the ratio of perimeter to area (inverse roundness) of
      postsynaptic processes. Cleft width was greater in regions of the contact zone
      where postsynaptic density was present than in regions where it was absent
      (perforations), but, aside from the previously described differences in the
      frequency of perforated synapses, there were no group differences in cleft width.
      The maximum length of synaptic contact zones and the maximum area of presynaptic
      terminals was greater in EC than in IC rats in layer IV, but not in other layers,
      with SC rats again intermediate. These results support previous findings of
      larger layer IV synaptic contacts in EC rats and suggest that the size of some
      synaptic components can change without changes in others, a population of very
      large synapses is seen in layer IV of EC rats that is not seen in IC rats, and
      perforations may be unlikely sites of synapse splitting, given that membranes are
      more closely apposed in these regions, rather than pulling apart.

PMID- 3995349
TI  - Membrane proteins and glycoproteins specific to central nervous system axons and
      growth cones.
AB  - The specific functions of axons with growth cones might be correlated with a
      specific molecular composition differing from that of the perikarya. Thus axons
      with growth cones and cell perikaryal fractions were isolated by microdissection
      from neural retina explants of 6-day-old chick embryos. The protein composition
      of the minute amount of material available was analyzed with a two-dimensional
      micro-gel electrophoresis system in combination with various labeling procedures
      for surface- and glycoproteins. All methods showed, besides common features,
      proteins specific for axons with growth cones and for cell bodies.

PMID- 3995350
TI  - Responses of host motor and sensory neurons to a neural tube implant in amputated
      chick limbs.
AB  - The right wingbuds of stage 23-25 chick embryos were amputated at the future
      elbow region and a segment of 2-day neural tube was implanted longitudinally into
      the limb stump of experimental embryos to induce limb regeneration. Control
      embryos had no implant in the amputated limb stump. To analyze effects of the
      neural tube implant (NTI) upon the host nervous system, quantitative
      determinations were made of the peripheral limb field (PLF), dorsal root ganglia
      (DRG) and spinal cord lateral motor column (LMC) of the amputated side for
      comparison with similar determinations of the unamputated side in all embryos.
      The PLF was estimated by determining the area of the skeletal elements of the
      amputated and unamputated limb of each embryo. The size of the DRG was estimated
      by determining the sectional-profile area of a pair of ganglia; the LMC was
      determined by counting the neurons on both sides of a single spinal cord segment.
      The PLF was less on the amputated than on the unamputated side but was
      significantly greater in amputated limbs that received a NTI. The size of the DRG
      was positively correlated with the size of the PLF in all groups, indicating the
      DRG was not directly affected by the NTI but did respond to target structures.
      The number of neurons in the LMC was not positively correlated with the PLF and
      was not reduced by limb amputation in embryos with a NTI. The data suggest that
      the NTI may have protected host spinal cord cells from the induced-cell death
      expected to follow limb amputation; perhaps the implant produces a neuronal
      survival factor.

PMID- 3995351
TI  - Development of cholinergic projections in organotypic cultures of rat septum,
      hippocampus and cerebellum.
AB  - ChAT and AChE activity in the hippocampus originate primarily in axons from
      cholinergic neurons located in the medial septum. The development of cholinergic
      projections in organotypic explant cultures of rat septum, hippocampus,
      cerebellum and habenula was studied using AChE histochemistry and biochemical
      ChAT and AChE determinations. Hippocampal and cerebellar explants cultured
      without a septum contain negligible amounts of ChAT after 6 days of culture. When
      the hippocampus was cultured for several days in the presence of a septal
      explant, a massive increase in ChAT was observed in the hippocampal explant. When
      co-cultures were stained for AChE, AChE-positive projections were seen to grow
      out from the septum to invade the hippocampal explant. To a certain extent this
      ingrowth of septal cholinergic fibers into the hippocampus is target-specific,
      since cerebellar explants cultured with septum showed neither an ingrowth of AChE
      containing septal fibers, nor an increase in ChAT activity. Also, habenular AChE
      positive fibers fail to grow into a co-cultivated hippocampal explant. Further,
      in septal explants co-cultivated with hippocampal explants an increase in ChAT
      activity was seen as compared to septal explants cultivated alone. The possible
      factors responsible for the observed specificity and the increase in ChAT
      activity under co-culture conditions are discussed.

PMID- 3995352
TI  - A stereological study of neocortical maturation in the precocial mouse, Acomys
      cahirinus.
AB  - The development of neocortical area 17 of Acomys cahirinus was studied by
      quantifying changes in the numerical density of neurons and glia, and by
      examinations of subjects treated on the day of birth with tritiated thymidine.
      Unlike most laboratory species, Acomys is born in a relatively advanced state,
      with open and functional ears and eyes and coordinated locomotor abilities. Rapid
      neocortical growth occurred during the first 60 postnatal days and was
      accompanied by a 65% decrease in neuronal packing density. No evidence of
      neuronal proliferation was found in the neocortex, although labelling was found
      in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb. Glial densities remained relatively
      constant through the same time period, a consequence of continued proliferation.
      While previous studies have demonstrated that Acomys and the laboratory mouse
      undergo quite different patterns of olfactory bulb and hippocampal formation
      growth, the present study indicates that patterns of neocortical maturation are
      very similar in the two species. These findings suggest large variations both
      within and between species in patterns of brain growth.

PMID- 3995353
TI  - Extensive recrossing of retinotectal axons after neonatal unilateral superior
      collicular lesions in hamster.
AB  - Anterograde transport methods were used to examine the ipsilateral
      retinocollicular projections of adult hamsters subjected to ablation of one
      superior colliculus (SC) on the day of birth. In many of these animals
      ipsilateral retino-SC axons were not limited to the medial part of the remaining
      tectum as previously reported but encompassed the entire rostrocaudal and
      mediolateral extents of this SC. A common pattern was the existence of a dense
      patch of label contiguous with the midline, a more lateral region of diffuse
      labeling, a second dense lateral patch and diffuse labeling which extended to the
      lateral boundary of the tectum. The dense patches of label were usually aligned
      into rostrocaudally oriented bands. Additional experiments in which one optic
      tract was sectioned a week prior to the eye injection showed that the
      reorganization was primarily due to axons which recrossed the midline at the
      level of the midbrain. However, the uncrossed retinotectal projection was also
      abnormally dense in the animals subjected to neonatal SC lesions. Dense patches
      of label in the caudal half of the tectum were only observed when recrossing
      fibers were labeled. In a final set of experiments, both the ipsilateral and
      contralateral projections were labeled with different tracers in individual
      hamsters. These experiments showed a clear tendency for fibers from the two eyes
      to segregate in the remaining SC. This segregation was, however, incomplete, even
      in regions where labeling from each eye was quite dense.

PMID- 3995354
TI  - The callosal connexions of the primary somatic sensory cortex in the monkey.
AB  - The callosal connexions of the primary somatic sensory cortex, SI, of the monkey
      have been studied with axonal degeneration methods after the placement of lesions
      of varying size in the cortex of one hemisphere and after section of the corpus
      callosum. For the correlation of the distribution of the degeneration with the
      cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of SI and with their boundaries, planar
      reconstructions of the extents of the subdivisions and of area 5 were made. The
      extent of area 5 is surprisingly large, being about the same as SI, and area 3a
      can be recognized as a distinct subdivision along the entire medio-lateral extent
      of SI. The callosal fibres end in narrow, irregular bands aligned in the medio
      lateral dimension and there are accentuations at the boundaries of the
      cytoarchitectural subdivisions. In the representations of the trunk and face, the
      bands of degeneration are present across the entire antero-posterior extent of SI
      and with increases at the boundaries, while in the limb regions the degeneration
      becomes restricted to the boundaries. It is suggested that the callosal
      connexions of the somatic sensory cortex, like those in the visual and auditory
      areas, are connecting those parts of the cortex in the two hemispheres that are
      concurrently activated by a peripheral stimulus. The parts of SI that are devoid
      of callosal connexions are related to the distal limbs. The callosal connexions
      are homo- and heterotopical; an architectonic subdivision within the callosally
      connected regions projects to the same and other architectonic subdivisions at
      the same medio-lateral level in the opposite hemisphere; the cortex containing
      the representation of the caudal trunk near the post-central dimple is connected
      with the same region in the other hemisphere and with that of the separate
      representation of the caudal trunk in the posterior part of the cingulate sulcus,
      while the representation of the occipital region at the post-central dimple is
      connected both with the homotopical site in the other hemisphere and with the
      other representation of this part of the periphery at the level of the lower end
      of the intraparietal sulcus.

PMID- 3995355
TI  - The ipsilateral cortico-cortical connexions between the cytoarchitectonic
      subdivisions of the primary somatic sensory cortex in the monkey.
AB  - The ipsilateral cortico-cortical connexions passing between the architectonic
      subdivisions of the primary somatic sensory cortex, S1, of the monkey have been
      studied with axonal degeneration methods after the placement of small lesions.
      All architectonic subdivisions except area 3a, and all the topographic
      representations, have been involved by the lesions. The degeneration of local
      intracortical fibres has the same features that have been described in other
      cortical areas: dense terminal degeneration for about 200 micron immediately
      around the lesion and moderate degeneration extending for a few millimetres with
      that in layers I, IV and the deep part of V being the most marked and reaching
      furthest; the degeneration extends further in the antero-posterior than in the
      medio-lateral dimension, and further posteriorly than anteriorly. The arrangement
      of the intercortical fibre connexions varies with the architectonic subdivision
      and with the topographic representation, and as in other sensory areas these
      fibres may be considered as either feed-forward or feed-back. The feed-forward
      projections are heavy, terminate in all layers of the cortex but mainly in layer
      IV and the deep part of layer III, whereas the feed-back connexions are lighter
      and end in layers I, II, the superficial part of layer III and in layers V and
      VI. In the antero-posterior dimension, feed-forward fibres from area 3b go to
      areas 3a, 1 and 2; area 1 sends feed-forward connexions to areas 3a and 2 and
      feed-back to area 3b; area 2 sends a feed-forward projection to area 3a and feed
      back to areas 3b and 1; all areas also send fibres to area 5. A lesion in one of
      the architectonic subdivisions in the trunk and face representations results in
      degeneration throughout the antero-posterior extent of S1, but after damage
      within an architectonic area in the distal limb regions, there are foci of
      degeneration in the middle of the antero-posterior extents of the other areas but
      with little or none at the boundaries. The cortico-cortical fibres also extend
      medially or laterally for a few millimetres, in bands a few hundred micron wide.
      After damage of the trunk, occiput or proximal limb representations, the
      degenerating fibres pass predominantly along the boundaries; the separate
      representations of the caudal trunk, at the postcentral dimple and cingulate
      sulcus, are connected by continuous bands along the boundaries of area 3a and at
      the 2/5 boundary, and those of the occiput region at the levels of the
      postcentral dimple and lower end of the intraparietal sulcus are similarly
      linked.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3995356
TI  - The projection of the primary somatic sensory cortex upon area 5 in the monkey.
AB  - The projection of the cortex of the primary somatic sensory area (S1) upon area 5
      in the rhesus monkey has been studied with axonal degeneration methods. There is
      little or no overlap between the major topographic representations in area 5 but
      there is both convergence and divergence within a representation; the
      degeneration after a small lesion in a representation in SI virtually fills the
      representation in area 5 and there is extensive overlap of the degeneration after
      two lesions in widely separated parts of the representation in S1. The
      representation of the arm in area 5 is surprisingly large, that of the face is
      relatively smaller than in S1 and the trunk and leg are about the same as in S1.
      Lesions in the trunk and face representations result in terminal degeneration
      throughout the antero-posterior extent of area 5, but after damage of the limb
      representations the degeneration in area 5 is concentrated into 3 medio-laterally
      disposed bands. Of the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of S1, area 2 projects most
      heavily upon area 5 and area 3b the least, and there is a reversal in the antero
      posterior dimension with more posterior parts of S1 projecting to more anterior
      parts of area 5. The corticocortical fibres from S1 end in layers III and IV of
      area 5, and while the degeneration in layer IV is continuous it is in distinct
      'prongs' in layer III.

PMID- 3995357
TI  - The effect of intraseptally applied vasopressin on thermoregulation in the rat.
AB  - The thermoregulatory effects of intraseptal injection of arginine vasopressin
      were studied in eight rats in which a thermode and a bilateral cannula had been
      chronically implanted into the preoptic area and lateral septa, respectively.
      Intraseptal injection of vasopressin completely suppressed the increase in heat
      production and body temperature elicited by cooling the preoptic area, but did
      not appear to affect vasomotor tone. Vasopressin also inhibited heat production
      in a cold environment, and thus induced a marked drop in core temperature; skin
      temperature did not, however, fall as much as core temperature suggesting that
      some vasodilatation occurred. At an ambient temperature in the upper range of
      thermoneutrality vasopressin had no effect on the thermoregulatory variables
      studied. It is concluded that vasopressin does not reduce the normal set point
      temperature and that its main effect is to inhibit thermoregulatory heat
      production. This effect may explain its antipyretic action.

PMID- 3995358
TI  - Regional sensitivity of neuroleptic receptors to sub-acute soman intoxication.
AB  - Sub-acute exposure to anti-cholinesterase organophosphorous compounds induces, in
      humans, cognitive and emotional deficits which include depression, anxiety,
      emotional lability, and schizophrenic-like symptoms. Neuroleptic drugs used to
      treat similar clinical conditions bind to serotonergic (S2) and dopaminergic (D2)
      receptors, suggesting that these sites are involved in the psychiatric
      consequences of organophosphate exposure. Rats were given saline or soman (50
      micrograms/kg, SC) on a sub-acute regimen (three times weekly for four weeks) and
      killed 1 hr, 1 day or 3 days after the final injection. Response of regional
      neuroleptic receptors to soman intoxication was assessed using 3H-spiperone as
      ligand. Initial high affinity binding experiments using mianserine, haloperidol,
      or both to identify specific cortical binding revealed that mianserine
      displaceable binding sites showed the greatest down-regulation in response to
      soman. Subsequent kinetic analyses of mianserine displaceable 3H-spiperone
      binding indicated a dramatic decrease in the number of hippocampal binding sites
      and a decrease in the affinity of cortical binding sites. These S2 sites,
      considered to be involved with neural excitation, have the ability to self
      regulate and appear to be involved in the expression of soman neurotoxicity.

PMID- 3995359
TI  - A light microscopic HRP study of limbic projections to the vasopressin-containing
      nuclear groups of the hypothalamus.
AB  - The anterograde HRP technique has been used to define the efferent projections
      from the lateral septum, amygdala and ventral subiculum to the anterior
      hypothalamus (AH) with particular attention to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
      Each limbic region was found to project to the PVN in a perinuclear fashion
      leaving the nucleus itself virtually devoid of HRP-labeled terminals. This
      projection pattern was also characteristic of the limbic innervation of the
      supraoptic (SON) and suprachiasmatic (SCN) nuclei. HRP injections into limbic
      sites has also enabled the description of both efferent and afferent projections
      to the remainder of the diencephalon. These results extend the observations made
      previously on the projections from limbic structures to the diencephalon in the
      rat, particularly in regard to the distinctive relationship of efferents to the
      PVN and SON, the major components of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory
      system. At the light microscopic level it cannot be stated with certainty whether
      or not such limbic afferents synapse with the dendrites of cells in the PVN, SON
      or SCN which extend beyond the cellular boundaries of each nucleus.

PMID- 3995360
TI  - Early postnatal development of basolateral amygdala in kitten: a Golgi
      morphometric analysis.
AB  - The development of the lateral, basomedial and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala
      in 1-28 day old kittens was studied using Golgi morphometric methods. The major
      finding of this study is the growth of neurons within each of the nuclei of the
      amygdala examined occurs during the same time period, between 5-14 and 16-18 days
      of postnatal age in the cat. This growth occurs in slightly different ways in
      each of the nuclei. In the lateral nucleus, total dendritic length, average
      dendritic length and radius of the dendritic field increased significantly. In
      the basolateral nucleus number of branches per dendrite increased as well as
      total dendritic length and radius of the dendritic field. The least amount of
      growth occurred in the basomedial nucleus in which only total dendritic length
      increased. These increases in dendritic length were associated with qualitative
      observations of increasing maturity. In the first two weeks of age, the most
      frequently encountered cell type in all nuclei was pyramidal to multangular in
      outline with short dendrites and few dendritic spines. By 2 weeks of age, two
      cell types were easily distinguished, a multangular cell with numerous spines and
      a cell which had more rounded contours and a few dendritic spines. With age
      dendritic beading decreased and filopodia were no longer apparent.

PMID- 3995361
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in area postrema and brainstem areas regulating
      emesis.
AB  - Central cholinergic pathways modulate both the perception of excessive motion
      stimuli and the expression of motion sickness symptoms, such as nausea and
      vomiting. Specific brainstem areas which mediate motion-induced emesis include
      the area postrema (AP), vagal nuclear complex (VNC), reticular formation (RF) at
      the site of the vomiting center, and the vestibular complex (VC). In this report,
      histological studies indicated the cellular organization of brainstem structures
      mediating emesis was similar in bovine and squirrel monkey brain. The objective
      of this study was to characterize biochemical and pharmacological properties of
      muscarinic cholinergic receptors assayed by 3H-QNB binding in these regions of
      bovine brainstem. Scatchard analyses of specific 3H-QNB binding showed an uneven
      distribution of muscarinic receptors, with high densities of sites in VNC and AP,
      intermediate levels in RF and lowest receptor concentrations in VC. Dissociation
      constants for 3H-QNB, measured in saturation and kinetic experiments, were
      similar in all brainstem regions. The pharmacological potency of cholinergic
      agonists and antagonists was the same as reported for muscarinic receptors
      labeled in other brain areas or peripheral organs. Several drugs which potently
      inhibited 3H-QNB binding in bovine brainstem also exhibited antiemetic activity
      in a squirrel monkey model of motion-induced emesis. The antimotion sickness
      effects of these drugs may be due, in part, to their antagonism of muscarinic
      receptors in brainstem areas regulating emesis.

PMID- 3995362
TI  - Neural mechanisms distinguishing the neocortical EEG of C57BL/6 mice from that of
      DBA/2 mice.
AB  - C57BL/6 inbred mice lack the 1-5 sec bursts of 6-7 cps spindles characteristic of
      the neocortical EEG of DBA/2 mice during waking. C57BL/6 mice (1) may be unable
      to generate any synchronized cortical EEG activity, (2) may lack the
      thalamocortical circuitry required to generate these brief spindle episodes
      (BSEs), (3) may lack mechanisms that can activate this circuitry or (4) may
      possess a potent mechanism to suppress BSE initiation and generation.
      Possibilities 1 and 2 have been eliminated because C57BL/6 mice generate
      pentobarbital, rostropontine-induced and sleep spindles, and because certain
      C57BL/6 sleep spindles resembled the BSEs seen in DBA/2 mice. Possibilities 3 and
      4 were examined in the experiments reported here. In DBA/2 mice,
      pentylenetetrazol activates BSEs at subconvulsant doses. In contrast, neither 20
      nor 50 mg/kg, IP, pentylenetetrazol activated BSEs in C57BL/6 mice, although the
      higher dose provoked 4-5 cps slow waves and myoclonic jerks. In DBA/2 mice, the
      beta-noradrenergic antagonist propranolol has been reported to powerfully release
      BSEs. In C57BL/6 mice, 10 and 15 mg/kg propanolol weakly released BSEs; fewer
      than 3 per hour occurred. Hence neither possibilities 3 and 4 are sufficient in
      themselves to explain the lack of BSEs during waking in C57BL/6 mice. However,
      simultaneous administration of 10 mg/kg propranolol and 20 mg/kg
      pentylenetetrazol provoked numerous BSEs in C57BL/6 mice. This suggests that
      perhaps C57BL/6 mice, as compared to DBA/2 mice, possess both a more powerful
      noradrenergic mechanism to suppress spindles and a more weakly functioning
      mechanism to activate BSEs. Hence possibilities 3 and 4 may both be
      correct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995363
TI  - Forebrain structures regulating flight behavior in the cat.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine the role of the bed nucleus of the
      stria terminalis (BNST) and preoptic region in the regulation of hypothalamically
      elicited flight behavior in the cat. The general paradigm involved concurrent
      electrical stimulation of sites in the hypothalamus from which flight responses
      were elicited and of the BNST or preoptic region from which modulation of flight
      behavior was attempted. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal and ventral preoptic
      region modulated flight behavior in opposing ways. Suppression of flight behavior
      resulted from stimulation of the BNST and ventral aspect of the preoptic region,
      while facilitation of the behavioral response followed stimulation of the dorsal
      aspect of the preoptic region.

PMID- 3995364
TI  - Thalamic negativity associated with the endogenous late positive component of
      cerebral evoked potentials (P300): recordings using discriminative aversive
      conditioning in humans and cats.
AB  - Electrical potentials within the thalamus associated with the endogenous late
      positive component (LPC or P300) of cerebral evoked potentials were investigated
      in humans and cats. Essentially identical discrimination tasks using classical
      aversive conditioning were employed for recording LPC in both species. In humans,
      a negative wave within the same latency range as that of LPC was noted, with
      dependency on stimulus-relevance, at all thalamic and mesencephalic recording
      sites which included the nucl. centrum medianum, nucl. parafascicularis, and
      periaqueductal gray. Similar negative waves were also observed over wide areas of
      the thalamus of cats including specific as well as non-specific thalamic nuclei.
      The negative waves seen in the thalamus were generally higher in amplitude than
      those seen in the white matter and became unclear when the electrodes penetrated
      the ventral border of the thalamus.

PMID- 3995365
TI  - Caudal ventrolateral medulla can alter vasopressin and arterial pressure.
AB  - The effects of specific treatments of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) on
      vasopressin (AVP) release and arterial pressure (AP) were examined in urethane
      anesthetized rabbits. Electrical stimulation of the CVLM for 5 minutes did not
      increase plasma AVP; it did however elicit an acute fall in arterial pressure.
      Similarly, stimulation of cells in the CVLM by microinjection of L-glutamate
      caused an acute decrease in AP but no change in plasma AVP. Muscimol injected
      into the CVLM increased AP but not AVP. On the other hand, bicuculline decreased
      AP and markedly increased plasma AVP, and the increase in AVP following
      bicuculline injection was not secondary to the fall in AP. These results
      demonstrate that the CVLM is involved in the regulation of AVP release.
      Furthermore, taken together with previous findings, these studies indicate that
      AVP and AP respond differently to treatments of the CVLM, suggesting that
      different cells in the CVLM are involved in the regulation of AVP release and AP.

PMID- 3995366
TI  - Unilateral odor deprivation: time course of changes in laminar volume.
AB  - Unilateral olfactory deprivation on Day 1 results in large reduction in olfactory
      bulb size when animals are examined in the juvenile period. The present study
      explored 2 issues. First, the development of changes in laminar volume was
      measured in order to determine when differences in olfactory bulb size emerge.
      Rat pups underwent surgical closure of one naris on Day 1 and laminar sizes were
      examined on either day 4, 8, or 12. Reliable differences emerged between
      "deprived" and control bulbs by Day 12. Second, to determine the length of the
      period of susceptibility to changes in sensory input, pups were deprived on
      either Day 10 or 20 and reared for thirty days. Deprivation at both ages reduced
      bulb size, although treatment at the later age resulted in less severe
      alterations.

PMID- 3995367
TI  - Afferent and efferent connections of the medial preoptic area in the rat: a WGA
      HRP study.
AB  - Afferent and efferent connections of the medial preoptic area including medial
      preoptic nucleus (MP) and periventricular area at the MP level were examined
      using WGA-HRP as a marker. Injections were performed by insertion of micropipette
      containing (1) small amount of HRP powder or (2) dryed HRP solution for 24 to 48
      hr until the fixation or for 5 min respectively. Dorsal and ventral approaches of
      injection micropipettes were performed and the results were compared. Previously
      reported reciprocal connections with lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis, medial amygdaloid nucleus, lateral hypothalamic nucleus,
      paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate
      nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, central gray at the mesencephalon, raphe
      dorsalis, raphe medianus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus have been confirmed.
      In addition, we found reciprocal connections with septo-hypothalamic nucleus,
      amygdalo-hipocampal nucleus, subiculum, parafascicular thalamic nucleus,
      posterior thalamic nucleus at the caudo-ventral subdivision, median preoptic
      nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, periventricular
      area at the caudal hypothalamic level, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus,
      posterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal and ventral premammillary nucleus, lateral
      mammillary nucleus, peripeduncular nucleus, periventricular gray, ventral
      tegmental area, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus raphe pontis, nucleus raphe
      magnus, pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus
      and solitary tract nucleus. The areas which had only efferent connections from MP
      were accumbens, caudate putamen, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, lateral
      habenular nucleus, paratenial thalamic nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus,
      mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, reuniens thalamic nucleus, median eminence, medial
      mammillary nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, pars compacta of substantia nigra,
      oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, reticular
      tegmental nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, nucleus locus coeruleus, and dorsal motor
      nucleus of vagus among which substantia innominata and median eminence were
      previously reported. Efferent connections to the nucleus of Darkschewitsch,
      interstitial nucleus of Cajal, dorsal tegmental nucleus, ventral tegmental
      nucleus, vestibular nuclei, nucleus raphe obsculus were very weak or abscent in
      the ventral approach while they were observed in dorsal approach. Previously
      reported afferent connections from dorsal tegmental nucleus, cuneiform nucleus,
      and nucleus locus ceruleus were not detected in this study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 3995368
TI  - Stimulus-response relation of tooth pulp units in rat trigeminal nucleus.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the rat tooth pulp evokes a slow mass potential (SMP)
      in the trigeminal spinal nucleus. Single units in the SMP field were examined for
      their stimulus-response relation. The response profile of most single units
      differed from that of background SMPs in that the former tended to give a greater
      gradient or exponent when they were approximated by linear or power function,
      respectively. Most of single units with a short and stable latency could be
      described rather well by power function, while a majority of units with a longer
      and unstable latency had a relatively wide dynamic range to varied stimulus
      intensities and could be approximated more closely by linear function.

PMID- 3995370
TI  - Itch in psoriasis.

PMID- 3995369
TI  - Erythema infectiosum--a Bristol outbreak.

PMID- 3995371
TI  - Mrs Gillick and the Wisbech Area Health Authority.

PMID- 3995372
TI  - Chronic granulomatous cicatrising enteritis. A clinical comparison of Crohn's
      disease and tuberculosis.

PMID- 3995373
TI  - Bangladesh--1977 to 1984.

PMID- 3995374
TI  - Medical officer in the Transkei.

PMID- 3995375
TI  - Surgical treatment of single brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - We analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 50 patients with brain
      metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer who underwent craniotomy between the
      years 1978 through 1983. The onset of brain metastases was synchronous in 14
      patients, occurred within 1 year of treatment of the primary tumor in 21
      patients, and after 1 year in 15 patients. A total of 28 patients had undergone
      curative resection of the lung tumor; 15 patients had undergone palliative
      resection with or without radioactive implants, and 7 patients did not undergo
      surgical treatment of their primary tumor. At time of craniotomy, 31 patients
      were considered to have disease limited to the central nervous system. Following
      surgery, 34 patients received radiation therapy (30 whole brain radiation, 4
      focal radiation); 15 patients had previously undergone whole brain radiation
      ("radiation failures"), and there was 1 postoperative death. The overall median
      survival in this series was 18 months. Favorable prognostic variables included
      (a) curative resection of the primary tumor (median 28 months), (b) disease
      limited to the central nervous system (median 24 months), and (c) negative
      mediastinal nodes at time of thoracotomy (median 28 months). The incidence of
      local recurrence of intracranial tumor at the original site was higher in those
      patients who had failed previous radiation (53%) compared to those who received
      postoperative radiation (12%). Although the overall degree of neurological
      palliation was 75%, patients who had failed radiation were less successfully
      palliated, and the majority continued to require steroid therapy following tumor
      resection. These results suggest that patients with single brain metastases from
      non-small-cell lung cancer who have undergone curative resection of their primary
      tumor have considerable potential for long-term survival, and surgical resection
      prior to radiation should be considered. Even in symptomatic patients with
      controlled or limited extracranial disease, such treatment provides rapid
      effective neurological palliation and can be accomplished currently with minimal
      mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 3995376
TI  - Ab initio studies of the antiviral drug 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyl) thymine.
AB  - The antiviral drug 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) thymine (FMAU)
      exhibits a high therapeutic index against a number of herpesviruses. As with
      other drugs which are nucleoside analogs, such as 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine and others, the activity seems to be strongly
      related to the presence of a fluorine atom in the sugar moiety, in the arabino
      position. Theoretical calculations, using quantum-chemical methods, are used to
      elucidate the role of the fluorine in the arabino position and to provide
      information about the sugar puckering. The results seem to indicate that the
      fluorine atom prevents the rotation of the base around the sugar-base bond,
      locking it into an anti structure (Fig. 2,A3) which might be related to its
      exposure to enzymatic attack. The sugar study confirms the endo position (above
      the plane) of the C'2 carbon as opposed to the endo position of the C'3 carbon.

PMID- 3995378
TI  - Scientists and science writers.

PMID- 3995377
TI  - Experimental studies and phase II trial of bisantrene in advanced urothelial
      malignancies.
AB  - A phase II trial with bisantrene was performed simultaneously against urothelial
      tumors in nude mice and in patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma.
      The starting dose was 260 mg/m2, intravenously, every 3 weeks. No responses were
      seen in the in vivo animal study or in 13 treated patients.

PMID- 3995379
TI  - American Cancer Society Writers' Seminars: their role in effective communication.

PMID- 3995380
TI  - Multiple modulatory effects of butylated hydroxytoluene on tumorigenesis.

PMID- 3995381
TI  - [Quantification of analgesia. Technical proposal].

PMID- 3995382
TI  - [Solar (celiac) block in intractable neoplastic pain originating in the
      subdiaphragmatic digestive system].
AB  - Neurolysis of the coeliac plexus using 45 per cent alcohol was performed by the
      percutaneous posterior route. Bilateral blockade was always done. Effective in
      immediate relief was obtained in 88 per cent of the cases and was maintained in
      73 per cent one month later.

PMID- 3995383
TI  - [Preoperative chemotherapy of ovarian cancer in anesthesia and resuscitation].
AB  - Anti-mitotic chemotherapy has become more efficient but also more toxic. This
      toxicity complicates later operations. Sixty cases of ovarian cancer one analysed
      and the various complications related to chemotherapy described.

PMID- 3995384
TI  - [Fentanyl, pancuronium and nitrous oxide in high-risk orthopedic and
      traumatologic surgery].

PMID- 3995385
TI  - [Acute poisoning as a result of ingesting fluorinated anti-rust compounds].

PMID- 3995387
TI  - [Analysis of the tasks and attributions of the anesthesiologist].

PMID- 3995386
TI  - [Severe potassium deficiency in a cirrhotic].

PMID- 3995388
TI  - [Measurement of surgical stress under anesthesia by means of hormonal and
      metabolic reactions].

PMID- 3995389
TI  - [Factors affecting analgesia. Self administration of analgesics].

PMID- 3995390
TI  - [Chronic pain: a problem in nocisuppression?].

PMID- 3995391
TI  - [Anesthetic risk of cancer metastases].

PMID- 3995392
TI  - [Cardiocirculatory responses to tracheal intubation in the heart patient].
AB  - Laryngo-tracheal nebulization with 10% lidocaine was performed in 10 patients
      undergoing cardiosurgery for substitution of mitral valve, five min. before
      induction of anesthesia with 0.007 mg . kg-1 of Fentanyl. Hemodynamic studies of
      these cases were compared to similar observations without nebulization. It
      appears tha laryngotracheal lidocaine nebulization reduces circulatory
      disturbances and attenuates the adrenosympathetic response to intubation.

PMID- 3995393
TI  - [Computerized report of anesthesia in real time].
AB  - The computerized report of anesthesia (C.R.A.) is an equivalent of the document
      filled out by the anesthesiologist, linked to a multicriteria research program
      giving the opportunity to study connections between different performances of
      anesthesia. To obtain these results, the authors are introducing a
      microcomputerized system in real time, including a microcomputer (capacity 64
      kO), a visual display monitor (80 column format), two floppy disks controllers
      and a printer. Through a "menu", there is an access to the following functions:
      identity, patient story, drug prescriptions, anesthetics used, chronology of
      administration, monitoring of parameters, incidents/accidents, multicriteria
      research, editing of the C.R.A. The operational realisation shows that this
      computerized system offers storage capacity and allows a retrospective analysis
      of anesthesia. As it is inexpensive and easy to use, it may become a very
      important device in every-day practice.

PMID- 3995394
TI  - [Psychological study of a group of university anesthetists].

PMID- 3995395
TI  - [Induction of inhalation anesthesia regulated by feedback].

PMID- 3995396
TI  - [Unilateral high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) in surgery of the tracheal
      bifurcation].

PMID- 3995397
TI  - [Anesthesiologic management of the patient threatened by malignant hyperthermia].

PMID- 3995398
TI  - [Post-anesthetic stage after inhalation of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and
      nitrous oxide].

PMID- 3995399
TI  - [Closing pressure of the expiratory valve of the Ambu apparatus].

PMID- 3995400
TI  - [Risk of intravenous regional anesthesia with 0.25% bupivacaine].

PMID- 3995401
TI  - [Severe metabolic alkaloses in psychiatric form].

PMID- 3995402
TI  - [Rare complication of tracheotomy. Rupture of the cannula].

PMID- 3995403
TI  - Rapid isolation of a triacylglycerol synthetase complex from rat intestinal
      mucosa.
AB  - A triacylglycerol synthetase complex made up of acyl-CoA synthetase, acyl
      CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase, and acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase
      has been solubilized by sodium taurocholate and isolated by chromatography on
      phenyl-Sepharose. For this purpose microsomes of the villus cells of rat
      intestinal mucosa were dissolved in 2% sodium taurocholate prepared in 1 M
      (NH4)2SO4 and 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5) (buffer A). After dialysis against buffer
      A, the sample was loaded on a phenyl-Sepharose column and the enzyme complex was
      eluted with 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5) (buffer B). The enzymatically active
      fractions were pooled and rechromatographed on a Bio-Gel A-0.5m column
      equilibrated with buffer B and 150 mM NaCl. The recovered triacylglycerol
      synthetase complex accounted for over 75% of the original enzyme activity and
      represented a 145-fold purification from villus cells and a 10-fold purification
      from microsomes. It exhibited maximal activity at pH 8.0-9.0. On the basis of Bio
      Gel A-0.5m chromatography the three enzymic activities appeared as a single
      fraction in the molecular weight range of 350 000-375 000. The complex migrated
      as a single peak on high performance liquid chromatography on an ion-exchange
      column using a NaCl gradient. The ratio of the activities of the three enzymes
      remained constant during the purification. The purified enzyme complex lost about
      50% of its diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity on storage for 2 weeks at -20
      degrees C in presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.

PMID- 3995404
TI  - Rabbit liver phosphorylase a phosphatase: regulation by glucose and caffeine.
AB  - The modulation of three molecular forms of liver phosphorylase a phosphatases,
      the "catalytic" subunit phosphatase (35 000 relative mass (Mr) and phosphatases
      2A1 and 2A2 by glucose and caffeine and some physiologically important compounds
      were studied, using 32P-labelled phosphorylase a obtained from rabbit liver as
      substrate. Glucose and caffeine showed independent and additive activations. The
      caffeine effect was seen at micromolar to millimolar concentrations and glucose
      caused activation even at concentrations below the normal blood glucose level.
      The nucleotides ATP and AMP, at their presumed physiological concentrations in
      the liver, were strongly inhibitory. Inhibition by these nucleotides and other
      inhibitors tested showed varied responses to the presence of the activators
      glucose and caffeine, depending on the phosphatase form. Thus, significant relief
      of ATP inhibition was afforded by glucose and caffeine acting independently for
      the 35 000 Mr phosphatase, whereas relief of inhibition for phosphatases 2A1 and
      2A2 required a combination of glucose, caffeine, and Mg2+. The Km of the liver 35
      000 Mr phosphatase was about 50 microM for the liver substrate as compared with 4
      microM for the muscle substrate. The Km of phosphatase 2A2 was about 16 microM
      and for phosphatase 2A1 it was about 20 microM, using liver substrate in the
      absence of any stimulators. Mg2+ inhibited the 35 000 Mr phosphatase, but became
      stimulatory for phosphatase 2A2 and was an almost obligatory requirement for
      phosphatase 2A1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995405
TI  - Deacylation of endogenously deuterated rat liver microsomal phospholipids by
      endogenous phospholipases.
AB  - The relative deacylation of microsomal phospholipid molecular species was
      reexamined. Microsomal membranes were prepared from the livers of rats injected,
      over a period of 20 h, with perdeuterated ethanol. The phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine were isolated by thin-layer chromatography of the total
      lipid extracts and the distribution of deuterium among the molecular species of
      the diacylglycerol moieties was determined by reversed-phase high pressure liquid
      chromatography in combination with chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
      Deuterium was found to be incorporated into newly formed glycerol and newly
      synthesized palmitic and stearic acids (4-22% replacement) which were distributed
      throughout the molecular species in proportion to their relative rates of
      turnover (10-45% replacement). Within each unsaturation class, the palmitoyl
      species were labelled more extensively than the corresponding stearoyl species.
      Following in vitro incubation of the membranes with 10 mM Ca2+ at pH 8.5, there
      occurred a rapid degradation of the phosphatidylethanolamines (to 60% of control
      values after 90 min), while the phosphatidylcholines remained essentially
      unaffected. The various molecular species of the phosphatidylethanolamines were
      degraded linearly and in proportion to their masses. The deuterium content of the
      phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine remained constant throughout the
      incubation. It was concluded that under the present experimental conditions all
      molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine, both old and newly synthesized,
      are equally accessible to the endogenous phospholipase.

PMID- 3995406
TI  - Cerulenin inhibition of lipid synthesis and its reversal by exogenous fatty acids
      in Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607.
AB  - Cerulenin inhibited the lipid synthesis of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 over
      the range of 0.5-1.8 microgram/mL with complete inhibition at 1.8 microgram/mL,
      as monitored by [14C]glycerol incorporation into lipids. Exogenous fatty acids
      failed to restore the lipid synthesis at 1.8 microgram/mL; however, the addition
      of palmitic acid to the growth medium partially restored the lipid synthesis when
      cerulenin concentration was decreased to 1.6 microgram/mL. Fatty acid analysis of
      cerulenin plus palmitic acid supplemented cultures revealed that exogenously
      supplied fatty acid was incorporated into cellular phospholipids. Further
      investigations with 1.6 microgram/mL of cerulenin and [14C]acetate and
      [32P]orthophosphoric acid showed that cerulenin inhibited the synthesis of
      saturated plus unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. Pulse-chase studies
      with [14C]acetate revealed decreased synthesis and degradation of each of the
      phospholipid components.

PMID- 3995407
TI  - Thymus metallothionein: regulation of zinc-thionein in the aging mouse.
AB  - The presence of a zinc-inducible metallothionein in mouse thymus tissue has been
      shown, together with an age-related modulation of zinc, metallothionein, and
      thymus mass. Metallothionein (MT) and zinc concentrations were found to be
      maximum prior to completion of thymic growth and to be at a minimum when
      development of the thymus had ceased. Subsequent transient outgrowths of the
      thymus during involution showed similar associated fluctuations of MT and zinc
      levels. A marked difference in the latter parameters was found on comparison with
      New Zealand Black mice known for development of early onset autoimmunities. These
      findings provide a new avenue for both investigation of the regulation of zinc in
      thymus tissue, as well as the possible elucidation of the molecular basis for
      certain age-related immune dysfunctions.

PMID- 3995408
TI  - Immunological studies of the uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue.
AB  - The immunological relationship of the uncoupling protein from brown adipose
      tissue of several mammalian species was examined by using a rabbit antibody
      preparation against the rat protein. Complete cross-reactivity of the antibody to
      the protein from hamster, mouse, and rat was found, whereas the protein from
      rabbit cross-reacted only 25%. Cross-reactivity was also found with the human
      uncoupling protein, although the human protein was found to be about 1 kdalton
      smaller than the rat protein. No protein of the size of the uncoupling protein
      was detected in several tumor cell lines examined.

PMID- 3995409
TI  - Mutagenicity of drinking water detected by the Tradescantia micronucleus test.
AB  - Spring Lake reservoir of Macomb, Illinois, is a typical model of the drinking
      water supply of some midwestern towns of the United States. Water samples
      collected periodically in 1980 and 1981 from this lake were tested for
      mutagenicity using the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) test, a highly
      sensitive mutagen-detecting bioassay. Water samples from 1981 were also analyzed
      chemically. The micronucleus (MCN) frequency peaked (12-14 MCN/100 tetrads) in
      mid-July in both years, as compared with the average frequency (5 MCN/100
      tetrads) of the base-line control that was maintained in nutrient solution
      (prepared with distilled water and pure chemicals). Drinking water from the tap
      was tested in parallel with lake water, and its mutagenicity tended to fluctuate
      with the mutagenicity of the lake water.

PMID- 3995410
TI  - Spermatogenic delay and increased chiasma frequency in T70H/+ male mice with
      hydroxyurea-Trenimon limited spermatocyte populations.
AB  - T(1;13)70H/+ male mice were treated with hydroxyurea (HU) and Trenimon (T). This
      karyotype offers excellent possibilities for estimating number and position of
      chiasmata and segregation in meiotic anaphase I. By their cell-killing action
      during spermatogenesis, HU and T produce large gaps in the spermatogenic line.
      The surviving population between the gaps was analysed at diakinesis--metaphase I
      and metaphase II. We found by autoradiography a considerable retardation of the
      development from resting primary spermatocytes (RPS) to metaphase I and II as
      compared to untreated T70H/+ males. Furthermore we found increased chiasma
      frequencies in diakinesis--metaphase I (MI) and reduced nondisjunction
      frequencies at anaphse I as a result of the treatments applied. The latter effect
      could not be explained by the increased chiasma frequency.

PMID- 3995411
TI  - A cytogenetic study of subfertility in the domestic cat (Felis catus).
AB  - The chromosomes of cat embryos derived from three subfertile queens were studied
      4 weeks postcoitum. The incidence of spontaneous chromosome anomalies was 15% and
      type of abnormality observed was autosomal mosaicism. The significance of this
      finding and the developmental fate of the chromosomally aberrant embryos is
      discussed. The absence of polyploidy and (nonmosaic) autosomal trisomy, which are
      the most common observations in previous studies on mammalian embryos, suggests
      that the difference between the present observations and previous studies may be
      related to the difference in gestational stage studied, or to the difference in
      ovulatory patterns between domestic cats and other mammals. Polyploidy through
      ageing of the gametes is less likely in the cat than in spontaneous ovulators
      since ovulation in cats is induced only after coitus. It is speculated that
      chromosome analysis of earlier stages of embryonic development may reveal more
      severe forms of karyotype alteration.

PMID- 3995412
TI  - Canadian Ophthalmological Society. 48th annual meeting, Toronto, Ontario.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 3995413
TI  - What should the practising surgeon do with precancerous and high-risk breast
      lesions?

PMID- 3995414
TI  - Human bite injuries of the hand.

PMID- 3995415
TI  - Head injuries.

PMID- 3995416
TI  - Neuropathology of chronic pancreatitis in humans.
AB  - To investigate the pathogenesis of pain in chronic pancreatitis, tissue resected
      from 50 patients with this condition was examined by light microscopy. An
      examiner, blinded to clinical and pathological data, graded perineural fibrosis,
      inflammation and the composition of inflammatory infiltrate in 2132 separate
      perineural fields. Correlation of perineural fibrosis and inflammation grading
      with alcohol ingestion and pain severity was insignificant. Pain severity did
      correlate with the timing of alcohol consumption. Although calcification
      significantly affected pain severity, the status of duct dilatation was not
      significant. Eosinophils were observed in disproportionate numbers in the
      perineural infiltrate. The correlation of percentage eosinophilic infiltrate and
      pain severity was highly significant. Timing of alcohol consumption also
      correlated significantly with the percentage eosinophilic infiltration. As
      eosinophils are known to be cytotoxic and injurious to tissue by liberation of
      enzymes through degranulation, the findings of this study suggest that the pain
      of chronic pancreatitis may be mediated by perineural eosinophils, through a
      chemotactic mechanism involving alcohol.

PMID- 3995417
TI  - Influence of splenectomy on lethal effects of pneumococcal infection.
AB  - To determine whether the splenectomized host is more sensitive to the toxic
      effects of pneumococcal infection and whether the known clearance defect accounts
      for the early, increased mortality seen in postsplenectomy infection, the authors
      studied 8-week-old C57B1 mice. They were divided into two groups: seven control
      nonsplenectomized mice and six splenectomized mice. All animals were inoculated
      intravenously with 10(3) colony forming units of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
      Microaliquots of blood were drawn from the tail of all mice into sterile,
      heparinized, capillary tubes at 1, 4, 8 and 16 hours. Blood bacteria were
      quantitated using a drop dilution method. The time to death was recorded. A form
      of survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model was performed on
      the data. The infection was uniformly fatal. An early decrease in the numbers of
      blood bacteria was seen in nonsplenectomized mice followed by a logarithmic
      linear increase. In splenectomized mice, there was early rapid bacterial growth
      greater than that in control mice. Splenectomized mice died earlier than control
      mice (p less than 0.05 at 24 hours, Fisher's exact test). The bacterial count had
      a highly significant effect upon mortality overall (p = 0.0017). A function
      describing the risk of dying versus bacterial numbers was generated and was the
      same for both groups. The splenectomized host does not appear to be more
      susceptible to the toxic effects of pneumococcal infection. Early mortality in
      bacteremic pneumococcal infection can be attributed to impaired bacterial
      clearance alone.

PMID- 3995418
TI  - Reliability of the total lymphocyte count as a parameter of nutrition.
AB  - To evaluate the total lymphocyte count as a means of nutritional assessment, body
      composition studies (a proven method of nutritional assessment) and total
      lymphocyte determinations were performed simultaneously in 153 patients. The
      total lymphocyte count correlated poorly with both the body cell mass and the
      nutritional state measured by the Nae to Ke ratio. For diagnosing malnutrition,
      the total lymphocyte count had a false-positive rate of 34% and a false-negative
      rate of 50%. In a group of 78 patients who received total parenteral nutrition
      for 2 weeks, the total lymphocyte count did not accurately reflect the
      nutritional changes. Due to its poor sensitivity and specificity, the total
      lymphocyte count is of no value as a measure of the nutritional state.

PMID- 3995419
TI  - Blunt liver trauma at the Sunnybrook Regional Trauma Unit.
AB  - Between June 1, 1976 and Mar. 31, 1983, the Sunnybrook Medical Centre Regional
      Trauma Unit in Toronto, Ont., admitted 145 patients with liver trauma; of these,
      141 (97%) had sustained blunt liver trauma. Of 113 patients who underwent open
      peritoneal lavage, 112 had a true-positive lavage. Resuscitation was successful
      in 137 patients and 134 of these underwent laparotomy. Seventy-nine (59%) of the
      134 patients required only minor surgical treatment; the other 55 (41%) required
      major surgical procedures. The overall mortality was 32% (47 of 145). Eight
      patients died during resuscitation but only one of them died of liver hemorrhage.
      Of the 39 patients who died after admission, the cause of death was head injury
      in 22, while 6 died of liver hemorrhage and 11 of other causes. Overall, liver
      hemorrhage was the cause of death in 15% of cases (7 of 47).

PMID- 3995420
TI  - Symposium on outpatient anorectal procedures. Pilonidal disease.
AB  - Many procedures have been advocated to treat pilonidal disease, suggesting that
      no one method is highly efficacious. In the office, the surgical approach is
      directed towards three aspects of the condition: pilonidal abscess, recurrent
      pilonidal disease following surgery and chronic pilonidal disease following
      spontaneous rupture of an abscess or secondary to incision and drainage. In
      managing the acute pilonidal abscess, an intradermal injection is given over the
      indurated, fluctuant area as well as the midline orifice which can almost always
      be identified. The midline orifice is incised and the incision carried into the
      abscess cavity. The edges of the cavity are excised. Healing takes place
      secondarily. A second procedure is rarely needed.

PMID- 3995421
TI  - Symposium on outpatient anorectal procedures. Lateral internal sphincterotomy:
      rationale, technique and anesthesia.
AB  - To determine the role of lateral internal sphincterotomy under local anesthesia
      in patients with anal fissures, a retrospective review of 133 patients (62 men,
      71 women) was conducted. They ranged in age from 19 to 79 years. The open
      technique described by Sir Alan Parks was adopted, except that the operation was
      performed under local anesthesia as an outpatient procedure. Associated
      operations were performed in nine patients (6.5%). Complications, which occurred
      in seven patients (5.3%), included difficulty controlling flatus, incomplete
      wound healing and thrombosed external and prolapsing internal hemorrhoids. Relief
      of pain was prompt. The advantages of this operation are that hospitalization is
      not necessary, it can be performed under local anesthesia, postoperative
      discomfort is of short duration and wounds heal quickly. This report supports the
      use of lateral internal sphincterotomy for patients with a chronic anal fissure.

PMID- 3995422
TI  - Symposium on outpatient anorectal procedures. Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy:
      an office procedure.
AB  - Patients who had benign polyps and cancers were studied retrospectively to define
      whether use of the 60-cm flexible sigmoidoscope would markedly improve the
      diagnostic yield over the 25-cm rigid sigmoidoscope. Of the polyps found, 48%
      could have been seen by the rigid sigmoidoscope and 85% by the flexible
      sigmoidoscope. Cancers were within reach of digital examination in 21%, of the
      rigid sigmoidoscope in 38% and of the flexible sigmoidoscope in 60%. This
      verifies the greater diagnostic yield by the flexible sigmoidoscope. In 211
      asymptomatic patients who underwent flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy, the scope
      reached to 25 cm in all and to 50 cm in 75%. The average time required for the
      examination was 4.9 minutes. Of these patients, who had also undergone rigid
      sigmoidoscopy previously, 76% preferred the flexible scope, 18% preferred the
      rigid scope and 6% could tell no difference. The yield of neoplasms was 4% in the
      distal 25 cm of the colon and rectum, but an additional 8% were found in the
      sigmoid colon. This review supports the need for flexible sigmoidoscopy in the
      office as a screening tool for detection of polyps and early diagnosis of cancer
      in the asymptomatic patient over 40 years of age. Technique, costs and
      complications are discussed.

PMID- 3995423
TI  - Symposium on outpatient anorectal procedures. Panel discussion.

PMID- 3995424
TI  - Prophylactic mastectomy for precancerous and high-risk lesions of the breast.
AB  - The candidates for prophylactic mastectomy are those who have a family history of
      breast cancer, multiple fibrocystic masses that have been biopsied or are too
      numerous to biopsy appropriately, or patients who previously have had cancer in
      one breast. The decision to perform the subcutaneous mastectomy is one that must
      be made by the surgeons involved, in consultation with the patient and her
      husband. The data from subcutaneous mastectomies appear promising and the
      technical results have improved as experience has been gained. However, 5 to 10
      more years are necessary to determine whether this procedure decreases the
      incidence of breast cancer in these high-risk patients.

PMID- 3995425
TI  - Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis simulating malignant colonic obstruction.
AB  - Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon condition in which pockets of
      gas occur intramurally in the gastrointestinal tract. The authors describe the
      case of a 76-year-old man in whom this condition caused low colonic obstruction,
      simulating a rectal carcinoma. The patient was successfully treated with high
      flow oxygen therapy. This form of therapy has not previously been reported in
      obstructing lesions, but in this case it successfully relieved the obstruction
      and thus avoided a colostomy that might have been necessary.

PMID- 3995426
TI  - Graduates of foreign medical schools: false hope.

PMID- 3995427
TI  - High prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus and hypertension on a North American
      Indian reservation.

PMID- 3995428
TI  - Vidarabine therapy for herpes zoster.

PMID- 3995429
TI  - Caffeine intake.

PMID- 3995430
TI  - Tuberculosis otitis media.

PMID- 3995431
TI  - Sexual medicine.

PMID- 3995432
TI  - Effect of nifedipine and propranolol on blood flow, venous compliance and blood
      pressure in essential hypertension.
AB  - To determine the efficacy of nifedipine combined with propranolol in the
      treatment of hypertension, 23 patients with essential hypertension uncontrolled
      while they were receiving propranolol, 120 mg/d, entered a dose response trial of
      four 8-week periods while continuing propranolol therapy. Therapy during the four
      periods consisted respectively of a placebo, 30 mg/d of nifedipine, 30 or 60 mg/d
      of nifedipine, and 30 or 60 mg/d of nifedipine along with only 60 mg/d of
      propranolol. Studies of forearm blood flow and venous compliance were carried out
      in nine of the patients. Ten patients dropped out after the first period. The
      mean blood pressures while the patients were recumbent after the first, second
      and third periods were 163 +/- 17/100 +/- 6, 147 +/- 13/89 +/- 10 and 141 +/-
      19/84 +/- 10 mm Hg respectively. There was no evidence of tolerance in the four
      patients who received 30 mg/d of nifedipine during the third period. There was a
      significant dose-diastolic pressure response (p less than 0.0006) without a
      change in heart rate in the eight who received 60 mg/d of nifedipine during this
      period. After 16 weeks of therapy with nifedipine 11 patients had a diastolic
      pressure less than 90 mm Hg while recumbent. While mean blood pressure and heart
      rate for the group were not significantly increased at the end of the fourth
      period, in three of the patients the diastolic pressure while recumbent increased
      to over 90 mm Hg. This suggests that 120 mg/d of propranolol is the minimum dose
      required for concomitant therapy. Adverse symptoms were mild and transient.
      Forearm plethysmography showed that nifedipine induced arteriolar but not venous
      dilation and that propranolol attenuated the vasodilator effect of nifedipine.
      The author concludes that nifedipine was safe and effective in combination with
      propranolol in this group of patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 3995433
TI  - Clothing burns in Canadian children.
AB  - A Canadian survey of 11 tertiary care pediatric centres with specialized burn
      facilities revealed that an estimated 37 children up to 9 years of age are
      admitted annually to such hospitals because of clothing burns. Sleepwear accounts
      for an estimated 21 such burns per year. Girls were found to suffer the most
      severe burns and represented eight of the nine children in the series who died.
      Loose and flowing garments dominated the girls' styles. The results of multiple
      regression analysis confirmed that style of clothing (loose and flowing as
      opposed to snug) was the most significant predictor of burn severity, length of
      hospital stay, the need for skin grafting and survival. The ignition situation
      (avoidance of parental supervision at the time of injury) was the only other
      important predictor. The success of regulatory actions in other countries in
      reducing the incidence of severe clothing burns is reviewed, and preventive
      strategies for Canada are explored.

PMID- 3995434
TI  - The acutely painful scrotum in children: review of 113 consecutive cases.
AB  - A young boy who presents with an acutely painful scrotum can be a diagnostic
      challenge to his physician. It is important to differentiate the various causes
      of this symptom and to institute prompt management. Failure to do so could
      jeopardize the patient's future fertility. In a review of 113 consecutive cases
      of a painful scrotum at a children's hospital, torsion of the testicle was found
      in 51 patients (45%). Torsion of the appendix testis was found in 40 patients
      (35%) and acute epididymitis, once considered rare in children, was diagnosed in
      17 (15%). The importance of prompt diagnosis of torsion is emphasized. The
      clinical diagnosis of the acutely painful scrotum is notoriously difficult, and
      in this series of cases surgical exploration was required in 92%. Only 2 of the
      17 cases of epididymitis were associated with a bacterial urinary tract
      infection.

PMID- 3995435
TI  - Roentgenographic observation of gas-fluid levels in the colon of children with
      abdominal pain and malabsorption of lactose.
AB  - Gas-fluid levels in the colon observed in radiographs are abnormal and usually
      indicate serious gastrointestinal disease. Colonic gas-fluid levels associated
      with concurrent abdominal pain and malabsorption of lactose, documented by
      lactose breath hydrogen testing, were observed in five children. Incomplete
      lactose absorption is a relatively benign condition that can be added to the
      differential diagnosis of gas-fluid levels in the colon and may account for some
      cases of spontaneous resolution of clinical and radiologic signs in children
      presenting with acute recurrent abdominal pain.

PMID- 3995436
TI  - Cutaneous nodule following heel pricks.

PMID- 3995437
TI  - Childhood female masturbation.

PMID- 3995438
TI  - California encephalitis in New Brunswick.

PMID- 3995439
TI  - Hyperuricemia in patients with infectious mononucleosis.

PMID- 3995440
TI  - Physician resource databank: numbers, distribution and activities of Canada's
      physicians.
AB  - The physician resource databank, compiled and maintained by the Canadian Medical
      Association (CMA), contains functional information from 41 599 of Canada's
      licensed physicians. The information was gathered from a 20-item questionnaire
      sent to 47 162 physicians. Of the total, 38 653 responses came from physicians
      who had completed their training and these were included in the analysis to
      produce a profile of the supply of physicians in Canada. The data from physicians
      younger than 35 years indicate some changes in the structure of the supply: 27%
      are women (compared with only about 9% of physicians older than 45 years).The
      implications of these statistics are not yet clear, but within the next decade
      the numbers in some specialties-surgery, anesthesia, obstetrics and gynecology,
      and radiology-may be too few to meet the demand as more than 20% of the current
      practitioners reach retirement age. Other findings are that [List: see text]

PMID- 3995441
TI  - The nature of informed consent.

PMID- 3995442
TI  - Editors gamble on computers: the chips are on the table.

PMID- 3995443
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

PMID- 3995444
TI  - Fractional doses of DPT vaccine.

PMID- 3995445
TI  - Restraints and the elderly: when safety and autonomy conflict.

PMID- 3995446
TI  - Cancer risks among residents of Manitoba Indian reserves, 1970-79.
AB  - A descriptive epidemiologic study of malignant neoplasms among residents of
      Indian reserves in Manitoba from 1970 to 1979 based on the Manitoba Cancer
      Registry revealed an unusual pattern. There was a greater risk for kidney cancer
      in both sexes and for gallbladder and invasive cervical cancer in women. The risk
      was reduced, however, for cancer of the lung in men and of the breast in women,
      cancers with a high incidence in the general Canadian population. Overall the
      risk for cancer was lower in both sexes. The results are compared with those of
      other studies in Indians, and possible exposure to risk factors in this
      population is discussed.

PMID- 3995447
TI  - The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study: 1. Persistent generalized
      lymphadenopathy.
AB  - The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Study is
      an ongoing prospective study of over 700 homosexual men attending six primary
      care practices in central Vancouver. A case-control study of risk factors for
      persistent generalized lymphadenopathy in homosexual men was conducted in five of
      the practices. The participants completed a questionnaire and underwent a
      complete physical examination at the time of enrollment and at a subsequent visit
      not less than 3 months later, and laboratory tests were performed after both
      visits. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy was defined as the presence of
      lymph nodes greater than 1 cm in diameter at two or more extrainguinal sites for
      more than 3 months. Of the 519 patients who had completed both visits by February
      1984, 126 (24%) were found to have the disease, and two controls without
      lymphadenopathy were frequency-matched on the basis of age and practice to each
      subject. More than 100 male sexual partners during one's lifetime, frequent
      receptive anal intercourse, a history of gonorrhea, use of illicit drugs and
      sexual contact in Los Angeles were identified as independent risk factors for
      persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. The similarity of these risk factors to
      those established for AIDS supports the hypothesis of a common etiology for the
      two diseases, and the high prevalence rate of persistent generalized
      lymphadenopathy further supports the hypothesis that AIDS is an uncommon response
      to a relatively common agent.

PMID- 3995448
TI  - Swallow syncope.
AB  - Swallowing is considered a rare cause of syncope. The five patients described in
      this report had a spectrum of gastrointestinal tract or cardiovascular disease.
      For each patient there was a clear association between swallowing and the onset
      of syncope. Prompt diagnosis of this potentially lethal condition is essential,
      and electrocardiographic monitoring during swallowing is advisable in all cases
      in which syncope is suspected.

PMID- 3995449
TI  - Acute hematogenous diaphyseal osteomyelitis in childhood.

PMID- 3995450
TI  - Ocular myiasis: mobile conjunctival foreign body.

PMID- 3995451
TI  - CMA and Telecom Canada to study effectiveness of iNet 2000.

PMID- 3995452
TI  - Hospitals of the future.

PMID- 3995453
TI  - Compliance to referrals from the psychiatric emergency room.
AB  - Factors affecting compliance to referrals in the psychiatric emergency room (ER)
      were studied in a sample of 468 patients referred for ambulatory care. Compliance
      was defined as attendance at the first appointment. The overall compliance rate
      was 59%. Compliance rates were higher among those patients who were receiving
      psychiatric treatment (active) when they visited the ER. Those in treatment
      tended to have either Schizophrenic or Personality Disorders with fewer social
      supports. Different factors affected those in treatment and those not in
      treatment. The results suggest that those not in treatment would comply more
      frequently with specific instructions outlining the benefits of psychiatric
      follow-up.

PMID- 3995454
TI  - [Is it still necessary to teach community psychiatry to the psychiatric
      resident?].
AB  - After having defined his conception of what community psychiatry is, where it is
      situated in the line of evolution of modern psychiatry, the author weighs the
      pertinence of teaching residents knowledge pertaining to a sector in full
      identity crisis. The effort is worthwhile, since this crisis has permitted the
      community psychiatrist to better define himself, namely in regard to the other
      health professionals, and it is therefore easier to determine what kind of
      knowledge should be transmitted to the resident in this particular field. A
      tentative teaching program is outlined. In such a program, education aspects
      should take precedence of training aspects, making the future psychiatrist more
      prepared to face eventual changes in that field. Such a program should take place
      in the final part of the residency course following a solid preparation in basic
      clinical psychiatric knowledge.

PMID- 3995455
TI  - Altered amitriptyline kinetics in a depressed patient with porto-caval
      anastomosis.
AB  - A case of altered kinetics of amitriptyline in a patient with porto-caval
      anastomosis and liver cirrhosis who showed an unusually strong sedative response
      to the drug, is presented. Therapy with tricyclic antidepressants should be
      initiated with lower doses and adjusted by plasma level monitoring in patients
      with liver by-pass.

PMID- 3995456
TI  - Depression and carcinoma of the pancreas.
AB  - A case report presented which highlights the association between depression and
      carcinoma of the pancreas. Clinical and biological aspects of this association
      are reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 3995457
TI  - Unilateral ECT: advantages and efficacy in the treatment of depression.
AB  - Electroconvulsive therapy is an efficacious treatment for some acute or drug
      resistant psychiatric disorders. However, there is some concern with memory
      impairment and brain damage and in order to decrease these complications, some
      changes to the technical aspect of electroconvulsive therapy were implemented
      during the last few decades. One of the major changes is the use of unilateral
      electrical stimulation on the non-dominant hemisphere which leads to less memory
      impairment and faster recovery time of cognitive functions. However, for optimal
      efficacy several variables have to be understood and integrated: electrodes
      placement, interelectrodes distance, waveform stimuli.

PMID- 3995458
TI  - Quality assurance in psychiatry. The position of the Canadian Psychiatric
      Association.

PMID- 3995459
TI  - Use of psychiatric services by the elderly in Canada.
AB  - There is increasing emphasis on identifying mental disorders in the elderly and
      developing appropriate mental health services. However, there are few
      quantitative studies on service use by the elderly. This paper gives a national
      perspective on the use of psychiatric services by the aged in Canada, and details
      two of the health care studies used to assess their mental health needs in
      southern New Brunswick. The elderly now make up a higher proportion of the long
      term mental hospital population than they did 20 years ago. Despite the increase
      in number of short-stay general hospital psychiatric units, there are still
      marked differences in their use by the elderly. There is a marked decrease in
      short-term psychiatric in-patient care after the sixth decade. As well there are
      marked regional variations. The results of a Level of Care Survey in a New
      Brunswick mental hospital shows the discrepancies between the needs for care and
      the level of care actually received. In comparison with other patient sub-groups,
      elderly long-stay mental hospital patients had the highest proportion (79%)
      deemed suitable for care in alternative settings outside the hospital. The
      anonymized merged statistical file revealed that the elderly mentally ill were
      more likely to be identified and cared for within non-specialized wards of
      general hospitals, and least likely to have contact with mental health clinics.
      Instead of adding new services to the existing system, reallocation and
      redirection of existing resources are crucial strategies in improving the mental
      health services for the elderly. The general hospital is an important area for
      psychiatric consultation and back-up to primary care services.

PMID- 3995460
TI  - Issues in the therapy of hearing children with deaf parents.
AB  - The psychiatric literature on deaf children is sparse. Even less attention has
      been paid to the more common situation of the hearing child raised by deaf
      parents. Such a child is deprived of the parents' hearing and often the parents'
      speech. The oldest hearing child in the family often takes on the role of family
      interpreter which may be a source of both pride and resentment. This can
      contribute to role reversal leading to a frustration of the child's dependency
      needs and bitter sibling rivalry. Other problems may result from the parents'
      ambivalence towards their child. The available literature is surveyed and case
      illustrations are provided. Suggestions to therapists working with similar
      families are made.

PMID- 3995461
TI  - Marital adjustment and fatherhood.
AB  - This paper examines the relationship between marital stability and fathers'
      bonding to their first born infants. Current literature reports on the
      significant and unique influence of the father on his developing infant and the
      influence of the father on the mother-infant bond. Some authors suggest that
      prematurity, the type of delivery, or a father's presence or absence at the
      birth, influences his engrossment or bonding and later caretaking behaviour.
      However, little attention has been given to other factors such as the father's
      personality, education, previous experience with child care or his relationship
      with his spouse. Similarily, there is a paucity of research on the effect of the
      birth of the infant on the marital bond. Einzig, Wente and Crockenberg and Dyer
      suggest that the transition to parenthood is a crisis in the family life and can
      lead to disruption in the husband-wife relationship. With the apparent increase
      in family instability in the last decade as marked by the rising divorce rate, it
      seems crucial to explore what correlation, if any, exists between marital
      condition and a father's relationship to his newborn infant.

PMID- 3995462
TI  - Affective disorders in children and adolescents: the dysthymic disorder dilemma.
AB  - From 60 patients referred for assessment of their depressive symptomatology, 13
      were found to suffer from major affective disorder and 14 from dysthymic
      disorder. The results from self-rating scales (the Children's Depression
      Inventory and the Children's Depression Scale) were compared with the findings
      from diagnostic interviews (using DSM-III criteria). The large proportion of
      dysthymic disorders in this sample is compared to the low reported figure in most
      other samples and some comments about the possible usefulness of this diagnosis
      are made.

PMID- 3995463
TI  - On direct patient participation in the cost of their psychiatric care. Part I. A
      review of the empirical and experimental evidence.
AB  - In the midst of a sociopolitical debate regarding access to health services, an
      evaluation is required of the therapeutic impact of the direct participation by
      some patients in the cost of their psychiatric treatment. Empirical clinical
      concepts regarding the need for a direct payment of treatment by the patient have
      evolved. Initial rigorous practice systems have lead to more flexible methods
      allowing for the recognition of third-party financing. Psychoanalytic theory has
      addressed the issue most extensively, but other conceptual frameworks have
      reached similar conclusions as well. The experimental evidence to either support
      or refute the position that the direct payment of a fee has a beneficial effect
      on therapeutic outcome remains limited. The focus has been on studying the impact
      of fee manipulation, but a tested correlation of other motivators such as
      patient's insight, therapist's attitudes and behaviour and social pressures is
      mostly lacking. Two patient populations appear to be delineated. Fee
      participation is of particular value to the financially secure and to the
      educated while patients in need of less intensive involvement, with reality
      testing disturbance and limited insight benefit particularly from third party
      insurance. Different patient populations should have the right to choose
      different payment options.

PMID- 3995464
TI  - The impact of psychotherapists and primary physicians on suicide and other
      violent deaths in a rural area.
AB  - A northeastern Connecticut area comprising 60,000 people from six small towns and
      a city of 14,000 was studied as to their suicidal and other violent death rates
      over a 20-year period (1960-1979). Since there was a 458% increase in the number
      of practicing psychotherapists and an 82% increase in primary physicians during
      this period of time, correlations were made to determine whether or not this
      increase in health professionals diminished the violent death rates. There was no
      evidence that the increased number of health professionals had an impact on the
      suicide rate or other violent death rates (p = n.s.). Possible reasons for this
      are discussed and suggestions made for better utilization of health care workers
      in preventing suicide and other violent deaths.

PMID- 3995465
TI  - [Psychotherapy: confusion in language].
AB  - Psychiatry has to make choices in the wide range of psychotherapies. A good
      classification however permits to distinguish those that are of personal
      development, those that have mainly a political significance of those that have
      really a clinical use. The psychoanalytic model keeps being the most useful one
      for understanding the psychiatric patients and for their treatment. Researches
      should be undertaken to adapt the model to more realistic issues. Short-term
      analytic psychotherapies should be tested in adapted settings, with emphasis on
      focal problems, present unconscious stresses and limited goals.

PMID- 3995466
TI  - Patients who complain of social dysfunction as their main problem: I. Clinical
      and demographic features.
AB  - Patients attending a clinic for behavioral psychotherapy included 46 whose main
      complaint was social dysfunction. Certain demographic variables and clinical
      features were found to predominate in this sub-group who meet all the criteria
      for avoidant personality disorder in the DSM-III. The significance of these
      findings is discussed, including their implications for diagnosis and management.

PMID- 3995467
TI  - Patients who complain of social dysfunction as their main problem: II. Comparison
      with other outpatients seen for behavior therapy.
AB  - Forty socially dysfunctional patients (avoidant personality disorder, DSM-III)
      and 76 other patients also seen for behavioral psychotherapy rated 30 items from
      the Social Situations Questionnaire on dimensions of distress and frequency of
      involvement. A discriminant function analysis showed that socially dysfunctional
      patients formed a distinct group as compared with other patients on ratings of
      distress. The main characteristics were over initiating social contact and
      carrying on a conversation with people one does not know. The separation between
      groups on the rating of frequency of involvement was less clear cut with some
      degree of overlap. The differences were in interactions with relative strangers
      and making decisions affecting them. A subsequent classification of cases using
      the derived discriminant function validated the above findings.

PMID- 3995468
TI  - The course of elderly depressed out-patients.
AB  - Fifty-five elderly depressed in-patients were followed up for 24 to 63 months,
      mean 48 months. Thirty-eight cases remained well more than 60% of the follow-up
      period and seventeen cases remained more or less chronically ill. These results
      are comparable with follow-up studies of elderly depressed in-patients. It is
      suggested that treatment compliance, absence of physical disability, long term
      follow-up and maintenance anti-depressant therapy in many cases are associated
      with favorable outcome.

PMID- 3995469
TI  - Capgras syndrome--the many avenues to delusional misinterpretation.
AB  - The case of a 47 year old woman with Capgras' Syndrome is presented. Despite her
      misinterpretation of acoustic and visual clues, multiple investigations and
      extensive neuropsychological testing failed to implicate an organic basis upon
      which to explain her delusional belief. The authors conclude that single
      explanatory hypotheses--psychological or neurological--may preclude an
      appreciation for the heterogeneity of the syndrome.

PMID- 3995470
TI  - Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 3995471
TI  - Symptomatic mania after minor head injury.

PMID- 3995472
TI  - Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis. A variant of malignant histiocytosis.
AB  - This report describes a patient with cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis in which
      the aggressive use of chemotherapeutic agents resulted in an apparent remission.
      The histiocytic nature of the process was confirmed by immunohistochemical
      techniques. There are many similarities with malignant histiocytosis, and it is
      believed that this entity should be regarded as a variant of malignant
      histiocytosis.

PMID- 3995473
TI  - Multiple sebaceous tumors and carcinomas of the colon. Torre syndrome.
AB  - The association of multiple tumors of the sebaceous glands with primary visceral
      carcinomas was described for the first time by Torre in 1967. Another 26 cases
      with similar features have been subsequently reported in the literature. In 12 of
      these patients isolated or multiple keratoacanthomas and in 8 intestinal polyps
      were also found. The authors add the report of a personal case. The patient is a
      54-year-old man who, during a period of 8 years, has shown multiple sebaceous
      tumors, 1 keratoacanthoma, and 3 primary adenocarcinomas of the colon. The
      outline and nosologic position of this pathologic conditions are discussed.

PMID- 3995474
TI  - The clinical value of tissue polypeptide antigen in patients with gynecologic
      tumors.
AB  - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) was measured by radioimmunoassay in sera from
      patients with various gynecologic tumors: 64 uterine myomas, 129 cervical
      cancers, 31 endometrial cancers, and 173 ovarian tumors (89 benign, 18 low-grade
      malignant (LGM) and 66 malignant tumors). Among the cervical cancer patients, the
      incidence of elevated TPA levels increased with stage of disease from 12% in the
      preinvasive stage to 67% in the advanced stage. Similarly, the TPA values were
      elevated in 35% of the endometrial cancer patients. Among the patients with
      ovarian malignancies, serum TPA was elevated in the following order: LGM cases
      (33%), Stage I (44%), and advanced (88%). Serum TPA values varied directly with
      the stage and malignancy of disease, and also correlated with the effect of
      treatment. However, serum TPA was elevated in 22% of the patients with uterine
      myoma and in 12% of those with ovarian benign tumors. The current observations
      demonstrate that the lack of tumor specificity of TPA limits its diagnostic value
      in gynecologic malignancies, but that serial measurements of this antigen appear
      to be useful for the evaluation of therapy and monitoring of patients.

PMID- 3995475
TI  - A clinical and pharmacokinetic study of isolated limb perfusion with heat and
      melphalan for melanoma.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of isolated limb perfusion were studied to see what
      melphalan concentrations were achieved and how effective the isolation was.
      Twenty-eight patients received 32 limb perfusions with heat and melphalan for
      locally recurrent or level V melanoma. Melphalan was given 0.75 mg/kg for
      axillary/popliteal or 1.2 mg/kg for femoral perfusions with heat (perfusate 42
      degrees C, limb 40 degrees C) for 1 hour. Melphalan concentratives were measured
      by high-performance liquid chromatography in seven patients. Peak perfusate
      melphalan concentrations were 6.1 to 115 mg/ml, which was one to two logs higher
      than peak systemic concentratives of melphalan. Isolation of the perfusate
      circuit from the systemic circulation was better for axillary and popliteal
      perfusions than for femoral perfusions (P less than 0.05). Complete responses
      were seen in 81% of evaluable patients; long-term local control was achieved in
      most patients, although many developed hematogenous metastases. Toxicity included
      erythema and edema in all, mild leukopenia in two, neuropathy in two, and
      amputation was required in one patient. Improvements in surgical technique
      include regional anesthesia to reduce vasospasms and transcutaneous measurement
      of fluorescein to measure leak. Perfusion with heat and melphalan remains the
      treatment of choice for in-transit metastases from melanoma.

PMID- 3995476
TI  - Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative radiation in the treatment of
      primary soft tissue sarcoma.
AB  - The rationale for combining radiation with conservative surgery in the treatment
      of sarcoma of soft tissue is discussed, as well as the advantages for performing
      the radiation preoperatively on the one hand and postoperatively on the other.
      The results of treatment of soft tissue sarcoma by radical resectional surgery or
      amputation in 464 patients at four centers and by conservative surgery, and
      postoperative radiation in 416 patients at three centers, have been reviewed. The
      local failure rates were 18.1% and 18.3%, respectively. The results obtained by
      radiation administered postoperatively (110 patients) or preoperatively (60
      patients) at the Massachusetts General Hospital during the period September 1971
      to August 1982 are analyzed and discussed with reference to 5-year actuarial
      local control and survival results as well as causes of failure with respect to
      AJC stage, histologic type, anatomic site, and size of tumor. The results which
      have been obtained by the preoperative approach are judged to be superior,
      particularly for the larger lesions and higher grades that predominated in that
      group. Of a total of 170 patients, there were 19 local failures; 13 of these were
      diagnosed at the time when metastatic disease was not evident. Of those 13, 12
      have been subjected to salvage surgery and 7 remain with no evidence of disease
      at 1 to 3.5 years after the salvage procedure. A major problem in the management
      of these patients remains the occult metastatic disease.

PMID- 3995477
TI  - Relationship between the radiologic features of esophageal cancer and the local
      control by radiation therapy.
AB  - In order to predict the possibility of local control of esophageal cancer by
      radiation therapy, the relationship between the x-ray findings before and after
      irradiation and the histologic radiation effect obtained from the surgically
      resected esophagus was analyzed in 130 cases irradiated preoperatively during the
      period 1971 through 1980. In the superficial or proliferative type in x-ray image
      before treatment, the local control was obtained in 46.5% of the cases with the
      dose of 40 Gy, whereas in the ulcerative or infiltrative type, in 21.8%. The
      barium examination performed after irradiation was more useful to evaluate the
      radiation effect than that before treatment. In cases with a marked radiation
      effect after irradiation, the frequency of local control reached 76.9%. On the
      other hand, the local control remained 11.9% in cases with no or poor radiation
      effect. The results obtained by the preoperatively irradiated cases were applied
      to the analysis of 119 cases irradiated radically during the period 1965 to 1980.
      Almost the same results were also acquired in radically irradiated cases. The
      degree of radiologic and histologic radiation effect on the primary tumor was
      closely related to the long-term survival rate of the patient.

PMID- 3995478
TI  - Systemic metastases in primary intracranial germinoma. Case report and literature
      review.
AB  - Systemic metastases from central nervous system germinomas are exceedingly rare,
      and when they occur lead to fatal outcomes. The authors report the case of a 10
      year-old girl who presented with metastatic involvement of the rib and pelvis 2.5
      years after surgical resection and radiation therapy for a suprasellar
      dysgerminoma. After combination chemotherapy, the patient remains disease-free 30
      months after relapse. This case provides evidence that chemotherapy can be an
      effective therapeutic alternative to the use of radiation in the treatment of
      children with extracranial germinomas.

PMID- 3995479
TI  - Tumor metastasis from multiple myeloma and Burkitt's lymphoma in Broviac catheter
      tracts.
AB  - Placement of Broviac catheters for venous access resulted in metastatic tumor
      implantation along the catheter tracts in an adult with multiple myeloma and in a
      child with Burkitt's lymphoma. Both complications occurred in the setting of
      advanced malignancy. The tissue injury produced during the creation of the
      catheter tunnel may create an environment favorable for metastatic tumor growth.
      Swelling along catheter tunnel tracts will most frequently result from hematoma
      or infection, but the rare occurrence of tumor implantation should be considered.
      Biopsy is diagnostic.

PMID- 3995480
TI  - Thrombocytopenia and laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular
      coagulation after shunts for ascites in malignant disease.
AB  - Twenty-eight peritoneovenous shunts were placed to relieve ascites in 26 patients
      with a variety of underlying malignancies. Nine of the patients had documented
      liver metastases and hyperbilirubinemia. Severe thrombocytopenia with laboratory
      evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred in four of
      these nine patients following shunt placement. Relative or absolute
      thrombocytopenia was also commonly observed in this series. Other complications
      included pulmonary edema, ventricular tachycardia, culture-negative fever,
      pneumonia, and late shunt occlusion. Good palliation, with relief of abdominal
      pain or respiratory compromise, was achieved in 57% of these patients. Our
      experience suggests that DIC following peritoneovenous shunts in patients with
      malignancy may be more common than previously reported, although not as frequent
      as the incidence of DIC associated with shunt placement for cirrhotic ascites.
      Platelet aggregation or Factor X activation by ascitic fluid and failure of the
      liver to inactivate activated clotting factors may play a role in this
      coagulopathy. Because of the risk of potentially fatal DIC, palliative
      peritoneovenous shunts should be considered with caution in patients with liver
      metastases and hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 3995481
TI  - A case of biliary cystadenocarcinoma with recurrent jaundice. Diagnostic
      evaluation of computed tomography.
AB  - A 73-year-old male patient with biliary cystadenocarcinoma and episodes of
      recurrent jaundice is reported. This very rare tumor was suggested as a possible
      diagnosis by the computed tomographic findings showing intrahepatic cystic masses
      with septations and papillary projections. The diagnosis of the mucin-producing
      tumor was supported by aspiration of mucinous bile with a cannule inserted
      endoscopically via the major duodenal papilla. The computed tomographic findings
      and the diagnosis were verified by pathologic studies made on the material
      obtained surgically. The mucinous bile is assumed to have been responsible for
      the recurrent jaundice.

PMID- 3995482
TI  - Subungual melanoma. A clinicopathologic study of 16 Japanese cases.
AB  - Melanoma occurs much less frequently among Japanese than among white people. The
      occurrence of subungual melanoma is uncommon both among white and among Japanese
      people. However, the authors found 16 subungual melanomas among 86 cases of
      cutaneous melanoma (19%) at their clinic, quite a high incidence. Of these, 69%
      (11/16) occurred on the hands and 31% (5/16) on the feet. By far the most common
      site was the right thumb. Histologic examination revealed that 67% were
      characterized by acral lentiginous, 50% by superficial spreading, and that there
      were no nodular melanomas. Most were Clark's Level IV and V at the time of
      diagnosis. The 5-year survival rate for subungual melanoma was 40%. No
      statistically significant differences in rate were found between subungual
      melanoma and volar melanoma. The term "acral" melanoma is recommended to describe
      the melanomas in the acral regions, because it is descriptive of the regions
      directly affected.

PMID- 3995483
TI  - Ultrastructural investigation of anaplastic salivary gland carcinomas in Eskimos.
AB  - Ultrastructural investigation of 19 malignant lymphoepithelial salivary gland
      tumors in Greenland Eskimos disclosed evidence of epithelial origin of the tumor
      cells in 18 cases. Furthermore, tumor cells exhibited markers of squamous cell
      differentiation in 16 cases. Signs of adenomatous differentiation were never
      encountered. Thus, the malignant lymphoepithelial tumor of salivary glands is the
      ultrastructural counterpart to the nasopharyngeal anaplastic carcinoma (malignant
      lymphoepithelioma), both being high-grade squamous cell carcinomas.

PMID- 3995484
TI  - Radiofrequency hyperthermia as adjuvant therapy following surgical resection of
      an experimental malignant neoplasm.
AB  - Local recurrence after radical surgery is a major problem with many primary solid
      cancers. The use of radiofrequency hyperthermia (RFHT) as adjuvant therapy to
      surgery was explored in the Fischer bladder carcinoma (FBCa)/F344 rat tumor
      system. After subcutaneous innoculation of 34 rats with 10(6) FBCa cells in
      suspension, RFHT was administered to 17 animals on days 1, 5, 8, and 12. The
      development of palpable tumors was delayed but not prevented, and tumor growth
      was retarded in RFHT-treated animals. In another experiment 40 rats were
      innoculated by subcutaneous trocar injection with a 1 mm3 piece of FBCa. After
      tumor excision on day 17, adjuvant therapy (untreated control, mitomycin C, RFHT,
      or RFHT plus mitomycin C) was started on day 20 (10 rats/treatment). The 20 RFHT
      treated rats had only 1 incisional recurrence as compared to 9 recurrences in
      sham-heated rats (P less than 0.005). The authors conclude that RFHT has
      considerable value as adjuvant therapy to surgery in these tumors. Additional
      studies of RFHT as adjuvant treatment after surgical excision of tumors are
      planned.

PMID- 3995485
TI  - The effect of a susceptibility to motion sickness on the side effects of cancer
      chemotherapy.
AB  - The adequate management of cancer chemotherapy side effects continues to be a
      challenging problem. There is considerable variability in the side effects
      experienced by different patients to the same chemotherapeutic drugs. Clinical
      observations and previous findings of neuropathways between the vestibular system
      and vomiting center prompted this case-control study of whether susceptibility to
      motion sickness is a determinant of the type and magnitude of the side effects
      resulting from cancer chemotherapy. Eighty-three of 486 (17%) consecutive
      patients who were receiving chemotherapeutic drugs as their only treatment for
      histologically confirmed cancer reported previous motion sickness. Seventy-seven
      of these study patients were matched to cancer patient controls without previous
      motion sickness by sex, age, type and dose of chemotherapeutic drug received, and
      antiemetic medication. Study patients reported significantly greater nausea and
      vomiting (P less than 0.05), significantly more side effects (P less than 0.05),
      and a pattern of more frequent, severe, and longer-lasting nausea and vomiting
      than controls. Susceptibility to motion sickness appears to be a determinant of
      the side effects of cancer chemotherapy that may prove useful as a clinical
      marker of those patients who may require more intensive side effect management.

PMID- 3995486
TI  - Human tumor cell destruction by distilled water. An in vitro evaluation.
AB  - A distilled water lavage is sometimes used during tumor surgery in an effort to
      kill tumor cells spilled into a cavity or wound. To test the efficacy of this
      technique, a model study utilized nine different human tumor cell lines,
      subjected in vitro to hypotonic exposure for 1 to 10 minutes. Only the carcinoid,
      multiple myeloma, leiomyosarcoma cell lines, and normal lymphocytes were
      destroyed by the treatment. Although breast, ovarian, gastric, bladder, and
      melanoma cell lines were damaged to varying degrees, viable cells persisted in
      all cases. These data suggest that hypotonic shock is not an effective method to
      kill human tumor cells.

PMID- 3995487
TI  - Diencephalic gliomas of children. A clinicopathologic study.
AB  - The authors reviewed the clinical information and pathology specimens from 29
      children with diencephalic gliomas to determine whether any clinical or
      histopathologic feature correlated with prognosis. The median survival time for
      the entire group was 3.96 years. No symptom or sign at the time of diagnosis
      correlated with outcome. The tumors consisted of 25 astrocytomas or mixed gliomas
      and 4 malignant astrocytomas-mixed gliomas. Median survival time of the 25
      children with astrocytomas-mixed gliomas was 4.8 years, compared with 0.5 years
      for the 4 children with malignant tumors. The tumor histology was relatively
      uniform: most tumors were moderately cellular astrocytomas with pleomorphism and
      hyperchromatism but without mitoses, hemorrhage, or necrosis. High cell density
      and the presence of mitoses were the two histologic features significantly
      associated with poor prognosis; no child with mitosis survived longer than 14
      months.

PMID- 3995488
TI  - Malignant epithelioid schwannoma arising in a benign schwannoma. A case report.
AB  - A case of malignant epithelioid schwannoma arising in a benign schwannoma is
      described. The findings were supported by morphologic criteria as well as by a
      clinical history of recent growth of a long-standing mass adherent to the sciatic
      nerve, accompanied by evidence of metastatic spread. The light microscopic,
      ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features are described, and the three
      previous cases of malignant change in benign neurilemmomas reviewed.

PMID- 3995489
TI  - The diagnosis of malignant follicular neoplasms of the thyroid by needle biopsy.
AB  - To test the value of needle biopsy for a diagnosis of follicular thyroid
      malignancy, we compared needle biopsy and surgical diagnoses for 1005 patients.
      There were 67 follicular carcinomas, 34 Hurthle cell carcinomas, and 39
      follicular variants of papillary carcinoma. Malignancy was diagnosed or suspected
      by biopsy for 114 of the cancers (82%), considered "possible" for 24 (17%), and
      misdiagnosed as "benign" in 2. Sensitivity of fine-needle biopsy (FNB) for the
      diagnosis of 39 cancers approximated that of large-needle biopsy (LNB) for 101
      cancers 2 cm or larger. Diagnostic specificity for cancer varied with the degree
      of cytologic or histologic abnormality. Specificity of FNB was comparable to LNB
      on nodules large enough for both procedures. Specificity of FNB on nodules too
      small for LNB was substantially less. The sensitivity of needle biopsy allows
      selection of many follicular nodules for observation. Knowledge of the
      probability of cancer for each cytologic or histologic diagnosis is useful in
      determination of the need for thyroid surgery.

PMID- 3995490
TI  - Spinal cord compression in breast cancer.
AB  - Myelography was performed on 78 patients with breast cancer who had signs or
      symptoms compatible with spinal cord compression. Of 42 patients (54%) with
      extradural defects, 21 (50%) had a complete block. All patients with positive
      myelograms (M+) had a positive bone scan and 41 of 42 (97%) had positive skeletal
      x-rays. Except for paraplegia, paraparesis, or a sensory level abnormality, signs
      and symptoms were usually not precise enough to accurately predict patients with
      cord lesions; however, back pain, paresthesias, and bladder or bowel dysfunction
      were significantly more common in M+ patients. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein
      was elevated in almost all M+ patients but also in approximately half of the M-
      group. Cytology and glucose analysis of CSF were not of value in predicting cord
      involvement. Response to treatment was better for patients with fewer sites of
      metastatic disease and a shorter time from diagnosis to treatment. There was no
      notable difference in survival between M+ and M- patients. Myelography remains
      the most precise tool for diagnosing spinal cord lesions. Unfortunately, the
      prognosis of patients with metastatic breast cancer is poor regardless of whether
      spinal cord compression is present.

PMID- 3995491
TI  - Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the heart in an infant.
AB  - A 6-month-old infant presenting with pericardial effusion was found to have a
      malignant rhabdoid tumor of the heart. As visualized by two-dimensional
      echocardiography and subsequently by contrast-enhanced computerized axial
      tomographic scanning, the tumor arose from the left ventricular free wall and
      grew into the pericardial space. Despite two courses of single-agent chemotherapy
      with doxorubicin, the child died 3 months later. This is the first reported case
      of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the heart, and the fifth case of a primary cardiac
      malignancy in an infant.

PMID- 3995492
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the extremities.
AB  - Between January 1976 and January 1983, 37 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the
      extremities have been treated at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research
      Centre by the authors. Each case has arisen in an area of preexisting scar or
      sinus. Twenty-nine cases were treated by definitive amputation, with 2 local
      recurrences and 12 nodal metastases. Seven cases had local excision, with three
      local recurrences and two nodal metastases. Recurrence rate was highest in Grade
      II and Grade III lesions, and 11 of 15 cases with Grade II disease had metastases
      to the regional lymph nodes an average of 5 months after surgery. With Grade I
      disease patients, 4 of 15 had nodal metastases an average of 5 months after
      surgery. Prophylactic regional nodal irradiation or node dissection was performed
      in seven cases. None of these cases have shown nodal metastases at an average of
      24 months following definitive surgery and radiation. Routine prophylactic
      regional node irradiation is recommended in all cases of peripheral squamous cell
      carcinoma.

PMID- 3995493
TI  - Cigarette smoking and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - A case-control study was undertaken to investigate possible etiologic factors in
      nasopharyngeal cancer, a rare tumor in the United States. Data from 39
      nasopharyngeal cancer cases and the same number of matched controls showed
      significantly more cases born in Asia than controls, supporting the notion that
      exposure in early life has a prolonged carcinogenic effect. Cases also smoked
      significantly more cigarettes than controls, indicating a need for investigating
      the role of cigarette smoking and other exposures in the etiology of
      nasopharyngeal cancer in western countries.

PMID- 3995494
TI  - Odynophagia in patients with malignant disorders.
AB  - The differential diagnosis of odynophagia in patients with malignant disorders
      usually includes esophagitis due to herpes, Candida, or gastroesophageal reflux.
      Two cases and a review of the literature are presented that illustrate that
      leukemic infiltration of the esophagus and necrosis of the esophageal mucosa
      following chemotherapy should be considered in addition to the more commonly
      recognized causes. Esophagoscopy with biopsy and brushing for fungal stains is
      essential for the correct diagnosis since the various causes for odynophagia may
      be clinically and radiographically indistinguishable.

PMID- 3995495
TI  - Melanoma among southwestern American Indians.
AB  - All forms of skin cancer are uncommon among southwestern American Indians. The
      estimated average annual incidence of melanoma is approximately 1 per hundred
      thousand population or less than one tenth of that currently reported for Anglos
      (non-Hispanic whites) residing in the same region. This study correlates the
      clinical and pathologic features of melanoma in 18 American Indian patients. A
      marked predilection for palms, soles, and subungual locations was displayed.
      Additionally, three patients presented with mucous membrane primaries and two
      with ocular melanomas. Advanced disease stage at diagnosis was common. The
      protective influence of natural pigmentation in skin cancer is discussed.

PMID- 3995496
TI  - Nucleolar changes during the first steps of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in
      rats.
AB  - Silver stainability of hepatocytes as an expression of nucleolar activity was
      studied in vivo during rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were injected
      with one dose of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 0.9%
      NaCl), followed by a selection procedure with a short exposure to 2
      acetylaminofluorene in combination with a proliferative stimulus, such as the
      administration of CCl4. Finally, after 1 week of a normal diet, some of the rats
      were treated with phenobarbital. After enzymatic isolation, the hepatocytes were
      silver stained; the estimation of nucleolar activity was determined by a
      cytomorphologic analysis of the silver-stained nuclei. It was demonstrated that
      during the first steps of hepatocarcinogenesis, both diethylnitrosamine, as
      initiator, and phenobarbital, as promotor, induce modifications of the nucleolar
      morphology in silver-stained hepatocytes.

PMID- 3995497
TI  - Trisomy 7 and 8 in Ph-negative chronic eosinophilic leukemia.
AB  - The results of cytogenetic analyses of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells in
      a 67-year-old male with chronic eosinophilic leukemia (EL) are described.
      Although the patient showed leukocytosis with marked eosinophilia, initial
      chromosome findings in bone marrow revealed a normal male karyotype. Seven months
      later, more than 80% of bone marrow cells had a hyperdiploid karyotype (48,XY,
      +7, +8), the remaining cells being normal. Seven weeks later, the identical
      abnormal karyotype was observed in about 30% of banded metaphases of stimulated
      peripheral blood cells. No mitoses were found in unstimulated cultures. No Ph
      chromosome was observed. So far, trisomy 8 has been described for only two cases
      of EL, whereas trisomy 7 has never been observed.

PMID- 3995498
TI  - Effect of dietary seaweed preparations on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced
      intestinal carcinogenesis in rats.
AB  - Nineteen preparations from 8 species of edible seaweeds, sodium alginate and
      cellulose powder were incorporated into a basic diet in proportions ranging from
      0.05% to 2.0%, and used as experimental diets. Experimental rats were fed these
      diets and controls were fed the basic diet for 12 weeks. All rats also received
      the carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, during above period. After 20 weeks, all
      rats were autopsied and the incidence of intestinal tumors induced were examined.
      There was a significant decrease in incidence in rats fed 6 preparations from
      Eisenia bicyclis, Laminaria angustata, L. angustata var. longissima and Porphyra
      tenera (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 3995499
TI  - Effects of succinylacetone on growth and respiration of L1210 leukemia cells.
AB  - 4,6-Dioxoheptanoic acid (succinylacetone, SA), a potent inhibitor of heme
      biosynthesis, suppressed growth and decreased respiration of L1210 leukemia cells
      in vitro. Growth of cells incubated in the presence of 2--4 mM SA for the first 2
      days declined, and after 3 days virtually ceased. L1210 cells in the logarithmic
      growth phase exhibited active respiration (40 +/- 9.3 nanoatoms oxygen/min X
      10(7) cells at 37 degrees C) which was inhibited by and released by uncouplers of
      oxidative phosphorylation. These and other inhibitors of mitochondrial function
      clearly demonstrate a mitochondrial basis for the cellular respiration in both
      control and SA-treated cells. L1210 cells in the stationary phase exhibited a
      marked decrease in oxygen consumption compared to cells in logarithmic growth. At
      the concentrations used in this study, SA was not immediately toxic to L1210
      cells, but inhibited growth at 2 days without lowering levels of cellular heme.
      Thus, it appears unlikely that inhibition of growth of L1210 cells by SA can be
      ascribed either to heme depletion or to impairment of respiration.

PMID- 3995500
TI  - Dynamic changes of the chicken erythrocyte membranes induced by N-methyl-N-aryl-N
      nitrosoureas and their tumorigenicity.
AB  - The dynamic changes of chicken erythrocyte membranes induced by a series of N
      methyl-N'-aryl-N-nitrosoureas (I X) were investigated in comparison with those of
      N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) by
      electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Both I X and MNNG increased the intensity
      of the less mobile lipid component (h1) during the incubation while MNU decreased
      it. The more mobile lipid component (h2), however, was not much influenced by
      these agents. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of the
      spectral alterations (h2/h1) caused by I-X compounds and their tumorigenic
      potency on mouse skin with the exception of the chloride derivative (I-C1). The
      present results suggest that the reactions of ultimate carcinogens with cell
      membranes may play an important role in the tumor promoting process.

PMID- 3995501
TI  - Induction of colorectal adenocarcinoma in rats by amylopectin sulfate.
AB  - The carcinogenicity of orally administered amylopectin sulfate was studied in
      F344 rats. Amylopectin sulfate induced adenomas and adenocarcinomas in the rat
      colorectum. The incidences of tumor induction in groups that were given a 5% diet
      of amylopectin sulfate for 3, 6 and 9 months were 2 out of 20 rats (10%), 9 out
      of 20 rats (45%) and 12 out of 20 rats (60%), respectively. Squamous metaplasia
      of the colorectum persisted in all rats and progressed irreversibly. Amylopectin
      sulfate was deposited in the colorectal lamina propria, submucosa and regional
      lymph nodes. Amylopectin sulfate induced a lesion similar to that produced by
      degraded carrageenan in the rat colorectum.

PMID- 3995502
TI  - Inhibition of the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on mouse
      epidermal glutathione peroxidase and ornithine decarboxylase activities by
      glutathione level-raising agents and selenium-containing compounds.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoter known to inhibit
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) (superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1)
      and catalase (CAT) (H2O2: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) activities, on mouse
      epidermal glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (glutathione: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC
      1.11.1.9) activity in vivo and in vitro. TPA led to a rapid and transient
      increase in GSH peroxidase specific activity within 30 min followed by a decrease
      from 1 to 12 h. Incubation of isolated epidermal cells with GSH level-raising
      agents and/or selenium-containing compounds increased remarkably basal GSH
      peroxidase activity, and thus, abolished totally the prolonged inhibitory effects
      of TPA on this enzyme. The inhibitory effects of 0.2 mM cysteine (Cys) or 0.5 mM
      GSH and 2.5 microM Na2 SeO3 or 50 microM selenocystamine on TPA-decreased GSH
      peroxidase activity were additive, in relation with their additive inhibitory
      effects on TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (L-ornithine carboxylase, EC
      4.1.1.17) activity. These data support the hypothesis that the stimulators of the
      GSH-dependent antioxidant protective system of the epidermal cells may inhibit
      the oxidative challenge linked to skin tumor promotion by TPA.

PMID- 3995503
TI  - Induction of DNA damage and repair synthesis in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes
      by the proallatocidin precocene II.
AB  - The proallatocidin precocene II (6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-benzo-[b]pyran)
      has previously been shown to induce centrolobular liver necrosis. Here we have
      examined the ability of precocene II to produce DNA damage in suspensions of
      freshly isolated rat hepatocytes using the alkaline elution technique with N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine as a positive control. At concentrations (10(
      4)-10(-5) M) which did not induce cytotoxicity as judged by the leakage of
      glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, precocene II was capable of producing DNA
      single-strand breaks. In addition, a dose-dependent DNA repair synthesis
      (unscheduled DNA synthesis, UDS) was detected in hepatocytes exposed to precocene
      II. The induction of UDS was measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into
      purified hepatic DNA via a membrane filter retention method and liquid
      scintillation counting. Hence, results obtained in the present study indicate the
      potential genotoxicity of precocene II and the utility of DNA damage and repair
      assays in genetic toxicology.

PMID- 3995504
TI  - Association of a 97 kilodalton glycoprotein with human ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - The association of a 97 kilodalton glycoprotein (97k-GP) with human ovarian
      epithelial tumors is reported. The 97k-GP has been found to be present in
      elevated levels in all the 8 serous cystadenocarcinoma specimens tested. This
      glycoprotein is present in small amounts in endometrial tumors and either absent
      or present in trace amounts in control ovaries. Subcellular localization of this
      glycoprotein indicates that it is a component of plasma membrane.

PMID- 3995505
TI  - A rapid method for the extraction and purification of DNA from human leukocytes.
AB  - A rapid method for the extraction and purification of DNA from human leukocytes
      was developed. Crude nucleic acids were obtained by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)
      lysis and potassium acetate precipitation of other cellular material, and the DNA
      was purified by ribonuclease digestion, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose
      chromatography and ethanol precipitation. DNA obtained by this method is
      biologically active as reflected by its ability to act as substrate for various
      nucleases and T4 DNA ligase. The yield was sufficiently high that DNA from less
      than 1 ml of blood could be used for a number of reactions.

PMID- 3995506
TI  - Mutagenicity and tumor initiating activity of methylated benzo[k] fluoranthenes.
AB  - The mutagenic activities toward Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and tumor initiating
      activities on mouse skin of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
      benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF),2-methylBkF,8-methylBkF,9-methyl-BkF and 7,12
      dimethylBkF were compared. BkF and 2-methylBkF were the most mutagenic of the
      compounds tested and had comparable activity; they were more active than 7,12
      dimethylBkF. 8-MethylBkF and 9-methylBkF were not mutagenic. BkF and the
      methylated BkFs had similar tumor initiating activities on mouse skin. The
      results suggest that 8,9-dihydro-8,9-epoxy-BkF might be involved in the metabolic
      activation of BkF to a mutagen, but do not indicate which metabolite may be
      involved in BkF tumorigenesis.

PMID- 3995507
TI  - Trilostane therapy for advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Forty-one postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer have been treated
      with trilostane, a 3 beta D-hydrogenase delta 5-isomerase inhibitor, for periods
      of up to 1 year. One patient responded to trilostane and in six patients the
      disease was stabilized. The remaining patients failed to respond to therapy. Six
      patients who failed to respond to trilostane subsequently responded to other
      forms of endocrine therapy. It is concluded that trilostane alone is not a useful
      agent in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 3995508
TI  - Tamoxifen therapy in premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - Forty-three premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were treated with
      tamoxifen (2 X 20 mg daily) as first-line treatment. The patients were not
      selected on receptor status, which was known in only a few patients. Complete
      response was achieved in six patients and partial response was achieved in seven
      patients, for a total response rate of 30%. At the time of disease progression
      (including nonresponding patients), castration was performed as second-line
      treatment in 24 patients. Four of eight responders to tamoxifen had a response to
      castration. Of four patients with stable disease receiving tamoxifen, one had a
      response, and of 12 patients failing to respond to tamoxifen, one had a complete
      response and one had a partial response. In conclusion, patients who respond to
      tamoxifen have a good chance of responding to castration; an initial failure to
      tamoxifen does not exclude the possibility of response to castration. Therefore,
      the prognostic value of the tamoxifen response for castration response is of
      limited value.

PMID- 3995509
TI  - Failure of scalp hypothermia to prevent hair loss when cyclophosphamide is added
      to doxorubicin and vincristine.
AB  - Scalp hypothermia can prevent alopecia caused by low doses of doxorubicin alone
      or in simple combinations. The technique was used in 60 patients with breast
      cancer (24 receiving adjuvant therapy; 36 with advanced recurrent disease)
      receiving chemotherapy with iv doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2)
      on Day 1 together with oral cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m2) on Days 2-5. The
      patients' desire to continue scalp hypothermia, reflecting their perception of
      benefit, and an objective assessment of hair retention were the study end points.
      The mean number of cycles of chemotherapy given (6.1 in patients receiving
      adjuvant therapy; 3.8 in those with advanced disease) exceeded the number of
      cycles with hypothermia (2.1 in patients receiving adjuvant therapy; 1.6 in those
      with advanced disease); no patients retained enough hair to encourage them to
      continue scalp hypothermia throughout chemotherapy. All patients were rated as
      having poor hair retention. Scalp hypothermia is ineffective when used with
      combinations of drugs, each causing alopecia, or with high doses of doxorubicin.

PMID- 3995510
TI  - Clinical-biologic patterns of metastatic melanoma and their effect on treatment.
AB  - We have identified three distinct groups of patients with metastatic malignant
      melanoma that differ in their clinical behavior and responsiveness to therapy.
      These include a favorable group of patients with lymph node or skin metastases,
      an intermediate prognostic group with lung or bone metastases, and a poor
      prognostic group with brain or gastrointestinal involvement. These three groups
      differed in their predicted objective response to therapy, in their likelihood to
      achieve a complete remission, and in their median survival.

PMID- 3995511
TI  - Activity of JM9 in advanced ovarian cancer: a phase I-II trial.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with advanced solid tumors, including 28 with ovarian
      cancer, were entered in a phase I-II trial of a new platinum analog, JM9. Twenty
      three patients had received prior chemotherapy which did not include cisplatin.
      Based on preliminary information from an ongoing study, our starting dose was 180
      mg/m2. The total dose of JM9 was administered in 1 L of saline infused over 1
      hour, with no additional hydration or electrolyte supplementation. Courses were
      repeated at 3-week intervals or after full recovery from thrombocytopenia. One
      hundred thirty-nine courses (range, one to six per patient) were administered at
      four dose levels: 180 mg/m2 (13 courses); 240 mg/m2 (64 courses); 300 mg/m2 (45
      courses); and 350 mg/m2 (17 courses). The dose-limiting toxic effect was
      thrombocytopenia, which was dose-related and cumulative. Median platelet count
      nadirs were 50, 47, 25, and 28 X 10(9)/L for previously treated patients at dose
      levels of 180, 240, 300, and 350 mg/m2, respectively. For patients who had not
      received prior chemotherapy, the corresponding values were 403, 61, 44, and 36 X
      10(9)/L. The nadir was predictable at Day 14 with recovery by Day 21 in earlier
      courses, but with delay of recovery to Days 28-42 in later courses and at higher
      dose levels. Twenty-five courses of chemotherapy in 15 patients were associated
      with a platelet count nadir of less than 20 X 10(9)/L, but despite this, serious
      hemorrhage was rare. Leukopenia was dose-related and mild; the median wbc count
      (X 10(9)/L) was 2.2 (range, 1.0-7.3) at the highest dose level of 350 mg/m2. The
      leukocyte count nadir was later than that for the platelet count (Days 21-28),
      and recovery was often not complete by the time of retreatment. All patients
      showed a progressive rise in mean corpuscular volume in successive courses, often
      accompanied by a fall in hemoglobin. Transfusions were required in 14 patients,
      12 of whom had received prior chemotherapy. Nausea and vomiting, starting within
      1 hour of drug administration, occurred in all patients, but appeared to be less
      severe and prolonged compared to that occurring with cisplatin. Diarrhea occurred
      in most patients at the two higher dose levels. There was no evidence of
      significant renal impairment, electrolyte disturbance, hearing loss, or
      peripheral neuropathy. Two patients had mild allergic reactions shortly after
      drug infusion and two others developed vasculitic rashes which were self
      limiting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3995512
TI  - Cold protection and heat enhancement of doxorubicin skin toxicity in the mouse.
AB  - A series of experiments were performed in a BALB/c mouse model to evaluate the
      efficacy of topical heating and cooling on doxorubicin (DOX) ulceration of the
      skin. Unanesthetized mice were administered a dose of 0.05 mg or 0.5 mg of DOX
      intradermally, followed by topical heating (43 degrees C-44 degrees C) or cooling
      (8 degrees C-10 degrees C) of the skin area for up to 1 hour. DOX disposition
      from skin and plasma was studied by high-pressure liquid chromatography in both
      cooled and uncooled groups of animals. Human tumor clonogenic cells were exposed
      to DOX for 1 hour at different temperatures to determine the direct effect of
      heat and cold on DOX-induced lethality in vitro. Skin temperature of 17 degrees C
      +/- 2.3 degrees C was achieved with cooling and skin temperature of 38.5 degrees
      C +/- 1.2 degree C was achieved with heating, compared to control intradermal
      skin temperature of 32 degrees C +/- 0.5 degree C. Local heating caused duration
      dependent DOX lethality: 20% after 20 minutes, 40% after 45 minutes, and 80%
      after 1 hour. There were no deaths in the control groups. A 20% lethality rate
      was constant in the cooled groups. Skin lesions were approximately fourfold
      larger in the heated groups receiving 0.5 mg of DOX (P less than 0.05). In
      contrast, the application of cold significantly reduced intradermal DOX skin
      toxicity following the lower DOX dose of 0.05 mg (P less than 0.05). There was no
      consistent benefit for cooling beyond a 45-minute duration, which achieved
      maximal protection against ulceration. Pharmacokinetic studies of DOX disposition
      in skin and blood failed to show a significant difference for total tissue
      concentrations or plasma levels between cooled and uncooled animals. However,
      clonogenic human tumor cells (HEC-1A endometrial cells) did demonstrate
      significantly reduced DOX effects when exposed to the drug at reduced
      temperatures. These results confirm the biologic efficacy of local cooling and
      clearly contra-indicate the use of local heating to treat inadvertent DOX
      extravasations in the clinic. Instead, cold should be applied immediately and
      maintained for 45 minutes or longer to reduce or prevent serious DOX skin
      ulcerations in patients.

PMID- 3995513
TI  - Doxorubicin, dacarbazine, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of
      advanced gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma.
AB  - A multidrug regimen of doxorubicin, dacarbazine, vincristine, and
      cyclophosphamide produced response in 33% of patients with advanced
      gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma. Except for one patient, the duration of response
      was short and prolongation of survival was not affected.

PMID- 3995514
TI  - Phase II study of spirogermanium in patients with advanced carcinoma of the
      cervix.

PMID- 3995515
TI  - A comparative study of the electrophysiologic effects of Striadyne, adenosine
      triphosphate and adenosine in the canine heart.
AB  - The chronotropic and dromotropic effects of the intra-atrial administration of
      0.97, 1.93 and 2.90 microM/kg Striadyne, the pharmaceutical form of adenosine
      triphosphate (ATP) for clinical use, ATP, and adenosine, were compared in 13
      anesthetized dogs. Striadyne, ATP and adenosine exerted transient dose-dependent
      negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects. There was no significant
      difference between the electrophysiologic effects of Striadyne and ATP which were
      significantly more pronounced than those of adenosine. Atropine (0.2 mg/kg)
      significantly attenuated the electrophysiologic effects of 2.90 microM/kg
      Stridyne and ATP but not those of adenosine. It is concluded that Striadyne and
      ATP have similar electrophysiologic effects which are more pronounced than those
      of adenosine mainly due to vagal involvement in their mechanism of action.

PMID- 3995516
TI  - Effect of sustained release isosorbide dinitrate on exercise performance.
AB  - The duration of action and hemodynamic mechanisms of isosorbide dinitrate in a
      sustained release formula (ISDSR) were examined over a 24-hour period. 20
      patients with effort angina pectoris were divided randomly into two groups, one
      group received a single dose of 40 mg ISDSR (at 07.30 h) and the other, two doses
      of 40 mg ISDSR (at 07.30 and 13.30 h). Every patient had four exercise tests on
      the first (placebo) day and second (ISDSR) day and a single test on the third
      (placebo) day. Effort tolerance was improved significantly (p less than 0.05)
      with ISDSR and this lasted for more than 10 h. The double product was compared to
      ISDSR. Improvement was achieved by a decrease in blood pressure and an increase
      in heart rate. There were no signs of increased ischemia (ST segment depression)
      with the prolongation of exercise time. The antianginal and hemodynamic effects
      of ISDSR were more pronounced in the patients who received two doses of ISDSR.
      Thus, ISDSR improved effort tolerance for a prolonged period by inducing a
      sustained decrease of blood pressure and increase in heart rate in patients with
      effort-induced angina pectoris.

PMID- 3995517
TI  - Global and segmental left ventricular function in beta-thalassemia.
AB  - The systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) function was studied by M-mode
      echocardiography in 60 patients with beta-thalassemia (mean age +/- SD, 17.1 +/-
      7.5 years) and 30 healthy controls (15.4 +/- 3.8 years). In thalassemic patients,
      echocardiograms were obtained 48 h posttransfusion, with a mean hemoglobin level
      of 12.4 +/- 0.9 g/dl. To examination time, thalassemic patients had received 30
      774 blood units (318 +/- 176). Congestive heart failure (CHF) was present in 14
      thalassemic patients (19.6 +/- 3.4 years), while 46 (16.3 +/- 8.2 years) had no
      clinical signs of CHF. Global LV function study showed enlarged LV dimensions in
      thalassemic patients with CHF (p less than 0.001) and similar cavity size in
      controls and patients without CHF (p = NS). The same was true for velocity
      measurements, while diastolic LV indices had similar values in all groups (p =
      NS). Segmental LV function study showed no significant differences in systolic
      and diastolic LV posterior wall behavior between thalassemic patients and
      controls, and even more, between thalassemic patients with and without CHF, while
      it was independent of iron load. These findings indicate that global and
      segmental LV function in thalassemic patients remain within normal limits until
      the final stages of the disease. CHF onset marks the deterioration of LV systolic
      performance, while global and segmental diastolic indices do not change
      significantly. The above findings question the role of iron overload in the
      development of CHF in beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 3995518
TI  - Ajmaline-induced torsade de pointes.
AB  - A patient with primary myocardial disease and left bundle-branch block who
      developed marked QT prolongation and torsade de pointes following an intravenous
      injection of ajmaline during an electrophysiologic study is reported. The patient
      could be resuscitated successfully 1 h after the onset of tachycardia.

PMID- 3995519
TI  - Unusual echocardiographic pattern in Gaucher's disease.
AB  - Described in this paper is a 73-year-old Ashkenazi Jew affected with adult type 1
      (nonneuronopathic form) Gaucher's disease. This was diagnosed at the age of 46
      during an investigation of hepatosplenomegaly. No other members of his family
      were known to be affected with this disorder. The patient has been periodically
      examined at our Institute and has been free of all cardiopulmonary symptoms. This
      description emphasizes his echocardiographic pattern which revealed left
      ventricular hypertrophy, a septal muscular hump, and an extended area of apical
      akinesis. Myocardial involvement in Gaucher's disease has seldom been reported in
      the past.

PMID- 3995520
TI  - Sympathetic outflow to the hand in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - Microelectrode recordings of skin nerve sympathetic activity were made in the
      median nerve supplying the right hand of nine patients with Raynaud's phenomenon
      and 10 control subjects. With subjects warmed up (finger temperature 33 to 34
      degrees C) different manoeuvres were used to evoke strong, single sympathetic
      bursts, giving rise to vasoconstriction of the same magnitude in patients and
      control subjects. Immersion of the contralateral hand in ice water for 1 min
      elicited an increase in sympathetic outflow without any difference between
      patients and control subjects. It is concluded that neither hypersensitivity of
      the vessels to strong sympathetic bursts, nor abnormal increase of sympathetic
      outflow following shortlasting, local cold exposure, was present in the patients.
      A possible change of the functional relationship between nerve and vessel, the
      importance of which is uncertain, was observed in the patient group. The study
      provides direct evidence against a primary sympathetic hyperfunction and indirect
      support for a local fault mechanism in Raynaud's phenomenon.

PMID- 3995521
TI  - Electrocardiographic correlates of myocardial ischaemia induced by atrial and
      ventricular pacing in dogs with coronary stenosis.
AB  - We determined the electrocardiographic response to pacing-induced tachycardia in
      45 dogs. Pacing was performed using left atrial, left atrial-right ventricular
      sequential or left atrial-left ventricular sequential modes at rates of 90 to 250
      beats X min-1. Body surface isopotential maps in 15 dogs with normal coronary
      circulations defined the normal response to rate; surface potential extrema
      during the S-T segment increased in strength with increasing rate but spatial
      features remained constant. In the other 30 dogs, an ameroid constrictor was
      placed around the left circumflex coronary artery. Two weeks after implantation,
      atrial pacing to rates of 190 beats X min-1 or greater resulted in flat, S-T
      segment depression, with new and abnormal negative voltages registered over the
      inferior and left posterior torso. However, with either form of ventricular
      pacing, tachycardia with coronary obstruction did not alter the S-T segment
      response seen in control animals, in either intensity or spatial parameters. We
      interpret these findings to suggest that: in normal dogs, tachycardia produced a
      common electrocardiographic effect regardless of activation pattern; and
      tachycardia in the presence of coronary constriction results in subendocardial
      myocardial ischaemia that, with atrial pacing, reverses the normal transmural S-T
      segment potential gradient and causes body surface S-T segment depression, but
      with primary ventricular stimulation, the subendocardial ischaemia does not alter
      the transventricular repolarisation gradients sufficiently to generate body
      surface S-T segment shifts.

PMID- 3995522
TI  - Pulmonary lobe blood flow during ventilation hypoxia and lobar collapse in the
      dog.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to determine whether the diversion of blood flow
      away from a collapsed pulmonary lobe is due to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
      alone, or whether hypercapnia and mechanical factors also contribute. Hypoxic
      pulmonary vasoconstriction was tested in a canine pulmonary left lower lobe.
      Alveolar hypoxia was produced by absorption collapse or by ventilation with 7%
      oxygen, which has previously been shown to produce an end-pulmonary capillary pO2
      similar to mixed venous pO2. The proportion of the cardiac output flowing to the
      lobe was reduced in both hypoxic states but was significantly lower during
      collapse than during ventilation hypoxia. The beta 1-adrenergic agonist
      dobutamine hydrochloride (30 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 iv) produced a significant
      increase in the proportion of the cardiac output flowing to the lobe during
      collapse but no significant change during ventilation hypoxia. It is concluded
      that changes in local pCO2 during collapse may account for the greater diversion
      of blood flow from the lobe when compared with ventilation hypoxia.

PMID- 3995523
TI  - Skeletal muscle perfusion and metabolism during canine endotoxin shock.
AB  - Conflicting data exist in literature about the effects of endotoxin on skeletal
      muscle perfusion and metabolism during canine endotoxin shock. In 12 dogs we
      therefore studied (six control and six endotoxin treated, 1.5 mg X kg-1) under
      etomidate (4 mg X kg-1 X h-1) anaesthesia muscle blood flow (radioactive
      microspheres) in fore limb, thorax, diaphragm and hind limb (five different
      muscles) and skin blood flow before (t = 0) and 90 and 120 min after endotoxin.
      We also measured blood flow in the femoral artery and vein (electromagnetic flow
      transducers) and the arteriovenous differences of oxygen, lactate, glucose and
      FFA over the femoral vascular bed (at t = 0, 30, 90 and 120 min). Endotoxin
      administration caused a fall of flow in the femoral artery and vein (by 65 and
      63%, respectively at t = 15). After t = 60 flow in the femoral artery and vein
      increased slowly but the flows were still below the preshock values at t = 20 (by
      33 and 50%, respectively). Skeletal muscle and skin flow did not decrease or even
      increased after endotoxin but decreased in the control group. Percentage of
      cardiac output distributed to brachial, intercostal and hind limb muscle and skin
      increased after endotoxin (by 163, 167, 111 and 120%, respectively at t = 20).
      The five muscles of the hind limb did not respond differently to endotoxin. In
      spite of diminished arterial inflow, skeletal muscle perfusion was thus
      maintained in the hind limb, probably due to closing of shunts and redistribution
      of blood away from bone. Oxygen extraction but also lactate release by the
      femoral bed had increased during endotoxin shock. After endotoxin femoral glucose
      extraction was only elevated at t = 30 when arterial glucose concentration had
      also increased. The femoral bed produced free fatty acids (FFA) but during
      endotoxin shock the arteriovenous concentration difference of FFA decreased. Our
      data suggest that skeletal muscle flow nor oxygen consumption and glucose
      metabolism is affected during 2 h of canine endotoxin shock. Lactate production,
      however, tended to increase.

PMID- 3995524
TI  - Concentration-response curves of positive inotropic agents before and after
      ouabain pretreatment.
AB  - Current therapy for congestive heart failure (diuretics, digitalis, vasodilators)
      may be insufficient. Addition of a second positive inotropic substance to
      digitalised patients has been previously shown to increase cardiac index and
      decrease vascular resistance. To test the hypothesis that the positive inotropy
      of ouabain can be increased by other inotropic agents, the following studies were
      performed. Firstly, concentration-response curves of positive inotropic agents
      (ouabain, dobutamine, dopamine, orciprenaline, phenylephrine, theophylline,
      amrinone, sulmazole and histamine) were measured in contracting left atria and
      papillary muscles from cat and guinea pig hearts. The maximal increase in force
      of contraction was similar for all compounds except histamine and phenylephrine
      which gave decreased effects in guinea pig heart muscle. Secondly, these positive
      inotropic agents were added to the contracting heart muscles after maximal
      inotropy without toxicity of a ouabain concentration which gave more than 90% of
      the maximal increase in force of contraction. In guinea pig left atria,
      dobutamine was the only compound to give a significant, although transient,
      increase in force of contraction above the maximal ouabain response. Theophylline
      (2 X 10(-4) mol X litre-1, EC25) produced significant decreases in force of
      contraction. In papillary muscles, low concentrations of all positive inotropic
      compounds, except amrinone, significantly increased force of contraction after a
      submaximal ouabain concentration. However, the maximal increase in force of
      contraction after combined addition of ouabain and a second inotropic agent was
      not different from the maximal increase with ouabain, dobutamine or dopamine
      alone. Addition of higher concentrations of the second inotropic agents after
      ouabain pretreatment led to a markedly increased incidence of toxicity with only
      transient positive inotropic effects. These results indicate that any
      haemodynamic improvement observed in adequately digitalised patients after
      combined positive inotropic therapy is unlikely to result from directly additive
      inotropic effects but is probably a result of other cardiovascular effects such
      as vasodilatation.

PMID- 3995525
TI  - Myocardial reoxygenation damage: can it be circumvented?
AB  - We investigated whether reoxygenation damage could be prevented by interventions
      directed towards reducing calcium influx only during the reoxygenation period. We
      measured reoxygenation contracture and recovery of contractile performance, using
      isolated papillary muscle preparations from cat and rabbit, pretreated with
      ouabain so as to exaggerate the phenomenon of reoxygenation contracture.
      Reoxygenation contracture was abolished and contractile recovery achieved by
      lowering extracellular calcium during early reoxygenation and then gradually
      replacing it. Gradual reoxygenation only postponed contracture and contractile
      failure. The slow channel blocker, diltiazem, but not verapamil or lidoflazine-
      in similarly negative inotropic concentrations of 10(-4) mol X litre-1, 10(-4)
      mol X litre-1 and 2 X 10(-5) mol X litre-1 respectively--reduced early
      reoxygenation contracture, as did Mg2+ (30 mmol X litre-1), Mn2+ (8 mmol X litre
      1), or metabolic acidosis (pH 6.5), without in any case allowing contractile
      recovery. These observations indicate that reoxygenation damage is not an
      irrevocable consequence of the preceding hypoxic insult. They imply that calcium
      entry during early reoxygenation contributes both to contracture and contractile
      failure, that this occurs through paths other than the slow calcium channel, and
      that diltiazem may have properties additional to those of blocking the slow
      calcium channel.

PMID- 3995526
TI  - Electrophysiological study of the two main pacemaker mechanisms in the rabbit
      sinus node.
AB  - By extensively mapping the rabbit sinoatrial node (SA node) area, plateau fibres
      (B cells) were found in a localised area between the caval border of the crista
      terminalis and the primary pacemaker area. The electrical characteristics of
      these plateau fibres were close to those of conducting tissue cells and therefore
      different from the primary pacemaker cells (A cells). When the SA node was cut in
      small pieces (0.5 by 0.5 mm), the action potentials of the B cells exhibited a
      mean amplitude of 80 mV and a rate of rise of the ascending phase strongly
      depressed by 1.10(-5) g X ml-1 of tetrodotoxin (TTX). The diastolic
      depolarisation was reduced by about 70% in the presence of 1.5 mmol X litre-1 of
      caesium ions (Cs). At this concentration, these ions are known to inhibit mainly
      the current if (a current activated at potentials more negative than -50 mV). In
      contrast, the action potentials of the A cells recorded in small pieces never
      exceeded 60 mV and were either barely sensitive or insensitive to the same
      concentrations of TTX. Their diastolic depolarisation (ranging from -60 to -35
      mV) was not affected by concentrations of Cs which strongly depressed the
      diastolic depolarisation of the B cells, even when they were hyperpolarised in
      the same range of potentials. It seems therefore that, in the B cells, the
      pacemaker mechanism is in great part due to the onset of if while it is due in A
      cells to another mechanism, very likely the decay of iK associated with the onset
      of isi. We conclude that two distinct populations of pacemaker cells are clearly
      distinguishable in the rabbit SA node area when cut in small pieces. In the
      intact tissue, areas of gradual transition corresponding to the latent pacemaker
      cell areas are present between these two kinds of cells, accompanied by a
      variable and gradual percentage of the two main pacemaker mechanisms.

PMID- 3995527
TI  - Therapeutic Rounds. Sexual dysfunction.

PMID- 3995528
TI  - Fentiazac in acute gouty arthritis.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with typical attacks of acute gouty arthritis were treated
      with fentiazac, 200 mg, three times daily for six days. One patient dropped out
      after three days of treatment because of drug inefficacy. On third day of
      treatment, all evaluated signs and symptoms improved significantly; at the end of
      trial, 24 patients were in good condition in regard to their joints, one was
      fair, and one poor. Six patients had side effects, transient and slight to
      moderate. Most probably were related to the medication.

PMID- 3995529
TI  - Computerized echocardiographic study of left ventricular function and
      cardiodynamic investigation with a new antihypertensive agent (indenolol).
AB  - Indenolol hydrochloride is a recently introduced antihypertensive substance.
      Although it has beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity, its action is due to total
      peripheral resistance reduction. We investigated the effects of indenolol therapy
      on left ventricular performance in 15 patients with essential hypertension.
      Assessments were made using systolic time intervals and computerized
      echocardiography. The echocardiographic and mechanocardiographic tracings were
      recorded three times: at the beginning of the trial, after seven days of placebo,
      and after three weeks of indenolol treatment. The indenolol therapy significantly
      decreased (P less than 0.001) systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart
      rate in all patients, both in supine and standing positions. After three weeks of
      treatment, systolic time intervals and echocardiographic determinants of left
      ventricular function were substantially unchanged in comparison with the basal
      and placebo evaluations. We conclude that indenolol exerted a marked effect on
      chronotropism but no demonstrable negative effect on inotropism in patients with
      essential hypertension. No clinical signs of heart failure were recorded. Side
      effects were absent, and patient compliance was good in all cases.

PMID- 3995530
TI  - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of cimetidine in newborn infants.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cimetidine were studied in three newborn infants with
      reflux esophagitis or stress ulcer. One infant was given 5 mg/kg intravenously
      (IV), one was given 10 mg/kg IV, and one was given 10 mg orally. Serum
      concentrations 30 minutes after administration were 1.2 micrograms/ml, 5
      micrograms/ml, and 4.2 micrograms/ml, respectively. Concentrations greater than
      0.5 micrograms/ml were measured 1, 6, and 9 hours, respectively, after
      administration. The half-life of the drug ranged from 1.10 to 2.18 hours. These
      preliminary data suggest that a dose of 5 to 7 mg/kg would effectively suppress
      gastric acid secretion in neonates.

PMID- 3995531
TI  - Effect of intramuscular clebopride on postoperative nausea and vomiting.
AB  - The antiemetic effect of clebopride, a new derivative of the orthopramide group,
      was compared with that of placebo in 298 women undergoing elective surgery. A
      group of 150 patients received premedication of 1 mg/kg of meperidine,
      administered intramuscularly (IM), and a group of 148 patients received
      premedication of 10 mg of diazepam IM. All patients received 0.5 mg of atropine
      IM. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halogenated
      N2O/O2. In a double-blind procedure, clebopride (2 mg) or placebo was injected IM
      at the end of anesthesia and whenever a patient had a second episode of vomiting.
      Clebopride appeared to be better than placebo in the prevention of nausea (P less
      than or equal to 0.05) and vomiting (P less than or equal to 0.001) during the 12
      hour observation period. The frequency of side effects was virtually the same in
      patients given clebopride and patients given placebo.

PMID- 3995532
TI  - Preoperative management of pheochromocytoma with the calcium-antagonist
      nifedipine.
AB  - Labile high blood pressure and associated complaints (eg, severe headache,
      palpitation, and vague discomfort in the chest) in a 28-year-old woman with
      pheochromocytoma were stabilized by adding nifedipine to the conventional regimen
      of alpha- and beta-blocking agents. Electrocardiographic (ECG) data (ST
      depressions, prolonged QT intervals, and giant negative T waves during a
      hypertensive attack) and findings in biopsied myocardial specimens (slight cell
      infiltration composed mainly of lymphocytes associated with interstitial
      fibrosis) had suggested the presence of catecholamine cardiomyopathy. Oral
      administration of 10 mg of nifedipine alone had rapidly resulted in normalization
      of blood pressure and complete relief from associated signs and symptoms. Because
      conventional preoperative treatment with alpha- and beta-blockers did not
      alleviate the hypertensive attacks, a 20-mg long-acting nifedipine tablet was
      added to the regimen. The effect of twice-daily administration of a 20-mg long
      acting nifedipine tablet (combined with alpha- and beta-blockers) was so
      prominent that it was possible for the patient to undergo surgery for removal of
      the right adrenal gland and a 4-cm tumor at the gland. After surgery there were
      no abnormal ECG findings.

PMID- 3995533
TI  - Changes in fast green-histone amounts with NaCl and HCl treatments in the
      salivary glands of Bradysia spatitergum.

PMID- 3995534
TI  - Detection of a prominent 150,000 Mr glycoprotein at contact sites of fibronectin
      attached hepatocytes.

PMID- 3995535
TI  - In-vivo endocytosis by bristle-coated pits and intracellular transport of
      endogenous albumin in the endothelium of the sinuses of liver and bone marrow.
AB  - The localization of endogenous albumin in the endothelia of the sinuses of bone
      marrow and liver of rats was studied by means of rabbit anti-rat albumin Fab
      fragment conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) visualized by 3,3'
      diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB)-osmic acid. Albumin reaction product was
      present in the bristle-coated pits, bristle-coated vesicles, transfer tubules,
      and in larger vesicles of the endosome-lysosome system. The presence of
      endogenous albumin in the components of the vacuolar apparatus suggests that
      these endothelia may be active in the catabolism of endogenous albumin. Because
      of the ability of albumin to bind to a large variety of chemically different
      substances, the possible role of endogenous albumin in the internalization of
      certain substances by the bristle coated pits and bristle coated vesicles of
      these sinus endothelia needs to be considered.

PMID- 3995537
TI  - Sex-dependent structural asymmetry of the medial habenular nucleus of the chicken
      brain.
AB  - An investigation of structural asymmetry in the avian brain was conducted on the
      epithalamic medial habenular nucleus of the chicken. Twelve male and ten female
      two-day-old chickens were used for a morphometric evaluation of asymmetry. The
      medial habenular nucleus was measured from paraffin-wax-embedded, 8 micron-thick
      sections by use of a semiautomatic image analyser. The volumes of the right and
      left medial habenula of each animal were statistically analysed ('within animal
      experimental design'). The right medial habenula in males showed significant
      group asymmetry. In contrast, females failed to demonstrate group bias in favour
      of either hemisphere. However, individual females were lateralised, with either a
      larger right or left medial habenula. Although individuals of both sexes were
      lateralised, there was no significant sex difference in volume in either the
      right or left medial habenula. We propose that sex-linked structural asymmetry
      may be influenced by steroid hormonal effects in the central nervous system, and
      that such asymmetry could be more prevalent in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain
      than previously considered.

PMID- 3995536
TI  - S-100 protein in the testis. An immunochemical and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - S-100, a protein originally believed to be unique to the nervous system, has
      recently been found in extraneural presence of S-100 in the testis, namely in
      Leydig cells and in lymphatic endothelial cells, using immunohistochemical and
      immunochemical methods. We show that the protein in the testis is immunologically
      identical to brain S-100. The S-100-labelled cells in the testis exhibit
      morphological similarities with other cell types in different tissues known to
      contain S-100.

PMID- 3995538
TI  - Morphometric analysis of the isolated calcium-tolerant cardiac myocyte. Organelle
      volumes, sarcomere length, plasma membrane surface folds, and intramembrane
      particle density and distribution.
AB  - Using morphometric analysis of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, the
      ultrastructure of isolated rat myocytes prepared by collagenase digestion (Powell
      et al. 1980) was compared with that of myocytes fixed by perfusion of intact
      myocardium. The volumes of myofibrils, mitochondria, nuclei, sarcoplasmic
      reticulum and lipid droplets in the isolated myocytes did not differ from those
      of their counterparts in the intact heart, but the volume occupied by transverse
      tubules was apparently reduced. The isolated cells had significantly shorter
      sarcomeres than did cells in the intact tissue, and this was associated with an
      altered topography of plasma membrane surface folds at the level of the Z-lines.
      Plasma membrane intramembrane particles were randomly distributed and showed the
      same numerical density on the E-faces of both isolated and intact-heart myocytes.
      However, P-face particle density was slightly reduced in the isolated cells. It
      is concluded that the few differences detected in the isolated cells do not
      reflect any fundamental derangement of their properties.

PMID- 3995539
TI  - Hypothalamic catecholamine histofluorescence in dwarf mice.
AB  - Brains of growth hormone (GH)- and prolactin (PRL)-deficient Ames (df/df) and
      Snell (dw/dw) dwarf mice and normal mice of the same strains were examined for
      catecholamine (CA) histofluorescence, with particular emphasis upon the
      hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular (A12) (arcuate nucleus/median eminence) region,
      which plays a role in the regulation of both GH and PRL. Dwarfs and normal
      animals of both types also were treated with a drug regimen to deplete
      sequentially neuronal CA stores (reserpine), inhibit CA oxidation (nialamide) and
      load dopaminergic A12 cells with exogenous transmitter (norepinephrine), in order
      to test viability and axonal transport capacity of A12 neurons. In both types of
      dwarfs, compared with normals, fluorescence was markedly reduced in the zona
      externa of the median eminence, which is normally rich in terminals from A12
      neurons. Fluorescence in the median eminence was particularly weak in Ames
      dwarfs, and A12 perikarya were difficult to discern in this group. Snell dwarfs
      showed reduced fluorescence of A12 perikarya when compared with the brightly
      fluorescent perikarya seen in normal mice. In supraoptic and paraventricular
      nuclei, and in the zona interna of the median eminence, CA fluorescence
      attributable to NE was comparable among dwarfs and normals; fluorescence of
      dopaminergic perikarya in substantia nigra was also unaffected in dwarfs.
      Exogenously administered NE effected enhanced fluorescence of A12 perikarya in
      normal mice and in Snell dwarfs; NE treatment in the Ames dwarf, however, failed
      to increase significantly the faint fluorescence of A12 cell bodies. The results
      indicate that dopaminergic A12 neurons in Snell dwarf mice are present and
      viable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995540
TI  - Architecture of associations of minor salivary gland ducts and lymphoid follicles
      in Macaca fascicularis. An ultrastructural study.
AB  - Previous light-microscopic and ultra-immunohistochemical tracer studies revealed
      the existence of an independent local immune response of the simian oral mucosa.
      This local response is attributed to the presence of minor salivary gland (MSG)
      duct-related lymphoid tissue. Semithin sections from a total of 263 Epon-embedded
      tissue blocks from the labial and buccal mucosae of seven monkeys, Macaca
      fascicularis, were analysed light-microscopically, and 10 suitable MSG
      duct/follicle assemblies were investigated ultrastructurally. These duct/follicle
      assemblies include follicular and parafollicular compartments with distinct fine
      structural elements. The follicular area or germinal centre contains numerous
      small and large lymphoid cells, mitotic figures, plasmablasts, macrophages, and
      cells resembling the follicular dendritic cells with distinct desmosomal
      junctions. The parafollicular area, which includes the heavily infiltrated duct
      wall, contains numerous small lymphocytes, T-lymphoblasts, plasma cells and
      reticular cells resembling fibroblasts. A distinct feature of this compartment is
      the presence of high endothelial venules (HEV). The presence of HEV and numerous
      blast cells, resembling blast-forming T-lymphocytes activated in vitro, in a
      specific area of the duct/follicle assembly strongly suggests that this area is
      structurally and physiologically identical to the thymus-dependent area of other
      lymphoid tissues. In other words, the duct/follicle assemblies of simian MSG
      contain the various specific fine-structural elements that are suitable for
      antigen recognition and processing. These elements are distributed in discrete
      compartments comparable to the B- and T-cell areas of "classical" lymphoid
      tissue.

PMID- 3995541
TI  - Organization of lymphoid tissue in the tonsilla lingualis. An ultrastructural
      study in Macaca fascicularis (Primates, Cercopithecoidea).
AB  - Lymphoid organs are highly organized structures made up of different tissue
      compartments, each with its own specific cell populations. However, the cellular
      elements of the lingual tonsil, which forms a significant part of Waldeyer's
      pharyngeal ring, are not yet documented. This study, therefore, describes the
      fine structure and tissue organization of tonsilla lingualis in Macaca
      fascicularis. Ten selected crypto-lymphatic units originating from five perfusion
      fixed animals were analysed ultrastructurally. Based on the fine-structural
      elements contained within, the lymphoid tissue of tonsillar units could be
      subdivided into follicular (germinal centre) and parafollicular areas. The latter
      contained predominantly small lymphocytes, lymphoblasts resembling T-blasts,
      plasma cells, macrophages, occasional neutrophils and many reticular cells
      resembling fibroblasts. A distinct feature of the parafollicular area was the
      presence of numerous high endothelial (HEV)- or postcapillary venules (PCV). The
      follicular areas contained many small and large lymphoid cells, mitotic cells,
      plasmablasts, macrophages and specialised reticular cells resembling follicular
      dendritic cells (FDC) with distinct desmosomal junctions. These observations show
      that the crypto-lymphatic units of the lingual tonsil are, in fact, organised
      into distinct B- and T-cell compartments with their own specific lymphoid and
      accessory cells.

PMID- 3995542
TI  - The endoplasmic reticulum in regenerating liver cells.
AB  - Light-microscopic analysis of mouse liver homogenates six days after partial
      hepatectomy, showed a higher percentage of nuclei with adherent cytoplasm than
      homogenates from normal liver. This observation was true for animals with either
      a slow or rapid recovery of body weight after the operation. The phenomenon was
      not a function of the changes in the proportions of parenchymal and non
      parenchymal tissue in the regenerating liver. Electron-microscopic analysis of
      random samples from normal and regenerating livers indicated an increase in the
      perinuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a displacement of the glycogen
      depots within the regenerating cells six days after partial hepatectomy. The
      marked resistance towards homogenization, shown by the cytoplasm of the
      regenerating cells, may have been due to the observed increase of perinuclear
      membranes. However, qualitative changes of the cell membranes and a general
      decrease of proteolytic activity connected with liver regeneration may also have
      contributed.

PMID- 3995543
TI  - Effect of brief vascular perfusion on the ultrastructure and activity of
      mitochondria isolated from the rat heart.
AB  - Mitochondria isolated from heart tissue after a 1-min perfusion with Hanks medium
      were found to have significantly lower rates of State-3 respiration and
      respiratory control ratios compared to mitochondria isolated from non-perfused
      hearts. Examination of the mitochondrial preparations by electron microscopy
      revealed that a large proportion of the mitochondria isolated from perfused heart
      tissue were swollen and broken compared to mitochondria from non-perfused hearts.

PMID- 3995544
TI  - Evidence for a blood-bursa barrier.
AB  - By use of horseradish peroxidase (Sigma Type II) as a vascular tracer the
      competence of the bursal microvasculature was evaluated in 15-day-old chicks.
      Within 5 min circulation time tracer could be identified only within the vascular
      tree with no leakage into the perivascular or extracellular spaces. After 10 min
      circulation time tracer was no longer present in the bursal vessels. Since no
      tracer was ever identified among the parenchymal elements of the organ these data
      suggest that a blood-organ (blood-bursa) barrier may exist similar to that found
      in thymus and brain.

PMID- 3995545
TI  - Fine structure of the epithelia of the vomeronasal organ of horse and cattle. A
      comparative study.
AB  - The vomeronasal organ of both horses and cattle is a tubular structure situated
      bilaterally at the base of the nasal septum. In frontal plane the shape of its
      lumen is semilunar to crescent. The sensory epithelium lining the medial wall of
      the lumen contains receptor, supporting and basal cells with some surface
      modifications in both species. In the horse, a structure similar to a
      microprocess was observed among the microvilli of receptor cells. In cattle, a
      large mass of the cytoplasm of the receptor cell occasionally protrudes to form a
      bleb-like structure. The supranuclear cytoplasm of the receptor cells contain
      mitochondria, free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparatus,
      lysosomes and multivesicular bodies. Some receptor cells were pyknotic. In both
      species the respiratory epithelia of the lateral wall of the lumen contain
      ciliated, non-ciliated and basal cells. In the horse, this epithelium differs
      from that of other species in evidence of prominent secretory function.

PMID- 3995546
TI  - Uptake of released mast cell granules by reticular cells of the rat lymph node.
AB  - Granules released from mast cells were examined by electron microscopy in
      regional lymph nodes of rats after the injection of a large dose of horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP). Thirty minutes after the injection, a large number of mast-cell
      granules were present in sinuses, most of which adhered to the surfaces of
      reticular cells and some to macrophages. Two hours after the injection, a number
      of granules had been taken up by both reticular cells and macrophages. Reticular
      cells took up more granules than macrophages. Twenty-four hours after the
      injection, granules were scarce in both types of cells and in the extracellular
      space. Reticular cells surely participate in dealing with released mast-cell
      granules in the lymph node. Fibronectin bound to all mast-cell granules was
      demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Fibronectin probably enables negatively
      charged mast-cell granules to approach negatively charged cell surfaces to be
      taken up by both reticular cells and macrophages.

PMID- 3995547
TI  - Intraorbital cerebrospinal fluid outflow and the posterior uveal compartment of
      the hamster eye.
AB  - An ultrastructural and tracer study was undertaken to determine normal outflow
      pathways of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the terminal subarachnoid space (SAS) of
      the optic nerve. In the morphological studies, the optic nerve dura and arachnoid
      were found to be continuous with the sclera of the eye beyond the optic nerve
      SAS. The pia mater is continuous with the inner sclera and the lamina fusca of
      the eye. Montages and serial sections demonstrated that the distal SAS is divided
      into numerous tortuous channels to form an "arachnoidal trabecular meshwork".
      Spaces of this meshwork continue into "microcanals" which bypass the outer
      arachnoid barrier layers of the optic nerve meninges to reach the sclera and
      posterior intraorbital connective tissue. Ferritin infused into the cisterna
      magna entered the optic nerve SAS within 1 min and reached arachnoidal trabecular
      meshwork channels and the microcanals within 8 min. It then passed into
      intraorbital connective tissue spaces at the posterior pole of the eye. Ferritin
      appeared to be blocked by the lamina fusca and a newly discovered "posterior
      compact zone" which together prevented its entrance into the choroidal
      interstitium. These observations suggest that a "subarachnoidal-scleral-orbital
      outflow pathway" provides a route for CSF drainage from the optic nerve SAS to
      intraorbital connective tissue. The previously described "posterior uveal
      compartment" in the hamster eye (Kelly et al. 1983) appears to be relatively
      isolated from this subarachnoidal-scleral-orbital CSF outflow.

PMID- 3995549
TI  - Effects of short-term treatment with calcium on the parathyroid gland of the rat,
      under particular consideration of the alteration of storage granules.
AB  - Short-term effects of CaCl2-treatment on parathyroid cells of the rat, especially
      on their storage granules, were studied at the ultrastructural level. After an
      injection of 4% CaCl2, serum calcium levels (SCL) rapidly increased from 9.1
      mg/dl (controls) to a maximum of 14.9 mg/dl at 20 min. At 5 min after the
      injection, the number of type-I storage granules (large core) [NSG-I] and that of
      type-II storage granules (small core) [NSG-II] remained unchanged, in spite of
      elevated SCL (12.4 mg/dl). As soon as SCL rose to 13.2 mg/dl at 7.5 min, NSG-I
      gradually decreased to a minimum at 30 min; in contrast, NSG-II gradually
      increased to a maximum at 30 min. Vacuolar bodies also increased together with
      the augmentation of type-II storage granules. The average diameter of the core of
      the storage granules decreased significantly after the injection. Protein A-gold
      method for immunocytochemistry showed that the cores of these granules contain
      parathormone. Acid-phosphatase activity was occasionally found in storage
      granules of both types, especially in those of type II. It is concluded that type
      I storage granules may be transformed into vacuolar bodies via type-II granules
      as a result of hydrolysis, and that these processes may be accelerated during
      hypercalcemia.

PMID- 3995548
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence for endogenous calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in
      osteoblasts from the calvaria of neonatal mice. Absence of endogenous estradiol
      and estradiol receptors.
AB  - Immunoreactivities to endogenous calcitonin, endogenous parathyroid hormone,
      endogenous estradiol and estradiol receptors were studied in osteoblasts from the
      calvaria of neonatal mice by immunocytochemistry with the use of ultrathin
      sections obtained by cryo-ultramicrotomy. Tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde,
      postfixed in osmium tetroxide and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Estradiol and
      estradiol receptors could not be detected in osteoblasts, whereas calcitonin- and
      parathyroid hormone-like immunoreactivities were observed in this cell type.
      Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone had similar subcellular localizations:
      immunoreactivities were observed at the plasma-membrane level, in the cytoplasmic
      matrix, and in the nucleus. These results provide immunocytological evidence for:
      1) the internalization of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in osteoblasts; 2) a
      direct participation of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in the regulation of
      osteoblasts; 3) the absence of estradiol receptors and estradiol in osteoblasts.

PMID- 3995550
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuropeptides and serotonin in the tapeworm
      Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.
AB  - The present immunocytochemical study concerns the distribution of four
      neuropeptides, FMRF-amide, vasotocin, leu-enkephalin and neurotensin, and of the
      bioamine serotonin in the plerocercoid larva of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.
      Anti-FMRF-amide and vasotocin-reactivity occurs in perikarya and nerve fibres in
      the CNS and PNS of this worm. The peptide-containing fibres surround and seem to
      innervate the musculature and to terminate beneath the basal lamina of the
      tegument at the inner surface of the bothridia, suggesting a neurotransmitter
      function. Anti-leu-enkephalin reaction occurs in perikarya and fibres in the main
      nerve cords and in the PNS. Anti-neurotensin reactive fibres were observed in the
      neuropile of the nerve cords. Serotonin immunoreactivity was found in neurons in
      the ganglionic commissure of the brain and along the main nerve cords. This study
      is the first immunocytochemical identification of neuropeptides and serotonin in
      a parasitic flatworm and the information gained may be of importance for the
      development of new antihelminthics.

PMID- 3995551
TI  - Mitotic activity of gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary of the castrated male
      rat.
AB  - The proliferation of gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary of the castrated male
      rat was examined immunohistochemically after colchicine treatment. The results
      show a more than 10-fold increase in mitotic frequency in gonadotropes 1 or 2
      weeks after castration, as compared with controls. This result explains the
      increase in the population of immunoreactive LH cells in castrated male rats. The
      gonadotropes decreased significantly 1 month after castration. The mitotic
      activity of gonadotropes was almost completely suppressed in castrates implanted
      with a silastic tube filled with testosterone.

PMID- 3995552
TI  - A study of the vascular arrangement in the rat adrenal gland using non
      radioactive microspheres.
AB  - The intra-glandular vascular arrangement in the adrenal has been studied using
      non-radioactive microspheres injected by three different routes: in-vivo
      injection into the left ventricle under pentobarbital anesthesia, postmortem
      orthograde, and postmortem retrograde injection. The doses of microspheres were
      10(5) (average size 24.7 micrometers), 10(6) (15.8 micrometers) and 10(7) (9.9
      micrometers). The entrapment rate of microspheres by the medulla as compared with
      the whole gland was measured in the serially sectioned tissue (section thickness
      60 micrometers). The entrapment rates of 25-micrometers microspheres differed
      between the orthograde and retrograde injections, while the entrapment rates for
      15-micrometers microspheres were essentially similar irrespective of the route of
      injection. Our results support the conclusion from previous microangiographic
      studies that the adrenal cortex and medulla are supplied by different arteries
      but have a common venous outflow, and that direct communication between cortical
      and medullary sinusoids is not likely. The medullary blood flow per gram tissue
      weight is estimated to be larger than cortical blood flow.

PMID- 3995553
TI  - Midbody sealing after cytokinesis in embryos of the sea urchin Arabacia
      punctulata.
AB  - Cytokinesis consists of a contractile phase followed by sealing of the connecting
      midbody to form two separated cells. To determine how soon the midbody sealed
      after cleavage furrow contraction, the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH(457.3
      M.W.) was microinjected into cells at various intervals after cleavage had begun.
      Mitotic PtK2 cells were recorded with video-microscopy so that daughter cells in
      the epithelial sheet could be identified for several hours after cell division.
      One daughter cell of each pair followed was microinjected to determine whether
      the dye diffused into the other daughter cell. For intervals up to four hours
      after the beginning of cytokinesis, diffusion took place between daughter cells.
      After this time the dye did not spread between daughter cells. In sea urchin
      blastomeres of the first, second and third divisions, Lucifer Yellow passed
      between daughter blastomeres only during the first 15 min after cytokinesis. If
      one cell of a two-cell, four-cell or eight-cell embryo was microinjected more
      than 15 min after the last cleavage, the dye remained in the injected cell and
      was distributed to all progeny of that cell, resulting in blastulae that were
      eigher one-half, one-quarter or one-eighth fluorescent, respectively. Thus,
      although cleavage furrow contraction takes approximately the same amount of time
      in sea urchin blastomeres and PtK2 cells, the time of midbody sealing differs
      dramatically in the two cell types. Our results also indicate the importance of
      knowing the mitotic history of cells when injecting dyes into interphase cells
      for the purpose of detecting gap junctions.

PMID- 3995554
TI  - Morphogenesis and fate of the residual body in human spermiogenesis.
AB  - In the human testis the formation of the residual body of the spermatid and its
      morphological changes during and after spermiation were studied by means of
      electron microscopy. The caudal cytoplasmic mass of the late spermatid contains a
      Golgi complex, mitochondria, annulate lamellae, a chromatoid body, flower-like
      structures, ribosomes, a few large vacuoles, myelin-like membrane profiles and
      sporadic lipid droplets. When, by detachment of the caudal cytoplasm from the
      free spermatozoon, the residual body is formed, the chromatoid body has
      disappeared; the mitochondria are clustered peripherally; the ribosomes appear as
      a single complex in contact with a large vacuole containing granular material; in
      place of the Golgi complex aggregations of vesicles are present. The lipid
      droplets remain unchanged. The residual bodies or their fragments are either
      extruded via the seminiferous tubular lumen into the excurrent ducts or they are
      engulfed by Sertoli cells where in the supranuclear region the successive steps
      of decomposition can be observed. The participation of the various constituents
      in the disintegration of the residual body is discussed. In contrast to other
      mammalian species, in man the sporadic lipid droplets seem to be of minor
      importance in the fate of the residual body.

PMID- 3995555
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin in the brain and pituitary gland of
      the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus.
AB  - Immunoreactive serotonin (ir-5HT) containing cells were localized in the brain
      and pituitary gland of the platyfish by use of immunoperoxidase procedures. In
      the brain, ir-neurons were found lining the wall of the third ventricle and in
      its lateral and posterior recesses. More caudally, ir-perikarya were found in the
      valvular portion of the cerebellum and in the raphe region. Ir-5HT was also
      localized within the pineal gland in fish that had been sacrificed before 1:00
      p.m. Within the pituitary gland, ir-5HT was localized in periodic acid Schiff
      positive cells of the pars intermedia of all fish while, in only a few animals,
      less intense immunoreactivity was also present in gonadotrophs of the caudal pars
      distalis.

PMID- 3995556
TI  - Cell membrane polarity in rat ascites hepatoma cells. Distribution of a cell
      surface-associated adhesive factor on the cell surfaces.
AB  - As previously described, a cell surface-associated adhesive factor (AF) was
      separated from differentiated rat ascites hepatoma AH136B cells (forming cell
      islands in vivo) and highly purified by chromatography. AF induces not only
      aggregation of dissociated AH136B cells or undifferentiated rat ascites hepatoma
      AH109A cells (present as free cells in vivo), but also adhesiveness characterized
      by the development of junctional complexes. The localization of AF on the
      surfaces of AH136B cell islands was investigated using anti-AF IgG (Fab fragment)
      coupled to peroxidase. AF was detected in the contact region of the lateral
      surfaces of the AH136B cells and in the intercellular spaces. In contacted free
      cell surfaces of AH136B cells. Fluorescence studies revealed that biotin-labeled
      AF did not bind to the apical surface of AH136B cell islands. These results
      indicate a distinct difference between apical and lateral surfaces of AH136B
      cells; neither AF nor binding site for AF were localized on the apical surface of
      AH136B cells, whereas both were localized on the lateral surface. On the other
      hand, AH136B cells detached from the cell islands, or during the process of
      partial dissociation from them, showed the loss of the AF localization and
      binding site of AF on the surfaces. The results suggest that AH136B cell surfaces
      may be polarized in terms of the AF localization, and this polarization may be
      lost after cell dissociation.

PMID- 3995557
TI  - Occurrence of met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 and met-enkephalin-Arg6
      Gly7-Leu8 in gastrin cells of hog antral mucosa.
AB  - Region-specific antisera to three enkephalins: met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin
      Arg6-Phe7 and met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, together with four region specific
      antisera to progastrin: C-terminal G17 specific, N-terminal G34 specific, cryptic
      peptides A- and B-specific, were used in immunohistochemical studies of hog
      antral mucosa. A sub-population (6-10%) of the gastrin-containing endocrine cells
      (G-cells) was found to react with antisera to met-enkephalin, met-enkephalin-Arg6
      Phe7 and met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8. About 30% of all the enkephalin
      containing cells were identified as G-cells. The results indicate that a fraction
      of G-cells produces both enkephalin-like peptides and gastrin.

PMID- 3995558
TI  - Reserpine inhibits release of vasopressin from the neural lobe of the pituitary
      in dehydrated rats.
AB  - The effects of reserpine on the osmotically induced release of pituitary
      vasopressin were studied (i) by measuring the urinary excretion and the
      vasopressin content of the neural lobe of pituitary, and (ii) by examining the
      ultrastructural morphology of axons in the neural lobe of dehydrated rats. After
      water deprivation for two days, control rats displayed characteristic
      antidiuretic response including a 75% reduction of urinary excretion and a six
      fold decrease in vasopressin content of the neural lobe associated with a
      dramatic depletion of neurosecretory granules in corresponding axons. In
      contrast, when they received two dialy injections of reserpine, animals
      dehydrated for two days showed both urinary excretion and vasopressin contents in
      the neural lobe that remained at levels comparable to those measured in the
      normally hydrated rats. Additionally, neural-lobe axons of such dehydrated,
      reserpine-treated rats displayed a normal amount of neurosecretory granules.
      These data indicate that reserpine inhibits release of vasopressin from the
      neural lobe and favour the concept of a facilitatory role of the
      catecholaminergic innervation in the control of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial
      vasopressin-secreting neurons.

PMID- 3995559
TI  - Early appearance of catecholaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of
      precocial and altricial avian species. A fluorescence-histochemical study.
AB  - The early appearance of catecholaminergic neurons, as revealed by fluorescence
      histochemistry, has been determined in the central nervous system of quail,
      pheasant, and pigeon embryos. The first neuronal assemblies displaying specific
      fluorescence are the locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis.
      Taking into account the differences in the length of the prehatching period of
      these three avian species, the first catecholamine-containing neurons appear
      earlier in the precocial quail and pheasant than in the altricial pigeon.

PMID- 3995560
TI  - Daily fluctuations of nucleoli in neurosecretory cells of the rat supraoptic
      nucleus. An ultrastructural and stereological study.
AB  - Daily fluctuations of nucleoli and nucleolar fibrillar centres in neurosecretory
      cells from the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were investigated in rats artificially
      synchronized for 3 weeks to a set 12 h light/12 h dark cycle with free access to
      food and water. Group of 3 animals were sacrificed by intracardiac perfusion
      every 4 h for a 24-h period and every 2 h between 22.00 h and 07.00 h. The SON of
      each animal was removed, and the mean nucleolar volume and the mean volume of the
      nucleolar fibrillar centres were estimated by a stereological analysis. The
      quantitative data showed that the fluctuations in the nucleolar volume of SON
      neurons depend on the time of sacrifice. A peak value was found in animals
      sacrificed at 03.00 h which was 1.5 times the value found in animals sacrificed
      at 19.00 h. The volume of fibrillar centres underwent small, but not significant
      changes over the 24-h period. None of the large fibrillary centres that can be
      observed in the superior cervical ganglion were found in the SON. Our results
      demonstrate that in these neurons the size of the nucleolus under-goes daily
      fluctuations. These results are discussed in the light of previous studies
      conducted at our laboratory on the circadian rhythm of nucleolar volume and of
      nucleolar components in neurons of the superior cervical ganglion.

PMID- 3995561
TI  - Role of macrophages and multinucleate giant cells in the resorption of corpora
      amylacea in the involuting bovine mammary gland.
AB  - Microscopic examination of involuting bovine mammary tissue revealed elevated
      concentrations of corpora amylacea in alveolar lumina. Morphologic relationships
      between amyloid bodies, macrophages, and multinucleate giant cells (MGCs)
      suggested phagocytosis and degradation of the deposits by the phagocytic cells.
      Resorption of amyloid material by macrophages and MGCs during the process of
      mammary involution may be instrumental in preventing accumulation of corpora
      amylacea in secretory tissue which may interfere with mechanisms of milk
      synthesis and secretion.

PMID- 3995562
TI  - The development and distribution of the cranial neural crest in the rat embryo.
AB  - The head region of rat embryos was investigated by scanning electron microscopy
      after removal of the surface ectoderm with adhesive tape. Observations were made
      in embryos from 6-somite to 11-somite stages of development, in order to
      determine: (1) the sequence of emigration of neural crest cells from the
      different regions of the future brain; (2) the appearance of crest cells before,
      during, and after their conversion from an epithelial to a mesenchymal form; (3)
      the migration pathways. Emigration occurs first from the midbrain, and next from
      the rostral hindbrain; crest cells from these two regions migrate into the first
      visceral arch. Subsequently cells emigrate from the caudal hindbrain, but not in
      a rostrocaudal sequence. At the time of crest cell emigration, the neural fold
      morphology varies from a slightly convex, widely open plate (midbrain) to a
      closed tube (caudal hindbrain). Thus the timing of emigration is related neither
      to age (as reflected in rostrocaudal levels) nor to morphology of the neural
      epithelium.

PMID- 3995563
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of two populations of secretory granules
      from rat parotid glands.
AB  - A method is described for the isolation of two populations of secretory granules
      from rat parotid glands utilizing differences in their sedimentation
      characteristics. The granule preparations were analyzed for homogeneity by
      electron microscopy and chemical analyses. The soluble contents of both types of
      granules were obtained by hypotonic lysis, and the proteins compared by SDS-PAGE
      and ion exchange-gel filtration chromatography. Both populations of secretory
      granules appear to have the same protein composition as that of the parotid
      saliva. The secretory granules with the smaller apparent buoyant density became
      labelled with radioactive leucine earlier than the heavier granules when a pulse
      of this amino acid was supplied to a gland slice system. The lighter granules
      appear to represent an earlier stage in maturation.

PMID- 3995564
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of oxytocin in rat testis.
AB  - The presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin in the testis of adult
      Wistar and Brattleboro rats has been examined immunocytochemically. After
      fixation in modified Bouin's solution, or Bouin's sublimate fixative,
      immunostaining was accomplished with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The
      presence of immunoreactive oxytocin was demonstrated in 80% of the interstitial
      cell population of both rat strains while no staining was observed for
      vasopressin or neurophysin.

PMID- 3995565
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of 28 000-MW calcium-binding protein in horizontal
      cells of the rat retina.
AB  - Horizontal cells of rat retina were labeled intensely by a specific antibody to
      cerebellar calcium-binding protein. The amacrine cells stained very weakly. The
      presence of calcium-binding protein in horizontal cells could be of interest for
      the understanding of the feedback action of these cells on photoreceptors.

PMID- 3995566
TI  - Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on non-ciliated cells of the
      tracheal epithelium of normal, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene
      treated mice.
AB  - Non-ciliated SER-rich cells of the tracheal epithelium of normal, phenobarbital
      treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice were studied ultrastructurally and
      immunohistochemically. The apical portion of these cells protrudes into the
      tracheal lumen, especially in the mice treated with the two compounds, and the
      apical cytoplasm is filled with numerous tubular elements of SER. Besides, the
      non-ciliated cells of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice show a strong positive
      reaction to the antiserum against microsomal cytochrome P-450 of liver. These
      findings support the concept that the non-ciliated tracheal cell may be involved
      in the metabolism of endogeneous and exogeneous chemical compounds.

PMID- 3995567
TI  - [Sero-epidemiology of measles in Shijiazhuang District after a planned 9-year
      immunization program].

PMID- 3995568
TI  - [Level of antibodies against rubella in the normal population of Nanning city and
      a survey of the immunizing efficacy of rubella live-vaccines].

PMID- 3995569
TI  - [Preliminary study of tularemia in humans and the tick (Dermacenter marginatus)
      populations in Ta-cheng District of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region].

PMID- 3995571
TI  - [Case-control study of gastric cancer in ten rural counties in China].

PMID- 3995570
TI  - [Epidemiologic studies of enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. IV. A study
      of the principal reservoir hosts].

PMID- 3995572
TI  - [Pathogenic factors of benign breast tumors].

PMID- 3995573
TI  - [Prospective study of the correlation between hypertension and apoplexy].

PMID- 3995574
TI  - [Correlative study of the blood pressure of children and their parents].

PMID- 3995575
TI  - [Low virulent strains of JBE virus isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus in
      Indonesia].

PMID- 3995576
TI  - [Epidemiology of prevalent diseases in the aged of Harbin City].

PMID- 3995577
TI  - [Preliminary study on the use of ELISA (microtechnic) in detecting antibodies to
      diphtheria toxin as compared with Schick test].

PMID- 3995578
TI  - [Critical titre of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in apparent measles
      infection].

PMID- 3995580
TI  - Finalization and/or collectivization.

PMID- 3995579
TI  - [Measles & rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in women of child
      bearing age and the time of decline of maternally acquired antibodies among
      neonates and infants].

PMID- 3995581
TI  - Changes in the nuclear lamina composition during early development of Xenopus
      laevis.
AB  - Changes in protein composition of the nuclear lamina were monitored during early
      development in Xenopus. Lamin LIII, the only lamin present in oocyte nuclei,
      serves as a lamin pool for the formation of pronuclei and early cleavage nuclei.
      It is present in embryos up to the tail bud stages. Lamins LI and LII, the lamins
      originally found in adult cell nuclei, appear at characteristic times in
      development. LI first appears at the midblastula transition (MBT), and LII at the
      gastrula. Tryptic peptide analysis revealed that all three lamin forms found in
      the embryo are identical with the adult lamins. De novo synthesis of LIII and LI,
      observed at MBT, is independent of transcription and must therefore be due to
      activation of maternal mRNAs. These results are discussed in relation to other
      nuclear changes occurring during early development.

PMID- 3995582
TI  - Pleiotropic mutants of NIH 3T3 cells with altered regulation in the expression of
      both type I collagen and fibronectin.
AB  - Transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by v-mos causes a decrease in the levels of
      type I collagen RNA. In NIH 3T3 cells that have been made resistant to G418 by
      transfection with a plasmid in which the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen promoter is
      linked to the neo gene, subsequent v-mos transformation causes a loss of G418
      resistance. After mutagenesis of these v-mos-transformed cells, G418-resistant
      colonies were selected. Two of these G418-resistant mutants showed an increased
      expression of the neo gene and of the endogenous type I collagen and fibronectin
      genes, without changes in their levels of v-mos RNA or in their ability to induce
      tumors. The mutations might alter cellular trans-acting factors that either
      directly or indirectly control the expression of the type I collagen and
      fibronectin genes in transformed cells.

PMID- 3995583
TI  - Peanut lectin receptors in the early amphibian embryo: regional markers for the
      study of embryonic induction.
AB  - The regional and temporal specificity of peanut agglutinin binding was determined
      for early amphibian embryos. With the onset of neurulation, a receptor appears on
      the epidermis, but remains absent from the neural plate. A second type of
      receptor, largely masked by sialic acid, appears throughout the extracellular
      matrix. In the axolotl, the epidermal receptor is epimucin and the matrix
      receptor is fibronectin plus other components. Both receptors are autonomously
      expressed, on schedule, by appropriate explants of gastrula tissue. Expression of
      the epidermal receptor is suppressed after exposure to a neural inducing signal.
      This shows that the epidermal PNA receptor is a reliable marker of epidermal
      character and that neural induction affects the program of macromolecular
      synthesis within hours of the graft.

PMID- 3995584
TI  - Membrane-bound domain of HMG CoA reductase is required for sterol-enhanced
      degradation of the enzyme.
AB  - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA reductase) is a single
      polypeptide chain with two contiguous domains: a soluble domain (548 amino acids)
      that catalyzes the rate-controlling step in cholesterol synthesis and a membrane
      bound domain (339 amino acids) that anchors the protein to the endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER). HMG CoA reductase is degraded at least 10-fold more rapidly than
      other ER proteins; degradation is accelerated in the presence of cholesterol. To
      understand this controlled degradation, we transfected reductase-deficient
      Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a plasmid expression vector containing a
      reductase cDNA that lacks the segment encoding the membrane domain. The plasmid
      produced a truncated reductase (37 kd smaller than normal) that was enzymatically
      active with normal kinetics; most of the truncated enzyme was found in the
      cytosol. The truncated enzyme was degraded one-fifth as fast as the holoenzyme;
      degradation was no longer accelerated by sterols. We conclude that the membrane
      bound domain of reductase plays a crucial role in the rapid and regulated
      degradation of this ER protein.

PMID- 3995585
TI  - The Gv-1 locus coordinately regulates the expression of multiple endogenous
      murine retroviruses.
AB  - The analysis of the normal expression of endogenous retroviral sequences in
      congenic 129 GIX+ and GIX- mouse strains suggests the action of a regulatory
      element, encoded by Gv-1, functioning in trans to control the expression of these
      sequences. At steady state, the abundance of polyadenylated retroviral
      transcripts of different length cosegregates with the Gv-1 genotype. The presence
      of low but detectable quantities of these transcripts in antigen-negative mice
      indicates however, that Gv-1 may be distinct from the structural genes encoding
      retroviral proteins. We report here that retroviral transcripts, derived from
      distinct proviruses, are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and are
      coordinately regulated by the Gv-1 locus. The structure of several of the
      abundant transcripts demonstrates further that they are transcribed from
      independent defective endogenous proviral genomes exhibiting extensive deletions
      of env coding regions as well as modified U3 regions distinct from those found in
      exogenous retroviral transcripts.

PMID- 3995586
TI  - Metabolite channeling: a phosphorylcreatine shuttle to mediate high energy
      phosphate transport between sperm mitochondrion and tail.
AB  - Energy utilization by the flagellum of motile sea urchin sperm is tightly coupled
      to the rate of energy production by the mitochondrion. This tight coupling
      depends upon the transport of high energy phosphate (P) from mitochondrion to
      axoneme, which we propose to be mediated by a phosphorylcreatine shuttle. The
      shuttle employs distinct mitochondrial and axonemal creatine kinase isozymes, the
      latter being a novel creatine kinase of 145 kd. To examine whether P is directed
      to the tail by such a shuttle, we inactivated creatine kinase specifically with
      fluorodinitrobenzene. Creatine kinase inactivation led to an inhibition of
      coupled, but not uncoupled, respiration and affected the pattern of sperm
      motility as predicted for the disruption of an obligatory link in P transport.

PMID- 3995587
TI  - Chromosomal localization of the human T cell receptor beta-chain genes.

PMID- 3995589
TI  - Establishment of thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21)-deficient mutants of human
      monocytic cell line U-937.
AB  - Using morphologic, enzyme-cytochemical, and immunocytochemical methods, the
      functional diversity of the mononuclear phagocyte system can be studied only to a
      limited extent. Therefore, enzyme-deficient monocyte/macrophage cell lines have
      been established as technical prerequisites for the generation of
      monocyte/macrophage hybrids by applying selective media. After mutation with
      ethylmethanesulfonate, six clones of U-937 were selected against increasing
      concentrations of 5'-bromodesoxyuridine; these clones are defective in thymidine
      kinase (EC 2.7.1.21), as shown by autoradiography and direct measurement of
      [3H]thymidine uptake. A broad marker panel indicates that the clones could be
      appropriate for the establishment of human monocyte/macrophage hybrids.

PMID- 3995588
TI  - Macrophage-derived soluble factors mediate suppression induced by 2,4
      dinitrophenyl-conjugated mouse IgG in hybridoma cells.
AB  - Our laboratory has established that 2,4-dinitrophenyl-conjugated mouse IgG (DNP
      MGG) can specifically suppress proliferation, antibody synthesis, and secretion
      in vivo in two anti-DNP secreting cell lines: hybridoma 35-12 and myeloma MOPC
      315. In the present study an in vitro system was used to further analyze the
      mechanism of suppression of hybridoma 35-12 cells (HC) by DNP-MGG. It was found
      that DNP-MGG-induced suppression of HC requires macrophages (M phi) and occurs
      only in eclipsed HC which are mainly small, nonsecreting cells. The M phi
      mediated suppression is DNP specific, requires no M phi-HC cell contact, and does
      not involve killing of eclipsed HC. M phi culture supernatant alone cannot
      mediate suppression, but supernatants obtained by culturing M phi with either HC
      or supernatant from HC culture can mediate suppression of eclipsed HC in the
      presence of DNP-MGG. DNP-MGG is not required for the generation of effective M
      phi factors, but it is required for suppression of HC in the presence of M phi
      factors. Indomethacin cannot reverse M phi-mediated suppression, suggesting
      prostaglandins may not be the M phi factors. These data suggest that M phi
      derived factors which are not prostaglandins in nature may play a role in B-cell
      regulation and in B-cell suppression induced by tolerogenic forms of antigen.

PMID- 3995590
TI  - Mechanisms in opposite modulation of spleen cell and lymph node cell responses to
      mitogens following muramyl dipeptide treatment in vivo.
AB  - It has been reported that a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) treatment regimen (200
      micrograms MDP per mouse, Days -4, -3, -2, and -1) that, given prophylactically,
      affords protection against several infectious agents also induces lymph node
      hyperplasia, lymph node cell (LNC) hyperresponsiveness to mitogens, and spleen
      cell hyporesponsiveness to mitogens. The purpose of the present work was to
      extend those studies and delineate cellular mechanisms involved in these
      phenomena. It has been found that hyperresponsiveness of LNC was prolonged (7
      days) posttreatment; in contrast, hyporesponsiveness of spleen cells was
      transient and rebounded by Day 4 posttreatment. Hyperresponsiveness of LNC and
      hyporesponsiveness of spleen cells actively enhanced and depressed normal
      lymphoid cell responses, respectively, in cell mixing experiments.
      Hyporesponsiveness of spleen cells was associated with the plastic-nonadherent,
      non-B-cell fraction and nylon wool-nonadherent subpopulations. Indomethacin (10(
      6) M) did not abrogate hyporesponsiveness of spleen cells. These data suggest
      that splenic suppressor T cells result from MDP treatment and were responsible
      for spleen cell hyporesponsiveness. On the other hand, hyperresponsiveness of LNC
      was associated with the nylon wool-adherent cell subpopulations and a higher
      percentage of nonspecific esterase-positive cells. Hyporesponsiveness of spleen
      cells was associated with deficient production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), but not
      of interleukin 1 (IL-1). In contrast, hyperresponsiveness of LNC was not
      explained by enhanced IL-1 or IL-2 production.

PMID- 3995591
TI  - Nonimmune lymphocyte-macrophage interaction. I. Quantification by an automated
      colorimetric assay.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated a spontaneous, nonimmune interaction between
      lymphocytes and macrophages. This paper describes an automated colorimetric assay
      based on the dye, rose bengal, to quantify this interaction. The procedure
      entails allowing lymphocytes to adhere to preformed macrophage monolayers in the
      wells of microplates and then staining bound lymphocytes with rose bengal. Dye
      uptake and the consequent number of lymphocytes bound were quantified using an
      automated spectrophotometer developed for reading microplates. This procedure was
      used to confirm and extend the basic parameters of the system. The interaction
      was found to be temperature dependent but the kinetics and percentage of cells
      binding varied with the source of lymphocytes. However, all lymphocyte
      populations tested, namely, mature and immature thymocytes, T and B lymphocytes,
      and a range of thymoma cell lines, bound to macrophages. Furthermore, all
      macrophage populations examined had the ability to bind lymphocytes. The
      interaction also showed no strain specificity and generally lacked species
      specificity. It is proposed that the interaction is a highly dynamic process that
      enables lymphocytes to scan the surface of macrophages for self and/or foreign
      antigens.

PMID- 3995592
TI  - Nonimmune lymphocyte-macrophage interaction. II. Evidence that the interaction
      involves sulfated polysaccharide recognition.
AB  - This paper describes attempts to determine the molecular basis of the nonimmune
      interaction between lymphocytes and macrophages. Initial studies revealed that
      the interaction could be inhibited by simple sugars, six out of the thirty-five
      tested being inhibitory. Furthermore, the majority of the inhibitory sugars were
      charged and subsequent studies revealed that some sulfated polysaccharides,
      notably kappa-carrageenan, were potent inhibitors of the interaction. Further
      experiments revealed that the lymphocyte-macrophage interaction was indeed
      mediated by kappa-carrageenan-specific receptors on lymphocytes. The results
      supporting such a conclusion were as follows: When the interacting cells were
      preincubated with kappa-carrageenan, it was found that kappa-carrageenan exerted
      its inhibitory effect at the lymphocyte rather than the macrophage level.
      Separation of splenocytes into kappa-carrageenan-binding and -nonbinding
      subpopulations resulted in a corresponding enrichment and depletion of
      lymphocytes that reacted with macrophages. Lymphocytes were found to express
      kappa-carrageenan-reactive molecules, these molecules being detected on the
      surface of lymphocytes by rosetting and in detergent lysates as hemagglutinins.
      Furthermore, the polyanion specificity of these kappa-carrageenan-specific
      receptors/hemagglutinins closely resembled the specificity of inhibition of the
      lymphocyte-macrophage interaction. Pronase-resistant material in macrophage, but
      not lymphocyte lysates, effectively inhibited both the lymphocyte-macrophage
      interaction and the recognition of kappa-carrageenan by lymphocytes, suggesting
      that a kappa-carrageenan-like structure is expressed by macrophages.

PMID- 3995593
TI  - Inhibition by succinyl concanavalin A of strong adjuvant activity of
      lipopolysaccharides which possess mannans as the O-specific polysaccharide
      chains.
AB  - It has been reported that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Klebsiella O3 and O5 and
      Escherichia coli O8 and O9 exhibit extraordinarily strong adjuvant activity in
      augmenting antibody responses against protein antigens in mice as compared with
      other kinds of LPS. These four kinds of LPS all possess homopolysaccharides
      consisting of mannose (mannans) as the O-specific side chains. When these kinds
      of LPS were mixed in vitro with succinyl concanavalin A (Con A) which is known to
      bind specifically to alpha-mannoside and alpha-glucoside, their strong adjuvant
      activity was inhibited. Degree of the inhibition of the adjuvant activity of
      Klebsiella O3 LPS by succinyl Con A was dependent upon the dose of succinyl Con
      A. However, phytohemagglutinin, which is known to bind specifically to N-acetyl-D
      galactosamine, did not inhibit the adjuvant activity of Klebsiella O3 LPS and O5
      LPS. When Klebsiella O3 LPS was mixed with succinyl Con A in the presence of
      excess amounts of alpha-methyl mannoside or the polysaccharide fraction isolated
      from Klebsiella O3 LPS, the inhibitory effect of succinyl Con A on the adjuvant
      activity of Klebsiella O3 LPS was blocked. By contrast, the activity of
      Klebsiella O3 LPS as a polyclonal B-cell activator was not affected by treatment
      with succinyl Con A. From these results it is concluded that the mannans, as the
      O-specific polysaccharide chains of the LPS, significantly contribute to
      expression of their strong adjuvant activity.

PMID- 3995594
TI  - Human lymphocyte-eosinophil interactions. I. Modulation of phytohemagglutinin
      induced lymphocyte proliferation by eosinophils.
AB  - Do eosinophils modulate lymphocyte function? This question was studied by
      examining the effect of purified eosinophils (eos) on lectin-induced human
      lymphocyte proliferation. Intact resting or zymosan-stimulated eos or their
      extracts were cocultured with phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells in
      vitro and [3H]thymidine uptake was measured at 72 hr. Zymosan-stimulated eos
      consistently suppressed (up to 90%) the lectin-induced proliferative response by
      a noncytotoxic mechanism. Freeze-thaw extracts from zymosan-stimulated eos also
      significantly suppressed lymphocyte proliferation to a similar degree. The amount
      of suppression was directly proportional to the number of eos or the amount of
      extract added to the lymphocyte cultures. Intact resting eos and their extracts
      occasionally exhibited suppressive effects (up to 40%) on lymphocyte
      proliferation; this suppression, however, was always less than that of activated
      eos or their extracts. Eos pretreated with the protein synthesis inhibitor,
      pactamycin, exhibited significantly less suppressive activity, suggesting that a
      protein was responsible in part for the reduction in proliferation. The addition
      of superoxide dismutase or catalase to the eos-mononuclear cell cocultures did
      not reduce the amount of suppression observed, thus making it unlikely that
      active oxygen products were involved in the mechanism of suppression. Heating
      extracts from stimulated eos to 80 degrees C for 30 min resulted in partial loss
      of suppressive activity while extensive dialysis of the extracts had no effect.
      The studies reported here provide evidence that a nondialyzable and heat
      sensitive factor(s) produced by stimulated eos may exert feedback inhibition of
      lymphocyte function.

PMID- 3995595
TI  - Migration and differentiation of bone marrow lymphocytes: development of surface
      immunoglobulin, Fc receptor, complement receptor, and functional responsiveness
      as studied with anti-allotype serum.
AB  - Immunofluorescent studies using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated mouse anti
      allotype antibody were carried out to study the migration pattern and the
      development of surface Ig (SIg), Fc receptor for IgG (FcR gamma), and complement
      receptor (CR) or mouse bone marrow lymphocytes following intravenous injection
      into congenic mice. After transfer of bone marrow cells from CSW mice into
      untreated congenic CWB mice, the absolute number of donor-type SIg-bearing (SIg+)
      cells and the proportion of either FcR gamma- or CR-bearing (FcR gamma+ or CR+)
      cells in donor-type SIg+ cells were evaluated in the recipient spleen and the
      results were compared with those obtained after the transfer of CSW spleen cells.
      After injection of donor bone marrow cells, detectable donor-type SIg+ cells,
      although few initially, increased from day 1 to Day 2 and reached a plateau
      thereafter. The proportion of FcR gamma+ cells in donor-type SIg+ cells, although
      very low in the donor marrow inoculum, increased progressively after 1 day to
      reach a maximum at Day 5 (90%). On the other hand, following the transfer of
      spleen cells, the proportion of FcR gamma+ cells remained at high levels (90%)
      for 5 days after transfer. Likewise, the proportion of CR+ cells in donor-type
      SIg+ cells was very low (less than 1%) in the original donor bone marrow cells
      but high (60%) in the donor spleen cells. However, in transferring bone marrow
      cells this proportion also increased in the recipient spleen to reach a maximum
      (49%) at Day 5 although it was lower compared to the percentage of FcR gamma+
      cells in donor SIg+ cells. Furthermore, the ability of functional responsiveness
      to antigen was also examined in the same system by detecting plaque-forming cells
      (PFC) from donor origin. In transferring donor bone marrow cells into recipient,
      the participation of donor cells in the PFC response was very low when the
      recipients were primed with sheep red blood cells at Day 3 after transfer.
      However, when the recipients were primed at Days 7 to 21 after transfer,
      increasing numbers of the donor marrow-derived cells were involved in the PFC
      response. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the bone marrow-derived
      lymphocytes, albeit lacking both distinctive surface receptors (IgM, FcR gamma,
      CR) and the functional responsiveness to antigen, continue their development
      along the B-cell lineage after migrating into the spleen, as evidenced by the
      surface receptor expression and participation in the antibody response.

PMID- 3995596
TI  - Effects of ammonium ion derived from bovine endothelial cells upon low density
      lipoprotein degradation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism in bovine arterial smooth muscle cells
      (SMC) was increased upon exposure to endothelial cell conditioned medium. The
      mass of LDL degraded in the SMC lysosomal system was increased, and kinetic
      analysis demonstrated that the rate constant for LDL degradation arising from
      receptor-mediated endocytosis was unchanged. The effects on LDL metabolism were
      accompanied by stimulation of DNA synthesis in the SMC. These results are in
      contrast to reports concerning a porcine endothelial cell system where LDL
      degradation was inhibited by endothelial-derived NH4+. We show that bovine
      endothelial cells produce insufficient NH4+ to inhibit LDL degradation and
      conclude that endothelial cell-derived NH4+ is unlikely to be a factor affecting
      LDL metabolism in the bovine vascular cell culture system.

PMID- 3995597
TI  - Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies on DNA ligase from a rat liver
      parenchymal cell line.
AB  - We have recently obtained a monospecific antibody against calf thymus DNA ligase
      composed of a single Mr = 130,000 polypeptide. Immunohistochemical studies using
      the antibody and immunoperoxidase detection methods indicated that DNA ligase in
      a rat liver parenchymal cell line (BB) is localized essentially in nucleus. The
      specific activity of DNA ligase from growing BB cells was more than 10-fold
      higher than that from rat hepatocytes. The molecular forms of DNA ligase in these
      cell-free extracts were also analyzed.

PMID- 3995598
TI  - Photophobic and phototactic responses of Amoeba proteus in KCN and SHAM
      solutions.
AB  - The effects of the metabolic inhibitors KCN and SHAM on phototaxis and
      photophobic response in Amoeba proteus have been studied. Both drugs neither
      change amoebae photophobic response nor the phototactic reaction. The results
      indicate clearly that the negative phototactic orientation is not impaired by
      impediment of respiration thus it is not directly coupled to the differences in
      energy production in different parts of A. proteus body.

PMID- 3995599
TI  - Metabolic changes in fibroblast adhesion sites induced by growth factors.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in the association between membrane movements and the
      initiation of DNA synthesis were approached measuring the synthesis of membrane
      associated substances after stimulation of resting phase cultures. The inducement
      of the division cycle by fresh serum, FGF and a growth factor produced during RSV
      infection, caused a decreased incorporation of glucosamine and SO4 into focal
      adhesion sites. The decreased incorporation of glucosamine occurred during the G1
      period, remained at a plateau during S and increased back to initial levels when
      DNA synthesis declined; it was inversely related to the size of the fraction of
      cells that entered the division cycle.

PMID- 3995601
TI  - Molecular intactness of transferrin recycled in a myogenic chicken cell culture.
AB  - Evidence has been accumulating that transferrin (Tf), an iron-binding
      glycoprotein, is a unique ligand in that it is recycled intact. We examined the
      properties of chicken Tf molecules recycled in a myogenic chicken cell culture.
      No difference in the isoelectric focusing pattern before and after recycling, nor
      any marked change in the total Tf concentration in the culture medium was found
      during culture. And, although recycled Tf had no myotrophic activity in vitro, it
      regained its original activity when reloaded with iron. These results are
      evidence of the molecular intactness of recycled Tf.

PMID- 3995600
TI  - Calmodulin from the water mold Achlya ambisexualis: isolation and
      characterization.
AB  - A protein-activator of bovine cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from the water
      mold Achlya ambisexualis has been affinity-purified to apparent electrophoretic
      homogeneity. The heat-stable protein is similar in amino acid content and
      electrophoretic mobility on SDS acrylamide gels, to bovine brain calmodulin. It
      also cross-reacts with antibodies raised to the bovine protein. Achlya calmodulin
      activates PDE increasing its activity up to 9-fold in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
      The mold protein appears unusual in that its tyrosine fluorescence is unaltered
      by Ca2+ or by EGTA.

PMID- 3995602
TI  - Clonal growth and mesenchymal differentiation of PCC3/A/1 teratocarcinoma cells
      in serum-free medium.
AB  - Clonal culture of PCC3/A/1 teratocarcinoma stem cells in serum-free medium has
      been achieved with feeder layers. Under this culture condition, stem cells
      effectively differentiated into various types of somatic cells, in particular
      chondrocytes and adipocytes. Myotubes and neuron-like cells also appeared, but
      infrequently. Embryonic endoderm cells were rarely observed. There appeared to be
      two stages in the differentiation process; In the early stage, only fibroblastic
      cells were found with the undifferentiated stem cells. In the later stage,
      chondrocytes and adipocytes predominated. Chondro-adipocyte differentiation
      occurred only after fibroblastic cell differentiation, an indication that
      fibroblastic cells may have an important function in chondro-adipocyte
      differentiation. Thus, the serum-free culture of PCC3/A/1 cells provides a
      suitable system with which to study the cell lineages and regulatory mechanisms
      of chondro-adipocyte differentiation.

PMID- 3995603
TI  - Cell cycle-dependent variations in RNA polymerase activity in the nuclear and
      cytoplasmic fractions of Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - The RNA polymerase activities of the soluble enzymes from the nuclear and
      cytoplasmic fractions from synchronous macroplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum
      were measured. Activity in the nuclear fraction prepared from cells in the G2
      phase was several times higher than that at metaphase, and activity in the
      cytoplasmic fraction was much higher at metaphase than in the G2 phase. The
      amount of activity was nearly constant during the late G2 phase and early
      prophase, then rose abruptly just before metaphase, becoming tenfold higher at
      metaphase then decreasing rapidly during anaphase-telophase. The cytoplasmic
      activity at metaphase was attributed almost exclusively to the type II (or B)
      enzyme as shown by alpha-amanitin inhibition and chromatographic analysis of the
      enzyme. Results indicate that at metaphase RNA polymerase II molecules are
      loosely associated with condensed chromosomes or that they move from the mitotic
      nuclei into the cytoplasm.

PMID- 3995604
TI  - A model of contractile tubules showing how they contract in the heliozoan
      Echinosphaerium.
AB  - In the large heliozoan Echinosphaerium, contractile tubules (formerly called X
      bodies) are located between the axopodial membrane and the axonemal microtubules.
      When axopodial contraction occurs, the tubules have been thought to be
      transformed from a tubular to a granular form, as seen in ultra-thin sections.
      Our detailed morphological observations of the contractile tubules, however, have
      revealed that this so-called granulation of the contractile tubules is mediated
      by self-twisting and supercoiling during contraction. We also examined the
      localization of calcium during axopodial contraction using a potassium
      pyroantimonate assay. Ca-Sb deposits were detected on contractile tubules only
      during the twisting and coiling of this organelle. Our results indicate that
      axopodial contraction is enforced by the twisting and coiling of contractile
      tubules, which action probably is mediated by Ca2+ ions.

PMID- 3995605
TI  - No elevated cell surface charge at mitosis in X-ray-irradiated mammalian cells.
AB  - Rounded mitotic cells showed 30% enhanced electrophoretic mobility (EPM) when
      compared to spindle-formed interphase cells. This increase in EPM that was not
      present in interphase cells that had been rounded chemically by EDTA is
      considered to reflect a structural change in the cell membrane during mitosis. X
      ray irradiation induced a dose-dependent EPM decrease in both interphase and
      mitotic cells during a 4-hour period. During the next 20 h of incubation, EPM
      recovery took place in cells irradiated with 250R, but not in cells exposed to
      1000R. EPM was enhanced during mitosis in cells irradiated with low doses, but
      was absent in cells irradiated with 1000R. The ratio of colony-forming cells and
      of electrophoretically recovered mitotic cells after 24 h of exposure showed a
      good statistical correlation. These results indicate that unrepaired membrane
      damage contributes to mitotic cell death after irradiation.

PMID- 3995606
TI  - Mouse lymphoma L1210 cells can be arrested in the G1 phase by adjusting cellular
      cysteine and glutathione.
AB  - Mouse lymphoma L1210 cells (NCI line) that have low ability to take up cystine
      became deficient in cellular cysteine and glutathione in normal culture media.
      The cells entered the resting state during culture when they were seeded at high
      cell densities. They remained viable and were mostly present in the G1 or G0
      phase. In the growth-arrested state, the cellular glutathione content was one
      order of magnitude lower than in the exponentially growing phase in the presence
      of 2-mercaptoethanol. In the arrested state, DNA synthesis was almost inhibited,
      and RNA and protein synthesis decreased markedly. Transfer of the cells to medium
      containing 2-mercaptoethanol, which improves the utilization of cystine by these
      cells, produced the rapid recovery of RNA and protein synthesis. DNA synthesis
      slowly increased, reaching a maximum after a lag period.

PMID- 3995607
TI  - [The effect of organic solvents in the cornea of rabbits in vivo].

PMID- 3995609
TI  - [Use of angioprotective agents in ophthalmology].

PMID- 3995610
TI  - [Congenital defect of the lens in the Pierre-Robin syndrome].

PMID- 3995608
TI  - [Corneal pachymetry during gradual adaptation to contact lenses in low and medium
      myopia].

PMID- 3995611
TI  - [Intraepithelial epithelioma (Bowen's disease) of the cornea].

PMID- 3995612
TI  - [Central adaptation in patients with glaucoma].

PMID- 3995613
TI  - [Monitoring of the dynamics of intraocular fluid in glaucoma].

PMID- 3995614
TI  - [The significance and main principles of the Central Register of individuals with
      severe vision disorders].

PMID- 3995615
TI  - [Experimental caractogenesis in chick embryos. Intra-amniotic injections of
      glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids].

PMID- 3995616
TI  - [Elimination of implants as complications of surgery of retinal detachments].

PMID- 3995617
TI  - [Fibrous dysplasia of the maxillary sinus].

PMID- 3995618
TI  - [Atresia laryngis].

PMID- 3995619
TI  - [Magnifying laryngoscopy].

PMID- 3995620
TI  - [Coloboma cartilaginis thyreoideae].

PMID- 3995622
TI  - [Conservative operations of the frontal sinuses in 1977-1981].

PMID- 3995621
TI  - [Injuries of the larynx and their functional sequelae].

PMID- 3995623
TI  - [Sinoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the paranasal sinuses].

PMID- 3995624
TI  - [Endoscopy of the maxillary sinuses].

PMID- 3995625
TI  - [Changes in the face in unilateral aplasia of the external ear].

PMID- 3995626
TI  - [Disorders of statics and dynamics and neuroses in functional disorders of the
      voice].

PMID- 3995627
TI  - [Chronic foreign bodies in the esophagus in children].

PMID- 3995628
TI  - [Ethics and health care problems in patients with chronic apallic syndromes].

PMID- 3995629
TI  - [The extremity-neck phenomenon, reverse and paradoxic deep neck reflex].

PMID- 3995630
TI  - [A universal system for collecting and evaluating electrophysiological data (the
      SHED system) at facilities equipped with the Z-80 microprocessor--description of
      hardware].

PMID- 3995631
TI  - [Acinetobacterial purulent meningitis].

PMID- 3995632
TI  - ["Gestagnost" as a required part of the basic examination in women with tumors of
      the lung, kidney, liver and CNS].

PMID- 3995633
TI  - [Neurology in Norway].

PMID- 3995634
TI  - [Aspects of morphological manifestations of the plasticity of the peripheral
      nervous system. III. Plasticity of peripheral nerves].

PMID- 3995635
TI  - [Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Programmed diagnosis and treatment. Suggestions for
      methodologic approaches].

PMID- 3995636
TI  - [The present status and perspectives of the surgical treatment of epilepsy].

PMID- 3995637
TI  - [Neurologic findings in long-term exposure to toluene].

PMID- 3995638
TI  - [Use of echoencephalography in the diagnosis of organic brain damage in
      alcoholism].

PMID- 3995639
TI  - [Disorders of asymmetric coordination after cerebrovascular accidents].

PMID- 3995640
TI  - [Further experience with tests of primitive locomotion in infants and preschool
      age children].

PMID- 3995641
TI  - [Primary neuronal brain tumors in children].

PMID- 3995642
TI  - [Bilateral seminoma of the testis. Case report].

PMID- 3995643
TI  - [Improving the piston fittings and the safety collar of the high-pressure
      automatic syringe DZ 11-TUR].

PMID- 3995644
TI  - [Injuries of the carotid artery wall in the neck area].

PMID- 3995645
TI  - [Pathological collaterals between the vertebral and carotid artery in the
      angiographic picture].

PMID- 3995646
TI  - [3-year experience with computer tomography].

PMID- 3995647
TI  - [Evaluation of kidney size using computer tomography--the renovertebral index].

PMID- 3995648
TI  - [Interventional radiology: intravascular therapy of malignant tumors in the soft
      tissues of extremities].

PMID- 3995649
TI  - Efficient photosensitization of malignant human cells in vitro by liposome-bound
      porphyrins.
AB  - Comparative kinetics of porphyrin uptake and release by HeLa cells, incubated
      with equivalent concentrations of either hematoporphyrin (Hp) in aqueous solution
      or Hp and its dimethylester (HpDME) bound to unilamellar liposomes, show that
      liposomal porphyrins are bound at a higher rate and in considerably larger
      amounts. Moreover, the release of cell-bound porphyrins into the medium is
      remarkably reduced and slowered after cell loading with liposome-bound
      porphyrins. The presence of 1% bovine or human serum albumin (but not serum
      globulins) in the medium has no effect on uptake and release of liposome-bound
      porphyrins by HeLa cells, whereas it remarkably decreases the uptake of aqueous
      Hp. Parallel studies of cell photodamages under known concentrations of cell
      bound porphyrin unequivocally demonstrate that the photodynamic effect is
      strictly related to the porphyrin load. As a consequence a dramatic increase of
      cell-photosensitizing efficiency is obtained by binding Hp (and even more HpDME)
      with liposomes. Electron microscopy investigations on cell damages caused by
      loading with liposome-bound porphyrins and subsequent illumination show that the
      plasmatic membrane is one important cell site of porphyrin interaction and
      photodynamic effect.

PMID- 3995650
TI  - Structural characterization of the major covalent adduct formed in vitro between
      acetaminophen and bovine serum albumin.
AB  - The structure of the covalent adduct formed in vitro between [14C]-acetaminophen
      ([14C]APAP) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated with the aid of
      new analytical methodology. The APAP-BSA adduct, isolated from mouse liver
      microsomal incubations to which the radiolabeled drug and BSA had been added, was
      cleaved using a combination of specific (cyanogen bromide) and non-specific (acid
      hydrolysis) procedures, following which the mixture of amino acids obtained was
      derivatized, in aqueous solution, with ethyl chloroformate. The resulting
      ethoxycarbonyl derivatives were recovered by extraction into ethylacetate,
      methylated and subjected to profile analysis using both reverse-phase and normal
      phase HPLC techniques. In each HPLC step, one major radioactive amino acid adduct
      was detected and was identified by mass spectrometry as the derivative of 3
      cystein-S-yl-4-hydroxyaniline. Based on this finding, and with a knowledge of the
      behavior under acidic hydrolysis conditions of the 3-cysteinyl conjugate of APAP,
      it could be concluded that the major APAP-BSA adduct is one in which the drug is
      bound, via a thioether linkage at the C-3 position, to a sulfhydryl group on the
      protein. Furthermore, it could be established that this -SH function almost
      certainly is that associated with the cys-34 residue of BSA.

PMID- 3995651
TI  - The influence of N7 substituents on the stability of N7-alkylated guanosines.
AB  - Guanosine alkylated at the 7-position readily decomposed by imidazole ring
      opening and depurination. There is a direct correlation between the electron
      withdrawing effects, expressed as the Taft substituent constant sigma*, of
      various alkylsubstituents in 7-position and the respective acid dissociation
      constants and chemical stabilities of 7-alkylated guanosines. The respective
      values for the slopes of the regression lines were rho* = +1.89 for imidazole
      ring opening and rho* = +0.175 for the depurination reaction. Unknown Taft
      constants can be determined from the sigma*/pKa regression line.

PMID- 3995652
TI  - Oxidation of ascorbate and a tocopherol analogue by the sulfite-derived radicals
      SO3- and SO5-.

PMID- 3995653
TI  - Glutathione status in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and its role in cell
      attachment to collagen.
AB  - In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes the intracellular level of reduced
      glutathione (GSH) declines to approx. 50% of that observed in freshly isolated
      cells within 1 h of culture. Pretreatment of freshly isolated hepatocytes with
      diethylmaleate (DEM) to deplete GSH and inhibition of glutathione synthesis by
      buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) markedly decrease the proportion of cells attaching
      to the collagen coated culture dishes. A positive correlation between the
      intracellular content of GSH and the ability of hepatocytes to attach to collagen
      is observed. Presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) in the culture medium efficiently
      prevents hepatocyte attachment. A net increase in hepatocyte disulfides is also
      observed after the first hours of culture. The formation of disulfides seems to
      be essential for the attachment of hepatocytes to collagen. The depletion of GSH
      in the early period of culture is probably due to its regulatory function of
      thiol/disulfide groups in proteins and/or its involvement in the synthesis of
      essential cytoskeletal proteins.

PMID- 3995655
TI  - On the synthesis, cytostatic and antitumor properties of new Pt(II) and Pt(IV)
      complexes with chloroanilines.
AB  - The paper reports the synthesis, the chemical characterization and the IR data of
      new Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes, as well as their cytostatic activities on KB
      cells and antitumour properties against three tumour systems (P388 and L1210
      leukemias and advanced B16 melanoma). The following ligands were used: 2,5
      dichloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 3,4,5
      trichloroaniline, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroaniline and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline. The
      tri- and tetrachloroaniline-Pt(II) complexes displayed a fairly good antileukemic
      activity but lower than cisplatin. The effect of these compounds against advanced
      B16 melanoma appears more interesting. They show an activity comparable or in
      some cases higher than cisplatin and other 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-Pt(II)
      complexes. The M.O. Huckel's calculations were performed on the ligand molecules
      in order to help us to draw a structure-activity relationship for new compounds.

PMID- 3995654
TI  - Antiinflammatory action of hydrosoluble dimethyltriazenes on the carrageenin
      induced edema in guinea pigs.
AB  - The antiinflammatory activity of three hydrosoluble aryldimethyltriazenes has
      been examined on the carrageenin induced edema in guinea pig. The administration
      of equitoxic dosages of p-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)benzoic acid potassium salt
      (DM-COOK) and p-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)sulfonic acid sodium salt (DM-SO3Na) 1 h
      after carrageenin application, causes 4 h later a similar and statistically
      significant reduction of paw swelling by about 40% whereas, p-alanylphenyl-3,3
      dimethyl-1-triazeno (DM-ALA(OH)) is inactive. Of the two active compounds, DM
      COOK displays interesting properties, being rapidly active and causing a peak of
      inhibition higher than that caused by DM-SO3Na. The antiinflammatory activity of
      DM-COOK is comparable with that caused by 5 mg/kg indomethacin and 200 mg/kg
      phenylbutazone. However, DM-COOK, unlike indomethacin, causes an inhibition of
      leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity induced by casein treatment, thus
      indicating a different mechanism of action. This effect needs clarification and
      seems not to be correlated to cytotoxicity of the drug for migrating white blood
      cells, as evidenced by "in vitro' examination.

PMID- 3995656
TI  - Oxidative dealkylation and reductive denitrosation of nitrosomethylaniline in
      vitro.
AB  - N-Nitrosomethylaniline (NMA) was incubated with liver microsomes from female mice
      and rats. Both formaldehyde and nitrite formation were determined in the same
      incubation mixture under various experimental conditions. The animals were
      pretreated with phenobarbital (PB) or butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) in order to
      modify microsomal monooxygenase activities. Furthermore, various possibilities
      were tried to supply the microsomal system with reducing equivalents (NADPH
      regenerating system, NADPH-regenerating system plus NADH or NADH alone). It can
      be deduced from these experiments that both enzymatic activities--oxidative
      demethylation and reductive denitrosation of NMA--do not proceed in a parallel
      manner. Thus both reactions are different from each other. They represent two
      separate pathways in nitrosamine metabolism.

PMID- 3995657
TI  - Induction of repair synthesis of DNA in primary cultures of rat urothelial cells
      by derivatives of the bladder carcinogen, N-n-butyl-N-(4
      hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.
AB  - Urinary metabolites of N-n-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN) which have
      been identified thus far did not induce repair synthesis of DNA in cultured rat
      urothelial cells. Urine of rats which had been administered with BHBN or BCPN did
      not induce repair synthesis of DNA either. However, all the synthetic
      nitrosamines that can produce 1-hydroxyalkylnitrosamine intermediates induced
      repair synthesis of DNA. The results suggest that rat urothelial cells, at best,
      may only have very limited capability of activating nitrosamines.

PMID- 3995658
TI  - [Reconstruction of the oral cavity with myocutaneous flaps and the laterocervical
      hinge approach].
AB  - The AA. tell their experience about the myocutaneous flaps purposely carved for
      the reconstructive stage of surgical intervents forecasting big body-stuff loss,
      as the oral floor exeresis, of the tongue, of larynx, of mandible
      contemporaneously with latero-cervical dissection. The method we purpose is very
      simple and valid as it has never given some problem about the flourishing and
      vitality of the flaps. We tell about very large flaps we carve by the all
      thickness simple vertical and median section of the inferior lip and of inferior
      part of neck. These flaps are holded in right and left latero cervical side for
      all the length going from clavicle to mastoid. The vascularization has ever been
      excellent for the large surface of the hinge and of course for the large
      nourishing hematic bed. Consequently we purpose the myocutaneous flaps holded in
      latero-cervical side as useful and no-replaceable in the chirurgichal
      reconstruction of "Supercommando".

PMID- 3995659
TI  - [Antibiotic prophylaxis with cefoxitin in abdominal surgery (remarks on 50
      cases)].
AB  - The authors, after stating the results of their clinical experience on 50
      patients subjected to antibiotic prophylaxis with cefoxitin on the occasion of
      surgical operations on abdomen, compare the results of the antibiotic prophylaxis
      after a short time with those of the prophylaxis-therapy after an average time.

PMID- 3995660
TI  - [The story of oxygen (1)].
AB  - The writers, in this first part of the oxygen story, intend availing themselves
      of a language different from the biochemists' initiatory one in dealing with the
      physiopathological presuppositions of what can be generically defined as oxygen
      pathology, and propose it in a guise more legible by clinicians. This, as the
      "oxygen pathology" in the latest years lost its sectorial nature, whereby it was
      only matter of resuscitators, accustomed to fight against the syndrome of oxygen
      toxicity stress, and assumed a new dimension, almost totalizing, being inclusive
      of the most various situations, although rotating around a sole pin, that is, the
      cellular injury, either originated from a vascular disconnection and subsequent
      reperfusion, or finding its initial moment in the shock, in the phlogosis, or in
      a situation of stress, or finding a regenerative, degenerative, mutagenic cause,
      etc etc. The role played by many of such conditions in traumatologic surgery
      represented the element justifying the Authors' interest in this topic, expressly
      faced in "lay" key, as, almost provocatively, the title intends emphasizing,
      whereas it suggests the ambiguous aspect of oxygen.

PMID- 3995661
TI  - The complaints and dietary habits of the patients with gastritis and undefined
      abdominal pain.
AB  - The complaints and dietary habits of sixteen patients with gastritis and fourteen
      with undefined abdominal pain were studied by recording method. The results
      showed that the symptoms of the patients with gastritis and undefined abdominal
      pain were similar and mostly postprandial and they can be regarded as local
      (abdominal pain, meteorism, discomfort and heartburn) and/or general (sweating,
      nausea and faintness). The patients have variations of the symptomatic and
      asymptomatic periods. The symptomatic patients with gastritis have significantly
      higher number of daily meals than the asymptomatic patients with gastritis. The
      daily intake of food, energy and nutrients are low especially in the symptomatic
      patients with gastritis. It is concluded that the symptoms experienced by the
      patients with gastritis or undefined abdominal pain are related to the eating so
      that the daily dietary habits are disturbed. The produced a low intake of food,
      energy and nutrients especially in the patients with symptomatic gastritis.

PMID- 3995662
TI  - [Blood coagulation in 222 cases of solid malignant neoplasms].
AB  - We have examined 222 patients with nonterminal solid malignant tumors in order to
      study the possible variations on the hemocoagulation system due to neoplasia.
      Only patients whose hemocoagulation system could be proven normal by test made
      before the malignant neoplasia appeared were taken into consideration. Our study
      was based on the following tests: platelet count, platelet adhesiveness and
      aggregation, prothrombin time, thrombin time, thrombotest, antithrombin 3,
      thrombin-coagulase, activity partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, reptilase
      time. Our study showed there was no relevant difference between the results tests
      of healthy people taken as points or reference and those of our patients. We did
      find however a slight but diffuse alteration of all, or almost all, the
      components of the hemostatic and coagulation system. These variations however
      were not significant enough to enable us to prove any connection between the
      neoplasia and the whole hemocoagulation system.

PMID- 3995663
TI  - [Respiratory function after traumatic rupture of the diaphragm].
AB  - In eight patients who underwent surgical treatment for diaphragmatic rupture,
      pulmonary function and differential ventilation of the lungs were evaluated four
      months-one year after surgery. The results of the study show that diaphragmatic
      rupture produces only a small reduction in total ventilatory function. Moreover
      our data indicate that the ventilation estimated to be contributed by the side
      injured, is decreased in a larger extent in abdominal than in thoracic trauma.

PMID- 3995664
TI  - [Differential spirometry and computerized pulmonary ventilation- perfusion
      scintiphotography as preoperative functional studies in thoracic surgery].
AB  - With purposes of a better knowledge of the respiratory function, and for a more
      and more exact postoperative functional prognosis, the authors considered the
      results obtained by the differential bronchospirometry and the pulmonary
      ventilation-perfusion imaging. Through the study of 10 patients, susceptible of
      operations for lung extirpation, they could so evaluate the reliability and
      usefulness of said two functional investigations, which can integrate and
      complete each other.

PMID- 3995665
TI  - [Iatrogenic celiac-mesenteric arteriovenous fistulae; with reference to a new
      case of postgastrectomy arteriovenous fistula].
AB  - The authors report a rare case of iatrogenous arteriovenous fistula between left
      gastric artery and vein, arising after gastric resection. The observation caused
      a reviewing of the literature (19 cases published, of which only one between left
      gastric artery and vein) and some remarks about the physiopathology, pathological
      anatomy, clinics and treatment of such rare diseases. The authors, in their
      conclusions, emphasize that such arteriovenous fistulas can remain asymptomatic
      for a long time; they, moreover, with evident effects on the liver physiology,
      can progressively cause a serious state of portal hypertension, in the genesis of
      which the time-factor plays a primary role.

PMID- 3995666
TI  - [Primary retroperitoneal seminoma (description of a case)].
AB  - The authors report a case of retroperitoneal seminoma without evidence of
      testicular involvement. The literature has been reviewed and the etiopathogenetic
      theories of these tumors and the current therapeutic views are discussed.

PMID- 3995667
TI  - [Clinical comments on a case of retroperitoneal lipoma].
AB  - The authors show a case of retroperitoneal lipoma, histologically ascertained;
      they state its origin and the clinical features, and analyse the different
      diagnostical methods, particularly dwelling upon urography, TC and selective
      arteriography. They, at last, point out such pathology, although benign, is
      burdened by a high risk of relapses and by the possibility to turn into
      malignant. As a conclusion, they assert the importance of the radicalness of the
      intervention, joined to bioptic drawings in different parts of the tumor
      extirpated, with the purpose to identify, as precociously as possible, an
      eventual malignant degeneration of the same lipoma.

PMID- 3995668
TI  - [Treatment and prevention of postmastectomy lymphedema (our experience)].
AB  - The authors consider the incidence of arm lymphedema after mastectomy.
      Considering the temporary results which come from surgical practices, either from
      excision operations or lymphovenous anastomosis, they stress out the importance
      of the prevention measures and of the physiotherapeutic treatment. This is
      essential to keep lasting as long as possible the results of the operation when
      it is necessary because of serious functional deficit. Two cases of Thompson's
      operation are shown.

PMID- 3995669
TI  - [Surgical therapeutic attitude towards complicated stress ulcers in children].
AB  - Perforation or uncontrollable hemorrhage following a stress ulcer rarely occurs
      in high risk children if strict prophylactic measures are adopted. However, we
      have observed and operated 3 cases over a period of 2 years. Despite the diverse
      etiologies and contrary to some authors, we have always chosen the simplest and
      least mutilating operation in order to preserve the physiologic function of the
      digestive tract. The aim of this article is to compare our therapeutic attitude
      with that of the literature.

PMID- 3995670
TI  - [Congenital hemangiopericytoma. Apropos of 2 personal cases. Review of the
      literature].

PMID- 3995671
TI  - [Simplified treatment of ureteroceles].
AB  - Out of series of 95 ureteroceles in a 15 years period, 17 cases have been treated
      by simplified method, either endoscopic (7 cases) or polar nephrectomy alone (9
      cases). Endoscopic incision alone can be used. In neonates with ureterocele
      simplex (4 cases cured with no secondary reflux). To assess upper pole function
      in ureterocele duplex (followed by reconstruction or nephrectomy). To drain some
      very difficult cases (bilateral, infected). In our experience, the upper
      heminephrectomy alone as a simplified approach of this pathology has failed in
      the vast majority of cases, leading to a secondary intervention to cure the intra
      vesical pathology. It is our opinion that this approach must be restrained to the
      cases of intra cervical or intra ureteral, the secondary pathology will almost
      lead to a secondary trans vesical approach with is neither more difficult nor
      easier that a primary one. Herein is described the present position of the
      authors concerning rare indication of these simplified approach.

PMID- 3995672
TI  - [Esophageal plasty in children. Retrospective study of 22 colonic transplants.
      Current orientation].
AB  - Esophageal replacement using transverse colon with left colic pedicle is
      reviewed. 18 were done for caustic stenosis with one death, 4 for atresia without
      mortality. For caustic stenosis the authors advocate early transplant since the
      third month if dilatations failed. Improvement of technique using staplers
      prevented any complication in the last 8 patients. These good results allowed the
      authors to switch to isoperistaltic gastric tube. In esophageal atresias, the
      authors did not find any indication of replacement in the 12 last years.

PMID- 3995673
TI  - [Urethral duplication in boys. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The duplication of the urethra is a rare but well described anomaly. The authors
      report two more cases which contribute to illustrate the classification and the
      problems met in this condition. The classification proposed by D.I. Williams and
      M.M. Kenawi has been adopted. They distinguish 5 types of urethral duplications:
      epispadiac, hypospadiac (complete or incomplete forms), spindle urethra, bifid
      urethras (H-type) with an accessory pre-anal branch, and finally collateral
      duplications. The first reported case is a complete epispadial duplication type.
      The second case is a incomplete hypospadial duplication type, associated with
      late complications due to the unrecognized valve effect by the mucosal folds at
      the junction between the two urethras. The diagnosis, the treatment and the
      embryology are discussed in both cases.

PMID- 3995674
TI  - [Prolapse of the urethral mucosa in girls. Apropos of 9 cases].
AB  - The authors briefly report some clinical aspects of this dystrophy which,
      although more commonly seen in Negroes, can also be found in Caucasians. It is
      important to be able to identify it not to be impressed by this vulvar mass which
      so easily bleeds when touched.

PMID- 3995675
TI  - [Complete sternal fissure. Use of autogenic grafts in modified surgery].
AB  - A patient with complete sternal cleft, was referred to us over the neonatal
      period. For this reason, she was treated with a modified technic consisting of
      breaching the sternal defect with free rib grafts covered by prosthetic material
      made of silastic and teflon. Late results were excellent.

PMID- 3995676
TI  - [Traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus in a child, revealed by paraplegia].
AB  - After a severe polytraumatism, a 14 year-old boy presents paraplegia without
      vertebral lesion. Angiocardiography showed rupture of aortic isthmus. Surgical
      treatment resulted in successful outcome. The authors insist on the rarity of
      traumatic rupture of aorta in children and or the particularity of the diagnosis
      revealed by paraplegia.

PMID- 3995678
TI  - [Acute intestinal invagination secondary to the presence of an aberrant pancreas
      in an infant].
AB  - One case of ileo-ileal intussusception due to an aberrant pancreas in a three
      months old infant has been reported. This very rare anomaly is ordinary
      discovered accidentally. Ileal resection is in this case, the treatment of
      choice. Inversely to the scarce number of similar reports, this observation is
      characterized by a pancreatic tumor of 1 cm, with complete histological features.

PMID- 3995677
TI  - [Enterolithiasis and digestive duplication. Apropos of a pediatric case].
AB  - This is the case report of a 13 years old white young girl in whom numerous
      moving abdominal calcifications are discovered during investigation for chronic
      anemia. Because of the existence of a severe vascular malformation of the face, a
      digestive arteriography is performed with no evidence of a calcified angiomatosis
      of the intestine tract. Preoperative diagnosis was intestinal duplication with
      enterolithiasis. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed that it was a huge
      communicating ileal duplication with numerous intestinal calculi and alimentary
      fragments. Surgical excision was easy and post-operative course, uneventful. This
      is a standard association but never reported in the pediatric literature. The
      authors stress on the different diagnosis of calcifications encountered in
      abdominal X rays in children and on chronic intestinal stasis which is the main
      factor in enteroliths formation.

PMID- 3995679
TI  - [Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Antenatal diagnosis. thoracic drainage. High
      frequency ventilation].
AB  - 25 children with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed in the first 24
      hours of life were referred to the Clinique de Chirurgie Pediatrique de Nancy.
      The total survival rate was 68%. Patients were divided into two chronologic
      groups. From 1979 to 1981. Of this group of 11 patients, five died: two, one week
      after the operation and three immediately after. From 1982 to 1984. Of those 14
      patients treated, three died: two before the intervention and one three months
      after. Three factors explain these results: Antenatal diagnosis. It was made in 8
      patients. Only one died before the operation (a 620 g polymalformated premature
      baby). All were in the second group. High frequency ventilation. It was made in 4
      patients. All survived although one of them had a severe pulmonary hypoplasia.
      They were all in the second group. In 16 patients, no pleural cavity was used.
      These three factors act in the same way: no persistent fetal circulation. The
      antenatal diagnosis helps to a better neonatal care and the chances of returning
      to the fetal circulation are reduced. The high frequency ventilation and the
      absence of chest cavity drainage lessen the over inflation and barotraumatism
      with anoxia, acidosis, pulmonary hypertension and reversion to fetal circulation.

PMID- 3995680
TI  - The antitumor effects of human lymphoblastoid interferon on human renal cell
      carcinoma in athymic nude mice.
AB  - The antitumor effects of human lymphoblastoid interferon (HLBI) on human renal
      cell carcinomas transplanted in nude mice, i.e., KU-2 and RCC-1, were
      investigated and compared with those on other human tumors, viz. HeLa (cervical
      carcinoma), KB (nasopharyngeal carcinoma), H.Ep#2 (laryngeal carcinoma), and MX-1
      (breast cancer). A pharmacokinetic study on HLBI was also carried out in non
      tumor-bearing nude mice. HLBI therapy was performed with a dose of 10(5) IU/mouse
      by daily SC or IT (intratumoral) injection for 2-4 weeks. Two renal cell
      carcinomas, KU-2 and RCC-1, proved to be highly sensitive to HLBI. The growth of
      these tumors was inhibited not only by IT but also by SC injection of HLBI. In
      contrast, HLBI exerted only a slight effect or none at all on the other human
      tumors, namely, MX-1, KB, H.Ep#2, and HeLa, even when given by IT injection. The
      data show that the antitumor effects of HLBI depend on the types of human tumors
      and may be relevant to the clinical observation that renal tumors are sensitive
      to HLBI. The serum HLBI reached a peak level of 4,390 U/ml 1 h after a single SC
      injection at a dose of 10(5) IU/mouse and declined with a half-life of 4 h to 128
      U/ml 24 h later. This time-course was not affected by 10 consecutive daily
      injections of HLBI. In nude mice, the consecutive administration of HLBI at this
      dose level appears to result in neither accumulation nor rapid clearance due to
      antibody formation. From this range of serum HLBI levels and its in vitro
      anticellular activity, the in vivo antitumor effects of HLBI in nude mice seemed
      to depend on its direct anticellular action.

PMID- 3995681
TI  - Prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity by reduced glutathione and its
      effect on acute toxicity and antitumor activity of the alkylating agent.
AB  - The effect of reduced glutathione on acute lethal toxicity and urotoxicity
      induced by cyclophosphamide was studied on both mice and rats. The results of
      this investigation indicate that reduced glutathione is an effective protective
      agent against bladder damage from treatment with the alkylating agent. The timing
      of glutathione administration (IV) with respect to cyclophosphamide treatment
      influenced the uroprotective efficacy of the thiol compound. A schedule-dependent
      protective effect of glutathione against acute lethal toxicity of the antitumor
      drug was also observed. This partial protection was accompanied by a reduction in
      body weight loss following cyclophosphamide treatment. The therapeutic activity
      of cyclophosphamide on two experimental tumor systems (L1210 and Gross leukemia)
      was not impaired by combined treatment with glutathione, even at a relatively
      high dose of glutathione compared with cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 3995682
TI  - Inhibition of growth of leukemic cells by inhibitors of calmodulin:
      phenothiazines and melittin.
AB  - Calmodulin, a ubiquitous calcium-binding protein, has recently been shown to play
      an important role in cellular proliferation. The calmodulin inhibitors melittin,
      trifluoperazine, and chlorpromazine inhibited the growth and clonogenicity of
      human and murine leukemic cells, and their potency reflected their activity as
      inhibitors of calmodulin. Melittin, which is a far more potent inhibitor of
      calmodulin activity, was also a more potent inhibitor of cell growth and
      clonogenicity. The less active phenothiazine metabolite, chlorpromazine
      sulfoxide, had much less potent cytotoxic activity.

PMID- 3995684
TI  - The distribution and elimination of methotrexate in mouse blood and brain after
      concurrent administration of polysorbate 80.
AB  - This paper describes further exploration of the effect of polysorbate 80 on the
      absorption, distribution, and elimination of methotrexate (MTX). This study has
      confirmed the earlier finding that polysorbate 80 could increase the absorption
      of MTX from the mouse gastrointestinal tract and enhance the drugs uptake into
      the brain. The experiments reported here suggest that polysorbate 80 has a direct
      effect on the blood-brain barrier leading to the increased uptake of MTX, which
      is evident following IV administration. Measurements of MTX excreted in the urine
      and faeces confirmed the role of polysorbate 80 in facilitating the excretion of
      MTX into the bile and urine. Polysorbate 80 administered PO did not cause any
      reduction of plasma volume, thus excluding the possibility that the higher MTX
      concentrations measured in mice after concurrent administration of polysorbate PO
      might result from a reduction in blood volume due to osmotic effects. At the
      doses given, polysorbate 80 appeared not to have a damaging effect on the
      gastrointestinal mucosa.

PMID- 3995683
TI  - Biologic and pharmacologic effects of harringtonine on human leukemia-lymphoma
      cells.
AB  - Ten human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines were tested for the growth-inhibitory
      effects of harringtonine (HT). HT was most active against HL-60 acute
      promyelocytic leukemia cells and least active against DND-41 acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia cells, with a 70-fold differential activity. Sensitivity of the cell
      lines is, in decreasing order: HL-60 greater than RPMI-8402 greater than DND-39A
      congruent to ML-2 congruent to MOLT-3 congruent to KG-1 greater than Daudi
      congruent to NALL-1 greater than BALM-2 greater than DND-41. The cell lines with
      rapid cell growth tended to be more sensitive to HT. To further elucidate the
      selectivity of the differential sensitivity, uptake and release of HT were
      compared in HL-60 and DND-41 cells. Uptake of [3H]HT into HL-60 and DND-41 cells
      showed no difference; however, the binding of [3H]HT to cellular components was
      greater than 16-fold higher in HL-60 cells than DND-41 cells. There were also
      minor, but significant differences in the inhibition of [3H]leucine incorporation
      into proteins of these two cell lines in the presence of 1 microgram/ml HT. To
      test whether the biological effects of HT are related to the concentration of, or
      exposure time to, HT, KG-1 cells were exposed to HT for different periods of time
      and the growth-inhibitory effects were compared. Increasing exposure time from 1
      h to 3 h resulted in a 100-fold decrease in concentration X exposure time (c X t)
      at ID50; from 3 h to 6 h, in a 20-fold decrease at ID70; and from 6 h to 24 h, in
      a 16-fold decrease at ID90. HT was not inactivated by cells up to 24 h. These
      results indicate that (a) the sensitivity of different cell lines to HT may be
      related to the degree of HT binding; and (b) the effects of HT are more dependent
      on exposure time than concentration. Continuous infusion is thus rational for
      clinical trials of this drug, and the degree of HT binding to leukemic cells may
      be predictive of clinical response.

PMID- 3995685
TI  - Amelioration of doxorubicin-induced skin necrosis in mice by butylated
      hydroxytoluene.
AB  - The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on doxorubicin (Adriamycin)-induced
      skin ulcers was investigated in mice. The skin lesions produced by a single
      intradermal (ID) injection of doxorubicin (0.05 mg; 1 mg/ml) reached maximum size
      between 5 and 10 days after injection of ADR. Different concentrations of BHT
      were administered by different routes and at different times in relation to the
      injection of doxorubicin. The most effective dose of BHT was 4 mg/animal. The
      topical application of BHT immediately following doxorubicin injection reduced
      the area of the ulcer by 57%; the immediate ID injection of BHT reduced the size
      of the ulcer by 84%. Additional studies are required to determine whether BHT
      will be a clinically useful modifier of the toxicity associated with doxorubicin
      extravasation in cancer patients.

PMID- 3995686
TI  - The clinical pharmacokinetics of the novel antifolate N10-propargyl-5,8
      dideazafolic acid (CB 3717).
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the new antifolate CB 3717 were studied in 20 patients
      during its phase-I clinical evaluation. The drug was administered at doses of 100
      550 mg/m2 in 1-h and 12-h infusions, resulting in peak plasma concentrations of
      CB 3717 of 40-200 microM. There was a linear relationship between the dose and
      both CB 3717 AUC and peak plasma levels. Following a 1-h infusion, drug levels in
      the plasma decayed biphasically (t1/2 alpha = 49 +/- 9 min, t1/2 beta = 739 +/-
      209 min). 27% +/- 2% of the dose was excreted in urine in the 24-h period after
      treatment, suggesting that the major route of elimination was via the bile.
      Furthermore, the parent compound CB 3717 and its desglutamyl metabolite, CB 3751,
      were found in a faecal collection although the metabolite was not detected in
      plasma or urine samples. Plasma protein binding of CB 3717 was extensive (97.6%
      +/- 0.1%). Significant quantities of CB 3717 penetrated into ascitic fluid but
      not into cerebrospinal fluid. Residual drug was detected in postmortem kidney
      tissue from a patient who died of progressive disease 8 days after treatment with
      330 mg/m2 CB 3717. Thus, dose-limiting renal toxicity (maximum tolerated dose 600
      mg/m2) may be due to drug precipitation in the renal tubules. Elevation of liver
      enzymes, in particular transaminases, occurred frequently as a toxic
      manifestation of CB 3717 therapy. In 11 patients studied after their first
      treatment there was a positive correlation between the rise in serum alanine
      transaminase and peak drug levels (r = 0.69, P = 0.02). These pharmacokinetic
      studies have shown that, by analogy with experimental systems, cytotoxic plasma
      levels of CB 3717 are archieved in man. In addition, they have been valuable in
      interpreting toxicities observed during phase-I clinical studies.

PMID- 3995687
TI  - Combination chemotherapy of advanced renal cell cancer with CCNU and vinblastine.
AB  - No remission was achieved in 15 evaluable patients with measurable metastatic
      renal cancer treated with CCNU 120 mg/m2 (day 1) and vinblastine 0.1 mg/kg body
      weight (days 1 and 8) repeated every 6th week. Two additional patients were not
      evaluable for response owing to early death from progressive disease. Previously
      reported beneficial response rates in metastatic renal cancer after treatment
      with CCNU and vinblastine could not be confirmed.

PMID- 3995688
TI  - The Mary Sheridan Unit: an evaluation of the effects of a hospital unit on the
      development of visually-impaired multiply handicapped children.
AB  - The evidence in this study appears to indicate that adopting a goal-planning
      approach can provide demonstrable and clear improvements in the developmental
      functioning of multiply handicapped blind children. However, while the
      improvements in functioning for self-help and sensorimotor abilities are quite
      significant, those for communication and language skills are much less so. Three
      possible hypotheses have been advanced as to why this should be so. The
      hypothesis that the setting might be an institutionalizing one was rejected on
      the grounds that some of the evidence did not fit with that from other
      populations. The second hypothesis referred to the lack of formal speech and
      communication training on the unit. The best possible test of this hypothesis
      would be to employ a speech therapist to work on the unit and support for such a
      scheme is being sought. Finally, it was hypothesized that the way in which the
      staff interacted with the children was not being sufficiently modified to take
      account of the children's handicaps.

PMID- 3995689
TI  - The development of the concept of death in children aged 5-9 years.
AB  - 105 children aged between 5 and 9 years were questioned on their concept of death
      following the reading of a story about an old lady who died. The results were
      analysed in terms of the components of the concept and it was shown that almost
      all had fully developed notions by the age of 8 or 9 years. Approximately 60% of
      the 5-year-olds had a complete or almost complete concept. The results are
      discussed in the light of clinical practice.

PMID- 3995690
TI  - Whooping cough vaccination: the case presented by the British national press.
AB  - The coverage of whooping cough and its vaccine by the British press was content
      analysed and compared with that of four other diseases for which articles were
      relatively common over the same time period. The results indicated that the
      topics were dealt with differently by the press, with whooping cough vaccination
      being seen as more risky than the others, requiring both medical advice and a
      decision before being accepted. The rather negative attitude to this vaccine
      emphasizes the problems associated with it rather than its preventive qualities.
      There was little evidence of a balanced discussion of the issues found in the
      medical literature, although accusations against the lay-press for providing
      largely inaccurate and sensationalized articles were found to be unsupported. The
      press were found, however, to publish many event-orientated articles,
      particularly those about specific individuals.

PMID- 3995691
TI  - Minimum muscular fitness of urban Tswana children.
AB  - Two hundred and eighty-nine urban school children in Botswana were tested for
      their ability to perform tests of minimum muscular fitness. Performance was
      generally poor when compared with usual results obtained in developed countries.
      Arm strength was found to be low but not surprising when considered in terms of
      the low arm strength to body weight common in preadolescence. Abdominal muscle
      groups were also weak, however, and hamstring group flexibility was poor. These
      results suggest a potential for lower back distress or disability and are perhaps
      indicative of a general low level of physical fitness in both boys and girls. The
      results are discussed in terms of the role played by physical education in child
      development and the planning and implementation of appropriate programmes is
      strongly recommended.

PMID- 3995692
TI  - Myocardial function following injury and in low-flow states: introduction.

PMID- 3995694
TI  - The effect of hyperdynamic sepsis on myocardial performance.
AB  - The reviewed studies support the contention that during the high flow or
      hyperdynamic phase of gram-negative septicemia, cardiac reserve is compromised
      because of intrinsic myocardial dysfunction. The latter is not referable to
      coronary hypoperfusion or peripheral pooling or decreased venous return.
      Although, under resting, nonstressed conditions, indices of myocardial function
      may appear normal or even elevated, a decreased reserve is evident when
      additional stress is imposed on the myocardium. Hearts removed from septic rats
      during the hyperdynamic stage and perfused in vitro (using the isolated perfused
      working heart preparation) showed a rightward and downward shift in work function
      curves, indicating a severe depression in cardiac function. Possible mechanisms
      for the observed dysfunction are discussed. No significant alterations in high
      energy phosphate production or substrate utilization were observed, indicating
      that altered myocardial metabolism is not likely to be a significant contributor
      to the dysfunction. Our results suggest that cardiac dysfunction is partially due
      to an elevation in the cytosolic calcium concentration which may slow the rate of
      ventricular relaxation. These studies emphasize that intrinsic cardiac function
      is depressed early during the course of the septic episode at a time that
      precedes the onset of circulatory shock.

PMID- 3995693
TI  - Isolated cardiac preparations: models of intrinsic myocardial dysfunction in
      circulatory shock.
AB  - Isolated cardiac preparations have been adapted for modeling intrinsic myocardial
      responses to circulatory shock syndromes independently of immediate influence
      from depressive or supportive constraints operative in the intact host. Left
      atrial and left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles and coronary-perfused hearts
      were removed from guinea pigs during development of Escherichia coli endotoxin
      shock. Preparations were then subjected to a battery of functional analyses under
      conditions of constant perfusate pH, pO2, pCO2, electrolyte and substrate
      concentrations, osmolality, and temperature. Evidence for contractile depression
      intrinsic to the myocardium itself was a consistent and reproducible finding in
      all three tissue models. The LV mechanical disadvantage of shock hearts was not
      correlated with changes in cardiac cycle length (beating frequency), active state
      duration (contraction-relaxation intervals), or tissue water content; neither was
      it surmounted by maximally effective increments in coronary flow, [Ca2+]o, or
      diastolic fiber length. Taken in concert, studies to date suggest that gram
      negative endotoxin leads in some way to a reduction of intrinsic contractile
      reserves of the myocardium, and we have postulated that this change underlies the
      circulatory shock phase of endotoxicosis. The experimental approach embodied in
      these models may yield unique cardiodynamic interpretations that will allow the
      formulation of testable hypotheses about the pathogenesis and prevention of
      intrinsic cardiac complications of endotoxin and related shock forms.

PMID- 3995695
TI  - Evaluation of ventricular performance in shock.
AB  - The behavior of the heart in shock and low flow states is the subject of intense
      debate in the research and clinical communities. Two major questions concerning
      cardiac behavior in shock are in need of resolution: Is cardiac contractile
      function depressed in shock states, and, if so, does cardiac contractile failure
      initiate cardiovascular collapse? The major orientation of this review is that
      conclusions based on measurements of the strength of cardiac contraction
      (parameters dependent on systolic pressure or cardiac output) do not assess
      cardiac contractility precisely because the strength of cardiac contraction is a
      function of contractility as well as preload, afterload, and rate. The end
      systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR) is a parameter that is not a
      function of rate, preload, or afterload, and significant theoretical and
      empirical evidence exists to suggest that ESPVR can accurately assess cardiac
      contractility in vivo. Finally, this article will review reports that have used
      ESPVR or its approximations to evaluate ventricular contractility in shock
      models. Several such studies uniformly conclude that cardiac dysfunction is a
      component of cardiovascular collapse, but whether or not it is an initiating
      factor is unresolved.

PMID- 3995696
TI  - Coronary venous perfusion of the ischemic myocardium during acute coronary artery
      occlusion in isolated rat hearts.
AB  - Effects of retrograde coronary venous perfusion on oxygen supply and energy
      metabolism of ischemic myocardium of the isolated perfused rat heart were
      examined by means of NADH fluorescence photography. Occlusion of the left
      coronary artery produced regional ischemia of the left ventricular free wall, as
      evidenced by the sharply demarcated increase in NADH fluorescence. During
      ischemia, a narrow area of minimal fluorescence (140 +/- 10 microns), indicating
      sufficient oxygenation for oxidative phosphorylation, was observed around the
      epicardial coronary veins in the ischemic lesion. Retrograde perfusion was
      introduced through the coronary vein (left cardiac vein) that drained off the
      ischemic area, which resulted in a marked reduction of the area of increased NADH
      fluorescence in the epicardial surface. In the cross-sectional view, although the
      myocardium of the entire ischemic area induced by left coronary artery occlusion
      could be perfused by venous retroperfusion, the effect on reduction of the area
      of increased NADH fluorescence was seen only in the epicardial half of the
      myocardium. Retrograde coronary venous perfusion also resulted in a small
      increase in tension development (P less than 0.05), a decrease in resting tension
      (P less than 0.01), and partial preservation of myocardial high energy phosphate
      content (P less than 0.01). We propose that coronary venous retroperfusion
      improves oxygenation, partially preserves oxidative phosphorylation in the
      epicardium, and improves contractile function in the ischemic region.

PMID- 3995697
TI  - The effects of antiarrhythmic drugs, stimulation frequency, and potassium-induced
      resting membrane potential changes on conduction velocity and dV/dtmax in guinea
      pig myocardium.
AB  - For one-dimensional propagation, a nonlinear relationship between Vmax and
      conduction velocity is predicted by cable theory, and, under experimental
      conditions, Vmax and conduction velocity may change in opposite directions. Using
      standard microelectrode techniques, we have measured Vmax and conduction velocity
      in guinea pig papillary muscles exposed to tetrodotoxin and low sodium (agents
      expected primarily to decrease, directly, the rapid inward current), increased
      extracellular potassium (an agent which decreases the rapid inward current at
      least partially by inactivation mediated by depolarization of the resting
      membrane potential), and, over a wide range of stimulation frequencies, the
      antiarrhythmic drugs, quinidine, lidocaine, and procainamide. In all cases,
      except for the region of potassium-induced "supernormal conduction" between 5.4
      and 9 mM, Vmax and conduction velocity varied as predicted by one-dimensional
      cable theory; that is, changes in Vmax were always proportional to changes in the
      square of conduction velocity. We conclude that the relationship between Vmax and
      conduction velocity predicted by cable theory occurs experimentally in guinea pig
      papillary muscle subjected to commonly used antiarrhythmic drugs and other
      interventions expected to reduce the sodium inward current. This relationship may
      be useful in applying known effects of drugs on Vmax to action potential
      propagation.

PMID- 3995699
TI  - "Fade" of hyperpolarizing responses to vagal stimulation at the sinoatrial and
      atrioventricular nodes of the rabbit heart.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that maintained vagal stimulation or
      acetylcholine infusion results in a fade of responses in the sinoatrial node but
      not in the atrioventricular node, implying different muscarinic receptor subtypes
      in the two regions. We investigated this hypothesis in 23 isolated rabbit atrial
      preparations made quiescent by continuous superfusion with verapamil (1
      microgram/ml). Transmembrane potentials were recorded simultaneously from cells
      in the sinoatrial pacemaker region and from the "N" region of the
      atrioventricular node. Postganglionic vagal stimulation was achieved by the
      application of trains of pulses (50-150 microseconds; 10-20 V; 200 Hz).
      Simultaneous application of long-lasting (1-10 sec) vagal trains produced
      hyperpolarizations which were nearly identical for both nodal regions. Maximal
      hyperpolarizations (approximately or equal to 24 mV for sinoatrial node; 26 mV
      for atrioventricular node) were reached about 500 msec after initiation of the
      vagal train. Thereafter, hyperpolarizations faded, following a biphasic time
      course, and thus displaying two different time constants, one fast (tau fast =
      580 msec for sinoatrial node; 550 msec for atrioventricular node), and one slow
      (tau slow = 9.2 sec for both sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes).
      Hyperpolarizations during brief (200-msec) but repetitive vagal trains also faded
      biphasically, but approached a steady state much more rapidly than responses to
      long-lasting trains. Recovery from hyperpolarization decay occurred rather slowly
      and was linear. Our results demonstrate that the membrane potential responses to
      vagal stimulation in the atrioventricular node are indistinguishable from those
      in the sinoatrial node, and suggest that similar muscarinic receptors are
      operative in both regions. These phenomena may play an important role in the
      response of the cardiac conducting system to direct or reflexly mediated vagal
      input.

PMID- 3995698
TI  - Protection of canine cardiac mitochondrial function by verapamil-cardioplegia
      during ischemic arrest.
AB  - Hemodynamic and mitochondrial function recover following 60 minutes of ischemic
      arrest and reperfusion in hearts pretreated with verapamil. The present study was
      carried out to determine whether verapamil prevents the onset of mitochondrial
      oxidative impairment after 60 minutes of ischemic arrest without reperfusion. Two
      preparations of mitochondria isolated following Polytron homogenization and
      subsequent treatment of the myofibrillar pellet with Nagarse were examined for
      phosphorylating respiration. The Polytron mitochondria were more sensitive to
      ischemic arrest than were the Nagarse mitochondria with either glutamate-malate
      (57% vs. 22% inhibition), succinate (+ rotenone) (41% vs. 14% inhibition), or
      palmitoylcarnitine (57% vs. 27% inhibition) as respiratory substrates. Verapamil
      pretreatment significantly increased oxidation of all substrates by the
      subsequently isolated Polytron mitochondria, but only succinate-supported
      respiration returned to control levels. In contrast, the small amount of
      respiratory inhibition exhibited by the Nagarse mitochondria after ischemic
      arrest was insensitive to verapamil pretreatment. We conclude that the Polytron
      preparation of mitochondria is more susceptible to ischemia than the Nagarse
      mitochondria, and this susceptibility correlates with a striking sensitivity to
      verapamil protection. In general, oxidation of NADH-linked substrates, including
      palmitoylcarnitine, is more affected by ischemic arrest than succinate, and only
      oxidation of the latter substrate is totally protected by verapamil. The
      beneficial action of verapamil on mitochondrial function occurs prior to
      reperfusion. The data suggest that alterations in calcium homeostasis occur
      during the ischemic period, as well as in the subsequent reperfusion period.

PMID- 3995700
TI  - Intramural reentry as a mechanism of ventricular tachycardia during evolving
      canine myocardial infarction.
AB  - We evaluated the contribution of intramural electrical events in initiation and
      maintenance of ventricular tachycardia in 15 dogs 3-8 days after either permanent
      (n = 2) or transient (n = 13) coronary artery occlusion. Seven of the dogs (47%)
      demonstrated eight distinct monomorphic ventricular tachycardia patterns which
      were mapped by means of a recently designed computerized system capable of
      simultaneously detecting, storing, and assessing information from 232 individual
      cardiac sites. Using both epicardial and intramural electrodes, we found
      definitive evidence for intramural reentry in seven of the eight monomorphic
      tachycardias analyzed. Furthermore, five of these animals (71%) demonstrated
      microreentry, in which small epicardial conduction loops exited intermittently
      into nonrefractory subendocardium to initiate succeeding beats, while, in the
      remaining two dogs, ventricular tachycardia was due to macroreentry, during which
      the broad subendocardial wavefronts depolarizing the ventricle constituted the
      proximal (fast) reentry limbs. Detailed anatomical analysis of the resultant
      infarcts demonstrated the thin surviving epicardial tissue rim to be the site of
      conduction delay necessary for reentry, whereas "preferred pathways" of exit into
      the subendocardial plane occurred at the infarct borders and were of variable
      configuration. Successful interruption of these rhythms should accompany
      interference with the process of exit into nonrefractory subendocardial tissue.

PMID- 3995702
TI  - Recommendations for standards of instrumentation and practive in the use of
      ambulatory electrocardiography. The Task Force of the Committee on
      Electrocardiography and Cardiac Electrophysiology of the Council on Clinical
      Cardiology.

PMID- 3995701
TI  - Effects of propranolol on atherogenesis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit.
AB  - These studies have examined the effects of dl-propranolol, d-propranolol, and
      metoprolol on aortic atherogenesis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit and have
      correlated the vascular effects of the drugs with their influence on blood
      pressure, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, arterial metabolism, and arterial
      permeability. dl-Propranolol, and, to a lesser extent, d-propranolol, used in
      clinically relevant doses of 5 mg/kg body weight per day, inhibited the
      development of aortic atherosclerosis in association with significant reductions
      in aortic free and esterified cholesterol content. No significant effects of the
      drugs on blood pressure or on the total amounts or types of circulating
      lipoproteins were apparent. Accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and adrenal
      gland was not influenced by propranolol. Aortic acyl CoA:cholesterol
      acyltransferase and lysosomal enzyme activities were reduced by propranolol
      administration, but the inhibition may have been secondary to the lesser degrees
      of atherosclerosis and cholesterol accumulation present. In vitro inhibition of
      acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity by either dl- or d-propranolol was
      also observed, but occurred only at propranolol concentrations of 10(-3) M or
      greater. Treatment with dl-propranolol had no significant effect on the rate of
      transport of labeled albumin across the isolated carotid artery of cholesterol
      fed rabbits. Metoprolol administration (6.25 mg/kg body weight per day) had no
      significant influence on atherogenesis or arterial metabolism in this model. The
      results suggest that propranolol inhibits in part the development of
      atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit, and that the effect may be related
      to a direct action on the arterial wall.

PMID- 3995703
TI  - Rheumatic fever: the interplay between host, genetics, and microbe. Lewis A.
      Conner memorial lecture.

PMID- 3995704
TI  - Dental factors in infective endocarditis.

PMID- 3995705
TI  - Spontaneous hemodynamic improvement or stabilization and associated biopsy
      findings in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The hemodynamic courses of 56 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM) were
      investigated. Fourteen patients died within 24 months after diagnosis. The
      hemodynamic courses of the remaining 42 patients were investigated in subsequent
      examinations by determination of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mean
      pulmonary arterial pressure at maximal workload, and peak systolic pressure/end
      systolic volume index. During the study interval of 32.2 +/- 20.0 months the
      conditions of 20 patients (48%) deteriorated, according to their hemodynamic
      status, and at least five of these died of terminal heart failure. Surprisingly,
      the conditions of 22 patients (52%) improved or stabilized. One of these died of
      leukemia. Seven patients in the latter group with initial LVEFs of 0.30 or less
      experienced an average increase from 0.22 to 0.51. Retrospectively consideration
      of age, alcohol intake, exercise capacity, and hemodynamic status were not
      helpful in predicting the course of the disease. In 38 patients endomyocardial
      biopsy samples could be obtained at the time of diagnosis. Reduced myofibril
      volume fraction (less than 60%) had prognostic significance for both hemodynamic
      deterioration and death (sensitivity 23/24 = 96%), while 14 of 15 patients whose
      conditions improved or stabilized had a myofibril volume fraction of 60% or more
      (specificity 14/15 or 93%, p less than .002). A relationship between hemodynamic
      status and the myofibril volume fraction could not be found. Individual patients
      with CCM differ significantly with respect to course of the disease. A distinct
      separation of the patients by means of morphologic criteria is possible. This
      makes it more likely that the pathogenesis of the disease is not unique.

PMID- 3995706
TI  - Pulmonary venous flow pattern--its relationship to cardiac dynamics. A pulsed
      Doppler echocardiographic study.
AB  - We studied the physiology of pulmonary venous flow in 13 normal subjects and five
      patients with atrial rhythm disorders and atrioventricular conduction
      disturbances with pulsed Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography. The left
      atrium, mitral valve, and pulmonary venous ostia were visualized through the
      apical four-chamber view. Mitral and pulmonary venous flows were obtained by
      placing the Doppler sample volume at the appropriate orifice. Pulmonary venous
      flow was biphasic: a rapid filling wave was observed during systole when the
      mitral valve was closed; a second wave was observed in diastole during the rapid
      ventricular filling phase of mitral flow, but was significantly delayed. In
      patients without atrial contraction (atrial fibrillation and sinoatrial
      standstill), the initial rapid filling was greatly diminished and only the second
      diastolic wave appeared to contribute to left atrial filling. In patients with
      high-grade atrioventricular block, each atrial contraction was followed by a
      surge in flow from the pulmonary veins. These results are consistent with data
      obtained from invasive measurements in both dogs and man, and confirm the
      validity of the use of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the study of pulmonary
      venous flow. We suggest that pulmonary venous flow is influenced by dynamic
      changes in left atrial pressure created by contraction and relaxation of the
      atrium and ventricle. The initial peak in pulmonary venous flow occurs with
      atrial relaxation simultaneously with the reduction of left atrial pressure, and
      the second peak occurs with left ventricular relaxation and rapid transmitral
      filling of the ventricle.

PMID- 3995707
TI  - Factors that determine recovery of left ventricular function after thrombolysis
      in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The coronary and ventricular angiograms of 47 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction in whom reperfusion was achieved by intracoronary streptokinase were
      quantitatively analyzed to determine the factors that affect recovery of regional
      left ventricular function after reperfusion. Hypokinesis in the infarct region
      was measured by the centerline method and expressed in terms of standard
      deviations (SDs) from normal. Severity of coronary artery stenosis was measured
      quantitatively. Hypokinesis showed more significant improvement after
      thrombolysis in patients with minimum stenosis diameter of greater than 0.4 mm
      than in those with severe residual stenosis, i.e., stenosis producing a minimum
      diameter of 0.4 mm or less (1.0 +/- 1.3 SD/chord, n = 31, vs 0.0 +/- 0.9
      SD/chord, n = 7; p less than .05). Improvement in hypokinesis was greater in
      patients who received thrombolytic therapy within 2 hr than in those treated
      later (2.1 +/- 1.1, n = 8, vs 0.7 +/- 1.0 SD/chord, n = 28; p less than .001).
      These results indicate that angiographic reperfusion alone may not be sufficient:
      reperfusion must provide adequate flow and be achieved early to salvage
      myocardial function.

PMID- 3995708
TI  - Clinical, angiographic, and electrophysiologic findings in patients with aborted
      sudden death as compared with patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia
      after myocardial infarction.
AB  - After the acute phase of myocardial infarction, patients who develop sustained
      ventricular arrhythmias present with either sudden death or ventricular
      tachycardia (VT). Although current evidence suggests that VT frequently precedes
      ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients presenting with sudden death, the
      factors resulting in rapid deterioration of VT to VF have not been delineated in
      humans. To determine whether left ventricular function, coronary anatomy, or
      electrophysiologic characteristics could differentiate patients with sudden death
      from those with VT without sudden death, we compared results of cardiac
      angiography and programmed electrical stimulation in 42 patients referred for
      evaluation of sustained VT or surviving "aborted" sudden death for more than 9
      days after myocardial infarction. By univariate analysis there were no
      differences between patients with sudden death and those with VT in age, time
      from myocardial infarction to VT or sudden death, ejection fraction (0.31 +/-
      0.12 vs 0.29 +/- 0.09), or the number of patients with a major area of
      contracting myocardium supplied by an artery with a 50% or greater or a 70% or
      greater stenosis (84% vs 64% and 68% vs 41%). Thirty-six percent of patients with
      sudden death but no patient with VT had two separate areas of infarction. During
      programmed electrical stimulation, a sustained ventricular arrhythmia was
      initiated in 100% of patients with VT and 73% of patients with sudden death and
      rapidly produced syncope in 67% of patients with sudden death but in only 5% of
      those with VT. This difference was due to the more frequent initiation of rapid
      polymorphic VT or VF (27% of patients) and to the shorter VT cycle length (242 +/
      31 vs 319 +/- 69 msec) when monomorphic VT was induced in the group with sudden
      death. No difference was found in the number of extrastimuli required for
      initiation of a sustained ventricular arrhythmia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3995709
TI  - Cardiac causes of shock early after open heart surgery: etiologic classification
      by radionuclide ventriculography.
AB  - Early after open heart surgery, cardiac shock due to tamponade is easily
      misdiagnosed as ventricular dysfunction. The distinction is critical to
      successful therapy. We assessed the utility of 99mTc-red blood cell, gated
      equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography in 50 patients with early postoperative
      cardiac shock after historical, clinical, and invasive hemodynamic evaluation
      failed to identify either tamponade or ventricular dysfunction as the specific
      cause of their shock. The cause was established by radionuclide ventriculography
      in 45 of 50 patients and led to a change in therapy in 21 patients. A single
      cause was found in 35 patients: 13 had severe global dysfunction of the left
      ventricle (three patients), right ventricle (seven patients), or both ventricles
      (three patients); three had severe segmental left ventricular dysfunction; and 19
      had an exaggerated region of photon deficiency (nine patients) or an abnormal and
      accumulating blood pool (10 patients) surrounding small hyperdynamic ventricles.
      Sixteen of these 19 patients with scintigraphic evidence of tamponade underwent
      aspiration with a pericardial needle or reoperation early after radionuclide
      ventriculography, resulting in confirmation of scintigraphic findings and
      improved hemodynamics. Ten additional patients had combined ventricular
      dysfunction and a pericardial abnormality, and five of these underwent
      reoperation resulting in improved hemodynamics. Radionuclide ventriculography
      provided no explanation for the cause of cardiac shock in five patients. Thus,
      the various causes of cardiac shock early after open heart surgery can be
      distinguished by 99mTc-red blood cell, gated equilibrium radionuclide
      ventriculography, eliminating diagnostic uncertainty that can occur with
      traditional evaluation.

PMID- 3995710
TI  - Continuous-wave Doppler echocardiographic assessment of severity of calcific
      aortic stenosis: a simultaneous Doppler-catheter correlative study in 100 adult
      patients.
AB  - Studies of the correlation of aortic valve gradient determined by continuous-wave
      Doppler echocardiography and that determined at catheterization have, to date,
      involved young patients and nonsimultaneous measurements. We therefore obtained
      simultaneous Doppler echocardiographic and catheter measurements of pressure
      gradient in 100 consecutive adults (mean age 69, range 50 to 89 years). In 63
      patients pressure measurements were obtained with dual-catheter techniques and in
      37 they were obtained by withdrawal of the catheter from the left ventricle to
      the ascending aorta. Forty-six of these patients also underwent an outpatient
      Doppler study 7 days or less before catheterization. The simultaneous pressure
      waveforms and Doppler spectral velocity profiles were digitized at 10 msec
      intervals and maximum, mean, and instantaneous gradients (mm Hg) were derived for
      each. The correlation between the Doppler-determined gradient and the
      simultaneously measured maximum catheter gradient was r = .92 (SEE = 15 mm Hg),
      that between the Doppler-determined and mean catheter gradient was r = .93 (SEE =
      10 mm Hg), and that between the Doppler and peak-to-peak catheter gradient was r
      = .91 (SEE = 14). The correlation between the nonsimultaneously Doppler
      determined gradient and the maximum gradient measured by catheter was not as
      strong (r = .79, SEE = 24). The continuous-wave Doppler echocardiographic
      velocity profile represents the instantaneous transaortic pressure gradient
      throughout the cardiac cycle. The best correlation with continuous-wave Doppler
      determined gradient was obtained with maximum and mean gradients measured by
      catheter. Continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography can be used to reliably
      predict the pressure gradient in adults with calcific aortic stenosis.

PMID- 3995711
TI  - Hydraulic estimation of stenotic orifice area: a correction of the Gorlin
      formula.
AB  - To determine the source of errors in the Gorlin formula for estimating stenotic
      valvular orifice area, we used a pulsatile flow model that emulated left
      ventricular and aortic pressures and flow and allowed control of ventricular
      outflow orifice area. After comparing orifice areas calculated by the Gorlin
      formula with actual orifice areas, the Gorlin formula constant (k) was found to
      be highly correlated with the square root of the mean transvalvular gradient (r =
      .95). A new formula was derived empirically and predicted areas more accurately
      and with smaller standard errors than the Gorlin formula in the model (r = .98,
      SEE = 0.11 and r = .87, SEE = 0.28, respectively) in a series of 19 patients with
      Hancock porcine xenograft valves (r = .89, SEE = 0.07 and r = .60, SEE = 0.12,
      respectively) and in the original series of patients reported by Gorlin and
      Gorlin in proposing the Gorlin formula (r = .93, SEE = 0.11 and r = .91, SEE =
      0.12, respectively).

PMID- 3995712
TI  - The effect of vasodilator therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with
      primary pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - The short- and long-term hemodynamic effects of vasodilators in patients with
      primary pulmonary hypertension have been studied, but whether they affect
      survival is unknown. We measured the short-term response to nifedipine and
      hydralazine in 23 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and followed their
      clinical course over 2 years. A favorable drug response, defined as a fall in the
      pulmonary vascular resistance of 20% or greater, occurred in 18 patients (78%).
      Half of the patients who exhibited a favorable short-term response were treated
      with long-term vasodilator therapy. Their clinical course was compared with that
      of responders who were not treated and with that of the nonresponders. Of the
      responders who were treated, two improved, four had no change, and three died; of
      the responders who were not treated, one improved, three had no change, and five
      died. Using stepwise Cox regression, we evaluated age, sex, functional class on
      entry, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and short-term
      drug response as predictors of survival and found only functional class and a
      favorable short-term drug response to be significant predictors (p less than
      .01); however, there was no difference in survival between the responders who
      were treated and those who were not. We conclude that the ability to respond to
      short-term nifedipine or hydralazine therapy predicts longer survival for
      patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, but placing patients with a
      favorable short-term response on long-term vasodilator therapy does not affect
      the overall outcome.

PMID- 3995713
TI  - Electrocardiographic effects of experimental nontransmural myocardial infarction.
AB  - Clinical and experimental data have documented the ability of nontransmural
      myocardial infarction to produce abnormal Q waves on both the epicardial and body
      surfaces. We undertook this study to define the anatomic determinants of such Q
      wave development. Thirty dogs were studied before and after occlusion-reperfusion
      (26 dogs) or latex embolization (four dogs) of the left circumflex coronary
      artery. Occlusion was maintained for 60 to 240 min before reperfusion to produce
      nontransmural lesions of various sizes. Electrocardiographic data were registered
      from 84 torso electrodes by body surface mapping techniques before and 1 week
      after infarction. Infarct size was quantitated by computer analysis of heart
      slices stained with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Six dogs did not develop
      infarction. Of the remaining 24, 10 did and 14 did not develop significant
      changes in body surface Q wave duration and width. The incidence of Q wave
      changes was not different in dogs with nontransmural and those with transmural
      lesions. Infarct size (expressed as a percentage of the left ventricle
      infarcted), the percentage of endocardium subjacent to infarction, the average
      depth of necrosis, the percent of the four outer fifths of the ventricular wall
      infarcted, and the duration of occlusion were significantly (p less than .05)
      greater in dogs with than in those without Q wave changes. Logistic regression
      modeling demonstrated that only two anatomic parameters--percentage of left
      ventricle infarcted and average lesion depth--significantly and independently
      predicted Q wave development. A model including only these two variables
      accurately classified all 24 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995714
TI  - Myocardial protection via coronary sinus interventions: superior effects of
      arterialization compared with intermittent occlusion.
AB  - It has been reported that infarct size can be reduced by several interventions,
      by which arterial blood is delivered retrogradely to the ischemic myocardium
      through the cardiac veins or alternatively the cardiac venous system is
      intermittently occluded. Accordingly, we studied several modalities of myocardial
      protection that used the cardiac venous system and compared them by means of a
      quantitative technique for measuring infarct size. Thus 73 anesthetized dogs with
      coronary arterial occlusion were randomized into the following groups: group I (n
      = 9), 6 hr of occlusion without any intervention; group II (n = 11), venovenous
      shunt (60 ml/min) to the great cardiac vein; group III (n = 11), arteriovenous
      shunt to the anterior interventricular vein; group IV (n = 12), high flow
      arteriovenous shunt to the anterior interventricular vein (60 ml/min); group V (n
      = 11), arteriovenous shunt to the great cardiac vein (60 ml/min); group VI (n =
      10), arteriovenous shunt to the great cardiac vein (60 ml/min) combined with
      diastolic occlusion of the great cardiac vein; group VII (n = 9), intermittent
      pressure-controlled occlusion of the great cardiac vein without arterialization.
      The arteriovenous shunt (groups III to VI) or venovenous shunt (group II) was
      done by selective catheterization of the anterior interventricular vein or the
      great cardiac vein, advancing a catheter from the jugular vein through the right
      atrium and coronary sinus under fluoroscopic control. This catheter was then
      connected to a cannula located either in the carotid artery (groups III to VI) or
      in the right atrium (group II). One minute after occlusion, 99mTc-labeled albumin
      microspheres (8 mCi) were injected into the left atrium for the subsequent
      assessment of the hypoperfused zone, which is the area at risk for
      infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995715
TI  - Effects of diltiazem on cardiac function and regional blood flow at rest and
      during exercise in a conscious rat preparation of chronic heart failure
      (myocardial infarction).
AB  - The effects of intravenous infusion of diltiazem on regional blood flow
      (radioactive microspheres), hemodynamics, and maximum rate of oxygen consumption
      were evaluated in conscious rats with congestive heart failure caused by large
      myocardial infarction (n = 10, infarct size 41.8% of left ventricle) and compared
      with data obtained from rats subjected to sham surgical procedures (n = 9). In
      both groups data were obtained at rest and during submaximal treadmill exercise
      during alternate infusion of diltiazem and saline. In the group with heart
      failure, diltiazem increased stroke volume at rest and during exercise (p less
      than .05), reduced heart rate (p less than .05), and improved cardiac output
      during exercise (p less than .05) without increasing left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure in any of the animals. Blood flow to renal and splanchnic
      circulations was reduced in the group with heart failure but was increased by
      diltiazem to values similar to those observed in sham-operated animals. Although
      skeletal muscle flow during exercise was significantly increased by the drug,
      maximal rate of oxygen consumption was not, indicating unchanged oxygen
      availability within working muscle. Thus diltiazem caused redistribution of blood
      flow to kidney and gut in animals with myocardial infarction and failure, thereby
      restoring blood flow to circulatory beds known to be impaired in this setting.

PMID- 3995716
TI  - Dissociation between epicardial and transmural function during acute myocardial
      ischemia.
AB  - The relationship between epicardial and transmural function (measured with
      sonomicrometers) was examined in 13 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Systolic wall
      thickening was used as a standard of integrated transmural function to compare
      with epicardial function measured as segment shortening parallel to surface
      fibers. Three levels of coronary inflow restriction were produced by using
      decrements in systolic wall thickening as an index of changes in the transmural
      distribution of myocardial blood flow (microspheres) in myocardium perfused by
      the left anterior descending artery (anterior-apical group, n = 7) or circumflex
      artery (posterior-basal group, n = 6). Levels 1 and 2 were characterized by
      reductions in systolic wall thickening of 35% and 80%, respectively, and marked
      decreases in deep myocardial blood flow. In the subepicardium, myocardial blood
      flow was minimally affected at levels 1 and 2 and there was no change in
      posterior-basal epicardial segment shortening, but anterior segment shortening
      decreased significantly (by 21% and 37%, respectively). At level 3 myocardial
      blood flow was reduced transmurally, producing systolic wall thinning and marked
      epicardial dysfunction in both groups. Parallel epicardial segment shortening
      underestimated the extent of transmural dysfunction in both groups at levels 1
      and 2 but the degree of underestimation was greatest in the posterior-basal
      group. Anterior-apical segment shortening was impaired at levels 1 and 2, whereas
      posterior-basal segment shortening was unaffected, suggesting that significant
      regional variability exists in the epicardial response to nontransmural ischemia.

PMID- 3995717
TI  - Echocardiographically detected dyskinesis, myocardial infarct size, and coronary
      risk region relationships in reperfused canine myocardium.
AB  - After permanent coronary artery occlusion, the extent of two-dimensional
      echocardiographically detected dyskinesis correlates well with infarct size.
      Reperfusion after coronary artery occlusion decreases infarct size; however,
      contractile function of myocardium salvaged in this way may remain depressed for
      several weeks. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between
      echocardiographically detected dyskinesis and infarct size in reperfused
      myocardium. We hypothesized that after transient coronary artery occlusion, the
      relationship between dyskinesis and infarct size would be altered because of the
      prolonged depression of contractile function after reperfusion so that dyskinesis
      would not predict infarct size. We also wanted to explore two related questions:
      (1) Does inotropic stimulation of reperfused myocardium result in improved
      systolic function in segments that are dysfunctional but not necrotic? (2) Does
      the relationship between infarct size and coronary risk region, which is linear
      in myocardium subjected to permanent coronary occlusion, remain linear in
      myocardium subjected to a sequence of occlusion and reperfusion? Thirty-seven
      sedated dogs with preplaced circumflex occluders underwent 1 or 2 hr of coronary
      artery occlusion, then 2 or 10 days of reperfusion. The percentage of the left
      ventricle that was dyskinetic was estimated from short-axis two-dimensional
      echocardiograms at the chordal and papillary muscle level obtained at control,
      after 1 or 2 hr of occlusion, after 20 min of reperfusion, and after 2 or 10 days
      of reperfusion. At 2 or 10 days of reperfusion, echocardiograms were also
      obtained during infusion of dobutamine. Area at risk was determined from
      postmortem barium-gelatin angiography and infarct size was determined at
      pathologic examination. We found a significant linear correlation between infarct
      size and risk region size in reperfused myocardium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3995718
TI  - Simultaneous determination of left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume and
      pressure-dimension relationships in closed-chest dogs.
AB  - The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship is a load
      insensitive measure of left ventricular performance. The relationship at end
      systole between left ventricular pressure and dimension is more easily obtained,
      but the conflicting results of previous studies make it unclear if it has the
      same properties as the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume
      relationship. To address this issue, 11 dogs were instrumented to measure left
      ventricular pressure and three orthogonal left ventricular dimensions. Left
      ventricular pressure and dimensions were varied by use of caval occlusion. Left
      ventricular volume was calculated as an ellipsoid. The left ventricular end
      systolic pressure-volume relationship and each of the three end-systolic pressure
      dimension relations were described by straight lines (r = .97 +/- .02, mean +/-
      SD). In six animals, dobutamine produced similar significant increases (p less
      than .01) in the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (244 +/-
      61% of control), the end-systolic pressure-anterior-posterior dimension
      relationship (248 +/- 89%), the end-systolic pressure--septal-lateral dimension
      relationship (211 +/- 95%), and the end-systolic pressure-basal-apical dimension
      relationship (210 +/- 85%). The intercepts at zero pressure were relatively
      unchanged by dobutamine. In contrast, occlusion of the distal left anterior
      descending coronary artery in five animals produced a rightward shift of the left
      ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship and the pressure--basal
      apical dimension relationship, while the pressure--anterior-posterior dimension
      and pressure--septal-lateral dimension relationships were relatively
      unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995719
TI  - Detection of class-specific antibodies against Micropolyspora faeni antigens in
      farmers' lung.
AB  - Micropolyspora faeni antigens were used for specific IgA, IgG and IgM
      determination with an ELISA technique, and for specific IgE antibodies by means
      of RAST in eighteen patients with farmer's lung, in nineteen farmers with other
      chest conditions, and in twenty-nine controls. The farmers' lung group had
      significantly higher IgG antibody levels than the controls, while specific IgA
      levels were elevated in ten cases. Specific IgE and--except for three cases--IgM
      levels did not differ from the controls. In the group of farmers with other lung
      diseases, only three had increased levels of specific IgG antibody. The
      correlation (0.89) between IgG by ELISA and a complement-fixation test indicated
      that C activation by M. faeni antigens is mediated by IgG antibodies.

PMID- 3995720
TI  - Skin-test reactivity to egg protein--exposure by inhalation compared with
      ingestion.
AB  - Of two hundred and sixty-seven subjects exposed to egg by ingestion only, forty
      eight were skin (prick)-test positive to egg material. All forty-eight subjects
      also reacted to other allergens on skin testing, forty-seven (98%) to allergens
      associated with respiratory allergy. Of thirteen subjects exposed to egg by
      inhalation in their workplace (and ingestion) two were skin-test-positive to egg,
      both also reacting to respirable allergens. Thus, inhalation of egg antigen does
      not greatly influence skin-test reactivity to eggs as determined by comparing the
      ratio of egg skin-test-positives to total skin-test-positives in the egg groups
      ingesting and inhaling egg antigen, i.e. 48:218 vs 2:6. In terms of the pulmonary
      response to inhaled eggs there were equal numbers of symptomatics with positive
      skin tests to common allergens as there were symptomatics with negative skin
      tests. Thus, an allergic predisposition shown by a positive skin test to common
      allergens does not predict nor preclude development of a pulmonary reaction to
      inhaled egg material.

PMID- 3995721
TI  - Housedust mites (D. pteronyssinus) in pets' beds and their relation to dust
      allergy.
AB  - Houses were surveyed by dust sampling to examine the occurrence and significance
      of storage mites in rural areas in the U.K. As a part of this project pets' beds
      were sampled, and it was discovered that not only do they contain storage mites,
      but that in nearly all instances the classical housedust mite (D. pteronyssinus)
      was present in significant numbers.

PMID- 3995722
TI  - Specific IgG subclass antibodies, IgE and IgG S-TS antibodies to wheat gluten
      fraction B in patients with coeliac disease.
AB  - Antibodies were measured in the sera of fifteen patients with untreated coeliac
      disease and twenty-eight patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Increased
      levels of specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 antibody to wheat gluten fraction B,
      measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were shown in the coeliac
      disease group, but not in the inflammatory bowel disease group. No specific IgE
      antibody to fraction B was detected but 33% of the patients with coeliac disease
      had specific short-term sensitizing (anaphylactic) IgG antibody activity (IgG S
      TS) to fraction B. There was no correlation between the IgG2 or IgG4 specific
      antibody and the presence of IgG S-TS activity.

PMID- 3995723
TI  - Allergy to gerbils.
AB  - Pet gerbils were identified as the cause of asthma or rhinitis in three out
      patients seen over a period of eighteen months. Allergy to gerbils was confirmed
      by skin tests, RAST and the clinical course. Gerbils are popular household pets
      and allergy to gerbils may be commoner than recognized.

PMID- 3995724
TI  - Effects of ergometrine on airway smooth muscle contractile responses.
AB  - A 26-year-old asthmatic female developed severe asthma within a few hours of
      receiving three oral doses of 0.4 mg ergometrine maleate for the control of
      postpartum haemorrhaging. This experience and two previous reports of
      bronchospasm in asthmatic subjects following ergometrine suggested that
      ergometrine altered airway smooth muscle tone. In the present investigation the
      effect of ergometrine was studied on canine tracheal smooth muscle strips.
      Ergometrine (10(-9) M-10(-4) M) induced contraction of canine tracheal smooth
      muscle. The concentration causing 50% of maximal contraction (EC50) was 4.73 X
      10(-8) M. The acetylcholine EC50 was not altered by ergometrine (10(-9) M or 10(
      8) M); however, acetylcholine (10(-4) M and 10(-3) M) induced contractions were
      enhanced by ergometrine (10(-8) M). The data suggest that ergometrine maleate may
      cause broncho-constriction in some patients with asthma.

PMID- 3995725
TI  - Intragastral provocation under endoscopic control (IPEC) in food allergy: mast
      cell and histamine changes in gastric mucosa.
AB  - In fourteen patients with food allergy, intragastral provocation under
      endoscopical control (IPEC) was performed. In all patients positive immediate
      type reactions of the gastric mucosa were observed consisting of oedema, erythema
      and petechial bleeding. Microscopically, mast cell degranulation was observed and
      measured by mast cell counts using the o-phthaldialdehyde technique.
      Concomitantly, tissue histamine content in gastric mucosa decreased significantly
      after allergen provocation, while there was no change in normal volunteers.
      Plasma histamine concentration increased in most patients; the increases were
      most evident in four patients showing mild systemic reactions (urticaria and
      bronchospasm). The technique described might prove to be useful in establishing
      the diagnosis in doubtful cases of food allergy.

PMID- 3995726
TI  - Skin test and RAST responses to wheat and common allergens and respiratory
      disease in bakers.
AB  - Interrelationships between skin and humoral tests for immediate hypersensitivity
      to wheat and indicators of respiratory disease were examined in 176 male bakers.
      Skin tests were assessed by measuring the diameter of the weal resulting from
      prick innoculation of allergen extract and circulating allergen-specific IgE by
      radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Fifteen per cent of subjects showed positive
      skin-prick test responses to wheat extracts. These subjects demonstrated an
      increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and of measurable bronchial
      responsiveness to methacholine. Thirty per cent of subjects had positive skin
      test responses to common allergens but negative responses to whole wheat.
      Compared to subjects with no positive skin test responses they had an increased
      prevalence of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine but a similar prevalence
      of respiratory symptoms. There was a significant association between skin test
      responses to whole wheat and skin test responses to common allergens suggesting
      that bakers with pre-existing sensitivity to common allergens are at increased
      risk of developing wheat flour sensitization. There was no significant difference
      between skin-prick test and RAST responses to wheat, water-soluble wheat protein
      and common allergens. Both tests showed similar relationships with indices of
      respiratory disease. The associations between skin test and RAST responses to
      wheat extracts and indices of respiratory disease was stronger for the water
      soluble wheat proteins than for other wheat grain extracts. These results suggest
      that immediate hypersensitivity to wheat flour is important in the development of
      non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity in bakers and that the water-soluble
      fractions of wheat flour are the most important allergenic components.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995727
TI  - Cross-allergenicity between extracts of hair from different dog breeds and cat
      fur.
AB  - Skin tests and RAST determinations with breed-specific dog allergen extracts and
      a cat allergen preparation were made on forty-four atopic patients divided into
      three groups. Group 1 were twenty dog-owning atopic patients without clinical
      signs of dog sensitivity, Group 2 contained twenty-one patients with a clinical
      history that suggested allergy to dogs, and Group 3 contained ten atopic patients
      who were sensitive to cats. In neither the in vivo nor the in vitro tests was
      there any evidence for dog breed specificity, nor was dog albumin found to be a
      major allergen in the population studied, though a few individuals showed strong
      RAST activity to albumin. Furthermore, a cat fur extract inhibited the reaction
      between dog hair and anti-dog serum, and a dog hair extract inhibited the
      reaction between cat fur extract and anti-cat serum.

PMID- 3995728
TI  - Isolated late asthmatic reaction due to nickel sulphate without antibodies to
      nickel.
AB  - A worker with occupational exposure to nickel developed asthma a few months after
      starting work. Skin prick tests to nickel sulphate were negative. Inhalation
      challenge with nickel sulphate, at a concentration of 10 mg/ml for 30 min induced
      a late asthmatic reaction, starting 3 hr after the end of exposure leading to
      severe nocturnal attack. Tests for antibodies with nickel reactivity were
      negative.

PMID- 3995729
TI  - Effects of varying dilutions of quality control sera on precision of analytes.
AB  - Precisions obtained during an "unknown" quality control program using lyophilized
      serum reconstituted with varying amounts of diluent were compared with precisions
      achieved with the manufacturer's recommended dilution for 23 commonly measured
      analytes, including enzymes and radioimmunoassays, for four laboratories over two
      years. Except for bilirubin and possibly calcium and alkaline phosphatase, no
      tendency to deterioration of precision was observed as a result of varying the
      volume of diluent. The range of dilutions was from 92% to 108% of the recommended
      volume.

PMID- 3995730
TI  - Effects of hemoglobin variants on Hb A1c determinations using Bio-Rad columns.
AB  - In the column chromatographic determination of Hb A1c, hemoglobin variants affect
      Hb A1c results and column patterns. Samples from several patients with hemoglobin
      variants were run on Bio-Rad Hb A1c columns to demonstrate these patterns.
      Columns should be examined during the run to detect the presence of Hb F which
      migrates very rapidly, and after the run to detect abnormal column patterns. Hb
      A1c levels in patients heterozygous for Hb S or C are low but may be interpreted
      in relation to the patient's level of Hb A. On the other hand, Hb A1c results on
      patients with homozygous Hb S, Hb C, or high levels of Hb F cannot be
      interpreted.

PMID- 3995731
TI  - Microcomputer program for RIA data reduction and data acquisition from an
      interfaced gamma counter.

PMID- 3995732
TI  - Biological variation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1/isoenzyme-2 ratio.

PMID- 3995733
TI  - Potential for error in a radioimmunometric assay for placental lactogen.

PMID- 3995734
TI  - Modified assay for total iron-binding capacity unaffected by change in pH of
      lyophilized control sera.

PMID- 3995735
TI  - Effect of macro creatine kinase on results of Hybritech CK-MB kit.

PMID- 3995736
TI  - Improved 125I radioimmunoassay for cotinine.

PMID- 3995737
TI  - Rheumatoid factors measured in serum with a fully automated laser nephelometer,
      and correlation with agglutination tube titers.

PMID- 3995738
TI  - Falsely increased results for digoxin in sera from patients with liver disease:
      ten immunoassay kits compared.

PMID- 3995739
TI  - Determination of primary amines in rat urine and plasma.

PMID- 3995740
TI  - Effect of diluting samples for enzymic determinations of urinary oxalate.

PMID- 3995741
TI  - Loss of sensitivity when low triglyceride concentrations are measured with the
      Technicon RA-2X system.

PMID- 3995742
TI  - Centrifugation speeds and the removal of platelets from heparinized plasma.

PMID- 3995743
TI  - High-density lipoprotein phospholipid concentrations in serum of patients with
      liver disease.

PMID- 3995744
TI  - Procedure for toxicological screening by use of a centrifugal fast analyzer.

PMID- 3995745
TI  - Particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay for theophylline with a
      centrifugal analyzer.

PMID- 3995746
TI  - Kinetic transketolase assay: use of whole-blood hemolysate as the sample.

PMID- 3995747
TI  - Cryoglobulin detected through spurious increases in automated leukocyte counts.

PMID- 3995748
TI  - Proposed reference values for fecal chymotrypsin as measured photometrically.

PMID- 3995749
TI  - An alternative radioligand for immunoassay of salivary progesterone.

PMID- 3995750
TI  - A continuous-flow technique with Coomassie Brilliant Blue for cerebrospinal fluid
      protein assay.

PMID- 3995751
TI  - Acetaminophen administration interferes with urinary metanephrine (and
      catecholamine) determinations.

PMID- 3995752
TI  - Automated determinations of K+ and Li+ with a microprocessor-controlled flame
      photometer.

PMID- 3995753
TI  - Superoxide dismutase activity and zinc, copper, and manganese concentrations in
      leukocytes.

PMID- 3995754
TI  - Should plasma high-density lipoprotein subfractions be evaluated?

PMID- 3995755
TI  - Fluctuations in concentrations of Amerlex free thyroxin analog measured in serum
      from a patient with thyroid disease and autoantibodies to thyroid hormone.

PMID- 3995756
TI  - Calibration of prolactin kits.

PMID- 3995757
TI  - Comparisons of 17 lots of 2-oxoglutarate, and specifications for use of this
      substrate in reference methods.
AB  - We examined 17 lots of 2-oxoglutarate (seven acid forms, three K salt forms, and
      seven Na salt forms), obtained from eight commercial suppliers, for suitability
      for measuring aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine
      aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in human serum. Measurements of the catalytic
      activity concentrations of these two aminotransferases with each of these 17
      preparations were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish good from poor
      quality material. Thus, we ranked these lots for purity, by specific analysis
      with glutamate dehydrogenase and by liquid chromatography, and determined the
      water content, acid content, and spectral characteristics of each. On the basis
      of a 2-oxoglutarate assay value by glutamate dehydrogenase of 98% or greater, we
      considered seven of the preparations acceptable and 10 unacceptable. The molar
      absorptivities (L X mol-1 X cm-1, mean +/- SD) of the seven acceptable lots in 1
      mol/L HCl were: epsilon 325 nm = 9.12 +/- 0.02 (CV = 0.2%), epsilon 279 nm = 2.63
      +/- 0.23 (CV = 9.9%), and epsilon 245 nm = 37.9 +/- 4.1 (CV = 10.9%). Use of
      these spectrophotometric limits alone unambiguously distinguished the inferior
      lots of 2-oxoglutarate. We urge the inclusion of detailed spectrophotometric
      specifications for 2-oxoglutarate in Reference Methods for aminotransferase
      measurements.

PMID- 3995758
TI  - Liquid-chromatographic determination of vanillylmandelic acid in urine.
AB  - Urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) was determined by "high-performance" liquid
      chromatography with fluorometric (LC-F) and amperometric (LC-EC) detection. Urine
      samples were first purified on a small, open-bed, reversed-phase preparatory
      column. VMA and the internal standard (iso-VMA) were then separated by reversed
      phase ion-pair liquid chromatography. Analytical recovery of VMA was high (98.3%,
      SD 3.3%, n = 8), and concentrations measured by LC-F and LC-EC were in excellent
      agreement (r = 0.996). The LC-F chromatograms of urine samples had fewer late
      peaks; however, detection limits were lower (15 vs 120 micrograms/L) for the LC
      EC method. Typical concentrations of 1-10 mg/L in urine can be measured easily
      with either method.

PMID- 3995759
TI  - Liquid-chromatographic determination of total hydroxyproline in urine.
AB  - A reversed-phase "high-performance" liquid chromatographic assay for total
      hydroxyproline in urine is described. The urine samples are hydrolyzed overnight
      with acid, evaporated, solubilized, and derivatized with 4
      dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride. The derivatives are chromatographed
      with a solvent gradient consisting of sodium acetate buffer and acetonitrile, the
      effluent being monitored at 436 nm. The useful lower limit of sensitivity for
      quantification is 13 pmol of hydroxyproline per 5-microL injection, corresponding
      to 33 mumol/L of urine. Either glutamine or cysteic acid is satisfactory as the
      internal standard. Peak heights and the amounts of hydroxyproline applied to the
      column are linearly related from 13.3 to 266 pmol. Mean analytical recovery was
      83%. For four different concentrations the mean within-assay CV was 9.0% and the
      between-assay CV 12%. The normal reference interval found for 31 healthy adults
      was 31 to 177 mumol/24 h per square meter of body surface. We compared results
      for 10 samples from patients.

PMID- 3995760
TI  - Radioimmunoassay for detecting hepatitis B core antigen in serum from patients
      with chronic hepatitis B infection.
AB  - The core antigen component of hepatitis B virus (HBV), HBcAg, may be used as a
      marker of viral replication. We describe a radioimmunoassay for HBcAg in serum,
      and compare results with those by other similar methods. Samples are centrifuged
      over a sucrose gradient containing 2-mercaptoethanol, and the resulting pellets
      are resuspended in a nonionic detergent solution. After a bead coated with anti
      HBcAg is incubated with this suspension, 125I-labeled anti-HBcAg is added, and is
      also bound by the antigen. The specificity of the method was verified by blocking
      with purified IgG antibodies to HBcAg. When we tested by this method for HBcAg in
      sera from 60 patients with chronic HBV infection, all those with circulating HBV
      DNA polymerase tested positive for HBcAg. All sera from HBV-negative controls
      showed no detectable HBcAg. The correlation between the presence of HBcAg and HBV
      DNA polymerase was significant (r = 0.715, p less than 0.001). Samples can be
      tested more quickly and easily with this method, and its sensitivity compares
      well with that of other similar methods.

PMID- 3995761
TI  - A monoclonal-antibody-based immunoradiometric assay for apoprotein B in low
      density lipoprotein.
AB  - Five different mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against apoprotein B, the
      major protein in human low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Competitive binding
      studies suggested that these antibodies recognized four different epitopes on the
      lipoprotein particle. All antibodies bound to very-low-density and intermediate
      density lipoproteins, which are the metabolic precursors of LDL and also contain
      apoprotein B. One antibody (P1C1) displayed a relative specificity for apoprotein
      B in LDL as compared with that in very-low-density lipoprotein and was used as a
      radiolabeled first antibody in an immunoradiometric assay for this lipoprotein.
      Measurements, either on isolated LDL or directly on plasma samples, demonstrated
      that this assay provides a rapid and precise method of quantification.

PMID- 3995762
TI  - A radioimmunoassay for 18-hydroxycortisol in plasma and urine.
AB  - Increased excretion of 18-hydroxycortisol has been proposed as a specific
      biochemical marker for differential diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. We
      describe the development of a direct RIA with an 125I label that permits
      measurement of the steroid in less than or equal to 0.5 microL of urine or less
      than or equal to 25 microL of plasma. For control subjects, the mean
      concentrations of 18-hydroxycortisol in urine and plasma were 310 (SD 178)
      nmol/24 h (n = 32) and 2.27 (SD 0.80) nmol/L (n = 37), respectively; patients
      with Conn's adenoma or glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism had values for
      urine in the range 1084 to 6534 nmol/24 h and concentrations in plasma ranging
      from 6.49 to 31.20 nmol/L. Patients with idiopathic zona glomerulosa hyperplasia
      had values for urine and plasma ranging from 353 to 734 nmol/24 h and from 0.26
      to 6.60 nmol/L, respectively. Concentrations of 18-hydroxycortisol in urine
      clearly discriminate patients with idiopathic hyperplasia from those with other
      forms of primary aldosteronism, but further work is required to assess the
      diagnostic accuracy of determinations in plasma.

PMID- 3995763
TI  - A clinical evaluation of automated chromogenic tests as substitutes for
      conventional prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time tests.
AB  - Automated procedures involving a chromogenic substrate sensitive to thrombin
      sarcosine-Pro-Arg p-nitroanilide were compared with conventional tests for
      prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) and with
      specific assays for factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. The reproducibility
      and sensitivity of the chromogenic tests were compared with those of the clotting
      tests. Further, we have confirmed that the chromogenic test for APTT is sensitive
      to factor VII deficiency, unlike the clotting test for APTT. This might be an
      advantage in monitoring orally anticoagulated patients. The ready availability of
      the automated equipment for performing the chromogenic tests suggests their
      potential for routine use. However, some discrepant results in certain patients
      with liver disease and in others with factor VIII inhibitors warrant caution.

PMID- 3995764
TI  - Potentiometric measurements of ionized calcium in anaerobic whole blood, plasma,
      and serum evaluated.
AB  - The measurements of ionized calcium and pH in paired samples of anaerobic
      capillary whole blood, venous whole blood, venous plasma, and venous serum have
      been evaluated with a modified ICA 1 analyzer and compared with those of an
      unmodified ICA 1 analyzer. The unmodified instrument showed a significant
      difference between measurements in anaerobic venous whole blood, venous plasma,
      and venous serum, but the modified instrument did not. Statistically significant
      differences between the two instruments were found for whole blood (magnitude of
      mean difference magnitude of = 0.053 mmol/L) and for venous serum (0.016 mmol/L),
      but not for venous plasma. The error of residual liquid junction potential due to
      blood cells, previously found in the unmodified ICA 1 (salt bridge: KCl, 2.68
      mol/kg) was eliminated and independent of the erythrocyte volume fraction in the
      modified ICA 1 (salt bridge: sodium formate, 4.56 mol/kg). From studies of
      procedures for measurements of ionized calcium in anaerobically handled samples,
      we recommend the use of anaerobic whole blood for measuring ionized calcium.

PMID- 3995765
TI  - Benzethonium chloride method for proteins adapted to centrifugal analysis.
AB  - A benzethonium chloride method for measuring protein concentrations in several
      types of body fluids has been adapted to the Cobas Bio centrifugal analyzer. The
      ability of this analyzer to add two reagents stepwise, measuring absorbances
      after each addition, is essential for proper blanking of urine specimens. The
      method has excellent curve stability and precision and yields results that
      correlate well with those of four other protein methods.

PMID- 3995766
TI  - Increased serum sulfate in pregnancy: relationship to gestational age.
AB  - Controlled-flow ion chromatography has significantly improved the precision with
      which inorganic sulfate (SO4) can be measured in serum. In this study, we have
      shown that serum SO4 is increased in pregnancy. The increase appears to follow
      gestational age, resulting in a 39% higher value by the middle of the third
      trimester. We suggest that this increase is a natural physiological process,
      which enhances SO4 availability to the growing fetus and placenta.

PMID- 3995767
TI  - Evaluation of five kits for detecting choriogonadotropin in urine.
AB  - We report an evaluation of the performance characteristics, accuracy, and
      sensitivity of five test kits designed to detect human choriogonadotropin (hCG)
      in urine: "Sensitex" (latex agglutination inhibition), "beta-Neocept"
      (hemagglutination inhibition), "Duoclone" (direct agglutination), "Tandem-Visual
      HCG" (enzyme immunoassay), and "Sensichrome" (enzyme immunoassay). For
      comparison, all specimens and dilutions were also quantified by a
      radioimmunoassay. The accuracy of these kits was excellent and the manufacturers'
      stated sensitivity was confirmed. We conclude that the enzyme immunoassay method
      is the most sensitive procedure for qualitatively detecting hCG.

PMID- 3995768
TI  - Acid phosphatase and zinc in semen of subjects with no clinical evidence of
      prostatic disease.
AB  - We evaluated the distribution of values for prostatic acid phosphatase (EC
      3.1.3.2) activity and zinc concentration in semen of 80 men without clinical
      evidence of prostatic disease. Both substances have log normal distributions.
      Reference intervals were defined by parametric tests after logarithmic
      transformation of data and by nonparametric tests. There is a correlation between
      zinc concentration and prostatic acid phosphatase activity in semen.

PMID- 3995769
TI  - Determination of vitamin E in microsamples of serum by liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - In this procedure for determination of vitamin E by "high-performance" liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection, 25-microL serum specimens are
      deproteinized with ethanol. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), its derivatives (beta-
      and gamma-tocopherols), and the internal standard (delta-tocopherol) are
      extracted into heptane and the extract is evaporated and the residue
      reconstituted with methanol before injection into the chromatograph. Within- and
      between-run CVs for an alpha-tocopherol concentration of 13.6 mg/L were 5.1% (n =
      28) and 6.0% (n = 5), respectively. The standard curve is linear to 100 mg/L; the
      minimum concentration detectable is 0.1 mg/L. Analytical recovery ranged from
      99.8% to 104.8%. In 36 specimens collected from apparently healthy subjects who
      were not taking vitamin supplements, alpha-tocopherol as determined by this
      method ranged from 4.3 to 9.7 mg/L, from 1.8 to 3.9 mg/L for beta- and gamma
      tocopherols. Results by this method (y) and an HPLC-ultraviolet method (x)
      correlate reasonably (r = 0.81): y = 0.88x - 0.55 mg/L (n = 45). This procedure
      is adaptable to automated analysis, and the small sample requirement facilitates
      its applicability to neonates.

PMID- 3995770
TI  - Comparison of antioxidant red blood cell enzymes in premature and full-term
      neonates.
AB  - Earlier investigations extended exclusively to comparisons of the red blood cells
      (RBC) Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in neonates of various ages. We have now carried
      out comparative measurements on the activities of RBC catalase and glutathione
      peroxidase from the same source. Besides the enzymes, we also measured the lipid
      peroxidation (LP). The differences between the RBC of premature and full-term
      neonates were found to be significant. The lower antioxidant enzymatic activity
      and LP level in premature infants are explained by the immaturity of the
      biochemical systems and the different lipid composition of the RBC membranes.

PMID- 3995771
TI  - The daytime breath hydrogen profile: technical aspects and normal pattern.
AB  - A method is described for breath sampling which can be used for breath hydrogen
      estimations not only in clinical practice, but also at home. Sampling of end
      expiratory air is performed using a 10-ml syringe with a side hole. The samples
      are transferred to 3-ml vacuum tubes, which can be stored and mailed without
      significant loss of hydrogen. The hydrogen concentration is estimated gas
      chromatographically using 0.4 ml of sampled air. This method was used to assess
      the breath hydrogen pattern under normal circumstances: the daytime breath
      hydrogen profile. Fourteen children sampled their breath at 30-min intervals
      during one full day, and recorded diet and activity. The normal daytime breath
      hydrogen profile showed a typical pattern. Morning values were low, but the
      evening values were markedly increased in half of the children. These patterns
      differed markedly from those registered in three children with carbohydrate
      malabsorption. The daytime breath hydrogen profile, which is easy to perform and
      applicable at home, might provide valuable additional information in the
      investigation of children with suspected carbohydrate malabsorption.

PMID- 3995772
TI  - Measurements of calcium and other elements in muscle biopsy samples from patients
      with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - The calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium content of needle biopsy samples of
      human muscle from control subjects and patients with various neuromuscular
      disorders has been analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The calcium
      content of muscle from both patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and other
      myopathies was significantly elevated compared to both normal and patient control
      subjects. Muscle sodium content was not significantly altered in any group
      compared to control subjects. Decreased magnesium and potassium levels were found
      in muscle from patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, although the muscle
      magnesium/potassium ratio was unchanged, the most likely explanation for this
      being non-specific loss of intracellular components from the cell.

PMID- 3995773
TI  - Selective determination of cholesterol in high density lipoprotein subfractions
      (HDL2 and HDL3) in patients with cerebral and peripheral arteriosclerosis.
AB  - Cholesterol levels in high density lipoprotein subfractions (HDL2 and HDL3) were
      evaluated in 69 patients (55 males, average age +/- SD 58.3 +/- 8.8, and 14
      females, average age +/- SD 63.1 +/- 10.3) with extra-coronary arteriosclerosis
      (lower limbs, supraaortic trunks and both sites), and in 79 healthy age-matched
      control subjects. HDL cholesterol was significantly reduced in male and female
      patients. The HDL cholesterol decrease was due to a fall in both HDL2 and HDL3
      cholesterols; nonetheless, an analysis of the HDL2-cholesterol/HDL3-cholesterol
      ratio disclosed that HDL2 cholesterol was the most reduced. Slightly higher
      plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were found in the patients as well as
      a higher plasma cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio. On the contrary, the HDL2
      cholesterol/HDL3-cholesterol ratio was significantly reduced in the patients.
      These preliminary findings suggest that, as in ischemic heart disease, the HDL
      cholesterol reduction in cerebral and peripheral arteriosclerosis is also mainly
      due to a reduction in the HDL2 subfraction. These results also lend further
      support to the proposal that determination of the HDL subfractions is useful for
      a better assessment of the risk profile for arteriosclerosis.

PMID- 3995774
TI  - Serum and dialysate aluminium concentration of dialysed patients with chronic
      renal failure determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite
      furnace.
AB  - We investigated the aluminium content in water, in solutions for haemodialysis
      and in serum of patients, under regular haemodialysis using flameless atomic
      absorption spectroscopy with l'Vov platform. The aluminium content found for tap
      water was 6-36 micrograms/l. After deionization the aluminium content was
      negligible. The dialysis bath, prepared with deionized water from a concentrated
      solution with 30 micrograms/l of aluminium, also showed a negligible amount of
      aluminium. The results obtained showed that patients who take aluminium orally
      have predialytic aluminium serum levels between 14 and 68 micrograms/l and
      between 10 and 66 after dialysis. For patients who do not take aluminium orally,
      the corresponding values were 12-27 and 12-24. No correlation was found between
      age, sex, years of dialysis and aluminium serum levels.

PMID- 3995775
TI  - Oral versus intravenous L-phenylalanine loading compared by simultaneous
      application of L-[2H5] and L-[15N]phenylalanine.
AB  - Oral loading with 1.5 g of L-[15N]phenylalanine was performed simultaneously with
      an intravenous infusion of 1.5 g of L-[2H5]phenylalanine in two healthy
      volunteers with normal phenylalanine-hydroxylase activity. For both volunteers
      peak levels of oral L-[15N]phenylalanine were about 20 micrograms/ml compared to
      peak levels of around 50 micrograms/ml for intravenous L-[2H5]phenylalanine.
      Throughout the four hours following application, the plasma levels of the
      intravenously administered phenylalanine were higher than the plasma levels of
      the phenylalanine administered orally. In contrast, similar plasma levels of L
      [15N]tyrosine and of L-[2H4]tyrosine formed in vivo by hydroxylation of the
      corresponding stable isotope labelled L-phenylalanine precursors were observed
      during the test, indicating that about equal fractions of both the oral and of
      the intravenous L-phenylalanine are converted into L-tyrosine.

PMID- 3995776
TI  - The clinical value of rapid C-reactive protein measurement in cerebro-spinal
      fluid.
AB  - C-Reactive protein (CRP) has been measured in 90 consecutive CSF specimens using
      both latex agglutination and an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). In the 60 CSF
      specimens otherwise normal by standard biochemical and microbiological criteria,
      the median CRP level was 32 micrograms/l (95% confidence limits, 0-108
      micrograms/l) and in the remaining abnormal specimens the median level was 176
      micrograms/l (95% confidence limits, 110-325 micrograms/l, p = 0.001). C-Reactive
      protein was detected by a commercial latex agglutination kit at a level of
      approximately 120 micrograms/l and all significant CNS bacterial infections were
      positive (7 bacterial meningitis, 2 infected shunts). In addition, viral
      encephalitis, extensive intracranial malignancy and subarachnoid haemorrhage gave
      positive agglutinations, but not in every case. A further nine specimens with a
      minor elevation of CRP level were detected by IRMA (median 76 micrograms/l), but
      this was of little practical significance. We have shown that normal CSF C
      reactive protein levels are very low and we conclude that latex agglutination set
      at a sensitivity of 120 micrograms/l, although only semi-quantitative, is a rapid
      and useful method to assess CSF C-reactive protein in routine clinical practice
      and, when positive, is strong supporting evidence for bacterial infection.

PMID- 3995777
TI  - Cyclosporin A assay: conditions for sampling and processing of blood.

PMID- 3995778
TI  - A stable, low cost reagent for serum creatine kinase assay using NAD and glucose
      6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

PMID- 3995779
TI  - C-reactive protein as an aid in the differentiation of functional and
      inflammatory bowel disorders.
AB  - Eighty-two patients were investigated on their first visit to the outpatient
      department of St. Mark's Hospital, London, for the assessment of abdominal
      symptoms. In addition to the clinical examination, a rectal biopsy, routine tests
      and appropriate special investigations, blood was taken from each patient for the
      determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and alpha-1
      acid glycoprotein. Nineteen patients were finally diagnosed as having Crohn's
      disease, twenty-two ulcerative colitis, and forty-one functional bowel disorders.
      All the patients with Crohn's disease had an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate and C-reactive protein level as had 11 (50%) of the patients with ulcerative
      colitis, but none with functional disorders. All cases of ulcerative colitis
      could be diagnosed by rectal biopsy. Measurement of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
      provided no additional diagnostic information. A combination of rectal biopsy,
      and measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein
      successfully distinguishes between inflammatory disease of the large and small
      bowel and functional bowel syndrome.

PMID- 3995780
TI  - Factor X antigen evaluation by means of a laser nephelometer in health and
      disease.

PMID- 3995781
TI  - Quantitative estimation of paraquat by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using
      a monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 3995782
TI  - Serum C-reactive protein in normal and infected neonates.
AB  - Serum C-reactive protein determinations were performed on well and sick neonates,
      in order to gain information about normal values and its value in the diagnosis
      of neonatal septicaemia. The median value in 48 cord sera was 200 micrograms/l
      (range 15 to greater than 6,000 micrograms/L); there was no correlation between
      paired maternal and cord serum CRP levels (12 pairs). Thirty-six children were
      followed from birth for a mean of 20 days. There were 21 episodes of confirmed
      infection in 16 children, each associated with a sustained rise in C-reactive
      protein, often commencing before there was clinical evidence of infection. In
      four patients with raised levels, infection was suspected, but no firm evidence
      was obtained. In the remaining 16 children there were no values above 10 mg/l,
      and the 95th centile was about 6 mg/l, with no difference between values obtained
      in the first three days of life and those found subsequently. Hyaline membrane
      disease and jaundice were not associated with a rise. Raised serum C-reactive
      proteins is a good indicator of the presence of infection in the neonatal period.

PMID- 3995783
TI  - Acute postural change--a novel approach to blood pressure tracking in children.
AB  - Among 1443 children, aged 5 to 18, followed for five consecutive years, we
      identified 68 who tracked consistently in the lowest blood pressure (BP) quartile
      and 114 in the highest. BP and corresponding heart rate were taken with subjects
      in the supine, sitting and erect postures. BP quartiles were established for each
      height category. Children consistently in the highest BP quartile had greater
      relative weight and higher heart rates in all three positions. On assuming the
      erect posture, children in the lowest BP quartile showed an increase in systolic
      BP, while those in the highest BP quartile showed a decrease. Both groups showed
      an increase in diastolic BP. On assuming the erect posture, subjects in the two
      groups showed no difference in heart rate change; subjects in the highest BP
      quartile did not show the additional reflex increase in heart rate to be expected
      in response to the decrease in systolic blood pressure. This combination of BP
      and heart rate findings suggests a subtle change in the baroreceptor reflex.

PMID- 3995784
TI  - Angiotensin II in the brain and brainstem of the DOCA salt hypertensive rat.
AB  - We previously reported that immunoreactive angiotensin II (AII) containing nerve
      fibers and cell bodies were increased in the brain and brainstem of the
      spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat compared with its normotensive control, the
      Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. Since earlier studies from other laboratories described
      the distribution of AII in normotensive Sprague Dawley rat brain, it was the
      intent of this investigation to examine the localization of AII in the only DOCA
      salt hypertensive rat. We unilaterally nephrectomized Sprague Dawley rats and
      administered multiple subcutaneous injections of 30 mg/kg body weight of DOCA,
      with saline substituted for drinking water to significantly increase blood
      pressure. Using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method for immunocytochemical
      localization of a tissue antigen, we characterized AII distribution and density
      in the brain and brainstem of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Positively stained
      cell bodies and fiber profiles were found in discrete anatomical subdivisions,
      including the limbic system, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, circumventricular
      organs, reticular formation and ependymal tissue immediately adjacent to the
      ventricles. These findings support the hypothesis that AII is widely distributed
      in discrete regions of the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat brain and brainstem, and
      that the distribution of AII is consistent with a potential functional
      significance in the regulation of cardiovascular activity and neuroendocrine
      function.

PMID- 3995786
TI  - Autosomal recessive congenital cerebellar hypoplasia.
AB  - We report three sibling pairs with congenital cerebellar hypoplasia. All six
      children presented in the first years of life with delays in motor and language
      development. All patients showed cerebellar and/or vermal dysfunction and, on
      formal psychometric testing, cognitive abilities ranged from normal to moderately
      retarded. Abnormalities on CT scan ranged from prominent valleculla to an
      enlarged cisterna magna with hypoplasia of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis.
      The pedigrees are consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.

PMID- 3995785
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities associated with congenital contractures
      (arthrogryposis).
AB  - In a study of 350 patients with multiple congenital contractures
      (arthrogryposis), 80 (23%) patients had mental retardation or were
      developmentally delayed. Out of that group of 80 patients, 13 (16%) were found to
      have abnormal karyotypes. Two of the thirteen had a family history of chromosomal
      abnormalities without congenital contractures, therefore, 11 patients had
      chromosomal anomalies which appeared to be associated with the congenital
      contractures. Five of the eleven (45%) had chromosome mosaicism, three of those
      had tissue mosaicism. Two had abnormal skin fibroblast cell lines and normal
      peripheral leukocyte chromosome studies and one had a normal bone marrow
      karyotype with abnormal peripheral leukocyte chromosome studies. Chromosome
      studies were done in these patients with congenital contractures because of
      developmental delay and multisystem involvement, or recognition of clinical
      features typical of a chromosomal syndrome. We recommend first lymphocyte; and if
      those are normal, then fibroblast studies be done on all patients with multiple
      joint contractures and developmental delay, particularly if unusual facial
      features or multisystem abnormalities are present.

PMID- 3995787
TI  - Carrier detection in Becker muscular dystrophy using creatine kinase estimation
      and DNA analysis.
AB  - Serum creatine kinase levels in 39 control females and 59 obligate carriers of
      Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) have been used to construct likelihood ratios for
      carrier detection. In 24 possible carriers of BMD, analysis of DNA with X
      chromosome specific DNA probes linked to the dystrophy gene, has been used in
      conjunction with creatine kinase measurement to calculate final risk estimates of
      carrier status. Incorporation of information from probe genotype into the
      Bayesian calculation, enables a substantially lower risk to be deliniated for
      some possible carriers of the BMD gene. Thus, although the existing DNA probes
      are not sufficiently closely linked to BMD to be used in prenatal diagnosis, they
      can make a major contribution to genetic counseling by refining the estimated
      probability of carrier status.

PMID- 3995788
TI  - Carrier detection in Duchenne muscular dystrophy using computed tomography.
AB  - In Duchenne dystrophy computed tomography of muscles shows total or partial
      replacement of normal muscle by low density tissue, presumably representing fat.
      It was hypothesised that female carriers would have increased fat deposition, and
      hence lower density readings in certain muscle groups when compared with
      controls. Three C.T. scans, two through the thigh and one through the calf, were
      obtained on 9 obligate carriers, 12 "possible" carriers, and 10 controls. A total
      of 15 density readings in different muscle groups were obtained for each subject.
      The results, analysing the mean densities in Hounsfield units, show that the
      obligate carriers have statistically significant lower density readings than
      controls. The 9 obligate carriers and 10 controls were correctly allocated using
      discriminant function analysis of muscle density readings. An attempt to assign
      the "possible" carriers was made. The use of C.T. scanning in addition to
      creatine kinase (C. K.) estimations will significantly improve accuracy of
      genetic counselling and has the advantage of being non-invasive.

PMID- 3995789
TI  - On the paradoxically high relative prevalence of osteogenesis imperfecta type III
      in the black population of South Africa.
AB  - In a survey of Black patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) attending the
      Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, the severe autosomal recessive OI type III
      was recognized in 21, of whom 18 lived in the Johannesburg area. By contrast only
      5 had the ostensibly common mild autosomal dominant OI type I. The estimated
      minimum population frequency is 0.6 per hundred thousand for OI type III in this
      group and 0.1 per hundred thousand for OI type I. These figures are the reverse
      of those calculated for White Australians, where the ratio between OI type I and
      III is of the order of 7 to 1. This anomalous situation has important genetic and
      practical implications.

PMID- 3995790
TI  - Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p25----3pter). Further
      delineation of the clinical phenotype.
AB  - Clinical descriptions of individuals with partial deletion of the distal short
      arm of chromosome three have been reported rarely. A characteristic phenotype has
      been proposed. We present another patient with this cytogenetic abnormality whose
      physical and developmental features show similarities with, as well as
      differences from, previously reported cases. This suggests that the clinical
      phenotype requires further definition. In addition, gene dosage studies were
      undertaken on several serum proteins in order to try to map the location of the
      responsible genes on chromosome three.

PMID- 3995791
TI  - Velo-cardio-facial syndrome presenting as holoprosencephaly.
AB  - A baby with holoprosencephaly and the tetralogy of Fallot is described. The
      mother had operative correction of the same cardiac lesion and shows features
      typical of the velo-cardio-facial syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. The
      association between holoprosencephaly and this condition has not been previously
      reported. When holoprosencephaly is found associated with congenital heart
      disease, velo-cardio-facial syndrome should be sought in other family members.

PMID- 3995792
TI  - Oculo-palato-cerebral dwarfism: a new syndrome.
AB  - Three of four offspring of consanguineous parents presented a unique association
      of microcephaly, mental retardation, spasticity, connective tissue abnormalities,
      cleft palate, persistent hypertrophic primary vitreous, and short stature. In one
      patient brain atrophy was documented. All the affected individuals had severe
      asthma and it is thought that the asthma is associated with the syndrome complex.
      Genetic transmission is most likely autosomal recessive. We believe this
      constellation of findings to be a new genetic syndrome and have termed it the
      oculo-palato-cerebral dwarfism syndrome.

PMID- 3995793
TI  - Recurrent de novo interstitial deletion of 16q in two mentally retarded sisters.
AB  - Two sisters with similar clinical features are described. Their clinical
      manifestations include mental retardation, delayed speech development, low
      percentiles for height, weight and head circumference, dysmorphic ears, cubitus
      valgus, pseudoclubbing of fingers, flexion deformity of toes, small kidneys,
      elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). High resolution
      chromosome analysis revealed a complete deletion of 16qh with a concurrent small
      deletion of the adjacent euchromatic segment 16q12.1 in one of the no. 16
      chromosomes of both sisters, whereas the parents had normal no. 16 chromosomes.
      Length polymorphism of the 16qh regions appeared to indicate a maternal origin of
      the deleted no. 16 chromosome in both sisters. The clinical features of both
      sisters were attributed to the 16q12.1 deletion. Since both parents were
      cytogenetically normal, the two sisters were considered as a recurrence of a
      similar de novo interstitial deletion. Possible mechanisms which could lead to
      recurrence of a seemingly de novo event are discussed.

PMID- 3995794
TI  - Familial clefting syndrome with ectropion and dental anomaly--without limb
      anomalies.
AB  - Three generations of a family are described in which cleft lip and/or cleft
      palate, ectropion of the lower eyelids and conical teeth, subject to premature
      carious decay, occur in various combinations in different family members, in a
      manner consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance.

PMID- 3995795
TI  - Birth intervals in oral cleft families.

PMID- 3995796
TI  - Presence and origin of IgA1- and IgA2-containing circulating immune complexes in
      chronic alcoholic liver diseases with and without glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Levels of IgA-containing circulating immune complexes (IgAIC) and their content
      of IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses were determined in chronic alcoholics with various
      degrees of liver damage and with or without associated glomerulonephritis. In
      patients with chronic alcoholic liver diseases, significantly increased IgAIC
      mean values were found independent of the presence of renal involvement, while in
      chronic alcoholics without biochemical evidence of liver damage IgAIC levels were
      normal. Both IgA subclasses were evidenced in IgAIC with an IgA pattern similar
      to that found in secretions, in agreement with the impaired liver clearance of
      IgAIC derived from intestinal mucosa. Nevertheless, no significant correlation
      between IgAIC and markers of hepatocytolysis or of cholestasis was found. One
      cannot therefore rule out the hypothesis of increased IgA synthesis in alcoholic
      liver disease due to abnormal alimentary antigen challenge and pathologic
      lymphocytic responsiveness. Finally, high IgAIC levels were found not only in
      patients with IgA glomerular deposits, but also in patients without clinical
      evidence of renal involvement.

PMID- 3995797
TI  - The predominant lymphocyte in most thymomas and in nonneoplastic thymus from
      patients with myasthenia gravis is the cortical thymocyte.
AB  - Cell suspensions prepared from 12 specimens of nonneoplastic thymus (6 normal and
      6 from patients with myasthenia gravis) and from 17 thymomas were investigated
      with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The great preponderance of thymocytes from
      the 12 nonneoplastic specimens and from 13 of the 17 thymomas (2 of 3
      predominantly lymphocytic tumors and 11 of 12 mixed tumors) displayed the surface
      phenotype of cortical or common thymocytes. These cells formed rosettes with
      unsensitized sheep erythrocytes (E-rosettes) at both 4 and 37 degrees C, and
      reacted with the following monoclonal antibodies: OKT1 (thymic and peripheral T
      cells), OKT6 (common thymocytes), OKT10 (replicating lymphoid cells), OKT11
      (sheep cell receptor), and both OKT4 (inducer-helper T cells) and OKT8 (cytotoxic
      suppressor T cells). Few B cells (lymphocytes with either immunoglobulin or Ia
      like antigen on the cell surface), and few cells with receptors for transferrin
      and interleukin 2 were detected. Thymocytes from 3 of the 4 remaining thymomas (2
      predominantly epithelial tumors and 1 mixed tumor) displayed surface marker
      characteristics of medullary thymocytes or peripheral T cells; i.e., they were
      reactive with OKT1, OKT3 (peripheral T cells), OKT11, and either OKT4 or OKT8,
      and were also E-rosette positive only at 4 degrees C and TdT negative. Thymocytes
      from the final tumor, a lymphocytic thymoma, exhibited an intermediate phenotype.
      Thus, almost all mixed (11 of 12) and lymphocytic (2 of 3) thymomas were composed
      predominantly of cortical thymocytes, while the medullary cell was the rule in
      the two tumors that were predominantly epithelial.

PMID- 3995798
TI  - Effect of the BXSB Y chromosome accelerating gene on autoantibody production.
AB  - The Y chromosome of the BXSB mouse is able to accelerate and adversely alter the
      autoimmune disease of inbred BXSB mice and in male F1 hybrids. In order to
      further study the effects of the BXSB Y chromosome, we developed three inbred
      congenic strains, each bearing the BXSB Y: CBA/J.BXSB-Y, NZW.BXSB-Y, and NZB.BXSB
      Y. The BXSB Y did not induce anti-DNA or anti-red blood cell (RBC) autoantibodies
      in either CBA/J or NZW congenic strains. Thus, it is an accelerating rather than
      an inducing factor. NZB.BXSB-Y congenic mice had accelerated anti-RBC but not
      anti-DNA. Studies of recombinant inbred by BXSB F1 mice indicated that the BXSB Y
      did not act to promote the activity of the NZB gene underlying anti-DNA. These
      and studies of (BXSB X NZB.BXSB-Y) F1 mice suggested that BXSB autosomal genes
      are required for the full anti-DNA accelerating activity of the BXSB Y. These
      mice provide a basis for future molecular genetic studies of the BXSB Y.

PMID- 3995799
TI  - Secondary mania associated with diltiazem.

PMID- 3995800
TI  - Pseudocoarctation of the aortic arch in a patient with Turner's syndrome.

PMID- 3995801
TI  - Values of electrocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography to identify
      myocardial infarction due to left circumflex and right coronary artery disease.
AB  - To investigate the value of the 12-lead ECG and two-dimensional echocardiography
      (2DE) in the distinction of left circumflex (LCX) from right coronary artery
      (RCA) disease, we analyzed the location of Q waves, infarct lesions, and coronary
      artery narrowings in 26 patients with angiographically documented single-vessel
      disease. Q waves in leads II, III, and aVF were associated with the posterior
      wall (PW) lesions at the papillary muscle level. Extensive lesions from the PW to
      the posterior septum (PS) identified RCA disease, while extension to the lateral
      wall (LW) identified LCX disease. Eleven of 12 patients with high posterior
      infarction (tall R wave in V1) were found to have extensive LW lesions and 10 of
      these had coronary narrowings in or proximal to the obtuse marginal branch of
      LCX. All 6 patients with high posterior infarction and high lateral infarction (Q
      in I or aVL) had infarct lesions extending from the LW to the anterior wall (AW)
      and were associated with LCX disease with a large obtuse marginal branch. Of 10
      patients with Q waves in V6, the apical LW and PW were involved in 7 and either
      segment in 3. Nine of these 10 patients had LCX disease. It is concluded that the
      location of Q waves in inferior infarction could aid in recognizing infarct
      extension and underlying coronary artery disease.

PMID- 3995802
TI  - Apical left ventricular asynergy in chronic aortic regurgitation.
AB  - Apical left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities have been described in
      chronic volume overload. To evaluate if these abnormalities are due to an actual
      hypokinesia we analyzed the percent shortening of apical LV radiants (PS%) by an
      angiographic computerized method and the endocardial systolic movement (ESM) and
      thickening (%Th) of the same region using M-mode echocardiographic technique in
      11 patients affected by pure aortic regurgitation (AR). In these patients mean
      apical radii shortening was reduced with respect to normal values. Both %Th and
      ESM were significantly reduced in AR when compared to normal subjects (24.5 +/-
      31.7% vs. 63.8 +/- 35.8%, p less than 0.01 and 4 +/- 7 vs. 10 +/- 3 mm, p less
      than 0.01, respectively). In addition, %Th and ESM directly correlated with PS%
      (r = 0.79, p less than 0.01 and r = 0.77, p less than 0.01, respectively). PS%
      correlated positively with systolic eccentricity and inversely with end-systolic
      volume index (r = 0.64, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.57, p less than 0.05,
      respectively). Finally, in AR %Th was related to a normalized peak rate of
      systolic wall thickening (r = 0.85, p less than 0.01) and to a normalized peak
      rate of diastolic wall thinning (r = 0.68, p less than 0.05). These results
      showed that in AR a reduced apical radii percent shortening was associated with a
      reduced normalized peak rate of systolic wall thickening and of diastolic wall
      thinning, thus indicating an actual hypokinesis and an impaired contractility.
      Moreover, the observed abnormalities correlated with an altered LV dynamic
      geometry linked to chronic volume overload.

PMID- 3995803
TI  - The "straight back" syndrome: current perspective more often associated with
      valvular heart disease than pseudoheart disease: a prospective clinical,
      electrocardiographic, roentgenographic, and echocardiographic study of 50
      patients.
AB  - Fifty consecutive patients (36 male, 14 female, mean age 28 years) who had heart
      murmurs and clinical and radiographic evidence of straight upper dorsal spine
      (straight back syndrome, SBS) underwent detailed clinical, electrocardiographic,
      roentgenographic, and echocardiographic evaluation. Palpable systolic thrill
      noted in one (2%) and widened S2 with persistent splitting in 2 (4%) patients
      were uncommon. Murmurs were invariably systolic in nature. Those located at the
      base of the heart in 19 (38%) patients were ejection in type and best heard
      during expiration. Those located at the apex in 26 (52%) patients were either mid
      , late-, or pansystolic, and often associated with midsystolic click. Five (10%)
      patients had both types of murmurs. Diastolic murmurs were not heard in any
      patient. EKGs were normal in the majority. Cardiomegaly (C:T greater than 55%)
      was present in only 5 (10%) and dilatation of the main pulmonary artery in 2 (4%)
      patients. Thus the incidence of pseudoheart disease (PsHD) was small (14%).
      Echocardiograms were normal in 18 (36%) and abnormal in 32 (64%) patients. There
      was evidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in 29 (58%) patients and 3 (6%) had
      evidence of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). In a control group of 40 age- and sex
      matched patients (26 male, 14 female, mean age 29.5 years), who also had heart
      murmurs but lacked straight upper dorsal spine, only 7 (17.5%) had MVP and none
      had BAV. The difference is both clinically and statistically significant (p less
      than 0.001). It is concluded that SBS is more often associated with valvular
      heart disease (MVP and BAV) than PsHD. Therefore, the diagnosis of SBS should
      remain presumptive until echocardiography has been performed to exclude MVP and
      BAV. SBS patients who have valvular heart disease should receive infective
      endocarditis prophylaxis.

PMID- 3995804
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse syndrome with coronary artery spasm: a possible cause of
      recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmia.
AB  - A 54-year-old man with mitral valve prolapse syndrome diagnosed by
      echocardiography complained of anginal pain associated with ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia. One day he suddenly lost consciousness, and ECG at that time
      revealed ventricular fibrillation. Thereafter, he developed ST elevation,
      sporadic premature ventricular contractions, and R on T phenomenon leading to
      ventricular fibrillation during the attack of anginal pain. His coronary
      arteriogram was normal. This case implies that coronary artery spasm may be one
      of the causes of chest pain and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with
      mitral valve prolapse syndrome.

PMID- 3995805
TI  - A peculiar extra heart sound after artificial pneumothorax in congenital
      pericardial defect: a diagnostic clue.
AB  - A 37-year-old man was admitted to the hospital in order to evaluate the cause of
      systolic ejection heart murmur and to treat his easy fatigability. The chest
      roentgenogram showed a marked protrusion of the left second and third arches of
      the cardiac silhouette. At the diagnostic procedure, 200 ml of air was injected
      into the left thoracic space. The chest roentgenogram revealed no sign of
      pneumopericardium, but an abnormal extra heart sound was audible. Addition of
      another 200 ml of air was needed to reveal a pneumopericardium on the chest
      roentgenogram. A peculiar extra heart sound after artificial pneumothorax may be
      useful for the early recognition of congenital pericardial defect.

PMID- 3995806
TI  - Review and case report: primary melanoblastosis of the leptomeninges.
AB  - A case of primary diffuse leptomeningeal melanoblastosis in a 46-year-old male is
      reported. His symptoms included headaches, transient hemiparesis, epileptic
      seizures and a progressive psychosyndrome. CT brain scans showed a slight
      enhancement of density in the subarachnoidal space. The disease was diagnosed by
      CSF cytology, using light microscopy, electron microscopy, autoradiography and
      cell culture. Systemic combined chemotherapy using Cisplatinum, DTIC, and
      Vindesine was without any significant response and he died 18 weeks after onset
      of the first complaints. Autopsy showed a diffuse infiltration of the entire
      leptomeninges by melanotic melanoblastoma cells invading the sagittal superior
      sinus. A thorough dissection including the orbital contents and skin nevi failed
      to reveal a primary tumor outside the CNS.

PMID- 3995807
TI  - Brain pathology in the Meckel syndrome: a study of 59 cases.
AB  - The Meckel syndrome (MS), relatively frequent in Finland, has been subjected to a
      nationwide study regarding the spectrum of anomalies, diagnostic criteria and
      epidemiology. This report describes the observations made on brain pathology in
      the 59 cases in the series. 10 cases were studied neuropathologically after
      formalin fixation of the brain. A spectrum of CNS malformations was seen with
      craniorachischisis totalis at the most severe end and a partial defect of corpus
      callosum as the only abnormality at the mildest end of the malformative spectrum.
      The most consistent malformation was occipital meningo-encephalocele, observed in
      90% of the cases. Absence of olfactory bulbs was almost as frequent, while only
      two cases with a telencephalic holosphere were observed. Defects in midline
      commissuration (including absent or incomplete corpus callosum), associated with
      absence of the lateral ventricles, represented the third group of malformations
      common in MS. Polymicrogyria, heterotopias and characteristic, neuroepithelial
      rosettes were frequent microscopic features. Brain pathology in the Meckel
      syndrome thus displays a wide malformative spectrum with disturbances in both
      dorsal and ventral induction as well as in proliferation and migration. These
      findings suggest a heterochronic pathogenesis compatible with the genetic nature
      of this syndrome.

PMID- 3995808
TI  - Primary systemic carnitine deficiency under successful therapy: clinical,
      biochemical, ultrahistochemical and renal clearance studies.
AB  - Systemic carnitine deficiency is an often fatal, but treatable metabolic disorder
      which should be considered in any child with repeated episodes of a Reye-like
      syndrome or a cardiomyopathy. A 4-year-old girl with a typical history and
      clinical findings was successfully treated with oral carnitine. Despite low liver
      carnitine, ketogenesis upon fasting was normal. Normal muscle function under
      therapy was associated with unchanged low muscle carnitine levels. Improvement of
      mitochondrial structure and function was demonstrated by controlled
      ultrahistochemical studies. A renal carnitine leak, evident from renal clearance
      studies, may contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic carnitine deficiency.

PMID- 3995810
TI  - Ecchordosis physaliphora and chordoma: a comparative ultrastructural study.
AB  - A comparative study of the ultrastructure of two cases of ecchordosis
      physaliphora and of two chordomas demonstrated outstanding similarities in the
      cells composing these two entities. Chordoma cells possessed a more prominent
      Golgi apparatus, an endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria complex, plasmalemmal
      infoldings, nuclear irregularities and a larger extracellular space with abundant
      matrix, reflecting their expanding neoplastic nature. Ecchordosis cells had
      nuclear inclusions, dense-core membrane-bound granules and subcytoplasmalemmal
      linear densities, not previously described. Both ecchordosis and chordoma cells
      have morphologic features of both epithelial and mesodermal character. This study
      supports the concept that chordomas arise from heterotopic notochordal remnants
      in the cranio-vertebral canal.

PMID- 3995809
TI  - Ultrastructural and histochemical abnormalities of skeletal muscle in a patient
      with a new variant (type Homburg) of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency.
AB  - Ultrastructural and enzyme histochemical muscle abnormalities are described in a
      case with a new variant (type Homburg) of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI)
      deficiency, associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and muscle
      weakness. The enzyme is thermostable in contrast to other described variants. The
      muscle fibers showed decreased GPI activity, ultrastructural abnormalities,
      including giant mitochondria, and a diffuse increase of glycogen. The functional
      alteration of muscle tissue is due to a stable enzyme protein with decreased
      specific activity.

PMID- 3995811
TI  - Cerebellar hemangioblastoma and subependymoma: a case report of an unprecedented
      association.
AB  - We report the case of a 71-year-old man who suffered from both a cerebellar
      hemangioblastoma and a subependymoma (glomerate subependymal astrocytoma) of the
      base of the fourth ventricle. His symptoms included episodes of loss of
      consciousness, cerebellar ataxia, and postural vertigo. The clinical diagnosis
      presented considerable difficulties. The simultaneous occurrence of both tumors
      in one patient has not been reported previously. After reviewing the literature,
      we conclude that this unusual association was a result of chance rather than
      common oncogenic factors.

PMID- 3995812
TI  - Localized hypertrophic neuropathy: a perineurialoma?

PMID- 3995813
TI  - Carbon fiber replacement of the ligaments of the shoulder girdle and the
      treatment of lateral instability of the ankle joint.
AB  - A normal active human being will not accept chronic instability or persistent
      luxation of any joint. Many attempts have been made to stabilize a damaged joint
      with autogeneic and allogeneic materials and by various surgical techniques. In
      animal and clinical trials, carbon fibers are reported to be a promising material
      for ligament replacement in chronic joint instability. The authors are
      investigating carbon fibers not only for repair of chronic instability of knee
      joints but also for chronic luxations and subluxations of the sternoclavicular,
      acromioclavicular, and ankle joints. For long-term stability of the new ligament,
      carbon fibers must be implanted in cancellous bone channels. Ingrowth of
      connective tissue and newly formed bone produces a secure ligament anchorage. A
      temporary tension band wire loop immobilizes the sternoclavicular or
      acromioclavicular joint. The ankle ligament replacements are immobilized with a
      weight-bearing plaster boot for six weeks postoperation. The use of carbon fibers
      as a ligament replacement in the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and ankle
      joints produces favorable functions and stability. Reconstruction of the normal
      ligament insertions of a joint is essential, particularly with respect to
      supination and free range of movement. Of 56 cases with lateral chronic
      instability of the ankle, 51 with a mean average postoperative follow-up period
      of two years, 49 had subjectively good results. Stable joints were demonstrable
      in 48 cases; supination was limited in four cases.

PMID- 3995814
TI  - Carbon fiber ligament replacement in chronic knee instability.
AB  - Procedures currently acknowledged or still accepted and performed in the
      operative treatment of chronic instability of the knee include autogeneic,
      allogeneic, and xenogeneic grafts or alloplastic materials such as carbon fibers.
      After years of experimental studies of the carbon material itself and its
      behavior in animals, the following facts have been established. Carbon fibers
      possess a good biocompatibility, have favorable elasticity (by use of a band with
      a braid angle of 43 degrees), and permit the ingrowth of collagenous fibers
      between the carbon fibers of the prosthesis. With carbon fibers, an anatomic
      reconstruction of the injured ligament is possible. These fibers must be
      incorporated in bone to provide a long-lasting anchorage. For fixation, the band
      is pulled through bone channels or put under a trap door at the site of the
      original ligament insertion. Since ruptures have occurred when pure carbon
      strands were used intra-articularly, a coat of resorbable collagen has been
      applied. In addition, the intra-articular segment of the band is enveloped in a
      sheet of dura or fascia lata, thus providing stability against shear stresses. Of
      64 patients followed up over 13.6 months on average, 60 were satisfied: 28 had
      stable knees; 30 had minor instability; and six were unstable. The range of
      movement was equal to the unaffected side in 37, slightly decreased in 23, and
      much reduced in four cases.

PMID- 3995815
TI  - Clinical experience and early results of carbon fiber augmentation of anterior
      cruciate reconstruction of the knee.
AB  - Augmentation by autogenous tissue in the repair of acute anterior cruciate
      ligament injury has been found to be of benefit in providing a scaffold for the
      disrupted tissue and a stent to protect the repaired tissue, thereby ultimately
      increasing the strength of the repair. In both the acute setting and when
      autogenous tissue is used to reconstruct a chronic anterior cruciate-deficient
      knee, the substitute tissues require protection while revascularization and
      recollagenization take place. Potential solutions to these problems are sought in
      a ligament prosthesis, such as carbon fibers, that would be capable of providing
      both a stent for protection and an inducement for collagen ingrowth. Intra
      articular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with autogenous tissue
      augmented by PLA-coated carbon fibers was performed in one group of ten patients.
      A second group of matched cases was similarly treated but without augmentation
      for controls. The results were analyzed at one year postoperation on both the 100
      point protocol rating system and the authors' 200-point knee rating system. On
      the 100-point scale, the study group improved by 14.8% of the preoperative
      rating, while the comparison group improved by 23.3%. On the 200-point system,
      the study group improved by 21.9%, the comparison group by 22.6%. There was no
      demonstrable benefit in the use of carbon fiber to augment intra-articular,
      autogenous tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.

PMID- 3995817
TI  - Normal ligament properties and ligament healing.
AB  - There is still a long way to go to achieve the goals of ligament replacement
      through modification of normal, intrinsic ligament healing processes. We are
      learning about the biology of ligamentous tissues, including the problem of
      regeneration, and that in itself is an all-important first step toward seeking
      solutions.

PMID- 3995816
TI  - Treatment of chronic anterior knee instabilities with combined intra- and extra
      articular transfer augmented with carbon-PLA fibers.
AB  - In the treatment of old chronic anterior knee instabilities by anterior cruciate
      ligament (ACL) insufficiency, isolated reconstruction of the ACL is insufficient
      because of an associated stretching of the lateral capsule and lateral collateral
      ligament. A combined intra- and extra-articular transfer (consisting of the
      central one-third of the patellar tendon, the prepatellar tissue, and the central
      one-third of the quadriceps tendon) is necessary to repair ACL instability.
      Augmentation of the autogenous transfer with polylactic acid-coated carbon fibers
      has several advantages. It improves the transfer's strength by reinforcing its
      weak zones; gives initial strength during graft remodeling and vascularization,
      thus avoiding cast immobilization; and allows early active rehabilitation and
      possibly return to sports activity. The surgical technique is based on
      biomechanical and biologic principles. The transfer remains attached to the
      tibial tubercle, passing through a tibial tunnel, through the intercondylar
      notch, behind the lateral femoral condyle in a bony groove, then on the lateral
      aspect of the condyle, beneath the lateral collateral ligament, and ending close
      to Gerdy's tubercle. The preliminary results in 30 patients are encouraging. The
      subjective and objective results are similar to those previously obtained with
      nonreinforced methods of repair, except that there is an early return to normal
      activities.

PMID- 3995818
TI  - Rotator cuff repair with carbon filament. A preliminary report of five cases.
AB  - Carbon filament-polylactic acid (CPA) is useful in closing large and massive
      tears of the rotator cuff. CPA was not used to fill a large gap between the cuff
      edge and raw bone. In the small number of shoulders (five) repaired with CPA, the
      best results were obtained in first-time operations. In two patients who had
      total acromionectomies, the functional results were poor, as expected. CPA
      assisted cuff repairs have not yet been shown to be significantly better than
      repairs with conventional techniques.

PMID- 3995819
TI  - Reinforcement of tendons and ligaments with carbon fibers. Four years, 1300
      cases.
AB  - Carbon fibers have a remarkable quality of compatibility with the ability to
      induce collagenous tissue, but the growth cannot be controlled and may be
      troublesome if excessive. Replacement of tendons and ligaments by carbon fibers
      requires a minimum of three months of immobilization, the time necessary for the
      newly formed tissue to be effective. It is possible if there is no other choice,
      as, for example, in surgery of old Achilles tendon ruptures, or in reconstruction
      of ligaments if all autogenous material has been used in previous operations. The
      author currently uses carbon fibers not to replace tendons or ligaments but to
      reinforce some weakness of their surgery. The technique of the reinforcement in
      surgery of the medical collateral ligament of the knee, in reconstruction of the
      medial patellar retinaculum, and in surgery of tendinitis of Achilles tendon or
      patellar ligament has been developed in the treatment of more than 1300 cases.

PMID- 3995820
TI  - Prevention of sciatic nerve entrapment in trochanteric wiring following total hip
      arthroplasty.
AB  - Sciatic nerve entrapment secondary to trochanteric wiring is a rare but serious
      complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA) in which the
      transtrochanteric approach has been used. To eliminate this risk, the authors
      modified the Charnley drill-and-wire-guide forceps for the femur, an instrument
      that facilitates both the drilling of an anteroposterior hole through the femur
      in the intertrochanteric region and the insertion of the horizontal wire.
      Transformation of the slot on the lower branch of the forceps into a loop that
      engages the posterior end of the wire, thereby advancing it automatically when
      the instrument is retracted, effectively prevents entrapment of both the sciatic
      nerve and the soft tissues. The modified instrument also saves time, and in more
      than 3000 THAs in which it has been used, no case of sciatic nerve entrapment has
      been observed.

PMID- 3995821
TI  - Prophylactic indomethacin for the prevention of heterotopic bone formation
      following total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - In July 1977, prophylactic indomethacin for "high-risk" total hip arthroplasty
      candidates was adopted for the prevention of heterotopic bone formation. A total
      of 1053 patients were included in this retrospective study. Five hundred twenty
      five patients were operated on before July 1977, whereas 528 patients had a total
      hip arthroplasty after July 1977, when the indomethacin program was initiated.
      Eighty-one of the 528 patients operated on after July 1977 were identified as
      high-risk surgical candidates and therefore received prophylactic coverage. None
      of the 81 patients treated with indomethacin developed the functionally disabling
      Grade II or III ectopic ossification. Statistical analysis revealed a marked
      different (p less than .001) between the overall incidence of heterotopic bone
      formation in patients operated on before July 1977 and that of patients who had
      hip procedures after July 1977, when the indomethacin program began.
      Surprisingly, the action of indomethacin on bone metabolism did not seem to
      retard fusion of the greater trochanter with the femur or alter the frequency of
      nonunion.

PMID- 3995822
TI  - Surgical stabilization of the cervical spine. A comparative analysis of anterior
      and posterior spine fusions.
AB  - Two hundred twenty-two cervical spine stabilization procedures in 212 patients
      are reviewed. In 114 posterior cervical fusions, 88 anterior fusions, and ten
      combined procedures, no deaths occurred. Surgical complication rates were
      similar, but more severe complications were noted with anterior cervical fusions,
      including tracheoesophageal problems and transient neurologic loss. Six cases of
      graft dislodgement requiring reoperation also occurred. In long-term follow-up
      evaluations, 36 anterior fusion patients developed progressive kyphotic deformity
      averaging 22 degrees between surgery and the time solid fusion was obtained.
      Degenerative changes above and below the fusion mass were detected in 36 of 59
      patients treated by anterior surgery. Posterior cervical fusion patients were
      noted to have no significant late change in alignment, and degenerative changes
      were infrequent. However, 73 of 98 patients had significant extension of fusion
      mass beyond the originally intended levels of stabilization. Because anterior
      cervical spine fusion was associated with significant complications of graft
      dislodgement and tracheoesophageal trauma, as well as postsurgical progressive
      deformity, the authors recommend posterior wiring and fusion as the procedure of
      choice to treat cervical spine instability and permit halo-free postsurgical
      rehabilitation. When anterior neural decompression and fusion is necessary,
      concomitant posterior wiring and fusion or halo vest immobilization may be
      necessary to maintain reduction and prevent kyphotic angulation, because
      posterior ligamentous disruption is not always grossly evident on radiographic
      examination.

PMID- 3995823
TI  - The anatomy of the distal ulnar tunnel.
AB  - The distal ulnar tunnel is a region of the wrist 4-4.5 cm in length in which the
      ulnar nerve is particularly vulnerable to external compression. The relation of
      the internal topography of the nerve to the structures comprising the tunnel
      provides a basis for dividing the tunnel into three zones. Zone 1 is that portion
      of the tunnel proximal to the bifurcation of the ulnar nerve. Zone 2 encompasses
      the deep motor branch of the nerve, and Zone 3 surrounds the superficial branch.
      A review of the literature of ulnar nerve compression lesions confirmed
      expectations based on the regional anatomy. Zone 1 lesions included all (39)
      cases of combined motor and sensory deficits, one case of pure motor paralysis,
      and seven cases of sensory deficits. All Zone 2 lesions (36 cases) resulted in
      paralysis of the intrinsic muscles. Whether or not the hypothenar muscles were
      affected was dependent upon the location of the lesions within Zone 2. Zone 3
      lesions caused sensory deficits only. Combined motor and sensory loss was most
      often caused by compression from deep to the nerve, while pure sensory deficits
      were a result of compression lesions lying superficial to the nerve.

PMID- 3995824
TI  - Tenosynovial osteochondroma of the hand. A case report and brief review.
AB  - A 61-year-old man presented with a slowly growing, painless mass over the dorsum
      of his right hand. Roentgenography, computed tomography, and a radionuclide bone
      scan revealed a soft-tissue mass with mineralization but no bone or joint
      involvement. Routine laboratory tests and a chest roentgenogram were negative. A
      biopsy was inconclusive. The mass was removed en bloc and was diagnosed as
      synovial osteochondroma arising from the extensor tendon sheaths. The patient has
      been symptom-free 16 months postoperation. The literature indicates that these
      tumors occur almost exclusively in the hands or feet and are thought to develop
      by metaplasia from the mesenchymal cells of the synovial membrane; mineralization
      and ossification of the tumor are secondary. The actively growing tumor is often
      cellular and may show atypical cytologic features. Such microscopic
      characteristics should not be interpreted as evidence of a low-grade
      chondrosarcoma. A review of the literature failed to disclose a case with
      malignant transformation, although several lesions had recurred, some more than
      once. For this reason, complete removal of the involved synovia is of great
      importance.

PMID- 3995825
TI  - Old rupture of the patellar tendon. A case report.
AB  - A 46-year-old man with pain and instability in the right knee and a long
      neglected rupture of the patellar tendon was treated by means of tendon
      reconstruction. External skeletal fixation between the patella and the tibial
      tubercle allowed for early exercise of the knee joint, resulting in a favorable
      range of knee motion. This method is considered to be helpful in the
      reconstruction of old and disabling patellar tendon ruptures.

PMID- 3995826
TI  - Naviculo-cuneiform coalition. A report of two cases.
AB  - This solidus article reports on two unique cases of naviculo-medial cuneiform
      coalition in a 20-year-old man and a 22-year-old woman. In the first patient,
      arthrodesis was successful in relieving the localized pain, whereas in the second
      patient the pain gradually decreased without treatment.

PMID- 3995827
TI  - Osteochondrosis of the tarsal cuneiforms.
AB  - The osteochondroses are a conglomerate of bony lesions that share similar
      clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features. While almost any bone may
      demonstrate the features of this disease process, involvement of the tarsal bone
      is very rare. Some type of disorder of enchondral ossification is thought to be
      the common etiologic link in the development and manifestation of tarsal
      cuneiform osteochondrosis. The course of the disease process is benign and self
      limited. The treatment is symptomatic.

PMID- 3995828
TI  - Treatment of supracondylar fractures following prosthetic arthroplasty of the
      knee.
AB  - Fifteen supracondylar fractures of the femur in patients with ipsilateral total
      knee arthroplasties were treated between 1975 and 1982. Three groups were
      identified for analyzation of treatment and end result. The average follow-up
      period after fracture was 18 months, with a range of ten to 48 months. Group I
      had four patients treated by closed reduction, cast immobilization, and early
      weight-bearing. At follow-up evaluation, three had a decrease in knee rating
      score, and one required a corrective osteotomy. Group II had eight patients
      treated by traction followed by cast or cast-brace immobilization. Four patients
      had a decrease in the knee rating because of malunion or loss of motion, and
      there was one nonunion requiring surgical treatment. Group III had three patients
      treated by immediate open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. All
      three groups had functional arthroplasties following union of the fracture.
      Closed reduction and skeletal traction are recommended for the initial treatment.
      Open reduction and internal fixation, when technically feasible, is recommended
      when closed reduction and skeletal traction cannot maintain satisfactory
      alignment.

PMID- 3995829
TI  - Closed loop instrumentation of the lumbar spine.
AB  - A review of 40 consecutive nonreported multilevel lumbar fusions revealed an
      unacceptable pseudarthrosis rate of 32.5%. In an attempt to reduce this
      complication, a modification of segmental spinal instrumentation with use of a
      closed loop was performed on 50 consecutive patients treated by multilevel lumbar
      stabilizations. The primary diagnoses were degenerative disc and/or facet disease
      in 32, spondylolisthesis in 14, and pseudarthrosis in four. Thirty-eight percent
      had three or more levels to be fused. Thirty-two percent had had previous spinal
      surgery. Follow-up study was a minimum of one year. Seventy-three percent had
      posterior facet fusions. Twenty-seven percent had bilateral transverse process
      fusions. A pseudarthrosis occurred early in six patients, an incidence of 12%;
      three of the six occurred in patients with spondylolisthesis. Four of the six
      pseudarthroses occurred following posterior fusions. Subjective symptoms were
      improved in 80%. Working capacity was the same or better in 56%. Closed loop
      instrumentation (CLI) decreased the overall incidence of pseudarthrosis. When
      combined with transverse process fusion, CLI produced a slightly higher rate of
      success (90%) than did posterior fusion alone (87%) but did not reduce the
      incidence of pseudarthrosis in patients with spondylolisthesis.

PMID- 3995830
TI  - Spastic paraparesis due to cryptococcal osteomyelitis. A case report.
AB  - Skeletal cryptococcosis is an uncommon infection. Isolated osteomyelitis due to
      Cryptococcus neoformans is quite rare. Only seven cases of skeletal
      cryptococcosis with involvement of vertebrae but no systemic infection have been
      reported. In only one was there paraplegia. Since vertebral cryptococcosis seems
      not to have been reported previously in Japan, this case of a 50-year-old coal
      miner successfully treated for paraparesis caused by cryptococcal spondylitis of
      the ninth, tenth, and 11th thoracic vertebrae is noteworthy. Two decompression
      operations and combined amphotericin B and flucytosine therapy reduced the
      patient's paraparesis, and no sign of recurrence was seen for 21 months after the
      second operation.

PMID- 3995831
TI  - Metabolic and histologic changes in the ischemic muscles of replanted dog legs.
AB  - The sequential and histologic changes occurring in muscles from ischemia were
      investigated in dogs. The left hind limbs were amputated, and recirculation was
      established after preserving them either in ice water or at room temperature for
      six to 12 hours. Slight leakage of the muscle enzymes creatine phosphokinase
      (CPK), mitochondrial glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT-m), and lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) into the recirculated venous blood occurred in specimens
      preserved in ice water for six hours, but there was a marked increase in enzyme
      leakage in the other groups. Histologic muscle changes consisted of cell swelling
      and separation of the sarcoplasm from the endomysium. Electron microscopy
      revealed widening of the myofibrillar spaces, a virtual absence of glycogen
      granules, and degeneration of mitochondria. These results support the clinical
      practice that the amputated extremities must be preserved in ice water and that
      blood recirculation should be initiated within six hours of amputation.

PMID- 3995832
TI  - Value of hyaluronic acid in the prevention of contracture formation.
AB  - Joint stiffness secondary to immobilization was inhibited by intra-articular
      hyaluronic acid injection in an experimental joint contracture in rabbits.
      Biochemical and biomechanical parameters were used to evaluate the joint
      stiffness after nine weeks of immobilization. In all treatments, hyaluronic acid
      reduced the measured stiffness in the contracture by approximately 50% as
      compared to the contractures of the untreated rabbits. In addition, hyaluronic
      acid prevented the loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (as measured by hexosamine),
      which normally occurs in untreated contractures. The results are related to a
      working hypothesis that intra-articular injections of drugs such as hyaluronic
      acid (Healon-R) will stimulate hyaluronic acid synthesis within the matrices of
      periarticular connective tissue (PCT). If the spacing and lubricating properties
      of the glycosaminoglycans could be maintained in the stress-deprived state, the
      "centripetal collapse" of the fibrillar matrix could be avoided, anomalous cross
      links could be minimized, and more normal joint mechanics could be retained.

PMID- 3995833
TI  - The measurement of anterior knee laxity after ACL reconstructive surgery.
AB  - An objective clinical instrument known as a knee ligament Arthrometer was
      developed. The instrumentation system was applied to measurements of knee
      ligament laxity in the operating room with the patients under anesthesia.
      Prereconstruction and immediate postreconstruction measurements were made with
      the patient still on the operating table. The change in laxity of the patient's
      operated knee as compared to the opposite nonoperated control knee was documented
      for 19 chronic and 24 acute patients. Four separate reconstruction types were
      studied in the operating room. The immediate postreconstruction measurements
      documented that all four of the reconstruction types were equally effective in
      the immediate restoration of normal laxity in the ACL-deficient knees. The
      Arthrometer proved to be a useful tool for confirming that each patient's normal
      knee laxity was reestablished in the O.R. by its reconstruction.

PMID- 3995834
TI  - Computer-assisted analysis of ligament constraints in the knee.
AB  - A computer graphics technique was employed to investigate the ligament
      constraints in the knee joint. A computer-assisted tomography scan system was
      employed to obtain the geometry of the knee and the ligament insertion locations.
      A cadaver knee was mounted in a special rig that kept the femur and the tibia in
      a specified position. The scans of the knee at 5-mm distances were recorded.
      These scans were projected in the computer to generate a data base for the tibia,
      the femur, and the tibial and femoral insertion locations for the various
      ligaments. The computer graphics analysis provides realistic views of the bone
      structures. The views compare favorably with the original CT scans.
      Interestingly, the scans near the ligament insertion site were clearly observed
      to have a higher bone density. Higher density was also observed at the
      intercondylar notch below the patella. The analysis was used to simulate ACL and
      PCL insufficiencies. A Lachman test at 25 degrees of flexion is a sensitive test
      for ACL insufficiency, whereas the 90 degrees drawer test may not be a sensitive
      indicator of PCL insufficiency. This computer graphics technique may prove useful
      in the design and development of artificial ligaments as well as in planning
      surgical procedures.

PMID- 3995835
TI  - Histologic pattern of biomechanic properties of the carbon fiber-augmented
      ligament tendon. A laboratory and clinical study.
AB  - Implantation of carbon fiber tow (CFT) for ligament and tendon augmentation was
      investigated in ten dogs and 45 patients. CFT produced a new structure with a
      remarkably consistent structural pattern. The basic pattern of the CFT-augmented
      unit consisted of a core of carbon fiber surround by concentric layers of
      fibroblasts and collagen fibers. This unit structure was developed from
      continuous irritation of physical structure of the carbon fiber. In dogs,
      ultimate tensile strength of the augmented tendon one year after surgery averaged
      88% of natural tendon. Digestion of the connective tissue component of the CFT
      unit exposed the original carbon fiber tow. The connective tissue-free CFT
      maintained its original tensile strength. The continuous production of
      collagenous tissue surrounding carbon fibers produced a ligamentous structure
      that was physiologically compatible and biomechanically sufficient.

PMID- 3995836
TI  - Ligament replacements--clinical evaluation.
AB  - Prosthetic ligament device evaluation techniques involve the following: stating
      the goals of the use of the prosthesis; obtaining adequate postoperative
      assessment by using standard clinical measurements of joint stability and
      performance; obtaining the patient's own evaluation of the reconstructive
      process; and periodically insuring that there is retention of the initial
      benefits obtained throughout the recovery period.

PMID- 3995837
TI  - Ligament induction by filamentous carbon fiber.
AB  - On the basis of eight years of experimental and clinical investigations, the
      author recommends carbon fiber on a trial basis to patients with chronic
      ligamentous instability and where function has been severely compromised because
      of the injury.

PMID- 3995838
TI  - The use of carbon fiber implants in anterior cruciate ligament surgery.
AB  - In cruciate ligament surgery where carbon fibers have been placed within the
      synovial cavity of the knee joint, an inadequate biologic response occurs that
      leads to failure of the implant and fragmentation within the joint. This paper
      describes in detail the operative technique of one surgeon (A.E.S.) of placing a
      collagen-coated carbon fiber implant through the retrosynovial route of the
      anterior cruciate ligament. It also describes the clinical and arthroscopic
      follow-up evaluations of four consecutive cases by an independent surgeon (P.F.).
      The results confirm the contention that when the carbon fibers are placed either
      within the remnants of the original ligament or within a sheath of fascia lata
      and maintained in the retrosynovial situation, no carbon debris appears within
      the joint cavity, and a normal-looking cruciate ligament results.

PMID- 3995839
TI  - In vivo and in vitro investigation of the long-term behavior and fatigue strength
      of carbon fiber ligament replacement.
AB  - The long-term behavior of carbon fiber ligament replacements was evaluated in
      sheep. In vitro assessments of both isolated carbon fiber prostheses and resected
      animal ligaments were performed. The right knee in 45 sheep was reconstructed. In
      30 animals, only the medical collateral ligaments were replaced, but with
      different systems of anchorage to bone. In 15 animals, a combined replacement of
      medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament was performed. In the
      first group the animals were sacrificed three months postoperation, while in the
      latter group evaluation was performed one year after surgery. After one year the
      strength of the medial collateral ligament complex was higher than that of the
      normal sheep ligaments. The elasticity and extensibility were similar to those of
      the normal ligaments. No case of partial rupture or rupture of the medial
      collateral ligament replacements was seen, but four of 12 anterior cruciate
      replacements showed signs of partial rupture. In vitro testing showed that
      rupture is more likely to occur where movement occurs around a small radius of
      bending, and this may be a factor in these cases where the anterior cruciate
      ligament enters a bony tunnel at an acute angle. Histologic assessment showed
      good biocompatibility, similar to that reported by other authors. With an
      operative technique designed to increase the radius of bending where the carbon
      fiber enters bone, these ligament replacements have a fatigue strength and
      elasticity adequate for long-term survival.

PMID- 3995840
TI  - [Postural responses to sudden forward tilting load in spinocerebellar
      degenerations--analysis of evoked responses and silent period].

PMID- 3995841
TI  - [A case of pontine hemorrhage presenting as pseudo-thalamic syndrome].

PMID- 3995842
TI  - [A case of essential tremor presenting with marked voice tremor].

PMID- 3995843
TI  - [Three cases of Ara-A neuropathy].

PMID- 3995844
TI  - [Characteristics of pursuit and saccadic eye movements of patients with
      unilateral cerebral dysfunction].

PMID- 3995845
TI  - [A case of multiple sclerosis with limb-kinetic apraxia].

PMID- 3995846
TI  - [Hyperhidrosis over the third intercostal nerve territory--an observation in a
      case of Pancoast syndrome].

PMID- 3995847
TI  - [Some problems in quantification of postural instability with gravinography].

PMID- 3995848
TI  - [Free functional musculocutaneous transfer--electrophysiological and
      neuropathological studies].

PMID- 3995849
TI  - [Involvement of the central nervous system in myotonic dystrophy--a clinical,
      computerized tomographic and electrophysiological studies].

PMID- 3995851
TI  - [Study on spontaneous bursts of high voltage slow wave activities in
      electroencephalograms of the aged--computerized cranial tomography findings].

PMID- 3995850
TI  - [Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with multiple brain infarcts].

PMID- 3995852
TI  - [Electrophysiologic and histopathologic studies on sural nerves from Minamata
      disease patients of delayed onset showing distal sensory impairments].

PMID- 3995853
TI  - Sequential computerized hepatobiliary imaging during percutaneous transhepatic
      biliary drainage.
AB  - Sequential computerized hepatobiliary imaging was performed in 11 jaundiced
      patients before, during, and after biliary decompression. The rates of plasma
      clearances and radionuclide accumulation in liver cells and biliary tree were
      calculated, in addition to the uptake and retention index.

PMID- 3995855
TI  - Demonstration of mucociliary clearance in ventilation scintigraphy using an
      airjet nebulizer.

PMID- 3995854
TI  - Prominent gaseous distension of bowel causing false-positive technetium-99m
      sulfur colloid liver scintigram.
AB  - A Tc-99m sulfur colloid liver scan carried out shortly after a prolonged upper
      gastrointestinal endoscopy demonstrated two concave indentations along the
      inferior border of the liver and increased space between the left lobe of the
      liver and the spleen. These abnormalities, simulating compression by an extrinsic
      mass, were caused by air introduced endoscopically into the gastrointestinal
      tract. Eight days later, a repeat radiocolloid scan was normal. There should be
      awareness that gaseous distension of the bowel and stomach may result in a false
      positive radiocolloid liver scan. Correlation with abdominal radiographs may
      avert such misinterpretation.

PMID- 3995856
TI  - Cancer of the cervix: diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 3995857
TI  - Colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical cancer and precancer.

PMID- 3995858
TI  - Problems in the clinical recognition of cervical cancer.

PMID- 3995859
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of oral cibenzoline in arrhythmia patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of oral cibenzoline were studied in 30 arrhythmia patients
      as part of an ascending multiple-dose efficacy study. The elimination half-life
      of the drug following repetitive dosing ranged from 7.6 to 22.3 hours, with a
      harmonic mean of 12.3 hours (n = 24), and increased with age and decreasing renal
      function. The drug exhibited apparent dose proportional and linear
      pharmacokinetics over the range of doses studied. Multivariate analysis revealed
      that the patients' age and serum creatinine concentration accounted for 71% of
      the variability in the range of beta values (terminal elimination rate constant),
      and that 69.5% of the intersubject variability in the steady-state trough plasma
      concentrations could be accounted for by the patients' age, weight and serum
      creatinine concentration. These data suggest that, although there is some
      intersubject variability in the elimination and accumulation of cibenzoline, much
      of the variability can be explained by the patients' age, weight and renal
      function.

PMID- 3995860
TI  - Guide to early diagnosis of biliary obstruction in infancy. Review of 143 cases.
AB  - Presenting characteristics, long-term outcome, and techniques used in the
      diagnosis of 143 infants with suspected biliary obstruction are reviewed. Sixty
      nine patients had surgically confirmed extrahepatic disease and 74 had
      intrahepatic disorders. A disproportionate number of infants with intrahepatic
      disease were boys (p = 0.013), low birthweight (p = 0.001), or had siblings with
      liver disease (p = 0.017). An initial total bilirubin of 20 mg/dl or greater was
      rare except in the intrahepatic disease category of neonatal hepatitis of known
      cause (p = 0.006). The initial percutaneous liver biopsy correctly predicted the
      ultimate diagnosis in 94 percent of all 143 patients. A methodological outline to
      diagnosis is presented, emphasizing early recognition of symptoms and careful
      follow-up with hepatobiliary imaging, liver biopsy, and surgical exploration, if
      required, until definitive diagnosis is made. This approach has aided us in
      reducing the age of diagnosis of biliary atresia from 12.8 +/- SD 7.3 weeks
      during the period 1971 through 1979 to 6.8 +/- SD 2.6 weeks from 1980 to 1982 (p
      = 0.0015). Eighteen-month survival has improved from 25 to 60 percent.

PMID- 3995861
TI  - Echocardiographic evaluation of infective endocarditis in children.
AB  - To determine the incidence and prognostic importance of the echocardiographic
      abnormalities associated with infective endocarditis, we reviewed these findings
      in 45 episodes occurring in 41 children and young adults. Thirty-three patients
      had congenital cardiac abnormalities, and eight patients had no previously known
      heart disease. Echocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 16 of the 45
      episodes of endocarditis (36%). M-mode echocardiography revealed abnormalities in
      seven of the 35 episodes (20%) in which it was performed, and two-dimensional
      echocardiography revealed abnormalities in 16 of the 28 episodes (59%) in which
      it was used. The presence of echocardiographic abnormalities was unrelated to the
      causative organism and to the need for early operation.

PMID- 3995862
TI  - Association of arterial hypertension with poor outcome in children with acute
      brain injury.
AB  - We studied intensive care unit (ICU) records of 42 comatose children with acute
      brain injuries to define the relationship between high arterial blood pressure
      and poor neurologic recovery. Diagnoses included head trauma, anoxia, Reye's
      syndrome, and central nervous system infection. The highest systolic blood
      pressure in all 42 patients exceeded the 95th percentile. In those whose highest
      systolic pressure exceeded 95th percentile by more than 20 torr, severe
      neurologic deficit or death occurred in 19 of 34 (56%), while in those with
      milder hypertension, poor outcome occurred in only one of eight (13%, p =
      0.0316). Of those with high blood pressure persisting until ICU discharge, 14 of
      19 (74%) had poor outcome, while those with blood pressure normalizing prior to
      ICU discharge had poor outcome in only six of 23 (26%, p = 0.0026). High blood
      pressure was not usually a reflex effect of elevated intracranial pressure. This
      finding suggests that measures to control high blood pressure are indicated in
      the management of the acutely brain-damaged child.

PMID- 3995863
TI  - Intracranial pressure monitoring by subarachnoid bolt in comatose children.
AB  - The safety of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring by the subarachnoid bolt was
      studied in 124 comatose children with global (103 patients) and focal (21
      patients) cerebral lesions. None of the children developed cerebral hematoma,
      diffuse bleeding, epileptical focus, or local or systemic infection. Based on our
      experience, we advocate the use of the subarachnoid bolt for the purpose of ICP
      monitoring as a simple and safe modality.

PMID- 3995864
TI  - Intestinal flora in the second week of life in hospitalized preterm infants fed
      stored frozen breast milk or a proprietary formula.
AB  - Twenty infants fed stored frozen breast milk or a proprietary formula only had
      both aerobic and anaerobic cultures performed at a chronologic age of 8 to 14
      days. Nine out of 10 stools from the infants fed stored frozen breast milk
      contained Enterobacteriaceae and one stool was sterile. One contained a
      Pseudomonas species; one contained anaerobic gram-positive rods; one contained
      anaerobic gram-negative rods; and four contained anaerobic gram-positive cocci.
      No anaerobes were found in six stools. Six stools had aerobic gram-positive
      cocci, none of which was hemolytic. Nine out of 10 stools from infants fed a
      proprietary formula had Enterobacteriaceae. Six stools had anaerobic gram
      positive rods, three had anaerobic gram-negative rods, and four had gram-positive
      cocci. Four stools had no anaerobic bacteria. All 10 stools had nonhemolytic
      aerobic gram-positive cocci. Enterobacteriaceae were predominant in the stools of
      the infants fed either stored frozen breast milk or a proprietary formula, and
      the colony counts of aerobic bacteria were similar in both groups. This pattern
      of intestinal flora in hospitalized preterm infants in the second week of life is
      very different from that of normal term infants and may contribute to their
      increased incidence of systemic and localized infections. The use of stored
      frozen breast milk for the purpose of suppressing coliform and other potentially
      pathogenic organisms may not be effective in hospitalized preterm infants who
      have been treated previously with broad-spectrum, parenteral antibiotics.

PMID- 3995865
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism. Case report and management.
AB  - A 13-year-old girl presenting with abdominal pain, polyuria, polydipsia, and
      radiologically confirmed renal calculi was diagnosed as having primary
      hyperparathyroidism. Laboratory data revealed markedly elevated serum calcium,
      low phosphorus, and elevated parathyroid hormone. Other parathyroid function
      tests also confirmed the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Ultrasound
      examination showed a small echogenic nodule in the parathyroid gland. Following a
      single gland resection, the extremely high serum calcium level promptly decreased
      to normal range, and it has remained normal.

PMID- 3995866
TI  - Neonatal factor XIII deficiency.
AB  - We describe a patient diagnosed in the neonatal period as having factor XIII
      deficiency who presented with persistent umbilical bleeding. Factor XIII
      deficiency is the only coagulation factor deficiency that cannot be detected by
      classical hemostatic tests, and a rapid diagnosis is vital during the first
      decade of life. A newborn presenting with persistent umbilical stump bleeding
      should be screened for factor XIII deficiency when routine coagulation tests
      prove normal.

PMID- 3995867
TI  - Strangulated congenital diaphragmatic hernia in infants.
AB  - Two previously healthy children, 7 and 12 months old, respectively, presented
      with respiratory distress and severe sepsis. Chest x-rays were suggestive of
      inflammatory disease of the left lung. At operation, necrotic bowel was found to
      be herniated through a left congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia. These
      patients illustrate the difficulty in establishing the diagnosis of strangulated
      congenital diaphragmatic hernia and the grave consequences when operation is
      delayed.

PMID- 3995868
TI  - The effects of acute viral hepatitis on theophylline clearance.
AB  - The effects of acute viral hepatitis on theophylline clearance and maintenance
      dose requirements in a 12-year-old boy are described. Significant alterations in
      theophylline dosage may be required during the acute and recovery phases of viral
      hepatitis.

PMID- 3995869
TI  - Breast- vs. bottle-feeding.

PMID- 3995870
TI  - Immunochemical studies of serum, urine and calculus proteins in urolithiasis.
AB  - Total serum protein levels in 70 patients with urolithiasis were not
      significantly different from those in 20 control subjects, although certain
      variations were detected in individual protein patterns. In contrast, total
      urinary protein was significantly higher in patients with urolithiasis. 4-6
      different components, i.e., albumin, alpha 1-acidic glycoprotein, alpha 1
      antitrypsin, Gc-globulin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G, were found in the
      matrices of calculi and in urine, suggesting that proteinuria may play a role in
      the formation of stones in patients with urolithiasis.

PMID- 3995871
TI  - Experimental study of chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. I. Inhibition of
      protein and amino acid losses by single amino acids.
AB  - A successful dog model of the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient
      was developed. These preparations were employed in initial studies of the effects
      of single amino acid-containing dialysis solutions on the losses of protein and
      amino acids into the dialysate. A decrease of about 40% in the loss of total
      amino acids into the dialysate was observed when DL-serine-containing dialysis
      solutions were employed. The addition of DL-serine, L-lysine, or DL-alanine to
      the dialysis solutions diminished protein loss into the dialysate by 27-55%. DL
      Glutamic acid and DL-aspartic acid were ineffective in this regard.

PMID- 3995872
TI  - Non-response of muscle capillary density and lipoprotein-lipase activity to
      regular training in diabetic patients.
AB  - Ten obese women with normal glucose tolerance, 10 obese patients with
      sulphonylurea-treated non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) and 11 patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD; treated for 3-31 yr) took part in a 10-week
      programme of physical training in 50-min sessions, 2-3 times a week. As a result
      of training, maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly by about 18, 13 and 8%
      in the 3 groups, respectively, and citrate synthase in muscle increased
      significantly by 27-42%. The lipoprotein-lipase activity in muscle tissue
      (sampled by a needle-biopsy technique from the lateral vastus muscle) did not
      change. The number of capillaries/fibre in muscle tissue increased. This was
      accompanied by an increase in muscle fibre area, resulting in an unchanged number
      of capillaries/mm2. This may explain why the lipoprotein-lipase activity was
      unaltered. The latter activity in the group with IDD was lower than was predicted
      from the number of capillaries/mm2. This number was in fact larger than in the
      obese and NIDD groups. These results indicate that the increase in capillary
      density and lipoprotein-lipase activity that occurs in healthy young individuals
      as an effect of endurance training does not take place in obese, NIDD and IDD
      patients.

PMID- 3995873
TI  - Mortal factors in type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Five years after entry into a study prospective from diagnosis of non-insulin
      dependent (Type 2) diabetes, 17 patients were known to be dead and 197 alive. On
      analysis of 136 patients (12 deaths) in whom there was complete information from
      clinical, metabolic and hormonal examination both before and 1 yr after start of
      treatment, an index of liability to death within this first 5 yr was calculated,
      to separate best the dead from the living. One index value correctly ascribed 83%
      of the dead and 90% of the living (89% of all predictions correct; Youden's "J"
      value = 0.73). Estimates from the less complete data on the other 78 patients (5
      deaths) did not alter the predictive factors. Prediction is more successful with
      non-cardiac than with cardiac deaths. Five factors contributed to the predictive
      index for death. One was a long duration of symptoms as recalled at diagnosis.
      The other 4 factors all came from the 1-yr review (no death then). These were (a)
      greater glucose intolerance, as expressed by the KG rate constant for
      disappearance of i.v. injected glucose from the blood (more useful than fasting
      glucose concentration); (b) higher systolic blood pressure (more useful than
      diastolic); (c) less obesity, as expressed by the Body Mass Index, and (d) higher
      fasting blood glycerol concentration. As expected, hyper-glycaemia (as reflected
      in the KG value) is important, but adrenergic factors may contribute to (a), (b)
      and (d). From these results earlier diagnosis of this type of diabetes could well
      be associated with an improved outlook, and in addition this alone might
      ameliorate the other factors, but measures to normalise them post-diagnosis also
      require testing.

PMID- 3995875
TI  - Are insulin dependent diabetics in the West of Scotland prone to nutritional
      deficiencies?
AB  - In a cross-sectional survey, the weight, vitamin and mineral status of 57 insulin
      dependent diabetics attending a clinic in Glasgow were studied. There were no
      significant differences in any of the measured parameters between poorly
      controlled and better controlled diabetics (as assessed by HbA1 status). No gross
      evidence of nutritional deficiency was found although serum magnesium levels
      tended to be low. This may be clinically relevant as hypomagnesaemia is
      associated with cardiac arrhythmias and ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 3995874
TI  - Random capillary blood glucose and conventional selection criteria for glucose
      tolerance testing during pregnancy.
AB  - The normal variation of random capillary blood glucose values and the usefulness
      of elevated (greater than or equal to 6.5 mmol/l) blood glucose values as a
      selection criterion for oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) during pregnancy
      were investigated. A consecutive series of 1,500 pregnant women without signs or
      symptoms of diabetes and 81 pregnant women with conventional selection criteria
      for OGTT were studied. The mean blood glucose value was 4.66 mmol/l and the 95%
      tolerance interval of all blood glucose values was 2.93-6.38 mmol/l. Blood
      glucose levels were not influenced by time of day or trimester of pregnancy. A
      blood glucose value of 6.5 mmol/l or higher was found in 174 women, 10 of whom
      had an abnormal OGTT. Four of thirty women with glycosuria or signs of
      accelerated fetal growth and 7 of 81 women with conventional selection criteria
      had abnormal OGTT's. The incidence of carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy
      was 1.3%. The results of this study suggest that an elevated (greater than or
      equal to 6.5 mmol/l) random capillary blood glucose value may be a good selection
      criterion for OGTT in addition to conventional selection criteria when screening
      for carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy.

PMID- 3995876
TI  - Diabetic control and left ventricular fraction.

PMID- 3995877
TI  - The use of glycogen-induced guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes to detect
      inhibitors of chemotaxis found in human serum.
AB  - Glycogen-induced guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were employed in
      experiments designed to establish the optimal conditions for casein-stimulated
      chemotaxis. Subsequently, it was shown that guinea pig PMNs, in a serum-free
      medium, were susceptible to inhibition of migration by three distinct types of
      cell-directed inhibitors of chemotaxis found in normal or diseased human sera.
      Comparison of inhibition of migration of both guinea pig and human peripheral
      PMNs showed that guinea pig and human PMNs were equally susceptible to inhibition
      by sera from trauma victims; this inhibitor had a molecular weight of about
      10,000 d. Human PMNs were slightly more susceptible than were guinea pig PMNs to
      inhibition of migration by a approximately 110,000-d inhibitor found in normal
      human sera. On the other hand, guinea pig PMNs were somewhat more susceptible to
      inhibition of migration by a approximately 400,000-d inhibitor of chemotaxis that
      was analogous to the inhibitor found in anergic serum. This information shows
      that guinea pig PMNs, in a serum-free medium, may be substituted for human cells
      in quantitative assays for these human serum factors.

PMID- 3995878
TI  - Reference values for exercise tests with continuous increase in load.
AB  - Reference values for exercise tests with continuous increase in load are
      presented. The exercise tests were performed on an electrically braked bicycle
      ergometer by 188 randomly selected Swedes of both sexes who were between 20 and
      79 years of age. The reference values are related to sex, age (in decades) and
      weight and classified in decreasing levels of exercise capacity. Reference values
      for systolic blood pressure at different work loads are also given.

PMID- 3995879
TI  - Lung volumes measured by helium dilution and by body plethysmography with mouth
      and oesophageal pressures: a comparative study in patients with lung disease.
AB  - A comparison was made between the helium dilution technique and body
      plethysmography--using both mouth pressure and oesophageal pressure against box
      pressure--for measuring functional residual capacity (FRC). In patients with
      restrictive lung disease (n = 9) no major differences in FRC were noted between
      the techniques. In patients with obstructive lung disease (n = 17), helium
      dilution underestimated FRC by a mean of 0.9 l and conventional body
      plethysmography (mouth-box pressure) overestimated it by 0.4 l in comparison with
      FRC obtained by oesophageal pressure against box pressure. The difference between
      the techniques increased with increasing lung volumes. It is concluded that
      conventional body plethysmography measures FRC more accurately than the helium
      dilution technique in patients with obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 3995880
TI  - External work and arterial load in canine left ventricular ischaemic failure:
      evidence of ventricle-load mismatch.
AB  - It has been proposed that a normal ventricle and its arterial load constitute a
      matched system, and that such matching is not present during ventricular failure,
      i.e., failure represents a state of mismatch between ventricle and arterial load.
      To investigate this assumption we studied the relationship between external work
      and load in an equatorial segment of left ventricle (LV) in an intact canine
      preparation under the hypothesis that the LV works at the peak of the work versus
      load relationship during control conditions, but is shifted from this peak during
      LV failure. LV systolic wall force (F) and circumferential segment work (W) were
      calculated in eight pentobarbital anaesthetized, open-chest dogs from LV pressure
      (P) and anterior-posterior diameter (D) before and after induction of LV
      ischaemic failure (50 micron microspheres were injected into the left coronary
      vascular bed). Variations of arterial load were created by acute partial
      occlusions of the aorta, raising aortic pressure by 45 mm Hg before and 15 mm Hg
      during failure. Before failure W was unaffected by the variations of arterial
      load, but W decreased significantly during failure. From the relation between end
      systolic F and D, theoretically optimal F (Fopt) corresponding to maximum W was
      estimated. Before failure the observed F did not differ significantly from Fopt,
      but the observed F was significantly greater than Fopt during failure. These
      findings support the notion that ventricular failure represents a state of
      mismatch between the ventricle and its systolic load.

PMID- 3995882
TI  - Gas exchange. Proceedings of an Erik K. Fernstrom Symposium, April 11-13, 1984,
      Lund, Sweden.

PMID- 3995881
TI  - Topical magnetic resonance for the study of muscle metabolism in human myopathy.
AB  - The role of changes in energy metabolism are obvious in the myopathies with
      described enzyme defects, but the ability afforded by topical magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy to study these changes repeatedly and non-invasively helps provide
      an understanding of the alterations in energy metabolism seen in muscle
      complaints of which the aetiologies are still unclear. Attention is focused on
      interpreting the findings with particular regard to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 3995883
TI  - Regional distribution of perfusion and ventilation in pulmonary hypertensive
      vascular disease.

PMID- 3995884
TI  - On-line deadspace measurement during cardiac surgery.

PMID- 3995885
TI  - Regional lung function: physiology and clinical applications.
AB  - The current status of tests of regional lung function has been reviewed from the
      physiological and clinical standpoint. Recent technical innovations include the
      use of single photon and positron emission computerized tomography (SPECT and
      PET). For PET work, neon-19 (t 1/2 17 sec) has been introduced as a ventilation
      tracer, and fluorine-18 deoxyglucose as a marker of glucose metabolism. Indium
      111 labelled neutrophils have been studied. Physiological measurements of the
      distribution of blood flow and ventilation are concentrating on non-gravitational
      influences such as the pattern of force generation by the respiratory muscles and
      vasomotor tone. Ventilation and perfusion imaging of the lung with the gamma
      camera has established itself as an essential screening test for the diagnosis of
      pulmonary embolic disease. Inhalation of a radio-labelled aerosol of small
      particle size (1 micron) may be an acceptable substitute for a radioactive gas
      ventilation scan. Mucociliary clearance has been investigated with radionuclide
      techniques. Measurements of regional lung water have been replaced by tracers
      sensitive to alterations of epithelial (inhaled 99Tcm-DTPA) or endothelial (i.v.
      113Inm-transferrin) permeability. New techniques using positron emission
      tomography, such as measurements of extravascular lung density, regional
      ventilation (19Ne) and regional glucose metabolism (18F-deoxyglucose) have been
      discussed briefly.

PMID- 3995886
TI  - Mixing of gas within the alveolar space.

PMID- 3995887
TI  - Exercise capacity in subjects with high oxygen affinity.
AB  - Exercise capacity and hemodynamic parameters were measured in ten patients with a
      previously unpublished variant of hemoglobin (Hb-Linkoping) and in ten age- and
      sex-matched controls. Bicycle ergometer test was almost maximal and the indices
      of working capacity and cardiac tolerance were similar in patients and controls.
      The hemoglobin dissociation curve was shifted to the left at rest and after
      exercise the shift to right was half of the corresponding shift in controls.
      Lactate accumulation during exercise was similar in patients and controls, also
      the elimination rate seems identical, but requires further studies. Hydrogen ion
      production in the patients during exercise was more marked than in the controls.
      If this is a sign of altered energy metabolism remains to be ascertained in
      future studies. In acute short-term exercise the patients with abnormally high
      hemoglobin oxygen affinity seem to have similar tolerance and cardiovascular
      load. Aberrant metabolism and adaptation to relative hypoxia in spite of
      erythrocytosis may have long-term effects that require long-term follow-up of
      these patients.

PMID- 3995888
TI  - Reduction in maximal oxygen uptake at low altitudes; role of training status and
      lung function.

PMID- 3995889
TI  - High-dose inhaled budesonide in treatment of severe steroid-dependent asthmatics.

PMID- 3995890
TI  - Gas exchange in chronic pulmonary disease.
AB  - Patients with asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease and diffuse interstitial
      fibrosis were studied. These three groups of patients illustrate very different
      patterns of VA/Q mismatching in general, consistent with the known pathology of
      their disease. Some common threads run through all three groups. One is that the
      level of hypoxemia in an individual depends critically on the interplay between
      mixed venous PO2 and the degree of VA/Q mismatching. Thus patients with a high
      cardiac output can have little hypoxemia in the face of severe VA/Q mismatching,
      while patients with inadequate cardiac output can have moderately severe
      hypoxemia with relatively little VA/Q mismatching. In other words, the arterial
      PO2 alone cannot indicate the severity of VA/Q mismatch in any given situation.
      Another generalization that can be made is that in the obstructive diseases,
      evidence from our work suggests that it is obstruction due to mucus secretions
      and/or airway edema and inflammation that is important in causing areas of low
      VA/Q to be present. Bronchoconstriction on the other hand, is less likely to be
      responsible for abnormal gas exchange, even while it is the more important factor
      in terms of airflow rates and symptoms. Finally, the data we have obtained,
      particularly in obstructive lung diseases, suggests that collateral ventilation
      is an important phenomenon that protects the lung from collapse and helps to
      maintain arterial PO2 in the face of severe airways obstruction. Administration
      of 100% oxygen did not significantly change VA/Q relationships in any of these
      chronic lung diseases, indicating that at least in the patients that we studied,
      acute reversal of hypoxic vasoconstriction was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3995891
TI  - The influence of an end-inspiratory pause on gas exchange and central
      haemodynamics in patients with acute respiratory failure.

PMID- 3995892
TI  - Seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

PMID- 3995893
TI  - Radiology of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

PMID- 3995894
TI  - Management of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

PMID- 3995895
TI  - Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as an acute tenosynovitis.
AB  - Disseminated histoplasmosis is usually a multifocal process with a wide variety
      of clinical presentations. Despite frequent bone marrow involvement, overt bone
      and joint disease is uncommon and isolated synovial involvement is extremely
      rare. We describe in this report an unusual case of disseminated histoplasmosis
      presenting as acute tenosynovitis. To our knowledge, this is only the second
      reported case of synovial involvement by H. capsulatum without a concomitant
      osseous lesion.

PMID- 3995896
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis associated with pneumococcal sepsis.
AB  - A case of pneumococcal sepsis associated with rhabdomyolysis is reported.
      Rhabdomyolysis is a rare complication of bacterial infections not directly
      involving muscle. Eleven cases of rhabdomyolysis associated with bacteremic
      infections were found in the literature and clinical data are summarized. The
      pathogenesis and frequency of this association remains unknown.

PMID- 3995897
TI  - Attention and prism adaptation.

PMID- 3995898
TI  - The role of semantic information in reading spatially transformed text.

PMID- 3995899
TI  - Weathering the cuts: a Delphi survey on surviving cutbacks in community mental
      health.
AB  - Funding reductions and changes in the priorities of funding agencies have deeply
      affected community mental health programs. The burden of handling resource
      scarcity and shifting service priorities falls primarily on the community boards
      and staff of local agencies. We report a Delphi study in which an expert panel of
      106 community mental health center executive directors and government officials
      generated a list of key strategies that local agencies could take to survive
      cutbacks. From an initial list suggested by the panel, a consensus was developed
      on the 15 most important and most feasible strategies. Discussion focuses on the
      implications and use of these strategies to promote the survival, even growth, of
      community-based mental health services during times of scarcity.

PMID- 3995900
TI  - A community survey of psychological impairment among Anglo- and Mexican Americans
      and its relationship to service utilization.
AB  - Discussions of Mexican American mental health need have been limited to analyses
      of service utilization statistics, most of which have shown Mexican Americans to
      use mental health services proportionally less than other racial/ethnic groups.
      Consequently, Mexican Americans have been viewed as a group having greater unmet
      mental health needs. Yet, these utilization-based needs assessments make an
      implicit and untested assumption: that the proportion of the psychologically
      impaired is comparable across racial/ethnic groups. The purpose of the present
      investigation was, first, to contribute to a baseline measurement of
      psychological impairment among Mexican Americans in order to assess what
      utilization should be for this group and, second, to determine relationships
      between impairment symptomatology and sociodemographic characteristics which are
      unique to the Mexican American population. Anglo- and Mexican Americans (n = 515)
      living in one of three suburban communities in Southern California were selected
      by way of a random-digit, multistage cluster telephone sampling procedure.
      Respondents gave responses to a standardized measurement of psychological
      impairment. Results showed that Anglo- and Mexican Americans did not differ in
      anxiety, psychosocial dysfunction, and depressive symptoms. Mexican Americans in
      the three communities, however, were found to use mental health services
      proportionally less than Anglos. Relationships between age and psychosocial
      dysfunction symptoms, and between income and anxiety problems were different for
      Mexican Americans than those for Anglos. Issues related to what constitutes
      mental health need and the use of self-report measures of impairment to estimate
      mental health need across culturally diverse groups are discussed.

PMID- 3995901
TI  - Clinical care update. The chronically mentally ill.

PMID- 3995902
TI  - Predicting attitudes toward substance use in a black community: implications for
      prevention.
AB  - This study identified those demographic and sociocultural factors that best
      predict the attitudes of black adults toward substance use. Data were collected
      by survey research methods from a probability sample of 411 black adults who
      resided in an urban community. The study found that racial consciousness was the
      best predictor of substance use attitudes and that gender, age, church
      involvement, and marital status were other significant predictors.

PMID- 3995903
TI  - Standardizing outcome data in program evaluation.
AB  - Procedures are described for standardizing outcomes in evaluations of service
      delivery systems. Accounting for the variability of a given device, client gains
      across services can be expressed in a standard metric of change. Standardized
      gains take on a common meaning of change regardless of the original scale and
      variability of the raw data. In turn, a wide range of common statistical analyses
      can be applied with individual client gains as the units of analysis, powerfully
      delineating influences on outcome variability. Implications and limitations are
      discussed.

PMID- 3995904
TI  - Enhancing CMHC and church collaboration for the elderly.

PMID- 3995905
TI  - On the limitations of health promotion.

PMID- 3995906
TI  - The inappropriate use of prescription medicine.

PMID- 3995907
TI  - Attitudes and behaviour of junior hospital doctors in initiating behavioural
      change amongst hospitalized patients.

PMID- 3995908
TI  - Knowledge, skill and occupational strategy: the professionalisation of
      paramedical groups.

PMID- 3995909
TI  - Incomes foregone in the home care of intellectually handicapped children.

PMID- 3995910
TI  - Commentary: deinstitutionalization of mental health services in South Australia-
      out of the frying pan, into the fire?

PMID- 3995911
TI  - Income from private medical practice in Australia: a comment.

PMID- 3995913
TI  - Viability control and oxygen consumption of isolated hepatocytes from thermally
      acclimated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii).
AB  - Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion of the liver from rainbow
      trout acclimated to 10 and 20 degrees C. The suitability of the stimulation of
      cellular respiration by succinate as criterion of viability was examined and
      discussed. Endogenous respiration rates of the hepatocytes were a function of
      cell size to the power of 0.8. Specific oxygen consumption of the hepatocytes and
      respiratory control ratios of the mitochondria in situ were independent of
      acclimation temperature.

PMID- 3995912
TI  - Changes in the fatty acid composition of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii
      Richardson, associated with parr-smolt transformation.
AB  - Fatty acids from the several lipid classes of selected steelhead trout (Salmo
      gairdnerii) parr and smolt tissues, previously separated by thin-layer
      chromatography, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The fatty acid
      composition of the parr was markedly different from that of the smolt; the former
      being characterized by relatively low amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and
      relatively high amounts of linoleic acid, much like the typical freshwater lipid
      pattern. The fatty acid composition of the smolt was characterized by large
      proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Generally, the fatty acid
      composition of the smolt resembled the typical seawater lipid pattern. The change
      in fatty acid composition of the smolt is anticipatory to seawater entry and is
      independent of diet and water temperature. These alterations suggest that the
      assumption of a polyunsaturated lipid pattern during parr-smolt transformation
      (smoltification) is preadaptive to seawater entry.

PMID- 3995915
TI  - Selectivity in mobilisation of stored fatty acids by maturing cod, Gadus morrhua
      L.
AB  - Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates diminish in the liver and muscle of cod when
      (a) food is inadequate or (b) the gonads are maturing. The results reported in
      this paper appear to show that the mobilisation of the lipids differs according
      to whether the need is just for energy (simple starvation) or for building up
      gonads. Two groups of fish from the same catch were starved. In one, the gonads
      were developing, while in the other the gonads had been surgically removed.
      Significantly more of the fatty acid C22:6 was mobilised from the liver lipids in
      the group with developing gonads, this fatty acid being present in the greatest
      amount in the gonads of either sex. The fatty acid C18:1 is also important in the
      gonads, and this was also preferentially removed from all the livers of maturing
      starving fish when compared with gonadectomised-starving, though here the effect
      was not statistically significant. Some discrimination therefore appears to be
      exercised when hepatic lipids are removed for gonad development. No selectivity
      was observed in the mobilisation of fatty acids from the muscle.

PMID- 3995914
TI  - Regulation of trout gill AMP deaminase by lipid bilayers. Effects of phospholipid
      composition and temperature.
AB  - Trout gill AMP deaminase is inhibited by liposomes made of synthetic
      phosphatidylcholines containing higher saturated fatty acids. A preincubation of
      1 hr, at 4 degrees C, was necessary to obtain the maximal effect. At 4 or 25
      degrees C, these phospholipids modified essentially the substrate affinity of the
      enzyme by increasing the Michaelis constant proportionally to the length of the
      fatty acid chain. At 13 degrees C, the liposomes decreased the Hill coefficient
      also, thus inducing a negative cooperativity. Natural phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylserine were without significant effect on gill AMP deaminase while
      natural sphingomyelin exhibited a similar effect to that shown in the presence of
      synthetic phosphatidylcholines. These results are discussed in relation to a
      possible effect of sphingomyelins in vivo.

PMID- 3995916
TI  - Fish eye-lens reagents: a possible new class of reagents for molecular and
      cellular identification.
AB  - Initial studies have shown that fish lens protein can be modified in vitro to
      acquire a specific affinity for selected molecules, e.g., human hemoglobins, and
      cells, e.g., human erythrocytes. These studies were extended by preparing lens
      reagents that can distinguish bovine serum albumin from ovalbumin, and major
      groups of human erythrocytes in the ABO system from each other. Lens reagents
      appear to be potentially useful tools for the identification of specific
      molecules, either in solution or on cell surfaces.

PMID- 3995917
TI  - Carbohydrate metabolism of malarial parasites--I. Metabolism of lactate in
      Plasmodium knowlesi infected monkey erythrocytes.
AB  - Lactate metabolism by Plasmodium knowlesi infected erythrocytes was examined
      after careful removal of leucocytes from cell preparations. Infected cells were
      able to metabolize glucose, pyruvate and lactate. Respiration of infected
      erythrocytes was maximally stimulated by lactate and to a lesser degree by
      pyruvate and glucose. Respiration of infected cells was insensitive to
      stimulation by succinate or glutamate or inhibition by malonate. Mepacrine was
      found to be a potent respiratory inhibitor. Chromatographic analysis of end
      products of lactate metabolism showed incorporation of carbon from [2-C14]lactate
      into phosphoenol pyruvate, 3-phosphoglycerate and malate. Experimental data
      failed to provide evidence for the presence of a functional citric acid cycle
      activity in infected cells.

PMID- 3995918
TI  - Serum melatonin and pineal indoleamine metabolism in a species with a small
      day/night N-acetyltransferase rhythm.
AB  - Ovine serum and pineal melatonin levels are low during the day, increase five to
      ten-fold at night, decrease during a light pulse at night, and rapidly increase
      to night levels following the light-dark transition. N-Acetyltransferase activity
      increases three-fold at night, falls significantly in response to the light
      pulse, but does not increase following the light pulse. No significant change in
      N-acetylserotonin occurs under these conditions. These results suggest that the
      biochemical mechanisms controlling pineal melatonin synthesis in the sheep pineal
      gland may be different from those in the rat.

PMID- 3995919
TI  - Hemoglobin, hematology, intraerythrocytic phosphates and whole blood Bohr effect
      from lotic and lentic Hypostomus regani populations (Sao Paulo-Brasil).
AB  - Hemoglobin electrophoretic pattern, whole blood Bohr effect, intraerythrocytic
      phosphates and some hematological parameters were determined and compared between
      lotic and lentic Hypostomus regani specimens. The electrophoretic patterns of
      specimens from both kinds of environments showed four anodic fractions. The
      relative concentration of the fraction I (the most anodal) is significantly
      different between specimens from lotic and lentic ambients. Both lentic and lotic
      specimens presented a low Bohr effect: phi = -0.012 to lentic habitat and phi = 
      0.187 to lotic one. ATP/GTP ratio are higher than 1.0 for lotic environment
      specimens and lower than 1.0 for lentic ones.

PMID- 3995920
TI  - Tryptophan content of serum albumin.
AB  - Tryptophan content of serum albumin was determined spectrophotometrically. The
      method used for the determination of tryptophan gave consistent results. Results
      show that the tryptophan contents of bovine and human serum albumin are
      significantly different from chicken serum albumin. Bovine and human serum
      albumins, however, are not significantly different from each other. A large
      difference in tryptophan content was found between two samples of chicken serum
      albumin. This suggests that the tryptophan content of serum albumin may not be
      constant for any given species. For these reasons, tryptophan content should not
      be used to estimate the molecular weight of serum albumin.

PMID- 3995921
TI  - Functional multiplicity and structural correlations in the hemoglobin system of
      larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi (Insecta, Diptera): Hb components CTT I, CTT
      II beta, CTT III, CTT IV, CTT VI, CTT VIIB, CTT IX and CTT X.
AB  - Larvae of the dipteran insect Chironomus thummi thummi that burrow in fresh-water
      muds, contain at least 12 hemoglobin (Hb) components of which the functional
      properties have not been systematically documented, although their amino acid
      sequences have been elucidated, showing mutually distinct primary structures. We
      isolated eight components (the monomeric Hbs CTT I, CTT III and CTT IV and the
      dimeric Hbs CTT II beta, CTT VI, CTT VIIB, CTT IX and CTT X) and measured in each
      O2 affinity and cooperativity and their pH dependence, and the effects of
      temperature, NaCl and ATP. The O2 affinities, Bohr- and temperature effects of
      the isohemoglobins are discussed in relation to mode of life and the
      microenvironmental conditions to which the larvae are subjected in nature, and
      with regard to the molecular mechanisms underlying the Hb-oxygenation reactions.

PMID- 3995922
TI  - Isolation, purification and characterization of bovine spleen ferritin.
AB  - Ferritin was isolated from bovine spleen and used to prepare apoferritin and
      reconstituted ferritin. The mol. wt of bovine ferritin was 464,000 with monomer
      subunits about 18,000-19,500. Gel electrophoresis showed three bands each for
      ferritin, apoferritin and reconstituted ferritin; all stained for protein and
      carbohydrate. Only apoferritin failed to stain for iron. Bovine ferritin had
      higher concentrations of proline, threonine, and valine than equine or human
      ferritin. The iron:protein ratio of bovine ferritin was 0.161 and of equine
      ferritin was 0.192. After iron uptake by the apoferritins the iron:protein ratios
      were 0.186 and 0.278 for the bovine and equine ferritins, respectively.

PMID- 3995923
TI  - Changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels during the
      growth of Tetrahymena thermophila cultures.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels were determined at various
      growth phases of Tetrahymena thermophila cultures. Enzyme activity and
      intracellular polyamines increased in exponentially growing cells and peaked just
      before the stationary phase. Putrescine was the predominant polyamine and
      spermidine and spermine concentrations were low throughout. The increase in
      putrescine level can be totally accounted for by the enzyme activity detected,
      provided that there is an ample supply of the precursor, L-ornithine.

PMID- 3995924
TI  - Stimulation of glutathione degradation by amino acids: lack of stereospecificity.
AB  - The rate of degradation of glutathione by rat kidney slices has been analysed. In
      the absence of exogenous amino acids a half-life of 84 min is found. In the
      presence of the L-isomer of three amino acids which are good substrates for gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase the rate of degradation is increased in a concentration
      dependent manner. The stimulatory effect is not stereospecific, the D-isomers
      having a similar effect to their L-enantiomers. These findings indicate that
      perturbations in glutathione metabolism need not be due to the stimulation of
      active transport mediated by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

PMID- 3995925
TI  - Isolation and characterization of pig muscle aldolase. A comparative study.
AB  - Aldolase with a specific activity of 10.8 units/mg protein was isolated from pig
      muscle. Its molecular weight was found to be 150,000. The optimum pH for the
      catalytic activity was 7.25 and the apparent temperature optimum was 313 K. The
      Km value was 2.9 X 10(-5) M with FDP as substrate, and 2.8 X 10(-3) M with F1P as
      substrate. The thermal stability of this pig muscle enzyme was higher than that
      of the rabbit muscle enzyme. The thermal inactivation of the pig aldolase did not
      show simple first-order kinetics. The higher conformational stability of the pig
      aldolase than that of the rabbit enzyme was demonstrated by its higher resistance
      to the denaturing effect of urea.

PMID- 3995926
TI  - Catalase enzymatic activity and electrophoretic patterns in adult amphibians--a
      comparative study.
AB  - Catalase electrophoretic patterns and enzymatic activities were measured in four
      organs of two anuran species, Rana ridibunda perezii and Discoglossus pictus. The
      D. pictus enzyme appeared as two distinguishable bands, whereas R. ridibunda
      catalase was monomorphic. Electrophoretic mobility of the major D. pictus
      catalase band was greater than that of R. ridibunda. Enzymes from both species
      showed slower mobility than that from bovine liver. Catalase activities did not
      show significant differences according to sex in any of the organs tested in R.
      ridibunda. Enzyme activities were similar in liver, kidney and brain when both
      species were compared. Only the heart showed much higher activity in D. pictus
      than in R. ridibunda. The catalase activity levels followed the order: liver
      greater than kidney greater than heart in both species. The heart showed higher
      activity than the brain in D. pictus but not in R. ridibunda.

PMID- 3995928
TI  - Malic enzymes of salmon trout heart mitochondria: separation and some
      physicochemical properties of NAD-preferring and NADP-specific enzymes.
AB  - Mitochondria isolated from the heart of the Baltic salmon trout Salmo trutta
      contain two distinct malic enzymes. One of these enzymes (NAD-preferring malic
      enzyme) catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of malate in the presence of
      either NAD or NADP. The specific activity with NAD was six times that with NADP
      as coenzyme. The second enzyme is specific for NADP. These two malic enzymes have
      been separated by: ion exchange chromatography of DEAE-Sephacel, affinity
      chromatography on 2',5'ADP-Sepharose 4B, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The mol. wts of the two native malic enzymes
      determined by gel filtration were found to be 280,000 and 190,000 for NAD
      preferring and NADP-specific malic enzyme, respectively. Chromatofocusing
      revealed the isoelectric points of the two enzymes at pH 5.45 and 5.85 for NAD
      preferring and NADP-specific malic enzyme, respectively.

PMID- 3995927
TI  - Identification and development of a genetically closely-linked carboxylesterase
      family of the mouse liver.
AB  - Six carboxylesterase isozymes (viz. ES-1, ES-6, ES-9, ES-20, ES-22 and ES-24),
      governed by esterase gene cluster 1 on chromosome 8 of the house mouse, were
      identified electrophoretically in liver supernatants using their biochemical,
      genetic and developmental characteristics. ES-1 and ES-20 were expressed as liver
      specific forms. The peri- and postnatal development of the six isozymes indicated
      that they were individually regulated at the genetic level, although the isozymes
      were regulated as a group when compared to genetically unrelated esterases. The
      concept of evolutionary divergence following repeated gene duplication of an
      ancestral esterase structural gene was extended to cover divergence of the
      temporal (regulatory) genes associated with the multigene family. Allelic
      variation of the temporal genes was more limited than that of the corresponding
      structural genes.

PMID- 3995929
TI  - Partial characterization of transferrins of catfish (Silurus glanis L.) and pike
      (Esox lucius L.).
AB  - Basic composition and properties of isolated transferrins of Silurus glanis and
      Esox lucius have been compared. In transferrin of S. glanis carbohydrate is
      absent, but it is present in transferrin of E. lucius (2.5%). The N-terminal
      amino acid is alanine in both species. Mol. wts are 68,400 (S. glanis) and 86,800
      (E. lucius). Transferrins of the two species are heterogeneous, but genetic
      polymorphism was not observed.

PMID- 3995930
TI  - Hibernators' brain: protein synthesis in the neocortex and the hippocampus.
AB  - [3H]leucine incorporation into 16 electrophoretic protein fractions from the
      neocortex and the hippocampus and their relative content have been estimated in
      various physiological states of ground squirrels: in torpor, in 3 transition
      phases, in long-term wakefulness and a fortnight after forced arousal in winter.
      The changes are greater in the neocortex than in the hippocampus. Incorporation
      is not the same in naturally awake animals and forced awake animals.

PMID- 3995931
TI  - Disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosed by computed tomography directed needle
      biopsy of an adrenal mass.
AB  - Disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed by a computed tomographic (CT) directed
      needle biopsy of an adrenal mass. A 53-year-old man presented with a
      nonproductive cough, bilateral flank discomfort, and constitutional symptoms.
      Physical exam revealed mild hepatomegaly and tenderness. Chest radiograph
      revealed two destructive bone lesions. An abdominal CT scan demonstrated
      bilateral adrenal masses. Needle biopsy of the left adrenal mass revealed
      histoplasmosis. A rib resection or exploratory laparotomy was avoided. He has
      been completely free of evidence of disease for 6 months following completion of
      antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 3995932
TI  - Hemorrhagic metastatic intracranial neoplasms: clinical-computed tomographic
      correlations.
AB  - Twenty patients with peritumoral hemorrhagic metastatic neoplasms are analyzed.
      The primary neoplasms included malignant melanoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, and
      hypernephroma. Six were solitary lesions and 14 were multiple metastatic lesions;
      however only 5 showed multiple hemorrhagic lesions. Only 10% of patients had
      coagulation disorders and none had a recent history of trauma. In 16 patients the
      onset of symptoms was sudden and in 4 patients there was rapid clinical
      deterioration within 5-8 days. Eleven patients initially had seizures. In all
      cases, CT scan showed a hyperdense lesion which was consistent with hemorrhage
      within the lesion and there was contrast enhancement. Three patients with
      solitary lesions underwent craniotomy and had surgical removal of the hemorrhagic
      metastatic neoplasm, but these patients did not receive postoperative
      irradiation. They died 6-14 months later without clinical evidence of
      neurological recurrence. The other patients with solitary or multiple hemorrhagic
      metastatic lesions neurologically deteriorated despite high dosage corticosteroid
      medication and they died within 2 months of the initial diagnosis being
      established by CT scan findings.

PMID- 3995934
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with bilateral intradiploic epidermoid tumors: a
      case report.
AB  - Bilateral large intradiploic epidermoid tumors of the occipital bone presented
      clinically with CSF rhinorrhea are presented.

PMID- 3995933
TI  - Gunshot wounds to the spine as evaluated by CT-scanning. Two illustrative case
      reports.
AB  - Two patients with gunshot wounds to the thoracic and lumbar spine were evaluated
      by A-P and lateral CT-scoutviews followed by axial CT-investigation. The
      combination of both CT modes is the investigative technique of choice for this
      type of injuries to assess the presence and topography of bone damage, metallic
      foreign bodies and associated intracanalar, paravertebral and intra-abdominal
      soft tissue lesions causing only minimal mobilization to the patient.

PMID- 3995935
TI  - Cranial subdural hematoma following lumbar myelography.
AB  - A case of cranial subdural hematoma after lumbar myelography is reported. The
      literature of this unusual complication of lumbar myelography is reviewed and the
      possible mechanism is discussed briefly.

PMID- 3995936
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral aspergillosis.
AB  - Aspergillosis of the central nervous system is rare. It most commonly occurs in
      patients with long-standing immunosuppression. To our knowledge this is the first
      reported case describing the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in
      cerebral aspergillosis. The computed tomography (CT) scan findings are also
      included.

PMID- 3995937
TI  - Familial psychopathology in delusional disorder.

PMID- 3995938
TI  - The unintegrated right cerebral hemispheric consciousness as alien intruder: a
      possible mechanism for Schneiderian delusions in schizophrenia.

PMID- 3995939
TI  - Alcohol and drug abuse in patients with affective syndromes.

PMID- 3995940
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder: characteristics and pharmacological response in
      the veteran population.

PMID- 3995941
TI  - Contact urticaria from diethyl fumarate.
AB  - The contact urticariagenic properties of diethyl fumarate were studied using the
      guinea pig ear swelling assay and by open application on the human upper back
      skin. Diethyl fumarate caused non-immunologic contact urticaria in both human and
      guinea pig skin, and the reactions exhibited similar dose dependency and timing
      of maximal response.

PMID- 3995942
TI  - Dose-response assessments of Kathon biocide (I). Diagnostic use and diagnostic
      threshold patch testing with sensitized humans.
AB  - Nearly all effective, commercially available preservatives possess skin
      sensitization potential. This manuscript describes a program of diagnostic patch
      and practical use testing of consumer products that contained Kathon CG, a
      relatively new biocide. A series of threshold diagnostic patch tests demonstrated
      that the minimal elicitation concentration in occluded patch testing of allergic
      subjects considerably exceeded the concentrations of the biocide typically
      present in normal diluted use of the test products. Use testing further confirmed
      a threshold exposure for eliciting allergic reactions. It showed that even
      subjects who have delayed contact hypersensitivity to Kathon CG used rinse-off
      personal care products preserved with this agent without experiencing elicitation
      of these allergies.

PMID- 3995944
TI  - Methyl methacrylate prosthesis dermatitis.

PMID- 3995943
TI  - Epicutaneous induction of tolerance with acrylates and related compounds.
AB  - Epicutaneous application of acrylates and related compounds 14 and 7 days before
      sensitization with either methyl acrylate or trimethylol propane triacrylate
      induced tolerance to the resultant contact reactions. This tolerance could not be
      correlated with either the degree of cross reactivity between these compounds or
      with their ability to react covalently with amino or sulphydryl groups of
      proteins. These results are discussed in relation to other epicutaneous
      tolerizers in the dinitrobenzene and poison ivy systems.

PMID- 3995945
TI  - Pacemaker contact sensitivity.

PMID- 3995946
TI  - Dermatitis from nickel eyelash curler.

PMID- 3995947
TI  - Paratertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin in prosthesis.

PMID- 3995948
TI  - An hypothesis on a type of hardening.

PMID- 3995949
TI  - Contact dermatitis to sodium fusidate.

PMID- 3995950
TI  - Influence of the vehicle on irritant contact dermatitis.

PMID- 3995951
TI  - Nickel dermatitis from an infusion needle.

PMID- 3995952
TI  - Contact dermatitis from propolis.

PMID- 3995953
TI  - Combined allergy to tolnaftate and nystatin.

PMID- 3995954
TI  - Leukoderma from hydroquinone.

PMID- 3995955
TI  - Scleroderma heart disease.

PMID- 3995956
TI  - New treatment for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 3995957
TI  - Automated medical history-taking.

PMID- 3995958
TI  - Preparing to sell your medical practice.

PMID- 3995959
TI  - How a legislative bill becomes law.

PMID- 3995961
TI  - The use of methyl cyanoacrylate (MCA) for female sterilization. Program for
      Applied Research on Fertility Regulation Northwestern University Medical School
      Chicago, Illinois.
AB  - The results of studies are presented that evaluated one or two intrauterine
      applications of MCA for permanent sterilization. The studies were conducted under
      several different protocols and included 652 women. Complications of the
      procedures were infrequent. There were 3 suspected uterine perforations, but
      surgical treatment was not required. Based on hysterosalpingogram (HSG) readings,
      bilateral tubal closure was obtained in 70.2% of the women after one MCA
      application and in 90.3% of the women after two MCA applications. The use of a
      uterine lavage before MCA application, the time between the first and second MCA
      application and the use of radio-opaque or non-radio-opaque MCA did not
      significantly (p less than 0.05) alter the bilateral tubal closure rates.

PMID- 3995960
TI  - Preoperative cervical priming by intracervical application of a new sulprostone
      gel.
AB  - In a prospective, randomised dose-finding study involving 60 women scheduled for
      termination of 1st trimester pregnancy, 25 micrograms, 50 micrograms or 100
      micrograms of a sulprostone gel with a constant injection volume of 2.5 ml were
      applied intracervically 6-8 hours before curettage. The gelatinising agent was
      Pluronic F 127, which is liquid at temperatures less than 20 degrees C but
      gelatinises immediately at body temperature. A sterile, ready-to-use gel can be
      produced within a minute by mixing the active substance with the gelatinising
      agent; this rules out any loss of activity due to storage of the substances. The
      priming effect was verified in 30 patients by means of comparative examinations
      with a special tonometer before application of the gel and immediately before the
      surgical procedure. The 100-micrograms dosage proved to be the most effective
      method in nulliparae, achieving a mean free patency (i.e. force less than 1
      Newton) of 8.7 mm. In primiparae and multiparae, a comparable good effect was
      achieved with the 50-micrograms dose. After application of 25 micrograms
      sulprostone gel, the mean free patency was only 5.3 mm in the nulliparae and 8.5
      mm in the primiparae and multiparae. The results of the tonometric studies agreed
      with the clinical documentation of the priming effect, which was assessed by
      means of a special score. The efficiency of the cervical priming correlated with
      the rate of vaginal bleeding and with the frequency of contraction-related lower
      abdominal pain. According to the present results, local application of this
      sulprostone gel represents a practicable and promising method for preoperative
      cervical priming because of its special electromechanical properties.

PMID- 3995962
TI  - The negative effect of the IUCD on the occurrence of heteroploidy--correlated
      abnormalities in spontaneous abortions: an update.
AB  - Two prior studies done in the seventies had shown that spontaneous abortions in
      current IUCD-wearers were never associated with morphologic abnormalities,
      previously demonstrated to correlate significantly with cytogenetically proven
      heteroploidy. This study, carried out in the early eighties and based on 45 IUCD
      associated and 882 IUCD-unrelated non-molar spontaneous abortions, confirmed this
      negative effect of the IUCD with a difference. Structural abnormalities,
      suggestive of heteroploidy, were seen for the first time in IUCD-associated
      spontaneous abortions but their prevalence (9.8%) was significantly lower than
      that observed in the IUCD-unrelated abortions (54.1%). The clinical relevance of
      this finding is briefly discussed.

PMID- 3995963
TI  - Interception II: postcoital low-dose estrogens and norgestrel combination in 633
      women.
AB  - The new low-dose hormonal postcoital method, a combination of 200 mcg
      ethinylestradiol and 2 mg norgestrel was used in 633 women, and a statistically
      significantly lower observed pregnancy rate was found compared to the expected
      number of pregnancies if no contraception was used. Patterns of menstruation, its
      onset and duration, after use of this morning-after pill, are documented in
      respect to follicular, midcycle and luteal administration. Individual side
      effects such as nausea, vomiting and mastalgia are noted, but antiemetics did not
      reduce the incidence. Though efficacy of this technique is not found to be
      favorable in comparison to the 5 mg ethinylestradiol treatment, the low-dose of
      steroid, the one-day treatment and its lesser side effects show this alternative
      morning-after pill suitable for use as a first choice in case of an unprotected
      sexual encounter.

PMID- 3995965
TI  - Why perfuse the human placenta.

PMID- 3995964
TI  - In vitro perfusion of human placental tissue. International workshop. Zurich,
      March 8-9,1984.

PMID- 3995966
TI  - Passive exchange and the distribution of flows in the isolated human placenta.

PMID- 3995967
TI  - Effect of flow rate ratio on the diffusion of antipyrine and 3H2O in the isolated
      dually in vitro perfused lobe of the human placenta.

PMID- 3995968
TI  - Oxygen transfer as an indicator of perfusion variability in the isolated human
      placental lobule.

PMID- 3995969
TI  - Past, present, and future of placental perfusion experiments.

PMID- 3995970
TI  - Effect of nicotine on AIB transport in the perfused human placenta.

PMID- 3995971
TI  - Transport and metabolism of essential fatty acids by the human placenta.

PMID- 3995972
TI  - Transfer and metabolism of carnitine and carnitine esters in the in vitro
      perfused human placenta.

PMID- 3995973
TI  - Metabolism and transfer of radioactive glucose in the human placenta studied by
      dual perfusion.

PMID- 3995974
TI  - Transferrin-mediated iron transport in the perfused isolated human placental
      lobule.

PMID- 3995975
TI  - Calcium fluxes across the isolated perfused human cotyledon.

PMID- 3995976
TI  - A theoretical and an in vitro experimental model for estimation of drug transfer
      through the human placenta.

PMID- 3995977
TI  - Phagocytosis by syncytiotrophoblastic cells during in vitro perfusion of human
      placenta.

PMID- 3995978
TI  - Influence of fenoterol on glucose utilization by human placental tissue in an in
      vitro perfusion system.

PMID- 3995979
TI  - Influence of ischemia and artificial perfusion on placental ultrastructure and
      morphometry.

PMID- 3995981
TI  - Dual in vitro perfusion of an isolated lobe of human placenta: method and
      instrumentation.

PMID- 3995980
TI  - Fetal vasculature of the human placenta: scanning electron microscopy of
      microvascular casts.

PMID- 3995982
TI  - Detection and prevention of tissue injury during hypoxia and ischemia.

PMID- 3995983
TI  - Basic morphology of the fetal and maternal circuits in the human placenta.

PMID- 3995984
TI  - Human placental energy metabolism: its relevance to in vitro perfusion.

PMID- 3995985
TI  - Some physiological properties of the isolated human placenta.

PMID- 3995986
TI  - Human placenta in vitro: characterization during 12 h of dual perfusion.

PMID- 3995987
TI  - Validity of the equivalent pores model in placental physiology.

PMID- 3995988
TI  - Diffusional permeability of the human placenta.

PMID- 3995989
TI  - Permeability of the human placenta for hydrophilic substances studied in the
      isolated dually in vitro perfused lobe.

PMID- 3995990
TI  - Intracoronary thrombolytic treatment in myocardial infarction and unstable angina
      pectoris.
AB  - The authors report on 18 patients with fresh transmural myocardial infarction
      (MI) and 5 patients with an abrupt change of stable into unstable angina pectoris
      (AP), in whom superselective intracoronary thrombolysis (SIT) was performed. All
      patients with unstable AP showed an improvement of subjective complaints and
      increased tolerance of exercise, even though a demonstrable angiographic effect
      of SIT was found only in 1 patient. Coronary occlusion disappeared in 13 patients
      with MI (72%). A significant improvement of local kinetic disturbances and of the
      global left ventricular function occurred in 50%, in-hospital death occurred only
      in the group in which recanalization did not succeed. Emphasis is placed on the
      necessity of checking the effect of SIT not only by documenting correction, of
      the coronary occlusion but also by evaluating the size of MI and the extent of
      disturbances of local and total left ventricular kinetics. The most accurate and
      practical method for this purpose is two-dimensional echocardiography. The
      authors developed their own echocardiographic indicators of the infarction focus-
      asynergy extent and asynergy index.

PMID- 3995991
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of Isodinit (isosorbide dinitrate) in acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - In 26 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction, the authors studied
      the effect of sublingual Isodinit (isosorbide dinitrate) on haemodynamic
      indicators: in 12 patients on heart rate, pulmonary and peripheral arterial
      pressure, in 14 (of whom 6 with normal and 8 with elevated diastolic pulmonary
      pressure) moreover on cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. The
      results showed a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure by 35%, in peripheral
      arterial pressure by 10-14%, and a slighter fall in peripheral vascular
      resistance; the heart rate did not substantially change. In patients with normal
      diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, the cardiac and stroke index and the stroke
      work index decreased, whereas in patients with elevated pulmonary pressure these
      indicators did not significantly change. The effect of sublingual Isodinit occurs
      5-7 min after its administration and reaches its maximum between the 15th--45th
      min; after 2 hrs the effect ceases. The preparation is suitable for the treatment
      of congestive heart failure in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3995992
TI  - Percutaneous retrieval of foreign bodies from the cardiovascular system.
AB  - The authors retrieved percutaneously an iatrogenic foreign body from the
      cardiovascular system in 10 patients without any complications. The Dormia basket
      catcher commonly used for stone extraction from the urinary tract was used in 9
      out of 10 patients. The foreign body was extracted 6 times from the right atrium
      and once each from the pulmonary artery, the right ventricle, the iliac vein and
      the iliac artery. In view of the high rate of success of the transvasal retrieval
      and the absence of complications, practically every foreign body carried into the
      cardiovascular system represents an indication for its percutaneous extraction
      even in the case of not being opaque.

PMID- 3995993
TI  - Clinical significance of the pattern of incomplete left bundle branch block with
      bifascicular block.
AB  - A comparative analysis was carried out of 126 patients (group I) with chronic
      right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left anterior (LAFB) or left posterior
      fascicle block (LPFB), and of 44 patients (group II) with the same bifascicular
      block associated with an ECG pattern of incomplete left bundle branch block
      (ILBBB). The two groups were found to be clinically different. In group II, heart
      failure, arrhythmia and first-degree atrioventricular block occurred
      significantly more frequently. During a mean follow-up period of 1581 +/- 118
      days (85-6260 days), complete heart block (CHB) developed in 3.2% of patients in
      group I and in 22.7% in group II (p less than 0.01). In the same period, sudden
      cardiac death (SCD) occurred in 3.9% in group I and in 15.9 in group II (p less
      than 0.01). These results were analysed assuming a quadrifascicular character of
      the intraventricular conduction system. This made it possible to isolate on the
      basis of standard ECG findings patients with trifascicular block (group II--RBBB
      and LAFB or LPFB and septal LBBB) in whom prophylactic pacemaker implantation
      should be considered in view of high risk of CHB and SCD.

PMID- 3995994
TI  - Clearance of radioactive xenon in evaluating microcirculation in patients with
      ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - In 158 patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD), the state of
      microcirculation was investigated, using local 133Xe clearance. With growing
      severity of the disease, muscular blood flow decreased. Local disturbances were
      accompanied also by changes in central haemodynamics (decrease in cardiac index,
      slow-down of blood flow in the pulmonary and systemic circulations, increased
      peripheral resistance), which were established by radiocardiography using 131I
      labelled albumin. A distinct relationship was found between muscular blood flow
      and the intensity of intravascular microcirculatory disturbances
      (microthrombosis, intravascular thrombocyte aggregation, arteriolo-venular
      anastomoses). The authors recommend the use of 133Xe clearance for
      microcirculation study in patients with chronic IHD.

PMID- 3995995
TI  - Microcirculatory disorders in congenital heart diseases with insufficient or
      relatively excess blood supply to the greater circulation.
AB  - On the material of 25 children, who died in the first year of life of congenital
      heart disease, pathomorphological changes in the vessels of the microcirculatory
      bed of the greater omentum were studied. In 14 patients, the heart disease was
      characterized by reduced blood inflow to the greater circulation, in 11 children
      by increased inflow. A dependence of morphological changes in vessels of the
      microcirculatory bed on the character of disorders in central haemodynamics was
      documented. Adaptive and pathological changes in the microvessels are
      distinguished, and their clinical functional significance is assessed. The
      progressive development of pathological structural changes in the
      microcirculatory bed is considered a consequence of functional depletion not only
      of central (cardiac) but also of peripheral (microcirculatory system) adaptive
      mechanisms.

PMID- 3995996
TI  - Effect of increased levels of free fatty acids on the size of the ischaemic area.
AB  - Mongrel dogs, anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were artificially
      ventilated and prepared in order to produce a 3-min occlusion of the left
      descending coronary artery. High serum levels of free fatty acids (FFA) were
      obtained by infusion of Lipofundin (1 and 3 ml/min). A significant increase in
      the size of the ischemic area was found following a 3 ml/min infusion rate of
      Lipofundin, and in 2 out of 7 and 1 of 7 dogs ventricular extrasystoles and
      ventricular fibrillation respectively appeared. It is concluded that high level
      of FFA early after coronary occlusion can increase the size of the ischaemic area
      and can secondarily produce ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 3995997
TI  - Distributions of cardiopulmonary variables in pediatric survivors and
      nonsurvivors of septic shock.
AB  - The association of cardiopulmonary variables with outcome was investigated in 42
      pediatric patients (18 survivors) with septic shock. All cardiopulmonary
      variables were obtained during active BP support. The variable distributions were
      separated into ranges by two empiric cutoff methods: normal ranges and the
      survivor median values. The proportion of survivors with normal values of wedge
      pressure and cardiac index was significantly (p less than .05) higher than the
      proportion of survivors outside the normal range. The percentage of survival also
      significantly (p less than .05) increased with above-normal values of oxygen
      consumption, arteriovenous O2 content difference, O2 extraction, pH, and core
      temperature. There were significantly (p less than .05) more nonsurvivors with
      wedge pressure, pulmonary shunt, and pH values below the survivor medians.
      Therapeutic goals based on the distributions of these eight variables isolated
      patient groups with survival rates of 59% to 75%, compared to the overall
      survival rate of 43%.

PMID- 3995998
TI  - Preoperative acute volume loading in patients with pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Ten patients with pheochromocytoma underwent preoperative acute volume loading to
      determine whether fluid infusion severely increased pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure without improving forward flow, and to provide a guide for
      intraoperative volume replacement. In one patient, volume loading confirmed
      baseline pressure data suggesting a discrepancy between right and left
      ventricular filling pressures. In a second patient with normal baseline wedge
      pressure, volume loading revealed an unsuspected ventricular dysfunction. During
      subsequent surgery, both volume and speed of fluid infusion were adapted to the
      preoperative ventricular response.

PMID- 3995999
TI  - A comparison of infections in different ICUs within the same hospital.
AB  - Infections identified between 1981 and 1983 in a hospital's medical/surgical,
      pediatric, neonatal, coronary care, and cardiac surgery ICUs were compared. Among
      14,360 admissions, 1840 infections occurred in 1360 patients. Total infection
      rates ranged from 1.0% (cardiac surgery ICU) to 23.5% (medical/surgical ICU).
      Rates of ICU-acquired infection ranged from 0.8% (cardiac surgery ICU) to 11.2%
      (medical/surgical ICU), indicating that only about half of infections in the
      latter unit were acquired from within. Primary bacteremias comprised 14.5% of
      neonatal ICU infections, a rate 500% higher than in other ICUs. Meningitis and
      genitourinary infections were more common in pediatric and coronary care ICUs.
      Candida and Pseudomonas species and Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia were most
      common in the medical/surgical ICU. Survival rate of infected patients was over
      87% in pediatric and neonatal ICUs, compared with only 55.4% in the
      medical/surgical ICU. These differences in types and rates of infection have an
      important bearing on infection-control activities in the ICU, and also provide a
      yardstick against which similar institutions can gauge their ICU infection
      status.

PMID- 3996000
TI  - Hypophosphatemia and Reye's syndrome.
AB  - Hypophosphatemia may occur in Reye's syndrome. We retrospectively studied 42
      patients with Reye's syndrome to determine the frequency and degree of
      hypophosphatemia, to identify possible causes, and to determine whether
      hypophosphatemia was related to the severity of disease or mortality. Nineteen
      (46%) patients were hypophosphatemic at the time of hospital admission. Five of
      these had a serum phosphorus level less than 2.5 mg/dl and three were 1.5 mg/dl
      or less. During the subsequent hospital course, 32 (78%) patients developed
      hypophosphatemia. It was of moderate degree (2.5 mg/dl or less) in 20 patients,
      and was severe (1.5 mg/dl or less) in eight patients. Hypophosphatemia correlated
      with concurrent hyperglycemia but not with other potential causes studied. The
      degree of hypophosphatemia during treatment roughly paralleled the severity of
      illness but was not a predictor of outcome. The need for treatment of
      hypophosphatemia in Reye's syndrome has not been established, and hypocalcemia as
      a complication of excess phosphate infusion should be avoided.

PMID- 3996001
TI  - Pulmonary artery wedge pressure may fail to reflect left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure in dogs with oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema.
AB  - We investigated the accuracy with which pulmonary artery wedge pressure (WP)
      reflected left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in dogs with oleic acid
      induced pulmonary edema. We compared hemodynamic variables before and during
      edema, as measured from a pulmonary artery catheter placed before oleic acid (PA
      1) and from a second catheter (PA-2) placed 2 h after oleic acid infusion. Oleic
      acid decreased arterial oxygen saturation and cardiac output and increased
      pulmonary vascular resistance and phasic pulmonary artery pressure. LVEDP did not
      change after oleic acid, although WP measured by both catheters was increased. In
      addition, WP measured by PA-2 (7.1 +/- 0.7 mm Hg) was greater than that measured
      by PA-1 (5.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg) (p less than or equal to 0.037). Using PA-1, we found
      that WP increased in a linear manner with LVEDP both before and after pulmonary
      injury (r2 = 0.91, 0.68, respectively). There was no relationship between LVEDP
      and WP using PA-2 (r2 = 0.07). We conclude that oleic acid-induced pulmonary
      edema lessens the accuracy with which WP reflects LVEDP, and that WP from a
      catheter placed after edema less accurately reflects LVEDP than does WP from a
      catheter placed before edema.

PMID- 3996002
TI  - Norepinephrine alone versus norepinephrine plus low-dose dopamine: enhanced renal
      blood flow with combination pressor therapy.
AB  - Six normotensive, anesthetized dogs were infused intravenously with short-term,
      incremental infusions of norepinephrine (NE) with or without the addition of iv
      dopamine (DA) (4 micrograms/kg X min). The infusion of NE alone and in
      combination with low-dose DA produced similar, significant increases in mean
      arterial pressure. During the infusion of pressor doses of NE, the addition of DA
      resulted in significantly higher renal blood flow (p less than .001) and lower
      renal vascular resistance (p less than .001) than infusions of NE alone. Thus,
      the renal vasodilating action of low-dose DA persisted despite infusions of NE, a
      potent vasopressor which decreases renal blood flow. This suggests that shock
      patients receiving therapy with NE should be good candidates to receive low-dose
      DA to enhance renal blood flow.

PMID- 3996003
TI  - Association of low systolic and diastolic blood pressure with significant patent
      ductus arteriosus in the very low birth weight infant.
AB  - The systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures of 34 infants weighing less than
      1200 g, who required mechanical ventilation for hyaline membrane disease, were
      prospectively evaluated in the first week of life and related to the magnitude of
      ductal shunting. Seventeen infants developed a large patent ductus arteriosus
      (PDA) corresponding to significant left-to-right ductal shunting and requiring
      surgical ligation. By the second day of life these patients with large PDAs had
      significantly lower mean systolic and diastolic BPs than the non-PDA infants.
      There were no significant differences in pulse pressures between groups. Both
      systolic and diastolic BPs promptly returned to control values after ligation. A
      mean diastolic BP less than 28 mm Hg on the third day of life was significantly
      associated with a PDA in 93% of patients.

PMID- 3996004
TI  - Correlation between measured and calculated colloid osmotic pressure.
AB  - We examined the relationship between measured colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and
      COP calculated from serum total protein concentration (TP). Serum COP and TP were
      measured in 40 patients with severe abdominal sepsis. Measured COP values were
      not significantly different from values calculated using three separate formulas.
      The correlation rate between measured COP and TP (r = .83, p less than .01) was
      lower than that between calculated COP and TP (r = .99, p less than .01). All
      three formulas were fairly reliable. Alternatively, a table of predicted COP
      values may be useful in severely ill patients.

PMID- 3996005
TI  - Hypomagnesemia in patients entering the ICU.
AB  - Serum magnesium was measured in 102 consecutive patients admitted to a medical
      ICU. Twenty percent of these patients had hypomagnesemia and 9% had
      hypermagnesemia. There were no other laboratory tests or clinical features
      suggesting hypomagnesemia. Of all ion levels measured routinely in these
      patients, serum magnesium had the highest prevalence of abnormal values.

PMID- 3996006
TI  - Prolonged use of high-frequency jet ventilation for a pediatric patient.
AB  - A 10-yr-old boy who developed postoperative respiratory failure with evidence of
      significant barotrauma was treated with high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV).
      HFJV reduced peak inflation pressure, enhanced oxygenation, and improved
      ventilation. The patient could not be weaned from HFJV by decreasing drive
      pressure. Instead, he was successfully weaned by decreasing the HFJV rate to 80
      cycle/min and then switching to conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation
      at initially similar rate and pressure levels.

PMID- 3996008
TI  - Prophylaxis of postoperative pulmonary complications.

PMID- 3996007
TI  - Right atrial septal aneurysm: an unusual cause of recurrent pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Angiography was used to diagnose atrial septal aneurysm in a 46-yr-old man
      suffering from recurrent pulmonary emboli, who had normal venograms of his lower
      extremities. This case demonstrates the usefulness of searching for sources of
      emboli other than deep venous thrombosis, but illustrates the limits of two
      dimensional echocardiography in diagnosing atrial septal aneurysm.

PMID- 3996009
TI  - Effect of Intralipid on hemoglobin measurements.

PMID- 3996010
TI  - Cimetidine prophylaxis of acute stress erosions.

PMID- 3996011
TI  - Simplified acute physiology score.

PMID- 3996012
TI  - The Dangerfield syndrome: reflections on subspecialty interactions.

PMID- 3996013
TI  - Multifaceted freezing injury in human polymorphonuclear cells at high subfreezing
      temperatures.
AB  - Extracellular freezing injury at high subzero temperatures in human
      polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) was studied with a cryomicroscope, electron
      microscope, and functional assays (phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, and
      chemotaxis). There are at least four major factors in freezing injury: osmotic
      stress, chilling, cold shock, and dilution shock. Extracellularly frozen PMNs
      lose functions when cooled to -2 degrees C without a cryoprotectant. Cells lose
      volume on freezing to the same degree as in hypertonic exposure. PMNs have a
      minimum volume to which they can shrink without injury. Greater dehydration
      produces irreversible injury to cellular functions, and cells eventually collapse
      under high osmotic stress. Chilling sensitivity is seen in slowly chilled,
      supercooled PMNs below -5 degrees C; at -7 degrees C, functions are lost in 1 h.
      This injury can be prevented by the addition of Me2SO but not glycerol. Me2SO
      does not, however, prevent cold shock (injury due to rapid cooling), which is
      seen during cooling at 10 degrees C/min to -14 degrees C, but not during slow
      cooling at 0.5 degrees C/min. One of the problems of using glycerol as a
      cryoprotectant stems from the high sensitivity of PMNs to dilution shock during
      the dilution or removal of glycerol.

PMID- 3996014
TI  - Preservation of renal function by adenosine-stimulated ATP synthesis in
      hypothermically perfused dog kidneys.
AB  - Dog kidneys were hypothermically perfused for 1 to 5 days in the presence or
      absence of adenosine (5 mM). Following 1, 3, and 5 days, kidneys were reperfused
      at normothermia in an isolated perfusion system using a bovine serum albumin
      containing perfusate and renal function was determined. At the end of
      normothermic perfusion, kidney cortical slices were removed for biochemical
      analysis. Kidneys preserved in the presence of adenosine generated much higher
      concentrations of ATP during normothermic perfusion than kidneys preserved in the
      absence of adenosine at all time periods studied. In kidneys reperfused (37
      degrees C) after 3 days of preservation, the ATP concentration averaged 9.15
      mumol/g dry wt (+adenosine) vs. 4.75 mumol/g dry wt (-adenosine). After 5 days,
      the average was 12.65 mumol/g dry wt (+adenosine) vs. 4.00 mumol/g dry wt (
      adenosine). The tissue concentration of K+ was higher in kidneys perfused in the
      presence of adenosine for all time periods studied. The presence of adenosine had
      little effect on the GFR (creatinine clearance) which was reduced by about 90%
      from control values at both 3 and 5 days of preservation. The primary effect of
      adenosine on renal function was a greater preservation of the capability of the
      isolated perfused kidney to reabsorb Na+ from the glomerular filtrate. In the
      absence of adenosine Na+ reabsorption was reduced from 97 to 50% whereas in the
      presence of adenosine was reduced to only 80% after 3 days of preservation. After
      5 days of perfusion Na+ reabsorption was unaffected by the presence of adenosine
      and the amount resorbed was only 25-30% of the amount filtered.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996015
TI  - The effect of surface cooling on blood flow distribution in infant pigs with
      mature left to right shunts.
AB  - Surface cooling as an adjunct to cardiopulmonary bypass, core cooling, and
      circulatory arrest has been effectively used to produce more homogeneous cooling
      and better tissue preservation. A previous study, using pigs with newly created
      aortopulmonary shunts, revealed a redistribution of blood flow away from the
      kidneys and viscera during surface cooling that did not occur in normal pigs. The
      present study tests the hypothesis that pigs with mature aortopulmonary shunts
      behave in a similar manner. Group I (N = 7, unshunted pigs) and Group II (N = 7,
      shunted pigs) underwent surface cooling and blood flow distribution measurements
      by microspheres at 37, 32, 28, and 25 degrees C. Both Groups I and II experienced
      a decrease in cardiac output with hypothermia. Group II had decreased absolute
      tissue flow to the viscera, kidneys, muscle, and skin at 37 degrees C compared
      with Group I, even before the onset of hypothermia. During hypothermia, Group I
      experienced a decrease in all tissue flows, but Group II had a decrease only in
      visceral and renal flows at 25 degrees C. Blood flow distribution, as a
      percentage of cardiac output, showed little change (decrease only in skin) in
      Group I with hypothermia. In Group II, however, a maldistribution of cardiac
      output developed resulting in decreased percentage of cardiac output to the
      kidneys and viscera and an increased percentage of cardiac output to the lungs
      that was confirmed by an increase in the Qp/Qs ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3996016
TI  - Thermodynamic modeling and cryomicroscopy of cell-size, unilamellar, and
      paucilamellar liposomes.
AB  - Cryomicroscope studies of large unilamellar liposomes indicate that liposomes are
      an excellent model for studying membrane response to freezing and thawing.
      Liposomes are attractive for such use because they can be custom-manufactured for
      a particular investigation. In addition, liposome responses to freezing and
      thawing mimic real cell behavior in a number of significant ways. Analogous
      behavior includes osmotic shrinkage at slow cooling rates, internal ice formation
      at fast cooling rates, comparable nucleation temperatures, and a variety of
      comparable thawing responses. Experimental determination has been made of the
      equilibrium osmotic properties and the nonequilibrium water transport properties
      of the egg lecithin liposomes used in the freezing studies. These properties have
      been used in a computer model to simulate volume changes resulting from water
      transport during freezing and thawing. Comparison between computer model
      predictions and experimental data for the liposome volume response during
      freezing indicates reasonable agreement whereas computer simulations of volume
      response during thawing do not match experimental data well.

PMID- 3996017
TI  - Tissue impedance and temperature measurements in relation to necrosis in
      experimental cryosurgery.
AB  - Tissue temperature and impedance were measured in dog skin during freezing in
      situ. The previously frozen skin was removed by punch biopsies 3 days later to
      permit microscopic evaluation of the extent of necrosis. The histologic
      observations were related to the temperature and impedance measurements in an
      effort to determine the usefulness of the monitoring techniques in clinical
      cryosurgery. Tissue temperature and impedance have a definite relationship in
      tissue freezing, but the range of temperatures about any impedance values causes
      some concern. The tissue biopsies showed that an impedance value of at least 10
      Mohms is not always associated with tissue death. In these experiments, there was
      the usual range of temperatures in relation to tissue death, but tissue
      temperatures of -30 degrees C and colder were always associated with complete
      necrosis. It is concluded that tissue temperatures are the more accurate and
      useful monitoring technique to supplement clinical judgment. However, impedance
      techniques may also be used to monitor therapy, especially if used primarily to
      monitor depth of therapy, and if controlled by clinical judgment wary of the
      inaccuracy of the technique.

PMID- 3996018
TI  - Healing of specialized tongue epithelium following cryosurgery.
AB  - Although cryosurgery of oral tissues has been extensively studied, there is
      little information concerning healing and repapillation of the dorsum of the
      tongue. Using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, an
      investigation of the sequence of reformation of papillae was carried out in the
      hamster. Four days postoperatively there was mitotic activity and cell migration
      at the periphery of the wound. At the edge of the ulcer there were partially
      damaged tongue papillae with evidence of recovery. Damaged papillae had
      regenerated completely within 2 weeks. In the central ulcerated area, epithelium
      healed by migration and, within this new epithelium, tongue papillae commenced to
      form by a process similar to that seen in the fetal tongue. Repapillation of the
      central area of the lesion was complete 6 weeks after operation, leaving minimal
      scarring. The details of these processes are described.

PMID- 3996019
TI  - Preservation of integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane after freeze
      thawing and freeze-drying.
AB  - The results of this paper illustrate that trehalose partially preserves inner
      mitochondrial membrane integrity after freeze-thawing and freeze-drying with
      subsequent rehydration in water. The 2,4-dinitrophenol stimulation of ATPase
      activity was used as a criterion for membrane integrity. The results show that
      ATPase activity of lyophilized-rehydrated mitochondria was stimulated up to two
      to three times.

PMID- 3996020
TI  - Normal and abnormal heart sounds in cardiac diagnosis. Part I: Systolic sounds.

PMID- 3996021
TI  - Women and men as surgeons: are the problems really different?

PMID- 3996022
TI  - Injuries to inferior vena cava: an improved survival rate.

PMID- 3996023
TI  - Creatinine clearance and intra-abdominal infection.

PMID- 3996024
TI  - Longitudinal ileal myotomy: a new reservoir for use with ileoanal anastomosis.

PMID- 3996025
TI  - The limulus lysate index: early predictor of fatal sepsis.

PMID- 3996026
TI  - Cimetidine does not change regional gastrointestinal blood flow or stress ulcer
      formation in rabbits after hemorrhage.

PMID- 3996027
TI  - Action of cholecystokinin on sphincter of Oddi phasic wave activity in the
      prairie dog.

PMID- 3996028
TI  - Microwave coagulating scalpel for operations on the solid viscus organ.

PMID- 3996029
TI  - Women surgeons: how much of an impact?

PMID- 3996030
TI  - Dermatologic surgery: changing our specialty.

PMID- 3996031
TI  - Giardiasis.

PMID- 3996032
TI  - Clinically uninvolved skin in psoriasis.

PMID- 3996034
TI  - Gila monster bites.

PMID- 3996033
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis in early infancy.

PMID- 3996035
TI  - Macules.

PMID- 3996036
TI  - Erythema nodosum in Sweet's syndrome.
AB  - A 36-year-old man had Sweet's syndrome associated with plaques on the legs that
      were typical of erythema nodosum both clinically and histologically. To our
      knowledge, true erythema nodosum has not previously been recognized as part of
      Sweet's syndrome.

PMID- 3996037
TI  - Hemorrhage into plantar callus and diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A clinical correlation has been described between hemorrhage within plantar
      callus and diabetes mellitus. One hundred patients were examined for the presence
      of hemorrhage within plantar callus. Hemorrhage was rigidly defined to rule out
      hemorrhage attributed to causes other than diabetes mellitus. The presence of
      hemorrhage within callus was found to be more clinically prevalent in insulin
      dependent diabetics than in those who were not insulin-dependent.

PMID- 3996038
TI  - Multiple epitheliomata cuniculata occurring in a mutilating keratoderma.
AB  - We report on a young man with a congenital mutilating keratoderma in whom three
      epitheliomata cuniculata occurred during a two-year period. The clinical
      findings, associated disease states, and treatment of epithelioma cuniculatum
      (EC) are reviewed.

PMID- 3996039
TI  - Sweethearts' syndrome: purpura of a pleasant nature.
AB  - A common and a less common form of purpura seen in lovers are briefly reviewed.
      The diagnosis and course of a newly described syndrome of axillary purpura and
      paresthesia of the upper extremity in sweethearts is also discussed.

PMID- 3996040
TI  - Exercise-associated solar purpura in an atypical location.
AB  - Solar purpura localized to the malar region occurred in a 41-year-old jogger
      after a six mile run. This eruption is another example of the dermatoses
      experienced by athletes.

PMID- 3996041
TI  - Acquired dermal smooth-muscle hamartoma.
AB  - We report a patient with a hyperpigmented, non-hairy plaque on the forearm. The
      presence of disorganized smooth-muscle bundles within the dermis proved this
      lesion to be a dermal smooth-muscle hamartoma. The relationship of this lesion to
      the pigmented hairy nevus of Becker is discussed.

PMID- 3996043
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a new occlusive hydrocolloid dressing.
AB  - Eighteen patients with a total of twenty-four dermal ulcers of varying causes and
      unresponsive to other conservative treatment were treated with a new hydrocolloid
      dressing. All lesions healed in less time than with other modalities. This
      hydrocolloid dressing is more effective than others presently available for the
      treatment of noninfected dermal ulcers.

PMID- 3996042
TI  - Effect of hydrocortisone on Trichophyton rubrum growth in human epidermal
      keratinocyte cultures.
AB  - A large volume of evidence suggests that topical steroids intensify fungal
      infections. To verify this observation further, we inoculated Trichophyton rubrum
      into human epidermal keratinocyte cultures in the presence of hydrocortisone. Our
      results reveal that hydrocortisone does stimulate mycelium growth. However, it
      only occurs in the cultures containing human epidermal cells, and the stimulation
      is greater at a higher concentration of the drug (20 micrograms/ml) than a lower
      one (2 micrograms/ml).

PMID- 3996044
TI  - Pityriasis rosea eruption in secondary syphilis: an isomorphic phenomenon?
AB  - A 41-year-old man was referred because of a slightly pruritic eruption, and a
      classic case of pityriasis rosea was diagnosed on the first examination. Results
      of routine tests for syphilis were strongly positive, and on repeated examination
      the eruption had grown further. Skin biopsy specimens showed plasma cells and
      Treponema pallidum. All symptoms disappeared following antisyphilitic treatment.
      The possibility of an isomorphic response is discussed.

PMID- 3996045
TI  - Correlation between post-replication repair and metastatic potential in B16 mouse
      melanoma cell lines.
AB  - The rate of postreplication repair of the B16-F1 and the B16-F10 variant clones
      was compared to the parent B16CL4 mouse melanoma cells in an attempt to correlate
      the postreplication repair efficiency with the metastatic potential of these
      melanoma cells. The rate of postreplication repair of the B16-F10 subline was 47%
      higher than that of the parent B16CL4 mouse melanoma cells and 20% higher than
      that of the B16-F1 cells. This higher rate of postreplication repair in the B16
      F10 cells correlates with its higher metastatic potential. It was also of
      interest to notice that the rate of postreplication repair of the B16-F1 and the
      B16-F10 cells are comparable to their rate of replicon joining in non-irradiated
      cells, in contrast to the parent B16CL4 cells whose rate of post-replication
      repair was significantly lower than its rate of replicon joining.

PMID- 3996046
TI  - Estimation of heat production by cultured cells in suspension using semi
      automated flow microcalorimetry.
AB  - Modifications to a heat conduction flow microcalorimeter are described which
      allow registration of heat production by cells cultured in suspension. LS cells
      produced 34 +/- 3 pW per cell. Over an 8.5 h period, cell numbers increased by 9%
      and heat production per cell by 18%. Oxygen consumption per cell was 0.244 +/-
      0.02 mumol min-1 per 10(8) cells and the enthalpy change was -836 kJ/mol O2. An
      automated pumping system allowed sequential registration of heat production by
      untreated cells and those exposed to a metabolic inhibitor. The results showed
      that 0.1 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol caused a greater increase in power (+65% at 1.5 h)
      than in oxygen consumption (+36%). The opposite occurred in the case of cells
      treated with 1 mM potassium cyanide, heat dissipation being depressed (-48%)
      slightly less than oxygen uptake (-52%). The results illustrate the potential of
      careful calorimetric determinations in studying metabolic events in the growth
      and division of cells in culture.

PMID- 3996048
TI  - Relative DNA content in lymphocytes and buccal mucosa of patients with sex
      chromosomal anomalies.
AB  - Cytophotometric estimation of DNA values from human buccal mucosa and lymphocyte
      culture nuclei shows a difference related to different X chromosomal
      abnormalities, namely, del X, XO, XXX and XXY. The values in the buccal mucosa in
      all cases except XXX were similar to the normal XX and XY. In lymphocytes nuclei,
      however, a steady increase in the DNA content at a significant level could be
      related to an increase in the number of X chromosomes. The similarity in the DNA
      values of normal XX and XY controls may be attributed to asynchrony in the
      replication patterns of X and Y chromosomes.

PMID- 3996047
TI  - Changes in morphology of endocytotic vesicles in cardiac capillary endothelial
      cells and myocytes of rats after treatment with adenine and AMP.
AB  - Isolated rat hearts were perfused with media containing no additions (sham),
      adenine, or AMP to determine if adenine or AMP would affect post-ischaemic
      myocyte ultrastructure. The most significant change induced by both adenine and
      AMP was a dramatic increase in the number and size of endocytotic vesicles
      apparent in capillary endothelia and myocytes. This observation suggests
      endocytosis as a possible transport mechanism for AMP or adenine, or other large
      polar molecules including purine nucleotide precursors, from the coronary
      circulation across capillary endothelia and into myocytes.

PMID- 3996049
TI  - Electrosurgery via the fiberoptic bronchoscope: a useful therapeutic technique?

PMID- 3996050
TI  - The use of lasers in thoracic surgery.

PMID- 3996051
TI  - The case for continued scrutiny of catheterization-related complications.

PMID- 3996052
TI  - Techniques of blood pressure monitoring during exercise.

PMID- 3996053
TI  - The treatment of lung abscess. Current concepts.

PMID- 3996054
TI  - The persistent need to improve our approach to sarcoidosis.

PMID- 3996055
TI  - Endobronchial electrocautery.
AB  - Endobronchial electrocautery was successfully used to treat three patients with
      major airway obstruction resulting from bronchogenic carcinoma and to establish a
      diagnosis in a fourth. Electrocautery was applied through fiberoptic
      bronchoscopes. In two cases, a wire snare was used to remove polypoid lesions and
      in two others, probes were used to ablate tumor tissue. As a result of high
      inspired oxygen concentration in one patient, a tracheal fire occurred without
      injury to the patient. Electrocautery is an available economical tool which has
      potential value in the diagnosis and therapy of endobronchial obstructing airway
      lesions.

PMID- 3996056
TI  - Elective percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. A new simple bedside procedure;
      preliminary report.
AB  - The development by the senior author (P.C.) of percutaneous tracheostomy from
      cricothyroidostomy and subcricoid fingertip tracheostomy is traced, and the
      technique and patient material of percutaneous subcricoid tracheostomy is
      presented. This new technique consists of inserting a tracheostomy tube by the
      use of a J guide wire inserted through a cannula into the tracheal lumen. Tapered
      dilators follow the guide wire and dilate the opening in the tracheal walls. A
      tracheostomy tube snugly fitted over a dilator is then passed into the trachea
      between the cricoid cartilage and the first tracheal ring. This procedure avoids
      the immediate and postoperative complications of "standard" tracheostomy. An
      experience of 134 tracheostomies of various types culminated in the development
      of the percutaneous technique. To date 26 such operations on 24 patients have
      been done with no significant complications due to the operation. The
      percutaneous technique should reduce the severity and incidence of intraoperative
      complications. Late complications, which have been no problem to date, are being
      evaluated with longer follow-up and with a greater patient population.

PMID- 3996057
TI  - Intracuff pressures in endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes. Related cuff physical
      characteristics.
AB  - This study compared intracuff pressure (ICP) during mechanical ventilation in a
      variety of currently used endotracheal (ET) and tracheostomy (trach) tube cuffs
      and related cuff physical characteristics. Tracheostomy tube physical
      characteristics were also measured. Variation was observed to exist between "just
      seal" inspiratory and end-expiratory intracuff pressure during mechanical
      ventilation. Cuff diameter, thickness, compliance, geometry (shape), resting
      volume, and just-seal volume also varied. ICP varied with cuff diameter,
      thickness, compliance, geometry (shape), and trachea size, as well as tube curve
      and cuff position in the trachea. Thin, large-diameter, compliant cuffs generally
      "just seal" with relatively low ICPs. We recommend use of tracheal airways
      (endotracheal and tracheostomy) fitted with cuffs that seal in patients with low
      intracuff pressures. We also recommend nonrigid (soft) thermolabile tracheostomy
      tubes.

PMID- 3996058
TI  - Utility of pneumonotomy in the treatment of cavitary lung disease.
AB  - Three patients were judged to be prohibitive operative risks despite the need for
      urgent drainage of cavitary pulmonary lesions. Cavernostomy was performed in each
      case, with a satisfactory long-term outcome in two patients. The third patient
      recovered from his pulmonary insult, but died much later, secondary to an
      unrelated illness. One patient had a purulent lung abscess due to aspiration, one
      had atypical tuberculosis resistant to all antibiotics, and the third patient
      experienced massive hemoptysis from a tuberculous cavity. Two-stage procedures
      were utilized in the first two patients, while urgent operation in the third
      patient was facilitated by adhesions from a previous thoracotomy and pleural
      infection. Care must be taken to minimize endobronchial and pleural contamination
      by meticulous attention to detail during the performance of percutaneous tube
      drainage. There are relatively few indications for percutaneous drainage of
      cavitary pulmonary lesions in this antibiotic era. However, certain clinical
      situations should prompt consideration for a pneumonotomy. These include a
      severely septic or debilitated patient who is unresponsive to medical management,
      the presence of resistant pathogens in a compromised host, and the presence of
      severe adhesive pleuritis which may prohibit an expeditious thoracotomy and
      resection for massive hemoptysis.

PMID- 3996059
TI  - Regional myocardial blood flow in man during dipyridamole coronary vasodilation.
AB  - Regional myocardial blood flow before and after intravenous dipyridamole (0.56
      mg/kg) was measured during cardiac catheterization in 11 patients using the 133Xe
      washout technique. Significant increases in heart rate (75 +/- 4 vs 87 +/- 6, p
      less than 0.004) and decreases in systolic blood pressure (144 +/- 8 vs 131 +/-
      7, p less than 0.02) were observed with dipyridamole infusion. However, double
      product and cardiac output did not differ before or after drug infusion. Regional
      myocardial blood flow increased from 67 +/- 3 (SEM) to 117 +/- 3 ml/100 mg/min in
      myocardial segments supplied by nonobstructed coronary arteries. In stenotic
      coronary arteries, flow increased from 57 +/- 5 to 79 +/- 9 ml/100 mg/min with
      dipyridamole. We conclude that dipyridamole infusion results in flow differences
      which discriminate stenotic from nonstenotic coronary arteries.

PMID- 3996061
TI  - Direct and indirect blood pressure during exercise.
AB  - In 27 subjects, we compared rest and exercise blood pressure (BP) measurements
      determined directly by catheterization of the radial artery with simultaneous
      values obtained indirectly by auscultation of the brachial artery. As work
      increased, the systolic BP increased, whereas the diastolic BP did not change.
      Considering all comparisons, direct BP was greater than indirect BP by a mean of
      29.0 mm Hg for systolic BP and 12.3 mm Hg for diastolic BP. As exercise level
      increased, the difference between direct and indirect systolic BP decreased
      whereas the difference between direct and indirect diastolic BP did not change.
      Both methods have advantages for assessment of BP response to exercise: normality
      of BP response is best assessed by auscultation, whereas beat-by-beat trends in
      BP are more accurately defined by the direct method.

PMID- 3996060
TI  - Effect of filtration and concentration on the composition of bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid.
AB  - The effects of filtration and concentration on the cellular and protein
      composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were examined in ten normal subjects
      and 11 patients with asthma. Filtration of lavage fluid preferentially removed
      bronchial epithelial cells, resulting in a relative increase in the proportion of
      alveolar macrophages. Concentration of the lavage fluid results in a significant
      loss of proteins, with a greater loss of large molecular weight proteins. A
      similar loss was not observed when diluted sera form the same subjects were
      concentrated in the same manner. Our results suggest that when studying the
      cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the aspirated fluid should
      not be filtered through cotton gauze if changes in the bronchial epithelium may
      be of importance because it will remove a significant proportion of these cells.
      Proteins in lavage fluids should be quantitated in unconcentrated lavage fluid
      whenever possible.

PMID- 3996062
TI  - Bronchopulmonary anastomotic and noncoronary collateral blood flow in humans
      during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - The sole source of blood returning to the left atrium during cardiopulmonary
      bypass, while the aorta is cross-clamped, is the bronchopulmonary anastomotic
      blood flow. In addition, there is noncoronary collateral blood flow which returns
      to the right atrium. Routinely, the bronchopulmonary anastomotic flow is drained
      from the left ventricle by a cannula and returned to the main circuitry via a
      cardiotomy reservoir. The noncoronary collateral flow may be vented similarly by
      introducing a cannula into the right atrium. Both the anastomotic and the
      noncoronary collateral flow can be measured with no further surgical
      intervention. We measured bronchopulmonary anastomotic flow in 40 patients
      undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery and the noncoronary collateral blood
      flow in 27 of these patients. Results from this study show that the
      bronchopulmonary anastomotic flow for the 40 patients was 140 +/- 182 ml/min
      (range 8 to 1,043 ml/min), representing 3.23 +/- 4.15 percent of the pump flow
      (equivalent to the cardiac output), and the noncoronary collateral flow in the 27
      patients was 48 +/- 74 ml/min (range 0 to 261 ml/min), representing 1.11 +/- 1.67
      percent of the pump flow.

PMID- 3996063
TI  - Food-induced "dose-dumping" from a once-a-day theophylline product as a cause of
      theophylline toxicity.
AB  - Three slow-release preparations of theophylline have received approval from the
      U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for "once-daily" dosing indications, amid
      controversy regarding the appropriateness of this decision. Because of specific
      concerns regarding data submitted to the FDA in support of the first of these
      products to be approved, Theo-24, we examined the absorption characteristics of
      this newly marketed formulation. Eight healthy volunteers received, in a
      crossover manner, single doses of a theophylline reference solution and Theo-24,
      taken both fasting and after a breakfast of bacon and eggs. The concentrations of
      theophylline were measured up to 60 hours after the dose. Absorption of Theo-24
      after an overnight fast was very slow, with only 71 +/- 6 percent (mean +/- SE)
      of the dose ultimately absorbed. In contrast, food caused precipitous "dose
      dumping," resulting in dose-normalized peak levels in the serum that averaged 2.3
      times higher than after a fasting dose. About half of the dose was absorbed in a
      four-hour period, generally beginning six to eight hours after the postprandial
      dose, and complete absorption was then attained within 24 hours (p less than
      0.001). Toxic effects of theophylline occurred in four subjects when they took
      the dose with food whereas no toxic effects occurred during the fasting regimen.
      Consequently, doses of Theo-24 that would have attained a predicted peak
      concentration of 15 micrograms/ml after multiple dosing taken without food would,
      if taken with food, have resulted in larger fluctuations and in peak
      concentrations in the potentially toxic range for six of the eight subjects.

PMID- 3996064
TI  - Alterations in theophylline protein binding in acutely ill patients with COPD.
AB  - We investigated the role of decreased theophylline protein binding as a possible
      explanation for observed decreases in total theophylline concentrations (TC) in
      acutely-ill patients (AIP). Multiple blood samples were obtained from nine AIP
      with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and from 13 stable
      COPD patients. The mean albumin concentration +/- SD was 2.7 +/- .61 mg/dl in the
      AIP vs 4.0 +/- 0.52 mg/dl in the stable COPD patients (p less than 0.005). Total
      (TC) and unbound theophylline concentrations (UTC) were determined. Theophylline
      protein binding was assessed at room temperature by centrifugal ultrafiltration
      of the patients' sera. The TC was 13.7 +/- 4.8 micrograms/ml in the stable COPD
      patients vs 11.8 +/- 4.1 micrograms/ml in the AIP although the mean dose was
      larger (17.21 +/- 5.41 vs 10.7 +/- 4.09 mg/kg/day of theophylline) in the AIP (p
      less than 0.005). There was no difference in UTC between the two groups (7.4 +/-
      2.5 micrograms/ml and 8.1 +/- 2.6 micrograms/ml); however, the unbound fraction
      was higher in the AIP (p less than 0.005). We conclude that theophylline protein
      binding appears altered in AIP and that the altered binding relates predominantly
      to the severity of the clinical illness.

PMID- 3996065
TI  - Undiagnosed tuberculosis in hospitalized patients.
AB  - Eighty-two cases of active tuberculosis (TB) were diagnosed only at autopsy in
      patients hospitalized in the Chaim Sheba Medical Center during a 21-year period
      (1960 to 1980). Some 75 percent of the patients were over 50 years old and a
      large number of them suffered from accompanying diseases or drug therapy which
      suppresses the immune system. Diagnostic measures for the confirmation of
      tuberculosis (skin tests; cultures of sputum, urine, gastric juice; liver biopsy)
      were not taken in 75 percent of the cases. In those taken, skin tests were
      negative in 75 percent of cases, most probably as a sign of anergy. The rest were
      borderline cases in whom the diagnosis of TB was not accepted affirmatively.

PMID- 3996066
TI  - The "aortic nipple" as a sign of impending superior vena caval syndrome.
AB  - The development of dilatation of the left superior intercostal vein ("aortic
      nipple") on chest radiographic studies can be used as a clue to impending
      superior vena caval syndrome. Two cases are described in which detection of an
      "aortic nipple" on chest roentgenograms predated the clinical syndrome by seven
      to ten weeks. Since superior vena caval syndrome is a medical emergency,
      recognition of signs such as this which may significantly predate the "full
      blown" syndrome have far-reaching implications in the care of patients.

PMID- 3996067
TI  - A simplified QRS scoring system for the estimation of the severity of acute
      inferior wall myocardial infarction.
AB  - Electrocardiographic assessment of the R/Q wave ratio (lead 2) of patients with a
      first acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (IWMI) offers important indirect
      quantitative information regarding the severity and extent of the myocardial
      damage. Eighty-eight consecutive patients with IWMI were investigated by
      echocardiography and radionuclear angiography. After measuring the R/Q ratio in
      lead 2 during the ST-wave stabilized stage of myocardial infarction, patients
      were separated into three groups--group 1 with an R/Q ratio greater than 2; group
      2 with an R/Q ratio between 1 to 2; and group 3 with an R/Q ratio less than 1.
      Utilizing the information thus gathered from the electrocardiogram (ECG) offers a
      simple and efficient method for early prognosis which merits further
      investigation.

PMID- 3996068
TI  - Postural hypoxemia in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - We measured arterial blood gases in the sitting and supine position in 33
      patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Arterial PO2 ranged from 48 to 97 mm Hg in
      the sitting position and fell by 1 to 23 mm Hg in 26 patients, rose by 1 to 4 mm
      Hg in five, and was unchanged in two when supine. Mean PO2 change for the group
      was a 6.5 (+/- 6.8) mm Hg decrease (sitting to supine), and substantial falls
      were more likely to occur in patients with mild to moderate, rather than severe,
      obstructive lung disease. There were no significant changes in PCO2 or pH with
      posture. Postural hypoxemia was not completely explained by greater airway
      closure as measured by the single-breath nitrogen method in 11 patients or by
      worse radiographic change in the upper lung zones. Arterial PO2 should always be
      compared in the same body position in CF patients, preferably while supine.
      Postural hypoxemia also may contribute to the lower PO2 at night in CF patients.

PMID- 3996069
TI  - Helium-oxygen breathing in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - The effect of breathing helium-oxygen (He-O2) mixtures was evaluated in 15
      patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Gas exchange
      was assessed during quiet breathing at rest before and after 15 minutes of
      breathing 80 percent He-20 percent O2 mixtures in all patients. Functional
      residual capacity (FRC) determined during argon (Ar) washing studies fell
      significantly while breathing He-O2, but we did not find significant changes in
      minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, or inspiratory or
      expiratory timing. Eleven patients showed decreases in arterial PCO2 and CO2
      excretion during resting breathing on He-O2. Expiratory flows were increased at a
      given lung volume during He-O2 breathing as expected. Apparently, mechanical work
      of breathing was decreased in patients with severe COPD while breathing He-O2,
      leading to a reduction in VCO2 and improvement in overall alveolar ventilation.
      These findings lend support to the therapeutic use of He-O2 under some conditions
      in patients with severe COPD.

PMID- 3996070
TI  - Long-term physiologic outcome after acute farmer's lung.
AB  - We performed a follow-up study of 61 patients who had an acute episode of
      farmer's lung (54 men and seven women). Twenty-four subjects had ceased all
      contact with the barn, while 37 had continued farming. Pulmonary function tests
      for all subjects showed an initial improvement after the acute episode: 92.4 +/-
      36.9 percent of predicted for carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (Dco) after one
      year, compared to 61.5 +/- 28.5 percent at diagnosis (p less than 0.01); and 6.01
      +/- 1.50 L for total lung capacity (TLC) after three years, compared to 5.35 +/-
      1.42 L (p less than 0.05). Subsequently, pulmonary function decreased over time.
      Five years or more after the acute episode, pulmonary function tests in subjects
      who had continued farm work were not worse than those of subjects who had ceased
      contact for Dco (68.1 +/- 21.4 percent of predicted vs 80.6 +/- 27.7 percent,
      respectively [p greater than 0.1]) and for TLC (5.55 +/- 1.31 L vs 5.90 +/- 0.84
      L [p greater than 0.2]). This study shows that during a long-term follow-up,
      subjects with farmer's lung who stayed on the farm have subnormal values for
      pulmonary function but comparable values to those who left their farm.

PMID- 3996071
TI  - Echocardiographic detection of right atrial thromboembolism.
AB  - Deep venous thrombosis may result in the clinical syndrome of pulmonary embolus.
      In rare instances, embolization has occurred, not directly to the pulmonary
      arterial tree, but to the right atrium or right ventricle. We report herein two
      cases of right atrial thromboembolization detected by two-dimensional
      echocardiography, and we review recently reported similar cases. The
      echocardiographic appearance of right-sided cardiac thromboembolism may be unique
      and allow precise noninvasive diagnosis. Mortality was five of five in patients
      receiving no specific therapy, four of eight in medically treated patients, and
      one of seven in surgically treated patients. From this review, it appears that
      there is a high mortality associated with this entity, which may be improved by
      rapid recognition and institution of specific therapy with anticoagulants,
      thrombolytic agents, or surgery. In select patients with low surgical risk,
      prompt exploration and removal of the mass may be indicated.

PMID- 3996073
TI  - Comparison of the esophageal obturator airway and endotracheal intubation in
      prehospital ventilation during CPR.
AB  - The esophageal obturator airway (EOA), esophagogastric tubular airway (EGT) and
      endotracheal (ET) intubation are compared as they relate to blood gases during
      CPR. Although statistically better levels of gases are obtained with the
      endotracheal tube in patients who had an EOA inserted previously, no difference
      in survival is noted in a separate prospective and retrospective series of
      patients in whom the devices were used in the field. Furthermore, there was no
      difference in morbidity, neurologic deficit, or functional capacity. In three of
      five series in which physician-directed CPR was carried out, there was no
      difference observed in PO2 levels when the EOA and ET tube were used
      consecutively, and patients with fixed volume ventilators on 100 percent oxygen
      have statistically similar blood gas levels with the EOA as they do with the
      endotracheal tube. It would appear that patients with a PO2 of less than 60 mm Hg
      do not tend to survive. The endotracheal tube remains the gold standard, although
      its universal use is impractical, while the EOA would appear to be an effective
      alternative and an important airway adjunct in the prehospital phase of CPR.

PMID- 3996072
TI  - Localization of mediastinal paragangliomas (pheochromocytoma).

PMID- 3996074
TI  - Experimental air leaks in lung sealed by low-energy carbon dioxide laser
      irradiation.
AB  - When a focused carbon dioxide laser beam strikes a surface of tissue, the light
      energy is converted instantly into thermal energy, causing cells directly in the
      laser's path to vaporize. Because the carbon dioxide laser's energy is well
      absorbed by water, this thermal effect is attenuated at a distance of 100 mu. If
      the laser beam is "defocused," the same thermal energy is dissipated over a
      larger area, causing only desiccation and melting of tissue without vaporization;
      however, the depth of injury remains shallow. This modified technique has been
      used to seal artificially created air leaks in the canine lung. Twelve mongrel
      dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated. The lingula was exposed
      sterilely through a left thoracotomy. A 1 X 3-mm hole was made in the lung at 1
      cm from the edge. The created air and blood leaks were sealed with a defocused
      carbon dioxide laser beam set at 8 W (32 W/sq cm). Each tissue "weld" withstood
      40 cm H2O of peak ventilation pressure without leak. At the time of reoperation
      three weeks later, there was apparent complete healing of the pulmonary surface.
      No air leaks were present. Histologic examination showed a small zone of
      amorphous coagulated pleura and lung overlying a zone of minimal atelectasis.
      Normal lung was present within 150 mu of the laser seal. This new technique was
      performed safely and easily with currently available carbon dioxide lasers in the
      laboratory. It is presently undergoing intraoperative trials in a controlled
      clinical setting.

PMID- 3996075
TI  - Myocardial necrosis in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease.
AB  - A 23-year-old black woman with mixed connective tissue disease developed acute
      onset of shortness of breath and evidence of pulmonary edema. Cardiac isoenzymes,
      electrocardiograms and radionuclide myocardial scintigraphy were consistent with
      focal myocardial necrosis. The patient has had no further myocardial complication
      since initiation of therapy with steroids.

PMID- 3996077
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of mediastinal pheochromocytoma.
AB  - A patient had a functioning pheochromocytoma in the aorticopulmonary region of
      the middle mediastinum. Two-dimensional echocardiography, utilizing the
      suprasternal approach, was useful in detecting the tumor and in defining its
      anatomic relationships to other vascular structures within the mediastinum.

PMID- 3996076
TI  - Bronchocentric granulomatosis with glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Bronchocentric granulomatosis is a chronic pulmonary disease treated with short
      term therapy with corticosteroids, and the disease has an excellent prognosis. We
      describe a patient, and review an additional case from the literature, in whom
      bronchocentric granulomatosis was accompanied by glomerulonephritis. A
      misdiagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis was made, and therapy with
      cyclophosphamide was either considered or given in each of these cases. We
      emphasize the need for careful histopathologic evaluation of open lung biopsies
      in patients suspected of having Wegener's granulomatosis in order to rule out the
      possibility of bronchocentric granulomatosis with concurrent renal disease, and
      thus avoid the unnecessary use of cytotoxic agents.

PMID- 3996078
TI  - Musical murmur and cardiac shudder.
AB  - When echocardiographic studies show several structures vibrating at a similar
      frequency to an associated musical cardiac murmur, the structure vibrating most
      strongly may localize the origin of the murmur.

PMID- 3996079
TI  - Bronchiolitis obliterans caused by Legionella pneumophila.
AB  - A diabetic patient presented with symptoms and laboratory findings compatible
      with atypical pneumonia. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, his dyspnea,
      arterial oxygenation, and chest roentgenographic findings worsened. Because the
      patient had a history of homosexual contact, an open lung biopsy was obtained to
      morphologically define the tissue reaction and to search for a specific etiology.
      Histologic examination showed bronchiolitis obliterans but did not demonstrate a
      cause. Legionnaires' disease was subsequently diagnosed on the basis of a
      fourfold rise in indirect fluorescent antibody titer. This case report
      demonstrates that Legionella pneumophila may induce lung injury with
      bronchiolitis obliterans. Such patients may benefit from corticosteroid
      treatment.

PMID- 3996080
TI  - An additional case of pulmonary Pseudallescheria boydii improved with
      ketoconazole therapy.

PMID- 3996081
TI  - Respiratory gas exchange in submaximal unsteady state exercise.

PMID- 3996082
TI  - Caught on the hop.

PMID- 3996083
TI  - The continuous measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation.

PMID- 3996084
TI  - The determination of static lung volumes.

PMID- 3996085
TI  - Mezlocillin concentrations in human aqueous humour after intravenous and
      subconjunctival administration.
AB  - 27 patients received either 4 g intravenous infusion 1-3 h or 100 mg
      subconjunctival application of mezlocillin 1-12 h before cataract extraction.
      After intravenous administration the mean aqueous humour concentration of
      mezlocillin was 2.9 micrograms/ml after 2 h. The subconjunctival dose produced a
      mean aqueous humour concentration of 23 and 2.6 micrograms/ml after 3 and 12 h,
      respectively. These levels are above the minimum inhibitory concentration of
      mezlocillin for sensitive organisms.

PMID- 3996086
TI  - Augmentation effect of clavulanic acid with penicillin, cephalothin and
      ticarcillin against Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - The effect of clavulanic acid on the in vitro activity of beta-lactam antibiotics
      against Bacteroides fragilis (154 strains) was tested. The MIC90 on 154 strains
      of B. fragilis tested was greater than 64 micrograms/ml for penicillin and
      cephalothin, and greater than 128 for ticarcillin alone. 32 strains of B.
      fragilis relatively resistant to the test beta-lactam antibiotics (most of them
      beta-lactamase producers) were retested with the addition of clavulanic acid. 90%
      of the strains were then inhibited by less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml of
      penicillin and cephalothin, and by 32 micrograms/ml of ticarcillin. The strongest
      beta-lactamase producers were the most susceptible, and this was not influenced
      by change in pH of the diluent for clavulanic acid from 6.0 to 7.4. Both
      penicillin and cephalothin when combined with clavulanic acid were highly
      effective against B. fragilis but the therapeutic relevance of these combinations
      remains to be evaluated.

PMID- 3996088
TI  - Susceptibility of Candida spp. of clinical origin to lucknomycin, a new polyenic
      antibiotic.
AB  - Lucknomycin is a new polyenic derivative antifungal agent obtained from a
      Streptomyces diastatochromogenes culture. The in vitro activity of the compound
      was tested against 403 strains of different Candida species of clinical origin by
      the Sabouraud Agar dilution method. The mean geometrical value of the minimal
      inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Candida albicans was 0.85 microgram/ml, 6
      times lower than the corresponding value of nystatin (5.29 micrograms/ml) and
      very close to that of amphotericin B (0.56 microgram/ml). Lucknomycin was also 4
      10 times more active than nystatin on other Candida species, with an MIC similar
      to those obtained with amphotericin B.

PMID- 3996087
TI  - In vitro synergistic activity of some chinolinic compounds combined with beta
      lactam antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative clinical isolates.
AB  - The antimicrobial activities of nalidixic acid-cephalexin (ratio 1:1) and
      cinoxacin-cefadroxil (ratio 1:2) combinations have been evaluated against 396
      clinical isolates; many of them were nalidixic acid- or cinoxacin-resistant
      organisms (MIC greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml). We have also tested
      the nalidixic acid-amoxicillin combination (ratio 1:1) against 225 amoxicillin
      resistant bacterial strains (MIC greater than or equal to 800 micrograms/ml).
      Synergy was found for 62-70% of the Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenter bacilli
      tested and for 85-92% of the gram-positive bacterial strains. The 225 clinical
      isolates resistant to amoxicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 800
      micrograms/ml) were synergistically inhibited by the nalidixic acid-amoxicillin
      combination.

PMID- 3996089
TI  - Adverse effect of cyclophosphamide at moderate dose in combination with standard
      drugs on intraperitoneally implanted Lewis lung carcinoma in mice.
AB  - Adverse (tumor-enhancing) effects of cyclophosphamide at moderate dose (50 mg/kg)
      given therapeutically were confirmed on the intraperitoneally implanted Lewis
      lung carcinoma (LLC) in allogeneic DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. It was recently
      demonstrated that antitumor effects of five standard drugs (actinomycin D,
      adriamycin, BCNU, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate) were abolished or diminished
      when cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) was therapeutically combined with such drugs
      against intraperitoneally implanted LLC both in syngeneic C56BL/6 and allogeneic
      DBA/2 and BALB/c mice, while the effects of three drugs (cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum, 5-thioguanine and vincristine) were not affected by the
      cyclophosphamide therapy. It is suggested that cyclophosphamide therapy at
      adjusted lower doses in man might not only be effective but also have a risk to
      enhance tumor growth and diminish the beneficial effects of other drugs in
      combination chemotherapy.

PMID- 3996091
TI  - Prophylaxis and treatment of anaerobic infections following caesarean section
      with tinidazole.
AB  - The purpose of this prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to
      clarify the effect of a single intravenous infusion of 500 mg of tinidazole on
      infections that followed a caesarean section. 80 consecutive caesarean-section
      patients and thereafter 72 women undergoing non-elective caesarean section were
      randomly assigned to two groups, each receiving intravenous infusions at cord
      clamping. In the entire sample the incidence of endometritis/wound infection in
      the placebo group was 27.3% (21/77) versus 10.7% (8/75) in the tinidazole group
      (p less than 0.01). In the non-elective caesarean-section group the incidence of
      endometritis/wound infection was 39.6% (21/53) in the placebo group versus 14.3%
      (7/49) in the tinidazole group (p less than 0.01). 27 positive bacterial cultures
      yielded a pure anaerobic growth in 59% (16/27) of cases, of which 87.5% (14/16)
      were treated successfully with oral tinidazole.

PMID- 3996090
TI  - Effect of hydrocortisone and BCNU on long-term murine bone marrow cultures.
AB  - Hydrocortisone (HC) has been observed to influence an in vitro Dexter culture
      system with maintenance of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-s) and
      progenitor cells (CFU-gm, BFU-e). In the present study, a two-phase murine Dexter
      culture system was established to study the mechanism of HC-mediated suppression
      of stem cells or progenitor cells. Furthermore, the effect of exposing 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) to an adherent cell layer for 1 h was
      investigated for maintenance of progenitor cells. Cultures supplemented with
      selenium and transferrin showed relatively good growth. The BFU-e number was
      significantly enhanced at 2 and 3 weeks of culture in the BCNU-treated group.
      This system is a good model for monitoring the influence of agents to a
      hematopoietic-inductive microenvironment.

PMID- 3996092
TI  - Head start/USDA conduct nutrition education projects.

PMID- 3996093
TI  - [Liver trauma].

PMID- 3996094
TI  - [Mechanical anastomoses in colorectal surgery. Indications and results].

PMID- 3996095
TI  - [Surgical staplers in surgery of the lung].

PMID- 3996096
TI  - [Necrotizing pancreatitis: peritoneal lavage or bursa lavage? Results of a
      prospective consecutive controlled study].
AB  - In 111 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis two different therapeutical
      procedures were applied since 1974 in addition to the surgical removal of
      necrotic tissue. In group I with 64 patients a continuous peritoneal lavage and
      in group II with 47 patients a local lavage of the lesser sac were performed. In
      case of extrapancreatic necroses and diffuse peritonitis peritoneal lavage was
      done additionally in 32 patients. Local lavage of the lesser sac, in some cases
      combined with peritoneal lavage, is the procedure significantly superior to
      peritoneal lavage alone.

PMID- 3996097
TI  - [Omentum-plasty in hiatal hernias. Radiologic-manometric follow-up study].
AB  - The results of the omentum-plastic, investigated by clinical, radiological and
      manometric means, are reported. The time interval past surgery was up to 4.5
      years. The omentum-plastic is compared with the common methods of hiatal hernia
      surgery.

PMID- 3996098
TI  - [Conservative treatment of breast cancer].

PMID- 3996099
TI  - [Transabdominal circumrectal use of Schmidt-plasty with free transplanted
      autologous intestinal musculature in complete anal sphincter incontinence].

PMID- 3996100
TI  - Chromosome segregation and spindle structure in crane fly spermatocytes following
      Colcemid treatment.
AB  - Chromosome segregation in primary spermatocytes of the crane fly Nephrotoma
      suturalis was studied after exposure to Colcemid at doses that did not completely
      inhibit spindle formation. Colcemid was added either to the medium in which
      larvae were cultured or to Tricine buffer in which isolated testes were
      incubated. Patterns of chromosome segregation were analyzed in fixed, Feulgen
      stained smears of testes from Colcemid-treated larvae and in living cell
      preparations. Anomalies observed during the first meiotic division at higher than
      normal frequencies in Colcemid-treated spermatocytes included anaphase lagging of
      autosomes, chromosomal strands, tripolar and tetrapolar divisions, and unequal
      distribution of chromosomes to secondary cells. Following those doses of Colcemid
      that induced the above anomalies, the length of the birefringent spindle in
      primary spermatocytes was shorter than normal. This effect on spindle length also
      was apparent in Giemsa-stained preparations of fixed cells, in which the two
      centrosomes at the spindle poles were differentiated from the rest of the
      cytoplasm. The results indicate a correlation between the inhibition of spindle
      formation and the induction of anomalous patterns of chromosome segregation.

PMID- 3996101
TI  - Malorientation in half-bivalents at anaphase in crane fly spermatocytes following
      Colcemid treatment.
AB  - Addition of Colcemid to the medium in which larvae of the crane fly Nephrotoma
      suturalis are cultivated induces a number of anomalous patterns of chromosome
      segregation. One of these is the anaphase lagging of autosomal half-bivalents. To
      investigate the cause of anaphase lagging, the orientation of sister kinetochores
      in Colcemid-treated spermatocytes having lagging half-bivalents was analyzed in
      serial sections. In contrast to nonlaggard half-bivalents that had pure syntelic
      orientation (sister kinetochores having all of their kinetochores microtubules
      (KMTs) extending to the same pole), six of the seven autosomal laggards that were
      selected for analysis had kinetochores with either amphitelic orientation (sister
      kinetochores each with a bundle of KMTs extending to opposite poles) or merotelic
      orientation (a single kinetochore having KMTs extending toward both poles). An
      additional laggard had syntelic orientation but two of the microtubules that were
      in its kinetochore fiber passed through the kinetochore and extended beyond it
      toward the equator. The bipolar malorientations observed in anaphase half
      bivalents are interpreted to be a cause of the anaphase lagging induced by
      Colcemid treatment. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that such bipolar
      malorientations also may be stabilized at metaphase and thus explain the unusual
      tilting of metaphase bivalents commonly observed in Colcemid-treated cells.

PMID- 3996102
TI  - Differential induction of chromosome puffs in two cell types of Melanagromyza
      obtusa.
AB  - The patterns of puffing activity in polytene nuclei of salivary gland (SG) and
      midgut (MG) tissues of Melanagromyza obtusa have been studied after heat shock
      (HS), 2-4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or benzamide treatment. This study has revealed
      that HS and DNP treatments induced the same set of puffs but in a tissue-specific
      pattern. Benzamide treatment was found ineffective in inducing puffing activity.
      Some HS genes were also found to be more or less active during normal
      development, indicating some function in the normal metabolism of the cells.

PMID- 3996103
TI  - The structural basis for C-banding. A scanning electron microscopy study.
AB  - The same C-banded human polymorphic chromosomes were observed in the light
      microscope (LM) and then in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate
      the structural changes produced by the C-banding technique. C-banded regions,
      which stained positively in LM, were highly condensed with tightly packed
      chromatin fibres, resembling non-banded chromosomes. In striking contrast,
      adjacent non-C-banded regions were represented by loosely arranged fibres,
      resembling G-banded chromosomes. The significance of these observations in
      relation to current theories on the effects of C-banding on chromosome structure
      is discussed.

PMID- 3996104
TI  - DNA replication and H5 histone exchange during reactivation of chick erythrocyte
      nuclei in heterokaryons.
AB  - Fusion of terminally differentiated chick erythrocytes (CE) with replicating
      quail myoblasts or established L6J1 rat myoblasts results in reactivation of DNA
      synthesis in the dormant CE nuclei and in suppression of DNA synthesis in the
      myoblast nuclei. The nuclei of primary quail myoblasts are more effectively
      inhibited than the nuclei of established rat myoblasts. Inhibition of DNA
      replication occurs not only by preventing G1 nuclei from entering S-phase but
      also by blocking nuclei in S-phase and by delaying nuclei in G2 from undergoing
      mitosis and starting a new DNA replication cycle. No inhibition of DNA synthesis
      could be observed when mouse erythrocytes, i.e., erythrocytes lacking nuclei,
      were fused with rat myoblasts to generate mouse-globin-containing L6J1 cybrids.-
      Reactivation of CE nuclei is associated with a loss of the tissue-specific H5
      histone variant. Complete elimination of H5 histone, however, does not seem to be
      a necessary prerequisite for the initiation or completion of DNA replication in
      CE nuclei since H5 antigens are found on reactivated G1, S, and G2 nuclei.

PMID- 3996105
TI  - 24-h organization of glycolysis and control by photoperiodism.
AB  - A study of the temporal organization of glycolysis at diverse levels of activity
      of the pathway showed that consideration of the phases of the 24h oscillations in
      glycolytic pools affords a means of detecting modifications in regulatory
      mechanisms according to the level of carbon flow along the pathway. The work
      utilized Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, a plant with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
      in which glycolytic activity is under the control of photoperiodism: after
      transfer from long days to short days carbon flow through the pathway increases
      drastically. Analysis of the glycolytic pools performed during the day/night
      cycle showed that: a. 24 h-period variations exist in the content of the
      glycolytic intermediates; b. time of the acrophase of these rhythms changes as a
      function of the photoperiodic treatment: in long days the pools of the
      intermediates preceding the phosphofructokinase (PFK) step oscillate in phase and
      the same holds for the intermediates after the PFK step but these two sequences
      of the pathway oscillate out of phase (phase-jump of about 10h); transfer to
      short days besides producing (after a lag) changes in the mean level and
      amplitude of the oscillations, modifies their phase: this temporal reorganization
      of glycolysis results in splitting the pathway into 3 sequences of synchronously
      oscillating pools, phase-jumps between successive sequences occurring at the PFK
      (4h) and at the 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (12h) steps.

PMID- 3996106
TI  - Circadian rhythm of cardiac bradyarrhythmia episodes in rats.
AB  - It was investigated whether incidence of S-A block and A-V block (type I and II)
      observed in male Wistar rats shows a circadian periodicity. Under the 14/10 light
      dark illumination schedule, circadian periodicity was demonstrated in the
      occurrence of bradyarrhythmias as well as slow wave sleep, paradoxical sleep
      locomotive activity and heart beats/hour. This circadian variation of
      bradyarrhythmia shows two major peaks. The highest peak coincides with the time
      zone immediately after the start of illumination, and the second peak coincides
      with the acrophase of the circadian variation in paradoxical sleep. The 25-h
      period of circadian rhythm of bradyarrhythmias was disclosed even under constant
      illumination. This circadian variation shows the disappearance of the early peak
      of two peaks observed in the light-dark schedule. These results show the
      existence of an endogenous circadian rhythm in bradyarrhythmias as well as in
      sleep-wakefulness and locomotive activity. This knowledge about the circadian
      rhythm of bradyarrhythmia must be incorporated into the effective treatment of
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 3996107
TI  - Aminoglutethimide effect on circadian rhythms in urinary variables in a patient
      with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism.
AB  - Aminoglutethimide (AG: 750 mg/day) was administered to a patient with idiopathic
      hyperaldosteronism (IHA) and circadian rhythms in urinary excretion of sodium
      (UNaV), potassium (UKV), aldosterone (AER) and 17-OHCS were analyzed by the
      single cosinor method. Urine was collected every 4h for 24h on the day before and
      on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day of AG administration, and above variables in each
      sample were determined. Circadian rhythms of 14 patients with primary
      aldosteronism (PA) who served as controls were also analyzed. In the present
      case, circadian acrophases in UNaV and AER studied before AG administration
      occurred at 22(19) and 07(05), respectively. They were similar to those of
      preoperative PA-patients. Circadian acrophase in UNaV occurred earlier with AG
      administration and on the 7th day it was at 14(05), a value similar to that of
      postoperative PA-patients. Circadian mesor in AER decreased remarkably from 4.1
      to 0.6 micrograms/4h with AG administration, as did circadian mesor in UKV,
      whereas circadian mesor and acrophase in 17-OHCS did not change. Thus, the
      circadian characteristics in urinary variables in the present IHA-case were
      pathophysiologically similar to those of PA.

PMID- 3996109
TI  - [Treatment of primary valvular incompetence of the deep veins of the leg with
      repair of femoral vein valves].

PMID- 3996108
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of a pulsatile mass in the carotid triangle].

PMID- 3996110
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of polyarteritis].

PMID- 3996111
TI  - [Treatment of superficial femoral vein injuries].

PMID- 3996112
TI  - [Use of autogenous venous grafts in arterial injuries].

PMID- 3996113
TI  - [Leukocyte adherence inhibition assay for the diagnosis of bladder cancer].

PMID- 3996114
TI  - [Surgery of bronchiectasis].

PMID- 3996115
TI  - [Surgical management of the obstruction of the right ventricular outlet in
      tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 3996116
TI  - [Massive hemorrhage from stress ulcers following resection for carcinoma of the
      esophagus or the gastric cardia].

PMID- 3996118
TI  - [Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the basal bone of the cranium].

PMID- 3996117
TI  - [Autotransplantation of splenic tissue after splenectomy in the treatment of
      spleen injuries: experimental studies and clinical use].

PMID- 3996119
TI  - [Use of antishock-trousers in traumatic shock].

PMID- 3996120
TI  - [Use of the free toe-web flap in hand surgery].

PMID- 3996122
TI  - [Clinical use of the cross-finger subcutaneous flap].

PMID- 3996121
TI  - [Transfer of the latissimus dorsi musculo-cutaneous flap in the treatment of
      neck, chest and arm defects: report of 9 cases].

PMID- 3996123
TI  - [Role of the hepatic veins in liver surgery].

PMID- 3996124
TI  - [Phagocytosis of splenic autotransplantation: an experimental study].

PMID- 3996125
TI  - [Comprehensive experimental observations on the dog after injection of oleic
      acid].

PMID- 3996126
TI  - [Immunological inhibitory factor of the serum of tuberculosis patients].

PMID- 3996127
TI  - [Circulating immune-complex in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 3996128
TI  - [Observation of the incidence of tuberculosis in medical students].

PMID- 3996129
TI  - [Clinical value of perfusion lung scanning in patients with a lung mass].

PMID- 3996130
TI  - [Significance of ferritin determination in pleural effusions and ascitic fluid].

PMID- 3996131
TI  - [Primary bronchogenic adenocarcinoma].

PMID- 3996132
TI  - [Bronchial mucocele (report of 5 cases and review of the literature)].

PMID- 3996133
TI  - [Diagnostic value of pulmonary function testing in cor pulmonale].

PMID- 3996134
TI  - Gene mapping by chromosome spot hybridization.
AB  - A method is described for the localization of cloned single-copy genes to flow
      sorted chromosomes. Chromosomes were sorted directly onto nitrocellulose filters
      and the chromosomal DNA was subsequently hybridized with gene-specific
      radioactively labeled DNA probes. Mild aspiration of the filters during sorting
      was applied to collect the deflected chromosomes in a small spot. Sorting of
      10,000-30,000 chromosomes was sufficient to detect gene-specific hybridization
      with single-copy DNA probes. Using this technique, we have sublocalized the human
      c-myb oncogene to 6q21-q23 by sorting translocated chromosomes with breakpoints
      in the q21 and q23 region of chromosome 6. Chromosome spot hybridization appears
      to be a rapid and simple method to assign cloned genes to chromosomes.
      Hybridization of an unlocalized gene probe to spots of chromosomes pre-enriched
      by velocity sedimentation can quickly narrow the choice of chromosomes which need
      to be sorted. Conversely, individual chromosomes in a flow karyotype can be
      identified by hybridizing sorted chromosomal DNA with chromosome-specific DNA
      probes.

PMID- 3996135
TI  - Fluorescence studies of Hoechst 33342 with supercoiled and relaxed plasmid pBR322
      DNA.
AB  - The fluorescence properties of Hoechst 33342 (HO 33342) were examined with
      plasmid pBR322 in the supercoiled (Form I) or relaxed covalently closed circular
      (Form Io) conformation in order to determine whether qualitative or quantitative
      differences in fluorescence properties might provide an assay for topological
      states of DNA. It was found that HO 33342 exhibited a 30% greater fluorescence
      intensity with Form I pBR322, independent of the dye or DNA concentration. As the
      dye to DNA ratio was increased, a red shift of approximately 8 nm was observed
      for HO 33342 complexed with Form I or Form Io. The red shift in fluorescence
      emission occurred at higher HO 33342 concentrations with Form I vs. Form Io DNA;
      however, when Form I and Form Io were mixed in various proportions, neither the
      fluorescent intensity differences nor the HO 33342 concentration at which the
      wavelength shift occurred could be used to quantitate the relative proportions of
      topological states present. These results suggest that although the fluorescence
      properties of HO 33342 complexed with Form I DNA are different than those of HO
      33342 complexed with Form Io DNA, the fluorescence assay is not sufficiently
      sensitive to quantitatively discriminate among a mixture of DNA in various
      topological states.

PMID- 3996136
TI  - Flow cytometric detection of a two-step cell death induced by hyperthermia.
AB  - A human leukaemic cell line (REH) was subjected to various temperatures
      approximately greater than 42 degrees C for various time intervals; the cells
      were stained with a mixture of ethidium bromide and acridine orange, and red and
      green fluorescence were analysed by flow cytometry. Nontreated cells appeared as
      one cluster (V) in the biparameter histograms, but with time of heat treatment,
      two further discrete clusters (D1,D2) of cells appeared successively. They were
      distinguished by both the degree of red and green fluorescence. The kinetics of
      transit from one cluster to the other was dependent on temperature, the time lag
      between both steps becoming shorter with higher temperatures. It was shown
      previously that the same effect occurred during incubation with various
      cytostatic agents, and that only the D2 stage correlated with the stage of cell
      death monitored by the usual trypan blue exclusion test. Therefore the ethidium
      bromide technique seems to monitor an earlier stage of cell death. The decrease
      in the number of dye-excluding (V) cells during heat exposure occurred in two
      phases. After an initial decrease a plateau of number of dye-excluding cells was
      reached; the duration and level of this plateau depended on the temperature. The
      plateau was followed by a second phase where the remaining cells ceased to
      exclude the dye.

PMID- 3996137
TI  - The cytodisk: a cytometer based upon a new principle of cell alignment.
AB  - A new method is described for one-dimensional alignment of small particles such
      as biological cells. A drop of the particle suspension is spread out on a flat
      disk or plate equipped with V-shaped grooves such as are present on a gramophone
      disk. After drying, the particles are located on the bottom of the grooves and
      are thus aligned in a one-dimensional array. The new alignment procedure is
      demonstrated with a suspension of fluorescent polystyrene microspheres (diameter
      3.8 microns) and a suspension of the unicellular algae chlorella vulgaris
      (diameter about 3 microns). It appears that the alignment of cells and spheres is
      very good. When using microspheres, more than 95% of the particles in the grooves
      are located within +/- 2 microns of the centre line of the groove. Based upon
      this cell-alignment principle, a new cytometer, named the cytodisk, is proposed.
      The proposed system has a number of advantages over the flow cytometer, among
      which is the unique ability of relocating a previously measured cell for further
      measurement or visual examination. A prototype of a cytodisk, developed for
      initial test measurements, was built in our laboratory. The apparatus,
      constructed from a record player and ordinary long-playing records, uses a simple
      mechanical tracking system and a single optical fiber for fluorescence excitation
      and detection. With this apparatus it is demonstrated that a cytodisk can indeed
      perform quite well: A histogram of fluorescing microspheres could be measured
      with a coefficient of variation of 4.1%. The performance of this prototype is
      limited by the quality of the mechanical tracking system and the optical system
      used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996138
TI  - A method to estimate the DNA content of whole nuclei from measurements made on
      thin tissue sections.
AB  - A microdensitometry method that allows estimation of the distribution of the DNA
      content of nuclei in thin tissue sections is described. The method is based on a
      theoretical model of Feulgen-stained spherical nuclei, of different sizes, in
      each of which the DNA is present as a homogeneous solution. In thin sections of
      nuclei of different sizes, the fraction of DNA per section is inversely
      proportional to the radius of the nucleus. Histograms of the product of DNA
      content and radius per nuclear section are independent of nuclear size but depend
      on total DNA content. The distribution of the total DNA content of nuclei in a
      section can be estimated from such a histogram. The results of the measurements
      of a Feulgen-stained rat liver section are described.

PMID- 3996139
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of mouse spermatogenic function following exposure to
      ethylnitrosourea.
AB  - The effects of the mutagenic agent ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on spermatogenic
      function and sperm chromatin structure were studied by flow cytometry and the
      results compared with sperm head morphology measurements. Groups of mice received
      daily exposures ranging from 0 to 75 mg/kg body weight X 5 days and were
      sacrificed 28 days later. Fresh testicular cell suspensions and epididymal sperm
      were stained with acridine orange (AO) and measured by flow cytometry. Sperm
      nuclei were isolated, fixed, rehydrated, and then either subjected to thermal
      stress or not prior to staining with AO. Body weights were unaffected by the
      chemical exposure while the testicular weights were reduced by about 50%. Two
      parameter (DNA, RNA) flow cytometry measurements showed a dose-response
      relationship in the loss of certain cell types, particularly the elongated
      spermatids, from the testes of treated animals. Flow cytometric analysis of both
      heat-stressed and non-heat-stressed nuclei showed a relationship between dosage
      and the coefficient of variation of alpha t [red/(red + green fluorescence)]
      measurements of AO stained nuclei, thereby demonstrating that alterations of
      chromatin structure occurred in response to ENU. Enzymatic digestions with RNAse,
      DNAse, and nuclease S1 suggest that the increase in red fluorescence is due to an
      increase of single-stranded DNA induced by heat or acid treatment of chemically
      altered chromatin structure. The lowest daily dosage used (5 mg/kg) caused no
      significant changes in ratios of testicular cell types, a questionable increase
      in abnormal sperm head morphology and a detectable change in chromatin structure
      expressed as alpha t. This report shows that our technique for assaying sperm
      nuclear chromatin structure appears to have the same level of sensitivity to ENU
      induced nuclear alterations as the sperm head morphology test.

PMID- 3996140
TI  - The use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in a human colon carcinoma model.
AB  - We investigated the growth characteristics of a human colon carcinoma cell line,
      WiDr, grown in culture flasks and on chick embryonic skin (CES). WiDr cells
      labeled in vitro with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and analyzed by combined propidium
      iodide/Hoechst 33258 fluorescence showed evidence of more BrdU incorporation in
      early S phase as compared to late S phase. When inoculated on the CES, WiDr cells
      multiplied and invaded the underlying skin. Morphologic examination showed that
      with extended culture WiDr cells on the CES undergo progressive structural
      organization with the development of acini and basal lamina, structures similar
      to those in in vivo tumors. WiDr cells were labeled with monoclonal antibody to
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the brightest 2% of the population was sorted.
      When subsequently grown on the CES, the sorted cells formed significantly more
      acinar structures at 3 and 6 days of culture than an unsorted population grown
      for a comparable time.

PMID- 3996141
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of fluorescein-conjugated estradiol (E-BSA-FITC) binding
      in breast cancer suspensions.
AB  - With greater utilization of histochemical methods for detecting estrogen binding
      (ER) in tumor cells, there is an increasing need to quantitate objectively these
      fluorescently stained cells. This study utilizes flow cytometry (FCM) to examine
      the binding specificity and kinetics of 17 beta-estradiol-6-CMO-BSA-FITC(E-BSA
      FITC) in two human mammary carcinoma cell lines, MCF-7 and 47-DN. Cells are
      rendered permeable to this ligand by freeze-thawing, a process analogous to the
      routine staining of frozen tumor sections with E-BSA-FITC for the clinical
      detection of ER. FCM quantification of E-BSA-FITC binding intensity demonstrates
      a saturable dose-response that is specifically reduced in the presence of
      diethylstilbestrol (DES) in doses known to saturate Type I ER. Scatchard analysis
      suggests that E-BSA-FITC binding occurs with receptors of varying affinities
      (Kd). Lineweaver-Burk plots show that the DES inhibition is competitive for a
      high-affinity receptor binding to E-BSA-FITC with a Kd of approximately 50 nM.
      This report also compares both FCM and biochemical methods of quantitating ER
      under two conditions of tumor cell growth potentially encountered in clinical
      specimens: quiescent versus actively proliferating cells, and cells pretreated
      with the antiestrogen tamoxifen. By FCM analysis, the cells with greater
      proliferating activity contain tenfold more specifically bound E-BSA-FITC, and
      tamoxifen pretreatment reduces this specific binding by 50%. These FCM
      measurements correlate well with biochemical results and suggest that this new
      methodology may supplement the detection of E-BSA-FITC binding by fluorescence
      microscopy.

PMID- 3996143
TI  - Estimation of sampling errors.

PMID- 3996142
TI  - Estimation of sampling errors.

PMID- 3996144
TI  - Abdominoperineal endoanal pull-through resection. A comparative study between
      immediate and delayed colorectal anastomosis.
AB  - Abdominoperineal endoanal pull-through resection with colorectal anastomosis was
      performed on 728 patients--primarily those with chagasic megacolon and cancer of
      the rectum. Intestinal continuity was reestablished through immediate anastomosis
      (Swenson procedure) in 229 patients and through delayed anastomosis (Cutait
      Turnbull procedure) in 499. Comparative studies showed: that the incidence of
      leakage was 31.9 percent in immediate and only 2.2 percent in delayed
      anastomosis; that presacral infection occurred in 27.9 percent in immediate and
      in 6.8 percent in delayed anastomosis; that stenosis was observed in 4.4 percent
      in immediate and 1.8 percent in delayed anastomosis; that mortality was 6.1
      percent in immediate and 2.2 percent in delayed anastomosis; that anal continence
      was good in both procedures and that sexual disturbances were rare in benign and
      frequent in malignant lesions in both procedures. The final conclusion is that,
      in abdominoperineal endoanal pull-through resection with colorectal anastomosis,
      complications and mortality are less frequent in delayed than in immediate
      anastomosis and that continence and sexual behavior are identical in both
      procedures.

PMID- 3996145
TI  - Local recurrence of rectal carcinoma after hand-sewn and stapled anastomoses.
AB  - A retrospective analysis was conducted of 119 consecutive patients in whom
      potentially curative anterior resection of invasive rectal carcinoma was
      performed between 1976 and 1982. Seventy-six anastomoses were stapled and 43 were
      hand-sewn. The distributions of tumor stage, location, histologic grade, size,
      and margins of resection were similar for both groups. The probability of local
      recurrence by two years for middle rectal tumors was 26 +/- 7 percent for the
      group with stapled anastomoses and 10 +/- 7 percent for those with hand-sewn
      anastomoses (P = 0.07, log-rank test). Local recurrence probabilities did not
      differ for upper rectal tumors (P = 0.14) or lower rectal tumors (P = 0.20).
      Anatomic considerations that encourage use of the stapler may explain our
      findings.

PMID- 3996146
TI  - Colorectal cancer in a nuclear family. Familial or hereditary?
AB  - Because of the high incidence of colorectal cancer, familial aggregations of this
      disease are common. Differentiation between etiologies contributing to familial
      clustering (which may have resulted either from common environmental exposure or
      from mere chance) and primary genetic factors may prove vexing to the physician.
      This report deals with the myriad problems encountered when attempting to make
      such etiologic distinctions in order to provide appropriate surveillance and
      management, based upon tumor spectrum and natural history, for patients at
      increased cancer risk.

PMID- 3996148
TI  - Intraoperative high-flow antegrade irrigation. A new bowel-cleansing system.
AB  - A new intraoperative method, employing a specially designed apparatus, is
      described by which the colon can be cleansed to a degree not obtainable by other
      methods. The method enables continuous antegrade irrigation with large volumes of
      irrigant at high rates of flow, prior to enterotomy. It has been tested in an
      experimental canine model and found to be safe and effective.

PMID- 3996147
TI  - Surgical management of complicated diverticulitis. The Lahey Clinic experience,
      1967 to 1982.
AB  - One hundred forty patients who had complicated diverticular disease were
      identified in a retrospective review at the Lahey Clinic between 1967 and 1982.
      Of these patients, 86 underwent resection with primary anastomosis with a 1
      percent mortality rate and an 18 percent morbidity rate; 13 had resection with
      anastomosis and creation of a proximal colostomy with no death and a 22 percent
      morbidity rate; 19 had the Hartmann operation or colostomy with mucous fistula
      with a 16 percent mortality rate and a 23 percent morbidity rate; and 22
      underwent a traditional three-stage operation with 14 percent mortality and 24
      percent morbidity rates. The average duration of hospitalization was 21 days for
      patients who underwent the one-stage procedure, 31 and 39 days for those who had
      a two-stage operation, and 52 days for patients who underwent the three-stage
      procedure. Primary resection for complicated disease is associated with
      acceptable morbidity and mortality rates under appropriate circumstances.

PMID- 3996149
TI  - Postoperative survival of patients with potentially curable cancer of the colon.
AB  - The association between histopathologic findings and postoperative survival in
      442 patients with potentially curable carcinomas of the colon has been analyzed
      using Cox's regression model. The prognostic variables included in the study were
      age, sex, stage of disease according to Dukes' classification and Broders'
      grading, as well as presence/absence at the time of operation of venous and nerve
      invasion. The overall five-year postoperative survival rate was 46.6 percent.
      Using a model including all prognostic factors, sex and Dukes' classification
      were not found to be associated with survival. Broders' grading and/or nerve
      invasion yielded only a borderline statistical significance in the model that
      included all factors. The invasion of veins was almost always associated with
      invasion of nerves.

PMID- 3996150
TI  - Ultrasonic mucosal proctectomy without endorectal pull-through.
AB  - The surgical treatment of patients with familial polyposis coli and ulcerative
      colitis often requires removal of the rectum. Abdominoperineal resection,
      however, has a substantial morbidity. Ultrasonic fragmentation allows complete
      removal of the distal rectal mucosa with preservation of the surrounding
      muscularis. Ten adult mongrel dogs underwent ultrasonic mucosal proctectomy with
      resection of the proximal rectum and end colostomy. Two months later, the animals
      were sacrificed and the remaining rectum was removed and examined. The rectal
      remnant had shrunk and there was fibrous healing of the muscular wall with
      obliteration of the lumen. There was no mucosal regeneration. Ultrasonic mucosal
      proctectomy appears to achieve the same results as abdominoperineal resection of
      the rectum without the morbidity of the perineal dissection. This procedure may
      be useful in those patients where removal of the rectum is necessary for benign
      disease and endorectal pull-through is not indicated.

PMID- 3996151
TI  - Experimental studies by the resin-casting method on the vascular structure of the
      colon following stapler anastomoses.
AB  - A Russian stapler and an EEA stapler were used for end-to-end anastomosis of the
      canine descending colon. The vascular structures of the anastomotic sites were
      investigated for postoperative changes at two, three, four, five, and six weeks
      after anastomosis by using the resin-casting method, with a scanning electron
      microscope. The two techniques of anastomotic stapling led to the following
      differences: at two weeks or more following anastomosis, it was found that,
      compared with the EEA stapler, the site stapled with the Russian device showed a
      slightly more markedly irregular microvascular pattern of the capillary network
      in the mucosal membranes along the anastomotic suture line and what were believed
      to be microulcerations as well. Samples of the Russian stapler at two and three
      weeks postoperatively showed that the fault zones had developed in the vascular
      casts of the mucosal capillary system between the area of irregular vasculature
      and the normal mucosa. It was clearly established, however, that the
      microvascular channels in the mucosal membrane of the anastomotic site across the
      orad and anad segments of the colon had already formed after two weeks with both
      of the stapling techniques. New microvessels grew within a range of about 10 mu
      in diameter from the cut-off surface of the mucosa and united. No necrotic
      destruction of tissue or deficiency findings had manifested themselves in the
      inverted cuff zone of the anastomotic site, and the staple had been enveloped by
      the blood vessels of the submucosal layer and embedded in the intestinal wall
      during the period of two to six weeks. New microvessels, 10 to 15 mu in diameter,
      were found to have already formed in the two-week samples, passing vertically
      across the lumen of the closed eye of the staple, and no differences in vascular
      structure were detected, depending on the different shapes of staples used. Five
      to six weeks after the anastomotic surgery, the mucosal membranes in the
      anastomotic site showed a normal vascular structure with only minute residual
      indentations.

PMID- 3996152
TI  - Barium peritonitis. Report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of generalized peritonitis, secondary to a perforation of the rectosigmoid
      colon during barium-enema roentgenography, is presented. The patient required
      immediate surgical intervention with the prime importance of the treatment being
      removal of as much of the contaminating materials as possible. This was done
      successfully with irrigation and wiping, using urokinase solution. Peritoneal
      lavage with urokinase solution was also carried out in the early postoperative
      period. Fluid replacement with careful monitoring of fluid and electrolyte
      balance is essential before, during, and after the surgical procedure. Adequate
      antibiotic therapy and careful respiratory and nutritional support are also
      important.

PMID- 3996154
TI  - Gallstone obstruction of the colon. Report of two cases and review of management.
AB  - Gallstone ileus is a distinctly unusual cause of colonic obstruction. Two
      patients, with associated biliary-colonic fistulas, are described. The clinical
      features and approximate management of this entity are discussed.

PMID- 3996153
TI  - Colouterine fistula secondary to diverticulitis.
AB  - Colouterine fistula complicating diverticulitis is rare. Our experience with two
      patients, one with chronic vaginal discharge and the other with acute
      overwhelming sepsis, emphasizes the wide spectrum of clinical presentations that
      may accompany this entity. In patients with chronic symptoms, surgery is
      indicated to forestall further local infectious complications, and a single-stage
      sigmoid resection without hysterectomy may be adequate. If malignancy cannot be
      excluded, a single-stage en bloc resection of the uterus and colon is the
      procedure of choice. Hysterectomy may also be mandatory to extirpate a nidus of
      acute infection. When severe local inflammation or obstruction mandate urgent
      operation, a two-stage procedure involving resection and end colostomy, followed
      by reanastomosis at a later time, is safest and most effective.

PMID- 3996155
TI  - Strunk and White.

PMID- 3996156
TI  - Esophageal motor function and response to acid perfusion in patients with
      symptomatic reflux esophagitis.
AB  - There is much evidence to suggest that peristaltic function is defective in
      esophagitis patients and that this defect may contribute to prolonged acid
      exposure, promoting esophageal mucosal injury. Abnormal peristalsis may also be
      related to the generation of reflux symptoms. We evaluated primary peristalsis
      and its relationship to symptoms under basal conditions and during saline and HCl
      perfusion in 15 symptomatic reflux patients with gross esophagitis and 15 healthy
      controls. In the basal state, LES pressure (15.3 vs 25.1 mm Hg) and peristaltic
      amplitude (74.2 vs 104.8 mm Hg) were significantly lower in subjects with
      gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (P less than 0.05). During HCl perfusion,
      peristaltic amplitude and duration increased slightly, and peristaltic velocity
      slightly decreased similarly in both groups. There was no difference in the
      incidence of nonpropagated, segmental, or swallow-initiated simultaneous
      contractions, or change in resting intraesophageal pressure during HCl perfusion
      in control and GERD groups. This study identified abnormal contractile amplitude
      as a specific defect in the primary peristaltic wave of esophagitis patients but
      does not support a role for acid-induced motility changes in the generation of
      symptoms in GERD.

PMID- 3996157
TI  - Predictive value of a low serum trypsinogen.
AB  - Previous studies, in selected populations, have determined that a low serum
      trypsinogen can be seen in chronic exocrine pancreatic disorders (CP) and primary
      diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, we investigated the predictive value of a
      low serum trypsinogen. The study population consisted of 488 consecutive
      emergency room patients admitted to our hospital on whom a serum amylase was
      drawn by the emergency room staff. Of the sera drawn, 418 were saved and tested
      for immunoassayable trypsinogen. Ten of 418 (2.4%), had a low level of this
      marker (less than 10 ng/ml). Of these 10, four had obvious historical or clinical
      evidence of CP during their initial hospitalization. Six patients, however, had
      no initial evidence of CP. Follow-up was obtained in three of the six, and all
      three had evidence of CP despite absence of symptoms. Of the 418 patients, 37 had
      DM. A low trypsinogen was found in three of these 37, and all three had
      concomitant CP. We conclude that this new assay has excellent predictive value in
      diagnosing chronic exocrine pancreatic disorders.

PMID- 3996158
TI  - Postnatal development of hepatic bile formation in the rabbit.
AB  - To investigate postnatal maturation of hepatic bile formation, bile output was
      measured in four groups of rabbits: suckling infants at ages 10-14, 18-22, and 26
      30 days, and adults. Bile output was collected directly from the common duct
      during three 1-hr periods: a basal period followed by intravenous infusion of 1
      and then 2 mumol/min/kg of glycodeoxycholic acid. [14C]Erythritol and [3H]inulin
      clearances measured canalicular bile flow and biliary permeability. Under basal
      conditions and with the exogenous bile acid, bile flow and bile salt secretion
      were lowest in 10- to 14-day-old infants and showed a gradual increase with
      increasing age. Bile salt-dependent flow, the linear increase in flow relative to
      bile salt secretion, was higher in the 10- to 14- and 17- to 22-day-old compared
      to the adult and 25- to 30-day-old groups. The ratio of chloride to bile salt
      secreted was also higher in the two younger groups. Bile salt-independent flow at
      theoretical zero bile salt secretion was absent in the younger groups, but
      evident in the adult and 25- to 30-day-old rabbits. Canalicular flow estimated by
      erythritol clearance was linearly related to bile salt secretion. Inulin
      clearance relative to erythritol clearance was higher in the 10- to 14-day-old
      infants than the adults. Thus, bile flow and bile salt secretion are reduced in
      the young infant but rise to near adult levels at the time of weaning, 25-30 days
      in the rabbit. The increase in flow results from increased bile salt secretion
      and the appearance of bile salt-independent flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3996160
TI  - Revised classification of pancreatitis--Marseille 1984.

PMID- 3996159
TI  - Rat liver alkaline phosphatases. Evidence hepatocyte and portal triad enzymes
      differ.
AB  - Using biochemical and electron microscopic histochemical techniques, we studied
      membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase activities of rat hepatocytes and portal
      triads. Activity in portal triads was localized to capillaries surrounding bile
      ducts (peribiliary plexus) and arterioles. Despite the reputation of alkaline
      phosphatase as a "biliary enzyme," activity was not observed in bile ducts.
      Livers were separated into hepatocyte and portal triad fractions with
      collagenase. Enzyme from hepatocytes migrated faster during electrophoresis and
      eluted later during anion-exchange chromatography than that from portal triads.
      Thus, hepatocyte enzyme is more negatively charged (and also possibly smaller)
      than portal triad enzyme. Twelve hours after bile duct obstruction, new activity
      appeared on lateral and sinusoidal membranes of hepatocytes; appearance of portal
      triads did not change with obstruction. Electrophoretic mobilities of the two
      forms were not altered by obstruction. We conclude that two distinct liver
      alkaline phosphatases exist, one in hepatocytes, the other in portal triad blood
      vessels.

PMID- 3996161
TI  - Workshop on experimental pancreatitis.

PMID- 3996162
TI  - Pancreas divisum. A cause of chronic relapsing pancreatitis.
AB  - A 36-year-old man, followed for 14 years with recurrent abdominal pain, developed
      chronic calcific pancreatitis and was found to have pancreas divisum on
      endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. An intraoperative biopsy showed normal
      acinar tissue in the head of the pancreas, while the body and tail were replaced
      by fibrous tissue. His pain resolved following surgical drainage of the dorsal
      pancreatic duct. Evaluation of the clinical course of this patient and critical
      review of other such cases in the literature support the role of compromised
      ductal drainage of the dorsal pancreas in the pathogenesis of chronic
      pancreatitis in pancreas divisum.

PMID- 3996163
TI  - Acute fatty liver of pregnancy.

PMID- 3996164
TI  - Effect of morphine on fetal electrocortical activity and breathing movements in
      fetal sheep.
AB  - Morphine (1 mg/kg) given to the lamb fetus near term induces a significant
      increase in low-voltage high-frequency (LVHF) electrical activity in the brain.
      This pattern of the electrocorticogram (ECOG) is associated with simultaneous
      continuous fetal breathing movements of greater amplitude than control. Naloxone
      prevents and reverses these morphine-induced changes. The observed phenomena
      suggest that opiate receptors may play a stimulant role in the control of fetal
      LVHF ECOG and fetal breathing movements.

PMID- 3996165
TI  - Effect of peritoneal dialysis on serum concentrations of three drugs commonly
      used in pediatric patients.
AB  - The use of peritoneal dialysis in young infants bears the theoretical advantage
      that the relative size of their peritoneal surface area is twice that of adults.
      The movement of drugs across the peritoneum is affected by the physiochemical
      properties of the drug molecules and the pathophysiologic condition of the
      patient. It is observed that the peritoneal dialysis clearances of phenobarbital,
      amikacin and cefazolin in infants were 1.07-1.33, 0.54-0.86 and 0.40-1.02 ml/min,
      respectively. The dosage determination in the dialysis patients receiving these
      drugs is discussed.

PMID- 3996166
TI  - Tissue vitamin E levels in newborn rabbits after pharmacologic dosing. Influence
      of dose, dosage form, and route of administration.
AB  - Tissue levels of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate were measured in
      neonatal rabbits using high-performance liquid chromatography after
      administration of 100 mg/kg once or daily of either alpha-tocopherol or alpha
      tocopheryl acetate subcutaneously, orally, or intravenously. Tissues were
      analyzed at 1, 3, and 6 days after daily dosing was begun. Tissue levels of alpha
      tocopherol increased after each dose of alpha-tocopherol; the liver had much
      higher concentrations than other tissues after subcutaneous or oral
      administration. Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate given orally
      produced similar tissue levels of alpha-tocopherol. Intravenous administration of
      alpha-tocopherol resulted in high concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in the
      liver, whereas intravenously administered alpha-tocopheryl acetate produced high
      concentrations of alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the lung. Following intravenous
      administration of alpha-tocopheryl acetate, only 2-4% of the total vitamin E
      present in the lung was alpha-tocopherol. From these results we conclude that
      total dose, dosage form, and route of administration of vitamin E have major
      influences on tissue vitamin E levels and whether the predominant molecular form
      is alpha-tocopherol or alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Assuming vitamin E tissue levels
      and molecular form determine tissue antioxidant activity, total dose, dosage
      form, and route of administration of vitamin E affect the potential clinical
      benefits that may result from pharmacologic vitamin E therapy in newborn infants.

PMID- 3996167
TI  - Diabetes, parental diabetes, and obesity in Oklahoma Indians.
AB  - The relationship between diabetes and parental diabetes status and obesity in
      Oklahoma Indians was studied. Data from 2095 adult Oklahoma Indians (1085 type II
      diabetic subjects and 1010 nondiabetic subjects) through a complete physical
      examination and personal interview showed a strong association between diabetes
      and parental diabetes status. Frequency of diabetes among siblings was
      significantly higher in families with affected parents than those without
      diabetic parents. No significant difference was found between families with one
      diabetic parent and those with two diabetic parents. The diabetic individuals
      were more obese than the nondiabetic individuals at age 18 and at interview.
      Obesity was defined as percent body mass index greater than 120. After adjusting
      for possible age and sex effects, the risk of diabetes for the obese was
      estimated as almost twice that for the nonobese.

PMID- 3996168
TI  - The cardiovascular risk profile of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, lipoprotein concentrations,
      physical activity, and diet were assessed in 149 diabetic adolescents and 45
      nondiabetic siblings. All diabetic subjects had had insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM) for a minimum of 2 yr and were currently attending the Children's
      Hospital of Pittsburgh Diabetes Clinic. For both boys and girls, cardiovascular
      risk profiles were mildly disturbed among diabetic subjects compared with
      nondiabetic siblings. These disturbances included higher systolic (P = 0.002) and
      diastolic (P = 0.024) blood pressures and higher HDL3 cholesterol concentrations.
      The diabetic girls showed higher total cholesterol concentrations during
      adolescence in contrast to the usual fall seen in nondiabetic adolescents (and
      evidenced in the siblings studied). In addition, the diabetic girls' mean pulse
      rate was 12 bpm higher than that of the sibling girls, a finding not seen in the
      boys. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that neither glycemic control
      (worse in diabetic girls), diet, nor physical activity were important explanatory
      variables for any of the lipoprotein or blood pressure measures. These results
      suggest that the cardiovascular risk profile of diabetic girls may be relatively
      more disturbed than that of diabetic boys. This difference could not be explained
      by the slightly higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the girls. The loss of
      the sex differential in the risk for cardiovascular disease experienced by adults
      with IDDM may partly relate to these adolescent risk factor differences.

PMID- 3996169
TI  - The prevalence of symptomatic, diabetic neuropathy in an insulin-treated
      population.
AB  - The prevalence of symptomatic sensorimotor polyneuropathy has been determined in
      a population of 382 insulin-treated diabetic subjects aged 15-59 yr. Forty-one
      subjects (10.7%) were found to have diabetic neuropathy, according to strict
      diagnostic criteria that required the presence of symptoms and signs of nerve
      dysfunction in the absence of peripheral vascular disease. There was a
      significant correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin levels and motor
      conduction velocity in the median and peroneal nerves in all subjects. This
      finding further emphasizes the importance of metabolic factors related to
      hyperglycemia in the impaired nerve function seen in diabetic patients.

PMID- 3996170
TI  - Autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus: a follow-up study.
AB  - To evaluate the development of autonomic neuropathy, 23 patients with a moderate
      (group A) and 18 patients with a long (group B) duration of diabetes and without
      symptoms of autonomic neuropathy were re-investigated 6 yr after the initial
      studies. Autonomic nerve function was evaluated from heart reactions to deep
      breathing (E/I ratio) and to a rapid 90 degrees tilt (acceleration and brake
      indices). Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy (SAN) developed in 18 patients (nine
      in each group) who showed a low mean E/I ratio and brake index in both studies.
      In group A, but not in group B, patients with SAN showed a decrease in the
      acceleration index and most SAN patients (8/9) in group A had an abnormal
      acceleration index in the follow-up study. We conclude that in both groups SAN
      developed rapidly and was preceded by decreases in E/I ratio and brake index.

PMID- 3996171
TI  - Mother-daughter interaction and adherence to diabetes regimens.
AB  - This study explores the relationship of mother-daughter interaction to adherence
      to treatment plans among diabetic adolescents. Fifty mother-daughter dyads
      discussed conflict issues and feelings, problems, and concerns related to
      diabetes. Discussions were analyzed using the Hill Interaction Matrix and
      modified Beavers-Timberlawn Family Evaluation Scales. Interview questionnaires
      provided information on adherence, feelings, problems and concerns, parental
      supervision, adjustment, and family life. The less adherent the adolescent, the
      more emotionally charged the interaction, the more directly confrontive mother
      and daughter were, and the less efficient they were at negotiating issues. The
      adolescent's statements about herself confirmed observations that poor adherers,
      more than good adherers, had difficulty discussing feelings, problems, and
      concerns with their mothers (r = -0.51, P less than or equal to 0.001). Poor
      adherers reported believing less strongly that adherence would delay/avoid
      complications (r = 0.51, P less than or equal to 0.001), became more anxious
      about seeing a disabled diabetic person (r = -0.29, P less than or equal to
      0.29), and worried more about future health (r = -0.27, P = NS). No relationships
      were found between adherence and adolescent-physician rapport. Many adolescents
      were not engaging in good self-care behaviors, were quite concerned about future
      health, perceived mothers to be very concerned, hesitated telling peers about
      their illness, and did not share deeper illness-related concerns with their
      closest nondiabetic friends.

PMID- 3996172
TI  - Social learning intervention to promote metabolic control in type I diabetes
      mellitus: pilot experiment results.
AB  - Patients with type I, or insulin-dependent, diabetes mellitus (IDDM) must comply
      with a complex behavioral regimen to control their diabetes. Compliance is often
      poor in teenage patients who are adversely influenced by peers. During a diabetes
      summer school, we randomly assigned 21 IDDM patients to one of two groups. One
      group participated in daily social-learning exercises designed to improve social
      skills and the ability to resist peer influence. The second group spent an equal
      amount of time learning medical facts about diabetes care. Four months after the
      intervention, hemoglobin A1 was significantly lower in the social skills
      intervention group. A variety of variables were significantly correlated with
      good metabolic control. These included self-reported compliance with a diabetes
      regimen and attitudes toward self-care. Unexpectedly, variables correlated with
      poor diabetes control included social problem-solving ability and satisfaction
      with social support.

PMID- 3996174
TI  - Diabetic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: beneficial effect of an antiplatelet
      agent?
AB  - A 66-yr-old man with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus complicated by
      retinopathy and nephropathy presented with shortened red cell survival associated
      with prominent fragmentation of erythrocytes and leading to severe hemolytic
      anemia. Neither abnormal carbohydrate tolerance per se nor renal failure was
      related to the red cell fragmentation syndrome. Also, a marked platelet
      hyperaggregability, which disappeared under treatment with ticlopidine, was
      demonstrated. Furthermore, during treatment with this potent platelet inhibitor,
      red cell survival normalized and all signs of hemolysis, as well as the
      schistocytes present in the peripheral blood smears, disappeared. Two weeks after
      stopping ticlopidine administration, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia relapsed.
      We suggest that the fragmentation hemolysis in this patient was related to
      diabetic microangiopathy, and that the beneficial effects of ticlopidine are
      related to its platelet-inhibiting activities. This case further reaffirms that
      antiplatelet agents may have a beneficial effect on the vascular disease of
      diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 3996173
TI  - Attitudes of diabetic men after implantation of a semi-rigid penile prosthesis.
AB  - Erectile impotence is a common and distressing problem in diabetic men. In order
      to examine the impact of a penile prosthesis on the quality of life of the
      recipients, we mailed a questionnaire to all patients (N = 49) who received a
      semi-rigid (Small-Carrion) prosthesis at the Seattle VAMC from 1976 to 1981.
      Fourteen patients with diabetes and 23 without diabetes returned the
      questionnaire. Direct comparisons showed no statistically significant differences
      between the responses of the two groups. Based on a scale of 1-7 (1 = worst, 4 =
      no change, 7 = best), the general effect of the operation on the quality of life
      of the recipients was 5.7 +/- 0.3 (Mean +/- SEM); the quality of intercourse was
      5.1 +/- 0.3; the patient's perception of his partner's response to the prosthesis
      was 5.2 +/- 0.3; and the patient's perception of postoperative changes in his
      relationship with his partner was 5.6 +/- 0.3. Eighty-three percent of the
      patients were satisfied with the performance of the prosthesis. Most of the
      patients (86%) felt that their preoperative expectations had been fulfilled and
      would elect to have the procedure if they had it to do over again. However, five
      patients (14%) stated that they would not elect the operation again because their
      partners did not appreciate the operation (N = 2); the operation produced severe,
      prolonged pain (N = 1); or the patient's expectations had not been fulfilled (N =
      2). Preoperative counseling should be used to foster realistic patient and
      partner expectations. This operation, which appears to improve the quality of
      life for most diabetic patients with erectile impotence, should be considered a
      part of standard care and not as a cosmetic procedure or extraordinary care.

PMID- 3996175
TI  - The diabetic driver.

PMID- 3996177
TI  - More on SMBG techniques.

PMID- 3996176
TI  - Microcomputers in diabetes management and education.

PMID- 3996178
TI  - Increased red cell volume in impaired glucose tolerance: a further evidence of
      hematologic sequelae of altered glucose metabolism.

PMID- 3996179
TI  - Hypertension and diabetes.

PMID- 3996180
TI  - Angioedematous urticaria in a diabetic patient successfully treated with
      nifedipine.

PMID- 3996181
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.

PMID- 3996182
TI  - Hypoglycemia due to serum-complexed insulin in a patient with diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 3996183
TI  - Empirical determination of diabetes clinical type.

PMID- 3996184
TI  - Purification of circular DNA using benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE-cellulose.
AB  - Un-nicked circular DNA can be separated from protein, RNA, and other DNA in a
      simple three-step protocol consisting of exonuclease III digestion, extraction
      with benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE-cellulose (BND cellulose) in 1 M NaCl, and
      alcohol precipitation of the remaining supercoiled DNA. Exonuclease III treatment
      introduces single-stranded regions into contaminating linear and nicked circular
      DNA. This DNA, together with most RNA and protein, is adsorbed onto BND cellulose
      leaving form I DNA in solution. The protocol can be used to purify analytical as
      well as preparative amounts of supercoiled DNA. This procedure is a substitute
      for cesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradient ultracentrifugation and gives a
      comparable yield of pure form I DNA. Other classes of DNA can be isolated by
      changing the pretreatment step. Selective digestion of linear DNA with lambda
      exonuclease permits the isolation of both nicked circular and supercoiled DNA
      while brief heat-induced or alkali-induced denaturation leads to the recovery of
      rapidly reannealing DNA. In large-scale purifications, the basic protocol is
      usually preceded by one or more BND cellulose extractions in 1 M NaCl to remove
      contaminants absorbing UV or inhibiting exonuclease III.

PMID- 3996185
TI  - Supercoil sequencing: a fast and simple method for sequencing plasmid DNA.
AB  - A method for obtaining sequence information directly from plasmid DNA is
      presented. The procedure involves the rapid preparation of clean supercoiled
      plasmid DNA from small bacterial cultures, its complete denaturation by alkali,
      and sequence determination using oligodeoxyribonucleotide-primed enzymatic DNA
      synthesis in the presence of dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. The advantages of
      the method include speed, simplicity, avoidance of additional cloning steps into
      single-stranded phage M13 vectors, and hence applicability to sequencing large
      numbers of samples.

PMID- 3996186
TI  - Variable effects of pathologic scotomata on wave form of pattern-reversal visual
      evoked response.
AB  - Further experiments in healthy subjects have confirmed the characteristic but
      variable differential effect of experimental scotomata on the pattern evoked
      potentials. While the waveform changes associated with different pathological
      scotomata also showed considerable variability, certain features common to
      healthy and abnormal responses could be identified. These non-specific effects of
      scotomata on component amplitudes and distributions frequently result in spurious
      delays of wide-field responses and thus have important implications for the
      pathophysiological interpretation of abnormal responses.

PMID- 3996187
TI  - Pattern visual evoked potential in patients with posteriorly situated space
      occupying lesions.
AB  - The potentials evoked by pattern reversal stimulation (2/sec, 11 degrees field,
      26' high contrast checks) are described in 22 patients with intracranial space
      occupying lesions lying posterior to the optic chiasm. Seventeen (77%) of these
      patients had clinically demonstrable visual field defects. The nature and
      position of the lesion was defined by CT scan, by cerebral angiography, or at
      operation. Completely normal pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were
      recorded in four patients (18%), all of whom had full visual fields. Definitely
      abnormal VEPs occurred in 12 patients (55%), 11 with visual field defects. The
      remaining six patients (27%), all with visual field defects, had VEPs that were
      inconsistently abnormal and they are rated as equivocal. The findings are
      discussed with particular attention to the importance of stimulus and recording
      parameters.

PMID- 3996188
TI  - Flash and pattern presentation and pattern-reversal evoked potentials in multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - The visual evoked potential (VEP) results for 404 multiple sclerosis (MS)
      patients are presented. In 171 patients pattern reversal with light-emitting
      diode (PR (LED] VEPs and in 85 patients pattern reversal with TV (PR(TV] VEPs
      also were investigated. The pathologic process of MS affects the amplitude and
      latency of all components and the form and symmetry of responses. A complex
      evaluation of VEP is proposed instead of measurement of only one component. A
      combined flash and pattern presentation VEP evaluation may be as effective as
      PREPs in the detection of subclinical lesions. PR(LED) VEP seems to be more
      sensitive to the degree of visual disturbance and to the clinical probability of
      MS than the PR(TV) VEP. A statistical analysis disclosed correlation of VEP
      amplitude and latency data with the visual impairment, one with the duration and
      multiplicity (generalization) of the disease. Combination of different methods
      increases the discriminative power of the VEP investigation.

PMID- 3996190
TI  - Occipital distribution of foveal half-field responses.
AB  - Foveal left and right half-field responses were recorded in six subjects (12 half
      fields) and compared with wide half-field responses. In the foveal responses a
      general trend was seen for the negative-positive-negative (NPN) complex to extend
      to the contralateral channels, replacing the contralateral positive-negative
      positive (PNP) complex found with wide half-field stimulation. Many individual
      variations in foveal response morphology were seen, which may be understood in
      terms of anatomical variation. Individual differences between foveal half-fields
      in the same subject may be as great as those between subjects.

PMID- 3996189
TI  - Visual evoked potentials to various check patterns.
AB  - A target screen stimulus takes into account the necessity of larger checkerboard
      patterns with rising eccentricity. The target pattern should be calculated to fit
      the retinocortical magnification factor. This proposition is based on the working
      hypothesis that for maximal visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitude the stimulus
      should appear on the cortex as an undistorted checkerboard pattern. We describe
      the cortical response elicited by four different target screen stimuli based on a
      similar algorithm. No significant difference to normal checkerboard was found.

PMID- 3996191
TI  - Horizontal scalp distribution of steady-state pattern visual evoked cortical
      potentials in response to quadrant field stimulation.
AB  - Scalp profiles of steady-state pattern visual evoked cortical potentials (VECPs)
      along the horizontal line at Pz (for upper field stimuli) and Oz (for lower field
      stimuli) were studied in 12 normal subjects by simultaneous five channel
      recordings from electrode positions 3 cm and 6 cm laterally on either side of,
      and at, Oz or Pz. Each electrode was referred to Fz or to the right earlobe. The
      amplitude and phase of the averaged VECPs (n = 20) were calculated by means of
      Fast Fourier Transform. With smaller check size the amplitude data verified that
      the scalp profile of the lower visual field peaked at the hemisphere
      contralateral to the quadrant stimulated. With larger check size the peak shifted
      to the ipsilateral hemisphere. With upper field quadrant stimulation, position of
      the reference electrode at Fz was found to be unsuitable since the VECP amplitude
      at the level of Pz was greatly reduced. Phase and apparent latency also varied
      with the field stimulated as well as with the position of electrodes.

PMID- 3996192
TI  - Evoked potential latencies as a function of contrast: a system analytical
      approach.
AB  - That the latency of the pattern evoked potential (EP) increases as the stimulus
      contrast decreases can be understood as the result of, first, a low-pass
      filtering process of the (contrast) signal followed by, second, and nonlinear
      'threshold' stage. We show here that by using this simple concept it is possible
      to estimate the shape of the 'unit step' response of the low-pass filter with the
      latency vs. contrast data. We show also that the step responses calculated from
      several subjects are in reasonable agreement if they are normalized with using
      the subjects' own contrast thresholds. Within experimental error, the response of
      a filter consisting of four low-pass first-order stages with a 10.5 Hz cut-off
      frequency gives a reasonable fit to our own data and to that of one other study
      (Musselwhite and Jeffreys, 1982).

PMID- 3996193
TI  - Luminance and contrast responses recorded in man and cat.
AB  - The major goal of this investigation was to describe and characterize response
      components of graded retinal responses in man and cat as a function of check size
      of the spatial stimulus. The arterially perfused cat eye enabled us to record the
      pattern reversal electroretinogram (PERG) and simultaneously summed activity of
      retinal ganglion cells by recording a compound action potential of the optic
      nerve (ONR). Checkerboard pattern reversal stimuli were presented at a low
      temporal frequency (recording 2 reversals in each trace), while a number of
      parameters such as check size, modulation depth and field size have been varied
      in order to elucidate similarities in response characteristics between the PERG
      and ONR. The striking similarity area dependence of the PERG and ONR points to
      ganglion cell activity as well as summation within the latter's receptive field
      center, reflected in the PERG. A fractionation was obtained of the PERG into two
      separate components generated by specific changes in spatial contrast and by
      luminance, respectively. The spatial response component of the PERG recorded in
      man from the enucleated cat eye closely resembled and consisted of a negative
      deflection. This component is preceded by a positive deflection sensitive to
      luminance changes and prominent upon peripheral retinal stimulation. It is
      anticipated that mild to moderate abnormalities of the ganglion cell activity
      will be first reflected in the negative contrast component upon central retinal
      stimulation.

PMID- 3996194
TI  - Late components of lambda responses in cognitive tasks.
AB  - The effects of stimulus probability were investigated on the late components of
      saccade-related brain potentials (lambda responses) in two paradigms, 'counting'
      and 'guessing.' Subjects performed saccadic eye movements from a middle light to
      the target area where one of three kinds of target light stimuli appeared in a
      randomized sequence, each with a different probability (0.17, 0.33, and 0.50).
      Brain activity was recorded from six scalp areas. In the counting task subjects
      were instructed to count the prespecified low-probability stimuli. In the
      guessing experiment they had to make a guess before each trial as to which kind
      of target stimulus would appear. In both experiments the late positive components
      showed significantly greater amplitude in the lambda responses associated with
      infrequent stimuli than in those elicited by frequent stimuli. Principal
      component-Varimax analysis of the lambda responses revealed factors corresponding
      to the P300 and the slow wave components of traditional evoked potential studies.

PMID- 3996195
TI  - [Action of the blood serum adhesive factor on mammalian cell proliferation in
      vitro].

PMID- 3996196
TI  - [Effect of ozone on the growth and development of lower fungi (Phytophora
      infestans, Aspergillus niger)].

PMID- 3996197
TI  - [31P-NMR study of the dynamics of energy metabolism in hepatoma 22-a cells
      exposed to antitumor preparations].

PMID- 3996198
TI  - [Acholeplasma laidlawii cell culture as an object for studying age-related
      changes in biological membranes].

PMID- 3996199
TI  - [Kinetics of triolein hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase in the presence of
      apoprotein C-II].

PMID- 3996200
TI  - [Quantitative determination of functionally essential arginine residues in
      mitochondrial creatine kinase].

PMID- 3996201
TI  - [Analysis of the binding of proteins and antibiotics with DNA fragments].

PMID- 3996202
TI  - [Asparagine-dependent selective autofragmentation of protein exemplified by
      ribonuclease].

PMID- 3996203
TI  - [Template-bound RNA polymerase II is concentrated in the nuclear skeleton
      contiguous DNA fraction and preserves the capability of elongating the RNA chains
      in nuclear matrix preparations].

PMID- 3996204
TI  - [Electrical activity of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus during
      excitation and inhibition of the hypophyseal-adrenal cortex system].

PMID- 3996205
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes in axomuscular synapses during increased motor
      activity].

PMID- 3996206
TI  - [Possible role of the genetic instability of the pericentromere region of
      chromosome 2 and of amplification in region B2 of chromosome 8 in the evolution
      of the karyotype and alternative regulation of stably colchicine-resistant MG
      XXIIa clone cell multiplication].

PMID- 3996207
TI  - [Action of calcium channel blockers on the electromechanical activity of the frog
      myocardium during rhythmic stimulation and at rest].

PMID- 3996208
TI  - [alpha-Tocopherol--a possible stabilizer of synaptosome membranes against the
      damaging action of phospholipase A2].

PMID- 3996209
TI  - [Determination of the relative position of the domains in 2-domain proteins based
      on diffuse x-ray scattering data].

PMID- 3996210
TI  - [Subpicosecond spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin].

PMID- 3996211
TI  - [Long-lasting homo- and heterosynaptic posttetanic changes in the neuronal
      reactions of the sensorimotor cortex].

PMID- 3996212
TI  - [Effect of the processes of gas bubble formation and growth in the body on the
      safety of decompression regimens].

PMID- 3996213
TI  - Clinical experience with T's and B's.
AB  - 'T's and B's' started to become widely used in Chicago in the early 1970s. Users
      reported an interaction between the two drugs which was expressed in slang terms
      such as 'Toms and Bettys', 'T'shirts and Blue Jeans.' By the late 1970s, T's and
      B's users occupied 10% of the treatment census in Chicago. Soft tissue damage was
      more pronounced with 'T's and B's' than with heroin and a number of serious
      medical complications were observed, e.g. pulmonary hypertension. The
      introduction of Talwin NX appears to have decreased greatly the use of T's and
      B's as demand for treatment for primary abuse of this combination is close to
      zero in 1983-84.

PMID- 3996214
TI  - Spiroprop (spironolactone + propranolol) for hypertension.

PMID- 3996215
TI  - [The aortic aneurysm in the magnetic resonance tomogram].
AB  - Aortic aneurysms can be visualised in the transverse, sagittal and coronary
      planes using magnetic resonance (MR) thereby enabling their cranio-caudal
      distension as well as their breadth and depth to be accurately determined. The
      important question concerning the vessel exits of the main branches of the aorta
      and their involvement in the aneurysm can be reliably answered. In the case of
      dissecting aortic aneurysms, the two lumina as well as the dissected vessel wall
      can be seen in the image. By choosing suitable recording parameters it is
      possible to differentiate between flowing blood and a thrombus attached to the
      vessel wall. The thrombus is recognisable from the decrease it causes in the
      signal intensity of the T2-selected image, whereas flowing blood emits a stronger
      signal in the T2-selected image than in the T1-selected image. An indication of
      the flow behaviour and flow rate of blood can be obtained from the differences in
      the signal intensity distribution in the vessel lumen.

PMID- 3996216
TI  - [Standardized ulcer surgery. Results of 10 years' experience].
AB  - In ten years a total of 1207 operations for gastroduodenal ulcer were performed,
      using a standardizing treatment scheme. The number of operations has markedly
      decreased since 1978, probably due to the introduction of H2-receptor blockers in
      the treatment of peptic ulcers. The results of operations suggest elective
      surgical treatment for ulcer patients at risk of complications. This is the only
      way of decreasing the adverse effect of emergency operations on the total
      surgical mortality of ulcer patients.

PMID- 3996217
TI  - [Toxicity of fluorides].

PMID- 3996219
TI  - [Hereditary chronic calcifying pancreatitis].
AB  - Four family members covering three generations presented with chronic calcifying
      pancreatitis. A tumor at the pancreas head was detected intraoperatively in a
      fifth elderly member of the family. Two of the four cases of chronic pancreatitis
      were diagnosed in childhood and one in adolescence. The fourth patient had
      typical symptoms during adolescence but the disease was not recognized at that
      time. Hereditary chronic pancreatitis has an autosomal-dominant inheritance with
      incomplete penetrance. The pathogenesis is not known. The course of the disease
      differed between the family members. Duodenal stenosis with gastrointestinal
      bleeding was observed, but also a more mild development with recurrent pain and
      long complaint-free intervals. The occurrence of complications and pain appears
      to decrease with increasing age. The extent of calcification, widening of the
      duct, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency varies. The question of
      conservative or operative therapy depends on the course of the disease. A Whipple
      operation was vitally necessary in one child at the age of six. A pancreo
      jejunostomy had to be introduced in a further member of the family at the age of
      20 years due to an occlusion of the duct. Two patients receive only conservative
      treatment.

PMID- 3996218
TI  - [X-ray image and differential diagnosis of pulmonary changes in Hodgkin's
      disease].
AB  - Of 291 patients with histologically confirmed lymphogranulomatosis, 45 (15.5%)
      with lung involvement were assessed. 22 (49%) of the patients with affected lung
      had the nodular sclerosing type of Hodgkin's disease. Radiologically, 15 patients
      showed a focal solitary manifestation of lymphogranulomatosis, whereas in 19
      patients multiple, plane or circumscript areas of shadow were seen in one or both
      lobes of the lung. 11 further patients had unilateral or bilateral pleural
      effusions. Nodular (35%) and pneumonic (22%) opacities are the most frequent x
      ray manifestations of pulmonary lymphogranulomatosis. The variable appearance of
      the lesions makes it difficult to differentiate against pulmonary infections,
      especially inflammatory complications, the incidence of which may be higher with
      these patients. In view of the far-reaching consequences, therefore, the nature
      of the pulmonary lesions should be clarified by biopsy in case of doubt, as early
      as possible (transbronchial biopsy and, if necessary, open lung biopsy).

PMID- 3996220
TI  - [Long-term oxygen therapy versus multiple-step oxygen therapy].

PMID- 3996221
TI  - [Delayed-action nitrate forms].

PMID- 3996222
TI  - [Malignant melanomas of the vulva].
AB  - In 13 patients, mean age 57 (31-78) years, with malignant melanoma of the vulva,
      7 of the tumors occurred on the Labia majora, 4 on the Labia minora and 2 on the
      clitoris. 8 cases involved nodular malignant melanomas, 2 cases each involved a
      superficial-spreading form and an acrolentiginous form, and one case involved a
      non-classifiable malignant melanoma. According to histological criteria 10 of 13
      tumors showed a high risk of metastasising. At the time of diagnosis one of the
      patients was in stage II and one in stage III of the disease. Of the 13 patients,
      6 died, as a result of the tumor, 5 within the first 2 years. The mean survival
      time was 15 (6-28) months. In three other cases the disease has reached an
      advanced stage: stage Ib, II or III. Up to now only 4 patients have remained
      symptom free, the symptom free interval averaging 62 (33-84) months. This
      investigation confirms the special characteristics of malignant melanomas of the
      vulva, which are the predominance of tumors having a bad prognosis and the
      rapidly progressing course of the disease.

PMID- 3996223
TI  - [Dosage of antacids].

PMID- 3996224
TI  - [Is the determination of Hb-A1 effective in the management of diabetes?].

PMID- 3996225
TI  - [Puncture-sonographic alcohol neurolysis of the celiac plexus. A new technic for
      the therapy of severe chronic upper abdominal pain].
AB  - Coeliac plexus nerve block by alcohol through a percutaneously introduced,
      ultrasonically guided, small needle was performed in 36 patients with severe
      chronic upper-abdominal pains, 32 of them with malignant and four with benign
      disease. In 11 patients there was lasting, in eight transitory freedom from the
      pain, while in five other patients there was a definite diminution of pain, and
      the use of analgesics and especially opiates was discontinued or at least
      markedly reduced. Body-weight increased in 14 patients. In a woman with chronic
      pancreatic pain who had several previous operations alcohol injection triggered
      off an acute attack of pancreatitis which ended fatally.

PMID- 3996226
TI  - [Arthropathy in hemochromatosis].

PMID- 3996227
TI  - [Upper abdominal pain and rapidly progressing dyspnea after an overdose of an
      antihypotensive agent].

PMID- 3996228
TI  - [Staphylococcus aureus in the hemodialysis unit].
AB  - In haemodialysis patients Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent pathogen in
      infections of vascular access. At the same time, a very high share of these
      patients (up to 55%) are Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Hygienic measures during
      puncture of the shunt are highly important for prevention of shunt infection
      which is most likely endogenous.

PMID- 3996230
TI  - [Surgical prevention of lung embolism with transvenous filter implantation].

PMID- 3996229
TI  - [Plasmacytomas without paraproteins].
AB  - Rare plasmocytomas without paraprotein (frequency less than 1%) can present a
      diagnostic trap. Three observations give grounds for drawing attention to
      misinterpretation of symptoms and the problematic nature of the diagnosis. In one
      patient, a monoclonal immunoglobulin (kappa light-chains) was detectable in the
      bone-marrow myeloma cells (non-excretory plasmacytoma). In a further patient no
      paraprotein could be found in the myeloma cells (non-secretory plasmacytoma)
      despite repeated investigations. An additional unusual feature in a third patient
      was the simultaneous presence of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; his plasmocytoma
      was first detected at autopsy.

PMID- 3996231
TI  - [Gastroscopic monitoring in atrophic gastritis of the pernicious anemia type].

PMID- 3996232
TI  - [Alternative mode of vaccination in dialysis patients for active immunization
      against hepatitis B].

PMID- 3996233
TI  - [Deep mycoses in leukemias and malignant lymphomas].
AB  - Of 590 autopsies during the period 1976 to 1983 in patients with leukaemia and
      malignant lymphomas there were 89 cases (15%) involving deep-seated mycoses. In
      the last three years the frequency of mycotic infections has risen considerably
      even though effective drugs are available today. The increase occurred
      particularly in acute leukaemias but was also found in chronic myelogenous
      leukaemias and in cases with high-malignancy non-Hodgkin lymphomas. An
      opportunistic fungal infection in Hodgkin's disease and in patients with
      plasmocytoma was rare. Candidosis and aspergillosis predominated histologically.
      About 70% of deep-seated mycoses were severe infections having a decisive
      influence on the course of the disease. On the basis of this retrospective
      analysis it can be concluded that the occurrence of mycoses is influenced, first
      and foremost, by 3 factors: 1. The antineoplastic therapy 2. The nature of the
      underlying disease 3. The intensity of the supportive measures.

PMID- 3996235
TI  - [Endocrine ophthalmopathy and cyclosporin A].

PMID- 3996234
TI  - [Chylaskos in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Peritoneo-venous drainage with Denver
      shunt].
AB  - Chylous ascites, due to a lymphangiomyomatosis and resistant to conservative
      therapy, occurred in a 30 year-old female. A distinct subjective and clinical
      improvement could be attained with the aid of a peritoneo-venous anastomosis
      employing a Denver-Shunt. With the preconditions that the implantation is correct
      and that it is reliably managed, we regard the Denver-Shunt system as a
      recommendable approach to the treatment of chylous ascites not controllable by
      conservative measures.

PMID- 3996236
TI  - [Massive hyperanticoagulation following the therapeutic recommendations of a
      thromboplastin retailer].

PMID- 3996237
TI  - [Objective measurement of lymphedema after mastectomy].
AB  - A new optic-electronic method for measuring arm volume was used on 275 women
      before and after mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast. Two weeks after modified
      radical mastectomy, an increase of over 150 ml in arm volume over the
      preoperative value was recorded in 12% of patients. Lymphoedema was demonstrated
      on average 19.3 months after the operation and telecobalt treatment in 42% of 200
      women so treated; in 17% it was of moderately severe to severe degree (over 400
      ml). In patients with severe lymphoedema a 15-day period of treatment reduced the
      oedema volume on average by 383 ml (62.1%). The described optic-electronic
      volumetric method makes it possible to obtain an objective comparison of swelling
      of the arm and thus early recognition and treatment of lymphoedema, as well as
      providing a means of assessing the effectiveness of any treatment.

PMID- 3996238
TI  - [Therapy of hyperprolactinemia].

PMID- 3996239
TI  - [Adverse effects of pertussis vaccination in West Germany (1970-1978)].

PMID- 3996240
TI  - [Sonographically guided punch biopsy of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 3996241
TI  - [Endoscopic transsection of a partially invaginated appendix: complications of
      polypectomy in the cecum].

PMID- 3996242
TI  - Amiodarone. New approaches in the treatment of damaged myocardium. Proceedings of
      a symposium. Dusseldorf, 11 July, 1984.

PMID- 3996243
TI  - Amiodarone. Haemodynamic profile during intravenous administration and effect on
      pacing-induced ischaemia in man.
AB  - The haemodynamic changes during intravenous amiodarone administration in
      laboratory animals and human studies are reviewed and compared with the results
      from our investigations. While the results of previous human studies have been
      rather variable, our investigations suggest that the cardiovascular changes
      following intravenous amiodarone include an early and usually short reduction of
      systemic and coronary vascular resistance, which may be partially due to the
      vasodilating properties of the solvent, polysorbate 80. As a result, a decrease
      in afterload and cardiac work and increases in cardiac output and coronary blood
      flow occur. Contrary to the observations in the animal experiments, heart rate
      increases in man, presumably as a result of the relatively greater fall in
      afterload which occurs. However, in spite of this increase in heart rate,
      contractility is reduced at the end of amiodarone administration and remains
      depressed after the infusion, resulting in a significant increase in left
      ventricular filling pressure. Neither myocardial oxygen demand nor consumption
      change during amiodarone administration. Although the intrinsic negative
      inotropic effects of amiodarone warrant a cautious approach in patients with left
      ventricular dysfunction, worsening of heart failure or the occurrence of
      myocardial ischaemia has been reported in only very few cases so far. In
      contrast, the drug was demonstrated to protect against pacing-induced myocardial
      ischaemia, in patients with both normal and depressed left ventricular function.
      These anti-ischaemic properties of amiodarone were investigated in a second study
      using a double pacing stress test protocol. Overall myocardial oxygen consumption
      did not change during pacing after amiodarone, but it clearly reduced (regional)
      myocardial ischaemia, as demonstrated by a reduction of ST-segment changes and
      anginal pain, and in particular by the absence of myocardial lactate production
      during pacing after amiodarone. These anti-ischaemic properties are mainly based
      on a reduction of myocardial oxygen demand, rather than on an improvement in
      coronary flow. It is concluded then, that amiodarone has significant haemodynamic
      effects as manifested by an early reduction in vascular resistance and a late
      negative inotropic effect. Although vasodilatation of short duration caused by
      its solvent, polysorbate 80, also occurs, the overall cardiovascular changes are
      caused by the direct, intrinsic haemodynamic effects of amiodarone alone. The
      important anti-ischaemic properties of amiodarone appear to result primarily from
      these cardiovascular actions and the inherent reduction in myocardial oxygen
      demand.

PMID- 3996244
TI  - Long term efficacy of class I antiarrhythmic agents and amiodarone in patients
      with malignant ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - The long term efficacy of class I antiarrhythmic drugs and of amiodarone was
      investigated in 34 patients with severe organic heart disease accompanied by
      frequent complex ventricular arrhythmias. All patients had undergone cardiac
      catheterisation which included coronary angiography, and each patient underwent a
      short and a long term study phase. During the short term study 6 class I
      antiarrhythmic agents were administered orally in a randomised, single-blind
      fashion. The drugs investigated were disopyramide, flecainide, mexiletine,
      prajmalium, propafenon and tocainide. The response was judged to be effective
      when there was a 90% reduction of couplets and a 100% reduction of salvos. For
      long term treatment the patient was given one of the agents found to be effective
      in the short term testing. Holter monitoring was performed after 1 week, and 1, 3
      and 6 months. If the drug administered initially was later found to be
      ineffective, the patient was given another effective class I agent. If during the
      short term study or the follow-up phase there was no positive response to any
      class I agent, the patient was given amiodarone. In 78% of the patients, one or
      more of the class I agents administered short term was effective. The percentage
      of effectively treated patients after 1 week was 56%, and was 28, 14, and 9%
      after 1, 3, and 6 months' treatment, respectively. In amiodarone-treated patients
      there was an effective response rate of 40% after 10 days, 50% after 1 month and
      70% after 3 and 6 months.

PMID- 3996246
TI  - [Occurrence of acute otitis media and its risk factors].

PMID- 3996245
TI  - Amiodarone treatment in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - Amiodarone has been used in the therapy of supraventricular and ventricular
      tachycardia, and has often been categorised as a class III rather than a class I
      agent. However, in patients with ventricular arrhythmias, amiodarone 800mg daily
      for 14 days prolonged the right ventricular effective refractory period by a mean
      of 18.8 msec (p less than 0.05), and HV interval by a mean of 5.2 msec (p less
      than 0.05), these changes being similar to those noted with drugs such as
      quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide and encainide. The antiarrhythmic efficacy
      of amiodarone was evaluated in 196 patients with recurrent sustained ventricular
      tachycardia, recurrent ventricular fibrillation or recurrent nonsustained
      ventricular tachycardia. Coronary artery disease, dilated (congestive)
      cardiomyopathy, or other forms of heart disease were present in most patients.
      After 1 month of therapy, 177 patients continued to receive amiodarone and,
      during the remainder of the follow-up period, 139 patients had no recurrence of
      spontaneous ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Sudden cardiac
      death occurred in 15 patients after a mean treatment period of 10.4 months.
      Overall, amiodarone was an effective form of therapy in patients with ventricular
      tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 3996247
TI  - [Therapeutic results in chronic otitis media].

PMID- 3996248
TI  - [Otosclerosis].

PMID- 3996249
TI  - [Neuro-otologic diagnosis].

PMID- 3996250
TI  - [Hearing rehabilitation].

PMID- 3996251
TI  - [Pathophysiology of sinusitis].

PMID- 3996252
TI  - [Mucociliary function and diseases of the upper respiratory tract].

PMID- 3996254
TI  - [The hoarse patient from the viewpoint of phoniatrics].

PMID- 3996253
TI  - [The hoarse patient].

PMID- 3996255
TI  - [Bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy in children].

PMID- 3996256
TI  - [Management of diving accidents].

PMID- 3996257
TI  - [Therapeutic response in breast cancer metastasizing to the bones].

PMID- 3996258
TI  - [Familial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and mental retardation].

PMID- 3996259
TI  - [Bacterial tracheitis in a child].

PMID- 3996260
TI  - [Treatment of bacterial meningitis].

PMID- 3996261
TI  - Betting on insurance.

PMID- 3996263
TI  - Ludwig's angina.

PMID- 3996262
TI  - Relief of sinus pain by vibratory stimulation.

PMID- 3996264
TI  - Chlamydial infections of the head and neck.

PMID- 3996266
TI  - Anchoring indwelling nasal tubes for treating choanal atresia and nasal stenosis.

PMID- 3996265
TI  - Embolization in the treatment of massive hemoptysis in patients with cystic
      fibrosis.

PMID- 3996267
TI  - Intravagal paraganglioma: report of a case and review of the literature.

PMID- 3996268
TI  - The Sistrunk operation for treatment of thyroglossal cysts and sinuses.

PMID- 3996269
TI  - Pregnancy tumor of the middle ear.

PMID- 3996270
TI  - Osteoid osteoma of the mandible.

PMID- 3996271
TI  - The clinical problem of oral psoriasis.

PMID- 3996273
TI  - Treatment of chronic unilateral frontal sinusitis: a 13-year followup.

PMID- 3996274
TI  - Neuroendocrine tumors of the nose and upper airway.

PMID- 3996272
TI  - Headache associated with IgE-mediated allergy: response to immunotherapy.

PMID- 3996276
TI  - Papillary lymphoid polyp of the palatine tonsil.

PMID- 3996275
TI  - Epithelial isoantigens A, B and H in oral carcinomas.

PMID- 3996278
TI  - Recurrent acute adult epiglottitis treated by epiglottectomy.

PMID- 3996277
TI  - Giant lymph node hyperplasia: clinical and immunohistologic correlation of an
      intermediate variant.

PMID- 3996279
TI  - Nasal aplasia associated with meningocele and submucous cleft palate.

PMID- 3996280
TI  - [Health personnel research: analysis of priorities and political orientations].
AB  - The authors endeavor to determine the right priorities for research on health
      personnel in the framework of the policies on science and technology of the
      countries in the Region. Although it is difficult to work out a common systematic
      approach for the analysis, definition and location of the infinity of variables
      that make up a health system, it is clear that the Region's ever evolving
      manpower situation has three effects that are ineluctably bound up with the
      socioeconomic development of the society served: the planning, education and
      training, and utilization of those resources. The article considers the lack of
      definite policies on just these three key elements in the development of health
      personnel and services in relation to both the supply of and demand for them. The
      authors point out that a genuine solution to the problems requires imperatively
      the satisfaction of the great need for high priority to serious and thorough
      research on the health care system, on mutual responsiveness between care
      services and training systems, and the economic, political and social aspects of
      the health field itself. The paper also considers the policy guidelines required
      by the research priorities, and identifies possible activities in the short and
      middle run for carrying forward programs and projects of social research in those
      subjects.

PMID- 3996281
TI  - [Task Force on Health Personnel Research].

PMID- 3996282
TI  - [Technical discussions, 37th Health Assembly: the function of the universities in
      strategies of health for all].

PMID- 3996283
TI  - [Family medicine in Brazil].
AB  - A need for general physicians, chiefly to deal with health problems in the
      interior, has made itself felt since 1948. The first two medical residency
      programs for the training of general physicians were begun in 1976, and today
      there are 13 such programs. Ten of those programs have been studied in this
      report, which is based on visits to the establishments where the resident
      physicians receive training and to some areas served by the programs, and on
      interviews with education and health officials, alumni of the programs, resident
      physicians, and coordinators and supervisors of residency programs. "Community
      general medicine" is the term most widely used in the profession to designate
      medical practice addressed to the individual, the family and the community and
      providing total, ongoing and personalized care of the patient. Community general
      medicine must take account of psychological and socioeconomic factors and
      interact with the community to collaborate in the solution of its problems. The
      residency programs in community general medicine are essential for the training
      of teachers and researchers who will be models to the graduating students and
      change the undergraduate courses by removing them from the now prevalent
      overspecialization so as to arrive at a more humane medicine that is more
      responsive to the health needs of less developed regions. For lack of information
      on the practice and teaching of community general medicine, attitudes in the
      medical profession vary from apathetic to sceptical to approving. As a new
      movement in Brazil, it has great difficulties to overcome, including shortcomings
      in the training for it and a lack of job openings for graduates. Up to 1982, 174
      physicians had completed residencies in community general medicine in Brazil, and
      about 154 of them are known to have been employed. There are at present 138
      physicians attending the 10 programs considered. The regular teaching staff are
      joined by many professionals in different capacities, who vary in number and
      working hours with the requirements of the program. In addition to the 13
      residency programs in community general medicine, others have sprung up under the
      agreement between FEPAFEM, PAHO and the K. W. Kellogg Foundation; they are
      already operating under different names in Brazil and include the training of
      general physicians. The residency programs in community general medicine are
      still new and need to become better known to the public and members of the
      profession before it can be confirmed that they are of use.

PMID- 3996284
TI  - [The future of primary care].
AB  - The role and function of the general physician in the provision of primary care
      has stirred much discussion, which, however, has yet to produce a definition
      satisfactory to all. The author considers general medicine as an academic
      discipline in the light of experience in his country (Cuba) and is of the view
      that the physician and the health team should come closer to the community. He
      offers a number of conclusions on the practice of community medicine and presents
      the study plan proposed to be introduced in Cuba so that the clinical
      epidemiological and social approach can be used to solve the health problems of
      the individual, the family and the community.

PMID- 3996285
TI  - [The function of the universities in strategies of health for all. Contribution
      to human development and social justice].
AB  - This was the working document of the Technical Discussions held in the Thirty
      seventh World Health Assembly (1984). It represents a new dimension of activity
      in the World Health Organization and is one of a series of actions being taken to
      focus attention on the enormous influence that universities can exert on the
      effectiveness of health care in the different situations and settings found in
      the world. The document takes cognizance of the diversity of form, nature,
      purposes and functions among institutions of higher learning in different
      societies and no attempt is made to see similarities where none exist. It
      examines the functional relations between these institutions and their
      governments and communities in the health for all context in light of the basic
      imperatives of human development and social justice. The document was produced by
      a special group formed to consider the subject and made up of more than a dozen
      health and academic authorities from different universities in all parts of the
      world. WHO is indebted to them for their contribution to placing these issues in
      truly worldwide perspective.

PMID- 3996286
TI  - [Selective study of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of urinary MHPG in nervous
      depression. Peripheral and central influences].
AB  - The determination of urinary MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol) has been
      extensively performed to confirm the noradrenergic hypothesis of some
      depressions. However, owing to the double origin, central and peripheral, of this
      norepinephrine metabolite, the validity of total MHPG assay as an index of
      central noradrenergic activity may be challenged. MHPG exists in human urine in
      two conjugated forms, at equal amounts: sulfate and glucuronide. A number of
      arguments suggest that MHPG sulfate and MHPG glucuronide respectively reflect
      central and peripheral norepinephrine metabolism. In this work, we have
      selectively estimated both MHPG conjugates in 24 h-urine samples of 36 severely
      depressed women in view to assess the extent and frequency of central or/and
      peripheral norepinephrine dysfunction. On the basis of MHPG sulfate and
      glucuronide values, we conclude that in the examined population (6 endogenous, 19
      neurotic, 11 reactive depressions) about 80% of patients exhibited a central NE
      functional deficit, and many of them had also a diminished sympathetic activity.
      Clinical symptoms related to psychic factors (melancholia) or associated to
      sympathetic activity changes (anxiety, retardation) respectively alter sulfate or
      glucuronide MHPG excretion. These data altogether validate the concept of the
      independent origin of the two MHPG conjugated and show that their selective assay
      is able to provide a more satisfactory reflection of the psychobiological state
      in depressed patients than total MHPG determination.

PMID- 3996287
TI  - [Effect of acute administration of antidepressive agents at 2 P.M. on plasma and
      pineal levels of melatonin in the rat].
AB  - The authors measured the effect of different antidepressant drugs on the pineal
      production of melatonin in order to see if this test can be used in an
      antidepressants screening protocol. Six antidepressant drugs belonging to
      different pharmacologic classes have been tested. The results show that all the
      molecules used enhance the plasmatic and pineal concentration of melatonin.
      However the selectivity of this test must be reinforced by using classical
      methods for the detection of an antidepressant effect.

PMID- 3996288
TI  - [Classification of chronic psychoses types I and II and platelet serotonin
      levels. Apropos of 38 cases].
AB  - The authors have examined, within a population of 38 patients, all suffering from
      chronic psychosis, the concentration of serotonin in the blood platelets as a
      function of a psychopathologic classification. The 38 patients, 17 men and 21
      women, with a mean age of 46 years, diagnosed as schizophrenics (INSERM
      classification) were categorized according to their specific psychosis (types I
      and II of J. Guyotat) on examination of their clinical reports by two independent
      clinicians. This categorization returned 20 psychotics of type I, 16 psychotics
      of type II and 2 psychotics were difficult to classify. Blood samples were taken
      from both patients and from 47 controls at 10 o'clock in the morning, two hours
      after breakfast. The concentration of serotonin in the blood platelets was
      subsequently examined using the technique of liquid chromatography. The results
      obtained did not show any significant difference between the chronic psychotics
      and the control group. The average level of platelet serotonin is 5.09 for
      psychosis of type I and 3.56 for psychosis of type II, but the value of this
      difference does not indicate a significant statistical difference; however the
      tight grouping of serotonin levels in the psychotics of type II looked
      interesting because they were similar to those of the control in being more
      homogeneous than those of the psychotics of type I.

PMID- 3996289
TI  - [The thought-brain relationship. New facts. New hypotheses].
AB  - The close links between Thought and the brain having been amply demonstrated by
      the neurosciences, it is now time to draw conclusions. After having shown that
      the specific characteristic of thought is the self, the author underlines the
      impossibility of explaining the self by objective study and the consequent need
      to preserve for the thought its specificity in relation to Matter-Energy. After
      having excluded, by this statement, attitudes tending to deny explicitly or
      implicitly the specificity of Thought and having rejected spiritualist hypotheses
      as not conforming to scientific data, only two possible interpretations remain:
      that of the identity of Thought and Matter-Energy treats Thought as the other
      face of Energy, that of creation makes it necessary to admit a transformation
      from Energy to Thought (E = KP). The problems of thermodynamics and of the
      quantification of Thought thus raised are considered. Whatever the solution, it
      is necessary to admit that a "Universal Thought" exists. The universe is
      conscious of itself. The effort of cerebralisation in the evolution of species
      seems a mean of giving autonomy to individual thought which is necessarily
      included in Universal Thought.

PMID- 3996290
TI  - Symposium on treatment of hand injuries.

PMID- 3996291
TI  - Functional anatomy of the hand and arm.
AB  - The physician entrusted with the management of the injured hand must possess
      knowledge of the functional anatomy of the upper limb. Necessary also is the
      ability to correlate the surface topography, underlying soft tissues, and the x
      ray image as well as the results of individual tests for the functional integrity
      of skin, vessels, muscle-tendon units, skeleton, joints, and nerves.

PMID- 3996292
TI  - Anesthesia for hand injuries.
AB  - Hand injuries account for an increasing incidence of emergency room visits, both
      for purposes of diagnosis and treatment. Patients are also expressing a growing
      reluctance toward hospitalization for procedures that are now performed with
      precision in the office or same day surgical unit. These two factors are largely
      responsible for an increasing reliance on regional techniques to provide optimal
      anesthesia. The safety, versatility, ease of administration, and consistent
      success of regional anesthesia validate its frequent use.

PMID- 3996293
TI  - Primary care of fingernail injuries.
AB  - The primary care physician has a profound influence on the prevention of
      deformity and disability resulting from fingernail injuries. Prompt recognition
      and precise repair of the disrupted nailbed consistently result in successful
      nail restoration. For injuries with a substantial subungual hematoma or a
      displaced phalangeal fracture, optimal treatment requires removal of the
      nailplate, reduction of the fracture, and meticulous repair of the nailbed. Even
      with severely fragmented or avulsion injuries, the results of an accurate primary
      repair are generally far superior to those of corrective surgery for established
      fingernail deformities. Skillful primary repair is the best method of managing
      the vast majority of fingernail injuries.

PMID- 3996294
TI  - Infections of the hand.
AB  - The unique anatomic arrangements in the hand make possible rapid extension of
      infections through synovial-lined spaces if abscesses are not drained and
      pressure is allowed to build up. Adequate knowledge of these anatomic features
      and of routes for surgical drainage is mandatory if one is to give adequate
      management of hand infections. Localized processes, such as paronychia, felon,
      and human bite infections also require special insight for adequate treatment.

PMID- 3996295
TI  - Nonarthritic inflammatory problems of the hand and wrist.
AB  - There is a group of painful inflammatory conditions that involve the soft tissues
      of the hand, wrist, and forearm. These generally occur without underlying
      systemic diseases, and the pain frequently results from tendon or nerve
      compression. Recognition of these difficulties can lead to appropriate treatment,
      often nonoperative, resulting in symptomatic cure. Occasionally, surgical
      treatment is required.

PMID- 3996296
TI  - Compartment syndrome in the upper extremity.
AB  - It has been the purpose of this article to assist us in our approach to
      compartment problems, for, although a full-blown compartment syndrome following
      forearm injury is statistically uncommon, the results of this ischemic process
      can be devastating. A compartment pressure of greater than 30 mmHg for eight
      hours or more can cause cell death by interference with the microcirculation.
      Clinical diagnosis is made on the basis of a number of modalities, especially
      pain and paresthesias. Peripheral pulses or capillary flow are not specific
      indicators of compartment well-being. Direct compartment pressure measurements
      can be an invaluable tool but must be used in conjunction with the trend of the
      clinical findings. Limb elevation is not assistive in reducing compartment
      pressure, although removal of circumferential dressings and maintenance of mean
      arterial pressure can be. Prompt surgical decompression of the compromised
      compartment is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 3996297
TI  - Fractures in the hand: metacarpals and phalanges.
AB  - Fractures in the hand, as elsewhere, usually fall into identifiable patterns.
      With prompt diagnosis and appropriate management, most fractures can be treated
      satisfactorily by closed means. However, a small percentage of fractures in the
      hand do require treatment by open means. Early recognition and early treatment of
      these injuries will usually avoid significant complications.

PMID- 3996298
TI  - Diagnosis of wrist injuries.
AB  - There is little in the way of surface architecture to explain the complex anatomy
      of the wrist. Confidence in x-ray examination, especially the lateral, is
      essential to primary accurate diagnosis. The primary care physician will have a
      great impact on the end-result of wrist injuries because late care is difficult
      and has a guarded prognosis.

PMID- 3996299
TI  - Joint injuries of the fingers and thumb.
AB  - Prompt recognition of the magnitude of articular damage is essential for optimal
      management of digital joint injuries. Basic to this concept is the need to
      differentiate injuries that can be successfully treated by closed techniques from
      those that require surgery. Following an accurate restoration of the damaged
      joint, recovery of function depends on careful immobilization in a protective
      position and, whenever possible, early joint mobilization. Precise primary care
      is the key to the prevention of disabling joint contractures.

PMID- 3996300
TI  - Tendon injuries--extensor surface.
AB  - Although discussed much less than flexor tendon injuries, achievement of
      satisfactory function is difficult with these injuries. Under proper
      circumstances in clean wounds, and in a well equipped emergency department, they
      can be primarily repaired if the examining physician has the experience. If these
      conditions are not possible, the patient should be referred to a qualified hand
      surgeon. The author outlines treatment according to anatomic zones.

PMID- 3996301
TI  - Tendon injuries--flexor surface.
AB  - Because of the difficulties in reconstructing chronic, unrecognized tendon
      injuries, early diagnosis and proper management are of the utmost importance. The
      initial examining physician is key to the treatment pathway the patient will
      take. A high index of suspicion for possible injuries to deep structures beneath
      the laceration followed by appropriate examination of each of the involved parts
      will usually result in an accurate diagnosis.

PMID- 3996302
TI  - Ring avulsion injuries, care of amputated parts, replants, and revascularization.
AB  - Microsurgery has improved our ability to deal with severe injuries to the upper
      extremity. Good medical management and judgment plus a sense of realism
      communicated from physician to patient is as important as the surgical technique.

PMID- 3996303
TI  - High-compression injection injuries to the hand.
AB  - The importance of a specific effect of various agents injected into the hand
      cannot be overemphasized, since the outpouring of inflammatory edema fluid as a
      response to the more sclerotic solutions leads to tamponade and occlusion of
      digital vessels. Moreover, it has been shown that the vascular insufficiency is
      further increased by actual necrosis of small vessel walls caused by these
      solutions, which coagulate the protein of the arteriolar and arterial wall. The
      pathologic physiology is described, which indicates that the usual case of high
      compression injection of foreign material into the hand develops severe and
      sometimes catastrophic consequences related to the tamponade effect occurring
      from the compression force, the quantity of material injected, and the subsequent
      outpouring of inflammatory edema fluid occasioned by the chemical irritation of
      these substances within the tissues. Based upon these findings, it has been
      pointed out that early treatment of these injuries is mandatory, with adequate
      incision along diagonal lines on the palmar surface of the hand made with the
      idea of decompressing the tamponade effect on the digital vessels as well as
      evacuation of the foreign material. Careful cleansing of the surrounding tissues
      to remove extensions of the material from the central mass is important. Finally,
      the postoperative measures, the late treatment procedures, and the rehabilitative
      surgical procedures have been described.

PMID- 3996304
TI  - Foreign body injuries of the hand.
AB  - Retained foreign bodies and puncture wounds are common injuries to the hand. A
      detailed history and physical examination prior to treatment are essential. If
      surgical removal of a foreign body or surgical exploration of a puncture wound is
      decided upon, it must be performed under adequate anesthesia and tourniquet
      control.

PMID- 3996305
TI  - Burns of the hand. Thermal, chemical, and electrical.
AB  - The principles of emergency management of the burned hand include early estimate
      of the depth of injury; prevention of unnecessary post-burn sequelae, such as
      edema formation and joint stiffness; and measures to ensure prompt healing of the
      wound. A successful outcome requires correct splinting interspersed with early
      active motion, control of infection with frequent dressing changes, and early
      referral to a hand surgeon if the wound cannot be expected to heal by two weeks.

PMID- 3996306
TI  - Hand injuries--special considerations in children.
AB  - Injuries to the hand are very common in children. Because of children's
      tremendous capability of repair, fingertip injuries can usually be treated with
      dressings, and complicated closures with flaps or grafts can be avoided.
      Fractures are common, and the treating physician must be aware of the various
      ephiphyseal injuries that can occur in the hand. Because children are so active,
      if the hand must be immobilized, a long arm cast or valpeau dressing will usually
      be required.

PMID- 3996307
TI  - Medical-legal problems in the emergency department related to hand injuries.
AB  - One of the areas that has become important to emergency medicine is that of risk
      management, which uses retrospective evaluation of improper medical encounters in
      an attempt to prevent future similar occurrences. Risk management involves the
      identification of the risk, the control of the risk, and the prevention of the
      risk.

PMID- 3996308
TI  - Plasma kinetics, tissue distribution, and cerebrocortical sources of reverse
      triiodothyronine in the rat.
AB  - Studies in vitro have shown that rT3 is a potent and competitive inhibitor of T4
      5'-deiodination (5'D). Recent studies in vivo have shown that cerebrocortical
      (Cx) T4 5'D-type II (5'D-II) activity [propylthiouracil (PTU) insensitive
      pathway], is reduced by T4 and rT3, the latter being more potent than T3 in Cx
      5'D-II suppression. Some other reports had described rT3 production in rat brain
      as a very active pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism. To examine the
      possibility that rT3 plays a physiological role in regulating Cx 5'D-II, we have
      explored rT3 plasma kinetics, plasma to tissue exchange, and uptake by tissues in
      the rat, as well as the metabolic routes of degradation and the sources of rT3 in
      cerebral cortex (Cx). Plasma and tissue levels were assessed with tracer
      [125I]rT3. Two main compartments were defined by plasma disappearance curves in
      euthyroid rats (K1 = -6.2 h-1 and K2 = -0.75 h-1). In Cx of euthyroid rats,
      [125I]rT3 peaked 10 min after iv injection, tissue to plasma ratio being 0.016 +/
      0.004 (SE). In thyroidectomized rats, plasma and tissue [125I]rT3 concentrations
      were higher than in euthyroid rats, except for the Cx that did not change. PTU
      caused further increases in all the tissues studied, except for the Cx and the
      pituitaries of thyroidectomized rats. From the effect of blocking 5'D-I with PTU
      or reducing its activity by making the animals hypothyroid, we concluded that 5'D
      I accounts for most of the rT3 clearance from plasma. In contrast, in Cx and
      pituitary the levels of rT3 seem largely affected by 5'D-II activity. Since the
      latter results suggest that plasma rT3 does not play a major role in determining
      rT3 levels in these tissues, we explored the sources of rT3 in Cx using [125I]T4.
      The [125I]rT3 (T4) to [125I]T4 ratio remained constant at 0.03 from 1 up to 5 h
      after injection of [125I]T4. From plasma levels of T4 and rT3, Cx concentration
      was calculated to be 30 pg rT3/g Cx in euthyroid rats, more than 98% locally
      produced from T4 deiodination. We conclude that rT3 has a very rapid metabolism,
      mainly attributed to 5'D-I activity, but that 5'D-II could also play a role in
      certain tissues. Nearly all rT3 present in Cx is locally derived from T4.

PMID- 3996309
TI  - Alterations in the pituitary-thyroid axis and 5'-deiodinase activity in mice with
      muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy have reduced levels of serum T3. To
      determine possible causes of T3 deficits, we evaluated pituitary thyrotroph
      ultrastructure by electron microscopy, thyroid gland morphology by light
      microscopy, and T4 to T3 conversion by measuring iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase
      activity. Differences were not evident between dystrophic and normal littermates
      in either the structure of pituitary thyrotrophs or thyroid tissues. Dystrophic
      mice, however, had only 50% the normal hepatic 5'-deiodinase activity. Cerebral
      5'-deiodinase, which does not appear to contribute significantly to serum T3, was
      similar in normal and dystrophic mice. Submandibular gland concentrations of
      nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor are reduced in dystrophic mice
      but can be increased by T4 treatment. To distinguish whether growth factor
      deficits are due to reductions in serum T3 or to deficiencies in T4 5'-deiodinase
      activity and subsequent T3 utilization within the salivary gland, we measured
      submandibular deiodinase activity. Gland homogenates were active in the
      deiodinase assay, but no differences were detected between normal and dystrophic
      mice. In order to evaluate tissue responses to reductions in circulating T4, we
      treated mice with methimazole. Structural analyses revealed that thyrotrophs in
      dystrophic mice were less stimulated than thyrotrophs in similarly treated normal
      littermates. Likewise, thyroid follicular cells appeared less active, and thyroid
      weights increased only 40-50% as much as in normals. Liver 5'-deiodinase activity
      decreased in both normal and dystrophic mice. Cerebral 5'-deiodinase activity
      increased more than 4-fold in normal females but only 2-fold in dystrophic
      females; 2- to 3-fold increases occurred in both normal and dystrophic males. In
      summary, the structure of pituitary and thyroid glands in dystrophic mice is
      similar to that of tissues from normal littermates, but hepatic conversion of T4
      to T3 is reduced. When challenged by methimazole-induced reductions in serum T4,
      pituitary and cerebral tissues in dystrophic mice respond abnormally.

PMID- 3996311
TI  - Transient neonatal hyperthyroidism results in hypothyroidism in the adult rat.
AB  - Adult rats who had neonatal hyperthyroidism (NH) have reduced BW and serum T4,
      T3, and TSH concentrations. Pituitary TSH responses to TRH administration under
      basal, T4-suppressed, and propylthiouracil-stimulated conditions suggest that the
      thyrotroph of these animals is more sensitive to the feedback effects of thyroid
      hormones. These studies were undertaken to examine, with the use of various
      thyroid hormone-responsive variables, thyroid status of adult NH rats. NH was
      induced by 12 daily sc injections of T4 (0.4 microgram/g BW) to neonatal male
      Sprague-Dawley rats. Adult NH and control rats were then studied at 120 days of
      age. Adult NH rats had significantly decreased mean BW (P less than 0.001), and
      serum T4 (P less than 0.005), T3 (P less than 0.001), and TSH (P less than 0.001)
      concentrations. The percent decreases were 12% for T4, 20% for T3, and 27% for
      TSH in adult NH rats. Mean pituitary GH concentration and hepatic alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities were significantly
      decreased in adult NH rats to 54% (P less than 0.005), 52% (P less than 0.025),
      and 39% (P less than 0.001), respectively, of control values. Mean pituitary TSH
      concentrations were similar in adult NH and control rats. Mean hepatic T4 5'
      deiodinase activity of adult NH rats [200 +/- (SE) 23 fmol T3/min X mg protein]
      was significantly decreased to 56% of control levels (355 +/- 31 fmol T3/min . mg
      protein; P less than 0.005). Mean pituitary T4 5'-deiodinase activity of adult NH
      rats (32.8 +/- 3.3 fmol T3/min . mg protein) was significantly increased compared
      with that of control rats (21.2 +/- 1.7 fmol T3/min . mg protein; P less than
      0.025). These changes are consistent with a hypothyroid state in adult NH rats.
      The observation of decreased serum TSH concentration and enhanced thyrotroph
      sensitivity to thyroid hormones in the face of increased pituitary T4 5'
      deiodinase activity suggests that increased thyrotroph monodeiodination of T4 may
      be the central biochemical aberration responsible for the hypothyroid state in
      adult NH rats.

PMID- 3996310
TI  - Elevated circulating immunoreactive calcitonin in the magnesium-deficient
      normocalcemic rat.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that magnesium, like calcium, stimulates the release of
      calcitonin (CT) from the thyroid gland. On the other hand, C-cell hyperplasia has
      been noted in magnesium-deficient dogs and rats. To explore further possible
      interrelationships between magnesium and CT, 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley male rats
      fed a control diet (0.043% Mg and 0.47 Ca) were match-fed with rats given either
      a control low calcium diet (0.043% Mg and 0.15% Ca) or a low magnesium-low
      calcium diet (0.001% Mg and 0.15% Ca). The low calcium content in the magnesium
      deficient diet prevented the development of hypercalcemia characteristic of the
      magnesium-deficient rat. After 17 days, animals were killed by decapitation.
      Blood was obtained from some animals in the basal state and in other animals 1
      min postpentagastrin or 1 min postmagnesium chloride infusion. No significant
      difference was found in the serum calcium level in the three groups, while the
      mean serum immunoreactive CT (iCT) level was significantly higher in magnesium
      deficient rats both before and after pentagastrin. An acute iv infusion of MgCl2
      resulted in significant increases in serum iCT in both the control and magnesium
      deficient animals. The results of this study demonstrate that basal serum iCT
      levels and their response to pentagastrin are increased in magnesium-deficient,
      normocalcemic animals. The further increase in serum iCT after magnesium infusion
      in magnesium-depleted animals appears paradoxical and indicates that the
      relationship between extracellular magnesium and iCT release is not a simple
      feedback mechanism. It is possible that the increase in circulating iCT may be a
      response to extracellular-intracellular differences in magnesium concentration.
      Alternatively, the increased C-cell activity may be secondary to some unknown
      metabolic alteration induced by magnesium deficiency, rather than to magnesium
      deficiency per se.

PMID- 3996313
TI  - The role of carbohydrate in erythropoietin action.
AB  - The carbohydrate composition of human erythropoietin (epo) was determined by
      micro-GLC. Enzymic removal of most of the sugars results in aggregation of
      glycosidase-treated epo, loss of biological activity when assayed in mice, and
      retention of activity when assayed in marrow cell cultures or by RIA.
      Endoglycosidase F causes the removal of most of the carbohydrates indicating that
      the oligosaccharides are asparagine linked. The lack of O-linked sugar is
      confirmed by the absence of N-acetylgalactosamine. These findings indicate that
      the oligosaccharide portion of epo, although required for action in vivo, is not
      required for interaction with the target cells of the blood-forming system.

PMID- 3996312
TI  - Some chemical properties of human erythropoietin.
AB  - Erythropoietin (epo) is the glycoprotein hormone that induces normal red cell
      differentiation. Reaction of native or denatured epo with either [3H]iodoacetic
      acid or N-ethyl-2-[3H]maleimide did not result in the incorporation of any
      significant amount of radioactivity. Radiolabeling took place only if the protein
      were denatured before reduction and alkylation. When reduction was carried out in
      the presence of 6 M guanidine HCl, about 3.7 mol N-ethyl-2[3H]maleimide were
      covalently linked per mol epo. These results show that there are no free,
      accessible sulfhydryl groups in epo; there are two internal disulfide bonds. When
      epo was reduced in the presence of 6 M guanidine HCl and then reoxidized and the
      guanidine removed, about 85% of the biological activity was regenerated. The
      biological activity was lost irreversibly if the sulfhydryl groups were
      alkylated. Limited proteolysis of [3H]epo (labeled at sialic acid residues of the
      oligosaccharide chains) showed that it consists of two rather trypsin-resistant
      domains, each having a mol wt of about 16,000, connected by a small region of
      protein that is trypsin sensitive. The two large fragments contain most of the
      label. Biological activity and immunoreactivity are lost after limited tryptic
      proteolysis. Complexing epo with a neutralizing antibody protects its activity
      from proteolysis.

PMID- 3996314
TI  - Differences in the control of sterol metabolism between mouse and rat Leydig
      cells.
AB  - The metabolism of hydroxysterols, which bypass the cAMP-dependent, cycloheximide
      inhibitable transport to cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage enzyme complex (P
      450scc) required by cholesterol, and whose metabolism exceeds that of cholesterol
      in luteal cells, has been investigated in primary cultures of Leydig cells
      purified from the mouse and the rat. An unexpected finding was that metabolism of
      25-hydroxycholesterol by mouse Leydig cells was far lower than cAMP-stimulated
      cholesterol metabolism. The metabolism of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 22R
      hydroxycholesterol was equivalent to and greater than, respectively, maximal
      cholesterol metabolism by mouse Leydig cells. As expected, metabolism of 25
      hydroxycholesterol by rat Leydig cells was much greater than cholesterol
      metabolism, as was metabolism of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 22R
      hydroxycholesterol. Hydroxysterol metabolism was not increased by cAMP.
      Cycloheximide abolished the cAMP-stimulated increase in testosterone production
      by Leydig cells of both species but had no effect on metabolism of any of the
      hydroxysterols by Leydig cells of either species. In addition, it was shown that
      the relatively low rate of 25-hydroxycholesterol supported testosterone
      production in mouse Leydig cells was not due to inhibition of the conversion of
      pregnenolone to testosterone. It is concluded that a species-specific difference
      in the control of mitochondrial sterol metabolism exists between the rat and the
      mouse. The data suggest that either the P-450scc differs between mice and rats or
      that an effector of P-450scc, which greatly facilitates the binding and
      metabolism of cholesterol, is of particular importance in the control of sterol
      metabolism in the mouse Leydig cell.

PMID- 3996315
TI  - 5,5'-Diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) attenuates the action of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L
      thyronine in cultured GC cells.
AB  - We have previously reported that 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin (DPH) inhibits total
      cellular and specific nuclear T3 binding by cultured GC cells, a rat pituitary
      tumor cell line that produces GH. DPH decreased competitively the rate of T3
      accumulation by GC cells and noncompetitively inhibited specific nuclear T3
      binding as well. To determine the biological consequences of these DPH effects on
      cellular and nuclear T3 binding, we studied the effect of DPH on the growth rate
      and GH production of GC cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with
      10% serum. Incubation with T3 stimulated the GC cell growth rate in a dose
      dependent manner. The half-maximal growth rate was achieved at a T3 concentration
      of 0.18 nM, and the maximal effect was observed at 0.4 nM T3. Addition of DPH to
      GC cells cultured with 0.15 nM T3 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the GC
      cell growth rate. The half-maximal depression of the rate of GC cell growth
      occurred at 185 microM DPH, a concentration that results in an approximately 50%
      decrease in cellular and nuclear T3. The DPH-induced decrease in GC cell growth
      was abolished by the addition of increasing concentrations of T3 (maximal
      concentration, 1.0 nM). Similarly, DPH effected a dose-dependent decrease in GH
      production in cells cultured with physiological concentrations of T3 (0.15 nM).
      The decrease in GH production of cells incubated with 200 microM DPH was
      associated with a decrease of similar magnitude in GH mRNA. These findings
      suggested that the DPH effect on GH production was mediated at a pretranslational
      level. Addition of increasing concentrations of T3 up to 5 nM completely
      abolished the DPH-associated decrease in GH production. Finally, studies of the
      effects of DPH on cell growth and GH production in cultures maintained with T3
      depleted conditions were carried out to detect putative agonist activity of DPH.
      In the present investigation, we were unable to detect agonist activity of DPH
      that was more than 10-15% of the effect of maximal doses of T3. The data suggest
      that DPH attenuates the action of T3 in GC cells, probably because of a decrease
      in the steady state concentrations of cellular and nuclear T3. These attributes
      of DPH suggest that the drug or related analogs may serve as prototypes of agents
      that may decrease thyroid hormone activity at target tissues.

PMID- 3996316
TI  - Opposing biological actions of antiestrogens in vitro and in vivo: induction of
      progesterone receptor in the rat and mouse uterus.
AB  - The nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and Ly117018
      inhibited the estradiol-stimulated induction of progesterone receptors in primary
      cultures of immature rat uterine cells. This effect was found to be completely
      reversible with increased concentrations of estradiol. These compounds possessed
      no estrogenic activity. In contrast, ICI 47,699 (the cis geometric isomer of
      tamoxifen) and ICI 77,949 (tamoxifen without the dimethylaminoethyl side chain)
      were fully estrogenic, and bisphenol (4-hydroxytamoxifen without the
      dimethylaminoethyl side chain) possessed mixed estrogenic/antiestrogenic
      activity. In primary uterine cell cultures derived from mature ovariectomized
      mice, 4-hydroxytamoxifen was, again, nonestrogenic and inhibited the estradiol
      stimulated induction of progesterone receptors. The antiestrogenic activity of 4
      hydroxytamoxifen was effective against both steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens
      in either rat- or mouse-derived uterine cell cultures. Using the 3-day uterine
      assay in vivo, 4-hydroxytamoxifen partially stimulated progesterone receptor
      induction in the immature rat, whereas it fully stimulated the same end point in
      the mature ovariectomized mouse. These results emphasize the difference between
      antiestrogen activity in vivo and in vitro, and also indicate that the increased
      agonist activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen in the mouse compared to that in the rat
      in vivo is not reflected in vitro. Therefore, we have extended the model of
      antiestrogen action previously described in primary pituitary cell cultures to
      progesterone receptor induction in two murine uterine cell cultures.

PMID- 3996317
TI  - Cysteamine causes reduction of prolactin monomers followed by aggregation in the
      rat pituitary gland.
AB  - Storage forms of PRL were studied in control and cysteamine-treated cultures of
      estradiol-induced tumors in Fischer 344 rats and in secretory granules isolated
      from these tumors to further investigate the mechanism of action of cysteamine on
      PRL. The two major bands visible when protein is stained after electrophoresis of
      isolated granules migrate to the position of PRL and GH monomers. Electrophoresis
      under reducing conditions changes the position, but does not noticeably increase
      the amount of each band. [3H]PRL in cells labeled for 8 h with [3H]leucine also
      exists predominantly as monomer. Immunoreactivity of PRL in cell lysates or
      isolated granules is not affected by incubation with reducing agents beta
      mercaptoethanol or glutathione at concentrations up to 5 mM, but cysteamine
      decreases PRL immunoreactivity in isolated granules at concentrations of 3 mM and
      higher. Electrophoresis of isolated granules after incubation with 25 mM
      cysteamine for 1 h demonstrates that cysteamine converts PRL to the reduced form.
      After 4 h, or after dilution of the granules before solubilization, the amount of
      reduced monomer is decreased, and larger molecular weight species appear. The
      reduced monomer can be recovered by electrophoresis under reducing conditions.
      The fully immunoreactive form can be recovered by incubation for 1 h with
      dithiothreitol at concentrations of 0.3 mM-3 mM. These data indicate that: PRL
      exists predominantly in monomeric form in the rat pituitary gland, and cysteamine
      reduces PRL, and formation of disulfide-linked aggregates of PRL occurs
      subsequently under some conditions.

PMID- 3996318
TI  - Cyclic regulation of growth hormone gene transcription in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The in vivo thyroid and glucocorticoid hormone regulation of GH gene
      transcription was compared with that found in cultured GH rat pituitary tumor
      cells. The GH cell lines have been widely used to study GH gene expression, but
      their relevance to the in vivo regulation of the gene has not been well
      established. The in vivo studies described here utilized rats that were both
      thyroparathyroidectomized and adrenalectomized to remove the organ sources of
      these hormones. The in vitro studies described utilized GC cells hormonally
      deinduced in medium lacking the hormones. Continuous administration of
      glucocorticoid or thyroid hormones to either system induced multiple cycles of GH
      transcriptional activation and deactivation. These cycles were accompanied by
      cycles of increasing and decreasing GH messenger RNA. In both systems, a brief
      transcription cycle occurred within hours of thyroid or glucocorticoid hormone
      addition, and a second broad occurred between 3 and 11 days later. These cycles
      were independent of changes in receptor levels. The similarities in the responses
      found in vivo and in cell culture suggest that the molecular mechanisms
      regulating expression of the GH gene appropriately function in GC cells, despite
      their transformed phenotype and prolonged maintenance in culture. Thus, these
      cell lines appear to be appropriate model systems for studies of thyroid and
      glucocorticoid hormone action.

PMID- 3996319
TI  - Localization of arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II messenger ribonucleic acid in
      the hypothalamus of control and Brattleboro rats by hybridization histochemistry
      with a synthetic pentadecamer oligonucleotide probe.
AB  - By using 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes for in situ DNA-RNA hybridization, we
      have defined the distribution of messenger RNA (MRNA) for arginine vasopressin
      neurophysin II (AVP-NPII) in the rat hypothalamus. With a specific pentadecamer
      nucleotide probe, strong specific hybridization is seen in supraoptic,
      suprachiasmatic, and paraventricular nuclei in both Sprague-Dawley and
      Brattleboro rats. This finding, of equivalent distribution of AVP-NPII mRNA in
      Brattleboro and control hypothalami, confirms and extends the recent report of
      equivalent levels of AVP-NPII mRNA by Northern blot analysis.

PMID- 3996320
TI  - Effects of progesterone and tamoxifen on glucocorticosteroid-induced egg-white
      protein synthesis in the chick oviduct.
AB  - A single injection of either natural (cortisol, corticosterone) or synthetic
      [dexamethasone (DEX), triamcinolone acetonide] glucocorticosteroids to estradiol
      primed, withdrawn chicks, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the relative
      rates of ovalbumin and conalbumin synthesis. The simultaneous injection of equal
      doses of DEX and progesterone resulted in an additive effect on the relative rate
      of ovalbumin synthesis at all doses tested (range: 0.05-15 mg/chick), even when
      the induction of ovalbumin synthesis was maximal at 6 h, for either hormone
      injected alone. Moreover, the simultaneous injection of DEX and progesterone
      yielded an additive effect on the relative rates of ovalbumin and conalbumin gene
      transcription. The nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen does not increase
      ovalbumin synthesis and only slightly increases conalbumin synthesis. The
      simultaneous injection of tamoxifen and DEX potentiated the effect of DEX on the
      relative rates of ovalbumin and conalbumin synthesis, and amplified the DEX
      induced increase in the relative rates of ovalbumin and conalbumin gene
      transcription. These results were supported by morphological studies carried out
      after 4 days of stimulation, which showed an increased accumulation of secretory
      granules in the magnum cells of the oviducts of chickens treated by tamoxifen
      plus DEX, as compared to that observed in chickens injected with DEX alone. In
      conclusion, these results suggest that glucocorticosteroids likely act through a
      mechanism distinct from that of sex steroids, and may modulate the effects of the
      latter on egg-white protein synthesis.

PMID- 3996321
TI  - Interactions of estrogen-receptor and antiestrogen-receptor complexes with nuclei
      in vitro.
AB  - Interactions of the estrogen-receptor complex (ER) with nuclei in vitro were
      shown to be dose, time, temperature, and tissue dependent. Specificity was
      demonstrated by the ability of ER charged with unlabeled 17 beta-estradiol to
      compete with [3H]ER for the nuclear acceptor sites. The ionic environment
      affected [3H]ER nuclear interactions; [3H]ER binding varied inversely with ionic
      strength, and apparent nuclear saturation was observed in the presence of 0.1 M
      KCl. Nuclear interactions of estrogen receptor charged with 17 beta-estradiol
      (ER) or monohydroxytamoxifen (AER) were compared. While both ER and AER
      (nonradiolabeled) were efficient competitors for [3H]ER nuclear binding,
      differences were observed when 3H-labeled ligands were used for saturation
      analysis of the nuclear acceptor sites. Scatchard analysis of the data revealed
      similar apparent Kd values for [3H]ER and [3H]AER binding to the nuclear sites
      (mean +/- SD, 1.2 +/- 0.5 X 10(-9) and 2.6 +/- 0.2 X 10(-9) M, respectively).
      However, the relative number of nuclear binding events consistently differed,
      with 28,000 +/- 7,300 sites/nucleus (mean +/- SD) for ER vs. 17,800 +/- 6,300
      sites/nucleus for AER. Treatment of nuclei with 0-300 unit-min/ml DNAase I before
      incubation with receptor complexes resulted in a parallel percent decrease in the
      number of ER and AER nuclear binding sites. Saturation analysis performed with
      nuclei previously digested with 0-30 unit-min/ml DNAase I demonstrated that the
      apparent affinities of the receptor complexes for nuclear sites remained
      unchanged. Therefore, we suggest that both AER and ER bind to acceptor sites in
      the small portion of the chromatin hypersensitive to DNase I, but that fewer AER
      than ER can bind at least some of the ER nuclear acceptor sites. The lower
      binding capacity for AER may result in a pattern of gene expression that produces
      the agonist/antagonist effects observed with antiestrogens.

PMID- 3996322
TI  - Estrogen regulates the transcription of the rat prolactin gene in vivo through at
      least two independent mechanisms.
AB  - The short-acting estrogens 16 alpha-estradiol and estriol induced transcription
      of the rat PRL gene in vivo in a biphasic manner. In these experiments, the level
      of PRL gene transcription was examined by measuring the amount of radiolabeled
      UTP incorporated into PRL-specific RNA sequences by nuclei isolated from the
      anterior pituitary gland at various times after hormone treatment. A single
      injection of 16 alpha-estradiol stimulated PRL gene transcription within 30 min,
      and this initial phase of stimulated transcription was observed through 2 h after
      treatment. A second phase of stimulated PRL gene transcription was observed by 6
      h after 16 alpha-estradiol treatment and continued through 24 h. A biphasic
      stimulation of PRL gene transcription also was observed in response to a single
      injection of estriol. However, the initial phase extended into the second phase,
      and the phases were, therefore, distinguishable only by their differing levels of
      stimulation. The induction of the initial phase of increased PRL gene
      transcription by 16 alpha-estradiol was observed in animals in which
      cycloheximide or puromycin had greatly inhibited pituitary protein synthesis. In
      contrast, induction of the second phase of stimulated transcription by 16 alpha
      estradiol was blocked by prior cycloheximide treatment. An injection of 16 alpha
      estradiol resulted in activation of the cytosol form of the pituitary estrogen
      receptor to its nuclear form, with maximal levels of nuclear form receptors being
      observed within 1 h of injection. Within 4 h of treatment, the cytosol and
      nuclear forms of the pituitary estrogen receptor had returned to control levels.
      These data suggest that estrogen regulates transcription of the rat PRL gene in
      vivo through at least two independent mechanisms.

PMID- 3996323
TI  - Parathyroid hormone enhances glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat
      pancreas preparation.
AB  - We examined whether PTH could increase glucagon secretion in an in vitro system,
      the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Since the response of the A cell has been
      shown to be modulated by antecedent exposure to elevated concentrations of
      glucose, bovine PTH (Beckman 1-34) was superimposed upon 15-min infusions of
      glucose followed by arginine or upon infusions of arginine alone. In the presence
      of PTH (44 ng/ml) and when the ambient calcium concentration was 9.0 mg/dl,
      arginine (168 mg/dl)-induced glucagon secretion was augmented. This occurred
      regardless of whether arginine was preceded by glucose (150 mg/dl). The
      glucagonotropic effect of PTH was absent in the presence of a low ambient calcium
      concentration (3.0 mg/dl). PTH failed to affect glucose-induced glucagon
      suppression.

PMID- 3996324
TI  - Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidation activity in tissues and serum of the adult rat.
AB  - Bioactive peptides frequently terminate in a carboxyl-terminal alpha-amide. The
      tissue distribution of enzymatic activity capable of converting [125I]D-Tyr-Val
      Gly into [125I]D-Tyr-Val-NH2 has been determined. Assay conditions have been
      established so that enzyme activity can be measured in crude homogenates. In
      adult male rats, the highest concentrations of activity are found in the anterior
      and neurointermediate lobes of the pituitary. Lower concentrations of activity
      are found in the hypothalamus, submandibular glands, and the rest of the brain.
      Enzyme activity is also easily assayed in serum. Taking into account the mass of
      each tissue, the submandibular glands and the brain are the major tissue sources
      of enzymatic activity; serum contains more enzymatic activity than is found in
      the pituitary gland. In all tissues and in serum, enzyme activity is stimulated
      by the addition of copper sulfate and ascorbate and is dependent on molecular
      oxygen. This activity is, therefore, referred to as peptidyl glycine alpha
      amidating monooxygenase (PAM) activity. The pH optima for PAM activity in the
      pituitary and submandibular glands are near neutrality, whereas the pH optima for
      PAM activity in serum and hypothalamus are broad, with substantial activity at
      alkaline pH.

PMID- 3996325
TI  - Hormonal, drug, and dietary factors affecting peptidyl glycine alpha-amidating
      monooxygenase activity in various tissues of the adult male rat.
AB  - The factors controlling levels of peptidyl glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase
      (PAM) activity in its major tissue sources in the adult male rat were
      investigated by carrying out a variety of endocrine, pharmacological, and dietary
      manipulations. Levels of PAM activity and alpha MSH immunoactivity in the
      neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland rose and fell in parallel in rats
      treated with the dopamine antagonist haloperidol or the dopamine agonist
      bromocriptine, respectively. PAM activity in the anterior pituitary lobe was
      increased after adrenalectomy or castration and decreased after thyroidectomy or
      treatment with haloperidol. PAM activity in the submandibular gland was increased
      after treatment with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine and
      decreased after treatment with the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. Serum
      levels of PAM activity were unaltered after hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy,
      sialectomy, or castration, but rose after thyroidectomy and declined after
      treatment with the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine or phenoxybenzamine.
      Chronic dietary copper deficiency in rats resulted in increased PAM activity in
      homogenates of anterior pituitary lobe and submandibular gland assayed under
      optimized conditions; chronic dietary ascorbate deficiency in guinea pigs did not
      produce consistent changes in PAM activity in the tissues examined.

PMID- 3996326
TI  - Influence of litter size on antepartum serum relaxin and progesterone
      immunoactivity levels and on birth in the rat.
AB  - In the rat, the antepartum elevation of serum relaxin levels consists of two
      phases separated by a 24-h interval. The second phase, which occurs between 36
      and 24 h before birth, is temporally closely associated with functional
      luteolysis. Relaxin levels then decline throughout the last approximately 24 h of
      pregnancy. We have postulated that the two phases in the antepartum elevation of
      serum relaxin levels may be indicative of an increasingly effective endogenous
      circadian luteolytic process. There is limited evidence that both luteolysis and
      birth are delayed in rats with small litters. The present study investigated in
      detail the relationship between litter size and the timing of both functional
      luteolysis and birth in rats. The number of conceptuses (C) in Sprague-Dawley
      derived rats was surgically adjusted on day 8 of pregnancy (day 8) so that rats
      bore one, two, three, five, or a full complement (FC) of eight or more C. Rats
      were maintained under a photoperiod regimen of 14 h of light and 10 h of darkness
      (lights on from 2100-1100 h) beginning on day 8 and observed for birth at 10-min
      intervals from 2100 h on day 22. Serum levels of both relaxin and progesterone
      were determined in blood samples obtained at 4-h intervals from 2400 h on day 19
      until birth. Ninety-five percent of the rats that had five or more C gave birth
      during the light phase on day 23, which was designated the normal birth interval.
      However, only 20% of the rats with three C or less, gave birth during the normal
      birth interval, and 47% gave birth about 24 h later during the light phase on day
      24, which was designated the late birth interval. The 24-h delay in birth of rats
      with small litters which delivered during the late birth interval appears to be
      attributable to a delay in functional luteolysis; the antepartum decline in serum
      relaxin and progesterone levels occurred about 24 h later in these rats than in
      rats that delivered during the normal birth interval. It is concluded that the C
      may be associated with the luteolytic process and thereby influence the time of
      birth in rats. Additionally, the results of this study are consistent with our
      hypothesis that there is an endogenous circadian luteolytic process in rats
      during the antepartum period.

PMID- 3996327
TI  - Induction of an estrogen-dependent early steroidogenic lesion in murine Leydig
      tumor cells.
AB  - The effects of low doses (37 pM to 3.7 nM) of 17 beta-estradiol on Leydig tumor
      cell steroidogenesis were studied in primary culture. This gonadotropin
      responsive Leydig tumor line (M5480A) produces progesterone as the major steroid
      and lower levels of testosterone. It was found that these tumor cells possess a
      relatively high level of estradiol receptors, but only low levels of estradiol.
      We, therefore, maintained dispersed Leydig tumor cells in culture under basal or
      hCG-stimulated conditions for varying periods of time with or without graded
      doses of estradiol. The media from these cultures were analyzed for pregnenolone,
      progesterone, and testosterone by specific RIAs. Although testosterone levels
      were similar to control values, both pregnenolone and progesterone levels were
      significantly decreased by low doses of estradiol in a dose- and time-dependent
      manner. For example, basal progesterone levels were diminished 36% by 0.37 nM
      estradiol, and this effect could be reversed by the antiestrogen LY117018 [6
      hydroxy-2-(p-hydroxyphenol)benzo-b-thien-3-yl-p-2-(1-pyrr olidinyl)- ethoxyphenyl
      ketone]. To evaluate whether the decreased medium progesterone level was due to
      increased metabolism, [3H] progesterone was added to estrogen-treated and control
      cells, and ether-extracted media were analyzed for steroid metabolites by HPLC.
      No significant difference in progesterone metabolism, including its conversion to
      testosterone, was detected between control and treated cells. Thus, the estradiol
      mediated decrease in progesterone concentrations most likely reflects decreased
      synthesis rather than increased metabolism. These results provide the first
      indication of an estrogen-mediated effect at an early site in Leydig tumor cell
      steroidogenesis.

PMID- 3996328
TI  - Pulsatile luteinizing hormone release during pregnancy in the rat.
AB  - The present studies were designed to characterize LH release during pregnancy in
      the rat. Unanesthetized animals with jugular cannulae were bled for 3 h between
      1000-1300 h on days 6-8, 14-16 or 22 of gestation (50 microliters whole blood/5
      min). Plasma estradiol and progesterone values both increased from days 6-8 to
      days 14-16. However, while plasma estradiol levels increased further between days
      14-16 and day 22, plasma P levels had declined 86%. The percent coefficients of
      variation obtained for alterations in blood LH levels at each stage of pregnancy
      were all significantly greater than intraassay variation, indicating that LH
      release was pulsatile at each stage. Although there were no significant
      differences in mean blood LH levels, pulse amplitude, or frequency between days 6
      8 and 14-16, the individual patterns of LH release clearly varied between these 2
      groups, and most notably within the 14-16 day group. Fifty-three percent (9 of
      17) of the LH records in rats on days 14-16 were nonpulsatile compared to only
      20% (3 of 15) on days 6-8. However, despite a trend toward an absence of
      pulsatile LH release on days 14-16, mean frequency at this time did not differ
      from days 6-8, since on days 14-16 the remaining 8 animals demonstrated 3.5
      pulses/3 h, while on days 6-8 the other 12 rats averaged only 2.5 pulses/3 h. On
      day 22, there was a marked increase in mean blood LH levels compared with either
      days 6-8 or 14-16. This increase was due to an increase in mean LH pulse
      frequency. All 15 rats demonstrated pulsatile LH secretion, a significantly
      greater incidence of pulsatile LH release than on days 14-16 (100% vs. 47%).
      These data demonstrate that LH release is pulsatile during pregnancy in the rat,
      and changes in the characteristics of this secretion occur at different stages of
      gestation.

PMID- 3996329
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptors in primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells:
      characterization and modulation by prolactin and cortisol.
AB  - Mammary epithelial cells isolated from midpregnant mice and cultured on collagen
      gels contain soluble glucocorticoid receptors. The kinetics of binding of
      dexamethasone reveal a saturable binding site [dissociation constant (Kd),
      approximately 1 nM], and the binding site obeys a steroid specificity
      characteristic of a glucocorticoid receptor. As with the receptor isolated from
      intact glands, the receptor from the cultured cells also requires the addition of
      dithiothreitol for maximal binding of dexamethasone. The receptors are maintained
      at in vivo levels (approximately 1.3 pmol/mg DNA) for at least a period of 10
      days in culture. However, the presence of both cortisol and PRL is required for
      the maintenance of the receptors, and the effect of both these hormones is dose
      dependent.

PMID- 3996330
TI  - Hepatic messenger ribonucleic acid activity profile of rats subjected to
      alterations in thyroidal and adrenocortical states: evidence for significant
      interaction.
AB  - We have previously established the value of 2-dimensional electrophoretic mRNA
      activity profiles for investigating the hepatic genomic response to several
      metabolic perturbations, such as thyroid hormone or GH treatment, diabetes, high
      carbohydrate diet, starvation, and uremia. We now report the effects of
      adrenalectomy and dexamethasone treatment, and compare these with alterations due
      to thyroidectomy and T3 treatment. Total rat hepatic RNA was isolated and
      translated in a reticulocyte lysate system. The [35S]methionine-labeled
      translated products were separated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and
      quantified with computerized videodensitometry. Of 200 consistently quantifiable
      products, 14 (7%) were altered by adrenalectomy and dexamethasone, including 4
      products (46, 47, 56, and 57) which have not been observed to change in previous
      studies from this laboratory. Adrenalectomy increased 5 and decreased 2 products,
      whereas dexamethasone increased 1 and decreased 8 products. Two products
      maintained the same directional shift in the transitions form adrenalectomy to
      control and from control to the dexamethasone-treated state. Thyroidectomy and T3
      altered 13 products. Thyroidectomy increased 2 and decreased 7 products, whereas
      T3 treatment increased 6 and decreased 3 products. Four products maintained the
      same directional shift in the transitions from thyroidectomy to control and from
      control to the T3-treated state. In all of the manipulations performed
      (adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy, dexamethasone treatment, and T3 treatment), a
      total of 20 separate products changed. One third were affected by alterations of
      both the steroidal and thyroidal states. However, when adrenalectomy and
      thyroidectomy were compared, only 7% of the shifts were concordant, whereas 30%
      of the shifts were concordant when treatment with dexamethasone and T3 were
      compared. These results demonstrate that the mRNA activity response is highly
      specific for each hormonal manipulation. In addition, unanticipated
      interrelationships between steroidal and thyroidal states were observed. In some,
      the presence of T3 appears necessary for the suppressive effect of dexamethasone.
      Others show that T3 appears to inhibit a stimulatory effect of dexamethasone.
      Specificity of response to dexamethasone is emphasized by the lack of response to
      vitamin D, deoxycorticosterone, and dihydrotestosterone and by a different
      response to estradiol from dexamethasone.

PMID- 3996332
TI  - Alveolar microvessels in isolated perfused dog lungs: structural and functional
      studies after production of moderate and severe hydrodynamic edema.
AB  - We have reported earlier that increased endothelial vesiculation follows the
      development of septal edema and alveolar flooding in isolated dog lung
      preparations. In this report, established ultrastructural morphometric analyses
      are coupled with data from physiologic and indicator-dilution studies to evaluate
      the stage of edema development at which de novo formation of alveolar microvessel
      plasmalemmal vesicles occurs. The interpretation that alveolar microvessel
      plasmalemmal vesicles increase prior to alveolar flooding, the final stage of
      edema formation, is consistent with the results reported here. Moderate pulmonary
      edema, characterized by substantial fluid cuffing around extra-alveolar arteries
      and veins and by fluid accumulation restricted to the thick sides of the alveolar
      septa, is associated with increased vesiculation in alveolar vessel endothelium.
      Further, a larger percentage of the vesicle population seen is directly attached
      to the endothelial luminal or abluminal surfaces. The functional significance of
      an increased population and an altered intracellular distribution of vesicles
      remains undetermined. The vesicles may provide a minor defense against excessive
      septal interstitial fluid accumulation, and subsequent alveolar flooding, by
      contributing to retrograde transport to the blood. Increased vesiculation, on the
      other hand, may represent an adaptive cellular response to interstitial fluid
      accumulation.

PMID- 3996331
TI  - Pulmonary bombesin in experimentally induced asbestosis in rats.
AB  - The pulmonary levels of immunoreactive bombesin in normal rat lungs and rat lungs
      exposed to asbestos were determined. Experimental asbestosis was induced in rats
      by a single intratracheal injection of 5 mg or 10 mg UICC standard Canadian
      Chrysotile B while sham-operated control rats received only the saline carrier.
      At 1, 3, 6, and 9 months following instillation, 5 animals of each group were
      sacrificed and the lungs removed. A section was kept for morphologic analysis,
      while the remaining portion was submitted to acid extraction and later measured
      for bombesin content by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The Chrysotile B-exposed tissues
      displayed the characteristic features typical of the fibrotic state associated
      with asbestosis one month following exposure and thereafter. The pulmonary
      bombesinlike immunoreactivity ranged from 4.5-7.5 pmoles/g tissue in normal rat
      lung, and these levels remained unchanged at 1 and 3 months after asbestos
      exposure. However at 6 and 9 months, significant increases ranging between 2 and
      2.5 fold were observed. The initial increases in bombesin levels occurred at a
      later time (6 months) than those already observed for vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP) (3 months). However, VIP levels plateaued at 9 months, while those
      of bombesin were still increasing. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      coupled with RIA demonstrates the presence of two bombesin-immunoreactive peaks
      in normal rat lung, the major one coeluting with the mammalian bombesinlike
      peptide gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and the other one being presumably a C
      terminal portion of GRP. These data indicate that immunoreactive bombesin and VIP
      are selectively increased at different times following asbestos instillation and
      that these changes occur after the onset of fibrosis and the appearance of well
      defined fibrotic lesions.

PMID- 3996333
TI  - Carcinogenicity and toxicity of malathion and malaoxon.
AB  - Malathion and its oxygen analogue, malaoxon, are carcinogenic in Osborne-Mendel
      and Fischer-344 rats. Benign and malignant neoplasms at all sites were increased
      in Osborne-Mendel and Fischer-344 male and female rats ingesting malathion. Both
      Osborne-Mendel and Fischer-344 male rats were more susceptible than the female
      rats. The organ sites were not the same for Fischer-344 and Osborne-Mendel rats.
      Osborne-Mendel rats developed neoplasms of the endocrine organs, brain, and
      liver. Fischer-344 rats had neoplasms of the adrenal medulla, organs with
      squamous cells, lung, and hematopoietic system. Fischer-344 male rats given
      malathion were more susceptible to chronic renal disease, parathyroid
      hyperplasia, metastatic calcification, and atrophy of the testes than were
      Osborne-Mendel male rats. They also had ulcers of the forestomach. Chronic renal
      disease and atrophy of the testes affected the health of the animals and
      interfered with the development of neoplasms. Malathion increased the incidence
      of neoplasms of the liver in B6C3F1 male mice. Male mice also had atrophy of the
      testes. Benign and malignant neoplasms at all sites, and in the endocrine organs,
      were increased in Fischer-344 male and female rats ingesting malaoxon. Neoplasms
      were present in the adrenal medulla, organs with squamous cells, liver, and
      hematopoietic system. Both male and female Fischer-344 rats receiving malaoxon
      had chronic renal disease and the male rats had parathyroid hyperplasia and
      metastatic calcification.

PMID- 3996334
TI  - Early cytokinetic and morphological response of rat lungs to inhaled
      benzo(a)pyrene, gallium oxide, and SO2.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if the early cytokinetic and
      morphological responses of the lung to inhaled particles and an irritant gas are
      altered by the presence of a carcinogen. Fischer-344 rats were exposed by nose
      only inhalation to a combination of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) (7 mg/m3) adsorbed
      onto gallium oxide particles (22 mg/m3) and SO2 (5 ppm) or to gallium oxide
      particles and SO2 alone for 2 h per day for 9 days. Serial sacrifices were
      performed up to 28 days after the beginning of the exposure. Cell proliferation
      in the lungs was studied in 1-micron-thick glycol methacrylate autoradiographs of
      tritiated thymidine-labeled tissues. Cytokinetic and morphological changes in the
      two groups were similar. However, there were several changes associated only with
      B(a)P treatment such as increased proliferation in most cell types at 8 or 11
      days and foci of large proliferating cuboidal cells in the alveolar region. Cell
      proliferation in airway and alveolar regions of lungs in both groups increased
      during exposure and decreased subsequently. Small foci of hyperplastic alveolar
      cells and hypertrophic terminal bronchiolar cells were present in both groups
      although they occurred more frequently in the group that received B(a)P. These
      cytokinetic and morphological changes were interpreted as a repair response of
      the lungs to a toxic insult. Whether the differences between the two treatments
      were related to the carcinogenic nature of B(a)P or to the toxic nature of B(a)P
      will be determined in a long-term study.

PMID- 3996335
TI  - Malathion and malaoxon: histopathology reexamination of the National Cancer
      Institute's carcinogenesis studies.
AB  - In the early 1970s the National Cancer Institute (NCI) studied malathion and the
      oxygen analog, malaoxon, for possible carcinogenicity in rats and mice. The
      results from these long-term studies were reported in three NCI Technical Reports
      with the conclusions that neither chemical was shown to be carcinogenic in
      rodents. In response to the renewed public health interest and concern about the
      increasing use of malathion in agriculture and especially its use to eliminate
      Mediterranean fruit fly infestations in California and Florida during the 1980s,
      the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in consultation and agreement with the NCI
      reevaluated the histopathology of the NCI studies of malathion in Osborne-Mendel
      and Fischer 344 rats and of malaoxon in Fischer 344 rats. The NTP histopathology
      reexamination confirmed the original NCI interpretative conclusions that
      malathion was not carcinogenic. For the malaoxon study, the only difference
      between the original and subsequent interpretations was for C-cell neoplasms of
      the thyroid gland, in that the NTP concluded there was equivocal evidence of
      carcinogenicity for male and female F344 rats.

PMID- 3996336
TI  - Effects of submicrometer sulfuric acid aerosols on mucociliary transport and
      respiratory mechanics in asymptomatic asthmatics.
AB  - The effects of a 1-hr inhalation of submicrometer sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols
      via nasal mask on tracheobronchial mucociliary particle clearance and respiratory
      mechanics were studied in ten subjects with asthmatic histories. A brief
      inhalation of monodisperse 3.9-micron 99mTc-tagged Fe2O3 aerosol preceded the 1
      hr H2SO4 (at 100, 300, and 1000 micrograms/m3) or a sham exposure. Thoracic
      retention of the gamma-tagged Fe2O3 was measured using external radiation
      detectors. Respiratory function was measured before, and 15 min and 3 hr after
      the H2SO4 or sham exposure. After exposure to 1000 micrograms/m3 of H2SO4, the
      six subjects not on routine medication exhibited a transient slowing of
      mucociliary clearance and also decrements in sGaw, FEV1/FVC, MMEF, and V25 (P
      less than 0.05) in both sets of measurements. The four asthmatics on daily
      medication exhibited stepwise mucociliary clearance that was too variable to
      allow detection of any H2SO4 effect on clearance. The 1000 micrograms/m3 of H2SO4
      did produce decrements in V25 (P less than 0.05), but the variability of the
      other respiratory parameters in this small group was too great to permit
      detection of changes. Mucociliary clearance rates in both groups in the sham
      exposure tests were significantly slower than those of healthy nonsmokers studied
      previously using the same protocols. The extent of mucociliary clearance slowing
      following the 1000 micrograms/m3 exposure in the nonmedicated subjects was
      similar to that in the healthy nonsmokers. This similar change, from a reduced
      baseline rate of clearance, together with the significant change in respiratory
      function, indicate that asymptomatic asthmatics may respond to H2SO4 exposures
      with functional changes of greater potential health significance than do healthy
      nonsmokers.

PMID- 3996337
TI  - Influence of zinc chloride on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene
      in rats.
AB  - In studying the possible interactive effects of various heavy metals on
      bromobenzene hepatotoxicity and metabolism, zinc chloride (ZnCl2) (0.5, 2.0, and
      10.0 mg/kg) was given ip 24 hr prior to ip administration of bromobenzene (2.5
      mmol/kg body wt). Animals were sacrificed 48 hr after bromobenzene. A significant
      increase in the activities of serum transaminases (serum glutamic oxaloacetic
      transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) was observed
      at 0.5 mg/kg ZnCl2 and such an effect was not observed at the two higher doses of
      ZnCl2. However, no such increase in the transaminases activities was observed
      when rats were treated with identical doses of ZnCl2 48 hr before the
      administration of bromobenzene. When rats were treated with 2 mg/kg ZnCl2 6 hr
      prior to the bromobenzene dose, a potentiation of the hepatotoxicity due to
      bromobenzene was again observed, whereas simultaneous treatment of bromobenzene
      and ZnCl2 produced no such effect. Treatment with ZnCl2 (0.5 mg/kg) 24 hr prior
      to bromobenzene injection failed to modify the pattern of the urinary metabolites
      of bromobenzene. When rats were given 50, 250, or 500 ppm of ZnCl2 in drinking
      water daily for 4 weeks prior to an ip injection of 2.5 mmol/kg bromobenzene, a
      reduction in the activities of serum transaminases was observed in 250 ppm ZnCl2
      treated rats only. Such a reduction in the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene is
      accompanied by a simultaneous reduction of the in vivo metabolism of bromobenzene
      by zinc, as substantiated by reduction of its urinary thioethers as well as of
      its total urinary metabolites. The present study has shown that changes in the
      metabolism and hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene depend on the dose of zinc
      administered, as well as on the temporal relationship between the zinc and
      bromobenzene administrations. The definitive mechanism responsible for such
      interactions remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 3996338
TI  - Studies on activation of benzo[a]pyrene for inhibition of interferon induction.
AB  - The induction of interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) by polyriboinosinic
      polyribocytidylic acid (PIC) was inhibited when mouse embryo fibroblasts were
      pretreated with the carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (BP). When BP was added to the
      cell cultures simultaneously with reduced glutathione (GSH) or beta
      naphthoflavone (B-NF), followed 24 hr later by the IFN-alpha/beta inducer, the
      inhibitory effects of BP on IFN-alpha/beta induction were abrogated. GSH and B-NF
      both interfere with the activation of BP to its ultimate carcinogenic form. These
      results suggest that BP must be metabolically activated to inhibit the induction
      of IFN-alpha/beta.

PMID- 3996339
TI  - Response of human ciliated respiratory epithelium to brief in vivo ozone
      exposure: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - Ciliated nasal epithelium obtained from human volunteers exposed under controlled
      conditions to 0.4 ppm of ozone for 4 hr was examined by transmission electron
      microscopy. These investigations were initiated to evaluate the utility of human
      ciliated nasal epithelium as a model for the characterization of possible
      ultrastructural level cytopathic effects induced by short-term, low-level in vivo
      exposure to ozone. Particular attention was given to both the qualitative and
      quantitative evaluation of ciliated cells in the nasal respiratory epithelium in
      response to ozone exposure. The results of these investigations indicated that
      cell structure is generally retained and no appreciable manifestation of injury
      is evident in human nasal mucosa in response to the regimen of ozone exposure
      employed during these studies. Although these investigations were completed under
      highly controlled circumstances and with the constraints attendant to research on
      humans subjects, they may provide a fundamental base for future examinations of
      the potential injurious effects of ozone on human respiratory epithelium under
      conditions more relevant to habitual environmental exposure.

PMID- 3996340
TI  - Placental transfer and fetal deposition of hexachlorobenzene in the hamster and
      guinea pig.
AB  - Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was administered at dose levels of 0, 1.0, 10.0, or 50.0
      mg HCB/kg body wt by gavage to pregnant hamsters and guinea pigs for 6 days up to
      the time of liver development in the fetus. Samples of maternal fat, thymus,
      skin, liver, lung, brain, spleen, urinary bladder, muscle, plasma, and blood were
      analyzed for HCB concentration. Additionally, fetuses, placentas, and yolk sacs
      were analyzed for HCB content. HCB was found in all tissues assayed. The highest
      concentrations of HCB were found in hamster tissues, with the hamster fetuses
      having a fivefold greater concentration of HCB than the guinea pig fetuses.
      Comparisons were made of the hamster and guinea pig data with similar data in the
      mouse and rat.

PMID- 3996341
TI  - Dietary cadmium intakes of farmers in nonpolluted areas in Japan, and the
      relation with blood cadmium levels.
AB  - During a period of 1977 to 1981, 24-hr duplicates of daily diets were collected
      nationwide in 49 regions in 21 prefectures in Japan. More than 1000 samples were
      obtained in winter from the inhabitants (predominantly farmers) of areas with no
      known environmental pollution, together with more than 200 additional samples in
      the immediately preceding or succeeding summer. Cadmium contents (analyzed by wet
      digestion-flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry) in the winter diet
      samples distributed log--normally with males and females giving results
      (geometric mean (geometric standard deviation] of 43.9 micrograms/day (1.86) and
      37.0 micrograms/day (1.85) for 368 and 674 samples, respectively; the difference
      was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). A slight reduction (ca. 13% in
      males and 21% in females) in cadmium content was observed in summer diets as
      compared with winter ones. In winter samples, cadmium levels in diets correlated
      significantly (P less than 0.01) with the cadmium levels in blood when the
      results from the examinees of the same survey region were pooled and the two
      levels were compared in terms of geometric means. Correlation on the individual
      basis was not remarkable, probably due to day-by-day variation in diet
      constituents as well as cadmium contents. High cadmium intakes of over 150
      micrograms/day were recorded in some cases but did not associate with high
      cadmium levels in blood.

PMID- 3996342
TI  - Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals. I. Introduction and
      exposure system.
AB  - Due to the lack of information on the effects of inhaled Mt. St. Helens volcanic
      ash and its potential interaction with sulfur dioxide (SO2), animal studies were
      performed to determine the acute and chronic health effects of a short-term
      exposure. This paper describes the inhalation exposure system designed for these
      studies and theoretically compares the pulmonary deposition in the rats to that
      in humans. Considering the similarities and differences in regional pulmonary
      deposition in humans and animals, inhalation studies were performed with fine
      mode (less than 2.5 micron aerodynamic diameter, Dae) ash. Comparisons to coarse
      mode (greater than 2.5 micron Dae) ash were made using intratracheal
      instillation. A whole-body exposure system was designed to provide inhalation
      exposures of animals to Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash, SO2, or a combination of
      both. All exposures were conducted using fine-mode ash samples generated by a
      Wright dust feed mechanism at a mean concentration of 9.4 mg/m3 +/- 1.0 SD.
      Sulfur dioxide was maintained at 2.5 mg/m3 +/- 0.13 SD. Scanning electron
      microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence were used to characterize
      the ash.

PMID- 3996343
TI  - Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals. II. Lung function,
      biochemistry, and histology.
AB  - Rats were exposed by inhalation to 9.4 mg/m3 size-fractionated volcanic ash for 5
      days (2 hr/day) and examined for changes in pulmonary function and histology for
      periods of up to 1 year. Fine-mode volcanic ash, SO2, and a combination of ash
      and SO2 produced no observable effects in normal rats and rats with elastase
      induced emphysema. However, there was a mild irritant response to SO2 which was
      not influenced by the volcanic ash. Rats injected intratracheally with fine-mode
      volcanic ash or saline showed no evidence of pulmonary alterations after 6
      months. Those injected with coarse-mode volcanic ash showed minor pulmonary
      functional changes, histologically detectable alveolitis, and small increases in
      lung weight. In contrast, quartz-injected rats showed large alterations in
      pulmonary function, lung weight, hydroxyproline levels, and large areas of lung
      consolidation and fibrosis.

PMID- 3996344
TI  - Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals. III. Host defense
      mechanisms.
AB  - The effects of inhalation exposure of mice or rats to 9.4 mg/m3 volcanic ash, 2.5
      mg/m3 SO2, or both on host defense mechanisms were assessed. Cytologic changes in
      pulmonary lavage fluid included an increase in percentage polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes due to SO2 exposure and an increase in eosinophils due to ash. SO2 and
      ash also produced decreases in percentage alveolar macrophages. In the case of
      ash-exposed animals, this decrease was offset by an increase in lymphocytes.
      Total cell counts and viability were not affected by any of the exposures.
      Pulmonary clearance mechanisms were affected in that there were both decreased
      alveolar macrophage phagocytic capability following ash and ash + SO2 exposures
      and depressed ciliary beat frequency attributable to ash exposure. None of the
      inhalation exposures caused increases in susceptibility to an immediate or 24 hr
      postexposure aerosol challenge with Streptococcus. However, intratracheal
      instillation of both fine- and coarse-mode volcanic ash caused slight but
      significant increases in mortality due to bacterial challenge 24 hr after the
      instillation. The phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenic response of splenic
      lymphocytes from exposed animals did not differ significantly from that of
      control lymphocytes, although the lipopolysaccharide-induced blastogenic response
      was enhanced. Ash exposure had no effect on susceptibility to murine
      cytomegalovirus. In summary, volcanic ash alone or in combination with SO2 had
      only minimal effects on certain host defense mechanisms.

PMID- 3996346
TI  - Human constraints on manual working capacity: effects of age on intratruncal
      pressure.

PMID- 3996345
TI  - Formaldehyde complaint investigations in mobile homes by the Texas Department of
      Health.
AB  - The Texas Department of Health sampled for formaldehyde (HCHO) in 443 mobile
      homes between April, 1979, and May, 1982, at the request of the occupants.
      Colorimetric detector tubes were used most frequently for sample acquisition.
      HCHO concentrations ranged from below detectable limits (less than 0.5 ppm) to
      8.0 ppm. Twenty-seven percent of homes one year of age or less had mean
      concentrations equal to or greater than 2.0 ppm while 11.5% of older homes had
      concentrations of 2.0 ppm or more. An inverse relationship is demonstrated
      between home age and HCHO level. The primary health complaints reported were
      headaches, respiratory discomfort, and ocular irritation. Evidence of a dose
      response relationship was not present.

PMID- 3996347
TI  - Energy expenditure constrained by sex and age.

PMID- 3996348
TI  - Effects of menstruation on work performance.

PMID- 3996350
TI  - The effect of conditions underfoot on falling and overexertion accidents.

PMID- 3996349
TI  - Sex-related differences in the manual carriage of loads.

PMID- 3996351
TI  - Spatial restraints and intra-abdominal pressure.

PMID- 3996352
TI  - Influence of restricted space on manual materials handling.

PMID- 3996354
TI  - Effect of temporal patterns of work on lifting and handling capacities.

PMID- 3996353
TI  - Statistics on diseases in the Federal Republic of Germany with particular
      reference to diseases of the skeletal system.

PMID- 3996355
TI  - The load on the back in different handling operations.

PMID- 3996356
TI  - Comparison of different methods of load carriage.

PMID- 3996357
TI  - Epidemiology and statistics in Luxembourg.

PMID- 3996358
TI  - The role of the hand in manual materials handling.

PMID- 3996359
TI  - Postural stress in high-speed precision work.

PMID- 3996360
TI  - Use of an accident model to investigate and record causes of back injuries.

PMID- 3996361
TI  - AET--a new job-analysis method.

PMID- 3996362
TI  - National statistics in Denmark--back trouble versus occupation.

PMID- 3996364
TI  - Posture analysis.

PMID- 3996363
TI  - Job analysis at ARBED.

PMID- 3996365
TI  - Comparison of static and dynamic biomechanical models.

PMID- 3996366
TI  - Intratruncal pressure mechanisms.

PMID- 3996367
TI  - The perception of exertion.

PMID- 3996368
TI  - Human capabilities in repetitive lifting.

PMID- 3996369
TI  - Accident information from four British industries.

PMID- 3996370
TI  - Permissible loads: biomechanical considerations.

PMID- 3996371
TI  - Metabolic and cardiovascular cost, and perceived effort over an 8 hour day when
      lifting loads selected by the psychophysical method.

PMID- 3996372
TI  - Intra-abdominal pressure measurements and load capacities for females.

PMID- 3996373
TI  - Permissible loads for the Dutch construction industry.

PMID- 3996374
TI  - Permissible loads based on energy expenditure measurements.

PMID- 3996375
TI  - Risks of individual occupations in the Netherlands.

PMID- 3996377
TI  - Safety attitudes of management.

PMID- 3996376
TI  - Risk of back trouble in individual occupations in Denmark.

PMID- 3996378
TI  - Occupational hazards associated with diseases of the skeletal system.

PMID- 3996379
TI  - Pathology of the vertebral column.

PMID- 3996380
TI  - Contractility of muscle during prolonged static and repetitive dynamic activity.

PMID- 3996381
TI  - U.K. national statistics on handling accidents and lumbar injuries at work.

PMID- 3996383
TI  - Dynamic characteristics of the vertebral column, effects of prolonged loading.

PMID- 3996382
TI  - Posture and compressive spine loading: intradiscal pressures, trunk myoelectric
      activities, intra-abdominal pressures, and biochemical analyses.

PMID- 3996384
TI  - Physique and manual working capacity.

PMID- 3996385
TI  - A biomechanical analysis of hip compression loading during lifting.

PMID- 3996386
TI  - Force capability differences due to gloves.

PMID- 3996388
TI  - Muscle fatigue associated with repetitive arm lifts: effects of height, weight
      and reach.

PMID- 3996387
TI  - Comparison of three field methods for measuring oxygen consumption.

PMID- 3996390
TI  - NADPH oxidation catalyzed by the peroxidase/H2O2 system. Guaiacol-mediated and
      scopoletin-mediated oxidation of NADPH to NADPH+.
AB  - We have examined the respective roles played by guaiacol and scopoletin in NADPH
      oxidation catalyzed by the peroxidase/H2O2 system. It was shown that NADPH was
      not oxidized by either the horseradish or lactoperoxidase/H2O2 systems alone;
      oxidation occurred immediately after the addition of guaiacol or scopoletin. In
      both cases, the oxidation product was enzymatically active NADP+. Differences
      were observed in the NADPH oxidation mechanism depending on whether guaiacol or
      scopoletin was the mediator molecule. In guaiacol-mediated NADPH oxidation, the
      stoichiometry between H2O2 and oxidized NADPH was about 1; superoxide dismutase
      did not affect the oxidation rate. In scopoletin-mediated oxidation, the
      stoichiometry was much higher (1:14 in the present experiments); superoxide
      dismutase considerably increased the oxidation rate. It is concluded that
      catalysis of NADPH oxidation by the horse radish peroxidase/H2O2 system requires
      the presence of a mediator molecule. The NADPH oxidation mechanism depends on the
      intermediary oxidation state of this molecule.

PMID- 3996389
TI  - Properties of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase purified from the liver of untreated
      and clofibrate-treated mice. Purification procedure and physiochemical
      characterization of the pure enzymes.
AB  - Cytosolic epoxide hydrolase was purified from the liver of untreated and
      clofibrate-treated male C57Bl/6 mice. The purification procedure involves
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose and hydroxyapatite, takes two
      days to perform and results in a 120-fold purification and approximately 35%
      yield of the enzyme from untreated mice. The purified enzyme is a dimer with a
      molecular mass of 120 kDa, a Stokes' radius of 4.2 nm, a frictional ratio of 1.0
      and an isoelectric point of 5.5. The subunits behave identically upon isoelectric
      focusing in 8 M urea and only one band with a molecular mass of 60 kDa is seen
      after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The form
      purified from clofibrate-treated mice had very similar properties and was
      apparently identical to the control form as judged by amino acid analysis and
      peptide mapping as well. These analyses also demonstrated that the cytosolic
      enzyme is clearly different from microsomal epoxide hydrolase isolated from rat
      liver. Furthermore, Ouchterlony immunodiffusion using antibodies raised in
      rabbits towards the control form of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase revealed identity
      between the two forms of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, but no reaction with the
      microsomal epoxide hydrolase was observed. These findings indicate large
      structural differences between the cytosolic and microsomal forms of epoxide
      hydrolase in the liver.

PMID- 3996391
TI  - 3-C-branched aldoses in lipopolysaccharide of phase I Coxiella burnetii and their
      role as immunodominant factors.
AB  - Mild acid hydrolysis with 1% acetic acid (100 degrees C, 15-60 min) of
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Coxiella burnetii phase I cells leads to a
      drastic decrease in its serological reactivity as shown by the passive hemolysis
      test. This decrease in reactivity occurs parallel or even prior to the cleavage
      of LPS into free lipid A and the polysaccharide moiety. During this mild
      hydrolysis two unusual sugars (X and Y) are released from the LPS, which were
      obtained in pure state by thin-layer chromatography. Analysis of their alditol
      acetate derivatives by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that sugar X
      is a 6-deoxy-3-C-methyl-hexose and sugar Y a 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-pentose. Using a
      range of authentic standards and different thin-layer and gas chromatographic
      conditions, X could be recognized as 6-deoxy-3-C-methyl-gulose (virenose), very
      probably as the L form of this sugar (L-virenose). Y has been identified as 3-C
      (hydroxymethyl)-lyxose (dihydrohydroxystreptose) by comparing it with newly
      synthesized 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-pentoses (Dahlman, O., Garegg, P. J., Mayer, H.,
      Schramek, S., unpublished results). Both branched sugars are (at least partially)
      in terminal positions since methylation analysis of LPS afforded (mainly) their
      permethylated derivatives. This analysis further showed virenose to be linked in
      C. burnetii phase I LPS as pyranose and dihydro-hydroxystreptose as furanose. The
      terminal linkage and the chemical nature of X and Y are in accordance with the
      observed acid-lability of the serological determinants.

PMID- 3996392
TI  - Two chymotrypsin-susceptible sites of myosin rod from chicken gizzard.
AB  - The rod prepared from chicken gizzard myosin has been found to have two sites
      sensitive to limited digestion with chymotrypsin; these sites were located at a
      subfragment 2/light meromyosin junction (site 1), and at a site 10 kDa remote
      from either C-terminal or N-terminal of light meromyosin (site 2). The site 1 was
      more sensitive to the digestion than the site 2. The cleavage at site 2 of the
      light meromyosin yielded a 74-kDa fragment that was soluble in a low ionic
      strength solution, contrary to the insolubility of the parent light meromyosin in
      the same solution. Studies on the effects of MgCl2, ATP and pH on the
      susceptibilities of these sites to chymotrypsin have given following results. (a)
      Millimolar concentrations of MgCl2 protected site 1 and site 2 from the
      chymotryptic cleavage. (b) The cleavage at site 1 of myosin rod in the low salt
      solution free of Mg2+ at pH 7.0 and pH 8.5, was not affected by the presence of 5
      mM ATP. However, MgCl2-induced protection of site 1 was relieved by addition of
      ATP. On the other hand, the cleavage at site 2 was stimulated by addition of ATP,
      irrespective of the presence or absence of MgCl2. (c) The alkaline condition of
      pH 8.5 was more favorable for the chymotryptic cleavages at both site 1 and site
      2 than the neutral condition of pH 7.0. These results suggest that myosin rod
      contains two flexible regions, the structures of which are influenced by such an
      ambient factor as MgCl2, ATP or pH.

PMID- 3996393
TI  - Metabolic control and its analysis. Additional relationships between elasticities
      and control coefficients.
AB  - Existing theorems from the analysis of metabolic control have been taken and
      embedded in a simple matrix algebra procedure for calculating the flux control
      coefficients of enzymes (formerly known as sensitivities) in a metabolic pathway
      from their kinetic properties (their elasticities). New theorems governing the
      flux control coefficients of branched pathways and substrate cycles have been
      derived to allow the procedure to be applied to complex pathway configurations.
      Modifications to the elasticity terms used in the equations have been
      theoretically justified so that the method remains valid for pathways with
      conserved metabolites (for example, the adenine nucleotide pool or the
      intermediates of a catalytic cycle such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle) or with
      pools of metabolites kept very near to equilibrium by very rapid reactions. The
      matrix equations generated using these theorems and relationships may be solved
      algebraically or numerically. Algebraic solutions have been used to determine the
      factors responsible for the degree of amplification of flux control coefficients
      by substrate cycles and to show that it is possible to derive expressions for the
      elasticities of a group of enzymes.

PMID- 3996394
TI  - Metabolic changes in elicitor-treated bean cells. Selectivity of enzyme induction
      in relation to phytoalexin accumulation.
AB  - Treatment of cell suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris c.v. Immuna with an
      elicitor preparation heat-released from the cell walls of the phytopathogenic
      fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum resulted in rapid accumulation of the
      prenylated 5-hydroxyisoflavanone phytoalexin kievitone followed by later
      accumulation of the pterocarpan-derived phytoalexin phaseollin. Kievitone
      formation was preceded by rapid transient increases in the extractable activities
      of the enzymes L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase. The
      extractable activities of 15 enzymes were measured in the cell cultures during
      the period of kievitone accumulation. The results suggest a highly selective
      induction of enzymes associated directly with the phytoalexin pathway. No
      induction of enzymes of pathways diverging from or providing substrates for the
      phenylpropanoid----isoflavonoid pathway was observed. The increase in glutamate
      dehydrogenase activity in control cultures was prevented by elicitor application.
      A comparison of enzyme activities in control and Colletotrichum-infected bean
      hypocotyls provided further evidence of the selective induction of enzymes of
      phytoalexin synthesis, although peroxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate
      synthase activities were higher in infected than in healthy hypocotyls. It is
      concluded that the major enzymic changes occurring in elicitor-treated bean cells
      are probably those directly associated with defence mechanisms such as the
      formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins (this paper) or accumulation of phenolic
      compounds and hydroxyproline-protein in the cell walls [Bolwell, G. P. et al.
      (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 148, 571-578].

PMID- 3996395
TI  - Metabolic changes in elicitor-treated bean cells. Enzymic responses associated
      with rapid changes in cell wall components.
AB  - Treatment of cell suspension cultures of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris c.v. Immuna)
      with an elicitor preparation heat-released from the cell walls of the
      phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum resulted in rapid changes in
      the composition of the bean cell walls. These consisted of (a) increases in
      phenolic material bound to the cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of the
      wall, (b) loss of material (mainly glucose) from the hemicellulosic fraction and
      (c) an increase in wall-associated hydroxyproline. The increases in wall-bound
      phenolics were preceded by (a) rapid decreases in the intracellular levels of
      free hydroxycinnamic acids and (b) transient increases in the extractable
      activities of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase. 4
      Hydroxycinnamic acid 3-hydroxylase activity was present at a high level in
      control cultures and was not induced by elicitor. Changes in the levels of
      cytochrome P-450, as determined by dot blot assays utilising an anti-(P-450)
      monoclonal antibody, paralleled the changes in cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase
      activity. The accumulation of cell wall hydroxyproline was associated with rapid
      transient increases in the extractable activities of proline 2-oxoglutarate
      dioxygenase and a protein arabinosyl transferase. An hydroxyproline-rich acceptor
      protein of Mr 42 500 was the major protein to incorporate [3H]arabinose following
      elicitation of the bean cells, and the kinetics of the extent of labelling of
      this protein paralleled the accumulation of hydroxyproline protein in the
      endomembrane system. The above metabolic changes associated with cell wall
      components followed rapid kinetics similar to those involved in the formation of
      the phytoalexin kievitone in the elicited cultures [Robbins, M. P. et al. (1985)
      Eur. J. Biochem. 148, 563-569]. It is therefore concluded that increased 5
      hydroxy-substituted isoflavonoid biosynthesis, wall-bound phenolic synthesis and
      synthesis of arabinosylated hydroxyproline-rich protein are all early events
      which are closely linked to the initial interaction between plant cell and fungal
      elicitor.

PMID- 3996396
TI  - Kinetic analysis of lactate dehydrogenase in cultured chondrocytes by
      quantitative cytochemistry.
AB  - Kinetic analysis of lactate dehydrogenase activity in intact cultured
      chondrocytes was performed in situ by coupling cell culture and
      microcytophotometry. Cells were cultured on glass microscope slides divided into
      eight chambers and studied during the growth cycle in monolayer areas. Lactate
      dehydrogenase activity was assayed by the reduction of neotetrazolium in the
      presence of phenazine methosulfate. Quantification of formazan deposits within
      the cells was performed by scanning and integrating microdensitometry at the
      isosbestic wavelength of 585 nm. Results indicate the following (a) A kinetic
      characterization was possible: apparent constants, Km and Ks of this two
      substrate enzyme were graphically determined Ks = 1.05 +/- 0.08 and 0.56 +/- 0.05
      mM for lactate and NAD respectively and Km = 0.64 +/- 0.03 and 0.37 +/- 0.02 mM
      for lactate and NAD respectively. (b) Inhibition by lactate concentrations above
      10 mM and pyruvate concentration of 1 mM, is in agreement with the well known
      high anaerobic glycolytic metabolism of chondrocytes. This was confirmed by
      electrophoresis on cellulose acetate which demonstrated a M3-H isoenzyme form in
      cultured chick chondrocytes. This study shows that microcytophotometric analysis
      of lactate dehydrogenase in cultured chondrocytes may be an interesting
      alternative to mass culture cells followed by classical biochemical studies.

PMID- 3996397
TI  - Mathematical modelling of metabolic pathways affected by an enzyme deficiency. A
      mathematical model of glycolysis in normal and pyruvate-kinase-deficient red
      blood cells.
AB  - A mathematical model of glycolysis in human erythrocytes is proposed to study the
      influence of a pyruvate kinase deficiency on the energy metabolism. The model
      takes into account the main regulatory properties of the non-equilibrium enzymes
      and the magnesium-complex formation by the adenine nucleotides and by 2,3
      bisphosphoglycerate. In the normal case (no enzyme defect) the calculated flux
      rates and metabolite concentrations are in a good agreement with experimental
      data. It is shown that a severe pyruvate kinase deficiency manifested in a
      tenfold diminished activity of that enzyme leads to a remarkable decrease of the
      glycolytic flux and the ATP concentration of about 50% of the normal values. On
      the other hand a lowering of the pyruvate kinase activity to half of the normal
      value, characteristic for the heterozygotes, gives no significant alterations of
      the metabolite concentrations and the flux rates compared with the normal case
      which is in accordance with the lack of clinical symptoms for a metabolic disease
      of these probands. For three patients with known alterations of their pyruvate
      kinase mutants the calculated metabolite concentrations and the control
      characteristics permit estimation of the degree of disorder of the glycolytic
      pathway. The resulting classification corresponds well to other independent
      experimental and clinical findings. In particular, the calculation demonstrates
      that there is no simple correlation between the lowered enzyme activity and the
      reduced flux rate through the affected pathway.

PMID- 3996398
TI  - Intraparticulate localization and some properties of a clofibrate-induced
      peroxisomal aldehyde dehydrogenase from rat liver.
AB  - A study was made of the effect of chronic administration of the hypolipidemic
      drug clofibrate on the activity and intracellular localization of rat liver
      aldehyde dehydrogenase. The enzyme was assayed using several aliphatic and
      aromatic aldehydes. Clofibrate treatment caused a 1.5 to 2.3-fold increase in the
      liver specific aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. The induced enzyme has a high Km
      for acetaldehyde and was found to be located in peroxisomes and microsomes.
      Clofibrate did not alter the enzyme activity in the cytoplasmic fraction. The
      total peroxisomal aldehyde dehydrogenase activity increased 3 to 4-fold under the
      action of clofibrate. Disruption of the purified peroxisomes by the hypotonic
      treatment or in the alkaline conditions resulted in the release of catalase from
      the broken organelles, while aldehyde dehydrogenase as well as nucleoid-bound
      urate oxidase and the peroxisomal membrane marker NADH:cytochrome c reductase
      remained in the peroxisomal 'ghosts'. At the same time, treatment by Triton X-100
      led to solubilization of the membrane-bound NADH:cytochrome c reductase and
      aldehyde dehydrogenase from intact peroxisomes and their 'ghosts'. These results
      indicate that aldehyde dehydrogenase is located in the peroxisomal membrane. The
      peroxisomal aldehyde dehydrogenase is active with different aliphatic and
      aromatic aldehydes, except for formaldehyde and glyceraldehyde. The enzyme Km
      values lie in the millimolar range for acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde,
      benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde and in the micromolar range for nonanal. Both
      NAD and NADP serve as coenzymes for the enzyme. Aldehyde dehydrogenase was
      inhibited by disulfiram, N-ethylmaleimide and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic)acid.
      According to its basic kinetic properties peroxisomal aldehyde dehydrogenase
      seems to be similar to a clofibrate-induced microsomal enzyme. The functional
      role of both enzymes in the liver cells is discussed.

PMID- 3996399
TI  - Purine nucleotides stimulate while carbamoyl phosphate protects inactivation of
      ornithine transcarbamoylase by disrupted lysosomes.
AB  - Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) is inactivated by liver lysosomes. Carbamoyl
      phosphate prevents the inactivation of OTC by lysosomes, while ATP, ADP, GTP, GDP
      1,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate and particularly epsilon-ATP stimulate it.
      Both stimulation and protection occur at concentrations within the physiological
      range of ATP and carbamoyl phosphate. Inactivation of OTC is followed by
      extensive proteolysis. Since the inactivation is prevented by leupeptin, antipain
      and L-(tosylamido-2-phenyl)ethylchloromethyl ketone, the proteolytic
      susceptibility of OTC to lysosomes could be due to thiol endopeptidase(s). 1,N6
      Ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate also markedly increases OTC susceptibility to
      trypsin and elastase. ATP analogs had no stimulatory effect on OTC inactivation
      by lysosomes; none of the inhibitors of ATPases tested inhibited the ATP effect.
      The ATP stimulation does not require Mg2+. These findings indicate a new role for
      ATP, GTP and related nucleotides in protein breakdown. The ATP, ADP, GTP, GDP
      stimulation, together with the carbamoyl protection of OTC, agree well with the
      molecular plasticity hypothesis model.

PMID- 3996400
TI  - Accumulation of Ca2+ induced by cytotoxic levels of menadione in the isolated,
      perfused rat liver.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that the presence of cytotoxic levels of
      menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) causes rapid changes in intracellular
      thiol and Ca2+ homeostasis in isolated rat hepatocytes. The present investigation
      was undertaken to examine these effects in the intact liver. Rat livers were
      therefore perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 1.3 mM Ca2+ using a
      single-pass mode, and the perfusate Ca2+ level was monitored with an on-line Ca2+
      selective electrode. Infusion of menadione elicited an increased O2 uptake by the
      liver, followed by a dose-dependent decrease in the perfusate level of Ca2+.
      Hepatic accumulation of Ca2+ was accompanied by stimulation of cytosolic
      phosphorylase a activity. Cessation of menadione infusion resulted in gradual
      recovery of perfusate Ca2+ to base levels. Ca2+ uptake was not accompanied by
      decreases in reduced pyridine nucleotide or ATP levels in the liver as evidenced
      by measurements either during maximal Ca2+ uptake or after recovery. However,
      Ca2+ uptake was correlated with decreased glutathione and increased glutathione
      disulfide levels in the liver, both of which reversed during recovery from Ca2+
      uptake. Moreover, depletion of hepatic glutathione by pretreatment with
      diethylmaleate resulted in increased Ca2+ uptake during menadione infusion. The
      amount of protein-bound mixed disulfides showed a particularly striking
      relationship to Ca2+ uptake, reaching a maximal level during Ca2+ uptake and
      reversing toward normal value during recovery from Ca2+ accumulation. The present
      findings suggest that menadione-induced Ca2+ uptake is due to plasma membrane
      dysfunction as a result of loss of protein thiol groups critical for maintaining
      the plasma membrane Ca2+ extrusion mechanism. Our model offers a particularly
      useful opportunity to study mechanisms underlying toxic disturbances in Ca2+
      homeostasis in the intact liver, since Ca2+ fluxes can be monitored under
      conditions in which cellular control mechanisms are not obliterated by excessive
      toxicity.

PMID- 3996401
TI  - Regulatory properties of a mutant carnitine palmitoyltransferase in human
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) was studied in sonicated muscle
      homogenates of seven patients who had recurrent attacks of myoglobinuria and
      marked deficiency of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in the isotope exchange
      assay, and in control subjects. When L-palmitoylcarnitine was reduced from 0.5 mM
      to 0.05 mM in the isotope exchange assay, enzyme activity returned to normal in
      the patients but was not significantly altered in the controls. When the forward
      assay was performed in the presence of 80 microM palmitoyl-CoA and 0.1% albumin,
      all patients showed normal carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity. The apparent
      Km values for DL-carnitine and palmitoyl-CoA were also normal in the patients.
      When albumin was omitted from the forward assay, 72-105% of the initial activity
      was observed in the controls, but only 31-55% in the patients. When the palmitoyl
      CoA concentration in the forward assay exceeded 0.08 mM the enzyme activity was
      inhibited in both patients and controls, but the inhibition was significantly
      greater in the patients. The addition of either L-palmitoylcarnitine or DL
      palmitoylcarnitine to the forward assay progressively inhibited enzyme activity
      in both patients and controls, but the inhibition was significantly greater in
      the patients. In the controls but not the patients D-palmitoylcarnitine was less
      inhibitory than the L-isomer or the DL-racemate. When the forward assay was
      performed with muscle homogenates preincubated with 0.4% Triton X-100 only 7-21%
      of the original enzyme activity remained in the patients, but 86-110% was found
      in the controls. Increasing concentrations of malonyl-CoA inhibited both the
      forward and the isotope exchange assays. When the inhibition was maximal, only 14
      18% of the CPT activity remained in homogenates of patients but 32-47% in
      homogenates of controls. The I50 (median inhibitory concentration) and Ki values
      for malonyl-CoA determined in the forward assay were not significantly different
      in the patients and controls. The data imply that CPT deficiency is caused by
      altered regulatory properties of a mutant enzyme and/or by altered interaction
      between the enzyme and its membranous environment rather than lack of
      catalytically active CPT I, II or both. The mutant CPT would be most vulnerable
      to inhibition by its substrate and/or product when lipid metabolism is stressed.
      This could also explain why the symptoms differ from muscle carnitine deficiency,
      and why so little lipid accumulates in muscle in CPT deficiency.

PMID- 3996402
TI  - The mode of action of restrictocin and mitogillin on eukaryotic ribosomes.
      Inhibition of brain protein synthesis, cleavage and sequence of the ribosomal RNA
      fragment.
AB  - The relationship between the process of rat brain protein synthesis inhibition by
      restrictocin and mitogillin and the induction of a specific cleavage in 28S rRNA
      has been examined. Restrictocin or mitogillin at a concentration of 6 nM inhibits
      protein synthesis to a level of 80%. The inhibition induced by 6 nM alpha-sarcin
      is of the same order, indicating that those molecules all catalytically inhibit
      protein synthesis. When restrictocin or mitogillin was reduced and alkylated, a
      100-fold higher concentration of these chemically modified molecules was needed
      in order to obtain the same inhibition as with native molecules, suggesting a
      close correlation between activity and configuration of the inhibitors. The
      inhibitory activity of restrictocin or mitogillin was completely lost after
      oxidation with performic acid. The inhibition of protein synthesis was always
      correlated with the production of a fragment from the 3'-end of the 28S rRNA.
      This rRNA fragment had the same electrophoretic mobility as that produced by
      alpha-sarcin. The 5'-end sequence of the rRNA fragment produced by restrictocin,
      mitogillin or alpha-sarcin is AGGAA, demonstrating that restrictocin and
      mitogillin inhibit protein synthesis in the same way as does alpha-sarcin. The
      conservation of this region of the rRNA from archaebacteria to eukaryotic
      ribosomes indicates its importance in the elongation process.

PMID- 3996403
TI  - DNA polymerases from the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB
      8.
AB  - Three DNA polymerase isoenzymes, which have been called A, B and C, were purified
      from Thermus thermophilus HB-8. These enzymes can be separated by chromatography
      (pH 7.5) on phosphocellulose and DNA-agarose. Their relative molecular masses, as
      determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation, fall in the range of 110000
      120000. The three of them are devoid of exonuclease activity. Species A, B and C
      differ in their sensitivity towards N-ethylmaleimide (A greater than B greater
      than C) and urea (A greater than B = C) and also in their stability at high
      temperature (90 degrees C) (B greater than C greater than A). In addition, these
      enzymes can be distinguished utilizing various templates under different
      conditions. Thus, with activated DNA and Mg2+ as a cofactor, the highest
      incorporation is obtained at 50 degrees C with enzyme A and at 63 degrees C with
      enzymes B and C. If Mg2+ is replaced by Mn2+, the optimal temperatures remain
      unchanged, but enzyme A is stimulated twofold, while the activities of enzymes B
      and C decrease to one-half. On the other hand, with either poly(dA) X (dT)10 or
      poly(dA-dT) and Mg2+, enzyme A is inactive and enzyme C is severalfold more
      active than enzyme B. With the former synthetic template, optimal temperatures
      are 50 degrees C (enzyme C) and 40 degrees C (enzyme B), while with poly(dA-dT)
      they both work best at 63 degrees C. In turn, only enzyme C is able to utilize
      poly(rA) X (dT)10, although only with Mn2+ as a cofactor.

PMID- 3996404
TI  - Structure of the sidechain of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas syringae pv.
      morsprunorum C28.
AB  - The sidechain of the lipopolysaccharide from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas
      syringae pv. morsprunorum C28 was shown to be composed of D-rhamnose. Using 1H
      and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Smith degradation and optical
      rotation data, the repeat unit was found to have the structure: ----3)-D-Rhap
      (alpha 1----3)-D-Rhap-(alpha 1----2)-D-Rhap-(alpha 1---- and a degree of
      polymerization of approximately 70. Attention is drawn to the possible prevalence
      of D-6-deoxyhexoses in the lipopolysaccharides of plant pathogenic bacteria.

PMID- 3996405
TI  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of crayfish (Orconectes virilis). The use
      of inversion spin transfer to monitor enzyme kinetics in vivo.
AB  - 31P nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to observed in vivo the steady
      state levels of phosphorus-containing metabolites in the crayfish Orconectes
      virilis and the intracellular pH of the abdominal muscle was determined.
      Measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times and spin transfer experiments have
      enabled calculation of unidirectional rate constants and activation energies for
      the arginine kinase reaction in vivo.

PMID- 3996406
TI  - Protein structure and gene organization of mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A isozyme.
AB  - The complete covalent structure of the 331 amino acids of mouse lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) A4 isozyme has been determined by sequence analyses of both
      the protein and the genomic DNA. The mouse LDH-A gene spans a length of at least
      7000 bases from the translation initiation codon ATG to the end of the 3'
      untranslated region, and it contains six introns that interrupt the protein
      coding sequence. The relationships between the exon-intron organization of LDH-A
      gene and the structural-functional domains of the protein are discussed.

PMID- 3996407
TI  - Purification and characterisation of an odorant-binding protein from cow nasal
      tissue.
AB  - Cow nasal tissue contains a protein which shows specific binding activity for
      'green' smelling compounds such as 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. This protein has
      now been purified using anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography. The
      protein has a relative molecular mass of 40 0000-44 000, s = 3.1 +/- 0.3 S, pI =
      4.7 +/- 0.1 with an absorbance maximum at 278 nm, and consists of two subunits
      with an identical relative molecular mass of 19 000. It is localised in the
      soluble fraction of cells from the olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa from
      the middle part of the maxillary and nasal turbinates, and is absent from all
      other tissues tested.

PMID- 3996408
TI  - Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase. Rapid purification from whole rat brain and production
      of a specific antiserum.
AB  - Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4; L-tryptophan tetrahydropteridine: oxygen
      oxidoreductase) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from whole brain
      supernatant using the following steps: pteridine-argarose affinity
      chromatography, hydrophobic and finally hydroxyapatite chromatography. Exogenous
      catalase was necessary throughout most of the purification procedure in order to
      protect the enzyme against inactivation. The iron chelator desferrioxamine at a
      concentration of 10 microM or higher brought about an irreversible loss of enzyme
      activity of a partially purified preparation containing an excess of catalase,
      whereas this same chelator at a lower concentration afforded considerable
      protection of the enzyme's activity during the final purification stage despite
      the quasi-total absence of catalase and the presence of an excess of ferrous
      iron. Antiserum raised in the rabbit to purified tryptophan 5-hydroxylase appears
      to be monospecific for the enzyme after immunoadsorption of anti-catalase
      antibodies which were present due to the trace of catalase which remained in the
      final enzyme preparation.

PMID- 3996409
TI  - Isolation and characterization of peroxisomes from the liver of normal untreated
      rats.
AB  - The classic method of Leighton et al. [(1968) J. Cell Biol. 37, 482-513] for the
      isolation of peroxisomes from rat liver involves the use of Triton WR-1339 which
      alters the biochemical properties of this organelle and requires the specialized
      type Beaufay-rotor which is not easily available. We have employed Metrizamide as
      the gradient medium and a commercial type vertical rotor to obtain highly
      purified and structurally well-preserved peroxisomes from normal untreated
      animals. The livers were homogenized in buffered 0.25 M sucrose and a slightly
      modified 'light mitochondrial fraction' was prepared by differential
      centrifugation. This was loaded on top of a linear Metrizamide gradient (1.12
      1.26 g/cm3) and subjected to an integrated force of 1.252 X 10(6) X (g X min)
      using a Beckman VTi 50 vertical rotor. Peroxisomes banded at the density of 1.245
      g/cm3. In the isolated fraction 95% of the protein was contributed by
      peroxisomes, which exhibited a strong activity for cyanide-insensitive lipid beta
      oxidation. The purity of fractions was also confirmed by morphometry, which
      revealed that 98% of isolated particles consisted of peroxisomes. The latency for
      catalase was about 90% indicating a high degree of peroxisomal integrity. This
      corresponded to the low level of extraction of catalase in 3,3'-diaminobenzidine
      stained filter preparations. The entire procedure took about five hours. Highly
      purified and structurally well preserved peroxisomes should be useful in further
      elucidation of the function of this organelle and especially in studies of
      peroxisomal enzymes with multiple intracellular localizations.

PMID- 3996411
TI  - Transcription in methanogens. Evidence for specific in vitro transcription of the
      purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus.
AB  - The purification of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Methanococcus
      thermolithotrophicus is described. As the first step of purification the
      endogenous template was removed from the enzyme by hydrophobic interaction
      chromatography. The purified enzyme consists of seven components with different
      molecular masses. Transcription studies on T7 DNA and the recombinant plasmid
      pMV15, containing rRNA genes of Methanococcus vannielii, revealed that only the
      methanogen DNA is transcribed specifically, indicating a principal structural
      difference between archaebacterial and eubacterial promoters. This could be shown
      both by analysis of ternary transcription complexes and Southern hybridization.
      The site of initiation was found within a restriction fragment harbouring the
      first 390 nucleotides of the sequence coding for mature 16S rRNA and 1100 base
      pairs of upstream sequences. The specific initiation on this fragment strongly
      suggests that the enzyme can start in vitro transcription from the promoter(s) of
      rRNA synthesis.

PMID- 3996410
TI  - Structural studies on the linkage unit between poly(N-acetylglucosamine 1
      phosphate) and peptidoglycan in cell walls of Bacillus pumilus AHU 1650.
AB  - Structural studies were carried out on the polymer chains and their linkage
      regions in two kinds of teichoic acids, poly(N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate)
      [poly(GlcNAc-1-P)] and glycerol teichoic acid, bound to peptidoglycan in the cell
      walls of Bacillus pumilus AHU 1650. The poly(GlcNAc-1-P)-glycan complex isolated
      from lysozyme digests of the cell walls contained mannosamine and glycerol as
      minor components. On the basis of proton NMR spectroscopic data and isolation of
      N-acetylglucosamine 4-phosphate from acid hydrolysates, the poly(GlcNAc-1-P) was
      shown to be a polymer in which N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate units are joined
      at C-4 of the glucosamine residues. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of the poly(GlcNAc-1
      P)-glycan complex gave a mannosamine-linked glycan fragment and the acidic
      polymer fraction that contained glycerol residues. Mild acid treatment of the
      mannosamine-linked glycan fragment gave the linkage disaccharide, ManNAc(beta 1--
      -4)GlcNAc, whereas the acidic polymer fraction was degraded by this treatment
      into N-acetylglucosamine 4-phosphate and a glycerol-containing fragment
      characterized as P-(Gro-P)7 (Gro = glycerol). On the other hand, direct mild acid
      hydrolysis of the complex gave a fragment characterized as P-(Gro-P)7-ManNAc(beta
      1----4)GlcNAc. These results lead to a conclusion that in the cell walls the
      poly(GlcNAc-1-P) chain is attached to peptidoglycan through a linkage unit, (Gro
      P)7-ManNAc(beta 1----4)GlcNAc. By means of similar procedures, it was shown that
      the other cell wall polymer, glycerol teichoic acid, is also attached to
      peptidoglycan through the same disaccharide, ManNAc(beta 1----4)GlcNAc.

PMID- 3996412
TI  - Determination of the autocorrelation orders of proteins.
AB  - A statistical analysis of the autocorrelation characteristics of active
      polypeptides has been carried out by means of the correlogram method. It is shown
      that the amino acid sequences of the analysed proteins, considered as a whole,
      are autocorrelated and that the correlograms characterize each protein reflecting
      its three-dimensional structure.

PMID- 3996413
TI  - Reacquisition of quaternary structure by fully reduced and denatured seminal
      ribonuclease.
AB  - Air-regenerated monomers of bovine seminal ribonuclease have been found capable
      of reassociating into native dimers, whereas monomers refolded in the presence of
      a glutathione redox mixture do not reassociate into dimers [Smith, K. G.,
      D'Alessio, G. and Schaffer, S. W. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2633-2638]. The crucial
      step in the process of regeneration of dimers is an isomerization step, which the
      newly refolded monomers undergo in order to reassociate into dimers. The two
      sulfhydryls at sequence positions 31 and 32 of the seminal RNAase chain, forming
      in the native dimer the intersubunit disulfides, have been found to have an
      important role in the refolding of the monomeric intermediates, as well as in the
      regeneration of dimers.

PMID- 3996414
TI  - L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Characterisation and
      differential induction of multiple forms from elicitor-treated cell suspension
      cultures.
AB  - L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) has been purified over 200-fold from
      cell cultures of bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.) exposed to elicitor heat-released
      from the cell walls of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.
      Four forms of the enzyme, with identical Mr but differing apparent pI values of
      5.4, 5.2, 5.05 and 4.85, were observed following the final chromatofocussing
      stage of the purification. A preparation (purified 43-fold by ammonium sulphate
      precipitation, gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography) containing all
      four forms exhibited apparent negative rate cooperativity with respect to
      substrates. However, the individual forms displayed normal Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics, with Km values of 0.077 mM, 0.122 mM, 0.256 mM and 0.302 mM in order of
      decreasing apparent pI value. A preparation purified 200-fold and containing all
      four forms was used to immunise rabbits for the production of anti-(phenylalanine
      ammonia-lyase) serum. The antiserum was characterised by: immunotitration
      experiments; solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; comparison of
      immunoprecipitates of 35S-labelled phenylalanine ammonia-lyase subunits
      (synthesized both in vivo and in vitro) on both one-dimensional and two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gels after immunoprecipitation with the bean antiserum
      or antisera raised against pea and parsley phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
      preparations and immune blotting. SDS/polyacrylamide gels and SDS/polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis followed by immune blotting, indicated that the Mr of newly
      synthesized (in vivo and in vitro) bean phenylalanine ammonia-lyase subunits is
      77000; a 70000-Mr form is readily generated as a partial degradation product
      during purification. Immunoprecipitates of bean phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
      synthesized both in vivo and in vitro showed the presence of multiple subunit
      types of identical Mr but differing in pI. Furthermore, treatment of bean
      cultures with Colletotrichum elicitor resulted in a 10-fold increase in
      phenylalanine ammonia-lyase extractable activity within 8 h, and
      chromatofocussing analysis indicated that this was associated with differential
      increased appearance of the high-pI, low-Km forms as compared to the two higher
      Km forms. This differential induction was further confirmed by immune blotting of
      crude extracts subjected to isoelectric focussing.

PMID- 3996415
TI  - The mitochondrial location of protoporphyrinogen oxidase.
AB  - Using the digitonin method and subsequent fractionation of rat liver
      mitochondria, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (penultimate enzyme in the heme
      biosynthesis pathway) was found to be closely associated with the mitochondrial
      inner membrane fraction. Chemical treatment with non-specific probes (trypsin and
      diazobenzene sulfonate) of either intact or inverted mitoplasts, indicated that
      protoporphyrinogen oxidase was anchored within the lipid bilayer of the inner
      membrane. Protoporphyrinogen had an equal access to the active site of the enzyme
      from both sides of the inner membrane and its transformation to protoporphyrin
      did not appear to be energy-dependent. Studies of protoporphyrinogen synthesis
      from exogenously added coproporphyrinogen in either intact or hypoosmotically
      treated mitochondria underlined the importance of the peculiar submitochondrial
      location of coproporphyrinogen oxidase and protoporphyrinogen oxidase for the
      transfer of substrates to the inner membrane.

PMID- 3996416
TI  - Amino acid biosynthesis and sodium-dependent transport in Methanococcus voltae,
      as revealed by 13C NMR.
AB  - Of several methanogenic bacteria examined only Methanococcus voltae readily
      incorporated exogenous amino acids into cell protein. This was easily shown,
      since growth in the presence of exogenous amino acids resulted in a loss of
      signal intensities from those carbon atoms normally labelled by [13C]acetate
      during biosynthesis. From 80% to 95% of the Ser, Lys, Pro or Val incorporated
      into protein could be supplied directly from the growth medium. In contrast, Asp
      and Glu, if supplied to the medium, accounted for only a small percentage of the
      total acidic amino acid used in protein synthesis. Constitutive transport systems
      took up a wide range of amino acids at rates of 0.1-4.1 nmol min-1 mg-1. The
      transport systems required Na+, with the possible exception of the basic amino
      acid lysine, and were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide or 3,3',4',5
      tetrachlorosalicylanilide. No interconversion of Ile to other amino acids was
      detected when cells were given [13C]Ile during growth, whereas the expected
      labelling of the Asp and Glu families of amino acids resulted when [13C]Asp was
      provided to the culture. Mc. voltae synthesized its amino acids from acetate via
      routes fully consistent with those found in Methanospirillum hungatei [Ekiel, I.,
      Smith, I.C.P. & Sprott, G.D. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 156, 316-326]. Propionate could
      substitute for an auxotrophic requirement for Ile, resulting in the synthesis of
      Ile with the beta-carbon originating from the carboxyl of acetate and the alpha
      carbon from the carboxyl of propionate. No labelling of Ile from [13C]acetate
      could occur without the fatty acid. These results provide strong evidence for the
      carboxylation of propionate to form 2-oxobutyrate as intermediate in Ile
      biosynthesis, and show that the metabolic defect in Ile biosynthesis occurs prior
      to 2-oxobutyrate synthesis. The presence of constitutive amino acid transport
      systems and multiple routes for ile biosynthesis make Methanococcus voltae an
      attractive methanogen for genetic studies.

PMID- 3996417
TI  - Chick oviduct glucocorticosteroid receptor. Specific binding of the synthetic
      steroid RU 486 and immunological studies with antibodies to chick oviduct
      progesterone receptor.
AB  - The glucocorticosteroid receptor (GR) has been studied in oviduct cytosol
      prepared from estrogen-primed, 4-week-withdrawn chicken. The equilibrium
      dissociation constant was 6 nM for dexamethasone, and 18 300 receptor sites/cell
      were measured assuming that all cells contain identical concentrations of GR.
      Dexamethasone, used in most studies investigating glucocorticosteroid action, was
      found not to be the best GR ligand. The affinities of several natural and
      synthetic glucocorticosteroids for GR increased in the following order: cortisol
      less than deoxycorticosterone less than dexamethasone less than corticosterone
      less than triamcinolone acetonide. The synthetic steroid RU 486 was the most
      specific ligand of GR (its affinity was approximately equal to 10-fold higher
      than that of triamcinolone acetonide), while it did not bind either to plasma
      transcortin (which binds dexamethasone nor, surprisingly, to progesterone
      receptor (PR), contrary to what occurs in mammalian species. The molybdate
      stabilized, 8-S form of GR was prepared from withdrawn chick oviduct, whole chick
      embryo or cultured chick embryo fibroblasts (which do not contain PR), and was
      labeled with either [3H]dexamethasone or [3H]RU 486. The sedimentation
      coefficient of radioactive ligand--8-S GR complexes was shifted towards heavier
      forms after incubation with polyclonal (IgG-G3) or monoclonal (BF4) antibodies
      generated against the molybdate-stabilized, 8-S form of the chick oviduct PR.
      Since neither IgG-G3 nor BF4 interacted with the steroid binding 4-S form of GR,
      it is suggested that these antibodies recognized a non-steroid binding protein
      common to molybdate-stabilized, 8-S forms of GR and PR.

PMID- 3996418
TI  - Modification of the N-linked oligosaccharides in cell surface glycoproteins
      during chick embryo development. A using lectin affinity and a high resolution
      chromatography study.
AB  - Important differences in asparagine-linked glycopeptides were observed in vitro
      cultured fibroblasts derived from chick embryo at different stages of
      development. Cells from 8-day and 16-day embryos were labeled metabolically with
      [3H]mannose. Cell surface glycopeptides obtained after mild trypsin treatment
      were extensively digested with pronase and then chromatographed on concanavalin-A
      Sepharose and other immobilized lectins. The most important changes concerned the
      complex type chains. The ratio between triantennary plus tetraantennary and
      biantennary chains increased about 2.5-fold from the 8th to the 16th day of
      development. In the same way, complex chains with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine
      increased from 8-day to 16-day cells as shown by Phaseolus-vulgaris
      erythroagglutinin--agarose chromatography. In 16-day cells, the majority of
      triantennary chains (60%) with alpha-linked mannose substituted at C2 and C6
      positions and biantennary chains (50%) were shown to contain fucosyl (alpha 1---
      6)N-acetylglucosaminyl structure in the core region by their ability to bind to a
      lentil lectin affinity column. Similarly, in 8-day cells, triantennary chains
      (50%) were more fucosylated than biantennary chains (35%). Thus, complex
      structures exhibited an increased fucosylation of their invariable core from the
      8th to the 16th day of development, except for fucosylated triantennary chains
      which were retained on Phaseolus vulgaris Leucoagglutin and on lentil lectin.
      These latter structures were present at the surface of 8-day cells and absent at
      the surface of 16-day cells. After chromatography on Bio-Gel P6 and treatment
      with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, the [3H]-mannose-labeled glycopeptides
      were separated by high resolution chromatography into glycopeptides with complex
      chains and glycopeptides with high-mannose chains. Analysis of the high-mannose
      oligosaccharides released after endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H treatment by
      chromatography on Bio-Gel P4 indicated that the same type of high-mannose chains
      were present at the surface of 8-day and 16-day cells. Quantification of mannose,
      galactose and sialic acid residues using gas liquid chromatography was consistent
      with a decrease of the relative amount of oligomannose chains and an increase of
      the relative amount of complex type chains in 16-day cells compared to 8-day
      cells. Thus N-linked oligosaccharides derived from cell surface glycoproteins
      undergo changes during embryo development resulting in greater complexity of
      carbohydrate chains.

PMID- 3996419
TI  - CT guided percutaneous fine-needle biopsy of the pancreas.
AB  - 147 CT guided fine-needle biopsies of the pancreas were carried out on 141
      patients (45 malignant tumours, 79 chronic pancreatitis and pancreas without
      lesions, respectively). In 23 pseudocysts a malignant lesion could be excluded.
      By analysing the remaining 124 biopsies (non-cystic targets) an overall accuracy
      of 79%, a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 84% in differentiating between
      benign and malignant lesions were obtained. By excluding 12% of biopsies with no
      diagnostic material, an overall accuracy of 90% might be recorded. The comparison
      between the number of aspirates per examination and the cytological diagnoses
      would indicate that a minimum of four aspirates is required for satisfactory
      results.

PMID- 3996420
TI  - Gall bladder infarction: a radiographic mimic of emphysematous cholecystitis.
AB  - A case is reported in which the typical radiographic appearances of acute
      emphysematous cholecystitis were due to acute gall bladder infarction following
      thrombotic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.

PMID- 3996421
TI  - Radiographic technique in the diagnosis of renal stones. A comparison of
      tomography and oblique projections.
AB  - Renal calcifications were disclosed equally well in 93 patients by oblique
      radiographs and tomograms evaluated independently by two radiologists. Bowel
      content influenced sensitivity and specificity of both methods to the same
      extent. Oblique projections are therefore recommended as screening procedure for
      renal calcifications.

PMID- 3996422
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord syndromes.
AB  - Thirty-four patients with intramedullary space-occupying lesions or cord
      compression syndromes were examined with a resistive and two different
      superconductive magnetic resonance (MR) imaging units. Studies were done
      primarily by the spin-echo (SE) technique and in the majority of patients
      different pulse sequences were used. Images with short echo-time (TE) and short
      recovery-time (TR) were best for demonstration of spinal cord anatomy, for
      depicting cystic portions in intramedullary tumours and for showing
      syringomyelia. Solid intramedullary tumours showed normal cord signal intensity.
      Images with prolonged TE and TR predominantly enhanced CSF signal intensity and,
      to a more considerable extent, solid intramedullary tumours. Thus, the diameter
      of the subarachnoid space and the presence of a solid intramedullary tumour, not
      concomitant with a significant enlargement of the spinal cord, could only be
      recognized on these prolonged SE images. Major advantages of MR in comparison to
      CT are that the spinal cord can be imaged in the sagittal plane and that beam
      hardening artifacts do not occur; in comparison to myelography the cord can be
      imaged directly by MR. Partial volume is a major limitation of MR, not only in
      the preferably applied sagittal plane. The choice of slice thickness adequate to
      the diameter of the lesion and straight positioning of the patient for sagittal
      single slice midline images are fundamental for reliable MR investigations.
      Another limitation to MR is that cortical bone gives no signal. The actual
      diameter of the spinal canal therefore cannot be correctly appreciated and
      consequently it was difficult or impossible to assess spinal stenosis.

PMID- 3996423
TI  - Adhesive total block mimicking an intradural tumour on myelography.

PMID- 3996424
TI  - Two spinal arachnoid cysts. Case reports and short review of literature.
AB  - Two cases of spinal arachnoid cysts are reported. One is extradurally located,
      the other intradurally. The first is only documented with myelography, the second
      also by subsequent CT scanning. Some clinical and diagnostic aspects of the
      lesion are discussed. The aim of this report is to add two new cases to the
      literature and to emphasize the role of high-resolution CT scanning in the
      diagnosis of these lesions.

PMID- 3996425
TI  - Spindle cell sarcoma mimicking traumatic lung cysts.
AB  - The authors present a case of a supposed diagnosis of traumatic lung cyst which
      turned to be a spindle cell sarcoma. Similarities and differences of the two
      conditions regarding roentgenologic features is discussed.

PMID- 3996427
TI  - Radiographic anatomy of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
AB  - Disturbances of the gliding mechanism of the tendon of the long head of the
      biceps brachii in the intertubercular groove have been suggested as a cause of
      shoulder pain. The purpose of this paper was to find a standard radiographic view
      for measurements of the intertubercular groove of the human humeral head. The
      effect of the direction of the X-ray beam on the image of the groove was studied
      in cadaver specimens. A standardized optimal X-ray beam direction was
      subsequently used in a clinical study on 30 patients. In all the patients the
      groove could be delineated and the depth, width and slope of the medial wall
      measured. The width and depth of the groove was neither significantly correlated
      to the size of the humeral head nor the sex. The slope of the medial wall varied
      from 18 to 71 degrees (mean 48.1 +/- SD 10.7 degrees).

PMID- 3996426
TI  - Arteriomegaly.
AB  - The features of a patient with arteriomegaly of thoracic and abdominal aorta,
      common and external iliac, and femoral arteries are described.

PMID- 3996428
TI  - Contribution of computed tomography in six sacrococcygeal chordomas.
AB  - Six sacrococcygeal chordomas were studied with CT at the Institut Gustave-Roussy.
      Only one was examined at the time of the initial diagnosis and CT made a valuable
      contribution to this. In other cases, CT determined the possibility of initial
      surgical excision and the field of radiotherapy and helped make a reliable
      diagnosis of local recurrences. CT seems to be the best examination to use for
      the early diagnosis of chordomas and recurrences, which will perhaps help improve
      the prognosis of this serious disease.

PMID- 3996429
TI  - Multiple forms of actin in Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - Actin in the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum consists of three major
      forms closely spaced at isoelectric point (IP) 4.7 and a minor form at IP 5.1.
      Amino acid analysis has shown the IP 5.1 actin to be nearly identical to the 4.7
      actins. In actin purified from acetone powder, both actin forms were present.
      Both forms bound to DNase I and have the same molecular weight of about 43 000 on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels. On 2-D gels of nuclear
      proteins, both forms of actin were present. The IP 4.7 actins account for 8.6% of
      total plasmodial protein, and the IP 5.1 form for about 0.7%. In the nucleus the
      IP 4.7 actins comprise 2.7% of total nuclear protein, and the 5.1 actin about
      0.4%. No cell cycle-associated change in the concentration of actins was observed
      in either total plasmodial extracts or in isolated nuclei. Pulse-labelling
      experiments have shown that in total plasmodia actin synthesis occurs throughout
      the cell cycle, with no relative changes in the rate of synthesis. In isolated
      nuclei labelled during mitosis and early S-phase, there is about twice as much
      labelled actin as in nuclei labelled prior to mitosis. This result may indicate
      an increase in the transport of actin into the nucleus.

PMID- 3996431
TI  - Visualization of binding and receptor-mediated uptake of low density lipoproteins
      by human endothelial cells.
AB  - Low density lipoproteins (LDL) were conjugated to colloidal gold for
      investigation of the ultrastructural aspects of binding and receptor-mediated
      internalization of LDL by cultured endothelial cells from the human umbilical
      artery and vein. The number of LDL receptors was increased by preincubation in
      lipoprotein-depleted serum. When the cells were incubated with LDL-gold particles
      for 2 h at 4 degrees C, the complexes were found in coated pits as well as in
      clusters attached to the plasma membrane. Small vesicles containing a few LDL
      gold complexes appeared in the cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane when the
      cells were incubated with the conjugate for 5 min at 37 degrees C. After 15 min
      at 37 degrees C, larger vesicles with a pale matrix and membrane-orientated LDL
      gold complexes were seen. After incubation for 30 min at 37 degrees C, colloidal
      gold particles were present in dense bodies. Quantification of the binding of LDL
      gold complexes to the plasma membrane at 4 degrees C showed no differences
      between arterial and venous endothelial cells.

PMID- 3996430
TI  - Uridine, but not cytidine can sustain growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in
      glucose-deprived medium with altered proliferation kinetics.
AB  - Cell cycle kinetics and energy metabolism of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells grown in
      glucose-deprived medium supplemented with uridine, were investigated in order to
      extend our knowledge about the significance of the metabolic conversion of
      glucose for cell cycle progression of these cells. Viability (dye exclusion test)
      of uridine supplemented cells was not affected, although growth was reduced to 50
      to 60% of the controls. Uridine did not significantly impair growth of controls
      in standard medium up to 20 mM. Studies on cell cycle progression using flow
      cytometry (BrdU-H33258 technique) revealed an accumulation of cells in G2M phase,
      which can be explained by a delay in the passage of G2M-compartment of about 12
      +/- 2 h. After a 24 h culture period, 60% of the cell populations were found in
      G2M (30% in control cultures). This fraction increased to about 70% in the
      following passage. Protein and DNA synthesis corresponded to the proliferation
      rate. Oxygen uptake was increased by about 50%, glutamine consumption by 30%,
      lactate production was reduced to below 10% of the controls. The ATP/ADP
      concentration ratio was found in a physiological range of 4 to 6. It was
      calculated that cells grown in standard medium produced 60% of ATP via oxidative
      pathways and 40% via glycolysis; however, in glucose-free, uridine-supplemented
      medium the values are more than 90% and less than 10%. No significant differences
      in total ATP production were observed. Growth of the cells in glucose-deprived
      medium could not be sustained by cytidine. All our data substantiate the present
      concept that glycolytic ATP-production is not essential for maintenance of
      viability and growth of these cells.

PMID- 3996432
TI  - Bridges linking gap junction particles extracellularly: a freeze-etching rotary
      shadowing study of split junctions.
AB  - The nature of the interaction between neighboring gap junction particles and the
      mechanism involved in particle crystallization are still unclear. We describe
      here interparticle bridge-like structures which could participate in the
      mechanism of gap junction particle aggregation and pattern determination. Gap
      junction membranes of rat liver, pulled apart by vascular perfusion with
      hypertonic sucrose, were freeze-fractured in deionized water, etched at - 100
      degrees C for 8 min and rotary-shadowed at a 32 degrees angle. At the
      extracellular true surface of the junctions (ES-surface), the particles appear as
      7.0 to 7.5 nm rings often resolvable into six radially arranged subunits. The
      particles appear linked to each other by filamentous bridges 1.5 to 2.2 nm thick
      and approximately 1.5 nm long. Some bridges (single bridges) directly interlink
      neighboring particles while other bridges (multiple bridges) are joined to a
      particle at one end and to the other bridges at the other end. Bridges are
      referred to as double or triple bridges if they result from the interaction of
      two or three bridges respectively. In particles which can be resolved into six
      subunits, the bridges appear to bind to the subunit tips. Stereo images indicate
      that the bridges lay in planes lower than the particle summits. The bridges could
      be either polypeptide chains of the main gap junction protein or peripheral
      proteins, but the unlikely possibility that they are a shadowing artifact cannot
      be entirely ruled out yet.

PMID- 3996433
TI  - Structure and composition of synaptonemal complexes, isolated from rat
      spermatocytes.
AB  - Synaptonemal complexes (SCs) (structures involved in chromosome pairing during
      meiosis) were isolated and purified from rat spermatocytes for the purpose of
      biochemical and morphological analysis. Spermatocytes were lysed in a medium,
      containing Triton X-100, EDTA and DTT; the resulting swollen nuclei were
      disrupted by DNAse II, and the suspension was centrifuged through 1.5 M sucrose.
      The resulting preparation consisted for at least 60% of free SCs, as judged from
      electron micrographs of agar filtrates. The purified SCs still possessed lateral
      and transversal elements and attachment plaques. A small fraction also contained
      a central element. Particularly in diplotene SCs, the lateral elements clearly
      consisted of two subelements, which are connected by thinner fibres. The lateral
      elements may fall apart into a network of thinner fibres, presumably as a result
      of degradation during isolation. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels, the major protein
      components of purified SCs had relative mobilities (Mrs) of 67 to 60 and 57 to 55
      kDa; in addition, there were minor proteins with Mrs of 90, 35, 33, 28, and 26
      kDa, and varying amounts of histones. The 67 to 60 kDa proteins comigrate with
      lamins of rat liver pore complexes and laminae. A possible relationship between
      SCs and pore complexes and laminae is discussed.

PMID- 3996434
TI  - The effects of sodium and magnesium-ion interactions on chromatin structure and
      solubility.
AB  - The effects of sodium and magnesium-ion interactions on chromatin structure and
      solubility were examined in isolated mouse liver nuclei. To facilitate this
      study, a simple assay of chromatin structure was developed, based on the
      absorbances at 260 nm (A260) and 320 nm (A320) of nuclei in test solutions. By
      subtracting the A320 from the A260, a single "spectral index" was obtained which
      served as a useful, but not absolute, indicator of chromatin structure. Electron
      microscopy verified the validity of this approach. The results indicate that
      either 200 mM NaCl or 0.5 mM MgCl2 were capable of preserving the native 20 to 30
      nm chromatin fiber structure. Below 200 mM NaCl, the native fiber progressively
      uncoiled to the 10 nm unit fiber. The presence of 0.5 mM MgCl2 inhibited this
      uncoiling. Only divalent cations stabilized condensed chromatin (heterochromatin)
      within the nucleus. Monovalent and divalent cations interacted with one another
      at critical concentrations and modified their individual effects on chromatin
      structure; e.g., 10 to 25 mM NaCl interfered with the action of 0.5 to 1.5 mM
      MgCl2, causing a complete loss of condensed chromatin. Maximum solubility of
      micrococcal nuclease-digested chromatin occurred at 10 mM NaCl, which treatment
      allowed the chromatin to unfold to the 10 nm fiber. However, ionic conditions
      that disrupted condensed chromatin but maintained the native chromatin fiber
      morphology still resulted in relatively high yields of soluble chromatin. Minimum
      solubility occurred under conditions which preserved the structure of condensed
      chromatin.

PMID- 3996435
TI  - Nitrate therapy for ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - The beneficial effects on nitrates are related to a combination of coronary and
      non-coronary effects of the drugs. Patients with different forms of ischaemic
      heart disease may respond differently. For instance, in a patient with rest
      angina due to coronary artery spasm, nitrates will reverse or prevent coronary
      artery spasm. In contrast, the patient with severe coronary artery stenosis and
      reproducible angina during exercise, may obtain relief because nitrates decrease
      venous return, left ventricular size and left ventricular pressure, thus
      decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. Nitrates can be used to treat patients with
      chronic angina, unstable angina and myocardial infarction. In patients with
      chronic angina, oral nitrate preparations with sustained-release action have been
      shown to decrease the indices of myocardial oxygen demand for up to 12 h. In
      patients with unstable angina, intravenous nitrates usually relieve symptoms in
      patients refractory to oral therapy. In patients with acute myocardial
      infarction, early administration with intravenous nitrates may benefit patients
      as suggested by randomized prospective trials. Nitrate tolerance and nitrate
      dependence does not seem to be an important clinical problem. Perhaps this is
      related to the way the drug is given, i.e. intermittently. In some instances,
      however, when high doses are used or the drug is administered intravenously or by
      the transdermal route, constant levels of nitroglycerine may be attained and the
      patients may develop tolerance. Although nitrates are effective drugs, it is
      native to think that they will be used alone to manage the complex problems
      associated with ischaemic heart disease. Other than hypotension and adverse
      effects of the drug, there seems to be no contraindication to the combination of
      nitrates with calcium antagonists or beta blockers.

PMID- 3996436
TI  - Use of calcium channel blocking agents in the management of ischaemic heart
      disease.

PMID- 3996437
TI  - Radionuclide absolute left ventricular volumes during upright exercise:
      validation in normal subjects by simultaneous hemodynamic measurements.
AB  - A nongeometric radionuclide technique for the determination of absolute left
      ventricular volumes was validated during exercise in nine normal subjects.
      Simultaneous reference stroke volume and cardiac output measurements were
      obtained by the Fick method. The reference left ventricular volumes were
      calculated by combining the Fick stroke volume and the isotopic ejection
      fraction. Data were collected at rest in the supine and upright positions and
      during 60 degrees upright exercise, at three levels of increasing severity. At
      rest, from supine to upright position, the reference end-diastolic volume
      decreased significantly from 182 +/- 24 ml to 154 +/- 21 ml (mean +/- SD, P less
      than 0.005); during upright exercise of low intensity, end-diastolic volume
      increased to 176 +/- 24 ml (P less than 0.05); at maximal exercise, end-diastolic
      volume was not different from the resting value in upright position. The end
      systolic volume gradually decreased at rest from 67 +/- 11 ml in the supine
      position to 54 +/- 8 ml in the upright position (P less than 0.05). Compared with
      these reference data, the scintigraphic measurements were significantly lower on
      average by 23% for stroke volume, 21% for cardiac output, 22% for end-diastolic
      volume, and 23% for end-systolic volume. The overall changes in stroke volume (P
      less than 0.05) and end-systolic volume (P less than 0.001) occurring at rest and
      during exercise were correctly detected by the scintigraphic method but the
      smaller changes in end-diastolic volume (less than 15%) were not (P less than
      0.15) because they were within the range of the precision of the
      technique.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996438
TI  - The myocardial elimination rate of radioiodinated heptadecanoic acid.
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of the elimination of radioactivity after administration
      of radioiodinated heptadecanoic acid, dogs with and without coronary occlusion
      were studied. In myocardial tissue samples of normal and ischemic myocardium, the
      proportions of free radioiodide, radioiodinated heptadecanoic acid, and
      radioiodinated lipids were determined. Five minutes after intravenous injection
      of heptadecanoic acid 69% of the radioactivity was present as free iodine, 7% as
      unaltered heptadecanoic acid, and 24% as lipids. Even in ischemic myocardium 41%
      was free iodine and 47% lipids. After 2 h free iodine decreased to 48% and lipids
      increased to 44%. These results indicate that beta-oxidation is not the rate
      limiting step in the elimination rate of heptadecanoic acid.

PMID- 3996439
TI  - 'Hot' and 'cold' lesions detected by gallium-67 scintigraphy in a pyogenic liver
      abscess.
AB  - Most pyogenic liver abscesses appear to be 'not' in a 67Ga-citrate study; rarely,
      a 'warm' or 'cold' area may also be seen. We present a patient with a pyogenic
      liver abscess that had both 'cold' and 'hot' areas in the 67Ga-citrate study.
      This striking finding is probably related to the different stages of evolution of
      the abscess.

PMID- 3996440
TI  - A modification of the 133Xe inhalation method for the measurement of liver blood
      flow in man.
AB  - The 133Xe inhalation technique for liver blood flow measurements was modified by
      using a gamma camera for data acquisition. Desaturation curves were derived from
      regions of interest (ROIs) over different parts of the liver, the lung and that
      lung area overlapping the liver, the liver hilus, and the splanchnic area. An
      additional liver scan with 99mTc-sulfur colloid facilitated the choice of these
      regions and allowed the estimation of the total liver volume. Thirteen healthy
      volunteers were examined under baseline conditions. Uncorrected blood flow values
      derived from the 133Xe-washout curves over the liver (40 +/- 10 ml/min/100 g
      liver) were lower than those found with other methods. A multicompartment model,
      based on the input functions calculated from the lung and splanchnic curves, gave
      values in accordance with those reported in the literature (94 +/- 20 ml/min/100
      g or 1,356 +/- 382 ml/min/liver; mean liver volume: 1,475 +/- 227 g). Some
      methodologic limitations are shared with other invasive or noninvasive
      techniques.

PMID- 3996441
TI  - Nuclear medicine liver function tests for pregnant women and children. 1. Breath
      tests with 14C-methacetin and 13C-methacetin.
AB  - Stable isotopes, such as 13C, should be substituted for the long-lived
      radionuclide 14C in the 14C breath test when doing liver function tests in
      children and pregnant women. For comparison 13C, 15N-methacetin and 14C
      methacetin were synthesized as suitable diagnostic agents. Methods are described
      for the measurement of 14C and 13C in the breath. After oral administration of
      labelled methacetin to healthy subjects and patients with liver diseases a good
      correspondence between 13C- and 14C-measurements in the same subject on the one
      hand, and a good discrimination between controls and patients on the other hand
      were shown. Findings with regard to 14C measurements in urine are discussed
      supporting the supposed advantage of 13C-methacetin over 14C-methacetin
      application.

PMID- 3996442
TI  - Ru-labeled ruthenocenoyl-glycine: comparison of clearance with hippuran.
AB  - Ruthenocenoyl-glycine (ruppuran) is a metallocene analog of iodo-labeled
      hippuran. After injection of 103Ru-labeled ruppuran and ruthenocenoyl-1,1'
      diglycine in rabbits, measurement with external detectors revealed a very rapid
      accumulation in the kidneys followed by rapid excretion of the 103Ru activity. By
      measurement of the radioactivity concentration in plasma and urine samples
      collected 1-60 min after IV injection, the plasma clearance was calculated and
      compared with the clearance of 125I-labeled hippuran injected simultaneously. The
      clearance of ruppuran and ruthenocenoyl-diglycine in rabbits was found to be
      somewhat higher than that of hippuran. Extrapolating to man (1.73 m3), plasma
      clearance with both ruthenocene derivatives was approximately 500-600 ml/min.
      Biochemical data as well as the nuclear properties of 97Ru indicate the
      usefulness of 97Ru-labeled ruthenocenoyl-glycine as a radiopharmaceutical for
      kidney function studies.

PMID- 3996444
TI  - Ventilation-perfusion patterns in lung diseases (with reference to those observed
      in pulmonary embolism).
AB  - The frequency distributions of ventilation-perfusion (V-P) patterns in various
      lung diseases were compared to those observed in pulmonary embolism in order to
      determine whether the specific V-P patterns for pulmonary embolism constituted a
      frequent finding in these disorders. The results showed that a segmental or lobar
      perfusion defect with normal ventilation, was associated with a high probability
      of thromboembolic lung disease, and was not present in any of the other lung
      diseases studied.

PMID- 3996445
TI  - Enterobiliary fistulae: a potential cause of a false-negative hepatobiliary study
      in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.
AB  - Cholescintigraphy has gained widespread acceptance in detection of acute
      cholecystitis (AC). Gallbladder (GB) visualization within 4 h effectively rules
      out A.C. with a high degree of specificity. We present a case of A.C. in a
      patient who had a normal scintigraphic appearance of the G.B. at 30 min with what
      appeared to be entero-gastric reflux, and which retrospectively proved to be A.
      C. with a cholecystocolic fistula.

PMID- 3996443
TI  - The early platelet uptake and distribution of platelets in small-diameter
      polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular grafts in vivo.
AB  - Platelet deposition onto the surface of biomaterial is an important component of
      the interaction between blood and a prosthetic arterial graft. To understand the
      thrombotic process in small-diameter by-pass grafts, we used pigs to study the
      early in vivo uptake of 111In-oxine-labelled platelets in polytetrafluoroethylene
      (PTFE; GoreTex) grafts. In each experimental animal, 12 PTFE grafts (internal
      diameter, 3 mm; length, 5 cm) were placed in the femoral artery as interposition
      grafts. 111In-Labelled autologous platelets were injected. Sequential
      scintillation camera images of the graft area were taken over a period of 3.5 h.
      Platelet deposition in vivo was calculated as an activity ratio for the entire
      grafts as well as for different segments of the graft. The grafts were harvested,
      cut into 0.6-cm pieces and weighed, and the 111In activity was measured. The
      distribution along the graft surface was calculated. Blood flow was measured
      continuously. The activity ratios rapidly increased, and a maximum was reached 60
      min after the re-establishment of blood flow; thereafter the activity ratios
      slowly decreased. The distribution of platelets along the graft surface was found
      to be non-uniform where more platelets were deposited towards the distal
      anastomoses.

PMID- 3996447
TI  - Scintiphotographic patterns of liver and spleen in a case of situs inversus
      evaluated by 99mTc-tin colloid.
AB  - Whereas normal liver and spleen scintiphotos with 99mTc- tin colloid are
      characterized by homogenous distribution of radiocolloid in the liver and slight
      uptake of radiotracer over the spleen in the anterior view, this report
      demonstrates that there is high radiotracer uptake in the spleen and slight
      uptake in the posterior view in a case of situs inversus.

PMID- 3996446
TI  - A 201T1 perfusion defect in a case with rate-dependent left bundle-branch block
      (LBBB).
AB  - We present a case report of a 67-year-old woman with rate-dependent left bundle
      branch block (LBBB). Although coronary angiography demonstrated no significant
      obstructive lesions, a reversible focal defect developed on 201T1 myocardial
      scintigraphy when LBBB was induced by right-atrial pacing.

PMID- 3996448
TI  - Visualisation of a thyroglossal duct.
AB  - After ablation of an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule resulting from an
      adenoma, a previously suppressed scintigraphic image of a thyroglossal duct was
      visualised.

PMID- 3996450
TI  - Workshop on postgraduate training in nuclear medicine in Europe. Innsbruck, April
      1984, sponsored by the Council of Europe, the Society of Nuclear Medicine Europe
      and the Medical Faculty of the University of Innsbruck.

PMID- 3996449
TI  - Liver visualization following 99mTc-MAA (99mTc-macroaggregated albumin) venogram
      indicating obstruction of the distal inferior vena cava.
AB  - Uniform visualization of the liver following the injection of 99mTc-MAA for lower
      limb venography and the appearance of activity in the paravertebral plexus are
      indicative of distal inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction.

PMID- 3996451
TI  - Quantitative analysis of left ventricular function from equilibrium gated blood
      pool scintigrams: an overview of computer methods.
AB  - An overview is presented on different techniques for data acquisition and
      analysis of technetium-99m gated blood pool scintigrams. The basic principles for
      semi- and fully automated boundary detection of the left ventricular activity
      structure in one or more frames and for the selection of the background region of
      interest are described. Methods for the computation of global and regional
      ejection fraction are discussed and comparative data from scintigraphic and
      contrast left ventricular angiography presented. Finally, an overview of
      commercially available state of the art computer programs for the computation of
      global and regional ejection fraction is presented.

PMID- 3996452
TI  - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and hypoparathyroidism.
AB  - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) occurred in 3 unrelated children
      affected with different genetic forms of hypoparathyroidism (HPT). Clinical or
      laboratory evidence of an immunological deficit before SSPE onset was ascertained
      in cases 1 and 3. At the onset of SSPE, all cases showed signs of increased
      central nervous system (CNS) excitability due to poorly regulated blood calcium
      levels, and cases 1 and 2 had papilledema. Epidemiological evaluation suggests
      that the association of SSPE and HPT is not accidental. In HPT, both a subtle
      immunological deficit and CNS involvement may be predisposing factors of SSPE.

PMID- 3996453
TI  - Classic migraine--clinical findings in 164 patients.
AB  - Clinically the presence or absence of prodromes has always been regarded as the
      only distinctive feature differentiating classic migraine from common migraine.
      As a preliminary step for identifying any other distinctive clinical features
      peculiar to these two conditions, we thought it useful to review the clinical
      picture of classic migraine by investigating 164 patients (113 females and 51
      males) aged 7-75 years. The prodromal phase consisted of scintillating scotomas
      (with hemianopic distribution in over half of the cases) in 79.3%, of
      paraesthesias mostly with cheiro-oral distribution in 29.9%, and of aphasic
      disturbances in 17.1%. When several neurological symptoms were present in the
      prodromal phase, their occurrence followed a regular sequence in time. The
      prodromes lasted less than 30 min in 75.6% of the cases. Only in about half the
      patients was pain contralateral to the peripheral location of the prodrome. The
      headache was generally not severe and short lived.

PMID- 3996454
TI  - Multicore disease and Marfan's syndrome: a case report.
AB  - A 16-year-old girl with a generalized nonprogressive motor weakness and clinical
      signs of Marfan's syndrome is reported. A minicore disease was diagnosed after
      muscle biopsy. The association of Marfan's syndrome with muscular dystrophies is
      discussed.

PMID- 3996455
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenic disorders.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow was measured using a 133Xe inhalation technique in
      16 schizophrenic patients and 20 healthy volunteers. The bilateral frontal blood
      flows in the patient groups were significantly lower than in the control group.
      In addition, the patient group having auditory hallucination showed a
      significantly increased blood flow predominantly in the left temporal region. On
      the other hand, the patient group without auditory hallucination showed a
      slightly increased flow in the right temporal region. These findings indicate
      that there are a hypofrontal activity and also a hypertemporoparietal activity in
      schizophrenics.

PMID- 3996456
TI  - Saccadic eye movement disorder in cephalic tetanus.
AB  - A 64-year-old woman presented with complaints about facial spasms, difficulty in
      opening her mouth and intermittent short episodes of horizontal diplopia. The
      diagnosis of a purely cephalic tetanus was made. While her eye movements appeared
      normal on clinical examination, infrared reflection oculography revealed a
      saccadic abnormality which could explain her diplopia. In view of today's
      pathophysiological concepts on tetanus an attempt is made to explain the eye
      movement disorder by disturbed inhibitory mechanisms in the brainstem.

PMID- 3996457
TI  - Monitoring of antifibrinolytic treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - 21 patients (aged 28-81 years) with recent subarachnoid hemorrhage (10 saccular
      aneurysms, 3 arteriovenous angiomas, 8 normal angiograms) were continuously
      infused with tranexamic acid at a dosage of 5 g daily for up to 14 days. Therapy
      was surveyed by daily measurement of the available plasminogen activity (aPl)
      with the chromogenic substrate S-2251 and by a modified bioassay, whereby the
      concentration of tranexamic acid was determined thrombelastographically and
      expressed as antifibrinolytic equivalent. In addition, a battery of blood
      coagulation tests was performed daily. 5 patients died, 1 after postoperative
      stroke, 3 as a result of general complications during intensive care treatment,
      but only 1 due to rebleeding. 4 patients were successfully operated during the
      first week, 1 patient after 2 weeks. aPl fell from 99.2% (SEM 3.0%, n = 21)
      before treatment to 72.9% (SEM 3.5%, n = 21) after 24 h and to the therapeutic
      level between 50 and 60% from day 2 on. The mean steady state of the
      antifibrinolytic equivalent corresponded to about 150 micrograms/ml of tranexamic
      acid during infusion. Intra- and interindividual changes were relatively small
      for aPl, when compared with the antifibrinolytic equivalent measured by the
      bioassay. In 2 elderly patients tranexamic acid infusion had to be terminated
      because of clinical and laboratory signs of disseminated intravascular
      coagulation, whereby aPl fell below the therapeutic range, elucidating that this
      method is a sensitive indicator for a hypercoagulable state and useful for the
      surveillance of therapy with antifibrinoltic agents.

PMID- 3996458
TI  - Pure motor hemiparesis due to hypertensive putaminal haemorrhage.
AB  - A hypertensive woman presenting as pure motor hemiparesis with rapid and complete
      recovery from the neurological deficit is described. The probable aetiology was
      primary hypertensive putaminal haemorrhage, as revealed by CT scan. This rare
      presentation has been described only once earlier and emphasizes the value of CT
      scanning as a tool for diagnosis of such cases.

PMID- 3996459
TI  - Case of dementia and myoclonia in an adult associated with anomalies in
      polyunsaturated fatty acids in leukocytes and peripheral nerve. An
      ultrastructural study of peripheral nerve.
AB  - We report a case of a 66-year-old patient presenting with abnormal movements and
      associated dementia. Death occurred 4 years after the onset of symptoms. In spite
      of the lack of autopsy results, the picture was one of late onset neuronal ceroid
      lipofuscinosis (Kufs' disease). Ultrastructural study of a peripheral nerve
      biopsy sample indicated a process of demyelination associated with unusual
      inclusions in Schwann cell cytoplasm. Biochemical analysis of the same sample and
      leukocytes showed considerable alterations in polyunsaturated fatty acid levels.
      These findings are discussed in the light of work on cases of infantile neuronal
      ceroid lipofuscinosis.

PMID- 3996460
TI  - Hepatic blood flow in rats with portal branch ligation.
AB  - Hepatic arterial blood flow (HABF) in the liver lobes and splanchnic nonhepatic
      arterial blood flow were measured in rats with and without right portal branch
      ligation for 1 month using 57Co microspheres. Portal branch ligation led to 60%
      atrophy of the ligated lobe and to hypertrophy of the nonligated lobe. In
      nonligated lobes of the portal branch ligation model and in the lobes of
      controls, HABF expressed per gram liver was comparable. In both models splanchnic
      non-HABF was also comparable. In the atrophic lobe, HABF remained constant;
      expressed per gram liver, it increased. In this lobe the net result was a
      significant decrease in total hepatic blood flow (ml/min/g liver).

PMID- 3996461
TI  - Low-dose heparin in experimental peritonitis.
AB  - The aim of this investigation was to study the beneficial role of low-dose
      heparin in peritonitis. Peritonitis was induced in 20 dogs by the technique of
      Rosato and co-authors, 10 of which received low-dose heparin subcutaneously for 5
      days in a dose of 100 units/kg body weight. Decreased mortality as well as
      decrease in the formation of intra-abdominal abscesses and adhesions were
      observed in the heparin-treated dogs. Some of the possible underlying mechanisms
      for beneficial effects of heparin in peritonitis are discussed.

PMID- 3996462
TI  - Collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis of injured gastrocnemius muscle in rat.
AB  - The synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in a partially ruptured
      gastrocnemius muscle were studied in 30 rats by giving a single 3H-labelled
      proline and 14C-labelled glucosamine injection intraperitoneally 2-21 days after
      a standard transverse contusion injury induced to the left calf of the animals.
      Both injured and contralateral uninjured gastrocnemius muscles were cut into four
      analogous 5-mm thick transverse pieces using the center of injury as a site for
      the middle incision in the injured muscle. The muscle slices were homogenized,
      dialyzed and then burned in a sample oxidizer which automatically divides the two
      radioisotopes into two different sample flasks. The radioactivities were measured
      using a liquid scintillation spectrometer. The content of glycosaminoglycans
      within the site of injury increased to a maximum 5 days after trauma, and
      decreased in amount thereafter. The uptake of 3H-proline indicating the synthesis
      of collagen was very low 5 days after trauma but increased to a maximum between
      the 10th and 14th day; more intensively in the proximal border of the injury than
      in the distal one. The uptake decreased again in amount 21 days after trauma.
      Burning of an in vivo radioactively labelled sample in a sample oxidizer provides
      a simple method in determination of the two radioactive isotopes as indicators of
      two main components of granulation and scar tissue.

PMID- 3996464
TI  - In vivo release of adrenal catecholamines in rats by fusaric acid.
AB  - We studied the effect of fusaric acid, an inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase
      (D beta H), on plasma and peripheral tissue catecholamine (CA) content and on
      urinary excretion of CA in the rat. We found that fusaric acid treatment resulted
      in a rapid decline of adrenal epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) and an
      increase of adrenal dopamine (DA); the kidney and heart NE and DA contents were
      affected in a pattern similar to that of the adrenals. In contrast, the E
      concentrations in the kidneys and heart were markedly elevated after a single
      intraperitoneal dose of fusaric acid (100 mg/kg); the maximum response was
      observed at 60 min, when kidney E increased from 9.3 +/- 4.4 to 101 +/- 24 pmol/g
      tissue and heart E in both atrium and ventricle rose from 92 +/- 8 to 607 +/- 85
      pmol/g tissue and from 70 +/- 4 to 632 +/- 50 pmol/g tissue, respectively. In
      addition, a large increase of CA (predominantly of E) was found in the plasma of
      treated rats, where E, NE and DA were 27, 6.6 and 2.7 times higher than control
      values, respectively. The excretions of urinary E and NE were also significantly
      elevated during treatment. Fusaric acid-treated bilaterally adrenalectomized rats
      did not exhibit any increase in plasma, heart and kidney E concentrations. The
      results suggest that fusaric acid stimulates adrenal CA release in vivo,
      resulting in large increases of the main adrenal CA, E in peripheral tissues,
      plasma and urine. The decline in the adrenal E content is thus not only due to
      its decreased synthesis but also increased release.

PMID- 3996463
TI  - Mycoplasma infection of cell lines can simulate the expression of Fc receptors by
      binding of the carbohydrate moiety of antibodies.
AB  - During the production of Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing hybridomas it was observed
      with a particular monoclonal anti-sheep red blood cell antibody (anti-SRBC 1/5,
      IgG1) that the contamination with Mycoplasma arginini of in vitro cultured cell
      lines leads to an apparent FcR activity. This property did not correspond with
      the serological typing since other antibodies of the same isotype could not
      support FcR rosette formation. Another mycoplasma strain M. orale lacked this
      property. Analysis of the binding reaction revealed that M. arginini contains a
      lectin which binds the carbohydrate moiety of the anti-SRBC 1/5 antibody, i.e.
      anti-SRBC 1/5 synthesized under the influence of tunicamycin or deglycosylated by
      NaIO4 oxidation did not support rosette formation. These data suggest that
      binding of antibodies to certain mycoplasma strains may be a pathogenic factor
      during mycoplasma infections by masking the microorganisms with the host's own
      defense molecules. The experiments with M. arginini-infected cell lines gain
      immunological importance since we obtained identical results with staphylococcal
      protein A, as another bacteriological FcR, and cell lines expressing intrinsic
      membrane FcR. Although it is an open question whether the glycoconjugates are
      directly bound by the FcR or else by influencing the three-dimensional structure
      of the antibodies, it seems possible that FcR in general may be lectins.

PMID- 3996465
TI  - Attenuation of the baroreceptor reflex by general anesthetic agents in the
      normotensive rat.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of urethane, a urethane + allobarbital mixture,
      alpha-chloralose and sodium pentobarbital on baroreceptor reflex function in the
      normotensive rat. Results were compared to those obtained in the conscious rat.
      Baroreceptor reflex function was evaluated from the fall in heart rate which
      accompanied the rise in diastolic arterial pressure following intravenous
      administration of phenylephrine. All four anesthetic agents attenuated reflex
      function as shown by a decrease in the bradycardiac response. There was a four to
      five-fold attenuation with urethane and urethane + allobarbital and a two- to
      three-fold attenuation with alpha-chloralose and sodium pentobarbital.

PMID- 3996466
TI  - Clonidine can lower blood pressure by inhibiting vasopressin release.
AB  - The effect of clonidine on vasopressin release was studied in chloralose
      anesthetized rats which were made hypertensive by bilateral electrolytic lesions
      of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). NTS lesions elevated arterial pressure
      and plasma vasopressin levels, and both of these variable were returned toward
      baseline values by intravenous injection of clonidine (30 micrograms/kg).
      Furthermore, the ability of a vasopressin antagonist to lower arterial pressure
      in NTS hypertensive rats was markedly attenuated by clonidine treatment. In
      contrast, autonomic blockade (chlorisondamine, 2.5 mg/kg) in NTS lesioned rats
      did not reduce plasma vasopressin levels or the effect of the vasopressin
      antagonist on blood pressure. These data demonstrate that part of the
      antihypertensive effect of clonidine in NTS hypertensive rats is due to
      inhibition of vasopressin release into the circulation.

PMID- 3996468
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment on methadone analgesia and
      metabolism.
AB  - Morphine sulfate (5 mg/kg s.c.) given 30 min prior to administration of methadone
      prolonged methadone analgesia and increased the brain level of methadone measured
      60, 120 and 180 min after administration of methadone. Rats rendered tolerant to
      morphine analgesia by subcutaneous implantation of two pellets, each containing
      75 mg of morphine base, for 1-3 days showed cross-tolerance to methadone
      analgesia regardless of the presence or absence of morphine pellets. Decreases in
      the brain concentrations of methadone measured at 60 and 120 min time points
      accompanied the decreased analgesia. Neither acute nor chronic morphine
      pretreatment affects the biotransformation of methadone. The results suggest that
      the cross-tolerance to methadone analgesia seen in chronic morphine-implanted
      rats was partly associated with a decrease in the brain concentration of
      methadone occurring by a mechanism not directly related to a change in the
      biotransformation of methadone. In view of the known inhibitory effect of chronic
      morphine pretreatment on drug metabolism, our findings might demonstrate a unique
      phenomenon between morphine and methadone.

PMID- 3996467
TI  - Acute and chronic phencyclidine administration changes serotonin receptors in rat
      brain.

PMID- 3996469
TI  - The cardiovascular effects of centrally and peripherally administered indoramin
      in conscious rats.
AB  - Indoramin has centrally mediated hypotensive effects in anesthetized animals. In
      the present study, the cardiovascular effect of central and peripheral indoramin
      was determined in conscious, freely moving rats. Animals were instrumented with
      femoral arterial and venous catheters and miniaturized pulsed-Doppler flow probes
      were placed on the superior mesenteric and renal arteries and lower abdominal
      aorta. Injection of indoramin (25-100 micrograms) in the lateral cerebroventricle
      produced an immediate (1.5 min) increase in arterial pressure which was
      accompanied by vasoconstriction in all three vascular beds. By 10 min all values
      had returned to control except for heart rate which was decreased. Vehicle alone
      or intravenous indoramin (100 micrograms) had no effect. In baroreceptor
      denervated rats smaller effects were seen. Intravenous indoramin (3.0-13.5 mg/kg)
      produced dose-related decreases in arterial pressure, heart rate, and hindquarter
      vascular resistance. The 13.5 mg/kg dose blocked to a similar degree the
      cardiovascular effect produced by intravenous norepinephrine or stimulation of
      the paraventricular nucleus. These data suggest that indoramin is an effective
      peripheral alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist but does not appear to be
      centrally active as a hypotensive agent.

PMID- 3996471
TI  - Effects of zinc acexamate on gastric mucosal resistance factors.
AB  - The effects of zinc acexamate on gastric defensive systems were evaluated in the
      rat. Gastric ulcers induced by oral administration of three necrotic agents (0.6
      N HCl, 25% NaCl, 100% ethanol) were markedly reduced by different pretreatments
      with zinc acexamate. This cytoprotective effect was not modified by previous
      treatment with indomethacin (30 mg/kg orally). Zinc acexamate pretreatment also
      prevents the disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier induced by aspirin (40 mM)
      and increases mucus production in the gastric glands and tracheal walls. These
      observations suggest that the antiulcer effects described for zinc salts could be
      the result, at least partly, of an action increasing gastric mucosal defensive
      systems.

PMID- 3996470
TI  - Physostigmine effects on serotonin uptake in human blood platelets.
AB  - Platelet serotonin (5HT) uptake was measured in 18 subjects administered
      physostigmine salicylate in a double-blind, placebo crossover design. In
      comparison to placebo, the drug caused a significant transient depression in
      mood, as measured by self- and observer-rated depression scores. In addition,
      physostigmine significantly increased platelet counts while independently
      decreasing the maximum velocity (Vmax) of platelet serotonin uptake.
      Physostigmine administration did not significantly affect the affinity constant
      (Km) for platelet serotonin uptake. The data are interpreted as being consistent
      with the postulate that platelet serotonin uptake may be decreased in depressed
      patients via cholinergic mechanisms.

PMID- 3996472
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) in
      guinea-pig papillary muscles.
AB  - The effects of PAF-acether (10(-11) to 10(-7) M) were studied on the electrical
      and mechanical activity of guinea-pig papillary muscles. At 10(-11) M PAF-acether
      did not modify the amplitude and Vmax of the upstroke or the resting membrane
      potential. At higher concentrations PAF-acether produced a dose-dependent
      increase in the amplitude and Vmax of the upstroke, shortened the action
      potential duration and hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential. These
      effects were accompanied by a biphasic effect on ventricular contractile force.
      The shortening of the APD was inhibited in muscles pretreated with
      tetraethylammonium or verapamil. In papillary muscles depolarized by 27 mM K
      Tyrode solution PAF-acether induced slow action potentials which were blocked by
      verapamil. PAF-acether produced a dose-dependent increase in amplitude and Vmax
      of the upstroke on the slow action potentials elicited by isoproterenol,
      prolonged the action potential duration and hyperpolarized the resting membrane
      potential. These results suggest that in guinea-pig papillary muscles PAF-acether
      increased Ca influx via the slow inward current.

PMID- 3996474
TI  - Gallamine binding to heart M2 cholinergic receptors does not antagonize
      cholinergic inhibition of adenylate cyclase in isolated plasma membrane.

PMID- 3996473
TI  - Is platelet activating factor (PAF) a mediator of endotoxin shock?
AB  - To determine whether endogenous PAF contributes to the pathogenesis of endotoxin
      shock, CV-3988, a specific PAF antagonist, was injected i.v. to rats before,
      simultaneously with or after endotoxin. CV-3988 (5 mg/kg i.v.) injected 5 min
      before the endotoxin completely inhibited endotoxin (15 mg/kg i.v.)-induced
      hypotension, and CV-3988 (0.05-1 mg/kg i.v.) injected 7-10 min after the
      endotoxin rapidly reversed endotoxin-induced hypotension. A combination of CV
      3988 (10 mg/kg) with endotoxin (5 mg/kg) administered i.v. improved the survival
      rate for 20 h or more. CV-3988 (0.05-1 mg/kg i.v.) rapidly reversed the PAF (1
      microgram/kg i.v.)-induced hypotension. These findings strongly suggest that
      endogenous PAF may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock.

PMID- 3996475
TI  - Honeycomb structure of the apical surface of thyroid epithelium during involution
      of the hyperplastic thyroid gland.
AB  - A heretofore undescribed feature consisting of closely packed pits 0.5-1 micron
      in diameter was observed on the apical surface of thyroid epithelial cells. The
      walls of the pits were generally smooth, except at the base where there was a
      high incidence of irregularities looking like sites of recent fusion of apical
      vesicles with the pits. The matrix of the partition between pits was similar to
      the matrix of pseudopods in these cells in being free of membrane-bounded
      organelles and containing a low concentration of ribosomes. The pits were
      observed early in the involution of the hyperplastic gland, most prominently
      between 14 h and 8 days of involution. This is a time when thyroglobulin is
      accumulating in follicular lumens and the apical end of the epithelial cells
      usually contains a high concentration of apical vesicles ordinarily considered to
      be exocytic in character. It is important to recognize the existence of this
      feature to avoid confusing profiles of it with structures involved in
      macropinocytosis.

PMID- 3996476
TI  - A membrane glycoprotein involved in teratocarcinoma cell adhesion to substratum.
AB  - An antiserum was raised against glycoproteins isolated from teratocarcinoma
      OTT6050 by affinity chromatography on Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1). The
      antiserum inhibited attachment and spreading of the teratocarcinoma cells on
      plastic tissue culture plates. Embryonal carcinoma cells (F9 and N4-1) and PYS-2
      parietal endodermal cells were also affected. The antiserum was also effective in
      preventing adhesion of trophoblasts to substratum. Furthermore, the antiserum
      caused rounding and detachment of the cells previously spread on the substrates,
      and the process could be reversed by removing the antiserum. Fab fragments
      isolated from the antiserum also inhibited cell-substratum adhesion, but not cell
      cell adhesion, indicating that the factor involved is specific for cell
      substratum adhesion. The antiserum inhibited adhesion of F9 and PYS-2 cells not
      only to plastic dishes but also to those coated with plasma fibronectin, laminin,
      and plant lectins such as concanavalin A (conA). Therefore, it is likely that the
      antiserum inhibited cell-substratum adhesion by blocking the function of an
      intrinsic component of cell-substratum adhesion rather than interfering with
      specific receptors for fibronectin or laminin. The glycoprotein with the antibody
      blocking activity was partially purified from particulate fraction of
      teratocarcinoma OTT6050 by extraction with Triton X-100 and affinity
      chromatography on RCA-1-agarose and conA-agarose Upon Western blot analysis of
      the glycoprotein preparation, the antibody reacted only with a glycoprotein of
      the apparent molecular weight (MW), 125 000 (GP-125). An antibody preparation was
      isolated by affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B coupled with the glycoprotein
      fraction and was shown to have all of the activities described above. Molecules
      resembling GP-125 could be also isolated from cultured F9 and PYS-2 cells by
      solubilization with Triton X-100 and indirect immunoprecipitation.

PMID- 3996477
TI  - Deciliation interferes with cell-cycle progression in Tetrahymena.
AB  - The impact of ciliary regeneration upon cell-cycle progression of the ciliate
      Tetrahymena was studied. It was found that cell division ceases during ciliary
      regeneration, and starts again about 4 h after deciliation. Deciliation of an
      asynchronously multiplying culture results in a rapid interruption of DNA
      synthesis, followed by resumption 1 h later. This was shown by pulse-labelling
      the cells with [3H]thymidine at various times after deciliation. Cytophotometric
      determinations of the macronuclear DNA content substantiated these observations,
      since the average DNA content per cell remained constant within the first hour of
      regeneration, confirming the labelling experiments, after which it rose. At its
      maximum, the average DNA content was more than doubled as compared with the
      beginning of the experiment. This indicates that a substantial proportion of the
      regenerating cells performed two rounds of DNA replication prior to cell
      division. The massive drop in the average DNA content during the fifth hour after
      deciliation indicates that the culture becomes partly synchronized for cell
      division by the deciliation procedure. The division synchrony results from a
      greater delay of the next cell division when G2 cells are deciliated than occurs
      in G1 cells. This was shown by deciliating cultures of Tetrahymena thermophila
      cells in the respective stages of the cell cycle, which had been partly
      synchronized by elutriator centrifugation. Thus, deciliation followed by ciliary
      regeneration causes a varying degree of retardation in progression through the
      cell cycle, being greatest for G2 cells and least for G1 cells.

PMID- 3996478
TI  - Effect of the antitubulin drug nocodazole on meiosis and postmeiotic development
      in Tetrahymena thermophila. Induction of achiasmatic meiosis.
AB  - Nocodazole (ND), a potent antitubulin drug, can be used to dissect the steps of
      meiosis in Tetrahymena, presumably by interfering with the assembly of
      microtubules. Its effects depend upon the time during conjugation at which the
      drug is applied. When applied prior to the elongation of the micronucleus into
      the characteristic 'crescent' configuration, no crescent is formed and the
      chromosomes of prepachytene and pachytene condense into spherical nuclei. If ND
      is applied after micronuclear elongation has begun, but before it is fully
      elongated, the chromosomes fail to synapse and appear in metaphase I as unpaired
      monovalents. In contrast, the metaphase I chromosomes appear as bivalents when ND
      is applied later, during or after the crescent has reached its maximum
      elongation. Still later, application of ND inhibits chromosome movements during
      anaphase and telophase of either meiotic division, but does not prevent
      separation of kinetochores. In some of the blocked restitutive nuclei an
      additional round of chromosome replication occurs, corresponding to the third
      pregamic division in normal conjugation. The hyperploid micronuclei produced by
      such treatment may be useful in certain genetic manipulations and in studying the
      regulation of nuclear DNA content.

PMID- 3996480
TI  - Differential sensitivity of metaphase to diamide and ouabain in HeLa cells.
AB  - We have examined the effects of diamide, an oxidizer of glutathione, on the
      progress of HeLa cells through the cell cycle. At concentrations which do not
      significantly alter generation time, anaphase or cytokinesis, diamide causes a
      two-fold increase in the duration of metaphase. At 3 X 10(-8) M, ouabain also
      prolongs metaphase without effect on anaphase or cytokinesis, though with a
      different time course. The data suggest that the metaphase stage of mitosis is
      particularly sensitive to alterations in both sulfhydryl groups and Na+ levels
      but that the effects of diamide are probably not primarily due to the oxidation
      of sulfhydryl groups of the Na+/K+-ATPase.

PMID- 3996479
TI  - Participation of lysosomes in basal proteolysis in perfused rat liver.
      Discrepancy between leupeptin-induced lysosomal enlargement and inhibition of
      proteolysis.
AB  - Livers of non-starved rats were perfused cyclically for 2 h in the presence of
      either 4 x the normal concentration of amino acids (known to suppress proteolysis
      to basal level), or the same medium together with leupeptin (an inhibitor of
      cathepsin B, H and L). Stereologic analysis revealed that the drug elicited a
      linear increase in the fractional cytoplasmic volume of the hepatocytic
      autophagic vacuolar compartment amounting to 1.34%/h. Measurements of proteolysis
      under the same experimental conditions showed that addition of leupeptin to the
      perfusate reduced proteolysis from 1.74%/h to 1.34%/h, i.e. an inhibition of
      21.6% was observed. Thus, although proteolysis was only little inhibited by
      leupeptin, cytoplasm was sequestered at a rate that almost fully accounted for
      overall protein breakdown during basal state. The reasons for this discrepancy,
      such as subtotal inhibition of proteinases, increase of lysosomal contents and
      compensatory increased non-lysosomal degradation are discussed.

PMID- 3996481
TI  - In vitro proliferation and terminal differentiation of quail neural crest cells
      in a defined culture medium.
AB  - We report the formulation of a culture medium, medium MCDB202-21, that supports
      the in vitro proliferation of quail neural crest cells and their differentiation
      into melanocytes and adrenergic neuroblasts in the complete absence of serum and
      chick embryo extract. McKeehan & Ham's medium MCDB 202 was supplemented with
      hormones, stimulators of metabolism, vitamins, trophic factors, transport
      molecules, and small molecular nutrients.

PMID- 3996482
TI  - Initiated complexes of RNA polymerase II are concentrated in the nuclear skeleton
      associated DNA.
AB  - Several preparations of nuclear matrices containing varying amounts of DNA were
      obtained from mouse plasmocytoma P3-X63-Ag8.653 cells and tested for the presence
      of RNA polymerase II activity. It has been demonstrated that about 25% of RNA
      polymerase II activity detected in the original nuclei can be recovered in
      isolated nuclear matrices. Only DNA-bound RNA polymerase II was found in the
      isolated matrices, while both free and DNA-bound RNA polymerase II activities
      were detected in the original nuclei. RNA polymerase II activity found in the
      isolated matrices did not depend on the portion of DNA recovered in the nuclear
      matrices in a large interval between 91 and 1.5% of DNA content in the original
      nuclei. The conclusion has been drawn that initiated RNA polymerase II molecules
      are non-randomly distributed along DNA loops. They are concentrated near the
      points of DNA attachment to the nuclear skeleton.

PMID- 3996483
TI  - Presence or absence of a G1 period in the cell cycle and growth control in a
      Chinese hamster cell line.
AB  - Cells of the V79-8 line grow with little or no G1 period. Serum or isoleucine
      deprivation results in cell death rather than entry into quiescence. Introduction
      of a G1 period of 4-5 h by treatment with a mutagen is not sufficient to re
      establish the ability to enter quiescence. The experiments described here show
      that introducing a G1 period by mutation that lowers the rate of protein
      synthesis does not restore to the cell any competence to arrest in G1 and enter a
      state of quiescence.

PMID- 3996484
TI  - Modes of endocytosis of latex particles in sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer
      cells of normal and perfused rat liver.
AB  - The endocytosis of latex particles (0.33, 0.46 and 0.80 micron in diameter) in
      the sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells of the rat liver was studied
      electron microscopically. When the liver was perfused with serum-free oxygenated
      Krebs Ringer bicarbonate, latex particles of all three sizes were taken up by the
      endothelial cells. After a 10-min perfusion, particles were incorporated by the
      luminal cell surface of the perikarya or of the thick portion of the endothelial
      cells. A large patch of bristle coat was surrounding the ingested particle. The
      number of ingested particles in the endothelial cells, however, was much less
      than in the Kupffer cells. In in vivo experiments, no endocytosis of the latex
      particles was observed in the endothelial cells. In the Kupffer cells, particles
      were engulfed by the ruffled membranes or sank into the cytoplasm without a large
      patch of the bristle coat both in the perfusion system and in vivo. These
      observations show that at least 0.80 micron latex particles are taken up by the
      bristle-coated membranes in the sinusoidal endothelial cells of the perfused
      liver. The endocytic mechanism for latex particles in the endothelial cells is
      different from that of the Kupffer cells.

PMID- 3996485
TI  - Rapid in vivo quantification and comparison of hydroperoxides and oxidized
      collagen in aging mice, rabbits and man.
AB  - A new method is described for the measurement of hydroperoxides and oxidized
      collagen in epidermal skin of mice, rabbits and man using reflective, near
      infrared spectroscopy. Slight decreases in levels of hydroperoxides and oxidized
      collagen occur during the non-senescent phase of life. On the other hand,
      dramatic increases are experienced during the senescent phase. These increases
      are smallest in man, who has the most efficient defence system against peroxides
      and other active oxygens. Preliminary clinical work suggests that significantly
      reduced levels of hydroperoxides and oxidized collagen can be obtained with
      antioxidant diet-supplementation in middle-aged mice (approximately 90%,
      approximately 34%) and man (approximately 19%), respectively.

PMID- 3996487
TI  - Effect of age and myocardial infarction on serum and heart lactic dehydrogenase.
AB  - The effect of isoproterenol (ISO) on the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
      in the serum and heart was investigated in rats belonging to four different age
      groups. Serum LDH activity increased in all the ages as a result of ISO
      injection, however, the magnitude and response varied with age. Younger animals
      were able to recover from the toxicity of ISO much quicker compared to the older
      ones. An elevation in the LDH enzyme activity in the serum correlated with a
      decrease in the activity of cardiac muscle LDH in all the age groups of
      isoproterenol-treated rats.

PMID- 3996486
TI  - Nitrogen balance studies in aging rats.
AB  - Nitrogen balance studies were conducted to compare the protein requirements of
      aged (24-month-old) and mature (12-month-old) rats for possible age-related
      differences. Four diets with protein supplied as amino acid mixtures simulating
      casein protein at 4.5%, 4.5% plus 1.5% indispensable amino acids of casein, 4.5%
      plus 1.5% dispensable amino acids of casein or 6.0% casein protein were offered
      for one week each during a four-week counter-balanced dietary sequence. Lower
      food and nitrogen intake of aged rats resulted in a lower mean nitrogen balance
      compared to that of the mature animals. Calculations of the level of N intake
      necessary to provide for N equilibrium in the aged rats indicated an apparent
      increase in the actual net need for nitrogen and indispensable amino acids when
      compared with the needs of the mature animals.

PMID- 3996488
TI  - Age-related changes of activity of acid phosphatase in PHA-stimulated
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 70-year-old individuals as well as spleen cells
      of 18-month-old Balb/c mice were characterized by diminished activity of acid
      phosphatase in relation to the activity of that enzyme in cells from young
      subjects. Simultaneously performed histochemical tests revealed that aging
      process in both species examined was accompanied by a reduction of the number of
      cells, disclosing the activity of acid phosphatase. Age-related differences with
      regard to the level of acid phosphatase became more pronounced after stimulation
      of cells with PHA. The decrease of acid phosphatase activity during aging is
      discussed in relation to the function of lymphocytes.

PMID- 3996489
TI  - Amphotericin-B and monensin potentiation of murine erythropoiesis in vitro: a
      possible role for sodium ions.
AB  - To study the role of monovalent cation flux in erythropoiesis we cultured mouse
      bone marrow cells with amphotericin B (AmB), monensin, valinomycin, or
      Etruscomycin. At low doses the polyene antibiotic AmB has been shown to increase
      cell permeability to Na+ and K+ and we found that it potentiated erythropoietin
      (epo)-stimulated erythroid-colony (CFU-E) and burst (BFU-E) growth at
      concentrations ranging from 0.5-1.0 micrograms/ml. Monensin, a sodium-specific
      ionophore, potentiated epo-stimulated erythroid growth at concentrations of 1-30
      nM. On the other hand, a potassium-specific ionophore, valinomycin, did not cause
      potentiation, but rather suppressed epo-dependent colony formation. Etruscomycin,
      another polyene, but one which in mammalian cells increases ion permeability only
      at toxic concentrations, was also suppressive. Potentiating concentrations of AmB
      and monensin increased the sensitivity of CFU-E and BFU-E to epo and at
      saturating epo levels increased the numbers of erythroid colonies and bursts by
      about 40%. Neither AmB nor monensin stimulated erythroid growth in the absence of
      epo. We found a 20-fold difference in the AmB concentrations comprising the
      maximally potentiating dose in C57BL/6 and AKR marrow cultures. This is
      consistent with observed differences between these two mouse strains with regard
      to other effects of AmB on them, including the immunoadjuvant properties of AmB.
      Our results showing potentiation due to sodium ion flux may be related to
      previous work showing potentiation of erythroid differentiation caused by calcium
      ion flux, since sodium ion movement may directly affect the intracellular calcium
      ion concentration.

PMID- 3996491
TI  - Adherent stem cells: frequency in mouse marrow and terminal clone sizes in long
      term culture.
AB  - Adherent stem cells (ASC) are hematopoietic stem cells of the mouse bone marrow
      that are equivalent to CFU-S in pluripotency (they produce CFU-S) and
      proliferative ability (they go through up to 25 doublings). They can be assayed
      in vitro by a limiting dilution overlay technique in which stromal bone marrow
      long-term cultures serve as underlayers. In this article we estimate the
      occurrence rates of ASC in fresh and adherent bone marrow cells and report the
      distribution of population doublings estimated for 152 ASC clones.

PMID- 3996490
TI  - Cell kinetics of GM-CFC in the steady state.
AB  - The kinetics of cell turnover for myeloid/monocyte cells that form colonies in
      agar (GM-CFC) were measured through the progressive increase in their sensitivity
      to 313-nm light during a period of cell labeling with BrdCyd. Two components of
      cell killing with distinctly separate labeling kinetics revealed both the
      presence of two generations within the GM-CFC compartment and the properties of
      the kinetics of the precursors of the GM-CFC. These precursors of the GM-CFC were
      not assayable in a routine GM-CFC assay when pregnant mouse uterus extract and
      mouse L-cell-conditioned medium were used to stimulate colony formation but were
      revealed by the labeling kinetics of the assayable GM-CFC. Further, these
      precursor cells appeared to enter the assayable GM-CFC population from a
      noncycling state. This was evidenced by the failure of the majority of these
      cells to incorporate BrdCyd during five days of infusion. The half-time for cell
      turnover within this precursor compartment was measured to be approximately 5.5
      days. Further, these normally noncycling cells proliferated rapidly in response
      to endotoxin. High-proliferative-potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) were
      tested as a candidate for this precursor population. The results of the
      determination of the kinetics for these cells showed that the HPP-CFC exist
      largely in a Go state, existing at an average rate of once every four days. The
      slow turnover time for these cells and their response to endotoxin challenge are
      consistent with a close relationship between the HPP-CFC and the Go pool of cells
      that is the direct precursor of the GM-CFC.

PMID- 3996492
TI  - Enrichment of myeloid progenitor cells from normal human bone marrow using an
      immune-rosette technique.
AB  - In this study we have developed methods for purification of myeloid progenitor
      cells (CFU-Cs) from normal human bone marrow cells. Bone marrow aspirates were
      obtained from volunteers, and mononuclear cells (MNCs) were separated by Ficoll
      Hypaque gradient centrifugation. T- and B-lymphocytes, monocytes, mature
      granulocytes, and erythroid precursors were eliminated by an immune-rosette
      technique using a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulin (Ig)
      coated sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). MNCs were treated with OKT3, B1, M3, Mo5,
      and EP1 monoclonal antibodies, which are reactive with T cells, B cells,
      monocytes, granulocytes, and erythroid precursors, respectively. Antibody-treated
      MNCs were incubated with SRBCs that had been coated with goat antirabbit IgG
      F(ab')2 and rabbit antimouse Ig for immune rosetting. Rosetted cells were then
      separated from nonrosetted cells in Ficoll-Hypaque. Nonrosetted cells were, in
      the second step, treated with an OKIa1 monoclonal antibody and again separated
      into an Ia+ and Ia- cell fraction by the same manner; 39% +/- 19.2% (mean +/- 1
      SD, range 16.3%-75.4%) of CFU-Cs (colonies plus clusters) were recovered in the
      OKT3-, B1-, M3-, Mo5-, EP1- cell fraction, and the number of CFU-Cs grown in
      semisolid agar was 149.6 +/- 73.0 (64.0-309.0)/10(4) plated cells in this
      purified fraction, representing an enrichment of 14.2 +/- 6.4 (6.0-27.3)-fold
      when compared with unseparated marrow cell fractions. CFU-Cs were enriched 17.7
      +/- 8.6 (6.1-28.3)-fold in the Ia+ cell fraction. These purified myeloid
      precursors would be of value for in-depth studies of the interactions between
      hematopoietic progenitor cells and regulatory factors that influence their
      proliferation and differentiation and also of drug metabolism and determinants of
      cytotoxicity.

PMID- 3996493
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against human hemopoietic cells and the separation of
      progenitor cells from bone marrow.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against myeloid cell surface antigens were selected
      according to their reactivity against normal human bone marrow cells. Each of the
      antibodies detected a different population of maturing bone marrow cells, but
      almost none of the progenitor cells assayed (seven-day GM-CFC, 14-day GM-CFC, CFU
      E, BFU-E). Myeloid cells, erythroid cells, and the majority of lymphocytes and
      monocytes were simultaneously depleted with the mixture of these three antibodies
      using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or panning for cell separation;
      14-day GM-CFC and BFU-E were enriched six- to 16-fold when negative cells were
      sorted. After a negative selection step using panning, BFU-E and 14-day GM-CFC
      were enriched four- to seven-fold and five- to 13-fold, respectively. Negative
      cells obtained after panning or cell sorting were also enriched in blast cells
      (24.4% and 27.2%, respectively) and depleted in maturing bone marrow cells, with
      the exception of variable numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells.
      FACS of negative cells using both forward light-scatter and perpendicular light
      scatter parameters resulted in a cell population that contained a majority of
      undifferentiated blasts and 5.5%-9.6% BFU-E and 14-day GM-CFC.

PMID- 3996494
TI  - Abnormal function and thromboxane release from platelets of dogs with cyclic
      hematopoiesis.
AB  - Investigation of platelet function in dogs with cyclic hematopoiesis (CH)
      revealed a platelet aggregation disorder. Collagen-induced aggregation of CH dog
      platelets was significantly abnormal, although normal aggregation in response to
      ADP was observed. Aggregation was particularly defective on days 2-4 and 14 of
      the 14-day neutrophil cycle that is typical of CH dogs. The lack of response to
      collagen suggested a defect in the arachidonic acid pathway of platelet
      metabolism, since platelet-generated thromboxane-B2 levels were about 30% (p less
      than 0.0005) of control values. Platelets from dogs heterozygous for CH
      demonstrated moderately depressed responses to collagen that were intermediate
      between the values found for platelets from CH dogs and platelets from normal,
      mixed-breed dogs. Not only does this work indicate a platelet defect in CH dogs,
      but this phenomenon may be useful as a genetic marker for identification of dogs
      heterozygous for the CH gene.

PMID- 3996496
TI  - Control of locomotion in marine mollusc Clione limacina. I. Efferent activity
      during actual and fictitious swimming.
AB  - The marine mollusc Clione limacina swims by making rhythmic movements (with a
      frequency of 1-5 Hz) of its two wings. Filming demonstrated that the wings
      perform oscillatory movements in the frontal plane of the animal. During both the
      upward and downward movements of the wing, its posterior edge lagged behind the
      anterior one, i.e. the wing plane was inclined in relation to the longitudinal
      axis of an animal. As a result of this inclination, the wing oscillations in the
      frontal plane produce a force directed forwards. In restrained animals with the
      body cavity opened (a whole-animal preparation), the wing position, electrical
      activity in the wing nerve and activity of two identified efferent neurons (1A
      and 2A) were recorded during locomotory wing movements. There were two bursts of
      activity in the wing nerve during the locomotory cycle, the first one
      corresponding to the excitation of efferent neurons controlling the wing
      elevation, and the second one, to the excitation of efferent neurons controlling
      the lowering of the wing. Neurons 1A and 2A fired reciprocally at the beginning
      of the phase of elevating and lowering the wing, respectively. During excitation
      of one of the neurons, an IPSP appeared in its antagonist. A pair of isolated
      pedal ganglia of Clione was capable of generating the locomotory rhythm
      ("fictitious swimming"). In fictitious swimming, as in actual swimming, there
      were two bursts of activity in the wing nerve per locomotory cycle, and the 1A
      and 2A neurons fired reciprocally. Homologous neurons from the left and right
      ganglia fired inphase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996495
TI  - The distribution and topographical organization in the thalamus of anterogradely
      transported horseradish peroxidase after spinal injections in cat and raccoon.
AB  - The distribution of anterogradely-transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was
      examined in the rostral mesencephalon and thalamus of cats and raccoons that had
      received injections of HRP in the cervical and/or lumbosacral enlargements of the
      spinal cord. Labeling was consistently observed in a large number of loci. All
      regions previously identified as targets of spinomesencephalic or spinothalamic
      fibers were included. Evidence of topographical organization was obtained in
      several regions. Adjacent fields of labeling were often separable on the basis of
      the distribution, appearance and topographical organization of the labeling.
      Subject to the methodological constraints imposed by the possibilities of
      transneuronal and/or collateral labeling, we conclude that a wide variety of loci
      in the thalamus receive direct spinal input. The organization of these
      projections suggests that each terminal region may be associated with different
      aspects of spinal cord function.

PMID- 3996497
TI  - Myoelectric response of the human triceps brachii to displacement-controlled
      oscillations of the forearm.
AB  - The dynamic relations between the surface myoelectric activity in tonically
      contracting triceps brachii and the forearm rotation (proportional to triceps
      stretch) were measured by imposing small, sinusoidal, displacement-controlled
      perturbations on the forearm position. Three normal, adult, male subjects
      participated in these experiments. The amplitude of the forearm rotation, the
      driving frequency, and the tonic contraction level were all carefully regulated.
      The mean rectified triceps EMG (the output) showed a strong harmonic at the
      driving frequency, and the frequency-response characteristics were computed
      directly by comparing the amplitude and phase of this harmonic to that of the
      forearm flexion angle (the input). The (electrical) reflex gain is defined as the
      amplitude ratio of output to input. The system response was measured from 2 to 18
      Hz, at two tonic contraction levels and two forearm rotation amplitudes, about a
      mean position of 90 degrees forearm flexion. The results show clearly that the
      system response is nonlinear: the reflex gain decreases with forearm rotation
      amplitude. (This gain also increases with tonic contraction level for
      sufficiently low values of the latter variable.) The measured frequency-response
      characteristics of the system can be modeled approximately as a second-order
      linear lead filter with a single time delay, followed by a saturating
      nonlinearity. Both model-independent estimates and least-squares model fitting,
      yielded values of the time delay of the order of 25 ms, suggesting that a
      segmental mechanism mediates reflex activity. Simplified calculations and limited
      measurements are presented to show that a nonlinear system of the type we have
      identified with constant displacement driving may appear linear under constant
      torque driving. Our directly-measured frequency-response characteristics differ
      from those reported by investigators employing random, rather than periodic,
      driving; possible reasons for these apparent discrepancies are discussed.

PMID- 3996498
TI  - A Golgi study of the periaqueductal gray matter in the cat. Neuronal types and
      their distribution.
AB  - In Golgi material, the neurons of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) of the cat
      have been classified into five types, according to the following criteria: number
      of dendrites per cell, characteristics of secondary arborization, frequency of
      spines and axon caliber. Type 1 cells, which are multipolar and rich in spines
      are the most frequent, and are probably intranuclear neurons. Type 4 cells have a
      short axon which ends in the PAG, but they differ from Type 1 in that their
      dendritic ramification is of a different type and there are few spines. Type 2
      and 3 neurons have a thick axon which runs outside the PAG, and dendrites rich in
      spines. Type 2 cells have more primary dendrites, while Type 3 neurons have
      dendrites which may spread outside the PAG. Type 5 cells have dendrites with few
      spines and no secondary ramification. Their thick and long axon projects outside
      the PAG. Type 2, 3 and 5 cells have been considered projective neurons. The
      various neuron types are present in every area of the PAG, although in the
      ventral region there is a predominance of Type 2 and 5 neurons, in the dorsal
      regions of Type 2 and 3 cells, and in lateral regions of Type 3 and 5 cells.
      Local intrinsic circuits have been observed in which both the interneurons and
      the projective, with early axonic collaterals, are involved. The prevalence of
      neurons to which an afferent role has been attributed (Type 2 and 3 cells)
      compared with efferent cells (Type 5), is in agreement with hodological studies
      which indicate that the PAG receives multiple and numerous afferents in
      comparison with the relatively scarce efferent fibers. These projections can be
      intensely and deeply elaborated and modulated by means of local intrinsic
      circuits.

PMID- 3996499
TI  - Corticostriate projections from area 6 in the raccoon.
AB  - Corticostriate projections from area 6 in the raccoon were studied using the
      autoradiographic tracing method. Following injections of tritiated amino acids
      into two different cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of area 6, widespread and dense
      anterograde label was found in both the ipsilateral and contralateral caudate
      nucleus and putamen. The densest label was located adjacent to the internal
      capsule in the lateral part of the head of the caudate nucleus. This bilateral
      projection pattern from area 6 to the caudate nucleus and putamen is consistent
      with the hypothesis that the neostriatum maintains a close anatomical and
      functional relationship with area 6.

PMID- 3996500
TI  - Supramedullary projections to the dorsal and ventral divisions of the paramedian
      reticular nucleus in the cat.
AB  - Injections of combined lectin-conjugated and unconjugated horseradish peroxidase
      were made in the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) divisions of the paramedian reticular
      nucleus (PRN), a precerebellar relay nucleus, of the cat. The origins of
      supramedullary afferent projections to the PRN were identified in the pons,
      midbrain and cerebral cortex using the transverse plane of section. The data
      indicate a segregation of input from a number of sites to the dPRN and vPRN. The
      interstitial nucleus of Cajal projects bilaterally to the dPRN and predominantly
      to the ipsilateral side. The vPRN receives only a unilateral projection from the
      ipsilateral nucleus of Cajal. Major afferent projections to the vPRN arise from
      the ipsilateral nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the intermediate layer of the
      contralateral superior colliculus. Neither of these sites projected to the dPRN.
      The raphe nuclei and medial reticular formation of the pons and midbrain
      contribute a moderate input to both divisions of the PRN. A moderate bilateral
      cerebral cortical projection arises from the first somatomotor area (SMI). The
      ventral coronal and anterior sigmoid gyri project mainly to the dPRN and vPRN
      respectively. Smaller afferent projections arise from the posterior sigmoid gyri
      and area 6 of Hassler and Muhs-Clement (1964) in the medial wall of the anterior
      sigmoid gyrus. Inputs from the accessory oculomotor nuclei, tectal regions and
      the first somatomotor cortex suggest a role in postural control for the PRN which
      may underlie its involvement in mediating orthostatic reflexes.

PMID- 3996502
TI  - Punctate chemical lesions of striate cortex in the macaque monkey: effect on
      visually guided saccades.
AB  - Chemical agents which reversibly or irreversibly disrupt neural processing offer
      several advantages over traditional techniques for behavioral studies of the
      central nervous system. In order to evaluate the utility of chemical agents for a
      behavioral analysis of visual cortical function in primates, we have tested the
      effects of muscimol and ibotenic acid on the function of striate cortex in awake,
      behaving monkeys. We studied the monkey's ability to generate saccadic eye
      movements to visual targets at various locations in the visual field following an
      injection of one or the other chemical solution into a topographically identified
      location in striate cortex. Our results show that deficits in the generation of
      visually guided saccades following such injections are similar to those that
      result from surgical ablation of striate cortex, although recovery is more rapid
      following the injections. The experiments indicate that, with certain
      restrictions, chemical inactivation is a useful technique for behavioral analysis
      of visual cortical function.

PMID- 3996501
TI  - Projections of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the mesencephalon,
      pons, and medulla oblongata in the cat.
AB  - Injections of HRP in the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular
      formation in the cat resulted in many labeled neurons in the lateral part of the
      bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not in the medial part of this
      nucleus. HRP injections in the nucleus raphe pallidus and in the C2-segment of
      the spinal cord did not result in labeled neurons in the BNST. Injections of 3H
      leucine in the BNST resulted in many labeled fibers in the brain stem. Labeled
      fiber bundles descended by way of the medial forebrain bundle and the central
      tegmental field to the lateral tegmental field of pons and medulla. Dense BNST
      projections could be observed to the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral
      tegmental area, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the PAG (except its
      dorsolateral part), the cuneiform nucleus, the nucleus raphe dorsalis, the locus
      coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei,
      the lateral tegmental field of caudal pons and medulla and the nucleus raphe
      magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation. Furthermore many labeled fibers
      were present in the solitary nucleus, and in especially the peripheral parts of
      the dorsal vagal nucleus. Finally some fibers could be traced in the marginal
      layer of the rostral part of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. These
      projections appear to be virtually identical to the ones derived from the medial
      part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (Hopkins and Holstege 1978). The
      possibility that the BNST and the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei must be
      considered as one anatomical entity is discussed.

PMID- 3996504
TI  - Vertical neuronal arrays in the postcentral gyrus signaling active touch: a
      receptive field study in the conscious monkey.
AB  - Single neuronal activity was recorded in the crown of the postcentral gyrus
      (areas 1 and 2) in 5 conscious monkeys. A total of 88 penetrations entered
      perpendicularly to the cortical surface. Among them, 6 examples are chosen and
      the receptive field characteristics of constituent neurons were described in some
      detail. Receptive fields of neurons recorded along a particular penetration were
      variable in their positions, but the largest receptive field usually covered the
      others. Neurons with the largest receptive fields were found most frequently in
      the infragranular layers. Often they included inhibitory receptive fields. The
      inhibitory receptive fields were arranged side-by-side to the excitatory ones,
      rather than in a center-surround fashion. The key stimulus common to neurons in a
      vertical penetration was the contact of an object to the receptive field achieved
      during animal's active behavior to manipulate the object. We thus designated the
      largest receptive field as a functional surface. Our results demonstrate that a
      vertical array of neurons in this cortical region can be regarded as a functional
      assemblage which deals with a set of information concerning one of various
      aspects of active touch.

PMID- 3996503
TI  - Diversity in receptive field properties of vertical neuronal arrays in the crown
      of the postcentral gyrus of the conscious monkey.
AB  - Single neuronal activity was recorded in the crown of the postcentral gyrus
      (areas 1 and 2) in 5 conscious monkeys. A total of 93 penetrations were made in
      the hand and finger region of 9 hemispheres and 827 neurons were isolated. The
      receptive field characteristics of neurons recorded along each of 88 penetrations
      which entered perpendicularly to the cortical surface were compared. The majority
      of neurons in this region were responsive to skin stimulation. In 54
      penetrations, neurons related to different sensory submodalities were mixed. In
      30, skin neurons predominated, and in 8, 'deep' neurons, while in the remaining
      16 penetrations neurons related to different submodalities were equally mixed. In
      16 penetrations, neurons responded exclusively to stimulation of skin, hair or
      nails. In 9 penetrations, neurons were exclusively related to joint manipulation
      or other types of 'deep' submodality. In 9 penetrations, unidentified neurons
      were in the majority. In each penetration, the receptive field positions varied
      considerably on the same finger or encompassed more than one finger. Although
      neurons of the same submodality, either skin or 'deep' tended to be set in an
      array, the most adequate stimulus could vary among neurons of a given array. The
      variability in the receptive field positions or the most adequate stimuli
      remained constant irrespective of the angle of the electrode penetration in the
      cortex. The results are compatible with the idea that vertically arranged
      neuronal array receive inputs of multiple sources, both thalamacortical and
      corticocortical, so that interactions between different inputs can readilly
      occur.

PMID- 3996505
TI  - Electromechanical changes during electrically induced and maximal voluntary
      contractions: electrophysiologic responses of different muscle fiber types during
      stimulated contractions.
AB  - The electrophysiologic and mechanical responses of a synergistic muscle group
      composed of different muscle fiber types were studied with respect to excitation
      frequency and muscle fatigue in five men. The force and evoked action potentials
      obtained from surface and intramuscular fine wire electrodes were recorded
      continuously during stimulated contractions of the gastrocnemius and soleus at
      20, 50, and 80 Hz. The stimulus voltage was adjusted so that the force generated
      by high-frequency tetani (50 and 80 Hz) could initially match the force of
      maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). The surface and intramuscular EMG signals
      were digitized at a sampling rate of 10 kHz with 16-bit fast A/D converters and
      stored on a floppy disk. The digitized data were then processed for every 5 s to
      calculate evoked potential amplitude and conduction time using an HP 9836
      computer. Results indicated that after 30 s of high-frequency stimulation,
      significantly less force was generated than after a similar period of MVC. During
      this period of high-frequency force fatigue, considerably greater force was
      developed at 20-Hz stimulation. The excessive force loss during high-frequency
      tetanic contractions was accompanied by a marked reduction in the evoked
      potential amplitude and conduction time (prolongation of the M wave). The
      recording of intramuscular evoked potentials showed the gastrocnemius muscle to
      have greater reductions in these parameters. Our results support the hypothesis
      that force fatigue during high-frequency stimulation results from failure of
      electrical propagation due to reduced muscle membrane excitability. The observed
      muscle-fiber-dependent electrophysiologic responses may suggest that the
      metabolic profile of muscle fibers plays an important role in regulating the
      muscle membrane excitability during high-frequency stimulation.

PMID- 3996506
TI  - Fiber groups in the dorsal psalterium of the guinea pig.
AB  - The dorsal psalterium (the dorsal hippocampal commissure) of the guinea pig was
      electrophysiologically studied with a view to possible commissural fiber groups
      and their properties. Three different groups of commissural fibers were
      identified, which had conduction velocities (mean +/- SE) of 7.47 +/- 0.14, 2.47
      +/- 0.08, and 0.96 +/- 0.04 m/s, respectively, and absolute refractory periods
      (mean +/- SE) of 0.92 +/- 0.04, 1.26 +/- 0.03, and 2.05 +/- 0.09 ms,
      respectively. The three groups of fibers did not travel in separate bundles
      within the dorsal psalterium and were arranged in parallel fashion. The fibers
      with the fastest mean conduction rate were found responsible for the excitatory
      synaptic effects evoked in the entorhinal area by dorsal psalterium stimulation,
      demonstrated by previous studies.

PMID- 3996507
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of electromyogram activity in rat extensor and flexor
      muscles immobilized at different lengths.
AB  - Because immobilization of muscles in the "long" position mitigates the effects of
      inactivity and rapid wasting occurs when muscles are immobilized in the "short"
      position, a study was made of the EMG activity in the soleus (SOL)--an extensor
      muscle--and the tibialis anterior (TA)--a flexor muscle--in order to clarify the
      possible role of muscle function in modifying the course of disuse atrophy. EMG
      activity was recorded in the SOL and TA muscles in adult rats in which the ankle
      had been immobilized in a plaster cast either in plantar flexion or dorsiflexion.
      The number of action potentials per minute in samples of the EMG activity from
      control and immobilized muscles was assessed before, for 10 days during
      immobilization, and up to 9 days after removal of the cast. Immobilization in the
      short position (plantar flexion) led to a dramatic reduction in the EMG activity
      of the SOL (to 10% of the control). On the other hand, fixation of the SOL in the
      long position was without effect upon resting EMG activity. In the TA, EMG
      activity was exclusively phasic in character and corresponded to about 3% of that
      of the SOL. Neither the fixation of the ankle in plantar flexion nor dorsiflexion
      had any appreciable effect upon EMG activity in the TA. We conclude that, because
      immobilization in the lengthened position does not increase EMG activity in
      either extensor or flexor muscles, passive stretch appears to be the factor
      mainly responsible for mitigating the effects of disuse in this situation. On the
      other hand, when a typical extensor muscle (SOL) is immobilized in the shortened
      position and undergoes rapid wasting, an accessory role of decreased activity
      cannot be excluded.

PMID- 3996508
TI  - Modification of local neuronal interactions by amygdala kindling examined in
      vitro.
AB  - Stimulation of the amygdala in coronal slices of the amygdala-pyriform region
      elicited burst responses in the pyriform cortex cells. The burst responses,
      recorded intracellularly, consisted of a train of action potentials riding on a
      depolarizing envelope that lasted for an average of 0.4 s. When a similar
      stimulus was applied to slices prepared from rats previously subjected to
      amygdala kindling, burst responses were significantly prolonged (average of 6.6
      s). Our results indicate that the increased excitability of the chronic epileptic
      site developed in vivo was retained in the excised amygdala-pyriform slice.

PMID- 3996509
TI  - Parathyroidectomy-pinealectomy-induced seizures: effects of intersurgical length.
AB  - Parathyroidectomized rats subjected to pinealectomy experience seizures
      characterized by wild running typically followed by clonic-tonic activity. By
      increasing the number of days between parathyroidectomy and pinealectomy an
      increase in seizure activity was observed. Increasing the length of time between
      the two surgical procedures resulted in significant increases in both the
      percentage of animals experiencing seizures and the mean number of seizures per
      convulsing animal. Conversely, a decrease in the average time to onset of the
      first seizure episode was observed with increasing intersurgical time intervals.
      The potential for exhibiting seizures developed between 8 and 24 h after
      parathyroidectomy. The highest incidence of seizures occurred after an
      intersurgical interval of 3 days and remained constant at approximately 75%
      thereafter.

PMID- 3996510
TI  - Distribution of the human jaw stretch reflex response elicited by percutaneous,
      localized stretch of jaw-closing muscles.
AB  - In the present study homonymous and heteronymous projections of muscle spindle
      afferent fibers in the human jaw-closing system were investigated. Stretch reflex
      responses were elicited with percutaneous displacement stimuli applied to the
      belly of the anterior superficial divisions of temporalis and masseter muscles.
      The distribution of reflex responses in jaw-closing muscles was assessed. Reflex
      responses to this stimulus were observed in all jaw-closing muscles ipsilateral
      to the stimulated muscle, suggesting that the projection of spindle afferent
      fibers to jaw-closing muscles in humans is diffuse. Comparisons of homonymous and
      heteronymous reflex response amplitudes indicated that homonymous response
      amplitudes tended to be larger. However, the relative strength of heteronymous
      inputs to masseter motoneurons appeared to be stronger than those to temporalis
      motoneurons.

PMID- 3996511
TI  - Activity of serotonin-containing neurons in nucleus raphe magnus in freely moving
      cats.
AB  - Serotonergic neurons were recorded in the nucleus raphe magnus in freely moving
      cats and were initially identified on-line by their characteristic slow and
      regular spontaneous activity during quiet waking (3.42 +/- 0.33 spikes/s; mean +/
      SE). Discharge rates of these serotonergic neurons were highest during active
      waking (4.49 +/- 0.40 spikes/s), intermediate during slow-wave sleep (middle:
      2.14 +/- 0.23 spikes/s), and lowest during REM sleep (0.20 +/- 0.03 spikes/s).
      Although these cells fired at a rate 31.3% higher during active waking than
      during quiet waking, their activity displayed no correlation with phasic
      elevations of the nuchal EMG or overt body movements. In addition, no
      relationship was observed between the activity of these neurons during slow-wave
      sleep and the occurrence of sleep spindles in the cortical EEG or
      pontogeniculooccipital waves recorded from the lateral geniculate nucleus.
      Serotonergic neurons of nucleus raphe magnus were also relatively unresponsive to
      phasic auditory and visual stimuli, with about half of the cells examined showing
      weak excitatory responses. These neurons did respond, however, to the
      administration of a small dose of the serotonin specific agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine (250 micrograms/kg, i.m.) with a mean decrease in unit
      activity of 73.6 +/- 4.5%. The results of this study are compared with those
      previously reported for serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, nucleus
      centralis superior, and nucleus raphe pallidus of freely moving cats.

PMID- 3996512
TI  - Response of serotonin-containing neurons in nucleus raphe magnus to morphine,
      noxious stimuli, and periaqueductal gray stimulation in freely moving cats.
AB  - Extracellular single-unit recordings were made in nucleus raphe magnus in
      unanesthetized, unrestrained cats. Discharge of serotonergic neurons in this
      region was increased when animals were aroused by noxious stimuli such as pinch
      and radiant heating of the tail, but these cells were not specifically
      nociceptive. Peristimulus time histograms indicated that stimulation in the
      periaqueductal gray was excitatory but alveolar nerve stimulation at a noxious
      current intensity was no more effective than nonnoxious nerve stimulation in
      activating serotonergic unit discharge: Similarly, stressful treatments such as
      physical restraint increased the discharge of some serotonergic neurons, but
      these cells were activated during any period of behavioral arousal whether or not
      arousal was the result of aversive treatment. Injection of Formalin into the paw
      produced pain lasting about 30 min without increasing serotonergic unit discharge
      above rates observed during undisturbed active waking behavior. The activity of
      serotonergic neurons was not increased by an analgesic dose of morphine (2 mg/kg,
      i.p.). These results then are not consistent with the hypothesis that morphine
      analgesia depends on activation of serotonergic neurons in nucleus raphe magnus
      or that these cells are specifically involved in modulation of nociception. These
      neurons may, however, be involved in nociceptive control within the context of a
      general modulation of sensorimotor processes by serotonin in the central nervous
      system. We did observe neurochemically unidentified neurons in the medulla whose
      discharge was more specifically activated by aversive stimuli and also by
      morphine. It is possible that these neurons are more directly involved in the
      mediation of opiate and/or stress-induced analgesia.

PMID- 3996513
TI  - Neurobehavioral development following aluminum administration in infant rabbits.
AB  - Aluminum (Al) is known to be a neurotoxic agent in some species, inducing
      neurofibrillary tangles, dendritic atrophy, and behavioral deterioration, and has
      been implicated as a possible agent in human Alzheimer's disease and dialysis
      dementia. This study was conducted to assess the neurotoxic effects of Al in
      infant rabbits, and to compare the effects to those previously observed to follow
      exposure in the adult animal. Aluminum tartrate (2 microM) or physiologic saline
      was injected into the right lateral ventricle of 2-day-old (day P3) New Zealand
      white rabbits. The animals were trained in a step-down active avoidance task on
      P12 and retested 1 day later. They were killed on P20, and their hippocampal CA1
      pyramidal cells examined for neurofibrillary tangles or prepared with the rapid
      Golgi stain for an examination of dendritic development. Additional animals were
      similarly infused with 1 or 3 microM Al for qualitative and some quantitative
      observations. No overt neurologic signs were observed in the 1- or 2-microM
      groups, however, most of the 3-microM group died between P10 and P20. Although
      there were no significant differences between the 2-microM and control animals on
      either learning or retention of the active avoidance task, deficits in retention
      of the task were observed in the 3-microM group. Neurofibrillary tangles in CA1
      pyramidal cells were observed with dosages of 1 microM and higher. In the 2
      microM group, the pattern of dendritic arborization in CA1 pyramidal cells was
      consistent with that expected for cells retarded in their development. These
      results have implications in terms of developmental differences in the
      neurobehavioral effects of Al.

PMID- 3996514
TI  - 2-Deoxyglucose uptake in the central nervous system during systemic hypercapnia
      in the peripherally chemodenervated rat.
AB  - Changes in 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake in the central nervous system during
      systemic hypercapnia were determined by the [3H]2-DG autoradiographic method in
      peripherally chemodenervated rats. Autoradiographs were made from serial
      transverse sections of the brain and analyzed by a computer-based interactive
      image processing system for areas having increases or decreases in metabolic
      activity compared with control animals. The most pronounced change shown by
      autoradiographs of the hypercapnic animals was a generalized decrease in the
      metabolism of the gray matter throughout the central nervous system with respect
      to the normocapnic controls. However, several central structures showed evidence
      of either no change or an increased metabolism in the hypercapnic animals. In the
      brain stem these areas were localized to the ventrolateral region of the nucleus
      of the solitary tract rostral to the obex, around the region of the nucleus
      retroambiguus, in a region of the ventrolateral medullary reticular formation
      extending rostrally from the obex to the level of the intramedullary rootlets of
      the facial nerve, in the region of the ventral nucleus raphe pallidus, and in the
      region of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. In the diencephalon these regions
      included the supraoptic nucleus and the dorsal hypothalamic area, extending into
      the caudal portion of the paraventricular nucleus. The thoracolumbar cord showed
      activation of the lateral aspects of the dorsal horns, the region of lamina X and
      the region of the intermediolateral nucleus. These data may be interpreted as a
      functional map of the central structures activated in hypercapnia in the
      peripheral chemodenervated rat. It appears likely that these structures are
      involved in mediating the cardiorespiratory responses associated with the
      activation of central chemoreceptors by the increased carbon dioxide
      concentrations.

PMID- 3996515
TI  - Long-term effects of febrile convulsion on seizure susceptibility in P77PMC rat-
      resistant to acoustic stimuli but susceptible to kainate-induced seizures.
AB  - A new audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible strain of rats (P77PMC) was evaluated
      as a possible model of human febrile seizures. The long-term effects of
      experimental febrile seizures were observed. All 30-day-old rat pups exhibited
      clonic seizures during exposure to an ambient temperature of 45 +/- 0.5 degree C.
      The mean latency from the beginning of the hyperthermic stimulus to the onset of
      convulsion was 16.9 +/- 2.2 min. The rats survived this hyperthermic seizure,
      developed a resistance to acoustic stimulations, but were more susceptible at the
      age of 50 to 60 days to kainate-induced limbic seizures than controls. The
      results of this study imply that febrile seizures of developing P77PMC rats can
      change later seizure susceptibility, and there may be some correlation between
      febrile convulsion and temporal lobe epilepsy.

PMID- 3996516
TI  - Learning and interocular transfer of visual discriminations by goldfish with
      retinotectal compression.
AB  - Visual function mediated by a compressed retinotectal projection was examined by
      training goldfish with unilateral retinotectal compression to perform red/green
      and horizontal/vertical discriminations. Fish were trained monocularly via the
      compressed or the normal visual field using an aversive classical conditioning
      model. Interocular transfer was then examined to determine if the mechanisms
      mediating this transfer functioned normally after retinotectal compression and to
      compare interpretation of visual information via normal and compressed visual
      fields. Both visual discriminations were learned successfully using the normal or
      the compressed visual field. Learning deficits (relative to controls) were,
      however, observed in fish trained with the color discrimination using the
      compressed visual field, or the horizontal/vertical discrimination using the
      compressed or the normal visual field. Interocular transfer of the color
      discrimination from the compressed to the normal visual field or in the reverse
      direction was demonstrated to occur at approximately normal values. Interocular
      transfer of the horizontal/vertical discrimination was successful from the
      compressed to the normal visual field, but was reduced or absent in the opposite
      direction. The results indicate that analysis of the colors red and green is
      essentially normal after retinotectal compression, and that the pathways
      mediating interocular transfer of this color discrimination remain functional.
      There were, however, abnormalities in the mechanism mediating interocular
      transfer of pattern discriminations after retinotectal compression.

PMID- 3996517
TI  - Short-latency interactions among dorsomedial medullary inspiratory neurons in the
      cat.
AB  - Pairs of inspiratory neurons were recorded extracellularly with microelectrodes
      whose tips were close to one another (100 to 300 microns) in the ventrolateral
      region of the nucleus tractus solitarius. Each neuron was identified as an R beta
      or an R alpha type using lung volume manipulations. Those neuron pairs whose
      cross-correlation histograms indicated a positive interaction were tested for
      interneuronal connections by antidromic activation of one neuron of the pair
      combined with further cross-correlation. Three pairs of R alpha/R alpha, three
      pairs of R alpha/R beta, and three pairs of R beta/R alpha neurons were tested in
      this manner. One pair of R alpha/R alpha neurons and one pair of R beta/R beta
      neurons showed evidence of interneuronal interaction. We concluded that although
      the short-term synchronization in the firing patterns of these neurons was due
      mostly to common excitation of both neurons, interneuronal interactions were also
      responsible.

PMID- 3996518
TI  - Interruption of cholinergic afferent pathways to the amygdala failed to alter
      electrical kindling.
AB  - We investigated the hypothesis that the cholinergic system is involved in the
      process of amygdala kindling. Electrical kindling of the amygdala was associated
      with an increase in the concentration of acetylcholine in the kindled amygdala
      and the ipsilateral hippocampus but was not associated with any alteration of
      choline acetyltransferase activity. Destruction of cholinergic neurons in the
      lateral preoptic area significantly decreased the activity of choline acetylase
      in the ipsilateral amygdala, but had no effect on the duration of time to
      kindling. We interpret these findings as indicating that the cholinergic system
      is affected by the kindling process, but does not seem to be crucial to the
      phenomenon.

PMID- 3996519
TI  - Regenerative capacity of retinal axons in the cat, rabbit, and guinea pig.
AB  - Long-term signs of axonal regeneration were observed in the adult cat, rabbit,
      and guinea pig retina to follow mechanical or thermal lesions. The axons of
      surviving ganglion cells displayed signs of growth beginning at the border of the
      lesions: multiple bifurcations, changes of caliber, and unoriented random course
      of the fibers. Inspection of the fiber course and retrograde filling with
      horseradish peroxidase showed that these attempts of regeneration were not
      successful in terms of reconnection to the brain. None of these axonal changes
      occurred after early postnatal lesions. The capacity for long-survival
      regenerative processes after axotomy begins 20 to 50 days after birth in the
      developing cat retina.

PMID- 3996520
TI  - Increased rate of peripheral nerve regeneration using bioresorbable nerve guides
      and a laminin-containing gel.
AB  - The sciatic nerve of adult mice was transected and proximal and distal nerve
      stumps were sutured into a nontoxic bioresorbable nerve guide. Nerve guide lumens
      were either empty or filled with a gel containing 80% laminin and additional
      extracellular matrix components. Two weeks later cells in the L3 through L5
      dorsal root ganglia and the ventral horn of the spinal cord were retrogradely
      filled with horseradish peroxidase. All animals with the laminin-containing gel
      but none with empty nerve guides displayed labeled cells. This suggests that the
      laminin-containing gel significantly hastened axonal regeneration in vivo.

PMID- 3996521
TI  - Fasciola hepatica: motility response to metabolic inhibitors in vitro.
AB  - The effects of metabolic inhibitors on the in vitro motility of Fasciola hepatica
      have been determined by means of an isometric transducer system. Sodium fluoride,
      an inhibitor of glycolysis, causes a long-term suppression of motility; this is
      also the effect of sodium iodoacetate (another glycolysis inhibitor) at low
      concentrations (1 X 10(-5) M and below). However, higher concentrations of
      iodoacetate induce a rapid inhibition of activity leading to a spastic paralysis.
      Both rotenone and oligomycin, which act as inhibitors of oxidative
      phosphorylation, produce a long-term suppression of movement. Carbonylcyanide-p
      trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone,
      which are uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, induce a spastic paralysis of
      the fluke; this is rapid at high concentrations (1 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-5) M). A
      brief stimulation of activity is evident at 1 X 10(-5) M and lasts longer at 1 X
      10(-6) and 1 X 10(-7) M, before inhibition sets in. There is no stimulation at
      low concentrations of carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (1 X 10(
      8) and 1 X 10(-9) M), only inhibition leading to a medium-term spastic paralysis.
      In contrast, a third uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, causes a flaccid paralysis and
      the effect is rapid only at high concentrations, being accompanied by an initial
      increase in muscle tone at 1 X 10(-2) M and a brief stimulation of motility at 1
      X 10(-3) M. Stimulation lasts longer at 1 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-5) M, but is not
      evident at concentrations below this. The effects on motility at these lower
      concentrations are essentially long term in nature. That the rapid effects of the
      uncouplers on muscle tone and motility are not due primarily to uncoupling is
      shown by 2,4,6-trinitrophenol and hydroquinone, compounds structurally related to
      2,4-dinitrophenol. 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol is a membrane-impermeable compound devoid
      of uncoupling activity; at 1 X 10(-3) M, it causes an immediate inhibition of
      activity and increase in muscle tone. The antioxidant hydroquinone produces an
      initial stimulation of motility with some increase in tone, but this is followed
      by a sharp decline and a short-term flaccid paralysis. The results are discussed
      in relation to the postulated effects of certain fasciolicides on the energy
      metabolism of the liver fluke.

PMID- 3996522
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: extramedullar eosinophil myelopoiesis induced by
      intraperitoneal glass implants in chronically infected mice.
AB  - Intraperitoneal glass implants in mice with chronic Schistosoma mansoni
      infections induce intense local myeloid reactions involving essentially myeloid
      granulocytes. The same phenomenon is not observed in normal mice nor in mice with
      acute schistosomal infection. An association of myelopoiesis with differentiated
      macrophages mobilized on glass implants and with dense ameboid cells located
      inside myeloid foci was detected. A macrophage-dependent induction of this
      eosinophil reaction is postulated.

PMID- 3996523
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: visualization with fluorescent lectins of secretions and
      surface carbohydrates of living cercariae.
AB  - Attachment of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae was studied during their explorative
      movements along a glass surface using labeled lectins as markers. Fluorochrome
      labeled lectins selectively labeled surface material produced at the cercarial
      attachment sites and part of the cercarial surface. The deposited secretions
      reacted with most of the lectins used but differences in the staining intensity
      were noted. Secreted material was visualized at the attachment sites within a few
      seconds after cercarial attachment. The deposited material appeared as
      "footprints" located at a constant distance from each other. The footprints were
      formed by a regular cercarial "looping" movement along the glass surface and led
      to a site of massive deposition of secretions partly covering the body.

PMID- 3996525
TI  - Trichinella spiralis: acquired immunity in swine.
AB  - The ability of domestic pigs to develop protective immunity to Trichinella
      spiralis in response to inoculation with different doses of muscle larvae was
      assessed. Adult worms developing from the inoculations of 112, 500, and 10,000
      larvae were expelled from the intestine about 6 weeks after inoculation.
      Inoculation with 25,000 larvae, however, resulted in more rapid intestinal worms
      expulsion, indicating that gut expulsion is dose dependent. Secondary expulsion
      also tended to be dependent upon primary infection level. Pigs initially
      inoculated with 500 to 10,000 larvae expelled the challenge infection of adult
      worms after 22 to 25 days; in contrast, infection by inoculation of only 112
      larvae failed to induce significant enchanced gut expulsion of the challenge
      infection intestinal worms. However, all primary infection levels, including
      inoculation with 112 larvae, induced nearly absolute resistance to the muscle
      establishment of larvae from challenge adult worms. The fecundity of female worms
      recovered from immune pigs was reduced 75% in comparison to controls. These
      results show that, in contrast to some host species, very rapid gut expulsion
      does not occur in domestic swine. Yet, immune responses at the gut level are
      important, perhaps responsible for much of the inhibition reflected as reduction
      in the establishment of muscle larvae.

PMID- 3996524
TI  - Taenia pisiformis: protective immunization of rabbits with solubilized
      oncospheral antigens.
AB  - Antigens were derived from hatched and activated oncospheres of Taenia pisiformis
      which had been separated from embryophoric debris by centrifugation on Percoll.
      Crude oncospheral antigen was prepared by freeze-thawing and sonication of
      oncospheres at 4 C, and a supernatant of crude antigen was collected following
      centrifugation at 100,000g. Other antigens tested were the supernatants collected
      after 100,000g centrifugation of crude antigen solubilized in Triton X-100,
      butanol, lithium diiodosalicylic acid, KCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or sodium
      deoxycholate. When groups of rabbits were immunized with the various antigens and
      challenged with T. pisiformis eggs, both sodium deoxycholate- and Triton X-100
      solubilized antigens stimulated a level of protection similar to the crude
      antigen. All other antigens failed to stimulate significant protective immunity.
      When sodium deoxycholate-solubilized antigen was fractionated using high
      performance liquid chromatography, the major host-protective components were in
      the fractions with molecular weight greater than 140,000. Levels of the enzyme,
      glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2), in the serum of rabbits challenged with T.
      pisiformis eggs closely reflected the degree of liver damage caused by migrating
      larvae, and were not markedly elevated in those rabbits effectively immunized
      using the crude or sodium deoxycholate-solubilized antigens.

PMID- 3996526
TI  - Trypanosoma musculi: population dynamics of erythrocytes and leukocytes during
      the course of murine infections.
AB  - Cells of the hemocytic and lymphoreticular series located in the blood, bone
      marrow, spleen, and peritoneal space have been analyzed throughout the course of
      Trypanosoma musculi infections of intact and splenectomized C3H female mice.
      Following an early (within 2 days after trypanosome inoculation
      intraperitoneally) shift of leukocytes from the blood to the peritoneal space,
      there occurred a more gradual, prolonged infusion of leukocytes into the
      peritoneal space, the primary site of infection, that continued until the
      infection was terminated. There was intense cytogeneractive activity in the
      spleen that included erythrocytes, lymphocytes, myelocytes, and megakaryocytes.
      The marrow became primarily a site of monocytopoiesis and, to some extent, of
      lymphopoiesis. During the first 8 days (approximately) of infection, there was a
      decline in mature erythrocytes in the blood (the well-known anemia) and
      development of a profound thrombocytopenia. In splenectomized mice, the depletion
      of these elements continued unabated until the mice died; the marrow of infected,
      splenectomized mice failed to provide these elements, as was also the case in
      intact mice. In the peritoneal space, the intense battle between leukocytes and
      trypanosomes was reflected in a gradual, impressive rise in the number of dead
      and fatigued cells and, late in infection, in the development of ascites. Both of
      these abnormal conditions disappeared shortly after cure of the infection. We
      conclude that infections of mice with T. musculi result in dedication of the
      entire lymphoreticular system to the generation of cells that are exported to the
      peritoneal space to combat the major infection the occurs in that locale. This is
      consistent with the evidence that the belated immune elimination of T. musculi is
      a cell-mediated (probably antibody-dependent) process. The disruption of the
      normal histoarchitecture, the shift in the normal proportions of cells and in
      cells of different degrees of maturity, and probably, a block imposed on
      precursor cell maturation, account to a large extent for the well-known failure
      of immune responses commonly associated with trypanosome infections.

PMID- 3996527
TI  - Taenia taeniaeformis: inhibition of rat testosterone production by excretory
      secretory product of the cultured metacestode.
AB  - In 3- to 5-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats infected with the hepatic
      metacestode, Taenia taeniaeformis, the serum testosterone level was significantly
      lower than in comparable uninfected controls. By transmission electron
      microscopy, testicular Leydig cells of infected rats had less smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum than control Leydig cells. Cultured metacestodes isolated from the
      hepatic cysts secreted or excreted substances into the incubation medium. The
      effect of the excretory-secretory product on testosterone concentration in the
      sera and testes of 15-day-old rats was examined. Subcutaneous injection of 50-200
      micrograms of excretory-secretory product/0.1 ml saline/rat for 2 days
      significantly reduced human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated serum and
      testicular testosterone concentrations. Furthermore, the effect of the excretory
      secretory product on isolated rat Leydig cell testosterone production was
      examined. Rat Leydig cells produced testosterone in vitro and, in the presence of
      50 IU human chorionic gonadotropin/ml incubation medium, they responded with
      approximately 100% increase in testosterone production. Addition of 2-10
      micrograms excretory-secretory product protein/ml of culture medium significantly
      reduced the testosterone production by rat Leydig cells in vitro. These results
      indicate that excretory-secretory product of cultured T. taeniaeformis
      metacestodes has a direct inhibitory effect on Leydig cell testosterone
      production under stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin.

PMID- 3996528
TI  - Electron diffraction of the metallic elements in the pineal organ of a freshwater
      fish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch.).
AB  - By electron diffraction pattern the presence of metallic elements, particularly
      chromium-nickel, chromium phosphide, copper, aluminum-copper and zinc has been
      shown in the pineal organ of a freshwater teleost, M. vittatus. It is likely that
      their occurrence within the pineal is due to binding with the neurosecretory
      material fractions/ligands.

PMID- 3996529
TI  - Effects of carotid sinus nerve stimulation on respiratory sinus arrhythmia and
      respiratory blood pressure waves of the dog.
AB  - The effect on the amplitudes of RSA and RBPW of the time of the stimulus in the
      cardiac cycle, and also of continuous stimulation were studied. When the stimulus
      train was applied near peak systole the amplitudes of RSA and RBPW decreased.
      Stimulation in late systole increased both RSA and RBPW. Continuous stimulation
      did not exert any effects on RSA and RBPW.

PMID- 3996530
TI  - The influence of hypertension upon the normal cardiovascular responses to
      hemorrhagic hypotension and shock.
AB  - The data suggest that rats genetically inbred to be hypertensive (SHR) are less
      able to compensate for hemorrhage and shock than their normotensive controls
      (WKY). Two reasons for this genetic dysfunction are: 1) SHRs seem to depend more
      on innervated alpha 1 than noninnervated alpha 2 adrenoreceptors for
      vasoconstriction; and 2) the vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy noted in SHRs may
      interfere with effective vasoconstriction.

PMID- 3996531
TI  - Disruption of circadian rhythm of tissue respiration in Channa striatus by
      Metasystox.
AB  - Oxygen consumption of gill, brain and muscle tissues of Channa striatus exhibits
      a clearcut circadian rhythm with a maximum uptake at 18.00 h. Metasystox exposure
      decreased the oxygen consumption of all tissues. Maximum reduction is noted in
      gill followed by brain and muscle. The peak period of oxygen consumption is also
      eliminated in the pesticide-treated fish.

PMID- 3996532
TI  - The susceptibility to exercise-induced muscle damage increases as rats grow
      larger.
AB  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activities
      were both elevated after eccentric exercise indicating that this type of exercise
      causes muscle damage. Muscle damage as measured by glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase activity in the vastus intermedius was greater and occurred later
      in larger rats indicating that the susceptibility to muscle damage is increased
      and the repair process delayed in older and larger animals.

PMID- 3996533
TI  - Supramarginal cells in the rat pituitary cleft revealed by scanning electron
      microscopy.
AB  - An unusual cell type consisting of free elements widely scattered over the
      marginal epithelium of the rat pituitary cleft is revealed by SEM. Most of these
      supramarginal cells characteristically have irregularly shaped cell bodies from
      which thin branched processes extend. Supramarginal cells bear resemblances to
      Kolmer (epiplexus) cells and to supraependymal cells of the brain ventricles.
      Their ultrastructural features make it probable that supramarginal cells are
      phagocytes, and can be regarded as scavengers of the cleft. Considering the close
      topographical association between the hypophysial cleft and the floor or the 3rd
      ventricle, supramarginal cells may be members of the motile macrophagic Kolmer
      cells populating the ventricular surfaces of the brain.

PMID- 3996534
TI  - Colloidal carbon as a multilevel marker for experimental lesions.
AB  - The use of colloidal carbon for the anatomical marking of experimental lesions is
      proposed. Visualization of the lesion site may be readily performed through this
      procedure at the macroscopic, light microscopic, and ultrastructural levels in
      the same specimen. The chemical inertness of the marker and its relative
      permanency greatly add to its usefulness.

PMID- 3996535
TI  - Naloxone prevents the analgesic action of alpha-MSH in mice.
AB  - alpha-MSH (0.1, 1, 10 micrograms) was administered intracerebroventricularly and
      its action on pain sensitivity was investigated by the hot-plate method in mice.
      alpha-MSH produced dose-dependent analgesia and this analgesic effect was
      prevented by naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.). It is possible that alpha-MSH may play a
      role in the mechanism of pain through endogeneous opioid systems.

PMID- 3996536
TI  - Normetanephrine and metanephrine oxidized by both types of monoamine oxidase.
AB  - Both normetanephrine and metanephrine were found to be oxidized by both types of
      monoamine oxidase in mouse liver mitochondria. Both Km and Vmax values of type B
      MAO for both substrates were higher than those of type A MAO, which caused the
      shift of inhibition curves with clorgyline and deprenyl according to the increase
      in substrate concentration.

PMID- 3996537
TI  - Bromocriptine-induced removal of endoplasmic membranes from prolactinoma cells.
AB  - Adenomatous prolactin cells lose 39% of their cytoplasm volume within 7 days
      after the beginning of bromocriptine treatment. A simultaneous reduction of the
      rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus occurs. Their
      membranes are removed by rapid transport along the secretory pathway to the cell
      surface and to lysosomal destruction.

PMID- 3996539
TI  - Plasma aldosterone in newborn and adult Vipera aspis.
AB  - In the venomous viviparous snake Vipera aspis, plasma aldosterone concentration
      shows significant seasonal changes mainly related to temperature-dependent
      behavior. A difference is also present between newborns and adults. A correlation
      between sodium and potassium status and aldosterone plasma level in active and
      inactive life is suggested.

PMID- 3996538
TI  - Splenic thymidine kinase and DNA during early postnatal development of the
      androgenized female rat.
AB  - Administration of a pharmacologic dose of testosterone propionate to neonatal
      female rats had no effect on either thymidine kinase activity or DNA synthesis in
      the spleen during the first 3 postnatal weeks.

PMID- 3996540
TI  - Maturation of the pineal melatonin rhythm in long- and short-day reared
      Djungarian hamsters.
AB  - Male Djungarian hamsters, reared under long (16L/8D) or short (10L/14D) days,
      were sacrificed at various ages during the day or night, or at night following a
      30-min light pulse. The pineal melatonin rhythm matured similarly under long and
      short days by 20 days of age. The results are discussed in context of the
      hypothesis that melatonin mediates the photoperiod effects which forestall
      puberty in short-day reared hamsters.

PMID- 3996541
TI  - An Anolis skin melanophore assay suitable for photoaffinity labeling studies with
      alpha-MSH.
AB  - Visual determination of MSH-induced pigment migration in melanophores of small
      pieces of Anolis carolinensis skin is standardized by first measuring
      photoelectrometrically the change in reflection/transmission of the whole dorsal
      skin in response to different hormone concentrations. This method allows the
      rapid and precise recording of time-response curves after photo-affinity labeling
      of MSH receptors or of dose-response curves of large series of synthetic
      compounds.

PMID- 3996542
TI  - Hypersensitivity to endotoxin hepatotoxicity in rats with inflammatory lesions.
AB  - The ratio of sinusoidal nonparenchymal cells to hepatocytes in rat liver was
      significantly increased following induction of inflammation, and decreased after
      subsequent exposure to endotoxin, particularly in the region around the terminal
      portal venules. Rats with inflammatory lesions were more sensitive to endotoxin
      hepatocytotoxicity than normal controls, as judged from the dose-dependent
      increase in activity of serum transaminases and from the extent of liver tissue
      injury. In addition, these animals, which were already in a state of depletion of
      hepatic glycogen, demonstrated marked hyperglycemia 24 h after endotoxin
      administration in small doses of less than 2 mg/kg.

PMID- 3996544
TI  - Effect of aloe lectin on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in baby hamster kidney
      cells.
AB  - A homogeneous glycoprotein (mol. wt 40,000) containing 34% carbohydrate was
      isolated from Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. At a concentration of 5
      micrograms/ml, this glycoprotein was shown to stimulate deoxyribonucleic acid
      (DNA) synthesis in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and to have the properties of
      a lectin which reacts with sheep blood cells. The chemical and physical
      properties of the glycoprotein (aloe lectin) are also discussed.

PMID- 3996543
TI  - Effect of propane sultone pretreatment on Friend virus leukemogenesis in mice.
AB  - Propane sultone (PS) injected i.p. 24 or more hours before Friend leukemia virus
      increased the incidence of lymphoma in SJL/J mice and at a higher dose increased
      the incidence of erythroleukemia in B10SJF1 mice. PS at the same time also
      decreased hematopoietic stem cell clonogenicity.

PMID- 3996545
TI  - The potency of heparin-like activity of glycosaminoglycans released by human
      endothelial cells in culture.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans isolated from culture medium conditioned by human endothelial
      cells showed heparin-like anti-thrombin III cofactor activity measured by Xa
      inhibition. Their activity was relatively weak, 0.1% of the potency of heparin,
      but was approximately 5-fold more potent than that of glycosaminoglycans derived
      from vascular smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 3996546
TI  - Supernumerary chromosomes in Drosophila nasuta albomicana.
AB  - Supernumerary chromosomes have been detected in the karyotype of D.n.albomicana.
      Their number varies from one to three. They are the smallest elements in the
      karyotype. Karyotypes of D.n.albomicana with and without supernumerary
      chromosomes have been presented.

PMID- 3996547
TI  - Presence of intrachromatidic bands in mitotic chromosomes of Triturus marmoratus
      (Amphibia: Caudata).
AB  - The C-banding technique has revealed the existence of single and double
      intrachromatidic bands in mitotic chromosomes of Triturus marmoratus. The
      presence of the bands is discussed on the basis of the helical coil model versus
      the radial loop model, which assumes a different packing of the DNA fiber.

PMID- 3996548
TI  - Morphological differentiation of the growing oocyte of Ctenomys torquatus
      (Rodentia, Octodontidae).
AB  - The ultrastructural changes observed during the growth phase of oocytes of
      Ctenomys torquatus (Rodentia, Octodontidae) are reported. Interest was
      particularly centered on the transformation and/or distribution of the components
      of the endoplasmic reticulum. According to the observations made it is suggested
      that the endoplasmic reticulum stores some kind of material which may support
      early stages of development.

PMID- 3996549
TI  - Comparison of the effects of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamates and
      benzimidazole-2-carbamates on the development of Hymenolepis nana in Tribolium
      confusum.
AB  - The anthelmintic properties of several imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine carbamates and
      benzimidazole carbamates against Hymenolepis nana are compared. The results of
      this study, coupled with previous work, indicate that methyl 6-(trichloroethenyl)
      imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamate has the potential of being a broad spectrum
      anthelmintic effective against both nematodes and cestodes.

PMID- 3996550
TI  - Pharyngeal cavity and the gills are the target organ for the repellent action of
      pardaxin in shark.
AB  - Pardaxin, an active principle of the repellent secretion of the Red Sea flatfish,
      Pardachirus marmoratus, elicited severe struggling, mouth paralysis, and
      transient increase in urea leakage from the gills only when administered to the
      medium bathing the shark's pharyngeal cavity and gills. An apparatus was
      constructed which prevents a mixing of the outflow from shark's gills with water
      bathing its surface skin. It is concluded that in sharks the gills and/or the
      pharyngeal cavity are the target organ for the repellent action of pardaxin.

PMID- 3996551
TI  - Natural selection for resistance to mercury pollution.
AB  - The survival under conditions of mercury pollution of two natural populations of
      the marine gastropod Cerithium rupestre, derived from mercury-polluted and
      mercury-free sites, was tested in the laboratory. The results indicate a
      significantly higher survival rate for animals derived from the mercury-polluted
      site, in each of six repetitive experiments. We conclude that mercury resistance
      in marine organisms is reinforced in mercury polluted sites, presumably by
      natural selection for increased resistance. The evolution of metal tolerance in
      marine organisms may be as fast as that of metal tolerance in plants and the
      evolution of industrial melanisms in moths.

PMID- 3996552
TI  - Effect of lonidamine on protein synthesis in neoplastic cells.
AB  - The action of lonidamine, 1,(2,4 dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid, on
      protein synthesis of neoplastic cells growing both in vivo and in vitro has been
      investigated. Lonidamine decreases amino acid incorporation in all cells tested,
      although the inhibition is partially relieved by glucose. The inhibition of
      labeled precursors into acid-insoluble material cannot be ascribed to an
      impairment of amino acid uptake which, on the contrary, is enhanced by the drug.
      Tests on cell-free systems showed that lonidamine does not inhibit the tobacco
      mosaic virus (TMV)-mRNA-directed in vitro protein synthesis, thus indicating that
      protein synthetic machinery per se is not affected. The inhibition of the rate of
      protein synthesis achieved by lonidamine must be ascribed to an effect on energy
      yielding processes with a mechanism similar to that observed in other metabolic
      inhibitors. Lonidamine, however, because of its capacity to inhibit both
      respiration and glycolysis in neoplastic cells, is effective at 10 to 20 times
      lower concentrations. DNP and oligomycin potentiate the inhibitory effect of
      lonidamine on the rate of protein synthesis. This finding substantiates the idea
      that neoplastic cells, including those growing in ascitic form, utilize
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as the main source of ATP for their
      biosynthetic processes.

PMID- 3996553
TI  - Altered glycosaminoglycan metabolism in injured arterial wall.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are believed to be important in the pathogenesis of
      atherosclerosis. We have previously demonstrated that areas of injured aorta that
      have been re-endothelialized accumulate increased amounts of lipid and GAG when
      compared to areas remaining de-endothelialized. We have now examined the net
      incorporation of labeled precursors into the individual GAG present in both re
      endothelialized and de-endothelialized areas of rabbit aorta. Aortic tissue was
      examined at 2-3 and 10-14 weeks after a denuding injury by incubating tissue
      minces with [3H]glucosamine and sodium [35S]sulfate for 24 hr. Following
      incubation, the aortic GAG were isolated and assayed for uronic acid
      concentration and radioactivity. Results indicate that the total GAG
      concentration was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in the re
      endothelialized (9.46 +/- 0.29 micrograms/mg lipid-free dry residues (LFDR), mean
      +/- SE) as compared to de-endothelialized (7.89 +/- 0.43 micrograms/mg LFDR)
      areas. The concentration in uninjured aorta was 9.01 +/- 0.69. The difference
      between the injured tissues was attributable to increased concentrations of
      sulfated GAG. Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate were the most metabolically
      active of the GAG in either uninjured or injured aorta, together accounting for
      over 75% of the 3H label. The 3H specific radioactivities of the four GAG in the
      short-term, re-endothelialized subgroup were all increased nearly twice that
      found in uninjured and de-endothelialized tissues. With the exception of heparan
      sulfate, no significant differences were noted in the 3H specific radioactivities
      between the re-endothelialized and de-endothelialized areas in the long-term
      subgroup. These results indicate that, relative to adjacent areas of de
      endothelialization, GAG preferentially accumulate in re-endothelialized areas
      even as early as 2-3 weeks following a denuding injury. Overall, metabolic data
      suggest that increased synthesis is responsible for this effect, although the net
      contribution of degradative processes cannot be overlooked since GAG turnover was
      not specifically examined. Thus, it is possible that regenerated endothelium may
      modify the GAG metabolism of the arterial wall following arterial injury.

PMID- 3996554
TI  - Transmigration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in rats after inhalation
      exposure.
AB  - Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been used extensively in the manufacturing of white
      pigment and has generally been regarded as a nuisance dust in animals and man.
      After inhalation exposure, little is known about transmigration routes and
      potential toxic effects of translocated particles in other organs. In order to
      answer these questions, rats were exposed to TiO2 by inhalation exposure at
      concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 250 mg/m3 for 2 years. A few free particles were
      retained in the nasal and tracheobronchial epithelium without any cellular
      damage, but aggregates of dust-laden macrophages (dust cells) were found in the
      lymphoid tissue of the submucosa. Inhaled particles were mostly engulfed by
      alveolar macrophages and confined sharply to the alveolar duct region at 10 and
      50 mg/m3, while dust cells were scattered throughout alveoli at 250 mg/m3. A
      fraction of the inhaled particles was retained in the membranous pneumocytes and
      interstitial macrophages. A dense accumulation of dust cells was found in the
      perivascular and peribronchial lymphoid tissue. Some dust cells entered
      peribronchial lymphatics or pulmonary blood vessels and the general circulation.
      Dust cells in the hyperplastic peribronchial lymphoid tissue were exposed
      directly in the luminal surface of the airways and were subsequently eliminated
      via airways. Massive dust deposition was observed in the tracheobronchial lymph
      nodes. Dust transmigration was markedly reduced in the cervical lymph nodes, and
      only a trace amount of dust particles was found in the mesenteric lymph nodes.
      Some dust cells entered either blood or lymphatic vessels in the lymph nodes and
      then migrated into the general circulation. The incidence of extrapulmonary dust
      deposition in the liver or spleen was increased in a dose-related fashion similar
      to the lung dust burden. Since there was no tissue response to translocated
      particles in the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver, potential adverse health effects
      appear to be negligible.

PMID- 3996555
TI  - Aortic histamine synthesis and aortic albumin accumulation in diabetes: activity
      uptake relationships.
AB  - The relationship between inhibition of aortic histamine synthesis induced by
      varied dosages of alpha-hydrazinohistidine (alpha HH) and aortic uptake of
      fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITCBSA) was examined in 40 male Wistar
      rats made diabetic by streptozotocin. Compared to nondiabetic animals, aortic
      uptake of FITCBSA in untreated diabetic animals was increased 43%. alpha HH
      administration produced essentially a complete inhibition of this accelerated
      histamine synthesis in diabetic animals at all dosages examined and likewise
      prevented an increase in aortic FITCBSA uptake among these animals. In diabetic
      animals, aortic histamine synthesis and aortic FITCBSA uptake showed a
      significant, strong positive correlation (r = 0.822, P less than 0.001) when
      examined in relation to the degree of inhibition of accelerated aortic histamine
      synthesis achieved among the individual animals. These data support the
      hypothesis that elevations in de novo aortic histamine formation, and thus
      elevations in the inducible histamine pool, are responsible, at least in part,
      for increased aortic uptake of macromolecules in diabetes. Since increases in
      various permeability characteristics occur early in atherogenesis, these data
      also indicate that expansion of the nascent histamine pool occurring in diabetes
      may be an important factor in the predisposition of diabetics to atherosclerotic
      vascular disease.

PMID- 3996556
TI  - Morphological basis of tolerance to ozone.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to study Type 1 epithelial cells in the ozone
      (O3)-tolerant lung epithelium. Rats were made tolerant by exposure to 0.5 ppm O3
      for 2 days and allowed to recover in air. Reexposure to a lethal concentration of
      O3 (6 ppm) at 3, 7, and 15 days of recovery revealed that tolerance was present
      at 3 days but almost absent at 7 and 15 days of recovery. Using Type 2 cell
      proliferation as a means of quantitating Type 1 cell injury, it was observed that
      when the preexposed rats were reexposed to 0.5 ppm at 3, 7, and 15 days, very
      little Type 1 cell injury occurred at 3 days. However, at 7 and 15 days the
      amount of Type 1 cell injury was the same as that associated with the original
      exposure. To determine whether there was any change in the alveolar epithelial
      cell populations between the periods of tolerance (3 days) and its decline (7 and
      15 days), the percentage of tritiated thymidine [( 3H]TdR-labeled Type 1 and 2
      cells at these times were determined. There was a significant decrease in [3H]TdR
      labeled Type 1 and 2 cells between the third and fifteenth days of recovery as
      excess cells were sloughed off and the tissue returned to normal. Using electron
      microscopic morphometry, Type 1 and 2 cells were then studied during the decline
      of tolerance. No change was found in the morphology of Type 2 cells; however, the
      morphology of Type 1 cells revealed a 58% decrease in surface area and a 25%
      increase in the arithmetic mean thickness when tolerance was present at 3 days.
      As tolerance declined (7 and 15 days), Type 1 cell morphology returned to normal.
      It was concluded that tolerance exists when the surface area of a cell exposed to
      a particular concentration of ozone is small enough so that the existing
      antioxidant mechanism contained within that cell volume can protect it from
      damage.

PMID- 3996558
TI  - Loss of collagen from experimental intestinal anastomoses: early events.
AB  - Collagen lysis, which always occurs to some extent in the wound area, is thought
      to be the underlying cause for breakdown of intestinal anastomoses. Therefore, we
      have studied the loss of collagen around ileal and colonic anastomoses in New
      Zealand White rabbits during the first 48 hr after operation. In the ileum,
      significant lysis of collagen in the anastomotic area, as represented by a
      decreased level of hydroxyproline, occurs from 12 hr postoperatively onward.
      Maximal loss of hydroxyproline, as compared to preoperative values, is 27%
      measured 24 hr after operation. In the colon, significant lysis of collagen
      occurs after 3 hr. The lowest level of hydroxyproline measured during the
      experimental period is found 48 hr after operation, where the concentration is
      decreased by 38%. Changes in ileum are restricted to the anastomotic area, while
      in the colon the decrease in hydroxyproline extends along the intestinal wall,
      particularly in a proximal direction. The fact that total protein concentrations
      do not vary significantly indicates that the lowered hydroxyproline levels are
      specific. Microscopic examination of the wound area shows that the cellular
      response during the first 24 hr after wounding is restricted to granulocytes. It
      is suggested that granulocyte collagenase is mainly responsible for the observed
      lysis of collagen after intestinal anastomosis.

PMID- 3996557
TI  - Differential counts by electron microscopy of cell types in normal intimal cell
      masses in swine abdominal aortas.
AB  - Hyperlipidemic diet-induced atherosclerotic lesions show a predilection for
      locating at the site of normal collections of intimal cells in the swine
      abdominal aorta. This implies that preexisting intimal cell masses (ICM) evolve
      into early diet-induced lesions. This study characterizes in detail the distal
      abdominal aortic ICM of young normal swine as a basis for a better understanding
      of lesion development. Seventeen male Yorkshire swine were used, from neonates to
      20 weeks of age. Only three of six neonates showed multilayered ICM, the
      remaining three showed scattered individual cells or a single layer of cells. All
      older swine had multilayered ICM at a predictable ventral site corresponding to
      Evans blue in vivo staining. The majority of cells counted by electron microscopy
      were smooth muscle (89 to 94%), the remaining were macrophages (1 to 8%) and
      poorly differentiated cells (3 to 5%). Weanling and older swine showed high
      proportions of contractile smooth muscle cells. Ergastoplasm-rich smooth muscle
      cells comprised nearly half of the neonatal population. Stainable lipids were
      demonstrable in 20-week-olds, but not in younger swine. No foam cells were seen,
      but cells containing a few droplets totaled 2%; macrophages comprised a high
      proportion of these. Pyknotic dead cells were rare, being found in the neonate
      and 20-week-old swine. Mitoses were observed in two ergastoplasm-rich smooth
      muscle cells in the neonate and one each in contractile smooth muscle cells of a
      14- and a 20-week-old swine. Saddlebag-shaped, atypical-appearing cells were
      present in all age groups, involving all three cell types, and ranging from 1 to
      3%. These represented either bridged nuclei and cytoplasm or more likely
      artefactual distortion of relatively normal cells.

PMID- 3996559
TI  - Colorimetric assay for methimazole in tablet formulations using the 2,6
      dichloroquinone chloroimide reagent.

PMID- 3996561
TI  - [Biopharmaceutics of vincamine salts after oral administration in humans].

PMID- 3996560
TI  - Analytical properties of metaclazepam, a new 1,4-benzodiazepine.

PMID- 3996562
TI  - [Pharmacodynamics of drugs metabolized in the liver in burn injury in the rat].

PMID- 3996563
TI  - [Effect of histamine on dimedrol interaction with human serum albumin].
AB  - It has been established by equilibrium dialysis and ultraviolet difference
      spectrophotometry that at pH 6.8 diphenhydramine interacts with human serum
      albumin more actively. It has been demonstrated that on the molecule of human
      serum albumin diphenhydramine interacts with two types of independent binding
      sites. The effects of pH and ionic strength of the medium, temperature, and
      cations on diphenhydramine binding with human serum albumin indicate that the
      drug is bound by hydrophobic interaction to the first type of the binding site
      and by van der Waals' forces to the second type of the binding site. Interaction
      of diphenhydramine with the second type of the binding site involves B
      conformation of human serum albumin. The presence of histamine increases
      diphenhydramine binding to human serum albumin via the second type of the binding
      site.

PMID- 3996564
TI  - [Barbamyl distribution in human blood].
AB  - Barbamil is not distributed uniformly in human blood. The highest drug
      concentration is recorded in the protein, the lowest in the aqueous part of
      plasma. Formed elements of the blood (red cells, leukocytes, platelets) are
      capable of binding to barbamil and transporting it to the cells and tissues.

PMID- 3996565
TI  - [Comparative sensitivity of the m-cholinoreceptors in various sites to
      cholinotropic agents].

PMID- 3996566
TI  - [Role of serotonin and dopamine receptors in the mechanism of action of
      haloperidol and pirenperone].
AB  - The effects of haloperidol, a typical neuroleptic, and pirenperone, a selective
      blocker of serotonin-2-receptors, were studied and compared. Acute administration
      of haloperidol had effects mainly in dopaminergic models, whereas pirenperone was
      active only in serotoninergic models. Chronic administration of both drugs made
      the systems indicated hypersensitive. This effect may be important in the
      mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 3996567
TI  - [Harman-induced changes in the anxiolytic effect of diazepam].
AB  - It has been demonstrated in experiments on rats under conflict situation that
      intraperitoneal injection of harman in high doses (20 mg/kg) counteracts and, in
      low doses (1 mg/kg), potentiates the anxiolytic effect of diazepam. A possible
      mechanism of the dual effect of harman on the anxiolytic action of diazepam is
      discussed.

PMID- 3996569
TI  - [Effect of dimethoxy dichloro vinyl phosphate and fluorostigmine on the cyclic
      nucleotide content and dopamine level in the brain nigrostriatal system].
AB  - Study of the levels of cAMP, cGMP and dopamine in the caudate nucleus of rats 30
      min and 24 h after acute poisoning with fluorostigmine or dimethoxy dichlorovinyl
      phosphate (DDVP) has shown that at the acute period the content of cGMP was
      elevated only in grave poisonings (by 46% after administration of fluorostigmine
      and by 64% after DDVP). Following 24 h the changes in the content of cAMP and
      cGMP were found to be retained only in the group of rats which received
      fluorostigmine (a 21% reduction and 27% rise, respectively). The dopamine level
      at the acute period was discovered to be altered only in mild patterns of
      poisoning (a 1.5-fold increase). After 24 h all the groups of animals
      demonstrated a 1.3-1.4 lowering of dopamine content.

PMID- 3996568
TI  - [Comparative study of the indices of the antidepressive activity of potassium
      orotate and piracetam].
AB  - It has been established in mouse experiments that potassium orotate (100 mg/kg)
      and piracetam (500 mg/kg) given in chronic oral doses have an antidepressant
      activity according to the "behavioral despair" test. It has been demonstrated
      that antidepressant activity of potassium orotate (20 and 50 mg/kg) and piracetam
      (50 and 100 mg/kg) is associated with a psychostimulant effect.

PMID- 3996570
TI  - [Effect of antihypoxic agents on the blood supply and function of the intact and
      ischemic myocardium].
AB  - It was established in experiments on cats anesthesized with nembutal that the
      antihypoxic drugs sodium hydroxybutyrate, piracetam and glio-6 increased blood
      outflow from the coronary heart sinus. This was accompanied by a rise in the
      content of oxyhemoglobin in coronary venous blood. Sodium hydroxybutyrate was
      shown to exhibit the highest and most prolonged effect. On the contrary, the
      effect of glio-6 did not last long. All the antihypoxic drugs enhanced myocardial
      contractility without changing or slightly reducing the pulse rate. In
      experimental acute coronary circulation failure (temporary occlusion of the
      coronary artery with the recording of the epicardial electrogram), sodium
      hydroxybutyrate and, to a lesser degree, piracetam were discovered to improve the
      function of the focus of myocardial ischemia. A single administration of glio-6
      did not affect the focus of acute myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 3996571
TI  - [Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the myocardial blood supply
      and oxygen regimen].
AB  - Experiments on intact cats were made to study the effect of intravenous injection
      of voltaren (4 mg/kg) and intraventricular injection of indomethacin (4 mg/kg),
      ibuprophen (5 mg/kg), and butadion (22 mg/kg) on the coronary circulation and
      oxygen consumption by the myocardium. Indomethacin and butadion decreased the
      volumetric velocity of the coronary circulation and to a lesser degree oxygen
      consumption by the myocardium in all the experiments, whereas voltaren in 8 of 15
      experiments. Ibuprophen and voltaren (in part of experiments) led to an increase
      in the coronary circulation and to greater oxygen utilization by the myocardium.

PMID- 3996572
TI  - [Effect of carnitine on energy processes in the myocardium of rats].
AB  - Experiments on white male rats with novodrine-induced heart necrosis have shown
      that carnitine chloride increases the conjugation of respiration and
      phosphorylation in heart mitochondria of intact rats. The prophylactic and
      therapeutic application of the drug has a beneficial effect on energy formation
      in the myocardium. It is advisable to use carnitine for energodynamic heart
      insufficiency.

PMID- 3996573
TI  - [Interrelations between quinidine distribution in the brain and myocardial
      arrhythmogenic readiness to aconitine and calcium chloride in postnatal
      ontogeny].
AB  - It has been shown in experiments on rats of different age that antiarrhythmic
      activity of quinidine during aconitine and calcium chloride arrhythmias is
      mediated not only via the cardial mechanisms but also via the central nervous
      system, with the importance of these mechanisms in postnatal ontogenesis being
      inconclusive.

PMID- 3996574
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of the activity of lithium preparations and anti
      arrhythmia agents in strophanthin, calcium chloride and barium chloride
      arrhythmias in an experiment].
AB  - During disorders of cardiac rhythm induced by strophanthine K in anesthesized
      cats, by calcium chloride in mice and anesthesized rats, and by barium chloride
      in rabbits, lithium hydroxybutyrate (0.55-3.2 mg/kg according to cation) compares
      very favourably with lithium chloride, novocainamide, lidocaine, trimecaine,
      etmozine, quinidine and verapamil as regards antiarrhythmic activity and the
      range of therapeutic action.

PMID- 3996575
TI  - [Effect of delagil on the blood coagulation system and the interrelation with
      heparin].
AB  - Experiments on rabbits have demonstrated the ability of delagil to slightly
      increase the time of whole blood coagulation upon a single parenteral injection.
      On the contrary, prolonged administration of the drug per os and intramuscularly
      was accompanied by an insignificant enhancement of hemocoagulation. Delagil
      changed the effect of heparin administered after it. Heparin injection at the
      height of blood delagil content was accompanied by a decrease in specific
      activity of the anticoagulant. Prolonged administration of delagil potentiated
      the anticoagulation effect of heparin and prevented the development of the
      "return effect". In experiments made in vitro, delagil was found to be capable of
      inhibiting blood coagulation and forming complexes with heparin, which was
      accompanied by the loss of the anticoagulant activity of the latter. Interaction
      of the antimalarial agent with heparin in blood plasma and buffer medium is
      governed by exponential dependence.

PMID- 3996576
TI  - [Effect of furosemide, hypothiazide and urea on the physicochemical properties of
      blood serum proteins in rats].
AB  - It has been shown by gel chromatography and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel
      that single and chronic therapeutic doses of furosemide and hypothiazide did not
      alter the structure of rat blood serum proteins. Exception was a single
      administration of hypothiazide that provoked the formation of labile protein
      associations. In contrast, administration of urea to the animals resulted in the
      formation of large stable aggregations of serum proteins. The associations
      contained albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulins and group-specific proteins
      situated on the electrophoregram between transferrin and albumin.

PMID- 3996577
TI  - [Effect of dopamine and its combination with furosemide on urination in the rat].
AB  - Subcutaneous injection of dopamine (0.2-0.5 mg/kg) increased the daily diuresis
      and excretion of sodium, potassium and creatinine. The raising of the dose to 1
      mg/kg did not alter renal function, but the initial effect recurred when the
      alpha-adrenolytic phentolamine was administered simultaneously. Dopamine (0.4-0.5
      mg/kg) potentiated the natriuretic action of furosemide apparently at the expense
      of more pronounced inhibition of tubular reabsorption of sodium.

PMID- 3996579
TI  - On the antimicrobial activity of some new poly[2,6-bis(methyleneaminomethyl)-4
      methyl]phenols and their N-iodoethylated salts.
AB  - The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the title polymers is described.
      Iodoethylation leads to a sensible improvement of activity only when the amino
      groups present in the main backbone of the polymers are connected by a long
      aliphatic chain.

PMID- 3996578
TI  - [Effect of furosemide on the permeability of the wall of intact and ischemic
      nephrons in the rat].
AB  - It has been established in acute experiments on rats that furosemide reduces the
      supply of uranine from the lumen of renal tubules to the interstitial space and
      systemic blood flow. Complete disconnection of the renal blood flow for 1 h
      dramatically raises the permeability of the epithelial barrier of the tubules.
      Administration of furosemide before disconnection of the renal circulation is
      accompanied by an increase of uranine transport from the nephron lumen to the
      blood as compared with the control. However, this response is less pronounced
      than in experiments with renal ischemia without the use of the diuretic.

PMID- 3996580
TI  - [New 2,4-dibromo-6-(N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl)-aminomethylanilides of derivatives of
      cysteine and cystine with expectorant activity].
AB  - New 2,4-dibromo-6-(N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl)aminomethylanilides of N-acetylcysteine
      and N-acetyl-S-carboxymethylcisteine derivatives, N-benzyloxycarbonylcysteine and
      N,N'-bisbenzyloxycarbonylcystine were synthesized. The compounds were tested for
      the expectorant activity in rabbit and mouse. N,N'-Bisbenzyloxycarbonylcystin-bis
      [2,4-dibromo-6-(N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl)aminomethyl]anilide (XIX) was selected for
      further investigations.

PMID- 3996582
TI  - A proposal for the structure of conotoxin--a potent antagonist of the nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - Conotoxin, a thirteen residue neurotoxic peptide, is demonstrated, by circular
      dichroism measurements, to possess a high content of alpha-helix. The location of
      this helix in the sequence is severely limited by the structural preferences of
      individual amino acids and by the positioning of the two cystine links.
      Comparisons are made between the reactive site of elapidae snake venom
      postsynaptic neurotoxins and the surface of the conotoxin molecule.

PMID- 3996581
TI  - N-substituted 4,7,7-trimethyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)bicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 2
      carboxamides and 2-carbothioamides with hypotensive activity.
AB  - The synthesis of two series of N-substituted 4,7,7-trimethyl-3-(1
      piperidinyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 2-carboxamides (I d-h) and 2-carbothioamides
      (I i-o), as well as of some N-aryl 4,7,7-trimethyl-3-(1
      pyrrolidinyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 2-carboxamides (I a-c), by reaction of
      camphor piperidinoenamine and pyrrolidinoenamine with aryl isocyanates and
      isothiocyanates is described. On the whole compounds (I d-h) showed a weak
      hypotensive activity in rats.

PMID- 3996583
TI  - X-ray studies on triclinic crystals of fatty acid binding protein. Examples of an
      extremely X-ray-resistant protein.
AB  - Fatty acid binding protein (pI 7.0) from bovine liver cytosol was crystallized
      using polyethylene glycol 4000 and 6000 as precipitating agents. The crystals are
      triclinic, space group P1. One molecule of 14 kDa occupies the unit cell with
      constants a = 33.5 A, b = 39.4 A, c = 30.6 A, alpha = 113.6 degrees, beta = 113.8
      degrees, gamma = 88.8 degrees. Crystal diffraction extends to at least 2.25 A
      resolution and the crystals are stable in the X-ray beam for more than 450 h. One
      native data set to 2.5 A resolution has been collected.

PMID- 3996584
TI  - Relative molecular mass determination of a major, highest relative molecular mass
      extracellular amelogenin of developing bovine enamel.
AB  - Proteins of developing bovine enamel were fractionated by molecular sieving and
      ion-exchange chromatography. The major fraction corresponding to the highest Mr
      amelogenin of Mr approximately 26 000-30 000 was isolated and its Mr determined
      by SDS-PAGE, molecular sieving on G-100 resin and high performance liquid
      chromatography and by sedimentation-equilibrium ultracentrifugation, the latter
      three procedures in guanidine hydrochloride. SDS-PAGE and HPLC molecular sieving,
      employing commonly used Mr standards, gave Mr values of approximately 22 000-26
      000. SDS-PAGE and HPLC molecular sieving, using proline-rich CNBr peptides of
      collagen as standards, and sedimentation-equilibrium ultracentrifugation, gave Mr
      values of approximately 15 000-18 000 and approximately 17 385, respectively.
      These latter values correspond well with those reported earlier and with the Mr
      of the major amelogenin computed from recent amino acid sequence data
      (approximately 19 000). It is concluded that the recently described, highest Mr
      amelogenin of Mr = 26 000-30 000 is not a new component but is identical to the
      proline-rich components having relative molecular masses ranging from 15 000 to
      18 000 described much earlier by several groups of workers.

PMID- 3996585
TI  - A Ca2+-sensitive actin regulatory protein from smooth muscle.
AB  - Using a procedure involving DNase I affinity chromatography and Sephadex G-200
      gel filtration, we partially purified a Ca2+-sensitive actin regulatory 90-kDa
      protein from bovine aorta. The 90-kDa protein existed in the form of a complex
      with actin on a DNase I column even in the presence of 5 mM EGTA, indicating that
      the 90-kDa protein binds tightly to actin in a Ca2+-insensitive manner. The
      isolation procedure described above indicates that the 90-kDa protein is present
      in smooth muscles including aorta, uterus and bladder, but not in skeletal and
      heart muscles. When added to G-actin before polymerization, the 90-kDa protein
      increases the initial rate of actin polymerization and lowers the final viscosity
      at Ca2+ concentrations greater than 10(-7) M. This decrease in viscosity is due
      to the generation of filaments which cannot be readily sedimented.

PMID- 3996586
TI  - Liver carnitine metabolism after partial hepatectomy in the rat. Effects of
      nutritional status and inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase.
AB  - This study examined the effects of partial hepatectomy on hepatic carnitine and
      acylcarnitine concentrations in fed or 24 h-starved partially hepatectomized (PH)
      or sham-operated (SO) rats at 1 or 4 days after surgery. The ratio of free to
      esterified carnitine was low in fed PH rats at day 1: the low ratio was increased
      to the SO value when mitochondrial fat oxidation was inhibited by 2
      tetradecylglycidate. Starvation (24 h) increased plasma [non-esterified fatty
      acid] in PH or SO rats, the increases being greater at day 1 than at day 4.
      Hepatic [long-chain acylcarnitine] were also increased. These latter increases
      were a consequence of increased mitochondrial fat oxidation since they were not
      observed in PH or SO rats treated with 2-tetradecylglycidate. Whereas the
      starvation-induced increase in long-chain acylcarnitine was associated with
      increased [ketone body] in livers of SO rats at both day 1 and day 4 after
      surgery, [ketone body] was inappropriately low for the steady-state long-chain
      [acylcarnitine] in livers of PH rats at the first post-operative day. This was
      not a consequence of a decrease in [total carnitine] in the liver. The results
      are discussed with reference to the role of the liver in determining the relative
      proportions of the fat fuels available for extrahepatic tissues and the effects
      of liver cell proliferation on hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism.

PMID- 3996587
TI  - 23Na NMR investigation of human lenses from patients with cataracts.

PMID- 3996588
TI  - Purification and characterisation of chicken brain hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase.
AB  - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme (EC 2.4.2.8) from chicken
      brain has been purified 10 000-fold to homogeneity. The molecular mass of the
      native enzyme is 85 kDa, with four subunits, each of 26 kDa, and exerts its
      maximum activity at pH 10.0. The Km values for hypoxanthine and guanine are 5.2
      and 1.8 microM, respectively. The half-life of the enzyme is 30 min at 85 degrees
      C. Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the native purified enzyme and were
      used for purification of enzyme to homogeneity. The monoclonal antibody did not
      bind to the active centre of the enzyme.

PMID- 3996589
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the cooperative homodimeric hemoglobin from the mollusc
      Scapharca inaequivalvis and topology of the intersubunit contacts.
AB  - The dimeric hemoglobin (HbI) from Scapharca inaequivalvis is highly homologous to
      the other known dimeric Acid hemoglobins. The sequence has a distinctive
      hydrophobicity profile in the region corresponding to the E and F helices with
      respect to both the hemoglobin and myoglobin chains from vertebrates due to the
      presence of several additional hydrophobic residues. The characteristic topology
      of the E and F helices is conserved in all the known sequences of Arcid
      hemoglobins including that of the so-called alpha chain of the tetrameric
      component from Anadara trapezia. The rationale for this conservation lies in the
      unusual assembly of Arcid hemoglobins where the E and F helices are involved in
      the interdimeric contact. It is suggested that the extra hydrophobic residues
      play a major role in the assembly of the basic dimeric unit in these hemoglobins.

PMID- 3996590
TI  - A proform of secretin with high secretin-like bioactivity.
AB  - A variant form of the heptacosapeptide amide secretin, with C-terminal -Val-Gly
      Lys-Arg instead of valine amide, has been isolated from porcine upper intestinal
      tissue. Unexpectedly, this triacontapeptide exhibited a substantially higher
      bioactivity than the heptacosapeptide amide.

PMID- 3996591
TI  - 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase is a peroxisomal enzyme and therefore not involved in
      mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
AB  - The subcellular location of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase (EC 5.1.2.3) was studied
      by differential centrifugation and Percoll density gradient centrifugation of a
      rat liver homogenate. The enzyme was found to be associated with peroxisomes but
      not with mitochondria. This observation proves that 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA epimerase
      does not function in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
      which are degraded by a modified pathway.

PMID- 3996592
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide has a role in the aggregation of human platelets.
AB  - The aggregation of platelets induced by soluble and particulate stimuli is
      enhanced by the addition of minute amounts of H2O2. Externally added catalase
      strongly inhibits the aggregation induced by particulate stimuli and by phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA). The addition of aminotriazole to stimulated platelets
      causes a significant inhibition of intracellular catalase. This indicates the
      formation of H2O2 inside the platelets during activation. No effects were
      observed when the platelets were stimulated by the ionophore A23187.

PMID- 3996593
TI  - Evidence for the formation of inositol 4-monophosphate in stimulated human
      platelets.
AB  - Human platelets were prelabeled with [3H] inositol and exposed to thrombin or
      vasopressin. The radioactive inositol monophosphates were separated by high
      performance liquid chromatography and identified by cochromatography with
      unlabeled standard substances. Radioactive inositol 1-monophosphate (Ins 1-P) and
      inositol 4-monophosphate (Ins 4-P) were detected in unstimulated platelets and
      accumulated in response to thrombin or vasopressin. Ins 4-P as well as Ins 1-P
      increased after the formation of inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (Ins 1,4-P2) and
      inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins 1,4,5-P3). Lithium augmented the accumulation
      of Ins 1-P and Ins 1,4-P2 in stimulated platelets, and also of Ins 4-P in
      platelets stimulated by vasopressin, but not by thrombin. The results indicate
      that Ins 1,4-P2 formed in stimulated platelets is partly degraded to Ins 4-P. The
      significance of Ins 4-P as a marker molecule for the study of inositol phosphate
      metabolism in stimulated cells is discussed.

PMID- 3996594
TI  - Human brain fibroblast growth factor. Isolation and partial chemical
      characterization.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) has been purified to homogeneity from human brain
      by a procedure involving salt precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography,
      Heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. Isolation was
      monitored by radioimmunoassay and/or by testing column fractions for their
      capacity to stimulate the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in vitro.
      The amino-terminal sequence of human brain FGF was determined as Pro-Ala-Leu-Pro
      Glu-Asp-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Phe-Pro-. This sequence is identical to that of the
      amino-terminal region of bovine FGF. Additional evidence, including amino acid
      composition, chromatographic retention behavior, and immunoreactivity suggest
      that the human and bovine mitogens are very similar in structure.

PMID- 3996595
TI  - Purification of liver and hepatoma membrane proteins by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - This paper documents the recovery of selected proteins from hepatic plasma
      membranes. Initial purification, achieved by a series of stepwise extractions,
      facilitates the subsequent purification by HPLC. Examples are provided to
      illustrate the recovery of specific proteins from two Morris hepatoma lines and
      the liver.

PMID- 3996596
TI  - Unusual frequencies of certain alternating purine-pyrimidine runs in natural DNA
      sequences: relation to Z-DNA.
AB  - Prokaryotic, eukaryotic and mitochondrial DNA sequences of total Length 300 000
      nucleotides have been analyzed to find out whether stretches of alternating
      purines and pyrimidines are unusual in terms of occurrence, composition and base
      sequence. Alternating runs longer than 5 nucleotides are significantly under
      represented in the natural sequences as compared to random ones. Octanucleotides
      are the most deficient, occurring at only 60% of the frequency expected in random
      sequences. An unexpectedly high proportion of these octamers consists of
      alternating tetramers with the repeat structure (PuPyPuPy)2 or (PyPuPyPu)2. DNA
      stretches containing such sequences can potentially form a S1 nuclease sensitive
      slippage (staggered loop) structure, which might serve as a locally unstacked
      intermediate in the B- to Z-DNA conformational transition.

PMID- 3996597
TI  - Subtype ayw variant of hepatitis B virus. DNA primary structure analysis.
AB  - The entire genome of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) occurring in Latvia was
      sequenced. This sequence, which is 3182 nucleotides long, was compared with the
      other previously published HBV genomes and was shown to share maximum homology
      with HBV subtype ayw DNA. The coordinates of 4 main open reading frames as well
      as hairpin structures are very well conserved in the two genomes. The
      distribution of nucleotide substitutions among different HBV genomes suggest that
      the open reading frames P and X can fulfil a coding function. On the basis of
      primary structure comparison for hepadnaviral DNAs several evolutionary
      conclusions can be drawn.

PMID- 3996598
TI  - Primary structure of elongation factor 2 around the site of ADP-ribosylation is
      highly conserved from archaebacteria to eukaryotes.
AB  - Elongation factor 2 (EF-2) from eukaryotes and archaebacteria can be ADP
      ribosylated by diphtheria toxin (DT) [(1977) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 69-94;
      (1980) Nature 287, 250-251]. The primary structure of the ADP-ribose accepting
      region in EFs from the archaebacteria Thermoplasma acidophilum Halobacterium
      cutirubrum and Methanococcus vannielli was determined in order to elucidate the
      degree of conservation compared with 4 previously established eukaryotic
      sequences [(1971) FEBS Lett. 103, 253-255]. Within a 9-residue sequence including
      the site of ADP-ribosylation 5 positions were found to be occupied by the same
      amino acid in all the archaebacterial and eukaryotic factors studied. There were
      more differences among the 3 archaebacterial sequences than among the 4
      eukaryotic ones.

PMID- 3996599
TI  - Investigation of phospholipase-lipid interactions by optical detection of triplet
      state magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - We have investigated the binding of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PA2) to
      n-hexadecylphosphocholine (C16PN) micelles using optical detection of triplet
      state magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy. The zero field splittings (zfs) of
      the single Trp3 residue undergo significant changes upon binding of PA2 to C16PN
      micelles. Zfs titrations of PA2 vs C16PN indicate that the binding stoichiometry
      is C16PN:PA2 approximately 25. A reduction of the (E) parameter from 1.227 to
      1.135 GHz is postulated to result from Stark effects caused by the binding of a
      polar group (possibly phosphocholine) near Trp3 in the PA2-C16PN micelle complex.

PMID- 3996601
TI  - Evidence for the presence of large amounts of cathepsin E in rat spleen.
AB  - Although cathepsin E is present in trace amounts in spleen from several species,
      it was found in large amounts in rat spleen. This observation can be correlated
      with the fact that spleen in the rat is an important organ in haemopoeisis.

PMID- 3996600
TI  - Evidence that human prostatic 5 alpha-reductase is located exclusively in the
      nucleus.
AB  - The 5 alpha-reductase activities in human prostatic nuclei and microsomes were
      compared. The activities in both subcellular fractions were identical with
      respect to pH dependence, heat inactivation and Michaelis constants for NADPH and
      testosterone. Subcellular distribution studies using DNA and nicotinamide
      mononucleotide adenyl transferase as nuclear markers showed that the amount of 5
      alpha-reductase present in the microsomes was directly proportional to the amount
      of nuclear contamination. These results indicate that human prostatic tissue
      contains only one form of 5 alpha-reductase, which is located exclusively in the
      nucleus. This finding has important implications for the mechanism of steroid
      action in the prostate.

PMID- 3996602
TI  - Surface accessibility of aromatic residues in human lysozyme using
      photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Resonances in the photo-CIDNP spectrum of human lysozyme have been assigned to
      specific spin systems despite extensive spectral overlap using the two
      dimensional photo-CIDNP COSY experiment. Five of the 12 tyrosine, tryptophan and
      histidine residues of human lysozyme are found to be accessible to flavin dye in
      solution. This result is in good agreement with surface accessibility
      calculations carried out on the human lysozyme crystal structure. When amino acid
      differences are considered the photo-CIDNP results obtained for human lysozyme
      are in good agreement with results obtained previously for hen lysozyme.

PMID- 3996603
TI  - Identification of acrylate, the product of the dehydration of (R)-lactate
      catalysed by cell-free extracts from Clostridium propionicum.
AB  - Cell extracts from Clostridium propionicum harvested in the late log-phase
      catalysed the dehydration of (R)-lactate to acrylate at a maximum rate of 0.06
      U/mg protein. The unsaturated acid was identified by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and as p-bromophenacyl ester by gas chromatography combined with
      mass spectroscopy. The amount of acrylate formed was dependent on protein and (R)
      lactate concentrations. However, due to product inhibition the yield of acrylate
      did not exceed 0.5%. Like the dehydration of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate to
      glutaconate the dehydration of (R)-lactate to acrylate was inhibited by 1 mM
      hydroxylamine, 1mM azide, 0.1 mM dinitrophenol, 10 mM EDTA or by exposure to air.
      A radical mechanism is postulated.

PMID- 3996604
TI  - Changes in the glutathione status of plasma, liver and muscle following
      exhaustive exercise in rats.
AB  - Our results show that following physical exercise to exhaustion, the levels of
      reduced glutathione are increased in the plasma, but decreased in both the liver
      and skeletal muscle of rats. Levels of glutathione disulfide are increased in all
      3 tissues. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which the liver may be
      dumping reduced glutathione into the plasma in an attempt to deliver it to those
      tissues that need it the most: in this case, skeletal muscle.

PMID- 3996605
TI  - A chick embryo fibroblast protein kinase recognizing ribosomal protein S6.
      Activity increase after serum stimulation.
AB  - We sought protein kinase(ser) activity in DEAE-Sephacel chromatography fractions
      of the 10000 X g supernatants of chick embryo fibroblasts using 40 S ribosomal
      subunits as kinase substrate, and detected a new S6-recognizing kinase activity.
      There was one order of magnitude more enzyme activity in chromatography fractions
      derived from serum-stimulated than from serum-deprived cells. Known protein
      kinase regulators and a low dose tryptic treatment did not increase the enzyme's
      activity.

PMID- 3996606
TI  - Thiophilic adsorption--a new method for protein fractionation.
AB  - Divinylsulphone-activated agarose to which mercaptoethanol is coupled showed very
      selective group adsorption of human serum proteins, in particular the
      immunoglobulins. The adsorption increases markedly in the presence of high
      concentrations of neutral water-structure forming salts and is distinct from
      adsorptions based on hydrophobic interaction. A characteristic feature of this
      new type of adsorbent is the structure of the groups attached to the polymer, P,
      i.e., R-S-CH2-CH2-SO2-CH2-CH2-O-P, where R is a small aliphatic residue. Our
      results indicate that the thioether sulphur and the adjacent sulphone group act
      cooperatively and are apparently necessary to maintain the distinct behaviour of
      such absorbents.

PMID- 3996607
TI  - Real-time measurements of acetylcholine-induced release of ATP from bovine
      medullary chromaffin cells.
AB  - The luminescent oxidation of luciferin has been used to monitor acetylcholine
      induced ATP release from cultured bovine chromaffin cells. Acetylcholine (1-100
      microM) evoked ATP release of up to 30% of the total cellular ATP. This secretion
      required external free calcium and could also be elicited by K+-induced membrane
      depolarization. The size of the cytosolic ATP compartment was estimated as 5% of
      the ATP in the cell by solubilising the cell membrane using digitonin (20 microM)
      or by application to the cells of brief pulses (2 microseconds) of high electric
      field (2000 V/cm). Blockers of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel effectively blocked
      K+-induced ATP release, while the acetylcholine antagonists d-tubocurarine and
      beta-bungarotoxin inhibited the acetylcholine-induced release of ATP. These data
      support the concept that ATP is released together with the catecholamines by
      exocytosis of chromaffin granule contents.

PMID- 3996608
TI  - Volume regulation by Amphiuma red blood cells: strategies for identifying alkali
      metal/H+ transport.
AB  - The regulation of cell volume in response to anisotonic media, and in a broader
      perspective electroneutral alkali/metal H+ exchange transport, are currently
      areas of general interest to transport physiologists. In this paper I outline the
      basic features of volume-sensitive ion fluxes as studied with Amphiuma red blood
      cells. As has been shown in previous studies the alkali metal ion fluxes that are
      responsible for volume regulation by these cells are electroneutral by virtue of
      obligatory counter coupling with H+. The criteria for establishing the existence
      of electroneutral alkali metal/H+ exchange in these cells will be reviewed and
      expanded on. In the process, behavior and phenomena consistent with, as well as
      those unique to, electroneutral alkali metal/H+ exchange will be introduced,
      illustrated with experimental data, and discussed. Finally, based on
      thermodynamic considerations, kinetic behavior will be evaluated in terms of
      electroneutral alkali metal/H+ transport.

PMID- 3996609
TI  - Na+/H+ exchange in volume regulation and cytoplasmic pH homeostasis in
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Osmotic shrinking activates an amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchange in the
      membrane of blood and thymic lymphocytes. The exchange, which is virtually
      quiescent in isotonic conditions, can also be activated by lowering the
      cytoplasmic pH (pHi). Activation by pHi is largely caused by an allosteric
      interaction of H+ with a kinetic modifier site, different from the internal
      substrate site. The set point or threshold pHi for activation of the exchanger is
      dictated by the protonation of the modifier. Evidence is presented that indicates
      that cell shrinking alters the pHi sensitivity of the modifier, shifting the set
      point to more alkaline levels. In the presence of HCO3- and Cl- a volume increase
      will accompany the change in pHi. Volume changes can also be produced in isotonic
      solutions if the exchange is activated by acidification of the cytoplasm, e.g.,
      by addition of propionate to the medium. The latter phenomenon provides a simple
      method for the detection of the Na+/H+ antiport by electronic cell sizing.

PMID- 3996610
TI  - Determinants of epithelial cell volume.
AB  - Epithelial cell volume is determined by the concentration of intracellular,
      osmotically active solutes. The high water permeability of the cell membrane of
      most epithelia prevents the establishment of large osmotic gradients between the
      cell and the bathing solutions. Steady-state cell volume is determined by the
      relative rates of solute entry and exit across the cell membranes. Inhibition of
      solute exit leads to cell swelling because solute entry continues; inhibition of
      solute entry leads to cell shrinkage because solute exit continues. Cell volume
      is then a measure of the rate and direction of net solute movements. Epithelial
      cells are also capable of regulation of the rate of solute entry and exit to
      maintain intracellular composition. Feedback control of NaCl entry into Necturus
      gallbladder epithelial cells is demonstrable after inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase
      or reduction in the NaCl concentration of the serosal bath. Necturus gallbladder
      cells respond to a change in the osmolality of the perfusion solution by rapidly
      regulating their volume to control values. This regulatory behavior depends on
      the transient activation of quiescent transport systems. These transport systems
      are responsible for the rapid readjustments of cell volume that follow osmotic
      perturbation. These powerful transporters may also play a role in steady-state
      volume regulation as well as in the control of cell pH.

PMID- 3996611
TI  - Changes in cellular glutathione levels: possible relation to selenium-mediated
      anticarcinogenesis.
AB  - Mechanisms of Se-mediated anticarcinogenesis were investigated. Excess Se as
      Na2SeO3 reversibly decreased mammalian cell proliferation in vitro. This
      inhibitory effect was exerted primarily in G1 of the cell cycle; however, S and
      G2 were also affected. Cellular glutathione concentrations both in vitro and in
      vivo were altered by excess Se administration. These results are discussed in
      terms of altered cellular glutathione metabolism and its possible implications
      for cell proliferation.

PMID- 3996613
TI  - Considerations on the assessment of selenium status.
AB  - There is increasing interest in the techniques available for assessing Se status
      because of the accumulating evidence from laboratory animal experiments and human
      epidemiological studies that suggests a link between Se and the incidence of
      certain types of human cancer. In this paper, different methods of Se assessment
      are described, including analytical approaches (dietary intakes, tissue contents,
      and excreta levels), functional biochemical measurements (glutathione peroxidase
      activity), and functional physiological tests. The importance of considering
      interacting nutrients and other interacting substances is pointed out. Typical
      values of some Se status indicators reported in normal, deficient, and selenotic
      states are given.

PMID- 3996612
TI  - Effect of selenium on virally induced and transplantable tumor models.
AB  - Se is effective in inhibiting both virally induced and transplantable tumors.
      Continued intake of Se at quantities greater than those required to optimize
      growth and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities appear to be needed to
      achieve maximal tumor inhibition. Differences in the sensitivity to Se of various
      tumor cell lines are evident. The efficacy of Se depends on the form and mode of
      administration of this trace element. Total tumor mass also appears to affect the
      efficacy of Se. Evidence now suggests that selenodiglutathione or some other
      intermediate in Se metabolism is responsible for the antitumorigenic properties
      of this trace element.

PMID- 3996614
TI  - The epidemiology of selenium and cancer.
AB  - Evidence supporting the hypothesis that decreased Se status is associated with an
      increased risk of cancer is increasing. This paper reviews the epidemiological
      studies of the Se and cancer hypothesis and discusses their strengths,
      limitations, problems of interpretation, and methodological issues.

PMID- 3996615
TI  - The significance of human leukocyte antigen profiles in human infertility,
      recurrent abortion, and pregnancy disorders.

PMID- 3996616
TI  - The late luteal phase in infertile women: comparison of simultaneous endometrial
      biopsy and progesterone levels.
AB  - Endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained from 107 normally menstruating
      infertile women 2 to 3 days before the anticipated onset of menses and were day
      dated according to histologic criteria. A simultaneous blood sample was obtained
      for measurement of progesterone (P) and beta-subunit of human chorionic
      gonadotropin. Of 98 biopsies which could be accurately dated, 56 were in-phase
      (IP) and 42 were out-of-phase (OOP). Mean serum P levels were significantly lower
      in women with OOP biopsies undertaken more than 4 days before the onset of
      menses. A sharp decline in serum P levels was observed in women with IP but not
      OOP biopsies, so that on the final premenstrual day serum P levels were
      significantly higher than normal in women with OOP biopsies. Pregnancy continued
      without interruption in two of six patients who underwent biopsy in the cycle of
      conception. One patient had an ectopic pregnancy; and the three remaining
      pregnant patients, all with subnormal P values, aborted. The study suggests that
      there is a high frequency of minor abnormalities in luteal function in normally
      menstruating, infertile women for whom tubal and male factors were normal. The
      frequency of subclinical pregnancy (2 of 107) was lower than anticipated from
      earlier studies.

PMID- 3996618
TI  - Conception rates in couples where autoimmunity to sperm is detected.
AB  - In men with autoimmunity to sperm, a varying proportion of spermatozoa in the
      ejaculate are found to have surface-bound immunoglobulins. We asked whether the
      extent of autoimmunity, as judged by this criterion, would have predictive value
      in determining the chance of conception. Infertile couples where husbands were
      found to have antisperm antibodies were treated for other factors leading to
      impaired reproduction, but no specific treatment was offered for reduction of
      these antibodies. The chance of pregnancy for those couples where autoimmunity to
      sperm was the sole definable factor leading to infertility was 15.3% when most
      spermatozoa were antibody-bound. A significantly greater number of wives whose
      husbands had less than 50% of their sperm bound by immunoglobulins conceived
      (66.7%; P less than 0.005).

PMID- 3996617
TI  - Clinical and biologic antecedents of the amenorrhea/hyperprolactinemia syndrome:
      a case-control study.
AB  - Clinical, reproductive, and biologic antecedents of women with the
      amenorrhea/hyperprolactinemia (A/H) syndrome, most with pituitary prolactinomas,
      and matched healthy subjects were examined in a case-control study. Women with
      A/H had more frequent irregularity in early menstrual cycle patterns and excess
      facial hair, had less frequent catamenial symptoms, and were heavier at the time
      of study when compared with control subjects. The patients reported a more
      frequent history of thyroid disease and chest trauma. There were no significant
      differences between the patients and control subjects with respect to prior use
      of oral contraceptives, estrogens, psychotropic drugs, alcohol, or other
      substances known to alter serum prolactin levels, nor were there significant
      differences in the family history of gynecologic conditions or malignancies or
      the syndromes of multiple endocrine neoplasia. The implications of these findings
      are discussed.

PMID- 3996619
TI  - Intrauterine insemination: the University of Minnesota experience.
AB  - Forty-five patients initiated intrauterine insemination between October 1981 and
      August 1983. Indications for insemination included poor semen (count less than 20
      X 10(6)/ml and/or motility less than 40%), poor cervical mucus, presence of sperm
      antibodies, unexplained poor postcoital tests, or various combinations of the
      above. During this time period, 374 inseminations were performed in 163 cycles
      and resulted in eight pregnancies in the 45 patients receiving artificial
      insemination by homologous donor, for an overall pregnancy rate of 17.4%. The
      fact that five of the pregnancies occurred in the first insemination cycle and
      two in the second cycle was felt to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. A
      trial of intrauterine insemination in selected patients would appear to be
      warranted.

PMID- 3996620
TI  - A sensitive urine pregnancy test as an aid in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - A highly sensitive 2-hour tube test for the detection of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) in urine was compared with the more resource-demanding
      radioimmunoassay for hCG in serum as an aid in the diagnosis of ectopic
      pregnancy. In a first series of 107 patients with the possibility of ectopic
      pregnancy, the urine test was positive in 31 patients, including all 15 patients
      shown to have an ectopic pregnancy. In a second series of 113 consecutive
      patients with ectopic pregnancy, the highly sensitive test was performed in 94
      patients. It was positive in 90 (96%). The median time of amenorrhea at diagnosis
      was 7 weeks, and only 15 patients suffered a rupture of the fallopian tube. A
      highly sensitive urinary test for hCG is recommended as a screening method for
      patients giving even the smallest indication of ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 3996621
TI  - Radionuclide evaluation of tubal function.
AB  - The tubal capacity to transport radioactively labeled human albumin microspheres
      deposited in the vaginal fornix and cervical canal and to concentrate them on the
      ovarian surface was evaluated in a group of 34 patient-volunteers. One millicurie
      of technetium-99 was used to label human albumin microspheres of 20 mu in
      diameter, suspended in 1 ml of saline. The distribution of the radioactive
      material was imaged on a gamma camera at different intervals between 15 and 240
      minutes. The radiation dose to the ovaries was estimated to be similar to that of
      a hysterosalpingogram. The results of the radionuclide evaluation were compared
      with the surgical findings at the time of laparoscopy or laparotomy performed for
      diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. The overall correlation was 87.1%. It would
      appear that as opposed to the traditional hysterosalpingogram, a radionuclide
      test may give a better understanding of the functional capacity of the tube and
      may also prove a useful method in the evaluation of the results of tubal
      microsurgical procedures.

PMID- 3996622
TI  - Relation between steroid receptor levels and prolactin level in the decidua of
      early human pregnancy.
AB  - To clarify the relation between steroids and prolactin (PRL) production in human
      decidua, the levels of estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptors (PRs),
      and androgen receptors (ARs) and the level of PRL in the decidua were determined
      simultaneously during early pregnancy. Cytosol, nuclear, and total ER levels and
      the cytosol PRL level were found to increase with the advance of gestation;
      whereas levels of PRs and ARs remained constant. Multiple regression analysis
      showed that the multiple correlation coefficient in the relationships of cellular
      ERs and cytosol PRL with gestational age was 0.722 and relatively high among the
      others. These results suggest an association between estrogen and decidual
      growth. Significant correlations between the cytosol PRL level and cellular PR or
      AR levels were seen during early pregnancy, suggesting that progestin and
      androgen may regulate PRL synthesis.

PMID- 3996623
TI  - Effect of aging and cold temperature storage of hamster ova as assessed in the
      sperm penetration assay.
AB  - The penetration of zona pellucida-free hamster ova by human spermatozoa has been
      used to quantitate sperm penetration potential. However, since mammalian eggs in
      vitro have limited viability, the effect of in vitro aging on the ability of
      hamster ova to be penetrated by human spermatozoa was examined. Zona-free ova
      maintained at room temperature (25 degrees C) lost their ability to be
      subsequently penetrated with a half-life of 50.1 +/- 8.8 minutes. This was partly
      the result of removing the zona pellucida by trypsin digestion, since zona-free
      oocytes in the presence of trypsin inhibitor or zona pellucida-intact oocytes had
      half-lives of 99.1 +/- 15.2 and 120.5 +/- 17.4 minutes, respectively. Reduction
      in penetration rates associated with ovum aging did not appear to be due to loss
      of viability and could be completely prevented by maintaining the ova on ice (4
      degrees C). In the presence of TEST-yolk buffer at 4 degrees C, ova retained
      (100%) their ability to be penetrated for up to 24 hours and were morphologically
      indistinguishable from fresh ova. These observations show that ovum aging in
      vitro at 25 degrees C is much greater than previously anticipated. This may
      result in artifactually low and variable scores in the penetration bioassay.

PMID- 3996624
TI  - Effect of clomiphene citrate on human spermatozoal motility and fertilizing
      capacity in vitro.
AB  - The effect of clomiphene citrate (CC) at various concentrations (0.005, 0.05,
      0.5, 5, and 50 micrograms/ml) on the in vitro motility and fertilizing capacity
      of human spermatozoa was studied. Spermatozoa collected from 14 normal men were
      washed in modified Krebs-Ringer solution (Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham [BWW]
      medium) and incubated with CC for 5 hours, the period required for spermatozoal
      capacitation. The percent motilities of spermatozoa were recorded at 0 and 5
      hours during incubation with CC. After incubation, the spermatozoa were washed
      with BWW medium to remove CC before insemination of the zona-free hamster ova. CC
      caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in the penetration of denuded
      hamster ova in comparison with the control (P less than 0.05). Significant
      depressive effect on spermatozoal motility was observed with CC at 0.05
      micrograms/ml or higher concentrations (P less than 0.05). These results indicate
      that (1) CC decreases human spermatozoal fertilizing capacity in vitro and (2)
      the inhibitory effect on fertilizing capacity could be due to the sperm
      immobilizing activity of CC.

PMID- 3996626
TI  - Microsurgical transposition of the human fallopian tube and ovary with subsequent
      intrauterine pregnancy.
AB  - This is the report of a case of a single left unicornuate uterus in a woman whose
      ipsilateral tube and ovary had been removed subsequent to a left tubal pregnancy.
      On the right side were present an ovary and a short oviduct (composed of
      infundibulum and ampulla) immobilized high on the pelvic side wall. Surgical
      transposition of the right ovary and tube with preservation of their vascular
      supply permitted anastomosis between the left intramural and the right ampullary
      tubal segments. The ovary was mobilized to restore a proper spatial relationship
      with the fimbrial extremity of the tube. In the third postoperative cycle, the
      patient was successful in achieving an intrauterine pregnancy and has now been
      delivered of a normal live infant. The potential of microsurgical techniques in
      restoring fertility in the face of unusual pelvic anatomy is reiterated.

PMID- 3996625
TI  - Factors affecting the probability of conception after treatment of subfertile men
      with varicocele by transcatheter embolization with Bucrylate.
AB  - Retrospective analysis of 100 patients treated for varicocele-associated
      infertility by means of transcatheter embolization with 2-isobutyl-cyano acrylate
      (Bucrylate, Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ) reveals that the age of the man and the
      duration of infertility do not influence the probability of pregnancy after
      treatment. Patients treated for subclinical varicoceles had the same probability
      of success as patients with larger varicoceles. The following factors were found
      to have predictive power as far as the posttreatment success rate is concerned:
      the coincidence of other disease interfering with the fertility of the man or
      woman, serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentration, total testicular volume,
      and pretreatment semen quality. Depending on the latter factors, the probability
      of conception varies between 8% and 80%. It seems possible to define certain
      subgroups of varicocele patients with poor, moderate, or good fertility
      prognosis.

PMID- 3996627
TI  - Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical secretions and serum: effect of
      blood in such secretions.

PMID- 3996628
TI  - Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone.

PMID- 3996629
TI  - Endometrial estradiol and progesterone receptors in patients with luteal phase
      defects and endometriosis.
AB  - Endometrial cytosol estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PgRs)
      were quantitated in postovulatory endometrial biopsy samples of patients with
      luteal phase defect (LPD), those with endometriosis, and normal control subjects.
      Serum levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P), obtained on the day of the
      biopsy, were also measured. No significant differences among endometrial ER, PgR,
      serum E2, and P levels were detected between the patients with endometriosis and
      normal control subjects. Although ER concentrations in the luteal defect group
      did not differ from those of control subjects, the PgR levels in day 20 to 23
      endometrium were significantly higher. Mean serum E2 and P levels in the group
      with luteal insufficiency were significantly lower than those of the control
      subjects. Our data suggest that in patients with LPD the increase in PgR levels
      during the midluteal days is compatible with a relative deficiency of P secretion
      by the corpus luteum.

PMID- 3996631
TI  - Cytologic investigation of human in vitro fertilization failures.
AB  - A cytogenetic study of unsuccessfully fertilized oocytes was done for information
      on the frequency and type of chromosomal abnormalities leading to preimplantation
      loss. Of 72 oocytes, 44 were assessed as mature, 19 as intermediate, and 9 as
      immature. The mean fertilization rate was 68%. This rate was significantly lower
      in immature oocytes than in mature ones (22% versus 79%). Immature oocytes
      completed maturation in vitro up to metaphase II of meiosis. Intermediate oocytes
      became fertilizable, however, a significant proportion showed morphologic
      abnormalities after fertilization. Thus, eggs with three pronuclei were
      hypotriploid or had three prophasic chromosome sets, together with polyspermy and
      with first polar body chromosomes. Eggs with developmental arrest showed marked
      asynchrony in pronuclear morphogenesis. One had a chromosome complement of 24,XX.
      It is concluded that insemination prior to completion of maturation leads to
      abnormal development.

PMID- 3996632
TI  - Psychotherapeutic intervention for treatment of couples with secondary
      infertility.
AB  - Twenty couples with a history of secondary infertility and no detectable organic
      etiology were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group was seen by a
      psychotherapist for an interview, the object of which was to detect and discuss
      previously unrecognized psychosexual problems or psychologic conflicts. The
      second group was not seen by the psychotherapist. Interviews included the
      presence of both members of the couple and the infertility specialist. The
      psychiatric interview did uncover psychologic conflicts, the most prevalent of
      which was a problem between the woman and her mother in which psychologic
      boundaries between the two women were confused. Sexual problems, marital discord,
      and fear of pregnancy were other issues warranting clarification and attention.
      After 18 months of follow-up, six of the ten women in couples interviewed had
      become pregnant, and one woman of nine in the control group had become pregnant.

PMID- 3996630
TI  - Urinary hormone levels at the time of ovulation and implantation.
AB  - Daily early morning urine samples were collected from women receiving donor
      artificial insemination and were evaluated for estrone conjugates, pregnanediol-3
      glucuronide, and human chorionic gonadotropin. All hormone concentrations in
      urine were indexed by creatinine levels and expressed as the concentration of
      hormone per milligram creatinine. Composite profiles of 23 women who conceived
      normal full-term pregnancies were compared with composite profiles obtained from
      11 of the same women during nonconception cycles. The endocrine profiles of seven
      pregnancies that spontaneously aborted and two ectopic pregnancies were also
      evaluated retrospectively. The combined application of these three urinary
      hormone indices provides a practical approach for prospective monitoring of the
      major hormone dynamics during ovulation and implantation and during relatively
      infrequent events such as spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy. The rise of
      estrone conjugates which precedes detectable increases of urinary human chorionic
      gonadotropin at the time of implantation appears to be an early indicator of
      implantation and may prove to be the best method for detection of occult
      pregnancy. This method is also suitable for monitoring early pregnancy when
      exogenous gonadotropins have been employed, as in embryo transfer following in
      vitro fertilization.

PMID- 3996633
TI  - Fertility of men with and without a varicocele.
AB  - The fertility of 742 men visiting our male infertility clinic was studied. A
      comparison was made between patients operated on for varicocele and patients
      treated in other ways. Of the men with a varicocele, 37.8% impregnated their
      partners; of the men without a varicocele, 21.5%. By subdivision of the total
      group of patients into those with sperm counts above and those with sperm counts
      below 20 X 10(6)/ml, it appeared that only men with low sperm counts operated on
      for varicocele showed a significantly higher fertility, as compared with patients
      not having a varicocele. It is suggested that patients not having oligozoospermia
      perhaps have spermatozoal defects other than too low a number as the principal
      cause of their infertility which do not significantly improve after varicocele
      operation.

PMID- 3996634
TI  - Measurement of human testicular consistency by tonometry.
AB  - A tonometer was used for objective assessment of testicular consistency in a
      group of 83 men. Testicular measurements in three dimensions were also obtained
      using calipers. The testicular tonometry value was found to be significantly
      correlated with the clinical impression of testicular consistency and with
      testicular size. The testicular tonometry value for the right testicle was
      significantly larger than the tonometry value for the left testicle in all men
      except those with azoospermia. The difference in tonometry values between the
      right and left testicles was most significant in the group of men with left
      varicocele. The men with varicoceles also had left testicles which were
      significantly smaller than the paired right testicle in two of three dimensions.
      In the group with varicocele there was a significant positive correlation between
      the tonometry value and sperm concentration in the semen. In men with no history
      of varicocele there was a significant positive correlation between the tonometry
      value and the percentage of oval sperm.

PMID- 3996636
TI  - Bipolar tubal cautery failures.

PMID- 3996635
TI  - Danazol and urogenital sinus formation in pregnancy.

PMID- 3996637
TI  - Reduction of pain following hysterosalpingogram by prior analgesic
      administration.

PMID- 3996638
TI  - [Neuron responses to intracortical stimulation of chronically isolated strips of
      the associative cerebral cortex (area 5) of the cat].

PMID- 3996639
TI  - [Effects of the stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation on the
      electric activity of the thalamus and cerebral cortex].

PMID- 3996640
TI  - [Electrophysiological studies of projections from the parietal associative area
      to the motor cortex of the cat].

PMID- 3996641
TI  - [Asymmetry of cholinesterase activity in cortical centers of human cerebral
      hemispheres].

PMID- 3996642
TI  - [Changes in the main indicators of hemodynamics during pressor and depressor
      reflex responses induced against a background of controlled bradycardia].

PMID- 3996643
TI  - [Evaluation of heart function in patients with congenital heart defects using
      Frank-Starling curves].

PMID- 3996644
TI  - [Contractile function of the papillary muscles in rats under conditions of varied
      oxygenation].

PMID- 3996645
TI  - [Effects of breathing helium-oxygen gaseous mixtures with various oxygen levels
      on the hydrogenating carbohydrase activity of rat blood].

PMID- 3996646
TI  - [Peculiarities of exercise-induced hypoxia in states of lowered levels of
      hemoglobin].

PMID- 3996648
TI  - [Age-related characteristics of alpha-tocopherol distribution in normal albino
      rats and during prolongation of life].

PMID- 3996647
TI  - [Effects of nutritional antioxidant deficiency on compensatory hypertrophy of the
      adrenal glands after hemiadrenalectomy].

PMID- 3996649
TI  - [Mechanisms of disorders of gastrointestinal function in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3996650
TI  - [Changes in cortical evoked potentials during interaction of nociceptive and non
      nociceptive (tactile) stimulation in rabbits].

PMID- 3996651
TI  - [Biogenic amine content of various parts of the brain under the stimulation of
      interoceptors of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 3996652
TI  - [Effects of microinjections of GABA into structures of the medulla oblongata on
      cardio- and hemodynamics indices].

PMID- 3996653
TI  - [Catecholamine levels in pancreatic tissue after intraperitoneal administration
      of acetylcholine].

PMID- 3996654
TI  - [Dynamics of the levels of antistaphylococcal and antitetanus antibodies in the
      blood of rabbits after intramuscular passive immunization].

PMID- 3996655
TI  - [Spontaneous chemiluminescence of biological matter].

PMID- 3996656
TI  - [Attachment to the IM-789 indicator for photographic recording].

PMID- 3996657
TI  - [Effect of the limbic cortex and hypothalamus on the activity of the medullary
      respiratory neurons].
AB  - Effects of stimulation of anterior limbic cortex (areas 24 and 32) and postero
      lateral hypothalamus on the spike discharges of bulbar respiratory neurons were
      studied in anesthetized cats with normal respiration. The effects could be
      similar or different. The responses of respiratory neurons to stimulation of the
      hypothalamus were more pronounced and had lower thresholds than those to
      stimulation of the anterior limbic cortex. The effects of both structures on the
      spike activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons have a generalized character
      (facilitatory as well as inhibitory). Possible mechanisms of the respiration
      control by the limbic structures are discussed.

PMID- 3996658
TI  - [Reaction of the respiratory system of rabbits to hypoxic stimulation in a
      nitrogen-oxygen environment under elevated pressure].
AB  - In 9 unanesthetized rabbits, parameters of external respiration were studied in
      normoxic nitrogen-oxygen mixture under the pressure of 6 kg/cm2, depending on the
      decrease of oxygen pressure in arterial blood. The ventilatory response of the
      respiration system to a hypoxic stimulus was decreased in hyperbaria whereas in
      reduction of the oxygen tension in arterial blood down to 37.6 Hg a suppression
      of the lung ventilation occurred.

PMID- 3996660
TI  - [Changes in the heat emission of mice following experimental hypoxia].

PMID- 3996659
TI  - [Indices of the oxygen-transport properties of the blood and of erythropoiesis in
      rats after being in a nitrogen-oxygen environment under elevated pressure].
AB  - Rats staying for a long time in nitrogen-oxygen mixture under high pressure
      develop changes in the blood oxygen-transporting properties and in erythropoiesis
      indicating state of hypoxia and tending to improve oxygen supply in tissues.
      Remote consequences of the hyperbaria tell even within 3 days after its
      cessation.

PMID- 3996661
TI  - [Quantitative evaluation and prognosis of the biological effects of hyperoxia].
AB  - Experiments in 104 white mice subjected to hyperoxia at different regimens of
      oxygenation, carried out by means of mathematical modelling of three hyperoxic
      effects (bradypnea, convulsions, lethality) revealed the dependence of biological
      (physiological, toxic) effects of hyperoxia upon both components of the
      oxygenation regimen (oxygen pressure, time of exposure). The proposed concept of
      integral dose allows to determine pressure-exposure correlations corresponding to
      a given biological phenomenon and to prognosticate the effects of hyperoxia.

PMID- 3996662
TI  - [Homocarnosine in the brain of rats during cold adaptation].
AB  - 24-hr effect of 2 degrees C-cold decreased the content of homocarnosin by 47.5%
      in the rat brain. 3-day effect decreased it by 51.2% and 7-day action decreased
      it by 62.2%. In cold-adapted rats (45 days) the homocarnosin content in the brain
      remains decreased by 56.5% and practically does not differ from the control level
      on the 7th day of cold-adaptation.

PMID- 3996663
TI  - [Efficiency of muscle work in white rats adapting to cold].
AB  - The correlation between heat production and muscular work with loads from 50 to
      500 g was studied in white rats adapted to cold.

PMID- 3996664
TI  - [Intradiurnal organization of the wakefulness-sleep cycle and energy metabolism
      in rats exposed to low ambient temperature].
AB  - Effects of low ambient temperature (+6 degrees C) on temporal sleep
      characteristics in cold--acclimated and control rats as well as the interaction
      between states of animals and energy metabolism levels, were studied. Control
      rats at low ambient temperature had a lighter, shorter and often interrupted
      sleep. Cold--acclimated rats slept as much as the control ones at moderate
      ambient temperature (+19 degrees C) although their sleep, too, was light and
      intermittent. At both ambient temperatures total and slow--wave sleep was highly
      correlated with reduction of oxygen consumption in both control and cold-
      acclimated rats. The maximal decrease of oxygen consumption during sleep as
      compared with wakefulness occurred in cold--acclimated rats at +6 degrees C. The
      data obtained are discussed in respect to potential energy connection with sleep.

PMID- 3996665
TI  - [Characteristics of the reactions of thermoreceptors located in different layers
      of the skin].
AB  - Discharges of different skin cold--thermoreceptors in response to abrupt changes
      of the thermode temperature (20 degrees C to 42 degrees C and vice versa) divided
      the thermoreceptors into 5 groups: I and II groups of thermoreceptors with
      typical short--latency responses; III, IV and V groups with delayed responses;
      the latency increasing from I to V group with reverse pattern of intensity. The
      differences in responses seem to depend on different depth of thermoreceptors
      location in the skin.

PMID- 3996666
TI  - [Functional action of nonfocused ultrasound on the somatosensory cortex and
      striatum in rats].
AB  - Evoked potentials of the simmetric points of the striatum and the medullar
      reticular formation were investigated in immobilized albino rats under the
      ultrasound action on the cortical representation of one of the stimulated
      forepaws. It is found that the doze of the flat continuously radiated ultrasound
      which reversiblly depresses the functional activity in the cortex and in the
      ipsilateral striatum depends on the intensity and duration of the influence
      (intensity 3 w/sm2--time up to 15 s; time 120 s--intensity up to 1.2 w/sm2).
      Repeated application of the same doze ultrasound reduces the amplitude of the
      evoked potential and evoked significantly less effect than the previous one. The
      amplitude decrease of evoked potentials in the contralateral striatum and the
      reticular formation occurs only in response to the stimuli applied to the
      foriepaw the cortical representation of which is affected by ultrasound. The
      amplitude of all the potentials decreases in the ipsilateral striatum. The border
      between reversible and irreversible potential changes is individual for every
      animal.

PMID- 3996667
TI  - [Electrophysiological characteristics of cortico-cortical connections of the
      parietal associative area of the cerebral cortex (field 5) with the motor
      cortical zone].
AB  - In cats anaesthetized by thiopental sodium and immobilized with tubocurarin,
      corticocortical connections from the area 5 (suprasylvian gyrus) to the motor
      cortex were studied by means of the extracellular recording technique. When the
      intracortical microstimulation of the lateral part of the anterior sigmoide gyrus
      was actuated, 117 responses of neurons of area 5 were recorded, among them 70%
      were antidromic with latency 0.6-13.9 ms and 30% were orthodromic with latency
      1.7-18.5 ms. Most of antidromically activated neurons with spontaneous activity
      were tested by peripheral stimulation. It allowed to recognize that most of them
      possess polysensory properties. It is suggested, that neurons of the parietal
      associative cortex, which are sending axons to the motor cortex, take part in a
      modulation of the motor cortex activity.

PMID- 3996668
TI  - [Dynamics of the trace element content of the blood and internal organs of
      animals undergoing muscle loading of various intensities].

PMID- 3996669
TI  - [A television monitoring control system for electrophysiological research].

PMID- 3996670
TI  - [Measurement of oxygen consumption and external respiratory parameters in seals
      (Phoca vitulina) swimming freely in a pool].

PMID- 3996671
TI  - [Functional changes in the hypothalamic nuclei and limbic system structures
      during fasting and satiety in small ruminants].
AB  - The bioelectrical activity of the goat hypothalamic nuclei, the tonsil and the
      hippocampus was studied under various feeding conditions.

PMID- 3996673
TI  - [Electrophysiological research on hippocampal-neocortical connections in
      rabbits].

PMID- 3996672
TI  - [Effect of cold on the brain serotonin system and the corticosteroid level of the
      blood in different strains of mice].
AB  - The effect of a mild cold stress on activity of the key enzyme of the serotonin
      biosynthesis: tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the brain-stem and the pituitary
      adrenal axis response were studied in male mice of 11 inbred strains.
      Considerable interstrain differences in the TPH activity and an increase of the
      plasma corticosteroids level were revealed in the response to cold as well as
      differences in resistance against cold. A negative correlation was found between
      the TPH activity fall and the range of body temperature in the strains of mice
      under study. The decrease of TPH activity in response to cold seems to be due to
      the brain serotonin participation in the central thermoregulation.

PMID- 3996674
TI  - [Biogenic amine content of brain sections, blood and adrenals of rabbits exposed
      to vibration and noise].
AB  - Phasic changes of biogenic amines were revealed in brain structures after
      isolated action of vibration; 15-min vibration increased the content of
      catecholamines in the hypothalamus and decreased the content of serotonin. 30-min
      vibration decreased the amount of biogenic amines in the hypothalamus and the
      cortex. Vibration of a longer duration (1 hr) increased the amount of
      catecholamines in the brain. After 2-hr vibration the content of catecholamines
      returned to the control level but the concentration of serotonin still remained
      above it. Combined action of vibration and noise (2 hrs) decreased the content of
      catecholamines and increased the amount of serotonin in cerebral structures.
      Dopamine and serotonin tended to decrease in the blood and adrenals whereas in
      the urine their amount increased. Multiple combined action of vibration and noise
      induced the most obvious changes.

PMID- 3996675
TI  - [Conditions affecting the nature of the neuronal afterdischarges in the medial
      geniculate body of the cat].
AB  - Sound signals induced afterdischarges in 20-40% medial geniculate body units.
      Dorsal neurons of the MGB had afterdischarges in the form of an augmentation of
      the activity level after cessation of the stimulation. The ventral MGB neurons
      revealed rhythmic afterdischarges more often, their pattern depending on the
      parameters of stimuli. When moving sound source or synthetized speech-like sounds
      were used, the dorsal MGB neurons and numerous ventral neurons showed
      afterdischarges in the form of an augmentation of the activity level. After pure
      tone stimulation of the ventral MGB units, many of them revealed rhythmic
      afterdischarges. The level of anesthesia in the experiments seems to be
      important.

PMID- 3996676
TI  - [Frequency selectivity of the normal guinea pig cochlea and in experimental
      hearing loss].
AB  - The frequency selectivity of the cochlea was measured in pigmented guinea pigs
      with implanted electrodes using simultaneous masking paradigm. In animals with
      experimentally induced deafness, AP tuning curves are broadened by a factor of 2
      3 as compared with normal animals. The deterioration of frequency selectivity is
      thought to correlate with extent of the outer hair cells loss. The deterioration
      of threshold and tuning properties of the cochlea seem to be induced by the loss
      of the functional integrity of the outer hair cells.

PMID- 3996677
TI  - [Interaction of the motor centers in posture-evoked asymmetry].
AB  - The EMG of hindlimb muscles was studied in spinal cats in resting and in evoked
      responses prior to and after modelling posture asymmetry with brain extracts
      obtained from donor rats whose cortical and cerebellar motor areas were partially
      lesioned. After the extract administration, slow and diverse changes occurred in
      the EMG amplitude whereas a constant level of activity was only maintained for
      limited periods (4-10 min). The most frequent patterns of interaction among
      hindlimb muscles were revealed and the character of evoked responses was shown to
      depend on the initial spontaneous pattern. The different EMG patterns in spinal
      animals seem to be due to a "mosaic" effects of interneurons, the posture of
      asymmetry being related to disturbance of interaction among the interneurons.

PMID- 3996678
TI  - [Relationship of spontaneous locomotor rhythm and locomotion].
AB  - After decerebration at the pons Varolii level and the spinal cord section at
      Th10, spontaneous alternating movements occurred with a locomotor rhythm in the
      cat forelimbs and smoothly transmitted into stepping when a treadmill was
      started. The duration of EMG burst in m. triceps brachii and the cycle duration
      during the spontaneous locomotor rhythm depended on the forelimbs position. Their
      values were maximal when the limbs were protracted and minimal in retracted
      limbs. The cycle duration of the stepping movements in a "slow" treadmill was
      longer in the preparations whose spontaneous cycle duration was longer. Duration
      of the stepping cycle was no longer than that of spontaneous cycle when the
      forelimbs were in the middle position.

PMID- 3996679
TI  - [Performance of the isolated perfused soleus muscle of the rat].
AB  - The energy expenditure at resting and in contractions was measured in the rat
      isolated m. soleus perfused with Krebs-Khenselite solution at 37 degrees C. The
      muscle exerted isotonic tetanus of 0.6-sec duration with 0.1-Hz frequency. The
      energy expenditure at resting was 18.5 mVt/kg of dry matter, that in contractions
      was linearly related to amount of work. The efficiency coefficient (the work
      increment-energy expenditure increment ratio) was on the average 24.5%. A part of
      the energy released in contractions (13.9 mVt/kg of dry matter) did not depend on
      the amount of work.

PMID- 3996680
TI  - [Biomechanics and physiological role of the atria in the cardiac cycle].
AB  - Tensograms of deep and superficial muscular layers of the atrium wall, the ECG,
      intraarterial pressure were recorded in acute experiments on dogs. Rapid filming
      revealed movement of labels in the atrium myocardium. Asynphasic character of the
      atrium muscles contractions was revealed. The deep loop-form layer starts
      contracting first, narrowing lumen of veins and hindering to some extent the
      retrograde blood flow from the atria. Within 0.02-0.03 sec the superficial
      transversal layer starts contracting. The combined contractions of both layers
      form the atrium systole. Contraction of the deep muscle layer terminates 0.02
      0.04 sec earlier than the superficial one whose continuing contraction at the
      beginning of the atrium diastole leads to stretching of the relaxed deep layer
      and opening of the lumen of veins discharging into the atria.

PMID- 3996681
TI  - [Dynamics of general resistance in rats during readaptation after training in an
      altered gaseous medium].
AB  - The investigation of the high-altitude resistance in rats during their
      readaptation following the exposure to an altered gaseous medium reveals the
      advantage of a reiterated 30-day exposure of short duration to gradually
      increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia over other experimental conditions. The data
      obtained for this group of animals reveal that their resistance against acute
      hypoxia is quite strong and lasts till the 60th day of the readaptation.

PMID- 3996682
TI  - [Effect of early removal from the mother on the behavior of young rats and
      reactivity of the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system].
AB  - The control 21 day old rats remaining with their mother during experiments,
      revealed a better adaptation to environment than the control 30 day old rats: the
      former were less reactive in "safe" open field and more reactive to action of a
      nociceptive stimulus in a conditioning chamber, all this being reflected both in
      their behaviour and activity of their hypophyseal-adrenal system. Conditioning
      occurred faster at 21-day age. Weaning of 21 day old rats deteriorated their
      adaptation to the open field and decelerated their avoidance conditioning.
      Consequences of the weaning were still evident in 10 days. Weaning of 30 day old
      rats somewhat altered the level of their activity but did not affect their
      adaptation to environment. The weaning deprived 21 day old rats of their
      advantages in respect to older-age rats.

PMID- 3996683
TI  - [The disorder of vitamin D metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis].
AB  - Liver cirrhosis (LC) is often associated with osteomalacia and osteoporosis.
      Since it has been shown that serum levels of 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) are
      reduced in LC, defective hepatic hydroxylation of vitamin D has been postulated
      to be responsible for the low serum 25-OH-D levels and skeletal demineralization.
      This study was designed, therefore, to determine serum 25-OH-D and 1 alpha, 25
      (OH)2-D levels in patients with LC. Further, the response of serum 1 alpha, 25
      (OH)2-D to a single oral dose of 1 alpha-OH-D3 (2 micrograms) was investigated.
      In 5 patients with severe decompensated LC and 3 patients with compensated LC,
      serum 25-OH-D and 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2-D levels were respectively measured by the
      modified method of Belsey and by that of Eisman. Serum 25-OH-D in patients with
      compensated and decompensated LC was significantly higher than that in normals.
      Serum levels of 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2-D in patients with decompensated LC were
      significantly lower than those in patients with compensated LC and normals. After
      a single oral administration of 1 alpha-OH-D3 at a dose of 2 micrograms, the 1
      alpha, 25-(OH)2-D rose in each patient within 6h, reaching the maximum levels at
      12h. The percent increase over the basal value in decompensated LC was similar to
      that in compensated LC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996685
TI  - [The mechanism of induction of ovulation by bromocriptine in euprolactinemic
      anovulation--the role of occult hyperprolactinemia in anovulation].
AB  - It has been well documented that ovulation was induced by Bromocriptine treatment
      in euprolactinemic anovulation. The present study has been carried out to clarify
      the underlying mechanism. 28 patients with euprolactinemia (PRL less than 25
      ng/ml) were treated with a 5 mg daily administration of Bromocriptine. Ovulation
      was induced in 13 cases, which were determined by their BBT charts. In the
      ovulated cases, PRL secreting capacities were increased, determined by TRH
      administration. On the other hand, PRL secreting capacities were normal in the
      anovulated cases. The studies of the circadian secretion of PRL revealed that a
      nocturnal hyperprolactinemic state occurred for several hours in the ovulated
      cases, which was not seen in the anovulated cases. From these results, the
      mechanism of induction of ovulation by Bromocriptine in euprolactinemic
      anovulation exists on the suppression of the increased PRL secreting capacity,
      which may be related to the occulted hyperprolactinemia at night. Ovulated cases
      by Bromocriptine are seemingly euprolactinemia, but in truth they may be a kind
      of hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 3996684
TI  - [Studies on the feedback regulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion:
      effect of ovarian steroid implantation into the forebrain and basal hypothalamus
      on pulsatile LH secretion in ovariectomized rats].
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that ovarian steroids are involved in the
      regulation of pulsatile LH secretion. In order to identify the site of action of
      ovarian steroids in modulating pulsatile LH secretion, the effect of local
      administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) or progesterone (P) into various brain
      regions on the characteristic of LH pulses was investigated in ovariectomized
      rats. Female rats of the Wistar strain were ovariectomized about 3-4 weeks before
      the experiment. Blood samples were obtained at 6-min intervals for 4h without
      anesthesia through the indwelling atrial catheter. The steroid was implanted into
      the brain via the chronically-implanted cannula 1h after the initiation of the
      bleeding. Serum LH concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The
      following results were obtained. Pulsatile LH secretion occurred at intervals of
      approximately 20-30 min and mean LH pulse amplitude was 4.85-5.27 ng/ml h in
      intact ovariectomized rats. Implantation of cholesterol, as a control, in various
      brain areas did not induce any changes in the pattern of pulsatile LH secretion.
      Implantation of EB into the preoptic suprachiasmatic area (POSC) rapidly
      decreased the mean serum concentration of LH within 1h as compared to the pre
      implantation value. The LH pulse frequency, but not the amplitude, was also
      decreased rapidly and significantly within 1h after EB was implanted into the
      POSC. In rats with EB implanted into the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), LH pulse
      frequency began to decrease with 2h, followed by a decline in the mean LH
      concentration within 3h after the implantation. Implantation of EB into the
      medial part of the amygdala (m-AMYG) decreased the pulse frequency within 2h, and
      lowered the average LH level within 3h. The mean amplitude of LH pulses did not
      change after the implantation. Mean LH concentrations and LH pulse amplitudes
      began to decrease 1-2h after EB was implanted into the medial basal hypothalamus
      (MBH), whereas there was no change in the pulse frequency. Rats with the EB
      implant in the bed nucleus of the stria terminaris, the medial preoptic area, the
      medial septal nucleus or the anterior hypothalamic area did not show any changes
      in either the amplitude or the frequency of pulsatile LH secretion. Implantation
      of P into the DBB, POSC or MBH of ovariectomized rats did not induce any
      significant change in the pattern of pulsatile LH secretion. These results
      suggest that the sites of estradiol action in modulating characteristics of
      pulsatile Lh secretion are not widespread but rather concentrated within the
      specific brain regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3996686
TI  - Thanatophoric dwarfism: a parent's point of view.

PMID- 3996687
TI  - Determinants of birth-interval length in the Philippines, Malaysia, and
      Indonesia: a hazard-model analysis.

PMID- 3996688
TI  - The declining significance of first-birth timing.

PMID- 3996689
TI  - Constraints, satisfaction and residential mobility: Speare's model reconsidered.
AB  - Our study has shown that the stress threshold model, as formulated by Speare,
      only works partially. Consistent with Speare's model, we have found that
      subjective satisfaction is a strong predictor of thoughts about moving. Thoughts
      about moving is a good predictor of actual mobility. There are, however, three
      major problems with the model: stress as measured by satisfaction is not a
      particularly good predictor of actual mobility, although it does have some
      indirect influence through thoughts about moving; the "structural" variables have
      a strong independent impact on the mobility process beyond satisfaction; the
      satisfaction variables have little influence in mediating the effects of
      structural variables on mobility thoughts and behavior. The question of why our
      results differ from Speare's cannot be definitively answered here. We believe
      that our research has certain virtues in its direct measurement of satisfaction
      with home and community and also its much larger sample of movers. Speare's
      sample may have the virtue of being more representative of a large urban
      population since it was drawn from all segments of Rhode Island. Yet, while our
      sample is selective of areas within Seattle, we believe it provides a good
      representation of a wide variety of residential environments. Overall, our
      results are more consistent with the other studies which have addressed these
      issues (Bach and Smith, 1977; Lee, 1978; Michelson, 1977; Newman and Duncan,
      1979), although the methods and approaches are not identical. Some of these
      studies were reviewed in the first part of the paper. We believe that
      understanding of the attitudinal predictors of changing residence is roughly at
      the same stage as research in the early post-World War II period on the
      attitudinal correlates of fertility behavior among American women. Research such
      as the Princeton study (Westoff et al., 1961; 1963) demonstrated that a variety
      of social attitudes about home, family, work and childbearing correlated poorly
      with levels of fertility. In contrast, such variables as objective religious
      affiliation, educational attainment, and race were clear correlates of fertility
      behavior. We still do not fully understand why these structural variables are
      important but we know that they are key predictors of behavior.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3996691
TI  - Nonmetropolitan growth in the late 1970s: the end of the turnaround?

PMID- 3996690
TI  - Mover destination selectivity and the changing suburbanization of metropolitan
      whites and blacks.

PMID- 3996692
TI  - Changing patterns of first marriage in the United States.
AB  - In this paper, we have traced changes in the patterns of first marriage in the
      United States for cohorts of men and women born in 1880 through 1965 and for the
      years from 1900 through 1983. There were striking changes in marriage rates
      associated with each of the world wars and with the depression of the 1930s. In
      addition to these short-term fluctuations, a long-term shift in marriage rates is
      observed over the period from after World War II until about 1970. By the end of
      the 1970s, however, marriage rates had returned to levels similar to those
      observed before the war. The basic similarity in the timing of changes in
      marriage rates across age levels and for both men and women, blacks and whites,
      is a striking characteristic of these marriage curves. There are also, however,
      important differences among these groups with respect to the magnitude and slopes
      of the shifts. The postwar marriage boom was strongest among the young (those
      under age 24) and among whites. Similarly, the declines in marriage rates
      observed in the 1970s were greatest among the young. The marriage rates for
      teenagers display trends that diverge in many respects from those of older
      persons. For example, the marriage rates of male teenagers did not show the
      "peaks" and "valley" associated with World War II for older age groups and female
      teenagers. Moreover, there is little sign of the postwar marriage boom among
      black teenagers of either sex. Indeed, the marriage rates of black teenagers
      began to decline soon after the war, and by the 1970s the marriage rates of both
      male and female black teenagers had fallen below those of their white
      counterparts, reversing the pattern that had existed through the first half of
      this century. During the twenty-five or so years of the postwar marriage boom,
      which we believe can be characterized best as a period phenomenon, there were
      trends-eddies within the mainstream-which are probably most easily interpreted as
      the consequence of a cohort effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3996693
TI  - Measuring the effect of sex preference on fertility: the case of Korea.
AB  - Preferences for male or female children or a balanced number of sons and
      daughters are common throughout the world. The dominant preference is for male
      offspring, particularly in less developed countries. Strong son preference is
      often tempered, however, by a desire to have at least one child of each sex. In
      more developed countries a balance preference is more common, often together with
      a strong preference for the first child to be a son. Although it is usually
      assumed that sex preference can substantially influence fertility, some analysts
      argue that the effect is negligible. An intermediate position is taken by those
      who say that sex preference may not have much impact at high fertility levels,
      but that as average family sizes begin to fall, sex preference will become a more
      important factor in fertility decisions. Despite the keen interest that has been
      shown in sex preference, there is surprisingly little empirical evidence of its
      effects on fertility. Moreover, much of the research in this area is
      methodologically weak. The measures that have been used in the past have been
      subject to a number of criticisms that call their results into question. This
      paper proposes a new measure of the effect of sex preference on fertility that
      avoids many of the problems inherent in other methods. The measure is based on
      widely available survey data on the sex composition of children and can be used
      with any measure of fertility or family planning. It can handle any type of sex
      preference and does not assume a linear relationship between sex preference and
      fertility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996695
TI  - [Protection of the skin surface film by cosmetic cream].

PMID- 3996694
TI  - Estimating census undercount from school enrollment data: an application to the
      Soviet censuses of 1959 and 1970.

PMID- 3996696
TI  - [Comparison of various treatments of early syphilis in East Germany using CMT as
      therapy control].

PMID- 3996697
TI  - [Psoriasis phototherapy. Antipsoriatic efficacy of 8-methoxypsoralen and tar
      baths].

PMID- 3996698
TI  - [Clinical contribution to the picture of idiopathic progressive atrophoderma of
      Pierini-Pasini].

PMID- 3996699
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of so-called temporal arteritis (Horton)].

PMID- 3996700
TI  - [Poikilodermatic type of large plaque parapsoriasis].

PMID- 3996702
TI  - Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa: a case report.
AB  - The authors present a patient with hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita without
      associated malignancy.

PMID- 3996701
TI  - Atopic cataracts in a Japanese population. With special reference to factors
      possibly relevant to cataract formation.
AB  - Atopic cataract was observed in 19 (12.4%) of 153 Japanese adolescent and young
      adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Of the 19 patients, 4 had gross cataract
      which produced impairment of vision, and 15 had incipient cataract which was not
      accompanied by visual impairment. Cataracts occurred most frequently in patients
      with severe atopic dermatitis. Cataract development had no relationship to the
      distribution of skin lesions, clinical course of dermatitis, personal history of
      respiratory atopy, serum IgE levels, or concomitant ichthyosis vulgaris.

PMID- 3996703
TI  - Lectins and lectin-like molecules in lower plants. I. Marine algae (review).
AB  - Marine algae possess agglutinins, generally of unknown carbohydrate specificity,
      against a diverse array of erythrocytes but in a small number of species these
      haemagglutinins react with certain human blood group types. In seaweeds, lectins
      or lectin-like molecules are involved in gamete recognition and consequent
      reproductive cell fusion. Although some substances produced by algae are
      antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, haemolytic and toxic, no similarity to
      mammalian immunoglobulins either structurally or physico-chemically has been
      observed for algal agglutinins. Whether such compounds have a defence or immune
      function and perform an antibody-like role to enable algal species to survive and
      counteract infections within their environment remains tentative.

PMID- 3996704
TI  - Effect of different adjuvants on the humoral immune response of rainbow trout.

PMID- 3996706
TI  - Participation of Sarcophaga peregrina humoral lectin in the lysis of sheep red
      blood cells injected into the abdominal cavity of larvae.
AB  - Sarcophaga lectin which is induced in the hemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina
      (flesh-fly) larvae when their body wall is injured with a hypodermic needle, was
      shown to participate in the lysis of sheep red blood cells introduced into the
      abdominal cavity of the larvae. This finding indicates that humoral lectin plays
      a role in the defence mechanism of invertebrates. The lysis of sheep red blood
      cells was enhanced greatly by preinjection of red blood cells, but less by
      preinjection of other cells. Thus the defence mechanism of this insect seems to
      be able to distinguish red blood cells from other cells.

PMID- 3996705
TI  - Hemagglutinin activity in the hemolymph of Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae infected
      with the fungus Nomuraea rileyi.
AB  - Hemolymph samples from larvae of 3 lepidopteran species (Anticarsia gemmatalis,
      Trichoplusia ni and Spodoptera frugiperda) were tested for hemagglutination
      activity. Samples from A. gemmatalis larvae which had been injected 12-24 hrs
      previously with hyphal bodies of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi
      showed agglutination activity against human 0, rabbit and sheep erythrocytes.
      Little or no activity was detected in samples from the other 2 larval species.
      Low titers (approximately 1:2) were observed when rabbit and sheep erythrocytes
      were tested with hemolymph from non-injected or water-injected A. gemmatalis
      control larvae. Higher titers (1:256-1:1024) were obtained when human
      erythrocytes were incubated with control hemolymph, but values were greater in
      the hyphal body-injected samples (1:2048-1: greater than 32,000). These results
      indicate a direct correlation between agglutinin production and the presence of
      fungal cells in the larval hemolymph. Injection with heat-killed or homogenated
      hyphal bodies did not cause increased activity. Decreases in titer values after
      these injections and for 1-12 hrs after injection with viable hyphal bodies
      suggest that the agglutinin(s) may function in immune surveillance. Agglutination
      of rabbit erythrocytes was inhibited by lactose, galactose and L-fucose. N
      acetylneuraminic acid inhibited agglutination of human erythrocytes.

PMID- 3996707
TI  - Effect of gender on the inducible humoral immune response to honeybee venom in
      the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana).
AB  - It is well known that in higher animals, the female of the species usually
      possesses a superior immune response to that of the male. We investigated the
      possibility that this rule of nature might also be true amongst the
      invertebrates. Adult female American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were
      immunized with Honeybee venom, and their responses were compared to that of the
      adult male. The female primary response was found not only to be enhanced, but
      prolonged as compared to the male. The response was also specific and
      demonstrated long-term immunological memory. Thus, the humoral immune response of
      this advanced invertebrate shares yet another characteristic common to higher
      vertebrates, since the female of the species demonstrated much better immune
      responsiveness than the male.

PMID- 3996708
TI  - Non-specific cytotoxic activity of teleost leukocytes.
AB  - The existence of lymphoid cells with "natural" killer activity in mammals and
      birds has been known for some time. Several previous reports have demonstrated
      similar activity in carp and catfish kidney leukocytes. However, the activity
      previously reported was directed towards established mammalian cell lines. In
      this report we confirm the existence of spontaneous killer activity in other
      species of teleosts, including salmonids. This spontaneous cytotoxic activity is
      directed towards several established teleost, as well as mammalian, cell lines.
      Cytotoxic activity appears to be optimal at 20 degrees C in an 8 hour 51Cr
      release assay. The RTG-2, AS, GS and EPC cell lines of teleost origin are
      susceptible to lysis by kidney, spleen, and blood leukocytes of Salmo salar,
      Salmo gairdneri, and Notemigonus crysoleucas. Furthermore, the susceptibility of
      the RTG-2 and AS teleost cell lines to killing by kidney leukocytes of both S.
      salar and S. gairdneri was significantly enhanced by preinfection of the target
      cells with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus.

PMID- 3996709
TI  - Humoral response and memory formation in carp after injection of Aeromonas
      hydrophila bacterin.
AB  - The humoral immune response of carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon a bacterial fish
      pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in relation to memory formation. After
      a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of formalin killed A. hydrophila cells (F
      Ah), maximum serum Ab (Ab) titers were observed at day 20. Distinct titers were
      still seen at day 360 in the groups injected with a medium or high antigen (Ag)
      dose (10(7) respectively 10(9) F-Ah). The effect of a second immunization with a
      high Ag dose was studied in fish primed 1, 3, 8 or 12 months earlier with 10(5),
      10(7) or 10(9) F-Ah. The height of the secondary Ab response was positively
      correlated with the height of the priming Ag dose. Challenge with a low Ag dose
      (10(6) F-Ah) gave the best results with 10(7) F-Ah primed animals. The highest
      secondary responses were obtained with combinations of corresponding priming and
      challenge dosages. It is concluded that fish are able to form immunological
      memory to this bacterial Ag. However, optimal memory levels are reached after a
      relative long period (3-8 months).

PMID- 3996711
TI  - The migration of labelled thymocytes to the peripheral lymphoid organs in the
      rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri richardson.
AB  - Using the mammalian technique of 'in situ' thymic labelling, the thymocytes of
      the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson were successfully labelled with 3H
      thymidine. The migration of the cells to the peripheral lymphoid organs was
      followed using autoradiography and scintillation counting, and it was shown that
      twice as many thymocytes migrated to the spleen, as to the kidney.

PMID- 3996710
TI  - Hydrocortisone suppresses the chemiluminescent response of striped bass
      phagocytes.
AB  - Phagocytic cells obtained from the pronephros of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
      were exposed in vitro to various levels of hydrocortisone acetate. This treatment
      reduced the normal ability of the cells to generate a chemiluminescent response
      when exposed to bacteria or phorbol myristate acetate. Although the levels of
      hydrocortisone were higher than is physiological for fish, suppression was dose
      dependent and was not attributable to a reduction in cell viability. Whereas
      phagocytic chemiluminescence has been linked to the respiratory burst and
      bactericidal activity, the possibility exists that stress-induced elevations in
      serum corticosteroids lead to increased susceptibility to infection.

PMID- 3996712
TI  - Granulocyte differentiation in the lymphoid organs of chick embryos after
      antigenic and mitogenic stimulation.
AB  - Sections of spleen, bursa of Fabricius or thymus glands from 17-day-old chick
      embryos stimulated with sheep red blood cells, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P),
      concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide were stained by an "indirect" peroxidase
      technique that differentiates eosinophils from heterophils and cell counts were
      carried out. The tissues were also examined with the electron microscope.
      Whatever stimulus had been used, the light microscopical examination revealed
      that the predominant granulocytes belonged to the peroxidase-negative heterophil
      series, outnumbering the peroxidase-positive eosinophils. There were no
      significant changes in the number of cells between treatments and the saline
      injected controls, except in the case of PHA-P stimulation, where a slight
      reduction in the number of heterophils and a concomitant increase in eosinophils
      was observed. This study has demonstrated that the heterophil is the main
      granulocyte present in the lymphoid organs during late embryonic life in the
      fowl. It challenges previously reported work that the predominant cells are
      eosinophils and monocytes.

PMID- 3996714
TI  - An engineering evaluation of the Oxford External Fixator with sliding clamps:
      fixator stiffness and fracture healing assessment.

PMID- 3996713
TI  - Fracture healing assessment with external fixation.

PMID- 3996715
TI  - The Oxford External Fixator: fixator stiffness and the effects of bone pin
      loosening.

PMID- 3996716
TI  - Simulation of tendon transfer surgery.

PMID- 3996717
TI  - A preliminary study of the effects of medio-lateral rotation on stresses in an
      artificial hip joint.

PMID- 3996718
TI  - Time dependent response of human intervertebral disc to loading.

PMID- 3996719
TI  - The influence of environmental factors on evaporation and heat loss from burned
      tissue.

PMID- 3996721
TI  - A semi-automated and standardized method of determining the lamellar body content
      of amniotic fluid.
AB  - We have simplified and standardized the method of determining the lamellar bodies
      (LB) in amniotic fluid as a measure of fetal lung maturity. For this purpose we
      have first diluted the amniotic fluid and then concentrated its LB by low-speed
      centrifugation at the interface of a 10% Nycodenz solution. As a standard we use
      liposomes which consist of phospholipids enclosing a Nycodenz solution with a
      density similar to that of the LB. The phosphorus content of the LB and liposome
      standard is then determined by an automated fluorimetric method. There is an
      excellent correlation between the newly described procedure and the
      lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. One technician can easily analyse 40 samples in a
      working day.

PMID- 3996720
TI  - The influence of prostaglandin E2 and oxytocin on the incorporation of
      [3H]proline and [3H]glucosamine in the human amnion.
AB  - Fetal membranes were obtained in connection with 1st-trimester abortion and
      vaginal delivery or elective caesarean section at term. Pieces of the isolated
      amnion membrane were incubated in vitro with [3H]proline or [3H]glucosamine in
      the presence of prostaglandin (PG) E2 or oxytocin. PGE2 reduced the labelling
      with [3H]proline in the 1st trimester and in membranes obtained at vaginal
      delivery, whereas an increase of incorporation was observed before start of
      labour. Oxytocin reduced [3H]proline labelling at any stage. In membranes from
      vaginally delivered women both oxytocin and PGE2 stimulated the incorporation of
      [3H]glucosamine, whereas oxytocin diminished radiolabelling in the other
      experimental groups. Regarding the radiolabelling with [3H]proline and
      [3H]glucosamine as reflecting the de novo formation of collagen and
      proteoglycans, respectively, it is suggested that both PGE2 and oxytocin, by
      their influence on connective tissue metabolism, may regulate the tensile
      properties of the fetal membranes.

PMID- 3996722
TI  - The second twin.
AB  - Perinatal data on 76 twin pregnancies demonstrated a significantly (P less than
      0.01) lower Apgar score and acidemia in the umbilical artery for the second twin.
      Factors such as female sex, prematurity, low birth-weight and instrumental
      delivery accounted for this difference (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01).
      These differences were not found for parity, pregnancy complications and time
      interval. Using electronic fetal surveillance, expert personnel and rapid
      resuscitation the neonatal depression could be reversed rapidly, as demonstrated
      in capillary heel blood. Perinatal mortality was 2-3-times higher than for
      singletons but perinatal morbidity fell in the range for singletons and was not
      due to the short-lasting asphyxia during birth.

PMID- 3996723
TI  - Uterine rupture during induced mid-trimester abortion.
AB  - Uterine rupture during induced mid-trimester abortion is infrequent. Often the
      diagnosis is established only after manual exploration of the uterus, exploratory
      laparotomy or even autopsy. It is crucial to establish the diagnosis rapidly and
      to offer efficient treatment, since the unexpected occurrence of this catastrophe
      adds to its inherent seriousness. Fourteen cases revealed by a Med-line search
      and two additional personal cases were reviewed. The most common complaint
      heralding the rupture was abdominal pain and secondary to it there were signs of
      blood loss, such as vaginal bleeding, decreased hematocrit level and decreased
      blood pressure. 72% of women with uterine rupture (10 out of 14) did not abort
      within 24 h after intra-amniotic injection, and 85% (11 out of 13) had large
      quantities of oxytocin administered for more than 12 h. The rupture occurred
      predominantly in the lower segment and there was no preference either for the
      right or left side of the uterus. It was shown that uterine rupture during mid
      trimester induced abortion is not unique to women of high parity or old age. The
      major complications occurring in induced mid-trimester abortions are similar to
      those seen in patients who deliver in the third trimester.

PMID- 3996724
TI  - Isolation and characterization of rat liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases
      induced by phenanthrene or benzo[a]pyrene.
AB  - The cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase was isolated from the liver of Wistar rats
      treated with phenanthrene (non-carcinogenic) or benzo[a]pyrene (carcinogenic
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon). The benzo[a]pyrene-induced enzyme has higher Km
      values for small aliphatic aldehydes and a lower molecular weight than the
      phenanthrene-induced enzyme. It is more resistant to changes of pH and to
      inhibition by disulfiram, but more sensitive to heat denaturation than the
      phenanthrene-induced enzyme. The phenanthrene-induced aldehyde dehydrogenase is
      very similar to the normal uninduced aldehyde dehydrogenase, whereas the
      benzo[a]pyrene-induced aldehyde dehydrogenase has common properties with the TCDD
      (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)-induced enzyme and the hepatoma-specific
      enzyme.

PMID- 3996725
TI  - The binding of spermine to polynucleotides and complementary oligonucleotides at
      near physiological ionic strength.
AB  - The binding of [14C] spermine to polynucleotides has been studied by equilibrium
      dialysis and the data analysed by Scatchard plots. The binding of spermine to
      poly(A) shows a binding site for 1 spermine/140 nucleotides when measured in 0.2M
      NaCl at 5 degrees C. Poly(C) also has a similar sites; on the other hand poly(U)
      and poly(G) each have a binding site for 1 spermine/12 nucleotides. The addition
      of complementary di- or trinucleotides to either poly(A) or poly(U) affects their
      ability to bind spermine, in particular the high affinity site on poly(A) is no
      longer detectable. The effect of spermine, spermidine and putrescine on the
      binding of polynucleotides to complementary di- and trinucleotides was also
      studied. Spermine markedly increased the binding of both ApA and of ApApA to
      poly(U) whereas spermidine and putrescine had very little effect. In contrast
      spermine had little effect on the binding of either UpU or UpUpU to poly(A).
      These results suggest that spermine binding to oligo- and polynucleotides is
      dependent on the particular nucleotide combination involved and that spermine may
      therefore be able to act selectively within cells.

PMID- 3996726
TI  - Salt inhibition of nuclear histone acetyltransferase from calf thymus.
AB  - Nuclear histone acetyltransferase isolated from calf thymus was found to be
      inhibited by numerous salts at millimolar concentrations. Salts made up of
      monovalent ions caused 50% decrease in enzymatic activity at an average
      concentration of 51 +/- 14 mM while the same degree of inhibition was achieved by
      divalent salts at 15 +/- 5 mM. At the same ionic strength in the range from 5 to
      70 mM, the divalent salts were 14-31% more inhibitory than the salts of
      monovalent ions. Kinetic analysis showed that NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 inhibited the
      enzyme competitively against both acetyl-CoA and histones. The inhibition
      constants for NaCl against acetyl-CoA and histones are respectively 30 and 34 mM.
      That for (NH4)2SO4 are 8 and 12 mM respectively.

PMID- 3996727
TI  - Intramembrane fluidity increases when the cyclohexyl ring of retinal binds to rod
      outer-segment membranes.
AB  - The spin-label 5-4',4'-dimethyloxazolidinyl-N-oxy stearate (5-doxyl-stearate)
      exists in a viscous environment when it is incorporated into bleached rod outer
      segment membranes (ROSM). Addition of the cyclohexyl ring moiety of retinal to
      ROSM produced a large increase in intramembrane fluidity. A decrease in both the
      order parameter S (from 0.5 to 0.14) and the rotational correlation time (from
      4.0 to 2.0 nsec) gives an estimate of the magnitude of change. Other ring analogs
      produced similar fluidity changes. The extent of their action depended on their
      structural similarity to the cyclohexyl of retinal. The pH range in which the
      cyclohexyl ring produced the increase in ROSM fluidity was 6.8-9.5.

PMID- 3996728
TI  - Citrate determination with aconitase immobilized on solid support.
AB  - Pig heart aconitase has been immobilized on Enzacryl AA solid support and its
      kinetic behaviours were studied by using a stirred bath reactor with continuous
      recycling. In this reactor, the best flow rate has been determined to eliminate
      diffusional problems. Kinetics constants, thermic stability and pH variations
      have been compared between the soluble and immobilized aconitase for
      determination of enzyme-Enzacryl AA effectivity. Stability of the soluble and
      immobilized aconitase was also studied after repeated use and long-time storage.
      While the soluble form loses its activity after 24 hr storage, the immobilized
      form preserves its full activity after repeated usage and long-lasting storage.
      Finally, an easily measurable parameter has been found to quantitate citrate. The
      maximum increase of absorbance, is proportional to citrate concentration in a
      range between 0.2 and 3.2 mM. In conclusion, these results show that the
      immobilized aconitase system can be used for the determination of citrate with
      reproductility and great sensitivity. In addition to the simplicity of the assay,
      great economy in enzyme consumption has been demonstrated, in contrast to the
      traditional methods of quantitative citrate analysis.

PMID- 3996729
TI  - Modification of the catalytic and regulatory properties of beef heart AMP
      deaminase by DTNB treatment.
AB  - In beef heart AMP-deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6.), 7 SH-groups out of 26 half-cysteine
      residues in the protein molecule have been shown to be accessible to alkylation
      by DTNB in the absence of ATP. The addition of ATP showed that only 6 SH-groups
      were accessible. DTNB-modified enzyme showed about 30% of the native catalytic
      activity but no sensitivity to the ATP-activating effect. Almost full
      reactivation of the modified enzyme and the restoration of the activatory effect
      of ATP could be achieved by exhaustive dialysis against mercaptoethanol.

PMID- 3996730
TI  - Effect of orchidectomy and testosterone substitution on enzyme activities and DNA
      content in rat liver and epididymal fat.
AB  - Orchidectomy of rats resulted in increased concentration and whole organ amount
      of DNA both in the epididymal fat pad and liver. Liver hexokinase (HK) and
      phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities were raised after orchidectomy, but were
      normalized by testosterone substitution. Several glycolytic enzymes, and fumarase
      and aspartate aminotransferase were increased by orchidectomy in epididymal fat.
      Most of the enzyme changes tended to normalize after testosterone administration.
      Activities of NADPH generating enzymes were increased after orchidectomy both in
      liver and epididymal fat. When related to DNA, several enzyme activities in both
      tissues fell following castration. However, liver HK, PFK and NADPH generating
      enzymes, as well as epididymal fat HK and isocitrate dehydrogenase were elevated
      after castration also when related to DNA. The results suggest that the influence
      of testosterone on cell proliferation is organ-specific. The observed enzyme
      alterations after orchidectomy might partly explain fat accumulation and
      hyperlipoproteinemia encountered in castrates.

PMID- 3996731
TI  - The homogeneity of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-448 activity and its role in
      the activation of benzo[a]pyrene to mutagens.
AB  - The O-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin and the metabolic activation of
      benzo[a]pyrene to mutagens were determined in hepatic microsomal preparations
      from control and induced animals. An excellent direct correlation (r = 0.95) has
      been observed between ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and the metabolic activation
      of benzo[a]pyrene to mutagens when the fraction of cytochromes P-450 present as
      cytochrome P-448 was altered by the administration of phenobarbitone and 3
      methylcholanthrene alone or in combination with 9-hydroxyellipticine. The
      correlation between these activities was maintained following treatment of
      animals with Arochlor 1254, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, 7,12
      dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene,2-anthramine and 2-naphthylamine.

PMID- 3996732
TI  - Mouse mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes: purification and molecular
      properties.
AB  - Aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes (AHD-1 and AHD-5) have been isolated in a highly
      purified state from extracts of mouse liver mitochondria. The enzymes have
      distinct subunit sizes, as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:
      AHD-1, 63,000; AHD-5, 49,000. Gel exclusion chromatography, using sephadex G-200,
      indicated that both isozymes are dimers, although AHD-1 may also exist as a
      monomeric form as well. The enzymes exhibited widely divergent kinetic
      characteristics. The purified allelic forms of AHD-1, AHD-1A (C57BL/6J mice) and
      AHD-1B (CBA/H mice), exhibited high Km values with acetaldehyde as substrate, 1.4
      mM and 0.78 mM respectively, whereas AHD-5 exhibited a low Km value with
      acetaldehyde of 0.2 microM. In addition, the isozymes exhibited distinct pH
      optima for catalysis (AHD-1, pH range 6.5-7.5; AHD-5, pH range 8.5-10.0), and
      were differentially sensitive towards disulphuram inhibition, with 50% inhibition
      occurring 13 and 0.1 microM for the AHD-1 and AHD-5 isozyme respectively. Based
      upon the kinetic characteristics, it is suggested that AHD-5 may be the primary
      enzyme for oxidizing mitochondrial acetaldehyde during ethanol oxidation in vivo.

PMID- 3996733
TI  - Immobilization of hyaluronate on cellulose fibres and its use for the isolation
      of cartilage components.
AB  - Hyaluronate containing protein was isolated from rooster comb. An affinity
      chromatography matrix of cellulose hyaluronate was prepared. The matrix binds
      only aggregable proteoglycans, chondroitinase degraded proteoglycans and link
      protein.

PMID- 3996734
TI  - Three forms of rat liver glucosamine 6-phosphate acetylase and the changes in
      their levels during development.
AB  - The three forms (Form I, II and III) of glucosamine 6-phosphate acetylase
      (glucosamine-phosphate acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.4) were present in rat liver.
      The enzyme activities changed separately during development, in which the
      successive epigenetic changes were suggested.

PMID- 3996735
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies in exploring the structure of the acetylcholine
      receptor.

PMID- 3996736
TI  - Microinjection of monoclonal tubulin antibodies into living cells as an approach
      to evaluate the contribution of microtubules to cellular physiology.

PMID- 3996737
TI  - Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in the physiological system.

PMID- 3996738
TI  - Enzymology and physiological role of hepatic lipase.

PMID- 3996739
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase: molecular interactions of the enzyme.

PMID- 3996740
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase in the physiological system.

PMID- 3996741
TI  - Molecular analysis of the human T-cell-antigen receptor.

PMID- 3996742
TI  - Biochemical disturbances of fetal development.

PMID- 3996743
TI  - Energy metabolism during mammalian embryogenesis.

PMID- 3996744
TI  - Metabolically determined teratogenesis: malformations and maternal diabetes.

PMID- 3996745
TI  - Embryonic protein nutrition and teratogenesis.

PMID- 3996746
TI  - Disturbances of fetal liver carbohydrate metabolism and perinatal glucose
      homeostasis.

PMID- 3996747
TI  - Effects of TSH on iodination in rat thyroid follicles studied by autoradiography.
AB  - The possible functional relation between TSH-stimulated exocytosis and TSH
      stimulated iodination in the thyroid gland was studied using quantitative EM
      autoradiography and cytochemistry. The study was performed in rats pretreated
      with thyroxine for 2 days. TSH, giving i.v. 10 min before sacrifice to thyroxine
      treated rats, increased organification of 125I by about 50%. TSH decreased the
      number of peroxidase-positive vesicles in the apical cytoplasm and increased the
      width of the peroxidase reaction at the apical plasma membrane, suggesting a
      redistribution of peroxidase. EM autoradiography after labelling with [3H]leucine
      showed that TSH caused a rapid redistribution by exocytosis of newly synthesized
      protein to the follicle lumen. The protein deposited in the lumen remained to a
      large extent in the microvillus region. 10 min after injection of 125I, newly
      iodinated protein was distributed in a gradient in the lumen periphery. TSH,
      given 5 min before 125I, caused a significant increase in the labelling of the
      colloid in the microvillus region, indicating a selective incorporation of iodine
      into newly synthesized molecules deposited in this region by stimulated
      exocytosis. Our results confirm and extend earlier observations on a functional
      link between exocytosis and iodination. Redistribution of peroxidase as well as
      newly synthesized protein to the site of iodination might be of importance.

PMID- 3996748
TI  - Estrogen induction of biotin-binding protein in immature chicks: kinetics,
      hormonal specificity and modulation.
AB  - Employing a specific radioimmunoassay for quantification, the kinetics of
      estrogen-induced elevation in the plasma concentration of biotin-binding protein
      (BBP) in immature male chicks was investigated. A single injection of the steroid
      hormone enhanced the plasma BBP content several-fold at 6 h, reaching peak levels
      around 48 h and declining thereafter. A 2-fold amplification of the response was
      evident during secondary stimulation with the hormone. The magnitude of the
      response was hormonal dose-dependent while the initial lag phase and the time of
      peak protein accumulation were unaltered within the hormonal doses tested. The
      circulatory half-life of the specific protein in normal and estrogenized birds
      was 10 h. Hyperthyroidism markedly decreased the hormonal response while the
      opposite effect was seen during hypothyroidism. The antiestrogens E- and Z
      clomiphene citrate effectively blocked the protein induction whereas
      progesterone, either alone or in combination with estrogen, was ineffective in
      modulating the induction. Cycloheximide administration drastically inhibited the
      inductive response. The above observations clearly suggest that the genes
      corresponding to the two isofunctional proteins of chicken egg, viz. BBP and
      avidin, are differentially regulated.

PMID- 3996749
TI  - The spatial pattern and temporal sequence in which feather germs arise in the
      white Leghorn chick embryo.
AB  - Feather germs arise in a specific sequence and spatio-temporal pattern within
      each of 10 feather areas on the White Leghorn chick embryo. The time of feather
      germ initiation was determined by histological and gross macroscopic analyses.
      Protruding feather germs are sequentially visualized in the dorsal, thigh,
      breast, head, humoral, ventral, wing, eye, and external auditory meatus feather
      areas, respectively, from stage 31- to stage 39+ [V. Hamburger and H.L. Hamilton
      (1951) J. Morphol. 88, 49-92]. The rate at which successive feather tracts appear
      was found to differ for different feather areas and was not simply due to the
      size of a feather area. Feather germ histogenesis was examined in the dorsal,
      thigh, breast, ventral, wing, and tail feather areas. The stages of feather germ
      histogenesis, examined on the wing feather area, are similar to those previously
      described for the dorsal surface. Gross and histological analyses gave different
      times and temporal sequences of feather germ visualization. Some feather areas
      were readily visualized at the time of feather germ initiation, while others
      showed a lag between the histological appearance of feather germs and their
      macroscopic visualization. Thus, macroscopic observations do not accurately
      reflect the pattern of histogenesis.

PMID- 3996751
TI  - Identification of early neuronal subpopulations in avian neural crest cell
      cultures.
AB  - Gangliosides were employed as early differentiation markers to investigate how
      phenotypic diversity is generated in the vertebrate neutral crest cell
      population. Chromatographic analysis of metabolically labeled glycolipids from
      neural crest derivatives revealed that glia cell precursors synthesize a
      characteristic subset of the ganglioside types produced by dorsal root ganglion
      neurons. The ganglioside synthesis pattern of neural crest cultures is similar to
      that of glial precursors, but gangliosides characteristic of neurons are also
      detectable. To determine whether neuronal gangliosides are expressed by every
      cell in neural crest cultures, or by discrete cell subpopulations, crest cultures
      were stained immunocytochemically with monoclonal antibody A2B5 which recognizes
      a neuron-specific ganglioside in the GQ fraction. A2B5 was found to bind to about
      1% of migratory stage neural crest cells isolated from neural tube explants after
      1 day in culture. These A2B5+ cells were postmitotic and exhibited a uni- or
      bipolar neuronal morphology. A second, larger (10-20%) population of A2B5+ cells
      appears after culturing cells from 1-day crest cell clusters an additional 1-2
      days. These cells initially have the typical small, stellate morphology of crest
      cells but later extend one or more processes. [3H]Thymidine incorporation and
      cell counting studies show that the precursors to these cells had divided at
      least once in culture before becoming postmitotic and expressing A2B5
      immunoreactivity. The second A2B5+ population does not appear in secondary
      cultures of crest cell clusters isolated from 2-day-old explants of neural tubes.
      Another monoclonal antibody, R24, which recognizes ganglioside GD3, binds to
      subpopulations of both neurons and nonneurons in sensory ganglion cultures. In
      neural crest cultures R24 binds to a large subpopulation of cells, but not to
      A2B5+ ones. The significance of this immunostaining pattern is not yet
      understood. The early appearance of subpopulations, and the presence of
      heterogeneity in neural crest cultured under a variety of conditions suggest that
      intrinsic cellular mechanisms might generate subpopulations within the neural
      crest upon which environmental factors act.

PMID- 3996750
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to the murine zona pellucida protein with sperm receptor
      activity: effects on fertilization and early development.
AB  - During development and maturation, mammalian oocytes are surrounded by the zona
      pellucida which in the mouse is comprised of three sulfated glycoproteins, ZP-1,
      ZP-2, and ZP-3. Previously, monoclonal antibodies to ZP-2 have been isolated. The
      isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for ZP-3, the
      zona protein with sperm receptor activity are now reported. Following passive
      immunization, these monoclonal antibodies localize to the intraovarian zonae
      pellucidae and their presence precludes both in vivo and in vitro fertilization
      of subsequently ovulated eggs. Monoclonal antibodies specific for either ZP-2 or
      ZP-3 also completely block in vitro fertilization at relatively low concentration
      ranging from 0.4 to 75 micrograms/ml. The contraceptive effect requires the
      presence of the zona and appears to inhibit the penetration of the zona pellucida
      by sperm rather than by blocking the sperm binding site. Neither antibody
      interferes with in vitro development from the two-cell to the blastocyst stage or
      with subsequent hatching from the enveloping zona pellucida.

PMID- 3996752
TI  - Comparative analysis of casein synthesis during mammary cell differentiation in
      collagen and mammary gland development in vivo.
AB  - Substrata upon which epithelial cells are cultured modulate their
      morphology,growth, and ability to differentiate. Mouse mammary epithelial cells
      cannot be induced to synthesize caseins, a marker of cell differentiation, when
      grown on a plastic surface. An analysis was made of the effect of time within a
      collagen matrix on the ability of normal mammary epithelial cells to be induced
      to synthesize caseins and that response was compared to mammary gland development
      in vivo. Primary cultures of mammary cells from unprimed virgin BALB/c mice were
      embedded in rat-tail collagen gel mixtures and maintained in growth medium.
      Induction medium containing lactogenic hormones was added at various times. The
      cells were monitored every 3-7 days over a period of 8 weeks for cell growth,
      casein synthesis, and ability to grow in vivo in cleared mammary fat pads. Casein
      accumulation was assayed quantitatively by an ELISA competition assay and
      qualitatively by the immunoblot procedure using specific antisera prepared
      against purified mouse caseins. No marked differences in cell numbers and
      transplantability potential were observed among cells cultured for various times
      in collagen. Mammary cells grown in collagen for up to 8 weeks retained the
      capacity to grow in vivo as normal ductal outgrowths. The duration of culture
      within collagen prior to hormonal stimulation did influence the kinetics of
      casein synthesis. Cells cultured for 1 week in growth medium did not accumulate
      detectable levels of casein until after 3 weeks of induction, whereas cells
      cultured for 2 or 4 weeks responded by accumulating caseins after 2 weeks and 3
      days of induction, respectively. While the levels of total caseins that
      accumulated under optimal conditions of induction in culture approached levels
      found during lactation in vivo, the relative proportion of specific casein
      polypeptides synthesized in culture was altered from alpha casein (43K) in favor
      of the beta casein (30K) species. These results suggest that a period of culture
      within collagen is required to permit mammary epithelial cells to become
      responsive for hormone-induced differentiation. It is possible that during growth
      within the collagen the cells synthesize and deposit extracellular matrix
      components important in modulating gene expression.

PMID- 3996753
TI  - The localized requirements for a gene affecting segmentation in Drosophila:
      analysis of larvae mosaic for runt.
AB  - The runt gene is required in a developing Drosophila embryo for proper
      segmentation. Mutant embryos fail to hatch but secrete a larval cuticle in which
      pattern defects are apparent. In runt embryos, there are pattern deletions spaced
      at two segment intervals along the antero-posterior axis of the animal. The
      deleted regions are replaced by mirror-image duplications of the remaining
      regions. This paper investigates the localized requirements for runt+ activity by
      analyzing the segmentation patterns in larval genetic mosaics. This analysis is
      aided by the faintoid and shavenbaby mutations which affect larval cuticle
      morphology without affecting segmentation. These two mutations serve as markers
      of the regions of larval cuticle secreted by genetically runt cells. The analysis
      of the runt mosaic patterns indicates the effects of the gene on segmentation are
      primarily cell autonomous. This includes both the pattern deletions and the
      associated mirror-image duplications. This indicates the mirror-image
      duplications are not due to regeneration but result from a more direct effect of
      runt on patterning in the embryo. The mosaic patterns also reveal other aspects
      of the process of pattern formation in the larval epidermis. Based on these
      results a model is presented for the generation of the larval pattern.

PMID- 3996754
TI  - Synthesis of glycoconjugates in mouse primordial germ cells.
AB  - The synthesis of protein-bound carbohydrates has been studied in primordial germ
      cells (PGCs) and in somatic cells of 12.5 to 13.5-days-postcoitum (dpc) fetal
      mouse gonads. Both cell types were shown to synthesize asparagine-linked
      glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In addition, PGCs also synthesize
      lactosaminoglycans (LAGs) although in different proportions in female and male
      germ cells. Female PGCs, which at 13.5 dpc are entering meiosis, synthesize
      mainly LAGs, and minor amounts of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate
      (CS). Male germ cells, on the other hand, synthesize mainly CS. Furthermore,
      somatic cells of fetal gonads synthesize HA as the major class of GAGs. It is
      suggested that the activation of LAG synthesis in developing germ cells might be
      related to the beginning of meiosis. Moreover, we propose that HA synthesis might
      be developmentally regulated in somatic cells of the gonad, in order to regulate
      the establishment of specific interactions with germ cells.

PMID- 3996755
TI  - Identification of an olfactory receptor neuron subclass: cellular and molecular
      analysis during development.
AB  - Development of olfactory receptor neuron populations was studied using the
      previously described monoclonal antibody (Mab) 2B8 which binds to cell surface
      glycoproteins of presumptive olfactory receptor neurons. In order to definitively
      demonstrate that the cells recognized were olfactory receptor neurons and to
      better characterize these cells during development, a well-established receptor
      cell marker, olfactory marker protein (OMP), was studied at the same time as the
      2B8 antigens in double-label immunofluorescence analyses of olfactory structures
      in rats from Day 13 of gestation (E13) to the early postnatal period. Olfactory
      epithelium cryostat sections of E13 rats showed binding of the 2B8 Mab to bipolar
      cells in caudal regions of the nasal cavity. The 2B8 Mab also recognized a large
      number of cells in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) at this stage. No specific binding
      of anti-OMP was seen until E15. At this time approximately half of the 2B8
      reactive cells also expressed OMP. By birth, greater than 90% of the 2B8 reactive
      cells expressed OMP. The percentage of total fluorescent labeled cells which are
      double labeled remained relatively constant at 23-33% as the total number of
      cells increased between E15 and 2 days postnatal. 2B8 immunoreactivity can be
      found in the olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulb and the presumptive
      accessory olfactory bulb at E15. In double-label experiments the 2B8 Mab did not
      bind to all anti-OMP-labeled glomeruli of postnatal to adult rats. In summary,
      the 2B8 Mab recognizes cells early during development and appears to recognize a
      subclass of olfactory receptor cells and their axon terminals. Developmental
      changes in the electrophoretic profile of the olfactory 2B8 antigens were also
      studied. In the olfactory epithelium a single band at Mr of 200,000 was seen at
      E19. After birth three bands at 220,000, 180,000 and 110,000 were observed but in
      adults only two bands of Mr 215,000 and 163,000 were detected. During olfactory
      bulb development the Mr of the two major 2B8 reactive bands did not change but
      remained the same as the two major bands seen in the adult olfactory epithelium.
      The olfactory bulb band at Mr of 215,000 showed a 3 to 4-fold increase and the
      band at 163,000 showed a 10-fold increase in specific activity from birth to
      adulthood.

PMID- 3996756
TI  - Identification and distribution of actin in spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa
      of the rabbit.
AB  - Using a monoclonal antibody as a highly specific probe and a seminal particle
      free fraction of rabbit ejaculated spermatozoa, actin has been localized in the
      postacrosomal region of mature rabbit spermatozoa. The sperm actin has been
      extracted and identified on two-dimensional PAGE immunoblots as a single spot of
      pI = 5.45 and Mr = 43,000. Rabbit sperm actin is present in a nonfilamentous form
      and is not removed by removing the plasma membrane. Unlike mature spermatozoa,
      however, filamentous actin is present in spermatogenic cells, as determined by
      rhodamine phalloidin staining. Starting as diffusely distributed in
      spermatocytes, actin accumulates in the subacrosomal space and appears as a band
      in conjunction with the developing acrosome. This band lengthens throughout the
      spermatid stage and becomes continuous with the postacrosomal region staining in
      testicular spermatozoa. Actin may therefore function during spermatogenesis to
      both shape the acrosome to the nucleus and to anchor inner acrosomal membrane
      proteins.

PMID- 3996757
TI  - Primary differentiation and ectoderm-specific gene expression in the animalized
      sea urchin embryo.
AB  - Primary differentiation in sea urchin embryos, animalized by zinc, has been
      gauged by the formation of characteristic endodermal and mesodermal tissue
      derivatives and by the accumulation of the ectoderm-specific Spec 1 mRNA.
      Increasing the dosage of zinc diminishes the differentiation of secondary
      mesenchyme, primary mesenchyme, endoderm, and ectoderm, in decreasing order.
      Treatment is effective only during the blastula stages, involving successive
      periods of sensitivity for these tissues. Removal of zinc with chelator results
      in the resumption of differentiation to increasing degree for this series of
      tissues. The developmental initiation of Spec 1 gene expression, normally at the
      earliest blastula stage, can be delayed by zinc for at least 30 hr before being
      implemented by treatment of the animalized embryos with a chelator. We conclude
      (1) that those processes in the blastula which are required for differentiation
      and are suppressed by zinc are distinguishable from the determinative processes,
      which are not affected by the animalizing agent and occur earlier during
      midcleavage; (2) that animalization by zinc involves a graded failure of primary
      tissues to form; and (3) that animalization involves a pause in the schedule of
      differentiation, which can be reinstated by removal of the animalizing agent,
      thereby providing a survival value inherent in a flexible schedule of
      development.

PMID- 3996758
TI  - Identification of maturation-inducing steroid in a teleost, the amago salmon
      (Oncorhynchus rhodurus).
AB  - Maturation-inducing steroid in amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) has been
      identified from media in which immature but fully grown folliculated oocytes of
      amago salmon had been incubated for 18-24 hr with chum salmon gonadotropin (SGA).
      The maturation-inducing (MI) activity of residues at various steps of
      purification was assessed by an in vitro germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) assay
      based on fully grown prophase-arrested folliculated oocytes of amago salmon.
      Ether extracts of the media from these incubates showed high MI activity. Yolk
      and oil droplets were removed from the ether extract by partition with equal
      volumes of 50% methanol and n-hexane. MI activity was found only in the 50%
      methanol phase. The 50% methanol phase was then fractionated (20 separate
      fractions) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. MI activity
      was found only in fraction 10 which had a retention time coinciding exactly with
      17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog). The
      purity and final characterization of the residues of fraction 10 were further
      confirmed by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry with authentic 17
      alpha,20 beta-diOHprog standard. The present study, together with our previous
      findings that in amago salmon 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog is the most potent
      steroid for the induction of oocyte maturation in vitro and is present at high
      concentrations in the plasma only around the time of oocyte maturation, indicates
      that 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog is the major naturally occurring maturation
      inducing steroid in this species.

PMID- 3996759
TI  - Unequal cleavage and the differentiation of echinoid primary mesenchyme.
AB  - The role of unequal cleavage in echinoid micromere determination was investigated
      by equalizing the fourth and fifth cleavages with brief surfactant treatment. The
      surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate was found to be effective in equalizing fourth
      cleavage when generally applied to 4-cell stage embryos of all species tested.
      Embryos of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus developed normally when
      equalized at the fourth and fifth cleavages by surfactant treatment, as did
      untreated equally cleaving embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus
      droebachiensis. Embryos of the sea urchins Lytechinus pictus and S. purpuratus
      were animalized by the treatment but were capable of forming spicules after
      treatments which equalized the fourth cleavage. In addition, orientation of the
      fourth division spindles was found to have no effect on differentiation of the
      primary mesenchyme in D. excentricus. The results confirm that micromere
      determination in echinoids does not depend upon a strict cleavage pattern at the
      16-cell stage.

PMID- 3996760
TI  - Maturation of Xenopus oocytes is not accompanied by electrode-detectable calcium
      changes.
AB  - Ca2+-sensitive microelectrodes were used to study changes in cytoplasmic free
      calcium during progesterone-induced meiotic maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
      In contrast to previous reports, no changes were detected during the maturation
      process, although a large activation pulse of Ca2+ was seen when in vitro matured
      eggs were parthenogenetically activated. The resting level of Ca2+ in the oocytes
      was 0.14 microM +/- 0.05.

PMID- 3996762
TI  - Proceedings of the Second International Workshop-Conference on Gestational
      Diabetes Mellitus. October 25-27, 1984, Chicago, Illinois.

PMID- 3996761
TI  - Onset of paternal and maternal Gpi-1 expression in preimplantation mouse embryos.
AB  - The initial activation of the glucose phosphate isomerase gene, Gpi-1, was
      studied in mouse embryos produced by transplanting pronuclei between two strains
      of mice differing in alleles for this enzyme. Protein isozymes encoded by the
      embryonic cell nuclei were first detected on Day 4 of embryogenesis, and the
      maternal and paternal genes are seen to be activated simultaneously. Comparison
      of isozymes produced by these nuclear-transfer embryos and by F1 embryos from
      these two strains suggests the absence of oocyte mRNA for GPI-1 at the time when
      these genes are first activated. Thus, the GPI-1 present is derived from newly
      transcribed mRNA contributed by both maternal and paternal genes. The relative
      proportion of maternal cytoplasmic GPI-1 enzyme declines from Day 3 to Day 6,
      such that on Day 6, almost no oocyte GPI-1 is detected.

PMID- 3996763
TI  - Gestational diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy.
      Long-term effects on obesity and glucose tolerance in the offspring.
AB  - The effects of disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism during gestation were
      studied in the offspring of 1049 Pima Indian women who had no previous diagnosis
      of diabetes. Rates of fetal and maternal complications of pregnancy among women
      with diabetes first diagnosed during the pregnancy were similar to those among
      women in whom diabetes was recognized before gestation. Offspring, aged 5-19 yr,
      of women with abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy had a higher mean
      percent desirable weight and a higher mean postchallenge plasma glucose
      concentration than did offspring of women with normal glucose tolerance. Percent
      desirable weight and glucose concentration, however, were both lower than found
      in offspring of women with diabetes diagnosed before the pregnancy. Thus,
      metabolic events during pregnancy, as indicated by the detection of abnormal
      glucose tolerance during gestation, appear to have long-term effects on obesity
      and glucose tolerance in the offspring.

PMID- 3996764
TI  - Gestational diabetes. Incidence, maternal characteristics, and perinatal outcome.
AB  - Accurate estimates of the incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance during
      pregnancy are virtually nonexistent. Screening select populations of women with
      risk factors for the condition and the nonrandom, non-population-based nature of
      most studies have given rise to wide variances in reported incidence. We analyzed
      data from the states of Mississippi and Washington and from the National Natality
      and Fetal Mortality Surveys conducted in 1980 in an attempt to provide more
      accurate population-based estimates of the incidence of gestational diabetes
      mellitus (GDM). In the national surveys GDM was noted (screening and diagnostic
      criteria were unavailable) as a complication in 0.38% of all sampled pregnancies;
      overt (type I and type II) diabetes was noted in 0.78%. Mean maternal age for the
      GDM group was 28.4 yr; 85% were white (81% controls) and 15% non-white (19%
      controls). Prepregnancy weights were higher in the GDM group by an average of 20
      lb. However, mean weight gain was less in this group than in controls (23 versus
      29 lb). Perinatal mortality was noted in approximately 2.8% (1.3% in controls) of
      the offspring in GDM-complicated pregnancies and congenital malformations in 6.4%
      (7.9% in controls). Methodologic problems were encountered and included lack of
      screening and diagnostic criteria, underreporting, and underrecording.

PMID- 3996765
TI  - Antenatal screening using random blood glucose values.
AB  - For many years it has been established practice to test the urine of pregnant
      women for the presence of glucose in the belief that this is an efficient way to
      detect diabetes mellitus. It is now becoming recognized that one of the normal
      maternal physiologic adaptations during pregnancy is an increase in the renal
      excretion of glucose; on examination, up to 50% of healthy pregnant women will
      have detectable glycosuria at some stage. As the definition of diabetes mellitus
      is based on random blood glucose values or the concentrations achieved at defined
      times after an oral glucose load, it would seem logical that any antenatal
      screening procedure should be similarly based. A total of 2403 consecutive
      antenatal patients had a random venous whole blood glucose concentration
      determined between 28 and 32 wk gestation. Calculated 99% cutoff values were 110
      mg/dl (6.1 mmol/L) within 2 h of a meal or 101 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/L) more than 2 h
      postprandial. Four patients were found to have previously unsuspected but
      unequivocal diabetes mellitus and four more had impaired glucose tolerance on the
      basis of the 1980 WHO criteria. Screening all antenatal patients by this method
      is efficient, does not inconvenience patients, and is relatively cost efficient
      in terms of staff and laboratory resources.

PMID- 3996766
TI  - Screening for gestational diabetes. Optimum timing and criteria for retesting.
AB  - Because of the morbidity associated with undiagnosed gestational diabetes (GDM),
      screening programs are advocated in all pregnancy clinics. The purpose of this
      study was to elucidate the optimum time to test for diabetes during gestation,
      the indication for retesting, and the predictive value of a positive screening
      test for a large (greater than 4000 g) infant. Women (N = 300) were screened at
      three time points: 9-20 wk, 27-31 wk, and 33-36 wk. An additional group of 300
      women were screened at two time points: 27-31 wk and 33-36 wk. The prevalence of
      GDM in this group was 3.2%. The optimum timing for screening for highest yield
      was 27-31 wk. Retesting at 33-36 wk appeared cost effective if (1) maternal age
      was greater than or equal to 33 yr, (2) a positive screen was present at 27-31
      wk, and (3) the mother was obese (greater than 120% ideal body wt).

PMID- 3996767
TI  - Screening of high-risk and general populations for gestational diabetes. Clinical
      application and cost analysis.
AB  - Two thousand seventy-seven women attending a university-based prenatal clinic
      were screened for gestational diabetes. The patients were divided into two
      groups. Group 1 consisted of 959 patients with historic or clinical factors
      traditionally employed to identify patients as being at high risk for the
      occurrence of gestational diabetes. Group 2 consisted of the remaining 1118
      patients. The O'Sullivan 50-g 1-h test, with an upper limit of normal for serum
      glucose of 150 mg/dl, was employed as the initial screening procedure. Patients
      with an abnormal screening test underwent a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (GTT)
      with a 100-g load. The values recommended by the First American Diabetes
      Association Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes were employed for
      interpretation. Group 1 patients underwent screening at their initial visit and
      again at 28 wk gestation. Group 2 patients underwent an identical screening
      sequence between 28 and 32 wk gestation. Cost analysis was performed. The
      prevalences of positive screening tests were 7.2% and 6.1%, and the frequencies
      of abnormal GTTs were 1.5% and 1.4% among group 1 and group 2 patients,
      respectively. These rates were not statistically significantly different.
      Overall, 46.7% and 53.5% of the cases of gestational diabetes were identified
      among the patients with and without risk factors, respectively. The total cost of
      the screening program was +9869.00. The cost per patient screened and the cost
      per case of gestational diabetes identified were +4.75 and +328.96, respectively.
      These results reemphasize the inadequacy of screening only those patients with
      traditional risk factors for gestational diabetes and demonstrate the feasibility
      of implementing a program of universal glucose screening among a large obstetric
      population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996768
TI  - The possibility of an early growth delay in White's class A diabetic pregnancy.
AB  - Ultrasound scanning has revealed that some fetuses of women with insulin
      dependent diabetes are smaller than normal in early pregnancy as judged by the
      crown-rump length. This early growth delay is negatively correlated to the
      quality of diabetes regulation. Nine White's Class A diabetic women had fetuses
      that were on average 4.5 days (range, 0-11 days) smaller than expected from the
      menstrual history. Apparently, the expectedly modest metabolic disturbances in
      early pregnancy of Class A diabetic women are able to interfere with normal
      embryonic growth.

PMID- 3996769
TI  - Neonatal morbidities in infants of mothers with glucose intolerance in pregnancy.
AB  - Of 1839 pregnant women screened prospectively, 52 were identified to have glucose
      intolerance. Ten additional pregnant women identified as having glucose
      intolerance before the universal screening were also included in the study
      cohort. These 62 patients were followed in a perinatal high-risk clinic with
      weekly plasma glucose determinations. The patients were treated with diet and, in
      addition, 21 of 62 were treated with insulin therapeutically. By observational
      cohort design, the infants and a comparable number of matched controls were
      evaluated for evidence of neonatal morbidities and classified into percentile for
      birth weight. Compared with the control group, the operative mode of delivery,
      the mean birth weight, the birth-weight percentile, the male/female ratio, the
      frequency of low Apgar score (less than or equal to 6 at 1 min), and the number
      of infants with congenital anomalies were significantly higher in the infants
      born to the glucose-intolerant mothers. Although the mean maternal blood sugar
      was maintained within a reasonably euglycemic range, the usual neonatal
      morbidities were not eliminated entirely. Further understanding and management of
      glucose intolerance in pregnancy is necessary to further diminish or eliminate
      neonatal morbidities.

PMID- 3996770
TI  - Hormonal responses to exercise in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnant patients.
AB  - The hormonal responses to low-level exercise in pregnancy have been studied in 13
      insulin-requiring diabetic patients and 42 control subjects. We found no
      significant changes in plasma glucose, epinephrine, glucagon, or FFA with this
      level of exercise in the study group and control subjects; but plasma
      norepinephrine showed a significant increase with exercise. This type of exercise
      appears to be safe and could serve as a model for exercise prescription for
      attaining improved glucose tolerance in pregnant diabetic women.

PMID- 3996771
TI  - Auditory and visual evoked potentials of schoolboys with spelling disabilities.
AB  - EEG evoked potentials were studied in 23 young adolescent poor spellers and 21
      controls. Findings typical of poor spellers were long auditory evoked potential
      (AEP) latencies and low amplitudes of early AEP deflections. A high frequency of
      spelling errors concerning the word as a whole was associated with low AEP P50
      and P300 amplitudes. Poor reading was associated with high AEP sustained
      potential amplitudes and a long AEP P185 latency. Generally, poor spellers seem
      to have problems with the early filtering processes of of attention, whereas
      spelling errors concerning the word as a whole seem to be associated with
      problems of late attentional processes. The abnormal findings in the poor
      spellers are interpreted in terms of a brain maturational delay that presents as
      an attentional disorder.

PMID- 3996772
TI  - Prolongation of walking in Duchenne muscular dystrophy with lightweight orthoses:
      review of 57 cases.
AB  - Fifty-seven boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy aged between 6 years 3 months
      and 13 years 6 months, who were at the point of losing the ability to walk or had
      recently done so, were fitted with lightweight knee-ankle-foot orthoses to re
      establish walking. 47 walked well and independently in their orthoses, achieving
      good stability and confidence. 20 are still ambulant; the other 27 stopped
      walking at intervals ranging from eight to 48 months. Prolongation of walking
      prevented the development of scoliosis, joint contractures and deformities and
      also benefited the boys psychologically.

PMID- 3996773
TI  - Hypoxic-ischaemic cerebral injury in the term newborn: correlation of CT findings
      with neurological outcome.
AB  - For asphyxiated term infants, prediction of neurological outcome based on
      clinical criteria alone is not always reliable. We have used changes in tissue
      density on CT scan (known to represent hypoxic-ischaemic injury) as an adjunct to
      clinical examination to assess the severity of cerebral injury. The study
      population comprised 56 term newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.
      Scans were performed with a General Electric 8800 scanner and classified as
      Normal, Patchy, Diffuse or Global according to the extent of areas of decreased
      density (DD). These were correlated with neurological outcome (i.e. Normal, Minor
      handicap, Major handicap, Indefinite or Death). Death or major handicap occurred
      in only two of 14 infants in the combined Normal or Patchy DD groups but in 26 of
      29 in the combined Diffuse or Global groups. This correlation was highly
      significant (p less than 0.0005). 13 classified as Indefinite were normal at age
      three to 10 months but were excluded from analysis because of the short follow
      up. The data demonstrate that CT scanning is a valuable adjunct to neurological
      examination for assessment of cerebral injury in the asphyxiated term infant.

PMID- 3996774
TI  - The Landau reaction in fullterm and preterm infants at four months of age.
AB  - Twelve normal fullterm infants and 11 low-risk preterm infants were assessed at
      four months of age. Assessments included a Three-Component-Scale for the Landau
      reaction, the Touwen Scale for the Landau reaction, the Bayley Scales of Infant
      Development Motor Scale, and the Movement Assessment of Infants Muscle Tone
      Scale. A statistically significant relationship was found between gestational age
      (preterm vs. fullterm birth) and scores on the hip and kicking subcomponents on
      the Three-Component-Scale for the Landau reaction, and also between gestational
      age at birth and scores on the summary of tone-extremities and total risk score
      items on the Movement Assessment of Infants. Although preterm and fullterm
      infants may not show differences in scores on motor developmental level
      assessments, variations in postural reactions and muscle tone may be present at
      four months of age.

PMID- 3996775
TI  - Early development of locomotion: significance of prematurity, cerebral palsy and
      sex.
AB  - Data on the development of locomotion during the first two years of life were
      collected for 128 preterm infants (21 with varying degrees of cerebral palsy) and
      for 111 healthy term infants. Most stages of locomotion occurred at slightly
      later ages among the neurologically unimpaired preterm infants than among those
      born at term (age corrected for prematurity). There was no difference between
      preterm and term infants with regard to the number and types of pathways of
      locomotion, or to age at onset and type of first movements through space. By 9.5
      months of age, 95 per cent of term infants and 92 per cent of preterm infants
      showed some ability to move through space. The infants with severe cerebral palsy
      had considerable delay in the development of locomotion, but this occurred to
      only a minor extent when the degree of cerebral palsy was mild or moderate. Most
      stages of locomotion occurred at slightly earlier ages for boys than for girls,
      but these differences were not significant at any age. The number and types of
      pathways of locomotion, and types of first movements, were comparable in both
      sexes.

PMID- 3996776
TI  - Benign migraine-like syndrome with CSF pleocytosis in children.
AB  - Four children with symptoms consistent with complicated migraine had CSF
      pleocytosis, in three cases lymphocytic and in the fourth polymorphonuclear. In
      one case the CSF abnormality was found during two separate attacks of complicated
      migraine. On the basis of the 23 cases reported in the literature and these four
      personal cases, the authors conclude that, as a rule, pleocytosis is a secondary
      phenomenon of an attack of complicated migraine. However, in exceptional cases an
      infectious disease might produce both a migraine attack and CSF pleocytosis.

PMID- 3996777
TI  - The EEGs of infants with citrullinemia.
AB  - Three female infants with citrullinemia were followed clinically, biochemically
      and by electroencephalography. All three had episodes of vomiting, lethargy and
      hyperammonemia shortly after birth. The two more severe cases developed
      convulsions. They were saved by peritoneal dialysis, or repeated exchange
      transfusions followed by dietary adjustment. Multifocal spikes or repetitive
      paroxysmal activity of various kinds were seen in the EEGs at times of crisis.
      There was a lag in the EEG returning to normal after ammonia levels had returned
      to normal. Citrulline remained elevated in all cases. Follow-up over years
      revealed mild spasticity, mental retardation and, in one case, cortical atrophy.

PMID- 3996778
TI  - Multiple sclerosis in childhood: a new look.
AB  - Five patients (four female, one male) with multiple sclerosis were managed at the
      Hospital for Sick Children, London, between January 1978 and June 1983. The age
      at which first symptoms occurred varied from three to 14 years. Focal seizures
      occurred in three cases and an encephalopathic process in three cases, and there
      was evidence of progressive intellectual deterioration in all five children.
      Computed tomography showed low-density lesions in the white matter of all five.
      Electroencephalograms were abnormal in all cases, and in two the disturbance was
      severe. Oligoclonal bands were present in the cerebrospinal fluid of two
      children. Four of the five children had abnormal responses to pattern-reversal
      stimulus.

PMID- 3996779
TI  - Kinesthetic recall of children with athetoid and spastic cerebral palsy and of
      non-handicapped children.
AB  - Twenty-four children with spastic or athetoid quadriplegic cerebral palsy were
      paired according to severity of motor disability and age, then matched with 12
      non-handicapped children of similar ages. The children were tested with a
      standard kinesthesiometer and two kinds of scores were recorded. Absolute Error
      scores reflected the children's deviation from the target and Total Movement
      scores reflected their over-all range of movement. There were significant
      differences between groups in Absolute Error scores, with the cerebral-palsied
      children performing worse than the controls and the spastic children worse than
      the athetoid children. All three groups tended to underestimate the targets and
      there were no significant differences in Total Movement scores.

PMID- 3996780
TI  - Theophylline neurotoxicity resulting in significant unilateral brain-damage.
AB  - A case of theophylline neurotoxicity in a three-month-old infant is reported.
      Prolonged focal seizures with secondary generalization resulted in hemiparesis
      and developmental retardation, and CT demonstrated cerebral hemiatrophy. Later
      the infant developed recurrent focal and atonic convulsions, which were
      refractory to multiple anticonvulsants. Possible etiological factors, especially
      the pharmacological mechanisms by which theophylline can produce focal
      convulsions and result in brain damage, are discussed.

PMID- 3996781
TI  - Holes in the brain.

PMID- 3996782
TI  - Laboratory approaches for inherited neurometabolic diseases.

PMID- 3996783
TI  - Effect of the artificially elevated common bile duct pressure on the motor
      activity and function of the papilla of Vater. A study by endoscopic manometry.
AB  - In 10 patients without disease of the pancreatico-biliary system, the common bile
      duct pressure was artificially elevated by endoscopic retrograde feeding with
      saline under manometric control. The motor activity of the papilla of Vater was
      recorded by endoscopic manometry using the hydraulic capillary perfusion system
      according to Arndorfer. Compared to the baseline motility, a mild pressure
      elevation (from 9.75 +/- 1.8 to 13.5 +/- 0.26 mm Hg) had no effect. After the
      following strong pressure elevation (to 32 +/- 0.9 mm Hg), however, the papillary
      residual pressure and the wave duration of the papillary contractions increased
      significantly (p less than 0.001) from 5.5 +/- 0.5 s and 6.3 +/- 0.16 mm Hg to
      10.7 +/- 0.75 s and 8.6 +/- 0.64 mm Hg, whereas the papillary contraction
      frequency and amplitude were not affected. These data indicate several clinically
      important speculations.

PMID- 3996784
TI  - Some comparisons between auditory brain stem response thresholds, latencies, and
      the pure-tone audiogram.
AB  - Aspects of auditory brain stem responses (ABR) and pure-tone behavioral
      audiograms were compared in patients with cochlear hearing loss. Click-evoked ABR
      thresholds appeared to be related most closely to the audiometric thresholds at
      2000 and 4000 Hz, with relatively poor agreement at either 1000 or 8000 Hz. These
      results were related to the amplitude spectrum of the eliciting stimulus. The
      slope of the wave V latency-intensity function appeared to be related to the
      configuration of the hearing loss. Patients with high-frequency sensorineural
      losses had steeper slopes than normal subjects, whereas patients with flat
      sensorineural losses had shallower slopes. These results were related to the
      principle that response latency is determined by the cochlear region that
      predominates the ABR for different stimulus intensities.

PMID- 3996785
TI  - The use of relative cost ratios in choosing a diagnostic test.

PMID- 3996786
TI  - Interrupted noise as a tinnitus masker: an annoyance study.
AB  - Tinnitus can be masked by a simultaneous and/or nonsimultaneous stimuli. The
      usefulness of the masker depends on its power and its perceived annoyance. The
      purpose of the current study was to compare annoyance produced by interrupted and
      continuous noises. Data were gathered from six normal-hearing subjects without
      tinnitus and six subjects with tinnitus. Continuous white noise and interrupted
      white noise (2, 4, 10, 20, and 40 pulses per second) were presented at 20, 40,
      and 60 dB. Subjects adjusted the interrupted noise to be as annoying as the
      reference signal. The general findings were: (1) interrupted noises were more
      annoying than the continuous noises for both groups, and (2) the perception of
      annoyance in both groups was very similar at the highest level and significantly
      different at lower levels. For normal-hearing listeners, the differences between
      annoyance produced by continuous and interrupted noise were independent of the
      pulse rate for rates slower than 10 pulses per second, gradually decreasing for
      the higher rates. Despite the advantages of interrupted noise, it is not suitable
      as a tinnitus masker since it is more annoying than continuous noise.

PMID- 3996787
TI  - Effect of amplification on tinnitus among new hearing aid users.
AB  - A tinnitus questionnaire was completed by 200 new hearing aid users. The results
      indicated that 62% experienced tinnitus, with 43.5% reporting frequent or
      continuous presence. Thirteen of the 200 patients rated their tinnitus as severe.
      Approximately one-half of the respondents with tinnitus reported that their
      hearing aids provided either partial or total relief from tinnitus. If the
      tinnitus was rated severe, partial instead of total relief was the most commonly
      reported effect. A few individuals indicated residual inhibition. A subjective
      evaluation of the aids' performance revealed that relief from tinnitus was
      frequently rated an important aspect of the user's satisfaction.

PMID- 3996788
TI  - Body position and acoustic admittance.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of body position on the
      acoustic admittance of the normal middle ear mechanism. Susceptance tympanograms
      were obtained and their values recorded to determine the significance of any
      differences among five different body positions. A positive pressure shift was
      found to occur at the point of maximum compliance between the upright body
      position and the remaining four recumbent body positions. Attention should be
      given to the effects that differing body positions have on acoustic admittance
      whenever assessment of this nature is anticipated.

PMID- 3996789
TI  - Binaural interaction in auditory brain stem responses: parametric studies.
AB  - The effects of click stimulus presentation rate, spectrum, and polarity on
      binaural interaction in auditory brain stem responses (BI/ABR) were observed in
      guinea pigs and in normal-hearing human adults. The effects of repetition rate on
      the BI/ABR in both species were similar to those seen in ABRs. Six of 16 human
      subjects showed an unusual "early BI" only at high click intensity and high
      repetition rates; this is probably due to acoustic reflex effects. Animal data
      from stimulus spectrum experiments suggest a mid-to-high frequency dependence of
      the BI/ABR, while human data are less clear. Results are discussed relative to
      suggested recording strategies for the BI/ABR.

PMID- 3996791
TI  - Comparison of the revised Hearing Performance Inventory with audiometric
      measures.
AB  - Hearing Performance Inventory scores were correlated with sensitivity,
      discrimination, and sensitivity + discrimination measures for 39 subjects with
      noise-induced hearing loss. The highest correlation obtained (0.67) was with
      monosyllabic speech discrimination in noise. However, there were not significant
      differences in correlations among the three types of audiometric measures. The
      audiometric variables accounted for less than half of the variance in Hearing
      Performance Inventory scores; therefore they are inadequate in predicting the
      amount of self-perceived hearing difficulties. The need for a variety of hearing
      handicap scales is discussed.

PMID- 3996790
TI  - The relationship between audiometric and self-report measures of hearing
      handicap.
AB  - In 430 individuals with adult onset hearing loss, relationships were explored
      between definitions of handicap based on a number of arithmetic formulas applied
      to audiometric data and definitions of handicap based on two self-report
      questionnaires (the Denver Scale of Communication Function and the Social Hearing
      Handicap Index). Resulting linear correlations were very low with the highest
      relationship--between better ear pure-tone average and perceived handicap--being
      only 0.38. Of the standard hearing handicap formulas, the 1947 American Medical
      Association calculation and the 1980 Ohio State formula showed the highest
      correlations with perceived handicap (0.33 and 0.28, respectively). The results
      highlight the difference between audiometrically calculated and self-reported
      hearing handicap.

PMID- 3996792
TI  - An ear-canal electrode for the measurement of the human auditory brain stem
      response.
AB  - A new electrode has been developed and evaluated for the measurement of the human
      auditory brain stem response (ABR). The goal of the electrode design was to
      enhance the amplitude and clarity of wave I without sacrificing wave V. The
      electrode consists of a foam rubber ear-plug through which a fine stainless steel
      wire has been threaded to make contact with the wall of the external auditory
      canal (EAC). The ABR measured between vertex and EAC was compared with that
      measured between vertex and mastoid. Results indicate that the vertex-to-EAC
      configuration yields a larger wave I than the vertex-to-mastoid configuration,
      with no loss in size or clarity of wave V.

PMID- 3996793
TI  - Frequency of cancer among insulin-treated diabetic patients in Denmark.
AB  - The total prevalent population of insulin-treated diabetic subjects (1499
      patients) in Fyn County, Denmark, was followed for 8 1/2 years (beginning 1 July
      1973). All cases of cancer diagnosed during this period were identified by a
      record cross-check with the Danish Cancer Registry. In total, 45 and 37 cancer
      cases were identified among male and female patients, respectively, corresponding
      with observed/expected ratios of 1.37 (p = 0.03) and 1.08 (p = 0.65),
      respectively. Specified for site, a significant excess of cancer of the pancreas
      was found (six cases observed vs 2.4 expected, p = 0.02), but the excess was
      reduced by excluding cases where the cancer patient had diabetes as an early
      sign. Overall, no indications were found of an association between diabetes and
      cancer, whether in general or regarding particular cancer types.

PMID- 3996794
TI  - Evaluation of thermal and vibration sensation in diabetic neuropathy.
AB  - Sensory evaluation of diabetic neuropathy was undertaken by a new technique for
      assessment of thermal sensitivity. The method is simple and reproducible, and the
      mean normal value of the lateral border of the foot was 6.0 degrees C (3.6-9.8
      degrees C, 95% confidence limits). Four groups of patients with diabetic
      neuropathy were examined: 22 with neuropathic ulcers and/or Charcot joints
      (groups 1 and 2); all showed severe abnormalities (range 10.8- greater than 30
      degrees C), frequently more than three times the upper limit of normal. In
      contrast thermal sensitivity in 15 patients with painful neuropathy (group 4)
      varied from normal to grossly abnormal (range 3.9- greater than 30 degrees C)
      confirming this form of neuropathy as a distinct entity. The majority of those 10
      patients with autonomic neuropathy alone (group 3) had abnormal thermal
      sensitivity (range 6.4- greater than 30 degrees C). Comparison of thermal
      sensitivity (a small fibre modality) with vibration perception threshold (a large
      fibre modality) showed that thermal sensitivity is sometimes selectively
      affected, especially in those with painful neuropathy, suggesting that the small
      fibres are more vulnerable in diabetes. Frequent involvement of the hands
      confirms the "stocking and glove" distribution of diabetic neuropathy. We
      conclude that impairment of thermal sensitivity is the rule in symptomatic
      diabetic neuropathy and its assessment provides a simple quantitative measurement
      suitable for long-term studies of its natural history.

PMID- 3996795
TI  - 111Indium-labelled lymphocytes do not image or label the pancreas of the BB/W
      rat.
AB  - Autologous transfusions of 111indium-labelled peripheral blood lymphocytes
      reportedly image the pancreas of patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent)
      diabetes at the time of onset. We attempted to apply this technique to the
      spontaneously diabetic BB/W rat. First, acutely diabetic BB/W rats, diabetes
      prone BB/W rats, diabetes-resistant W-line BB/W rats, and Wistar Furth rats were
      given autologous transfusions of labelled peripheral blood lymphocytes.
      Radioactivity recovered from the pancreas was similar in all groups. No
      correlation was found between the intensity of imaging and the presence or
      intensity of insulitis. To decrease non-specific intravascular radioactivity,
      acutely diabetic, diabetes-prone, and W-line rats were perfused 48 h after
      autologous transfusion of labelled lymphocytes. Again, the intensity of recovered
      activity was similar in all groups, using both macroautoradiography and numerical
      counting techniques. A second set of experiments studied diabetes and insulitis
      induced by passive transfer of concanavalin A-treated splenic lymphocytes from
      acutely diabetic donors. Activated lymphocytes were labelled with 111Indium and
      given to groups of diabetes-prone and diabetes-resistant rats. There were no
      differences in pancreatic localization 72-96 h after injection. Groups of
      diabetes-prone and diabetes-resistant rats were also given concanavalin A
      activated lymphocytes and then challenged 2-10 days later with autologous
      transfusions of labelled peripheral blood lymphocytes. Again, no differences in
      organ labelling or imaging were detected. We conclude that the autologous
      transfusions of 111indium-labelled lymphocytes do not label or image the pancreas
      of the BB/W rat.

PMID- 3996797
TI  - Continuing high incidence of diabetes mellitus in Scottish children.

PMID- 3996796
TI  - Risk of nephropathy in diabetes mellitus: problems of methodology and
      terminology.

PMID- 3996798
TI  - Selective induction of stalk-cell-specific proteins in Dictyostelium.
AB  - We compared the proteins synthesized and accumulated by Dictyostelium discoideum
      amoebae in response to the morphogenetic factor termed differentiation-inducing
      factor (DIF) to assess the proposed ability of DIF to regulate the choice of
      differentiation pathway. When amoebae of a mutant strain with low endogenous DIF
      levels were given DIF, they dramatically increased the expression of 21 of 23
      proteins preferentially found in stalk cells, but drastically repressed 4 major
      spore-specific proteins. Most of the induced proteins were also expressed in
      amoebae of a developmentally competent strain developing at low cell densities
      and exposed to DIF, low extracellular pH, or the proton pump inhibitor
      diethylstilbestrol; this suggests that an intracellular acidification may be a
      key part of the mechanism of DIF action. We conclude from the similar morphology
      and extensive homology of proteins of DIF-induced and stalk cells that most stalk
      pathway functions are DIF dependent.

PMID- 3996799
TI  - An eye-derived growth factor regulates epithelial cell proliferation in the
      cultured lens.
AB  - Lenses in organ culture permit an analysis of factors acting on epithelial cell
      growth, while keeping the normal steric constraints of the cell population. By
      employing this technique with radioautography of epithelial whole mounts, we
      showed that the DNA synthesis found in the epithelia of cultured bovine lenses
      follows an organized spatial and temporal pattern during culture. Within the
      first 48 h, active cells were located at the preequatorial region ("germinative
      zone"), a distribution consistent with the in vivo spatial organization of
      multiplying cells. Starting at about 48 h, cells from the central region of the
      epithelium--a nonproliferating population--were triggered to synthesize DNA in
      the presence of eye-derived growth factor (EDGF). When cultured in serum-free
      medium, only a small fraction of the cells was labeled, but when a low serum
      concentration was present, this fraction reached 50% of the cell population. The
      stimulatory effect of EDGF required a lag period, but its effect reached a
      maximum exceeding that found for serum. However, the cells from the germinative
      region, having a cell density three- to four-fold higher than the central region,
      were not stimulated to proliferate. This occurred irrespective of the presence of
      EDGF or serum. If this growth-stimulatory activity derived from the retina were
      the actual factor controlling cell proliferation in the lens in vivo, then the
      results presented here would point to the presence of a regulatory mechanism
      similar to that known for some other hormones.

PMID- 3996801
TI  - New regulations to speed drug approvals, improve safety monitoring.

PMID- 3996800
TI  - Growth-factor-independent proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo are
      associated in basophil/mast-cell lines and their somatic hybrids.
AB  - According to a current model, leukemic cells arise from normal hemopoietic
      progenitors as a result of two phenotypic changes: (1) a shift from a high to a
      low probability of completing differentiation, and (2) the loss of requirement
      for physiological growth regulators, such as multilineage hemopoietic growth
      factor (MHGF). In agreement with this model, we have recently reported that the
      spontaneous, in vitro, malignant transformation of a factor-dependent
      basophil/mast-cell line was coincidental with the appearance of MHGF-independent
      proliferation in vitro. We have now fused the MHGF-independent cells with their
      nontransformed counterparts. In the present study, 29 out of 32 hybrid clones
      analyzed exhibited an association between, on the one hand, the absence of MHGF
      requirement in vitro and high tumorigenicity in vivo and, on the other hand, MHGF
      dependent proliferation in vitro and a reduced capacity to make tumors in vivo.
      These data support the idea that the tumorigenic behavior of the transformed
      cells in vivo and their lack of requirement for MHGF in vitro are directly
      related.

PMID- 3996802
TI  - I.v. indomethacin approved to close patent ductus arteriosus.

PMID- 3996803
TI  - Vibrio vulnificus and patients with liver disease.

PMID- 3996804
TI  - Wyvac rabies vaccine recalled.

PMID- 3996805
TI  - Burns with Hibitane tincture.

PMID- 3996806
TI  - Orphan Drugs Information Center.

PMID- 3996808
TI  - [Conceptual and methodologic basis for continuing medical education].

PMID- 3996807
TI  - [Epidemiology, the basic recourse of public health].

PMID- 3996809
TI  - [Cerebral cysticercosis].

PMID- 3996810
TI  - [Rehabilitation of the mentally retarded].

PMID- 3996811
TI  - [20th forum on hepato-gastroenterology research. 9th French-language seminar on
      hepatology and gastroenterology. Brussels, 11-14 March 1985. Abstracts].

PMID- 3996813
TI  - [Latent myocardiopathy in chronic alcoholic patients with or without hepatic
      involvement].
AB  - Infraclinical myocardial lesions were searched for in patients with various types
      of liver disease due to chronic alcoholic intoxication. During a single
      procedure, a transjugular liver and right endoventricular biopsy and hemodynamic
      evaluation were performed in 26 patients without clinical evidence of cardiac
      involvement. Patients were classified into 5 groups: I, no liver disease (n = 4);
      II, fatty liver (n = 7); III, acute alcoholic hepatitis (n = 3); IV, cirrhosis (n
      = 7); V, cirrhosis with alcoholic hepatitis (n = 5). The study also included the
      determination of the serum thiamine level, a 24 h non-stop EKG recording and a M
      mode echocardiography. The cardiac-thoracic ratio, the EKG and Holter monitoring
      were normal. The serum thiamine levels decreased regularly from group I to group
      V, but there was no significant difference between patients with cirrhosis (group
      IV and V) and the others (group I to III). The same findings applied to the
      echocardiographic data. At rest, hemodynamic data were normal in all patients.
      Various degrees of myocardial lesions were present in 86 p. 100 of the cases.
      They included: cellular hypertrophy, contraction bands, interstitial fibrosis,
      fibroblastic infiltrate, perinuclear, cellular and or interstitial edema.
      Although frequent, these lesions were moderate and not specific. No correlation
      was found between the myocardial lesions and the type of liver disease.
      Myocardial lesions without cardiac manifestations have therefore been observed in
      vivo in nearly all patients with chronic alcoholic intoxication. These lesions
      were not correlated with the stage of alcoholic liver disease.

PMID- 3996812
TI  - [Urinary prostaglandins in the hepatorenal syndrome of cirrhotic patients: role
      of thromboxane A2 and an imbalance of precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids].
AB  - The hepatorenal syndrome is considered to be a functional renal failure due to
      active renal vasoconstriction. The purpose of this work was to study the urinary
      elimination of prostaglandins and the plasmatic polyunsaturated fatty acid
      precursors of prostaglandins. The urinary elimination of PGE2 was not
      significantly different in the groups of patients studied: controls, group I (193
      +/- 42 ng/24 h), cirrhotic patients without ascites, group II (274 +/- 43 ng/24
      h), cirrhotic patients with ascites, group III (269 +/- 41 ng/24 h). The urinary
      elimination of PGE1 and PGF2 alpha varied in the same way as PGE2. In cirrhotics
      with hepatorenal syndrome (group IV) the urinary elimination of vasodilating
      prostaglandins was greatly decreased (p less than 0.001); PGE2 (53 +/- 16 ng/24
      h), PGE1 (65 +/- 11 ng/24 h). The urinary elimination of PGF2 alpha was also
      decreased (293 +/- 75 ng/24 h). On the other hand, the urinary elimination of
      thromboxane, a vasoconstrictor, increased progressively from group I (287 +/- 75
      ng/24 h) to group IV (980 +/- 266 ng/24 h) (p less than 0.05). Plasmatic
      arachidonic acid was significantly decreased in group IV (5.0 +/- 0.6 p. 100)
      compared to group I (10.0 +/- 0.6 p. 100) (p less than 0.001), to group II (10.3
      +/- 0.5 p. 100) (p less than 0.001), and to group III (8.5 +/- 0.7 p. 100) (p
      less than 0.05). In conclusion, in hepatorenal patients, urinary excretion of a
      vasoconstricting prostaglandin (thromboxane) is increased while urinary excretion
      of vasodilating prostaglandins is decreased. This decrease could be secondary to
      a lack of plasmatic arachidonic acid, precursor of prostaglandins.

PMID- 3996814
TI  - [AIDS].

PMID- 3996815
TI  - [Digestive manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): study
      in 26 patients].
AB  - We studied the gastrointestinal manifestations in 26 cases of AIDS. The patients
      belonged to two different epidemiological groups: the first group included
      thirteen french homosexual men, the second group included 6 Haitians, 6 Africans
      and a Pakistanian, none of them admit homosexual activity. The clinical
      manifestations were: chronic watery diarrhea in 17 cases, bloody diarrhea in 2
      cases; loss of weight in the 26 cases; dysphagia in five cases; jaundice in one
      patient (due to Kaposi sarcoma of the ampulla of Vater). The digestive lesions
      found, alone or associated, were necrotizing enteritis (2), ulcerative colitis
      (1), pseudomembranous colitis (1), Candida esophagitis (10), erythematous
      duodenitis (6), proctitis (4), Kaposi sarcoma (3), diffuse (2) or localized (1).
      Thirteen patients out of the 26 presented opportunistic digestive infections due
      to one or several germs. These were 10 cases of esophageal infection (due to
      Candida albicans) and 8 cases of enterocolonic infection due to Cytomegalovirus
      (3 cases), Cryptosporidium (3 cases), Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (1
      case), Cryptococcus neoformans (1 case). The other digestive infections cases
      were due to non-opportunistic pathogens: Entamoeba histolytica (3 cases); Giardia
      lamblia (3 cases); Strongyloides stercoralis (2 cases); Salmonella typhi (2
      cases); Shigella (1 case); Herpes simplex virus (1 case). No difference was
      noticed between the homosexual and the heterosexual groups with respect to the
      nature and the frequency of the digestive infections.

PMID- 3996816
TI  - [Multiple cancers of the colon and rectum. Incidence and results of surgical
      treatment].
AB  - Out of 1,528 patients operated upon for cancer of the colon or rectum between
      1964 and 1984, synchronous carcinomas were observed in 63 patients, metachronous
      carcinomas in 36 patients and both synchronous and metachronous carcinomas, in 3
      patients. Synchronous carcinomas were double in 59 patients and triple in 4
      patients. In 80 p. 100 of the cases, the lesions were confined to the same
      surgical segment or to an adjacent segment. Rectal locations were less frequent
      (18 p. 100). Preoperative diagnosis was made in only 40 p. 100 of cases. Ninety
      three p. 100 had resection, 81 p. 100 with a curative intent. Associated benign
      polyps were found on the resected specimen in 58 p. 100 of the cases. The
      resectability rate (93 p. 100) and 5-year survival rate (55 p. 100 of all
      operated patients and 67 p. 100 of those who underwent curative resection) were
      similar to those observed in our personal series of single carcinomas of the
      colon. A second cancer of the colon or rectum occurred in 36 patients. The time
      interval between the first and second carcinomas ranged from 1 to 24 years and
      the mean interval time was 6.3 years. Three of the 36 patients developed a third
      metachronous lesion. The distribution of the sites of successive carcinomas was
      similar to that of synchronous carcinomas; the second carcinoma was located in
      the rectum in 8 p. 100 of cases. Diagnosis of the second carcinoma was made
      through routine periodic colonoscopy in one third of the cases.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996817
TI  - [Gastric emptying of a solid-liquid meal in normal subjects: validity of the
      labeling (99mTc) of chicken liver by a multipuncture technic].
AB  - For gastric emptying studies of a solid-liquid meal by the scintigraphic method,
      a valid isotope labeling method for each phase of the meal must be obtained. The
      aim of this study was to validate a simple chicken liver labeling method in
      normal subjects by multipuncture technic with 99mtechnetium. Labeling according
      to Meyer's method was chosen as a reference. Simultaneously, a study of the
      quality of liquid phase labeling by 111indium was done. The labeling process
      quality for each phase of the meal was assessed: a) in vitro, after incubation of
      the meal with human gastric juice (n = 12); b) in vivo, after meal ingestion and
      sequential collection of gastric contents by aspiration (n = 4). Furthermore, in
      8 healthy volunteers, gastric emptying curves of the solid and liquid phases of
      the meal were determined scintigraphically and compared. Our results showed: a)
      for the solid phase: a good specificity of the marker, which was assessed in
      vitro and in vivo, after liver labeling with multipuncture technique (89 p. 100
      and 92 p. 100 after 180 min, respectively); b) for the liquid phase: a good
      specificity of the marker in vitro and a poor specificity in vivo (82 p. 100 and
      27 p. 100 after 180 min, respectively); c) similar half-gastric emptying times
      and cumulative percentages for the solid and liquid phases with both liver
      labeling methods. In conclusion, the multipuncture technique for chicken liver
      labeling may be used for gastric emptying studies in humans.

PMID- 3996818
TI  - [Diet and rectocolonic cancers. Results of a case-control study].
AB  - In a case-control study performed in an hospital of the North-Eastern Paris area,
      nutritional intakes of 94 patients with colorectal carcinoma were compared with
      those of 94 control patients, matched for age and sex. Results were expressed as
      mean daily nutrients and energy intakes. This dietary survey covered the "present
      period" (i.e. prior to the hospitalisation) and the "past-period" in case of
      striking and prolonged changes in dietary habits. Whatever the site of carcinoma
      (the rectum and sigmoid or the remaining colon) there was no statistically
      significant difference between patients and controls (in both sexes) for the
      following parameters: a) total energy intake, b) proportions of lipids, proteins
      and fat expressed as percentages of total energy intake, c) minerals, d) vitamins
      and e) dietary fibers. In women with colorectal carcinoma, a decrease in alcohol
      and lipid consumptions was observed. In patients with rectal or sigmoid carcinoma
      past alcoholic intakes were higher in both sexes. These results do not allow any
      clear epidemiological conclusion. In spite of their cost and length prospective
      studies are probably the only way to answer the difficult question of which
      dietary factors may be found in colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 3996819
TI  - [Left micro-colon syndrome and hypothyroidism].
AB  - We report a case of neonatal intestinal obstruction with left microcolon and
      congenital hypothyroidism. Total relief of symptoms was obtained after 45 days of
      treatment by L-thyroxine and enemas. Congenital hypothyroidism, frequently
      associated with motor disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in neonates, has
      not been previously reported in association with small left colon syndrome.

PMID- 3996820
TI  - [Is it justifiable to perform noncontrolled therapeutic trials in duodenal ulcer?
      Apropos of omeprazole].

PMID- 3996822
TI  - [Automatic analysis of the rapid myoelectric activity of the colon using a
      microcomputer].

PMID- 3996821
TI  - [Gastric pH and intragastric concentration of biliary acids].

PMID- 3996823
TI  - [Instrumental dilatation of esophageal and gastric stenoses].

PMID- 3996824
TI  - Gallbladder ectopia simulating pancreatic mass on CT.
AB  - The authors present an unusual case of a highly mobile gallbladder which
      simulated a pancreatic mass on computed tomograms. Radiographic features of this
      interesting variant are illustrated.

PMID- 3996825
TI  - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Echinococcus (hydatid) cysts of
      the liver.
AB  - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was carried out on 19
      patients with hydatid cyst of the liver, either before or after operation.
      Cholangiographic findings included biliary tract obstruction in 8 cases,
      intrinsic compression in 4 cases, laminated membranes or daughter cysts in the
      biliary tree in 3 cases, perforation into the biliary tract in 2 cases, stricture
      in the biliary ductal system in 1 case, and biliary fistula in the remaining
      case. Biliary tract obstruction was secondary to chemical cholangitis by formalin
      in 2 patients. ERCP is a useful procedure in patients with suspected intrabiliary
      rupture or when symptoms occur after surgical removal of the cyst.

PMID- 3996826
TI  - Hepatobronchial fistula with percutaneous pyogenic abscess drainage of the liver.
AB  - Percutaneous abscess drainage has been successfully used in the treatment of
      hepatic abscesses. We present a case of a posttraumatic pyogenic liver abscess
      treated by CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage with an unusual complication
      of a hepatobronchial fistula. Patient management and the subtle roentgenographic
      features of this case are presented. Early signs of hepatobronchial fistula
      including paroxysms of coughing and a peculiar metallic taste during the
      performance of an abscessogram are reported.

PMID- 3996827
TI  - Focal fatty liver lesions in alcoholic liver disease: a broadened spectrum of CT
      appearances.
AB  - The CT examinations of 26 consecutive alcoholic patients with focal fatty
      infiltration of the liver were analyzed. Five different patterns of focal fatty
      infiltration were noted. In most alcoholic patients these appearances present no
      diagnostic problem and further confirmation can be obtained by repeating the CT
      scan within 1-2 weeks to see if interval resolution occurs following enforced
      abstinence. In select instances, more invasive and definitive procedures such as
      superselective angiography or liver biopsy may be necessary to differentiate
      these findings from other more serious diseases they may closely resemble, such
      as primary or secondary liver neoplasms.

PMID- 3996828
TI  - CT evaluation of pancreatic injury following splenectomy.
AB  - A fluid collection in the left subphrenic space immediately after splenectomy is
      often associated with pancreatic injury. The configuration, location, and
      vascular supply of the tail of the pancreas explain this postoperative
      complication. Depending on the degree of injury, the CT findings may show
      swelling of the tail of the pancreas, ill-defined fluid collections, or a well
      encapsulated pancreatic pseudocyst. The diagnosis is confirmed by percutaneous
      aspiration with amylase determinations and the demonstration of a pancreatic
      fistula. Failure to diagnose this complication promptly may lead to a protracted
      postoperative clinical course and the development of a subphrenic abscess or a
      pancreatic pseudocyst.

PMID- 3996829
TI  - Cephalic angled views for detection of occult lesser curvature ulcers.
AB  - A total of 10 gastric ulcers in the lesser curvature, which would probably have
      been overlooked, were readily seen by using cephalic tube angulation in upper
      gastrointestinal (GI) radiography. Routine use of angled radiography in patients
      with a high transverse stomach is recommended to visualize lesser curvature
      ulcers which, due to the high position of the stomach, are easily missed at
      fluoroscopy and are not visible on routine films.

PMID- 3996830
TI  - Inflammatory changes proximal to obstructing lesions in the small intestine.
AB  - Ischemia proximal to colonic obstruction has been frequently described in the
      clinical and radiologic literature. These changes may obscure the obstructing
      lesion. A similar but much less frequently appreciated phenomenon may also occur
      in the small intestine. We present 2 such cases and discuss the possible
      pathogenesis and diagnostic pitfalls.

PMID- 3996831
TI  - Traumatic neuroma of the intestine.
AB  - A traumatic neuroma of the intestine arising at the site of a previous ileocolic
      anastomosis is reported. Barium enema examination showed an extramucosal mass in
      a patient who presented with abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and anemia.
      Although rare, traumatic neuroma should be included in the differential diagnosis
      of an intestinal mass occurring after intestinal surgery.

PMID- 3996832
TI  - Towards a radiologic definition of idiopathic megacolon.
AB  - Measurements of bowel width and rectal area were used to define normal limits of
      size in 50 double-contrast barium enema films. Two types of patient with
      constipation were defined by comparison with these results. In 18 women with
      prolonged whole-gut transit time, the measurements were within the normal range.
      Of 11 men and 9 women with a previous radiologic diagnosis of idiopathic
      megacolon, all had an enlarged rectum and the abnormal width extended proximally
      to involve the colon for a variable distance. A width of 6.5 cm at the pelvic
      brim provides a convenient and discriminating separation of normal from abnormal.

PMID- 3996833
TI  - False-negative barium enema in patients with sigmoid cancer and coexistent
      diverticula.
AB  - The false-negative rate of barium enema examinations for the recognition of
      polypoid sigmoid cancer was evaluated in 167 patients with histologically proven
      carcinoma. The cases were classified according to the coexistence of sigmoid
      diverticula. In patients with less than 15 diverticula, 3.1% of lesions were
      missed, while in those with more than 15 diverticula, 20.4% of tumors were
      undetected. The overall error rate was 7.2%. Extensive diverticulosis is an
      important factor limiting the sensitivity of barium enema examinations for the
      evaluation of sigmoid masses.

PMID- 3996834
TI  - Ring artifacts on the barium enema.

PMID- 3996835
TI  - Pseudoreduction of intussusception: is ileal reflux the end point?
AB  - Two cases of unsuccessful hydrostatic reduction of intussusception are reported.
      Both were associated with barium filling multiple loops of distal ileum, despite
      lack of complete reduction of the intussusception. The presence of free ileal
      reflux does not guarantee successful reduction. Careful examination of the cecum
      for residual intussusceptum and of non-contrast-filled small-bowel loops for
      evidence of remaining small-bowel obstruction is essential to recognize
      unsuccessful reduction.

PMID- 3996836
TI  - Reduction of cecal volvulus by multiple barium enemas.
AB  - It has been frequently stated that barium enema has no value in the treatment of
      cecal volvulus. We present a patient with cecal volvulus who was effectively
      treated by barium enema; however, multiple studies were required to achieve
      optimal results. In a subset of patients with cecal volvulus, laparotomy may be
      avoided by the use of barium enema.

PMID- 3996837
TI  - Assessment of gallbladder function using ceruletide in oral cholecystography.
AB  - A dose of 0.3 micrograms/kg body weight of ceruletide was assessed for its effect
      on gallbladder contraction and bile duct delineation following oral
      cholecystography. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain sometimes occurred after
      ceruletide. No relationship was found after ceruletide administration between the
      radiologic appearances of the biliary tract and reproduction of the patients'
      biliary-type symptoms. Ceruletide cholecystography is regarded as an inaccurate
      investigation of biliary tract function.

PMID- 3996838
TI  - Sequential and diagnostic features in primary biliary cirrhosis based on serial
      histologic study in 209 patients.
AB  - Four forms of piecemeal necrosis--biliary, lymphocytic, ductular, and fibrotic-
      were identified in 605 liver biopsy specimens from 209 patients with primary
      biliary cirrhosis. Whereas lymphocytic piecemeal necrosis, often associated with
      lobular hepatitis, was most common in stages 2 and 3 of the classical histologic
      staging, biliary piecemeal necrosis was frequent in all stages, except stage 1,
      and the fibrotic form appeared to be a late, mainly cirrhotic feature. In 77% of
      patients cholestatic features predominated, whereas hepatitic changes producing
      some histologic overlap with chronic active hepatitis occurred in the remaining
      patients. These patterns tended to be maintained throughout the course of the
      disease. Large hypocellular scars found in 36% and 59% of stage 3 and 4
      specimens, respectively, appeared to be a characteristic feature of biliary
      disease. The prevalence of classical features was assessed. The analysis of
      sequential biopsy specimens from those patients who died showed that cirrhotic
      transformation, increasing cholestasis (in particular with prominent hyaline
      inclusions), abundance of coarse collagen bundles, and "halo" formation at the
      margins of the fibrous septa were associated with a poor prognosis. We were
      unable to show that the presence of granulomas is associated with a more
      favorable course of the disease.

PMID- 3996839
TI  - Recurrence after surgery in Crohn's disease. Relationship to location of disease
      (clinical pattern) and surgical indication.
AB  - Among 615 patients with Crohn's disease originally diagnosed at the Cleveland
      Clinic Foundation from 1966 to 1969, 592 have been followed (96%) for a mean of
      13 yr. Of these, 438 had undergone operation. The purpose of this study was to
      determine how many of these patients had developed recurrences requiring another
      operation and to relate recurrences to the original anatomic location of disease
      (the clinical pattern) and surgical indication. Those patients with ileocolic
      disease had the highest recurrence: 53% compared with 45% for colonic and 44% for
      small intestinal patterns. Second recurrences were ileocolic pattern 35%, colon
      34%, small intestine 38%. The estimated median time of recurrence was similar
      among these three groups. The presence of internal fistula or perianal disease as
      an indicator for surgery were associated with a higher likelihood of recurrence
      and a shortened estimated median time to recurrence. This study supports the
      concept of conservatism with regard to the management of these two complications
      for patients with Crohn's disease.

PMID- 3996840
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative analysis of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in
      the piebald lethal mouse model of Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - Cholinergic innervation in the aganglionic bowel of the piebald lethal mouse
      model of Hirschsprung's disease was investigated by analysis of muscarinic
      acetylcholine receptors before and after administration of hexamethonium. After
      hexamethonium administration in the normal rectum, the maximum specific binding
      (Bmax) of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate increased from 196.6 to 346.2 fmol/mg
      protein without affecting the dissociation constant. This increase of muscarinic
      acetylcholine receptors was associated with a decrease in the 50% effective dose
      (ED50) of contractile response to oxotremorine from 3.8 X 10(-7) M to 6.5 X 10(
      8) M. In the aganglionic rectum, hexamethonium administration did not change the
      Bmax (166.4 fmol/mg protein) or dissociation constant value. The ED50 of
      contractile response to acetylcholine and oxotremorine (4.3 X 10(-8) M, 6.5 X 10(
      8) M) was lower than that in the normal rectum (1.9 X 10(-7) M, 2.0 X 10(-7) M),
      but it was not changed by hexamethonium. It is concluded that cholinergic
      innervation is congenitally absent in the aganglionic rectum in piebald lethal
      mice.

PMID- 3996841
TI  - Long-term ambulatory gastric pH monitoring: validation of a new method and effect
      of H2-antagonists.
AB  - A new ambulatory monitoring system was evaluated for long-term measurements of
      gastric acidity. A close correlation was observed between values indicated by the
      pH electrode of the system and the pH of simultaneously aspirated gastric juice,
      suggesting that the electrode signaled the pH of the gastric fluid content. When
      the pH electrode was passed via an endoscope, and its bulb was placed against the
      corpus mucosa, a higher acidity was recorded as compared with gastric juice. To
      test whether the electrodes measured mucosal pH during ordinary test conditions,
      the readings of pH probes with mechanically shielded bulbs that did not come into
      direct contact with the mucosa were compared with those of nonshielded probes in
      identical positions. Similar results were observed, supporting the hypothesis
      that nonshielded probes measured the pH of gastric contents rather than that of
      the mucosa. The importance of a standardized electrode position and a fixed meal
      schedule was demonstrated in simultaneous recordings of antral and fundic pH.
      Under fasting conditions, acidity was similar in both regions. After ingestion of
      a meal, gastric contents were more alkaline in the fundus than in the antrum. A
      wide range of 24-h acidity (19-83 mmol/L) was detected in 25 healthy subjects.
      The day-to-day reproducibility of the method as revealed in two consecutive 24-h
      tests was good. The effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on gastric acidity was
      evaluated in 9 subjects in a double-blind, double-dummy trial. Mean 24-h H+
      activity was 37.4 +/- 4.6 mmol/L under placebo medication. It was lower with
      cimetidine, two doses of 400 mg (23.8 +/- 4.0); cimetidine, four doses of 400 mg
      (10.2 +/- 3.0); ranitidine, two doses of 150 mg (10.3 +/- 3.6), and two doses of
      300 mg (10.0 +/- 3.5), respectively. In conclusion, ambulatory long-term pH
      monitoring is a suitable method to assess the physiologic pattern of gastric
      acidity and the effect of antisecretory drugs.

PMID- 3996842
TI  - Gastrointestinal motility disturbances in patients with orthostatic hypotension.
AB  - Orthostatic hypotension syndromes may be associated with visceral denervation,
      resulting in disturbances of the gastrointestinal and urinary systems. This
      report analyzes the findings in 9 patients with neurogenic orthostatic
      hypotension and gastrointestinal symptoms. Antral and proximal small intestinal
      motor dysfunction was demonstrated in all patients: a significant reduction (p =
      0.007) in the number of interdigestive motor complexes during 3 h of fasting
      (mean 0.4 vs. 1.3 controls); absence of gastric component in interdigestive motor
      complexes observed; incoordination of fasting and fed antral activity; and
      development of nonpropagating bursts of phase III-like activity in the intestine
      that were of at least 2-min duration, high amplitude and frequency, and
      associated with tonic elevations in baseline pressure. These motor abnormalities
      may provide a potential means for the diagnosis of impaired autonomic supply to
      the upper gut.

PMID- 3996843
TI  - In vivo studies of intestinal carnitine absorption in rats.
AB  - We have studied small intestinal absorption of carnitine in vivo using a
      combination of segmental perfusion techniques and bolus intraluminal injection.
      We found evidence of a partially saturable absorption process (with Km values of
      1035 and 1267 microM for jejunum and ileum calculated for the saturable
      component) that appeared to be separate from the imino acid transport system.
      Absorption was characterized by slow mucosal uptake, prolonged mucosal retention,
      and a very slow mucosal exit process with blood levels of [3H] carnitine still
      rising 8 h after intraluminal administration. We have also demonstrated the
      presence of carnitine acetyltransferase in intestinal mucosa and have shown that
      the intestine forms significant amounts of acetylcarnitine from exogenous
      carnitine.

PMID- 3996844
TI  - Pleural effusions after endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy.
AB  - The prevalence of pleural effusions after endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy was
      reviewed in 30 patients undergoing 65 sclerotherapy sessions. Pleural effusions
      were identified radiographically after 31 of the 65 (48%) sclerotherapy sessions.
      Eleven of the effusions were right-sided, 10 were left-sided, and 10 were
      bilateral. Most of the effusions (20 of 31, 65%) were small. Significant
      postsclerotherapy chest pain was found more commonly in those patients who
      developed pleural effusions (11 of 31, 35%) compared with those who did not (4 of
      34, 12%) (p less than 0.05). The total sclerosant volume injected was
      significantly greater in those who developed effusions (13.2 +/- 5.8 ml) (mean +/
      SD) than in those who did not (8.5 +/- 4.5 ml) (p less than 0.001). Twelve
      effusions were analyzed biochemically after thoracentesis. Eleven effusions met
      one or more of three criteria commonly used to identify exudative effusions. We
      conclude that pleural effusions develop frequently after sclerotherapy. The
      effusions are predominantly exudative in character and presumably arise from
      inflammation of the mediastinal parietal pleura.

PMID- 3996845
TI  - Canine cyclic motor activity of stomach and small bowel: the vagus is not the
      governor.
AB  - The influence of the vagus nerve on gastric cyclic motor activity and small bowel
      migrating motor complexes is controversial. Diaphragmatic vagesection does not
      alter their occurrence or periodicity, but cervical vagal cooling inhibits both
      gastric cyclic motor activity and duodenal phase II activity. We have clarified
      this contradictory data by reversible vagal cooling at the diaphragm level in 5
      dogs implanted with strain gages and bipolar electrodes to record gastric and
      small intestinal cyclic activities. Circulation of coolant through an implanted
      convectional jacket surrounding the vagal trunks lowered jacket temperature to 2
      degrees-8 degrees C and maintained this temperature for 3-5 h in each experiment.
      Vagal denervation during cooling was proven at the end of each trial by abolition
      of intravenous insulin-stimulated gastric contractions, which promptly appeared
      with warming. More than 90% of gastric motor cycles persisted during vagal
      cooling. The mean duration of gastric phase III activity was reduced during
      cooling but the mean period of gastric motor cycles was unchanged. Duodenal phase
      II and III activities were unchanged and migrated normally through the small
      bowel. We conclude that the vagus nerve may modulate the duration of gastric
      phase III activity but does not govern the initiation of gastric cyclic motor
      activity or the duration, period, and migration of small intestinal migrating
      myoelectric complexes. These findings concur with those after truncal vagectomy
      but are different from observations made with cervical vagal cooling.

PMID- 3996846
TI  - Glucagon-evoked gastric dysrhythmias in humans shown by an improved
      electrogastrographic technique.
AB  - The objective of this study was to improve recording techniques for the
      recognition of gastric electrical dysrhythmias, and to explore the potential of
      pharmacologic agents to "evoke" gastric dysrhythmias. Eighteen healthy volunteers
      participated in 22 individual recordings, divided into two separate studies--a
      dose-response study and a randomized, double-blind study. The internal or mucosal
      electrogastrogram was recorded with a novel approach, using magnetic force to
      maintain internal electrodes in apposition with the gastric wall, whereas the
      external or cutaneous electrogastrogram, manometric activity, and respiration
      were measured by conventional methods. Analysis of simultaneous internal and
      external electrogastrographic signals, including both dysrhythmia and dysrhythmia
      free intervals, revealed a good correspondence between the internal and external
      signals. In the dose-response study, 5 of the 6 volunteers intravenously infused
      with glucagon, in doses ranging from 3 to 22 micrograms/kg, developed gastric
      electrical dysrhythmias. In the randomized, double-blind study, 4 of 5 volunteers
      intravenously infused with glucagon (7 micrograms/kg) developed gastric
      dysrhythmias that were recognized by our improved techniques. Dysrhythmias,
      defined by visual analysis, consisted either of "tachygastria" (greater than or
      equal to 6 cycles/min for greater than or equal to 1 min) or "bradygastria"
      (greater than or equal to 1 cycle/min for greater than or equal to 1 min) and
      were evident on both internal and external electrogastrograms. Dysrhythmias were
      usually associated with absence of antral phasic pressure activity and frequently
      with nausea.

PMID- 3996847
TI  - Effect of progesterone on canine colonic smooth muscle.
AB  - This study was undertaken to ascertain the effect and mode of action of
      progesterone on canine colonic smooth muscle in vitro. Circularly orientated
      strips of smooth muscle exhibited low-amplitude contractions at the slow wave
      frequency. Longitudinally orientated strips exhibited larger-amplitude
      contractions that were associated, electrically, with a series of "spikes"
      superimposed on a high-frequency oscillation in membrane potential. Progesterone
      reduced the contractile force of both the circularly and longitudinally
      orientated strips and the contractile frequency of the longitudinally orientated
      strips in a dose-dependent manner; this inhibitory effect was observed in the
      presence of tetrodotoxin but not atropine. The stimulatory effects of a high
      potassium superfusate were antagonized by progesterone and verapamil, the effect
      of progesterone being reversed by increasing the calcium concentration of the
      superfusate. We conclude that progesterone exerts an inhibitory effect on colonic
      smooth muscle and this may be mediated by changes in the cytoplasmic calcium
      concentration.

PMID- 3996848
TI  - Hemobilia and liver flukes in a patient from Thailand.
AB  - A patient from Southeast Asia presented with abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, and
      upper gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin. Opisthorchis viverrini eggs
      were found in the stool and multiple hepatic filling defects were noted on liver
      scan and sonogram. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed
      cholelithiasis and crescent-like filling defects in the biliary system. At
      surgery, the gallbladder was filled with clotted blood and pigmented stones.
      During T-tube drainage of the common bile duct, small elliptical flukes (4 X 3
      mm) identified as O. viverrini were recovered. Despite adequate biliary drainage,
      the patient continued to have high fevers. On the 53rd postoperative day, a
      larger fluke (2.8 X 0.8 cm) identified as a Fasciola hepatica migrated down the T
      tube. Institution of therapy with bithional resulted in complete clinical
      resolution within 3 wk. Six years later the patient returned with fever,
      jaundice, and right upper quadrant pain. Two large pigmented stones were found in
      the common bile duct and were removed after endoscopic sphincterotomy. The stones
      had developed even though there was no evidence of recurrent helminthic
      infection.

PMID- 3996849
TI  - Crohn's disease in Cleveland: a matter of life and death.

PMID- 3996850
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 3996852
TI  - "Cyto" protection II?

PMID- 3996851
TI  - Measurement of gastric bicarbonate secretion.

PMID- 3996853
TI  - Hyposplenism and GSE.

PMID- 3996854
TI  - Motility patterns in Roux-en-Y limb patients.

PMID- 3996856
TI  - On the safety of Golytely.

PMID- 3996855
TI  - Is superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus a disease of the Western
      World?

PMID- 3996858
TI  - An unusual course of the main pancreatic duct.

PMID- 3996857
TI  - Colonoscopic excision of a polypoidal cavernous hemangioma of the cecum.

PMID- 3996859
TI  - Complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with intact gallbladder.

PMID- 3996860
TI  - Picking up the tab: obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract by plastic bread
      bag clips.

PMID- 3996861
TI  - Superficial esophageal carcinoma: a report of 12 cases.
AB  - Twelve cases of superficial carcinoma of the esophagus, representing 4.9% of
      patients with carcinoma of the esophagus, were evaluated. All the patients were
      male smokers who drank alcohol excessively. The main clinical features were
      dysphagia, asthenia, anorexia, and weight loss. Most of the lesions were elevated
      and all endoscopic biopsies were positive for cancer. Half of the cases showed
      invasion of the submucosa; the remainder involved mucosa only. Ten patients are
      alive and free of metastatic disease.

PMID- 3996862
TI  - Colonoscopy in the investigation of drug absorption in healthy volunteers.
AB  - In order to evaluate the absorptive capacity of the colonic mucosa, colonoscopy
      was used to investigate in six healthy volunteers the colonic absorption of the
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (Voltaren). Oral and colonic
      administration of 100 mg of diclofenac resulted in comparable peak plasma
      concentrations and areas under the plasma concentration time curves. The apparent
      relative availability of diclofenac from the colon compared to the oral form,
      which was assumed to be 100%, ranged from 54% to 109% with a mean of 78%. There
      was no difference in absorption between application of the drug in the cecum and
      in the splenic flexure. This new indication for colonoscopy proved to be simple,
      well tolerated, and well suited for phase I studies with new drugs or
      formulations.

PMID- 3996863
TI  - Endoscopic and pathologic features of gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma: a report
      of four cases in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

PMID- 3996864
TI  - Squamous cell papilloma of the esophagus: report of four cases.

PMID- 3996866
TI  - Jejunal leiomyoma: an endoscopic diagnosis.

PMID- 3996865
TI  - Hepatic abscess and purulent cholangitis treated via an endoscopic nasobiliary
      drain.

PMID- 3996867
TI  - Pseudomelanosis duodeni: a clinicopathologic entity.

PMID- 3996868
TI  - Intragastric infrared photography in conjunction with infrared absorption
      angiography.

PMID- 3996869
TI  - Applications of glass filters in gastrofiberscopy.

PMID- 3996870
TI  - Endoscopic biliary prostheses: a comparison of materials.

PMID- 3996871
TI  - [Morphology of the phrenoesophageal membrane].
AB  - Examinations were made of the phreno-esophageal membrane in 60 corpses of
      different age (from infant age up tu 72 a). Histological sections in frontal
      direction through the region of the esophageal hiatus were stained with
      haematoxylin and eosin and with Weigert's resorcinfuchsin and van Gieson's stain.
      Macro- and microscopic analyses showed that the phreno-esophageal membrane
      consisted of 2 layers: supradiaphragmatic and subdiaphragmatic ones. The
      supradiaphragmatic layer becomes thinner with age. The configuration of the
      membrane is characteristic of separate age groups. Histologically, the phreno
      esophageal membrane is a fibrous structure built-up by 2 kinds of fibers of the
      connective tissue: collagen and elastic ones. A mutual quantitative relation of
      the fibers is different in separate age groups. In the paper, the authors stress
      the importance of the phreno-esophageal membrane in the gastro-esophageal closing
      mechanism and the necessity of reproducing its continuity during surgery of some
      sliding esophageal hiatus hernia.

PMID- 3996872
TI  - [Technical possibilities of experimentation, registration and surgery for solving
      chronobiological problems in animal experiments].
AB  - Common possibilities of keeping and registering in chronobiological experiments
      and special techniques of surgical operations (pinealectomy, thyroidectomy, and
      exstirpation of the ganglia cervicalia superiora) are presented with a special
      chronoendocrinological conception for an experiment to investigate the role of
      the pineal gland.

PMID- 3996873
TI  - [Postnatal development of the sound-transporting apparatus in the middle ear of
      rabbits].
AB  - The middle ear apparatus realized a multiplicatory function during the transfer
      of the vibrational energy, depending on the area ratio of pars tensa of tympanic
      membrane and of stapes footplate as well as the lever ratio of long arms of
      manubrium and of incus. These structures exhibit a size increase during the
      postnatal development, but the sequel on the multiplicatory function in rabbits
      is unknown. The middle ear structures of 46 rabbits, 1 to 30 d old, were prepared
      and measured. The area of pars tensa and the levers of malleus and incus increase
      with age. After the 10th d of life, no statistical significant growth were
      measurable. But the calculated multiplicatory factor of single animals indicate
      the end of the development at the 15th postnatal d. In contrast, the cochlear
      function attains the adult values not till the 26th d of life. It is 10 d longer
      than the middle ear growth.

PMID- 3996874
TI  - Functional morphology of the tongue muscles of some Indian insect-eating birds.
AB  - In the complex feeding apparatus of birds, the tongue muscles also play an
      important role like the jaw muscles. Among the passerine birds, the tongue
      muscles exhibit greater structural uniformity than the jaw muscles. The elaborate
      system of extrinsic tongue musculature brings about all necessary movements of
      the tongue. The intrinsic tongue musculature in all the birds studied is
      extremely weak and reduced. The principal tongue muscles are better developed in
      Turdoides and Copsychus than in the other birds. However, in Orthotomus, Anthus,
      Dicrurus, and Merops, some of the tongue muscles are quite well developed,
      perhaps compensating for the deficiencies of the other muscles. The origin of M.
      branchiomandibularis posterior from the outer mandibular ramus in Orthotomus,
      Dicrurus, and Merops is remarkable, but its occurrence may not be unusual among
      the passerine birds. Some variations are also observed in the origin and
      insertion of M. genioglossus in Turdoides, Copsychus, and Anthus. The
      correlations between the structures and functions of the tongue muscles are not
      always possible without considering the synergistic actions of the other muscles.

PMID- 3996876
TI  - [Changes in ionization equilibrium of erythrocyte suspension during heating.
      Factors causing their occurrence].

PMID- 3996875
TI  - [Method of obtaining immune RNA for use in the complex treatment of leukemia].

PMID- 3996877
TI  - [Phospholipids in the blood and tissues of rats after infusion of perfluorocarbon
      emulsion].

PMID- 3996878
TI  - [Leukemic lesions of the major duodenal papilla].

PMID- 3996879
TI  - [Polychemotherapy, hemosorption and blastapheresis in the treatment of patients
      with acute leukemia].

PMID- 3996880
TI  - Indirect adrenergic effect of histamine in cat right atrium.
AB  - Superfused cat atrial fragments preincubated with [3H]noradrenaline showed an
      increased tritium release under the action of 10(-4) M histamine. Reserpine
      pretreatment of the animals, external calcium removal or the presence of 10(-6) M
      cocaine, 10(-6) M diphenhydramine or 10(-3) M colchicine in the superfusion
      medium significantly reduced this effect of histamine (10(-4) M). Diphenhydramine
      (10(-5) M) also decreased the release of tritium brought about by 10(-6) M
      tyramine. These results suggest that histamine may release neurotransmitter from
      cardiac sympathetic nerve endings by means of an exocytotic process and needs to
      enter the nerve terminals through the amine uptake system.

PMID- 3996881
TI  - Ampicillin concentrations in human serum, gingiva, the mandibular bone, and
      dental follicle following a single oral administration.
AB  - Ampicillin (ABPC) concentrations in human serum, gingiva, the mandibular bone,
      and dental follicle after a single oral administration of ampicillin (500 mg)
      were assayed by the agar diffusion (paper disc) method. The peak times of all
      specimens were identical, being 120 min after administration. The peak
      concentrations of the respective specimens were 2.01 micrograms/ml, 1.03, 0.34,
      and 0.72 micrograms/g, respectively. The concentration ratios of gingiva, the
      mandibular bone, and dental follicle to their corresponding serum at the peak
      time were 0.51, 0.16, and 0.35, respectively.

PMID- 3996882
TI  - Brain cholinergic involvement in the rapid development of tolerance to the
      hypothermic action of ethanol.
AB  - The enzymes of the cholinergic system have been investigated in discrete brain
      regions in mice treated with repeated injection of ethanol. Male mice kept under
      controlled environmental conditions were treated with ethanol (3 g/kg/day) for 3
      days. Animals were sacrificed 1 hr after ethanol injections. Brain regions
      studied were cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, hypothalamus, medulla
      oblongata, amygdala, and hippocampus. The administration of a single dose of
      ethanol resulted in significant increase (P less than 0.05) in choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in all different brain regions. Repeated
      injections of ethanol at the 2nd and 3rd day did not result in any further rise
      in ChAT activity of the brain regions studied except for the midbrain. The
      results also show that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities increased
      significantly (P less than 0.05) in the pons and hippocampus in acutely ethanol
      intoxicated animals. The repeated injection of ethanol resulted in significant
      increase in AChE activities of the cortex and the amygdala. Meanwhile, animals
      developed tolerance to the hypothermic action of ethanol after ethanol third
      injection. The results of the present investigation indicate that the rapid
      development of the hypothermic tolerance to ethanol might be mediated by the
      brain cholinergic system.

PMID- 3996883
TI  - Participation of cholinergic pathways in sinoaortic denervated rats.
AB  - Seven days after sinoaortic denervation (SAD), mean blood pressure (MBP) and
      heart rate measured in conscious rats were not significantly different from sham
      operated animals. A high dose of atropine, 8 mg kg-1, reduced MBP only in SAD
      rats. Atropine, 0.08-0.8 mg kg-1, or methylatropine, 0.8 mg kg-1, induced
      tachycardia in sham rats. This effect was reduced after sinoaortic denervation
      and it involves peripheral muscarinic receptors. The hypertension and tachycardia
      provoked by physostigmine were more marked in SAD than in sham rats. The
      cardiovascular responses induced by physostigmine were abolished by atropine and
      were not affected by methylatropine. The hypertension caused by physostigmine in
      SAD animals was more sensitive to the antagonism of atropine than in sham rats.
      Our results show that baroreceptor deafferentation affects peripheral
      parasympathetic tone to the heart and changes the cholinergic pathways involved
      in the modulation of cardiovascular response.

PMID- 3996884
TI  - Response of rats to seizure stimulus modified by feeding.
AB  - Wistar (W) and Sprague-Dawley (S.D.) rats responded differently to electroshock
      and metrazole test when fed with two diets (A and B). Latency periods of B for
      male (m) and female (f) were: W.m. greater than W.f. (P less than 0.001); W.m.
      greater than S.D.m. (P less than 0.05); S.D.f. greater than W.m. (P less than
      0.001); S.D.m. B greater than S.D.m. A (P less than 0.001); W.m. B greater than W
      and S.D.m. A (P less than 0.001). Preconvulsive period for B were: W.f. and m.
      greater than S.D.f. and m. (P less than 0.001); W.m. greater than S.D.m. (P less
      than 0.001); W.m. greater than S.D.f. (P less than 0.001); S.D.m. greater than
      S.D.f. (P less than 0.001) and W.m. greater than W.f. (P less than 0.001).
      Effects of A were negligible. Phenytoin and phenobarbital protected against
      electroshock.

PMID- 3996885
TI  - Pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 protects guinea pig ventricular muscle from
      hypoxia-induced deterioration of action potentials and contraction.
AB  - Effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on hypoxia-induced changes in transmembrane
      action potentials and isometric tension were studied in isolated guinea pig
      ventricular papillary muscles. Guinea pigs were pretreated with CoQ10 (60
      mg/kg/day i.p., n = 4) or the solvent (n = 4) for 3 consecutive days before the
      study. The hypoxia for 30 min (Po2 = 40 mmHg) was induced to the preparation
      twice with a 20 min normoxic perfusion (Po2 = 300 mmHg) intervention. The hypoxia
      markedly shortened action potential duration (APD) and decreased the developed
      tension, the effects being more pronounced during the second than the first
      induced hypoxia. Pretreatment with CoQ10 or the solvent did not affect the
      membrane potentials and contractile tension under normoxic conditions. The
      decreases in APD and the developed tension produced by hypoxia were partially but
      significantly suppressed in the preparation obtained from CoQ10-pretreated
      animals. The results suggest that the pretreatment with CoQ10 partially protects
      the isolated ventricular muscle subjected to hypoxia from the deterioration of
      action potentials and contraction.

PMID- 3996887
TI  - Hormonal influence on the response of the uterus of the Brazilian marsupial
      Didelphis albiventris to adrenergic drugs.
AB  - The influence of catecholamines on the estrogenized uterus of the Didelphis
      albiventris was studied in an in vitro preparation. It was observed that the D.
      albiventris uterus reacts to both alpha and beta-adrenergic agonists but not
      dopaminergic ones. Adrenaline is more potent in inducing a contractile response
      than is noradrenaline. Isoprenaline, when added to the bath, is able neither to
      induce a response nor to interfere with a contraction previously induced by
      acetylcholine. It is, however, able to block the contractile response brought
      about by electric field stimulation. In an in vitro preparation from animals
      previously treated with estrogen and progesterone, the sensitivity to both alpha-
      and beta-adrenergic drugs was greatly increased. This is demonstrated by a higher
      pD2 in progesteronized animals compared to that in estrogenized ones. The
      increased sensitivity to beta-agonists after progesterone treatment is
      illustrated by the fact that isoprenaline is effective in inducing a relaxation
      of the uterus, in these conditions. These results indicate that the Brazilian
      opossum should be included among those animals in which progesterone enhances
      uterine sensitivity to drugs.

PMID- 3996886
TI  - Effects of manganese on 45Ca mobilization and contractile responses in rabbit
      aortic smooth muscle.
AB  - In rabbit aortic smooth muscle, 1.5 mM Mn2+ inhibits contractile responses to
      norepinephrine more than those to high K+. Other associated effects include
      decreases in the La3+-resistant high affinity Ca2+ fraction, the high affinity
      Ca2+ uptake component in the Scatchard-coordinate plot, and high affinity Ca2+
      uptake and binding in canine aortic microsomes. Higher (15 mM) concentrations of
      Mn2+ are less selective. Thus, those Ca2+ mobilization components and contractile
      responses associated with high affinity bound Ca2+ are more sensitive to
      inhibition by Mn2+.

PMID- 3996888
TI  - Photoperiod-dependent negative feedback effects of thyroid hormones in Fundulus
      heteroclitus.
AB  - In Fundulus heteroclitus, an annual cycle in the response of the thyroid to ovine
      thyroid-stimulating hormone (oTSH) is characterized by maximal thyroxin (T4)
      secretion in mid-winter and minimal T4 secretion in summer. Four daily injections
      of oTSH, given in winter caused serum T4 to plateau at elevated levels for
      several days, while in summer fish similar treatment resulted in far more
      fluctuating titers of serum T4; maximum levels were similar in both groups. The
      difference in sustenance rather than magnitude of Peak T4 led to an examination
      of the negative feedback effects of thyroid hormones as they might relate to
      these seasonal changes. Radioiodine uptake by thyroid follicles served as a
      simple, but effective bioassay for endogenous TSH. Fish collected in summer were
      more sensitive to negative feedback of T3 than those collected in winter;
      feedback effects of T4 in the two groups were not significantly different. The
      effects of specific photoperiods on negative feedback sensitivity to T3 and T4
      were also tested. Exposure of winter fish for one month to long days (LD 14:10)
      enhanced the degree of reduction of iodine uptake caused by T4 in the aquarium
      water (10 micrograms/100 ml). Negative feedback in short-day (LD 8:16) winter
      fish was not demonstrated. It is concluded that long days increase and short days
      diminish the negative feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis to
      thyroid hormones in F. heteroclitus. Such photoperiodically induced changes may
      act to aid in the year-round maintenance of T4 levels necessary for seasonal
      adaptation and survival.

PMID- 3996889
TI  - Effect of Y-organ removal on limb regeneration and molting in the terrestrial
      crab, Sesarma haematocheir.
AB  - The effect of Y-organ removal on limb regeneration and molting was investigated
      in the crab, Sesarma haematocheir. Basal growth of regenerating limb bud was
      achieved independently of the Y-organs. However, bilateral removal of the Y-organ
      inhibited premolt growth and molting. It was also found that removal of the Y
      organs from crabs at stage D2 inhibited further premolt growth of regenerating
      limb bud and molting. Ecdysterone injections in Y-organless crabs induced premolt
      growth of regenerating limb bud and gastrolith formation, but were insufficient
      to induce molting.

PMID- 3996890
TI  - Seasonal variations of androgens, estrogens, and progesterone in the different
      lobules of the testis and in the plasma of Salamandra salamandra.
AB  - Progesterone, 4-androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha
      androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol), 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17
      beta-diol (3 beta-diol), estrone, and estradiol levels were determined by
      radioimmunoassay in the different lobules of the testis of Salamandra salamandra
      throughout the year according to the seasonal cycle. 3 beta-diol levels were not
      detectable. High levels of steroids were found in the grandular tissue (enlarged
      pericystic cells after spermiation) and large variations were showed for
      progesterone, 4-androstenedione, testosterone, 3 alpha-diol, and estrone. In the
      mature lobule (formed by cysts with mature spermatozoa), only testosterone showed
      seasonal variations and in the immature lobule (with early stages of meiosis), 3
      alpha-diol showed fluctuations. The major estrogen found in the testis of
      Salamandra was estrone; estradiol stayed at a low level throughout the cycle. The
      steroids fluctuation seems to be related to the histological evolution of the
      testis throughout the cycle. The present data were the first on steroid seasonal
      variations in the testis of an urodele.

PMID- 3996891
TI  - Thyroid development in altricial ring doves, Streptopelia risoria.
AB  - The development of thyroid function in altricial ring doves was assessed by
      measuring thyroid hormone concentrations in the serum, hormone content of the
      thyroid glands and hepatic 5'-monodeiodinase activity. Thyroid function is low at
      hatching and increases during the first eight days while the nestlings are
      ectothermic and completely dependent on parental care. The rate of increase of
      serum hormone concentrations slows after Day 8; hormone concentrations are stable
      by Day 15 and for the remainder of the nestling and early fledgling periods while
      locomotor ability, feeding self-sufficiency and thermoregulatory ability are
      maturing. Increases in serum hormone concentrations precede increases in
      thyroidal hormone content. T3/T4 ratios in serum are much higher than those of
      stored hormones in the thyroid. Deiodination of T4 to T3 is important in T3
      production throughout development but most so in the early nestling stages.

PMID- 3996892
TI  - Free T4 and T3 in relation to total hormone, free hormone indices, and protein in
      plasma of rainbow trout and arctic charr.
AB  - The percentages of total L-thyroxine (TT4) and total 3,5-3'-triiodo-L-thyronine
      (TT3) in the free form (%FT4 and %FT3) were measured in plasma from trout or
      charr by equilibrium dialysis at 12 degrees and by an index employing miniature G
      25 Sephadex columns at room temperature. Dialysis estimates of both %FT4 and %FT3
      were highly correlated with their respective column indices (rT4 = 0.84; rT3 =
      0.92) validating the latter as a rapid and convenient method for monitoring
      alterations in plasma T4 or T3 binding. Binding depended on both pH and buffer
      composition. In charr, %FT4 (usual range 0.15-0.28%) exceeded %FT3 (usual range
      0.09-0.17%); similar values were obtained for trout. The %FT4 values were much
      higher and the %FT3 values somewhat lower than those reported for mammals and
      birds. However, when TT4 and TT3 were taken into account, mean estimated
      concentrations of charr free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) were respectively 5.0 and
      3.2 fmol/ml. These values are comparable to those in birds and mammals and
      suggest that FT4 and FT3 correspond more closely between various vertebrates than
      either TT4 and TT3 or %FT4 and %FT3. Plasma protein levels were correlated
      inversely with %FT4 (r = -0.54) and with %FT3 (r = -0.81) and correlated directly
      with TT4 (r = 0.45) and TT3 (r = 0.64). Despite these trends, FT4 and FT3 were
      highly correlated with their respective total hormone levels (r T4 = 0.95; rT3 =
      0.94). Thus, for this charr population at least, TT4 and TT3 are representative
      of peripheral thyroidal status, as judged by the theoretically more
      physiologically relevant FT4 and FT3 levels.

PMID- 3996893
TI  - Brain-mediated 20-hydroxyecdysone regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis by the
      corpora allata of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.
AB  - In the latter part of the last larval instar (Days 6-7) of Manduca sexta an
      increase in the hemolymph titer of juvenile hormone (JH) occurs which is involved
      in directing the pharate pupal development elicited by the large increase in the
      ecdysteroid titer on Days 7-8 of the instar. A time course analysis on Days 3-4
      of the instar of both the first hemolymph ecdysteroid titer peak, which is
      responsible for wandering behavior and pupal commitment, and of the capacity of
      the corpora allata (CA) to synthesize JH I and III in vitro revealed a temporal
      correlation between the increasing ecdysteroid titer and a following increase in
      CA activity. The temporal arrangement of these increases suggested that
      ecdysteroids, i.e., 20-hydroxyecdysone, may elicit the increase in CA activity
      which contributes to the second increase in the JH titer during the latter part
      of the instar. Regulation of the CA by 20-hydroxyecdysone was investigated in
      vitro by assessing the effect of this ecdysteroid on JH I and III synthesis by CA
      incubated either as a complex with the brain-corpora cardiaca or as isolated
      glands. Dose-response analyses revealed that 20-hydroxyecdysone indeed had a
      stimulatory effect on JH synthesis by the CA, but only when the glands were
      complexed with the brain-corpora cardiaca. The effective concentration of 20
      hydroxyecdysone was the same as the hemolymph concentration of the hormone at
      this time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3996894
TI  - Mutations that improve the ant promoter of Salmonella phage P22.
AB  - Mutations that increase the activity of the promoter for the antirepressor gene
      of phage P22 were isolated by pseudoreversion of four severe promoter-down
      mutations. The sequence changes in these pseudorevertants include single base
      pair substitutions, single base pair deletions, tandem double base pair deletions
      and multisite mutations. The single base pair substitutions change nonconsensus
      base pairs to consensus base pairs at positions -14 and -8. The other mutations
      provide support for the idea that the length of the spacer region between the
      conserved -35 and -10 hexamers is an important determinant of promoter strength.
      Deletions of one or two base pairs in the spacer region apparently activate an
      alternate -10 hexamer by shifting it from a spacing of 19 base pairs to a spacing
      of 18 or 17 base pairs, respectively.

PMID- 3996895
TI  - Interacting genes control glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in
      developing cerebellum of the mouse.
AB  - The cerebellum of BALB/cJ mice has approximately 2.5 times as much glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) as that of C57BL/6J mice. This difference in
      enzyme levels, which positively correlates with similar differences in the levels
      of hybridizable GPDH mRNA, is controlled by at least two unlinked regulatory loci
      and the structural gene, Gdc-1, located on chromosome 15. These regulatory loci,
      which act predominantly during the second and third weeks of postnatal cerebellar
      development and differentiation, have been separated from each other in the CXB
      recombinant inbred strains of mice. One regulatory locus, Gdcr-1, although
      unlinked to the structural gene, has an allele in BALB/c mice that preferentially
      enhances expression of the BALB/c structural allele at Gdc-1. The other locus,
      Gdcr-2, which may or may not be single, enhances GPDH expression at Gdc-1
      irrespective of the allele present, as is commonly observed for loci acting from
      a distance. Measurements of GPDH mRNA in the recombinant inbred mice suggest that
      these regulatory genes act by modulating mRNA levels. Accordingly, the regulation
      of GPDH expression in the cerebellum of mice depends on a complex interaction of
      unlinked regulatory elements with regulatory elements near the structural gene.
      Furthermore, since the Gdc-1 locus is expressed in virtually every tissue of the
      mouse except blood and since the observed genetic variation is restricted to the
      cerebellum, it is likely that other tissues will have their own distinctive
      genetic mechanisms for modulating Gdc-1 expression.

PMID- 3996896
TI  - Identification and characterization of 22 genes that affect the vulval cell
      lineages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Ninety-five mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans altered in the cell
      lineages of the vulva have been isolated on the basis of their displaying one of
      two phenotypes, Vulvaless or Multivulva. In Vulvaless mutants, which define 12
      genes, no vulva is present. In Multivulva mutants, which define ten genes, one or
      more supernumerary vulva-like protrusions are located along the ventral side of
      the animal. A single recessive mutation is responsible for the phenotypes of
      most, but not all, of these strains. Fifteen of these 22 genes are represented by
      multiple alleles. We have shown by a variety of genetic criteria that mutations
      that result in a Vulvaless or Multivulva phenotype in six of the 22 genes most
      likely eliminate gene function. In addition, Vulvaless or Multivulva mutations in
      seven of the other genes most likely result in a partial reduction of gene
      function; the absence of the activity of any of these genes probably results in
      lethality or sterility. Our results suggest that we may have identified most, or
      all, genes of these two classes.

PMID- 3996897
TI  - Genotypes suppressing meiotic drive of a B chromosome in the mealybug,
      Pseudococcus obscurus.
AB  - The rate of transmission (k) of a supernumerary B chromosome in male mealybugs is
      shown to depend strongly on the chromosome set of maternal origin. When both
      parents came from an isofemale line in which the frequency of the B chromosome
      increased rapidly and stabilized at a mean of more than 4.0 B chromosomes per
      individual, k was 0.92 and 0.95 in two series of crosses. However, when the
      female parent came from one of two isofemale lines in which the frequency of the
      B chromosome decreased from 2.0 to 0 in a few generations, k ranged from 0.53 to
      0.78. The high ks, which represent a strong meiotic drive, are apparently
      responsible for the observed increase in the frequency of the B chromosome in
      several lines from a mean of about 0.5 to more than 4.0 in about 20 generations.
      The rapid loss of the B chromosome in other lines is attributed to genetic
      factors which caused the reduction in the rate of transmission of the B
      chromosome.

PMID- 3996898
TI  - Genetic variation for the sex ratio in Nasonia vitripennis.
AB  - We detected genetic variation for the sex ratio in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia
      vitripennis by analysis of inbred lines and with an artificial selection
      experiment. Sex ratios differed significantly among five independently isolated
      lines. Furthermore, sex ratio in broods produced by single females in single
      hosts shifted from 80-90% female to 50-55% female in 13 to 15 generations in each
      of two replicate selection lines. The final sex ratios of both selection lines
      were significantly lower than any of the inbred line sex ratios. Backcrosses
      revealed that the selection response was due to nuclear genes acting through the
      female parent. In light of known facultative sex ratio behavior and major genes
      affecting sex ratio in Nasonia, our results suggest that population and
      individual sex ratios in this species are molded by processes at both genetic and
      behavioral levels.

PMID- 3996899
TI  - Delirium and other organic mental disorders in a general hospital.
AB  - The authors analyze 133 cases of organic mental disorders (OMDs) from a total of
      771 patients who were referred for psychiatric consultation from a general
      hospital. The cases represent a 2-year referral period which began July 1, 1980,
      when DSM-III criteria were instituted. Delirium and dementia are most commonly
      diagnosed and features of these, particularly in the geriatric population, are
      described. Delirium was more frequent in patients with multiple medical problems,
      was an indicator of poor prognosis having the highest mortality rate, and was
      usually undiagnosed by the referring physician.

PMID- 3996900
TI  - A minicomputer approach to consultation-liaison data basing: Pedagog-Admin
      CLINFO.
AB  - Minicomputer systems have been designed for researchers who have no prior
      computer experience and, therefore, require no computer training, that is,
      programming knowledge. Such systems allow immediate access to the data, their
      retrieval, reduction, and analysis, and the retention of direct control over the
      data base by the researcher. In addition, CLINFO offers a wide range of
      calculations and statistical procedures. The three-dimensional, time-oriented
      data-base format of CLINFO allows for a longitudinal study of a particular
      variable, and its repeated measure over time in the same patient. This system has
      been adapted for use in the consultation-liaison setting to provide pedagogic,
      research, and administrative functions from a field-tested data base.

PMID- 3996901
TI  - Pedagogic applications of a computerized data base.
AB  - The educational experience of medical students taking a 6-week clerkship in
      consultation psychiatry was augmented by clinical simulations. Using a
      microcomputer program and a video-display terminal the students are confronted
      with an actual case and asked to make specific recommendations. The program
      records their answers and then indicates what the consultant actually did. This
      method broadens the student's clinical exposure, provides prompt feedback, frees
      staff to supervise live patient contact, and offers the possibility of sharing
      clinical problems with other centers.

PMID- 3996902
TI  - Psychodynamics of four women with delayed cancer diagnosis.
AB  - Four young women from 28 to 35 years old were referred for psychiatric evaluation
      because of anxiety, depression, and rage following diagnosis and treatment
      (radical hysterectomy in all plus radiation therapy in two) of carcinoma of the
      cervix. Negligence and dishonesty on the part of the laboratory that reported
      their Pap smears as normal when actually they had been either carelessly examined
      or not read at all intensified their emotional reactions of shock, panic, and
      fury. Feelings of injustice and victimization and fantasies about the laboratory
      technicians, who were women in their age group, complicated the clinical picture.
      The depressions that ensued in all of the women were prolonged and the working
      through processes were impaired despite the fact that three have apparently been
      cured of their malignant disease.

PMID- 3996903
TI  - Former state hospital patients in private general hospital psychiatric emergency
      settings.
AB  - Increasing numbers of patients formerly hospitalized in state facilities are
      using private general hospital psychiatric emergency services. To define their
      clinical needs, the authors compared the characteristics of patients hospitalized
      in state institutions to those hospitalized privately and to those never
      hospitalized. They found that two discrete clinical groups exist: those from
      state and those from private systems. Clinicians reacted most negatively to
      former state patients. This was also reflected by differences in the dispositions
      of voluntary patients from the emergency room. Those not hospitalized or
      privately hospitalized were more likely than former state hospitalized patients
      to be sent to private facilities.

PMID- 3996904
TI  - Length of stay on a short-term unit.
AB  - In this retrospective study of length of stay (LOS) and outcome on a general
      hospital unit, utilizing analysis of variance techniques, the authors found
      institutional, psychiatric, and economic factors significantly related to LOS.
      Patients with diagnosis of major mental illness and lower scores on The Global
      Assessment Scale tended to stay longer and improve more. The involvement of a
      private (versus staff or clinic) psychiatrist and a history of previous
      hospitalization were also significant, when controlled for other variables. These
      findings are discussed in relation to previous research showing the advantages of
      a brief LOS.

PMID- 3996905
TI  - Measurement of occupational stress in hospital settings: two validity studies of
      a measure of self-reported stress in medical emergency rooms.
AB  - The present study details the development of a stress scale for medical
      personnel. The Medical Personnel Stress Scale is a 48-item subjective stress
      measure capable of assessing both organizational and individual dimensions of
      stress. It demonstrated both the ability to discriminate between divergent
      medical emergency room organizations and to predict self reported on-the-job
      difficulties.

PMID- 3996906
TI  - Characteristics and post-hospital perceptions of patients refusing inpatient
      treatment in a South African general hospital psychiatric unit.
AB  - This paper explores characteristics and post-hospital perceptions of patients who
      refused general hospital psychiatric inpatient treatment in a relatively young
      unit. It was found that after an initial significant increase of up to 9.6% per
      year in these patients, the average for the 6-year period studied was 6.2% of all
      admissions. Most of the patients were single or divorced, not gainfully employed,
      refused hospital inpatient treatment within the first day after admission and
      were significantly younger than the controls. Substance use, adjustment and
      personality disorders predominated, and most of the patients were dissatisfied
      with some aspect of their treatment. Less than half the patients had a positive
      attitude towards at least one staff member. Results are discussed within the
      context of understanding the decision of such patients, in an attempt to deal
      with the problem and with reference to a consultation-liaison approach.

PMID- 3996907
TI  - Dysosmia and dysgeusia presenting as depression.
AB  - Disorders of taste and smell are underrecognized and often misdiagnosed. Two
      cases are described in which patients mistakenly thought to suffer from
      depression actually had unnoticed drug-induced dysosmia and dysgeusia. Also
      reviewed are psychiatric, neurologic, and medical disorders and drugs that cause
      abnormalities of taste and smell, and some behavioral aspects of food aversions.
      Three groups, all of whom may superficially appear depressed, must be
      distinguished from each other: 1) patients with dysosmia or dysgeusia, 2)
      patients with primary neuropsychiatric illness with olfactory or gustatory
      hallucinations, and 3) patients with conditioned taste aversions.

PMID- 3996908
TI  - Update on some of the older and newer antidepressants.
AB  - This is an edited transcription of a presentation made to a group of primary care
      physicians, medical students, and consultation-liaison psychiatrists. Primary
      care physicians frequently prescribe antidepressant medications to their
      patients. These medications are frequently misprescribed, often in dosages that
      are too low to have an optimal effect. In part this is due to generally
      exaggerated fears that primary care physicians have regarding these medications,
      especially the anticholinegic effects of recommended dosage levels and sudden
      cardiac death. This is rarely a problem except in overdosage or those with
      dangerous preexisting cardiac arrhythmias. The author reviews his thoughts about
      some of the more recently introduced agents, including the usual, positive,
      psychologic responses (placebo effects) to any new drug. The newer agents are not
      more efficacious than older agents but have different side-effect profiles. The
      common side effects, and have these may be minimized or in some cases used to the
      patient's advantages, are discussed for the older and newer agents.

PMID- 3996909
TI  - Time course of spousal bereavement.
AB  - This article reports the results of a survey on 300 widows and widowers who
      experienced spousal bereavement weeks to years prior to the study, and discusses
      the symptoms, syndromes, and behaviors seen at various time intervals. Although
      the reactions to widowhood were highly variable and individual, it was clear that
      for many widows and widowers, the time course of grief was much more prolonged
      than generally expected. Dysphoric feelings, symptoms, and behaviors were most
      frequent during the first year of bereavement, but often remained present even
      four or more years after the death. In particular, anger, guilt, depression, and
      anxiety tended to diminish over time, but not to statistically significant
      degrees. Many widows and widowers never fully accepted the fact of their spouses'
      deaths and maintained a continuing relationship with their deceased spouses, in
      their own ways, indefinitely. The implications of these findings and directions
      for future research are discussed.

PMID- 3996910
TI  - Polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase B subunit in rat erythrocytes.

PMID- 3996911
TI  - A new spontaneous mutation at the tufted locus within a mouse t haplotype.

PMID- 3996912
TI  - Complementation of npf mutations in diploid amoebae of Physarum polycephalum: the
      basis for a general method of complementation analysis at the amoebal stage.

PMID- 3996914
TI  - Ribosomal suppressors in Podospora anserina: evidence for two new loci by means
      of a new screening procedure.

PMID- 3996913
TI  - Evidence on the nature and complexity of the mechanism of chiasma maintenance in
      maize.

PMID- 3996915
TI  - Replication of the cauliflower mosaic virus: role and stability of the cloned
      delta 3 discontinuity sequence.
AB  - A fragment of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) DNA, containing delta 3, one of the
      three discontinuity sequences, was cloned in various ways into CaMV DNA deleted
      for the delta 3 sequence. The series of constructions was monitored for the
      appearance of the typical single-strand (ss) discontinuity after hybrid CaMV
      replication in plants. The delta 3 discontinuity was observed only if the
      orientation of inserted DNA sequence was the same as in the wild-type virus. Long
      polylinker sequences used for insertion of the fragment into cloned viral DNA,
      affected the stability of the insert in progeny viral DNA in plants by acting as
      recombination targets.

PMID- 3996916
TI  - Deletion analysis of a bacteriophage T4 late promoter.
AB  - We have conducted a BAL 31 unidirectional deletion analysis to determine whether
      the conserved consensus sequence found upstream of all sequenced phage T4 late
      genes represents the late T4 promoter or is only part of the promoter. The
      results confirm those of Elliott and Geiduschek [Cell 36 (1984) 211-219] that no
      sequences upstream from the consensus sequence are necessary for late
      transcription activity. In addition, they provide evidence that sequences
      downstream from the consensus sequence are important. We have also constructed a
      sequence that differs in several positions from the consensus but which still
      shows the properties of a late T4 promoter. Finally, we have noticed a remarkable
      homology between the consensus sequence for late T4 promoters and mitochondrial
      promoters from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis.

PMID- 3996917
TI  - Diabetic foot ulcers: protective primary care.

PMID- 3996918
TI  - Geriatric depression: a guide to successful therapy.
AB  - In the apathetic, withdrawn patient, tricyclic secondary amines such as
      desipramine and nortriptyline are as efficacious as tricyclic tertiary amines,
      and they offer the advantage of fewer anticholinergic and sedating side effects.
      Depressions usually have a sudden onset, whereas degenerative dementias such as
      Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia are manifested gradually. However,
      many elderly demented patients have concomitant depression, making assessment
      difficult.

PMID- 3996919
TI  - Managing foot infections in the older diabetic patient.
AB  - The onset of a foot lesion can almost always be traced to an injury or trauma of
      some kind--physical, thermal, or chemical. Many are originally minor injuries
      that the patient, family, doctor, or other health professional considers trivial.
      Systemic indicators are frequently blunted in the elderly. Except in the most
      severe infections, elevations of temperature and white blood cell count may be
      absent, and frequently the only signs of ongoing infection are a slowly falling
      hematocrit and increasing difficulty of diabetic control.

PMID- 3996920
TI  - Pacemakers: normal function.
AB  - AV sequential pacemakers are particularly useful in patients who have developed
      "pacemaker syndrome" with single-chambered ventricular demand units, since the
      normal atrioventricular relationship is then restored. Fully automatic pacemakers
      are indicated for patients with AV block, with or without sinus node dysfunction,
      or with moderate sick sinus syndrome and AV nodal or His-Purkinje disease, with
      at least some ability to increase atrial rate with exercise.

PMID- 3996921
TI  - Monitoring therapeutic drug levels in older patients.
AB  - Reduced renal function is the most important variable to consider in reducing
      dosage of drugs that are excreted largely unchanged in the urine, eg, cardiac
      glycosides and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Generally, therapeutic concentrations
      listed for specific drugs are equivalent for both younger and older adults. The
      major change in treatment of the elderly is lowering the customary dose to
      compensate for decreases in metabolism or clearance.

PMID- 3996922
TI  - Rate of aging, rate of dying and non-Gompertzian mortality - encore....
AB  - That the steep increase of mean life expectancy in the developed countries during
      the first decades of this century has now come to a halt is neither news nor
      reason for panic. Mean life span cannot exceed the apparent biological limit for
      the human species, a maximum life span LSmax of 100-110 years, that has remained
      unchanged across time, races and civilizations; it will moreover remain about 20%
      less than LSmax even if major diseases were to be eliminated due to the inherent
      individual differences - only a few individuals are endowed with a genetic
      physiologic profile that allows them to reach LSmax. Some concepts on the
      relation of rates of aging and dying and the mechanism of mortality are here
      pertinent and are amplified. Finally, though the author has extensively
      criticized the general applicability of the Gompertz 'law of mortality', he has
      some reservations concerning the recently expressed view that the course of the
      rate of increase of force of mortality with age may be different in men and
      women, chiefly slowing down versus continuously increasing; this conclusion may
      well be an artifact of the analysis.

PMID- 3996923
TI  - 24-hour thyroid-stimulating hormone secretory pattern in elderly men.
AB  - A chronobiological study was carried out in 10 elderly male subjects (78-83
      years) to evaluate the 24-hour thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretory
      pattern. 10 young adult males (26-35 years) made up the control group. Hourly
      blood samples were drawn from each subject for a 24-hour period. TSH levels in
      elderly subjects showed blunted circadian fluctuations compared to those seen in
      young adult subjects. Mean 24-hour TSH values in elderly (3.1 +/- 0.3 microU/ml)
      and young adult subjects (3.5 +/- 0.1 microU/ml) did not differ statistically,
      but nighttime TSH values observed in elderly subjects (3.2 +/- 0.3 microU/ml)
      were lower (p less than 0.05) than those recorded in young adults (4.1 +/- 0.1
      microU/ml).

PMID- 3996924
TI  - Changes in lipolytic activity of isolated adipocytes from rats throughout life
      span.
AB  - The lipolytic response of isolated adipocytes from 1 1/2-, 6-, 24- and 32-month
      old rats to various doses of epinephrine was studied. Both the basal and the
      maximal stimulated glycerol release were largest in the mature rats (6 months
      old) which had the largest adipocytes. Expressing glycerol release per unit cell
      surface area (which was drastically reduced with age) eliminated the difference
      between mature and senescent rats both in absence of epinephrine and at high
      doses of the hormone. However, at low epinephrine doses the adipocytes of the
      very young and the very old rats showed an enhanced response per unit surface
      area. A simple pharmacodynamic analysis based on the occupancy theory of drug
      receptor interaction suggests that the sensitivity of rat adipocyte receptors is
      increased during senescence; this increase may be related to the decreased
      surface of old adipocytes. On the other hand, the decreased maximal lipolytic
      response during senescence may be due in part to a reduced number of receptors
      and to a reduced sensitivity of the cellular enzymatic system underlying
      lipolysis.

PMID- 3996925
TI  - Histoautoradiographic and electron microscopic studies on short-term explant
      cultures of the glaucomatous trabecular meshwork.
AB  - Explant cultures of 15 trabeculectomy specimens derived from glaucomatous eyes
      were studied, using electron microscopy and histoautoradiography. The morphology
      of the trabecular meshwork was monitored for 3-14 days after explanation. In 4
      cases the trabeculectomy specimens were cut in 2-3 pieces each and then incubated
      with 14C-glucosamine at different times during the observation period (2-10
      days). The cells of the cribriform layer and the outer corneoscleral trabeculae
      become "activated" as soon as 3-4 days after explantation, developing a large
      amount of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi material, and numerous mitochondria.
      Histoautoradiographically, intense labeling of the trabecular meshwork,
      especially the cribriform layer, was found after incubation with 14C-glucosamine.
      We assume that under tissue culture conditions the "activated" cells of the
      glaucomatous meshwork produce various types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) but,
      based on the experiments alone, no final conclusions can be made in this respect.

PMID- 3996926
TI  - Studies on hereditary retinal degeneration. The rd gene in the mouse.
AB  - Stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids can be detected
      regularly in the eyes and retinae of mice. During the period of maturation of the
      outer segments of the rod, the amount of each fatty acid increases, the most
      striking feature of which is the accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid in the
      retina, which might reflect the growth of rod outer segments. In rd/rd mice,
      fatty acid synthesis is reduced and the change characteristic of docosahexaenoic
      acid is absent. Analysis of the structure of outer segment disc membranes by the
      freeze fracturing technique, however, shows that the structure of the membrane is
      probably not affected by the rd gene.

PMID- 3996927
TI  - Changes in spatial selectivity of pattern-ERG components with stimulus contrast.
AB  - Electrical mass responses of the visual system to stripe patterns of varying
      fineness (spatial frequency) can show either an amplitude maximum at a medium
      spatial frequency, a behavior termed "spatial selectivity," or a monotonic
      decrease in amplitude with increasing spatial frequency. The former behavior is
      probably mediated by neurons having a center-surround receptive field structure
      and the latter by neurons lacking this antagonism. The pattern-evoked human
      electroretinogram was studied in this report using different spatial frequencies
      and pattern contrasts. The positive component of the response showed a spatial
      selectivity only at low contrast but was not spatially selective at the highest
      contrast. The negative component showed a spatial selectivity at all contrast
      levels. The data indicate that if pattern-related responses activated by
      antagonistic receptive fields are to be studied, low contrast values should be
      employed and attention should be paid to the negative component of the response.

PMID- 3996928
TI  - Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Muller cells isolated from
      rabbit retina.
AB  - Proteolytic enzymes were applied in the dissociation of rabbit retina to obtain
      isolated Muller cells. Both trypsin and papain were used, and in some cases the
      trypsinization was shortly interrupted by tissue fixation before it was
      continued. Scanning electron microscopy mostly confirmed the previous
      descriptions of these cells, which were based on different techniques. In
      addition, some new cell extensions were observed that derived from the nuclear
      region. The papain procedure ensured the best cell preservation with a free
      surface and limited contaminant material attached. Roughly 90% of the cells
      excluded trypan blue. It is concluded that these cells should be preferred for
      biochemical studies, because their cytology also turned out to be intact as
      judged from electron microscopic sections.

PMID- 3996929
TI  - Subretinal strands: ultrastructural features.
AB  - This report describes the histologic and ultrastructural features of 13
      subretinal strands removed during vitreous surgery for retinal detachment with
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy. On the surface of the subretinal strands,
      retinal pigment epithelial cells were found that maintained their cellular
      characteristics. Inside the strand were modified pigment epithelial cells,
      fibroblasts, fibrocytes, myofibroblasts, macrophages, basal lamina material,
      fibrin, and often large amounts of collagen. In some strands, the basal lamina
      material was similar to the types found in Drusen and in the inner layer of
      bruch's membrane. Glial cells were rarely found in these strands.

PMID- 3996930
TI  - Ultrastructural investigations on anterior capsular cataract. Cellular elements
      and their relationship to basement membrane and collagen synthesis.
AB  - A reinvestigation of the cellular elements in anterior capsular cataract of six
      lenses was performed at the light and ultrastructural levels. In addition to the
      fibroblastic characteristics described by previous authors, the cells were found
      to contain sublemmal filaments classifiable as myofilaments, as typically present
      in myofibroblasts. Cell shape varies in a manner consistent with contractility.
      Apparently contracted cells predominate within capsular folds. The number of
      cells was found to decrease with increasing maturity of the cataract. In old
      cataracts, only degenerating cells are to be found. The significance of these
      observations is discussed, and it is concluded that the anterior capsular
      cataract is a process bearing considerable similarity to wound healing.

PMID- 3996931
TI  - Human cornea: oxygen uptake immediately following graded deprivation.
AB  - A micropolarographic system was used to measure the flux of oxygen crossing the
      tear epithelial interface of the human cornea just following stabilized exposure
      to eight oxygen atmospheres ranging from 0% to 20.9%. In all, 336 measurements
      were made on the corneas of seven young healthy subjects. The rate coefficients
      of their immediate postexposure oxygen uptakes were found to increase nearly
      linearly over the atmospheric range of 20.9% (air) down to about 1.5%. Below that
      level, however, a marked increase in the immediate recovery rate coefficient
      occurred, suggesting that at least two oxygen demand phases can be distinguished
      for the aerobically dependent pathways of the cornea.

PMID- 3996932
TI  - Asynchronism of saccadic eye movement in young diabetics as related to HbAIc.
AB  - The saccadic eye movements of young diabetic subjects (type I) were analyzed with
      respect to their synchronism (30 degrees gaze jumps). Regarding the duration
      (end) of saccadic eye movements, it was found that in diabetics (n = 41) the
      asymmetry between both eyes (less than or equal to 35 ms) is appreciably more
      than in normal individuals of equivalent age (n = 25; less than or equal to 10
      ms). The asynchronism described is closely correlated with the hemoglobin AIc
      concentration in the blood.

PMID- 3996934
TI  - The British Society of Gastroenterology. 1985 spring meeting. Abstracts.

PMID- 3996933
TI  - Morphology and permeability properties of blood capillaries in extraocular
      muscles of macaque monkeys.
AB  - Extrinsic eye muscles are very different from other skeletal muscles with regard
      to the morphology of their fibers and response to drugs. In addition, they are
      provided with an unusually rich blood supply. Since it had been previously
      reported that the capillaries of extraocular muscles are, at least in part, of
      the fenestrated type, a feature unusual for skeletal muscles, we have analyzed
      the morphology of these vessels in macaque monkeys and tested their permeability
      properties with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Our study of the blood capillaries
      in the superior rectus muscle and levator palpebrae superioris in Macaca mulatta
      and M. fascicularis has demonstrated that these vessels are morphologically
      similar to the capillaries of other skeletal muscles. Furthermore, when HRP is
      introduced intravenam, it is transported out of the vessels by a vesicular
      transcellular mechanism. When HRP is injected in the interstitial spaces of the
      muscles, it is returned to the lumen by an identical vesicular transcellular
      transport. Thus, a bidirectional movement of macromolecules can take place across
      the walls of these vessels, and such a movement is not different from that
      previously reported for other skeletal muscles.

PMID- 3996935
TI  - Crohn's disease in the elderly.
AB  - The natural history of Crohn's disease in 47 patients, 60 years of age or older
      at the time of diagnosis has been defined, and their clinical management and long
      term prognosis reviewed. Distal colonic involvement is common in this group while
      extensive colonic and diffuse small bowel disease is rare. Distal colonic
      involvement usually carries a good prognosis except for those few patients who
      present with perforation which accounts for most of the disease related
      mortality. The pattern of distal ileal disease is similar to that observed in the
      younger patients except for the acute nature of symptoms at first presentation,
      and the low recurrence rates after initial surgical resection.

PMID- 3996936
TI  - Faecal sulphatase in health and in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Histochemical studies have shown a relative depletion of colonic sulphated mucins
      (sulphomucins) in active ulcerative colitis. One possible explanation for this
      could be desulphation by bacterial sulphatases. Studies have therefore been done
      to determine whether normal faeces contain sulphatase and if so to determine
      whether this activity is increased in ulcerative colitis. Using a fluorimetric
      assay considerable sulphatase activity (greater than 0.3 IU/g pellet weight) was
      found in bacteria free filtrates of the homogenates of nine of 17 faecal samples
      from healthy controls. This sulphatase activity had an alkaline pH optimum (pH
      8.5-9.5). A similar range of faecal sulphatase activity with a similar pH optimum
      was found in samples from patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 39) and Crohn's
      disease (n = 17) and there was no correlation with disease activity in either
      disease. This faecal sulphatase activity may be involved in the degradation of
      colonic mucus and merits further study but these findings do not explain the
      relative depletion of colonic mucosal sulphomucins in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 3996937
TI  - Anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse: differential assessment of the
      innervation to puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles.
AB  - The innervation of the puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles was
      studied in 32 patients with idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence, 12 of
      whom also had complete rectal prolapse, using transcutaneous spinal stimulation,
      transrectal pudendal nerve stimulation, single fibre EMG, anorectal manometry,
      and measurement of perineal descent. Fourteen normal subjects served as controls.
      Significant increases in the spinal motor latencies from L1 to the puborectalis
      and external anal sphincter muscles were shown in all 32 incontinent patients (p
      less than 0.01). The single fibre (EMG) fibre density was increased in the
      puborectalis muscle in 60% and in the external anal sphincter in 75% of patients.
      An increased pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was found in 68% of patients;
      69% had an abnormal degree of perineal descent and all had reduced anal canal
      contraction pressures. These data show that the different innervations of the
      puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles are both damaged in patients
      with anorectal incontinence.

PMID- 3996938
TI  - Gastrin sensitivity in duodenal ulcer.
AB  - The sensitivity to pentagastrin measured as D50C, the dose required for half
      maximal acid output (MAO) corrected for basal acid output, in 200 patients with
      active duodenal ulcer was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than that in
      36 age- and sex-matched controls, and was above the normal limit in 27% of the
      patients. The distribution of D50C was significantly different between early
      onset and late onset patients, defined as patients whose ulcer symptoms started
      at respectively age less than or equal to 30 years and age greater than 30 years.
      Among patients whose MAO/kg body weight was within 2 SD of the normal mean as
      established previously in 100 normal subjects, gastrin sensitivity was
      significantly greater in late onset than in early onset patients, and in those
      who were positive than in those who were negative for familial ulcer dyspepsia.
      Among patients with abnormally large MAO, the reverse was true, gastrin
      sensitivity being greater in early rather than in late onset patients, and in
      patients negative rather than in those positive for familial ulcer dyspepsia.
      These findings suggest that gastrin hypersensitivity is a distinct physiological
      abnormality in duodenal ulcer, the increased gastrin sensitivity in some patients
      with normal MAO has a genetic basis but the lateness in onset of their disease
      also suggests an environmental origin, and the increased gastrin sensitivity in
      some patients with abnormally large MAO is related to environmental factors
      encountered early in life.

PMID- 3996939
TI  - Gastric acid secretion in patients with typhoid fever.
AB  - Gastric secretory studies were carried out in the following groups of patients:
      group A, 30 Salmonella typhi positive enteric patients, group B, 15 non-enteric
      fever patients and group C, 20 healthy controls. Patients with typhoid were
      divided into two subgroups on the basis of the severity of the disease: group A1
      (17) consisted of uncomplicated cases of enteric fever and group A2 (13)
      comprised of those who had associated complications. During convalescence both
      groups of typhoid patients showed significantly lower basal acid output (BAO) and
      maximal acid output (MAO) levels compared with controls and patients with non
      enteric fever. Patients in group A2 had significantly lower MAO levels compared
      with group A1 but the BAO levels showed no such difference. In contrast BAO and
      MAO levels during convalescence in patients with non-enteric fever were similar
      to those in the control group. After two months, there was a significant increase
      in both the BAO and MAO levels in groups A1 and A2. The levels in group A2,
      however, remained significantly lower compared with group A1, controls and
      patients with non-enteric fever. Histologically, the gastric mucosa did not show
      any significant abnormality in either group of typhoid patients. The results
      suggest that depressed gastric secretion is the result of enteric infection and
      is related to the severity of the disease process.

PMID- 3996940
TI  - Bile acid concentrations in the gastric juice of patients with erosive
      oesophagitis.
AB  - Intragastric total bile acid concentrations were measured before and after a corn
      oil test meal in 16 patients with erosive oesophagitis and symptoms of gastro
      oesophageal reflux. Sixteen age and sex matched control subjects were also
      studied. No significant difference was detected between fasting or postprandial
      gastric bile acid concentrations in patients and in control subjects although a
      wide range of bile acid concentrations was detected among individuals in both
      groups. Gastric juice pH was less than 3.5 in seven patients when intragastric
      bile acid concentrations were greater than 200 mumol/l. These results do not
      support a role for abnormal duodenogastric reflux in the pathogenesis of erosive
      oesophagitis. The detection of acid reflux in such patients during intra
      oesophageal pH monitoring, however, does not exclude the presence of bile acids
      which may contribute to the cytotoxic potential of gastric juice.

PMID- 3996941
TI  - Sources of proteins in human bile.
AB  - The proteins of 46 human bile specimens, collected by several different routes
      have been studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, by rocket
      immunoelectrophoresis and by radioimmunoassay. The results were analysed by
      plotting the variation in the bile: plasma ratio of particular proteins against
      molecular weight and by examination of the correlation between the concentrations
      of different proteins in the biles of different patients. Our results show that
      the majority of human bile proteins derive from plasma although bile specific
      proteins are always present. The majority of plasma proteins appear to enter bile
      by a 'sieving' mechanism which results in an inverse relationship between the
      bile: plasma ratio and the molecular weight. In addition there was a very high
      degree of correlation between the biliary concentrations of alpha 2
      macroglobulin, IgG, haptoglobin, haemopexin, albumin, prealbumin, and
      orosomucoid. A number of other proteins namely thyroxine binding globulin, GC
      globulin and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein appeared in bile at concentrations greater
      than those expected if entry is by the sieving mechanism. These three proteins,
      however, are of rather low molecular weight and the reason for the lack of
      correlation appears to be individual variation in the 'pore size', presumably
      reflecting variation in the porosity of tight junction between hepatocytes.
      Although the majority of human bile proteins would appear to enter bile by a
      molecular weight-dependent pathway, four proteins, namely secretory IgA, IgM,
      haemoglobin and caeruloplasmin, showed significant deviation from the predicted
      relationship and probably enter bile at least partly by transport across cells.
      The concentration of beta 2-glycoprotein I was also much greater than expected
      from its molecular weight. The reason for this is not yet clear but may well
      reflect a very efficient and specific transport mechanism.

PMID- 3996944
TI  - Clinical relevance of hemostaseological findings. Abstracts. International
      symposium and 29th anniversary of the DAB/GTH Saarbrucken, February 20-23, 1985.

PMID- 3996942
TI  - Hyperenteroglucagonaemia and small intestinal mucosal growth after colonic
      perfusion of glucose in rats.
AB  - Beside intraluminal factors, humoral agents play an important role in intestinal
      adaptation. Enteroglucagon, the mucosal concentration of which is maximal in the
      terminal ileum and colon, is the strongest candidate for the role of small
      intestinal mucosal growth factor. The present experiment was designed to study
      the role of colonic enteroglucagon in stimulating mucosal growth in rats with a
      normal small intestine. After eight days of glucose large bowel perfusion,
      enteroglucagon plasma concentrations were 120.7 +/- SEM 9.2 pmol/l, versus 60.1
      +/- 6.8 in mannitol perfused control rats (p less than 0.001). Gastrin,
      cholecystokinin, neurotensin, pancreatic glucagon, and insulin plasma
      concentrations were unchanged. Crypt cell proliferation, measured by the
      vincristine metaphase arrest technique, increased significantly in the small
      intestine of glucose perfused animals (p less than 0.005-0.001) in comparison
      with the controls. This resulted in a greater mucosal mass in both proximal and
      distal small bowel: mucosal wet weight, DNA, protein and alpha D-glucosidase per
      unit length intestine were all significantly higher (p less than 0.05-0.001) than
      in mannitol perfused rats. Our data, therefore, support the hypothesis that
      enteroglucagon is an enterotrophic factor and stress the possible role of the
      colon in the regulation of small bowel trophicity.

PMID- 3996943
TI  - Cronkhite Canada syndrome: a new hypothesis.
AB  - The occurrence of Cronkhite Canada syndrome in a 78 year old man is described.
      The presence of total gastrointestinal mucosal atrophy with nail loss is reported
      for the first time. It is suggested that the polyps represent residues of aged
      cells with no absorptive function and that the condition results from the loss of
      normal proliferative stimuli or acquired resistance to them. The primary
      biochemical abnormality may be in the affected epithelia but the changes here
      could alternatively be secondary to failure of synthesis or release of growth
      factors.

PMID- 3996945
TI  - A critical approach to therapeutic apheresis in the management of inflammatory
      dysimmune polyneuropathies.
AB  - Data concerning 37 patients with inflammatory dysimmune polyneuropathy treated by
      discontinuous flow centrifugation, membrane plasma separation and cascade
      filtration are presented. Plasmapheresis was combined with immunosuppressants in
      patients with chronic or relapsing neuropathy (8 patients), cryoglobulinemic (6
      patients) and paraneoplastic disease (2 patients), whereas 21 patients with acute
      Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) underwent exclusively plasmapheresis. Most patients
      were treated during the onset or progression of their disease and excellent or
      satisfactory clinical results were obtained in 18 patients with GBS, 6 with
      cryoglobulinemia, 2 with paraneoplastic disease and 4 with chronic relapsing
      polyneuropathy. Prior to therapy, 34 patients had high levels of immune complexes
      (CIC); this level was clearly reduced by plasmapheresis and clinical results
      correlated well with this removal. 3 patients with chronic dysimmune
      polyneuropathy, without any evidence of CIC, were completely unaffected by
      treatment. The possible role of CIC in demyelinating polyneuropathies is
      discussed on the basis of information given by cascade filtration treatment of 7
      patients.

PMID- 3996946
TI  - Haemoglobin lyophilized with sucrose: the effect of residual moisture on storage.
AB  - Sucrose is one of the most effective substances which protect haemoglobin from
      spontaneous methaemoglobin formation during lyophilization and subsequent
      storage. The dry haemoglobin-sucrose system was treated under different
      conditions of temperature (up to 85 degrees C), time of storage (up to 6 years)
      and residual moisture (less than 0.1-7.5% H2O), in order to reveal the main
      features of the hitherto unclear mechanisms of both spontaneous methaemoglobin
      formation and of the stabilizing effect of sucrose. In conclusion, a dry sucrose
      network was recognized as a significant support to the native ferrous structure
      of oxyhaemoglobin, while the presence of water molecules, of assumed peroxidic
      radicals and the action of thermal vibrations favour the oxidation and
      denaturation of haemoglobin.

PMID- 3996947
TI  - Haematological findings in the rat following administration of nephrotoxic doses
      of mercuric chloride.
AB  - Single oral administration of a toxic dose of mercuric chloride (2.0 mg/kg)
      resulted in moderate reticulocytopenia and stress reaction in the white blood
      picture. A slight decrease in marrow cellularity followed the administration of
      0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg. Repeated administration led to an elevated reticulocyte count
      and leukocytic stress reaction. An increase in marrow E: M ratio, proportion of
      erythroid nucleated cells in both femoral marrow and spleen was also found. The
      elevation of doses and prolongation of the time of treatment did not lead to a
      deterioration of marrow morphology; a diminution of the haemotoxicity for the rat
      marrow was revealed in the present experiments too.

PMID- 3996948
TI  - [Effect of colchicine on the amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever].

PMID- 3996949
TI  - [Infected tooth presenting with sinus of the chin].

PMID- 3996950
TI  - [Hydatid cysts of Morgagni as a cause of abdominal pain].

PMID- 3996951
TI  - [Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy in cat scratch syndrome].

PMID- 3996952
TI  - [The approach to the cyanotic newborn and the differential diagnosis of
      congenital cyanotic heart disease].

PMID- 3996953
TI  - [The contribution of vectorcardiography for the diagnosis of superior divisional
      block].

PMID- 3996954
TI  - [Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis: clinical picture and computed tomographic
      findings].

PMID- 3996955
TI  - [Laboratory diagnosis of zinc deficiency in men].

PMID- 3996956
TI  - [Dyskinetic cilia syndrome].

PMID- 3996958
TI  - [The profile of the elderly amputee].

PMID- 3996957
TI  - [Reciprocal changes in the ST segment during acute myocardial infarction:
      etiology and prognostic significance].

PMID- 3996959
TI  - [Early detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the female genital
      tract in the outpatient clinic].

PMID- 3996960
TI  - [The T cell receptor].

PMID- 3996962
TI  - [Laboratory control of antimicrobial therapy].

PMID- 3996961
TI  - ["Indigestion" and "dyspepsia"].

PMID- 3996963
TI  - [Diagnosis of hemoptysis].

PMID- 3996964
TI  - [Effect of anti-anginal drugs on left ventricular function at rest and during
      stress in anginal syndrome].

PMID- 3996965
TI  - [Satisfaction with health services].

PMID- 3996966
TI  - [Castor bean poisoning].

PMID- 3996967
TI  - [Hypertension in the adult].

PMID- 3996968
TI  - [Mexiletine].

PMID- 3996969
TI  - [Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents].

PMID- 3996970
TI  - [Pemphigus in Israel].

PMID- 3996971
TI  - [Specific dermatoses of pregnancy].

PMID- 3996973
TI  - [Congenital absence of the penis].

PMID- 3996972
TI  - [Early detection of amblyopia and squint].

PMID- 3996974
TI  - [Candida albicans endocarditis in a drug addict].

PMID- 3996975
TI  - [Trans-sacral approach to intra- and extra-rectal tumors of the middle and lower
      rectum].

PMID- 3996976
TI  - [Carbon fiber reconstruction of knee ligaments].

PMID- 3996978
TI  - [hCG as tumor marker in non-trophoblastic neoplasms].

PMID- 3996977
TI  - [Hepatic failure due to fatty liver of pregnancy].

PMID- 3996979
TI  - [Essential hypertension and intracellular sodium].

PMID- 3996980
TI  - [Modified exercise testing in patients recovering from acute myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 3996981
TI  - Use of the respiration activity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for the specific
      determination of iron(II, III).
AB  - A method is described for the determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ after its reduction
      to Fe2+ on the basis of oxygen uptake rate as a function of Fe2+ concentration.
      By using substrate-specific Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in combination with the
      standard addition method a specific determination of iron(II, III) is possible
      with the determination limit of 3 mumol/L.

PMID- 3996982
TI  - Glucose-2-oxidase activity in mycelial cultures of basidiomycetes.
AB  - The activity of intracellular glucose-2-oxidase was tested in 40 species of 26
      basidiomycete genera. The enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of D-glucose to the
      dicarbonyl sugar D-arabino-2-hexosulose was demonstrated in mycelial extracts of
      9 species of Aphyllophorales and 6 species of Agaricales cultivated in liquid
      media. In the majority of species exhibiting this activity hexosulose was
      detected in the cultivation medium. The highest enzyme activity was detected in
      Oudemansiella mucida, Coriolopsis occidentalis, Fomes fomentarius, Trametes
      versicolor and a not-yet-classified species of the genus Trametes.

PMID- 3996983
TI  - [Results and indications for drug therapy in arterial and venous vascular
      occlusions of the retina due to erythrosclerosis].

PMID- 3996984
TI  - [Uveal blood flow after oculopression].

PMID- 3996985
TI  - [Iris angiography: follow-up studies of type I diabetics].

PMID- 3996986
TI  - [Animal research on the drug treatment of massive periretinal proliferation
      following a penetrating eye injury].

PMID- 3996988
TI  - [Primary lens surgery in perforating injuries].

PMID- 3996987
TI  - [Animal research on determining the antibiotic concentration of eye tissues and
      the aqueous humor. I. Gentamicin and doxycycline].

PMID- 3996989
TI  - [Intensity of the illumination of the surgical field and the functional results
      in cataract surgery].

PMID- 3996990
TI  - [Intracapsular cataract extraction in proliferative diabetic retinopathy--a study
      of 100 operations on 83 patients].

PMID- 3996991
TI  - [Surgical results in the aspiration of soft cataracts with separate and coaxial
      double-barreled simple rinse/suction systems].

PMID- 3996992
TI  - [Phakectomy and vitrectomy in chronic uveitis].

PMID- 3996993
TI  - [In which direction should lens implantation develop?].

PMID- 3996994
TI  - [Retinal visual acuity and short-wave light absorption in nuclear cataract and
      intraocular lenses].

PMID- 3996996
TI  - [The iris after posterior chamber lens implantation].

PMID- 3996995
TI  - [Lens implantation in reduced retinal function].

PMID- 3996997
TI  - [Specific complications with anterior chamber-, iris-supported and posterior
      chamber lenses].

PMID- 3996998
TI  - [Histopathological findings after the implantation of sulcus ciliaris-fixed
      posterior chamber lenses].

PMID- 3996999
TI  - [Pathological tissue reactions in the anterolateral recess of the posterior
      chamber (sulcus ciliaris)].

PMID- 3997000
TI  - [Gonioscopic findings after implantation of Shepard Universal Lenses].

PMID- 3997001
TI  - [Animal research on an intraocular lens altering refractive power].

PMID- 3997002
TI  - [Clinical research on the efficiency of laser-space lenses].

PMID- 3997003
TI  - [Nd-YAG laser surgery of the anterior eye segment].

PMID- 3997004
TI  - [Corneal endothelial changes in anterior capsulotomy and postcataract
      membranotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser].

PMID- 3997005
TI  - [Anterior capsulotomy with the YAG laser: technics and advantages].

PMID- 3997007
TI  - [New microkeratome for laminating refractive corneal surgery].

PMID- 3997006
TI  - [Keratokyphosis for the optical correction of aphakia].

PMID- 3997008
TI  - [Relation of the orbital connective tissue system to the extraocular muscles as
      exemplified by the musculus rectus medialis].

PMID- 3997009
TI  - [Dopamine in the kidney: a further natriuretic hormone?].

PMID- 3997010
TI  - [Concentration of plasma amino acids following exposure to organic solvent
      mixtures].

PMID- 3997011
TI  - [Cardiac amyloidoses of the aged. Severity, stenosis of the coronary artery lumen
      and clinical relevance].

PMID- 3997012
TI  - [Exercise training in chronic obstructive lung diseases. Systematic aerobic
      training improves endurance performance].

PMID- 3997013
TI  - [Kinetics of the effect of acebutolol in multimorbid geriatric patients].

PMID- 3997014
TI  - [Significance of fine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast cancer. 1:
      Indications, methodology and malignancy criteria of puncture cytology].

PMID- 3997015
TI  - [Significance of fine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast cancer. 2:
      Accuracy and effectiveness within the scope of triple diagnosis].

PMID- 3997016
TI  - [Preclinical care of the severely injured patient. 1: Medical measures at the
      accident site].

PMID- 3997017
TI  - [Quantitative function analysis of retinal circulation using videoangiography].

PMID- 3997018
TI  - [Treatment of depressive conditions with viloxazine by the general practitioner].

PMID- 3997019
TI  - [Diabetes therapy with the insulin pump. Status inventory of advantages and
      disadvantages of instrument use].

PMID- 3997020
TI  - [Epicondylitis humeri lateralis. Etiopathogenesis and treatment success].

PMID- 3997021
TI  - [Acidification of the urine--an essential principle in infection prevention].

PMID- 3997022
TI  - [Preclinical care of the severely injured patient. 2: Experiences in emergency
      service, 12 years' statistics of the emergency center of the Hannover Medical
      School].

PMID- 3997023
TI  - [Intraoperative autotransfusion. Studies on the effectiveness and quality of
      washed autologous erythrocytes].

PMID- 3997024
TI  - [Methods and results of quantitative regional levoangiography].

PMID- 3997025
TI  - [Useful ideas in plastics. From the workshop of the German-English design project
      "Medical Technics with Thermoplastics"].

PMID- 3997027
TI  - [The curse of early specialization].

PMID- 3997026
TI  - [Medical study in France. An alternative to education in Germany].

PMID- 3997028
TI  - [Operative obstetrics--section, vacuum, forceps. Clinical results in 3,742 cases
      1966 to 1980].

PMID- 3997029
TI  - [Metabolism of foreign substances in skin and human hair follicles].

PMID- 3997030
TI  - [Effectiveness of miconazole and bifonazole cream in a single daily application.
      An open study].

PMID- 3997031
TI  - [Because it is medically unnecessary, there is no responsibility of cost
      assumption by heath insurance. Munich court decides in the reversal of 3 other
      judgments on extracorporeal fertilization].

PMID- 3997033
TI  - [Hydrocephalus aresorptivus and parkinsonism caused by a cauda ependymoma].
AB  - It is reported on a case with tumor of the cauda equina with a high protein
      content in CSF combined with hydrocephalus aresorptivus. Besides papilledema
      there was a Parkinson syndrome which both disappeared after surgery.

PMID- 3997032
TI  - [The transsexual patient: a challenge for cooperation between psychological and
      surgical medicine].
AB  - Transsexuality is not seen as a disorder by itself but rather as a common final
      stage of different dispositions and developments, with the common core of
      disordered, conflicting gender identity, and the common transsexual desire for
      "gender reassignment". Proceeding on the ascertainable increase in frequency in
      the past 15 years we wonder whether some sort of collaboration between
      psychological and surgical medicine and persons with identity disorders may not
      have been conducive to the transsexual desire at the expense of a thorough study
      of the phenomenon as well as psychotherapeutic possibilities. Under this aspect
      it is analyzed and depicted which the dimensions of transsexual experience are,
      what constitutes the personality of transsexuals, and how the development toward
      transsexuality takes its course. Subsequently there is a critical analysis of the
      "fulfillment" of the transsexual desire under the transsexuality-law and by means
      of physical-medical measures. A study of case histories and follow-ups at hand
      reveals whether the desire for gender reassignment has indeed been fulfilled. In
      conclusion the recent critical re-orientation toward psychotherapy for
      transsexuals as a method to control psychic disorders by psychic means is
      corroborated, albeit its chances may be viewed rather skeptically in the light of
      the present boom of gender reassignment operations.

PMID- 3997034
TI  - [Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. Clinical course in 33 patients].
AB  - The clinical data of 33 patients with tobacco-alcohol-amblyopia are described.
      Usually, the visual disturbance concerned both eyes and was not associated
      neither with headache nor with painful eye movements. The fundus was very often
      normal. In the static perimetry mostly relative or absolute central scotomas were
      found, sometimes centrocoecal scotomas and very seldom paracentral scotomas. The
      colour vision was very often disturbed, usually the red-green discrimination. In
      the rule the amplitudes of the visual evoked potentials were diminished, the P
      100 latency was delayed in 39%. A follow-up of 25 patients revealed that the
      visus and the results of the static perimetry improved in 72% during vitamin
      substitution (B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid). In a few cases this improvement could
      be observed even though the alcohol drinking was not ceased. In most cases the
      disturbance of the colour vision and the pathologic visual evoked potentials,
      however, did not change.

PMID- 3997035
TI  - [Calculation by Supprian of the phase calendar of endogenous depressions--a
      statistical artifact?].
AB  - According to Supprian (10, 13, 14) the postulate of internal desynchronisation of
      drive and mood is a necessary condition for the estimation of the time-structure
      of endogenous depression. This hypothesis could not be substantiated in a
      longitudinal study of four depressive patients. A subsequent reanalysis of data,
      published by Supprian (13) contradicts the central postulate of internal
      desynchronisation. A critical review of other publications (10, 11, 14) suggests
      the assumption that the statistical analysis of this data might be erroneous too.

PMID- 3997036
TI  - [From family therapy to work with relatives or from the therapeutic to the
      preventive-rehabilitative paradigm in schizophrenia treatment].
AB  - Although family therapy (or family psychotherapy) originated from schizophrenia
      research and therapy, it seems to be labouring particularly under the
      difficulties presented by schizophrenia; in the author's opinion this is due to
      an epistemological error. A promising new approach has emerged in recent years,
      once again originating from schizophrenia research, namely, "family education" or
      co-operation with closest relatives of the patient. The present article compares
      family therapy and family education, describes an updated and valid model of
      schizophrenia, and derives from this a preventive-rehabilitative approach.

PMID- 3997037
TI  - [Motor, sensory electroneurographic and electromyographic results as well as
      somatosensory evoked potentials in comparison to clinical findings following
      nerve suture].
AB  - A group of 37 patients (total 41 nerves) with a traumatic transection of median
      or ulnar nerves at the wrist were reinvestigated clinically and
      electrophysiologically 4-59 months after primary or secondary suture or grafting.
      Clinically there was no relation between the time after the operation, and
      sensory recovery determined according to the schedule of Nicholson and Seddon
      (1957), two-point discrimination, vibration threshold. There was also no
      relationship between the time after suture, and the motor latencies as well as
      amplitudes of evoked muscle action potentials from the abductor pollicis brevis
      or hypothenar muscles. In sensory nerve fibres there was a statistically
      significant increase of the maximum amplitude and of the cumulative amplitude
      during the period after operation, due to an increasing number of regenerated
      nerve fibres. Sensory nerve conduction velocities showed no relation to the time
      after suture. Cumulative amplitudes were significantly related to two-point
      discrimination and to restitution of sensibility. As indicated by the great
      scatter, however, this parameter is merely a moderate predictor for the degree of
      clinical recovery. Somatosensory evoked potentials can be helpful in some cases
      to indicate nerve regeneration when nerve action potentials in peripheral nerves
      cannot be recorded. However, latencies and amplitudes of the individual peaks did
      not reveal any relationship to either clinical findings or to period of time
      after operation. Needle electromyography also yielded highly variable findings. A
      constant finding was a persistent loss of motor units. Most of these were
      increased sin size, as indicated by prolonged duration of their action potentials
      during slight voluntary effort.

PMID- 3997038
TI  - [Sporadic and familial-occurring multiple sclerosis. HLA typing and study of
      chromosomal sister chromatid exchange rate].
AB  - HLA and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has been investigated in 17 multiple
      sclerosis cases and 10 controls. While the HLA showed no differences between
      familial cases of MS and the control group, in sporadic cases of MS the
      occurrence of the antigen A3 and B7 have been confirmed. The study showed a
      significant increase of the SCE-rate in sporadic cases of multiple sclerosis, in
      the contrary, in those cases with familial occurrence no changes in the SCE-rate
      could be found. A different etiology for sporadic and familial cases of multiple
      sclerosis is assumed.

PMID- 3997039
TI  - Relation of kidney size to renal function and comparative study of kidney size in
      various diseases. A new analysis by renal area index.

PMID- 3997040
TI  - Cervical recurrence following radical neck dissection for carcinoma of the oral
      cavity.

PMID- 3997041
TI  - Surgical treatment with complication for horseshoe kidney.

PMID- 3997042
TI  - [Increase in acid resistance of hamster enamel by using a normal pulse Nd-YAG
      laser].

PMID- 3997043
TI  - The World Health Organization and "health for all".

PMID- 3997044
TI  - Health status and medical care utilization.

PMID- 3997045
TI  - Preferred provider organizations: performance, problems, and promise.

PMID- 3997046
TI  - Why Britain's conservatives support a socialist health care system.

PMID- 3997047
TI  - Science and the media: the boundaries of truth.

PMID- 3997049
TI  - Graduate medical education: a proposal for reform.

PMID- 3997048
TI  - Mental health and social policy: initiatives for the 1980s.

PMID- 3997050
TI  - Small area variations studies: illuminating or misleading?

PMID- 3997051
TI  - [Past, present and future of clinical laboratory practice].

PMID- 3997052
TI  - [Ultrastructural studies on the lipofuscin in the cerebral cortex of aged men and
      rats].
AB  - The ultrastructural features of lipofuscins in the cerebral cortex in both aged
      men and rats were observed with an electron microscope and the author discussed
      the significance of morphological differences of the lipofuscins in both
      specimens. The lipofuscins observed in aged men consist of an electron dense
      structure with or without vacuoles, and each of the lipofuscin is enveloped by a
      single unit membrane. The inside of the vacuole is homogeneous and structureless.
      The electron dense area of the lipofuscin shows fine granular structures with
      various degrees of electron density. The lipofuscin observed in aged rats (730
      days) shows roughly the same appearance essentially as those in aged men, but
      reveals more complex internal structure. Therefore, the lipofuscins in aged rats
      can be classified into four types as follows: Type 1: finely granular type
      consisting of fine granules of almost uniform size. Type 2: coarsely granular
      type consisting of both fine granules and coarse granules; each of the coarse
      granules is 200 to 600 A in diameter. Type 3: lamellated type consisting of both
      fine granules and lamellae; the lamellae are 130 A in width with a repeated
      pattern of five bands. Type 4: mixed type consisting of fine granules, coarse
      granules and lamellae. In addition, it was observed that lipofuscins rarely
      existed in both 12-day and 25-day rats, but that the all four types of
      lipofuscins existed in 85-day rats. The cause of the morphological difference
      between lipofuscins in aged men and aged rats is still unknown. However, it has
      been reported that the rats and degree of autophagocytosis differs between
      different species of animals, even in same cell types, the author therefore
      considered that such a difference in intracellular metabolic processes could be
      one of the factors causing the morphological difference of lipofuscins in old men
      and old rats.

PMID- 3997053
TI  - [The effect of reduced glutathione on the changes of lipid-peroxide concentration
      in shock states--clinical and experimental studies].
AB  - Lipoperoxide changes and the effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) on that were
      investigated in cardiopulmonary bypass and endotoxin shock states. In human
      cardiopulmonary bypass, 26 patients with congenital heart disease were studied
      and the following results were obtained. Serum lipoperoxide concentration in
      control group increased in 30 and 60 min after bypass. On the other hand, in the
      reduced glutathione pretreatment group (100 mg/kg), this change was not observed.
      In both groups, beta-glucuronidase activity had a tendency to increase after
      bypass, and it had a close correlation between serum lipoperoxide concentration
      and beta-glucuronidase activity. In endotoxin shock rats, the results were as
      follows. 3 hours after injection of endotoxin (10 mg/kg), hepatic lipoperoxide
      concentration increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased, and
      hepatic Chemiluminescence counts had a tendency to increase. There was no
      significant change in serum lipoperoxide concentration after 3 hr, but a
      significant elevation was observed only after 6 hr. In the reduced glutathione
      pretreatment group (1,000 mg/kg), serum and hepatic lipoperoxide concentration,
      hepatic SOD activity, and hepatic Chemiluminescence counts were unchanged. These
      results suggest that lipoperoxide may increase in shock states and GSH
      administration may be useful to inhibit lipoperoxide formation.

PMID- 3997054
TI  - [Analysis of methionine metabolism studied by the gas chromatographic
      determination of 3-methylthiopropionate in urine and its clinical application].
AB  - Methionine is a sulfur-containing essential amino acid and there are optic
      isomers of L- and D-type. It has been known that there are two metabolic pathways
      in methionine metabolism-the transsulfuration and the transamination. The
      purposes of the present investigation are to clarify the existence of
      transaminative pathway in human by the quantitative analysis of 3
      methylthiopropionate (3-MTP), one of the metabolites of methionine, and to study
      its clinical significance in patients with liver cirrhosis. 3-MTP in urine was
      analysed by gas chromatograph equipped with the flame photometric detector (FPD)
      which has a highly specific sensitivity to the sulfur compounds. Fasting levels
      of 3-MTP concentration in urine in healthy subjects (n = 20) and patients with
      liver cirrhosis (n = 21) were 39.1 +/- 9.7 ng/mg. Cr. (Mean +/- SE) and 103.6 +/-
      24.2 ng/mg. Cr., respectively. 3-MTP concentration in urine in cirrhotic patients
      was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects (p less than 0.05). In
      some cases, 3-MTP concentration in urine was measured every hour for 3 to 6 hours
      after the oral loading of 2 g of D- or L-methionine. In healthy subjects, 3-MTP
      concentration in urine increased remarkably at 1 hour period after oral loading
      of 2 g of D-methionine, and subsequently its concentration showed a tendency to
      decrease gradually. However, there were no such changes after oral loading of 2 g
      of L-methionine. When 2 g of D-methionine was loaded orally, decreasing curves of
      3-MTP concentration in urine were different between healthy subjects and patients
      with liver cirrhosis, and half-disappearance time of 3-MTP concentration in urine
      was remarkably prolonged in cirrhotic patients. These findings seem to indicate
      that 3-MTP is one of the metabolites of methionine (especially of D-methionine)
      and the transaminative pathway exists in human. It was also suggested that there
      was the impairment of the transaminative pathway of methionine metabolism in
      patients with liver cirrhosis. Pharmacokinetics of 3-MTP in urine seems to
      contribute to the clinicopathological investigation of the liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 3997055
TI  - [Depressant effects of inhalational anesthetic halothane on autonomic nervous
      activities].
AB  - To evaluate the effects of halothane on central nervous function, preganglionic
      sympathetic and vagal tones (ST, VT), ganglionic transmission and somato
      sympathetic reflex potential (SSRP) were studied under different concentrations
      of halothane in 17 cats and 6 dogs. Compound action potentials of the cervical
      sympathetic trunk and the vagus nerve were recorded simultaneously and analyzed
      quantitatively. Relative ganglion-blocking potencies of halothane, enflurane and
      methoxyflurane were examined by recording evoked potentials from the
      postganglionic nerve of the stellate ganglion. SSRP was recorded from the
      cervical sympathetic trunk followed by stimulation of the ipsilateral radial
      nerve. Mean arterial pressure was kept constant at 100 mmHg to eliminate
      barostatic response. Halothane affected sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows
      and moderately blocked ganglionic transmission compared with other inhalational
      anesthetics and markedly diminished SSRP. ST and VT levels were almost equally
      depressed and attenuated to about 70, 60, 50 and 30% of the control level (N2O
      75% in oxygen) with additional halothane concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0
      MAC, respectively. The magnitude of SSRP was decreased to 68, 34, 24 and 13% with
      the similar concentrations of halothane, respectively. Halothane moderately
      depressed ganglionic transmission to about 70% and enflurane markedly decreased
      it to about 20% at anesthetic depth of 2 MAC, respectively. Methoxyflurane,
      however, did not depress ganglionic transmission at anesthetic depth of 4 MAC. It
      was demonstrated that halothane markedly depressed the sympathetic and vagal
      outflows from the nervous system without changing the balance between the central
      sympathetic and vagal tones, and decreased ganglionic transmission and somato
      sympathetic reflex.

PMID- 3997056
TI  - [Studies on the behavior of mercury and selenium in blood of mice injected with
      those elements].
AB  - Male ddY mice were only once treated with, 1) mercuric chloride or methylmercuric
      chloride (20 mumol/kg, i.p., respectively) and various doses of sodium selenite
      (5, 20, and 40 mumol/kg, s.c., respectively) at the same time, 2) mercury
      compounds alone, and 3) various doses of sodium selenite alone. Then, the
      interaction between mercury and selenium was investigated in the blood and plasma
      at 1, 5, 24, 120, and 240 hr after injection. In mice receiving mercuric chloride
      and sodium selenite at the same time, the concentrations of mercury and selenium
      in the blood and plasma were markedly higher than those in mice receiving
      mercuric chloride or sodium selenite alone, especially at 1 and 5 hr after
      injection. In this case, mercury concentrations were increased depending on doses
      of sodium selenite. Furthermore, their decrement from 5 to 24 hr were markedly in
      groups with larger quantity of mercury accumulation. In the case of simultaneous
      injection of methylmercuric chloride and sodium selenite, the accumulation levels
      of mercury in the blood and plasma decreased by the simultaneous injection of
      selenium at 1 and 5 hr. The molar ratios of selenium to mercury in the blood and
      plasma simultaneously injected with mercuric chloride and sodium selenite were
      approx. 1 at 5 and 24 hr, independently of any change of sodium selenite doses.
      In gel filtration by Sephadex G-200 column of plasma of mice simultaneously
      injected mercuric chloride and sodium selenite, mercury reacted with selenium
      immediately after their injection, and the almost of them were bound and
      accumulated in the high-molecular weight fraction with the molar ratios (Se/Hg)
      of approx. 1 until about 24 hr after injection. After 24 hr of injection,
      however, the binding between mercury and selenium was significantly changed and
      their gel-filtration patterns were similar to those of each single dose group.
      These results suggested that mercury and selenium in the group of simultaneous
      injection of mercuric chloride and sodium selenite have different interaction in
      blood before and after 24 hr of injection.

PMID- 3997057
TI  - [Surgical results and clinical analysis of 19 cases of acromegaly].
AB  - The authors have been analyzed the results from 19 patients who underwent
      transsphenoidal microsurgery for their pituitary adenomas. All of the patients
      showed some degree of clinical improvement after surgery. Surgical complications
      seemed to be negligible except one patient who had suffered from persistent
      diabetes insipidus postoperatively. The results in terms of postoperative GH
      levels were almost good in 17 patients in whom preoperative GH levels had been
      below 100 ng/ml. There was no relationship between postoperative GH values and
      tumor grades or types (in Hardy's classification) in this group of patients. In
      12 of them, postoperative GH values fell and remained below 5 ng/ml, although
      abnormal GH responses to dynamic testing were still noted. On the other hand, the
      results were particularly poor in the remaining 2 patients in whom preoperative
      GH levels had been higher than 100 ng/ml. Postsurgical radiation therapy was
      applied to 5 cases. Postirradiation GH values decreased in all 5 cases, but did
      not reach to the normal level (below 5 ng/ml) in 3 of them.

PMID- 3997058
TI  - [Experimental study on analysis of the cardiovascular function during carbon
      monoxide poisoning and resuscitation under hyperbaric oxygenation].
AB  - Experimental dogs were intoxicated with 0.5% carbon monoxide until the
      carboxyhemoglobin level reached 73--81%. Then they were resuscitated with 100%
      oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure (1ATA), or oxygen at three atmospheric
      pressure (3ATA). First, the time necessary for half clearance of blood
      carboxyhemoglobin was measured and compared between above two groups. In the
      group treated with oxygen at 3ATA (OHP), the time necessary for half clearance
      was 12 minutes. It was found that when oxygen at 3ATA was administered, carbon
      monoxide was eliminated 1.4 times faster than group which received oxygen at
      1ATA. Secondary, in the present work, we have applied an analytical method for
      the cardiovascular function by thermodilution method using Swan-Ganz catheter
      proven under 1ATA to that under hyperbaric conditions. Summarizing the
      experimental results, it may be said that in CO poisoned dogs even the time when
      the CO-Hb level exceed 77% (mean-value), generally a slight inhibition of the
      circulatory system was seen. These changes showed an immediate return to control
      levels with the initiation of compression of oxygen inhalation. However,
      following the course for 45 minutes thereafter while almost no change was seen in
      the aortic pressure and heart rate, both the cardiac index and left ventricular
      work index showed a decreasing tendency while a prominent rise was seen in the
      systemic vascular resistance index. Generally in normal dogs under high pressure
      oxygen, as pointed out by my team, such tendencies as described above are seen.
      However, in CO poisoned dogs like wise, when the CO-Hb level returns to 10%, the
      facts that an inhibiting tendency is seen in the cardiovascular system seems to
      be a point of interest. I am of the opinion that this fact in actual clinical
      work should be kept in mind when therapy is required in CO poisoning in human
      subjects. Generally speaking it may be said that when hyperbaric oxygen therapy
      is indicated, there still remains various problems concerning optimum compression
      values, the duration of compression and in the compression-decompression pattern
      for the individual.

PMID- 3997059
TI  - [Farmer's lung in the east of Hokkaido--its geographical distribution].
AB  - Fourteen cases of farmer's lung, which were clinically and pathologically
      defined, were reported. The incidence of disease in Hokkaido was estimated to be
      1-2% and its geographical distribution was uniform. It was stressed that there is
      a considerable number of undiagnosed patients with farmer's lung.

PMID- 3997061
TI  - Administration of low doses of TSH result in a rapid increase in the metabolic
      rate of young lambs.
AB  - A low dose of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) can induce a rapid increase in
      VO2 and the response is dose dependent. Lambs aged 36 to 289 h were used. 5.0
      i.u./kg TSH, the highest dose used, caused an initial inhibition of response but
      during the second and third post injection hours VO2 increased to control level.
      The intermediate TSH dose, 1.0 i.u./kg TSH resulted in a clear increase in VO2
      even in the first post-injection hour, which further increased in the second and
      third hours. This change was significantly greater than in controls. Animals
      treated with the lowest dose, 0.5 i.u./kg TSH divided themselves into 2 distinct
      populations: responders, where an immediate and significant increase in VO2
      occurred and non responders, where a small inhibition of metabolism was evident.
      The responder group had a significantly lower pre-injection VO2 and a
      significantly lower mean body weight, than the non responders. In the responders,
      the stimulation of metabolism was greater than at either of the higher TSH doses.
      These results indicate that low, but not high doses of TSH induce a rapid
      metabolic response. The argument in favour of a short-term role for thyroid
      hormones is thus strengthened.

PMID- 3997060
TI  - Peptide hormones and lipolysis in rabbit adipocytes.
AB  - Fifty peptides and hormones from the hypophysis, hypothalamus, gastrointestinal
      tract and from other origins were tested for lipolytic activity in the isolated
      rabbit fat cell. Eight peptides derived from the precursor hormone proopiocortin
      stimulated glycerol release while all the other peptides and hormones showed no
      lipolytic activity. The most potent lipolytic peptide was alpha-MSH which also
      had the lowest minimal effective dose, followed by beta-lipotropin, ACTH and beta
      MSH. The lipolytic activity was not influenced by the use of different
      collagenases or the cells from different breeds of rabbits.

PMID- 3997062
TI  - Endogenous chromium in tissues and body fluids of normal and genetically diabetic
      (db/db) mice.

PMID- 3997063
TI  - Cortisol metabolism in human placenta and decidua is resistant to anoxia.

PMID- 3997064
TI  - Effects of dopamine receptor stimulation on opiate-induced modifications of
      pituitary-gonadal function.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of the dopaminergic drug bromocriptine (Br) on prolactin
      (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (Te) levels in a homogeneous
      group of opiate addicts in a methadone maintenance program (20 mg twice daily).
      Basal blood levels of PRL, LH and Te were determined in 15 adult male drug
      addicts, before 30 and 60 days after Br administration (7.5 mg/day) was started.
      15 healthy volunteers served as controls for the evaluation of basal values of
      the hormones. Before treatment PRL values were high, while LH and Te levels were
      lower than normal. 30 days later, PRL lowered significantly while LH and Te
      increased significantly. 60 days later, the blood hormone values were still
      significantly different from pretreatment values, and close to the normal range.
      This observation shows that Br, probably through an increase of dopaminergic
      tone, may counteract some effects of opiates on the hypothalamic-pituitary
      gonadal axis.

PMID- 3997065
TI  - Effects of chronic bromocriptine treatment of an estrone-induced, prolactin
      secreting rat pituitary adenoma.
AB  - Bromocriptine (BROM), a dopamine (DA) agonist, is commonly and successfully used
      for long-term treatment of human prolactinomas. We have studied the effects of
      chronic BROM administration to female 344 Fisher/Lis rats bearing an estrone
      induced, prolactin (PRL)-secreting pituitary tumor recently characterized as a
      model for human prolactinoma. The animals were injected twice daily with BROM
      (2.5 mg/kg) or with diluent. After 1 month of treatment, the animals were
      sacrificed, and plasma collected and stored at -20 degrees C for PRL
      radioimmunoassay. The pituitary tumors were removed and tumoral mammotrophs
      dispersed enzymatically for studies of DA receptor binding and PRL release in
      vitro. BROM treatment significantly reduced tumor weight, cell size, rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes and plasma PRL levels. [3H]-spiroperidol
      binding to tumoral mammotrophs was also evaluated. BROM induced a significant
      decrease in the number of DA binding sites without any changes in affinity. These
      results indicate that chronic BROM treatment of an animal model of prolactinoma
      induces tumor involution, reduction of PRL release and probably synthesis, and
      down regulation of dopaminergic binding sites.

PMID- 3997066
TI  - Effects of natural and synthetic estrogens and progestins on glycogen deposition
      in female mice.
AB  - Glycogen deposition and glucose tolerance were examined in female mice after 24
      days of oral treatment with natural (17 beta-estradiol and progesterone) and
      synthetic (ethinyl estradiol and norethisterone acetate) sex steroids,
      administered individually and in estrogen-progestin combination. Doses were 5
      micrograms/kg/day for estrogens and 1 mg/kg/day for progestins. Compared with
      diestrus control mice, each treatment increased glycogen deposition in liver,
      uterus, heart and biceps femoris muscle. 17 beta-Estradiol produced the greatest
      increments. Progesterone produced considerably smaller increments and antagonized
      the glycogenic effects of 17 beta-estradiol. Ethinyl estradiol and norethisterone
      acetate generally induced similar changes in glycogen deposition. Treatments
      containing 17 beta-estradiol improved glucose tolerance. Although glucose
      tolerance was not significantly altered by the other sex steroid treatments, the
      changes in glycogen deposition indicate important effects on tissue carbohydrate
      metabolism.

PMID- 3997067
TI  - Age-related changes in the endocytic capacity of rat liver Kupffer and
      endothelial cells.
AB  - There are many indications that the functional capacity of the
      reticuloendothelial system (RES) declines with age. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the cellular basis of age-related changes in the clearance function
      of the RES. The experiments were focused mainly on Kupffer and endothelial cells
      of the liver which represent a major part of the RES and are primarily
      responsible for clearance of colloidal material from the circulation. The
      clearance capacity of the RES was tested clinically and experimentally by
      intravenous injection of colloids, such as radiolabeled heat-aggregated colloidal
      albumin. Age-related changes in the endocytosis of 125I-labeled colloidal albumin
      (CA) in rats were determined by clearance and organ distribution of different
      doses of intravenously injected CA, uptake of CA by Kupffer and endothelial liver
      cells in vivo as determined after isolation of the cells from injected rats and
      kinetic studies on CA uptake by Kupffer cells in culture. The results show that,
      at a low dose, the clearance of CA is primarily determined by liver blood flow.
      At a higher saturating dose, plasma clearance and uptake by the liver are not
      significantly decreased with age. Endocytosis by endothelial cells, which
      accounts for about 60% of that of the whole liver, is also unchanged with age. In
      contrast, a significant decrease in endocytic capacity was observed for Kupffer
      cells in vivo. This age-related functional decline was also observed in Kupffer
      cells which were isolated from rats of different ages and maintained in
      culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997068
TI  - Plasma clearance of intravenously injected aspartate aminotransferase isozymes:
      evidence for preferential uptake by sinusoidal liver cells.
AB  - Both cytosolic (c-AAT) and mitochondrial (m-AAT) isozymes of aspartate
      aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) appear in serum in some diseases including
      hepatobiliary dysfunction. The present study aimed at elucidation of the
      mechanism by which AAT isozymes are cleared from blood. Intravenous injection
      into rats of m-AAT and c-AAT purified from rat liver exhibited a biphasic
      clearance curve with an overall half-life of 42 min and 4.7 hr, respectively. The
      tissue distribution of the radioactivity following intravenous administration of
      125I-labeled isozymes revealed that the liver is a major organ involved in plasma
      clearance of these isozymes. This conclusion was also supported by the
      significant retardation in plasma clearance of m-AAT in hepatectomized as well as
      CCl4-intoxicated rats. Furthermore, clearance rate of each AAT isozyme in an
      isolated perfused liver exhibited a single exponential process with the uptake
      rate for m-AAT being much faster than that for c-AAT. Separation of hepatocytes
      and sinusoidal liver cells from the rat intravenously injected with 125I-labeled
      AAT isozymes revealed that sinusoidal cells were responsible for the plasma
      clearances. In vitro uptake study showed that both isozymes were exclusively
      taken up by sinusoidal liver cells. The uptake rate for m-AAT was considerably
      greater than that for c-AAT. Endocytotic index for uptake by sinusoidal cells was
      16 times with c-AAT and 34 times with m-AAT as compared with that for inulin or
      dextran which are taken up by fluid-phase endocytosis, suggesting involvement of
      adsorptive endocytosis in the uptake of the isozymes.

PMID- 3997069
TI  - Hepatic clearance of rat liver aspartate aminotransferase isozymes: evidence for
      endocytotic uptake via different binding sites on sinusoidal liver cells.
AB  - Rat liver aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) (EC 2.6.1.1) exists in two isozymic
      forms, cytosolic (c-AAT) and mitochondrial (m-AAT). The previous study (Kamimoto,
      Y. et al., Hepatology an accompanying paper in this issue) demonstrated that
      these isozymes were cleared from blood at different half-lives via adsorptive
      endocytosis by sinusoidal liver cells. To understand the cellular mechanism for
      the differential uptake of the isozymes, we have further studied in vivo uptake
      of 125I-labeled AAT isozymes by sinusoidal cells. The results indicated that the
      uptake of the isozymes occurred via a typical endocytotic pathway: the initial
      binding, internalization and subsequent degradation in the lysosomes.
      Quantitation of the isozymes bound to the cell surface prior to internalization
      either by binding at 4 degrees C or by a combined use of anti-AAT antibody and
      125I-protein A at 37 degrees C revealed that the differential plasma clearance of
      AAT isozymes could be attributable to the isozymic difference in capacity of
      surface membranes to bind the isozymes. The uptake of 125I-c-AAT was inhibited by
      unlabeled c-AAT more significantly than by m-AAT, but not by other ligands known
      to be taken up by sinusoidal cells via receptor-mediated pathways. Similarly, the
      uptake of 125I-m-AAT was inhibited predominantly by unlabeled m-AAT. Similar
      ligand specificity was also demonstrated in the binding study at 4 degrees C. The
      binding of 125I-m-AAT and c-AAT followed saturation kinetics with an apparent Kd
      of 1.3 X 10(-6) M and 1.7 X 10(-6) M, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3997070
TI  - Sinusoidal caliber in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease: diagnostic and
      pathogenic implications.
AB  - Portal hypertension in alcoholic liver disease has been attributed to an
      increased resistance to blood flow either of sinusoidal or of postsinusoidal
      origin. The former should be accompanied by sinusoidal compression while the
      latter is expected to result in an increased or a normal sinusoidal diameter.
      Patients with alcoholic liver disease showed a marked reduction (p less than
      0.001) in relative sinusoidal area (995 +/- 135 micron 2; n = 19) when compared
      to nonalcoholic patients with normal liver histology (5,100 +/- 389 micron 2; n =
      6), or to patients with nonalcoholic liver disease (6,242 +/- 467 micron 2; n =
      19). Hepatocyte surface area was significantly increased in patients with
      alcoholic liver disease when compared to hepatocytes from normal biopsies (563 +/
      32 micron 2 vs. 301 +/- 26 micron 2; p less than 0.001). Patients with
      nonalcoholic liver disease had hepatocyte surface areas within the normal range
      (327 +/- 14 micron 2). There was a significant inverse correlation between
      hepatocyte size and sinusoidal area (r = -0.63; p less than 10(-6); n = 44),
      indicating that larger hepatocytes were associated with sinusoidal compression.
      In the alcoholic patients, portal pressure correlated inversely (r = -0.77; p
      less than 0.01) with sinusoidal area only after the sinusoidal area was markedly
      reduced to areas below 20% of normal. Such a threshold was not reached in
      patients with nonalcoholic liver disease, in whom no correlation between
      sinusoidal area and portal pressure was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3997071
TI  - Presinusoidal portal hypertension in non-alcoholic cirrhosis.
AB  - The simultaneous measurement of wedged hepatic vein pressure (WHVP) and portal
      vein pressure (PVP) was performed in 156 cirrhotic patients. In the 110 alcoholic
      cirrhotic patients (97 micronodular and 13 macronodular cirrhosis), WHVP and PVP
      were closely related (25.8 +/- 6.3 vs. 25.9 +/- 6.3 mm Hg; p = not statistically
      significant). The difference between the two parameters was greater than 4 mm Hg
      in only six patients. In the 46 patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis (41
      macronodular and 1 micronodular cirrhosis; 4 primary biliary cirrhosis), PVP was
      significantly higher than was WHVP (25.8 +/- 6.2 vs. 21.7 +/- 6.8 mm Hg; p less
      than 0.001); in 20 patients, PVP exceeded WHVP by more than 4 mm Hg, and the mean
      difference was 7.5 mm Hg. There was no correlation between the porto-hepatic
      gradient and total hepatic blood flow measured by the indocyanine green single
      injection method or the portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow measured by
      indicator dilution curves. It is concluded that: (i) measurement of WHVP in
      alcoholic cirrhosis provides a reliable estimate of the severity of the portal
      hypertension, and (ii) hemodynamic evaluation of nonalcoholic cirrhosis should
      include PVP measurement in order to avoid underestimation of the porto-hepatic
      gradient.

PMID- 3997072
TI  - Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan: studies of
      hepatitis B virus DNA in serum.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) in serum was measured by a Spot hybridization
      technique in a consecutive series of 79 cases with chronic HBV infection from
      Taiwan. HBV DNA was found in 96.3% (52/54) of HBeAg-positive, 66% (2/3) with
      neither HBeAg or anti-HBe and in 63.6% (14/22) of anti-HBe positive patients. The
      levels of HBV DNA in the HBe-Ag-positive patients were significantly higher than
      in the anti-HBe positive patients (median, 944 vs. 58 pg per ml, p less than
      0.001). The mean ages increased from 28.7 years for the cases with high levels of
      HBV DNA, to 34.7 years for those with low levels (p less than 0.01) and to 41.0
      years in those without HBV DNA in serum (p less than 0.05 when compared with
      those with low level of HBV DNA). Ninety per cent of patients (27/30) with high
      levels of HBV DNA showed only minor hepatic inflammatory activity, as did 91%
      (10/11) of those without HBV DNA. In contrast, histologic signs of chronic active
      hepatitis or chronic lobular hepatitis were demonstrated in 76% of cases (29/38)
      with low levels of HBV DNA. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that
      liver damage occurs during the period of clearance of hepatocytes supporting HBV
      replication, and are inconsistent with the view that HBV may be directly
      cytopathic. Thus, the natural history of chronic HBV infection may be divided
      into three phases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997074
TI  - Three-dimensional observations of the hepatic arterial terminations in rat,
      hamster and human liver by scanning electron microscopy of microvascular casts.
AB  - The arterial terminations were studied by scanning electron microscopy of
      microvascular casts in rat, hamster and human livers. Important species
      differences were observed. In the rat, frequent anastomoses between the terminal
      hepatic arterioles and portal venules were observed, whereas a few arterioles
      terminated directly into sinusoids. On the contrary, no arterioportal venous
      anastomoses were demonstrated in the hamster and human livers. In these latter
      species, all arterioles terminated into sinusoids adjacent to the portal tracts.
      No intralobular arterioles were observed in any species.

PMID- 3997073
TI  - Transmission of ground squirrel hepatitis virus to homologous and heterologous
      hosts.
AB  - The infectivity and host range of ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) have
      been further examined by animal inoculation experiments. Although carrier
      squirrel sera usually harbor 10(9) to 10(10) virions per ml as determined by
      physical measurements, titration of one such serum revealed that squirrel
      infectivity was lost following dilution of the sample over 10(6)-fold.
      Infectivity is markedly reduced by NP40 pretreatment of infected serum. GSHV
      infection cannot be readily transmitted to several related ground squirrel
      species, but chipmunks can be experimentally infected by GSHV virions or by
      cloned GSHV DNA, and the resulting infection closely resembles that seen in the
      normal host.

PMID- 3997075
TI  - Serum type III procollagen peptide in alcoholic liver disease and idiopathic
      hemochromatosis: its relationship to hepatic fibrosis, activity of the disease
      and iron overload.
AB  - To assess the value of type III procollagen peptide (sPIIIP) as a marker of
      hepatic fibrosis, sera from 73 patients with alcohol-related liver disease and 30
      patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis (IHC) were studied by a specific
      radioimmunoassay. sPIIIP was increased in 87% of 30 patients with cirrhosis, in
      16% of 32 with steatofibrosis but in none of 11 with steatosis. There was a
      significant correlation with histologic hepatocellular necroinflammation (r =
      0.42, p less than 0.01), but not with hepatic fibrosis. sPIIP was increased in
      33% of 30 patients with IHC, whether or not they had cirrhosis or fibrosis, and
      whatever the level of iron overload or the extent of the hepatic deterioration.
      IHC patients with increased levels of sPIIIP had a higher prevalence of
      superimposed hepatic damage than did those with normal procollagen levels (p less
      than 0.05). Our findings, therefore, weaken the diagnostic value of sPIIIP as an
      index of connective tissue deposition in the liver, and suggest that, at least in
      alcohol-related liver disease and IHC, hepatocellular necroinflammation
      influences the results.

PMID- 3997076
TI  - Ranitidine-acetaminophen interaction: effects on acetaminophen-induced
      hepatotoxicity in Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - Cimetidine has been shown to protect against acetaminophen-mediated
      hepatotoxicity in both rats and mice. In contrast to cimetidine, ranitidine
      recently has been determined to potentiate the hepatotoxic action of
      acetaminophen in Fischer 344 rats. The present studies were designed to
      characterize this ranitidine-acetaminophen interaction. Acetaminophen
      administration (750 mg per kg, p.o.) to F344 rats produced maximal hepatic
      necrosis, 24 hr after treatment, as assessed by SGPT activity and histopathology.
      Ranitidine pretreatment 30 min prior to acetaminophen treatment increased the
      toxicity but did not alter its course. Ranitidine administration (50 mg per kg)
      enhanced acetaminophen hepatotoxicity throughout the toxic dose range of
      acetaminophen (600 to 1,000 mg per kg) and potentiation of acetaminophen
      hepatotoxicity by ranitidine was dose-dependent. Maximal increases were observed
      at 50 mg per kg ranitidine whereas, doses of ranitidine greater than 100 mg per
      kg inhibited acetaminophen toxicity. SGPT data were corroborated by
      histopathologic evaluation. Ranitidine was not hepatotoxic when administered
      alone (500 mg per kg), or following glutathione depletion, or after induction of
      hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity. The results obtained in these studies
      support the suggestion that, at high doses (greater than 100 mg per kg),
      ranitidine reduces acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by reducing metabolic activation,
      while at lower doses ranitidine potentiates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.
      Inhibition by ranitidine of acetaminophen conjugation is proposed as a possible
      mechanism of this potentiation.

PMID- 3997077
TI  - Increased serum antibody levels against cow's milk proteins in children with
      chronic liver disease.
AB  - We measured IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to cow's milk proteins: alpha-casein,
      alpha-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin-a and beta
      lactoglobulin-b in the sera of 29 pediatric patients with liver disease. IgG
      antibodies to bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin-a and beta-lactoglobulin-b
      and IgA antibodies to alpha-casein were elevated in most of the patients compared
      to age-matched controls. We postulate that, in patients with liver disease either
      increased intestinal uptake resulting in increased humoral response, or decreased
      hepatic clearance of food antigens intensifying a humoral response to these
      foreign antigens, may occur.

PMID- 3997078
TI  - Biliary and urinary excretion of sulfated, glucuronidated and tetrahydroxylated
      bile acids in cirrhotic patients.
AB  - In patients with hepatobiliary diseases, considerable amounts of sulfated and
      glucuronidated bile acids are excreted in urine. Information on the biliary
      excretion of these compounds is lacking. We used an intestinal perfusion method
      to determine the biliary excretion of sulfated and glucuronidated bile acids in
      eight patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and moderately severe cholestasis and
      compared results with urinary excretion rates. In bile, the patients excreted
      508.7 mumoles per hr (mean) nonsulfated, nonglucuronidated bile acids, 8.1
      mumoles per hr sulfated bile acids and 4.0 mumoles per hr glucuronidated bile
      acids. In urine, these patients excreted 0.27 mumoles per hr nonsulfated,
      nonglucuronidated bile acids, 0.88 mumoles per hr sulfated bile acids and 0.02
      mumoles per hr glucuronidated bile acids. Sulfates and glucuronides of mono-, di-
      and trihydroxy bile acids were detected in urine and bile. In urine, tetrahydroxy
      bile acids were only excreted as nonsulfated and nonglucuronidated forms. The
      bile:urine excretion ratio of sulfated bile acids was 9:1 and of glucuronidated
      bile acids was 226:1. In alcoholic cirrhosis with cholestasis, biliary excretion
      is an important excretory route of sulfated and glucuronidated bile acids.

PMID- 3997079
TI  - Histopathological lesions of the liver in hairy cell leukemia: a report of 14
      cases.
AB  - Pathological lesions of the liver were studied in 14 cases of hairy cell
      leukemia, a rare hematologic neoplasm involving numerous organs. Tumor
      infiltration of hepatic parenchyma was observed in all cases. Tumor cells were
      easily recognized by their cytological features, namely their "halo" appearance
      consisting of a clear rim of abundant cytoplasm surrounding uniform round or
      slightly indented nuclei. Portal infiltration was observed in all cases,
      associated with sinusoidal infiltration in 12 cases. A peculiar change of the
      sinusoids, i.e., the angiomatous lesions, was noted in 9 of 14 patients.
      Angiomatous lesions consisted of intralobular cavities without zonal predominance
      which were lined by tumor cells which replaced the normal sinusoidal wall and
      were filled with red blood cells and tumor cells. This pattern of involvement is
      different from hepatic localization of other blood malignancies and is highly
      suggestive of hairy, cell leukemia. It might reflect the unique phenotype of the
      tumor cells, which express lymphocytic and monocytic features. The angiomatous
      lesion strongly mimics peliosis hepatis and could be, as well as in peliosis, the
      consequence of modification of the sinusoidal barrier. In hairy cell leukemia,
      sinusoidal wall abnormalities might be secondary to infiltration of the sinusoids
      by tumor cells.

PMID- 3997080
TI  - Cellular theories of aging as related to the liver.
AB  - The age-associated decline in function of several organs, including the liver,
      may be caused by mechanisms operating on the cellular level. Fibroblasts and
      several other cell types derived from normal individuals have limited lifespans
      in culture, and several abnormalities described for senescent cultured
      fibroblasts also apply to hepatocytes and other cell types obtained from aged
      organisms. Cellular theories of aging can be divided into two broad and
      overlapping categories: (a) those that view cell death as an actively programmed
      developmental process, and (b) those that consider cellular aging to result from
      a passive accumulation of errors in macromolecules. These theories are not
      necessarily mutually exclusive, and many of the phenotypic changes in senescent
      hepatocytes, fibroblasts and other cells are compatible with several different
      theories. The challenge for the future is to distinguish primary causes from
      secondary consequences of cellular aging so that rational attempts to intervene
      in the aging process are possible.

PMID- 3997081
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies and hepatoma.

PMID- 3997082
TI  - The paracentesis pendulum.

PMID- 3997083
TI  - More on ascitic fluid analysis.

PMID- 3997084
TI  - Delta agent in nondrug addicts.

PMID- 3997085
TI  - Breast reductions: what to do with all the tissue specimens?
AB  - In order to find some guidelines for adequate examination of the often very large
      amount of tissue removed at reduction mammoplasties, a thorough macro- and
      microscopic study of a total of 400 specimens from 200 consecutive cases of
      bilateral breast reductions was done. The majority of patients were younger than
      30 years of age. In these cases no abnormalities were found and a thorough
      macroscopic examination performed by an experienced pathologist is believed to be
      sufficient in this age group. In older women we encountered diverse findings, the
      most noteworthy being lobular carcinoma in situ in 8% of patients in this series
      who were over 40 years of age. This indicates the need for generous histological
      sampling in this age group. The potential value of roentgenological examination
      is also discussed.

PMID- 3997086
TI  - An autopsy study of radial scar in the female breast.
AB  - In a study of breasts from 83 consecutive, unselected female autopsies, 23 women
      (28%) were found to have radial scars. The lesion was multicentric in 67% and
      bilateral in 43%. The frequency of radial scar was significantly increased among
      women with fibrocystic disease (43%) compared to women without this lesion (17%).
      No difference in the frequency of radial scar was registered between women with
      primary breast malignancy and women with either normal breasts or benign breast
      abnormalities. No radial scar demonstrated transition to invasive or in situ
      carcinoma. No evidence was found of any association between radial scar and
      breast carcinoma.

PMID- 3997087
TI  - Benign localized mesothelioma of the pleura.
AB  - Eleven cases of benign localized mesotheliomas of the pleura are described. Ten
      patients were asymptomatic and discovered by routine X-rays. In eight cases the
      tumour was localized in the visceral pleura and all tumours showed only a benign
      mesenchymal component. Non-neoplastic epithelial structures can become entrapped
      within the tumour. A benign clinical behaviour and an excellent prognosis could
      be expected after surgical resection.

PMID- 3997088
TI  - In-situ neoplasia in squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid. A case report.
AB  - This case report demonstrates the origin of a primary squamous cell carcinoma of
      the parotid gland in squamous metaplasia of the parotid ducts. Comparison is made
      between parotid ductal intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia. The clinical importance of establishing the primary origin of these
      tumours and the need for extensive tissue sampling is emphasized.

PMID- 3997090
TI  - Disability determination: psychiatrists needed.

PMID- 3997089
TI  - Small bowel adenocarcinoma and Crohn's disease: report of a case with differing
      histogenetic patterns.
AB  - This paper presents a case of Crohn's disease with associated small bowel
      adenocarcinoma. A polypoid area of gastric metaplasia was present and showed both
      fundic and pyloric features, the latter showing increasingly severe dysplasia and
      infiltrating adenocarcinoma containing many enterochromaffin cells, in which
      serotonin was demonstrated. At foci of granulomatous inflammation one observed a
      well differentiated sulfomucin secreting adenocarcinoma. Away from the
      metaplastic or inflammatory lesions there arose both a poorly and well
      differentiated sialomucin secreting adenocarcinoma. Multiple microfoci of
      adenocarcinoma and dysplastic changes of the ileal epithelium were present in the
      absence of any gross abnormality.

PMID- 3997091
TI  - Assessing depression in elderly patients.

PMID- 3997092
TI  - NIMH report. Social Security Administration revises mental disability rules.

PMID- 3997093
TI  - Psychiatric consultation in Catholic annulment proceedings.

PMID- 3997094
TI  - Emergency treatment of acute psychosis, agitation, and anxiety.

PMID- 3997095
TI  - The mental health commissionership: major changes over a decade.
AB  - During the past decade major changes have occurred in the role of the state
      mental health program director. Those changes have made that position more
      complex, more administrative, and less medical. The author discusses four themes
      in particular: the growing belief in the desirability of employing professional
      managers, the increasing requirements for quantitative information, the loss of
      confidence in the overriding treatment ideology of deinstitutionalization, and
      managerial constraints imposed by consent decrees. Such changes make the role of
      the commissioner more important, yet more difficult.

PMID- 3997097
TI  - A typology of social environments in community care homes.
AB  - Observers rated 11 aspects of the social environments of 40 community care homes.
      Four basic types of homes were identified through a cluster analysis of these
      ratings. Discriminant analysis suggested that homes in the clusters differed
      primarily along two dimensions: socioemotional demands and program structure. For
      each cluster, the main features of the social environment were used to describe
      the types of psychiatric patients judged likely to be successfully placed in
      these homes.

PMID- 3997096
TI  - Psychiatric diagnosis in a state hospital: Manhattan state revisited.
AB  - Studies have documented the predeliction of New York hospitals to overdiagnose
      schizophrenia and to underdiagnose affective disorders. To further investigate
      that predeliction following the introduction of DSM-III diagnostic criteria,
      seven clinical experts at the Manhattan Psychiatric Center reevaluated the charts
      of 131 randomly selected patients and conducted clinical reviews of two subgroups
      of the sample. Rediagnosis essentially reversed the ratio of schizophrenia to
      affective disorder shown in the charts, indicated a lack of documented DSM-III
      criteria for the chart diagnoses, and revealed significant numbers of undiagnosed
      disorders. The diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment implications of the findings
      are discussed, especially the need for more precise differential diagnosis
      according to DSM-III criteria.

PMID- 3997098
TI  - Milieu factors influencing patients' integration into community residential
      facilities.
AB  - Although much has been written on the importance of the environment as a
      therapeutic modality, few studies have examined the specific characteristics of
      community residential environments that influence the adjustment of the mentally
      ill. This study, based on a sample of 87 patients in Washington State, assesses
      the influence of patient, facility, and community characteristics on residents'
      integration within residential care facilities. The findings indicate that the
      type of facility, the number of daily living skills programmed, the rigidity of
      facility routines, the social distance between staff and residents, and the
      number of residents are significant predictors of residents' integration into
      facility life.

PMID- 3997099
TI  - Regulation and consultation in community care facilities.
AB  - Residential community care facilities for deinstitutionalized patients are
      severely criticized for providing poor-quality care. Yet deinstitutionalization
      occurred without adequate planning or funding, and facility administrators were
      left on their own with virtually no regulation and no involvement with the mental
      health profession. Mental health professionals must focus on improving their
      understanding of the problems experienced by the community care industry, build
      alliances with facility administrators, and collaboratively design regulatory and
      consultative interventions that will help administrators reintegrate the mentally
      ill into the community. The author uses regulatory and consultative approaches
      implemented in California and Virginia as case examples.

PMID- 3997100
TI  - Family members as monitors in a state mental hospital.
AB  - In 1983 the cooperative efforts of the Western Massachusetts Alliance for
      Mentally Ill Citizens and the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health led to
      the development of a program in which family members of patients at Northampton
      State Hospital monitor conditions at the hospital. The authors describe the
      process that generated the program, the training and duties of the family
      monitors, the role of the hospital administration and staff in the monitoring
      process, and the program's outcomes. They believe that the program gives families
      a much-needed role in the care of mentally ill relatives and that the staff
      family collaboration it fosters strengthens the power of advocacy.

PMID- 3997101
TI  - Social skills training for chronic mental patients.
AB  - Social skills training has proved to be effective in increasing the social
      competence of chronic mental patients. The authors describe three models of
      social skills training, all of which involve role playing by the patient and
      modeling, prompting, feedback, and reinforcement by the therapist. Many patients
      can benefit from the basic training model. For patients functioning at a higher
      level, the problem-solving model provides general strategies for dealing with a
      variety of social situations. The attention-focusing model, designed for highly
      distractible and withdrawn patients, teaches skills through constant repetition
      of tasks and minimizes demands on cognitive abilities. The authors emphasize the
      importance of taking steps to ensure that the skills learned during training are
      generalized to other situations and settings.

PMID- 3997102
TI  - Professional attitudes toward the chronic mentally ill.

PMID- 3997103
TI  - Assessing the effectiveness of a case management program.

PMID- 3997105
TI  - 'The quiet company' sells new fund-raiser.

PMID- 3997104
TI  - Personal coping styles of schizophrenic outpatients.

PMID- 3997106
TI  - High-tech promises low-cost diagnostics.

PMID- 3997107
TI  - Cardiac rehab centers: outpatient growth areas.

PMID- 3997108
TI  - Hospital's rising admissions linked to PPA contracting.

PMID- 3997109
TI  - Credentialing: say good-bye to the 'rubber stamp'.

PMID- 3997110
TI  - What's the market for emergency care?

PMID- 3997111
TI  - Market analysis reveals rehab program potential.

PMID- 3997112
TI  - MediTrends: shaping the futures of hospitals.

PMID- 3997113
TI  - Hospital sales forces are here to stay.

PMID- 3997114
TI  - Indigent care issue focuses on financing.

PMID- 3997115
TI  - Business coalition tightens up on corporate philanthropy.

PMID- 3997116
TI  - HIS market overview predicts growth to 1990.

PMID- 3997118
TI  - British technology crosses seas, politics.

PMID- 3997117
TI  - Refinancings dominate first-quarter bonds.

PMID- 3997119
TI  - Administrators invest more money in design to remain competitive.

PMID- 3997121
TI  - Data needs growing for health care purchasers.

PMID- 3997120
TI  - Simplifying taxes: questions of fairness. Interview by Jeffrey Finn.

PMID- 3997122
TI  - Payers step up roles in discharge planning.

PMID- 3997123
TI  - Parent-offspring correlation for body measurements and subcutaneous fat
      distribution.

PMID- 3997125
TI  - Growth, strength and motor performance of Zapotec children, Oaxaca, Mexico.

PMID- 3997124
TI  - Facial height and breadth relative to dietary consistency and oral breathing in
      two populations (North India and U.S.).

PMID- 3997126
TI  - A critique of the NCHS weight for height standard.

PMID- 3997127
TI  - Neuromuscular performance in a Kansas Mennonite community: age and sex effects in
      performance.

PMID- 3997128
TI  - Lung function of circumpolar residents undergoing acculturation--a ten year
      follow-up of Canadian Inuit.

PMID- 3997129
TI  - Curve fitting for growth in weight during infancy with relationship to adult
      status, and familial associations of the estimated parameters.

PMID- 3997130
TI  - An extended family study of ridge counts in two Indian populations.

PMID- 3997131
TI  - Romancing the calcium.

PMID- 3997132
TI  - Anatomic analysis of removed prosthetic heart valves: causes of failure of 33
      mechanical valves and 58 bioprostheses, 1980 to 1983.
AB  - The details of heart valve prosthesis-associated problems are not widely known.
      This study investigated the etiologies of the failures of 91 valves, 33
      mechanical prostheses and 58 bioprostheses, obtained at reoperation (83) or
      autopsy (eight) at the Brigham and Women's Hospital during the 42-month period
      from mid- 1980 through 1983, one to 264 months (mean, 72 months) after valve
      replacement. Analysis was by gross, histologic, radiographic, and microbiologic
      examination, as well as review of clinical records. Overall causes of failure
      included paravalvular leak (15 per cent), thrombosis (7 per cent), tissue
      overgrowth (8 per cent), degeneration or mechanical failure (43 per cent), and
      endocarditis (19 per cent). Endocarditis and paravalvular leak were equally
      frequent with mechanical prostheses and bioprostheses. In addition, thrombosis
      (18 per cent), tissue overgrowth (21 per cent), and structural failure (12 per
      cent) were all important failure modes for mechanical prostheses. Sterile
      degeneration was the overwhelming cause of failure for bioprostheses, accounting
      for the failure of 35 of 58 (60 per cent) of those recovered. Sterile
      degeneration took several forms: calcification, with or without cuspal tears (27
      cases, 47 per cent of bioprostheses; mean, 77 months, range, 44 to 108 months)
      and cuspal defects without calcification (eight cases, 14 per cent; mean, 59
      months, range, eight to 122 months). In general, calcification increased with
      time after implantation, but the propensity for the mineralization of
      bioprostheses varied widely among patients. Four torn valves that had been in
      place for more than six years had radiographically undetectable calcific
      deposits. The results of this study indicate that paravalvular leak and
      endocarditis are frequent causes of failure for all valve types. No clear failure
      mode predominates with mechanical valve prostheses, although some designs have
      specific inherent limitations. In contrast, degeneration, especially that related
      to mineralization, is the most important cause of the late failure of
      contemporary bioprostheses.

PMID- 3997133
TI  - Body temperature is elevated in the early postmortem period.
AB  - During the collection of specimens at autopsy for biochemical analysis, it was
      observed that body temperatures were higher than expected. To evaluate this
      observation further, rectal temperatures were determined at the earliest feasible
      time after death in 20 adult patients for whom recent premortem rectal
      temperatures were available for comparison. The average premortem temperature was
      37.6 degrees C (range, 34.9 to 41.1 degrees C) and had been obtained 19 to 240
      minutes (average, 107 minutes) before death. The average postmortem temperature,
      also 37.6 degrees C (range, 35.5 to 41.3 degrees C), was obtained 116 to 401
      minutes (average, 202 minutes) after death. In the 11 patients in whom the
      postmortem interval was less than three hours (average, 155 minutes), there was
      an average postmortem temperature increase of 0.5 degree C (range, +1.3 to -0.7
      degree C). The results suggest that there is usually an initial postmortem
      elevation in body temperature as measured rectally, probably as a result of
      continuing tissue and bacterial metabolism in the absence of the usual heat
      dispersal mechanisms. This phenomenon should be considered when postmortem
      materials are used for analysis or when postmortem interval is determined by body
      temperature.

PMID- 3997134
TI  - Association of eosinophils with cardiac rupture.
AB  - Cardiac rupture occurs in 10 per cent of patients who die with acute myocardial
      infarction, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. Twenty randomly selected
      patients with cardiac rupture were reviewed retrospectively at autopsy, and the
      findings were compared with those of 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects who
      had died of acute transmural myocardial infarction without rupture. The times
      from the onset of chest pain to death were similar in the two groups (5.7 +/- 5.8
      days for patients with rupture versus 4.2 +/- 4.9 days for control subjects), and
      there were no differences in the incidences of systemic hypertension, diabetes
      mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, history of myocardial infarction, or angina
      pectoris. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis was different in the two
      groups, with 55 per cent of the patients with cardiac rupture having single
      vessel disease and 70 per cent of the patients without cardiac rupture having
      disease in three vessels. Additionally, the incidence of thrombosis was greater
      in patients with cardiac rupture than in those without. The inflammatory cell
      response in each patient was quantitated microscopically (number and type of
      leukocytes) in ten high-power fields. The inflammatory response was greater in
      patients with cardiac rupture. The number of eosinophils in the inflammatory
      response was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater in hearts associated with
      cardiac rupture (29.5 +/- 4 per cent) than in control hearts (11.7 +/- 3.1 per
      cent). It is postulated that eosinophils rich in arylsulfatase B, peroxidase,
      glucuronidase, beta-glycerophosphatase, major basic protein, and eosinophilic
      cationic protein may further weaken the necrotic myocardium and, in part,
      determine whether acute myocardial infarction will eventually result in cardiac
      rupture.

PMID- 3997135
TI  - Adrenal pheochromocytoma: a clinicopathologic review of 60 cases.
AB  - The clinical and pathologic features of 60 adrenal pheochromocytomas were
      reviewed in an attempt to evaluate the utility of histopathologic evaluation in
      predicting the prognosis for these tumors. Fifty-five tumors were benign, and
      five were malignant, characterized either by histologically proved metastases or
      by extensive local invasion. The prevalence of all parameters studied was
      compared between the benign and malignant groups. Three differences were observed
      between the benign and malignant tumors. The malignant tumors were usually
      larger, had extensive areas of necrosis, and were composed of small cells. In
      agreement with the results of previous investigations, the morphologic criteria
      generally used to predict the behavior of tumors, i.e., nuclear atypia, capsular
      and vascular invasion, and mitotic activity, were of little value in predicting
      the behavior of adrenal pheochromocytomas. Fifteen tumors, all of which had
      membrane-bound, cytoplasmic granules, were examined electron microscopically. A
      minority of these tumors fit the classic descriptions of "norepinephrine" and
      "epinephrine" granules reported in the literature, while the majority of the
      granules had features of both types, precluding definitive classification. As a
      result of these observations, the currently accepted criteria of norepinephrine
      and epinephrine granules were questioned. A review of the literature cast further
      doubt on the existence of a correlation between granule content and morphology.
      Both of the patients with locally invasive malignant tumors were alive and well
      eight and 28 years following diagnosis and radical surgery. In contrast, the
      patients with histologically proved distant metastases died within one year of
      diagnosis. These observations suggest that locally invasive tumors may not have
      the same dismal prognosis as adrenal pheochromocytomas that have metastasized.

PMID- 3997136
TI  - Secondary amyloidosis of the gastrointestinal tract: an electron microscopic
      study.
AB  - Biopsy specimens of the gastric antrum, duodenum, and rectum from three patients
      with secondary amyloidosis were examined by electron microscopy in an attempt to
      determine the ultrastructural distribution of amyloid filaments and to identify
      any secondary changes in the covering mucosal epithelial cells. The
      characteristic amyloid filaments were seen in the walls of submucosal arterioles
      and mucosal capillaries deposited within the basal lamina surrounding the
      endothelial cells. Filaments were also sometimes seen within the muscularis
      mucosa. the overlying gastric and rectal epithelial cells appeared normal, but
      numerous curved bacilli were seen in close contact with the microvilli of the
      surface epithelial gastric cells. Duodenal columnar absorptive cells were
      vacuolated and contained prominent lysosomes. These changes are probably
      degenerative and may explain, at least in part, the development of malabsorption
      in some patients with intestinal amyloidosis.

PMID- 3997137
TI  - Keshan disease: an endemic cardiomyopathy in China.
AB  - Keshan disease is an endemic cardiomyopathy in China. Morphologically, the
      condition is characterized by multifocal necrosis and replacement fibrosis of the
      myocardium, resulting in acute or chronic heart failure. Some patients with
      Keshan disease show the clinical features of congestive (dilated) cardiomyopathy,
      but the pathologic features of the two conditions are different. The etiology of
      Keshan disease remains unknown. It is likely that numerous agents work
      synergistically to cause the disease.

PMID- 3997139
TI  - Aggressive angiomyxoma of pelvic soft parts: a clinicopathologic study of nine
      cases.
AB  - Nine cases of aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) of the pelvic soft parts were studied
      by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The tumors were
      confined to the vulva, vagina, pelvic floor, and perineum in the seven women. The
      perineum and the para-anal region were involved in the two men. The patients
      ranged in age from 18 to 63 years. Aggressive angiomyxoma presented as a slowly
      growing, polypoid or cyst-like tumor. Six of the nine cases were followed up; all
      of the tumors recurred within nine to 84 months, and one recurred for the second
      time at 144 months. Recurrences were attributed to incomplete tumor excision.
      None of the six patients died or had metastases. The aggressive angiomyxomas had
      infiltrative borders and rubbery, white or soft, gelatinous cut surfaces.
      Histologically, the lesions were composed of stellate and spindle-shaped
      neoplastic cells embedded in a collagenous and hyaluronic acid-containing stroma.
      Nuclear atypia and mitoses were absent. Typically, the lesions had an important
      vascular component, often displaying medial hypertrophy and vascular grouping.
      Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells resembled fibroblasts rather than
      myofibroblasts. They showed strong immunoreactivity for actin but were negative
      for S-100 protein, Factor VIII, carcinoembryonic antigen, and keratin. The
      morphoimmunocytochemical characteristics of AAM cells favor a fibroblastic origin
      and differentiation. Aggressive angiomyxoma should be distinguished from the more
      common benign and malignant myxoid neoplasms or tumor-like conditions of the
      pelvic soft parts. Recurrence of AAM may be avoided by wide, local excision.

PMID- 3997138
TI  - Fetal cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger) syndrome: dysmorphic, radiologic,
      biochemical, and pathologic findings in four affected fetuses.
AB  - Four fetuses with positive family histories for cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger)
      syndrome (CHRS) underwent diagnostic amniocentesis or chorionic villus biopsy.
      Cultured amniocytes or fibroblasts from all of the fetuses displayed abnormal
      fatty acid ratios, and the parents elected therapeutic abortions. Dysmorphic
      features in one fetus consisted of micrognathia, proximal implantation of toes,
      and bilateral talipes equinovarus. Radiologic examination of the fetus confirmed
      the dysmorphic features and revealed foci of mineralization in the patellae.
      Biochemical analysis of three of the fetuses demonstrated markedly increased
      levels of very-long-chain fatty acids, both saturated and monounsaturated, in
      liver, kidney, adrenal, and brain. Pathologic findings consisted of premature
      mineralization of patellae; renal cystic tubular dilations; striated cells in
      adrenal fetal zone and testicular interstitium; dysplastic alterations of
      inferior olivary nuclei, dentate nuclei, and cerebral cortex; equivocal increases
      in portal fibrous tissue; and abnormal cytosomes in fetal zone adrenocortical
      cells, testicular and renal interstitial cells, and brain macrophages. Iron
      deposition, probably physiologic, was observed only in liver tissue.
      Distributions of immunoreactive catalase were identical in the fetuses with CHRS
      and age-matched control subjects. These findings document the accuracy of the
      prenatal diagnostic test and provide insights into the morphogenesis and
      pathogenesis of CHRS.

PMID- 3997141
TI  - Microglandular adenosis of the female mammary gland: study of a case with
      ultrastructural observations.
AB  - A case of microglandular adenosis of the breast in a 75-year-old woman is
      presented, with emphasis on the ultrastructural features. While the tumor was
      histologically similar to those reported previously in the literature, certain
      microscopic aspects suggested malignant change. Ultrastructurally, the
      characteristic findings were villus interdigitation between epithelial cells,
      thick basement membranes around individual tubules, and abundant apical lysosomal
      granules.

PMID- 3997140
TI  - Unusual pulmonary reaction to respiratory therapy in a premature newborn.
AB  - The case of an infant with the clinical features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
      but with pathologic features unlike those usually associated with this condition
      is reported. The condition of this infant was probably related to respiratory
      therapy and may have been a variant of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 3997142
TI  - Tubuloalveolar adenoma of salivary gland.
AB  - An unusual monomorphic salivary gland adenoma, occurring in a 57-year-old woman,
      is described. The lesion was histologically similar to the so-called tubular
      adenoma; however, occasional microscopic foci of serous (acinar cell)
      differentiation were present. The term tubuloalveolar adenoma is proposed to
      describe salivary gland tumors that are histologically benign and composed of
      cells resembling those of normal intercalated ducts and secretory units (acini).

PMID- 3997143
TI  - Benign glandular inclusions in the abdominal lymph nodes of a man.
AB  - The occurrence of benign glandular inclusions in the abdominal lymph nodes of a
      man is reported. The cells lining the glands were most likely derived from
      metaplastic mesothelial cells. Awareness of these benign glandular inclusions is
      essential, in that they simulate metastatic adenocarcinoma morphologically.

PMID- 3997144
TI  - Differentiated cerebral neuroblastoma: a tumor in need of discovery.
AB  - A tumor with the clinical and light microscopic appearance of an
      oligodendroglioma that occurred in the lateral ventricles of a 25-year-old man is
      described. On further study this tumor proved to have the ultrastructural
      features typical of neuroendocrine tumors, and the presence of neuron-specific
      enolase was demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining. This unusual presentation
      of a neuroendocrine tumor, which was entirely amitotic and free of atypia, raises
      important questions concerning both the true incidence of such cerebral
      differentiated neuroblastomas and their biologic behavior. The importance of
      electron microscopy and immunostaining techniques, which should be used more
      frequently to uncover additional cases of this tumor, is stressed.

PMID- 3997145
TI  - Clonality of benign lymphoid proliferations.

PMID- 3997146
TI  - Electron microscopy in surgical pathology.

PMID- 3997147
TI  - Mitotic chiasmata, gene density, and oncogenes.
AB  - Chromosomes with regions rich in mitotic chiasmata in Bloom syndrome
      (1,3,6,11,12,17,19, and 22) have been compared for various parameters to similar
      sized chromosomes 2, 4, 7, 10, 9, 18, 20, and 21 with the following results: (1)
      The number of genes localized on the test chromosomes is significantly higher
      (248) than that in the control chromosomes (133). (2) The number of trisomic
      abortions is significantly lower (45) for the test chromosomes than for the
      control chromosomes (140). (3) Homogeneously stained regions in neuroblastoma lie
      at chiasma-containing regions on chromosome arms 1p, 6p, 17q, and 19p or q. (4)
      The average chiasma density of regions with at least one oncogene is 2.414,
      whereas that of regions containing no known oncogene is 1.137; however, the
      difference is not statistically significant. The association of constant cancer
      chromosome breaks is also in the positive direction, but is not statistically
      significant. Our tentative conclusion is that the chiasma-rich regions which are
      Q-dark and early-replicating, and therefore assumed to contain active
      "housekeeping" genes are extended in interphase. Thus they are available for
      mitotic crossing-over. In the trisomic state they act as trisomy lethals, leading
      to early abortions. Being gene-rich they are more likely to contain oncogenes
      which is reflected also in their agreement with cancer breakpoints. The very high
      incidence of cancer in Bloom syndrome is a further indication of the possible
      association of cancer-related phenomena and mitotic crossing-over.

PMID- 3997148
TI  - Maternal age-specific rates of numerical chromosome abnormalities with special
      reference to trisomy.
AB  - The effect of maternal age on the incidence of chromosomally normal spontaneous
      abortion and different categories of chromosome abnormality among all clinically
      recognized human pregnancies was evaluated. The results provide no evidence for a
      significant association of age with sex chromosome monosomy or polyploidy, but
      clearly demonstrate an effect of age on the frequency of trisomy and
      chromosomally normal spontaneous abortions. Estimated maternal age-specific rates
      of trisomy among all recognized pregnancies were calculated and suggest that a
      majority of oocytes of women aged 40 years and older may be aneuploid.

PMID- 3997149
TI  - Chromosomal banding patterns in human large bowel adenomas.
AB  - Chromosome studies were performed on direct preparations of 38 benign human large
      bowel adenomas by fluorescent banding techniques. Five adenomas had a normal
      diploid karyotype line. Six adenomas had numerical abnormalities, and seven
      polypoid lesions exhibited structural and numerical changes. In 20 adenomas
      without analyzable metaphases, it was presumed that the cells were dividing at a
      lower rate. Mosaics were observed in 25% of cases. The most common finding was
      trisomy of 7, 8, or 13.

PMID- 3997150
TI  - Lethal osteogenesis imperfecta and a collagen gene deletion. Length polymorphism
      provides an alternative explanation.
AB  - A 300 base pair deletion near the 3'-end of the gene encoding Type II (cartilage)
      collagen has been implicated in the pathogenesis of perinatal lethal osteogenesis
      imperfecta. We have found similar deletions occurring at a high frequency in
      normal Asian Indian and West Indian populations generated by a length
      polymorphism just beyond the 3'-end of the gene. We suggest that this
      polymorphism provides an alternative explanation of the original results.

PMID- 3997152
TI  - delta-Aminolevulinate dehydratase: induced expression and regional assignment of
      the human gene to chromosome 9q13----qter.
AB  - The structural gene encoding human delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase has been
      assigned to the long arm of chromosome 9 by somatic cell hybridization techniques
      using murine erythroleukemia-human fibroblast somatic cell hybrids. Dimethyl
      sulfoxide induction of erythroid differentiation in these hybrid cells resulted
      in a 3 to 12-fold increase in the levels of total delta-aminolevulinate
      dehydratase. Human delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase was detected by an
      immunodiscrimination assay using polyclonal mouse anti-human delta
      aminolevulinate dehydratase antibodies. Of four primary hybrid clones, each from
      an independent fusion, one hybrid line, XX-8, was positive for human delta
      aminolevulinate dehydratase. Examination of 23 secondary, tertiary, and
      quaternary XX-8 subclones revealed that the expression of the human isozyme
      segregated with human chromosome 9q, confirming the provisional regional
      assignment made by classical linkage studies. One positive quaternary clone, XX-8
      H21-H7-2, expressed human delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity and
      contained only human 9q13----qter. In addition, studies of tertiary and
      quaternary subclones from two series, XX-8-A31 and XX-8-H21-H7, indicated that
      murine regulatory factors increased the human as well as the murine enzymatic
      activity following induction of erythroid differentiation.

PMID- 3997153
TI  - Homozygosity for the variant alpha-L-fucosidase trait and mucolipidosis III.
AB  - The variant alpha-L-fucosidase genotype, phenotypically observed as a low plasma
      level of alpha-L-fucosidase in healthy individuals, can modify the plasma
      expression of the primary genetic defect in mucolipidosis III. Three patients
      with clinical, radiological, and biochemical features of mucolipidosis III, had a
      normal plasma level of alpha-L-fucosidase activity. The thermostability curves
      for the plasma alpha-L-fucosidase from these patients and the plasma alpha-L
      fucosidase of the parents of one of them, are discussed to support the suggestion
      that they are homozygous for the autosomal recessive variant alpha-L-fucosidase
      trait. From a practical point of view, these observations warn against the use of
      the plasma alpha-L-fucosidase assay as a screening test for mucolipidoses.

PMID- 3997151
TI  - Etiological study on isolated esophageal atresia.
AB  - A study group of 160 index patients with isolated esophageal atresia, a control
      group of 160 matched healthy controls, and the first-degree relatives of patients
      and controls were examined; epidemiological, family planning, teratological, and
      genetic data were obtained by personal interview in the study and control groups.
      One half of the index patients were male. Intrauterine growth retardation, a
      higher proportion of mothers under 19 or over 30 years of age, and less skilled
      professions of the parents were found in the study group. There were more
      extramarital conceptions, more pregnancies in spite of the use of contraceptive
      pills, and more delayed conceptions in index patients' mothers. The teratogens
      studied did not have an obvious pathological effect here. The sib occurrence of
      isolated esophageal atresia was 0.43%, which did not correspond too well to the
      expected figure of 1.34% based on the polygenic model.

PMID- 3997154
TI  - Height of females with pure gonadal dysgenesis and normal male or female
      karyotype.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies and clinical investigations were performed in 44 cases of
      pure gonadal dysgenesis. The mean height of the females with the 46,XY karyotype
      was 6.6 cm higher than that of the females with the 46,XX karyotype. The greater
      difference found between normal males and females from the general population
      could therefore be related mainly to the hormonal influence of the testes during
      pre- and postnatal life.

PMID- 3997155
TI  - Does X-Y pairing during male meiosis protect the paired region of the X
      chromosome from subsequent X-inactivation?

PMID- 3997156
TI  - Deletion of band 13q21 is compatible with normal phenotype.
AB  - A deletion of band 13q21, of maternal origin, was found in a male whose wife had
      had two miscarriages. The proband and his mother were both phenotypically normal.
      Repeated studies by high resolution banding techniques failed to demonstrate a
      translocation of the deleted band in the two subjects. The absence of
      pathological consequences of the deletion is explained by the fact that this band
      is one of the latest replicating in the human karyotype, which may indicate, by
      analogy with heterochromatin, that it carries no transcriptionally active genetic
      material.

PMID- 3997157
TI  - Source of single X in XO Turner syndrome: a comment.

PMID- 3997158
TI  - A translocation 46,XY,t(1;2)(q32;q21) in a male with reproductive failure.

PMID- 3997159
TI  - Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in sickle-cell disease.
      A study in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - The frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in 50 Hb S
      homozygotes (SS) and 98 Hb S heterozygotes (AS) was determined and compared with
      the frequency obtained in individuals with normal haemoglobin (AA). The observed
      number of SS patients with G-6-PD deficiency was significantly greater than the
      expected value (p less than 0.05). The frequency of G-6-PD deficiency in AA, AS
      and SS was found to be 0.172, 0.214 and 0.420, respectively. A statistically
      significant increase of G-6-PD deficiency was apparent in the Saudi sicklers. The
      possibility that G-6-PD deficiency and Hb S gene interact, influencing the
      survival of the carriers of these genetic abnormalities, is discussed.

PMID- 3997160
TI  - A silent transferrin allele in a Finnish family.
AB  - In a Finnish family a silent allele was found in the transferrin (Tf) system. As
      determined by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, the Tf type of the father
      was CD, the mother C, and the child D. The serum Tf concentration in grandmother,
      mother, and child was less than 50% of normal.

PMID- 3997161
TI  - ABO associations with blood pressure, serum lipids and lipoproteins, and
      anthropometric measures.
AB  - Discriminant analysis was used to explore multivariate associations with ABO
      blood types in a biracial sample of 898 Bogalusa youths. Dependent variables
      included blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), serum lipid and lipoprotein
      levels (total cholesterol, alpha-, beta-, and pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol,
      and triglycerides), and anthropometric variables (height, weight, right arm
      length, triceps skinfold thickness, and a computed ponderal index). Analyses
      performed within race showed that several variables including beta-lipoprotein
      cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and the ponderal index were sufficient to
      discriminate between individuals possessing the B antigen (B and AB) and those
      not possessing the B antigen (A and O) in the White subsample. However, height in
      itself can account for the detected difference, B individuals being taller than
      non-B individuals by a mean value of 2.4 cm. A concordant, but not significant
      effect was found in the Black subsample. Further tests support the conclusion
      that the strongest association is between ABO blood type and height.

PMID- 3997162
TI  - Familial resemblance in maximal heart rate, blood lactate and aerobic power.
AB  - There are considerable interindividual differences in maximal oxygen uptake per
      kilogram of body weight (VO2 max/kg), maximal heart rate (max HR) and maximal
      blood lactate (max blood La) measured during a progressive exercise test. The aim
      of the study was to quantify the familial relationships for these variables.
      Parents and children of 38 families of French-Canadian descent were submitted to
      a modified Balke treadmill test. VO2 max/kg and max HR were the highest values
      reached during the test for 1 min. Max blood La was obtained from a blood sample
      taken 2 min after the test. The effects of age and sex were significant for max
      blood La and VO2 max/kg in each generation. Scores were thus adjusted through
      multiple regression procedures (age + sex + age X sex + age2), yielding residuals
      which were submitted to further analysis. Intraclass correlations (ri) were
      significant in pairs of sibs for max blood La and max HR, i.e. 0.28 (p less than
      0.01) and 0.43 (p less than 0.05), respectively. For VO2 max/kg, pairs of spouses
      and sibs were about similarly correlated (ri = 0.20 and 0.15; p less than 0.05).
      Data suggested that children were more related to their mother than to their
      father for VO2 max/kg, VO2 max/kg of fat-free weight, and particularly for max
      HR. It was concluded that familial resemblance and heritability estimates for
      maximal aerobic power, max HR and max blood La were quite low and generally
      nonsignificant. Correlations between biological sibs were, however, consistently
      significant for max HR and max blood La. The suggestion of a maternal effect in
      maximal aerobic power should be further investigated.

PMID- 3997164
TI  - Noncongenital dominant universal alopecia in a family.
AB  - An apparently hitherto undescribed noncongenital universal alopecia, due to an
      autosomal dominant gene with variable expressivity, is described.

PMID- 3997163
TI  - Population and mother-child study of esterase D in Sweden.
AB  - Esterase D (EsD) phenotypes were determined in 5,366 unrelated adult Swedes and
      in 2,066 mother-child pairs. The calculated allele frequencies were 0.894 for
      EsD1 and 0.106 for EsD2. One rare phenotype, EsD 3-1, was found: No mother-child
      exclusion was observed.

PMID- 3997165
TI  - Haptoglobin-ABO association. Data from northern Sweden.
AB  - In order to investigate the association between the haptoglobin (Hp) and ABO
      groups described by others, Hp types and ABO blood groups were studied in 4,370
      conscripts and blood donors from the counties of Vasterbotten and Norrbotten in
      Northern Sweden. In the population of Norrbotten county, the Hp1 gene frequency
      was significantly higher in blood group A than in the other blood groups
      combined, while in the Vasterbotten population there was no significant
      association. The result lends some support to the previous findings of an
      association between Hp and ABO.

PMID- 3997166
TI  - Adaptive linear predictor tracks implanted radiopaque markers.

PMID- 3997167
TI  - Inverse recovery of two moving dipoles from simulated surface potential
      distributions on a realistic human torso model.

PMID- 3997168
TI  - Magnetic measurements of action currents in a single nerve axon: a core-conductor
      model.

PMID- 3997169
TI  - Near-optimal signal preprocessor for positive cardiac arrhythmia identification.

PMID- 3997170
TI  - The effects of driving frequency and antenna length on power deposition within a
      microwave antenna array used for hyperthermia.

PMID- 3997171
TI  - Synchronized external pulsation for improved tolerance to acceleration stress:
      model studies and preliminary experiments.

PMID- 3997173
TI  - Reduced models of arterial systems.

PMID- 3997172
TI  - A comparison of finite element and integral equation formulations for the
      calculation of electrocardiographic potentials.

PMID- 3997174
TI  - Rhythm analysis using vectorcardiograms.

PMID- 3997176
TI  - The contribution of vessel volume change and blood resistivity change to the
      electrical impedance pulse.

PMID- 3997175
TI  - Electrical impedance computed tomography based on a finite element model.

PMID- 3997177
TI  - A white-light pseudocolor encoder for diagnostic imaging.

PMID- 3997178
TI  - A real-time QRS detection algorithm.

PMID- 3997179
TI  - Body surface potential mapping based on cylindrical regression.

PMID- 3997181
TI  - Comments on Geometric deconvolution: a meta-algorithm for limited view computed
      tomography.

PMID- 3997180
TI  - Comments on Upper extremity limb function discrimination using EMG signal
      analysis, and the relationship between parallel-filtering and hypothesis-testing
      limb function classifiers.

PMID- 3997182
TI  - Frequency distribution of human pulse spectra.

PMID- 3997183
TI  - Community fear of nonionizing radiation: a field investigation.

PMID- 3997184
TI  - Identifiability analysis of an in vivo receptor-binding radiopharmacokinetic
      system.

PMID- 3997185
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of geometric deconvolution of distortion
      in limited-view computed tomography.

PMID- 3997186
TI  - Electric silver antisepsis.

PMID- 3997187
TI  - SAPA-2 is the Fan.

PMID- 3997188
TI  - A note on the noninvasive estimation of muscle fiber conduction velocity.

PMID- 3997189
TI  - Comments on "intermittent drug administration during labor and protection of the
      fetus".

PMID- 3997190
TI  - Comments on "a cardiac hypothesis for the origin of EEG alpha".

PMID- 3997191
TI  - An improved method for detection of hemagglutination using an automated
      microplate reader.

PMID- 3997192
TI  - [False negative reactions in the serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in
      humans].
AB  - Clinically supposed cases of echinococcosis can be strongly confirmed by
      application of serodiagnostic techniques. In certain cases false-negative
      reactions have to be taken into account. This has been observed in 4 out of 51
      parasitologically confirmed cases. One patient had a hyalin cyst, a case in which
      supposingly no antigen diffused into the host's system. In two cases the cysts
      were calcified, in one patient only no explanation could be given.

PMID- 3997193
TI  - [Antibiotic therapy in patients with immunologic deficiency].
AB  - Basic aspects in the treatment of immunocompromised patients are discussed with
      respect to medical and paediatric oncology, surgical intensive care and clinical
      pathology. Defining the type of immunological deficiency seems of primary
      importance, since it can be caused by haematological diseases, their treatment,
      by repeated surgery or by a polytrauma. The degree of immune deficiency should be
      quantitated by laboratory procedures, whenever possible. The treatment of these
      patients may include substitution therapy, decontamination and antimicrobial
      chemotherapy. Since the immune deficiency can only rarely be specifically
      substituted, hygiene plans should be made up for every patient, including the
      selective decontamination. An intensive microbiological surveillance can give
      early information about the prevalence of certain microorganisms, thereby
      facilitating a subsequent treatment. The antimicrobial chemotherapy of an overt
      infection in medical and pediatric oncology can follow fixed schedules, taking
      into account the various causative agents that can be expected. This procedure
      has proven to be efficient in the treatment of infections occurring during the
      therapy of acute lymphoblastoid leukemia in childhood. In surgical intensive care
      units, however, treatment of infections should be based on microbiological
      findings in conjunction with the local profile of bacterial resistance.
      Furthermore, it is important to be aware that "non-pathogenic" microorganisms can
      be the cause of life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Our
      experience shows that interdisciplinary cooperation and a mutual exchange of
      information is important for an efficient treatment of infections in patients
      with immunological deficiencies.

PMID- 3997194
TI  - [Circulating immune complexes and complement factors in patients following
      cardiosurgical operations].
AB  - In patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery complement levels and immune
      complexes dropped significantly immediately after surgery, followed by a late
      rise in not complement fixing IC, suspected to be the product of polyclonal
      immune stimulation.

PMID- 3997195
TI  - Tissue cages for study of experimental streptococcal infection in rabbits. II.
      Humoral and cell-mediated immune response to erythrogenic toxins.
AB  - Infection of rabbits with erythrogenic toxin producing streptococcal strains
      caused a marked increase of humoral antibodies, which was detected by
      immunoprecipitation and ELISA. An antibody response directed towards the
      erythrogenic toxin type A was demonstrated by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis.
      All toxinogenic reference strains produced ET type A under in vivo conditions
      despite that this toxin was not always demonstrated under in vitro conditions.
      The infection resulted in an increase of mitogenic response of peripheral
      lymphocytes to the initial nonspecific mitogenic erythrogenic toxins, whereas the
      Con A stimulation was depressed starting 14 days after infection and lasting
      during a period of 90 days. Since a normal antibody response was evoked, it seems
      likely that the T helper cell function was not affected.

PMID- 3997196
TI  - Variant specific opsonization of Trypanosoma evansi measured by luminol-dependent
      chemiluminescence.
AB  - Using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LCL), the specificity of antibodies to
      variable antigen type (VAT)-populations of Trypanosoma evansi was studied in four
      infected ponies. Trypanosomes of each wave of parasitemia were isolated and
      multiplied in irradiated mice. Their opsonization by serum collected during the
      infection was investigated with LCL and results for isolated VAT-populations are
      shown in the paper. Antibodies specific to each VAT-population were first found
      three days after the maximum of a parasitemic wave. There was no cross reactivity
      between different VAT-populations. LCL proved to be a rapid and automatic method
      for the demonstration of antibodies with specificity to variable antigen types of
      trypanosomes.

PMID- 3997197
TI  - Dissociation of natural killing and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence.
AB  - A long lasting luminol-dependent chemiluminescence was seen when mouse NK cell
      preparations or human NK cell preparations from Percoll gradients were mixed with
      NK susceptible targets. This CL could be abolished by extensive removal of
      adherent cells though normal NK cell activity remained. In addition, the NK cell
      line HY 3-Ag3 did not show any CL; although it expressed a very strong cytolytic
      activity. Thus, we conclude that there are two cells reacting with NK susceptible
      targets. First, the NK cell whose cytolytic activity does not necessarily depend
      on the formation of oxygen metabolites detectable by CL, and second, a more
      adherent cell population, found in NK cell preparations obtained after Percoll
      gradients, that reacts with NK-sensitive targets and leads to luminol-dependent
      CL. The observed CL paralleled the cytotoxicity measured by 51Cr release. The
      time course of the CL signal was similar in human and mouse. The maximal CL
      signal obtained was about 10(5) cpm at 37 degrees C when 10(6) human effector
      cells were used at a ratio of 5:1 effector to target cells. The CL was shown to
      be highly temperature dependent.

PMID- 3997198
TI  - Characterization of Lotus tetragonolobus fucolectin components for differences in
      hemagglutinating and macrophage activating activities.
AB  - The fucose binding proteins (FBP) extracted from Lotus tetragonolobus seeds were
      isolated by affinity chromatography and compared with affinity purified
      commercial preparations for physical, antigenic, and biological properties. All
      preparations contained three protein components as determined by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis, each with a subunit molecular weight of approximately 27 Kd.
      FBP preparations were also found to be antigenically identical by immunodiffusion
      analysis and possessed similar biological activities for hemagglutination of
      group 0 erythrocytes and macrophage activation in the migration inhibition assay.
      A reversible temperature dependent hemagglutination characteristic was found; FBP
      agglutinated erythrocytes at 4 degrees and 22 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C,
      which was reversed by decreasing the incubation temperature from 37 degrees C to
      22 degrees C. Temperature dependent binding of FBP for macrophages was also
      demonstrated. Adsorption of crude FBP by group 0 erythrocytes preferentially
      removed hemagglutinin without loss of macrophage activating properties. Similarly
      adsorption of FBP with macrophages preferentially removed macrophage activating
      component. Separation of the lectin components by DEAE cellulose chromatography
      yielded two major fractions: a potent hemagglutinin with weak macrophage
      activating properties and a potent macrophage activator with weak
      hemagglutinating activity. Separation of the crude lectin by ultrafiltration
      indicated that the macrophage activating component exists in a highly aggregated
      form which may determine its macrophage activating properties. Our results
      indicate that L. tetragonolobus consists of two distinct classes of components
      which correspond to tetrameric glycoproteins of 118-120 Kd with potent
      temperature dependent hemagglutinating activity and a highly aggregated dimeric
      component of 58 Kd with macrophage activating properties.

PMID- 3997199
TI  - Infiltration density of HNK 1 positive cells in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas depends
      on histologic subtype: an in situ morphometric analysis.
AB  - Numbers and distribution of HNK-1 (Leu 7) positive cells within 115 malignant Non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) were evaluated in situ by immunomorphometry. Results on
      the infiltration were related to histological and clinical parameters. A mean of
      4.099 +/- 350 HNK 1+ cells/microliter tumor tissue was found, which was
      comparable to normal (reactive) lymphatic tissues (4.441 +/- 1.235) and was about
      a quarter of the population density of T helper/inducer (TH) and T
      cytotoxic/suppressor (TS) lymphocytes together. The distribution of HNK 1+ cells
      within the tumors was diffuse except in nodular lymphomas of follicular center
      cell origin (centroblastic/centrocytic = cb/cc NHL). When evaluating the
      different histological subgroups, the highest number of HNK 1+ cells was found
      within the tumor areas of cb/cc, which contained about three times as many
      positive cells as the other NHL. High numbers were also found in the diffuse
      variant of cb/cc but not in centrocytic NHL. Different degrees of HNK 1+ cell
      densities were observed in lymphocytic lymphomas (4.426 +/- 754), with high
      numbers in about 30% of the patients. Splenic tissues of 6 hairy cell leukemias
      displayed lower numbers of HNK 1+ cells as compared with other low grade
      malignant NHL. In "large cell" NHL, the lymphoblastic subtype showed only sparse
      HNK 1+ cells (1.345 +/- 386). The number was significantly reduced in comparison
      to all other NHL (p less than 0.01) and markedly lower than in the other NHL of
      high malignancy (immunoblastic and centroblastic NHL, p less than 0.02). The
      diminuation was not due to a simple dilution phenomenon in a rapidly
      proliferating tumor, as TH and TS infiltrates were comparable to other NHL.
      Correlating results with the clinical course (available in 58 patients),
      significantly higher numbers of HNK 1+ cells were found in NHL of low malignancy
      (p less than 0.02), but patients with a favourable course did not differ from
      those with progressive disease (p less than 0.5). Patients treated by cytotoxic
      drugs showed higher numbers of HNK 1+ cells than those before or without
      treatment (p less than 0.02). Results on TH and TS cell numbers in comparison to
      HNK 1+ cells showed completely different patterns of infiltration.

PMID- 3997200
TI  - Kinetics of tachyphylaxis to mediators of acute inflammation.
AB  - The kinetics of vascular leakage and tachyphylaxis induced by histamine and
      bradykinin were examined in rabbit skin and were compared with the kinetics of
      tachyphylaxis of neutrophil accumulation in lesions induced with the chemotaxin
      formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Maximal leakage of 125I-human serum
      albumin occurred during the first 5 min after injection of bradykinin and from 10
      to 20 min after injection of histamine. Tachyphylaxis developed within 30 min of
      injection of bradykinin and 1 hr after injection of histamine. For both agents,
      there was a linear regression of sensitivity with time from 8 hr to 4 days, with
      normal sensitivity estimated to return at 4.6 days for bradykinin and 4.7 days
      for histamine. Marked cross-desensitization occurred between the two agents, and
      lesions initiated with the chemotaxin FMLP were desensitized to restimulation
      with a mixture of histamine and bradykinin. Initiation of lesions with histamine
      and bradykinin did not diminish the accumulation of neutrophils when lesions were
      restimulated with FMLP. The kinetics of tachyphylaxis of neutrophil accumulation
      in lesions stimulated with FMLP exhibited a linear regression of sensitivity on
      time between 4 days and 10 days, with estimated resensitization at 11.9 days.
      Histamine and bradykinin induce enhanced vascular permeability when endothelial
      cells in post-capillary venules contract following stimulation of their membrane
      receptors for these agents. We have recently proposed that the migration of
      neutrophils into acute inflammatory lesions is regulated by a mechanism coupled
      to chemotaxin receptors which may be similarly located on endothelial cells
      within the lesions. The present experiments indicate that expression of receptors
      for vascular permeability agents and the chemotaxin FMLP are independent events
      with distinct kinetics.

PMID- 3997201
TI  - Langerhans cells present tick antigens to lymph node cells from tick-sensitized
      guinea-pigs.
AB  - Resistance to the feeding activities of ixodid ticks has previously been shown to
      be an acquired, immunologically-mediated phenomenon in guinea-pigs, associated
      with cutaneous hypersensitivity to tick antigens. Also, there is circumstantial
      evidence to support the suggestion that epidermal Langerhans cells may play roles
      in the acquisition and expression of tick resistance. In this in vitro study,
      lymphocyte blastogenesis assays were performed using column-purified lymph node
      cells from naive or tick-sensitized guinea-pigs as responder cells. Syngeneic
      macrophages or epidermal Langerhans cells, incubated with tick salivary antigens,
      were used as stimulator cells. Epidermal cell populations, containing viable
      Langerhans cells, were prepared by two different protocols. Epidermal cell
      populations containing ATPase-positive, Fc receptor- and Ia-bearing cells
      (Langerhans cells), when incubated with tick antigen, produced detectable
      proliferative responses in responder cells from tick-sensitized guinea-pigs.
      Antigen-incubated, Ia-bearing macrophages produced similar responses. It is
      concluded that, as has been shown in man and the guinea-pig with other antigens,
      Langerhans cells, like Ia-bearing macrophages, can act as antigen-presenting
      accessory cells in the immunological responses of guinea-pigs to tick
      infestations.

PMID- 3997202
TI  - Strain differences in lung granuloma formation in response to a BCG cell-wall
      vaccine in mice. Demonstration of two types of low responders.
AB  - It is known that C57BL/6, C57BL/10 and SJL mice are high responders to
      intravenously injected BCG cell-wall vaccine or oil-treated BCG organisms,
      whereas C3H, DBA/1 and DBA/2 mice are low responders. In a previous study, we
      found that C3H mice produced extensive lung granuloma when they were primed
      subcutaneously with BCG cell-wall vaccine and later rechallenged intravenously
      with the same vaccine. Now, we report that DBA/1 mice, but not DBA/2 mice, did
      not respond to intravenously challenged BCG cell-wall vaccine, even if this
      priming-rechallenging protocol is used. Thus, the low responders to the BCG cell
      wall vaccine are divided into two groups. Breeding experiments using DBA/1 mouse
      as a parent suggest that an X-linked gene might control the responsiveness to BCG
      cell-wall vaccine in vivo.

PMID- 3997203
TI  - Improved methodology for the production of monoclonal antibodies against
      parasites.
AB  - A modification of the standard fusion methodology is described which results in
      greatly increased yields of monoclonal antibodies against certain organ-specific
      parasites. Several fusions were carried out using mice infected with Schistosoma
      mansoni or Nematospiroides dubius, using B lymphocytes harvested from either the
      spleen or the mesenteric lymph nodes. Results indicated a greatly improved yield
      of positive clones using the lymph nodes as a source of B cells for fusion. A 7
      fold increase in the number of positive clones was seen with N. dubius
      injections, while S. mansoni fusions showed a 2-fold increase.

PMID- 3997204
TI  - Dual functions of DNA synthesis inhibitory peptide in fetal calf serum.
AB  - A novel factor in fetal calf serum was found which showed the dual inhibitory
      effects on DNA synthesis of murine lymphocytes and some species of bacteria. The
      factor was purified by gel filtration, ion exchange and thin-layer chromatography
      and characterized to be a 1 kDa basic peptide. In addition, this factor is not
      nonspecific to inhibitors, thymidine or polyamines. The modes of action and the
      spectrum of target cells were analyzed and its biological significance is
      discussed.

PMID- 3997205
TI  - Hydralazine and isoniazid reduce the formation of soluble immune complexes by
      complement.
AB  - Hydralazine and isoniazid reduce the covalent binding capacity of C4. Since these
      two drugs are known to induce a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like syndrome,
      it has been suggested that this reduced binding could lead to the abnormal
      processing of immune complexes in vivo. Complement mediated solubilization and
      inhibition of immune precipitation were tested in vitro in normal human serum
      exposed to various concentrations of the two drugs. The formation of soluble
      immune complexes in the assays was reduced. The concentrations needed to induce a
      significant decrease were (a) for solubilization: 50 mM hydralazine and 25 mM
      isoniazid, and (b) for inhibition of immune precipitation: 50 mM of both. Such
      concentrations are unlikely to be present in vivo, so that the induction of SLE
      by these two drugs cannot be explained exclusively by reduced formation of
      soluble complexes by complement.

PMID- 3997206
TI  - The molecular structure of different polymorphic forms of canine C3 and C4.
AB  - The subunit composition of different electrophoretic forms of canine C3 and C4
      was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      analysis of reduced immune precipitates. Canine C4 comprises alpha, beta, and
      gamma chains of approximate molecular weight 90 000-95 000, 72 000, and 33 000,
      respectively. The molecular weight of the alpha chain of the C4 1 allelic product
      was approximately 95 000, but 90 000 for the C4 2 and C4 4 allotypes. No
      differences were observed in the molecular weights of the beta or gamma chains of
      any canine C4 phenotype tested. Canine C3 appears to be encoded by a single
      locus. The subunit composition comprises an alpha and beta chain with molecular
      weights of approximately 106 000 and 71 000, respectively. Unlike C4, no
      differences in the molecular weights of the subunits were observed in different
      electrophoretic forms of canine C3.

PMID- 3997207
TI  - Family studies of IgA deficiency.
AB  - Seventeen immunoglobulin A (IgA)-deficient subjects and other members from 13
      families were examined at HLA-A, B and DR, C4A, C4B, and Bf loci. Of the 29
      independent haplotypes in the IgA-deficient subjects, 22 included deletions,
      duplications, or defects at the C4 or 21-hydroxylase loci. It is suggested that
      there may be a gene regulating serum IgA concentrations in this same region of
      chromosome 6. Three main supratypes explain most of the previously reported HLA
      associations with IgA deficiency. These are A1, Cw7, B8, C4AQ0, C4B1, BfS, DR3,
      Bw65(14), C4A2, C4B1/2, BfS, and Bw57(17), C4A6, C4B1, BfS. All three are
      proposed to carry a gene for IgA deficiency, while other supratypes carrying the
      same B allele generally do not. Other supratypes possibly associated with IgA
      deficiency were also identified. A survey of about 150 individuals with at least
      1 of the 3 main supratypes revealed only 2 IgA-deficient subjects, and these were
      among the 20 that had 2 of these supratypes. This suggests the possibility of a
      recessive mode of inheritance, with penetrance determined by another factor which
      is not major histocompatibility complex-linked. All the supratypes found in this
      group of IgA-deficient subjects would then carry the putative recessive allele
      for IgA deficiency.

PMID- 3997208
TI  - Family organization of mouse H-2 class I genes.
AB  - The H-2 complex of the mouse contains numerous class I genes of unknown function.
      These genes are here classified into families according to homology in the exons
      encoding the variable domains. There are one major and at least five minor
      families, whose members are partly clustered and partly interspersed on the mouse
      chromosome. DNA sequences show that not only Tla and Qa-2 but also other minor
      family genes have intact coding domains. These may be expressible genes of novel
      types.

PMID- 3997209
TI  - An H-11-linked gene has a parallel effect on Leishmania major and L. donovani
      infections in mice.
AB  - The courses of visceral infection following intravenous injection of Leishmania
      donovani amastigotes, or lesion growth following subcutaneous injection of L.
      major promastigotes, were examined in B10.129(10M) (H-2b, H-11b) mice and
      compared with disease profiles observed in congenic C57BL/10ScSn(= B10) (H-2b, H
      11a) and B10.D2/n (H-2d, H-11a) mice, and in BALB/mice. Possession of alternative
      alleles at H-11 and closely linked loci transformed the normal curing/healing
      phenotype of B10 mice into a characteristically different noncuring/nonhealing
      phenotype affecting both visceral and subcutaneous infections in B10.129(10M)
      mice. In reciprocal radiation bone marrow chimeras made between the congenic B10
      and B10.129(10M) strains, both cure and noncure phenotypes were transferable with
      the donor hematopoietic system. Although it was possible to demonstrate transfer
      of suppression with T-enriched spleen cells from day 61 L. donovani-infected
      B10.129(10M) donor mice into 550 rad syngeneic recipients, the pretreatment of
      mice with sublethal irradiation did not, as in the earlier studies of Scl
      controlled L. major nonhealing or H-2-controlled L. donovani noncure phenotypes,
      have a clear or consistent prophylactic effect. Together with the progressive
      disease profile observed even for L. donovani at low parasite doses this suggests
      that, despite their ability to develop initial delayed-type hypersensitivity
      reactions to parasite antigen early in L. major infection, B10.129(10M) mice
      possess some inherent defect in ability to mount a cell-mediated response
      effective at the level of macrophage antileishmanial activity in vivo even when
      suppressor T cells are not generated. Further elucidation of this
      characteristically different noncuring/nonhealing phenotype may provide important
      insight into common events involved in the development of the cell-mediated
      immune response to both visceral and subcutaneous forms of leishmaniasis.

PMID- 3997211
TI  - Urinary bladder glycoproteins of the rabbit: extraction, biochemical and
      immunological studies.
AB  - The mucin layer of the bladder covering the transitional epithelium is thought to
      be an anti-adherence substance for bacteria. We have previously demonstrated that
      removal of this layer results in increased bacterial colonization. In this
      present communication we report our attempts to isolate and characterize the
      components of the mucin layer. Bladders were removed from female NZW rabbits and
      the mucosal layer was extracted with 0.1 M NaCl. Fractional centrifugation and
      column chromatography on AcA 34 and AcA 22 resulted in the separation of a
      partially purified glycoprotein, containing 30% carbohydrate, migrating as a
      single peak (4.5S) in the analytical ultracentrifuge. It was immunogenic in mice
      and the antisera were used to develop both a radioimmunoassay and an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antigenic activity of the glycoprotein
      was destroyed by protease or extremes of pH, but not by several glycosidases. In
      addition the murine antisera could not be inhibited by a panel of naturally
      occurring glycoproteins or glycosaminoglycans.

PMID- 3997210
TI  - Gene-specific probes demonstrate selective duplications of the C4-Slp gene in the
      H-2S alleles associated with a testosterone-independent expression of this
      isotype.

PMID- 3997212
TI  - Liposome-facilitated enhancement of in vitro immunity to human colon cancer.
AB  - Liposome-antigens, in the presence of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLE)(1),
      were tested for their ability to enhance in vitro blastogenic responses to colon
      tumor antigens. Liposomes made with 6:4:1 molar ratios of phosphatidylcholine,
      cholesterol, and phosphatidic acid and bearing human colon cancer cell antigens
      were shown to be immunogenic in vitro, producing specific blastogenic responses.
      Addition of nonimmune DLE (500 micrograms/5 X 10(5) lymphocytes) in the in vitro
      culture system enhanced the blastogenic response 3x over liposome-antigen alone
      (p less than 0.001). Immune DLE (immune to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and
      tuberculin (PPD) antigens) were suppressive (p less than 0.05) in the same study.
      Blastogenic reactivity to KLH was also generated in nonimmune lymphocytes and
      enhanced by liposomes with DLE specific to KLH (p less than 0.01). Nonspecific
      DLE (e.g., to PPD) caused suppression of KLH-induced blastogenesis (p less than
      0.05). These findings confirm and extend prior reports noting that DLEs contain
      both specific and nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenic factors and suggest the use
      of this liposome-adjuvant system for boosting tumor immune responses.

PMID- 3997214
TI  - Some observations on oral cancer.

PMID- 3997213
TI  - The cellular response of sheep to challenge with cultivated allogeneic tumor
      cells derived from naturally occurring ovine squamous cell carcinomata.
AB  - The ability of three cultivated epithelial tumor cell lines, derived from
      naturally occurring ovine squamous cell carcinomata, to stimulate a response in
      normal allogeneic sheep, was investigated. All three chosen cell lines failed to
      stimulate a response in allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro. In two of the tumors, it
      was shown that the lack of stimulation could be due to a suppressive effect by
      the tumor cells on lymphocytes. In vivo, two of the cell lines stimulated a
      marked cellular response which was associated with the production of high levels
      of antibody and which induced cytotoxic cell formation. The remaining cell line
      stimulated only a marginal response. No suppressive activity of the tumor cells
      was detected in allogeneic sheep. The significance of the response obtained to
      challenge with tumor cells, as compared to challenge with allogeneic lymphocytes
      from the tumor cell donor, is also discussed.

PMID- 3997215
TI  - A study on the anti-diabetic activity of Coccinia indica in dogs.

PMID- 3997216
TI  - Hypertension--where do we go from here?

PMID- 3997217
TI  - Tempest in a p-pot?

PMID- 3997218
TI  - Longitudinal study of salt preferences in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
AB  - To determine whether age-related changes in salt preferences occur over the
      lifespans of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY),
      the same animals of each genotype were tested as juveniles, and as young and
      older adults. Taste preference ratios for NaCl and KCl, at concentrations from
      0.001 to 1.0 M, were calculated using 24-hour, two-bottle preference tests of
      each salt versus distilled water. Genotype exerted a significant effect on
      preference for both NaCl and KCl (p less than 0.0005). At each age and across
      concentrations, SHR had consistently higher preferences than did WKY. Few marked,
      age-related changes in overall preference for NaCl were noted within either
      strain, but juvenile and older adult SHR and WKY exhibited stronger preferences
      than did young adults for the higher concentrations of NaCl below the rejection
      threshold (p less than 0.001). Statistical age by concentration preference trends
      for KCl were similar to those for NaCl in SHR. Young adult WKY, however, had a
      significantly lower rejection threshold for that compound than did juveniles and
      older adults (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that genotype, age, salt
      type, and salt concentration can interact to influence salt preference in
      hypertension.

PMID- 3997219
TI  - Development and characteristics of inbred strains of Dahl salt-sensitive and salt
      resistant rats.
AB  - Several inbred lines of rats were produced from noninbred stock of Dahl salt
      sensitive (S) rats, and several inbred lines were also produced from noninbred
      stock of Dahl salt-resistant (R) rats. There were significant differences (p less
      than 0.001) in blood pressure response to a high salt diet among the inbred S
      lines produced, which indicates that the original S stock obtained from
      Brookhaven Laboratories is not genetically homogeneous. There were no significant
      differences in blood pressure among the inbred R lines produced. One inbred
      strain of S and one inbred strain of R with the appropriate blood pressure
      responses were ultimately brother-sister mated for more than 20 generations.
      These inbred strains were called S/JR and R/JR respectively. Fulminant
      hypertension and marked vascular and renal lesions developed in the S/JR after 3
      to 4 weeks on a high salt (8% NaCl) diet, and all S/JR were dead within 8 weeks
      on the high salt diet. In contrast, R/JR survived well on a high salt diet, and
      hypertension or vascular and renal lesions did not develop. Hypertension and
      associated vascular and renal lesions developed in S/JR on a low salt diet (0.4%
      NaCl), but this took 3 to 4 months. These characteristics are similar to those
      originally reported by Dahl for his noninbred, continuously selected stocks. The
      R/JR were found to have mild hydronephrosis at 4 months of age, which probably is
      genetically determined and which may have been fixed inadvertently in the strain
      during inbreeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997220
TI  - High sodium intake enhances renal nerve and antinatriuretic responses to stress
      in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of high sodium intake (drinking 0.9% NaCl for 15 days) on the
      increased renal sympathetic nerve activity and decreased urinary sodium excretion
      resulting from stressful environmental stimulation (air jet to head) were
      examined in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive
      Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). On a normal sodium intake in SHR, air stress increased
      renal sympathetic nerve activity 77% and decreased urinary sodium excretion 28%
      without altering effective renal plasma flow or glomerular filtration rate. By
      contrast, in conscious SHR on high sodium intake, the same air stress caused a
      greater increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity (103%) and a greater
      antinatriuresis (42%) along with reductions in effective renal plasma flow and
      glomerular filtration rate. Surgical renal denervation prevented the
      antinatriuretic responses to air stress in other conscious SHR on high or normal
      sodium intake. In conscious WKY, air stress had no effect on renal sympathetic
      nerve activity or urinary sodium excretion, regardless of normal or high sodium
      intake. We conclude that the enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity and
      antinatriuretic responses to air stress in conscious SHR on high sodium intake
      are dependent on a centrally mediated facilitation of sympathetic neural outflow
      to the kidney. The greater antinatriuretic response to air stress in conscious
      SHR than in WKY may reflect a greater genetic predisposition in SHR to increase
      renal sympathetic nerve activity during air stress.

PMID- 3997222
TI  - Cerebral autoregulation in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Effect of
      sympathetic denervation.
AB  - Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was studied with the hydrogen clearance
      method during development of hypertension in young spontaneously hypertensive
      rats. To examine the influence of sympathetic nerves on autoregulatory range, the
      unilateral superior cervical ganglion was removed 2 hours or 2 or 5 weeks before
      the study. Wall-to-lumen ratio of cerebral arteries was determined with freeze
      substitution technique. Basal blood pressures were 87 +/- 1 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM)
      at 4 weeks of age, 105 +/- 2 at 6 weeks, and 126 +/- 3 at 9 weeks, although
      resting cerebral blood flow was unchanged. Initially, cerebral blood flow
      remained relatively constant when the blood pressure was raised by intravenous
      infusion of phenylephrine. The upper limits of cerebral blood flow autoregulation
      in these groups were 110 +/- 4 mm Hg, 126 +/- 7, and 159 +/- 6 respectively.
      Acute ganglionectomy significantly lowered the upper limits (p less than 0.05),
      but chronic denervation did not affect the autoregulatory range. The wall-to
      lumen ratios of cerebral arteries were 0.136 +/- 0.007 at 4 weeks and 0.130 +/-
      0.005 at 9 weeks. These differences were not significant, nor did sympathetic
      denervation alter the ratio. These results indicate that (1) the upward shift of
      the autoregulation is closely related to a rise in the basal blood pressure, (2)
      acute interruption of sympathetic nerves modulates the autoregulatory range, and
      (3) adaptation of cerebral blood flow autoregulation to early developmental
      hypertension may be attributed to factors other than vascular smooth muscle
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 3997221
TI  - Autoregulation and vasoconstriction in the intestine during acute renal
      hypertension.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether local mechanisms of blood
      flow autoregulation mediate vasoconstriction during the early development of
      renal hypertension. Anesthetized rats were instrumented with Doppler flow probes
      on the celiac (CA), superior mesenteric (SMA), and renal arteries to measure flow
      velocity in these vessels. Acute two-kidney, one clip renal hypertension was
      produced by inflating a pneumatic occluder on the left renal artery to reduce
      flow velocity by 50%. Two hours after renal artery stenosis (RAS), femoral artery
      pressure (AP) was increased by 35%, CA resistance by 45%, and SMA resistance by
      57%. No increases were observed in AP or in CA and SMA resistances for sham
      operated, control rats. To determine if autoregulation contributed to the
      increase in SMA resistance, we protected the SMA vasculature from the increased
      arterial pressure by servocontrolled inflation of a pneumatic cuff implanted
      around the SMA. Although normalizing SMA pressure with the protective cuff
      significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) the increase in SMA resistance that
      occurred after RAS, SMA resistance remained elevated above control levels. These
      results suggest that (1) reduced intensity of SMA constriction produced by
      protection of the SMA is due to inhibition of a local autoregulatory mechanism
      that is contributing to the increase in SMA resistance during the acute
      development of renal hypertension, and (2) maintenance of elevated SMA resistance
      during protection from increased AP is the result of pressure-independent
      mechanisms that are activated subsequent to renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 3997223
TI  - Significance of blood pressure in infancy. Familial aggregation and predictive
      effect on later blood pressure.
AB  - Blood pressure was measured in 730 infants and their mothers within 5 days of
      birth. Paternal blood pressures were obtained where possible, and follow-up
      measurements were made on participants at 1 week and 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.
      Infant blood pressures were adjusted for such variables as age, observer, cuff
      size, and sleep/activity status. Infant blood pressure correlated with maternal
      blood pressure corrected for age and observer shortly after birth (r = 0.138, p
      less than 0.001 for systolic pressure; r = 0.169, p less than 0.001 for diastolic
      pressure). Father-infant correlations were significant only at 1 month after
      birth (r = 0.179, p = 0.031; r = 0.250, p = 0.002 for systolic and diastolic
      pressures respectively), and sibling correlations were significant from 6 months
      after birth (r = 0.173, p = 0.011 for systolic pressure; r = 0.265, p less than
      0.001 for diastolic pressure). Blood pressures of infants before 6 months after
      birth were not consistently predictive of later pressures, but systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures 6 and 12 months after birth were significantly and
      positively related to pressures at later ages (for systolic pressures at 6 and 12
      months, r = 0.147, p = 0.003; 6 and 18 months, r = 0.218, p less than 0.001; 6
      and 24 months, r = 0.212, p less than 0.001). These results indicate that the
      familial aggregation of blood pressure and blood pressure tracking can be
      detected early in life.

PMID- 3997224
TI  - Body size, composition, and fitness in adolescents with elevated blood pressures.
AB  - Increased body size is often found in children with elevated blood pressures, but
      it is not clear whether this is a result of obesity or early maturity. Similarly,
      levels of activity and fitness have marked effects on blood pressure and body
      composition. To study these interrelated factors, we measured height, weight, and
      body composition (skinfold thickness and total body water) as well as heart rate,
      blood pressure, and oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in 192 ninth
      grade boys and girls, 102 with persistently elevated blood pressures at or above
      the 95th percentile and 90 matched controls with blood pressures below the 50th
      percentile for the entire population of 10,641 Dallas County ninth graders
      tested. Differences in resting blood pressures also were present during maximal
      exercise and recovery periods. Boys with persistently elevated blood pressures
      were characterized by increased supine and recovery heart rates, normal fitness,
      excess size for age in the absence of obesity, and early maturation. Girls with
      persistently elevated blood pressures had increased heart rates, decreased
      fitness, and obesity.

PMID- 3997225
TI  - Erythrocyte membrane transport in hypertensive humans and rats. Effect of sodium
      depletion and excess.
AB  - Sodium transport by erythrocyte membranes was studied in hypertensive and
      normotensive humans and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive
      Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The rate constants of sodium efflux were increased in
      both hypertensive humans and rats, and this increase was due mostly to an
      increase in the ouabain-resistant component of efflux. Both the furosemide
      sensitive and furosemide-resistant components of efflux were increased. The
      ouabain-sensitive efflux was also increased, as confirmed by the ouabain
      sensitive rubidium influx in rats. In rats, the intracellular sodium content was
      also increased in the SHR with respect to the WKY. The transport abnormalities of
      red cell membrane associated with hypertension were similar in humans and rats.
      In rats, sodium depletion failed to affect the transport abnormality, while
      sodium load made the difference in transport between SHR and WKY undetectable.
      Cross-incubation experiments, using plasma and erythrocytes of WKY and SHR, are
      more suggestive of a flux abnormality that is intrinsic to the cell membrane than
      of one that is humoral in nature.

PMID- 3997226
TI  - Erythrocyte phosphate release in essential hypertension.
AB  - In this study erythrocyte phosphate release depended on the intracellular
      hydrolysis of organic phosphate esters. Total phosphate release was increased in
      essential hypertension, which suggests an elevated phosphate ester metabolism.
      Ouabain-sensitive phosphate release was decreased, and the ratio of intracellular
      Na+/K+ concentrations was increased, a finding consistent with a diminished Na-K
      ATPase activity. Furosemide in a concentration of 1.0 mmol/L inhibited
      erythrocyte phosphate release by half, probably owing to nonspecific membrane
      effects. The combination of ouabain and furosemide reduced phosphate transfer to
      a higher degree than did each substance individually. Because of the nonspecific
      alteration of erythrocyte membrane permeability by furosemide in a concentration
      of 1.0 mmol/L, ouabain-insensitive, furosemide-sensitive phosphate release and
      ouabain-insensitive, furosemide-sensitive Na+ efflux (Na-K cotransport) must not
      be regarded uncritically as specific transport systems.

PMID- 3997227
TI  - Hypertension prevalence and the status of awareness, treatment, and control in
      the United States. Final report of the Subcommittee on Definition and Prevalence
      of the 1984 Joint National Committee.
AB  - Estimates of the prevalence of hypertension in the United States have varied
      owing to differences in interpretation and extrapolation of the data. In 1978 the
      National High Blood Pressure Education Program issued a consensus document
      estimating the prevalence of high blood pressure in the United States. Results
      from the 1976-1980 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II)
      allow for a revised estimate. The purpose of this report was to arrive at
      consensus on a prevalence figure and also to provide information on the
      distribution of hypertension by blood pressure level, age, race, and sex. The
      prevalence estimates used are based on hypertension defined as blood pressure
      measurements greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg (average of 3 readings taken
      on 1 occasion) or self-reported taking of antihypertensive medication. Based on
      NHANES II data, blacks have a higher prevalence than whites (38% vs 29%) and men
      show a higher prevalence than women (33% vs 27%). These data again confirm the
      tendency for the prevalence of hypertension to increase with age in the U.S.
      population--this holds true for blacks, whites, men, and women. Progress in high
      blood pressure control efforts has traditionally been measured by changes in the
      status of awareness, treatment, and control. Changing the hypertension threshold
      from 160/95 to 140/90 mm Hg, as recently recommended, substantially lowers these
      measures: the percentage of hypertensives aware of their condition falls from 74%
      to 54%, the percentage taking antihypertensive medication falls from 56% to 33%,
      and the percentage with controlled hypertension decreases from 34% to 11%. These
      apparent decreases reflect a change in the frame of reference rather than changes
      in hypertension treatment status. In addition, hypertension prevalence rates from
      NHANES II (1976-1980) were applied to 1983 Bureau of the Census population
      figures to estimate the total number of Americans with hypertension and their
      distribution by age, sex, race, and severity of blood pressure level. Since
      NHANES II did not include persons 75 years of age or older in its sample, data
      from a pilot study on systolic hypertension in the elderly were used for
      prevalence estimates in this age group. Estimates for children under 6 years of
      age and hypertensive persons controlling their pressures without medication could
      not be included in this analysis because of a lack of reliable data on these
      groups.

PMID- 3997228
TI  - Proceedings of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, October 10-12, 1984,
      Cleveland, Ohio.

PMID- 3997229
TI  - Effects of hypertension on migration and proliferation of smooth muscle in
      culture.
AB  - Migratory and proliferative characteristics of explanted rat aortic smooth muscle
      cells were studied in response to hypertension induced by 4 weeks of
      deoxycorticosterone-salt administration. Under low serum conditions (0.1% fetal
      bovine serum), over 80% of aortic medial explants from hypertensive rats yielded
      smooth muscle cell colonies after 8 days of culture while fewer than 10% of the
      control explants were positive. Time lapse video analysis of subsequent growth in
      the presence of 10% serum revealed that interdivision times of smooth muscle
      cells from hypertensive animals were significantly shorter than those in controls
      (p less than 0.01). Significant differences in proliferative capacity of smooth
      muscle cells were evident, even after one subculture (p less than 0.01).
      Comparison of these results with data from mechanical injury suggests that 4
      weeks of deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension can potentiate subsequent smooth
      muscle cell migration and growth in vitro to an extent similar to that observed
      with the combined effects of total endothelial denudation and wall distention by
      a balloon catheter.

PMID- 3997230
TI  - Potassium reduces cerebral hemorrhage and death rate in hypertensive rats, even
      when blood pressure is not lowered.
AB  - In a study of the effects of K+ in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats,
      adding K+ to normal chow was found to reduce the mortality from 83% to 2%, a 98%
      reduction. An 86% reduction in mortality occurred even when blood pressure was
      virtually equal in the two stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive groups being
      compared. Dietary K+ supplements also reduced mortality in hypertensive Dahl salt
      sensitive rats from 55% to 4%, a 93% reduction. There was an 87% reduction in
      mortality even when blood pressure was equal in the Dahl salt-sensitive groups
      being compared. The added dietary K+ decreased blood pressure moderately in
      stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and modestly in Dahl salt-sensitive
      rats, which probably contributed to the reduced death rate. More importantly,
      however, the added K+ seemed to prevent severe lesions in cerebral arteries and
      deaths even when blood pressure lowering was eliminated as a protective factor.
      In another group of stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, there was a 40%
      incidence of cerebral hemorrhage in surviving rats not receiving K+ supplements
      and no incidence of cerebral hemorrhage in similar surviving rats receiving K+
      supplements, which suggests that K+ supplements confer protection against brain
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 3997231
TI  - Importance of chloride for deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension in the
      rat.
AB  - Selective dietary sodium loading (without chloride) fails to produce hypertension
      in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of
      selective sodium loading on blood pressure in another NaCl-dependent model of
      hypertension--deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. Three groups
      of uninephrectomized rats were studied for 32 days on one of the following
      regimens: (1) high NaCl diet plus DOCA, (2) high dietary sodium intake without
      chloride plus DOCA, and (3) high NaCl diet without DOCA. Both indirect and direct
      arterial pressure were higher (p less than 0.01) in the DOCA-NaCl group than in
      the other two groups. In the two DOCA-treated groups, net sodium and potassium
      balance and total carcass sodium and potassium content did not differ. In the
      DOCA-NaCl group, higher blood pressures were associated with a more positive
      chloride balance and total carcass chloride content (p less than 0.01), an
      expanded extracellular fluid volume (p less than 0.05), and increased renal
      vascular resistance (p less than 0.01). Higher renal vascular resistance in DOCA
      NaCl animals suggests that chloride contributes to NaCl-induced vasoconstriction.

PMID- 3997232
TI  - Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma with combination chemotherapy.
AB  - Three patients with rapidly progressive, disseminated malignant pheochromocytoma
      were treated with a combination chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of
      cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine in repeated 21- to 28-day cycles.
      All three patients had a marked decrease in blood pressure and an improvement in
      performance status within the first few cycles of treatment. At a follow-up of 6
      to 13 months all patients continue to receive chemotherapy with further
      regression of tumor in two and stable disease in one. Their blood pressure is
      normal with minimal or no antiadrenergic therapy. Therapy has been well
      tolerated; moderate reversible granulocytopenia, neurotoxicity, and one episode
      of pneumonitis have been the major toxicities encountered. Thus, combination
      chemotherapy appears to be effective for symptomatic malignant pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 3997233
TI  - Oscillatory contractions in tail arteries from genetically hypertensive rats.
AB  - This study characterizes a cellular mechanism for oscillatory contractions
      induced by norepinephrine in vascular smooth muscle from spontaneously
      hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP). Helically cut strips of tail arteries
      from SHRSP and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were mounted in a muscle bath
      for measurement of isometric force generation. Norepinephrine-induced responses
      of arteries from SHRSP were characterized by fluctuations in contractile
      activity, whereas those in arteries from WKY remained constant with time. The
      magnitude of the oscillatory contractile activity (frequency X mean amplitude)
      varied directly with norepinephrine concentration (5.9 X 10(-9) to 1.8 X 10(-7)
      M). The oscillatory contractile activity varied inversely with the potassium
      concentration (3-20 mM) of the buffer solution and directly with the calcium
      concentration (0.1-5.0 mM) of the buffer solution. The oscillatory activity was
      converted to maintained contraction by barium (10(-4) M), quinidine (3 X 10(-6)
      M), sparteine (10(-3) M), D-600 (10(-7) M), and nifedipine (10(-8) M).
      Tetraethylammonium and 3,4-diaminopyridine, inhibitors of voltage-dependent
      potassium channels, did not alter the oscillatory contractile activity induced by
      norepinephrine. These observations suggest that oscillatory contractile activity
      in tail arteries from SHRSP is caused by an abnormal variation in potassium
      efflux during stimulation with norepinephrine. The altered potassium efflux
      appears to be related to calcium entry, which is sensitive to inhibition by
      channel blockers. This altered membrane property may contribute to changes in
      vascular sensitivity in hypertension.

PMID- 3997234
TI  - Plasma chromogranin A. Initial studies in human hypertension.
AB  - Chromogranin A is the major catecholamine storage vesicle soluble protein
      costored and coreleased by exocytosis with catecholamines. Immunoreactive
      chromogranin A circulates in human plasma, where it may reflect changes in
      exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity. We measured plasma chromogranin A
      concentration in normotensive control subjects as well as in untreated essential
      (primary) hypertensive subjects and subjects with several varieties of secondary
      hypertension. Plasma chromogranin A concentration was higher in subjects with
      essential hypertension (n = 32) than in normal controls (n = 18; 198 +/- 32
      versus 129 +/- 12 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM]; p less than 0.05), and was also elevated
      in subjects with hypertension secondary to renal parenchymal disease (n = 9; 192
      +/- 36 ng/ml; 0.05 less than p less than 0.1) and those with pheochromocytoma (n
      = 11; 1614 +/- 408 ng/ml; p less than 0.01). In essential hypertensive subjects
      (n = 5), short-term suppression of sympathetic outflow with oral guanabenz (4 mg)
      reduced plasma chromogranin A concentration within 30 to 60 minutes, while the
      blood pressure response was more gradual and was maximal at 3 hours. The results
      suggest that plasma chromogranin A is, at least in part, under neural control and
      that there may be an excess of exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity in essential
      hypertension. These initial studies are now being expanded to larger subject
      groups.

PMID- 3997235
TI  - The anteroventral third ventricle region. Participation in the regulation of
      blood pressure in conscious dogs.
AB  - The anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region plays an important role in fluid
      and electrolyte balance and cardiovascular control in the rat; however,
      experiments in other species have raised questions about the universality of
      findings in the rat. The effects of discrete lesions placed within the AV3V area
      on hydromineral balance, the pressor response to angiotensin II given
      intravenously, and the initiation of a renin-dependent model of hypertension were
      examined in the dog. A transpharyngeal approach to the optic chiasm enabled us to
      destroy only the anterior aspects of the AV3V region (aAV3V group) or to include
      the entire nucleus medianus (NM) as well (aAV3V + NM group). Lesions of the aAV3V
      caused polydipsia and transient hypernatremia and hyperosmolality. In contrast,
      adipsia and a sustained increase in plasma sodium levels and osmolality were
      observed in dogs with lesions of the aAV3V plus the entire NM. Neither lesion
      altered baseline arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma levels of catecholamines
      and vasopressin, or total plasma protein levels. Only in aAV3V + NM lesioned dogs
      was there a tendency for plasma angiotensin II immunoreactivity to be elevated
      above control values at 2 and 4 days after operation. Neither lesion attenuated
      the pressor response to intravenous angiotension II or the initiation of renal
      hypertension induced by aortic coarctation. As observed in other species,
      structures within the AV3V region participate in hydromineral balance in the dog;
      however, in the dog portions of the NM dorsal to the AV3V region are essential
      for the mediation of drinking behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997236
TI  - Intrarenal adenosine produces hypertension via renal nerves in the one-kidney,
      one clip rat.
AB  - The afferent renal nerves enhance sympathetic activity in the one-kidney, one
      clip hypertensive rat. We have also found adenosine-sensitive nerve endings in
      the renal pelvis that, when stimulated, increase sympathetic activity producing
      hypertension. To determine whether adenosine, which is excreted when renal blood
      flow is reduced, activates the afferent renal nerves in one-kidney, one-clip
      hypertension, urinary adenosine concentration was lowered by infusing adenosine
      deaminase into the renal artery. Urinary adenosine concentration was threefold
      greater in one-kidney, one-clip hypertensive animals compared with normotensive
      controls. Intrarenal infusion of adenosine deaminase in one-kidney, one-clip rats
      lowered urinary adenosine to an undetectable level and attenuated the
      hypertension. Both plasma norepinephrine levels and the fall in mean arterial
      pressure after ganglionic blockade decreased during intrarenal adenosine
      deaminase infusion in one-kidney, one-clip animals. Renal denervation in one
      kidney, one-clip animals prevented the changes in mean arterial pressure and
      plasma norepinephrine levels during intrarenal adenosine deaminase infusion. In
      contrast to findings in hypertensive animals, intrarenal infusion of adenosine
      deaminase produced no change in arterial pressure in normotensive controls. These
      data indicate that urinary adenosine concentration is enhanced in one-kidney, one
      clip hypertension and suggest that when urinary adenosine concentration is
      lowered, sympathetic activity and hypertension became attenuated in this model if
      the renal nerves are intact.

PMID- 3997237
TI  - [Behavior of renal filtration performance in the massive intraoperative
      administration of crystalloid solutions].
AB  - Renal function of 12 adult patients was studied pre- and postoperatively using
      tracer techniques in a black-box model. Chrom 51 EDTA was employed to determine
      extracellular fluid volume and glomerular filtration rate, Iodine 125-albumin to
      measure plasma volume. These patients who received during two 4-h periods pre-
      and postoperatively 3 ml/kg/h of a salt-sugar solution had a significantly
      increased extracellular fluid volume postoperatively. Glomerular filtration rate
      was also increased, plasma volume was significantly reduced and colloidosmotic
      pressure in spite of attempts to supplement albumin solution intraoperatively was
      found to be postoperatively reduced. Hemodynamic parameters were virtually
      unchanged postoperatively with the exception of a small but significant increase
      of cardiac index. It is concluded, that these patients who received 12 ml/kg/h of
      crystalloid solutions apart from colloid replacement of measured bloodloss
      intraoperatively through natural regulation were about to excrete this extra
      amount of fluid, which had been relocated in the extracellular space. This
      regime, however, might help to decrease the rate of oliguric perioperative renal
      function failure, which has a high mortality.

PMID- 3997238
TI  - Pretreatment with lipoteichoic acid sensitizes target cells to antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity in the presence of anti-lipoteichoic acid antibodies.
AB  - This study was performed to determine whether antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) could be directed against mammalian cells sensitized with
      spontaneously adhering bacterial substances. 51Cr-labeled SB leukemia cells were
      incubated with purified S43 group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA; 0.001
      to 100 micrograms/ml). Purified leukocyte ADCC effector cells were added to the
      LTA-coated target cells at various effector-to-target ratios (100:1 to 12:1),
      followed by the addition of rabbit anti-LTA. After incubation for 4 h, target
      cell lysis was calculated based on the release of label into the medium. As
      little as 1 ng of LTA per ml was sufficient to sensitize the target cells to ADCC
      lysis (12%); however, concentrations above 0.1 micrograms/ml generally resulted
      in 60 to 80% lysis. LTA alone was not cytotoxic to these target cells. Targeting
      did not occur if effector cells were sensitized or if free LTA was added to the
      medium. Specificity was demonstrated by cold-target inhibition, which showed that
      anti-LTA cytotoxicity could be inhibited only by unlabeled, LTA-treated target
      cells but not by cold SB cells alone. The findings indicate that certain soluble
      bacterial components, when bound to mammalian cells in the presence of specific
      antibody, can target ADCC effectors to these cells. This mechanism may be an
      important factor in the delayed sequelae of bacterial infections.

PMID- 3997239
TI  - Alterations in lymphocyte subpopulations in copper-deficient mice.
AB  - Analyses of cell surface determinants of splenocytes from copper-deficient C58
      mice indicate alterations in lymphocyte subpopulation characteristics. Both the
      absolute number and the relative percentage of surface immunoglobulin-bearing (B)
      cells from copper-deficient mice were significantly greater than those from
      copper-supplemented controls. The relative percentage of Thy 1.2-positive (T)
      cells was decreased, and the decrease was most prominent within the Lyt 1
      positive (helper) T-cell subset. The functional responsiveness of both B cells
      and T cells was decreased in copper deficiency.

PMID- 3997240
TI  - Immune response to plasmid- and chromosome-encoded Yersinia antigens.
AB  - The immune response of humans and mice to temperature-specific, plasmid- or
      chromosome-encoded proteins of yersinia pestis and Yersinia enterocolitica was
      investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      Western blotting. Extracts from Y. pestis and Y. enterocolitica strains with and
      without the virulence plasmids pYV019 and pYV8081, respectively, were resolved by
      denaturing electrophoresis, and the major antigens were visualized with sera from
      convalescing plague patients, individuals immunized with plague vaccine, and mice
      and rabbits immunized with avirulent live yersiniae. The Y. pestis grown in vitro
      in this study did not express detectable amounts of plasmid-encoded antigens. The
      sera from plague patients recognized Y. pestis and Y. enterocolitica antigens
      ranging from 15 to 72 kilodaltons (kDa), whereas sera from immunized subjects
      recognized four antigenic components in Y. pestis ranging from 17 to 64 kDa and
      five antigens in Y. enterocolitica ranging from 16 to 68 kDa. Sera from mice
      reacted with 7 antigens in Y. pestis and 12 antigens in Y. enterocolitica ranging
      from 14 to 68 kDa, and sera from rabbits reacted with 7 and 10 antigens in Y.
      pestis and Y. enterocolitica, respectively. All of the plague patient sera, as
      well as the sera from immunized mice and rabbits, reacted with a 22-kDa Y.
      enterocolitica plasmid-associated polypeptide, and five of the patient sera also
      recognized a Y. enterocolitica plasmid-associated 31-kDa protein. The results
      indicate a common immune response to at least these two plasmid-specified
      Yersinia outer membrane proteins. Y. pestis apparently expresses these components
      only in vivo, and in vitro, Y. enterocolitica expresses a greater number of
      plasmid-associated antigens than does Y. pestis.

PMID- 3997241
TI  - Ribosomal protein phosphorylation induced during Q fever or by
      lipopolysaccharide: in vitro translation is stimulated by infected liver
      ribosomes.
AB  - Q fever, as well as the lipopolysaccharide prepared from the rickettsial agent
      Coxiella burnetii, stimulates the phosphorylation of guinea pig liver ribosomal
      protein S6. In vitro mRNA and ribosome-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate
      translation systems reconstituted with ribosomes and mRNAs from infected animal
      livers were more active than those with mRNAs and ribosomes from uninfected
      animals. Treatment of ribosomes with a ribosomal supernatant phosphatase reduced
      the in vitro translation activities; the largest decreases occurred in systems
      with ribosomes and mRNAs from infected liver. These experiments provide a basis
      for explaining the increased hepatic protein synthesis during Q fever and
      demonstrate, perhaps for the first time, the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein
      in response to lipopolysaccharide. The implications of these observations are
      discussed in the context of previous studies on stimulated transcription and
      translation during Q fever.

PMID- 3997242
TI  - Immune responses of CBA/J mice to graded infections with Toxocara canis.
AB  - The immunological responsiveness of CBA/J mice infected with various numbers of
      the canine ascarid, Toxocara canis, was characterized after a single infection to
      ascertain the smallest infection capable of perturbing the immune system of the
      host. Mice receiving the lowest inoculations (5 eggs per mouse or 0.25 larvae per
      g of body weight) had detectable alterations in the number of circulating
      peripheral blood eosinophils and spleen weight-to-body weight ratios. Mice
      infected with 25 eggs each (1.25 larvae per g of body weight) showed augmented
      concanavalin A-elicited splenic lymphocyte transformation and a positive
      lymphocyte transformation in response to a toxocaral antigen preparation in
      addition to even higher eosinophil counts and heavier spleens. Spleen cells from
      mice receiving the two largest inocula (125 eggs and 250 eggs per mouse or 6.25
      and 12.5 larvae per g of body weight, respectively) had in addition to the above
      responses a sixfold increase in spontaneous DNA synthesis. An enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay for mouse antibody responses to T. canis indicated that the
      time of onset as well as the magnitude of the antitoxocaral humoral response is
      directly proportional to the size of the inoculation used to initiate the
      infection. Finally, we showed that allowing the infection to become protracted
      results in some responses increasing somewhat in magnitude, but regardless of
      length of infection, the magnitude of any of the responses examined is
      proportional to the size of the infection. The results indicate that different
      host responses have different thresholds of sensitization and suggest that
      larvacidal reactions which require intricate interactions among several
      components of the immune system may not occur in very small infections.

PMID- 3997243
TI  - Cloned gtfA gene of Streptococcus mutans LM7 alters glucan synthesis in
      Streptococcus sanguis.
AB  - Streptococcus mutans LM7 (Bratthall serotype e) chromosomal DNA was partially
      digested with EcoRI and ligated into the positive-selection plasmid vector
      pOP203(A2+). The ligation mixture was transformed into Escherichia coli, and
      transformants were selected for tetracycline resistance. Recombinant-bearing
      clones were screened for their ability to ferment raffinose, using the procedure
      of Robeson et al. (J. Bacteriol. 153:211-221, 1983). One raffinose-fermenting
      clone was isolated and found to contain a plasmid with an insert consisting of
      four EcoRI fragments totalling approximately 10.3 kilobases (kb). This strain was
      capable of growth on defined medium plus raffinose or sucrose and generated
      reducing sugars from a sucrose substrate. Southern hybridization analysis of the
      four EcoRI fragments revealed homology not only to S. mutans LM7 chromosomal DNA
      but also to S. mutans serotypes b, c, and f. Subcloning of this fragment array
      into a streptococcal E. coli shuttle vector indicated that a 2.4-kb EcoRI
      fragment was essential for sucrase activity. E. coli minicell experiments
      revealed a gene product of 55 kilodaltons. These data along with restriction
      endonuclease analysis and Southern hybridizations suggested that the cloned S.
      mutans LM7 gene was closely related to the gtfA gene cloned by Robeson et al.
      from S. mutans PS13 (Bratthall serotype c). The shuttle plasmid containing the
      2.4-kb fragment was transformed into Streptococcus sanguis, which subsequently
      displayed increased sucrase activity in both intracellular and extracellular
      fractions. Elevated levels of synthesis of alcohol-insoluble and water-insoluble
      glucans were observed with crude extracellular fractions of the S. sanguis strain
      bearing the 2.4-kb fragment. An isolate cured of the shuttle plasmid plus the 2.4
      kb fragment displayed wild-type S. sanguis glucan synthesis. In S. sanguis, this
      gtfA allele may play a role in glucan synthesis by interacting with extant high
      molecular-weight glucosyltransferases.

PMID- 3997244
TI  - Complement activation and attack on autologous cell membranes induced by
      streptolysin-O.
AB  - Streptolysin-O damages mammalian membranes through generation of large
      transmembrane channels formed by membrane-inserted polymers of the toxin (S.
      Bhakdi et al., Infect. Immun. 47:52-60, 1985). We here report that the native
      toxin binds naturally occurring human serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to form
      immune complexes with potent complement-activating capacity. Nanomolar
      concentrations of toxin added to antibody-containing serum cause rapid
      consumption of C4 and C5 hemolytic activity and 30 to 90% C3 conversion within 10
      to 60 min at 37 degrees C. After binding to target membranes, streptolysin-O
      polymers serve as foci for antibody-dependent complement activation, which
      proceeds to completion with the formation of terminal C5b-9 complexes on the
      autologous cells. The binding and insertion of a primarily water-soluble
      bacterial product into a host cell membrane has thus been shown to generate a
      stable and hyperactive focus for activation of and self-attack by the complement
      system. We suggest that this process perpetuates local tissue damage, deviates
      host complement action away from the invading bacteria, and may possibly play a
      role in the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal disease.

PMID- 3997245
TI  - Studies of biochemical markers in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with
      meningoencephalitis.
AB  - Several biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 120 patients with
      serous meningoencephalitis (SM) of viral origin were compared with those of 74
      patients with viral or bacterial infections accompanied by neck stiffness but no
      CSF abnormality (i.e., meningism). CSF adenylate kinase was higher (P less than
      0.025) in SM and correlated with lactate concentration (r = 0.37; P less than
      0.01). CSF hypoxanthine was lower (P less than 0.001) in SM, whereas CSF xanthine
      was similar in the two conditions. The xanthine/hypoxathine ratio correlated with
      the CSF leukocyte count (r = 0.32; P less than 0.01), and especially with the
      mononuclear cell count (r = 0.45; P less than 0.001). CSF adenylate kinase
      correlated with fever in SM (r = 0.28; P less than 0.01). CSF urate and protein
      displayed a mutual correlation in both conditions (r = 0.26 and P less than 0.05
      for SM; r = 0.55 and P less than 0.001 for meningism). These results support the
      hypothesis of impaired brain cell metabolism, probably of ischemic nature, in
      viral meningoencephalitis, causing leakage of adenylate kinase into the CSF,
      where hypoxanthine may be reutilized by mononuclear leukocytes.

PMID- 3997246
TI  - Ontogeny of macrophage-mediated protection against Listeria monocytogenes.
AB  - We investigated the ontogenic development of macrophage functions which are
      important in the expression of host defense against infection by Listeria
      monocytogenes. Macrophage functions, including accumulation in response to local
      stimuli, chemotaxis in vitro, and intracellular killing, as well as number of
      macrophages, were examined by using mice 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks old. The number
      of peritoneal macrophages was extremely low in younger mice even when their body
      weights were taken into consideration. Macrophage accumulation in response to
      infectious stimulus with viable listeria was poor in younger mice and showed an
      age-dependent development. In younger groups, chemotaxis in vitro was as immature
      as chemotaxis in vivo. In 1- and 2-week-old mice, macrophages did not show any
      intracellular killing activity against L. monocytogenes, but killing was observed
      in mice over 3 weeks of age. These functions developed in an age-dependent manner
      and reached the 8-week-old adult level after the mice were 4 weeks of age. In
      adult mice, these macrophage functions were shown to be enhanced after
      immunization with viable listeria; however, such an immunization-induced
      enhancement was very poor in the younger groups of mice. Protection judged by
      mortality and in vivo bacterial growth was weaker in the younger groups against
      both primary and secondary challenges. In vivo protection against L.
      monocytogenes seemed to develop in the same age-dependent manner as the
      development of macrophage functions. These results indicate that age-dependent
      immaturity of macrophage functions mainly comprises the age-dependent immaturity
      of protection against L. monocytogenes.

PMID- 3997248
TI  - Corynebacterium parvum augments antibody production in splenectomized mice and
      mice with sham operations.
AB  - The antibody response to a variety of antigens, including pneumococcal
      polysaccharides, is diminished in splenectomized (splx) mice. We investigated the
      capacity for the biological response modifier Corynebacterium parvum to augment
      antibody production in splx and sham-splx mice inoculated with pneumococcal
      polysaccharides and tetanus toxoid. As expected, antibody response to tetanus
      toxoid was similar in both splx mice and sham-splx mice. C. parvum augmented anti
      tetanus toxoid antibody in both sham-splx (P less than 0.05) and splx mice (P
      less than 0.05). Antibody against pneumococcal type 3 polysaccharides was
      decreased in splx mice compared with sham-splx mice (P less than 0.05). Both
      groups treated coincidently with C. parvum and pneumococcal type 3
      polysaccharides demonstrated a biphasic antibody response which was greater than
      that observed in saline-treated controls (sham-splx, P less than 0.001; splx, P
      less than 0.05). Whereas the secondary peak response to pneumococcal type 3
      polysaccharides after treatments with C. parvum appears to be due to persistent
      elevations of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in sham-splx mice, it is
      primarily due to antibody of the immunoglobulin G class alone in the splx mice.

PMID- 3997247
TI  - Characterization of antibodies mediating protection and cure of Trypanosoma
      musculi infection in mice.
AB  - Plasma samples were collected from mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi at
      different times postinfection and administered to naive recipient mice either
      before or during T. musculi infection. The protective and curative activities of
      these plasma samples were shown to increase as the time of collection
      postinfection increased; plasma collected at 14 days postinfection was partially
      protective and partially curative, whereas that collected at 28 days
      postinfection was completely protective and curative. The curative activity was
      labile to heat treatment (30 min at 56 degrees C), whereas the protective
      activity was heat stable. Additional kinetic parameters relating to the efficacy
      of protection were investigated. Evidence is presented that both activities are
      immunoglobulin in nature. Protein A-Sepharose chromatography indicated that the
      activities are associated with the immunoglobulin G2a or immunoglobulin G3
      subclasses of immunoglobulin G. The curative antibody appears to be intrinsically
      heat labile, since heat treatment of a purified immunoglobulin preparation
      abolished the ability to cure. Studies on the mechanism of parasite elimination
      from blood suggest that the process not only requires antibody but is also
      complement dependent.

PMID- 3997249
TI  - Purification and characterization of a phagocytosis-stimulating factor from
      phagocytosing polymorphonuclear neutrophils: comparison with granule basic
      proteins.
AB  - Phagocytosis-stimulating factor (PSF) was purified by copper chelate
      chromatography and characterized in comparison with basic proteins in the granule
      of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. By copper chelate chromatography, PSF was
      eluted at pH 3.7; whereas cationic protein, lysozyme, and lactoferrin were eluted
      at pH 5.6, 5.1, and 4.0, respectively. Purified PSF has an approximate molecular
      weight of 16,000 and an isoelectric point at 8.7, which differ from those of
      basic proteins, such as cationic protein, lysozyme, and lactoferrin. Anionic
      substances such as DNA and heparin did not influence the phagocytosis-stimulating
      activity of PSF, whereas that of the granule basic protein fraction from resting
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils was abolished. PSF had little bactericidal activity
      against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the granule basic
      protein fraction from resting PMNs had strong bactericidal activity against E.
      coli and weak activity against S. aureus. These results indicate that PSF is a
      basic protein which is distinguishable from cationic protein, lysozyme, and
      lactoferrin.

PMID- 3997250
TI  - Biologically active antibodies elicited by a synthetic circumsporozoite peptide
      of Plasmodium knowlesi administered in saline with a muramyl dipeptide
      derivative.
AB  - A synthetic peptide whose sequence was derived from the circumsporozoite protein
      of Plasmodium knowlesi coupled to bovine gamma globulin has been shown to be
      immunogenic when administered with Freund complete adjuvant. The present
      experiments were designed to test the immunogenicity of the peptide when attached
      to a tetanus toxoid carrier and administered with alum or murabutide, both
      acceptable clinical adjuvants. In both cases, the use of an adjuvant increased
      the levels of circulating anti-peptide antibodies over those observed when no
      adjuvant was used. However, when the antisera were tested for reactivity with the
      native protein, animals of the group receiving the conjugate associated with
      murabutide always had titers greatly exceeding those observed in animals that
      received the conjugate with alum. Moreover, the sera of the murabutide-treated
      group were shown to be more active in eliciting shedding of the circumsporozoite
      protein than were sera of animals of the Freund complete adjuvant-treated group.
      The use of tetanus toxoid in secondary immunizations could be eliminated when the
      mice primed with peptide-tetanus toxoid and murabutide were boosted with a
      polymer of the peptide. The results indicate that the synthetic malarial peptide
      tetanus toxoid conjugate is capable of stimulating high levels of biologically
      active antibodies only when administered with murabutide.

PMID- 3997252
TI  - Multiplication of Mycobacterium marinum within phagolysosomes of murine
      macrophages.
AB  - Both in vivo and in vitro, Mycobacterium marinum organisms were found to multiply
      within phagolysosomes of murine macrophages. It thus appears that M. marinum are
      neither killed nor inhibited from multiplying by lysosomal enzymes.

PMID- 3997251
TI  - Chronic chlamydial genital infection in congenitally athymic nude mice.
AB  - Congenitally athymic nude mice and their heterozygous counterparts were
      inoculated intravaginally with the chlamydial agent of mouse pneumonitis, a
      Chlamydia trachomatis biovar. Heterozygous mice resolved their infections in 20
      days, whereas nude mice developed chronic infections which lasted at least 265
      days and did not resolve within the time course of the experiments. Heterozygous
      mice produced high levels of antibody in both serum and secretions in contrast to
      nude mice, which produced very low levels of antibody in serum alone.

PMID- 3997253
TI  - Comparison of the development of experimental pyelonephritis in homozygous
      brattleboro diabetes insipidus rats, heterozygous control rats and normal Wistar
      rats.
AB  - A comparative study was performed on haematogenous experimental pyelonephritis by
      injecting a Staphylococcus aureus suspension i.v. to homozygous and heterozygous
      Brattleboro and Wistar rats. The numbers of viable bacteria in blood, urine and
      kidney homogenates and the pathomorphological scores determined on the tenth day
      of infection were significantly lower in Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rats than
      in heterozygous Brattleboro and normal Wistar rats. The results suggest that
      homozygous Brattleboro rats are much more resistant to experimental
      pyelonephritis.

PMID- 3997254
TI  - [Levels of Latamoxef (moxalactam) in cerebrospinal fluid of newborns and
      premature newborns].

PMID- 3997255
TI  - Transferable amikacin resistance in pseudomonas maltophilia and acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus.

PMID- 3997256
TI  - Serratia rubidaea isolated from a silastic foam dressing.

PMID- 3997257
TI  - Cefamandole--a competitive inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

PMID- 3997258
TI  - Tolerance to cell wall-active antibiotics in coagulase-negative staphylococci.

PMID- 3997260
TI  - Differential diagnosis of diarrhoea in adult horses.

PMID- 3997259
TI  - The use of ophthalmoscopes in veterinary practice.

PMID- 3997261
TI  - Practice tip: fostering of lambs.

PMID- 3997262
TI  - Listeriosis in sheep.

PMID- 3997263
TI  - Cardiorespiratory strain in jobs that require respiratory protection.
AB  - Twenty-one workers in the construction, foundry, shipyard, and metal industries,
      and nine firemen were studied in jobs that require the regular use of various
      industrial respirators. The subjects' heart rates (HR) were continuously recorded
      during 1 to 2 workshifts or during special tasks. Their oxygen consumption (VO2)
      and ventilation rates were measured during main work phases. The subjects' VO2max
      were determined by a submaximal bicycle-ergometer test. In construction and
      industrial jobs, when a filtering device or an air-line apparatus was worn, the
      subjects' mean HR-values ranged from 66 to 132 beats min-1, which is equivalent
      to a relative aerobic strain of 12 to 57% VO2max. In smog-diving and repair and
      rescue tasks with self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing, the
      corresponding mean values were 142 to 160 beats min-1 and 54-74% VO2,
      respectively. The field results were compared with those measured in the
      laboratory with the same type of respirator. The suitability of different
      respirators in practical work situations was then evaluated, as were the physical
      qualifications required of the wearer.

PMID- 3997264
TI  - Lead exposure in the ceramic industry. Evaluation of job exposure in three
      factories different in size and work organisation.
AB  - Air-lead levels (PbA) and biological indices were studied in three ceramic
      factories (185 workers altogether). A difference in the pattern of lead exposure
      was found in the largest factory (A) and the other two smaller factories (B and
      C). PbA never exceeded 67 micrograms/m3 in factory A, but reached values as high
      as 378 micrograms/m3 in factory B. 19% of PbB values were higher than 40
      micrograms/100 ml in factory A, 63% in factory B and 35% in factory C. As was
      expected, a closer analysis of the jobs confirmed a higher exposure level in
      people directly in contact with lead glazes (glazers and kiln operators). In
      factories B and C, however, there was also a significant lead uptake in selection
      and maintenance staff, who worked in areas at some distance from the glazing
      lines. This may be due in part to pollution spread over all departments, but also
      to the lack of hygiene and washing facilities whose importance is stressed for
      effective prevention. Biological monitoring is suggested as being useful for all
      workers, whatever the lead-air level, bearing in mind the possibility of lead
      intake orally through soiling.

PMID- 3997265
TI  - Analysis of the renal tissue of a woman chronically exposed to cadmium.
AB  - In a 61-year-old woman, who had been exposed for 20 years to cadmium in the
      production of Ni-Cd batteries, nephrectomy of the contracted kidney was
      performed. The removed kidney was examined histologically and the cadmium
      concentration was determined in the cortex (44.97 micrograms g-1) and in the
      medulla (7.71 micrograms g-1). The homogenates of the renal cortex and medulla
      were subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. In the cortex, as well as the
      medulla, cadmium was predominantly found in the low-molecular (metallothionein)
      fraction, but in the cortex, Cd content in this fraction was six times higher
      than in the medulla. The determination of SH groups and proteins in high- and low
      molecular fractions indicates an induction of the metallothionein formation
      primarily in the renal cortex.

PMID- 3997266
TI  - Lung function of workers exposed to antigens from a contaminated air-conditioning
      system.
AB  - Following the manifestation of humidifier fever in a number of workers in a
      carpet yarn texturing plant, a comparative study was begun of a group of workers
      exposed to fungi from the air-conditioning system and a control group not so
      exposed. For both group of workers anamnestic data were collected, intracutaneous
      skin tests were performed, certain lung function parameters were determined, and
      the presence of antibodies to a number of antigens from the system was tested
      for. It was found that the group of exposed workers had a significantly higher
      rate of positive intracutaneous skin test than non-exposed workers. Additionally,
      their serology was more often positive. Both positive skin test and positive
      serology were more frequent in non-smokers than in smokers. A positive immediate
      skin reaction among exposed workers was found to correlate with an FEF25-75
      reduction during the working week. A positive delayed skin reaction among exposed
      workers correlated with a lower FVC prior to the start of the working week than
      recorded for non-exposed workers. A positive serology in exposed workers did not
      correlate with a difference in lung function compared with non-exposed workers,
      nor was there a correlation with a change in lung function in the course of the
      working week. When humidifier fever is diagnosed, steps should be taken to reduce
      exposure. It would also appear desirable to keep exposed workers under medical
      observation and to monitor the subsequent development of their lung function.

PMID- 3997267
TI  - Purification of testosterone-oestradiol-binding globulins from mammalian sera by
      anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Testosterone-oestradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) has been isolated from serum or
      plasma of several species using procedures that yielded highly purified protein,
      but which required multiple and tedious chromatographic steps. In this report we
      describe a procedure for the isolation of TeBG which involves two chromatographic
      steps: androgen affinity chromatography followed by anion-exchange high
      performance liquid chromatography (anion-exchange HPLC). The purity of the final
      product was confirmed by silver staining following fractionation on sodium
      dodecyl sulphate-containing polyacrylamide gels. The size heterogeneity and
      specific binding activity of TeBGs purified from human, rabbit, or bull serum (or
      plasma) by this technique was indistinguishable from preparations obtained by
      conventional chromatography. The present technique shortened the entire
      purification procedure to about 5 working days and yielded milligram quantities
      of highly purified protein. Bases on our experience with serum or plasma from the
      human, rabbit, and bull, this approach should be suitable for isolation of TeBG
      from a wide range of species.

PMID- 3997268
TI  - Influence of vasectomy on the volume of the non-hyperplastic prostate in men.
AB  - The influence of vasectomy on the volume of the non-hyperplastic prostate was
      investigated in 24 men referred consecutively for vasectomy. A comparison of
      trans-rectal prostatic volume determined ultrasonically before vasectomy and
      three months post-operatively revealed a highly significant decrease (P less than
      0.01) in the volume of the peri-urethral portion of the gland. The volume of the
      outer zone of the prostate did not change significantly (P greater than 0.1).
      This may indicate that the prostate is not a functionally homogenous organ. It is
      postulated that there may be a local influence on the prostate via a hormone
      transported in the deferent duct and/or the deferential vein.

PMID- 3997269
TI  - Effects of short- and long-term administration of tamoxifen on hCG-induced
      testicular steroidogenesis in man: no evidence for an oestradiol-induced
      steroidogenic lesion.
AB  - hCG-induced testicular desensitization is characterized by inhibition at the
      level of the C-17,20-lyase enzyme. This defect has been attributed to an early
      rise in oestradiol (E2) following hCG administration. To test this hypothesis the
      E2-receptor antagonist, tamoxifen, was employed. From in vitro studies the
      evidence suggests that tamoxifen depletes the E2-receptor within 24 h. In this in
      vivo study, short-term (36 h) administration of tamoxifen (to 6 eugonadal men)
      did not affect basal plasma levels of LH, FSH, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17
      OHP), testosterone (T) and E2, whereas long-term (3 months) tamoxifen with
      treatment of 6 normogonadotrophic oligozoospermic men increased LH and T levels,
      indicating a biological effect of tamoxifen. The response of 17-OHP, T, E2 and
      the 17-OHP/T ratio to hCG was similar in short-term and long-term tamoxifen
      treated men as well as in 6 untreated eugonadal male controls. These results do
      not suggest a role for endogenous E2 in the hCG-induced testicular steroidogenic
      block.

PMID- 3997270
TI  - On the origin of prostaglandins in human seminal fluid.
AB  - To evaluate the origin of seminal prostaglandins, genital tract fluids were
      analysed for prostaglandin content in two clinical situations. Six patients
      delivered semen samples before and after vasectomy. In these patients the
      prostaglandin concentration remained essentially unchanged although sperm density
      decreased to zero. In another patient secretory products from the testis and
      epididymis, and the ejaculate representing mainly the secretion of the seminal
      vesicles and the prostate gland, were collected separately. Secretions obtained
      from the testis and epididymis did not contain detectable amounts of
      prostaglandins, whilst in the ejaculate from the same patient the concentration
      was within normal limits. The results of the study show that the testis and
      epididymis do not contribute significantly to the prostaglandin content of human
      seminal fluid. The previous assumption that the seminal vesicles are the main
      source of seminal prostaglandins is thus supported.

PMID- 3997271
TI  - Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in the epididymis, vas deferens and
      preputial gland of mice during sexual maturation.
AB  - The levels of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the epididymis,
      vas deferens and preputial gland were assessed in mice from 1 to 90 days. The
      weight increase of these 3 organs was proportionately greater than that of the
      whole body until 50 or 60 days, and they attained their adult histological
      appearance approximately 20 days prior to puberty. Expressed in ng/g, the
      concentration of androgens (T+DHT) in the epididymis (14.3 to 36.5), vas deferens
      (6.6 to 24.0) and preputial gland (1.5 to 4.7) were higher than in plasma (0.2 to
      3.6 ng/ml). The concentration of either androgen varied little during sexual
      maturation and was not correlated with circulating levels. The highest
      concentration of androgen (T+DHT) was observed at birth suggesting that the
      neonatal period is crucial for development of the accessory sexual organs. In the
      epididymis and preputial gland T was the predominant androgen during the
      infantile phase of development, whilst DHT predominated thereafter. In the vas
      deferens concentrations of T were always equal to or higher than those of DHT.
      These results suggest that the ability of the accessory sexual organs to
      accumulate androgens appears to be more important than the circulating
      concentration of androgens in determining their growth and differentiation.

PMID- 3997272
TI  - Effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin, oestradiol and estromustine on
      testicular blood flow in hypophysectomized rats.
AB  - The effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), eostradiol benzoate (E2) and
      estromustine (Eo) on testicular and prostatic blood flow and plasma levels of
      testosterone were studied in hypophysectomized rats. Daily injections of 5 IU hCG
      induced a significant increase in testicular blood flow when measured after 8-9
      days treatment. This stimulatory effect was inhibited by concomitant injection of
      E2 (50 micrograms/day) but not by Eo. In contrast, the stimulatory effect of hCG
      on plasma levels of testosterone was inhibited by administration of E2 as well as
      by Eo. This inhibition was correlated with decreased blood flow to the prostate.
      The present study gives further support to the hypothesis the oestrogens have
      direct effects on the testis and prostate.

PMID- 3997273
TI  - The hCG-induced increase in hormone uptake and interstitial fluid volume in the
      rat testis is not mediated by steroids, prostaglandins or protein synthesis.
AB  - The possible mediation by steroids, prostaglandins or protein synthesis on the
      hCG-induced increase in hormone uptake and interstial fluid volume in the rat
      testis in vivo was studied following a single iv injection of hCG. A high dose of
      hCG increased its own uptake in the testis and this uptake coincided with an
      increase in capillary permeability and accumulation of interstial fluid. The
      possible role of steroids, prostaglandins and protein synthesis in these changes
      was studied in vivo using aminoglutethimide, indomethacin and cycloheximide,
      respectively, as inhibitors. However, none of these prevented the hCG-induced
      changes in uptake and interstial fluid volume, which suggests that they do not
      mediate this phenomenon.

PMID- 3997274
TI  - Development of stage-specific paracrine regulation of Leydig cells by the
      seminiferous tubules.
AB  - The size of peritubular Leydig cells surrounding tubules in different stages of
      the spermatogenic cycle was determined in 43- and 47-day-old male rats. A stage
      dependent variation in the size of peritubular Leydig cells was not present in 43
      day-old rats, but by 47 days those Leydig cells closely adjacent to tubules at
      stages VII-VIII were larger than others. At 43 days of age spermatogenesis had
      developed up to step 18 spermatids in late stage VI tubules. At 47 days of age
      the first mature sperm had just been released from the seminiferous epithelium,
      and consequently the first wave of the spermatogenic cycle was completed. Tubules
      at stages VII-VIII therefore acquire the ability to influence surrounding Leydig
      cells when they contain step 19 spermatids. It remains to be shown whether this
      maturation step is due to inherent maturation of the Sertoli cells or if step 19
      spermatids specifically modulate Sertoli cell function.

PMID- 3997276
TI  - Is there an association between myocardial infarction and geomagnetic activity?

PMID- 3997275
TI  - The use of measurements of radiographic response of x-ray films in quantitative
      and semiquantitative whole body autoradiography.
AB  - Published curves for quantitative and semiquantitative whole body autoradiography
      are compared with the predicted curves derived from the fundamental radiographic
      equation. Discrepancies are noted and probable explanations are given. Problems
      with calibration are reviewed and a preferred method suggested.

PMID- 3997278
TI  - Hemoglobin levels in high altitude Tibetan natives of northwest Nepal.

PMID- 3997277
TI  - Supramaximal heat production induced by aminophylline in temperature-acclimated
      rats.

PMID- 3997279
TI  - Influence of aeroionotherapy on some psychiatric symptoms.

PMID- 3997281
TI  - Occupation and bladder cancer in males: a case-control study.
AB  - A case-control study of 512 male cases of bladder cancer and 596 male hospital
      controls (all living in the province of Turin, Northern Italy, an area with a
      high proportion of car workers) has been analyzed for occupations. Relative risks
      were 1.8 (95% c.l. 0.9-3.6) for the textile industry, 3.8 (1.3-11.5) for the
      leather industry, 1.8 (0.8-4.0) for printing, 8.8 (2.7-28.6) for dyestuff
      production, 1.2 (0.6-2.4) for tire production and 2.5 (1.0-6.0) for other rubber
      goods, 2.0 (0.9-4.5) for brickyards and related activities. A relative risk of
      3.1 (0.9-10.5) was found for turners having started work before 1940 and with at
      least 10 years of activity. For truck drivers the relative risk was 1.2 (0.6
      2.5). A job-exposure matrix was developed for the development of new hypotheses;
      an association with bladder cancer was found for aromatic amines only. The
      attributable risk percent in the population was estimated as 10%, when only those
      occupations consistently associated with bladder cancer were considered.

PMID- 3997280
TI  - Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: some residual
      results, including opium use as a risk factor.
AB  - A study was conducted in northern Iran in areas of very high, high and moderately
      low incidence of oesophageal cancer. Morphine metabolites in urine as an
      indicator of opium use, and a variety of nutritional and biochemical measures,
      including salivary antipyrine half-life, were determined in households with a
      case of oesophageal cancer and in control households. Results on 1,590
      individuals showed that the prevalence of appreciable levels (greater than or
      equal to 1 microgram/ml) of urinary morphine metabolites was much higher in areas
      of high and very high incidence of oesophageal cancer than in low-incidence
      areas, particularly for those under age 50 years in both sexes, where a 6-fold
      difference was seen. Members of households with a case of oesophageal cancer had
      a higher prevalence of positive urinary morphine metabolite findings than members
      of control households from the same village. Salivary anti-pyrine half-life (AP
      T1/2), as a measure of hepatic drug metabolizing capacity, was estimated in 120
      subjects. No relationship was seen with use of opium, region of residence, case
      control status of household, age or sex. Experimental studies have meanwhile
      identified mutagenic substances with carcinogenic potential in opium pipe
      scrapings, used widely in the study region, opium pyrolysates and morphine
      pyrolysates. Our data give additional support to the hypothesis that opium use,
      in the form of its pyrolysates, is one of the factors involved in the aetiology
      of oesophageal cancer in the region.

PMID- 3997282
TI  - Immunogenicity of melanoma-associated gangliosides in cancer patients.
AB  - The immunogenicity of gangliosides found on human melanoma cells was determined
      from sera of 26 melanoma patients who were immunized every 1-4 weeks for 4 months
      with tumor-cell vaccine (TCV) prepared from cultured melanoma cells. Total lipid
      bound sialic acid in the gangliosides isolated from TCV was 0.38 mumol/10(8)
      cells, and was distributed as follows: 44.8% to GM3, 44.2% to GD3, 5.6% to GM2,
      and 4.6% to GD2. Sera were tested at monthly intervals for antibodies to each
      ganglioside by ELISA with purified gangliosides as the antigen source. The
      immunologic specificity of the antibody was confirmed by absorption tests. None
      of the 26 patients had detectable anti-GM3, anti-GD3, or anti-GD2 antibodies
      before immunization, although anti-GM2 antibody was detected in 3 patients. After
      immunization, 2 patients developed IgM anti-GD2, 10 developed IgM anti-GM2, and 2
      developed IgG anti-GM2 antibodies. No patient developed detectable anti-GM3 or
      anti-GD3 antibodies. These results indicate that both GD2 and GM2 expressed on
      human melanoma cells are immunogenic in humans, although GM2 appears to be more
      immunogenic. The other two gangliosides, GM3 and GD3, are present in human sera
      and in human normal tissues, and thus immunologic tolerance may have been
      established against these gangliosides. Alternatively, circulating GM3 and GD3
      may have neutralized anti-GM3 and anti-GD3 antibodies, if any were induced by TCV
      immunization.

PMID- 3997283
TI  - Sauna, dust and migration as risk factors in lung cancer among smoking and non
      smoking males in Finland.
AB  - To study possible causes of the high lung cancer incidence among Finnish males,
      the Finnish Cancer Registry and the Cancer Registry of Norway in 1962 performed a
      population survey covering smoking habits, occupational and residential history
      and, in Finland, sauna habits. The cohort of 4,475 Finnish men has now been
      followed up for incidence of lung cancer in 1964-1979. The relative importance of
      3 factors--sauna baths, occupational exposure to dust, and migration to urban
      areas--was studied in different smoking categories. Among smokers of greater than
      or equal to 25 g/day, takers of frequent saunas (more than once a week) displayed
      some excess risk (RR 1.7). In smokers an increased risk was also found among
      those exposed to dust (RR 1.3), and those who had migrated to urban areas (RR
      1.8, when compared to native urban population). Dust exposure and migration
      factors act synergistically with smoking. Migration was the only factor apart
      from smoking to show a substantial population-attributable risk, which amounted
      to 10%.

PMID- 3997284
TI  - Gangliosides in human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
AB  - Gangliosides were analysed by elaborated overpressured thin-layer chromatography
      (OPTLC) in 6 cell samples from 5 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
      (CLL) of B-cell origin, and 4 individual lymphocyte preparations from normal
      blood donors. The principal difference in the ganglioside profile between these
      two counterparts appears to be the presence of GD3 and the predominance of the
      less polar compounds (GM3, GM2, GM1) in CLL cells. Qualitatively, GD3 accounted
      for about 5.5% of the total CLL gangliosides, whereas it was not detectable in
      normal lymphocytes. Quantitatively, GM3 constituted more than 81% of the total
      CLL gangliosides, a proportion more than twice as high as that found in normal
      lymphocytes. Three other minor gangliosides were isolated from CLL cells; these
      were shown to be GM2 (trace amounts), GM1 (7.7%), and GD1 (4%). The expression of
      individual gangliosides varied greatly among the various CLL samples obtained
      from different patients, and even from the same patient, if examined at different
      times. No gangliosides were found in the supernatant collected from CLL cells
      subjected to a temperature shift (0 degrees C to 37 degrees C) or in the cell
      free medium harvested from the CLL cells kept in overnight culture.

PMID- 3997285
TI  - Cell DNA content--correlation with clonogenicity in the human tumour cloning
      system (HTCS).
AB  - Thirty-six ovarian and renal-cell tumours were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM)
      for DNA content and in parallel were assayed for colony formation in a human
      tumour cloning system (HTCS). While 15/19 (79%) tumours with an abnormal
      (aneuploid) DNA stemline formed colonies in the HTCS, only 2/17 (12%) of diploid
      tumours formed colonies. All samples contained tumour cells as assessed by
      routine cytological examination. The capacity to form colonies in the HTCS was
      not correlated in these tumours with grade or stage of disease or tumour type.
      The level of aneuploidy expressed as the FCM DNA index did not correlate with the
      cloning efficiency in HTCS. These findings suggest that tumour growth in the HTCS
      reflects a biologically important potential, related in at least some tumours to
      an abnormal DNA stemline.

PMID- 3997286
TI  - Phenotypic interconversion of B16 melanoma clonal cell populations: relationship
      between metastasis and tumor growth rate.
AB  - Three distinct dissemination-related phenotypes have been recognized in clones of
      the mouse B16 melanoma based on in vivo behavior: metastatic (spontaneously
      disseminating to the lungs from solid tumors), colonizing (capable of forming
      tumor colonies in the lungs following intravenous injection), and null
      (tumorigenic but non-metastatic and non-colonizing). From a progenitor null
      clone, G3, subclones that became phenotypically diversified in vitro (metastatic
      G3.5 and null G3.15) and in vivo (metastatic G3.12 and colonizing G3.26) were
      derived. During long-term culturing, G3 cells became metastatic and then lost
      that activity, G3.5 and G3.12 cells gradually lost metastatic activity, and G3.26
      cells became slightly metastatic and non-colonizing. Subclone G3.15 became highly
      metastatic after a single subcutaneous (s.c.) tumor passage. In aged mice, and in
      young mice injected with incompletely-tumorigenic cell doses, G3 and G3.26 s.c.
      tumors were metastatic, but cells cultured from those tumors or metastases were
      non-metastatic when tested in young mice at standard highly-tumorigenic cell
      doses. The behavior of G3.5 and G3.12 tumors was not altered in aged mice or when
      tumors were initiated with small cell inocula. Analysis of growth characteristics
      associated with these phenotypic interconversions indicated that lung-colonizing
      potential was directly related to the ability of the cells to grow as multicell
      colonies in 0.3% agar, and that metastatic activity was expressed by tumors that
      grew at moderate rates. In young mice receiving standard cell doses, G3.5 and
      G3.12 tumors inherently grew at that rate, whereas G3 and G3.26 tumors grew more
      rapidly and G3.15 tumors grew more slowly. Regardless of inherent phenotype, all
      clones were capable of expressing metastatic activity, at least transiently, as
      tumor growth was altered to moderate rates. Expression of metastatic behavior
      might, therefore, be regulated to some extent by tumor growth characteristics.

PMID- 3997287
TI  - The relationship between tumour geometry and the response of tumour cells to
      cytotoxic drugs--an in vitro study using EMT6 multicellular spheroids.
AB  - Multicellular spheroids of the EMT6/Ca/VJAC mouse mammary tumour cell line have
      been used in an investigation of the effect of tumour geometry on the response of
      tumour cells to 3 cytotoxic drugs, adriamycin (ADM), nitrogen mustard (HN2) and
      CCNU. In addition to the inherent cellular drug response, factors related to
      spheroid structure, namely cell-cycle distribution, intercellular contact, drug
      penetration and microenvironment (pH, oxygen, glucose, etc.) are believed to
      influence the response of cells within spheroids to cytotoxic drugs. Selective
      enzymatic dissociation (with bacterial neutral protease) has been used to
      separate the cells within large (approximately 800 micron in diameter) spheroids
      into 4 distinct subpopulations. The cells within the subpopulations have been
      characterized by their DNA content, RNA content, tritiated thymidine labelling
      index, cell size and clonogenic capacity. It was found that cells at the surface
      of spheroids are relatively larger and more proliferative than cells towards the
      centre while their clonogenic capacity is similar. Studies on the responses of
      EMT6/Ca/VJAC log and plateau-phase monolayer cells have been carried out in
      parallel and have shown that cycling cells are more sensitive to ADM and HN2 than
      are non-cycling cells but somewhat less sensitive for the response to CCNU. Since
      the response patterns of cells from different regions of spheroids to HN2,
      treated either before disaggregation (intact spheroid) or after disaggregation
      (isolated spheroid cells), are similar and the surviving fraction increases from
      the surface towards the centre of the spheroid, cell cycle distribution is
      thought to be the only factor involved in the cytotoxicity of HN2 towards cells
      within the spheroids. Although the patterns of response to ADM of cells within
      intact spheroids and isolated spheroid cells are similar to those for HN2, the
      initial slope of the curve for intact spheroids is much steeper than that of the
      isolated spheroid cells. Therefore, in addition to the factor of cell-cycle
      distribution, drug penetration also appears to be involved in the action of ADM
      on spheroids, while the factors of intercellular contact and microenvironment
      appear to be relatively less important. The reverse pattern was found for the
      response of cells within different regions of spheroids to CCNU, treated as
      intact spheroids or as isolated spheroid cells (i.e., greater killing of inner
      compared with outer cells).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3997289
TI  - Short-term hemodynamic effects of diatrizoate and ioxaglate contrast media in
      left ventriculography.
AB  - Short-term effects in left ventricular performance induced by two contrast media
      (low osmolar ioxaglate and high osmolar diatrizoate) were evaluated in 24 and 26
      patients, respectively. In both groups a diagnosis of valvular heart disease with
      or without left ventricular disease had been made by noninvasive methods. Changes
      of hemodynamic data were evaluated in intervals of 20 sec for one min after left
      ventricular cineangiography. Heart rate increased following injection of both
      contrast media but was greater with diatrizoate for 20-60 sec (P less than 0.01).
      A difference in left ventricular systolic pressure was found during 0-60 sec (P
      less than 0.01), with a decrease in peak left ventricular systolic pressure using
      diatrizoate (P less than 0.01). In 16 patients without valvular insufficiency,
      the positive inotropic effect as shown by maximum positive left ventricular
      pressure slope was more pronounced for diatrizoate during the period of 40-60 sec
      (P less than 0.05). A decrease in left ventricle relaxation as shown by an
      increase in the time constant of pressure decay was found for both contrast
      media. There was no significant difference in relaxation time constant between
      the two contrast media. During the period of 20-40 sec, the increase in left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure was more pronounced for ioxaglate (P less than
      0.01) with no untoward consequences in our population of patients.

PMID- 3997290
TI  - The role of atrioventricular endocardial cushions in the septation of the heart.
AB  - The hearts of human embryos, ranging from 3.6 to 25 mM crown-rump length, have
      been studied in view of the problem of the possible contribution of the
      atrioventricular endocardial cushions to septation. Serial sections and graphic
      reconstructions were used. It is concluded that the cushions do not materially
      contribute to the mature muscular septum.

PMID- 3997288
TI  - Natural cytotoxicity of human blood monocytes and natural killer cells and their
      cytotoxic factors: discriminating effects of actinomycin D.
AB  - The effect of actinomycin D on target susceptibility to human blood natural
      killer (NK) cells and monocytes was analysed in direct cell-mediated and their
      cytotoxic factor-mediated cytotoxicity assays. Treatment of K562 cells with
      actinomycin D reduced their susceptibility to lysis by non-adherent lymphocytes
      and Percoll-purified large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in a 4-hr 51Cr-release
      assay, without affecting their sensitivity to monocytes purified by adherence to
      autologous serum-coated plastic surfaces. The drug treatment caused no shift in
      the kinetics of cytotoxicity. In the target binding assay LGL formed fewer
      conjugates with actinomycin-D-treated K562 cells than with untreated ones, while
      the binding of monocytes to targets was not reduced by the drug treatment of K562
      cells. The cold target competition assay revealed that actinomycin-D-treated cold
      K562 cells showed less successful inhibition than untreated cold K562 cells.
      Lymphocytes and monocytes could be induced to release soluble cytotoxic factors,
      termed natural killer cytotoxic factors (NKCF) and monocyte cytotoxic factors
      (MCF), respectively, when co-cultured with K562 cells. Both cytotoxic factors
      lysed NK-sensitive target cells in a 48-hr assay. Actinomycin-D-treated K562
      cells reduced or abolished the ability to stimulate the release of NKCF from
      lymphocytes, whereas they induced MCF secretion from monocytes as effectively as
      untreated ones. On the other hand, actinomycin D treatment of K562 cells enhanced
      their susceptibility to NKCF and MCF. This actinomycin-D-induced augmentation of
      target sensitivity to the cytotoxic factors was restricted to NK-sensitive target
      cells (K562 and Molt-4). NK-resistant target cells (Raji, YAC-I, EL4 and T
      blasts) were not lysed by NKCF and MCF even after they were treated with
      actinomycin D. The capacity of K562 cells to bind NKCF and MCF was not altered by
      actinomycin D. Treatment of the adherent cell population with OKMI or Leu-MI plus
      complement abrogated both cell-mediated cytotoxicity and MCF production, while
      Leu-IIb plus complement was ineffective. These results suggest that the effect of
      actinomycin-D treatment can be used to distinguish the two distinct types of
      blood mononuclear cells with natural cytotoxicity, NK cells and monocytes, and
      that each effector type recognizes different plasma membrane moieties of NK
      target cells, although the cytotoxic factors released from each effector cell
      similarly bind to and lyse the target cells.

PMID- 3997291
TI  - Life expectancy analysis in patients with Chagas' disease: prognosis after one
      decade (1973-1983).
AB  - We studied the evolution of chronic Chagas' disease in 107 patients with a
      positive Guerreiro-Machado reaction and 22 non-chagasic, non-heart disease
      control subjects for a follow-up period of 3 to 10 years (mean follow-up of 4.9
      years). After completion of invasive and non-invasive studies, chagasic patients
      were classified into four groups: IA (normal ECG, without heart disease; 18
      patients); IB (normal ECG, early left ventricular segmental abnormalities; 13
      patients); II (abnormal ECG, advanced myocardial damage, no signs of heart
      failure; 42 patients); and III (abnormal ECG, end-stage, congestive heart
      failure; 34 patients). One out of five group IA patients re-studied with invasive
      methods evolved to group IB (20%); 4 group IB patients evolved to group II (33%)
      and 6 group II patients evolved to group III (15%). The life expectancy of
      patients in groups IA and IB (normal ECG) was similar to that of our control
      group, whereas in groups II and III it was significantly decreased (P less than
      0.001). Nine group II patients (23%) and 28 group III patients (82%) died during
      the follow-up period. Main terminal events were refractory congestive heart
      failure, sudden death and systemic thromboembolism. Our findings suggest that
      chronic Chagas' disease follows an evolutionary course from asymptomatic, normal
      ECG group I stage to arrhythmic (II) and congestive (III) stages. Subjects with a
      positive Guerreiro-Machado reaction showed a significantly lower life expectancy
      than our control group, but only when clinical and/or ECG abnormalities were
      identified.

PMID- 3997292
TI  - Experimental evaluation and initial clinical application of new self-adhesive
      defibrillation electrodes.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of self-adhesive electrode pads for defibrillation and
      cardioversion in animals and patients. In 11 anesthetized dogs, the success rate
      of shocks given to terminate electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation was
      similar for both self-adhesive electrode pads and hand-held electrode paddles;
      success rate approached 100% at energies of 125-150 joules. Eighty patients
      undergoing defibrillation or elective cardioversion received shocks from self
      adhesive pads. In all but 2 patients defibrillation or cardioversion was achieved
      at least once using these pads. The pads were equally effective from either apex
      anterior or apex-posterior positions. The transthoracic impedance using self
      adhesive pads was 75 +/- 21 ohms, similar to transthoracic impedance we
      previously reported when using standard hand-held paddles. No complications
      occurred with the use of the pads. We conclude that self-adhesive electrode pads
      are effective for defibrillation and cardioversion.

PMID- 3997293
TI  - Intravenous amiodarone in the acute termination of supraventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - This study was performed to ascertain whether intravenous amiodarone would revert
      supraventricular tachycardias to sinus rhythm, and if so, whether this effect
      depended upon the underlying mechanism of the arrhythmia. Fourteen patients were
      studied. Seven had Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, 1 had dual
      atrioventricular nodal pathways and 1 an ectopic atrial tachycardia. Five
      patients had atrial fibrillation without accessory pathways. An atrial electrode
      was inserted to initiate tachycardias and record the electrogram. If tachycardias
      were stable for more than 5 min, amiodarone (5 mg/kg) diluted with dextrose
      saline was infused intravenously over 5 min. Two electrocardiographic leads and
      the right atrial electrogram were monitored. In 7 patients with atrial
      fibrillation (2 with accessory pathways), 6 did not revert to sinus rhythm, 1
      reverted only after 1 hr. In 5 cases without accessory pathways the ventricular
      rate fell 5-10 min after commencing amiodarone. Four of the 5 patients with WPW
      syndrome and re-entrant tachycardias returned to sinus rhythm within 6 min of
      commencing the infusion (atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial times increased by
      0-38% and 0-14% respectively). (Tachycardias terminated in the anterograde limb.)
      Three patients underwent intermittent right atrial stimulation for 1 hr. No
      tachycardias could be initiated for 30 min post amiodarone. The ectopic atrial
      tachycardia and that due to dual atrioventricular nodal pathways terminated
      within 7 and 2 min, respectively, of commencing intravenous amiodarone. Thus the
      use of intravenous amiodarone would be appropriate in the acute management of
      sustained supraventricular tachycardias.

PMID- 3997294
TI  - Pneumonitis with pleural and pericardial effusion and neuropathy during
      amiodarone therapy.
AB  - A patient with sinuatrial disease and implanted pacemaker was treated with
      amiodarone (maximum dose 1000 mg, maintenance dose 800 mg daily) for 10 months,
      for control of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. He developed pneumonitis,
      pleural and pericardial effusions, and a predominantly proximal motor neuropathy.
      Immediate but gradual improvement followed withdrawal of amiodarone and treatment
      with prednisolone. Review of this and previously reported cases indicates the
      need for early diagnosis of amiodarone pneumonitis, immediate withdrawal of
      amiodarone, and prompt but continued steroid therapy to ensure full recovery.

PMID- 3997296
TI  - Recurrent supraventricular tachycardia induced by antitachycardia pacemaker.
AB  - We report a case of sensing malfunction in which supraventricular tachycardia was
      repeatedly induced, then terminated appropriately, by an antitachycardia
      pacemaker.

PMID- 3997295
TI  - Ectopic atrial rhythm with progressively increasing exit block.
AB  - A case of ectopic atrial rhythm with progressively increasing exit block is
      reported in a case of ischemic heart disease. Such a rhythm suggests
      significantly diseased atria which are unable to sustain a regular rhythm for a
      long period. This arrhythmia should warn the clinician of impending atrial
      arrest.

PMID- 3997297
TI  - Subacute bacterial endocarditis following ear acupuncture.

PMID- 3997298
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide in patients with liver
      cirrhosis.
AB  - Ten patients with compensated cirrhosis of the liver, 7 patients with portal
      decompensated cirrhosis of the liver and 10 patients with intact liver function
      were investigated. After intravenous injection of 40 mg furosemide elimination
      half-life, total and excretory clearance were not significantly different in the
      3 groups investigated, but renal clearance was enhanced in the 2 cirrhosis groups
      and nonrenal clearance diminished in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the
      liver. In those patients distributional volumes were significantly higher than in
      the control group. According to the increased urinary excretion of unchanged
      furosemide in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, the pharmacodynamic effect of
      the drug is enhanced: In the first 4-h-collecting period the excretion of water,
      chloride and sodium is significantly more increased than in the control group.
      After a period of 24 h this effect is still noticeable. The effect of furosemide
      on the excretion of potassium, creatinine and urea nitrogen is not significantly
      influenced by liver disease. Doubling the dose from 40 to 80 mg furosemide did
      not enhance the diuretic effect of the drug despite the doubled urinary excretion
      of unchanged furosemide.

PMID- 3997299
TI  - Impairment of isoniazid clearance by propranolol.
AB  - The effect of propranolol on isoniazid elimination kinetics have been
      investigated in six healthy males. Following propranolol pretreatment of 40 mg at
      8-hourly intervals given for three days, isoniazid clearance (13.0 l/hour +/-
      s.e.m. 2.6 l/hour) was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than that obtained
      during the control study (16.4 l/hour +/- s.e.m. 3.0 l/hour). However, no
      significant correlation was demonstrated between the magnitude of the reduction
      in isoniazid clearance and the depression of the exercise-induced tachycardia
      caused by propranolol (rs = 0.03, p greater than 0.05). The mechanism of the
      impairment of isoniazid clearance by propranolol is unlikely due to the change in
      liver blood flow.

PMID- 3997300
TI  - Quinidine-digoxin interaction: are the pharmacokinetics of both drugs altered?
AB  - An open randomized crossover trial to investigate quinidine-digoxin interactions
      under steady-state conditions with special attention to quinidine
      pharmacokinetics was performed in 6 healthy male volunteers. Coadministration of
      quinidine sulphate induces a prolongation of digoxin elimination half-life (means
      +/- SD) from 33.0 +/- 8.0 to 43.9 +/- 6.2 hours, causing an augmentation of 0/48
      AUC (means +/- SD) from 37.8 +/- 14.1 to 100.2 +/- 30.4 ng/ml.h. This increase in
      serum digoxin concentration-time course was caused by a decrease of both renal
      clearance (means +/- SD) from 150.7 +/- 46.5 to 79.0 +/- 23.3 ml/min and of minor
      importance, total clearance (means +/- SD) from 198.8 +/- 66.4 to 91.7 +/- 21.9
      ml/min. A decrease in apparent volume of distribution of digoxin (means +/- SD)
      from 520.1 +/- 115.2 to 344.5 +/- 78.2 l could also be observed: When digoxin was
      given additionally, two quinidine-pharmacokinetic parameters were altered: renal
      quinidine clearance decreased from (means +/- s) 61.2 +/- 11.5 to 45.7 +/- 13.7
      ml/min, causing a prolongation of elimination half-life of quinidine (means +/-
      s) from 10.34 +/- 1.76 to 12.28 +/- 1.23 hours. These altered parameters induced
      an augmentation in 0/48 AUC of quinidine of 11% on the average but this change
      was not statistically significant because of the relatively large standard
      deviation in serum quinidine concentrations. Considering the reduction of renal
      digoxin clearance, the mechanism mainly responsible for the quinidine-digoxin
      interaction, the decrease in renal quinidine clearance, appears to be most
      remarkable as well.

PMID- 3997301
TI  - The responsibility for the study protocol in a drug trial.
AB  - A well-designed protocol is an essential part of any clinical trial. In a drug
      trial it should be the result of a joint effort involving the physician
      performing the trial at the clinic and the specialist in the drug company. The
      contribution of both the two partners varies depending on the stage of the
      development and the innovativeness of the compound. A clinical pharmacologist and
      a statistician should also be involved in drafting the protocol. The
      participation of the latter is mandatory for multicenter trials.

PMID- 3997302
TI  - Night-time pharmacokinetics of once a day theophylline: a steady state comparison
      of three preparations.
AB  - We have carried out a steady state pharmacokinetic comparison of three different
      theophylline preparations in nine healthy volunteers using a once a day dosage
      schedule of 600 mg theophylline given before bedtime for four days. The
      preparations tested were Retafyllin 200 mg depot tablet (R), Theo-Dur 200 mg
      depot tablet (T) and Uniphyllin 200 mg tablet (U). All preparations in steady
      state reached the serum level of 8.9-10.2 microg/ml after a single evening dose
      of theophylline 600 mg. The pharmacokinetic profile of these slow release
      theophylline preparations was such that there is no risk of exceeding the
      therapeutic range even after a rather high evening dose. Individual variation was
      also observed in the present study but nobody exceeded the therapeutic range. The
      pharmacokinetic profiles of R and U were quite similar and they seemed to have
      suitable pharmacokinetic properties for once a day dosage, and they showed a more
      sustained action than T. Only minimal gastrointestinal side effects were reported
      during this study.

PMID- 3997303
TI  - Physiopathological rationale and clinical aims of the use of a combination of
      cefuroxime and N-acetylcysteine in pneumology.
AB  - The trial population consisted of 50 patients suffering from acute exacerbations
      of chronic bronchial disease processes. Forty patients were treated with an
      extempore combination of cefuroxime and N-acetylcysteine at the doses of 2 g and
      600 mg/day respectively in two i.m. administrations. The other 10 patients were
      treated with N-acetylcysteine alone at the same dose. Respiratory tract clinical
      and instrumental parameters were investigated, and bacteriological tests were
      performed on sputum samples before and after treatment. Tolerance of the
      treatment was assessed on the basis of measurement of blood-chemistry parameters.

PMID- 3997304
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of amoxapine and its active metabolites.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of amoxapine and its active metabolites, 8
      hydroxyamoxapine and 7-hydroxyamoxapine were determined in 8 healthy volunteers
      receiving a single oral dose of 100 mg of the drug. Considerable interindividual
      variation was seen in the plasma levels of the three substances. Amoxapine
      reached maximum levels of 67.4 +/- 35.8 ng/ml between 1 and 2 h after
      administration. The decline of amoxapine levels in plasma was biphasic. The mean
      elimination half-life was 9.8 +/- 2.6 h and the estimated first-pass loss ranged
      between 0.18 and 0.54. The peak levels of the metabolites were reached between 1
      and 3 h after administration, with 8-hydroxyamoxapine levels significantly higher
      than those of 7-hydroxyamoxapine. The mean elimination half-lives were 30.8 and
      5.1 h for 8-hydroxyamoxapine and 7-hydroxyamoxapine respectively. The margins of
      the plasma concentrations reached at steady-state were calculated according to
      pharmacokinetics parameters for a dosage interval of 8 h.

PMID- 3997305
TI  - Elimination characteristics of bredinin from patients serum in hemodialysis.
AB  - The hemodialysability of bredinin, a new immunosuppressive drug, was investigated
      in five patients on longterm hemodialysis. Blood samples were collected
      periodically during and inter-dialysis and measured by high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) for bredinin. The half-life (t 1/2) of the elimination
      phase was 4.8 h in our patients during hemodialysis, a 97% reduction of the 155 h
      t 1/2 reported in uremic patients. The fraction of drug in the body which is
      removed by dialysis (f) calculated averaged 0.43. A mean of 43% of the drug in
      the body was removed during 4-hour hemodialysis. Because of the reduction in
      elimination t 1/2 and the significant drug removal during dialysis we conclude
      that bredinin is dialyzable.

PMID- 3997306
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of the bronchosecretolytic ozothin after intravenous
      injection.
AB  - Blood concentrations of the terpenes myrtenal, myrtenol, pionocarveol, verbenon
      and terbinhydrate in ozothin were investigated as a function of time after
      intravenous injection of 10 ml ozothin in 36 subjects. On each occasion 10 ml of
      the terpene mixture was injected into the inside right elbow. During the first 60
      minutes after injection several 7 ml samples of citrate blood were withdrawn from
      the inside left elbow, immediately spun down and analysed by gas chromatography.
      Elimination of the terpenes from the blood during the first 10 minutes after
      injection appeared to follow a half-life time of three to four minutes with a
      second half-life time of 60 to 65 minutes. The concentration of these terpenes in
      expired air was determined in 27 subjects. Approximately 7% of the substances
      were eliminated via the lungs during the first 60 minutes. In a further series of
      experiments the concentration in subcutaneous fat during the first 24 hours after
      injection was studied. The whole terpenes concentrations range from 2.4 ng
      terpenes/g fat tissue to 0.8 ng terpenes/g fat at 24 hours.

PMID- 3997307
TI  - Bioavailability and central side effects of different carbamazepine tablets.
AB  - The bioavailability and central side effects of five carbamazepine tablets with
      different rates of absorption were investigated in nine healthy volunteers in a
      randomized cross-over study using single doses of 400 mg. There were seven-fold
      differences in the peak times (Tmax), 1.5-fold differences in the peak serum
      concentrations (Cmax) but no significant differences in the total bioavailability
      (AUC0-96 h) of these tablets. On the tablets with the slowest absorption the
      serum concentrations were still, 24 h after the ingestion, more than 90% of the
      Cmax. Central side effects (dizziness, ataxia) were significantly (p less than
      0.01) more common when a brand of tablets with a rapid absorption was used. These
      tablets were characterized by a rapid dissolution in vitro in 0.1 N HCl. The
      total bioavailability of carbamazepine does not decrease despite moderate
      prolongation of the absorption phase. The pure AUC-data alone are inadequate to
      characterize the clinical equivalency of carbamazepine products. Formulations
      with a slow absorption may be preferable: central side effects are less common
      and serum concentrations more constant.

PMID- 3997308
TI  - Drug use intervention with and for special populations.

PMID- 3997309
TI  - Folks and professionals: different models for the interpretation of drug use.

PMID- 3997310
TI  - Addiction intervention: treatment models and public policy.

PMID- 3997311
TI  - Institutional barriers to alcohol and drug abuse prevention.

PMID- 3997312
TI  - How the literature can help in medical treatment.
AB  - Experience from various hospitals has shown that the information received from
      journal literature, indexes and databases has a direct positive impact in
      improving patient care. Twenty percent of the doctors interviewed advised that
      the information supplied to them directly influenced their treatment of patients
      and altered their methods applied in patient care. Speed and precision is very
      important in supplying information to the medical doctors and health
      professionals in order to give them time to digest the information before the
      decision on treatment is made. Some of the indexes and databases are briefly
      described, which will give the necessary information with the minimum time and
      effort for use in medical treatment. Machinery of access to the databases and
      indexes is suggested with the accent on the microcomputer programs which will
      allow even the health professionals and librarians who might be unfamiliar with
      the search techniques to use the databases and indexes effectively.

PMID- 3997313
TI  - A case of cholestatic hepatitis associated with D-penicillamine therapy for
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A male aged 72 years suffering from erosive seropositive rheumatoid arthritis
      developed jaundice after one month on D-penicillamine after a cumulative dose of
      5.625 g. The biological abnormalities were characteristic of cholestasis. There
      were no gall-stones. The liver biopsy showed severe intrahepatocellular
      cholestasis with a slight degree of cellular cholangitis and with eosinophils in
      the portal tracts. There was no sign of cellular necrosis. After cessation of D
      penicillamine, the jaundice cleared within three weeks and the enzymes were
      normalized within two months. The aetiology is discussed and the cases of the
      literature are reviewed. This case represents a further instance of D
      penicillamine-induced cholestatic hepatitis.

PMID- 3997314
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of nifedipine.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of a slow-release formulation of nifedipine were studied
      following oral administration of a single 20 mg tablet in nine young male
      volunteers. Blood samples were collected and nifedipine concentrations analysed
      by gas liquid chromatography. Compared to conventional nifedipine, there was a
      delay in peak concentrations and a much smaller range of peak plasma levels. The
      smaller interindividual variability of plasma drug levels may be useful in the
      treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 3997315
TI  - Nifedipine treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in a paediatric age.
AB  - Success in the treatment of juvenile Raynaud's phenomenon has been obtained with
      nifedipine at 10-13 mg/day in a 6-year-old boy and an 8-year-old girl.

PMID- 3997316
TI  - The choice of the ideal anti-inflammatory drug.
AB  - The selection of the ideal anti-inflammatory drug is an important task bearing in
      mind some of the characteristics concerning its pharmacokinetics, mechanism of
      action, efficacy, tolerability, dosage, safety, presentation and route of
      administration, patient compliance and patient expectancy. The present paper
      deals with each of these topics, based on current knowledge of the different anti
      inflammatory drugs and the more than 20 years experience in a great number of
      clinical trials with most of the best known non-hormonal anti-inflammatory
      compounds.

PMID- 3997317
TI  - Production of tumour necrosis factor in Listeria monocytogenes-infected animals.
AB  - Both mice and rabbits injected intravenously with viable Listeria monocytogenes
      and challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharide release tumour necrosis factor
      (TNF) into the blood. Optimal conditions for production of murine TNF using
      Listeria were established. The cell-kill efficacy of Listeria-TNF and of
      Corynebacterium parvum-TNF are comparable. Also, the two sera have similar
      spectra of activity; a wide variety of murine and human tumour cell lines are
      vulnerable while others are not affected. Among the cell lines tested, Ehrlich
      ascites tumour (EAT) cell was found to be most susceptible to the cytotoxic
      effect of TNF. The advantages of using Listeria for producing TNF and using EAT
      cells in studying the mechanism of action of TNF are discussed.

PMID- 3997318
TI  - Complement abnormalities during contrast media procedures.
AB  - Complement changes following the administration of the two most commonly used
      intravascular contrast media (CM) diatrizoate and iothalmate were studied in 26
      patients by measuring complement component C3 levels and the total hemolytic
      function. Blood from these patients was obtained in plastic tubes containing 10
      mM ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) prior to and 15 min after contrast
      media infusion. In thirteen patients who received iothalamate a 28% drop in C3
      concentration and a 19% change in total hemolytic complement was seen. In the
      second group of thirteen patients diatrizoate caused a 20% C3 decrease and a 15%
      reduction in total hemolytic complement. Since iothalamate is a hyperosmolar and
      hyperviscous solution compared to diatrizoate, it is likely that these factors
      are responsible for changes in complement level which may present potential risk
      to patients with depressed immunologic status. This study suggests that screening
      of patients for their total complement profile may provide useful information in
      minimizing adverse reactions to contrast material.

PMID- 3997319
TI  - Enhancement of phagocytosis by different anti-neoplastic drugs.
AB  - The effect of various anti-neoplastic drugs on erythrophagocytosis was studied.
      All of them were able to induce a significant enhancement of phagocytosis when
      administered at single high doses to normal mice. The effect was exerted on
      antibody dependent phagocytosis and was not due to local inflammatory reactions
      since the subcutaneous route also induced increased phagocytic activity. Since
      the drugs tested are commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, their enhancing effect
      on phagocytosis may be relevant in the regulation of host defense mechanisms.

PMID- 3997320
TI  - Influence of fever temperatures and of some cytoactive drugs on in vitro lysozyme
      release from monocytes and granulocytes.
AB  - The selective in vitro release of lysozyme from human monocytes and granulocytes
      was not greatly influenced by temperatures above 37 degrees C and up to 40
      degrees C. The release was markedly inhibited by preincubation with
      phenylbutazone, oxyphenylbutazone, colchicine and vincristine. A water-soluble
      hydrocortisone complex also inhibited lysozyme release, but at high
      concentrations, lysis of the cells occurred. Although methotrexate had a weak
      inhibiting effect, no appreciable influence on release was observed with
      cyclophosphamide or cytarabine. Thus, release of lysozyme from blood leukocytes
      is likely to be dependent on cellular functions involving the stability of both
      microtubules and membranes.

PMID- 3997321
TI  - Influence of palmitoyl-3-catechin and heptyl-3-catechin on the leucocyte
      migration inhibition test carried out in the presence of PPD and hepatitis B
      surface antigen (HBsAg).
AB  - It has been shown that (+)-cyanidanol-3 [+)-catechin) is able to stimulate in
      vitro the cell-mediated immune response specific for hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg), and might contribute to the elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      during HBV infection. In the present study, the possible action of two of its
      derivatives, palmitoyl-3-catechin and heptyl-3-catechin, on this type of immunity
      was investigated by adding the substances to leucocyte migration inhibition tests
      performed in presence of PPD and HBsAg, with leucocytes from individuals
      sensitized to these antigens. In normal individuals sensitized to PPD, the
      addition of palmitoyl-3-catechin and heptyl-3-catechin amplified the inhibition
      of migration by resp. 7.2% (p less than 0.05) and 13.5% (p less than 0.001). In
      patients previously infected by HBV and sensitized to HBsAg, the maximum
      amplification was resp. 12.7% (p less than 0.001) and 7.6% (p less than 0.05).
      This effect was dose-dependent. These substances did not modify the leucocyte
      migration measured in the absence of antigen. Palmitoyl-3-catechin and heptyl-3
      catechin therefore seem capable of amplifying the cell-mediated immune response.
      The effect of the two derivatives, which were selected because of their
      liposolubility, was more pronounced than the effect of (+)-cyanidanol-3. It is
      thus possible that the two new catechin-derivatives, not yet in therapeutical
      use, will also stimulate cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg, and that a more marked
      clinical effect might be expected.

PMID- 3997322
TI  - Towards the proletarianization of physicians.
AB  - The thesis of this article is that in general where most other workers were
      quickly and easily proletarianized, physicians - through the use of a variety of
      tactics at the disposal of some elite groups - have, until now, been able to
      postpone or minimize this process in their own case. Now, as a result of the
      bureaucratization which is being forced on medical practice as a consequence of
      the logic of capitalist expansion, physicians are slowly being reduced to a
      proletarian function, and their formerly self-interested activities subordinated
      to the broader requirements of the capitalist control of highly profitable
      medical production.

PMID- 3997323
TI  - Restructuring health care: the social geography of public and private health care
      under the British Conservative Government.
AB  - The 1979 election of the Conservative Government in Britain was not followed by
      the demolition of the welfare state. However, a variety of policy initiatives
      were introduced both to restructure National Health Service (NHS) expenditure,
      and to facilitate private provision of health services. This article considers
      the effects of such policies on the existing and future distribution of health
      care resources. A historical introduction discusses the main thrusts of
      conservative welfare policy. This is followed by an examination of the current
      financial situation of NHS authorities, at the regional and sub-regional scales;
      the political response to the 1983 manpower reductions is also considered. Events
      in the NHS are then contrasted with the deregulation of the private sector. The
      emergence and distribution of commercial acute hospitals are examined, as are
      other initiatives designed to transfer some of the financial burden of welfare
      provision away from the state. A concluding section compares and contrasts these
      developments and considers prospects for the future form of health care provision
      in Britain.

PMID- 3997324
TI  - Worker control over occupational health services: the development of legal rights
      in the EEC.
AB  - This article presents an analysis of the legal developments with respect to
      worker control over occupational health services. It gives a survey of
      legislation in the member states of the European Economic Community (EEC), in
      particular as to how worker involvement in occupational health services is
      organized and what it entails in terms of access to information, supervision of
      the health expert's work, and participation in decisions on selection of service
      and staff. Although worker participation in the organization and functioning of
      occupational health services is recognized as a matter of principle in several
      countries, disparity exists concerning the arrangements adopted for this purpose.
      It is shown, that - on the whole - legal rights concerning the supervision of the
      health specialist's work remain rather limited in scope. Finally, the question is
      discussed which legislative measures could improve the workers' position vis-a
      vis occupational health services and their professional staff and to what extent
      the transformation of occupational health services into public institutions would
      remove the limitations inherent in any form of worker participation at enterprise
      level.

PMID- 3997325
TI  - Land tenure patterns and child health in southern Brazil: the relationship
      between agricultural production, malnutrition and child mortality.
AB  - The relationships between infant mortality, malnutrition, and land tenure
      patterns in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were investigated with data
      from demographic and agricultural censuses, vital statistics, and dietary
      surveys, complemented by a large nutritional survey in urban and rural areas.
      These studies employed a variety of analytical methods and revealed that young
      children in areas with large ranches, livestock-raising, and a high proportion of
      agricultural wage-earners presented a higher mortality and had a poorer
      nutritional status than children in areas with small properties, crop
      agriculture, and self-employed family workers. Children of landowners showed
      least malnutrition and the smaller risk of death compared to children of
      laborers, although the differential seems to have narrowed in recent years. The
      main conclusion is that land tenure patterns play a very important role in
      determining early mortality and malnutrition in this Brazilian state.

PMID- 3997326
TI  - The Soroako nickel project: a healthy development?
AB  - The establishment of a nickel mine has greatly affected the lives of the
      inhabitants of a formerly remote rural community in Indonesia. The article
      examines some of the health consequences of the project for the local people. In
      particular, it discusses problems of water and sanitation in the mining town, the
      nutritional consequences of changing social relations with capitalist
      development, and problems in the delivery of health care. The conflicts generated
      by these issues indicate some of the shortcomings of a national development
      strategy which relies heavily on private foreign investment.

PMID- 3997327
TI  - State (political) torture: some general, psychological, and particular aspects.
AB  - This article reviews some general and particular aspects of state political
      torture as it is practiced in several Latin American countries in an attempt to
      secure domination and prevent change. The purposes, methods and effects of such
      torture are discussed. The article also elaborates on some of the elements that
      participate in the making of the torturer, the contradictions that he faces, and
      the psychological mechanisms that assist him in his attempt to resolve such
      contradictions. Emphasis is given to the question of who is the real torturer.

PMID- 3997328
TI  - The World Medical Association in South Africa.

PMID- 3997329
TI  - Streptococcal infection effects on psoriasis and glycosaminoglycans. A
      hypothesis.

PMID- 3997330
TI  - Leukocyte chemotaxis and pyoderma gangrenosum.
AB  - Leukocyte chemotaxis (in five patients with pyoderma gangrenosum) was studied
      using a modification of the Boyden chamber method. In all patients the
      chemotactic response was significantly lower than in the controls. This abnormal
      chemotaxis was a result of an intrinsic neutrophil dysfunction. No significant
      difference was detected between the chemotactic response of leukocytes from
      patients with minimal or no skin involvement and those from patients with
      extensive lesions.

PMID- 3997331
TI  - The absence of dengue virus in the skin lesions of dengue fever.
AB  - Patients with confirmed dengue infection were studied in an attempt to elucidate
      the cause of the eruption of dengue fever. Punch biopsies of lesional skin were
      obtained and processed for the presence of viral antigen and immune globulins by
      the direct fluorescent antibody test. Another biopsy specimen and the acute sera
      were processed for virus isolation. Although virus was isolated from the serum of
      two patients, isolation attempts from the biopsy specimens of all four patients
      were negative. Fluorescent antibody studies revealed no evidence of either viral
      antigen or immune globulins in lesional skin. Although limited, the data suggest
      that the maculopapular rash of dengue fever may be caused by some mechanism other
      than direct viral infection of the skin or involvement of immune globulins.

PMID- 3997332
TI  - Leishmanin skin testing in the diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AB  - Two hundred thirty-three British troops were tested before and 2 months after a 6
      month period in Belize. No erythematous indurated reactions developed on the
      initial tests; four subjects developed such reactions on the second test. Three
      of these subjects had skin ulcers at the time of the second test; the fourth
      developed an ulcer 2 weeks later. Leishmania braziliensis sp were isolated from
      all of these ulcers. Two subjects who showed no reaction on either of their tests
      developed skin ulcers within 1 month of the second test. Leishmania braziliensis
      sp were isolated from these ulcers. The leishmanin test performed 2 months after
      return from an endemic area does not provide a satisfactory screening test for
      leishmaniasis. An indurated reaction correlates well with the presence of
      disease, but a negative reaction does not exclude this developing later.

PMID- 3997333
TI  - Generalized pruritus as a presenting symptom of phenytoin-induced Hodgkin's
      disease.

PMID- 3997334
TI  - Yellow nail syndrome.

PMID- 3997335
TI  - Darier's disease responds to the synergism of vitamins A and E.

PMID- 3997336
TI  - Cheilitis and labial lesions of lupus in the French Indies.

PMID- 3997337
TI  - The role of foods in atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 3997338
TI  - Hair analysis. A useful tool or a waste of money?

PMID- 3997339
TI  - Erysipelas. Changing faces.
AB  - A retrospective study of 526 adult patients admitted to the Sheba Medical Center
      for treatment of erysipelas during the period 1972-1982 showed a steady increase
      in the number of cases admitted as well as a striking change in its classical
      pattern of distribution, with 86% of the lesions occurring in the lower
      extremities opposed to 5.9% in the face. Local trauma and superficial abrasions
      were identified as the major predisposing factors, whereas upper respiratory
      tract infection was almost negligible among the patients. Peripheral vascular
      disease, diabetes, and prolonged treatment with corticoids, immunosuppressants,
      or radiation were less frequently associated with the development of the disease.
      New trends were also observed for the age groups and seasonal distribution of the
      population studied.

PMID- 3997340
TI  - Malignant transformation of hypertrophic lichen planus.

PMID- 3997341
TI  - Pachyonychia congenita.

PMID- 3997342
TI  - Median nasal dermoid fistula.

PMID- 3997343
TI  - An association between a lymphocyte antigen in sheep and the response to
      vaccination against the parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

PMID- 3997344
TI  - Attempts to probe the antigens and protective immunogens of Trichostrongylus
      colubriformis in immunoblots with sera from infected and hyperimmune sheep and
      high- and low-responder guinea pigs.

PMID- 3997345
TI  - In vitro culture of the strobilar stage of Echinococcus granulosus from
      protoscoleces of human, camel, cattle, sheep and goat origin from Kenya and
      buffalo origin from India.

PMID- 3997346
TI  - Aspects of the life cycle of Schistosoma margrebowiei infection in laboratory
      mammals.

PMID- 3997347
TI  - Digestion in the cattle-tick Boophilus microplus: light microscope study of the
      gut cells in nymphs and females.

PMID- 3997348
TI  - Effects on plasma pepsinogen, gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide of Ostertagia
      spp. transferred directly into the abomasum of sheep.

PMID- 3997349
TI  - Babesia bovis: successful vaccination against homologous challenge in
      splenectomised calves using a fraction of haemagglutinating antigen.

PMID- 3997350
TI  - Initial characterisation of the sheep immune response to infections of Lucilia
      cuprina.

PMID- 3997351
TI  - Hepatic mast cells in rats infected with Taenia taeniaeformis.

PMID- 3997352
TI  - Cultivation of the cercaria of Himasthla quissetensis (Trematoda) on the chick
      chorioallantois.

PMID- 3997353
TI  - Synthesis and properties of an all-D model ribonuclease S-peptide.
AB  - In order to examine the effect of a defined enantiomeric sequence on protein
      structure, the all-D model ribonuclease S-peptide, H-Ala-Glu-Ala4-Lys-Phe-Ala-Arg
      Ala-His-Met-Ala2-OH, has been synthesized by the solid phase method. The all-L
      peptide has been synthesized previously and shown to possess 36% of ribonuclease
      S activity when added to ribonuclease S-protein (Komoriya, A. & Chaiken, I.M.
      (1982) J. Biol. Chem 257, 2599-2604). The synthetic D-peptide was purified by gel
      filtration and semipreparative reverse phase HPLC. Amino acid composition of the
      synthetic peptide was in agreement with theory and gas chromatographic analysis
      showed that no significant racemization had occurred during synthesis. Circular
      dichroism (CD) studies of the D-peptide showed a peak of positive ellipticity in
      the 220-230 nm region, whereas a negative ellipticity peak for the L-peptide was
      observed. The effects of temperature and trifluoroethanol on the far-ultraviolet
      CD spectra of D- and L-peptides were similar but of opposite sign, confirming the
      expectation that the D-peptide has the propensity to form an alpha-helical
      structure which is enantiomeric with respect to that formed by the L-peptide. In
      the presence of S-protein, the L-peptide showed hydrolytic activity against the
      substrate cytidine-2':3'-monophosphate, whereas the D-peptide was inactive.
      Addition of the D-peptide to mixtures of L-peptide and S-protein did not lead to
      inhibition of enzymatic activity. These results indicate lack of binding of D
      peptide to S-protein to produce either an active or inactive species.

PMID- 3997354
TI  - New bovine adrenal medullary peptide and its precursor.
AB  - We have isolated a previously unknown peptide and its precursor from bovine
      adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. The peptide sequence is Leu-Pro-Val-Asn
      Ser-Pro-Met-Asn-Lys-Gly-Asn-Glu-Val-Met-Lys. The peptide is cleaved from the
      precursor at a Lys site. The sequence shows no homology to any known protein in
      the largest sequence data bank available.

PMID- 3997355
TI  - The neural crest origin of uveal melanomas.
AB  - On the basis of two cases the relation between 'neurogenic' tumours (neurinomas,
      neurilemmomas, Schwannomas, neurofibromas) and malignant melanomas of the uvea is
      discussed with emphasis on the close association of both groups of neoplasms with
      the ciliary nerves. The great histopathological diversity between different cases
      of melanoma as well as within individual cases is also pointed out. On
      histological and cytological criteria it may be difficult to differentiate
      between the 'neurogenic' tumours and the highly differentiated, spindle cell
      variants of the melanomas. Since all these tumours are derived from the neural
      crest, they might be grouped under one common heading. It is postulated that
      'neurogenic' tumours have been overdiagnosed to the disadvantage of the highly
      differentiated spindle cell melanomas.

PMID- 3997356
TI  - Bilateral diffuse benign melanocytic tumours of the uveal tract. A
      clinicopathological study.
AB  - In a patient treated for gall-bladder carcinoma bilateral choroidal tumours were
      clinically interpreted as intraocular metastases. Post mortem histological
      examination of both eyes revealed a bilateral diffuse benign melanocytic tumour
      of the uveal tract. The association of bilateral uveal naevi with terminal
      carcinomas has been reported in seven other cases; it may be a new
      ophthalmological syndrome.

PMID- 3997357
TI  - Ring melanoma of the iris. Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.
AB  - Clinicopathologic case report of a boy aged 17 with a ring melanoma of the iris
      with endothelial overgrowth and glaucoma, with reference to the first case of the
      iridocorneal endothelial syndrome reported from the same laboratory by Rochat &
      Mulder in 1924. When a melanoma spreads around the globe within the ciliary body,
      or around the angle of the anterior chamber, or diffusely over the surface of the
      iris, it is called a ring melanoma (5).

PMID- 3997358
TI  - A case of melanosis oculi with malignant melanoma of the choroid.
AB  - Description of one case of melanocytosis oculi with malignant melanoma of the
      choroid of the same eye in a white patient. Microscopical examination confirmed
      the clinical diagnosis. Recent statistical work which shows that the risk of
      uveal melanoma is greater in patients with melanocytosis oculi than in the normal
      white population is recalled.

PMID- 3997359
TI  - A complicated case of ciliary body melanoma and glaucoma.
AB  - This clinicopathological case report describes the bilateral ocular pathology in
      an elderly man suffering from primary open angle glaucoma, aphakia and a ciliary
      body melanoma which was treated by cryotherapy to preserve vision in the better
      eye. Liver metastases were detected 18 months after the tumour was recognised. At
      autopsy, melanoma metastases were found within a renal cell carcinoma which had
      also metastasised to the lungs. Other abnormalities included aphakic maculopathy,
      senile macular degeneration, asteroid hyalosis and patchy hyalinisation of the
      retinal vasculature, which in one eye was the source of preretinal
      neovascularisation derived from intramural neovascularisation.

PMID- 3997360
TI  - Ocular vasculitis in Behcet's disease. A pathological and immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - The clinical and pathological presentation of Behcet's disease are discussed.
      Necrotising arteriolitis and phlebitis with thromboses are demonstrated when a
      rare enucleation specimen became available for examination in this condition.
      Immunohistochemical studies show mural IgG, IgA, and C3 deposits in episcleral
      and some choroidal veins. The value of the clinical use of fibrinolytic agents is
      discussed.

PMID- 3997361
TI  - Aphakia versus pseudophakia. A clinico-pathological study.
AB  - Eighteen enucleated pseudophakic and 14 aphakic eyes were histopathologically
      described. An analysis was made of the histologic data in combination with
      clinical information. In conclusion, cataract extraction with subsequent
      implantation of an artificial lens seems to bear a higher risk than cataract
      extraction alone, notwithstanding-perhaps--better technical work during implant
      surgery. The presence of an intraocular lens may induce either fatal
      inflammations or complications necessitating other surgical interventions, which
      may contribute to a fatal outcome. However the proportion of enucleated eyes to
      the total number of lens implantations is almost negligible, it probably reflects
      the clinical complications.

PMID- 3997362
TI  - Prognosis of traction retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retiopathy.
AB  - Considering the complications which may arise when traction retinal detachment
      (TRD) is treated surgically, the correct assessment of its course is important.
      The evolution of TRD in proliferative diabetic retinopathy is described and its
      pathogenesis discussed. In order to predict the course of a specific clinical
      situation we have to assess the activity of retinopathy and the localization and
      extension of vitreoretinal adhesions. Some guide lines for proper evaluation and
      proper management of the often complicated clinical picture of TRD in
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy are presented.

PMID- 3997363
TI  - Aplasia of the optic nerves.
AB  - At birth, a full term baby showed marked cyanosis and respiratory distress,
      resulting from transposition of the great vessels. In spite of intensive care,
      and of balloon septostomies, the child died at the age of five days. The right
      eye was small and had an almost fully opaque cornea, together with other
      abnormalities of the anterior segment; the left eye was slightly larger, with a
      clear cornea. Both eyes showed varying degress of retinal dysplasia, and foci of
      microcystoid change. Macroscopically, and on histological examination of serial
      sections, the central retinal vessels were completely absent (a focus of
      neovascularisation in the vitreous of the right eye was apparently of choroidal
      origin). Furthermore, no optic discs, retinal ganglion cells and nerve fibres
      could be demonstrated. The optic nerves were missing. The findings are discussed.

PMID- 3997364
TI  - Massive peripheral retinal sclerosis. Correlation between light and scanning
      electron microscopic findings.
AB  - Peripheral retinal sclerosis (PRS) is especially massive in cases of high myopia
      and retinitis pigmentosa. The distribution and configuration of the sclerotic
      formations in nine such cases were studied and compared by light microscopy and
      SEM. Different aspects of the sclerotic structures are described. It is shown
      that no formations of PRS lie isolated within the degenerated retinal tissue as
      could be supposed by light microscopy. They are always in multiple contact to or
      originate from the vitreo-retinal border layer and/or peripheral retinal vessels.
      This leads to the supposition that these preexisting collagenous structures
      participate in some way in the formation of PRS.

PMID- 3997365
TI  - A contribution to the histological and topographical anatomy of the aponeurosis
      of the levator palpebrae superioris and of the tarsal muscle in the normal lid
      and in blepharoptosis.
AB  - Eight normal upper lids were examinated histologically with special regard to the
      aponeurosis of the levator and of the tarsal muscle (Muller's). The aponeurosis
      originates from the levator muscle within the orbit (behind the septum orbitale)
      and inserts at the upper anterior surface of the tarsal plate. The tarsal muscle
      originates from the levator muscle and inserts at the upper tarsal border. It is
      a smooth muscle containing many small blood vessels. Fifty-six specimens of
      tissue resected in operations for blepharoptosis were examined histologically.
      They consist of parts of the tarsal muscle and of the aponeurosis of the levator
      and of fat tissue without pathological changes.

PMID- 3997366
TI  - Treatment of retinoblastoma and choroidal melanoma. A multidisciplinary approach.
AB  - Retinoblastoma and choroidal melanoma are two malignant ocular tumours that still
      give rise to discussions about diagnosis, natural history with respect to
      metastasis an choice of treatment. The therapeutic problems are best solved
      within a multidisciplinary oncology team in which the ophthalmologist,
      ophthalmopathologist and the general pathologist play an important role. In most
      institutes for ophthalmology a patient with a tumour in or in the region of the
      eye, is first seen by a specialist for eye diseases, who is also a surgeon in
      this field. In general the ophthalmologist decides on the diagnosis, the
      treatment and the follow-up without consulting other specialists in oncology.
      This solely ophthalmological approach can harbour a potential danger for the
      patient. Decisions on treatment made in a multidisciplinary team of specialists
      trained in oncological principles are responsible for the best results. Surgery
      combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be a better choice than surgery
      alone, but even when surgery alone seems the best treatment, the discussion with
      the members of an oncological team can be of importance for the surgeon. The
      natural history of the tumour which includes the growth patterns, the growth rate
      and the tendency to metastasize may influence the choice of the surgical
      procedure; surgical intervention might be more or less extensive than previously
      foreseen. Dr. W.A. Manschot, professor in ophthalmic pathology, rightly advocates
      the contribution of the ophthalmopathologist to such an oncological team, because
      such a person has acquired knowledge in histopathology of the ocular tumours and
      experience in evaluating international literature in this field, the results of
      the treatment of groups of patients with the same tumour and publishing the
      statistically verified conclusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997367
TI  - Primary hyperoxaluria: an important cause of renal failure in infancy.
AB  - All 25 infants with primary hyperoxaluria type I (PH) so far reported in detail
      (including one own observation) presented in renal failure (RF) whereas
      urolithiasis has conspiciously been absent. Diagnosis of PH was often delayed due
      to nonspecific symptoms of RF: Vomiting, anemia and severe metabolic acidosis.
      However, demonstration of increased renal echodensity at ultrasound examination
      should allow early diagnosis. A flecked retina has been noted in several infants.
      In contrast, our patient had black retinal pigmentations which have only once
      been reported in PH. Prognosis in untreated patients has so far been poor: 67%
      died within the first 6 months of life. It is likely that early diagnosis and
      treatment will improve prognosis in the future.

PMID- 3997368
TI  - Complement activation in acute glomerulonephritis in children.
AB  - Serial determinations of complement components (C1q, C4, C3, C5 and factor B)
      were performed in 32 children with acute glomerulonephritis. Low levels of C3
      were found in 30 patients and low levels of C5 in 26. The findings of reduced C1q
      and/or C4 levels (25 patients) in the first days of the disease suggest
      activation of the classical pathway. Depressed Factor B levels were found rarely
      (4 patients). In all patients, the presence of a C3 splitting activity and/of a
      C3 nephritic factor-like activity was investigated. Both activities were
      demonstrated in 7 patients whereas in another patient, only C3 splitting activity
      was noted. A disappearance of both activities was observed in all patients. In 3
      patients tested, the C3 nephritic factor-like activity was heat-labile and was
      therefore not related to true C3 nephritic factor. Both pathways are implicated
      in the early phases of the disease but continued C3 depression is probably
      through alternate pathway.

PMID- 3997369
TI  - Nitrogen mustard therapy in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood.
AB  - The effects of intravenous Nitrogen Mustard (NM), given with a total cumulative
      dose of 0.8 mg/kg BW, were studied in 60 children with idiopathic nephrotic
      syndrome (INS). Thirty patients were frequent relapser with corticosteroid
      dependence. In this group the actuarial remission rate was 43, 30 and 15% after
      1, 2 and 3 years respectively. The relapse rate per year was decreased from 2.76
      +/- 1.56 to 0.88 +/- 0.79 after NM. Ten of the 17 patients showing a partial
      response to steroids went into complete remission after NM but 6 of them
      relapsed. Of the 13 patients who did not respond to steroids only 3 went into
      remission for a short time. Vomiting and leukopenia were noted in one third of
      cases. The data indicate that NM may improve the course of corticosteroid
      dependent INS, being less effective in partial responders and probably without
      effect in non responders.

PMID- 3997370
TI  - Long-term outcome of children with malformative uropathies.
AB  - 125 cases of severe malformative uropathies, 42 urethral valves (V), 52 degree
      III vesicoureteral refluxes (VUR), 18 ureterovesical junction stenoses (UVJ), 13
      pyeloureteral junction stenoses (PUJ), were studied for a period of 12 years.
      Based on the hypothesis that prognosis depends on the number of residual
      nephrons, we used the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as our basic reference.
      62% of our cases had an initial GFR below 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 30% had GFR's
      below 25. Early diagnosis and intervention are important for improvement of GFR.
      Of the 32% who improved, most were diagnosed in the first year of life, and the
      exceptional few after 2 years. The extent of initial renal damage is also a
      limiting factor. Improvement was rarely seen when the initial GFR was below 30
      ml/min/1.73 m2. There was a correlation between the initial and final GFR levels.
      Renal degradation (28% of cases) is most influenced by follow up time. The
      average age of end stage renal failure (ESRF) onset was 11 years 4 months, but is
      earlier for V than for VUR. Onset is even earlier when initial damage is more
      severe. As normal GFR does not exclude later degradation of renal function,
      another indicator of the risk of this type of evolution should be adopted.

PMID- 3997371
TI  - Modification of peritoneal ultrafiltration capacity in children undergoing
      peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Eleven children (7 girls and 4 boys) 2 1/2 to 17 years and 8 months of age were
      treated with CAPD for periods ranging from 6 to 31 months. All children were
      treated with commercially available dialysate solutions containing lactate.
      Peritoneal ultrafiltration capacity (PUFC) decreased progressively in all
      children without accompanying decrease in peritoneal urea and creatinine
      clearances. Five children developed membrane failure with negative
      ultrafiltration. One episode of peritonitis occurred in one of these 5 children
      and in 4 of them only 1.5% glucose solutions had been used. After an initial
      period (ranging from 14 to 31 months) of CAPD, 2 children were treated with
      Intermittent Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (IAPD) and two others with
      Intermittent Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (ICPD). In these 4 children, PUFC
      increased within one month from -3.75 ml/kg/day to + 5 ml/kg/day. By providing a
      shorter dwell time, IAPD and ICPD may allow a reduction in net inward transport
      of glucose, the maintenance of osmolar gradient and preservation of
      ultrafiltration capacity. Furthermore, periods of rest may allow some recovery
      from the progressive deterioration of the peritoneum resulting from long-term
      irrigation of the peritoneal cavity. These results indicate that IAPD and CPD may
      be superior to CAPD to maintain the ultrafiltration capacity of the peritoneum.

PMID- 3997372
TI  - Erythrocyte cation fluxes in essential hypertension of children and adolescents.
AB  - The maximal rate of ouabain sensitive Na+ (pump), the maximal rate of Na+ and K+
      furosemide (co-transport), the maximal rate of Na+ lithium countertransport and
      the rate constant of Na+ and K+ passive permeability were determined in the
      following population: 27 controls, 39 labile essential hypertensive, 10 stable
      hypertensive children, 6 normotensive offspring of hypertensive parent (s), and
      19 hypertensive secondary to renal disease. The normal values for children were
      determined for all these various fluxes. When a rigid technique was applied and
      particularly when the post loading concentration of intracellular Na+ was
      determined and when the cells were not swollen by Na+ loading, the technique was
      reliable, reproducible and our results could be compared with the results found
      in adults by researchers using the same rigid technical criteria. In labile
      hypertension, 21% of adolescents had a decreased co-transport, 17% an increased
      countertransport and 6% an increased Na+ leak. In stable hypertension none had a
      decreased co-transport, 29% had an increased countertransport and 25% had an
      increased Na+ leak. Moreover, plasma norepinephrine was elevated in most of the
      patients presenting a decreased co-transport. Our results suggest that
      adolescents with labile essential hypertension and elevated plasma norepinephrine
      present with a decreased co-transport whereas adolescents with stable essential
      hypertension and normal or subnormal plasma norepinephrine present with an
      increased countertransport.

PMID- 3997373
TI  - Diffuse arterial calcified elastopathy--a new cause of renovascular hypertension
      in children.
AB  - Diffuse arterial calcified elastopathy was observed in 6 pediatric patients
      presenting with severe renovascular hypertension. Renal ultrasonography showed a
      characteristic pattern, the dotted corticomedullary junction, related to the
      increased echogenicity of the interlobar and/or arcuate arteries. Superficial
      temporal artery biopsy demonstrated the presence and the extension of the
      calcifying process involving the elastic layers of the muscular arteries. This
      clinicopathological syndrome may be heterogeneous from an etiological point of
      view: etiologic investigations led to the diagnosis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum
      in 2 patients; no etiologic cause could be found in the others.

PMID- 3997374
TI  - Renal handling of citrate in children with various kidney disorders.
AB  - Citrate (CIT) excretion was measured in 24 h urine of children with various
      kidney disorders and controls. It was normal in urinary tract infection,
      idiopathic urolithiasis, and idiopathic hypercalciuria in the absence of renal
      dysfunction, but reduced in acute glomerulonephritis, distal renal tubular
      acidosis, and chronic renal failure. Increased citraturia was observed in
      cystinosis and in idiopathic de Toni-Debre-Fanconi syndrome. Renal handling of
      CIT was studied in 45 children with various chronic kidney disorders under
      standard inulin clearance conditions. CIT clearance correlated well with GFR
      above 50 ml/min/1.73 m2. At lower levels, percent tubular reabsorption of CIT
      decreased rapidly, reaching levels between 17% and 41% at GFR less than 10
      ml/min/1.73 m2; this disproportionate fall might be related to reduced renal CIT
      utilization at a relatively early stage of renal insufficiency. During acid
      loading tests, citraturia was lowered, with a decrease of both urinary pH and
      plasma bicarbonate in tubular disorders and in controls. The lowest CIT excretion
      was measured in incomplete renal tubular acidosis with magnesium wasting. The
      findings are discussed in view of recent physiological data on renal metabolism
      of CIT.

PMID- 3997375
TI  - Septal manipulation in the neonate: method and results.
AB  - The septal configuration at birth may be straight (type A) which occurs in 42%
      cases, bent to one side (type B), or deformed to both sides (type C). There is a
      close correlation of these types, immediately with nasal obstruction and feeding
      problems and later with the development of dental abnormalities and respiratory
      infections of the throat and ear. These symptoms occur most in type B cases and
      least in type A cases. A total of 284 babies was assessed at birth and then when
      aged about 5 years. A total of 105 babies, who had minimal trouble and were used
      as controls and not manipulated, were compared with 179 who had troublesome
      symptoms and were manipulated. Manipulation greatly reduced the incidence of
      these problems at a statistically significant level. The physiological reason why
      type B causes more ear disease than types A or C is described. This involves the
      normally occurring Bernouilli's phenomenon in the nose. The external nasal
      deformity which causes minimal physiological changes, and occurs in 4% of births,
      can be successfully straightened by manipulation.

PMID- 3997376
TI  - Meatal atresia and hearing loss. Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive
      inheritance.
AB  - Thirty-six ears of 33 patients with a type II unilateral or bilateral meatal
      atresia were accepted for reconstructive surgery. Five families of these patients
      had a history of congenital aural atresia. In one the father and his son had
      unilateral microtia. Four families counted 2 affected sibs each. The autosomal
      dominant and autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance are discussed.

PMID- 3997377
TI  - Pilomatrixoma of the head and neck in children.
AB  - Pilomatrixoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a benign
      tumor of hair cell origin. It is an unusual, but not particularly rare, tumor.
      Fifty percent or more of pilomatrixomas occur in the head and neck, and 40% occur
      in patients under 10 years of age. Pilomatrixomas may be mistaken for cysts,
      calcified lymph nodes, calcified hematomas or hemangiomas, or parotid gland
      tumors. We describe our experience with 15 children, 1 1/2-12 years of age, in
      whom we have excised pilomatrixomas from the head and neck.

PMID- 3997378
TI  - Choanal atresia and its associated anomalies. Further support for the CHARGE
      Association.
AB  - The finding of choanal atresia warrants careful and prompt consideration of other
      severe congenital anomalies in the newborn. In a chart review of 41 patients with
      the diagnosis of choanal atresia, 17 patients (41%) had choanal atresia alone
      while 24 (59%) had at least one other anomaly. Twenty-four (59%) of all patients
      had bilateral choanal atresia, and 75% of the patients with at least one other
      anomaly had bilateral choanal atresia. The following features were found to be
      associated with bilateral choanal atresia: significant structural heart disease
      (21%), postnatal growth retardation (36%), psychomotor retardation (19%),
      sensorineural deafness (21%), velopharyngeal discoordination (15%), micrognathia
      (12%), blocked tear duct (10%), high-arched palate (15%), and facial asymmetry
      (7%). Twenty-one other anomalies were described. Coloboma was encountered in 10%
      of our patients and only 3 patients had all of the features originally described
      in the CHARGE Association. The non-random association of multiple anomalies
      suggested by the eponym, CHARGE is discussed, and further data is offered for
      evaluating the child who presents with choanal atresia.

PMID- 3997379
TI  - Foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree. Special references to experience in
      97 children.
AB  - The case records of 110 patients (97 children and 13 grown-ups) with foreign
      bodies in the tracheobronchial tree during a period of 14 years (1970-1983) are
      reviewed. Atypical histories, misleading clinical and radiological findings and
      delayed diagnoses due to misinterpretations by the patients or their physicians
      were seen from time to time. Other findings in this survey were that organic
      material prevailed, with the majority of the objects in the right bronchial tree;
      there was a male predominance and the most common age for inhalation of a foreign
      body was about two years. Bronchoscopic extraction was the routine and only in
      one boy had the object to be removed by the transthoracic route. The venturi
      technique with oxygenation through the bronchoscope was applied at the extraction
      procedures. This principle for ventilation during general anaesthesia creates
      excellent working conditions for the endoscopist. The hazard at the removal of a
      foreign body is thereby reduced.

PMID- 3997380
TI  - Osteoblastoma of the temporal bone presenting as facial paralysis.
AB  - Osteoblastomas of the head region are rare lesions. This paper describes a case
      of a 4-year-old child with an osteoblastoma of the temporal bone presenting as a
      facial paralysis. Only 6 previous cases have been reported and none with nerve
      involvement. A review of the tumor, its differential diagnosis, clinical course
      and management is presented.

PMID- 3997381
TI  - Choice reaction time modifiability in dementia and depression.
AB  - The effects of cognitive impairment resulting from either dementia of the
      Alzheimer type (DAT) or major depression (pseudodementia) on choice reaction time
      were examined in two conditions hypothesized to influence group performance
      selectively. Elderly controls had shorter reaction times than depressed patients
      who, in turn, were faster than dementia patients in the standard choice reaction
      time test. Elderly control and depressed subjects responded more quickly under
      conditions designed to reduce task demands. However, no effect was detected for
      DAT patients, presumably due to the neural constraints imposed on cognitive
      functioning in dementia. These results highlight the different etiologies for the
      intellectual decline in dementia and pseudodementia.

PMID- 3997382
TI  - Dementia in Parkinson's disease: possible specific involvement of the frontal
      lobes.
AB  - We carried out a neuropsychological study on cognitive impairment in 57 subjects
      affected by idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD) and 32 subjects affected by
      Alzheimer's Disease (AD). First, we found two different subgroups of Parkinsonian
      patients, the first one with and the second without dementia. We clearly
      identified these two distinct subclinical entities regardless of mean age, age of
      onset, duration of treatment; on the contrary, the type of treatment seems to
      play a specific role in the appearance of dementia in PD, anticholinergics being
      assumed almost exclusively by demented Parkinsonian patients. Second, we observed
      two main differences for cognitive impairment between PD with dementia and AD. In
      fact, cognitive impairment is consistently more evident in Alzheimer patients
      than in Parkinsonian ones with dementia; in addition, demented Parkinsonians show
      a pattern of impairment similar to that exhibited by patients affected by frontal
      lobe lesions. This result supports neuroanatomical and neurochemical data on the
      involvement of the whole dopaminergic system in PD and the role played by the
      ventromedial tegmental area projecting to the frontal cortex in causing cognitive
      dysfunction in this disease.

PMID- 3997383
TI  - Inter- and intrahemispheric processing of visual and auditory stimuli by dyslexic
      children and normal readers.
AB  - Four experiments are presented in which manual reaction times to simple visual or
      auditory stimuli are compared for bilateral, ipsilateral, and contralateral
      presentations in normal and dyslexic children at three age levels: 8-9, 10-11,
      and 12-13 years. While bilateral presentations yielded faster reaction times,
      there were no consistent right-left differences nor consistent superiority of
      intra- versus interhemispheric reaction times in either of the experimental
      groups. The results failed to support the hypothesis of slower interhemispheric
      (cross-callosal) processing in dyslexic children.

PMID- 3997384
TI  - Neuropsychological performance in Moya Moya disease: a case study.
AB  - There have been no reports of extensive neuropsychological examination of
      patients with Moya Moya disease. Two previously reported cases examined with an
      intelligence test were severely incapacitated. The present case was found to have
      essentially normal performance on a wide range of neuropsychological tasks. The
      patient's primary deficits occurred on tests requiring rapid performance. This
      case illustrates that Moya Moya disease does not necessarily result in an
      incapacitated state.

PMID- 3997385
TI  - Response facilitation: implications for perceptual theory, psychotherapy,
      neurophysiology, and earthquake prediction.
AB  - There have been numerous naturalistic observations and anecdotal reports of
      abnormal animal behavior prior to earthquakes. Basic physiological and behavioral
      data have been brought together with geophysical data to develop a specific
      explanation to account for how animals could perceive and respond to precursors
      of impending earthquakes. The behavior predicted provides a reasonable
      approximation to the reported abnormal behaviors; that is, the behavior appears
      to be partly reflexive and partly operant. It can best be described as agitated
      stereotypic behavior. The explanation formulated has substantial implications for
      perceptual theory, psychotherapy, and neurophysiology, as well as for earthquake
      prediction. Testable predictions for biology, psychology, and geophysics can be
      derived from the explanation.

PMID- 3997386
TI  - Temporal pattern effects on auditory evoked potentials.
AB  - The question whether stimuli forming temporal patterns are processed differently
      from identical stimuli belonging to irregular temporal aggregates was
      investigated. Tones forming either regular or irregular triads were presented to
      eight normal subjects. The N1-P2 amplitude of evoked potentials to tones forming
      temporal patterns were consistently lower than those to tones in the irregular
      aggregates. These data indicate that the perceptual phenomenon of subordination
      of constituent parts to a well-formed whole is demonstrable in
      electrophysiological terms.

PMID- 3997387
TI  - Neuropsychological status of patients with congenital and rheumatic heart
      diseases: preoperative and postoperative comparison.
AB  - Thirty surgical patients receiving surgery for congenital heart or rheumatic
      heart disease were compared with a match control group on a battery of
      neuropsychological tests. Subjects were examined prior to surgery, 4 weeks post-
      and again 6 months postsurgery. Preoperative surgical subjects showed a
      generalized impairment in functioning suggestive of brain dysfunction secondary
      to hypoxia. Improvement following surgery was attributed to practice effects.

PMID- 3997388
TI  - The effect of labyrinthectomy on flash-induced nystagmus (FIN).
AB  - After bilateral labyrinthectomy the maximum slow phase velocity of flash-induced
      nystagmus (FIN) was diminished; the flash induced after-nystagmus was always
      absent. Unilateral labyrinthectomy resulted in a weaker FIN response on
      stimulation of both eyes, but the best response was seen after contralateral
      stimulation. These findings are discussed in relation to reported effects of
      labyrinthectomy on OKN, "central nystagmus" and vestibular nuclear discharge
      activity.

PMID- 3997389
TI  - Assessing the influence of confounding subject variables in neuropsychological
      research in alcoholism and related disorders.
AB  - With the recent emphasis on clinical research there has developed a greater
      sophistication in identifying and uncovering possible confounding subject
      variables. The investigator searching for etiologies and underlying relationships
      is accordingly increasingly faced with the question of how to deal with, or
      control numerous subject variables which may covary with the condition or
      disorder under study. The present paper describes some of these variables and the
      problems their presence raises for the conduct of clinical research. Although
      most of the examples described such as childhood hyperactivity, head injury,
      psychopathology, and physical disorders of the subjects are specifically relevant
      to neuropsychological research in alcoholism, many of them should be pertinent
      also for related areas of inquiry. The difficulties and problems in controlling,
      ruling out and taking such variables into account, as well as guidelines and
      strategies for their treatment and management, are considered. The question of
      the generality of findings which arises when so many subject variables are
      controlled is discussed. It is concluded that we are just on the threshold of
      identifying and clarifying the behavioral effects of numerous subject variables,
      conditions and disorders. The implications of this situation for the validity of
      our current research findings are discussed.

PMID- 3997390
TI  - The structure of murine 7S nerve growth factor: implications for biosynthesis.

PMID- 3997391
TI  - Effects of an overload of animal protein on the rat: brain DNA alterations and
      tissue morphological modifications during fetal and post-natal stage.
AB  - On account of many literature reports about the definite correlation between high
      animal protein intake and cardiovascular diseases, we have studied the effect of
      a hyperproteic purified diet (casein 40%, lactalbumin 20%) on fetal and post
      natal (not further than 40th day) stage of the rat, when cell subdivision process
      is faster and therefore damage by nutritional imbalance is certainly more
      serious. Litters of rats were grouped according to mother's (either hyperproteic
      or common basic) and rat's (after lactation) diet. Brain DNA and histology of
      various organs were studied. Hyperproteic diet during fetal stage and lactation
      would inhibit brain cell subdivision since overall content of brain DNA would be
      decreased on autoptic finding. Structural changes were also shown in liver,
      heart, kidney and adrenal cortex, especially when hyperproteic diet was continued
      even after lactation.

PMID- 3997392
TI  - [Fate of benzo(a)pyrene in the digestive tract. 1. Its disappearance].
AB  - In an early stage, diets with 0,1% or 0,05% of B(a)P decreased the intake and the
      growth of young rats (78 g) and adult rats (415 g). The stomach tissue adsorbed
      the B(a)P (30 micrograms/whole tissue) by a physical mechanism. Both in
      intestinal contents and wall, the amount of B(a)P was much higher in growing rats
      than in old animals; also, the faeces respectively contained 1.99 mg and 0.03 mg
      of B(a)P/g dry. The "digestibility" of B(a)P was of 88.7% (after 6-13 days of
      experiment) to 99.6% after 15-22 days. The blood serum of young rats contained
      1.36 microgram de B(a)P/100 ml.

PMID- 3997393
TI  - [Fate of benzo(a)pyrene in the digestive tract. 2. Appearance of metabolites].
AB  - The degradation of the B(a)P - mainly by oxidative way - began in the stomach and
      greatly developed in the intestine. The quinones and other hydrosoluble
      derivatives were the main metabolites of the B(a)P digestive tractus. The
      quinones predominated in stomach tissue, but the most hydrosoluble metabolites
      also were present in this wall. In the intestinal content, these hydrosoluble
      metabolites were very abundant; they seemed easily absorbable by the intestinal
      wall. Conversely, the quinones were excreted in faeces. A reduced metabolite was
      formed in intestinal and faecal contents.

PMID- 3997394
TI  - Metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid in rat testis.
AB  - The metabolism of all-trans-[15-14C]retinoic acid in vitamin A-adequate or
      vitamin A-deficient rats fed retinoic acid was studied following intratesticular
      injection. Analysis of testicular metabolites by HPLC at 1, 6, and 24 h
      demonstrated that the retinoic acid was isomerized to 13-cis-retinoic acid and
      metabolized to polar metabolites in both groups of rats at all time periods.
      However, polar metabolites predominated in the testes of the vitamin A-deficient
      rats. At 24 h the total radioactivity remaining in the testis was much lower in
      the testes of vitamin A-deficient rats than in normal animals suggesting a faster
      rate of metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid in these rats.

PMID- 3997395
TI  - Comparison between three fluorometric micromethods for determination of vitamin A
      in serum.
AB  - Three common micromethods for vitamin A1 determination were applied to blood, and
      compared with each other. Methods under investigation were: silicic acid column
      technique described by Pollack et al [16], HPLC procedure published by de Ruyter
      and de Leenheer [6, 7] and correction formula method according to Thompson et al
      [20]. The serum levels of vitamin A were measured in 51 fasting individuals. The
      average overall agreement was 104% and 116% of the HPLC value for the silicic
      acid column technique and for the correction formula method, respectively. The
      mean values obtained by the three methods do not differ significantly. Using
      these techniques simultaneously, however, in some cases serum values for the same
      sample show wide differences. Although vitamin A is usually present in biological
      samples both as retinol and as retinyl esters, the simple correction formula
      method does not distinguish between them. Their separate estimation, however, can
      be achieved by different chromatographic procedures. The HPLC method therefore
      used offers several advantages over the described silicic acid column technique.
      This technique includes fluorescence detection and provides a rapid and simple
      estimation of retinol and retinyl palmitate levels using only 180 microliter
      serum. For these reasons, the HPLC assay is suggested for routine determination
      of vitamin A in blood.

PMID- 3997396
TI  - Relationship between red blood cell and liver tocopherol concentration after
      administration and depletion of vitamin E.
AB  - As the assessment of the nutritional status of vitamin E, the validity of red
      blood cell (RBC) tocopherol concentration was examined in relation to tocopherol
      concentration in the liver and in its subcellular fractions. When 10 mg/kg of dl
      alpha-tocopherol was injected intramuscularly to vitamin E deficient rats, plasma
      tocopherol reached a maximum level earlier than did RBC tocopherol and liver
      tocopherol. However, as the correlation in tocopherol concentrations between RBC
      and plasma and between RBC and tissue homogenate or its subcellular fractions was
      examined with respect to all the values examines during the study courses, a
      moderately close correlation was observed between RBC and liver tissue and
      between RBC and the subcellular fractions while a lack of correlation was found
      between RBC and plasma. When rats sufficient in vitamin E were depleted for 8
      weeks by a vitamin E deficient diet, tocopherol concentrations decreased in a
      similar pattern in the plasma, RBC, and liver and its subcellular fractions. In
      this case, a very close correlation in the tocopherol concentrations was observed
      between RBC and other subjects, i.e., the plasma, liver homogenate and its
      subcellular fractions.

PMID- 3997397
TI  - The vitamin A activity of beta-carotene.
AB  - In rats (parameters: growth, epithelial protection and liver storage), and in
      chicks (liver storage), it has been demonstrated that the conversion of beta
      carotene to vitamin A diminishes inversely to the intake of beta-carotene, as
      long as the dosages are higher than 1-2 times the daily requirements. The
      decrease in the biopotency of beta-carotene follows a Michaelis Menten kinetic.
      In the dosage range of the daily requirements molecular ratio applies. Based on
      these findings, the following guidelines for the conversion of retinol in man are
      proposed: (Table: see text). For beta-carotene in oily solutions, a conversion
      factor of 1:3.33 should be accepted for the dosage range of 1,500 to 4,000
      micrograms. For higher doses, this factor should be decreased according to the
      results with laboratory animals: For beta-carotene in vegetables, the conversion
      factor of 1:6.0 should be accepted for intakes between 1,500 and 4,000
      micrograms. A higher factor should be chosen for smaller intakes, and a smaller
      factor for higher intakes.

PMID- 3997398
TI  - The uptake of [3H] pteroylglutamic acid into rat liver during regeneration and
      its incorporation into pteroylpolyglutamates of that organ.
AB  - The metabolism of injected [3H] PteGlu in hepatectomized rats was studied.
      Significantly higher radioactivity was found in all folate derivatives of
      regenerating liver. The results confirm the hypothesis according to which the
      decrease of endogenous polyglutamate content of regenerating liver might be
      ascribed to greater utilization rather than to lower synthesis of these
      coenzymes.

PMID- 3997399
TI  - [Evaluation of the folacin status in children with regard to the cobalamin and
      iron status. 1. Changes in the differential blood picture as a function of the
      vitamin and ferritin levels of the serum vs. erythrocytes].
AB  - The biochemical data concerning the evaluation of the folacin status in children
      are insufficient, as there are no biologically based borderlines available. In a
      study with 165 children between 1 and 15 years we looked for serum and
      erythrocytic folate concentrations and correlated the results with morphological
      alterations in the blood picture (lobe average of the neutrophilic granulocytes).
      As cobalamin and iron status influences different folacin depending parameters we
      estimated the vitamin B12- and ferritin concentration in serum as well. In our
      study neither the iron nor the cobalamin status influenced the blood picture and
      the blood folate concentrations. That's why all samples could be taken for the
      final evaluation. It could be demonstrated that folacin serum levels below 4.0
      ng/ml respectively erythrocytic concentrations below 250 ng/ml correspond with an
      increasing lobe average above 3.5 compared with normal values ranging between 2.8
      3.5. These biologically based borderlines were comparable between the different
      age groups. On the basis of these data it is possible to assess the duration and
      severity of folacin deficiency in children.

PMID- 3997400
TI  - [Evaluation of the folacin status in children with regard to the cobalamin and
      iron status. 2. Incidence and severity of folate deficiency].
AB  - In a study with 165 children the folate, cobalamin and iron status was
      investigated by biochemical and haematological methods. On the basis of
      biologically based borderlines it could be demonstrated, that 15% of the children
      showed folate deficiency in a progressive state. This means that low serum resp.
      low erythrocytic folate concentrations correlated with alterations in the blood
      picture (lobe average of the neutrophilic granulocytes). Especially children in
      the age of puberty (11-15 years) are to be regarded as vulnerable; 30% of this
      group show deficiency symptoms whereas in very young children (1-5 years) only in
      10% the supply situation is insufficient. The folate status in pupils (6-10
      years) is comparable to adults (15% deficient). As cobalamin and iron status may
      influence folate depending parameters the status of these nutrients was
      estimated, too. Cobalamin deficiency was not detectable in any case. Though the
      iron supply situation was not adequate in all cases, interactions with the folate
      depending parameters could be excluded.

PMID- 3997401
TI  - Separation of the nucleus from the cytoplasm of frog, chicken and trout
      erythrocytes by means of high doses of vitamin B12.
AB  - The effect of high doses vitamin B12 on the nucleus-bearing erythrocytes in the
      peripheral blood of the frog, chicken and trout has been investigated. The i.p.
      and i.m. injection of 5 mg B12/animal, caused the separation of the nucleus from
      the cytoplasm of the erythrocytes to various degrees. The most pronounced effect
      was observed in trouts, where 75% of the erythrocytes lost their cytoplasm. Frog
      and chicken were less susceptible to the denucleating effect of B12. About 10-15%
      of the frog and chicken erythrocytes lost their cytoplasm 7-8 weeks after the B12
      injection.

PMID- 3997402
TI  - Renal colic, a presenting symptom of pelviureteric varices.

PMID- 3997403
TI  - Pyeloplastic surgery in the presence of suppurative pyelonephritis.
AB  - Six out of 135 pyeloplastic operations were performed in the presence of an acute
      infection. In spite of the inflammatory process the postoperative course was
      uneventful and the late results were also satisfactory. With the exception of one
      case, the operation was invariably of the Anderson-Hynes type, with splinting of
      the ureter and nephrostomy. The anastomosis was prepared with interrupted cat-gut
      stitches. Three cases are reported in some detail.

PMID- 3997404
TI  - The effect of pH and urine dilution on the electrophoretic mobility of uric acid
      crystals.
AB  - As a result of a continuing programme to understand better the uric acid stone
      treatment and prophylaxis, an investigation of the effect of pH and urine
      dilution on the surface charge of uric acid crystals was undertaken. A
      microelectrophoretic technique was employed to characterize the nature of the
      surface charge and the electrokinetics of uric acid crystals both in natural and
      synthetic urines under different conditions of pH and dilution. Both dilution and
      alkalization reduced the specific conductance of urine and increased the
      electrophoretic mobility (zeta potential) of uric acid crystals. The presence of
      cationic additives in diluted urine altered the zeta potential of uric acid
      crystals. Such findings suggest that proper control of the pH level and urine
      dilution as well as the surface charge at the solid-liquid interface represent an
      important factor in the uric acid stone prophylaxis.

PMID- 3997405
TI  - Disturbances of bladder and urethral function in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Bladder and urethral function was studied in a total of 68 patients, using
      cystometry and sphincter electromyography. A high incidence of disturbances of
      both detrusor and sphincter innervation was encountered. Upper urinary tract
      damage was rare. The pathophysiology of the dysfunctions of the lower urinary
      tract is discussed.

PMID- 3997406
TI  - The wide bladder neck and posterior urethra in childhood.
AB  - Involvement of anomalies of the bladder and urethra in recurrent urinary tract
      infections and micturition disorders in children are examined in the light of
      published evidence and of the authors' own observations. The data of 300 children
      followed up for a wide bladder neck and posterior urethra at the Nephrology
      Clinic of Heim Pal Children's Hospital, Budapest, are reviewed. The dilatation in
      question is regarded as functional, attributable to a congenital neurogenic or
      myogenic defect. For the management and prevention of the recurrent ascending
      infections long-term urinary disinfection and meticulous toilet of the external
      meatus are recommended. The symptoms are expected to subside spontaneously at the
      age of menarche. The importance of a close nephrologic follow-up is emphasized.

PMID- 3997407
TI  - The evaluation of transcervical prostatectomy.
AB  - In a prospective study, transcervical prostatectomy was performed in 130
      consecutive patients, aged between 52 and 92. Effort has been made to achieve a
      satisfactory haemostasis in the prostatic bed, in that continuous stitches along
      the posterior lip of the bladder neck seem to be more effective than interrupted
      stitches. The results of these two methods of haemostasis have been evaluated by
      the amount of blood transfused, duration of urethral catheter and stay in
      hospital after operation. The clinical value and the technical merits of this
      operation are discussed. The results compare favourably with other methods of
      prostatectomy.

PMID- 3997408
TI  - Enhanced protein synthesis in the renal arteries of genetically hypertensive
      rats: its possible role in causing hypertension.
AB  - A study was made of the vascular protein synthesis in young, genetically
      hypertensive rats, mainly in their renal arteries. Some of the rats were treated
      either with 3.5 mg/kg of phenoxybenzamine (POB) or with 4 mg/kg of propranolol
      twice daily, from 6 to 8 weeks of age. 3H-proline was injected intravenously into
      each rat before sacrifice to analyse the in vivo incorporation rates of tritiated
      proline into the vascular collagen and vascular non-collagenous proteins.
      Evidence has been presented that: (1) the rates of incorporation of 3H-proline
      into collagen and non-collagenous proteins of the renal arteries in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP)
      were greater than those in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY); (2) the
      administration of POB decreased incorporation of 3H-proline into the collagen and
      non-collagenous proteins of the renal arteries concomitant with a reduction of
      blood pressure in every rat strain; (3) the administration of propranolol failed
      to decrease the incorporation of 3H-proline into these connective tissue proteins
      in the renal arteries and this drug did not reduce blood pressure in every rat
      strain; (4) the incorporation rates of 3H-proline into these protein fractions in
      hearts were similar in every rat strain which received any drug treatment. These
      results indicate that an increased synthesis of collagen and non-collagenous
      proteins in the renal arteries of young SHR and SHRSP rats participates in the
      pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in the early hypertensive stage.

PMID- 3997409
TI  - Purulent pericarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in two patients undergoing
      haemodialysis.
AB  - Two cases of purulent staphylococcal pericarditis successfully treated in the
      course of chronic haemodialysis (HD) are reported. Pericardiac fenestration was
      carried out in both. In the second case the first pericardiac fenestration had
      yielded a sterile fluid and bacterial pericarditis developed only later. The
      significance of local therapy, side by side with surgery and chemotherapy, is
      stressed.

PMID- 3997410
TI  - Varicocele and antisperm antibodies.
AB  - Semen analysis and immunofluorescent antisperm antibodies were tested in 65
      patients with varicocele. The mean sperm count and motility values in our study
      were 36.8 +/- 2.9 million per ml and 38.4 +/- 2.5 per cent, respectively. Both
      parameters were found not to differ significantly in three grades of varicocele.
      Immunofluorescent antisperm antibodies were detected in 24.6 per cent of the
      cases. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the presence of the
      antibodies and genital infection.

PMID- 3997411
TI  - Preferential organ attachment and invasion in vitro by B16 melanoma cells
      selected for differing metastatic colonization and invasive properties.
AB  - Murine B16 melanoma sublines have been sequentially selected in vivo for low (B16
      F1) or high (B16-F10) lung, high ovary (B16-O10) or high brain (B16-B15b)
      colonization, and in vitro for enhanced tissue invasion (B16-BL6). These B16
      sublines were tested in vitro in a syngeneic organ adhesion/invasion assay to
      determine differences in tumor and/or host tissue properties that might account
      for preferential metastasis to certain sites. Tissues used were murine C57BL/6
      lung, ovary and heart. In 8 independent experiments high lung-colonizing B16-F10
      cells bound to and infiltrated into lung tissue better than ovary or heart
      tissue, while high ovary-colonizing B16-O10 cells attached to and invaded into
      ovary tissue at higher rates than lung or heart tissue. Only highly tissue
      invasive B16-BL6 cells were able to invade heart tissue within 18 h in the
      experiments. The results suggest that organ metastatic colonization preferences
      by malignant cells may be determined, in part, by differences in the abilities of
      metastatic tumor cells to attach to and invade target tissue.

PMID- 3997412
TI  - The Kidney Invasion Test: an assay allowing macroscopic quantification of
      malignant invasion in vivo. Comparison between the microtubule inhibitor
      tubulozole and the podophyllotoxin congener etoposide (VP-16-213).
AB  - When MO4 tumor fragments were implanted under the renal capsule of syngeneic or
      allogeneic mice, invasion of the renal parenchyma was observed. Inhibition of
      invasion by the microtubule inhibitor tubulozole could be macroscopically
      quantified and compared with the invasion permissive drug etoposide (VP-16-213).
      These results have been histologically confirmed, and the use of this assay in
      vivo for the rapid macroscopical screening of compounds with potential anti
      invasive properties is discussed.

PMID- 3997413
TI  - Asymmetric distribution of charged domains on the two fronts of the endothelium
      of iris blood vessels.
AB  - The authors have studied the distribution of anionic and cationic sites on both
      luminal and abluminal endothelial aspects of iridial vessels in Macaca mulatta
      and Macaca fascicularis. With the animals in general anesthesia, anionic ferritin
      (AF) and cationic ferritin (CF) were either injected intravenam or perfused at
      known intraocular pressure (15-20 mmHg) through the anterior chamber. AF
      introduced intravenam was retained in the vessels' lumen. The tight junctions
      between the endothelial cells were impermeable and the plasmalemmal vesicles did
      not transport tracer to the iridial stroma. In contrast, when perfused through
      the anterior chamber, AF was present in the vessels' lumen. Here again the tight
      junctions between the endothelial cells were impermeable, but AF was contained
      within a great number of plasmalemmal vesicles. Iridial vessels were impermeable
      to CF perfused into the lumen, but a continuous layer of CF particles was found
      to adhere to the luminal plasma membrane. When perfused through the anterior
      chamber, CF was bound to the proteoglycans associated with collagen fibrils of
      the iridial stroma and basal laminae of stromal, pericytic, and endothelial cells
      but was never found in the vessels' lumen. These results indicate that different
      electrical charges are associated with the plasmalemmal vesicles on the luminal
      and abluminal fronts of iridial vessels. The authors suggest that in these
      vessels a unidirectional vesicular transport is responsible for the selective
      movement of anionic organic substances from the tissues of the eye to the
      bloodstream.

PMID- 3997414
TI  - The acute effect of cigarette smoking on macular capillary blood flow in humans.
AB  - The acute effect of cigarette smoking on retinal macular blood flow was studied
      in 14 healthy habitual smokers using the blue field simulation technique. This
      technique provides a method for quantifying the velocity of leukocytes flowing in
      one's own macular capillaries. Subjects adjusted the mean velocity of computer
      simulated leukocytes moving on a CRT screen to match that of their own
      entoptically perceived leukocytes before, during, and immediately after smoking a
      cigarette. Smoking resulted in a 12 +/- 5% (SEM) increase in macular leukocyte
      velocity and presumably blood flow. Possible mechanisms for this increase are
      discussed.

PMID- 3997415
TI  - Regional changes in retinal pigment epithelial cell density during ocular
      development.
AB  - The density of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in various parts of the
      posterior segment of developing human eyes was examined. The material for study
      consisted of 19 autopsy eyes, ranging in age from the sixth gestational month to
      6 postnatal years. Whereas RPE cell density gradually increased in the macular
      area up to 6 months of age, cell density dropped in all other areas of the
      posterior segment through the first 2 postnatal years. The decrease in cell
      density was especially marked near the ora serrata. Mitotic figures were rarely
      seen and only found in the eyes of preterm infants. The author concludes that the
      increase in total surface area of the RPE during the period studied is primarily
      accounted for by changes in the regional density of the existing cell population.
      A centripetal shifting of cells toward the macular area from more peripheral
      areas would account for the increasing density in the posterior pole.

PMID- 3997416
TI  - Induction of DNA synthesis by co-culture of retinal glia and pigment epithelium.
AB  - Retinal glia (RG) and retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) have been previously
      identified in intravitreal cellular membranes of patients with proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy (PVR). This study was undertaken to determine if the co
      presence of both cell types might lead to increased membrane growth due to some
      heterotypic cell interactions that enhance cell proliferation. Cell proliferation
      in co-cultures of RPE plus RG, RPE plus dermal fibroblasts (DF), or RG plus DF
      was evaluated by quantitation of labeled nuclei in radioautographs prepared from
      monolayer co-cultures exposed to 3H-thymidine. In each co-culture, one cell type
      was premarked by phagocytosis of latex particles so that the cells could be
      identified and the labeling rates in each cell type could be assessed. In co
      cultures of RPE and RG, both cell types exhibited a higher labeling rate. In RG
      DF co-cultures, DF-labeling was increased, but RG-labeling was unaffected or
      suppressed. Co-culture of RPE and DF did not affect labeling in either cell type.
      Studies of conditioned media suggested that RG stimulate RPE and DF by means of a
      product secreted into the culture medium by the RG. Further, cell-cell contact
      might modulate the growth response at least for RG. The interaction of RPE and RG
      in co-culture differed from the interaction of either cell type with DF in that
      the co-culture of RPE and RG resulted in a higher apparent proliferation rate for
      both cell types. If similar interactions occur in vivo, the presence of both
      types of retinal cells in intravitreal membranes of PVR might result in greater
      growth than in lesions derived from a single retinal cell population.

PMID- 3997417
TI  - The retinal pigment epithelium of wild type (C57BL/6J +/+) and pearl mutant
      (C57BL/6J pe/pe) mice.
AB  - The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lying along the vertical meridian of the
      eyes of wild-type (+/+) and pearl mutant (pe/pe) mice was examined with electron
      microscopy and microspectrophotometry in order to compare differences in
      melanosome location, size, numerical density, volume density, and melanin
      concentration. In +/+ mice the fraction of melanosomes that lie in the apical
      processes was greater in the superior than in the inferior retina. Also, the
      numerical density and volume density of soma melanosomes were lower in the
      superior retina. The soma melanosomes were also located closer to the basal
      membrane and had a larger average diameter in the inferior retina. No significant
      differences in melanosome location were observed between light-adapted and dark
      adapted retinas. In pe/pe mice the fraction of melanosomes in the apical
      processes was very low in both inferior and superior retinas. The numerical
      density and the volume density of soma melanosomes of pe/pe were significantly
      less than those of +/+. The soma melanosomes of pe/pe mice lie closer to the
      basal membrane than those of +/+, and they had a larger mean diameter than those
      of +/+. Electron micrographs depicted some melanosomes of pe/pe with irregular
      profiles and abnormal melanin deposition at their periphery.
      Microspectrophotometric measurements of individual melanosomes in semithin
      sections showed that maximal specific absorption and lambda max were nearly equal
      for both genotypes and both superior/inferior locations. These findings show that
      intramelanosomal melanin concentrations is normal for pe/pe. The basal membrane
      of the RPE of pe/pe was infolded over only 80% of the area covered by the basal
      surface, whereas the basal membrane in +/+ was infolded over more than 98% of the
      area covered. The boundary density of RPE basal infoldings was also lower in
      pe/pe than in +/+. Furthermore, some areas of the basal lamina of pe/pe RPE had a
      periodic, rather than an amorphous, structure. These findings suggest that the
      reduced retinal sensitivity found in intact pe/pe animals, but not in superfused,
      isolated pe/pe retinas, may result from impaired transport of a diffusible
      substance by the basal membrane of the RPE.

PMID- 3997418
TI  - Reductions in taurine secondary to photoreceptor loss in Irish setters with rod
      cone dysplasia.
AB  - These studies show that onset of photoreceptor cell degeneration preceded the
      loss of taurine in retinas of Irish setters with rod-cone dysplasia. The numbers
      of photoreceptor cell nuclei were within the normal adult range in affected
      setters at 10 through 26 days of age but declined rapidly between 26 and 45 days
      and more gradually thereafter; their numbers became reduced to 50% of normal at
      45 days and then to 12-20% and 3-10% of normal at 192 and 346 days, respectively.
      Taurine concentrations increased within the photoreceptor cell layer during
      normal development to peak values (50 mM) at a time (45 days of age)
      corresponding to the development of adult photoreceptor function. In the affected
      setters, taurine levels increased as in the normal until 26 days of age and then
      remained at that value until 40-50% of the photoreceptor cells had degenerated.
      Thereafter, taurine levels declined gradually throughout the period of
      photoreceptor cell degeneration and were reduced to 30-40% of the normal adult
      level at the time (346 days) when the thickness of the outer nuclear layer was
      reduced to less than one complete row of nuclei. These observations agree with
      findings in retinal degeneration (rd) mice and RCS rats and indicate that in all
      three of these animal models of hereditary retinal degenerations, reductions in
      retinal taurine levels occur secondary to the loss of photoreceptor cells.

PMID- 3997419
TI  - Quantitative vitreous fluorophotometry applying a mathematical model of the eye.
AB  - A slit-lamp fluorophotometric method is presented that permits calculation of a
      blood-retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein (P) and a diffusion coefficient
      for fluorescein in the vitreous body (D). The calculations are performed by
      relating the time course of the free--not protein bound--fluorescein
      concentration in the bloodstream with the fluorescein concentration profile in
      the vitreous body. The combination is performed automatically on a computer by
      applying a simplified mathematical model of the eye. P refers to the area of the
      barrier of the model eye. In a group of six normal persons, the mean P was (1.1
      +/- 0.4) X 10(-7) cm/sec (mean +/- SD), while in six diabetic patients with
      background retinopathy and macular edema the mean P was (7.1 +/- 3.8 ) X 10(-7)
      cm/sec. The mean D was (7.4 +/- 3.4) X 10(-6) cm2/sec in the normal group and
      (9.6 +/- 2.0) X 10(-6) cm2/sec in diabetic patients, corresponding as a first
      approximation to free diffusion in water. Model calculations show that knowing
      the fluorescein concentration in the bloodstream is considerably significant for
      the calculation of the permeability, contributing factors up to 50%. For the low
      permeation situation, subtraction of the preinjection scan contributes a factor
      of 50% for both permeability and diffusion coefficient. The exact placement in
      the vitreous body of the concentration profile, by applying a formalism that
      transforms slit-lamp movement to intraocular distance, contributes a factor of
      20% on the diffusion coefficient. The permeability obtained with the model can be
      calculated as the ratio between area of vitreous and plasma fluorescein
      concentration curves within 20%. Active transport of fluorescein across the blood
      retinal barrier in the direction of vitreous to blood does not seem to be
      significant within the first 2 hr after fluorescein injection.

PMID- 3997420
TI  - Reduced toxicity of liposome-associated amphotericin B injected intravitreally in
      rabbits.
AB  - The ocular toxicity of liposome-intercalated amphotericin B and commercial
      amphotericin B were compared after intravitreal injection in healthy pigmented
      rabbits. Ophthalmoscopic observations over 5 weeks following a single
      intravitreal injection showed vitreal band formation and focal retinal damage
      after doses of commercial amphotericin B as low as 5 micrograms. Such lesions
      were not seen in animals given liposomal amphotericin B in doses up to 20
      micrograms. Histopathologic examination showed areas of retinal atrophy or
      necrosis in five of 16 rabbits given commercial amphotericin B in doses of 5-20
      micrograms but in none of 16 rabbits given the same doses of liposomal
      amphotericin B (P = 0.02). Small white vitreal bodies were seen clinically in
      virtually all animals given liposomal amphotericin B or "empty" (drug-free)
      liposomes but in only a few animals given commercial amphotericin B; these
      deposits may represent residual lipid. Concentrations of amphotericin B ranged
      from 0.4 to 1.0 micrograms per ml of vitreous humor 5 weeks after injection of 5
      20 micrograms of either formulation. These studies indicate that liposome
      association markedly reduces the ocular toxicity of amphotericin B.

PMID- 3997421
TI  - Daunomycin in the treatment of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
      Effective doses in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - In previous studies the authors have shown that daunomycin, an anthracycline
      antibiotic, when injected into the vitreous effectively controls experimental
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Here we show that by administering daunomycin
      intravitreally it is possible to achieve in vivo concentrations that prevent
      fibroblast proliferation in vitro. The authors have also determined that the half
      life of daunomycin in the vitreous is 131 min, indicating that a critical
      concentration is maintained in the eye for longer than 4 hr after a single
      injection. Using 3H-daunomycin, the authors have found that the drug is
      eliminated across the retina; no significant binding of the drug to vitreous
      components occurs. These studies demonstrate that it is possible to define the
      kinetics of drugs injected into the vitreous; and a knowledge of the distribution
      of any drug in ocular tissues is necessary to effectively determine whether such
      drug is of therapeutic value.

PMID- 3997422
TI  - Pattern ERGs and visual evoked potentials in maculopathies and optic nerve
      diseases.
AB  - Normative data were obtained in 52 volunteers to both transient and steady-state
      checkerboard pattern reversal. Two sizes of checks subtending 15' and 31' of
      visual angle were used. The simultaneous recording of pattern ERGs (P-ERGs) and
      visual evoked potentials (VEPs) permitted the determination of the retinocortical
      time. That is, the transit time expressed in milliseconds between the activation
      of retinal structures and the arrival of the signal in the visual cortex. Three
      groups of patients with maculopathies, optic atrophy, and suspected optic nerve
      demyelination were also studied. Early maculopathies were characterized by
      delayed P-ERG b-waves and delayed VEPs but normal retinocortical time. Optic
      nerve demyelination was characterized by normal P-ERGs, delayed VEPs, and
      prolonged retinocortical time. Optic atrophy and established maculopathies were
      characterized by abnormal P-ERGs and VEPs. The implications of these findings
      were discussed.

PMID- 3997423
TI  - Effects of aniseikonia, anisometropia, accommodation, retinal illuminance, and
      pupil size on stereopsis.
AB  - The sensitivity of clinical measures of stereoacuity in the detection of
      interocular differences in retinal images was examined in 50 adults with normal
      binocularity. Interocular differences in retinal image size (aniseikonia),
      clarity (anisometropia) and brightness, as well as differences in absolute and
      relative pupil size (anisocoria) were created in small steps over a large range
      to determine their effect on threshold levels of stereopsis. Their effect on
      stereoacuity was measured in both contour (Titmus test) and random dot (Randot
      test) stereograms. Stereoacuity measured by both types of stereograms decreased
      in a curvilinear manner for aniseikonic and anisometropic test conditions.
      Monocular blur caused a more rapid decrease in stereoacuity than induced
      aniseikonia. Stereoacuity measured by the contour stereogram decreased about 1.8
      times faster than that measured by the random dot stereogram during induced
      aniseikonia and anisometropia. This differential sensitivity suggests that the
      Titmus test would detect small interocular differences in retinal images more
      effectively than the Randot test in clinical screening procedures for vision
      abnormalities. However, both tests can miss clinically significant amounts of
      aniseikonia and anisometropia, and fail to differentiate the cause of reduced
      stereopsis. Interocular differences in retinal image brightness and pupil size
      within a normal physiologic range did not reduce stereopsis to clinically
      unacceptable levels.

PMID- 3997424
TI  - Metabolism of fluorescein after intravenous administration.
AB  - The measurement of plasma unbound (free) fluorescein is important in the study of
      blood-ocular barrier kinetics. The authors became concerned about the
      quantitative significance of the presumed glucuronide metabolite of fluorescein
      to the measurement of plasma fluorescence in diabetic and normal subjects.
      Fluorescein was given intravenously (14 mg/kg) to seven normal subjects and eight
      diabetic subjects. Plasma samples taken during 60 min were subjected to
      microfiltration, from which aliquots of ultrafiltrate were incubated with beta
      glucuronidase. Samples were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography,
      and fluorescence activity was measured in the eluent. All subjects showed an
      additional fluorescence peak to that of fluorescein in plasma and ultrafiltrate 5
      min after fluorescein administration and increased thereafter. This additional
      peak was abolished by incubation of ultrafiltrate with beta-glucuronidase and
      resulted in a marked increase in fluorescence due to the liberation of
      fluorescein from its presumed glucuronide. There were no pharmacokinetic
      differences between normal and diabetic subjects in plasma-free fluorescein and
      fluorescein glucuronide pharmacokinetics or in their respective binding to plasma
      proteins. The glucuronide had only 4.5% of the fluorescence of fluorescein, but
      because more of the glucuronide was unbound (32%) compared with fluorescein (10%)
      and its concentration increased while that of fluorescein decreased, it
      constituted an increasing proportion of the fluorescence in the ultrafiltrate. At
      60 min, 80% of the fluorescein was present as glucuronide and contributed 20% of
      the total fluorescence in the ultrafiltrate. Fluorescein-glucuronide is a
      potential source of variability in studies on blood-ocular barrier kinetics.

PMID- 3997425
TI  - Biosynthesis of neopterin, sepiapterin, and biopterin in rat and human ocular
      tissues.
AB  - Neopterin, sepiapterin, and biopterin synthesis by lens, retina, and ciliary body
      iris of rat and human indicates pteridine formation from their precursor, GTP.
      The pteridine biosynthesis was higher in the retina (neopterin 422 +/- 27, 260 +/
      24; sepiapterin 135 +/- 12, 118 +/- 14; biopterin 76 +/- 10, 68 +/- 8
      nanomoles/g soluble protein/hr, in rat and human, respectively) than in the
      ciliary body-iris and lens. The light-sensitive pteridines may protect eye
      tissues against the effects of sunlight in addition to their role in the
      hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids.

PMID- 3997426
TI  - Folding of photoreceptor cell layer: a new form of retinal lesion in rat.
AB  - A new form of retinal lesion has been observed in rats. It is characterized by
      inward folding of the photoreceptor cell layer (outer nuclear layers);
      microretinal detachment; thinning of inner retinal layer; loss of Muller cells in
      the lesion; in most cases, normal retinal surface contour, and no increase in
      total retinal thickness. Remarkable strain differences were noted. In Sprague
      Dawley rats, the incidence increases with age, and lesions are more often located
      in the peripheral one third. On the other hand, in rat strains having known
      hereditary retinal disorders (Wag/Rij and Wag/Long-Evans), the incidence of
      lesions decreases with increasing age of observed specimens, and the lesions are
      more frequently located in the posterior one third. These new forms of retinal
      lesions differ from retinal folds found in the far periphery of the developing
      retina. Our findings suggest that loss of Muller cells in the lesions initiates
      this disorder.

PMID- 3997427
TI  - Structural periodicities observed in mammalian rod outer segments with Nomarski
      optics.
AB  - Structural periodicities have been observed in isolated rod outer segments of
      several mammalian species using differential interference contrast (Nomarski)
      optics. The spacing among the observed structural inhomogeneities is somewhat
      variable. If these measured spacings are corrected for shrinkage, estimated by
      comparing ROS widths in unfixed cells to those in light microscopic
      autoradiographs, the mean values correlate well with published rates of ROS
      renewal in rats and dogs.

PMID- 3997428
TI  - Auditory testing of dogs with inherited retinal degeneration.
AB  - Auditory function was tested by brainstem-evoked response (BSR) audiometry in
      dogs affected by hereditary retinal degeneration (HRD). Comparison of BSR
      thresholds and latency-intensity functions revealed no significant difference
      between progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD) affected and unaffected
      miniature poodles, and no evidence of sensorineural hearing loss in HRD-affected
      English cocker spaniels and miniature schnauzers. The authors conclude that
      hearing loss is not a feature of the retinal degenerations in these dogs.

PMID- 3997429
TI  - Lithotripsy arrives at University Hospitals.

PMID- 3997430
TI  - An interview with Paul M. Seebohm. Higher priorities than AHEC.

PMID- 3997431
TI  - The increasing role of medical students in organized medicine.

PMID- 3997432
TI  - New cancer therapies at University Hospitals.

PMID- 3997433
TI  - Human dimensions in medicine: combatting stress in medical school.

PMID- 3997435
TI  - Treatment of vascular headaches in children.

PMID- 3997434
TI  - Out-of-hospital cardiac care improves greatly in Iowa.

PMID- 3997436
TI  - Complaints--fining and citation.

PMID- 3997437
TI  - What should Iowa physicians know about medical record retention?

PMID- 3997438
TI  - Small-area variations in Iowa hospital utilization.

PMID- 3997439
TI  - Alterations in drug sensitivity and pharmacokinetics in the elderly.

PMID- 3997440
TI  - Hypertension control--a lifetime goal.

PMID- 3997441
TI  - Gliclazide: the effects on lipids in type II diabetes.

PMID- 3997442
TI  - Behaviourally deviant pre-school children and depressed mothers.

PMID- 3997443
TI  - Is Z-plasty closure reasonable in pilonidal disease?

PMID- 3997444
TI  - Neonatal septicaemia 1982--high incidence, low mortality.

PMID- 3997445
TI  - Sarcoidosis of the endometrium: a case presentation.

PMID- 3997446
TI  - Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.

PMID- 3997447
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome presenting as cardiac arrhythmia.

PMID- 3997448
TI  - Monoclonal gammopathies in the west of Ireland: a preliminary study.

PMID- 3997449
TI  - Aorto-femoral graft sepsis--a case report.

PMID- 3997450
TI  - Natural history and prognosis of the epilepsies.

PMID- 3997451
TI  - The opiate epidemic in Dublin 1979-1983.

PMID- 3997452
TI  - Benign gastric ulcer: an eight-year follow-up study.

PMID- 3997453
TI  - Post-splenectomy follow-up.

PMID- 3997454
TI  - Relapse after single dose nebulised salbutamol in children with acute asthma.

PMID- 3997455
TI  - Intracranial and spinal tumours in a homogeneous population from 1969-1983.

PMID- 3997456
TI  - Carcinoma of the prostate and motor neuron disease.
AB  - Non metastatic neurological concomitants of tumors are well known. They include
      an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like syndrome in association with various
      tumors. The association with prostatic carcinoma is very rare. The case reported
      here seems to confirm the outcome of epidemiological research: the association is
      fortuitous.

PMID- 3997457
TI  - Diabetic neuropathy of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf. A case report.
AB  - We report a case of neuropathy of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf in a
      patient with inadequately controlled diabetes mellitus. The painful syndrome was
      controlled with carbamazepine.

PMID- 3997458
TI  - Parkinsonism caused by chronic subdural hematoma. A case report.
AB  - A 48 year-old man with chronic subdural hematoma presented with a parkinsonian
      syndrome. Removal of the hematoma was followed by gradual disappearance of the
      extrapyramidal symptoms, as in other, rare, published cases.

PMID- 3997459
TI  - Christopher Pallis: ABC of brain stem death.

PMID- 3997460
TI  - Personal experience with the surgery of spinal meningiomas.
AB  - We present a series of 36 surgically treated spinal meningiomas, emphasising that
      the complaints of a patient with spinal meningioma are too often misinterpreted
      and ascribed to other, more common, affections of the spine such as
      spondyloarthrosis or disc prolapse. CT scanning and myelography should be used
      more routinely, in order to reduce the delay in diagnosing a spinal meningioma.
      Excision of the dural attachment is not always essential to avoid recurrences.

PMID- 3997461
TI  - Brain contusion in minor cranial traumas.
AB  - Minor cranial traumas without surgical emergency account for about 4% of
      admissions to our Neurological Service. We consider here 226 consecutive cases.
      Investigations include: clinical examination, skull X-rays, CSF, EEG, CT,
      isotopic cisternography. The aim of this study is to define the clinical
      characteristics of patients with minor head trauma and the priority of
      instrumental investigations. Correlation between clinical and laboratory findings
      suggests that: X-ray examination is not predictive of CSF hemorrhage or brain
      contusion; the CSF is bloody in 1/3 of asymptomatic cases and in 1/6 of cases
      without fracture; the EEG shows indirect signs of brain contusion even in cases
      without CT evidence; small subdural hematomas are best diagnosed by CT scan.

PMID- 3997462
TI  - Brainstem auditory-evoked responses and clinical picture in a one year follow-up
      of 18 patients with Friedreich ataxia.
AB  - Brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAER) and behavior audiometry were evaluated
      on 18 patients with Friedreich ataxia. Behavior audiometry showed a normal pure
      tone test, normal performance intensity and phonetically balanced functions in
      all patients. BAER were abnormal in all patients. The data obtained show a good
      correlation between BAER and clinical picture and suggest that BAER could be
      useful in monitoring the clinical condition of FA patients.

PMID- 3997463
TI  - Mechanism underlying the inhibitory sidebands in the receptive field of simple
      striate cells of the cat: pure on/off antagonism only or true inhibition?
AB  - The intrinsic organization of the receptive fields of simple striate cells
      revealed by moving stimuli is much more complex than could have been suspected
      from the use of stationary ones. There is, in fact, a small excitatory region
      centrally located in these receptive fields and an inhibitory region encompassing
      the whole excitatory component. These inhibitory regions or "inhibitory
      sidebands", were identified by stimulating the cells with bars of light against
      an artificial background discharge produced by repeated asynchronous stimulation
      of the excitatory component of the cell's receptive field. For a long time these
      inhibitory sidebands have been accounted for on the basis of the receptive field
      ON/OFF antagonism. These inhibitory regions, instead, are activated by both
      stationary and moving stimuli. Therefore, besides the antagonistic component a
      non-antagonistic one, purely inhibitory, greatly contributes to their origin.

PMID- 3997464
TI  - Quantitative study of action tremor in various patient categories.
AB  - An electronic method is proposed for quantifying the action tremor revealed by a
      threefold test of skill, which distinguishes young adult controls from elderly
      normals and patients with tremor. Parkinsonian patients can be differentiated
      from patients with essential tremor. The value of drugs against tremor is
      discussed.

PMID- 3997465
TI  - Distribution of risk factors in relation to the presence of cerebral angiographic
      lesions in TIA and minor stroke patients.
AB  - In a series of patients with TIA or minor stroke we have investigated the
      possibility of a different distribution of risk factors according to the presence
      or absence of angiographic lesions of the cerebral arterial circulation. The
      differences observed, though not statistically significant, argue for a more
      severe and widespread atherosclerotic process in patients with positive
      angiography. A significant proportion of these patients present associated
      insufficiency of the coronary circulation, demonstrated indirectly by exercise
      testing. The exercise test presents a positive predictive power of 41% for
      cerebral angiographic lesions.

PMID- 3997466
TI  - Lymphocytoplasmapheresis in multiple sclerosis: preliminary laboratory findings.
AB  - Short-term treatment with lymphocytoplasmapheresis was evaluated in 6 multiple
      sclerosis patients with special reference to the electrophysiological and
      immunological findings. Visual, somatosensory, brainstem auditory evoked
      potentials, flicker fusion test, helper/suppressor blood lymphocyte ratio, serum
      immunocomplexes and immunoglobulins and Kurtzke scores were evaluated in each
      patient before and after treatment. No statistically significant results were
      obtained.

PMID- 3997467
TI  - Naloxone in cerebral ischemia: preliminary data.
AB  - The effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone was evaluated in 11 unselected
      patients with cerebral ischemia. Naloxone reversed neurological deficits in the 4
      patients with less evident signs of vascular damage.

PMID- 3997468
TI  - Heroin myelopathy: a case report.
AB  - Acute transverse myelitis was observed as a complication of intravenous heroin
      addiction in a young man. Recovery within seven weeks was good, but not complete.
      The literature is reviewed and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms are
      discussed.

PMID- 3997469
TI  - Radionuclide techniques in the study of delayed gastric emptying in patients with
      gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - Gastric emptying was studied in 15 patients with hiatal hernia and
      gastroesophageal reflux by a radionuclide technique with solid meal. Thirteen
      healthy subjects were used as control group. The obtained results have shown
      that, even in the time when the radionuclide activity decreases of 50% in the
      region of gastric activity (T1/2) in the 15 patients was not statistically
      different with respect to the control group, ten patients showed delayed emptying
      (116.4 +/- 16.88 min) with a mean delay of 30% in the time of half-emptying with
      respect to the control group (p less than 0.01). This finding is important for
      its surgical implications since this delayed emptying should be kept in mind when
      planning Nissen fundoplication or other antireflux procedures: in such case
      surgery can be complicated with a "gas bloat syndrome".

PMID- 3997470
TI  - Detailed evaluation of angiographic findings in the surgical assessment of
      resectability for pancreatic cancer.
AB  - The role of angiography as a diagnostic approach and surgical assessment of
      resectability in pancreatic cancer patients is considered. Pre-operative
      arteriography of the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery was performed in
      27 patients with surgically proved pancreatic cancer. The operatibility of each
      patient was assessed according to arteriographic findings. The arteriographic
      features considered to establish tumor unresectability included: neoplastic
      arterial encasement or displacement, multiple involvement of pancreatic arteries,
      involvement of portal, splenic or superior mesenteric veins, liver metastasis.
      Nineteen angiographically predicted unresectable lesions proved to be
      unresectable at surgery. Of the eight additional patients who showed no
      remarkable unresectable angiographic features, 6 were confirmed resectable, while
      2 were unresectable. Angiography was shown to be very accurate in differentiating
      resectable from unresectable cancer of the pancreas.

PMID- 3997471
TI  - A new technique for the selective intra-arterial chemotherapy in advanced cancer
      of the head and neck.
AB  - A new technique of selective intracarotid infusion is reported. This method
      involves the common and external carotid subcutaneous transposition. The
      advantages of this method are described. They have been experimented for 15
      years, in 93 cases, with a total infusion time of 19600 hours.

PMID- 3997472
TI  - Solitary pulmonary nodule: correlation between radiographic findings and nature
      of the lesions.
AB  - A retrospective study of 92 solitary pulmonary nodules of patients submitted to
      surgery is reported. The review was carried out only on chest X-rays performed
      prior to surgery. The radiographic signs concerning density, contour and margin
      were correlated with the benign or malignant nature of the lesions. 91.06% of the
      malignant nodules had a lobulated-umbilicated contour and ill-defined margins;
      82.60% of the benign nodules had smooth contour and well-defined margins.
      Radiographically visible calcifications were found in 85% (6 cases) of the benign
      nodules, and in 15% (1 case) of the malignant ones. It is concluded that it is
      impossible to make a definite diagnosis of nature of SPN, due to the different
      types of tumor growth.

PMID- 3997473
TI  - Renal vein thrombosis with involvement of the vena cava: report of a case.
AB  - A case of bilateral renal vein thrombosis with involvement of the vena cava in a
      nephrotic patient, treated by thrombectomy and anticoagulation, is reported. A
      iatrogenic lesion of the right renal vein during thrombectomy forced to perform a
      nephrectomy; the patient died four months later from renal failure. The rationale
      for the different treatments of renal vein thrombosis, as a complication of the
      nephrotic syndrome, is shortly discussed.

PMID- 3997474
TI  - Vaginal calculi associated with vesicovaginal fistulae.
AB  - Three cases of endovaginal stones associated with vesicovaginal fistulae are
      described. One fistula was of congenital origin, and the other two were recurrent
      post-hysterectomy fistulae. Other possible causes of this unusual stone location
      are neurogenic bladder, ectopic ureteral orifice and vaginal outlet obstruction.
      The radiologic appearance and the surgical treatment of vaginal calculi are
      discussed.

PMID- 3997476
TI  - 7th annual meeting of International Biliary Association. May 30-June 1, 1985.
      Rome. Abstracts.

PMID- 3997475
TI  - Relationship between mixed acid-alkaline gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis.
AB  - The severity of reflux esophagitis is related to the potency of refluxed material
      and the duration of its contact with the esophageal mucosa. The occurrence of
      esophagitis in patients with gastric hyposecretion or even with achlorhydria has
      focused attention on nonacid gastroduodenal contents. Until analytical studies of
      refluxed material are available to clarify its composition, the 24-hour combined
      gastric and esophageal pH monitoring can be used for detecting gastroesophageal
      reflux and for trying to analyze the composition of the refluxate. The first
      problem of this investigation was to examine whether the mixed acid-alkaline
      reflux, defined by pH monitoring, represented reflux of duodenal content; the
      second to study if there was a correlation between this type of gastroesophageal
      reflux and esophagitis. Unequivocal grade II and III esophagitis were considered.
      Our data suggest that the mixed acid-alkaline gastroesophageal reflux represents
      reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach and successively into the esophagus.
      The higher incidence of endoscopic-proven esophagitis in patients with mixed acid
      alkaline gastroesophageal reflux in comparison to patients with acid
      gastroesophageal reflux supports the concept that biliary and pancreatic
      secretions may be a contributory factor in esophageal injury.

PMID- 3997477
TI  - Aging and the health care of the elderly.

PMID- 3997478
TI  - Aging: a new public health challenge.

PMID- 3997480
TI  - Geriatrics--policy issues and models of care in Israel.

PMID- 3997479
TI  - The graying of Israel--implications for health and the need for services.
AB  - This article provides a brief overview of the demographic transformation of
      Israel and its consequences as a background to the articles appearing in this
      issue. Measurements of the morbidity of the elderly and their use of health
      services are discussed together with the ways those differ from estimates of
      health status and activities of daily living. The use of epidemiological surveys
      in planning future services is described and the need to develop innovative
      models of integrated care based on the neighborhood and community is discussed.

PMID- 3997481
TI  - Aged Jewish patients in general hospitals in Israel--past, present and a look
      into the future.
AB  - Since the 1950s, the elderly population of Israel has been steadily increasing
      and is currently 10% of the total Jewish population. However, because of less
      immigration, the rate of increase is expected to slow down in the next 20 years,
      although the proportion of the elderly greater than or equal to 75 years will
      increase. Women comprise a high proportion of this population. This report
      analyzes the hospitalization patterns of the elderly population in general
      hospitals in Israel during the 1960s and 1970s, including discharge rates, length
      of stay, diagnoses, mortality, etc. The author provides a partial data base
      necessary for planning an optimal scheme for medical care for the elderly.

PMID- 3997482
TI  - Recommendations for the formulation of the Nursing Care Insurance Law.
AB  - In Israel, old-age pensions for men aged greater than or equal to 70 years and
      women aged greater than or equal to 65 years are provided by the National
      Insurance Institute. A supplementary allowance is given when the pension is the
      sole income. However, in 1980 these benefits were recognized as insufficient in
      cases of functional incapacity, so a change in the existing National Insurance
      Law was considered necessary. A national committee was appointed to formulate the
      Nursing Care Insurance Law, which would extend the activities of the National
      Insurance Institute. Monies were to be allocated for personal care, home
      maintenance, assistance to families and community services. Home care was
      considered preferable to institutionalization for psychological and social
      reasons; however, institutionalization was recognized as necessary when home care
      is no longer feasible in cases of total dependence and illness. Regional
      Committees and a Central National Committee will be established for planning and
      supervision. Government surveys were used to determine the percentage of the aged
      needing help, according to which the overall budget is to be calculated. The
      Nursing Care Insurance Law was passed in 1983, but so far no agreement has been
      reached concerning the distribution of monies.

PMID- 3997483
TI  - Ten years' experience teaching geriatric medicine.
AB  - The Faculty of Health Sciences of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev has
      developed a comprehensive curriculum in geriatric medicine for the 6 years of
      medical studies. Similar curricula were designed for the nursing and
      physiotherapy schools. The facilities of the Department of Geriatrics of the
      Soroka Medical Center, linked with the Home Care Unit and the Home for the Aged,
      are used for this purpose. The main issues taught are communication, observation,
      nursing, multidisciplinary teamwork, services for the elderly, biology of aging,
      physical examination, the most common clinical problems, and the management of
      homebound and bedridden patients. The program aims to alert students to the need
      for: 1) a comprehensive approach toward the elderly; 2) a multidisciplinary team;
      3) community-oriented continuity of care; and 4) transforming geriatric medicine
      into an attractive field of specialization. The students' attitudes towards the
      elderly are very positive, especially after the first year, but seem to change
      toward the fourth year, which is most likely due to the negative role models to
      which the students are exposed, especially in the clinical years. New trends in
      Israel, such as the recognition of geriatrics as a specialty and the national
      health policy encouraging the development of new geriatrics departments, will
      indeed be helpful in this matter. Since the attitudes of doctors and medical
      students toward the elderly tend to reflect the behavior of the public at large,
      public educational programs should be directed towards the eradication of the
      stigma of old age among the population as a whole.

PMID- 3997484
TI  - Reported health of the elderly: the Kiryat Ono census.
AB  - The reported diseases and health problems of 1,276 persons over the age of 65
      interviewed in the 1978 census of the elderly in Kiryat Ono are presented here.
      More than half of the respondents reported having either heart disease,
      hypertension or diabetes, and one in five indicated that they had more than one.
      A strong relationship was found between the total number of conditions reported,
      drug-taking and the subjective feeling of health.

PMID- 3997485
TI  - Nutritional status of the institutionalized elderly.
AB  - The nutritional status of 84 elderly ambulant, self-feeding residents in public
      institutions was evaluated in terms of their food supply and the biochemical
      constituents in their blood. Calculations were made of the energy, protein,
      vitamin and iron composition of the food supply in the institution. The amount of
      nutrients supplied were adequate when compared with the recommended dietary
      allowances. Deficiency levels in the blood (expressed as a percentage of the
      population) were found in the following constituents; riboflavin 46%, hemoglobin
      44%, plasma carotene 34%, thiamine 19%, leukocyte ascorbic acid 20%, retinol 5%,
      and plasma iron 2%. No deficiency was found in pyridoxine. Problems of monitoring
      the nutritional status of the institutionalized elderly are discussed.

PMID- 3997486
TI  - Ambulatory care of the aged in Kupat Holim clinics.
AB  - The use of ambulatory services by the elderly was studied, using data recorded on
      a daily diary in primary care practices. The number and content of visits to
      primary care practices in Kupat Holim (Health Insurance Institute of the General
      Federation of Labor) community clinics in the Sharon and Tel Aviv regions is
      presented. The rates of use by the total adult population and by those greater
      than or equal to 65 years old treated by the same physicians are compared for the
      two regions. As expected, the elderly have the higher visit rates, with 8.4
      annual visits as compared with 5.1 for the total adult population in the Sharon
      region clinics. For Tel Aviv practices, there were 11.7 and 6.8 visits,
      respectively. The proportion of visits by the elderly in the daily load is around
      60% greater than is their proportion in the patient populations. These data do
      not permit any qualitative analysis, but have implications for the planning,
      staffing and management of ambulatory care for the elderly.

PMID- 3997487
TI  - Digoxin treatment and control in the elderly.
AB  - The efficacy and the risk of toxicity of long-term digoxin therapy were assessed
      in 81 elderly patients. The findings show that the serum digoxin level did not
      correlate with the clinical state. Only 47% of the patients were on a dosage
      considered to be effective by serum digoxin analysis, whereas 38% of the patients
      had levels below the therapeutic range; 51% of the patients had been treated with
      pediatric or semipediatric doses only. Electrocardiographic evidence of digoxin
      toxicity was found in 17%. Routine periodic measurement of serum digoxin did not
      correlate with better management. The optimum dosage of digoxin in the elderly
      patient who is not in overt renal failure and who is not particularly underweight
      would seem to be 0.19 mg/day, i.e., one and one-half tablets of 0.25 mg on
      alternate days.

PMID- 3997488
TI  - Progressive brain atrophy during normal aging in man: a quantitative computerized
      tomography study.
AB  - We quantitatively evaluated the computerized tomograms (CT) of 148 neurologically
      intact subjects, aged 28 to 84 years, to examine the effect of normal aging on
      the integrity of brain mass. Ten parameters were measured in each CT scan as
      indices for brain volume, including size of lateral, third and fourth ventricles,
      width of the sylvian and interhemispheric fissures, cortical sulci and the
      prepontine cistern. Most of these measurements showed that advancing age is
      associated with progressive loss of brain substance. Data show that the atrophy
      of brain during normal aging is both cortical and central and is not limited to
      the older population, but begins at a young age. These normative measurements may
      serve for comparison with data obtained from CT scans of patients with various
      neurological disorders.

PMID- 3997489
TI  - Comparison of verbal and nonverbal memory in elderly normal subjects and dementia
      patients.
AB  - A multimodal memory test was devised to investigate the differences between
      verbal and nonverbal memory in demented and normal older people (65 to 98 years
      of age). Recognition memory for faces, geometric designs, tactual fabrics, words,
      and sentences significantly differentiated between the two groups. Verbal memory
      was better than nonverbal memory in both groups. No differences in subtest
      profiles were found between groups. Findings suggest that the verbal-nonverbal
      dimension is of importance to rehabilitation programs. The relatively slow
      deterioration of verbal memory with age leads to the suggestion that verbal
      memory might be capitalized on for the creation of compensatory mechanisms. The
      similarity in subtest profiles is in agreement with the accelerated aging
      hypothesis of dementia.

PMID- 3997490
TI  - The Great Incontinence Roadshow.
AB  - The "Great Incontinence Roadshow" is an educational activity sponsored by the
      Department of Geriatric Medicine of the University of Birmingham. It is a
      multidisciplinary study day, intended mainly for nurses and doctors, during which
      the prevention and management of urinary and fecal incontinence in the elderly at
      home and in hospital are presented by specialist speakers and discussed in small
      groups. The speakers include geriatricians, a urologist, a specialist nurse, a
      researcher, a supplies officer and a manufacturer. The "Roadshow" has travelled
      to many hospitals and educational centers where it invariably attracts large
      audiences, arouses great interest and focuses attention on ways of improving the
      management of the elderly who are incontinent.

PMID- 3997491
TI  - Increased chromosomal aberrations in first metaphases of cells isolated from the
      kidneys of aged mice.
AB  - Chromosomal aberrations were scored in the first metaphases of cells isolated
      from the kidneys of young (8 months old) and aged (40 months old) CB6F1 mice.
      There was a sixfold increase in the frequency of such aberrations in metaphases
      from old mice as compared with young mice.

PMID- 3997492
TI  - Age-dependent decline in extracellular matrix-induced local bone differentiation.
AB  - Implantation of demineralized bone matrix in subcutaneous sites in the rat
      results in new bone induction. This model system was examined with bone matrix
      prepared from young (4-month-old) and old (24-month-old) rats. The implants were
      removed on Days 9, 14 and 21 and examined for alkaline phosphatase activity and
      45Ca incorporation. There is a significant decline in the osteo-inductive
      potential of the bone matrix derived from 24-month-old rats, as quantitated by
      the enzyme activity and 45Ca incorporation.

PMID- 3997493
TI  - Erythrocyte Na+-K+ cotransport in elderly hypertensive subjects.
AB  - Na+-K+ cotransport was measured in 21 hospitalized geriatric patients, all
      recovering from hip surgery. Twelve of these had hypertension, and the other 9
      were the control group. Although both groups were comparable for age, blood
      pressure was significantly different. Mean cotransport values in red blood cells
      showed no significant difference between the two groups. While Na+-K+ cotransport
      activity may be hereditary, the authors do not feel the test may be used as a
      genetic marker for hypertension.

PMID- 3997494
TI  - Bioavailability of phenytoin: comparison between three preparations.
AB  - Crossover studies, following single oral doses given to 19 healthy volunteers
      were conducted to compare the bioavailability of three phenytoin preparations:
      DANTOIN and IDANTOIN (Teva, Israel) and EPANUTIN (Parke-Davis, USA). The first
      has recently replaced the second as the only preparation available in Israel for
      alleged better bioavailability. The area under the serum concentration time curve
      (AUCo----48), however, did not significantly differ between preparations,
      indicating equivalent absorption of the three preparations. These results suggest
      that no overall adjustments are required when switching from one preparation to
      another.

PMID- 3997495
TI  - Phenytoin bioavailability assessed by steady state serum concentrations.
AB  - The effect of a change in bioavailability of phenytoin sodium formulations on
      steady state serum concentrations was assessed in two groups of neurosurgical
      patients (n = 20 and 12). One group was studied in 1980 while on the old
      formulation, the other in 1983 while on the new formulation. Data were also
      obtained from routine therapeutic-level monitorings in 85 ambulatory patients
      receiving the new formulation during 1984. Phenytoin levels on the 400-mg/day
      dose were 10.9 +/- 4.1 (SD) and 16.1 +/- 5.6 micrograms/ml on the old and new
      formulations, respectively (P less than 0.01) in the neurosurgical patients.
      Routinely monitored levels on the 300-mg/day dose were 6.9 +/- 4.9 and 12.1 +/-
      6.8 micrograms/ml, respectively (P less than 0.01). The maximum elimination rate
      of phenytoin, estimated from steady state dose-concentration pairs, was
      significantly higher on the old formulation (9.5 +/- 2.8 vs. 7.2 +/- 1.1 mg/kg
      per day, P less than 0.025) even though there was no difference in the estimates
      of the Michaelis-Menten constant. The proportion of subtherapeutic levels on
      ostensibly equal doses fell from 85 to 45% on 300 mg/day of the two formulations
      (P less than 0.01), and to 28% on 400 mg/day of the new formulation. Steady state
      concentrations may be used to assess increased bioavailability of drugs with
      capacity-limited metabolism, such as phenytoin.

PMID- 3997496
TI  - Amodiaquine-induced agranulocytosis: drug inhibition of myeloid colonies in the
      presence of patient's serum.
AB  - We report a patient who developed agranulocytosis following exposure to three
      drugs: amodiaquine, pyrimethamine and dipyrone. The combination of amodiaquine
      with the patient's serum, obtained during the agranulocytosis, inhibited in vitro
      granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) growth of autologous and
      allogeneic marrow. These results support the view that amodiaquine-induced
      agranulocytosis is immune in nature. This in vitro approach may be used to study
      the mechanism of drug-induced agranulocytosis, especially when patients are
      exposed to multiple drugs.

PMID- 3997497
TI  - Comparative study of costs and quality of life of chronic ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis and hemodialysis patients in Israel.
AB  - The more widespread use of chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as an
      alternative to hemodialysis (HD) has focused attention on costs and quality of
      life aspects of different dialysis modalities. Costs for hospital HD exceed
      $23,000 annually, while CAPD annual costs are near $10,500 and home HD about
      $9,000. There are additional initial costs incurred during the first year of
      treatment, which range from under $2,000 for hospital-based HD and CAPD to over
      $11,000 for home HD. Quality of life aspects were compared for CAPD and hospital
      HD patients. Forty-six CAPD patients and 208 hospital HD patients were
      interviewed regarding ability to work, performance of physical activity, quality
      of sleep and sexual activity. The two patient groups were similar demographically
      (age, sex, origin and level of education). There were no statistically
      significant differences between the two patient groups for each of the quality of
      life variables, although CAPD patients showed slightly better results.

PMID- 3997498
TI  - A measles outbreak in the Israel Defense Forces during the 1982 epidemic.
AB  - A large measles epidemic occurred in Israel during late 1982, with more than
      8,000 reported cases. We anticipated that the cohort serving in the army would be
      most affected by that epidemic, as there is no measles vaccination program for
      susceptible adults in Israel. A surveillance program began immediately, and the
      Army Health Branch was notified of 2,940 cases. The majority of patients were in
      the first 3 months of service, which are spent mostly in basic training camps, an
      ideal setting for a measles outbreak. No differences in age-adjusted rates
      between the sexes were noted, but there were significantly higher rates of
      illness among those with higher education (24/1,000 in those who completed high
      school vs. 17/1,000 in those who did not) and those in the highest socioeconomic
      class. In the light of these data, we suggest that during the first few years of
      implementation of measles vaccination, infectivity has become dependent on origin
      and socioeconomic status.

PMID- 3997499
TI  - Stressful events and the onset of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Insulin-treated diabetics were questioned about stressful events preceding the
      onset of their diabetes, such as: 1) febrile disease, 2) accident, 3) pregnancy,
      4) problems in the family or at work, 5) other or 6) no specific events. Of 66
      patients there were 38 men and 28 women, with ages ranging from 17 to 85 years.
      The duration of diabetes was from several months to 30 years; 41% had no family
      history of diabetes. Forty-nine patients (74%) indicated a specific event (mostly
      groups 4 and 5), preceding the onset of diabetes by several months in 24, weeks
      in 11, and days in 10 patients; 4 did not remember a time sequence. Only 31% of a
      control group of 62 age- and sex-matched acute surgical patients, similarly
      questioned, indicated a specific event prior to their operation. Although these
      data were not intended to prove a cause-and-effect relationship, they suggest
      some connection between stressful events and disruption of metabolic equilibrium
      in persons susceptible (genetically or otherwise) to developing diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 3997500
TI  - Effects of glucose and serum from streptozotocin-diabetic and nondiabetic rats on
      the in vitro development of preimplantation mouse embryos.
AB  - The effects of D-glucose and serum from nondiabetic and streptozotocin (STZ)
      diabetic rats on the in vitro development of preimplantation mouse embryos have
      been studied. It was shown that supplementation of the essential culture medium
      with D-glucose in concentrations of 2 to 5 mg/ml inhibited development of 43 to
      74% of blastocysts in a dose-response fashion. Addition to the medium of serum
      from nondiabetic rats in concentrations of 10 and 20% disturbed their subsequent
      development in 44 and 32%, respectively. Addition to the culture medium of serum
      from STZ-diabetic rats in the same concentrations (10 and 20%) inhibited 53 and
      54% of embryos from further development. Addition of 80% of control or of STZ
      diabetic serum almost completely inhibited blastocyst development. It is
      suggested that both control and STZ-diabetic serum are embryotoxic to
      preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro. Therefore, the possible additional
      embryotoxic effect of STZ-diabetic rat serum on preimplantation embryos cannot be
      tested by this method.

PMID- 3997501
TI  - Rupture of splenic abscess through the diaphragm.
AB  - Splenic abscess is an uncommon disease that has a high mortality rate if not
      treated surgically. With the aid of new diagnostic tools, such as
      ultrasonography, scanning and computerized axial tomography, it is possible to
      diagnose the entity antemortem. Even though it often has a nontypical clinical
      course, it may overlap other systemic diseases. We describe an unusual case of
      splenic abscess with rare complications, the operation and the outcome.

PMID- 3997502
TI  - Congenital afibrinogenemia: an unusual case.
AB  - We describe a congenitally afibrinogenemic young man who experienced massive
      spontaneous bleeding episodes at unusual sites, including the thigh muscles, lung
      and brain. Each of these life-threatening episodes raised theoretical and
      critical practical problems. A large local hematoma was responsible for an
      accelerated consumption of fibrinogen, which was relieved following evacuation.
      It is unusual for an afibrinogenemic patient to survive a number of potentially
      lethal bleeding episodes.

PMID- 3997503
TI  - Spuriously high automatically measured hemoglobin values in hypertriglyceridemia.

PMID- 3997504
TI  - Sclerosing cholangitis associated with familial combined immunodeficiency in a 1
      year-old infant.

PMID- 3997505
TI  - Septic shock due to Pasteurella hemolytica.

PMID- 3997506
TI  - Small heparin fragments regulate the amplification pathway of complement.
AB  - Heparin is a highly sulfated, polydisperse and heterogeneous glycosaminoglycan
      which has been well characterized for its ability to regulate multiple sites in
      the complement cascade. Although previous studies demonstrated the relationship
      between degree of sulfation, particularly O-sulfation, and complement inhibiting
      capacity, they left unclear the relationship between the size of the heparin
      molecule and its ability to inhibit complement. Therefore, although the structure
      activity relationship for heparin is well understood for anticoagulant activity,
      it is ill defined for the complement system. The present studies were designed to
      examine depolymerized heparin to determine which fragments were capable of
      inhibiting amplification pathway activation. We found that as the size of the
      molecule increases the ability to regulate complement increases; below 1000 Da
      the fragments were essentially inactive and above 3500 Da they had the same
      activity as does commercial heparin. Furthermore, we examined the five major
      tetrasaccharides of heparin and found that the degree of sulfation did correlate
      with the ability to inhibit complement. These studies have for the first time
      begun to examine the minimal structural requirements for heparin to regulate
      complement.

PMID- 3997507
TI  - Inhibition of collagen II arthritis by simultaneous administration of
      concanavalin A and other substances with antigen emulsion.
AB  - Several pharmacological agents, some of which are known to have effects on the
      immune system, decrease the incidence of collagen II-induced arthritis when added
      to the antigen emulsion. Concanavalin A, which has been reported to exert
      suppressive effects on the immune system in vivo, consistently reduced the immune
      response to the collagen antigen. These effects were dose and time dependent. The
      suppressive effects of pokeweed mitogen, tilorone and carrageenan on anti
      collagen II responses were somewhat variable. Suppressive activity could be
      observed with concanavalin A and levamisole when the drugs were injected at a
      site distant from the collagen emulsion. These studies indicate that local
      administration of drugs is an effective approach for demonstrating the activity
      of some agents that may alter the course of collagen II disease through an effect
      on the immune system.

PMID- 3997508
TI  - Psychological therapies for chronic pain.

PMID- 3997509
TI  - Hemolytic anemia: experience in a community hospital.

PMID- 3997510
TI  - Evaluation of selected aspects of the Oahu Emergency Medical Services Program.

PMID- 3997511
TI  - [The relative radiation intensity on the human skin surface in UV-irradiation
      cabins].
AB  - Measurements were made of the relative distribution of ultraviolet radiation
      intensity on the surface of the human body in UV cabins manufactured by Waldmann
      in the Federal Republic of Germany (UV 1000 and UV 6000). The dosimeter worked on
      a photoelectric base. It was demonstrated that ultraviolet light energy is quite
      homogeneous in the trunk but that it decreases in the area of the head and legs.
      This phenomenon is caused by the non-homogeneous distribution of ultraviolet
      light as a result of the lamps used in the cabin.

PMID- 3997512
TI  - [Testing the loss of efficacy (tachyphylaxis) during external steroid
      application].
AB  - The steroids fluprednylidene-21-acetate (FA) and betamethasone-17-valerate (BV)
      were tested in comparison to their inactive bases for loss of activity
      (tachyphylaxis) after 2 weeks of application. In the croton oil test, both
      steroids produced equal inhibition of the pustular inflammatory reaction. The
      vasoconstriction test after 14 days of use revealed a clear decrease in the
      blanching reaction - which was, however, not statistically significant in the
      case of BV.

PMID- 3997513
TI  - [Congenital ichthyosiforme erythroderma, pregnancy under aromatic retinoid
      treatment].
AB  - Long-term treatment with aromatic retinoid (Tigason) gives excellent results in
      lamellar ichthyosis (non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma), which is
      demonstrated in a young woman who was treated with Tigason for about 4 years. She
      was under treatment when a pregnancy was beginning. Although 2 days after birth
      the child showed pronounced icterus, except for elevations of SGOT and SGPT at
      present, the 5-month-old boy has no symptoms of internal or skin disease. It is
      known that aromatic retinoid has embryotoxic and teratogenic effects and should
      not to be given to women of childbearing potential without contraception.
      Pregnancy should not be allowed until 2 years after withdrawal of therapy because
      retinoid remains in the body for a long time.

PMID- 3997514
TI  - [Allergic bronchial asthma caused by lizard scales].
AB  - A 23-year-old patient with chronic rhinitis suffered from attacks of asthma. We
      found positive reactions in the prick test and rubbing test to the scales of the
      lizard Egernia cunninghami and others, which the patient kept as house-pets at
      this time or earlier. The bronchial function test showed bronchial obstruction
      after the patient had been at home with the lizards.

PMID- 3997515
TI  - [Monstrous enchondroma of the ungual phalanx of the forefinger with nail
      deformity].
AB  - This is a report on a patient treated unsuccessfully over several years for
      chronic paronychia accompanied by nail dystrophy. A thorough diagnosis (X-ray
      examinations, histology) revealed an enchondroma, which was subsequently removed
      by surgery.

PMID- 3997516
TI  - [Epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans generalisata mitis].
AB  - Since the first description in 1976, epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans
      generalisata mitis has been recognized as a seperate entity, based on clinical
      and electron microscopical findings, and has been differentiated from
      epidermolysis atrophicans generalisata gravis Herlitz. Our own observations on a
      patient are presented by clinical documentation.

PMID- 3997517
TI  - [Systemic side effects due to external application of chloramphenicol].

PMID- 3997518
TI  - [Indications for surgical treatment of varicose veins].
AB  - Surgical treatment of varicose veins is always indicated when changes in the
      vessel walls are combined with insufficient flow of the superficial venous
      system. Other indications can arise as a result of prospective appraisal of the
      findings and cosmetic esthetic concerns. There are a number of surgical methods
      for the treatment of varicose veins, the selection of which depends on the
      special findings. These methods include crossectomy, stripping of the saphenous
      veins, phlebectomy and venous incision. A combination of several methods can even
      be used, especially when there are certain anatomical and pathological facts.
      Before a decision on the operative method can be made, many details have to be
      taken into consideration, ranging from the diagnostic and prospective appraisal
      to knowledge of several methods and the technics involved.

PMID- 3997519
TI  - [Eczema of the lower leg and contact allergy].
AB  - Seventy-three patients suffering from stasis dermatitis with or without leg
      ulcers (group A) and 565 patients with other eczemas (group B) were patch tested
      with a series of 37 vehicle constituents and topical preparations. In group A the
      most common reactions were obtained with wool alcohols (24.7%), eucerin (21.9%),
      lanette N (17.2%), lanette O (11.0%) lanette E (8.2%), parabens (9.6%), a number
      of preparations containing these ingredients, and prophylene glycol (9.6%). In
      group B there were only positive reactions to lanette E (6.0%, test concentration
      20%/vaseline) and sodium lauryl sulfate (5.8% positive, 5%/water), but irritant
      reactions were suspected in most cases. Additionally, group A patients were patch
      tested with standard allergens, which most frequently revealed contact allergies
      to balsam of Peru (19.1%) and mercuric bichloride (6.8%). Among the local
      antibacterial agents, the most common allergens were neomycin (32.9%) and
      bacitracin (12.3%). The number of patients with stasis dermatitis who reacted to
      one or more test substances had increased to 71.3%, as compared to the 57%
      evaluated in a similar study in 1977.

PMID- 3997520
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of anal eczema].
AB  - Eczema of the anus is symptomatic of different diseases, and pure symptomatic
      treatment should therefore not be carried out. After dermatological and
      proctological examinations have been performed, the correct diagnosis can be made
      and the therapy determined, which will then be successful.

PMID- 3997521
TI  - [Anal fissure].
AB  - The symptoms and diagnosis of anal fissure are described. An acute fissure is
      treated by conservative therapy, but the chronic type requires surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 3997522
TI  - [Aromatic retinoid--oral photochemotherapy in chronic vegetating pyoderma].
AB  - We report the successful trial of RePUVA in a patient who had suffered from
      chronic vegetating pyoderma for 5 years and who had responded poorly to the
      preceding treatments.

PMID- 3997523
TI  - [Remarks on familial melanoma].

PMID- 3997524
TI  - A Monte Carlo primer for health physicists.
AB  - The basic ideas and principles of Monte Carlo calculations are presented in the
      form of a "primer" for health physicists. A simple integral with a known answer
      is evaluated by two different Monte Carlo approaches. Random numbers, which
      underlie Monte Carlo work, are discussed, and a sample table of random numbers
      generated by a hand calculator is presented. Monte Carlo calculations of dose and
      linear energy transfer (LET) from 100-keV neutrons incident on a tissue slab are
      discussed. The random-number table is used in a hand calculation of the initial
      sequence of events for a 100-keV neutron entering the slab. Some pitfalls in
      Monte Carlo work are described. While this primer addresses mainly the "bare
      bones" of Monte Carlo, a final section briefly describes some of the more
      sophisticated techniques used in practice to reduce variance and computing time.

PMID- 3997525
TI  - Mortality among workers at the Pantex weapons facility.
AB  - We compared total and cause-specific mortality for workers at the Pantex nuclear
      weapons assembly facility employed between 1951 and 31 December 1978 with
      expected mortality based on U.S. death rates. We observed significantly fewer
      deaths than expected from all causes of death, all cancers, digestive cancers,
      lung cancer, arteriosclerotic heart disease, and digestive diseases. There were
      no causes of death which occurred significantly more frequently than expected.
      Analyses of worker mortality by duration of employment, time since first
      employment, and radiation exposure greater than 1.00 rem produced similar
      results. We found no evidence that mortality from any cause of death was
      increased as a result of employment at Pantex.

PMID- 3997526
TI  - Comparison of environmental radiation dosimetry and gamma-ray spectroscopy.
AB  - During the period 1975-1980, direct radiation dose rates were measured at 16
      fixed locations in the vicinity of the Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Plant, Houston
      County, AL, by exposure of TLDs which were read quarterly. The average quarterly
      dose rates using LiF chips varied widely over the 6-yr period and were divided
      into 2 distinct population groups of 4 and 2 yr each, corresponding to the vendor
      labs supplying and reading the TLDs. The simultaneous exposure of CaSO4:Dy TLDs
      for 2 yr gave a third set of values which fell between the 2 LiF groups. During
      the period December 1976-November 1980, simultaneous pressurized ion chamber
      (PIC) and in situ Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements were made at the
      same locations at approx. 6-month intervals. The PIC exposure rate values were
      relatively constant for each location except for 1 measurement at the end of a
      long dry period broken by showers of rain. The average PIC dose rate values were
      in good agreement with the average 2-yr LiF TLD values. Also, good agreement
      resulted from converting the in situ radioactivity values to dose rates using
      conversion values previously published. Using the in situ Ge(Li) gross gamma
      count rates, and a new equation developed by the authors for calculating exposure
      rate, resulted in excellent agreement with both individual and average PIC
      values. The natural radioactivity and fallout 137Cs in the soil showed little
      variation for a specific site, but varied widely between some sites. With the
      event of rain at the end of a long dry period, there was a large increase in
      214Bi and 214Pb activity detected. Short half-life manmade radionuclides were
      seen for a few months following several atmospheric nuclear tests by the People's
      Republic of China.

PMID- 3997527
TI  - Contamination of surface-water bodies after reactor accidents by the erosion of
      atmospherically deposited radionuclides.
AB  - Reactor safety analyses usually do not consider the population risk which might
      result from the contamination of surface-water bodies after reactor accidents by
      the erosion of atmospherically deposited radionuclides. This paper is intended to
      provide perspective on the reasonableness of this omission. Data are presented
      which are suggestive of the rates at which atmospherically deposited
      radionuclides might erode into surface-water bodies. These rates are used in the
      calculation of potential health effects resulting from surface-water
      contamination due to such erosion. These health effects are compared with
      predicted health effects due to atmospheric and terrestrial pathways after
      reactor accidents. The presented results support the belief that the
      contamination of surface-water bodies after reactor accidents by the erosion of
      atmospherically deposited radionuclides is not a major contributor to the risk
      associated with such accidents.

PMID- 3997528
TI  - A new type of 3H surface-contamination monitor.
AB  - A new type of 3H surface-contamination monitor has been developed which uses a
      windowless air proportional counter as the detector. The monitor offers several
      advantages. First, a high detection efficiency is obtained for 3H beta rays due
      to the windowless construction of the detector, permitting a minimum detection
      level of less than 10(-4) muCi cm-2 for surface contamination by 3H. Second,
      since no special gases other than room air are used as the counter gas, gas
      cylinders are not required thereby permitting increased convenience and lower
      costs. Finally, the detector is insensitive to external light due to the height
      discrimination of proportional counter pulses, which allows the monitor to be
      used in brightly illuminated places.

PMID- 3997529
TI  - Theoretical investigations of laser thermal retinal injury.
AB  - A thermal damage model including heat conduction for retinal lesions is described
      to explain thermal threshold damage and compare it to experimental values in the
      regime of 1 ms to 300 ms. With the aid of these model calculations unspecific
      thermal damage (denaturation of proteins) could be separated from thermally
      induced damage to the photoreceptors. Furthermore, the thermal model allows an
      extrapolation to hazards to the fundus from intense light irradiation that have
      not been investigated experimentally.

PMID- 3997530
TI  - A passive diffusion 222Rn sampler based on activated carbon adsorption.
AB  - A simple passive sampler for 222Rn with up to 24-hr integration times can be
      constructed by using a diffusion barrier to regulate the effective sampling rate
      of an ambient temperature activated carbon bed. The diffusion element serves to
      make sampler performance relatively independent of the properties of the type of
      carbon used. Satisfactory results are obtained if the total effective sample
      volume is kept well below the equivalent air volume of the activated carbon bed.
      The influence of various temperature and Rn profiles on the sampler's performance
      have been examined by experiment and by simulation. The amount of Rn adsorbed may
      be measured by gamma spectroscopy, by outgassing into an alpha scintillation
      flask, or by desorption into a liquid scintillator. In the latter case, a
      sensitivity of 0.2 pCi l-1 is obtainable for 24-hr exposures.

PMID- 3997531
TI  - Radon-222 concentration measurements in soil using liquid scintillation and Track
      Etch.

PMID- 3997532
TI  - Estimation of U content in coffee samples by fission-track counting.

PMID- 3997534
TI  - 11th annual conference of the Indian Association for Radiation Protection-
      radiation protection in medicine. 13-16 February 1984, Jodhpur, India. Selected
      abstracts.

PMID- 3997533
TI  - Thyroid burdens of 125I in laboratory workers.

PMID- 3997535
TI  - Tobacco industry response to public health concern: a content analysis of
      cigarette ads.
AB  - Public awareness of the health hazards of smoking intensified when the subject
      received national publicity. To assess tobacco industry tactics to counter
      adverse publicity, we performed a content analysis of cigarette ads in selected
      issues of Time magazine, for selected years from 1929-84. The analysis showed
      direct responses to health concerns in all of the years of major smoking-and
      health "events," with the possible exception of 1964, the year of the first
      Surgeon General's report. During these years large percentages of ads emphasized
      health themes instead of the conventional cigarette ad imagery. On average,
      health-theme ads have a higher verbal content than the more pictorial traditional
      ads. Correspondingly, they employ many fewer models. Health-theme ads tend to
      emphasize the "technological fix," such as the scientifically designed filter and
      the low-tar cigarette. Subtle changes in cigarette advertising include the
      elimination of visible smoke from ads. A decade's concentration on standard
      health themes, prompted by the "tar wars" of the 1970s, appears to have ended in
      the 1980s. Advertisers seem to have reverted to the "good times" nonhealth
      imagery of a bygone era, though possibly to deliver a subtle implicit health
      message. Understanding industry advertising tactics can assist public health
      professionals in developing insights into the promotion of smoking and in
      formulating smoking control strategies. Though highly exploratory and tentative
      in nature, this study is offered in the spirit of increasing such understanding.

PMID- 3997536
TI  - Reactions to life-style warnings: coffee and cancer.
AB  - A well-publicized report linking coffee to cancer of the pancreas provided an
      opportunity to examine how people react to life-style warnings. According to the
      concepts of cognitive dissonance and defensive avoidance, coffee drinkers might
      be expected to avoid this report or dispute its validity. Within the sample of 89
      secretarial and clerical workers, coffee drinkers were found to be somewhat more
      likely than nondrinkers to be aware of and to recall the contents of the report.
      The more they drank, the more likely they were to have changed their coffee
      consumption in response to the new information. Coffee drinking had no effect on
      interest in receiving a copy of the original report nor were coffee drinkers more
      likely than nondrinkers to doubt the future confirmation of the reported coffee
      cancer link. It was suggested that life-style warnings, particularly warnings
      about risks that are newly recognized, do not produce strong avoidance
      motivations. Several reasons for this lack of avoidance are discussed.

PMID- 3997537
TI  - Applications of behavior modification to community health education: the case of
      heart disease prevention.
AB  - Principles of behavior modification increasingly have been applied to community
      health education and offer considerable promise for public health in general.
      Behavior modification procedures can be conceptualized in a 2 X 2 framework with
      desired goals being either to increase and strengthen or decrease and weaken
      behavior, and procedures producing essentially positive or negative consequences.
      Modifying specific behavioral risk factors for the prevention of heart disease
      may include the use of positive reinforcement, shaping, differential
      reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and "punishment." The use of an adequate
      "behavior analytic" history, highly acceptable interventions, observable effects,
      inexpensive materials and procedures, community-owned programs, and other
      practical guidelines can help optimize the effectiveness of behavior modification
      for health education in the community.

PMID- 3997538
TI  - A health belief model approach to adolescents' fertility control: some pilot
      program findings.
AB  - We report initial findings from a community-based intervention intended to
      strengthen unmarried teenagers' fertility control behaviors (i.e., abstinence or
      consistent contraceptive usage). The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used as a
      conceptual framework for developing curriculum materials and for evaluating a 15
      hour educational program targeted at 13- to 17-year-olds of both genders.
      Interview data pertaining to sexual and contraceptive perceptions, knowledge, and
      behaviors were collected three times in a no-control, short-term, longitudinal
      study design: (1) just before; (2) immediately after; and (3) three to six months
      following the intervention. Dependent variables of major interest were changes in
      perceptions, knowledge, and self-reported fertility control behaviors. Based on
      data from the 120 teenagers who completed the followup (80% of those completing
      the intervention), we found: (1) consistent contraceptive usage increased
      significantly; (2) changes in HBM-based contraceptive perceptions and sexual
      knowledge at immediate post-testing were predictive of increases in contraceptive
      usage at longer followup; and (3) the majority (62%) remained abstinent from pre
      intervention to followup. These findings, study limitations, and suggestions for
      a future controlled study are then discussed.

PMID- 3997539
TI  - Some properties of hemoglobin mobile (alpha 2 beta 2 73 Asp----Val).
AB  - A hemoglobin variant was identified as hemoglobin Mobile in which valine replaces
      the normal aspartic acid at beta 73. Studies of its oxygen equilibria and of its
      interactions in gelation when mixed with hemoglobin S were carried out.
      Hemoglobin Mobile had an oxygen affinity lower than that of hemoglobin A, as
      observed by others. However, in mixtures with hemoglobin S, hemoglobin Mobile
      appeared to impair gelation or increase solubility to a slightly greater extent
      than did hemoglobin A. Beta 73 is a known site of intermolecular interactions in
      polymers of hemoglobin S. Our studies suggest that the impairment of hemoglobin S
      polymer formation by altered intermolecular interactions is significantly less in
      Hb Mobile than in Hb Korle-Bu in which beta 73 is asparagine.

PMID- 3997540
TI  - Homozygous HbE and HbSE disease in a Saudi family.
AB  - The unusual combination of haemoglobins S and E was found in two Saudi Arab
      siblings. The father was homozygous for HbE and the mother was heterozygous for
      HbA and HbS. Clinical and laboratory findings are presented and compared with
      those of the six cases of HbSE heterozygosity previously reported. The
      significance of the HbE gene as a demographic marker in the Middle East is
      discussed.

PMID- 3997541
TI  - The separation of globin chains by high pressure cation exchange chromatography.
AB  - A high performance cation exchange system is described for isolating globin
      chains. The method is rapid and inexpensive, using total lysate, a 14 min
      gradient, and a 3 cm column. The running buffers contain 6 M urea to dissociate
      and unfold the globin, and a NaCl gradient is employed for elution. The procedure
      provides a convenient way of detecting mutant globins with an intrinsic
      alteration in their charge.

PMID- 3997542
TI  - Red blood cell counts and indices in sickle cell trait in a black American
      population.

PMID- 3997543
TI  - Hemoglobin Constant Spring in China.

PMID- 3997544
TI  - Hemoglobin Bristol or beta 67(E11) Val----Asp in Japan.

PMID- 3997545
TI  - Hb Setif or alpha 2 94(G1)Asp----Tyr beta 2 observed in a Saudi Arabian family.

PMID- 3997546
TI  - Metabolic responses during modified fasting and refeeding. The role of
      sympathetic nervous system activity and thyroid hormones.
AB  - Thyroid hormones, sympatho-adrenomedullary activity and metabolic responses have
      been studied in eight healthy obese subjects during modified fasting (0.8 MJ, 200
      kcal/d) for 14 d, followed by hypocaloric-carbohydrate refeeding (2.4 MJ, 600
      kcal/d) for 3 d. In the week preceding modified fasting, the subjects received a
      7.2 MJ (1800 kcal) diet daily containing 20 mmol sodium, in order to distinguish
      the effects of salt depletion from those of energy restriction. Sodium (20
      mmol/d) and potassium (80 mmol/d) were kept constant throughout the study. During
      modified fasting a low T3-high rT3 state developed; concomitantly a marked
      decrease in sympatho-adrenomedullary activity (assessed by 24-h urinary excretion
      of catecholamines) was observed. Upon refeeding plasma T3 increased and plasma
      rT3 decreased, but not completely to pre-fast values. Upon refeeding urinary
      catecholamine excretion markedly increased. A strong inverse relationship was
      found between the marked decrement of both thermogenic hormones and the
      catabolism of protein. No correlation between these parameters was found during
      brief refeeding. The observed decline of both thermogenic hormones may represent
      an adaptation to protect tissues from the catabolic effect of these substances
      during severe energy deficiency.

PMID- 3997547
TI  - Relationship of the menstrual cycle and thyroid hormones to whole-body protein
      turnover in women.
AB  - Whole-body protein turnover was measured in eight women, using a single oral dose
      of 15N-glycine and urinary ammonia as the end product analysed. Energy and
      protein intakes were carefully controlled on the day of the measurement. Each
      subject was tested five or six times at weekly intervals. Four of the subjects
      were taking oral contraceptives, the other four were non-pill users. Values of
      whole-body protein turnover (flux) were within the range of previously reported
      data: 2.9-4.7 g/kg/d. Inter-individual variation was significantly greater than
      intra-individual variation. The latter ranged between 10 and 23 per cent. Protein
      turnover was significantly correlated with the serum T3/rT3 ratio (r = 0.845, P
      less than 0.01). No difference was found between pill users and non-pill users,
      nor between the luteal and the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle among non
      pill users. These data suggest that the single-dose method with ammonia as the
      end product is suitable for human studies in clinical situations and that the
      phase of the menstrual cycle does not seem to be of critical importance when
      investigating menstruating women.

PMID- 3997548
TI  - Lack of long-term effect of the method of infant feeding on growth.
AB  - Although we have found that, at 7 years of age, children who were exclusively
      breast-fed in the first 3 months of life are significantly taller and slightly
      heavier than those exclusively formula-fed, correction for a variety of other
      familial factors can explain most of the differences. The breast-fed were longer
      at birth, had taller mothers, and came from families of higher socioeconomic
      status, although the last appears to act via maternal stature. There was no
      difference between the groups at age 7 in skeletal maturity, nor in fatness as
      measured by combined triceps plus subscapular fatfold. Apparent associations
      between the method of infant feeding and findings in later childhood must thus be
      interpreted with caution, since they may reflect differences between the
      characteristics of families choosing different methods of feeding rather than an
      effect of the feeding method itself.

PMID- 3997549
TI  - Principal components as indicators of body fatness and subcutaneous fat
      patterning.
AB  - Principal component analysis was performed on the skinfold data of contrasting
      groups of 50 New Guinean men, 47 New Guinean women and 138 Italian men. The
      common components of fatness and limb-trunk fat patterning were identified and
      the relationship of component scores to fatness and fat content, determined
      densitometrically, and to fat distribution as evinced from simple skinfold
      ratios, were ascertained. The interpretation of the components appeared correct:
      correlation coefficient between fat mass and first component scores was 0.89, P
      less than 0.001, and between abdomen/thigh skinfolds and second component scores
      was -0.78, P less than 0.001. However, log sigma skinfolds was as good an
      indicator of fatness and not all limb/trunk skinfold ratios were highly
      correlated with second component scores. The identification of the simplest and
      most rigorous method of describing fat patterning and distribution and the
      factors affecting them require further investigation but principal component
      analysis is proving useful.

PMID- 3997550
TI  - Birth weight, feeding practices and weight-for-age of Punjabi children in the UK
      and in the rural Punjab.

PMID- 3997551
TI  - Morning sickness and vitamin B6 status of pregnant women.
AB  - The relationship between the vitamin B6 status of 180 pregnant women and the
      incidence and degree of morning sickness experienced during the first trimester
      was investigated. There were no significant differences in plasma pyridoxal 5'
      phosphate (PLP), erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) activity, and
      stimulation of erythrocyte AspAT activity by exogenous PLP between subjects who
      experienced morning sickness and those who did not. No relationship was found
      between these indicators of vitamin B6 status and the degree of morning sickness
      experienced by this group during early pregnancy. There were no differences in
      the number of women who experienced morning sickness or in the number with
      different degrees of sickness when plasma levels of PLP, erythrocyte AspAT
      activity or stimulation by PLP were divided into upper and lower 50th percentile
      groups and compared. Therefore these data show no relationship between vitamin B6
      status and the incidence or degree of morning sickness.

PMID- 3997552
TI  - Appearance and persistence of fibronectin in cartilage. Specific interaction of
      fibronectin with collagen type II.
AB  - Binding of fibronectins (FN) to collagen types I-IV were studied using polyclonal
      antibodies against human and chicken FNs, proteoglycan monomers, collagen type II
      and monoclonal antibodies reacting with both soluble and insoluble forms of human
      FN. Plasma fibronectin and type II collagen were shown to interact specifically
      in a homologous system. Type II collagen, however, proved to be less effective in
      inhibition assays compared to other types of collagen. In high density cultures
      of chicken limb bud cells, fibronectin was first localized within the fibroblast
      like cells of 4 hr cultures and an extensive extracellular filamentous network
      developed by the end of day 1. Fibronectin was present in the newly formed
      cartilage nodules although it seemed to disappear by day 6, when the proteoglycan
      accumulation became more intensive. Enzyme treatments (testicular hyaluronidase,
      chondroitinase ABC) helped to localize FN at this stage of development of chicken
      cartilage, in microdroplet high density cultures of human fetal chondrocytes and
      in articular cartilage. Fibronectin was localized only in the pericellular ring
      of intact human articular cartilage using monoclonal antibodies with the biotin
      avidin system.

PMID- 3997553
TI  - On the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and its effects on immunohistochemical
      reactions.
AB  - Formalin has been recommended as an innocuous fixative for immunohistochemistry.
      However, several studies demonstrated impairment or blocking of antigenic
      activity of certain proteins. Formalin fixation was discovered accidentally by F.
      Blum in 1893 and its deleterious effects on various tissue structures were
      discussed extensively during the following decades. More recently, some authors
      assumed that formaldehyde bound to tissues can be largely or completely removed
      by washing and dehydration. According to chemical data, formaldehyde forms highly
      reactive methylols with uncharged amino groups. Such methylol groups yield
      methylene bridges with suitably spaced amides, arginine and aromatic amino acid
      sidechains. Only loosely bound formaldehyde is removed by washing for several
      hours. Residual bound formaldehyde cannot be dislodged by washing for weeks, but
      some formaldehyde is gradually removed when tissues are stored in water for an
      extended number of years. Methylene crosslinks resist treatment with high
      concentrations of urea, and can be broken only by drastic hydrolysis. It appears
      unlikely that such firmly bound formaldehyde is removed by conventional washing
      and dehydration procedures used in histochemistry. The superiority of methacarn,
      alcohol or acetone over formaldehyde fixation for immunohistochemical
      demonstration of prekeratin, myosin, type I and type IV collagen, laminin and
      fibronectin can be ascribed to the irreversible alterations of tissue proteins by
      formaldehyde.

PMID- 3997554
TI  - Freeze-fracture cytochemistry of sympathetic ganglia. Distribution of filipin and
      tomatin induced membrane deformations in neurons and satellite cells.
AB  - Application of filipin to sympathetic ganglia results in membrane deformations in
      both the neurons and the satellite cells. The plasma membranes of the principal
      ganglion cells show a non-homogeneous distribution of filipin induced
      deformations with fewer deformations in the perikaryal plasma membrane than in
      the nerve fiber membrane. The filipin induced membrane lesions are correlated to
      the number of IMPs of the neuronal membrane i.e. a high density of intramembrane
      particles (IMP) gives fewer deformations and vice versa. The membrane of the
      satellite cells contain a higher density of probe induced lesions than the
      neuronal membrane. The filipin induced deformations in the satellite cells are
      not correlated to the number of IMPs or to the number of orthogonal arrays of
      small particles (OAP). Specialized membrane areas such as the gap junction is
      always devoided of filipin induced lesions. A similar distribution of membrane
      lesions was found when tomatin was used instead of filipin. These results
      indicate a possible difference in lipid content between various parts of the
      neurons and between the neuronal and satellite cell plasma membrane in guinea pig
      sympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 3997555
TI  - Labelling of colloidal gold with protein A. A quantitative study.
AB  - Colloidal gold complexes with protein A are extensively used in
      immunocytochemistry as secondary reagents for the localization of antigens.
      However detailed information on the process and extent of adsorption of protein A
      onto gold particles, the optimal condition of preparation and the stability of
      such complexes are lacking. The adsorption isotherm of 125I-protein A onto gold
      particles (11.2 nm in diameter) was studied quantitatively with gold sols
      buffered at pH 4-7. At low coverage of the particles, the isotherm was
      independent of pH. However in the presence of a large excess of protein A, the
      highest coverage was obtained with a gold sol buffered at pH 5.1, the isoelectric
      point of the protein. The association constant was decreased at high coverage of
      the particles. Maximum binding of the complex to immobilized IgG occurred with
      particles labelled with at least 9 molecules of protein A. The complex was stable
      under storage with up to 12 molecules adsorbed per particle. At high coverage (26
      molecules per particle), a progressive loss of protein A was observed. The
      optimum condition for preparing the complex are reported.

PMID- 3997556
TI  - Electron-microscopic cytochemistry of alkaline-phosphatase activity in
      endothelium, pericytes and oligodendrocytes in the rat brain.
AB  - The fine structural localization of alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) activity was
      investigated in the endothelial cells and pericytes of blood vessels and in the
      oligodendrocytes of rat cerebral cortex and corpus callosum by means of electron
      microscopic (EM) cytochemistry using the lead-citrate method. ALP activity was
      associated with both the luminal and abluminal plasma membranes of some
      endothelial cells, but in other endothelial cells, this activity was found inside
      the cytoplasm. In some pericytes, ALP activity was associated with the plasma
      membrane but in others, strong activity was exhibited within both the cytoplasm
      and nucleus. Light, medium and dark oligodendrocytes showed ALP activity on their
      plasma membranes; on the other hand, immature oligodendrocytes exhibited activity
      within the cytoplasm and on the part of their plasma membrane. Within the
      cytoplasm of these reacted immature cells, the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      nuclear membrane and outer membrane of the mitochondria were the main sites of
      ALP reaction. Endothelial cells, pericytes and oligodendrocytes demonstrated ALP
      activity along their plasma membrane or within their cytoplasm, and pericytes
      showed it within their nuclei. In particular, oligodendrocytes retained ALP
      activity throughout their cell life, and the intracellular distribution of this
      activity altered as they matured.

PMID- 3997557
TI  - Elemental analysis of individual rat blood platelets by electron probe X-ray
      microanalysis using a direct quantification method.
AB  - The elemental content of individual rat blood platelets and their dense granules
      was determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis using a direct
      quantification method with microdroplets as standards. The quantification
      procedure was a modification of the 'direct mass' method involving a correction
      for differences in electron beam intensity in the analysis of standards and
      specimens. Whole air-dried platelets had a mean magnesium content of 12 X 10(-8)
      nmol (SE = 1 X 10(-8) nmol, n = 68) and a mean calcium content of 3.2 X 10(-8)
      nmol (SE = 0.3 X 10(-8) nmol, n = 68). A good correlation was found between the
      magnesium content and the phosphorus content of the dense granules of the
      platelets (r = 0.95). There was also good correlation (r = 0.77) between the
      number of dense granules per platelet and the magnesium content of the platelets.

PMID- 3997558
TI  - Cytochemical localization of peroxidase and hydrogen-peroxide-producing NAD(P)H
      oxidase in thyroid follicular cells of propylthiouracil-treated rats.
AB  - The distribution of endogenous peroxidase and hydrogen-peroxide-producing NAD(P)H
      oxidase, which are essential enzymes for the iodination of thyroglobulin, was
      cytochemically determined in the thyroid follicular cells of propylthiouracil
      (PTU)-treated rats. Peroxidase activity was determined using the diaminobenzidine
      technique. The presence of NAD(P)H-oxidase was determined using H2O2 generated by
      the enzyme; the reaction requires NAD(P)H as a substrate and cerous ions for the
      formation of an electron-dense precipitate. Peroxidase activity was found in the
      developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and Golgi apparatus, but it was also
      associated with the apical plasma membrane; NAD(P)H-oxidase activity was
      localized on the apical plasma membrane. The presence of both enzymes on the
      apical plasma membrane implies that the iodination of thyroglobulin occurs at the
      apical surface of the follicular cell in the TSH-stimulated state which follows
      PTU treatment.

PMID- 3997559
TI  - Pregnancy-related changes in the human endometrium revealed by lectin
      histochemistry.
AB  - The binding of 22 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lectins to human
      proliferative phase and pregnant endometrium was studied histochemically. Only
      the lectin from Bauhinia purpurea (BPA) reacted exclusively with the epithelial
      cells. All the others reacted to a certain extent with glandular and/or stromal
      cells. Lectins from soybean (SBA), and Vicia villosa seeds (VVA) reacted with
      endometrial glands of pregnancy but not with the glands of the proliferative
      endometrium. In the proliferative endometrium SBA reacted only with cells of the
      surface endometrium. Lectin from peanuts (PNA) reacted only with some glands in
      the proliferative endometrium but was unreactive with others. In pregnant
      endometrium PNA reacted with all glands. Lectins from lentils (LCA) and red
      kidney beans (PHA-E and PHA-L) reacted with endometrial glands of the
      proliferative phase but not with the glands from pregnant endometrium. We thus
      show that FITC labeled lectins define specific carbohydrate moieties selectively
      expressed on either proliferative phase or pregnant endometrial glands.

PMID- 3997560
TI  - Adenosine deaminase activity associated with phagocytic vacuoles. Cytochemical
      demonstration by electron microscopy.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase activity has been localized within the cell membrane and it
      surrounds phagocytic vacuoles in mouse macrophages. Adenosine deaminase is thus
      strategically located to direct metabolic flux through the enzymes of the purine
      catabolic pathway. Xanthine oxidase, a key enzyme of this pathway, produces
      superoxide during its reaction with its substrates. Enzyme activity was
      visualized for electron microscopy by means of hydrolysis of 6-Chloropurine
      ribonucleoside to produce Cl-, which is precipitated with Ag+. The latter is
      converted into Ag0 by light, and the resulting deposit is visualized with the
      electron microscope.

PMID- 3997561
TI  - Demonstration of cathepsin B in the rat kidney using fluorescence histochemistry.
AB  - The procedure of mounting freeze-dried sections with celloidin was adapted for
      the fluorescent-histochemical demonstration of cathepsin B in the rat kidney. A
      good localization of reaction products was shown in freeze-dried, 5-micron
      sections which had been mounted free floating with 1.5% celloidin solution on
      albuminized slides. Using this procedure, the reaction products were localized in
      the lysosomes, particularly those of the convoluted proximal tubule.

PMID- 3997562
TI  - Role of tin on heme and drug biotransformation mechanism of partially
      hepatectomized rats.

PMID- 3997563
TI  - Chelation in metal intoxication. XV: Influence of dimercaptopropane sulphonate
      (DMPS) on lead poisoned rats with normal or damaged kidneys.

PMID- 3997564
TI  - Preventive effect of pretreatment with zinc on cadmium nephrotoxicity in rats-
      evaluation by changes of urinary enzyme activities.

PMID- 3997565
TI  - Urinary excretion of cresol as an indicator for occupational toluene exposure.

PMID- 3997566
TI  - Occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene and the lymphocyte lysosomal
      N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.

PMID- 3997567
TI  - Spectra of optical radiation from welding arcs.

PMID- 3997568
TI  - Acute effects of organotins on brain, liver and kidney in rats.

PMID- 3997569
TI  - [Prognostic significance of histologic grading in vocal cord carcinoma].
AB  - Long term results show that the behaviour of vocal cord cancer of the same size
      and undergoing the same therapy may vary widely. The biological behaviour of the
      tumour was assessed by well defined histopathological criteria of the malignancy
      evaluated by subserial sections on 49 previously untreated vocal cord carcinomas
      pT2-T4. Two parameters were related to the tumour cell population:
      differentiation and polymorphism, as well as the structure and margins of the
      tumour. Two parameters were related to the tumour-host relationship: vascular and
      perineural invasion and the cellular response of the host. Each parameter was
      given a three point score. The resulting malignancy index (total score = 10) gave
      a significant prediction of prognosis: patients with or without metastasis can be
      separated, high risk patients can be recognised early and decisions regarding
      treatment and follow up may be planned.

PMID- 3997570
TI  - [Smoking and induction of the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in patients
      with laryngeal carcinomas and precancerous conditions].
AB  - The risk for a smoker of developing cancer of the larynx depends on the activity
      of the enzyme arylhydroxcarbonhydroxylase in his cells. The higher the
      genetically determined arylhydroxcarbonhydroxylase activity, the higher is the
      probability of developing the disease.

PMID- 3997571
TI  - [Testosterone--an etiological factor in the development of laryngeal carcinoma?].
AB  - To evaluate the etiological connection between the development of hyperplastic
      lesions of the laryngeal mucosa (including cancer) and the male sex hormones, the
      authors determined the level of testosterone in the serum of patients with cancer
      of the larynx (25 women and 25 men) and patients with hyperplastic lesions of the
      mucous membrane of the larynx (15 women and 15 men). In patients who suffered
      from cancer of the larynx the serum level of testosterone was significantly
      increased compared to the control group. In the patients who had hyperplastic
      lesions (including precancerous lesions) of the laryngeal mucosa the differences
      in the concentration of the serum testosterone were not statistically significant
      from the control group. The same was also true of the testosterone-estradiol
      index. The results of the study do not help to explain the success of hormonal
      therapy for hyperplastic lesions of the laryngeal mucosa. The authors consider
      that endogenous factors, especially the male sex hormones, should be taken more
      into account, alongside exogenous factors, in the genesis of laryngeal cancer.

PMID- 3997572
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of laryngeal sarcoidosis].
AB  - The larynx may be involved in patients with systemic sarcoidosis or may be the
      first or only manifestation of the disease. The symptoms depend on the degree of
      involvement of the larynx, and include a sensation of lump in the throat,
      dysphagia, hoarseness, cough, stridor and dyspnea. The supraglottis is the most
      frequently affected area. There are pale pink, edematous, diffuse hypertrophy of
      the supraglottic structures or granular areas of the glottic and subglottic
      region. The diagnosis is made by the characteristic appearance of the larynx,
      histologic and laboratory findings and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases.
      Laryngeal sarcoidosis may cause life-threatening upper airway obstruction.
      Systemic corticosteroid therapy is the treatment of choice in most cases, but
      surgical excision or local steroid injections are useful in selected cases.

PMID- 3997573
TI  - [Finger-free speech following total laryngectomy. Instrumentation and technic of
      surgical voice rehabilitation].
AB  - Surgical voice restoration during and after total laryngectomy using Blom-Singer
      puncture and the glottoplasty techniques provide good results. There is no doubt
      that the proportion of patients with a good voice is higher after surgical voice
      restoration than with the use of the esophageal speech or electronic speaking
      aids. Nevertheless there are problems due to the shunt or the necessary daily
      changing of the prosthesis with its risks, and failures due to the tracheostomy,
      the prosthesis and the pharynx. In order to reduce these surgical problems we
      developed new instruments, a personal surgical procedure for restoration during
      and after laryngectomy using this set of instruments, a new type of prosthesis
      and a tracheostoma valve. This technique allows the patient to speak fluently
      without using his hands, to breathe and to swallow without aspirating.

PMID- 3997574
TI  - [Experimental studies of the danger of ignition of tubes during endolaryngeal
      microsurgery with the laser].
AB  - Experiments on the ignition-risk of tubes used during endolaryngeal laser surgery
      are reported. The mechanism of the laser as an ignition source is explained. The
      materials were tested as to their inflammability.

PMID- 3997575
TI  - [Postoperative functional results in oral and oropharyngeal tumors].
AB  - The functional results of surgery for intraoral tumours were evaluated in a
      retrospective study. Among the many reconstructive techniques there is a place
      for healing by secondary intention or for primary closure of the defect. Bony
      reconstruction after lateral mandibulectomy may be omitted. The determining
      factors for good postoperative results were motivation, functional deglutition
      and speech exercises.

PMID- 3997577
TI  - [Reconstruction of the posterior wall of the auditory canal with Ceravital
      prostheses].
AB  - Different techniques to reconstruct the posterior outer ear canal wall with
      obliteration and ventilation of the mastoid cavity are reviewed. The suitability
      of canal prostheses, made from the bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital has been
      tested clinically in 76 patients. The operative technique and the postoperative
      results are reported.

PMID- 3997576
TI  - [Use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of malignant tumors of the
      hypopharynx and larynx].
AB  - CT is a non-invasive examination technique, which is able to demonstrate
      laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy in a three-dimensional manner and give qualified
      information in addition to the clinical findings. In the classification of
      laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, CT is superior to conventional radiological
      methods. CT complements direct and indirect laryngoscopy in showing tumour
      infiltration of surrounding structures.

PMID- 3997578
TI  - [5 years of clinical experience with Ceravital prostheses in the middle ear].
AB  - The characteristics and properties of the bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital are
      reported. The histological findings of this material in animals and humans are
      presented. The operative techniques, otoscopic postoperative findings and
      audiological results are described.

PMID- 3997579
TI  - [Use and problems of high-resolution computed tomography of the petrous bone].
AB  - High resolution computed tomography of the petrous bone is not comparable to
      conventional tomography. Due to the different construction of both scanners the
      patient positioning techniques are different and conventional otoradiology
      projections are not applicable in computed tomography. We consider that high
      resolution computed tomography is only indicated in rare cases of temporal bone
      tumours and congenital anomalies.

PMID- 3997580
TI  - [Development of cholesteatoma in the middle ear ab statu nascendi].
AB  - The squamous epithelium and the granulating chronically inflamed mucosa of the
      middle ear are responsible for the development of a cholesteatoma. Squamous
      epithelium is stimulated to grow if it borders on granulation tissue, as in wound
      healing. Thus if granulation tissue forms in the tympanic membrane the basal
      membrane degenerates at circumscribed points and these matrix cells produce
      processes which grow in an atypical direction into the middle ear. The resulting
      mass of prickle cells acts as a foreign body and stimulates the growth of bone
      destroying soft tissue. This explains the posterior superior defect in the
      tympanic membrane.

PMID- 3997581
TI  - [Development of pressure in the middle ear after nasal operations].
AB  - The middle ear pressure was determined by tympanometry on 46 patients (92 middle
      ears) before and after rhinoplasty. Abnormal tympanograms and pathological
      negative pressure in the middle ear space was found in about a quarter of all
      cases. In the first two days after the operation a high negative pressure
      developed in about 70%. The negative pressure was equalized after the packing was
      removed and 5 days after the rhinoplasty we found normal middle ear pressure in
      94% of patients. Reasons for development of negative intratympanic pressure are
      discussed. The conclusion from our investigation is that tympanoplasty and
      rhinoplasty surgery should not be performed on the same day.

PMID- 3997582
TI  - [Relation of the temporary threshold shift to the permanent threshold shift due
      to impulse noise, especially in the form of blast effects].
AB  - Observations on long serving soldiers who are frequently exposed to impulse noise
      trauma show that, in spite of ear protection, continued strain may gradually lead
      from a TTS to a PTS. On the other hand it is obvious that, despite increasing TTS
      and increasing duration of recovery, recovery is still possible even after
      several months. The experience that hearing damage caused by a single acoustic
      trauma tends to improve during the ensuing period or to remain constant,
      obviously applies also to hearing damage developing gradually due to multiple
      insults caused by impulse noises (blast noises). Due to today's compulsory
      wearing of ear protectors, the percentage of endangered persons has fallen to
      about 5%. But even these subjects have a chance to recover after several months,
      if the subject's exposure ceases. This is of importance with regard to a survey
      particularly in the evaluation of occupational disability.

PMID- 3997583
TI  - Hidden-face recognition: comparing foveal and extrafoveal performance.
AB  - Ambiguous stimulus material was computer-generated by superimposing image
      components of a target-face and either a random checkerboard texture or a masking
      face. The recognition of the target-face was studied both for foveal and
      extrafoveal vision. Compensation of the peripheral disadvantage in image
      discrimination by rescaling the stimulus size was possible only in the case of
      texture. Comparable results were obtained from combining band-pass image
      components of the portraits. Results suggest that it is the relative inability to
      recover a signal from spatially correlated noise that characterizes visual
      discrimination in the peripheral visual field.

PMID- 3997584
TI  - Hemispheric asymmetry in face perception tasks of different cognitive
      requirement.
AB  - Three laterality experiments using tasks of different cognitive requirement were
      performed in order to determine the stage at which hemispheric differences in
      face perception arise. All experiments employed the same set of faces and a vocal
      reaction time paradigm. In experiment 1, subjects were required to discriminate
      male from female faces and no hemispheric asymmetries were found. In experiment
      2, subjects were required to decide whether or not faces were of famous or
      unknown people and a right hemisphere advantage was found. Finally, in experiment
      3 subjects were required to verbally identify the famous faces and no hemispheric
      differences were found. The results suggest that a right hemisphere superiority
      exists for the comparison of stimulus faces with an internal representation.
      Contrary to expectation, face naming does not result in a selective left
      hemisphere involvement.

PMID- 3997585
TI  - Facial expressions of emotion in mother-infant interaction.
AB  - Face movements of infants 2 months of age when they are interacting with their
      mothers give evidence both for innate representation of the mother as a partner
      in communication and for an emotional system that evaluates her expressions and
      regulates their interpersonal contact. Although the facial neuro-motor system is
      immature in infancy, it can generate many expressions that compare closely with
      those by which adults transmit emotions and control engagements and
      relationships. It also expresses rudiments of special motivation for speaking.
      Even newborns show clear evidence of organized facial expressions defining
      distinct communicative states that respond to maternal care. Emotional
      communication is multimodal; as infants gain in perceptuo-motor and cognitive
      powers, they both express and respond to simultaneous signals of affect in
      multiple channels of voice, gesture and postural change. Face expressions form
      but part of a stream of motor evidence of central affective state and its
      changes. Mothers present to infants a form of expressive activity (baby talk)
      that has clearly marked synchronous visible and audible features. The precocious
      expressive capacities and sensitivities of infants and maternal fostering of them
      would appear to be a human adaptation to facilitate development of observational
      learning and language. Developments in the first year expand the scope of
      communication and play without changing the fundamental emotional code by which
      infant and familiar caretakers construct and defend their special relationships.

PMID- 3997586
TI  - A developmental study of face recognition in children and adolescents.
AB  - A slide projection test was applied to investigate the ability of children to
      recognize faces and vases. Boys and girls between age 7 and 16 years were
      investigated. During the inspection series the subjects had to judge 42 black and
      white photographs of 14 male faces, 14 female faces and 14 vases. One hour after
      the inspection series a two-choice recognition test (6-s presentation) was
      performed and 1 week later the second recognition test. (1) During the inspection
      series the subjects had to make 42 forced-choice decisions as to whether they
      liked or disliked the projected face or vase. The number of positive responses
      for vases was in all age groups significantly higher than for faces. For both
      items positive response scores decreased with age. (2) In all age groups
      recognition and recall after 1 h was better for faces than for vases. For both
      items the 7- and 8-year-old children had a significantly higher error score than
      the other age groups. Boys reached adult performance levels at 9-10 years of age.
      Under age 15 to 16 years, male subjects had a significantly better face
      recognition ability than female subjects. This is in contrast to the repeatedly
      found adult female superiority in face recognition. The sex of the faces and the
      emotional responses during the inspection series were found to have a slight
      influence on face recognition. (3) Correct item recognition decreased after 1
      week for those items (faces and vases) seen in the inspection series only and not
      in the first test after 1 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997587
TI  - On the perception of time during prolonged temporal isolation.
AB  - In an underground isolation unit, 42 subjects were living singly for time spans
      of at least 7 days up to more than a month. Except three who were entrained to 24
      h by an externally controlled light-dark cycle (LD), subjects had no time cues
      and developed free-running circadian rhythms either in self-selected LD-cycles or
      in constant illumination. Each subject had to give a signal whenever he thought
      that 1 h had passed. In addition, 30 subjects produced short-time intervals
      within the range from 10 to 120 s. RESULTS: The 1-h estimates were longer than 1
      h, and had a strong positive correlation with the duration of wakefulness alpha
      as well as with the length of the circadian cycle. The short time estimates were
      equally distributed between under- and over-estimation of the required interval,
      and they were neither correlated with the 1-h estimates nor with alpha. It is
      concluded that long and short time estimates are based on different mechanisms.

PMID- 3997588
TI  - Left hemispheric functional compensation in prosopagnosia? A tachistoscopic study
      with unilaterally lesioned patients.
AB  - Clinical observations suggest left hemispheric compensation for prosopagnosia in
      patients with isolated right posterior lesions. To test this hypothesis we
      investigated six patients with right posterior lesions, three with and three
      without prosopagnosia, with a series of tachistoscopic matching experiments.
      Faces with and without paraphernalia, shapes, objects and words were presented at
      different exposure durations (unlimited, 1000, 200, 50 and 20 ms). Prosopagnosia
      patients performed better than non-prosopagnosia patients if pure faces (eyes,
      nose and mouth only) were presented for an unlimited time, but performed worse
      than non-prosopagnosia patients if exposure duration was reduced. Patients with
      prosopagnosia were especially handicapped when required to match emotional
      expressions. Both patient groups had no difficulty in matching objects and words,
      even at short exposure durations. The results are discussed with respect to a
      possible left hemispheric compensation in prosopagnosia patients.

PMID- 3997589
TI  - Optic gliomas: radiation therapy and prognosis.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed of 30 patients with optic gliomas referred to
      the Royal Marsden Hospital between 1951 and 1981. Twenty-nine of these had
      progressive disease, and were treated with radiotherapy. At presentation 12 (41%)
      had visual deficit to the extent of at least one blind eye. Visual acuity
      improved following treatment in 10 (43%) of 23 evaluable patients, was stable in
      11 (48%) and deteriorated in 2 (9%). There was increase in visual fields in 4
      (18%) of 22 evaluable patients, and no change in the remaining 18 (82%). Overall
      26/29 (90%) of irradiated patients remained free from disease progression at a
      median follow-up period of 10 years. The probability of survival was 100% at five
      years following radiotherapy, and 93% at 10 years and also at 15 years. In view
      of the substantial morbidity and mortality in reported series, and the tendency
      for referral of more serious cases to a radiotherapy center, we conclude from our
      results that radiotherapy is effective in preventing progression of optic glioma,
      and that treatment early in the course of the disease is indicated to minimize
      the associated visual deficit.

PMID- 3997590
TI  - Chromosome aberrations in the peripheral lymphocytes induced by brachytherapy and
      external cobalt teletherapy.
AB  - In the present study, the induction efficiencies of chromosome aberrations were
      analyzed in patients receiving various modalities of interstitial radiotherapy
      with small radiation sources in the oral cavity area and compared with those in
      patients treated with external telecobalt irradiation in the thoracic region.
      Further, as a local nonstochastic effect, the acute mucosal reaction was
      investigated. The mucosal reaction in the area treated by brachytherapy reached a
      maximum at two to three weeks after the implantation. The frequencies of
      dicentrics plus rings of peripheral lymphocytes, on the other hand, revealed
      rapid increases and approached plateau levels as early as two days after the
      implantation. The whole-body effects, evaluated on the basis of the chromosome
      aberration frequencies of peripheral lymphocytes in the patients who underwent
      brachytherapy, were compared with the effects observed in those patients treated
      with external radiotherapy or bleomycin injection and discussed with regard to
      their effectiveness in control of the tumor and side effects. The radiation doses
      used in the patients who received brachytherapy or a single external irradiation
      were found to exert the same effects on the chromosome aberration induction.
      However, even in the case of brachytherapy in which whole-body side effects were
      believed to be trivial, the peripheral lymphocyte count was temporarily reduced
      to one half or less of the preirradiation level. An equivalent whole-body dose of
      50 cGy was obtained from the frequencies of dicentrics and rings.

PMID- 3997591
TI  - Fraction size, dose and time dependence of X ray induced late renal injury.
AB  - Histologic quantitation of renal radiation injury based on an intact mouse model
      correlates well with loss of renal mass, as measured by the ratio of right to
      left renal weight, radiation dose, and time after irradiation. Use of the
      radiation dose at which 50% of animals show renal tubular changes of a specified
      grade (ED50), allows comparison of 1, 5 and 15 fraction exposures. The X-ray dose
      necessary to effect significant injury (Grade 3 change) by six months after
      irradiation (ED50) was 11.6, 25.7, and 44.0 Gy for single, 5, and 15 fractions,
      respectively. Isoeffect plots of total radiation dose as a function of fraction
      number are linear on logarithmic coordinates, indicating that this relationship
      followed a power function. When plotted as inverse total dose versus dose per
      fraction, the six month post-irradiation data were linear, but the 12 month data
      were not. Lack of linearity is not in agreement with the multi-fraction isoeffect
      linear quadratic model.

PMID- 3997592
TI  - Recurrent stage I endometrial carcinoma: results of treatment and prognostic
      factors.
AB  - Recurrences of clinical Stage I endometrial carcinoma after initial treatment are
      rare. They are nonetheless a serious complication, uniformly associated with poor
      survival outcome. Between 1969-1980, 20 patients with clinical Stage I
      endometrial carcinoma were treated for recurrent tumor at the time of first
      relapse. Nonpapillary adenocarcinoma represented 70% of the primary tumors (pure
      adenocarcinoma, 50%; adenosquamous, 15%, clear cell, 5%) and papillary
      adenocarcinoma, 30%. The most common presenting symptom was vaginal bleeding,
      occurring in 95% of patients. The median time to recurrence after completion of
      primary treatment was 9.5 mo: Adenocarcinoma relapsed at a median time of 33 mo,
      adenosquamous, 6 mo and papillary adenocarcinoma, 4 mo. The vagina was the site
      of relapse in 65% of patients, the abdomen in 20%, the pelvis in 10% and the lung
      in 5%. Ninety-five percent of recurrences were treated with curative intent.
      Complications were seen in three patients, small bowel obstruction (2 pts) and
      vaginal vault necrosis (1 pt); however, these patients responded effectively to
      conservative treatment. Minimum follow-up of 4 years was available in 18 pts
      (90%). Actuarial 4 yr overall and NED survival was 50%, respectively, with a
      median survival of 39 mo to date. There have been no deaths from further
      recurrence of endometrial cancer beyond 39 mo. Significant prognostic factors for
      4 year survival were 1) recurrence site--vagina, 82% (9/11 pts) vs extravagina,
      0% (0/7 pts; median survival: 8 mo) [p = .0001]; and 2) histologic cell type--non
      papillary carcinoma, 75% (9/12 pts) vs papillary adenocarcinoma, 0% (0/6 pts;
      median survival: 8 mo) [p = .002]. Our review suggests that: (1) Histology and
      site of relapse are important prognosticators of treatment outcome; (2) Long term
      survival may be achieved in vaginal recurrences with aggressive local treatment;
      and (3) There may be a role for multimodality ovarian type treatment in overall
      management of recurrent papillary adenocarcinoma, a cell type that appears to
      exhibit a tendency towards extrapelvic spread refractory to definitive loco
      regional treatment.

PMID- 3997593
TI  - Limited usefulness of observer-based cosmesis scales employed to evaluate
      patients treated conservatively for breast cancer.
AB  - We evaluated the relative usefulness of two observer-based scales commonly
      employed to assess the cosmetic outcome of patients treated by breast-preserving
      techniques for breast cancer. We asked 44 volunteer observers to employ one or
      the other scale to assess cosmetic outcome in a series of 14 projected color
      photographs of frontal views of treated patients. Our results demonstrate that
      observer concensus with either scale is rarely attained, particularly for
      patients with T1 or T2 tumors. Experienced observers could reach a concensus more
      often, although still infrequently. Moreover, the reliability of both scales is
      poor, since approximately one-third of observers evaluating one photograph twice
      during the same test session changed their answer. We conclude that while
      observer-based cosmesis scales demonstrate that current surgical and radiation
      therapy techniques can provide a "good" cosmetic result in 66-90% of patients
      with Stage I or II breast cancer, they lack the sensitivity and reliability to
      evaluate factors affecting cosmetic outcome since all forms of cosmetic change
      are lumped together into one assessment. Each type of cosmetic change should be
      evaluated separately by objective measures to determine factors related to its
      development.

PMID- 3997594
TI  - A study of penile circulation before and after radiation in patients with
      prostate cancer and its effect on impotence.
AB  - Decrease in penile blood flow has been implicated as the cause of erectile
      impotence in patients receiving pelvic irradiation. To determine any changes in
      the penile circulation secondary to pelvic irradiation, we measured the penile
      blood flow before and 6-9 months following completion of irradiation in six
      patients with prostate cancer. None of these patients had hormonal manipulation.
      The non-invasive techniques of Penile Brachial Index (PBI) and Penile Flow Index
      (PFI) were used to study penile circulation. Two patients developed impotence 2
      to 4 1/2 months following completion of irradiation. There was no significant
      change in penile blood flow following irradiation in any of the six patients
      studied. The etiology of post-irradiation impotence is probably multifactorial
      and it may be an oversimplification to attribute it to a single organic cause.

PMID- 3997595
TI  - Influence of thorax irradiation on the survival of mice with spontaneous or
      artificial lung metastases from a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The effect of thorax irradiation on lung metastases, either occurring
      spontaneously from a primary mammary adenocarcinoma (M8013X) transplanted on the
      leg or artificially induced by intravenous injection of tumor cells was studied.
      Increasing the interval between the moment at which lung metastases are supposed
      to originate and the thorax irradiation resulted in a rapid decrease of the
      effectiveness of this treatment in preventing the development of lung metastases.
      Early treatment of the mice not only resulted in a considerable number of animals
      that were cured, but also in a significant decrease in the number of tumor
      localizations in the lung of those animals still developing metastases. Thorax
      irradiation performed later was much less effective; at autopsy the lung showed a
      large number of small metastases. Increasing the radiation dose led to an
      increased number of cures; however, an increased number of mice dying of lethal
      lung damage was also observed. Irradiation of the lungs of mice with 5 or 10 Gy,
      24 hours, 7 days or 14 days prior to i.v. injection with tumor cells, did not
      significantly increase the number of mice with lung metastases. Immunological
      resistance against the tumor played a role in our experiments with both
      spontaneous and artificial lung metastases.

PMID- 3997596
TI  - Interaction of radiation and AT 1727 in HeLa S-3 cells in culture.
AB  - AT 1727, a synthetic analogue of ICRF 159, was reported to have an increased
      chemotherapeutic index in in vivo leukemic cells. The present cell culture
      studies were carried out to compare the cytotoxicity of AT 1727 and ICRF 159 in
      HeLa S-3 cells grown in monolayer and multicellular spheroid systems. The
      quantitative comparison of cell culture data demonstrated that AT 1727 was more
      cytotoxic than ICRF 159 at equimolar doses. The increased cytotoxicity at AT 1727
      became apparent when the cell survival curves and growth rates of multicellular
      spheroids were compared at doses above 0.1 mM. When the spheroids were irradiated
      and exposed to AT 1727 (0.05 mM), there was a pronounced potentiation of
      radiation effects in the growth rate of spheroids. Similar treatment to ICRF 159
      did not show any enhancement of radiation effects. There were also differential
      effects of AT 1727 and ICRF 159 on the cell cycle progression. AT 1727 causes a
      G1 block as well as a G2 block in HeLa monolayers, while ICRF 159 only induces G2
      block. These cell culture data may be useful for further in vivo tumor studies to
      determine the therapeutic index of combined radiation and AT 1727.

PMID- 3997597
TI  - Field size dependence of radiation sensitivity and dose fractionation response in
      skin.
AB  - Four sets of data from the literature were analyzed to assess the effects of
      field size on dose tolerance and dose fraction size dependence in irradiated
      skin. The data consisted of combinations of total dose and dose per exposure (or
      number of fractions) required to yield a given degree of visible damage to the
      skin, for fields of different sizes. Putative cell survival curves were
      constructed, under the assumptions that the isoeffect represents a fixed cell
      survival, and that each exposure during a course of fractionated irradiation has
      equal effect on cell survival. The analysis showed that overall sensitivity to
      radiation, and dependence on dose per exposure, both increase with field size. To
      account for these results we describe a model that can be qualitatively related
      to the geometric properties of the dermal vascular network. First, vascular
      function after irradiation should depend on the length of the vessels exposed to
      the radiation. This directly predicts an increasing sensitivity in large
      irradiated fields. Furthermore, if vascular function determines radiation
      response, the shape of the shoulder (low-dose) region of the effective survival
      curve will depend on the average number of vessels nourishing each cell, with a
      more pronounced shoulder for a high multiplicity of vessels. The model predicts a
      greater fractionation sensitivity in large than in small fields, in agreement
      with our analysis of the isoeffect data. It is therefore possible that the
      advantages of hyperfractionation in reducing late effects in normal tissues may
      be related to vascular architecture, and not to inherent differences between late
      and acutely responding cell populations.

PMID- 3997598
TI  - Comparative distribution of misonidazole and its amine metabolite in female Swiss
      Webster mice.
AB  - The distribution of misonidazole and its terminal reduction product 1-(2-amino-1
      imidazolyl)-3-methoxy-2-propanol (miso-amine) were compared in female Swiss
      Webster mice to determine if either misonidazole or miso-amine is distributed to
      peripheral nerves. Female Swiss Webster mice received a 100 mg/kg (5
      microCi/mumole) i.p. dose of either 3H-misonidazole or 3H-miso-amine and the
      distribution of radioactivity was determined in various tissues including sciatic
      nerves and other myelinated nerves. Urine from misonidazole treated animals
      contained both miso-amine and misonidazole (8.4 and 20.4%, respectively, of the
      total radioactivity in the urine). Misonidazole produced higher initial tissue
      concentrations of radioactivity than did miso-amine. The relative tissue
      concentrations of radioactivity produced by misonidazole or miso-amine were
      similar, although not identical, 48 hours after administration of the drugs. Both
      sciatic and other myelinated nerves were found to retain radioactivity following
      the administration of either misonidazole or miso-amine.

PMID- 3997599
TI  - Kinetics of cellular inactivation by fractionated and hyperfractionated
      irradiation in Lewis lung carcinoma.
AB  - The kinetics of cellular inactivation by fractionated irradiation in Lewis lung
      carcinoma was studied in the dose range of 2.3 to 6.5 Gy per fraction. Regimens
      of one and two fractions per day for 10 days were compared. The number of
      clonogenic tumor cells was determined using an in vitro soft-agar colony assay.
      Under the experimental conditions used, the fraction of tumor cells inactivated
      per day was only dependent on the total dose per day, i.e., the cellular response
      was the same whether the daily dose was given in one or two fractions. Thus, the
      two fraction per day regimen was more effective than expected from calculations
      based on acute in vivo radiation dose-survival curves. This result could be
      explained if the clonogenic tumor cells were less hypoxic during the two
      fractions per day regimen than the one fraction per day schedule.

PMID- 3997600
TI  - Cerebral radiation surgery using moving field irradiation at a linear accelerator
      facility.
AB  - A modified irradiation technique at a linear accelerator facility for radiation
      surgery within the brain is described consisting of several moving field
      irradiations in non-coplanar planes. Using collimated narrow beams, a
      localization system and special computer programs for precise patient
      positioning, a high concentration of dose within small, well circumscribed
      volumes is obtained. Resulting dose distributions were studied experimentally and
      by calculations. A simple algorithm for treatment planning was developed and
      based on CT images. Radiation surgery within the brain is now technically
      feasible at our linear accelerator. Seventeen patients have now been treated.

PMID- 3997601
TI  - Feasibility study: results of treatment of primary and recurrent adenocarcinoma
      of the corpus uteri with californium-252.
AB  - A trial of Cf-252 for the radiotherapy of primary or recurrent corpus
      adenocarcinoma was carried out at the University of Kentucky. The patients with
      primary tumors were of advanced age, poor general medical condition, and had
      multiple chronic medical illness, poorly differentiated tumors and/or metastatic
      Stage IVB disease. Fourteen patients with primary tumors were treated and all
      achieved complete local tumor control. The five year actuarial disease-free
      survival rate by the Kaplan-Meier method was 100% for Stage I-III disease,
      although 36% died of other, usually medical, causes. For eight patients treated
      with recurrent tumors, long term tumor control was 40% four year actuarial
      disease survival. Local control was 100% for vault recurrences of 3 cm diameter
      size, but only 6/8 (75%) cleared their pelvic tumors completely. Those that did
      not had tumors of massive size, distant metastatic disease and adenosquamous or
      poorly-differentiated (G3) pattern. One additional cut across, infected tumor was
      controlled for 26 months. Corpus carcinoma was highly sensitive to Cf-252 neutron
      radiation therapy.

PMID- 3997602
TI  - Localization and protection of kidneys in radiation treatment planning using
      computed tomography.
AB  - Irradiation treatment portals of the upper abdomen must limit the dose to the
      kidneys. Sparing one-third of the parenchyma of each kidney will prevent late
      clinical sequelae. One hundred CT scans of the abdomen were studied to evaluate
      using the vertebrae as landmark for treatment planning. In lateral fields, using
      the anterior border of the vertebral column as a landmark for the posterior high
      isodose line will limit treatment to less than 60% (mean 22%) of a single kidney.
      Placing the edge of an anterior/posterior field 2 cm lateral to the vertebral
      column will limit the dose to less than 44% of a single kidney (mean 11%).

PMID- 3997603
TI  - A practical technique for the localization of the tumor volume in definitive
      irradiation of the breast.
AB  - In patients being treated with breast conserving surgery and primary irradiation
      for breast cancer, adequate treatment of the primary tumor bed is associated with
      improved local control rates. This report presents a practical method for
      defining the tumor bed. At the time of excisional biopsy, radiopaque surgical
      clips are placed at the margins of the tumor bed. These clips are used to
      localize the tumor volume for the simulation of the breast tangents and for
      planning the boost field. This technique will minimize the potential for a
      geographic miss during definitive irradiation for breast cancer.

PMID- 3997604
TI  - The clinical implications of non-standard fractionation.

PMID- 3997605
TI  - Tumor control with 125I seeds in childhood pelvic yolk sac tumor.

PMID- 3997606
TI  - Evaluation of bladder tumor volume and CT number during radiotherapy: a comment
      on the paper by Swank-Bordewijk and van Kleffens.

PMID- 3997607
TI  - The erotic transference in women and in men: differences and consequences.
AB  - Although the erotic transference is believed to be universal, it is variable in
      its expression. Drawing on the distinction between transference resistance and
      resistance to the awareness of the transference, I have proposed that, in
      general, the erotic transference utilized as resistance is more common among
      women, while resistance to the awareness of the erotic transference is more
      common among male patients. Erotic transference as resistance poses different
      analytic problems from those posed by resistance to its awareness. With women in
      treatment with men, the erotic transference is more often overt, consciously
      experienced, intense, long-lived and directed toward the analyst, and focused
      more on love than sex; with men in treatment with women, the erotic transference
      is muted, relatively short-lived, appears indirectly in dreams and triangular
      preoccupations, is seldom consciously experienced as a dominant affective motif,
      is frequently transposed to a woman outside the analytic situation, and most
      often appears as sexual rather than as a longing for love. In women, the strength
      of the erotic transference may obscure other important dynamics and conflicts. In
      short, the strength of the erotic transference, while it has significant
      therapeutic potential, often acts as a strong transference resistance to working
      out underlying conflicts. In contrast, in male patients in treatment with women,
      there is a resistance to the experience of the transference and, frequently, one
      witnesses defenses against the erotic transference rather than the transference
      itself. Yet, the dangers are substantial when the erotic transference fails to
      develop or is suppressed. This difference in the manifestation of the erotic
      transference parallels an extratherapeutic difference. In general, women achieve
      their self-identity as women by virtue of certain defining relationships, whereas
      men achieve their self-identity as men through achievement and autonomy. The
      reasons for these differences have been explored in terms of cultural dictates,
      but more particularly in terms of an asymmetry in psychological development.

PMID- 3997608
TI  - Resistance and primitive anxiety.

PMID- 3997609
TI  - The illusion of no future: psychoanalysis and religion.

PMID- 3997610
TI  - Psychoanalytic constructions of female development and women's conflicts about
      achievement. Part I.

PMID- 3997611
TI  - Omnipotence and self-fulfillment: key issues in analytically-oriented
      psychotherapy with older persons.

PMID- 3997612
TI  - Changing gender stereotyped behavior: role of therapist's personal disclosure.

PMID- 3997613
TI  - Intuitive and factual approaches in the comparison of contractility and
      repolarization measures of sympathetic myocardial activity.
AB  - Obrist (Cardiovascular Psychophysiology: A Perspective, Plenum Press, New York,
      1981) has recently argued for the superiority of contractility (e.g. pulse
      transit time) over ventricular repolarization (e.g. T-wave amplitude) measures as
      indices of sympathetic myocardial influences on the grounds that the T-wave
      occurs during the diastolic portion of the cardiac cycle (in contrast to the
      systolic temporal locus of contractile-based measures). This note suggests that
      this argument is intuitively rather than factually based because it lacks both
      logical and empirical validity.

PMID- 3997614
TI  - Methodological problems in bilateral electrodermal research.
AB  - Since the beginning of the 1970's, bilaterally recorded electrodermal activity
      (EDA) has generated a significant amount of research. It has been used in studies
      of hemispheric asymmetry, as well as in psychiatry as an indicator of left and
      right hemisphere activity. However an examination of the various studies which
      have utilized this technique does not show an overall consensus, and the results,
      as well as their interpretations, are often contradictory. These difficulties can
      partially be explained in terms of problems of methodology and interpretation.
      The aim of this paper is to review the methodological considerations, which have
      been grouped into 3 categories: stimulus specificity; the selection of subjects;
      and the measurement and interpretation of EDA.

PMID- 3997615
TI  - The electrocardiogram during emotional and physical stress.
AB  - The electrocardiographic response pattern during exercise at low and high heart
      rate was compared with the response pattern during emotional stress. Qualitative
      differences between exercise and emotional stress were obtained, i.e. during
      exercise the ST segment was more depressed, T-wave amplitudes were larger and QT
      and PQ were significantly shorter than during emotional stress. The results do
      not support the suggestion that emotional stress evokes an exercise-like
      cardiovascular response pattern, which may lead to a metabolically maladaptive
      situation. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that the ECG changes
      during emotional stress are similar to the ECG changes during right stellate
      stimulation, while the ECG changes during exercise are similar to the ECG changes
      obtained during left stellate stimulation.

PMID- 3997616
TI  - Asymmetry of brain potentials related to sensorimotor tasks.
AB  - The present study investigates the hemispheric specificity of event-related (ERP)
      and slow potentials (SP) of the brain during preparation and performance of
      sensorimotor (haptic) tasks. Tasks were selected which have been assumed to be
      processed primarily by only one brain hemisphere. ERPs, SPs and spontaneous EEGs
      were obtained from both hemispheres (C3-C4, P3-P4) and from Fz and Cz in a
      constant foreperiod (6 s) paradigm. Warning and task stimuli comprised up to four
      tactile stimuli, applied to index and middle finger of each hand. To maximize
      lateralized processing, the right-hand task required counting, the left hand task
      pattern matching. Components of the ERP (N1, P3, SW) and of SPs show task
      dependent lateral asymmetry with the larger amplitudes contralateral to the
      preparing and responding hand. Results confirm hemisphere-specific processing of
      the tactile tasks but quantification as indicated by ERP amplitudes show
      considerable activity in both hemispheres. The SP-distribution rather reflects
      task-specific preparation than general alertness or orienting.

PMID- 3997617
TI  - Stereoscopic stimuli activate different cortical neurones in man:
      electrophysiological evidence.
AB  - Dynamic random dot stimuli offer the possibility to study cortical neuronal
      mechanisms related to depth perception in man because these stimuli operationally
      skip all stages prior to the activation of cortical binocular disparity neurones.
      In the present paper, the scalp topography of brain potential components evoked
      by stereoscopic stimuli are compared with those evoked by similar binocular
      contrast stimuli, and our results present evidence that different neuronal
      populations of the visual cortex are activated in these two stimulus conditions.

PMID- 3997618
TI  - Comments on vitamin K.

PMID- 3997619
TI  - Techniques to aid in the radiographic diagnosis of heartworm disease.

PMID- 3997620
TI  - Control of nematodes in dairy heifers by prophylactic treatments with albendazole
      in the spring.
AB  - The effect of 2 prophylactic anthelmintic treatments with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg)
      was evaluated in 2 groups of Holstein dairy replacement heifers treated 3 and 6
      weeks after turnout to spring pasture on May 2, 1983. The lightweight group
      consisted of twelve 7- to 9-month-old heifers with a mean initial weight of 201.1
      kg. The heavyweight group consisted of ten 11- to 15-month-old heifers with a
      mean weight of 319.4 kg. Within each group, the heifers were paired by initial
      weight, and one member of each pair was randomly assigned to the treatment group.
      Each of the 4 resulting groups grazed separate, contaminated pastures until
      winter housing on Oct 31, 1983. The albendazole-treated, lightweight heifers had
      bodyweight gains 28.9% greater than that of the control heifers at the end of 23
      weeks (P less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in gain for the
      treated heavyweight heifers, which had a lower feeding rate/kg of bodyweight than
      did the lightweight heifers. At the end of the study, there was a sevenfold
      difference in mean pasture L3 counts between treatment (1,303 L3/kg) and control
      (9,153 L3/kg) replicates. It was concluded that it is desirable to treat all
      heifers in northern regions during their first spring at pasture. This strategy
      would likely provide substantial economic returns to the farmer in years with a
      wet summer, which would favor early migration of L3 to herbage, but would provide
      smaller returns in dry seasons, which would delay this pattern of migration.

PMID- 3997621
TI  - Enigmatic psittacine chlamydiosis: results of serotesting and isolation attempts,
      1978 through 1983, and considerations for the future.
AB  - From 1978 through 1983, chlamydiosis was diagnosed by isolation of Chlamydia
      psittaci from various types of psittacine birds. The organism was isolated from
      126 (30.4%) of 414 tissue specimens, with the percentages ranging from 12.5%
      (budgerigars) to 42.8% (cockatiels), excluding 2 parakeets with 1 isolation
      (50%). From 1,035 cloacal swab/feces specimens, 51 (4.9%) isolations were made,
      ranging from 1.4% from African grays (1 of 70) to 27.8% from lovebirds (5 of 18).
      Positive direct microscopic examination of stained (Gimenez method) tissue
      impressions correlated with positive isolation at a rate of 79.2% and those found
      negative by direct examination had a correlation of 87.5%. Direct complement
      fixation testing was done on 3,485 sera. Forty-six were unsatisfactory for
      testing due to their being anticomplementary or reacting with control antigen.
      The distribution of titers ranged from 2,008 (57.6%) at 8 to 76 (2.2%) at greater
      than or equal to 256. In serotests and isolation attempts from the same bird,
      there was 42.8% agreement between titers greater than or equal to 32 and positive
      isolation. One cockatiel with a complement-fixation titer of 16 yielded a
      positive isolation, whereas other types of birds with a less than or equal to 16
      titer were negative.

PMID- 3997622
TI  - Selenium toxicosis in swine.
AB  - Selenium toxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of fatal paralytic disease in a
      group of feeder pigs. Lumbar poliomyelomalacia and coronary band necrosis were
      the principal lesions. High selenium concentrations were detected in liver and
      kidney. Excessive selenium was traced to the premix added to the complete ration.

PMID- 3997623
TI  - Changes in prevalence and susceptibility of obligate anaerobes in clinical
      veterinary practice.
AB  - Of 3,133 clinical specimens obtained from domestic animals, 26% contained species
      of bacteria that were obligate anaerobes. Members of the genera Bacteroides,
      Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus accounted for 77% of the isolates. On the
      average, 2 species of obligate anaerobes were found in each specimen, usually
      admixed with facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Of those specimens containing an
      obligate anaerobe, 20% contained one isolate that was resistant to penicillin,
      ampicillin, and cephalothin. These resistant isolates belonged to the genus
      Bacteroides, the most common being Bacteroides fragilis. Approximately one third
      of these penicillin-resistant isolates was resistant to tetracycline as well. All
      isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline (excluding penicillin
      resistant Bacteroides), metronidazole, and clindamycin.

PMID- 3997624
TI  - Evaluation of serum bile acid concentrations for the diagnosis of portosystemic
      venous anomalies in the dog and cat.
AB  - The serum concentration of bile acids was measured in dogs and cats with
      portosystemic venous anomalies (PSVA). In 14 dogs, the mean serum bile acid
      concentration after 12 hours of fasting was 61.7 +/- 68.7 mumol/L (normal, 2.3 +/
      0.4 mumol/L (SEM) and when measured 2 hours after a meal in 15 dogs was 229.9 +/
      87.7 mumol/L (normal, 8.3 +/- 2.2 mumol/L). The fasting serum bile acid
      concentration was within the normal range in 5 of 14 dogs. The postprandial
      concentration was determined in 3 of the 5 and in each case increased more than
      tenfold above the fasting value. The mean fasting serum bile acid concentration
      in 4 cats was 24.4 +/- 10.1 mumol/L (normal, 1.7 +/- 0.3 mumol/L) and in 2 of the
      cats increased to a mean of 120.6 mumol/L (normal, 8.3 +/- 0.8 mumol/L) 2 hours
      after feeding. The bile acid values in patients with PSVA were correlated with
      values for blood ammonia content, sulfobromophthalein (BSP) retention, and
      results of conventional tests of hepatic function. Bile acid concentrations were
      more sensitive than abnormalities in serum enzyme activities or BSP retention and
      equal in sensitivity to the ammonia tolerance test in detecting hepatobiliary
      insufficiency. Bile acid measurements were accomplished with less inconvenience
      to the patient and clinician, than tests of BSP excretion or ammonia tolerance.
      Used in combination with conventional laboratory tests for hepatic disease, pre-
      and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations appear to be a sensitive and
      specific indicator of hepatobiliary dysfunction of value in the diagnosis of PSVA
      in the dog and cat.

PMID- 3997625
TI  - Free chondral fragment involving the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus in a
      dog.
AB  - A saucer-shaped defect involving the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus and a
      radiopaque joint fragment were evident on radiographs of the left tarsus in a 6
      month-old Rottweiler. Surgical treatment involved removal of the joint fragment
      and debridement of the defect. Histologic interpretation of the specimen was a
      chondral fragment. It is important to realize the possibility of a lesion in the
      location described, as this may be an additional site for osteochondrosis
      dissecans of the canine tarsus.

PMID- 3997626
TI  - Pneumonitis associated with occult heartworm disease in dogs.
AB  - Nine of 69 dogs with occult heartworm disease (13%) had allergic pneumonitis
      characterized by consistent clinical and radiographic signs. Although the
      clinical signs were severe, the degree of radiographic pulmonary arterial
      abnormalities was mild. Corticosteroid therapy resulted in rapid resolution of
      clinical and radiographic signs; thiacetarsamide therapy was then given without
      complications. This syndrome may not be recognized as heartworm-associated and
      may be confused with other disorders, some being associated with a poor prognosis
      and requiring different therapy.

PMID- 3997627
TI  - Intestinal strangulation associated with omphaloarteritis in a calf.
AB  - In a 1-month-old calf, intestinal strangulation developed when a jejunal segment
      wrapped around a bandlike adhesion between the greater omentum and an abscess of
      the left umbilical artery. Signs included abdominal distention, cessation of
      defecation, and purulent inflammation of the external umbilical stalk. Despite
      vigorous care, the calf died of shock 4 hours after admission.

PMID- 3997628
TI  - Costal bone changes similar to hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary
      and abdominal mesothelioma in a dog.
AB  - An 8-year-old male Irish Setter was admitted because of nonweight bearing
      lameness of the left forelimb. Radiography failed to reveal any bony lesions of
      the forelimb; however, extensive periosteal new bone formation over most rib
      surfaces and an atypical cardiac silhouette suggestive of a mediastinal mass with
      pleural effusion were observed. New bone formation was seen on the ilium and a
      filling defect in the urethra, distal to the prostate, was apparent with contrast
      urethrocystography. Necropsy revealed scirrhous mesothelioma of the thorax and
      abdomen, multifocal periosteal exostoses, paraprostatic cyst, and benign
      prostatic cystic hyperplasia. Tumor cells were associated with the periosteal
      exostotic costal bone. The specific cause of the lameness was not determined.

PMID- 3997629
TI  - Angiostrongylosis in a greyhound.
AB  - Angiostrongylus vasorum infection was diagnosed at necropsy of a Greyhound
      imported from Ireland. Granulomatous masses and pulmonary arterial thrombosis
      were associated with adult and larval stages of metastrongyle nematodes.
      Hemorrhages, widespread in subcutaneous tissue and muscle masses and at serosal
      surfaces, were suggestive of the onset of the bleeding disorder that has been
      seen in angiostrongylosis in Europe. The mollusks that can serve as intermediate
      hosts are known to be common in the United States, and therefore establishment of
      this parasite from imported racing or breeding stock is possible.

PMID- 3997630
TI  - Peritoneal cestodiasis in a dog.
AB  - An unusual case of progressive abdominal distention due to massive infection with
      proliferating cestode larvae is reported in an imported Italian Greyhound. Cystic
      parasites, first detected incidentally at ovariohysterectomy, eventually
      infiltrated most abdominal organs and entered the pericardium. Morphologic,
      histologic, and electromicroscopic observations did not permit definitive
      identification of the parasites; however, they were not typical of the larval
      forms of species of either Taenia or Mesocestoides, which have been associated
      with this rare condition in the United States.

PMID- 3997631
TI  - Surgical and medical management of rhinophycomycosis (conidiobolomycosis) in a
      horse.
AB  - A horse had severe granulomatous lesions of the upper airways that were
      attributable to Conidiobolus coronatus. Therapeutic success was documented by
      clinical examination of the horse 4 years after treatment by surgical extirpation
      and intralesional and topical use of amphotericin B.

PMID- 3997632
TI  - 1983 professional incomes of US veterinarians, by hours worked and years since
      graduation.

PMID- 3997633
TI  - Promiscuous use of antibiotics.

PMID- 3997634
TI  - Be alert for Babesia gibsoni infections.

PMID- 3997635
TI  - More on canine ehrlichiosis.

PMID- 3997636
TI  - More on canine ehrlichiosis.

PMID- 3997637
TI  - Efficacy and toxicity of estrogens commonly used to terminate canine pregnancy.
AB  - Three groups of bitches were treated with diethylstilbestrol (75 micrograms/kg)
      orally for 7 days (n = 12), estradiol cypionate intramuscularly once (22
      micrograms/kg; n = 12), or estradiol cypionate intramuscularly once (44
      micrograms/kg; n = 12). Treatments commenced during late proestrus (n = 4/group),
      the fourth day of behavioral estrus (n = 4/group), or the second day of diestrus
      (n = 4/group). All bitches were bred on alternate days throughout estrus to stud
      dogs of known fertility. Ovariohysterectomies were performed on day 25 of
      diestrus to diagnose pregnancy and to assess any pathologic changes in the
      uterus. Eleven bitches treated with diethylstilbestrol, 6 bitches treated with
      the low dosage of estradiol cypionate, and 4 bitches receiving the high dosage of
      estradiol cypionate were pregnant at the time of surgery. Ten of the bitches
      treated with estrogens during proestrus, 6 treated during estrus, and 4 treated
      during diestrus were pregnant. The serum concentration of progesterone in 2
      bitches treated with the high dosage of estradiol cypionate decreased to less
      than 2 ng/ml by day 25 of diestrus, suggesting premature luteal regression.
      Diethylstilbestrol appeared to have little efficacy in terminating pregnancy.
      Estradiol cypionate appeared to have greater efficacy when administered during
      estrus or early diestrus; however, pyometra developed in 2 bitches treated with
      this estrogen during diestrus.

PMID- 3997638
TI  - Ovine abortion associated with an anaerobic bacterium.
AB  - An anaerobic, slightly curved, tapered, corrugated, rod-shaped bacterium with O
      to greater than 12 flagella at each pole was isolated from 2 aborted lambs with
      focal hepatic necrosis. The organism stained faintly Gram-negative, but stained
      better by the Giemsa method. It was pleomorphic in culture, ranging from
      filaments containing granules to faintly staining spheroids.

PMID- 3997639
TI  - Economic decisions in veterinary practice: a method for field use.
AB  - A technique is presented that allows economic decision analysis, sensitivity
      analysis, and threshold analysis to be done rapidly in field situations. The
      method allows the practitioner to choose between 2 interventions with different
      costs and different probabilities of success. A graphic approach is presented,
      which speeds and simplifies the analysis.

PMID- 3997640
TI  - Prevalence and causes of ram epididymitis in Utah.
AB  - Palpation of the testicles and epididymides was used to determine the prevalence
      of ram epididymitis (RE) in Utah range flocks over a 5-year period. Of 62 range
      flocks examined, 58 had rams with palpable lesions. A comparison was made of
      prevalence by right vs left testicle involvement, but no significant difference
      was found. Culling all rams with palpable lesions from the flock progressively
      reduced the annual incidence, but did not eliminate RE from any flock. Semen and
      specimens of reproductive tract tissue were obtained from representative flocks
      for bacterial culture. Brucella ovis was found commonly in range flocks, but was
      not isolated from RE-affected rams in virgin, ram-producing flocks. In the ram
      producing flocks, a gram-negative, pleomorphic rod-type organism was found. It
      was concluded that RE should be considered as 2 disease entities, based on the
      finding of 2 causative organisms and the management systems under which those
      organisms are found. Brucella ovis was the major cause in persistently infected
      range flocks, whereas the gram-negative pleomorphic rod-type organism is the
      apparent cause of RE in virgin, ram-producing flocks.

PMID- 3997641
TI  - Complete ulnas and fibulas in a pony foal.
AB  - Complete ulnas and fibulas were found in a 10-month-old Welsh Pony examined
      because of severe flexural deformity, with carpal and tarsal valgus deformities,
      in all limbs. Presence of these normally vestigial structures is considered a
      form of atavism. At one week of age, periosteal transection was performed for the
      angular deformity, resulting in no improvement. When performing this procedure,
      the authors recommend transection of these vestigial structures if present.

PMID- 3997642
TI  - Chondrosarcoma arising in a multilobular chondroma in a cat.
AB  - A large mass firmly attached to bone was found on the skull in an adult, male
      cat. A diagnosis of chondrosarcoma arising in a multilobular chondroma was made
      from a biopsy specimen and confirmed at necropsy.

PMID- 3997643
TI  - Chronic eosinophilic pancreatitis and ulcerative colitis in a horse.
AB  - A generalized debilitating disease in a horse was believed to be related to
      hypersensitivity to migrating strongyle larvae. The clinical signs included
      weight loss, diarrhea, and ulcers on all 4 coronary bands. The mare's condition
      deteriorated rapidly, so the mare was euthanatized and necropsied. The major
      histopathologic findings were chronic multifocal eosinophilic pancreatitis,
      hepatic portal fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, and chronic ulcerative eosinophilic
      colitis. This case was similar to previously reported cases of chronic
      eosinophilic gastroenteritis in horses. Although the etiologic agent was not
      evident, the distribution and character of the lesions were consistent with a
      hypersensitivity response to migrating parasitic larvae, most probably Strongylus
      equinus.

PMID- 3997644
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Soft tissue density mass in the stomach consistent with
      trichobezoar or phytobezoar.

PMID- 3997645
TI  - Eradicating animal diseases: a twofold benefit for the consumer.

PMID- 3997646
TI  - The future of our military veterinary services.

PMID- 3997647
TI  - Borreliosis in dogs from southern Connecticut.
AB  - Blood samples were obtained from dogs in tick-infested regions of southern
      Connecticut to assess canine exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic
      agent of Lyme disease in human beings. An indirect fluorescent antibody test
      detected immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies at titers of 1:64 to 1:512 in 22 of 84
      serum samples previously shown to be positive with a polyvalent rabbit anti-dog
      total Ig conjugate. Analyses of paired serum samples from 20 seropositive dogs
      revealed temporal differences in titers; changes occurred during brief (1 month)
      or extended (greater than 4 years) sampling periods. Clinical records for 52
      seropositive dogs indicated a history of intermittent lameness in 19 of these.
      Limb/joint disorders typically developed in dogs without IgM antibodies,
      suggesting manifestation during later phases of illness. A microscopic
      agglutination test was used to assess cross reactivity between B burgdorferi and
      20 serovars of Leptospira interrogans and biflexa. Analyses of 63 dog serum
      specimens with antibodies to B burgdorferi and a series of reference rabbit sera
      revealed minor antigenic relatedness. There was geographic clustering of dogs
      with antibodies to B burgdorferi in areas of south-central and southeastern
      Connecticut, where human Lyme disease also occurs.

PMID- 3997648
TI  - Arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs.
AB  - From October 1982 to May 1984, we studied 34 dogs from the Lyme, Conn area that
      had a history of tick exposure and lameness associated with pain, warmth, and/or
      swelling in one or more joints. Large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      were seen in Giemsa-stained smears of synovial fluid from 9 dogs, and spirochetes
      (Borrelia burgdorferi) were found in 1 sample by darkfield microscopy and
      immunoperoxidase techniques. The geometric mean antibody titer to B burgdorferi
      in the 34 dogs was 1:2,700, compared with 1:285 in 43 clinically normal dogs from
      the same area (P less than 0.0001) and 1:50 in 29 dogs from an area in New Jersey
      that is not endemic for human Lyme disease (P less than 0.00001). We concluded
      that B burgdorferi in dogs may cause arthritis similar to that in human Lyme
      disease.

PMID- 3997649
TI  - Fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy in the horse.
AB  - A method of fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy was developed for use in
      large horses. A 275 cm X 13.5 mm fiberendoscope was used to examine the stomach
      and proximal portion of the duodenum. Food was withheld for 24 to 48 hours before
      examination. In more than 50 horses, gastric and duodenal structures were easily
      visualized. A variety of lesions was detected, including parasitic lesions,
      gastric ulcers, gastric neoplasia, and pyloric stenosis. Mucosal biopsy specimens
      were obtained in selected cases.

PMID- 3997650
TI  - Serologic prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and
      elk in Montana.
AB  - Serum samples from 2,539 cattle, 649 sheep, 123 goats, 413 pigs, 93 bison, and 56
      elk from Montana were examined for antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the Sabin
      Feldman dye test or the modified agglutination test (MAT). Cattle, bison, and elk
      serum samples were treated with 0.2 M-mercaptoethanol before examination in MAT.
      In the dye test, 13.2% of sheep, 5.0% of pigs, and 22.7% of goats had antibody at
      a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:16. In the MAT, 3.2% of cattle, 3.1% of
      bison, and none of the elk were positive at a dilution of greater than or equal
      to 1:128.

PMID- 3997651
TI  - Bullous emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax in the dog.
AB  - Six cases of recurrent pneumothorax requiring surgical intervention in the dog
      were reviewed. Radiography was not useful in identifying the source of air
      leakage. A median sternotomy approach was useful for identifying and removing
      involved lung tissue. All 6 dogs had microscopic evidence of bullous emphysema.
      Bronchiolitis, thickened pleura, and bronchiolar smooth muscle hypertrophy also
      were noticed. Underlying mild obstructive lung disease alone or in combination
      with a defect in pulmonary collagen probably predisposed these dogs to bullous
      emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax. Of the 6 dogs, 3 survived for at least 2
      years after surgery.

PMID- 3997652
TI  - Water deprivation-sodium chloride intoxication in a group of feeder lambs.
AB  - Six of a group of 100 feeder lambs that had been deprived of sodium chloride,
      then more recently deprived of water, developed water deprivation-sodium chloride
      intoxication soon after water and a mineral supplement containing sodium chloride
      were reintroduced. The clinical signs included somnolence, intense thirst, and
      generalized muscle fasciculations. Serum chemical analyses revealed profound
      hypernatremia and hyperchloremia. Two mildly affected lambs recovered with
      partial water restriction and 2 severely affected lambs died despite medication
      to reduce cerebral edema. Postmortem examination of the 2 treated lambs and the 2
      lambs found dead revealed microscopic evidence of cerebral edema and
      cerebrocorticonecrosis.

PMID- 3997653
TI  - Hepatic cirrhosis associated with long-term primidone therapy in a dog.
AB  - The anticonvulsant drug, primidone, was believed to be responsible for the
      development of hepatic cirrhosis in a 9-year-old German Shepherd Dog with
      idiopathic epilepsy. Marked increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, serum
      alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and sulfobromophthalein retention, as well
      as decreases in albumin and BUN supported the diagnosis of hepatic failure.
      Biochemical abnormalities improved after primidone was discontinued. Previous
      reports indicated a poor prognosis for anticonvulsant-induced hepatic failure;
      however, this dog has remained stable for over a year after diagnosis and proper
      therapy.

PMID- 3997654
TI  - Reserpine toxicosis in a horse.
AB  - A single injection of reserpine in an adult horse was believed to induce
      toxicosis for several days. Clinical signs included erratic, colic-like behavior
      followed by depression, bradycardia, miosis, ptosis, and paraphimosis. Diarrhea
      was not observed and may have been due to the effect of xylazine given with the
      reserpine. The horse was supported with IV fluids and intensive nursing care.
      Gradual improvement was noted 72 hours after the horse received the drug.
      Qualitative analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography was positive for
      reserpine. Methamphetamine is the recommended antidote but was not used in this
      case.

PMID- 3997655
TI  - Coccidosis caused by Eimeria scabra in a finishing hog.
AB  - Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria scabra was diagnosed in a 60-kg finishing hog with
      severe diarrhea and weight loss. Fresh and fixed tissues from a farrowing to
      finishing operation in eastern Georgia were submitted. Examination of hematoxylin
      eosin-stained sections of small intestine revealed large numbers of thick-walled
      oocysts and large macrogamonts. Although coccidiosis has been associated with
      diarrhea in baby pigs, coccidiosis as a cause of diarrhea in finishing swine is
      seldom reported.

PMID- 3997656
TI  - Cutaneous pythiosis in beef calves.
AB  - Six Brahman and Brahman-cross calves less than or equal to 9 months old were
      examined because of ulcerative swellings of the fetlocks (5 calves) or numerous
      focal ulcerated cutaneous lesions (1 calf). Biopsies revealed focal cutaneous
      granulomas around regular, thick-walled branching hyphae, 4 to 9 micron in
      diameter. In all cases, portions of the hyphae were surrounded by granular
      encrustations, which ultrastructurally were composed of amorphous material
      comparable to antigen-antibody complexes. The protist Pythium sp was isolated
      from 2 calves.

PMID- 3997657
TI  - Interactions of management and animal performance in a swine feedlot.
AB  - The factors of feed efficiency, growth rate, carcass trim at slaughter, amount of
      antibiotic treatment, and death rate were compared among groups of pigs fed
      ("finished") in an open-front feedlot in Kansas. The factor having the greatest
      influence on performance was the month of entry of the pigs into the feedlot.
      Carcass trim at slaughter was greater in groups wherein each pig was given more
      than 4 ml of antibiotic than in groups wherein less than 4 ml of antibiotic was
      given to each pig. Death rates of pigs that remained in the feedlot longer than
      150 days were nearly twice those of pigs that had been sent to slaughter before
      150 days.

PMID- 3997658
TI  - Endrin toxicosis in a cat.
AB  - Endrin toxicosis was believed responsible for the sudden death of a cat. Stomach
      contents contained bird remains, and chemical analysis revealed 233 micrograms of
      endrin/g. The cat's owner had been using an avicide on the premises just before
      the cat's death. Endrin is an effective pesticide for control of insects,
      rodents, and birds. It poses a problem with secondary poisoning in other animals.

PMID- 3997659
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in veterinary surgery.

PMID- 3997660
TI  - Testicular size: the effects of aging, malnutrition, and illness.
AB  - Paired testicular volumes and weights, as well as age, height, and weight, were
      recorded from a series of 1056 consecutive necropsies on adult males ranging in
      age from 18 to 96 years. These data were analyzed to examine the effects of age,
      nutritional state (standardized body weight), and illness on testicular size.
      Testicular volume and weight were related by a constant density of 1.038 g/ml,
      regardless of testicular size, age or illness. Mean testicular volume was
      correlated with height (r = 0.470), weight (r = 0.504), body surface area (r =
      0.549) and standardized body weight (r = 0.152). Advancing age, malnutrition,
      alcoholism, malignancy, and a chronic, terminal illness were each individual risk
      factors for reduced testicular size, whereas diabetes, narcotic or other drug
      usage, and pelvic injury were not associated with reduced testicular volume.
      Since advancing age, reduced standardized body weight, and some disease states
      were all associated with diminution of testicular size, the interaction of age,
      malnutrition, and illness on testicular size were examined by statistical
      modeling, using multivariate logistic regression and covariance analysis. The
      associations of alcoholism, malignancy, and chronic, terminal illness with
      decreased testicular volume were independent of aging or nutritional state. The
      effects of chronic, terminal illness were mostly explained by the concurrent
      effects of reductions in standardized body weight (malnutrition). After exclusion
      of men with diseases shown to be associated with decreased testicular size, he
      specific effects of age alone demonstrated a reduction in testicular volume only
      in the 8th decade of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997661
TI  - Release, extraction, and stability of hyaluronidase associated with human
      spermatozoa. Comparisons with the rabbit.
AB  - In contrast to the rabbit: 1) no hyaluronidase could be detected in fresh or
      frozen human seminal plasma, all color formation on assay being due to a
      dialyzable, heat stable factor; 2) almost no hyaluronidase could be extracted
      from frozen-thawed human testicles; 3) the hyaluronidase from human spermatozoa
      was rapidly inactivated upon release, either spontaneously or on extraction; and
      4) a large decrease in hyaluronidase activity occurred when human spermatozoa
      were stored under various conditions. Rabbit spermatozoa contained six to 13
      times more hyaluronidase than human spermatozoa. These results show that distinct
      species differences exist in the hyaluronidase associated with spermatozoa. None
      of the human genital tract sources studied could be used to obtain adequate
      amounts of hyaluronidase for the further isolation and purification of the
      enzyme. For both human and rabbit spermatozoa, it was optimal to add the cells
      directly to the assay system for the quantitation of hyaluronidase on spermatozoa
      rather than extracting the spermatozoa and testing the extracts. The spermatozoa
      of both species appear to be capable of digesting hyaluronic acid directly. As
      had previously been found for acrosin, a higher amount of hyaluronidase was
      maintained when human spermatozoa were cryopreserved in a zwitter buffer (TESTCY)
      rather than in glycerol.

PMID- 3997662
TI  - Comparison of the penetration ability of human spermatozoa into bovine cervical
      mucus and zona-free hamster eggs.
AB  - In vitro bovine cervical mucus (BCM) penetration tests, sperm penetration assays
      (SPA) using zona-free hamster eggs, and routine semen analyses were performed on
      a total of 136 freshly collected semen samples from men who were seen at an
      infertility clinic. The correlations between bovine cervical mucus penetration
      and other semen parameters were the percent motile spermatozoa (r = 0.48),
      progressive motility grade (r = 0.44), sperm count (X 10(6)/ml) (r = 0.47), the
      percent normal morphology (r = 0.32) and the percent eggs penetrated (r = 0.46)
      (P less than 0.0001 for each correlation coefficient). When known fertile (n =
      32) and infertile (n = 18) groups were tested, positive mucus penetration was
      associated 75% correctly and positive egg penetration was associated 90%
      correctly to clinical status. The mucus test had no false-negative results and
      the SPA had no false-positive results in these groups. It appears, then, that the
      mucus test and sperm penetration assay, although contributing different elements
      of data to an infertility evaluation, are both useful adjuncts to a semen
      analysis.

PMID- 3997663
TI  - L-155,175: a new antiparasitic macrolide. Fermentation, isolation and structure.
AB  - A new antiparasitic macrolide, L-155,175, produced by a strain of Streptomyces
      hygroscopicus, has been isolated; its structure was determined by physico
      chemical means. It is active against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta in rats.

PMID- 3997664
TI  - The structure of amphotericin A. I. Mass spectrometric analysis of
      dodecahydroamphotericin A.
AB  - Amphotericin A had been transformed into dodecahydroamphotericin A by
      hydrogenation. Subsequently, the product obtained was reduced with metal
      borohydrides or borodeuterides and derivatized to volatile compounds which were
      analyzed by mass spectrometry.

PMID- 3997665
TI  - Raman spectra of nystatin. Influence of impurities.
AB  - The Raman spectra of the polyene antibiotic nystatin have been investigated
      between 1500 and 1650 cm-1. Only one band is observed in the resonance Raman
      spectra obtained with a 3045 A excitation radiation. Two major bands are observed
      in the preresonance spectra of pure nystatin obtained with a 4545 A excitation. A
      supplementary band at 1557 cm-1 observed in the preresonance spectra of samples
      of commercial origin is ascribed to the presence of heptaene impurities, the
      Raman spectra of which are preferentially enhanced by resonance, owing to the
      closer proximity of their absorption to the excitation radiation.

PMID- 3997666
TI  - Chemical modification of spiramycins. V. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of
      3'- or 4''-de-N-methylspiramycin I and their N-substituted derivatives.
AB  - The 3'- and 4''-de-N-methylspiramycins were synthesized selectively, and then
      were converted to various N-substituted derivatives. 4''-De-N-methyl derivatives
      were more active than 3'-de-N-methyl ones. Among the derivatives, 4''-N-Fmoc
      glycyl and 4''-N-benzyl-4''-de-N-methylspiramycin I were the most active in
      vitro, and were comparable to spiramycin I. 4''-De-N-methylspiramycin I was about
      half as active as spiramycin I in vivo.

PMID- 3997667
TI  - Studies on antineoplastic activity of naphthomycin, a naphthalenic ansamycin, and
      its mode of action.
AB  - An antibiotic, identical with naphthomycin, was isolated from a soil
      Streptomyces. The antibiotic displayed significant therapeutic activity by ip
      administration against murine tumors: Ehrlich carcinoma and IMC carcinoma
      implanted ip. The maximum increase of life-span was more than 169% in Ehrlich
      carcinoma, and 128% in IMC carcinoma. The antibiotic exhibited a potent
      cytotoxicity against murine leukemic cells: P388, L1210, and L5178Y. IC50 was 0.4
      1.3 microgram/ml in culture. The activity of naphthomycin was reversed by SH
      compounds: 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, and glutathione. DNA and RNA
      syntheses were more markedly inhibited by naphthomycin than protein synthesis in
      L5178Y cells. Approximately 50% inhibition of nucleic acid syntheses was observed
      at an antibiotic concentration of 2 micrograms/ml. Naphthomycin blocked alkaline
      phosphodiesterase obtained from L5178Y cells: IC50 was ca. 7.6 micrograms/ml. The
      antibiotic neither caused metaphase arrest nor prevented tubulin polymerization.
      The results suggest that the mechanism of cytotoxicity of naphthomycin is the
      inhibition of various SH enzymes, particularly those involved in nucleic acid
      biosynthesis. The mode of action is unique in the ansamycin group of antibiotics.

PMID- 3997668
TI  - The photodeactivation of hedamycin, an antitumor antibiotic of the pluramycin
      type.
AB  - The cytotoxicities of hedamycin and photohedamycin A as well as of kidamycin and
      isokidamycin were determined using HeLa cell cultures. Photohedamycin A proved to
      be 15 times less cytotoxic than hedamycin thus explaining the loss of biological
      activity observed for solutions of hedamycin left in daylight. The fact that
      photohedamycin A is less active than hedamycin, and isokidamycin less than
      kidamycin points to the important role the rings E and F play in the biological
      activity of hedamycin and kidamycin.

PMID- 3997669
TI  - Biosynthesis of chrysomycins A and B. Origin of the chromophore.
AB  - The biosynthetic origin of the carbon atoms in the chromophores of chrysomycins A
      and B was investigated in feeding experiments using 13C labeled acetates and
      propionate. A biosynthetic scheme is proposed involving the condensation and
      rearrangement of a decaketide intermediate which contains either propionate
      (chrysomycin A) or acetate (chrysomycin B) as the chain initiator.

PMID- 3997670
TI  - In vivo activity of cefbuperazone (T-1982) against various experimental
      infections in mice.
AB  - The protective activity of cefbuperazone (T-1982) was compared with those of
      latamoxef, cefotaxime, and cefmetazole against intraperitoneal and urinary tract
      infections in mice. In both tests, cefbuperazone manifested a higher activity
      than the other cephems against infections with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
      pneumoniae. Cefbuperazone also showed a comparatively high degree of prophylactic
      effect; this activity was observed even when given 4 hours before bacterial
      challenge. The good in vivo activity of cefbuperazone could not be explained by
      the differences between the antibiotics on the basis of the serum levels and
      vitro activity. Mice, treated with cefbuperazone, showed a statistically
      significant prolongation of survival time against intraperitoneal challenge with
      Candida albicans, but not when treated with the other cephems. This finding
      suggests that the host defense mechanisms stimulated by cefbuperazone may
      contribute to the good in vivo activity of this antibiotic.

PMID- 3997671
TI  - Chemical modifications of the aliphatic bridge of ansamycins. 2. Synthesis and
      activity of 23-epi-25-deacetylrifamycin S.

PMID- 3997672
TI  - Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase and deacetoxycephalosporin C hydroxylase are
      two separate enzymes in Streptomyces clavuligerus.

PMID- 3997673
TI  - Pluracidomycin A2, a new carbapenem bearing a sulfinic acid, and other minor
      pluracidomycins.

PMID- 3997674
TI  - Chemical modification of amikacin at C-4'' with inversion of configuration.

PMID- 3997675
TI  - Suppression of tissue graft rejection by spergualin.

PMID- 3997676
TI  - Very rapid adaptation in the guinea pig auditory nerve.
AB  - Guinea pig auditory ganglion cell responses to 100-ms duration tone bursts were
      recorded over a range of stimulus intensities. The responses, recorded in the
      form of peristimulus/poststimulus time histograms, were analysed by reduction
      into two phases. The first phase was a rapid exponential adaptation from an
      initial onset response; the second was a more gradual reduction in the firing
      rate which, over the 100 ms duration of the stimulus, appeared to be a linear
      function of time. The first, rapid, phase was nonlinear in its response to
      changes in stimulus intensity, exhibiting a change in amplitude and having a time
      constant which decreased with increasing intensity. Individual units were
      consistent in the magnitude and time course of this phase. The second phase was
      also nonlinear with intensity, and was far more variable from unit to unit. With
      the recording parameters employed it was not possible to determine whether the
      effect of intensity on the second phase was an effect on the magnitude or time
      course, or both. Stimulus termination responses were also analysed, and typically
      were of one of two forms. If, at any particular stimulus intensity, the unit
      under study showed little sign of the slower adaptation then the termination
      response was a simple depression of activity (perhaps to zero) which recovered
      with an exponential time constant of about 25 ms, independent of intensity. If,
      however, the peristimulus responses showed a significant amount of the slow
      adaptation then the termination responses also exhibited a second, slower, phase
      of recovery. This was modelled over the recording epoch as a linear function of
      time. The magnitude of the slow offset response also increased with intensity
      faster than did the average firing rate.

PMID- 3997677
TI  - Local auditory evoked potentials and effects of pure tones on click evoked
      potentials in the pigeon.
AB  - Local auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in the pigeon were recorded from the
      nucleus magnocellularis (NM), nucleus angularis (NA) and Field L with tungsten
      microelectrodes. In the NM and NA, AEPs in response to clicks were always
      suppressed by application of continuous pure tones at specific frequencies as is
      usual for simultaneous masking. In the NA, frequencies of continuous pure tones
      which produced maximum suppression and frequencies of tone bursts which elicited
      maximum response both centered around 0.8 kHz. The NM tended to respond
      similarly. In Field L, however, amplitudes of the AEPs to clicks were suppressed,
      enhanced, both suppressed and enhanced, or unaffected by presentation of
      continuous pure tones at specific frequencies. The frequencies of tone bursts
      which caused maximum AEP were vaguely related to the frequencies of continuous
      pure tones which elicited maximum suppression of the AEPs to clicks. On the other
      hand, enhancement was produced by 1-2 kHz continuous pure tones independent of
      the frequency of tone bursts that produced maximum AEP. It was concluded that
      enhancement, suppression and lack of effect in Field L were due to some central
      neural mechanism.

PMID- 3997678
TI  - The tuning of auditory receptors in bushcrickets.
AB  - The auditory organ of bushcrickets consists of an array of chordotonal sensilla
      in the insect's foreleg. Physiological recordings from these sensilla demonstrate
      that the individual receptors are tuned to specific sound frequencies and that
      the array is tonotopically organised. This frequency selectivity and tonotopic
      organisation are not altered by severely disrupting the integrity of the receptor
      array. Since the tuning of the individual receptors is not dependent on resonance
      in the auditory canal (prothoracic trachea), tympanal membranes or receptor array
      it is proposed that it is due to mechanical and/or electrical properties of the
      individual receptors.

PMID- 3997679
TI  - Incorporation of glycerol in the organ of Corti: predominance in hair cells and
      effects of kanamycin.
AB  - A biochemical study revealed that [3H]glycerol was incorporated into various
      kinds of phospholipids in the guinea pig cochlea. The sites of incorporation of
      [3H]glycerol injected into the scala tympani were localized autoradiographically.
      The most active incorporation occurred in the hair cells, especially in the outer
      ones, followed by the inner ones and the nerve endings attached to hair cells.
      Glycerol incorporation into hair cells appeared to increase as the apex was
      approached. Chronic intoxication with kanamycin selectively suppressed glycerol
      incorporation in the hair cells. The site of glycerol incorporation shown by the
      present autoradiographic study is likely to reflect the site of phospholipid
      synthesis. Autoradiographic studies could constitute a new approach to
      understanding the possible involvement of phospholipid metabolism in the function
      and pathology of the cochlea.

PMID- 3997680
TI  - Potential role of angiotensin II in noise-induced increases in inner ear blood
      flow.
AB  - Guinea pigs were exposed to 120 dB white noise for 30 min and evidenced a four
      fold elevation in plasma concentration of the potent vasoconstricting hormone
      angiotensin II (AII). Anesthetized animals received intra-arterial injections of
      AII at doses that approximated the endogenous levels measured following noise
      exposure. A marked decrease in skin blood flow was observed with a concomitant
      increase in cochlear blood flow as measured by laser Doppler flowmeters.
      Increased cochlear blood flow appeared to be secondary to the increases in
      systemic blood pressure induced by AII. These findings suggest that cochlear
      blood flow may increase during periods of intense noise exposure.

PMID- 3997681
TI  - Surface topography of the cochlear nuclei in humans: two- and three-dimensional
      analysis.
AB  - We used three-dimensional reconstruction to study the cochlear nuclear complex
      (CN) in postmortem adult brains. Resulting data show that the largest part of the
      CN surface, particularly the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), is fully within the
      lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. The surface of another subdivision, the
      ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), is also almost entirely within the recess, except
      for a narrow zone adjacent to the caudoventral border of the nucleus. The caudal
      portion of the exposed zone of the VCN is in the vicinity of the rootlets of the
      glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, and the ventral portion is close to the terminal
      part of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve. The border between the
      intraventricular part of the CN and the extraventricular portion and also the
      terminal part of the VIII nerve approximately coincides with the line of
      attachment of the inferior medullary velum of the fourth ventricle (tenia of the
      choroid plexus). In the narrow strip of this ventral most part of the tenia we
      did not observe big blood vessels or neurons. Accordingly this could be a
      reasonably safe surgical route to the intraventricular surface of the CN.

PMID- 3997682
TI  - Biochemical differences between perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma
      in the guinea pig.
AB  - Seven selected biochemical substances were systematically analyzed in perilymph
      (PL), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma or serum of anesthetized guinea
      pigs in order to compare the composition of these fluids with regard to the
      origin and biochemical nature of PL. Compositional differences between the fluids
      were expressed by PL/CSF and PL/plasma concentration ratios of the chemical
      components measured. Contrary to the prevailing notion, the results suggest that
      the specific biochemical composition of PL corresponds neither to that of CSF nor
      to that of a simple ultrafiltrate of blood plasma. Furthermore, except for the
      total protein concentration, no significant differences were found in the
      composition of PL between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli.

PMID- 3997683
TI  - Freeze-fracture of neurons in nucleus magnocellularis of the chick.
AB  - 4- to 8-day-old chicks were used to examine the ultrastructure of end bulbs and
      neurons of nucleus magnocellularis by freeze-fracture and thin section
      techniques. Both normal animals and animals deafferented by removal of the
      basilar papilla were used to describe the pre- and postsynaptic membranes of
      these neurons. Postsynaptic membrane specializations similar to those described
      in rodents were found in normal and deafferented chicks. In the presynaptic end
      bulb there was an immediate cessation of endocytotic vesicle formation after
      deafferentation. There was also a shift in the preferential fracture plane from
      the presynaptic to postsynaptic membranes 48-72 h after basilar papilla removal.
      These results indicate that the ultrastructure of this synaptic complex is
      comparable to that seen in mammals.

PMID- 3997684
TI  - Effects of barium and ion substitutions in artificial blood on endocochlear
      potential.
AB  - Previously, a qualitative assessment was made (Marcus, D.C. (1984): Am. J.
      Physiol. 247, C240-C246) of the ion-selective properties of the cells bounding
      the cochlear duct by observing the effects of ion substitutions in the perilymph
      on the transepithelial potential difference (endocochlear potential; EP).
      Contributions by the marginal cells of the stria vascularis to the observed
      changes in the EP may have been masked, however, due to their 'isolation' from
      the perilymph by a continuous layer of basal cells. Since the ionic milieu of the
      basolateral membranes of the marginal cells is controlled more directly by the
      blood supply than by the perilymph, we report here on the effects of ion
      substitutions via vascular perfusion. Elevated K (substituted for Na or N-methyl
      D-glucamine; NMDG) or Ba caused marked depression of the EP. Decreased Na or Cl
      (replaced by NMDG and gluconate, respectively) also depressed the EP. These
      changes in the EP were distinctly different from those observed previously by
      perilymphatic perfusion, and were interpreted in terms of a modified model of the
      strial marginal cells.

PMID- 3997685
TI  - Low frequency neurons in the lateral central nucleus of the cat inferior
      colliculus receive their input predominantly from the medial superior olive.
AB  - When iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in the vicinity
      of inferior colliculus units in the cat responding to low sound frequencies,
      retrograde labelling occurred in the ipsilateral medial superior olive. Both
      bipolar and multipolar cells of the medial superior olive participated in this
      projection, and the focus of labelling shifted topographically within the olive
      as the injection site best frequency varied. These observations confirm previous
      anatomical findings and link them to the tonotopic organization of the central
      nucleus of the inferior colliculus. However, the fact that the medial superior
      olive alone provides between 50 and 98% of labelled cells in the brain stem
      projecting to this region of the central nucleus is an unexpected observation.
      This study gives further support to an hypothesis of 'core zones' within the
      central nucleus that receive preferentially input from specific brain stem
      auditory nuclei.

PMID- 3997686
TI  - Sounds with harmonic spectra are more effective than pure tones in inducing
      audiogenic seizure in rats.
AB  - Twenty rats of an audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible stock were exposed to four
      different sound stimuli and seizure severity and seizure-latency were registered.
      Two sounds with harmonic spectra, one pure tone and band noise were used. The
      harmonic spectra were found to be significantly (P less than 0.005) more
      effective than the other stimuli in inducing AGS when seizure-latency was taken
      as a parameter. Connections from the auditory pathway to the reticular formation
      seem to be of importance in the triggering of these seizures. AGS-susceptible
      rats may offer a useful tool for experimental hearing research.

PMID- 3997687
TI  - Production of ethanol from infant food formulas by common yeasts.
AB  - Four common yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Torulopsis glabrata and
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were combined with five infant food formulas and/or
      supplements (Isomil, Nutramigen, 5% glucose, Coca Cola and Similac) and incubated
      at 37 degrees C. Gas chromatography was used to measure ethanol production after
      24 and 48 h incubation. The quantities of ethanol produced suggest a possible
      explanation for patients exhibiting the 'Auto-Brewery Syndrome' and raises
      interest in the role auto-produced ethanol could have in explaining the etiology
      of Sudden Infant Death.

PMID- 3997688
TI  - Serological characteristics of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from man
      and animals.
AB  - A simplified method allowed Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. intermedius and
      coagulase-positive Staph. hyicus subsp. hyicus isolated from humans, dogs,
      monkey, sheep, poultry, rabbits, giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus) and other
      animals to be serotyped. The nine coagulase-positive staphylococcal strains of
      human origin possessed thermolabile and thermostable agglutinogens. Two strains
      of Staph. intermedius of human and canine origins examined had agglutinogen K1K2.
      The three Staph. aureus strains isolated from African giant rats (Cricetomys
      gambianus) had agglutinogens a5 and P common to them. The Staph. aureus strain
      isolated from a monkey belonged to serotype b1, c1, o and the caprine strain of
      Staph. hyicus subsp. hyicus was serotype a5, c1.

PMID- 3997689
TI  - Nitrogen metabolism by the microbial flora of the rabbit caecum.
AB  - The dense microbial flora of the rabbit caecum consisted chiefly of bacteria
      (10(11)/g) with small numbers of yeast cells (10(6)/g). Using strictly anaerobic
      technique, 23% of the direct microscopic cell count was cultivated and 55% of the
      cultivatable bacteria utilized ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. Ureolytic
      bacteria were isolated from the caecal lumen and mucosa and were identified as
      Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium clostridiiforme, Bacillus spp. and
      Staphylococcus spp. Ammonia assimilation by the bacterial flora of the caecum was
      by incorporation into alpha-oxoglutarate catalysed by NADPH-linked glutamate
      dehydrogenase.

PMID- 3997690
TI  - The effect of ammonia treatment on the solubilization of straw and the growth of
      cellulolytic rumen bacteria.
AB  - Pre-treatment of straw with anhydrous ammonia increased its susceptibility to
      solubilization by the predominant cellulolytic bacteria from the rumen,
      Bacteroides succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens. Ammonia
      treatment also increased the production of microbial protein and fermentation
      products by all three species. Scanning electron microscope observations of straw
      during digestion suggested that the attack of straw by these bacteria was
      accompanied by the formation of substantial numbers of adherent microcolonies.

PMID- 3997691
TI  - The cytotoxic and photodynamic inactivation of micro-organisms by Rose Bengal.
AB  - Rose Bengal was cytotoxic to the following bacteria at the concentrations given
      in parentheses (highest concentrations of dye in mol/l at which growth occurred
      on nutrient medium): Brochothrix thermosphacta and Deinococcus radiodurans (1 X
      10(-6) or less); Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus,
      Arthrobacter and Kurthia spp. (1 X 10(-5)-1 X 10(-4], and Pseudomonas spp. and
      Enterobacteriaceae (5 X 10(-3)-1 X 10(-2) or greater). These organisms were
      killed rapidly when suspended in illuminated (170 microE/m2/s) solutions of Rose
      Bengal (1 X 10(-4) mol/l) providing oxygen was present. Singlet oxygen was
      identified as the lethal agent, because the rate of killing was increased by
      dissolving the dye in deuterium oxide while the organism were protected against
      photoinactivation by L-histidine or crocetin. Yeasts from chilled foods were
      killed in illuminated solutions of Rose Bengal but a light intensity of 315
      microE/m2/s was needed for a death rate comparable with that of bacteria. The
      yeasts present in a range of chilled meat and dairy products failed to form
      colonies on Rose Bengal (5 X 10(-5) mol/l) media exposed continuously to modest
      illumination (55-80 microE/m2/s).

PMID- 3997692
TI  - A note on antibiotic resistance in the bacterial flora of raw sewage and sewage
      polluted River Tigris in Mosul, Iraq.
AB  - Polluted water samples collected from the River Tigris in the vicinity of a raw
      sewage outfall were examined for the incidence of antibiotic resistance among
      coliform bacteria on three occasions during 1983. Eighty percent or more of the
      coliform bacteria were resistant to one or more antibiotics. At the same time,
      raw sewage samples were examined for the incidence of antibiotic-resistant
      bacteria, and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were
      selected for sensitivity testing. Collectively, more than 90% of the 480 strains
      of the three organisms were resistant to one or more antibiotics. The minimal
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin for twenty-nine strains including
      coliforms, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Serratia sp., Ps. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas
      sp., Micrococcus sp., Staph. aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus sp. from
      raw sewage and polluted River Tigris water was determined and that for Ps.
      aeruginosa was 250 micrograms/ml. The high incidence of antibiotic-resistant
      bacteria in natural waters could be related to the widespread use of antibiotics
      in this locality.

PMID- 3997693
TI  - A probability matrix for the identification of vibrios.
AB  - A probability matrix for computer-assisted identification of vibrios has been
      constructed, based on the API 20E system. Data were gathered from 173 strains
      representing 31 taxa of vibrios and related organisms, from a variety of sources.
      The matrix was tested internally by four statistical programs. Program OVERMAT
      tested the separation and program MOSTTYP the discretion and homogeneity of the
      taxa. Most of the taxa were satisfactory but a few were less so; reasons for this
      are discussed. Program CHARSEP and program DIACHAR tested the separation and
      diagnostic values, respectively, of the characters used. The overall test error
      was 4.5%. The matrix was assessed externally by its performance in the
      identification of vibrio-like strains isolated from freshwater. Of 243 wild
      strains, 79.4% were identified with ten taxa, with a Willcox score of greater
      than or equal to 0.99.

PMID- 3997694
TI  - A simple most probable number method for the enumeration of sulphate-reducing
      bacteria in biocide containing waters.
AB  - A simple most probable number (MPN) method has been developed for the enumeration
      of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in biocide-containing waters. The medium used
      is based on source water, it contains no toxic thioglycollate and is resistant to
      oxidation through mishandling. Reduction is by a suspension of Pseudomonas putida
      which acts as a powerful adsorbent of biguanide, phenolic, quaternary ammonium
      compound, glutaraldehyde and isothiazolone biocides. Good recoveries of SRB type
      strains were obtained using this method and were comparable to other published
      techniques. Recovery of SRB in mixed culture was comparable to that using a
      standard laboratory technique.

PMID- 3997695
TI  - The facilitative effects of incidental teaching on preposition use by autistic
      children.
AB  - In a comparison of incidental teaching and traditional training procedures, three
      language-delayed autistic children were taught expressive use of prepositions to
      describe the location of preferred edibles and toys. Traditional highly
      structured training and incidental teaching procedures were used in a classroom
      setting, and generalization was assessed during free-play sessions. Results
      clearly indicate that incidental teaching promoted greater generalization and
      more spontaneous use of prepositions. These findings have important implications
      for language programming and teacher training, suggesting that incidental
      teaching should be included as a standard component of language development
      curricula for autistic and other developmentally delayed children.

PMID- 3997696
TI  - Increasing handicapped preschoolers' peer social interactions: cross-setting and
      component analysis.
AB  - The purposes of our study were: (a) to train a set of observationally determined
      social behaviors via peer initiation; (b) to determine if effects generalized
      across classroom settings and to directly intervene if generalization did not
      occur; and (c) to analyze components of the peer-initiation intervention. After
      baseline, nonhandicapped preschool children (confederates) were taught to direct
      social initiations to the three handicapped preschool-aged students. Teachers
      prompted the confederates to engage the students in social interaction when
      necessary and rewarded the confederates with tokens. Confederates' initiations to
      the students resulted in increased frequencies of positive social interaction.
      There was no generalization to other classroom settings, and the intervention was
      subsequently implemented in a second and third classroom. Next, the confederates'
      token reinforcement system was withdrawn, with no apparent deleterious effects on
      the confederates' or students' social interactions. When teachers substantially
      reduced their prompts to the confederates, students' social interactions
      decreased. Finally, reinstatement of teacher prompts resulted in increases in the
      confederates' social initiations and, consequently, the positive social
      interactions of the students.

PMID- 3997697
TI  - Clinical behavioral pharmacology: methods for evaluating medications and
      contingency management.
AB  - We evaluated methods for comparing the effects of dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine),
      thioridazine (Mellaril), and contingency management in the control of severe
      behavior problems. A reversal design was used in which medications were
      systematically titrated and assessed in unstructured as well as structured
      settings with three clients. Subsequently, behavioral procedures including
      timeout, differential reinforcement of other behavior, and visual screening, were
      used in a multiple-baseline design across settings. The assessment and design
      methods were useful in comparing the interventions. Dextroamphetamine decreased
      inappropriate behaviors and improved academic behaviors in one client, but no
      reliable effects were observed in the other two clients. Thioridazine was
      variable across clients, settings, behaviors, and dosages. Contingency management
      produced consistent decreases in inappropriate behaviors and small improvements
      in academic performance.

PMID- 3997698
TI  - Self-instructional training with preschoolers: an attempt to replicate.
AB  - We attempted to replicate an intervention program by Bornstein and Quevillon
      (1976), which had shown that the disruptive classroom behavior of Head Start
      children could be dramatically reduced through self-instructional training.
      Although the subject population and procedures were quite similar across studies,
      our self-instructional training did not produce socially significant, durable
      increases in either appropriate classroom behavior or changes in teacher ratings
      of the children's behavior. These results suggest that additional variables may
      have been responsible for Bornstein and Quevillon's success.

PMID- 3997699
TI  - The positive side effects of reinforcement: a commentary on Balsam and Bondy
      (1983).

PMID- 3997700
TI  - Teaching job independence and flexibility to mentally retarded students through
      the use of a self-control package.
AB  - We examined mentally retarded individuals' use of picture cues and self
      monitoring to initiate a series of tasks of varying type and order. Four severely
      to moderately retarded high school students participating in a vocational
      training program were trained to use a picture-cue system. The system consisted
      of photographs of vocational tasks that were inserted in the assigned order in a
      photoalbum sheet; self-management was accomplished by marking off each photo
      after its corresponding task was completed. Students were assigned seven tasks
      from a pool of 13 each day. Results indicated that the students quickly learned
      to use the picture-cue system to change tasks throughout their workday without
      trainer prompts and that performance was maintained as trainer feedback and
      presence were decreased. At the end of the study, two students who were exposed
      to novel photographs were able to initiate independently after only minimal
      training, suggesting that the use of the picture-cue system had become a
      generalized skill.

PMID- 3997701
TI  - Large-scale reductions in speeding and accidents in Canada and Israel: a
      behavioral ecological perspective.
AB  - We assessed the effects of posted feedback and warning ticket programs on
      speeding and accidents in two cities. In Experiment 1, speeding feedback signs
      were effective even when 10 were used in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and reductions
      in speeding were associated with reductions in accidents. The effectiveness of
      the signs was correlated with the number of intersections and residences within
      0.5 km beyond them, and the signs had no effect on untreated streets. In
      Experiment 2, posted feedback and a warning program reduced speeding and
      accidents on 14 streets in Haifa, Israel.

PMID- 3997702
TI  - Hydrocephalus shunt infections and their treatment.

PMID- 3997703
TI  - Characterization of aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferases [AAC(6')] from gram
      negative bacteria and Streptomyces kanamyceticus.
AB  - Aminoglycoside-6'-N-acetyltransferase [AAC(6') enzymes] from several Gram
      negative bacteria and Streptomyces kanamyceticus were purified by affinity and
      ion exchange chromatography. The different enzymes were characterized by their
      biochemical properties including molecular weights, isoelectric points, substrate
      ranges, and pH-optima. These biochemical characteristics were compared to the
      data for 6'-N-acetyltransferases from other Gram-negative and Gram-positive
      bacteria. All data indicated that the group of AAC(6') enzymes is rather
      heterogeneous from the biochemical point of view and led us to a new proposal for
      classification of subgroups.

PMID- 3997704
TI  - Evaluation of the resistance mechanisms of gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative
      bacilli and their susceptibility to tobramycin, netilmicin and amikacin.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty-three gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, isolated
      from clinical material, were tested for sensitivity to tobramycin, netilmicin and
      amikacin. Amikacin was effective at 16 mg/l in 90% of cases, whereas there was no
      difference between netilmicin and tobramycin activity; 13.3% of strains were
      susceptible to 8 mg/l netilmicin, and 14.8% of strains to 4 mg/l tobramycin. The
      lack of difference in results between tobramycin and netilmicin is explained by
      local enzyme patterns. In our population, the AAC(3)II is predominant, and
      inactivates gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin, in contrast to the U.S.A.
      where ANT (2") seems to be the most common enzyme.

PMID- 3997705
TI  - Laboratory studies on coagulase-negative staphylococci from CAPD-associated
      peritonitis.
AB  - This study compared the static and kinetic activities, in both broth and used
      dialysate, of selected antibiotics against 23 strains of coagulase-negative
      staphylococci causing peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD). Vancomycin was shown to be effective against all isolates with
      similar rates of kill to flucloxacillin and cefuroxime, although a few strains
      were found to be resistant to cefuroxime. Gentamicin was rapidly bactericidal for
      sensitive strains which accounted for 60% of the strains tested. Fusidic acid was
      associated with significant resistance and lack of bactericidal activity in the
      kinetic studies. Emergence of resistance occurred with rifampicin. The
      combinations clavulanic acid/amoxycillin and sulbactam/ampicillin generally
      showed good static activity. In addition a broad range of biotypes and phage
      types were demonstrated among these organisms with biotype SII (Staphylococcus
      epidermidis) predominating. There was no correlation between biotype and
      antibiogram.

PMID- 3997706
TI  - Trimethoprim resistance in urinary coliforms from patients in the community:
      plasmids and R-transfer.
AB  - A study of urinary coliform isolates, from patients attending their general
      practitioner, between 1981 and 1983 showed that 10.2% were resistant to
      trimethoprim. Forty-four trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli were collected
      for further study and the results compared with those obtained from hospital
      isolates collected during 1979-80 and 1982. Thirty-two (73%) were highly
      resistant to trimethoprim (MIC greater than 1024 mg/l) a similar proportion to
      that in the hospital isolates. The highly resistant isolates bore a close
      resemblance to the hospital isolates in that 66% carried multiple plasmids, 97%
      were multiply drug-resistant and all were highly resistant to sulphamethoxazole.
      The frequency of antimicrobial resistance transfer (59%) was similar to that from
      the hospital isolates. More than half of the trimethoprim resistance plasmids
      characterized were indistinguishable in terms of mol.wt and resistance pattern
      from those found in isolates from the hospital collections. Our results suggest
      that, whereas trimethoprim-resistant E. coli are less commonly isolated from
      patients in the community than in hospitals, many of the community isolates may
      have originated from a hospital source.

PMID- 3997707
TI  - Human pharmacokinetics of temocillin (BRL 17421) side chain epimers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the side-chain epimers of temocillin were investigated in
      four healthy male subjects following a single iv dose of temocillin disodium (1 g
      pure free acid) containing 64.2% R-epimer. Plasma and urinary concentrations of
      the epimers were determined by hplc methods. The R-epimer was twice as rapidly
      cleared, had a 23% larger volume of distribution and a 60% shorter beta half-life
      than the S-epimer. Intermediate values were obtained for total temocillin (from
      hplc data). The differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of the epimers are
      most likely the result of different extents of plasma protein binding. In each
      plasma sample, the free fraction of the R-epimer was higher (up to two-fold) than
      that of the S-epimer. In a comparison of temocillin pharmacokinetic parameters
      derived from hplc and microbiological assay data, the values obtained from the
      latter analyses reflected most closely those for the R-epimer. Further
      indications that the R-epimer is more microbiologically active against
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10701 from other assessments of relative
      antibacterial activity are discussed.

PMID- 3997708
TI  - Plasma and urine levels of flumequine and 7-hydroxyflumequine following single
      and multiple oral dosing.
AB  - Plasma and urine concentrations of flumequine and its microbiologically active
      metabolite, 7-hydroxyflumequine, were determined in healthy subjects following
      single oral doses of 400, 800, and 1200 mg of flumequine, and following multiple
      oral doses of 800 mg given four-times daily. After administration of the single
      oral doses, antimicrobial levels in plasma and urine were rapidly attained, were
      proportional to the dose given, and were maintained for 12 to 24 h. The multiple
      dosage regimen yielded antimicrobial levels in both plasma and urine that were
      several-fold higher than the levels required to inhibit the growth of susceptible
      bacteria. Following both the single and multiple dose regimens, the plasma
      elimination half-life of flumequine was about 7h. The excretion of 7
      hydroxyflumequine in the urine contributed significantly to the antimicrobial
      activity.

PMID- 3997709
TI  - Thrombin-induced alterations in lung fluid balance in awake sheep.
AB  - We examined the effect of fibrinolysis depression on thrombin-induced pulmonary
      microembolism in awake sheep prepared with chronic lung lymph fistulas.
      Fibrinolysis was depressed by an intravenous infusion (100 mg) of tranexamic acid
      [trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid]. Pulmonary microembolism was
      induced by an intravenous infusion of alpha-thrombin (80 NIH U/kg) in normal (n =
      7) and in tranexamic acid-treated (n = 6) sheep. Thrombin immediately increased
      pulmonary lymph flow (Qlym) in both groups. The increased Qlym was not associated
      with a change in the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration (L/P) ratio in the
      control group and with a small decrease in the tranexamic acid-treated group. The
      increases in Qlym and pulmonary transvascular protein clearance (Qlym X L/P
      ratio) in the tranexamic acid-treated group were greater and sustained at four-
      to fivefold above base line for 10 h after the thrombin and remained elevated at
      twofold above base line even at 24 h. In contrast, Qlym and protein clearance
      were transiently increased in the control group. The mean pulmonary arterial
      pressure (Ppa) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased after thrombin
      in tranexamic acid-treated group; the increases in Ppa and PVR in the control
      group were transient. Protein reflection coefficient as determined by the
      filtration independent method decreased after thrombin in tranexamic acid-treated
      sheep (n = 5), indicating an increased vascular permeability to proteins. We
      conclude that prolongation of microthrombi retention in the pulmonary circulation
      results in an increased vascular permeability to proteins. Both increased
      vascular permeability and vascular hydrostatic pressure are important
      determinants of the increases in Qlym and transvascular protein clearance after
      thrombin-induced pulmonary microembolism.

PMID- 3997710
TI  - Myoelectric signal conduction velocity and spectral parameters: influence of
      force and time.
AB  - Reports on measurement of muscle fiber conduction velocity in humans are scarce.
      Inferences on the behavior of conduction velocity have been drawn from the
      behavior of myoelectric spectral parameters. The present report contains
      information on conduction velocity and spectral parameters studied at various
      muscle contraction levels and during and after sustained contractions. The
      following results have been obtained from measurements on the tibialis anterior
      muscle. Conduction velocity demonstrated a positive correlation with limb
      circumference and with muscle force output. Thus we conclude that the diameters
      of the muscle fibers of high-threshold motor units are, on an average, larger
      than those of low-threshold motor units. The study of a sustained contraction and
      on the recovery after such a contraction revealed that conduction velocity
      consistently decreased during a strong contraction as did various myoelectric
      spectral parameters. However, the spectral parameters decreased approximately
      twice as much as did the conduction velocity, and we conclude that factors other
      than the conduction velocity along the muscle fibers affect the myoelectric
      signal during a high-level contraction. These other factors appertain to changes
      in the firing statistics of individual motor units as well as the correlation
      between the firings of different motor units.

PMID- 3997711
TI  - Hypothalamic, rectal, and muscle temperatures in exercising dogs: effect of
      cooling.
AB  - To investigate mechanisms that may be involved in the prolongation of exercise
      performance with body cooling hypothalamic (Thy), rectal (Tre), and exercising
      muscle (Tm) temperatures, as well as the heart rate, respiratory rate, blood
      lactic acid concentration ( [LA] ), and plasma osmolality (Osm) were measured in
      five dogs during exhaustive treadmill exercise at an ambient temperature (Ta) of
      22 +/- 1 degree C without cooling (control) and with external cooling by use of
      ice packs. In both series of experiments, dehydration of animals was prevented.
      Compared with exercise with noncooling, exercise with cooling resulted in 1)
      increased exercise duration from 90 +/- 14 to 145 +/- 15 min (62%, P less than
      0.05); 2) attenuated increases in Thy, Tre, and Tm; 3) decreased respiratory and
      heart rates; and 4) lowered LA. Significant negative correlations were found
      between both Tm and delta Tm attained at 60 min of the run and time of exercise
      until exhaustion (r = -0.72 and -0.74, respectively; P less than 0.02). This work
      failed to differentiate clearly changes or equilibrium levels of brain, core, or
      muscle temperature as separate factors affecting work tolerance. However, the
      inverse relationship between Tm reached at 60 min of the run (in both
      experiments) and the total duration of exercise indicates that sustained muscle
      hyperthermia may largely contribute to limitation of working ability.

PMID- 3997712
TI  - Torque-velocity relationship in isokinetic cycling exercise.
AB  - Seven healthy female subjects performed brief (less than 10 s) periods of maximal
      exercise on a constant-velocity cycle ergometer, over the functional range of
      pedaling velocities, and an isometric contraction with each leg. There was an
      inverse relationship between peak torque and pedal crank velocity in all
      subjects; isometric torque was (mean +/- SE) 19.8 +/- 8.3% greater than the
      torque recorded at the slowest velocity of 11 rpm. The torque-velocity
      relationship was described best by a single exponential equation: y = 189.6 X e
      0.0834x, where y is peak torque in Newton . meters and x is crank velocity in
      revolutions per minute. Peak power was a parabolic function of crank velocity;
      the data were fitted suitably by a second-order polynomial equation: y = 
      0.0589x2 + 14.504x + 47.092, where y is peak power in watts and x is crank
      velocity in revolutions per minute. Maximal peak power occurred at crank
      velocities ranging from 120 to 160 rpm, when the torque was 0.36 +/- 0.06 of the
      maximal isometric tension. These results demonstrate the importance of recording
      velocity in measurements of dynamic maximal power.

PMID- 3997713
TI  - Phrenic nerve conduction times and twitch pressures of the human diaphragm.
AB  - A multilumen catheter was modified to allow simultaneous recording of
      transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the
      diaphragm. The catheter was used in 20 healthy males to measure the conduction
      time of the phrenic nerves and the twitch pressure of each hemidiaphragm during
      single supramaximal shocks delivered to the phrenic nerve in the neck.
      Diaphragmatic EMG was also recorded with surface electrodes at various sites on
      the chest wall. The mean conduction time to the crural fibers was 6.82 +/- 0.64
      ms on the right and 7.93 +/- 0.85 ms on the left, whereas that to the costal
      fibers adjacent to the midclavicular line was 7.68 +/- 0.56 ms on the right and
      7.92 +/- 0.92 ms on the left. Significant correlations were found between the
      conduction time of each phrenic nerve and the height and the age of the subjects.
      Conduction times measured at different EMG recording sites varied by as much as 2
      ms. This variability, and that of previously reported values for phrenic
      conduction time, may be largely accounted for by differences in the conduction
      distances that were measured to each site in three cadavers. The evoked change in
      Pdi had a mean rise time of 92 ms and an amplitude of approximately 10 cmH2O.

PMID- 3997714
TI  - Airway hysteresis in normal subjects and individuals with chronic airflow
      obstruction.
AB  - Specific conductance (sGaw) was measured without prior pharmacological induction
      of bronchoconstriction before and 5-10 s after a total lung capacity (TLC) volume
      history in normal subjects and in individuals with chronic airflow obstruction
      (CAO); increased sGaw after inspiration to TLC was considered evidence of airway
      hysteresis. Lung elastic recoil [Pst(L)] was also measured before and after
      inspiration to TLC. In the normal subjects 1) prebronchodilator sGaw increased
      significantly, whereas Pst(L) decreased significantly after inspiration to TLC;
      2) modulators of cyclooxygenase activity had no significant effects on sGaw
      responses to deep inspiration; and 3) airway hysteresis diminished after
      inhalation of atropine or metaproterenol. In the CAO group 1) prebronchodilator
      sGaw and Pst(L) decreased significantly after inspiration to TLC, and 2)
      bronchoconstriction after deep inspiration diminished after inhalation of
      atropine or metaproterenol. This study demonstrates that normal airways exhibit
      hysteresis even without alteration of resting airway tone and that airway
      hysteresis is impaired in CAO.

PMID- 3997715
TI  - Role of ascorbic acid in chicks exposed to high environmental temperature.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine if ascorbic acid (AA) 1) increases
      resistance to high environmental temperature in young chickens and 2) alters heat
      induced changes in several physiological responses. Groups of male chicks
      received either a standard ration containing 1,000 mg/kg (ppm) of AA or the
      ration without AA. Chicks were brooded for 3 wk and then maintained at 22 +/- 0.8
      degrees C. At 4 wk of age, both AA-supplemented and control chicks were exposed
      to 30 min of heating (43 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 40 +/- 2% rh) on each of 3
      consecutive h in an environmentally controlled chamber. Chicks were challenged
      with sheep erythrocytes (1 ml, 10(5) cells, iv) 12 h postheating. Heating reduced
      plasma potassium, body weight gain, relative bursa and spleen weights, and anti
      sheep erythrocyte levels. Heating increased cloacal temperature, plasma protein,
      corticosteroid levels, and mortality. AA ameliorated many of these stress-related
      responses.

PMID- 3997716
TI  - Relationship between parasternal intercostal length and rib cage displacement in
      dogs.
AB  - The relationship between parasternal intercostal length and rib cage cross
      sectional area was examined in nine supine dogs during passive inflation and
      during quiet breathing before and after phrenicotomy. Parasternal intercostal
      length (PSL) was measured with a sonomicrometry technique, and rib cage cross
      sectional area (Arc) was measured with a Respitrace coil placed around the middle
      rib cage. During active inspiration as well as during passive inflation, PSL
      decreased as Arc increased. However, the relationship between PSL and Arc during
      active inspiration, whether in the intact or phrenicotomized animal, was almost
      invariably different from that during passive inflation, so that the same
      increase in Arc was associated with a greater decrease in PSL in the former than
      in the latter instance. This difference between passive inflation and active
      inspiration is probably due to the active contraction of the parasternals during
      inspiration and the consequent caudal displacement of the sternum. In upright
      humans, the sternum moves cephalad and not caudad during inspiration, so the
      relationship between PSL and Arc during active breathing might be similar to that
      during passive inflation.

PMID- 3997717
TI  - Measurement of subcutaneous tissue fluid pressure using a skin-cup method.
AB  - We developed a new method for measuring tissue fluid pressure in subcutaneous
      tissue. Porous Teflon cylinders were permanently implanted subcutaneously into
      the inguinal area of 10 dogs, and after several weeks a skin concavity formed in
      the center of each of the cylinders. A small needle attached to a recording
      system was inserted into the free tissue fluid lining the concavity, and the
      tissue fluid pressure averaged -8.8 +/- 2.7 (SD) mmHg. Next, a hollow Plexiglas
      cup was placed over the concavity and glued to the skin. The air pressure in the
      skin cup was continually adjusted (using an electromechanical servo-control
      system) to pull the skin upward and to hold it perfectly flat across the upper
      ridge of the Teflon cylinder. The simultaneously recorded needle and cup
      pressures averaged -9.1 +/- 2.4 and -8.6 +/- 2.6 mmHg, respectively, during
      steady-state conditions with the skin in a flat position. Both pressures also
      responded appropriately to dynamic changes in tissue fluid pressure caused by
      increasing and decreasing the volume of the free tissue fluid. Because the skin
      was flat, the equivalences of pressures above and below the skin is consistent
      with the hypothesis that the skin was not tethered significantly to the
      underlying tissues and that cup pressure accurately estimates the tissue free
      fluid pressure.

PMID- 3997718
TI  - Gas flux through human skin: effect of temperature, stripping, and inspired
      tension.
AB  - The flux of He and O2 through intact adult human skin was measured at various
      inspired concentrations and skin temperatures. The skin surface was then stripped
      with cellophane tape to alter the diffusional conductance of the stratum corneum.
      He flux for stripped skin was used to estimate skin perfusion as a function of
      local temperature, and diffusional conductance for O2 was estimated from O2 flux
      and perfusion. The flux of He or O2 at constant skin temperature can be related
      to inspired concentration by a simple linear model. Increasing surface
      temperature in the range 33-43 degrees C produced a much larger increase in O2
      flux than in He flux for intact skin. Skin stripping greatly increased skin O2
      flux. Estimated skin conductance for O2 showed a more marked temperature
      dependence than estimated skin perfusion. The results suggest that raising skin
      temperature in the range 38-43 degrees C has only a modest effect on skin
      perfusion and that stratum corneum conductance may have a major role in the large
      increase of O2 flux with temperature.

PMID- 3997719
TI  - Sweat rate vs. forearm blood flow during lower body negative pressure.
AB  - Skin blood flow is inhibited when hyperthermia and added hypovolemic stresses are
      superimposed. We tested the hypothesis that part of this inhibition is a reduced
      drive for cutaneous active vasodilatation (AVD) with sweat rate (SR) taken as an
      indirect measure of the efferent drive for cutaneous AVD. We also inquired
      whether SR itself changes with redistribution of blood volume. Six healthy supine
      men were subjected to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) after heating in water
      perfused suits increased esophageal temperatures (Tes) to a mean of 37.2 degrees
      C and at least doubled SR and forearm vascular conductance (FVC). Heating
      continued throughout LBNP and recovery. Sweat rate did not decrease with LBNP
      onset, although SR-Tes slopes during LBNP were reduced 28% from control. In four
      subjects the SR-Tes slope did not recover when LBNP was discontinued. These
      observations suggest that SR is not an effector of the low-pressure baroreflex.
      In contrast to SR, FVC abruptly fell 22% at the onset of LBNP. Thereafter, FVC
      Tes slopes near zero or less occurred. The major effector for FVC inhibition with
      LBNP appears to be the neural vasoconstrictor system. A minor component due to
      reduced drive for cutaneous AVD probably occurs as well.

PMID- 3997720
TI  - Spontaneous running activity in male rats: effect of age.
AB  - Alterations in the intensity and pattern of spontaneous running activity as rats
      increase in age from 7 wk to 1 yr was studied in male rats placed in exercise
      wheel cages. Daily running records were obtained on 27 rats for periods up to 12
      mo, and 24-h activity recordings were made of selected runners to study the
      variation in activity during the day. The data indicate that for rats running
      over 2,940 revolutions (or 2 miles/day), the maximum intensity of running
      attained can be divided into a group of high achievers (approximately 8
      miles/day) and moderate achievers (averaging 4.5 miles/day). For both groups,
      spontaneous running activity reached maximal rates after 4-5 wk. This maximal
      rate was sustained for 7-8 wk, then fell to levels approximately 60% of maximum
      for 4-5 mo, and then fell again to levels approximately 25% of maximum from 8 to
      12 mo of age. The hourly pattern of running activity during the day was defined
      in rats of increasing age, who averaged 13,280, 6,662, 3,874, and 1,755 rev/day,
      corresponding to 9.0, 4.5, 2.6, and 1.2 miles/day, respectively. The overall
      patterns at each level indicated that the major running period occurred between
      6:00 P.M. and 6:00 A.M., the greater activity of younger rats was paralleled by
      faster speeds and longer duration at each hour of the day, and the peak running
      activity for each group generally occurred between 7:00 and 9:00 P.M. In summary,
      there is a progressive loss in speed and duration of spontaneous running activity
      as male rats increase in age, with intensity of exercise falling below 2
      miles/day after 7-8 mo of age.

PMID- 3997721
TI  - Estimation of human body composition by electrical impedance methods: a
      comparative study.
AB  - This study 1) further validated the relationship between total body electrical
      conductivity (TOBEC) and densitometrically determined lean body mass (LBMd) and
      2) compared with existing body composition techniques (densitometry, total body
      water, total body potassium, and anthropometry) two new electrical methods for
      the estimation of LBM: TOBEC, a uniform current induction method, and
      bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), a localized current injection method. In
      a sample of 75 male and female subjects ranging from 4.9 to 54.9% body fat the
      correlation between LBMd and LBM predicted from TOBEC by use of a previously
      developed regression equation was extremely strong (r = 0.962), thus confirming
      the validity of the TOBEC method. LBM predicted from BIA by use of prediction
      equations provided with the instrument also correlated with LBMd (r = 0.912) but
      overestimated LBM compared with LBMd in obese subjects. However, no such
      systematic error was apparent when new prediction equations derived from this
      heterogeneous sample of subjects were applied. Thus the TOBEC and BIA methods,
      which are based on the differing electrical properties of lean tissue and fat and
      which are convenient, rapid, and safe, correlate well with more cumbersome human
      body composition techniques.

PMID- 3997722
TI  - Pulmonary hemodynamics and lung water content during splanchnic ischemic shock.
AB  - Pulmonary hemodynamics and lung water content were evaluated in open-chest dogs
      during splanchnic arterial occlusion (SAO) shock. Mean pulmonary arterial
      pressure [Ppa = 13.0 +/- 0.6 (SE) mmHg] and pulmonary venous pressure (4.1 +/-
      0.2 mmHg) were measured by direct cannulation and the capillary pressure (Ppc =
      9.0 +/- 0.6 mmHg) estimated by the double-occlusion technique. SAO shock did not
      produce a significant change in Ppa or Ppc despite a 90% decrease in cardiac
      output. An 18-fold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred, and most
      of this increase (70%) was on the venous side of the circulation. No differences
      in lung water content between shocked and sham-operated dogs were observed. The
      effect of SAO shock was further evaluated in the isolated canine left lower lobe
      (LLL) perfused at constant flow and outflow pressure. The addition of venous
      blood from shock dogs to the LLL perfusion circuit caused a transient (10-15 min)
      increase in LLL arterial pressure (51%) that could be reversed rapidly with
      papaverine. In this preparation, shock blood produced either a predominantly
      arterioconstriction or a predominantly venoconstriction. These results indicate
      that both arterial and venous vasoactive agents are released during SAO shock.
      The consistently observed venoconstriction in the intact shocked lung suggests
      that other factors, in addition to circulating vasoactive agents, contribute to
      the pulmonary hemodynamic response of the open-chest shocked dog.

PMID- 3997723
TI  - Effect of altered ambient temperature on breathing in ponies.
AB  - The objective was to determine the effect of moderate changes in ambient
      temperature (TA) on breathing and body temperature in ponies chronically exposed
      to a TA of 21 degrees C in the summer and 5 degrees C in the winter. Normal (n =
      6) and chronic carotid body-denervated (n = 6, 1-2 yr) ponies were studied during
      1) winter months over 3-4 days at 5 (control TA) and 23 degrees C and 2) summer
      months over 2-4 days at 21 (control TA), 30, and 12 degrees C. Neither rectal nor
      arterial temperature changed with any alteration of TA (P greater than 0.10).
      Skin temperature (Tsk) always changed by 2-4 degrees C in the same direction as
      changes in TA (P less than 0.01), and Tsk was the only variable that differed
      between summer and winter control TA. While breathing room air 24-48 h after TA
      was altered, pulmonary ventilation (VE) and breathing frequency (f) were
      approximately 100 and 300%, respectively, above control with elevated TA and
      approximately 25-50% below control with reduced TA (P less than 0.01). Changes in
      f were closely related to changes in Tsk. Tidal volume (VT) changed inversely
      with changes in TA. Generally, while breathing room air, arterial PCO2 (Paco2)
      did not change from control during the first 48 h of altered TA. In studies when
      inspired CO2 was elevated VT increased by the same amount at all TA; f increased
      at low and control TA but decreased at elevated TA; and VE and Paco2 both
      increased relatively less at elevated TA, but the VE-Paco2 slope was independent
      of TA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3997724
TI  - Sleep apneic activity in older healthy subjects.
AB  - The percentage of subjects with sleep apneic activity was significantly greater
      in a group of 60 healthy subjects who were 50 yr and older compared with a
      control group of 69 subjects who were younger than 50 yr. Sixteen of the older
      subjects (26.7%) and six of the younger subjects (8.7%) met the criteria for
      sleep apneic activity, i.e., 3-29 episodes per night. However, only one of the
      older subjects (1.7%) had enough sleep apneic activity (30 or more episodes in a
      night) to meet the definition of the condition of sleep apnea. In both age
      groups, sleep apneic activity (SAA) was slightly more prevalent in males than
      females. Older subjects with SAA were not significantly heavier than those
      without SAA but were so when compared with the younger subjects with SAA. In the
      29 older subjects for whom hemoglobin O2 saturation (Sao2) was recorded, those
      with SAA had a significantly lower mean minimum Sao2 value (87%) than those
      without (92%).

PMID- 3997725
TI  - Inspiratory muscle forces and endurance in maximum resistive loading.
AB  - The ability of the respiratory muscles to sustain ventilation against increasing
      inspiratory resistive loads was measured in 10 normal subjects. All subjects
      reached a maximum rating of perceived respiratory effort and at maximum
      resistance showed signs of respiratory failure (CO2 retention, O2 desaturation,
      and rib cage and abdominal paradox). The maximum resistance achieved varied
      widely (range 73-660 cmH2O X l-1 X s). The increase in O2 uptake (delta Vo2)
      associated with loading was linearly related to the integrated mouth pressure
      (IMP): delta Vo2 = 0.028 X IMP + 19 ml/min (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001). Maximum
      delta Vo2 was 142 ml/min +/- SD 68 ml/min. There were significant (P less than
      0.05) relationships between the maximum voluntary inspiratory pressure against an
      occluded airway (MIP) and both maximum IMP (r = 0.80) and maximum delta Vo2 (r =
      0.76). In five subjects, three imposed breathing patterns were used to examine
      the effect of different patterns of respiratory muscle force deployment.
      Increasing inspiratory duration (TI) from 1.5 to 3.0 and 6.0 s, at the same
      frequency of breathing (5.5 breaths/min) reduced peak inspiratory pressure and
      increased the maximum resistance tolerated (190, 269, and 366 cmH2O X l-1 X s,
      respectively) and maximum IMP (2043, 2473, and 2913 cmH2O X s X min-1, but the
      effect on maximum delta Vo2 was less consistent (166, 237, and 180 ml/min). The
      ventilatory endurance capacity and the maximum O2 uptake of the respiratory
      muscles are related to the strength of the inspiratory muscles, but are also
      modified through the pattern of force deployment.

PMID- 3997726
TI  - Effect of frequency on perceived magnitude of added loads to breathing.
AB  - Using open-magnitude scaling, six normal subjects estimated the perceived
      magnitude of a range of added elastic loads (20-76 cmH2O/l), applied for a
      sequence of five breaths, at frequencies varying from 5 to 26.4 breaths/min. Two
      experiments were performed. In the first, frequency was increased by a reduction
      in expiratory duration (TE), and the duty cycle (ratio of inspiratory duration to
      total breath duration, TI/TT) ranged between 0.10 and 0.52. The perceived
      magnitude psi increased significantly with the peak airway pressure (Pm) (P less
      than 0.0001) but did not reach conventional significance with frequency (fb) (P =
      0.15): psi = K0Pm1.23fb0.07 (r = 0.911). However, the sensory magnitude increased
      significantly as the duty cycle increased (P less than 0.01), but when it was
      included, the magnitude decreased minimally with frequency (P less than 0.01):
      psi = K0Pm1.3fb-0.97 TI/TT1.14 (r = 0.92). In the second experiment the duty
      cycle (TI/TT) was kept constant [(0.43 +/- 0.008 (SE)] and frequency (5-26.4
      breaths/min) increased at the expense of shortening both TI and TE. The perceived
      magnitude of the added elastances decreased with the increase in frequency.
      However, when the perceived magnitude was corrected for the duration of
      inspiration, which is known to increase the sensory magnitude, psi =
      K0Pm1.3TI0.56, the sensory magnitude increased significantly with frequency (P
      less than 0.001): psi/TI0.56 = K0Pm1.21fb0.28 (r = 0.773). The decrease in
      inspiratory duration had a greater quantitative effect decreasing sensory
      magnitude than frequency had on increasing the magnitude. The effect of
      increasing frequency is complex and depends on the simultaneous intensity,
      duration of inspiratory pressure, and the duty cycle.

PMID- 3997727
TI  - Bronchial hyperreactivity occurs in steroid-treated guinea pigs depleted of
      leukocytes by cyclophosphamide.
AB  - The effects of cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate treatment on O3-induced
      changes in airway mucosal morphology and bronchial reactivity were assessed in
      guinea pigs. Animals in groups of four were studied at 2 or 6 h after O3 (3.0
      ppm, 2 h) and in one control group. Reactivity was determined by measuring
      specific airway resistance during intravenous acetylcholine infusion in intact,
      unanesthetized, spontaneously breathing animals. After testing, tracheal tissue
      was obtained from all animals for light microscopic examination. Another group of
      10 drug-treated and 10 normal animals were tested at 2 h, 6 h, 1 day, and 4 days
      after O3. Drug treatment resulted in substantial decreases in both circulating
      and airway mucosal granulocytes. Two hours after O3, a marked decrease in airway
      mucosal goblet cells as well as ciliated cell damage occurred in both normal and
      treated animals. However, only in normal animals did neutrophilic infiltration
      develop thereafter. Nonetheless, hyperreactivity postozone occurred and
      progressed similarly in both groups. Our results indicate that acute O3-induced
      bronchial hyperreactivity at 2 h is associated with signs of airway mucosal
      injury but appears independent of granulocyte changes. Airway neutrophilic
      infiltration and eosinophil depletion seem to be consequences of mucosal injury
      from O3 and not causes of the bronchial hyperreactivity that results.

PMID- 3997728
TI  - Effects of paralysis with pancuronium on chest wall statics in awake humans.
AB  - The influence of tonic inspiratory muscle activity on the relaxation
      characteristics of the chest wall, rib cage (RC), and abdominal wall (ABW) has
      been investigated in four highly trained subjects. Chest wall shape and volume
      were estimated with magnetometers. Pleural pressure (Pes) and abdominal pressure
      were measured with esophageal and gastric balloons, respectively. Subjects were
      seated reclining 30 degrees from upright, and respiratory muscle weakness was
      produced by pancuronium bromide until RC inspiratory capacity was decreased to
      60% of control. Only minor changes were observed for Konno-Mead relaxation
      characteristics (RC vs. ABW) between control and paralysis. Similarly, although
      RC relaxation curves (RC vs. Pes) during paralysis were significantly different
      from control (P less than 0.05), the changes were small and not consistent. The
      differences between paralysis-induced changes in resting end-expiratory position
      of the chest wall and helium-dilution functional residual capacity (FRC)
      suggested changes in volume of blood within the chest wall. We conclude that 1)
      although tonic inspiratory activity of chest wall muscles exists, it does not
      significantly affect the chest wall relaxation characteristics in trained
      subjects; 2) submaximal paralysis produced by pancuronium bromide is likely to
      modify either spinal attitude or the distribution of blood between extremities
      and the thorax; these effects may account for the changes in FRC in other
      studies.

PMID- 3997729
TI  - Ventral medullary pH and ventilatory responses to hyperperfusion and hypoxia.
AB  - The role of a sudden increase in brain perfusion on ventral medullary surface pH
      (Vm pH) and minute ventilation (VI) was assessed in anesthetized peripherally
      chemo denervated cats. Acute hypertension (AH), produced by rapid inflation of an
      aortic balloon, and hypoxemia, produced with either inhalation of 1% CO (COHx) or
      inhalation of a hypoxic gas (HHx), were used to increase brain blood flow. In the
      AH group, increasing arterial blood pressure (from 122 +/- 3 to 180 +/- 5 mmHg)
      caused a rapid (less than 5 s) increase in Vm pH in every trial (n = 18).
      Associated with the mean peak increases in Vm pH (0.003 +/- 0.0004 pH units) were
      significant decrease in tidal volume (7-9%). In the COHx group, 17% HbCO caused a
      significant increase in Vm pH (0.003 +/- 0.0005 pH unit) and diminution of VI
      (9%). Further increases in HbCO caused a progressive ventral medullary acidosis
      and greater reductions in VI. The results from the HHX group were qualitatively
      similar to the COHx group; there was a biphasic response of Vm pH, i.e., an
      initial increase in Vm pH (0.008 +/- 0.001) followed by a steady decrease in Vm
      pH, with reductions in VI associated with both phases. We conclude that
      hyperperfusion, per se, produces an increase in Vm pH and a reduction in VI
      equivalent in magnitude to that predicted from the CO2 stimulus-response curve;
      the alkalotic shift in Vm pH and concomitant diminution in VI associated with
      mild hypoxia is probably related to an increase in ventral medullary perfusion;
      and the ventilatory depression associated with the medullary acidosis of moderate
      brain hypoxia must be attributed to another mechanism.

PMID- 3997730
TI  - Peripheral factors influencing expression of pressor reflex evoked by muscular
      contraction.
AB  - The effect of evoked muscle tension, active muscle mass, and fiber-type
      composition on the pressor reflex evoked by muscular contraction was examined in
      decerebrate and anesthetized cats. Muscular contraction was induced by
      stimulating the L7 and S1 ventral roots with 0.1-ms duration pulses three times
      motor threshold at various frequencies. The experiments were designed to isolate
      the variable under study as much as possible and included the use of selectively
      denervated preparations to limit contractions to specific muscles. It was found
      that altering the evoked tension by varying the resting muscle length had
      commensurate effects on the pressor reflex (greater evoked tension caused a
      larger reflex). In addition it was found that changing the amount of active
      muscle mass caused similar changes in the reflex (the smaller the muscle mass,
      the smaller the reflex). Finally, it was found that contrary to other accounts,
      pressor reflexes could be evoked by activation of the slow-twitch muscle soleus,
      composed exclusively of red (type I) fibers.

PMID- 3997731
TI  - Metabolic response of equine muscle to intermittent maximal exercise.
AB  - Four thoroughbred horses performed 4 gallops (G1-G4) with intervals of 5 min.
      With one exception, gallops were sustained at maximal speed over 620 m. Muscle
      biopsy samples of the middle gluteal and brachiocephalicus were taken before,
      during, and after exercise and assayed for ATP and intermediary metabolites. The
      results showed a major involvement of the brachiocephalicus, in addition to the
      middle gluteal, during galloping. In three horses, who were clearly fatigued,
      muscle ATP decreased by up to 50% by the end of G4. This was matched by an equal
      rise in inosine 5'-monophosphate. Pronounced accumulations of glycerol 3
      phosphate, glycerol, and lactate (up to 204 mmol X kg dry muscle-1) occurred with
      exercise. In the fourth horse, which was less fatigued, a decrease in ATP and
      increases in intermediary metabolites were much less. Postexercise there was
      little or no recovery in muscle ATP or lactate during 30 min. The decreases in
      ATP are consistent with a high activity of adenosine 5'-monophosphate deaminase
      in horse muscle and indicative also of the high level of anaerobic stress of the
      exercise program. There was evidence to suggest that the increase in muscle
      glycerol resulted from hydrolysis of glycerol 3-phosphate and not from the
      utilization of triglyceride.

PMID- 3997732
TI  - Lack of effect of airway anesthesia on hypoxic ventilation.
AB  - Airway anesthesia causes an increase in ventilation (VE) during hypercapnia.
      However, it is unclear if that is related to an effect of the anesthesia on all
      forms of stimulated V.E or just hypercapnic VE. After airway anesthesia, an
      increase in hypoxic VE would suggest the former, whereas absence of an increase
      would suggest the latter. Thus we compared VE before and after airway anesthesia
      during hypoxic VE. Normal subjects performed hypoxic rebreathing plus additional
      periods of sham hyperoxic rebreathing. There was no effect of airway anesthesia
      on the slope of the line relating VE and arterial O2 saturation. However, there
      was an upward shift in the line, attributable to an effect of anesthesia on
      hypercapnic VE present during rebreathing. Additional normal subjects performed
      eucapnic hypoxic breathing, and there was no effect of airway anesthesia on VE.
      We conclude that airway anesthesia has little or no effect on hypoxic VE. To
      date, only hypercapnic VE has been shown to be increased after airway anesthesia.

PMID- 3997733
TI  - An electromyographic study of elbow motion during postexercise muscle soreness.
AB  - Postexercise muscle soreness was induced in the elbow flexors of human volunteer
      subjects through the use of a regimen of eccentric contractions. Physical
      examination before and 48 h after the exercise included measurements of range of
      elbow motion at the elbow and of arm diameter. Electromyographic (EMG)
      observations, utilizing fine wire electrodes introduced into each of the elbow
      flexors, were carried out before and 48 h after the exercise. These observations
      included resting EMG levels, EMG activity under various isometric loads, and
      activity during active and passive extensions. The soreness induced was
      accompanied by a reduction in resting elbow angle while the subjects stood with
      arms relaxed at their sides, decreased range of both flexion and extension of the
      elbow, and swelling of the arm. EMG measurements showed no increase in EMG
      activity as the sore arms were extended passively at the elbow, indicating that
      the extra resistance to extension associated with the soreness was not a result
      of stretch receptor-induced activity in the flexors. The results rule out the
      possibility that neuromuscular activity is responsible for the restriction of
      motion and are consistent with the idea that edematous changes within the
      perimuscular connective tissue alter the elastic behavior of the muscles and
      cause restriction of motion.

PMID- 3997734
TI  - Pulmonary vasodilator responses to vasoactive intestinal peptide in the cat.
AB  - We investigated the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the feline
      pulmonary vascular bed under conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow when
      pulmonary vascular tone was at base-line levels and when vascular resistance was
      elevated. Under base-line conditions, VIP caused small but significant reductions
      in lobar arterial pressure without affecting left atrial pressure. Decreases in
      lobar arterial pressure in response to VIP were greater and were dose related
      when lobar vascular resistance was increased by intralobar infusion of U 46619, a
      stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue. Acetylcholine and isoproterenol also
      caused significant decreases in lobar arterial pressure under base-line
      conditions, and responses to these agents were enhanced when lobar vascular tone
      was elevated. Moreover, when doses of these agents are expressed in nanomoles,
      acetylcholine and isoproterenol were more potent than VIP in decreasing lobar
      arterial pressure. Responses to VIP were longer in duration with a slower onset
      than were responses to acetylcholine or isoproterenol. Pulmonary vasodilator
      responses to VIP were unchanged by indomethacin, atropine, or propranolol. The
      present data demonstrate that VIP has vasodilator activity in the pulmonary
      vascular bed and that responses are dependent on the existing level of
      vasoconstrictor tone. These studies indicate that this peptide is less potent
      than acetylcholine or isoproterenol in dilating the feline pulmonary vascular bed
      and that responses to VIP are not dependent on a muscarinic or beta-adrenergic
      mechanism or release of a dilator prostaglandin.

PMID- 3997735
TI  - Two-dimensional short-term model of oxygen uptake kinetics.
AB  - An empirical case is presented for a two-dimensional O2 uptake (VO2) response
      surface, taking into account both short-term time dependence and the effect of
      power output. The surface is of the form VO2 = Re + aWt + bW(1-e-kt) where Re is
      the resting level, 0 less than W less than 2,100 kpm and 0 less than t less than
      480 s are the power and time variables, respectively, k is the rate constant for
      the transient phase of uptake, and a and b are parameters. As a more general test
      of this expression, VO2 data on six middle-distance runners exercising for 8 min
      on a cycle ergometer at 1,200, 1,600, 1,850, and 2,100 kpm/min were collected in
      a respiratory laboratory. Fits of the surface gave coefficients of determination
      (R2) averaging 0.947, although for one subject a much lower value of 0.807 was
      obtained. The final fitted equation for the whole group was VO2 = 0.403 +
      0.0012Wt + 1.821W(1-e-0.031t) with R2 = 0.857. (VO2 was measured in liters per
      minute, W in thousands of kilopond-meters per minute and t in seconds). A surface
      fit to a multirun experiment permits a more comprehensive examination of
      residuals. In this instance for one subject, such an examination suggests the
      possibility of a damped cyclic response-control mechanism. Residual variation,
      however, appears large enough to obscure any possible cycle in the remaining
      subjects.

PMID- 3997736
TI  - Cardiovascular response to hypoxia.

PMID- 3997737
TI  - Long-term effectiveness of selective traffic enforcement programs for increasing
      seat belt use.

PMID- 3997738
TI  - Anticipatory processing in transcription typing.

PMID- 3997739
TI  - Stress at work and psychosomatic complaints: a causal interpretation.

PMID- 3997740
TI  - Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: cognitive retrieval
      mnemonics versus hypnosis.

PMID- 3997741
TI  - Parents and grandparents view the autistic child.
AB  - Mothers, fathers, grandmothers, and grandfathers of 19 autistic children
      completed a questionnaire describing their view of the handicapped child, the
      impact of the child on the parent, and the relationship between the parents and
      grandparents. Paired t tests revealed that whenever there was a significant
      difference between the generations, grandparents took a more positive view. For
      example, maternal grandmothers had a more positive view of the child than did
      their daughters, and paternal grandmothers had a more positive view of their
      relationship with their son than did the son. Grandmothers demonstrated an
      empathic understanding of their daughter's experiences. There was a significant
      Pearson product-moment correlation between grandmothers and grandfathers in
      overall scores, their view of the child, and how they viewed their son's or
      daughter's experiences as the parent of a handicapped child. Maternal
      grandparents visited the family significantly more often than paternal
      grandparents. The study offers us a first empirical look at grandparents and
      their autistic grandchild.

PMID- 3997742
TI  - Stereotypic behavior as a reinforcer: effects and side effects.
AB  - This study assessed the effects and side effects of using stereotypic behavior as
      a consequence for correct responding with two autistic children. The children
      were cued through a model to engage in stereotypic behavior contingent upon
      correct responses in task-training sessions. This instructional arrangement
      produced increases in the percent of correct responses. Measures of the
      stereotypic behavior used as a reinforcer, other stereotypic behaviors, and
      appropriate behaviors were collected during daily 5-minute free operant settings
      before and after the task-training sessions. No replicable, systematic changes in
      the percent of intervals in which subjects engaged in those side effect measures
      were noted. Thus, a new method for delivering stereotypic behavior as a
      reinforcer was investigated and produced reinforcing effects; the rate of that
      behavior in free operant settings was not adversely affected.

PMID- 3997743
TI  - Teaching life skills to adults disabled by autism.
AB  - The acquisition of life skills is a high priority for adults disabled by autism
      who are living in community-based residential programs. A training program was
      implemented and evaluated that consisted of analyzing life skills into component
      steps and providing increasing levels of assistance according to a predetermined
      schedule. Five adults who were severely disabled by autism and who lived in group
      homes in the community served as participants. All five adults showed progress in
      targeted life skills, and four of the five achieved independence on their
      targeted skills. The usefulness of this training model in community-based
      residential programs is discussed.

PMID- 3997744
TI  - Flexible arm splints in the control of a Lesch-Nyhan victim's finger biting and a
      profoundly retarded client's finger sucking.
AB  - Flexible arm splints permit the control of hand-to-mouth contacts without
      restricting range of motion. In the present study they effectively suppressed the
      self-injurious finger biting of a child with Lesch-Nyhan disease and a profoundly
      retarded client's stereotypic finger sucking. They appear to offer an easily
      applied and much less restrictive alternative to the soft-tie and tubular arm
      restraints in common use.

PMID- 3997745
TI  - Differences in sex ratios in autism as a function of measured intelligence.
AB  - Results from analyses of sex ratios as a function of IQ are presented for 623
      autistic children (487 males, 136 females) and 506 nonautistic, communication
      handicapped and behavior-disordered children (374 males, 132 females).
      Proportionately more autistic females were found to have IQs of 34 or below than
      above 34. However, a linear trend of an increasing number of males with
      increasing intelligence was found only for nonautistic subjects. The relevance of
      these findings to genetic factors and the heterogeneity of autism is discussed.

PMID- 3997746
TI  - The use of the Leiter International Performance Scale with autistic children.
AB  - This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using the Leiter
      International Performance Scale with autistic children and presents the results
      of a study comparing the performance of 18 autistic children on the Wechsler
      Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Leiter. The results showed a high
      positive correlation between the WISC-R full scale IQ, the WISC-R performance IQ,
      and the Leiter IQ. There was no significant difference between the mean Leiter IQ
      and the mean WISC-R performance scale IQ, but there was a significant difference
      between the mean Leiter IQ and the mean WISC-R full scale IQ. There was a low
      correlation between the WISC-R verbal IQ and the Leiter IQ, and the means were
      significantly different. Reading attainment scores correlated positively with
      both the WISC-R IQ and the Leiter IQ.

PMID- 3997747
TI  - Plasma growth hormone response to oral l-dopa in infantile autism.
AB  - In order to assess further the occurrence of hypothalamic dysfunction in
      infantile autism and its possible relationship to dopaminergic abnormalities, the
      l-dopa provocative test was performed in 22 patients fulfilling DSM-III criteria
      for this disorder. The results indicate a high incidence (at least 30%) of
      blunted plasma growth hormone (GH) responses following oral administration of l
      dopa in this sample. These data suggest an alteration of hypothalamic dopamine
      receptor sensitivity in the patients with blunted responses. Thus, a subgroup of
      autistic patients within a descriptively homogeneous diagnostic category shows
      evidence of hypothalamic dysregulation and dopaminergic abnormalities.

PMID- 3997748
TI  - Sex education and sexual awareness building for autistic children and youth: some
      viewpoints and considerations.

PMID- 3997749
TI  - Comment on "Hyperactivity: nature of the syndrome and its natural history".

PMID- 3997750
TI  - The Autistic Descriptors Checklist (ADC): a preliminary report.

PMID- 3997751
TI  - The role of exercise induced 'R' wave changes in stress testing.

PMID- 3997752
TI  - The role of exercise induced R wave changes in stress testing.

PMID- 3997754
TI  - Coagulation defects in snake bite poisoning.

PMID- 3997753
TI  - Evaluation of trimipramine in the management of peptic ulcer.

PMID- 3997755
TI  - Evaluation of left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus by M mode
      echocardiography.

PMID- 3997756
TI  - Evaluation of blood glucose measurement by Dextrostix and Dextrometer.

PMID- 3997757
TI  - Metronidazole and serum cholesterol.

PMID- 3997758
TI  - Roll of nuclear medicine in evaluating renal function in obstructive uropathy
      cases.

PMID- 3997759
TI  - A study of serum and cerebrospinal fluid magnesium in convulsive disorders.

PMID- 3997760
TI  - Right ventricular infarction.

PMID- 3997761
TI  - Sheehan's syndrome with psychosis.

PMID- 3997762
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis: a typical clinical presentation.

PMID- 3997763
TI  - Noonan syndrome.

PMID- 3997764
TI  - Gastrointestinal tract involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 3997765
TI  - Cerebral nocardiosis.

PMID- 3997766
TI  - Electrocardiographic changes in leprosy.

PMID- 3997767
TI  - Rubner's test for lactose in urine applied for lactose in stool.

PMID- 3997768
TI  - Pre-eruption herpes zoster myelitis.

PMID- 3997769
TI  - Acute psychotic reactions with diethyl carbamazine.

PMID- 3997770
TI  - Stress polycythemia.

PMID- 3997771
TI  - Can cimetidine induce porphyria?

PMID- 3997772
TI  - Regulation of naphthalene catabolic genes of plasmid NAH7.
AB  - Tn5 insertion mutations defining a regulatory gene, nahR, of the naphthalene
      catabolic pathway encoded by the NAH7 plasmid were mapped within a small NAH7
      region only a few hundred bases upstream of the nahG gene, the most promoter
      proximal gene of the nahGHIJK operon. The nahR mutations blocked the induction of
      both the nahABCDEF and nahGHIJK operons, and the defect was completely corrected
      in the presence of the wild-type allele in a trans position. The pleiotropic,
      recessive, and negative nature of these mutations indicates that the nahR gene
      specifies a regulatory element which is required to activate both nah operons.

PMID- 3997773
TI  - Analysis of transfer of tumor-inducing plasmids from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to
      Petunia protoplasts.
AB  - Petunia protoplasts were infected with the virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens
      strain A348 or the avirulent strain A136 (lacking a Ti plasmid). The infection
      process was stopped at various time intervals up to 24 h after inoculation, and
      the DNA from the plant cells was isolated. Southern blot analysis indicated that
      the DNA isolated from infected Petunia cells was not detectably contaminated by
      bacterial DNA from lysed Agrobacterium cells. Analysis of the DNA from the
      virulent infections suggested that the transferred DNA (T-DNA) may be transferred
      to the plant cell rapidly (within 2 to 6 h) after the bacteria bind to the cell
      wall and that the T-DNA may exist in a rearranged state which is stable over the
      time period investigated. Dot blot analysis indicated that regions far outside
      the T-DNA may be transferred to the plant cell. Most of the DNA transferred to
      the plant cell during the initial hours of infection is rapidly degraded.

PMID- 3997774
TI  - Bacteriocin small of fast-growing rhizobia is chloroform soluble and is not
      required for effective nodulation.
AB  - Small bacteriocin is a low-molecular-weight bacteriocin which is common in fast
      growing rhizobia. As its activity could not be detected in chloroform-sterilized
      culture supernatants (P.R. Hirsch, J. Gen. Microbiol. 113:219-228, 1979), the
      bacteriocin could not be purified in order to study its mechanism of action. We
      report here that small is soluble in chloroform, an observation which led to
      effective and simple (partial) purification. Other properties of small are its
      low molecular weight, which is estimated to be between 700 and 1,500, its
      resistance to proteolytic enzymes, pectinase, and lysozyme, and its heat
      stability at pH 5.5 but not at pH 7.0. Its bactericidal action on exponentially
      growing sensitive cells was not detected until 11 h after its addition. The
      bactericidal action was preceded by inhibition of cell division. To determine
      whether small activity is required for nodulation or nitrogen fixation, a
      transposon Tn5-induced small-negative mutant was isolated. The observation that
      this strain formed normal, acetylene-reducing root nodules showed that small
      production is not a prerequisite for the formation of effective nodules.

PMID- 3997775
TI  - Fusion of liposomes and chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: effect on
      photosynthetic energy transfer between B875 and reaction center complexes.
AB  - The photosynthetic chromatophore membranes of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were
      fused with liposomes to investigate the effects of lipid dilution on energy
      transfer between the bacteriochlorophyll-protein complexes of this membrane.
      Phosphatidylcholine-containing liposomes were mixed with chromatophores at pH 6.0
      to 6.2, and the mixture was fractionated on discontinuous sucrose gradients into
      four membrane fractions with lipid-to-protein ratios that varied 11-fold. Freeze
      fracture electron microscopy revealed that the fractions contained closed
      vesicles formed by the fusion of liposomes to chromatophores. Particles with 9-nm
      diameters on the P fracture faces did not appear to change in size with
      increasing lipid content, but the number of particles per membrane area decreased
      proportionally with increases in the lipid-to-protein ratio. The
      bacteriochlorophyll-to-protein ratios, electrophoretic polypeptide profiles on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and light-induced absorbance changes
      at 595 nm caused by photosynthetic reaction centers were not altered by fusion.
      The relative fluorescence emission intensities due to the B875 light-harvesting
      complex increased significantly with increasing lipid content, but no increases
      in fluorescence due to the B800-B850 light-harvesting complex were observed.
      Electron transport rates, measured as succinate-cytochrome c reductase
      activities, decreased with increased lipid content. The results indicate an
      uncoupling of energy transfer between the B875 light-harvesting and reaction
      center complexes with lipid dilution of the chromatophore membrane.

PMID- 3997776
TI  - Formation of a hexagonal lattice structure by an R-form lipopolysaccharide of
      Klebsiella sp.
AB  - We extracted an R-form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by the phenol-water method from
      Klebsiella sp. strain LEN-111 (O3-:KI-) and followed the changes in
      ultrastructure of the LPS during the extraction procedure. When the LPS was
      obtained from the water phase of an extract by addition of 2 volumes of 10 mM
      MgCI2-ethanol, it consisted of membrane pieces with a hexagonal lattice structure
      with a lattice constant of 14 to 15 nm. The lattice structure of the LPS was
      disrupted into short rods with sodium dodecyl sulfate, but the same hexagonal
      lattice structure was again formed by precipitation with 2 volumes of 10 mM MgCI2
      ethanol. The LPS preparation after two cycles of treatment by the phenol-water
      method, which contained no detectable amounts of proteins, kept an unaltered
      ability to form the hexagonal lattice structure. Extensive treatment with pronase
      and extraction with chloroform did not impair the ability of the LPS preparation
      to form the lattice structure. When the other salts, NaCI, CaCI2 or Zn(CH3COO)2,
      were used for precipitation of the LPS with ethanol in place of MgCI2, the LPS
      did not form the hexagonal lattice structure. However, if the LPS precipitated
      with NaCI-ethanol was converted to the magnesium salt form after it was
      electrodialyzed, it formed the same hexagonal lattice structure as the LPS
      precipitated with MgCI2-ethanol. From these results, it was concluded that the R
      form LPS has the ability of in vitro self-assembly into a hexagonal lattice
      structure in the presence of Mg2+ without the help of other components such as
      proteins and free lipids from outer membrane.

PMID- 3997777
TI  - Bacteriocuprein superoxide dismutases in pseudomonads.
AB  - Two new instances of the rare bacteriocuprein form of superoxide dismutase have
      been discovered in Pseudomonas diminuta and P. maltophilia. Each species contains
      a manganese superoxide dismutase as well. Eight other strains of Pseudomonas and
      Xanthomonas spp. lacked bacteriocupreins and contained either a manganese or an
      iron superoxide dismutase. Native molecular weights and isoelectric points were
      determined for all these bacterial dismutases. A monospecific polyclonal antibody
      was prepared against the bacteriocuprein from Photobacterium leiognathi; it was
      not cross-reactive with the bacteriocuprein from either Pseudomonas strain.
      Bacteriocupreins have previously been identified in only two procaryotes, P.
      leiognathi and Caulobacter crescentus. The discovery of the Pseudomonas
      bacteriocupreins reveals a broader distribution, raising the possibility that
      bacteriocupreins are a continuous line of descent among procaryotes and not
      isolated evolutionary occurrences, as previous data suggested.

PMID- 3997778
TI  - Sym plasmid genes of Rhizobium trifolii expressed in Lignobacter and Pseudomonas
      strains.
AB  - A 14-kilobase (kb) fragment of Rhizobium trifolii Sym plasmid containing
      nodulation (nod) genes or the pSym plasmid of R. trifolii cointegrated with a
      broad-host-range vector R68.45 (pPN1) were transferred to Lignobacter strain K17
      and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO5 by conjugation. Lignobacter
      transconjugants carrying Sym plasmid pPN1 formed nodules on white, red, and
      subterranean clover plants. Lignobacter transconjugants containing a 14-kb
      fragment of nod genes cloned into a multicopy plasmid nodulated only white and
      subterranean clover plants, whereas transconjugants carrying the same fragment
      cloned into a low-copy plasmid vector nodulated only white clover plants. All
      nodules formed by Lignobacter transconjugants showed bacterial release from the
      infection threads into the host cytoplasm. Pseudomonas transconjugants with
      plasmid pPN1 formed nodule-like structures on white clover plants. These
      structures were not invaded by bacteria; however, a few bacteria were found
      within the intercellular spaces of the outermost cells of the structures.
      Pseudomonas transconjugants carrying the 14-kb fragment of R. trifolii nod genes
      did not form nodules on tested clover plants. All clover plants inoculated with
      either Pseudomonas or Lignobacter transconjugants containing a 14-kb fragment of
      nod genes (but not entire Sym plasmid) showed the "thick-and-short-root" response
      when compared to the control plants inoculated with the R. trifolii wild-type
      strain.

PMID- 3997779
TI  - Photodynamic inactivation and mutagenesis by angelicin (isopsoralen) or
      thiopyronin (methylene red) in wild-type and repair-deficient strains of
      bacteriophage T4.
AB  - Photodynamic inactivation of bacteriophage T4 particles, mediated by either
      angelicin or thiopyronin, is enhanced by defects in the T4 uvsW-uvsX-uvsY
      postreplication repair system but not by a defect in the denV pyrimidine-dimer
      excision system. There was no evidence for functional interactions between the
      two repair systems. As observed previously with 8-methoxypsoralen, photodynamic
      mutagenesis with angelicin is abolished by defects in the uvsW-uvsX-uvsY system.

PMID- 3997780
TI  - Oxygen does not directly regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhodopseudomonas
      capsulata.
AB  - We examined the role of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis on the regulation of
      carotenoid synthesis in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Strains capable of making
      bacteriochlorophyll accumulated greater amounts of carotenoids under low oxygen
      than they did under high oxygen. However, strains unable to produce
      bacteriochlorophyll did not regulate their carotenoid production in response to
      changes in oxygen tension. This indicates that oxygen does not directly regulate
      carotenoid production.

PMID- 3997781
TI  - Morphological characteristics of colony development in Micromonospora chalcea.
AB  - Colonies of Micromonospora chalcea display two types of mycelia. Vegetative
      mycelia are nonbranched, have a propensity for parallel disposition, and possess
      infrequent septa. The reproductive mycelia develop on their apical portion and
      are characterized by branching, frequent septation, and bearing of spores that
      are either sessile or at the end of small sporophores.

PMID- 3997782
TI  - Evidence for two distinct intracellular pools of inorganic sulfate in Penicillium
      notatum.
AB  - A strain of Penicillium notatum unable to metabolize inorganic sulfate can
      accumulate sulfate internally to an apparent equilibrium concentration 10(5)
      greater than that remaining in the medium. The apparent Keq is near constant at
      all initial external sulfate concentrations below that which would eventually
      exceed the internal capacity of the cells. Under equilibrium conditions of zero
      net flux, external 35SO42- exchanges with internal, unlabeled SO42- at a rate
      consistent with the kinetic constants with the sulfate transport system. Efflux
      experiments demonstrated that sulfate occupies two distinct intracellular pools.
      Pool 1 is characterized by the rapid release of 35SO42- when the suspension of
      preloaded cells is adjusted to 10 mM azide at pH 8.4 (t 1/2, 0.38 min). 35SO42-
      in pool 1 also rapidly exchanges with unlabeled medium sulfate. Pool 2 is
      characterized by the slow release of 35SO42- induced by azide at pH 8.4 or
      unlabeled sulfate (t 1/2, 32 to 49 min). Early in the 35SO42- accumulation
      process, up to 78% of the total transported substrate is found in pool 1. At
      equilibrium, pool 1 accounts for only about 2% of the total accumulated 35SO42-.
      The kinetics of 35SO42- accumulation is consistent with the following sequential
      process: medium----pool 1----pool 2. Monensin (33 microns) accelerates the
      transfer of 35SO42- from pool 1 to pool 2. Valinomycin (0.2 microM) and
      tetraphenylboron- (1 mM) retard the transfer of 35SO42- from pool 1 to pool 2. At
      the concentrations used, neither of the ionophores nor tetraphenylboron- affect
      total 35SO42- uptake. Pool 2 may reside in a vacuole or other intracellular
      organelle. A model for the transfer of sulfate from pool 1 to pool 2 is
      presented.

PMID- 3997783
TI  - Buoyant density constancy of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells.
AB  - Buoyant densities of cells from exponentially growing cultures of the fission
      yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h- with division rates from 0.14 to 0.5 per h
      were determined by equilibrium centrifugation in Percoll gradients. Buoyant
      densities were independent of growth rate, with an average value (+/- standard
      error) of 1.0945 (+/- 0.00037) g/ml. When cells from these cultures were
      separated by size, mean cell volumes were independent of buoyant density,
      indicating that buoyant densities also were independent of cell age during the
      division cycle. These results support the suggestion that most or all kinds of
      cells that divide by equatorial fission may have similar, evolutionarily
      conserved mechanisms for regulation of buoyant density.

PMID- 3997784
TI  - Synthesis of protein in host-free reticulate bodies of Chlamydia psittaci and
      Chlamydia trachomatis.
AB  - Synthesis of protein by the obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria Chlamydia
      psittaci (6BC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (serovar L2) isolated from host cells
      (host-free chlamydiae) was demonstrated for the first time. Incorporation of
      [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material
      by reticulate bodies of chlamydiae persisted for 2 h and was dependent upon a
      exogenous source of ATP, an ATP-regenerating system, and potassium or sodium
      ions. Magnesium ions and amino acids stimulated synthesis; chloramphenicol,
      rifampin, oligomycin, and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (a
      proton ionophore) inhibited incorporation. Ribonucleoside triphosphates (other
      than ATP) had little stimulatory effect. The optimum pH for host-free synthesis
      was between 7.0 and 7.5. The molecular weights of proteins synthesized by host
      free reticulate bodies closely resembled the molecular weights of proteins
      synthesized by reticulate bodies in an intracellular environment, and included
      outer membrane proteins. Elementary bodies of chlamydiae were unable to
      synthesize protein even when incubated in the presence of 10 mM dithiothreitol, a
      reducing agent which converted the highly disulfide bond cross-linked major outer
      membrane protein to monomeric form.

PMID- 3997785
TI  - Nodule initiation elicited by noninfective mutants of Rhizobium phaseoli.
AB  - Rhizobium phaseoli CE106, CE110, and CE115, originally derived by transposon
      mutagenesis (Noel et al., J. Bacteriol. 158:149-155, 1984), induced the formation
      of uninfected root nodule-like swellings on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Bacteria
      densely colonized the root surface, and root hair curling and initiation of root
      cortical-cell divisions occurred normally in mutant-inoculated seedlings,
      although no infection threads formed. The nodules were ineffective, lacked
      leghemoglobin, and were anatomically distinct from normal nodules.
      Ultrastructural specialization for ureide synthesis, characteristic of legumes
      that form determinate nodules, was absent. Colony morphology of the mutant
      strains on agar plates was less mucoid than that of the wild type, and under some
      cultural conditions, the mutants did not react with Cellufluor, a fluorescent
      stain for beta-linked polysaccharide. These observations suggest that the genetic
      lesions in these mutants may be related to extracellular polysaccharide
      synthesis.

PMID- 3997786
TI  - Heteroduplex DNA mismatch repair system of Streptococcus pneumoniae: cloning and
      expression of the hexA gene.
AB  - Mutations affecting heteroduplex DNA mismatch repair in Streptococcus pneumoniae
      were localized in two genes, hexA and hexB, by fractionation of restriction
      fragments carrying mutant alleles. A fragment containing the hexA4 allele was
      cloned in the S. pneumoniae cloning system, and the hexA+ allele was introduced
      into the recombinant plasmid by chromosomal facilitation of plasmid transfer.
      Subcloning localized the functional hexA gene to a 3.5-kilobase segment of the
      cloned pneumococcal DNA. The product of this gene was shown in Bacillus subtilis
      minicells to be a polypeptide with an Mr of 86,000. Two mutant alleles of hexA
      showed partial expression of the repair system when present in multicopy
      plasmids. A model for mismatch repair, which depends on the interaction of two
      protein components to recognize the mismatched base pair and excise a segment of
      DNA between strand breaks surrounding the mismatch, is proposed.

PMID- 3997787
TI  - Combined MAOI, TCA, and direct stimulant therapy of treatment-resistant
      depression.
AB  - Patients with "treatment resistant" depression who do not respond to standard
      methods or relapse over time have a moral and legitimate right to innovative
      therapy. Combined treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic
      antidepressants (TCAs), and stimulants has been resisted by practitioners because
      of hypertensive and hyperthermic crises noted in certain cases. This paper
      reports a case series demonstrating the safety and efficacy of adding a stimulant
      to an MAOI or to a combination of TCA and MAOI in the treatment of intractable
      depression.

PMID- 3997788
TI  - A long-term follow-up of schizophrenic patients: 1946-1983.
AB  - The clinical fate of 73 schizophrenic patients collected from a rural general
      practice in England was followed for 38 years. The incidence of schizophrenia
      appears to have fallen since the introduction of phenothiazine drugs, and a more
      liberal attitude has developed toward these patients. Of these patients, 35% were
      permanently scarred and disabled by the disease; 28% of those who were traced had
      made a complete recovery. The outlook for victims of schizophrenia is better than
      it was in 1946. Some of the reasons for this improvement are explained.

PMID- 3997789
TI  - New psychopathologic findings in AIDS: case report.
AB  - A 33-year-old male homosexual AIDS patient was initially admitted to a
      psychiatric hospital for treatment of a manic episode. Over a 2-month
      hospitalization, the patient developed progressively severe memory and cognitive
      impairments which were documented by neuropsychologic testing and were consistent
      with abnormal EEG and CT scan findings. This case illustrates that major
      psychiatric symptoms can be profoundly involved early in the natural course of
      AIDS.

PMID- 3997790
TI  - Messenger RNA structure participating in the initiation of synthesis of cucumber
      mosaic virus coat protein.
AB  - The sequence of the 5'-terminal 106 nucleotides of cucumber mosaic virus (strain
      Y) RNA 4, the mRNA coding for viral coat protein, has been determined. The first
      AUG was located at 77 nucleotides from the 5'-terminus and was confirmed to be an
      initiation codon by analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the
      protein. The nucleotide sequence (positions 77-106) beyond the AUG codon
      predicted the sequence of ten amino acids corresponding to the N-terminal region
      of the protein, which exactly matched the determined amino acid sequence
      containing an acetyl methionine as the N-terminal amino acid. The distance of the
      initiation codon AUG from the cap structure was 76 nucleotides and the longest
      among the mRNAs for coat protein of plant viruses so far reported (9-36
      nucleotides). This noncoding region is rich in U residues (40%) and the number of
      G residues (21 nucleotides) is the largest among these mRNAs (usually 1 or 2
      residues). A possible secondary structure is postulated for the region, which
      might be implicated in efficient translation of the RNA 4 in vivo.

PMID- 3997791
TI  - Comparison of the amino acid sequences of hen plasma-, yolk-, and white
      riboflavin binding proteins.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of hen egg yolk-riboflavin binding protein (yolk-RBP) was
      determined by conventional methods. The sequence was identical with that of hen
      egg white-riboflavin binding protein except that their carboxyltermini were
      different, that of yolk-RBP lacked 11 or 13 amino acid residues, while hen plasma
      RBP had the same C-terminal sequence as white-RBP. This indicated that the C
      terminal 11 or 13 amino acid residues in plasma-RBP might be cleaved off during
      the incorporation from the blood into the oocyte or in the yolk fluid. Yolk-RBP
      had the same characteristics as white-RBP, such as N-terminal pyroglutamic acid,
      polymorphism in the amino acid sequence (Lys/Asn) at the fourteenth residue from
      the N-terminal end, carbohydrate chains attached to both Asn(36) and Asn(147)
      residues, and phosphate groups bound to some serine residues in the sequence of
      Ser(185) to Ser(197) as a cluster. These results led us to the conclusion that
      yolk- and white-RBPs are bio-synthesized from the same gene in the different
      organs (liver and oviduct). The carbohydrate composition of yolk-RBP was
      identical to that of plasma-RBP but different from that of white-RBP showing that
      the processing of the carbohydrate chains in the liver was different from that in
      the oviduct.

PMID- 3997792
TI  - Bile acid profiles in analbuminemia rats.
AB  - Bile acid profiles in serum, urine and bile of Nagase analbuminemia rats (NAR)
      and Sprague-Dawley rats (SDR) were examined. Serum bile acid levels in NAR (2.02
      + 0.51 micrograms/ml, n = 15, M +/- S.E.) were markedly decreased as compared
      with those in SDR (20.86 +/- 3.72 micrograms/ml, n = 10). The unbound fraction of
      acids in serum examined by equilibrium dialysis was about ten times higher in NAR
      than in SDR. In the profiles of urinary and biliary bile acids in NAR and SDR, as
      big differences as seen for serum bile acids were not observed. Low bile acid
      levels in serum of NAR may reflect low bile acid binding capacity of NAR serum
      because the absence of albumin was thought to be one of the major causes of low
      bile acid levels in serum of NAR.

PMID- 3997793
TI  - Oxygen and sulfur esters of "inverse substrates": different responses of
      amidinophenol and amidinothiophenol in the activation of the rate of tryptic
      hydrolysis of the inverse esters.
AB  - Kinetic parameters for the trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of the oxygen and sulfur
      "inverse substrates," p-amidinophenyl and p-amidinothiophenyl acetates and
      trimethylacetates, have been compared. The results suggest that both series of
      compounds are hydrolyzed via an identical pathway. Appreciable differences,
      however, were observed in the efficiency of the acylation process in both series,
      possibly reflecting the spatial requirements of the enzyme's active site toward
      these substrates. As reported previously, acceleration in deacylation by a
      positively charged molecule is a characteristic feature of trypsin-catalyzed
      hydrolysis of "inverse substrates." In the present investigation, it was shown
      that p-amidinothiophenol is ineffective as an activator, whereas its oxygen
      counterpart behaves as a potent activator toward oxygen and sulfur substrates. It
      is assumed that some ionic interaction between the enzyme and the ligand molecule
      could prevent the rate enhancement.

PMID- 3997794
TI  - The glycoprotein-bound large carbohydrates from embryonal carcinoma cells carry
      receptors for several lectins recognizing N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose.
AB  - When various lectins were mixed with radioactively labeled embryoglycan
      (polylactosamine-type glycoprotein-bound carbohydrates from early embryonic
      cells) isolated from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and the resulting complex was
      precipitated with ammonium sulfate, the glycan was found to react with the
      following lectins: Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), soybean agglutinin (SBA),
      Sophora japonica agglutinin (SJA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1).
      Furthermore, affinity chromatography on lectin-agarose revealed that receptors
      for Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin-I (GS-I) were also carried by the glycan.
      Together with the previous finding that the glycan carries receptors for Dolichos
      biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA), the present result
      established that the glycan has receptors for a variety of lectins recognizing N
      acetylgalactosamine and/or galactose in teratocarcinoma cells. Intact molecules
      carrying GS-1 receptors and SJA receptors were isolated from F9 cells and
      teratocarcinoma OTT6050 and were shown to be high-molecular weight glycoproteins
      similar to DBA receptors isolated from the same sources.

PMID- 3997795
TI  - Quantitative studies on translocation and metabolic conversion of
      lysophosphatidylcholine incorporated into the membrane of intact human
      erythrocytes from the medium.
AB  - The fate of palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) incorporated into the
      membrane of intact human erythrocytes from a medium was investigated under
      nonhemolytic conditions at 37 degrees C by means of 14C-labeled tracers. The
      lysoPC was first incorporated into the outer half of the membrane lipid bilayer
      and then gradually translocated into the inner half during the incubation. At the
      same time it was metabolically converted into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and free
      fatty acid (FFA) plus glycerophosphorylcholine by the actions of acyltransferase
      and lysophospholipase, respectively. The half times of the conversion were about
      14 h, while the value of 0.5 h was obtained when the half time was measured with
      the hemolysate of the lysoPC-loaded erythrocytes. Chymotrypsin treatment of
      unsealed ghosts caused a definite decrease in lysophospholipase activity, while
      similar treatment of resealed ghosts did not. This together with other evidence
      already reported in the literature suggests that both lysophospholipase and
      acyltransferase may be located in the inner surface of the membrane. The above
      findings strongly suggest that the most of the lysoPC loaded to the membrane is
      gradually translocated from the outer to the inner half of the bilayer and soon
      converted to either PC or FFA.

PMID- 3997796
TI  - Effect of dithiothreitol on activity and protein structure of human urine
      urokinase.
AB  - Human urine urokinase [EC 3.4.21.31] was found to be inactivated by
      dithiothreitol (DTT) much more severely than by 2-mercaptoethanol at the same
      concentration on the basis of -SH groups. Removal of DTT by dialysis restored the
      activities of esterase toward acetyl-glycyl-L-lysine methyl ester, plasminogen
      activation, and amidase toward 7-(glutaryl-glycyl-L-arginine-amido)-4-methyl
      coumarin. But the restoration of amidase activity was much less than that of
      esterase activity. The addition of DTT mediated the conversion of high molecular
      weight urokinase to low molecular weight urokinase, releasing several peptides.
      This suggests that the urokinase consists of several polypeptides linked by
      disulfide bonds. The molecular weight of urokinase produced with DTT was smaller
      than that of low molecular weight urokinase obtained by autodigestion of high
      molecular weight urokinase. The autodigestion was also accompanied by liberation
      of some peptides. But, those peptides released on autodigestion of high molecular
      weight urokinase were different from those appearing in the presence of DTT.

PMID- 3997797
TI  - Contamination by ATP of commercial dATP samples causing erroneous results in
      studies of DNA replication in isolated HeLa cell nuclei.
AB  - dATP at high concentrations was capable of replacing ATP required in the
      synthesis of Okazaki pieces in isolated HeLa cell nuclei. In addition, the levels
      of synthesis of high molecular weight DNA were observed to vary depending on the
      lot of dATP used. Analysis by HPLC revealed that dATP samples of a particular
      source contained ATP in the range of 0.25-0.43 mol%. With ATP-free dATP, almost
      no synthesis of high molecular weight DNA was observed, while with impure dATP, a
      small but significant amount of high molecular weight DNA was synthesized. While
      this observation confirmed our previous finding that dATP can replace ATP in the
      synthesis of Okazaki pieces but not in the joining of the pieces, it is also a
      warning to users of commercial dATP in biochemical and biological studies.

PMID- 3997799
TI  - Colored pencils for scientific illustration.
AB  - Only a few years ago, colored pencils were relegated to the "kids category" along
      with crayons and finger paints. They were not considered sophisticated enough for
      professional artists to take seriously. Today, however, artists are using them
      with so much confidence and finesse that the best colored pencil drawings can
      hold their own with those of any other technique.

PMID- 3997798
TI  - A comparative evaluation of text formats in a medical school course.
AB  - Information mapping, a system of instruction design for categorizing, sequencing
      and graphically presenting printed information for highly technical communication
      in business, seemed ideally suited for presenting the technical procedures of the
      general screening physical examination to medical students. To evaluate the
      impact of this new text format one half of the class received a conventional text
      for those procedures and the other half used an information mapped text.
      Cognitive test scores were not significantly different. However, the information
      mapped text was rated significantly more favorably on six dimensions. Students
      using the mapped text also spent significantly more time studying it than those
      using the conventional text.

PMID- 3997800
TI  - Instructional message design: problems and solutions.
AB  - Need for an integrated instructional message design process was met by developing
      an instructional materials development model, establishing an instructional
      message design process, and creating an instructional materials development
      coordinator function. The quests for excellence in instructional materials
      development that resulted in the above noted actions are described with the
      belief that others may benefit from our experiences.

PMID- 3997801
TI  - Distribution of cytochrome b5 between sonicated phospholipid vesicles of
      different size.
AB  - Cytochrome b5 is an amphipathic integral membrane protein that spontaneously
      inserts, post-translationally, into intracellular membranes. When added to
      preformed phospholipid vesicles, it binds in a so-called "loose," or
      transferable, configuration characterized by the ability of the protein to
      rapidly equilibrate between vesicles. A heterogeneous dispersion of sonicated
      phosphatidylcholine vesicles, 212 to about 350 A in diameter, was prepared by
      differential centrifugation. When cytochrome b5 was incubated with these vesicles
      (1 mol of protein/833 mol of phospholipid, in 0.01 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M NaCl, 10(-4) M
      EDTA, pH 7.4) and the mixture was subjected to molecular sieve chromatography on
      Sepharose 2B-CL, the cytochrome b5 was found to elute preferentially with the
      smaller vesicles. Subsequently, a fresh preparation of heterogeneous vesicles was
      subfractionated by gel filtration, and the individual fractions were incubated
      with the protein. Molecular sieve chromatography of these complexes showed that
      cytochrome b5 favors the smallest over the largest vesicles by a factor of at
      least 20. This result suggests that formation of highly curved regions in
      biological membranes may cause accumulation of certain membrane proteins at those
      sites.

PMID- 3997802
TI  - Secretion of a lipid transfer protein by human monocyte-derived macrophages.
AB  - Human monocyte-derived macrophages in culture were shown to synthesize and
      secrete a lipid transfer protein. The human monocyte-derived macrophage transfer
      protein showed the following characteristics: (i) linear secretion rate over a 24
      h period, which was blocked completely by cycloheximide and stimulated by phorbol
      myristate acetate (67% increase over nonstimulated values); (ii) apparent Mr =
      approximately 62,000 off Sephacryl S-200; (iii) isoelectric point of 5.0; (iv)
      binding to phenyl-Sepharose, but not to heparin-Sepharose; (v) facilitation of
      the transfer of both neutral lipids (cholesteryl esters and triglycerides) and
      phosphatidylcholine between high density lipoproteins and d less than 1.063 g/ml
      lipoproteins; and (vi) thermal stability (stable for 1 h at 56 degrees C). The
      last five of these properties are similar to those of the plasma lipid transfer
      protein. Thus, macrophages secrete a lipid transfer protein that closely
      resembles the neutral lipid transfer protein found in human plasma and may be a
      source of this plasma protein in vivo.

PMID- 3997803
TI  - Solid-state NMR determination of glyphosate metabolism in a Pseudomonas sp.
AB  - The metabolism of the broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate (N
      phosphonomethylglycine) in a soil Pseudomonas sp. PG2982 has been determined by
      cross-polarization magic-angle spinning 15N and 13C NMR of intact lyophilized
      cells. Using samples grown on 13C- and 15N-labeled glyphosate, we find that
      PG2982 does not metabolize glyphosate to aminomethylphosphonate as has been
      reported for mixed cultures of soil microbes. Rather, the phosphonomethyl carbon
      nitrogen bond in glyphosate is cleaved, releasing glycine. Solid-state NMR
      analysis reveals that 20% of this glycine is used in the synthesis of purines,
      35% is incorporated into protein as glycyl residues, with an additional 35%
      incorporated as seryl residues. The phosphonomethyl carbon of glyphosate is
      ultimately incorporated into a number of sites, including the C-2 and C-8
      positions of the purine rings of nucleic acids, methyl groups of methionine and
      thymidine, and the methylene group of serine. The pattern of phosphonomethyl
      carbon incorporation indicates the involvement of tetrahydrofolate, a coenzyme
      which facilitates single-carbon transfers. This is the first complete
      determination of the metabolism of glyphosate in a pure culture, and the first
      bacterial metabolic study using both single and double cross-polarization solid
      state NMR.

PMID- 3997804
TI  - Involvement of Glu G3(101)beta in the function of hemoglobin. Comparative O2
      equilibrium studies of human mutant hemoglobins.
AB  - The glutamyl residue at G3(101)beta of normal hemoglobin (Hb A) is one of the
      alpha 1 beta 2 subunit contacts which are vital to O2 binding properties of the
      molecule. The O2 equilibrium properties of the four mutants with different
      substitutions at this site are studied in order to elucidate the role of this
      residue. Under stripped conditions with minimum chloride the order of O2 affinity
      is: Hb A (Glu) much less than Hb Rush (Gln) less than or equal to Hb British
      Columbia (Lys) less than or equal to Hb Potomac (Asp) less than or equal to Hb
      Alberta (Gly). The first Adair constants, K1, for the mutant hemoglobins are
      greater than that for Hb A whereas the fourth, K4, are similar, indicating that
      the allosteric constants (L) of these mutants are greatly reduced. Therefore, the
      G3(101)beta residue contributes intrinsically to the strengthening of the
      structural constraints that are imposed upon the deoxy (T) forms but not the oxy
      (R) form. On addition of 0.1 M Cl- and further addition of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
      or inositol hexaphosphate, their O2 affinities and cooperativities are altered,
      reflecting different responses to anionic ligands. Hb Rush exhibits a stronger
      chloride effect than Hb A and the other variants and, as a result, an increased
      Bohr effect and a smaller heat of oxygenation at pH 6.5. These changes are
      consistent with an increased positive net charge in the central cavity of Hb Rush
      and subsequent extra anion binding in the deoxy form. The tetramer to dimer
      dissociation constants are estimated to be greater than normal for Hb British
      Columbia and less than normal for Hb Alberta. This comparative study of the
      G3(101)beta mutants indicates that the size and the charge of this residue may
      influence the switching of two neighboring interchain hydrogen bonds that occurs
      during oxygenation of normal hemoglobin.

PMID- 3997805
TI  - Purification of the molybdate-stabilized 9-10 S estradiol receptor from calf
      uterus.
AB  - The molybdate-stabilized calf uterine estradiol receptor has been purified to
      near-homogeneity by a three-step procedure. Initial purification by heparin
      Sepharose chromatography provides a concentrated receptor extract in 40% yield
      with a 5-10-fold increase in purity. The inclusion of molybdate in phosphate
      buffered cytosol enhances 9-10 S receptor stability in high salt and allows
      elution of the oligomeric receptor complex from heparin-Sepharose with 0.4 M KCl.
      A second affinity step utilizing estrone carboxymethyloxime coupled to
      diaminoethyl bis(2-hydroxypropoxy)butane-Sepharose Cl-4B increases purification
      by a further 1600-fold. High performance liquid chromatography gives homogeneous
      receptor which migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis as a polypeptide of Mr approximately 89,000. The purified
      molybdate-stabilized receptor sediments at 9.3 +/- 0.2 S (n = 4) in glycerol
      gradients and has a Stokes radius of 74 +/- 3 A (n = 2) giving a calculated Mr
      approximately 290,000. These properties and the steroid-binding specificity of
      the purified receptor bear a close similarity to those found for the 9-10 S
      receptor in crude cytosol.

PMID- 3997806
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and transcription of a bacteriophage 29 early promoter.
AB  - We have studied the in vitro and in vivo transcription of a promoter for Bacillus
      subtilis RNA polymerase on bacteriophage phi 29 DNA. The promoter is identified
      as an early promoter as it is transcribed in vitro by uninfected B. subtilis
      sigma 55-containing RNA polymerase; is transcribed in vivo at both 7 min after
      infection and in the presence of chloramphenicol; and is transcribed right to
      left on the standard phi 29 map. The nucleotide sequence of the promoter and the
      initiation site for RNA synthesis are reported. We have also examined the
      kinetics of RNA synthesis initiation using a single round run-off transcription
      assay. The overall rate of initiation was found to be 1.6 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 while
      the rate of conversion of unstable to stable polymerase-promoter complexes was
      0.049 s-1. These values are comparable to those for similar promoters for
      Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.

PMID- 3997807
TI  - Stereochemistry at C-1 of geranyl pyrophosphate and neryl pyrophosphate in the
      cyclization to (+)- and (-)-bornyl pyrophosphate.
AB  - (1R)-1-3H-labeled and (1S)-1-3H-labeled geranyl pyrophosphate and neryl
      pyrophosphate were prepared from the corresponding 1-3H-labeled aldehydes by a
      combination of enzymatic and synthetic procedures. Following admixture with the
      corresponding 2-14C-labeled internal standard, each substrate was converted to
      (+)-bornyl pyrophosphate and (-)-bornyl pyrophosphate by cell-free enzyme
      preparations from sage (Salvia officinalis) and tansy (Tanacetum vulgare),
      respectively. Each pyrophosphate ester was hydrolyzed, and the resulting borneol
      was oxidized to camphor. The stereochemistry of labeling at C-3 of the derived
      ketone was determined by base-catalyzed exchange, taking advantage of the known
      selective exchange of the exo-alpha-protons. By comparison of such exchange rates
      to those of product generated from (1RS)-2-14C,1-3H2-labeled substrate, it was
      demonstrated that geranyl pyrophosphate was cyclized to bornyl pyrophosphate with
      net retention of configuration at C-1 of the acyclic precursor, whereas neryl
      pyrophosphate was cyclized to product with inversion of configuration at C-1. The
      observed stereochemistry is consistent with a reaction mechanism whereby geranyl
      pyrophosphate is first stereospecifically isomerized to linalyl pyrophosphate
      which, following rotation about C-2-C-3 to the cisoid conformer, cyclizes from
      the anti-endo configuration. Neryl pyrophosphate cyclizes either directly or via
      the linalyl intermediate without the attendant rotation.

PMID- 3997808
TI  - The interaction of calmodulin with the carbocyanine dye (Stains-all).
AB  - The dye "Stains-all" combines with calmodulin to yield a series of complex
      species whose absorption and circular dichroism spectra are sensitive to the
      presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+. At high dye:calmodulin ratios, the dominant complex
      formed is characterized by a strong absorption band at 600-650 nm, which is
      associated with a biphasic circular dichroism band. These spectral features are
      abolished in the presence of Ca2+.

PMID- 3997809
TI  - Effect of substrate and pH on the oxidative half-reaction of phenol hydroxylase.
AB  - The oxidative half-reaction of phenol hydroxylase has been studied by stopped
      flow spectrophotometry. Three flavin-oxygen intermediates can be detected when
      the substrate is thiophenol, or m-NH2, m-OH, m-CH3, m-Cl, or p-OH phenol.
      Intermediate I, the flavin C(4a)-hydroperoxide, has an absorbance maximum at 380
      390 nm and an extinction coefficient approximately 10,000 M-1 cm-1. Intermediate
      III, the flavin C(4a)-hydroxide, has an absorbance maximum at 365-375 nm and an
      extinction coefficient approximately 10,000 M-1 cm-1. Intermediate II has
      absorbance maxima of 350-390 nm and extinction coefficients of 10,000-16,000 M-1
      cm-1 depending on the substrate. A Hammett plot of the logarithm of the rates of
      the oxygen transfer step, the conversion of intermediate I to intermediate II,
      gives a straight line with a slope -0.5. Fluoride ion is a product of the
      enzymatic reaction when 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol is the substrate. These results
      are consistent with an electrophilic substitution mechanism for oxygen transfer.
      The conversions of I to II and II to III are acid-catalyzed. A kinetic isotope
      effect of 8 was measured for the conversion of II to III using deuterated
      resorcinol as substrate. The conversion of III to oxidized enzyme is base
      catalyzed, suggesting that the reaction depends on the removal of the flavin N(5)
      proton. Product release occurs at the same time as the formation of intermediate
      III, or rapidly thereafter. The results are interpreted according to the ring
      opened model of Entsch et al. (Entsch, B., Ballou, D. P., and Massey, V. (1976)
      J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2550-2563).

PMID- 3997810
TI  - Purification and characterization of a cytosolic protein enhancing GSH-dependent
      microsomal iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodination.
AB  - A protein has been purified from rat liver cytosol which promoted GSH-responsive
      iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activities in rat kidney microsomes. The factor
      behaved as a basic protein with an Mr of 11,000. It was active as a GSH-disulfide
      transhydrogenase with beta-hydroxyethyl disulfide as an acceptor and was also
      active in stimulating calf thymus ribonucleotide reductase with one-third the
      potency of native calf thymus glutaredoxin. Another basic protein, which degraded
      iodothyronines oxidatively, was also identified in the cytosolic preparations;
      this co-purified with soluble protein factor in the earlier purification stages
      and was partially separated from this factor by CM-cellulose chromatography. The
      glutaredoxin-like protein present in rat liver and kidney cytosol could provide a
      physiologic regulatory mechanism for GSH-dependent 5'-monodeiodination of
      iodothyronines.

PMID- 3997811
TI  - Rabbit antibodies to degraded and intact glycosaminoglycans which are naturally
      occurring and present in arthritic rabbits.
AB  - Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and radioimmunoassays employing
      chondroitinase ABC-treated rabbit cartilage proteoglycan, we have shown that
      approximately one-third of the outbred New Zealand white rabbits we have examined
      possess naturally occurring antibodies which react with oligosaccharides of
      hyaluronic acid (independently of chain length) bearing saturated and 4,5
      unsaturated glucuronosyl residues at the nonreducing ends. Such antibodies were
      also found in a similar proportion of rabbits with an experimental inflammatory
      arthritis. There was a preferential reactions in the majority of sera with
      unsaturated oligosaccharides of hyaluronic acid. One serum (R64) reacted only
      with unsaturated oligosaccharides of hyaluronic acid. Sera reacted also with
      unsaturated (never saturated) oligosaccharides of chondroitin 4-sulfate and with
      chondroitin 6-sulfate, particularly when chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides
      remained bound to a proteoglycan core protein. Reactions were also observed to
      both unsaturated and saturated oligosaccharides of chondroitin. Some of these
      sera also reacted with intact hyaluronic acid and chondroitin but never with
      intact chondroitin sulfate. The antibodies were present in the IgG fraction of
      four sera studied and in the IgM fraction of one of these sera: they bound
      through the F(ab')2 region of the molecule. These observations suggest that, in
      some rabbits, humoral immunity to hyaluronic acid and/or chondroitin sulfate
      bound to core protein can develop after these reactive glycosaminoglycans have
      been degraded by eliminases or hydrolases produced by naturally occurring
      bacteria and rabbit cells, respectively. Immunological studies of proteoglycans
      and hyaluronic acid treated with eliminases and hydrolases employing rabbit
      antisera, and possibly those from other species, should be evaluated in the light
      of these observations.

PMID- 3997812
TI  - Selectivity in the modification of the alpha-amino groups of hemoglobin on
      reductive alkylation with aliphatic carbonyl compounds. Influence of
      derivatization on the polymerization of hemoglobin S.
AB  - The reactivity of the alpha-amino groups of the alpha- and beta-chains of
      hemoglobn toward reductive alkylation using limiting concentrations of the
      aliphatic carbonyl compounds, acetaldehyde (ethylation), glyoxylic acid
      (carboxymethylation), glycolaldehyde (hydroxyethylation), glyceraldehyde
      (dihydroxypropylation), and dihydroxyacetone (dihydroxyisopropylation) has been
      investigated. Hemoglobin A reductively ethylated at the alpha-amino groups eluted
      on CM-52 ahead of unmodified hemoglobin A, and hemoglobin A reductively ethylated
      at the epsilon-amino groups. This observation is similar to that seen on
      hydroxyethylation and dihydroxypropylation of the alpha-amino group of hemoglobin
      A. The presence of the alpha-hydroxyl or the carboxyl group in the carbonyl
      component used in the reductive alkylation influences considerably the
      selectivity pattern during the derivatization. The alpha-amino groups of the
      alpha- and beta-chains are modified to nearly the same degree during reductive
      hydroxyethylation as well as during reductive dihydroxypropylation. Reductive
      ethylation (aldehyde lacking the alpha-hydroxyl group) exhibited a slight
      preferential reaction at Val-1(beta). The presence of a negatively charged
      carboxyl group in the carbonyl component, i.e. glyoxylic acid, made this
      preferential reaction at Val-1(beta) even more pronounced. When the reductive
      alkylation is carried out with dihydroxyacetone (a ketone instead of an
      aldehyde), the dihydroxyisopropylation occurred at a slower rate and exclusively
      at Val-1(beta). The ethylation, hydroxyethylation, carboxymethylation, and
      dihydroxypropylation of the alpha-amino groups of hemoglobin S increased its
      solubility from the value of 16 g/dl for the unmodified protein to about 25 g/dl
      for the modified protein. Thus, the alkyl chains on the alpha-amino groups on the
      polymerization have a strong inhibitory influence. In order to determine the
      influence of the alkyl chains at the alpha-amino groups of alpha- and beta-chains
      on polymerization, hybrid hemoglobin S tetramers with hydroxyethylation either at
      Val-1(alpha) or at Val-1(beta) have been prepared. The solubility of each hybrid
      is about 26 g/dl. Thus, the hydroxyethyl group either on the alpha- or the beta
      chain appears to interfere with the polymerization of deoxygenated HbS to the
      same degree. The inhibitory influence of the hydroxyethyl chain at Val-1(alpha)
      on the polymerization, compared with the lack of such an influence when this
      alpha-amino group is modified by cyanate, suggests that a carbamoyl group on Val
      1(alpha) can be accommodated in the intermolecular contact region involving this
      segment of the molecule without seriously perturbing the mo

PMID- 3997813
TI  - Influence of light on long-term ADP phosphorylation.
AB  - ADP phosphorylation coupled to cyclic electron transport was studied over a long
      period using immobilized chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.
      Photophosphorylation of ADP as a function of time was continuously measured under
      different conditions of continuous illumination and concentration of oxygen.
      Using a red cutoff filter, it was possible to sustain ADP phosphorylation at a
      maximal rate for more than 10 days, whereas inactivation had always been observed
      after 5 days when white light was used. The influence of light nature on
      inactivation was demonstrated using photopigment absorption spectra.

PMID- 3997814
TI  - Regulation of aminotransferase-glutamate dehydrogenase interactions by carbamyl
      phosphate synthase-I, Mg2+ plus leucine versus citrate and malate.
AB  - Citrate, malate, and high levels of ATP dissociate the mitochondrial aspartate
      aminotransferase-glutamate dehydrogenase complex and have an inhibitory effect on
      the latter enzyme. These effects are opposed by Mg2+, leucine, Mg2+ plus ATP, and
      carbamyl phosphate synthase-I. In addition, Mg2+ directly facilitates formation
      of a complex between glutamate dehydrogenase and the aminotransferase and
      displaces the aminotransferase from the inner mitochondrial membrane which could
      enable it to interact with glutamate dehydrogenase in the matrix. Zn2+ also
      favors an aminotransferase-glutamate dehydrogenase complex. It, however, is a
      potent inhibitor of and has a high affinity for glutamate dehydrogenase. Leucine,
      however, enhances binding of Mg2+ and decreases binding of and the effect of Zn2+
      on the enzyme. Thus, since both metal ions enhance enzyme-enzyme interaction and
      Zn2+ is a more potent inhibitor, the addition of leucine in the presence of both
      metal ions results in activation of glutamate dehydrogenase without disruption of
      the enzyme-enzyme complex. Furthermore, the combination of leucine plus Mg2+
      produces slightly more activation than leucine alone. These results indicate that
      leucine, carbamyl phosphate synthase-I, and its substrate and cofactor, ATP and
      Mg2+, operate synergistically to facilitate glutamate dehydrogenase activity and
      interaction between this enzyme and the aminotransferase. Alternatively, Krebs
      cycle intermediates, such as citrate and malate, have opposing effects.

PMID- 3997815
TI  - 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (Z-riboside) metabolism in eukaryotic
      cells.
AB  - Metabolites of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (Z-riboside) have
      potential roles in the regulation of cellular metabolism and as pharmacological
      agents in several pathological situations. Before studying Z-riboside metabolism
      it was necessary to develop methods for identifying and quantitating 5(4)-amino
      4(5)-imidazolecarboxamide metabolites. These studies utilized Chinese hamster
      ovary fibroblast auxotrophic mutants to identify and isolate compounds relevant
      to Z-riboside metabolism by a combination of high performance liquid
      chromatographic procedures. In order to study Z-riboside metabolism wild-type and
      mutant cells were cultured in Z-riboside. This ribosyl precursor to a purine de
      novo intermediate does not undergo any detectable phosphorolysis but rather is
      phosphorylated by adenosine kinase in an unregulated manner. This results in the
      intracellular accumulation of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide (ZMP), the
      levels of which control flow from Z-riboside to the following metabolites: 1) IMP
      and other purine nucleotides, 2) 5-amino-4-imidazole-N-succinocarboxamide
      ribotide (sZMP), and 3) 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside 5'-triphosphate
      (ZTP). At low ZMP concentrations, the predominant metabolic fate is IMP.
      Initially, IMP enters the adenylate and guanylate pools, but subsequently is
      hydrolyzed to inosine and this phosphorolyzed to hypoxanthine. At intermediate
      ZMP concentrations there is net retrograde flux through the bifunctional enzyme
      adenylosuccinate AMP lyase resulting in sZMP synthesis and antegrade flux leads
      to the accumulation of adenylosuccinate. At high ZMP concentrations, ZTP
      accumulates. In addition to these effects on purine metabolism, pyrimidine
      nucleotide pools are depleted when ZMP accumulates. These results are discussed
      in relation to the regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis and the use of Z
      riboside as a pharmacological intervention in pathophysiological situations.

PMID- 3997816
TI  - Altered cholesteryl ester cycle is associated with lipid accumulation in
      herpesvirus-infected arterial smooth muscle cells.
AB  - We describe herein the effects of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) on
      cholesterol and cholesteryl ester metabolism in cultured chicken arterial smooth
      muscle cells. Infection of arterial smooth muscle cells from specific pathogen
      free chickens with MDV, but not a virus control, herpesvirus of turkeys led to a
      7-10-fold increase in the accumulation of free and esterified cholesterol and a 2
      fold increase in phospholipids. The cellular lipid changes observed in the MDV
      infected arterial smooth muscle cells resulted, in part, from the following:
      decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesteryl ester hydrolysis due to decreased
      lysosomal (acid) cholesteryl ester hydrolytic activity; increased de novo
      synthesis of cholesterol; decreased excretion of free cholesterol; and, both
      increased cholesteryl ester synthetic activity and decreased cytoplasmic
      (neutral) cholesteryl ester hydrolytic activity which resulted in increased
      incorporation of oleic acid into cholesteryl ester. Other changes noted in the
      MDV-infected cells as compared to uninfected cells included a 2-fold increase in
      both total protein synthesis and lysosomal and microsomal marker enzyme
      activities. These alterations in lipid and protein metabolism in MDV-infected
      arterial smooth muscle cells may explain in part our in vivo findings that
      herpesvirus (MDV) infection of specific pathogen-free chickens fed a
      normocholesterolemic diet will induce arterial thickening and lipid accumulation
      resembling human atherosclerosis.

PMID- 3997817
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the luxA gene of Vibrio harveyi and the complete amino
      acid sequence of the alpha subunit of bacterial luciferase.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the 1.85-kilobase EcoRI fragment from Vibrio harveyi
      that was cloned using a mixed-sequence synthetic oligonucleotide probe (Cohn, D.
      H., Ogden, R. C., Abelson, J. N., Baldwin, T. O., Nealson, K. H., Simon, M. I.,
      and Mileham, A. J. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 120-123) has been
      determined. The alpha subunit-coding region (luxA) was found to begin at base
      number 707 and end at base number 1771. The alpha subunit has a calculated
      molecular weight of 40,108 and comprises a total of 355 amino acid residues.
      There are 34 base pairs separating the start of the alpha subunit structural gene
      and a 669-base open reading frame extending from the proximal EcoRI site. At the
      3' end of the luxA coding region there are 26 bases between the end of the
      structural gene and the start of the luxB structural gene. Approximately two
      thirds of the alpha subunit was sequenced by protein chemical techniques. The
      amino acid sequence implied by the DNA sequence, with few exceptions, confirmed
      the chemically determined sequence. Regions of the alpha subunit thought to
      comprise the active center were found to reside in two discrete and relatively
      basic regions, one from around residues 100-115 and the second from around
      residues 280-295.

PMID- 3997818
TI  - kappa-Bungarotoxin. Self-association of a neuronal nicotinic receptor probe.
AB  - kappa-Bungarotoxin is a postsynaptic neurotoxin purified from the venom of the
      elapid snake Bungarus multicinctus. The amino acid sequence of this basic
      polypeptide reveals a single chain containing 66 amino acids having a Mr of
      7,313. kappa-Bungarotoxin is a potent antagonist of nicotinic cholinergic
      transmission in avian and murine autonomic ganglia, a characteristic which
      distinguishes the toxin from other postsynaptic neurotoxins isolated from snake
      venoms. The self-association of kappa-bungarotoxin has now been examined using
      molecular sizing columns, sedimentation velocity, and sedimentation equilibrium.
      The results demonstrate that, under physiological solvent conditions, kappa
      bungarotoxin exists as a dimer (Mr = 14,000 +/- 3,000) of identical subunits.
      kappa-Bungarotoxin monomers are not observed at toxin concentrations typically
      used in electrophysiological experiments (0.5-22 micrograms/ml), indicating that
      the dimer may be physiologically active. Denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate
      or urea dissociates kappa-bungarotoxin dimers into monomers. Significant amounts
      of monomers are also produced under nondenaturing conditions of high ionic
      strength and high pH. However, complete reassociation of nondenatured monomers
      occurs following return to a physiological buffer. The unique pharmacological
      spectrum of kappa-bungarotoxin may be due in part to its strong tendency to self
      associate.

PMID- 3997819
TI  - Characterization and analysis of branched-chain N-acetylglucosaminyl
      oligosaccharides accumulating in Sandhoff disease tissue. Evidence that
      biantennary bisected oligosaccharide side chains of glycoproteins are abundant
      substrates for lysosomes.
AB  - Branched chain N-acetylglucosaminyl oligosaccharides accumulating in visceral and
      neural tissues of two patients with Sandhoff disease were isolated and quantified
      using high performance liquid chromatography. Detailed structural analysis of the
      three most abundant fractions, oligosaccharides 4, 5, and 6, was carried out
      using 360 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The biantennary bisected
      heptasaccharide, oligosaccharide 6, was ubiquitously distributed and a major
      component of the stored oligosaccharides in all tissues analyzed including,
      liver, spleen, kidney, lung, pancreas, and brain. This analysis indicates that
      glycoproteins containing biantennary bisected oligosaccharide side chains are
      abundant substrates for lysosomes in human tissues. Moreover, oligosaccharide 6
      was the predominant storage product in brain comprising 70% of the total
      accumulating water-soluble glycoconjugates. Oligosaccharide 5, a triantennary
      heptasaccharide, had a similar distribution in visceral tissues and it was the
      major storage product in pancreas but was at very low levels in brain. These
      results suggest that the biosynthetic enzymes, GlcNAc transferase III
      (Narasimham, S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 10235-10242) and IV (Gleeson, P.A.,
      and Schachter, H. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 6162-6173), which are responsible
      for synthesis of these structures, have a generalized distribution with varying
      levels of expression in human viscera, moreover, transferase IV may have limited
      expression in neural tissue. The proposed structures for the branched-chain
      compounds are as follows. (formula; see text)

PMID- 3997820
TI  - A new type of blood group B active glycosphingolipid in rat bone marrow cells.
      Occurrence of the glycolipid in rat immunocytes and ascites hepatoma.
AB  - A major glycosphingolipid in rat bone marrow cells was purified, and its
      structure was studied. The glycolipid was found to exhibit blood group B activity
      by the hemagglutination inhibition test. The structure was determined to be
      (formula; see text) by studies of nuclear magnetic resonance, sequential
      hydrolysis by exoglycosidases, linkage analysis of methylated sugars by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry, and immunological tests. The blood group B
      active glycolipid was detected not only in the bone marrow cells but also in
      spleen, thymus, and rat ascites hepatoma AH 7974F cells. Besides the glycolipid,
      gangliotriaosylceramide, gangliotetraosylceramide, and
      fucogangliotetraosylceramide were commonly detected in these cells. The
      similarity between the glycolipid species on the cell surfaces of the immunocytes
      and the tumor cells is discussed with the respect to an escape mechanism of the
      tumor cells from the immunosurveillance system.

PMID- 3997821
TI  - Altered nucleoside transporters in mammalian cells selected for resistance to the
      physiological effects of inhibitors of nucleoside transport.
AB  - From a mutagenized population of wild type S49 T lymphoma cells, clones were
      generated that were resistant to the physiological effects of the potent
      inhibitor of nucleoside transport, 4-nitrobenzyl-6-thioinosine (NBMPR). These
      cells were selected for their ability to survive in semisolid medium containing
      0.5 mM hypoxanthine, 0.4 microM methotrexate, 30 microM thymidine, 30 microM
      deoxycytidine, in the presence of 30 microM NBMPR. NBMPR protected wild type
      cells from the effects of a spectrum of cytotoxic nucleosides, whereas two mutant
      clones, KAB1 and KAB5, were still sensitive to nucleoside-mediated cytotoxicity
      in the presence of NBMPR. Comparisons of the abilities of wild type cells and
      mutant cells to incorporate exogenous nucleoside to the corresponding nucleoside
      triphosphate indicated that the KAB1 and KAB5 mutant cells were refractory to
      normal inhibition by NBMPR. Moreover, rapid transport studies indicated that
      mutant cells, unlike wild type parental cells, had acquired a substantial NBMPR
      insensitive nucleoside transport component. Binding studies with [3H]NBMPR
      indicated that KAB5 cells were 70-75% deficient in the number of NBMPR binding
      sites, whereas KAB1 cells possessed a wild type complement of NBMPR binding
      sites. These data suggest that the NBMPR binding site in wild type S49 cells is
      genetically distinguishable from the nucleoside carrier site.

PMID- 3997822
TI  - Regulation of 3-indoleacetic acid production in Pseudomonas syringae pv.
      savastanoi. Purification and properties of tryptophan 2-monooxygenase.
AB  - The oxidative decarboxylation of L-tryptophan to yield 3-indoleacetamide,
      catalyzed by tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, represents a controlling reaction in the
      synthesis of indoleacetic acid by Pseudomonas savastanoi (Pseudomonas syringae
      pv. savastanoi), a gall-forming pathogen of olive (Olea europea L.) and oleander
      (Nerium oleander L.). Production of indoleacetic acid is essential for virulence
      of the bacterium in its hosts. Tryptophan 2-monooxygenase was characterized to
      determine its role in indoleacetic acid metabolism in the bacterium. The enzyme
      was purified to apparent homogeneity from Escherichia coli cells containing the
      genetic locus for this enzyme obtained from P. savastanoi. The preparation
      contained a single polypeptide with a mass of 62,000 that cross-reacted
      immunologically with a homologous protein in P. savastanoi. The holoenzyme
      contained one FAD moiety/subunit with properties consistent with a catalytic
      function. The enzyme preparation catalyzed an L-tryptophan-dependent O2 uptake
      and yielded 3-indoleacetamide as a product. Enzyme activity fit simple Michaelis
      Menten kinetics with a Km for L-tryptophan of 50 microM. 3-Indoleacetamide and 3
      indoleacetic acid were identified as regulatory effectors. The apparent Ki for 3
      indoleacetamide was 7 microM; that for indoleacetic acid was 225 microM. At Km
      concentrations of tryptophan, enzyme activity was inhibited 50% by 25 microM 3
      indoleacetamide. In contrast, 230 microM indoleacetic acid was required to effect
      a similar inhibition. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were ineffective as regulatory
      metabolites. These results indicate that IAA synthesis in P. savastanoi is
      regulated by limiting tryptophan and by feedback inhibition from indoleacetamide
      and indoleacetic acid.

PMID- 3997823
TI  - Isolation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans from mature bovine articular
      cartilages.
AB  - Two species of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, called DS-PGI and DS-PGII, have
      been isolated from mature bovine articular cartilages. On sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at low ionic strength in 0.01 M phosphate the
      dermatan sulfate proteoglycans appeared as a single polydisperse species whose
      molecular weight ranged from 80,000 to 140,000. The dermatan sulfate
      proteoglycans eluted as a single peak on Sepharose CL-4B chromatography in 4 M
      guanidine hydrochloride and showed no tendency to separate into two components.
      Following chondroitinase AC and ABC digestion, a core protein was obtained whose
      molecular weight was 45,000. However, what appeared to be a single dermatan
      sulfate proteoglycan was consistently separated into two species of distinctly
      different mobilities by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      at high ionic strength in 0.375 M Tris. The molecular weight of the smaller
      species (DS-PGII) ranged from 87,000 to 120,000. The molecular weight of the
      larger species (DS-PGI) ranged from 165,000 to 285,000. DS-PGI self-associates in
      0.375 M Tris, while DS-PGII does not. This phenomenon was exploited to separate
      DS-PGI and DS-PGII by preparative electrophoresis on 5 to 20% gradient slab gels.
      The immunological identities of the individual species, DS-PGI and DS-PGII, were
      examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antiserum to
      cartilage-specific proteoglycan monomer from bovine articular cartilage and
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to DS-PGII. The polyclonal antiserum to
      cartilage-specific proteoglycan monomer did not react with DS-PGI or DS-PGII,
      indicating that DS-PGI and DS-PGII possess different core proteins from cartilage
      specific proteoglycan monomer. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised
      against the mixture of DS-PGI and DS-PGII reacted strongly with DS-PGII, but
      weakly or not at all with DS-PGI. These results suggest that DS-PGI and DS-PGII
      possess different core proteins and may represent two different species of
      dermatan sulfate proteoglycans.

PMID- 3997824
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the 17S ribosomal RNA gene of Tetrahymena thermophila
      and the identification of point mutations resulting in resistance to the
      antibiotics paromomycin and hygromycin.
AB  - We have determined the complete sequence of the nuclear gene encoding the small
      subunit (17 S) rRNA of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The gene
      encodes an RNA molecule which is 1753 nucleotides in length. The sequence of the
      Tetrahymena small subunit rRNA is homologous to those of other eukaryotes, and
      the predicted secondary structure for the molecule includes features which are
      characteristic of eukaryotic small subunit rRNAs. We have also determined the
      nature of two different mutations in the Tetrahymena 17 S gene which result in
      resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics paromomycin and hygromycin. In each
      case we have identified a single base change near the 3' end of the rRNA, within
      a region that is highly evolutionarily conserved in both sequence and secondary
      structure. Analysis of the effects of these mutations on rRNA structure, and of
      the impact of these drugs on translation, should help to elucidate the role of
      the small subunit ribosomal RNA in ribosome function.

PMID- 3997825
TI  - Biosynthesis of rat liver transhydrogenase in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The biosynthesis of pyridine dinucleotide transhydrogenase, a homodimeric inner
      mitochondrial membrane redox-linked proton pump, has been studied in isolated rat
      hepatocytes. Newly synthesized transhydrogenase, having an apparent molecular
      weight identical to the enzyme of isolated liver mitochondria, was selectively
      immunoprecipitated from detergent extracts of isolated hepatocytes which were
      labeled with [35S]methionine. That the enzyme is a nuclear gene product is
      indicated since 1) synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, but not by
      chloramphenicol and 2) no synthesis could be demonstrated in hepatocyte ghosts
      which are competent only in mitochondrial translation. In addition to the mature
      form of the enzyme, a species about 2000 daltons larger was also
      immunoprecipitated from pulse-labeled cells. The half-life of the larger form
      during a subsequent chase at 37 degrees C was about 2 min, whereas the mature
      form was not degraded. The relationship between the two forms of the enzyme was
      established by in vitro studies. A protein approximately 2000 daltons larger than
      mature transhydrogenase was immunoisolated from a rabbit reticulocyte lysate
      system programmed with sucrose gradient fractionated rat liver mRNA. This protein
      was converted to a species having the same size as mature enzyme after incubation
      with either intact rat liver mitochondria or a soluble matrix fraction derived
      from mitoplasts. These studies indicate that transhydrogenase is synthesized in
      the cytoplasm as a higher molecular weight precursor which is post
      translationally processed to the mature protein by a soluble matrix protease
      during or after membrane insertion.

PMID- 3997826
TI  - Site of synthesis of the proteins of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes. Evidence
      from cultured bovine cells.
AB  - In order to determine the sites of synthesis of the proteins of the mammalian
      mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome), bovine (MDBK) cells were labeled with
      [35S]methionine in the presence of inhibitors of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic
      protein synthesis. Labeling in the absence of cytoplasmic protein synthesis
      produced a "blank" fluorogram, indicating that there is no mitochondrial product.
      Additionally, incorporation of [35S]methionine into the enumerated mitoribosomal
      proteins continued in the absence of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Finally, it
      was demonstrated that mitoribosomal proteins can be both translated and assembled
      into complete mitoribosomes in the absence of mitochondrial protein synthesis.
      These results indicate that in mammals, as opposed to lower eukaryotes, all of
      the mitoribosomal proteins are products of cytoplasmic protein synthesis.

PMID- 3997827
TI  - Characterization of a major form of rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450
      induced by isoniazid.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450j has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from isoniazid
      treated adult male rats; and this enzyme appears to be a major protein induced in
      hepatic microsomes after administration of isoniazid, as judged by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hemoprotein has a minimum
      molecular weight of approximately 51,500, and the ferrous-carbonyl complex of
      cytochrome P-450j has a Soret maximum at 451-452 nm. The oxidized heme iron
      appears to be predominately in the high spin state as deduced from the Soret
      maximum at 395 nm. Ethylisocyanide binds to ferrous cytochrome P-450j to yield
      spectral maxima at approximately 458 and 430 nm with a resultant 458/430 ratio of
      0.7 at pH 7.4. Cytochrome P-450j has no measurable catalytic activity for the
      metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (3- and 9-hydroxylation), hexobarbital,
      testosterone, and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol-3,17-disulfate. Low,
      but detectable, catalytic activity is obtained for the metabolism of 7
      ethoxycoumarin, benzphetamine, p-nitroanisole, zoxazolamine, and 2-hydroxylation
      of 17 beta-estradiol. In contrast, cytochrome P-450j effectively catalyzes p
      hydroxylation of aniline with a turnover of 12.7 nmol/min/nmol cytochrome P-450j.
      Hydroxyl radical scavengers, Fe-EDTA, superoxide dismutase, and catalase have no
      effect on aniline p-hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450j. Cytochrome P
      450j is distinct from nine other rat hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450 (P-450a
      P-450i) previously purified in this laboratory, as well as different isozymes
      described by other investigators, based on several parameters including minimum
      molecular weight, spectral properties, and catalytic activity. In Ouchterlony
      double diffusion plates, antibodies against cytochromes P-450a-P-450f show no
      cross-reaction with cytochrome P-450j. Structural differences among cytochromes P
      450a-P-450j are apparent from the NH2-terminal sequence of cytochrome P-450j, as
      well as the electrophoretic profiles of proteolytic digests of the hemoproteins.

PMID- 3997828
TI  - Characterization of wild type and mutant glucocorticoid receptors from rat
      hepatoma and mouse lymphoma cells.
AB  - Using a combination of immunological blotting techniques and hormone affinity
      labeling, we have characterized the glucocorticoid receptors present in wild type
      and mutant rat hepatoma (HTC) and mouse thymoma (S49 and WEHI7) cells. Mutant HTC
      and WEHI7 cells of the receptorless phenotype, which contain greatly reduced
      amounts of glucocorticoid hormone binding activity, show parallel decreases in
      immunoreactive material using a monoclonal antibody raised against the rat liver
      glucocorticoid receptor. This indicates that these receptorless mutant cells
      harbor defects in either the production or accumulation of receptor protein.
      Quantitation of immunoreactivity and hormone binding activity present in wild
      type and mutant S49 cells indicates that these cells contain significantly more
      immunoreactive material than hormone binding activity. We conclude that S49 cells
      produce, in addition to their well characterized wild type or mutant receptors, a
      mutant receptor from a second allele which is of wild type size, is
      immunologically reactive, but is unable to bind hormone. The S49 mutant cell line
      nti (nuclear transfer increase) contains a glucocorticoid receptor which has a
      molecular weight of 40,000, while the wild type receptor has a molecular weight
      of 94,000. Affinity labeling of glucocorticoid receptors in nti cells with
      [3H]dexamethasone mesylate indicates that nti cells do not contain wild type
      sized precursor molecules which bind hormone, nor do they contain immunoreactive
      fragments of a molecular mass smaller than 94 kDa. It is proposed that the 40-kDa
      nti receptor is produced as a truncated protein most likely resulting from a
      nonsense mutation or from a truncated messenger RNA.

PMID- 3997829
TI  - c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene amplification and overexpression during the limited
      replicative life span of normal human fibroblasts.
AB  - The cellular proto-oncogene c-Ha-ras-1 undergoes up to 4-fold amplification
      during the limited replicative life span of normal human diploid fibroblasts in
      vitro. Levels of c-Ha-ras-1 messenger RNA and its p21 protein product are
      correspondingly elevated. Cellular proto-oncogene amplification and
      overexpression, although frequently associated with tumorigenesis, may thus occur
      during normal cellular growth.

PMID- 3997830
TI  - Lea-active heptaglycosylceramide, a hybrid of type 1 and type 2 chain, and the
      pattern of glycolipids with Lea, Leb, X (Lex), and Y (Ley) determinants in human
      blood cell membranes (ghosts). Evidence that type 2 chain can elongate
      repetitively but type 1 chain cannot.
AB  - Two major glycolipids reactive with the monoclonal anti-Lea antibody have been
      isolated from human blood cell membranes. One component was identified as
      lactofucopentaosyl(II)ceramide and the other as a ceramide heptassaccharide with
      the structure described below: (formula; see text) The structure includes the Lea
      determinant (type 1 chain) linked to lactoneotetraosylceramide (type 2 chain);
      thus, it is regarded to be a hybrid between type 1 and 2 chain. In addition, a
      minor component having the thin-layer chromatographic mobility of a ceramide
      nonasaccharide, which was reactive to anti-Lea antibody, was detected. No other
      component with a thin-layer chromatographic mobility slower than the above
      components and reactive to the anti-Lea antibody was detected. In contrast, a
      series of slowly migrating glycolipids having X (Lex) determinant (Gal beta 1---
      4(Fuc alpha 1----3)GlcNAc) was detected. A similar series of long chain
      glycolipids having Y (Ley) determinant (Fuc alpha 1----2Gal beta 1----4(Fuc1---
      3)GlcNAc) was detected in human blood cells; in contrast, only one major Leb
      glycolipid was found with the mobility of a ceramide hexasaccharide. No
      glycolipid with a long carbohydrate chain composed exclusively of type 1 chain
      was detected. Thus, chain elongation may proceed through type 2 chain, but not
      through type 1 chain. Lea and X (Lex) haptens are distributed equally among blood
      group A, B, and O red blood cells, whereas the quantity of Leb and Y (Ley)
      haptens is much lower in A and B blood cells than in O blood cells.

PMID- 3997831
TI  - Mechanism of autophosphorylation of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase.
AB  - The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase purified from rat
      brain cytosol undergoes a self-phosphorylation or autophosphorylation reaction.
      Our conclusion that this reaction is autocatalytic is based on the following
      lines of evidence: The autophosphorylation reaction and the protein kinase
      activity toward other substrates are absolutely dependent on the presence of both
      Ca2+ and calmodulin; autophosphorylation and phosvitin kinase activity show a
      similar time course and indistinguishable heat lability; the reaction is a
      consistent property of every preparation of rat brain kinase; the reaction is
      present in both crude and highly purified preparations of similar kinases or
      isozymes from rat lung, spleen, heart, bovine brain, and a neuronal tissue from
      Aplysia californica, a marine mollusk; phosphorylation of the kinase subunits is
      not mimicked by addition of cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+ plus diglyceride, or addition of the
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and is not blocked by the heat-stable inhibitor
      protein of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase; and the reaction is intramolecular.
      Autophosphorylation results in the stoichiometric incorporation of phosphate into
      both the 51,000- and 60,000-dalton subunits.

PMID- 3997832
TI  - 2.8-A Structure of penicillin-sensitive D-alanyl carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase
      from Streptomyces R61 and complexes with beta-lactams.
AB  - The crystallographic structure of the penicillin-sensitive D-alanyl
      carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 has been solved to 2.8-A
      resolution. The 38,000-dalton serine peptidase has two regions of secondary
      structure, an alpha/beta cluster, and a region which contains five helical
      segments. The beta sheet is composed of five beta strands. The tertiary structure
      has no homology with the classic serine proteases or with the zinc
      carboxypeptidases. The binding at a common site of three types of beta-lactam (a
      penicillin, a cephalosporin, a monocyclic beta-lactam) and a desazacyclobutanone
      has been observed in Fourier difference maps. The binding site sequence is Val
      Gly-Ser-Val-Thr-Lys. The beta-lactam ring lies near the enzyme's catalytic serine
      at position 37, and the C3 substituent of a cephalosporin falls near lysine 40.

PMID- 3997833
TI  - Evidence for separate pathways of transport of newly synthesized and preformed
      cholesterol into bile.
AB  - Marked kinetic differences were observed when hepatic newly synthesized
      cholesterol and preformed cholesterol were separately radiolabeled and separately
      traced into bile. Whereas newly synthesized cholesterol was not evenly
      distributed throughout the liver but was preferentially secreted into bile,
      preformed cholesterol was in near-complete equilibrium in the whole liver and
      bile. Furthermore, whereas newly synthesized cholesterol in bile originated from
      the interior of the hepatocyte, results suggest that biliary preformed
      cholesterol may be transported directly from the blood through the plasma
      membrane of the hepatocyte and secreted from the canaliculus without first
      entering the interior of the cell and mixing with newly synthesized cholesterol.

PMID- 3997834
TI  - Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by 2-bromooctanoate in cultured rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Triacylglycerol synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes was inhibited by 2
      bromooctanoate with a concomitant accumulation of diacylglycerols. 2
      Bromooctanoate inhibition could be ascribed to its thioesterification by medium
      chain fatty acyl-CoA synthase (Raaka, B.M., and Lowenstein, J.M. (1979) J. Biol.
      Chem. 254, 6755-6762) with 2-bromooctanoyl-CoA acting as a competitive inhibitor
      of diacylglycerol acyltransferase. The Ki of 2-bromooctanoyl-CoA was 1.5 microM
      compared with a Km of 25 microM for the palmitoyl-CoA substrate. Diacylglycerol
      esterification was also inhibited by C12-C16 2-bromo fatty acids. However,
      inhibition of triacylglycerol synthesis by long chain 2-bromo fatty acids was
      accompanied by decreased overall neutral lipid synthesis as a result of
      inhibition of the long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthase. Since 2-bromooctanoate was
      a poor inhibitor of the long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthase, it appears to
      function selectively as an inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase in
      cultured rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 3997835
TI  - Oxygen pressure gradients in isolated cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Intracellular oxygen pressure within intact isolated cardiac myocytes is studied
      as a function of steady state extracellular oxygen pressure. The fractional
      saturation of myoglobin with oxygen is used to report sarcoplasmic oxygen
      pressure. The fractional oxidation of cytochrome oxidase, the fractional
      oxidation of cytochrome c, the rate of respiratory oxygen uptake, and lactate
      accumulation are used to reflect the availability of oxygen at the inner
      mitochondrial membrane. These probes of mitochondrial function show no large
      change with decreasing extracellular oxygen pressure until that pressure is less
      than 2 torr and intracellular myoglobin is largely deoxygenated. Sarcoplasmic
      oxygen pressure in resting cells is nearly the same as extracellular oxygen
      pressure and is about 2 torr less in cells whose respiration has been increased
      3.5-fold by mitochondrial uncoupling. Oxygen pressure at the mitochondrial inner
      membrane differs from sarcoplasmic oxygen pressure by no more than 0.2 torr and
      from extracellular oxygen pressure by no more than 2 torr. We conclude that
      differences of oxygen pressure within the cardiac myocyte are very small. This
      implies that most of the large, about 20 torr, difference in oxygen pressure
      between capillary lumen and mitochondria of the working heart must be
      extracellular. We conclude also that mitochondria of the cardiac myocyte become
      oxygen limited only when sarcoplasmic myoglobin is almost entirely deoxygenated.

PMID- 3997836
TI  - Polymerization of ADP-actin and ATP-actin under sonication and characteristics of
      the ATP-actin equilibrium polymer.
AB  - Polymerization under sonication has been developed as a new method to study the
      rapid polymerization of actin with a large number of elongating sites. The theory
      proposed assumes that filaments under sonication are maintained at a constant
      length by the constant input of energy. The data obtained for the reversible
      polymerization of ADP-actin under sonication have been successfully analyzed
      according to the proposed model and, therefore, validate the model. The results
      obtained for the polymerization of ATP-actin under sonication demonstrate the
      involvement of ATP hydrolysis in the polymerization process. At high actin
      concentration, polymerization was fast enough, as compared to ATP hydrolysis on
      the F-actin, to obtain completion of the reversible polymerization of ATP-actin
      before significant hydrolysis of ATP occurred. A critical concentration of 3
      microM was determined as the ratio of the dissociation and association rate
      constants for the interaction of ATP-actin with the ATP filament ends in 1 mM
      MgCl2, 0.2 mM ATP. The plot of the rate of elongation of filaments versus actin
      monomer concentration exhibited an upward deviation at high actin concentration
      that is consistent with this result. The fact that F-actin at steady state is
      more stable than the ATP-F-actin polymer at equilibrium suggests that the
      interaction between ADP-actin and ATP-actin subunits at the end of the ATP-capped
      filament is much stronger than the interaction between two ATP-actin subunits.

PMID- 3997837
TI  - The interaction between ATP-actin and ADP-actin. A tentative model for actin
      polymerization.
AB  - The involvement of interactions between ATP-actin and ADP-actin in actin
      polymerization has been studied. It has been found that ATP-actin and ADP-actin
      can copolymerize and that the rate of nucleation is enhanced when both ATP-actin
      and ADP-actin are present in solution. The fact that the heterologous interaction
      between ATP-actin (T) and ADP-actin (D) is stronger than either of the homologous
      reactions, T-T and D-D, agrees with the kinetic data in the accompanying paper
      (Carlier, M.-F., Pantaloni, D., and Korn, E.D. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6565
      6571) which show that filament ends having the DT conformation are more stable
      than those having the TT conformation. These data are incorporated into a model
      for actin polymerization in ATP in which the kinetic parameters for
      polymerization depend on the nature of the nucleotide (ADP or ATP) bound to the
      three terminal subunits of the actin filament.

PMID- 3997838
TI  - Purification of a naturally produced, low molecular weight organic factor that
      reversibly blocks encystment of Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores.
AB  - The water mold Blastocladiella emersonii releases zoospore maintenance factor
      into the medium during zoosporogenesis. Extracellular factor mediates a
      reversible developmental block that maintains the motile, cell wall-less zoospore
      phenotype. A method for purifying the factor is reported that results in 75-120%
      recovery of biological activity. Analyses of purified factor by thin layer
      chromatography support the conclusion that factor activity resides in a single
      organic, low molecular weight molecular species. Other data (Gottschalk, W.K. &
      Sonneborn, D. R. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6592-6599) independently support this
      conclusion and, in addition, support the conclusion that biological activity
      resides in an SH-containing cyclic ribotide.

PMID- 3997839
TI  - Evidence that Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore maintenance factor is a
      sulfhydryl group-containing cyclic ribotide.
AB  - Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore maintenance factor (ZMF), released into the
      medium during zoospore production, mediates a reversible developmental block to
      zoospore encystment (Gottschalk, W. K., and Sonneborn, D. R. (1981) Exp. Mycol.
      5, 1-14 and (1982) Dev. Biol. 93, 165-180). Crude ZMF and purified ZMF display
      indistinguishable sensitivities/insensitivities to inactivations by several
      different chemical or enzymatic treatments. Such data have provided additional
      support for the conclusion (Gottschalk, W. K., and Sonneborn, D. R. (1985) J.
      Biol. Chem. 260, 6588-6591) that ZMF biological activity resides in a single
      molecular species. The inactivation analyses have provided substantial evidence
      that ZMF is a newly discovered SH-containing cyclic ribotide. At least one SH
      containing side group and at least one free amino group linked to an imidazole,
      as well as a ribosyl moiety containing a cyclic 3',5'-phosphate, a 2'-free
      hydroxyl, and a 1'-linkage to the imidazole, appear to be essential structural
      requirements for ZMF-mediated encystment blockage. The proposed structure of
      biologically functional ZMF is similar to that of a key intermediate in the de
      novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis (5'-phosphoribosyl-5
      aminoimidazole-4-N-succino-carboxamide), except that ZMF, and not 5'
      phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide, contains a cyclic
      phosphate and at least one reduced SH group.

PMID- 3997840
TI  - The transport and utilization of acetyl coenzyme A by rat liver Golgi vesicles. O
      acetylated sialic acids are a major product.
AB  - When intact rat liver Golgi vesicles were incubated with [acetyl-3H]acetyl
      coenzyme A, radioactivity was incorporated into the vesicles in a manner
      dependent upon temperature, time, protein, and acetyl-CoA concentration. The
      vesicles concentrated the label 121-fold relative to the medium within 20 min,
      suggesting an active transport mechanism operating in intact vesicles, and
      incorporated more than 50% of this label into acid-insoluble materials. This was
      supported by the finding that incorporation was markedly reduced by Triton X-100
      at levels above its critical micellar concentration. While the intravesicular low
      molecular weight fraction was predominantly free acetate, acetate ions themselves
      were not permeant to the vesicles. Double-label experiments suggested that the
      transport process involved the entire acetyl-CoA molecule. This was further
      supported by the fact that coenzyme ASH, palmitoyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA were
      markedly inhibitory. Incorporation was optimal at 22 degrees C at pH 7.0, and was
      moderately stimulated by ATP. However, compounds known to abolish proton
      gradients or to inhibit the Golgi proton pump had no effect. The apparent Km for
      the utilization process was 0.61 microM with a Vmax of 21.3 pmol/mg of
      protein/min. Oligomycin and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'disulfonic acid were
      inhibitory, whereas CMP-NeuAc, UDP-GlcNAc, adenosine 3'-phosphate, 5'
      phosphosulfate, atractylosides, tunicamycin, 2'5'-ADP, and 3',5'-ADP were not,
      showing that this transport process is distinct from other nucleotide
      transporters previously described in rat liver Golgi. 75-85% of the radioactivity
      incorporated was shown to be in O-acetylated sialic acids, by neuraminidase
      release, purification, and high pressure liquid chromatography. The majority of
      the neuraminidase-resistant radioactivity was released by alkaline hydroxylamine
      as [3H]acetylhydroxamate, but a significant fraction was resistant to this
      treatment. The nature of the non-sialic acid radioactivity remains unknown. The
      existence of this transport mechanism provides yet another level at which the O
      acetylation of sialic acids could be regulated.

PMID- 3997841
TI  - Microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. Purification and
      characterization of delta 7-sterol 5-desaturase of rat liver microsomes.
AB  - Microsomal delta 7-sterol 5-desaturase of cholesterol biosynthesis is a
      multienzyme system which catalyzes the introduction of the delta 5-bond into
      delta 7-cholestenol to form 7-dehydrocholesterol. The detergent-solubilized 5
      desaturase has been purified more than 70-fold and resolved from electron
      carriers and other rat liver microsomal enzymes of sterol biosynthesis by
      chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, CM-Sepharose, and immobilized cytochrome b5; the
      5-desaturase had not been fully resolved from cytochrom b5 reductase in earlier
      work. A functional electron transport system for the 5-desaturase has been
      reconstituted by combining the purified 5-desaturase and electron carriers with
      egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Optimizations of conditions for reconstitution
      have been obtained; both cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase serve as
      electron carriers. A pyridine nucleotide-dependent flavoprotein is required and
      the requirement can be satisfied with either purified cytochrome b5 reductase or
      cytochrome P-450 reductase. Cyanide and iron-chelators strikingly inhibit the 5
      desaturase activity, thus suggesting that 5-desaturase is a metalloenzyme as are
      other well-characterized cytochrome b5-dependent oxidases. 5-Desaturase is
      resolved from 4-methyl sterol oxidase activity of cholesterol biosynthesis by
      chromatography on the immobilized cytochrome b5. This resolution of the two
      oxidases not only indicates that introduction of the delta 5-bond and oxidation
      of 4 alpha-methyl groups are catalyzed by different terminal oxidases, but
      resolution affords enzymes of sufficient purity to carry out reconstitution
      experiments. A novel assay based on substrate-dependent increments of oxidation
      of alpha-NADH has been developed for measurement of 5-desaturase activity.
      Measurement of stoichiometry of 5-desaturase demonstrates that for each
      equivalent of cis-desaturation of delta 7-cholestenol, 1 eq of NADH is consumed.
      Along with strict dependence upon oxygen, this observation confirms, as suggested
      by previous workers, that the 5-desaturation is catalyzed by a mixed function
      oxidase rather than a dehydrogenase.

PMID- 3997842
TI  - Embryonal lactosaminoglycan. The structure of branched lactosaminoglycans with
      novel disialosyl (sialyl alpha 2----9 sialyl) terminals isolated from PA1 human
      embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - Lactosaminoglycan glycopeptides were isolated from human PA1 embryonal carcinoma
      cells and their structures were elucidated. The glycopeptides were digested by
      Escherichia freundii endo-beta-galactosidase before and after the modifications
      by exoglycosidases. The core glycopeptides and oligosaccharides thus obtained and
      the intact glycopeptides were analyzed by methylation, fast atom bombardment-mass
      spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on these
      experiments, the structures of PA1 lactosaminoglycans were found to have the
      following unique features. 1) Three lactosaminoglycan fractions of different
      molecular weights were isolated by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration.
      Lactosaminoglycans of the highest molecular weight (GpI) have tetra-antennary
      cores, those of intermediate molecular weight (GpII) have triantennary cores and
      those of low molecular weight (GpIII) have triantennary and tetra-antennary
      cores. 2) GpI is composed of 22-26 lactosaminyl units and 7-9 branched galactose
      residues, GpII is composed of 16-22 lactosaminyl units and 5-7 branched galactose
      residues, and GpIII is composed of 12-16 lactosaminyl units and 3-4 branched
      galactose residues. 3) Each branch is short and is composed of the Gal beta 1---
      4GlcNAc beta 1----6 structure. 4) Sialic acid is preferentially linked to
      nonreducing terminal regions and a significant amount of the novel disialosyl
      structure, NeuNAc alpha 2----9NeuNAc alpha 2----3/6Gal, is present at the
      terminals of the longer polylactosaminyl side chains. 5) These lactosaminoglycans
      are carried by cell surface glycoproteins of Mr = 80,000 approximately 120,000,
      as evidenced by lectin-agarose chromatography.

PMID- 3997843
TI  - Heme transfer between phospholipid membranes and uptake by apohemoglobin.
AB  - The incorporation of CO-heme into single bilayer, egg lecithin vesicles was
      examined by following the spectral changes that occur when the porphyrin becomes
      embedded in the membranes. The rate of CO-heme uptake by liposomes is extremely
      fast (t1/2 less than or equal to 20 ms at 10 degrees C), and the maximum extent
      is roughly 1 heme/5 phospholipid molecules. This limiting stoichiometry is due to
      unfavorable electrostatic interactions between the propionate groups of the bound
      CO-heme. This effect was treated theoretically by attenuating the intrinsic heme
      partitioning equilibrium constant with an exponential term reflecting the surface
      potential of the membranes. The surface potential was assumed to be proportional
      to the concentration of CO-heme in the membranes, and the final expression is Kp
      = Kop exp[-AHb/VpCp], where Kp is the observed partition constant; Kop, the
      intrinsic constant; Hb, the concentration of bound heme in the suspension; Vp,
      the partial molar volume of egg lecithin; Cp, the concentration of lipid
      phosphate; and A, an empirical constant representing the capacitance of the
      membrane for heme. For the analysis of kinetic data, the electrostatic term is
      assumed to apply only to the membrane dissociation rate constant, k-1, and not
      the association rate constant, k1. The dissociation rate was measured
      independently either by following the transfer of CO-heme from one vesicle
      fraction to another or by monitoring heme efflux from the membranes and
      incorporation into apohemoglobin at high protein concentrations. The data for all
      three sets of experiments, heme uptake, transfer, and incorporation into globin
      at 10 degrees C, were fitted quantitatively to the partitioning mechanism using A
      = 15 M-1, Kop = 5 X 10(5), k1 = 2 X 10(6) s-1, and k0(-1) = 4 s-1. Thus, heme can
      spontaneously migrate across lipid-water interfaces and hence diffuse rapidly
      from the mitochondrial inner membrane where it is synthesized to the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum where it is incorporated into hemoglobin.

PMID- 3997844
TI  - Electrolyte transport across the basolateral membrane of the parietal cells.
AB  - The ion-transport properties of the basal lateral membranes of intact isolated
      parietal cells were studied at the cellular and subcellular level. The presence
      of an amiloride-sensitive Na+:H+ exchange was demonstrated in cells by proton
      gradient-driven Na+ uptake and by changes in cell pH as monitored by
      dimethylcarboxylfluorescein fluorescence both in a fluorimeter and on single
      isolated cells using a fluorescence microscope and an attached intensified
      photodiode array spectrophotometer. The presence of the Na+:H+ antiport in
      vesicles was shown both by intravesicular acidification monitored by acridine
      orange fluorescent quenching and by proton gradient-dependent Na+ uptake. The
      presence of Cl-:HCO-3 exchange was determined in intact cells by monitoring
      changes in cell pH due to Cl- uptake and was shown to be 4,4'
      diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid- and 4-acetamido-4'
      isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid-sensitive. In vesicles, Cl-:HCO-3
      exchange was demonstrated by Cl- flux measurement. The apparent affinities for
      both Cl- and HCO-3 on either side of the membrane were determined to be Km Cli =
      20 mM, Km Clout = 17.5 mM, Km HCO-3in = 2.5 mM, and Km HCO-3out = 7.5 mM. A K+
      conductance in cells and vesicles was demonstrated by monitoring K+ gradient
      dependent 86Rb uptake. No evidence was found for the presence of a Cl-
      conductance in either cells or vesicles but a H+ conductance was found to be
      present in vesicles but not in intact cells. In the latter, by determining the
      effect of either Na+ or Cl- gradients on cell pH and by flux calculations it was
      concluded that the Cl-:HCO-3 exchange was the major passive flux mechanism for pH
      regulation in this cell type.

PMID- 3997845
TI  - Inhibition of fumarase by S-2,3-dicarboxyaziridine.
AB  - S-2,3-Dicarboxyaziridine was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor (Ki =
      0.08 microM) of fumarase from pig heart. The aziridine did not inactivate the
      enzyme or exhibit any observable substrate activity. It is likely that it
      functions as a transition state analogue mimicking the carbanion intermediate
      found in the normal catalytic reaction. The aziridine inhibited fumarate
      utilization in ruptured but not intact mitochondria.

PMID- 3997846
TI  - Purification and characterization of cytosolic sialidase from rat liver.
AB  - Sialidase has been purified from rat liver cytosol 83,000-fold by sequential
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose, Blue-Sepharose, Sephadex G-200,
      and heparin-Sepharose. When subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      slab gel electrophoresis, the purified cytosolic sialidase moved as a single
      protein band with Mr = 43,000, a value similar to that obtained by sucrose
      density gradient centrifugation. The purified enzyme was active toward all of the
      sialooligosaccharides, sialoglycoproteins, and gangliosides tested except for
      submaxillary mucins and GM1 and GM2 gangliosides. Those substrates possessing
      alpha 2----3 sialyl linkage were hydrolyzed much faster than those with alpha 2--
      -6 or alpha 2----8 linkage. The optimum pH was 6.5 for sialyllactose and 6.0 for
      orosomucoid and mixed brain gangliosides. The activity toward sialyllactose was
      lost progressively with the progress of purification but restored by addition of
      proteins such as bovine serum albumin. In contrast, neither reduction by
      purification nor restoration by albumin was observed for the activity toward
      orosomucoid. When mixed gangliosides were the substrate, bile acids were required
      for activity and this requirement became almost absolute after the enzyme had
      been purified extensively. Intracellular distribution study showed that about 15%
      of the neutral sialidase activity was in the microsomes. The enzyme could be
      released by 0.5 M NaCl; the released enzyme was indistinguishable from the
      cytosolic sialidase in properties.

PMID- 3997847
TI  - Actin-binding peptide obtained by the cyanogen bromide cleavage of the 20-kDa
      fragment of myosin subfragment-1.
AB  - The 20-kDa fragment of myosin subfragment-1 heavy chain was cleaved with cyanogen
      bromide. Gel electrophoresis of the fragmented peptides indicated the presence of
      20-, 18-, 16-, 14-, 12-, and 10-kDa peptides in addition to two peptides smaller
      than 10 kDa. The renaturation procedure of Muhlrad and Morales (Muhlrad, A., and
      Morales, M. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81, 1003-1007) was applied to
      the mixture of these peptides. The peptides larger than 10 kDa, which contain
      both the reactive SH1 and SH2 groups, were precipitated with F-actin by
      ultracentrifugation. The 10-kDa peptide was purified and was identified as p10 of
      Elzinga and Collins (Elzinga, M., and Collins, J. H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U. S. A. 74, 4281-4284). The renaturation procedure was applied to the
      purified 10-kDa peptide. The 10-kDa peptide was also precipitated with F-actin by
      ultracentrifugation. Affinity of the 10-kDa peptide for F-actin was determined
      with an increase of turbidity, and the apparent dissociation constant was 0.94
      microM. Results are consistent with our proposition that a binding site for F
      actin exists around the SH1 and SH2 groups of subfragment-1 (Katoh, T., Imae, S.,
      and Morita, F. (1984) J. Biochem. 95, 447-454; Katoh, T., and Morita, F. (1984)
      J. Biochem. 96, 1223-1230).

PMID- 3997848
TI  - Purification and properties of a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent histidine
      decarboxylase from Morganella morganii AM-15.
AB  - A pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent histidine decarboxylase from Morganella
      morganii AM-15 was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is a tetramer (Mr 170,000)
      of identical subunits and binds 4 pyridoxal-P/tetramer; it is resolved by
      dialysis against cysteine at pH 6.8. Between pH 6.2 and 8.8, the holoenzyme shows
      pH-independent absorbance maxima at 333 and 416 nm. Vmax/Km is highest at pH 6.5;
      this optimum reflects chiefly increased Km values for histidine at lower or
      higher pH values, whereas Vmax is highest at pH 5.0 and decreases only moderately
      between pH 5.0 and 8.0. The enzyme also decarboxylates beta-(2-pyridyl)alanine
      and N tau-methylhistidine (but not N pi-methylhistidine); arginine, lysine, and
      ornithine are neither substrates nor inhibitors. The hydrazine analogue of
      histidine, 2-hydrazino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid, is a very potent
      competitive inhibitor; other carbonyl reagents and a variety of carboxyl- or
      amino-substituted histidines also inhibit competitively. alpha
      Fluoromethylhistidine is a potent irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme; alpha
      methylhistidine is a competitive inhibitor/substrate that is decarboxylated
      slowly and undergoes a slow decarboxylation-dependent transamination that
      converts the holoenzyme to pyridoxamine-P and apoenzyme. Dithiothreitol and other
      simple thiols are mixed-type inhibitors that interact with pyridoxal-P at the
      active site to form complexes (lambda max congruent to 340 nm), presumably the
      corresponding thioalkylamines, without resolving the holoenzyme. This histidine
      decarboxylase (Vmax = 72 mumol X min-1 X mg-1) is much more active than
      "homogeneous" preparations of mammalian pyridoxal-P-dependent histidine
      decarboxylase (Vmax congruent to 1.0) and is about equal in activity to the
      pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylases from Gram-positive bacteria.

PMID- 3997849
TI  - Lead-binding properties of intestinal calcium-binding proteins.
AB  - The bovine and chick vitamin D-induced intestinal calcium-binding proteins (CaBP)
      bind lead. Bovine CaBP binds 2 atoms of lead/molecule, and chick CaBP binds 4
      atoms of lead per molecule and these values are identical to those for calcium
      binding. 45Calcium-displacement studies indicate significantly higher affinities
      for lead than for calcium for both proteins. All evidence indicates that lead is
      bound to the 4 high affinity calcium-binding sites on chick CaBP and to the
      corresponding 2 high affinity sites on bovine CaBP, and that binding of lead to
      sulfhydryl groups is, relatively, not significant. Calmodulin, troponin C, and
      oncomodulin also bind lead with high affinities and in preference to calcium,
      indicating that lead binding is a general property of proteins belonging to the
      troponin C superfamily of calcium-binding proteins.

PMID- 3997850
TI  - The effects of ionic strength on the protein conformation and the fluidity of
      porcine intestinal brush border membranes. Fluorometric studies using N-[7
      dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl]maleimide and pyrene.
AB  - The effects of ionic strength on the conformation around the SH groups of the
      proteins and the lipid fluidity of porcine intestinal brush border membranes were
      studied using two fluorescent dyes, N-[7-dimethylamino-4
      methylcoumarinyl]maleimide (DACM) and pyrene. The extent of DACM labeling to the
      SH groups of the membrane proteins was accelerated depending on the KCl
      concentrations in medium. A quenching study of DACM-labeled membranes with
      acrylamide showed that the proximity of the quencher to the fluorescence-labeled
      SH groups in the membrane proteins is increased with increasing ionic strength of
      medium. An implication of the conformational changes around SH groups in the
      membrane proteins with increase of ionic strength was also obtained from the
      stimulation of guanidine effect on the fluorescence parameters of DACM-labeled
      membranes by addition of KCl. On the other hand, the results of the quenching
      study with KI, excimer fluorescence, and polarization measurements of pyrene
      labeled membranes suggested an increase of membrane fluidity on addition of KCl
      to medium. The temperature dependence of polarization of the complex strongly
      suggested that the rotational freedom of pyrene molecules embedded into the lipid
      layers of the membranes is increased by addition of KCl. In fact, the harmonic
      means of the rotational relaxation times of pyrene molecules in the membranes
      with and without 100 mM KCl were estimated to be about 2900 and 9000 ns at 25
      degrees C, respectively. Based on these results, the salt-induced alterations of
      the conformation in the vicinity of the bound dyes of the membrane proteins and
      of the membrane fluidity are discussed.

PMID- 3997851
TI  - Binding of glycolytic enzymes to cardiac sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticular
      membranes.
AB  - Glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase activities
      were associated with a particulate fraction in a cardiac homogenate preparation.
      NaCl treatment displaced these activities from the particulate fraction. These
      membrane-associated glycolytic enzymes were gradually lost during the rigorous
      isolation procedures needed to purify sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticular
      vesicles. However, exogenously added enzymes did bind to these purified membranes
      in relatively large quantities (glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase: 1.14 mg
      of enzyme/mg of sarcolemma, 0.30 mg of enzyme/mg of sarcoplasmic reticulum;
      phosphoglycerate kinase: 1.02 mg of enzyme/mg of sarcolemma, 0.12 mg of enzyme/mg
      of sarcoplasmic reticulum), which suggests a nonspecific type of binding
      interaction. Approximately 50% of the glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and
      90% of the phosphoglycerate kinase were inactivated upon binding. NaCl removed
      the enzyme from the membranes in a concentration-dependent manner similar to its
      effects in the particulate fraction. Dimethonium (5 mM), an organic divalent
      cation which screens membrane-surface charge, removed greater than 90%
      glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase from the sarcolemmal membrane. These
      results, and those with NaCl, suggest that the binding of the enzyme to the
      membrane is charge-related. Phospholipids extracted from the sarcolemmal membrane
      were capable of binding and inactivating both glycolytic enzymes. Purified
      anionic phospholipids were more potent at binding and inactivating both enzymes
      than were neutral phospholipids. These data show that glyceraldehyde-phosphate
      dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase can bind to sarcolemmal and
      sarcoplasmic reticular membranes. This binding is reversible, charge-dependent,
      and inhibitory. This binding is likely to involve anionic membrane phospholipids.

PMID- 3997852
TI  - Frontal affinity chromatography of ovalbumin glycoasparagines on a concanavalin A
      sepharose column. A quantitative study of the binding specificity of the lectin.
AB  - The interactions of Sepharose 4B-immobilized concanavalin A (ConA) with 10
      glycoasparagines derived from ovalbumin were investigated quantitatively by
      frontal affinity chromatography. In this method, a carbohydrate solution is
      applied continuously to a ConA-Sepharose column and the retardation of the
      elution front is measured as a parameter of the strength of the interaction. The
      dissociation constant (Kd) for each saccharide with ConA can be determined. An
      analysis of the binding of p-nitrophenyl-alpha,D-mannoside has shown that the
      binding properties of ConA do not change essentially after immobilization on
      Sepharose 4B. Each of the ovalbumin glycoasparagines was labeled with tritium by
      the reductive methylation method for analysis. A comparison of the Kd values
      obtained showed that the binding of ConA varies considerably with very slight
      structural differences of the glycosyl chain. The results suggest that ConA
      recognizes a specific glycosyl chain structure, Man alpha 1-6(Man alpha 1-3)Man,
      in which at least one hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of C-6-linked mannose
      should be free. The glycoasparagines containing this structure bound strongly to
      ConA-Sepharose with dissociation constants below 3.4 X 10(-7) M.

PMID- 3997853
TI  - Interaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with isolated microsomal
      subfractions of skeletal muscle.
AB  - A protein of subunit Mr 34,000 (corrected here and subsequently to 36,000) has
      been isolated from a muscle homogenate which catalyzes the formation of the triad
      junction from isolated transverse tubules and terminal cisternae. This protein is
      identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase on the basis of N-terminal
      amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, and enzymic activity. The oxidation
      of glyceraldehyde phosphate by the enzyme is slowly but progressively inhibited
      by terminal cisternae, longitudinal reticulum, and transverse tubules. Addition
      of Triton X-100 to terminal cisternae markedly enhances and accelerates the
      inhibition. Two distinct constituents of microsomes exhibit a progressive
      inhibition. One component has been fractionated on a hydroxyapatite column and
      was identified as calsequestrin. Calsequestrin reveals an immediate inhibition of
      glyceraldehyde phosphate oxidation which can be reversed by concentrations of
      CaCl2 below millimolar levels or by high ionic strength. Isolated terminal
      cisternae contain glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase which can be extracted
      by high ionic strength.

PMID- 3997854
TI  - Purification and characterization of a bioluminescence-related fatty acyl
      esterase from Vibrio harveyi.
AB  - Vibrio harveyi extracts contain three polypeptides (32, 42, and 57 kDa) which are
      involved in long-chain aldehyde biosynthesis and can be labeled with [3H]
      tetradecanoic acid (+ATP) and/or [3H]tetradecanoyl-CoA. These proteins have been
      separated from other labeled bands by ammonium sulfate fractionation, and the 32
      kDa polypeptide has been further purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange, gel
      filtration, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. In aqueous buffers at pH 7, the
      32-kDa protein catalyzes the hydrolysis of tetradecanoyl-CoA at a low rate (0.01
      mumol/min/mg) to form free fatty acids. The thioesterase rate is slightly
      increased by phosphate, which also protects the enzyme against inhibition by the
      sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide. Acyl-CoA cleavage is dramatically stimulated
      (up to 100-fold) by certain organic solvents, in particular glycerol and ethylene
      glycol, with the fatty acyl group being transferred to the alcohol acceptors.
      These enzymatic properties may be related to the role of the 32-kDa esterase in
      generating fatty acids for subsequent use in the V. harveyi bioluminescent
      system.

PMID- 3997855
TI  - Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. A study of the roles of Co-eIF-2, Co
      eIF-2A80, and GDP in peptide chain initiation.
AB  - The roles of Co-eIF-2, Co-eIF-2A80, and GDP in ternary complex and Met-tRNAf X 40
      S initiation complex formation were studied. 1) Partially purified eukaryotic
      initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) (50% pure) preparations contained 0.4-0.6 pmol of
      bound GDP/pmol of eIF-2. eIF-2 purity was calculated from ternary complex
      formation in the absence of Mg2+ and in the presence of excess Co-eIF-2. 2) In
      the absence of Mg2+, approximately 30% of the potentially active eIF-2 molecules
      formed ternary complexes, and both Co-eIF-2 and Co-eIF-2A80 were equally
      effective in full activation of the eIF-2 molecules for ternary complex
      formation. 3) In the presence of Mg2+, approximately 10% of the potentially
      active eIF-2 molecules formed ternary complexes in the absence of ancillary
      factors, and the ancillary factors Co-eIF-2A80 and Co-eIF-2 raised the
      incorporation to 20 and 50% of the eIF-2 molecules, respectively. 4) In the
      absence of Mg2+, [3H]GDP in preformed eIF-2 X [3H]GDP was readily displaced by
      GTP during ternary complex formation. 5) In the presence of Mg2+, [3H]GDP
      remained tightly bound to eIF-2 and ternary complex formation was inhibited. Co
      eIF-2, but not Co-eIF-2A80, was effective in promoting [3H]GDP displacement and
      the former was more effective in promoting ternary complex formation than the
      latter. 6) eIF-2 X [3H]GDP was converted to eIF-2 X [3H] GTP by incubation in the
      presence of nucleoside-5'-diphosphate kinase and ATP, but the eIF-2 X [3H]GTP
      thus formed did not bind Met-tRNAf in the presence of Mg2+ and required
      exogeneous addition of Co-eIF-2 and GTP for ternary complex formation and GTP
      displacement. 7) In the absence of Mg2+, the increased ternary complex formed in
      the presence of eIF-2 X [3H] GDP and Co-eIF-2A80 (with accompanying loss of [3H]
      GDP) was inactive in a subsequent reaction, which involves Met-tRNAf transfer to
      40 S ribosomes (in the presence of Mg2+), and required trace amounts of Co-eIF-2
      for such activity. Based on the above observations, we have suggested a two-step
      activation of eIF-2 molecules by the Co-eIF-2 protein complex for functional
      ternary complex formation. One of these steps involves the Co-eIF-2A component of
      Co-eIF-2. This activation results in stimulated Met-tRNAf binding to eIF-2 and is
      most apparent in the absence of Mg2+ and with aged eIF-2 molecules.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3997856
TI  - Cross-linking of the enzymes in the glycosome of Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - Glycosomes, the microbody-like organelles containing mainly glycolytic enzymes,
      were purified from the long slender bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei EATRO
      110 monomorphic strain by an improved method in which the protozoa were frozen
      and thawed in 15% glycerol to free, from the plasma membrane, much of the variant
      surface glycoprotein which used to constitute the major contaminant of our
      purified glycosomes. The purified glycosomes have 11 major proteins, 6 of which,
      tentatively identified as phosphofructose kinase, hexokinase, 3-phosphoglycerate
      kinase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, constitute 87% of the total glycosomal protein.
      The bifunctional cross-linking reagents dimethyl suberimidate and dimethyl-3,3'
      dithiobispropionimidate can penetrate the glycosomal membrane and cause extensive
      cross-linking of all the major glycosomal proteins. The cross-linked complex,
      insoluble in 0.1% Triton X-100 plus 0.15 M NaCl, contains all the glycosomal
      enzyme activities with only partial inactivations. All the enzymes are probably
      cross-linked into one large complex since they all sediment rapidly to the bottom
      of a 5-20% (v/v) sucrose density gradient. This successful cross-linking with
      reagents of span lengths of 11-12 A suggests close proximities among the
      glycosomal enzymes which may explain the extraordinarily high rate of glycolysis
      in T. brucei. Whether such a close association represents specific spatial
      arrangement required for genuine substrate channeling among the enzymes will be
      verified by future kinetic studies of the cross-linked enzyme complex.

PMID- 3997857
TI  - Protease nexin. Properties and a modified purification procedure.
AB  - The present paper describes chemical and functional properties of protease nexin,
      a serine protease inhibitor released from cultured human fibroblasts. It is shown
      that protease nexin is actually synthesized by fibroblasts and represents about
      1% of their secreted protein. Analysis of the amino acid composition of purified
      protease nexin indicates that it is evolutionarily related to antithrombin III
      and heparin cofactor II. Protease nexin contains approximately 6% carbohydrate,
      with 2.3% amino sugar, 1.1% neutral sugar, and 3.0% sialic acid. The Mr
      calculated from equilibrium sedimentation analysis is 43,000. Protease nexin is a
      broad specificity inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases. It reacts rapidly
      with trypsin (kassoc = 4.2 +/- 0.4 X 10(6) M-1 s-1), thrombin (kassoc = 6.0 +/-
      1.3 X 10(5) M-1 s-1), urokinase (kassoc = 1.5 +/- 0.1 X 10(5) M-1 s-1), and
      plasmin (kassoc = 1.3 +/- 0.1 X 10(5) M-1 s-1), and slowly inhibits Factor Xa and
      the gamma subunit of nerve growth factor but does not inhibit chymotrypsin-like
      proteases or leukocyte elastase. In the presence of heparin, protease nexin
      inhibits thrombin at a nearly diffusion-controlled rate. Two heparin affinity
      classes of protease nexin can be detected. The present characterization pertains
      to the fraction of protease nexin having the higher affinity for heparin. The low
      affinity material, which is the minor fraction, is lost during purification.

PMID- 3997858
TI  - The rat casein multigene family. Fine structure and evolution of the beta-casein
      gene.
AB  - Eight overlapping phage clones, spanning 34.4 kilobase pairs of genomic DNA,
      containing the 7.2-kilobase pair rat beta-casein gene have been isolated and
      characterized. The first 510 base pairs (bp) of 5' flanking, 110 bp of 3'
      flanking, and all the exon/intron junctions have been sequenced. The beta-casein
      gene contains 9 exons ranging in size from 21 to 525 bp. We have attempted to
      identify potential regulatory elements by searching for regions of sequence
      homology shared between milk protein genes which respond similarly to lactogenic
      hormones and by searching for previously reported hormone receptor-binding sites.
      Within the conserved first 200 bp of 5' flanking sequences 3 regions of greater
      than 70% homology were observed between the rat beta- and gamma-casein genes. One
      of these contains a region 90% homologous to the chicken progesterone receptor
      binding site. The conserved 5' noncoding region, the highly conserved signal
      peptide, and the hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal region of the protein are each
      encoded by a separate exon. In contrast the evolutionarily conserved
      phosphorylation site of beta-casein is formed by an RNA-splicing event. The exons
      which encode the phosphorylation sites of beta-casein appear to have resulted
      from an intragenic duplication. Based upon the exon structure of the casein
      genes, an evolutionary model of intragenic and intergenic exon duplications for
      this gene family is proposed.

PMID- 3997859
TI  - Purification and characterization of a new form (RLM2) of liver microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 from untreated rat.
AB  - A new cytochrome P-450 isozyme (RLM2) has been purified to electrophoretic
      homogeneity from liver microsomes of the untreated rat. It has an apparent
      minimum molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of 49,000. Absolute spectrum of the oxidized form indicates that
      this isozyme is essentially all in the low spin state. The maximum of the reduced
      CO complex is at 449 nm. Amino-terminal partial amino acid sequence and amino
      acid composition are different from those of RLM3 and RLM5, two other native
      forms of cytochrome P-450 previously reported from this laboratory as well as
      other forms reported in the literature. RLM2 is capable of oxidizing a variety of
      drug substrates, like benzphetamine and aminopyrine, and to a lesser extent
      ethoxycoumarin. With the steroid substrate multiple isomeric products are formed
      differentially. Progesterone is preferentially hydroxylated at the 15-position
      (15 beta-hydroxylation (34%) and 15 alpha-hydroxylation (13%) of the total) and
      at the 6 beta-position (21%). The major metabolite when testosterone was the
      substrate, 15 alpha-hydroxytestosterone, comprised 43% of the total, while a
      modest amount of 6 beta-hydroxytestosterone (12%) is formed. Another major
      metabolite (31%) has yet to be unequivocally identified, but is suggested to be 7
      beta-hydroxytestosterone. Examination of the substrate dependence of major and
      minor isomeric metabolites provides evidence for a single substrate-binding site
      on RLM2. Regardless of the position hydroxylated, a common Km value was obtained.
      It is suggested that differences in formation of the isomeric and epimeric
      products relate to differences in distance from the active oxygen center and the
      position of attack.

PMID- 3997860
TI  - Dihydroxyacetone synthase is an abundant constituent of the methanol-induced
      peroxisome of Candida boidinii.
AB  - Methylotrophic yeasts induce large peroxisomes when grown on methanol. The recent
      ability to stabilize and isolate these peroxisomes at pH 5.5 has led to the
      demonstration that two polypeptides comprise the bulk of the peroxisome of
      Candida boidinii, alcohol oxidase, and a 79-kDa species, determined by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (Goodman, J.M., Scott, C.W.,
      Donahue, P.N., and Atherton, J.P. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8485-8493). The 79
      kDa peroxisomal protein is now identified as dihydroxyacetone synthase, the first
      enzyme in the assimilatory pathway of formaldehyde utilization. This
      identification is based on several criteria: The enzyme activity is mainly in a
      particulate fraction at pH 5.5 but not at pH 8.0. It copurifies with alcohol
      oxidase and catalase on sucrose gradients. The 79-kDa protein behaves as a
      135,000-kDa dimer on gel filtration, similar to the published behavior of the
      enzyme. The specific activity of dihydroxyacetone synthase in the pure 79-kDa
      preparation (3.20 units/mg of protein) is close to that reported for the purified
      enzyme (3.88 units/mg of protein). Antibodies against dihydroxyacetone synthase
      were used to show that its synthesis, induction, and assembly are similar to that
      of alcohol oxidase. Neither contains a detectable cleaved leader sequence and
      both are assembled post-translationally. The localization of dihydroxyacetone
      synthase to the peroxisome may influence the regulation of the two pathways of
      formaldehyde utilization and may protect the cell from damage by formaldehyde.

PMID- 3997861
TI  - Chromium-induced cross-linking of nuclear proteins and DNA.
AB  - The in vivo cross-linking of proteins to DNA in intact Novikoff ascites hepatoma
      cells exposed to the chromium salt K2CrO4 was studied. DNA-protein complexes were
      assayed by high speed centrifugation of cells solubilized in buffered 4% sodium
      dodecyl sulfate and by electrophoretic identification of proteins associated with
      DNA-containing pellets. Further evidence of DNA-protein complexes, not
      dissociable in this buffer, was obtained by CsCl gradient centrifugation. Time
      dependence experiments showed that detectable cross-linking occurred after cells
      were exposed to chromium salt for at least 4 h, and the amount of DNA-protein
      complexes increased with longer incubation times. Complex formation occurred only
      with chromium salt concentrations of 200 microM or greater, and maximal cross
      linking was effected at 5 mM. Immunotransfer methodology employing antibodies to
      nuclear matrix fraction and lamins was used to identify some of the polypeptides
      comprising the cross-linked complexes. These studies indicated specificity of
      chromium-induced complex formation within the nuclear protein fractions assayed.
      Our results document the ability of chromate to produce specific DNA-protein
      cross-links in living cells.

PMID- 3997862
TI  - Identification of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte C5a receptor.
AB  - The peptide C5a is thought to play an important role in the inflammatory response
      primarily through its action on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN). The
      receptor for C5a on human PMN has now been identified by affinity labeling. Cross
      linking 125I-C5a to intact PMN with disuccinimidyl suberate produced a species
      that had a molecular mass on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels of 5.2 X 10(4) daltons.
      We believe this species represents a complex between C5a and its receptor for the
      following reasons. The band is eliminated if the cross-linking experiment is
      performed in the presence of a large excess of unlabeled C5a, but is unaffected
      by the presence of nonspecific protein or the chemotactic factors N-formyl-Met
      Leu-Phe and leukotriene B4. The 5.2 X 10(4)-dalton species is not observed if the
      cross-linker is omitted. Finally, the dose-response curves for the inhibition of
      binding of 125I-C5a by unlabeled C5a and the inhibition of cross-linking are
      similar. Subtraction of the molecular mass of C5a from that of the complex gives
      a molecular mass for the binding moiety of the C5a receptor of 4.0 X 10(4)
      daltons.

PMID- 3997863
TI  - Labeling the granulocyte C5a receptor with a unique photoreactive probe.
AB  - Human C5a anaphylatoxin is a complement-derived chemotactic factor that binds to
      specific receptors that are found in the granulocyte plasma membrane. These
      receptors, or a specific subunit of these receptors, can be covalently labeled
      with a unique photoreactive analog of human C5a. This photoaffinity probe, p
      azidobenzoyl-2-mercapto-N-ethylamide-C5a (ABMEA-SC5a), was synthesized by
      coupling p-azidobenzoyl-2-mercapto-N-ethylamide-2'-thiopyridine disulfide to
      human C5a after it had been partially reduced with dithiothreitol. Both direct
      and competitive binding studies demonstrated that a radioiodinated ABMEA-SC5a
      derivative retained the capacity to specifically bind to either neutrophil or
      U937 cell C5a receptors. Half-maximal binding of the photoreactive analog was
      observed at a concentration of 1 to 2 nM, a value that is comparable to that
      observed when 125I-C5a is employed as the ligand. The covalent adducts that were
      formed after irradiation of 125I-ABMEA-SC5a that had been prebound to either
      neutrophil or U937 cell plasma membranes were found to have an apparent molecular
      mass of 52,000 daltons when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis techniques. These findings demonstrate that the C5a receptors
      found on human neutrophils and other granulocytes are not only functionally
      similar, but biochemically similar as well.

PMID- 3997864
TI  - Cobra venom phospholipase A2 inhibition by manoalide. A novel type of
      phospholipase inhibitor.
AB  - Manoalide, an unusual nonsteroidal sesterterpenoid recently isolated from sponge,
      antagonizes phorbol-induced inflammation but not that induced by arachidonic
      acid, suggesting that manoalide acts prior to the cyclooxygenase step in
      prostaglandin synthesis, possibly by inhibiting phospholipase A2. We have now
      studied the inhibitory effect of manoalide on a homogeneous preparation of
      phospholipase A2 from cobra venom. For a given concentration of manoalide, the
      inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity toward
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/Triton X-100 mixed micelles is time-dependent and
      plateaus at about 85% inhibition of the initial velocity even after extensive
      preincubation. Metal ions (Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+) increase the inhibition, while
      lysophosphatidylcholine and substrate micelles protect. Increasing manoalide
      concentration shows increasing inhibition of the initial velocity until a plateau
      is reached, giving a typical saturation curve with a linear double-reciprocal
      plot. Under typical conditions (20-min preincubation, 40 degrees C, pH 7.1), 50%
      inhibition is achieved at a manoalide concentration of about 2 X 10(-6) M. The
      data indicate that manoalide is a potent inhibitor of the cobra venom
      phospholipase A2. Manoalide is now shown to react irreversibly with lysine
      residues in the enzyme. Surprisingly, the cobra venom phospholipase normally acts
      poorly on phosphatidylethanolamine as substrate, but after reaction with
      manoalide, the enzyme is somewhat more active toward this substrate rather than
      being inhibited. This suggests that a lysine residue may be important in
      understanding the substrate specificity of phospholipase A2.

PMID- 3997865
TI  - Heparin binding is necessary, but not sufficient, for fibronectin aggregation. A
      fluorescence polarization study.
AB  - Analysis of parameters governing heparin binding to fibronectin indicates that
      heparin binding is a necessary, but insufficient, condition for fibronectin
      cryoprecipitation. Heparin binding to fibronectin is a rapid, readily reversible
      event which can occur under several conditions which prohibit fibronectin
      cryoprecipitation. While cryoprecipitation of fibronectin is abolished at
      temperatures in excess of 10 degrees C, appreciable heparin binding to
      fibronectin does occur even at 40 degrees C. While increasing ionic strength and
      pH inhibit both heparin binding and cryoprecipitation of fibronectin, heparin
      binding can still occur at high ionic strengths and pH values which completely
      abolish cryoprecipitation. Scatchard analysis of fluorescent polarization data
      reveals a biphasic heparin binding curve with high and low affinity Kd values of
      3.5 X 10(-8) and 10(-6) M, respectively. In contrast to heparin binding,
      fibronectin aggregation is a cooperative phenomenon. Fibronectin
      cryoprecipitation is greatly reduced at temperatures above 10 degrees C, at pH
      values above pH 10, and at ionic strengths above 0.3 M. Thus, heparin binding and
      protein aggregation are separate events which occur during fibronectin
      cryoprecipitation. Results obtained here via fluorescence polarization in
      conjunction with other physical measurements suggest that a decrease in
      flexibility of the fibronectin molecule is associated with the protein
      aggregation step of cryoprecipitation. The role of heparin in the mechanism of
      fibronectin cryoprecipitation is discussed.

PMID- 3997866
TI  - Amino acid sequence of chicken gizzard gamma-tropomyosin.
AB  - Chicken gizzard muscle tropomyosin has been fractionated into its two major
      components, beta and gamma and the amino acid sequence of the gamma component
      established by the isolation and sequence analysis of fragments derived from
      cyanogen bromide cleavage and tryptic digestions. Despite its much slower
      mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels, it has
      the same polypeptide chain length (284 residues) as the alpha and beta components
      of rabbit skeletal muscle. Evidence for microheterogeneity of the chicken gizzard
      component was detected both on electrophoretic gels and in the sequence analysis.
      The gamma component is more closely related to rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin
      than to the beta component. While the protein is highly homologous to the rabbit
      skeletal tropomyosins, significant sequence differences are observed in two
      regions; between residues 42-83 and 258-284. In the latter region (COOH-terminal)
      the alterations in sequence are very similar to those seen in platelet
      tropomyosin when compared with the skeletal proteins.

PMID- 3997867
TI  - Amino acid sequence of chicken gizzard beta-tropomyosin. Comparison of the
      chicken gizzard, rabbit skeletal, and equine platelet tropomyosins.
AB  - Chicken gizzard beta-tropomyosin has the same chain length (284 residues) as
      other muscle tropomyosins, and is most closely related to the beta component of
      rabbit skeletal muscle. The majority of the amino acid substitutions are
      restricted to two regions of the structure, residues 185-216 and 258-284. The
      altered sequences at the COOH-terminal ends (residue 258-284) of the two gizzard
      components are very similar to each other and to those in platelet tropomyosin
      and can be correlated with the reduced affinity of interaction of all three
      tropomyosins with skeletal troponin T and its T1 fragment. The virtually
      identical NH2-terminal sequences of all four muscle tropomyosin chains indicates
      that the gizzard proteins' greater ability to polymerize head-to-tail is due to
      the sequence changes at its COOH terminus. On the other hand, the weaker head-to
      tail aggregation of the platelet protein must be due to its NH2-terminal sequence
      alterations. Examination of the distribution of amino acids and the frequency of
      their substitution in the a to g positions of the repeating pseudoheptapeptide
      for all five tropomyosin sequences (four muscle and one platelet) emphasizes the
      importance of Glu residues at position e. Examination of those features of the
      muscle sequences implicated in the stabilization of their coiled-coil structures
      and in their interactions with F-actin suggest only marginal differences among
      them, with the possible exception of the chicken gizzard gamma component.

PMID- 3997868
TI  - Studies on the mode of action of sterol carrier protein in the dehydrogenation of
      5-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol.
AB  - Sterol carrier protein (SCP) (Ritter, M. C., and Dempsey, M.E. (1973) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 265-269) promotes the microsomal dehydrogenation of 5
      cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol (lathosterol) to 7-dehydrocholesterol. This promotion
      occurs whether the substrate is exogenous or preincorporated into microsomes.
      Similarly, SCP promotes an intermembrane transfer of lathosterol from one
      microsomal population to another (Ishibashi, T., and Bloch, K. (1981) J. Biol.
      Chem. 256, 12962-12967). Here we present evidence for an SCP-mediated collisional
      interaction which results in the intermembrane transfer of sterol substrate and
      excludes a conventional substrate-carrier mechanism for SCP. Radioactive
      carboxymethyl SCP is shown to bind to microsomes and to anionic phospholipids but
      not to phosphatidylcholine. Treatment of microsomes with trypsin, but not with
      phospholipase A2, reduces SCP binding. Binding studies with small molecules
      substantiate the identity of SCP with Z-protein.

PMID- 3997869
TI  - Identification of neutral active phospholipase C which hydrolyzes choline
      glycerophospholipids and plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 in canine
      myocardium.
AB  - Two novel phospholipase activities have been identified in the cytosolic fraction
      of canine myocardium. Neutral active phospholipase C activity was partially
      purified by anion exchange, hydroxylapatite, chromatofocusing, and gel filtration
      chromatographies. The partially purified enzyme had similar maximum velocities
      (237 versus 241 nmol/mg X h) and apparent Michaelis constants (20 versus 14
      microM) utilizing either plasmenylcholine or phosphatidylcholine as substrate.
      Myocardial phospholipase C had a pH optimum between 7 and 8, required divalent
      cations for maximal activity, and did not hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol or
      sphingomyelin. Myocardial cytosol contained a potent inhibitor of phospholipase C
      which masked enzymic activity until it was removed during the purification
      procedure. A plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 activity was also identified
      in the cytosolic fraction of canine myocardium. The protein catalyzing this
      activity was partially purified by DEAE-Sephacel-hydroxylapatite tandem
      chromatography and exhibited a maximum velocity of 5 nmol/mg X h for
      plasmenylcholine but only 1 nmol/mg X h for phosphatidylcholine, had a pH optimum
      between 6 and 7 for both substrates, and did not require calcium ion for
      activity. These results constitute the first demonstration of a neutral active
      phospholipase C specific for choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and a
      plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 in mammalian tissue.

PMID- 3997870
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl amino acids. Transport and conversion to 5-oxoproline in the
      kidney.
AB  - Transport of gamma-glutamyl amino acids, a step in the proposed glutathione-gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase-mediated amino acid transport pathway, was examined in
      mouse kidney. The transport of gamma-glutamyl amino acids was demonstrated in
      vitro in studies on kidney slices. Transport was followed by measuring uptake of
      35S after incubation of the slices in media containing gamma-glutamyl methionine
      [35S]sulfone. The experimental complication associated with extracellular
      conversion of the gamma-glutamyl amino acid to amino acid and uptake of the
      latter by slices was overcome by using 5-oxoproline formation (catalyzed by
      intracellular gamma-glutamyl-cyclotransferase) as an indicator of gamma-glutamyl
      amino acid transport. This method was also successfully applied to studies on
      transport of gamma-glutamyl amino acids in vivo. Transport of gamma-glutamyl
      amino acids in vitro and in vivo is inhibited by several inhibitors of gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase and also by high extracellular levels of glutathione.
      This seems to explain urinary excretion of gamma-glutamylcystine by humans with
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase deficiency and by mice treated with inhibitors of
      this enzyme. Mice depleted of glutathione by treatment with buthionine
      sulfoximine (which inhibits glutathione synthesis) or by treatment with 2,6
      dimethyl-2,5-heptadiene-4-one (which effectively interacts with tissue
      glutathione) exhibited significantly less transport of gamma-glutamyl amino acids
      than did untreated controls. The findings suggest that intracellular glutathione
      functions in transport of gamma-glutamyl amino acids. Evidence was also obtained
      for transport of gamma-glutamyl gamma-glutamylphenylalanine into kidney slices.

PMID- 3997871
TI  - Relationship between secretagogue-induced Ca2+ release and inositol polyphosphate
      production in permeabilized pancreatic acinar cells.
AB  - We have previously shown that inositol trisphosphate (IP3) releases Ca2+ from a
      nonmitochondrial pool of permeabilized rat pancreatic acinar cells (Streb, H.,
      Irvine, R. F., Berridge, M. J., and Schulz, I. (1984) Nature 306, 67-69). This
      pool was later identified as endoplasmic reticulum (Streb, H., Bayerdorffer, E.,
      Haase, W., Irvine, R. F., and Schulz, I. (1984) J. Membr. Biol. 81, 241-253). As
      IP3 is produced by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate on activation
      of many "Ca2+-mobilizing receptors," our observation supported the proposal that
      IP3 functions as a second messenger to release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic
      reticulum. We have here used the same preparation of permeabilized acinar cells
      to study the relationship of secretagogue-induced Ca2+ release and IP3
      production. We show that: 1) secretagogue-induced Ca2+ release in permeabilized
      cells is accompanied by a parallel production of inositol trisphosphate. 2) When
      the secretagogue-induced increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was
      abolished by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic
      acid buffering, secretagogue-induced IP3 production was unimpaired. 3) When
      secretagogue-induced IP3 production was reduced by inhibiting phospholipase C
      with neomycin, secretagogue-induced Ca2+ release was also abolished. 4) When the
      IP3 breakdown was reduced either by lowering the free Mg2+ concentration of the
      incubation medium or by adding 2.3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the rise in IP3 and
      the release of Ca2+ induced by secretagogues were both increased. These results
      further support the role of IP3 as a second messenger to induce Ca2+
      mobilization.

PMID- 3997872
TI  - Mitochondrial metabolism of 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Chemical synthesis of 3
      mercaptopropionyl coenzyme A and some of its S-acyl derivatives.
AB  - The metabolism of 3-mercaptopropionic acid in mitochondria was studied by use of
      purified mitochondrial enzymes and rat heart mitochondria. Metabolites of 3
      mercaptopropionic acid were separated by high performance liquid chromatography
      and identified by comparing them with chemically synthesized derivatives of 3
      mercaptopropionic acid. The initial step in the metabolism of 3-mercaptopropionic
      acid is its conversion to a CoA thioester, most likely catalyzed by medium-chain
      acyl-CoA synthetase. The resulting 3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA is a poor substrate of
      acyl-CoA dehydrogenase but substitutes effectively for CoASH in reactions
      catalyzed by 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase. S-Acyl-3
      mercaptopropionyl-CoA thioesters formed in the thiolase-catalyzed reactions are
      not at all or only poorly acted upon by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. However, they
      are hydrolyzed by thioesterase(s) to CoASH and S-acyl-3-mercaptopropionic acid.
      The hydrolysis of S-acyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA thioesters proceeds more rapidly
      than the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoA thioesters of comparable chain lengths.
      Free CoASH is also regenerated from S-acetyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA and more
      rapidly from 3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA as a result of their reactions with
      carnitine catalyzed by carnitine acetyltransferase. These findings lead to the
      suggestion that the major mitochondrial CoA-containing metabolites of 3
      mercaptopropionic acid are S-acyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA thioesters.

PMID- 3997873
TI  - 3-Mercaptopropionic acid, a potent inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in rat heart
      mitochondria.
AB  - The effects of several short-chain mercapto acids on the rate of respiration
      supported by either palmitoylcarnitine, octanoate, or pyruvate was studied with
      coupled rat heart mitochondria. 3-Mercaptopropionic acid was found to be a potent
      inhibitor of respiration sustained by palmitoylcarnitine or octanoate, whereas
      under identical conditions respiration with pyruvate as a substrate was
      unaffected. 2-Mercaptoacetic acid also inhibits palmitoylcarnitine-supported
      respiration, but only at much higher concentrations of the inhibitor. 2
      Mercaptopropionic acid has virtually no effect. Incubation of mitochondria with 3
      mercaptopropionic acid did not cause the irreversible inactivation of any beta
      oxidation enzyme. Since 3-mercaptopropionic acid did not inhibit beta-oxidation
      in uncoupled mitochondria, it appears that this compound must first be
      metabolized in an energy-dependent reaction before it becomes inhibitory. 3
      Mercaptopropionyl-CoA and three of its S-acyl derivatives, all of which are
      likely mitochondrial metabolites of 3-mercaptopropionic acid, were tested for
      their capacity to inhibit the individual enzymes of beta-oxidation. 3
      Mercaptopropionyl-CoA inhibits only acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, whereas S-myristoyl-3
      mercaptopropionyl-CoA inhibits reversibly several beta-oxidation enzymes. All
      observations together lead us to suggest that the inhibition of beta-oxidation by
      3-mercaptopropionic acid in coupled rat heart mitochondria is most likely a
      consequence of the reversible inhibition of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase by long-chain
      S-acyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA thioesters and possibly by 3-mercaptopropionyl
      CoA.

PMID- 3997874
TI  - Host-mediated selection of influenza virus receptor variants. Sialic acid-alpha
      2,6Gal-specific clones of A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 revert to sialic acid-alpha 2,3Gal
      specific wild type in ovo.
AB  - Human and animal influenza A isolates of the H3 serotype preferentially bind SA
      alpha 2,6Gal or SA alpha 2,3Gal linkages (where SA represents sialic acid),
      respectively, on cell-surface sialyloligosaccharides. Previously, we have
      demonstrated selection of SA alpha 2,3Gal-specific receptor variants of several
      human viruses which differed from the parent viruses by a single amino acid at
      residue 226 of the hemagglutinin which is located in the receptor binding pocket
      (Rogers, G. N., Paulson, J.C., Daniels, R.S., Skehel, J.J., Wilson, I.A., and
      Wiley, D.C. (1983) Nature 304, 76-78). In this report, the selection in the
      reverse direction was accomplished starting with a SA alpha 2,3Gal-specific avian
      virus, A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 (H3N7), yielding SA alpha 2,6Gal-specific variants
      that exhibit the receptor binding properties characteristic of the human
      isolates. Selection was again mediated at residue 226 of the hemagglutinin, in
      this case changing from Gln in the parent virus to Leu in the variants. Although
      the SA alpha 2,6Gal-specific avian virus variants were stable to passage in MDCK
      cells, they exhibited dramatic reversion to the SA alpha 2,3Gal-specific
      phenotype of the parent virus during a single passage in chicken embryos. This
      was in contrast to the SA alpha 2,6Gal-specific human virus isolates which were
      stable to passage in both hosts. The reversion of the avian virus variants in
      eggs provides compelling evidence for host-mediated selection of influenza virus
      receptor variants.

PMID- 3997875
TI  - Murine macrophage tumors are a source of a 260,000-dalton acetyl-low density
      lipoprotein receptor.
AB  - Subcutaneous injection of murine macrophage cell line P388D1 into syngeneic DBA/2
      produced tumors, which upon solubilization with 40 mM octyl glucoside contained
      acetylated low density lipoprotein binding activity. The tumor-derived receptor
      specifically bound acetylated low density lipoprotein with an affinity of
      approximately 3 X 10(-8) M but did not bind low density lipoprotein or high
      density lipoprotein. It was identical in binding specificity, affinity, and
      Pronase sensitivity to the receptor in intact cells or that obtained from
      solubilized cultured cell membranes. Partial purification of the receptor was
      achieved by solubilizing tumors with 1% Triton X-100 followed by chromatography
      on polyethyleneimine cellulose. After elution with a NaCl gradient in the
      presence of octyl glucoside and association with liposomes, a 287-fold
      purification of the receptor was achieved. The receptor was identified by
      specific ligand blotting as a 260,000-dalton protein having a pI of approximately
      6.0. Binding to the receptor by acetylated low density lipoprotein,
      malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoprotein, and maleic anhydride-modified
      serum albumin was demonstrated by ligand blotting. A single receptor protein can,
      therefore, account for the binding of multiple types of charge-modified
      lipoprotein and nonlipoprotein ligands to the macrophage cell surface.

PMID- 3997876
TI  - Uptake and transport of mannosylated ligands by alveolar macrophages. Studies on
      ATP-dependent receptor-ligand dissociation.
AB  - During endocytosis, mannosylated ligands enter vesicles which have a density
      intermediate between that of the plasma membrane and secondary lysosomes.
      Mannosylated ligands are transferred from these vesicles to lysosomes. A
      solubilization-precipitation assay was used to study the dissociation of
      mannosylated ligands from their receptor. In whole cells dissociation was rapid
      (t 1/2 (37 degrees C) = 8 min) and took place before delivery of the ligand to
      lysosomes. Receptor-ligand dissociation within membrane vesicles, washed free of
      cytosol, could be induced by addition of ATP and GTP but not ADP. Receptor-ligand
      dissociation caused by manipulating the pH of the vesicles suggested that the pH
      within endosomes was lowered to 5.5 by addition of ATP. Dissociation was blocked
      by proton ionophores and Zn2+, but was unaffected by inhibitors of the F1, Fo
      ATPase or the Na+,K+-ATPase. Dissociation did not require Na+ or K+ and was
      blocked by anion transport inhibitors. Dissociation was slowed in the absence of
      permeant anions (Cl-). Receptor-ligand complexes within vesicles isolated as
      early as 2 min following ligand internalization responded to addition of ATP. The
      results suggest that receptor-ligand dissociation in endosomes requires ATP,
      possibly to power endosomal acidification via an ATP-dependent proton pump.
      Dissociation is enhanced in the presence of permeant anions, suggesting the
      involvement of an anion channel or carrier.

PMID- 3997877
TI  - Crucial role of sulfhydryl groups in the mitochondrial inner membrane structure.
AB  - The mitochondrial inner membrane lost its selectivity for the transport of
      solutes after reaction of hydrophobic sulfhydryl groups with alkylating agents
      (maleimide derivatives). The nature of the thiol reagent-induced membrane
      perturbations was investigated. Modifications of the interactions between
      membrane components after treatment with thiol reagents were assessed by
      measuring the binding parameters of 1-anilinonaphtalene-8-sulfonate. An
      enhancement (about 50%) of the fluorescence intensity, a weak increase of the
      number of binding sites, and a decrease of the apparent dissociation constant
      were observed. However, no significant modification of the net surface charge was
      detected. The osmotic behavior of mitochondria in hypotonic solutions of sucrose
      was altered after thiol modification. The outer membrane did not seem to
      influence the matricial volume expansion when thiols were alkylated. After
      swelling in an isotonic solution of permeant ions, N-butylmaleimide-treated
      mitochondrial lost one-half of their malate dehydrogenase content, whereas
      fumarase and glutamate dehydrogenase did not leave the matrix space. Addition of
      polyethylene glycol of molecular weight below 6000 to swollen mitochondria
      induced a rapid but transient shrinkage. In swollen mitochondria, the above
      results indicate a possible holes formation in the membrane structure. The size
      of these holes was estimated to be about 3 nm. This process which required the
      presence of the outer membrane, was favored by increasing the temperature and was
      antagonized by specific effectors of the adenine nucleotide translocator.

PMID- 3997878
TI  - Structure of myosin heavy chain in avian muscular dystrophy.
AB  - We have studied the structure of myosin heavy chain (MHC) in the pectoralis
      muscle of genetically dystrophic (Connecticut Strain) and White Leghorn chicks.
      MHC was alkylated with N-ethylmaleimide, purified by Sepharose-4B chromatography,
      and cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The MHC CNBr peptides were analyzed by one
      dimensional and two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gradient gels and by amino acid sequencing. Specific changes were detected in the
      gel patterns which could be correlated with the loss of muscle function as
      measured by the exhaustion score (the ability of chicks to rise from a reclining
      position) in three experimental groups (exhaustion scores: less than 3, 10-20,
      greater than 30). We have also examined the amino acid sequence of a 3-methyl
      histidine-containing peptide which originates from the 20-kDa fragment of
      pectoralis muscle MHC in dystrophic chicks: Val-Leu-Asn-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ile-Pro-Glu
      Gly-*Gln-Phe-*Ile-Asp-Ser-Lys-Lys- Ala-Ser-Leu-Gln-Lys-Leu-Gly-Ser-Ile-Asp-Val
      (Asp, 3-methylhistidine, Gln). Comparison of the homologous MHC sequences shows
      two positions at which MHC from dystrophic chicks differs from that of the White
      Leghorn chicks *(Glu----Gln and Met----Ile). Thus, both the peptide map and
      sequence analyses demonstrate that in avian muscular dystrophy an abnormal
      pectoralis MHC is synthesized. It is not yet clear whether the "dystrophic" MHC
      is a variant MHC or if it arises from the abnormal expression of an earlier
      developmental form (embryonic or neonatal) of pectoralis muscle MHC.

PMID- 3997879
TI  - 31P NMR studies of Clostridium thermocellum. Mechanism of end product inhibition
      by ethanol.
AB  - 31P NMR studies of intact cells and perchloric acid extracts are used to
      investigate the effect of ethanol on the bioenergetics and glycolysis of
      Clostridium thermocellum, an anaerobic bacterium potentially useful for the
      single step conversion of biomass to ethanol. Whole cells suspended in phosphate
      buffer and given a carbon source (cellobiose) at 60 degrees C rapidly establish a
      pH gradient across the membrane that can be monitored by the chemical shifts of
      inorganic phosphate in the exterior buffer and in the cytoplasm. Peak intensities
      can be related to phosphate active transport rates. Wild type bacteria and cells
      grown in inhibiting concentrations of ethanol establish similar pH gradients, but
      with slower kinetics and slower phosphate transport rates for the cells adapted
      to growth in ethanol. Direct addition of ethanol does not affect the rate of pH
      gradient formation or phosphate transport. Thus, while ethanol does not directly
      affect processes for energy conservation carried out by the membrane, adaptation
      to ethanol does alter membrane functions such as phosphate transport. 31P NMR
      spectra of perchloric acid extracts show that when wild type cells are adapted to
      grow in inhibiting concentrations of ethanol and then energized with cellobiose,
      sugar phosphate content is increased and the steady state distribution of
      glycolytic intermediates is altered. Nucleotide triphosphate/nucleotide
      diphosphate ratios are unaltered in these cells. These results strongly indicate
      that in C. thermocellum growth inhibition by ethanol is related to a blockage in
      glycolysis.

PMID- 3997880
TI  - The topography of glycerophosphate acyltransferase in the transverse plane of the
      mitochondrial outer membrane.
AB  - In low ionic media, mitochondrial glycerophosphate acyltransferase was inhibited
      virtually completely within 15 min by the nonspecific proteases, proteinase K and
      subtilisin. In high ionic media, the mitochondrial enzyme was either not
      inhibited or was marginally inhibited by these proteases. Chymotrypsin and
      trypsin, regardless of the ionic strength of the medium, did not inhibit the
      acyltransferase. Substantial inhibition by proteinase K and subtilisin was
      observed in the high ionic media when the incubation was continued for 30 or 45
      min. Adenylate kinase, an intermembrane enzyme, was not inhibited under any of
      the above conditions. These results demonstrate a cytosolic exposure of the
      mitochondrial acyltransferase. In a low ionic environment, when the outer
      membrane integrity was damaged either by gradually decreasing the tonicity of the
      medium or by stepwise addition of Triton X-100, either chymotrypsin or trypsin
      caused virtually parallel inhibition of glycerophosphate acyltransferase and
      adenylate kinase. A more direct approach in establishing the existence of
      protease-susceptible sites on the inner side of the outer membrane was taken by
      observing the inhibition of mitochondrial glycerophosphate acyltransferase and
      adenylate kinase in trypsinloaded right-side-out outer membrane vesicles
      incubated in the presence of externally located soybean trypsin inhibitor. The
      above results, taken together, suggest that mitochondrial glycerophosphate
      acyltransferase spans the transverse plane of the outer membrane.

PMID- 3997881
TI  - The separate effects of coenzyme components may not be additive. Roles of
      pyridoxal and inorganic phosphate in aspartate aminotransferase apoenzymes.
AB  - Both cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate transaminase can be resolved of
      pyridoxal phosphate. The resulting apoenzymes still bind individual structural
      components of the coenzyme. The separate contributions of coenzyme components to
      protein thermal stability have been independently assessed for phosphate ions
      (Pi) and for the pyridoxal or pyridoxamine components of the coenzyme. 31P NMR
      and differential scanning calorimetry reveal that the thermodynamic contributions
      of binding are not additive and are dissimilar for the two isozymes. High and low
      affinity sites for Pi binding are present in both apoenzymes with only the low
      affinity site being present in the holoenzyme forms. The contribution of both
      bound phosphates to increasing temperatures (Tm) and enthalpies (delta Hd) of
      denaturation differ between the isozymes and within sites. In either isozyme
      occupancy of the high affinity site by Pi produces only a 4- or 5- degree
      increase in the Tm value with respect to Pi-free apoenzyme. By contrast, in the
      mitochondrial apoenzyme, the presence of Pi at the second low affinity site
      increases the calorimetric parameters from Tm = 47 degrees C and delta Hd = 4.7
      cal g-1 to Tm = 62 degrees C and delta Hd = 7 cal g-1. For cytosolic apoenzyme
      the respective changes are from 66 to 69.5 degrees C and 5.2 to 5.8 cal g-1.
      Addition of pyridoxal, but not pyridoxamine, displaces the high affinity Pi in
      both apoenzymes. This shows that the pyridine ring and Pi groups of pyridoxal-P
      bind exclusive of each other when they are not covalently linked as an ester, as
      in the coenzyme. The observation has been exploited as a method to prepare
      completely dephosphorylated mitochondrial apoenzyme. Electrostatic effects,
      structural differences in the phosphate binding pockets, and steric effects can
      be invoked to account for the Pi and pyridine binding behavior in the two
      proteins.

PMID- 3997882
TI  - Neoplastic modulation of extracellular matrix. Colon carcinoma cells release
      polypeptides that alter proteoglycan metabolism in colon fibroblasts.
AB  - Despite the growing evidence implicating proteoglycans in the control of cell
      proliferation and differentiation, little is known about the factors that control
      their metabolism in neoplasia or the mechanisms through which these
      macromolecules may influence neoplastic growth. The primary objective of the
      present study was to test whether human colon carcinoma cells released soluble
      mediators capable of stimulating the synthesis of proteoglycans in normal colon
      fibroblasts in vitro. Serum-free medium conditioned by colon carcinoma cells
      (TCM) was capable of stimulating several-fold the synthesis and secretion of
      proteoglycans in normal colon fibroblasts without inducing a mitogenic response.
      This effect was a true stimulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis since the
      kinetics of turnover were identical in the presence or absence of TCM.
      Characterization of the proteoglycans synthesized in the absence of TCM revealed
      that colon fibroblasts synthesized at least three species of proteoglycans
      including a heparan sulfate proteoglycan which was associated primarily with the
      cell layer and two populations of proteoglycans which were predominantly released
      into the medium and contained chondroitin-dermatan sulfate side chains. When
      fibroblasts were exposed to TCM, they synthesized and released higher amounts of
      proteoglycans which had overall similar density, molecular weight, and
      polydispersity but differed from controls in that they contained significantly
      higher proportions of chondroitin sulfate side chains. Partial characterization
      of TCM strongly indicated that the stimulatory activity comprised a family of
      polypeptides, with molecular weight between 5.4 and 6.0 X 10(5), which were heat
      stable and acid/alkali labile. Neoplastic modulation of proteoglycan metabolism
      in normal mesenchymal cells may represent an additional mechanism through which
      tumor cells can alter their surrounding environment.

PMID- 3997883
TI  - Release of prostaglandins and monohydroxy and trihydroxy metabolites of linoleic
      and arachidonic acids by adult and fetal aortae and ductus arteriosus.
AB  - The conversion of arachidonic acid (20:4) to prostaglandins by vascular tissue is
      important in the adult because of the antithrombotic effect of prostacyclin and
      in the fetus because of the vasodilatory effect of prostaglandin (PG) E2 on the
      ductus arteriosus. We have shown that vascular tissue converts various
      polyunsaturated fatty acids to monohydroxy and trihydroxy metabolites derived
      from hydroperoxides, which may be involved in regulating prostaglandin synthesis.
      We have now measured the amounts of these hydroperoxide metabolites, as well as
      those of prostaglandins, released from slices of rat, rabbit and bovine aortae,
      as well as from fetal calf aorta and ductus arteriosus. The major oxygenated
      polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolite formed by rat and bovine blood vessels was
      6-oxo-PGF1 alpha. Fetal calf aorta and ductus arteriosus produced about five
      times as much 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha as adult bovine aorta. Much smaller amounts of the
      cyclooxygenase products, PGE2, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid, 11
      hydroxy-5,8,12,14-icosatetraenoic acid (11-hydroxy-20:4), and 15-hydroxy-20:4,
      were released by aortae. Small amounts of the lipoxygenase product, 12-hydroxy
      20:4, were also detected. Substantial amounts of free and esterified monohydroxy
      and trihydroxy metabolites of linoleic acid (18:2) were detected, especially in
      rat and rabbit aortae. Rabbit aorta, which had low cyclooxygenase activity,
      formed more oxygenated 18:2 metabolites than 20:4 metabolites. Indomethacin did
      not inhibit the formation of the 18:2 metabolites, indicating that cyclooxygenase
      was not involved. Neither exogenous 13-hydroxy-18:2 nor trihydroxyoctadecenoic
      acid was incorporated to a large extent into lipids from vascular endothelial or
      smooth muscle cells, suggesting that the esterified 18:2 oxygenation products had
      arisen mainly via direct oxygenation of lipids.

PMID- 3997884
TI  - Modulation of epididymal delta 4-steroid 5 alpha-reductase activity in vitro by
      the phospholipid environment.
AB  - Epididymal 5 alpha-reductase converts testosterone to 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone. The enzyme is localized to the nuclear and microsomal
      membranes, and using two approaches, we investigated the relationship between 5
      alpha-reductase activity and the membrane environment. In the first, nuclear and
      microsomal membrane fractions were treated with phospholipases to modify
      specifically the structure of the phospholipid component of the membranes, and
      the effects of these treatments on the kinetic parameters of 5 alpha-reductase
      were examined. The second approach was to observe the effects of phospholipids of
      known structure on solubilized 5 alpha-reductase activity. Treatment of the
      membrane fractions with phospholipase C increased the Km(app) of both the nuclear
      and microsomal 5 alpha-reductases for testosterone. Phospholipase A2 treatment
      also increased the Km(app) of the microsomal enzyme, but in contrast, the Km(app)
      of the nuclear 5 alpha-reductase for testosterone was unaffected. This
      demonstrated a fundamental difference in the role of the membrane environment in
      the expression of 5 alpha-reductase activity in these subcellular compartments.
      The ability of phospholipids to enhance the activity of solubilized 5 alpha
      reductase was highly specific and structure related. Only phosphatidylcholines
      containing either unsaturated acyl chains or saturated acyl chains of 12 carbon
      atoms were found to activate 5 alpha-reductase. The most potent activator was
      dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine, which reduced the Km(app) values of both nuclear
      and microsomal 5 alpha-reductases for testosterone, without affecting the
      concentration of active 5 alpha-reductase (Vmax(app) ). This is the first time
      that an activator of 5 alpha-reductase has been found. These findings suggest
      that epididymal 5 alpha-reductase activity may be regulated by changes in the
      phospholipid environment.

PMID- 3997885
TI  - Regulation of lactate production and utilization in rat tumors in vivo.
AB  - These experiments were performed to determine the factor(s) that regulate lactic
      acid production and utilization by rat tumors in vivo. Arteriovenous differences
      for glucose and lactic, pyruvic, 3-OH-butyric, and acetoacetic acids were
      measured across "tissue-isolated" Walker 256 sarcocarcinomas and Morris 5123C
      hepatomas in fasted rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Twenty-six per
      cent of the sarcocarcinomas (n = 53) and 48% of the hepatomas (n = 29) utilized
      blood lactic acid. The remainder released lactic acid into the venous blood. The
      steady-state rate of glucose consumption was similar in both lactate-producing
      and lactate-utilizing tumors. The range of lactate concentrations in the blood
      leaving the tumors was narrower than the range of lactate concentrations in the
      blood entering the tumors. This difference was caused by tumor lactic acid
      production at low arterial lactate concentrations and tumor lactic acid
      utilization at high arterial lactate concentrations. Individual tumors changed
      from lactic acid production to lactic acid utilization in a matter of minutes in
      response to an increase in the arterial lactic acid concentration. Mean lactic
      plus pyruvic acid concentrations and lactic/pyruvic acid ratios in the tumor
      venous blood were 2.15 +/- 0.22 and 23.4 +/- 3.7 mM, respectively, for Walker
      sarcocarcinoma 256 (n = 18) and 1.28 +/- 0.13 and 48.1 +/- 5.1 mM, respectively,
      for hepatoma 5123C (n = 11). The results suggest: that a steady-state lactic plus
      pyruvic acid concentration and lactic/pyruvic acid ratio are maintained in the
      tumor cell cytoplasm by the active glycolytic pathway and by lactic acid
      dehydrogenase; that the tumor intracellular concentrations equilibrate with the
      arterial blood and that the tumor steady state is expressed in the tumor venous
      blood; and that tumor lactic acid production or utilization results from the
      equilibration between the variable arterial lactic acid concentration and the
      more constant tumor intracellular steady-state lactic acid concentration. Since
      the arterial lactate concentration may be less than, greater than, or equal to
      the intracellular steady-state concentration, an individual tumor may produce,
      utilize or neither produce nor utilize lactic acid.

PMID- 3997886
TI  - Incorporation of thrombospondin into fibrin clots.
AB  - Thrombospondin is a major platelet glycoprotein which is released from platelets
      during blood coagulation. We examined the interaction of thrombospondin with
      polymerizing fibrin. Thrombospondin, purified from human platelets and labeled
      with 125I, became incorporated into clots formed from both plasma and purified
      fibrinogen. Plasma clots contained somewhat less thrombospondin than clots formed
      from equivalent concentrations of fibrinogen. In plasma clots and fibrin clots
      formed in the presence of factor XIII, thrombospondin was cross-linked in the
      clot; thrombospondin in the supernatant remained largely monomeric. Cross-linking
      of thrombospondin by factor XIII, however, only slightly increased the amount of
      thrombospondin which was incorporated into the clot. In contrast, incorporation
      of 125I-fibronectin into clots was dependent upon cross-linking. Most of the
      incorporation of 125I-thrombospondin occurred during fibrin polymerization as
      judged by parallel studies of the incorporation of 125I-fibrinogen. The amount of
      thrombospondin incorporated into a clot was directly related to thrombospondin
      concentration and was only weakly dependent on fibrinogen concentration.
      Incorporation was not saturated at thrombospondin:fibrin (mol/mol) ratios as high
      as 2/1. Thrombospondin, however, modified the final structure of fibrin clots in
      a concentration-dependent manner as monitored by opacity. When tryptic digests of
      125I-thrombospondin were studied, the 270-kilodalton core became incorporated
      into fibrin whereas the 30-kilodalton heparin binding fragment was excluded.
      These results indicate that thrombospondin specifically co-polymerizes with
      fibrin during blood coagulation and may be an important modulator of clot
      structure.

PMID- 3997887
TI  - Heme-linked ionization of horseradish peroxidase compound II monitored by the
      resonance Raman Fe(IV)=O stretching vibration.
AB  - Fe(IV)=O resonance Raman stretching vibrations were recently identified by this
      laboratory for horseradish peroxidase compound II and ferryl myoglobin. In the
      present report it is shown that Fe(IV)=O stretching frequency for horseradish
      peroxidase compound II will switch between two values depending on pH, with pKa
      values corresponding to the previously reported compound II heme-linked
      ionizations of pKa = 6.9 for isoenzyme A-2 and pKa = 8.5 for isoenzyme C. Similar
      pH-dependent shifts of the Fe(IV)=O frequency of ferryl myoglobin were not
      detected above pH 6. The Fe(IV)=O stretching frequencies of compound II of the
      horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes at pH values above the transition points were
      at a high value approaching the Fe(IV)=O stretching frequency of ferryl
      myoglobin. Below the transition points the horseradish peroxidase frequencies
      were found to be 10 cm-1 lower. Frequencies of the Fe(IV)=O stretching vibrations
      of horseradish peroxidase compound II for one set of isoenzymes were found to be
      sensitive to deuterium exchange below the transition point but not above. These
      results were interpreted to be indicative of an alkaline deprotonation of a
      distal amino acid group, probably histidine, which is hydrogen bonded to the
      oxyferryl group below the transition point. Deprotonation of this group at pH
      values above the pKa disrupts hydrogen bonding, raising the Fe(IV)=O stretching
      frequency, and is proposed to account for the lowering of compound II reactivity
      at alkaline pH. The high value of the Fe(IV)=O vibration of compound II above the
      transition point appears to be identical in frequency to what is believed to be
      the Fe(IV)=O vibration of compound X.

PMID- 3997888
TI  - Phosphocreatinine, a high-energy phosphate in muscle, spontaneously forms
      phosphocreatine and creatinine under physiological conditions.
AB  - Phosphocreatinine undergoes the following spontaneous simultaneous reactions at
      pH 7.4 (0.02 M sodium phosphate and 120 mM KCl) and 38 degrees C. (Formula: see
      text) The first order rate constants are 0.046 h-1 (ka) and 0.048 h-1 (kb). There
      is a major effect of pH on the reactions such that at pH values higher than 7.4
      phosphocreatine production predominates, while at pH values less than 7.4
      creatinine is the major product. This along with titration data showing apparent
      pK values of about 3.0 and 7.5 for phosphocreatinine suggest that the dianionic
      form of phosphocreatinine is involved in the conversion to phosphocreatine,
      whereas the monoanionic form is exclusively converted to creatinine. Possible
      mechanisms to account for the reactivity of phosphocreatinine are discussed.
      Several lines of evidence suggest that the apparent Keq for phosphocreatine
      formation from phosphocreatinine is about 300 at pH 9.0 and about 70 at pH 7.0,
      and the delta G0' (pH 7.0) is-2.6 kcal/mol. The delta G0' (pH 7.0) for the
      hydrolysis of the phosphoryl bond in phosphocreatinine is-12.8 kcal/mol. The
      phosphocreatinine content of rabbit white skeletal muscle was measured to be 0.05
      mumol/g, which is 0.4% of the phosphocreatine content. The in vitro experiments
      suggest that phosphohydrolysis of phosphocreatinine can account for a creatinine
      formation equal to 0.5% of the phosphocreatine content/day. We conclude that it
      is likely that a substantial fraction of the in vivo creatinine production from
      phosphocreatine goes through the novel high energy phosphate, phosphocreatinine,
      as an intermediate.

PMID- 3997889
TI  - Physical properties of fatty acyl-CoA. Critical micelle concentrations and
      micellar size and shape.
AB  - Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of palmitoyl-CoA were determined by
      surface tension, conductivity, and fluorimetric measurements in a variety of
      buffers at several pH values and ionic strengths. They ranged from 7 to 250
      microM and were frequently an order of magnitude higher than most reported
      values. The CMCs of stearoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA, determined fluorimetrically,
      were also high and consistent with the expected effects of chain length and
      unsaturation. The effects of ionic strength and temperature were analyzed to
      obtain the extent of counterion binding and the thermodynamic parameters of
      micellization. The values of delta H0, delta G0, and delta S0 obtained in 0.011 M
      Tris, pH 8.3, are -6 K X J X mol-1, -64 K X J X mol-1, and +193 J X mol-1 X K-1,
      and the average number of univalent ions bound per molecule in the micelles is
      1.4. These values are within the range of those obtained for other univalent and
      polyvalent detergents. Analyzed by sedimentation and diffusion, the micelles are
      approximately spherical with an anhydrous mass of 50,000 daltons but with
      dimensions inconsistent with fully extended molecules. Correlation of the
      information obtained from the present physical studies with kinetic studies using
      long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs as enzyme substrates may be helpful for understanding
      the enzymology of these compounds, and some previously published kinetic studies
      of membrane-bound and soluble enzymes may bear reinterpretation.

PMID- 3997890
TI  - Enzymatic basis for the accumulation of glycolipids with X and dimeric X
      determinants in human lung cancer cells (NCI-H69).
AB  - Many human carcinomas accumulate a large quantity of glycolipids having X (Gal
      beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3] GlcNAc) as well as di- or trimeric X determinant
      (Gal beta 1----4 [Fuc alpha 1----3] GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4 [Fuc alpha
      1----3]GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal) (e.g. Hakomori, S., Nudelman, E., Levery, S. B.,
      and Kannagi, R. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4672-4680). The enzymatic basis of
      this phenomenon has been investigated with human small cell lung carcinoma NCI
      H69 cells, in which a series of these structures has been found to accumulate. An
      alpha 1----3 fucosyltransferase solubilized from the membrane fraction with
      Triton X-100 catalyzed not only the transfer of a fucosyl residue from GDP-fucose
      to the penultimate GlcNAc residue of lactoneotetraosylceramide (nLc4) and
      lactonorhexaosylceramide (nLc6), but also to the internal GlcNAc residue (III
      GlcNAc) of y2 glycolipid (V3FucnLc6) and that of sialosyl2---
      6lactonorhexaosylceramide (VI6NeuAcnLc6). No transfer of fucose to the internal
      GlcNAc (III-GlcNAc) of lactonorhexaosylceramide occurred, unless the above
      substitutions (V3Fuc or VI6NeuAc) were present. Fucosylation at V-GlcNAc and III
      GlcNAc of nLc6 could be catalyzed by the same enzyme, based on the following
      observations: (i) fucosylation at both III- and V-GlcNAc was competitively
      inhibited by V3FucnLc6 and III3V3Fuc2nLc6; (ii) the same conditions (pH, bivalent
      cation, detergent) were optimal for fucosylation at both III- and V-GlcNAc; (iii)
      the Km values of the enzyme for nLc4, nLc6, and V3FucnLc6 were approximately the
      same; and (iv) the activity of the enzyme catalyzing fucosylation at both III-
      and V-GlcNAc was adsorbed on GDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose and was not inhibited by
      N-ethylmaleimide. The enzyme preferentially transferred fucose to the penultimate
      VGlcNAc, followed by transfer to the internal III-GlcNAc of nLc6. Thus, the
      pathway for synthesis of dimeric X proceeds as follows: nLc6----V3FucnLc6---
      III3V3Fuc2nLc6. No mechanism was found to operate for chain elongation of the X
      hapten structure through addition of GlcNAc residues to the terminal Gal of the X
      hapten.

PMID- 3997891
TI  - Laminin polymerization in vitro. Evidence for a two-step assembly with domain
      specificity.
AB  - Laminin, a major structural glycoprotein of basement membranes, has been found to
      self-associate in vitro into large polymers. The formation of these complexes can
      be followed by the development of turbidity upon incubation in neutral phosphate
      buffer at 21-35 degrees C and is seen to be time-, concentration-, and
      temperature-dependent. The process is thermally reversible at 4 degrees C and the
      protein can be cycled between a dispersed and an aggregated state by alternating
      between 4 and 35 degrees C. Following incubation at 35 degrees C much of the
      monomeric laminin, which sediments at 11.4 S, is now seen to sediment at greater
      than 25 S. Both by turbidometric and sedimentation analysis, an apparent critical
      concentration for assembly of about 0.1 mg/ml (10(-7) M) is observed and is
      interpreted as evidence for a nucleation-propagation polymerization mechanism.
      The relative paucity of intermediates seen in a size-distribution analysis lends
      further support for this model. On platinum replicas obtained by rotary shadowing
      analysis, mostly free monomers are seen in the cold while after incubation at 35
      degrees C, large multimeric aggregates with smaller amounts of oligomers are
      observed. The interaction between individual molecules appears to be specific
      because the dimers, trimers, and smaller oligomers are only associated at the
      terminal globular domains of the laminin molecules. In addition, removal of the
      globular domains of laminin with pepsin, which yields fragment P1, abolishes self
      association. A divalent cation dependency for polymerization can be demonstrated
      and incubation in the presence of EDTA stops the polymerization at an oligomeric
      intermediate step. Hence overall laminin self-assembly can be divided into at
      least two steps: an initial temperature-dependent, divalent cation independent
      step followed by a divalent cation-dependent step.

PMID- 3997892
TI  - Correct NH2-terminal processing of cardiac muscle alpha-isoactin (class II) in a
      nonmuscle mouse cell.
AB  - Both mammalian nonmuscle and muscle actins possess an AcAsp(Glu)NH2 terminus. The
      nonmuscle actin genes code for a polypeptide with a Met-Asp NH2 terminus (class
      I) whereas the muscle actin genes code for a polypeptide with a Met-Cys-Asp NH2
      terminus (class II). Two amino acids must be removed for mature muscle actin
      synthesis, whereas only the Met must be removed for nonmuscle actin synthesis. We
      wished to know whether a nonmuscle cell which normally does not synthesize a
      class I actin can correctly process a muscle actin with its extra NH2-terminal
      amino acid in vivo. To answer this question we have used L/LK165 cells, a mouse L
      cell transfected with a human cardiac muscle actin gene. When these cells were
      labeled overnight with [35S]Cys, an actin with an NH2-terminal tryptic peptide
      corresponding to that of mature cardiac muscle actin was detected. When the cells
      were pulse-labeled for 20 min, a new actin intermediate containing an AcCys-Asp
      amino terminus was observed which then disappeared with time. Furthermore, the
      muscle actin was processed as fast if not faster than the nonmuscle actin in
      these cells. This actin intermediate was also seen in chick myotube cultures. Our
      results show that the ability to correctly process muscle specific actins is not
      tissue specific. Furthermore, these results confirm a processing pathway for
      class II actins proposed by us earlier on the basis of experiments with a cell
      free translation system.

PMID- 3997893
TI  - Creatine kinase of rat heart mitochondria. The demonstration of functional
      coupling to oxidative phosphorylation in an inner membrane-matrix preparation.
AB  - To define more clearly the interactions between mitochondrial creatine kinase and
      the adenine nucleotide translocase, the outer membrane of rat heart mitochondria
      was removed by digitonin, producing an inner membrane-matrix (mitoplast)
      preparation. This mitoplast fracton was well-coupled and contained a high
      specific activity of mitochondrial creatine kinase. Outer membrane
      permeabilization was documented by the loss of adenylate kinase, a soluble
      intermembrane enzyme, and by direct antibody inhibition of mitochondrial creatine
      kinase activity. With this preparation, we documented four important aspects of
      functional coupling. Kinetic studies showed that oxidative phosphorylation
      decreased the value of the ternary enzyme-substrate complex dissociation constant
      for MgATP from 140 to 16 microM. Two approaches were used to document the adenine
      nucleotide translocase specificity for ADP generated by mitochondrial creatine
      kinase. Exogenous pyruvate kinase (20 IU/ml) could not readily phosphorylate ADP
      produced by creatine kinase, since added pyruvate kinase did not markedly inhibit
      creatine + ATP-stimulated respiration. Additionally, when ADP was produced by
      mitochondrial creatine kinase, the inhibition of the translocase required 2 nmol
      of atractyloside/mg of mitoplast protein, while only 1 nmol/mg was necessary when
      exogenous ADP was added. Finally, the mass action ratio of the mitochondrial
      creatine kinase reaction exceeded the apparent equilibrium constant when ATP was
      supplied to the creatine kinase reaction by oxidative phosphorylation. Overall,
      these results are consistent with much data from intact rat heart mitochondria,
      and suggest that the outer membrane plays a minor role in the compartmentation of
      adenine nucleotides. Furthermore, since the removal of the outer membrane does
      not alter the unique coupling between oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial
      creatine kinase, we suggest that this cooperation is the result of protein
      protein proximity at the inner membrane surface.

PMID- 3997894
TI  - Nerve growth factor-induced increase in the cell-free phosphorylation of a
      nuclear protein in PC12 cells.
AB  - In previous studies from this laboratory (Yu, M.W., Tolson, N. W., and Guroff, G.
      (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 10481-10492) nerve growth factor treatment of PC12
      cells was shown to increase the phosphorylation of a specific nonhistone nuclear
      protein. In the present work these whole-cell observations have been pursued and
      a cell-free system developed, based on the detergent treatment devised by Lenk et
      al. (Lenk, R., Ransom, L., Kaufmann, Y., and Penman, S. (1977) Cell 10, 67-78),
      in order to explore the nerve growth factor-sensitive phosphorylation system in
      biochemical detail. Using this preparation it has been shown that treatment of
      the whole cells with nerve growth factor for 30 min or more leads to a marked
      increase in the subsequent cell-free phosphorylation of the same nonhistone
      nuclear protein. A characterization of this phosphorylation indicates that it is
      quite labile to heat and to structural disruption, that it prefers ATP as
      phosphate donor, and that it requires Mg2+, but is inhibited by high Mg2+ levels
      as well as by certain other divalent cations. The site of phosphorylation appears
      to be on serine residues of the protein, as was the phosphorylation observed
      previously in whole cells. The use of various inhibitors and stimulators suggests
      that the kinase catalyzing this phosphorylation is not cAMP-dependent, nor is it
      similar to protein kinase C or casein kinase. The increased phosphorylation
      produced by nerve growth factor is not transient, the stimulation being constant
      for at least 3 days in the continuous presence of nerve growth factor. Increases
      in the phosphorylation of the same nuclear protein can be seen upon treatment of
      the cells with other effectors such as epidermal growth factor and dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP, the latter in spite of the fact that cAMP-dependence could not be
      established in the cell-free system. Finally, a similar system, with a similar
      stimulation of phosphorylation due to nerve growth factor treatment, can be
      prepared from sympathetic ganglia from neonatal animals.

PMID- 3997895
TI  - Tumorigenicity testing of primate cell lines in nude mice, muscle organ culture
      and for colony formation in soft agarose.
AB  - Primate neoplastic and finite cell lines were tested in one in vivo and two in
      vitro test systems: adult nude mice, muscle organ culture (MOC) and soft agarose
      (SA). Comparison of the sensitivity of the systems indicated that nude mice were
      inferior to either in vitro system: WI-38 VA13 (an SV40 transformed cell line)
      did not cause tumours in these animals yet it behaved as if it were neoplastic in
      MOC and formed colonies in SA. There was complete correlation between results
      obtained in MOC and SA. All cell lines which produced tumors in vivo were
      positive in both in vitro test systems. None of the lines which showed normal
      patterns in MOC and in SA was tumorigenic in nude mice. Since testing in vitro is
      simpler, faster, and is thought to be reliable, we recommend SA followed by MOC
      as the initial assays for determining tumorigenicity of cells.

PMID- 3997896
TI  - The titration of tetanus antitoxin IV. Studies on the sensitivity and
      reproducibility of the toxin neutralization test.
AB  - The quality of tetanus toxin affected the sensitivity of the toxin neutralization
      (TN) test greatly. By using purified toxin a minimum level of 0.001 IU/ml of
      tetanus antitoxin could be detected whereas with crude toxin a level of 0.025
      IU/ml only could be detected. The TN test described in this report permitted
      titration of tetanus antitoxin in twofold dilution steps from levels as low as
      0.001 IU/ml using 0.6 ml of serum only at the L+/5000 level of purified tetanus
      toxin. Treatment of the sera with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) did not affect the TN
      titres showing that the TN test detects the neutralizing antibodies (IgG) which
      are not affected by 2-ME. The TN test was found to be a highly sensitive and
      reproducible test.

PMID- 3997897
TI  - The titration of tetanus antitoxin V. Effect of formalization method for the
      fixation of sheep erythrocytes on the indirect haemagglutination test.
AB  - Two methods of fixation of sheep erythrocytes with formaldehyde for the titration
      of tetanus antitoxin by the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test have been
      compared. The cells fixed with 3% formaldehyde at 4-8 degrees C for 24 h
      (formaldehyde (I) fixed cells) were less sensitive than the cells fixed with 3%
      formaldehyde at 4-8 degrees C for 24 h and subsequently treated with 40%
      formaldehyde at 4-8 degrees C for a further 24 h (formaldehyde (II) fixed cells).
      The correlation between the toxin neutralization (TN) and IHA titres using
      formaldehyde (I) fixed cells was better than that obtained with formaldehyde (II)
      fixed cells. There was no statistically significant difference between TN and IHA
      titres after treatment of the sera with 2-Mercaptoethanol using formaldehyde (I)
      fixed cells. Formaldehyde (I) fixed cells can be used for two months with
      adequate sensitivity to detect the minimum protective level of tetanus antitoxin
      in the sera.

PMID- 3997898
TI  - The standardization of infectivity titrations of poliovaccines--a WHO
      collaborative study.
AB  - The reproducibility of a method for infectivity titrations of live poliovaccines
      using microtitre plates was investigated in a WHO collaborative study involving
      eight laboratories. The large variation (up to 100-fold) in estimates of
      infectivity observed between laboratories using their local methods of assay was
      reduced to no more than fourfold when a common method was used. However,
      expressing infectivities relative to those of the monovalent reference viruses
      improved the agreement between the laboratories irrespective of the titration
      method employed. On the basis of these results, WHO adopted the common method
      used in the study as its recommended method for poliovirus titrations and
      established the preparations studied as international reference materials for the
      infectivity titrations of live poliovaccines.

PMID- 3997900
TI  - The chromosomes of the Namalwa cell line.

PMID- 3997899
TI  - Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR): a comparison between the
      antibody responses at the ages of 18 months and 12 years and between different
      methods of antibody titration.
AB  - In connection with the introduction of the trivalent vaccine against measles,
      mumps and rubella at 18 months and 12 years of age, an evaluation of the
      seroconversion and booster effects in the two age-groups was carried out. This
      also comprised different laboratory-test methods appropriate for follow-up
      studies after large-scale, vaccination studies. The measles, mumps and rubella
      antibodies were measured by the haemolysis-in-gel (HIG) method. Measles
      antibodies were also measured by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test.
      Borderline values or samples negative to measles or mumps were also tested by the
      serum-neutralization (SN) test. All but four of 150 18-month-old children lacked
      antibodies against measles by the HI test and one of these by the HIG method.
      Against mumps, 99% were seronegative in the HIG test and 97% in the SN test and
      two against rubella prior to vaccination. Among 247 schoolchildren, 60 (24%)
      lacked antibodies in the HI test and 28 (11%) of these also in the HIG test.
      Sixty-six schoolchildren (25%) were negative to mumps and 45% to rubella prior to
      vaccination. The seroconversion rate for the 18-month-old children was 96%
      against measles, 93% against mumps and 99% against rubella. The figure for the
      schoolchildren was 82% against measles, 80% against mumps and 100% against
      rubella. On comparing the titre levels in seroconverting children, the measles
      antibody levels were found to be lower among older children, compared with
      younger, while the opposite was true for rubella.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3997901
TI  - Biomechanical properties of spinal ligaments and a histological study of the
      supraspinal ligament in traction.
AB  - This paper reports the results of a biomechanical study of 43 human spinal
      ligaments from fresh cadavers and living subjects. Tensile tests were performed
      with an original testing machine. The tension load and relaxation were applied at
      the same constant slow rate (1 mm min-1) on entire ligaments. In order to avoid
      ligament injuries, fixation in the apparatus was on the bone held in clamps
      specifically designed for each bone, never the ligament itself or its bony
      attachments. All the load-deformation curves had a sigmoid shape and during load
      unload cycles ligaments exhibited elastic properties. This was particularly
      evident for the ligamentum flavum. The intertransverse posterior longitudinal
      ligament and the ligamentum flavum were the most resistant. The elongation
      tension curve pattern may be explained by the microscopic architectural change
      that was studied in supraspinous ligament.

PMID- 3997902
TI  - Constitutive stress--strain relations for the myocardium in diastole.
AB  - The importance of stress-strain myocardial constitutive relations is that they
      provide a criterion for behavior in vivo. Our purpose was to develop constitutive
      equations which are valid in diastole. The myocardium was assumed to be composed
      of a nonlinear viscoelastic, inhomogeneous, anisotropic (transversely isotropic)
      and incompressible material operating under adiabatic and isothermal conditions.
      The expressions contain five moduli. Two are fixed by the restriction of
      incompressibility, one is estimated, the remaining two refer to directions along
      and perpendicular to a fiber. Both possess a bimodal variation with intermodal
      switching occurring in late rapid filling and diastasis. They are functions of
      time and material constants. These constants can be observed. A dynamic test is
      suggested. Constitutive statements complete a set of equations sufficient for the
      solution of a class of boundary value problems. One type is formulated. They also
      permit the determination of stress from measured strain. Examples are given.

PMID- 3997903
TI  - Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage.
AB  - It has been suggested that osteonal remodeling is triggered by bone microdamage.
      The validity of this theory rests on the assumption that loading within the
      physiological range will produce substantial microdamage with relatively few load
      cycles. The object of the first experiment was to determine threshold values
      required to consistently produce fatigue microdamage in vivo. The left forelimb
      of five groups of dogs, characterized by different strain levels and different
      numbers of load cycles, were loaded in three point bending. The number of
      microscopic fields which contained some microdamage was calculated as a
      percentage of the total number of fields. This experiment indicated that loads
      producing strains as low as 1500 microstrain on the radius and 1400 microstrain
      on the ulna for 10,000 cycles will produce significant bone microdamage. A second
      experiment was performed to verify this threshold and to determine whether
      microcracks are associated with the initiation of bone remodeling. Procedures in
      this experiment were the same as those in the first, except that all dogs were
      loaded in such a way as to produce strains on the radius of 1500 microstrain for
      10,000 cycles, and the dogs were sacrificed 1-4 days after loading. The loaded
      limb demonstrated significantly more microdamage than the control limb (p =
      0.03). Moreover, we observed 44 times as many microcracks in association with
      resorption spaces as expected by chance alone. These data support the hypothesis
      that fatigue microdamage is a significant factor in the initiation of
      intracortical bone remodeling.

PMID- 3997904
TI  - The effect of Haversian remodeling on the tensile properties of human cortical
      bone.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Haversian remodeling on
      the tensile properties of human cortical bone by testing specimens containing, as
      far a possible, a single type of bone tissue. Fifty-one specimens were prepared
      from sixteen fresh tibias, removed at autopsy. Age range was 19-35. Regions were
      selected so that the specimens would consist almost exclusively of either primary
      bone or Haversian bone. The ultimate tensile strength, ultimate strain and
      Young's modulus of elasticity were determined at a loading rate of 0.05 mm s-1.
      The primary bone specimens were found to have a significantly higher ultimate
      tensile strength and modulus of elasticity than those formed of Haversian bone.

PMID- 3997905
TI  - Determination of the parameters for an athetotic arm model.
AB  - A model is developed to represent elbow motions of a cerebral palsied arm with
      athetotic movements. The parameters of the model are defined and determined. The
      resulting computer model can then be used to either generate athetotic motions or
      to regenerate prerecorded experimental data.

PMID- 3997906
TI  - Biomechanics justification for empirical head tolerance criteria.
AB  - Criticisms of existing tolerance criteria are assessed briefly in the context of
      their relevance and importance in the design of protective systems. A
      biomechanics analysis is given for head impact, with emphasis on the general form
      of derived tolerance criteria rather than on their detailed evaluation. Head
      materials are assumed to be inhomogeneous, nonlinear and viscoelastic, and
      related materials failure criteria are used to derive appropriate head injury
      criteria. It is shown that the Gadd Severity Index and the Head Injury Criterion
      are plausible and fundamentally correct forms of criteria, in contrast to
      criticisms which have appeared in the literature. The present analysis gives
      credibility to these empirical criteria, indicates their limitations and the
      assumptions upon which they are based, and enables them to be seen in the context
      of other proposed head tolerance criteria.

PMID- 3997907
TI  - Abstracts of the eighth annual conference of the American Society of
      Biomechanics.

PMID- 3997908
TI  - Quality of life, intellectual development and behavioural characteristics of
      single children in China: evidence from a 1980 survey in Changsha, Hunan
      Province.

PMID- 3997909
TI  - Family size and religious denomination in Northern Ireland.

PMID- 3997910
TI  - Teenage fertility, socioeconomic status and infant mortality.

PMID- 3997911
TI  - Rural-urban differentials in marital fertility in four Muslim populations.

PMID- 3997912
TI  - Non-marital pregnancies in New Zealand since the Second World War.

PMID- 3997913
TI  - Determinants of contraceptive use in Nepal.

PMID- 3997915
TI  - Assortative mating for colour in Indian populations.

PMID- 3997914
TI  - Abortion experience among obstetric patients at Korle-Bu Hospital, Accra, Ghana.

PMID- 3997916
TI  - Assortative mating for height in Pakistani arranged marriages.

PMID- 3997917
TI  - Trends in legalized abortion in South Australia: 1970-81.

PMID- 3997918
TI  - Nearwork, school achievement and myopia.

PMID- 3997919
TI  - Changes in the timing of births in Melbourne, Australia.

PMID- 3997921
TI  - Classification, diagnosis, and treatment of transitional fractures of the distal
      part of the tibia.
AB  - I studied the anatomical relationships in thirty-two transitional fractures of
      the distal part of the tibia by standard radiography and in thirteen of these
      patients by computerized axial tomography. Three different configurations of
      fractures could be identified: biplane fractures and two different types of
      triplane fractures (Type I and Type II). In the biplane lesion the fracture is
      restricted to the epiphysis, while the triplane fractures are characterized by a
      wedge of metaphyseal bone. In the Type-I triplane lesion the metaphyseal portion
      of the fracture ends in the physis, while in the Type-II triplane lesion the
      metaphyseal portion of the fracture line extends through the physis into the
      epiphysis and the joint. On the anteroposterior radiograph, the epiphyseal
      fracture line in both the biplane and the two types of triplane fractures may be
      found anywhere from the extreme medial to the extreme lateral position. Its
      location, however, is exclusively dependent on the maturity of the distal tibial
      physis and is not influenced by the mechanism of injury. The use of computerized
      axial tomography has revealed the true dimensions of these fractures, and the
      diagnosis of biplane and triplane fractures can now be made by standard
      radiography alone. However, the evaluation of undisplaced or only slightly
      displaced Type-II triplane fractures will still occasionally require the use of
      computerized axial tomography. Displaced transitional fractures with a fracture
      gap of more than two millimeters in the weight-bearing portion of the epiphysis
      require open reduction. If the gap is less than two millimeters, non-operative
      treatment with a plaster cast is sufficient.

PMID- 3997920
TI  - Complications following Harrington instrumentation for fractures of the
      thoracolumbar spine.
AB  - The purposes of using Harrington instrumentation for the treatment of
      thoracolumbar fractures are to reduce the fracture, decompress the spinal canal,
      create stability at the fracture site, and shorten the hospitalization period.
      However, technical problems or the injudicious use of Harrington-instrumentation
      systems can also complicate the management of these fractures. We have studied
      forty patients (forty-five Harrington-instrumentation stabilization procedures)
      who had significant complications. Twenty-six of the thirty patients who were
      followed for more than two years required additional spinal reconstructive
      surgical procedures. Five patients had neurological deterioration (one died),
      nine patients had an inadequate reduction of translational displacement of a
      vertebral fracture, sixteen patients had dislodgment or disengagement of the
      Harrington components with resultant loss of fixation, six patients had a deep
      wound infection, three patients had a complete wound dehiscence with exposure of
      metal, and sixteen patients had persistent unrecognized neural compression.
      Several factors were associated with these failures of Harrington
      instrumentation: translational (flexion-rotation) injuries of the
      osteoligamentous middle column; failure to obtain either myelographic or computed
      tomographic studies, or both, postoperatively; failure to identify persistent
      neural compression; wound dehiscence; the use of distraction rods for high
      thoracic kyphosis; and instrumentation across the lumbosacral joint.

PMID- 3997922
TI  - Fractures of the femur treated by open and closed intramedullary nailing using
      the fluted rod.
AB  - Fractures of the shaft of the femur were treated by intramedullary nailing using
      the fluted rod, and I compared techniques of closed nailing (eighty fractures)
      with open nailing (thirty-nine fractures). A larger percentage of fractures of
      the proximal one-third of the femur and of open and severely comminuted fractures
      were treated open, but no significant difference in the average time of
      hospitalization of the two groups was noted. Operative morbidity appeared greater
      for the fractures that were treated open, while intraoperative complications
      predominated in the fractures that were treated closed. The two groups had a
      similar incidence of postoperative complications except for rotational malunion,
      which occurred more frequently in the fractures that were treated closed. The
      time to full weight-bearing on the extremity, type and rate of callus formation,
      time to osseous union, and extent of residual disability also appeared similar.
      Although a closed technique continues to be preferred for the majority of
      fractures of the femoral shaft, an open technique appeared to have some advantage
      for the more severely comminuted injuries in terms of enhancement of stability of
      the fracture.

PMID- 3997923
TI  - Closed locked intramedullary nailing. Its application to comminuted fractures of
      the femur.
AB  - For many fractures of the femoral shaft, closed intramedullary nailing will not
      control rotation or telescoping of the fragments. Locked intramedullary nailing
      combines closed nailing with the percutaneous insertion of screws that interlock
      the bone and nail. This method permits static locking that controls rotation and
      telescoping and subsequently conversion to dynamic locking when weight-bearing is
      started after approximately twelve weeks. By providing greater stability, this
      method extends the indications for intramedullary nailing to severely comminuted,
      oblique, and spiral fractures as well as to fractures complicated by loss of bone
      and fractures in the proximal and distal ends of the femoral shaft. Of fifty-two
      patients with forty-nine severely comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft and
      three fractures that were complicated by loss of bone, forty-seven patients had
      uneventful consolidation of the fracture, with a mean time of 4.5 months for the
      severely comminuted fractures and seven months for the fractures that had a loss
      of bone. At follow-up, all forty-seven patients had normal motion of the hip, and
      forty-five had normal motion of the knee. Of the remaining five patients, four
      had a non-union that eventually healed (three after a second locked nailing and
      one after a third) and one had a septic non-union that eventually healed after
      removal of the nail and screws, debridement, and immobilization with an external
      fixator. Based on this experience, we concluded that this form of treatment has
      many advantages. The risk of infection and non-union is low, the incidence and
      severity of malunion are reduced, the hospital stay is short, and early
      mobilization of the patient is possible.

PMID- 3997924
TI  - Instrumented measurement of anterior laxity of the knee.
AB  - We performed instrumented measurement of anterior-posterior laxity of the knee in
      thirty-three cadaver specimens, 338 normal subjects, and eighty-nine patients
      with unilateral disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. The test instrument
      was the Medmetric knee arthrometer, model KT-2000. We measured total anterior
      posterior laxity, produced by anterior and posterior loads of eighty-nine newtons
      (twenty pounds), and the anterior compliance index. The total anterior-posterior
      laxity is composed of an anterior displacement and a posterior displacement;
      these are measured from a testing reference position, defined as the resting
      position of the knee after applying and then releasing a posterior load of eighty
      nine newtons. The anterior compliance index is defined as the anterior
      displacement between an anterior load of sixty-seven newtons and one of eighty
      nine newtons. All tests were performed with the knee held on a thigh support that
      placed the knee in 20 +/- 5 degrees of flexion. The mean anterior displacement at
      eighty-nine newtons was 5.7 millimeters in a group of normal subjects and 13.0
      millimeters in a group of patients with a disrupted anterior cruciate ligament.
      Ninety-two per cent of the normal subjects had a left knee-right knee difference
      in anterior displacement of no more than two millimeters, while 96 per cent of
      the patients with a unilateral disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament had
      an injured knee-normal knee difference in anterior displacement of more than two
      millimeters. Ninety-three per cent of the normal subjects had a difference in the
      left-right compliance index of no more than 0.5 millimeter, and 85 per cent of
      the patients with unilateral disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament had a
      difference in the compliance index of the injured and normal sides of more than
      0.5 millimeter.

PMID- 3997925
TI  - A study of quadriceps excursion, torque, and the effect of patellectomy on
      cadaver knees.
AB  - Ten cadaver legs were mounted on a loading frame, and normal values for
      quadriceps excursion and tibial force were established with a constant quadriceps
      tension. The mean excursion of the quadriceps was 66.2 +/- 5.51 millimeters from
      zero to 90 degrees of knee flexion. After examining each 10-degree increment of
      motion we found that the maximum excursion of the quadriceps (9.49 +/- 1.35
      millimeters) occurred between 30 and 40 degrees. The minimum excursion of 5.40 +/
      0.67 millimeters was found between 80 and 90 degrees of knee flexion.
      Incremental excursion of the quadriceps during 10-degree increments of knee
      flexion showed a correlation coefficient of 0.94 when compared with mean tibial
      torque (p less than 0.001). Patellectomy decreased excursion of the quadriceps to
      51.3 +/- 1.30 millimeters from zero to 90 degrees of knee flexion. Torque was
      decreased by roughly 40 per cent of maximum from zero to 40 degrees of knee
      flexion.

PMID- 3997926
TI  - Desmoplastic fibroma of bone. A report of eight cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Desmoplastic fibroma of bone is a rare benign tumor consisting of thin, wavy
      fibroblasts set in an abundant matrix of collagen fibers. At times it is
      difficult to distinguish desmoplastic fibroma from other fibrous lesions,
      especially low-grade fibrosarcomas. Fewer than eight cases have been previously
      reported. We have reviewed the diagnostic and therapeutic findings of eighty
      additional cases. Six patients had the lesions located in an extremity and two
      had an axial lesion. The average age of the patients was twenty-five years
      (range, twelve to fifty-six years) and all of the patients had more than two
      years of follow-up (range, two to seventeen years). The radiographic findings in
      all but one patient were of a purely lytic, honeycombed lesion that often widened
      the bone, and was metaphyseal in long bones. The tumor replaced the medullary
      cavity with a grayish-white, rubbery to firm tissue that was often, but not
      always, contained by a rim of periosteal reactive bone. Histologically, the
      features were: (1) prominent loose bundles of fibrous tissue composed of slim,
      spindle-shaped fibroblasts with wavy, elongated nuclei; (2) variable amounts of
      bands of collagen fibers; and (3) absence of mitoses or atypical cells. Areas of
      metaplastic bone were found only around sites, of pathological fractures. The
      biology of desmoplastic fibroma is different from that of other benign fibrous
      lesions in that the lesion is very destructive locally and often recurs after
      incomplete excision. It is also distinguished from low-grade malignant lesions
      (for example, fibrosarcoma) in that metastases have never been reported. In our
      series an intralesional excision was initially performed in six of the eight
      patients and a marginal resection, in two. There were four recurrences, treated
      by a marginal resection in two patients and repeat curettage in one. The
      recurrence in the fourth patient required an amputation above the knee after two
      additional intralesional procedures had been unsuccessful. Wide or marginal
      resection appears to be the treatment of choice when the lesion is located in a
      site that can be resected without significant loss of function. In other areas,
      an attempt at curettage, instillation of phenol, and bone-grafting seems to be
      warranted, resorting to more radical procedures only if this fails to control
      local disease.

PMID- 3997927
TI  - Chondroblastoma. A review of seventy cases.
AB  - We reviewed the cases of seventy patients with chondroblastoma who were treated
      at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli between 1949 and 1983 and found that the
      proximal end of the humerus was the most common location (eighteen), with the
      proximal end of the femur (fifteen), distal end of the femur (fifteen), and
      proximal end of the tibia (twelve) being the other frequently involved sites.
      Sixty-three of the patients were between eleven and thirty years old. Fifty-eight
      patients sought medical attention because of an aching pain, usually referred to
      the adjacent joint. Fifty patients were followed for two years or longer after
      treatment. Seven patients had a local recurrence: four were successfully treated
      with a repeat curettage and one, by two subsequent marginal excisions; one was
      advised to have a repeat curettage; and the seventh was advised to have a
      resection and arthrodesis of the knee. The final functional results were
      considered to be excellent in forty-seven of the fifty patients who were followed
      for two years or more.

PMID- 3997928
TI  - Steroid-induced accumulation of lipid in the osteocytes of the rabbit femoral
      head. A histochemical and electron microscopic study.
AB  - A high dose of methylprednisolone was administered intramuscularly to rabbits,
      and we studied the accumulation of lipid in the osteocytes of the femoral head by
      histochemical methods and electron microscopy. Advanced hyperlipidemia and a
      fatty liver were observed in four weeks. Electron microscopy was used to define
      the ultrastructural changes in osteocytes, which showed small lipid droplets that
      gradually enlarged, finally resulting in the formation of vacuolated vesicles. An
      increase in the size of the lipid droplets caused them to compress the nucleus to
      one side of the lacuna, resulting in discontinuities of the cell membrane
      followed by cell disintegration. These observations demonstrate the effect on
      osteocytes of a disturbance in lipid metabolism caused by the administration of
      large doses of steroids.

PMID- 3997929
TI  - Early dynamic bone-imaging as an indicator of osseous blood flow and factors
      affecting the uptake of 99mTc hydroxymethylene diphosphonate in healing bone.
AB  - We determined the uptake of 99mTc-labeled hydroxymethylene diphosphonate in a
      surgically created defect in the canine tibia with early dynamic and delayed
      static bone scans. The defect consisted of a cortical bone window, ten by five
      millimeters, centered over the middle of the tibia. The dynamic bone scans
      consisted of sixty one-second images of the tibia, recorded immediately after the
      injections of 99mTc, and the static scans were single forty-five-minute uptake
      images of the tibia. These were performed and the dogs were killed at seven,
      fourteen, and twenty-eight days postoperatively. The dynamic scans detected the
      postoperative increase in tibial blood flow because the values calculated from
      these scans demonstrated a significant linear relationship to tibial blood flow
      determined with radioactive microspheres (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001). The
      increased uptake of 99mTc in the cortical defect that was detected with static
      scans was attributable not only to the increased blood flow but also to uptake by
      immature bone. Early dynamic bone-imaging increases the versatility of bone
      scintigraphy. The significant correlation between the dynamic scans and bone
      blood flow suggests that this non-invasive technique can provide a quantitative
      comparison of changes in regional blood flow in bone.

PMID- 3997930
TI  - Charcot's arthropathy of the spine following spinal cord injury. A report of five
      cases.
AB  - Between 1955 and 1968, we treated five patients who had post-traumatic Charcot's
      arthropathy of the spine. All of the patients had a neurologically complete
      spinal-cord lesion. A laminectomy was implicated as the cause in four of the five
      patients. Spinal arthrodesis was used successfully to correct the deformity,
      stabilize the spine, restore sitting balance, and prevent complications resulting
      from neuropathic arthropathy of the vertebrae following complete spinal-cord
      injury.

PMID- 3997931
TI  - Locking of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.
AB  - We clinically examined the hands of twenty-three patients and experimented with
      amputation specimens to clarify the characteristic features and pathomechanism of
      locking of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. In all of the patients the
      locking had resulted from forced hyperextension of the thumb. Every injured thumb
      showed a mild hyperextension deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint, with the
      joint having become fixed. Manual reduction was successful in seven patients, but
      the other sixteen required open reduction, during which we found that the
      proximal palmar ligament was ruptured transversely with its distal part riding
      over the volar prominence of the radial condyle of the metacarpal together with
      the accessory collateral ligament. These dislocated parts of the ligament formed
      a constricting bundle on the distal joint surface of the condyle that prevented
      closed reduction. The locking was released by cutting the constricted ligament
      bundle. Our description of this mechanism is supported by the experimental
      evidence that we obtained from examining the amputation specimens.

PMID- 3997932
TI  - Origin of the uncus and of Luschka's joint in the cervical spine.
AB  - In the third through seventh cervical vertebrae, the lateral one-quarter of the
      body is originally part of the neural arch and is formed slightly cephalad to the
      rest of the vertebral body. After excavation of the superior vertebral notch, the
      osseous prominence that remains is the uncus. The intervertebral disc is limited
      to the area between the anlagen of the vertebral bodies, and the portion of the
      intervertebral space that is lateral to the disc is occupied by loose fibrous
      tissue. When this tissue is resorbed it leaves a space that constitutes Luschka's
      joint. These anatomical findings are based on dissections of forty-five specimens
      comprising human fetuses and autopsy material from individuals who ranged in age
      from eight days to eighty-nine years.

PMID- 3997933
TI  - Patient preferences in surgery for scoliosis.
AB  - To assess individual preferences for a method of scoliosis surgery, we surveyed
      224 teen-age patients, their parents, orthopaedic surgeons, and other health
      professionals. Rather than asking the respondents directly for the relative
      importance that they would assign to the four possible outcomes, we employed
      conjoint analysis, a preference measurement technique that is widely used in
      marketing and psychology. In conjoint analysis, respondents explicitly trade off
      the relative desirability of certain aspects of the outcome of scoliosis surgery-
      for example, between greater degree of curve correction or greater risk of
      reoperation. This study indicated that risk of nerve damage had the highest
      relative importance to the respondents, followed by risk of reoperation, curve
      correction, and aftercare, in that order. This ranking was found in all five
      groups of respondents.

PMID- 3997934
TI  - Growing bone islands revisited. A case report.

PMID- 3997935
TI  - Possible congenital osteoid-osteoma of a phalanx. A case report.

PMID- 3997936
TI  - The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.

PMID- 3997937
TI  - Lower-extremity rotational problems in children. Normal values to guide
      management.

PMID- 3997938
TI  - Ankle and knee position as a factor modifying intracompartmental pressure in the
      human leg.

PMID- 3997939
TI  - Spinal brucellosis.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with spinal brucellosis were reviewed. The disease is
      difficult to diagnose, and is often confused with spinal tuberculosis. Our study
      showed that it was best diagnosed by serology and bacterial culture; radiography
      and scanning were less helpful in the early stages. After only six weeks'
      antibiotic treatment, there was a 55% clinical and serological reactivation rate:
      better results were achieved after at least three months of treatment. The
      adequacy of treatment was best monitored with repeated agglutination titres, and
      the duration of treatment proved to be more important than the antibiotic agent
      itself. Surgical intervention was reserved for biopsy, severe neurological
      impairment, or for spinal stabilisation.

PMID- 3997940
TI  - Tumours of the cauda equina. The problem of differential diagnosis.
AB  - A retrospective study of 32 patients with primary tumours of the cauda equina is
      presented. Most of the patients were initially diagnosed as having prolapsed
      intervertebral discs and treated accordingly. The correct diagnosis was
      eventually made, usually after a long delay, and confirmed by myelography.
      Treatment consisted of laminectomy and excision of the tumour. Only one tumour
      was frankly malignant; all the remaining patients were relieved of their pain and
      the majority recovered completely. The exceptions were those patients with long
      standing neurological deficits; this highlights the importance of early diagnosis
      and correct treatment before irreparable damage occurs.

PMID- 3997941
TI  - Anterior capsular redundancy of the shoulder: congenital or traumatic? An
      embryological study.
AB  - A study of the attachment of the joint capsule to the scapula, and of the shape
      of the humeral head, has been carried out in 52 fetal and embryonic shoulders. In
      77% of cases the anterior capsule was attached to the labrum or close to it; in
      the remaining 23% it was inserted into the neck of the scapula, so creating a
      pouch. In all 52 specimens the humeral head was spherical. It was concluded that
      the pouched and redundant anterior capsule sometimes seen during surgery for
      recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, may not be traumatic in origin, but could
      be a developmental variant.

PMID- 3997942
TI  - Methods of fixation of olecranon fractures. An experimental mechanical study.
AB  - This study was designed to compare the rigidity of the more commonly used
      techniques of internal fixation of fractures of the olecranon. Cadaveric elbow
      joints were mounted in a jig and controlled osteotomies performed to simulate
      transverse, oblique or comminuted fractures. Five techniques of internal fixation
      were tested by measuring movement at the fracture site after applying a bending
      moment to the ulna. At transverse osteotomies tension-band wiring with two
      tightening knots allowed least movement even at high loads. Intramedullary
      cancellous screw fixation gave erratic results; adding a tension band with a
      single know was little better. In oblique osteotomies, no statistically
      significant difference was shown between one-third tubular plate fixation and
      double-knot wiring. Comminuted osteotomies were held most rigidly by contoured
      one-third tubular plate fixation.

PMID- 3997943
TI  - Conservative treatment of fractures and fracture-dislocations of the upper end of
      the humerus.
AB  - This paper reports a prospective study of 72 consecutive patients with fractures
      or fracture-dislocations of the upper end of the humerus, treated during 1981.
      Most were elderly and treatment was conservative. Of the 72 patients 64 were
      followed up for a period of six months. Observations were made on the type of
      fracture, the speed and pattern of recovery of shoulder movements, on the time of
      commencement of physiotherapy, and on its duration. We found that with
      conservative treatment alone, 94% of our patients had good or satisfactory
      results at six months from injury. The criteria for manipulation are discussed
      and the literature is reviewed.

PMID- 3997944
TI  - Brachial artery damage accompanying closed posterior dislocation of the elbow.
AB  - Four cases of arterial damage resulting from closed posterior dislocation of the
      elbow are described. Two of these have been successfully treated by conservative
      methods and two by vein graft to the damaged artery. Sixteen previous cases are
      detailed and the management of this uncommon complication of dislocated elbow is
      discussed.

PMID- 3997945
TI  - Delayed median nerve injury due to retained glass fragments. A report of two
      cases.
AB  - Two cases of delayed median nerve division after laceration of the wrist by glass
      are described. In both there was no neurological damage at the time of the
      original injury. However, retained fragments of glass were subsequently
      responsible for division of the median nerve in both cases and of the surrounding
      tendons in one. Radiographs were an important diagnostic aid in treating the
      delayed injury.

PMID- 3997946
TI  - Treatment of unstable fractures of the distal radius by external fixation.
AB  - The Roger Anderson external fixator was used in the treatment of unstable
      fractures of the distal radius in 52 patients, and the results evaluated after a
      follow-up averaging 58 months. The indications for its use were failure to
      maintain adequate closed reduction using plaster, and instability of the fracture
      as determined by the initial radiographs. Our radiological criteria for
      instability included dorsal angulation of more than 20 degrees, fractures
      involving the joint, radial shortening of more than 10 mm, and severe dorsal
      comminution. Using the Lucas modification of the Sarmiento demerit point-rating
      system, we found that 46 patients (89%) had good or excellent results and six
      (11%) were classified as fair. There were no poor results. Seven patients (14%)
      developed complications. None of these affected the long-term results except in
      one elderly woman where the pins loosened and had to be removed.

PMID- 3997947
TI  - Congenital subluxation of the hip. A long-term review.
AB  - In 1957 Somerville and Scott described their "direct approach" to the management
      of established congenital dislocation of the hip; arthrography after a period of
      traction served to distinguish the dislocated from the subluxated hip. We review
      the long-term outcome of hips which, using their criteria, were subluxated; 72
      hips have been reviewed at periods ranging from 15 to 37 years after treatment by
      traction, closed reduction and femoral osteotomy. The results have been
      classified clinically and radiologically according to Severin's criteria. There
      was progressive deterioration with age in both clinical function and radiographic
      appearance: 48.5% of hips showed evidence of dysplasia or subluxation at review.
      The results are similar to those found in a series treated by open reduction and
      limbectomy, differing only in the much lower incidence of degenerative changes
      after closed reduction.

PMID- 3997948
TI  - Innominate osteotomy in Perthes' disease. A radiological survey of results.
AB  - Perthes' disease involving the whole of the femoral head in 36 children was
      treated by innominate osteotomy. Radiographs of all cases were reviewed to see
      the effect of the osteotomy on the shape, the degree of acetabular cover and any
      subluxation of the diseased femoral head. All femoral heads which were circular
      before operation remained so, and over half of the previously deformed heads
      became circular after the osteotomy. The improved acetabular cover provided by
      the osteotomy resulted in a CE angle of 25 degrees or more in 92% of hips.
      Possible subluxation of the femoral head was studied by inspecting Shenton's
      line. If this was intact before operation it remained so; of the 14 which were
      broken before operation, 11 were restored to normal after osteotomy. We conclude
      that innominate osteotomy is a worthwhile procedure for Perthes' disease
      involving the whole of the femoral head.

PMID- 3997949
TI  - Recurrent dislocation after total hip replacement. Treatment by fixing an
      additional sector to the acetabular component.
AB  - Six patients with recurrent dislocation after total hip replacement have been
      treated by fixing an additional sector to the acetabular component. Muscle
      imbalance or unsatisfactory positioning of the prosthetic components (or both)
      had caused the dislocations in five patients. In the sixth, a schizophrenic, the
      dislocations were due to the positions in which the patient placed his limb. At
      operation a sector was cut from another acetabular prosthesis and screwed on to
      the previously inserted acetabular component in such a position as to prevent
      further dislocation. This method has been successful and seems a simple
      alternative to exchange arthroplasty.

PMID- 3997950
TI  - Resection of a peri-acetabular chondrosarcoma and reconstruction of the pelvis. A
      case report.
AB  - We report a patient with a peri-acetabular chondrosarcoma which was treated by
      resection of part of the pelvis and the femoral head. This was followed by
      replacement with a custom-made titanium alloy pelvic portion and a conventional
      total hip prosthesis. The operation was carried out in two stages, and yielded a
      good functional and cosmetic result.

PMID- 3997952
TI  - Popliteal artery damage in closed injuries of the knee.
AB  - Injury to the popliteal artery is reported in two patients with closed ligament
      injuries of the knee, and no fracture or dislocation. The importance of careful
      assessment of the circulation in this type of patient is emphasised.

PMID- 3997951
TI  - Results of surgical treatment of patellar fractures.
AB  - Sixty-four patellar fractures treated either by internal fixation or by
      patellectomy were reviewed retrospectively from 3.5 to 10.1 years (average 6.2
      years) after operation. Results were assessed subjectively and objectively. Of
      the 64 patients, 45% had a good result, 27% fair and 28% poor. On the whole,
      patellectomy produced better results (60% good, 20% fair, 20% poor), than
      internal fixation (31% good, 33% fair, 36% poor). Nevertheless, the best results
      of all were achieved by precise anatomical reduction of the patellar fracture and
      fixation with K-wires and a tension band. Where this could not be achieved,
      however, patellectomy gave the best results.

PMID- 3997953
TI  - Total knee replacement in patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Total knee replacements were performed on three patients with Parkinson's
      disease. The rehabilitation of all three was, however, hampered by inhibition of
      the extensor mechanism, hamstring rigidity and poor muscular co-ordination.
      Medical treatment of the disease did not help. None of the patients became
      mobile, and all three gradually weakened and died. We suggest that, at least in
      some patients with Parkinson's disease, knee replacement is contra-indicated.

PMID- 3997954
TI  - Neurolysis of the common peroneal nerve in leprosy. A report on 22 patients.
AB  - Thirty-two operations on the common peroneal nerve for leprous neuritis are
      reported. A combined medical and surgical approach to treatment is recommended,
      and the technique of operation is described. Recovery of motor power was
      satisfactory but depended on many factors, including the duration of the
      neuritis, the extent of the compression, the immunopathological status of the
      patient and the efficacy of medical treatment. The main indication for neurolysis
      is hyperalgesic neuritis. The only contraindication is painless long-standing
      paralysis; in this condition the degree of neural fibrosis prevents any hope of
      improvement.

PMID- 3997955
TI  - Talus partitus. A case report.
AB  - A 15-year-old girl presented with a four-year history of pain in the left ankle.
      There was no known trauma, only a postnatal soft tissue infection which had
      healed with no sequelae. Radiographs showed that the talus consisted of two large
      fragments and one small one.

PMID- 3997956
TI  - The myth of muscle balance. A study of relative strengths and excursions of
      normal muscles about the foot and ankle.
AB  - The lower limbs of five cadavers were dissected and the lengths of the muscle
      fibres and the weights of all the muscles below the knee were measured. From this
      information the relative strength and excursion of each muscle was determined. We
      found that the plantarflexors of the ankle were six times as strong as the
      dorsiflexors. We have therefore discarded the concept of "muscle balance" in
      tendon transfer surgery and propose that task appropriateness should be the
      guide. The constant relationship between muscle fibre length and muscle excursion
      means that contractures are accompanied by decreased excursion. Tendon
      lengthening improves deformity but does not improve the decreased active range of
      movement.

PMID- 3997957
TI  - Treatment of subacute osteomyelitis in childhood.
AB  - A protocol for the treatment of subacute haematogenous osteomyelitis has been
      used and evaluated in 71 children. A group of 26 children with a radiologically
      "aggressive" lesion had biopsy followed by antibiotics and immobilisation for six
      weeks. A group of 45 children with 48 cavities in the metaphysis or the epiphysis
      or both was further subdivided according to the presence or absence of clinical
      signs of pus at subperiosteal level or in a joint. Children with evidence of pus
      had operation followed by antibiotics and immobilisation while the remaining
      children were treated similarly but without operation. Intravenous cloxacillin or
      flucloxacillin and benzylpenicillin were given in hospital for 48 hours and oral
      antibiotics and immobilisation were then continued at home for six weeks.
      Staphylococcus aureus was the only pathogen cultured. In all, 91% were cured by a
      single course of treatment. Of the 48 metaphysial and epiphysial lesions, 77%
      were treated without operation; and of these, 87% were cured by a single course
      of treatment, this figure reaching 94% in children under 11 years old.

PMID- 3997958
TI  - Rupture of the calcaneal tendon. Treatment by external fixation.
AB  - Thirty-three consecutive patients with complete ruptures of the calcaneal tendon
      were treated by external fixation. The patients were assessed both objectively
      and subjectively, and the results classified as excellent, good, fair and poor.
      In 30 patients the result was excellent or good. There were no infections or re
      ruptures. Two patients with fair results had sural nerve injury. The only patient
      with a poor result had Sudeck's atrophy. It is felt that this operation satisfies
      the need for a new technique which is simple and combines the advantages of both
      surgical and non-surgical treatment without their major complications.

PMID- 3997959
TI  - Effect of fluorocarbon perfusion upon the preservation of amputated limbs. An
      experimental study.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of fluorocarbon on the
      preservation of an amputated limb. The hind limbs of dogs were completely
      amputated through the mid-thigh; some were perfused with fluorocarbon, others
      with lactated Ringer's solution and some were not perfused at all. After six
      hours of ischaemia, all the limbs were replanted. Perfusion with fluorocarbon had
      an inhibitory effect on the anaerobic metabolism of an amputated limb, thus
      increasing the survival rate. Leakage of creatine phosphokinase from the
      replanted limb also was inhibited by perfusion with fluorocarbon. These effects
      were more striking when the amputated limb was perfused continuously rather than
      intermittently and when it was preserved in iced water rather than at room
      temperature; these measures helped to prevent replantation toxaemia and to
      preserve muscle function.

PMID- 3997960
TI  - Problem drinking in orthopaedic patients.
AB  - Problem drinking was found to be likely in 21% of inpatients in a general
      orthopaedic and fracture service, and in 42% of outpatients attending the
      fracture clinics. The questionnaire showed that the problem was most common among
      young men, particularly among outpatients. Previous hospital admissions were more
      frequent in this group. Many of the health problems associated with the chronic
      abuse of alcohol are directly relevant to orthopaedic practice. Early
      intervention may be highly successful, and it is recommended that screening for
      problem drinking be considered in orthopaedic and fracture services.

PMID- 3997961
TI  - The Rene Leriche memorial lecture. The thrombo-embolic threat.

PMID- 3997962
TI  - The effect of myocardial preservation technique on operative mortality in complex
      valvular heart disease.
AB  - Between November, 1964 and January, 1983, 70 consecutive patients underwent
      primary repair of complex valvular heart disease, defined as repair or
      replacement of two or more cardiac values alone or with other concomitant cardiac
      procedures. A total of 163 operative procedures were performed on the 70 patients
      for an average of 2.33 procedures per patient. Review of these cases allowed the
      patients to be divided into two distinct groups, those receiving systemic
      hypothermia and cold potassium cardioplegic arrest of the heart (C) and those
      having other myocardial preservation techniques (NC). Thirty-three patients
      received C and are compared with 37 patients who received NC. The two patient
      groups were comparable when considered for preoperative cardiac index and
      functional classification though patients in C group were older. In the C group,
      10 of 32 patients (31%) had associated coronary artery bypass grafting in
      contrast to 2 of 37 patients (5.4%) in the NC era. The mortality of the C group
      was 2 of 33 (6%) vs 14 of 37 (37.8%) in the NC group (P less than .001). Of the
      14 deaths in the NC patients, 10 were due to low cardiac output syndrome. While
      other factors have undoubtedly played a role, improved myocardial preservation by
      the use of C and attention to coronary artery pathology may have contributed to
      the improved operative mortality in this group of patients with complex valvular
      heart disease.

PMID- 3997963
TI  - Acute post-infarction left ventricle rupture. Five operations with three long
      term survivals.
AB  - Cardiac rupture is cause of death in myocardial infarction. Surprisingly only
      seventeen successful attempts at operative treatment have been published, with a
      rather good long term survival. The authors report five cases of cardiac rupture
      operated upon with two deaths and three long term survivals. Frequency, clinical
      features and surgical possibilities are discussed with particular insistance on a
      rather aggressive surgical attitude when considering this complication.

PMID- 3997964
TI  - Massive arterial air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Massive arterial air embolism occurred in two patients during 1250 open heart
      operations. Emergency measures led to complete recovery in both cases. Flow
      reversal, hypothermia and anti-oedema measures may be adequate in some clinical
      situations for total recovery after this catastrophic accident.

PMID- 3997965
TI  - The value of cardiac monitoring during peripheral arterial stress testing in the
      surgical management of peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - Eighty-six patients presenting with lower extremity pain on exertion underwent
      treadmill peripheral arterial stress testing with simultaneous cardiac
      monitoring. Of these patients 19 went on to have vascular reconstruction. Cardiac
      monitoring of peripheral arterial stress testing is a sensitive method of
      revealing occult cardiac disease in these high risk patients. It provides
      valuable information that can contribute to the surgical management of these
      patients. Specifically, ischemic exercise EKG patterns developed in 69.2% of
      patients with non-ischemic resting EKG patterns. Further, 80% of patients denying
      cardiopulmonary symptoms during peripheral arterial stress testing developed
      ischemic exercise EKG patterns. Of nine patients with significant ischemia on
      treadmill testing, two had vascular reconstruction postponed until after coronary
      artery bypass, four had extra-anatomic bypass. Two cardiac-related complications
      occurred, both in patients with ischemic exercise EKG patterns undergoing femoral
      popliteal bypass.

PMID- 3997966
TI  - Early surgical results on acute arterial occlusion of the extremities.
AB  - Although the earliest possible embolectomy is still correlated with best rates of
      limb salvage, we consider, as do most other authors, that the only critical
      criterion for operability must be the viability of the ischemic limb. Even in the
      presence of gangrene of the foot relief of arterial occlusion is recommended in
      order to secure a more distal amputation. Arterial embolectomy seems to be a
      simple surgical procedure; however, in the presence of atherosclerotic arteries
      or in the cases of acute arterial thrombosis the operative procedure needs
      considerable experience in vascular surgical techniques to secure a successful
      outcome. Finally, the prevention and early treatment of the revascularization
      syndrome together with appropriate cardiopulmonary management in a strict
      intensive-care unit can improve the mortality significantly in cases of acute
      arterial occlusion of the extremities.

PMID- 3997967
TI  - A randomized, prospective study of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis for
      vascular access surgery.
AB  - A blinded, randomized, prospective study of 38 chronic renal failure patients was
      done to evaluate perioperative antibiotics in the prevention of postoperative
      infection of vascular access prostheses. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
      hemodialysis grafts were placed either in radiocephalic (19) or femorosaphenous
      (19) position. Cefamandole or placebo was given intravenously 30 minutes prior to
      operation and six to 12 hours postoperatively. The overall infection rate for the
      group was 26.3 percent with two of 19 antibiotic-treated and eight of 19 placebo
      treated patients developing an infection (p less than 0.04). Grafts placed in the
      thigh have a greater risk of intraoperative contamination and infection.
      Postoperative infection associated with implantation of hemodialysis prostheses
      was significantly reduced by perioperative antimicrobials.

PMID- 3997968
TI  - Antithrombosis routines and hemorrhagic complications: a seven year survey
      comparing vascular and general surgical operations.
AB  - Prospective monitoring of the occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and
      bleeding complications was carried out during a seven year period in a department
      of general and vascular surgery. Low dose heparin was given by pre-determined
      criteria to over 1200 patients undergoing general surgical operations, and to
      almost 700 patients having vascular surgical operations. Over 450 vascular
      patients received full dose anticoagulation and 3400 patients from both groups
      received no antithrombotic treatment. Clinically significant major VTE occurred
      in one percent of all patients. Nine patients died of pulmonary emboli (0.15%).
      There were 130 patients with bleeding complications (2.2%) half of them severe.
      Both VTE and bleeding were more common in the vascular patients (1.4 and 3.1%
      respectively) as compared with general surgery (0.7 and 1.6%). Patients receiving
      low dose heparin had a 3.4 percent incidence of bleeding but in one half of these
      cases a technical factor or a breach of the treatment protocol could have
      contributed to the bleeding. Possible modifications of antithrombosis routines
      are suggested.

PMID- 3997969
TI  - Surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated with chronic
      disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
AB  - Three cases of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) with abdominal
      aortic aneurysm are presented. All three cases underwent aneurysmectomy after
      heparin therapy. Two of them died after surgery, but hemorrhagic complications
      were not responsible for their deaths. One of the three cases tolerated the
      operation without excessive bleeding and was discharged from the hospital. If
      surgical therapy is required for abdominal aortic aneurysm with DIC, heparin
      therapy is recommended to lessen operative bleeding.

PMID- 3997970
TI  - Management of arterio-venous fistula due to unusual aorto-iliac aneurysms.
AB  - Aorto-caval fistula associated with thoraco-abdominal aneurysm or with multiple
      segmental aneurysms is a major challenge for the vascular surgeon. We report two
      patients who were managed successfully. In addition to the classical surgical
      techniques of aneurysm repair, we used haemodynamic monitoring with a Swan Ganz
      catheter, an autotransfusion device and interruption of the vena cava, thus
      avoiding the three main causes of death in such cases, namely, gross haemodynamic
      disturbances, major bleeding, and pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 3997971
TI  - Prevention of post-operative complications in the lower-extremity amputee.
AB  - Eighty lower-extremity amputation patients were randomly divided into two groups:
      one that ambulated (A) early (48 to 72 hours) and one that did not (NA). Group A
      patients used an immediate, post-operative, pneumatic splinting device. The two
      groups were compared as to the incidence of wound and constitutional post
      operative complications, with the A group showing significantly fewer. As in
      previous studies, the A group continued toward quicker and more successful
      rehabilitation.

PMID- 3997973
TI  - Simultaneous bilateral carotid endarterectomy operations.
AB  - Clinical reasoning and sound physiologic data have been the bases for performing
      bilateral simultaneous carotid endarterectomy operations in 25 patients recently.
      The results have compared favorably with unilateral carotid endarterectomy
      operations in 100 patients over the same time span. Thus, there is ample basis
      for performing operations simultaneously when bilateral carotid endarterectomy
      operations are indicated.

PMID- 3997972
TI  - Arterial complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
AB  - Two patients considered to be examples of the Type IV or "arterial" variety of
      the Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) are presented. In case 1 there seems to be
      little doubt about the diagnosis. Case 2, which is currently under treatment also
      appears to be an example of EDS, Type IV. The multiple arterial aneurysms and the
      findings on the skin biopsy appear to substantiate the diagnosis. These two cases
      demonstrate some of the features of the Type IV variety of EDS. In the first case
      visceral artery aneurysms dominated the clinical picture and in the second case
      peripheral arterial aneurysms were dominant. In neither case were the classical
      manifestations of the disorder, skin hyperelasticity and joint hypermobility,
      prominent.

PMID- 3997974
TI  - The treatment of the expectant mother with deep venous thrombosis.
AB  - Experience with 12 expectant mothers with DVT from 1978 to 1983 supports heparin
      therapy. After early experience with four patients with various doses of
      intravenous and subcutaneous mini-heparin both in and out of the hospital, we
      have selected a program of outpatient, self-administered adjusted subcutaneous
      heparin. There has been no maternal or fetal mortality. There have been no
      serious bleeding or post-phlebitic complications, although two patients have had
      flare-ups of superficial phlebitis during the follow-up over the last four-and-a
      half years. There have been three subsequent pregnancies, two of which were first
      trimester miscarriages and one uneventful term delivery of a normal infant.

PMID- 3997975
TI  - Mycobacterium fortuitum infections of the mediastinum.
AB  - The clinical course of a patient with M. fortuitum infection of the mediastinum
      following open heart surgery is presented. Cure was achieved by aggressive and
      thorough surgical debridement of the mediastinum (including the edges of the
      sternum and other involved tissues) and by the administration of antimicrobial
      agents which are not usually thought to be effective in the treatment of
      mycobacterial infections.

PMID- 3997976
TI  - Arterio-venous fistula in the lower limb in consequence of Fogarty balloon
      catheter embolectomy. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Arterio-venous fistula following Fogarty catheter embolectomy is a rare but
      dangerous complication. The case of a male patient in whom such a fistula was
      repaired surgically is described. Aggressive approach in the treatment of this
      severe condition to prevent unnecessary limb loss is advocated. The pertinent
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 3997977
TI  - Binding of laminin to type IV collagen: a morphological study.
AB  - A mixture of laminin and type IV collagen was analyzed by rotary shadowing using
      carbon/platinum and electron microscopy. Laminin was found to form distinct
      complexes with type IV collagen: one site of interaction is located 140 nm from
      the COOH-terminal, noncollagenous (NC1) domain and the other is located within
      the NH2-terminal region. The isolated NC1 fragment of type IV collagen does not
      appear to interact with laminin, while pepsin-treated type IV collagen, which
      lacks the NC1 domain, retains its ability to form complexes with laminin.
      Analysis of the laminin-type IV complexes indicates that laminin binds to type IV
      collagen via the globular regions of either of its four arms. This finding is
      supported by experiments using fragment P1 of laminin which lacks the globular
      regions and which does not bind to type IV collagen in a specific way. In
      addition, after heat-denaturation of laminin no specific binding is observed.

PMID- 3997978
TI  - The role of membrane-membrane interactions in the regulation of endothelial cell
      growth.
AB  - A cell surface preparation from confluent endothelial cells can inhibit DNA
      synthesis of actively growing endothelial cells. The decrease in the rate of
      [3H]thymidine incorporation is concentration dependent and levels off at 47% of
      the control. The preparation has no affect on the growth of vascular smooth
      muscle cells. A similar preparation from smooth muscle cells does not show
      inhibitory activity with either endothelial or smooth muscle cells. The
      inhibition of growth can also be demonstrated by a decrease in thymidine index
      and growth rate. The inhibition is transient and after 48 h, the growth rate is
      similar to that of the control. In a wound edge assay, both migration and
      proliferation are inhibited. The inhibitory activity is partially labile to
      trypsin and abolished by pepsin, heating at 100 degrees C, or reduction. Cell
      surface iodination and analysis of the proteins removed by urea treatment by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show at least 11 bands with apparent molecular
      weights from 250,000 to 18,000. These radiolabeled proteins, as well as the
      active component of the cell surface preparation, are sedimentable at 100,000 g
      for 1 h. They are both solubilized in 30 mM octyl glucoside but not by treatment
      with 0.1 M sodium carbonate, pH 11.5. These results suggest that the activity is
      due to a cell-surface membrane fraction and may provide a basis for studying the
      mechanism of density-dependent inhibition of growth in a normal cell of defined
      origin.

PMID- 3997979
TI  - Basement membrane component changes in skeletal muscle transplants undergoing
      regeneration or rejection.
AB  - The basement membrane of myofibers plays an important role during orderly
      regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. In this report, changes in various
      basement membrane components were analyzed in skeletal muscle grafts undergoing
      regeneration (autografts) or immune rejection (allografts). The
      immunofluorescence technique using specific antibodies against laminin, types IV
      and V collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, fibronectin, in combination with
      binding of concanavalin A (ConA) was used to monitor basement membranes. In
      normal muscle, these components were localized in the pericellular region of
      myofiber corresponding to its basement membrane. After transplantation, the
      majority of myofibers underwent degeneration as a result of ischemic injury,
      followed by regeneration from precursor myosatellite cells. Various components of
      basement membrane zone disappeared from the degenerating myofibers, leaving
      behind some unidentifiable component that still bound ConA. A new basement
      membrane appeared around the regenerated myotubes which persisted during
      maturation of the regenerating muscle. In rejected skeletal muscles, the
      immunoreactivity of various components persisted even after the disappearance of
      myotubes and myofiber cytoplasm. In addition, an accumulation of fibronectin was
      seen throughout the rejected muscle with the onset of immune rejection. These
      results demonstrate that the major basement membrane components disappear and
      reappear sequentially during myofiber degeneration and regeneration. Such a
      turnover is not seen in rejected skeletal muscles. Thus, the myofiber basement
      membrane is not a static structure as previously thought but one which changes
      chemically during degeneration and regeneration. This feature of basement
      membrane may be important in the orderly regeneration of skeletal muscle after
      injury.

PMID- 3997980
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the cervical esophagus. Association with a gastric
      heterotopia].
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the cervical esophagus is a very rare lesion. A case is
      reported of this tumor developing in the presence of gastric heterotopia of
      mucosa of cervical esophagus. The integrity of the remaining esophageal mucosa
      eliminates the possibility of cancer developing on an endobrachyesophagus. The
      association in a young patient of an adenocarcinoma of cervical esophagus and
      gastric heterotopia is suggestive of a pathologic relation.

PMID- 3997981
TI  - [Does the histological status of the surgical section have any influence on the
      follow-up of Crohn disease treated surgically?].
AB  - Can we decrease the risk of recurrence of Crohn's disease by wide resection on
      either side of the pathological zone? A retrospective study of 58 cases of
      operated Crohn's disease analysed on the basis of the histological appearance of
      the limits of resection revealed that this element had no influence on the
      outcome of the disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to
      the histology of the limits of resection: Group A: healthy tissue at the limits
      of resection Group B: pathological limits Out of the 18 cases of recurrence, 13
      occurred in cases with healthy limits of resection and 5 occurred in cases with
      pathological limits of resection (N.S. X2 = 0.435). There was no significant
      difference in the interval between the initial operation and the recurrence in
      the 2 groups of patients. These results justify the limited resection for Crohn's
      disease, with the removal of a small border of healthy tissue, which is best
      evaluated by intraoperative macroscopic examination.

PMID- 3997982
TI  - [Partial splenic resections and Nd-YAG laser].
AB  - Eleven partial splenectomies are performed in pigs. Simultaneous section and
      hemostasis are obtained with continuous 80 W power shoot. There is no hemorrhagic
      or septic complication and normal splenic weight is recovered in 5 months.
      Platelets elevation observed in post-operative. Platelets elevation observed in
      post-operative period returns to normal rate between 20th and 30th day. Acute
      cellular damage of cut splenic edge does not exceed 3 mm in thickness. Semi-thick
      and electron microscopic examination reveals at day 10 mitotic figures of
      lymphocytes (i.e. splenic regeneration) and at day 30 high density of mast cells
      and plasmocytes i.e. cellular biostimulation).

PMID- 3997983
TI  - [Long-term result of the surgical treatment of funnel chest by Jung's method.
      Apropos of 32 cases].
AB  - A homogeneous series of 32 cases of pectus excavatum were treated by Jung's
      method of reversal of the breast-plate pedicle. Operation was usually performed
      at about puberty. The mortality is nill for this technique, which is simple and
      which, for a low morbidity, provides good functional and esthetic results in 87%
      of cases. Follow up examinations after 4 to 18 years in 26 patients showed
      maintenance of results and the absence of any case of recurrence. This confirms
      the pathogenic hypothesis suggested by the authors in 1972. By performing a true
      laparoplasty in addition to the sternum reversal, this operation corrects
      disorders of ventilatory mechanics at the origin of the deformity.

PMID- 3997985
TI  - [Rectal metastasis of breast cancer. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - 2 cases of rectal metastatic breast carcinoma were treated by an abdomino
      perineal resection. The rectal involvement is quite uncommon, and only 6 others
      cases treated with surgery have been described in the international literature.
      We think that only radical surgery can give a good palliation.

PMID- 3997984
TI  - [Digestive localizations of non Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma. Clinical,
      therapeutic and prognostic aspects. Apropos of 29 cases].
AB  - 29 cases of non Hodgkin's lymphoma (L.N.H.) involving the gastrointestinal (G.I.)
      tract were reviewed. Primary G.I. involvement was found in 15 patients (2
      occurred after Hodgkin's disease), secondary G.I. involvement in 14 patients.
      Clinical, barium x-ray studies and endoscopic data, prognostically features, mode
      and results of therapy were analysed in the two groups. Patients were staged
      using modified (stage IIE) Ann Arbor system; tumors were classified by the
      "working formulation of N.H.L. for clinical use" (1982). Patients with primary
      G.I. stage I E - II E N.H.L. were treated with surgery and radiotherapy or
      surgery with systemic multiple drugs therapy for patients at high risk for
      recurrence. Disseminated disease and secondary G.I. N.H.L. were treated by
      chemotherapy; palliative surgery, with high mortality rate, and radiotherapy were
      occasionally indicated. 3 patients died and 3 had recurrences (5/6 within 2
      years) in the first group. Only 2 patients achieved complete remission in
      secondary G.I.N.H.L. (median survival time: 14 months). Coeliotomy is necessary
      for unproved diagnosis or emergencies. This study would indicate that the role of
      surgery remains important in primary localized G.I. stage I E - II E N.H.L.:
      although diagnosis might be clearly established on endoscopic biopsies; despite
      results of primary chemotherapy or radiotherapy on controlling local tumor as
      reported by others authors. Surgical exploration was an essential step in
      establishing the extent of disease to plan therapy. Resection prevented the
      possible local complication associated with primary radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
      The relative risk of treatment induced second malignancies must be considered in
      the design of adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 3997986
TI  - [Aneurysms of the celiac trunk branches. Clinical study of 9 patients and review
      of the literature].
AB  - During the period 1970-1983, nine patients presented with ten aneurysms of a
      branch of the coeliac trunk. An exact diagnosis, in these series, was based on a
      CT abdominal scanning with injection of contrast medium and on a selective
      visceral angiography. One patient with an inoperable pancreatic cancer was not
      submitted to surgery. Ligation of the alimentary artery of the aneurysm in the
      remaining 8 patients, had to be completed in three of them by a pancreatic
      resection. The non development of collateral hepatic circulation and the presence
      of segmental portal hypertension, necessitate an hepatic revascularisation (1
      pat.) and splenectomy (2 pat.) in these series. Hospital mortality of all treated
      patients was nihil, the long term follow-up (5 years) excellent.

PMID- 3997987
TI  - [Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - The authors report three cases of leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine and
      review the literature on this subject. Leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine are
      rare tumours, representing 0.2% of all malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal
      tract. These large, round, hypervascular tumours are derived from smooth muscle
      cells in the intestinal wall and often develop extra-luminally. The malignant
      nature is often difficult to confirm on the histological examination. The
      clinical signs often only appear when the tumour has reached a large volume. It
      is rare to make the diagnosis pre-operatively, despite the use of a number of
      investigations. Arteriography is the most reliable examination. Spread of the
      disease is essentially haematogenous. The malignant tumour invades adjacent
      organs, causes hepatic metastases and peritoneal seedlings and tends to recur
      locally. The treatment is essentially surgical and the prognosis varies according
      to the size of the tumour, its grade, its activity and its degree of extension.
      The 5-year survival of all forms of the disease varies between 20 and 50%,
      according to the series.

PMID- 3997988
TI  - [Eosinophilic tumors of the duodenum and pancreas. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors relate about a case of tumorlike eosinophilic infiltration of the
      duodenum and pancreas. The preoperative workup included the traditional
      gastroduodenography and arteriography but also more modern investigations as
      echography and scanography which have not been often employed previously in this
      pathology. This case shows also how the involvement of the duodenum by the
      infiltration usually leading to carry out a cephalic duodenopancreatectomy for a
      benign lesion. The authors recommend conservative management if clinic,
      duodenographic, echographic and scanographic findings are not associated with the
      evident signs of carcinoma of the pancreas or of the Vater's region especially in
      tired patients.

PMID- 3997989
TI  - [Ischemic damage of the distal digestive tract after angioplastic surgery of the
      infrarenal aorta for aneurysm or aorto-ilio-femoral obstruction (Leriche's
      syndrome)].
AB  - Ischemic damage to the distal part of the digestive tract is rare after elective
      surgery for aorto-ilio-femoral aneurysm or Leriche's syndrome, but is frequent
      after resection of a ruptured aneurysm in older patients, who are operated on in
      a state of hypovolemic shock. During the past 20 years, we observed 25 ischemic
      manifestations of the distal digestive tract from a total of 916 surgical
      patients. Of these patients, 180 had an aneurysm which was ruptured in 73 cases,
      and 736 underwent surgery for an aorto-ilio-femoral stenosis or obstruction.
      Transient ischemia, which affects in a majority of cases the left colon, usually
      heals without leaving any sequellae. Irreversible damage which progresses to
      gangrenous necrosis of all or part of the colon holds an important share of the
      postoperative death rate. To avoid these accidents, it is important to
      reestablish in a correct manner all vascular axes, to avoid states of hypovolemic
      shock which, through a "small output syndrome", result in vascular thromboses,
      and finally to monitor aneurysmal patients in intensive care units so as to
      rapidly detect and treat ischemic complications to the digestive tract.

PMID- 3997990
TI  - [A rare complication of anticoagulants: hemoperitoneum caused by gallbladder
      rupture. Review of the literature apropos of a case].
AB  - A 78 year old woman presented with a hemoperitoneum due to vesicular rupture, a
      rare event since only 45 similar cases have been reported and only 2 of these, as
      with the present case, were on anticoagulants. This clearly illustrates the
      extreme rarity of the accident involving a treatment that is being used with
      increasing frequency. Diagnosis was never made before laparotomy, and the outcome
      was fatal in 20 of these 46 patients, mortality being higher before progress in
      intensive care and in patients over 50 years.

PMID- 3997991
TI  - [Arterial diseases of the lower limbs in subjects less than 40 years old. Nature
      and prognosis. Apropos of 41 surgically treated patients].
AB  - This study of 41 cases of young patients with obliterative arterial disease
      treated surgically, with follow-up for 6 and a half years, used the standard
      classification. Collection of the patients from a department of treatment
      falsified their true distribution. Atheroma was present in 90% of cases. Sixty
      eight per cent of patients were initially at stage II and 44% had a good long
      term result, essentially following the insertion of an aorto-bifemoral bypass.
      The mortality was 12%. The choice of surgical technique and ideal timing remain
      difficult to define. It would seem necessary to delay the date of the first
      operation for as long as possible, stressing the gravity of the first decision to
      operate.

PMID- 3997992
TI  - [Role of intermediate sealed prostheses in the treatment of fractures of the
      trochanter major in the elderly. Apropos of a continuous series of 110
      prosthesis].
AB  - Between January 1980 and July 1983, 265 fracture of the trochanteric region in
      elderly patients were treated in Prof. J. Butel's department. Prior to 1980, 75%
      of the cases were treated with Ender's pin. However, the high failure rate of
      this procedure (especially in the case of complex fractures) led the authors to
      select the indications for this operation much more carefully. In the present
      series of 265 cases, there were: 110 intermediate sealed prostheses, 136 Ender's
      pin 19 direct osteosyntheses. At the present time (and for the last 2 years) the
      indications are distributed in the following way: 50% intermediate sealed
      prostheses, about 40% Ender's pin and 5 to 10 direct osteosyntheses. The ideal
      indication for intermediate sealed prosthesis is a unstable fracture of the
      greater trochanter (complex trochanteric fractures, fractures with a large 3rd
      fragment separating the lesser trochanter, trochantero-diaphyseal fractures) in
      autonomous elderly patients over the age of 75. This operation allows immediate
      weight-bearing and the operative mortality is barely more than with other
      techniques (21%) with very satisfactory results (more than 80 of good and very
      good results).

PMID- 3997994
TI  - [Effect of restoring duodenal continuity after total gastrectomy in the rat].
AB  - An experimental study in the rat compared efficacy of re-establishment or not of
      duodenal continuity during digestive reconstruction by Y loop after total
      gastrectomy. Results were evaluated as a function of growth rate in the two
      groups. Nutrition following gastrectomy in rats treated by this technique was
      significantly better than in the other rats. Similar findings have been reported
      in humans, suggesting that this procedure be used more frequently after total
      gastrectomy.

PMID- 3997993
TI  - [Hydatid cyst of the thyroid. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Two cases of hydatid cyst of the thyroid are reported and the rare cases in the
      literature reviewed. Hydatidosis located in the thyroid is an infrequent finding,
      even in endemic countries. Finding on clinical examination are usually those of a
      cold thyroid nodule, and diagnosis is by detection of other sites for the lesion,
      positive results of immunologic tests, or often only after histology of an
      operative specimen. The spontaneous course of the affection may be interrupted by
      complications due either to the size of the lesion or the parasite itself.
      Treatment is surgical, usually by a hemithyroidectomy.

PMID- 3997995
TI  - [Completely implantable catheters for anticancer chemotherapy. A French
      experience of 325 cases].
AB  - Three hundred and twenty five implantable catheters (PAC) were used in the
      treatment of 319 patients with neoplastic disease in 21 French centers. Two
      hundred and sixty three were inserted in central venous position, 43 in hepatic
      artery and 11 were intraportal. There were no failures at the time of insertion
      nor any deaths imputable to the method. Whilst the mean duration of use was 182
      days, 72 catheters remain patent after one year of use or more. The risk of
      obstruction is 3,6% : 1,5% for I.V. sites and 13,9% in intra-arterial because
      internal caliber are smaller. There were 2,4%, of cases of skin leakage or
      necrosis and sepsis rate was 2,7%, more frequent er after percutaneous insertion.
      These result justify the use of this device in long term chemotherapy.

PMID- 3997996
TI  - Alkylation with dialkylsulfate and diisopropylethylamine.

PMID- 3997997
TI  - Chromatography of Astra Blue dyes with eluents containing potassium thiocyanate
      in organic solvents.

PMID- 3997998
TI  - Analysis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid by gas-liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3997999
TI  - Determination of 2H-hexafluoropropanol-2 in air.

PMID- 3998000
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of epinephrine enantiomers using
      a UV detector in series with an optical activity detector.

PMID- 3998001
TI  - Simple precolumn sample enrichment in high-performance liquid chromatography for
      determination of phenoxy acid herbicides in water samples from exposure studies.

PMID- 3998002
TI  - Fast high-performance liquid chromatographic screening method for the presence of
      trenbolone and its major metabolite in urine of slaughter cattle.

PMID- 3998003
TI  - Rapid fluorescamine based protein assay usable in the presence of interfering
      substances.

PMID- 3998004
TI  - Determination of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide in Brassica extracts by high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3998005
TI  - Preparative separation of nucleotides by high-performance-ion exchange liquid
      chromatography using a volatile buffer system.

PMID- 3998006
TI  - Mitotane (o,p'-DDD) emulsion and tablet analysis by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 3998007
TI  - Liquid chromatography of organic acids in silage extracts using dual detection.

PMID- 3998008
TI  - Thin-layer chromatographic investigation of the antimycin A antibiotic complex.

PMID- 3998009
TI  - Improved one-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic technique for polar lipids.

PMID- 3998010
TI  - Preparative and analytical high-performance liquid chromatographic methods in the
      synthesis and analysis of decomposition of nitrosourea nucleosides.
AB  - Details are given for reversed-phase, adsorption, and aqueous ammonia-modified
      adsorption high-performance liquid chromatographic systems developed to separate
      3'-chloroethylnitrosourea analogues of thymidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, and 5-fluoro
      2'-deoxyuridine from their decomposition products and synthetic precursors. The
      effect of varying the substituent at the 3'- and 5-position on relative retention
      in each system is discussed. These systems are used to purify intermediates in
      the synthesis of these potent antineoplastic agents, and for the simultaneous
      analysis of the nitrosourea nucleosides and their breakdown products in kinetic
      studies of their decomposition. Application of these methods to the analysis of
      the kinetics of the breakdown of these compounds is demonstrated, with detection
      limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 2) in the 1-2 ng range.

PMID- 3998011
TI  - Use of benzoin as pre-column fluorescence derivatization reagent for the high
      performance liquid chromatography of angiotensins.

PMID- 3998012
TI  - Sensitive determination of nitrite and nitrate by ion-exchange chromatography.

PMID- 3998013
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of basic drugs on silica columns
      using non-aqueous ionic eluents. II. Application of UV, fluorescence and
      electrochemical oxidation detection.
AB  - Unmodified silica columns together with non-aqueous ionic eluents give stable yet
      flexible systems for the analysis of basic drugs by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Low-wavelength UV and fluorescence detection may be used, and
      fluorescence may be optimised by, for example, post-column pH change or
      derivatisation of some primary aliphatic amines with o-phthaldialdehyde. A novel
      feature is that electrochemical oxidation can be used for the detection of most
      analytes and this detection mode is thus discussed in detail. Retention and
      relative response data (UV, 254 nm and electrochemical, +1.2 V) have been
      generated for 462 compounds using a 125-mm Spherisorb S5W silica column and
      methanolic ammonium perchlorate (10 mM, pH 6.7) as eluent. This system can be
      used isocratically in qualitative analyses and also for quantitative work, when
      either the wavelength or the applied potential can be adjusted to optimise the
      response.

PMID- 3998014
TI  - Analysis of candidate anticancer drugs by thermospray high-performance liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to
      confirm the identity of five bulk anticancer drugs, and in some cases, to
      identify drug impurities. Analysis resulted in both molecular weight and
      structural (fragment ions) information obtained from the full scan spectra of as
      little as 50 ng of each drug. The technique was also used to evaluate the
      chromatographic specificity of corresponding ultraviolet or refractive index high
      performance liquid chromatographic detection in the presence of drug degradation
      products.

PMID- 3998015
TI  - Use of guanidine hydrochloride in the purification by reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography of thyroxinyl- and triiodothyronylpeptides
      derived from thyroglobulin.
AB  - When peptides containing thyroid hormones are first solubilized in 6 M guanidine
      hydrochloride they can be perfectly separated by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography on an octadecylsilica column using conventional elution
      conditions (trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile).

PMID- 3998016
TI  - Simultaneous analysis of three antimicrobial agents in feed premixes by reversed
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3998017
TI  - Use of isotachophoresis to monitor the synthesis and purification of L-alpha
      amino-epsilon-ketopimelate.

PMID- 3998018
TI  - Gas chromatographic determination of serum branched-chain alpha-keto acids
      derivatized by extractive alkylation.
AB  - The procedure presented for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of alpha-keto
      acids is relatively simple, requiring only a few steps for the formation of
      derivatives suitable for measurement. The recoveries of the branched-chain alpha
      keto acids varied from 92.7% to 106.7%, being sufficiently good especially when
      smaller amounts of the alpha-keto acids were added to serum. In addition, the
      coefficients of variation are satisfactorily small, also for biological samples.
      The measured values of branched-chain alpha-keto acids correspond well with those
      presented earlier by different methods. There exists a slight but insignificant
      difference between women and men, the values being lower in sera of women for the
      three branched-chain alpha-keto acids studied.

PMID- 3998019
TI  - Quantitative determination of methyltestosterone and methyltestosterone-d3 in
      serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A method for the quantitative estimation of methyltestosterone and
      methyltestosterone-d3 in biological fluids has been developed using gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected-ion monitoring. Methyltestosterone-d6
      was used as an internal standard. Methyltestosterone and methyltestosterone-d3 in
      serum were determined based on the peak height ratios of the molecular ions of
      methyltestosterone, methyltestosterone-d3 and methyltestosterone-d6. Sensitivity,
      specificity, precision, accuracy and reproducibility of the present method were
      demonstrated to be satisfactory for application to pharmacokinetic and
      bioavailability studies.

PMID- 3998020
TI  - Isolation and quantitation of carbohydrates in sheep plasma by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - The application of ultraviolet detection at 190 nm following chromatography on a
      Ca2+ cation-exchange column with a mobile phase of water enables the low amounts
      of carbohydrates present in plasma to be quantitated. The separation and
      quantitation of carbohydrates in maternal and fetal sheep plasma and amniotic
      fluid are described, as is the application of this method to the determination of
      specific radioactivities of glucose and fructose in plasma.

PMID- 3998021
TI  - Identification of phenprocoumon metabolites in human urine by high-performance
      liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - The oral anticoagulant phenprocoumon is eliminated in urine mainly as the
      glucuronide conjugate to an extent of 20% of the dose. The urine from patients
      undergoing phenprocoumon therapy was investigated and the following metabolites
      were isolated and identified: 7-hydroxyphenprocoumon as the main component, and
      4'-hydroxyphenprocoumon and 6-hydroxyphenprocoumon as conjugates. They were
      characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and, after methylation,
      by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 3998022
TI  - Plasma determination of 3-methylclonazepam by capillary gas chromatography.
AB  - A capillary gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 3
      methylclonazepam in plasma was developed. This method involved a single
      extraction by butyl acetate followed by analysis of the organic extract on a CP
      Sil 5 glass capillary column with detection by electron capture. The detection
      limit was about 0.1 ng/ml, and the inter- and intra-assay precision did not
      exceed 8% for the concentration range 0.1-6.0 ng/ml. Specificity towards some of
      the possible metabolites in human plasma was demonstrated. This method was used
      for the measurement of the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3-methylclonazepam in
      healthy volunteers after a single intravenous administration of 1 mg, and oral
      administrations of 1 and 4 mg.

PMID- 3998023
TI  - Determination of the antibiotic fludalanine in plasma and urine by high
      performance liquid chromatography using a packed-bed, post-column reactor with o
      phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol.
AB  - Fludalanine is a novel anti-bacterial agent active against gram-negative and gram
      positive bacteria. A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay has been
      developed using ion-pair chromatography to resolve fludalanine and the internal
      standard 3,3-difluoro-D-alanine from plasma and urine background. The mobile
      phase contains sodium dodecyl sulfonate and methanol in a phosphate buffer.
      Fludalanine is derivatized post-column with o-phthalaldehyde via a packed-bed
      chemical reactor. The adduct is detected fluorometrically. The plasma and urine
      assays are sensitive to 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/ml, respectively.

PMID- 3998024
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of dimethylxanthine
      metabolites of caffeine in human plasma.
AB  - A normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of caffeine and its
      metabolites, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine, in human plasma is
      described. The two internal standards ethyltheophylline and 1,3,7-trimethyluric
      acid are used simultaneously and cover the range of different polarities from
      caffeine to the three dimethylxanthines. Plasma (0.5 ml) in the presence of
      ammonium sulphate is extracted with chloroform--isopropanol (1:1, v/v). The
      extract is chromatographed with a LiChrosorb Si 60 5-micron column and a mobile
      phase of dichloromethane containing 2.5% of a formate buffer in methanol.
      Calibration is performed with six different calibration mixtures which take into
      account the large plasma concentration differences between caffeine and its
      metabolites in man. The method is suitable for the simultaneous determination of
      caffeine and its dimethylxanthine metabolites in plasma of healthy and diseased
      persons.

PMID- 3998025
TI  - Determination of methyl paraoxon in dog plasma by reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of methyl
      paraoxon in plasma has been developed. Disodium EDTA and aluminon are used to
      inhibit hydrolysis of methyl paraoxon in plasma. Methyl paraoxon and the internal
      standard fenitrooxon are extracted from plasma into methylene chloride.
      Chromatography is performed on a reversed-phase C18 column, connected with a
      fixed-wavelength ultraviolet detector at 280 nm; the compounds are eluted in
      about 5 min with tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile-0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH
      7.4 (12:25:63, v/v/v). Concentrations down to 5 ng/ml methyl paraoxon in plasma
      can be determined with good precision and accuracy. The method was applied to
      plasma samples from dogs after intravenous administration.

PMID- 3998026
TI  - Assay of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in human plasma using high-performance
      liquid chromatography with amperometric detection.

PMID- 3998027
TI  - Clinical analysis of steroids. XXXII. New method for the determination of hapten
      number of the antigen prepared for the radioimmunoassay of steroidal sulphates
      using ion chromatography.

PMID- 3998028
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitative determination of
      Yutac, a new antiarrhythmic agent, in dog plasma.

PMID- 3998029
TI  - Determination of naftidrofuryl in human plasma by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with fluorescence detection.

PMID- 3998030
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of a new
      positive inotropic agent, 3,4-dihydro-6-[4-(3,4-(dimethoxybenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl]
      2(1H)- quinolinone, in human plasma and urine.

PMID- 3998033
TI  - Microcolumn high pressure liquid chromatography with a glass-frit nebulizer
      interface for plasma emission detection.
AB  - Microcolumn high pressure liquid chromatography (micro-HPLC) is rapidly gaining
      recognition as a practical separation tool for organometallic compounds. The use
      of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) as a detector for micro-HPLC is studied.
      Several miniaturized glass-frit nebulizers are investigated as interfaces between
      the output of the microbore column and the ICP torch. Their performance with
      aqueous and methanolic solutions is evaluated by direct nebulization and flow
      injection analysis. The most efficient of these nebulizers is used in the micro
      HPLC/ICP study of some Cd, Pb, and Zn organometallic compounds. Detection limits
      of 1.92 ng of Pb for tetramethyllead and 5.01 ng of Pb for tetraethyllead are
      obtained and compared with regular HPLC/ICP of these same compounds.
      Approximately equivalent detection limits were obtained when using a microwave
      induced plasma as an alternate plasma source.

PMID- 3998032
TI  - Rapid extraction method for ethosuximide and other antiepileptics in serum for
      determination by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 3998031
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of a new
      antithrombotic and vasodilating agent, cilostazol, in human plasma.

PMID- 3998034
TI  - Reversed-phase chromatography of triglycerides--theoretical and practical aspects
      of the influence of injection solvents.
AB  - The reversed-phase chromatography of triglycerides is very sensitive to both
      changes in the properties of the injection solvent relative to those of the
      mobile phase and to the volume injected. These well-established phenomena are
      rationalised in terms of solvent parameters and suggestions are made as to how
      optimum conditions can be derived. The practical consequences of this are
      illustrated with chromatograms of olive oil samples.

PMID- 3998035
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of the enantiomeric composition of
      amphetamine and related drugs by diastereomeric derivatization.
AB  - A procedure is described for the derivatization of amphetamine and
      methamphetamine enantiomers with 4-nitrophenylsulfonyl-(S)-prolyl chloride. The
      resulting diastereomeric amphetamine derivatives were resolved by a reversed
      phase procedure. The derivatization yield was maximized in the 95% range using a
      five-fold molar excess of the chiral derivatizing agent and an approximate 18 to
      1 ratio of base (NaHCO3) to total acid generated in the reaction.

PMID- 3998036
TI  - Rapid and high resolution capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and
      SFC/MS of trichothecene mycotoxins.
AB  - The potential application of capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography
      (SFC) and SFC/mass spectrometry (SFC/MS) for the separation and analysis of
      mycotoxins of the trichothecene group was examined. Trichothecenes present
      significant analytical problems for both gas and liquid chromatography with a
      major difficulty for the latter being the lack of sufficiently sensitive and
      selective detectors. Supercritical carbon dioxide mobile phases at temperatures
      up to 100 degrees C were used with deactivated fused silica columns coated with
      crosslinked stationary phases. Separations were obtained under pressure ramped
      conditions using long (15 m) 50-micron i.d. columns for several trichothecenes
      (diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin) and related higher molecular
      weight macrocyclic (roridin and verrucarin) trichothecenes. In addition, new
      rapid pressure programming techniques with short (less than 2m) 25- to 50-micron
      i.d. capillary columns were used to obtain fast separations in as little as 1
      min. SFC/MS with ammonia chemical ionization provided high selectivity and
      sensitive detection (with approximately 1-pg detection limits) for trichothecene
      mixtures. The extension to complex sample matrices is discussed and the
      application of selective MS/MS detection is demonstrated.

PMID- 3998037
TI  - Rapid laboratory diagnosis of viral infections.

PMID- 3998038
TI  - Significance of anti-HBc IgM in the differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis.
AB  - IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc IgM) as determined by IgM
      capture immunoassay is generally present in high titer during acute hepatitis B
      infection. A strong positive reaction for anti-HBc IgM during acute hepatitis is
      indicative of an acute HBV infection even in hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg)
      negative patients. With the help of anti-HBc IgM otherwise unidentified HBV
      infection can be diagnosed in HBsAg-negative patients and an optimal combination
      of diagnostic tests for acute hepatitis B infection would therefore include
      assays for both HBsAg and anti-HBc IgM. In the HBsAg carrier with or without
      chronic liver disease the presence and meaning of anti-HBc IgM is still a matter
      for discussion. Detection of a weak positive result for anti-HBc IgM in HBsAg
      positive patients without a recent history of acute hepatitis cannot always be
      regarded as a definite marker of recent hepatitis B infection. However,
      quantitation of the anti-HBc IgM results seems to improve the clinical value of
      the test. Comparison of the available anti-HBc IgM assays is needed and may well
      establish a reliable cut-off level that would differentiate acute from chronic
      hepatitis B and ongoing from resolving hepatitis B in HBsAg-positive patients.

PMID- 3998039
TI  - Clinical uses of HBV-DNA assays.

PMID- 3998040
TI  - Virology and clinical significance of delta agent infection.

PMID- 3998041
TI  - Improved ELISA for the detection of HBsAg.
AB  - A sandwich ELISA for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was developed
      using monoclonal anti-HBs for the solid phase and horse-radish peroxidase
      labelled sheep anti-HBs. The sensitivity was approx. 0.3 U/ml HBsAg, in the
      standard test procedure, comprising two incubation steps of 1 h at 37 degrees C,
      or in a shortened procedure comprising two incubation steps of 30 min at 50
      degrees C. A slightly reduced sensitivity (approx. 0.5 U/ml) was obtained when
      the two incubations were combined in a one-step incubation for 1 h at 37 degrees
      C. All three procedures were completed by an incubation for 30 min at room
      temperature with peroxide and tetra-methylbenzidine. The number of false
      positives obtained when donor sera were screened was below 0.5%. False positive
      reactions occurred more frequently, but still to a limited extent, when
      previously selected sera containing rheumatoid factor or other possibly
      interfering factors were tested with the standard procedure. Most sera containing
      factors that interfere with a commercial ELISA for HBsAg using sheep anti-HBs
      coated plates, were negative. Rheumatoid factor positive sera seldom gave false
      positive results. The lower detection limit became approx. 0.1 U/ml when the cut
      off was reduced, while the number of false positives in a donor population only
      increased to 1.5%. The results obtained with reagents from four different batches
      indicate a stability of up to 4 wk at 37 degrees C and for at least 26 wk at 4
      degrees C.

PMID- 3998042
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccination.
AB  - As hepatitis B virus does not replicate in tissue culture systems, it was
      impossible to prepare a vaccine in the conventional way. However, the surface
      antigen of the virus is present in abundance in the blood of certain virus
      carriers. This phenomenon has been used to develop plasma-derived hepatitis B
      vaccines and these vaccines are now available. In low incidence countries
      vaccination should be restricted to high-risk groups after initial screening for
      antibodies to hepatitis B virus. In areas where hepatitis B virus infection is
      highly endemic immunisation of the whole population, immediately after birth, is
      probably the most effective strategy. The high cost of the currently available
      plasma-derived vaccine is a constraint on the implementation of public health
      programmes for the prevention of hepatitis B. A second generation of vaccines -
      made by DNA recombinant technology - is expected to be available in the near
      future and could be the answer to these problems.

PMID- 3998043
TI  - Clinical validation of an antibody-capture anti-rubella IgM-ELISA.
AB  - An antibody-capture IgM-ELISA using monoclonal antibodies for conjugate was
      subjected to clinical validation with respect to sensitivity and specificity. In
      103 serum specimens, known to contain anti-rubella IgM by a sucrose density
      gradient method, IgM was found by the ELISA in 99 sera. In a second study, 16 out
      of 17 acute rubella infections were detected by the IgM-ELISA. In 17 out of 17
      vaccinees, a specific IgM response could be demonstrated. Specificity of the
      antibody-capture ELISA was found to be high; no interference was seen in 60
      rheumatoid-factor positive sera, in 100 highly positive IgG sera or 10 sera with
      anti-CMV IgM. Only one out of 100 sera with heterophile antibodies showed a
      positive response. In acute rubella infections, IgM was shown to be detectable
      from 1 to 4 days after onset of illness up to about 12 wk, with peak values at
      about 1 wk after onset.

PMID- 3998044
TI  - An evaluation of ELISA kits for rubella IgG- and IgM-antibodies.
AB  - Two ELISA kits for rubella IgG- and IgM-antibodies, respectively, were compared
      with a haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test (after ultracentrifugation of the
      sample if IgM was to be detected). When screening 535 samples from pregnant
      women, 99.6% agreement was found between the IgG-ELISA and HAI; one true IgM
      positive was encountered in this group with the IgM-ELISA. An agreement of 95.5%
      was found between the IgM-ELISA and HAI after ultracentrifugation. In at least
      some of the discrepant samples the IgM-ELISA may be assumed to have given the
      correct answer.

PMID- 3998045
TI  - The accuracy of patient reports of a family history of cancer.
AB  - We studied 121 consecutive families referred to a cancer genetics clinic. The
      proband provided a detailed written history of cancers occurring in first, second
      and third degree relatives and we attempted to obtain medical records to validate
      each reported case of cancer. For 216 cases of cancer in 180 first degree
      relatives, the primary cancer site was correctly identified in 83%. For second
      and third degree relatives the written histories of primary cancer were accurate
      for 67 and 60% respectively. The effect of the corresponding levels of error
      should be estimated in epidemiologic studies and should motivate clinicians to
      seek medical records in situations where a family history of cancer influences
      clinical management.

PMID- 3998046
TI  - Relationship between acute physiologic derangement and risk of death.
AB  - Initial evidence from 481 acutely ill patients with 12 major life-threatening
      diseases suggests a consistent relationship between the magnitude of physiologic
      derangement and the patient's risk of death. These results were found in
      postoperative and nonoperative diseases, including gastrointestinal bleeding,
      intracranial bleeding, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, trauma and
      hemorrhagic shock. There appear to be substantial differences in the inherent
      risk of these diseases, but within each diagnosis, the impact of incremental
      increases in physiologic derangement on mortality appears to be similar. The
      existence of a uniform relationship in a variety of diagnoses could have
      important implications for the researcher and clinician wishing to evaluate
      outcome from intense medical care. It would allow more reproducible and precise
      stratification of patients by risk of death prior to therapy, thereby improving
      our understanding of the efficacy of new and existing treatments.

PMID- 3998047
TI  - Family environment as perceived by children with a chronically ill parent.
AB  - Thirty-three index children, aged 12-18 years, with a non-hospitalized multiple
      sclerotic patient and 33 control subjects were administered the Family
      Environment Scale, a scale that measures perception of family environment on the
      dimensions of family relationships, personal growth, and system maintenance.
      Subjects in the index group were each matched with a control subject on the basis
      of sex, age, number of siblings in the family, and socioeconomic status. Results
      indicated that in comparison with control group families, index group families
      were higher on the conflict subscale and lower on cohesion, intellectual-cultural
      orientation, moral-religious emphasis, and organization subscales. These findings
      are explained using a family systems analysis. The potential assets of utilizing
      a family systems orientation to explain these findings and the heuristic values
      of this framework are highlighted.

PMID- 3998048
TI  - Birth-cohort analysis of peptic ulcer mortality in Europe.
AB  - The age- and sex-specific death rates of gastric and duodenal ulcer are followed
      in eight European countries over a period ranging from 30 to 60 yr. A cohort
      analysis demonstrates that the temporal changes of peptic ulcer mortality in the
      European countries seem to occur in a fashion characteristic of those due to
      changes in birth-cohort risks. Generations born at the end of the 19th century
      manifested a high risk of dying from gastric and duodenal ulcer. The birth
      cohorts with a high risk for duodenal ulcer lagged 10-30 yr behind those with a
      high risk for gastric ulcer. Male and female cohorts with the highest risk were
      born at the same time. The birth-cohort phenomenon is most obvious in male death
      rates of gastric and duodenal ulcer. A birth-cohort phenomenon would imply that
      important determinants for the development of gastric and duodenal ulcer occur
      early in the life of a cohort and that it is these early determinants that are
      changing with time. The determinants could be environmental factors which
      interact with the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer from the outside.

PMID- 3998049
TI  - Hypertension, orthostatic hypotension and the microvascular complications of
      diabetes.
AB  - Prevalences of hypertension and orthostatic hypotension and their relationship to
      the microvascular complications of diabetes were assessed in 702 individuals aged
      18-74 years, who had been selected as a representative sample of surviving
      patients with diabetes diagnosed at the Joslin Clinic between 1939 and 1965. In
      diabetes of short, long and very long duration, hypertension was 1.7, 1.9 and 2.1
      times more frequent, respectively, than in the white U.S. population, regardless
      of gender. The excess frequency of hypertension in short duration diabetes
      suggests that some etiologic factor is shared by both conditions, while the
      magnification of the excess with increasing duration could be explained by an
      effect of diabetes on the kidney. Hypertension without accompanying proteinuria
      was not associated with retinopathy. Orthostatic hypotension was observed in 12%
      of the males and 13% of the females. The magnitude of the fall in systolic blood
      pressure was correlated with age, postprandial blood glucose, supine diastolic
      blood pressure, and the presence of retinopathy. Patients with proliferative
      retinopathy had the largest fall in systolic blood pressure.

PMID- 3998050
TI  - Methodologic problems in clinical trials in heart failure.
AB  - Trials designed to establish the effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy in
      chronic heart failure illustrate methodologic problems associated with
      intervention trials in chronic disease. Early improvement in hemodynamic status
      or exercise capacity does not predict long-term changes, and hemodynamic
      variables do not correlate with exercise capacity. Mortality may not be a
      feasible outcome, suggesting that an adequate measure of quality of life is
      necessary to establish patient benefit. Care must be taken to ensure that
      subjects recruited are representative of the underlying population with respect
      to drug response. Need for cointervention can be dealt with by comparing only
      periods of comparable treatment, treating need for cointervention as a treatment
      failure, or using changes in non-study drugs as a measure of outcome. While cross
      over designs can improve feasibility, the investigator runs the risk of
      inadequate followup and a time-treatment interaction. These issues must be
      considered in planning intervention trials in chronic disease.

PMID- 3998052
TI  - The validity of type A behavior scales for employed women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the Jenkins Activity Survey
      (JAS) and the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS) for employed women using structured
      interview ratings (SI) as the validating criterion. The sample consisted of 149
      white females ages 30-42 who were employed full time. Forty-five percent were
      classified as Type A. The JAS Type A Scale provided better agreement with the SI
      (57%) than the FTAS (49%). Eleven items from all four scales of the JAS in
      combination with four FTAS items were identified by discriminant analysis. Using
      the resulting equation, 76.5% of the women were classified correctly as Type A or
      not Type A. It was concluded that neither the standardized version of the JAS
      Type A Scale nor the FTAS has a satisfactory degree of concurrent validity for
      measuring this behavior pattern in employed women. Investigators are cautioned
      against using either instrument to measure Type A behavior in women without
      recognition of their limitations.

PMID- 3998053
TI  - Biological and social predictors of health in an aging cohort.
AB  - A cohort of over 5000 men of Japanese ancestry, aged 46-69 and free of chronic
      disease at entry examination were studied for factors associated with remaining
      free of major chronic diseases during a 12 yr followup period. Over 1600 disease
      free men were compared with 3400 individuals who developed coronary heart disease
      (CHD), stroke, cancer or a variety of other conditions. From more than 30
      variables examined in multivariate analyses, blood pressure, obesity, cigarette
      smoking, alcohol consumption, serum glucose, uric acid and triglyceride, were
      inversely associated with staying healthy while forced vital capacity and years
      spent in Japan were directly associated with health. Of these nine variables,
      blood pressure was the strongest discriminator between healthy status and all
      categories of disease, while cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were the
      next most important factors. This study suggests that the use of individuals who
      remain free of disease as a "standard" for health can facilitate the evaluation
      of risk factors for both total illness and a broad range of specific chronic
      diseases in a single population.

PMID- 3998054
TI  - Familial aggregation of blood pressure, anthropometric characteristics and
      urinary excretion of sodium and potassium--a population study in two Belgian
      towns.
AB  - Blood pressure and anthropometric characteristics were measured on two separate
      occasions and the urinary sodium and potassium excretion determined from one 24
      hr urine collection in a random population sample (n = 612) of two Belgian towns.
      After adjusting for confounding factors familial aggregation of these
      measurements was studied by computing correlation coefficients for the various
      intrafamilial relationships. Spouses are genetically dissimilar and share a
      common home environment only from adulthood on. The spouse-spouse correlations
      for blood pressure, body weight, body mass index and urinary sodium were
      therefore not significant, whereas the close spouse-spouse correlation for height
      (r = 0.29) may be explained by assortive marriage. Sibs not only share a common
      home environment, but also part of their genetic material. Significant sib-sib
      correlations could therefore be demonstrated for diastolic blood pressure (r =
      0.21), height (r = 0.32), body mass index (r = 0.24) and urinary sodium (r =
      0.34). For systolic pressure the father-son (r = 0.33) and mother-daughter (r =
      0.24) correlations were significant, whereas the other parent-offspring
      correlations for systolic and diastolic pressure were not statistically different
      from zero. The tendency of the correlation coefficients for body weight and body
      mass index to be higher in mother-offspring than in father-offspring pairs
      suggests a closer maternal role in the determination of calorie intake in
      offspring. The parent-offspring correlations for urinary sodium were only
      significant in father-daughter (r = 0.24) and mother-son (r = 0.21) pairs. The
      fact that potassium, in contrast to sodium, is rarely used as an artificial
      additive in food preparation may explain why the correlations for urinary
      potassium were relatively high in all relationship pairs, varying from 0.20 to
      0.34.

PMID- 3998055
TI  - Problems in the classification of cause of death diagnoses affecting the
      reliability of mortality statistics for rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The uniformity of physicians' diagnostic language on death certificates involving
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and its influence on the medical classification and on
      the mortality statistics was investigated. The point of departure was a
      disagreement between physicians' reporting of RA on death certificates and the
      Swedish National Central Bureau of Statistics' (NCBS) registration of this
      condition, to the effect that the NCBS registered a threefold mortality increase
      for women and a twofold increase for men attributed to RA between 1971 and 1975,
      whereas the physicians had reported practically no change at all for women and a
      slight decrease for men between the years. It is investigated in the present
      study to what extent this increased NCBS registration of RA as the underlying
      cause of death could be explained by physicians' diagnoses for underlying non-RA
      conditions being disregarded in favour of RA due to classification problems with
      the former diagnoses. All Swedish RA death certificates for the years 1971 and
      1975 were studied. A total of 1224 such death certificates were identified.
      Physicians' diagnostic language was found to be strongly individualistic. Out of
      the total of 1666 diagnostic expressions 1229 (74%) had been used only once. The
      corresponding proportions were 76% in 1971 and 73% in 1975. Thus, there was
      practically no change in the linguistic individualization between these years.
      The 1666 expressions could be coded by 287 ICD 8 codes. One hundred and thirty
      nine different expressions had been used for rheumatoid arthritis (ICD 8 code
      712.3). One hundred and fifty-six (13%) of the death certificates contained
      diagnostic expressions encumbered with one or more of four major kinds of
      classification problems: (1) Expression(s) without ICD 8 code (24 certificates);
      (2) Expression(s) with several codes, uncertainty about which to select (45
      certificates); (3) Expression(s) with several codes, one is preferable according
      to the ICD (39 certificates); and (4) Expression(s) which can be coded both by
      one specific code and by several codes (60 certificates). In one third (35%) of
      these cases the expression used referred to an underlying cause of death. The
      alternative interpretations of all these expressions differed in most cases on a
      three-digit level and in some cases on chapter level in the classification.
      Clarification of ambiguous expressions were solicited by the NCBS in only one
      case in 1971 and one in 1975. The NCBS' increased registration RA as the
      underlying cause of death between 1971 and 1975 could not be explained by
      problems of classification.

PMID- 3998056
TI  - Severe obstructive sleep apnea--I: Onset, clinical course, and characteristics.
AB  - The clinical course and characteristics of severe obstructive sleep apnea are
      described for 50 adults whose condition warranted recommendation for
      tracheostomy. All patients had a history of snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness
      and sleep attacks, nocturnal snorting and gasping sounds and observer-noted
      nocturnal breath cessations. Generally, these symptoms became manifest before age
      40, their appearance tended to cluster together within only a few years and,
      invariably, they were chronic. Aside from snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness
      was on average often the first symptom and began at a mean age of 36 years.
      However, in half of the patients either hypertension or overweight preceded
      excessive daytime sleepiness by at least 1 year. Physicians in the office setting
      should suspect severe obstructive sleep apnea in patients who have loud snoring
      and either excessive daytime sleepiness, hypertension, or obesity. Further
      evidence of apnea can be obtained by determining the presence of the additional
      signs of loud nocturnal snorting and gasping sounds and nocturnal breath
      cessations.

PMID- 3998057
TI  - Severe obstructive sleep apnea--II: Associated psychopathology and psychosocial
      consequences.
AB  - Personality patterns, signs of mental impairment, mental health correlates, and
      psychosocial consequences were assessed in 50 patients who had obstructive sleep
      apnea of sufficient severity to warrant recommendation for tracheostomy. The
      personality patterns of sleep apnea patients were consistently those of a somatic
      neurotic type, similar to typical patterns for medical outpatients. The high
      level of psychologic distress demonstrated was clearly a consequence rather than
      a cause of the disorder. Most patients showed cognitive impairment; 76% had
      suspected or mild to severe deficits in terms of thinking, perception, memory,
      communication, or the ability to learn new information, resulting in a greater
      potential for being distractible, confused, and irritable. Finally, another
      striking finding was the high incidence of patients' reports of frequent, severe
      psychosocial disruption in their lives--involving the family, social interactions
      and work situations.

PMID- 3998058
TI  - Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: a multisite case-control study.
AB  - The association between a prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and cancer was
      examined in a large multisite case-control study based on interviews of 8220
      white males and 6690 white females aged 30-89 who were admitted to Roswell Park
      Memorial Institute between 1957 and 1965 for the diagnosis and treatment of
      cancer. A prior history of diabetes mellitus as diagnosed by a physician was
      examined as a risk factor for cancer by conducting sex- and site-specific
      comparisons with a common control group of 2363 white males and 2475 white
      females who were admitted to the same hospital during the same years, but were
      found not to have cancer. The findings are consistent with previous studies which
      have shown diabetes to be a risk factor for cancer of the uterine corpus. A
      positive association was also noted between diabetes and cancer of the vulva and
      vagina. The evidence for excess estrogen levels as the underlying mechanism for
      increased risk of uterine and vulvo-vaginal cancer is reviewed. No consistent
      association between diabetes and pancreatic cancer was observed in this study,
      except when those cases in which diabetes was diagnosed within a year before the
      diagnosis of pancreatic cancer were included. This suggests that diabetes may be
      an early presenting sign of pancreatic cancer rather than a risk factor. A
      positive association between prior diagnosis of diabetes was noted for kidney
      cancer and nonmelanoma skin cancer in females only. No association between type
      of treatment (i.e. insulin, oral agents) and cancer risk was noted.

PMID- 3998059
TI  - Analysis of "time to second primary" in patients with gynecological cancers.
AB  - Lifetable survival curves have been adapted to measure "time to second primary"
      and used to compare incidence of second primary in all patients in the Alberta
      Cancer Registry with a primary malignancy in cervix, endometrium and ovary.
      Comparisons were also obtained within each diagnostic category between patients
      treated or not treated with radiation. Results show that there are no
      statistically significant differences in the 25 years following diagnosis of the
      first primary in "time to second primaries" in patients with cancer of the
      cervix, endometrium or ovary. Similarly, within each diagnostic category, there
      are no differences between radiation treated patients and those not treated by
      radiation, when adjustments for age differences are made and when patients are
      selected by length of survival.

PMID- 3998060
TI  - Changes in neurotensin-like immunoreactivity during menopausal hot flashes.
AB  - An elevation of plasma immunoreactive neurotensin (iNT) was found during
      menopausal hot flashes. The flash-associated increases in iNT were concomitant
      with several physiological changes, including increased heart rate, finger blood
      flow, and finger temperature. Plasma iNT during hot flashes increased 245 +/- 65%
      (+/- SEM; n = 41), peaking 3.6 +/- 0.4 min after the onset of the hot flash.
      Immunochemical and chromatographic analyses indicated that the components of iNT
      elevated during a hot flash consisted primarily of C-terminal-related variants of
      NT, but not NT itself or any of its known metabolites. The three major substances
      identified using high pressure liquid chromatography and a C-terminal-directed
      RIA that appeared in women with hot flashes were also present in plasma of women
      without hot flashes and men. Since NT is a vasoactive and cardioactive peptide
      that can also affect temperature regulation, our results suggest the active
      involvement of these variants of NT in hot flashes.

PMID- 3998061
TI  - Genetic transmission of tumoral calcinosis: autosomal dominant with variable
      clinical expressivity.
AB  - Tumoral calcinosis is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by
      hyperphosphatemia, elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and
      periarticular cystic and solid calcifications. Based on previous investigations,
      the inheritance of this disorder has been postulated to be autosomal recessive.
      This interpretation was based on finding clinically affected subjects in only
      single generations of kindreds. We investigated four generations of an affected
      kindred and found nine subjects with the disease. A unique dental lesion which is
      specific for this disorder and serves as a phenotypic marker was identified in
      two generations of the kindred. In all affected subjects, elevated serum 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D levels were found, although each member did not have the
      classical clinical findings of tumoral calcinosis. The possibility that this
      disorder may be variably expressed and have multiple formes frustes has not been
      previously considered. Using the unique dental lesion as well as the classical
      clinical and biochemical abnormalities, we found that in this kindred, tumoral
      calcinosis is transmitted in an autosomal dominant mode, with variable clinical
      expressivity.

PMID- 3998062
TI  - Bombesin-like peptides in human endocrine tumors: quantitation, biochemical
      characterization, and secretion.
AB  - Bombesin-like immunoreactivity (BLI) in 20 human endocrine tumors was studied
      using an antiserum directed toward the C-terminal region of bombesin.
      Additionally, plasma BLI was assayed in normal subjects and patients with known
      BLI-containing tumors. In 7 tumors (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, n = 2;
      carcinoid of the lung, n = 3; hepatic carcinoid, n = 1; pheochromocytoma, n = 1),
      the BLI content ranged from 6-2000 pg/mg wet wt of tissue. Sephadex G-50 gel
      chromatography of tumor extracts under acid-dissociating conditions revealed 2
      peaks of BLI: 1 coeluting with porcine gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and 1 with
      bombesin. Reverse phase ODS silica HPLC analysis of the G-50 peaks using a
      methanol-trifluoroacetic acid gradient showed that human tumor BLI more closely
      resembled porcine GRP and its C-terminal fragment GRP-(14-27) than bombesin
      itself. Partial tryptic digestion of the tumor GRP-like peptide generated a
      product which, on HPLC, was similar to GRP-(14-27). Elevated plasma BLI was
      detected in the peripheral circulation of three subjects and in the vessels
      draining the tumor metastases of one of these patients. BLI was undetectable in
      normal subjects. These results indicate 1) that BLI is present in and may be
      secreted by various human endocrine tumors, and 2) that human tumor BLI closely
      resembles porcine GRP and its C-terminal fragment GRP-(14-27).

PMID- 3998063
TI  - Serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the human: diurnal variation.
AB  - The serum concentrations of many hormones exhibit regular circadian rhythms. To
      determine if the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D],
      undergoes periodic changes during the day, we measured the serum concentration of
      1,25-(OH)2D every 30 min for 28 h in five normal men. Serum concentrations and
      urinary excretion rates of calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) also were
      measured. The results indicate that the serum concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D does
      not undergo any large fluctuations during the day, but, rather, is maintained
      within approximately 20% of its overall 24-h mean. In two of five men, part of
      the observed daily variation could be attributed to a low amplitude (less than or
      equal to 10%) circadian rhythm, with the mean acrophase occurring at 1645 h. The
      previously reported circadian rhythms in serum concentration and urinary
      excretion rates of Ca and Pi were confirmed. Although the rhythmic changes in
      serum 1,25-(OH)2D in two subjects were not correlated with the diurnal changes in
      the serum concentrations of Ca or Pi, a significant negative correlation (r =
      0.61; P less than 0.001) was found between the circulating concentrations of Ca
      and Pi.

PMID- 3998064
TI  - Protein binding of endogenous digoxin-immunoactive factors in human serum and its
      variation with clinical condition.
AB  - We previously identified endogenous digoxin-like immunoactivity in serum from
      pregnant women, newborn infants, and patients in renal failure. This activity is
      due to an endogenous factor(s) that cross-reacts with antibodies raised against
      digoxin. Using serum from the above sources as well as serum and urine from
      normal individuals, we further characterized these immunoreactive factors. The
      factors are water soluble, heat stable, and neutral in molecular charge. That
      isolated from serum has an apparent mol wt of 200 daltons, as estimated by
      membrane partitioning. The factor from urine has twice this apparent mol wt, an
      apparent higher affinity for the digoxin antisera, and is less resistant to acid
      hydrolysis. It may represent a conjugated metabolite of the factor from serum.
      The immunoactive factor in serum is noncovalently bound to serum protein, and we
      describe methods for estimating total, weakly protein-bound (i.e. heat
      dissociable), tightly protein-bound (i.e. not heat-dissociable), and unbound
      (free) activity. Levels measured directly in serum by RIA represent the unbound
      and weakly protein-bound serum components. In normal subjects, over 90% of the
      total endogenous immunoactivity in serum is tightly but reversibly bound to
      protein and not detectable by direct measurement with conventional RIAs.
      Concentrations determined by direct measurement in serum from patients with renal
      failure [128 +/- 38 pg digoxin equivalents/ml (mean +/- SE)], pregnant women (141
      +/- 12), and neonates (230 +/- 7) consistently exceeded those in normal subjects
      (61 +/- 3). Chromatography and ultrafiltration studies suggest that these
      differences are due to increased amounts of weakly protein-bound factor in these
      subjects rather than to a greater amount of total immunoactive factor. Altered
      protein binding of this endogenous factor seems to play a predominant role in the
      detection of digoxin-like immunoactivity in human serum. Our data also suggest
      that carrier proteins may play a prominent role in the transport of this
      endogenous immunoactive factor in blood.

PMID- 3998065
TI  - Immunoassay of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate in human plasma and urine: abolition of
      the urinary 24-hour rhythm with atenolol.
AB  - An assessment of the rhythmic characteristics of melatonin secretion in man and
      other species requires the determination of 24-h secretion profiles. Measurement
      of a major excreted metabolite would allow noninvasive study of pineal function,
      applicable in particular to pediatric and long term circadian rhythm studies.
      This report describes a simple and rapid RIA for 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate in
      human plasma and urine. Physiological studies revealed that both plasma and
      urinary levels of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate were closely related to plasma
      melatonin, and that the urinary 24-h rhythm was abolished by the beta 1
      adrenergic anagonist atenolol.

PMID- 3998066
TI  - Circadian rhythms of epinephrine and norepinephrine in man.
AB  - The diurnal rhythms of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were investigated in
      a group of normal young men. Sleep, posture, illumination, and food intake were
      monitored. Plasma epinephrine demonstrated a statistically significant diurnal
      rhythm, with a mean amplitude of 14 +/- 1.6 (+/- SE) pg/ml superimposed on a mean
      level of 43 +/- 5.3 pg/ml. The trough occurred at 03.20 h +/- 35 min. Plasma
      norepinephrine had a significant diurnal rhythm, with a mean amplitude of 111 +/-
      19 pg/ml superimposed on a mean level of 413 +/- 25 pg/ml, with the trough
      occurring at 02.20 h +/- 30 min. There was a significant correlation between the
      two rhythms at zero phase shift, with a pooled value for the group of r = 0.49.
      Epinephrine levels had no direct relationship to sleep or posture, whereas
      norepinephrine levels were significantly higher with upright posture and higher
      when the men were awake than when asleep. Our results indicate that circadian
      variations in the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system are not explained by a
      single controlling influence and that the norepinephrine rhythm can be accounted
      for as a direct response to changes in posture and sleep, whereas the epinephrine
      rhythm is probably controlled by a circadian oscillator.

PMID- 3998067
TI  - Alterations of mental status and thyroid hormones after thermal injury.
AB  - In 16 burn patients, mean values for serum T4 and T3, their T3 uptake-derived
      free indices (FT4I and FT3I) and dialysis-derived free concentrations (FT4 and
      FT3) were depressed (all P less than 0.001) compared to respective means in 13
      normal subjects. In the patients, the free hormone indices were relatively more
      depressed below control values than were the free hormone concentrations.
      However, within the group of burn patients, variation in FT4I reflected that of
      FT4 (r = 0.91), and variation in FT3I reflected that of FT3 (r = 0.93). We then
      studied serum T4, T3, and their free indices in 134 patients (burn size, 6-96% of
      the skin area), including 45 nonsurvivors, none of whom received steroid,
      dopamine, or iodine treatment. At each sampling, the level of obtundation (LO)
      was determined on a 6-point scale from normal to deep coma. Whereas initially low
      mean FT4I values rose in survivors, they remained lower in nonsurvivors than in
      survivors until death in the nonsurvivors. In nonsurvivors, mean LO worsened in
      the first week and remained worse than that in survivors until death. Multiple
      regression analyses showed that for a given age or burn size, nonsurvival was
      better correlated with lower T4 or FT4I than with T3 or FT3I, but was even more
      closely correlated with worse LO (P less than 0.001). Exclusion of data obtained
      within 24 h of narcotic or tranquilizer doses did not weaken the relationship of
      nonsurvival with LO and FT4I. Nonsurvival after burn injury was associated with
      reduced T4, FT4I, and mental status for up to weeks before death, this
      association being independent of treatment with drugs acting on mental status or
      thyroid function.

PMID- 3998068
TI  - Alteration of erythrocyte membrane lipid fluidity in human obesity.
AB  - The lipophilic probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene was incorporated into
      erythrocyte ghosts of either normal or obese humans, and the polarization of
      fluorescence was measured between 0 and 40 C. The membrane lipid fluidity,
      evaluated by fluorescence polarization, was consistently higher in the ghosts
      from obese subjects. A strong correlation was found between increased 1,6
      diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene fluorescence polarization and excess body weight.
      Measurements of cholesterol and phospholipids indicated increased cholesterol and
      decreased phospholipids in erythrocyte ghosts from obese subjects. These data
      suggest that alterations in lipid composition in erythrocytes of obese subjects
      are responsible for abnormal physical properties of plasma membranes, which, in
      turn, may cause altered enzymatic activities.

PMID- 3998069
TI  - Exercise-induced prolactin release is related to anaerobiosis.
AB  - The response of plasma PRL to exercise, as performed on a bicycle ergometer under
      conditions below and above the anaerobic threshold, was studied in 10 normal
      young men. One hour of submaximal work against a workload at which blood lactic
      acid remained below 4 mmol/liter (anaerobic threshold) was accompanied by a
      slight decrease in plasma PRL levels, similar to the changes occurring under
      control conditions in the same subjects. However, during graded maximal
      ergometric exercise until exhaustion, plasma PRL rose promptly and significantly
      (P less than 0.05) when the anaerobic threshold was reached. These data suggest
      that PRL levels increase provided that the intensity of exercise is such that the
      anaerobic threshold is reached.

PMID- 3998070
TI  - Improved diabetic control enhances erythroid stem cell proliferation in vitro.
AB  - Patients with type I diabetes mellitus treated with continuous sc insulin
      infusion (CSII) have improved glucose homeostasis, metabolic control, and linear
      growth. To determine the influence of CSII on cellular growth in vitro, we used a
      clonal stem cell assay for proliferation of erythroid progenitors, [burstforming
      units-erythroid (BFU-E)] in peripheral blood. Eight patients were studied before
      and after 1 week of CSII. Improvement in metabolic control was demonstrated by a
      decrease in mean 24-h plasma glucose from 232 +/- 29 (+/- SEM) mg/dl before
      treatment to 112 +/- 3 mg/dl after treatment (P = 0.01). Somatomedin-C levels
      increased from 1.1 +/- 0.4 to 1.4 +/- 0.4 U/ml (P less than 0.001). Numbers of
      BFU-E-derived colonies were not different from normal during conventional
      treatment, but increased 300% after 1 week of CSII. Our findings indicate that
      the acute metabolic and hormonal improvements that accompany short term CSII
      therapy in vivo are associated with a striking increase in the proliferation of
      erythroid committed stem cells in vitro.

PMID- 3998071
TI  - Electrochemical detection of depressed circulating levels of vitamin K1 in
      osteoporosis.
AB  - If gamma-carboxylation, by the vitamin K1 - cycle, of glutamate residues of bone
      matrix peptides is essential for the formation of bone, the circulating levels of
      this vitamin might indicate the potential efficiency of this process. Methods
      involving HPLC with electrochemical detection have very recently been developed
      for assaying the low levels of vitamin K1 that occur in normal plasma. Using such
      methods, we found that the circulating levels of vitamin K1 in osteoporotic
      patients (who had sustained either spinal crush-fractures or fractures of the
      neck of the femur) were significantly lower than those of age-matched control
      subjects.

PMID- 3998072
TI  - Conversion of androgens to estrogens in idiopathic hemochromatosis: comparison
      with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Hypogonadism is common in patients with some liver diseases, such as idiopathic
      hemochromatosis (IHC) and alcoholic cirrhosis (AC). However, gynecomastia, a
      typical feature in AC, does not occur in IHC. To determine the hormonal basis for
      this difference, the following parameters were determined in patients with IHC
      and AC as well as in normal men: plasma concentrations of androgens and
      estrogens, metabolic clearance and production rates of androstenedione and
      testosterone, and the contribution of peripheral conversion of androstenedione
      and testosterone to the circulating estrogens. Severe impotence in both patients
      with IHC and those with AC was associated with more than 50% reduction in plasma
      testosterone. The reduction was due to 63% and 70% decreases in testosterone
      production in IHC and AC, respectively. The MCRs were less affected in IHC and AC
      (19% and 37% reductions, respectively). In IHC, the fall in testosterone
      concentrations was accompanied by decreased production and plasma concentrations
      of androstenedione, a precursor for estrogen synthesis. In contrast, production
      and plasma concentrations of androstenedione were significantly increased in AC.
      Patients with IHC had estradiol und estrone levels similar to those in normal men
      (mean +/- SD, 16.2 +/- 4.6 vs. 20.3 +/- 3.7 pg/ml; P = NS), whereas in AC,
      estradiol and estrone were significantly elevated (38.0 +/- 5.3 and 68.5 +/- 17.2
      pg/ml, respectively). In IHC, sex hormone-binding globulin levels were in the
      same range as in the normal men, whereas sex hormone-binding globulin was
      increased in AC. In IHC, the instantaneous contribution of plasma androstenedione
      to estrone and estradiol was normal, whereas that of plasma testosterone to
      plasma estrogens was decreased by about 50%. In contrast, in AC, the
      instantaneous contribution of plasma androstenedione to estrogens was greatly
      enhanced, and that of testosterone was in the normal range. Since the MCRs of
      androgens and the conversion ratios of androgens to estrogens indicate normal
      peripheral metabolism of sex hormones in IHC, decreased androgen formation
      implies decreased testicular synthesis. This was confirmed by a significantly
      decreased LH level in IHC (5.5 +/- 1.9 vs. 10.5 +/- 3.1 mU/ml in normal men),
      indicating pituitary failure. In AC, however, increased LH (20.0 +/- 2.7 mU/ml)
      may be indicative of primary testicular failure. These results confirm clinical
      features of hypogonadism and normal estrogenic activity in patients with
      IHC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998073
TI  - Beta-lipotropin and cortisol responses to an intravenous infusion dexamethasone
      suppression test in Cushing's syndrome and obesity.
AB  - An i.v. infusion dexamethasone (Dex) test was used to investigate the ACTH
      feedback response in 9 normal subjects, 12 obese patients, and 11 patients with
      Cushing's syndrome. Dex phosphate was infused iv for 4 h, starting at 1100 h (1
      mg/h). Plasma concentrations of beta-lipotropin (beta LPH) and cortisol were
      measured every 20 min between 0900 and 1600 h, then every 2 h until midnight and
      at 0900 h the next day. In normal subjects and obese patients, plasma beta LPH
      and cortisol concentrations fell rapidly to less than 40 ng/liter and 3
      micrograms/dl, respectively, at the end of Dex infusion. Subsequent values
      remained low through 0900 h the next day. In 7 patients with Cushing's disease,
      basal plasma beta LPH and cortisol concentrations declined by greater than 50%
      during the Dex infusion. In these patients, rapid escape from suppression
      occurred between 1600 and 2400 h; by 0900 h the following day, beta LPH and
      cortisol levels were higher than 100 ng/liter and 10 micrograms/dl, respectively.
      In 3 patients with adrenal tumors, beta LPH concentrations were low, and cortisol
      concentrations did not decline during the Dex infusion. In 1 patient with ectopic
      ACTH secretion, beta LPH concentrations were high and were not suppressed by the
      Dex infusion. We conclude that the iv infusion Dex suppression test can
      distinguish patients with Cushing's syndrome from normal or obese subjects and
      can aid in the etiological diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.

PMID- 3998074
TI  - Peripheral plasma concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in
      newborns and infants.
AB  - Postprandial peripheral plasma concentrations of somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SLI) were measured by RIA after extraction with acetone
      petroleum ether in 98 normal newborns and infants. In 62 subjects, plasma
      concentrations of gastrin were determined simultaneously. The plasma levels of
      SLI increased progressively with age during the neonatal period. The mean plasma
      levels of SLI increased significantly from 19.5 +/- 7.5 (+/- SD) pg/ml in 29 cord
      blood samples to 29.0 +/- 17.2 pg/ml in 36 newborns aged 1-5 days. The mean
      postprandial level of plasma SLI was significantly higher in 18 infants aged 1-3
      months (45.5 +/- 25.8 pg/ml) than in newborns and tended to decrease in infants
      aged 7-10 months after weaning (31.6 +/- 7.9 pg/ml). The mean postprandial levels
      of plasma SLI were significantly higher in newborns and infants less than 10
      months old than in older children aged 8-12 yr (10.2 +/- 3.7 pg/ml). The gel
      filtration patterns of SLI of plasma extracts were similar in infants and older
      children. The changing pattern of mean plasma gastrin with age was similar to
      that of SLI, and individual plasma levels of SLI were significantly correlated
      with those of gastrin during the neonatal period. High concentrations of SLI are
      present in the peripheral circulation during the first 10 months of life. Thus,
      this peptide may play a significant role as a hormone in nutrient homeostasis in
      infants.

PMID- 3998075
TI  - Evidence that prednisone-induced myopathy is reversed by physical training.
AB  - Treatment with glucocorticoids causes wasting of proximal skeletal muscles. There
      is evidence that physical training improves muscle mass and strength in
      glucocorticoid-treated rats. Whether this is also true in humans is not known.
      The present investigation was designed to establish in what respect moderate
      physical training may alter muscle mass and function as assessed quantitatively
      by computed tomography (CT) and an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex II). Compared
      with matched normal subjects (n = 12), patients (n = 12) treated with prednisone
      [12.6 +/- 3.3 (+/- SD) mg/day] had a 20% lower midthigh muscle area and a 36%
      increase in midthigh fat to muscle ratio. The mean peak torque and the total work
      output of the thigh muscle were lower by more than 20%. Baseline measurements of
      total work output or peak torque at all tested velocities increased with midthigh
      muscle area (r = 0.73; n = 24; P less than 0.001). Fifty days of isokinetic
      training in 12 patients increased the thigh muscle area, decreased the thigh fat
      area, and normalized the mean peak torque and total work output. The increase in
      peak torque was inversely correlated with the daily dose of prednisone (r = 0.60;
      n = 12; P less than 0.05). Thus, glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting can be
      reversed by increasing physical activity in patients taking a low to moderate
      dose of prednisone.

PMID- 3998076
TI  - [Serological and clinical studies on an epidemic of influenza type B].

PMID- 3998077
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopic observation of the repair of the rat bladder
      urothelium damaged by adriamycin].

PMID- 3998078
TI  - [A study on iron deficiency in adolescents].

PMID- 3998079
TI  - [Nicotinic acid loading test. Its significance in the diagnosis of liver diseases
      and the mechanism of hyperbilirubinemia].

PMID- 3998080
TI  - [Comparison of biochemical characteristics between human liver and spleen
      ferritin].

PMID- 3998081
TI  - [Studies on the prophylactic effect of influenza vaccine. Antibody response and
      side reactions in patients under treatment by hemodialysis].

PMID- 3998082
TI  - [Morphological studies on the distribution of the olfactory nerves in Japanese
      adults and fetuses].

PMID- 3998083
TI  - [Diagnostic imagings of lung cancer].

PMID- 3998084
TI  - [Current treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (1). Peptic ulcer
      lesions].

PMID- 3998085
TI  - [A study on the relation between CMI and physical fitness among high school
      girls].

PMID- 3998086
TI  - The role of biogenic amines in the production of peritumoral edema. HPLC and
      clinical application (VIII).

PMID- 3998087
TI  - Statistical relationships and discriminative accuracy of the Halstead-Reitan,
      Luria-Nebraska, and Wechsler IQ scores in the identification of brain damage.
AB  - Ninety-two patients (46 brain-damaged and 46 control) were administered both the
      Halstead-Reitan and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Batteries and the WAIS. The
      relationship between the Luria and the Halstead Battery was assessed using a
      common metric, T scores, and also by comparing impairment ratings for both
      batteries. Diagnostic screening accuracy was compared using discriminative
      functions and by computing the percentage of brain-damaged and control cases
      falling above and below the combined group medians. Results of the discriminative
      analyses were also compared with those obtained using only IQ scores from the
      WAIS. Findings support the comparability of the two neuropsychological test
      batteries with respect to diagnostic screening accuracy and the extent to which
      they measure level of impairment. Interestingly, equivalent discrimination
      between organic and control subjects was obtained using WAIS IQ scores. However,
      differences in the instruments did emerge on an individual case basis.

PMID- 3998088
TI  - Comparison of three short forms of the Category Test.
AB  - The Category Test is a sensitive indicator of general cortical integrity, but
      requires an extremely long time for impaired subjects to complete. As a result,
      several authors have proposed abbreviated forms of the test. In this
      investigation, Study 1 compared three previously published short forms with the
      long form. Subjects were 100 consecutive adult referrals for neuropsychological
      assessment. Long-form protocols were rescored to yield the equivalent scores for
      the short forms. The 120-item short form appeared to be an excellent alternative
      to the long form. It correlated .981 with the standard 208-item Category Test,
      and had a comparatively small standard error of estimate. Study 2 compared the
      process of problem-solving by 52 additional subjects on this short form with the
      process on the equivalent items of the rescored protocols used to obtain the
      correlations. The processes appeared very similar.

PMID- 3998089
TI  - Construct validity of various memory testing procedures.
AB  - The construct validity of Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory, Paired Associate
      Learning and Visual Reproduction subtests was evaluated, as well as the validity
      of the Benton Visual Retention Test, and the two memory factor scales of the
      Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB). The results of a series of
      factor analyses based on test performances of 102 subjects indicated that delayed
      reproduction measures of visual memory were more valid than the traditional
      immediate reproduction administrations, which were more closely associated with
      visual-perceptual-motor abilities. Construct validity was also demonstrated for
      Logical Memory and Paired Associate Learning. Although both LNNB measures loaded
      on a memory factor, item heterogeneity and brief sampling of items raised serious
      questions about the clinical utility of these scales.

PMID- 3998090
TI  - Selective reminding test: an examination of the equivalence of four forms.
AB  - Four forms of a selective reminding test were administered to 20 male and 20
      female subjects 1 week apart in one of four orders determined by a Latin square.
      On many of the dependent measures, Form 1 was significantly more difficult than
      the other three forms, which were equivalent in difficulty. For many of the
      measures, performance on the first test administered was significantly lower than
      that on the third and fourth tests administered. Performance on the 2nd, 3rd, and
      4th tests administered was similar. Males made significantly more intrusions than
      females. Interclass correlation coefficients ranged from .414 to .654.
      Implications for clinical use of the selective reminding tests are discussed.

PMID- 3998091
TI  - Assessing children's copy productions of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure.
AB  - This report describes developmental changes in children's copy productions of the
      Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure as well as a new method for evaluating these
      productions that is sensitive to parameters relevant for neuropsychological
      diagnosis. Based on protocols from a standardization sample of 454 children
      between the ages of 5 and 14, a system was devised for evaluating objectively:
      organization; production style; and, accuracy. Normative findings are described
      and implications for the use of this instrument in the neuropsychological
      assessment of children discussed.

PMID- 3998092
TI  - Relationship of neuropsychological status to everyday functioning in healthy and
      chronically ill persons.
AB  - Three hundred and three patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
      concomitant neuropsychological impairment plus 99 healthy control subjects
      matched on the basis of socio-demographic variables were administered an expanded
      version of the Halstead-Reitan Battery and a battery of instruments measuring the
      quality of everyday-life functioning. The results indicated that
      neuropsychological measures can be used to predict everyday-life functioning in
      impaired persons, but few significant relationships were observed in the normals.
      Neuropsychological status was more consistently related to activities of daily
      living and basic social role performance than to emotional status. Complex,
      multifunctional neuropsychological tasks were found to be the best overall
      predictors of life functioning, whereas more specific tasks served as better
      predictors of specific dimensions of life functioning.

PMID- 3998093
TI  - Neuropsychological impairment and behavioral limitations exhibited within an
      alcohol treatment program.
AB  - The present study investigated the generalizability of neuropsychological test
      data to behavioral problems/limitations exhibited by alcoholics within an
      inpatient treatment program. Ratings supplied by alcohol counselors of
      problematic behaviors were used to form two groups (N = 40) representing
      behaviorally impaired (B1) and behaviorally unimpaired (BU) alcoholics. The
      neuropsychological performance of BI subjects was found to be impaired, relative
      to BU subjects, on composite measures of motor skill, problem solving,
      psychomotor speed, and memory. BI subjects, relative to the BU group, were also
      found to have significantly longer histories of alcoholism, more frequent
      neurological examination abnormalities, and higher incidences of suboptimal
      nutrition. Taken as a whole, these data suggest that neuropsychological measures
      may have some potential for assisting in the generating of valid inferences
      regarding both underlying cerebral pathology and the behavioral consequences of
      such as expressed within the alcohol treatment milieu.

PMID- 3998094
TI  - Color association performances of dyslexic and normal children.
AB  - The performances of normal and dyslexic children were evaluated on a test of
      nonverbal color association. All performances by developmental dyslexics were
      well within normal limits. In addition, all normal children age 6 and above
      performed at normal adult levels in color association.

PMID- 3998095
TI  - Difference in virulence of environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila.
AB  - Endemic nosocomial Legionnaires disease has occurred at our medical center for
      several years. Two subtypes of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (UH-1 and RH-1)
      have been isolated in approximately equal numbers from hospital potable water.
      However, almost all clinical isolates have been UH-1. To assess potential
      differences in virulence, 50% lethal doses (LD50) and 50% infective doses (ID50)
      of UH-1 and RH-1 were determined by intraperitoneal infection in guinea pigs. The
      UH-1 LD50 was 7.41 X 10(6) CFU, which was significantly lower than the RH-1 LD50
      of 9.12 X 10(7) CFU (P = 0.0001). The mean time to death in UH-1-infected guinea
      pigs was also significantly shorter than in RH-1-infected animals (P = 0.0008).
      The UH-1 ID50 was 5.8 X 10(3) CFU, and although it was lower than the RH-1 ID50
      of 1.4 X 10(4) CFU, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.21).
      This study demonstrates a difference in virulence between UH-1 and RH-1 in guinea
      pigs. Differences in strain virulence, as demonstrated between these two
      subtypes, may help to explain the widespread isolation of L. pneumophila from the
      environment contrasted with the limited occurrence of human Legionnaires disease.

PMID- 3998096
TI  - Susceptibility of domestic cats to infections with Giardia lamblia cysts and
      trophozoites from human sources.
AB  - The object of this study was to determine the importance of domestic cats in the
      epidemiology of human giardiasis. Of six laboratory-reared cats inoculated with
      cultured Giardia lamblia trophozoites from humans, only one showed the presence
      of cysts in the feces, and cysts were found on only 1 of the 80 days of
      observation. In a second experiment, eight cats were inoculated with G. lamblia
      cysts isolated from a human being. Over an 8-week period of observation, two of
      eight cats were found to have passed cysts in their feces, one on only one day
      and the other on 2 days. Postmortem examination of all of the cats found to be
      passing G. lamblia cysts at some time during the experiments did not reveal any
      small-intestinal trophozoites. These results suggest that domestic cats are
      relatively insusceptible to G. lamblia from humans and, consequently, that cats
      probably are not significant reservoir hosts of Giardia spp. infective for human
      beings. Moreover, it appears that the Giardia spp. which parasitize cats are
      distinct from those of human beings.

PMID- 3998097
TI  - Isolation of Inoue-Melnick virus and detection of antibodies in coded
      cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with disorders of the central nervous
      system.
AB  - Inoue-Melnick virus was isolated from coded cerebrospinal fluid samples from 10
      of 25 patients with chronic diseases of the central nervous system. Of 13
      multiple sclerosis patients and 12 patients with a variety of other symptoms and
      signs 4 and 6, respectively, were positive. Replicate samples from the same
      patient yielded the same results, either positive or negative. Neutralizing
      antibody was present in cerebrospinal fluid at a dilution of 1:25 in the virus
      positive patients. Only a single virus-negative patient was positive for antibody
      at this dilution.

PMID- 3998098
TI  - Typing of heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and
      Campylobacter coli by coagglutination.
AB  - A coagglutination system has been devised for typing heat-stable and heat-labile
      antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. The use of protein A-positive
      Staphylococcus aureus cells carrying Campylobacter sp. serotype antibody and the
      treatment of Campylobacter sp. cells with DNase in the antigen suspension
      permitted rapid and specific coagglutination of rough (autoagglutinable) as well
      as smooth cultures. Cells of S. aureus were sensitized with Campylobacter sp.
      serotype antisera. Four to five types of sensitized S. aureus cells were pooled.
      A strain of Campylobacter sp. was first tested with the pools and then typed with
      the individual reagents of the reactive pool. After the described procedures, 68
      serotype strains tested blindly as unknowns were correctly typed according to
      their heat-stable or heat-labile antigens. The two most commonly used typing
      schemes which are based separately on the heat-stable or the heat-labile antigens
      as assayed by passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination, respectively, can
      be utilized simultaneously in the coagglutination system for strain
      characterization. The coagglutination system is simple, yields results rapidly,
      conserves typing reagents, and offers the flexibility of formulating the pools of
      reagents according to the experimental design or the prevalence of serotypes in a
      geographic location. It should be a practical system for the typing of
      Campylobacter spp. in public health or clinical laboratories.

PMID- 3998099
TI  - Cadmium chloride susceptibility, a characteristic of Campylobacter spp.
AB  - We report a simple diagnostic characteristic useful in the presumptive
      identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Filter paper disks
      impregnated with cadmium chloride were placed on streaked agar medium. Zones of
      growth inhibition for Campylobacter spp. occurred at 1.25 micrograms per disk.
      Other enteropathogens (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica) were resistant
      to at least 40 micrograms per disk, with the exception of a strain of Shigella
      flexneri, which showed first susceptibility at 10 micrograms per disk. Most of
      the 52 Campylobacter strains, which were isolated from human clinical and animal
      sources, showed zones of inhibition greater than 10 mm with 2.5 micrograms of
      cadmium chloride per disk. At 20 micrograms per disk, Campylobacter isolates from
      clinical sources were significantly (P less than 0.01) more susceptible to
      cadmium chloride inhibition than were those from meat samples.

PMID- 3998100
TI  - "Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp. nov.: a new species of Campylobacter found in
      the intestines of pigs and other animals.
AB  - The name "Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp. nov. is proposed for a Campylobacter
      species that was isolated from the intestines of pigs with proliferative
      enteritis. "C. hyointestinalis" is also found in the feces of cattle and has been
      isolated from the intestine of a hamster. "C. hyointestinalis" is distinguished
      from previously described catalase-positive Campylobacter species by colony
      morphology, ability to produce H2S in triple sugar iron agar, ability to grow
      anaerobically in 0.1% trimethylamine N-oxide hydrochloride, resistance to
      nalidixic acid, susceptibility to cephalothin and metronidazole, and hydrogenase
      activity. Sixteen "C. hyointestinalis" strains were highly related (greater than
      or equal to 76%) by DNA-DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method, 50 and 65
      degrees C). Other Campylobacter species were less than or equal to 30% related to
      "C. hyointestinalis." The type strain of "C. hyointestinalis" is designated 80
      4577-4 (= ATCC 35217), and its DNA has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 36
      mol%.

PMID- 3998101
TI  - Identification of mycobacteria by specific precipitation of catalase with
      absorbed sera.
AB  - Cross-absorbed antisera have been prepared against catalase from reference
      strains of Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium
      scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium simiae, and Mycobacterium szulgai. A total of 61
      strains of mycobacteria were grown in small volumes of liquid medium and
      disrupted in sealed tubes in a cup horn sonicator, and the extracts were tested
      by a seroprecipitation technique against each of the reference antibody
      preparations. All 35 strains that belonged to one of the reference species
      reacted with the corresponding antibody, and none of the 61 extracts gave a
      significant cross-reaction with the absorbed antibody to a species to which it
      did not belong. This method appears to provide a rapid and accurate means of
      identifying mycobacterial cultures in the diagnostic laboratory.

PMID- 3998102
TI  - Evaluation of various rapid agglutination methods for the identification of
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - A latex agglutination test (SeroSTAT Staph; Scott Laboratories, Fiskeville, R.I.)
      and two hemagglutination tests (Staphyloslide; BBL Microbiology Systems,
      Cockeysville, Md.; and Hemastaph; Remel, Lenexa, Kans.) were compared with the
      slide coagulase (SC) and tube coagulase (TC) tests at room temperature (22 to 25
      degrees C) and at 37 degrees C for the rapid identification of Staphylococcus
      aureus. A total of 380 clinical strains of staphylococci were tested. The TC test
      performed at room temperature yielded the largest number of TC-positive results
      (n = 239), and based on this observation 239 organisms were classified as S.
      aureus and 141 were classified as non-S. aureus. The SC, TC (37 degrees C),
      SeroSTAT Staph, Staphyloslide, and Hemastaph tests correctly identified 210
      (87.9%), 221 (92.5%), 238 (99.6%), 239 (100%), and 236 (98.7%) of the S. aureus
      isolates, respectively. Of the S. aureus isolates that were TC positive at room
      temperature 68% required 24 h of incubation before coagulase production was
      detected. There was one false-negative SeroSTAT Staph result and one false
      negative Hemastaph result. The Staphyloslide test yielded two noninterpretable
      results (both organisms were later confirmed as non-S. aureus), whereas there
      were six noninterpretable results recorded with the Hemastaph test (four
      organisms were classified as non-S. aureus, and two were classified as S.
      aureus). The SeroSTAT Staph, Staphyloslide, and Hemastaph tests were all more
      sensitive than the conventional SC and TC (37 degrees C) tests and were
      considerably more rapid than the TC test at either temperature.

PMID- 3998103
TI  - Detection of adenovirus in nasopharyngeal specimens by radioactive and
      nonradioactive DNA probes.
AB  - The presence of adenovirus DNA in clinical specimens was analyzed by nucleic acid
      hybridization assays by both radioactive and enzymatic detection systems. The
      sensitivity of the hybridization tests was in the range of 10 to 100 pg of
      homologous adenovirus DNA. Minimal background was noticed with unrelated viral
      and nonviral DNA. Twenty-four nasopharyngeal mucus aspirate specimens, collected
      from children with acute respiratory infection, were assayed in the hybridization
      tests and also by an enzyme immunoassay for adenovirus hexon antigen which was
      used as a reference test. Sixteen specimens positive by the enzyme immunoassay
      also were positive in the two nucleic acid hybridization tests, and the remaining
      eight specimens were negative in all of the tests. The results indicate that
      nucleid acid hybridization tests with both radioactive and nonradioactive probes
      can be used for diagnosis of microbial infections.

PMID- 3998104
TI  - Determination of monounsaturated double-bond position and geometry in the
      cellular fatty acids of the pathogenic bacterium Francisella tularensis.
AB  - The nonhydroxy fatty acid composition of Francisella tularensis is reported in
      detail. The double-bond configuration of the monounsaturated acids has been
      determined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the derivatized
      fatty acids. The monounsaturated fatty acids detected, in decreasing order of
      abundance, were 24:1 omega 15c, 18:1 omega 9c, 22:1 omega 13c, 20:1 omega 11c,
      16:1 omega 7c, 26:1 omega 17c, and 14:1 omega 7c. The fatty acid profile found in
      F. tularensis, in particular the double-bond positions, represents a valuable
      taxonomic characteristic of this pathogenic bacterium.

PMID- 3998105
TI  - Diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by latex agglutination for serum antigen.
AB  - Three latex agglutination test procedures for detecting Candida antigen in human
      serum were compared in a retrospective study of 69 patients and 20 normal
      volunteers. Untreated human serum was reacted with two different latex reagents;
      one reagent also was reacted with serum treated with protease and heat. The test
      procedure with treated serum was best, detecting serum antigen in 17 of 21
      patients (81%) with disseminated candidiasis. Judging by autopsy-proven cases,
      there was an increase in positive test results in the last 2 weeks of life. When
      untreated sera were tested with this reagent, only 3 (14%) of the 21 patients
      with disseminated candidiasis had detectable antigen in serum. A subset of these
      same sera was tested by a commercial latex reagent (Candida Detection System lot
      C001; Ramco Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Tex.) and untreated serum. Of 18
      patients with disseminated candidiasis, 5 (28%) had at least one positive serum.
      Sera from patients with less severe clinical forms of candidiasis were usually
      negative regardless of the test procedure used. With one exception, sera from
      control patients were negative or were positive only in sera containing
      rheumatoid factor. Latex agglutination tests for Candida spp. in treated serum
      may prove to be a useful procedure for the rapid diagnosis of severe disseminated
      candidiasis.

PMID- 3998106
TI  - Chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay for rapid detection of gram-negative
      bacteriuria.
AB  - A chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay was evaluated as a rapid screening
      test for the detection of clinically significant gram-negative bacteriuria. The
      development of a distinctive yellow color after the addition of chromogenic
      substrate to the Limulus amoebocyte lysate-urine reaction mixture was used to
      measure greater than or equal to 10(5) gram-negative bacteria per ml. A total of
      324 urine specimens were assayed, with 68 gram-negative urinary tract infections
      identified as defined by quantitative urine colony counts of greater than or
      equal to 10(5) bacteria per ml. Of these, 68 and 67 of 68 were detected by the
      chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay at urine dilutions of 1:10 and 1:20,
      respectively. Nine false-positive chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay
      results were observed at both urine dilutions and in the same specimens. At a
      urine dilution of 1:10, sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 96.6%,
      respectively, with predictive values of 100% for a negative test and 88.3% for a
      positive test. At a urine dilution of 1:20, sensitivity and specificity were 98.6
      and 96.6%, respectively; predictive values were 99.6% for a negative test and
      88.3% for a positive test. These data suggest that chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte
      lysate assay of urine has potential usefulness as a rapid, reliable, and easily
      performed and interpreted screening test for the diagnosis of clinically
      significant gram-negative bacteriuria.

PMID- 3998107
TI  - Serological diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis.
AB  - We have evaluated serological tests for the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus
      osteomyelitis. Antiteichoic acid antibodies were elevated in 17 of 23 patients
      with acute and 16 of 46 with chronic S. aureus osteomyelitis but in none of 33
      patients infected with other gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria.
      Immunoglobulin G antibodies to S. aureus were elevated in 12 of 23 patients with
      acute and 22 of 47 with chronic S. aureus osteomyelitis, in 2 of 12 infected with
      other gram-positive bacteria, and in 4 of 21 with other gram-negative bacteria.
      Assays for S. aureus antibodies may be useful for identifying patients with S.
      aureus bacteremia complicated by metastatic sites of infection in bone and for
      identifying the etiological agents in patients with negative or mixed cultures or
      from whom cultures are not readily available. Prospective studies are needed to
      test these hypotheses.

PMID- 3998108
TI  - Investigation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of Salmonella H antigen
      antibody reactions.
AB  - An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been used for the detection of
      Salmonella group H antibodies.

PMID- 3998109
TI  - Presence of an acid-labile alpha-interferon in sera from fetuses and children
      with congenital rubella.
AB  - In congenital rubella an acid-labile alpha-interferon was present in sera
      collected from fetuses between weeks 21 and 29 of gestation and from children
      with active congenital rubella. This interferon was different from the interferon
      detected in normal amniotic fluid and was not found in sera from uninfected
      fetuses or from children with postnatally acquired rubella. The fetal interferon
      is of interest as a complementary marker to confirm the virus contamination of
      the fetuses during maternal rubella. The role of the prolonged synthesis of this
      interferon in congenital rubella disease and its immune defects are discussed.

PMID- 3998111
TI  - Corynebacterium group D2 as a cause of alkaline-encrusted cystitis: report of
      four cases and characterization of the organisms.
AB  - In four patients with alkaline-encrusted cystitis, Corynebacterium group D2 was
      isolated from consecutive urine cultures and stones. Encrusted cystitis occurred
      in bladders harboring inflammatory or tumorous lesions in patients with chronic
      or recurrent urinary tract infections appearing after surgery or instrumentation.
      The urease activity of Corynebacterium group D2 and the neutralization of this
      enzyme by acetohydroxamic acid are shown. Clinical improvement, disappearance of
      struvite crystals, and decrease of the urine pH were obtained when these bacteria
      were eliminated from urine samples. Corynebacterium group D2 strains were highly
      resistant to many antimicrobial agents but were highly susceptible to norfloxacin
      and vancomycin when tested at two pHs (7.4 and 8.5).

PMID- 3998110
TI  - Identification of 22 Legionella species and 33 serogroups with the slide
      agglutination test.
AB  - We used the slide agglutination test to determine the serologic relationships of
      22 Legionella spp. representing 33 serogroups. Antisera prepared against 14 of
      the Legionella spp. contained cross-reactive antibodies (1+ or greater) at their
      working dilutions. Numerous cross-reactions were observed for the blue-white
      fluorescing Legionella spp. With only three exceptions in the latter group, cross
      reactive antibodies were removed by absorption, thereby producing serogroup
      specific antisera. For screening tests or for identification only to the genus
      level, nine polyvalent antiserum pools were prepared. Routine use of slide
      agglutination test reagents should expand the number of Legionella spp. that can
      be identified in the clinical laboratory and, at the same time, provide a
      simpler, less costly test procedure.

PMID- 3998112
TI  - Comparison of a simple latex agglutination test with hemolysis-in-gel,
      hemagglutination inhibition, and radioimmunoassay for detection of rubella virus
      antibodies.
AB  - Rubella virus antibodies were measured in 300 sera from pregnant women visiting a
      maternity center by using a new, simple latex test, Rubalex. The results were
      compared with those obtained by using hemolysis in gel, hemagglutination
      inhibition, and radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of the latex test was 100,
      98.0, and 99.6% when compared with hemolysis in gel, hemagglutination inhibition,
      and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Its comparative specificity was 96.2, 95.7,
      and 90.7%, and the predictive value of a positive result was 99.2, 99.2, and 98%,
      respectively. When assayed with the British standard anti-rubella serum its
      sensitivity was 11 IU/ml. The latex test gave a positive result within 2 min, and
      87% of the positive samples had already reacted after 1 min. The negative results
      remained as such for at least 8 min. No prozone effect was observed for sera with
      hemagglutination inhibition titers from 256 to 2,048. We concluded that the latex
      test, Rubalex, was readily applicable for measuring rubella immunity with a
      reaction time of 2 min in undiluted samples.

PMID- 3998113
TI  - Evaluation of three bacteriuria screening methods in a clinical research
      hospital.
AB  - In a study conducted to compare three screening methods for their ability to
      detect significant bacteriuria, 2,815 urine specimens were screened by Chemstrip
      LN (BioDynamics, Division of Boehringer Mannheim Chemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.),
      1,000 were screened by Bac-T-Screen (Marion Scientific Laboratory, Kansas City,
      Mo.), and 289 were screened by ATP assay (Turner Designs, Mountain View, Calif.).
      Results were compared with those obtained by quantitative culture plate method.
      The ATP assay showed the highest sensitivity (91%) compared with the Bac-T-Screen
      (67%) and Chemstrip LN (50%) tests but had the lowest specificity (64%) compared
      with the Bac-T-Screen (83%) and Chemstrip LN (91%). In 101 leukopenic patients
      with significant bacteriuria, the Bac-T-Screen test showed a higher sensitivity
      (33% at 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/ml and 80% at greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml).
      It is concluded from this study that none of the three methods are sufficiently
      sensitive for the clinical research patients in this institution.

PMID- 3998114
TI  - Selective reactivity of antibodies to human immunoglobulins G, M, and A with
      rubella virus proteins.
AB  - Proteins of purified rubella virus were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose, and
      immunoblotted with human sera and immunoglobulin class heavy-chain-specific
      peroxidase conjugates. The levels of rubella antibodies in these sera were
      predetermined by the radial hemolysis test, the density gradient centrifugation
      method for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, and IgG-, IgM-, and IgA-specific
      enzyme immunoassays. In immunoblotting, rubella-specific IgG antibodies reacted
      with both envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2) and the capsid protein (C). In
      contrast, rubella IgM antibodies reacted predominantly with E1, whereas the
      specific reactivity of IgA antibodies was directed mainly to the capsid protein.
      Purified IgM rheumatoid factor added to IgG-positive, IgM-negative serum did not
      give false-positive reactivity in the immunoblotting test as it did in solid
      phase enzyme immunoassays. The immunoglobulin class-specific reactivities with
      the different viral proteins are expected to have diagnostic applications.

PMID- 3998115
TI  - Bacterial interactions in bovine respiratory and reproductive infections.
AB  - The ability of the aerobic bacterial flora from the normal bovine respiratory and
      reproductive tracts to enhance or inhibit the growth of Pasteurella haemolytica,
      P. multocida, and Haemophilus somnus was tested in vitro. Six strains of each of
      these pathogens were cross streaked with each isolate of bovine normal flora.
      Flora which enhanced the growth of these pathogenic bacteria outnumbered
      inhibitors four to one. An intermediate number of isolates produced no effect on
      pathogen growth. Most enhancers were gram positive (Micrococcus, Staphylococcus,
      Corynebacterium, or Rhodococcus isolates), although several isolates of Moraxella
      and Actinobacter were also good enhancers. For H. somnus, there were
      proportionally more organisms which produced marked enhancement among the
      preputial flora than among the nasal flora, which may account for the greater
      number of genital carriers than nasal carriers. Bacillus isolates were the most
      significant inhibitors among the nasal flora, whereas no genus or species from
      the reproductive tract was noted to produce appreciable inhibition. It is
      proposed that changes in ratios of inhibitors to enhancers may determine, in
      part, whether a carrier state or disease occurs. Also, suggestions are made for
      in vitro use of this phenomenon for diagnostic tests.

PMID- 3998116
TI  - Clinical comparison of an agar slide blood culture bottle with tryptic soy broth
      and a conventional blood culture bottle with supplemented peptone broth.
AB  - The Roche Septi-Chek biphasic blood culture system with tryptic soy broth was
      compared with a conventional blood culture bottle with supplemented peptone broth
      in 6,956 paired blood cultures from adult patients. Both systems were inoculated
      with equal volumes of blood (5 ml) and incubated aerobically (vented) for 2
      weeks. More clinically important bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus
      aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans and C. tropicalis were recovered
      from the biphasic system (P less than 0.001). In contrast, more clinically
      important anaerobic bacteria (P less than 0.001) and Gardnerella vaginalis (P
      less than 0.05) were recovered in conventional supplemented peptone broth.
      Staphylococci (P less than 0.01), Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli (P less
      than 0.05), and fungi (P less than 0.001) were detected 1 or more days earlier in
      the biphasic system, whereas streptococci (P less than 0.001) were detected
      earlier in the conventional bottle. The overall superiority of the agar slide
      blood culture system compared with conventional blood culture bottles was
      confirmed by this evaluation. For optimal detection of anaerobic bacteremia,
      however, the agar slide bottle should be paired with an anaerobic bottle.

PMID- 3998117
TI  - Unusual bacterium, group Ve-2, causing peritonitis in a patient on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - We report a case of peritonitis in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      patient with an unusual bacterium known as group Ve-2. This is the first reported
      case of peritonitis attributable to this organism and only the second well
      documented case of infection with this organism in the English literature.

PMID- 3998118
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests for the detection
      of bacteriuria.
AB  - We compared the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the 1-min
      leukocyte esterase test and the test for urinary nitrite alone and in combination
      as screening tests for bacteriuria in over 5,000 clinical urine specimens. The
      leukocyte esterase-nitrite combination had a sensitivity of 79.2%, a specificity
      of 81%, and a negative predictive value of a negative test of 94.5% for specimens
      with greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml. Although the sensitivity of this test
      was too low to allow its use as the only screening test for bacteriuria, it may
      serve as a useful adjunct to culturing and other urine-processing systems in the
      microbiology laboratory.

PMID- 3998119
TI  - Mycobacterium thermoresistibile: extrapulmonary infection in a cat.
AB  - The first evidence of the potential pathogenicity of Mycobacterium
      thermoresistibile in cats is presented. This mycobacterium was isolated
      repeatedly from intra- and subcutaneous nodules, aspirated fluid from fluctuating
      skin lesions, and lymph nodes. The distinctive characteristics of the cultured
      organisms matched those of M. thermoresistibile.

PMID- 3998120
TI  - Aminopeptidase activity in arginine-utilizing Mycoplasma spp.
AB  - In an examination of arginine-utilizing Mycoplasma species, simple fluorogenic
      and chromogenic tests were used to demonstrate high levels of arginine
      aminopeptidase activity in unwashed, unconcentrated broth and agar cultures in
      all strains of 5 species and low levels of activity in all strains of 14 species.
      Four species contained strains which exhibited either high or low levels of
      activity.

PMID- 3998121
TI  - Chronic mumps virus encephalitis. Mumps antibody levels in cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - To study the outcome of mumps virus encephalitis 47 patients were contacted 1-15
      years after the acute encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection. Twenty
      three patients experienced clinical sequelae such as difficulties in memory and
      learning, focal motor or sensory signs, and loss of hearing and visual acuity.
      Lumbar puncture was performed on 8 patients. Antibodies to mumps virus were
      detected in 6 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens using enzyme immunoassay and in
      3 patients an abnormal serum/CSF antibody ratio was observed 11, 26 and 58
      (controls greater than 85); 14.3, 1.4 and 6.1 years after the acute encephalitis,
      respectively. Antibodies to other microbes were either undetectable in the CSF or
      the serum/CSF ratios were normal. The clinical sequelae in about half of the
      patients and the signs of intrathecal mumps antibody production are suggestive of
      a chronic process in the central nervous system after encephalitis associated
      with mumps virus infection.

PMID- 3998122
TI  - Autoantibodies in sera from patients with multiple sclerosis directed against
      antigenic determinants in pituitary growth hormone-producing cells and in
      structures containing vasopressin/oxytocin.
AB  - We have reported previously that autoantibodies in sera from patients with
      multiple sclerosis (MS) were reactive with rat brain, including pituitary, and
      with swine pituitary in areas thought to contain peptides of the somatotropin
      family and/or vasopressin/oxytocin. We have now tested the same patient sera for
      their specificity to antigenic determinants which are common to animal and human
      peptides. Localization of the binding sites of the MS sera was demonstrated in
      rat pituitaries and brains using the double immunofluorescence staining method,
      employing anti-bovine somatotropin (STH), anti-ovine prolactin (PRL), anti
      neurophysin I and II, anti-somatostatin, and anti-vasopressin as reference
      antibodies. In the pituitary, the positive MS sera reacted specifically with
      cells which were also reactive with anti-bSTH. In the brain, positivity of MS
      sera was mainly localized in structures reactive with anti-neurophysin I and II
      and anti-vasopressin. Absorption experiments, immunocytochemical model assays,
      and radioimmunoassays, however, did not show specific binding of the MS sera to
      any of the above-mentioned peptides. Therefore, while these data present
      additional evidence on the localization of the immunocytochemical reaction sites
      of the MS autoantibodies, they do not enable us to identify the specificity of
      these antibodies.

PMID- 3998123
TI  - Skeletal muscle antibodies in patients with a thymic tumour but without
      myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Sera from 9 patients with a primary thymic tumour but without myasthenia gravis
      (MG) at the time of thymectomy were examined for skeletal muscle antibodies.
      Antibodies to a citric acid extract (CA), associated with the presence of a
      thymic lymphoepithelioma in MG patients, were detected in 3 sera. AChR antibodies
      were detected in 5 sera, the concentration markedly elevated in 1 of them.
      Sarcolemmal and cross-striational antibodies were detected in 2 and 3 sera,
      respectively. Four of the 5 patients with thymic tumours other than a
      lymphoepithelioma had AChR antibodies, and 3 of them also had CA antibodies.

PMID- 3998124
TI  - Enhancement of encephalomyeloradiculitis in mice sensitized with spinal cord
      tissue and infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus.
AB  - C57BR/cdJ mice develop encephalomyeloradiculitis following peripheral inoculation
      of the C strain of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV-C). We investigated
      the effect of subcutaneous administration of syngeneic spinal cord homogenate
      mixed with phosphate buffered saline or emulsified in complete or incomplete
      Freund's adjuvant 1 week before or after inoculation of LDV-C on the incidence
      and severity of central nervous system lesions. C57BR/cdJ mice developed an acute
      histological allergic encephalomyelitis when given 2 weekly sensitizing
      injections of homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant. When peripheral
      inoculation of LDV-C was substituted for one of the two sensitizing injections, a
      higher percentage of mice developed lesions, and the lesions were more severe and
      persisted for much longer periods of time. This same lesion-enhancing effect was
      not observed if the mice were sensitized with homogenate suspended in buffer or
      emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Interestingly, mice sensitized with
      complete Freund's adjuvant alone before or after infection with LDV-C also
      developed intense central nervous system lesions, suggesting that the
      mycobacterial component of the adjuvant was the critical element in enhancing the
      lesions.

PMID- 3998125
TI  - Slipped capital femoral epiphysis following radiotherapy.
AB  - Two children with rhabdomyosarcoma who developed slipped capital femoral
      epiphyses following pelvic irradiation are described. Previous case reports are
      summarised, and the relevant orthopedic implications of the disorder discussed.

PMID- 3998126
TI  - Hand-reduction malformations: genetic and syndromic analysis.
AB  - Sixty-one sequential patients initially referred because of hand-reduction
      abnormalities were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty distinct diagnoses were
      recognized. Particularly noteworthy was the number of instances in which standard
      classification schemes failed to explain fully the structural or syndromic
      characteristics in this group of patients. One-fourth (15 of 61) of the diagnoses
      were of disorders resulting from abnormalities of single genes; more than one
      third (21 of 61) had multiple malformation syndromes. The importance of
      dysmorphologic and genetic investigation of individuals with congenital reduction
      malformations of the hands is evident from these data and from the cases
      presented.

PMID- 3998128
TI  - Latissimus dorsi transfer to restore elbow extension in obstetrical palsy.
AB  - Four patients with weak triceps muscle function, secondary to obstetrical palsy,
      were treated by transfer of the latissimus dorsi on its neurovascular pedicle to
      provide effective elbow extension. The average age of the patients at surgery was
      10 years, and follow-up ranged from 12 to 53 months. Postoperatively, all
      patients demonstrated increased strength of elbow extension and improvement in
      activities of daily living. These satisfactory results support the use of
      latissimus dorsi transfer in patients with weak elbow extension secondary to
      obstetrical palsy.

PMID- 3998127
TI  - Surgical management of arthrogryposis in the upper extremity.
AB  - Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a rare congenital disorder in which the
      extremities are affected with severe resistant musculoskeletal contractures. In
      the upper extremity, these deformities typically consist of internal rotational
      contractures of the shoulder, extension deformity of the elbow, flexion and ulnar
      deviation of the wrist, thumb-in-palm deformity, and digital interphalangeal
      joint flexion contractures occurring singularly or in combination. At the Houston
      Unit of the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, during the interval from
      1962 to 1982, 25 patients underwent 56 operative procedures to correct upper
      extremity deformities due to arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Functional
      improvement was observed clinically and reported subjectively by the patients or
      their parents in 75% of the cases.

PMID- 3998129
TI  - One-bone forearm procedure for partial defect of the ulna.
AB  - Two cases of partial defects of the ulna in the growing child were successfully
      treated with the one-bone forearm procedure and followed up for 1 and 5 years,
      respectively. Stable elbow and forearm could be established by synthesis of the
      proximal part of the ulna and the distal part of the radius. Cosmetic and
      functional improvement was achieved in spite of a limitation of pronation
      supination in the forearm. Longitudinal growth of the affected forearm was
      maintained during the follow-up period after correction at surgery.

PMID- 3998130
TI  - Rotational osteotomy of the distal tibia and fibula.
AB  - A surgical technique for distal transverse osteotomy of the tibia and fibula to
      correct torsional malalignment of the leg is described. Thirty-two derotation
      osteotomies have been performed on 19 patients, whose average age at the time of
      surgery was 12 years; average follow-up was 2 years. Average torsional change
      following surgery was 38 degrees. Ninety-four percent of the patients available
      for follow-up (16 or 17) had a successful outcome. The two small incisions
      required in this procedure are cosmetically acceptable, and the location of the
      osteotomy in metaphyseal bone provides stability. We conclude that this osteotomy
      is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for correction of torsional
      malalignment in carefully selected patients.

PMID- 3998131
TI  - Femoral head size in congenital dislocation of the hip.
AB  - Observations on the size of the femoral head in congenital dislocation of the hip
      are presented. The long-term effects of open reduction and innominate osteotomy
      on the size of the femoral head are assessed. Innominate osteotomy does not cause
      overgrowth of the femoral head, although open reduction results in mild coxa
      magna. The pathophysiology and significance of coxa magna are discussed.

PMID- 3998132
TI  - Microscopic examination of a naturally occurring epiphyseal plate fracture.
AB  - We had the opportunity to examine a naturally occurring Salter-Harris Type I
      fracture in the distal tibia of a 9-year-old boy. The injury was simultaneous
      with traumatic amputation of the extremity a few centimeters distal to the knee.
      The epiphyseal plate was examined microscopically, and the plane of cleavage was
      found not to be uniform, but to involve the zones of resting, proliferating,
      hypertrophying, and provisionally calcified cartilage cells. We hope by
      demonstrating the inconsistency of the cleavage plane in this case to assist in
      understanding the complexity of physeal fractures and the unpredictable results
      that occasionally occur.

PMID- 3998133
TI  - Congenital kyphosis by segmentation defect: etiologic and pathogenic studies.
AB  - Sixteen cases of type II congenital kyphosis were reviewed. As a working
      hypothesis, we assumed that this pathology should have a behavior similar to
      scoliosis due to a segmentation defect, if a true unsegmented bar existed. The
      analysis of different parameters including the number of levels involved, the
      patient's age, the degree of disc space involvement, and the site of deformity
      did not confirm this hypothesis. Furthermore, an experimental animal study failed
      to reproduce this congenital anomaly. It is our belief that kyphosis resulting
      from a "segmentation defect" represents a developmental defect of the
      perivertebral structures including the annulus fibrosus, the ring apophysis, and
      the anterior longitudinal ligament rather than a true intervertebral bar.

PMID- 3998134
TI  - Juvenile kyphosis: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - Biopsy specimens of the spine, including intervertebral disc, vertebral plate,
      growth plate, and part of the vertebral body, were obtained from seven patients
      with juvenile kyphosis treated by anterior spinal arthrodesis. Histological and
      histochemical studies showed abnormal loose-appearing cartilage in both the
      vertebral plate and the growth plate. Both plates were missing in some vertebrae.
      Ultrastructurally the abnormal cartilage had a matrix rich in proteoglycans and
      very thin collagen fibrils. The mineralization and ossification of the vertebral
      plates were irregular. Vertebral bone growth was stunted under the areas of
      abnormal growth plates.

PMID- 3998135
TI  - An evaluation of muscle pathology in idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - This study assessed the degree of longissimus muscle pathology in 15 patients
      with idiopathic scoliosis. Bilateral muscle biopsy specimens were taken at the
      apex of the scoliotic curve and from five control subjects and processed
      histochemically. All biopsy specimens were free of muscle pathology. However,
      patients had a higher proportion of Type I fibers on the convex than the concave
      side of the curve (70.2 vs. 59.5%), whereas the controls had no difference. Fiber
      type imbalance in patients with idiopathic scoliosis is thought to result from
      compensatory stretching of muscle and not to be the cause of the deformity.

PMID- 3998136
TI  - The Akron midtarsal dome osteotomy in the treatment of rigid pes cavus: a
      preliminary review.
AB  - This study reviews the preliminary results of a previously unreported midtarsal
      "dome" osteotomy, all operations being performed by a single surgeon. The
      procedure is centered at the apex of the deformity and allows for extensive
      angular and rotational correction of the midfoot. The initial review has
      demonstrated 67% satisfactory results in 22 patients representing 35 feet.
      Satisfactory results were obtained in 15 of 16 feet (94%) in patients greater
      than 8 years of age. Careful short-term analysis suggests that the midtarsal
      "dome" osteotomy is best indicated for the child greater than 8 years of age with
      a rigid cavus or cavovarus foot.

PMID- 3998137
TI  - Direct cortisone injection in eosinophilic granuloma of bone: a preliminary
      report on 11 patients.
AB  - Eleven patients, between 3 and 16 years of age (average 6.5 years), with
      eosinophilic granuloma of bone were treated with direct injection of
      methylprednisolone acetate. Methylprednisolone acetate was used at the dilution
      of 40 mg/ml. Each single injected dose varied from 1 to 4 ml, depending on the
      sizes of the radiolucent defect and the soft tissue mass. One patient had four
      separate injections, one had three injections, five had two injections, and four
      had a single injection. All 11 patients healed without complications. This method
      of management is recommended.

PMID- 3998138
TI  - Goniometric reliability for a child with spastic quadriplegia.
AB  - Intrarater and interrater reliabilities were assessed for upper-extremity
      goniometric measurements of a 5-year-old girl with severe spastic quadriplegia.
      Percentage agreement was the method used to evaluate goniometric reliability of
      three motions bilaterally: shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, and elbow
      extension. Intrarater reliability for each of the two raters was higher than
      interrater reliability. The mean differences and the range of differences between
      raters for each of the six motions measured also were recorded. There was wide
      variability in measurements both within and between raters. These results suggest
      that a difference of +/- 10-15 degrees in range of motion over time does not
      justify conclusions of either significant improvement or significant regression
      in a child with severe spastic cerebral palsy.

PMID- 3998139
TI  - Accessory bone at the insertion of the levator scapulae muscle in a Sprengel
      deformity.
AB  - A case of Sprengel deformity associated with an accessory ossicle at the
      insertion of the levator scapulae muscle is presented. Removal of the bone did
      not correct the deformity, and a Woodward procedure was necessary.

PMID- 3998140
TI  - Neonatal gangrene in the newborn infant of a diabetic mother.
AB  - The newborn daughter of a diabetic mother developed neonatal gangrene of an upper
      extremity with massive muscle necrosis of the forearm, and required early dorsal
      and volar fasciotomies with subsequent debridements to salvage the limb.
      Decreased perfusion and local ischemia resulting in neonatal gangrene may result
      from the greater propensity for intravascular thrombosis in infants whose mothers
      have diabetes mellitus. While previous investigators have suggested that surgical
      intervention should be avoided in neonatal gangrene, in more severe cases early
      fasciotomy may be required to salvage a limb and avoid life-threatening
      complications.

PMID- 3998141
TI  - Superior mesenteric artery syndrome associated with scoliosis treated by a
      modified Ladd procedure.
AB  - A 16-year-old asthenic girl had idiopathic adolescent scoliosis and superior
      mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome. After a Harrington rod procedure, the SMA
      syndrome produced a complete duodenal obstruction that did not resolve with
      nasogastric decompression, positioning, or peripheral intravenous nutrition. A
      complete derotation of the duodenum and the colon and stabilization of their
      mesentery (Ladd procedure with the Bill modification) resolved the obstruction
      and was considered the preferred operative treatment for this problem.

PMID- 3998142
TI  - Lateral condylar fracture and ipsilateral ulnar shaft fracture: Monteggia
      equivalent lesions?
AB  - Displaced ulnar shaft fractures are frequently associated with radiohumeral
      dislocation, producing the Monteggia fracture-dislocation. Fractures not
      previously thought to coexist were seen in a young boy following a severe
      automobile-pedestrian accident. The displaced ulnar shaft fracture was associated
      with a displaced lateral condylar fracture with preservation of the
      radiocapitellar joint and capsule. This fracture was treated with rigid internal
      fixation in spite of the open nature of the ulnar shaft fracture. This treatment
      permitted early range of motion of the elbow with early use of ambulatory aids
      for other associated injuries and an excellent follow-up at 13 months with a
      normal range of motion of the elbow.

PMID- 3998143
TI  - Aluminum deposition at the osteoid-bone interface. An epiphenomenon of the
      osteomalacic state in vitamin D-deficient dogs.
AB  - Although aluminum excess is an apparent pathogenetic factor underlying
      osteomalacia in dialysis-treated patients with chronic renal failure, the
      mechanism by which aluminum impairs bone mineralization is unclear. However, the
      observation that aluminum is present at osteoid-bone interfaces in bone biopsies
      of affected patients suggests that its presence at calcification fronts disturbs
      the cellular and/or physiochemical processes underlying normal mineralization.
      Alternatively, aluminum at osteoid-bone interfaces may reflect deposition in
      preexistent osteomalacic bone without direct effects on the mineralization
      process. We investigated whether aluminum accumulates preferentially in
      osteomalacic bone and, if so, whether deposition of aluminum occurs at
      calcification fronts and specifically inhibits mineralization. Aluminum chloride
      (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously three times per week for 3 wk to five
      normal and five vitamin D-deficient osteomalacic dogs. Before administration of
      aluminum the vitamin D-deficient dogs had biochemical and bone biopsy evidence of
      osteomalacia. Bone aluminum content in the osteomalacic dogs (15.1 +/- 2.2
      micrograms/g) and the plasma aluminum concentration (10.4 +/- 2.1
      micrograms/liter) were no different than those of normal dogs (10.5 +/- 3.5
      micrograms/g and 11.9 +/- 1.2 microgram/liter, respectively). After the 3 wk of
      aluminum administration the plasma phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and 25
      hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were unchanged in normal and vitamin D-deficient
      dogs. Similarly, no alteration in bone histology occurred in either group. In
      contrast, bone aluminum content increased to a greater extent in the vitamin D
      deficient dogs (390.3 +/- 24.3 micrograms/g) than in the normal dogs (73.6 +/-
      10.6 micrograms/g). Moreover, aluminum localized at the osteoid-bone interfaces
      of the osteomalacic bone in the vitamin D-deficient dogs, covering 42.9 +/- 9.2%
      of the osteoid-bone surface. Further, in spite of continued aluminum chloride
      administration (1 mg/kg two times per week), vitamin D repletion of the vitamin D
      deficient dogs for 11 wk resulted in normalization of their biochemistries. In
      addition, while normal dogs maintained normal bone histology during the period of
      continued aluminum administration, vitamin D repletion of the vitamin D-deficient
      dogs induced healing of their bones. Indeed, the appearance of aluminum in the
      cement lines of the healed bones indicated that mineralization had occurred at
      sites of prior aluminum deposition. These observations illustrate that aluminum
      deposition in osteomalacic bone may be a secondary event that does not influence
      bone mineralization. Thus, although aluminum may cause osteomalacia in chronic
      renal failure, its presence at mineralization fronts may not be the mechanism
      underlying this derangement.

PMID- 3998144
TI  - Carbohydrate fermentation in the human colon and its relation to acetate
      concentrations in venous blood.
AB  - There is now substantial evidence that some dietary polysaccharides, notably
      dietary fiber, escape absorption in the small bowel and are then broken down in
      the large intestine of man. The main end products of this colonic digestive
      process, which is anerobic, are short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and acetic,
      propionic, and butyric acids. Although these acids are known to be absorbed from
      the colon, their subsequent fate and significance is unknown. We have measured
      venous blood SCFA levels in healthy subjects after a 16-h fast, and then
      following oral doses of either 50 mmol SCFA, 5, 10, or 20 g doses of the
      fermentable carbohydrate lactulose, or 20 g of pectin. Fasting venous blood
      acetate was 53.8 +/- 4.4 mumol/liter (SEM) (n = 14). Fasting arterial blood
      acetate, taken simultaneously with venous blood in six subjects, was higher;
      125.6 +/- 13.5 mumol/liter (arterial) vs. 61.1 +/- 6.9 mumol/liter (venous).
      Significant levels of propionate or butyrate were not detected in any blood
      samples. Following an oral dose of 50 mmol mixed SCFA, venous blood acetate
      reached a peak of 194.1 +/- 57.9 mumol/liter at 45 min and returned to fasting
      levels at 2 h. Blood acetate also rose in response to lactulose, peak levels
      occurring 2-4 h after the dose: 5 g, 98.6 +/- 23.1 mumol/liter; 10 g, 127.3 +/-
      18.2 mumol/liter; and 20 g, 181.3 +/- 23.9 mumol/liter. Pectin fermentation was
      much slower, with blood acetate levels starting to rise after 6 h and remaining
      elevated at about twice fasting levels for the subsequent 18 h. However, areas
      under the blood acetate curves were closely related (r = 0.97; n = 5), whatever
      the source of acetate. These studies show that the large intestine makes an
      important contribution to blood acetate levels in man and that fermentation may
      influence metabolic processes well beyond the wall of this organ.

PMID- 3998145
TI  - Pancreatic enzyme response to a liquid meal and to hormonal stimulation.
      Correlation with plasma secretin and cholecystokinin levels.
AB  - Pancreatic trypsin output and plasma secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) levels
      were measured in five healthy volunteers to investigate the mechanisms involved
      in regulating postprandial pancreatic secretion. The pancreas was stimulated by a
      liquid test meal or by either intravenous secretin (1-82 pmol/kg-1 per h-1) or
      caerulein, a CCK analogue (2.3-37 pmol/kg-1 per h-1), or by a combination of
      secretin and caerulein. Pancreatic secretion was assessed by a marker perfusion
      technique (polyethylene glycol [PEG 4000]), plasma secretin, and CCK by specific
      radioimmunoassays. Increasing doses of secretin produced increasing bicarbonate
      output (P less than 0.01), whereas trypsin was not stimulated over basal. Graded
      caerulein produced a stepwise increase in trypsin and bicarbonate output (P less
      than 0.01). Potentiation occurred for bicarbonate secretion between secretin and
      caerulein, but not for trypsin output. Postprandial trypsin secretion averaged
      29.1 IU/min-1 over 150 min (equal to 55% of maximal response to caerulein). The
      peak trypsin response amounted to 90% of maximal caerulein. Significant increases
      of plasma secretion (P less than 0.05) and CCK (P less than 0.01) were observed
      after the meal. Comparison of enzyme and CCK responses to the testmeal or to
      exogenous caerulein suggested that the amount of CCK released after the meal
      could account for the postprandial trypsin secretion. We conclude that (a) the
      postprandial enzyme response in man is submaximal in comparison to maximal
      exogenous hormone stimulation; (b) CCK is a major stimulatory mechanism of
      postprandial trypsin secretion, whereas secretin is not involved; and (c)
      Potentiation of enzyme secretion is not a regulatory mechanism of the
      postprandial secretory response.

PMID- 3998146
TI  - Mechanism of preservation of glomerular perfusion and filtration during acute
      extracellular fluid volume depletion. Importance of intrarenal vasopressin
      prostaglandin interaction for protecting kidneys from constrictor action of
      vasopressin.
AB  - Glomerular circulatory dynamics were assessed in 60 adult anesthetized rats,
      which were either deprived or not deprived of water for 24-48 h. Water-deprived
      rats (n = 21) were characterized by a depressed level of single nephron
      glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) when compared with nonwater-deprived controls
      (n = 8) (23.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 44.8 +/- 4.1 nl/min). This was primarily due to
      decreased glomerular plasma flow rate (71 +/- 5 vs. 169 +/- 23 nl/min) and
      glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (0.028 +/- 0.003 vs. 0.087 +/-
      0.011 nl/[s . mmHg]). Infusion of saralasin to these water-deprived rats resulted
      in significant increases in plasma flow rate and ultrafiltration coefficient, and
      decline in arteriolar resistances. Consequently, SNGFR increased by approximately
      50% from pre-saralasin levels. When water-deprived saralasin-treated rats were
      given a specific antagonist to the vascular action of arginine vasopressin (AVP),
      d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP, a fall in systemic blood pressure occurred, on average from
      102 +/- 5 to 80 +/- 5 mmHg, unaccompanied by dilation of renal arterioles, so
      that both plasma flow rate (129 +/- 8 vs. 85 +/- 13 nl/min) and SNGFR (31.0 +/-
      2.9 vs. 18.2 +/- 4.4 nl/min) decreased. This more selective extrarenal
      constrictor action of AVP was further documented in additional studies in which
      cardiac output and whole kidney blood flow rate were simultaneously measured. In
      water-diuretic rats, administration of a moderately pressor dose of AVP (4 mU/kg
      per min) resulted in a significant rise in kidney blood flow rate (from 8.8 +/-
      1.2 to 9.6 +/- 1.3 ml/min). The higher kidney blood flow rate occurred despite a
      fall in cardiac output (from 111 +/- 7 to 98 +/- 9 ml/min), and was associated
      with a significant increase in the ratio of systemic vascular to renal vascular
      resistance (on average from 0.083 +/- 0.014 to 0.106 +/- 0.019). Furthermore,
      infusion of d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP to water-deprived animals (n = 6) to antagonize
      endogenous AVP resulted in systemic but not renal vasodilation, so that kidney
      blood flow rate fell (by approximately 30%), as did systemic-to-renal resistance
      ratio (by approximately 30%). When the above two experiments were repeated in
      indomethacin-treated animals, exogenous AVP administration in water-diuretic rats
      (n = 6) and antagonism of endogenous AVP in water-deprived rats (n = 7) caused,
      respectively, parallel constriction and dilation in systemic and renal
      vasculatures. The net effect was unaltered systemic to renal vascular resistance
      ratio in both cases. These results indicate that (1) unlike angiotensin II, AVP
      maintains glomerular perfusion and filtration in acute extracellular fluid volume
      depletion by a more selective constriction of the extrarenal vasculature. (2) The
      relative renal insensitivity to the vasoconstrictor action of AVP appears to be
      due to an AVP-induced release of a potent renal vasodilator, sensitive to
      indomethacin, presumably prostaglandins.

PMID- 3998147
TI  - Reduction of sympathetic inotropic response after ischemia in dogs. Contributor
      to stunned myocardium.
AB  - Eight open chest dogs underwent 25 min of coronary occlusion to determine whether
      brief myocardial ischemia disrupts the normal myocardial inotropic response to
      sympathetic nervous stimulation. If so, this could represent a mechanism
      contributing to postischemic myocardial dysfunction. Myocardial segment
      shortening was measured using ultrasonic dimension crystals before and after
      coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Left ansa subclavia stimulation and
      systemic norepinephrine (NE) infusion were used to test the myocardial inotropic
      response to neural stimulation and direct exposure to the sympathetic mediator,
      respectively. Before coronary artery occlusion, base-line preischemic segment
      shortening (12.5 +/- 1.6%) (SEM) increased during both sympathetic stimulation
      (20.2 +/- 1.4%) and NE infusion (19.7 +/- 1.1%). The control segment responded
      similarly. After ischemia and reperfusion there was no significant change in
      heart rate, aortic or left ventricular pressures, nor changes in control segment
      shortening. In contrast, shortening in the postischemic segment was markedly
      reduced compared to baseline (4.1 +/- 2.4%), and no longer responded to
      sympathetic stimulation (2.4 +/- 2.8%), while responsiveness to systemic NE was
      maintained (12.9 +/- 2.0%), P less than 0.001, which suggested injury to the
      sympathetic-neural axis during the period of ischemia. This reduced response to
      neural stimulation was persistent for up to 2 h after reperfusion. Left atrial or
      intracoronary infusion of bretylium tosylate, which releases norepinephrine from
      nerve terminals, resulted in an immediate inotropic response in the postischemic
      segment, which indicated that total depletion of NE from nerve terminals during
      the ischemic period had not occurred. Disruption of sympathetic neural
      responsiveness is likely a component of the mechanism of postischemic myocardial
      dysfunction whenever there is appreciable sympathetic drive to the heart.

PMID- 3998148
TI  - Abnormal redox status of membrane-protein thiols in sickle erythrocytes.
AB  - Although sickle erythrocytes (RBC) undergo excessive autooxidation, investigators
      have not found evidence for abnormal oxidation of protein thiols in sickle RBC
      membranes (e.g., protein aggregates linked by intermolecular disulfide bonds).
      However, the conventional techniques heretofore used cannot detect more subtle
      changes in thiol status such as abnormal intramolecular disulfide bonds. We
      examined RBC membranes using thiol-disulfide exchange chromatography which
      partitions sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized proteins on the basis of reactive
      thiols, yielding gel-bound (reduced-thiol) and filtrate (oxidized/blocked-thiol)
      fractions. Membranes from normal RBC partition so that only 13.6 +/- 1.4% of all
      membrane protein is found in the filtrate fraction. An abnormally increased
      amount of membrane protein from sickle RBC (21.5 +/- 4.3%) partitions into the
      filtrate fraction (P less than 0.001). Since sickle RBC do not have high
      molecular weight aggregates of membrane protein, this indicates abnormal
      intramolecular thiol oxidation in sickle RBC membranes. Treatment of normal RBC
      with thiol blockers and oxidants simulates this shift of membrane protein into
      the filtrate fraction. Analysis using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals
      that the filtrate fraction derived from normal RBC consists mostly of band 7 and
      glycophorins, with only trace amounts of other membrane proteins. Superimposed
      upon this normal background, sickle RBC filtrates are enriched with all proteins
      (including cytoskeletal protein bands 1, 2, 2.1, and 4.1), suggesting a
      generalized oxidative perturbation of sickle RBC membranes. These observations
      support the concept that excessive RBC autooxidation may play a role in sickle
      disease pathophysiology, and they perhaps help explain the development of those
      membrane abnormalities that may reflect cytoskeletal dysfunction in sickle
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 3998149
TI  - An evaluation of the significance of microscopic colitis in patients with chronic
      diarrhea.
AB  - Some patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea have an apparent nonspecific
      inflammation of colonic mucosa, even though their colons appear normal by barium
      enema and colonoscopy. This has been referred to as microscopic colitis. However,
      the significance of this finding is unclear, because the ability of pathologists
      to accurately distinguish mild degrees of abnormality has not been established.
      Furthermore, even if the mucosa of these patients is nonspecifically inflamed, it
      is not known whether this is associated with deranged colonic function that could
      contribute to the development of chronic diarrhea. To assess these questions, we
      first examined colonic biopsy specimens in a blinded fashion, comparing biopsy
      results from patients with microscopic colitis with biopsy specimens from
      subjects in two control groups. This analysis revealed that colonic mucosa from
      six patients with microscopic colitis was in fact abnormal. For example, their
      mucosa contained an excess of both neutrophiles and round cells in the lamina
      propria, cryptitis, and reactive changes. These and other differences were
      statistically significant. Second, colonic absorption, measured by the steady
      state nonabsorbable marker perfusion method, was severely depressed in the
      patients. For example, mean water absorption rate was 159 ml/h in normal subjects
      and was reduced to only 26 ml/h in six patients with microscopic colitis. Results
      of net and unidirectional electrolyte fluxes and of electrical potential
      difference suggested that colonic fluid absorption was abnormal because of
      reduced active and passive sodium and chloride absorption and because of reduced
      Cl/HCO3 exchange. Small intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption was
      abnormally reduced in two of the six patients, suggesting the possibility of
      coexistent small intestinal involvement in some of these patients. We conclude
      that nonspecific inflammation of colonic mucosa is associated with a severe
      reduction of colonic fluid absorption, and that the latter probably contributes
      to the development of chronic diarrhea.

PMID- 3998150
TI  - Regulation of cation content and cell volume in hemoglobin erythrocytes from
      patients with homozygous hemoglobin C disease.
AB  - Erythrocytes from patients with homozygous hemoglobin C disease (CC cells)
      contain less K, Na, and water than do erythrocytes from normal subjects that
      contain only hemoglobin A (AA cells). In this paper, we provide evidence that the
      reduced K content and volume of CC cells are due to the activity in these but not
      in AA cells of a K transport system that is: (a) insensitive to ouabain and
      bumetanide, and (b) stimulated by increased cell volume, and dependent on
      internal pH (pHi). When the cation and water content of CC cells was increased
      (by making the membrane temporarily permeable to cations with nystatin) and the
      cells were then incubated in an isotonic medium containing 140 mM NaCl and 4 mM
      KCl, they lost K and shrunk back toward the original volume. This regulatory K
      and volume decrease was not inhibited by ouabain or bumetanide. When CC cells
      were incubated in a hypotonic medium, with ouabain and bumetanide, they also lost
      K and shrunk toward the original volume. This behavior was not observed in
      control AA cells. The ouabain- and bumetanide-resistant K efflux from CC cells
      was volume and pH dependent: K efflux from CC cells rose from 5-6 to 20-25
      mmol/liter of cells X h, when cell volume was increased by increasing cell solute
      content (nystatin method) or by exposure to hypotonic media. In CC cells, the
      dependence of K efflux on pHo had a bell shape, with a maximal flux (20-25
      mmol/liter of cells X h) at pHo 6.8-7.0. In contrast, the K efflux from control
      cells was minimal at pH 7.4 (1.2 mmol/liter of cells X h) and was slightly
      stimulated by both acid and alkaline pH. In order to study the effect of pHi and
      pHo on K efflux, CC cells were incubated with 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'
      disulfonic acid (150 microM) and acetazolamide (1 mM) at different pHi (6.7, 7.3,
      and 7.8), and resuspended in media with different pHo (6.75, 7.4, and 8): K
      efflux was stimulated by reducing pHi but was independent of pHo. The ouabain-
      and bumetanide-resistant K efflux from CC cells was not inhibited by some
      inhibitors of the Ca2+-activated K permeability. It seems likely that the
      genetically determined change in the primary structure of hemoglobin C directly
      or indirectly causes this modification in K transport. One possible mechanism
      could involve an electrostatic interaction between C hemoglobin and components of
      the erythrocyte membrane.

PMID- 3998151
TI  - Arginine vasotocin in ovine fetal blood, urine, and amniotic fluid.
AB  - Arginine vasotocin ([8-arginine]-oxytocin) (AVT), the primary antidiuretic
      principle in submammalian vertebrates, has been reported to be present in
      mammalian pituitary and pineal glands. Although the most phyletically ubiquitous
      of the known neurohypophysial peptides, AVT is still not recognized as a
      mammalian hormone. We examined plasma, urine, and amniotic fluid from fetal lambs
      by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for evidence of AVT to assess the possibility of its
      being such a hormone. Measureable quantities of AVT-like immunoreactivity (irAVT)
      were observed in fetal plasma (2.4 +/- 0.2 pg/ml), urine (1.4 +/- 0.2 pg/ml), and
      amniotic fluid (1.9 +/- 0.2 pg/ml). Since the AVT antiserum shows minimal cross
      reactivity with arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT), measurements of AVP
      and OT concentrations in the same biological fluids also were conducted with
      specific antisera. The results suggest that the irAVT was not accountable on the
      basis of cross-reaction. To further verify the identity of the irAVT, a high
      pressure liquid chromatography system using RIA as a means of detection was
      developed. This system is sufficiently sensitive to allow the separation and
      quantitation of picogram quantities of the synthetic peptides AVT, AVP, and OT.
      In this system, the irAVT in fetal plasma, urine, and amniotic fluid appeared as
      a single peak coeluting with synthetic AVT. These results indicate that AVT is
      present in ovine fetal plasma and support the view that the fetus secretes this
      peptide. The physiological significance of circulating AVT remains to be defined.

PMID- 3998153
TI  - Bovine milk lipoprotein lipase transfers tocopherol to human fibroblasts during
      triglyceride hydrolysis in vitro.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase appears to function as the mechanism by which dietary vitamin
      E (tocopherol) is transferred from chylomicrons to tissues. In patients with
      lipoprotein lipase deficiency, more than 85% of both the circulating triglyceride
      and tocopherol is contained in the chylomicron fraction. The studies presented
      here show that the in vitro addition of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (lipase)
      to chylomicrons in the presence of human erythrocytes or fibroblasts (and bovine
      serum albumin [BSA]) resulted in the hydrolysis of the triglyceride and the
      transfer of both fatty acids and tocopherol to the cells; in the absence of
      lipase, no increase in cellular tocopherol was detectable. The incubation system
      was simplified to include only fibroblasts, BSA, and Intralipid (an artificial
      lipid emulsion containing 10% soybean oil, which has gamma but not alpha
      tocopherol). The addition of lipase to this system also resulted in the transfer
      of tocopherol (gamma) to the fibroblasts. Addition of both lipase and its
      activator, apolipoprotein CII, resulted in a further increase in the cellular
      tocopherol content, but apolipoprotein CII alone had no effect. Heparin, which is
      known to prevent the binding of lipoprotein lipase to the cell surface membrane,
      abrogated the transfer of tocopherol to fibroblasts without altering the rate of
      triglyceride hydrolysis. Thus, in vitro tocopherol is transferred to cells during
      hydrolysis of triglyceride by the action of lipase, and for this transfer of
      tocopherol to occur, the lipase itself must bind to the cell membrane.

PMID- 3998152
TI  - Abnormality of phospholipid transverse diffusion in sickle erythrocytes.
AB  - We have used spin-labeled analogues of phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine to compare the transverse
      diffusion rates of lipids in normal and sickle erythrocytes. The beta-chain of
      the spin-labeled lipids was a short chain (five carbons) providing the spin
      labels with a relative water solubility, and hence permitting their rapid
      incorporation into cell membranes. The orientation of the labeled lipids in the
      membranes was assayed by selective chemical reduction of the nitroxide labels
      embedded in the outer leaflet. We have found that all three spin-labeled
      phospholipids are initially incorporated in the outer leaflet. Upon incubation at
      4 degrees C the aminophospholipids, not the phosphatidylcholine, diffuse toward
      the inner leaflet within 3 h. The transverse diffusion rate of aminophospholipids
      is reduced by 41% (phosphatidylserine) and 14% (phosphatidylethanolamine) in
      homozygote sickle cells (SS) when compared with normal cells (AA) or heterozygote
      cells (AS or SC). At equilibrium the asymmetric distribution of spin-labeled
      phospholipids resulting from this selective diffusion is also reduced in SS cells
      when compared with AA, SC, or AS cells. This reduced asymmetry was not found in a
      reticulocyte-rich blood sample (hemoglobin A), indicating that the age of the
      cell cannot be responsible for this phenomenon. Moreover, because at low
      temperatures the sickling process does not occur, the observed perturbations in
      phospholipid organization reflect preexisting membrane abnormalities in sickle
      cells. Ghosts loaded with ATP give the same results. Varying the concentration of
      intracellular calcium had no effect on lipid diffusion, except at very high free
      calcium concentrations (3 microM) when diffusion was practically abolished. We
      suggest that membrane protein alterations may be part of the explanation of the
      observed abnormalities.

PMID- 3998155
TI  - Schizophrenic and depressed inpatients' perceptions of congruent and incongruent
      communications.
AB  - Schizophrenic inpatients (N = 14), depressed inpatients (N = 15), and normal
      hospital employees (N = 15), all females, were compared on an interpersonal
      perception task. Subjects rated how accepting and how loving they perceived an
      actress to be in each of several videotapes. There were four types of videotaped
      behavior, defined by the possible combinations of positive or negative messages
      in the verbal and nonverbal channels. Based on prior research, it was expected
      that the schizophrenics would be more influenced by the verbal channel; based on
      Beck's theory of depression, it was expected that the depressives would show a
      bias toward perceiving the actress to be less friendly. The principal findings
      were that: the three groups' perceptions of the actress were influenced equally
      by the verbal channel; the schizophrenics were less influenced by the nonverbal
      channel than were the normals, but they did not differ in that regard from the
      depressives; and the depressives tended (p less than .10) to perceive the actress
      as less friendly than did the other groups. Deficits in schizophrenics'
      communication skills appeared not to be specific to schizophrenia.

PMID- 3998154
TI  - Multiple personality in the human information-processor: a case history and
      theoretical formulation.
AB  - A case of multiple personality is presented, which details the roles of the
      "executive" and "destabilizer" personalities in the functioning of the overall
      system, and in treatment. A neo-associationist model of personality, affect and
      cognition, previously presented by the author (Andorfer, 1980) and applied to
      schizophrenia (Andorfer, 1984), is here extended to multiple personality. This
      model is used to account for the mechanisms and clinical phenomena of
      dissociation and reintegration and the role of the "executive" personality in
      each. Strategies for treatment are recommended.

PMID- 3998156
TI  - Depression in geriatric and adult medical inpatients.
AB  - The authors administered two scales for the evaluation of depression, the Zung
      SDS and the DFS (Depression Factor Score), derived from the SCL-90, to two groups
      of medical inpatients: One composed of adult subjects (N = 201) and the other of
      geriatric subjects (N = 178). The results confirm a high presence of depressive
      symptoms among patients with medical problems, particularly among geriatric
      subjects; the prevalence of depression was 20.39% for the adults and 42.13% for
      the elderly patients. High indices of correlation between the two scales were
      found for both populations. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the
      factors most predictive of depressive symptoms are female sex and the presence of
      somatic symptoms likely to lead to disability for elderly subjects and low social
      class and female sex for adults.

PMID- 3998157
TI  - Hand movement quality: a neglected aspect of nonverbal behavior in clinical
      judgment and person perception.
AB  - Hand movement quality, the way in which human hand movements are executed in
      terms of circumference, velocity, and acceleration, seems to be very important
      both in terms of clinical diagnosis and in everyday person perception. This
      research studied movement quality by using objective physical measurements of
      movement parameters and subjective movement quality judgments and by comparing
      both approaches in terms of reliability and validity. This is done on the basis
      of clinical behavior samples that compared movements of psychiatric patients
      before and after therapy (N = 20). Results indicate that subjective judgments of
      movement quality are used reliably by lay judges and that these judgments are
      related closely to objective movement parameters. Some characteristics of
      movement quality seem to be important cues in clinical judgments of patients'
      improvement, although, objectively, movements do not differ before and after
      successful therapy.

PMID- 3998158
TI  - Life skill training: psychoeducational training as mental health treatment.
AB  - Fifty-four patients of a Veterans Administration Medical Center were assigned to
      either a life-skill training program that emphasized psychoeducational
      instruction and skill building or to a group counseling control condition.
      Subjects assigned to life-skill training were provided with 28 hours of
      instruction in interpersonal communication, purpose in life problem solving, and
      physical fitness/health maintenance. Control subjects received equal time engaged
      in psychiatric treatment that emphasized the analysis and exploration of personal
      problems, but with no direct coping skill training. Significant differences
      between the two groups were found on measures of interpersonal communication and
      meaningful purpose in life. Both groups received lower staff ratings on
      psychopathological behavior and demonstrated improvement on ratings of health and
      physical fitness upon completion of treatment. Twelve- and 24-month follow-up
      data that include rehospitalization rates are presented for each group.

PMID- 3998159
TI  - A psychometric investigation of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control
      Scales with cigarette smokers.
AB  - This study examined the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Health
      Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales with chronic cigarette smokers (N = 146) who
      volunteered for treatment through an at-large cessation clinic. Results showed
      that expectancies for health control were not distributed along three independent
      domains as implied by the format of the instrument. Instead, health locus of
      control orientation was found to be bidimensional, with domains defined by the
      Internal and Powerful Others measures. Several alternative explanations for this
      finding are discussed.

PMID- 3998160
TI  - MMPI codetypes characteristic of DSM-III schizophrenics, depressives, and
      bipolars.
AB  - The association between various MMPI codetypes and DSM-III schizophrenics,
      depressives, and bipolars (manic or depressed) (N = 169) was examined. Most
      codetypes predictive of bipolar-depressed also predicted major depression, yet
      these codetypes were not characteristic of bipolar-manic. Furthermore,
      "affective" codetypes often overlapped with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

PMID- 3998161
TI  - The relationship between the Wiggins' PSY scale and length of hospitalization: a
      re-examination.
AB  - Peteroy, Pirrello, and Adams' (1982) findings on two Wiggins content scales, DEP
      and PSY, were re-examined. In contrast to Peteroy et al.'s results, both scales
      were found to relate significantly to length of psychiatric hospitalization (LOH)
      when a larger, more heterogeneous sampling (N = 362) was employed, together with
      a wider range of LOH values. This study demonstrates how attention to relevant
      sampling parameters in predictive validity studies can help to ensure that the
      utility of measures such as PSY is not misjudged.

PMID- 3998162
TI  - Evaluation of a short form of the POMS-Depression scale.
AB  - This study evaluated Shacham's 8-item short form of the original 15-item POMS
      Depression scale (N = 131). The study found that the short form did not have
      significantly lower concurrent validity than the original form; had only slightly
      lower internal consistency; and had a mean and a standard deviation close enough
      to those of the original form to allow prorating of short-form scores for
      interpretation with original form norms. It was concluded that the short form is
      roughly equivalent psychometrically to the previously validated original form.
      The short form of the POMS-Depression scale was identified as apparently the
      shortest available validated measure of depression.

PMID- 3998163
TI  - Psychological adjustment and neuropsychological performance in diabetic patients.
AB  - The Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) was utilized to compare diabetic (N =
      39) with non-diabetic chronic illness patients (N = 20) and healthy controls (N =
      24). The healthy controls were significantly different from the diabetic and
      chronic illnesses groups, but the latter two groups were not significantly
      differentiated. Similarly, in comparison with the healthy groups, both the
      chronic illnesses group and the diabetic group had significant elevations on the
      first three clinical subscales of the FAM: Hypochondriasis, Depression, and
      Hysteria. On the basis of the FAM results, the diabetic patients were divided
      into a "well" adjusted and a "poorly" adjusted group, and comparisons were made
      on a variety of neuropsychological measures, including the Wechsler Adult
      Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale, and Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological
      Test Battery. Results demonstrated negligible effect of poor adjustment on
      neuropsychological performance.

PMID- 3998164
TI  - A formula for the standard error of estimate of deviation quotients on short
      forms of Wechsler's scales.
AB  - Linear scaling, which yields Deviation Quotients (DQs), has been proposed as an
      alternative to linear regression, which yields estimates of Full Scale IQs. A
      problem with linear scaling is that standard errors of estimate cannot be
      calculated in the customary way. A formula is presented for the standard error of
      estimate of DQs, and the formula is shown to perform well when used with data on
      short forms of two of Wechsler's scales.

PMID- 3998165
TI  - The WISC-R as a predictor of Woodcock-Johnson achievement cluster scores for
      learning-disabled students.
AB  - Intelligence and achievement test scores of 100 school-identified, learning
      disabled boys were analyzed. WISC-R students were analyzed for strengths and
      weaknesses, and patterns were identified through factor analysis. The factor
      loadings, as well as WISC-R IQs, were used as predictor variables, and the
      Woodcock-Johnson Achievement cluster scores comprised the achievement variables.
      A stepwise multiple regression indicated that the most powerful intelligence
      predictor for all three areas of achievement was the WISC-R Performance IQ. Four
      factor patterns significantly increased the prediction of Woodcock-Johnson
      Written Language scores.

PMID- 3998166
TI  - Personal worth, self-esteem, anomia, hostility and irrational thinking of abusing
      mothers: a multivariate approach.
AB  - Eighteen mothers identified as the perpetrator of physical abuse of their
      children were matched with respect to race, income and educational level with
      control mothers of children in daycare centers. Tests included: The Sense of
      Personal Worth Scale of the California Test of Personality, the Srole Anomia
      Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, three scales from the Buss-Durkee
      Hostility Inventory and the Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI). An overall MANOVA
      was performed on scores of the seven personality measures. Stepdown F-tests were
      conducted on scores of the seven test measures. With the RBI entered first, none
      of the subsequent variables was significant. Three variables (RBI, Negativism and
      Anomia) significantly discriminated between the abuse and control groups.
      Examination of the discriminant function coefficients revealed that the RBI was
      the most important contributing variable.

PMID- 3998167
TI  - Impulsivity and delinquent behavior among incarcerated adolescents.
AB  - Clinical measures of impulsivity were administered to 33 incarcerated juvenile
      delinquents; scores were compared to the type and number of crimes committed. The
      data revealed that impulsivity is a measureable construct among delinquent
      adolescents, but that impulsiveness is not necessarily related to either type or
      number of crimes committed. The notion that impulsivity is an integral factor in
      the etiology of delinquency was not supported by the data.

PMID- 3998168
TI  - Recidivism, perceived problem-solving abilities, MMPI characteristics, and
      violence: a study of black and white incarcerated male adult offenders.
AB  - This study examined recidivism, perceived problem-solving abilities, type of
      offense, and personality characteristics in an incarcerated male population.
      Twenty black males and 32 white males were selected systematically from inmate
      populations. The MMPI, its special scales, and the PSI scales were analyzed; F,
      L, Re, and Do scales reported significant results. Recidivists scored
      significantly higher than nonrecidivists on the impulsive scale of the Problem
      Solving Inventory. Black recidivists generated significantly higher scores on the
      F scale than did black or white nonrecidivists. The Pd scale reported a
      significant main effect for type of offense (p less than .05). Offenders
      incarcerated for violent crimes scored higher on the Pd scale than the nonviolent
      criminals. This research study demonstrated the utility of the MMPI and the PSI
      in discriminating between nonviolent and violent criminals.

PMID- 3998169
TI  - Age differences on alcoholic MMPI scales: a discriminant analysis approach.
AB  - Ninety-one male alcoholic inpatients were administered the MMPI after
      detoxification. Subjects were divided into four age groups. One-way analysis of
      variance was calculated on the 13 clinical scales and 15 experimental scales (A,
      R, ES, MT, LB, CA, DY, DO, RE, PR, ST, CN, AT, SO-R, AMAC). In addition, two
      discriminant analyses were calculated to evaluate whether the inclusion of the 15
      experimental scales would increase the percent of correctly classified alcoholics
      according to age. Results indicated that the Psychopathic Deviant and Paranoia
      scales declined with increasing age. The Low Back Pain scale indicated a decline
      from the 50-65 group to the 20-29 group, while the Responsibility scale increased
      with age. Results from the two discriminant analyses suggested that inclusion of
      the 15 experimental scales improved the percentage of correctly classified
      alcoholics.

PMID- 3998170
TI  - Autism--assessment and placement under The Education for All Handicapped Children
      Act: a case history.
AB  - Over the years, various clinicians diagnosed a school-aged child as mentally
      retarded, mentally retarded with autistic-like features, or autistic. A school
      district sought to place the child locally in a school for mentally retarded
      children, while the child's parents desired replacement in a residential school
      that specialized in the education of autistic children. After a due process
      hearing, the child was placed in a school for autistic children. The case
      demonstrates the importance of independent mediation and professional assessment
      in placing handicapped children and examines free appropriate public education in
      the context of Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District
      vs. Rowley (1982).

PMID- 3998171
TI  - Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks.
AB  - Eighteen patients who experienced frequent panic attacks were given a treatment
      derived from the literature on hyperventilation and anxiety. The treatment
      consisted of (i) brief, voluntary hyperventilation. This was intended to induce a
      mild panic attack; (ii) explanation of the effects of overbreathing and
      reattribution of the cause of a patient's attacks to hyperventilation; (iii)
      training in a respiratory control technique. Substantial reductions in panic
      attack frequency and in self-reported fear during a behaviour test were obtained
      after 2 weeks' treatment and these reductions occurred in the absence of exposure
      to feared situations. Further reductions in panic attack frequency were evident
      at 6-month and 2-year follow-up though interpretation of these results is
      complicated by the addition of exposure and other psychological treatments.

PMID- 3998172
TI  - Sexual fantasy alternation: procedural considerations.
AB  - Leonard and Hayes (1983) reported several clinical trials of the sexual fantasy
      alternation procedure, a form of orgasmic reconditioning. Due apparently to
      unfamiliarity with several essential components of the procedure, their results
      were equivocal and they questioned the clinical utility of the technique. In this
      report the Leonard and Hayes study is evaluated on the issues of subject
      selection, evaluation of pre-treatment baseline data, prediction for direction
      and magnitude of effect, mechanisms of effect and ethical concerns. It is
      concluded that, if clinicians respect certain basic conventions, the sexual
      fantasy alternation procedure is considerably more orderly than the authors
      believe.

PMID- 3998173
TI  - Parent involvement in a treatment program for obese retarded adults.
AB  - Two groups of moderately retarded, obese adults were given a 10-week behavioral
      treatment program designed to produce changes in their eating, activity and self
      reinforcement patterns and to produce weight loss. In one group (N = 8, X = 27
      years) parents of the participants were actively involved in the treatment
      program; in the second group (N = 7, X age = 29) parents were minimally involved.
      At the end of treatment, subjects in the parent-involved group lost significantly
      more weight (X = 7.4 pounds) with less intra-group variability (S.D. = 2.26
      pounds) than the other treatment group (X = 2.4 pounds; S.D. = 4.38 pounds). A
      strong correlation was also found between degree of subject involvement in
      treatment (as measured by the number of daily homework forms completed) and
      weight loss. Implications of the data for future treatment programs are
      discussed.

PMID- 3998174
TI  - An analysis of a partial task training strategy for profoundly retarded
      institutionalized clients.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of a partial task training strategy on
      productivity and on-task behavior in three profoundly retarded institutionalized
      clients in a pre-skills workshop classroom. Partial task training consisted of
      the presentation of "mini-tasks," with reinforcement for completion of those
      tasks. Additionally, behavior monitors were used to provide the clients with
      further positive comments and prompts. The results indicated that this strategy
      was effective in decreasing high rates of off-task behavior and in substantially
      increasing the number of pieces completed during the session. However, the effect
      on other inappropriate behaviors was minimal. This strategy demonstrated that
      profoundly retarded clients could be taught to increase on-task behavior and
      productivity in pre-skills workshop classes.

PMID- 3998175
TI  - The establishment of a behavior therapy unit within a general hospital in
      Venezuela: the first five years.
AB  - This article describes the formation of a behavior therapy unit in a major
      general hospital in Venezuela. The unit was begun in 1978 despite considerable
      opposition. Initially sporadic seminars were given in which the essentials of
      behavior therapy were taught. This gradually grew into a 2-year post-graduate
      course in behavior therapy-a year of background and a year of clinical
      assignments. A wide range of treatments are used, all of which have a solid data
      base. Our experience shows that it is possible to design small behavior therapy
      units, not only in psychiatric hospitals but in general hospitals as well.

PMID- 3998176
TI  - A case of panic disorder treated with breathing retraining.
AB  - In view of the marked prevalence of panic attacks in psychiatric populations, it
      is surprising that little interest has been devoted to their behavioral
      management. It has been suggested that hyperventilation may be important in the
      onset and/or maintenance of panic attacks and hence some form of respiratory
      control may be of value in their treatment. A method of breathing retraining is
      presented and applied to a subject suffering panic disorder (DSM-III). The
      results indicate that breathing retraining can reduce the frequency and intensity
      of panic attacks. A number of suggestions are made regarding the nature of panic
      attacks including the possible role of aberrant cognitions and the unique nature
      of panic attacks compared to other forms of anxiety.

PMID- 3998177
TI  - Treatment of constipation-caused encopresis by a negative reinforcement
      procedure.
AB  - During a baseline condition soiling and the cumulative number of bowel movements
      of a child suffering from retentive encopresis were recorded. Following this, a
      DRO (differential reinforcement of other behavior) alone, a DRO plus
      overcorrection procedure, and a negative reinforcement procedure were each
      evaluated using a reversal design. The negative reinforcement procedure, which
      involved having the child sit on the toilet three times a day for increasing time
      periods if no bowel movement occurred, suppressed soiling and led to regular
      unprompted daily bowel movements in a very brief period of time. The DRO alone
      and DRO plus overcorrection conditions produced only a small decline in soiling.

PMID- 3998178
TI  - The reduction of seizure-like behaviors through contingency management.
AB  - A 22-year-old mildly retarded male, diagnosed as epileptic and paranoid
      schizophrenic, was admitted to an inpatient behavior unit for a medication
      assessment and possible behavioral treatment of uncontrolled seizure-like
      behavior. Since the patient had rarely been allowed out of his living unit in the
      past year, treatment consisted of a half-hour walk with a preferred staff member
      made contingent upon a 24-hr period of time free of any occurrence of seizure
      like behaviors. An ABAB reversal design was used to assess experimental control.
      Data indicated that seizures decreased from a mean of 0.70 per day during the
      initial baseline phase to 0.36 per day during the final treatment phase.
      Additionally, the duration of seizures decreased from a mean of 50 min per
      seizure during the initial baseline phase to 17 min per seizure during the final
      treatment phase, although the contingency was applied irrespective of duration of
      seizure-like activity. The patient was discharged to a transitional setting until
      a community placement could be located.

PMID- 3998179
TI  - Reduction of self-injurious behavior in an autistic girl using a multifaceted
      treatment program.
AB  - Self-injurious hand biting was reduced in an autistic girl by using fine water
      mist combined with a loud statement of "No!" following the behavior, and verbal
      praise for appropriate behavior. The subject was 6 years old when the
      interventions were implemented, and she had been in arm and head restraints since
      infancy. A fading procedure that moved from a large to smaller bottles allowed
      generalization across settings and people. Treatment was effective at a 6-month
      follow-up in both structured and unstructured settings.

PMID- 3998180
TI  - Operational specificity: implications for field-based replications.
AB  - This paper discusses problems with field-based replications of behavioral
      interventions. Major issues identified include operational specificity,
      mislabelling of procedures, relative contributions of components in multi-faceted
      treatment packages, and impediments to systematic replication. The paper
      concludes with a call for increased operational specificity in the reporting of
      both baseline and intervention procedures on the part of researchers and
      clinicians responsible for dissemination.

PMID- 3998181
TI  - Relationship of age, weight and body surface area to warfarin maintenance dose
      requirements.

PMID- 3998182
TI  - Memory and medication compliance.
AB  - Electronic medication monitors were used to study patients' compliance with a
      three times daily pilocarpine regimen. In addition, standardized tests were used
      to measure different aspects of patients' memory performance. The 38 mostly
      elderly patients varied widely in their compliance and memory scores. However, no
      significant correlation was found between memory and medication compliance. It is
      concluded that lack of memory may be less important as a cause of non-compliance
      than is usually believed.

PMID- 3998183
TI  - Stability of metronidazole and ten antibiotics when mixed with magnesium sulphate
      solutions.
AB  - The chemical stabilities of metronidazole (in water) and ten antibiotics
      (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefamandole, cefazolin, cefoxitin, moxalactam,
      nafcillin, penicillin G, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) in 5% dextrose injection
      (except ampicillin which was in 0.9% sodium chloride) with magnesium sulphate
      were studied at 25 degrees C. The clarity of the solutions did not change in 20
      h. The pH values of metronidazole, nafcillin and penicillin G solutions
      containing magnesium sulphate were lower (at 0 and 20 h) by up to 1.2 units as
      compared with solutions without magnesium sulphate. The decomposition of
      nafcillin and penicillin G solutions was hastened significantly by magnesium
      sulphate due to effect on the pH values of the solutions.

PMID- 3998184
TI  - High performance liquid chromatography of benzalkonium chlorides--variation in
      commercial preparations.
AB  - High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to identify and
      determine the various alkyl benzyldimethylammonium chloride homologues (C10 to
      C16) present in commercial benzalkonium chloride preparations. The assay is
      especially suited for routine quality control work since it has proved to be
      quick and easily reproducible. It has been found that there can be a large degree
      of variation in the quality of differing benzalkonium chloride sources.

PMID- 3998185
TI  - Microbial contamination of non-sterile pharmaceutical products made in hospitals
      in the North East Thames Regional Health Authority.
AB  - Non-sterile pharmaceutical products made in nine hospitals in the North East
      Thames Regional Health Authority were examined for microbial contamination as
      part of a quality assurance programme. The incidence of contamination was found
      to vary between hospitals, but in all cases improvements were seen during the 3
      year monitoring period in the microbiological quality of products made in
      individual hospitals. The most common isolates were aerobic spore bearers-
      usually less than 10(2) colony forming units/g or ml. Gram-negative isolates were
      found in at least one product from each hospital. Pseudomonas spp. were isolated
      from several samples of peppermint water.

PMID- 3998186
TI  - Nuclear size and shape of epithelial cells from the endometrium: lack of value as
      a criterion for differentiation between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant
      conditions.
AB  - Nuclear area and shape of epithelial cells were measured in cytological specimens
      from 10 patients with cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium and four patients
      with adenomatous hyperplasia. Only specimens from patients with histologically
      confirmed widespread disease of the endometrium were accepted in the study. The
      mean nuclear area in cystic hyperplasia was significantly lower than in
      adenomatous hyperplasia. Results from previous measurements with the same method
      in normal and malignant conditions were compared with those from hyperplastic
      conditions. Both cystic and adenomatous hyperplasia differed from normal
      endometrium but not from malignant conditions. The scatter in values in the
      different conditions overlapped to such a degree as to make nuclear size of
      little importance as a diagnostic criterion. There were no differences in nuclear
      shape between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant conditions.

PMID- 3998187
TI  - Clinical and histological features of delta infection in chronic hepatitis B
      virus carriers.
AB  - One hundred and six consecutive chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers were
      studied for the prevalence of delta markers in serum and tissue, and the clinical
      and histological features of those with and without delta infection were
      compared. Twenty (18.9%) patients were positive for anti-delta in serum or delta
      antigen in the liver or both. They presented at a younger age (30.3 v 38 years).
      All of them were symptomatic at the time of biopsy, in contrast to 35% of
      patients without delta infection who were not symptomatic. Those with delta
      infection had higher serum transaminase values and showed more severe liver
      damage on biopsy: chronic active hepatitis in 45% and cirrhosis in 55%. There was
      more pronounced disease activity both within the parenchyma and in the portal and
      periportal zones. The histological diagnosis of the 86 patients without delta
      infection included minimal disease (10%), chronic persistent hepatitis (9%),
      chronic active hepatitis (62%), and cirrhosis (19%). Delta infection in chronic
      HBV carriers is associated with a more active and progressive liver disease.

PMID- 3998188
TI  - United Kingdom scheme for external quality assessment in virology. Part I.
      General method of operation.
AB  - Developments in the United Kingdom national external quality assessment scheme
      for virology are described. There are about 198 participants (170 in the UK) who
      are enrolled for examination of any or all of five categories of specimen
      (distribution types). These are detection of rubella antibody (128 UK
      participants), detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (130 UK participants),
      general virus serology (86 UK participants), virus identification (85 UK
      participants), and electron microscopy (56 UK participants). Specimens of a sixth
      category (rubella IgM antibody), not yet formally established, have also been
      distributed to 67 UK participants. Specimens in each distribution type are sent
      out once or twice a year, and, except for rubella IgM antibody, participants have
      been given a score of 2, 1, 0 or -1 marks for their reports on each specimen.
      Their cumulative scores and performance ratings are calculated retrospectively
      over a 12 month period for each distribution type separately and for combined
      distributions. The performance rating is defined by the number of standard errors
      by which the individual's cumulative score differs from the mean for all
      participants and carries a + or - sign depending on whether the cumulative score
      lies above or below the mean. Performance ratings have been found generally to be
      close to the mean in rubella serology and detection of hepatitis B surface
      antigen but are more variable in virus identification and electron microscopy.
      Ratings of less than -1.96 are considered to be significantly worse than average
      and to constitute poor performance.

PMID- 3998189
TI  - United Kingdom scheme for external quality assessment in virology. Part II.
      Specimen distribution, performance assessment, and analyses of participants'
      methods in detection of rubella antibody, hepatitis B markers, general virus
      serology, virus identification, and electron microscopy.
AB  - Methods for the preparation and pre-distribution testing of specimens for
      external quality assessment in virology have been defined and criteria for
      allocation of scores for participants' reports on each category of specimen have
      been established. Specimens for detection of rubella antibody or markers of
      hepatitis B infection consist of human serum samples, which are distributed after
      detailed assessment of the expected results. In testing for rubella antibody or
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) the scores given for reports of positive,
      equivocal, or negative depend on the specimen's content of antibody or HBsAg as
      established in the external quality assessment laboratory. For general virus
      serology two serum samples must be tested against a designated antigen by the
      complement fixation method; the score allocated for each participant's results
      depends on the ratio of the two titres he records, which is then compared with a
      target value derived from the results of a panel of participating laboratories.
      In virus identification and electron microscopy specimens are prepared from
      cultures or from clinical samples, and scores depend on the accuracy of
      identification. The pre-distribution tests necessary to establish the virus
      content and stability of these specimens have been defined, and media suitable
      for transporting specimens for virus culture, fluorescent antibody staining, or
      electron microscopy have been developed. A participant's overall success rate for
      each specimen is judged from the mean score (maximum 2) calculated from the
      scores of all participants examining the specimen. Mean scores were highest for
      detection of rubella antibody or HBsAg (from 1.67 to 1.96) and lowest for
      specimens containing certain small enteric viruses distributed for electron
      microscopy (0.82 to 1.12). Participants' reports on the methods used for each
      specimen have been analysed. Current changes and developments in methods have
      been recorded, and attempts have been made to relate the use of various
      techniques and test kits to successes or failures with various types of specimen.

PMID- 3998190
TI  - Meningitis due to Gemella haemolysans after radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy.
AB  - Meningitis due to Gemella haemolysans developed in a 73 year old woman after
      thermolysis of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia. The taxonomy of
      this organism is discussed, and previous cases of infection are reviewed.

PMID- 3998191
TI  - Adenine nucleotide concentrations in patients with erythrocyte autoantibodies.
AB  - Erythrocyte adenine nucleotide concentrations were measured in 154 patients with
      erythrocyte autoantibodies and 811 normal subjects using a luciferin-luciferase
      bioluminescent assay. The patients were initially divided into haemolysing and
      non-haemolysing groups. Red cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were
      significantly raised in the 96 patients with active haemolysis compared with the
      normal subjects and with the 58 patients in the non-haemolysing group. Although
      the patients categorised as non-haemolysing had higher ATP values than the normal
      subjects, this was because several patients had the anaemia of chronic disorders,
      which is associated with a shortened red cell life. Measurement of red cell ATP
      was a useful indicator of mean erythrocyte age and a raised value in patients
      with erythrocyte autoantibodies reflected active haemolysis.

PMID- 3998192
TI  - Annual and seasonal variation in the frequency of beta-haemolytic streptococcal
      infections.

PMID- 3998193
TI  - Separation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood: a revisitation.

PMID- 3998194
TI  - When is it an osteoclast?

PMID- 3998195
TI  - The French drug approval process II: The clinical basis for negative decisions by
      the commission for authorization of marketing a medication.
AB  - Between 1982 and 1983, the Commission on Approval for Marketing Medications of
      the French government made 76 negative decisions based on problems with clinical
      trials. In 21 instances, the reasons for a temporary negative decision could be
      resolved from data already on hand or readily available. More serious problems
      resulted in requests for new studies having better controls, better management of
      ancillary therapy, more participants, or lasting longer. Indications that denial
      of the application is likely or outright refusals to grant approval were based on
      failure to demonstrate efficacy and concerns about toxicity. Analysis of the
      reasons for negative decisions can ameliorate the clinical trials submitted in
      support of an application for marketing approval. Improving the design and
      conduct of clinical trials based on correcting the defects discussed here would
      benefit the sciences of drug development, regulation, and patient care.

PMID- 3998196
TI  - Chemoprevention of cancer: implications for clinical pharmacology.

PMID- 3998197
TI  - Adverse drug reaction monitoring in Kuwait (1981-1984).
AB  - The methodologic, operational, and medical aspects of general population
      spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring system organized in the State
      of Kuwait between June 1981 to June 1984 are described. The objectives of the
      study were to outline the procedures required for the establishment of a national
      ADR center in addition to studying the pattern of ADRs. Ethnic and sociocultural
      variables were factors influencing the frequency of adverse effects. A computer
      data base was created to handle incoming reports. A total of 704 reports were
      received from 26 hospitals and health clinics; the majority (90.5%) were
      classified as having a possible positive causal relationship. Anti-infectives
      were the most commonly reported drugs (32.2%), and cutaneous reactions were
      encountered most often (48.6%). Serious drug-induced reactions have been
      identified. Intake of nifedipine adversely affected glucose tolerance among
      diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Bromocriptine causal sexual dysfunction was
      reported among women. Cimetidine and ethambutol were associated with optic
      neuritis and blindness. Metoclopramide and prochlorperazine resulted in dystonic
      reactions in children. Based on this study, the health authorities in Kuwait
      indicated their intention to establish a national ADR center.

PMID- 3998198
TI  - Plasma concentration-response relationships of two formulations of propranolol.
AB  - The time-course of beta blockade induced by two formulations of propranolol was
      compared to their plasma concentration-time curves. Graded infusions of
      isoproterenol were used to assess the degree of beta blockade at different times
      after oral administration of 80 mg of propranolol to 11 healthy volunteers. The
      time-course of drug effect was measured as the decline of the systolic pressor
      dose 20 (SPD 20) and the chronotropic dose 20 (CD 20). Variability of plasma
      propranolol concentration was small, varying within subjects from 27% to 36% and
      between subjects from 19% to 28% at the various sampling times. Pharmacodynamic
      effects showed a similar reproducibility: intra-individual variation was 15% to
      28% for CD 20 and 17% to 32% for SPD 20; interindividual variation was 10% to 24%
      for CD 20 and 13% to 23% for SPD 20. Pooling of the data of all subjects
      indicated a parallel decline of drug concentration and effect. However, three of
      the 11 subjects showed drug effects declining at a faster rate than drug levels.
      This dissociation between serum concentrations and effects points out the
      clinical relevance of complementing kinetic studies of propranolol with
      pharmacodynamic studies. The good reproducibility within subjects and the small
      interindividual variation suggests that isoproterenol dose-response curves may be
      a useful tool for such studies.

PMID- 3998199
TI  - Nifedipine in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly.
AB  - The effect of nifedipine monotherapy, retard tablets, 20 mg bid, was evaluated in
      23 hypertensive patients, mean age, 79 +/- 2 years. Twenty-one patients completed
      an eight-week study. Blood pressure (BP) decreased to 160/90 mm Hg in 15
      patients; in four additional patients diastolic BP dropped by 15% to 28%. In a
      subset of five patients with isolated systolic hypertension, a significant
      reduction in systolic BP was noted. Side effects were relatively mild and only
      two patients discontinued the study. The results suggest that nifedipine
      monotherapy offers an alternative, logic, therapeutic approach to hypertension in
      the elderly.

PMID- 3998200
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cibenzoline in patients with renal impairment.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic values of cibenzoline, a new, investigational, antiarrhythmic
      drug, were determined in 13 patients with varying degree of renal impairment,
      creatinine clearance range between 5 and 53 mL/min. Cibenzoline plasma levels
      were measured after direct intravenous injection of one single 1 mg/kg dose. The
      apparent volume of distribution of the drug (276 1) was similar to that reported
      in healthy subjects. Total body clearance decreased with creatinine clearance,
      and there was a close correlation between cibenzoline renal clearance and
      creatinine clearance (r = 0.956; P less than 0.001). Plasma elimination half-life
      was prolonged, with values ranging from 7:4 to 23.6 hours. This study showed that
      cibenzoline total body clearance correlated with the degree of renal impairment,
      and it is suggested that in patients with chronic renal failure dosage should be
      adjusted according to creatinine clearance values.

PMID- 3998201
TI  - Cimetidine--acetaminophen interaction in humans.
AB  - The effect of single-dose and multiple-dose cimetidine administration on
      acetaminophen pharmacokinetics was investigated in a three-phase, randomized,
      crossover study using four normal subjects. In each phase of the study, subjects
      ingested 750 mg of acetaminophen as a single dose alone (A), or in combination
      with 200 mg of cimetidine (A + C), or following a one-week pretreatment with
      daily cimetidine, 200 mg every six hours and 400 mg before retiring (A + C*).
      Statistical analysis using two-way analysis of variance indicated no significant
      difference in peak concentration and peak time of acetaminophen between
      treatments. Cimetidine did not significantly affect acetaminophen half-life, 2.38
      hours (A), 2.65 hours (A + C), and 2.50 hours (A + C*). Acetaminophen clearance
      was minimally affected by cimetidine; the mean clearance of acetaminophen ranged
      from 4.16 (A + C*) to 5.57 mL/min/kg (A). Area under the acetaminophen plasma
      concentration-time curve was slightly increased by cimetidine, 35.4 (A), 41.6 (A
      + C), and 47.6 micrograms/mL/h (A + C*). Since cimetidine did not affect
      acetaminophen pharmacokinetics to any significant extent, clinical combination of
      both medications at therapeutic dosage presumably would not produce adverse
      interactions.

PMID- 3998202
TI  - MAOIs and drug interactions--a proposal for a clearinghouse.

PMID- 3998203
TI  - Blindness and the validity of the double-blind procedure.
AB  - This article describes a method for assessing whether the blindness of a double
      blind study is maintained and, if not, whether failure to maintain blindness
      could have invalidated the results of the study. The benefit of using the method
      is illustrated in a study of the effect of nicotine gum on the tobacco withdrawal
      syndrome. In that study, many subjects were able to identify which drug they
      received; however, a drug effect was present among subjects who correctly
      identified their drug, among subjects who incorrectly identified their drug, and
      among subjects who could not tell which drug they received. Thus, failure to
      maintain blindness could not have invalidated the results of the study. The
      authors believe double-blind studies should routinely assess blindness, and they
      recommend their method as a simple and easy way to assess blindness.

PMID- 3998205
TI  - Child and adolescent nortriptyline single dose kinetics predict steady state
      plasma levels and suggested dose: preliminary data.
AB  - The use of nortriptyline single dose kinetics to predict steady state plasma
      levels and suggested dose was investigated in 33 pediatric subjects who were
      diagnosed as having major depressive disorder. The data were analyzed separately
      for the 11 subjects 5 to 9 years old who received a single dose of 25 mg and a
      fixed daily dose of 20 mg of nortriptyline, and for the 22 subjects 10 to 16
      years old who received a single dose of 50 mg and a fixed daily dose of 50 mg of
      nortriptyline (N = 17) or a fixed daily dose of 20 mg (N = 5) because of a very
      slow rate of metabolism of the drug. Correlations within the group of 5 to 9
      years olds between the steady state plasma levels and the five sampling points
      after the single dose were all highly significant. Correlations between the
      steady state plasma levels within the group of 10 to 16 year olds and the five
      sampling points after the single dose and a fixed daily dose of 50 mg (N = 17)
      were also highly significant. Similar correlations for the total group of 10 to
      16 year olds (N = 22) were performed (prorating the steady state plasma levels of
      the slow metabolizers), and these too were highly significant. Suggested dose
      schedules for each age group were developed from the regression equations of
      nortriptyline steady state plasma levels versus 24-hour nortriptyline plasma
      levels after the single dose. The regression equation for the group of 5 to 9
      year olds was highly significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998204
TI  - Serum neuroleptic levels and clinical outcome in schizophrenic patients treated
      with fluphenazine decanoate.
AB  - Serum neuroleptic levels were measured by radioreceptor assay in 24 schizophrenic
      patients maintained on fluphenazine decanoate. Clinical state was assessed at the
      time of neuroleptic level measurement and during the subsequent 6 months.
      Patients with persistent psychotic symptoms were on higher doses of fluphenazine
      decanoate than those in remission and had higher neuroleptic levels. Patients who
      relapsed during the 6 months after neuroleptic levels were measured did not
      differ in dose from those who stayed in remission but tended to have lower serum
      neuroleptic levels. These observations suggest that persistent psychotic symptoms
      in neuroleptic-maintained patients cannot be accounted for solely by inadequate
      treatment. Furthermore, in remitted patients serum neuroleptic levels may be a
      determinant of outcome.

PMID- 3998207
TI  - Fine structural survey of the rat's brainstem sensory trigeminal complex.
AB  - The fine structural organization of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus was
      compared with that of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (subnuclei oralis,
      interpolaris, and the deep layers of caudalis) in adult albino rats. Direct
      comparisons indicate similarities between all of the subdivisions of the
      brainstem trigeminal complex both in the major morphological classes of neurons
      present and in basic patterns of synaptic connections. Major differences between
      the several subdivisions occur in the relative numbers and distribution of the
      different cell types. The spinal trigeminal nucleus is distinguished by more
      numerous large (22-40 micron) polygonal neurons which give rise to long straight
      primary dendrites. Both the perikaryal surface and the thick primary dendrites of
      many of these cells are densely innervated by synaptic terminals. Especially
      large cells of this type are a prominent feature of subnucleus oralis. By
      contrast, the principal sensory nucleus is distinguished by its high density of
      small to medium-sized (8-20 micron) round or ovoid neurons. These smaller neurons
      tend to receive a sparse axosomatic innervation. In addition to these differences
      the spinal trigeminal neuropil is distinguished by the striking manner in which
      it is broken up by large rostrocaudally oriented bundles of myelinated axons.
      Proximal dendrites of polygonal and fusiform neurons often wrap around these
      large axon bundles. Morphologically heterogeneous populations of synaptic
      terminals with round vesicles (R terminals) and terminals with predominantly
      flattened vesicles (F terminals) occur in all of the subdivisions of the
      trigeminal complex. Both types of terminal make primarily axodendritic synapses,
      but both also make axosomatic synapses, and axospinous synapses with somatic as
      well as dendritic spines. In addition, axoaxonic synaptic contacts from F
      terminals onto large R terminals are seen in all subdivisions. Convincing
      examples of presynaptic dendrites were not observed in any of the brainstem
      subdivisions. Synaptic glomeruli, characteristic groupings of dendrites and
      synaptic terminals, are found throughout the brainstem trigeminal complex. The
      dendritic elements in these glomeruli tend to be small-diameter dendrites,
      spines, and large, spinelike appendages. Within the glomerulus these elements are
      postsynaptic to a single large R terminal and may also be postsynaptic to smaller
      F terminals. In addition, axoaxonic synaptic contacts from the F terminals onto
      the R terminal are a consistent feature of trigeminal synaptic
      glomeruli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998206
TI  - Peripheral edema associated with trazodone: a report of ten cases.
AB  - Ten depressed patients treated with trazodone developed edema and weight gain
      that was promptly reversed by reduction or discontinuation of trazodone. This
      suggests a dose-dependent effect. None of the patients had an active medical
      problem that might predispose to edema formation. Summary data on all 10 cases
      and three case histories are presented to alert physicians to this side effect.

PMID- 3998208
TI  - Organization and distribution of the rat subdiaphragmatic vagus and associated
      paraganglia.
AB  - This experiment analyzed the organization of the rat abdominal vagus. To spare
      delicate tissues and preserve positional information, untrimmed blocks of the
      subdiaphragmatic viscera (N = 22) were fixed, impregnated by using a pyridine
      silver protocol, and double embedded. Each block was sectioned transversely at 7
      micron, and a section every 70 micron from the diaphragm to the cardia was
      analyzed. The features of the section were traced and digitized for computer
      reconstruction. Included in the measurements were sizes and locations of bundles,
      fascicles, and paraganglia. The anterior and posterior vagi were consistently
      distinctive in size, distribution, cross-sectional shape, and paraganglionic
      content. In the most common pattern (41% of animals), the anterior trunk coursed
      longitudinally on the ventral surface of the esophagus, giving off at
      successively more distal levels the hepatic branch, the accessory coeliac branch
      and then the bundles of the anterior gastric branch. The posterior trunk
      separated into a coeliac branch and a posterior gastric branch, each consisting
      of numerous bundles, in the most distal quarter of the esophagus. Fifty-nine
      percent of all animals exhibited one or more significant variations in vagal
      organization (e.g., double primary trunks--41%, supernumerary branches--18%, or
      atypical branching sequences--9%). Four to 14 vagal paraganglia (mean = 8 +/- 1;
      equivalent to 32/rat, corrected for sampling) were found in each animal, and no
      branch was consistently devoid of paraganglia. Ninety-four percent of the
      paraganglia were located at nerve branch points. Some of the larger paraganglia
      contained at their central poles one to six neurons with soma diameters ranging
      from 14 to 22 micron.

PMID- 3998209
TI  - The morphology of relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the
      marsupial brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).
AB  - The retinal terminal zones and the morphology of relay neurons within the dorsal
      lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) of the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus
      vulpecula) have been investigated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing
      techniques. Anterograde transport of HRP from the retina confirmed previous
      descriptions of the laminar distribution of retinal afferents in this nucleus. In
      addition, it was found that lamina III consists of two adjacent bands (IIIa and
      IIIb) of contralateral retinal input, separated by a terminal-free zone 20-40
      micron wide. This zone is not apparent with Nissl or fibre stains. Relay neurons
      in the LGNd were retrogradely filled following cortical injections of HRP, and
      two classes (A and B) were distinguished. Class A neurons are found in the alpha
      portion of the LGNd (laminae I, II, III, and IV) and class B neurons in the beta
      portion (laminae V, VI, and VII). Class A cells are more densely packed and have
      shorter and more numerous dendrites, less-extensive dendritic arbors, and thicker
      axons than class B cells. No significant differences were found between the two
      classes in perikaryal size or thickness of proximal dendrites. Neurons in each
      lamina of the nucleus have dendritic arbors which ramify extensively within
      adjacent laminae, except cells in lamina IIIb, which have relatively few
      dendrites that cross into the cell-free zone and lamina IV.

PMID- 3998210
TI  - A Golgi study of the cell types of the dorsal torus semicircularis of the
      electric fish Eigenmannia: functional and morphological diversity in the
      midbrain.
AB  - The dorsal torus semicircularis (torus) of the gymnotiform fish Eigenmannia was
      examined in Golgi-impregnated material. These results were correlated with those
      of a previous HRP study which used retrograde labelling techniques to identify
      the efferent cell types of the torus (Carr et al., '81, J. Comp Neurol. 203:649
      670). The torus is a laminated midbrain nucleus of the electrosensory system. It
      receives somatotopically ordered electrosensory input from the medulla and caudal
      lobe of the cerebellum, proprioceptive input from the descending nucleus of the
      trigeminal nerve, and input from the optic tectum. The torus projects to the
      nucleus praeeminentialis, the optic tectum, nucleus electro-sensorius, parts of
      the central posterior thalamus, the pretectum, the lateral mesencephalic
      reticular formation (LMRA), the reticular formation, and the inferior olive. The
      torus has 12 laminae and 48 cell types by Golgi criteria. There are three major
      orientations to the dendritic fields of the toral neurons: purely horizontal
      neurons with dendrites confined to a single lamina, multipolar neurons whose
      dendrites often do not respect laminar boundaries, and vertical cells with
      dendrites that travel in the vertical bundles of dendrites and axons which pierce
      the torus at regular intervals. There are four major groups of vertically
      oriented neurons. The first has a predominantly horizontal dendritic tree with
      one or two vertical dendrites which connect the cell to a distant lamina. The
      second consists of "U"-shaped neurons with a horizontal arbor and two major
      dendrites which ascend in adjacent vertical bundles. The third group is made up
      of bilaminar neurons which receive input from two vertically separated dendritic
      arbors, and the fourth group is purely vertical in orientation. A group of four
      tegmental cell types in the LMRA also send their dendrites into the efferent
      tracts of the torus, and into lamina IX. The torus is similar in complexity and
      number of cell types to the mammalian inferior colliculus. The large number of
      cell types in these midbrain sensory nuclei, compared to the number of afferent
      inputs (seven or more for the torus) is notable and may reflect the parcellation
      of function associated with the parallel processing of these inputs.

PMID- 3998211
TI  - The differential projection of two cytoarchitectonic subregions of the inferior
      parietal lobule of macaque upon the deep layers of the superior colliculus.
AB  - Parietotectal projections were studied in the macaque monkey in experiments
      designed to compare the distribution of fibers originating in two
      cytoarchitecturally distinct regions within the inferior parietal lobule: the
      inferior bank of the intraparietal sulcus (area POa of Seltzer and Pandya, '80)
      and the adjoining part of area PG (von Bonin and Bailey, '47) on the convexity of
      the hemisphere, here called PGc. A dense fiber projection from POa to the
      intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus was observed by both
      anterograde autoradiographic and anterograde horseradish peroxidase methods. In
      contrast, only faint labeling was seen in the superior colliculus following
      injections of tritiated amino acids into area PGc on the convexity. In a second
      set of experiments, injections of horseradish peroxidase were placed in the
      intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus so that the cells of
      origin of the parietotectal projections could be identified. Many retrogradely
      labeled neurons were observed in POa, whereas very few labeled neurons were
      present in any other subdivision of the inferior parietal lobule or in the
      superior parietal lobule. These findings demonstrate that area POa has a
      prominent direct efferent projection to a major premotor region of the brainstem
      oculomotor system and suggest that by virtue of its parietotectal connection,
      this sulcal subdivision may have functional properties not shared with other
      subdivisions of the inferior parietal lobule.

PMID- 3998212
TI  - Efferent connections of the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei: an
      autoradiographic investigation in the cat.
AB  - The efferent projections of the centromedian and parafascicular (CM-Pf) thalamic
      nuclear complex were analyzed by the autoradiographic method. Our findings show
      that the CM-Pf complex projects in a topographic manner to specific regions of
      the rostral cortex. These fibers distribute primarily to cortical layers I and
      III; however, the projection to layer I is more extensive. Following an injection
      into the rostral portion of the CM-Pf complex, label is found within the lateral
      rostral cortex, particularly within the presylvian, anterior ectosylvian, and
      anterior lateral sulci, and within the rostral medial cortex where label is
      present within the cruciate and anterior splenial sulci and anterior cingulate
      gyrus. An injection into the caudal dorsal portion of the CM-Pf complex results
      in label within the more ventral portions of the rostral lateral cortex where it
      is present within the anterior sylvian gyrus, presylvian regions, and gyrus
      proreus; and within the rostral medial cortex, where it is present within the
      rostral cingulate gyrus, and within the cruciate sulcus, and an extensive region
      ventral to the cruciate sulcus which includes the anterior limbic area.
      Injections into the caudal ventral portion of the CM-Pf complex result in
      virtually no cortical label, although a few labeled fibers are found in the
      subcortical white matter. The subcortical projection from the CM-Pf complex
      terminates within the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic
      nucleus, zona incerta, fields of Forel, hypothalamus, thalamic reticular nucleus,
      and rostral intralaminar nuclei. Prominent silver grain aggregates are also
      present within the ventral lateral, ventral anterior, ventral medial, and lateral
      posterior nuclei, and ventrobasal complex. The aggregates in the thalamus appear
      to be fibers of passage, but whether these are also terminals cannot be
      determined with the techniques used in the present study.

PMID- 3998213
TI  - Efferent connections of the ventral pallidum: evidence of a dual striato
      pallidofugal pathway.
AB  - Previous histological and histochemical studies have provided evidence that the
      globus pallidus (external pallidal segment) as conventionally delineated in the
      rat extends ventrally and rostrally beneath the transverse limb of the anterior
      commissure, invading the olfactory tubercle with its most ventral ramifications.
      This infracommissural subdivision of the globus pallidus or ventral pallidum (VP)
      is most selectively identified by being pervaded by a dense plexus of substance-P
      positive striatofugal fibers; the extent of this plexus indicates that the VP
      behind the anterior commissure continues dorsally over some distance into the
      anteroventromedial part of the generally recognized (supracommissural) globus
      pallidus; the adjoining anterodorsolateral pallidal region, here named dorsal
      pallidum (DP), receives only few substance-P-positive fibers, but contains a
      dense plexus of enkephalin-positive striatal afferents that also pervades VP.
      Available autoradiographic data indicate that VP and DP receive their striatal
      innervation from two different subdivisions of the striatum: whereas VP is
      innervated by a large, anteroventromedial striatal region receiving substantial
      inputs from a variety of limbic and limbic-system-associated structures (and
      therefore called "limbic striatum"), DP receives its striatal input from an
      anterodorsolateral striatal sector receiving only sparse limbic afferents
      ("nonlimbic" striatum) but instead heavily innervated by the sensorimotor cortex.
      The present autoradiographic study has produced evidence that this dichotomy in
      the striatopallidal projection is to a large extent continued beyond the globus
      pallidus: whereas the efferents of DP were traced to the subthalamic nucleus and
      substantia nigra, those of VP were found to involve not only the subthalamic
      nucleus and substantia nigra but also the frontocingulate (and adjoining medial
      sensorimotor) cortex, the amygdala, lateral habenular and mediodorsal thalamic
      nucleus, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and tegmental regions farther
      caudal and dorsal in the midbrain. These findings indicate that the ventral
      pallidum can convey striatopallidal outflow of limbic antecedents not only into
      extrapyramidal circuits but also back into the circuitry of the limbic system.

PMID- 3998214
TI  - Localization of the synthetic progestin 3H-ORG 2058 in neurons of the primate
      brain: evidence for the site of action of progestins on behavior.
AB  - The location of neurons that concentrate progestin in the brains of female
      cynomolgus monkeys was mapped by autoradiography using the specific synthetic
      progestin receptor ligand 3H-ORG 2058. Three females were ovariectomized and
      treated with estrogen (20 micrograms estradiol benzoate daily for 7 days), and
      one of them was also pretreated with progesterone. Each received an i.v.
      injection of 1 mCi 3H-ORG 2058 and was killed 1 hour later. Thaw-mount
      autoradiograms revealed intense accumulation of radioactivity in the nuclei of
      many neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, particularly in the ventromedial
      nucleus (n.), arcuate n., and premammillary n. Neuronal labeling was also
      observed frequently in the medial preoptic n., and occasionally in the anterior
      hypothalamic area, paraventricular n., and organum vasculosum of the lamina
      terminalis. In the pituitary gland, about 5% of cells in the pars distalis were
      intensely labeled. In the female pretreated with progesterone, however, labeling
      was almost completely blocked. Analysis of samples by high-performance liquid
      chromatography demonstrated that the radioactivity extracted from brain and
      pituitary gland cell nuclei was almost entirely unmetabolized 3H-ORG 2058. The
      nuclear concentration of progestin was much greater in the pituitary gland than
      in the brain, and was greater in the hypothalamus than in any other brain area.
      These results revealed well-localized groups of progestin-concentrating neurons
      in the primate brain which presumably mediate the effects of progesterone on both
      gonadotropin secretion and female sexual behavior.

PMID- 3998215
TI  - Corticopontine projection in the macaque: the distribution of labelled cortical
      cells after large injections of horseradish peroxidase in the pontine nuclei.
AB  - We studied the distribution of corticopontine cells in the monkey cerebral
      cortex. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the brainstem of monkeys
      in an attempt to fill the pontine nuclei on one or both sides. In control animals
      we injected the medullary pyramids or varied the route, size, or location of
      pontine injections. All retrograde filled corticopontine neurons were layer V
      pyramidal cells. Corticopontine cells were distributed within a largely
      continuous area of cortex which extended from the cingulate cortex medially to
      the sylvian fissure laterally; from the superior temporal fissure caudally to the
      medial part of the frontal granular cortex rostrally. Areas 4 and 6 of Brodmann
      (1905) contained the highest density of filled cells. In the primary visual
      cortex, area 17, there were a few labelled cells restricted to the rostral
      portion of the upper bank of the calcarine fissure, in a region representing the
      lower periphery of the visual field. The results are discussed in relation to the
      possible functions of the corticopontine system, especially the role of the
      extrastriate visual areas in visually guided movement.

PMID- 3998216
TI  - The organization of retinal projections to the diencephalon and pretectum in the
      cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni.
AB  - The organization of retinofugal projections was studied in a cichlid fish by
      labelling small groups of retinal ganglion cell axons with either horseradish
      peroxidase or cobaltous lysine. Two major findings resulted from these
      experiments. First, optic tract axons show a greater degree of pathway diversity
      than was previously appreciated, and this pathway diversity is related to the
      target nuclei of groups of axons. The most striking example is the formation of
      the medial optic tract. Fibers that will become the medial optic tract move
      abruptly away from their neighbors, at about the level of the optic chiasm, and
      coalesce at the dorsomedial edge of the marginal optic tract. The medial optic
      tract projects to the thalamus, the dorsal pretectum, and the deep layer of the
      optic tectum. The axial optic tract is a group of fibers which segregates from
      the most medial portion of the marginal optic tract, at about the level of the
      optic chiasm. The axial tract stays medial to the marginal optic tract for a few
      hundred microns and then curves laterally to rejoin the marginal optic tract. At
      least some axial trat axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Within the
      marginal optic tract, retinal ganglion cell axons from a given retinal quadrant
      are always segregated into at least two groups. The smaller group projects to the
      superficial pretectal nucleus. The larger group projects to the superficial layer
      of the optic tectum. Second, each nontectal retinal termination site receives a
      unique pattern of retinal input. Within the pretectum the parvocellular
      superficial pretectal nucleus receives a highly retinotopically organized input
      from all retinal regions; the basal optic nucleus receives a roughly
      retinotopically organized input from all retinal regions; the dorsal pretectum
      receives an input from all retinal regions; and the central pretectal nucleus
      receives input only from the ventral hemiretina. Within the diencephalon the
      thalamus receives an input from all retinal regions, but this input is not
      retinotopically organized; the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the
      region of central retina that lies just dorsal to the optic nerve head, via the
      axial optic tract. The accessory optic nucleus receives input from the dorsal
      hemiretina.

PMID- 3998217
TI  - Developing pigeon retina: light-evoked responses and ultrastructure of outer
      segments and synapses.
AB  - Morphological development of photoreceptor outer segments and synapses in the
      foveal region of the pigeon retina was studied by electron microscopy. In
      addition, the maturation of outer retina function was investigated by recording
      electroretinographic (ERG) responses to either flash or pattern stimuli. The
      first ERGs to unpatterned or patterned stimulation can be recorded at 4-6 days
      posthatching. These results are consistent with anatomical analysis of pigeon
      photoreceptor and synapse development. Indeed, photosensitive lamellae in the
      outer segments can be observed simultaneously with the appearance of the first
      retinal responses to light. A few synapses can already be seen in the outer
      plexiform layer at the time photoreceptor disks first appear. In contrast,
      numerous synapses are already present in the inner plexiform layer when
      photoreceptor lamellae have yet to appear. A comparable maturation pattern has
      been reported to occur in chicks toward the end of the incubation time.

PMID- 3998218
TI  - Morphology and laminar organization of electrophysiologically identified neurons
      in the primary auditory cortex in the cat.
AB  - The morphology of electrophysiologically identified neurons was examined in the
      primary auditory cortex (AI) of the cat. After stimulation of the medial
      geniculate nucleus (MG), second auditory cortex, posterior ectosylvian gyrus,
      contralateral AI, or corpus callosum, intracellular potentials were recorded from
      AI neurons, which were then injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase
      and recovered. Layer IV neurons, which receive MG fibers monosynaptically, are
      spiny and nonspiny stellate cells, small and medium-sized nonspiny tufted cells,
      and fusiform cells. They send their axons to layer III of the AI. Corticocortical
      AI neurons are medium-sized pyramidal cells in layer III. They receive axons from
      layer IV neurons of the AI and send their axons to layers I, II, IV, and V of the
      AI. Horizontal cells in layer I receive slow-conducting MG fibers
      monosynaptically, and send their axons to layer II of the AI. Stellate cells and
      small pyramidal cells in layer II receive afferent inputs polysynaptically from
      the MG. Layer II pyramidal cells receive afferent inputs from the MG via AI
      neurons in layers I and III, and send their axons to layers V and VI. The axons
      of layer II stellate cells were distributed within layer II. Pyramidal cells
      which send their axons to the MG are located in layers V and VI, distributing
      their axon collaterals to layers III-VI of the AI.

PMID- 3998219
TI  - Dark rearing prolongs physiological but not anatomical plasticity of the cat
      visual cortex.
AB  - Recent studies (Cynader and Mitchell, '80; Mower et al., '81) have shown that
      total dark rearing prolongs susceptibility to the physiological effects of
      monocular deprivation (MD) in visual cortex beyond the normal age limits. The
      present study addressed whether this delayed physiological plasticity is
      accompanied by delayed anatomical plasticity in the geniculocortical pathway.
      Ocular dominance (OD) columns as defined by transsynaptic autoradiography
      following injection of 3H proline into one eye were studied both qualitatively
      and quantitatively in 17 cats. Compared to normal rearing (N-3), both binocular
      eyelid suture (N-2) and total dark rearing (N-3) resulted in incomplete
      segregation of OD columns in area 17. This apparent immaturity after binocular
      deprivation, however, did not reflect a delayed capacity for development and
      plasticity. Visual experience after dark rearing produced no marked changes. In
      cats who experienced MD after dark rearing, injection of either the nondeprived
      (N-2) or deprived eye (N-3) resulted in a nearly uniform distribution of label
      throughout layer IV of area 17. The same result occurred with binocular vision
      after dark rearing (N-1). MD from birth, however, produced expansion of columns
      from the nondeprived eye (N-1) and contraction of columns from the deprived eye
      (N-1). MD imposed after 4 months of normal vision resulted in normal OD columns
      (N-1). Electrophysiological studies revealed a high proportion of binocular cells
      within layer IV in cats who experienced monocular or binocular vision after dark
      rearing. Outside of layer IV there were clear environmental effects on OD of
      single cells in these cats. Measurements of cell sizes in the clateral geniculate
      nucleus showed shrinkage of cells innervated by the deprived eye when MD was
      initiated at birth (N-3). MD after dark rearing (N-4) produced no differences in
      cell sizes. It is concluded that visual input is necessary for the formation of
      normal OD columns, the critical period for formation and environmental
      modification of OD columns is limited to early life, and the physiological
      effects of visual experience after dark rearing reflect changes occurring beyond
      the geniculocortical pathway.

PMID- 3998220
TI  - Timing and positioning of occlusion of the spinal neurocele in the chick embryo.
AB  - The timing and positioning of occlusion of the spinal neurocele were studied in
      living and serially sectioned chick embryos at stages 8-14. Occlusion occurs in
      three phases: preocclusion, incipient occlusion, and definitive occlusion.
      Preocclusion occurs at stage 8. At this time, the neural groove of the spinal
      cord has not yet closed to form a neural tube. Incipient occlusion begins as
      early as stage 9 and lasts until stage 11. The neural groove of the cranial
      spinal cord closes during these stages and incipient occlusion occurs
      concomitantly with this closure. Seventy-eight percent of the embryos exhibit
      incipient occlusion. Incipient occlusion extends along the mid-somitic region of
      the neuroaxis, occupying about one-half the length of the spinal cord. Injection
      of the brains of living embryos with dyes often reopens incipient occluded areas.
      Definitive occlusion occurs at stages 11-14 and is present in 89% of the embryos.
      Definitive occlusion is restricted to mid-somitic regions, as was incipient
      occlusion, but it extends approximately two-thirds the length of the spinal cord.
      Injection of the brains of living embryos with dyes rarely reopens definitive
      occluded areas, even when injection pressures are maximal. Six morphological
      types of definitive occlusion can be identified on the basis of the relative
      proportions and locations of total and partial occlusion. Closure of the cranial
      neuropore and roof plate of the hindbrian occurs near the end of the incipient
      occlusion phase, whereas closure of the caudal neuropore occurs well after
      definitive occlusion is initiated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998221
TI  - Aging in the rat olfactory system: relative stability of piriform cortex
      contrasts with changes in olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium.
AB  - Previous studies have quantified growth and atrophy of the olfactory bulb and
      olfactory epithelium of the Sprague-Dawley rat from maturity to senescence. Major
      events occurring in these structures include changes in the volume of mitral
      cells and changes in the number of septal olfactory receptors. These effects are
      large, consist of a growth phase followed by atrophy, and are temporally related
      in that events in the olfactory epithelium precede those in the mitral cells. A
      hypothesis of aging based on transneuronal effects would predict that these
      changes would be similarly transmitted to the next synaptic station in the
      olfactory pathway. Therefore, cells and synapses of the piriform cortex were
      studied in rats 3, 12, 18, 24, 27, 30, and 33 months of age. Alternate Vibratome
      sections through brains perfused with mixed aldehydes were processed for light
      and electron microscopy. No significant age effects were found for the volumes of
      cortical laminae Ia and Ib. Both numerical and surface density of synaptic
      apposition zones in layer Ia, formed primarily by mitral cell axons, were stable
      with age. A modest (18%) but significant decline in the proportion of layer Ia
      occupied by dendrites and spines was mirrored by an increase in the proportion of
      glial processes; no change in the proportion of axons and terminals was observed.
      Neither nuclear volume, nor soma volume, nor numerical density of layer II
      neurons changed with age. Thus, contacts made in the piriform cortex by mitral
      cell axons remain relatively stable in senescence, despite the marked volumetric
      changes in the mitral cell somata, changes which were confirmed again in this
      study. Age-related dendritic regression in layer II neurons may be attributable
      to functional deafferentation subsequent to reduced receptor input to mitral
      cells.

PMID- 3998222
TI  - Functional organization of the cochlear nucleus of rufous horseshoe bats
      (Rhinolophus rouxi): frequencies and internal connections are arranged in slabs.
AB  - The functional organization of the cochlear nucleus (CN) was studied with
      physiological recording and anatomical tracing techniques. Recordings were made
      from single CN neurons to examine their temporal firing patterns to tone burst
      stimuli and their frequency tuning characteristics. Recording loci of individual
      neurons were carefully monitored in order to understand how the functional
      properties of a cell relate to its location within the CN. We found that tonal
      frequencies were systematically represented in each of the three CN divisions
      (anteroventral, AVCN; posteroventral, PVCN; dorsal, DCN). Eight temporal response
      patterns were observed in CN neurons when stimulated at units' best excitatory
      frequencies (BF). With a few exceptions, neurons in each CN division could
      generate all eight firing patterns with different distributions for the three
      division. A focal injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), at the end of the
      physiological study, to a group of neurons possessing a similar BF in one CN
      division resulted in anterograde labeling of nerve terminals in the other two
      divisions at precisely the areas where the same frequency band was processed in
      these divisions. Labeled terminals in each division were closely congregated in
      the form of a thin slab. The slab orientation was division specific whereas its
      location was frequency specific, which could be predicted on the basis of
      physiological data. HRP injections into the DCN also resulted in retrograde
      labeling of somata in the AVCN and PVCN. On the other hand, only DCN neurons were
      retrogradely labeled when HRP was injected into the AVCN or the PVCN. These data
      showed how the three CN divisions are internally connected. Furthermore,
      retrogradely labeled cells occupied the same slabs where we found anterogradely
      labeled nerve terminals. Additionally, in a group of bats, HRP was injected into
      various functionally (i.e., BF) identified regions of the central nucleus of the
      inferior coliculus (IC) to clarify the type and location of CN projecting
      neurons. Retrogradely labeled cells in individual CN divisions likewise were
      arranged in slabs whose locations in the CN nuclei depended on the BFs of neurons
      at the injection site in the IC. These results show that slabs represent units of
      functional organization (i.e., tonal frequency, local connection and central
      projection) in the CN.

PMID- 3998223
TI  - Erythema gyratum repens unassociated with internal malignancy.
AB  - A case report of erythema gyratum repens occurring in a 68-year-old man is
      presented. Evaluation and follow-up for development of malignancy over a 39-month
      period failed to reveal evidence of malignancy. The patient died of an unrelated
      cause. Autopsy did not demonstrate any evidence of malignancy.

PMID- 3998224
TI  - Hyperpigmentation in megaloblastic anemia.
AB  - Generalized hyperpigmentation developed over 2 years in a 65-year-old woman. A
      diagnosis of pernicious anemia was made, and treatment with vitamin B12 led to
      complete reversion of her hyperpigmentation to normal. Literature pertinent to
      hyperpigmentation and its association with megaloblastic anemias is reviewed and
      several possible mechanisms are mentioned.

PMID- 3998225
TI  - Myofibroblasts in a collagen nevus detected by electron microscopy.
AB  - A solitary collagenous connective tissue nevus on the foot of a 1-year-old infant
      was studied under electron microscopy. The collagen appeared normal in size,
      appearance, and orientation, although variable in fiber diameter. Relatively
      little elastic tissue was seen. The presence of myofibroblasts was notable. These
      large branching specialized fibroblasts were laden with highly aligned 6-8 nm
      microfibrils, presumably actin.

PMID- 3998226
TI  - Acquired progressive kinking of the hair.
AB  - A case of acquired progressive kinking of the hair is described. Scanning
      electron microscopy disclosed many hair malformations, including pili canaliculi
      and twisted and beaded hairs.

PMID- 3998227
TI  - Episodic hyperhidrosis on the dorsum of hands.
AB  - A 21-year-old man presented with a 6-year history of episodic localized
      hyperhidrosis on the back of his hands. Results of the neurologic examination
      were normal. Profuse sweating of the affected skin was elicited by exercise,
      raising core temperature, direct heat, and intradermal injections of cholinergic
      drugs. Examination of the affected skin by electron microscopy and light
      microscopy with special stains and enzyme methods revealed prominent hyperplasia
      of otherwise normal eccrine sweat glands and ducts and increased surrounding
      stromal hyaluronic acid.

PMID- 3998228
TI  - Gigantic malignant melanoma in a thermal burn scar.
AB  - Carcinoma developing in burn scars is overwhelmingly of the squamous cell type;
      in fact, almost 2% of all squamous cell carcinomas develop in old burn scars. We
      report a case of malignant melanoma that developed in a burn scar and review
      eight other reported cases of malignant melanoma that developed similarly. We
      also compare the group having malignant melanomas in burn scars with those having
      the more common type of squamous cell carcinoma in burn scars.

PMID- 3998229
TI  - Secondary syphilis presenting as a palisading granuloma.
AB  - A diagnosis of secondary syphilis was made in a 37-year-old man who presented
      with a papular eruption and a penile ulceration. Skin biopsy revealed a
      palisading granuloma similar to that seen in granuloma annulare. This represents
      a histologic finding that has not been described for early secondary syphilis.

PMID- 3998230
TI  - Molluscum contagiosum occurring in an epidermoid cyst.
AB  - The histological picture of molluscum contagiosum (MC) is well known: the
      epidermis grows down into the dermis as multiple, closely packed pear-shaped
      lobules. The epithelial cells of the outermost layers and the horny layer display
      typical molluscum bodies. In this paper, we describe an unusual case of MC in a
      cystic lesion. This lesion was probably due to localisation of the MC virus in
      the ostium of the pilar infundibulum, followed by obstruction and formation of an
      inclusion cyst.

PMID- 3998231
TI  - Guanine nucleotide inhibition of adenylate cyclase in a membrane fraction from
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - The regulation of adenylate cyclase by guanine nucleotides was examined in a
      plasma membrane preparation from Dictyostelium discoideum. At concentrations of
      greater than 10 microM, GDP, GTP and a non-hydrolyzable GTP analogue, guanosine
      5'-(beta-gamma-imino)triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), inhibited the enzyme. Guanosine,
      GMP and ITP were ineffective. The inhibition was not affected by variations in
      assay conditions (membrane concentration, time or temperature), the presence of
      cAMP, NaF or forskolin in the reaction mix, or variations in the stage of
      Dictyostelium discoideum development. There was no stimulation of adenylate
      cyclase by GTP or Gpp(NH)p under any conditions. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase
      by Gpp(NH)p was sensitive to divalent cations. The addition of MnCl2 resulted in
      increased adenylate cyclase activity, but augmented the inhibitory response to
      Gpp(NH)p. The differences between Dictyostelium discoideum and eukaryotic
      regulation of adenylate cyclase by guanine nucleotides are discussed.

PMID- 3998232
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic receptor-mediated attenuation of adenylate cyclase
      activity in rat heart membranes.
AB  - The regulation of adenylate cyclase by muscarinic cholinergic receptors has been
      studied in rat heart membranes. In the presence of isoproterenol the K0.5 for
      Mg2+-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase was 0.1 mM; the addition of the
      muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine increased the K0.5 for Mg2+, and
      activation by Mg2+ no longer followed mass action kinetics for a single site
      interaction. The extent of oxotremorine-mediated attenuation of adenylate cyclase
      exhibited a Mg2+ concentration dependence: in short-time assays at 0.25 mM free
      Mg2+ the attenuation of enzyme activity was 55 percent, whereas at 20mM Mg2+,
      only 20 percent inhibition was observed. The increase in the apparent K0.5 for
      Mg2+ in the presence of oxotremorine was less in 20 min assays than in 4 min
      assays. The effects of oxotremorine on the rates of activation and deactivation
      of adenylate cyclase also were examined. Oxotremorine increased the rate of
      deactivation of adenylate cyclase by two-fold. At low free Mg2+ concentrations,
      oxotremorine also decreased the rate of activation of adenylate cyclase in the
      presence of either 0.1 uM GTP gamma S or 1 uM GTP. An oxotremorine-mediated
      decrease in the rate of activation of adenylate cyclase activity was not
      detectable in the presence of greater than 3 mM Mg2+.

PMID- 3998233
TI  - Ingestion of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-contaminated wheat by nonlactating dairy
      cows.
AB  - Our objective was to determine if there were serious deleterious effects of wheat
      naturally contaminated with vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on nonlactating dairy
      cows. Comparisons were between two Quebec spring wheat sources contaminated with
      Fusarium graminearum in a feeding trial involving 10 nonlactating Holstein dairy
      cattle offered good quality hay for ad libitum intake supplemented with wheat
      oats concentrate (1 kg concentrate/100 kg body weight). Initially, for 3 wk all
      cows were fed hay plus wheat-oats containing 1.5 mg vomitoxin/kg. Each week
      thereafter two more cows, chosen at random, were switched to a second wheat-oats
      concentrate containing higher mycotoxin concentration (6.4 mg vomitoxin/kg).
      After the last two cows had been on the latter diet for 6 wk, all cows were
      returned to the previous wheat-oats concentrate containing the lower mycotoxin
      concentration (1.5 mg vomitoxin/kg). No unusual symptoms of illness that might be
      attributed to the mycotoxin-contaminated wheat were observed. In body weight
      gains, the data reflected a linear growth pattern with no apparent effect of
      changing from low to high vomitoxin content in the concentrate. Generally,
      consumption of the wheat-oats ration containing 6.4 mg vomitoxin/kg was lower
      than the 1.5 mg vomitoxin/kg concentrate. The progressive, linear decrease of hay
      consumption was not affected by source of contaminated wheat-oats diet.

PMID- 3998234
TI  - Milk production, nutrient digestion, and rate of digesta passage in dairy cows
      fed long or chopped alfalfa hay supplemented with sodium bicarbonate.
AB  - Effects of forage particle size and sodium bicarbonate on milk production,
      ruminal fermentation, ruminal fluid dilution rate, dry matter passage from the
      rumen, and nutrient digestion were measured in four Holstein cows in a 4 X 4
      Latin-square experiment. Cows were fed ad libitum amounts of a diet of
      approximately 46% concentrate and 54% alfalfa hay. The 2 X 2 factorial
      arrangement of treatments were: 1) long stem alfalfa hay, 2) long stem alfalfa
      hay + 1.4% sodium bicarbonate (3.0% of concentrate), 3) chopped alfalfa hay (1.3
      cm), and 4) chopped alfalfa hay + 1.4% sodium bicarbonate. Feed intake, milk
      yield, and milk composition were similar among treatments. Ruminal pH and
      concentration and molar percentages of volatile fatty acids were not altered.
      Decreasing feed particle size reduced ruminal fluid outflow as estimated by
      polyethylene glycol and chromium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid dilution rates.
      Digestion of nutrients was decreased with chopped alfalfa hay but was not related
      to faster rate of passage of smaller size feed particles as determined by rare
      earth markers. Sodium bicarbonate increased water intake and tended to improve
      nutrient digestion. Absence of a significant effect of sodium bicarbonate upon
      rate of passage of chopped hay indicates that feed particles of this size are not
      significantly affected by small increases of dilution rate of ruminal fluid.
      Addition of sodium bicarbonate to an alfalfa hay (forage)-based diet did not
      improve production responses but did increase nutrient digestion.

PMID- 3998235
TI  - Dietary magnesium oxide interactions with sodium bicarbonate on cows in early
      lactation.
AB  - Thirty-six Holstein cows were fed a diet of 50% concentrate and 50% corn silage
      (dry matter) for 12 wk postpartum. Treatments were 0, .4, and .8% magnesium oxide
      with or without .8% sodium bicarbonate in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement. Dry
      matter intake was not different among treatments although the combined buffers
      had higher intake. Milk production was higher for the .4% magnesium oxide
      treatments either alone or with sodium bicarbonate as compared with either the 0
      or .8% magnesium oxide treatments. Ruminal pH was increased with addition of
      sodium bicarbonate either alone or together with magnesium oxide. Dietary
      addition of .4% magnesium oxide either alone or with sodium bicarbonate increased
      total volatile fatty acid in ruminal fluid. Propionate and valerate were
      depressed in both of the combined buffered diets. Fecal pH was increased with
      magnesium oxide addition either alone or with sodium bicarbonate. Increasing
      magnesium oxide increased magnesium in plasma. No interactions in animal
      performance were significant for the two buffers.

PMID- 3998236
TI  - Effects of copper sulfate supplement on growth, tissue concentration, and ruminal
      solubilities of molybdenum and copper in sheep fed low and high molybdenum diets.
AB  - Each of four groups of six wethers were fed one of a low molybdenum, high
      molybdenum, low molybdenum plus copper sulfate, or high molybdenum plus copper
      sulfate corn silage-based diet for ad libitum intake for 221 days. Average daily
      gains and ratios of feed/gain were depressed for the high molybdenum diet as
      compared with the low molybdenum diet suggesting molybdenum toxicity in sheep fed
      the high molybdenum diet. This was alleviated partly by the copper sulfate
      supplement. The supplement also decreased solubility of both copper and
      molybdenum in the rumen but had no effect on copper concentration in blood
      plasma. Concentration of molybdenum was higher in both liver and kidney in sheep
      fed high-molybdenum diets as compared with low-molybdenum diets. Copper
      concentration was higher in kidneys of sheep fed high-molybdenum diets, but no
      difference was significant in liver copper between sheep fed diets high or low in
      molybdenum.

PMID- 3998237
TI  - Whole rolled sunflower seeds with or without additional limestone in lactating
      dairy cattle rations.
AB  - Thirty lactating Holstein cows were in a continuous trial from 21 to 120 days
      postpartum to evaluate diets containing whole, rolled sunflower seeds with or
      without additional limestone. Cows were fed individually total mixed rations of
      (dry matter) 47% corn silage, 9% alfalfa hay, and 44% concentrate. Concentrates
      were corn and soybean meal (control); corn, soybean meal, and 22% sunflower
      seeds; or corn, soybean meal, and sunflower seeds plus 3.5% additional limestone.
      Milk yield (32.2, 32.0, and 32.8 kg/day) was similar among rations. Yield of 4%
      fat-corrected milk was lower for cows fed sunflower seeds without additional
      limestone (30.2, 28.1, and 30.2 kg/day) because of lower milk fat percentages
      (3.57, 3.19, and 3.51). Milk protein percentage tended to be lower for cows fed
      sunflower seeds with additional limestone (3.01, 2.97, and 2.90). Milk, flavor
      score was acceptable but tended to be lower for milk from cows fed sunflower
      seeds with additional limestone (8.4, 8.5, and 7.9). Milk fat from cows fed
      sunflower seed rations contained less carbon-14:0, 16:0, and 16:1 fatty acids but
      more carbon-18:0. Dry matter intakes were 21.0, 18.4, and 20.0 kg/day. Dry matter
      digestibilities, body weight changes, and ruminal volatile fatty acid
      concentrations were similar among treatments. Total cholesterol in blood serum
      was elevated in cows fed sunflower seed rations. Insoluble salts of fatty acids
      were increased in ruminal fluid dry matter from cows fed sunflower seeds but were
      not increased further by additional limestone. Concentrations of nonesterified
      carbon-18:1 fatty acids in ruminal fluid dry matter were lower for cows fed
      sunflower seeds with additional limestone.

PMID- 3998238
TI  - Effect of early rearing experience on subsequent behavior and production of
      Holstein heifers.
AB  - Sixty-seven heifer calves were assigned at birth to one of four rearing
      treatments: groups of six, individual hutch, isolation, and isolation with
      handling (10 min daily interaction with calf feeder). Calves were on the same
      diet and except for group calves were in 1.2 X 2.4-m hutches. Group calves were
      in open shed housing with 3m2/calf. Calves were weaned at approximately 10 wk and
      then assimilated into regular herd routine. An open field test of 3 min for each
      calf was conducted on 3 consecutive days at weaning. Samples for blood plasma
      glucocorticoids were taken before and after open field testing. Forty-eight
      heifers milked twice daily completed 305-day lactations. There were no
      differences in weaning weight or average daily gain to weaning. Group calves
      urinated and defecated more during open field tests, but number of vocalizations
      was not different. There was a significant rise of glucocorticoids for all
      calves, but treatment effects were nil. Cows reared in isolation (treatments 3
      and 4) produced significantly more milk (922 kg 3.5% fat-corrected milk), had a
      1205 kg advantage in relative milk, but were not different from group or
      individually reared cows in relative milk fat. A hypothesis to explain these
      results is proposed.

PMID- 3998239
TI  - Correlations between calving ease and calf survival.
AB  - Multitrait restricted maximum likelihood methods were used for estimation of
      heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations between calving ease and
      calf survival. These analyses examined both direct and maternal effects. Genetic
      correlation for direct effects between calving ease and calf survival was
      approximately -.8 in both heifers and cows, indicating favorable associations,
      whereas phenotypic correlations were -.32 and -.22.

PMID- 3998240
TI  - Management factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows in the
      northeastern United States.
AB  - Dairy herds (476) in seven states in the northeastern United States were surveyed
      to determine effects of various management factors on reproductive performance.
      Error of estrus detection (greater than 1 ng/ml of milk progesterone) on the day
      of service was 5.1% for 4558 cows but was as high as 60% in some herds. Error was
      not affected by herd size but was greater in freestall (6.8%) than in
      conventional (5.2%) housing. "Standing" and "riding other cows" were the most
      accurate signs of estrus. Of cows in or near estrus when serviced, 28.1% were
      open 3 wk later, 12.9% were probably open, and 59% were probably pregnant based
      on analysis of milk progesterone. Conception rate, not affected by herd size or
      housing type, was greater for cows in estrus during the morning and serviced the
      same afternoon (52.2%) than for cows observed in the afternoon and serviced the
      next morning (47.1%). Fifty-five percent of cows open to first service were
      serviced again within 3 days of expected return to estrus. Days to first service
      and conception rates were correlated positively. Milk progesterone concentration
      21 to 24 days after service predicted a cow will calve with 88.6% accuracy and
      that she will not with 93.9% accuracy. Veterinarians predicted a calf with 92.5%
      accuracy by rectal palpation.

PMID- 3998241
TI  - Effects of relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperature, pregnancy, and
      stage of lactation on milk composition and yield.
AB  - Composite monthly single-day milk samples from the Florida Agricultural
      Experiment Station dairy herd 1959 to 1974 were analyzed for composition. Data
      were 22, 972 observations on five dairy breeds, but major statistical analyses
      were limited to Jerseys and Holsteins. Minimum relative humidity and maximum and
      minimum temperatures on day of evening sample were associated with 1.6 to 5.6% of
      variability within lactation (range for two breeds) of milk and milk constituent
      yields and 1.1 to 16.5% of constituent percentages. Yields of milk and
      constituents of the Holsteins seemed more sensitive to climatic variation than
      did Jersey, but Jersey constituent percentages were more sensitive. Yields were
      affected only slightly by increasing maximum daily temperatures from 8 to 29
      degrees C but declined rapidly at greater than 29 degrees C; fat and protein
      percentages declined from 8 to 37 degrees C, whereas chloride content increased
      above 21 degrees C. Stage of lactation and pregnancy effects accounted for about
      50% of the variability of yields and 3 to 23% of percentages. Effects were
      detected also for chloride and acidity percentages, specific gravity, and ratios
      solids-not-fat to fat and protein to fat.

PMID- 3998242
TI  - Spray cooling effects on milk production, milk, and rectal temperatures of cows
      during a moderate temperate summer season.
AB  - During summer 1982, responses of lactating Holstein and Guernsey cows were
      measured by milk temperature recorded by a Digital Dataloger with thermocouples
      attached to Boumatic flow meters. Maximum air temperature and temperature
      humidity index averaged 30.8 degrees C and 75.6 for July. Breed did not affect
      milk temperature, but within-breed milk temperature increased with production. In
      a second study, benefits of spray cooling were evaluated with 24 Holsteins in
      midlactation assigned randomly to two groups of 12 and maintained under loose
      housing conditions. Spray nozzles were installed in the walkways and under the
      manger shade for the spray treatment group. Maximum temperature and temperature
      humidity index during the spray study were 27 degrees C and 73.9. Rectal
      temperature taken following milking averaged less for treatment than control
      (38.8 versus 39.1 degrees C). Milk temperature was similar (37.8 versus 38.1
      degrees C). Daily milk yield was .70 kg higher than controls. Milk temperature
      may provide reliable indication of climate stress similar to rectal temperature,
      and spray cooling improves cow comfort and lessens summer decline of milk
      production.

PMID- 3998243
TI  - Eightieth annual meeting of the American Dairy Science Association. June 9-12,
      1985. Abstracts.

PMID- 3998244
TI  - A valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction.

PMID- 3998245
TI  - Differential effects of experiential and problem-solving interventions in
      resolving marital conflict.

PMID- 3998246
TI  - Comparison of the decision-tree and standard methods of the Luria-Nebraska
      Neuropsychological Battery.

PMID- 3998247
TI  - Social determinants of alcohol consumption: the effects of social interaction and
      model status on the self-administration of alcohol.

PMID- 3998248
TI  - Assessment of overt behavior and childhood depression among psychiatrically
      disturbed children.

PMID- 3998249
TI  - Disguise and the structured self-report assessment of psychopathology: I. An
      analogue investigation.

PMID- 3998250
TI  - Psychophysiological outcome of behavioral and pharmacological treatments of
      agoraphobia.

PMID- 3998251
TI  - Role of social competence in borderline essential hypertension.

PMID- 3998253
TI  - Bootstrapping diagnoses using Bayes's theorem: it's not worth the trouble.

PMID- 3998252
TI  - Nicotine gum and behavioral treatment in smoking cessation.

PMID- 3998254
TI  - Age differences in self-perceptions of type A traits.

PMID- 3998255
TI  - Clinical psychopathologic symptoms in neuropsychologically impaired and intact
      schizophrenics.

PMID- 3998256
TI  - Effect of pubococcygeal exercise on female sexuality: comment on Chambless et al.

PMID- 3998257
TI  - Effects of systemic corticosteroids on post-cryosurgical edema and other
      manifestations of the inflammatory response.
AB  - Severe edema can occur after cryosurgical treatment of malignant lesions on the
      eyelids and periorbital area. In a study of 134 patients, it was found that a
      short course of systemic steroids was able to reduce the severity of post
      cryosurgical edema. This can be beneficial for patients in whom periorbital edema
      can be expected to occur.

PMID- 3998259
TI  - Recording of surgical specimens.

PMID- 3998260
TI  - International dermatosurgery: eyelid surgery (Part III).

PMID- 3998258
TI  - Diagnoses of skin disease: dermatologists vs. nondermatologists.
AB  - Health care professionals (medical students, practicing physician's assistants,
      and residents in the specialties of internal medicine, surgery, and dermatology)
      were evaluated for their ability to diagnose malignant and benign skin disease.
      It was found that dermatology residents did significantly better in the diagnosis
      of malignant and benign skin disease than all other groups, and there was no
      significant difference among medical students, physician's assistants, and
      residents in internal medicine or surgery. Findings suggest that the current
      ability of nondermatologists to correctly diagnose malignant and benign skin
      disease is not at a comparable level to that of dermatologists and that a 1-month
      training period in the specialty of clinical dermatology during the primary care
      residency training period may be inadequate for training nondermatologists to
      distinguish malignant from benign skin disease. In some specialty areas, such as
      dermatology, specialization may be preferable to a primary care approach for
      initially evaluating skin disease.

PMID- 3998261
TI  - Malignant melanoma and lymph nodes.
AB  - A total of 226 cases of malignant melanoma of the skin (MM), clinical stage I
      disease, located on the leg (87), arm (36), or trunk (103), were treated with
      elective regional node dissection (ERND). The axillary lymph nodes were dissected
      by a T-shaped skin incision line, whereas the inguinal nodes were removed with
      the help of a spindle-shaped skin excision. Both techniques, without mortality,
      offered the precondition for extirpation of the lymph nodes en bloc and
      guaranteed well-healing wounds.

PMID- 3998262
TI  - Punch grafting: an easy office procedure.
AB  - A method to repair defects of the skin following excisional tumor surgery is
      presented. A modification of pinch grafts, called punch grafting, allows
      contouring of difficult areas such as the anterior portion of the pinna, quickly,
      inexpensively, with low morbidity, and good cosmesis.

PMID- 3998263
TI  - Radical wedge resection for ingrown toenail: long-term results.
AB  - This paper describes an operation for ingrown toenail that is simple, has a low
      recurrence rate, leaves patients with an intact, pain-free, cosmetically
      acceptable nail-bearing toe, and permits the wearing of normal shoes within a
      short period of time. Among the numerous techniques devised for the treatment of
      ingrown toenail, no other operation fulfills all of these criteria. It is usual
      to sacrifice appearance in the hope of cure. During the last 20 years we have
      adopted a radical wedge resection that has the advantage of resulting in
      permanent healing and a good-looking toe. After a first series of 67 cases thus
      treated without a single recurrence, the technique was used in a further series
      of 339 cases reported here.

PMID- 3998264
TI  - Metastatic squamous-cell carcinomas derived from solar keratosis.
AB  - Actinic squamous-cell carcinoma has been described to have a low risk of
      metastasis. Reported here are four Japanese cases of lymphatic metastasis of
      squamous-cell carcinoma derived form solar keratosis. The primary lesions were on
      the face in three cases and on the back of the hand in one. Two patients died,
      and others had recurrent incurable metastatic lymph nodes. Therefore, it is
      noteworthy that actinic squamous-cell carcinoma in the Japanese can become so
      aggressive and metastasize.

PMID- 3998265
TI  - Basal-cell carcinoma occurring in an axilla: a case presentation and a review of
      factors related to tumor development.

PMID- 3998266
TI  - Subungual osteocartilaginous exostosis.
AB  - Subungual exostosis arises underneath the nail plate, originating from the
      underlying bone. The characteristic appearance of this disorder may occasionally
      mimic a wide variety of tumors, including subungual verrucae, endochondroma,
      fibroma, or amelanotic melanoma. With such a wide variety of similar-appearing
      tumors, optimal treatment of this disorder clearly lies in proper recognition and
      treatment.

PMID- 3998267
TI  - Consensus Conference on Precursors to Malignant Melanoma.

PMID- 3998268
TI  - Rapid development of high-level permethrin resistance in a field-collected strain
      of the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) under laboratory selection.

PMID- 3998269
TI  - Resistance of horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) to permethrin and fenvalerate.

PMID- 3998270
TI  - Apparatus for artificial infestation of pastured beef cattle with the lone star
      tick (Acari: Ixodidae).

PMID- 3998271
TI  - Acute mountain sickness: pulmonary and cerebral oedema of high altitude.
AB  - Acute mountain sickness is a condition affecting otherwise healthy individuals on
      going rapidly to altitude. It is caused by sub-acute hypoxia in susceptible
      subjects. Its study may provide lessons for the more complicated situation of
      hypoxia in patients undergoing intensive care. This paper reviews the incidence
      and aetiology of acute mountain sickness, pulmonary and cerebral oedema of high
      altitude and possible mechanisms are discussed. Prophylaxis depends on an
      awareness of the condition in all those venturing to high altitude and guidelines
      are suggested. The treatment of the established condition is reviewed.

PMID- 3998272
TI  - Percutaneous peritoneal dialysis as an early treatment of acute necrotic
      hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
AB  - In this study, 8 years experience of early percutaneous peritoneal dialysis (PPD)
      in the treatment of acute necrotic hemorrhagic pancreatitis (ANHP) are presented.
      The introduction of methemalbuminemia and the presence of specific ascites rich
      in amylase, lipase and methemalbumin as early indicators of the presence of ANHP
      enabled us to confirm the diagnosis in 53 patients, after which early institution
      of PPD was possible. Thirty patients survived by PPD alone and 9 patients
      survived by the combination of PPD and surgery, giving an overall mortality rate
      of 26.4%. A better survival rate of patients having a high Ranson prognostic
      score was obtained. The introduction of computerized axial tomography (CAT), in
      1980 into our hospital allowed us to use this technique for followup. This change
      and the fact that we were more experienced with PPD, divided our study into two
      periods: 1976 to 1979, 22 patients; 1980 to 1983, 31 patients. A more aggressive
      medical approach to treating ANHP was observed during the second period. Surgery
      was delayed compared to the first period and confined to treating late
      complications, such as infections, by drainage procedures. Despite the fact that
      the results were not statistically different, a trend towards a lower mortality
      rate (19.3%) in the second period compared to the first period (36%) was
      obtained.

PMID- 3998273
TI  - Mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) in acute respiratory failure.
AB  - We studied 20 unselected patients admitted to our Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
      suffering from acute respiratory failure (ARF), who needed mechanical ventilatory
      support. In all of them we followed a prospective protocol to investigate the
      value of mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) as an indicator for weaning. Fifty-two
      tests were classified into three groups: a need to be reconnected to mechanical
      ventilation (MV), stable on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), or
      spontaneous breathing on a T-tube (TT). The results showed that at increased
      values of P0.1 there were more difficulties in weaning patients from MV. Seventy
      eight percent (78%) of the occasions where weaning was successful, values of P0.1
      were less than or equal to 4.2 cm H2O, in chronic or non-chronic patients. Eighty
      nine percent (89%) of the times when P0.1 values were higher than 4.2 cm H2O the
      same patients required ventilatory support, total (MV) or partial (IMV). These
      differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.01). We conclude that
      the P0.1 is an easily obtained non-invasive parameter, that can contribute along
      with other more conventional measurements to a superior indication for weaning.

PMID- 3998274
TI  - Hypophosphatemia after cardiothoracic surgery.
AB  - The incidence of hypophosphatemia during the first 48 h following cardiothoracic
      surgery was prospectively studied in 74 patients. Hypophosphatemia, defined by a
      serum phosphate below 2.50 mg/dl, was observed in 19 of 34 (56%) patients after
      thoracic surgery and in 20 of 40 (50%) patients after cardiac surgery. As a
      whole, hypophosphatemia occurred earlier after thoracic than after cardiac
      surgery. After thoracic surgery, hypophosphatemia was milder for patients in whom
      bleeding was more severe. The anticoagulant solution CPD used in stored blood was
      identified as an important source of phosphate. These results indicate
      hypophosphatemia is a common finding after cardiothoracic surgery. Since severe
      hypophosphatemia can be related to phosphate depletion, phosphate supplements
      could be warranted especially during thoracic surgery when blood transfusions are
      less than 1000 ml.

PMID- 3998275
TI  - Brain death and bioelectrical brain activity.
AB  - The effect of mechanical vibration and light stimulation on the ongoing and
      evoked bioelectrical activity was studied in two cases with clinically defined
      brain death and two other patients with severe head injury, one of them with an
      isoelectric EEG. The importance of such stimulation sequences for the definition
      of brain death is discussed, with particular emphasis on mechanical vibration.

PMID- 3998276
TI  - Accidental mediastinal entry via left internal jugular vein cannulation.
AB  - Two cases are reported in which mediastinal penetration by a pulmonary artery
      catheter and a temporary venous pacemaker wire occurred following cannulation of
      the left internal jugular vein and placement of an indwelling venous introducer
      sheath. The anatomy of the left internal jugular vein and possible mechanisms of
      accidental mediastinal penetration with this approach are discussed. Extreme
      caution must be exercised when using the left internal jugular venous access
      route and an indwelling venous introducer sheath.

PMID- 3998277
TI  - Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis after pneumonectomy.
AB  - Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis is a rapidly progressive infection of
      subcutaneous tissues and muscles. We report a rare case of synergistic
      necrotizing cellulitis of the chest wall occurring after a pneumonectomy in a
      patient without any predisposing factors. Despite rapid and aggressive treatment,
      the patient died in acute respiratory failure 28 h after the first signs of
      sepsis.

PMID- 3998278
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute myocardial necrosis caused by
      lightning.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman was struck by lightning and suffered 20% second degree burns.
      She was admitted after cardiac and respiratory arrest. Despite intensive
      supportive care she died 24 h later of cardiogenic shock complicated by
      disseminated intravascular coagulation. At autopsy there was myocardial necrosis.
      Disseminated intravascular coagulation and myocardial necrosis are only rarely
      described as complications of lightning.

PMID- 3998279
TI  - The role of total static lung compliance in the management of severe ARDS
      responsive to conventional therapy.

PMID- 3998280
TI  - Cyclothymia in the adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar affective
      disorder.

PMID- 3998281
TI  - Behavioral response to naturally occurring stress in cyclothymia and dysthymia.

PMID- 3998282
TI  - Life stressors and social resources affect posttreatment outcomes among depressed
      patients.

PMID- 3998283
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment of adolescent children of a depressed, arthritic, or
      normal parent.

PMID- 3998284
TI  - Depression and attributions: factors responsible for inconsistent results in the
      published literature.

PMID- 3998285
TI  - Loss of control, self-blame, and depression: an investigation of spouse
      caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients.

PMID- 3998286
TI  - Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: 2. Responsibility
      for marital problems.

PMID- 3998287
TI  - Identifying schizoid-taxon membership with the Golden-Meehl MMPI items.

PMID- 3998288
TI  - Enhancing visual memory: trying hypnosis, trying imagination, and trying again.

PMID- 3998289
TI  - Back to Topeka: two types of distance in Rapaport's original Rorschach thought
      disorder categories.

PMID- 3998290
TI  - Characteristics of people with infrequent panic attacks.

PMID- 3998291
TI  - Type III error in research on interpersonal models of depression.

PMID- 3998292
TI  - Studying depressed persons' interactions with strangers and spouses.

PMID- 3998293
TI  - Interpersonal dominance of type As in group discussions.

PMID- 3998294
TI  - Age differences and patterns of sex-role conflict among alcoholics.

PMID- 3998295
TI  - Effect of coiling in a cochlear model.
AB  - Transformation of the three-dimensional equations of fluid motion into
      cylindrical coordinates allowed analysis of a coiled cochlear model by the WKB
      technique. The model includes a single transverse mode of basilar membrane
      deflection and inviscid fluid. The results calculated using realistic parameters
      for the guinea pig show no significant difference in the basilar membrane
      amplitude and phase between the straight and coiled models. Some differences
      exist in the fluid pressure found in the scala. The conclusion is that the
      macromechanical response is not significantly affected by coiling.

PMID- 3998296
TI  - Thresholds for the detection of inharmonicity in complex tones.
AB  - Thresholds were measured for the detection of inharmonicity in complex tones.
      Subjects were required to distinguish a complex tone whose partials were all at
      exact harmonic frequencies from a similar complex tone with one of the partials
      slightly mistuned. The mistuning which allowed 71% correct identification in a
      two-alternative forced-choice task was estimated for each partial in turn. In
      experiment I the fundamental frequency was either 100, 200, or 400 Hz, and the
      complex tones contained the first 12 harmonics at equal levels of 60 dB SPL per
      component. The stimulus duration was 410 ms. For each fundamental the thresholds
      were roughly constant when expressed in Hz, having a mean value of about 4 Hz
      (range 2.4-7.3 Hz). In experiment II the fundamental frequency was fixed at 200
      Hz, and thresholds for inharmonicity were measured for stimulus durations of 50,
      110, 410, and 1610 ms. For harmonics above the fifth the thresholds increased
      from less than 1 Hz to about 40 Hz as duration was decreased from 1610-50 ms. For
      the lower harmonics (up to the fourth) threshold changed much less with duration,
      and for the three shorter durations thresholds for each duration were roughly a
      constant proportion of the harmonic frequency. The results suggest that
      inharmonicity is detected in different ways for high and low harmonics. For low
      harmonics the inharmonic partial appears to "stand out" from the complex tone as
      a whole. For high harmonics the mistuning is detected as a kind of "beat" or
      "roughness," presumably reflecting a sensitivity to the changing relative phase
      of the mistuned harmonic relative to the other harmonics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998297
TI  - Lateralization of low-frequency, complex waveforms: the use of envelope-based
      temporal disparities.
AB  - Several recent investigations suggest that listeners either cannot or do not use
      envelope-based interaural temporal disparities (ITDs) to lateralize low-frequency
      sounds [G.B. Henning, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 446-453 (1980); G.B. Henning and J.
      Ashton, Hear. Res. 4, 185-194 (1981); G.B. Henning, Hear. Res. 9, 153-172
      (1983)]. We believe listeners in those studies may have been unable to process
      envelope-based ITDs principally because of the types of stimuli utilized. In this
      study we employed an acoustic "pointing" task in which listeners varied the
      interaural intensitive difference of a 500-Hz narrow-band noise (the pointer) so
      that it matched the intracranial position of a second, experimenter-controlled
      stimulus (the target). Targets were sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tones
      centered on 500 Hz or 1 kHz, and modulated at 25, 50, or 100 Hz. Targets were
      presented with either the entire waveform delayed or with only the envelope
      delayed. The results suggest that delays of the envelope do affect the lateral
      position of low-frequency targets. However, the envelope-based cues appear to
      interact with those provided by the dominant fine structure.

PMID- 3998298
TI  - Variability in production of the vowels /i/ and /a/.
AB  - A hypothesis on the nature of articulatory targets for the vowels /i/ and /a/ is
      proposed, based on acoustic considerations and vowel articulations. The
      conjecture is that positioning of points on the tongue surface in a repetition
      experiment should be most accurate in the direction perpendicular to the vocal
      tract midline, at the acoustically critical point of maximal constriction for
      each vowel. The hypothesis was tested by: examining x-ray microbeam data for
      three speakers, conducting a partial acoustical analysis, and performing a
      modeling study. Distributions were plotted of the midsagittal locations of three
      tongue points at the time of maximal excursion toward the vowel target for
      numbers of examples of the vowels, embedded in a variety of phonetic contexts.
      More variation was found along a direction parallel to the vocal tract midline
      than perpendicular to the midline, supporting the hypothesis. Statistics on
      formant values for one subject have been calculated, and pairwise regressions of
      displacement and formant data have been run. An articulatory synthesizer [Rubin
      et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 321-328 (1981)] has been manipulated through
      displacements similar to the subject's articulatory variation. Although
      articulatory synthesis showed systematic relationships between articulatory
      relationships and formant frequencies, there were no significant correlations
      between the subject's measured articulatory displacements and his formant data.
      These additional results raise questions about the methodology and point to the
      need for additional work for an adequate test of the hypothesis.

PMID- 3998299
TI  - Speech quality evaluation using "phoneme-specific" sentences.
AB  - A new approach is described for the design of speech materials used in subjective
      speech quality evaluation. Speech sounds are classified by their acoustic
      properties, and sentences are composed so as to concentrate all sounds with
      similar properties within one sentence. As a test of the method, subjective
      quality data were collected, using both a rank ordering and a rating task, from a
      set of 12 linear predictive vocoders, whose parameters were chosen so as to
      equate their bit rates at 2600 bps. The results show that the method can reliably
      reveal small differences in quality, and also yields information that can be of
      diagnostic help in determining the causes of quality degradation by a particular
      vocoder. A set of phoneme-specific sentences is appended.

PMID- 3998300
TI  - Temporal integration of acoustic signals by the budgerigar (Melopsittacus
      undulatus).
AB  - Avoidance conditioning and a modified method of limits psychophysical procedure
      were used to study temporal integration of tone and noise signals in the
      budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Integration of both tone and noise signals
      can be described by a negative exponential function with a time constant of about
      200 ms. At very short durations there were differences in the integration of tone
      and noise signals. These data are similar to those reported for a number of other
      vertebrates, including man. Thresholds for two complex natural vocalizations of
      the budgerigar are similar to those of pure tones of equivalent duration.

PMID- 3998302
TI  - Campylobacter enteritis in college students.

PMID- 3998303
TI  - The college student psychiatric emergency: II. Diagnosis and disposition.

PMID- 3998301
TI  - Client evaluations of therapeutic processes and outcomes in a university mental
      health center.

PMID- 3998304
TI  - Communicating the value of psychotherapy with college students.

PMID- 3998305
TI  - The development of a preventive dental clinic.

PMID- 3998306
TI  - Physiologic response to blood alcohol level: a demonstration.

PMID- 3998307
TI  - Facilitating mental health on college campuses: consultation between university
      counseling centers and offices of residence life.

PMID- 3998308
TI  - TMJ-dysfunction symptoms among Finnish university students.

PMID- 3998309
TI  - Student body 1984: a perspective.

PMID- 3998310
TI  - Embolic potential of left ventricular thrombus after myocardial infarction: a two
      dimensional echocardiographic study of 119 patients.
AB  - Left ventricular thrombus complicating myocardial infarction was diagnosed by two
      dimensional echocardiography in 119 patients. The infarct site was anterior in 98
      patients and inferior in 11. Systemic embolism occurred in 26 patients (stroke in
      18, lower limb embolism in 7 and mesenteric embolism in 1). A protruding
      configuration of the thrombus was more common in the patients with embolism than
      in those without (23 [88%] of 26 versus 17 [18%] of 93) (p less than 0.01). Free
      mobility of the thrombus was found in 15 (58%) of 26 and 3 (3%) of 93 cases,
      respectively (p less than 0.01). In predicting embolism, protruding thrombus
      configuration had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 82%, and positive and
      negative predictive accuracy was 57 and 96%, respectively. For free mobility of
      the thrombus, sensitivity was 58%, specificity 97%, positive predictive accuracy
      85% and negative predictive accuracy 89%. In the 46 patients whose echocardiogram
      was obtained during the hospital admission for the index infarct, repeat
      echocardiograms were obtained during oral anticoagulant therapy. Twelve of these
      46 patients had embolism and 2 of the 12 died. In seven of these patients, full
      dose oral anticoagulant therapy had been given before embolism occurred and in
      five it was started after an embolic event. The thrombus decreased in size or
      disappeared in six patients; in four the thrombus showed no change, and in two of
      these four emboli recurred despite anticoagulation. It is concluded that two
      dimensional echocardiography may help delineate the embolic potential of left
      ventricular thrombus complicating myocardial infarction and may be of value in
      weighing the benefits and disadvantages of oral anticoagulant therapy.

PMID- 3998311
TI  - Acute infarction, left ventricular thrombus and systemic embolization: an
      approach to management.

PMID- 3998313
TI  - Value of lead V4R in exercise testing to predict proximal stenosis of the right
      coronary artery.
AB  - To assess the value of lead V4R during exercise testing for predicting proximal
      stenosis of the right coronary artery, 107 patients were studied. In all
      patients, a Bruce exercise test with the simultaneous recording of leads I, II,
      V4R, V1, V4 and V6 was followed by coronary angiography. Apart from registering
      ST segment changes in the conventional leads, all patients were classified
      according to absence or presence of an ST segment deviation of 1 mm or greater in
      lead V4R. Seventy-nine of the 107 patients were studied because of inadequate
      control of angina pectoris. Seven patients had had myocardial infarction before
      40 years of age. Twenty-one patients were analyzed because of severe cardiac
      arrhythmias. In the 46 patients who had a previous myocardial infarction, the
      infarct location was inferior in 28 and anterior in 18. Seven of the 14 patients
      without myocardial infarction and significant proximal stenosis in the right
      coronary artery showed an ST segment deviation of 1 mm or greater in lead V4R
      during exercise. This was also observed in 11 of 18 patients with an old inferior
      wall infarction and proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery. None of the
      53 patients without significant proximal stenosis in the right coronary artery
      showed exercise-related ST segment changes in lead V4R. Exercise-related ST
      segment deviation in lead V4R had a sensitivity of 56%, a specificity of 96% and
      a predictive accuracy of 84% in recognizing proximal stenosis in the right
      coronary artery. These observations indicate that the recording of lead V4R is of
      value for predicting or excluding proximal stenosis in the right coronary artery.

PMID- 3998312
TI  - Lactate metabolism in acute myocardial infarction and its relation to regional
      ventricular performance.
AB  - Myocardial metabolism was assessed in 20 patients with acute anterior myocardial
      infarction using lactate uptake (defined as (aortic lactate - great cardiac
      venous lactate)/aortic lactate X 100) as an index. The regional ejection fraction
      of the anterior wall was obtained from left ventriculography. There was a linear
      relation between lactate uptake and regional ejection fraction (r = 0.79, p less
      than 0.001). Four patients without total occlusion in the infarct vessel had a
      higher lactate uptake (19.6 +/- 6.7 versus 4.2 +/- 13.4%, p less than 0.05) and
      regional ejection fraction (26.3 +/- 7.9 versus 14.9 +/- 7.0%, p less than 0.05)
      than did 16 patients with total occlusion. The latter group of patients underwent
      intracoronary infusion of urokinase, which resulted in reperfusion in 13
      patients. Lactate uptake before urokinase infusion (sample I), just after
      reperfusion (sample II), 30 minutes after reperfusion (sample III) and 4 weeks
      after reperfusion (sample IV) was 5.7 +/- 13.2, -13.9 +/- 14.7, 2.9 +/- 15.2 and
      20.2 +/- 11.0%, respectively (sample I versus II and II versus III, p less than
      0.01; sample I versus IV and III versus IV, p less than 0.05). The decrease in
      lactate uptake immediately after reperfusion, which was accompanied by an
      increase in creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme release into the blood, was considered
      to be the result of a "washout" effect. Lactate uptake was ameliorated 4 weeks
      later, accompanied by an improvement (from 15.1 +/- 7.1 to 23.4 +/- 7.2%, p less
      than 0.01) in the regional ejection fraction. It is concluded that the degree of
      asynergy was closely related to the extent of metabolic deterioration in
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3998314
TI  - Carotid sinus reflex control of coronary blood flow in human subjects.
AB  - Systemic and coronary hemodynamics were assessed before and during a reduction in
      carotid transmural pressure. This reduction was induced by means of a pneumatic
      neck chamber in 15 normal subjects and 15 hypertensive patients with a normal
      coronary arteriogram. A reduced baroreflex responsiveness was demonstrated in
      hypertensive patients as compared with normal subjects by evaluating both the
      reflex bradycardia evoked by intravenous administration of phenylephrine and the
      reflex increase in blood pressure during carotid sinus hypotension. In normal
      subjects, the reduction in carotid transmural pressure induced a significant
      increase in mean blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, cardiac output,
      heart rate, coronary vascular resistance, coronary blood flow assessed by the
      continuous thermodilution method and myocardial oxygen consumption. In
      hypertensive patients, the same stimulus significantly increased mean blood
      pressure, cardiac output, heart rate and coronary blood flow while no significant
      change was detected in coronary vascular resistance and myocardial oxygen
      consumption. The increase in mean blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and
      cardiac output was significantly higher in normal subjects than in hypertensive
      patients. These results suggest that in normal subjects carotid sinus hypotension
      evokes reflex coronary vasoconstriction, whereas this response is blunted in
      hypertensive patients with reduced baroreflex sensitivity.

PMID- 3998315
TI  - Isolated mitral valve prolapse: chordal architecture as an anatomic basis in
      older patients.
AB  - Ten patients with an average age of 58 years underwent valve replacement because
      of isolated mitral valve prolapse with severe regurgitation. None had clinical
      evidence of Marfan's syndrome or another systemic disease that would indicate
      that a primary connective tissue disorder was the cause of the prolapse. All 10
      patients had a dome configuration of the posterior leaflet and one or more
      ruptured chordae related to it. The gross morphology of the resected specimens
      revealed marked deviations in chordal branching and the pattern of anchoring in
      each of the 10 cases, rendering the most severely affected parts of the leaflets
      less well supported. Similar changes occurred at sites remote from the principal
      abnormality. Microscopically, the dominant tissue change was myxomatous
      transformation within the affected leaflets and chordae with secondary changes at
      both atrial and ventricular surfaces. These findings could indicate that
      insufficient chordal support may have promoted the development of the floppy
      valve through a process of chronic undue and unbalanced stress on the valve
      tension and closure apparatus. The resultant degeneration of the connective
      tissues, histologically expressed as myxomatous transformation, may underlie
      stretching and thus redundance of the leaflets and eventually rupture of chordae.
      It is suggested that this sequence of events be considered as a possible
      pathogenetic mechanism of isolated mitral valve prolapse, particularly in the
      subset of aged patients.

PMID- 3998316
TI  - Primary (spontaneous) chordal rupture: relation to myxomatous valve disease and
      mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - The excised valves of 152 consecutive patients who underwent isolated primary
      mitral valve replacement between May 1979 and July 1983 were studied to determine
      the cause of primary (spontaneous) rupture of the chordae tendineae and estimate
      the prevalence of floppy mitral valve with underlying myxomatous disease. Of
      these 152 patients, 72 had nonrheumatic disease; 42 (28% of the total group) had
      a floppy valve, and 39 of these valves had microscopic changes of myxomatous
      disease. Primary chordal rupture had occurred in 31 patients, including 29 with
      myxomatous disease. Seven of these patients had prior documentation of mitral
      valve prolapse and an additional 20 patients had a long-standing murmur. Ischemic
      mitral regurgitation (22 patients) accounted for the majority of the remaining 30
      patients with nonrheumatic disease. Therefore, approximately half of all isolated
      mitral valve replacements in this institution are now performed for nonrheumatic
      disease, the majority for a floppy valve in which myxomatous disease was the
      underlying abnormality. Primary chordal rupture almost invariably occurs as a
      complication of myxomatous disease, and mitral valve prolapse may be a common
      precursor.

PMID- 3998317
TI  - Effect of verapamil on pH of ischemic canine myocardium.
AB  - Verapamil has been shown to depress the contractility of ischemic myocardium. The
      present study was designed to determine whether that effect is due to an increase
      in ischemic injury caused by the drug or whether it might reflect a protective
      effect. A critical partial occlusion was effected on the left anterior descending
      coronary artery of 16 open chest foxhounds. A fiberoptic pH probe was implanted
      in the subendocardium of the ischemic zone, and coronary blood flow was reduced
      by 79% from a control value of 38 +/- 4 ml/min and held constant. Mean coronary
      perfusion pressure was decreased 48% from its control value of 90 +/- 6 mm Hg and
      remained constant. Eight animals were treated with intravenous verapamil,
      beginning 20 to 30 minutes after the onset of ischemia, in incremental doses (5,
      10 and 20 micrograms/kg per min) and eight were treated with placebo. The pH of
      the ischemic zone increased after institution of treatment in the verapamil group
      (+ 0.04 +/- 0.05 pH unit) whereas it decreased in the placebo group (- 0.06 +/-
      0.4 pH unit) during the first dose (p less than 0.05). Although the difference in
      pH between the two groups was marked at all doses (p less than 0.03) compared
      with control partial occlusion, verapamil caused no significant change in heart
      rate (+ 0.1 +/- 1 beat/min in the verapamil group versus + 0.6 +/- 4.5 beats/min
      in the placebo group), mean arterial pressure (- 7.5 +/- 4 versus - 4.3 +/- 3 mm
      Hg, respectively) or cardiac output (- 0.2 +/- 0.07 versus - 0.02 +/- 0.04
      liters/min, respectively) comparing control with the first or the second dose of
      verapamil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998318
TI  - Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography in determination of
      cardiac dimensions in normal subjects.
AB  - No data exist regarding the ability of magnetic resonance imaging to assess
      cardiac size and performance in human beings. Therefore, measurements of cardiac
      dimensions by magnetic resonance imaging were compared with those obtained by two
      dimensional echocardiography in 21 normal subjects. Magnetic resonance transverse
      cardiac sections were obtained during electrocardiographic gating using a spin
      echo pulse sequence. In normal subjects, magnetic resonance imaging yielded a
      range of values for cardiac dimensions having a similar standard deviation as
      that of two-dimensional echocardiography. Diastolic measurements of the aorta,
      left atrium, left ventricle and septum obtained by magnetic resonance imaging
      correlated well with those obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography (r =
      0.82, 0.78, 0.81 and 0.75, respectively). The correlation coefficient of r = 0.35
      observed for the posterior wall thickness was not surprising in view of the
      narrow range of normal values. Only a general correlation (r = 0.53) existed for
      the right ventricular diastolic dimension; this was probably related to the
      difficulty in obtaining representative measurements due to the complex geometry
      of this chamber. Failure of systolic dimension measurements by magnetic resonance
      imaging to correlate with those obtained by echocardiography is probably related
      to limitations of electrocardiographic gating, especially of determining the
      exact end-systolic frame. Although technically complex at present, magnetic
      resonance imaging does provide an additional noninvasive technique for
      measurement of cardiac size.

PMID- 3998319
TI  - Underestimation of prosthetic mitral valve areas: role of transseptal
      catheterization in avoiding unnecessary repeat mitral valve surgery.
AB  - In patients with symptoms of heart failure after mitral valve replacement,
      identification of a stenosed prosthesis may be difficult. Twelve such patients
      were evaluated, presenting at a mean of 8.4 years after mitral valve replacement
      (four mechanical, eight porcine). Transvalvular pressure gradients were obtained
      using both indirect (pulmonary capillary wedge) and direct (transseptal
      catheterization) measurements of left atrial pressure. In all 12 patients, the
      diastolic gradient across the prosthetic valve was overestimated when pulmonary
      wedge rather than transseptal measurements were used. Calculated mitral valve
      prosthetic area was underestimated by the pulmonary wedge determinations. These
      findings may be caused by either the phase delay of the pulmonary wedge V wave
      relative to the transseptal V wave, resulting in a higher diastolic mean left
      atrial pressure, or the faulty wedge determinations in the setting of pulmonary
      hypertension, or both. In patients being considered for repeat mitral valve
      replacement because of prosthetic valve stenosis, transseptal catheterization
      allows for more accurate determination of prosthetic valve area and more
      accurately defines the need for repeat mitral valve surgery.

PMID- 3998320
TI  - Is transseptal catheterization necessary?

PMID- 3998321
TI  - Improved method for evaluating ventriculoatrial conduction before implantation of
      atrial-sensing dual chamber pacemakers.
AB  - Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia may occur when a spontaneous ventricular premature
      depolarization is retrogradely conducted to the atrium with a ventriculoatrial
      (VA) interval that exceeds the atrial refractory period of an atrial-sensing dual
      chamber pacemaker. Previous methods for evaluating VA conduction have failed to
      predict clinical occurrences of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia. In this study,
      maximal VA intervals after ventricular extrastimuli during atrial or
      atrioventricular (AV) sequential pacing were compared with intervals measured by
      the standard method of ventricular pacing. VA intervals were 201 +/- 53 ms during
      ventricular pacing and 224 +/- 52 ms after ventricular extrastimuli during atrial
      pacing (p = NS). VA intervals were 305 +/- 77 ms after ventricular extrastimuli
      during AV sequential pacing and were longer than VA intervals during ventricular
      pacing (p less than 0.001) or after ventricular extrastimuli during atrial pacing
      (p less than 0.01). Thus, the ventricular extrastimulus technique during AV
      sequential pacing reveals substantially longer VA intervals than does ventricular
      pacing and explains why pacemaker-mediated tachycardia might occur when pacemaker
      atrial refractory periods are designed or programmed according to VA intervals
      measured only during ventricular pacing.

PMID- 3998322
TI  - Noninvasive evaluation of retrograde conduction times to avoid pacemaker-mediated
      tachycardia.
AB  - Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia is a potential complication of atrioventricular
      (AV) universal DDD pacemakers when retrograde ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction is
      slower than the postventricular-atrial refractory period of the pulse generator.
      The propensity for pacemaker-mediated tachycardia was noninvasively assessed in
      17 patients with a unipolar DDD pacemaker using chest wall stimulation. Low
      amplitude stimuli were delivered to chest wall electrodes through a programmed
      stimulator. Using this method, 13 of the 17 patients were found to have absent VA
      conduction or VA conduction time less than the postventricular-atrial refractory
      period. In the four patients with noninvasively measured VA conduction time
      greater than the postventricular-atrial refractory period, sustained pacemaker
      mediated tachycardia was induced. Reprogramming of pacemaker parameters prevented
      repeat induction of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia in only one of four patients.
      The three remaining patients had clinical pacemaker-mediated tachycardia and
      underwent pacemaker programming to the DVI mode. A total of 13 patients continue
      to use DDD mode after a mean follow-up period of 9.5 +/- 5.4 months. Invasive
      measurement of VA conduction was performed in 13 of the 17 patients. The
      noninvasive method accurately predicted the invasive measurement in each case.
      Noninvasive evaluation of VA conduction accurately predicts the propensity for
      pacemaker-mediated tachycardia under a variety of clinical conditions. Serial
      testing can be performed after pacemaker reprogramming or drug intervention.
      Noninvasive evaluation of retrograde VA conduction should predict most clinical
      episodes of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia.

PMID- 3998323
TI  - Childhood traumatic infarction causing left ventricular aneurysm: diagnosis by
      two-dimensional echocardiography.
AB  - After being struck by an automobile, a 9 year old boy developed transient right
      bundle branch block followed by electrocardiographic changes of inferior wall
      myocardial infarction and an increase of serum cardiac enzymes. Two-dimensional
      echocardiography demonstrated a prominent septal aneurysm. Subsequent cardiac
      catheterization confirmed septal aneurysm and demonstrated an additional inferior
      aneurysm. Six weeks after the accident, resection of the inferior aneurysm was
      performed. At 1 year follow-up study, residual septal aneurysm and cardiomegaly
      are present, but the boy is asymptomatic.

PMID- 3998324
TI  - Measurement of antistreptokinase antibodies.

PMID- 3998325
TI  - Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast and hepatic congestion.

PMID- 3998327
TI  - 15th Bethesda Conference: Sudden cardiac death. Bethesda, Maryland, May 31, June
      1-2, 1984.

PMID- 3998326
TI  - Convocation address: American College of Cardiology, annual scientific session,
      Wednesday, March 13, 1985.

PMID- 3998328
TI  - Sudden unexpected death in children and adolescents.
AB  - To determine the incidence and clinicopathologic spectrum of sudden unexpected
      death, we reviewed the death certificate of all residents of Olmsted County,
      Minnesota who were between 1 and 22 years of age when they died during the period
      from January 1950 to October 1982. Of 515 death certificates reviewed, 12 (2.3%)
      recorded sudden unexpected death, resulting in an incidence of 1.3 per 100,000
      patient-years. The subjects ranged in age from 3 to 20 years (median 13); 8 of
      the 12 were male. Of the 12 deaths, 4 were definitely cardiac-related and 3 were
      probably cardiac-related. In the five other cases, the cause of death was
      unknown. Three of the 12 subjects had a history of syncope; 2 of the 3 had
      syncope associated with exercise, and both died while exercising. The relative
      rarity of sudden unexpected death in children and adolescents probably precludes
      population screening techniques to identify subjects at risk. However, a subset
      of subjects with 1) exercise-associated syncope, 2) nonvasodepressor syncope, 3)
      a family history of sudden unexpected death, or 4) a family history of
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy deserves extensive and thorough evaluation.

PMID- 3998329
TI  - Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in children.
AB  - In children, sudden death related to ventricular arrhythmias occurs virtually
      always in a patient with an abnormal heart. Therefore, children with ventricular
      tachycardia should be thoroughly investigated by anatomic cardiac catheterization
      and possibly electrophysiologic study. Sudden death may occur in a patient who
      had been relatively asymptomatic. This especially occurs in patients after repair
      of congenital heart disease. The patient may also never have had documented
      ventricular tachycardia, although most have had at least premature ventricular
      complexes on a Holter monitor recording. Finally, sudden death related to
      ventricular arrhythmias can often be prevented with vigorous medical and surgical
      therapy.

PMID- 3998330
TI  - Sudden death in a pediatric cardiology population, 1958 to 1983: relation to
      prior arrhythmias.
AB  - This review of sudden death in patients previously seen in a pediatric cardiology
      clinic attempts to identify factors that may have been predictive of sudden
      death. The denominator for these factors is unknown. For example, the number of
      patients with these possible risk factors who have well tolerated arrhythmias is
      not known. Further studies are planned to document the incidence of these factors
      in patients with similar lesions whom we continue to follow up. The following
      conclusions can be drawn from the study: More than three-quarters of the patients
      who died suddenly had severe limitation of activity, cardiac enlargement on chest
      radiograph or poor hemodynamic status at cardiac catheterization. The majority of
      patients who died suddenly had an arrhythmia in the 12 month period before death.
      A significant number of these arrhythmias developed for the first time in the
      year before death. The presence of arrhythmias was generally related to poor
      hemodynamic status in patients who died suddenly. Most sudden deaths occurred
      with the patient at rest and only approximately one-quarter occurred during
      participation in sports. Each cardiac diagnosis had its own specific profile of
      types of arrhythmias Conspicuously absent from the list of diagnoses were
      children with a normal heart and children with mitral valve prolapse.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998331
TI  - Special problems in infants, children and young adults, including postoperative
      sudden death: summary.

PMID- 3998332
TI  - The conduction and cardiac sympathetic systems: metabolic aspects.
AB  - Compared with the myocardium, glycolytic enzymes are reduced by 50% and
      mitochondrial enzymes and space by 70% in the conduction system of the calf
      heart. In addition, on the basis of adenosine triphosphate activities energy
      demands are reduced by more than 50%; this is in parallel with the reduction in
      myofibrillar space. The increased tolerance of the conduction system against
      ischemia can be explained by a reduction of energy demands and a higher
      proportion of (anaerobic) glycolytic as opposed to aerobic mitochondrial energy
      production. Among the structures of the conduction system, the sinoatrial and
      atrioventricular nodes are markedly susceptible to hypoxia in contrast to atrial
      conduction and ventricular conduction by way of the His-Purkinje system. In the
      isolated perfused rat heart, an increased net release of noradrenaline during the
      first 10 minutes of ischemia is only noted after sympathetic stimulation. During
      this phase, catecholamine overflow is limited by the activity of the neuronal
      reuptake. At a later second phase, from 15 to 40 minutes after the onset of
      ischemia, the mechanism of noradrenaline net release is carrier-mediated efflux
      inhibited by neuronal uptake blocking agents. During the third phase of ischemia,
      after about 40 minutes, spontaneous noradrenaline release is greatly augmented,
      probably as a result of leakage caused by membrane damage.

PMID- 3998333
TI  - Role of atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular conduction (including Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome) in sudden death.
AB  - A short refractory period of the accessory pathway is considered a major threat
      for sudden death in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial
      fibrillation. RR interval and QRS signal analysis together with signal analysis
      of a bipolar high right atrial electrogram were obtained in six patients with
      Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and either induced or spontaneous atrial
      fibrillation. A record of a sufficiently long episode of atrioventricular (AV)
      conduction by way of the bypass tract that could be used for satisfactory RR
      interval sequence and QRS analysis was obtained from only one patient. The
      results were compared with those of a representative patient with atrial
      fibrillation and normal AV nodal-His conduction. In a patient with Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome, atrial fibrillation and AV conduction by way of the
      bypass tract may exhibit high ventricular rates (median RR intervals of about 300
      ms) and long/short RR interval ratios of just over 1 (RR intervals not exceeding
      400 ms). The right atrial electrogram showed a noiselike excitation pattern. This
      study suggests that rather than a short refractory period of the bypass tract, it
      is lack of concealed conduction, responsible for the presence of long RR
      intervals, that allows the ventricles to reach very high ventricular rates and at
      times to fibrillate. The normal AV nodal-His system seems to protect the heart
      against high ventricular rates and ventricular fibrillation during atrial
      fibrillation by its relatively long refractory period and capacity to induce long
      RR intervals by means of concealed conduction.

PMID- 3998334
TI  - Cardioneuropathy and extracardiac neural disease.
AB  - The pathology of cardiac innervation, both intrinsic and external to the heart
      (aortopulmonary glomera included), is scarcely known, yet it can be critical to
      life-threatening disorders in cardiac performance, or to reflexes discharging
      outside the heart, or both. Evidence has been supplied in cardiac neuroanatomy
      relevant to cardioneuropathy. The arrhythmogenic potential of imbalanced
      autonomic input in the heart has been corroborated by histopathologic findings in
      intrinsic plexuses. In turn, significant neurogenic substrates for cardiomyopathy
      have not been confirmed. Changes in the extrinsic sympathetic chain (left
      stellate ganglion) and in the prevailing vagal cardiac plexus were found in
      subjects with arrhythmias (with long QT interval and ventricular
      tachycardia/fibrillation, respectively). In myocardial infarction with sudden
      cardiac death, a complicating mediastinitis often presented and was seen to
      produce focal inflammation of mediastinal nerve plexus and paraganglia. This can
      worsen the imbalance in autonomic control of the performance of the heart and
      interfere with barochemoreflex regulation of the systemic or coronary
      circulation, or both. Such ill-understood sequelae of infarction as the shoulder
      hand, chest pain and Dressler syndromes might also correlate with the newly
      described neuromediastinitis.

PMID- 3998335
TI  - Normal variations and pathologic changes in structure of the cardiac conduction
      system and their functional significance.
AB  - The rarity with which the cardiac conduction system is carefully examined in
      cases of sudden unexpected cardiac death is deplorable. Whatever the reasons for
      this failure, it is clearly one of the major lost opportunities for improving our
      understanding of a major national heart problem. To illustrate some of the
      morphologic changes found in such cases, two categories are discussed: normal
      variations (which may themselves promote electrical instability) and changes due
      to disease. During normal postnatal morphogenesis of the atrioventricular (AV)
      node and His bundle, there are a variety of derangements that may cause
      malfunction of those critical structures. In addition to large vessel coronary
      disease and platelet disorders, narrowing of small coronary arteries may also
      lead to ischemic damage in the conduction system. Certain intracardiac tumors and
      systemic diseases of an infiltrative or inflammatory nature may also involve
      elements of the conduction system, leading to arrhythmias or conduction
      disturbances with their clinical counterparts of syncope and sudden death. How
      any of these and many related anatomic changes may participate in the
      pathogenesis of electrical instability of the heart deserves much more careful
      study, but an essential requirement will be the wider practice of making careful
      clinicopathologic correlations.

PMID- 3998336
TI  - Reflexes unique to myocardial ischemia and infarction.
AB  - Although arrhythmias caused by myocardial ischemia are a well recognized cause of
      sudden death, the potential influence of cardiogenic reflexes originating in
      areas of ischemia has received less attention. In this study, 12 patients with
      well documented single vessel coronary artery spasm, with a total of 2,240
      episodes of transient transmural ischemia, are described. Continuous
      electrocardiographic and hemodynamic recordings were analyzed to determine
      possible relations between the anatomic area of ischemia and patterns of change
      in blood pressure and heart rate. Of seven patients with ischemia of the
      posterior or inferior left ventricular wall, six had associated bradycardia and
      hypotension, an apparent Bezold-Jarisch response. Only one of five patients with
      anterior ischemia had a similar response. A hypertensive, tachycardiac response
      resembling the James reflex was seen in two of the patients with anterior
      ischemia, with an increase in blood pressure of 36/22 +/- 12/6 mm Hg and an
      increase in heart rate of 8 +/- 3 beats/min. This increase began before the onset
      of chest pain and was seen even in asymptomatic episodes. These reflexly mediated
      hemodynamic responses may modulate the direct effects of myocardial ischemia and
      could play a role in sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 3998337
TI  - Food choices of vegetarians and nonvegetarians during pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - Data on food choices and nutrient intake were obtained from 60 lactating women,
      including 29 vegetarians. The most common changes in consumption patterns during
      pregnancy were increased intake of high-protein foods, especially milk products,
      and decreased intake of coffee, tea, and alcohol. The changes were partially
      based on food cravings and/or aversions. In addition to high-protein foods, some
      of the women craved fruits and sweets. Items most commonly eliciting aversive
      reactions were vegetables, strong-smelling and strong-tasting combination dishes,
      and greasy foods. Aversions to coffee, tea, and alcohol were almost as frequent
      as those to greasy foods. Nutrient intake during lactation was measured using 24
      hour recalls and 2-day diet records that also considered dietary supplements. A
      total of 332 intake records were evaluated relative to the RDAs for lactating
      women. Mean energy intake was 2,200 kcal (88% of the recommendation), and mean
      protein intake was 86 gm (134% of the RDA). Mean nutrient intakes from diet alone
      ranged from 89% of the RDA for iron to 154% for vitamin A; mean intakes from diet
      plus supplements ranged from 133% of the RDA for calcium to 581% of the RDA for
      thiamin. Dietary supplementation provided a substantial part of the intake of
      some nutrients; for most women, however, the RDAs were met by diet alone.

PMID- 3998338
TI  - Development and validation of an instrument for characterizing food-related
      behavior.
AB  - An instrument for differentiating between individuals exhibiting conformist and
      nonconformist or nontraditional food consumption patterns was developed and used
      for recruitment and identification of respondents for a study of food-related
      behavior and attitudes. The instrument was designed so that use or nonuse of only
      one or two foods or food groups was not sufficient to establish the food
      consumption pattern. Content validity was established by an expert panel.
      Additional data collected during the study served to demonstrate that the
      instrument had predictive validity for identification of individuals who followed
      alternative food consumption patterns. Respondents were asked to indicate their
      preferred food practices; their designation was related to classification by the
      Food-Related Behavior Characterization Instrument. Patterns of food exclusion and
      of frequency of consumption of 35 foods and food groups were consistent with
      classifications as conformists or nonconformists. In addition to research
      applications, this instrument may be a valuable tool in clinical settings and for
      community assessment. Although it is not a substitute for a more detailed dietary
      history, rapid identification of nonconforming food-related behavior is possible
      with the Food-Related Behavior Characterization Instrument.

PMID- 3998339
TI  - Nutrient intake of institutionalized developmentally disabled individuals: impact
      of the nutrition knowledge of paraprofessionals.
AB  - The role of the caretaker in enhancing nutrient intake of developmentally
      disabled individuals living in an institutional setting was examined. Eighty
      developmentally disabled residents living at the Western Carolina Center,
      Morganton, NC, were assessed for anthropometric measurements and for dietary
      intake, with a 3-day plate waste study. Seventy paraprofessionals/feeders working
      at the same center were assessed for knowledge of nutrition and food practices
      and participated in a series of inservice programs on nutrition. Pretest and post
      test scores for knowledge of nutrition and food practices were determined. For
      the paraprofessionals/feeders, inservice programs on nutrition resulted in
      increased knowledge of nutrition but did not increase the nutritional quality of
      their own diets. However, statistically significant differences were noted in
      residents' diets for calories (p less than .05), iron (p less than .05), and
      niacin (p less than .05) attributable to the inservice programs on nutrition.

PMID- 3998341
TI  - Hospital-wide screening improves basis for nutrition intervention.
AB  - The prevalence of malnutrition and need for nutrition intervention were evaluated
      at the time of admission for 500 consecutive patients at Cleveland Memorial
      Hospital, a 300-bed acute-care community hospital, in Shelby, NC. The association
      between the prescribed diet and the need for special nutrition intervention was
      emphasized. Results indicate that 31% of patients receiving routine diets
      (regular, soft, full liquid, clear liquid, NPO) and 33% of patients receiving
      modified diets were malnourished at the time of admission. Chi-square analysis
      indicated that there was no significant difference (p less than or equal to .05)
      in the prevalence of malnutrition or the need for special nutrition intervention
      between the two groups. Yet, many hospital nutrition services are organized to
      direct their activities primarily to patients receiving modified diets. It is
      suggested that dietetic practitioners implement a hospital-wide screening process
      so that patients with special nutrition needs can be identified and appropriate
      support regimens can be planned.

PMID- 3998340
TI  - Computer-selected exchange lists approximations for recipes.
AB  - A computer program has been developed to aid dietitians and patients in
      determining the best Exchange Lists for Meal Planning representation for a
      serving of a recipe. Applying an optimization program to information obtained
      from a nutrient data base and a recipe file results in a printout of the five
      best Exchange Lists representations and the macronutrient and caloric content of
      the recipe serving compared with the Exchange Lists approximate nutrient values
      for each of the "best fit" solutions. The nutritional analysis of one serving of
      the recipe (including 26 nutrients), as well as a breakdown by recipe
      ingredients, is also provided. Analysis of a 10-item recipe takes about 17
      minutes of coding, entry, and evaluation time and 6 seconds of mainframe computer
      time. This program has been used to compute Exchange Lists representations for
      the recipes in Vol. II of The American Diabetes Association/The American Dietetic
      Association Family Cookbook.

PMID- 3998342
TI  - Evaluating student performance in clinical dietetics.
AB  - The focus of this study was on the development and field-testing of a set of
      behaviorally anchored rating scales for evaluating the clinical performance of
      dietetic students. The scales emphasized the application of skills and knowledge.
      A variation of the Smith-Kendall technique was used to develop the scales. The 42
      participants involved in instrument development included dietetic students,
      didactic and clinical instructors, and dietetic practitioners. The completed
      instrument contained 8 dimension statements and 70 behavioral anchors. The
      instrument was field-tested in 16 clinical rotations within 8 dietetic education
      programs. Evaluators not only rated student performance but also critiqued the
      format and content of the scales. The mid-to-upper portions of each scale were
      used most frequently, and little score variation within or across programs was
      noted. The scales were deemed appropriate for formative evaluation; however, some
      evaluators who had to grade students' performance expressed a desire for
      performance standards defined in terms of grades. Because the process used to
      develop the instrument facilitated the articulation of performance criteria, it
      is recommended as a practical approach to setting performance standards.

PMID- 3998343
TI  - Warfarin resistance linked to enteral nutrition products.

PMID- 3998344
TI  - Vitamin E and C concentrations in human milk with maternal megadosing: a case
      report.
AB  - Vitamins C and E were selected for analysis in this patient to study the effect
      of megavitamin ingestion on water-soluble and milk-fat-soluble vitamin
      concentration. This mother also had chronically consumed megadose amounts of
      vitamins A, B-6, B-12, and thiamin. Although these vitamins were not quantitated
      in her milk, one would anticipate that they were elevated, as were vitamins C and
      E. Long-term megavitamin intake of vitamins C and E, 40 and 99 times the RDAs,
      respectively, was associated with elevated blood and milk vitamin levels. The
      thesis that dietary water-soluble but not fat-soluble vitamins alter milk vitamin
      concentrations was not supported. Milk vitamin C levels were elevated above
      established norms, and milk vitamin E levels were more than three times the upper
      range of normal.

PMID- 3998345
TI  - Yields and nutrient content of selected fresh fruits.
AB  - Proximate composition, edible yields, and selected nutrients were measured in
      cantaloupe, cherries, grapes, nectarines, plums, and watermelon sampled in six
      major U.S. markets. Yields were lowest (about 55%) for the melons, but were much
      higher (about 90% or above) for other fruits. Fruits were high in moisture, low
      in protein, fat, and energy. The estimated carbohydrate content ranged from about
      8% for the melons to 17% for cherries. Vitamins A and C were present in moderate
      concentrations, but fruits were found to be low in vitamin B-6, folic acid, and
      pantothenic acid, as well as in the mineral elements.

PMID- 3998346
TI  - Dilution errors in enteral formulas.

PMID- 3998347
TI  - Physicians' and families' perspectives on the medical management of dementia.
AB  - The role of physicians in the long-term management of patients with the primary
      diagnosis of progressive dementia was investigated by surveying the opinions of
      57 physicians and 47 family members. Respondents were asked to evaluate the
      difficulty and helpfulness of various activities physicians perform in the
      diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with dementia. Both physicians
      and families rated the diagnostic services provided by physicians very highly.
      Although families found physicians' explanations of the diagnosis and prognosis
      extremely helpful, physicians reported this as an area of difficulty. Physicians
      and families expressed considerable frustration with the limited medical
      treatments and interventions for the relief of symptoms associated with dementia.
      Despite the acknowledged sensitivity of physicians to the social-psychological
      consequences of dementia, physicians were found to be least helpful in addressing
      these issues, either directly or through referral to allied health and social
      services. This study outlines areas of physician education that need improvement
      and calls for development of an interdisciplinary network of services for the
      biopsychosocial management of dementia.

PMID- 3998348
TI  - The role of lumbar puncture in the evaluation of dementia: the University of
      Pittsburgh Study.
AB  - In a retrospective study of 80 patients over 55 years old, the efficacy of lumbar
      puncture in evaluating elderly demented patients was examined. Despite a cost of
      $381 per procedure, in addition to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation, no
      diagnosis was made on the basis of the information obtained in any of the
      patients (53 per cent) who underwent lumbar puncture. The only abnormalities
      found were 11 cases of nonspecific elevations in CSF protein and one case of
      abnormal cellularity not related to bacterial infection. An additional 422 cases
      of dementia from other series were reviewed, and only four patients were found
      whose diagnosis could have been made by lumbar puncture--one patient had
      neurosyphilis, and the other three were postencephalitic. In addition, the
      literature on complications of lumbar puncture was reviewed. There were no
      serious complications of lumbar puncture in the present study. The authors
      concluded that although it is low-risk, lumbar puncture cannot currently be
      recommended for routine use in the evaluation of elderly demented patients, but
      should be used in evaluating demented patients under 55 years of age, patients
      with rapid onset or progression of dementia, patients with syphilis serology in
      suspected cases of viral encephalitis, and patients with signs and symptoms of
      fungal meningitis.

PMID- 3998349
TI  - Red blood cell abnormalities in Alzheimer disease.
AB  - In a prospective, double-blind study of 84 unselected persons in a dementia
      clinic, the red blood cell/plasma choline ratios were found to be significantly
      higher in 47 subjects with clinically defined Alzheimer disease (DAT) than in 37
      non-DAT, nondepressed subjects (3.54 +/- 0.48 versus 2.04 +/- 0.34, p less than
      0.02). The latter group included intellectually intact subjects as well as
      patients with other dementias who were comparable to the Alzheimer patients in
      age, sex, and degree of cognitive impairment. The elevated mean ratio reflected
      the greater proportion of Alzheimer patients with high red blood cell plasma
      choline ratios. These elevated ratios appeared to be related to both increases in
      red cell content and decreases in plasma choline. The authors conclude that the
      results confirm and extend those previously reported in short series of patients
      and agree with other evidence that Alzheimer disease has systemic manifestations
      in nonneural cells, which may be useful in further investigations of the
      disease's cellular pathophysiology.

PMID- 3998350
TI  - Social structure and intracohort variation in physical fitness among elderly
      males in a traditional Third World society.
AB  - This paper examines the relationship between physical fitness and activity among
      elderly males in the traditional rural community of Chetbesi, Nepal. It takes
      advantage of the unique character of the Hindu caste system to implement a
      quasiexperimental research design that approximates random assignment to high and
      low activity levels. The members of the Sarki caste have lower heart rates and
      systolic blood pressure, relative to other castes, at each of three submaximal
      workloads and during recovery from bicycle ergometer exercise. Direct observation
      and physiologic monitoring show that the Sarkis engage in more frequent and
      extended periods of heavy labor. Thus intracohort variation in physical fitness
      and activity patterns among the Chetbesi elderly is a function of birth into a
      socially defined group rather than of self-selection. This pattern of
      differential fitness may typify the process of aging in many stratified
      traditional and modernizing societies where socially delimited segments of the
      population perform the bulk of the hard work. Intrapopulation differences aside,
      comparison of Sarkis and non-Sarkis with other samples reveals that both lie
      within the reported range of variation. The rural, unmechanized, agricultural
      lifestyle and mountain environment of Chetbesi do not result in exceptional
      fitness for residents. The Chetbesi data suggest that the popular notion that
      aging is less debilitating in traditional agrarian societies located in rugged
      mountain terrains may be a myth. The demonstration of the influence of social
      forces on physical fitness suggests that future research might concentrate
      profitably on identifying social structures that produce high levels of physical
      fitness.

PMID- 3998351
TI  - Xenon contrast CT-CBF measurements in parkinsonism and normal aging.
AB  - Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local tissue:blood partition, coefficient (L
      lambda) values were measured during CT scanning while patients with different
      types of Parkinson's syndrome (N = 14) inhaled a contrast mixture of 35-37 per
      cent stable xenon gas in oxygen. Single-compartment analysis fitted to infinity
      was used to calculate L lambda and LCBF values. Results were compared with
      results from normal age-matched volunteers (N = 24). Mean hemispheric (p less
      than 0.05) and subcortical (p less than 0.05) gray matter LCBF values were
      reduced in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (N = 11), compared to values from age
      matched normals. Regionally, LCBF reductions included frontal (p less than
      0.001), parietal cortex (p less than 0.05), caudate (p less than 0.05), lentiform
      nuclei (p less than 0.001) and thalamus (p less than 0.05) reductions. L lambda
      values were normal. Unilateral tremor and/or rigidity correlated directly with
      reduced LCBF in contralateral lentiform (p less than 0.01) and caudate (p less
      than 0.01) nuclei. In postencephalitic Parkinsonism (N = 1) LCBF reductions were
      diffuse, with normal L lambda values. In the akinetic form of Parkinsonism (N =
      1) associated with lacunar infarcts, LCBF and L lambda reductions were patchy. In
      Parkinsonism following carbon monoxide poisoning (N = 1), LCBF values of gray and
      white matter were diffusely reduced and L lambda values were reduced in both
      pallidal regions. When dementia was present together with Parkinsonism (N = 3),
      LCBF reductions were more diffuse and severe. Dopaminergic deficiency correlated
      directly with reduced LCBF values, reflecting the severity of Parkinsonism.

PMID- 3998352
TI  - The psychosocial impact of cancer on the elderly: a comparison with younger
      patients.
AB  - This report examines the psychosocial impact of cancer in 240 men according to
      age using a recently developed cancer-specific survey instrument. Overall,
      younger patients experienced more frequent or severe psychosocial and treatment
      related problems than the older patients, especially in relation to work and
      chemotherapy. In addition, younger patients experienced more difficulty dealing
      with the health care setting. The authors conclude that the elderly cancer
      patient experiences less psychosocial disruption from cancer than do younger
      individuals.

PMID- 3998353
TI  - Survey of hypnotic drug use in nursing homes.
AB  - The prescribing patterns for hypnotic medications were surveyed in 765 patients
      of three skilled-nursing facilities and two intermediate-care facilities. Seven
      per cent of the patients received a hypnotic routinely; an additional 3 per cent
      had as-needed orders for a hypnotic medication. Temazepam, flurazepam, and
      triazolam were, in descending order, the three most commonly prescribed hypnotics
      and accounted for 79 per cent of the hypnotic prescriptions. The average duration
      of use for triazolam, temazepam, and flurazepam was 11 weeks, 24 weeks, and 82
      weeks, respectively. Seventy-six per cent of the flurazepam prescriptions were
      given seven days a week; 31 per cent of these prescriptions were for 30 mg doses.
      Medications that were not hypnotics but did have sedative side-effects were
      prescribed with bedtime orders for 11 per cent of the patients. The three most
      commonly prescribed drugs in this class were diphenhydramine, thioridazine, and
      haloperidol. Possible explanations for the lower frequency of hypnotic use
      observed in this study as compared to the frequencies reported in the literature
      are discussed, as are possible hazards of high-dose and long-term use of
      hypnotics.

PMID- 3998354
TI  - Treatment decisions in a skilled-nursing facility: discordance with nurses'
      preferences.
AB  - Hospitalization transfers from a skilled-nursing facility were studied. A
      hierarchically arranged questionnaire on acute medical deterioration and
      treatment aggressiveness was used to study the degree of discordance between the
      transfers actually made and the preferences of nursing home head nurses.
      According to the nurses, 37 per cent of the patients involved should not have
      been hospitalized even under the most compelling circumstances; however, 76 per
      cent of this subgroup had in fact been hospitalized under physician's orders. The
      nurses would have refrained from instituting any new treatment in 14 per cent of
      the cases, all of which involved chronic neurological impairments; 36 per cent of
      this subgroup had nevertheless been hospitalized in the 12 months prior to the
      study.

PMID- 3998355
TI  - Reclassification of depression in the medically ill elderly.

PMID- 3998356
TI  - The professional woman as mother.

PMID- 3998357
TI  - Working and motherhood: a view of today's realities.

PMID- 3998358
TI  - Understanding and satisfying the psychological needs of infants and toddlers.

PMID- 3998359
TI  - The professional woman as mother: insights from class differences.

PMID- 3998360
TI  - The impact of working on mother and child: what are the facts?

PMID- 3998361
TI  - Considerations for the new generation.

PMID- 3998362
TI  - Working women, working lovers: the effect of our multiple roles on intimacy.

PMID- 3998363
TI  - Survey results. Manpower in eyecare.

PMID- 3998364
TI  - Special report: the American Medical Association/Health Policy Agenda for the
      American people.

PMID- 3998366
TI  - Optometric prescription writing.
AB  - A clearly written prescription is an important part of good optometric patient
      care. There are seven parts of a well-written prescription, and each of these
      should be considered individually. This article discusses these seven parts, and
      also other important aspects of prescription writing.

PMID- 3998365
TI  - Solar retinopathy: a review of the literature and case report.
AB  - Accounts of solar retinopathy have existed for centuries, but only recently have
      researchers begun to investigate the mechanisms responsible for producing solar
      retinal injury. The vast majority of solar retinal injuries occur as a result of
      viewing a solar eclipse without adequate protection. The extent of structural
      retinal damage and associated visual impairment is dependent upon the intensity
      and duration of solar exposure. The exact mechanisms which operate to produce
      solar retinal compromise are not completely known, but is believed to involve a
      thermally enhanced photochemical process. Despite the lack of a standardized
      treatment protocol, most cases of solar retinopathy will improve significantly
      over time without treatment. Prevention remains the mainstay of therapy. Solar
      retinopathy must be differentiated from other subtle macular diseases in the
      absence of a confirmed history of solar exposure.

PMID- 3998367
TI  - Location and characteristics of the prepapillary annular opacity.
AB  - Of 100 patients with a prepapillary annular opacity in age-related posterior
      vitreous detachment with collapse, 44 had floater symptoms corresponding to their
      opacity. Ninety-two of the patients had a prepapillary annular opacity in only
      one eye. Two-thirds of the opacities could be observed within plus or minus one
      diopter of four diopters into the posterior chamber, and all of the opacities
      could be observed within a two to seven diopter range. Approximately one-third of
      all the prepapillary annular opacities were complete rings.

PMID- 3998368
TI  - Optometric quality assurance.
AB  - Quality Assurance, (QA), is an expanding hospital-based system of optimizing cost
      effective eye care. It seeks to minimize patient care problems. Drawing from
      military experience with QA under the JCAH, a QA checklist and a patient
      satisfaction survey are presented as tools to improve QA programs for other
      optometrists.

PMID- 3998369
TI  - Intraocular lens induced anisometropia.

PMID- 3998370
TI  - Blurred vision associated with melanoma of the ciliary body.
AB  - An 81-year-old man was examined on referral with the presenting complaint of
      decreased vision in one eye. Tentative diagnosis, later confirmed by pathology
      evaluation, was malignant melanoma of the ciliary body.

PMID- 3998372
TI  - Optometry in Britain.
AB  - The author spent seven months in Britain on sabbatical leave from the Illinois
      College of Optometry. One purpose of the time away was to learn about the
      optometric profession and education in the United Kingdom. The result is a view
      of the profession based on visits to optometric institutions and private
      practices and discussion with medical and optometric colleagues.

PMID- 3998371
TI  - Stereopsis in an amblyopic small angle esotrope.

PMID- 3998373
TI  - Communicate your care during consultation.

PMID- 3998374
TI  - Effects of Alcide gel on fetal development in rats and mice. II.
AB  - Alcide gel is a germicidal agent which is highly effective in killing a wide
      range of bacteria and fungi in vitro within 1 min. Alcide gel consists of sodium
      chlorite and lactic acid, parts A and B, respectively. Chlorine dioxide is formed
      when sodium chlorite and lactic acid, the active ingredients of Alcide, are
      mixed. The objective of this investigation was to study the teratogenic effects
      of Alcide gel both in rats and in mice. The gel was administered topically in
      doses of 1 and 2 g per kg body weight on days 6-15 of gestation. No toxic
      symptoms were observed following exposure of pregnant rats and mice to Alcide
      gel. Viability of the fetuses as well as weight, length and number of resorptions
      were quite similar compared with control groups. Fetuses were examined for
      external, visceral and skeletal anomalies. Some incidence of missing or
      incompletely ossified sternebrae, missing ribs and incomplete ossification of
      skull bones were observed from skeletal examination. Gastromegaly, kidney
      agenesis, heart displacement, interatrial septal defect, limb hyperflexion and
      club foot were observed from soft-tissue examination. These defects, however,
      were not significantly different compared with control animals. Alcide gel was
      not teratogenic at the doses tested.

PMID- 3998376
TI  - Chromosomal aberrations and fetotoxic effects of atmospheric arsenic exposure in
      mice.
AB  - Fetal chromosomal damage and toxicity were investigated in mice exposed to the
      atmospheric concentrations of 28.5 mg m-3, 2.9 mg m-3 and 0.26 mg m-3 of arsenic
      for 4 h per day on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th days of gestation. On the 18th
      day, the fetuses were removed, and the following parameters were examined: the
      number of dead fetuses, retardation in growth, osteogenesis and chromosomal
      aberrations in liver cells. It was found that exposure to As2O3 at 28.5 mg m-3
      caused fetotoxic effects and chromosomal damage, while the two lower exposures
      produced no significant changes with the exception of a slight decrease (9.9 and
      3.1%, respectively) in fetal weight.

PMID- 3998375
TI  - Nuclear enlargement--an early change produced in mouse epidermis by carcinogenic
      chemicals applied topically in the presence of a promoter.
AB  - A series of 27 compounds, including 11 polycyclic hydrocarbons, 8 proximate
      carcinogens and 8 other compounds, were tested for their ability to induce
      epidermal nuclear enlargement in mouse skin. The materials were applied topically
      in methyl ethyl ketone containing 0.1% croton oil, repetitively for 3 days.
      Nuclear enlargement present on the fourth day was determined with the aid of a
      Quantiment image-analysing computer. The results obtained indicated a close
      correlation between the topical carcinogenicity of the test compounds and their
      ability to induce epidermal nuclear enlargement in the presence of croton oil.

PMID- 3998377
TI  - Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene-induced hydropic change in mouse liver.
AB  - Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) produced a time- and dose-related increase in
      hepatic water content following i.p. administration to male Alderley Park
      (Alpk/AP) mice. The increase in liver water was maximal 1-2 days after a single
      dose of 50 mg kg-1 and had returned to normal by day 5. Associated with the
      increased water, there was a parallel increase in Na+ and K+ ions, with no
      overall change in intracellular cation concentration. Liver non-protein
      sulphydryl content showed no consistent time-related decrease after 50 mg kg-1
      HCBD. Histopathological examination of the liver showed fine cytoplasmic
      vacuolation of periportal hepatocytes which was more marked following 100 or 200
      mg kg-1 than 50 mg kg-1 HCBD. In one animal, following 200 mg kg-1 HCBD, the
      liver showed ballooning and degeneration of periportal hepatocytes.
      Ultrastructural changes were evident 4 h after 50 mg kg-1 and consisted of
      mitochondrial swelling in periportal hepatocytes, whilst pericentral hepatocytes
      appeared normal. By 16 h, marked mitochondrial swelling and some proliferation of
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum were evident in periportal hepatocytes. Male mice of
      the C57BL/10J and C3H strains appeared to be more sensitive to HCBD-induced
      hepatic hydropic change than did the male and female Alpk/AP strain and male
      Balbc and DBA/2J strains. It appears that HCBD or a metabolite causes disruption
      of mitochondria in periportal hepatocytes which results in an influx of water and
      ions into the cell without compromising the Na+ pump.

PMID- 3998378
TI  - Renal handling of 'filterable' plasma metals and organic substances in man.
AB  - To estimate the plasma 'filterable' form concentration, glomerular filtration and
      tubular reabsorption in man for metals and organic substances, the regressions of
      the 24-h urinary excretion of lead (Pb), inorganic mercury (Hg), delta
      aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and coproporphyrinogen (CP-gen) on glomerular
      filtration rate were examined. The regressions were significant for ALA in two
      'healthy' men examined and for Pb and for CP-gen in one of them. From these data,
      it was estimated that the plasma concentration of 'filterable' Pb was
      approximately 0.01 microgram dl-1; the ALA concentration was 2.3 and 4.5
      micrograms dl-1; and CP-gen was 0.11 microgram dl-1. Similarly, the filtered
      loads of Pb, ALA and CP-gen were assumed to be nearly twice as large as their
      urinary excretion. Hg was not considered to undergo glomerular filtration.

PMID- 3998379
TI  - Teratologic evaluation of Alcide liquid in rats and mice. I.
AB  - Alcide, a liquid sterilizer, was evaluated for teratogenic potential in rats and
      mice. Sodium chlorite and lactic acid, the active ingredients of this compound,
      form chlorine dioxide when mixed. Pregnant rats and mice were administered 1 ml
      and 0.1 ml, respectively, of Alcide liquid by gavage on days 6-15 of gestation.
      The general health of the dams was evaluated and the fetuses examined for
      external, visceral and skeletal malformations. There was no evidence of maternal
      toxicity among treated rats and mice. Fetal viability, weight, length and number
      of resorptions were comparable with control groups. Teratogenic toxicity was not
      detected in either species. There was some incidence of skeletal and visceral
      anomalies; however, these variances were not significantly different from control
      animals.

PMID- 3998380
TI  - An automated differential thermal and potentiometric titration apparatus for
      binding studies.
AB  - A differential pH-thermal titration apparatus is described which can detect pH
      differences with a sensitivity of +/- 0.0001 pH units and a thermal sensitivity
      of +/- 0.00002 degree C at a time constant of 0.1 s. With a reaction which yields
      1 kcal mol-1, the current system can detect concentrations as low as 4 X 10(-6) M
      or, in a 2 ml volume, a total amount of 40 nmol. With a time constant of 0.1 s,
      the sensitivity is 20 +/- 4 micro degrees C. The experimental protocol is
      specified by a microprocessor and three modes of operation are possible:
      titration at constant rate of reagent addition, titration at variable rates of
      addition so that the contents of both cells are at either constant pH or at a
      constant temperature and variable rate when a rate of change is specified.
      Experimental data are collected in files, corrected for heat loss, initial
      baseline drift, and changes in volume. The final corrected data from the
      standardized run of 0.01338 M HCl in 0.2 M KCl at 25 degrees C calibrate the pH
      scale and yield the calorimetric conversion constants and pKw which are
      calculated and stored for subsequent corrections for the titration of an unknown
      acid or the measurement of binding constants and heats.

PMID- 3998381
TI  - Application of the finite element simulation method to the adiabatic and
      potentiometric corrections of calorimetric titration data.
AB  - A general numerical analysis procedure is described which has been applied to an
      automated differential pH-thermal titration apparatus operated isoperibolically
      to obtain thermal corrections for heat loss. It is based on the Direct Byte (D-B)
      finite element computer simulation technique (FEST) applied to the heat
      conduction behavior of the instrument with time. Thermal constants of the
      numerical model are determined, and the results of the correction for titration
      data obtained from acid-base runs show that a constant upper baseline is achieved
      using this technique for both fast and slow reactions to an accuracy of 2%. The
      method is equally valid for endothermic and exothermic reactions.

PMID- 3998382
TI  - Determination of mouse liver 5-methyltetrahydrofolate concentration and
      polyglutamate forms.
AB  - The concentration and polyglutamate status of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in mouse
      liver tissue extracts has been determined by enzymatic conversion to
      methylenetetrahydrofolate and subsequent entrapment of this cofactor form into a
      ternary complex with Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthase and tritiated 5
      fluorodeoxyuridylate. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate was oxidized to
      methylenetetrahydrofolate using the reverse reaction of methylenetetrahydrofolate
      reductase with menadione as the ultimate electron acceptor. Reference 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate could be quantitatively recovered from tissue extracts by
      this method. The polyglutamate status of enzymatically converted and complexed
      tissue 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was determined electrophoretically. Unlabeled 5
      fluorodeoxyuridylate was used to remove endogenous methylenetetrahydrofolate
      prior to enzymatic oxidation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and subsequent
      electrophoretic analysis. In this manner, the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
      polyglutamate pool alone could be labeled and visualized. There were no
      observable differences in the polyglutamate distribution of endogenous
      methylenetetrahydrofolate versus 5-methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamates in
      extracts of normal mouse liver tissue.

PMID- 3998383
TI  - Time-resolved photoelectric and absorption signals from oriented purple membranes
      immobilized in gel.
AB  - Kinetics of photoelectric and absorption response signals were measured on
      samples containing oriented purple membranes immobilized in polyacrylamide gel.
      The orientation and aggregation states of purple membranes remain constant
      independently of pH and ionic strength in such samples and the gel does not
      influence the proton pump. The 'gel method' described in this study enables
      direct investigation of proton pump of bacteriorhodopsin and a simultaneous
      measurement of absorption signals within a wide range of parameters of the
      solution surrounding purple membranes and offers possibilities for study of other
      types of membranes as well.

PMID- 3998384
TI  - A home-made solid-phase sequencer operating at the nanomole level.
AB  - The building and functioning of a fully automated solid-phase sequencer is
      described. The peptide is coupled via its alpha-carboxyl end to activated glass
      beads and successively reacted with Chang's and Edman's reagents. All operations
      are electronically controlled by the automated programmer. All components
      necessary to build the machine are commercially available. This sequencer has
      been used at a nanomole level in the final phase of a protein sequence
      determination. The overall cost as well as the sensitivity and efficiency of the
      final product compare favourably to those of commercial machines.

PMID- 3998385
TI  - pH, urea and substrate gradients for the optimization of ultrathin polyacrylamide
      gel zymograms.
AB  - The preparation of ultrathin polyacrylamide gels with different kinds of
      gradients (pH, substrates, inhibitors) is described. By using these gels for
      contact printing after isoelectric focusing with Ampholines or Immobilines and
      for diffusion tests, the influence of pH or increasing amounts of substrates or
      inhibitors on enzyme and isoenzyme activities is studied. These methods are
      successfully applied for the optimization of zymogram techniques and for the easy
      characterization of industrial microbial enzyme preparations for technological
      purposes. With buffer-generated pH gradient gels, the pH optimum of all isoenzyme
      activities is demonstrated by contact printing; the total amount of isoenzyme
      activities dependent on pH is determined by a diffusion test. Gels with a linear
      gradient between 0 and 8 M urea are used for isoelectric focusing, diffusion
      tests and contact printing in order to differentiate the unfolding and denaturing
      effects of urea on isoenzymes. Alterations in polygalacturonase isoenzyme
      patterns dependent on urea concentration are not caused by inhibition or
      denaturation but by the change of charges. In respect to band sharpness and
      straightness urea can be added advantageously up to 2 M without changing the
      isoelectric points or activities of the isoenzymes. For the reproducibility of
      zymograms it is interesting to see that different substrate concentrations reveal
      different isoenzyme patterns.

PMID- 3998386
TI  - Determination of protein absorption coefficients using a refractive index
      chromatographic monitor.
AB  - Using lysozyme as a primary standard, a refractive index monitor designed for
      column chromatography was used to determine protein concentration and hence
      absorption coefficients. The method is non-destructive, requires only small
      amounts of protein approximately 0.2 mg, and could be adapted for smaller
      samples.

PMID- 3998387
TI  - Central nervous system 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline specificity of ear
      vascular and ventilation reflexes in thermoregulating rabbits.
AB  - Contrasting hypotheses of mammalian thermoregulation were tested in
      unanesthetized rabbits in relation to the role of the central nervous (CNS)
      monoamines 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) in regulating lung
      function and ear skin blood flow (Doppler flowmeter). Normal rabbits and rabbits
      with CNS depletion of 5-HT and NA (caused by the neurotoxins 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine and 6-hydroxydopamine) were studied in an airconditioned
      chamber at ambient temperatures of 12 degrees, 22 degrees and 35 degrees C. The
      results suggest that CNS 5-HT plays an excitatory role in the heat conservation
      mechanism of cold-induced ear skin vasoconstriction, and that this effect is
      inhibited by CNS NA to cause heat dissipation during heat stress. Both CNS 5-HT
      and NA appear to exert a mild inhibitory restraint on ventilation even during
      heat stress. The data support the theory that CNS 5-HT is concerned with heat
      conservation and CNS NA with heat loss mechanisms in the cutaneous circulation,
      and that both monoamines moderate heat loss through panting. CNS monoamine
      dependent thermoregulation in the rabbit thus resembles the model postulated for
      the cat, dog and monkey rather than, as previously proposed, for the sheep and
      goat.

PMID- 3998388
TI  - Role of central nervous system monoamines in cardiopulmonary effects of Althesin
      in rabbit and man.
AB  - The steroid induction agent, Althesin, infused intravenously in light anesthetic
      doses in otherwise unsedated man (84 micrograms kg-1 min-1) and rabbit (140
      micrograms kg-1 min-1) causes similar autonomic and somatic effects. In the
      rabbit, the rise in heart rate (mainly due to central vagal blockade) and the
      selective depressant effects on respiratory rate are independent of CNS 5
      hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline. The rise in arterial pressure and the fall
      in hindlimb conductance is dependent on CNS 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline
      synthesizing neurons, which are probably arranged in series. These findings
      provide a working hypothesis for the mechanisms of action of Althesin on central
      cardiopulmonary controls in man.

PMID- 3998389
TI  - Suprabulbar and bulbar integration of ventilation and ear vascular control during
      thermoregulation in the rabbit.
AB  - Suprabulbar and bulbospinal integration of cardiorespiratory responses to cold
      and heat stress was studied in groups of normal, thalamic and pontine rabbits.
      The animals sat in an airconditioned environmental chamber in which ambient
      temperature (TA) was maintained sequentially at 22 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 22
      degrees C and 35 degrees C, with an accuracy of +/- 1 degree C. Neither thalamic
      nor pontine rabbits could maintain core temperature in cold or heat. At TA 35
      degrees C, thalamic and pontine animals did not pant, indicating that
      telencephalic responses were necessary for the integration of mechanisms
      promoting respiratory heat loss. Thalamic animals, however, could inhibit ear
      vascular sympathetic tone in the heat, but the response was absent in pontine
      animals, suggesting diencephalic responses were essential for the integration of
      mechanisms promoting ear skin heat loss. Thus, the neural adjustments to thermal
      stress depend on mechanisms of integration distributed longitudinally throughout
      the central nervous system, and different components of the reflex
      cardiorespiratory response depend on different sites in the central nervous
      system for their full expression.

PMID- 3998391
TI  - Human sympathetic electrical activity recorded with skin surface electrodes.
AB  - Spontaneous electrical activity correlated to cardiac rhythm has been recorded
      with electrodes placed on the surface of the human arm or using the rabbit
      hindlimb. The signal-to-noise ratio has been improved using record averaging
      synchronized with the ECG. The recorded activity in man is a slow negative wave
      of sinusoid-like shape with a mean peak amplitude 0.08 +/- 0.03 microV. The
      sympathetic origin of this activity is suggested by the facts that its time
      course and conduction velocity are similar to those of integrated spontaneous
      electrical activity, recorded directly from postganglionic sympathetic fibers in
      the rabbit, and that it can be recorded from skin surface as a response to direct
      electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerve in the same animal.

PMID- 3998392
TI  - Central integration of cardiopulmonary autonomic controls. A symposium held on 25
      27 August 1983 in the discipline of human physiology. Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

PMID- 3998390
TI  - Effect of cardiac vagal and sympathetic nerve activity on heart rate in rhythmic
      fluctuations.
AB  - Beat-to-beat changes observed in cardiac vagal and sympathetic nerve activity and
      their effects on cardiac cycle length were studied during slow wave blood
      pressure and heart rate fluctuations (third order rhythm) and during respiratory
      sinus arrhythmia. Recordings were made from both nerves simultaneously in
      chloralose anesthetized and artificially ventilated dogs. During slow wave
      fluctuations in heart rate, a linear relationship was found to exist between the
      number of spikes per pulse interval recorded from vagal and sympathetic nerves
      and the length of pulse intervals. During respiratory sinus arrhythmia the time
      course of rhythmic changes in nerve activity and in cardiac cycle length was
      analyzed. Comparison of time courses indicated that vagal discharges affected the
      timing of not the following beat, but the one after; while the sympathetic effect
      was further delayed, affecting the third beat after the discharge. Baroreceptor
      stimulation, which resulted in lengthening the cardiac cycle, shifted this
      relationship by one cycle, i.e. vagal discharges affecting the occurrence of the
      following beat, while sympathetic discharges affecting the beat after. These
      results provide evidence for the conclusion that in dogs both vagal and
      sympathetic nerve activity contribute to the control of cardiac cycle length,
      however, with different time relations and effectiveness.

PMID- 3998393
TI  - Changes in the electrical activity of the rat pineal gland following stimulation
      of the cervical sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - In order to elucidate the role of sympathetic innervation for pineal function,
      the influence of both unilateral and bilateral electrical stimulation of the
      superior cervical ganglia on the electrical activity of single cells in the rat
      pineal gland was investigated. These experiments revealed a clear influence on
      spontaneous electrical activity of single pinealocytes. About half of the units
      tested by unilateral stimulation exhibited either a graded continuous
      augmentation or inhibitions of different magnitude. In addition, 'silent' cells
      without spontaneous activity could be activated by sympathetic stimulation.
      Sequential and simultaneous bilateral stimulations showed that only a few cells
      could be influenced by both ganglia and in these cases the influence seemed to be
      additive. Some pineal cells do not appear to be under the control of the
      sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 3998395
TI  - Convergence of vagal and gustatory afferent input within the parabrachial nucleus
      of the rat.
AB  - Our previous anatomical and electrophysiological studies demonstrated that first
      order hepatic and gustatory afferents project to separate regions of the solitary
      nucleus (NST) and no intra-NST interaction of these two sensory systems could be
      demonstrated. However, iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase into
      physiologically identified zones of the NST revealed that both of these regions
      send overlapping projections to the immediately subjacent parvocellular reticular
      formation as well as the postero-medial parabrachial nucleus (PBN). The present
      electrophysiological studies demonstrate that an interstitial zone of neurons in
      the caudal, medial PBN, indeed, receive convergent input from second-order
      gustatory and vagal afferents. Co-activation of these PBN units by the
      simultaneous arrival of both input sources frequently resulted in an additive
      interaction of evoked activity. PBN units lateral and caudal to this zone
      responded to vagal stimulation only, while units in the anterior and extreme
      medial portion of the PBN only responded to gustatory stimulation. By virtue of
      the efferent projections of the PBN, one might speculate that the convergence of
      information at this locus may, eventually, play a role in directing long term
      feeding behavior patterns such as learned taste aversion as well as the more
      transient changes in taste preference with visceral loading.

PMID- 3998394
TI  - On the anatomical organization of the lumbosacral sympathetic chain and the
      lumbar splanchnic nerves of the cat--Langley revisited.
AB  - The anatomy of the sympathetic nervous pathways from the spinal cord to the
      lumbosacral spinal nerves and to the inferior mesenteric ganglion has been
      studied systematically in a series of 37 cats. Details of the arrangements of
      white and grey rami communicantes and the lumbar splanchnic nerves are
      summarized, and similarities and differences between individuals noted. The
      description largely follows that of Langley [13] but differs in many ways from
      those of Harris [6] and Pick [21]. An alternative nomenclature for the segmental
      ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic chain is defined, and its rationale
      presented.

PMID- 3998397
TI  - Effects of intra-cerebroventricular 2-DG infusion and subsequent hypothalamic
      lesion on adrenal nerve activity in the rat.

PMID- 3998396
TI  - The aortic nerve-sympathetic reflex in the rat.
AB  - The effects of stimulation of aortic nerve A- and C-fibers on the renal and
      cardiac sympathetic nerve activities in anesthetized and immobilized Sprague
      Dawley rats were investigated. A separate aortic nerve was found in 46 rats (90%)
      out of 51. Activation of A- and C-fiber groups, alone or in combination, resulted
      in an inhibition of renal and cardiac nerve activities. However, an excitatory
      component preceding the inhibitory component, representing the reflex response to
      stimulation of non-barosensory afferent fibers contained in the carotid sinus or
      aortic nerve, was never observed. This result provides electrophysiological
      evidence supporting the view that the rat's aortic nerve does not contain a
      significant amount of functionally active non-barosensory afferents. As with the
      aortic nerve reflex in the rabbit and cat, the sympatho-inhibitory action of C
      fibers was more powerful and longer-lasting than that of A-fibers. Furthermore,
      the C-fiber reflex was elicited at stimulus frequencies as low as 2 Hz. No
      significant difference was found between the reflex response of cardiac and renal
      nerves. On the other hand, stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve, which
      constitutes an important pathway carrying arterial baroreceptor fibers, caused a
      reflex sympathetic response typically consisting of excitatory and inhibitory
      components. Thus, the rat's aortic nerve provides a useful experimental means to
      activate selectively central neural structures associated with barosensory
      afferents and to elicit the reflex response homologous to that in the arterial
      baroreceptor reflex in rabbits and cats.

PMID- 3998398
TI  - A way to understand erythromelalgia.

PMID- 3998399
TI  - Image preservation through reproduction.

PMID- 3998400
TI  - Medical photographers don't carry out research, do they?

PMID- 3998401
TI  - Where are we going?

PMID- 3998402
TI  - Interactive television for distance learning.

PMID- 3998403
TI  - Audiovisual materials and the telephone: medical teaching at a distance.

PMID- 3998404
TI  - [Results 1 year after trabeculoretraction by 360 degree argon laser in the
      treatment of open-angle glaucoma].
AB  - On 210 glaucomatous patients (119 men, 91 women), 390 eyes with open angle
      chronic glaucoma, we have performed an argon laser trabeculoplasty according to
      Wise technique (360 degrees in one time). ALT was presented as an alternative to
      surgery. Therefore results were appreciated so that ALT allowed or not to avoid
      surgery. After one year, the rate of failures was: on all the 390 eyes: 15 p.
      cent on O.A.C.G. simplex: 6.7 p. cent on myopic glaucoma: 7 p. cent on pigmentary
      glaucoma: 29.5 p. cent on capsular glaucoma: 6 p. cent after trabeculectomy: 62
      p. cent on aphakic glaucoma: 50 p. cent on secondary glaucoma: 33 p. cent on
      combined glaucoma: 0 p. cent In the group of successful results, ALT allowed to
      lower medical treatment in at less 70 p. cent after one year of follow-up except
      for pigmentary glaucoma where, in almost all cases, medication before ALT had to
      be continued.

PMID- 3998405
TI  - [Gonioretraction using argon laser].
AB  - Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) has recently become one of the most popular
      procedures in the treatment of chronic open angle glaucoma. Although ALT is quite
      efficient, its mode of action is far from understood and the rate of
      complications or side effects is not negligible. In 1981 we began exploring a
      different procedure that we have called argon laser gonioretraction (ALG) with
      reference to the Cairns surgical goniospasis. While the corneo-scleral trabeculum
      is the target for argon laser beams in ALT, in ALG the beams are directed toward
      the ciliary band in an attempt to get the scar to pull the scleral spur backwards
      and stretch the trabeculum. The procedure may also act through the uveal
      trabeculum. The procedure was first utilized from 1981 to 1983 in 43 chronic open
      angle glaucoma eyes with: 1/ a high rate of success in decreasing the intraocular
      pressure on a long term basis, 2/ an acceptable rate of complications. 18 months
      after laser surgery, intraocular pressure was fully controlled without any
      medical treatment in 19 cases (44%). 18 additional cases (42%) were controlled
      with the help of less medical treatment than before. In 4 cases (8%) the failure
      was complete including one case with significant prolonged and non-responsive
      post-op hypertension which has induced a slight alteration of the visual field.
      One case was lost to follow-up. Supposed advantages of ALG over ALT are:
      integrity of the corneo-scleral trabeculum is maintained, goniosynechiae are more
      peripheral, and there is less propensity to induce proliferation of endothelial
      cells.

PMID- 3998407
TI  - [Role of laser trabeculoretraction in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma].

PMID- 3998406
TI  - [Diathermy and cryotherapy of the pars plana in the treatment of pars planitis.
      Long-term evaluation].
AB  - Seventeen eyes of 14 patients affected with severe pars planitis underwent
      surgical treatment with either cryotherapy - 3 eyes - or diathermy - 14 eyes. The
      indications for surgery were selected as follows: ten eyes of 9 patients showed
      recurrence(s) or increase of ocular inflammation following tapering of systemic
      corticoids; 5 patients had contra-indications to systemic corticoids. Ten eyes
      had cystoid macular edema. The follow-up after surgery varies from 2,5 years to
      10 years with an average of 5 years. Complete and permanent recovery from ocular
      inflammation was achieved in 7 eyes (41,2%). Permanent although incomplete
      improvement was achieved in 4 eyes (23,5%). Recurrences of ocular inflammation
      after incomplete improvement occurred in 4 eyes (23,5%). Complications - cystoid
      macular degeneration and severe ocular hypotension - occurred in 2 eyes (11,8%).
      Cystoid macular edema cleared in 9 out of 10 eyes. The final visual acuity was
      the same or better as compared to the initial visual acuity in 10 eyes, and worse
      in 7 eyes. It is concluded that the long term evaluation of cryotherapy and
      diathermy in the treatment of pars planitis confirms the results achieved in
      other series with a shorter follow-up. The treatment is beneficial in selected
      cases of severe pars planitis. However complete and permanent recovery from
      ocular inflammation should be expected in less than 50% of the cases.

PMID- 3998408
TI  - [To operate or not to operate? That is the question].

PMID- 3998409
TI  - Influence of formulation properties on droplet spectra and soil residues of
      aminocarb aerial sprays in conifer forests.
AB  - The influence of formulation properties on spray droplet spectra and soil
      residues was studied in conifer forests in New Brunswick following aerial
      application of two oil-based aminocarb formulations of variable viscosities and
      volatilities. For a given volume rate of application, the formulation of low
      viscosity and high volatility provided a spectrum of small droplets and a low
      volume deposit on ground cards. For the same volume rate, the nonvolatile
      formulation of high viscosity provided a spectrum of larger droplets and
      consequently a higher volume deposit. Both formulations provided low soil
      residues, although those obtained with the nonvolatile formulation were much
      higher and persisted for much longer periods than those obtained with the
      volatile formulation. However, with both formulations the soil residues decayed
      to undetectable levels (less than 3 ng/g) within 5 days after spraying,
      indicating that none of the formulations caused any undue persistence of
      aminocarb in forest soils.

PMID- 3998410
TI  - Distribution and persistence of aminocarb in stream water, sediment and fish
      after application of three Matacil formulations.
AB  - Three aminocarb formulations, water-based Matacil 180F, oil-based Matacil 180F
      and oil-based Matacil 180D, were applied separately to the surface of a stream at
      2.40 g a.i./min for 5 minutes. The highest aminocarb concentration in the top 1
      cm of water was found 5 min after application of oil-based 180F (5000 ppb). The
      next highest concentration was 1862 ppb found in the top 1 cm layer of water 3
      min after application of oil-based 180D, followed by 1306 ppb found 5 min after
      application of water-based 180F. Residue accumulations were first observed in
      sediment at 3 min and in fish tissues 0.5 h after application. The levels of
      accumulation were in the order of water-based 180F greater than oil-based 180F
      greater than oil-based 180-D. After the application of water-based 180F, the
      highest concentrations were 20.2 ppb in sediment after 5 min and 127 ppb in fish
      tissues after 3 h. Residues disappeared rapidly from all three matrices and could
      not be detected after a period of 3-25 h.

PMID- 3998411
TI  - Halofenate and clofibrate inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase from Fusarium
      culmorum.
AB  - Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1, E.C. 1.2.4.1) was obtained from Fusarium culmorum by
      ammonium sulfate precipitation. An eight-fold purification was obtained with a
      specific activity of 13 K units/mg protein. Both halofenate and clofibrate
      inhibited the enzyme complex non-competitively. The inhibitory effect of
      halofenate was greater than that of clofibrate being 42% higher at 20 mM
      concentration compared to the inhibition by clofibrate at 40 mM concentration.
      Both compounds disorganized the normal cytoplasmic lipids including the emptying
      of cells in the mycelium suggesting membrane disruption.

PMID- 3998412
TI  - The sorptive capacity of an aquatic macrophyte for the pesticide aminocarb.
AB  - Ceratophyllum demersum exposed to a constant 1 microgram/ml aminocarb exhibited a
      large capacity for the sorption of the pesticide, up to 400 micrograms/g fresh
      weight in the dark and 1000 micrograms/g fresh weight in the light. Smaller,
      actively growing sprigs sorbed 5 times more pesticide per gm fresh weight than
      larger, older sprigs, although total uptake per plant was greater in the larger
      plants. Membrane conformation and integrity appear to be important factors in
      determining the capacity of this aquatic plant for pesticide sorption.

PMID- 3998413
TI  - Dynamic compression for small bone arthrodesis.
AB  - A technique providing dynamic compression for arthrodesis of the small joints in
      the hand uses a longitudinal wire for alignment and two 0.045 Kirschner wires and
      methyl methacrylate cement for continuous dynamic compression. Thirty-one joints,
      12 metacarpophalangeal and 19 interphalangeal, were arthrodesed by this method.
      There were no angular malunions or nonunions. The technique is recommended as an
      alternative to current fixation methods in the hand for small joint arthrodesis.

PMID- 3998414
TI  - Studies of pathologic vasoconstriction (vasospasm) in microvascular surgery.
AB  - Characterization and resolution of microvascular spasm were investigated in 170
      studies with the use of tail or femoral arteries of the rat. Topical epinephrine
      reliably produced vasospasm and topical vasodilators which included 2% and 20%
      lidocaine (Xylocaine) and 0.75% bupivacaine (Marcaine) were applied to resolve
      the vasoconstriction. Extensive vessel dissection was necessary to obtain
      significant resolution of vasospasm, and adventitial stripping was associated
      with even more impressive results. Local anesthetics appear to have a
      concentration dependent ability to resolve vasospasm, and 20% Xylocaine is the
      most effective agent yet studied.

PMID- 3998415
TI  - Arthrotomography of the wrist: an experimental and preliminary clinical study.
AB  - Experimental arthrotomography including posteroanterior and lateral projections
      was completed in 18 fresh-frozen wrists from cadavers with an average age of 65
      years at death. Arthrotomographic findings were correlated with anatomic
      dissections. Three types of defects of the triangular fibrocartilage complex were
      clearly defined in 38% of wrists. Chondromalacia was present in 24% of wrists, in
      all cases on the ulnar half of the proximal surface of the lunate bone. The
      palmar radiocarpal ligaments (radiocapitate and radiotriquetral) were visible in
      all specimens. Experimental arthrotomography appears to be useful in defining the
      nature and location of soft tissue pathology in clinical practice. Clinical
      arthrotomography was performed in 16 patients, all with a syndrome of chronic
      wrist pain. Pathologic findings were observed in 11 wrists, including four
      perforations of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, two cases of
      chondromalacia of the lunate, one tear in each of the scapholunate and
      lunotriquetral ligaments, three occult palmar ganglia, and one recurrent dorsal
      ganglion. The soft tissues in five wrists were normal. The preliminary clinical
      experience with wrist arthrotomography has yielded results that have
      significantly affected the care of patients, including the planning of operative
      treatment and patient counseling.

PMID- 3998416
TI  - Partial nail plate removal after digital replantation as an alternative method of
      venous drainage.
AB  - Partial nail plate removal, systemic anticoagulation, and the application of
      topical heparin to the exposed nail bed were used to provide and maintain venous
      drainage for 14 digital replantations in which an arterial repair but no venous
      repair was done ("artery only" replantation). In each case venous repair was not
      possible since no vein of an acceptable size could be found either because of a
      distal amputation level or because an avulsive or crushing injury had damaged the
      veins in the amputated part. The average operating time per "artery only"
      replantation was 2 1/2 hours. Ten of the 14 "artery only" replantations survived
      (71.4%). The active range of motion, sensibility, strength, activities of daily
      living, and hospitalization for this group of patients were comparable with
      replantations in which both arterial and venous anastomoses were done.

PMID- 3998417
TI  - Open dorsal dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint.
AB  - Eighteen open dorsal dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint were
      treated in 17 patients over a 12-year period. The severity of this injury may be
      underestimated. Complications included synovitis, stiffness, septic arthritis,
      and loss of the digit. Factors associated with a poor prognosis included a
      concomitant injury to the hand, a fracture from the base of the middle phalanx,
      and treatment in the emergency room. For optimum results, we recommend antibiotic
      therapy, thorough debridement in the operating room, reattachment of the palmar
      plate and repair of the collateral ligaments if necessary, and temporary joint
      immobilization (3 weeks) followed by an aggressive range of motion program.

PMID- 3998418
TI  - Correction of rheumatoid swan-neck deformity by lateral band mobilization.
AB  - Fifty-seven digits in 18 hands of 14 patients with rheumatoid disease were
      retrospectively evaluated after surgical correction of swan-neck deformity.
      Release of each hyperextension deformity was done via a previously described
      lateral band mobilization technique with temporary pin fixation of the proximal
      interphalangeal (PIP) joint and primary skin closure. Extension block splinting
      was used for 1 month after pin removal. Follow-up averaged 24 months. Twenty-two
      percent of the patients were enthusiastic about their results, 56% were
      satisfied, 22% were equivocal, and none were dissatisfied. Maximum active flexion
      at the PIP joint averaged 55 degrees, and maximum extension averaged--10 degrees.
      The average distance from fingertip to distal palmar crease was 32 mm. Average
      grip strength was 10 kg of force in men and 4 kg in women. Step-cut lengthening
      of the central slip was associated with the development of a boutonniere
      deformity and an unsatisfactory result in three digits. Even with narrowing of
      the PIP joint or articular erosions, which were found on 91% of roentgenograms,
      lateral band mobilization to correct swan-neck deformity can predictably improve
      the function and cosmesis of rheumatoid hands.

PMID- 3998419
TI  - Combined reduction osteotomy for triphalangeal thumb.
AB  - Triphalangeal thumb is an uncommon congenital deformity. The thumb is long,
      awkward, frequently angulated, and may have a broad, unsightly nail. When the
      middle phalanx has an abnormal C-shaped ("delta") epiphysis, the deformity
      worsens if untreated. Three triphalangeal thumbs in two patients who were 2 1/2
      and 8 1/2 years of age were treated with single-stage combined longitudinal and
      transverse reduction osteotomy, which included narrowing, shortening, and
      deangulation by ablating the extra joint and abnormal epiphysis. The patients
      were followed 48 to 59 months after surgery. Realignment, corrected relative
      length, and interphalangeal motion have been preserved in all thumbs. Neither
      patient has developed instability or angulation or had a recurrence after
      surgery.

PMID- 3998420
TI  - Rudimentary polydactyly: report of five cases.
AB  - Rudimentary polydactyly was found in five patients. Surgical exploration of the
      papules revealed findings that have not been previously published. A cord-like
      structure arises from the bottom of the papule, with its proximal portion joining
      the neurovascular bundle of the digit. Histologic examination of the cord showed
      strong similarity to the neurovascular bundle of a finger. From these findings,
      we assume that rudimentary polydactyly may represent the amputation stump of
      pedunculated fingers.

PMID- 3998421
TI  - Brachioradialis to flexor pollicis longus tendon transfer for active lateral
      pinch in the tetraplegic.
AB  - Seventeen hands in 15 patients with posttraumatic tetraplegia had transfers of
      the brachioradialis tendon to the flexor pollicis longus in an attempt to create
      an active lateral pinch. In addition, interphalangeal joint fixation with a
      Moberg screw was performed in 16 thumbs and tenodesis of the extensor pollicis
      longus and brevis tendons to the metacarpal was performed in 11 patients. Average
      patient age was 32 years, time from onset of tetraplegia to operation was 5.3
      years, and postoperative follow-up was 2.3 years. Functional improvement was
      noted in 15 hands and 80% of the patients could name at least four activities of
      daily living that were now possible or made more efficient as a result of
      surgery. With the elbow flexed to 90 degrees, the average lateral pinch was 3.9
      pounds with the wrist extended 30 degrees, 4 pounds with the wrist in the neutral
      position, and 2.3 pounds with the wrist flexed 30 degrees. There was a direct
      correlation between pinch strength and the amount of residual triceps and wrist
      extensor strength.

PMID- 3998422
TI  - Bilateral hand necrosis in Kawasaki syndrome.
AB  - The case of an infant with bilateral hand loss secondary to Kawasaki syndrome is
      presented. The peripheral changes in this patient are believed to be related to
      thrombosed aneurysms that are caused by vasculitis.

PMID- 3998423
TI  - Bilateral subluxation of the base of the thumb secondary to an unusual abductor
      pollicis longus insertion: a case report.
AB  - Bilateral subluxation of the trapeziometacarpal joint was related to abnormal
      insertion of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon and an atrophic extensor
      pollicis brevis tendon. The APL tendon had four slips, all of which inserted into
      the fascia of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle distal and palmar to the
      trapeziometacarpal joint. Active pinch of the thumb resulted in subluxation of
      the trapeziometacarpal joint. To prevent reciprocal distal deformity, the
      proximal thumb was held in dynamic balance by attaching two slips of the APL
      tendon to the radiodorsal base of the first metacarpal. One tendon slip
      supplemented the tendon of the extensor pollicis brevis muscle. The lax capsule
      of the trapeziometacarpal joint was reinforced with the remaining tendon slip.
      The patient retains excellent bilateral function without subjective weakness
      after surgery.

PMID- 3998424
TI  - Severance of the thenar branch of the median nerve as a complication of carpal
      tunnel release.
AB  - Loss of thenar motor function was noted in two patients who were seen after
      surgical release for carpal tunnel syndrome. Both patients were clinically and
      electromyographically found to have denervation of the thenar muscles. The
      severed motor branch was identified, isolated, and repaired at reexploration (5
      months and 14 months after surgery). Thenar function eventually returned in both
      patients.

PMID- 3998425
TI  - Lipofibromas of the median nerve: long-term follow-up of four cases.
AB  - Four cases of lipofibromatous infiltration of the median nerve with long-term
      follow-up (average 11 years) are reported. Progressive compromise of median nerve
      function has been noted. Initial treatment considerations should be directed
      toward biopsy and alleviation of the compression neuropathy. The role of
      microsurgical debulking procedures remains unclear at this time.

PMID- 3998426
TI  - Osteoid osteoma of the hand.
AB  - A review of all cases of osteoid osteoma of the hand seen by four hand surgeons
      over the last 10 years was performed. Seven cases were documented. Average follow
      up was 28.3 months. Average age of the patients was 21.1 years. Five men and two
      women participated. Six lesions were in the right and one in the left upper
      extremity. Delay from presenting symptoms to definitive treatment averaged 13.5
      months with a range of 7 to 30 months. Surgical excision was curative in all
      cases. We concluded that although a very unusual occurrence, osteoid osteoma of
      the hand should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pain in the hand.

PMID- 3998427
TI  - High-pressure water jet injury of the hand.
AB  - A rare case of high-pressure injection injury to the thumb with water is
      reported. The problem was managed without surgical exploration despite subsequent
      involvement of the small finger.

PMID- 3998429
TI  - Improved exposure for arterial repair in thumb replantation.

PMID- 3998428
TI  - The flexible tendon retriever.

PMID- 3998430
TI  - Patency of anastomosed arteries and veins subjected to reapplication of
      microvascular surgery.

PMID- 3998431
TI  - Employment and psychological well-being in Mexican American women.

PMID- 3998432
TI  - A new approach to the measurement of patients' understanding of what they are
      told in medical consultations.

PMID- 3998433
TI  - Extended family relationships, social support, and mental health in a southern
      black community.

PMID- 3998434
TI  - Social bonding and community adjustment of chronically mentally ill adults.

PMID- 3998435
TI  - Reflections and opportunities in the sociology of medicine.

PMID- 3998436
TI  - The stressfulness of daily social roles for women: marital, occupational and
      household roles.

PMID- 3998438
TI  - Autosomal dominant progressive retinal atrophy in Abyssinian cats.
AB  - Hereditary progressive retinal atrophy in Abyssinian cats in England is recorded.
      It is compared with another hereditary retinopathy in the same breed in Sweden
      and it is concluded that these are two distinct conditions, one occurring at an
      early age in kittens with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, the other
      occurring in young adult cats due to an autosomal recessive gene. The two
      diseases are bilateral, progressive, and of the generalized type, and are similar
      ophthalmoscopically.

PMID- 3998437
TI  - Linkage of the major histocompatibility (B) complex and the nucleolar organizer
      in the chicken. Assignment to a microchromosome.
AB  - The linkage relationship and chromosomal locations of the major
      histocompatibility (B) complex and nucleolar organizers (18S + 28S ribosomal RNA
      genes) were studied in normal and aneuploid chickens. The Balloantigens were
      defined by hemagglutination, using monospecific alloantisera. A chicken having
      three B haplotypes was detected and used in test matings to normal disomic
      chickens. Additional cases of birds having three different haplotypes were
      generated in the progeny of such matings. Analysis of the segregation patterns of
      B haplotypes suggested that the chickens with an additional haplotype were
      trisomics. Chickens having three B haplotypes also displayed a maximum of three
      nucleoli in somatic cells instead of the normal two nucleoli of diploids. This
      indicated the presence of an additional nucleolus organizing region (NOR).
      Cytogenetic and cytochemical studies were performed on cells of normal and
      putative trisomic chickens. All chickens displayed a normal array of chromosomes
      for pairs 1 through 9. Silver staining differentiated Ag-NORs on the long arms of
      two and three microchromosomes in disomic and trisomic types, respectively.
      Viable tetrasomic chickens, produced from inter se matings of trisomics,
      displayed four nucleoli and four Ag-NORs in somatic cell preparations. These
      results indicate that the DNA sequences encoding the B histocompatibility
      antigens and the 18S + 28S ribosomal RNAs are linked on an acrocentric
      microchromosome in the domestic chicken.

PMID- 3998439
TI  - Osteosclerosis, a recessive skeletal mutation on chromosome 19 in the mouse.
AB  - Osteosclerosis (oc) is an osteopetrotic mutation in the mouse inherited as an
      autosomal recessive on chromosome 19. Affected animals (oc/oc) exhibit the
      characteristic radiologic and histologic hallmarks of osteopetrosis including a
      generalized increase in skeletal density and absence of marrow cavities. Most die
      within three weeks after birth. Osteoclasts are cytologically abnormal by light
      microscopy in that they do not have cytoplasmic vacuoles. Presumptive evidence of
      rickets in this mutation includes thick cartilagenous growth plates and excessive
      osteoid. Extensive extramedullary hemopoiesis occurs in the liver and spleen of
      mutants. This unique constellation of features suggests that the oc mutation is a
      valuable model in which to investigate the pathogenesis of osteopetrosis.

PMID- 3998440
TI  - Production of androgenetic diploid rainbow trout.
AB  - Haploid androgenesis was induced in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) when eggs
      were irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation prior to fertilization. Diploidy was
      restored to the androgenetic haploid zygotes by suppression of first cleavage
      division using hydrostatic pressure. Peak survival in the androgenetic diploid
      lots (32.5-38.9 percent of control) occurred when a pressure shock of 9000 pounds
      per square inch lasting from one to three minutes was applied to the eggs 345
      minutes post-fertilization. Chromosomal analysis confirmed diploidy in the
      androgenetic individuals and suggested that YY rainbow trout are viable to at
      least the "eyed stage" of development. Inheritance patterns at two loci confirmed
      all-paternal inheritance. The relatively high yields of completely homozygous
      androgenetic rainbow trout and the potential for the use of androgenesis in the
      production of inbred lines and in genetic studies indicate that androgenesis may
      become a valuable tool in fish research and breeding.

PMID- 3998441
TI  - Shankless, a new mutation on chromosome 2 in the chicken.
AB  - A mutant condition characterized by absence of shanks is invariably present in
      chickens that are homokaryotypic for an X-ray-induced pericentric inversion to
      chromosome 2. The mutation was studied in 260 embryos at 19 days of incubation.
      Embryos produced from matings of parents with and without the inversion were
      karyotyped and their skeletons observed and measured. The mutant phenotype, which
      was seen in all birds homokaryotypic for the inversion, is characterized by
      malformed and reduced metacarpals, absence of tarsometatarsal shanks, increased
      tibia length, extra bones in digits two, three, and four, and fusion of proximal
      phalanges. Heterokaryotypic and homokaryotypic normal embryos had normal
      phenotypes, but the length of metacarpals was slightly reduced in
      heterokaryotypes. The primary effect of the mutation is to cause misplacement,
      malformation, and underdevelopment of metatarsals II, III, and IV. The recessive
      mutation, located in the proximal region of chromosome 2, has been designated
      shankless (shl).

PMID- 3998442
TI  - Two new mutations and a linkage map of Anopheles stephensi.
AB  - Genetic analyses of two new mutations in Anopheles stephensi are presented.
      Spotless wings (sl) and 2nd-3rd costal spots fused (2-3f) have been mapped on
      chromosome 2, approximately 79.5 map units apart. A preliminary linkage map for
      this species also is presented.

PMID- 3998443
TI  - Increased rates of sister chromatid exchanges induced by the herbicide 2,4-D.
AB  - The potential for genetic damage from widely used hormonic herbicides, such as
      2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), continues to be of serious concern. The
      mutagenic effect as reflected by the rates of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE)
      was determined in cultured human lymphocytes. Data were based on the analysis of
      50 cells for the control and each of the three treatments. A 50 micrograms/ml
      dosage caused a highly significant increase in SCE. Dosages of 100 and 250
      micrograms/ml elevated the rate of SCE, but not significantly. Since 2,4-D
      biodegrades rapidly in soil and water, its continued use is not in serious
      question until safer compounds are available. However, the results of this study
      suggest that the danger of genetic damage from direct exposure to commercial
      samples of 2,4-D should not be ignored.

PMID- 3998444
TI  - Chinese crested dog.
AB  - The Chinese crested dog is devoid of hair except for the crown of the head, lower
      part of the limbs and tail. The breed is produced by a dominant gene for
      hypotrichosis (Hr) in combination with the gene for long hair (l). The homozygote
      HrHr is a prenatal lethal, hence the Chinese crested dog is an obligate
      heterozygote. The long haired segregants, ++ ll, are known as powderpuffs.

PMID- 3998445
TI  - Nucleolus organizer regions in the chromosomes of the llama.
AB  - Silver nitrate (Ag-AS) staining was applied to chromosome preparations from the
      llama (Lama glama). The NORs were detected on the secondary constrictions of the
      short arms or the stalks of five small acrocentric chromosome pairs.

PMID- 3998446
TI  - Inheritance of the harlequin color in Great Dane dogs.
AB  - The harlequin color pattern of Great Dane dogs differs from merle in that the
      background is white instead of blue. Harlequin by harlequin matings produced 60
      black, 77 harlequin, 42 merle, and 35 homozygous merle pups. Harlequin by black
      matings produced 44 black, 26 harlequin, 25 merle, and one white (homozygous
      merle?) pups. All harlequins produced some merles. These data best fit the
      hypothesis that harlequin is a modification of merle (Mm) caused by an autosomal
      dominant mutation that is lethal to homozygotes, and to about half of
      heterozygotes when combined with the MM genotype. The symbol H is proposed for
      this mutation.

PMID- 3998447
TI  - Vascular access and nosocomial infections. Critical care medicine.

PMID- 3998448
TI  - Otosclerosis: a preventable cause of hearing loss.

PMID- 3998449
TI  - Morphologic assessment of operatively excised native cardiac valves.

PMID- 3998450
TI  - False aneurysm of the brachial artery following cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 3998452
TI  - How your practice can cope with change. Medical practice management.

PMID- 3998451
TI  - Surgical management of hemodialysis patients.

PMID- 3998453
TI  - Polycythemia in the newborn infant.

PMID- 3998455
TI  - Management of vasospasm from ruptured intracranial aneurysms with induced
      hypertension. Critical care medicine.

PMID- 3998454
TI  - Parental stress during and after pediatric ICU hospitalization.

PMID- 3998456
TI  - Neurologic signs and symptoms related to over-the-counter diet pills.

PMID- 3998457
TI  - Percutaneous renal stone extraction: experience with one stage procedures.

PMID- 3998458
TI  - Ethics and medicine. 1. Introduction.

PMID- 3998459
TI  - Localization of calcium in differentiating odontoblasts and ameloblasts before
      and during early dentinogenesis and amelogenesis in hamster tooth germs.
AB  - Potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide cytochemistry has been used to study
      the distribution of ionic calcium in hamster tooth germs during cell
      differentiation and during early dentinogenesis and amelogenesis. Before the
      onset of mineralization, pyroantimonate (PA) reaction product was found in the
      nucleus of differentiating preameloblasts and preodontoblasts. In the predentin,
      it was preferentially located along striated collagen fibrils, lying
      perpendicular to the basal lamina. At the onset of mineralization, a pronounced
      increase of PA reaction product was evident in the predentin and on the plasma
      membrane and in mitochondria of both preodontoblasts and preameloblasts opposite
      the mineralizing mantle dentin. During early enamel mineralization, PA reaction
      product was present in the "growing" crystal ends, while in the secretory
      ameloblasts, most of the PA reaction product was localized on the cytoplasmic
      side of the apical plasma membranes and in mitochondria. When Tomes' processes
      developed, PA reaction product, both cytoplasmic and membrane bound, was low or
      absent deep in the processes, but gradually increased toward the apical terminal
      web. A corresponding gradient of PA reaction product was observed on the opposing
      enamel crystallites. From this study we conclude that both preodontoblasts and
      preameloblasts seem to be involved in calcium acquisition necessary for the early
      stages of mantle dentin mineralization. Tomes' processes seem to regulate the
      entry of calcium into the enamel mineralization front.

PMID- 3998460
TI  - Family history of hypertension and cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress-
      effects of stimulus intensity and environment.
AB  - Normotensives with hypertensive parents have been reported to exhibit enhanced
      cardiovascular reactions to mental stress. We have examined the question of why
      this result was not confirmed in all studies. In addition we have investigated
      whether appropriate tests can be performed under clinical rather than laboratory
      conditions. Healthy male subjects were examined. In experiment I, under
      laboratory conditions, a standard stress test was intensified (n = 30). In
      experiment II the same test was used in a simplified version which did not
      require special equipment (n = 19). Blood pressure, heart rate and stroke volume
      (by impedance cardiography) were measured. In contrast to the results with the
      standard test, subjects with at least one hypertensive parent exhibited enhanced
      responses of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. We conclude
      that cardiovascular hyper-reactivity in subjects with hypertensive parents is
      only apparent using sufficiently intense stimuli. Although less pronounced, these
      differences can also be observed under clinical conditions.

PMID- 3998461
TI  - Enhanced sympathetic-adrenal medullary response to cold exposure in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - To investigate the regulation of sympathetic-adrenal medullary function in
      spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) male rats, we measured urinary catecholamine
      excretion for 4 h at room temperature and also during cold exposure (4 degrees C)
      in groups of four and 12-week-old stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP), stroke-resistant SHR
      (SHRSR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The effect of cold exposure on
      12-week-old adrenal denervated rats was also examined. At room temperature,
      urinary excretion of epinephrine, but not norepinephrine or dopamine, was
      increased significantly in four-week-old SHRSP and SHRSR rats compared with age
      matched WKY. The enhanced excretion of epinephrine at room temperature was not
      observed in hypertensive rats at 12 weeks of age. During cold exposure, urinary
      concentrations of each catecholamine increased markedly in rats of all three
      strains. In addition, the epinephrine response was significantly enhanced in
      SHRSP rats and the norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine responses were
      significantly enhanced in SHRSR rats. Following adrenal denervation, the urinary
      epinephrine response to cold exposure was abolished in all strains. These results
      reveal an enhancement of sympathetic and neurally-mediated adrenal medullary
      responses in prehypertensive SHR rats and a greater urinary epinephrine response
      to cold exposure in four and 12-week-old SHR rats. This alteration in
      catecholamine secretion may be important in the development and maintenance of
      this type of experimental hypertension.

PMID- 3998462
TI  - Effects of sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation on blood pressure and PNMT
      activity in medulla oblongata and spinal cord of normotensive and genetically
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of sinoaortic denervation on arterial blood pressure and central
      activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT, the last enzyme in
      adrenaline biosynthesis), were compared in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY),
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR-SP). Denervation of the arterial baroreceptors caused immediate
      increases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in all three strains which were
      maximal at 90 min (32 mmHg in WKY, 51 mmHg in SHR and 80 mmHg in SHR-SP). Spinal
      cord PNMT activity increased above sham-operated levels in WKY at 90 min, but
      PNMT levels in SHR and SHR-SP, already significantly higher than in WKY, were not
      altered acutely after sinoaortic denervation. Over a seven day period after
      baroreceptor denervation, MAP rose by 15 mmHg in WKY and PNMT activity was about
      100% greater in spinal cord and ventral medulla. In the two genetically
      hypertensive strains sinoaortic denervation failed to produce a further sustained
      rise in pressure or and PNMT activity in the ventral medulla or spinal cord. We
      suggest that increased activity of bulbospinal adrenaline neurons contribute to
      the sustained elevation in pressure seen in intact SHR and SHR-SP, as well as in
      WKY after denervation of arterial baroreceptors.

PMID- 3998463
TI  - A role for the spleen in the appearance of IgM in the bile of rats injected
      intravenously with horse erythrocytes.
AB  - The i.v. injection of the particulate antigens horse red blood cells (HRBC) and
      Salmonella enteritidis into rats results in the appearance of high levels of IgM
      agglutinating antibody in the serum and bile. This is in contrast to the
      appearance of specific IgA antibodies in bile after the injection of antigen into
      the Peyer's patches. At the height of the response, a fivefold to 10-fold
      increase in total IgM was found in bile, whereas there was no increase in IgA or
      in total protein levels. The biliary IgM was not associated with secretory
      component. Studies aimed at revealing the source of the IgM showed that neither
      immunized nor nonimmunized rats were able to transport 131I-rat IgM, but both
      groups were equally efficient at transporting 125I-rat IgA. Furthermore, specific
      anti-HRBC antibody could not be detected in the bile of rats that were injected
      with a high titer serum, indicating that blood is unlikely to be the source.
      Splenectomy of rats at the time of the injection of antigen, at 3 days after
      immunization had abrogated the biliary response, and at 5 days resulted in rapid
      decline in existing specific antibody level. Involvement of the spleen was
      additionally implicated when it was shown that injection of animals with immune
      spleen cells gave rise to specific antibodies in serum and bile. On the basis of
      these experiments, it is proposed that antigen entering the blood stream can
      stimulate a population of cells in the spleen that emigrates to the liver, where
      the cells localize and secrete IgM into bile.

PMID- 3998464
TI  - Lymphocyte recognition of lymph node high endothelium. VII. Cell surface proteins
      involved in adhesion defined by monoclonal anti-HEBFLN (A.11) antibody.
AB  - Lymphocyte entry into lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches (PP) occurs
      specifically at high endothelial cell venules (HEV). We previously isolated a
      high endothelial binding factor (HEBFLN) from rat lymph that blocked the
      lymphocyte binding sites of HEVLN but not HEVPP. In this study, mouse monoclonal
      anti-HEBFLN antibody (A.11) was used to investigate rat lymphocyte surface
      structures mediating adhesion to high endothelium. The A.11 antigen was expressed
      on the majority of thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL), spleen, LN, PP cells, but was
      only detected on few (1 to 10%) thymus and bone marrow cells (indirect
      immunofluorescence). The treatment of TDL with the A.11 IgG blocked their ability
      to bind to HEVLN. This effect was specific, inasmuch as A.11 antibody did not
      block lymphocyte binding to HEVPP, and an anti-leukocyte-common antigen
      monoclonal antibody, OX1, did not block lymphocyte binding to HEVLN. In addition,
      the A.11 antigen isolated from the lymph and detergent lysates of TDL by antibody
      affinity chromatography had the capacity to block the lymphocyte binding sites of
      HEVLN but not HEVPP. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that the A.11 antibody
      recognized the radioiodinated surface membrane proteins of TDL and TDL-derived T
      cells and B cells, which resolved with SDS-PAGE autoradiography into three
      polypeptides with relative m.w. of approximately 135,000, 63,000, and 40,000. We
      conclude that the A.11 antigen is a component of the lymphocyte surface
      recognition structure that mediates adhesion to high endothelial cells of rat
      peripheral lymph nodes.

PMID- 3998465
TI  - The induction of tolerance to thyroglobulin significantly reduces the severity of
      thyroiditis in obese strain chickens.
AB  - Obese strain chickens develop severe spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis several
      weeks after hatching, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and
      antibodies to thyroglobulin (Tg). The presence of antibodies to Tg suggests that
      Tg is an important antigen in this disease, but it does not provide definitive
      evidence. To clarify this point, Obese strain chicks were tolerized at hatching
      with Tg and then examined up to 6 wk later for antibodies to Tg, thyroid
      pathology, and function. Various tolerance regimens were tested. The optimal
      conditions were i.v. injection of Tg within 24 hr of hatching, and injection of
      at least 1 mg. Tg isolated from normal thyroid glands was satisfactory, and it
      did not have to be deaggregated. Tolerance induced by the above procedure
      significantly retarded all parameters of autoimmunity, although by 6 wk of age
      some of the tolerized chicks had severe thyroiditis. Multiple weekly injections
      of Tg were no more effective than a single injection at hatching. Interestingly,
      a single injection at hatching was very effective, yet it was cleared from the
      circulation within 24 hr. In summary, tolerance induced with Tg had a profound
      effect on the disease and thus provides good evidence for the role of Tg in this
      disease.

PMID- 3998466
TI  - Human natural killer cytotoxic factor (NKCF): role of IFN-alpha.
AB  - The relationship between production of NKCF and IFN-alpha by human lymphocytes
      was studied. NKCF activity was generated in response to K562-inducer cells. The
      presence of NKCF in supernatants was always accompanied by antiviral activity,
      but in several experiments IFN was detected without concomitant NKCF. In no
      instance was NKCF activity detected in the absence of IFN. Cell lines which were
      good inducers of IFN-alpha were found to be good inducers of NKCF. NKCF activity
      of supernatants was completely adsorbed after incubation with MOLT-4 cells,
      whereas there was only minimal depletion of IFN-alpha activity. Most of the
      antiviral activity and all of the NKCF activity of preformed supernatants was
      neutralized by anti-IFN-alpha serum, whereas anti-IFN-gamma serum and pH2
      inactivation had minimal effect on either activity. Addition of IFN-alpha to
      neutralized supernatants restored NKCF activity. These experiments support the
      hypothesis that IFN-alpha is involved in the modulation of NKCF-lytic activity.
      Both antiviral and NKCF activities were abrogated when anti-IFN-alpha serum was
      added to cultures of lymphocytes plus inducer cells (induction phase). The
      addition of purified IFN-alpha to such cultures was effective in allowing
      resumption of NKCF activity; however, addition of IFN-gamma to these cultures did
      not overcome this block. The addition of purified IFN-alpha directly to
      supernatants generated in the presence of anti-IFN-alpha serum could not restore
      their NKCF activity, thereby suggesting an additional requirement for IFN-alpha
      in the production of NKCF. The possible role of IFN-alpha in the generation of
      NKCF and expression of its lytic activity is discussed.

PMID- 3998467
TI  - E receptor-related immunosuppressive factor in malignant pleural fluid and
      plasma: molecular mechanism of action on DNA-polymerase-alpha.
AB  - We previously purified a potent serum suppressor factor from malignant ascites
      fluid and showed that it had serologic cross-reactivity with E receptor of human
      T lymphocytes. We termed this factor "suppressive E receptor factor" (SER).
      Subsequent studies on SER showed that SER interfered with the production of
      interleukin 1 and 2 as well as interfering with their activities on target cells.
      However, SER was not directly cytotoxic to lymphocytes. In this study, we
      compared the inhibitor of DNA-polymerase (IDP) activity with the suppressive
      activity on phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis on intact cells. These two
      activities were closely correlated (with a linear correlation coefficient of
      0.988) even with the whole plasmas derived from cancer patients. Fractionation
      and purification of IDP activity identified it with SER of a similar potency.
      Therefore, SER appeared to exhibit its potent immunosuppressive effect via its
      direct interference on DNA-polymerase activity. Furthermore, the DNA-polymerase
      inhibitory activity of SER appeared to be specific to DNA and it did not affect
      the RNA-polymerase activity. SER inhibition of DNA polymerase activity with
      respect to DNA primer as well as with the nucleotide substrate. Direct inhibition
      on DNA-polymerase-alpha activity may be one of the possible mechanisms of action
      of SER on lymphocyte proliferation.

PMID- 3998468
TI  - The membrane attack complex of complement: relation of C7 to the metastable
      membrane binding site of the intermediate complex C5b-7.
AB  - Isolated C7 (m.w. 120,000) in 1% deoxycholate (DOC) forms dimers with an apparent
      m.w. of 230,000 and a DOC-binding capacity of 82 mol per mol of dimer.
      Dimerization of C7 also occurs in the presence of DOC-phospholipid mixed micelles
      and eventuates in the insertion of C7 dimers into the lipid bilayer upon the
      removal of the detergent. C5b-7 complex formation in the fluid phase or on lipid
      vesicles likewise involves polymerization. C5b-7 sedimented with 17-40S, which
      suggests a dimeric to hexameric composition. In avidin-biotin binding experiments
      in which two differentially labeled forms of C5b,6 (biotinyl 125I-C5b,6, and 131I
      C5b,6) were used in equimolar amounts to assemble C5b-7, more than 50% of the
      biotinyl 125I-C5b,6-containing complexes also contained 131I label; again
      suggesting that C5b-7 consisted of oligomers rather than monomers. The
      conformation of C7 in C5b-7 and in dimeric C7 appeared similar by the following
      criteria. On formation of C5b-7 from C5b,6 and C7, a 20% increase in beta-pleated
      sheet structure was observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, and a similar
      change occurred on dimerization of isolated C7. Tryptic and thermolytic digests
      of C5b-7 and C7 dimers containing 125I-C7 were analyzed by autoradiography after
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were found to contain similar peptides
      that were distinct from those in the digests of monomeric C7. Direct evidence
      showing that the metastable membrane binding site of the C5b-7 complex resides in
      the C7 subunit was obtained by using the conjugates of C5b,6 and colloidal gold.
      Viewed in the electron microscope, these conjugates were aggregated upon the
      addition of isolated C7. In contrast, when conjugates of C7 and colloidal gold
      were treated with soluble C5b,6, no such aggregates occurred, but instead,
      individual C5b-7 complexes were observed arranged around single gold particles,
      resulting in star-like structures. The results strongly suggest that structures
      of C7 are responsible for the expression of the membrane binding site of
      metastable C5b-7.

PMID- 3998469
TI  - Self-association of the seventh component of human complement (C7): dimerization
      and polymerization.
AB  - Two association reactions of isolated C7 are described. The incubation of
      isolated C7 in 1% deoxycholate results in hemolytically inactive dimeric C7 that
      has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.3S. Dimeric C7 expressed hydrophobic domains
      that bound 41 +/- 4 mol deoxycholate per mol C7 and that aggregated upon removal
      of the detergent. The dimeric nature of the deoxycholate-treated C7 was
      demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation and by gel filtration, and yielded
      the following parameters: Mr = 230,000; diffusion coefficient, D = 2.9 X 10(-7)
      cm2/sec, and Stokes' radius, rH = 7.3 nm. Dimeric C7 exhibits an increased
      electrophoretic mobility and an increased beta-sheet structure, as compared with
      monomeric C7. Upon incubation with deoxycholate-phospholipid mixed micelles and
      removal of the detergent, the dimeric C7 became firmly associated with the lipid
      vesicles and was partially aggregated in the lipid bilayer. Trypsin treatment
      released approximately 50% of the protein material from the C7 vesicle complex.
      The other association reaction of isolated C7 occurs upon incubation with 1 M
      guanidine HC1; C7 forms soluble, linear protein polymers that have sedimentation
      coefficients ranging from 20 to 30S. The strands are 5 to 8 nm wide and vary in
      length between 20 to 100 nm. They tend not to aggregate, they are hemolytically
      inactive, and they exhibit increased beta-sheet structure, as compared with
      monomeric C7. They can be dissociated to hemolytically active monomers by
      exposure to 4 M guanidine HC1 and by subsequent 100-fold dilution with buffer.
      Isolated C5 or C6 did not exhibit any of these properties. The results suggest
      that the properties acquired by C7 in the hydrophilic-amphiphilic transition may
      be responsible for the expression of the membrane binding site of "metastable"
      C5b-7 and for the polymerization of C5b-7 within the target membrane.

PMID- 3998470
TI  - Prostaglandin production by phagocytic cells of the mouse thymic reticulum in
      culture and its modulation by indomethacin and corticosteroids.
AB  - The production of prostaglandins by phagocytic cells of the thymic reticulum in
      culture (P-TR) was studied by using high pressure liquid chromatography and
      radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunologic determinations showed that thromboxane B2
      (TXB2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6 keto-PGF1
      alpha) were the major compounds released into the culture medium, whereas
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was only a minor component. Indomethacin and
      dexamethasone exerted a similar pattern of differential inhibition of the
      secretion of prostanoids. PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha productions were markedly
      decreased by these anti-inflammatory drugs, whereas those of TXB2 and PGF2 alpha
      were not or were only slightly affected. Experiments performed with an
      antiglucocorticoid compound (RU 38486) showed that the steroid-induced inhibition
      of prostanoid secretion is a classical receptor-mediated action. These results
      demonstrated that phagocytic cells of the thymic reticulum, which resemble the
      thymic interdigitating cells, produce several types of prostaglandins. Because it
      has been described that P-TR regulate thymocyte proliferation in vitro via the
      secretion of both interleukin 1 and PGE2, these results suggest that anti
      inflammatory agents may be able to modulate the thymic microenvironment and,
      consequently, thymocyte proliferation.

PMID- 3998471
TI  - Regulation of the Fc-receptor-mediated respiratory burst: treatment of primed
      murine peritoneal macrophages with lipopolysaccharide selectively inhibits H2O2
      secretion stimulated by immune complexes.
AB  - The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the Fc-receptor-mediated
      respiratory burst in murine peritoneal macrophages has been examined. After
      treatment overnight with small quantities of LPS, macrophages exhibited dramatic
      diminution of their capacity to generate and secrete H2O2 when triggered with
      immune complexes. The effect of LPS treatment was dependent on the state of
      macrophage functional activation; only cells that were primed or fully activated
      in vivo or were treated with interferon-gamma in vitro were sensitive to this
      effect of LPS. The LPS-mediated loss of secretory function was both dose and time
      dependent and could be reproduced with the lipid A moiety of LPS. The effect was
      selective for H2O2 secretion triggered through the Fc receptor; the respiratory
      burst stimulated by phorbol diesters remained unaltered. Furthermore, LPS
      treatment did not alter either binding or ingestion of radiolabeled immune
      complexes in parallel with the change in H2O2 secretion, indicating that the
      suppressive effect was not due to compromised endocytic function. These results
      indicate that LPS treatment of primed macrophages regulates the function of Fc
      receptors and may uncouple receptor occupancy from generation and secretion of
      H2O2.

PMID- 3998472
TI  - Genetic control of resistance to Coccidioides immitis: a single gene that is
      expressed in spleen cells determines resistance.
AB  - We have previously reported that inbred mice vary widely in their resistance to
      Coccidioides immitis peritonitis. To investigate the number of genes controlling
      resistance, (susceptible X resistant)F1 X susceptible backcross mice were tested
      for resistance to infection. A 1:1 ratio of resistant:susceptible offspring was
      observed, which is consistent with a single dominant gene determining resistance.
      To find out whether this gene, which we designated Cms, is expressed in the
      immune and/or the inflammatory responses, radiation chimeras were constructed by
      transplanting spleen cells from the resistant F1 mice into the susceptible
      parental strain. These chimeras were consistently more resistant to infection
      than the susceptible parental strain. We concluded that resistance to C. immitis
      is determined primarily by a single gene, and that this gene is expressed by
      spleen cells.

PMID- 3998473
TI  - Induction of granuloma modulation in murine schistosomiasis mansoni by enteric
      exposure to schistosome eggs.
AB  - Enteric administration of antigen can induce systemic tolerance. In murine
      schistosomiasis mansoni, blood flukes produce eggs which enter the intestine. An
      immunologic phenomenon associated with this disease is a spontaneous diminution
      in the intensity of the granulomatous response in the liver, lungs, and colonic
      mucosa with chronic infection, which is termed modulation. It was determined
      whether modulation of liver granulomas could be induced by enteric immunization
      with schistosome eggs. Mice infected for 4 wk were immunized by injection of
      25,000 eggs into cecal pouches. This induced modulation of liver granulomas by
      the eighth week of infection. Neither cecal injection of normal saline nor i.p.
      or subcutaneous injection of eggs could induce the modulatory process. Modulation
      could be adoptively transferred from enterically immunized donors by injection of
      spleen cells into infected recipients or into uninfected recipients with
      synchronous liver granulomas induced by the hepatic embolization of schistosome
      eggs. Spleen cells treated with anti-Thy-1.2 or anti-Lyt-1.1 and complement could
      no longer adoptively transfer modulation. These data show that enteric
      immunization with schistosome eggs can induce modulation of the liver granuloma
      by a cellular mechanism similar to that described for the natural infection.

PMID- 3998474
TI  - Complement-mediated serum cytotoxicity for Leishmania major amastigotes: killing
      by serum deficient in early components of the membrane attack complex.
AB  - Leishmania major, the agent of Oriental sore, is an obligate intracellular
      parasite of macrophages in mammalian hosts. Man's immune defense against this
      organism requires participation of specifically sensitized lymphocytes and
      activated macrophages. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that as little
      as 1/120 concentration of normal human serum is highly cytotoxic for the
      amastigote form of L. major. Initiation of the lethal process occurs rapidly,
      requiring only 30 sec of parasite exposure to serum, and is mediated by antibody
      independent activation of the alternate complement pathway. The molecular
      mechanism of cytotoxicity is not known, but may require participation of the
      membrane attack complex, C5b-9. We investigated this possibility by treating
      amastigotes with human sera genetically deficient in complement components C5, 6,
      7, 8, or 9. We then measured viability of treated parasites by amastigote
      promastigote conversion. Our results were quite unexpected: not only did C9
      deficient serum kill organisms, but sera singly deficient in each of the
      preceding components C6 to C8 were also cytotoxic. The degree of cytotoxicity was
      related both to serum concentration and to the point in the complement cascade at
      which deficiency occurred. Sera lacking C6 or C7 were less cytotoxic than those
      deficient in C8, which were less toxic than those deficient in C9. Cytoxicity of
      deficient sera was abolished by heating serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min. These
      findings indicate that an incomplete membrane attack complex may mediate
      cytotoxicity for L. major amastigotes. Moreover, our results raise important
      questions regarding the mechanism by which the complex is assembled on the
      surface of a living, unicellular eukaryotic organism.

PMID- 3998475
TI  - Mice constitutive for sex-limited protein (SLP) expression contain multiple Slp
      gene sequences.
AB  - The murine fourth component of complement (C4) and sex-limited protein (Slp) are
      two closely related serum proteins whose structural genes map to the S region of
      H-2. Serum C4 levels vary as much as 20-fold between C4 high (C4H) and C4 low
      (C4L) strains, and Slp expression can be null (SlpO), limited to male mice of a
      subset of C4H strains (Slp+), or "constitutive" (SlpC), in which female as well
      as male mice express Slp. In this study, we compare, by genomic Southern blot
      analysis, the C4 and Slp genes from eight congenic inbred mouse strains
      representative of three distinct phenotypes: C4H, Slp+ (two strains), C4H, SlpO
      (two strains), C4H, SlpC (three strains), and C4L, SlpO (one strain). By using
      cDNA probes that recognize both C4 and Slp genes, and are derived from the
      extreme 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA as well as internal coding sequences, we find
      no evidence to suggest that strain-specific variations in the expression of C4
      and Slp are due to gross deletions of major portions of the structural genes. In
      most cases, two distinct C4/Slp genes are detected; hybridization with C4- and
      Slp-specific probes indicate that one of these is C4 and the other is Slp. The
      three SlpC strains are exceptional: they carry at least four C4/Slp genes; one of
      these hybridizes to the C4-specific probe whereas the remaining genes hybridize
      to the Slp-specific probe. Hence, multiple duplication of a gene containing Slp
      sequences has occurred in certain strains of mice, and this is accompanied by
      constitutive expression of the Slp protein.

PMID- 3998477
TI  - The analysis of measurements of murine natural killer cell activity.
AB  - Several methods of analysing murine NK response measurements have been compared
      in order to select a quantitative objective measure of NK activity . The fitting
      of data from 51chromium release experiments to the formula y=A(1-e-kx)((termed
      the "k method" and shown by Pross et al. (J. Clin. Immunol. (1981) 1,51) to be
      beneficial in analysing human the NK response) has been particularly evaluated.
      Computer simulated curves as well as experimental NK dose response curves were
      analysed testing data in which a plateau level of chromium release had not been
      reached. Results obtained by the "k method" were very dependent on both the
      portion of the curve used for the analysis and on small deviations of the data
      from the theoretical form of the equation. In the analysis of murine NK response
      the "k method" has no clear advantage over other methods.

PMID- 3998476
TI  - Rat monoclonal antibodies. IV. Easy method for in vitro production.
AB  - A simple technique for in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies is described.
      Two to 5 X 10(6) hybridoma cells are diluted in 300 ml of medium in a 2 litre
      'roller bottle' and incubated for 2 weeks without subsequent adjustment of the
      cell concentration or renewal of the medium. The method is based on the
      observation that when hybridoma cell cultures are maintained in the same medium,
      although cell growth stops after a few days and the percentage of dead cells
      increases rapidly, the amount of monoclonal antibody present in the culture
      medium increases up to the 15th day, the yield reaching more than 10 mg per
      flask. The method can be used both for rat and mouse hybridoma cell culture.

PMID- 3998478
TI  - Flow cytometry sorting of unlabelled epidermal Langerhans cells using forward and
      orthogonal light scatter properties.
AB  - A variety of techniques based on the presence of specific markers has been
      proposed to enrich Langerhans cells from epidermal cell suspensions. Computer
      analysis of multiparameter flow cytometry records involving forward angle and
      orthogonal scattered light and immunofluorescence of epidermal cells allowed us
      to determine the scattering properties of Langerhans cells. Unlabelled cells
      sorted according to these properties were shown to be Langerhans cells by
      electron microscopy and/or subsequent labelling by anti-HLA-DR monoclonal
      antibody. The relevance of this method is discussed to sorting viable Langerhans
      cells which may be used in functional studies and for establishing long-term
      culture.

PMID- 3998479
TI  - The influence of murine macrophage-conditioned medium on cloning efficiency,
      antibody synthesis, and growth rate of hybridomas.
AB  - Murine B-cell hybridomas made with the P3X63-AG8.653 myeloma showed increases in
      cloning efficiency and efficiency of growth in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine
      (HAT) medium of 50-100-fold in the presence of medium conditioned by primary
      mouse peritoneal macrophages (MCM). Similar effects were elicited by MCM from 3
      continuous macrophage lines. The J774A.1 line conditioned the medium as
      efficiently as primary macrophages without induction. Conditioning by the P388D1
      line was several-fold less efficient, but could be increased by treating the
      cells with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. By contrast, the BJ-1 macrophage
      line required treatment with the lipopolysaccharide to induce expression of the
      hybridoma growth factor(s). Four commercially available serum supplements could
      not substitute for MCM, but addition of MCM and the supplements together
      stimulated the growth rate of hybridomas in media with 4% or less fetal bovine
      serum. The rate of antibody synthesis paralleled the growth rate, and the amount
      of antibody synthesized per cell was approximately the same for hybridomas grown
      in medium supplemented with MCM or adapted to growth in the absence of MCM. The
      results indicate that MCM has advantages as an alternative to 'feeder cells' and
      serum supplements in hybridoma cultures, and suggest that MCM may be useful for
      hybridoma culture at reduced serum concentrations. The nature of the soluble
      factor(s) in MCM which promote these effects remains unknown.

PMID- 3998481
TI  - Histopathology of the disease causing mass mortality of sea urchins
      (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in Nova Scotia.

PMID- 3998480
TI  - A method for determination of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of
      human peripheral mononuclear cells.
AB  - A method is described for measuring antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
      (ADCC) of mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood using an established
      murine cell line and commercially prepared antisera. The test utilizes a standard
      51Cr release technique. The ADCC activity of mononuclear cells obtained from 10
      healthy human volunteers was measured at 4 different effector: target cell
      ratios. A linear relationship between %51Cr release (ADCC) and the number of
      effector cells was observed.

PMID- 3998482
TI  - Bactericidal activity of granules isolated from amoebocytes of the horseshoe
      crab, Limulus polyphemus.

PMID- 3998483
TI  - Observations of in vitro gametangial copulation and oosporogenesis in Lagenidium
      giganteum.

PMID- 3998484
TI  - Ultrastructural analysis of pathologic lesions in sterol-deficient
      Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae.

PMID- 3998485
TI  - The effects of naphthalene on the ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas of the
      fiddler crab, Uca minax.

PMID- 3998487
TI  - Effects of salinity, pH, organic solutes, anaerobic conditions, and the presence
      of other microbes on production and survival of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes:
      Lagenidiales) zoospores.

PMID- 3998486
TI  - Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda): effect of urethane on the morphology and
      function of hemocytes, and on susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda).

PMID- 3998488
TI  - Intracellular melanization of the larvae of Dirofilaria immitis in the malpighian
      tubules of the mosquito, Aedes sollicitans.

PMID- 3998489
TI  - Biochemical composition of the connective tissue in keloids and analysis of
      collagen metabolism in keloid fibroblast cultures.
AB  - Keloids are histologically characterized by an abundance of the extracellular
      matrix of connective tissue. In the present study, we examined the connective
      tissue composition of keloids, and analyzed the details of collagen metabolism
      utilizing fibroblast cultures established from keloid tissue. Quantitative
      connective tissue analyses indicated that collagen was the predominant
      extracellular matrix component in keloids. The ratio of genetically distinct
      collagens type I/III was significantly increased, as compared to normal human
      skin. Collagen biosynthesis was measured in fibroblast cultures by the formation
      of radioactive hydroxyproline: 5 of 9 keloid cell cultures studied demonstrated
      increased procollagen production in comparison to age-, sex-, and passage-matched
      control skin fibroblast lines, while the remaining 4 cell lines were within the
      control range. Keloid fibroblast cultures which were high collagen producers also
      demonstrated elevated prolyl hydroxylase activity. The mechanisms of increased
      procollagen production in fibroblast cultures were first examined by assaying the
      abundance of type I procollagen-specific mRNA utilizing dot blot hybridizations
      with a pro alpha 2(I)-chain-specific cDNA. The type I procollagen mRNA levels
      were significantly increased in 4 keloid fibroblast lines, and a good correlation
      between the mRNA levels and the rate of procollagen production in the same
      cultures was noted. These observations suggest regulation of the collagen gene
      expression on the transcriptional level. The catabolic pathway of collagen
      metabolism in fibroblast cultures was examined by determining the degradation of
      newly synthesized procollagen polypeptides through assay of radioactive
      hydroxyproline in small-molecular-weight peptide fragments. In 3 keloid cell
      cultures, the degradation of newly synthesized collagen polypeptides was below
      the range of normal controls. These findings suggest that a reduced degradation
      of newly synthesized polypeptides might contribute to the accumulation of
      procollagen in some keloid fibroblast cultures. The results of this study suggest
      two possible mechanisms for deposition of collagen in keloid lesions in vivo:
      first, the growth of the lesions may result from a localized loss of control of
      the extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts; secondly, reduced degradation
      of the newly synthesized procollagen polypeptides may contribute to collagen
      deposition in some keloids.

PMID- 3998490
TI  - A morphologic study of a mild form of ovine dermatosparaxis.
AB  - A mild form of dermatosparaxis has recently been identified in sheep from several
      properties in central Victoria. Examination of the skin of affected animals by
      both transmission and scanning electron microscopy has shown that the structure
      of the majority of the collagen fibrils is irregular and the distorted fibrils do
      not pack into tight and well-ordered fiber bundles. Examination of the skin by
      light microscopy has shown that the fiber bundles are not compact and interwoven,
      and that there is a tendency for the collagen to form layered sheets in the
      reticular dermis. These studies also show that there is no buildup in the elastic
      tissue component, but that there is an increased population of fibroblasts in the
      affected animals.

PMID- 3998491
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in human skin after exposure to a pulsed laser.
AB  - Selective vascular injury following irradiation using a pulsed laser source at
      577 nm was examined using ultrastructural methods in the skin of 3 fair-skinned
      healthy human volunteers. This vascular-specific damage was confined to the
      papillary dermis. Red blood cells were altered in several ways. As well as an
      increase in the electron density, configurational distortion modified the normal
      biconcave forms to ameboid structures. The most interesting finding was the
      appearance within these altered cells of well-defined circular/oval electron
      lucent areas of 800 A diameter, possibly representing a heat-fixed record of
      steam formation within the red blood cell. In addition, considerable degenerative
      changes were evident in endothelial cells and pericytes, while mast cells,
      neutrophils, histiocytes, and fibroblasts as well as collagen bundles immediately
      surrounding most laser-damaged blood vessels appeared normal.

PMID- 3998492
TI  - Epidermal Langerhans cells--a cycling cell population.
AB  - The limited number of Langerhans cells (LC) in human epidermis and the resultant
      technical difficulties have left open the question of LC kinetics. In the present
      study using flow cytometry (FCM) we have applied 3 methods to estimate LC-DNA
      distribution: (1) FCM-DNA measurement on highly enriched LC suspensions, (2) FCM
      correlated analysis of DNA and OKT-6(+) cells in total epidermal cell
      suspensions, (3) LC-enriched suspensions (70-90%) were FACS (fluorescence
      activated cell sorter) sorted on microscopic slides, and stained with the Feulgen
      technique, and DNA was measured densitometrically. In the latter method,
      contaminating keratinocytes were counterlabeled with antikeratin serum to
      eliminate them from LC-DNA estimation. All 3 in vitro analyses clearly showed
      that human LC are a cycling cell population in the epidermis. The number of LC in
      S (1.3-3.3%) and G2/M (1.0-2.5%) phase compares with those found for
      keratinocytes. Assuming that this percentage of keratinocytes in S and G2/M
      phases is sufficient to maintain the structural integrity of the epidermis, it
      was suggested that LC may represent a stable, self-reproducing cell population in
      normal epidermis.

PMID- 3998493
TI  - Immunogold technique applied to simultaneous identification of T6 and HLA-DR
      antigens on Langerhans cells by electron microscopy.
AB  - A double-labeling immunogold technique in electron microscopy and specific
      monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens of Langerhans cells (OKT6 and BL2) were
      applied to assess directly the coexpression of two cell surface antigens (T6 and
      HLA-DR antigens) in a heterogeneous epidermal cell suspension. Electron
      microscopic examination of double-labeled cells revealed that all Birbeck granule
      containing Langerhans cells bound OKT6 and BL2. The preparation of markers with
      colloidal gold particles and the procedure for double labeling are described.
      Several problems related to the steric hindrance and current artifacts are
      illustrated by micrographs and also discussed.

PMID- 3998494
TI  - Phosphodiesterase inhibition by Ro 20-1724 reduces hyper-IgE synthesis by atopic
      dermatitis cells in vitro.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from patients with atopic
      dermatitis spontaneously produce large amounts of IgE in vitro. These cells also
      show markedly elevated levels of cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) which may be
      responsible for the observed abnormal cAMP responsiveness. Treatment of atopic
      dermatitis MNL with varying concentrations of the cAMP PDE inhibitor Ro 20-1724
      resulted in progressively decreasing amounts of IgE synthesis, statistically
      significant at the 10(-4) M and 10(-5) M concentrations. There was a close
      correlation between PDE inhibition and inhibition of IgE synthesis, r = 0.93, p
      less than 0.05. To define the cellular target of the drug, we used monoclonal
      antibodies directed toward MNL subsets (Lyt 3, OKT8, OKT4, monocyte-myeloid) in a
      modified "panning" method to perform experiments with purified subsets. With
      untreated subsets, removal of OKT4-positive cells significantly reduced IgE
      synthesis; readdition of OKT4-positive cells enhanced IgE synthesis. OKT8 cells
      and monocytes did not affect IgE synthesis. Pretreatment of T cell-depleted MNL
      with Ro 20-1724 resulted in significantly more inhibition of IgE synthesis than
      did pretreatment of T enriched cells prior to recombination with the reciprocal
      untreated subset and subsequent culture. Similarly, pretreatment of monocyte
      depleted cells resulted in significantly more inhibition of IgE synthesis than
      pretreatment of monocyte-enriched cells prior to recombination and culture. The
      majority of the effect appeared to be mediated by a direct effect on the B cells.
      However, some inhibition of IgE synthesis was also achieved through pretreatment
      of T enriched cells. Since pretreatment of isolated suppressor/cytotoxic or
      helper/inducer T-cell subsets did not give the same degree of inhibition as with
      unfractionated T cells, a T-T interaction may be involved in this aspect. The
      imidazolidinone derivative, Ro 20-1724, significantly and consistently inhibited
      both the elevated cAMP phosphodiesterase activity and the elevated spontaneous
      IgE synthesis of MNL from patients with atopic dermatitis. These findings
      demonstrate a previously undescribed link between cAMP PDE levels and in vitro
      IgE synthesis.

PMID- 3998495
TI  - Suppression of graft-versus-host reactivity in the mouse popliteal node by UVB
      radiation.
AB  - A single exposure of recipient (C57BL6 X C3H-) F1 (B6C3F1) mice to UVB radiation
      suppressed the graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction to injected C3H- lymphoid cells,
      as measured by the popliteal lymph node weight gain assay. Several observations
      provided evidence to suggest that this effect of UVB radiation is nonspecific and
      involves an alteration of the host lymphoid cell component of the reaction.
      First, the nonspecific trauma of mild thermal injury also suppressed the GVH
      reaction. Second, although treatment of mice with rose bengal and visible
      radiation suppresses contact hypersensitivity while treatment with eosin and
      visible radiation does not, both types of phototoxic treatment suppressed the GVH
      reaction. Third, implantation of spleens from normal B6C3F1 mice into UVB-treated
      or thermally injured recipient mice at the time of injection of graft cells
      overcame the suppression of the GVH reaction. Finally, treatment of donor B6C3F1
      mice with UVB radiation did not suppress the host-versus-graft reaction in
      recipient C3H- mice, which suggests that radiation does not alter the stimulatory
      function of B6C3F1 cells. These findings are all consistent with a hypothesis
      that UVB radiation suppresses GVH reactivity by reducing the host component of
      this immune response through diversion of cells from the site of the reaction.
      Thus an alteration of cell trafficking appears to be an additional pathway by
      which UVB radiation can produce immunosuppression.

PMID- 3998496
TI  - FACS purification of bone marrow-derived epidermal populations in mice:
      Langerhans cells and Thy-1+ dendritic cells.
AB  - A method was developed which allows for the separation and purification of
      Langerhans cells (LC) and Thy-1+ cells (Thy-1+dEC) from mouse epidermis.
      Epidermal cell (EC) suspensions were subjected to Ficoll separation, and the
      resulting interface EC were harvested. These EC were then "tagged" with the
      appropriate monoclonal antibody and sorted into positive and negative populations
      using the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS). Preparations of viable LC
      and Thy-1+dEC were obtained with 94-98% and 94-99% purities, respectively.

PMID- 3998497
TI  - Proportions of various straight and branched fatty acid chain types in the
      sebaceous wax esters of young children.
AB  - The fatty acid composition of sebaceous wax esters was examined in 20 children,
      ages 6-8, using quartz capillary gas chromatography. The results were compared
      with a previously reported study of wax ester composition in 10 adults, in which
      the same analytical techniques were used. The children's wax esters showed more
      variability in the proportions of all fatty acid chain types than was found in
      adults. The most striking difference between the 2 age groups was in the
      proportions of iso-branched fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms. These
      ranged from 1-26% of fatty acids in the children's wax esters but were not more
      than 3% of fatty acids in the adults' wax esters. Some of the variability in wax
      ester fatty acid composition in children seemed to be related to variation in
      rates of sebum production. The highest percentages of terminally branched (iso
      even, iso-odd, and anteiso) and the lowest percentages of internally branched
      fatty acids were found in the children with the lowest rates of sebum secretion.
      However, even in children with similar rates of sebum secretion there were
      considerable differences in wax ester fatty acid composition, especially with
      respect to iso-even fatty acids. The results suggest that sebum fatty acid
      composition is influenced both by genetic factors and by limitations on the
      supply of precursors for terminally branched, but not internally branched, fatty
      acids.

PMID- 3998498
TI  - Heterogeneity of basal keratinocytes: nonrandom distribution of thymidine-labeled
      basal cells in confluent cultures is not a technical artifact.
AB  - Basal surface autoradiography of [3H]dThd-labeled, confluent, keratinocyte
      cultures reveals that proliferating cells have a nonrandom, patterned
      distribution. Unlabeled cells, likewise, appear nonrandomly in clusters. We show
      here that failure to detect DNA synthesis in some basal cells in culture is not
      an artifact caused either by physical separation of the labeled nuclei from the
      radiographic emulsion or by a diffusion barrier that would prevent [3H]dThd from
      reaching basal cells.

PMID- 3998499
TI  - Ionic calcium reservoirs in mammalian epidermis: ultrastructural localization by
      ion-capture cytochemistry.
AB  - Although calcium ions have been shown to regulate the differentiation of
      keratinocytes in vitro, the role of divalent cations in vivo is not known. Prior
      attempts to localize divalent cations in epithelial tissues have been impeded by
      a lack of specificity of ultrastructural techniques, as well as translocation of
      precipitates within tissues. The availability of an improved cytochemical method
      (oxalate-pyroantimonate technique) has facilitated more precise, reliable
      localization of calcium. When this technique (+/- 10 mM EGTA) was applied to
      neonatal mouse epidermis, Ca++-containing precipitates localized primarily within
      the cytosol, mitochondria, and nuclear chromatin of some basal and spinous cells,
      suggesting a possible relationship of Ca++ with the cell cycle. In the lower
      granular layer, progressively more Ca++ precipitates appeared intercellularly,
      with the only intracellular Ca++ localized within mitochondria and lamellar
      bodies (limiting membranes and discs). The most apical granular cells always
      demonstrated dense extracellular deposits, and high intracellular Ca++, free in
      the cytosol. The extruded contents of lamellar bodies, at the granular-cornified
      layer interface, also demonstrated significant amounts of Ca++-containing
      precipitates between the lamellar discs. Although some corneocytes in the lower
      stratum corneum demonstrated intracellular precipitates, most were deviod of
      Ca++. The striking intercellular Ca++ accumulation in the mid granular layer,
      coupled with Ca++ influx in the upper granular layer, supports the view that
      changes in intracellular Ca++ may regulate epidermal differentiation. Finally,
      the association of Ca++ with lamellar body disc membranes and contents suggests
      that divalent cations may contribute to both lamellar body secretion and to the
      formation of intercorneocyte membrane bilayers.

PMID- 3998500
TI  - The in vitro response of fibroblasts to the fluid that accumulates under a vapor
      permeable membrane.
AB  - We decided to examine whether the mechanism for production of granulation tissue
      during moist wound healing under a vapor-permeable membrane (VPM) is related to a
      fibroblast growth-promoting substance in the wound fluid beneath the VPM. The
      experimental design utilized growth curves performed on synchronized fibroblast
      cultures derived from 2 normal infants. Cell counts were performed at days 1, 4,
      7, and 11 (saturation density). VPM fluid (MWF, moist wound-healing fluid) from 7
      different patients was used to supplement growth medium (GM) in the test growth
      curves. Both 2% MWF alone and 2% MWF plus 2% human serum (2 + 2) were evaluated
      for each patient. Control curves were conducted using GM supplemented with 2%,
      4%, and 10% human serum (HS). When 2% MWF alone was added to culture medium, all
      cells lifted off the surface of the flask within 4-7 days. If (2 + 2) was used to
      supplement the medium, detachment did not occur. At days 4, 7, and 11, (2 + 2)
      flasks had significantly greater cell densities than did flasks supplemented with
      either 2% or 4% HS alone (p less than 0.001). At days 4 and 7, (2 + 2) cell
      counts were the same as 10% HS cell counts (p = 0.99). By day 11, (2 + 2) cell
      counts exceeded those of 10% HS (p less than 0.01). We conclude that the fluid
      that collects under the specific VPM used in this study when added to HS causes
      synergistic stimulation of fibroblast cell division and an altered pattern of
      fibroblast growth.

PMID- 3998501
TI  - A comparison of glycosaminoglycan synthesis by human fibroblasts from normal
      skin, normal scar, and hypertrophic scar.
AB  - Fibroblasts isolated from normal skin, normal scar, and hypertrophic scar tissues
      were compared with respect to their growth curves, protein contents, and
      abilities to synthesize glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). While no significant
      differences were found with respect to protein content or population doubling
      times, we did find significant differences in the proportions of radiolabel
      incorporated into the various GAGs among the 3 groups of cell lines. Using a dual
      label technique to label both hyaluronic acid and the sulfated GAGs, we isolated
      labeled constituents from the extracellular, the pericellular, and the cellular
      fractions by pronase digestion and gel filtration and identified the various GAGs
      by electrophoresis and selective digestion with enzymes. Of the GAGs isolated
      from the extracellular fraction, hypertrophic scar fibroblasts incorporated
      proportionately more 35S into chondroitin sulfate and less into heparan sulfate
      and more [3H]glucosamine into hyaluronic acid than did normal skin fibroblasts.
      Of the GAGs isolated from the cellular fraction, hypertrophic scar fibroblasts
      incorporated proportionately more 35S into heparin and less into dermatan sulfate
      and more [3H]glucosamine into hyaluronic acid than did normal skin fibroblasts.
      These differences in biosynthesis may help to explain the differences in GAG
      content in skin and scars found in vivo and to give insight into the development
      of hypertrophic scars.

PMID- 3998502
TI  - Studies on human scar tissue proteoglycans.
AB  - The proteoglycans (PGs) in pooled normal scars and pooled hypertrophic scars were
      extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride and isolated by DEAE-cellulose
      chromatography. The PG samples were then fractionated further by dissociative
      CsCl density gradient sedimentation. Following cleavage of the density gradient
      PG fractions with alkaline NaB3H4, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) constituents were
      isolated and analyzed by quantitative cellulose acetate electrophoresis. In
      addition, single samples of normal skin and a keloid scar were also analyzed. The
      results showed that the hypertrophic scars had a higher average content of
      extractable and also residual PGs than did the normal scars but a wide range of
      values was obtained for each type of scar. Some differences were noted in the
      amounts and distribution of the GAGs in CsCl gradient fractions, in the different
      types of scar tissue. The PGs in tissues were distributed in low-, medium-, and
      high density fractions and are, therefore, heterogeneous. Dermatan sulfate (DS)
      was the major GAG in each tissue and smaller quantities of chondroitin sulfate
      (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), and heparin (HP) were also present. In addition, 2
      other GAG constituents were also detected. Based on the susceptibility of these
      GAGs to enzymes and nitrous acid treatments, one was a HS or HP while the second
      was a DS. The major differences in the PG composition of the scar tissues were
      the higher proportions of low-density CS-PGs in the keloid scar and of low
      density DS-PGs in hypertrophic and keloid scars.

PMID- 3998503
TI  - Altered patterns of cutaneous xenobiotic metabolism in UVB-induced squamous cell
      carcinoma in SKH-1 hairless mice.
AB  - Cutaneous xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes including aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
      (AHH), 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECD), epoxide hydrolase (EH) and
      glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were examined in SKH hairless mice
      chronically irradiated with UVB to induce squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Enzyme
      activities in irradiated tumor-bearing skin were compared to those present in the
      skin of nonirradiated control animals as well as in unirradiated non-tumor
      bearing skin sites of the SCC-bearing mice. The inducibility of skin AHH and ECD
      in each set of animals was assessed following a single topical application of
      coal tar (1 ml/100 g). Enzyme-mediated binding of [3H]benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and its
      metabolite 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10
      tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE-I) to epidermal DNA was also evaluated. Basal AHH
      and ECD activities in microsomes from UVB-irradiated SCC-bearing dorsal skin were
      4.6- and 4.8-fold lower than those in dorsal skin of nonirradiated control
      animals. Enzyme activities in non-tumor bearing ventral skin from the UVB
      irradiated SCC-bearing mice also were 2.2 to 2.8-fold lower as compared to
      activities in the nonirradiated control animals. The reduction in AHH activity
      paralleled the levels of enzyme-mediated binding of radiolabeled BP metabolites
      and of BPDE-I to epidermal DNA. GST activity was found to be increased (173%) in
      non-tumor bearing ventral skin of UVB-irradiated mice whereas no difference in
      activity between SCC-bearing dorsal skin and dorsal skin of control animals could
      be detected. EH activity was unchanged in each group of animals. Treatment with
      topically applied coal tar resulted in higher inducibility of AHH and ECD in both
      SCC-bearing (13-fold) as well as in non-tumor skin sites (6-fold) of UVB
      irradiated mice than in skin of control animals (3-fold). Coal tar application
      also increased the covalent binding of [3H]BP and of the metabolite BPDE-I to
      skin DNA. This was greater in SCC-bearing dorsal skin (119-129%) than in
      nonirradiated skin of control animals (48-62%). Our studies suggest that the
      metabolism of BP by cutaneous cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenases is
      impaired in skin of mice irradiated chronically with UVB. The higher inducibility
      of these monooxygenases by topically applied coal tar and the enhancement of the
      associated enzyme-mediated covalent binding of BP metabolites and BPDE-I to
      epidermal DNA indicate that repetitive exposure of mammalian skin to UVB
      radiation can profoundly alter the activity and the inducibility of drug and
      carcinogen metabolizing enzymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998504
TI  - Cutaneous responses to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE).
AB  - The responses to 12-HETE in normal human skin have been investigated by means of
      intradermal and topical administration in 15 subjects. Intradermal infusion of 12
      HETE produced a neutrophil polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltrate in the
      dermis. Topical administration resulted in a dose-related erythematous response
      to 200 ng-50 micrograms. This was accompanied by a neutrophil and mononuclear
      dermal infiltrate at 6 and 24 h after application. In addition, collections of
      neutrophils were present in the epidermis in 4 of 10 subjects biopsied at 6 h and
      in all patients biopsied 24 h after topical application. Intradermal and topical
      application of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODD), a chemically similar but
      chemokinetically inactive substance, did not produce neutrophil infiltration of
      the epidermis, nor did the chemical irritant nonanoic acid. The results suggest
      that the cellular infiltrates produced in vivo in humans by 12-HETE are due to
      its chemoattractant properties and are not the result of a nonspecific
      inflammatory response.

PMID- 3998505
TI  - Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis immunotype J associated with trachoma in
      children in an area previously endemic for trachoma.
AB  - Chlamydia trachomatis immunotype J was isolated from the eye of a five-year-old
      Navajo child with trachoma. This is the first such isolate from a patient in an
      area previously endemic for trachoma. Chlamydial infection of the genitals among
      the Navajo Indians is common, and we have isolated immunotype J from the genital
      tract of women in this area. This most recent case points to the occurrence of
      "genital" trachoma. This occurrence adds evidence to the assertion that trachoma
      may be caused by the "genital" immunotypes of C. trachomatis. Therefore, the
      traditional distinction between ocular and genital strains may be artifactual.

PMID- 3998506
TI  - The effect of Chlamydia trachomatis on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: requirements for opsonization.
AB  - The factors involved in the in vitro interaction of two strains of Chlamydia
      trachomatis with polymorphonuclear leukocytes were studied by employing the
      technique of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Unopsonized, partially purified
      elementary bodies of chlamydia failed to induce a significant chemiluminescence
      response when compared with serum-activated zymosan (less than 90%). Opsonization
      of the chlamydia with human sera greatly enhanced the chemiluminescence response.
      This enhancement was independent of the presence or absence of antibody specific
      for chlamydia or of complement. Primate serum had 77% of the activity of human
      serum; nonprimate sera (sheep, cow, horse, and rabbit) demonstrated substantially
      less activity. The magnitude of the chemiluminescence response observed with
      opsonized chlamydia was also dependent on the chlamydia-to-polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte ratio, with the greatest effect seen at 10:1. Chlamydia opsonized with
      human sera containing less than 100 mg of IgG/dl did not stimulate
      chemiluminescence more than did unopsonized chlamydia. These results suggest that
      human IgG may interact with C. trachomatis independent of specific antibody
      binding sites.

PMID- 3998507
TI  - Effects of praziquantel on different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni
      in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - To discern whether stage-specific resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to
      praziquantel occurs in vitro, we determined minimal effective concentrations
      (MECs) of drug needed to increase motor activity, produce contraction and/or
      paralysis, and cause tegumental vesiculation of developmental stages from day 0
      to day 42 of S. mansoni. Recovery of these stages from exposure to praziquantel
      in vitro was also evaluated. MECs of praziquantel inducing increased motor
      activity and muscular contraction or paralysis or both were 0.005-0.01
      micrograms/ml, irrespective of the stage examined. However, day-3 lung forms were
      more resistant than other stages when either drug-induced tegumental vesiculation
      (MEC, 1 microgram/ml) or recovery from drug exposure was tested. Three-day
      infections with S. mansoni in CF1 mice were also less responsive to praziquantel
      treatment than were infections of shorter or longer duration. The concentrations
      of praziquantel and periods of drug exposure causing gross tegumental damage to
      S. mansoni in vitro correlated with the peak serum levels and time course of
      unchanged praziquantel associated with reduction of worm burden in vivo. Thus,
      stage-specific resistance of S. mansoni to praziquantel does occur in vitro and
      correlates better with the tegumental than the muscular action of the drug.

PMID- 3998508
TI  - Diarrhea associated with typhoid fever.
AB  - To study the pathogenesis of diarrhea occurring with typhoid fever, we selected
      42 patients with diarrhea and blood cultures positive for Salmonella typhi or
      Salmonella paratyphi A, but without diarrheal copathogens, for measurement of
      stool output and examination of fecal composition. The mean duration of fever
      before hospitalization was 9.5 days, and the mean duration of diarrhea was 5.8
      days. All patients passed liquid stool on their first day in the hospital,
      ranging in volume from 4 to 172 ml/kg with a mean of 45 ml/kg. Red blood cells
      were in the stools of 57% of the patients. All patients had fecal leukocytes with
      a mean of 4,950 leukocytes/mm3, predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In
      the stools, the mean protein concentration was 9.3 g/liter; the mean pH was 6.1,
      and the mean concentration of electrolytes was as follows: sodium, 47 mEq/liter;
      potassium, 48 mEq/liter; and chloride, 43 mEq/liter. The mean total CO2 was 24
      mmol/liter. During treatment with chloramphenicol, this group of patients showed
      daily improvement with a drop in both fever and stool output. The results
      indicate that patients with diarrhea during typhoid fever have a wide range of
      rates of purging, and the diarrhea is characterized by liquid stool containing
      large quantities of leukocytes and protein and is resolved by treatment with
      chloramphenicol.

PMID- 3998510
TI  - Nosocomial coxsackie B4 virus infections in two chronic-care pediatric
      neurological wards.

PMID- 3998509
TI  - Surveillance of Lyme disease in the United States, 1982.
AB  - Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness that has been reported from three regions in
      the United States--the Northeast, Midwest, and West--which correspond to the
      distribution of the recognized vectors of the disease, Ixodes dammini and Ixodes
      pacificus. In 1982, a surveillance system designed to define the morbidity and
      geographic distribution for Lyme disease by using a clinical case definition
      received information on 491 definite cases and 38 probable cases. Of the definite
      cases, 489 were acquired in endemic areas of the Northeast or Midwest; one case
      was acquired in Utah and one in western Pennsylvania, two areas where the illness
      had not been previously reported. Three states that previously had not reported
      cases of Lyme disease (Kentucky, Indiana, Montana) reported probable cases. In
      37% of the definite cases, the patients had neurological symptoms (most commonly
      reported was headache with stiff neck, suggestive of meningitis), 10% cardiac
      symptoms (most commonly reported was palpitations), and 54% arthritic symptoms
      (most commonly reported in large joints). The occurrence of Lyme disease in areas
      outside the currently recognized endemic regions, as well as the recent
      description of Amblyomma americanum as a probable vector, suggest that additional
      vectors may be described in the future.

PMID- 3998511
TI  - Tryptophan auxotypy associated with Staphylococcus aureus that produce toxic
      shock-syndrome toxin.

PMID- 3998512
TI  - Control of production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) by magnesium ion.

PMID- 3998513
TI  - Influence of salmonella bacteremia on the survival of mice infected with
      Schistosoma mansoni.

PMID- 3998514
TI  - Attitudes and behavior of health care personnel regarding the use and efficacy of
      influenza vaccine.

PMID- 3998515
TI  - Comparative in vivo activity between intravenous immune globulin prepared by
      reduction and alkylation or by low pH.

PMID- 3998516
TI  - Vector analysis: pathogen-insect interactions.

PMID- 3998517
TI  - Vaccine crisis: an emerging societal problem.

PMID- 3998518
TI  - The human tumor stem cell assay revisited.
AB  - The human tumor stem cell assay (HTSCA) is a bilayer soft agar system for growing
      fresh human tumor specimens in vitro to determine drug sensitivity and improve
      our understanding of tumor biology. Recent clinical correlations of 60% accuracy
      for predicting a positive clinical response and a 90% accuracy for predicting a
      lack of response to therapeutic agents suggest promising clinical usefulness.
      However, the clinician should be aware of the assay's inherent pitfalls, such as
      heterogeneity of the tumor specimen, inability to obtain pure single-cell
      suspensions, low cloning efficiency, unusual drug dose-dependent survival curves,
      uncertain validity of in vitro pharmacology, non-standardized criteria for in
      vitro sensitivity, and the variability of in vitro results. A brief summary of
      the concepts, potential, and limitations of this assay are discussed.

PMID- 3998520
TI  - [Surgical treatment of superior vena cava syndrome].

PMID- 3998519
TI  - [Aortic valvular disease with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve].

PMID- 3998521
TI  - [Modified Fontan operation for single ventricle].

PMID- 3998522
TI  - [An approach through the left atrium for the repair of corrected transposition of
      great arteries with dextrocardia, ventricular septal defect and tricuspid
      regurgitation in situs inversus].

PMID- 3998523
TI  - [Surgical findings of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia--a report of
      three cases].

PMID- 3998525
TI  - [Surgical treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: report of nine cases].

PMID- 3998524
TI  - [Antithrombogenic therapy based on the study of the changes in platelet
      aggregability and blood coagulability in the early period after prosthetic valve
      replacement].

PMID- 3998526
TI  - [Aortopulmonary shunt using an expanded polytetrafluoloethylene graft:
      quantitative analysis of graft flows by multiple regression].

PMID- 3998528
TI  - [Management of tetralogy of Fallot with hypoplastic pulmonary arteries by
      palliative patch reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract].

PMID- 3998527
TI  - [Emergency operations of abdominal aortic lesions in dissecting aneurysms of the
      thoracic aorta].

PMID- 3998529
TI  - [Correlation between postoperative bleeding and hematological changes at the end
      of extracorporeal circulation].

PMID- 3998530
TI  - [Indication for patch enlargement of the small aortic annulus during aortic valve
      replacement with Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve].

PMID- 3998531
TI  - [Emergency cardiovascular surgery on 101 infants under 12 months of age].

PMID- 3998532
TI  - [Surgical treatment of a double-outlet right ventricle (DORV)--early and late
      results in the anatomical forms].

PMID- 3998533
TI  - [Cineradiographic evaluation of Bjork-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis--factors
      affecting tilting motions of the valve ring and its clinical significance].

PMID- 3998534
TI  - [Myocardial ultrastructural changes and cardiac performance in valvular heart
      disease--a clinical study].

PMID- 3998535
TI  - [Supraventricular arrhythmias following mitral valve operations--a complication
      related to surgical incision into the atrium].

PMID- 3998536
TI  - [Reoperation after correction for tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 3998538
TI  - [Radionuclide assessment of right ventricular function during rest and exercise
      following surgical repair of mitral stenosis].

PMID- 3998537
TI  - [Risk score to evaluate preoperative patients with bronchogenic carcinoma].

PMID- 3998539
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary artery branch stenosis].

PMID- 3998540
TI  - [Postoperative change of extravascular lung water in patients undergoing chest
      surgery].

PMID- 3998541
TI  - [Long-term results in 295 patients undergoing open mitral commissurotomy].

PMID- 3998542
TI  - [Clinical evaluation for extended surgery of lung cancer involving surrounding
      structures].

PMID- 3998543
TI  - [The optimal potassium concentration in cardioplegic solutions].

PMID- 3998544
TI  - [Staged surgical treatment of complex form of coarctation of the aorta in
      neonates and infants].

PMID- 3998545
TI  - [Extraperiosteal air plombage for the treatment of postpneumonectomy empyema with
      bronchial fistula--a case report].

PMID- 3998546
TI  - [Two cases of resection of small intestine with metastatic lesion of bronchogenic
      carcinoma after pulmonary resection].

PMID- 3998547
TI  - [Malignant pleural mesothelioma with invasion to the ribs and the spine--report
      of a case].

PMID- 3998548
TI  - [A case report of type B WPW syndrome with Ebstein's anomaly; division of Kent
      bundle by epicardial approach].

PMID- 3998549
TI  - [Cross-linking between nucleic acids and proteins: application to DNA polymerase
      alpha].

PMID- 3998550
TI  - The nature of gestational choriocarcinoma latent over two years.
AB  - In cases of gestational choriocarcinoma, the period from antecedent pregnancy to
      the onset of the disease (latent period) is watched as a risk factor. When this
      period was calculated in about 106 cases collected, a period of more than 2 years
      was found in 8 cases. Therefore, concerning these 8 cases, investigation was made
      into the chief complaint, the kind of antecedent pregnancy, clinical stage
      classification, hCG value on diagnosis, histological classification and
      prognosis. As to the kind of antecedent pregnancy, 7 cases out of 8 were
      hydatidiform moles (87.5%). However, in 98 cases with a latent period within 2
      years, the number of cases of mole antecedent was 54 (55.1%). With the
      lengthening of the latent period the incidence of antecedent hydatidiform mole
      tended to increase. Moreover, in the histological classification, particularly in
      our CPV classification, 7 cases were seen to be P type or V type. In the long
      term cases over 2 years a high degree of histological malignancy was observed
      compared with those of latent periods of less than 2 years.

PMID- 3998551
TI  - Relationship between maternal prolactin levels during pregnancy and lactation in
      women with pituitary adenoma.
AB  - To evaluate the relationship between maternal prolactin (PRL) levels and post
      puerperal lactation, serum PRL levels in patients with pituitary adenoma were
      serially measured throughout pregnancy. The patients were divided into two
      groups. In patients in group 1 with complete resection of the adenoma by
      transsphenoidal surgery, the serum PRL level did not show a sharp rise with the
      onset of pregnancy as can be seen in normal pregnancy, but continued at low
      levels of 30ng/ml or lower until the term. In patients in group 2 who had
      successful pregnancies following incomplete resection of pituitary adenoma in
      combination with bromocriptine or bromocriptine therapy alone, high PRL levels
      were maintained from early in gestation until term. One out of 3 patients in
      group 1 showed good lactation despite low PRL levels during pregnancy.
      Conversely, in 22 patients in group 2 with high PRL levels during pregnancy,
      there were 3 patients with insufficient lactation. After suckling stimuli, the
      maternal PRL level did not rise in either group. These results suggest that the
      PRL level in maternal blood during pregnancy might not influence the amount of
      lactation in puerperium. In addition, an abnormally high or low PRL level during
      pregnancy did not affect the PRL level in cord blood or amniotic fluid or the
      growth of neonates.

PMID- 3998552
TI  - The changes in CAP activity in first trimester placental chorionic villi and
      maternal serum, and their clinical significance.
AB  - We investigated the CAP activity of placental chorionic villi and maternal serum
      in the first trimester using a new ultramicro fluorometric method and obtained
      the following results: The CAP activity of the lysosome fraction (C3) was the
      greatest of the first trimester villi fractions (6.8 +/- 1.5n mol AMC/min/mg
      protein). No changes in CAP activity were seen in each fraction for the same wet
      weights of chorionic villi obtained during the different trimesters. The peak
      volumes (found with Sephadex G200) of the first trimester chorionic villi C3
      fraction and the first trimester maternal serum almost coincided. CAP activity in
      normal healthy pregnant women in the 5th to 13th weeks of gestation rose
      gradually as pregnancy advanced. Maternal serum CAP activity was found to be
      lower than normal when abortion was imminent, but in cases in which the prognosis
      was favorable, the clinical signs, such as genital bleeding and lower abdominal
      pain, vanished and the values returned to within the normal range. However, when
      the prognosis was poor, the clinical signs did not improve and the values
      remained below normal. These findings suggest that first trimester CAP is
      produced by the lysosome fraction (C3) of the chorionic villi and that its
      activity in the maternal serum is directly related to placental function.

PMID- 3998553
TI  - [Chlamydial infection in perinatal period].

PMID- 3998555
TI  - [Herbal medicines therapy of anovulation].

PMID- 3998554
TI  - Isolation of human sperm cell membrane glycoproteins.

PMID- 3998556
TI  - [Case report of cornual polyp in tubal sterility].

PMID- 3998557
TI  - Effect of levamisole therapy on lepromin reaction in lepromatous leprosy cases.

PMID- 3998558
TI  - Persistence of Langhans' giant cells in rapidly downgrading leprosy lesions.

PMID- 3998559
TI  - Hepatotoxicity of the daily combination of 5 mg/kg prothionamide + 10 mg/kg
      rifampin.
AB  - Because a 13% incidence of hepatotoxicity was observed in a first study of
      multibacillary leprosy patients treated daily with dapsone, rifampin, and 10
      mg/kg thioamide, the patients were treated in a second study with 5 mg/kg
      thioamide in daily combination with dapsone and rifampin. In this study, monthly
      assessments of liver function were performed in order to detect early hepatic
      disturbances. Despite the reduced dosage of thioamide, a 16.5% incidence of
      hepatotoxicity was observed among 110 multibacillary patients. However, jaundice
      was observed in only 2 out of 18 cases of hepatotoxicity (11%); whereas it was
      observed in 5 out of the 7 cases of hepatotoxicity (71%) in the first study (p
      less than 0.05). The decrease in the thioamide dosage and the performance of
      monthly assessments of liver function did not decrease the incidence of
      hepatotoxicity but did decrease its severity. It is concluded that thioamide
      should not be used in daily combination with rifampin unless the daily dose is 5
      mg/kg and monthly assessments of liver function are routinely performed.

PMID- 3998560
TI  - Risk of paucibacillary leprosy patients released from control relapsing with
      multibacillary leprosy.
AB  - We studied 51 paucibacillary patients who had relapsed after cessation of dapsone
      monotherapy. Among the 51 relapses, the lepromin-negative group had a
      significantly higher risk of relapsing with multibacillary leprosy compared with
      the lepromin-positive group of patients. The significance of these findings is
      discussed.

PMID- 3998561
TI  - Absence from sera from normal individuals or from rifampin-treated leprosy
      patients (THELEP trials) of antibody to rifamycin-protein or rifamycin-membrane
      conjugates.
AB  - It has been reported that normal individuals have precipitating antibody which
      binds to rifamycin-conjugated proteins. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has
      failed to confirm this claim, although antibodies demonstrable in a solid-phase
      binding assay are easily raised in mice if complete adjuvant is used. Moreover,
      no antibodies to rifamycin-protein conjugates were found in sera from the
      patients included in THELEP trials of six rifampin-containing regimens.
      Similarly, there was no antibody by the indirect Coombs test performed in another
      laboratory. Further studies using rifamycin-membrane conjugates regarded as more
      likely to be immunogenic in vivo also failed to reveal antibody in patients'
      sera, although this technique revealed an interesting antibody in one of four
      control sera known to be positive by the indirect Coombs test.

PMID- 3998563
TI  - In vitro studies on dermal granulomas of human leprosy--cellular characteristics.
AB  - Single-cell suspensions from the granulomas of leprosy cases were prepared for an
      in vitro study of the properties of the infiltrating cells. Biopsies from 44
      untreated patients with tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy were analyzed. The
      granulomas were found to contain lymphocytes and "large cells" (epithelioid cells
      and macrophages). The number of lymphocytes was significantly higher in the
      suspensions from the tuberculoid granulomas in comparison to the suspensions from
      the lepromatous granulomas. A high percentage of lymphocytes from the tuberculoid
      granulomas formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, and also showed the presence
      of esterase as dots in the cytoplasm. However, the lymphocytes did not form
      rosettes with EAC. Most of the "large cells" from both types of granulomas were
      esterase positive, exhibited peroxidase activity, and did not carry receptors for
      C3. A high percentage of "large cells" in the tuberculoid granulomas was
      nonadherent to a plastic surface, while the lepromatous granulomas contained a
      high proportion of adherent "large cells."

PMID- 3998562
TI  - Immunoglobulins in leprosy.
AB  - Serum immunoglobulins were estimated by the single radial immunodiffusion
      technique and the results were compared among various groups of leprosy patients.
      Most of the serum immunoglobulin classes are increased in lepromatous leprosy
      patients. Controls from different regions in Thailand and even from two
      populations in the same region show different results. This can lead to different
      interpretations of results in leprosy patients and may explain apparent
      discrepancies in earlier studies of serum immunoglobulins in leprosy.

PMID- 3998564
TI  - Leprosy control in Shandong Province, China, 1955-1983; some epidemiological
      features.
AB  - A comprehensive leprosy control program was launched in Shandong Province,
      People's Republic of China, in 1955, with the establishment of the Provincial
      Skin Disease Control Institute and a network of Skin Disease Control Stations and
      leprosy hospitals at the county level. Through repeated different methods of case
      finding, dapsone monotherapy, and intensive follow up, incidence has decreased
      from 5.1 to 0.46/100,000 in 25 years. Findings such as the increase in the mean
      age at onset and in the lepromatous-to-tuberculoid ratio, and a general decline
      in the age-specific incidence in successive cohorts, are in concurrence with the
      findings in other countries where leprosy is disappearing.

PMID- 3998565
TI  - [Study on effect of pre-operative combined therapy against esophageal cancer-
      with special reference to histologic and radiologic criteria for the effect of
      radiation and chemotherapy].

PMID- 3998566
TI  - [Evaluation of adjuvant Endoxan therapy in curative resected patients with
      stomach cancer].

PMID- 3998567
TI  - [Radiotherapy of laryngeal cancer].

PMID- 3998568
TI  - [Evaluation of the second-look operation in the management of carcinoma of the
      ovary].

PMID- 3998569
TI  - [Advances in the treatment of urogenital cancer].

PMID- 3998570
TI  - [Malignant progression of oral leukoplakia--a long-term follow-up study].

PMID- 3998571
TI  - [Experimental study on antitumor effect of methylcobalamin (CH3-B12) (I)].

PMID- 3998572
TI  - [Thyroid adenocarcinoma presumably secreting T3 in metastatic bone lesions].

PMID- 3998573
TI  - [Flow cytometric measurement of adriamycin in 3T3 cells].

PMID- 3998574
TI  - [Selective intraarterial infusion of OK-432 in advanced malignancies].

PMID- 3998575
TI  - [Study of macrophage in animals treated with immunochemotherapeutic agents].

PMID- 3998576
TI  - [A study of cytohistology of human cancer cells in vivo and in vitro--in relation
      to sensitivity for carcinostatic agents].

PMID- 3998577
TI  - [Chylous ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis, with special reference to
      lymphangiography and lipoprotein analysis of chylous ascites].

PMID- 3998578
TI  - [A case of acute alcoholic myopathy with rhabdomyolysis].

PMID- 3998579
TI  - [An autopsy case of Weber-Christian disease associated with abnormal lipid
      metabolism].

PMID- 3998580
TI  - [Genetic mutants of plasma apolipoprotein E--apo E-5 and apo E-Suita--associated
      with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis].

PMID- 3998582
TI  - [82nd Congress of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. April 4-6, 1985,
      Nagoya, Japan. Abstracts].

PMID- 3998581
TI  - [Studies on the results of anti-toxoplasma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
      false positive reactions in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis,
      rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 3998583
TI  - Irreducible buttonhole dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the
      finger (a case report).
AB  - Dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the finger rarely present
      a problem in reduction. However, reduction may be prevented by buttonholing of
      the joint capsule and volar plate by the head of the proximal phalanx.

PMID- 3998584
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome in a melorheostotic limb.
AB  - Melorheostosis can be associated with various soft tissue lesions of the affected
      limb. A case is presented in which a severe carpal tunnel syndrome developed in a
      middle-aged woman with melorheostosis of the right upper limb since childhood.

PMID- 3998585
TI  - The hand complications of Colles' fractures.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty-five patients with displaced Colles' fractures were
      followed to union, and 209 patients to six months, specifically searching for
      hand pathology. The incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome was seventeen per cent at
      three months and twelve per cent at six months. The patients with the syndrome
      were significantly older and their fractures showed significantly greater
      residual dorsal angulation. Sixteen patients developed Dupuytren's disease
      between three and six months, when the incidence was eleven per cent. These
      patients were significantly older and had average fractures and anatomical
      results. All cases were mild, with only two contractures. Twenty-one patients
      were reviewed at a mean of 20.7 months post-fracture, when no case had
      significantly progressed.

PMID- 3998586
TI  - Dislocation of the hamate bone.

PMID- 3998587
TI  - The extensor retinaculum of the wrist: an anatomical and biomechanical study.
AB  - Through an anatomical and biochemical study, utilizing sixty-five cadaver
      specimens, the extensor retinaculum of the wrist was examined. It is a complex
      variable fibrous structure, whose functions are to prevent dorsal bowstringing of
      the extensor tendons and to prevent radial and ulnar displacement of extensor
      tendons. We recommend that a portion of the extensor retinaculum be preserved or
      reconstructed at the time of dorsal wrist surgery.

PMID- 3998588
TI  - Ulnar instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb.
AB  - A method of reconstruction of the long standing rupture of ulnar collateral
      ligament of the thumb is described. Its advantage is the tightness with which the
      tendon used for repair can be sutured to achieve maximum stability. This has been
      used in eight patients in the past four years and provided a stable and painless
      thumb.

PMID- 3998589
TI  - Ligament reconstruction of the thumb carpometacarpal joint using a modified Eaton
      and Littler technique.
AB  - A modification of the Eaton and Littler technique for reconstructing ligaments
      and restoring stability of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is described.
      We use a strip from the flexor carpi radialis tendon, which is split down to the
      crest of the trapezium. The tendon strip is led beneath the ligaments and the
      abductor pollicis longus insertion, through a tunnel drilled in the metacarpal
      base, around the insertion of the flexor carpi radialis tendon and finally back
      to the dorsum of the base of the metacarpal where it is inserted in the
      periosteum. This procedure ensures a dynamic fixation of the apical ligament and
      therefore a better stability.

PMID- 3998590
TI  - Osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. An analysis of
      operative procedures.
AB  - This paper presents a clinical review of patients operated by different
      procedures for disabling osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the
      thumb. Fusion of the joint resulted in pain relief, and the patients achieved a
      stable thumb with excellent strength. Although a minor loss of thumb motion was
      noted, this was not considered a problem. Excision of the trapezium gave good
      results with respect to pain relief, but there was loss of thumb stability and
      strength. Implant arthroplasty with a silicone prosthesis appeared to give a
      painfree, stable and mobile thumb, but there was loss of power. In conclusion,
      arthrodesis is the method of choice if reduction of strength is to be avoided.

PMID- 3998591
TI  - Trigger wrist caused by a giant cell tumour of tendon sheath.
AB  - Trigger wrist is a rare condition unlike the trigger finger of the
      metacarpophalangeal joint. This report describes a case of trigger wrist
      secondary to a giant cell tumour of the flexor tendon sheath. No previous reports
      are available in the medical literature.

PMID- 3998592
TI  - Hand injury with paint-gun.
AB  - Paint-gun injuries are notoriously disabling, far more so than those caused by
      other foreign materials as they carry a high morbidity rate. Forty-three cases of
      high pressure injection injury due to paint-guns have been reported in the
      English literature. The four new cases reported here reflect the effects of
      injury by the epoxy resins, relatively recently introduced and widely used in
      heavy industry.

PMID- 3998593
TI  - Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma.
AB  - A large aponeurotic fibroma situated on the dorsum of the hand of a fourteen-year
      old Nigerian male is reported. Out of forty-three juvenile aponeurotic fibromata
      of the hand documented in the literature, only two cases occurred on the dorsum.

PMID- 3998594
TI  - Osteoclastoma of the first metacarpal.
AB  - A case of osteoclastoma of the first metacarpal is reported. Reconstruction by en
      bloc excision and autologous bone graft is described. Other therapeutic options
      are reviewed.

PMID- 3998595
TI  - Measurement of tendon blood flow in rabbits by microsphere uptake and 133Xe
      washout.
AB  - Blood flow was measured in the calcaneal tendons of rabbits using the techniques
      of labelled microsphere uptake and 133Xe washout simultaneously. There was no
      correlation between the results obtained with the two methods in individual
      animals. It is doubtful if the assumptions underlying the 133Xe washout technique
      are valid when it is used to measure blood flow in tendons.

PMID- 3998596
TI  - Blood flow in the arm under brachial plexus anaesthesia.
AB  - Changes in blood blow and skin temperature have been measured in the arms of
      twenty patients under brachial plexus anaesthesia. A rise in each was noted in
      every patient. The patients were subdivided into two groups of ten. The
      anaesthetic administered to the patients of one group contained adrenaline (1 in
      100,000), and the patients in the other group received the same anaesthetic but
      with no added adrenaline. The rise in flow volume, flow velocity and temperature
      was greater in the group which received adrenaline. The difference in change of
      flow volume was significant (P less than 0.05), the difference in temperature
      rise highly significant (P less than 0.01), but the difference in change of flow
      velocity was not significant.

PMID- 3998597
TI  - The functional significance of the oblique retinacular ligament of Landsmeer. A
      review and new proposals.
AB  - The author presents a review of the current ideas of the function of the oblique
      retinacular ligament, first introduced by Landsmeer. It was suggested that the
      oblique ligament plays an important role in synchronizing the movements of the
      two distal phalanges and that it initiates extension of the maximally flexed
      distal phalanx. The author raises some objections to these ideas, referring
      partly to experiments performed by Harris and partly to some experiments reported
      in the present paper. These experiments disclosed that extension of the maximally
      flexed distal phalanges was actively initiated by motor forces. The author
      proposes another function of the oblique retinacular ligament, i.e. as a
      restraining and thus stabilizing force of the flexed terminal phalanx when the
      fingertip is used for pressure while the proximal interphalangeal joint is forced
      into full extension.

PMID- 3998598
TI  - Median nerve function after tendon transfer for ulnar paralysis.
AB  - This is a long term follow-up study of the median nerves of 128 leprosy patients
      who originally had pure ulnar palsy for which they had tendon transfers to
      correct claw hand. Of the thirty-one cases in which the carpal tunnel was not
      used as a pathway for tendon grafts, 16% developed median palsy in the subsequent
      years. Of the ninety-seven cases in which tendon grafts were passed through the
      carpal tunnel, 7% developed a transient median nerve palsy and 11% developed
      permanent median palsy. None of the median nerve palsies developed during the
      weeks or months of post-operative re-education or observation, but were noted at
      follow-up visits months or years later. It is concluded that the use of the
      carpal tunnel did not significantly affect the status of those high-risk median
      nerves in cases of leprosy.

PMID- 3998599
TI  - Injury to the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve during cubital tunnel surgery.
AB  - This report calls attention to the increasingly common operative complication of
      injury to the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve during surgery on the cubital
      tunnel. The anatomical variations of site of this nerve are described, as well as
      typical examples of injury seen clinically.

PMID- 3998600
TI  - Digital nerve grafting using the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve.
AB  - The dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve has been found to have the
      appropriate size and sufficient length for use as a digital nerve graft. This
      donor nerve was utilised fifteen times in twelve patients for the bridging of
      defects in thirteen digital nerves of the fingers. After an average follow-up of
      23.2 months, only one patient failed to achieve any two point discrimination in
      the area supplied by the involved digital nerve. The other eleven patients had an
      average two point discrimination of 9.5 mm with a range of 5 to 18 mm. Painful
      neuroma formation or loss of hand function related to the use of the dorsal
      sensory branch of the ulnar nerve as a donor for digital nerve grafts was not
      encountered.

PMID- 3998601
TI  - The pathobiology of human neuromas: an electron microscopic and biochemical
      study.
AB  - The formation of neuroma scar after trauma or neurorrhaphy is believed to be
      mediated by the response of collagen forming fibroblasts. In this study of twenty
      human neuromas, myofibroblasts were identified as a component of the scar. These
      cells occurred singly or as aggregates. There was a qualitative increase of
      myofibroblasts during the period from two to six months post-injury. From six
      months to one and one-half years post-injury, numbers and aggregations of
      myofibroblasts diminished, concurrent with collagen proliferation.
      Ultrastructural alcian blue staining and biochemical analyses revealed a
      glucosamine--glycosaminoglycan matrix within neuromas when compared to control
      nerves. Myofibroblasts appear to play a part in the pathobiology of human
      neuromas.

PMID- 3998602
TI  - The personality of hand surgeons.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate some aspects of motivation to
      practise hand surgery, psychological mindedness and personality characteristics
      in a group of 212 Hand Surgeons. The data was obtained by administering the
      Eysenck Personality Inventory, an especially constructed questionnaire, in a
      group setting at two conferences in Australia.

PMID- 3998603
TI  - Surgical treatment of the non-functional spastic hand.
AB  - The authors use Zancolli's classification for the surgical evaluation of the
      spastic upper limb. The paper describes the surgical technique used by the
      authors in the treatment of twenty-six patients grade III, having a "non
      functional hand". After justifying the treatment, the technique is described
      which includes a time for the elbow to relax the antebrachii flexors and M.
      Epitrochlearis, a time for defunctioning the pronators and relaxing the flexors
      by intramuscular tenotomy. Transplantation of the flexors of the wrist is carried
      out to the extensors of the wrist and fingers. The thumb-in-palm is corrected by
      a tenotomy of the Adductor and Flexor Pollicis Brevis and transplanting the
      Brachioradialis to the tendons of the first dorsal compartment.

PMID- 3998605
TI  - Methods of evaluation of the functional results of flexor tendon repair of the
      fingers.
AB  - The methods used by Buck-Gramcko, Kleinert and Tsuge in evaluating the functional
      results of flexor tendon repair were each applied to assess the functional
      outcome in sixty-seven fingers where both tendons had been severed in "no man's
      land". The method of Buck-Gramcko gave the highest rating, and the three methods
      showed evident differences in the results of evaluation after surgery. The study
      suggests a need for one standard method of measurement and recording, if a
      comparison of results after flexor tendon repair is to be of value. We found that
      the method of Buck-Gramcko incorporated the most essential features in the
      functional evaluation.

PMID- 3998606
TI  - Attritional flexor tendon rupture due to a scaphoid non union imitating an
      anterior interosseous nerve syndrome: a case report.
AB  - A case is presented of acute loss of function of flexor pollicis longus and
      profundus tendon to the index finger. Although the aetiology was obscure, the
      acute onset suggested a mechanical cause rather than a nerve compression disorder
      such as anterior interosseous nerve palsy. X-rays showed an ununited scaphoid
      fracture related to an injury many years previously. Surgical exploration
      revealed attritional rupture of flexor pollicis longus and partial division of
      profundus tendon to index finger by a spicule of ununited scaphoid which had
      eroded through the volar capsule. Removal of the spicule and tenodesis of flexor
      pollicis longus gave a good long term result.

PMID- 3998604
TI  - Ischaemic isolated retraction of the abductor digiti minimi.
AB  - A case of hyperabduction of the little finger due to ischaemic retraction is
      presented. Operative release of the abductor digit minimi produced good result.
      The differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 3998607
TI  - Does surgical glove powder increase adhesions in flexor tendon surgery?
AB  - The effects of surgical glove powder on adhesion formation after surgery on the
      flexor tendons in the chicken was analysed biomechanically. Surgical glove powder
      did not increase adhesion formation in flexor tendon surgery.

PMID- 3998608
TI  - One stage thumb reconstruction using a previously injured little finger from the
      contralateral hand.
AB  - A patient, with a combination of unrelated hand injuries, underwent a one stage
      thumb reconstruction, utilizing the stump of the opposite little finger by means
      of a free tissue transfer.

PMID- 3998609
TI  - Cross transposition of short amputation stumps for reconstruction of the thumb.
AB  - Cross transposition of digital rays is illustrated by a case of amputation of the
      thumb and the middle finger. A remnant of the stump of the middle finger was
      mobilised and brought on top of the first metacarpal, in order to restore a
      functional length to the amputated thumb. A cross transposition of the second
      digital ray to the third was also carried out, closing the gap left by the
      resection of the third metacarpal.

PMID- 3998610
TI  - Osteocutaneous digital fillet flap. A technical modification.
AB  - A modified osteocutaneous digital fillet flap was used to reconstruct the thumb
      of a fifty-three year old male with a severe gunshot wound to the dominant hand.
      An arthrodesis in the central portion of the bone graft sustained a fatigue
      fracture that progressed to union without treatment. The one stage procedure
      avoided the immobilization of a distant pedicle flap, revisional surgery of a
      complex free flap, and donor site morbidity.

PMID- 3998612
TI  - Acute carpal tunnel syndrome produced by anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis
      indicis muscle.
AB  - A 23 year old female nurse developed acute sensory symptoms of median nerve
      compression. Early exploration revealed abnormal flexor superficialis indicis
      muscle as the compressing structure. Symptoms were relieved by freeing the muscle
      from the nerve.

PMID- 3998611
TI  - Nutrient pathways to extensor tendons of primates.
AB  - The nutrient pathways to the extensor tendon beneath the extensor retinaculum of
      young adult monkeys was investigated using hydrogen as tracer material. The
      results indicate that diffusion from the synovium is a more significant nutrient
      pathway than vascular perfusion from either the mesotendon or the longitudinal
      intratendinous vascular network.

PMID- 3998613
TI  - Immediate free vascularized joint transfer from second toe to index finger
      proximal interphalangeal joint: a case report.
AB  - The results of treatment of severe injuries to the proximal interphalangeal joint
      are unsatisfactory. The methods of joint reconstruction are discussed, including
      fusion, implant arthroplasty, perichondrial grafting and vascularized joint
      transfer. A patient is presented with a severe crush injury to the dorsum of the
      index finger with loss of skin and extensor tendon and proximal interphalangeal
      joint disruption. Immediate reconstruction of the finger is described using a
      composite free flap of skin, extensor tendon and proximal interphalangeal joint
      from the second toe. Follow-up at two years is described, demonstrating proximal
      interphalangeal motion and finger function.

PMID- 3998614
TI  - New surgical procedure for correction of club hand.
AB  - Two cases of radial club hand were treated by a new surgical procedure. This
      procedure consisted of correction of the wrist deviation and pollicization. The
      metacarpal of the pollicized digit was used for radial osseous support.

PMID- 3998615
TI  - Camptodactyly caused by an abnormal lumbrical muscle.
AB  - A thirteen-year-old girl, who complained of pain in the palm and difficulty in
      extension of the right little finger, had an abnormal insertion of the lumbrical
      muscle into the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon. The symptoms were relieved
      by detaching the lumbrical muscle and transferring its tendon into the lateral
      band.

PMID- 3998616
TI  - Correction of lobster-claw hand in an adult.
AB  - A case of Lobster-claw hand presenting for surgery in an adult is described.
      Surgical correction, although not perfect, was worthwhile and not difficult.

PMID- 3998617
TI  - Absorption of 13C-labeled stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids in humans:
      application to breath tests.
AB  - Intestinal absorption of ingested [1-13C]stearic, [1-13C]oleic, and [1
      13C]linoleic acid was compared in six healthy men. A bolus of each [1-13C]
      labeled fatty acid was ingested in random order at 72-hour intervals with the
      breakfast meal. Subjects consumed fixed diets during a 9-day fecal collection
      period. Pooled 9-day fecal samples were homogenized and total fat extracted. Fat
      extracts were saponified and methylated, and individual fatty acids were
      quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. Preparative high-performance liquid
      chromatography was used to obtain fractions containing stearic, oleic, and
      linoleic acid for combustion to CO2 and assay of 13C enrichment over background.
      Prelabel period 24-hour samples were treated similarly to measure background 13C
      abundance. Total fatty acid and stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid excretion (+/-
      SEM) in the six volunteers over the 9-day period was 41.5 +/- 7.3, 10.0 +/- 1.3,
      8.8 +/- 2.9, and 0.8 +/- 0.1 mg/day/kg body weight, respectively. The absorption
      efficiency for [1-13C]stearic, [1-13C]oleic, and [1-13C]linoleic acid was 78.0%
      +/- 4.5%, 97.2% +/- 1.7%, and 99.9% +/- 0.1%, respectively. The reduced
      absorption of [1-13C]stearic acid observed emphasizes the importance of
      correcting breath test oxidation data for fecal loss of 13C substrate. The
      potential application of our method to other areas of intermediary metabolism is
      discussed.

PMID- 3998618
TI  - Erythropoietin kinetics in normal and uremic sheep.
AB  - Homologous erythropoietin (Ep)-rich plasma was infused into sheep to determine
      the kinetics of this hormone in a large animal model. Ep levels after infusion
      were measured by radioimmunoassay using a sheep standard. Twenty-seven infusions
      into normal (14), subtotally nephrectomized (11), and anephric (two) animals were
      analyzed according to a single-compartment model. The volume of distribution was
      also calculated, and compared with values obtained indirectly from measurement of
      chromium 51-labeled red blood cells. The data showed that the t1/2 of the infused
      hormone was approximately 9 hours and was independent of renal function. After
      multiple infusions, the t1/2 appeared to shorten. The volume of distribution for
      this hormone corresponded to the plasma volume of the animals. These studies
      suggest that Ep, if administered to patients with chronic renal failure, could be
      given infrequently with little dependence on renal function.

PMID- 3998620
TI  - Adherence properties of sickle erythrocytes in dynamic flow systems.
AB  - Sickle (SS) erythrocytes have been demonstrated to be more adherent to cultured
      endothelial cells than normal (AA) erythrocytes when incubated under the static
      conditions of the culture dish. We studied the adherence of erythrocytes to
      vascular endothelium under various conditions of controlled perfusion to
      determine whether the increased adherence of SS erythrocytes has pathophysiologic
      relevance to the development of vaso-occlusive crises. Freshly procured human
      umbilical veins were perfused once with chromium 51-labeled washed erythrocytes
      at a flow rate of 1 ml/min under ambient oxygen tension. After a 10-minute
      washout procedure, there was no significant difference in the adherence of either
      SS or AA cells (0.53% vs. 0.54%) to undamaged endothelium. Continuous closed-loop
      perfusion of labeled cells for 20 minutes also showed minimal adherence for both
      cell types. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that adherence was sparse and
      focal. Endothelial cells were then cultured in fibronectin-coated glass capillary
      tubes, which served as conduits for perfused erythrocytes. Again, adherence was
      minimal and not significantly different for SS or AA cells (0.057% vs. 0.065%).
      To introduce hemodynamic variables into the system, erythrocytes were perfused
      into fibronectin- and endothelial cell-coated capillary tubes constructed to have
      multiple bends. Scanning electron microscopy showed that SS erythrocytes were
      significantly more adherent than AA cells in these convoluted tubes. Our findings
      support the notion that SS erythrocytes become trapped in the microcirculation
      because of a complex combination of hemodynamic forces and plasma factors as well
      as red cell membrane peculiarities, rather than the simple propensity of these
      cells to adhere to the vascular endothelium.

PMID- 3998619
TI  - Changes in the reticuloendothelial phagocytic function after partial hepatectomy.
AB  - The changes in the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial (RE) system
      after 67% hepatectomy in rats were studied by use of 51Cr-endotoxin as the
      phagocytable material. The humoral opsonic index was significantly increased to
      approximately 1.2 to 1.8 (control, 1.0 +/- 0.2, mean +/- SD) until the fourteenth
      postoperative day. In contrast, the phagocytic index was decreased to 0.068 +/-
      0.016 (control, 0.103 +/- 0.015) on the first day, then returned to the normal
      level on the second day. In this early postoperative period, uptake rates of 51Cr
      endotoxin in the liver were remarkably decreased to about 50% to 70% of control,
      whereas those in the spleen and lung were increased two- to threefold of control.
      From the third to the fourteenth day, the phagocytic index was significantly
      increased compared with the preoperative level. During this period, the uptake
      rates in the liver and spleen were within the normal range. These results suggest
      that the increases in the opsonic index of 67% hepatectomized rats represent the
      homeostatic response for maintaining or stimulating RE system phagocytic
      function, and that high or normal phagocytic index, concomitant with the increase
      in the opsonic index, implies an enhanced or compensatory stage, respectively.
      The decrease in the phagocytic index despite the high opsonic index is assumed to
      represent a compromised stage of the RE system.

PMID- 3998621
TI  - Computerized 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring: a new ambulatory technique using
      radiotelemetry.
AB  - A computerized telemetric system using a portable microprocessor receiving unit
      has been designed for clinical use in ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH
      monitoring. The receiving unit can be used with either a pH-sensitive
      radiotelemetry pill or a standard intraesophageal pH probe. Esophageal pH data is
      collected under microprocessor control while the patient is in the usual home or
      work environment. Computerized plotting and analysis of the compiled pH data is
      performed at the conclusion of the ambulatory testing. The system has been
      successfully used in patients with symptoms of esophageal reflux and healthy
      volunteers with no symptoms. The development of a computer-based radiotelemetry
      system for prolonged monitoring of esophageal pH represents a substantial advance
      in existing investigational technology. It allows the use of new radiotelemetric
      techniques of esophageal pH recording with increased patient comfort and
      acceptance over a 24-hour ambulatory testing period. Microprocessor control of
      both data collection and analysis allows rapid interpretation of complex 24-hour
      esophageal pH tracings and greatly facilitates the performance of esophageal pH
      monitoring as a routine clinical investigation.

PMID- 3998622
TI  - Red cell distribution width parallels dense red cell disappearance during painful
      crises in sickle cell anemia.
AB  - We reported previously that painful crises in patients with sickle cell anemia
      are accompanied by striking decreases in the percent of densest red cells
      (fraction 4) when studied with isopyknic Percoll-Stractan gradients. We report
      that an alternative to density gradients is the red cell distribution width
      (RDW), an estimate of red cell size variation measured with a Coulter counter. In
      17 painful crises in 12 patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia the RDWs
      decreased in each crisis, from an initial mean of 16.2 +/- 1.8 SD to 12.8 +/- 1.3
      (P less than 0.001). In patients in whom serial measurements of both RDW and
      fraction 4 (very dense) red cells were taken during crisis, the two measurements
      declined in parallel. The decrease of RDW is a readily observable and objective
      laboratory concomitant of painful sickle crisis.

PMID- 3998623
TI  - Intracellular and extracellular defenses of human phagocytes against Blastomyces
      dermatitidis conidia and yeasts.
AB  - The lesions of blastomycosis are characterized by both suppuration and granuloma
      formation, but the relative roles of human neutrophils, monocytes, and
      macrophages against Blastomyces dermatitidis are poorly defined. Our studies
      reveal that B. dermatitidis yeasts are generally too large to be ingested by
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and are killed predominantly by external
      PMN attachment and degranulation, whereas conidia are first ingested, then
      killed. PMN function is maximal in the presence of serum, divalent cations, and
      complement, and killing is more efficient for conidia (approximately 50%) than
      for yeasts (approximately 20%). PMNs that have degranulated, but remain attached
      to yeasts, block access by contiguous PMNs. When degranulated PMNs are removed,
      allowing access by fresh PMNs, there is a further increment in yeast killing.
      Both conidia and yeasts are killed by predominantly oxidative PMN mechanisms,
      with conidia being greater activators of the respiratory burst, and
      proportionately more influenced by oxidative inhibitors. Peripheral blood
      monocytes can kill conidia (approximately 35%), but are feebly active against
      yeasts (approximately 5%). Monocyte-derived macrophages kill approximately 90% of
      conidia and 40% of yeasts. The dramatic susceptibility of conidia, the infective
      particles of B. dermatitidis, to nonspecific phagocytic host defenses may help to
      explain the relative rarity of blastomycosis as a clinical problem. The presence
      of PMNs in lesions of blastomycosis may indicate an active, although limited,
      role of these cells in host defense against B. dermatitidis yeasts.

PMID- 3998624
TI  - Resorption of ascites in decompensated cirrhosis.

PMID- 3998625
TI  - Saber-sheath trachea.

PMID- 3998627
TI  - Progress in burn therapy: skin banking and epidermal culture.

PMID- 3998626
TI  - Lord's rectal dilitation and treatment of rectal disease.

PMID- 3998628
TI  - Tomography in the pre-operative evaluation of ear malformations. Report of 47
      cases, 58 ears.
AB  - We have studied 47 children (58 ears) with external and middle-ear malformations.
      Tomography was useful and effective in the pre-operative evaluation of anatomical
      patterns. We have divided our cases into four groups and described the most
      characteristic tomographic findings in each. We also discuss problems concerning
      patients immobilization and X-ray protection.

PMID- 3998629
TI  - The investigation and management of petrous apex erosion.
AB  - Disease of the apex of the petrous temporal bone, while rarely encountered, can
      present a unique challenge to the otologist. Lesions tend to be advanced at
      presentation, as massive bony erosion can remain asymptomatic. When symptoms
      occur, they reflect involvement of the neurovascular contents of the temporal
      bone. The earliest clinical features, such as headache, facial numbness and
      middle-ear effusion, do not immediately suggest the site or gravity of the
      underlying pathology. Anterior extension of disease may produce ophthalmoplegia
      and diplopia whilst posterior spread involves the lower cranial nerves, within
      the internal auditory canal, jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal. Evaluation of
      apical disease relies on radiological evidence of bony erosion and should include
      polytomography, CT scanning and angiography. The clinical features and
      radiological findings in a series of patients with various apical lesions are
      presented. The surgical approaches reviewed aim to reconcile the need for
      adequate access to this remote site, with the desire to preserve residual facial
      nerve and cochlear function and to protect the brain-stem.

PMID- 3998630
TI  - Histopathology of the stapes in osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Conventional histological studies of stapes footplates from patients with
      osteogenesis imperfecta revealed, in nine out of 15 stapes examined, an
      otospongiotic-like lesion. Although the morphology of the stapedial lesion was
      comparable to the early otosclerotic focus, a greater structural disorganization
      and larger resorption spaces in osteogenesis imperfecta distinguished the two
      conditions. The histopathology of the stapes was related to the morphology of
      cortical and trabecular bone from the iliac crest. Various degrees of immature,
      osteogenic bony tissue were found in the iliac crest, showing no resemblance to
      the otospongiotic-like focus in the footplate. Even though the histologic
      appearance of the stapes footplates differed from the findings in peripheral
      bone, the present study indicates that the stapedial lesion in osteogenesis
      imperfecta is most likely a manifestation of the generalized bone and connective
      tissue disorder. The study further supports the view that osteogenesis imperfecta
      and otosclerosis are of different aetiology.

PMID- 3998631
TI  - Metastatic tumours in the maxillary sinus. A report of two cases and a review of
      the literature.
AB  - We present two further cases of metastasis in the antrum. A review of the
      literature reveals renal carcinoma as the commonest primary tumour. When an
      adenocarcinoma of the antrum is diagnosed, an intravenous pyelogram should be
      performed to exclude a renal primary. This investigation, if negative, should be
      repeated during follow-up. The possibility of a bronchial tumour should be
      investigated in patients with an anaplastic tumour in the antrum.

PMID- 3998632
TI  - The levator scapulae muscle flap. A new use.
AB  - The design and use of the levator scapulae flap is reviewed. Particular attention
      is paid to the blood flow. A description is given of how this flap may be
      employed to repair smaller defects of the mouth and pharynx. It is used in
      association with split skin. The use of such a technique is compared to musculo
      cutaneous flaps, with particular reference to the skin blood flow.

PMID- 3998633
TI  - Primary chondroid chordoma arising from the base of the temporal bone. A 10-year
      post-operative follow-up.
AB  - A 36-year-old male with a primary chondroid chordoma is presented. This tumour
      arose from the base of the temporal bone and extended to the mastoid cavity. It
      involved the facial nerve and was adherent to the internal jugular vein and
      internal carotid artery. The tumour was excised and the patient has been
      carefully followed up for 10 years. He has shown no evidence of local recurrence,
      intracranial extension of the residual tumour and distant metastasis.

PMID- 3998634
TI  - A rare intracranial complication of cholesterol granuloma.
AB  - A large extradural collection of fluid was encountered in a patient with mastoid
      cholesterol granuloma. She gave no previous history of ear disease and had no
      aural symptoms. She presented merely with headache. Some authors have suggested
      non-surgical intervention (Farrior and Kampsen, 1981) or perhaps just an
      insertion of a ventilating tube (Burton and Wright, 1960). Our experience would
      suggest that active intervention and radical surgery are indicated to halt
      serious complications of cholesterol granuloma.

PMID- 3998635
TI  - Metachranous chondrosarcoma and malignant melanoma of the nose.
AB  - A case is presented of chondrosarcoma of the right lateral nasal wall treated
      surgically in which a malignant melanoma arose eight months later. Review of the
      literature has revealed no other report of a second primary within the nose or
      paranasal sinuses following a chondrosarcoma. Neither chondrosarcoma nor
      malignant melanoma of the nose is radiosensitive and the treatment for these
      tumours is wide excision with confirmation of clear margins of resection by
      frozen section.

PMID- 3998636
TI  - The elongated styloid process as a cause of throat discomfort. Four case reports.
AB  - Pain in the neck, radiating towards the ear, together with a foreign body
      sensation in the throat is a common complaint. A less common finding upon
      physical examination is an elongated styloid process, palpable in the tonsillar
      fossa and provoking the symptoms for which the patient is seeking medical advice.
      The diagnosis of this so-called Eagle's syndrome is described and the case
      history and treatment of four patients are presented.

PMID- 3998637
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma and liposarcoma of the larynx occurring metachronously.
AB  - A case of liposarcoma arising in a larynx previously irradiated for carcinoma is
      reported. Treatment was by wide local excision. The previous radiotherapy was
      probably incidental in this case.

PMID- 3998638
TI  - Intralaryngeal arytenoidectomy. A report of six cases.
AB  - Six cases of bilateral abductor palsy with stridor are presented. Following
      unilateral intralaryngeal arytenoidectomy, four had adequate airways and
      reasonable voices. Two required bilateral arytenoidectomy, one acquired an
      adequate airway at the expense of a weakened voice, and the other still requires
      a tracheostomy. There was only one minor complication. Decannulation and
      discharge from hospital were usually rapid.

PMID- 3998639
TI  - Tracheostomy tube fatigue. An unusual cause of inhaled foreign body.

PMID- 3998640
TI  - Unusual sites of schwannoma in the head and neck.
AB  - Two cases of schwannoma originating in unusual sites in the head and neck are
      reported. To the best of our knowledge ours is the first case of schwannoma in
      the nasopharyngeal area to be described. Schwannomas in the parotid area must be
      kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of parotid tumours. The pertinent
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 3998641
TI  - Comparative accuracy of computerized spatial vectorcardiography and standard
      electrocardiography for detection of myocardial infarction.
AB  - New computerized spatial vectorcardiographic variables were analyzed by
      discriminant analyses for group classification of 94 patients with acute
      myocardial infarction and 79 normal subjects. Using the integral of the
      sequential magnitudes of the spatial vectors during the period of initial
      abnormal depolarization (IAD) of the QRS at a discriminating value of 3 mv X
      msec., 87% of the subjects were correctly classified with a sensitivity of 85%;
      specificity of 88%; and an overall predictive accuracy of 87%, p less than
      .00001. The period of initial abnormal depolarization in which the vectors were
      integrated was determined by the first derivative of the sequential magnitudes of
      the spatial vectors of the QRS waveform (dm/dt). The mean value of dm/dt during
      the period of abnormal depolarization was a poor discriminating variable. The
      predictive accuracy of this new electrocardiographic criterion for diagnosis of
      myocardial infarction compared favorably with other computerized methods such as
      vectorcardiography, polarcardiography, Aitoff spatial trajectory, the 12-lead ECG
      derived by the Frank XYZ leads as well as the standard 12-lead ECG.

PMID- 3998642
TI  - Cycle length change during reciprocating tachycardia in patients with Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - Cycle Length (CL) changes during reciprocating tachycardia (RT) were examined in
      82 consecutive patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) during
      electrophysiological studies. The significant CL changes (sudden and greater than
      30 msec.) were found in 21 of 82 patients (26%). Thirteen patients had a manifest
      WPW and eight had a concealed WPW. An accessory pathway (AP) was located in the
      left side in 14 patients, the right side in four patients and the septum in two
      patients. One patient had multiple AP's. The development of ipsilateral bundle
      branch block during RT was responsible for CL changes in 11 patients. The sudden
      shift between fast and slow pathways in atrioventricular node (AVN) during RT was
      responsible for CL changes in two patients. Alternating CL changes during RT were
      found in eight patients. In five of them, alternating CL changes could be
      explained by physiological properties of a single AVN pathway. In the remaining
      three patients, the onset of 2:1 block in a fast pathway with 1:1 conduction in a
      slow pathway of the AVN may be responsible for CL changes. In one patient with
      multiple AP's the shift from one re-entrant circuit to the other was responsible
      for CL changes. IN CONCLUSION: 1) CL changes during RT are not uncommon in
      patients with WPW. 2) Several different mechanisms are responsible for CL
      changes.

PMID- 3998643
TI  - Traumatic heart block and tachyarrhythmia induced by right ventricular impact.
AB  - The effect of direct impact on the right ventricle was investigated in an
      anesthetized open-chest canine preparation. At each of five impact sites, direct
      local loading produced immediate ventricular asystole followed by varying degrees
      of AV conduction block, lasting 70 +/- 35 seconds. Sinus rhythm temporarily
      resumed in most cases for 30 +/- 25 seconds before ventricular tachycardia
      abruptly intervened for 150 +/- 70 seconds. Recovery to sinus rhythm usually
      followed the ventricular tachycardia. Impact over the ventricular aspect supplied
      by the right coronary artery above the conduction bundle branches caused a longer
      period of asystole than impact over other sites. The duration of the delayed
      tachyarrhythmia was independent of impact site. Denervation of the heart did not
      influence the conduction block or the tachyarrhythmia. Intravenous injection of
      propranolol (1.6 mg/kg) did not affect the immediate conduction block but
      prevented the ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 3998644
TI  - A quantitative method for the localization of the ventricular pre-excitation area
      in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome using singular value decomposition of body
      surface potentials.
AB  - In order to localize quantitatively the site of ventricular pre-excitation,
      singular value decomposition (SVD) was applied to the body surface potential
      distributions of patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The body
      surface potentials of sixty-two patients were recorded during sinus rhythm and
      pre-excitation by means of thirty electrodes placed on the anterior thoracic
      wall. The sites of the anomalous bundles had been determined beforehand by
      multicatheter electrophysiologic study. Considerable data reduction was obtained
      by using the SVD technique and displaying the potential distribution during the
      delta wave on two isofunction maps of the first two positional vectors and their
      corresponding two singular values (SV). A distinction was made between two types
      of isofunction maps. A type-S (single extreme) and a type-D (double extremes). A
      quantitative analysis was performed with the orientation of the zero line on the
      isofunction map being represented by the angle alpha or beta, and the singular
      values quotient (SVQ) of the two first singular values. The angle beta belonging
      to type D was used to subdivide this group of pre-excitation areas. The
      parameters SVQ and alpha belonging to type-S were illustrated in a graph on which
      a distinction between the various locations of the pre-excitation areas can be
      seen.

PMID- 3998645
TI  - Frequency content of the electrocardiogram. Spatial features and effects of
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The frequency content of electrocardiographic signals has been used to define
      amplifier characteristics and, more recently, to detect myocardial pathology. It
      was the purpose of this study to evaluate the differences in frequency content of
      ECG signals recorded from different volume conductor surface sites and to
      determine the effects of coronary ligation on these spatial features. To do so,
      15 isolated perfused rabbit hearts, enclosed within a precisely machined sphere,
      were studied; ten were examined prior to and 15 minutes after ligation of the
      anterior descending coronary artery. ECG signals, recorded from 32 surface
      electrodes, were subjected to Fourier analysis. Prior to occlusion, the frequency
      content of the different electrode signals varied widely, with a greater variance
      between electrodes than between hearts (p less than 0.01). This variation was
      related to a reproducible spatial effect, with records over the basal left
      ventricle having higher frequency components than waves from other sites. After
      litigation, ECG records from electrodes over electrodes over ischemic areas
      showed augmented R-wave amplitude and ST-segment elevation. This was associated
      with a spatial shift of the control high frequency peak to a site overlying the
      ischemic lesion. Thus the frequency content of ECG is spatially variable and
      hence lead-dependent, and this spatial variability is directly affected by acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 3998646
TI  - Asynchronous intraventricular recovery as a basis for apparent 'supernormality'.
AB  - Various mechanisms have been postulated for the supernormal phase of
      intraventricular conduction where relatively early impulses are conducted with
      normal intraventricular conduction and relatively late impulses with abnormal
      intraventricular conduction. The cases presented here illustrate how asynchronous
      recovery of conducting tissue may result in fortuitous momentary synchrony early
      on in the recovery phase with asynchronous conduction properties in the later
      phases of recovery. This will facilitate potential synchronous conduction early
      on in the cycle which would result in a normal QRS complex, and potential
      asynchronous conduction in the later phases which would manifest with a bundle
      branch block QRS complex.

PMID- 3998647
TI  - Evidence for a novel inhibition of calcium uptake into chick bone in response to
      bovine parathyroid hormone (1-34) or 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 in vivo.
AB  - Mechanisms of initial hypercalcaemic responses to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
      16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin (PG) E2 have been investigated in 10-to 12-day-old
      chicks in vivo using a combination of acute 45Ca injection and microwave fixation
      to stabilize tissue isotope levels. Single i.v. injection of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2
      (20 micrograms/100 g body wt) caused an approximately 100% increase in soft
      tissue 45Ca levels compared with vehicle control injected chicks at 30 min. 45Ca
      levels were lowered in calvarium by 26% and in femur by 60% with this treatment.
      Bovine PTH (1-34) (3.3 micrograms/100 g body wt) had no effect on soft tissue
      45Ca levels, but in calvarium it had a similar effect to the PG. In femur this
      dose of PTH lowered 45Ca by 19%. When expressed on an absolute basis (c.p.m./100
      mg tissue wt), responses to the PG in soft tissue were only 3 and 10%
      respectively of those in femur and calvarium. The duration of inhibitory
      responses in bone were examined and those to PTH found to be transient (less than
      45 min) compared with the responses to the PG (greater than 135 min). Dose
      response curves for PTH- and PG-induced inhibition of 45Ca uptake into femur at
      15 min were essentially parallel and indicated that the lowest doses of PTH and
      PG used (0.74 micrograms and 1.1 micrograms/100 body wt respectively) produced
      significant responses. In a separate experiment it was found that inhibition of
      45Ca uptake into femur was evident as early as 3 min following PTH or PG
      injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998648
TI  - Changes in aromatase activity in small ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl
      (Gallus domesticus) during growth and atresia.
AB  - The tritium release assay for measuring aromatase activity was adapted to measure
      oestrogen production in intact small ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl. The
      activity was measured in three types of follicle classified as normal, atretic or
      grossly atretic. Normal follicles were distinguished from atretic by the presence
      of small haemorrhages on the surface of the atretic follicles. Grossly atretic
      follicles were identified by their deformed shape. The aromatase activity in
      normal and atretic follicles was related to follicular weight, the activity in
      atretic follicles being less than that in normal follicles. The aromatase
      activity in grossly atretic follicles was independent of follicular weight. The
      enzyme activity in this group of follicles was significantly less than that in
      either normal or atretic follicles. The significance of these results is
      discussed in relation to the induction of atresia within the small ovarian
      follicles of the domestic fowl.

PMID- 3998649
TI  - Vasopressin-neurophysin II gene expression in the ovary: studies in Sprague
      Dawley, Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats.
AB  - The neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been
      identified on immunological criteria in the ovary. Confirmation of extraneuronal
      synthesis requires the demonstration in the tissue of the specific messenger RNA
      (mRNA) for the preprohormone. Using a synthetic pentadecamer nucleotide probe,
      highly specific for the 5' region of rat neurophysin II (NP II), we have
      demonstrated the presence of AVP-NP II mRNA in the ovary of Sprague-Dawley, Long
      Evans and Brattleboro rats, with an apparent molecular weight identical to that
      seen for hypothalamus. These findings, together with the presence of
      immunoreactive AVP in the ovaries but not hypothalami of Brattleboro rats,
      suggest that tissue-specific differences in AVP-NP II gene expression occur at
      the translational as well as transcriptional level.

PMID- 3998650
TI  - Activity of the genital tract and plasma levels of oxytocin and cortisol at the
      time of mating in the ewe.
AB  - Experiments were conducted in the ewe to determine the effects of mating on the
      activity of the genital tract and on blood levels of oxytocin and cortisol. The
      activity of the uterus and cervix was recorded by electromyography, oxytocin was
      measured by radioimmunoassay, and cortisol by high performance liquid
      chromatography. Mating itself did not increase circulating oxytocin or cortisol;
      uterine motility remained unchanged during and after copulation but the cervix
      was significantly stimulated during teasing and after copulation. It is suggested
      that increased cervical activity resulting from adrenergic mechanisms may
      facilitate the generation of a cervical reserve of spermatozoa.

PMID- 3998651
TI  - Release of oxytocin during suckling and parturition in the rat.
AB  - A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for oxytocin was developed
      and used to measure oxytocin concentrations during both suckling and parturition
      in individual rats. In urethane-anaesthetized rats, the suckling stimuli,
      provided by ten pups, induced intermittent increases in intramammary pressure of
      about 10 mmHg. This was associated with a significant (P less than 0.01) increase
      in serum oxytocin levels from 19.5 +/- 4.5 (S.E.M., n = 9) to 49.1 +/- 7.4 pmol/l
      (n = 9) in the samples taken within 30 s from the time of the peak in the
      pressure. These rises in serum oxytocin returned rapidly to the basal levels as
      expected from the short half-life (1.46 min) of oxytocin in general circulation.
      On day 22 or 23 of gestation, serum oxytocin levels remained stable until 0-0.5 h
      before the first fetus was expelled. They then increased significantly (P less
      than 0.01) from 27.6 +/- 4.6 pmol/l (n = 19) in samples taken 0-0.5 h before to
      45.1 +/- 5.6 pmol/l in samples taken after the expulsion of the first fetus and
      gradually increased until the last fetus was expelled. Serum oxytocin
      concentrations then declined but remained higher than those observed before the
      first fetus had been born until at least 1-1.5 h after the expulsion of the last
      fetus. Thus, this oxytocin RIA revealed increased concentrations of the hormone
      in blood during both suckling and parturition in the rat.

PMID- 3998652
TI  - Volumetric control of arginine vasotocin and mesotocin release in the frog (Rana
      ridibunda).
AB  - Adult male frogs (Rana ridibunda) were subjected to several volumetric and
      osmometric stimuli and the influence on circulating concentrations of arginine
      vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin was studied by the use of highly specific
      radioimmunoassays. During progressive blood withdrawal (haemorrhage group) urine
      flow decreased to zero, whereas no change occurred in the plasma and urine
      osmolality. Control levels of 34.3 +/- 7.3 pmol AVT/1 gradually increased up to
      638.3 +/- 179.1 pmol/1 (P less than 0.001) after a blood loss of up to 50-60% of
      the blood volume. Plasma mesotocin concentrations also increased from 42.4 +/-
      9.2 to 70.8 +/- 12.0 pmol/1 (n = 7). Hypervolaemia, produced by the repeated
      intravenous injection of isotonic Ringer solution, increased the urine flow and
      osmolality compared to controls but had no influence on the plasma levels of AVT
      and mesotocin. Hypernatraemia without volume change profoundly increased the
      urine osmolality but the urine flow was not affected; the plasma concentrations
      of AVT and mesotocin remained at the control level. Finally, during a 1-h
      immobilization stress a pronounced antidiuresis occurred in the presence of a
      constant plasma and urine osmolality and control plasma levels of AVT and
      mesotocin. It is concluded that the release of AVT and, to a smaller extent, of
      mesotocin is under volumetric control.

PMID- 3998653
TI  - Effect of theophylline on nuclear retention of oestrogenreceptor complexes:
      correlation with oestrogen responses.
AB  - In the ovariectomized adult rat uterine oedema induced by 0.01 and 0.1 micrograms
      oestradiol-17 beta/100g body weight increased further in the presence of
      theophylline. Nuclear retention of oestrogen-receptor complexes also increased in
      response to theophylline both in vivo and in vitro. Theophylline decreased the
      number of eosinophils in the blood and concurrently decreased oestrogen-induced
      uterine eosinophilia at doses of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 30 micrograms
      oestradiol/100 g body weight, through a mechanism independent of glucocorticoids.
      There was, therefore, no correlation between changes in the number of uterine
      eosinophils and changes in uterine wet weight induced by theophylline and
      oestrogen. It is suggested that the presence of oestrogen-receptor complexes in
      the nucleus for at least 4 h is a prerequisite for the induction of uterine
      oedema and growth in the presence of theophylline and oestradiol-17 beta.

PMID- 3998654
TI  - Studies of the heterogeneity of human pituitary LH by fast protein liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - The Pharmacia fast protein liquid chromatography system was employed to
      fractionate a purified preparation of human LH (hLH) on the anion exchanger Mono
      Q at pH 7 X 8 into 14 sub-fractions. Each of the sub-fractions was characterized
      by its behaviour on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulphate
      (SDS) gel electrophoresis, LH receptor binding activity and sialic acid content.
      All sub-fractions contained sialic acid, were active in binding to LH receptors,
      and exhibited components typical of hLH subunits on SDS gel electrophoresis. None
      of the subfractions was homogeneous with respect to charge. There is evidence
      that part of the heterogeneity results from the presence in some molecules of an
      internal proteolytic cleavage within the beta-subunit, and fractions enriched in
      species containing such cleavages were prepared by this method.

PMID- 3998655
TI  - Dynamics and control of progesterone receptor synthesis in the fetal uterus of
      the guinea-pig in organ culture.
AB  - Progesterone receptor concentrations increased in fetal guinea-pig uterus in
      organ culture to as high as 13 X 15 +/- 1 X 22 pmol/mg DNA without any added
      steroid, although cytosol and nuclear oestrogen receptor levels were very low (0
      X 41-1 X 92 pmol/mg DNA). Even after a 3-day exposure to 5 X 10(-8) M
      progesterone, which inhibits its own receptor (1 X 14 +/- 0 X 31 pmol/mg DNA),
      progesterone receptor levels rose to 8 X 58 +/- 1 X 39 pmol/mg DNA when
      progesterone was removed. This replenishment was inhibited by progesterone and 5
      alpha-dihydroprogesterone but was not affected by oestradiol, tamoxifen or
      dexamethasone. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into nucleic acids was not
      decreased by progesterone so that its inhibition of its own receptor in the
      explants was not due to an inhibition of cell replication. Fetal uterine explants
      from oestrogen-primed fetuses, after an initial decrease in progesterone
      receptor, also showed a rise to 7 pmol/mg DNA on day 2 which could be decreased
      by exposure to progesterone and replenished by removal of this hormone (6-8
      pmol/mg DNA), the entire process occurring without apparent oestrogen
      stimulation. Progesterone rather than oestradiol appears to be a key regulator of
      progesterone receptor synthesis in the fetal guinea-pig uterus, although
      oestradiol, along with other factors, may also be involved.

PMID- 3998656
TI  - Alteration of prolactin control in adult rats treated neonatally with sex
      steroids.
AB  - Androgenized, oestrogenized and control female and male rats were used to
      establish possible differences in the alteration of the prolactin control system.
      Neonatal treatment involved administration of oestradiol benzoate or testosterone
      propionate (TP) on days 1 and 5 to the males and on day 5 to the females. Oil
      treated animals were used as controls. Plasma prolactin levels were measured in
      these animals during adulthood (a) before gonadectomy, performed on day 80, and
      27 days after gonadectomy and (b) on the 2 days (at 10.00 and 17.00 h) after
      administration of a single dose of TP to gonadectomized animals. Oestrogenized
      rats had the highest plasma prolactin concentrations just before and after
      gonadectomy. Testosterone propionate increased plasma prolactin levels in all
      groups. This response was more notable in the female than in the male groups, and
      was highest in the oestrogenized animals. Temporal rhythms of the prolactin
      response to TP were daily, perhaps circadian, with increased levels in the
      afternoon compared with those in the morning. This pattern was not present in
      oestrogenized females and androgenized males. Results suggest (a) that oestrogens
      and androgens given neonatally differ in their ability to alter the prolactin
      control system, and (b) that females seem to be more sensitive than males to
      changes in hypothalamic differentiation induced by neonatal steroid treatment.

PMID- 3998657
TI  - Pure timing in temporal differentiation.
AB  - Temporal control appears to depend on whether the critical durations are those of
      stimuli or those of responses. Stimulus timing (temporal discrimination) supports
      Weber's law, whereas response timing (temporal differentiation) indicates
      decreasing relative sensitivity with longer time intervals. The two types of
      procedure also yield different conclusions in scaling experiments designed to
      study the functional midpoint of two or more durations (temporal bisection
      procedures). In addition, the fractional-exponent power relation between emitted
      and required duration usually found with animals in differentiation experiments
      conflicts with deductions from formal analyses. The experiment reported here
      derived from considering differentiation arrangements as schedules of
      reinforcement. When analyzed from this perspective, the procedures are tandem
      schedules involving a required pause followed by a response, and it is the pause
      alone that involves temporal control. A choice procedure separated timing from
      responding, and enabled observations of pause timing in isolation. Pure temporal
      control in differentiation consisted of linear overestimation of the standard
      duration, and Weber's law described sensitivity. These results indicate that the
      two problems, the fractional-exponent power relations and the apparently
      different nature of sensitivity in differentiation and discrimination, disappear
      when temporal control is observed alone in differentiation.

PMID- 3998658
TI  - Lick-trading by rats: on the substitutability of dry, water, and saccharin tubes.
AB  - Thirsty rats licked two metal tubes: a water tube paired with another water tube,
      with saccharin, or with a dry tube. For each pair, a multipoint baseline function
      was measured by offering free access to one tube throughout each session, and
      free or restricted access to the other. The three resulting baseline functions
      showed the members of each pair to be mutual substitutes: When access to either
      tube was restricted, the rats made more licks at the other. A linear function
      identified the two water tubes as perfect substitutes. Convex functions
      identified the members of the saccharin-water and the dry-water pair as imperfect
      substitutes. Each pair was also tested under several reciprocal fixed-ratio
      schedules that required instrumental licking of either tube for contingent access
      to the other. The resulting schedule functions showed the members of each pair to
      be perfect substitutes: Water licks decreased linearly as licks at the other
      water tube, the saccharin, or the dry tube increased, in agreement with a
      conservation model of instrumental performance. Baseline and schedule functions,
      indistinguishable in the water-water pair, indicated a schedule facilitation of
      dry-tube licking in the dry-water pair and of water-tube licking in the saccharin
      water pair.

PMID- 3998659
TI  - The roles of stimulus control and reinforcement frequency in modulating the
      behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in the rat.
AB  - The behavioral effects of d-amphetamine have been shown to be modulated by
      stimulus control, with less impairment of performance occurring when control is
      great. When the fixed-consecutive-number schedule is used (on which at least a
      specified consecutive number of responses must be made on one operandum before a
      single response on another will produce a reinforcer), response rate tends to be
      invariant but reinforcement frequency is not. This study asks whether the
      differences in reinforcement frequency that usually accompany changes in stimulus
      control could themselves be responsible for the performance differences. Two
      versions of the fixed-consecutive-number schedule of reinforcement were combined
      into a multiple schedule within which stimulus control was varied but differences
      in reinforcement frequency were minimized by omitting some reinforcer deliveries
      during the component that usually had the higher reinforcement frequency. In one
      component, a compound discriminative stimulus was added with the eighth
      consecutive response on the first lever; a single response on the second lever
      was then reinforced. In the other component, no such stimulus was presented. With
      no added stimulus, large decreases occurred in the number of runs satisfying the
      minimum requirement for reinforcement at doses of drug that produced only minimal
      changes when an added stimulus controlled behavior. Thus, increased stimulus
      control diminishes the behavioral changes produced by d-amphetamine even when the
      possible contribution by baseline reinforcement rate is minimized.

PMID- 3998661
TI  - Developmental changes in face processing: results from multidimensional scaling.
AB  - Multidimensional scaling procedures were used to investigate developmental
      changes in the ability to process previously unfamiliar faces. Eighty male
      subjects, aged 7, 9, 12, or adult, rated the similarity of pairs of faces. The
      faces were presented to subjects in either the upright or the inverted
      orientation. Multidimensional scaling analyses suggest that subjects of all ages
      use similar information in judging the similarity of faces. However, for upright
      faces, individual subjects under age 10 seem to use fewer features at a time. The
      results argue against a qualitative shift in face processing at age 10, and
      suggest that the improvement in face recognition ability noted at this age is due
      at least in part to an increased ability to consider more features
      simultaneously.

PMID- 3998660
TI  - An infrared system for the detection of a pigeon's pecks at alphanumeric
      characters on a TV screen: the dependency of letter detection on the
      predictability of one letter by another.
AB  - Three pigeons pecked at letters of the alphabet and at the symbol "?" displayed
      on a computer-driven cathode ray screen. A 4 by 4 matrix of infrared emitting and
      detecting diodes and associated circuitry identified the location of a pigeon's
      responses to the screen. Responses at the target letter T were probabilistically
      reinforced with food whenever T appeared in a string of three letters in the
      middle of the screen. Responses at the symbol "?" appearing below this string
      were probabilistically reinforced whenever T did not appear. The letter F
      anywhere in the three-character string either strongly predicted the occurrence
      of the target letter T, in two conditions, or predicted its nonoccurrence, in a
      third. This manipulation of the frequency with which the familiar letter F
      predicted T was shown to change the function relating probability of a correct
      peck at the symbol "?" to the number of Fs in the string. This effect may be
      interpreted as an instance of the phenomenon where an organism's acquired
      knowledge changes what it sees.

PMID- 3998662
TI  - Young children's attention to global magnitude: evidence from classification
      tasks.
AB  - Young children often compare objects holistically and not in terms of separate
      dimensions such as size and color. One holistic relation that often governs young
      children's object comparisons is overall similarity. Two experiments were
      conducted to examine the possibility that a holistic magnitude relation might
      also govern children's object comparisons. Objects varying on two dimensions of
      magnitude-size and saturation--were classified by 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds. The
      results indicated that the younger children were sensitive to global magnitude as
      well as overall similarity. They grouped together large and saturated objects or
      small and desaturated objects more often than they did large and desaturated (or
      small and saturated) objects and thus appear to have been classifying by combined
      magnitude across both dimensions. This new finding that young children classify
      by a global relation of magnitude refines the understanding of perceptual
      development and provides information about the structure of perception. Young
      children's use of global magnitudes in classification also fits well with recent
      findings about children's acquisitions of dimension words.

PMID- 3998663
TI  - Effects of phonological ambiguity on beginning readers of Serbo-Croatian.
AB  - Third- and fifth-grade Yugoslavian children rapidly named familiar words and
      unfamiliar pseudowords that were written either in the Roman alphabet or in the
      Cyrillic alphabet and that were either phonologically ambiguous or not.
      Phonological ambiguity was produced by using letter strings that, when
      transcribed in Roman or when transcribed in Cyrillic, contained one or more
      ambiguous characters. Ambiguous characters are those letters shared by the two
      alphabets that receive different phonemic interpretations in the two alphabets.
      The controls for phonologically ambiguous words were the same words in their
      alternative, nonambiguous alphabetic transcription. Consistent with previous
      experiments on adults, the phonologically ambiguous form of a word or pseudoword
      was named much more slowly than the phonologically unambiguous form. For children
      who were equally proficient in both Roman and Cyrillic, the effect of
      phonological ambiguity was greater as children named letter strings faster. If it
      can be assumed that reading fluency correlates with naming latency, then it can
      be argued that the better beginning reader is more phonologically analytic.

PMID- 3998664
TI  - A developmental study of attention to auditory and visual signals.
AB  - Three experiments tested for developmental changes in attention to simple
      auditory and visual signals. Subject pressed a single button in response to the
      onset (Experiment 1) or offset (Experiment 2) of either a tone or a light. During
      one block of trials subjects knew which stimulus would come on or go off on each
      trial (precue condition) whereas during the other block of trials no precue was
      provided. In both experiments subjects as young as 4 years old responded more
      rapidly with precues, indicating that they were able to allocate their attention
      to the indicated modality. Experiment 3 utilized a choice reaction paradigm (in
      which subjects pressed different buttons in response to the onset of the light
      and the tone) in order to examine their attention allocation when no precues were
      provided. It was found that the adults and 7-year-olds tended to allocate their
      attention to vision rather than audition when no precue was provided. The results
      with the 4-year-olds were not entirely consistent, but suggested a similar
      biasing of attention to vision on their part as well.

PMID- 3998665
TI  - Reflex modification by acoustic signals in newborn infants and in adults.
AB  - This research asked whether the reflexive eyeblink elicited by a tap to the
      glabella (the flat region of skin between the eyebrows) is modified by acoustic
      signals which either precede or accompany the tap. Five experiments employing
      identical reflex modification procedures on neonates and adults suggest
      developmental differences in processing auditory stimuli. Neonates failed to
      exhibit reflex inhibition by either prior acoustic or tactile stimuli. Adults
      exhibited robust reflex inhibition to these same stimuli. Neonates, however,
      exhibited reliable reflex augmentation when mild (70 dB re: 0.0002 dyne/cm2)
      tones were presented simultaneously with the tap. For adults, tone intensities of
      at least 90 dB were necessary to obtain reliable reflex augmentation. The
      developmental processes implied by these findings are discussed.

PMID- 3998666
TI  - Determinants of infant visual fixation: evidence for a two-process theory.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamics of the human
      infant's (4 months old) visual fixation. The general finding that, over a series
      of trials, infants fixate longer to a complex than to a simple stimulus was
      replicated. The function relating fixation time to trials was shown to be
      nonmonotonic when the stimulus was complex (fixation time increased between
      Trials 1 and 2 and then decreased), but was monotonic when the stimulus was
      simple (it decreased systematically over trials). Additional experiments
      indicated that (a) the nonmonotonic function associated with the complex stimulus
      was eliminated when the interval separating Trials 1 and 2 was increased from 10
      to 20 or 30 s (Experiment 2), and (b) the difference in fixation time between the
      complex and the simple stimulus was eliminated by controlling their effects in a
      within-subjects design (Experiment 3). These data challenge the prevailing
      cognitive-schema theories as a complete account of the dynamics of the infant's
      visual fixation. A two-process theory that accounts for these data was proposed.

PMID- 3998667
TI  - A specific radioimmunoassay for the detection of 19-nortestosterone in urine.
AB  - The antisera used were raised in rabbits against a 19-nortestosterone-7 alpha
      carboxyethylthioether conjugate of bovine serum albumin. Tritium-labeled
      nortestosterone was used as tracer. Cross reactivities with metabolites of
      nandrolone, other anabolics and endogenous steroids were very low. To achieve
      additional specificity a clean up and separation procedure was developed, using
      isocratic high performance liquid chromatography. So far no qualitative
      discrepancies have been observed between the assay described here and
      confirmative determinations by combined high performance liquid chromatography
      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 3998668
TI  - Determination of reference intervals for 10 serum proteins measured by rate
      nephelometry, taking into consideration different sample groups and different
      distribution functions.
AB  - Reference intervals were established for 10 serum proteins (IgA, IgG, IgM,
      transferrin, haptoglobin, complement C3, complement C4, alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin) measured by rate
      nephelometry. The reference individuals - 200 blood donors - were divided into 5
      subgroups: men aged 19-39 and 40-60 years, women aged 19-39 and 40-60 years and
      women aged 19-48 years using oral contraceptives. Where possible, two or more
      subgroups were combined to give reference sample groups. Criteria for this
      procedure are given. The reference limits of the sample groups were estimated by
      parametric methods. Assuming that for a specified serum protein the type of
      distribution is the same in each subgroup, the data were standardized with
      estimated group specific parameter values and combined into one big sample. This
      permitted an improved determination of the underlying type of distribution. As a
      possible form of distribution we also considered the normal distribution
      truncated on the left side at c greater than or equal to 0. In some cases, after
      determination of an optimal c, this unusual distribution fitted the data
      significantly better than the generally used normal or log-normal distribution.

PMID- 3998669
TI  - Stress, social support, coping, and adjustment.

PMID- 3998671
TI  - The family physician as a legal consultant.
AB  - Family physicians have a responsibility to their peers and patients to
      participate in malpractice litigation in a manner that ensures that evidence is
      properly and thoroughly evaluated. Family physicians have not routinely involved
      themselves as expert witnesses in medical malpractice litigation because of lack
      of training, misconceptions about their role, and distrust of attorneys. The role
      of expert medical witness requires an ability to interact with attorneys,
      witnesses, and courts of law as well as a clear understanding of the malpractice
      process and the law that governs such proceedings. Philosophical differences,
      rationale for participation, and the malpractice process are discussed in this
      paper, and guidelines for the expert witness are presented.

PMID- 3998670
TI  - Patient and physician perspectives of work-related illness in family practice.
AB  - A questionnaire survey was administered to 362 patients at a family medicine
      center to define the occupational characteristics of the patient population.
      Thirty-eight percent of patients reported current health problems related to
      their work. A chart review of a random sample of 100 of these patients revealed
      no documented differences between those who reported and those who did not report
      work-related health problems. Forty-one charts had no occupational data recorded.
      Only five charts had any record of hazardous exposures, whereas 60 of these
      patients had reported hazardous exposures. It is concluded that work is commonly
      perceived as an important determinant of health status and that family physicians
      currently tend to overlook this fact. The introduction of some formal
      occupational health teaching in family medicine residencies is needed, with
      particular emphasis on preventive aspects.

PMID- 3998672
TI  - Social supports and stress as predictors of illness.
AB  - The incidence and pattern of self-reported illness were studied over a six-month
      period in panels of 292 women and 188 men categorized by their experience of
      stressful life changes and their perceived supportive relationships. Men and
      women with more than average stressful changes had a risk of illness 1.6 and 1.8
      times that reported by those with below-average changes. Analysis of the
      interaction of stressful changes with social supports showed that women with a
      combination of high changes and low supports experienced 2.5 times the rate of
      illness as those with low changes and high supports. This interaction was not
      found for men. A monthly rating of perceived life stress was correlated with
      subsequently recalled life changes for both men and women. The findings for women
      are consistent with the hypothesis that the interaction of stress with degree of
      social support is an important predictor of illness experience.

PMID- 3998673
TI  - The febrile infant.
AB  - While 46 percent of febrile children, aged 3 months to 24 months, will be well
      without treatment within 24 to 48 hours, and another 12 percent well within 72 to
      96 hours, approximately 6 percent will have serious bacterial infections. The
      incidence of such infections tends to increase with decreasing age and increasing
      degree of fever. Physicians, who make specific observations of the child's color,
      hydration, social response, consolability, and degree of alertness after the
      child has been made comfortable, can identify about two thirds of those with
      benign illness and the one tenth who require inpatient evaluation. Of the
      remaining patients, those with serious illness can be further identified if their
      white blood count is greater than 15,000/microL, neutrophils are greater than
      10,000/microL, band cells are greater than 500/microL, or sedimentation rate is
      more than 30 mm/h. Children with these laboratory findings should then have a
      chest film and blood culture and, if the former is negative, should be considered
      for a lumbar puncture and urine culture. Whether further observation or treatment
      at this point can be done as an outpatient depends on physician judgment.

PMID- 3998675
TI  - Obstetrics in family practice: competence, continuity, and caring.

PMID- 3998674
TI  - Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.

PMID- 3998677
TI  - Isolation of enamelinlike proteins from blue shark (Prionace glauca) enameloid.
AB  - A sequential dissociative extraction scheme was used to extract proteins from
      developing Blue Shark enameloid. The first extraction solution (4 M guanidine
      HC1) solubilized the polypeptides, mainly collagenous, not closely associated
      with the hydroxyapatite. The next extraction solution (4 M guanidine HC1, 0.5 M
      ethylenediaminetetraacedic acid (EDTA] solubilized the proteins more closely
      associated with the tooth mineral component. After extraction, the proteins were
      separated and isolated with gel electrophoresis. Protein molecular weights were
      determined and selected proteins were isolated for amino acid composition
      analysis. The two proteins isolated were tested for mammalian enamel protein
      antigenic determinants by a "Dot" immunobinding assay. The isolated proteins were
      enamelinlike by extraction criteria and amino acid composition. Further, the two
      proteins share antigenic determinants with mammalian enamel proteins.

PMID- 3998678
TI  - Hypoosmoregulation in an anadromous teleost: influence of sex and maturation.
AB  - Salinity tolerance and hypoosmoregulatory ability of anadromous brook trout
      (Salvelinus fontinalis) were investigated in relation to sex and state of
      maturation. Seawater survival of mature males was significantly poorer than that
      of females or immature males. Lowered salinity tolerance of adult males became
      acute during the autumn photoperiod (normal spawning period) when the
      gonadosomatic index was high. Plasma [Cl-], [Mg2+], osmolarity and hematocrit
      were significantly higher in mature males after transfer to seawater, relative to
      mature females. It is postulated that reduced adult male hypoosmoregulatory
      ability explains skewed sex ratios in anadromous brook trout populations and may
      limit the extent of brook trout anadromy.

PMID- 3998676
TI  - Patterns of energy metabolism in the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria, during
      severe hypoxia and subsequent recovery.
AB  - Specimens of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria, survived severe hypoxia (PO2
      less than 8mm Hg) for at least 12 hr at 28-30 degrees C. During the time course
      of 12 hr of hypoxia, hemolymph L-lactate levels rose to 30-50 mumoles/g wet wt.
      There was a slight elevation of L-alanine levels, whereas succinate was found in
      only trace quantities in the hemolymph. Pronounced metabolic changes took place
      in the heart, cheliped closer, and leg socket muscles during severe hypoxia. L
      lactate accumulated to levels ranging from 16-20 mumoles/g wet wt. There were
      pronounced changes in high-energy phosphate levels in the cheliped closer and leg
      socket muscles. Taking into account expected intra- and extracellular water
      content, the calculated intracellular lactate content in the three muscles
      investigated is substantially less than the hemolymph lactate concentrations.
      Part of this reverse concentration gradient may be accounted for by the reduction
      in lactate activity due to cation-lactate complex formation. Hemolymph calcium
      and magnesium concentrations rose considerably during severe hypoxia. During
      recovery from severe hypoxia, approximately 50% of the accumulated lactate in the
      hemolymph was cleared in 6 hr. Hemolymph lactate and alanine levels returned to
      near control levels after 24 hr of recovery. This study shows that the stone
      crab, M. mercenaria, survives severe hypoxia by a reliance on glycogen
      fermentation to lactate. This species is capable of tolerating high levels of
      accumulated lactate.

PMID- 3998679
TI  - Photoperiodic regulation of thyroid responsiveness to TSH in Fundulus
      heteroclitus.
AB  - Treatment of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, with ovine thyrotropin (oTSH)
      produced elevations in serum thyroxin (T4) that varied seasonally with a strong
      inverse correlation to environmental photoperiod (P less than 0.001). At 20
      degrees C, oTSH (0.2 IU) increased serum T4 to levels ranging from 1.5
      micrograms/100 ml in midsummer to 7.5 micrograms/100 ml in midwinter despite
      relatively stable resting levels throughout the two years of study. Similar rates
      of clearance of T4 in summer and winter suggest that an alteration in thyroid
      response to oTSH accounts for this change. The serum T4 response to oTSH is both
      photoperiod- and temperature-dependent. In laboratory studies, fish exposed to a
      short artificial photoperiod (LD 8:16) for one month responded to oTSH with T4
      levels about twice as high as those in fish exposed to long days (LD 14:10). On
      the other hand the T4 response to oTSH was sharply reduced at 5 degrees C from
      that seen at 20 degrees C. This suggests that, in nature, seasonal changes in
      photoperiod and temperature have opposite effects on thyroidal responsiveness to
      TSH. Overall, the annual variation in the T4 response to oTSH appears to be
      driven by photoperiod, inasmuch as the alterations preceded major temperature
      changes in the wild and can be shown to occur at constant temperature in
      captivity. Photoperiodic induction of changes in thyroid sensitivity may aid in
      the maintenance of basal T4 levels under changing thermal conditions.

PMID- 3998680
TI  - Electrophysiology of identified neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory cells in
      the cockroach pars intercerebralis.
AB  - Two cell types can be distinguished with intracellular recording from the pars
      intercerebralis of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The first
      type, which corresponds morphologically to the medial neurosecretory cell, always
      had spontaneously occurring, overshooting action potentials. These action
      potentials are probably endogenously produced. Tetrodotoxin experiments revealed
      that sodium is the dominant ion of the action potential. The action potentials
      are followed by a relatively long after-hyperpolarization. The input resistance
      of these cells ranged from 120 to 390 M omega. A mathematical model, based on
      cellular morphology and response to current pulses, revealed a membrane time
      constant of about 100 msec and an axonal:somatic conductance ratio of
      approximately 13. Area-specific membrane resistance was estimated at 33 k omega
      cm2. These cells also often had reversible and spontaneous inhibitory
      postsynaptic potentials. The second cell type, which is non-neurosecretory, never
      produced spontaneous action potentials and rarely had synaptic potentials. Action
      potentials could be evoked by current injection into the cell body or by
      extracellular stimulation of their axons in the posteroventral portion of the the
      protocerebrum. These action potentials also depend on sodium ions. Their input
      resistance ranged from 16 to 35 M omega. They had a membrane time constant of
      approximately 15 msec and an axonal:somatic conductance ratio of about 9. Their
      area specific membrane resistance was estimated at 14 k omega cm2.

PMID- 3998681
TI  - Production of pyruvate by isolated mouse cumulus cells.
AB  - Cumulus cells were isolated by hyaluronidase treatment of whole cumulus masses
      from superovulated, non-mated mice. The cells, in groups of approximately 200,
      were incubated for up to 4 h in 50 nl medium M2 at 37 degrees C, and serial 3-nl
      samples assayed for pyruvate using an ultramicrofluorescence technique. With 5.55
      mM glucose, 23.3 mM lactate, or a mixture of the two substrates, the cumulus
      cells formed pyruvate at rates of 10.2, 9.6, and 8.9 fmol/cell/h, respectively.
      The concentrations of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate, as measured in 3-nl
      aliquots of rabbit oviduct fluid were 1.5 mM, 0.3 mM, and 3.7 mM, respectively.
      When incubated with 1 mM glucose and 3 mM lactate, mouse cumulus cells formed 7.5
      fmol pyruvate/cell/h. The mean number of cumulus cells per ovum within a cumulus
      mass was 2,060. Intact cumulus masses from mated and non-mated superovulated
      mice, incubated with 1 mM glucose and 3 mM lactate, formed 22.6 and 23.3 pmol
      pyruvate/ovum/h, respectively. The results suggest that pyruvate production by
      cumulus cells may be important in supporting the nutrition of unfertilized and
      fertilized ova, and of spermatozoa, within the oviduct lumen.

PMID- 3998682
TI  - Distribution and characterization of mineral-binding phosphoprotein particles in
      Bivalvia.
AB  - Representative species of four bivalve subclasses were examined for the presence
      of mineral-binding phosphoprotein particles in the physiological fluids. The
      particles were identified in Heterodont bivalves only, and particles from nine
      different Heterodont species were isolated and characterized. All phosphoprotein
      particles are internally cross-linked via histidinoalanine residues. In all
      species over 80% of the amino acid residues in the particles are aspartic acid,
      phosphoserine (and/or phosphothreonine), and histidine. These amino acids are
      probably the only residues directly related to mineral ion binding, since all
      phosphoprotein particles bind mineral irrespective of the minor amino acid
      content, which is species dependent. In their native state the phosphoprotein
      particles contain large amounts of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate
      ions (up to 45 metal ions and 8 phosphate ions per 100 amino acid residues) and
      trace amounts of transition elements. Evidence for the presence of calcium
      phosphate complexes in the native phosphoprotein particles was obtained by
      observing a concomitant increase in the inorganic phosphate and calcium ion
      content of the particles with pH in vivo.

PMID- 3998683
TI  - Notochordal development as influenced by the insecticide dicrotophos (Bidrin).
AB  - White Leghorn chicken embryos were treated at different ages with the insecticide
      dicrotophos to determine the time period of maximum effect upon notochordal
      development. Doses of insecticide ranging from 250 micrograms to 2.0 mg were
      injected into eggs at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 72, or 96 hr of incubation and the
      eggs allowed to incubate for an additional 48 hr. Dicrotophos treatment caused
      dorsoventral and lateral folding of the notochord, with the cervical region being
      most severely affected. Although there was no apparent difference in dose
      responsiveness at any one age, there was an obvious age relationship. Notochordal
      responsiveness, expressed as both the number and severity of folds, was low among
      the 8- and 16-hr treated embryos, increased to a maximum in the 48-hr treatment
      group, and then declined among the older embryos. The time of maximum effect
      correlates closely with the time of sheath deposition and vacuolization of the
      notochord, but not to initial formation of the notochord from the mesoblast or
      later extracellular matrix production by sclerotome cells. It is proposed that
      dicrotophos interferes with some aspect of sheath formation. The pressure exerted
      by the vacuolization upon a structurally weakened sheath is thought to cause the
      observed folding.

PMID- 3998684
TI  - Differentiation and distribution of annulate lamellae in growing oocytes in the
      newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster.
AB  - Stages of oocyte development in Cynops pyrrogaster are defined, and changes of
      annulate lamellae in their fine structure, number, sizes and locations during
      oogenesis are described. The results show that two different types of annulate
      lamellae occur during oogenesis. One type differentiates in or at the periphery
      of vesicle-rich cytoplasm at the early stages of vitellogenesis and increases in
      number and size. The maximum number of about 40 stacks per median section of
      oocyte is reached at the stage of complete differentiation of the animal and the
      vegetal hemispheres. In these growing oocytes, all the stacks show elongate
      appearances and tetragonal arrangements of annuli as common characteristics. A
      second type of stacks of annulate lamellae is added anew in full-grown oocytes,
      increasing the number of stacks per median section of the oocyte to about 90. The
      new stacks occur in close contact with electron-dense bodies in the cytoplasm and
      have a massive appearance and hexagonal array of annuli. It is suggested that
      they appear coincidentally with the onset of oocyte maturation. The possible
      significance of the observed results is discussed.

PMID- 3998685
TI  - Electron microscopic observations on sperm entry and pronuclear formation in
      naked eggs of the rose bitterling in polyspermic fertilization.
AB  - Unfertilized eggs of the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus) were
      squeezed out of females that had an elongated ovipositor and were dechorionated
      mechanically with fine forceps in physiological saline. The dechorionated eggs
      were transferred into fresh water then inseminated at once by spermatozoa of the
      same species. A large number of spermatozoa was found on the surface of eggs that
      had not yet had cortical reaction following insemination. The surface of the
      naked eggs responded by formation of many small cytoplasmic protrusions (viz.,
      fertilization cones) at sperm attachment sites. The formed fertilization cones
      were rosettelike structures formed by the aggregation of some bleblike swellings
      devoid of microvilli and microplicae. About 10 min after insemination, the
      fertilization cones retracted, but marks of their presence characterized by less
      microvilli and microplicae remained in the eggs 15 min after insemination. Many
      spermatozoa penetrated into the cytoplasm of each naked egg. The sperm nuclear
      envelope disappeared by means of vesiculation resulting from fusion of the inner
      and outer membranes. The sperm nucleus decondensed and developed into a larger
      male pronucleus. Smooth-surfaced vesicles surrounded the decondensing sperm
      nucleus and formed the new male pronuclear envelope. Sperm mitochondria and
      flagella were found in the egg 15 min after insemination. The response of the egg
      surface to sperm entry and pronucleus formation are discussed.

PMID- 3998686
TI  - Cortical granule exocytosis in sea urchin eggs is inhibited by drugs that alter
      intracellular calcium stores.
AB  - In sea urchin eggs fertilization is accompanied by cortical granule exocytosis, a
      secretory event thought to be initiated by release of intracellularly sequestered
      calcium. We have examined the effect of two drugs on this process:
      chlortetracycline (CTC), a known chelator of intracellular calcium, and 8-(N,N
      diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), an antagonist of
      intracellular calcium release in both skeletal and smooth muscle. Preincubation
      of eggs for 10 min with either CTC or TMB-8 blocked sperm entry, inhibited the
      burst of 45Ca2+ efflux normally seen postinsemination, and prevented
      fertilization envelope elevation. Half-maximal inhibition occurred with 200
      microM CTC and 60 microM TMB-8. Electron microscopy confirmed that cortical
      granule exocytosis had been blocked, although inhibition was not due to a direct
      effect on exocytosis. CTC and TMB-8 had no effect on Ca2+-stimulated granule
      fusion in isolated egg cortices. Rather, these drugs block the early events in
      egg activation: sperm incorporation and triggering of exocytosis. These two
      effects appear to be independent since addition of either drug just before
      insemination permits sperm entry but inhibits calcium release and cortical
      granule exocytosis.

PMID- 3998687
TI  - Stress reduces hemolymph ecdysteroid levels in the crab: mediation by the
      eyestalks.
AB  - In decapod crustaceans, molt hormone (ecdysone) production by Y-organs is
      suppressed by an eyestalk neurosecretory product, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH).
      Environmental stressors are known to delay or prevent molting in crabs. The
      present study assesses the function of the MIH-Y-organ neuroendocrine system in
      the crab Cancer antennarius under conditions of daily handling stress. After
      three days, stressed crabs showed significant suppression of hemolymph
      ecdysteroid levels, which continued to fall to 20% of controls by day 14.
      Ecdysteroid titers of stressed crabs returned to prestress levels seven days
      after stress termination. Ecdysteroid levels in de-eyestalked (DES) crabs rose
      160% within 48 hr post-DES. Stressing DES crabs over 16 subsequent days did not
      significantly alter ecdysteroid levels compared with unstressed DES controls.
      Handling stress thus depresses hemolymph ecdysteroid levels in the crab, a
      response that is mediated by eyestalks and appears to result from stress-induced
      MIH release.

PMID- 3998688
TI  - Discussion of "Electrocution by Street Lighting".

PMID- 3998689
TI  - The incident at Tuol Chrey: pathologic and toxicologic examinations of a casualty
      after chemical attack.
AB  - The results of the pathologic and toxicologic examinations of specimens from a
      casualty who died several weeks after a chemical attack in Kampuchea are
      discussed. While the effects of tricothecene mycotoxins have been described in
      domestic and experimental animals, there is a paucity of information about the
      pathologic effects of these toxins in humans. The possible effects of endemic
      diseases such as falciparum malaria, viral hepatitis, and nutritional
      deficiencies, as well as of the sudden, unexpected death syndrome among refugees
      from Southeast Asia, have been reviewed. If the results of the histologic
      examinations in this case are considered alone, it is not possible to establish a
      cause-effect relationship. However, the circumstances of injury, the relationship
      of pathologic findings to the studies of experimental animals, and the results of
      the toxicologic examinations of environmental and biologic specimens indicate
      that the combinations of tricothecene mycotoxins detected are not consistent with
      natural occurrence and provide evidence that the pathologic effects are related
      to a toxic agent.

PMID- 3998691
TI  - Investigation of hot air balloon fatalities.
AB  - The rising popularity of the sport of hot air ballooning has been accompanied by
      several recent incidents, both in this country and other parts of the world,
      where mechanical defects and the improper operation of balloons have resulted in
      several fatalities. A study was conducted to identify the location and frequency
      of hot air ballooning accidents. Furthermore, the study attempted to identify
      those accidents that were the result of improper handling on the part of the
      balloon operators and those that were related to specific defects in the
      construction of the balloon. This paper presents a background of the sport of hot
      air ballooning, together with an analysis of the construction of a typical hot
      air balloon, pointing out the specific areas where defects may occur that could
      result in a potential fatal balloon crash. Specific attention is given to the two
      recent balloon crashes that occurred in Albuquerque, N.M., hot air balloon
      capital of the world, and that resulted in multiple fatalities.

PMID- 3998690
TI  - Bone marrow emboli versus fat emboli as the cause of unexpected death.
AB  - Thromboemboli were found diffusely throughout the pulmonary vasculature system of
      a 76-year-old white female who died unexpectedly 3 days following injury and
      repair of a left hip intracapsular fracture. A diffuse chronic nonspecific
      myocarditis with marked fat atrophy, an acute myocardial infarct of the posterior
      left ventricular papillary muscle, and an acute right lower lobe bronchopneumonia
      are believed to be the cause of death.

PMID- 3998692
TI  - A measurement of human hair oxidation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
AB  - Human scalp hair samples were oxidized to determine the sulfonic acid absorption
      peak. This peak was monitored at 1044 cm-1 by Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FTIR) in hair samples from 135 whites and found to provide a degree
      of discrimination in treated and untreated hairs. The effects of moisture,
      laboratory storage, natural hair color, and variation over time were also
      studied.

PMID- 3998693
TI  - Effects of freezing and frozen storage on histological characteristics of canine
      tissues.
AB  - Frozen tissues were studied histologically to determine what changes were
      produced by freezing. Samples of brain, lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney
      from 20 stray dogs were treated in 3 ways: formalin fixation (control), frozen
      for 2 days plus formalin fixation, or frozen for 7 days plus formalin fixation.
      Major histological changes caused by freezing were loss of staining,
      extracellular fluid accumulation, cell shrinkage, fractures, hemolysis, and
      hematin formation. Lesser changes included loss of bronchial cilia, prominence of
      collagen in alveolar septa and meninges, and intracellular vacuolization of
      epithelial cells. Although these changes were annoying, adequate visualization of
      the tissues was usually possible.

PMID- 3998694
TI  - Scanning electron microscope study of the lung in drowning.
AB  - The authors describe the results obtained using the scanning electron microscope
      (SEM) to study drowned lungs and control lungs. Results are compared with a
      previous study carried out using laboratory animals. The results from both
      studies are analogous, in the absence of chronic pulmonary emphysema. The
      diagnosis of chronic pulmonary emphysema is simple with the SEM even when dealing
      with autoptic material obtained 24 to 48 h after death, but the diagnosis of
      drowning becomes difficult in lungs with chronic emphysema.

PMID- 3998696
TI  - Women and arson: a demographic study.
AB  - This study describes women accused of setting fires in the City of New York who
      were evaluated between 1980 and 1983 at the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic for the
      New York Criminal and Supreme Courts. Consideration is given to their age,
      ethnicity, history of prior mental illness, abuse of controlled substances,
      economic status, family background, education, and employment. Their methodology,
      planning, and targeting for their firesetting behavior, as well as reported
      motivations for engaging in arson, are also considered.

PMID- 3998695
TI  - Qualifying the psychiatrist as a lay witness: a reaction to the American
      Psychiatric Association petition in Barefoot v. Estelle.
AB  - Organized psychiatry has recently begun to define limits to expert testimony. The
      American Psychiatric Association filed an amicus brief in the case of Barefoot v.
      Estelle urging legal curtailment of psychiatric testimony as to future
      dangerousness and prohibition on Constitutional grounds of expert psychiatric
      testimony solely based on hypothetical data. The Supreme Court refused relief on
      both questions. Psychiatric testimony to ultimate questions at law is limited by
      the inherent contextual variables of psychiatric clinical and experimental
      knowledge and practice. A forensic science model for psychiatric participation
      with explicit psychiatrically defined limitations is proposed using competence to
      stand trial as an example.

PMID- 3998698
TI  - Fatal occupational accidents--the five-year Metro Dade County experience, 1979
      1983.
AB  - A study of fatal occupational accidents in Metropolitan Dade County between the
      years 1979 and 1983 was performed from the case files of the office of the
      medical examiner. A total of 147 cases were collected and were subdivided into 25
      traffic-related and 122 nontraffic-related cases. Cases were then analyzed as to
      age, race, sex, cause of death, alcohol, toxicology, scene circumstances, and who
      was at fault in the accidental fatality. Traffic-related fatalities, comprising
      17% of the cases, were young white males, commonly less than 45 years of age, who
      died of multiple injuries in the majority of instances while working as drivers
      on tractor trailers, migrant farms, or fruit produce trucks. The most common
      seenario was a vehicle-vehicle collision in which seat belts were not used and
      the decedent or the decedent's driver was at fault. Nontraffic-related
      fatalities, comprising 83% of the cases, were likewise white males, commonly less
      than 45 years of age, who died of multiple injuries in the majority of instances
      as construction workers or as loading/forklift operators. The most common
      seenario was one in which alcohol or drugs were not involved. While the "fault"
      was unassignable in the majority of cases, in those in which it could be, the
      deceased was at fault approximately half the time with the company or others at
      fault the other half.

PMID- 3998697
TI  - An epidemic of cocaine associated deaths in Utah.
AB  - This article describes 15 cocaine associated deaths in Utah in a 3 1/2-month
      period in early 1984, compared to 6 cocaine associated deaths for all of 1983.
      Brief case histories of the 15 cases are presented along with data on age, sex,
      county of death, cause of death, association of the cocaine with the death,
      cocaine analytical methodology, and a summary of cocaine concentrations in blood
      and urine. In four of the cases, cocaine by injection was the cause of death,
      whereas the other cases had cocaine or metabolite detected incidentally. The
      epidemiology of a single, well-defined cocaine source is described and related to
      this transient, remarkable increase in cocaine associated deaths.

PMID- 3998699
TI  - Intravenous amphetamine abuse, primary cerebral mucormycosis, and acquired
      immunodeficiency.
AB  - Two intravenous amphetamine abusers had fatal, rapidly progressive cerebral
      mucormycosis with abscess formation in the presence of absolute lymphopenia.
      Postmortem examination confirmed the primary nature of the fungal cerebritis,
      documented by postmortem culture and histology. The clinical and pathologic
      features of these cases are compared to previously reported occurrences of
      primary fungal cerebritis (and abscess) among intravenous drug abusers, including
      cocaine users. Primary fungal cerebritis associated with intravenous abuse of
      stimulant drugs is discussed as a possible variant of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 3998700
TI  - Biochemical changes of the synovial liquid in corpses with regard to the cause of
      death. 1: Calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, urea nitrogen,
      uric acid, proteins, and albumin.
AB  - We present in this work a study about biochemical changes of the synovial liquid
      in 100 corpses with regard to the cause of death. The results obtained in the
      different groups of causes of death show that the biochemical parameters were
      modified postmortem although we think that this modification is related more
      directly to the duration of the pathological process that leads to death than
      with the nature of the process itself.

PMID- 3998701
TI  - Biochemical changes of the synovial liquid of corpses with regard to the cause of
      death. 2: Alkaline phosphatase, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic
      oxalacetic transaminase (GOT).
AB  - We studied the activity of various enzymes in the synovial liquid of 100 corpses
      with regard to the cause of death finding that the alkaline phospatase and
      glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) are increased in cranioencephalic trauma,
      possibly as a result of the important cellular lysis which goes with them; and
      lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) is increased in the pulmonary processes, almost
      certainly with relation to the great quantity of this enzyme in the lung.

PMID- 3998702
TI  - Fatal acute selenium toxicity.
AB  - Selenium is used widely in industry and as a dietary supplement. Reports of acute
      selenium toxicity are infrequent, however, and the relationship of toxicity to
      selenium concentrations in blood and tissues has not been established. We
      describe a patient who died eight days after ingesting selenious acid in the form
      of gun blueing. The patient's clinical course demonstrated many of the features
      of inorganic selenium toxicity described in animals; hypotension as a result of
      both vasodilation and decreased cardiac output, adult respiratory distress
      syndrome, severe myopathy which contributed to respiratory failure, and a
      garlicky odor to the breath. Four days after ingestion the serum selenium
      concentration was twenty times normal and urinary excretion seventy times normal.
      Postmortem tissue selenium concentrations were up to 40 times normal.

PMID- 3998703
TI  - Deaths as a result of a combination of codeine and glutethimide.
AB  - Toxicological findings are described in 16 medical examiner cases directly
      related to the combination of codeine and glutethimide. The cases described
      represent a six-month period, July through December 1982, showing the epidemic
      rate of abuse of this drug combination, most prominent in the Newark, NJ area
      since the late 1970s. Concentrations of codeine and glutethimide, measured by gas
      liquid chromatography (GLC), in the blood averaged 0.62 and 4.07 mg/L,
      respectively. Similarly determined urine concentrations averaged 38.06 and 12.68
      mg/L, respectively. Specific concentrations of each drug in most cases were in
      the high therapeutic range, suggesting a possible toxic synergistic effect.

PMID- 3998704
TI  - An unusual penetrating head wound by a yard broom and its medicolegal aspects.
AB  - A fatal case of a homicidal penetrating head injury by a blunt object (yard
      broom) is described. A piece of wood penetrated the skull and remained in the
      intracranial cavity resulting in infection. The need of careful examination of
      the head injury is emphasized.

PMID- 3998705
TI  - Case involving differentiation of deer and human bone fragments.
AB  - In a recent Louisiana forensic anthropology case, it was necessary to attempt
      species identification of six small bone fragments. The primary concern was
      whether or not they matched the fractured humerus of a woman killed by two
      shotgun blasts and then disposed of in the Mississippi River. These tiny
      fragments were recovered by law enforcement officers inside a jeep pickup and at
      the gas station where the vehicle had been cleaned. The police suspect claimed
      that these fragments were from a deer that he had recently killed. The small size
      of the pieces precluded positive recognition of human versus nonhuman origin
      based upon gross morphology and cortical thickness. Microscopic examination was
      possible. This analysis involved comparison of the unknown specimens to reference
      deer and human thin sections including bone recovered from the woman during
      autopsy. Examination of the jeep and gas station fragments revealed no plexiform
      bone, secondary (not primary) osteons, and variability in size and shape of the
      osteons and Haversian canals. These and other variables identified the bone
      fragments as human.

PMID- 3998706
TI  - Effect of norepinephrine on swelling-induced potassium transport in duck red
      cells. Evidence against a volume-regulatory decrease under physiological
      conditions.
AB  - Duck red cells exhibit specific volume-sensitive ion transport processes that are
      inhibited by furosemide, but not by ouabain. Swelling cells in a hypotonic
      synthetic medium activates a chloride-dependent, but sodium-independent,
      potassium transport. Shrinking cells in a hypertonic synthetic medium stimulates
      an electrically neutral co-transport of [Na + K + 2 Cl] with an associated 1:1
      K/K (or K/Rb) exchange. These shrinkage-induced modes can also be activated in
      both hypo- and hypertonic solutions by beta-adrenergic catecholamines (e.g.,
      norepinephrine). Freshly drawn cells spontaneously shrink approximately 4-5% when
      removed from the influence of endogenous plasma catecholamines, either by
      incubation in a catecholamine-free, plasma-like synthetic medium, or in plasma to
      which a beta-receptor blocking dose of propranolol has been added. This
      spontaneous shrinkage resembles the response of hypotonically swollen cells in
      that it is due to a net loss of KCl with no change in cell sodium. Norepinephrine
      abolishes the net potassium transport seen in both fresh and hypotonically
      swollen cells. Moreover, cells swollen in diluted plasma, at physiological pH and
      extracellular potassium, show no net loss of KCl and water ("volume-regulatory
      decrease") unless propranolol is added. Examination of the individual cation
      fluxes in the presence of catecholamines demonstrates that activation of [Na + K
      + 2Cl] co-transport with its associated K/Rb exchange prevents, or overrides,
      swelling-induced [K + Cl] co-transport. These results, therefore, cast doubt on
      whether the swelling-induced [K + Cl] system can serve a volume-regulatory
      function under in vivo conditions.

PMID- 3998708
TI  - Nonlinear cable properties of the giant axon of the cockroach Periplaneta
      americana.
AB  - The steady state nonlinear properties of the giant axon membrane of the cockroach
      Periplaneta americana were studied by means of intracellular electrodes. The
      resistivity of this membrane markedly decreases in response to small subthreshold
      depolarizations. The specific slope resistance is reduced by twofold at 5 mV
      depolarization and by a factor of 14 at 20 mV depolarization. As a result, the
      spatial decay, V(X), of depolarizing potentials is enhanced when compared with
      the passive (exponential) decay. This enhancement is maximal at a distance of 1
      1.5 mm from a point of subthreshold (0-20 mV) depolarizing perturbation. At that
      distance, the difference between the actual potential and the potential expected
      in the passive axon is approximately 30%. The effects of membrane rectification
      on V(X) were analyzed quantitatively with a novel derivation based on Cole's
      theorem, which enables one to calculate V(X) directly from the input current
      voltage (I0-V) relation of a long axon. It is shown that when the experimental I0
      V curve is replotted as (I0Rin)-1 against V (where Rin is the input resistance at
      the resting potential), the integral between any two potentials (V1 greater than
      V2) on this curve is the distance, in units of the resting space constant, over
      which V1 attenuates to V2. Excellent agreement was found between the experimental
      V(X) and the predicted value based solely on the input I0-V relation. The results
      demonstrate that the rectifying properties of the giant axon membrane must be
      taken into account when the electrotonic spread of even small subthreshold
      potentials is studied, and that, in the steady state, this behavior can be
      extracted from measurements at a single point. The effect of rectification on
      synaptic efficacy is also discussed.

PMID- 3998709
TI  - Effect of chloroquine on African swine fever virus infection.
AB  - When present during the whole infective cycle, the lysosomotropic drug,
      chloroquine, inhibited cytopathic changes and production of African swine fever
      virus (ASFV) in Vero cells. This inhibition decreased when the drug was added
      from 1 h to 4 h after infection. Chloroquine had no effect on the virus nor on
      viral adsorption and internalization. Electron microscopy showed that, in the
      presence of the drug, the virions were retained in large vacuoles having a
      lysosomal appearance. This inhibition was fully reversible, even when the drug
      was removed as late as 72 h after infection. The results support the hypothesis
      that ASFV enters the cells by adsorptive endocytosis and not by fusion with the
      plasma membrane.

PMID- 3998707
TI  - Electro-osmosis and the reabsorption of fluid in renal proximal tubules.
AB  - The lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) are believed to be the final common
      pathway for fluid reabsorption from the renal proximal tubule. We postulate that
      electrogenic sodium pumps in the lateral membranes produce an electrical
      potential within the LIS, that the lateral membranes bear a net negative charge,
      and that fluid moves parallel to these membranes because of Helmholtz-type
      electro-osmosis, the field-induced movement of fluid adjacent to a charged
      surface. Our theoretical analysis indicates that the sodium pumps produce a
      longitudinal electric field of the order of 1 V/cm in the LIS. Our experimental
      measurements demonstrate that the electrophoretic mobility of rat renal
      basolateral membrane vesicles is 1 micron/s per V/cm, which is also the electro
      osmotic fluid velocity in the LIS produced by a unit electric field. Thus, the
      fluid velocity in the LIS due to electro-osmosis should be of the order of 1
      micron/s, which is sufficient to account for the observed reabsorption of fluid
      from renal proximal tubules. Several experimentally testable predictions emerge
      from our model. First, the pressure in the LIS need not increase when fluid is
      transported. Thus, the LIS of mammalian proximal tubules need not swell during
      fluid transport, a prediction consistent with the observations of Burg and
      Grantham (1971, Membranes and Ion Transport, pp. 49-77). Second, the reabsorption
      of fluid is predicted to cease when the lumen is clamped to a negative voltage.
      Our analysis predicts that a voltage of -15 mV will cause fluid to be secreted
      into the Necturus proximal tubule, a prediction consistent with the observations
      of Spring and Paganelli (1972, J. Gen. Physiol., 60:181).

PMID- 3998710
TI  - The ratio of plasma membrane cholesterol to phospholipid and the inhibition of
      Sindbis virus maturation by low NaCl medium.
AB  - Sindbis virus maturation is inhibited by low NaCl medium in chick embryo cells
      and in one strain of BHK cells, but not in another strain of BHK cells which has
      a different passage history. The plasma membrane of the cells in which Sindbis
      virus maturation is resistant to low NaCl medium has a higher ratio of
      cholesterol to phospholipid than the other cells. Cholesterol-containing
      liposomes, but not cholesterol-free liposomes, can release Sindbis virus from low
      NaCl-inhibited cells. These results suggest that low NaCl medium may block
      Sindbis virus maturation by a mechanism which is influenced by the ratio of
      plasma membrane cholesterol to phospholipid.

PMID- 3998711
TI  - Persistent infection of rabies virus (HEP-Flury strain) in human neuroblastoma
      cells capable of producing interferon.
AB  - Apparent interferon-mediated persistent infection of rabies virus (HEP-Flury
      strain) was established in a human neuroblastoma SYM-I (clone K-104) cell line,
      which had the ability to produce interferon. This infection produced variable but
      small amounts of progeny virus and interferon (up to 100 IU/ml), and resisted
      superinfection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Sindbis virus as well as
      homologous rabies virus. The treatment of this infection with anti-interferon
      antibody stimulated virus replication and extensive c.p.e. However, some cells
      survived and grew rapidly without any sign of c.p.e. These produced increased
      amounts (100 to 1000 times) of infectious and DI particles in the presence of
      anti-interferon antibody, becoming susceptible to superinfection with VSV but
      remaining resistant to the original rabies virus. Small plaque mutants appeared
      and replaced the original virus during the long-term cultivation of the
      persistent infection. Several mutants tested were all identified as Sdi (DI
      resistant) mutants, suggesting that the persisting viruses were endowed by the
      Sdi mutation with a selective advantage over the original virus even in
      interferon-mediated persistent infections.

PMID- 3998712
TI  - Age of acquisition and meaningfulness as predictors of word availability.
AB  - Recognition latencies were obtained for words about which age-of-acquisition data
      were directly available on individual children. Latencies to name 50 words were
      obtained for each of 20 ninth-grade children. In addition, each child was asked
      to give associations to each word as a measure of its meaningfulness. Although
      latencies were significantly related to age-at-acquisition, confirming earlier
      reports, the partial correlation with meaningfulness removed was not significant.
      Age-of-acquisition determines word availability only because early-learned words
      elicit more associations.

PMID- 3998713
TI  - The effect of diagonality on reconstruction of patterns by preschool children.
AB  - The study examined the contribution of various aspects of pattern complexity to
      children's difficulty on reconstruction of patterns. Specifically, diagonal
      pattern components and spatial orientation of patterns were considered. Twenty
      four children between 16 months and 31 months were presented eight 5-square
      patterns on a 3 X 3 matrix of squares. The squares lighted, went dark, and then
      could be relighted by the child if touched. Accuracy of reconstruction was
      determined by the number of squares correctly chosen by the child during
      reconstruction. The eight patterns were rated according to Leeuwenberg's code
      length method, Garner's rotation-and-reflection method, Halford and Macdonald's
      rating scale, and a simple count of the number of diagonal lines. Analysis of
      children's responding indicated that number of diagonal lines was more predictive
      of memory performance than the other three rating systems, implying that
      diagonality is an important feature of pattern complexity that should be included
      in ratings of patterns used in research with children.

PMID- 3998716
TI  - Parenting concepts, skills and attitudes among selected south Louisiana
      university freshmen.

PMID- 3998715
TI  - Character, Crohn's disease and pain.

PMID- 3998714
TI  - The identity model and factors controlling the superiority of the study-test
      method over the anticipation method.
AB  - Short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) components are assumed to
      overlap in such a way that the response reflects predominantly STM components in
      short retention intervals but LTM ones in long retention intervals. Based on the
      STM and LTM overlap hypothesis, the identity model postulates that basic
      processes per study, test, and intervening study and test events as well as
      intercycle intervals, respectively, are the same for both anticipation and study
      test methods in cued (paired-associate) recall and recognition (verbal
      discrimination learning). A crucial difference between the two methods is the
      differential retention interval distribution (containing an overlap area).
      Amounts of STM components in the short-term store (STS), that is, critical items,
      seem to control the varied superiority of the study-test method over the
      anticipation method. This is directly linked to the learning difficulty
      dimension, which in turn is determined by such variables as list length, learning
      materials, exposure durations (presentation rates), acquisition stages, learning
      ability, developmental stages (ages), and others.

PMID- 3998717
TI  - Coronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: which agent and by what
      route?

PMID- 3998718
TI  - Ethnicity and reporting of schizophrenic symptoms.
AB  - Eighty-one clinically diagnosed (DSM-III) Hispanic and Anglo schizophrenic
      subjects were evaluated with a structured diagnostic interview, the National
      Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS), and a
      battery of rating instruments (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global
      Impressions, Global Assessment Scale, and Hopkins Symptom Checklist 90 [SCL-90]).
      The authors examined: a) consistency in reporting of symptoms across different
      instruments administered in different formats and b) the importance of ethnic
      background in consistency of responses to the different instruments. A subgroup
      of patients (23% of total) "denied" lifetime schizophrenic symptoms in the lay
      interviewer-administered structured interview ("DIS negative" schizophrenic
      subjects). The proportion of DIS negative subjects was very similar across the
      two ethnic groups. However, responses by DIS negative schizophrenic subjects to a
      self-rating instrument (SCL-90) were significantly different for Hispanic and
      Anglo subjects. A subgroup of Anglo subjects denied symptoms in the DIS, but
      volunteered them in the self-rating instrument. Responses of Hispanic subjects
      were consistent regardless of format.

PMID- 3998719
TI  - Neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia. Relation to associative thought
      disorder.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that cerebral atrophy with cognitive deficits is
      associated with negative schizophrenic symptoms, including poverty of speech and
      speech content. This report investigates the relationship between specific
      measures of neuropsychological dysfunction and four major indices of associative
      thought disorder in schizophrenia, to ascertain whether neuropsychologically
      impaired schizophrenics show more associative disturbance than
      neuropsychologically intact schizophrenics. Twenty neuropsychologically intact
      and 12 impaired schizophrenics, rigorously diagnosed by the Research Diagnostic
      Criteria, were administered the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. These
      two groups of schizophrenics were compared on a continuous word-association test,
      which included two nonverbal and two verbal measures of associative disturbance.
      The neuropsychologically impaired schizophrenics had slower reaction times (p
      less than .05), but did not differ from the neuropsychologically intact
      schizophrenics on the verbal measures. Results indicated a stronger relationship
      between neuropsychological functions and the nonverbal dimensions (p less than
      .02), than with the verbal measures. This challenges the assumption that a left
      hemisphere abnormality in schizophrenia is particularly associated with cognitive
      disturbance, and suggests that neuropsychologically impaired schizophrenics may
      show greater potential for negative schizophrenic symptoms.

PMID- 3998720
TI  - Assessment of tardive dyskinesia using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale.
AB  - Over a 10-month period, 33 patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) were evaluated
      with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) simultaneously and
      independently by two experienced and two inexperienced raters. The experienced
      raters generally had higher levels of agreement and their scores were more
      consistent over time. It is concluded that experience with TD influences AIMS
      inter-rater reliability and that it is useful to differentiate TD movements into
      the dimensions of quality, frequency, and amplitude, dimensions not currently
      used in the AIMS. The usefulness and difficulty of developing more specific
      guidelines for AIMS ratings are discussed.

PMID- 3998721
TI  - A psychological comparison of heterosexuals, transvestites, preoperative
      transsexuals, and postoperative transsexuals.
AB  - The psychological functioning of male heterosexuals, transvestites, preoperative
      transsexuals and postoperative transsexuals was assessed. The groups represented
      a gradient of progressive feminization which showed progressive levels of
      psychological dysfunction. The data indicated that the transsexuals studied were
      indicative of a select group demonstrating profound psychological dysfunction.
      The study contributes to the recent literature, which indicates that sex
      reassignment surgery for this group is not the treatment of choice. Criteria for
      projecting postoperative outcome are outlined which can be utilized to direct
      gender dysphoria patients to alternate treatments.

PMID- 3998722
TI  - Effect of maintenance hemodialysis on male sexual performance.
AB  - Prior studies have suggested that male patients with uremia suffer from sexual
      dysfunction that worsens when they are placed on maintenance hemodialysis. The
      authors report a prospective study of the effect of maintenance hemodialysis on
      male sexual functioning using nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) measures and
      detailed sexual histories. Twenty men already on maintenance hemodialysis and 23
      men with advanced renal failure who began maintenance hemodialysis within 4
      months of entering the study were followed at 4-month intervals for 1-year and 6
      month intervals for the following 18 months. Sexual performance as assessed by
      NPT, frequency of intercourse, and complaints of erectile failure remained
      remarkably stable over time for both groups. When renal failure patients moved to
      maintenance hemodialysis, their frequency of intercourse increased significantly
      despite stability of NPT. These results suggest not only that maintenance
      hemodialysis does not worsen sexual functioning, but that adaptation to a sexual
      deficit is possible after starting hemodialysis.

PMID- 3998723
TI  - Accumulation, acetylation, and releasability of diethylhomocholine from a
      sympathetic ganglion.
AB  - Superior cervical ganglia of the cat perfused with [14C]diethylhomocholine [(
      14C]DEHCh) synthesized acetyldiethylhomocholine (ADEHCh), but rather little of
      this ester was released by subsequent preganglionic nerve stimulation.
      Stimulation evoked the release of an appreciable amount of unchanged DEHCh when
      ganglia had been exposed to the analogue in the absence of choline (Ch), but did
      not do so when exposed to both Ch and DEHCh. The release of DEHCh was Ca2+
      dependent, and was not the result of the release and subsequent hydrolysis of
      ADEHCh. This is the first clear demonstration of the release of an unacetylated
      compound from mammalian tissue; therefore, the characteristics of the transmitter
      release mechanism are further defined. The effect of preganglionic nerve
      stimulation on the uptake and acetylation of DEHCh was also measured. Stimulated
      ganglia accumulated approximately 4 times more labeled analogue and synthesized
      7.5 times more ADEHCh than did rested ganglia. Stimulated ganglia perfused with 2
      (4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol, a compound considered to inhibit acetylcholine
      (ACh) release by inhibiting its transport into synaptic vesicles, accumulated 3.4
      times as much and acetylated 6 times as much DEHCh as did rested ganglia. When
      the concentration of Mg2+ in the perfusion medium was increased to block ACh
      release, accumulation of the labelled analogue was enhanced by stimulation, but
      its acetylation was increased much less than during perfusion with normal medium.
      It is concluded that the synthesis of ADEHCh is subject to the same regulation as
      is ACh synthesis and that the activation of ester synthesis during activity can
      be dissociated from ester release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998725
TI  - Age-dependent changes in brain GABA turnover rates in two inbred strains of mice.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) steady-state levels and turnover rates have been
      determined in 15 brain areas of 21-day- and 3-month-old DBA/2J (DBA) and C57B1/6J
      (C57) mice. These two inbred strains differ by their susceptibility to audiogenic
      seizures; moreover, the involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission has been
      suggested in the control of this behavior. Turnover rates are generally higher at
      21 days than at 3 months of age. There are few significant differences in the
      GABA steady-state levels between 21-day-old seizure-prone DBA mice when compared
      with seizure-resistant C57 mice. In the DBA mice, the steady-state level is
      higher in the olfactory bulbs and lower in the posterior colliculus and the
      olfactory tubercles than in the C57 mice. Although there are some significant
      differences in GABA turnover rates and steady-state levels, intra or inter
      strains, it is difficult to correlate directly these differences with seizure
      susceptibility.

PMID- 3998724
TI  - Comparative analysis of nicotine-like receptor-ligand interactions in rodent
      brain homogenate.
AB  - The effects of different variables such as incubation time, temperature, tissue
      protein content, and pH on the interactions of various labelled nicotinic ligands
      with nicotine-like binding sites in vitro were studied in rodent brain
      preparations. The ligands tested were alpha-[3H]bungarotoxin (alpha-[3H]BTX),
      [3H]tubocurarine ([3H]TC), and [3H]nicotine ([3H]NIC). The regional distribution
      of the labelled nicotinic ligand binding was also studied and affinity constants
      and maximal binding (Bmax) values for the equilibrium [3H]NIC binding are given.
      Association kinetics for [3H]NIC and [3H]TC binding to brain homogenate were
      similar, with maximal binding within 5-10 min of incubation, followed by a
      continuous decrease. In contrast, the binding of alpha-[3H]BTX to brain
      homogenate was much slower, reaching equilibrium after 30-60 min of incubation.
      Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding data for [3H]NIC in the hippocampus
      indicated two binding sites: a high-affinity site (Bmax, 60 pmol/g protein; KD, 6
      nM) and a low-affinity site (Bmax, 230 pmol/g protein; KD, 125 nM). The data for
      the high-affinity [3H]NIC binding site are very similar to previously found data
      for the high-affinity binding site of [3H]TC and the binding site of alpha
      [3H]BTX. Each ligand showed regional differences in binding, and the binding
      pattern also differed between the ligands.

PMID- 3998726
TI  - Changes in presynaptic release of acetylcholine during development of tolerance
      to the anticholinesterase, DFP.
AB  - The rat myenteric plexus was used as a peripheral model for studying muscarinic
      modulation of acetylcholine (ACh) release from presynaptic muscarinic neurons
      during development of tolerance to the anticholinesterase agent,
      diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). DFP in arachis oil was administered
      subcutaneously to intact animals according to both acute and chronic regimens,
      with arachis oil injections serving as controls. Post-mortem analyses showed that
      the mean AChE activity level in whole brain was reduced under all DFP conditions
      to 18.0 +/- 1.4% when compared with the control level. After 10 days of DFP
      treatment, the AChE level was 22.3 +/- 2.1% of control in the myenteric plexus.
      There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in resting ACh
      release. Release evoked by electrical stimulation (difference between stimulated
      and resting release) in the absence of atropine, i.e., "basal rate," for strips
      taken at various times after a single injection of DFP did not differ from that
      for strips from animals receiving arachis oil only. However, basal release for
      strips from chronically treated subjects was significantly greater than that of
      controls (p less than 10(-3), although not different from each other. Analysis of
      variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures showed that there existed a highly
      significant atropine dependency in strips from all treatments when they were
      stimulated in concentrations of atropine from 10(-9) to 10(-5) M (p less than 10(
      10). Further analyses established that the increases in rates of evoked ACh
      release as concentrations of atropine increased were similar for strips from
      chronically treated DFP and arachis oil animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998727
TI  - Properties of N-acetylhistamine deacetylase in mammalian brain.
AB  - Properties of N-acetylhistamine deacetylase in rat brain were studied, utilizing
      a sensitive coupled radioenzymatic assay. The Km for N-acetylhistamine for this
      deacetylase was 660 microM and its Vmax was 330 pmol/h/mg protein. N
      Acetylhistamine deacetylase activity increased 80% in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+.
      The Km of Mn2+ was 40 microM. The enzyme is primarily a soluble enzyme with a
      relatively uniform regional distribution, unlike the distribution for histamine
      and histidine decarboxylase. Neonatal activity of this enzyme in rat brain is
      higher than in adult brain. alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine does not affect the
      activity of N-acetylhistamine, indicating that deacetylation probably does not
      play a regulatory role in the synthesis of brain histamine.

PMID- 3998728
TI  - Effect of hyperammonemia and methionine sulfoximine on the kinetic parameters of
      blood-brain transport of leucine and phenylalanine.
AB  - The activity of the blood-brain neutral amino acid transport system is increased
      in rats infused with ammonium salts or rendered hyperammonemic by a portacaval
      anastomosis. This effect may be due to a direct action of ammonia or to some
      metabolic consequence of high ammonia levels, such as increased brain glutamine
      synthesis. To test these possibilities we evaluated the kinetic parameters of
      blood-brain transport of leucine and phenylalanine in control rats, in rats after
      continuous 24 h infusion of ammonium salts (NH4+ = 2.5 mmol X kg-1 X h-1), and in
      rats treated with methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase,
      before infusion of ammonium salts. In ammonia-infused rats without methionine
      sulfoximine treatment, the KD and Vmax of phenylalanine transport were increased,
      respectively, about 170% and 80% compared to controls, whereas the Km and Vmax of
      leucine transport were increased, respectively, about 100% and 200%. Electron
      microscopy demonstrated marked swelling of astrocytic processes around brain
      capillaries of ammonia-infused rats; however, capillary permeability to
      horseradish peroxidase apparently was not increased by ammonia infusion.
      Administration of methionine sulfoximine before ammonia infusion inhibited
      glutamine synthesis and prevented the changes in transport of leucine and
      phenylalanine, but apparently did not reverse the perivascular swelling. These
      results suggest that the ammonia-induced increase in the activity of transport of
      large neutral amino acids across the blood-brain barrier requires glutamine
      synthesis in brain, and is not a direct effect of ammonia.

PMID- 3998729
TI  - Cholinesterases in single nerve cells isolated from the locus ceruleus and from
      nucleus of the facial nerve of the rat: a microgasometric study.
AB  - Cholinesterase activity in single nerve cell bodies isolated from the locus
      ceruleus and nucleus of the facial nerve of the rat was analyzed by the
      microgasometric method. Acetylcholinesterase activity is about the same in both
      types of cells. Nonspecific cholinesterase is present in noradrenergic cells of
      the locus ceruleus but not in the cholinergic cells of the nucleus of the facial
      nerve. The total activity of cholinesterases and the activity of
      acetylcholinesterase in nerve cell bodies isolated from the locus ceruleus
      remains practically unchanged from the tenth postnatal day until the age of 24
      months. Depletion of noradrenaline by a high dose of reserpine does not influence
      the total activity of cholinesterases in nerve cell bodies of locus ceruleus.

PMID- 3998730
TI  - Phospholipid methylase activity, [3H]S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine binding, and S
      adenosyl-L-methionine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine levels in rat brain during
      maturation.
AB  - The changes in activity of phospholipid methyltransferase I and [3H]S-adenosyl-L
      homocysteine ([3H]SAH) binding were determined in cortical membrane preparations
      from newborn rats and rats 1, 2, and 8 months old. The activity of phospholipid
      methyltransferase I and the [3H]SAH binding were significantly greater
      (respectively, +30 and +40%) in newborn rats than in 1-, 2-, and 8-month-old
      rats. The methylated products at days 1 and 30 were identical. These changes in
      methyltransferase activity may be correlated with variations in concentration of
      S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and SAH. The endogenous SAM level was higher and
      the SAH level was lower in newborn compared with adult rats. These data suggested
      that the processes of methylation were favored in newborn rats. The modifications
      observed after treatment with L-homocysteine reinforced this hypothesis.

PMID- 3998731
TI  - Newly synthesized and preformed acetylcholine are released from Torpedo
      synaptosomes by different pathways.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the release of preformed
      and of newly synthesized acetylcholine (ACh) from isolated Torpedo nerve
      terminals (synaptosomes). This was pursued by examining and comparing the effects
      of anticytoskeletal and anticalmodulin drugs and of activating the presynaptic
      muscarinic ACh receptors on the release of preformed endogenous ACh and of newly
      synthesized radiolabeled ACh. The anticytoskeletal drugs vinblastine,
      cytochalasin B, and colchicine inhibit the Ca2+-dependent K+-mediated release of
      newly synthesized radiolabeled ACh, but have no effect on the release of
      preformed ACh. By contrast, the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine markedly inhibits
      the release of preformed ACh, but has little effect on the release of newly
      formed ACh. Treatment of the synaptosomes with the calmodulin antagonist
      trifluoperazine inhibits the release of both ACh pools concomitantly. These
      findings show that preformed and newly synthesized ACh are released by different
      routes and suggest that their secretion is mediated by converging pathways. The
      significance of these results in view of the previously demonstrated preferential
      release of newly synthesized ACh is discussed.

PMID- 3998732
TI  - Dopamine uptake is differentially regulated in rat striatum and nucleus
      accumbens.
AB  - Active uptake of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) is sodium- and
      temperature-dependent, strongly inhibited by benztropine and nomifensine, and
      present in corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens. In rat striatum dopamine uptake
      is related to a receptor that is specifically labelled by [3H]cocaine in the
      presence of Na+ and is located on dopaminergic terminals. The dopamine uptake is
      differentially affected in the two areas by single or repeated injections of
      cocaine. Cocaine inhibits dopamine uptake in slices of corpus striatum. Moreover
      Na+-dependent [3H]cocaine binding is not detectable in nucleus accumbens.
      Nomifensine inhibits [3H]dopamine uptake by interacting with low- and high
      affinity sites in corpus striatum, but shows only low affinity for dopamine
      uptake in nucleus accumbens. The present data indicate that different mechanisms
      are involved in the regulation of dopamine uptake in corpus striatum and nucleus
      accumbens.

PMID- 3998733
TI  - Topological biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in brain microsomes.
AB  - The sidedness of the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine and its transbilayer
      movement in brain microsomes were investigated. Microsomes were labelled in vitro
      or in vivo either through Kennedy's pathway or by the base-exchange reaction. The
      vesicles were treated with phospholipase C under conditions where only the
      phospholipids present in the external leaflet were hydrolyzed. The incubation of
      microsomes with CDP-[14C]choline or [14C]choline showed that most of the newly
      synthesized phosphatidylcholine molecules were localized in the external leaflet.
      With time a few molecules were transferred into the inner leaflet. When
      phosphatidylcholine was labelled in vivo by intraventricular injection of
      [3H]choline the specific activities of the phosphatidylcholine in the outer
      leaflet were higher than those in the inner leaflet after short times of
      labelling but became similar after long times of labelling. The results suggest
      that in brain microsomes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine through Kennedy's
      pathway or by the base-exchange reaction takes place on the external leaflet
      which corresponds to the cytoplasmic one in situ. The transfer of these molecules
      from the outer leaflet to the inner one is a slow process and the mechanisms that
      control the transbilayer movement of the phosphatidylcholine seem to be
      independent of those that control their biosynthesis.

PMID- 3998734
TI  - Brain gangliosides of quaking and shiverer mutants: qualitative and quantitative
      changes of monosialogangliosides in the quaking brain.
AB  - Ganglioside compositions in the brains of the mutant mice quaking and shiverer
      were compared with those of their littermate controls, C57BL/6 and C3HSWV.
      Neither ganglioside content nor composition of shiverer brains differed from
      those of the control brains. Change in the ganglioside composition of the mutant
      brain from that of the control was observed only in the quaking mutant brain, in
      which monosialoganglioside GM1 was significantly reduced and GM4 was completely
      absent. The structures of the gangliosides were determined by negative ion fast
      atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and the GM3 and GM4 gangliosides in the
      quaking brain were found to be altered in regard to their long-chain base and
      fatty acid compositions when compared to the normal C57BL/6 brain.

PMID- 3998735
TI  - Denervation supersensitivity of the rat pineal to norepinephrine-stimulated
      [3H]inositide turnover revealed by lithium and a convenient procedure.
AB  - A convenient procedure for the assay of myo-[2-3H(N)]inositol ([3H]inositol)
      metabolites in cells or small amounts of tissue was developed. The procedure is a
      composite of modifications of published methods. After preincubation with
      [3H]inositol, rat pineal glands were disrupted in an acidified organic solvent
      mixture. Lipids were separated from the hydrophilic products and precursor using
      Sephadex G-25 columns and further analyzed by TLC. Hydrophilic products were
      further analyzed by anion-exchange column chromatography using Dowex AG1-X8
      (formate form). In the presence of lithium, increases in inositol phosphates
      consequent to stimulation of the glands by norepinephrine were apparent within 10
      min. The response in denervated glands was considerably greater than in intact
      pineals.

PMID- 3998736
TI  - The limbic system and the localisation of herpes simplex encephalitis.
AB  - The selective destruction of temporal and frontal lobe structures by herpes
      simplex encephalitis has been explained as a consequence of the proximity of
      those regions to the point of entry of the virus in the encephalon, through
      olfactory pathways or meningeal branches of the trigeminal nerves. An alternative
      hypothesis is presented: that the encephalitis is due to a special affinity of
      the herpes simplex Type 1 virus for the limbic cortices, that is, that
      distinctive neuroanatomical, neurochemical and neuroimmunological properties of
      those cortices permit the virus to manifest its destructive behaviour, regardless
      of the route of entry to the CNS, possibly during altered immunological states.
      The study of the neurochemical and neuroimmunological properties of the limbic
      cortices may be a useful approach to the enigma of why and when herpes simplex
      Type 1 causes encephalitis.

PMID- 3998737
TI  - Intramedullary spinal cord glioma with intracranial seeding.
AB  - Two cases of intracranial dissemination of primary intramedullary spinal cord
      gliomas are reported, with a review of the literature. One patient had a post
      mortem confirmation and in the second, cerebral CT scan and CSF examination
      demonstrated the occurrence of intracranial dissemination. CSF protein was
      elevated on both patients and malignant cells were found late in only the one
      patient. Both patients had raised intracranial pressure. The mechanisms of
      dissemination and of raised intracranial pressure are discussed. Such
      dissemination may be more common than previously realised.

PMID- 3998738
TI  - Thymectomy in myasthenia with pure ocular symptoms.
AB  - Eighteen patients with exclusively ocular symptoms of myasthenia were
      thymectomised. Suspected thymoma, resistance to pyridostigmine therapy or relapse
      following immunosuppressive therapy were taken as indications for surgery. The
      mean preoperative observation period before operation was 40 months, and after
      operation was 26 months. There was no operative or postoperative morbidity or
      mortality. Histological thymic abnormalities were found in all patients (in one
      case, thymoma; in four, persistent thymus; in 13, thymic hyperplasia). The
      histological abnormalities were identical to those found in generalised
      myasthenia. This included the distribution of T-cell subtypes as identified by
      use of monoclonal antibodies. The severity of ocular symptoms was rated using a
      score developed for this purpose. The score progressively declined after surgery
      to an average of 70% of its initial amount in 80% of patients. Full remission
      occurred in three cases. No patient developed generalized myasthenia. Antibody
      titres against acetylcholine receptors if elevated preoperatively also dropped
      following surgery, with one exception. Clear criteria for the expected
      therapeutic success of thymectomy could not be identified. Based on our results,
      and on the assumed significance of the thymus gland for pathogenesis, thymectomy
      should be considered in patients with pure ocular symptoms.

PMID- 3998739
TI  - Cerebellar atrophy due to chronic bromisovalum abuse demonstrated by computed
      tomography.
AB  - Two patients with a severe cerebellar syndrome due to chronic bromisovalum usage
      are described. In both patients CT scan revealed severe cerebellar atrophy. The
      value of computed tomography in detecting irreversible cerebellar lesions due to
      bromisovalum is discussed.

PMID- 3998740
TI  - Computed tomographic correlates of auditory brainstem responses in alcoholics.
AB  - A previous study has shown a high incidence of abnormal auditory brainstem
      responses in alcoholics, particularly when cerebral and/or cerebellar atrophy was
      present in CT scans. To correlate the electrophysiological findings with
      definable morphological alterations, quantitative measurements of the brainstem
      structures in CT scans were made. To determine the relative size of the
      brainstem, the ratio between the sizes of the brainstem and its cisterns was
      obtained at the midbrain, upper and lower pons. When compared to the aged-matched
      control group, the alcoholics as a whole and the alcoholics with abnormal
      auditory brainstem responses had a decrease in the ratio at all three brainstem
      levels, but these ratios were not decreased in the alcoholics with the normal
      auditory brainstem responses. The present data indicate that abnormal brainstem
      responses in the alcoholics correlated with an increased size of the brainstem
      cisterns and possible brainstem atrophy.

PMID- 3998742
TI  - Visual evoked potentials to lateralised stimuli in two cases of callosal
      agenesis.
AB  - Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to lateralised light flashes were recorded from
      two acallosal patients. In one patient, these recordings were made while he
      performed a choice-reaction time task, and in the other patient the VEPs were
      obtained during a simple reaction time task. In both cases the patient's VEPs
      from electrode sites contralateral to the visual field of stimulus delivery
      resembled those of controls. Their VEPs from ipsilateral sites were aberrant,
      however, in that while control subjects showed a smaller and slightly delayed
      ipsilateral N160 component, this was not discernible in the patients' data. It is
      concluded that the ipsilateral N160 relies for its generation on the
      transcallosal transfer of information processed initially by the contralateral
      hemisphere.

PMID- 3998743
TI  - The spoon test: a simple bedside test for assessing sudomotor autonomic failure.
AB  - The efficacy of a new dual simple bedside test--the spoon test--in demonstrating
      sudomotor skin derangements was assessed. The results were compared with those
      defined by the quinizarine sweat test. The advantages and disadvantages of these
      two above and other known similar tests are discussed.

PMID- 3998741
TI  - An improved automated method for the measurement of thermal thresholds. 1. Normal
      subjects.
AB  - Clinical tests of thermal sensation are poorly quantified and not strictly
      modality specific. Previous automated thermal testing systems have had limited
      usefulness with high intra-and inter-individual variability. This paper describes
      an automated thermal system (Glasgow system) which is an extensive modification
      of previous techniques to answer these criticisms. It comprises a microprocessor
      driven Peltier element and utilises the forced choice method of psychophysical
      analysis to determine the thresholds to thermal stimulation. In a control group
      of 106 healthy subjects the mean heat threshold for the wrist was found to be
      0.23 degree C (SD = 0.06 degree C) and the mean cold threshold 0.15 degree C (SD
      = 0.05 degree C). Repeated determinations showed a maximum of 5% intra-individual
      variation in comparison to previously reported values of up to 150%.

PMID- 3998744
TI  - Painful arm and moving fingers.

PMID- 3998745
TI  - The arm-mouth reflex in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 3998746
TI  - Low-dose bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 3998747
TI  - Successful treatment of refractory Sydenham's chorea with pimozide.

PMID- 3998748
TI  - Hypercalcaemia complicating polyneuropathy.

PMID- 3998749
TI  - Opioid induced unconsciousness reversed by changes in opioid cholinergic and
      adrenergic function.

PMID- 3998750
TI  - The long term experience of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis.
AB  - A retrospective survey of the records of 287 patients with generalised myasthenia
      gravis treated at New End Hospital and later at the Royal Free Hospital by
      anticholinesterase drugs, with or without thymectomy, between the years 1942 and
      1976, shows that 62% of patients were improved. The timing of the operation, the
      grading of disease and the age and sex of the patient did not greatly influence
      overall results. The poor diagnosis of thymic tumours was confirmed in this
      series. A decrease occurred in the number of patients achieving complete
      remission after 1961, although the proportion of patients improving did not fall.
      It is possible that anticholinesterase therapy may alter the response to
      thymectomy.

PMID- 3998751
TI  - Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease:
      comparisons with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Dementia in Parkinson's disease has previously been attributed to the presence in
      the cerebral cortex of Alzheimer-type neuropathological abnormalities. New
      evidence suggests, however, that dementia in this disease usually occurs in the
      absence of substantial Alzheimer-type changes in the cortex and may be related to
      abnormalities in the cortical cholinergic system. Thus, in Parkinsonian patients
      with dementia there were extensive reductions of choline acetyltransferase and
      less extensive reductions of acetylcholinesterase in all four cortical lobes.
      Choline acetyltransferase reductions in temporal neocortex correlated with the
      degree of mental impairment assessed by a test of memory and information but not
      with the extent of plaque or tangle formation. In Parkinson's but not Alzheimer's
      disease the decrease in neocortical (particularly temporal) choline
      acetyltransferase correlated with the number of neurons in the nucleus of Meynert
      suggesting that primary degeneration of these cholinergic neurons may be related,
      directly or indirectly, to declining cognitive function in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 3998752
TI  - Electroneurographic correlates of the monosynaptic reflex: experimental studies
      and normative data.
AB  - The neurographic concomitants of the monosynaptic reflex, evoked either by
      electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa or by
      percussion of the Achilles tendon, have been recorded from the sciatic nerve in
      the lower and middle thigh. Neurographic recordings were characterised by two
      travelling waves (P1 and P2), respectively increasing and decreasing in latency
      in the proximal direction, that showed the same chronological trend of the
      propagated action potentials concurrently recorded in the dorsal and ventral
      spinal roots at the lumbar level. At variance with P2, the speed of propagation
      of the P1 volley was stimulus-related, being faster on mechanical than on
      electrical stimulation, probably because in the latter case the latency of the
      fastest afferents is overestimated. The P2 volley is subserved by alpha-efferent
      fibres in either case as suggested, inter alia, by the strict parallelism between
      the P2 volley and the monosynaptic reflex under appropriate experimental
      conditions. Simultaneous recordings of spinal root and sciatic nerve action
      potentials allowed the direct assessment of afferent and efferent conduction
      velocities, both in the proximal (that is from the middle thigh to the spinal
      recording site and vice-versa) and in the distal (that is from the lower to the
      middle thigh recording site and vice versa) segments of the reflex arc. As
      expected, the speed of propagation of impulses was significantly higher in the
      proximal than in the distal segments, as well as in the afferent than in efferent
      limb of the monosynaptic pathway. The P1-P2 time interval was longer on
      mechanical than on electrical stimulation, probably due to the increased spinal
      delay of the T versus the H reflex. The present study provides a reliable method
      for the direct assessment of alpha-efferent as well as of Ia afferent group
      fibres conduction velocity, provided that in the latter case mechanical stimuli
      be used.

PMID- 3998753
TI  - The flexor carpi radialis H-reflex in lesions of the sixth and seventh cervical
      nerve roots.
AB  - In 143 normal subjects latencies of H-reflexes of the flexor carpi radialis
      muscle were well correlated with arm lengths. In 32 patients with injury to
      cervical roots C5 to C8 it was shown that latencies were only abnormal in lesions
      of roots C6 or C7. It is suggested that in most instances root C6 or C7 and,
      probably both roots in some cases are involved in the reflex pathway. Repeat
      electrophysiological examinations after surgery provided valuable data about the
      various types of nerve root recovery.

PMID- 3998754
TI  - Intramedullary sarcoidosis of the cervical spinal cord.
AB  - A 26-year-old male with a history of pulmonary sarcoidosis showed clinical,
      myelographic and intra-operative evidence of a C5-C6 spinal cord tumour, which
      was diagnosed by biopsy as a pure intramedullary granuloma. Among the 29
      published cases of histologically proven cord sarcoidosis, only five presented
      with pure parenchymatous infiltration without meningeal involvement.
      Corticosteroids are the most useful therapy, and surgery is indicated only for
      minimal biopsy when the parenchyma is invaded.

PMID- 3998757
TI  - Vertebrobasilar insufficiency in a patient with anomaly of the thyroscapular
      trunk: an unusual steal syndrome?

PMID- 3998756
TI  - Hyperkalaemic paralysis following traumatic rupture of the urinary bladder.
AB  - A case is reported of a 38-year-old man with hyperkalaemic paralysis following
      traumatic rupture of the urinary bladder.

PMID- 3998755
TI  - Status epilepticus, hypothermia and metabolic chaos in a man with agenesis of the
      corpus callosum.
AB  - A case of hypothermia and metabolic derangement in a 60-year-old man following a
      period of status epilepticus is reported. A CT head scan performed subsequently
      demonstrated agenesis of the corpus callosum. Hypercalcaemia which has not been
      reported before was a prominent abnormality in the metabolic profile.

PMID- 3998758
TI  - Familial writer's cramp.

PMID- 3998759
TI  - Asterixis due to pontine hemorrhage.

PMID- 3998760
TI  - Cerebral glucose utilization in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 3998761
TI  - Sympathetic skin response.

PMID- 3998762
TI  - The cure for cancer.

PMID- 3998763
TI  - A phase I clinical tolerance study of polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid in cancer
      patients.
AB  - Polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid [poly(A) X poly(U)], an immunomodulator, has been
      shown to have antitumor effects in rodents and in a randomized clinical trial as
      an adjuvant to surgery in patients with operable breast cancer. The purpose of
      the present study was to determine the following: (a) clinical tolerance and
      safety of poly(A) X poly(U) in 13 patients with advanced cancer receiving a
      single dose of this duplex, using increasing amounts per intravenous injection of
      90, 180, 300, and 450 mg; (b) if such high doses increased the level of
      interferon-mediated protein kinase and enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity
      as observed previously with lower doses; and (c) if circulating interferon could
      be detected. No toxicity was observed in the 13 patients by close observation of
      clinical parameters, hemogram, and renal and liver functions. Increases of
      interferon-mediated protein kinase and of NK cell activity were observed, but
      there was no correlation between the magnitude of the responses and the dose of
      poly(A) X poly(U). No circulating interferon was detected. We conclude that
      poly(A) X poly(U) is not toxic in humans, at least up to a dose of 450 mg.

PMID- 3998764
TI  - Induction by interferon-alpha of tumoricidal activity of adherent mononuclear
      cells from human blood: monocytes as responder and effector cells.
AB  - Human blood monocytes, separated on a Percoll gradient, were not cytotoxic to
      allogeneic melanoma (A375) cells. Fluorescent analysis showed that the monocytes
      were contaminated with up to 2.0% natural killer (NK) cells. The monocytes became
      tumoricidal on incubation for 24 h with greater than or equal to 1,000 IU/ml
      interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) derived from human lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
      Anti-IFN-alpha antibody abolished the ability of IFN-alpha to render the
      monocytes tumoricidal, whereas anti-IFN-beta antibody had no effect. Pretreatment
      of isolated monocyte preparations with anti-NK cell monoclonal antibodies (Leu-7
      and Leu-11b), to inhibit NK cell activity, did not affect the cytotoxicity of IFN
      alpha-activated monocytes on tumor cells. Full expression of cytotoxicity on
      tumor cells required the interaction of monocytes with IFN-alpha for 24 h. These
      results indicate that IFN-alpha directly activates human monocytes to become
      tumoricidal, although greater than or equal to 1,000 IU/ml IFN-alpha is required
      for maximal activation.

PMID- 3998765
TI  - Unexpected toxicity from radiation therapy in two patients with Kaposi's sarcoma
      receiving interferon.
AB  - Two homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma and acquired immune deficiency received
      radiation therapy to the oral mucosa while treatment with recombinant leukocyte A
      interferon was being given systemically at a dose of 36 million units. Symptoms
      of radiation mucositis developed after the administration of 900 rad in the first
      patient and 1,050 rad in the second patient. Radiation therapy had to be stopped
      after doses of 1,100 and 2,100 rad, respectively, had been given. Both patients
      had to be admitted to the hospital for supportive care and the second patient
      required placement of a feeding tube. To our knowledge, no other clinical
      observations suggesting interactions of radiation therapy and interferon have
      been reported. We discuss the results of experiments with cultured cells and
      experimental animals which suggest that such interactions occur and may be
      successfully exploited therapeutically.

PMID- 3998766
TI  - A randomized trial to evaluate the immunorestorative properties of synthetic
      thymosin-alpha 1 in patients with lung cancer.
AB  - A randomized trial was performed in 42 postradiotherapy patients with non-small
      cell lung cancer to determine whether the administration of synthetic thymosin
      alpha 1 by either a loading dose or a twice-weekly schedule could accelerate the
      reconstitution of thymic dependent immunity. The radiotherapy-induced
      immunosuppression was characterized by an absolute T cell lymphopenia and by
      impaired T cell function in lymphoproliferative assays. Placebo-treated patients
      did not show any improvement in T cell numbers or function over 15 weeks of
      serial immune monitoring, and exhibited gradual depressions of helper T
      lymphocyte percentages. Patients treated with thymosin by the loading dose
      regimen exhibited a normalization of T cell function (p = 0.04), whereas patients
      treated with the twice-weekly schedule maintained normal helper T cell
      percentages (p = 0.04). Thymosin treatment was associated with significant
      improvements in relapse-free and overall survival, which was most pronounced for
      patients with nonbulky tumors. Thymosin-alpha 1 exhibits schedule-dependent
      immune restorative and homeostatic properties. Large scale Phase III trials are
      indicated to definitively establish the impact of thymosin therapy in lung cancer
      patients treated with radiotherapy.

PMID- 3998767
TI  - Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in association with modification of
      immune response by novel organic germanium compounds.
AB  - The effects of two novel organic germanium compounds, 1-phenyl-2
      carbamoylethylgermanium sesquisulfide (PCAGeS) and 1-phenyl-2
      carbamoylethylgermanium sequioxide (PCAGeO), on transplantable murine tumors and
      immune responses were studied. Both drugs showed low toxicity for mice. In
      culture, neither substance displayed significant cytotoxicity against murine
      tumor cells L1210 leukemia, L5178Y lymphoma, or IMC carcinoma. Growth of
      subcutaneously transplanted IMC carcinoma or Meth-A fibrosarcoma was markedly
      reduced by oral administration of PCAGeS. PCAGeO exhibited a similar but smaller
      effect on the tumor growth. Pulmonary metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma was
      inhibited by oral or intraperitoneal treatment with PCAGeS. The activity of
      cyclophosphamide or Adriamycin against L1210 leukemia was significantly
      potentiated by oral administration of PCAGeS. PCAGeS enhanced the delayed-type
      hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) of mice or restored the
      response suppressed by ascitic IMC carcinoma, but did not significantly affect
      the formation of antibody to SRBC. PCAGeO similarly stimulated the DTH reaction.
      Phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was enhanced by oral treatment of
      mice with PCAGeS. The results suggest that PCAGeS and PCAGeO display tumor
      inhibitory activity by modification of the immune mechanism.

PMID- 3998770
TI  - Wilson's disease: evoked potentials and computed tomography.
AB  - Multi-modality evoked potentials and computed cranial tomography (CT) were
      performed in ten patients with Wilson's disease to determine if any of these
      studies would correlate reliably with neurologic status. While all four patients
      with CT abnormality had neurologic signs, two additional patients with neurologic
      findings had normal scans. Evoked responses were normal in nine patients. The
      remaining patient displayed abnormal visual, brainstem, and somatosensory evoked
      potentials, and follow-up studies after clinical deterioration revealed worsening
      of the brainstem and visual evoked potentials. This patient died unexpectedly
      from a subdural hematoma, and postmortem examination confirmed the radiographic
      findings of cortical atrophy of the cerebrum and cerebellum and bilateral cystic
      degeneration of the basal ganglia. However, localized demyelination in the
      visual, auditory, and sensory pathways was not present. We conclude that the
      clinical neurologic status of patients with Wilson's disease cannot be reliably
      predicted by either CT or multi-modality evoked potentials.

PMID- 3998769
TI  - Functional and morphometric study of the liver in motor neuron disease.
AB  - In routine liver function tests, 23 of 44 patients with motor neuron disease
      (MND) had abnormal findings, and there was disturbance of unconjugated bilirubin
      metabolism in 10 of the 33 patients tested. Liver-biopsy specimens from 10 MND
      patients were compared by electron microscopic examination with specimens from
      age-matched controls who had chronic persistent hepatitis. The MND patients had a
      higher incidence of intramitochondrial inclusions, less abundant mitochondria in
      a given area of cytoplasm and enlarged mitochondria. Electron-probe X-ray
      microanalysis of hepatocytic lysosomes found copper in 8 of 13 MND patients, but
      not in the controls. These findings suggest that the pathogenetic processes in
      MND may involve not only motor neurons but also hepatic cells.

PMID- 3998771
TI  - Three-year observation of mesulergine (CU 32-085) in advanced and newly treated
      parkinsonism.
AB  - In 15 patients (8 men, 7 women), aged 44-81 years, with idiopathic parkinsonism,
      the effects of mesulergine (CU 32-085) were observed for up to 3 years. Of these
      patients, four had been without previous levodopa treatment, five had been on
      levodopa/decarboxylase inhibitor for 6.4 years and six patients had been on
      levodopa/decarboxylase inhibitor and bromocriptine for a period of 7.5 years.
      Mesulergine proved to be effective in all three groups of patients and for each
      main symptom of the disease. Rigidity and tremor showed a better response than
      akinesia. A decline in efficacy could be observed after 18 months of treatment.
      By increasing the levodopa dosage, the worsening of the symptomatology could be
      reduced again and after 3 years patients were slightly better off than before the
      introduction of mesulergine. Fine motor performance showed a longer-lasting
      improvement than walking, which was affected by an increase of freezing.
      Mesulergine was not fully sufficient when given in monotherapy and the levodopa
      saving effect was only temporary. Parallel with the decline in the therapeutic
      response as assessed by the rating scales, there was a worsening in the on/off
      symptomatology. The on/off symptoms, evaluated by patients themselves, had shown
      very small or no improvement at the beginning of mesulergine administration,
      contrasting with the findings reflected in the assessment scales. The most
      frequent side-effects were hallucinations and dyskinesias. Orthostatic
      hypotension did not prove a problem. Dyskinesias were not seen during monotherapy
      with mesulergine in de novo patients.

PMID- 3998768
TI  - Epileptic seizure disorders. Developments in diagnosis and therapy.
AB  - There has been considerable progress in various segments of epileptology over the
      past two to three decades. The diagnostic sector has benefited from more advanced
      and sophisticated EEG-related techniques. The advent of computerized tomography
      has expedited the clinical evaluation of epileptic patients and new high
      technology methods have been introduced. A new type of diagnostic subdivision
      (based on age-determined epileptic conditions and certain epileptic syndromes) is
      of great practical significance because of its prognostic implications
      (distinction of basically benign and severe forms of epileptic seizure
      disorders). The therapeutic sector has been stimulated by the introduction of new
      antiepileptic medications and particularly by profound insights into metabolic
      and pharmacokinetic characteristics of anticonvulsants; this has resulted in the
      introduction of techniques for serum level determinations. There have been new
      developments in the field of neurosurgical treatment of epileptic seizure
      disorders.

PMID- 3998772
TI  - Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: clinical observations.
AB  - In 144 patients receiving prolonged treatment with levodopa for Parkinson's
      disease, an attempt was made to establish possible correlations between the
      incidence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and the age of the patient at the onset
      of the disease, the clinical form of the disease, the duration of symptoms before
      initiation of the levodopa therapy, the duration of the levodopa therapy and the
      influence of the concomitant treatment. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia was observed
      in 92 patients (64%). The age at onset of the disease of patients with dyskinesia
      was significantly different from the age at onset of those without dyskinesia,
      the means being 54.8 and 68.9 years respectively. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia
      occurred less often in the group with preponderant tremor than in those with
      preponderant bradykinesia (29% vs. 69%). The patients treated with levodopa from
      the very beginning of their disease were less susceptible to dyskinesia than
      those who had parkinsonism for some time before receiving levodopa. The influence
      of the duration of levodopa treatment on the manifestation of dyskinesia could
      not be confirmed because this side-effect usually appeared during the first year
      of treatment. The concomitant anti-parkinsonian treatment appeared to have no
      influence on the incidence of dyskinesia. Biochemical and practical implications
      of these observations are discussed.

PMID- 3998773
TI  - Rigid spine syndrome associated with tent-like configuration of the thoracic
      cage, cerebral lesion and delayed sexual maturation in three patients.
AB  - Three male patients with rigid spine syndrome and predominantly proximal myopathy
      which developed slowly from childhood are described; two cases were sporadic, one
      possibly hereditary. All three had the same associated signs and symptoms,
      differing only in degree. They had tent-like thoracic cages with very steeply
      sloping ribs, reduced anteroposterior diameter and reduced vital capacity. The
      EGGs were slightly abnormal. All the patients had some cerebral abnormality, in
      one case of diffuse demyelinating type. All had the signs and symptoms of
      slightly delayed puberty.

PMID- 3998774
TI  - Paresis of lateral gaze alternating with so-called posterior internuclear
      ophthalmoplegia. A partial paramedian pontine reticular formation-abducens
      nucleus syndrome.
AB  - A patient with multiple myeloma developed gaze paresis to the left with slowed
      saccades and gaze-paretic nystagmus, which alternated with abduction palsy in the
      left eye (with preserved oculocephalic deviation) and dissociated adducting
      nystagmus in the right eye, suggesting so-called posterior internuclear
      ophthalmoplegia. At autopsy multiple small infarcts were found with partial
      destruction of the left paramedian pontine reticula formation (PPRF) extending
      towards the abducens nucleus, which was involved only in its inferior pole. The
      medial longitudinal fasciculus and other oculomotor structures were spared. It is
      suggested that slowing of all ipsilateral saccades with gaze-paretic nystagmus
      corresponded to partial destruction of the PPRF, and that intermitted abduction
      palsy in the ipsilateral eye with adduction nystagmus in the fellow eye was due
      to intermittant dysfunction of the abducens nucleus. Involvement of voluntary
      saccades, pursuit movements and vestibulo-ocular responses may be dissociated in
      partial lesions of the abducens nucleus.

PMID- 3998775
TI  - Clonidine in essential tremor: preliminary observations from an open trial.
AB  - The authors present ten cases of essential tremor, studied before and after
      administration of clonidine with clinical tests and electrophysiological
      recordings. Improvement due to the desynchronizing effect of clonidine on tremor
      was observed in all cases. Possible mechanisms acting on the central and
      peripheral nervous system are discussed.

PMID- 3998776
TI  - Focal luxury perfusion with an early-filling vein in relation to neurological
      symptoms evoked by heat.
AB  - A 50-year-old man with a 1-year history of transient attacks of left total
      hemiparesis was admitted to hospital with a complaint of increasing frequency of
      attacks. Minimal or moderate left hemiparesis was elicited by elevation of
      environmental temperature when taking a hot bath or a hot shower. Right carotid
      angiography revealed an early-filling vein near the right central sulcus. An
      increase of focal luxury perfusion by elevation of body temperature seemed to
      cause relative ischaemia in this paracentral gyrus.

PMID- 3998777
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 3998778
TI  - How much is too much high-dose cytosine arabinoside?

PMID- 3998779
TI  - Cerebellar toxicity following high-dose cytosine arabinoside.
AB  - A patient with acute cerebellar toxicity following systemic high-dose cytosine
      arabinoside (ara-C) 3 g/m2/12 h for secondary acute nonlymphocytic leukemia is
      reported. Initial symptoms of ataxia and dysarthria emerged at 30 g/m2 cumulative
      dose and persisted without improvement over a ten-week period. Recurrence and
      worsening of cerebellar symptoms followed further consolidation treatment with
      high-dose ara-C. Subsequent autopsy showed extensive Purkinje's cell damage in
      the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. Persistent severe toxicity can occur at total
      doses less than those generally recognized.

PMID- 3998780
TI  - The significance of the residual mediastinal mass in treated Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - The chest roentgenograms of 65 patients treated for Hodgkin's disease with
      mediastinal adenopathy were analyzed retrospectively to determine the incidence
      and significance of residual mediastinal abnormality after treatment. All
      patients were treated with radiation therapy, and 36 patients received additional
      chemotherapy. On completion of treatment, 57 (88%) of the 65 patients had some
      residual mediastinal abnormality. These were either minimal changes in the
      mediastinal shadow in 30 patients or a widening greater than 6 cm in 27 patients.
      In the latter group, 11 (40%) of 27 patients continued to have residual
      mediastinal widening one year after completion of therapy. These patients did not
      have a higher incidence of recurrence. Long-term follow-up (median, 48 months)
      revealed continued abnormalities in 24 (40%) of the original 57 patients.
      Mediastinal abnormalities are common at the end of radiation or combined modality
      therapy for Hodgkin's disease and do not by themselves indicate persistent active
      disease or an increased risk for relapse. We strongly recommend that additional
      chemotherapy or higher radiation doses beyond the initially planned course not be
      used for residual mediastinal widening.

PMID- 3998781
TI  - Renal involvement in diffuse aggressive lymphomas: results of treatment with
      combination chemotherapy.
AB  - Nine (5.1%) of 175 patients with advanced disseminated diffuse aggressive non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma presented with renal involvement and were initially treated
      with combination chemotherapy alone. These patients were classified as having
      renal involvement based on histologic and radiographic criteria. Five of the nine
      patients presented with a serum creatinine level greater than 2.5 mg/dL. Four
      patients achieved a complete remission of all systemic disease. Eight patients
      had complete resolution of renal involvement. Two patients later had recurrent
      renal disease associated with other sites of recurrence. All five patients who
      presented with an elevated serum creatinine level recovered normal renal
      function; in fact, four patients had normal renal function by the end of the
      first cycle of therapy. No patient required hemodialysis. Only one patient
      remains alive and free of disease at 55 months; five patients have died with
      disseminated disease; two patients have died without evidence of disease; and one
      patient was lost to follow-up while in remission. Initial local control of renal
      involvement including normalization of renal function in diffuse aggressive
      lymphoma can be rapidly achieved by combination chemotherapy alone.

PMID- 3998782
TI  - Phase II study of recombinant alpha-2 interferon in resistant multiple myeloma.
AB  - A multicenter phase II study of INTRON, recombinant alpha-2 interferon (Schering
      Corp, Kenilworth, NJ), in patients with relapsing or refractory myeloma was
      initiated. Patients received either intravenous therapy for two weeks followed by
      subcutaneous therapy or subcutaneous dosing from initiation of treatment. Of 38
      evaluable patients, 19 were refractory and 19 had relapsed at entry. Twenty-five
      of 38 had received prior treatment with multiple drugs. Responses were seen among
      2/19 refractory patients and 5/19 relapsing patients. Three of seven responders
      continue to respond for more than one year while receiving maintenance therapy.
      Most patients experienced improvement in bone pain, and one patient, with a
      complete response, had healing of bone lesions. Survival curves show a
      statistically significant improvement in survival for responders v nonresponders.
      INTRON was well-tolerated with only four patients discontinuing treatment due to
      adverse effects. Thirty-two percent of patients had hematologic toxicity
      requiring dose adjustment; however, there was no evidence of cumulative
      hematologic toxicity. No patients developed serum neutralizing factors to
      interferon. Additional trials are warranted to study the activity of INTRON in
      previously untreated patients.

PMID- 3998783
TI  - Local-regional failure in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast
      cancer.
AB  - Risk factors for local-regional recurrence of breast cancer were analyzed in a
      retrospective review of 117 patients treated with adjuvant CMF (Cytoxan [Mead
      Johnson & Co, Evansville, Ind], methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) after radical or
      modified radical mastectomy at the Vincent T. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer
      Center (Washington, DC). The median follow-up time was 50 months after
      mastectomy. The median time to recurrence was 23 months. The actuarial local
      regional failure rate was 19% at five years. Risk of local failure correlated
      with size of primary (27% for T3 v 15% for T1) and axillary node status (36% for
      four or more positive nodes v 9% for three or fewer positive nodes). These
      findings suggest a rationale for the addition of postoperative radiation therapy
      in high-risk patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.

PMID- 3998784
TI  - Intraocular retinoblastoma group V: an analysis of prognostic factors.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis) experience
      with retinoblastoma is presented. Seventy-five patients were diagnosed with
      retinoblastoma between 1958 and 1983, of which 53 (71%) had at least one Reese
      Ellsworth group V eye. Nineteen group V patients and one group II patient
      developed extraocular disease recurrence. The cumulative actuarial rate of
      recurrence at 12 years was 36% for patients with group V disease. The median time
      from diagnosis to recurrence for unilateral patients was seven months and for
      bilateral patients 28 months (P = .001). Patients developing extraocular disease
      had a 10-year actuarial survival rate postrecurrence of 34%. The four long-term
      survivors of extraocular recurrences had had isolated orbital or local soft
      tissue recurrences only. Features of group V patients associated with extraocular
      recurrences were identified by univariate life table analyses. Clinical poor-risk
      factors included the nongenetic form of the disease (P = .03) and male sex (P =
      .02). Pathologic poor risk factors included rubeosis (P = .01), undifferentiated
      histology (P = .03), large tumor size (P = .05), and intraocular extension to the
      anterior segment (P = .02), retinal pigment epithelium (P = .03), choroid (P less
      than .001), and optic nerve beyond the lamina cribrosa (P = .02). Treatment
      associated poor-risk factors included an optic nerve length of less than 5 mm
      removed at enucleation (P = .003). Multivariate life table analyses demonstrated
      the following parameters to be independent poor-prognostic factors: optic nerve
      length of less than 5 mm removed at enucleation (P = .001), optic nerve
      involvement (P = .004), and large tumor size (P = .01). These results will help
      to identify patients with retinoblastoma who are at greatest risk for extraocular
      recurrence.

PMID- 3998785
TI  - Ewing's sarcoma in bones of the hands and feet: a clinicopathologic study and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Review of current data from the Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Study (IESS) shows
      that Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is rare in bones of the hands and feet. Only 12 of 377
      evaluable patients in the first two IESS studies had a primary tumor in these
      small, distal bones. The age distribution was typical for that seen in patients
      with ES at other sites. Males were affected twice as often as females, and tumors
      in the bones of the feet were much more common than those in the hands. All signs
      and symptoms were local in distribution. As in other sites, the dominant
      histologic pattern was categorized as diffuse. With the exception of those
      patients with lesions in the calcaneus, the prognosis for disease-free survival
      was excellent. A literature review of cases of ES reported in bones of the hands
      and feet showed generally comparable results.

PMID- 3998786
TI  - Perioperative blood transfusions are associated with increased rates of
      recurrence and decreased survival in patients with high-grade soft-tissue
      sarcomas of the extremities.
AB  - One hundred fifty-six patients with high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas of the
      extremities treated on prospective randomized trials were analyzed to determine
      the impact of perioperative blood transfusions on tumor recurrence and patient
      survival. A significant increase in the incidence of tumor recurrence and
      decrease in survival were associated with the receipt of blood transfusions at
      the time of definitive surgical therapy of the sarcoma. Actuarial 5-year
      continuous disease-free survival was 70% in patients who had not been transfused
      compared to 48% in patients who received one or more transfusions (P = .007).
      Overall 5-year survival was also substantially decreased in patients receiving
      transfusions (85% compared to 63%; P = .0035). A direct relationship existed
      between the number of transfusions administered and the decrease in disease-free
      and overall survival; the larger the number of transfusions the worse the
      prognosis (P less than .0001 and P = .0001, respectively). A large number of
      other prognostic factors were included in the analysis including the age, sex,
      race of the patient, histology of the primary lesion, anatomic site of the
      primary lesion, final surgical margins, size of the tumor, type of surgery
      required, the use of chemotherapy, actual time in the operating room under
      anesthesia, the exact anesthetic agent used, and the individual surgeon who
      performed the operation. Accounting for all of these factors a strong association
      continued to exist between the receipt of blood transfusion and poor patient
      prognosis. We have previously shown that adjuvant chemotherapy is of benefit to
      patients with high-grade extremity sarcomas, and 132 (84.6%) of 156 patients in
      this series received chemotherapy. In patients receiving chemotherapy, blood
      transfusions were associated with increased recurrence (P less than .0001) and
      decreased survival (P = .0001). The only other significant independent prognostic
      variable in these patients was the size of the primary tumor. An analysis of all
      patients, stratified for tumor size, revealed an impact of transfusions on
      increasing recurrence (P = .007) and decreasing survival (P = .016). An analysis
      of the subpopulation of patients with large tumors (greater than 150 mL) gave the
      same results (P = .03 and .015, respectively). It thus appears that the receipt
      of blood transfusions is associated with increased tumor recurrence and decreased
      survival in patients with high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas of the
      extremities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998787
TI  - Drug-induced antibodies during 2-N-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate (NSC
      264137) treatment: schedule dependency and relationship to hemolysis.
AB  - Drug-dependent antibodies were investigated in patients treated with elliptinium
      acetate, a cytostatic drug with activity in advanced breast cancer. Retrospective
      analysis of 83 patients, receiving weekly intravenous elliptinium, showed a high
      incidence of anti-elliptinium antibodies (20%). Hemolysis occurred among antibody
      positive patients, apparently related to the antibody titer. The predictability
      of anti-elliptinium antibodies for hemolysis and the schedule dependency of
      antibody development was examined prospectively. Among 42 patients treated weekly
      for at least three courses, 40% developed antibodies. Of 30 patients receiving
      elliptinium daily for three days every three weeks, none developed either
      antibodies or hemolysis. Only antibody positive patients, with titers greater
      than or equal to 32 were at risk for hemolysis. The possible mechanisms are
      discussed.

PMID- 3998788
TI  - The flip flop pump syndrome.

PMID- 3998789
TI  - Dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation does not alter tumorigenicity of
      neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - It has been shown that agents that are known to be scavengers of hydroxyl
      radicals may induce differentiation and inhibit growth of murine neuroblastoma
      cells in tissue culture. The present study tests dimethyl sulfoxide as a
      differentiation agent of the human neuroblastoma cell lines LA-N-1 and murine
      neuroblastoma NIE-115. Results indicate that DMSO induces morphologic and
      biochemical differentiation of neuroblastoma cells coupled to growth inhibition
      and inhibition of colony formation in semi liquid tissue culture systems. DMSO
      treatment in vitro had no effect on tumorigenicity of NIE-115 cells. In vivo DMSO
      treatment of athymic nude mice with transplanted LA-N-1 human neuroblastoma
      tumors has not affected tumor size or animal survival. No diminishing effect of
      natural killer cell activity could be attributed to DMSO treatment.

PMID- 3998790
TI  - Vascular malformations of the thalamus with normal angiograms.
AB  - We describe two patients with fatal vascular malformations of the thalamus whom
      we thought had gliomas. They had progressive neurological impairment with
      subacute onset as adults. Computed tomography showed lesions of increased density
      with slight post-contrast enhancement; cerebral angiography was normal. Without
      biopsy, they received radiation therapy without benefit. Two other patients with
      similar radiological studies have done well with conservative treatment. We
      believe that these lesions have a distinctive appearance on CT, that vascular
      malformations can be diagnosed, even with normal cerebral angiograms, and
      distinguished with reasonable certainty from gliomas.

PMID- 3998791
TI  - Treatment outcome and complications in patients treated for malignant epidural
      spinal cord compression (SCC).
AB  - Sixty-seven episodes of spinal cord compression (SCC) were retrospectively
      evaluated regarding presenting features and treatment outcome. They were divided
      into three motor function groups. Group 1 consisted of 35 ambulatory patients,
      group 2 of 29 non-ambulatory patients and group 3 of three paraplegic patients.
      Lower extremity weakness was usually a late presenting feature and was frequently
      rapidly progressive. We suggest that SCC is an emergency, as successful treatment
      is unlikely if motor function is poor. All of the group 1 patients completing
      treatment remained ambulatory, in contrast to group 2 patients, in which only 25%
      regained the ability to walk, and group 3 patients, none of whom regained the
      ability to walk. Initial surgery or initial radiotherapy appeared to be equally
      effective in restoring or maintaining the ability to walk. Survival of patients
      ambulatory at completion of treatment was superior to that of non-ambulatory
      patients (p less than 0.03). Analysis of steroid-related complications suggested
      that frequent, severe and sometimes fatal complications can result from prolonged
      use with these drugs.

PMID- 3998792
TI  - Visceral and somatic afferent convergence onto neurons near the central canal in
      the sacral spinal cord of the cat.
AB  - One hundred and sixty extracellularly and intracellularly recorded unitary
      discharges from the sacral or caudal spinal segments of 30 anemically
      decerebrated cats were studied to examine the effects of somatic and visceral
      afferent stimulation on neurons near the central canal (CC). The recorded unitary
      activity was histologically verified (by dye marks or horseradish peroxidase,
      HRP) as having come from the gray matter surrounding the CC that approximates
      Rexed's lamina X. In the absence of intentional stimulation or apparent injury by
      the recording electrode, 62% of the units exhibited ongoing discharges. Each unit
      was tested for responses to the stimulation of somatic (cutaneous and
      subcutaneous) and visceral (bladder and colon) structures. Seventy-six (48%) of
      the units responded exclusively to the stimulation of somatic receptive fields,
      and 10 (6%) of the units were selectively responsive to stimulation of the pelvic
      viscera. The activity of the remaining 74 (46%) was influenced by activity in
      both somatic and visceral afferent fibers. Eighteen of the 160 neurons were
      intracellularly marked with HRP. Based on perikaryal size and dendritic extent,
      it was possible to divide these cells into two partially overlapping groups. One
      group consisted of seven neurons with small to medium-sized perikarya, dendritic
      arbors largely restricted to the gray matter surrounding the CC, and small,
      singular somatic receptive fields. The second group comprised 11 cells with
      medium to large-sized soma and dendrites extending out of lamina X. These larger
      neurons usually possessed multiple, widely distributed somatic receptive fields.
      The principal finding of the present study is that in the sacral spinal cord many
      cells near the CC receive primary afferent inputs converging from a wide range of
      receptor types in somatic and visceral structures. Such neurons are capable of
      integrating afferent information from somatic structures on both sides of the
      body with information originating in pelvic viscera and midline regions such as
      the genitals.

PMID- 3998793
TI  - Sustained potential shifts and paroxysmal discharges in hippocampal formation.
AB  - Paroxysmal firing was provoked by electric stimulation of afferent pathways in
      hippocampal formation of intact, urethan-anesthetized rats, of freely moving
      unanesthetized rats, and in hippocampal tissue slices in vitro. The electric
      responses of fascia dentata and CA3 zone of the hippocampus of urethan
      anesthetized rats were recorded with extracellular microelectrodes. Paroxysmal
      discharges were provoked by stimulating the ipsilateral angular bundle. During
      repetitive stimulation, intercurrent paroxysmal discharges (IPaD) took the form
      of compound action potentials (population spikes) of large amplitude, provoked by
      but not locked in time to the stimulus pulses. IPaD was often but not always
      followed by paroxysmal after-discharge (PaAD), usually consisting of bursts of
      population spikes, sometimes superimposed on a slow wave. Stimulus pulses that
      were not strong enough to evoke population spikes when applied singly could
      provoke the paroxysmal firing of large amplitude spikes when applied
      repetitively. The liminal frequency to provoke paroxysmal firing, with 10-s train
      duration and with pulses evoking 60 to 80% of maximal amplitude focal
      postsynaptic potential (PSP) waves, varied between 6 and 15 Hz in urethan
      anesthetized rats. The outbreak of IPaD was always accompanied by a marked
      sustained potential (SP) shift. The polarity of the paroxysmal SP shift was the
      opposite of the polarity of the PSP waves. We conclude that the extracellular
      paroxysmal SP shifts in fascia dentata are probably generated mainly by current
      flowing from the dendritic trees toward the cell somata of granule cells. The
      amplitude of the population spikes fired during paroxysmal discharges could reach
      30-40 mV, indicating the precise coincidence of the impulses fired by many
      neurons. These spikes often arose without a detectable preceding synaptic
      potential. We conclude that the synchronization of the action potentials fired by
      granule and pyramidal cells during paroxysmal discharge is probably due to
      electric interaction among the neurons. In unanesthetized freely moving rats IPaD
      and PaAD consisting of bursts of population spikes were provoked. These were
      similar to those observed in urethan-anesthetized rats. Motor seizures provoked
      in kindled rats were associated with intense and prolonged spike bursts followed
      by spikeless positive waves recorded in the granule cell layer of fascia dentata.
      In hippocampal tissue slices maintained in vitro, paroxysmal firing could be
      provoked in CA1 zone by repetitive stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. IPaD and
      PaAD could be provoked in some slices exposed to normal (3.5 mM) [K+] and in all
      slices exposed to elevated (5.5 or 7.0 mM) [K+].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998794
TI  - Potassium and calcium concentrations in interstitial fluid of hippocampal
      formation during paroxysmal responses.
AB  - The concentration of potassium ([K+]o) and of calcium ([Ca2+]o) in interstitial
      fluid of the hippocampal formation of rats anesthetized with urethan was recorded
      with double-barreled ion-selective microelectrodes. The ipsilateral angular
      bundle was stimulated with trains of repetitive pulses. [K+]o increased during
      angular bundle stimulation in both dendritic and cell body layers of the fascia
      dentata. When stimulation was frequent and intense enough to provoke intercurrent
      paroxysmal discharge (IPaD), [K+]o in the granule cell body layer rose much above
      the level it attained during previous, nonparoxysmal activation. No similar
      excess increase of [K+]o related to paroxysmal firing was observed in the
      dendritic layer. It is concluded that tonic paroxysmal discharge of the granule
      cells is associated with an outflow of K ions from the cell somata, but not the
      dendrites. Extracellular sustained potential (SP) shifts and responses of [K+]o
      associated with paroxysmal firing showed no consistent correlation in fascia
      dentata. It is concluded that paroxysmal SP shifts in fascia dentata (unlike in
      spinal cord and cerebral neocortex) are dominated by the extracellular currents
      generated by granule cells, not by neuroglia. In the postparoxysmal phase,
      however, a small residual SP shift was observed in both soma and dendrite layers,
      which had characteristics compatible with its being generated by glial cells.
      Responses of [Ca2+]o varied from rat to rat. During nonparoxysmal excitation
      [Ca2+]o increased, decreased, or remained unchanged. During paroxysmal firing
      [Ca2+]o always decreased in the granule cell body layer, but the magnitude of the
      response varied greatly. In the dendritic layer a similar but smaller decrease
      was observed in some but not all cases. Probable reasons for the unpredictability
      of the responses of [Ca2+]o are discussed. The responses of [Ca2+]o recorded in
      fascia dentata of urethan-anesthetized rats that have previously been kindled
      were not detectably different from those of control animals. Leao's spreading
      depression (LD) was associated with large increase of [K+]o, decrease of [Ca2+
      )o, and intense negative SP shift in both dendritic and cell body layers of
      fascia dentata, as well as in CA1 zone of hippocampus. It is concluded that LD in
      hippocampal formation is associated with more widespread depolarization of
      pyramidal and granule cells than in cerebral neocortex and cerebellar cortex
      where changes of [K+]o are limited to the more superficial layers.

PMID- 3998795
TI  - Inhibition and level-tolerant frequency tuning in the auditory cortex of the
      mustached bat.
AB  - For echolocation the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii, emits complex
      orientation sounds (pulses), each consisting of four harmonics with long constant
      frequency components (CF1-4) followed by short frequency-modulated components
      (FM1-4). The CF signals are best suited for target detection and measurement of
      target velocity. The CF/CF area of the auditory cortex of this species contains
      neurons sensitive to pulse-echo pairs. These CF/CF combination-sensitive neurons
      extract velocity information from Doppler-shifted echoes. In this study we
      electrophysiologically investigated the frequency tuning of CF/CF neurons for
      excitation, facilitation, and inhibition. CF1/CF2 and CF1/CF3 combination
      sensitive neurons responded poorly to individual signal elements in pulse-echo
      pairs but showed strong facilitation of responses to pulse-echo pairs. The
      essential components in the pairs were CF1 of the pulse and CF2 or CF3 of the
      echo. In 68% of CF/CF neurons, the frequency-tuning curves for facilitation were
      extremely sharp for CF2 or CF3 and were "level-tolerant" so that the bandwidths
      of the tuning curves were less than 5.0% of best frequencies even at high
      stimulus levels. Facilitative tuning curves for CF1 were level tolerant only in
      6% of the neurons studied. CF/CF neurons were specialized for fine analysis of
      the frequency relationship between two CF sounds regardless of sound pressure
      levels. Some CF/CF neurons responded to single-tone stimuli. Frequency-tuning
      curves for excitation (responses to single-tone stimuli) were extremely sharp and
      level tolerant for CF2 or CF3 in 59% of CF1/CF2 neurons and 70% of CF1/CF3
      neurons. Tuning to CF1 was level tolerant in only 9% of these neurons. Sharp
      level-tolerant tuning may be the neural basis for small difference limens in
      frequency at high stimulus levels. Sharp level-tolerant tuning curves were
      sandwiched between broad inhibitory areas. Best frequencies for inhibition were
      slightly higher or lower than the best frequencies for facilitation and
      excitation. We thus conclude that sharp level-tolerant tuning curves are produced
      by inhibition. The extent to which neural sharpening occurred differed among
      groups of neurons tuned to different frequencies. The more important the
      frequency analysis of a particular component in biosonar signals, the more
      pronounced the neural sharpening. This was in addition to the peripheral
      specialization for fine frequency analysis of that component. The difference in
      bandwidth or quality factor between the excitatory tuning curves of peripheral
      neurons and the facilitative and excitatory tuning curves of CF/CF neurons was
      larger at higher stimulus levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998796
TI  - Kinematic representation of imposed forearm movements by pericruciate neurons
      (areas 4 and 3a) in the awake cat.
AB  - In eight awake cats, elbow flexion movements were imposed by a computer
      controlled torque motor using three different classes of angular displacement
      inputs: force step-load displacements; sinusoidal displacements; and constant
      velocity ramp displacements. Microelectrode recordings were obtained from 309
      pericruciate neurons in areas 4 and 3a. Average response histograms for single
      unit activity coupled with computer simulation of the imposed movements have
      shown in a neuronal population (n = 81), selected for receptive fields that were
      directly related to elbow movements, that both the magnitude and temporal
      features of the responses can be characterized by the coefficients of a third
      order differential equation describing the movement's angular kinematics (i.e.,
      position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk). To compare the responses of
      different neurons the coefficients were normalized to the angular velocity
      coefficient, which was assigned a weighted value of 1.0. The neurons' average
      responses were "predictable" by the normalized coefficients regardless of the
      imposed movements' temporal characteristics. Two distinct and spatially separate
      pericruciate areas containing neurons that responded to the imposed forearm
      movements were located: 1) one within area 4 at the lateral extent of the
      cruciate sulcus, which contained neurons that responded with predominant jerk and
      acceleration coefficients, exhibited either cutaneous or deep receptive fields,
      and demonstrated low microstimulation current thresholds to activate forelimb
      muscles; 2) a second, more laterally located area near the 3a/4 border in the
      postsygmoid gyrus, which contained neurons that responded with predominant
      velocity coefficients, and comparatively small jerk acceleration, and position
      coefficients, exhibited either cutaneous or deep receptive fields, and
      demonstrated high microstimulation thresholds (greater than 20 microA). Due to
      the sensitivity of the higher derivatives to changes in motion, the relative
      magnitude and time course of the average firing probability of area 4 neurons
      with prominent acceleration and jerk coefficients were dominated by these
      kinematic features during the more rapidly imposed movements. The findings are in
      accord with a hypothesis proposing that motor cortical neurons in area 4 form a
      sufficient substrate for a "predictive" feedback organization, and may constitute
      an essential component of a system capable of regulating errors in angular joint
      movements despite the relatively long conduction delays and the slow time course
      of muscle tension production inherent to mammalian neuromuscular systems.

PMID- 3998797
TI  - Flight-initiating interneurons in the locust.
AB  - We have used intracellular recording and staining techniques to investigate the
      cellular mechanisms for the initiation and maintenance of flight in the locust,
      Locusta migratoria. In particular, we examined the properties of a small group of
      interneurons in the mesothoracic ganglion. We refer to these interneurons as 404
      neurons. Their structure has been described, in a closely related species, by
      Watson and Burrows (21). Using a preparation in which intracellular recordings
      could be made from the main neurite of a 404 neuron during the generation of
      flight activity, we observed that the 404 neurons discharged tonically throughout
      flight episodes elicited by a constant wind stimulus on the head and by a sudden
      dimming of the lights. Their discharge rate was linearly related to the frequency
      of the flight activity. Depolarization of individual 404 neurons often initiated
      flight activity in quiescent preparations, and the application of hyperpolarizing
      currents during a flight episode either slowed or stopped flight activity.
      Hyperpolarizing currents also prevented the initiation of flight activity in some
      preparations. Individual 404 neurons were not always necessary for the generation
      of flight activity, since flight activity sometimes persisted when all spiking in
      a 404 neuron was prevented by the application of a hyperpolarizing current. We
      conclude that the 404 neurons function to initiate and maintain flight activity
      in response to wind stimulation of the head, but we have not yet established that
      they are the only thoracic neurons with this function. The 404 neurons discharged
      with a high-frequency burst at the time of triggering of a kick. Since the motor
      program for a jump is similar to that for a kick, the 404 neurons may also be
      involved in linking the initiation of flight activity to the jump. None of our
      data indicate that the 404 neurons receive input from the central rhythm
      generator. Thus the neuronal circuitry for flight appears to be hierarchically
      organized with at least one distinct neuronal system providing a tonic drive to
      initiate and maintain activity in the system that patterns activity in flight
      motoneurons.

PMID- 3998798
TI  - Bursts and recurrences of bursts in the spike trains of spontaneously active
      striate cortex neurons.
AB  - Simultaneous recordings were made from small collections (2-7) of spontaneously
      active single units in the striate cortex of unanesthetized cats, by means of
      chronically implanted electrodes. The recorded spike trains were computer scanned
      for bursts of spikes, and the bursts were catalogued and studied. The firing
      rates of the neurons ranged from 0.16 to 32 spikes/s; the mean was 8.9 spikes/s,
      the standard deviation 7.0 spikes/s. Bursts of spikes were assigned a
      quantitative measure, termed Poisson surprise (S), defined as the negative
      logarithm of their probability in a random (Poisson) spike train. Only bursts
      having S greater than 10, corresponding to an occurrence rate of about 0.01
      bursts/1,000 spikes in a random spike train, were considered to be of interest.
      Bursts having S greater than 10 occurred at a rate of about 5-15 bursts/1,000
      spikes, or about 1-5 bursts/min. The rate slightly increased with spike rate;
      averaging about 2 bursts/min for neurons having 3 spikes/s and about 4.5
      bursts/min for neurons having 30 spikes/s. About 21% of the recorded units
      emitted significantly fewer bursts than the rest (below 1 burst/1,000 spikes).
      The percentage of these neurons was independent of spike rate. The spike rate
      during bursts was found to be about 3-6 times the average spike rate; about the
      same for longer as for shorter bursts. Bursts typically contained 10-50 spikes
      and lasted 0.5-2.0 s. When the number of spikes in the successively emitted
      bursts was listed, it was found that in some neurons these numbers were not
      distributed at random but were clustered around one or more preferred values. In
      this sense, bursts occasionally "recurred" a few times in a few minutes. The
      finding suggests that neurons are highly reliable. When bursts of two or more
      simultaneously recorded neurons were compared, the bursts often appeared to be
      temporally close, especially between pairs of neurons recorded by the same
      electrode; but bursts seldom started and ended simultaneously on two channels.
      Recurring bursts emitted by one neuron were occasionally accompanied by time
      locked recurring bursts by other neurons.

PMID- 3998799
TI  - Similarity of dynamic range adjustment in auditory nerve and cochlear nuclei.
AB  - Rate versus level functions were recorded for responses to best-frequency (BF)
      tones of 116 cochlear nucleus units and 53 auditory-nerve fibers in the presence
      of interrupted tone backgrounds and continuous noise backgrounds of various
      intensities. The backgrounds shifted the dynamic ranges of rate-level functions
      to higher test intensities, so in the presence of backgrounds, rate saturation
      occurred at higher intensities than in quiet. The shift in saturation intensity
      evoked by each background was measured by comparing the rate-level function
      recorded with the background to one recorded without. The relation between change
      in saturation intensity and background intensity could be approximated by the
      formula (formula: see text) delta Isat is the shift in saturation intensity, I is
      the background intensity, theta is the threshold for evoking shift, and A is the
      ratio of shift to background intensity re theta. In the appendix, it is shown
      that A is a measure of a unit's ability to avoid saturation by the background
      stimulus. The optimal value of A is unity, at which point a unit's operating
      range is infinite. The value of A depended on BF for interrupted tone
      backgrounds, but not for continuous noise backgrounds. For BF less than 10 kHz,
      the mean value of A for tone backgrounds was 0.33 in the auditory nerve, 0.37 in
      the ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN), and 0.47 in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN).
      The difference between auditory nerve and VCN was not statistically significant.
      For BF greater than 10 kHz, the mean A was 0.16 in auditory nerve and 0.30 in
      VCN. The mean value of A for noise backgrounds was 0.79 in auditory nerve, 0.86
      in VCN, 0.86 in DCN units of response types II and III, and 1.04 in DCN type IV
      units. Only the differences between DCN type IV and the non-DCN unit groups were
      statistically significant. The qualitative changes produced in rate-level
      functions by tone and noise backgrounds were similar in auditory nerve and
      cochlear nuclei except for DCN type IV units. The shifts in rate functions
      produced by interrupted tone backgrounds did not prevent saturation of the rate
      response at background intensities above the dynamic range of the unit as
      recorded in quiet. However, the rate response to test tones was preserved in the
      presence of all noise background levels used (up to a 30-dB spectrum level). The
      shift in rate function produced by the noise was almost sufficient to allow the
      unit to encode test intensity relative to noise background intensity.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998800
TI  - Characteristics of corticomotoneuronal postspike facilitation and reciprocal
      suppression of EMG activity in the monkey.
AB  - In this study we present further evidence supporting the reciprocal nature of
      output effects on forearm flexor and extensor muscles from single
      corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells. Spike-triggered averaging of rectified EMG
      activity was used to test the output effects of 105 motor cortex cells in two
      rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) trained to perform alternating wrist movements
      and power grip. The electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from six
      forearm flexor and six forearm extensor muscles through pairs of percutaneously
      inserted intramuscular stainless steel wires. CM cells were identified by their
      characteristic postspike facilitation (PSF) in spike-triggered averages of
      agonist muscle EMG activity. Agonist muscles are those which coactivate with the
      cortical cell during movement. Of 105 motor cortex cells tested, 56 (53%) had no
      effect on either agonist or antagonist muscles. Of 49 cells that produced PSF of
      the agonist muscles, 14 (29%) also produced clear postspike suppression (PSS) of
      the antagonist muscles. Reproducibility of postspike effects was demonstrated by
      comparing spike-triggered averages of full-wave rectified EMG with averages of
      the same EMG activity triggered from randomly generated pulses. Consecutive
      averages from random triggers never showed consistent postspike effects. As a
      further test that our postspike effects were real, we computed averages of
      simulated EMG activity from the spikes of CM cells with reciprocal output
      effects. None of these averages showed consistent postspike effects. The mean
      onset latency of PSF calculated from 14 reciprocal CM cells yielding 51 PSF
      effects was 6.3 ms compared with 10.1 ms for 28 PSS effects from the same cells.
      PSS effects from a particular CM cell were nearly always longer in latency than
      the cell's PSF effects; only 2 of 28 PSS onset latencies were shorter than the
      longest latency PSF onset from the same cell. Average peak latencies for PSF and
      PSS were 8.6 and 11.6 ms, respectively. The magnitude of postspike effects was
      expressed as the percent of peak facilitation above the base-line mean for PSF or
      peak suppression below the base-line mean for PSS. With this measure, the average
      magnitude of PSF was 7.0% compared with 4.1% for reciprocal PSS. There was no
      correlation between onset latency and magnitude of PSF or PSS, although strong
      PSFs tended to have shorter latencies. Concerning the distribution of postspike
      effects, the average reciprocal CM cell facilitated 3.8 agonist muscles and
      suppressed 2.1 antagonist muscles. EDC was facilitated by all extension-related
      reciprocal CM cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998801
TI  - Thigh muscle activity during maximum-height jumps by cats.
AB  - Cats were trained to jump from a force plate and touch a cotton ball suspended as
      high as 1.6 m. Force-plate reaction forces and double-joint hamstring muscle
      activity observed early in propulsion varied from one maximal jump to another.
      This variability is consistent with theory (31, 32, 42); that is, different
      coordination strategies can be implemented prior to the heels losing contact with
      the force plate (heel-off). Single-joint hip extensor and double-joint posterior
      thigh (hip extensor-knee flexor) muscles were coactivated prior to heel-off. This
      coactivation is probably partially responsible for the observed backward rotation
      of the trunk. Forepaws, observed to contact the force plate prior to heel-off,
      probably assist the hindlimbs in generating trunk rotation. Both single-joint
      knee extensor and hip extensor muscles exhibited greatest activation between heel
      off and body lift-off. Single-joint flexor muscles were inactive throughout
      propulsion. Double-joint posterior thigh muscles were deactivated at heel-off and
      remained inactivated until lift-off. These observations agree with the
      theoretical notion that muscles should be either fully activated, inactivated, or
      switched from one extreme to the other (i.e., bang-bang control) between heel-off
      and body lift-off (31, 32, 42, 44). All seven muscles studied shortened while
      activated. Using computations based on muscle geometry, fiber architecture, and
      joint angle trajectories, I propose that sarcomeres shorten along the flat and
      ascending regions of the force-length curve. De- and inactivation of double-joint
      posterior thigh muscles between heel-off and lift-off coincided with muscle
      stretch. The reason for inactivation of these muscles is that the negative work
      that would have been generated had these muscles stayed activated would have
      hindered propulsion. Contractions preceded by active stretch were not observed.
      Enhancement of positive work by previous storage of energy in elastic
      musculotendinous structures is thus not used by cat thigh musculature in jumps
      starting from the squat. Adductor femoris, semimembranosus anterior, and biceps
      femoris anterior muscles were activated synergistically as one group yet
      differently from the synergistic activation of gracilis, semitendinosus, and
      biceps femoris posterior muscles. The separation of these muscles into two groups
      based on their activation patterns during jumping is compatible with the
      classification of these muscles into hip extensor and knee flexor muscle groups,
      respectively, based on their reflex patterns (37), spinal cord reflex
      connectivity (18, 30), and firing patterns during locomotion (20).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998802
TI  - A dorsal spinal neural network in cat. III. Dynamic nonlinear analysis of
      responses to random stimulation of single type 1 cutaneous input fibers.
AB  - The input/output characteristics of a subset of dorsal horn neurons in laminae 3
      and 4 [( L3,4:SA1,X], see INTRODUCTION; output cells) of cat have previously been
      examined in the resting unperturbed condition using single or paired input pulses
      introduced once every three seconds on single slowly adapting type 1 (SA1)
      cutaneous mechanoreceptor afferent fibers (1, 27, 28). The present study extends
      this description to the dynamic condition by use of a random-stimulation method
      developed for the characterization of multiport pulse-input/pulse-output
      nonlinear systems. A total of 58 SA1 receptor input channels to 29 [L3,4:SA1,X]
      network output cells were tested individually in 15 spinal cats with several
      random train stimuli of differing mean input rates [5, 10, 20, 30, 50 pulses per
      second (pps)]. Simultaneous stimulation of two input channels with independent
      random trains was performed in 16 units. In each case, zero-, first-, and second
      order descriptions of network behavior were obtained; the second-order
      characteristics of interest were expressed in the form of excitability functions,
      which are directly comparable with those obtained from condition-test results.
      Preliminary testing with multiple input pulses suggested that, in addition to the
      strong second-order effects previously identified, third- and higher-order
      nonlinearities and effects with long time constants could generate significant
      rate effects. Nonetheless, first-order response characteristics obtained in the
      dynamic condition at the lowest mean input rate used (5 pps) were in each case
      qualitatively identical, though slightly smaller in magnitude, to the
      poststimulus time histograms (PST) obtained in the unperturbed condition. Second
      order excitability functions were generally, but not always, similar to condition
      test results in the eight cases in which comparisons were made. Furthermore, use
      of a complete second-order characterization to predict the output response to a
      different random input in five cases resulted in an average correlation with the
      observed output that was a 50% improvement over the linear model predictions.
      These results indicate strong second-order and weaker higher-order nonlinearities
      in the [L3,4:SA1,X] network. Three classes of channel-specific second-order
      excitability characteristics were identified into which the previous descriptions
      (28) can be incorporated. The general pattern was initial facilitation followed
      by inhibition. This was observed for both the early and late response components
      in about half the channels (class I).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998803
TI  - Organization of receptive fields of spiking local interneurons in the locust with
      inputs from hair afferents.
AB  - The receptive fields of spiking local interneurons in the locust were defined by
      making intracellular recordings from them while stimulating mechanoreceptors on
      the surface of a hindleg. All the interneurons tested have their cell bodies near
      the ventral midline, in the so-called "midline" group. Those described here
      receive inputs only from external mechanoreceptors; others receive inputs from
      internal proprioceptors alone or from receptors of both kinds. The receptors on
      the surface of a hindleg that contribute to the receptive field of an interneuron
      may be clustered together in a discrete area or be distributed in separate
      regions that provide either excitation or inhibition. An interneuron may have a
      receptive field that is wholly excitatory or one with both excitatory and
      inhibitory regions. Excitatory but not inhibitory effects are mediated by direct
      connections between afferents and interneurons. The longitudinal boundaries of
      most receptive fields occur along one of the major axes of the leg. For example,
      hairs on the anterior half of a leg can be excitatory, while hairs on the
      posterior half are inhibitory; or those on the dorsal half are excitatory, and
      those on the ventral half are inhibitory. The proximal-distal boundaries of a
      receptive field often correspond to the articulations between the segments of a
      leg, although they may also occur within a segment of a leg where there are no
      other obvious anatomical discontinuities. The receptive fields of these
      interneurons often overlap, and an individual afferent from a hair excites more
      than one interneuron. In this way a particular region on the surface of a hindleg
      may be mapped onto as many as 12 interneurons. The size of a receptive field is
      not correlated with its position along the proximal-distal axis of the leg, but
      the smallest fields occur on the distal tibia or span the femorotibial joint.

PMID- 3998804
TI  - Development of spatial receptive-field organization and orientation selectivity
      in kitten striate cortex.
AB  - The functional organization of the receptive field of neurons in striate cortex
      of kittens from 8 days to 3 mo of age was studied by extracellular recordings. A
      quantitative dual-stimulus technique was used, which allowed for analysis of both
      enhancement and suppression zones in the receptive field. Furthermore the
      development of orientation selectivity was studied quantitatively in the same
      cells. Already in the youngest kittens the receptive fields were spatially
      organized like adult fields, with a central zone and adjacent flanks that
      responded in opposite manner to the light stimulus. The relative suppression in
      the subzones was as strong as in adult cells. Both simple and complex cells were
      found from 8 days. The receptive fields were like magnified adult fields. The
      width of the dominant discharge-field zone and the distance between the positions
      giving maximum discharge and maximum suppression decreased with age in the same
      proportions. The decrease could be explained by a corresponding decrease of the
      receptive-field-center size of retinal ganglion cells. Forty percent of the cells
      were orientation selective before 2 wk, and the fraction increased to 94% at 4
      wk. Cells whose responses could be attenuated to at least half of the maximal
      response by changes of slit orientation were termed orientation selective. The
      half-width of the orientation-tuning curves narrowed during the first 5 wk, and
      this change was most marked in simple cells. The ability of the cells to
      discriminate between orientations in statistical terms was weak in the youngest
      kittens due to a large response variability, and showed a more pronounced
      development than the half-width did. The orientation-tuning curves were fitted by
      an exponential function, which showed the shape to be adultlike in all age
      groups. Two kittens were dark reared until recording at 1 mo of age. The spatial
      receptive-field organization and the orientation selectivity in these kittens
      were similar to normal-reared kittens at 1 mo. The responsivity of the cells of
      the dark-reared kittens was lower, and the latency before firing was longer than
      in the normal-reared kittens of the same age, and these response properties were
      more similar to those in 1- to 2-wk-old normal kittens. Our results indicate that
      the spatial organization of the receptive field is innate in most cells and that
      visual experience is unnecessary for the organization to be maintained and for
      the receptive-field width to mature during the first month postnatally.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998805
TI  - Firing patterns of human flexor carpi radialis motor units during the stretch
      reflex.
AB  - Single motor unit and gross surface electromyographic responses to torque motor
      produced wrist extensions were studied in human flexor carpi radialis muscle.
      Surface EMG typically showed two "periods" of reflex activity, at a short and
      long latency following stretch, but both periods occurring before a subject's
      voluntary reaction to the stretch. The amplitude of EMG activity in both reflex
      periods increased monotonically with an increase in the torque load. The
      amplitude of the short-latency reflex response was very dependent on the
      motoneuron pool excitability, or preload. The amplitude of the long-latency
      reflex response also varied with the preload, but could, in addition, be
      modulated by the subject's preparatory set for a voluntary response to the
      imposed displacement. When a single motor unit that was not tonically active
      began to fire during the stretch reflex, it did so primarily during the long
      latency period. When caused to fire repetitively by voluntary facilitation of the
      motoneuron pool, that same unit now showed activity during both periods of the
      stretch reflex. Further increases in either motoneuron pool facilitation or in
      perturbation strength resulted in a monotonic increase in response probability of
      a single motor unit during the short-latency period. However, the response
      probability of a single unit during the long-latency reflex period did not always
      vary in a monotonic way with increases in either torque load or motoneuron pool
      facilitation. For an additional series of experiments, the subject was instructed
      on how to respond voluntarily to the upcoming wrist perturbation. The three
      instructions to the subject had no effect on the response probability of a single
      motor unit during either the background or short-latency periods of the stretch
      reflex. However, prior instruction clearly affected a unit's response probability
      during the long-latency reflex period. Changes in the firing rate of motor units,
      and in the recruitment or derecruitment of nontonic units, contributed to this
      modulation of reflex activity during the long-latency period.

PMID- 3998806
TI  - Voluntary and reflexive recruitment of flexor carpi radialis motor units in
      humans.
AB  - The order of recruitment of flexor carpi radialis (FCR) motor units was studied
      during voluntary and reflexive activation of the motoneuron pool for two adult
      subjects. During slow "voluntary" activation, the recruitment threshold for tonic
      motoneuron firing was determined, and then the twitch profile of the motor unit
      was computed by the spike-triggered averaging technique. A positive correlation
      (r = 0.79 and 0.68 for the two subjects, respectively) between recruitment
      threshold and twitch amplitude implies that recruitment of FCR motoneurons during
      slow ramp isometric contractions proceeds in order of increasing size. The
      accompanying paper describes the behavior of single motor units during the short-
      and long-latency periods of the stretch reflex. When the effects of sufficient
      voluntary facilitation (preload) combined with a sufficiently large torque step
      were just adequate to cause a motor unit to fire during the stretch reflex, its
      response was virtually always confined to the long-latency period. In addition,
      the first unit to begin responding to muscle stretch always had the lowest
      voluntary recruitment threshold relative to other units "visible" at that
      recording site. By making this unit tonic, the reflex response to the same load
      increased substantially during the short-latency reflex period, while a second
      unit increased its reflex response probability during the long-latency period.
      Thus the voluntary recruitment order of two or more motor units is preserved
      during the stretch reflex, and is in fact maintained within first the long
      latency and then short-latency components of this reflex.

PMID- 3998807
TI  - Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking.
AB  - These experiments were undertaken to demonstrate that pure mental activity,
      thinking, increases the cerebral blood flow and that different types of thinking
      increase the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in different cortical areas. As
      a first approach, thinking was defined as brain work in the form of operations on
      internal information, done by an awake subject. The rCBF was measured in 254
      cortical regions in 11 subjects with the intracarotid 133Xe injection technique.
      In normal man, changes in the regional cortical metabolic rate of O2 leads to
      proportional changes in rCBF. One control study was taken with the subjects at
      rest. Then the rCBF was measured during three different simple algorithm tasks,
      each consisting of retrieval of a specific memory followed by a simple operation
      on the retrieved information. Once started, the information processing went on in
      the brain without any communication with the outside world. In 50-3 thinking, the
      subjects started with 50 and then, in their minds only, continuously subtracted 3
      from the result. In jingle thinking the subjects internally jumped every second
      word in a nine-word circular jingle. In route-finding thinking the subjects
      imagined that they started at their front door and then walked alternatively to
      the left or the right each time they reached a corner. The rCBF increased only in
      homotypical cortical areas during thinking. The areas in the superior prefrontal
      cortex increased their rCBF equivalently during the three types of thinking. In
      the remaining parts of the prefrontal cortex there were multifocal increases of
      rCBF. The localizations and intensities of these rCBF increases depended on the
      type of internal operation occurring. The rCBF increased bilaterally in the
      angular cortex during 50-3 thinking. The rCBF increased in the right midtemporal
      cortex exclusively during jingle thinking. The intermediate and remote visual
      association areas, the superior occipital, posterior inferior temporal, and
      posterior superior parietal cortex, increased their rCBF exclusively during route
      finding thinking. We observed no decreases in rCBF. All rCBF increases extended
      over a few square centimeters of the cortex. The activation of the superior
      prefrontal cortex was attributed to the organization of thinking. The activation
      of the angular cortex in 50-3 thinking was attributed to the retrieval of the
      numerical memory and memory for subtractions. The activation of the right
      midtemporal cortex was attributed to the retrieval of the nonverbal auditory
      memory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998808
TI  - Simple- and complex-cell response dependences on stimulation parameters.
AB  - We studied the response time course and amplitude dependence on stimulation
      parameters in cat cortical visual neurons to determine their receptive-field
      spatial-summation characteristics. Response poststimulus time (PST) histograms of
      cortical simple cells to contrast-reversal grating stimulation generally have a
      single peak for each stimulus temporal cycle, though the responses appear
      rectified. In response to contrast-reversal grating stimulation the general PST
      histogram time course for complex cells is two peaks, though often these peaks
      are of different amplitudes. The time course of complex-cell responses, and the
      ratio of these two response peaks often varies with stimulation parameters. The
      appearance of a single response peak in simple cells is reflected in the
      dominance of the odd harmonic Fourier portion, whereas the half-wave
      rectification leads to a considerable even harmonic portion. Still, this even
      portion is never significantly greater than the odd portion. When complex cell
      PST histograms have two nearly equal peaks, Fourier transformation reveals almost
      only even harmonic components. When the histogram contains two peaks of unequal
      amplitude Fourier analysis reveals large odd and even components. An even:odd
      Fourier harmonic portion ratio larger than 1 may be seen as a defining
      characteristic of complex cells, differentiating them from simple cells.
      Histograms with two unequal peaks appear "mixed," containing something of the
      "pure" single-peaked response and something of the pure double-peaked response.
      The degree to which the response is mixed may be measured by the ratio of the
      even:odd portion amplitudes. There is a great degree of variability with
      stimulation parameters (both spatial phase and spatial frequency) of the time
      course of mixed responses as opposed to the case of responses that have two equal
      peaks independent of stimulation grating phase and frequency. In both simple and
      complex cells there is a close coincidence of the spatial frequency ranges over
      which the even and odd portions are substantial, though many complex cells show a
      periodic variation of the even:odd portions ratio. This spatial-frequency
      dependence differs from that of LGN Y-cells where the odd portion dominates at
      low spatial frequencies and the even portion at high spatial frequencies. The
      ratio of even-to-odd portion cut-off is close to 3:1 in all Y-cells, a
      characteristic we did not find in cortical simple or complex cells. We suggest,
      therefore, that the nonlinearity of these complex cells does not derive from that
      of Y-cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998809
TI  - A complex-cell receptive-field model.
AB  - The time course of the response of a single cortical neuron to counterphase
      grating stimulation may vary as a function of stimulation parameters, as shown in
      the preceding paper (19). The poststimulus-time histograms of the response
      amplitudes against time are single or double peaked, and where double peaked, the
      two peaks are of equal or unequal amplitudes. Furthermore, the spatial-phase
      dependence of cortical complex-cell responses may be a function of spatial
      frequency, so that the receptive field appears to have linear spatial summation
      at some spatial frequencies and nonlinear spatial summation at others (19). In
      the first part of this paper, we analyze a model receptive field that displays
      this behavior, and in the second part experimental data are presented and
      analyzed with regard to the model. The model cortical receptive field in its
      simplest form contains (two rows) of geniculate X-cell-like, DOG (difference-of
      Gaussians)-shaped, center-surround antagonistic, circular-input subunits. We
      propose nonlinear summation between these two subunits, by introducing a half
      wave rectification stage before pooling. The model is tested for the responses it
      predicts for the application of counterphase-grating stimulation. This simple
      model predicts the appearance of three response forms as a function of
      counterphase-stimulation parameters. At periodic spatial frequencies the expected
      response histogram has a single peak, whose amplitude has a sinusoidal dependence
      on spatial phase. At spatial frequencies halfway between these, the expected
      response histogram has two equal peaks whose amplitudes have a full-wave
      rectified sinusoidal dependence on spatial phase. At all intermediate spatial
      frequencies the expected-response histogram has a "mixed" form; the histogram
      appears sometimes with one peak, sometimes with two equal peaks, and generally
      with two peaks of unequal amplitude, as a function of spatial phase. Null
      responses are expected to appear at specific spatial phases only for the periodic
      spatial frequencies that give "pure" response time courses as in paragraph 5
      above, and not in the more common mixed response case of paragraph 6. The
      analysis procedure described in the preceding paper (19) is used, separating the
      odd and even Fourier components of the response histograms reflecting the
      receptive-field intrasubunit linear summation and intersubunit nonlinear
      summation, respectively. We propose that this model may be used as a working
      hypothesis for the analysis of these aspects of the various cortical receptive
      field types. Experimental data are described and discussed in terms of the
      model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998810
TI  - Orientation sensitivity of the cat assessed from evoked potentials: central and
      peripheral contributions.
AB  - To estimate contour-orientation sensitivity of the cat and the degree to which
      precortical processing contributes to such estimates, the amplitude of visually
      evoked potentials (VEP) recorded from the visual cortex of cats in response to a
      visual stimulus (S2) presented at various intervals after presentation of another
      visual stimulus (S1) was measured under several conditions. Recordings were made
      when both stimuli were presented through one eye (monoptic condition) or when S1
      was presented to one eye and S2 to the other (dichoptic condition). In some
      experiments, simultaneous recordings were made from the optic tract and visual
      cortex. The stimuli were pairs of sinusoidal gratings with a spatial frequency of
      0.5 cycles/deg and of various orientations. Each stimulus was presented by
      stepping the grating contrast from 0.0 (adapting field) to 0.5 for 50 ms. The
      intervals between the presentation of the two test stimuli (S1 and S2) was varied
      from 0 to 1,550 ms, and on different trials the orientation of the S2 grating
      relative to that of S1 was varied from 0 to 90 degrees. Results showed that under
      monoptic conditions, the VEP to the second stimulus (S2) was reduced by
      presentation of the first stimulus (S1) when the interstimulus interval was less
      than 200 ms, whereas under dichoptic conditions, the response to S2 was reduced
      with interstimulus intervals less than 75 ms. The response reduction was always
      in a forward direction (e.g., reduced S2 response), increased in magnitude with
      decreases in the interstimulus interval, and was larger under monoptic conditions
      than under dichoptic conditions. The response reduction produced monoptically was
      orientation selective in that it was greatest when the orientation of S1 and S2
      was the same, and it recovered by half when the orientation differed by 6 to 15
      degrees (orientation half-band pass). In some cortical recordings, the
      orientation-selective response reduction was superimposed on a response reduction
      that was not selective for S2 orientation. Stimultaneous recording in the optic
      tract also showed a response reduction of S2 response that was not orientation
      selective, suggesting that precortical neural elements contribute to the cortical
      VEP. With dichoptic stimulus presentation an orientation-nonspecific response
      reduction was obtained. We hypothesized that binocular inhibitory effects,
      resulting from disparate retinal input, produced this surprising finding. The
      results demonstrate that the VEP recorded at the cortex can be used to estimate
      orientation sensitivity, but that response interactions in peripheral
      (precortical) neural elements can contribute to such estimates.

PMID- 3998811
TI  - Attentional influences on noxious and innocuous cutaneous heat detection in
      humans and monkeys.
AB  - This study examines whether selective attention can influence sensory
      discriminative aspects of nociception in humans and monkeys trained to detect
      innocuous and noxious thermal stimuli. Human subjects had two contact thermodes
      positioned bilaterally above the upper lip. Upon trial initiation both thermodes
      heated to either 39 degrees C, an innocuous warm temperature, or 45 degrees C, a
      slightly noxious temperature. After 4 to 9 sec, the temperature of one thermode
      increased an additional step of less than 1 degree C. Subjects released a button
      when they detected this second temperature increase (T2). Three types of trials
      were presented in order to assess the effects of spatially selective attention on
      thermal detection. On 40% of the trials a light correctly signaled the location
      of the thermode on which T2 would occur. On 10% of trials a light incorrectly
      signaled the location of T2. No signal was presented on the remaining trials.
      From the 45 degrees C base line, detection latencies were shortest in the correct
      signal condition, longest in the incorrect signal condition, and intermediate in
      the unsignaled condition. The percent of undetected T2s was greatest in the
      incorrect signal condition and least in the correct signal condition. From the 39
      degree C base line, the detection latency in the incorrect signal condition was
      greater than in the unsignaled condition, but the latter latency was not
      different from the correct signal latency. In addition, the percent of undetected
      T2s was the same on all three types of trials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998814
TI  - Development of chemosensitivity of an identified insect interneurone.
AB  - Characteristic features of cockroach embryos (Periplaneta americana) are
      determined for different stages in development. Morphological changes in giant
      interneurone 2 (GI 2) in the terminal abdominal ganglion during embryogenesis are
      described based on cobalt injections. A sequential proliferation of branches
      preceded by filopodial extension is observed between 45 and 80% embryogenesis, by
      which time the characteristic arborization of the first instar cell is
      established. The cholinergic agonist carbamylcholine was ionophoretically applied
      to the cell body and dendritic region of GI 2 at various stages in development,
      and the responses were recorded intracellularly. Chemosensitivity of GI 2 appears
      at 40 to 45% embryogenesis, to a similar degree in both cell body and dendrites.
      The sensitivity of these areas subsequently diverges, and after the 60 to 65%
      stage, the dendrites are approximately 1000 times more sensitive than the cell
      body. At 80 to 85% embryogenesis, there is a temporary peak in dendritic
      sensitivity, and cell body sensitivity increases during postembryonic
      development. The changes in sensitivity take place before synaptogenesis, and the
      decline in dendritic sensitivity after the 80% stage may be related to synaptic
      maturation.

PMID- 3998813
TI  - The sharpening of frequency tuning curves requires patterned activity during
      development in the mouse, Mus musculus.
AB  - Neural activity has been implicated as having both a trophic function and a role
      in synaptic specificity. Sensory deprivation studies in a large number of
      developing systems have resulted in the pathological morphology of neurons and
      abnormal response properties. If the relative timing of discharge among afferent
      terminals is a cue employed by the developing system to refine the array of
      synaptic connections, then altering the discharge patterns should hinder this
      process. In the present experiments, we investigate the role played by the
      temporal pattern of neural activity during the ontogeny of frequency tuning in
      the mouse central auditory system. Postnatal animals were exposed to acoustic
      stimuli, repetitive clicks, that continuously entrained a large proportion of
      primary afferents from the onset of hearing until an age at which tuning curves
      should have been adult-like. The amount of fatigue to repetitive clicks was
      characterized at the level of the eighth nerve and inferior colliculus in normal
      animals. Frequency tuning curves obtained from the inferior colliculus were used
      as an assay for the specificity of neural connections. Click-reared animals had
      significantly broader tuning curves than did normally reared mice, particularly
      for units with best frequencies in the 10- to 15-kHz range. Furthermore, it was
      found that this change could not be attributed to the selective loss of the
      sustained component of the response. The affected range is interpreted in terms
      of the frequency spectrum of the click and the fact that lower frequency regions
      of the inferior colliculus were found to habituate rapidly. The click-rearing
      environment did not appear to affect unit spontaneous activity or response
      latency, nor did it alter the tonotopic map in the inferior colliculus. We argue
      against the possibility of cochlear damage based on threshold and high frequency
      cutoff measurements. Mice were reared in a second acoustic environment,
      repetitive pulses of two added frequencies, as a control for the effects of the
      click stimulus. This rearing paradigm did not lead to a broadening of tuning
      curves. It did, however, alter the properties of bimodal tuning curves. For units
      with bimodal tuning curves having best frequencies in the range of the rearing
      frequencies, it was found that the second excitatory area had a lower than normal
      threshold. In addition, the frequency range separating the peaks of the two
      excitatory regions was statistically smaller. These results are discussed with
      reference to the specific frequencies used in the rearing paradigm.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998812
TI  - Intracellular acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscles of the adult rat.
AB  - We have examined the localization and numbers of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs)
      within adult mammalian skeletal muscle using 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I-alpha
      BuTx). Intracellular AChRs were exposed to 125I-alpha-BuTx by permeabilizing the
      muscle membrane with the detergent saponin. Our results show that, in muscles of
      young adult rats, internal AChRs occur in a number and pattern of distribution
      similar to that for surface membrane AChRs. Internal AChRs are found only in
      perijunctional regions of normally innervated muscles, but they appear all along
      the length of muscle fibers after denervation. A minority of internal AChRs may
      be newly synthesized AChRs en route to insertion in the surface membrane;
      however, most internal AChRs appear to be antigentically different from and to
      behave independently of surface membrane AChRs. With increasing age, internal
      AChRs decline in number, while surface AChRs remain relatively constant. In older
      animals, internal AChRs may reappear in muscles that have undergone degeneration
      and regeneration. We conclude that a significant proportion of AChRs in skeletal
      muscle may be intracellular. Internal AChRs are a useful marker for young muscle
      cells. Their distribution may provide information about the intracellular
      pathways of AChR metabolism.

PMID- 3998816
TI  - Pharmacological and ionic characterizations of the muscarinic receptors
      modulating [3H]acetylcholine release from rat cortical synaptosomes.
AB  - The muscarinic receptors that modulate acetylcholine release from rat cortical
      synaptosomes were characterized with respect to sensitivity to drugs that act
      selectively at M1 or M2 receptor subtypes, as well as to changes in ionic
      strength and membrane potential. The modulatory receptors appear to be of the M2
      type, since they are activated by carbachol, acetylcholine, methacholine,
      oxotremorine, and bethanechol, but not by pilocarpine, and are blocked by
      atropine, scopolamine, and gallamine (at high concentrations), but not by
      pirenzepine or dicyclomine. The ED50S for carbachol, acetylcholine, and
      oxotremorine are less than 10 microM, suggesting that the high affinity state of
      the receptor is functional. High ionic strength induced by raising the NaCl
      concentration has no effect on agonist (oxotremorine) potency, but increases the
      efficacy of this compound, which disagrees with receptor-binding studies. On the
      other hand, depolarization with either KCl or with veratridine (20 microM)
      reduces agonist potencies by approximately an order of magnitude, suggesting a
      potential mechanism for receptor regulation.

PMID- 3998815
TI  - Stimulation of denervated rat soleus muscle with fast and slow activity patterns
      induces different expression of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms.
AB  - The relative amount and distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) molecular
      forms were studied in slow soleus and (less extensively) in fast extensor
      digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of the rat before and after denervation and direct
      stimulation. Normal EDL muscles showed higher total and specific AChE activity
      than normal soleus muscles and contained essentially three different molecular
      AChE forms (G1, G4, and A12) as opposed to six forms (G1, G2, G4, A4, A8, and
      A12) in the soleus. Denervation reduced AChE activity in both muscles. In the
      soleus direct stimulation starting 2 to 3 weeks after denervation increased the
      specific AChE activity markedly. The increase started 12 to 24 hr after the onset
      of stimulation, reached 3 to 5 times normal values after 2 to 7 days, and then
      declined gradually toward normal values over the next 2 weeks. Furthermore, the
      effect on the different molecular forms depended strongly on the stimulus
      pattern. Thus, intermittent 100 Hz stimulation (fast pattern) induced essentially
      the three forms typical of the normal EDL, whereas continuous 10 Hz stimulation
      induced the six forms characteristic of normal soleus muscles but with some
      differences in their relative proportions. In the EDL, 2 days of continuous 10 Hz
      stimulation (the only duration and pattern examined) failed to induce a similar
      increase in AChE activity.

PMID- 3998817
TI  - Selective reinnervation of intercostal muscles transplanted from different
      segmental levels to a common site.
AB  - We transplanted external intercostal muscles from one of several thoracic (T)
      levels to the neck of adult rats. The cervical sympathetic trunk, which
      innervates the superior cervical ganglion, was cut, and its proximal end was
      apposed to the muscle. Preganglionic axons in the trunk reinnervated muscle
      fibers in the transplants. We determined the segmental origin of synaptic inputs
      to transplanted muscles by recording intracellularly from muscle fibers while
      stimulating individual ventral roots which supply axons to the trunk. In one
      series of experiments, T2 or T8 muscles were transplanted from the thorax to the
      neck of the same rat. While T2 and T8 muscles were reinnervated to a similar
      extent, they differed in the segmental origin of the innervation they received:
      T2 muscles received more inputs from rostral segments (T1 and T2) than did T8
      muscles, and T8 muscles received more inputs from caudal segments (T4 to T6) than
      did T2 muscles. This difference between reinnervation of T2 and T8 muscles was
      detected both 2 to 4 weeks and 10 to 14 weeks after surgery. In a separate
      series, using rats of an inbred strain, T3, T4, or T5 muscles were transplanted
      from one rat to a separate host. Again, the average segmental origin of inputs to
      transplants from different levels differed systematically: it was most rostral to
      T3 muscles, intermediate to T4 muscles, and most caudal to T5 muscles. Finally,
      T3 and T5 muscles were soaked in a myotoxin, Marcaine, before reimplantation.
      This treatment kills muscle fibers but not myoblastic satellite cells; therefore,
      muscle fibers were replaced by regeneration. Marcaine-treated T3 and T5 muscles
      were successfully reinnervated but did not differ significantly in the segmental
      origin of their inputs. Our results show that adult mammalian muscles can be
      selectively reinnervated, and they raise the possibility that the selectivity is
      based on some positional quality that matches axons and muscles from
      corresponding segments. However, while differences among muscles survive
      denervation and transplantation, their expression or accessibility may change
      during regeneration.

PMID- 3998818
TI  - Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications
      for aging.
AB  - The hippocampus of the rat loses neurons with age, a loss which may eventuate in
      some of the functional impairments typical of senescence. Cumulative exposure to
      corticosterone (CORT) over the lifespan may be a cause of this neuronal loss, as
      it is prevented by adrenalectomy at mid-age. In this study, we demonstrate that
      prolonged exposure to CORT accelerates the process of cell loss. Rats were
      injected daily with sufficient CORT to produce prolonged elevations of
      circulating titers within the high physiological range. Animals treated for 3
      months (chronic subjects) resembled aged rats in a number of ways. First, both
      groups had extensive and persistent depletions of CORT receptors in the
      hippocampus; in the case of chronic rats, no recovery of receptor concentrations
      occurred 4 months after the end of steroid treatment. Second, autoradiographic
      analysis revealed that the receptor depletion was due, in part, to a loss of CORT
      concentrating cells, especially in the CA3 cell field. Remaining cells bound
      significantly less [3H]corticosterone than did those of control rats. Finally,
      analysis of size distributions of hippocampal cell bodies indicated that chronic
      subjects lost neurons of the same size as those lost in the aged hippocampus.
      Furthermore, chronic subjects also had increased numbers of small, darkly
      staining cells of CA3; these corresponded in size to the dark glia whose numbers
      increase in the aged hippocampus, and which are thought to infiltrate in response
      to neuronal damage or destruction. Thus, this study supports the hypothesis that
      cumulative exposure to CORT over the lifespan may contribute to age-related loss
      of neurons in the hippocampus, and that prolonged stress or exposure to CORT
      accelerates this process.

PMID- 3998819
TI  - A mechanism for glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: increased neuronal
      vulnerability to metabolic insults.
AB  - Glucocorticoids appear capable of damaging or destroying hippocampal neurons.
      There is a progressive loss of such neurons with age, and the process can be
      prevented by adrenalectomy at mid-age or accelerated by prolonged exposure to
      high circulating titers of glucocorticoids. The present study examines possible
      mechanisms for this steroid action. Rats were either adrenalectomized, intact, or
      treated with corticosterone (CORT) sufficient to produce prolonged elevations of
      titers in the high physiological range. After 1 week, unilateral hippocampal
      microinfusions were made with either kainic acid (KA) or 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP).
      Doses of these hippocampal neurotoxins were chosen to produce small-sized
      lesions. Treatment with CORT exacerbated the extent of damage following
      neurotoxin infusion, whereas adrenalectomy attenuated the damage. Additional
      studies eliminated some potential mechanisms for this phenomenon. CORT did not
      directly alter the intrinsic toxicity of the compounds but, rather, altered the
      sensitivity of target cells to them. As evidence, no potentiation of damage in
      CORT-treated animals occurred in KA-sensitive brain regions lacking CORT
      receptors. Since CORT did not increase the diffusion or binding of [3H]KA in the
      hippocampus, it appears unlikely that CORT potentiated toxin-induced damage by
      influencing the specific mechanism of action of any toxin. Finally, the general
      nature of the CORT potentiation of damage was supported by the markedly different
      postulated mechanisms of toxicity of KA and 3-AP. We hypothesize that CORT exerts
      its extensive catabolic effects upon target cells to produce generalized
      metabolic vulnerability in hippocampal neurons possessing high concentrations of
      CORT receptors, thereby sensitizing them to varied metabolic insults.

PMID- 3998820
TI  - Comparison of labeled heat shock proteins in neuronal and non-neuronal cells of
      Aplysia californica.
AB  - Aplysia californica has been used to study the protein synthetic response of
      nervous tissue to stress induced by elevated temperatures. The abdominal and
      pleural ganglia as well as associated connectives were exposed to various
      temperatures for 30 min, labeled with [33S]methionine at room temperature, and
      then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. All cells examined
      responded to temperatures of greater than 31 degrees C by a reduction in levels
      of labeled actin, as well as by the enhanced labeling of proteins with apparent
      Mr of 70,000 and 110,000. Two-dimensional electrophoresis indicated that the
      molecular weight and isoelectric focusing properties are similar to the heat
      shock proteins (HSPs) observed in other systems. In addition to these major HSPs,
      heat-induced proteins with molecular weights ranging from 70,000 to 90,000 were
      highly labeled in the neurosecretory bag cells. Further cell type-specific
      differences in the protein synthetic response to elevated temperatures were
      revealed by quantitation of the major HSPs. Levels of labeled HSPs were
      significantly lower in ganglion cells as compared to the non-neuronal connective
      cells. In addition, the decrease in actin levels appeared to be less dramatic in
      the ganglion cells. Analysis of the cellular compartmentalization of HSPs
      suggests that both neurons and glia are capable of HSP synthesis. Studies in the
      squid have demonstrated that HSPs are transferred from adaxonal glia into the
      axoplasm (Tytell, M., S. G. Greenberg, and R. J. Lasek, unpublished
      observation).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998821
TI  - Development and characteristics of airstepping in chronic spinal cats.
AB  - Airstepping, walking-like movements of the hindlimbs, is a commonly observed
      behavior in chronic spinal animals when they are held vertically. The purpose of
      this study was to: describe the development of airstepping after spinalization
      and compare it to the onset of segmental reflexes, characterize the EMG pattern
      of muscle activity during spontaneous airstepping, and examine the effects of
      sensory perturbation on the characteristic pattern. Airstepping was analyzed
      during three conditions of tonic sensory perturbation which included: tail
      pinching, tape applied to one hindpaw, and immobilization of the ankle and knee
      in a plaster cast. Seven adult cats were spinalized at T-12, and bipolar
      electrode wires were surgically implanted in selected hindlimb muscles at the
      hip, knee, and ankle. Testing began within 48 hr of transection. Segmental
      reflexes and paw-shake responses were present in the first week; however, the
      earliest observed airstepping occurred during tail pinching at 2 weeks after
      surgery, and the average onset of spontaneous airstepping (without exteroceptive
      stimuli) was at 33 days. The average cycle period of spontaneous airstepping (691
      msec) was comparable to the shortest periods reported for fictive rhythms and to
      treadmill walking between 1 and 2 m/sec. Intralimb coordination was characterized
      by flexor and extensor synergies typical of locomotion, while interlimb
      coordination was characterized by alternating cycles similar to that reported for
      treadmill walking and fictive locomotion. Neither intralimb nor interlimb
      patterns of coordination were altered by conditions of sensory perturbation,
      although cycle period and EMG recruitment level were variable. Many
      characteristics of airstepping are similar to those of treadmill and fictive
      locomotion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998822
TI  - Synaptic connectivity between cricket auditory interneurons as studied by
      selective photoinactivation.
AB  - Sound detection and localization are important for crickets. Interneurons located
      in the prothoracic ganglion play a crucial role in the initial processing of the
      auditory inputs. Two of the most readily recorded and dye-marked auditory
      interneurons in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket are the omega cells
      (ON/1) and the ascenders (AN/2). By using a new photoinactivation technique to
      selectively inactivate these cells, the synaptic relationship between them could
      be studied. Our results indicate that the ON/1 cells are connected to each other
      with reciprocal inhibitory synapses. An ON/1 cell responds to contralateral
      stimulation with strong inhibition mediated by the other ON/1 cell. When one cell
      is killed, this inhibition is removed, and a weak excitatory response is
      unmasked. Unlike the ON/1 cell, AN/2 produces an inhibitory response when
      stimulated ipsilaterally to the cell body side, and this response is also removed
      when the ipsilateral ON/1 cell is killed, providing strong evidence that ON/1 is
      the source of the inhibition. As with the ON/1, the inhibition is replaced by
      weak excitation.

PMID- 3998823
TI  - Noradrenergic modulation of sensorimotor processes in intact rats: the masseteric
      reflex as a model system.
AB  - The masseteric jaw closure reflex was utilized as a model system with which to
      gauge the functional activity of central noradrenergic neurons. This system was
      chosen because it is a simple monosynaptic reflex the neuronal substrate of which
      receives a dense noradrenergic input. The modulatory effects of norepinephrine
      (NE) on this response in the intact, chloral hydrate-anesthetized rat were
      studied with a variety of pharmacological strategies. Initially, a reflex
      facilitation was obtained with the catecholamine precursor L-DOPA. Manipulations
      with greater specificity of action on the noradrenergic system were then
      employed. First, we used the presynaptic alpha-2 noradrenergic agonist clonidine,
      which acts to decrease noradrenergic transmission. Clonidine attenuated the
      amplitude of the reflex, and this suppression was blocked by pretreatment with
      the alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine. The effects of yohimbine itself were then
      examined, and a biphasic effect was obtained. At low doses, at which it
      preferentially acts as an antagonist at presynaptic alpha-2 receptors and
      increases noradrenergic transmission, yohimbine enhanced the reflex. At higher
      doses, at which it also displays postsynaptic alpha-1 antagonist activity,
      yohimbine depressed the reflex. This reflex modulation by yohimbine was blocked
      by pretreatment with the alpha-1 antagonist prazosin. The anatomical site of the
      observed effect was then localized to the direct noradrenergic innervation of the
      reflex circuitry by locally destroying, with 6-hydroxydopamine, the noradrenergic
      terminals in the trigeminal motor nucleus mediating the response. This
      significantly attenuated the reflex modulation by yohimbine, without affecting
      elicitation of the reflex itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998824
TI  - Nicotinic binding in rat brain: autoradiographic comparison of [3H]acetylcholine,
      [3H]nicotine, and [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin.
AB  - Three radioligands have been commonly used to label putative nicotinic
      cholinoceptors in the mammalian central nervous system: the agonists [3H]nicotine
      and [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh--in the presence of atropine to block muscarinic
      receptors), and the snake venom extract, [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin([125I]BTX),
      which acts as a nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction. Binding
      studies employing brain homogenates indicate that the regional distributions of
      both [3H]nicotine and [3H]ACh differ from that of [125I]BTX. The possible
      relationship between brain sites bound by [3H]nicotine and [3H]ACh has not been
      examined directly. We have used the technique of autoradiography to produce
      detailed maps of [3H]nicotine, [3H]ACh, and [125I]BTX labeling; near-adjacent
      tissue sections were compared at many levels of the rat brain. The maps of high
      affinity agonist labeling are strikingly concordant, with highest densities in
      the interpeduncular nucleus, most thalamic nuclei, superior colliculus, medial
      habenula, presubiculum, cerebral cortex (layers I and III/IV), and the substantia
      nigra pars compacta/ventral tegmental area. The pattern of [125I]BTX binding is
      strikingly different, the only notable overlap with agonist binding being the
      cerebral cortex (layer I) and superior colliculus. [125I]BTX binding is also
      dense in the inferior colliculus, cerebral cortex (layer VI), hypothalamus, and
      hippocampus, but is virtually absent in thalamus. Various lines of evidence
      suggest that the high affinity agonist-binding sites in brain correspond to
      nicotinic cholinergic receptors similar to those found at autonomic ganglia; BTX
      binding sites may also serve as receptors for nicotine and are possibly related
      to neuromuscular nicotinic cholinoceptors.

PMID- 3998825
TI  - A description of the GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the motor nuclei of
      the cat thalamus.
AB  - The GABA neurons and their processes in the cat motor thalamic nuclei were
      identified and studied with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry
      at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The three nuclei that comprise
      the motor thalamus, ventral anterior (VA), ventral medial (VM), and ventral
      lateral (VL), each displayed a characteristic distribution pattern of GAD
      positive structures that was consistent with their afferent and intrinsic
      neuronal organization. All three thalamic nuclei displayed a population of small,
      GAD-positive cells the dendrites of which contained synaptic vesicles and
      participated in complex synaptic arrays such as serial synapses, triads, and
      glomeruli. Based on their ultrastructural features, these GAD-containing cells
      were identified as local circuit neurons. In contrast, the larger, GAD-negative
      cells were presumed to be the thalamocortical projection neurons. The axons of
      GAD-positive local circuit neurons could not be identified in these preparations.
      The number of GAD-positive dendrites in the neuropil was different for the three
      thalamic nuclei. In the VA and VM, the GAD-positive dendrites were numerous and
      formed symmetric synapses with dendrites of GAD-negative cells, mainly in
      association with corticothalamic boutons. Within VL, the GAD-containing dendrites
      were more numerous than in VA and VM and formed synapses at influential locations
      on presumed thalamocortical projection neurons, such as bases of primary
      dendrites, and bifurcation sites of primary and secondary dendrites. The VA and
      anterolateral VM nuclei that receive inhibitory GABAergic afferents from the
      entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra contained the highest concentration
      of large GAD-positive axon terminals. These boutons contained pleomorphic
      vesicles and numerous mitochondria and formed symmetric synapses and multiple
      puncta adherentes with dendrites and somata of presumed thalamocortical
      projection neurons. The size, ultrastructural features, and distribution of these
      GAD-positive boutons were similar to those features described for basal ganglia
      terminals in the motor thalamus of the cat. In addition, similar large-size GAD
      positive boutons were observed in the medial VM, which receives basal ganglia
      afferents exclusively from the substantia nigra. The concentration of these
      terminals in medial VM along the dendrites of thalamocortical projection neurons
      was much less than that in VA and anterolateral VM. The VL nucleus which lacks
      basal ganglia input did not contain any large GAD-positive boutons.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3998826
TI  - The influence of retinal afferents upon the development of layers in the dorsal
      lateral geniculate nucleus of mustelids.
AB  - The extent to which the development of a normal laminated lateral geniculate
      nucleus depends upon retinal afferents has been studied in normal and albino
      ferrets and in mink. Removal of all retinal afferents before they invade the
      nucleus (28 days in utero) or before they establish distinct monocular terminal
      fields (newborn, approximately 41 days post-conception) produces a nucleus that
      is smaller than normal and poorly separated from the adjacent perigeniculate and
      medial interlaminar nuclei. However, the nucleus is wedge-shaped, resembling a
      normal adult nucleus, in which a broad medial binocular segment is
      distinguishable from a narrower lateral monocular segment. There is a normal
      mediolateral gradient of cell sizes and some signs of a laminar differentiation,
      cells next to the optic tract being morphologically distinguishable from cells
      near the optic radiation, but no cell-free interlaminar zones are formed. The
      development of a monocularly innervated nucleus depends on the size of the
      surviving retinal input. In normally pigmented ferrets or mink the crossed
      retinofugal component is larger than the uncrossed component. In the monocular
      animals one sees essentially a monocular set of geniculate layers on each side,
      with an appropriate asymmetry. Each nucleus can be regarded as representing the
      survival of those layers which would have been innervated by the good eye,
      together with some additional geniculate territory that appears to be added to
      the surviving layers as retinogeniculate axons occupy territory normally
      innervated by the other eye. The crossed component of an albino ferret is
      abnormally large and the monocularly innervated contralateral nucleus is almost
      like that of a normal albino. There is a full complement of geniculate layers and
      interlaminar zones, which appears to develop without any binocular interactions.
      The ipsilateral retinogeniculate component of albinos is extremely small. In the
      monocular albino animals it forms discontinuous terminal patches, leaving sectors
      of the poorly differentiated nucleus uninnervated. These results show that in
      geniculate development there is a limited interaction between the two sets of
      retinal afferents. Each set plays a well defined and distinctive role, and one
      can replace the other to a limited extent only.

PMID- 3998827
TI  - Reflex neurogenic inflammation. I. Contribution of the peripheral nervous system
      to spatially remote inflammatory responses that follow injury.
AB  - Recent studies of the mechanism of neurogenic inflammation have focused on the
      contribution of neuropeptides released from peripheral terminals of primary
      afferent sensory neurons. In this study we addressed the contribution of humoral
      and neural factors to the hyperalgesia and swelling that are produced
      contralateral to an injured hindpaw, a phenomenon which we refer to as reflex
      neurogenic inflammation. The contralateral inflammatory response develops
      gradually, over a period of hours, and shows no tachyphylaxis with repeated
      application of the same stimulus. Denervation of either limb significantly
      attenuated the contralateral responses. Selective lesions of small-diameter,
      presumed nociceptive afferent fibers with capsaicin, or of sympathetic
      postganglionic efferents by immunosympathectomy, also reduced swelling and
      hyperalgesia of the uninjured paw. Interruption of venous circulation to the
      injured limb by vein ligation did not alter the response in the contralateral
      paw. Taken together, these data suggest that reflex neurogenic inflammation is
      neurally mediated, via connections across the spinal cord.

PMID- 3998828
TI  - Current application of "high-dose" steroid therapy for CNS injury. A
      pharmacological perspective.
AB  - Although administration of glucocorticoid steroids is one of the most widely used
      therapeutic modalities for the clinical management of acute trauma of the central
      nervous system (CNS), controversy continues regarding their effectiveness. In
      essence, two viewpoints concerning their use exist. Some believe that despite
      their poor clinical record, the steroids nevertheless have a place in the
      treatment of human CNS trauma. In general, this group of clinical investigators
      uses the steroids primarily out of tradition, feeling that steroid therapy may be
      of some benefit. Unfortunately, confusion remains as to what constitutes an
      appropriate dose or regimen. In this regard, it has been suggested that the
      steroid dose be increased and the regimen intensified. Others believe that
      steroids should not be used. They contend that in view of their poor clinical
      record, it is unlikely that increasing the steroid dose or changing the dosing
      regimen will improve clinical efficacy, since steroids have already failed at
      what may be considered huge doses by glucocorticoid standards. Furthermore, it is
      contended that the side effects associated with large steroid doses reduce the
      margin of safety so as to make the steroids unsafe. Complicating these arguments
      is a body of experimental evidence that by and large strongly supports the
      utility of steroids for the acute treatment of CNS trauma. The intent of this
      article is to evaluate the current use of steroid therapy for CNS trauma from a
      purely pharmacological perspective, and to compare the steroids' experimental use
      with their clinical application.

PMID- 3998830
TI  - Primary intracranial germ-cell tumors. A clinicopathological study of 14 cases.
AB  - Fourteen cases of primary intracranial germ-cell tumors are presented.
      Histologically, there were eight germinomas, three teratomas, and three germ-cell
      tumors of more than one histological type. Immunohistochemical studies revealed
      alpha-fetoprotein in yolk-sac tumor components in two cases and beta human
      choriogonadotropin in syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells in one case. One teratoma
      contained an unusual pleomorphic sarcomatous portion with features of early
      myoblastic differentiation. Comparison of intracranial with gonadal germ-cell
      tumors shows that the same subtypes are found in both locations with comparable
      incidence and similar biological behavior. The detailed World Health Organization
      classification of testicular germ-cell tumors should be applied to the
      histopathological classification of intracranial germ-cell tumors. Despite the
      critical location of intracranial germ-cell tumors, a good outcome can be
      achieved by optimal surgical excision. A primary microsurgical approach provides
      a histopathological diagnosis, which is indispensable for the proper choice of
      postoperative management.

PMID- 3998829
TI  - Cystic pilocytic astrocytomas of the cerebral hemispheres. Surgical experience
      with 51 cases and long-term results.
AB  - This study concerns 51 cases of cystic pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebral
      hemispheres. At operation these tumors closely resembled cerebellar astrocytomas,
      presenting as a big cyst contiguous with the lateral ventricle and containing a
      small mural nodule. The nodule was in a deep location in 26 cases, and always
      showed marked contrast enhancement on computerized tomography scans. The most
      frequent presenting symptom was epilepsy (68%), and the most common sign was
      papilledema (85%). The major goal of surgery was extirpation of the nodule. The
      follow-up period of the 34 cases available for long-term review ranged from 6 to
      31 years (mean 17 years). Of these, 28 patients (82%) had a good outcome; four
      (12%) had a fair result, and two (6%) had a poor response. An analysis of these
      results shows that total extirpation of the mural tumor was associated with the
      best outcome, whether or not the cyst wall was completely removed. Radiation
      therapy was irrelevant to the prognosis for these patients. On the other hand,
      partial excision of the nodule, correlated with the deep location of the tumor,
      was the cause of the two poor results in this series and resulted in multiple
      operations for recurrences in two other patients. Nevertheless, two of these
      patients are still alive and well many years after incomplete surgical treatment.
      On the basis of this study, the importance of recognizing the occurrence of this
      "benign" tumor of the cerebral hemispheres is stressed, and the hypothesis of a
      common origin from subependymal glia of all pilocytic astrocytomas is supported.

PMID- 3998831
TI  - Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass for middle cerebral artery stenosis and
      occlusion. Operative results in 65 cases.
AB  - Forty-seven patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis and 18 patients
      with MCA occlusion underwent extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass
      procedures. Patients presented with a history of transient ischemic attacks
      (TIA's), reversible ischemic neurological deficits, TIA's after initial stroke,
      stroke-in-evolution, or completed stroke. Angiography revealed that the MCA
      stenosis ranged from 70% to over 95%. Two patients (4.3%) in the stenosis group
      had a perioperative stroke (within 30 days of operation). There was no
      perioperative mortality. In the occlusion group, no patient had a perioperative
      stroke, and one patient (5.5%) died from a non-neurological disease. The TIA's
      resolved completely in 90% of the patients with stenosis and in 91.6% of those
      with occlusion. No patient with MCA stenosis had a late ipsilateral stroke,
      although five had a contralateral or vertebrobasilar stroke. One patient with MCA
      occlusion had a late ipsilateral stroke. The bypass patency rate at late follow
      up review was 100%. The results of intracranial-extracranial arterial bypass
      procedures appear to be similar for patients with either stenosis or occlusion of
      the MCA. Symptomatic relief of TIA's was excellent and, in two patients with
      progressive stroke-in-evolution, the deficit was stabilized. The incidence of
      postoperative ipsilateral stroke was low in patients with TIA's alone or with
      TIA's after an initial stroke, but among patients with completed stroke,
      improvement was confined to slight reduction in the neurological deficit.

PMID- 3998832
TI  - Intravenous fluid loading as prophylaxis for paradoxical air embolism.
AB  - Paradoxical cerebral air embolism has been described in neurosurgical operations
      performed on patients in the seated position. This problem is thought to result
      most often from a probe-patent foramen ovale. It has been postulated that right
      atrial pressure exceeds left atrial pressure when paradoxical air embolism
      occurs. A study is described in which intravenous fluid loading is compared with
      routine fluid management in 20 patients undergoing neurosurgical operations in
      the seated position. In order to investigate if intravenous fluid loading would
      decrease the risk of paradoxical air embolism during neurosurgical operations on
      seated patients, 20 patients were assigned randomly to two groups: 10 patients
      received normal intravenous fluid replacement (1220 +/- 102 ml), and 10 received
      augmented fluid replacement (2800 +/- 400 ml). Right atrial and pulmonary
      capillary pressures were monitored for evidence of an interatrial pressure
      gradient that would force air emboli from the right atrium into the left atrium
      via a probe-patent foramen ovale. Four of 10 patients receiving routine fluid
      administration developed right atrial pressure greater than pulmonary capillary
      wedge pressure (and hence, indirectly, greater than left atrial pressure),
      whereas none of the 10 patients with augmented fluid loading developed this
      condition (p = 0.04). The authors conclude that augmented intravenous fluid
      loading may be effective in preventing systemic air embolism during neurosurgical
      operations performed on patients in the seated position.

PMID- 3998833
TI  - Assessment of cardiac and respiratory function during surgery on patients with
      acute quadriplegia.
AB  - Cardiorespiratory function was assessed in 22 mechanically ventilated patients
      who underwent surgery within an average of 4.8 days following traumatic spinal
      cord injury at C3-7. A fluid challenge technique was used to derive right and
      left ventricular function curves and to assist in choice of therapy from four
      possible outcome responses. Both right and left ventricular stroke work increased
      but left ventricular stroke work was still lower than normal in six (27%) of 22
      patients despite elevation of cardiac filling pressures. Pulmonary vascular
      resistance fell, but systemic vascular resistance was unchanged following fluid
      challenge. Respiratory function, including intrapulmonary shunt, lung/thorax
      compliance, dead space, and arterial pO2 and pCO2, were unchanged by fluid
      administration averaging 520 ml of plasma protein fraction in 12 minutes. The
      Bainbridge reflex was inoperative. There was no correlation between anesthetic
      agent, level or type of neurological deficit, and cardiorespiratory function.
      Left ventricular function was impaired so the use of peripheral vasoconstrictors
      that elevate systemic vascular resistance should be avoided in the management of
      spinal shock. Instead, myocardial depressants should be reduced and fluid
      replacement used to optimize cardiac function. Elevation of central venous or
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressures to 18 mm Hg should be used to reverse
      hypotension, acidosis, low venous pO2, or oliguria before institution of
      centrally acting inotropic therapy in the management of acute spinal cord injury.

PMID- 3998834
TI  - Early cerebral blood flow and computerized tomography in predicting ischemia
      after cerebral aneurysm rupture.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured during the 1st week of subarachnoid
      hemorrhage in 46 patients who were in a good clinical grade and had a proven
      ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The mean initial CBF in patients who developed
      cerebral ischemia was 42 ml/min-1/100 gm brain-1, which was significantly lower
      than in patients who did not develop cerebral ischemia (49 ml/min-1/100 gm brain
      1). This reduced CBF was not secondary to raised intracranial pressure or
      angiographic spasm. Patients with a reduced CBF (less than 50 ml/min-1/100 gm
      brain-1) and diffuse subarachnoid blood on computerized tomography had a very
      high incidence (78%) of cerebral ischemia, despite a good clinical grade at the
      time of measurement. Serial CBF measurements are of value in monitoring the
      evolution of cerebral vasospasm.

PMID- 3998835
TI  - Epidemiological findings in a brain-tumor cluster in western Missouri.
AB  - A cluster of seven primary brain neoplasms was identified in a town of 3000
      population during the 10-year period from 1973 to 1982. With six deaths, this
      represents an age-adjusted mortality rate 4.1 times greater than expected. No
      other neoplasms were found to be in excess of the anticipated incidence in this
      town. When brain-tumor mortality rates in 36 other towns of approximately the
      same population were calculated, only one other town was found to have an
      excessive rate. All seven tumors in this study were histologically verified: six
      were diagnosed as glioblastoma multiforme. Interviews were conducted with
      patients or next-of-kin to obtain the exposure histories of the patients. A
      number of respondents reported occupational or residential exposure either to a
      shoe factory or to one of the several chicken hatcheries in the town. Many of the
      patients ate fish from local ponds that had previously been used as coal mining
      strip pits. Two patients were siblings. None of the patients had a history of
      significant head trauma. This unique situation may provide an opportunity to
      learn more about environmental risk factors for brain neoplasia. Further
      epidemiological studies are planned.

PMID- 3998836
TI  - Traumatic extradural hematomas in infancy and childhood. Experience with 144
      cases.
AB  - The authors report a series of 144 children with traumatic extradural hematomas
      operated on at the Lille Department of Neurosurgery between 1969 and 1982. The
      patients are divided into different groups according to age, and clinical
      findings were recorded for each age group. The overall mortality rate was 9%. The
      authors demonstrate that prognosis is related to age, neurological status at time
      of surgery, and duration of postoperative coma.

PMID- 3998837
TI  - Leukotriene production in gerbil brain after ischemic insult, subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, and concussive injury.
AB  - A leukotriene-like immunoreactivity was measured by radioimmunoassay in the
      gerbil forebrain following ischemia and reperfusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage
      (SAH), or nonlethal concussive brain injury. In each paradigm an increase in
      immunoreactivity levels was found. Peak levels were reached 15 to 30 minutes
      after each insult, and slowly returned to baseline over the next 24 hours. The
      study supports the suggestion that cerebral vessels and circulating blood are
      capable of producing leukotrienes, and that a major source of production is a
      nonvascular component within gray matter, possibly the cortical neuron.
      Leukotrienes may play a role in the pathophysiology of cerebral edema formation,
      cerebral vasospasm, seizure activity, and other central nervous system
      abnormalities. These studies are the first to demonstrate leukotriene production
      in gerbil brain following SAH or concussive brain injury.

PMID- 3998838
TI  - Localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in mature intracranial teratomas.
AB  - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was
      measured in four patients with intracranial teratoma. The CEA levels were
      elevated in the CSF of two patients, but were within normal limits in the serum
      of all four. After surgical removal of the teratomas, which were verified as
      mature teratomas, CEA was localized by an immunohistochemical method. Positive
      reactions both to anti-CEA serum and to another anti-CEA serum absorbed with
      nonspecific cross-reacting antigen were seen in glandular structures, with or
      without goblet cells, and in some portions of stratified squamous epithelium. It
      is concluded that CEA, detected in CSF, may originate in mature teratomas, and
      CEA-positive structures (especially glandular) may differentiate into
      gastrointestinal tract structures. An examination of serum and CSF levels of CEA
      may offer additional clues to the diagnosis of intracranial germ-cell tumors.

PMID- 3998839
TI  - Indomethacin-mediated improvement following middle cerebral artery occlusion in
      cats. Effects of anesthesia.
AB  - Focal cerebral ischemia initiates multiple detrimental effects in the brain.
      Chief among these are the regional development of ischemic edema, decreased local
      perfusion, altered neuronal function, and eventual infarction. To determine if
      pretreatment with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, would result in
      improvement in these parameters, adult cats were given indomethacin or control
      solvent (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice daily) and were studied for periods up
      to 24 hours after right middle cerebral artery occlusion. The interaction of
      anesthetic agents with indomethacin was also examined in separate groups of
      experimental animals using pentobarbital and ketamine. In cats allowed to recover
      from pentobarbital anesthesia, indomethacin reduced gray and white matter edema
      at 6 and 24 hours after occlusion (p less than 0.05). This was noted in densely
      areas (indomethacin = 84.3%, control = 87.5%), "penumbra" regions (indomethacin =
      82.5%, control = 85.3%), and in nonischemic zones (indomethacin = 81.5%, control
      = 82.3%) at 24 hours. Somatosensory evoked potential amplitude and central
      latency were also improved in the indomethacin group (p less than 0.05), as was
      cerebral perfusion (p less than 0.05). In animals anesthetized with continuous
      ketamine administration, cerebral edema and perfusion as well as evoked
      potentials were not significantly improved in any region by indomethacin.
      Regional cerebral blood flow in the group was increased by indomethacin in the
      nonischemic opposite hemisphere (indomethacin = 64.7 cc/100 gm/min, control =
      48.5 cc/100 gm/min, p less than 0.05), but not in the penumbra region of the
      ischemic hemisphere (indomethacin = 15.0 cc/100 gm/min, control = 18.6 cc/100
      gm/min, p less than 0.05), when measured 4 hours after occlusion. This suggested
      a steal phenomenon. Beneficial effects of indomethacin were evident in the
      presence of pentobarbital, but not after ketamine anesthesia. This suggests a
      synergism dependent on decreased arachidonic acid production from pentobarbital
      stabilized membranes coupled with diminished production of cyclic endoperoxides
      from available arachidonate due to inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase with
      indomethacin.

PMID- 3998840
TI  - High-dose glucocorticoid treatment improves neurological recovery in head-injured
      mice.
AB  - The ability of a single large intravenous dose of the sodium succinate esters of
      the glucocorticoids methylprednisolone, prednisolone, or hydrocortisone to
      enhance early neurological recovery after moderate to severe blunt head injury
      was examined in male CF-1 mice. Unanesthetized mice were restrained and subjected
      to a 900 gm-cm head injury produced by a 50-gm weight dropped 18 cm. This injury
      resulted in immediate loss of consciousness (loss of the righting reflex) in all
      animals, and death in approximately 30%. Survivors received a 0.1-ml tail vein
      injection of either vehicle or 15, 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg of methylprednisolone,
      prednisolone, or hydrocortisone within 5 minutes. Their neurological status was
      evaluated at 1 hour after injury. A 30-mg/kg dose of methylprednisolone was found
      to improve recovery significantly in comparison to that seen in vehicle-treated
      mice. A 15-mg/kg dose was less effective, and a 60- or 120-mg/kg dose was
      essentially ineffective. Prednisolone was also observed to improve neurological
      scores at 1 hour postinjury. A 60-mg/kg dose of prednisolone was optimal, while
      lower and higher doses had no effect. Hydrocortisone was unable to improve
      recovery over the wide dose range tested. The implications of these findings for
      the clinical management of head injury with glucocorticoid steroids are
      discussed.

PMID- 3998841
TI  - Microvascular alterations following cerebral contusion in rats. Light, scanning,
      and electron microscope study.
AB  - Cerebral contusion was caused in 18 rats by dropping various weights on an
      exposed dura of one hemisphere. One or 3 hours after the injury the animals were
      sacrificed by perfusion with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution. The
      traumatic microvascular and neural tissue alterations were studied with light,
      scanning, and electron microscopic techniques. The microvascular obstructions and
      damage were revealed in this study as major histological alterations, causing
      secondary neural damage. The obstruction of the vessels appeared to have been
      caused 1) by extravascular pressure from destroyed and swollen tissue, petechial
      hemorrhage, and dissecting extraluminal clots; and 2) by intravascular clots.
      Besides the tearing and shearing effects causing petechial hemorrhages, the
      capillary walls were often thinned and irregular.

PMID- 3998842
TI  - Reflex activity and axonal conduction in the L-7 spinal cord segment following
      experimental compression trauma.
AB  - In cats in which the spinal cord was transected at C-1, the exposed L-7 spinal
      cord segment was compressed with an electromagnetically driven rod applied to the
      dorsal surface of the segment. With the magnitude of compression constant at 3
      mm, the cord was compressed for durations of 50 msec, 0.5 sec, or 1.0 sec.
      Polysynaptic reflex discharges integrated in the injured segment and action
      potentials conducted in dorsal column axons traversing the same region were
      electrophysiologically measured before, during, and for 41/2 hours after trauma.
      Structural changes were evaluated on frozen serial sections obtained both from
      compressed segments and from tissue adjacent to the injury. At a compression
      duration of 50 msec, the amplitude of evoked reflex activity decreased abruptly,
      and dorsal column axonal conduction was blocked for 1 minute following
      compression. This early-phase response was followed by partial recovery of both
      functions which persisted until the end of the experiment. Prolonging compression
      to 0.5 sec brought about a further decrease of polysynaptic reflex activity.
      Axonal conduction was also decreased, but not significantly. With compression
      lasting 1.0 sec, no significant changes in reflex discharges and axonal
      conduction occurred compared with those measured at 0.5 sec. Neither function was
      abolished, even after the longest compression time. Prolongation of compression
      significantly increased both the intensity and the spread of edema, whereas
      changes in hemorrhage were not significant. Thus, a plateau rather than a
      progressive increase in severity of functional and structural posttraumatic
      changes was reached by increasing the duration of compression. This injury model
      reduces the sources of variability found in other experimental compression trauma
      models and permits the quantitative assessment of basic spinal cord mechanisms
      and correlated histopathological changes in the same preparation following
      trauma.

PMID- 3998843
TI  - Study of the motility and contractility of cultured brain-tumor cells.
AB  - The motility of cultured cells and contractility of their cytoplasmic
      microfilament system were studied in benign compared with malignant brain-tumor
      cells. Motility of cultured cells was continuously monitored in a perfusion
      chamber by a computerized microscope system equipped with an autotracking device.
      The contractility of the microfilament system was defined by the increase in cell
      motility when the cell was perfused with an antimicrofilamentous agent,
      cytochalasin B. The motility and contractility of malignant cells were greater
      than those of benign cells. The increased contractility of malignant astrocytoma
      cells was associated with conspicuous morphological changes on electron
      microscopy. No significant change was observed in the motility, contractility, or
      morphology in various cells during perfusion with an antimicrotubular agent,
      colchicine. The significant differences in the motility and contractility of
      benign compared with malignant cells are believed to originate from qualitative
      differences of the microfilament system.

PMID- 3998844
TI  - Effect of diltiazem on experimental chronic cerebral vasospasm in the monkey.
AB  - The influence of diltiazem on chronic cerebral vasospasm was studied following
      subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a primate model. The model mimics the human
      experience including the production of neurological deficits. Six monkeys were
      pretreated with diltiazem (25 mg/kg twice daily) for 2 days prior to surgical
      production of an SAH and for 5 days after the hemorrhage. This group was compared
      with six untreated monkeys that also sustained an SAH. The mean diameter of
      cerebral arteries measured at six angiographic sites was 60.6% of the pre-SAH
      diameter for the untreated group and 99.7% for the diltiazem-treated group. These
      values are significantly different (p less than 0.0005). There was no
      neurological deficit in the pretreated animals. The mean diameter of the "most
      constricted vessel" in each experiment was 22% of the prehemorrhage diameter for
      the untreated and 84% for the treated group (p less than 0.0005). Arterial
      pressure was unaffected by the dosage regimen. These experiments with this
      primate model of chronic cerebral vasospasm demonstrate that vascular narrowing
      and neurological deficit can be markedly attenuated by diltiazem pretreatment.

PMID- 3998845
TI  - Posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid cyst of the orbit. Case report.
AB  - A 27-year-old man sustained a fracture of the orbital roof and a basofrontal
      dural tear in a motor-vehicle accident. One week later, he developed an
      orbitocranial dural fistula manifested by an orbital cyst, pulsatile proptosis,
      and serous drainage from the eye. Specific diagnosis was established only after
      computerized tomography metrizamide cisternography demonstrated direct
      communication of the orbital cyst with the subarachnoid space. The pertinent
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 3998846
TI  - Malignant behavior of myxopapillary ependymoma. Report of three cases.
AB  - From a series of 66 cases of central nervous system ependymomas, three cases of
      well differentiated ependymoma of the cauda equina are described. These tumors
      recurred and spread to produce intracranial deposits. No extraneural lesions were
      found.

PMID- 3998847
TI  - Familial pineoblastoma. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of pineoblastoma are presented. One occurred in a 12-year-old girl and
      the other, 20 months later, in her 43-year-old mother. A possible genetic basis
      and mutual exposure to an environmental factor responsible for the expression of
      a tumor gene are postulated in the discussion.

PMID- 3998848
TI  - Bipolar diathermy forceps with automatic irrigation. Technical note.
AB  - A method for providing a saline drip during bipolar diathermy is described.
      Stainless steel tubing is incorporated in both blades of standard bipolar forceps
      and connected to the irrigating line. Irrigation is started when the forceps are
      closed and is stopped when they are open.

PMID- 3998849
TI  - Detection and measurement of steady-state evoked potentials in real-time using a
      lock-in amplifier. Technical note.
AB  - A system for recording evoked potentials, in which a lock-in amplifier replaces
      the averaging computer, is described. With this system, the set-up is much the
      same as in the conventional apparatus, with the following exceptions: 1) the
      amplifier gain is set at only a few thousands; 2) analogue-to-digital conversion
      and computer averaging is replaced by a lock-in amplifier; and 3) the output of
      the system is an analogue signal representing the amplitude of the recorded
      steady-state evoked potentials and the phase of baseline crossings. This set-up
      is much less costly than the conventional apparatus, much easier to operate, and,
      with its real-time output, may provide an ideal technique for screening and
      monitoring purposes.

PMID- 3998850
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess due to Salmonella group C monophasic 1,5.

PMID- 3998851
TI  - Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma: correction.

PMID- 3998852
TI  - Effects of grisorixin on the distribution of thallium-201 and on the oxidative
      metabolism in cultured myocardial cells.
AB  - Previous experiments in the dog and guinea-pig have shown that grisorixin, a
      monocarboxylic ionophore, can significantly increase the coronary blood flow and
      the myocardial uptake of 201Tl, as well as have a stimulant effect on the heart.
      In this study, cultures of myocardial cells were used in order to isolate the
      cells from the vascular and extracardiac influences so that any ionophorous
      effect on 201Tl could be evidenced. The effects of grisorixin on the oxidative
      metabolism were simultaneously studied. The technique described by Harary was
      used to prepare the cultures. The activity of the 14CCO2 produced by oxidation of
      [14C]glucose and [14C]octanoate added to the medium of culture and the
      intra/extracellular ratio of 201Tl concentrations (Tl i/e) were measured. In the
      controls (n = 8), the Tl i/e was 40 +/- 10 while it was 17 +/- 6 (p less than
      0.05) in the cells that received 201Tl and grisorixin at the same time (n = 4),
      and 19 +/- 5 (p less than 0.05) in the flasks where 201Tl was injected after
      grisorixin (n = 7). A significant decrease of the [14C]octanoate oxidation was
      found in the flasks treated with grisorixin (n = 4, -50 +/- 16%, p less than
      0.01) while the [14C]glucose oxidation was not significantly lowered (n = 3; -11
      +/- 12%). The conclusion is that grisorixin decreases both the intracellular
      concentration of 201Tl and the fatty-acids oxidation in cultured myocardial
      cells. The beneficial effects previously observed in vivo were probably the
      consequence of the strong coronary dilatation and of an indirect stimulation.

PMID- 3998853
TI  - Use of 3-quinuclidinyl 4-iodobenzilate as a receptor binding radiotracer.
AB  - 3-Quinuclidinyl 4-iodobenzilate was shown to bind to the muscarinic acetylcholine
      receptor (mAChR) by testing the saturability and the stereoselectivity in the
      corpus striatum, cerebellum, and the heart. But the ratio of radioactivity in
      tissues containing different concentrations of mAChR was less than the ratio of
      mAChR concentrations determined by in vitro saturation assay. As a result, the
      sensitivity to change in receptor concentration by external imaging will be
      reduced for this receptor binding radiotracer.

PMID- 3998854
TI  - Exposure to fingers while handling a solvent extraction-type technetium-99m
      generator.
AB  - Technetium-99m-labeled compounds are routinely used for various diagnostic
      procedures in nuclear medicine. In India, most of the nuclear medicine centers
      use 99mTc obtained from a solvent extraction-type generator. As a result of the
      long procedure involved in the separation of 99mTc from 99mMo in this type of
      generator compared to the elution of 99mTc from a column-type generator, the
      likelihood of exposure to fingers of technicians is high. The measurement of
      radiation exposure was done on 16 workers at seven major nuclear medicine centers
      in India. The maximum exposure to any of the fingers per MBq of 99mTc extracted
      was found to vary from 1.46 X 10(-9) to 22.38 X 10(-9) C-kg-1. With the existing
      work load, the exposures to the fingers were found to be within the permissible
      limits.

PMID- 3998855
TI  - Radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism: socioeconomic considerations.

PMID- 3998856
TI  - A reexamination of the composition of diets associated with pellagra.
AB  - Diets described in historical studies of human pellagra, have been reexamined by
      using modern tables of nutrient composition. Five apparently pellagragenic diets
      from field studies were estimated to have niacin equivalents (NE) well in excess
      of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), i.e., 6.6 mg/1000 kcal. In these
      diets, the estimated contribution of riboflavin was below the RDA, i.e., 0.6
      mg/1000 kcal. A series of trials of the pellagra-preventive value of different
      foods carried out by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1920 to 1936 used over
      400 women subjects, of whom fifty developed signs of pellagra on diets now
      calculated to contribute 7.2-10.6 mg NE/1000 kcal. Most of these diets apparently
      had less than 60% of the RDA for riboflavin. Further calculations, assuming that
      the niacin in ordinary cereal foods has only 30% bioavailability, still left half
      of the pellagragenic diets apparently with more than the RDA for "available NE."
      Possible reasons for the apparent discrepancy between these results and the RDA's
      calculated from more recent controlled studies are discussed. It is suggested
      that the pellagra epidemic in the U.S.A. in the early 1900's has not yet been
      explained satisfactorily.

PMID- 3998857
TI  - Influence of dietary calcium, phosphorus, zinc and sodium phytate level on
      cataract incidence, growth and histopathology in juvenile chinook salmon
      (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
AB  - To determine the influence of wide variations in dietary levels of calcium, zinc
      and phytic acid (as sodium phytate) on growth and cataract incidence, juvenile
      chinook salmon held at 10-11 degrees C were fed daily to satiation for 105 d one
      of nine purified diets containing one of three levels (grams/kilogram) of calcium
      (averaged 4.8, 17.7, 50.2), zinc (averaged 0.05, 0.15, 0.39) and phytic acid
      (1.62, 6.46, 25.8). Diets were formulated to have a calcium-phosphorus ratio of
      close to unity when considering phosphorus sources other than sodium phytate.
      High dietary phytic acid concentration (25.8 g/kg) depressed chinook salmon
      growth, food and protein conversion [protein efficiency ratio (PER)] and thyroid
      function, increased mortality, promoted cataract formation (zinc at 0.05 g/kg)
      and induced anomalies in pyloric cecal structure. Calcium at 51 g/kg (or
      phosphorus) exacerbated the effects of high dietary phytate and low dietary zinc
      on cataract incidence. Moreover, high dietary levels of calcium (48-51 g/kg)
      coupled with phosphorus significantly impaired the growth and appetite of low
      phytic acid (1.62 g/kg) groups and led to nephrocalcinosis in low and high phytic
      acid groups. Plasma zinc levels were directly related to dietary zinc
      concentration and inversely related to dietary phytic acid level. Calcium (51
      g/kg) and/or phosphorus reduced zinc bioavailability when the diet concurrently
      contained 0.05 g zinc and 25.8 g of phytic acid per kilogram. It is concluded
      that zinc is essential for normal eye development in juvenile chinook salmon.
      Further, zinc deficiency could not be induced in chinook salmon fed diets with
      high ratios of calcium (or phosphorus) to zinc alone. This required the
      simultaneous presence of a strong mineral (zinc)-binding agent.

PMID- 3998858
TI  - Nitrogen absorption and endogenous nitrogen along the intestinal tract of chicks.
AB  - Six groups of 15 chicks each were fed ad libitum experimental diets that
      contained between 0.4 and 35 g nitrogen/kg, from 10 to 16 d of age. Soybean meal
      was the only source of protein, and the marker was magnesium ferrite. The
      calculated absorption values obtained by regression analysis were higher than the
      determined apparent values, mainly in the duodenum and upper jejunum, due to
      elimination of endogenous nitrogen secretion. At the lower ileum, the calculated
      and the measured (apparent) absorption values were almost identical; thus, with
      soybean as the protein source in a diet containing a normal level of protein (18
      35 N/kg diet), there is no need for endogenous nitrogen correction. Absorption of
      the endogenous nitrogen in chicks fed ad libitum a nitrogen-free diet was almost
      completed at the lower ileum (95%).

PMID- 3998859
TI  - Dietary fat unsaturation enhances drug metabolism in cebus but not in squirrel
      monkeys.
AB  - Antipyrine disappearance and sleeping time following barbiturate anesthesia were
      assessed to evaluate the effects of dietary corn oil and coconut oil on the drug
      metabolizing enzyme systems (DMES) in cebus (Cebus albifrons) and squirrel
      (Saimiri sciureus) monkeys. Plasma antipyrine clearance (half-life) was measured
      in both species before and after induction of DMES by i.v. injection of
      barbiturates on two consecutive days. Sleeping time was measured after
      administration of either pentobarbital or hexobarbital and proved to be the most
      demonstrable measure of diet-drug interaction. In neither cebus nor squirrel
      monkeys was antipyrine half-life significantly affected by dietary fat. Sleeping
      time for the coconut oil-fed squirrel monkeys was shorter than for those fed corn
      oil, whereas corn oil-fed cebus awoke sooner than the coconut oil-fed cebus.
      Thus, barbiturate but not antipyrine metabolism in monkeys can be influenced by
      dietary fat unsaturation, and the effect appears to be species dependent. Genetic
      differences in phospholipid metabolism are thought to underlie this difference.

PMID- 3998860
TI  - Effects of a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on the free amino acid composition of wax
      stimulated whole human saliva.
AB  - The free amino acid composition of whole saliva was determined for nine lacto-ovo
      vegetarians and their age- and sex-matched controls. Concentrations of glycine,
      serine, proline, glutamic acid plus glutamine and delta-aminovaleric acid were
      significantly higher in the lacto-ovo-vegetarians than in the controls. Elevated
      proline levels in saliva were associated with increased concentrations of delta
      aminovaleric acid and glycine. The results are discussed in terms of increased
      protein breakdown and/or altered metabolism of salivary microorganisms due to a
      lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet.

PMID- 3998861
TI  - Energetic efficiency during pregnancy in mice fed ad libitum or pair-fed to the
      normal energy intake of unmated animals.
AB  - The energetic efficiency of pregnant mice pair-fed to the ad libitum energy
      intake of unmated mice or given unrestricted access to food was investigated.
      Mice were divided into three groups of similar mean body weight, and two groups
      were then mated, with the third serving as unmated controls. After d 19 of
      pregnancy the energy content of all three groups was determined, together with
      the energy content of the food and feces. Both groups of pregnant mice showed a
      considerable increase in body weight but the weight gain of the pair-fed group
      was less than that of the mice fed ad libitum. There was a substantial difference
      in energy gain and gross efficiency between the two pregnant groups, both
      parameters being almost zero in the pair-fed mice. Only the pregnant mice fed ad
      libitum showed a higher energy gain and a higher gross efficiency than the
      nonpregnant mice, and approximately half of the extra energy intake of the
      pregnant mice fed ad libitum was deposited. The difference in energy gain between
      the ad libitum-fed and pair-fed pregnant groups was entirely accounted for by
      differences in maternal energy stores; there was no difference in the number of
      fetuses nor their energy density. It is concluded from the present study that
      there is no increase in overall energetic efficiency in pregnant mice restricted
      to the normal energy intake of nonpregnant animals; the increase in gross
      efficiency seen in pregnant mice fed ad libitum in associated with their
      increased energy intake.

PMID- 3998862
TI  - Bioavailability for rats of thiamin in whole wheat and thiamin-restored white
      bread.
AB  - The relative biological value of thiamin in leavened bread (whole wheat and
      thiamin-restored white) and thiamin mononitrate was examined by using thiamin
      deficient rats as the test model. Erythrocyte transketolase (ETK) activities and
      liver thiamin content responded positively to graded but suboptimal levels of
      dietary thiamin in these rats. Biological values were calculated (slope ratio
      assay) by using these response parameters, which may depict the body's thiamin
      status, at least in the deficient rats. Compared to thiamin in thiamin
      mononitrate (100%), the biological value of thiamin in breads measured 88% (white
      bread) and 91% (whole wheat bread) based on ETK activity and 68% (white bread)
      and 75% (whole wheat bread) based on liver thiamin response. Thus, diets high in
      fermented cereal foods (thiamin enriched or not) may require a generous allowance
      of thiamin to compensate for reduced biological value.

PMID- 3998863
TI  - Effects of dietary protein concentration on trace minerals in rat tissues at
      different ages.
AB  - Copper, iron and zinc concentrations were measured in tissues of young (2 mo),
      mature (14 mo) and aged (26 mo) male Fischer rats fed either a normal protein
      (16% casein) or high protein (32% casein) diet for 30 d. Spleen copper
      concentrations decreased with maturity but were not affected by dietary protein
      level. Age, dietary protein and age X protein interaction affected spleen iron
      concentrations. Splenic iron was increased significantly only in mature and aged
      rats fed the normal protein diet. High protein-fed aged rats had decreased
      splenic zinc. High protein feeding increased renal zinc in the young and aged
      rats compared to normal protein feeding. At both protein levels, liver iron
      increased in the mature rats. Upon aging, zinc levels in the heart increased in
      the normal protein group and decreased in the high protein group. A significant
      interaction between age and protein was observed on heart zinc. Thus, the
      concentrations of tissue trace minerals are affected by age, dietary protein and
      protein X age interaction in young, mature and aged male rats.

PMID- 3998864
TI  - Tin, copper, iron and calcium metabolism of rats fed various dietary levels of
      inorganic tin and zinc.
AB  - Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of various dietary levels
      of tin (less than 1, approximately 100, approximately 200, approximately 500,
      approximately 2000 micrograms/g diet) and of zinc (approximately 15,
      approximately 30, approximately 52 micrograms/g diet) on the metabolism of tin,
      copper, iron and calcium by growing rats. The accumulation of tin in the kidneys
      and tibias of animals was proportional to dietary exposure. The concentration of
      tin in the bones of rats fed greater than 100 micrograms Sn/g diet was 5-fold and
      20-fold greater than the levels found in kidney and liver, respectively. Rats fed
      greater than 500 micrograms Sn/g diet had plasma copper levels that were only 13%
      of control levels and had depressed copper levels in livers and kidneys. The
      activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the erythrocytes of rats fed
      the highest level of tin was 55% of that found in control animals. The amounts,
      but not the concentrations, of calcium in the tibias of rats fed greater than 100
      micrograms Sn/g diet were less than the levels in the bones of control animals.
      The moderate variations in dietary zinc levels did not affect significantly the
      levels of minerals in tissues.

PMID- 3998865
TI  - Determinants of copper-deficiency anemia in rats.
AB  - Indicators of copper and iron metabolism were studied in pregnant rats and their
      90-d-old offspring fed copper-sufficient or copper-deficient diets containing
      marginal or adequate levels of iron from the beginning of pregnancy until the
      offspring were 90 d of age. Offspring had more severe signs of copper deficiency
      (including anemia, hypertrophy of the heart, decreased activity of ferroxidase I
      and II, depression of growth and death) than the dams. In both dams and
      offspring, copper deficiency resulted in anemia when dietary iron was marginal
      but not when it was adequate. Liver iron was elevated in copper-deficient male
      offspring, but not in female offspring. Anemia and growth retardation were more
      pronounced in copper-deficient males than in females, despite similarly low
      levels of ferroxidase I and II. Iron absorption was reduced by copper deficiency
      only in female offspring. Activity of 59Fe in various tissues 6 or 48 h after
      gavage did not reveal any other effect of copper deficiency on iron metabolism.
      Thus age at the time copper-deficient diets were introduced, sex and dietary iron
      strongly influence the effect of copper deficiency.

PMID- 3998866
TI  - Effects of low protein diets or feed restriction on rat lung glutathione and
      oxygen toxicity.
AB  - Male rats weighing 200-250 g were fed a 25% casein diet in restricted amounts or
      ad libitum or one of two low protein diets (3 and 0% casein) ad libitum.
      Decreased tolerance to hyperoxic stress was observed only in the rats fed low
      protein diets. These animals had a median death time of 49-50 h compared to 58-69
      h for feed-restricted or normal control groups. Death was due to accelerated
      development of lung edema. Changes in total lung levels of glutathione reductase,
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or catalase did not correlate with oxygen
      sensitivity. Lung glutathione levels were related to the amount of sulfur
      containing amino acids in the diet and were depressed in the feed-restricted as
      well as the protein-restricted groups. However, feed restriction alone did not
      enhance oxygen toxicity. We conclude that a decrease in lung glutathione may be
      partially responsible for the increased oxygen sensitivity in the protein
      deficient rats, but that other factors are necessary for explanation of the
      relative oxygen tolerance of the feed-restricted animals with reduced levels of
      glutathione in the lung.

PMID- 3998867
TI  - Effect of selenium deficiency on hydroperoxide-induced glutathione release from
      the isolated perfused rat heart.
AB  - Selenium deficiency has been implicated as a cause of the cardiomyopathy known as
      Keshan disease in China. Selenium is an essential constituent of glutathione
      peroxidase, an enzyme that destroys hydroperoxides by using the reducing
      equivalents of reduced glutathione (GSH). We studied glutathione-dependent
      hydroperoxide metabolism in isolated perfused rat hearts. Hearts from selenium
      deficient rats contained 5% of the glutathione peroxidase activity found in
      control hearts. Glutathione reductase activity and glutathione content were not
      affected by selenium deficiency. Infusion of t-butylhydroperoxide into control
      hearts caused an increase in heart glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentration
      proportional to the rate of hydroperoxide infusion up to 200 nmol/(g heart X
      min). GSSG was released into the perfusate in proportion to the hydroperoxide
      infusion rate up to 150 nmol/(g heart X min), but GSSG release did not increase
      further with higher infusion rates. Thus, GSSG release by the heart is saturable.
      It had a maximum rate of about 14 nmol GSH equivalents/(g heart X min) when
      stimulated by t-butylhydroperoxide infusion. This indicates that GSSG release by
      the heart is carrier-mediated and is not due to passive diffusion. Infusion of
      hydroperoxide into selenium-deficient hearts failed to cause increases in heart
      GSSG concentration and in GSSG release. This indicates that selenium-deficient
      heart cannot metabolize hydroperoxides through glutathione-dependent pathways. We
      suggest that selenium deficiency might predispose the heart to injury from
      oxidant stress.

PMID- 3998868
TI  - Growth and estrous activity of rats fed adequate and deficient levels of
      phosphorus.
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed two levels of phosphorus ad libitum and in a
      paired feeding arrangement to yield the following three treatments: adequate
      phosphorus (0.40%) ad libitum intake, low phosphorus (0.04%) ad libitum intake
      and adequate phosphorus pair-fed with the low phosphorus group. Feed intake,
      growth rate and feed conversion in rats fed 0.04% phosphorus ad libitum and in
      pair-fed control rats were lower (P less than 0.01) than in rats fed 0.40%
      phosphorus ad libitum. Seventy-five percent of the rats exhibited normal estrous
      cycles, as indicated by vaginal smears, throughout the 105-d period regardless of
      dietary phosphorus level. Breeding efficiency and number of pups per litter were
      not altered by dietary treatment. However, compared to either phosphorus-adequate
      group, dams fed 0.04% phosphorus weaned fewer (P less than 0.05) pups and pup
      survival to 45 d of age was lower (P less than 0.05). Average daily gain
      postweaning was 67% lower for pups in the phosphorus-deficient group than for
      those in either phosphorus-adequate group. Phosphorus deficiency in rats does not
      alter estrous cycles but reduces pup survivability postnatally.

PMID- 3998869
TI  - The effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the uptake,
      distribution and excretion of a single oral dose of [11,12-3H]retinyl acetate and
      on the vitamin A status in the rat.
AB  - TCDD (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 10 micrograms/kg body weight, p.o.)
      was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats 4 d before the oral administration of a
      physiological dose of [11,12-3H]retinyl acetate (RA). The rats were kept in
      metabolic cages for up to 192 h after RA administration. Radioactivity and/or
      vitamin A were determined in tissues and excreta. TCDD-pretreated and control
      rats excreted 41 and 23%, respectively, of the radioactivity of RA during the 192
      h after administration. In control animals, 30% of the radioactivity of RA
      entered the liver within 6 h, the stores reaching 42% after 192 h. Maximum
      storage in TCDD-treated rats was 13% and after 192 h only 9% of the dose
      remained. A lag period of 12-24 h preceded the TCDD-induced increase in renal
      (175-671%) and serum (85-145%) radioactivity. In TCDD-treated rats less
      radioactivity was found in the intestine (45-79% decrease) and adrenals (14-73%
      decrease). Relative to the total body content, significantly more radioactivity
      was found in the kidney, serum, testes and epididymis of TCDD-treated rats. The
      decrease in vitamin A content after TCDD-treatment was 39-53% in the liver, 19
      67% in the intestine and 18-44% in the epididymis. The kidneys of TCDD-treated
      rats contained more vitamin A (3-30 times more). TCDD treatment initially
      increased (42%) and later decreased (40%) the vitamin A content in the thymus as
      compared to controls. Pretreatment with a single low dose of TCDD thus affects
      both storage and excretion of radioactivity from newly administered RA as well as
      the vitamin A content in several tissues.

PMID- 3998870
TI  - Inorganic constituents of breast milk from vegetarian and nonvegetarian women:
      relationships with each other and with organic constituents.
AB  - Changes in concentrations of minerals, trace elements, protein, lactose and total
      lipids during 20 mo of lactation and correlations between levels of these milk
      constituents were studied in a carefully defined set of 222 milk samples
      collected from 52 women, one-half of whom were vegetarians. Milk samples from
      vegetarians and those from nonvegetarians contained similar levels of iron,
      copper, zinc, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lactose and fat. Following a
      brief but sharp initial decrease, levels of protein and iron did not change
      significantly between mo 2 and 20 of lactation. Levels of zinc, copper, sodium
      and potassium declined for the first 6 mo of lactation. Levels of lipid, sodium
      and zinc increased during later months of lactation while that of calcium
      decreased. Levels of lactose, copper, potassium and magnesium remained unchanged
      during mo 7-20. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed positive
      correlations between levels of three pairs of inorganic constituents during the
      first 6 mo of lactation: copper and zinc, copper and potassium, and potassium and
      calcium. During the subsequent 14 mo of lactation, potassium was correlated with
      copper. The level of iron was positively correlated with that of lipid, while
      that of calcium was negatively correlated with that of lipid. These
      relationships, and others reported in the paper, are discussed in relation to
      current hypotheses of the mechanism of milk secretion and the binding of
      inorganic to organic milk constituents.

PMID- 3998873
TI  - Essentiality of histidine in adult mice.
AB  - The difficulty in demonstrating a histidine deficiency in adult animals may be
      due in part to the histidine reserve in skeletal muscle in the form of carnosine.
      Mice are unusual among vertebrates in that their muscle is free of carnosine and
      its methylated analogue, anserine. When mice were fed a histidine-free diet,
      weight loss was noticeable within 3 d and continued over a period of 18 d. At
      this point the animals had lost 25-30% of their original weight. These results
      are compatible with the view that a dietary histidine deficiency can be offset by
      carnosine. Mice, whose muscle contains no carnosine, show early signs of a
      deficiency when deprived of histidine.

PMID- 3998871
TI  - Oral alpha-tocopherol supplements decrease plasma gamma-tocopherol levels in
      humans.
AB  - In a cross-sectional survey of 86 elderly persons, it was observed that subjects
      with elevated plasma alpha-tocopherol levels had depressed plasma gamma
      tocopherol. Tocopherols were measured by both reverse-phase and normal-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When eight human volunteers (age range
      30-60) were given 1200 IU of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol daily for 8 wk, plasma
      gamma-tocopherol and beta-tocopherol decreased in all subjects. After
      supplementation, gamma-tocopherol values were typically 30-50% of initial values,
      and alpha-tocopherol values were typically 200-400% of initial values. These
      results suggest that intestinal uptake and/or plasma transport make more
      efficient use of alpha-tocopherol than of gamma- or beta-tocopherol. Moreover,
      the results indicate that the ratio of gamma- to alpha-tocopherol in plasma would
      be a more satisfactory index to measure compliance in trials involving
      supplementation with alpha-tocopherol.

PMID- 3998874
TI  - A new method to measure rotation in the hip joint.

PMID- 3998872
TI  - Decreased zinc concentration does not lead to atrophy of rat oral epithelium.
AB  - While most organs of young zinc-deficient rats atrophy, oral surface epithelia
      either convert from ortho- to parakeratosis with increased rates of proliferation
      and synthesis (e.g., buccal epithelium) or show no changes (e.g., palate). To
      test the possibility that oral epithelia sequester zinc, weanling rats were fed a
      zinc-deficient diet for 27 d, and zinc concentrations were assayed in buccal and
      palatal epithelium. Testis, duodenum, thymus, kidney, and submandibular and
      sublingual glands were assayed for comparison. In controls, zinc levels in the
      two epithelia were higher than in all other tissues except testis. Experimental
      epithelia showed no sequestering of zinc in the zinc-deficient state. After 27 d,
      experimental oral epithelium levels were 50% of controls. A marked deficit
      occurred in testis also; the other organs showed moderate or no reductions. The
      results show that loss of a major fraction of zinc occurs in tissues with
      inherently high zinc levels. It is evident that this loss does not interfere with
      the increased metabolic and proliferative performance in buccal epithelium. The
      mechanism by which oral epithelia, although losing half their zinc, are spared
      from the atrophic effects of zinc deficiency remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 3998875
TI  - Identifying unexposed workers from occupational cohorts.

PMID- 3998876
TI  - Vibration exposure and vibration-induced white finger due to chain saw operation.
AB  - A longitudinal study was undertaken to evaluate changes in the prevalence of
      vibration-induced white finger (VWF) during the period 1956 to 1980 among a
      population of Japanese state forestry workers. The vibration levels in the
      measurements occasionally exceeded the 30-minute line proposed by the Draft
      International Standard ISO/DIS 5349 in one-third octave bands mainly centered on
      160 Hz, with 500 Hz in vertical, 400 Hz in sideways, and 250 Hz in back-and-forth
      sawing operations. The peak prevalence rate was 62.6%, found in the cohort
      beginning in 1958-1959. Beginning with the 1968-1969 cohort, the prevalence
      decreased significantly. During the study period, prevalence rates were
      approximately 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% after 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and
      12 years of exposure, respectively. The incidence rate increased gradually after
      1960 and the peak value was reached in 1966. The peak value of the incidence rate
      by duration of exposure was about the same (8% to 10%) in the 1958, 1962, and
      1966 cohorts; however, in later groups, the incidence rate decreased in the
      earlier stages of the exposure periods. The latent interval for the development
      of VWF was 6.4 +/- 3.7 years (6,000 to 7,000 hours) on average, with a 90% range
      of one to 14 years (700 to 16,000 hours). Of 452 study subjects with VWF
      (prevalence rate, 33.5%), 13.5% recovered within the exposure periods, 12.2%
      recovered within one year after the cessation of exposure, and 74.3% still had
      VWF more than two years after exposure had ended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3998877
TI  - Airway responses to sulfur dioxide and methacholine in asthmatics.
AB  - Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a common air pollutant found in the workplace.
      Considerable variation exists in the airway responses of asthmatics to the
      inhalation of SO2. To determine if such variation among asthmatics is related to
      nonspecific airway reactivity, we compared the threshold doses of methacholine
      and SO2 required to produce significant changes in flow rates at 60% of the vital
      capacity below total lung capacity on the partial expiratory flow volume curve in
      a group of eight mildly asthmatic subjects. A significant correlation between the
      dose of SO2 and the dose of methacholine required to produce bronchoconstriction
      (r = .86, p less than .05) was observed, suggesting that there is a relationship
      between the response to SO2 and the response to methacholine in mildly asthmatic
      individuals. More generally, nonspecific airway hyperreactivity may help to
      predict untoward airway responses to inhaled SO2 in the workplace.

PMID- 3998878
TI  - Relating posture to discomfort in VDT use.
AB  - To identify sources of discomfort in video display terminal (VDT) work stations,
      the working postures of 100 telephone operators who used VDTs to retrieve
      directory listings were photographed. Attempts to correlate postural angles and
      distances derived from the photographs with subjective judgments of physical
      discomfort reported on a questionnaire were unsuccessful. Possible explanations
      for the failure of the postural parameters to predict discomfort are discussed,
      and the absence of other postural data that may be appropriately applied to the
      specification of VDT work stations is noted. It is concluded that recommendations
      for VDT work stations that are phrased in terms of static angles and distances
      are currently unsubstantiated and, thus, are not yet ready to be codified as
      formal standards.

PMID- 3998879
TI  - The development of a cervical spine algorithm and its prospective application to
      industrial patients.
AB  - Disorders of the cervical spine are prevalent among industrial employees, but
      there has been no standardized approach to the treatment and diagnosis of these
      patients. The purpose of this study is to present a protocol (an algorithm, in
      this case computerized) designed for cervical spine patients and to evaluate the
      results of its application to a group of industrial patients with neck problems.
      The results demonstrated reductions in number of patients seen (by 54%), in
      number of lost work days (by 65%), and in costs (by 63%). We conclude that good
      medicine leads to cost savings in treatment of cervical spine injuries and that
      use of a computerized algorithm is both necessary and practical for consistent
      care in the compensation setting.

PMID- 3998880
TI  - Respiratory symptoms among glass bottle makers exposed to stannic chloride
      solution and other potentially hazardous substances.
AB  - Concern about upper respiratory tract irritation and other symptoms among workers
      at a glass bottle manufacturing plant led to an epidemiologic and an industrial
      hygiene survey. Questionnaire responses from 35 hot end and 53 cold end workers
      indicated that the incidence of wheezing, chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, and
      cough was significantly elevated among hot end workers. Among both smokers and
      nonsmokers, hot end workers reported higher, but not significantly higher, rates
      of wheezing and chest pain. Among smokers, hot end workers reported significantly
      higher rates of dyspnea on exertion and cough than did cold end workers. Data
      suggest that reported exposure to stannic chloride solution likely caused these
      symptoms. The industrial hygiene survey, conducted when stannic chloride use had
      been reduced, cleaning had been done, and ventilation improved, focused on
      measuring air contaminants that might possibly cause symptoms. Levels of hydrogen
      chloride, which apparently was formed by the combination of stannic chloride and
      water in the presence of heat, were elevated. The finding of increased prevalence
      of respiratory symptoms among hot end workers was consistent with this exposure.
      Recommendations were made to reduce hazardous exposures at this plant.
      Individuals responsible for occupational health should be aware that relatively
      benign substances, such as stannic chloride and water, can combine spontaneously
      to form hazardous substances.

PMID- 3998882
TI  - Detection of inorganic lead contamination with sodium sulfide.
AB  - A qualitative screening method to detect inorganic lead on skin and other
      surfaces is described. It is based on the development of a brownish to black lead
      sulfide when sodium sulfide solution reacts with inorganic lead. The procedure
      can facilitate worker training and assist in reducing excessive exposure to lead
      of workers and their families.

PMID- 3998881
TI  - A retrospective mortality study of workers in three major U.S. refineries and
      chemical plants. Part 1: Comparisons with U.S. population.
AB  - A dynamic retrospective cohort study was performed to examine the mortality
      experience of 21,698 workers at Exxon's refineries and chemical plants in Baton
      Rouge, La.; Baytown, Tex.; and Bayway/Bayonne, N.J. Included were 15,437 regular
      employees who worked at least one month during the period Jan. 1, 1970, through
      Dec. 31, 1977, and 6,261 retirees who were alive as of Jan. 1, 1970. There were
      137,702 person-years of observation. Mortality in this total study population was
      generally lower than that of the U.S. population. Study follow-up was complete
      for 98.7% of the study population. The standardized mortality ratio for the 3,198
      deaths was 91, while that for deaths from all cancers (N = 666) was 94. Certain
      slightly elevated disease-specific mortality ratios, although not statistically
      significant, could be of biological importance and merit further review.

PMID- 3998883
TI  - Bladder cancer risk among laundry workers, dry cleaners, and others in chemically
      related occupations.

PMID- 3998884
TI  - Color matching at high illuminances: the color-match-area effect and photopigment
      bleaching.
AB  - We evaluated whether a self-screening hypothesis can account for changes in red
      green color matches with changes in retinal illuminance and changes in the size
      of the matching field. The dependence of the color match on field size measured
      at moderate illuminances was not present at high illuminances. For color matches
      made with normal pupil entry, there was no need to postulate any factors other
      than self-screening to account for the changes with either illuminance or field
      size. The self-screening model allowed us to estimate the optical density of the
      foveal cones and the retinal illuminance that caused half of the photopigment to
      be bleached at equilibrium. These estimates were in quantitative agreement with
      previous estimates made using other techniques. We also found that the change in
      a color match with increasing illuminance was inconsistent with first-order
      kinetics.

PMID- 3998886
TI  - Observations on the hormonal response of metastatic prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 3998885
TI  - Effect of light adaptation on the perceptual red-green and yellow-blue opponent
      color responses.
AB  - Spectral sensitivities of the red-green and yellow-blue opponent-color responses
      were determined under broad-band light adaptation for the light-adaptation levels
      of 5 to 5000 Td. With changing light-adaptation level, the spectral-sensitivity
      functions of the opponent-color systems change in shape, especially in the short
      wavelength region of the spectrum. The light-adaptation effect on the red-green
      responses can be ascribed to the changes at the cone receptor level, whereas the
      light-adaptation effect on the yellow-blue responses can be ascribed to the
      changes at two sites, i.e., at the cone receptor site and at the opponent site.

PMID- 3998887
TI  - The wise women of Clamart.

PMID- 3998888
TI  - Prison riot!

PMID- 3998889
TI  - Diplopia. A review of 48 cases of isolated ocular cranial neuropathy.

PMID- 3998890
TI  - Medullary osteogenesis with platinum cathodes.
AB  - Studies of electrical stimulation of osteogenesis with stainless steel electrodes
      have previously established a dose-response relationship between current and bone
      growth. Examination of the effect of differing geometric current densities
      resulted in the conclusion that very little electrode surface area was involved
      in stimulation and led to the design of a multiport "distributive" cathode. A
      series of experiments were performed to extend these results to wire and
      multiport platinum electrodes. As before, a current-bone growth dose-response
      relationship was found. Peak bone growth was greater than for stainless steel.
      However, peak bone growth occurred at 2.0 microA (versus 20 microA for stainless
      steel). Correlation studies suggest that small changes in cathodic potential
      affect bone growth more than similar size changes in current. Finally, the
      generally benign local host response to platinum suggests that platinum may be a
      suitable material for chronic indwelling anodes for stimulation of osteogenesis.

PMID- 3998891
TI  - Temporal course of bone formation in response to constant direct current
      stimulation.
AB  - Reactive, post-traumatic bone formation in response to intramedullary insertion
      of a polytetrafluorethylene-coated, 28 gauge stainless steel wire was compared
      with the sequential bone formation seen in response to an identical
      intramedullary stainless steel cathode delivering 20 microA constant direct
      current. Animals were studied at days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, and 21
      after wire insertion. Point count analysis revealed progressive bone formation
      beginning as early as day 3 on the constant direct current-stimulated side,
      progressing steadily through day 21. Control tibia, however, began to show bone
      formation on day 5 with peaking at day 9 and subsequent bone resorption. The
      osteogenic response at the 20 microA cathode was statistically elevated above
      that seen at the control on days 11, 17, and 21.

PMID- 3998892
TI  - Structure of newly synthesised (35S)-proteoglycans and (35S)-proteoglycan
      turnover products of cartilage explant cultures from dogs with experimental
      osteoarthritis.
AB  - The structure of newly synthesised proteoglycans from explant cultures of
      cartilage from joints subjected to transection of the anterior cruciate ligament
      (osteoarthritic) and from normal (non- or sham-operated) joints was examined. The
      structure of the products of proteoglycan turnover was also examined using
      explants of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage maintained in culture for a 48 h
      chase period. The findings were as follows: Newly synthesised (35S)-proteoglycans
      extracted from cartilage explants from osteoarthritic joints whether examined 3
      weeks, 3 months, or 6 months after surgery were larger than those from
      corresponding normal cartilage. This can be explained by the synthesis in
      osteoarthritic cartilage of abnormally long chondroitin sulphate chains on newly
      synthesised proteoglycans. The extracts also contained a newly formed small
      proteoglycan species that was unable to interact with hyaluronic acid. The
      proportion of this species was higher in osteoarthritic cartilage compared with
      normal, examined 3 weeks after surgery, but was generally absent from cartilage
      obtained 3 and 6 months after surgery. Compared with controls, a smaller
      proportion of the (35S)-proteoglycans released into the maintenance medium of
      explant cultures of osteoarthritic cartilage during a 48 h chase period was able
      to interact with hyaluronic acid. However, although furnished with longer (35S)
      glycosaminoglycan chains, these proteoglycans were smaller than those from
      control explants.

PMID- 3998893
TI  - Swelling of articular cartilage and other connective tissues:
      electromechanochemical forces.
AB  - We have measured the relationship between tissue swelling stress and
      consolidation for bovine articular cartilage and corneal stroma in uniaxial
      confined compression as a function of bath ionic strength. Our experimental
      protocol and results clearly demonstrate that two concentration-dependent
      material properties are necessary to describe the chemical dependence of tissue
      swelling stress in uniaxial compression over the range of deformations and
      concentrations explored. A general electromechanochemical model for the swelling
      stress of charged connective tissues is developed. The model focuses on the role
      of charged matrix macromolecules in determining the mechanical behavior of the
      tissue. A constitutive relation for the swelling stress in uniaxial confined
      compression is formulated and the concentration dependence of the material
      properties of articular cartilage and corneal stroma is determined. The
      associated free swelling behavior of cartilage and cornea specimens is computed
      from these results and is found to compare favorably with data from the
      literature.

PMID- 3998894
TI  - Antibiotic absorption from infected and normal joints using a rabbit knee joint
      model.
AB  - An understanding of the absorption of antibiotics from joints was investigated
      comparing intraarticular (i.a.) absorption with intramuscular (i.m.) absorption
      in a rabbit knee model. The antibiotics investigated were methicillin,
      cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin.
      Absorption was measured both in animals in which the knee joint was infected with
      Staphylococcus aureus and in normal animals. The pattern of absorption was
      similar among different antibiotics. On an average, antibiotics are absorbed from
      infected joints 37% slower than from an i.m. injection. In animals that are not
      infected i.a. antibiotics are actually absorbed 12% faster than i.m. antibiotics.
      Thus, i.a. antibiotics are absorbed rapidly and similarly to i.m. injection and
      should be included in total dose calculations for antibiotic regimens, especially
      with regard to their potential toxicity.

PMID- 3998895
TI  - Quantitative studies of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon in the back muscles.
AB  - In quiet standing positions involving substantial trunk flexion, myoelectric
      activity in the back muscles diminishes to low levels. Aspects of that "flexion
      relaxation" phenomenon were explored through measurements of myoelectric
      activities in 11 young men during performance of 19 isometric tasks in flexed
      positions. Biomechanical model analyses were used to predict the internal loads
      imposed on the lumbar trunk structures during those performances. Flexion
      relaxation consistently occurred in quiet flexed standing, but marked increases
      in myoelectric activity were found on imposition of external loads in flexed
      positions. Increases in myoelectric activity per unit increase in back muscle
      contraction force increase were nearly the same as those found in upright
      postures. Whether or not flexion-relaxation occurs, large trunk flexions load the
      spine heavily.

PMID- 3998896
TI  - Swing phase control with knee friction in juvenile amputees.
AB  - Above-knee amputees have a slower than normal walking velocity. In conventional
      prostheses the solution has been to apply knee friction to attempt to match the
      cadence of the prosthetic limb to the sound limb. Using kinematic data, we
      investigated the effect of variable knee friction on the swing phase of gait in
      juvenile amputees. The subjects were instructed to walk at a comfortable pace and
      were tested repeatedly with varying amounts of knee friction. We found that the
      excursion of the prosthetic shank as measured by knee range of motion was altered
      by changing the amount of knee friction. The period of the prosthetic shank
      remained constant when measured as a physical pendulum and when measured
      dynamically during gait. Therefore, knee friction is an effective means of
      providing the amputee with a more symmetrical appearing gait by matching the heel
      rise of the prosthetic limb to the sound limb. It is not an effective means,
      however, of matching the cadence of the prosthetic limb to the sound limb.

PMID- 3998897
TI  - Forces in the normal and abnormal hand.
AB  - An analytic model for human hand force analysis was developed through anatomical
      study and measurement of multiple cadaveric specimens. A method of solution was
      developed to determine muscle and joint force distributions under various
      isometric hand functions. Applications of this model to abnormal conditions
      include studying the effects of tendon laceration, neuromuscular weakness, and
      surgical restoration by tendon transfer. Limitations and further applications of
      the model are discussed in detail.

PMID- 3998898
TI  - Correlations of radiographic analysis of healing fractures with strength: a
      statistical analysis of experimental osteotomies.
AB  - The assessment of fracture healing strength using routine roentgenograms is
      difficult and controversial. There are few experimental data that correlate
      radiographic appearance with the actual quantitative strength of healing
      fractures. However, this method is widely used in clinical practice. A study is
      presented in which transversely osteotomized rabbit tibiae were allowed to heal
      for 3 to 8 weeks. A pair of orthogonal roentgenograms was taken of each bone and
      the bones were tested for strength in a dynamic torsion testing machine.
      Statistical analyses were done to study the correlations between the
      roentgenographic and strength parameters. Cortical continuity was found to be the
      best single predictor of strength of a healing fracture (correlation coefficient
      r = 0.80). The least important predictor was the callus area (r = 0.17). Fracture
      displacement, callus thickness, and callus diameter had negative correlations.
      From these experimental findings in an animal model, we conclude that even under
      laboratory conditions the information gained from plain radiographs is not
      sufficient to accurately predict the strength of a healing fracture.

PMID- 3998899
TI  - Morphological and biochemical effects of sodium morrhuate on tendons.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine some of the morphological and
      biochemical effects of sodium morrhuate injections into intact rabbit patellar
      tendons and Achilles tendons. The effects of one, three, and five 100 microliters
      injections of sodium morrhuate on tendon circumference, cell content, collagen
      fibril diameter, collagen-proteoglycan relationships, water content, amino sugar
      content, and hydroxyproline content were investigated over periods of 1, 4, and 9
      weeks. In general, sodium morrhuate injected tendons were larger in diameter and
      contained more cells, smaller collagen fibrils, increased water and amino sugar
      content, and reduced hydroxyproline content compared with their contralateral
      controls. As a sclerosing agent, sodium morrhuate appears to mimic the early
      stages of an injury-repair sequence when injected directly into intact tendons.
      Whether sodium morrhuate may hasten repair responses or improve joint laxity
      remains to be determined.

PMID- 3998900
TI  - [Effect of glucose-free vascular perfusion upon cochlear potentials].

PMID- 3998901
TI  - [A study on silicon localization in the mucous membrane of chronic maxillary
      sinusitis].

PMID- 3998903
TI  - [Middle ear malformation with normal external meatus; correlation of ossicular
      anomalies with anomalies of the auricle, jaw and face].

PMID- 3998904
TI  - [A case of ganglioneuroma of the parapharyngeal space].

PMID- 3998905
TI  - [The distribution of basophiloid cells in nasal mucosa].

PMID- 3998902
TI  - [Radiographic evaluation of the zygomatic bone].

PMID- 3998907
TI  - [A study of voice levels in noise for selection of hearing aids].

PMID- 3998906
TI  - [Direct observation on microcirculation of cochlea. I. Effects of ADP and
      norepinephrine injections upon blood flow of radiating arteriole in guinea pigs].

PMID- 3998908
TI  - [Mechanical properties of the vocal folds of fresh excised human larynxes].

PMID- 3998909
TI  - [Cervical nodal metastasis of occult primary carcinoma].

PMID- 3998910
TI  - [The change in resistance factors on immunotherapy in patients with recurrent
      infectious diseases].

PMID- 3998911
TI  - Short-term holding room treatment of asthmatic children.
AB  - We undertook a randomized trial to compare holding room treatment vs
      hospitalization of patients with childhood status asthmaticus. Two thirds of 51
      patients were discharged from a holding room within 24 hours (mean 11.8 +/- 4.61
      hours); the others required hospitalization. One third of 52 hospitalized
      patients received less than or equal to 1 day of intravenously administered
      therapy, and two thirds received less than 2 days of therapy (mean 45.6 +/- 12
      hours). There were no statistically significant differences in recurrence rates
      between the two groups in the 28 days following status asthmaticus. For patients
      receiving less than or equal to 1 day of therapy, the holding room cost was $526
      +/- $226 vs $1439 +/- $339 for hospitalized patients (P less than 0.001). Thus,
      holding room therapy for childhood status asthmaticus is both medically and
      economically effective.

PMID- 3998912
TI  - Renal function 9 to 17 years after childhood lead poisoning.
AB  - Renal function was studied in 74 subjects who, between 1966 and 1972 (ages 1 to 6
      years) had had blood lead levels (PbB) greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/dl
      (range 100 to 471 micrograms/dl, median 142 micrograms/dl) and in 21 sibling
      controls. PbB measured in 1983 in study subjects remained significantly higher
      than in sibling controls (mean +/- 1 SD 14.5 +/- 4.5 vs 11.6 +/- 2.6
      micrograms/dl, P less than 0.01). The two groups did not differ in development of
      hematuria or leukocyturia. The frequency of elevated serum creatinine
      concentration, depressed creatinine clearance, elevated protein excretion, low
      urinary osmolality, elevated serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M), and elevated
      fractional excretion beta 2-M % X 100 was similar in the two groups. Mean values
      for these tests were similar in study subjects compared with sibling controls.
      Mean systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in study subjects compared
      with that in sibling controls (117 +/- 12 vs 109 +/- 10 mm Hg), but the control
      group contained a preponderance of females and the study group had more
      overweight females; mean diastolic blood pressure was similar in the two groups.
      We conclude that in our adolescent subjects who had had lead poisoning 9 to 17
      years earlier, there is little if any evidence of chronic nephropathy.

PMID- 3998913
TI  - Physical activity and adiposity: a longitudinal study from birth to childhood.
AB  - Physical activity was reassessed in cohort of 52 children aged 4 to 8 years whose
      activity had been measured during the first 3 days of life. Neonatal adiposity
      was not significantly correlated with parental adiposity, neonatal physical
      activity, or gender, nor was neonatal activity significantly correlated with
      adiposity in childhood. Neonatal adiposity did not predict adiposity in
      childhood. However, in a stepwise multiple regression, parental adiposity and the
      children's daytime high activity levels were significantly associated with
      childhood adiposity. The age or gender of the child did not significantly
      correlate with childhood adiposity. As parental adiposity increased or daytime
      high activity of a child decreased, the adiposity in a 4- to 8-year-old child was
      likely to increase.

PMID- 3998914
TI  - Wegener granulomatosis in pediatric patients.
AB  - Wegener granulomatosis is more easily recognized as a distinct clinical entity
      than other vasculitides because the initial clinical features frequently include
      granulomatous vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tract and
      glomerulonephritis. Although the disease has been lethal in the past, prolonged
      survival and avoidance of end-stage kidney disease can now be expected when
      cyclophosphamide therapy is introduced early in the course. We report four
      children with Wegener granulomatosis in whom the initial clinical findings
      suggested Henoch-Schonlein purpura. In two of the patients Wegener granulomatosis
      was not recognized until after end-stage kidney disease had developed. The course
      in these patients emphasizes the need for attention to even scant evidence of
      inflammation of the upper or lower respiratory tract in patients with
      glomerulonephritis. Appropriate diagnostic studies may then lead to recognition
      of Wegener granulomatosis and the prompt institution of appropriate treatment.

PMID- 3998915
TI  - Tracheal bronchus: association with respiratory morbidity in childhood.
AB  - An aberrant right upper lobe (RUL) bronchus arising from the trachea (tracheal
      bronchus) can be responsible for recurrent pneumonia. In this hospital, 2% of
      children requiring bronchoscopy for respiratory symptoms are found to have a
      tracheal bronchus, which is frequently thought to be an incidental finding. We
      reviewed findings in 18 patients to determine when a tracheal bronchus is of
      clinical significance. The age at presentation ranged from 1 day to 54 months
      (mean 17 months). The children had recurrent pneumonia (nine), stridor (six),
      respiratory distress (two) and a thoracic mass (one). Other congenital
      abnormalities were present in 14, including Down syndrome (two),
      tracheoesophageal fistula (two), and fused or hypoplastic first and second ribs
      (four). Recurrent RUL pneumonia was present in five. Bronchiectasis or bronchial
      stenosis was shown by bronchography in four of five; in all five the right upper
      lobe was surgically resected, with resolution of the recurrent pneumonias. The
      presence of a clinically significant tracheal bronchus should be considered in
      every child with recurrent RUL pneumonia, especially in children with Down
      syndrome or rib abnormalities; if bronchiectasis or bronchial stenosis is found,
      surgical resection should be performed.

PMID- 3998916
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine: different regimens for different geographic regions.

PMID- 3998917
TI  - Pediatric diphtheria and tetanus toxoids vaccine: clinical and immunologic
      response when administered as the primary series.

PMID- 3998918
TI  - Legionella pneumonia in chronic granulomatous disease.

PMID- 3998919
TI  - Copper deficiency in infants fed cow milk.

PMID- 3998920
TI  - Chronic benzoate therapy in a boy with partial ornithine transcarbamylase
      deficiency.

PMID- 3998921
TI  - Indomethacin therapy on the first day of life in infants with very low birth
      weight.
AB  - To investigate the optimal timing for treatment of small premature infants, we
      performed a double-blind, controlled trial of indomethacin therapy on the first
      day of life in 104 infants weighing between 700 and 1300 gm. Infants were given
      indomethacin or placebo at a mean age of 15 hours. Eleven of the 56 infants given
      placebo developed large left-to-right shunts through a patent ductus arteriosus.
      In contrast, only two of the 51 infants given indomethacin developed large shunts
      (P less than 0.025). There were no significant differences in incidence of
      surgical ligation, duration of oxygen therapy, duration of endotracheal
      intubation, days required to regain birth weight, or incidence of complications.
      However, the power of the tests of significance was low because of the small
      number of patients. Thus, although the incidence of large left-to-right ductus
      shunts was decreased in the indomethacin group, morbidity was not otherwise
      altered for the entire group of patients, possibly because of the relatively low
      incidence (21%) of large shunts in the placebo group. We conclude that although
      treatment with indomethacin on the first day of life appears to be safe, there is
      little advantage to its use in centers where the incidence of large shunts
      through a patent ductus arteriosus is relatively low.

PMID- 3998922
TI  - Pulmonary thromboemboli after neonatal asphyxia.
AB  - Two surviving neonates with pulmonary thromboembolism, diagnosed by ventilation
      perfusion lung scan, are described. Both infants had respiratory distress, and
      one had features consistent with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the
      neonate. These reports demonstrate that substantive pulmonary emboli can occur in
      neonates and may not be recognized without an appropriate level of clinical
      suspicion.

PMID- 3998923
TI  - Breathing pattern and ventilation during oral feeding in term newborn infants.
AB  - The effect of oral feeding on breathing pattern and ventilation was studied in 19
      healthy term neonates in the semiupright supine position. Ventilation was
      measured with a nasal flowmeter, and sucking pressure via a modified nipple that
      permitted milk delivery. The feeding pattern in these infants consisted of an
      initial period of continuous sucking followed by intermittent sucking for the
      remainder of the feed. A significant reduction in minute ventilation (P less than
      0.01) was observed during continuous sucking, and resulted entirely from a
      reduction in breathing frequency (P less than 0.01). Tidal volume did not change
      (P greater than 0.05), but prolongation of expiration (P less than 0.01) and
      shortening of inspiration (P less than 0.05) were also observed. During
      intermittent sucking, the minute ventilation was similar to that of the control
      period. However, smaller but significant changes in breathing frequency and in
      duration of inspiration and expiration persisted during intermittent sucking. Our
      results document a significant reduction in ventilation during the initial part
      of oral feeding in term neonates, and subsequent recovery with continued feeding.
      Depending on the magnitude of this reduction in ventilation, cyanosis and
      bradycardia may develop in some infants during oral feeding.

PMID- 3998925
TI  - Neonatal hypoglycemia related to umbilical artery catheter malposition.

PMID- 3998924
TI  - Renal excretion of calcium and phosphate in preterm and term infants.
AB  - We studied urinary phosphate and calcium excretion in preterm and term infants
      during the first 3 months of life. The infants were mainly breast-fed, and the
      average phosphate intake ranged between 0.5 and 1 mmol/kg/day. During the first
      week of life urinary phosphate excretion was significantly higher in preterm than
      in term infants, whereas parathyroid hormone values were the same. After the
      first week of life urinary phosphate and calcium excretion were the same in
      preterm and term infants. Fractional excretion of phosphate was low (range 1% to
      6%). In both groups calcium excretion was low during the first weeks of life, and
      increased thereafter to 5 and 3 mmol/1.73 m2/day, respectively. The urinary
      calcium/creatine ratio generally exceeded 2.0 (mmol/mmol) in preterm infants
      after the second week of life. These results are compatible with a state of
      relative phosphate deficiency, resulting in an adaptively low urinary phosphate
      excretion and an inability to form bone minerals, and therefore relatively high
      urinary calcium excretion.

PMID- 3998926
TI  - Initial coping responses and psychosocial characteristics of children with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - School-aged children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM) were studied longitudinally in order to document how they adjusted to the
      medical illness and to assess salient background factors. The extent of life
      stress and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders that predated the IDDM were
      within normative ranges, and there was no characteristic preexisting "diabetic
      personality." The initial strain of living with IDDM elicited two general modes
      of coping. The prototypical and subdued reaction (seen in 64% of the children)
      consisted of mild sadness, anxiety, feeling of friendlessness, and social
      withdrawal. The rest of the children (36%) exhibited reactions that met criteria
      for a psychiatric disorder; depressive syndromes were the most common
      presentations. Anamnestic factors and the parents' initial responses to their
      children's IDDM were unrelated to how the children themselves coped. However,
      psychiatrically diagnosable reactions were more likely among children whose
      parents were of low socioeconomic status and had marital distress. Coping with
      the diagnosis and the early impact of IDDM took no more than 7 to 9 months, no
      matter how severe the child's response was initially.

PMID- 3998928
TI  - Effect of stature on school performance.

PMID- 3998927
TI  - Follow-up investigation in patients with anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Sixty-three female patients with anorexia nervosa were assessed for outcome, on
      average 27.5 months after treatment. The treatment program, in a general
      adolescent medical service, is multidisciplinary, stressing appropriate weight
      gain in conjunction with various therapeutic modalities. Half the group required
      at least one hospitalization; the remainder received treatment as outpatients.
      Mean weight of the patients was 41.8 kg at first contact, 46.2 kg at conclusion
      of treatment, and 52.2 kg at follow-up. Average height at the time of follow-up
      was in the 38th percentile. Average weight was in the 15th percentile at first
      contact, and in the 29th percentile at follow-up. Current weight is 8% below
      ideal. Ninety-three percent of the patients had amenorrhea at diagnosis, and 9.5%
      at follow-up. Vomiting declined from 59% of patients to 16%. Vomiting was
      significantly associated with poor outcome. The majority function successfully,
      academically and vocationally. Most continue to restrict diet, and 79% consider
      themselves overweight. Forty percent report chronic feelings of depression, and
      22% have unsatisfactory social relationships. The data suggest no difference in
      outcome between those receiving psychotherapy (65%) and those who did not (35%).
      Type and duration of therapy were also not associated with long-range
      improvement.

PMID- 3998929
TI  - Lack of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Senegal, West
      Africa.
AB  - Between 1977 and 1980, 1442 pregnant women in Thies, Senegal, were tested for
      serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Of these, 9.8% were
      HBsAg(+), 59.9% were anti-HBs(+), and 15.6% had anti-HBc alone. Of 116 HBsAg(+)
      pregnant women, only 19.8% were HBeAg(+), a much lower proportion of infectious
      carriers than seen in Asian populations. Cord blood from 1353 babies was HBsAg(
      ), implying that the babies were not infected prior to birth. Four hundred sixty
      two babies, including 88 born to HBsAg(+) mothers, were observed for 2 weeks to
      38 months after birth. In contrast to observations in Asia, none of the babies
      became HBsAg(+) before 5 months of age, and only three of the 16 born to HBeAg(+)
      mothers became HBsAg(+) within the first year of life; all three developed
      chronic infections (i.e., HBsAg(+) for greater than or equal to 6 months. In the
      second year of life, six of 34 babies born to HBsAg(+), HBeAg(-)/anti-HBe(-)
      mothers became infected with HBV, and four of the six developed chronic
      infections. During the first 3 years of life, infections occurred at a higher
      rate in infants born to HBsAg(+) (17%) than to HBsAg(-) (4%) women. The latter
      group of infants included 4.0% of those born to anti-HBs(+) mothers, 4.6% born to
      anti-HBcAg(+), and 3.2% born to uninfected women. These observations indicate
      that HBV infections in Senegal usually do not occur perinatally, but do occur at
      high incidence later in infancy and childhood. Such infections can be prevented
      by the use of hepatitis B vaccine alone; administration of hepatitis B immune
      globulin should not be needed.

PMID- 3998931
TI  - Giardiasis in day care centers.

PMID- 3998930
TI  - Apnea, bradycardia, and cyanosis during oral feeding in term neonates.

PMID- 3998932
TI  - Salicylates in Kawasaki disease.

PMID- 3998933
TI  - Aspirin therapy in Kawasaki syndrome.

PMID- 3998934
TI  - An unusual pattern of malformation associated with gestational exposure to nasal
      spray.

PMID- 3998935
TI  - Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome associated with Hirschsprung disease, 46,XY female
      karyotype, and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.

PMID- 3998936
TI  - Vancomycin/aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 3998937
TI  - Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid pharmacokinetics in children and young adults with
      cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The single-dose pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid (Timentin)
      were evaluated in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis after a 0.5-hour
      intravenous infusion of both a 3.1 and a 3.2 gm formulation (representing 3.0 gm
      ticarcillin combined with 100 mg and 200 mg clavulanic acid, respectively) in a
      crossover design. A 75 mg/kg dose of the ticarcillin component was used. Model
      dependent and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were congruous. The
      disposition of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid was characterized adequately by a
      one-compartment open model. The elimination half-life, apparent steady-state
      volume of distribution, and total body clearance of ticarcillin from serum were
      1.19 hours, 0.231 L/kg, and 0.150 L/hr/kg, respectively, for the 3.1 gm
      formulation and 1.21 hours, 0.211 L/kg, and 0.123 L/hr/kg, respectively, for the
      3.2 gm formulation. For ticarcillin, 86% and 93% of the dose of the 3.1 and 3.2
      gm formulations, respectively, were excreted unchanged in urine during the first
      6 hours after infusion. Concomitant renal clearance values were 0.120 and 0.112
      L/hr/kg for the 3.1 and 3.2 gm formulations, respectively. Approximately 50% of a
      clavulanic acid dose was excreted unchanged in urine during the 6-hour
      postinfusion period for both formulations. For ticarcillin, no significant
      differences were observed between the 3.1 and 3.2 gm formulations. For clavulanic
      acid, a significant difference between the two formulations was observed in
      comparison of the area under the serum concentration vs time curve and dose size
      (P less than 0.01). Linear inverse relationships were identified between
      demographic factors (e.g., age, weight, height, body surface area) and both the
      apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance of ticarcillin and
      clavulanic acid for both formulations. The ticarcillin/clavulanic acid
      combination in either the 3.1 or 3.2 gm formulation is suitable for microbiologic
      and clinical evaluation in patients with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 3998938
TI  - Prednisolone excretion in human milk.
AB  - Six lactating women receiving long-term treatment with prednisolone in doses from
      10 to 80 mg/day were studied. Serum and milk samples were assayed for
      prednisolone and endogenous cortisol by a specific high-performance liquid
      chromatographic method. The milk and serum concentrations vs time curves for
      prednisolone were virtually parallel, and the milk concentrations were 5% to 25%
      of those in serum. The milk/serum concentration ratio increased with increasing
      serum concentration. At a daily dose of 80 mg prednisolone, the infant would
      ingest less than 0.1% of that dose; this corresponds to less than 10% of the
      infant's endogenous cortisol production. Because there is an equilibrium between
      the concentration of prednisolone in milk and serum, the exposure of the infant
      is minimized if breast-feeding is avoided during the first 4 hours after the
      dose. We conclude that from a quantitative point of view the exposure of the
      infant is minimal, and breast-feeding may be permitted at maternal prednisolone
      doses of at least 20 mg once or twice daily. At higher doses, exposure may be
      minimized if nursing is performed greater than 4 hours after the dose.

PMID- 3998939
TI  - Problems of early infancy, formula changes, and mothers' beliefs about their
      infants.
AB  - Problems of early infancy are sometimes managed by changing an infant's formula
      from a cow milk formula to a soy protein or casein hydrolysate formula ("special
      formulas"). This study was designed to determine the frequency of formula
      changes, mothers' reports of problems that lead to such a change, and mothers'
      beliefs about the causes of these problems. Mothers of 189 breast-feeding (BF)
      and 184 formula-feeding (FF) infants were enrolled postpartum. Follow-up data
      were obtained by telephone interviews at 4 months. After starting a cow milk
      formula, 11% of the BF and 25% of the FF infants were given special formulas.
      Mothers frequently reported problems related to feeding, bowel movements, and
      crying behavior; 32% of infants with such problems were given special formulas.
      Excessive crying and colic were the most common problems leading to a formula
      change. When a formula was changed, mothers more frequently believed that the
      cause of the problem was intrinsic to the child (P less than 0.001) and that
      their infant had had a "disease or illness" (P less than 0.001). When formula
      changes occurred, 26% of mothers believed that their infants were allergic to cow
      milk. These beliefs may affect a mother's perceptions of her child's
      vulnerability.

PMID- 3998940
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of desipramine in children and adolescents with attention
      deficit disorder.

PMID- 3998941
TI  - Male pseudohermaphroditism resulting from Leydig cell hypoplasia.

PMID- 3998942
TI  - Superoxide dismutase in prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 3998943
TI  - Thyroid abnormalities in type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 3998944
TI  - Vitamin K deficiency in breast-fed infants.

PMID- 3998945
TI  - Different mechanisms responsible for in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity to
      autologous hepatocytes in children with autoimmune and HBsAg-positive chronic
      liver disease.
AB  - To investigate mechanisms of hepatocyte injury, lymphocytes from 41 children with
      chronic liver disease were incubated with autologous liver cells in a
      microcytotoxicity assay. Cytotoxicity was significantly increased in 18 of 25
      patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, in five of nine with
      "autoimmune" chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and in only one of seven with
      histologically inactive liver disorders. There was a good correlation between
      cytotoxicity and biochemical and histologic markers of disease activity in
      children with autoimmune CAH, whereas in HBsAg-positive disease a positive
      correlation was found only with serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT). Children
      with autoimmune CAH receiving steroid treatment had normal cytotoxicity, whereas
      increased values were found in two of three HBsAg-positive patients receiving
      prednisolone. Fractionation studies revealed that non-T cells were cytotoxic in
      both autoimmune and HBcAg-positive chronic liver disease. T cell cytotoxicity was
      exclusively found in children with chronic HBV infection, particularly with HBc
      antigenemia. Blocking experiments showed that T-lymphocytes from HBsAg-positive
      children reacted with HBV core antigen on the hepatocyte surface. Non-T cells
      were directed against hepatocyte membrane antigens in both HBsAg-positive and
      HbsAg-negative children. These results suggest that different immune mechanisms
      of liver damage are involved in autoimmune and HBsAg-positive chronic liver
      disease.

PMID- 3998946
TI  - Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in children with chronic liver disease:
      clinical features and etiologic factors.
AB  - We analyzed the clinical and bacteriologic features of 12 episodes of spontaneous
      bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in 11 children (four boys, median age 5.5 years) with
      chronic liver disease. All patients had cirrhosis and ascites; four had
      hypersplenism, and one was asplenic. Symptoms included increasing abdominal
      distention, pyrexia, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disturbance, and
      encephalopathy. Nine had rebound tenderness on abdominal palpation, and 12 had
      reduced bowel sounds. The most frequent organisms isolated from culture of
      ascitic fluid were Streptococcus pneumoniae (nine). Klebsiella (two), and
      Haemophilus influenzae (one); blood cultures grew identical organisms in nine.
      Seven patients died despite intensive antibiotic therapy. In the 3 months prior
      to onset of SBP, defective yeast opsonization and reduced serum concentration of
      C4 were found in all nine children tested; eight had reduced concentration of C3.
      Functional deficiency of all complement components was present in four tested
      within 1 to 5 months of the onset. In contrast, only eight of 59 cirrhotic
      children without SBP had low C3, and eight had defective yeast opsonization,
      although 35 had low C4 values. Four of the patients with SBP and low C3 and C4
      concentrations had normal concentrations at the time of diagnosis of liver
      disease 2 to 5 years previously. Opsonization of type III pneumococci was reduced
      in sera from three patients who subsequently developed pneumococcal peritonitis.
      The incidence of SBP in children with chronic liver disease is similar to that in
      adults, as are the clinical features. Our observations suggest that complement
      deficiency induced by chronic liver disease may be important in the pathogenesis
      of SBP.

PMID- 3998947
TI  - Carrier detection in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - We evaluated four methods purported to distinguish between individuals homozygous
      or heterozygous for cystic fibrosis (CF) and normal controls: (1) detection of a
      protein in the serum by isoelectric focusing at pH 8.5, (2) detection of a
      lectinlike factor in the serum by hemagglutination, (3) isolation of CF-lectin
      from the serum by affinity chromatography, and (4) measurement of MUGB-reactive
      proteases in the plasma. The results were disappointing. The detection of CF
      protein by isoelectric focusing was unreliable; it could be identified in only
      46% of heterozygotes and 66% of homozygotes, with a false positive rate of 17%.
      Detection of a lectinlike factor by hemagglutination was also found to be
      unreliable and irreproducible. The lectin isolated by affinity chromatography was
      not specific for the CF gene. No significant differences were found in the MUGB
      titers of the three populations tested. However, low titers (MU less than 200
      nmol/ml) were found in 33% of homozygotes and heterozygotes and in 17% of normal
      controls. We conclude that none of these methods is suitable for carrier
      detection in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 3998949
TI  - Safe administration of influenza vaccine in asthmatic children hypersensitive to
      egg proteins.

PMID- 3998948
TI  - Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in two siblings with a Reye-like
      syndrome.
AB  - An increasing number of reports indicate that patients with some inherited
      metabolic diseases may have symptoms resembling those of Reye syndrome. We
      describe two siblings who developed a Reye-like syndrome at ages 16 and 18
      months, respectively, after a viral illness and salicylate therapy. Both had
      fasting hypoglycemia and hypoketonemia. At the time of the acute episode and
      after ingestion of a medium-chain triglyceride load, one of them excreted large
      amounts of abnormal metabolites derived from the omega- and (omega-1)-oxidation
      of medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity was
      lower than 20% of control values in fibroblasts from both patients. This enzyme
      defect should be considered in children with a Reye-like syndrome with these
      distinctive manifestations.

PMID- 3998950
TI  - Return to diet therapy in patients with phenylketonuria.

PMID- 3998951
TI  - Failure to thrive in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 3998952
TI  - Treatment of refractory ascites by ultrafiltration-reinfusion of ascitic fluid
      peritoneally.

PMID- 3998953
TI  - Hereditary renal disease and preauricular pits: report of a kindred.

PMID- 3998954
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism caused by defective iodide transport.

PMID- 3998955
TI  - Late hyponatremia in premature infants: role of aldosterone and arginine
      vasopressin.
AB  - To assess the possible involvement of arginine vasopressin in the pathogenesis of
      late hyponatremia in preterm infants, serial measurements of sodium balance,
      fractional sodium excretion, plasma and urine osmolality and sodium
      concentration, and urinary aldosterone and arginine vasopressin excretion were
      performed at weekly intervals in nine healthy preterm infants. During the course
      of late hyponatremia, there was a significant increase in urinary aldosterone and
      arginine vasopressin excretion, from 0.94 +/- 0.16 to 4.30 +/- 0.76
      micrograms/day and from 0.38 +/- 0.08 to 1.19 +/- 0.26 ng/day, respectively, from
      the first to the fourth to fifth weeks. A significant negative correlation was
      found between fractional sodium excretion and urinary aldosterone excretion.
      Aldosterone excretion, however, correlated positively with urinary arginine
      vasopressin excretion in seven of the nine infants. The parallel increase in
      urinary aldosterone and arginine vasopressin excretion in salt-losing premature
      infants may occur in response to the protracted contraction of the extracellular
      fluid compartment, and may contribute to the restoration of volume in the body
      fluid compartments and to the development of late hyponatremia.

PMID- 3998956
TI  - Acquisition and expression of resistance by Bos indicus and Bos indicus X Bos
      taurus calves to Amblyomma americanum infestation.
AB  - Purebred and crossbred Bos indicus calves were infested 1, 2, or 3 times with 10
      female and 5 male Amblyomma americanum. Resistance was acquired by both the
      purebred and the crossbred calves after 1 infestation and resulted in
      statistically significant decreases in the percentages of females that engorged,
      the mean weights of engorged females, and the mean weights of egg masses.
      Comparisons between breeds of the percent of female ticks that engorged during
      the first and second infestations indicate that purebred B. indicus expressed a
      stronger acquired resistance to A. americanum more readily than did crossbred
      animals. However, calves of both genetic compositions displayed similar levels of
      resistance during a third exposure. All tick-exposed and control animals were
      skin tested with salivary gland extracts of A. americanum, A. cajennense and
      Dermacentor andersoni. Control, uninfested calves, did not display significant
      cutaneous reactivity to these extracts. All calves that had been infested had
      immediate, 30-min, 5-hr and delayed, 24-hr, skin reactions to Amblyomma species
      antigens. Reactions to D. andersoni salivary antigens in tests of both purebred
      and crossbred calves with acquired resistance to A. americanum suggest that
      Amblyomma species salivary gland antigens might have cross reactive moieties with
      a salivary extract prepared from D. andersoni. Peripheral blood lymphocyte in
      vitro responsiveness to Amblyomma species antigens was detected in purebred
      calves after a first, second, and third infestation, indicating the presence of
      cells of the immune system capable of recognizing and undergoing blast
      transformation in response to tick salivary components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3998957
TI  - The use of excretory and secretory antigens of the scolex of Taenia ovis for the
      serodiagnosis of infection in dogs.
AB  - The excretory and secretory antigens from the evaginated scoleces of Taenia ovis
      were collected for 3 days in vitro, and used in an ELISA test to detect
      antibodies to T. ovis in the serum of dogs. When tested on sequentially collected
      sera, diagnostic ELISA values could be detected in many dogs 4 wk after
      infection, and remained for an average of a further 4 wk after worms were removed
      from dogs with an anthelmintic. Using an ELISA discriminant value that eliminated
      all false positives from 70 uninfected laboratory dog sera and from 57 uninfected
      farm dog sera, 54/62 true positives were found in sera from dogs infected with
      various numbers of T. ovis for various intervals. Sera from dogs infected with T.
      hydatigena gave 11/15 false positive reactions, whereas sera from 15 dogs
      infected with Echinococcus granulosus or 7 dogs infected with T. pisiformis were
      all negative. For T. ovis the test had a high repeatability, was not greatly
      influenced by the number of worms carried by the dog and higher titres were
      correlated with long-standing infections. Approximately 1,000 scoleces could be
      recovered from each experimentally infected sheep. Using the ELISA test with
      undiluted antigen and serum diluted 1:40, approximately 10 sera could be tested
      in duplicate with the excretions and secretions from each T. ovis scolex.

PMID- 3998959
TI  - Eimeria from bats of the world: a new species in Tomopeas ravus from Peru.
AB  - Two of 17 (12%) crevice bats, Tomopeas ravus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), from
      Peru had coccidian oocysts in their feces when examined. Sporulated oocysts of
      Eimeria tomopea n. sp. are ellipsoid to subspheroid, 30.6 X 24.6 (26-34 X 20-28)
      micron with ovoid sporocysts 13.9 X 9.0 (12-15 X 8-10) micron. A micropyle and
      substieda body are absent, but polar bodies, oocyst and sporocyst residua, and
      small, indistinct Stieda bodies are present. The oocyst wall is thick,
      approximately equal to 1.5 micron and consists of 2 layers, the outermost being
      rough and mammillated. This is only the 13th eimerian to be described from bats
      worldwide. The currently recognized species of Eimeria are listed, and a possible
      New World-Old World phyletic split within the genus is described.

PMID- 3998958
TI  - Cultivation of free-living stages of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in media
      without bacteria, animal tissue extract, or serum.
AB  - Trichostrongylus colubriformis was cultured from hatched first-stage to third
      stage larvae in bacteria-free media in the absence of animal tissue extract or
      serum. This was achieved for the first time with a nematode, parasitic in
      vertebrates, whose rhabditiform larvae are food-dependent. The best media
      contained enzymatic hydrolysed casein (amino nitrogen:total nitrogen ratio 0.39),
      yeast extract, phosphatidylcholine from soybean, and a number of chemically
      defined ingredients, which include a salt solution, a sterol, and an iron
      porphyrin. The yield of third-stage larvae obtained was up to 17% of all the
      living larval stages present after incubation. When casein hydrolysate with AN:TN
      ratio of 0.39 was replaced by casein hydrolysate with AN:TN ratio of 0.53, little
      or no development to third-stage larvae occurred. Development to infective larvae
      was shown to be possible in media with soy peptone instead of casein hydrolysate,
      although to a very limited extent. It is proposed that the free-living stages of
      the parasite require peptides, whose molecular weights all lie within a narrow
      range.

PMID- 3998960
TI  - Helminth species diversity and biology in the bobcat, Lynx rufus (Schreber), from
      Nebraska.
AB  - Cestodes of 4 species and nematodes of 9 species were collected from 75 bobcats,
      Lynx rufus (Schreber), in Nebraska from 1977 to 1979. Of these 75, 11 were
      trapped from 6 border counties in 3 border states: South Dakota, 7 carcasses/3
      counties; Kansas, 3/2; and Wyoming, 1/1. Helminths recovered included:
      Mesocestoides corti Hoeppli, 1925 (15% prevalence), Taenia rileyi Loewen, 1929
      (67%), Taenia pisiformis (Bloch, 1780) Gmelin, 1790 (27%), Taenia macrocystis
      (Diesing, 1850) Luhe, 1910 (19%), Physaloptera praeputialis von Linstow, 1889
      (55%), Physaloptera rara Hall and Wigdor, 1918 (32%), Toxascaris leonina (von
      Linstow, 1902) Leiper, 1907 (31%), Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1780) (39%),
      Ancylostoma tubaeforme (Zeder, 1800) von Linstow, 1885 (5%), Pterygodermatites
      (Multipectines) cahirensis (Jagerskiold, 1909) Quentin, 1969 (1%), Vogeloides
      felis (Vogel, 1928) Davtian, 1933 (7%), Cylicospirura felineus (Chandler, 1925)
      Sandground, 1932 (12%), and Capillaria aerophila (Creplin, 1839) (4%). One bobcat
      was not infected; 74 had 1 to 7 species (means = 3). Simpson's index for helminth
      species was moderately low (0.12), indicating a relatively diverse helminth
      fauna. Mean levels of infection between prominent species pairs and within each
      species were compared with bobcat sex and age differences using Student's t-test.
      Mean intensity of Physaloptera praeputialis was significantly (P less than 0.01)
      greater than that of Toxocara cati; mean intensity of Mesocestoides corti was
      significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that of all other prominent
      species. No significant intensity differences were indicated among bobcat sex and
      age categories. G-tests computed for prevalence of prominent species with bobcat
      age indicated no significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3998961
TI  - Cuticular carbohydrates of three nematode species and chemoreception by
      Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
AB  - The cuticle of Haemonchus contortus, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and
      Trichostrongylus colubriformis contained N-acetylgalactosamine and N
      acetylglucosamine, based on the binding of fluorescein-labelled lectins. Binding
      of the lectins varied between the sexes and body regions of the nematodes.
      Treatment of male T. colubriformis with the lectin Lens culinaris agglutinin
      (LcA) reduced the feeding by helminths that was stimulated by histamine and the
      male's response to their female's pheromone, based on in vitro assays. Mannose
      residues may be involved in the helminth's chemoreceptors for feeding and sexual
      attraction, based on the specific binding of LcA.

PMID- 3998962
TI  - Transplantation of Schistosoma japonicum daughter sporocysts in Oncomelania
      hupensis.
AB  - Schistosoma japonicum daughter sporocysts obtained from infected Oncomelania
      hupensis hupensis were successfully transplanted to parasite-free O. hupensis
      hupensis. Survival and infection rates of recipient snails were 80% and 75%
      respectively. Intramolluscan development of transplanted daughter sporocysts in
      recipient snails appears to proceed in a similar manner as those reported for
      transplanted S. mansoni and S. haematobium in their respective snail intermediate
      hosts. Complete colonization of the digestive gland of recipient snails by
      sporocysts was observed 80 days after transplantation. Cercarial production
      during a 10-day observation from recipient snails was characterized by periods of
      high and low and irregular daily emissions. The average daily cercarial
      production was 150 per snail. Cercariae produced by recipient snails were
      infective to mice. Of those cercariae exposed to mice, approximately 30%
      developed to adult schistosomes. These results have definitive utility in the
      maintenance of S. japonicum in the laboratory.

PMID- 3998963
TI  - The brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) and
      associated tick species on wild and domestic hosts at Muguga, Kenya.
AB  - During a study of an experimental population of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and
      its transmission of bovine theileriosis to cattle, some supplementary information
      was obtained on the role of rodents and the small carnivores in the development
      and maintenance of R. appendiculatus populations. Observations were also made on
      other common tick species found on these hosts. A total of 530 individual hosts
      were examined during the 4-yr period, of which the majority included, among the
      carnivores, the white-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), the large spotted
      genet (Genetta tigrina) and the zorilla (Ictonyx striatus). Among the 482 rodents
      95% included Otomys irroratus, Rhabdomys pumilio and Lophuromys flavopunctatus.
      While all stages of R. appendiculatus thrived on cattle the role of rodents and
      carnivores was negligible. Similarly, while the other tick species like H. leachi
      group, immatures of R. hurti/jeanneli group and I. thomasae avoided cattle, they
      thrived on the carnivores and rodents. However, the adults of R. hurti and R.
      jeanneli preferred cattle to carnivores and rodents.

PMID- 3998964
TI  - Description of redia and cercaria of Paragonimus peruvianus from experimentally
      infected Aroapyrgus colombiensis of Condebamba Valley, Peru.
AB  - Although no natural infections with lung flukes were encountered in the
      hydrobioid snail Aroapyrgus colombiensis from streams in the Condebamba Valley,
      Peru, laboratory-bred snails were readily susceptible to infection with miracidia
      of Paragonimus peruvianus. The redia and cercaria are described for the first
      time for those of neotropical lung flukes. Cercariae inside rediae did not have a
      stylet and development was apparently completed outside the rediae in snail
      tissues. The microcercous xiphidiocercaria had 2 groups of gland cells on each
      side; the outer consisted of 5 cells and the inner of 3 cells, all with ducts
      opening at the stylet. The excretory bladder was large, often triangular, was
      thick-walled, and of 1 layer of cuboidal cells. The redia lacked procrusculi and
      had a short intestine which was slightly longer than the pharynx.

PMID- 3998965
TI  - Immune complexes induce the formation of an unusual micropore in second
      generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella.

PMID- 3998966
TI  - In vitro excystment of metacercariae of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda).

PMID- 3998967
TI  - Solubilization by cosolvents III: Diazepam and benzocaine in binary solvents.

PMID- 3998968
TI  - Development of a U.S.P. Type I glass for the pharmaceutical industry.

PMID- 3998969
TI  - Joint vendor/user approach to stopper selection.

PMID- 3998970
TI  - Chemical stabilities of hydrocortisone sodium succinate and several antibiotics
      when mixed with metronidazole injection for intravenous infusion.

PMID- 3998971
TI  - Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as orbital pseudotumor in children.
AB  - The case of a nine-year-old white female who presented initially with idiopathic
      inflammatory pseudotumor and was ultimately diagnosed (22 months later) as having
      Wegener's granulomatosis is presented. A review of the literature reveals that,
      to date, there are 21 well-documented cases of Wegener's granulomatosis occurring
      in children under the age of 16. Of these 21 cases, eight patients (39%)
      manifested ocular or orbital signs during the course of the disease. Four of
      these cases (50%) presented initially with idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor.
      The diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis should be considered in children with
      orbital pseudotumor. Long-term follow-up may be necessary to exclude this
      possibility.

PMID- 3998972
TI  - Acquired retraction syndrome associated with orbital metastasis.
AB  - A patient with metastatic disease of the lateral orbit developed an acquired
      motility defect similar to Duane's retraction syndrome. An acquired retraction
      syndrome, unlike the congenital form, is due either to mechanical defects of the
      orbit and eye or to neurologic disease. The direction of gaze in which the
      retraction occurs is the clinical clue to the location of the restricting element
      in the mechanically caused cases.

PMID- 3998973
TI  - Habitual head turning in spasmus nutans: an oculographic study.
AB  - Head turning in patients with spasmus nutans seems to transiently dampen the
      nystagmus. This was evident in two children by clinical observation and
      electrooculographic recording. The suppression of the nystagmus may have been
      mediated by the vestibular system.

PMID- 3998974
TI  - Internal ophthalmoplegia caused by inferior oblique muscle myectomy.

PMID- 3998975
TI  - A controlled study of silver nitrate prophylaxis and the incidence of
      nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
AB  - The caustic property of silver nitrate prompted a double-blind, controlled study
      of a possible causal relationship between use of the agent for prophylaxis
      against ophthalmic infection in the newborn and the subsequent development of
      nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Follow-up of 145 newborns randomized either to 1%
      silver nitrate prophylaxis or to 1% tetracycline prophylaxis revealed no
      statistically significant difference in the incidence of nasolacrimal duct
      obstruction between the two groups at either two weeks or two months of age. It
      is concluded that silver nitrate prophylaxis does not predispose to nasolacrimal
      duct obstruction in the newborn.

PMID- 3998976
TI  - Hard contact lenses in the management of congenital cataracts.
AB  - This paper describes our experience with 54 eyes which were optically corrected
      with polymethylmethacrylate hard contact lenses following the removal, in
      infancy, of a congenital cataract. The lenses were tolerated well, few
      alterations were required and the majority of patients did not lose more than one
      lens a year. Our results show that it is possible to obtain visual acuity of
      20/25, in unilateral congenital cataract cases.

PMID- 3998978
TI  - Concern for appropriateness as a moderator variable in the statistical
      explanation of self-reported use of alcohol and marijuana.
AB  - Two studies examine the Concern for Appropriateness Scale (Lennox & Wolfe, 1984)
      as a likely moderator of dispositional and environmental variables associated
      with self-reported use of alcohol and marijuana by college and precollege
      students. In Study 1, data from 408 upper division students show that concern
      score interacts significantly with religiosity in analyses of use of both drugs,
      but not with any of 11 other dispositional variables nor with drug-specific
      environment predictors in analyses of use of either drug. In Study 2, data from
      242 recent high school graduates show that concern score interacts significantly
      with religiosity and drug-specific environment in the explanation of alcohol use
      but not in the explanation of marijuana use. All of the significant interactions
      are in the predicted direction. Results therefore suggest that the concern scale
      is valid for some of its intended purposes.

PMID- 3998977
TI  - Varying esotropia-exotropia.
AB  - A 20-year old female was found to have an alternating pattern of right esotropia
      and right exotropia following surgery for a clivus chordoma three years
      previously. When esotropic, abduction was markedly limited while adduction was
      full in the right eye. When exotropic, mild limitation of both abduction and
      adduction was noted. Horizontal saccadic velocity studies were consistent with
      the diagnosis of sixth nerve palsy when esotropia was manifest and a Duane's
      syndrome, type II when exotropia was present. The etiology of these unusual
      findings is not well understood.

PMID- 3998979
TI  - Psychodiagnostic test usage: a survey of the society for personality assessment.
AB  - The present survey investigated psychodiagnostic test usage and practices of the
      Society for Personality Assessment. A brief questionnaire was forwarded to 400
      SPA members and 206 responded for a 51.5% rate of return. Projective techniques
      found popular in previous surveys of Division 12 were the major assessment
      instruments utilized by SPA members. Exner's comprehensive system was the
      preferred mode of Rorschach analysis, followed by the Klopfer and Beck systems.
      The Wechsler Scales and the MMPI were frequently included in conducting a
      psychological battery. Personality assessment was mainly utilized for diagnostic
      purposes and as an indicator for type of therapy.

PMID- 3998980
TI  - Rorschach predictors of therapeutic outcome in a child psychiatric inpatient
      service.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that Rorschach indicators of psychological
      instability and perceptual sensitivity are predictive of therapeutic outcome in a
      child psychiatric inpatient service. Thirty-four children, matched for age, were
      divided into two groups, Improvers and Decliners, based on changes in behavioral
      problems over 60 days of hospitalization. The groups were not distinguishable by
      scores on intellectual tests, sex, or the initial quality or severity of
      psychological disturbance. Analyses of Rorschach protocols indicated that
      children who obtained higher ep, ep-EA, Blends, Zf, and Z sum and lower Lambda
      had improved in treatment. The results suggest that children who are less
      stabilized and manifest perceptual sensitivity do achieve the greatest gains.

PMID- 3998981
TI  - Psychological functioning after severe closed head injury.
AB  - The residual effects of severe closed head injury on psychological functioning,
      as determined by data from the Rorschach test, were examined. Thirty-five young
      adult patients with severe closed head injury were compared to a nonpatient, non
      head injured matched group sample of 36 subjects. The utility of the Rorschach
      test in distinguishing the characteristic psychological functioning of inpatients
      who have suffered from severe closed head injury was outlined. The apperceptive
      disturbance, affective/cognitive problems, and interpersonal difficulties were
      discussed.

PMID- 3998982
TI  - Responses of schizophrenics and nonpatients to a tachistoscopic presentation of
      the Rorschach.
AB  - Three groups of 36 subjects each, two of nonpsychiatric subjects and one of first
      admission schizophrenics, were administered the Rorschach tachistoscopically.
      Each group was subdivided into three subgroups to permit a variation in exposure
      times for the blots. Intervals of 200ms, 400ms, and 600ms were used; however, the
      differences in exposure times did not produce significant differences within any
      of the groups. Thus, the data were compared by groups. The results indicate no
      significant differences across the groups for accuracy of from (X + %). The
      schizophrenic group did give significantly more Special Scores related to
      cognitive slippage. They also gave a much higher proportion of pure form
      responses and substantially more card rejections than either of the
      nonpsychiatric groups. The results are discussed in the context of research on
      information processing and the early operations in the Rorschach response
      process.

PMID- 3998983
TI  - The Rorschach Comprehensive System Egocentricity Index in psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - This paper reports an exploratory study of potential correlates of Exner's
      Rorschach Egocentricity Index, a measure of self-focusing, in a sample of 70
      psychiatric inpatients. We examined the relationship of the Index of the MMPI Ego
      Strength scale and to other MMPI and Exner Comprehensive System Rorschach
      variables, using Pearson Product-Moment correlations with partialling of the
      number of Rorschach responses. There were seven meaningful significant
      correlations between the Index and Rorschach variables: M, FM, X +%, F +%,
      Lambda, D, and A%. The Index-MMPI correlations were not significant. Sex
      differences and differences between these intercorrelations and some reported by
      Exner (1983) are discussed.

PMID- 3998984
TI  - The relationship of anxiety to childhood depression.
AB  - In order to investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression in
      emotionally disturbed children, 30 hospitalized inpatient children were
      individually administered the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the
      Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-Revised (CMAS-R), and the State-Trait Anxiety
      Inventory for Children (STAIC). Results indicated a significant relationship
      between CDI scores, the CMAS-R and its factors, and the STAIC. Correlations
      between the various factors of anxiety and depression suggest a complex
      relationship between the two constructs. Stepwise regression analyses indicated
      further the complexity of this relationship. Results were discussed in terms of
      the possible differential role which the different anxiety factors play in
      depression.

PMID- 3998985
TI  - Personality characteristics of drug addicts and alcoholics on the Millon Clinical
      Multiaxial Inventory.
AB  - The Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) was administered to 106
      alcoholics and 100 addicts in separate VA inpatient rehabilitation treatment
      programs. The alcoholics scored higher on the personality style scales of
      Avoidant, Passive-Aggressive, Schizotypal, Borderline and Paranoid, while the
      opiate addicts scored higher on the Narcissistic personality disorder scale.
      Separate cluster analyses for both groups further revealed common personality
      styles among both groups. Several MCMI scales showed significant correlations
      with age, but in no case were the effects attributed to age larger than 5% of the
      total variance. The MCMI may alert clinicians to subtle similarities and
      differences between and among alcoholics and opiate addicts.

PMID- 3998986
TI  - Distinguishing child diagnostic types with early memories.
AB  - The present study attempts to correct design weaknesses in earlier studies which
      assessed the use of early memories (EMs) in identifying psychopathology in
      children. A new EM scoring system, the CEMSS, was developed to provide an
      objective, comprehensive analysis of the reported EMs. Subjects were 64 boys, SES
      IV and V, 8 through 12 years old from four diagnostic groups--Delinquent,
      Hyperactive, Somatic Complaints, and Schizoid. Overall, the CEMSS provided an
      effective means to distinguish the diagnostic groups, p less than or equal to
      .01. The results suggest that content variables best distinguished the type of
      presenting psychopathology, whereas an earlier study found that structural EM
      variables most reliably identified the degree of psychopathology.

PMID- 3998987
TI  - Telling ingratiating lies: effects of target sex and target attractiveness on
      verbal and nonverbal deceptive success.
AB  - Male and female "senders" described their opinions on four controversial issues
      to target persons. Each sender expressed sincere agreement with the target on one
      of the issues and sincere disagreement on another (truthful messages), and also
      pretended to agree with the partner on one of the issues (an ingratiating lie)
      and pretended to disagree on another (a noningratiating lie). Groups of judges
      then rated the sincerity of each message on the basis of information available
      from one of four different channels: verbal (words only, in transcript form),
      audio (audiotape only), visual (videotape with no sound), and audiovisual
      (videotape with sound). Results showed that (a) lies told by women were more
      readily detected than lies told by men, (b) lies told to opposite-sex targets
      were more easily detected than lies to same-sex targets, and (c) ingratiating
      lies were more successfully detected than were noningratiating lies, particularly
      when told to attractive targets. Furthermore, when senders talked to opposite-sex
      (relative to same-sex) targets, their lies were most easily detected from the
      three channels that included nonverbal cues. For ingratiating (relative to
      noningratiating) lies, detectability was greatest for the channels that included
      visual nonverbal cues. Senders addressing attractive targets were perceived as
      less sincere than senders addressing unattractive targets, both when lying and
      when telling the truth, and this difference in the degree of sincerity conveyed
      was especially pronounced in the channels that included nonverbal cues. Results
      are discussed in terms of the effects of motivation on verbal and nonverbal
      communicative success.

PMID- 3998988
TI  - Relation between testosterone concentration, sex role identity, and personality
      among females.
AB  - Eighty-four undergraduate female students completed Baucom's Masculinity and
      Femininity Scales, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and the Adjective Check List.
      Testosterone concentration was determined from saliva samples provided by the
      women. The results indicated that sex role type was related to level of
      testosterone concentration. More specifically, undifferentiated females had much
      higher levels of testosterone concentration than did the feminine-sex-typed
      females. Also, females with high levels of masculinity (androgynous and masculine
      sex-typed females combined) had somewhat higher testosterone levels than did
      feminine-sex-typed females. Adjectival correlates indicated that females with
      higher testosterone concentrations perceive themselves as self-directed, action
      oriented, resourceful individuals; women with lower testosterone concentration
      view themselves as conventional, socialized individuals, possessing a caring
      attitude coupled with an anxious and dejected mood.

PMID- 3998989
TI  - Intensity and frequency: dimensions underlying positive and negative affect.
AB  - Research on emotions and several happiness scales suggest that positive and
      negative affect are strongly inversely correlated. However, work on subjective
      well-being indicates that over time, positive and negative affect are independent
      across persons. In order to reconcile this inconsistency, two dimensions are
      proposed for personal affective structure: the frequency of positive versus
      negative affect and the intensity of affect. Subjects in three studies completed
      daily and momentary reports on their moods. In support of the intensity
      dimension, the correlations between positive and negative intensity were strong
      and positive in all three studies. The intensities of specific emotions across
      persons were also highly correlated. Across the three studies the frequency and
      intensity of affect varied independently. Although average levels of positive and
      negative affect showed low correlations, this relation became strongly inverse
      when intensity was partialed out. Thus the intensity dimension helps explain the
      relative independence of positive and negative affect. In addition, emotional
      intensity is offered as a new personality dimension that manifests interesting
      characteristics.

PMID- 3998990
TI  - Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status.
AB  - The Decisional Balance Sheet of Incentives has been proposed by Janis and Mann
      (1977) as a general schema for representing both the cognitive and motivational
      aspects of human decision making. In this study, a brief 24-item paper and pencil
      measure was constructed to study the decision-making process in smoking
      cessation. Two scales were identified and labeled the Pros of Smoking and the
      Cons of Smoking. These scales were successful in differentiating between five
      groups representing stages of change in the quitting process. The two scales were
      also successful when employed as predictors of smoking status at a 6-month follow
      up. The Decisional Balance Scale appears to be a powerful construct of
      potentially wide application in behavior change.

PMID- 3998991
TI  - Type A behavior, nonverbal expressive style, and health.
AB  - Understanding the precise nature of the links among styles of behavior, emotional
      expression, and the development of heart disease is a major challenge in
      psychology and health. In the present research, 60 men at high risk for coronary
      heart disease were examined in terms of their expressive style, their specific
      nonverbal cues, their personality, and their health. As assessed by the self
      report Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS; Jenkins, Zyzanski, & Rosenman, 1979), half
      the men were Type A and half were Type B. To provide a more refined grouping, the
      men were further classified on the basis of scores on the Affective Communication
      Test (ACT; H. S. Friedman, Prince, Riggio, & DiMatteo, 1980), a self-report
      measure of nonverbal expressiveness. In the framework of theory and research on
      nonverbal expressive style, videotapes of the men were extensively rated and
      coded in terms of their judged appearance, the actual audio and video nonverbal
      cues emitted, and the words said (transcript). Two groups of Type A individuals
      were found--one that was repressed, tense, and illness-prone, but another that
      was healthy, talkative, in control, and charismatic. Furthermore, in addition to
      the expected healthy Type B men, a subgroup of Type B men was found who were
      submissive, repressed, tense, have an external locus of control, and may be
      illness-prone. A refined conception of the Type A behavior pattern is deemed
      necessary in light of these findings. Implications for improving the validity of
      the Type A construct and understanding the link between psychosocial factors and
      disease are discussed.

PMID- 3998992
TI  - Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: psychopathy and extraversion.
AB  - According to the physiological animal model proposed by Gorenstein and Newman
      (1980; see also Newman, Gorenstein, & Kelsey, 1983), psychopaths and extraverts
      may be characterized by a common psychological diathesis related to behavioral
      inhibition (see also Fowles, 1980; Gray, 1982). One aspect of this diathesis
      involves deficient passive avoidance learning, which has been central to
      explanations of "unsocialized" (e.g., Trasler, 1978) and antisocial behavior
      (e.g., Hare, 1970). Results from three experiments supported our prediction that
      psychopaths and extraverts would exhibit deficient passive avoidance relative to
      nonpsychopaths and introverts, respectively. In addition, the passive avoidance
      deficit was particularly evident in tasks that required subjects to inhibit a
      rewarded response in order to avoid punishment. The latter finding may be
      important for explaining the inconsistent results regarding passive avoidance
      learning in psychopaths (e.g., Chesno & Kilmann, 1975; Schmauk, 1970). Discussion
      of the results focuses on the importance of reward in mediating the passive
      avoidance deficit of "disinhibited" individuals and on the existence of an
      indirect relationship between psychopathy and extraversion: one that is
      consistent with the observed experimental parallels as well as with the more
      ambiguous evidence regarding a direct correlation between measures of the two
      syndromes.

PMID- 3998993
TI  - The timing of psychosocial changes in women's lives: the years 25 to 45.
AB  - Sixty women, aged 30, 35, 40, and 45, participated in a retrospective interview
      concerning psychosocial changes in their adult lives. Subjects' responses
      provided self-report data concerning specific psychosocial changes, and judges
      who read the interview protocols provided independent ratings of major
      psychosocial transitions. The distributions of self-reported changes and rated
      transitions across both chronological age and family cycle phases were examined
      statistically. Rated transitions were found to be reliably related to
      chronological age but not to family cycle phase. Specifically, 78% of the
      subjects manifested a major transition commencing between ages 27 and 30. That
      transition was characterized initially by personal disruption, followed by
      reassessment and finally by increased psychological well-being. Both
      chronological age and family cycle phase were reliably related to a variety of
      self-reported changes. The implications for conceptions of adult developmental
      changes are discussed.

PMID- 3998994
TI  - Voice recognition and the ontological status of self-deception.
AB  - Douglas and Gibbins (1983) recently argued that our demonstration that errors in
      self-other recognition are often instances of self-deception was inadequate. In
      their study, they found that both self-other and acquaintance-other recognition
      errors met two of the four criteria we had offered as necessary and sufficient
      for ascribing self-deception. They presented no evidence that either type of
      recognition error was not an instance of self-deception. Here we describe the
      original basis of our demonstration and point out the logical fallacy in Douglas
      and Gibbins' argument.

PMID- 3998995
TI  - Metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids in the dermatophyte Microsporum
      gypseum. I. Neutral amino acids.
AB  - The dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum was cultivated on a glucose-arginine medium
      to which on out of six sulfur-containing amino acids was added (L-cystine, L
      djenkolic acid, DL-lanthionine DL-homocystine, L-methionine, or L-methionine
      sulfone at a concentration of 5 mM with respect to sulfur content). The addition
      of these substances did not stimulate the growth and some amino acids (djenkolic
      acid and particularly methionine and methionine-sulfone) were inhibitory. All
      tested compounds were utilized during the growth not only as sulfur source but as
      a source of carbon and nitrogen as well. In four substrates excess sulfur was
      excreted after oxidation into the medium in the form of sulfate. Small amounts of
      sulfite were also observed. It usually reacted with remaining disulfides in the
      medium forming S-sulfo compounds (R-S.SO3H). Cystine and djenkolic acid were
      oxidized rapidly and completely. In contrast, lanthionine and particularly
      homocystine were oxidized slowly and only after a longer adaptation. To some
      extent lanthionine was already oxidized extracellularly in the medium. With
      methionine and its sulfone, excess sulfur was not removed by oxidation but by
      demethiolation to methane thiol and further volatile products.

PMID- 3998996
TI  - Strategies in the design of solution-stable, water-soluble prodrugs I: a physical
      organic approach to pro-moiety selection for 21-esters of corticosteroids.
AB  - The ideal water-soluble prodrug should exhibit sufficient aqueous solution
      stability to allow long-term storage of its solutions (i.e., 2 years at room
      temperature) and yet should be converted rapidly in vivo to the active parent
      drug--two severe and seemingly conflicting demands which limit the utility of
      many common solubilizing pro-moieties. For example, succinate esters, which are
      commonly utilized as water-soluble prodrugs, are unstable in solution and may
      undergo slow and incomplete bioconversion in vivo. In this study, the solution
      stability problems associated with 21-esters of corticosteroids are reviewed. It
      is concluded that the most important reaction limiting shelf life is ester
      hydrolysis. From a consideration of the influence of molecular structure on ester
      reactivity, a strategy for the design of solution-stable, water-soluble prodrugs
      of corticosteroids has been developed. Two key requirements for dilute solution
      stability are high solubility at the pH of optimum stability and appropriate
      design of the pH-rate profile. Several 21-esters of methylprednisolone have been
      synthesized, and the rates of their aqueous solution hydrolysis have been
      determined to test the strategy. Compounds exhibiting estimated shelf lives in
      dilute solution of greater than 2 years at 25 degrees C have been identified.

PMID- 3998997
TI  - Strategies in the design of solution-stable, water-soluble prodrugs II:
      properties of micellar prodrugs of methylprednisolone.
AB  - In a previous study, a physical-organic approach to the design of solution
      stable, water-soluble prodrugs of the corticosteroid methylprednisolone was
      outlined, and several 21-esters were synthesized to test the approach. Compounds
      exhibiting dilute solution stabilities approaching 2 years at 25 degrees C were
      reported. A complicating factor in more concentrated aqueous solutions of water
      soluble prodrugs, however, is the limited extent to which hydrolysis can occur
      before the solution becomes saturated with respect to the relatively insoluble
      parent drug. In this study the advantages of micellar prodrugs as water-soluble
      delivery systems for parenteral administration of relatively insoluble parent
      drugs are explored. Micellar prodrugs, besides being highly water soluble, have
      additional advantages in that their micelles solubilize poorly soluble
      degradation products which may otherwise precipitate and may act as a self
      stabilizing influence due to protection of the hydrolytically labile prodrug
      linkage within the micelle interior. Two 21-esters of methylprednisolone
      previously identified as having promising dilute solution stability have now been
      shown to self-associate in aqueous solution at higher concentrations, as
      determined by solubility, kinetic, and light-scattering measurements. One
      consequence of self-association is that free methylprednisolone, the product of
      prodrug hydrolysis, is solubilized in concentrated prodrug formulations. In
      addition, acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis rate constants are altered in the
      micelles, resulting in further prolongation of shelf life in concentrated
      solutions. Due to the added benefits of self-micellization, the water-soluble 21
      esters investigated exhibit shelf lives exceeding 2 years at 30 degrees C, the
      upper limit of the controlled room temperature range.

PMID- 3998998
TI  - Assessment of drug absorption after oral administration.
AB  - Simulated data using a linear two-compartment body model (2CBM) with drugs having
      different absorption characteristics and dosage forms with different dissolution
      rates were used to evaluate the inherent problems of pharmacokinetic data
      analysis (flip-flop phenomenon and vanishing exponential terms). When absorption
      from solution is slow or release from the solid dosage form is rate limiting, the
      characteristic nose of the 2CBM was lost and a one-compartment model prevailed.
      After the 2CBM disposition kinetic parameters were obtained from solution data,
      absorption kinetics were evaluated by the Loo-Riegelman method. The data were
      also evaluated by the statistical moments method. The statistical moments method
      consistently demonstrated superiority in regard to providing reliable results and
      ease in calculation. The information provided can be particularly useful for in
      vivo-in vitro correlation.

PMID- 3998999
TI  - Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery II: synthesis
      and evaluation of some swelling, water-insoluble bioadhesive polymers.
AB  - A series of cross-linked, swellable polymers was sythesized from monomers such as
      acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and others with various cross-linking agents to
      produce a range of polymers differing in charge densities and hydrophobicity. The
      densities, rate, and extent of hydration of the polymers were determined. An
      increase in the number of hydrophobic groups in the polymer structure reduced
      hydration whereas the density of the polymer was unaffected. A sensitive in vitro
      method for measuring adhesion of polymer to tissue from the rabbit stomach was
      developed. Polymers of acrylic acid loosely cross-linked (0.3%, w/w) with three
      different agents, divinyl glycol, 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene, and divinylbenzene,
      showed the same degree of bioadhesion while poly(methacrylic acid-divinylbenzene)
      showed reduced bioadhesion. The small percent of cross-linking agent,
      irrespective of physicochemical properties, did not contribute substantially to
      bioadhesion, whereas the starting monomer had a large effect. The effect of pH on
      the bioadhesion of poly(acrylic acid-divinyl glycol) was studied at constant
      temperature, ionic strength, and osmolality. The polymer showed maximum adhesion
      at pH 5 and 6 and a minimum at pH 7. Gastrointestinal transit studies of cross
      linked polymers in rats were studied. Poly(acrylic acid-divinyl glycol) and
      poly(methacrylic acid-divinylbenzene) were shown to have substantially longer GI
      transit times than the control, Amberlite 200 resin beads. The delay in transit
      time was due to bioadhesion of the polymer to the mucin-epithelial cell surface
      which was clearly observable on animal autopsy. The acrylic acid polymer showed a
      longer GI transit time than the methacrylic acid polymer, and this in vivo GI
      transit result is consistent with in vitro bioadhesion test results.

PMID- 3999000
TI  - Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery III: oral
      delivery of chlorothiazide using a bioadhesive polymer.
AB  - Bioadhesive polymers that bind to the gastric mucin or epithelial cell surface
      are useful in drug delivery for the purposes of (a) retaining a dosage from in
      the GI tract and (b) increasing the intimacy and duration of contact of drug with
      the absorbing membrane. Polycarbophil has previously been shown to have
      bioadhesive properties in the rat stomach and small intestine and was employed in
      the present study with a sustained-release delivery system to demonstrate
      improved drug delivery. Using chlorothiazide as the model drug, drug containing
      albumin beads were prepared and used as the sustained-release system. The beads
      were physically mixed with equally sized particles of polycarbophil and placed in
      a capsule to produce a bioadhesive dosage form. When the dosage form contacts the
      stomach, the gelatin capsule dissolves, exposing the polycarbophil to the bathing
      fluid. The bioadhesive polymer rapidly hydrates, retaining the albumin beads and
      attaching to the mucin coating of the stomach. Plasma drug levels in rats showed
      a longer duration of action and greater bioavailability for the bioadhesive
      dosage form than for either albumin beads or drug powder alone. The results
      suggest that the principle of bioadhesion can significantly improve therapy, due
      to a reduced rate of gastric emptying, an increase in contact time, and the
      intimacy of contact of the drug with the absorbing membrane.

PMID- 3999001
TI  - Kinetics of drug action in disease states XI: effect of nicotine on the
      pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital and ethanol in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the reported prolongation
      of barbiturate- and ethanol-induced sleeping times by nicotine in rodents are
      pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions. Adult female rats were
      pretreated with nicotine, either 0.5 or 1.5 mg/kg ip acutely or 0.5 mg/kg ip
      daily for 6 d, whereas control animals received saline solution. Phenobarbital or
      ethanol was infused intravenously at a slow rate until the rats lost their
      righting reflex. Acute pretreatment with nicotine reduced significantly the
      serum, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of phenobarbital and
      ethanol, respectively, at the onset of the loss of the righting reflex. Chronic
      pretreatment with nicotine had no such potentiating effects, indicative of rapid
      development of tolerance to nicotine. Neither acute nor chronic pretreatment with
      nicotine had any apparent effect on the elimination kinetics of phenobarbital or
      ethanol, on biochemical indices of hepatic integrity and renal function, or on
      the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier to protein. Nicotine, unlike morphine,
      did not increase the nociceptive threshold (tail squeeze) of rats under the
      experimental conditions. It is concluded that acute, but not chronic,
      pretreatment with nicotine increases the sensitivity of rats to the hypnotic
      effects of phenobarbital and ethanol, respectively. These interactions are
      entirely pharmacodynamic and have no apparent pharmacokinetic component.

PMID- 3999002
TI  - Solubilization by cosolvents I: organic solutes in propylene glycol-water
      mixtures.
AB  - An equation describing solubilization in aqueous systems by cosolvents was
      developed by treating a mixed solvent as a linear combination of its components.
      This equation can successfully explain both the exponential increases and the
      exponential decreases in aqueous solubility that are frequently observed with the
      addition of cosolvent. It also provides a means of estimating to what extent a
      particular drug can be solubilized and how much cosolvent would be required to
      accomplish a particular degree of solubilization.

PMID- 3999003
TI  - Physicochemical and structural study of sulfamethazine.
AB  - We have shown by several physicochemical methods that the existence of different
      crystal habits for a given molecule does not necessarily imply polymorphism. For
      sulfamethazine, we found one polymorph, form 1, whose crystalline structure is
      published herein, and a methanol solvate.

PMID- 3999005
TI  - Paired-ion liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of a
      phenanthrenemethanol antimalarial in whole blood.
AB  - A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was
      developed for the determination of the candidate antimalarial (+/-)-(1,3-dichloro
      6-trifluoromethyl-9-phenanthryl)-3-di-(n-butyl )aminopropanol hydrochloride in
      whole blood. A reversed-phase, paired-ion (lauryl sulfate) system achieved
      separation of the antimalarial and internal standard from interfering
      constituents with a sensitivity limit of 10 ng/mL by UV detection (254 nm).
      Chromatographic variables (counterion concentration, pH, and column temperature)
      were examined to determine their effect on assay characteristics (retention,
      efficiency, and relative response) in clinical analysis. The antimalarial was
      isolated from 2.0 mL of whole blood using overnight extraction with 30% ethyl
      acetate in hexane followed by an acid/base partition sequence to remove major
      interferences. Overall recovery for the antimalarial was 84% with a CV of 5.0%,
      and the recovery of the internal standard was 81% (CV = 3.6%). The assay was
      validated by analysis of both intra- and interlaboratory samples. The assay was
      applied to the analysis of whole blood samples taken from a 30-year-old healthy
      human male who had received a single 14.1-mg/kg oral dose. The stability of the
      antimalarial in whole blood for up to 4 months and in sample extracts for up to
      34 d at -17 degrees C was also demonstrated.

PMID- 3999004
TI  - Kinetic studies of the interaction between isoniazid and reducing sugars.
AB  - The interaction between isoniazid and reducing sugars is acid-catalyzed and
      reversible. Kinetic studies of hydrazone formation from isoniazid and glucose,
      lactose, maltose, and galactose have been carried out in simulated gastric juice
      at 37 degrees C. The forward reaction was found to follow second-order kinetics,
      while the reverse reaction, the hydrolysis of the sugar isonicotinoyl hydrazone,
      is pseudo-first-order. The effects of the concentration of reactants, pH, and
      temperature on the rate have been studied, and the rate constants and the energy
      of activation were determined.

PMID- 3999006
TI  - Enantiomers of benzothiadiazine diuretics by direct chromatographic resolution of
      the racemic drugs.
AB  - A number of racemic benzothiadiazine diuretics and two carbonyl analogue drugs
      were resolved into their optical isomers by liquid chromatography on chiral
      polyacrylamides 1. Enantiomeric resolution, which was, in some cases, almost
      complete, depended considerably on the substitution of the heterocyclic moiety of
      the drug molecules. Synthesis of the new adsorbent lb is described. The
      enantiomers of the benzothiadiazines penflutizide (2a) and bendroflumethiazide
      (2b) in high optical purity, as well as enriched (+)-buthiazide (2j) were
      obtained by repeated chromatography on a semipreparative scale. Chiroptical data,
      optical purity employing the chromatographic method, and first-order racemization
      kinetics as a function of pH in aqueous solutions were determined.

PMID- 3999007
TI  - Determination of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and acetaminophen in
      pharmaceutical preparations by Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and acetaminophen in mixtures have been
      determined, without prior separation, by Raman spectroscopy. Results are reported
      for both solution and solid samples. Direct measurement of solid samples,
      requiring only a brief period of mixing and grinding with potassium nitrate added
      as an internal standard, is shown to be particularly convenient and effective.
      Various data treatments to compensate for spectral overlap have been compared,
      and a correlation method has been shown to be most effective. For a sample
      typical of a cold remedy, in which the concentration of acetaminophen is 10 times
      that of the phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, accuracy and precision were shown
      to be better than 1% for the measurement of acetaminophen and better than 3% for
      the measurement of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride.

PMID- 3999008
TI  - A liquid chromatographic study of stability of the minor determinants of
      penicillin allergy: a stable minor determinant mixture skin test preparation.
AB  - Various skin test reagents supplying minor determinants for detecting penicillin
      hypersensitivity have been examined by high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) for composition and stability. HPLC systems capable of separating and
      determining the four diastereoisomers of benzyl-D-penicilloic acid and the two
      benzyl-D-penicilloic acids were developed for this purpose. The "simple skin test
      reagent," consisting of an aged partial alkaline hydrolysate of penicillin, is
      possibly an adequate source of (5R,6R)-benzyl-D-penicilloate whereas the "simple
      skin test reagent," consisting of aged aqueous solution of penicillin, is a
      questionable source of this compound. A modified Levine, Voss, Redmond, and Zolov
      minor determinant mixture (MDM) reagent and the components (5R,6R)-benzyl-D
      penicilloate and (5R)-benzyl-D-penilloate have been found to be highly labile in
      aqueous solution, giving rise to a mixture of diastereoisomers. The tendency to
      epimerize at C-5 was a prominent feature of (5R,6S)- and (5S,6R)- as well as
      (5R,6R)-benzyl-D-penicilloic acids. The MDM reagent has been prepared in single
      dose ampules as a dried, lyophilized powder that can be stored without change and
      used as needed. Lyophilized MDM has served as a satisfactory substitute for
      freshly prepared MDM in several individuals with MDM-positive history and, in a
      recent clinical study, evaluating the question of penicillin skin test
      sensitization. This convenient, stable, single-dose form of the MDM reagent
      should facilitate skin testing for penicillin sensitivity.

PMID- 3999009
TI  - Rapid liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of amiodarone and its N
      deethyl metabolite in plasma, urine, and bile.
AB  - A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the
      determination of amiodarone (1) and its N-deethyl metabolite (desethylamiodarone,
      2) in plasma, urine, and bile. Analysis was performed on a C18 reversed-phase
      column and precolumn using a mobile phase consisting of methanol:water:58%
      ammonium hydroxide (94:4:2) delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The eluant
      was monitored at 244 nm. Under these conditions, 1, 2, and the internal standard
      eluted with retention times of 5.5, 4.6, and 6.8 min, respectively. Samples (100
      microL) of plasma were prepared by precipitating the plasma proteins with
      acetonitrile containing the internal standard and injecting an aliquot of the
      supernatant directly onto the column. Samples (100 microL) of urine and bile were
      prepared for injection by acidifying the sample with concentrated HCl and then
      extracting the mixture with six volumes of 2,2-dimethoxyproprane. The recovery of
      1 and 2 from plasma was virtually complete. The recovery from urine and bile was
      80-90% for 1 and 60-65% for 2. The limit of sensitivity of both compounds in
      plasma was 100 ng/mL. For urine and bile, the detection limits were 1 and 5
      micrograms/mL, respectively. Over the plasma concentration range of 0.1-10.0
      micrograms/mL, the within-day CV ranged from 1 to 10% for 1 and from 1 to 8% for
      2. The between-day CV ranged from 2 to 12% and from 1 to 17% for 1 and 2,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999010
TI  - Compressibility of anhydrous tricalcium phosphate.
AB  - It is shown that tricalcium phosphate follows a simple Heckel relationship in
      pressures of usual tablet compression, only if a density of 1.92 g/mL is used.
      This coincides with the density obtained by wet pycnometry, whereas the
      crystallographical density is 3.1 g/mL. The interpretation is that some of the
      pore space is occluded and does not constitute a part of the Heckel pore space.

PMID- 3999011
TI  - Phase separation induced in gelatin-base coacervation systems by addition of
      water-soluble nonionic polymers II: effect of molecular weight.
AB  - Phase separation, induced in aqueous solutions of gelatin or gelatin-acacia by
      adding polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different
      molecular weights, was examined. The minimum concentration (Cp) of PEO or PEG
      required to cause phase separation decreased with an increase in the molecular
      weight (M2) of the polymer. The dependence of Cp on M2 for a complex coacervation
      (gelatin-acacia-water) system was larger than for a simple coacervation (gelatin
      water) system, in which Cp was approximately proportional to M2-1/2. Elemental
      analyses indicated that coacervates induced in gelatin-water systems by the
      addition of PEO (or PEG) did not contain PEO (or PEG); therefore, phase
      separation may be due to incompatibility.

PMID- 3999012
TI  - Effect of the sialylation state of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein on propranolol
      binding.
AB  - alpha 1-Acid glycoprotein (AAG) exists in a variety of sialylated states which
      can be influenced by certain disease states. The purpose of the present study was
      to establish the effect of the sialylation state of AAG on the binding of a model
      cationic drug (propranolol). Extensive in vitro enzymatic desialylation of
      isolated human AAG was achieved utilizing neuraminidase bonded to agarose beads.
      Propranolol binding to native and desialylated AAG was determined by equilibrium
      dialysis. Desialylated AAG exhibited a modest increase in propranolol free
      fraction due to a decrease in the affinity constant (Ka) compared to untreated
      AAG (3.3 X 10(5) M-1 versus 4.0 X 10(5) M-1, respectively). A modest 15% increase
      was predicted for the free fraction of propranolol in serum containing
      desialylated AAG at therapeutic propranolol concentrations (less than 0.1
      microgram/ml). Therefore, the clinical significance of desialylated AAG appears
      to be minor with respect to propranolol binding.

PMID- 3999013
TI  - Effect of pH on charcoal adsorption of lidocaine, methadone, pilocarpine, and
      procaine.
AB  - The charcoal adsorption from aqueous solution of four weak bases (lidocaine,
      methadone, pilocarpine, and procaine) was studied at a variety of pH values
      representing large differences in percent ionization. The measure of charcoal
      adsorption used was percent of the ligand adsorbed (constant starting ligand
      concentrations of 3 X 10(-4) M) by a variety of quantities of charcoal ranging
      from 3 to 30 mg per 10 mL of mixture. In addition, moles of ligand adsorbed/gram
      of charcoal values were calculated. The data indicated that for a given ligand,
      charcoal adsorption was statistically the same (p = 0.05) at all pH values. It is
      concluded that the generalization for weak bases that charcoal adsorption
      increases with increasing pH may not be universally valid.

PMID- 3999014
TI  - Point of zero charge of amorphous aluminum hydroxide as a function of adsorbed
      carbonate.
AB  - The point of zero charge of 36 carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gels
      decreased with increased carbonate-to-aluminum molar ratio. Theoretical analysis
      supported this observation and showed that the point of zero charge was sensitive
      to low fractional coverage of surface sites by carbonate and that divalent
      carbonate is the predominant form of carbonate on the surface. The implications
      of the pH-point of zero charge relationship of aluminum hydroxide on the
      viscosity, adsorptive properties, rate of filtration, and removal of sodium are
      discussed.

PMID- 3999015
TI  - Ketamine metabolism: identification and synthesis of a deaminated product.
AB  - During attempts to synthesize 2-amino-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxycyclohexanone
      (6), a ketamine metabolite, an unexpected product, 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2
      cyclohexenone (4) was obtained as the major product. This compound apparently was
      formed by rearrangement and deamination of 6 during the isolation and
      purification procedures. This same compound was found in plasma and urine
      extracts obtained from mice and rats that had been treated with either ketamine
      or norketamine. It is suggested that 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-cyclohexenone
      (4), isolated from these biological samples, probably arose from decomposition of
      the 6-hydroxylated metabolite of ketamine or norketamine and is itself not a true
      metabolite.

PMID- 3999016
TI  - Charge transfer in the mechanism of drug action involving quinoxaline di-N
      oxides.
AB  - Cyclic voltammetry data were obtained for various 2,3-disubstituted quinoxaline
      di-N-oxides: dimethyl, bishydroxymethyl, bisacetoxymethyl, bis-N-anilinomethyl,
      and dicarboxaldehyde hydrate. The dimethyl derivative exhibited the most negative
      E1/2 value, and along with the diol, showed reversible reduction for the first
      wave. Rationalizations of the E1/2 values are provided. Reasonable correlations
      exist for the electrochemical data and drug activity. The results support the
      diiminium theory of drug action.

PMID- 3999017
TI  - Enhancement of bioavailability of cinnarizine from its beta-cyclodextrin complex
      on oral administration with DL-phenylalanine as a competing agent.

PMID- 3999018
TI  - Reduced extraction of I-propranolol by perfused rat liver in the presence of
      uremic blood.
AB  - Previous in vivo studies have shown that the presystemic clearance of p.o.
      administered levo-isomer of propranolol is inhibited in rats with uranyl nitrate
      induced acute renal failure. A series of steady-state single-pass rat liver
      perfusion studies were performed to explore the probable mechanism of the
      observed metabolic inhibition. When livers from normal rats were perfused with
      blood perfusate prepared from normal donor animals, a high extraction ratio (Eh)
      of 0.974 +/- 0.005 (mean +/- S.D.) was observed at an influent I-propranolol
      concentration of 400 ng/ml, i.e., only 2.6% of drug entering the liver escaped
      single-pass extraction. The extraction of I-propranolol was significantly lower
      (i.e., Eh = 0.906 +/- 0.017) when livers isolated from uranyl nitrate-induced
      renal failure rats were perfused with uremic blood; such that there was an
      approximate 3-fold increase in the amount of drug escaping single-pass extraction
      (i.e., from 2.6 to 9.4%). This difference in hepatic extraction is quantitatively
      consistent with the increase in p.o. systemic availability of I-propranolol
      observed in our previous in vivo study with the uranyl nitrate-induced renal
      failure rat model. When livers from normal rats were cross-perfused with uremic
      blood, extraction of I-propranolol was depressed to almost the same level (i.e.,
      Eh = 0.927 +/- 0.009) as when livers from renal failure animals were perfused
      with uremic blood. In contrast, livers from renal failure rats cross-perfused
      with normal blood exhibited comparable extraction for I-propranolol (Eh = 0.970
      +/- 0.010) as normal livers perfused with normal blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3999019
TI  - Effects of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) on neurobehavioral toxicity of
      organochlorine insecticides and permethrin.
AB  - Rats were given various doses of chlordecone, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chloro
      phenyl)ethane (DDT) and lindane and tested for neurobehavioral toxicity up to 24
      hr postdosing. The organochlorines either had no effect or increased
      responsiveness to an acoustic stimulus at subconvulsant doses. Only chlordecone
      and p,p'-DDT produced tremor. For purposes of comparison, the neurobehavioral
      effects of permethrin were also studied; this pyrethroid insecticide produced
      tremor and hyperresponsiveness similar to that of p,p'-DDT. Pretreatment with
      phenytoin significantly reduced the tremor and hyperresponsiveness produced by
      p,p'-DDT and permethrin. On the other hand, pretreatment with phenytoin increased
      the responsiveness of animals dosed with chlordecone or lindane, suggesting that
      these agents differ in their mechanism of action from p,p'-DDT and permethrin.
      The results of our experiments also indicate that care should be taken in the
      choice of agents, particularly anticonvulsants, to be used to treat symptoms of
      insecticide toxicity.

PMID- 3999020
TI  - [3H]netilmicin binding constants and phospholipid composition of renal plasma
      membranes of normal and diabetic rats.
AB  - We examined the hypothesis that the decreased renal accumulation of
      aminoglycosides in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus is due to
      decreased membrane binding of drug consequent to reduced membrane content of the
      putative aminoglycoside receptor, phosphatidylinositol. Renal brush border
      membrane (BBM) and basolateral membrane (BLM) vesicles were prepared from normal
      and diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats by differential centrifugation and Percoll
      gradient techniques which yielded relatively pure membrane fractions as assessed
      by measurements of marker enzymes and by electron microscopy. Binding of
      [3H]netilmicin to plasma membranes was performed using a fast filtration
      technique. Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicated that netilmicin bound
      to a single class of receptors on BBM and BLM from normal rats with an affinity
      constant of 33 +/- 2 X 10(3)M-1 and 23 +/- 2 X 10(3)M-1, respectively. The
      maximal binding capacity of BLM (70 +/- 4 nmol/mg of protein) was significantly
      greater (P less than .01) than that of BBM (38 +/- 1 nmol/mg of protein). The
      affinity constants and maximal binding capacities of BBM and BLM from diabetic
      rats were not significantly different from those of normal rats. Moreover, 2 days
      of gentamicin injections at 100 mg/kg/day for 2 days had no appreciable effect on
      these binding parameters in either group. In control rats the total phospholipid
      content of BLM (785 +/- 19 nmol/mg of protein) was significantly greater (P less
      than .01) than that of BBM (592 +/- 19 nmol/mg of protein) and reflected
      significantly greater quantities of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999021
TI  - Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on the premature action potential duration in
      canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.
AB  - We studied the effect of six class I antiarrhythmic drugs, i.e., quinidine (5
      micrograms/ml), disopyramide (10 micrograms/ml), procainamide (30 micrograms/ml),
      flecainide (4 micrograms/ml), lidocaine (4 micrograms/ml) and mexiletine (4
      micrograms/ml), on the durations of the basic action potential (APDb) at a cycle
      length of 500 ms and on the premature APD (APDt) elicited at progressively
      increasing diastolic intervals (DI) in canine Purkinje fibers. The difference
      between APDt elicited at diastolic intervals of 100 msec and the earliest APDt
      elicited at the onset of effective refractory period was defined as the range of
      APDt. In control this range was 98 +/- 1.8 ms (n = 59). Disopyramide and
      procainamide did not change the range significantly but the other four drugs
      decreased it significantly (P less than .01) as follows: quinidine by 50.2%,
      lidocaine by 60.2%, mexiletine by 61.6% and flecainide by 61.4%. The following
      four factors contributed to this decrease in range of APDt: shorter duration of
      APDb, increased effective refractory period/APD ratio, slower kinetics of APD
      restitution, and shift of normalized restitution curve toward longer APDt values.
      The magnitude of the contribution made by each of the above factors varied with
      different drugs. The greatest contributing factor for quinidine was an increased
      effective refractory period/APD ratio, for lidocaine a slower restitution and for
      flecainide and mexiletine the shift of the restitution curve. We concluded that
      antiarrhythmic drugs belonging to the same class have different effects on the
      range of premature APD and that these effects cannot be predicted from the effect
      of the drug on APDb alone.

PMID- 3999022
TI  - Puff adder venom shock: a model of increased vascular permeability.
AB  - The circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, lethal and tissue permeability effects
      of an i.v. infusion (30 min; 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) of puff adder (Bitis
      arietans) venom were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 35, 275-325 g). Venom
      (2.5 mg/kg) produced circulatory failure with arterial hypotension, hemodilution,
      hypoproteinemia, lactacidemia and marked hyperventilation by +4 hr. In a separate
      test (n = 20, 282-325 g) blood volume was measured at end venom (2.5 mg/kg)
      infusion (0 time) and at +3 hr with radioiodinated (125I) human serum albumin and
      51Cr-labeled rat red blood cells. Venom produced a significant reduction in total
      blood volume index (9%, P less than .05), plasma volume index (12%, P less than
      .01) and red cell mass index (6%, P = N.S.) as compared to the control group at 0
      time. Critically low levels of these indices were observed (43, 42 and 46%,
      respectively) at +3 hr. At both intervals the transvascular escape rate of
      radioiodinated human serum albumin but not 51Cr-labeled rat red blood cells was
      significantly increased in comparison to the control group. Tissue permeability
      index to 51Cr-labeled rat red blood cells and radioiodinated human serum albumin
      was increased primarily in the stomach and small intestine. These data suggest
      that increased vascular permeability to protein and red cells, primarily in the
      splanchnic region, leads to hypovolemic shock and death after a lethal dose of
      i.v. Bitis venom in rats.

PMID- 3999024
TI  - Effect of mefenidil on cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics in dogs.
AB  - Mefenidil (5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-imidazole-acetonitrile) has been reported to be a
      selective cerebral vasodilator. We examined the specificity of this vasodilator
      by using the radiolabeled microsphere technique to compare changes in cerebral
      blood flow (CBF) with those in other organs. Measurements were made in
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs at 10 min of continuous i.v. infusion of
      mefenidil at rates of 0.025, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/min/kg. Systemic vascular resistance
      decreased at 0.25 mg/min/kg without a change in CBF. At the highest infusion
      rate, CBF increased by 54 +/- 15% (+/- S.E.; n = 9) accompanied by a 9-mm Hg rise
      in intracranial pressure and a 14-mm Hg fall in mean aortic pressure. However,
      cardiac output increased by 68 +/- 8%, which was distributed primarily to right
      ventricle (541 +/- 95%), left ventricle (488 +/- 109%), small intestine (136 +/-
      31%) and large intestine (57 +/- 15%). Within the brain, thalamic and brainstem
      regions had larger increases in blood flow than cerebellum and cerebrum. Caudate
      nucleus had a greater percentage of response than white matter. Using the
      cerebral venous outflow technique in another series of seven dogs, mefenidil (40
      mg/kg i.v. bolus) produced a 20 +/- 8% increase in CBF with no change in O2
      uptake. These data show that mefenidil is capable of increasing CBF in healthy
      brain without stimulating O2 uptake. However, the clinical usefulness of
      mefenidil as a cerebral vasodilator may be limited by the accompanying arterial
      hypotension due to systemic vasodilation, which was most prominent in heart and
      gut.

PMID- 3999023
TI  - Pharmacology of LY175326: a potent cardiotonic agent with vasodilator activities.
AB  - Compound LY175326 is one of a series of novel cardiovascular agents with both
      inotropic and vasodilator activities. In cat papillary muscles, LY175326
      increased contractility in a concentration-dependent manner; these actions were
      not blocked by prazosin, propranolol or cimetidine. Inotropic responses were
      observed in unpaced, perfused guinea-pig hearts and these effects were associated
      with modest increases in heart rate and coronary flow. An i.v. dose of 0.1 mg/kg
      of LY175326 caused 54 and 95% increases in contractility in either the
      anesthetized cat or dog, respectively; corresponding heart rates were increased
      by less than 10%. Oral administration of 0.5 mg/kg to dogs was associated with an
      inotropic response that was maximal between 60 and 90 min and lasted in excess of
      3 hr. These effects were not accompanied by increases in heart rate, gross
      behavioral changes or emesis. The pharmacology of LY175326 was evaluated in a
      propranolol-induced heart failure model using anesthetized beagle dogs. A bolus
      injection of 0.15 mg/kg of LY175326 followed by an infusion of 0.4 mg/kg/hr
      reversed the hemodynamic symptoms of heart failure by increasing left ventricular
      dP/dt60, cardiac output and stroke volume and reducing left atrial filling
      pressure and vascular resistance; heart rate was unchanged and calculated
      myocardial oxygen consumption was reduced. This balance of inotropic:vasodilator
      activities may provide a means of improving cardiac function while maintaining
      the myocardial oxygen supply:demand.

PMID- 3999025
TI  - Effect of calcium antagonists on the biosynthesis and contractile effects of
      peptidoleukotrienes in rhesus monkey lung.
AB  - Anti-human Ig (immunoglobulin) E induced the release of 2.84 +/- 0.33 ng/ml of
      immunoreactive leukotrienes (iLTs) from passively sensitized, fragmented rhesus
      monkey lung, whereas tissue not challenged with anti-IgE released 0.21 +/- 0.08
      ng/ml of iLTs spontaneously. Whereas the preferential lipoxygenase inhibitor,
      nordihydroguaiaretic acid (100 microM), inhibited completely anti-IgE-induced
      release of iLTs, the calcium channel entry blockers, nifedipine and verapamil (1
      and 10 microM), and the purported intracellular calcium antagonist, TMB-8 (100
      microM), were without affect on iLT release. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor,
      indomethacin (5 microM), potentiated iLT release by an average 27.7%. Anti-IgE
      also induced a contraction of the sensitized monkey lung parenchyma, which was
      partially suppressed by the antihistamine, mepyramine (10 microM). Against the
      residual contraction elicited by anti-IgE in the presence of mepyramine, neither
      FPL 55712 (10 microM) nor verapamil (10 microM) significantly suppressed the
      contractile activity of anti-IgE. On the monkey lung parenchyma, LTD4 elicited a
      concentration-dependent contraction, which was antagonized by FPL 55712 (KB = 1
      microM) and suppressed by 40 to 50% by verapamil (10 microM). On monkey tracheal
      rings, the contraction elicited by LTD4 (30 nM) was suppressed by an average 83%
      by FPL 55712 (10 microM), 47% by verapamil (1 microM) and 45% by TMB-8 (100
      microM). In contrast, the KCI-induced contraction was suppressed completely by
      verapamil and suppressed 79% by TMB-8, suggesting that LTD4 does not elicit
      contraction of the monkey trachea simply via voltage sensitive calcium
      entry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999026
TI  - Studies on uptake and catabolism of vascular histamine in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Reduced vascular histamine content is postulated to contribute to increased
      peripheral vascular resistance in experimental hypertension in rats. Experiments
      were conducted to examine histamine content, in vitro uptake ability and in vitro
      catabolism of histamine in blood vessels from 12-week-old spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive controls. Histamine content
      of mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta from SHR was significantly reduced (P
      less than .05) when compared to Wistar-Kyoto normotensive controls. This finding
      confirms a similar observation of reduced vascular histamine content in
      deoxycorticosterone acetate salt hypertensive rats reported from our laboratory.
      This reduction in histamine content may be more prevalent in arteries because the
      decrease was not observed in the portal vein from SHR. Uptake of [14C]histamine
      into mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta was unchanged in SHR compared to
      Wistar-Kyoto controls. No significant differences between slopes for uptake
      regression lines were observed for either mesenteric artery or abdominal aorta.
      Mesenteric artery exhibited a greater capacity of [14C]histamine accumulation
      than aorta and significant reductions in accumulation of labeled histamine after
      20 and 60 min were found in this vessel from SHR. Because metabolism of histamine
      was inhibited by aminoguanidine, this reduction may reflect diminished retention
      by histamine storage sites. In vitro I-[14C]histidine uptake was significantly
      increased in abdominal aorta and iliac artery but not mesenteric artery from SHR.
      These differences were also present at the later accumulation periods of 20 and
      60 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999027
TI  - Relationship between 45Ca movements, different calcium components and responses
      to acetylcholine and potassium in tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - Correlations between tension responses elicited with acetylcholine (ACh) and high
      K+ and corresponding alterations in Ca++ mobilization were obtained in rabbit and
      canine tracheal smooth muscle. Removal of Ca++ or preincubation with D-600 (50
      microM) inhibited responses to K+ (50 or 80 mM) and low ACh (89 nM) and had only
      a small effect on responses to high ACh (8.9 microM). Conversely, solutions
      containing Sr++ instead of Ca++ inhibited responses to both concentrations of ACh
      to a greater degree than were those to K+. Washout of slow component 45Ca into a
      O-Ca solution was more rapid in rabbit trachea than reported previously for
      rabbit aorta. Washout of tracheal smooth muscle into an 80.8 mM La -substituted
      solution at 0.5 degrees C removed superficial (La -accessible) 45Ca and blocked
      both 45Ca uptake and most 45Ca efflux. D-600, which had no significant effect on
      control 45Ca uptake in rabbit aortic smooth muscle, decreased 45Ca uptake by 33%
      in rabbit tracheal smooth muscle. The uptake of 45Ca from the Ca++ binding sites
      with low affinity for Ca++ was increased by 80 mM K+, 50 mM K+ or 8.9 microM ACh,
      and the accumulation of Ca++ from the Ca++ binding sites with high affinity for
      45Ca was inhibited by Sr++. The stronger effect of either Ca++ removal or D-600
      on responses to K+ and the correspondingly greater effect of Sr++ on responses to
      ACh indicate that different Ca++ stores are present in tracheal smooth muscle.
      These Ca++ components appear to be qualitatively similar to those present in
      aortic smooth muscle but they differ quantitatively and are not as readily
      dissociated as are aortic Ca++ components.

PMID- 3999028
TI  - Acute tolerance to furosemide diuresis in humans. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic
      modeling.
AB  - Furosemide, 40 mg, was given to eight healthy volunteers as an i.v. dose and as
      oral doses (tablet and solution) with and without food intake. The urine and
      plasma were sampled frequently and analyzed on their content of furosemide (high
      performance liquid chromatography). The urine flow and chloride excretion rate
      were used as measures of the effect. In spite of a 3-fold difference (28 vs. 9
      mg/8 hr, P less than .001) in the cumulative urinary excretion of furosemide
      between i.v. and postprandial oral administration, no significant difference in
      the diuretic effect was found (2-2.2 liters/8 hr). The drug excretion-response
      curves showed parallel shifts depending on mode of administration of furosemide.
      Clockwise hysteresis, indicating acute tolerance development to the diuretic
      effect, was seen after the oral doses after food intake. This within-dose
      development of tolerance was modeled with an extended Hill equation. The
      tolerance development seems to have a near relationship to acute volume depletion
      (inadequate substitution of urine losses), probably activating some intrarenal
      mechanism for extracellular fluid volume preservation. Thus, the time course of
      furosemide excretion, as well as the degree of renal compensation, determine the
      renal sensitivity to furosemide. This has important implications for the proper
      design and interpretation of studies of the excretion-response relationship of
      diuretics.

PMID- 3999029
TI  - Intracellular Ca++ antagonist, HA1004: pharmacological properties different from
      those of nicardipine.
AB  - Pharmacological properties of N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
      (HA1004), a newly synthesized intracellular Ca++ antagonist, were studied by
      comparing its cardiovascular actions with those of nicardipine, a Ca++ entry
      blocker. Both i.a. and i.v. injections of HA1004 produced a dose dependent
      increase in vertebral, coronary and renal blood flow, respectively, in
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Continuous infusion of atropine, propranolol or
      aminophylline exerted no significant effect on the HA1004-induced vasodilation. A
      Ca++ entry blocker, nicardipine, increased vertebral and coronary blood flow
      after injections but did not produce an increase in renal blood flow, thereby
      suggesting notable differences between the cardiovascular effects of HA1004 and
      the Ca++ entry antagonist, nicardipine. HA1004 inhibited KCl, phenylephrine and
      prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced contraction of isolated canine renal arterial
      preparations, in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas nicardipine was much less
      effective in blocking the contraction of the preparations induced by
      phenylephrine and prostaglandin F2 alpha. HA1004 inhibited the phenylephrine
      induced contraction of the renal artery in the absence of Ca++. HA1004 neither
      depressed the amplitude nor the duration of the slow action potentials of
      isolated guinea-pig hearts. These results suggest that HA1004 is a Ca++
      antagonist of different class from Ca++ entry blockers such as nicardipine.

PMID- 3999030
TI  - Characteristic cardiovascular effects of RA642, a pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative,
      in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of RA642, a pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative, were studied
      in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. The i.v. injection of RA642 (0.25 mg/kg)
      produced significant increases in systemic blood pressure (from 126 +/- 5 to 152
      +/- 7 mm Hg 10 min after injection), cardiac output (from 1.37 +/- 0.11 to 2.07
      +/- 0.11 liters/min) and left ventricular dP/dt (from 4658 +/- 557 to 6628 +/-
      912 mm Hg/sec). Blood flow in coronary, renal and superior mesenteric arteries
      increased significantly after the injection (from 62 +/- 5 to 79 +/- 6 ml/min,
      from 142 +/- 5 to 174 +/- 5 ml/min and from 205 +/- 16 to 248 +/- 10 ml/min 10
      min after the injection, respectively). Total peripheral and pulmonary vascular
      resistance were reduced significantly (from 7320 +/- 510 to 5980 +/- 512 dyn X
      sec/cm5 and from 250 +/- 10 to 220 +/- 12 dyn X sec/cm5, respectively, 10 min
      after injection). There were no significant changes in heart rate, pulmonary
      arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or central venous pressure.
      With either pretreatment using hexamethonium or with the administration of
      phenoxybenzamine and propranolol together, hemodynamic effects caused by RA642
      did not occur. With pretreatment using atropine, RA642 caused a significant
      increase in the heart rate. Perfusion pressure in an isolated hind-limb was
      reduced by the direct administration of RA642 into the perfusion circuit in a
      dose-dependent way. The vasodilating effect of this compound was prevented by
      pretreatment with papaverine but not with propranolol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3999031
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of formation and excretion of some metabolites of hydralazine
      and their hypotensive effect in rats.
AB  - To evaluate the hypotensive effect and pharmacokinetic properties of some
      metabolites of hydralazine (HP), blood pressure and plasma concentrations after
      the i.v. or i.p. administration of HP pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and acetone
      hydrazones and 3-methyl-s-triazolo[3,4a]phthalazine were estimated in
      normotensive rats, in addition to in vitro kinetic studies of the formation and
      decomposition. All the hydrazones studied had an effective hypotensive effect
      after a high dosing (10 mg/kg); however, their potency was much smaller than that
      of HP, when plasma-free concentration-response curves were compared. 3-methyl-s
      triazolo[3,4a]phthalazine had no hypotensive effect at the same dose. Virtually
      no effective quantities of HP were generated in plasma after i.v. injection of
      these hydrazones (10 mg/kg) except for HP acetone hydrazone although a specific
      and sensitive analytical method for HP was used. The metabolites had larger
      elimination rate constants and smaller apparent distribution volumes than those
      of HP. Hydrazones in vitro were formed according to a second-order rate kinetics
      from HP and various keto acids or ketone at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, and these
      compounds were partly decomposed under the same conditions. Of the metabolites HP
      pyruvic acid hydrazone was the most readily formed and relatively stable
      hydrazone, whereas HP acetone hydrazone was unstable. The present results
      indicate that the contribution of the hydrazones to the vasodepressor properties
      of HP is only partial or negligible and that the hypotensive effect after dosing
      of HP is related mainly to its free concentration.

PMID- 3999032
TI  - Comparative hepatic response to bromobenzene and allyl alcohol in the vitamin D
      replete and vitamin D-depleted rat.
AB  - Vitamin D-depleted and vitamin D-replete rats were treated with allyl alcohol
      (AA) or bromobenzene (BB). The severity of the hepatotoxicity was evaluated by
      the serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase
      and sorbitol dehydrogenase, the histomorphological appearance of the lesions, and
      the amount of cytochrome P-450 destroyed. The activity of the monooxygenases was
      also evaluated. All parameters indicated that vitamin D depletion alone did not
      lead to any signs of liver toxicity nor did it modify the pattern of toxicity of
      either AA or BB. However, the intensity of the response in the periportal (AA
      treatment) and in the centrilobular (BB treatment) zones was modified by the
      depletion. Vitamin D depletion was accompanied by increased hepatic damage due to
      AA while BB resulted in less hepatic damage in vitamin D-depleted compared to
      vitamin D-replete animals. The metabolic profile of the liver mixed function
      oxidases indicated that its intraacinar distribution was modified by the
      depletion. Although the overall activity toward the substrates studied was not
      changed by vitamin D depletion, two out of the three enzyme activities studied
      suggested that vitamin D-depleted rats were poorer "centrilobular metabolizers"
      and better "periportal metabolizers" than vitamin D-replete rats. These
      observations correspond to increased periportal and decreased centrilobular
      toxicity in vitamin D-depleted animals. These results suggest that vitamin D
      depletion associated with severe hypocalcemia may be associated with an
      intraacinar modulation of enzyme systems as well as with an intraacinar
      difference in the susceptibility of the liver to certain chemicals.

PMID- 3999033
TI  - Structure-nephrotoxicity relationships of S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine and
      analogs: role for an episulfonium ion.
AB  - 1,2-Dichloroethane produces kidney damage, but the mechanism is unclear. Cysteine
      conjugates, which could arise from S-(2-chloroethyl)glutathione or S-(2
      chloroethyl)cysteine have been identified. In this study, rats given S-(2
      chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine (100 mg/kg i.p.) showed significant increases in blood
      urea nitrogen and urine glucose concentrations. Histopathological examination of
      kidneys, 36 hr after treatment showed acute proximal tubular nephrosis and
      punctuate glomerular necrosis. No hepatic lesions were seen and serum glutamate
      pyruvate transaminase activities were only elevated slightly. The extent of S-(2
      chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine renal toxicity was dose- and time-dependent. Equimolar
      doses of analogs of S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine, S-ethyl-L-cysteine, S-(2
      hydroxyethyl)-N-acetyl-DL-cysteine, S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-DL-cysteine, or S-(3
      chloropropyl)-DL-cysteine, failed to produce nephrotoxicity; rats given L
      cysteine (100 mg/kg i.p.), S-ethyl-L-cysteine (100 mg/kg i.p.) or probenecid (60
      mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before receiving S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine had significant
      reductions of the S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine-induced blood urea nitrogen and
      urine glucose elevations. These results show that S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine
      is a potent, selective nephrotoxin that may be responsible for the renal damage
      associated with 1,2-dichloroethane. The formation of an episulfonium ion plays an
      important role in S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine-induced nephrotoxicity. The
      protection against renal damage provided by S-ethyl-L-cysteine or probenecid may
      involve competition with S-(2-chloroethyl)-DL-cysteine for cellular or transport
      binding sites.

PMID- 3999034
TI  - Some properties of the circular myometrium of the sheep throughout pregnancy and
      during labour.
AB  - Spontaneous electrical and mechanical activity were measured in strips of
      circular myometrium, stretched to in vivo length, obtained from ewes during
      pregnancy and parturition. The resting tension was high (280 mN/mm2) early in
      pregnancy and decreased gradually during the course of gestation to reach low
      levels (20 mN/mm2) during labour. Strips showed continuous electrical and
      mechanical activity up to around day 50 of pregnancy. The variability in the
      amplitude of the action potentials, the occurrence of many small fluctuations in
      membrane potential and the short space constant (0.9 mm) could be explained by
      impaired conduction in these tissues. During the second half of pregnancy, muscle
      strips showed regular bursts of spike activity and contractions with a frequency
      of about 4/min. The space constant (lambda) increased gradually to around 2 mm at
      term. The membrane time constant (tau m) remained constant at approximately 130
      ms throughout gestation. Tissues from ewes in labour were not spontaneously
      active but action potentials could be evoked by depolarizing current pulses. The
      space constant increased to 4.6 +/- 0.4 mm and tau m increased to 510 +/- 50 ms
      at this time. Verapamil (10(-6) M) rapidly abolished electrically evoked activity
      in strips obtained from ewes in labour. Verapamil abolished spontaneous activity
      in strips from animals up to day 145 of pregnancy, though a higher concentration
      (2 X 10(-5) M) was required. However, action potentials could be evoked by
      depolarizing current pulses and these were accompanied by contractions that were
      50-80% of those observed in control solution. Cobalt (2mM) had an effect on
      spontaneous and electrically induced activity that was similar to that of
      verapamil. The threshold for the initiation of an action potential was increased
      in all tissues in the presence of the blockers. Verapamil decreased lambda by
      about 50% in the later stages of pregnancy and during labour. During labour alone
      verapamil reduced tau m by about 50%. These results show that the onset of labour
      in the ewe is associated with rapid and dramatic changes in both the passive and
      active properties of the circular muscle of the uterus.

PMID- 3999035
TI  - Behaviour of motor units of human arm muscles: differences between slow isometric
      contraction and relaxation.
AB  - The behaviour of motor units in the m. biceps brachii (long head), in the m.
      brachialis and in the m. supinator during slow isometric contraction and
      relaxation was studied when subjects were performing different motor tasks. These
      tasks were: flexion of the elbow joint, supination of the forearm and exorotation
      of the humerus. Motor unit activity was recorded by means of bipolar fine wire
      electrodes. In the long head of the biceps, motor unit activity was recorded at
      medial, central and lateral sites. When the subject relaxed from flexion, the
      firing rate of motor units located in the biceps and the brachialis was always
      found to be lower than that at the corresponding level of flexion force during
      contraction. The firing rate during relaxation decreased slowly and almost
      linearly with force. However, during relaxation from supination or exorotation,
      the firing rate of motor units at medial and central locations in the biceps was
      more or less constant until decruitment. The firing rate of motor units of the
      supinator during relaxation from supination decreased slowly and was lower than
      during contraction. Motor units located medially and centrally in the biceps had
      decruitment thresholds for flexion that were lower than their recruitment
      thresholds. Motor units on the lateral side of the biceps did not show such a
      difference. In the brachialis decruitment thresholds for flexion were usually
      higher than the recruitment thresholds. Differences between decruitment and
      recruitment thresholds for motor units in the biceps were much more pronounced
      for supination and exorotation than for flexion. For motor units in the supinator
      the decruitment threshold during relaxation from supination was higher than the
      recruitment threshold. The time that had passed after the onset of firing of a
      motor unit did not influence its decruitment threshold. If, after complete
      relaxation, the exerted force was increased again, it appeared that the
      recruitment threshold was changed. It took about 4 s to reach the original
      recruitment threshold. It is concluded that the relation between the firing rate
      of a motor unit and total exerted force depends on the phase of contraction. This
      relation varies within a muscle and between muscles. Furthermore, the results
      indicate an interchange of activity within the motoneurone pools of the
      synergists involved in isometrical motor tasks.

PMID- 3999037
TI  - The sagittal vestibulocollic reflex and its interaction with neck proprioceptive
      afferents in the decerebrate cat.
AB  - The sagittal vestibulocollic reflex (v.c.r.) evoked by nose-up, nose-down
      movements of the head, has been studied in the neck extensor muscle biventer
      cervicis in the decerebrate cat. Nose-down movements of the head increased, and
      nose-up movements decreased, electromyographic (e.m.g.) activity in the biventer
      cervicis muscles of the left and right sides. At low frequencies of sinusoidal
      head movement (0.1-0.5 Hz), the gain of the sagittal v.c.r. was approximately
      constant, and e.m.g. modulation showed a phase lead of about 40 deg with respect
      to head position. At higher frequencies (2-5 Hz), v.c.r. gain increased at a rate
      close to 40 dB/decade, and phase lead increased to approach 150 deg. The relation
      between head movement and v.c.r. activity may be described by a transfer function
      containing two lead terms, with time constants of 0.07 and 0.23 s, and two lag
      terms, with time constants of 5.3 and 9.9 s. When movements of the head were
      accompanied by stretching of the biventer cervicis muscles, the gain of the
      sagittal v.c.r. was increased threefold, at all frequencies between 0.1 and 5 Hz,
      with no substantial change in phase. Sinusoidal stretching of the biventer
      cervicis muscles, with the head stationary, evoked a stretch reflex
      (cervicocollic reflex, c.c.r.) the behaviour of which was similar to that of a
      second-order system described by a transfer function containing two lead terms
      with time constants of 0.07 and 0.16 s. This difference in dynamics between the
      v.c.r. and the c.c.r. indicates that the lag terms in the v.c.r. transfer
      function reflect the frequency-response properties of the vestibular pathway to
      the biventer cervicis muscles, as they do not appear when the same muscles
      participate in the c.c.r. The vectorial differences between the frequency
      response of the sagittal v.c.r. with and without concomitant stretching of the
      biventer cervicis muscles is quantitatively similar to the frequency-response of
      the c.c.r. evoked by sinusoidal stretching. The inputs from the vestibular and
      stretch receptors thus appear to sum linearly to produce the increase in v.c.r.
      gain, at least over the frequency range 0.1-1 Hz. Since most head movements, and
      all voluntary head movements, involve a rotation of the head in relation to the
      neck, the potentiation of the gain of the v.c.r. by afferents from stretch
      receptors (presumably muscle spindles) in the neck muscles is an important factor
      in the normal reflex stabilization of head position.

PMID- 3999036
TI  - Simultaneous monitoring of electrical and secretory activity in peptidergic
      neurosecretory terminals of the crab.
AB  - Intracellularly recorded responses of peptidergic neurosecretory terminals and
      somata were correlated with their secretory responsiveness to elevation of the
      external K concentration ([K+]o). The experiments were performed on in vitro X
      organ sinus gland neurosecretory systems from the eyestalk of the crab Cardisoma
      carnifex. Elevated-K-evoked release was followed in preparations exposed to a
      pulse-chase radiolabelling regime. The release of [3H]leucine incorporated into
      neurosecretory peptides could be followed by collecting the separate perfusates
      of the somata and terminal regions. Elevation of the [K+]o evoked terminal
      depolarization, an increase in impulse firing frequency and a decrease (50%) in
      terminal input resistance. Impulse firing ceased (in ca. 2 min) as depolarization
      reached a sustained maximum level (-17.6 +/- 3.57 mV, n = 9, absolute potential).
      The terminal depolarization and decreased input resistance were maintained
      throughout the period of elevated-K treatment. Release from the terminal region
      of incorporated 3H label paralleled the simultaneously monitored terminal
      depolarization. Maintained exposure to elevated-K saline was accompanied by
      sustained high levels of 3H release continuing beyond the loss of regenerative
      membrane responses. Release declined with a half-time of 47.1 +/- 13.5 min (n =
      7). In contrast, terminal release of red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH) was
      transitory, reaching peak values and declining to base line within a 10 min
      period. Removal of external Ca or addition of the Ca antagonists, Cd or Mn,
      blocked the stimulated 3H release. Addition of Cd or Mn, prior to or during an
      elevated-K-evoked 3H release produced a reversible suppression of the secretory
      response. Stimulation in the absence of external Na, under normal Ca conditions,
      resulted in a normal secretory response. The amplitude and duration of the
      elevated-K-evoked terminal depolarization was unaffected by nominally Ca- or Na
      free saline or addition of Cd. Cd (1mM) and Na-free saline were effective in
      removing a Ca and Na component, respectively, of spontaneous or evoked terminal
      action potentials. Somatic responses to direct application of elevated K
      exhibited membrane depolarization and an accompanying increase in impulse firing.
      In contrast to recordings from the terminals in elevated K, fast regenerative
      potentials, electrotonically conducted from the distal axon, persisted in the
      somatic records. Somatic secretion of RPCH was below detectable limits (less than
      0.2 fmol min-1). 3H release was an order of magnitude less than from the terminal
      region under similar conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3999038
TI  - Spatial-frequency characteristics of neurones of area 18 in the cat: dependence
      on the velocity of the visual stimulus.
AB  - The spatial and temporal response properties of neurones of areas 17 and 18 were
      studied in single units (165) of anaesthetized and paralysed cats. The visual
      stimuli were drifting or alternating gratings. We confirmed and extended the
      observation by Tolhurst & Movshon (1975) showing that the spatial-frequency
      characteristics of neurones of area 17 are largely independent of the temporal
      parameters of drifting or alternating gratings. The spatial-frequency tuning
      curves of neurones of area 18 shift along the spatial-frequency axis when the
      velocity or the temporal frequency of the drifting grating are changed. The
      effect of an increase either of velocity or temporal frequency is to shift the
      cell spatial-frequency tuning curve down the spatial-frequency scale, keeping
      relatively constant the strength and band width of the response. The spatial
      frequency tuning curves of neurones of area 18 do not show this temporal
      frequency-dependent phenomenon when the stimuli are gratings alternated in phase.
      In this case neurones of areas 17 and 18 show a similar behaviour. The response
      properties of neurones of area 18 are compared with recent psychophysical results
      obtained in similar experimental conditions. The hypothesis is advanced that both
      areas 17 and 18 are devoted to the processing of spatial information. Area 17
      would be responsible for the processing of patterns in stationary or quasi
      stationary situations while area 18 would be responsible for that of patterns
      moving at high velocities.

PMID- 3999039
TI  - The structure of the terminal arborizations of physiologically identified retinal
      ganglion cell Y axons in the kitten.
AB  - Retinal ganglion cell (r.g.c.) axons (n = 17) in the optic tract of 4-5 week-old
      kittens and adult cats (n = 4, this study, n = 27 from other reports) were
      studied both physiologically and morphologically. Axons were initially classified
      during extracellular recording with a battery of physiological tests that
      included Fourier analysis of the response to a sinusoidally counterphased sine
      wave grating. Y axons had a significant second harmonic response component
      (greater than twice the fundamental) present independent of the spatial phase
      position of the grating. These axons were then recorded from intracellularly and
      subsequently filled ionophoretically with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP
      filled the axons' terminal arborizations in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
      (l.g.n.). The innervation pattern and and structure of the terminal arborizations
      of the kitten r.g.c. Y axons were compared to those of the adult. The kitten Y
      axons innervated the l.g.n. in a pattern similar to that of the adult (individual
      branches from a single axon always innervated lamina A or A1 and may also have
      innervated lamina C, the medial interlaminar nucleus (m.i.n.) and/or sent
      branches that coursed medial to the l.g.n.). Fourteen of seventeen of these Y
      axons in the kitten innervated either of the A-laminae heavily (greater than 200
      terminal boutons per axon). The remaining three r.g.c. Y axons in the kitten had
      only small arborizations within lamina A (less than fifty terminal boutons per
      axon) but heavily innervated lamina C. The structure of the terminal boutons on
      the kitten r.g.c. Y axons was highly variable when compared to axons of adult
      cats. Some of the boutons were spherical or crenulated as in the adult. Many
      others had filopodia and growth cone-like terminals with fine extensions. This
      variable maturation of terminal boutons was seen both between axons and on
      individual axons. The number of boutons on the kitten r.g.c. Y axons in the A
      laminae was significantly less than that of adult Y axons. The mean numbers of
      boutons per axon were 476 and 1553 in the kittens and adult cats, respectively (P
      less than 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). The width of the terminal arborization of
      individual Y axons in the A-laminae of the kittens was considerably smaller than
      in adult cats (mean widths of the terminal arborizations are 192 and 293 micron
      in the kittens and adult cats, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 3999040
TI  - Conduction velocity is related to morphological cell type in rat dorsal root
      ganglion neurones.
AB  - Combining intracellular recording and dye-injection techniques permitted direct
      correlation of neuronal soma size with peripheral nerve conduction velocity in
      individual neurones of the L4 dorsal root ganglion (d.r.g.) of the anaesthetized
      5-8-week-old rat. The conduction velocities fell into two main groups; those
      greater than 14 m/s (A alpha and beta fibres) and those less than 8 m/s (A delta
      and C fibres). Fibres with conduction velocities in the A delta range (2.2-8 m/s)
      in the sciatic nerve between the sciatic notch and the neuronal soma in the
      d.r.g. often conducted more slowly, that is in the C-fibre range (less than 1.4
      m/s), in the periphery from the tibial nerve to the sciatic notch. For the fast
      conducting myelinated afferents, there was a loose positive correlation between
      cell size and the conduction velocity of the peripheral axon, whereas a clearer
      positive correlation existed between neuronal cell size and axonal conduction
      velocity both for A delta- and for C-fibre afferents. The relationship of the
      cell cross-sectional area (measured at the nucleolar level), to the cell volume
      for each neuronal soma was similar for the different conduction velocity groups.
      The somata of the fast-conducting myelinated A alpha and A beta fibres had a
      similar mean and range of cross-sectional areas to those of the large light cell
      population. The somata with A delta and C fibres were of a more uniform size and
      were restricted to the smaller cells within the ganglia. The mean and range of
      cross-sectional areas of the C cells was similar to those of the small dark cell
      population. A delta somata had a larger mean and range of cell sizes than those
      of the small dark cell population. The relationships of peripheral axon type to
      the morphological cell types are discussed.

PMID- 3999041
TI  - Influence of luminance gradient reversal on complex cells in feline striate
      cortex.
AB  - The effects of reversing the polarity of luminance contrast in adjacent segments
      of a bar stimulus have been investigated in complex cells of area 17 in cats
      lightly anaesthetized with nitrous oxide/oxygen halothane mixtures. On the basis
      of length summation behaviour, complex cells were classified as standard (length
      summating) or special (optimum response to a bar much shorter than the receptive
      field), after Gilbert (1977), and were further subdivided into groups lacking and
      possessing end-stopping. For each type of complex cell, we measured the effects
      of adding short segments of one polarity of contrast (light or dark) to either
      end of a bar of fixed length and optimum orientation but of opposite contrast. In
      all cells the response to the central bar was depressed by short segments of
      reversed contrast to an extent greater than predicted from the cells' length
      summation characteristics. Responses were minimized or abolished at a critical
      segment length. Increases beyond the critical length elicited a progressive
      recovery in response to a plateau level. In end-stopped cells this was followed
      by a further decline in response up to the limits of the cells' inhibitory end
      zones. Special and standard complex cells differed only in their susceptibility
      to reversed-contrast segments above the critical length. In standard complex
      cells, the recovery of response matched the cells' length summation profiles in
      slope and cut-off point. In special complex cells the recovery was flatter in
      slope and significantly more protracted than the length summation profile.
      Similar results were obtained for either direction of motion (orthogonal to a
      cell's optimum orientation) and for either polarity of contrast (dark centre,
      light ends or the reverse). As might be expected, all the effects were weighted
      in favour of the receptive field centre. Thus the upturn in response as reversed
      contrast segments were progressively extended was more rapid and achieved a
      higher limiting level when the central bar was short. Merely interrupting the
      contours of a bar by a central gap, rather than a segment of reversed contrast,
      gave rise to no more attenuation of response than that predictable from the
      length summation curve. The results are compared and contrasted with our
      comparable data for simple cells.

PMID- 3999042
TI  - Shortening velocity extrapolated to zero load and unloaded shortening velocity of
      whole rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - The shortening velocity at zero load (Vmax) extrapolated from velocities measured
      during isotonic releases was compared with unloaded shortening velocity (V0)
      determined by the slack test. Experiments were performed in vitro at 20 degrees C
      on soleus muscles from rats. The Vmax was 3.2 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- S.E. of mean, n =
      10) fibre lengths/s while the V0 determined for the same muscles was 5.0 +/- 0.1
      fibre lengths/s. The ratio of V0/Vmax was 1.6 +/- 0.1. Soleus muscles of the rat
      are heterogeneous with respect to the intrinsic shortening velocities of their
      fibres. The results suggest that V0 is a measure of the unloaded shortening
      velocity of the fastest fibres whereas Vmax is a function of the force-velocity
      characteristics of all the fibres within a skeletal muscle preparation.

PMID- 3999043
TI  - Partial neuromuscular blockade and cardiovascular responses to static exercise in
      man.
AB  - In human subjects sustained static contractions of the quadriceps femoris in one
      leg were performed with the same absolute and the same relative intensity before
      and after partial neuromuscular blockade with either decamethonium or
      tubocurarine which reduced strength to about 50% of the control value. During the
      contractions performed with the same absolute force, the magnitude of the
      cardiovascular responses (heart rate and blood pressure) was greater during
      neuromuscular blockade than during control contractions. During the contractions
      involving the same relative force the magnitude of the cardiovascular responses
      was almost the same with and without neuromuscular blockade. These findings were
      independent of the drug used. The metabolic part of the exercise pressor reflex
      was assessed by the application of an arterial cuff 1/2 min before cessation of
      exercise and for the following 3 min of rest. Although heart rate and blood
      pressure decreased after cessation of exercise, application of the tourniquet
      resulted in higher post-exercise values and this effect was seen both with and
      without neuromuscular blockade. Muscle biopsies from the subjects' m. vastus
      lateralis were analysed for fast- and slow-twitch fibre composition showing 27
      66% slow-twitch fibres. No correlation was found between cardiovascular responses
      to static exercise, with or without neuromuscular blockade, and fibre type
      predominance. The results suggest that the involvement of fast- or slow-twitch
      muscle fibres does not play a dominant role in the cardiovascular responses to
      static exercise in man. Both central command and reflex neural mechanisms are of
      importance, and it appears that these two control mechanisms are redundant and
      that neural occlusion may be operative. However, when partial neuromuscular
      blockade induces a disproportion between an increase in central command and a
      constant or decreasing muscle tension and metabolism, the larger signal arising
      from central command determines the magnitude of the cardiovascular responses.

PMID- 3999044
TI  - The contrast sensitivity of human colour vision to red-green and blue-yellow
      chromatic gratings.
AB  - A method of producing red-green and blue-yellow sinusoidal chromatic gratings is
      used which permits the correction of all chromatic aberrations. A quantitative
      criterion is adopted to choose the intensity match of the two colours in the
      stimulus: this is the intensity ratio at which contrast sensitivity for the
      chromatic grating differs most from the contrast sensitivity for a monochromatic
      luminance grating. Results show that this intensity match varies with spatial
      frequency and does not necessarily correspond to a luminance match between the
      colours. Contrast sensitivities to the chromatic gratings at the criterion
      intensity match are measured as a function of spatial frequency, using field
      sizes ranging from 2 to 23 deg. Both blue-yellow and red-green contrast
      sensitivity functions have similar low-pass characteristics, with no low
      frequency attenuation even at low frequencies below 0.1 cycles/deg. These
      functions indicate that the limiting acuities based on red-green and blue-yellow
      colour discriminations are similar at 11 or 12 cycles/deg. Comparisons between
      contrast sensitivity functions for the chromatic and monochromatic gratings are
      made at the same mean luminances. Results show that, at low spatial frequencies
      below 0.5 cycles/deg, contrast sensitivity is greater to the chromatic gratings,
      consisting of two monochromatic gratings added in antiphase, than to either
      monochromatic grating alone. Above 0.5 cycles/deg, contrast sensitivity is
      greater to monochromatic than to chromatic gratings.

PMID- 3999045
TI  - Electrical responses of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit ear artery to adenosine
      triphosphate.
AB  - Ionophoretic application of ATP to smooth muscle cells of the rabbit ear artery
      produced rapid depolarization of the membrane and, in the case of large doses of
      ATP, spike potentials or slow oscillatory potentials. The ATP response
      desensitized rapidly, and required over 70 s for recovery. When the intervals
      between repetitive application of ATP were shorter than 70 s, the amplitudes of
      the ATP responses successively decreased. Ejection of ATP with increasing
      intensities of current (10-15% of the first) was required to produce successively
      increasing amplitudes of ATP responses. Repetitive stimulation of perivascular
      nerves (at intervals of less than 10 s) evoked increasing amplitude of excitatory
      junction potentials (e.j.p.s). Quinidine (over 5 X 10(-5) M) inhibited and
      theophylline (over 5 X 10(-4) M) enhanced the ATP response, with associated
      depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane, respectively. Cocaine (over
      10(-6) M) depolarized the membrane and enhanced the ATP response. Phentolamine
      reduced the amplitude of the ATP response with no change in the membrane
      potential, only when the concentration was extremely high (over 10(-4) M). These
      all therefore appear to represent non-specific interactions with the effects of
      ATP. Bath application of ATP depolarized the membrane dose dependently and, at
      concentrations over 5 X 10(-7) M, produced spike potentials. The amplitude of
      electrotonic potentials decreased during the ATP-induced depolarization, thereby
      suggesting an increase in ionic conductance of the membrane. ADP depolarized the
      membrane, the effect being weaker than that of ATP. Both AMP and adenosine
      hyperpolarized the membrane. The results provide evidence that in the rabbit ear
      artery, the e.j.p. could be mimicked by ATP. ATP can however only account for the
      fast e.j.p. if it is released in increasing amounts with successive nerve
      discharges. Reported blocking agents for ATP receptors did not block the response
      to ATP in this tissue.

PMID- 3999046
TI  - Changes in brain phosphorus metabolites during the post-natal development of the
      rat.
AB  - Changes in brain phosphorus metabolites during the post-natal development of the
      rat and in neonatal and adult guinea-pigs have been studied in vivo using 31P
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n.m.r.s.). The brain spectra showed
      clear differences with age, particularly during the first 3 weeks post-partum.
      The spectra from 4-day-old rats resembled those of new-born human infants. We
      suggest that the differences between human and animal brains seen in previously
      published spectra arise because of an age difference rather than a species
      difference. The phosphocreatine (PCr) to nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) ratio
      increased from around 1.0 in 3-day-old rats to 1.8 in adult animals. The adult
      ratio is larger than that previously reported from in vitro chemical analyses. An
      unknown compound in the phosphomonoester (PME) region of the spectra predominated
      in young animals, but decreased in concentration relative to NTP with age and
      reached adult values by around 2 weeks post-partum. Neonatal guinea-pigs, which
      are much more developed at birth than the rat, had a significantly greater
      PCr/NTP ratio than the neonatal rat, but their brain spectra also contained the
      large PME peak. The intracellular pH of cerebral tissue was estimated to be 7.21
      +/- 0.02 and did not show any change with age. The changes we find in the
      phosphorus compounds in the brain may be of importance in post-natal development,
      and the possible functional significance of these results is discussed.

PMID- 3999047
TI  - Effects of angiotensin or carbachol on sodium intake and excretion in
      adrenalectomized or deoxycorticosterone-treated rats.
AB  - In adrenalectomized, deoxycorticosterone-treated and normal rats, injection of
      angiotensin II through a cannula implanted in the preoptic region caused
      increased intakes of hypertonic NaCl and water when both fluids were available,
      whereas injection of carbachol through the same cannula only caused increased
      water intake. Carbachol depressed NaCl intake of adrenalectomized rats that were
      allowed access to hypertonic NaCl after being deprived of it for 24 h.
      Angiotensin-stimulated rats were more likely to go into positive sodium balance
      than controls, whereas carbachol-stimulated animals were more likely to go into
      negative balance. After angiotensin, adrenalectomized or deoxycorticosterone
      treated rats drank a larger proportion of their total fluid intake as hypertonic
      NaCl than did normal rats. Angiotensin caused significant increases in sodium
      excretion in normal, isotonic saline-loaded and deoxycorticosterone-treated rats,
      but not in adrenalectomized rats, although angiotensin caused increased intakes
      of NaCl in all groups. On the other hand, carbachol caused a significant increase
      in sodium excretion at 1 h in all groups despite the absence of an increase in
      NaCl intake. After angiotensin, only normal rats showed a significant kaliuresis
      at 1 h, whereas all carbachol-injected rats showed increased potassium excretion.
      Therefore, angiotensin is a primary stimulus to increased sodium appetite,
      normally acting in conjunction with other stimuli which enhance its effect,
      whereas carbachol is a central inhibitor of sodium appetite.

PMID- 3999048
TI  - [Sweating response to abrupt changes in work load].
AB  - Changes in sweat rate on the palm and on the general body surface in response to
      stepwise increases and decreases in work load during exercise on a bicycle
      ergometer were examined in relation to body temperature and heart rate in six
      male subjects (three trained and three untrained), in an attempt to evaluate
      thermal and nonthermal factors responsible for those changes. In all the
      untrained subjects, a transient, marked increase in palmar sweat rate was
      observed upon an abrupt increase (and occasionally upon an abrupt decrease) in
      work, while an increase in sweat rate on the general body surface was also rapid
      and marked. On the other hand, in all the trained subjects, palmar sweat rate was
      low and hardly showed a substantial increase in response to an abrupt increase in
      work load, to which sweating on the general body surface responded slowly by a
      gradual increase. While sweat rate on the general body surface showed a
      significant correlation with esophageal temperature and with heart rate, palmar
      sweat rate was not correlated with esophageal temperature but was significantly
      correlated with heart rate. Moreover, repeated increases and decreases in work
      load often led to progressive weakening of palmar sweating due apparently to the
      development of habituation. The present results suggest that responses of
      sweating to stepwise changes in work load are not solely dependent upon the
      thermoregulatory mechanism but are affected considerably by increase and decrease
      in psychic excitement and/or those in discharges of the sympathetic nervous
      system accompanying changes in work load.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999049
TI  - Electrophysiological correlates of semantic features.
AB  - Analyses of averaged auditory evoked responses to a list of 10 positive and 10
      negative words led to the identification of a restricted region in the brain
      response which reliably discriminated between words differing in the semantic
      features "positive" and "negative." These data support the view that word
      meanings are composed of more basic components or features and are not stored
      simply as dictionary items in the brain.

PMID- 3999050
TI  - Psychiatric illness in expatriates.

PMID- 3999051
TI  - The implications of demographic changes on resource allocation.

PMID- 3999052
TI  - Recruitment and training in community medicine--a decade's experience.

PMID- 3999053
TI  - A surgeon's expectations of the autopsy.

PMID- 3999054
TI  - Organising a clinical examination.

PMID- 3999055
TI  - Ulcerative colitis in a North Indian hospital: current trends.

PMID- 3999056
TI  - [Value of x-ray computed tomography in evaluating the spread and therapeutic
      strategy in cancer of the bladder].
AB  - Fifty four computed (CT) examinations were performed on patients with bladder
      carcinoma. A pathological assessment was obtained in 24 cases and the accuracy of
      CT in local staging was 91%. The accuracy of CT in detecting lymph nodes invasion
      was also 91%. Moreover, CT is helpful in the follow-up of patients under
      treatment. As it provides a correct pre-therapeutic evaluation in 83% cases, CT
      appears as an effective examination to perform in the evaluation of bladder
      carcinoma.

PMID- 3999058
TI  - [Spondylo-enchondrodysplasia].
AB  - A case is reported of spondyloenchondrodysplasia associating platyspondylia and
      generalized enchondromatosis, affecting the spine also but absent in the
      extremities. A literature review enabled this entity to be grouped within the
      framework of other enchondroplasias with vertebral lesions. Radiologic signs and
      genetic data suggest heterogeneity of this group of affections.

PMID- 3999057
TI  - [Stafne's lacuna, a salivary inclusion in the mandible. Apropos of a case].
AB  - Clinically asymptomatic, a radiolucent area in the body of the mandible was
      discovered on the panoramic radiograph, during a routine examination. The first
      diagnosis was cyst, but sialogram and CT showed a bone defect on the lingual
      mandibular wall, with an accessory salivary lobe into the bone cavity,
      corresponding to a Stafne's idiopathic bone cavity.

PMID- 3999059
TI  - [Cerebral aspergilloma. X-ray computed tomographic aspect. Apropos of a case.
      Review of the literature].
AB  - Cerebral aspergilloma of initial sinus origin developed in a patient with mixed
      cell leukemia. Computed tomography imaging showed signs of a cystic multitumoral
      syndrome with a crown-shaped filling image without peritumoral edema. Follow up
      of cerebral lesions during medical treatment was by repeated CT scans, with
      progressive regression of images over a period of 8 months. The patient died
      after recurrence. Aspergilloma is seen mainly in patients with alternating
      immunity defenses.

PMID- 3999060
TI  - [Solitary ulcer of the rectum. Nosological discussion apropos of a case].

PMID- 3999061
TI  - [Cerebral schistosomiasis. X-ray computed tomographic aspect. Apropos of a case].
AB  - A patient with cerebral schistosomiasis, a diagnosis suggested by residence in an
      endemic zone, presented non-specific appearances on computed tomography imaging
      seen as multiple hypodense zones filling with contrast medium at the periphery.
      Diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy during operation on a cerebral lesion and the
      regression of the lesions during specific therapy.

PMID- 3999062
TI  - [X-ray computed tomography and primary thoracic seminoma].
AB  - The primitive thoracic seminoma is a rare tumor. Given their low frequency, these
      tumour have rarely been the object of C.T. exploration. It determines the
      compressive effect on neighbouring organs, the volume and extensive character of
      the tumor. C.T. exploration allows proper surveillance after therapeutic.

PMID- 3999063
TI  - [Scanographic diagnosis of a localized form of Caroli's disease].
AB  - The authors report a case of Caroli's disease, localized in the left hepatic lobe
      without any associated abnormality. Preoperative diagnosis of such localized
      forms is actually possible by the use of non invasive methods, especially
      computed tomography. This diagnosis is important leading to a curative surgical
      treatment.

PMID- 3999064
TI  - [National survey of radiodiagnosis. Methodological aspects (1)].
AB  - A national sample of 386 radiological departments and offices representative of a
      total set of approximately 5 000 have been involved in a statistical survey
      during the years 81-82. This survey was first directed to the analysis of the
      production factors related to radiology (number and characteristics of facilities
      and equipment; medical and paramedical personnel, ...). The radiological activity
      has then been observed during one week (in June 82) through systematic
      questionnaires. The information collected on about 13 000 X-Ray examinations
      consists in characteristics of the population examined, the aims and results of
      examination, a technical description of procedures (number and size of films;
      projection; physical parameters, ...). This survey has excluded X-Ray routine
      examinations (occupational and others); dental examinations, isolated fluoroscopy
      and ultrasound practiced by physicians.

PMID- 3999065
TI  - Prior cesarean section. A risk factor for adenomyosis?
AB  - Four hundred eighty-five cases of histologically proven adenomyosis were reviewed
      to determine if that condition might have been induced by transplanted
      endometrium at the time of cesarean section. The rate of cesarean section in the
      study group was 6.4%. Evidence of the cesarean scar was noted histologically in
      13 of 31 patients (42%) who had undergone cesarean section, and 2 of the 13 (15%)
      had evidence of glands and stroma within the scar. Both patients had other
      pathology that could account for their symptoms. Prior cesarean section does not
      appear to be a risk factor for symptomatic adenomyosis.

PMID- 3999066
TI  - Laser vaporization in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - Ablative cryotherapy and laser vaporization therapy attempt to eradicate the
      cervical transformation zone in order to eliminate cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia and to reduce the risk of invasive cancer. We reviewed the literature
      on both methods and our own experience with laser therapy. Review of the records
      of 4,557 initial cryosurgical patients as compared to those of 1,505 initial
      laser patients revealed cure rates of 12% and 13.8%, respectively (no significant
      difference, p greater than 0.14). Multiple treatments in 533 cryosurgery and
      1,775 laser patients revealed cure rates of 11% and 2.6%, respectively (p less
      than 0.0001). Enhanced accessibility of the new squamocolumnar junction following
      laser surgery may result in improved early detection of initial treatment
      failures and significantly improve the success rates of retreatment. If so, a
      reduction in the development of invasive cancer in laser-treated patients may
      occur.

PMID- 3999067
TI  - Premature rupture of the membranes and barometric pressure changes.
AB  - Barometric pressure changes are thought to possibly affect premature rupture of
      the membranes. One hundred nine patients with this obstetric complication lived
      within an area small enough to be subject to the same barometric pressure
      changes; onset of labor was used as a comparison point in 109 control patients.
      The two groups did not differ when demographic data were compared. There were no
      differences in other obstetric complications or neonatal outcome. There was a
      significant increase, however, in premature membrane rupture within three hours
      after a fall in barometric pressure. No such increase in the onset of labor was
      seen in the control group.

PMID- 3999068
TI  - Amniotic fluid OD 650 as a rapid indicator of fetal pulmonary maturity.
AB  - Amniotic fluid OD 650 (optical density at 650 nm) greater than 0.15 has been
      associated with mature L/S ratios. This study compared OD 650 with the L/S ratio
      on 235 uncontaminated amniotic fluid specimens. Follow-up was obtained on 138
      neonates delivered within 72 hours of amniocentesis. Of 124 amniotic fluid
      specimens with OD 650 greater than 0.15, 109 had mature L/S ratios. Only 3 of 96
      neonates with OD 650 greater than 0.15 developed respiratory distress syndrome; 8
      of 42 neonates with OD 650 values less than 0.15 developed it. The false-positive
      rate (2.1%) compared favorably with that of the L/S ratio (2.9%). A higher false
      negative rate (24.6%) decreased the efficiency of OD 650 as an indicator of fetal
      pulmonary maturity. An OD 650 greater than 0.15 appears to be a rapid, reliable
      indicator of fetal lung maturity.

PMID- 3999070
TI  - Treatment of fetal distress with a transfusion in the severely anemic patient
      with sickle-cell disease. A case report.

PMID- 3999069
TI  - Uterine rupture in Nigeria.
AB  - Uterine rupture in the developing world remains a significant problem. We treated
      45 such cases. The predisposing factors included cephalopelvic disproportion
      (62%), grand multiparity (33%), previous cesarean section (24%), placental
      pathology (15%) and abnormal presentation (20%). The factors associated with
      maternal death included sepsis (71%), macerated stillborn infant (60%), vulvar
      edema (50%), hand presentation (50%), prolonged labor (42%) and hysterectomy
      (37.5%). Hemodynamic resuscitation and prompt surgical intervention remain the
      mainstays of therapy.

PMID- 3999071
TI  - Fractured femur of the newborn at cesarean section. A case report.
AB  - Midshaft femur fractures are not expected in the newborn, particularly with the
      currently increased cesarean section rate. Such injuries have occurred when the
      mother had uterine myomas or diabetes or when the fetus had intrauterine growth
      retardation or osteoporosis secondary to copper deficiency, but they can also
      occur in newborn infants with normal weights and healthy mothers.

PMID- 3999072
TI  - Diabetes insipidus during pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. A case report.
AB  - Up to 1984, 69 cases of diabetes insipidus associated with pregnancy had been
      reported on. In only four such cases did preeclampsia develop. We treated a
      patient for the fifth such case.

PMID- 3999073
TI  - Coexistent benign teratomas of the omentum and ovary. A case report.
AB  - A patient had two cystic teratomas, one involving the left ovary and the other
      parasitic and attached to the omentum in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen.

PMID- 3999074
TI  - In utero diagnosis and management of fetal tachypnea. A case report.
AB  - Fetal tachypnea, defined as more than 60 fetal breaths per minute, has been
      reported to occur almost always in diabetic pregnancies. We treated a patient for
      fetal tachypnea and tachycardia, the initial presentation of which led to the
      diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 3999075
TI  - Fulminant hepatic failure in the third trimester of pregnancy. A case report.
AB  - There is a paucity of information regarding fulminant hepatic failure during
      pregnancy, in part because it is such an uncommon event. We encountered a case of
      fatal hepatic failure secondary to viral hepatitis occurring during the third
      trimester.

PMID- 3999076
TI  - Tuberculosis of the nervous system: a modern problem.

PMID- 3999077
TI  - The nose after laryngectomy.
AB  - Previous studies of nasal function after laryngectomy have suggested that
      patients must accept complete and irreversible anosmia as an inevitable
      consequence of the operation, and that this is due to interruption of a poorly
      defined neuronal interaction between larynx and nose. In this study nasal
      function was investigated in 23 laryngectomees and 10 patients about to undergo
      laryngectomy. Scanning electron microscopy showed a more densely ciliated nasal
      epithelium in the laryngectomees compared with the preoperative controls, and
      nasal mucociliary transport, measured by saccharine clearance, was significantly
      faster (P less than 0.01) in laryngectomees. Olfactory acuity, as determined by
      the threshold for detection of insufflated pyridine vapour, was normal in
      laryngectomees. Some laryngectomees did have a relatively normal sense of smell;
      these were shown to be those who had discovered a technique of sniffing using
      buccopharyngeal rather than respiratory musculature. These findings have obvious
      implications for the rehabilitation of laryngectomees, many of whom may otherwise
      have to contend with distressing anosmia as well as the other physical and
      psychological consequences of the operation.

PMID- 3999078
TI  - Problems in diagnosis of popliteal aneurysms.
AB  - Clinical features and errors in diagnosis have been assessed in a retrospective
      study of 62 popliteal aneurysms in 40 patients, 22 of whom had bilateral
      aneurysms. Only 29% of patients complained of pain or swelling behind the knee,
      while 31% of aneurysms had produced distal ischaemia presenting as intermittent
      claudication, 9 aneurysms had thrombosed producing ischaemic rest pain in 6 legs,
      and 4 aneurysms had ruptured. Although 94% of aneurysms were suspected or
      confidently diagnosed by palpation alone, only 43% of patients had had the
      correct diagnosis made at the time of initial referral. Treatment was delayed in
      12 patients, 8 of whom subsequently required amputation. Popliteal aneurysm
      should be suspected in patients with a prominent popliteal pulse who present with
      intermittent claudication, and in patients with acute ischaemia of the leg who
      may have a thrombosed aneurysm requiring surgical exploration.

PMID- 3999079
TI  - Information about strokes lost between post-mortem and reported cause of death.
AB  - Pathologists' opinions of cause of death given at the end of post-mortem (PM)
      reports have often been used to validate clinicians' death certificates.
      Information about strokes, common coincident conditions and complications in 120
      full PM reports was compared with the pathologists' opinions of cause of death
      given at the end of the reports. Intracranial haemorrhage and myocardial
      infarction were mentioned as frequently in the cause of death as in the full PM
      report. On the other hand, cerebral infarction, precerebral artery occlusion,
      severe cerebral atheroma, coronary artery occlusion, bronchopneumonia and
      pulmonary embolism were all under-cited in the causes of death. Whether a
      pathological condition mentioned in the full PM report also appeared in the cause
      of death varied with the decedent's age, the extent of the condition and type of
      stroke. Consideration should be given to using all the information in PM reports
      rather than just pathologists' opinions of cause of death given at the end of PM
      reports when studying the validity of clinicians' death certificates.

PMID- 3999080
TI  - Multiple pain complaints in amputees.
AB  - A group of amputees complaining of longstanding phantom pain was compared with
      another comparable group of non-complainers. It was found that those with phantom
      pain made significantly more complaints of other painful conditions, both related
      and unrelated to the amputation; they were also more depressed. It is suggested
      that this association is due to a lowered pain tolerance in the group with
      phantom pain complaints, and that depression is one factor contributing to this
      lowered tolerance.

PMID- 3999081
TI  - Effects on upper gastrointestinal mucosa of three delivery systems of potassium
      as supplement to frusemide administration.
AB  - Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited into a study to determine the effects on
      the gastrointestinal mucosa of 3 different delivery systems of oral potassium
      supplementation associated with diuretic therapy (Diumide-K ContinusR tablets,
      Napp; Lasikal tablets, Hoechst; Lasix and Slow-KR tablets, Hoechst, Ciba). The
      volunteers were gastroscoped initially and after one week of treatment with one
      of the three therapies. There was a 60% incidence of erosions in the Lasix + Slow
      K group, a 40% incidence in the Lasikal group, but no erosions in the group
      receiving Diumide-K Continus tablets. It is therefore concluded that Diumide-K
      Continus tablets incorporate the potassium in a delivery system which is unlikely
      to cause disruption to the gastrointestinal mucosa.

PMID- 3999082
TI  - Referrals to psychiatrists in a general hospital--comparison of two methods of
      liaison psychiatry: preliminary communication.
AB  - Patients on a general medical ward were offered a liaison psychiatric service
      with 'unlimited' access, in which referrals were accepted from nurses, other
      paramedical staff and junior doctors in addition to senior medical staff. This
      new service (method II) was compared with the usual liaison service (method I,
      referrals initiated or approved by senior medical staff only) which was continued
      in parallel on a comparable general medical ward. Method II resulted in a
      threefold increase in referral rate and led to a significant alteration in the
      types of problem attracting referral. Despite the much higher rate of method II
      referrals, however, similar percentages of referrals by both methods were offered
      psychiatric follow up. The results do not support the commonly held belief that
      it is the failure of ward staff to recognize psychiatric morbidity which accounts
      for the low rate of referrals to many psychiatric liaison services.

PMID- 3999083
TI  - Overtreatment in surgery: discussion paper.

PMID- 3999084
TI  - Sublingual isoprenaline in treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension:
      discussion paper.

PMID- 3999085
TI  - Dysbaric osteonecrosis in differential diagnosis of malignant bone disease.

PMID- 3999086
TI  - Oleogranuloma of the breast simulating carcinoma.

PMID- 3999087
TI  - Muscle pain and wasting in osteomalacia.

PMID- 3999088
TI  - Pesticide residues in food.

PMID- 3999089
TI  - Speech production after laryngectomy.

PMID- 3999090
TI  - Staging testicular tumours: the role of CT scanning.

PMID- 3999091
TI  - Epidemiology of testicular tumours.

PMID- 3999092
TI  - Management of testicular tumours. Role of surgery.

PMID- 3999093
TI  - Orchidectomy for clinical stage I testicular cancer: progress report of the Royal
      Marsden Hospital Study.

PMID- 3999094
TI  - Patterns of diagnosis and treatment of dental caries from dental practice
      records.

PMID- 3999095
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of dental caries. The practitioner's dilemma.

PMID- 3999097
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of dental caries: the clinicians' dilemma. Scope for
      change in clinical practice.
AB  - The prevalence of dental caries is decreasing, yet the proportion of General
      Dental Service expenditure devoted to restoring teeth continues to rise. This
      appears to reflect a deep-seated restorative philosophy, yet some carious lesions
      can be arrested. New restorations often contain characteristics consistent with
      in-built obsolescence, which explains why restorations are often not very durable
      and why two-thirds of all restorative treatment involves replacing them. The
      problem is compounded by the fact that disagreement among dentists as to which
      restorations should be replaced and why, is of alarming proportions. The
      universal adoption of a preventive approach to making treatment decisions,
      especially with respect to early carious lesions and mechanically imperfect
      restorations, could be a major factor in reducing the restorative burden of the
      dental service.

PMID- 3999096
TI  - Possible factors underlying the decline in caries prevalence.

PMID- 3999098
TI  - The management of dental caries in children.

PMID- 3999099
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of dental caries: the clinicians' dilemma. The public and
      the profession.

PMID- 3999101
TI  - Mid-career adaptation to the need for change by dentists.

PMID- 3999100
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of dental caries: the clinicians' dilemma. From cure to
      prevention--a case study in professional reorientation.
AB  - This paper describes an exercise in professional reorientation which took place
      in the late 1970s amongst the dental officers of the then Hampshire Area Health
      Authority's community dental service. The community dental service was and still
      is primarily child orientated. The fall in dental caries described elsewhere in
      this symposium, combined with the rise in dental manpower in general, released
      time which was traditionally devoted to 'drilling and filling'. This provided the
      opportunity to reorientate away from secondary to primary prevention.

PMID- 3999102
TI  - Some observations on the morphology of the bovine teat canal (Ductus papillaris
      mammae).
AB  - After reviewing traditional and present day concepts of the mechanism by which
      the external orifice of the teat canal control the outflow of milk and the entry
      of bacteria etc. into the cavities of the mammary gland, this paper reports on
      the results of electron microscopic and other studies of the teat tip. This leads
      to the conclusion that the concept of a sphincter surrounding the teat canal
      should be substituted by one of a multi-spiralled, net-like integrated musculo
      elastic system. This system may facilitate automatic closing and opening of the
      teat canal depending on the state of its major functional elements, namely (i)
      elastic fibres for passive closure under normal conditions (ii) smooth muscle
      fibres augmenting the former and (iii) the level of the intra-cisternal milk
      pressure. This closure is enhanced by soft teat canal keratin.

PMID- 3999103
TI  - Ovine wet carcass syndrome induced by water deprivation and subsequent
      overhydration: preliminary findings.
AB  - Two groups of 25 one-year-old Dorper rams were deprived of water for 52 h and
      then allowed free access to water for the last 18 h before they were slaughtered.
      One of these groups received a maize-meal and bone-meal lick containing 28,5%
      salt (sodium chloride) during the last 18 h period. A control group of 20 sheep
      received water throughout the experiment. The salt group had an average intake of
      4,5 liters of water per animal in the 18 h rehydration period while the other
      water deprived group drank about 3,8 liters of water per animal. After being
      slaughtered, all the sheep in the salt group had typically wet and glistening
      carcasses, 18 of the other water deprived group had wet carcasses while none in
      the control group were affected. These results seem to indicate that the wet
      carcass syndrome is caused by overhydration after a period of dehydration and
      that salt intake during rehydration can exacerbate the condition.

PMID- 3999104
TI  - An outbreak of cerebrocortical necrosis (polioencephalomalacia) in goats.
AB  - In a herd of 30 Boer goats, 3 young goats developed nervous signs including
      apparent blindness. In 2 of the goats a diagnosis of cerebrocortical necrosis was
      confirmed by the demonstration of lesions typical of the disease on
      histopathological examination. Lead concentrations in the renal cortex were well
      below the level regarded as indicative of lead poisoning in ruminants. The reason
      for the outbreak was not clear, but the feeding of concentrate and poor quality
      roughage may have been contributory factors. Cerebrocortical necrosis appears to
      be unusual in goats, compared to cattle and sheep, but it should be entertained
      in the differential diagnosis of caprine nervous diseases.

PMID- 3999105
TI  - Reduced mating efficiency due to osteo-arthrosis in a ram.
AB  - An apparently clinically normal ram with excellent semen quality, an intact
      pituitary-testicular axis and good libido displayed abnormal mounting behaviour
      when subjected to a mating test with 3 oestrus ewes. The ram adopted a peculiar
      mounting stance, he moved backwards several paces and then lunged forward
      becoming momentarily airborne in an attempt to mount. After a number of these
      airborne attempts at mounting the ram managed one successful service, striking
      the ewe with his sternum while airborne. At completion of the service the ram
      lost all sexual interest in the other two oestrous ewes. Radiographs revealed a
      chronic osteo-arthrosis of the right femero-tibial joint. It was concluded that
      the osteo-arthrosis caused the ram to suffer a great deal of pain interfering
      with his mounting ability which in turn affected his mating efficiency and
      serving capacity severely.

PMID- 3999106
TI  - The treatment of canine demodecosis with amitraz.
AB  - The treatment of a series of 27 clinical cases of canine demodecosis is reported.
      Three of 4 applications of a wash containing 0,025% amitraz, together with
      antimicrobial and antipruritic therapy where necessary, were sufficient to effect
      clinical cure in 25 out of 26 cases mildly to severely affected. In one case,
      very severely affected, 9 weekly applications, together with antimicrobial and
      antipruritic therapy, effected clinical and parasitological cure.

PMID- 3999107
TI  - Anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole against Libyostrongylus douglassi and
      Houttuynia struthionis in ostriches.
AB  - Fenbendazole at a dosage rate of 15 mg FBZ per kg body mass, was 99,7% effective
      against adult and 82,5% effective against 4th stage larvae (L4) of
      Libyostrongylus douglassi. Fenbendazole at the same dose removed scolices and
      strobila of Houttuynia struthionis from 4 out of 5 treated birds and in the other
      there were only degenerating scolices, but all 5 untreated control birds were
      positive for H. struthionis.

PMID- 3999108
TI  - Heartwater challenge of two Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer).
AB  - Two fifth generation male Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) born in a European zoo,
      produced no signs of disease when injected with Cowdria ruminantium infected
      blood. It would suggest that this species has an inate natural resistance to
      Heartwater.

PMID- 3999109
TI  - [University--research--biology--veterinary science].

PMID- 3999110
TI  - Bioengineers, health-care technology and bioethics.
AB  - Technology has created moral dilemmas in recent years creating an increased
      interest in the field of bioethics, which affects engineers in biomedicine,
      physicians, other health-care professionals, and society in general. For example
      devices like the kidney dialysis machine or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
      diagnostic scanner demonstrate state-of-the-art capabilities, yet they are very
      expensive. Therefore, standards of the past involving health care and allocation
      of resources are changing, and professionals must be aware of this change, as
      well as the responsibility for complete testing and review during the research
      and development process of medical devices. In this paper, we illustrate
      technological impact and stress the necessity of an understanding of ethics in
      order to deal effectively with product liability, conflicts of interests, and
      allocation of scarce resources. Hopefully, this will result in awareness and
      education in ethics and professional responsibilities.

PMID- 3999111
TI  - Biomedical engineering programme of the European Community.
AB  - The objective of this article is to inform readers of the European Community's
      programme of work on medical engineering research. An outline of the history of
      the European Community and its research programme is given. More specific
      information is then included on the current programme of work and, finally, an
      Appendix is given naming the national delegates to whom comments can be addressed
      and from whom further information can be obtained.

PMID- 3999113
TI  - Three-channel electrocardiographs--2.

PMID- 3999112
TI  - The generation and display of signals from electro-mechanical spirometers.
AB  - We have investigated how faithfully the electronic circuitry in two commonly used
      electro-mechanical spirometers records maximal expiratory flow-time and flow
      volume curves according to the criteria of the American Thoracic Society. We have
      made an assessment of the speed of response necessary for X-Y plotters to record
      such curves accurately. Using an instrumentation recorder to record and
      subsequently replay flow-time and flow-volume curves onto a general purpose X-Y
      plotter, we have found that faithful reproduction could be obtained with a four
      fold reduction in the replay speed compared to the recording speed. Consideration
      should be given to the influence of the spirometer and recording device used when
      interpreting the results of maximal expiratory manoeuvres.

PMID- 3999114
TI  - Evaluation of defibrillators (a reply)

PMID- 3999115
TI  - Characterization of Gilbert-like syndrome in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).
AB  - Bolivian squirrel monkeys, unlike those of Brazilian origin, exhibit a marked
      fasting hyperbilirubinemia (FH) similar to that observed in Gilbert's syndrome in
      man. Since no delays in the hepatic clearance of sulfobromophthalein or
      indocyanine green are present, the Bolivian monkey appears to be similar to
      Gilbert's type I syndrome. FH can be significantly decreased by either
      phenobarbital or tin-protoporphyrin pretreatment. Nicotinic acid-induced
      hyperbilirubinemia and delayed tolbutamide clearance were not observed as in the
      human syndrome.

PMID- 3999116
TI  - The Japanese Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science (TPC): an outline.
AB  - The facilities and activities of the Japanese Primate Center at Tsukuba, Japan
      are described. The Center became partially functional in 1978 and was completed
      in 1979. The three main aims of the Primate Center are: to quarantine newly
      imported primate animals, to breed, and to study them.

PMID- 3999117
TI  - Junctional transfer in cultured vascular endothelium: II. Dye and nucleotide
      transfer.
AB  - Vascular endothelial cultures, derived from large vessels, retain many of the
      characteristics of their in vivo counterparts. However, the observed reduction in
      size and complexity of intercellular gap and tight junctions in these cultured
      cells (Larson, D.M., and Sheridan, J.D., 1982, J. Cell Biol. 92:183) suggests
      that important functions, thought to be mediated by these structures, may be
      altered in vitro. In our continuing studies on intercellular communication in
      vessel wall cells, we have quantitated the extent of junctional transfer of small
      molecular tracers (the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH and tritiated uridine
      nucleotides) in confluent cultures of calf aortic (BAEC) and umbilical vein
      (BVEC) endothelium. Both BAEC and BVEC show extensive (and quantitatively
      equivalent) dye and nucleotide transfer. As an analogue of intimal endothelium,
      we have also tested dye transfer in freshly isolated sheets of endothelium.
      Transfer in BAEC and BVEC sheets was more rapid, extensive and homogeneous than
      in the cultured cells, implying a reduction in molecular coupling as endothelium
      adapts to culture conditions. In addition, we have documented heterocellular
      nucleotide transfer between cultured endothelium and vascular smooth muscle
      cells, of particular interest considering the prevalence of "myo-endothelial"
      junctions in vivo. These data yield further information on junctional transfer in
      cultured vascular endothelium and have broad implications for the functional
      integration of the vessel wall in the physiology and pathophysiology of the
      vasculature.

PMID- 3999119
TI  - Cellular mechanism of HCO-3 and Cl- transport in insect salt gland.
AB  - Active HCO-3 secretion in the anterior rectal salt gland of the mosquito larva,
      Aedes dorsalis, is mediated by a 1:1 Cl-/HCO-3 exchanger. The cellular mechanisms
      of HCO-3 and Cl- transport are examined using ion- and voltage-sensitive
      microelectrodes in conjunction with a microperfused preparation which allowed
      rapid saline changes. Addition of DIDS or acetazolamide to, or removal of CO2 and
      HCO-3 from, the serosal bath caused large (20 to 50 mV) hyperpolarizations of
      apical membrane potential (Va) and had little effect on basolateral potential
      (Vbl). Changes in luminal Cl- concentration altered Va in a rapid, linear manner
      with a slope of 42.2 mV/decalog a1Cl-. Intracellular Cl- activity was 23.5 mM and
      was approximately 10 mM lower than that predicted for a passive distribution
      across the apical membrane. Changes in serosal Cl- concentration had no effect on
      Vbl, indicating an electrically silent basolateral Cl- exit step. Intracellular
      pH in anterior rectal cells was 7.67 and the calculated acHCO-3 was 14.4 mM.
      These results show that under control conditions HCO-3 enters the anterior rectal
      cell by an active mechanism against an electrochemical gradient of 77.1 mV and
      exits the cell at the apical membrane down a favorable electrochemical gradient
      of 27.6 mV. A tentative cellular model is proposed in which Cl- enters the apical
      membrane of the anterior rectal cells by passive, electrodiffusive movement
      through a Cl- -selective channel, and HCO-3 exits the cell by an active or
      passive electrogenic transport mechanism. The electrically silent nature of
      basolateral Cl- exit and HCO-3 entry, and the effects of serosal addition of the
      Cl-/HCO-3 exchange inhibitor, DIDS, on JCO2net and transepithelial potential
      (Vte) suggest strongly that the basolateral membrane is the site of a direct
      coupling between Cl- and HCO-3 movements.

PMID- 3999118
TI  - Lysis of platelets and erythrocytes by the incorporation of a unique oxygenated
      sterol: 22R-hydroxycholesterol.
AB  - We have found that an oxygenated sterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol [(22R)-5
      cholestene-3 beta, 22-diol], lyses not only platelets but also erythrocytes in a
      dose-dependent manner. The lysis of platelets and erythrocytes were evidenced by
      the release of intracellular proteins, lactate dehydrogenase and hemoglobin,
      respectively. Their morphological change was shown by scanning electron
      microscopy. Elevated temperature was required for the lysis, probably to
      redistribute the sterol in the lipid bilayers in the plasma membranes. When the
      sterol was incorporated at low temperature, the temperature had to be raised to
      readily lyse cells. This lytic effect was, surprisingly enough, restricted to the
      R-isomer; the S-isomer was only marginally effective. Furthermore, sitosterol and
      other oxygenated sterols, with a hydroxyl group at different positions in the
      side chain of cholesterol, were much less lytic, regardless of the configuration
      of the hydroxyl group introduced. A possible mechanism for this interesting
      phenomenon will be discussed in relation with a structural alteration in lipid
      bilayers in plasma membranes brought about by the incorporation of this unique
      oxygenated sterol.

PMID- 3999120
TI  - Renal cortical brush-border and basolateral membranes: cholesterol and
      phospholipid composition and relative turnover.
AB  - A new procedure for the rapid isolation of renal cortical brush-border and
      basolateral membranes from the same homogenate is described. Brush-border
      membranes isolated using Mg2+-EGTA precipitation were enriched 18-fold for
      leucine aminopeptidase and had a recovery of 32.5%. Basolateral membrane
      fractions were isolated using a discontinuous sucrose gradient and showed an
      enrichment of 10.7-fold and recovery of 12.8% using (Na+,K+)-ATPase as a marker
      enzyme. Lipid analysis using two-dimensional TLC separation of phospholipids and
      gas liquid chromatography for cholesterol showed marked differences in the lipid
      composition of the brush-border and basolateral membranes. The brush-border
      membrane had increased sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, ethanolamine
      plasmalogens, and an increased cholesterol-to-phospholipid and sphingomyelin-to
      phosphatidylcholine ratio compared to the basolateral membrane. The relative
      turnover of total membrane and individual phospholipid species using a double
      isotope ratio method was carried out. Phospholipids were labeled with either
      phosphorus 32 and 33 or acetate (3H, 1-14C). The relative turnover of
      phospholipid species and cholesterol differed strikingly. Phosphatidylcholine
      showed a high turnover, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol had
      intermediate values and sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine and cholesterol had low
      relative turnover rates. The order of phospholipid class relative turnover was
      independent of the labeled precursor used. The brush-border membrane had a
      significantly reduced relative turnover rate for total membrane phospholipids,
      sphingomyelin and cholesterol compared to the basolateral membrane. These data
      show marked differences in the lipid composition and relative turnover rates of
      the phospholipid species of the brush-border and basolateral membranes.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999121
TI  - Lens cell-to-cell channel protein: I. Self-assembly into liposomes and
      permeability regulation by calmodulin.
AB  - Lens fibers are coupled by communicating junctions which contain a 28-kDalton
      protein (MIP26) believed to be the main component of the cell-to-cell channel. To
      study the permeability properties and regulation of these channels, an in vitro
      system has been developed in which MIP26 isolated from calf lens is incorporated
      into liposomes and the resulting channels are studied spectrophotometrically by a
      swelling assay. Liposome vesicles were prepared using a sonication/resuspension
      method. Incorporation efficiency was monitored by freeze-fracture. Vesicles were
      resuspended in 6% Dextran T-10. Assay buffer was identical, except for isotonic
      substitution of sucrose for T-10. MIP26-incorporated (but not control) vesicles
      swell under isotonic conditions indicating sucrose entry (via channels) followed
      by water to maintain osmotic balance. In the absence of calmodulin, calcium ion
      has no effect on channel permeability. On the contrary, vesicles prepared with
      equimolar amounts of MIP26 and CaM do not swell in the presence of calcium ion,
      indicating that the channels can be closed. Addition of EGTA to these vesicles
      reinitiates swelling--evidence that the channel gating mechanism is reversible.
      Magnesium ion has no effect on either type of vesicle.

PMID- 3999122
TI  - Lens cell-to-cell channel protein: II. Conformational change in the presence of
      calmodulin.
AB  - Lens fibers are coupled by communicating junctions, clusters of cell-to-cell
      channels composed of a 28-kD intrinsic membrane protein (MIP26). Evidence
      suggests that these and other cell-to-cell channels may close as a result of
      protein conformational change induced by activated calmodulin. To test the
      validity of this hypothesis, we have measured the intrinsic fluorescence emission
      and far-ultraviolet circular dichroism of the isolated components MIP26,
      calmodulin, and the MIP26-calmodulin complex, both in the absence and presence of
      Ca++, an uncoupling agent. MIP26 shows no change in either fluorescence emission
      (primarily tryptophan and a measure of aromatic constitutivity) or in its
      circular dichroism spectrum. Calmodulin exhibits a 32% increase in fluorescence
      emission intensity with constant emission wavelength, entirely tyrosine, and a
      44% increase in alpha-helicity, changes previously described. The MIP26
      calmodulin complex, on the other hand, displays fluorescence emission and
      circular dichroism spectra which are slightly different from the sum of the two
      single components, but shows marked differences in both spectra upon Ca++
      addition. This indicates a change in conformation in one or both of the two
      components. Spectral changes include a 5-nm blue-shift, a 50% increase in
      tyrosine fluorescence emission, a 25% decrease in tryptophan fluorescence
      emission, and a 5% increase in the alpha-helicity of the complex. These changes
      also occur about an isosbestic point and are fully reversible. These data provide
      additional evidence that activated calmodulin may modulate gating of cell-to-cell
      channels by affecting channel protein.

PMID- 3999123
TI  - Permeability change in transformed mouse fibroblasts caused by ionophores, and
      its relationship to membrane permeabilization by exogenous ATP.
AB  - Electrogenic ionophores have been found to induce membrane permeabilization in
      Swiss mouse 3T3 cells that had undergone spontaneous transformation (3T6 cells).
      Cells attached to plastic dishes were loaded with [3H] uridine, and then the
      medium was replaced by buffered salt solution at pH 7.8. The enhancement of
      membrane permeability was assayed by following the efflux of uridine nucleotides,
      normally impermeant substances. Titration with electrogenic ionophores, such as
      carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), SF-6847 and gramicidin D,
      markedly increased the membrane permeability within a very narrow range of
      ionophore concentration. Non-electrogenic ionophores, such as monensin and
      nigericin, did not affect membrane permeability. Measurements of the distribution
      of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) between the cells and
      their environment implied that the remarkable increase in permeability took place
      within a narrow range of membrane potential (delta psi). The data could be
      explained by a delta psi threshold value, under which aqueous channels are opened
      in the plasma membrane. The effects exerted by electrogenic ionophores on the
      plasma membrane were found to be similar to those induced by exogenous ATP. In
      both cases rapid efflux of K+, influx of Na+ and reduction of delta psi preceded
      membrane permeabilization to low molecular weight, charged molecules, such as
      nucleotides. It is suggested that dissipation of delta psi induces conformational
      alterations in membranal components, and/or topological changes, such as
      aggregation of protein molecules, to form membranal aqueous channels.
      Electrogenic ionophores permeabilize both normal (3T3) and transformed (3T6)
      mouse fibroblasts, whereas ATP effects are specific for transformed cells. Thus,
      it is postulated that ATP acts via specific sites on the surface of transformed
      cells.

PMID- 3999125
TI  - Influence of lead ions on cation permeability in human red cell ghosts.
AB  - Intracellular Pb2+ ions can replace Ca2+ ions in stimulating the Ca-dependent K
      permeability of human red blood cells. In metabolically depleted resealed ghosts,
      the threshold for stimulation of 86Rb efflux by internal Pb2+ is around 5 X 10(
      10) M, and stimulation is half-maximal at about 2 X 10(-9) M, and maximal at 10(
      8) M Pb2+. There is no effect on 22Na efflux in this concentration range. 86Rb
      efflux is antagonized by internal Mg2+ ions, and by the channel-blocking drugs
      quinidine and diS-C2(5), as observed for the Ca-dependent K permeability in red
      cells. In ghosts containing EDTA, which prevents any internal effects of Pb2+
      ions, external Pb2+ increases both 22Na and 86Rb permeability when its
      concentration exceeds 6 X 10(-7) M. This effect is seemingly unrelated to the Ca
      dependent K permeability. This work makes extensive use of Pb2+ ion buffers, and
      gives information about their preparation and properties.

PMID- 3999124
TI  - Electrogenic calcium transport in plasma membrane of rat pancreatic acinar cells.
AB  - ATP-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake was investigated in purified plasma membranes from
      rat pancreatic acinar cells. Plasma membranes were purified by four subsequent
      precipitations with MgCl2 and characterized by marker enzyme distribution. When
      compared to the total homogenate, typical marker enzymes for the plasma membrane,
      (Na+,K+)-ATPase, basal adenylate cyclase and CCK-OP-stimulated adenylate cyclase
      were enriched by 43-fold, 44-fold, and 45-fold, respectively. The marker for the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum was decreased by fourfold compared to the total
      homogenate. Comparing plasma membranes with rough endoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+
      uptake was maximal with 10 and 2 mumol/liter free Ca2+, and half-maximal with 0.9
      and 0.5 mumol/liter free Ca2+. It was maximal at 3 and 0.2 mmol/liter free Mg2+
      concentration, at an ATP concentration of 5 and 1 mmol/liter, respectively, and
      at pH 7 for both preparations. When Mg2+ was replaced by Mn2+ or Zn2+ ATP
      dependent Ca2+ uptake was 63 and 11%, respectively, in plasma membranes; in rough
      endoplasmic reticulum only Mn2+ could replace Mg2+ for Ca2+ uptake by 20%. Other
      divalent cations such as Ba2+ and Sr2+ could not replace Mg2+ in Ca2+ uptake.
      Ca2+ uptake into plasma membranes was not enhanced by oxalate in contrast to Ca2+
      uptake in rough endoplasmic reticulum which was stimulated by 7.3-fold. Both
      plasma membranes and rough endoplasmic reticulum showed cation and anion
      dependencies of Ca2+ uptake. The sequence was K+ greater than Rb+ greater than
      Na+ greater than Li+ greater than choline+ in plasma membranes and Rb+ greater
      than or equal to K+ greater than or equal to Na+ greater than Li+ greater than
      choline+ for rough endoplasmic reticulum. The anion sequence was Cl greater than
      or equal to Br greater than or equal to 1 greater than SCN greater than NO3
      greater than isethionate greater than cyclamate greater than gluconate greater
      than SO2(4) greater than or equal to glutarate and Cl- greater than Br greater
      than gluconate greater than SO2(4) greater than NO3 greater than 1 greater than
      cyclamate greater than or equal to SCN, respectively. Ca2+ uptake into plasma
      membranes appeared to be electrogenic since it was stimulated by an inside
      negative K+ and SCN diffusion potential and inhibited by an inside-positive
      diffusion potential. Ca2+ uptake into rough endoplasmic reticulum was not
      affected by diffusion potentials. We assume that the Ca2+ transport mechanism in
      plasma membranes as characterized in this study represents the extrusion system
      for Ca2+ from the cell that might be involved in the regulation of the cytosolic
      Ca2+ level.

PMID- 3999126
TI  - Effect of micellar lipids on rabbit intestinal brush-border membrane phospholipid
      bilayer integrity studied by 31P NMR.
AB  - The effect of biliary salts and fatty acids on the bilayer structure of rabbit
      intestinal brush-border membranes was studied using the nonperturbing probe 31P
      NMR. The broad, asymmetric lineshape of the 31P NMR spectrum of isolated brush
      border vesicles demonstrates that their component phospholipids are organized in
      extended bilayers. These membranes are not significantly perturbed by incubation
      with physiological concentrations of biliary salts (3, 9, 18 mM), demonstrating
      that the vesicles are highly stable, corresponding to their biological function.
      However, the emergence of a narrow peak superimposed on the broad lineshape
      indicates that a small proportion of the membrane phospholipids has reached
      isotropic motion, which may correspond to external or internal micellar
      structures. Incubation with mixed micelles of fatty acids and taurochlorate show
      that long-chain fatty acids enhance the membrane-perturbing effect of
      taurocholate while short-chain, water-soluble fatty acids do not, suggesting a
      difference in the absorption mechanisms.

PMID- 3999128
TI  - Ba2+ uptake and the inhibition by Ba2+ of K+ flux into rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - Rapid uptake of Ba2+ by respiring rat liver mitochondria is accompanied by a
      transient stimulation of respiration. Following accumulation of Ba2+, e.g. at a
      concentration of 120 nmol per mg protein, the mitochondria exhibit reduced rates
      of state 3 and uncoupler-stimulated respiration. ADP-stimulated respiration is
      inhibited at a lower concentration of Ba2+ than is required to affect uncoupler
      stimulated respiration, suggesting a distinct effect of Ba2+ on mechanisms
      involved in synthesis of ATP. Ba2+, which has an ionic radius similar to that of
      K+, inhibits unidirectional K+ flux into respiring rat liver mitochondria. This
      effect on K+ influx is observable at concentrations of Ba2+, e.g. 23 to 37 nmol
      per mg protein, which cause no significant change in state 4 or uncoupler
      stimulated respiration. The accumulated Ba2+ decreases the measured Vmax of K+
      influx, while having little effect on the apparent Km for K+. The inhibition of
      K+ influx by Ba2+ is seen in the presence and absence of mersalyl, an activator
      of K+ influx. In contrast, under the conditions studied, Ba2+ has no apparent
      effect on the rate of unidirectional K+ efflux. These data are consistent with
      the idea that K+ may enter and leave mitochondria via separate mechanisms.

PMID- 3999129
TI  - Volume regulation by Necturus gallbladder.

PMID- 3999127
TI  - Action of polyethylene glycol on the fusion of human erythrocyte membranes.
AB  - Factors affecting the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced membrane fusion were
      examined. Human erythrocyte membrane "ghosts", cytoskeleton-free vesicles budded
      from erythrocytes, mechanically disrupted erythrocyte vesicles, and recombinant
      vesicles from glycophorin and egg phosphatidylcholine were used as models. Fusion
      was monitored by dark-field light microscopy and by freeze-fracture electron
      microscopy. Osmotic swelling was found necessary for fusion between membrane
      ghosts following PEG treatment. The sample with the highest fusion percentage was
      sealed ghosts incubated in hypotonic media after at least 5 min of treatment in
      greater than 25% PEG. At similar osmolarity, glycerol, dextran and PEG produced
      progressively more pronounced intramembranous particle (IMP) patching,
      correlating with their increasing fusion percentages. The patching of IMP
      preceded cell-cell contact, and occurred without direct PEG-protein interaction.
      The presence of cytoskeletal elements in small vesicles had no significant effect
      on fusion, nor on the aggregation of intramembranous particle (IMP) upon PEG
      treatment. Disrupting the membrane by lysolecithin, dimethylsulfoxide, retinol or
      mild sonication resulted in the fragmentation of ghosts without an increase in
      fusion percentage. The purity of the commercial PEG used had no apparent effect
      on fusion. We concluded that the key steps in PEG-induced fusion of cell membrane
      are the creation of IMP-free zones, and the osmotic swelling of cells after the
      formation of bilayer contacts during the PEG treatment. Cell cytoskeleton affects
      PEG-induced fusion only to the extent of affecting IMP patching.

PMID- 3999130
TI  - On the strategy of kinetic discrimination of amino acid transport systems.

PMID- 3999131
TI  - Light microscope based analysis of three-dimensional structure: applications to
      the study of Drosophila salivary gland nuclei. I. Data collection and analysis.
AB  - Many biological structures of interest are large enough that they may be viewed
      by light microscope methods, yet they are sufficiently complicated that
      interpretation of what is seen is quite difficult. The salivary gland nuclei from
      Dipterans are an example of this. Previous attempts at determining the path of
      the giant chromosomes in these nuclei have depended on the laborious construction
      of models by hand. A unified Computer Aided Modelling and Analysis system (CAMA)
      has been implemented, allowing data collection and analysis of structures visible
      by light microscopy. This system is extendible to the analysis of electron
      micrographs of serial sections or of other data consisting of images present in a
      stack.

PMID- 3999132
TI  - Computer-based determination of size and shape in living cells.
AB  - Measurement of cell volume in living epithelial cells has become an important
      technique in studies of membrane transport processes that function in cell volume
      regulation. Planimetry of video images of optical sections enables the
      measurement of the cross sectional area of each section. Cell volume is
      calculated from the measured area of each section and the known focus
      displacements. In the past the measurement of cross section area has been done by
      manual positioning of a cursor superimposed on the video image. Each experiment
      generates approximately 200 images in which two or more cells may be analysed. We
      have developed a computer-based method that uses one image as a template, and
      allows automated area determination of successive images by template matching and
      digital image processing. This new method is comparable to the older method in
      speed and accuracy, but requires much less effort from the experimenter.

PMID- 3999133
TI  - Analysis of the irregular planar distribution of proteins in membranes.
AB  - Methods to characterize the irregular but non-random planar distribution of
      proteins in biological membranes were investigated. The distribution of the
      proteins constituting the intramembranous particles (IMP) in human erythrocyte
      membranes was used as an example. The distribution of IMPs was deliberately
      altered by experimental means. For real space analyses, the IMP positions in
      freeze fracture micrograph S were determined by an automatic procedure described.
      Radial distribution and autocorrelation analysis revealed quantitative
      differences between experimental groups. These methods are more sensitive than
      the corresponding optical diffraction or Fourier-Bessel analyses of the same IMP
      distribution data, due to the inability of the diffraction methods to separate
      contrast and distribution effects. A method to identify IMPs on a non-uniform
      background is described.

PMID- 3999134
TI  - Screening colorectal cancer--invasive measures.

PMID- 3999135
TI  - Evaluation of the infertile couple.

PMID- 3999136
TI  - Malpractice litigation--a personal viewpoint.

PMID- 3999137
TI  - Packing analysis of crystalline myosin subfragment-1. Implications for the size
      and shape of the myosin head.
AB  - Crystals of myosin subfragment-1 have been examined by X-ray diffraction and
      electron microscopy to determine how the molecules pack in the unit cell and to
      gain preliminary information on the size and shape of the myosin head.
      Subfragment-1 crystallizes in space group P212121. Analysis of the X-ray
      diffraction photographs shows that there are eight molecules in the unit cell
      with two in the asymmetric unit related by a non-crystallographic or local 2-fold
      axis. It also indicates that in projection down the a axis, two molecules of
      myosin subfragment-1 lie almost directly on top of one another except for a
      translation of about 9 A along c. Small crystals were fixed and embedded in the
      presence of tannic acid, and thin sections were cut perpendicular to each of the
      three crystallographic axes. Image analysis of micrographs recorded from these
      sections confirm the packing arrangement deduced from X-ray diffraction, and give
      the approximate size and shape of the molecule in the crystal lattice. They show
      that the molecule is at least 160 A long with a maximum thickness of about 60 A,
      and that it has marked curvature in the unit cell.

PMID- 3999138
TI  - Two-dimensional electron microscopic analysis of the chalice form of
      phosphorylase kinase.
AB  - Phosphorylase kinase (Mr 1.3 X 10(6], a Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase,
      plays a key role in the initiation of glycogenolysis. After purification on
      hydroxylapatite, the negatively stained enzyme was used for electron microscopy.
      In electron micrographs, phosphorylase kinase shows two major molecular forms: a
      butterfly form (approx. 60%) and a chalice form (approx. 40%). Images of the
      chalice form of the enzyme were computer-averaged by the method of single
      particle averaging. The following apparent molecular dimensions were obtained
      from the averages: total height, 20 nm; maximal width, 18 nm. The chalice form of
      phosphorylase kinase consists of a major structure termed the cup (11 nm X 18
      nm), containing a large accessible cleft, and a minor structure termed the stem
      (8 nm X 9 nm). A closer examination of the images by averaging of molecular parts
      revealed two subpopulations of the cup part: a flexed (closed) type and an
      extended (open) type. The orifice, which can be closed partly by two protrusions
      (I, I'), is about 6 nm wide when the protrusions are flexed and 9 nm wide when
      they are extended. It is suggested that the substrates, e.g. phosphorylase b, may
      be accommodated in the large cleft of the enzyme. While the orientation of the
      protrusions (I, I') is the most obvious difference between the two types, more
      structural differences can be detected, suggesting a concerted movement of the
      protein domains against each other.

PMID- 3999139
TI  - Thermodynamic study of domain organization in troponin C and calmodulin.
AB  - Intramolecular melting of troponin C, calmodulin and their proteolytic fragments
      has been studied microcalorimetrically at various concentrations of monovalent
      and divalent ions. It is shown by thermodynamic analysis of the experimentally
      determined excess heat capacity function that the four calcium-binding domains in
      these two related proteins are not integrated into a single co-operative system,
      as would be the case if they formed a common hydrophobic core in the molecule,
      but still interact with each other in a very specific way. There is a positive
      interaction between domains I and II, which is so strong that they actually form
      a single co-operative block. The interaction between domains III and IV is
      positive also, although much less pronounced, while the interaction between the
      pairs of domains (I and II) and (III and IV) is negative, as if they repel each
      other. The structure of the co-operative block of domains I and II at room
      temperature does not depend noticeably on the ionic conditions, which influence
      its stability to a small extent only. The same applies to domain IV of
      calmodulin, but in troponin C this domain is unstable in the absence of divalent
      ions, in solutions of low ionic strength. In both proteins, the least stable is
      domain III, which forms a compact ordered structure at room temperature only in
      the presence of Ca2+. In troponin C, calcium ions can be replaced by magnesium
      ions, although the compact structure of domain III formed by these two ions does
      not seem to be quite identical. Thus, at conditions close to physiological, with
      regard to temperature and ionic strength, the removal of free Ca2+ from the
      solution induces in both proteins a reversible transition of domain III to the
      non-compact disordered state. This dramatic Ca2+-induced change in the domain III
      conformation in troponin C and calmodulin might play a key role in the
      functioning of these proteins as a Ca2+-controlled switch in the molecular
      mechanisms of living systems.

PMID- 3999140
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the
      decadeoxyoligonucleotide d(CpGpTpApCpGpTpApCpG).
AB  - Crystals of the self-complementary decadeoxyoligonucleotide
      d(CpGpTpApCpGpTpApCpG) have been grown from a solution containing [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
      and spermine. The amber-colored crystals are hexagonal and belong to the space
      group P6(5) (or P6(1] with unit cell parameters a = 17.93 A, c = 43.41 A.
      Precession photography and molecular packing considerations indicate that the
      unit cell consists of a 12 nucleotide duplex. The asymmetric unit, therefore, is
      a disordered duplex dimer in which each pyrimidine-purine base-pair is occupied
      60% of the time by a C . G pair and 40% of the time by a T . A pair. The above
      considerations and preliminary structure analysis reveal that this alternating
      pyrimidine-purine oligomer assumes a Z-DNA conformation.

PMID- 3999141
TI  - Three expressed sequences within the human beta-tubulin multigene family each
      define a distinct isotype.
AB  - This paper describes the isolation and complete sequence of a novel expressed
      human beta-tubulin gene (beta 2). The sequence is compared with that of two other
      expressed human beta-tubulin genes (M40 and 5 beta). All are encoded by four
      exons. Though the boundaries of each exon are absolutely conserved among the
      three genes, the intervening sequences differ considerably in size and sequence
      content. Two of the genes (M40 and 5 beta) contain one (M40) or ten (5 beta)
      members of the middle repetitive Alu family sequences within one of their
      intervening sequences. Comparison of the amino acid sequences encoded by each
      gene reveals a high level of homology overall, though there is significant
      divergence between the carboxy termini of two of the genes. The pattern of
      expression of each beta-tubulin gene has been studied in several different human
      cell lines using unique non-crosshybridizing probes derived from the 3'
      untranslated regions. Two of the genes, M40 and beta 2, are expressed at varying
      levels in all of the cell lines examined, though the level of expression of one
      of these genes parallels the other in most cases. The third gene, 5 beta, is
      detectably expressed only in cells of neural origin. Thus, distinct human beta
      tubulin isotypes are encoded by genes whose exon size and number has been
      conserved evolutionarily, but whose pattern of expression may be regulated either
      co-ordinately or uniquely. Of the approximately 15 sequences contained in the
      human beta-tubulin multigene family, nine have now been sequenced fully. The
      overall composition of the multigene family and the evolutionary relationships
      among its various members are discussed.

PMID- 3999142
TI  - Antiparallel orientation of the two double-stranded coiled-coils in the
      tetrameric protofilament unit of intermediate filaments.
AB  - The chymotryptically excised middle domain of desmin slightly exceeds in length
      the structurally conserved alpha-helical middle region documented in all
      intermediate filament proteins by amino acid sequence data. This rod domain is a
      protofilament derivative with a tetrameric organization, thus indicating the
      presence of two double-stranded coiled-coil units. We now show by immunoelectron
      microscopy that Fab fragments of a desmin-specific monoclonal antibody mixed with
      the rod lead to dumb-bell-shaped structures. The tagging of both ends together
      with the length of the rod (48 nm) argues for an antiparallel orientation of the
      two coiled-coils without a major stagger. This information combined with the
      lateral 21 nm periodicity of the intermediate filament observed by us and others
      leads to a structural hypothesis similar to those entertained from X-ray data on
      wool alpha-keratins, although here an antiparallel tetrameric unit of some 60 to
      66 nm is invoked, which has never been isolated. The structure that we discuss
      allows for the existence of both the particles, and the antibody experiment
      strongly supports the antiparallel orientation postulated in both approaches. The
      tube-like filament structure proposed for the intermediate filament agrees with
      recent mass per unit length measurements and allows for two minor classes of
      intermediate filaments with different values in this property as also found
      experimentally.

PMID- 3999143
TI  - Evolution of the primate beta-globin gene region. High rate of variation in CpG
      dinucleotides and in short repeated sequences between man and chimpanzee.
AB  - A 5500 base-pair fragment including the beta-globin gene downstream from codon
      122 and about 4000 base-pairs of its 5' flanking sequence was cloned from
      chimpanzee DNA and thoroughly sequenced before being compared with the
      corresponding human sequence: 88 point differences (83 substitutions and 5
      deletions or insertions of 1 base-pair) were detected as well as seven more
      important deletion/insertion events. These changes occur preferentially in two
      kinds of structure. First, 40% of the CpG dinucleotides present in either human
      or chimpanzee sequences are affected by nucleotide variations. This corresponds
      to a divergence level considerably higher than that expected. Second, most short
      repeated sequences found in the 5' extragenic sequence are involved in mutational
      events (amplification or contraction of the number of basic motifs as well as
      point substitutions or deletions/insertions of 1 base-pair). Considering the very
      low level of nucleotide sequence divergence between these two closely related
      species, our data provide direct evidence for CpG and tandem array instability.

PMID- 3999144
TI  - Genetic control of chromatin structure 5' to the qa-x and qa-2 genes of
      Neurospora.
AB  - The roles of the qa-1F and qa-1S regulatory genes of Neurospora in modifying the
      chromatin structure of two qa structural genes have been studied by mapping DNase
      I hypersensitive sites in qa chromatin isolated from wild-type, qa-1F- (non
      inducible) mutants, qa-1Sc (constitutive) mutants, qa-1S- (non-inducible)
      mutants, and from activator protein-independent mutants of qa-2 (qa-2ai). DNase I
      hypersensitive sites in the 5' region of the qa-x and qa-2 structural genes
      increase in number and sensitivity upon induction of transcription with quinic
      acid. Both qa-1F- and qa-1Sc mutations are associated with alterations in the
      DNase I sensitivity of the qa-x and qa-2 region, the latter mutations resulting
      in the common 5'-flanking region of these genes being accessible to DNase I. The
      qa-1F+ genotype is correlated with increased DNase I cleavage in the -200 to -88
      region of qa-2, a region previously implicated in qa-1F regulation of RNA
      polymerase II access to the qa-2 promoters.

PMID- 3999145
TI  - New control elements of bacteriophage T4 pre-replicative transcription.
AB  - Bacteriophage T4 pre-replicative genes are transcribed, by Escherichia coli RNA
      polymerase, in two alternative modes: an early mode and a middle mode. Middle
      mode transcription is under the control of at least one viral protein, pmotA. We
      have identified two additional viral genes, motB and motC, that map in the
      dispensable region of the T4 genome, between genes 39 and 56. pmotB and pmotC are
      diffusible factors which provide an alternative to the motA dependent mode of
      middle transcription of many T4 genes. Deletions of motB and motC are in fact
      lethal only in combination with a motA mutant. motB controls one of the
      alternative modes of transcription of the rIIA gene. When motA or motB are
      missing, transcription of rIIA is quantitatively unaffected; when both are
      missing the transcription rate drops by about 75%. Control of transcription of
      the tRNA gene cluster is more complex. Transcription of subcluster 2 is maximally
      reduced (70%) only by deletions that, besides motB, cut out an adjacent region.
      We guess that this adjacent region codes for an additional control element, which
      we call motC. The motB gene is situated in a 750-base region between the left end
      points of del(39-56)-1 and -4.

PMID- 3999146
TI  - Crystal structure of muconate lactonizing enzyme at 6.5 A resolution.
AB  - We have obtained crystals of Pseudomonas putida muconate lactonizing enzyme. They
      diffract to better than 2.4 A resolution and have two monomers in the asymmetric
      unit, related by a non-crystallographic 2-fold axis. The cell dimensions are
      139.3 A X 139.3 A X 84.1 A, and the space group is I4. The electron density map
      at 6.5 A resolution shows that the enzyme is an octamer with D4 symmetry.

PMID- 3999147
TI  - Biochemical and structural correlates in unloaded and reloaded cat myocardium.
AB  - Cardiocytes of unloaded myocardium rapidly lose structural and functional
      integrity through a combined loss of myofibrils and contractile activity; both
      changes are reversible with load restoration. The present study correlates the
      biochemical composition of unloaded and reloaded myocardium with these
      alterations in structure and function. Cardiac muscle was unloaded by transecting
      the chordae tendineae of a cat right ventricular papillary muscle and was
      reloaded by suturing these same chordae tendineae to the ventricular wall at the
      base of the valve; an adjacent intact muscle served as the control. Muscles
      unloaded for 1 to 14 days were assayed for DNA, protein, total creatine and
      hydroxyproline content. The ratios of wet weight/DNA and creatine/DNA decreased
      by 30 and 22% respectively, in parallel with a 38% reduction in cardiocyte cross
      sectional area. Protein/unit wet weight was decreased by 50% after 14 days of
      unloading, so that both protein/DNA and protein/creatine were markedly reduced.
      Reloading of the muscle restored cardiocyte size, protein per unit wet weight and
      protein/DNA to normal. Parallel reductions in both contractile filaments and
      contractile proteins after unloading and parallel increases in each following
      load restoration were demonstrated by morphometric analysis of electron
      micrographs and analysis of actin and myosin by gel electrophoresis. In summary,
      the myocardium undergoes marked, parallel changes in structure, function and
      biochemical composition in response to the removal and restoration of load.

PMID- 3999148
TI  - Ranitidine hydrochloride-induced hypergastrinemia.
AB  - Ranitidine hydrochloride (Zantac) is a recently released H(2)-receptor antagonist
      that is stated not to cause significant increases in serum gastrin. The case
      described herein demonstrates that this is not always true. Zantac produced
      significant acute hypergastrinemia, which was sustained for several days after
      the discontinuation of the drug.

PMID- 3999149
TI  - Leadership selection.

PMID- 3999150
TI  - Trends and transformations in health care.

PMID- 3999151
TI  - Spectrum of renal abnormalities in acquired immune-deficiency syndrome.
AB  - Data from 27 patients with acquired immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS
      related complex (ARC) managed at the University of California, Irvine Medical
      Center since 1982 were extracted from medical records. Functional renal
      insufficiency occurred with considerable frequency among the AIDS patients. In
      contrast renal function was stable in the ARC patients studied. The majority of
      the AIDS patients exhibited persistent or transient proteinuria. Hematuria,
      leukocyturia, bacteruria, and nonvenereal urinary tract infections were seen with
      considerable frequency among AIDS patients and much less frequently among ARC
      patients. Similarly various disorders of fluids, electrolytes, acid base and
      abnormal phosphorus and calcium levels were common among AIDS patients and
      uncommon among ARC patients. These observations point to the prevalence and
      significance of the renal and associated abnormalities in acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome.

PMID- 3999152
TI  - A survey and analysis of techniques used in attracting the black middle-class
      patient.
AB  - This study presents a survey which is based upon the black physician's perception
      of the expectations of the black middle-class patient. This perception is that
      the middle-class expectations are low; hence, satisfaction is low, and the result
      is that prospective patients tend to utilize the services of white physicians.
      The survey was designed to sample opinions of physicians attending the 1983
      annual meeting of the National Medical Association in Chicago, and it determined
      the most useful techniques in attracting black middle-class patients. These
      investigators believe that there is an immediate need of a market-concept
      approach utilizing the results of this study to help the black doctor market his
      services more effectively. Such a market concept approach is presented.

PMID- 3999154
TI  - Treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea with cefotaxime.
AB  - Over 950 patients in the southeast region and south area of Los Angeles County
      were treated with cefotaxime and the effectiveness of its treatment is reported
      herein.

PMID- 3999153
TI  - Alcohol-induced hypertension: mechanisms, complications, and clinical
      implications.
AB  - Alcohol abuse is a frequent contributor to elevated blood pressure and may be the
      most common cause of secondary hypertension. The mechanism of this association is
      unknown. In most cases, the blood pressure elevations are reversible and return
      to normal upon discontinuation of alcohol use. Even though transitory, such
      hypertension cannot be considered benign, or inconsequential, since it may be
      contributory to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease observed in
      problem drinkers.

PMID- 3999155
TI  - Tracheoesophageal fistula secondary to esophageal carcinoma presenting with
      aspiration pneumonia.
AB  - Tracheoesophageal fistulas should be suspected in patients with recurring chronic
      aspiration pneumonitis. They are most often secondary to intrathoracic
      malignancies. A case report of a patient with this disorder is presented, along
      with a review of pertinent literature.

PMID- 3999157
TI  - Latest guidelines on the treatment of high blood pressure.

PMID- 3999156
TI  - Acute torsion of the gallbladder in a 100-year-old female patient.
AB  - Torsion of the gallbladder is rare. However, the surgeon should be aware of it
      and that unusual presentations in the elderly make early diagnosis very
      difficult. A 100-year-old white female presented with right-sided abdominal pain
      and was found to have acute torsion of the gallbladder. The clinical picture,
      diagnostic tests, and operative findings are outlined. Serial evaluations of the
      patient's condition and a high index of suspicion are essential elements for
      prompt recognition and early surgical management.

PMID- 3999158
TI  - Black/white differences in response to antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 3999159
TI  - Incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with multiple
      musculoskeletal injuries: effect of early operative stabilization of fractures.
AB  - Records of 132 consecutive patients with multiple musculoskeletal injuries were
      examined for the purpose of assessing the relationship between the length of time
      from injury to the operative stabilization of major fractures and the incidence
      of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). To be included in the study
      patients had to have had at least two major long-bone fractures and a Hospital
      Trauma Index-Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 18 or higher. Early operative
      fracture stabilization (STAB) is defined as an operation in the first 24 hours
      postinjury at which the majority of fractures were stabilized without leaving a
      spine, pelvis, or femur fracture unstable. A stepwise logistic regression was
      performed on the data. The dependent variable was the presence or absence of
      ARDS. The independent variables were age, sex, number of injuries, days to first
      surgery, early operative fracture stabilization (STAB), units of blood the first
      week, and ISS and its major components: RESP, ABD, CV, EXT, NS, and SSQ. The two
      independent variables selected as significant by this procedure were STAB and
      ISS. For the overall data set, a delay in orthopedic surgery (greater than 24
      hours) is associated with a five-fold increase in the incidence of ARDS (p less
      than 0.001). For the more severely injured patients (ISS greater than 40), the
      comparable rates are 17% with early surgery and 75% with delayed surgery (p less
      than 0.001). A Chi-square test for association between ARDS and STAB adjusting
      for changes due to ISS grouping is significant (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999160
TI  - The quantity and function of pulmonary alveolar macrophages after splenectomy and
      Corynebacterium parvum.
AB  - We have previously shown that Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum), a nonspecific
      immunomodulator, partially protects splenectomized and nonsplenectomized mice
      when challenged with aerosolized pneumococci. We report here the effects of both
      splenectomy and C. parvum on the phagocytic function of the lavageable pulmonary
      alveolar macrophage (PAM). Groups of young adult male Sprague Dawley rats
      underwent splenectomy or sham operation 3 weeks before injection of C. parvum 1.5
      mg IP (or saline) per animal. One week postinjection PAM's were harvested. The in
      vitro phagocytic indices (PI) for PAM incubated with tritiated thymidine-labeled
      S. aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, type 14, opsonized with normal rat serum,
      were determined. Splenectomy had no effect on lung weights, PAM yield, or PAM
      phagocytic activity. C. parvum administration significantly increased spleen
      weight in sham-operated animals, but had no effect on lung weights, PAM yield, or
      phagocytic activity of either control or splenectomized animals. Splenectomy in
      the adult rat did not induce a phagocytic defect in the PAM and thus the
      lavageable PAM cannot be considered a significant site of the postsplenectomy
      defect. Since C. parvum protects animals from respiratory challenge with
      Streptococcus pneumoniae but does not alter the number or activity of lavageable
      alveolar macrophages, we hypothesize that C. parvum protection is more likely
      related to our previous finding of an increased clearance of blood-borne bacteria
      by the expanded and enhanced reticuloendothelial system.

PMID- 3999161
TI  - Granulocyte stem cells are decreased in humans with fatal burns.
AB  - The number of granulocytic stem cells (CFU-C) was measured in the peripheral
      blood of surviving and nonsurviving burned humans. It has been shown that the
      number of CFU-C in the peripheral blood of survivors increases over time and is
      elevated compared to the number found in normal humans. The number found in
      nonsurvivors, however, falls significantly in the later stages of burn injury,
      suggesting perhaps a defect in stem cell production and/or differentiation in
      patients with severe thermal injuries. The mechanism is unclear but its
      delineation may have an important bearing on understanding the nature of
      infectious complications following thermal injury.

PMID- 3999162
TI  - Energy expenditure after spinal cord injury: an evaluation of stable
      rehabilitating patients.
AB  - Caloric requirements for spinal cord patients are not well understood. Energy
      expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and compared with predicted
      expenditure by manipulations of the Harris-Benedict (Long and Rutten), Quebbeman,
      and Spanier and Shizgal equations, using actual and ideal body weight: 45
      measurements were made on 22 spinally injured patients, who were medically stable
      in their early rehabilitation phase of treatment, and included quadriplegics,
      paraplegics, and patients with Brown-Sequard syndrome. Other nutritional
      parameters were also followed. Equations based on normal patients consistently
      overestimated energy requirements of spinally injured patients. From the time of
      injury, spinally injured patients appear to have a reduction in their energy
      needs proportional to the amount of muscle which has been denervated. This
      decrease in caloric requirements continues throughout the rehabilitation and
      plateau phases. We have demonstrated that stable, rehabilitating spinally injured
      patients require 23.4 kcal/kg/day. As a group, quadriplegics required 22.7
      kcal/kg/day, and paraplegics 27.9 kcal/kg/day. This represents only 45 to 90% of
      the recommended calories for maintenance as calculated by any of these recognized
      formulae, based on normal heights, weights, age, and sex, when using either
      current weight or ideal body weight. Spinally injured patients as a group are
      subjected to fluctuations in weight during treatment. Our own patients tended to
      become obese approximately 12 months after spinal cord injury on uncontrolled
      diets. All patients underwent an initial weight loss which was greater in the
      quadriplegics as a group, compared with paraplegics. On uncontrolled diets, our
      patients gained an average of 1.7 kg/wk and this was also greater in the
      quadriplegic group.

PMID- 3999165
TI  - Simple way to reposition a wandering central venous catheter.
AB  - A technique has been devised by which a misplaced central venous catheter can be
      repositioned in the superior vena cava by using a #2 vascular Fogarty catheter.
      This technique is easier and more dependable than the J-guide wire technique and
      spares the patient repeated attempts at subclavian vein cannulation.

PMID- 3999164
TI  - Contrasting beliefs and actions of drivers regarding seatbelts: a study in New
      Orleans.
AB  - To study the association between actual and claimed belt usage, to determine
      drivers' attitudes toward seatbelts, and to identify some of the factors
      associated with the use and nonuse of seatbelts, we administered a one-page
      questionnaire to 1,103 drivers attending their annual brake tag inspection in New
      Orleans, Louisiana. Actual belt use was unobtrusively recorded at the same time.
      Fifty-one per cent of drivers stated that they wore seatbelts always or most of
      the time, 52% agreed that seatbelts should be worn, and 28% favored mandatory
      seatbelt use. Yet only 5.4% of drivers were actually observed wearing seatbelts.
      Drivers who had experienced a previous auto injury that required a doctor's visit
      were 1.7 times as likely to be wearing seatbelts as those without prior injury,
      yet only 8% of the injured were wearing them. The results of the survey are
      discussed in relation to the discrepancy between attitudes towards seatbelts and
      observed seatbelt use.

PMID- 3999166
TI  - Transpositional digital replantation.
AB  - When a functionally important digit is injured as part of a multiple digit
      injury, transpositional digital replantation is worth considering to preserve
      greater hand function and to avoid or minimize the necessity for secondary
      reconstructive procedures. We present two such cases with transpositional digital
      replantation. The indications for this technique are: 1) multiple digit injury,
      2) severe crush injury, 3) the possibility of preserving more and better joints
      in some fingers, and 4) injury distal to Tamai's zone V (11). The benefits of
      this procedure are that function can be better with the more completely preserved
      digits replanted into the most useful positions and of similar lengths.
      Difficulties are encountered when there are large discrepancies in size of
      surviving digits, and problems with soft-tissue coverage, tendon repair, a 'step'
      at the fracture site after bone fixation, and with vessel anastomosis. Use of
      this procedure can result in preservation of hand function and fewer secondary
      reconstructive procedures.

PMID- 3999163
TI  - The esophageal obturator airway: obturator or obtundator?
AB  - The esophageal obturator airway (EOA) has been approved for use in
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) since 1973. Complications reported with its
      use include esophageal rupture, aspiration, and inadvertent tracheal occlusion or
      intubation with the obturator. Five cases of unrecognized tracheal intubation
      occurring in 170 cases of EOA use during CPR are reported. Records were analyzed
      for extent and treatment of injuries in the field and the hospital, blood gas
      levels before and after replacement of the erroneously placed EOA with an
      endotracheal tube (ETT), and outcome. Blood gas analysis confirmed absent
      ventilation and profound acidosis following tracheal intubation with the EOA with
      average EOA arterial blood gases: pH 6.9/pCO2 78/pO2 47. Mortality from this
      complication was 100%. Tracheal intubation with the EOA is under-recognized and
      under-reported. It is a potentially lethal complication. The EOA should be
      replaced with standard bag mask technique or preferably endotracheal intubation
      in the field by emergency medical technicians.

PMID- 3999167
TI  - Ammonia inhalation.
AB  - Because of the widespread use of ammonia in industry and agriculture there is a
      growing opportunity for ammonia burns to occur. Two fatal cases are presented.
      The injury is thermal as well as chemical, to skin, eyes, airway and lungs.
      Prompt (5-10 seconds) irrigation of the eyes is required, and immediate treatment
      of airway and pulmonary injuries. Fluid resuscitation and skin wound care are
      similar to that of other burns. Presence or absence of abnormal chest findings on
      admission is the best prognostic factor.

PMID- 3999168
TI  - Traumatic rupture of the hepatic duct demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiography.
AB  - Persistent jaundice and abdominal distention were noted postoperatively in a 37
      year-old white male who had undergone splenectomy and suture of a liver
      laceration following a motorcycle accident. Abdominal paracentesis yielded bile
      stained fluid. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) demonstrated rupture
      of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation which had been missed on initial
      laparotomy. ERC was valuable in planning and subsequently performing a
      hepatojejunostomy. We found no previous report of using ERC to diagnose and
      locate a missed bile duct injury.

PMID- 3999169
TI  - Simultaneous dislocation of the interphalangeal joints in a finger.
AB  - Single dislocation of a joint in a finger is common, but simultaneous dislocation
      of both joints is a rare occurrence. Two further cases are reported with review
      of the literature.

PMID- 3999170
TI  - Nonunion of the radial head.
AB  - A case of posterior fracture-dislocation of the elbow with a comminuted radial
      head fracture which subsequently went on to nonunion is reported. Radiographs at
      followup revealed a pseudoarthrosis of the radial neck, with at least part of the
      normal pronation and supination occurring through the pseudoarthrosis site.

PMID- 3999172
TI  - A plea for surgical leadership.

PMID- 3999171
TI  - Bile duct disruption by blunt trauma.
AB  - The rarity of bile duct injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma leads to
      frequent delays in diagnosis and inappropriate management. An illustrative case
      is therefore described and 94 reported cases are reviewed. In 53% of patients,
      operation was delayed more than 24 hours. Early clinical findings of hypovolemia
      and acute abdomen are related to associated injuries. Late findings are abdominal
      distention and jaundice due to the biliary injury. Early diagnosis is facilitated
      by diagnostic paracentesis. Patients operated on during the first 24 hours after
      the injury had a statistically higher incidence of bile duct injury distal to the
      cystic duct (p less than 0.05) and of complete ductal severance (p less than
      0.05). The association of location distal to the cystic duct and complete
      severance was highly significant (p less than 0.001). Management should include
      biliary exploration. Cholangiography using concentrated water-soluble contrast
      agents may help to find the anatomy of obscure injuries. The choice of surgical
      repair must be individualized according to the location and the magnitude of the
      injury.

PMID- 3999174
TI  - Successful venomous snakebite neutralization with massive antivenin infusion in a
      child.

PMID- 3999173
TI  - Controversy in snake bite--time for a controlled appraisal.

PMID- 3999175
TI  - The users and the developers of injury scaling.

PMID- 3999176
TI  - The risk-benefit of autotransfusion.

PMID- 3999177
TI  - Organization of the intercellular junctions in the endothelium of cardiac valves.
AB  - The intramembranous organization of valvular endothelial cells and the structure
      of their intercellular junctions were studied using both thin section and freeze
      fracture electron microscopy. Using the double replica method, large areas of
      fractured endothelial cell plasma membrane are exposed. On both faces, the
      intramembranous particles are randomly distributed, but they are 2-3 times more
      frequent on the P face than on the E face: on the former, their number varies
      from 340 to 1700 particles/micron 2. The density of vesicular openings seems to
      be slightly higher on the tissue front (29-43 openings/micron 2) than on the
      blood front (24-34 openings/micron 2). The vesicular stomata are absent in
      parajunctional areas. The intercellular junction structure appears as a variation
      to that described for arteries. The occluding junctions appear as a network of 1
      6 (most frequently 3-4) interconnected ridges on P faces or grooves on E faces.
      Occasionally, the presence of strands formed by association of short bars can be
      observed on the P face ridge. In addition, there are a small number of occluding
      junctions with low profile ridges, free or marked by few particles, similar to
      those described for the venules. These junctions are probably involved in the
      inflammatory reaction occurring during clinically manifested valvular disease.
      The communicating (gap) junctions, small or large, are free, partially or
      completely associated. In all valves examined we observed a special kind of
      communicating junction the particles of which are disposed in 1-4 rows, forming
      branched or circular patterns. Intracellular injection of 6-carboxyfluorescein
      shows transfer of the dye to the neighboring cell, suggesting that the cells are
      coupled. In both atrioventricular and sigmoid valves, the endothelial junctions
      have a similar pattern with some differences in the degree of complexity. The
      ventricular aspect of the valves contains junctions with a larger number of
      junctional strands than the atrial or arterial aspect. This suggests a possible
      relationship between the number of strands and the stress factors (i.e. blood
      hydrostatic pressure). The presence of functionally communicating junctions of
      various dimensions and shapes suggests that the endothelial cells of valvular
      endocardium are metabolically coupled. At short exposure times (5-10 min),
      filipin-incubated valves exhibit characteristic filipin-sterol complexes (FSC)
      around the vesicular stomata of the endothelium. After a longer exposure (30-90
      min) FSC labeled randomly the rest of plasma membrane except for coated pits, gap
      junction regions and area boundering tight junctional strands.

PMID- 3999178
TI  - On the origin of peritoneal resident macrophages. I. DNA synthesis in mouse
      peritoneal resident macrophages.
AB  - Mouse resident macrophages were isolated from the unstimulated peritoneal cavity
      at various intervals after one intravenous injection of tritiated thymidine. EM
      autoradiography showed that 15 min after the injection, peritoneal resident
      macrophages, with the characteristic localization of the peroxidatic activity in
      the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope, had already
      incorporated tritiated thymidine. In the peripheral blood, monocytes with silver
      grains over the nuclei were seen from 12 h onwards with a maximum at 48 h. In the
      peritoneal cavity labelled monocytes appeared at 24 h. The peak for labelled
      blood monocytes was not followed by a peak for labelled peritoneal resident
      macrophages. The conclusion is drawn that resident macrophages from the
      unstimulated peritoneal cavity are able to proliferate locally.

PMID- 3999179
TI  - On the origin of peritoneal resident macrophages. II. Recovery of the resident
      macrophage population in the peritoneal cavity and in the milky spots after
      peritoneal cell depletion.
AB  - A kinetic study of the resident macrophage population in the peritoneal cavity
      and in the milky spots was done in mice depleted of peritoneal cells by repeated
      peritoneal washing. According to the distribution of the peroxidatic activity,
      four types of peritoneal macrophages could be distinguished. The size of each of
      these subpopulations depends on the length of the interval after peritoneal-cell
      depletion. Tritiated thymidine experiments revealed in the peritoneal cavity and
      in the milky spots local DNA synthesis by resident and PO-negative macrophages
      but not by monocytes or exudate macrophages and exudate/resident macrophages. The
      relationships between the various types of macrophages are discussed. No evidence
      was found for a relationship between resident macrophages and monocytes or
      macrophages with PO-positive granules. The PO-negative macrophage population was
      suggested to be heterogeneous, part of it being derived from monocytes and part
      having a relationship with the resident macrophages.

PMID- 3999180
TI  - On the origin of peritoneal resident macrophages. III. EM-immunocytochemical
      studies on the origin of mouse peritoneal resident macrophages.
AB  - The origin of resident macrophages was studied in chimera mice, F1(B10M X DBA2)--
      -B10M, by means of EM-immunocytochemical detection of H-2 antigens on the cell
      surface of donor cells, F1(B10M X DBA2) (H-2d/H-2f haplotype), in the B10M (H-2f
      haplotype) host. The methodology used was an acceleration of the replacement of
      host peritoneal resident macrophages, reached by complete peritoneal cell
      depletion. In mice with successful engraftment of the bone marrow, the recovered
      peritoneal resident macrophage population showed the H-2d antigenic
      characteristics of the bone marrow donor. It was concluded that under the
      experimental conditions of this study peritoneal resident macrophages derive at
      least partly from precursor cells in the bone marrow.

PMID- 3999181
TI  - Interreceptor junction in the double cone of the chicken retina.
AB  - The two elements of the double cones in the chicken retina (Gallus gallus
      domesticus) are joined by a specialized junction located at the level of the
      myoid of the principal cone and the perikaryon of the accessory cone, in close
      proximity to the outer limiting membrane. In thin sections, the plasma membranes
      of the two elements of the cones are seen to approach each other closely being
      separated by a cleft of 3 to 11 nm; short gap junctions are interposed. A layer
      of fine filamentous material is constantly present on the cytoplasmic side of the
      plasma membranes. In replicas of freeze-fractured retinas the junction appears as
      a fascia composed of small polygonal gap junctions connected to one another by
      linear gap junctions. Solitary arrays of gap junctional particles are also
      present. In close proximity to the gap junctions the membrane matrix appears
      devoid of intramembrane particles. We conclude that the elements of the double
      cones are connected to one another by gap junctions with associated intermediate
      junction. The presence of gap junctions suggests that the two elements of the
      double cones are electrically coupled.

PMID- 3999182
TI  - Ultrastructural features and localization of the interstitial cells of Cajal in
      the smooth muscle coat of human esophagus.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the smooth muscle coat of the human esophagus has been
      studied. Special attention has been given to the interstitial cells of Cajal
      (ICC). The ICC are present wherever the esophageal musculature contains smooth
      muscle cells, but the amount of ICC varies with the esophageal level: in fact,
      the ICC are abundant in the esophageal body, are even more numerous in the lower
      esophageal sphincter (LES) and very rare in the gastric (distal) portion of the
      LES. Both the muscle layers contain ICC and their location varies according to
      the muscular bundles. Some ICC are inside these muscular bundles, a few are found
      in their proximity and the majority are located at the periphery of the bundles.
      According to their location, the ICC differ from one another in the extent of
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum, number of thin cytoplasmic filaments, presence of
      cytoplasmic crystalline inclusions, development of cell lateral branches and
      aspect of the connective tissue envelope. A great density of nerve endings,
      containing different types of synaptic vesicles, are preferentially related to
      the ICC. The inter-relationships observed between ICC, between ICC and smooth
      muscle cells and between ICC and Schwann cells are discussed. A structural model
      of the muscular bundles organization in the human esophagus is proposed and the
      possible role played by the ICC in the motility of the human esophagus is
      discussed on the basis of these morphological findings and data reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 3999184
TI  - Ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical studies of post-mortem changes and effects
      of hypoxia in the bony fish heart.
AB  - The ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical properties of post-mortem changed and
      hypoxic heart tissue of Gadus virens, Gadus morhua, and Poecilia reticulata are
      described. When incubated for 0.5 h at 20 degrees C the cardiac tissue is rich in
      vacuoles and endocardial blebs. After 1 h of incubation, the myocardial
      mitochondria contain some amorphous, flocculent densities (50-100 nm), which seem
      to increase in number and size with advancing incubation time. Furthermore, the
      mitochondria in heart perfused by a calcium-containing solution for 7 h at
      hypoxic conditions contain large numbers of highly electron dense annular
      granules (35-50 nm). Numerous myocardial mitochondria exclude tannic acid in
      tissue incubated or perfused for up to 1.5 h, whereas all mitochondria seem
      permeated by this substance when incubated for 5 h or perfused at hypoxic
      condition for 7 h. The amount of myocardial glycogen in P. reticulata is greatly
      reduced in the hypoxic heart compared with the normal heart. The mitochondria and
      contractile material, however, seem to tolerate oxygen depletion remarkably well.
      The present results are compared with those reported previously for the post
      mortem changes and hypoxic hearts in fishes and mammals.

PMID- 3999183
TI  - A freeze-fracture paradigm of the mechanism for delivery and insertion of gap
      junction particles into the plasma membrane.
AB  - Formation of intercellular gap junctions between cultured bovine aorta
      endothelial cells was studied by examination of freeze-fracture replicas of
      endothelial plasma membranes. Newly divided cells in the endothelial monolayer
      displayed numerous plaque-like aggregates of intramembrane particles situated on
      the PF fracture face of the plasmalemma interpreted to represent gap junctions in
      various stages of assembly. Closely associated with these particle aggregates are
      numerous small circular PF face depressions (or EF face volcano-like protrusions)
      that are presumed to result from fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma
      membrane. In most cases, intramembrane particles, identical to those that
      comprise the developing gap junctions, appear intimately associated with the
      vesicle fusion sites and with the forming junction particle aggregates; a
      morphological relationship that strongly suggests the gap junction particles have
      emanated from the fusion sites. These observations are suggested to constitute
      morphological evidence for insertion of gap junction intramembrane particles into
      the plasma membrane by fusion of particle-bearing cytoplasmic vesicle couriers
      with the plasmalemma.

PMID- 3999185
TI  - The presence and distribution of gap junctions in the oocyte-follicle cell
      complex of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio.
AB  - Membranes of teleost female gametes and investing layer of follicle cells
      characteristically exhibit a prolonged, close spatial relationship. This
      relationship is manifested, in part, by numerous folds of the plasma membrane of
      both oocyte and follicle cells that extend through channels called pore canals
      within a thick, laminated extracellular coat, the vitelline membrane. During
      oogenesis the folded oocyte processes, or microvilli, increase in number and
      length, but decrease in width. Follicle cell processes are frequently wider and
      less numerous than oocyte microvilli, but do not usually touch the unfolded
      portion of the oocyte surface. Throughout development, distal portions of oocyte
      microvilli contact either the proximal portion of follicle cell processes or
      unfolded parts of the follicle cell plasma membrane where many membranous
      specializations characteristic of gap junctions are present, especially during
      intermediate and later stages of oogenesis. Freeze-fracture replicas of the
      oocyte-follicle complexes revealed numerous localized aggregations of discrete
      intramembranous particles approximately 9-15 nm diameter that are characteristic
      of gap junctions. Gap junctions were located in the region of contact between the
      terminals of oocyte microvilli in relation to the different areas of the follicle
      cell plasma membrane. In ultrathin sections, the apposed plasma membranes of
      oocyte microvilli and follicle cells, in places, take the form of a seven-layered
      membrane approximately 18 nm thick which is bisected by a 2 nm gap that appears
      somewhat electron dense due to uranyl acetate stain. The location of gap
      junctions in the zebrafish oocyte-follicle is different from the situation in
      mammals where gap junctions are associated with cumulus cell processes as they
      make contact with the oocyte. The entire oocyte-follicle cell complex in the
      zebrafish contains the structural pathways for the transfer of small molecules
      between these cells.

PMID- 3999186
TI  - Opposed effects of chronic prolactin administration on the zona fasciculata and
      zona reticularis of the rat adrenal cortex: an ultrastructural stereological
      study.
AB  - The effects of a prolonged treatment with prolactin on the morphology and hormone
      secretion of rat adrenal zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, were investigated
      by coupled morphometric and radio-immunological techniques. Chronic prolactin
      administration provoked a notable atrophy of zona fasciculata cells and a small
      but significant increase in the corticosterone plasma level, which can be the
      result of the prolactin-induced inhibition of the intra-adrenal 5 alpha
      reductase. Therefore, the atrophy of the zona fasciculata may be reasonably
      supposed to be not a direct effect of prolactin, but indirectly caused by a
      negative feed-back mechanism blocking ACTH release. On the contrary, prolonged
      prolactin treatment induced a conspicuous hypertrophy of zona reticularis cells,
      as well as a notable rise in the plasma concentration of testosterone, which
      cannot be due to gonad stimulation by prolactin since orchiectomized rats were
      employed. As the zona reticularis, like zona fasciculata, is ACTH-dependent, it
      must be concluded that prolactin exerts a direct stimulating effect on the growth
      of the zona reticularis, whose functional counterpart conceivably is an enhanced
      production of androgen hormones.

PMID- 3999187
TI  - Plasmacytoma with oncocytic changes. A case report.
AB  - In this report we will document a readily identifiable, morphologic variant of
      plasma cells in an extramedullary plasmacytoma. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cell
      cytoplasm was almost completely occupied by proliferating mitochondria. Localized
      areas of endoplasmic reticulum were, however, also noted. The light microscopic
      features of this tumor (i.e. foamy eosinophilic cytoplasm) and special staining
      (methyl green pyronin (MGP) characteristics were compatible with the fine
      structural details of these cells. The usefulness of obtaining a
      clinical/pathological correlation for the behavior of this type of tumor is
      discussed.

PMID- 3999188
TI  - Sinusoids in human cirrhotic nodules: better identification with the perfusion
      fixation technique.
AB  - Liver biopsies of two alcoholic patients with nodular cirrhosis were fixed by
      perfusion. Sinusoids, sinusoidal cells and the Disse space were well identified
      in the nodules. Compared to a 'normal' liver biopsy, the following abnormalities
      were found: a larger Disse space containing fibrillar material and numerous
      collagen bundles, the extension of the lateral recesses between hepatocytes, the
      presence of a basement membrane-like material beneath thick and irregular
      endothelial cells, the transformation of perisinusoidal cells into transitional
      cells and myofibroblasts-like cells. In addition perisinusoidal processes were
      clearly identified; they were thick, often containing numerous filaments, and
      displayed in two or more layers underlined by a discontinuous basement membrane
      like material.

PMID- 3999189
TI  - Ultrastructural, immunological and clinical findings in two cases of hairy cell
      leukemia.
AB  - In two cases of hairy-cell leukemia were studied the transmission and scanning
      electron microscopy morphology, the cell surface markers with monoclonal
      antibodies and the response to polyclonal mitogens, the clinical course and
      staging. We have found in the hairy cells of both cases a characteristic
      membranous system consisting of several parallel cisternae arranged in series at
      regular intervals each bounded by a smooth membrane and interrupted at intervals
      by electron-dense structures: this structure can be identified with the 'annulate
      lamellae', as yet reported in many cells but never described in hairy cells. The
      results of immunological investigations are presented and discussed. Our data
      seem to support the neoplastic B lymphocyte nature of the hairy cells. Some
      interesting findings of the clinical course of the two patients are also
      stressed.

PMID- 3999190
TI  - Ultrastructural analysis of peritrophic membrane formation of Drosophila auraria
      larvae.
AB  - The cells of the external layer of the proventriculus of Drosophila auraria
      larvae, which produce the peritrophic membrane are characterized by bears
      microvilli, polytenic nuclei, large quantities of ribosomes, very well developed
      rough endoplasmic reticulum and many Golgi complexes. The examined cells present
      one of the rare exceptions of insect intestinal cells, that form a prominent
      secretory product. The material of the peritrophic membrane, that gives a
      positive neutral polysaccharide reaction, is synthesized by the Golgi complex and
      is transported to the apex of the cells via secretory granules which discharge
      their contents in the space between adjacent microvilli and in that way they
      contribute to the peritrophic membrane formation.

PMID- 3999191
TI  - Septooptic dysplasia (de Morsier syndrome).

PMID- 3999192
TI  - Construction of nondefective adenovirus type 5 bearing a 2.8-kilobase hepatitis B
      virus DNA near the right end of its genome.
AB  - A novel helper-free adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector system, which utilizes a
      cloning site 0.2 kilobase (kb) from the right end of the genome, has been
      developed. To construct a nondefective Ad5 bearing the 2.8-kb DNA fragment of
      hepatitis B virus (HBV) at this site, we deleted the 2.1-kb nonessential E3
      fragment from cloned DNA covering the right one-fourth of the Ad5 genome (76 to
      100 map units), inserted the HBV DNA into this site, ligated the recombinant DNA
      to the rest of the Ad5 genome, and transfected the ligated DNA into human embryo
      kidney cells. Most of the recovered virus clones had only the E3 deletion and no
      HBV insertion, suggesting that a homologous recombination occurs between
      transfected DNAs in these cells. The isolated Ad5 virus bearing the HBV DNA (Ad5
      HBL) grew without helper virus in HeLa cells as efficiently as wild-type Ad5,
      although the 1.9-kb major E4 transcript was detected only poorly in the early
      phase in the Ad5-HBL-infected cells, suggesting that the HBV DNA inserted
      upstream of the E4 promoter reduces the E4 transcript. HBV mRNAs transcribed from
      the inserted DNA were at least as abundant as Ad5 early mRNAs in the late phase
      of Ad5-HBL infection, but the HBV surface antigen was barely detectable in the
      infected-cell lysate and culture medium. This result suggests that HBV mRNAs can
      be transcribed from the inserted genes but no protein can be translated from the
      HBV mRNAs, presumably because of the translational suppression of cellular mRNAs
      caused by adenovirus in its late phase.

PMID- 3999193
TI  - Identification of a new polypeptide coded by reovirus gene S1.
AB  - The reovirus S1 gene has recently been shown potentially to encode two
      polypeptides (from two overlapping reading frames) having predicted molecular
      weights of 49,071 and 16,143 (Nagata et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12:8699-8710,
      1984; Bassel-Duby et al., Nature [London], in press). The larger polypeptide is
      reovirus protein sigma 1, but synthesis of the smaller polypeptide has not been
      described to date. A truncated clone of the S1 gene in which the first ATG is
      deleted was expressed in an in vitro protein synthesis system to yield a
      approximately 13-kilodalton polypeptide, as determined from migration on sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. A polypeptide with a similar migration
      pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was present in reovirus
      infected cells and absent from mock-infected cells. Comparative tryptic peptide
      analysis of the 13-kilodalton polypeptides produced in vivo and in vitro showed
      them to be identical. Thus, the s1 mRNA of reovirus type 3 is apparently
      bicistronic, and we suggest that the approximately 13-kilodalton polypeptide be
      called sigma s (standing for sigma small).

PMID- 3999194
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a full-length human endogenous retroviral segment.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a full-length (8.8-kilobase) endogenous C-type human
      retroviral DNA (clone 4-1) is presented and compared with that of Moloney murine
      leukemia virus (MoMuLV) DNA. Colinearity of deduced amino acids of clone 4-1 with
      MoMuLV in the gag and pol regions was clearly evident, and overall amino acid
      homology in these regions was about 40%. Identification of the putative N
      terminus of gag and p30, the gag-pol junction, and the C terminus of pol could be
      established on the basis of sequence homology with MoMuLV. Unique characteristics
      of the endogenous human retroviral DNA included a tRNA Glu primer binding site
      separated from the 5' long terminal repeat by a pentanucleotide and a putative
      env sequence which does not appear to overlap the C terminus of pol and has
      virtually no homology with the env gene of known infectious retroviruses. Clone 4
      1 represents a defective prototype of a human C-type retrovirus which integrated
      into the germ line some time in the distant past.

PMID- 3999195
TI  - Contribution of the gag and pol sequences to the leukemogenicity of Friend murine
      leukemia virus.
AB  - Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) is a highly leukemogenic replication
      competent murine retrovirus. Both the F-MuLV envelope gene and the long terminal
      repeat (LTR) contribute to its pathogenic phenotype (A. Oliff, K. Signorelli, and
      L. Collins, J. Virol. 51:788-794, 1984). To determine whether the F-MuLV gag and
      pol genes also possess sequences that affect leukemogenicity, we generated
      recombinant viruses between the F-MuLV gag and pol genes and two other murine
      retroviruses, amphotrophic clone 4070 (Ampho) and Friend mink cell focus-inducing
      virus (Fr-MCF). The F-MuLV gag and pol genes were molecularly cloned on a 5.8
      kilobase-pair DNA fragment. This 5.8-kilobase-pair F-MuLV DNA was joined to the
      Ampho envelope gene and LTR creating a hybrid viral DNA, F/A E+L. A second hybrid
      viral DNA, F/Fr ENV, was made by joining the 5.8-kilobase-pair F-MuLV DNA to the
      Fr-MCF envelope gene plus the F-MuLV LTR. F/A E+L and F/Fr ENV DNAs generated
      recombinant viruses upon transfection into NIH 3T3 cells. F/A E+L virus (F-MuLV
      gag and pol, Ampho env and LTR) induced leukemia in 20% of NIH Swiss mice after 6
      months. Ampho-infected mice did not develop leukemia. F/Fr ENV virus (F-MuLV gag
      and pol, Fr-MCV env, F-MuLV LTR) induced leukemia in 46% of mice after 3 months.
      Recombinant viruses containing the Ampho gag and pol, Fr-MCF env, and F-MuLV LTR
      caused leukemia in 38% of mice after 6 months. We conclude that the F-MuLV gag
      and pol genes contain sequences that contribute to the pathogenicity of murine
      retroviruses. These sequences can convert a nonpathogenic virus into a leukemia
      causing virus or increase the pathogenicity of viruses that are already
      leukemogenic.

PMID- 3999196
TI  - Spontaneous temperature-sensitive mutations in bacteriophage T7.
AB  - Attempts to recover temperature-sensitive mutations affecting genes 13 and 14
      (virion proteins) in bacteriophage T7 by analysis of amber revertants were
      confounded by the frequent occurrence of spontaneous temperature-sensitive
      mutations in other genes. These incidental temperature-sensitive mutations are
      physically distinct from but may be functionally related to genes 13 and 14, as
      shown by complementation and recombination studies. The possibility that these
      incidental temperature-sensitive mutations represent secondary-site suppressors
      of the pseudonormal suppressed amber products is discussed.

PMID- 3999197
TI  - Bladder replacement in children and young adults.
AB  - Our experience with total and subtotal bladder replacement in 23 patients is
      reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 categories, depending upon how much
      functional bladder, bladder neck or urethra was present at the time of
      reconstruction. The general indications for operation were urinary incontinence
      in 13 cases and prior urinary diversion in 10. Bladder reconstruction was
      performed using a segment of the right colon in 18 patients and the left colon in
      5. Renal function has remained stable in 20 patients, deteriorated in 2 and
      improved in 1. Of the patients 14 are dry day and night (8 on clean intermittent
      catheterization and 2 with an artificial urinary sphincter), 7 are dry by day and
      wet at night, and 2 are wet day and night. Of the 23 patients 15 experienced a
      postoperative complication, the most common of which was loss of the antireflux
      ileocecal mechanism in 8. Bladder replacement with an isolated bowel segment is
      feasible in properly selected patients. Our series illustrates many of the areas
      of consideration in total and subtotal bladder replacement.

PMID- 3999198
TI  - Symptomatic renal mass in a patient with a positive pregnancy test.

PMID- 3999199
TI  - Triamterene calculus.
AB  - Triamterene therapy is an unusual cause of nephrolithiasis and, when this agent
      is found in a stone, generally it is deposited in minor amounts. We report a
      renal calculus consisting mostly of triamterene and its 2 major metabolites in a
      patient taking a triamterene-containing drug, and discuss some implications.

PMID- 3999200
TI  - Solitary crossed renal ectopia.
AB  - An 18-month-old girl had crossed ectopia involving a solitary left kidney. There
      have been 26 cases reported previously. Several theories for this occurrence are
      discussed.

PMID- 3999202
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of ureteroceles revisited.
AB  - Cystoscopic incision for the treatment of ureterocele is a controversial
      procedure. With the advent of prenatal diagnosis of obstructive uropathy,
      neonates with asymptomatic ureteroceles are being encountered. We discuss several
      situations in which transurethral cystoscopic incision of the ureterocele may
      have merit.

PMID- 3999201
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis associated with hypercalcemia and the
      presence of parathyroid hormone-like substances in the tumor.
AB  - A case of hypercalcemia associated with documented squamous cell carcinoma of the
      renal pelvis without bone metastasis is reported. High levels of cross-reacting
      parathyroid hormone-like material in serum and its presence in tumoral tissue
      were detected. To our knowledge this is the fourth case described in the
      literature and the first in which tumoral production of parathyroid hormone-like
      material is demonstrated.

PMID- 3999203
TI  - Incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in patients with long-term catheter
      drainage.
AB  - Long-term indwelling catheters constitute a risk factor for the development of
      bladder malignancy. We assessed prospectively by bladder biopsy and urine
      cytology 25 consecutive spinal cord injury patients catheterized for a minimum of
      10 years. Two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder were identified.
      Both patients with cancer had positive cytology findings and hematuria,
      suggesting that routine bladder biopsy in the asymptomatic patient may not be
      warranted. The high risk of malignancy (8 per cent) in these patients is yet
      another compelling reason to minimize the use of long-term indwelling catheters.

PMID- 3999204
TI  - Use of the flexible fiberoptic nephroscope in the preoperative evaluation and
      delayed repair of traumatic urethral strictures.
AB  - A flexible, fiberoptic nephroscope was used in the preoperative evaluation and
      subsequent repair of obliterative, post-traumatic urethral strictures in 2 men.
      Antegrade passage of the flexible nephroscope through a previously established
      suprapubic cystostomy tract afforded direct visualization of the bladder neck and
      uninvolved urethra proximal to the strictures. Thereby, precise definition of
      involvement of the membranous urethra and striated external sphincter was
      established. This facilitated selection between transperineal and transpubic
      operative approaches as well as intraoperative localization of the proximal
      margins of the strictures.

PMID- 3999205
TI  - Grade 2 urethroprostatic papillary urothelial carcinoma with positive urinary
      cytology.
AB  - A rare case of papillary urothelial grade 2 carcinoma of the prostate and urethra
      in a patient with a previous papillary neoplasm of the bladder is reported. The
      tumor caused hematuria and prostatic enlargement suspicious for cancer. Urinary
      cytology was diagnostic.

PMID- 3999206
TI  - Intracorporeal cavernosa streptokinase as adjuvant therapy in the delayed
      treatment of idiopathic priapism.
AB  - Late treatment of priapism may be associated with unsuccessful aspiration and
      irrigation of the corpora cavernosa. In such cases intracorporeal instillation of
      streptokinase resulted in dramatic improvement in detumescence. A subsequent
      venous shunt procedure achieved good results.

PMID- 3999207
TI  - Penile tourniquet injury due to a coil of hair.
AB  - Penile strangulation caused by a coil of hair frequently is an unrecognized
      clinical entity with severe potential complications, such as urethrocutaneous
      fistulas, necrosis of the glans and partial or complete amputation of the glans.
      We report on a 7-year-old boy with a tourniquet injury to the penis secondary to
      a strand of hair.

PMID- 3999208
TI  - Sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis: chemical analysis of lipid from the
      lesional tissue.
AB  - The origin of paraffin from penile granuloma tissue was determined first by field
      desorption mass spectrometry. A case of penile granuloma with histopathological
      findings of sclerosing lipogranuloma is presented. Chemical composition of the
      lesional lipid by elemental analysis and infrared absorption spectroscopy
      revealed paraffin hydrocarbon. Field desorption mass spectrometric analysis
      showed the paraffin to be a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons containing
      substantially 24 to 40 carbon atoms. On the basis of the chemical structure of
      naturally occurring lipids we concluded that this paraffin was exogenous and not
      endogenous material that was produced in the tissue following lipid degeneration.

PMID- 3999209
TI  - Familial functional anorchism: a review of etiology and management.
AB  - Identical male twins with small penes and bilateral unpalpable gonads were
      unresponsive to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation. Both infants had
      elevated levels of gonadotropins. The size of the penis did not meet fully the
      criteria for micropenis and the organ was responsive to testosterone therapy. The
      use of primary human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation followed by testosterone
      measurements is indicated for children with cryptorchidism in whom the etiology
      of micropenis is in doubt. We report the first observation of anorchism in
      identical twins.

PMID- 3999210
TI  - Splenogonadal fusion.

PMID- 3999211
TI  - Pneumoscrotum following tracheal intubation.
AB  - We report a case of pneumoscrotum following the placement of an endotracheal
      catheter. The mechanism was most probably a blowout of an alveolus as a result of
      mechanical ventilation. The air dissected by vascular sheaths to the lung, then
      into the mediastinum and, thus, to the subcutaneous tissue of the neck, along the
      chest and abdominal wall to reach the scrotum. With cessation of mechanical
      ventilation, the subcutaneous emphysema resolved without sequelae.

PMID- 3999212
TI  - Pelvic abscess following appendicitis presenting as a scrotal abscess.

PMID- 3999214
TI  - Bilateral clear cell papillary cystadenoma of the epididymides presenting as
      infertility: an early manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau's syndrome.
AB  - Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis is a rare benign tumor, accounting for
      only 4 per cent of all epididymal tumors. Histologically, it can be confused with
      metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We report a case of bilateral involvement of the
      epididymides and infertility. Its diagnostic significance is its association with
      the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, necessitating close surveillance.

PMID- 3999213
TI  - Aperistalsis of the vas deferens corrected with administration of ephedrine.
AB  - An infertile patient with azoospermia, normal spermatogenesis on a testis biopsy
      and no sperm seen on a post-ejaculate urinalysis underwent bilateral scrotal
      exploration. Normal anatomy was found at exploration and bilateral vasograms
      demonstrated the absence of obstruction. After subsequent therapy with ephedrine
      semen analysis showed a total sperm count of 72 million.

PMID- 3999215
TI  - Effects of estradiol on protein synthesis in the fibromuscular stroma from the
      guinea pig seminal vesicle.
AB  - Estradiol treatment of intact and castrate adult male guinea pigs produced
      selective increases in the rate of [35S]methionine incorporation in vitro into
      12,500 g soluble peptides of 58,000 and 97,000 Mr from the seminal vesicle
      fibromuscular stroma. Total incorporation into the 12,500 g soluble fraction was
      unchanged in estrogen-treated, intact animals. In castrate animals, the rate of
      total incorporation in the 12,500 g fraction was decreased by more than 50 per
      cent. Estrogen treatment of castrate animals restored the rate of total
      incorporation to that observed in untreated intact animals, indicating that
      estrogen was capable of maintaining normal levels of total incorporation into the
      12,500 g soluble protein fraction. In castrate animals the administration of
      tamoxifen prevented the estrogen-induced maintenance of total [35S]methionine
      incorporation and inhibited the selective increase in incorporation into the
      58,000 Mr peptide. From the results of this and other studies it may be suggested
      that estrogen modulates sex accessory stromal tissue function by altering the
      synthesis of specific proteins via an interaction with specific estrogen binding
      sites.

PMID- 3999216
TI  - Lack of effect of prostaglandin inhibition on calcium excretion in normal
      volunteers.
AB  - Recent data have shown that administration of indomethacin to patients with
      hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis decreased urinary calcium excretion, implying a
      possible pathogenic role for renal prostaglandins in hypercalciuria. To explore
      this hypothesis we administered indomethacin, ketoprofen and aspirin to normal
      volunteers for 6 days and assessed daily creatinine clearance and urinary
      excretion of sodium and calcium. In contrast to previous studies, subjects were
      maintained on a constant metabolic diet. These nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs decreased urinary sodium excretion but had no effect on creatinine
      clearance or urinary calcium excretion. In summary, our data do not support an
      important physiologic role of renal prostaglandins in renal calcium excretion in
      normal subjects.

PMID- 3999217
TI  - Renal trauma: evaluation by computerized tomography.
AB  - The diagnosis and appropriate management of patients with renal trauma have
      remained controversial. From July 1981 to June 1984 we evaluated with
      computerized tomography 22 selected patients suspected of sustaining major renal
      trauma. Of these patients 17 were managed successfully with conservative therapy
      and 5 underwent surgical exploration. Only 2 patients required arteriography
      because of excellent renal delineation provided by computerized tomography
      scanning. Computerized tomography provides the most precise anatomical detail of
      renal injuries as well as valuable information regarding other retroperitoneal
      and intra-abdominal structures, often resulting in the identification of
      associated and unsuspected injuries. We advocate the use of computerized
      tomography as the primary diagnostic modality in patients suspected of sustaining
      major renal injury and/or other organ injuries. This change in diagnostic studies
      has facilitated greatly the diagnosis and treatment of kidney injuries.

PMID- 3999218
TI  - The postoperative irradiation of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
      and ureter.
AB  - The role of adjuvant irradiation in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma
      of the renal pelvis and ureter was reviewed. Between June 1966 and March 1981, 41
      patients underwent curative resections. A poor risk group was identified, with 23
      patients demonstrating disease greater than grade 2 or stage B. Postoperative
      irradiation was administered to 11 of 23 patients. Median patient followup was 40
      months. Two-thirds of all failures occurred within the first 12 months and no
      failure was seen beyond 35 months. Patients with poor prognostic features had a
      60 per cent failure rate compared to 11.8 per cent of the patients with good risk
      factors (p equals 0.023). The median survival of the 2 groups was 28 and 99
      months, respectively (p less than 0.001). Outcome of the poor risk patients was
      analyzed whether or not the patient received postoperative irradiation. None of
      the irradiated patients failed with local disease only, while there was 1 patient
      with local and distant recurrence. In contrast, the nonirradiated group had 5
      local failures and twice the number of failures over-all. Median survival of the
      irradiated and nonirradiated patients was 35 and 26 months, respectively. The
      number of patients treated is too small to permit valid statistical conclusions
      and indicates the need for a multi-institutional study to determine if these
      suggestive findings of improved local control will be corroborated and translate
      into an improved survival rate.

PMID- 3999220
TI  - Microscopically controlled surgery in the treatment of carcinoma of the penis.
AB  - Complete removal of carcinoma of the penis can be achieved by excision of the
      neoplasm layer by layer and microscopic examination of the entire undersurface of
      each layer by the systematic use of frozen sections. Microscopic guidance
      provides substantial assurance of eradication of the primary cancer, and permits
      preservation of maximal amounts of normal tissue and normal functions. In a
      series of 29 consecutive cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis the 5-year
      cure rate among the 25 determinate cases was 68 per cent. The fact that in this
      series only 1 patient had cancer limited to the prepuce is evidence that
      circumcision usually is successful for neoplasms so limited. The primary
      carcinoma was eradicated in 23 of the 25 lesions (92 per cent).

PMID- 3999219
TI  - Intravesical irrigation with alum for the control of massive bladder hemorrhage.
AB  - Continuous vesical irrigation with 1 per cent alum solution was performed without
      anesthesia in 9 patients in whom massive bladder hemorrhage persisted despite
      evacuation of clots and normal saline irrigation for at least 24 hours. Hematuria
      ceased promptly in all patients, although the effect was transient in 3. No side
      effect was observed. Biopsy of the tumor subsequent to alum irrigation showed no
      alteration in the histological characteristics. Biopsy of the normal-appearing
      bladder mucosa also showed no evidence of epithelial damage. Ultrastructure of
      the tumor in 1 patient in whom transurethral resection was performed 2 weeks
      after alum irrigation revealed well preserved nuclear chromatin, thus, suggesting
      that whatever changes occur after alum irrigation are short-lived.

PMID- 3999221
TI  - Lymphangiography and computerized tomography in testicular carcinoma: how
      accurate in early stage disease?
AB  - The usefulness of lymphangiography and computerized tomography was evaluated in
      167 consecutive patients with pathological stages I and II testicular carcinoma
      and metastases of less than 5 cm. Lymphangiography demonstrated 74.4 per cent
      sensitivity, 77.6 per cent specificity and 76.0 per cent over-all accuracy.
      Computerized tomography revealed comparable results, with 74.3 per cent over-all
      accuracy, 73.7 per cent sensitivity and 75.0 per cent specificity. The
      combination of lymphangiography and computerized tomography performed in 35
      patients consistently improved the diagnostic possibilities of either technique
      alone in patients with positive nodes, reducing the false negative rate from 27
      to 10 per cent. On the other hand, this combination increased the false positive
      rate from 25 to 37 per cent in patients with negative nodes. In patients with
      clinical stage I disease for whom a wait-and-see policy after orchiectomy is
      adopted at our institute both methods must be considered mandatory. In all other
      situations computerized tomography alone should be the preferred procedure in the
      diagnosis of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases from testicular carcinoma.

PMID- 3999222
TI  - Amiodarone-associated epididymitis: drug-related epididymitis in the absence of
      infection.
AB  - An atypical epididymitis syndrome developed in 6 of 56 men (11 per cent) treated
      with amiodarone, an effective new anti-arrhythmic agent. Of the 6 patients 5 (87
      per cent) had bilateral epididymal enlargement and pain. The mean dosage in the
      patients with epididymitis was 700 mg. per day compared to 377 mg. per day in all
      patients (p less than 0.01). No infectious etiology was implicated in any
      patient. Temporary discontinuation or decrease in dosage is recommended for
      patients who suffer noninfectious epididymitis while on amiodarone therapy.

PMID- 3999223
TI  - Functional properties of natural killer cells in carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - Functional properties of natural killer cells were analyzed in a 51chromium
      release assay by modulating their activity with human beta-interferon using 1)
      peripheral mononuclear cells of 16 patients with carcinoma of the prostate and 7
      healthy male donors, and 2) mononuclear cells from the periprostatic lymph nodes
      of 6 patients with stage pT2N0M0 prostatic cancer and 5 without malignancy. Cell
      lines EB 33, PC 3, DU 145 and CaKi 1 were used as target cells. Spontaneous cell
      mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral mononuclear cells was depressed in patients
      with advanced prostatic cancer; however, the natural killer cells responded as
      those of the healthy controls to beta-interferon. The beta-interferon effect was
      time and dose dependent. In mononuclear periprostatic lymph node cells virtually
      no spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity was detected. The reactivity of
      mononuclear periprostatic lymph node cells from patients with prostatic cancer
      was significantly less improved by beta-interferon stimulation than the
      mononuclear periprostatic lymph node cells of healthy subjects. The stimulation
      of mononuclear periprostatic lymph node cells by beta-interferon was reduced
      significantly compared to simultaneously tested autologous peripheral mononuclear
      cells.

PMID- 3999224
TI  - Immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase in prostatic cancer: diagnosis and
      followup of patients.
AB  - We compared the measurements of serum acid phosphatase activity to those obtained
      by radioimmunoassay of prostatic acid phosphatase in the sera of 126 untreated
      prostatic cancer patients. The catalytic activity of prostatic acid phosphatase
      was elevated in 32 per cent of the patients and the serum concentration of
      prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 66 per cent. Of these 126 patients 16
      had stage T0-2M0N0-x disease, and enzyme activity and prostatic acid phosphatase
      concentration were increased in 0 and 38 per cent, respectively, in this group.
      Of the 110 patients with proved extracapsular cancer the corresponding figures
      were 36 and 70 per cent, respectively. We followed 109 of these 126 patients for
      1 or more years after orchiectomy. A salient finding was that return of elevated
      serum prostatic acid phosphatase concentration to the health-associated reference
      interval within 7 days following castration indicated no progression of the
      disease at 1 year irrespective of the initial staging. The same was not detected
      by the measurement of catalytic activity of serum acid phosphatase. Our findings
      substantiate data showing that the measurement of circulating prostatic acid
      phosphatase is achieved better by immunological techniques than by measurements
      of catalytic activity of the enzyme. A novel aspect is the usefulness of
      immunological prostatic acid phosphatase measurements in evaluation of the
      prognosis of patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma following ablative
      endocrine treatment.

PMID- 3999226
TI  - Effect of prophylactic, low dose cephalexin on fecal and vaginal bacteria.
AB  - Effective prophylactic antimicrobial therapy for recurrent urinary tract
      infections depends upon the creation of minimal antimicrobial resistance in the
      fecal and vaginal flora. Cephalexin is known to be useful for prophylaxis
      clinically but substantial resistance has been reported in vaginal and rectal
      Escherichia coli at doses of 2 gm. per day. The effect of 250 mg. cephalexin
      nightly was studied in 23 women with recurrent bacteriuria who were treated for 6
      months. Of the 23 patients 22 remained free of infection for 132 months of
      observation. Despite heavy carriage of Escherichia coli in the rectal and vaginal
      reservoirs during therapy, Escherichia coli resistant to 32 micrograms per ml.
      cephalexin did not occur. These observations explain the prophylactic
      effectiveness of cephalexin when used in small amounts of single nightly dosages.

PMID- 3999225
TI  - Urinary tract infection in oliguric patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - We studied 182 patients with chronic renal failure by urinalysis and urine
      cultures. Of the patients 27 per cent had significant bacteriuria (more than
      10(5) per ml.), 38 per cent had significant pyuria (more than 10 white blood
      cells per high power field), 19 per cent had urinary tract infection and 7 per
      cent had symptomatic urinary tract infection. All 12 patients with symptomatic
      urinary tract infection had significant bacteriuria and 11 had significant
      pyuria, while 1 had 5 to 10 white blood cells per high power field. Incidences of
      urinary tract infection differed depending on the primary renal disease (12, 13,
      41 and 67 per cent for chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy,
      polycystic kidney and chronic pyelonephritis, respectively). Among the patients
      with chronic glomerulonephritis no significant differences were seen in
      frequencies of bacteriuria and urinary tract infection between male and female
      patients or between those who did and did not undergo hemodialysis. Also, no
      significant correlation was seen between bacteriuria and daily urine output but
      pyuria was significantly more frequent in oliguric patients or those on
      hemodialysis.

PMID- 3999227
TI  - The new Baumrucker resectoscope.
AB  - The discontinuation of the Baumrucker resectoscope by American Cystoscope Makers,
      Inc. (after 20 years of popularity) was owing to its complicated and expensive
      covered spring mechanism, and frequent repairs. A simple spring device is
      described, which is different from any resectoscope action on the market today.
      It is simple and inexpensive to attach, and has been free of breakdown or
      repairs. The tip of the loop is within the sheath during insertion. Above all, it
      restores an effective finger-controlled resectoscope to the urological market.

PMID- 3999228
TI  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study of 142 patients.
AB  - In a prospective study of 142 patients receiving intravenous heparin of bovine
      lung origin, thrombocytopenia developed in nine (6%) patients. In the group of 70
      patients with a history of prior heparin therapy, seven (10%) had
      thrombocytopenia. By contrast, only 2 (3%) of 72 patients with no history of
      previous heparin treatment had thrombocytopenia, a statistically insignificant
      difference (p less than 0.5). In this group 58 patients received heparin for less
      than 10 days, and none of them had thrombocytopenia. Of the remaining 14 patients
      who were given heparin longer than 10 days, two patients (14%) had
      thrombocytopenia. This difference was statistically significant (p less than
      0.01). Monitoring the platelet count detects the disorder early and prompt
      cessation of heparin prevents serious complications. All patients undergoing
      heparin therapy should have determination of pretreatment platelet count. In
      patients with a history of previous heparin therapy, thrombocytopenia may develop
      even with short duration of heparin treatment, and hence platelet counts should
      be monitored throughout the duration of treatment. The platelet count of patients
      who have no history of previous treatment with heparin should be monitored if
      heparin is continued for more than 7 days.

PMID- 3999229
TI  - Concomitant renal revascularization in patients undergoing aortic surgery.
AB  - Sixty-three patients who underwent renal revascularization at the time of aortic
      surgery were retrospectively reviewed. These patients had significant renal
      artery stenosis in addition to either severe aortoiliac occlusive disease or
      aortic aneurysmal disease. Fifty-eight patients were hypertensive, whereas five
      patients were normotensive and these renal lesions were treated prophylactically.
      The operative mortality rate was 3%. Despite lack of selectivity in these
      patients with diffuse atherosclerosis, 60% (35 of 58) of the patients with
      hypertension could be classified as either "cured" or "improved." Patients with
      bilateral renal artery involvement and moderate azotemia were noted to improve
      with respect to renal function postoperatively. No patient has required chronic
      dialysis at a mean follow-up period of 22.6 months. Simultaneous aortic and renal
      artery surgery may be performed with low morbidity and mortality rates and
      produce a gratifying improvement in hypertension. Renal functional improvement
      and perhaps preservation of renal mass may be anticipated in selected patients.

PMID- 3999230
TI  - Local thrombolysis in the treatment of thrombosed arteries, bypass grafts, and
      arteriovenous fistulas.
AB  - We reviewed the results, systemic effects, and complications associated with the
      selective infusion of low-dose streptokinase in 151 patients. Successful thrombus
      lysis was achieved in 78% of atherosclerotic thrombotic occlusions less than 30
      days old, in 81% of post-procedural occlusions less than 14 days old, and in 87%
      of patients with thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas no more than 4 days old.
      During the first 12 hours of treatment 81% to 84% of patients had greater than
      50% decrease in plasma fibrinogen levels and 100% showed the same decline after
      24 hours of treatment. The thrombin time was prolonged to at least 1 1/2 times
      the control thrombin time in 33% to 42% of patients measured at 4 hours of
      therapy and in 93% to 97% of patients measured at 24 hours of treatment. Fifteen
      patients (9.9%) had major complications. Eleven of these had hemorrhagic
      complications, two had significant distal emboli, one had a thrombosed brachial
      artery, and one had a false aneurysm at the catheter entry site. We have found
      that selective low-dose streptokinase is effective in the treatment of acute and
      chronic thrombotic occlusions and is a useful adjuvant to vascular reconstruction
      or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Although the local infusion dose is
      substantially lower than the usual systemic dose, a systemic lytic effect was
      seen in all patients. Hemorrhagic complications occurred despite customary
      precautions.

PMID- 3999231
TI  - Use of oculopneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee) following carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Oculopneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee) was performed pre- and postoperatively in
      100 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy and 14 patients undergoing
      nonendarterectomy procedures (aortofemoral or carotid-subclavian bypass).
      Absolute differences in ocular systolic pressure (OSP) were determined and
      results were compared with previous criteria. Twelve examinations yielded
      abnormal findings in the endarterectomy group. Seven patients had associated
      neurologic deficits and six had occlusion confirmed at reexploration. Five
      patients were without symptoms; two with profound depressions in OSP were
      reexplored and thrombosis confirmed whereas three with moderate (15 to 30 mm Hg)
      depressions in OSP were followed up and remained asymptomatic. Values of OSP were
      related to the status of the contralateral carotid artery. In the
      nonendarterectomized patients OSP did not change with general anesthesia or
      carotid clamping. OPG-Gee is a useful test to screen for postoperative carotid
      thrombosis. It helps select symptomatic patients with occlusions who might
      benefit from early reexploration. In asymptomatic patients a profound drop in OSP
      identifies early occlusion and may be used alone or in concert with angiography
      to select patients for reoperation.

PMID- 3999232
TI  - Increased compliance near vascular anastomoses.
AB  - Mismatch in mechanical properties (compliance mismatch) between host artery and
      prosthetic graft has been suggested as a cause of graft failure, but no mechanism
      linking the two has been identified. With the use of a simplified model based on
      isocompliant arterial grafts, pulsed ultrasound was used to generate detailed
      longitudinal profiles of diameter and compliance near the anastomoses. These
      longitudinal profiles revealed that although arterial diameter decreases
      monotonically to a minimal level at an anastomosis, arterial compliance first
      increases by approximately 50% before decreasing to 60% of the control value.
      This para-anastomotic hypercompliant zone (PHZ) is centered 3.6 mm from the
      anastomosis. PHZ also occurs in the artery adjacent to compliant or stiff grafts
      and is probably caused by transmitted effects of the suture line on the arterial
      wall. PHZ adds to any mismatch in compliance that already exists between artery
      and graft and can produce a compliance mismatch even between an artery and a
      nominally isocompliant prosthetic graft. It is hypothesized that PHZ, a region of
      increased cyclic stretch, promotes subintimal hyperplasia near anastomoses and
      may thus be a link between the mechanical properties of arteries and the failure
      of bypass grafts.

PMID- 3999233
TI  - Endothelial cell seeding of a new PTFE vascular prosthesis.
AB  - Previous attempts to line polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses with
      enzymatically derived endothelial cells have not been as successful as similar
      work with Dacron grafts because of the failure of such prostheses to develop a
      satisfactory subendothelium. This article reports our experience with a new,
      highly porous, unreinforced PTFE prosthesis that appears to circumvent this
      problem. Segments (4 mm I.D., 10 cm in length) of this new graft were implanted
      in 41 mongrel dogs as carotid interposition grafts. One graft in each dog was
      seeded with the dog's own endothelial cells, whereas the contralateral graft was
      treated in an identical fashion except for the inclusion of endothelium. After a
      mean period of 7 weeks of implantation, the grafts were harvested, their
      patencies were noted, the thrombus-free area of their luminal surface was
      calculated with computerized quantitative planimetry, and graft segments were
      submitted for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In seven dogs the
      luminal surface was scraped from each graft and measured quantitatively. Although
      seeded grafts failed to show a statistically significant increase in patency
      during the short course of this experiment, a trend in that direction was quite
      striking. Furthermore, seeded grafts had a significant increase in thrombus-free
      area on their luminal surface as well as a significant reduction in the volume of
      luminal thrombus. Histologically, seeded grafts developed a substantial 75 to 100
      microns cellular subendothelium beneath a confluent endothelial lining. No
      endothelial lining was noted in control grafts. We believe that the superior
      handling characteristics of this new prosthesis and its ability to develop a
      substantial subendothelium with a confluent endothelial lining suggest potential
      future applications and warrant further investigation.

PMID- 3999234
TI  - Effect of wall shear stress on intimal thickening of arterially transplanted
      autogenous veins in dogs.
AB  - To determine whether or not changes in wall shear stress play a determinant role
      in the induction of hyperplasia of intimal tissue of arterially transplanted vein
      grafts, we developed two models of canine femoral arteries. Wall shear stress was
      defined by variation of wall shear stress (tau-variation) in the cardiac cycle,
      with the use of a newly designed computational flow waveform analyzer. In the
      group I model autogenous vein grafts were implanted under flow conditions of 79.7
      +/- 3.2 ml/min of the normally high flow rate with 33.1 +/- 1.9 dynes/cm2 of low
      tau-variation. In the group II model grafts were implanted under conditions of
      2.9 +/- 1.8 ml/min of low flow rate with 178.8 +/- 11.0 dynes/cm2 of normally
      high value of tau-variation. The intimal thickness of 259 +/- 36 microns 4 weeks
      after implantation in group I was statistically significant compared with that of
      31 +/- 14 microns in group II (p less than 0.005). Our study revealed that change
      in wall shear stress and not the rate of blood flow is the essential hemodynamic
      factor related to intimal hyperplasia.

PMID- 3999235
TI  - In vivo evaluation of the acute thrombogenicity of the modified human umbilical
      vein and autologous artery.
AB  - With the aim to evaluate acute thrombogenicity, segments of human umbilical vein
      grafts (Dardik Biograft, Meadox Medicals, Inc., Oakland, N.J.), nonheparinized,
      heparin-alcohol-treated, or covalently heparinized, were implanted into the
      carotid arteries of sheep. Autologous carotid arteries were used as control
      grafts. Flow was restricted to 25 ml/min. Accumulation of autologous 32P-labeled
      platelets was registered at both anastomotic and midgraft regions for 240
      minutes. At the end of the perfusion period, grafts were removed, opened
      longitudinally, and the thrombus-free surface (TFS) and thrombus weight
      determined. The ex vivo determinations showed good correlation with results
      obtained with in vivo registration. In vivo accumulation of platelets was
      significantly larger in nonheparinized human umbilical vein grafts compared with
      heparin-alcohol treated grafts. Covalently heparinized grafts showed a tendency
      toward lower radioactive values, but visual examination after perfusion revealed
      areas of "intimal" damage with thrombotic deposits, probably caused by
      heparinization procedure. Autologous arteries showed the largest TFS and the
      smallest thrombi. Platelet accumulation in autologous arteries decreased almost
      to reference values after an initial rapid increase. In conclusion, heparin
      alcohol treatment of human umbilical vein grafts reduces acute thrombogenicity.
      Although covalent heparin bonding seems to act in the same way, the fragility of
      the graft appears to preclude use of this method. Autologous arteries exhibit
      excellent antithrombotic characteristics.

PMID- 3999236
TI  - Effects of vasopressin on cardiac output and its distribution in the subhuman
      primate.
AB  - The effects of vasopressin, when administered as intravenous bolus injections and
      infusions, on cardiac output and the distribution of blood flow to the splanchnic
      vascular beds were studied in six anesthetized rhesus monkeys. Vasopressin as
      bolus injections caused dose-dependent decreases in superior mesenteric arterial
      blood flow. However, small reductions in cardiac output were observed only at the
      highest doses concomitant with increases in systemic arterial pressure. When
      vasopressin was infused at the highest dose (5 X 10(-2) units kg-1 min-1) for 10
      minutes, cardiac output was unaffected; but sustained reductions in superior
      mesenteric arterial blood flow and increases in arterial pressure and total
      peripheral resistance were observed. Infusions of vasopressin (5 X 10(-3) units
      kg-1 min-1) caused significant and sustained reductions in superior mesenteric
      arterial blood flow and increases in arterial pressure but no measurable effects
      on cardiac output or total peripheral resistance. However, there was a
      significant redistribution of blood flow away from the stomach, small and large
      intestines, spleen, and pancreas toward the liver (hepatic artery), with no
      statistically significant change in renal blood flow. On the assumption that
      comparable responses exist among primates, these data support the clinical use of
      vasopressin to control gastrointestinal hemorrhage and to offer a probably ideal
      dose and route of administration.

PMID- 3999237
TI  - An objective sequential compression test to evaluate the patency of the radial
      and ulnar arteries.
AB  - The effect of sequential compression of the radial and ulnar artery on finger
      pulse volume oscillations was recorded by photoplethysmography. The effect of the
      compression was studied in 25 control subjects and 15 patients with
      angiographically documented obstructions of the radial or ulnar artery. Under
      normal conditions a reduction of oscillations by 35% was observed in the first,
      third, and fifth finger. On the other hand, an obstruction of the radial or ulnar
      artery results in a significant reduction or even disappearance of oscillations
      if the unobstructed artery is compressed. It is concluded that this test offers
      objective evaluation and documentation of the patency condition of the major
      arteries supplying the hand circulation.

PMID- 3999238
TI  - Critical hand ischemia caused by forearm fibromuscular dysplasia.
AB  - This article describes our experience with the management of a 79-year-old woman
      who had abrupt onset of unilateral critical hand ischemia associated with
      advanced localized fibromuscular dysplasia of the forearm arteries and thrombotic
      occlusion of the palmar arch. The patient was successfully managed with local
      infusion of streptokinase, which was followed by excision and grafting of the
      radial and ulnar arteries. To our knowledge this represents the first case of
      hand ischemia associated with forearm fibromuscular dysplasia.

PMID- 3999239
TI  - Mesenteric vascular insufficiency and claudication following acute dissecting
      thoracic aortic aneurysm.
AB  - Mesenteric vascular insufficiency and claudication of the left leg were observed
      in a patient 6 weeks after intraluminal aortic prosthesis placement for acute
      type III thoracic aortic dissection. Aortography revealed double-channel
      deformity of the thoracoabdominal aorta and complete occlusion of the celiac
      axis, inferior mesenteric artery, and left common iliac artery. An aortobi-iliac
      interposition graft placed end to end with an additional limb to the common
      hepatic artery was curative.

PMID- 3999240
TI  - Femorofemoral bypass with an infrascrotal perineal approach for the patient with
      an infected groin wound.
AB  - A technique is presented for revascularization of patients having a groin wound
      infection, which minimizes the risk of recurrent graft infection. A femorofemoral
      bypass with a subcutaneous perineal tunnel is constructed farther from the
      infected groin wound than the standard subcutaneous suprapubic tunnel. The route
      of the graft appears to result in neither excessive tension on the graft when the
      leg is abducted nor kinking of the graft when the leg is adducted. Long-term
      follow-up will be needed to compare the patency of this route with the standard
      suprapubic tunnel in patients with an infected groin wound who require a
      femorofemoral bypass graft.

PMID- 3999242
TI  - Concomitant cardiac and vascular disease: "through the looking glass".

PMID- 3999241
TI  - Control of needle hole bleeding with ethyl-cyanoacrylate glue (Krazy Glue).
AB  - Needle hole bleeding from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts causes blood loss
      and prolongs vascular procedures. Past studies have shown the cyanoacrylate glues
      to polymerize rapidly and cause minimal tissue toxicity. This study was
      undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue (Krazy Glue,
      KG) in obtaining prompt hemostasis in vascular anastomoses in a heparinized
      canine model. KG effected complete hemostasis in a significantly shorter time
      than oxidized cellulose and digital pressure in 18-gauge needle holes in PTFE
      grafts, graft to graft end-to-end anastomoses, and end of graft to side of artery
      anastomoses. The only limitation of KG was the development of a glue-adventitia
      plaque on the arterial side of some of the PTFE-artery anastomoses, causing the
      need for regluing. KG is an ideal agent for sealing defects in PTFE grafts.

PMID- 3999243
TI  - Selection of patients for preoperative coronary angiography: use of dipyridamole
      stress--thallium myocardial imaging.
AB  - To identify patients likely to benefit from preoperative coronary angiography, a
      method utilizing pharmacologically induced coronary vasodilatation in conjunction
      with serial thallium 201 myocardial perfusion imaging was investigated. Fifty
      four patients admitted for elective aortic or femoropopliteal procedures were
      studied. There were no cardiac ischemic complications in 32 patients with normal
      scans or persistent defects (scar). In contrast, 7 of 15 patients with thallium
      redistribution (ischemia) on pre-operative scanning had perioperative ischemic
      events, including one death and two acute infarcts. An additional seven patients
      with positive scans (redistribution) underwent coronary angiography prior to
      vascular surgery; surgically important two- or three-vessel disease was confirmed
      in all. Dipyridamole-thallium imaging facilitates selection of the subset of
      truly high-risk patients in whom preoperative coronary angiography may be
      warranted.

PMID- 3999244
TI  - Clinical experience with preoperative coronary angiography.
AB  - CAD is the leading cause of postoperative and late death following peripheral
      vascular reconstruction. In an attempt to reduce the eventual incidence of fatal
      myocardial infarction, preoperative coronary angiography was obtained in a series
      of 1000 patients under serious consideration for elective vascular procedures at
      The Cleveland Clinic. Those patients found to have severe, surgically correctable
      CAD were advised to undergo myocardial revascularization as a combined or
      preliminary operation. Severe, correctable CAD was discovered in 25% of the study
      group, including 34% of patients suspected to have CAD by conventional clinical
      criteria in comparison to only 14% of those who were not (p = 2.0 X 10(-13) ).
      Although severe CAD also was more common among men, patients more than 60 years
      of age, and diabetic patients, the clinical cardiac status was the most reliable
      indication of the yield of coronary angiography. Coronary artery bypass was
      performed in 216 patients, and the operative mortality rate for 1292 cardiac and
      vascular procedures was 2.6%. On the basis of this experience, an algorithm was
      constructed to select peripheral vascular patients for noninvasive cardiac
      screening or coronary angiography.

PMID- 3999245
TI  - A descriptive epidemiological study of raccoon rabies in a rural environment.
AB  - A recent outbreak of rabies in raccoons, Procyon lotor (L.), in Loudoun County,
      Virginia (1981-82), prompted a study of the epidemiology of the disease.
      Parameters studied included the occurrence and movement of the disease over time,
      sex and age relationships, and behavior patterns of raccoons. During the 18 mo,
      427 raccoons were tested, of which 75% were infected with rabies virus.
      Interpretation of rainfall data and the subsequent spatial occurrence of infected
      raccoons within the county indicated a cause and effect relationship. The
      submission rate of female raccoons was greater than that of males. The female
      raccoons (adult and juvenile) were also found to be infected with the virus more
      often than the males. Behavior of infected raccoons in a rural environment was
      similar to those observed in the southeastern United States during earlier
      epizootics of rabies. The presence of a skunky odor on infected raccoons may be a
      characteristic of raccoon rabies.

PMID- 3999246
TI  - Beta hemolytic streptococcal infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in France:
      the natural disease and experimental studies.
AB  - Beta hemolytic streptococcal infections, usually of group G and C, were
      identified in red foxes in France. In a study of 31 animals, septicemia and
      jaundice were found to be the main signs of the disease. Gross and microscopic
      lesions consisted of generalized inflammation of viscera and joints, jaundice,
      cellulitis and abscesses of spleen, liver, lungs and kidneys. The disease was
      reproduced in foxes by intramuscular inoculation of less than the minimal
      quantity of bacteria lethal to mice. When challenged, recovered animals were
      resistant to infection that proved to be lethal to control animals.

PMID- 3999247
TI  - Babesia odocoilei Emerson and Wright, 1970 in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus
      virginianus (Zimmermann), in Virginia.
AB  - Pooled blood samples from six white-tailed deer from the Great Dismal Swamp in
      Virginia were inoculated into two splenectomized deer. A moderately severe
      clinical reaction ensued, characterized by a hemolytic anemia, and a Babesia
      found in both recipient animals was presumptively identified as B. odocoilei.
      This is the first reported identification of this parasite in white-tailed deer
      in Virginia.

PMID- 3999248
TI  - Parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of fallow deer
      and white-tailed deer in Kentucky.
AB  - In August 1983, a study on parasites, diseases, and health status was conducted
      on sympatric populations of fallow deer (Dama dama) and white-tailed deer
      (Odocoileus virginianus) from Land Between The Lakes, Lyon and Trigg counties,
      Kentucky. Five adult deer of each species were studied. White-tailed deer had
      antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus and Leptospira interogans
      serovariety icterohemorrhagiae, and fallow deer had antibodies to bluetongue and
      EHD viruses. Serologic tests for bovine virus diarrhea virus, infectious bovine
      rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza3 virus, and Brucella spp. were negative. One
      white-tailed deer had an infectious cutaneous fibroma, and one fallow deer had
      pulmonary mucormycosis. White-tailed deer harbored 16 species of parasites, all
      of which are considered typical of the parasite fauna of this host in the
      southeastern United States. Fallow deer harbored nine species of parasites,
      including eight species known to occur in white-tailed deer on the area and one
      species (Spiculopteragia assymmetrica) that is not. All fallow deer had
      inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord and/or brain that were attributed to
      prior infection with meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis), indicating that
      P. tenuis infections are not always fatal for this species. The apparent high
      rate of exposure of Land Between The Lakes fallow deer to P. tenuis without a
      resultant high rate of clinical cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis is
      hypothesized to be due to a low prevalence and intensity of P. tenuis, partial
      innate resistance of fallow deer, and acquired immunity.

PMID- 3999249
TI  - Parasites of the Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli True).
AB  - The prevalences of three helminths, Campula oblonga, Halocercus dalli and
      Crassicauda sp., recovered from Dall's porpoises which were net-entrapped
      incidentally in the vicinity of the Western Aleutian Islands in the northwest
      Pacific are reported. Specimens of Campula oblonga were found within the bile
      ducts of 46% of 127 livers examined. The prevalence of hepatic trematodiasis
      increased with the age of the host. Pulmonary nodules associated with Halocercus
      dalli were noted in 71% of the Dall's porpoises. Adult H. dalli were recovered
      from the main stem bronchi of heavily infected lungs. Younger animals exhibited a
      relatively higher prevalence. Specimens of Crassicauda sp. were found within the
      main lactiferous canal of 69% of 29 mammary glands examined. The prevalence was
      highest in mature porpoises. Possible detrimental effects and the modes of
      transmission of the three species of parasites are also considered.

PMID- 3999250
TI  - First record of viral erythrocytic necrosis and Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950
      (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in feral pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum).

PMID- 3999251
TI  - Cutaneous and respiratory tract infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans in two
      koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus).

PMID- 3999253
TI  - Occurrence of the ear canker mite, Otodectes cynotis (Hering), on the wolverine,
      Gulo gulo (L.).

PMID- 3999252
TI  - Histopathology of gill lesions in channel catfish associated with Henneguya.

PMID- 3999254
TI  - Starvation secondary to an oral fibroma in a wild mountain goat (Oreamnos
      americanus).

PMID- 3999255
TI  - Progressive digital necrosis in the eastern blue-tongued skink, Tiliqua
      scincoides (Shaw).

PMID- 3999256
TI  - Increased mortality in gray wolves captured with acepromazine and etorphine
      hydrochloride in combination.

PMID- 3999257
TI  - Hematologic and serum chemical values for free-ranging bobcats, Felis rufus
      (Schreber), with reference to animals with natural infections of Cytauxzoon felis
      Kier, 1979.

PMID- 3999258
TI  - Experimental studies of St. Louis encephalitis virus in vertebrates.
AB  - Serologically negative birds and mammals of species, known from other studies to
      be exposed naturally to St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus in Memphis, Tennessee,
      and other selected species were inoculated experimentally with strains of SLE
      virus to determine their potential as natural hosts. Mosquitoes (Culex sp.) were
      allowed to feed on some of the inoculated vertebrate species, held for 14 days,
      and tested for SLE infection. The cardinals (Richmondena cardinalis), robins
      (Turdus migratorius), and baby chicks (Gallus gallus) all became viremic; 97% of
      the bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and 20% of the Japanese quail (Coturnix
      coturnix) became viremic. No viremia was detected in raccoons (Procyon lotor),
      opossums (Didelphis virginiana), or adult cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Only
      20% of cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus audubonii), 50% of wood rats (Neotoma
      mexicana), and 75% of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) but all the young cotton
      rats and least chipmunks (Eutamias minimus) were susceptible. Robins had the
      highest titered viremia but were viremic for the shortest period of time.
      Bobwhites had lower peak viremia titers but for a longer duration. Biologic
      differences in the response of some vertebrates to different SLE strains were
      noted. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes readily became infected after
      feeding on viremic cardinals. Comparisons of the experimental data with
      information obtained from field investigations provided a better understanding of
      the contributions of the various vertebrate species to the transmission and
      maintenance of SLE virus in nature.

PMID- 3999260
TI  - Effects of 'passive smoking' lead nonsmokers to step up campaign.

PMID- 3999259
TI  - Cigarette smoking associated with delayed conception.
AB  - We conducted an epidemiologic study to test the hypothesis that women who smoke
      have reduced fertility. Data on smoking history and number of noncontracepting
      cycles until conception were collected from 678 pregnant women. Thirty-eight
      percent of nonsmokers conceived in their first cycle compared with 28% of
      smokers. Smokers were 3.4 times more likely to have taken greater than a year to
      conceive compared with nonsmokers. After adjusting for potential confounding
      variables by Cox proportional hazards regression, fertility of smokers was
      estimated to be 72% of the fertility of nonsmokers. Heavy smokers experienced
      lower fertility than did light smokers (57% and 75% of the pregnancy rate of
      nonsmokers, respectively). Fertility was not affected by the husband's smoking.
      These data provide evidence that reduced fertility should be added to the growing
      list of reproductive hazards of cigarette smoking.

PMID- 3999261
TI  - Seeking to end smoking's appeal to women, youth.

PMID- 3999262
TI  - Teaching adolescents to say 'no' to tobacco.

PMID- 3999263
TI  - Wives' ischemic heart disease linked with husbands' smoking.

PMID- 3999265
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Human rabies acquired outside the United States.

PMID- 3999264
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Project graduation--Maine.

PMID- 3999266
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Changing patterns of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in
      hemophilia patients--United States.

PMID- 3999267
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Changes in premature mortality--United States, 1982 to 1983.

PMID- 3999268
TI  - Tobacco addiction and compassion.

PMID- 3999269
TI  - Teaching physicians to practice what they will preach.

PMID- 3999270
TI  - Selling cigarettes in VA hospitals.

PMID- 3999271
TI  - Tobacco and its supporters.

PMID- 3999272
TI  - Tobacco smoking and hyponatremia in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 3999273
TI  - Alcohol is dangerous to your health.

PMID- 3999274
TI  - Changes in blood rheology produced by exercise.

PMID- 3999275
TI  - Postoperative 'gas pains'.

PMID- 3999276
TI  - Technology assessment: differing perspectives.

PMID- 3999277
TI  - Myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking in women younger than 50 years of
      age.
AB  - The modifying influence of individual risk factors on the relation between
      myocardial infarction (MI) and cigarette smoking was evaluated in a case-control
      study of women younger than 50 years of age. Data from 555 women who survived
      first MIs were compared with those of 1,864 hospital controls of similar ages.
      The risk of MI increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, both in the
      presence and absence of factors that predispose to an infarction. In particular,
      the association was apparent at all ages, at all levels of total serum
      cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and in the presence and
      absence of oral contraceptive use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, blood group
      A, tendency to type A behavior, and family history of MI. The relative increase
      in risk was generally greater the lower the underlying predisposition to MI.
      There was clear evidence, however, that recent oral contraceptive use
      substantially augmented the increased risk for smokers, and hypercholesterolemia
      may have had the same effect.

PMID- 3999281
TI  - Smoking and coronary heart disease in women.

PMID- 3999278
TI  - Current smoking trends in the United States. The 1981-1983 behavioral risk factor
      surveys.
AB  - Based on the aggregate of behavioral risk factor surveys, almost one third of
      adults were smokers in 1982. Overall, significantly fewer Hispanics smoked
      compared with whites or blacks. Among young adults, however, the rate of smoking
      was highest among whites compared with blacks and Hispanics. Compared with
      nonsmokers, smokers--especially young women--had higher rates of other risk
      behaviors, including alcohol misuse and lack of seat-belt use. Since 1965, the
      rate of decline of smoking among women has not been as great as that among men,
      due in part to the high rate--more than 40%--of smoking among young white women.
      Despite continued decrease in the overall proportion of smokers, the high rate
      among young women emphasizes the need for continued efforts toward prevention and
      cessation, before the well-documented health consequences develop.

PMID- 3999279
TI  - The fetal tobacco syndrome.

PMID- 3999280
TI  - Reducing smoking in hospitals. A time for action.

PMID- 3999284
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Cancer patient survival by racial-ethnic group--United
      States, 1973 to 1979.

PMID- 3999282
TI  - Investor-related academic health center: an uncertain courtship?

PMID- 3999283
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Teenage pregnancy and fertility trends--United States, 1974
      and 1980.

PMID- 3999285
TI  - Lowering cholesterol and the incidence of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 3999286
TI  - Flexicollis and "floppy head" syndrome.

PMID- 3999287
TI  - Elevation of mood due to antidepressants.

PMID- 3999288
TI  - Cardiomyopathy due to chronic tachycardias.

PMID- 3999289
TI  - The gauge of nodes: tiny to buckshotty.

PMID- 3999290
TI  - Sexual dysfunction secondary to topical ophthalmic timolol.

PMID- 3999291
TI  - The regulation of radiopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 3999292
TI  - "Do not resuscitate" orders.

PMID- 3999293
TI  - Lidocaine overdose and cardiac bypass support.

PMID- 3999294
TI  - Another cause for litigation.

PMID- 3999295
TI  - Mummified, frozen smallpox: is it a threat?

PMID- 3999296
TI  - Public attitudes and behavior regarding organ donation.
AB  - Organ transplantation has been the subject of much attention; unfortunately,
      relatively little has been published about public attitudes toward organ
      donation. To better document public perceptions on organ donation, a telephone
      survey of a nationally representative sample of 2,056 respondents was conducted.
      We found that nearly 94% of the population had heard about organ transplantation,
      but only 19% of these people carried donor cards. The results indicated that
      people are somewhat more likely to donate the organs of a relative who had just
      died (53%) than they are to donate their own organs (50%). People were most
      likely to donate kidneys (50%) and least likely to donate skin (40%). Most
      respondents (58%) felt that next of kin should not be able to override a person's
      desire to donate organs as signified by an organ donor card. Few people (7%)
      supported the concept of presumed consent. We conclude that while the public is
      supportive of organ transplantation, it is not overly enthusiastic about organ
      donation. Awareness of this paradox on behalf of the public may actually
      facilitate organ donation.

PMID- 3999297
TI  - Deaths from spontaneous abortion in the United States.
AB  - Little is known about maternal deaths after spontaneous abortion. We studied 122
      such deaths reported to the Centers for Disease Control from 1972 through 1980;
      21 were intrauterine (contraceptive) device related. The number of non-IUD
      related deaths decreased from 15 in 1972 to six in 1980; the mortality ratio
      (deaths per million live births) decreased from 4.6 in 1972 to 1.7 in 1980. Non
      IUD-related deaths were results of infection (48%), hemorrhage (21%), embolism
      (11%), and other causes (20%). Risk factors for these deaths were age over 29
      years, being of minority race, and unmarried status. Most deaths (58%) occurred
      between 12 and 19 weeks' gestation. The risk of death was much higher for
      abortion in the second trimester than in the first. Deaths following spontaneous
      abortion, although rare, do occur; older, black, and unmarried women are at
      higher risk.

PMID- 3999298
TI  - Migration of the elderly from high altitudes in Colorado.
AB  - The reason for the reported decline in the proportion of elderly (greater than 60
      years) persons at high (greater than 2,456 m) compared with low altitude (less
      than 1,376 m) in Colorado was unknown. We hypothesized that adverse effects of
      high altitude on the elderly, particularly those with heart and lung diseases,
      prompted their migration to lower elevations. Colorado census data indicated that
      selective out-migration occurred from high to low altitude among the elderly.
      Interviews (n = 833) in high- and low-altitude Colorado towns revealed that the
      elderly were unique in that they moved down for reasons of poor health and that
      for the majority (81%) ill health meant heart and lung diseases. Elderly migrants
      from high altitude reported heart and lung diseases more frequently than those
      remaining and cited improvement in symptoms at low altitude. We suggest that
      symptoms of heart and lung disease are exacerbated with advancing age at high
      altitude and influence choice of residence.

PMID- 3999299
TI  - Growth in the international physician supply. 1950 through 1979.
AB  - The recent growth in domestic physician supply prompted an investigation of
      international trends. Using data from the World Health Organization, it was
      determined that the number of physicians in the world grew from 4.8 per 10,000
      population to 10.1 per 10,000 during the period 1950 through 1979. There was a
      96% increase in industrialized nations, 223% in nations with centrally planned
      economies, 164% in middle-income nations, and 29% in low-income nations.
      Relationships in growth in physician supply and production of medical graduates
      are discussed. Implications of the inequities between the various groupings of
      countries are discussed.

PMID- 3999300
TI  - Narcotics control in anesthesia training.
AB  - Recent studies document that substance abuse is a significant problem among
      anesthesia personnel. We have developed a system to better control the
      accountability of narcotics and other potentially addictive drugs. The system
      consists of a three-phase approach: (1) an individual anesthesia cart/narcotics
      box; (2) computer analysis of drug usage; and (3) an anesthesia drug audit. A
      standard stock issue of drugs is maintained by each resident. Drugs are issued
      daily to those residents administering anesthesia. Each drug transaction is
      recorded by the resident according to the patient's name, hospital number, type
      and length of the surgical procedure, type and amount of drug used, and the
      amount of each drug discarded. A weekly computer-generated report shows
      individual usage trends for each drug and a summary of "high" users for that
      period. The computer does not "flag" an individual as a drug abuser, but monitors
      trends in controlled substance usage. Those residents having a significant
      alteration in their drug usage pattern that is not explained legitimately are
      comprehensively audited.

PMID- 3999301
TI  - Surgery in centenarians.
AB  - Surgical problems do not end on a person's centennial, and as our overall
      population ages, physicians will see increasing numbers of these most senior
      citizens requiring surgery. Accordingly, the records of all century-old patients
      who have undergone surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the years
      1979 to 1983 were reviewed. Three men and three women ranged in age from 100 to
      104 years at the time of surgery. One patient experienced complications, but all
      survived their operation and lived one to two years afterward. The centenarian
      has already been tested by life and found exceptionally fit. Selectivity and
      meticulous attention to detail remain paramount in treating these patients, but
      elective surgery should not be deferred, nor emergency surgery denied the
      centenarian on the basis of chronologic age.

PMID- 3999302
TI  - Manuscript review from a statistician's perspective.

PMID- 3999303
TI  - The sizable homeless population: a growing challenge for medicine.

PMID- 3999304
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Drownings--Georgia, 1981-1983.

PMID- 3999305
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system--United
      States, 1984.

PMID- 3999307
TI  - Relapsing toxic shock syndrome in the puerperium.

PMID- 3999306
TI  - Cesarean section rates in the United States.

PMID- 3999308
TI  - MRI and CT scan in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 3999309
TI  - Transmission of hepatitis B during blood glucose monitoring.

PMID- 3999310
TI  - Papanicolaou testing.

PMID- 3999311
TI  - Long-term surveillance for adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs.
AB  - The large number of participants (5,485 patients) in the Hypertension Detection
      and Follow-Up Program, Stepped Care, form the largest group to date on which
      detailed surveillance of long-term antihypertensive therapy and drug side effects
      has been reported. Over a five-year period, among all hypertensive persons (mild,
      moderate, and severe combined) who were not taking antihypertensive medications
      at the beginning of the study and who attended the clinic at least once during
      the five-year trial, a total of 9.3% had definite or probable side effects severe
      enough to cause discontinuation of the drug treatment in question. An additional
      23.4% had drug treatment discontinued due to possible side effects. Within the
      mild, moderate, and severe hypertension categories, 8.6%, 11%, and 12%,
      respectively, had definite or probable side effects. The incidence of side
      effects declined over the five years in all race-sex groups. Five-year incidence
      of total side effects was 29.8% in those aged 60 to 69 years at entry and 38.0%,
      36.8%, and 34.1%, respectively, in those aged 50 to 59, 40 to 49, and 30 to 39
      years. Sexually related side effects required discontinuation of treatment in
      8.3% of male participants. However, less than 1% of active participants required
      hospitalization for side effects. No death that could be attributed to side
      effects was detected. Thus, the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program
      data, which have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of
      antihypertensive therapy, confirm the relative safety of such therapy.

PMID- 3999312
TI  - Nutritional improvement of poor urban preschool children. A 1983-1977 comparison.
AB  - The nutritional status of preschool children from 1,219 families living in an
      urban poverty area was surveyed in 1983 and these results were compared with
      findings from a similar survey of the same community done in 1977. A second
      comparison was made of children whose families participated in a commodity
      supplementary food program and those whose families did not participate. Results
      of the 1983 survey indicated improvements in median serum levels of vitamins A
      and C, hemoglobin, and red blood cell volume. Nevertheless, 9% to 18% of the
      children had low or deficient levels of vitamins A, C, B1, and B2, hemoglobin,
      serum iron, and transferrin saturation. Also a greater number of the preschoolers
      were categorized as thin. Annual incomes for families had significantly decreased
      from 1977 when the median value for food recipients was +3,078 to a median of
      +1,848 in 1983. Considering the decrease in other resources, federal food
      assistance programs seem to be the only identifiable factor contributing to the
      improvement in nutritional status over 1977.

PMID- 3999314
TI  - Hypnoanesthesia in the morbidly obese.
AB  - The advent of chemical anesthesia relegated hypnosis to an adjunctive role in
      patients requiring major operations. Anesthesia can be utilized with acceptable
      risk in the great majority of patients encountered in modern practice. But an
      occasional patient will present--such as one with morbid obesity--who needs a
      surgical procedure and who cannot be safely managed by conventional anesthetic
      techniques. This report describes our experience with such a patient and
      illustrates some of the advantages and disadvantages of hypnoanesthesia. The
      greatest disadvantage is that it is unpredictable. Close cooperation between the
      patient, hypnotist, anesthesiologist, and surgeon is critical. However, the
      technique may be utilized to remove very large lesions in selected patients.
      Hypnoanesthesia is an important alternative for some patients who cannot and
      should not be managed with conventional anesthetic techniques.

PMID- 3999313
TI  - M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic abnormalities in systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - A prospective clinical and echocardiographic study of 47 patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 46 age- and sex-matched controls showed an
      increased prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities in the SLE group.
      Pericardial abnormalities were identified in ten patients with SLE and in no
      controls. Excluding mitral valve prolapse, valvular abnormalities were identified
      in ten patients with SLE (21%) and in three controls (7%). In the patients with
      SLE, abnormalities included mitral valve leaflet thickening in six, aortic valve
      thickening in five, and mitral annular calcification in two. The presence of
      valvular abnormalities correlated with duration but not with severity of SLE. The
      finding of systolic murmurs in 17 of 47 patients with SLE did not correlate with
      echocardiographic evidence of valvular disease. In six patients with SLE,
      valvular abnormalities detected by two-dimensional echocardiography were not seen
      on M-mode echocardiogram.

PMID- 3999315
TI  - Plesiomonas shigelloides-associated diarrhea.
AB  - Plesiomonas shigelloides was thought to be the cause of diarrhea in six patients
      seen in Los Angeles. Although this organism is considered to be a cause of
      diarrhea in the Orient, it has infrequently been noted to be associated with
      diarrhea in North America.

PMID- 3999316
TI  - Serious Pasteurella multocida infections from lion and tiger bites.

PMID- 3999317
TI  - Guidelines for reporting estimates of probability of paternity. Council on
      Scientific Affairs.

PMID- 3999318
TI  - Food for thought.

PMID- 3999319
TI  - Information, consideration needed--Brandt.

PMID- 3999320
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--United States.

PMID- 3999322
TI  - The prophylactic use of cephalosporins for surgery.

PMID- 3999321
TI  - The diagnosis of intracranial lesions in AIDS.

PMID- 3999323
TI  - Seat belts on school buses.

PMID- 3999324
TI  - Racial differences in serum total bilirubin levels in health and in disease
      (pernicious anemia).
AB  - Common usage prescribes a single normal range for serum bilirubin levels.
      However, we have not only confirmed that men have higher levels than women but
      have discovered significant racial differences as well. Among 1,538 healthy
      Americans, blacks had lower mean bilirubin levels than whites of European origin,
      Latin Americans, and Asians. These racial differences, which were more pronounced
      among women than men, were maintained in pernicious anemia. Even though bilirubin
      levels rose in our 174 patients with this disease, they continued to be lower
      among blacks than among whites and Latin Americans. Moreover, the actual
      bilirubin level changes caused by pernicious anemia were themselves smaller among
      blacks. The racial differences, thus, persisted in pernicious anemia despite
      similar degrees of anemia, whereas the sex differences disappeared. We suggest
      that the lower serum bilirubin levels in blacks in health and disease do not stem
      primarily from lower bilirubin production than in whites.

PMID- 3999325
TI  - Tuberculous brain abscess and Toxoplasma encephalitis in a patient with the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 3999326
TI  - Effects of toxic chemicals on the reproductive system. Council on Scientific
      Affairs.
AB  - In an effort to make physicians more aware of the hazards of the workplace to
      pregnant workers, the Council on Scientific Affairs' Advisory Panel on
      Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace prepared this third and final report
      reviewing the effects of chemical exposure. A total of 120 chemicals were
      considered for reviews based on an estimation of their imminent hazard, ie,
      widespread use and/or inherent toxicity. Following a brief introduction, which
      sets out general principles, clinical applications, and aids to the recognition
      of a human teratogen, the report presents reviews and opinions for three
      representative chemicals. Information concerning the remaining 117 compounds is
      available upon request.

PMID- 3999327
TI  - Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccinations and tuberculin skin tests.

PMID- 3999328
TI  - The age of AIDS: a great time for defensive living.

PMID- 3999330
TI  - Definition of impairment essential for prosecuting 'drunken drivers'.

PMID- 3999329
TI  - Multiple opportunistic infections and neoplasms in the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 3999331
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Prevention and control of influenza.

PMID- 3999332
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Tuberculosis---United States, 1984.

PMID- 3999333
TI  - SI units.

PMID- 3999334
TI  - The alcohol prescription.

PMID- 3999335
TI  - Prosecution of injured drunk drivers.

PMID- 3999336
TI  - Maternal alcohol consumption and birth weight.

PMID- 3999337
TI  - Clove cigarettes and high-altitude pulmonary edema.

PMID- 3999338
TI  - Postponing or preventing deaths? Trends in infant survival, Georgia, 1974 through
      1981.
AB  - Trends in survival were examined for infants in five birth-weight groups (500 to
      999 g, 1,000 to 1,499 g, 1,500 to 1,999 g, 2,000 to 2,499 g, and greater than or
      equal to 2,500 g). The study population consisted of infants born in Georgia from
      1974 through 1981. Survival to the first birthday increased for all birthweight
      groups. Improvements in postneonatal survival occurred concurrently with
      improvements in neonatal survival, except for infants with birth weights of 500
      to 999 g. Between 1974-1975 and 1980-1981, the proportion of deaths that were
      attributed to perinatal conditions but occurred during the postneonatal period
      increased from 1.1% to 4.7%. These observations suggest that advances in
      perinatal care have led to postponement rather than prevention of a few infant
      deaths, although overall many more deaths were prevented. For infants with birth
      weights of less than 1,500 g, lower mortality among those admitted to newborn
      intensive care units was the major contributor to improved survival. Our findings
      indicate that both neonatal and postneonatal mortality should be examined in
      evaluating the effects of perinatal care.

PMID- 3999339
TI  - The usefulness of preoperative laboratory screening.
AB  - We assessed the usefulness of routine laboratory screening of preoperative
      patients. Computer-readable laboratory, demographic, and discharge diagnostic
      data were assembled for 2,000 patients undergoing elective surgery over a four
      month period, and randomly selected samples of patients were studied. Several
      tests ordered by protocol and performed by the laboratory at the time of
      admission were examined in these samples, including complete blood cell count,
      differential cell count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet
      count, six-factor automated multiple analysis, and glucose level. Sixty percent
      of these routinely ordered tests would not have been performed if testing had
      only been done for recognizable indications, and only 0.22% of these revealed
      abnormalities that might influence perioperative management. Chart review
      indicated that these few abnormalities were not acted on nor did they have
      adverse surgical or anesthetic consequences. In the absence of specific
      indications, routine preoperative laboratory tests contribute little to patient
      care and could reasonably be eliminated.

PMID- 3999341
TI  - Is there a need for routine preoperative laboratory tests?

PMID- 3999340
TI  - Reappraisal of breast biopsy prompted by the use of lumpectomy. Surgical
      strategy.

PMID- 3999342
TI  - Sequelae of breast irradiation.

PMID- 3999343
TI  - Changes recommended in use of human diploid cell rabies vaccine.

PMID- 3999344
TI  - Prescription drugs and driving performance.

PMID- 3999345
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis.

PMID- 3999346
TI  - Hepatic vascular lesions in AIDS.

PMID- 3999347
TI  - Complications of nasoenteric tubes.

PMID- 3999348
TI  - Can severe spinal nerve injury be repaired?

PMID- 3999349
TI  - The LD50.

PMID- 3999350
TI  - High-grade atrioventricular blocks.

PMID- 3999351
TI  - Medical education indebtedness.

PMID- 3999352
TI  - A recommended approach to the evaluation of human rabies exposure in an acute
      care hospital.
AB  - It is important to minimize the costs and risks associated with unnecessary
      prophylaxis of health care workers. We studied the process of providing rabies
      postexposure prophylaxis following the 24-day hospitalization of a rabies
      infected patient. Of 209 persons who cared for the patient, only 12 (6%) reported
      high-risk contact, and treatment was recommended for them. Unnecessary
      prophylaxis was limited to 35 persons (18%) who did not report high-risk contacts
      but who requested treatment because of their uncertainty about the degree of
      exposure. These persons, however, spent significantly more time with the patient
      compared with persons who did not request treatment. Maintaining strict isolation
      precautions when rabies is being considered, educating employees about the risks
      of transmission in this setting, carefully documenting exposures, and adhering to
      the guidelines for postexposure prophylaxis may help reduce excessive prophylaxis
      of health care workers.

PMID- 3999353
TI  - The lasting value of clinical skills.
AB  - To assess the lasting value of clinical skills learned by residents in a
      subspecialty-oriented training program in internal medicine, we surveyed recent
      graduates. Graduates received a questionnaire contrasting separate ratings of the
      amount of training (preparation) they received during residency with the
      importance of this training in subsequent career activities. Topics included 12
      traditional medical disciplines, 15 areas related to the practice of medicine, 15
      allied medical disciplines, ten basic skill and knowledge areas, and 28 technical
      procedures. Response rate was 91.8% (56/61). Ninety-five percent of respondents
      had certification from the American Board of Internal Medicine, 80% had
      subspecialty training, and 89% rendered direct patient care. Fifty-six topics
      showed disparity between preparation and importance scores (45 with P less than
      .0001). For 14 categories, mainly technical procedures, disparate ratings
      suggested excessive programmatic emphasis, while for 42 categories, including
      history taking and physical examination, there may have been inadequate emphasis.
      These data suggest that basic clinical skills may require greater emphasis, even
      in traditional programs. The opinion of program graduates is an important
      resource in designing training programs in internal medicine.

PMID- 3999354
TI  - Transcutaneous temporary pacing in the operating room.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of transcutaneous temporary pacing were assessed in 21
      patients undergoing elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia.
      Complete capture was achieved in all patients. The pacing threshold was 50 mamp
      in two patients, 100 mamp in nine, and 200 mamp in ten. The threshold was
      influenced by electrode position and also, possibly, by age, heart size, and
      chest size. No adverse effects of pacing were encountered. Transcutaneous pacing
      is a rapid, safe, and effective means of temporary pacing in the operating room.

PMID- 3999355
TI  - Experience with a cost-effective crossmatch protocol.
AB  - Pretransfusion blood samples were routinely tested for ABO group, Rh type, and
      the presence of unexpected red blood cell antibodies. Patients who had unexpected
      red blood cell antibodies received transfusions of blood that was crossmatched
      using an immediate spin test, a 37 degrees C incubation step, and an indirect
      antiglobulin test. Patients who did not have unexpected red blood cell antibodies
      received transfusions with blood that was crossmatched by an immediate spin
      crossmatch only. Because the average immediate spin crossmatch required only 3.25
      minutes to be performed, crossmatches were not done for patients without
      unexpected antibodies until blood was actually requested to be issued for
      transfusion. During the first 8 1/2 months this protocol was used, 27,742
      crossmatches were performed and 46,959 unnecessary crossmatches were avoided,
      thus reducing direct costs by at least +49,300. This protocol also allowed for
      optimal blood inventory control and minimized the outdating of units of blood to
      only 0.19%.

PMID- 3999357
TI  - The danger of cocaine.

PMID- 3999356
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction following cocaine abuse in a young woman with normal
      coronary arteries.

PMID- 3999358
TI  - Need for physiatrists never greater than now.

PMID- 3999359
TI  - Athletic facial injuries: call in everyone.

PMID- 3999360
TI  - Depression in alcoholics: implications for treatment.

PMID- 3999361
TI  - Help for those intolerant of gluten.

PMID- 3999362
TI  - TEN is TEN, but is SSSS?

PMID- 3999363
TI  - Vitamin A intoxication.

PMID- 3999364
TI  - Renal failure after angiography.

PMID- 3999365
TI  - The tourniquet test and screening for diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 3999366
TI  - Turtle-associated salmonellosis in Puerto Rico. Hazards of the global turtle
      trade.
AB  - After the Puerto Rico Department of Health received a report of salmonellosis in
      an infant who had contact with a pet turtle, we conducted a case-control study in
      two urban areas in Puerto Rico to measure the extent of pet turtle-associated
      salmonellosis there. Ten (17%) of 60 infants with salmonellosis but none of their
      matched controls had a history of exposure to a pet turtle in the two weeks
      before onset of illness. Two other case patients were also exposed to a pet
      turtle--an 8-year-old child and an adult with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      and Salmonella bacteremia. A variety of Salmonella serogroups were represented in
      the turtle-associated cases. All turtle lots collected from pet shops in Puerto
      Rico were culture-positive for Salmonella; 89% yielded Salmonella pomona.
      Contamination of the turtles probably occurred at the farm before distribution,
      since S pomona was also isolated from turtles exported from the same farm to Guam
      and to Yugoslavia. The estimated 3 to 4 million turtles exported annually from
      the United States are an important potential route for global dissemination of
      human salmonellosis.

PMID- 3999367
TI  - Association between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection.
AB  - We conducted independent case-control and retrospective cohort investigations to
      assess the relationship between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection (UTI).
      In the former, we compared diaphragm use and vaginal flora among 114 women with
      acute UTI and 85 women with acute urinary tract symptoms and no UTI. In the
      latter study, we ascertained the incidence of UTI in 192 diaphragm users and 182
      women taking oral contraceptives during a mean follow-up of 9.4 months. Both
      studies demonstrated a significantly increased risk of UTI in diaphragm users:
      relative odds were 2.0 in the case-control study and the relative risk was 2.5 in
      the retrospective cohort study. Vaginal colonization with Escherichia coli was
      significantly greater in diaphragm users. The incidence of UTI in the cohort
      study was 26.6 per 1,000 patient-months for diaphragm users and 8.9 per 1,000
      patient-months for women taking oral contraceptives. The increased risk of UTI in
      diaphragm users could not be attributed to differences in age, parity, sexual
      activity, or previous UTI.

PMID- 3999368
TI  - Physician tolerance for uncertainty. Use of liver-spleen scans to detect
      metastases.
AB  - To gain insight into diagnostic test use, we interviewed 42 physicians who
      ordered 62 liver-spleen scans to detect possible metastases. Before receiving the
      actual scan results, physicians gave (1) pretest probability estimates for liver
      metastasis; (2) probability estimates and management plans given the most common
      scan results; and (3) probabilities above and below which they would stop the
      diagnostic workup (their decision thresholds). After learning the actual scan
      results, physicians gave their posttest probabilities and management plans.
      Thirteen physicians (31%) desired absolute certainty to rule in metastasis. Fifty
      percent planned further evaluations even when probability estimates of metastasis
      reached one of their probability targets for ending the workup. Greater attention
      to decision thresholds may improve physicians' understanding of their tolerance
      for diagnostic uncertainty and the ability of diagnostic tests to reduce it.

PMID- 3999369
TI  - The injured self, addiction, and our call to medicine. Understanding and managing
      addicted physicians.

PMID- 3999371
TI  - Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Reply to commentary by
      Richard Kronmal. By the Lipid Research Clinics Program investigators.

PMID- 3999370
TI  - Some current issues relating to rubella vaccine.
AB  - At the time of licensure in 1969, available data indicated that rubella vaccines
      were safe, noncommunicable, and effective. Since vaccine virus could cross the
      placenta and infect the fetus, cautious use of the vaccines in childbearing-age
      women was recommended. Over the past 15 years, additional information about the
      vaccines has been accumulated. This article provides an update of data on (1) the
      risk and degree of joint symptoms following vaccination and revaccination, (2)
      the duration of vaccine-induced immunity, (3) the protective effect of low levels
      of vaccine-induced antibody, and (4) the risks to the fetus following maternal
      vaccination. The data support continued vaccination of all young children as well
      as increased efforts to vaccinate susceptible adolescents and young adults,
      especially women. Only by more effective vaccination of the latter can
      elimination of congenital rubella syndrome be hastened.

PMID- 3999372
TI  - Boundaries of conscience.

PMID- 3999373
TI  - [Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of epidural analgesia for gastrectomy in
      geriatric patients].

PMID- 3999374
TI  - [A case of hepatitis probably induced by the first halothane exposure].

PMID- 3999375
TI  - [Bilateral pneumothorax following total thyroidectomy and radical neck
      resection].

PMID- 3999376
TI  - [Human factors for safer anesthesia].

PMID- 3999377
TI  - [Endocrine functions following epidural morphine administration. 7. Effects on on
      the thyroid function].

PMID- 3999378
TI  - [Hemodynamic, respiratory and blood gas changes after intraarterial injection of
      lipid peroxides].

PMID- 3999379
TI  - [Hemodynamic changes in canine endotoxin shock produced by continuous infusion].

PMID- 3999380
TI  - [Comparison of the direct arterial pressure between radial and dorsalis pedis
      artery during prolonged anesthesia--relation of the core temperature and direct
      arterial pressure].

PMID- 3999381
TI  - [A clinical evaluation of 0.75 percent bupivacaine in extradural block].

PMID- 3999382
TI  - [Epidural Morphine anesthesia for pulmonary surgery].

PMID- 3999383
TI  - [Hospitals: from the view point of management engineering].

PMID- 3999384
TI  - [An attempt to avoid changes in blood pressure resulting from aortic clamping or
      declamping, by the use of a balloon catheter placed in the inferior vena cava].

PMID- 3999385
TI  - [58th Congress of the Japanese Society for Bacteriology. March 30-April 1, 1985,
      Tokyo, Japan. Abstracts].

PMID- 3999386
TI  - [Possibility of complete eradication of early esophageal cancer by radiotherapy
      alone].
AB  - Twenty-five patients with esophageal cancer less than 5 cm in length receiving
      radical radiotherapy alone were studied to consider the radicality of this
      therapy for early esophageal cancer. The relative five-year survival rate for the
      25 patients was 41%, which was better than 23% for 60 patients receiving radical
      radiotherapy and many reported results. And for 11 stage I patients, a five-year
      survival rate of 79% could be obtained. Summing up Japanese results reporting
      survival rates by tumor length revealed that crude five-year survival rates were
      21.5% for tumors less than 5 cm and 4% for tumors more than 5 cm long,
      respectively. Radiotherapy can be considered to be among the effective modalities
      for the treatment of early esophageal cancer.

PMID- 3999387
TI  - [Clinicopathological study of breast cancer--histologic tumor border and
      prognosis].
AB  - Based on histologic observations, tumor borders of 730 breast cancer patients
      were divided into five categories of border grade (BG); BG I (noninvasive), BG II
      (pushing), BG III (desmoplastic infiltrating), BG IV (nondesmoplastic
      infiltrating), and BG V (disseminating). From BG I to BG V, both the percentage
      of lymph node metastasis and four or more nodal metastases increased gradually,
      and the same results were obtained in various cases of the same tumor size.
      Further, tumor emboli in lymphatics were found only in the cases showing a tumor
      border above BG III, and more frequently detected with the increase in border
      grade. Therefore it was confirmed that histologic tumor borders not only exhibit
      the spreading fashions of breast cancer cells in the primary site, but also
      correlate with the lymphogenous metastasis very closely. Patients with either BG
      IV or BG V showed lower survival rates.

PMID- 3999388
TI  - [Studies on the mechanism of the estrogen action in human breast cancer].
AB  - Only some 50% of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients respond to
      hormone therapy. It is possible that the mechanism of the estrogen action is
      disturbed in malignant cells. In order to determine which steps of the mechanism
      are disturbed, cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptor and nuclear
      estrogen receptor were studied in 217 cases of human breast cancer. Thirty breast
      cancer tumors were examined for nuclear translocation of estradiol in vitro. The
      assessment of the translocation experiments showed good correlation to the ERN
      status by the DCC method. This experiment was considered to be a simple method of
      assessment of translocative ability.

PMID- 3999389
TI  - [Breast cancer and hematological malignancy in the same patients].
AB  - Ten women with breast cancer and hematological malignancy (nine with double
      malignancy and one with triple malignancy) were analyzed. Mastectomy was
      performed on all patients in our hospital between July 1959 and June 1982 (23
      years). Diagnoses of hematological malignancy were seven acute leukemias (five
      AML, two AMMoL), one CML, two lymphomas and one myeloma. Irradiation and
      chemotherapy were postoperative treatments in eight and three patients,
      respectively. The median interval between the first diagnosis and the second was
      four years and 10 months (one year and five months to 21 years and seven months).
      The median survival time from the first diagnosis was five years and eight
      months, while that from the second was six and a half months. In a clinical
      setting, it is difficult to ascertain the causative factors of multiple
      malignancy. Accumulation of additional patients is needed for further analysis.

PMID- 3999390
TI  - [Clinicopathological comparison between well-differentiated and poorly
      differentiated gastric cancer].
AB  - Among 664 patients who underwent surgery in our hospital during the period
      between 1972 and 1981, 185 (27.9%) were classified into the well-differentiated
      type (group WD) and 310 (46.7%) into the poorly differentiated type (group PD).
      There were significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, location
      of tumor, etc. Early cancer was more common in group WD than in group PD. The
      prognosis changed according to the depth of tumor invasion. In cases of positive
      serosal invasion, the five-year survival rate was higher for group WD than group
      PD without significant difference.

PMID- 3999391
TI  - [Relationship between endoscopic features and prognosis of pm-gastric cancer-
      with special reference to the depressive type of pm-cancer].
AB  - In this report, operated advanced gastric cancer was analysed based on 96 cases
      of carcinoma of the proper muscle layer (pm-cancer) experienced between 1961 and
      1982 at the Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of
      Medicine, and its associated hospital. Patterns of macroscopic findings in pm
      cancer were classified into three types: (1) early type, (2) early-like cancer
      type, and (3) Borrmann's variety type. The degree of lymph node metastasis
      ascended in types (1), (2) and (3) in that order, and the five-year survival rate
      descended in the same order.

PMID- 3999392
TI  - [The role of preoperative embolization in renal cell carcinoma].
AB  - In 84 cases of renal cell carcinoma, the effect of embolization was assessed by
      dividing the patients into two groups: those having undergone (42 cases) or not
      having undergone (42 cases) embolization. A 16% decrease in tumor volume
      following embolization using an MMC-micro capsule was noted. In patients without
      metastasis at nephrectomy, a tendency was observed for the incidence of
      postoperative metastasis to be lower with more favorable survival for the group
      with embolization than that without. On the other hand, among cases with
      metastasis at nephrectomy, there were more patients who survived for a longer
      period in the embolization group.

PMID- 3999393
TI  - [Skull base metastasis of prostatic cancer presenting as exophthalmos--a case
      report].
AB  - A 72-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of diplopia and right
      exophthalmos. Craniography and CT scan showed thickening of the right orbital
      roof and no intracranial lesion. Total acid phosphatase and prostatic acid
      phosphatase were high. Bone scintigraphy revealed high uptake at that lesion and
      the right pelvis. Unroofing of the right orbit and opening of the optic canal
      were performed in order to reduce intraorbital pressure. Microscopic examination
      revealed a metastatic lesion of prostatic cancer. Postoperatively, the patient
      was treated with "Honvan" and the course has been good.

PMID- 3999394
TI  - [A case of anaplastic transformation of thyroid carcinoma in the cervical lymph
      node metastasis].
AB  - A case of a well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma with an area of anaplastic
      transformation in the cervical lymph node metastasis is reported. The combination
      of postoperative radiotherapy with chemotherapy, followed by total thyroidectomy
      and left radical neck dissection was undertaken for the cervical lymph node
      metastasis with anaplastic progression, and the patient is living, well and tumor
      free more than two years after surgery. This case suggests that neck dissection
      is necessary for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma with lymph nodes
      metastasis to prevent the development of anaplastic transformation in the future.

PMID- 3999395
TI  - [Two cases of early squamous cell carcinoma of the hilar region of the lung cured
      by bronchofiberscopic excision].
AB  - We experienced two patients with early squamous cell carcinoma at the hilar
      region of the lung. The carcinoma were completely eliminated by tumor biopsy
      using a bronchofiberscope. In both cases, there was either pulmonary tuberculosis
      or a second primary lung cancer (bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma) on the
      contralateral side. After bronchoscopic excision of the tumor, the patients were
      closely observed using by repeat bronchoscopy at 5 to 6 week intervals. One
      patient is free of recurrence at 4.5 years after treatment and is deemed to be
      cured. The other patient died of recurrence and metastasis from a second primary
      bronchioloalveolar carcinoma at 1 year and 5 months after treatment, however he
      had no recurrence of the squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 3999396
TI  - [Malignant change of duodenal adenoma--a case report and review of the
      literature].
AB  - A 69-year-old woman with a large crater-forming carcinoma of the duodenal bulbus
      which was associated with a prominent tumor of tubulovillous adenoma in immediate
      proximity is reported. Histologically, an adenoma-carcinoma sequence was strongly
      suggested. A review of the literature from both Japan and other countries, after
      reclassification of histologic patterns, suggested that tubulovillous adenoma in
      the duodenum may be predominant as compared with that of the colon.

PMID- 3999397
TI  - [An autopsy case of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate].
AB  - A 48-year-old man who was diagnosed as undifferentiated malignant tumor by needle
      biopsy was treated with irradiation and anticancer drugs. Autopsy revealed
      alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate with marked infiltration into
      periprostatic tissue and distant metastasis. Histological diagnosis was performed
      by special staining as well as the immunoperoxidase technique with myoglobin.
      This was the first case of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in Japan.

PMID- 3999398
TI  - [The effect of dilazep on red cell survival].

PMID- 3999399
TI  - [Lung cancer with an increase in macrophages displaying marked hemophagocytosis
      in the bone marrow].

PMID- 3999400
TI  - [A sporadic case of congenital high red cell membrane phosphatidyl choline
      hemolytic anemia refractory to splenectomy].

PMID- 3999401
TI  - [Two cases of primary acquired sideroblastic anemia: with special references to
      the findings in bone marrow culture].

PMID- 3999402
TI  - [Determination of cerebral blood flow and metabolism].

PMID- 3999403
TI  - [Biochemistry of the brain. c. Energy metabolism of the brain].

PMID- 3999404
TI  - [Transport of enzymes to the brain by liposomes].

PMID- 3999405
TI  - [Determination of the cerebral blood flow by X-ray computed tomography using non
      radioactive Xe].

PMID- 3999406
TI  - [Quantitative measurement of brain metabolism by NMR].

PMID- 3999408
TI  - [Agents to improve cerebrovascular circulation and cerebral metabolism-
      cinepazide].

PMID- 3999407
TI  - [Agentss to improve cerebrovascular circulation and cerebral metabolism-
      citicoline].

PMID- 3999409
TI  - [Peripheral nerve conduction velocity--with special reference to the effects of
      temperature and age factors].

PMID- 3999410
TI  - [Basic study of automated cytodiagnosis using flow cytometry--a hybrid method
      with image analysis].

PMID- 3999411
TI  - [Electrical phenomena of the retina and their clinical application].

PMID- 3999412
TI  - [Early diagnosis of uterine neoplasms].

PMID- 3999413
TI  - [Automation of cytodiagnosis by image processing--CYBEST as an example].

PMID- 3999414
TI  - [Early diagnosis of hilar neoplasms--cytodiagnosis of the sputum].

PMID- 3999416
TI  - [Processing of urinary specimens].

PMID- 3999415
TI  - [Processing of preserved sputum specimens].

PMID- 3999417
TI  - [Future of cytodiagnosis].

PMID- 3999418
TI  - [Limulus test and microbial components].

PMID- 3999419
TI  - [Approach to viral diseases of unknown etiology].

PMID- 3999420
TI  - [The essentials in evaluating the rubella immunity by means of hemagglutination
      inhibition test].

PMID- 3999421
TI  - [Nosocomial infection and viral diseases].

PMID- 3999422
TI  - [Problems of cytodiagnosis].

PMID- 3999423
TI  - [Validity of polyethylene glycol perfusion method in estimating pancreatic
      secretion (1)].

PMID- 3999424
TI  - [Determination of theophylline and caffeine in blood serum by thin-layer
      chromatography-densitometry].

PMID- 3999425
TI  - [Triple cancer in the stomach].

PMID- 3999426
TI  - [Diagnostic possibility of pulmonary tuberculosis clinically diagnosed as
      pulmonary carcinoma. Comparative studies of roentgenography to the resected
      specimens].

PMID- 3999427
TI  - [Cerebral angiography with metrizamide (Amipaque)].

PMID- 3999428
TI  - [Brain abscess and secondary polycythemia due to total transposition of great
      vessels].

PMID- 3999429
TI  - [Case of mediastinal goiter associated with adenomatous goiter].

PMID- 3999430
TI  - [Intracerebral cavernous angioma. A case report].

PMID- 3999431
TI  - [A case report of aortic dissection of DeBakey's type III complicated with
      retrograde extension].

PMID- 3999432
TI  - [A case of congestive heart failure induced by therapeutic irradiation].

PMID- 3999433
TI  - [A case of renal cell carcinoma simulating renal simple cyst].

PMID- 3999434
TI  - [Two cases of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage].

PMID- 3999435
TI  - [67Ga imaging of gluteal muscle inflammation secondary to pyogenic sacroiliitis
      (PSI)].

PMID- 3999437
TI  - [Establishing risk estimates for individual organs].

PMID- 3999436
TI  - [Stationary irradiation with multi-field technique using conformation
      radiotherapy unit].

PMID- 3999438
TI  - [Urticaria due to corticosteroids].

PMID- 3999439
TI  - [Establishment of image analyzing system for evaluation of melanocyte
      morphology].

PMID- 3999440
TI  - [Establishment of a human melanoma cell line and its cytological
      characteristics].

PMID- 3999441
TI  - [A case of chromoblastomycosis caused by Exophiala jeanselmei having a granular
      phase].

PMID- 3999442
TI  - [Elevation of nonspecific esterase activity of monocytes by sarcoidosis serum.
      Application of a color data system on the analysis of the result].

PMID- 3999443
TI  - [Changes in HBV-specific DNA polymerase activity in relation to the severity of
      HBsAg positive chronic liver disease].

PMID- 3999444
TI  - [Photodynamic effects of various types of porphyrins on cultured hepatocellular
      carcinoma cells (JTC-16): a fundamental study of porphyrin photodynamic therapy].

PMID- 3999445
TI  - [Etiological studies of anomalous arrangement of the pancreatico-biliary ductal
      system and its clinical implications].

PMID- 3999446
TI  - [Radioimmunoassay of cholecystokinin using XAD-2 resin extraction method of
      plasma. Plasma cholecystokinin responses after a meal and intraduodenal ingestion
      of MgSO4 in humans].

PMID- 3999447
TI  - [A study of secretin dosage of secretin provocation test in the Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome].

PMID- 3999449
TI  - [A case of gastric cancer with prominent calcium deposit].

PMID- 3999448
TI  - [Changes of circulating blood endotoxin analyzed by quantitative assay after
      intravenous administration of endotoxin].

PMID- 3999450
TI  - [Splenic abscess following transarterial splenic embolization. Its hazard and
      reconsideration].

PMID- 3999452
TI  - [An analysis of cardiac reserve mechanism during supine bicycle exercise in
      patients with myocardial infarction: evaluation by multi-gated radionuclide
      angiography].

PMID- 3999451
TI  - [A case of thorotrast-induced malignant hemangioendothelioma of the liver: rapid
      progress in 4 months].

PMID- 3999453
TI  - [A case of pulmonary tumor-embolism from chondrosarcoma of the lower extremity].

PMID- 3999454
TI  - [Indications for splenic sequestration scintigraphy using Tc-99m-labeled
      denatured red blood cells: a comparison with Tc-99m-tin colloid scintigraphy].

PMID- 3999455
TI  - [Differentiation of ischemic cardiomyopathy from idiopathic dilated
      cardiomyopathy. Evaluation of the value of radionuclide imaging].

PMID- 3999456
TI  - [Computer analysis of the dynamics of red cell destruction].

PMID- 3999457
TI  - [Clinical trial of NMR-CT (report 4): clinical evaluation of a hybrid image].

PMID- 3999458
TI  - [Count density method for sizing myocardial infarction with Tc-99m-stannous
      pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy].

PMID- 3999459
TI  - Leukemia--present and future.

PMID- 3999460
TI  - Effects of riboflavin-2', 3', 4', 5'-tetrabutyrate on platelet function and
      plasma lipids.
AB  - Riboflavin-2', 3', 4', 5'-tetrabutyrate (B2-But) inhibited, in vitro, ADP (4
      micrograms/ml)-induced platelet aggregation when added at the concentration of
      more than 1 microgram/ml and arachidonic acid (Aa) (1 mM)-induced platelet
      aggregation when given at the concentration of more than 0.1 microgram/ml. These
      inhibitions were dose-dependent. Both cyclic AMP and prostaglandin metabolites in
      the platelets, however, remained unchanged when the amount of B2-But added was
      between 0.1-10 micrograms/ml. In a volunteer study, 80 mg of B2-But taken in one
      bolus inhibited both ADP- and Aa-induced platelet aggregation 4 hr after oral
      administration. The administration of B2-But at this dose was associated with a
      significant decrease in malondialdehyde formation in plasma. The oral
      administration of 40 mg (t.i.d.) of B2-But daily did not result in significant
      changes in ADP- and Aa-induced platelet aggregation. B2-But showed no significant
      effects on either platelet adhesiveness or collagen-induced platelet aggregation,
      in vitro or in vivo. Our data suggest that a decrease of lipoperoxide in plasma,
      not in platelets, influences platelet aggregation induced by ADP and Aa.

PMID- 3999462
TI  - Lung cancer complicated by silicosis: a clinical and histopathological study.
AB  - A clinicopathological analysis was carried out on 16 cases of lung cancer
      complicated by silicosis, which were diagnosed from April 1975 to March 1983, and
      the results were discussed with a review of the literature. All of the patients
      were male, and a smoking habit with a Brinkman index of more than 500 was found
      in 14 of them (87.5%). Twelve cases (75.0%) had advanced tumors of clinical
      stages III and IV, suggesting that the early detection of lung cancer complicated
      by silicosis is difficult. Tumors were uniformly found in all lobes of the lung.
      Histological types were mainly epidermoid or undifferentiated carcinoma, with
      very few adenocarcinomas. Carcinogens from smoking seemed to be responsible for
      the carcinogenesis. Two cases were thought to be scar carcinomas.

PMID- 3999461
TI  - Estimation of plasma and urinary catecholamines in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - Serial estimation of plasma nor-epinephrine (PNE), 24 hours urinary vanilmandelic
      acid (VMA) and plasma cortisol was made in 25 adult patients of Guillain-Barre
      syndrome. Healthy adult age and sex matched volunteers served as controls. The
      mean level of PNE, VMA and plasma cortisol in controls was 1.07 +/- 0.50 ng/ml,
      2.81 +/- 1.18 mg/24 hours and 12.9 +/- 3.10 micrograms/100 ml, respectively. In
      cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome with autonomic dysfunction the mean level of
      PNE, VMA and plasma cortisol was 3.34 +/- 2.47 ng/ml, 7.98 +/- 5.71 mg/24 hours
      and 27.25 +/- 4.94 micrograms/100 ml on the day of admission while in cases of
      Guillain-Barre syndrome without autonomic dysfunction it was 1.09 +/- 0.32 ng/ml,
      3.04 +/- 2.22 mg/24 hours and 11.8 +/- 4.2 micrograms/100 ml, respectively. An
      increase in circulating PNE, VMA and plasma cortisol was demonstrated in patients
      of Guillain-Barre syndrome with autonomic dysfunction presenting as hypertension
      and tachycardia. The maximum rise of 284% (PNE) and 253% (VMA) occurred at the
      height of paralysis. The elevated levels fell to near control values at the time
      of significant recovery, and glucose tolerance tests improved. It is suggested
      that increased levels of catecholamines and cortisol contributed to the
      development of dysautonomia as these levels were within normal limits in patients
      of Guillain-Barre syndrome without autonomic dysfunction.

PMID- 3999463
TI  - The effect of blood volume changes accompanying isotonic circumstances on plasma
      antidiuretic hormone levels in normal subjects.
AB  - Changes in plasma ADH levels were investigated in human male subjects whose blood
      volume was altered under isotonic circumstances. Blood volume was reduced by
      ambulation and increased by isotonic saline infusion in an overnight dehydrated
      state, and determinations were made on plasma ADH levels, plasma osmolality and
      hematocrit values. Plasma ADH levels were clearly affected by the small changes
      in blood volume, and significantly negative correlation was found between plasma
      ADH levels and the percent changes in blood volume under isotonic circumstances.
      From these findings, it was concluded that ADH release in human subjects is also
      controlled by the changes of the blood volume factor in addition to osmotic
      stimuli.

PMID- 3999464
TI  - Amino acid in gastric juice of peptic ulcer patients.
AB  - To clarify the protein metabolism in peptic ulcer disease, the amino acid content
      was determined in gastric juice of gastric ulcer patients (n = 30), duodenal
      ulcer patients (n = 16), gastroduodenal ulcer patients (n = 8), and hospital
      controls (n = 8). The amino acid output in the gastric ulcer group was greater
      than that of the hospital control both in basal and maximal secretion. In the
      duodenal ulcer group of patients who were high secretors of gastric juice, the
      amino acid concentration was low, so the amino acid output was also lower than
      that of the hospital control group. Tetragastrin did not increase the amino acid
      output in the gastric juice. The amino acid amount may be decided also by the
      architecture of the gastric mucosa and not only by the ulcer lesion itself. The
      protein loss from gastric mucosa may well result in hypoproteinemia in peptic
      ulcer disease of the stomach.

PMID- 3999465
TI  - Myasthenia gravis associated with lipodystrophy.
AB  - Patients with partial lipodystrophy frequently show hypocomplementemia but rarely
      have associated autoimmune diseases. We report here a patient of myasthenia
      gravis associated with limb lipodystrophy, a variant form of partial
      lipodystrophy, and hypocomplementemia.

PMID- 3999466
TI  - Cerebral subcortical calcification and hypoparathyroidism--a case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Hypoparathyroidism is known to exhibit various neurological manifestations, but
      most of the neurological disorders seen in this condition are motor ones, and
      involuntary movement is rarely encountered. Basal ganglion calcification is a
      common feature in hypoparathyroidism. But calcification of the cerebral cortex
      is, to our knowledge, extremely rare with only nine previously documented cases
      reported. We report a case of both involuntary movement and extensive cortical
      calcification with some reference to the literature. Furthermore, we discuss the
      relationship between neurological disorders and intracranial calcification.

PMID- 3999467
TI  - Induced hypertension chemotherapy for solid tumors based on functional
      characteristics of tumor vessels.

PMID- 3999468
TI  - Differential sensitivities of long-term cultured cell lines derived from human
      haematopoietic malignancies to various anti-cancer drugs.

PMID- 3999469
TI  - Effects of methamphetamine and methyldopa on ethanol induced hypothermia in mice.
AB  - The effects of D-methamphetamine HCl (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg, i.p.) and alpha
      methyldopa (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg, i.p.) on rectal temperature and on ethanol (3 g/kg,
      i.p.)-induced hypothermia have been investigated in mice. Methamphetamine caused
      a dose-dependent hyperthermia, but methyldopa induced hypothermia, which
      decreased with increases in dose. Methamphetamine antagonized the hypothermic
      effect of ethanol, but methyldopa (1 and 2 mg/kg) did not affect it. Methyldopa
      (4 mg/kg), however, reversed ethanol hypothermia. Ethanol pretreatment
      significantly potentiated the hypothermic effect of methyldopa (4 mg/kg), and it
      prevented methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia. A possible central action for the
      tested drugs on biogenic monoamines and a peripheral component in their
      thermoregulatory effects are discussed in this report.

PMID- 3999471
TI  - Role of the amygdala in the hippocampal kindling effect of rats.
AB  - In the present experiment, the role of the amygdala in the formation of the
      hippocampal kindling effect was investigated in rats with chronic electrode
      implants. The number of trials required for the establishment of hippocampal
      kindling was significantly shortened by either ipsilateral or bilateral
      amygdaloid lesions. The high amplitude spike waves in the frontal cortex and
      reticular formation appeared earlier in the amygdaloid lesioned rats than in the
      sham lesioned rats. It is suggested that the amygdala has an inhibitory effect on
      the development of the hippocampal kindling effect. On the other hand, either the
      ipsilateral or bilateral amygdaloid lesions after the establishment of
      hippocampal kindling inhibited the induction of generalized convulsion by
      hippocampal stimulation. Three and 8 repeated daily stimulations were needed to
      reestablish the hippocampal kindling effect after the ipsilateral and bilateral
      amygdaloid lesions, respectively. These results do not coincide with the above
      mentioned results indicating that the amygdala has an inhibitory role in the
      formation of hippocampal kindling. It is suggested that the neuronal circuits
      involved in the formation of hippocampal kindling in the amygdaloid lesioned rats
      are different from those in the intact rats.

PMID- 3999470
TI  - Characteristics of binding of a new anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid,
      hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate (HBP), to glucocorticoid receptors of
      rat liver.
AB  - Characteristics of the specific binding of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21
      propionate (HBP) to the cytoplasmic fraction from rat liver were investigated.
      The inhibition constant (Ki) of HBP for the site of 3H-dexamethasone (3H-DM)
      binding was approximately equal to the value of DM and significantly smaller than
      that of hydrocortisone (HC). The maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) and
      dissociation constant (Kd) for 3H-HBP were also approximately equal to those for
      3H-DM. The Scatchard and Hofstee plots analyses of 3H-HC binding indicated that
      the HC binding sites consisted of three components with different affinity, while
      that of 3H-DM had only one site with an intermediate affinity. HBP and
      hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (HB) bound to other binding sites of HC in addition to
      the site for DM. The IC50 value for synthetic glucocorticoids determined from the
      inhibition curves of 3H-HC binding in the first phase agreed with the values
      determined by the displacement study of 3H-DM binding. Furthermore, the first
      phase of HBP in the inhibition curve of 3H-HC binding disappeared from the curve,
      and only the second phase remained following the addition of DM. These results
      indicate that the esterification of C-17 and C-21 OH increases the affinity of
      the binding site for synthetic glucocorticoid and attenuates the affinity for the
      other binding sites of HC.

PMID- 3999472
TI  - Comparative studies on morphine- and stress-induced analgesia and the development
      of tolerance to the effects: implication of protein synthesis mechanism in the
      process.
AB  - Comparative studies were made on morphine- and stress-induced analgesia (SIA) and
      also on the development of tolerance to the effects. Cycloheximide (CYH), a
      potent protein synthesis inhibitor, did not affect the analgesic effect of
      morphine, but effectively suppressed the development of tolerance. CYH, however,
      potentiated both foot shock (FS) and immobilized-water immersion (IW) SIAs and
      inhibited the development of tolerance to FS-SIA. Incorporation of 3H-leucine
      into the TCA-insoluble fraction of mouse brain regions was inhibited by morphine,
      and the inhibition was reversed by the pretreatment with CYH. The inhibitory
      effect of morphine was lost in morphine tolerant animals. At the peak of SIA,
      incorporation of 3H-leucine was not changed in FS-SIA, but significantly
      inhibited in IW-SIA, and these effects were not modified by the pretreatment with
      CYH. The reduced incorporation of 3H-leucine in IW-SIA tolerant animals was
      partially reversed by CYH. Thus, the protein synthesis mechanism is greatly
      influenced by morphine or stresses, but the direct evidence for the implication
      of the mechanism in the process of producing analgesia and tolerance formation
      could not be demonstrated. However, differences in the underlying mechanisms were
      apparent between morphine and SIAs and also between FS- and IW-SIA.

PMID- 3999473
TI  - Specific 3H-cimetidine binding to receptors in the submandibular gland of the
      rat.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that the secretagogue action of histamine on the salivary
      gland is mediated via H2-receptors. In this study we attempt to characterize the
      histamine H2-receptors in the submandibular gland of the rat. The results show
      the presence of a specific 3H-cimetidine binding site in the gland. However, the
      binding constants of this site are not fully characteristic of the specific 3H
      cimetidine-H2-receptor binding. They tend to indicate that the binding of 3H
      cimetidine to the gland membrane is similar to the well-characterized 3H
      cimetidine-imidazole-recognition-receptor binding found in the membrane of the
      brain, gastric mucosae and atrium of various mammalian species.

PMID- 3999474
TI  - Changes in density of muscarinic cholinergic receptor by adrenergic denervation
      with guanethidine.
AB  - The effects of chronic adrenergic denervation with guanethidine on muscarinic
      cholinergic receptors (mAChR) were investigated by binding of L-3H-quinuclidinyl
      benzilate (3H-QNB). Guanethidine treatment decreased the amount of mAChR from 102
      to 87 fmoles/mg protein in the heart and from 444 to 388 fmoles/mg protein in the
      small intestine, but increased it from 223 to 282 fmoles/mg protein in the vas
      deferens, without changes in its characteristics. These findings suggested that
      adrenergic innervation has different influences on the mAChR population in
      different tissues.

PMID- 3999475
TI  - Effect of d-nicotine on the l-nicotine-induced increase in gastric acid secretion
      in rats.
AB  - d-Nicotine (1000 micrograms) applied into the cerebral ventricle of urethane
      anesthetized rats increased gastric acid secretion. When 50 micrograms of d
      nicotine was concomitantly administered with 5 micrograms of 1-nicotine, the 1
      nicotine-induced increases in gastric secretion was blocked. The appearance of
      convulsion induced by I-nicotine in mice was also inhibited by pretreatment with
      d-nicotine. These results suggest that d-nicotine has agonistic and antagonistic
      actions to I-nicotine in the central nervous system and that its agonistic
      potency varies with preparations.

PMID- 3999476
TI  - Characteristics of the cortical and hippocampal EEG power spectra of rabbits
      during normal behavioral states and after administration of CNS acting drugs.
AB  - The EEG power spectra of the motor cortex (MC) and hippocampus (HPC) in rabbits
      were characterized, and the effects of CNS acting drugs on the spectra were
      investigated. The EEGs of rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes were
      recorded with bipolar leads and simultaneously analyzed for 15 min with a
      computer to obtain their power spectra. MC spectra had one peak of delta wave,
      and HPC spectra had two peaks of delta and theta waves, whose peak powers and
      frequencies were changed in correspondence to the level of consciousness.
      Pentobarbital (20 mg/kg, i.v.) produced the peaks at 11 and 4 Hz in MC and HPC
      spectra, respectively. Morphine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) produced the peak at 7 Hz in MC
      spectra and shifted the theta wave peak of HPC to lower frequencies. Diazepam (4
      mg/kg, i.v.) produced the peak at 14 Hz in MC spectra and decreased the two peak
      powers in HPC spectra. Chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg, i.v.) shifted the theta wave peak
      of HPC to lower frequencies. Amitriptyline (5 mg/kg, i.v.) increased the peak
      powers of the delta waves in MC and HPC spectra. These results suggest that each
      of the five CNS acting drugs produces the characteristic spectra, and they are
      different from the spectra obtained during normal behavioral states.

PMID- 3999477
TI  - NAD-coupled enzymatic oxidation of O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate
      (EPN) to its oxygen analog with liver microsomes of rats.
AB  - O-Ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN)-induced inhibition of rat
      liver microsomal carboxylesterase (CEase) and formation of O-ethyl O-p
      nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate (EPNoxon), an oxygen analog of EPN, were enhanced
      remarkably by addition of NAD in vitro. This potentiation of the anti-CEase
      action of EPN by NAD was significantly inhibited by addition of SKF 525-A or
      potassium thiocyanate (KSCN); and a simultaneous decrease in cytochrome P-450
      contents were also observed. Addition of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) at various
      concentrations inhibited potentiation of the anti-CEase action of EPN by NAD in
      parallel with inhibition of liver microsomal dehydrogenase activities. In
      conclusion, NAD was enzymatically reduced to NADH, a cofactor of microsomal
      dehydrogenase(s), and then formation of EPNoxon through microsomal cytochrome P
      450-coupled monooxygenase was accelerated. Consequently, inhibition of CEase by
      EPN was potentiated.

PMID- 3999478
TI  - Learning retardation and enhanced ethanol preference produced by postnatal
      pretreatments with ethanol in adult rats.
AB  - Male neonates of Wistar strain rats were given 0.63-2.50 g/kg/day of ethanol,
      i.p., for 7 successive days from day 6 to 12 after birth. The acquisition
      processes of the discriminated lever-press avoidance response (intertrial
      interval: 25 sec, warning stimuli presentation: 5 sec, foot shock intensity:
      110V, 0.5 mA, 50 Hz, AC) were investigated for 20 separate sessions from day 60
      after birth. The preference test for ethanol was done beginning at 120 days of
      age. No significant differences in body weights were detected between saline- and
      ethanol-pretreated groups. However, learning retardation was observed in all
      groups pretreated with ethanol. In these groups, slow responses to warning
      stimuli followed by escape responses from shocks delivered were often observed in
      early training sessions. An enhanced preference for ethanol was observed in all
      groups pretreated with ethanol for 7 successive days at maturity. These results
      suggest the possibility that learning ability and preference for ethanol in adult
      rats are strongly influenced by pretreatments with ethanol during the early
      postnatal period.

PMID- 3999479
TI  - Effect of idebenone (CV-2619) on memory impairment observed in passive avoidance
      task in rats with cerebral embolization.
AB  - Effect of idebenone (CV-2619) on memory impairment was studied in rats with
      cerebral embolization. The cerebral embolization, produced by injecting 2000
      microspheres into the internal carotid artery, caused a significant impairment in
      passive avoidance response. Repeated administrations of idebenone (30 mg/kg/day,
      i.p.), partially but significantly improved the impairment of the passive
      avoidance response in the embolized rats. The results suggest that the repeated
      administration of idebenone exerts an ameliorating effect on memory impairment
      induced by cerebral embolization.

PMID- 3999480
TI  - Simultaneous monitoring of electrochemical and unitary neuronal activities by a
      single carbon fiber microelectrode.
AB  - Simultaneous measurements of electrochemical and electrophysiological changes in
      the substantia nigra pars compacta of the rat were tried with a single carbon
      fiber microelectrode. Electrochemical detection of catecholamines was done by
      differential pulse voltammetry. The effects of haloperidol on the level of
      catecholamines in extracellular spaces and on dopaminergic neuronal discharges
      were investigated. Haloperidol induced an increase in unitary discharges parallel
      to the elevation of the catecholamine level. With this technique, direct
      information can be obtained on the relationship between released catecholamines
      and unitary neuronal activity.

PMID- 3999481
TI  - [The effects of intention and mental imagery on the learning of peripheral skin
      temperature control].
AB  - This study aimed to examine the effects of intention to raise the skin
      temperature and the use of warm imagery as a strategy for the control of skin
      temperature without biofeedback. Thirty-two adult female subjects were assigned
      to either one of following four groups: intention-imagery (It-Im), intention-no
      imagery (It-NIm), no intention-imagery (NIt-Im), and no intention-no imagery (NIt
      NIm) groups. The finger-tip skin temperature was measured during following
      sessions: first trial, first rest, second trial, and second rest sessions.
      Results were as follows: the It-Im group was able to raise its skin temperature
      in the first and the second trial sessions, the It-NIm and NIt-Im groups were not
      able to raise their skin temperature in any sessions, and the skin temperature of
      the NIt-NIm group was raised during the first trial session, but it was stopped
      at the second trial session. These results suggest that both intention and
      strategy are necessary for the control of skin temperature without biofeedback.

PMID- 3999482
TI  - [Relationship between physique and measured intelligence level in mentally
      retarded children].
AB  - The purpose of the present study conducted between 1979 and 1981, is to examine
      the relationship between body size (standing height, sitting height, body weight,
      and chest circumference) and measured intelligence level (MIL) of AAMD in 618
      mentally retarded children between the ages of 9 and 17. Japanese boys and girls
      measured by the Ministry of Education in 1979 were used as the intellectually
      normal control group. The mean standing and sitting heights of the mild level 12
      to 14 year old males were significantly higher than those of the severe-profound
      level males as measured by the Scheffe method. The four body-size means of the
      severe-profound level males and the mild level females between the ages of 9 and
      17 were significantly lower than those of the normal males and females. The mean
      standing and sitting heights of the moderate level females were significantly
      lower than those of the normal children. It was concluded that there is no linear
      relationship between body size and MIL in females.

PMID- 3999483
TI  - [Clinical results of the Starr-Edwards ball valve for mitral valve replacement].

PMID- 3999484
TI  - [Blalock-Taussig shunt operation for the infants under three months of age
      diagnosed with two-dimensional echocardiography].

PMID- 3999485
TI  - [Evaluation of exercise tolerance of treadmill test in patients with a cardiac
      pacemaker. A comparison of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with complete A-V block
      (CAVB) on VVI mode pacing].

PMID- 3999486
TI  - [Surgical approach to contralateral patent ductus arteriosus].

PMID- 3999487
TI  - [Surgery in infective endocarditis as prophylaxis against impending embolism--two
      dimensional echocardiographic study].

PMID- 3999488
TI  - [Elevation of the pulmonary arterial pressure as a sign of pneumothorax and
      hemothorax--a report of two cases].

PMID- 3999489
TI  - [Report of transaxillary first rib resection in two cases of thoracic outlet
      syndrome].

PMID- 3999490
TI  - [A case of idiopathic peripheral pulmonary aneurysm].

PMID- 3999491
TI  - [Transcatheter embolization of bronchial collateral arteries prior to
      intracardiac operation of adult tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 3999492
TI  - [Surgical treatment of aortic regurgitation complicated with aortic root abscess
      due to infected endocarditis].

PMID- 3999493
TI  - [A case of complete repair of pulmonary atresia with non-confluent pulmonary
      arteries and ventricular septal defect].

PMID- 3999495
TI  - [Surgical treatment of Uhl's disease].

PMID- 3999494
TI  - [Surgery of right subclavian artery aneurysm using Brener carotid shunt].

PMID- 3999496
TI  - [Successful correction of diversion of the inferior vena cava into the left
      atrium following repair of an atrial septal defect].

PMID- 3999498
TI  - [Division of aberrant systemic arteries communicating with pulmonary vessels in 2
      patients associated with the scimitar syndrome].

PMID- 3999497
TI  - [Comparison between bronchogenic carcinoma and esophageal carcinoma in regard to
      distribution patterns of mediastinal metastases--analysis using computed
      tomography].

PMID- 3999499
TI  - [The Blalock-Taussig shunt for simple transposition of the great arteries
      followed later by anatomic correction].

PMID- 3999500
TI  - [A new operative technique for partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection of
      the left lung].

PMID- 3999501
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative cardiac functions and problems of adult patients with
      patent ductus arteriosus].

PMID- 3999502
TI  - [Surgical treatment of bilateral pulmonary metastases--6 cases].

PMID- 3999503
TI  - [A case of right juxtaposition of the atrial appendages, without cono-truncal
      anomaly].

PMID- 3999504
TI  - [A case of anomalous systemic arterial supply to the basal lung].

PMID- 3999505
TI  - [A case of left femoral artery embolism after ASD patch closure in an adult].

PMID- 3999506
TI  - [Aortic dissection due to aortic cannulation].

PMID- 3999507
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 3999508
TI  - Snakebite: first aid & hospital management.

PMID- 3999509
TI  - [Analysis of 36 cases of lung cancer treated with antituberculous chemotherapy].

PMID- 3999510
TI  - [Macrophage activation and differentiation in infection of tubercle bacilli].

PMID- 3999511
TI  - [Mechanism of the development of granuloma in tuberculosis].

PMID- 3999512
TI  - [Macrophages contained in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid].

PMID- 3999513
TI  - [A study of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in pulmonary delayed type
      hypersensitivity. Immunological significance of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
      fluid in rabbits].

PMID- 3999514
TI  - [Potentials of noninvasive methods in diagnosing multiple coronary artery lesions
      in ischemic heart disease].
AB  - A total of 111 patients, aged 35 to 60, were examined. Of those, 97 had survived
      transmural or large-focal myocardial infarction (MI) 1-2 years before the study.
      The patients were divided into groups according to MI localization and the number
      of affected coronary arteries. Coronaro- and ventriculography, echocardiography
      (sectoral scanning), the computer-assisted treadmill exercise test were performed
      in all the patients. Exercise tolerance in post-MI patients was shown to be
      related to coronary circulation and unrelated to left-ventricular myocardial
      contractility at rest. The analysis of ST variation, particularly ST rise, as the
      only criterion for the assessment of the results of exercise testing demonstrated
      its moderate sensitivity in relation to the diagnosis of multiple coronary
      arterial lesions (MCAL) in post-MI patients. The informative value of the test
      increases if other parameters, particularly exercise tolerance, are assessed as
      well. Low tolerance combined with computer evidence of a positive test is in most
      cases indicative of MCAL, whereas with high tolerance in the absence of
      electrocardiographic ST changes MCAL would be unlikely.

PMID- 3999516
TI  - [Activity of neurohumoral regulatory systems in the edema syndrome in patients
      with circulatory failure].

PMID- 3999515
TI  - [Blood cells and blood pressure].

PMID- 3999517
TI  - [Method of transcutaneous transfemoral catheterization of the coronary sinus of
      the heart with a specially shaped catheter].

PMID- 3999518
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of myxoma of the left atrium in children].

PMID- 3999520
TI  - [Evaluation of the early signs of left ventricular failure using bipolar chest
      rheography].
AB  - The comparison of findings obtained with bipolar chest rheography with radiologic
      evidence of hypervolemia in the pulmonary circulation and left-ventricular end
      diastolic pressure in 90 coronary patients has suggested that the basal impedance
      index (the ratio of estimated to actual basal impedance values) can be measured
      as it corresponds to the severity of pulmonary congestion. The basal impedance
      index values below 6.10(-2) signal congestive left-ventricular failure.

PMID- 3999519
TI  - [The physical aspect of patient rehabilitation in outpatient polyclinics].

PMID- 3999521
TI  - [Changes in heart function during the use of the peripheral vasodilator diazoxide
      on arterial hypertension patients].
AB  - An acute depression of arterial blood pressure (ABP) was achieved using
      intravenous injections of 300 mg diasoxide in 29 patients with persistent
      arterial hypertension. Peripheral vascular resistance dropped significantly, and
      the minute volume slightly increased at the point of the deepest ABP fall.
      Intracardiac hemodynamics showed no significant changes. Myocardial
      contractility, as determined by dp/dtmax and ABP d/IC, increased in the presence
      of a relatively small ABP decrease (by 20-25% of the original values), and
      decreased when ABP dropped by 30% or more. These changes may be related to
      reduced coronary flow where ABP fall is significant.

PMID- 3999522
TI  - [Skin vascular reactivity to noradrenaline in healthy subjects and hypertensives
      based on data from a method continuously recording the intensity of reflected
      light].
AB  - A method of investigating vascular response to noradrenaline is described, based
      on a continuous recording of changes in the intensity of reflected monochromatic
      light following rationed intracutaneous administration of vasoactive substances.
      The results of vascular response studies in 16 normal subjects and 92 patients
      with labile and stable essential lypertension are discussed. The amplitude of
      vasospastic response was shown to increase in proportion to the dose administered
      in both groups. Patients with stable essential hypertension demonstrated higher
      amplitude and longer duration of vasospastic response as well as a lower
      noradrenaline-sensitivity threshold.

PMID- 3999523
TI  - [Circulatory system reaction to loading tests in patients with the climacteric
      syndrome in relation to the phase of the climacteric and the presence of
      cardialgia].
AB  - Female patients with the menopausal syndrome (MS) manifestations showed a steeper
      increment of diastolic arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate, as compared
      to normal subjects, in both phases of the menopause, irrespective of whether
      cardialgia was present or not; moreover, half of the patients showed negative
      electrocardiographic dynamics. Hemodynamic shifts in response to bicycle
      ergometry were similar in both menopausal phases and showed steeper increments in
      ABP and heart rate, as compared to those of normal subjects. Excessive ABP rise
      in response to exercise is mostly associated with cardialgias. Exercise-related
      ECG can usually improve or return to normal in premenopausal patients, while
      ischemic ST depression is associated with postmenopausal conditions. Physical
      working capacity of premenopausal women is only impaired in the presence of
      cardialgias, whereas that of postmenopausal women is reduced in the absence of
      cardialgia as well.

PMID- 3999525
TI  - [ECG characteristics in subendocardial myocardial infarct].
AB  - Major electrocardiographic markers of subendocardial myocardial infarction are
      identified. Vector analysis of ST displacement has shown that ST changes can be
      indicative of the predominantly basal localization of necrosis, whereas the
      evidence of its localization in either wall of the left ventricle can hardly be
      reliable.

PMID- 3999524
TI  - [Evaluation of the ECG T-wave changes during function tests of ischemic heart
      disease patients].
AB  - Differential assessment of T wave changes in response to exercise testing and
      contrast ventriculography appraising the condition of the coronary bed and
      intracardiac hemodynamics was performed in 117 patients with coronary heart
      disease. It is suggested that the T amplitude increasing twofold and more or
      reversion of the T wave in response to exercise should be considered as an
      evidence of abnormality.

PMID- 3999527
TI  - [Computed tomography in cardiology: the diagnostic aspects].
AB  - Computerized tomography (CT) was used to investigate 306 patients with a variety
      of heart and aortal diseases: acquired and congenital defects, coronary disease,
      tumors of the heart, pericarditis, aortic aneurysm. CT allows the assessment of
      certain functional (end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, the ejection
      fraction, the motility of left-ventricular walls, systolic myocardial thickening)
      as well as anatomical parameters of the heart structure: the condition of the
      pericardium, heart cavities, induration and calcification of the valve apparatus,
      myocardial thickness, the presence of intra-cavity formations, and the state of
      the aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava and pulmonary veins, including the
      assessment of the patency of aortocoronary shunts.

PMID- 3999526
TI  - [Myocardial blood flow in patients with different forms of supraventricular
      arrhythmia].
AB  - The authors studied the status and changes in the myocardial blood flow volume in
      25 patients with supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias in the presence of coronary
      heart disease and without organic abnormalities on the part of the cardiovascular
      system. As regards the status of the sinus rhythm, the total myocardial blood
      flow in patients with idiopathic rhythm disturbances versus coronary heart
      disease showed no significant differences. In conditions of electrostimulation
      induced tachyarrhythmia, patients with idiopathic arrhythmias exhibited a linear
      increase in the blood flow in the basin of both coronary arteries while in the
      coronary heart disease patients there were heterogeneous alterations of the
      myocardial blood flow with a general downward trend. In patients with the
      idiopathic form of continuous fibrillations with the comparable heart rate the
      values of the myocardial blood flow are significantly lower than in patients with
      idiopathic paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia. The decrease of the coronary blood flow
      observed in tachycardia is believed to result from an increased coronary vascular
      resistance which points to a reduction of the reserve capabilities of the
      coronary bed in relation to its dilatation.

PMID- 3999528
TI  - [Noninvasive impedance method of determining left ventricular filling pressure].
AB  - Impedance chest plethysmograms (IPG) were recorded simultaneously with
      intraventricular pressure curves before and after ventriculography in 36 patients
      with chronic coronary heart disease. Phono- and apex cardiograms were recorded
      simultaneously with the 1st IPG derivative. The analysis of the tracings
      established criteria for determining the duration of isometric relaxation phase
      (IRP) from the 1st IPG derivative. The comparison between the IRPIPG and left
      ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) values obtained by direct measurement,
      demonstrated a close correlation (r = 0.896) and suggested a simple formula for
      non-invasive LVFP determination.

PMID- 3999530
TI  - [Use of a multifunctional catheter for assessing cardiovascular function].
AB  - A new method of cardiovascular investigation with a multifunctional catheter was
      used in 56 cardiac and pulmonary patients. The multifunctional catheter enabled
      simultaneous measurement of the intravascular pressure and liner flow rate in
      large vessels (both arteries and veins). Prospects are outlined for the
      multifunctional catheter to be used for continuous hemodynamic monitoring, and
      developing, on this basis, of a computer monitoring system to assess cardiac
      performance during surgery.

PMID- 3999529
TI  - [Noninvasive diagnosis of mitral regurgitation by impedance cardiography].
AB  - A total of 46 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) of varying degrees of
      manifestation and 84 subjects with no MR were investigated. The possibilities
      were elucidated of the MR diagnosis by the impedance index (IMR): the ratio of
      the primary diastolic wave O amplitude to the primary systolic wave amplitude
      (dz/dt)min of the impedance cardiogram. A significant increase of the IMR was
      recorded in the MR presence. The degree of such increase depended on the MR
      manifestation and not on the impairment of the left or right ventricle function.
      The high specificity and sensitivity of the method, the value of the negative and
      positive tests as well as their reproducibility evidence that impedance
      cardiography is a perspective method for the noninvasive diagnosis of MR.

PMID- 3999531
TI  - [Importance of ultrasonic studies in diagnosing and assessing heart function in
      aortic coarctation in adults].
AB  - Aortic coarctation was diagnosed with the aid of sectorial scanning from the
      suprasternal position in 6 of 7 patients. Ultrasonic investigation allows one to
      assess myocardial status and detect a prolapse of the atrioventricular valves,
      aortal valve protrusion, the presence of a bicuspid aortal valve and other
      abnormalities accompanying aortic coarctation in adult patients.

PMID- 3999532
TI  - [Diagnosis of subvalvular adhesions in mitral stenosis by 2--dimensional
      echocardiography].
AB  - Echocardiographic signs of subvalvular fusions are discussed, as they frequently
      complicate the course of mitral stenosis. The diagnostic value of two-dimensional
      echo-cardiography is established for this abnormality. Subvalvular fusions of the
      chordal apparatus are shown to be associated with certain signs on the two
      dimensional echocardiogram, such as additional echoes under mitral valve cusps in
      short-axis heart section (sensitivity 67.2%, specificity 90.7%), and mitral
      orifice drawn towards the interventricular septum (sensitivity 35.7%, specificity
      93.5%), thickened subvalvular structures in the long-axis section of the heart's
      left compartments (sensitivity 40.7%, specificity 82.9%), and fissural or "coma
      like" shape of the mitral orifice.

PMID- 3999533
TI  - [Method of enhancing the diagnostic information value of the atrial
      vectorcardiogram].
AB  - An automated differentiation of the P loop from other VCG loops, its 20-fold
      magnification, visualization, and computation of its major spatial and projection
      parameters have been made possible, giving precise information on its
      configuration, duration, the direction of recording, as well as relative
      positions and directions of its instantaneous vectors. Digital computerization of
      the traces has produced different vector and scale characteristics of the spatial
      Pxyz loop.

PMID- 3999535
TI  - [Echocardiographic indices of the middle-aged and elderly].
AB  - Echocardiographic parameters were examined in people between 50 and 79 years of
      age. They were shown to change with advancing age, the seventh decade of life
      being in this respect significantly different from the preceding and the
      following decades. This period is associated with moderate enlargement of the
      left-ventricular cavity and a reduction in myocardial contractility. Strong
      correlation has been demonstrated with systolic parameters, which may be an
      evidence that adequate operation of the heart at this age is mostly supported
      through systolic reserve.

PMID- 3999534
TI  - [Results of the plastic repair of interventricular septal defects 15 to 20 years
      after operation].
AB  - The authors carried out a comprehensive examination of patients operated on for
      the radical correction of a ventricular septum defect through the right atrium
      and with a temporary excision of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valev. The ECG,
      PCG, and roentgenogram were found to be altered at a long-term period.
      Examination of the tricuspid valve showed its good function at a long-term
      period. Practical recommendations on examining this group of patients are
      offered.

PMID- 3999537
TI  - [Heterometric self-regulation of the heart as a correlation of Starling's and
      Anrep's phenomena].
AB  - It is postulated that heterometric autoregulation of cardiac contractility mostly
      presents a combination of Starling's mechanism, including venous preload-length
      and length-shortening relations, and Anrep's phenomenon, comprising aortal
      postload-length and length-tension relations. It is propounded that Anrep's
      mechanism modulates the efficacy of Starling's mechanism ensuring the
      autoregulatory maintenance of the optimal average aortal pressure. Thus, the
      latter is both mediator and ultimate goal of the heterometric autoregulation of
      the heart.

PMID- 3999536
TI  - [Use of differential methods for analyzing electrocardiograms in the diagnosis of
      supraventricular arrhythmia].
AB  - Differential-gain ECG (DG-ECG) recordings were made to investigate the mechanism
      of tachyarrhythmias. The study comprised experimental and clinical series.
      Experimental findings demonstrated two types (local and circulatory) of
      vulnerability manifested during induced tachyarrhythmia. Differential-gain ECG
      recordings were used in the clinical series to specify experimentally
      demonstrated mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias: differentiate focal and circulatory
      excitation sources and specify the localization of both the sources of
      tachycardia and additional atrioventricular bundles associated with the
      ventricular pre-excitation syndrome.

PMID- 3999538
TI  - Effect of variations in dietary sodium intake on sodium excretion in mature rats.
AB  - Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 400 g or more were studied to determine whether
      their continued weight gain affects renal sodium handling. Rats maintained on a
      wide range of sodium intakes gained 3.9 +/- 0.4 g/day. The intercept of a linear
      regression of intake against urinary excretion provided an estimate of the
      minimum daily requirement for sodium intake of 247 +/- 33 microEq/day. When more
      than this required amount was ingested, the animals excreted the excess
      quantitatively in the urine. When less was ingested they continued to gain weight
      at a slower rate, 1.6 +/- 0.6 g/day, and remained in positive sodium balance.
      Nonetheless, they developed a sodium deficit manifested as retention of a sodium
      challenge. Thus, on an adequate dietary intake the normal physiological state of
      Sprague-Dawley rats of this size is one of chronic sodium retention rather than
      neutral sodium balance. In contrast, when inadequate sodium is ingested a deficit
      develops in the absence of external losses. These observations have important
      implications for the interpretation of studies of renal sodium handling in these
      animals.

PMID- 3999540
TI  - Effect of chronic uremia in the rat on cerebral mitochondrial calcium
      concentrations.
AB  - Whole cerebral and isolated mitochondrial calcium levels were determined in
      normal and chronically uremic Sprague-Dawley rats. Uremia was induced by a two
      stage 5/6 nephrectomy 4 weeks prior to study. Serum was obtained for urea,
      calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and i-PTH. Mitochondria were isolated by gradient
      centrifugation and calcium was determined by flameless atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that mitochondrial calcium levels in
      uremic rats are not different from normal (8.0 +/- 2.8 vs. 7.8 +/- 1.8 nmoles/mg
      protein) despite an 11% increase in whole cerebral calcium concentration (17.3 +/
      2.0 vs. 15.5 +/- 2.8 nmoles/mg protein; P less than 0.005) in 24 severely uremic
      rats (BUN greater than 18.0 mmoles/liter). Multiple regression analysis
      demonstrates a significant positive correlation between cerebral calcium
      concentrations and both serum calcium (P less than 0.005) and serum magnesium
      levels (P less than 0.005). No relationship was found for urea, serum phosphate,
      or i-PTH. Similar analysis of mitochondrial calcium concentration demonstrated a
      significant positive correlation with serum calcium (P less than 0.005) and i-PTH
      (P less than 0.05) suggesting that increased PTH may be necessary for maintaining
      normal intracellular calcium levels in uremia. We conclude that uremia in the rat
      is associated with a small rise in whole cerebral calcium but that intracellular
      calcium as reflected by mitochondrial levels is not elevated.

PMID- 3999539
TI  - Role of oxygen radicals in phorbol myristate acetate-induced glomerular injury.
AB  - Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) is known to be a potent activator of neutrophils
      and macrophages resulting in the generation of large amounts of oxygen-free
      radicals by these cells. When injected into the left renal artery of 250 to 300 g
      male Sprague-Dawley rats, PMA caused significant proteinuria compared to control
      rats which received normal saline (35.4 +/- 4 mg/24 hr in PMA treated vs. 14.1 +/
      0.9 mg/24 hr in saline control, P less than 0.02). The proteinuria was
      associated with evidence of glomerular injury. These PMA-induced alterations were
      not prevented by complement depletion but were prevented by prior depletion of
      neutrophils. The coinstillation of catalase prevented the development of the
      proteinuria (catalase + PMA 12.7 +/- 2.3 mg/24 hr vs. PMA alone 38.2 +/- 5.7
      mg/24 hr, P less than 0.001) suggesting that H2O2 and/or its metabolites derived
      from neutrophils were important in the PMA-induced proteinuria. In contrast,
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) had no effect. We conclude that, following the intra
      arterial injection of PMA, neutrophil-derived hydrogen peroxide and/or its
      metabolic products are capable of causing acute proteinuria in association with
      morphological alterations in glomeruli of rats.

PMID- 3999541
TI  - Regulation of acid-base equilibrium in chronic hypercapnia.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the decreased renal
      bicarbonate reabsorption prevailing during chronic hypocapnia is not mediated by
      the alkalemia that normally accompanies this acid-base disturbance but by some
      direct consequence of the change in PaCO2 itself. Based on the reasonable
      expectation that the mechanisms underlying the kidney's response to primary
      respiratory disturbances would be similar over the entire spectrum of physiologic
      carbon dioxide tensions, the present study was designed to assess whether an
      acidic change in systemic pH is a critical factor in the renal response to
      chronic hypercapnia. For this purpose, the plasma and renal responses to chronic
      respiratory acidosis in normal dogs were compared to those in dogs chronically
      fed a large hydrochloric acid (HCl) load (7 mmoles/kg/day). Exposure to 6% carbon
      dioxide for 7 days in a large environmental chamber induced a stable increment in
      PaCO2 which averaged 17 +/- 0.5 and 22 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in normal and HCl-fed
      animals, respectively. Steady-state plasma bicarbonate concentration rose from
      22.0 +/- 0.4 to 27.1 +/- 0.5 mEq/liter in normals and from 14.7 +/- 0.7 to 24.2
      +/- 0.8 mEq/liter in the HCl-fed group. As a result of these changes in PaCO2 and
      plasma bicarbonate, steady-state plasma hydrogen ion concentration rose in
      normals from 41 +/- 0.8 to 49 +/- 0.9 nEq/liter (pH 7.39 +/- 0.01 vs. 7.31 +/-
      0.01) but did not change significantly in the HCl-fed group (55 +/- 1.4 vs. 56 +/
      1.4 nEq/liter; pH 7.26 +/- 0.01 vs. 7.25 +/- 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 3999542
TI  - A clinicopathologic study of forty-eight infants with nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The clinical and histopathologic features of 48 children presenting with the
      nephrotic syndrome during the first year of life were analyzed. Proteinuria was
      discovered soon after birth to 3 months of age in 39 infants (congenital
      nephrotic syndrome), and nine infants had an infantile onset presenting between 4
      and 12 months of age. Neither histologic parameters--microglomeruli, epithelial,
      or mesangial proliferation, focal segmental or global sclerosis, fibrinoid
      necrosis, or tubular microcysts--nor histologic classification--microcystic
      disease, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerular
      sclerosis/hyalinosis-predicted the outcome. Rather, age at presentation was found
      to predict outcome: One of 39 infants with a congenital onset and seven of nine
      infants with an infantile onset underwent a complete remission (P less than
      0.0001).

PMID- 3999543
TI  - Progression of renal failure in patients with renal disease of diverse etiology
      on protein-restricted diet.
AB  - The rate of progression of early renal failure was evaluated in three groups of
      adult patients with renal disease of diverse etiology on dietary protein and
      phosphorus restriction (about 0.6 g/kg of protein, 700 mg of phosphorus) and in a
      control group of 22 patients with the same renal disease, retrospectively
      studied, on a free diet. Group 1 had 33 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis
      (CG), initial serum creatinine (Scr) of 1.4 to 4.3 mg/dl (mean, 2.20), followed
      for 5 to 94 months (mean, 44). Group 2 had 17 patients with polycystic kidney
      disease (PKD), Scr 1.3 to 4.7 mg/dl (mean, 2.40), followed for 8 to 81 months
      (mean, 42). Group 3 had 28 patients with primary chronic pyelonephritis (CP), Scr
      of 1.5 to 4.5 mg/dl (mean, 2.57), followed for 9 to 92 months (mean, 41). The
      control group had 22 patients (11 with CG, five with PKD, and six with CP), with
      Scr 1.7 to 4.1 mg/dl, followed for 6 to 72 months (mean, 24). In the regression
      analysis between reciprocal creatinine and time, the slopes were -0.0017, 
      0.0025, and -0.00016 dl/mg/month in the three patient groups on a protein
      restricted diet, respectively. The difference between both groups 1 and 2 and
      group 3 was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The slopes in patients
      on a free diet were significantly greater than those found in patients on a
      protein-restricted diet. The actuarial survival probability at 72 months,
      assuming as "renal death" a Scr of 10 mg/dl, was 45% in patients with CG, 44% in
      those with PKD, and 67% in those with CP on a protein-restricted diet.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999544
TI  - Continuous ambulatory and continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis in children. A
      report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group.
AB  - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and continuous cycling
      peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) have become acceptable methods of treatment for
      children with endstage renal disease (ESRD). In this study we have compared the
      effectiveness of these two modalities of prolonged dwell peritoneal dialysis in
      82 children treated at home with CAPD and/or CCPD for a mean of 10.2 months.
      Forty variables were evaluated during 92 patient periods (63 CAPD, 29 CCPD).
      There was no difference between the two groups with regard to sex, race, original
      disease, duration of dialysis, or volume of dialysis fluid. The only difference
      in biochemical profiles between the two groups was a higher serum creatinine in
      CCPD patients due in part to this group's greater age. The rate of peritonitis
      was not different (CAPD 1/4.6, CCPD 1/5.2 months), but the number of patient
      periods devoid of peritonitis was greater in the CCPD group (14/29 vs. 17/63, P =
      0.04). Growth velocity index (GVI) and standard deviation scores (SD scores) were
      used to evaluate growth in the total group and subsets according to age. Overall
      GVI was 88% of expected and did not differ between PD groups (CAPD 88% vs. CCPD
      89%). There were no significant changes in SD scores for growth during the course
      of prolonged dwell peritoneal dialysis indicating that the children did not
      experience further deterioration in growth. Children less than 4 years of age
      also did not have significant changes in SD scores. We conclude that CAPD and
      CCPD provide acceptable and comparable modes of dialytic therapy for children
      with ESRD.

PMID- 3999545
TI  - Osteoclast enlargement in endstage renal disease.
AB  - In normal subjects and patients with endstage renal disease, osteoclast cell
      volumes were constructed using serial 2-micron thick plastic embedded sections
      from iliac crest bone biopsy specimens. Four cells randomly selected from each of
      the subjects were analyzed to give both the cell volume from the cumulative areas
      and thickness of each cell slice and also the cell axes taking the vector along
      the bone face as width or Y, thickness from the bone surface as breadth or X and
      vertical dimension length or Z. The mean cell volume was 6,230 microns3 in the
      control subjects and was significantly larger being 11,730 microns3 and 13,680
      microns3 in the two patient groups. The cells showed polarity with the largest
      axes, Y and Z, being those in apposition to the bone surface. Howship's lacunae
      were enlarged in the patients and the cross-sectional area of an individual
      lacuna corresponded to the area of the contiguous osteoclast, r = 0.62, P less
      than 0.001. All patients had secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteoclast numbers
      were increased. There was no correlation between osteoclast size and duration of
      renal failure, previous vitamin D intake, or aluminum exposure. It is suggested
      that in ESRD, osteoclasts undergo both an increase in number and size and that
      these cells, being larger, remove more bone than the smaller cells in normal
      subjects.

PMID- 3999546
TI  - [EEG in consciousness disorders in childhood--diagnostic and prognostic value].

PMID- 3999547
TI  - [Magnesium, calcium and phosphate changes in the serum of newborn infants after
      exchange transfusion].

PMID- 3999548
TI  - [Clinical aspects, morphology and heredity of arteriopathia calcificans
      infantum].

PMID- 3999549
TI  - [Value of postmortem roentgen diagnosis exemplified by early fatal skeletal
      dysplasias].

PMID- 3999550
TI  - [Sirenomelia--a leading symptom of the PCS complex].

PMID- 3999551
TI  - [Responsibility of the pediatrician in the evaluation and prevention of child
      abuse].

PMID- 3999552
TI  - [Vertical gastro-reservoir anastomosis in the surgical treatment of cancer of the
      distal portion of the stomach].

PMID- 3999553
TI  - [Method of resecting large polyps of the rectum and distal portion of the sigmoid
      colon].

PMID- 3999554
TI  - [Removal of atheromas from the face].

PMID- 3999555
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of a surgical procedure for goiter of the root of the
      tongue].

PMID- 3999556
TI  - [Metastases of melanoma simulating cholelithiasis].

PMID- 3999557
TI  - [Giant leiomyoma of the esophagus and cardial portion of the stomach].

PMID- 3999558
TI  - [Rare causes of duodenal stenosis].

PMID- 3999559
TI  - [Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the small intestine].

PMID- 3999560
TI  - [Myxoma of a retrocecally situated appendix].

PMID- 3999561
TI  - [Giant cystic lymphangioma of the spleen].

PMID- 3999562
TI  - [Cystic lymphangioma of the neck with suppuration and perforation of the
      trachea].

PMID- 3999563
TI  - [Malignant degeneration of a congenital giant pigmented nevus].

PMID- 3999564
TI  - [Giant cavernous hemangioma].

PMID- 3999565
TI  - [Cancer of the gastric stump after resection for peptic ulcer].

PMID- 3999566
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of lymphogranulomatosis and lymphomas of the stomach].

PMID- 3999567
TI  - [Hamartomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)].

PMID- 3999569
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus after ineffective radiation
      therapy].

PMID- 3999568
TI  - [Retroperitoneal non-organic tumors].

PMID- 3999570
TI  - [Clinico-anatomic characteristics of carcinoid tumors of the small intestine].

PMID- 3999571
TI  - [Treatment of acute obstruction of the large intestine of cancerous etiology].

PMID- 3999573
TI  - [Ways of maintaining the viability of a colonic graft following abdomino-anal
      resection of the rectum].

PMID- 3999572
TI  - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of abscesses and recurrences following
      radical surgery for cancer of the rectum].

PMID- 3999574
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of different methods of treating patients
      with malignant melanomas of the skin].

PMID- 3999576
TI  - [Results of treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas following
      amputation].

PMID- 3999575
TI  - [Criteria for malignization of long unhealed wounds and trophic ulcers].

PMID- 3999577
TI  - [Surgical tactics in calcinosis of the mitral valve].

PMID- 3999578
TI  - [Reoperation after esophagoplasty].

PMID- 3999579
TI  - [Surgical treatment of dissecting aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta].

PMID- 3999580
TI  - [Surgical tactics in external pancreatic fistulas].

PMID- 3999582
TI  - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of paracolostomy hernias].

PMID- 3999581
TI  - [Effect of splenectomy on the immunologic reactivity of patients with hereditary
      hemolytic anemia].

PMID- 3999583
TI  - [Immunoprevention of suppurative infection].

PMID- 3999584
TI  - [Evaluation of organ-sparing surgery in cancer of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 3999585
TI  - [Acute postoperative pancreatitis following combined radiation and surgical
      treatment of cancer of the stomach].

PMID- 3999587
TI  - [Injuries of femoral vessels during Toianov-Trendelenburg procedures].

PMID- 3999586
TI  - [Prevention of postoperative complications by early activation of patients after
      surgery of the large intestine].

PMID- 3999588
TI  - [Clinical results following revision of covered goniotrepanation (Elliot
      Fronimopoulos)].
AB  - Among 128 patients with glaucoma, 19 underwent a revision of a goniotrepanation
      with scleral flap. Adequate regulation of IOP was achieved in this way, in some
      cases with additional medication. This revision of the filtering bleb can be
      recommended as the operation of choice for all forms of glaucoma in which
      goniotrepanation with scleral flap was performed and in which pressure could not
      be regulated with additional medication.

PMID- 3999589
TI  - [Entoptoscopy of erythrocyte flow in choriocapillaries].
AB  - The author describes how he rediscovered the flow of erythrocytes in the
      choriocapillaris. If the cupped palm of the hand is held in front of one eye at a
      distance of about 5 to 10 cm while the gaze is fixed on a bright plain surface,
      the flow can be observed as soon as dark dominates in the binocular competition
      this is an indispensable precondition. The low illumination, through retina,
      pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane, is sufficient to illuminate the
      erythrocytes to the extent that their images produce lifelike engrammes in the
      neuroepithelium, which the cortex records.

PMID- 3999590
TI  - [Television fluorescence angiography and image analysis: clinical use with a case
      example].
AB  - The clinical application of TV fluorescein angiography with subsequent image
      analysis as performed on a patient with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), who
      was suffering from an arterial branch occlusion, is discussed. In addition, the
      diagnostic relevance of rheologic parameters to the diagnostic evaluation of
      retinal circulatory disorders is emphasized.

PMID- 3999591
TI  - [Central areolar choroidal dystrophy with retinal crystals].
AB  - Central choroidal dystrophy is characterized by lack of large parts of the
      central choroid. In the dystrophic region outer retinal layers are also involved
      whereas inner retinal layers may be unaffected. Three patients with central
      choroidal dystrophy and retinal crystals in the dystrophic region or near its
      border are described. Predominantly, these crystals are located in the inner or
      middle retinal layers. The amplitude of the electroretinogram is reduced
      according to the extent of the defect in the neurosensory epithelium. In the
      cases described here the inner retinal layers may also be involved in the
      pathologic process. In two patients with the most marked clinical and
      electrophysiological disturbances, a multiple lipoprotein-type hyerlipidemia was
      found.

PMID- 3999592
TI  - [Gonioscopic changes caused by blunt eyeball injuries in sports].
AB  - In the course of the last five years 32 patients were hospitalized in Maribor
      because of ocular contusions sustained while participating in sports. The most
      frequent were injuries occurring in ball games. In 56.2% of the patients,
      clinically manifest changes in the angle were found, most frequently in the form
      of angle recession with hyphema. The importance of routine gonioscopy and of
      examining the periphery of the posterior segment in all ocular contusions is
      stressed. The possibility of a late post-contusion glaucoma developing must also
      be kept in mind.

PMID- 3999594
TI  - [Y-shaped silicone tube intubation with balloon in dacryocystorhinostomy].
AB  - The proven Y-shaped intubation system was modified by adding an inflatable
      balloon to hold open the anastomosis between the lacrimal sac and the nasal
      cavity after DCR procedures. Through an integrated tube the balloon can be
      inflated separately, and thus prevents stenosis in the newly formed anastomosis,
      especially in patients in whom previous operations were unsuccessful.

PMID- 3999593
TI  - [Is the use of beta receptor blockers in variously strong concentrations in the
      treatment of glaucoma sensible?].
AB  - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are usually administered in 2 or 3 different
      concentrations in the treatment of glaucoma. Arguments for varying the dose are
      dose-dependent decompression, the onset of symptoms similar to tachyphylaxis, and
      the incidence of systemic side-effects which may be influenced by modification of
      the dose. The present author's results, however, appear to contradict these
      arguments; therefore, this paper discusses whether there is any advantage to be
      gained by administering beta blockers in different concentrations.

PMID- 3999595
TI  - [Clinical jargon--memorabilia].
AB  - As in all professions, there has always been a clinical jargon. The bustle and
      anonymity of a large hospital complex are bound to affect the mentality of those
      who work there and the way they see themselves; the result, reflected in the
      jargon, is not always advantageous.

PMID- 3999596
TI  - [Interpretation of electroretinographic findings in posterior uveitis].
AB  - The present paper deals with the electroretinographic findings in 30 patients
      with inflammatory or postinflammatory disturbances of the fundus. The alterations
      of the scotopic ERG depend on the localization and extent of the disease. The
      individual components of the ERG are affected differently. It is evident that in
      a high percentage of patients with unilateral disease the ERG of the fellow eye
      was affected as well. This might be due to an immunologic reaction. It is pointed
      out that further investigations are required in order to resolve the problems
      involved.

PMID- 3999597
TI  - [Clinical specular microscopy. Technic, organization and simple calculator
      morphometry].
AB  - The use of specular microscopy (SM) as a routine clinical method for qualitative
      morphological and quantitative morphometric analysis of the corneal endothelium
      requires a standardized examination technique. Organizational and apparative
      means are necessary for the analysis, documentation and storage of the data. The
      results of the immediate analysis are documented on a result form. The
      morphological changes are classified in 4 different groups (endothelial, pre
      endothelial, retro-endothelial, and non-endothelial changes). The morphometric
      analysis is performed immediately: the mean cell density (mcd) is estimated by
      comparing the endothelial mosaic in the camera viewfinder with 3 standardized
      specular micrographs with known cellular density. The good correlation between
      the results of estimation and definite counting allows this rapid method to be
      used as a simple clinical screening techniques. The definitive morphometric
      analysis is carried out directly from the photographic negative using the fixed
      frame principle. The mcd and mean cell area (mca), m +/- sd, are determined by a
      simple method which saves time and money, using a scientific pocket calculator
      programmed in Basic. A specially designed slide rule serves to define the frame.
      The calculator may also be used for statistical analyses. This is demonstrated in
      a group of 127 patients (aged 51-87) before IOL implantation. The mcd and mca of
      the examined population is 2249 +/- 290 cells/mm2 and 444 +/- 57 microns 2. There
      is no statistically significant difference in mcd between the right and left eye
      (t-test: p = 0.93). Although statistically mcd decreases significantly with
      advancing age (p = 0.05), there is a large range of results in this
      population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999599
TI  - [Sclerocornea].
AB  - Findings in seven clinically and three histologically examined cases led to the
      conclusion that total sclerocornea represents a partial manifestation of variable
      cleavage syndrome.

PMID- 3999598
TI  - [Ocular myasthenia].
AB  - Ocular myasthenia is a special form of general myasthenia gravis characterized by
      unilateral or bilateral ptosis and eye muscle pareses of distinct variability,
      depending on the time of day and the state of fatigue of the patient. Most
      important for diagnosis is the Tensilon test, which can, however, produce
      negative results. In such cases a combination of the Tensilon test with
      electromyography is indispensable. In ocular myasthenia there is not always an
      increase in the antibody titer against acetylcholine receptors in the blood. The
      treatment of ocular myasthenia is based on the application of cholinesterase
      inhibitors. The drug of choice is Mestinon; however, the reaction of the eye
      muscles to this drug is often unsatisfactory. Local application of cholinesterase
      inhibitors in the form of Eserine, Prostigmin etc. is an additional important
      therapy. Also in ocular myasthenia the modern treatment with Cortisone (alternate
      day therapy with 100 mg Prednisone every second day) has proved very useful.
      Another possible method of interfering with the immunological systems of
      myasthenia is immunosuppression with Azathioprin or Cyclophosphamide. The
      pathognomonic significance of the thymus in the autoimmune process of myasthenia
      gravis is demonstrated by the good results obtained by thymectomy, which can also
      be performed successfully in ocular myasthenia, not only in young patients in
      whom the condition is severe, but also in older patients in whom it is chronic.
      Often, the therapeutic measures mentioned have to be tested one after another or
      in combination in order to achieve an optimal therapeutic effect.

PMID- 3999600
TI  - [Peripheral fluorescence angiography in diabetic retinopathy].
AB  - Using the CANON CG 6 60 Z wide-angle fundus camera, fluorescein angiographic
      examinations of the fundus periphery were performed on 90 diabetic patients
      presenting with exudative diabetic maculopathy. The peripheral angiogram
      demonstrates that perimacular hyperpermeability - the main cause of diabetic
      maculopathy - is preceded by extensive disturbances of capillary perfusion in the
      midperiphery.

PMID- 3999602
TI  - [Acquired disorders of contrast sensitivity and color vision in mild optic
      neuropathies].
AB  - In mild optic neuropathies (with full Snellen visual acuity), contrast
      sensitivity to low spatial frequencies is reduced and the scatter of the
      threshold determination is increased. Perception of desaturated colors is also
      reduced. Pattern visual evoked potentials to small checks only reveal a loss of
      foveal neural channels.

PMID- 3999601
TI  - [Significance of infrared angiography in the differential diagnosis of choroid
      tumors].
AB  - With infrared light and a dye (Indocyanin green) bound to proteins it is possible
      to study the choroidal circulation much better than with usual fluorescein
      angiography. For the differential diagnosis of choroidal tumors, this method
      contributes the following: (1) The diagnosis of choroidal hemangioma can be made
      with confidence. (2) while it is not yet possible to differentiate between a
      nevus and a melanoma, choroidal angiography nevertheless represents a second
      vascular parameter (in addition to the retina) for monitoring the growth of
      potentially malignant tumors. (3) The value of this method for the diagnosis of
      choroidal metastases and rare choroidal tumors - such as the case of an osteoma
      presented here - has yet to be studied.

PMID- 3999604
TI  - [Course of choroid infarction in a case of temporal arteritis (Horton's
      disease)].
AB  - Follow-up of a choroidal infarction in a case of temporal arteritis by choroidal
      angiography with Indocyanin-green. After one month there was an almost total
      restitution of the choroidal blood flow in the area originally infarcted.

PMID- 3999603
TI  - [Treatment results in 45 patients with retinoblastoma].
AB  - Between 1963 and 1983 45 cases of retinoblastoma had been treated at Zurich
      University Eye Clinic. Treatment strategies and their results are presented and
      discussed. Forty patients have survived. Late complications of treatment are of
      particular interest: In 14 eyes which had been treated with combined
      chemotherapy, irradiation, and selective photocoagulation, a cataract developed
      during the follow-up period (4 to 20 years). With regard to irradiation syndrome,
      no other complications were observed.

PMID- 3999605
TI  - [Post-traumatic upper eyelid retraction].
AB  - Three unusual cases of posttraumatic upper eyelid retraction are described. They
      were observed following orbital trauma without apparent involvement of the
      superior rectus muscle after latency periods ranging from several months to
      years. As other reasons for the lid retraction were ruled out the question arises
      as to whether peripheral neurogenic or muscular upper eyelid retraction must be
      assumed to be a consequence of trauma, although this has never been described
      before.

PMID- 3999606
TI  - [Fitting of extended-wear contact lenses in mesodermal dysgenesis of the anterior
      eye segment].
AB  - The present paper describes the course of disease in the severely affected left
      eye of a 14-year-old girl from a family in which mesodermal developmental
      anomalies of the anterior segment occurred frequently. In the course of 18 years
      there was slight progression of the existing corneal opacity. During the last 2
      years a decompensation of the endothelium occurred, with cornea guttata. After
      conservative treatment had failed a therapeutic extended-wear lens was fitted as
      an epithelial bandage, with successful results. The cosmetic defect was finally
      eliminated with an iris lens.

PMID- 3999607
TI  - [Most recent developments in the field of optical and electronic visual aids for
      severely visually handicapped and blind patients].
AB  - Magnifying spectacles represent one of the indispensable optical aids (Keplerian
      systems having surpassed Galilean systems during the last years), closed-circuit
      television, Optacon, and navigating aids based on ultrasound as environmental
      sensors. -None of the other navigating aids have proved useful. Initial successes
      have, however, been achieved with a miniature hand-held camera for closed-circuit
      television and a portable electronic reading system (View-Scan). Genuine progress
      has been made with the braille information storage systems, which utilize
      computer technology to store texts which have been read and written, and
      subsequently to print them or reproduce them on a screen or in synthetic
      language. Braillex in the Federal Republic of Germany and Versabraille in the
      U.S.A. are examples of such systems. In special cases a newly developed stereo
      photocopy system (Minolta) will be useful for newly blinded adults. However,
      texts in the form of tactile copies have to be highly magnified in order to be
      palpable and readable.

PMID- 3999608
TI  - [Eosinophilic, central necrotizing granuloma of the conjunctiva (Splendore
      Hoeppli phenomenon). Clinical-histopathological study].
AB  - Six patients with the clinical and histological findings of a so-called Splendore
      Hoeppli phenomenon are described. The clinical picture is one of yellow, painless
      episcleral nodules with associated vascular injection; they are unilateral or
      bilateral, and isolated or multiple. Histologically, the granulomas are composed
      of a central eosinophilic material surrounded by epitheloid cells, giant cells
      and numerous eosinophils. The phenomenon is interpreted as an antigen-antibody
      precipitation as originally described in relation to parasites and fungi. Blood
      eosinophilia was seen in two patients. No parasitic or fungal agents were found
      in serial sections in this series and would not be detected on general
      examination. The diagnosis is established by histological examination. Topical
      corticosteroid therapy was ineffective. Excisional biopsy of the granuloma is the
      therapy of choice.

PMID- 3999609
TI  - [Cataract operation with anterior chamber lens implant].
AB  - The results of 106 intracapsular cataract extractions with implantation of an
      anterior chamber lens are reported. The indications were monocular cataract in
      63%, bilateral cataract in 15%, cataract with maculopathy in 10%, practical
      monocularity, parkinsonism etc. in 12%. Postoperative visual acuity was 0.4 to
      1.0 in 88%; diminished vision was caused by maculopathy, central venous
      thrombosis, or glaucoma in 12%. Postoperative complications: pupillary block in
      8.5%, glaucoma in 10.5%, cystoid macular edema in 3.6%, and decentration of
      implant in 1%. The need for postoperative care of patients with intraocular
      implants after cataract surgery is pointed out.

PMID- 3999610
TI  - [Glaucoma without ocular hypertension. A clinical study].
AB  - One hundred eighty-four glaucomatous eyes (125 patients) with visual field
      defects of Stage I and II in the central visual field were examined with the
      Octopus perimeter 201, Program 31 or 33, and were divided into 3 groups according
      to maximum intraocular pressures: (1) low-tension glaucoma (21 mm Hg), (2)
      glaucoma simplex (22-29 mm Hg), (3) glaucoma simplex (30-39 mm Hg). In these
      three groups of glaucomatous eyes the cupping of the optic disk, vision and blood
      pressure were examined and a further check for cardiovascular risk factors was
      carried out by the internist. All three groups proved to have an equally high
      incidence of cardiac insufficiency, abnormal EKG changes and diabetes. However, a
      low systolic blood pressure was found to be the risk factor more often in
      patients with low-tension glaucoma than with glaucoma simplex. Furthermore,
      intraocular pressures in the low-tension glaucoma group were higher than those in
      the normal population. The occurrence of cupping of the optic disk, which is not
      present with purely vascular optic nerve diseases, and the location of visual
      field defects in low-tension glaucoma, which is similar to that in glaucoma
      simplex but different from vascular diseases, as well as the increased diurnal
      tension variations of diurnal tension curves compared to the normal population
      are all factors which indicate that low-tension glaucoma is not a purely vascular
      optic nerve disease, and that pressure-lowering therapy is necessary.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999611
TI  - [Results of silicone oil injections in various stages of proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy].
AB  - One hundred patients suffering from proliferative vitreous retinopathy (PVR) at
      various stages underwent vitrectomy in combination with silicone oil injection.
      Retinal reattachment and navigating visual acuity were be achieved in the medium
      term in 75% of the patients with early PVR. In the cases where the condition was
      more advanced, with extended shortening of the retina there was a high rate of
      reproliferation, with the result that medium-term navigating visual acuity could
      only be achieved in a few cases. At the moment the major problem of PVR is
      postoperative epiretinal reproliferation.

PMID- 3999612
TI  - [Calculation of radiation dose in changes in solar UV-B radiation with regard to
      keratitis photoelectrica].
AB  - With the help of the keratitis action spectrum and the solar spectrum for various
      elevations, the intensity of solar radiation that produces keratitis is
      calculated depending on altitude for terrain with and without snow cover. There
      is a 17-fold increase in midday solar intensity from winter to summer. In summer
      the intensity increases by 16% for every 1000 meters of altitude. For a subject
      observing snow-covered terrain, the intensity is 16 times greater than when the
      same terrain is observed without snow cover. For clinically observed cases of
      photoelectric keratitis caused by solar radiation it is possible to calculate the
      doses involved. They range between 1200 J/m2 and 5600 J/m2. These values are
      discussed in terms of a threshold dose, and it is concluded that this threshold
      dose is much higher than in the case of short-term irradiation such as occurs
      during welding. The difference between these two threshold doses is presumably
      explained by a repair mechanism.

PMID- 3999613
TI  - [Perceptual disorders of the peripheral visual field caused by alcohol. Studies
      with the automatic Octopus perimeter].
AB  - The present paper reports on examinations of temporal visual field perimetry with
      the Octopus computer-controlled automatic perimeter (Program 51). Nine subjects
      were tested under normal conditions and after consumption of alcohol. The Octopus
      represents a static examination method employing the grid perimetry principle.
      Under the influence of alcohol 7 subjects with blood alcohol concentrations of
      over 1 0/00 had visual fields which were concentrically restricted to various
      degrees, with relative scotomata centrally to the concentric restriction. In
      paired comparisons, reductions in sensitivity to light were found which were
      statistically highly significant. Previous investigations, conducted exclusively
      with kinetic perimeters, were unable to demonstrate the subjectively perceived
      concentric restriction of the visual field ("tunnel vision") following
      consumption of alcohol.

PMID- 3999614
TI  - [Dysplasia of the corneal limbus, the mesodermal iris layer and the jaw skeleton
      in a family].
AB  - Ten members of the family B./A. (belonging to two generations) who had dysplasia
      of the anterior mesodermal layer of the iris were examined. Several of them also
      had moderate microcornea. The shape of the skull was remarkable, with
      micrognathia, in some cases combined with mandibular prognathism and early loss
      of the teeth. Members of the older generation suffered from pannus, although only
      pingueculae had been present in youth and adolescence. The anomaly of the
      anterior part of the eye combined with "dysostosis maxillofacialis" (Peters and
      Hovels) may represent an abortive form of Rieger's syndrome. An aggressive pannus
      does not appear to have been described before in this syndrome or related
      diseases.

PMID- 3999615
TI  - [Central corneal endothelial changes in contact lens wearers].
AB  - Report on the appearance of opacities in the central area of the cornea after
      long-term wearing of HEMA lenses. These changes are at first small curved spots
      and can develop into marked reticulate opacities at a late stage. All of the
      patients were long-term contact lens wearers and all used cleaning solutions
      containing chlorhexidine. Since early symptoms such as 'red eye' or 'blurred
      vision' are absent in most of the cases the patients fail to consult their
      doctors in time. The damage appears to be irreversible and early diagnosis is
      therefore important.

PMID- 3999616
TI  - [Choroid effusion in an antiglaucoma operation in a child with Sturge-Weber
      syndrome].
AB  - The authors describe a case of expulsive choroidal effusion which occurred in the
      course of a fistulating operation in a child with Sturge-Weber syndrome. This is
      the youngest patient with this complication so far reported in the literature.
      The persistent postoperative choroidal and retinal detachments in this case led
      to a considerable diminution of visual acuity.

PMID- 3999617
TI  - [Minimal endothelial cell loss following phacoemulsification and implantation of
      a posterior chamber lens].
AB  - Fifty patients with senile cataract were treated consecutively by
      phacoemulsification in the posterior chamber or pupillary plane using a bimanual
      technique followed by implantation of a Kratz posterior chamber lens. Central
      endothelial cell density was determined both before and after surgery. The
      average central endothelial cell loss was 4.1 +/- 3.02%. Follow-up examinations
      of a small number of patients 27 months after phacoemulsification and posterior
      chamber lens implantation showed no additional lens-induced endothelial cell
      loss.

PMID- 3999618
TI  - [Double perforation of the lens by an intraocular foreign body].
AB  - Implantation of an artificial lens after extracapsular cataract extraction with
      perforation of the anterior and posterior lens capsules is only possible under
      special circumstances. In only one out of 5 cases could a posterior chamber lens
      be implanted. This kind of injury can easily lead to a vitreous-lens mixture in
      the anterior chamber, which then has to be removed by a vitrector. In the cases
      described here the unilateral aphakia was corrected with a contact lens. In order
      to prevent future complications neither an anterior chamber lens nor an iris clip
      lens were implanted.

PMID- 3999619
TI  - [Free static threshold perimetry with the Goldmann perimeter].
AB  - Areas of defects in the visual field can be investigated with the Goldmann
      perimeter in greater detail by means of free static threshold perimetry. The
      areas to be investigated are fixed according to the problem in question, either
      during or after standard perimetry, and are then checked at the threshold. As a
      basis the grid of supraliminal pattern perimetry on the Goldmann perimeter is
      taken, so that checks monitoring changes in defects can be made at the same test
      points. The combination of the neutral gray filter sets in the Goldmann perimeter
      allows threshold investigation at stimuli intervals of 1 dB. Examples of findings
      are used to show how free static threshold perimetry can be employed to check for
      defects, and particularly for the early stages of glaucoma.

PMID- 3999620
TI  - [Fundus examination without radiation burden following implantation of
      intraocular lenses].
AB  - Lens implants can focus dangerous quantities of visible short-wavelength light on
      the retina. The present paper described how actinic damage to the macula can be
      avoided by using an absorption filter in the ophthalmoscope which absorbs light
      of shorter wavelengths than 420 nm.

PMID- 3999621
TI  - Acute predominantly sensory neuropathy.
AB  - An account is given of an unusual patient with acute sensory neuropathy, leading
      within a few weeks to almost generalized sensory loss. Generalized sensory
      deficits were involved in the face, tongue, and palate. He had a drug allergy
      from chemotherapy during an early stage of illness. An albuminocytological
      dissociation of the cerebrospinal fluid was noted in a few months. A sural nerve
      biopsy after 2 months showed a marked reduction of fibers, and extensive invasion
      of phagocytes throughout the endoneurium. This patient recovered poorly with
      profound sensory ataxia of the limbs and tongue. A possible explanation for the
      clinico-pathological findings may be that acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis
      (Guillain-Barre syndrome) and toxic neuropathy exert an etiological role in the
      extramedullary sensory system.

PMID- 3999623
TI  - [DMNH chemiluminescence of ingesting monocytes].
AB  - We have described a method to measure the chemiluminescence of stimulated
      monocytes, which necessitated only a few ml blood and thus make possible the
      investigation of clinical problems. The measurement of the chemiluminescence of
      monocytes is performed in a suspension of mononuclear leukocytes containing 40%
      50% monocytes and 50%-60% lymphocytes. The preparation of this suspension
      requires a smaller blood volume than that of a suspension of pure monocytes. This
      method is possible because of the incapability of lymphocytes to produce
      chemiluminescence. A further important element of the described procedure is the
      fact that contamination of the mononuclear cell suspension with polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes, which show pronounced activity of oxidative metabolism and thus a
      high degree of chemiluminescence, is excluded. The application of 7 Dimethylamino
      naphthalene-1,2-dicarbonic acid hydrazide (DMNH) as highly efficient
      chemiluminescent oxidant indicator and of the sensitive chemiluminescence
      measuring instrument Biolumat LB 9 500 permit the assessment of the
      chemiluminescence activity of monocytes in 10(5) cells. By varying the single
      components of the measuring approach (number of monocytes, number of ingesting
      particles, concentration of DMNH) the testing conditions were examined and a
      standard approach was determined. The average value of the chemiluminescence of
      phagocytosing monocytes in healthy adults during 30 min measuring time is 3.13 (S
      = 0.79) X 10(6) relative light units/10(5) cells. The point of maximum photone
      emission per unit in time is reached after 5-10 min.

PMID- 3999624
TI  - Hormone-active intradural spinal metastasis of a prolactinoma--a case report.
AB  - A 44-year-old woman developed acute severe visual field defects and was operated
      on a macroprolactinoma. Since complete resection of the tumor was not possible,
      radiotherapy was performed and in addition to hormone replacement therapy,
      bromocriptine (up to 60 mg daily) was started without however complete
      normalization of PRL levels. Four years later PRL levels increased to 10(5)
      microU/ml despite continuation of dopamin agonist (mesulergin) treatment. As
      shown by ophthalmological examination and computer tomography there were no signs
      of regrowth of the pituitary tumor. At that time the patient complained of severe
      lumbar pain and myelography revealed a tumor mass in the spinal cord (L1-L2).
      Since the spinal tumor was not removable, laminectomy was performed. Histology
      and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a metastasis of the prolactinoma.
      Radiotherapy and bromocriptine in extreme doses (140 mg daily) together with an
      antiestrogen were not able to improve the neurological deficits (paraparesis) and
      to lower the PRL levels. This case of a metastasis of a prolactinoma after
      operation, radiotherapy, and dopamin agonist treatment stresses the importance of
      close surveillance of patients with prolactinomas without PRL normalization
      during dopamin agonist therapy and shows for the first time the possibility of
      ectopic PRL production due to an intradural spinal metastasis.

PMID- 3999622
TI  - Myelo-lymphopoiesis in long-term bone marrow culture.
AB  - In vitro analysis of early haemopoietic events has been hampered by the absence
      of culture systems allowing long-term maintainance and proliferation of self
      renewing multipotent stem cells. Recently, a liquid culture system has been
      established which allows in vitro proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells and of
      haemopoietic precursor and mature end cells for several months. There is good
      evidence that this long-term proliferation is due to a micro-environment
      established by bone-marrow-derived stromal cells. This review attempts to
      summarize recent results in analysing haemopoietic control mechanisms,
      leukaemogenesis and haematological disorders by applying this culture system
      using both murine and human bone marrow cells.

PMID- 3999626
TI  - Central nervous system involvement in hairy cell leukemia.
AB  - A patient with central nervous system involvement by hairy cell leukemia is
      reported. Hairy cells were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid by electron
      microscopy and by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive staining.
      Intrathecal treatment with methotrexate resulted in neurologic improvement, but
      was complicated by Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. The leukemic phase of the
      disease was later successfully controlled by treatment with alpha interferon.
      Surface marker studies indicated a B- and T-cell phenotype of the hairy cells.

PMID- 3999627
TI  - Evidence for a hypertensive factor in the blood of essential hypertensives.
AB  - From plasma of essential hypertensives and normotensives several fractions were
      obtained after: (1) removing proteins with a relative molecular mass greater than
      6,000-8,000, and (2) chromatography on a Biogel P4 or Biogel P2 column. The
      eluate was separated into 3-4 fractions. These fractions were concentrated to a
      small volume of 0.5 ml and were injected intravenously in normotensive rats, the
      mean arterial pressure of which was monitored. One of the fractions from
      normotensive plasma increased blood pressure in the rat in some but not in all
      cases. Using the fractions from hypertensive plasma there was an increase in
      blood pressure in the fraction corresponding to that of normotensive plasma
      increasing blood pressure and in another fraction of lower molecular weight.
      Angiotensin II is unlikely to be responsible, since it could be identified in
      another fraction than that containing the hypertensive factor. It can be
      concluded that in the blood of essential hypertensives a hypertensive factor is
      present, which increases blood pressure even in normotensive animals. Its
      secretion may represent the critical step in the pathogenesis of essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 3999625
TI  - Distribution and concentration of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in brain and
      pituitary of sheep.
AB  - We have studied the presence of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the
      central nervous system and pituitary of sheep. The PTH concentrations were
      measured radioimmunologically by two different region-specific antibodies. We
      could demonstrate PTH in various areas of the brain, whole pituitary, parathyroid
      glands and plasma of 21 sheep. Measurable concentrations of the two different
      parathyroid regions (35-84 and 44-68 amino acids fragments) were found in all
      samples.

PMID- 3999628
TI  - Measurement of erythrocyte sodium and calcium efflux kinetics in man, and
      application to hypertension.

PMID- 3999629
TI  - Blood pressure and intracellular electrolytes during weight reduction.

PMID- 3999631
TI  - The effect of dietary sodium restriction on leucocyte sodium transport in
      normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - Dietary sodium restriction (10 mmol Na/day) for a period of 2 weeks did not
      result in any change in the blood pressure of 12 healthy young adults (mean age
      21). There was also no change in their leucocyte sodium transport investigated
      immediately before the diet and on the last day. Sodium restriction (10 mmol
      Na/day) in 12 middle-aged hypertensive subjects (mean age 56) for the same period
      of time caused a significant fall in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
      The leucocyte total sodium efflux rate constant was initially low, but after the
      diet significantly increased towards the control value. The results are
      compatible with the theory that a circulating sodium transport inhibitor is
      present in patients with essential hypertension, and is related to salt intake.

PMID- 3999633
TI  - Problems in the identification and measurement of a sodium transport inhibitor in
      human plasma.
AB  - Circumstantial and direct evidence suggests that human plasma contains an
      inhibitor or inhibitors of sodium transport and that the level of this inhibitor
      or inhibitors is raised in many patients with essential hypertension. Although
      considerable work has been carried out, its exact nature and structure are not as
      yet known. In order to clarify the issue from a biochemical/methodological point
      of view, an attempt has been made to illustrate the complexity of the sodium pump
      and the conceptual and technical problems associated with the identification and
      measurement of this transport inhibitor in plasma.

PMID- 3999630
TI  - Skeletal muscle water and electrolytes in treated and untreated essential
      hypertension.
AB  - The question whether body electrolyte composition in patients with primary
      hypertension differs from that of normotensive subjects is still controversial.
      The aim of the present work was to investigate on water, electrolyte, and
      nitrogen muscle cell composition in essential human hypertension. Also the
      effects of antihypertensive drugs on muscle electrolyte contents were analyzed.
      The results indicate that muscle Na was higher and muscle K was lower in
      essential hypertensives in comparison with controls. Muscle water, Mg, and
      nitrogen were not different in treated patients (with or without diuretics) in
      comparison with untreated hypertensive patients. But in hypertensive patients
      treated with diuretics, Nam was higher and Km was lower than in untreated
      patients. Several mechanisms may explain the changes on muscle electrolyte
      composition in primary hypertension, but the cellular mechanism involving
      abnormalities in ion pump and electrolyte transmembrane fluxes are the most
      probable. The therapy with antihypertensive drugs especially diuretics, seems to
      enhance different muscle electrolyte patterns in essential hypertension.

PMID- 3999632
TI  - Na+-Li+ countertransport in human erythrocytes--effects of hypokalaemia, oral
      contraceptives and antihypertensive medication.

PMID- 3999634
TI  - Salivary flow in borderline hypertension.
AB  - Salivary flow was studied in normotensives and in subjects with hypertension.
      Salivary flow rate was lower in borderline hypertensives than in normotensives.
      Propranolol, phentolamine and noradrenaline had no influence on salivary flow.
      Atropine decreased this parameter. The stimulating effect of neostigmine on
      saliva production was more pronounced in normotensives than in borderline
      hypertensives. The data support the assumption that in subjects with borderline
      hypertension the parasympathetic influence on the salivary glands is reduced.

PMID- 3999635
TI  - Alterations in red cell cation transport in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
AB  - The results of a cross-sectional study of alterations in red cell Na-Li
      countertransport in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy indicated that the mean
      value of Na-Li countertransport increased with gestational age in pregnant
      normotensives but not in pregnant chronic hypertensives. In addition the mean
      value was significantly higher in pregnancy-induced hypertensives than in
      pregnant normotensives. Moreover the mean value falls to a level observed in non
      pregnant normotensives in the late post-partum period and no difference was
      observed between women with normal blood pressure and chronic hypertension. In a
      prospective study of 62 pregnant normotensives, Na-Li countertransport increased
      and the Na-K cotransport decreased throughout their pregnancy. Finally, increased
      amounts of endogenous digoxin-like substance can be detected in the sera from
      some pre-term infants.

PMID- 3999637
TI  - Furosemide-sensitive sodium movements in lymphocytes from essential
      hypertensives.
AB  - An original method for measuring the effects of furosemide on sodium efflux from
      human lymphocytes into an Na-free medium is proposed. The comparison between
      normotensive and hypertensive subjects shows reduced furosemide-sensitive fluxes
      in some hypertensives.

PMID- 3999636
TI  - Essential hypertension versus secondary hypertension: discrimination by
      intracellular electrolytes.
AB  - Intracellular activities of sodium and calcium were determined in red blood cells
      in a group of 106 patients, consisting of essential and renal hypertensives and
      of normotensives with and without renal insufficiency. Calcium and sodium
      activities were elevated in essential hypertensives as compared to hypertensives
      suffering from renal insufficiency. Compared to normotensives without renal
      insufficiency higher sodium and calcium activities were measured in normotensives
      without renal impairment. Thus the results suggest that the determination of
      intracellular electrolytes might be a useful tool for the distinction of
      secondary hypertension. Furthermore, as yet unidentified humoral factors produced
      in the kidney might be involved in the regulation of the blood pressure, as a
      decrease in production of these hypothetic humoral factors (following the
      destruction of renal tissue) could be the cause for the changes in electrolyte
      composition.

PMID- 3999638
TI  - Studies on the role of intracellular sodium and calcium in the central regulation
      of arterial pressure.
AB  - Cerebroventricular infusions of hyperosmotic Na+ solutions, ouabain, and/or
      angiotensin II (A-II) produced significant increases in the arterial blood
      pressure in chloralose-anesthetized vagotomized dogs. A lower concentration of
      ouabain (10(-6) M) which did not alter blood pressure significantly potentiated
      centrally mediated pressor effects of hyperosmotic Na+ and A-II. Hence, the data
      suggested that the magnitude of the central pressor effects of A-II or
      hyperosmotic Na+ may depend upon net accumulation of sodium in the neuronal
      cells. Prior cerebroventricular infusions of felodipine, a "calcium antagonist"
      significantly inhibited the pressor actions of higher concentrations of ouabain
      as well as that of hyperosmotic Na+ solutions, indicating that cellular calcium
      is essential for triggering these central effects. These studies collectively
      indicated that disturbances in the Na+-transport in the neuronal cells may
      account for the involvement of central nervous system in various types of
      hypertension.

PMID- 3999639
TI  - Electrolyte imbalance of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from SHR, its
      cause and effect.

PMID- 3999640
TI  - New aspects concerning the 22sodium influx into red cells in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - The different components of the total 22Na influx into red cells (RC) of 21
      normotensive subjects and 38 patients with essential hypertension were measured
      and correlated together. We found that the acceleration of total net 22Na influx
      in essential hypertension is predominantly caused by an increase of the Na leak
      and only in a small part effected by an elevated phloretin-sensitive Na
      countertransport. The 22Na influx mediated by the anion exchange system and the
      furosemide inhibitable Na-K cotransport were not significantly altered. The
      correlations suggest that the total 22Na influx into RC of normotensive subjects
      is very strong and equally defined by both the Na leak and the anion exchange
      system, whereas an influence of the Na countertransport is not detectable. On the
      contrary we found a clear decreased dependence upon the anion exchange system in
      favour of the countertransport in patients with essential hypertension, while the
      influence of Na leak was unaltered.

PMID- 3999641
TI  - Altered erythrocyte cation transport related to hypertension or oral
      contraception.
AB  - Intracellular cation concentrations (Nai, Ki), and the influx of Rb86 and of Na22
      were measured in the erythrocytes of 22 normal women with no family history of
      hypertension, 16 women with untreated essential hypertension, and 14 normotensive
      women treated with hormonal contraceptives. Values for total Rb influx, and for
      its components denoting sodium pump activity (ouabain-sensitive) and Na, K co
      transport (ouabain-resistant, frusemide-sensitive), were significantly greater in
      the hypertensive and contraceptive-treated groups than in the normal group. Na, K
      cotransport measured by Na influx (frusemide-sensitive) was found to be
      significantly increased in the contraceptive-treated but not the hypertensive
      group. Passive sodium diffusion (frusemide-resistant Na influx) and Ki did not
      differ significantly between groups. Nai was lower in the hypertensive group than
      in the other two groups. These findings support the hypothesis that hypertension
      or hormonal contraception are associated with increased leakage of K ions from
      erythrocytes, without a corresponding increase in passive Na influx: the change
      in cell membrane permeability is compensated for by increases in Na, K co
      transport and sodium pump activity, adjusted to allow for altered differential
      permeability to K and Na ions.

PMID- 3999642
TI  - Effect of salt depletion on sodium ion transport from human erythrocytes.
AB  - This study was realized to test De Wardener's hypothesis on the presence of a
      plasmatic and natriuretic factor in essential hypertension. By an indirect
      approach consisting of modification of plasma volume and sodium pool in chronic
      renal failure and primary hypertension with, at the same time, measurements of
      ionic flux variations in human erythrocytes, we provide some arguments to confirm
      the presence of such a factor in hydrosaline overloaded uraemic patients and in
      "salt-sensitive" essential hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 3999643
TI  - Factors influencing leucocyte sodium transport in hypertension.
AB  - Studies in our laboratory and by others have repeatedly shown that the mean value
      of the rate-constant for ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux is reduced and
      intracellular sodium increased in essential hypertension, but that there is
      considerable overlap with the normotensive population. There is a significant
      negative correlation between the rate constant and the diastolic blood pressure.
      The depression of the rate constant is most marked in those hypertensives with
      the most suppressed renin/angiotensin systems. Treatment of a population of
      essential hypertensives with thiazide diuretics returns the rate constant to
      normal. The serum of hypertensives depresses the rate constant of normal cells in
      vitro in proportion to the degree of abnormality present in the hypertensive's
      cells.

PMID- 3999644
TI  - The regulation of Na-K cotransport system and essential hypertension.
AB  - We have determined in human red cells the equilibrium position between outward
      and inward furosemide-sensitive (FS) Na-K cotransport, by measurements of
      unidirectional 22Na and 42K influx and efflux. At physiological Na and K
      concentrations, the system performs net Na and K extrusion. In vascular
      endothelial cells, the Na-K cotransport system performs net Na influx and is
      stimulated by vasoactive peptides (bradykinin and vasopressin). Measurements of
      red cell Na-K cotransport performed by other investigators are discussed.
      Measurements of outward cotransport as a function of internal Na (nystatin
      loading) indicate that a subset of hypertensive subjects has higher K0.5 for
      internal Na to promote FS Na efflux.

PMID- 3999645
TI  - The relation of sodium transport to blood pressure in the adrenalectomized rat.
AB  - The effects of treatment of the adrenalectomized rat with aldosterone or
      corticosterone were observed daily for 3 days. Blood pressure and plasma
      electrolytes were normalized within 24 h but cell Na and K remained essentially
      unchanged throughout. We conclude that blood pressure is associated with Na
      transport activity rather than with cell [Na].

PMID- 3999646
TI  - Relationship between red blood cell function, kidney function and blood pressure
      in genetic hypertension.

PMID- 3999647
TI  - Altered membrane potential control of contraction in arterial muscle in
      hypertension.
AB  - Membrane potential has a different origin in the Kyoto-Wistar spontaneously
      hypertensive rat (SHR) arterial muscle cells compared to the normotensive Wistar
      Kyoto rat (WKY) because of a higher activity of the electrogenic Na+ pump (Na+/K+
      ATPase) in SHR. The activity of the Na+ pump is probably a good indicator of the
      state of Na+ loading of the vascular muscle cells, and is likely to be a partial
      compensation for increased SHR Na+ loading. The coupling mechanism might be
      altered due to excess intracellular free Na+ and diminished intracellular free
      K+, to a more electrogenic ratio of 3. The cause of higher intracellular Na+ and
      the resulting changes in Na+ transport is unknown, but there appears to be a
      trophic (long-term) influence of the sympathetic nervous system playing a key
      role, as shown by cross-innervation experiments.

PMID- 3999649
TI  - Erythrocyte Na+ transport systems in three strains of genetically hypertensive
      rats.

PMID- 3999648
TI  - Red cell Na+ -K+ transport in various forms of human hypertension. Role of
      cardiovascular risk factors and plasma potassium.
AB  - Na+ -Li+ exchange, Na+ -K+ cotransport and the Na+ leak of human erythrocytes are
      not only governed by genetic factors but also by variables influenced by
      exogenous factors such as plasma lipid and K+ concentrations.

PMID- 3999650
TI  - Influence of low and high cadmium diet in normotensive and hypertensive SH-rats.
AB  - Normotensive and SH-rats (Munster strain) were fed a cadmium-rich, normal or
      cadmium-poor diet. The blood pressure was slightly increased in normotensive rats
      after feeding a cadmium-rich diet and decreased after a cadmium-poor diet. In
      contrast, in SH-rats blood pressure was decreased after a cadmium-rich and
      increased after a cadmium-poor diet. This behavior of the blood pressure
      corresponded with the intra-erythrocytic Ca2+ activities. Whereas the calcium
      activities increased in the normotensive group after a cadmium-rich diet, the
      calcium activities decreased in the SH-group after cadmium feeding. It should be
      pointed out that normally the calcium activities were found to be elevated in SH
      rats. Thus, cadmium feeding here had the same effect as a calcium antagonist.

PMID- 3999651
TI  - The evaluation of tissue Ca2+ by proton-induced x-ray emission in the arteries of
      spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.
AB  - Numerous investigations have shown that Ca2+ plays a critical role in the
      pathogenesis of hypertension. The intracellular Ca2+ measurements were mainly
      carried out with Ca2+ selective electrodes. In the present study the particle
      induced x-ray emission (PIXE) was used for investigating the Ca2+ distribution of
      arterial smooth muscle of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. PIXE
      yields a correlation of the Ca2+ distribution with the morphological structure of
      the arterial muscle. The Ca2+ content of the aortic wall of six spontaneously
      hypertensive and four normotensive rats was investigated. The results demonstrate
      that the tissue Ca2+ measurements found mainly in the smooth muscle containing
      tunica media of hypertensive rats are much higher (3105 micrograms Ca2+/g tissue
      +/- 569 micrograms Ca2+/g tissue) than of normotensive rats (2031 micrograms
      Ca2+/g tissue +/- 478 micrograms Ca2+/g tissue).

PMID- 3999652
TI  - Effects of varying salt diets and of ouabain on cardiovascular neuroeffector
      characteristics and on myogenic resistance vessel activity in SHR and WKY.

PMID- 3999653
TI  - Intralymphocytic potassium content and blood pressure: their relationship at rest
      and during isometric exercise.

PMID- 3999655
TI  - [Author abstracts of the 91st meeting of the German Society for Internal
      Medicine. 14-18 April 1985, Wiesbaden].

PMID- 3999654
TI  - Plasma ouabain-like properties in hypertension and volume expansion.
AB  - The presence in human plasma of compounds able to interact with the sodium pump
      has been investigated. The effects of whole and deproteinized plasma on the
      parameters of ouabain binding to the digitalis sites of the sodium pump were
      compared. Changes in the apparent affinity were potentialized by
      deproteinization. High levels of ouabain-like activity were observed to be
      present not only in some hypertensive patients but also in normotensive patients
      with chronic renal failure and active acromegaly, indicating a probable
      relationship with positive sodium balance and volemic expansion.

PMID- 3999656
TI  - Heart valve surgery in patients over the age of 60 years.

PMID- 3999657
TI  - Intravenous leiomyomatosis (metastasizing myoma).

PMID- 3999658
TI  - [Dysgammaglobulinemia].

PMID- 3999660
TI  - [Multiple endocrine disorders in histiocytosis-X (Hand-Schueller-Christian
      syndrome)].

PMID- 3999659
TI  - [Status of phosphorus-calcium metabolism and calcium-regulating systems in
      diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3999661
TI  - [Marfan syndrome in a pregnant woman].

PMID- 3999662
TI  - [Acute adrenal insufficiency in a patient with avulsion of the gallbladder].

PMID- 3999663
TI  - [Bleeding duodenal ulcer associated with annular pancreas].

PMID- 3999664
TI  - [Case of acute leukemia complicated by tuberculous sepsis].

PMID- 3999665
TI  - [Neuroses in the clinical picture of internal diseases].

PMID- 3999667
TI  - [Excessive examination of patients].

PMID- 3999666
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of alcoholic myocardiodystrophies].

PMID- 3999668
TI  - [Teaching the fundamentals of pharmacogenetics in a medical school].

PMID- 3999669
TI  - [Autotransplantation of splenic tissue after splenectomy].

PMID- 3999670
TI  - [Perivenule and pericellular fibrosis--variant of alcoholic cirrhosis of the
      liver].

PMID- 3999671
TI  - [Enlargement of the gallbladder in opistorchosis].

PMID- 3999673
TI  - [Value of various immunologic reactions in the diagnosis of chronic acalculous
      cholecystitis].

PMID- 3999672
TI  - [News in clinical immunology].

PMID- 3999674
TI  - [Status of the biliary tract in patients with systemic scleroderma].

PMID- 3999675
TI  - [Endocrine function of the pancreas in acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 3999676
TI  - [Diagnosis of the initial forms of venous encephalopathy in atherosclerosis].

PMID- 3999677
TI  - [Platelet aggregation in patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation].

PMID- 3999678
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of cerebellar forms of multiple sclerosis and
      spinocerebellar ataxia].

PMID- 3999679
TI  - [Effect of antihypertensive pharmacotherapy on the rate of information
      processing].

PMID- 3999680
TI  - [Relation between indices of central hemodynamics and the long-term prognosis of
      ischemic stroke patients].

PMID- 3999681
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of biomicroscopic and rheoencephalographic changes in
      essential hypertension in young patients].

PMID- 3999682
TI  - [Status of the cardiovascular system in patients with polycythemia vera].

PMID- 3999683
TI  - [Erythrocyte fatty acids of patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic
      microangiopathies].

PMID- 3999684
TI  - [Suppurative processes in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 3999685
TI  - Guidelines for specification of animals and husbandry methods when reporting the
      results of animal experiments. Working Committee for the Biological
      Characterization of Laboratory Animals/GV-SOLAS.
AB  - Any report on the results of animal studies must include sufficient information
      on the animals used and their conditions of husbandry to enable the reader to
      understand how the investigation was performed. Only then can he properly
      interpret the findings. These guide-lines provide a catalogue of the minimum
      information which should be included in such reports.

PMID- 3999686
TI  - The use of a flexible film isolator to maintain specified concentrations of
      oxygen.
AB  - A simple system which will maintain an oxygen-rich atmosphere for a number of
      actively respiring animals is described.

PMID- 3999687
TI  - Effects of ketamine anaesthesia, stress and repeated bleeding on the haematology
      of vervet monkeys.
AB  - Haematology values are presented for the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops),
      and the relative effects of high dose ketamine anaesthesia, stress of capture and
      repeated bleedings assessed. Anaesthesia resulted in decreased WBC and RBC
      values, attributed to depression of cardiovascular function. These effects were
      the reverse of those of alarm and strenuous exercise (leukocytosis and
      polycythaemia) during capture. Stress resulted in relatively high white and low
      red blood cell counts. Opposing effects of stress and anaesthesia led to
      comparable haematological values for trained, non-anaesthetized vervets and
      stressed, anaesthetized vervets. Effects of repeated bleedings were opposite in
      anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized animals. These effects, however, along with
      those of ketamine anaesthesia and stress, were relatively insignificant compared
      with the wide variation in haematological values found among individuals. The
      biological importance of these effects thus appeared to be slight. The concept of
      'normal values' is discussed.

PMID- 3999688
TI  - Salmonella ochiogu: experimental infection of laboratory rats (Rattus rattus).
AB  - Oral infection of experimental rats with 10(8) colony forming units of Salmonella
      ochiogu resulted in clinical salmonellosis in 42 of 98 (43%) rats and a carrier
      state in 56 of 98 (57%). Infection was characterized by septicaemia, pneumonia
      and loss of condition. Organisms were shed in faeces on the first day after
      infection and cultures of most visceral organs revealed good systemic
      dissemination of the serotype, which was pathogenic to experimental rats.

PMID- 3999689
TI  - Harrison's ethanol-acetic acid-formol-saline fixative (EAFS) is further improved
      by the incorporation of glycerol.

PMID- 3999690
TI  - Laboratory Animal Science Association autumn meeting 8-9 November 1984: abstracts
      of presentation. Abstracts of invited papers on 'The practical use of computers'.

PMID- 3999691
TI  - Influence of testosterone on hydronephrosis in the inbred mouse strain DDD.
AB  - Hereditary hydronephrosis was detected in all of the male mice of DDD inbred
      strain maintained at the National Institute of Animal Health Japan, but in only a
      few of the females. From the standpoint that male hormones are related to the
      development of hydronephrosis in this strain, the incidence and severity of the
      disease were investigated in gonadectomized mice treated with testosterone. In
      the males, the incidence of hydronephrosis was 50% (7/14) in the control
      (gonadectomized) group, and 73.3% (11/15), 100% (13/13) and 100% (12/12) in the
      0.1 mg, 3.3 mg and 10 mg treatment groups respectively. The same tendency was
      observed in the female animals, though the incidence in each group was not so
      high. In both sexes the degree of severity increased in proportion to the dose of
      testosterone administrated. Blood testosterone levels were higher in intact DDD
      mice than in C57BL/6 mice, which had normal kidneys in both sexes. These results
      suggest that male hormones play a significant role in the development of
      hydronephrosis.

PMID- 3999692
TI  - Vascular access for extracorporeal therapy in the rabbit.
AB  - A technique allowing short-term blood access for extracorporeal therapy in
      rabbits is described. The technique utilizes silicone rubber cannulae and teflon
      vessel tips to construct an externalized carotid-jugular arteriovenous shunt. The
      insertion procedure takes 1 h and extracorporeal blood flows in excess of 10
      ml/min are obtainable for up to 7 days. Blood flow may still be obtained
      following shunt clotting by insertion of smaller diameter catheters through the
      arterial cannula. This technique has been successfully used for extracorporeal
      therapy in rabbit disease models.

PMID- 3999693
TI  - An isolator system for mice infected with Eimeria spp. and other parasites.
AB  - An effective isolator system built to house mice individually and avoid the risk
      of cross-contamination by parasites is described. Each mouse received a separate
      supply of filtered air. Waste air passed from the system under positive pressure.
      A suitable method of operating the system is discussed.

PMID- 3999694
TI  - Serum lipoproteins in cholesterol-fed pigs after partial ileal bypass.
AB  - Partial ileal bypass (PIB) surgery was performed in hypercholesterolaemic mini
      pigs and Yorkshire pigs fed a semipurified diet containing 1% (W/W) of
      cholesterol. PIB drastically reduced serum total cholesterol and phospholipid
      concentrations and the cholesterol: phospholipid ratio in spite of continuation
      of cholesterol feeding. The relative distribution of cholesterol between serum
      lipoproteins was affected by PIB; the surgical treatment caused an increase in
      the ratio of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol. Serum apo B and apo A levels were rapidly decreased by PIB. The
      operation induced a decrease in the cholesterol: apo B and cholesterol: apo A
      ratios. It is suggested that the pig is a suitable animal model to study PIB
      induced changes in lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 3999695
TI  - Experimental Corynebacterium kutscheri infection in rats: bacteriology and
      serology.
AB  - In a preliminary study, hydrocortisone-treated rats developed pseudotuberculosis
      when challenged with 6.2 X 10(5) to 3.1 X 10(7) colony forming units of
      Corynebacterium kutscheri by intranasal, intragastric, or subcutaneous
      inoculation. Oronasal exposure was selected as a likely natural route to further
      study inapparent infection. In Study 1, 50 rats received 1.2 X 10(5) colony
      forming units and various tissues were cultured at intervals to 12 weeks post
      inoculation. At each interval, C. kutscheri was regularly isolated from
      submaxillary lymph nodes, but isolation was sporadic from other sites. In Study
      2, 17 out of 21 rats given 1.2 X 10(5) colony forming units and killed weekly for
      6 weeks had 2.0 X 10(2) to 1.8 X 10(5) colony forming units of C. kutscheri in
      oral washes, and 16 rats had 2.0 X 10(2) to 1.0 X 10(5) colony forming units in
      submaxillary lymph nodes, Serum antibody to C. kutscheri using both
      microagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence was first detected in some
      rats by 2 weeks, and in all rats at subsequent intervals. There was a significant
      (P less than 0.001) positive correlation (r = 0.93) between serum antibody titers
      and the duration of infection.

PMID- 3999696
TI  - Placentas from spontaneously hypertensive rats and control strain Wistar-Kyoto
      rats.
AB  - Placentas from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared to those of
      control strain Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) at 15, 18 and 20 days of gestation using
      light microscopic techniques. Placental lesions similar to those in pregnant
      hypertensive women were absent in both strains; however, other abnormalities were
      noted. Hemorrhage at the lateral edges of the decidua basalis appeared to be more
      extensive in the SHR than WKY at 15 days. At the same time, bloody vaginal
      discharges were noted in 18% of the SHR. Leukocytic encapsulation of 20-day
      placentas with viable fetuses was noted in two SHR dams but not in any WKY. It is
      thought that these differences may be related to the high maternal blood pressure
      in the SHR or to hormonal imbalance associated with the stress response in the
      SHR due to frequent monitoring of blood pressure.

PMID- 3999697
TI  - Defective macrophage function in wound repair of P/J mice.
AB  - The strength of healing full-thickness incised dermal wounds in P/J mice was less
      than that of CD-1 mice although the strength of intact skin was similar for each
      strain. Five days after surgery, P/J mice had wounds with tensile strengths of 65
      +/- 18g while CD-1 mice had wounds with strengths of 85 +/- 15g. The wound
      breaking strength of P/J mice was restored to normal values (86 +/- 18g) by
      administering glucan. The consequence of defective monocytes in wound repair is
      discussed in reference to P/J mice.

PMID- 3999698
TI  - Cardiac performance of isolated beating hearts obtained from rats anesthetized by
      three different agents.
AB  - Two functional performance parameters (heart rate and coronary flow rate) of
      three groups of six isolated beating hearts obtained from rats anesthetized by
      inhalation of diethyl ether in air, injection intraperitoneally of sodium
      pentobarbital (60mg/kg) or intravenously of alphaxalone/alphadolone (15mg/kg)
      were compared. Differences were small, but alphaxalone-alphadolone showed lowest
      stable mean coronary flow rate and diethyl ether the widest variation between
      animals. No significant difference in function was found between ether and
      pentobarbital, currently the two most widely used methods. But, pentobarbital
      showed higher stable functional performance and least variation between animals.
      We conclude that pentobarbital is the most useful of these three agents for
      obtaining hearts for perfusion as isolated beating organs, and that alphaxalone
      alphadolone is clearly less suitable.

PMID- 3999699
TI  - Diagnostic exercise: pulmonary parasites in a dog.

PMID- 3999700
TI  - Disseminated nocardiosis in three macaque monkeys.
AB  - Extrapulmonary nocardiosis was diagnosed at necropsy in two rhesus monkeys
      (Macaca mulatta) and one pigtailed monkey (M. nemestrina) over a four-year period
      in a large primate center. Typical lesions were multiple pyogranulomatous foci in
      the liver, intestines, peritoneum, lung and brain. Partially acid-fast,
      branching, filamentous organisms were seen in all lesions. Nocardia sp. was
      isolated from two cases. We postulate that two of the monkeys were infected by
      the oral route because of the distribution of lesions.

PMID- 3999701
TI  - An outbreak of Plasmodium inui malaria in a colony of diabetic rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Plasmodium inui malaria is an infrequently reported disease of Macaca mulatta. In
      this report a total of 21 of 48 monkeys in a closed colony of diabetic animals
      developed hematological evidence of P. inui infection with five showing overt
      clinical signs of the disease. Diagnosis was confirmed morphologically,
      serologically and by transmission studies. Since six of these animals were born
      in the colony, a means of transmission was sought and it was determined that
      multiple use of a syringe to administer intravenous anesthesia was the probable
      means of cross transmission.

PMID- 3999702
TI  - Acute meningoencephalomyelitis in a rabbit infected with Pasteurella multocida.
AB  - Pasteurella multocida was isolated in pure culture from the optic chiasm of a
      rabbit that was euthanatized subsequent to acute development of neurological
      signs. Histopathologically, there was meningoencephalomyelitis, bilateral otitis
      interna, retrobulbar cellulitis, optic neuritis and iritis. The ocular
      involvement, severity of the spinal lesions and the lack of otitis media was
      unusual.

PMID- 3999703
TI  - Avoidance of malignant hyperthermia in a porcine model for experimental open
      heart surgery.
AB  - The porcine heart is an excellent physiological and anatomical experimental model
      because of its close similarity to the human heart. However, the pig is difficult
      to use in chronic experiments because of its propensity to develop malignant
      hyperthermia (MH). We have employed a technique which greatly reduces the
      incidence of MH in the chronic pig model, making its use feasible for a variety
      of experimental protocols.

PMID- 3999705
TI  - A nonrestrictive method for maintaining grouped swine for blood sampling
      applicable to physiologic assessment of stress.
AB  - Studies of the stress response in swine require repeated blood sampling to
      determine diurnal variations of measured parameters. Most of these methods
      require elaborate artificial habitats such as metabolism crates and/or physical
      restraint for venipuncture. In either case, the aversive nature of the sampling
      procedure induces activation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal cortical
      axis. The development of a nonaversive procedure for repeated blood sampling of
      swine is described in this paper. The pigs were unrestrained and maintained in
      groups in a variety of habitats.

PMID- 3999704
TI  - Inhalation anesthesia in adult cattle.
AB  - An inhalation technique was used for anesthesia during ileal cannulation in five
      adult cows. Following sedation with intravenous acepromazine, anesthesia was
      induced intravenously with thiopental sodium in 5% glyceryl guaiacolate solution.
      Endotracheal intubation was performed and anesthesia maintained with halothane in
      oxygen via a circle system with a precision vaporizer. In all cases, induction
      was smooth and no difficulties were experienced during the maintenance of
      anesthesia. Total anesthesia time was 1.5 to 2.5 hours. Following completion of
      the surgical procedure, which was performed with the animal in left lateral
      recumbency, each cow was rolled to a sternal position and supported, if
      necessary. The endotracheal tube was left in place, with oxygen administration
      continued, until the animal was able to swallow. Recoveries were rapid and all
      animals were ambulatory within 30 minutes after completion of the surgery. The
      only post-operative complication due to anesthesia was transient mouth soreness
      in two cases, attributed to the use of a mouth speculum during intubation.

PMID- 3999707
TI  - A circle of Willis simulation using distensible vessels and pulsatile flow.
AB  - The development of a one-dimensional numerical (finite-difference) model of the
      arterial network surrounding the circle of Willis is described based on the full
      Navier-Stokes and conservation of mass equations generalized for distensible
      vessels. The present model assumes an elastic wall defined by a logarithmic
      pressure-area relation obtained from the literature. The viscous term in the
      momentum equation is evaluated using the slope of a Karman-Pohlhausen velocity
      profile at the vessel boundary. The afferent vessels (two carotids and two
      vertebrals) are forced with a canine physiologic pressure signature corresponding
      to an aortic site. The network associated with each main efferent artery of the
      circle is represented by a single vessel containing an appropriate amount of
      resistance so that the mean flow through the system is distributed in accordance
      with the weight of brain irrigated by each vessel as determined from a steady
      flow model of the same network. This resistance is placed a quarter wave-length
      downstream from the heart to insure proper reflection from the terminations,
      where the quarter wavelength is determined using the frequency corresponding to
      the first minimum on an input impedance-frequency diagram obtained at the heart.
      Computer results are given as time histories of pressure and flow at any model
      nodal point starting from initial conditions of null flow and constant pressure
      throughout the model. Variations in these pressure and flow distributions caused
      by the introduction of pathologic situations into the model illustrate the
      efficacy of the simulation and of the circle in equalizing and redistributing
      flows in abnormal situations.

PMID- 3999706
TI  - Biomechanical factors affecting fracture stability and femoral bursting in closed
      intramedullary rod fixation of femur fractures.
AB  - Intramedullary rodding of femur fractures, although a safe and rapidly performed
      procedure, can result in several complications. If the rod fit is too loose,
      fracture instability, rod migration, and delayed union may result. If the rod fit
      is too tight, cracking of the femur may occur during rod insertion. These
      complications were investigated in terms of geometric and mechanical parameters
      of the bone-implant system. Results showed that rods of the same nominal size
      from different manufacturers showed more than twofold difference in flexural
      rigidity and a threefold difference in torsional modulus. These differences
      appear to be due to differences in cross sectional shape and wall thickness of
      the rods. Measurements of pushout force and hoop stress in cadaver femora showed
      a large difference in pushout force with different rods, and significantly lower
      forces in distal than in proximal femoral fracture components. Pushout force
      decreased with fracture component length proximally and dropped to zero in distal
      components less than 170 mm long. An increase in ream diameter in the distal
      components of just 1 mm was found to decrease the mean pushout force from 740N to
      90N. The most significant variable was found to be anterior offset of the
      starting hole more than 6 mm from the centerline of the medullary canal which
      resulted in consistent lifting of the anterior cortex during insertion of the
      rod.

PMID- 3999708
TI  - A steady-state filtration model for transluminal water movement in small and
      large blood vessels.
AB  - It is now generally accepted that the intercellular cleft between adjacent
      endothelial cells is the primary pathway for the transluminal movement of water
      and small ions in the vasculature. A steady-state theoretical model has been
      developed to show quantitatively how the geometry of the intercellular cleft
      between adjacent endothelial cells is related to both the water movement and
      pressure distribution in the subendothelial space and to examine how the
      existence of a subendothelial interaction layer affects the hydraulic resistance
      of the media of vessels of varying wall thickness. The velocity and pressure
      fields in the media are described using porous matrix theory based on Darcy's law
      and a lubrication-type analysis is used to describe the flow in a variable
      geometry intercellular cleft. These two equations are solved simultaneously to
      determine the unknown pressure distribution beneath the endothelium and the flow
      in the arterial media. Application of this model shows that, when the tight
      junction in the cleft is 26 A or less, more than half of the total hydraulic
      resistance of the wall occurs across the endothelial cell monolayer, for a vessel
      whose wall thickness is less than 0.02 cm. This finding is in good agreement with
      the experimental findings of Vargas, et al. (1978) for rabbit aorta. Contrary to
      previous belief, the model shows that the filtration resistance of an arterial
      wall with intact endothelium does not scale linearly with wall thickness due to
      the highly nonlinear resistance of the endothelial interaction layer.

PMID- 3999709
TI  - A new simplified bioheat equation for the effect of blood flow on local average
      tissue temperature.
AB  - A new simplified three-dimensional bioheat equation is derived to describe the
      effect of blood flow on blood-tissue heat transfer. In two recent theoretical and
      experimental studies [1, 2] the authors have demonstrated that the so-called
      isotropic blood perfusion term in the existing bioheat equation is negligible
      because of the microvascular organization, and that the primary mechanism for
      blood-tissue energy exchange is incomplete countercurrent exchange in the
      thermally significant microvessels. The new theory to describe this basic
      mechanism shows that the vascularization of tissue causes it to behave as an
      anisotropic heat transfer medium. A remarkably simple expression is derived for
      the tensor conductivity of the tissue as a function of the local vascular
      geometry and flow velocity in the thermally significant countercurrent vessels.
      It is also shown that directed as opposed to isotropic blood perfusion between
      the countercurrent vessels can have a significant influence on heat transfer in
      regions where the countercurrent vessels are under 70-micron diameter. The new
      bioheat equation also describes this mechanism.

PMID- 3999710
TI  - A biomechanical model of the posterior knee capsule of the cat.
AB  - A biomechanical model is presented which represents the upper edge of the
      posterior knee capsule in the cat as a two-segment, vertically loaded catenary
      suspension cable from which the capsule sheet is suspended. Data are presented
      which show that the upper edge of the capsule is organized as a cable, which
      spans the notch between the femoral condyles. When a point load is applied to the
      cable, measurement of the cable shape allows for calculation of the cable tension
      and the downward distributed loads acting on the cable. This method was used to
      measure the in-vivo cable tension and the distributed downward loading acting on
      the capsule cable. The results show that the lateral side of the posterior joint
      capsule sustains a higher loading than the medial side.

PMID- 3999711
TI  - The influence of muscle model complexity in musculoskeletal motion modeling.
AB  - A comparative study of four different muscle models in a musculoskeletal motion
      problem is made. The models vary in complexity from the simple input-output model
      to the more complex model of Hatze [1]. These models are used to solve a minimum
      time kicking problem using an optimal control algorithm. The results demonstrate
      the strong influence of the model choice on the various predicted kinematic and
      kinetic parameters in the problem. The study illustrates some of the advantages
      and disadvantages involved in trade-offs between model complexity and
      practicability in musculoskeletal motion studies. The results also illustrate the
      importance of appropriate detailed parameter estimation studies in the
      mathematical modeling of the musculoskeletal system.

PMID- 3999713
TI  - The effect of a lathyritic diet on the sensitivity of tendon to strain rate.
AB  - While the tensile failure properties of rat-tail tendon depend on strain rate,
      the sensitivity to strain rate decreases with age, especially during sexual
      maturation. The object of this study was to determine the effect of an
      experimental model of chronic lathyrism on age-dependent changes in the
      sensitivity of developing tendon strength to strain rate. Tensile failure
      experiments were conducted at high and low strain rate on tendons excised from
      test and control animals aged 1 to 6 mo. The tensile "yield" response of tendon
      was significantly affected by the diet resulting in a reduced tensile strength
      and failure strain. While the sensitivity of tendon failure to strain rate was
      slightly elevated by the experimental diet, age-dependent changes compared with
      controls. Since the diet supplement is thought to inhibit covalent crosslinking
      of collagen in the developing tendon, other factors are likely responsible for
      decrease in the sensitivity of tendon strength to strain rate during maturation.

PMID- 3999712
TI  - The relationship between crimp pattern and mechanical response of human patellar
      tendon-bone units.
AB  - The objectives of this study are twofold. First, to further develop the
      understanding of the relationship between the observed mechanical response and
      changes in the crimp pattern in human patellar tendon bone units. This is
      accomplished through the use of a specially constructed test frame and microscope
      system that permits observation and measurement of the crimp patterns as a
      function of load. Second, the results of the experimental study are used to
      develop a constitutive equation that includes spatial variation in the crimp
      pattern. The results of both the experimental and analytical study imply that
      local strain in the proximity of the attachment site is significantly larger than
      the strain in the central region of the tendon. The experimental and histological
      results are for specimens taken from four human bone-patellar tendon-bone units.

PMID- 3999714
TI  - A model of tension and compression cracks with cohesive zone at a bone-cement
      interface.
AB  - This paper gives an insight about compression and tension cracks as encountered
      at a bone-cement interface. Within the context of continuum theory of fracture,
      an analytical solution is presented for the problem of a bimaterial interface
      edge crack under uniaxial tension or compression, assuming no tangential slip
      along the crack faces since cement pedicles penetrate into the cancellous bone
      several millimeters. Also essential to the solution are cohesive zone effects
      that account for a strengthening mechanism over the crack faces. The solution
      provides a methodological framework for quantifying the influence of the cohesive
      zone on the magnitude of the stress singularity. Mode I crack tip stress
      intensity factors are calculated at different stages of the loading and unloading
      phases under uniaxial tension or compression. Finally, an inelastic mechanism is
      presented that gives theoretical support to explain the formation of interfacial
      compression cracks, a phenomenon that was not previously appreciated and that
      arises from the rigid cement being forced into the more compliant cancellous
      bone.

PMID- 3999715
TI  - Long bone torsion: I. Effects of heterogeneity, anisotropy and geometric
      irregularity.
AB  - The influences of heterogeneity, anisotropy and geometric irregularity on the
      unrestrained, linearly elastic torsional response of long bones are assessed.
      Longitudinal geometric variations contribute insignificantly to the torsional
      response for typical long bone geometries. Anisotropy, heterogeneity and
      transverse geometric irregularity significantly influence the torsional response.
      A procedure is discussed which uses an approximate means to characterize both
      heterogeneity and anisotropy in predicting the torsional response. The accuracy
      of circular and elliptical annulus models of the bone cross-sectional geometry
      are assessed by comparing the stress predictions of these simple models to those
      of finite element models of the bone geometry.

PMID- 3999716
TI  - Long bone torsion: II. A combined experimental and computational method for
      determining an effective shear modulus.
AB  - A technique is established which allows an effective torsional shear modulus to
      be determined for long bones, while remaining nondestructive to whole bone
      specimens. Strain gages are bonded to the diaphysis of the bone. Strains are then
      recorded under pure torsional loads. Theoretical stress predictions are combined
      with experimental strain recordings to arrive at a modulus value. Shear modulus
      calculations for four canine radii are reported using theoretical stress
      predictions from circular, elliptical and finite element models of the transverse
      bone geometry. The effective shear modulus, obtained from an average of the shear
      moduli determined at strain gage locations, serves to average the heterogeneous
      shear modulus distribution over the cross section. The shear modulus obtained is
      that associated with the "circumferential" direction in transverse planes.

PMID- 3999717
TI  - Cyclic loading on the red cell membrane in a shear flow: a possible cause of
      hemolysis.
AB  - The fluid force acting on single human red cells in a high shear flow was
      analyzed. A two-dimensional elliptical microcapsule as a model of the deformed
      red cells was adopted to numerically calculate the distributions of the shear
      forces on both sides of the cell membrane. It is theoretically shown that the
      cell membrane undergoes an unsteady cyclic loading under the rotational motion
      around the interior. The mechanism leading to blood cell trauma is examined by
      repeatedly loading the continuously moving cell membrane.

PMID- 3999718
TI  - Running on flat turns: experiments, theory, and applications.
AB  - Theoretical and experimental results are presented which demonstrate the
      mechanical effects of running along a circular turn. The theory is a simple one
      parameter model, requiring only the top speed Vo of the runner as an input. The
      dimensionless parameter (Rg/v2o), a reciprocal Froude number or dimensionless
      parameter (Rg/v20), a reciprocal Froude number or dimensionless radius, appears
      as a natural result of the theory. This radial Froude number allows for the
      comparison of the theory and experiment for a large number of individuals on the
      same set of axes. The parameters of speed, foot contact time, ballistic air time,
      step length, stride length, and stride time are all predicted and measured for 23
      different subjects. The agreement between theory and experiment is good. Exact
      solutions and approximate asymptotic results for the speed-radius relation are
      presented. Applications are made to the practical problem of the design of indoor
      and outdoor running tracks for athletic competition.

PMID- 3999719
TI  - Method of assessing the contribution of components of an anastomosing vascular
      network to total vascular impedance.
AB  - The cerebral circulation has extensive communications between its four feeder
      arteries, their tributaries, and the extracerebral arteries. A theoretically
      derived method and its experimental verification is described by which the
      various impedances in a network can be quantified. It involved serial
      observations of pulsatile pressure, flow, and input impedance, in response to a
      pattern of input vessel occlusions. Fourier analysis permitted the response of
      the network to be studied for the component frequencies, so that linear and
      phasor algebra could be used to obtain a solution. Possible errors introduced by
      assumptions in the original model are minimal, and do not invalidate the method
      in practice.

PMID- 3999720
TI  - Computer simulation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - Based on recent experiments attributing blood flow in cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation (CPR) to intra-thoracic pressure variations a computer study of the
      complete cardiovascular system with an arrested heart is presented. The model is
      based on a lumped parametric description of the vascular elements subjected to
      external pressure variations. The blood flow, which is generated in the system,
      is found to be within the reported experimental findings in similar conditions,
      and is highly sensitive to valving mechanisms within the heart and the large
      veins. Optimal conditions for CPR were searched mathematically and found to be
      consistent with known experimental data. Mechanisms of blood flow in CPR are
      discussed. The above model thus offers a tool to understand the various
      mechanisms involved in CPR and the relative importance of different physiological
      parameters, and may help in the design of an optimal CPR mode.

PMID- 3999721
TI  - Foot pressure patterns during gait.
AB  - Peak pressure and temporal parameters of foot function were determined in 21 men
      and 11 women; few differences between men and women in any of the parameters were
      observed, either when walking barefoot or when wearing shoes. However,
      significant differences were observed when barefoot and shod walking were
      compared. The main influence of shoes appears to be in modifying the behaviour of
      the forefoot, by changing the pressure distribution across the metatarsal heads
      and increasing the contact times for the toes. The implications of such changes
      are discussed. Intersubject variability in the pattern and magnitude of the peak
      pressure distributions under the foot, which appear to be consistent in both the
      short and long term, may prove to be of importance in the clinical environment,
      by providing an individual baseline from which change can be measured. A new
      measure, the pressure-time integral, could be a more valuable single measure than
      either the peak pressure or the temporal parameters.

PMID- 3999722
TI  - Computer-aided analysis of gastrointestinal myoelectric activity.
AB  - This method of analysing gastrointestinal motility involves data collection for
      12 h periods and calculations from electromyographic signals at 15 s intervals;
      results are printed for successive 20 min epochs. In addition, phases of regular
      spike activity are recognized during the interdigestive periods. The system has
      been used in a series of comparative measurements of duodenal activity before and
      after feeding, and in studies involving drug-induced regular spike activity.

PMID- 3999723
TI  - Servo-controlled air pump for calibration of respiratory measurement systems.
AB  - We describe a servo-controlled piston pump driven by a stepping motor. The
      analogue controller is a single non-linear second-order feedback loop with
      adjustable speed and acceleration limits. This system, designed to simulate
      slowly-moving, active and non-linear systems, can be used as a low (0-6.5 litre s
      1) flow volume generator in calibration procedures.

PMID- 3999724
TI  - A kinematic model of the human ankle.
AB  - The spatial gross motion of the foot with respect to the shank is modelled as
      rotations about two fixed ankle axes: the upper ankle rotation axis (plantar
      flexion/dorsiflexion) and the subtalar rotation axis (inversion/eversion). The
      positions of the axes are determined by externally visible bony landmarks of the
      lower leg, and are measured for a living subject. The model input data are the
      plantar flexion/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion rotation angles; the model
      output is a 4 X 4 transformation matrix which quantitatively describes the
      relative position of a foot coordinate system with respect to a shank coordinate
      system.

PMID- 3999725
TI  - Vibratory properties and resonances of the isolated human ulna.
AB  - The frequency response, at various points along the length and circumference, of
      two isolated human ulnas has been recorded during white noise excitation under
      'free-free' conditions. Both bones showed a similar pattern of multiple
      frequencies of resonance; two fundamental mode resonances occurring in directions
      mutually at right angles. Further resonances appeared at higher frequencies, both
      in the same planes as the fundamental modes and in a second plane at 45 degrees;
      changing the plane of excitation through 90 degrees produced only small changes
      in the pattern of resonances. Both bones showed marked coupling between
      neighbouring resonances, with pulling of the frequencies of resonance so that the
      frequency of the resonant peak may appear to vary by up to 10%.

PMID- 3999726
TI  - Enhancement of bone healing by an exogenous magnetic field and the magnetic
      vaccine.
AB  - We have demonstrated in rabbits that in the absence of a terrestial magnetic
      field, mammalian bone suffers from calcium depletion. This points to the
      possibility that the earth's field might be used as a 'magnetic vaccine' for the
      treatment of consolidation delays in bone healing. The effects, on bone
      calcification, of magnetic fields produced by electronically generated signals of
      sine and square waveform, over a range of frequencies from 0-250 kHz, were
      studied with the aid of a magnetic field generated within a coil containing the
      bone under test. Suggestions are made for an apparatus suitable for home use, and
      another which could be introduced into a hospital clinic.

PMID- 3999727
TI  - Oxygen and CO2 transfer of a polypropylene dimpled membrane lung with variable
      secondary flows.
AB  - Gas transfer performance is presented for one form of the Oxford membrane lung in
      which vortex mixing is induced in blood flow across a dimpled polypropylene
      membrane. Dimensional analysis has been used to define the parameters
      characterizing mass transfer in the device, and of three fluid mechanical
      parameters: Reynolds number based on peak pulsation velocity, Strouhal number,
      and ratio of mean to oscillatory flows, only the first has been found to affect
      mass transfer significantly in the ranges studied. For oxygenation, rated flows
      in excess of 5 l min-1 m-2 are measured. A new definition is presented for a
      rated flow for extracorporeal CO2 removal and values in excess of 1.2 l min-1 m-2
      are obtained.

PMID- 3999728
TI  - Responsibility for care of the critically ill surgical patient.

PMID- 3999729
TI  - Prophylactic lymphadenectomy for B16 melanoma in C57/BL6 mice: survival based on
      size and heterogeneous variant of the primary.
AB  - Survival following prophylactic lymphadenectomy by hip disarticulation in mice
      with three B16 melanoma variants was studied. C57/BL6 mice inoculated with viable
      tumor cells (F1, F10, and BL6) into the left hind foot pad were randomized to
      wide excision (WE) of the primary tumor alone or wide excision plus prophylactic
      lymphadenectomy (WE plus PL) at 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-mm primary tumor sizes
      (each group, N = 6). Overall survival time was improved by WE plus PL. A
      significant survival advantage and cure was apparent for the F1 and F10 variants
      with primary tumor sizes of 2 and 3 mm (F1, 2 and 3 mm, P less than 0.001; F10, 2
      mm, P less than 0.006; 3 mm, P less than 0.001), but not for the BL6 variant.
      Prophylactic lymphadenectomy provides a therapeutic advantage in mouse melanomas
      of intermediate size in two of the three variants of B16.

PMID- 3999730
TI  - Effect of alcohol on cyclical myoelectric activity of the opossum sphincter of
      Oddi.
AB  - Ethyl alcohol may adversely affect pancreatic function by perturbing sphincter of
      Oddi (SO) or duodenal motor activity. The aim of this study was to identify the
      effect of ingested alcohol on the SO, duodenal, and gastric myoelectric activity
      in conscious opossums. In five adult opossums bipolar stranded stainless-steel
      wire electrodes were implanted on the SO, gastric antrum, and duodenum. After a 2
      week recovery period, each animal underwent eight 8-hr recording sessions while
      fasted and awake. After two fasting cycles of the migrating myoelectric complex,
      animals were randomly fed either 10 ml of a 30% ethyl alcohol solution or 10 ml
      of water via an esophageal tube, and recordings continued for 4-6 hr. During the
      control state, cyclical myoelectric spike activity was recorded from the SO,
      gastric antrum, and duodenum with a mean +/- SD cycle length of 7.35 +/- 15.0
      min, 74.3 +/- 10.1 min, and 94.8 +/- 8.7 min, respectively. With alcohol, SO and
      duodenal cycle lengths were unchanged while gastric cycle length decreased.
      However, alcohol effected a significant increase in peak SO spike burst frequency
      with no corresponding change in gastric or duodenal spike burst frequency. An
      equivalent volume of water had no influence on sphincter of Oddi myoelectric
      activity. It is concluded that ingested alcohol induces increased myoelectric
      activity from the opossum SO, independent of changes in activity of the duodenum
      or stomach. Since the SO plays a major role in metering bile and pancreatic flow
      into the duodenum, this may be a factor in alcohol-induced pancreatitis.

PMID- 3999731
TI  - Proximal gastric vagotomy and mucosal antrectomy: a comparative physiologic
      examination.
AB  - Proximal gastric vagotomy-mucosal antrectomy (PGV-MA) was devised in an attempt
      to reduce the cephalic and hormonal phases of acid secretion without disturbing
      gastric emptying. The current study determines the effects of proximal gastric
      vagotomy (PGV), or PGV-MA on acid secretion, gastrin, and gastric emptying.
      Twelve dogs underwent measurement of gastric emptying, fasting and postcibal acid
      production, and fasting and postprandial gastrin levels. The animals then
      underwent either PGV or PGV-MA and the studies were repeated. PGV markedly
      decreased basal acid (P less than 0.001); however, there was still a large
      postprandial acid increase. In contrast, PGV-MA nearly abolished both fasting and
      postprandial acid secretion (difference from control and PGV significant at P
      less than 0.001). Gastric emptying was not significantly altered by either
      procedure. PGV was associated with increased fasting and postprandial gastrin
      levels, while PGV-MA produced lower gastrin levels at all intervals than either
      controls or PGV-MA. PGV-MA emulates the effects of truncal vagotomy and
      antrectomy on acid secretion, without affecting gastric emptying and deserves
      further investigation as a possible surgical alternative in the treatment of
      duodenal ulcer disease.

PMID- 3999732
TI  - A macrophage-mediated factor that increases the high energy phosphate content of
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - A marked cellular infiltrate accompanies wounding. The phagocytic and
      bacteriocidal activities of this infiltrate require increased substrate and O2
      consumption. This rapid utilization of available oxygen and substrates could
      jeopardize an already compromised resident cellular component of a wound. Recent
      studies have demonstrated macrophage-mediated cell stimulatory agents which
      induce proliferation of nonlymphoid mesenchymal cells. This study was designed to
      examine macrophage-resident tissue interactions and their possible significance
      in wounded tissue. A reconstituted wound system was designed which combines the
      major components of a lambda-carrageenan skeletal muscle wound (muscle +
      macrophages). The extensor digitorum longi (EDL) of male Fisher rats were
      incubated in a standardized fashion. The groups of EDL were muscle incubated
      alone, muscle with the addition to the incubate of activated peritoneal
      macrophages or muscle with the addition of a conditioned supernatant from the
      incubation of activated or nonactivated peritoneal macrophages. Muscle ATP and CP
      content were noted to be increased 46 and 22%, respectively, when macrophages and
      skeletal muscle were coincubated. Macrophage-conditioned media from activated or
      nonactivated macrophages increased the ATP and CP muscle content 44 and 37%,
      respectively. Preliminary characterization of this high energy phosphate (HEP)
      promoting factor demonstrates it to be heat and cold stable and less than 10,000
      Da. Therefore, a macrophage-mediated transferable factor is capable of increasing
      the HEP content of skeletal muscle in an in vitro system. This may have important
      consequences in maintaining host cell integrity following injury.

PMID- 3999733
TI  - Effect of anticoagulation on the lysis of filter entrapped thromboembolism in
      dogs.
AB  - Resolution of thrombi entrapped in Greenfield vena caval filters is a primary
      mechanism for maintenance of caval patency with this device following an embolic
      event. In order to determine if anticoagulation is beneficial in this setting,
      thrombus was harvested from 65 mongrel dogs with infrarenal IVC thrombosis after
      phenolization. These thrombi were weighed and embolized into Greenfield filters
      placed above the renal veins. The infrarenal IVCs were then ligated and the
      animals allowed to recover. Beginning the first postoperative day, animals were
      given either oral coumadin daily to elevate the prothrombin time above 1.5
      normal, subcutaneous heparin 500 u/kg/day divided into two doses, or received no
      treatment. They were sacrificed either 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after embolism and the
      residual thrombi weighed. Initial thrombus weights were similar for each period
      (differences NS). Comparison of initial with final weights revealed that both
      coumadin and heparin-treated animals had a significantly increased resolution in
      the first week when compared to controls. By 2 weeks, however, there were no
      significant differences between the groups, and controls proceeded to a mean of
      95% resolution by 4 weeks. A general linear model used to separate the effects of
      treatment, time, and initial thrombus weight showed that resolution was primarily
      a function of initial thrombus weight, and of time. Coumadin was marginally
      beneficial. Thrombus resolution proceeds rapidly in this model without
      anticoagulation. These data suggest that prevention of deep vein thrombosis and
      its sequelae remain the sole indication for anticoagulation after filter
      placement.

PMID- 3999734
TI  - Cockfighting and boxing: a parallel and paradox.

PMID- 3999735
TI  - Contracting questions for physicians. Alternative delivery systems.

PMID- 3999736
TI  - Statewide genetics program.

PMID- 3999737
TI  - Blunt duodenal disruption.

PMID- 3999738
TI  - Home health care vs. nursing home care for the elderly.

PMID- 3999739
TI  - Our goal: preventing or minimizing patient injury.

PMID- 3999740
TI  - The effects of sequential administration of 17 beta-estradiol on the synthesis
      and secretion of specific proteins in the immature rat uterus.
AB  - We report here results of a study of the effect of sequential administration of 1
      microgram 17 beta-estradiol in vivo on the incorporation of L-[35S]methionine
      into specific proteins in vitro in the immature rat uterus. One-dimensional SDS
      PAGE analysis of labeled secreted uterine proteins and cellular proteins
      extracted from the luminal epithelial and from the stroma plus myometrial uterine
      fractions revealed that estradiol preferentially stimulated the synthesis of 110
      K, 74 K and 66 K secreted proteins, 180 K and 110 K epithelial proteins and a 175
      K stroma-myometrial protein among others, while it decreased the relative rate of
      synthesis of a 32.5 K secreted protein and a 70 K stroma-myometrial protein. The
      110 K protein, a secreted luminal epithelial protein whose labeling in vitro
      dramatically increased greater than 60-fold per mg endometrial DNA after in vivo
      estrogen stimulation, may be a useful marker for studying estrogen action in the
      luminal epithelium of the immature rat uterus. Comparison of the secreted
      proteins labeled at 28 h (4 h after a second injection) and at 54 h (6 h after a
      third injection) revealed that estradiol effected a sequential change in the
      pattern of synthesis of secreted uterine proteins in vitro. Comparison of the
      number and magnitude of changes in the synthesis of specific proteins in the
      luminal epithelium and the stroma plus myometrium revealed that protein synthesis
      in the luminal epithelium is clearly more responsive to estradiol and readily
      distinguishable from the responsiveness of the stroma plus myometrium.

PMID- 3999741
TI  - Solubilization of human prostatic 5 alpha-reductase.
AB  - A sensitive assay for 5 alpha-reductase was introduced which is capable of
      detecting at least 0.2 U of activity per sample. The assay was used in developing
      a method for the solubilization of human prostatic 5 alpha-reductase.
      Homogenisation conditions were devised under which 95% of the total prostatic 5
      alpha-reductase was released into the microsomal fraction. A combination of 0.1 M
      sodium citrate, 0.1 M KCl, 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0.5 mM NADPH and 1 microM
      testosterone was found to stabilise 5 alpha-reductase in the presence of
      detergents. The effect of the presence of low concentrations of detergents in the
      assay on the activity of 5 alpha-reductase was studied. Triton X-100, Lubrol PX
      and Nonidet P-40, caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of activity. The
      ability of several detergents (Triton X-100 MEGA-9, Tween 20, Tween 80,
      digitonin, Lubrol PX and Nonidet P-40) to solubilise 5 alpha-reductase was
      studied. All detergents caused a concentration-dependent solubilization of 5
      alpha-reductase. Significant amounts of active solubilized enzyme were recovered
      only with Lubrol PX at concentrations less than 1.1 mg/ml. Seventy percent of the
      5 alpha-reductase was solubilized in an active form by extracting the membranes 3
      times with 0.8 mg/ml Lubrol PX.

PMID- 3999742
TI  - Replenishment of uterine estrogen receptor in chronically estrogenized rats.
AB  - Replenishment of uterine estrogen receptor (ER) following a single injection of
      estradiol-17 beta (E2) was examined in chronically estrogenized rats.
      Subcutaneous implantation of E2-pellet for 7 days in ovariectomized rats resulted
      in a significant stimulation of uteri with regard to wet tissue weight, DNA
      content and progesterone receptor content, with a shift of ER distribution. An
      intraperitoneal injection of 5 micrograms E2 in the E2-implanted rats induced a
      significant decrease in soluble ER (from 141.1 +/- 12.6 to 69.2 +/- 8.8 fmol/mg
      protein) with a concomitant increase in nuclear ER (from 58.2 +/- 8.6 to 129.2 +/
      11.6 fmol/100 micrograms DNA) 1 h after the injection. However, soluble ER was
      rapidly replenished, which was accompanied by nuclear ER reduction, and both
      values returned to the pre-injection levels at 4 h after the injection. An
      administration of 150 micrograms cycloheximide, that effectively blocked protein
      synthesis in the uterus of the E2-implanted rats, completely inhibited the
      replenishment of soluble ER induced by 5 micrograms E2. These findings, combined
      with our previous findings that replenishment of ER following a single E2
      administration in the pituitary of chronically estrogenized rats was inhibited by
      cycloheximide, suggest that replenishment of ER is entirely dependent on protein
      synthesis in chronically estrogenized rats.

PMID- 3999743
TI  - Stimulation of the synthesis of steroids and steroid sulphates in human
      testicular tissue in vitro by hCG and by 8-bromo-cyclic AMP.
AB  - Small pieces (10-20 mg) of human testis tissue were incubated for 4 h in the
      presence or absence of hCG and 8-bromo-cAMP and the concentrations of
      testosterone, some of its steroidal precursors, and their sulphates were measured
      by radioimmunoassays. The results showed, we believe for the first time, that the
      production of steroid sulphates as well as of unconjugated steroids can be
      stimulated in human testis tissue in vitro and they confirm earlier observations
      in vivo which suggested that testicular production of steroid sulphates can be
      stimulated by hCG.

PMID- 3999744
TI  - Estrogen metabolites in equine ovarian follicles: gas chromatographic-mass
      spectrometric determinations in relation to follicular ultrastructure and
      progestin content.
AB  - Equine follicular fluid was aspirated at various developmental stages (viable,
      preovulatory and atretic) determined by ultrastructural study. Estrogens and
      progestins were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry associated with
      stable isotope dilution. Progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were the
      principal progestins of the preovulatory and viable follicles. Among the catechol
      estrogens, 2-hydroxy-estradiol was particularly abundant in the preovulatory
      follicle and its definitive identification was made by the scan of a full mass
      spectrum.

PMID- 3999745
TI  - Determination of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane
      3 beta,17 beta-diol in human plasma by radioimmunoassay.
AB  - 5 alpha-Androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol) and 5 alpha-androstane-3
      beta,17 beta-diol (3 beta-diol) were measured in human peripheral plasma by
      radioimmunoassay using celite microcolumn purification. The antisera used for the
      assay were obtained by immunization of rabbits with 3 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxy-5
      alpha-androstane-6-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime: BSA for 3 alpha-diol and 3 beta,17
      beta-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androstane-15 alpha-carboxymethyl: BSA for 3 beta-diol.
      The concentrations (pg/ml +/- SD) of the two diols in normal male and female
      plasma are respectively: 216 +/- 51 and 49 +/- 32 for 3 alpha-diol, 239 +/- 76
      and 82 +/- 45 for 3 beta-diol. Comparison of these results with published ones
      shows that 3 beta diol concentrations were significantly lower. The high
      specificity of the assay is due to chromatography on celite microcolumns,
      allowing elimination of 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol from the plasma sample.

PMID- 3999746
TI  - Comparison of the distribution kinetics and metabolism to acid end-products of
      corticosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone in BALB/c mice.
AB  - The conversion of [4 14C]corticosterone[( 14C]B) and 11-deoxy-[1,2
      3H]corticosterone [( 3H]DOC) to steroidal carboxylic acids was studied in the
      BALB/c mouse. There was rapid and preferential excretion of [3H]DOC metabolites
      into the gastrointestinal tract. Excretion of 14C through the kidney was higher
      than 3H excretion. Within minutes of intraperitoneal injection, levels of 3H and
      14C in most organs reached their maximal levels and subsequently decreased in an
      exponential pattern. The majority of the organs took up 14C to a greater extent
      than 3H. Using tissue blood ratio of tracer (T/B) as criterion, it was found that
      liver, gall bladder, intestine, and kidney concentrated 3H and 14C-labeled
      steroid from blood. T/B for 3H exceeded that for 14C in the gastrointestinal
      tract. Abdominal fat preferentially took up [3H]DOC tracer, whereas [14C]B tracer
      was not taken up by this tissue. T/B was less than 1 for 3H and 14C in heart,
      thymus, spleen, brain, skeletal muscle and skin. In these organs uptake of B and
      its metabolites was greater than that of DOC and its metabolites. In liver,
      [14C]B and [3H]DOC were converted to carboxylic acid metabolites which
      accumulated in the intestine. The most abundant acid was 11 beta,20 alpha
      dihydroxy-3-oxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid from B. The acid metabolites of DOC were
      not identified. For both steroids, acids were major metabolic end-products.

PMID- 3999748
TI  - Ribosomal ribonucleases in avian liver during estrogen-induced vitellogenin
      synthesis.
AB  - The ribonuclease activity associated with rooster liver ribosomes decreases and
      the endogenous ribosomal RNAase inhibitor becomes undetectable during estrogen
      induced vitellogenin synthesis. The RNAase-catalyzed autodegradation of ribosomes
      in vitro is inhibited by Mg2+ and spermidine, while EDTA in low concentrations
      has an activating effect. Single-stranded, uridylic acid containing
      ribonucleotide polymers are the best substrates for the enzyme. Of the four
      homopolyribonucleotides, ribosomal RNAase catalyzes the degradation of poly(U),
      poly(A), and poly(C) in decreasing order of reactivity, while poly(G) is not
      degraded. Ribosomal RNAases from control and estrogen-stimulated roosters show
      differences in response to Mg2+, spermidine and EDTA. In addition, the
      reactivities of poly(U) and poly(C) as substrates using RNAases from stimulated
      roosters are markedly different from those obtained with the enzymes from control
      roosters.

PMID- 3999747
TI  - Influence of microbial bile salt desulfation upon the fecal excretion of bile
      salts in gnotobiotic rats.
AB  - The fecal excretion of intraperitoneally injected 24-14C-labeled taurocholate
      (TCA), taurolithocholate (TLCA) and the respective 3-sulfate esters (TCA-3-S;
      TLCA-3-S), were compared in germfree (GF) rats, conventional (CV) rats, and in
      gnotobiotic rats associated with Clostridium Cl-8 or this same strain Cl-8 plus
      the bile desulfating Clostridium S1, respectively. TCA and TLCA were about two
      times more rapidly excreted by CV animals than by GF animals; the time required
      for 50% excretion of total label injected (t 1/2) was 6.6 days vs 14.9 for TCA,
      and 4.4 vs 8.9 for TLCA. In GF and in CV animals, TCA-3-S and TLCA-3-S were
      excreted more rapidly than their nonsulfated analogues; the t 1/2 values of TCA-3
      S and TCA were 2.7 days vs 14.9 in GF rats, and 3.1 vs 6.6 days in CV animals.
      The t 1/2 values of TLCA-3-S and TLCA were 2.7 days vs 8.9 in GF rats, and 1.5 vs
      4.4 days in CV rats. In gnotobiotic rats associated with Clostridium strains S1 +
      Cl-8, fecal bile salts were nearly 100% deconjugated and desulfated and the 50%
      excretion times of TCA-3-S and TLCA-3-S approximated to those of TCA and TLCA in
      GF animals. T 1/2 of TCA-3-S in gnotobiotic S1 + Cl-8 animals was 12.2 days vs
      14.9 for TCA in GF animals. In gnotobiotic S1 + Cl-8 animals the t 1/2 of TLCA
      and TLCA-3-S was 12.5 and 11.0 days, respectively. These results illustrate
      clearly the important effect the intestinal microflora has upon the metabolic
      half-life of bile salts. Moreover, they demonstrate that desulfation of bile
      salts by the intestinal microflora takes place in intestinal segments from where
      a certain degree of reabsorption is still possible, and thus point to the fact
      that microbial desulfation is an important variable in the overall elimination of
      bile salts.

PMID- 3999749
TI  - Regulation of aromatic oxidation of estradiol-17 beta in maternal hepatic, fetal
      hepatic and placental tissues: comparative effects of a series of inducing
      agents.
AB  - The effects of nine separate inducers of cytochrome P-450-dependent
      monooxygenases on the hydroxylation of estradiol-17 beta (E2) were investigated
      in near-term pregnant rats. Isosafrole exhibited highly effective inducing
      properties in the maternal liver (20-fold and 5-fold increases in 4- and 2
      hydroxylase activities respectively). Pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile produced
      approx 20- and 30-fold increases in measured respective rates of 4- and 2
      hydroxylase activities in fetal hepatic tissues; isosafrole produced only 2-fold
      increases in the same reaction. Only minor changes or slight increases in
      estrogen hydroxylation rates were observed in maternal hepatic, fetal hepatic or
      placental tissues following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD) or other potent 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-like inducing agents (beta
      naphthoflavone, MC, caffeine). Phenobarbital exhibited relatively weak inducing
      properties and exposure of pregnant rats to ethanol from days 3-19 of gestation
      was without statistically significant effects on the parameters investigated. Rat
      placentas exhibited extremely low estrogen hydroxylase activities irrespective of
      pre-exposure of pregnant rats to the inducers studied. The results suggested
      separate regulatory controls for estrogen 2- and 4-monooxygenase activities even
      though relatively high correlation between the two reaction were generally
      observed in all three tissues.

PMID- 3999750
TI  - [Interactions between hypnotics and psychotropics. Various aspects of
      experimental pharmacology].
AB  - Fourteen french pharmacologists working for the pharmaceutical industry were
      asked about the tests they used for the primary screening and the study of
      hypnotic drugs. They were also asked about the tests using interactions between
      hypnotics and the studied drugs, either psychotropic or not. The results of
      survey are presented. A systematic study was performed concerning the interaction
      of psychotropic drugs with either barbital or pentobarbital in mice. The
      utilization of these two tests is useful for the research of possible inductory
      or inhibitory effect on hepatic enzymatic systems. For a complete study of drugs
      with a profile of psychostimulant or antidepressant.

PMID- 3999751
TI  - In vivo effect of RU 24722 and drugs used for the treatment on senile cerebral
      insufficiency on rat brain ornithine decarboxylase.
AB  - RU 24722, a compound selected for its protective effect against cerebral anoxia
      and ischemia in rats, induced a dose-dependent increase in brain ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC), a rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines.
      This action already 2 hr after injection, increased at 4 and 6 hr and ODC
      activity returned to pretreatment levels at 16 hr. Since it has been shown
      previously that glucocorticoids stimulate brain ODC, it was considered necessary
      to know if corticosterone could play a role in the action of RU 24722. This
      compound increased serum corticosterone levels 1 hr after injection, its effect
      being nil at 4 hr. Nevertheless, the effect of RU 24722 on brain ODC does not
      appear to be entirely dependent on the increase of serum corticosterone. the
      delays needed to obtain a stimulation of the enzyme by the steroid are longer (6
      hr) than those necessary to observe the action of the drug (2 hr)on brain ODC.
      Furthermore, RU 24722 increased brain ODC even in adrenalectomized animals. In
      order to get an insight on the interaction of RU 24722 with putative
      transmitters, we have studied the effect of the compound on brain ODC in the
      presence of different pharmacological agents. Experiments performed using
      noradrenergic agonists and antagonits suggest that the action of RU 24722 on
      brain ODC is due to the blockade of inhibitory post-synaptic alpha-2
      adrenoceptors. We have studied the action of other compounds, used for the
      treatment of senile cerebral insufficiency: codergocrine, dihydroergocristine,
      dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine and piribedil
      increased rat brain ODC; vincamine, piracetam and nicergoline were devoid of any
      action.

PMID- 3999752
TI  - [Effects of nicardipine on regional coronary deficit and the ST segment of the
      healthy and ischemic myocardium in dogs].
AB  - The effects of nicardipine, a phenyldihydropyridine calcium-channel antagonist
      agent, have been investigated on regional blood flow and epicardial ST-segment
      elevation in the nonischemic and ischemic myocardial zones after either
      intermittent, or permanent coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Whichever the
      experimental model used, nicardipine reduced heart rate and arterial blood
      pressure and increased regional myocardial blood flows (50 to 100% of control
      flow values). All these effects were dose-dependent. During intermittent coronary
      occlusion (a model that mimics angina pectoris), the nicardipine-induced
      myocardial vasodilation was homogeneous between the endocardium and the
      epicardium of the ischemic and nonischemic zones. During permanent coronary
      occlusion (a model that mimics myocardial infarction), the nicardipine-induced
      myocardial vasodilation mainly developed within the endocardium of the ischemic
      zone, leading thus to a beneficial transmural blood flow redistribution in that
      zone. Finally, and whichever the experimental model used, nicardipine did not
      reduce the ischemic injury as assessed by epicardial ST-segment elevation.

PMID- 3999753
TI  - [Effects of nicardipine on electrophysiologic alterations and enzyme leakage
      induced in vitro in the guinea pig].
AB  - Ventricular strips of guinea-pig left myocardium were placed in a special tissue
      bath bisected by a thin membrane latex. One of the two compartments was flowed
      during 2 hours with modified Tyrode's solution in order to mimic the in vivo
      ischemia-induced effects. Replacement in standard conditions during 30 minutes
      was considered as representative of ischemic heart reperfusion. The second
      compartment was maintained in standard conditions throughout the experimental
      time course. Cellular electrical activity was recorded using standard
      microelectrode technique. Enzyme leakage was appreciated by creatine-kinase (CK)
      dosage in the effluent from each compartment. Ischemia induced well-known
      alterations in transmembrane action potentials and led fast-depressed action
      potentials and decremential responses to appear. Inexcitability occurred within
      32 +/- 7 min of ischemia. CK leakage reached 80 +/- 10 I.U. per gram of
      myocardium dry weight (I.U./g dry) in ischemic chamber and 14 +/- 4 I.U./g dry in
      normal chamber. Three concentrations (1.10(-8) M, 1.10(-7) M, 1.10(-6) M) of
      nicardipine were studied. The two highest concentrations significantly decreased
      CK leakage and totally abolished decremential responses but did not modify the
      period while each stimulus elicited an action potential. During reperfusion,
      nicardipine did not significantly modify CK leakage but concentrations of 1.10(
      7) M and 1.10(-6) M restored excitability in all preparations (versus 10 p. cent
      in control ischemia). Action potential characteristics but duration which
      remained inhomogeneously shortened, returned to almost normal values. The CK
      leakage decrease during ischemia and the recovery of excitability during
      reperfusion support a cardioprotective effect of nicardipine. A delay in ischemia
      induced calcium overload via the voltage-operating channel is suggested as a
      possible mechanism for the beneficial effect of slow channel inhibitors.

PMID- 3999755
TI  - Dissociation of head twitches and tremors during the study of interactions with 5
      hydroxytryptophan in mice.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine is shown to provoke characteristic behaviors in mice that can
      be quantified. The two principal phenomena described here are head twitches and
      tremors. Tremors became more frequent when doses of the two substances studied
      were increased. Head twitches appeared at lower doses, but beyond a certain dose,
      they decreased and even disappeared. The effects on these movements of agents
      that modify serotonin function were then studied. The results pose problems of
      interpretation that are discussed.

PMID- 3999754
TI  - A comparison between centrifugation and filtration as a means to separate bound
      and unbound ligand during 3[H]-spiroperidol binding.
AB  - A centrifugation method for the separation of bound and unbound ligand during
      3[H]-spiroperidol binding in rat brain was compared with the more widely used
      filtration method. The centrifugation method yielded significantly greater total
      and specific binding, and lower nonspecific binding, than filtration. Assay
      reproducibility was also found to be superior when the centrifugation method was
      used as compared to the filtration binding method. Scatchard plots produced by
      both methods yielded comparable Kd and Bmax values that were consistent with
      those previously reported.

PMID- 3999756
TI  - A simple and sensitive method of acetylcholine identification and assay. Bioassay
      combined with minicolumn gel filtration or high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A modified technique of acetylcholine assay on the guinea pig ileum has been
      combined with either minivolume gel filtration or high-performance liquid
      chromatography separation of the samples. In addition, labeled acetylcholine (14C
      ACh) was eluted with unlabeled acetylcholine or with the samples expected to
      contain acetylcholine, and their elution profiles were compared by bioassay plus
      radioassay of eluate fractions. When the elution of both biological activity and
      label occurred in the same eluates, it was concluded that the substance assayed
      on guinea pig ileum was acetylcholine. The method was sensitive to 0.5 ng (1.8
      pmol) of acetylcholine and its reproducibility was within 5%. It thus represents
      a substantial improvement in chemical specificity over the previous bioassay
      method described by Paton and Vizi (1969).

PMID- 3999757
TI  - Use of experimental myocardial infarct to demonstrate arrhythmogenic activity of
      drugs.
AB  - Ligature of the anterior interventricular coronary artery in the dog is a model
      that is used, classically, to study antiarrhythmic properties of drugs. It can
      also be used to demonstrate arrhythmogenicity. In this study, twenty hours after
      coronary ligature, cardiac arrhythmia was reduced by oral administration of
      quinidine and phenytoin. This effect lasted over several days after the coronary
      occlusion. By Day 2, more than 60% of the treated dogs had a predominantly sinus
      heart rhythm, compared with 20% of the controls. This antiarrhythmic treatment
      also seemed to reduce mortality. Dipyridamole was subsequently injected i.v. at
      0.5 and 1 mg/kg on Days 2, 3, and 4 after coronary ligature. On Day 2,
      dipyridamole significantly increased the proportion of ectopic beats and
      significantly lowered the proportion of sinus beats. This drug can thus worsen
      arrhythmia induced by coronary occlusion. On Days 3 and 4, dipyridamole showed no
      arrhythmogenic effects, but there was a significant increase in sinus
      automaticity.

PMID- 3999758
TI  - Determination of proenkephalin products in brain tissue by high-performance
      liquid chromatography and a modified bioassay procedure.
AB  - A method is described for the separation of proenkephalin products using gradient
      high-performance liquid chromatography preceded by Sep-Pak chromatography.
      Samples can be assayed simply by use of a modified mouse vas deferens bioassay
      which is sufficiently sensitive for most applications. The preliminary Sep-Pak
      chromatography method excludes alpha-neoendorphin and the dynorphins and thus
      provides a suitable procedure for separation of prodynorphin and proenkephalin
      products.

PMID- 3999759
TI  - Computer analysis of intraarterially recorded blood pressure in conscious
      unrestrained rats.
AB  - A precise knowledge of cardiovascular activity and its pharmacological
      modifications in the conscious unrestrained animal requires intraarterial blood
      pressure recording for long periods of time. For that purpose, a technique was
      developed involving chronic catheterization of the rat abdominal aorta and the
      use of a computer system to perform the digitization of the blood pressure signal
      and the on-line calculation of five cardiovascular parameters. By means of
      duplexing, two rats (one treated and one control) can be studied simultaneously.
      Off-line processing is devoted to the graphic treatment and statistical analysis
      of the data. The effects of a single intravenous administration of dihydralazine
      are presented in order to show the usefulness of the technique.

PMID- 3999760
TI  - A method for studying cutaneous pain perception and analgesia in horses.
AB  - Pain perception and its alteration by analgesic drugs is difficult to measure in
      the horse. The latency to onset of flexion of a limb in response to a noxious
      thermal stimulus has been used as a nociceptive end point for analgesic studies
      in many species. While this method has been employed in the horse, it may be
      confounded by the spontaneous locomotor activity observed after administration of
      narcotic analgesics. Consequently, an alternative method of assaying narcotic
      analgesia that did not involve the equine locomotor apparatus was developed. This
      report describes the use of the heat-evoked skin-twitch reflex as a reproducible
      measure of pain threshold and its alteration by the narcotic analgesic fentanyl.
      This method is compared with the heat-evoked hoof-withdrawal reflex, and the
      apparatus necessary to elicit both reflexes in the horse is described. Fentanyl,
      administered at intravenous doses of 0.010, 0.005, and 0.0025 mg/kg, produced a
      dose-related prolongation of the skin-twitch reflex but failed to alter the
      latency to hoof withdrawal following noxious thermal stimulation. The skin-twitch
      reflex is therefore a more sensitive assay of narcotic analgesia in the horse
      than is the hoof-withdrawal reflex.

PMID- 3999761
TI  - General solution of cable theory with both ends sealed.
AB  - General solution of the cable theory with both ends sealed when injecting an
      arbitrary current at an arbitrary point of the cable is presented, which is a
      time-dependent transient solution. The solution is an infinite series, each term
      of which is the product of a cosine term including a position variable only and
      an exponential term including a time variable only. The general solution contains
      almost all solutions reported hitherto as particular cases and the mutual
      relations among the various solutions of quite different forms are clarified by
      this general solution. Moreover the shorter the cable becomes, the more rapidly
      this solution converges, therefore it is useful for an analysis of the short
      cable in the case where the relative deviation error may grow large. The
      truncation error can also be estimated as the solution is an infinite series of
      simple functions.

PMID- 3999763
TI  - A general mathematical model for sex allocation.
AB  - A general matrix equation for evolutionary equilibrium of sex allocation is
      derived. The equation allows calculation of ESS values of behavioural parameters
      in sex allocation models, and provides a conceptual framework in which such
      models can be viewed. A careful discussion is given of a number of examples from
      the literature. An attempt is made to clarify the assumptions behind different
      models and relate different results which have been obtained.

PMID- 3999762
TI  - A group theory analysis of the ambiguities in the genetic code: on the existence
      of a generalized genetic code.
AB  - It is known that in the transcription of genetic information there are
      ambiguities, i.e. the fact that a triplet codes for several aminoacids. This has
      generally been taken as due to errors in the transcription mechanisms. However,
      it has been postulated that instead of accidental miscoding, ambiguities are part
      of the expression of a generalized genetic code which depends on biological
      context. Group theory has been used to find the generalized genetic code. Here we
      present a new group theory approach which we think removes some weaknesses of
      previous works. The generalized genetic code presented here is different from
      that previously reported. We compare our results with experimental evidence and
      discuss the predictions presented.

PMID- 3999764
TI  - A geometric representation of alpha-polypeptide chains revisited.
AB  - The geometric representation by Abdulnur & Laki (1983) of the set of amino-acid
      residues in alpha-polypeptide chains is essentially the same as the one put
      forward by Crick 30 years ago. An analysis of the lattice structure or spiral
      patterns involved reveals, in the light of other such patterns observed in
      nature, that the accuracy of the representation can be improved, and suggestions
      are made on what it should be, thus opening the way for new observations and
      measurements.

PMID- 3999765
TI  - Rate sensitivity of blood pressure to hypoxia.
AB  - A biochemical kinetic model is used to describe changes in mean arterial blood
      pressure in dogs to three different rates of fall of arterial partial pressure of
      oxygen. The model is a linear loop with one variable rate coefficient (parametric
      control) which has been previously shown to characterize the rate sensitivity to
      presented stimuli. A three component model was identified under a least squares
      criterion and it showed that a unique (stimulation independent) representation
      can be obtained which can serve as a conceptual framework for the study of this
      phenomenon.

PMID- 3999766
TI  - The molecule-group schema of memory: storage, recognition and retrieval.
AB  - A new schema, the molecule-group schema, explains memory storage, recognition and
      retrieval. The schema consists of three postulates about molecular specificity,
      grouping, and diffusion. In the schema, the physical memory trace consists of a
      stable group of different kinds of highly specific molecules. The schema is
      intended to provide an alternative to the widely known synaptic-change schema, in
      which it is assumed that changes of synaptic efficacies constitute the memory
      trace. The new schema is used to develop a particular model of memory. In the
      model, recognition occurs when specific intracellular "endotransmitters" react
      with complementary "endoreceptors" in the same cell. Retrieval, modelled as the
      process whereby memory causes the recurrence of a previously experienced pattern
      of neural activity, occurs when a group of pools of endotransmitters, located
      within an intracellular memory organelle, is released, allowing the
      endotransmitters to diffuse to the periphery of the cell body. The model suffices
      to explain long-term and short-term memory of events as well as innate memory.

PMID- 3999767
TI  - Urospasm.
AB  - This article theorizes that acute reversible narrowing can occur in the
      calyx/infundibular regions of the kidney. This narrowing could result from a
      spasm of the urinary tract smooth muscle analogous to spasms of other tubular
      structures containing smooth muscle (bronchi, esophagus, peripheral arteries, and
      coronary arteries). The spasm in the calyx/infundibular region could help explain
      the phenomenon of the acute renal failure that can occur with minimal change
      disease.

PMID- 3999768
TI  - Templeting and self-assembly.
AB  - Templeting and self-assembly represent the two extremes of the spectrum of
      determinate pattern-assembly processes. A templeted pattern can be defined as one
      that requires a prepattern or templet explicitly specifying the final topology of
      the pattern. Conversely, a self-assembling pattern can be defined as one for
      which the inherent constraints of the precursor elements alone are sufficient to
      specify the final pattern. Both concepts can be directly expressed in matrix
      notation, and a simple matrix measure, the templeting index, characterizes the
      relative amount of templeting or of self-assembly in any particular system. With
      this language, a fundamental principle of pattern-assembly becomes evident: in
      the determinate realm, some patterns can only be assembled using the same-sized
      templets--templets that are at least as large as the final pattern.

PMID- 3999769
TI  - A neural model of interactions subserving prey-predator discrimination and size
      preference in anuran amphibia.
AB  - The model described is an extension of a previous model of the optic tectum
      (Arbib & Lara, 1982; Lara, Arbib & Cromarty, 1982; Lara & Arbib, 1982) and takes
      into consideration anatomical, physiological and behavioral studies in anurans,
      as well as earlier modelling efforts (Ewert & Von Seelen, 1974; Didday, 1976).
      Computer simulations were conducted to analyze how interactions among retina,
      optic tectum and pretectum may give frogs and toads the ability to discriminate
      between prey and predator stimuli. Results from simulations have allowed us to
      reproduce empirical observations, to suggest new experiments, and to postulate
      what neural mechanisms might be involved in some phenomena related to prey
      catching orienting behavior, with direction invariance of prey-predator
      recognition being a consequence of tectal architecture, and size preference and
      response latency depending on the motivational state of the animal.

PMID- 3999770
TI  - Origins of life: conformational energy calculations on primitive tRNA nestling an
      amino acid.
AB  - We report conformational energy calculations on our proposal of a molecular
      interaction theory for the origin of the nucleic acid-directed, adaptor-mediated
      synthesis of proteins that links the phenomena of chemical and biological
      evolution. A particular conformation of a pentanucleotide turns out to be a
      double-sided template for a primitive decoding system. It is able to neatly
      nestle an amino acid via hydrogen bonds, and this complex is found to be an
      energetically favourable conformation. The total potential energy of the complex
      is calculated using semi-empirical potential energy functions. A local-minimum
      conformation is obtained and its features are reported. The template conformation
      of the pentanucleotide is found to have an energy value far lower than a regular
      helical conformation. When the amino acid is nestled in the cleft of the template
      conformation through specific hydrogen bonds, the energy is further lowered. A D
      amino acid nestled into the PIT (Primitive tRNA) is found to be less stable than
      its L counterpart, as revealed by energy calculations.

PMID- 3999771
TI  - An hypothesis for explaining the mechanism of translocation in peptide chain
      synthesis.
AB  - A mechanism is proposed for mRNA translocation during peptide chain synthesis,
      which involves a reciprocal rotation of the two ribosomal components on each
      other in such a way as to propel the mRNA along a string of ribosomes on an
      endoplasmic reticulum membrane or to propel a single ribosome along an mRNA
      molecule in a membrane-free system. Release of tRNA's is assumed to occur from
      only one of the two ribosomal components at a time, so that there is no danger of
      loss of the tRNA's during peptide chain synthesis. The mechanism would make the
      ribosome an active, dynamic structure in addition to being a platform with
      catalytic activity which holds the components of peptide chain synthesis in
      juxtaposition.

PMID- 3999772
TI  - A neural theory of circadian rhythms: split rhythms, after-effects and
      motivational interactions.
AB  - A neural theory of the circadian pacemaker within the hypothalamic
      suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) is used to explain parametric data about mammalian
      operant behavior. The intensity, duration, and patterning of ultradian activity
      rest cycles and the duration of circadian periods due to parametric (LL) and
      nonparametric (LD) lighting regimes are simulated. Paradoxical data about split
      rhythms and after-effects are explained using homeostatic and nonhomeostatic
      neural mechanisms that modulate pacemaker activity. These modulatory mechanisms
      enable the pacemaker to adjust to pervasive changes in its lighting regime, as
      during the passage of seasons, and to ultradian changes in internal metabolic
      conditions. The model circadian mechanisms are homologous to mechanisms that
      model hypothalamically mediated appetitive behaviors, such as eating. The theory
      thus suggests that both circadian and appetitive hypothalamic circuits are
      constructed from similar neural components. Mechanisms of transmitter
      habituation, opponent feedback interactions between on-cells and off-cells,
      homeostatic negative feedback, and conditioning are used in both the circadian
      and the appetitive circuits. Output from the SCN circadian pacemaker is assumed
      to modulate the sensitivity of the appetitive circuits to external and internal
      signals by controlling their level of arousal. Both underarousal and overarousal
      can cause abnormal behavioral syndromes whose properties have been found in
      clinical data. A model pacemaker can also be realized as an intracellular system.

PMID- 3999773
TI  - The distributions of cell size and generation time in a model of the cell cycle
      incorporating size control and random transitions.
AB  - A deterministic/probabilistic model of the cell division cycle is analysed
      mathematically and compared to experimental data and to other models of the cell
      cycle. The model posits a random-exiting phase of the cell cycle and a minimum
      size requirement for entry into the random-exiting phase. By design, the model
      predicts exponential "beta-curves", which are characteristic of sister cell
      generation times. We show that the model predicts "alpha-curves" with exponential
      tails and hyperbolic-sine-like shoulders, and that these curves fit observed
      generation-time data excellently. We also calculate correlation coefficients for
      sister cells and for mother-daughter pairs. These correlation coefficients are
      more negative than is generally observed, which is characteristic of all size
      control models and is generally attributed to some unknown positive correlation
      in growth rates of related cells. Next we compare theoretical size distributions
      with observed distributions, and we calculate the dependence of average cell mass
      on specific growth rate and show that this dependence agrees with a well-known
      relation in bacteria. In the discussion we argue that unequal division is
      probably not the source of stochastic fluctuations in deterministic size-control
      models, transition-probability models with no feedback from cell size cannot
      account for the rapidity with which the new, stable size distribution is
      established after perturbation, and Kubitschek's rate-normal model is not
      consistent with exponential beta-curves.

PMID- 3999774
TI  - Gaussian curvature as a parameter of biological surface growth.

PMID- 3999776
TI  - The biophysical properties of spines as a basis for their electrical function: a
      comment on Kawato & Tsukahara (1983).
AB  - In a theoretical study of the passive cable properties of dendritic spines Kawato
      & Tsukahara (1983) claim to have proved that "the dendritic spine has no
      significant electrical function" (from their discussion). However, Kawato &
      Tsukahara restrict their analysis to current inputs to spines. Since the
      dimensions of spines are very small, their input resistance is expected to be
      very large and the synaptic input to spines has to be modeled as conductance
      change. Under this assumption, spines show interesting (non-linear) electrical
      properties: i) the somatic potential induced by an excitatory synapse on a spine
      may depend strongly on the shape of the spine and ii) the effect of inhibition
      might be confined to the spine.

PMID- 3999775
TI  - The relationship between growth and allometry.
AB  - The asymptotic allometric equations are derived by considering the relative
      growth of different physiological and anatomical quantities. The growth rate is
      assumed to be proportional to the value of the quantity, where the proportion
      coefficient depends on time. The allometric exponents are calculated for some
      organs of man and compared with the experimental values for primates. The
      exponents are generally time-dependent during the growth. The effect of the
      choice of the origin of time axis on the asymptotic allometric exponents is
      studied.

PMID- 3999777
TI  - Mathematical modelling of dynamics and control in metabolic networks. III. Linear
      reaction sequences.
AB  - Kinetics of linear sequences of enzymatic reactions converting a single substrate
      into a single product are examined with emphasis on obtaining the relationship
      between the individual kinetic parameters and overall dynamic behavior. Chains of
      reactions exhibiting irreversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics are examined via
      scaling, linearization and modal analysis. The modal analysis gives the
      conditions under which the quasi-steady state assumption is applicable for one
      reaction relative to another in such a reaction sequence. The linearized
      description permits characterization of the transient response in terms of
      temporal moments. The moments provide useful physical insight and also provide a
      basis for systematic model reduction.

PMID- 3999778
TI  - Mathematical modelling of dynamics and control in metabolic networks. IV. Local
      stability analysis of single biochemical control loops.
AB  - The objective of the study presented herein is to describe the dynamic behavior
      of a single biochemical control loop, a simple system but an important element of
      metabolic networks. This loop is a self-regulated sequence of reactions that
      converts an initial substrate (S) into a final product (P). It consists of three
      basic elements: (1) a regulated reaction, where the concentration of P controls
      the flux (I) into the system. This element serves as the control element in the
      feedback circuit. (2) a sequence of unregulated reactions that leads to the
      formation of P. This process is to be regulated so that the production rate of P
      meets a desired target. (3) a process (R) that removes P from the loop to another
      part of the metabolic network. A mathematical description is formulated that
      consists of two differential equations and two unspecified functions that
      represent the reaction rates of I and R. This description is scaled to clarify
      functional dependence and to attempt a separation of genetic and process
      determined parameters. The global dynamic behavior of the model is assessed
      qualitatively by examining the occurrence of static and dynamic bifurcations,
      multiple steady states or sustained oscillations respectively, via local
      stability analysis. General criteria for both types of bifurcations are developed
      without specifying the functional form of I and R, but explicitly accounting for
      the kinetic properties of the reaction chain. A particularly simple criterion is
      found for static bifurcations which can appear only for loops with positive
      feedback, i.e. when the regulated reaction is activated by P. This criterion only
      contains the properties of I and R. The criteria for dynamic bifurcations, which
      occur when the feedback interaction is inhibitory, are more complex. These depend
      strongly on the properties of the reaction chain, and oscillations are favored if
      the dynamic operator describing the reaction sequence is of high order or if it
      contains time delays.

PMID- 3999779
TI  - Mathematical modelling of dynamics and control in metabolic networks. V. Static
      bifurcations in single biochemical control loops.
AB  - Here we expand an earlier study of feedback activation in simple linear reaction
      sequences by searching the parameter space of biologically realistic rate laws
      for multiple stable steady states. The impetus for this work is to seek the
      origin of decision making strategies at the metabolic level, with particular
      emphasis on the switching between the operating conditions needed to meet
      changing substrate availability and organism requirements. The control loop
      considered herein is a linear reaction chain in which the end product of the
      reaction sequence feedback activates the first reaction in the sequence to
      produce feedback control. It has been found that the criteria for the existence
      of multiple steady state solutions in such loops involve only the kinetics of the
      regulatory enzyme controlling the first reaction and that of end product removal.
      The effects of these kinetics are examined here using two representative models
      for the regulatory enzyme: the lumped controller, based on Hill-type kinetics,
      and the symmetry model. The behavior of these two models is qualitatively
      similar, and both show the characteristics needed for switching between low and
      high substrate utilization. The removal rate is assumed to be of the Michaelis
      Menten type. Judicious scaling of the governing equations permits separation of
      genetically determined kinetic parameters from concentration dependent ones. This
      allows us to conclude that, for a fixed set of kinetic parameters, the steady
      state flux through the loop can be switched between stable steady states by
      merely varying metabolite or enzyme concentrations. In particular, when the
      initial substrate exceeds a certain critical level, the loop can be "switched on"
      (by a discontinuous increase in the flux through the chain), and similarly, when
      it falls below a critical level, the pathway is shut down. Similar effects can be
      realized by varying the ratios of enzyme concentrations. It is proposed that by
      identifying these critical points one can gain significant insight into the
      objectives of decision making at the metabolic level.

PMID- 3999780
TI  - Stability conditions of cell populations in vivo.
AB  - Specific exogenous stimulating and inhibiting substances act on cell
      proliferation and differentiation rates. An additional internal regulatory
      mechanism is shown to be necessary to ensure the regulation of cell proliferation
      in vivo. Various internal regulatory mechanisms have been envisaged. Stability
      conditions and experimental data led us to reject all of them except those
      postulating that an inhibitory signal produced by the differentiating cells acts
      on the rate of cell proliferation. This finding supports the theory concerning
      the mechanism of action of "chalone-like" inhibiting substances.

PMID- 3999781
TI  - Stability of membrane systems modeled as multilayered viscoelastic films.
AB  - We have modeled interacting plane-parallel membranes as viscoelastic multilayered
      films. A linear dynamic analysis was used. It gave the general conditions for
      stability of membrane systems having an arbitrary number of membranes and films.
      The particular cases of one, two and three interacting layers were considered in
      detail. The results suggest a strong dependence of the stability of membrane
      systems on the interfacial tensions and the thickness of individual membranes and
      films and rather weak dependence on their viscosities and elasticities. The
      theoretical predictions are in semi-quantitative agreement with data on
      electrically induced membrane fusion in dielectrophoresis.

PMID- 3999782
TI  - Model of calcium movements in the mammalian myocardium: interval-strength
      relationship.
AB  - A model is proposed to describe the interval-strength relationship in mammalian
      cardiac muscle in terms of "discrete" calcium movements associated with each
      cycle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is assumed to be comprised of three functional
      sub-compartments: (1) The "main calcium store" which contains most of the calcium
      (predominantly bound) and is considered, due to its large buffering capacity, to
      account for the "long-term memory" lasting 7-10 beats. (2) The "releasable
      terminal" which contains the calcium readily available for release (all or most
      of it free) and accounts for the "short-term memory" which affects the subsequent
      beat. (3) The longitudinal network of the SR recirculating the myofibrillar
      calcium to the "main calcium store". The total content of calcium in the main
      store is determined by the transsarcolemmal influx and efflux. While influx
      occurs only during depolarization, efflux occurs during the whole cardiac cycle.
      The amount of free calcium in the main store is determined by an equilibrium
      equation. The release of calcium from the "releasable terminal" is governed by a
      "concentration-dependent" mechanism. This implies that when the concentration in
      the "releasable terminal" increases, the fraction released increases and the
      residual calcium left for the subsequent contraction decreases. The model
      predicts the following interval-strength relationships: steady state peak
      tension; changes from one steady rate to another; restitution curves; post
      stimulation potentiation; paired stimulation; premature beats; post-extrasystolic
      potentiation following interpolated, basal or complimentary interval.

PMID- 3999783
TI  - Physical models of biological information and adaptation.
AB  - The bio-informational equivalence asserts that biological processes reduce to
      processes of information transfer. In this paper, that equivalence is treated as
      a metaphor with deeply anthropomorphic content of a sort that resists
      constitutive-analytical definition, including formulation within mathematical
      theories of information. It is argued that continuance of the metaphor, as a
      quasi-theoretical perspective in biology, must entail a methodological
      dislocation between biological and physical science. It is proposed that a
      general class of functions, drawn from classical physics, can serve to eliminate
      the anthropomorphism. Further considerations indicate that the concept of
      biological adaptation is central to the general applicability of the
      informational idea in biology; a non-anthropomorphic treatment of adaptive
      phenomena is suggested in terms of variational principles.

PMID- 3999784
TI  - On the evolution of dominance modifiers II: a non-equilibrium approach to the
      evolution of genetic systems.
AB  - The evolution of dominance is both the simplest and best investigated example of
      the evolution of genetic systems. Nevertheless, there exists striking empirical
      material, e.g. industrial melanism, for which no satisfactory explanation could
      so far be provided. In this paper we take an approach to this classical problem
      based on a global analysis together with computer simulations. It reveals that
      during the evolution of dominance one has to distinguish a "nonequilibrium phase"
      and a "Fisherian phase". The non-equilibrium phase appears to be characterized by
      the fact that in general the selection intensity at the primary locus does not
      affect the degree of modifier selection but only the time necessary for passing
      through this phase. A further essential conclusion is that modifier evolution
      only obtains a reasonable amount of efficiency if the population reaches the
      Fisherian phase already with a high modifier frequency. Using these results,
      predictions on the population genetic prerequisites for the evolution of
      dominance are derived. From these we conclude that even in populations in which
      dominance evolution has occurred it cannot be expected that back-crosses into
      relics of the ancestral population lead to a breakdown of dominance within a few
      generations. These predictions are in accordance with empirical data on Biston
      betularia and Odontopera bidentata.

PMID- 3999785
TI  - Shape and elasticity effects on erythrocyte electrostatic repulsion.
AB  - It is shown that the double-layer interaction between two symmetrically parallel
      red blood cells depends largely on their shape and elasticity. Various shapes are
      examined, including the realistic shape of a biconcave discocyte with an elastic
      membrane. It is found that changes in the shape and the elasticity of the
      erythrocyte may result in orders of magnitude differences in the forces and
      energies of pair interaction.

PMID- 3999786
TI  - Noisy neural nets exhibiting epileptic features.
AB  - On the basis of our previous studies of noisy neural nets we propose a model for
      the explanation of epileptic phenomena. Our neural net model is capable of
      exhibiting epileptic features if the number of spontaneously firing neurons is
      periodically increased beyond a certain threshold. Some alternative epileptogenic
      mechanisms are also discussed. The epileptic behavior of the neural net is
      determined by a combination of certain parameters of its phase diagram. The
      general features of the model are consistent with several experimental
      observations and explain some poorly understood clinical phenomena. The
      differences between normal and epileptic neural nets are explained in terms of
      the structural properties of the model.

PMID- 3999787
TI  - A diffusion limited reaction theory for a solid-phase immunoassay.
AB  - Theoretical calculations are presented, describing the kinetics of a solid-phase
      immunoassay where reactants are allowed to diffuse through a gel wedge in the
      bottom of a circular basin. The analysis is based on the assumption of a
      diffusion rate limited reaction at the underlaying surface. The influence of
      initial concentration, incubation time, temperature and the effect of stirring
      are predicted by the theoretical model. Experimental data are found to follow the
      theoretical model with parameters consistent with previous values.

PMID- 3999788
TI  - Evaluation of brush cytology as an independent technique for detection of
      esophageal carcinoma.
AB  - In this study the accuracy of indirect brush cytology for detection of esophageal
      carcinoma is evaluated against current standard methods of diagnosis and is
      compared with the known accuracy rate of endoscopically directed brush cytology.
      A standard endoscopic nylon brush placed inside a nasogastric tube was used in
      203 patients with various esophageal problems. Correct diagnosis was made in 78%
      of cancers, 95% of potentially premalignant cases, and 100% of cases of normal
      esophageal mucosa with both indirect and directed brushing procedures. The
      technique meets most requirements of a new screening procedure as being simple,
      safe (no complications), relatively inexpensive, and acceptable to patients (98%
      compliance). Currently it is employed to monitor high-risk esophageal conditions
      and post-treatment courses of patients with pharyngoesophageal tumors for local
      recurrence or a new primary lesion in the esophagus.

PMID- 3999789
TI  - Solutions for preservation of the heart at 0 degrees C.
AB  - Solutions developed for cardioplegia and myocardial protection during elective
      ischemic cardiac arrest have also been used for the storage of heart grafts at 0
      degrees C. In this study we show that a solution based upon the principles
      established in renal preservation experiments gives superior preservation of
      rabbit hearts at 0 degrees C. The solution contained K+ 25 mmol/L, Mg++ 10
      mmol/L, sufficient glucose to prevent fluid uptake during storage (30 mmol/L),
      and a low concentration of calcium (0.1 mmol/L). The complete omission of calcium
      was detrimental to function after prolonged storage.

PMID- 3999790
TI  - Surgical treatment of subpulmonary obstruction in transposition of the great
      arteries by means of a left ventricular-pulmonary arterial conduit. Late results
      and further considerations.
AB  - Between January, 1976, and June, 1983, 16 patients with transposition of the
      great arteries and fixed subpulmonary obstruction underwent repair by means of a
      combined Mustard procedure and placement of a conduit between the left ventricle
      and main pulmonary artery. Their mean age and weight were 5.3 years and 19 kg.
      Ten patients had an intact ventricular septum and six had a ventricular septal
      defect, which because of its size or location precluded a Rastelli repair. A
      fibromuscular tunnel was the most common type of subpulmonary obstruction (10/16,
      62%). There were three early deaths and one late death. Early cardiac
      catheterization (mean interval from operation, 45 days), performed in 10 of 13
      survivors, showed a significant decrease in the mean left ventricular-pulmonary
      arterial gradient from 66 to 8.5 mm Hg. Late cardiac catheterization (mean
      interval from operation, 4 years) showed continuing relief of the subpulmonary
      obstruction with a mean increase in peak systolic transconduit pressure gradient
      of 6.4 mm Hg. This procedure is an option to direct relief in the management of
      severe fixed subpulmonary obstruction in patients with transposition and intact
      ventricular septum or in the presence of a ventricular septal defect when a
      Rastelli repair is precluded.

PMID- 3999791
TI  - Cardiac operation for congenital heart disease in children of Jehovah's
      Witnesses.
AB  - We reviewed the perioperative courses of 110 children of members of the Jehovah's
      Witness faith who underwent 112 operations for complete repair of congenital
      heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass. Operations were performed over a 20
      year period, ending June, 1983. The children ranged in age from 6 months to 12
      years and weighed 5.2 to 42.3 kg. Thirty-nine (34.8%) of the patients weighed
      less than 15 kg, 36 (32.1%) were polycythemic preoperatively, and 26 (23%) had
      previous thoracic operations. All operations were performed during normothermic
      cardiopulmonary bypass with a glucose crystalloid prime. No patient received any
      blood or blood products during hospitalization. Perioperative mortality was 5.4%.
      Only one of the deaths could be attributed to blood loss. Complications occurred
      in 10 patients, and none of these could be attributed to failure to transfuse.
      The results demonstrate that cardiac operations can be safely performed in
      children denied transfusion and suggest that hemodilution techniques might be
      used more extensively in children undergoing cardiac operations.

PMID- 3999792
TI  - Spontaneous development of paraplegia after repair of coarctation of the aorta.
AB  - This report describes the case of a 19-month-old boy in whom paraplegia developed
      spontaneously 2 days after a technically uncomplicated coarctation of the aorta
      repair.

PMID- 3999793
TI  - Spiral vein graft: an alternative method for relief of superior vena caval
      obstruction following the Mustard repair.
AB  - This report describes our experience with an 11-year-old girl with superior vena
      caval syndrome following an intra-atrial baffle for transposition of the great
      arteries. She underwent a saphenous spiral vein graft with excellent relief of
      the obstruction. This method is presented as an alternative to the use of
      cardiopulmonary bypass for baffle revision and direct anastomosis of the
      innominate vein to the left atrial appendage when the latter is not feasible.

PMID- 3999794
TI  - Myocardial infarction complicated by myocardial rupture and Bacteroides sepsis.
AB  - A patient in whom a myocardial rupture complicated recent myocardial infarction
      was found to have cardiac and systemic Bacteroides sepsis; he had just completed
      a course of steroids. Surgical repair of the cardiac rupture, mediastinal
      irrigation with povidone-iodine, and broad-spectrum antibiotics resulted in the
      patient's recovery.

PMID- 3999795
TI  - Metabolic effects of fructose diphosphate.

PMID- 3999797
TI  - Management of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring
      cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 3999796
TI  - Professor Marchand's aortic root homograft operation.

PMID- 3999798
TI  - Monitoring the remission induction therapy of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia by
      bone marrow cell culture criteria.
AB  - In 31 cases of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia, bone marrow cells were serially
      cultured in semi-solid agar during the remission induction therapy. A normal in
      vitro cell growth pattern returned in 15 out of 22 patients up to 77 days before
      a complete remission was established by clinical and hematological criteria. In 6
      cases the return of normal colonies coincided with clinical and hematological
      evidence of a complete remission. Nine patients failed to attain a remission and
      died from complications of bone marrow aplasia. Only one had a normal number of
      colonies and a normal cluster/colony ratio in cultures prepared 11 days after the
      completion of the first course of chemotherapy. At this time, his platelet count
      increased to normal level, possibly indicating a developing remission. Bone
      marrow cell culture criteria are useful in monitoring the remission induction
      therapy in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. An early return of
      normal in vitro cell growth pattern suggests an approaching remission, which may
      be achieved several weeks later.

PMID- 3999799
TI  - Deficiency of a major myeloid antigen in neutrophils of patients with refractory
      anemia and excess myeloblasts.
AB  - The expression of a major granulocyte-related antigen was assessed on the
      peripheral blood neutrophils of patients with the syndrome of refractory anemia
      with excess blasts. Of thirteen patients studied six showed a marked decrease in
      the number of cells with detectable staining. These results indicate that,
      although the neutrophils may appear normal by standard morphological criteria in
      this disease, they may be defective in a major component associated with myeloid
      maturation.

PMID- 3999800
TI  - Deficiency of UV-induced excision repair in human thymocytes.
AB  - The capacity of human thymocytes and of differentiated lymphocytes circulating in
      peripheral blood to perform unscheduled DNA synthesis (a measure of nucleotide
      excision repair) after UV irradiation was measured by radioautographic analysis.
      Only 4% of immature T lymphocytes, but 68% of circulating lymphocytes exhibited
      unscheduled DNA synthesis. When UV sensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes
      and thymocytes from the same donor were compared, the thymocytes, in each case,
      were significantly more UV sensitive than were the circulating lymphocytes.
      Peripheral blood lymphocytes from subjects undergoing halothane and morphine
      anesthesia during surgery showed 56% less excision repair capacity than those
      from unanesthetized donors. The difference occurred in the number of cells
      capable of repair rather than in the extent of repair synthesis per cell.
      Ultraviolet-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis occurred in only 3% of the
      thymocytes removed from rats killed by cervical dislocation. Therefore, the
      deficiency of excision repair was observed in rat thymocytes which had not been
      affected by anesthesia or surgical trauma. Since the thymus contains more than
      90% immature T-cells, our results indicate that immature T-cells are deficient in
      nucleotide excision repair whereas the majority of mature peripheral blood
      lymphocytes exhibit such repair.

PMID- 3999801
TI  - Regulators of stem cell proliferation in the haemopoietic tissues of W/Wv and
      S1/S1d mice.
AB  - The presence of CFU-S proliferation stimulatory and inhibitory activities in the
      bone marrow and spleens of normal mice (+/+) and mice with mutations affecting
      the proliferative behaviour of stem cells (S1/S1d and W/Wv) has been
      investigated. S1/S1d and +/+ bone marrow and spleen contain virtually no
      detectable stimulator but the corresponding tissues from W/Wv mice are both
      strongly stimulatory. S1/S1d marrow in particular, but also +/+ marrow are
      strongly inhibitory whilst +/+ spleen, S1/S1d spleen, W/Wv marrow and W/Wv spleen
      all contain inhibitory activity but at a lower specific activity. The data are
      compatible with studies of cell and tissue grafts that have indicated an
      intrinsic haemopoietic stem cell defect in W/Wv mice and an extrinsic,
      microenvironmental defect in S1/S1d mice. It is suggested that they are also
      compatible with defective regulatory interactions between stem cells and
      regulator-producing cells and that the W and S1 loci may code for products
      involved in the production of, or response to, CFU-S proliferation regulators.

PMID- 3999802
TI  - A technique for the microinjection of macromolecules into viable chromaffin cells
      in culture.
AB  - A technique is described by which macromolecules can be microinjected into
      chromaffin cells in monolayer culture. This technique employs erythrocyte ghosts
      as the vehicles for microinjection, phytohemagglutinin, a plant lectin, as an
      attachment agent, and polyethylene glycol as the fusagen. High erythrocyte ghost
      chromaffin cell fusion indices have been obtained, with an average of 46.2 +/-
      1.1% (n = 14) of the total chromaffin cell population efficiently injected. Cell
      viability is well maintained during and after fusion with an average cell loss of
      12 +/- 0.4% (n = 14) of the total cell population. The functional parameters
      which characterize the chromaffin cells in culture are unaltered after fusion
      induced microinjection. The endogenous catecholamine content, the uptake of
      exogenous catecholamines via the high-affinity uptake mechanism for
      catecholamines, as well as the cell's response to various secretagogues remain
      unchanged. This procedure which allows a large number of cultured cells to be
      injected rapidly without significant loss of cell viability will aid in the study
      of the molecular and cell biology in this system.

PMID- 3999803
TI  - A new stabilizing agent for the tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) reaction product in
      the histochemical detection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
AB  - In this paper, an alternative procedure for the histochemical detection of HRP
      using amonium heptamolybdate (AHM) as a stabilizing agent and tetramethyl
      benzidine (TMB) as a chromogen is reported. This procedure avoids the two main
      problems that occur in previous methods using sodium nitroferricyanide (SNF) as
      the stabilizer, namely, the appearance of needle-shaped crystals at non-specific
      anatomical sites, and intensive tissue shrinkage. A comparative study of both,
      the TMB-AHM and TMB-SNF methods, was performed in the analysis of cerebral cortex
      afferent connections of the lizard Podarcis hispanica. This study demonstrates
      that the two methods are of similar sensitivity. The TMB-AHM reaction can be
      carried out at physiological pH (from 6 to 8), thus, avoiding tissue contraction.
      The reaction product is of an intense blue-green colour and, as with the TMB-SNF
      method, shows granulation. The appearance of non-specific precipitates is
      completely avoided when the incubation medium is maintained at a pH in excess of
      5.

PMID- 3999804
TI  - The arterially perfused eyecup of the tree squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis: a
      preparation for intracellular recording from mammalian retinal neurons.
AB  - The arterially perfused eyecup of the Eastern gray squirrel, Sciurus
      carolinensis, has been developed for the study of mammalian retinal neurons by
      the technique of intracellular recording. Particular emphasis is placed in this
      report on the development of a convenient perfusion chamber. The choice of this
      animal and the reason for choosing the arterially perfused open eyecup are also
      discussed. Intracellular recordings were made from all major types of neurons in
      the squirrel retina. Data are presented here from ganglion cells and bipolar
      cells.

PMID- 3999805
TI  - A simple and economical method for studying protein phosphorylation in vivo in
      the rat brain.
AB  - A simple and economical procedure, capable of routine application, is described
      for the labelling of cerebral phosphoproteins in vivo. [32P]Orthophosphate, in
      high concentration, was infused into selected brain areas of anaesthetised rats
      under stereotaxic control. The animals were frozen with liquid N2 and the
      labelled tissue punched out of frozen thick sections. [32P]Polypeptides were
      analysed by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Several
      phosphoproteins on the gels were provisionally identified, including synapsin I,
      MAP-2 and an 82-87 kdalton substrate of protein kinase 'C'.

PMID- 3999807
TI  - The risks of unilateral nephrectomy: status of kidney donors 10 to 20 years
      postoperatively.
AB  - We received requested follow-up information from 105 (73%) of our 144 kidney
      donors who had undergone unilateral nephrectomy 10 to 20 years previously. Five
      donors had died of unrelated causes 6 or more years postoperatively. Studies in
      the remaining 100 donors showed that the current mean serum creatinine
      concentration was 1.2 mg/dl and the mean 24-hour urinary protein value was 89 mg.
      Hypertension (defined as 160 mm Hg or more systolic, 95 mm Hg or more diastolic,
      or both) was present in 19% of the donors. In a subgroup of 66 donors who had had
      serial serum creatinine determinations, the renal function, as estimated on the
      basis of these serum creatinine values, had not deteriorated with time. Thus, we
      consider unilateral nephrectomy in this group of patients relatively safe.
      Subsequent evaluation will be necessary to ascertain whether these findings
      prevail.

PMID- 3999806
TI  - A simple motor controller for computer-assisted microscopy.
AB  - A very simple controller has been built which allows a laboratory computer to
      drive a stepping motor stage and focus axis motor of a research light microscope.
      Its cost is minimal; negligible in comparison to the controllers offered by the
      microscope manufactures. A subroutine has been written to enable the programmer
      to control the microscope easily. The controller has been installed in the UNC
      neuron reconstruction system and functions very well.

PMID- 3999808
TI  - Coronary heart disease in residents of Rochester, Minnesota. VI. Hospital and
      posthospital course of patients with transmural and subendocardial myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - During the period 1960 through 1979, 1,221 residents of Rochester, Minnesota, who
      were 30 years of age or older had a myocardial infarction as the first
      manifestation of coronary heart disease. Patients who had a prior diagnosis of
      congestive heart failure or valvular heart disease were excluded from this study.
      Of the 1,221 patients, 784 had a transmural infarction, 353 had a subendocardial
      infarction, and 84 had infarctions that could not be classified (most of the
      unclassified infarctions were associated with sudden death in patients who were
      not hospitalized). The age- and sex-adjusted 30-day case fatality rate was 18%
      among those with transmural and 9% among those with subendocardial myocardial
      infarction. No significant difference was found in subsequent survivorship or in
      net survivorship free of reinfarction during the first 5 years of follow-up. Five
      year net survivorship free of reinfarction, coronary artery bypass operation, and
      cardiac death was not significantly different between the two groups, nor was net
      survivorship free of five established events (the three aforementioned events
      plus the development of congestive heart failure or angina). When these five
      events were considered independently in the two infarction cohorts, however,
      development of congestive heart failure was more common among patients with
      transmural infarction (P less than 0.01), whereas the development of angina was
      more common among patients with subendocardial myocardial infarction (P less than
      or equal to 0.06).

PMID- 3999809
TI  - Preoperative nutritional status and other factors that influence surgical outcome
      in patients with Crohn's disease.
AB  - Among 124 patients who underwent an elective surgical procedure for Crohn's
      disease during 1 year at our institution, 16(13%) had postoperative
      complications, including one death. The risk of developing postoperative
      complications was inversely related to the concentrations of serum albumin and
      total iron-binding capacity. The complication rate was 29% among patients with
      low (less than 3.1 g/dl) serum albumin levels but only 6% among patients with
      normal albumin levels. Patients were also more likely to experience postoperative
      complications if they had previously undergone an operation for Crohn's disease,
      received sulfasalazine, or required an ileostomy. No correlations were noted
      between postoperative complications and preoperative weight loss or preponderance
      of Crohn's disease of the colon. The median duration of postoperative
      hospitalization was 24.5 days for the 16 patients with complications in
      comparison with only 10 days for patients without complications.

PMID- 3999810
TI  - Constrictive pericarditis: assessment of current diagnostic procedures.
AB  - Constrictive pericarditis frequently poses a diagnostic challenge because of its
      varied manifestations. Accurate diagnosis is essential, however, because surgical
      decortication may yield excellent clinical results. Although new diagnostic
      procedures have helped the clinician to diagnose constrictive pericarditis, the
      initial clinical suspicion of this diagnosis must be high for appropriate
      interpretation of these tests. Echocardiography is useful, primarily for
      distinguishing various other cardiac abnormalities that may simulate constrictive
      pericarditis. Computed tomography is a valuable procedure for assessment of
      pericardial thickening. In addition, evaluation of early diastolic filling by
      computerized digitization in conjunction with echocardiography, angiography, and
      invasive hemodynamics shows promise as a diagnostic tool. Even with these new
      diagnostic aids, distinguishing constrictive pericarditis from restrictive
      cardiomyopathy may be difficult and, in some cases, may necessitate an
      exploratory operative procedure.

PMID- 3999811
TI  - Ticks, spirochetes, and new diagnostic tests for Lyme disease.

PMID- 3999812
TI  - Chronic dietary choline modulates synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar glomeruli
      of aging mice.
AB  - A morphometric investigation was carried out on ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E
      PTA) stained synaptic junctions in the cerebellar glomeruli of adult, old, old
      choline-deficient and old choline-supplemented mice. Numerical (Nv) and surface
      (Sv) density as well as average length (L) of the synapses were calculated on 100
      pictures per group. A significant reduction of Nv and Sv, as well as an increase
      of L was found during aging. Choline deficient animals did not show any change as
      compared to old animals of the same age. In choline supplemented mice Nv and Sv
      were significantly increased and L significantly decreased, respectively, as
      compared to old control littermates. No difference was found between adult and
      choline supplemented mice. In the cerebellar glomeruli only a small fraction of
      fibers are cholinergic, therefore the present findings support the idea that
      dietary choline can influence systems other than cholinergic. The possible role
      of choline supplementation in the modulation of synaptic plasticity via the
      synthesis and/or turnover of neuronal membrane choline phospholipids, is
      discussed.

PMID- 3999813
TI  - Decreased protein synthesis of transforming lymphocytes from aged humans:
      relationship to impaired mitogenesis with age.
AB  - Recent studies have indicated that the decline in mitogenesis during the aging
      process may be related to intracellular defects that become apparent when the
      cells are subjected to the metabolic stress of cell transformation. We provide
      the first report of an age-related decline in protein synthesis in human
      lymphocytes exposed to phytohemagglutinin. This impairment in protein synthetic
      capacity from aged subjects' transforming cells is apparent from 24 to 72 h of
      culture. By 72 h of culture the incorporation of radiolabeled leucine in
      stimulated cells from elderly subjects is about half that for the young. However,
      cells from the aged have an increased protein content in the face of decreased
      synthesis suggesting a degradation defect. Since protein synthesis may be
      necessary for the induction of key effectors which activate glycolysis (which is
      necessary for transformation), we sought to relate the impaired protein synthesis
      to the impaired glycolytic enzyme induction with age. Cycloheximide totally
      inhibited glycolytic enzyme induction as well as cell transformation. A defect in
      protein synthesis with age may interfere with new enzyme synthesis which is
      necessary to activate requisite pathways for mitogenesis such as glycolysis.

PMID- 3999815
TI  - Effects of aging and endotoxin on hepatic glucocorticoid action and glucose
      metabolism in mice.
AB  - Hepatic binding of [3H] dexamethasone, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
      activity, glycogen levels, and plasma glucose and corticosterone concentrations
      were measured in young, mature, and old mice given either endotoxin or vehicle.
      Endotoxin treatment differentially lowered plasma glucose concentration, hepatic
      glycogen content, PEPCK activity and specifically bound [3H] dexamethasone, but
      increased plasma corticosterone concentration by a magnitude dependent upon the
      age of the animal.

PMID- 3999814
TI  - Effects of skeletal muscle regeneration on the proliferation potential of
      satellite cells.
AB  - Skeletal muscle satellite cells are myogenic stem cells that function to repair
      damaged muscle fibers. Participation of satellite cells in a regeneration
      response following muscle injury results in a significant reduction in their
      cumulative proliferation potential. The magnitude of the reduction is
      proportional to the number of regeneration responses in which the cells
      participate.

PMID- 3999816
TI  - Senescence and the retinal pigment epithelium: alterations in basal plasma
      membrane morphology.
AB  - Marked age-related changes in the morphology of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)
      cell basal infoldings were found in pigmented rats. Quantitative morphometric
      analysis revealed that during senescence the amount of basal plasma membrane per
      unit RPE length increased substantially, the regional distribution of the basal
      infoldings along the RPE became more irregular, and the average depth of
      penetration of the basal infoldings into the RPE increased dramatically. The
      crucial role of the RPE in maintaining retinal integrity suggests that the
      observed changes in RPE morphology may be involved in the development of senile
      retinopathies which occur in a variety of species, including man.

PMID- 3999817
TI  - The hyalinosis-associated 90 kD glycoprotein of human skin has lectin-like
      characteristics.
AB  - 90 kD glycoprotein is a sialylated, mannose-rich protein which accumulates
      predominantly in the skin in massive hyalinosis. This study demonstrates that
      purified 90 kD glycoprotein induces agglutination of A, B and O red cells which
      is inhibitable by alpha-D-glucose and alpha-D-fucose. The binding of various 125I
      labelled proteins to 90 kD glycoprotein is both carbohydrate and calcium
      dependent. The results show that 90 kD glycoprotein is a lectin-like carbohydrate
      binding haemagglutinin.

PMID- 3999818
TI  - The effect of praziquantel, an antihelminthicum, on the peptidergic nervous
      system of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.
AB  - The effect of the antihelminthic substance Praziquantel on the peptidergic
      nervous system in the adult gull-tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum was
      tested. As well as increasing muscle contraction the drug provoked a fall in the
      amount and size of the peptidergic nerve terminals in the subtegumental region.
      The number of small clear vesicles in the terminals also fell.

PMID- 3999819
TI  - Monoamine and diamine oxidative deamination in the longitudinal smooth muscle of
      guinea pig ileum.
AB  - The longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum contains three different types
      of oxidative deaminating enzymes: monoamine oxidase types A and B, diamine
      oxidase and a soluble clorgyline-deprenyl-resistant benzylamine oxidase. These
      enzymes have different subcellular locations. The longitudinal smooth muscle of
      guinea pig ileum oxidatively deaminates beta-phenylethylamine at a much higher
      rate than benzylamine. beta-Phenylethylamine is a good substrate for monoamine
      oxidase type B but also for the soluble clorgyline-deprenyl-resistant benzylamine
      oxidase. On the other hand, benzylamine is oxidised by mitochondrial monoamine
      oxidase, by the clorgyline-deprenyl-resistant enzyme and by diamine oxidase.

PMID- 3999821
TI  - [Histaminology].

PMID- 3999820
TI  - [Changes in calcium metabolism in patients with renal lithiasis].

PMID- 3999822
TI  - [Determination of total lipids in serum: an obsolete test].

PMID- 3999823
TI  - [Myoclonic and convulsive encephalopathy caused by bismuth. Usefulness of
      dimercaprol treatment].

PMID- 3999824
TI  - [Nosocomial acute maxillary sinusitis: apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 3999825
TI  - [Candida albicans pustulosis resistant to ketoconazole in a heroin-addict].

PMID- 3999826
TI  - [Interaction of carbamacepine and tuberculostatic agents].

PMID- 3999827
TI  - [Hepatitis caused by carbamazepine].

PMID- 3999828
TI  - [Pulmonary tuberculosis and fiberbronchoscopy].

PMID- 3999829
TI  - [Determination of erythrocyte porphyrins by mathematic calculation].

PMID- 3999830
TI  - [Fungemia 1973-1983. Analysis of 67 patients].

PMID- 3999831
TI  - [White's type of diabetic pregnant patient and degree of metabolic compensation
      during gestation: its influence on the weight of the newborn infant].

PMID- 3999832
TI  - [Consumption, dietary habits and nutritional status of the population of Reus
      (IV). Distribution by age and sex of the consumption of roots and tubers,
      cereals, sugars and fruits].

PMID- 3999833
TI  - [Long-term results of the treatment of postmenopausic osteoporosis with
      calcitonin and calcium].

PMID- 3999834
TI  - [Current status of obstetric psychoprophylaxis].

PMID- 3999835
TI  - [Immunologic factors in essential arterial hypertension].

PMID- 3999836
TI  - [Recurrent polychondritis. A case resistant to corticoid treatment].

PMID- 3999837
TI  - [Acute respiratory insufficiency and osteomalacic myopathy: a casual
      association?].

PMID- 3999838
TI  - [First original case of hydatidosis in the Canary Islands].

PMID- 3999839
TI  - [Are dyslipemias a risk factor in cerebrovascular disease?].

PMID- 3999840
TI  - [Blisters and necrosis of the eccrine sweat glands in patients in drug induced
      coma].

PMID- 3999841
TI  - [Recurrent nodular panniculitis. Weber-Christian disease].

PMID- 3999842
TI  - [Malignant syndrome caused by neuroleptics. Rapid response to biperiden in a case
      of brief development].

PMID- 3999843
TI  - [Acute abdomen and nitrofurantoin].

PMID- 3999844
TI  - [Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 3999845
TI  - [Epidemiology of multiple myeloma in the province of Caceres].

PMID- 3999846
TI  - [Medical treatment of cerebral abscess].

PMID- 3999847
TI  - [Infection by hepatitis virus in inmates and personnel of a penal institution].

PMID- 3999848
TI  - [Renal phosphate loss and idiopathic hypercalciuria].

PMID- 3999849
TI  - [Fungemia 1973-1983. Epidemiologic study].

PMID- 3999850
TI  - [Post-transfusional hepatitis: review of 155 cases].

PMID- 3999852
TI  - [Increase in voltage of the R wave without simultaneous increase of the ST
      segment in acute myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 3999851
TI  - [Serologic markers of hepatitis B virus].

PMID- 3999853
TI  - [Candida parapsilosis endocarditis].

PMID- 3999854
TI  - [Autoimmune atrophic thyroiditis associated with polymyositis and pulmonary
      fibrosis].

PMID- 3999855
TI  - [A new case of Munchausen syndrome].

PMID- 3999856
TI  - [Plafibride and vascular insufficiency of the lower limbs].

PMID- 3999857
TI  - [Plafibride--is it an effective drug as a hypolipemic agent?].

PMID- 3999858
TI  - [Refractory anemia with partial myeloblastosis and non-hematological neoplasms:
      an infrequent association?].

PMID- 3999859
TI  - Of disease codification, classification and nomenclature.

PMID- 3999860
TI  - A strategy for the implementation of automated information systems.

PMID- 3999861
TI  - A comparative study of the efficiency of radiological and endoscopic examinations
      by means of data screening methods in gastroenterology.

PMID- 3999862
TI  - Identification of patients in medical data bases--soundex codes versus match
      code.

PMID- 3999863
TI  - A comprehensive codification for the medical/hospital information system.

PMID- 3999865
TI  - Visual characteristics of negative-type seven-segment liquid crystal numerical
      display devices.

PMID- 3999864
TI  - Method of medical data preparation for modern prophylactic needs.

PMID- 3999866
TI  - [Women with high morbidity records--adoption study shows possible causing
      factors].

PMID- 3999867
TI  - [Steroid treatment of endogenous asthma in adults should be more frequent and
      longer than is now recommended].

PMID- 3999868
TI  - [Enprofylline--a new therapeutic possibility in asthma and other obstructive lung
      diseases].

PMID- 3999869
TI  - [Craniofacial surgery in Gothenburg. Premature synostoses--new methods in early
      treatment].

PMID- 3999870
TI  - [Paracetamol and liver damage in a new light: are findings of tumors Gn mice and
      rats relevant for the clinical situation?].

PMID- 3999871
TI  - [Sensitivity of different metastasizing tumor populations to treatment with
      cytostatics].

PMID- 3999872
TI  - [Brain edema in toxic shock syndrome. The first fatal case in Sweden?].

PMID- 3999873
TI  - [Basalioma--treatment with curettage and diathermy].

PMID- 3999874
TI  - [Peroxisomal defects in Zellweger's disease--a description of 2 Swedish cases].

PMID- 3999875
TI  - [Still's disease in adulthood--an alternative to differential diagnosis of
      obscure fever].

PMID- 3999876
TI  - [Empty sella syndrome--an important differential diagnosis to hypophyseal tumor].

PMID- 3999877
TI  - [Femoral nerve paralysis after traumatic iliacus muscle rupture].

PMID- 3999878
TI  - [Psychiatry in primary health care: care of patients with senile dementia in a
      primary health care area].

PMID- 3999879
TI  - [Cognitive therapy of depression. A review of 17 controlled studies].

PMID- 3999880
TI  - [Sleep apnea and its protean-like manifestations. Sleep characterized by loud
      snoring alternating with periods of silence].

PMID- 3999881
TI  - [Intraspinal epidural hematoma--an unusual complication in epidural anesthesia].

PMID- 3999882
TI  - [An endemic case of typhoid--persisting contagiousness after several decades].

PMID- 3999883
TI  - [Celiac disease increases the risk of malignancy].

PMID- 3999884
TI  - [Carbamazepine as a cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome?].

PMID- 3999885
TI  - [Sickness impact profile: introduction of a Swedish version of health status
      indicators].

PMID- 3999887
TI  - [Screening of all donors for preventing transmission of AIDS via blood, semen,
      tissues].

PMID- 3999886
TI  - [Gluteal compartment syndrome caused by injections and physical exhaustion].

PMID- 3999888
TI  - [Risk of spontaneous abortion after early prenatal diagnosis performed by chorion
      biopsy].

PMID- 3999889
TI  - [Potentially severe and often insidious adverse psychological effects of
      chloroquine].

PMID- 3999890
TI  - [Is the combination of amphetamine and chloroquine the cause of unexpected
      psychological symptoms?].

PMID- 3999891
TI  - [Smoking prevention in primary health care. Nicotine chewing gum is more
      effective than counseling in breaking the smoking habit].

PMID- 3999892
TI  - [Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test as a potential diagnostic aid in the
      preoperative detection of patients at risk for infection].
AB  - The clinical application of a simple quantitative NBT-test to investigate the
      "killing function" of granulocytes in surgical patients with various underlying
      diseases is described. In this test preoperative patients showing a decreased NBT
      reduction in their leucocytes always developed infectious complications after
      surgery. Taken together, these results indicate that the NBT-test could be used
      as a "simple indicator" of the granulocyte function in respect to the
      predictability for patients with high risk of infection.

PMID- 3999893
TI  - [Organ preserving spleen surgery in childhood].
AB  - Our experiences with organ saving procedures of the spleen in childhood are
      presented. In 9 out of 12 children (75%) with traumatic rupture we preserved the
      organ partially or completely. In 4 patients a partial splenectomy was performed,
      in three cases of splenorrhaphy was done, and once the organ was repaired with
      fibrin adhesive. One child was treated conservatively. Another patient underwent
      splenectomy followed by autotransplantation. Two out of twelve died intra- or
      postoperatively from severe concomitant injuries. Out of 11 patients with
      Hodgkin's disease we performed partial splenectomy in five. Only in
      macroscopically involved cases the organ was removed. In one patient a huge
      epidermoid cyst of the spleen was enucleated. In another child with a big twisted
      wandering spleen a splenopexy after partial resection was carried out. In
      children the spleen should be preserved if ever possible.

PMID- 3999894
TI  - [Regeneration of the trachea following partial or total replacement by synthetic
      resorbable material (polyglactin 910)].
AB  - Though longer distances of the trachea and segments of the bronchi can be
      resected and the blunts be joined by end-to-end anastomosis, the replacement of
      parts of the wall of the tracheobronchial tree may become necessary. Alloplastic
      not absorbable material like silicone was not successful because of its
      disposition to infections and development of stenosis. Absorbable suture material
      proved to be suitable in tracheal surgery and it was shown that texture of
      Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) could even be used for replacement of the aortic wall.
      We used weaved tubes of 2.5 mm diameter as prostheses of this material. We partly
      resected the trachea in the throat of 30 rats and in a microsurgical procedure we
      replaced in 17 animals the whole circumference by the tube shaped prosthesis and
      in 13 animals a window in the trachea by a patch, cut from such a prosthesis. By
      pneumonia or granulation in the anastomosis region 11 rats died or had to be
      sacrificed untimely. The others survived in several periods up to 10 weeks. At
      the time of autopsy starting after 3 weeks, a newly formed trachea could be
      demonstrated, which is covered more and more with respiratory epithelium. By
      light microscopic and scanning microscopic examinations, the development of a new
      wall, similar to the normal one, was seen. This wall lacks only mucus glands, but
      contains structures similar to hyaline cartilage. Our absorbable prosthesis
      cannot prevent the development of stenosis by overshooting granulation in the
      early postoperative period, but very soon the material is absorbed and replaced
      by a structure similar to the normal wall. After biodegradation, problems appear
      by instability of the new tissue, because of collapsing during inspiration. This
      problem could be solved by covering the prosthesis by an additional supporting
      scaffold.

PMID- 3999895
TI  - [When do you see an indication for cholecystectomy of a gallbladder without
      stones?].

PMID- 3999896
TI  - Columella-labial changes in solution of rhinoplastic problems.
AB  - The nose relates intimately to the upper lip. As in all facial cosmetic surgery,
      anatomic and aesthetic diagnosis of the deformity is essential to providing the
      best treatment possible in a particular patient. Within a reasonable range,
      changes may be made easily in the columella-labial area. Often these changes
      enhance the results of typical rhinoplastic maneuvers and make safer and more
      predictable the results of the rest of the rhinoplastic surgery. Techniques for
      altering the columella-labial region are presented. Examples are shown
      demonstrating diagnostic, aesthetic, and therapeutic aspects.

PMID- 3999898
TI  - Mondini's dysplasia with recurrent meningitis.
AB  - This report describes the diagnosis and surgical management of two patients with
      similar inner ear malformations resulting in recurrent otitic meningitis. Each
      patient had a meningocele presenting through the oval window associated with
      Mondini's anomaly. Details of radiographic diagnosis and surgical management
      strategies will be discussed and long-term follow-up presented.

PMID- 3999897
TI  - Transcutaneous Teflon injection of the paralyzed vocal cord: a new technique.
AB  - Because of anatomical deformity, trismus, or for other reasons, it may on
      occasion be impossible to visualize a larynx by the usual laryngoscopy methods.
      Such difficulties in patients who have paralytic dysphonia may also make it
      impossible to effect improved vocal cord closure by the usual techniques of
      Teflon injection. We have applied a new technique, detailed in this report, to
      these problem cases. Following topical anesthesia of the nose, nasopharynx, and
      larynx, 1% Xylocaine is injected over the cricothyroid membrane. A flexible or
      telescopic laryngoscope connected to a television camera is introduced through
      the nose or oral cavity, respectively. A 16-gauge spinal needle is introduced
      into the subglottic tracheal lumen via the cricothyroid membrane and directed
      into the undersurface of the paralyzed vocal cord under indirect visual control.
      Teflon is then injected, monitored via the television image. Our early experience
      with this simple technique indicates that voice improvement is comparable to that
      expected using conventional transoral laryngoscopic techniques.

PMID- 3999899
TI  - Cholesterol granuloma of the petrous apex.
AB  - Cholesterol granuloma of the petrous apex is a newly recognized clinical entity
      distinct from cholesteatoma. Cholesterol granuloma usually produces symptoms of
      trigeminal, facial, and abducens nerve palsy and may not affect the auditory
      nerve. The characteristic computerized cranial tomographic (CCT) finding is a
      nonenhancing, smooth-walled, expansile lesion that is isodense with brain tissue
      in a patient with bilaterally well pneumatized mastoids and petrous apices.
      Treatment is limited to drainage of the cyst and insertion of a stent for
      permanent aeration of the petrous apex. Of ten cases of cholesterol granuloma of
      the petrous apex recently diagnosed at the Otologic Medical Group, the correct
      preoperative diagnosis was made in nine patients on the basis of CCT findings.
      Six of the nine patients had serviceable hearing preoperatively; serviceable
      hearing was maintained postoperatively in five patients.

PMID- 3999901
TI  - Transcanal management of benign middle ear lesions involving the anterior middle
      ear cleft.
AB  - The anterior middle ear has always been a difficult area to visualize and access.
      This report reviews the experience with a new approach to gain exposure of the
      middle ear. This technique involves separating the entire pars flaccida from the
      handle of the malleus for better exposure and then replacing the drum. Four
      patients were treated in this fashion; one glomus tympanicum, two congenital
      cholesteatomas, and one benign adenoma. All patients benefited from improved
      exposure and resection. No patients had postoperative laterialization of the drum
      and hearing was maintained.

PMID- 3999900
TI  - Recognition of malleus handle fracture in the differential diagnosis of otologic
      trauma.
AB  - We have had the opportunity to care for four patients who experienced barotrauma
      or implosive trauma to their ears. The differential diagnosis in these cases
      included ossicular injuries as well as possible perilymph fistulae. In each of
      these cases there was a small conductive hearing loss which fluctuated and a high
      compliance tympanogram. Careful otoscopy with the aid of pneumomassage revealed
      an isolated malleus handle (manubrium) fracture. Exploration of one ear was
      performed to rule out perilymph fistula and the diagnosis of malleus handle
      fracture was confirmed. Recognition of this injury preoperatively in these three
      other patients made exploration unnecessary. While injuries to the ossicular
      chain have been well-described in the literature, isolated malleus handle
      fracture has not been previously reported.

PMID- 3999902
TI  - Lateral sinus thrombosis: a sometimes unexpected diagnosis.
AB  - Lateral sinus thrombosis, a frequent complication of ear infections in
      preantibiotic days, is seldom seen today. When it does occur, it is usually in a
      patient with a known history of a chronic ear infection. Two patients are
      described with septic pulmonary emboli from inapparent lateral sinus thrombosis.
      Lateral sinus thrombosis should be suspected in any patient with chills, fever,
      neck pain, and septic pulmonary emboli.

PMID- 3999903
TI  - Otolaryngologic manifestations of posterior fossa arachnoid cysts.
AB  - Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts are more common than previously reported. While
      they may present with symptoms of hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus, often they
      are associated with vague, nonspecific complaints such as headache, dizziness, or
      generalized unsteadiness. We present five cases of posterior fossa arachnoid
      cysts discovered in adult patients. Four of the five patients had nonlocalizing
      symptoms (three of those sought medical evaluations for persistent dizziness
      and/or headache). Two patients had prolonged symptoms despite medical evaluation
      and normal audiometric testing before the correct diagnosis was made. We describe
      the case of our senior author (C.P.D.) in detail and include computerized
      tomographic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies outlining his pathology. A
      review of the management of these lesions is included. Dizzy patients and those
      patients with nonspecific complaints referable to the inner ear or posterior
      fossa who have normal audiometric testing, and in whom the index of suspicion is
      high, should have high resolution computerized tomography of the posterior fossa.

PMID- 3999904
TI  - Computerized axial tomography versus complex motion as a predictor of surgical
      findings in middle ear and mastoid cholesteatoma.
AB  - In order to evaluate the efficacy of polytomography and computerized tomography
      in the prediction of surgical findings in cases of suspected cholesteatoma of the
      middle ear and mastoid, we evaluated preoperatively 52 ears by both radiographic
      methods. We utilized a check list of 14 radiological signs or surgical findings
      to generate measures of sensitivity and specificity. The strengths of each
      radiographic method are outlined and the considerable weaknesses in predictive
      value are discussed.

PMID- 3999905
TI  - Facial biomechanics: the standards of normal.
AB  - To quantify facial motor function during mimetic expressions, two new techniques
      were introduced in this study: linear measurement (LM) of skin landmarks and
      integrated electromyography (iEMG) of the facial musculature. Based on data from
      30 normal subjects, three indices were derived to estimate total maximum motion,
      total maximum iEMG output, and the relationship between iEMG activity and motion.
      In three different facial expressions, plots of the logarithm of the iEMG value
      versus percent Displacement (pD) of skin landmarks had a high correlation (total
      mean r = 0.95). The normal LM and iEMG standards constitute a data base against
      which facial biomechanical properties in various pathologic states can be
      interpreted. In the course of data analysis, several interesting characteristics
      of facial function were identified.

PMID- 3999906
TI  - Effect of amplification on the intelligibility of speech produced with an
      electrolarynx.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of orolabial amplification on
      the intelligibility of speech spoken with a neck model electrolarynx for two
      distance conditions, three noise conditions, and in relative quiet. A speaker
      using a neck model electrolarynx read single-answer questions to six listeners.
      The questions were read with and without amplification at 1.5 and 2.5 m distance,
      in relative quiet as well as in 66 dB, 72 dB, and 76 dBSPL (A-weighted)
      prerecorded cafeteria noise. The results of the study showed that speech-to-noise
      ratios were improved for amplified speech, with improvement in intelligibility
      for speech spoken in moderate background noise (66 and 72 dBSPL). The effect of
      the "buzz" of the artificial larynx is reduced, and speakers are better
      understood in moderate background noise with this amplification system.

PMID- 3999907
TI  - A study of post-intubation laryngeal dysfunction.
AB  - A canine model of intubation has been established to further investigate the
      laryngeal injury occurring from an indwelling endotracheal tube. Ulcerations are
      produced by the shaft of the tube as it rubs and presses against the contact
      points in the cricoarytenoid region. This injury results in a progressive soft
      tissue inflammatory response in the posterior larynx. The injury and the
      associated tissue response leads to a limited arytenoid excursion which manifests
      functionally as airway compromise and aspiration in the postextubation phases.

PMID- 3999908
TI  - A comparison of speech using artificial larynx and tracheoesophageal puncture
      with valve in the same speaker.
AB  - Postlaryngectomy speech rehabilitation more frequently includes surgical
      prosthetic methods since the introduction of a low morbidity tracheoesophageal
      puncture technique and a one-way airflow valve. This study compares speech using
      an artificial larynx and, in one case, esophageal speech with speech using a
      tracheoesophageal puncture and valve in the same speaker. Using nonprofessional
      listeners, speech was rated for intelligibility and preference. Voice
      spectrograms were employed for measurement of rate, fundamental frequency, and
      intensity. While no statistically significant differences were found in mean
      fundamental frequency or intensity, the rate of post-tracheoesophageal speech was
      considerably faster. In addition, when individual speakers are compared with
      themselves, post-tracheoesophageal speech is significantly more intelligible and
      preferred by naive listeners. We conclude that using the tracheoesophageal
      puncture with valve should be strongly considered in total laryngectomy patients
      whose present mode of communication is unsatisfactory.

PMID- 3999910
TI  - Fiberoptic manipulation of the upper airway and the preoperative assessment for
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.

PMID- 3999909
TI  - Tracheal stomal stenosis: a new prosthetic technique for postoperative stenting
      in post-laryngectomy stomal revision and in permanent tracheostomy.

PMID- 3999911
TI  - Surgical applications of the expandable ear wick.

PMID- 3999912
TI  - Strychnine antagonizes vaginal stimulation-produced analgesia at the spinal cord.
AB  - Vaginal-cervical mechanostimulation (VS) suppresses vocalization and withdrawal
      responses to noxious stimulation. To determine whether the inhibitory
      neurotransmitter, glycine, contributes to the action of VS, strychnine, a
      specific glycine receptor antagonist was administered perispinally via
      intrathecal catheter in dosages of 1,5,25 and 100 micrograms. Prior to strychnine
      administration, VS (400 g force) elevated thresholds to elicit vocalization in
      response to graded intensities of tail shock, and blocked vocalization elicited
      by stimulation of a skin area, previously sensitized by intradermal injection of
      a 20% yeast solution. After strychnine administration the analgesic effects of VS
      were significantly attenuated. These findings suggest that the analgesic action
      of VS is partially mediated by glycine at the spinal level.

PMID- 3999913
TI  - Improving cold tolerance in elderly rats by aminophylline.
AB  - During severe cold exposure, old rats (23-26 months) were less capable in
      maintaining normal body temperature as compared to young rats (6-9 months) due to
      lower rate of heat production (HP). Single injection of optimal doses of
      aminophylline (AMPY; 10 and 18.7 mg/kg, i.p.), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
      which enhances the intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, significantly
      increased the rate of HP in old rats to levels beyond the control values observed
      in young rats. Consequently, cold tolerance of the old rats was significantly
      improved. This AMPY-improved cold tolerance is apparently not due to increased
      non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) since AMPY failed to enhance norepinephrine
      stimulated NST in the old rats. It is likely that AMPY increased substrate
      mobilization and/or conversion, thereby circumventing the limiting role of
      substrate availability for shivering thermogenesis. Thus, the age-dependent
      decrease in cold tolerance may be due to a reduced capacity for substrate
      mobilization when challenged by cold.

PMID- 3999914
TI  - p-Aminophenol induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity enhanced by autoxidation.
AB  - p-Aminophenol inhibits DNA synthesis and alters the structure of DNA. A decrease
      in sedimentation of nucleoids from cells treated with p-aminophenol was observed
      and this decrease in sedimentation was considerably less when cells were
      incubated with p-aminophenol in an atmosphere of nitrogen or at lower pH values.
      This compound was also shown to be cytotoxic to cells in culture. These results
      demonstrate that conditions retarding the autoxidation of p-aminophenol lead to
      reduced effects on DNA structure and a lesser cytotoxic effect.

PMID- 3999915
TI  - Sodium butyrate-induced changes in cultured rabbit articular chondrocyte
      transmembrane electrical potentials. Relationship between these changes and the
      proliferative response.
AB  - Sodium butyrate at 5mM reversibly induced a significant increase of transmembrane
      potentials (Em) in normal chondrocytes (24 hours after seeding) and arrested
      their proliferation. This increase in Em levels, which could be temporarily
      abolished by Tetra-ethyl Ammonium (TEA 5mM), was related to an increase in
      membrane permeability to K+. This hyperpolarization was correlated with the
      reversible inhibition of growth in G1 induced by the sodium butyrate.

PMID- 3999916
TI  - Beneficial effects of perfluorochemical artificial blood on cardiac function
      following coronary occlusion.
AB  - This study compares the effects of perfluorochemical artificial blood versus
      whole blood on the systolic and diastolic function of regionally ischemic
      myocardial preparations. Regional ischemia was produced by ligation of the
      circumflex coronary artery in isolated, blood-perfused rabbit hearts. Three
      minutes after occlusion, half the hearts were switched from the blood perfusate
      to perfluorochemical artificial blood; the other half continued to be perfused
      with blood. Isovolumic left ventricular (LV) developed pressure, dP/dt and
      resting pressure were monitored before, and for 2 hours after coronary occlusion.
      After 90 minutes of regional ischemia, perfluorochemical-treated hearts exhibited
      significantly greater developed pressure than those perfused with blood (78 +/-
      6% versus 61 +/- 5% of preligation values; P less than 0.05). At the end of the
      experiment, LV dP/dt was 21% greater in the perfluorochemical-perfused group than
      in the blood-perfused group (74 +/- 8% versus 53 +/- 10%; P less than 0.01).
      Perfluorochemical perfusion also preserved diastolic function by preventing the
      58% increase in left ventricular chamber stiffness (i.e., resting pressure; P
      less than 0.01) associated with circumflex ligation. Thus, in the present model
      of regional ischemia, perfluorochemical artificial blood is significantly better
      than blood at maintaining both systolic and diastolic myocardial function after a
      major coronary artery has been occluded.

PMID- 3999917
TI  - The effect of the plant cell inhibitor propachlor (alpha-chloro-N-isopropyl
      acetanilide) on the cell cycle of L1210 cells as evaluated by flow cytometry.
AB  - Previously it was reported that the herbicide propachlor (alpha-chloro-N
      isopropyl-acetanilide) has a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of
      L1210 mouse leukemia cells. It is now demonstrated that propachlor treatment
      causes L1210 cells to accumulate in the G1 phase as determined by flow cytometric
      analysis. This effect of propachlor is dose-dependent with more than 90% of G1
      cells accumulating at 10 microM. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that the
      accumulation of cells in G1 starts in about 10 hours, and increased for up to
      about 44 hours of incubation with 10 microM propachlor. Treated cells can be
      revised to a normal DNA distribution by removing propachlor.

PMID- 3999918
TI  - Allosteric interactions between muscarinic agonist binding sites and effector
      sites demonstrated by the use of bisquaternary pyridinium oximes.
AB  - Agonist binding to muscarinic receptors from rat brain stem and cerebral cortex
      was studied using bisquaternary pyridinium oximes for detecting possible
      interactions between agonist binding sites and sites of the effector guanosine 5'
      (beta, gamma-imino) triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and Co2+. Pretreatment of either
      brain stem or cortical homogenates with 200 microM 1-(2
      hydroxyiminoethylpyridinium) 1-(3-phenylcarboxypyridinium) dimethylether (HGG-12)
      reduced the affinity of muscarinic agonists. No change was observed in the
      relative proportions of high (RH) and low (RL) affinity agonist binding sites.
      However, the oxime affected the processes of interconversion between these sites.
      Thus, unlike in control membranes, HGG-12 treated brain stem membranes, Gpp(NH)p
      could not induce conversion of RH to RL, and in cortical membranes Co2+ could not
      induce conversion of RL to RH. These results suggest that HGG-12 inactivates a
      component which is involved in both processes of induced-interconversion. Induced
      interconversion between RH and RL was not affected in membranes treated with HGG
      12 in the presence of carbamylcholine in concentrations at which mainly RH is
      occupied by the agonist. The occupation of RH by carbamylcholine protected both
      RH and RL from the effects of the oxime. The possible role of the molecular
      events involved is discussed.

PMID- 3999919
TI  - Differential effects of isoproterenol injections on the levels of pineal N
      acetyltransferase, serum N-acetylserotonin and melatonin.
AB  - Rats housed under diurnal lighting conditions were either injected with
      isoproterenol (ISO), 0.5 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) and sacrificed at different
      times up to 180 minutes afterwards, or injected with different doses of ISO (0.2
      mg/kg to 5.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP] and sacrificed 120 minutes later.
      Pineal N-acetyltransferase (NATase), serum N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and serum
      melatonin (MT) levels were determined. It was found that both pineal NATase and
      serum MT responded to the injection with peak increase at 120 minutes after the
      injection. This increase in pineal NATase and serum MT levels were also found to
      be dose-dependent. It was also observed that at 30 minutes after ISO injection,
      the serum MT level already demonstrated a significant increase which preceeded
      any increase in the pineal NATase activity. The underlying mechanism for this
      observation remains undetermined. Unlike serum MT and pineal NATase, there were
      no changes in serum NAS levels after injections of ISO at all the doses tested or
      up to 180 minutes after injection of the drug at 0.5 mg/kg dose SC. This suggests
      that serum NAS level is neither regulated by pineal NATase activity nor is the
      pineal gland the major source of NAS in circulation. This also indicates that
      serum NAS level is not influenced by beta-adrenergic stimulation.

PMID- 3999920
TI  - Degradation and covalent cross-linking of glutathione reductase by hemin.
AB  - Hemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX-chloride) can mediate the covalent cross-linking
      and degradation of yeast glutathione reductase. This reaction requires both NADPH
      and oxygen suggesting the involvement of a reduced oxygen species in the cross
      linking and degradation process. During the course of the reaction the enzymatic
      activity of glutathione reductase is rapidly destroyed. Implications of these
      findings for a regulatory role of hemin in cell biology are discussed.

PMID- 3999921
TI  - Effects of debrisoquin on CSF and plasma HVA concentrations in man.
AB  - Data from animal studies indicate neuroleptic drugs act via their properties as
      antagonists of CNS dopamine (DA) receptors and this finding has led to the
      suggestion that alterations in CNS DA neuronal function are associated with
      psychotic disorders. Clinical investigations of this hypothesis, however, have
      been hindered by the lack of the availability of a direct and relatively easily
      obtained index of CNS DA neuronal activity. The work reported here was aimed at
      the development of such an index. Using a double blind design, human male
      subjects were given either placebo or debrisoquin, which is a monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor which does not penetrate brain. On the baseline day (no debrisoquin)
      and after 6 and 13 days of drug administration blood samples were obtained. In
      addition, for some patients CSF specimens were obtained via lumbar puncture on
      the baseline day and after 13 days of drug administration. It was found that
      debrisoquin produced a highly significant decrease in plasma homovanillic acid
      (HVA) concentrations whereas the concentrations of HVA in CSF were unchanged. In
      addition, it was found that the correlation between CSF and plasma HVA prior to
      debrisoquin was non-significant (r = 0.39, p = N.S., N = 10) whereas after 13
      days of debrisoquin treatment the correlation was highly significant (r = 0.95, p
      less than .01, N = 7). These findings suggest that the administration of
      debrisoquin produces a situation in which plasma HVA reflects CNS HVA production,
      and as such debrisoquin may be a useful tool for the clinical investigator who is
      interested in studying relationships in human subjects between CNS DA neuronal
      system function and psychopathological states or other disorders which may be
      mediated via brain DA systems.

PMID- 3999922
TI  - The analysis of glucose kinetics using a single jugular catheter in awake rats.
AB  - The rates of glucose production and utilization can be estimated by a primed
      constant infusion technique using separate catheters for the infusion of
      radiolabelled glucose and periodic blood withdrawal. In rats, a carotid artery
      catheter is most often combined with a jugular or femoral venous catheter in such
      studies. We presently describe a method which utilizes a single jugular catheter
      for both infusion and sampling in the awake rat. This method is directly compared
      with simultaneous carotid artery sampling during both the dynamic steady state
      and a nonsteady state induced by a constant infusion of insulin. Our results
      demonstrate the validity of a single vein design for the analysis of glucose
      kinetics in either state. Rapid sampling and complete flushing prevent disruption
      of infusate equilibrium and sample contamination respectively. This single
      catheter method requires less technical skill for placement, reduces surgical
      intervention and enhances the comfort of the awake rat.

PMID- 3999924
TI  - Nimodipine's interactions with other drugs: I. Ethanol.
AB  - Adult mice (Binghamton Heterogeneous stock) received different doses of ethanol
      (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) administered alone or in combination with the voltage
      sensitive calcium channel antagonist, nimodipine (Bay e 9736). Both 20 and 60
      minutes later, sensitivity to ethanol was assessed in terms of rotorod activity
      and changes in rectal temperatures. Nimodipine (5 mg/kg) alone did not alter
      rectal temperature or motor coordination, but at both observation periods
      nimodipine potentiated the hypothermia induced by the highest dose of alcohol
      (2.0 g/kg) and exaggerated alcohol-induced motor incoordination at all doses. The
      present set of results indicates that the inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium
      channels can exaggerate ethanol-induced effects.

PMID- 3999923
TI  - Photoperiodic and light spectral conditions which inhibit circulating
      concentrations of thyroxine in the male hamster.
AB  - Adult male Syrian hamsters were exposed daily for 12 weeks to 11 h/day of cool
      white fluorescent light (350 +/- 50 microW/cm2) followed by an additional 3 h of
      near ultraviolet (339-317 nm), blue (435-500 nm), green (515-550 nm), yellow (558
      636 nm) or red (653-668 nm) light at an irradiance of 0.2 microW/cm2 or to total
      darkness. Animals exposed to the wavelengths between 558-668 nm (yellow or red
      half peak bandwidths) or those receiving a total of 13 h of darkness/day had
      suppressed circulating levels of thyroxine (T4), a depressed free T4 index (FT4I)
      and a higher T3/T4 ratio compared to animals receiving a total of 14 h of white
      light (350 +/- 50 microW/cm2). These results suggest that specific wavelengths of
      light can affect the neuroendocrine-thyroid axis.

PMID- 3999925
TI  - Are plasma lipoprotein cholesteryl esters utilized for biliary cholesterol and
      bile acid production in man?
AB  - Studies were carried out to determine whether or not plasma lipoprotein
      cholesteryl esters are available to the liver for biliary cholesterol and bile
      acid production in humans with intact biliary tracts. Six healthy males were
      given intravenous infusions of autologous high-density (d, 1.063-1.21; n = 2),
      low-density (d, 1.019-1.063; n = 2) or intermediate-density (d, 1.006-1.019; n =
      2) lipoproteins that had been labelled in vitro with radioactive cholesteryl
      linoleate (n = 5) or cholesteryl oleate (n = 1). Duodenal contents were
      continuously aspirated via the intermediate and distal ports of a triple-lumen
      tube (mean recovery, 64 per cent), through the proximal port of which was infused
      an amino-acid solution. During 5-6 hours only moderate fluctuations were observed
      in bile acid and cholesterol secretion rates, implying the existence of near
      steady-state conditions. In all subjects radioactivity rapidly appeared in both
      biliary cholesterol and bile acids, and continued to be secreted for the duration
      of the experiment. The total radioactivity recovered from cholesterol averaged
      0.27 per cent of the administered dose; the corresponding figure for bile acids
      was 11.2 per cent. These results indicate that lipoprotein cholesteryl esters are
      readily available for biliary lipid production in humans.

PMID- 3999926
TI  - A benzodiazepine antagonist inhibits the cerebral metabolic and respiratory
      depressant effects of fentanyl.
AB  - It is reported that benzodiazepines such as diazepam will stimulate the opiate
      receptor system and that B-carboline drugs, which are benzodiazepine antagonists,
      may interact with opiate receptors directly. The ability of 3-hydroxymethyl-B
      carboline (3-HMC) to antagonize several parameters of fentanyl anesthesia was
      tested here in rats. Fentanyl (25 and 100 micrograms/kg iv) produced dose
      dependent depression of cerebral blood flow (CBF), measured by radioactive
      microspheres, and cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2). These effects were
      significantly inhibited by 10 mg/kg 3-HMC iv. To test for the specificity of this
      effect, 3-HMC was also given to rats ventilated with inspire concentrations of 2%
      halothane. Halothane depressed CMRO2 equally in 3-HMC and vehicle treated rats,
      indicating no significant effect of the benzodiazepine antagonist. Blood pressure
      was increased in 3-HMC compared to vehicle treated animals during both fentanyl
      and halothane anesthesia. CBF was increased in 3-HMC vs vehicle treated rats
      during halothane anesthesia but this could be accounted for by the elevated blood
      pressure and lack of cerebral autoregulation rather than a direct cerebrovascular
      effect. 3-HMC decreased the sleep time and respiratory depressant effects of
      fentanyl but enhanced the analgesic effects of the opiate, as measured by time to
      respond to a hot plate stimulus. These results indicate that 3-HMC has the
      ability to specifically antagonize fentanyl anesthesia. These effects may be
      produced by an action of 3-HMC at the benzodiazepine receptor and/or by an action
      of the B-carboline at opioid receptors.

PMID- 3999927
TI  - Vascular monoamine oxidase activity in the rat brain: variation with the
      substrate and the vascular segment.
AB  - Brain vascular monoamine oxidase (MAO) was assayed in order to determine (a)
      whether microvessel MAO is more or less specific for certain substrates and (b)
      if the extraparenchymal, pial arteries possess an MAO activity as high as that in
      the microvessels. Rat brain microvessels were prepared by gentle homogenisation
      of grey matter, followed by filtration and differential centrifugation of the
      matter retained. Pial arteries were carefully freed of the meninges and cut into
      small segments. For comparison, rat mesenteric arteries were also dissected out
      and cut up. MAO was assayed by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption in a
      small cell with a Clark electrode. Although a high microvessel MAO activity (2.2
      +/- 0.3 nmol min-1 mg prot.-1) was found using noradrenaline as substrate,
      significantly higher rates were found with tyramine, serotonin and beta-phenyl
      ethylamine. By contrast, both pial and mesenteric arteries showed a 6-7 fold
      lower activity (substrate tyramine). These results indicate first, that a certain
      specialisation of the microvessel MAO activity exists which is apparently
      independent of the classical A or B-form category of the substrates, and second,
      that the extraparenchymal vessels (pial arteries) appear to possess significantly
      lower MAO activity, in accordance with the concept that blood-brain properties
      are induced by the cerebral parenchyma.

PMID- 3999928
TI  - Chylomicron-like particles in severe hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - Plasma lipoproteins in a diabetic patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia and
      turbid, milky plasma were studied and compared with those found in three primary
      type V hyperlipoproteinemic and in three normal subjects after a fatty meal. All
      subjects had normal post-heparin lipolytic activity. Lipoprotein electrophoresis
      of the patient's plasma revealed no chylomicron band, and upon short-time
      ultracentrifugation the patient's supernatant showed most lipid staining in the
      pre-beta-lipoprotein region. This supernatant, which in type V
      hyperlipoproteinemia as well as in normal subjects after a fatty meal, contains a
      large proportion of apolipoprotein B-48 (of intestinal origin), was found in our
      patient to contain mostly apolipoprotein B-100 (of liver origin). Upon incubation
      of normal washed platelets with chylomicrons derived either from type V
      hyperlipoproteinemic or from normal subjects after a fatty meal, platelet
      aggregation was decreased, whereas the chylomicron-like particles from the
      patient increased platelet activity. It is, thus, suggested that the triglyceride
      rich, cholesterol-poor lipoproteins are of liver and not of intestinal origin.

PMID- 3999929
TI  - Metabolism and cholestatic effect of 3 alpha-hydroxy-7 xi-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic
      acid.
AB  - 3 alpha-Hydroxy-7 xi-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid (7 xi-methyl-LA) was infused
      intravenously into bile fistula hamsters to investigate its metabolism and effect
      on the bile flow as compared with lithocholic acid. Following infusion of the
      labeled bile acids, bile was collected quantitatively to allow measurement of
      bile flow and bile acid composition. More than 80% of radioactivity was recovered
      in bile within 4 hr. 7 xi-Methyl-LA and lithocholic acid in bile were present as
      the taurine and glycine conjugates; no free bile acids were detected. 7 xi-Methyl
      LA was neither hydroxylated nor metabolized to any measurable extent, though
      lithocholic acid was 7 alpha-hydroxylated to chenodeoxycholic acid (30-45%). At
      the infusion rate at which lithocholic acid induced a severe cholestasis (264
      nmol/min), 7 xi-methyl-LA did not decrease the bile flow. In fact, the infusion
      of 7 xi-methyl-LA produced a mild choleresis under conditions where endogenous
      bile acid excretion was not changed appreciably compared to control infusions
      with albumin. It is concluded that 7 xi-methyl-LA is not metabolized in the
      hamster but is conjugated with taurine and glycine, and that the introduction of
      a methyl group at the 7-position of lithocholic acid appears to alleviate the
      cholestatic effect of lithocholic acid in the hamster.

PMID- 3999930
TI  - Synthesis of octadecynoic acids and [1-14C] labeled isomers of octadecenoic
      acids.
AB  - Geometric and positional isomers of [1-14C] octadecenoic acids have been
      synthesized by modifications of published procedures. Positional isomers of
      octadecynoic acids also have been synthesized to obtain the geometric and
      positional isomers of the unlabeled octadecenoic acid analogs. The syntheses were
      accomplished by coupling a haloalkyl compound with a substituted acetylene using
      n-butyl lithium in hexamethylphosphoramide. The coupled product, either a 17- or
      18-carbon acetylenic alcohol, could be semihydrogenated and chain extended to
      afford a carboxy labeled derivative, could be partially hydrogenated and chain
      extended to afford a carboxyl labeled cis- or trans-octadecenoic acid in the
      former case. In the latter case, octadecynoic, cis-octadecenoic or trans
      octadecenoic acids could be obtained by the appropriate reactions. The methods
      used in this study enabled the synthesis of 14C-labeled fatty acids in generally
      higher yields and by simpler reactions than were previously possible.

PMID- 3999931
TI  - Pulmonary lipid peroxides and fatty acids of rats fed different lipids and
      exposed to oxygen at hyperbaric pressure.
AB  - Semipurified diets containing different lipids were fed to rat dams during
      lactation and subsequently to their pups for 33 weeks post-weaning. Some rats
      within each group were exposed to oxygen at hyperbaric pressure (OHP). Lipid
      peroxide levels were lower in lungs of rats fed 7% hydrogenated coconut oil or
      10% butter as compared with their controls, fed 7% corn oil or 10% safflower oil,
      respectively. Exposure to OHP increased lung peroxide levels. This increase
      varied with the type of fat in the diet. Studies of the fatty acid composition
      indicate that lipid peroxide levels generally increased with an increase in the
      levels of 18:2 in lung total lipids. The results suggest that the type of dietary
      lipid may alter the susceptibility of the animal to pulmonary oxygen toxicity.

PMID- 3999932
TI  - Increases in serum sphingomyelin by 17 beta-estradiol.
AB  - The effects of estrogens on plasma sphingomyelin and the hepatic activity of the
      initial enzyme of sphingomyelin synthesis were examined using immature chicks.
      After three days of 17 beta-estradiol administration, serum sphingomyelin, total
      phospholipids, and cholesterol doubled, and triacylglycerol levels increased 7.5
      fold. The sphingomyelin content and percentage of total phospholipids of liver
      were unaffected by estrogen treatment. The specific activity of serine
      palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.50) was unchanged, but the total activity appeared
      slightly higher due to increased liver weights. The higher sphingomyelin may,
      therefore, be due less to increased levels of biosynthetic enzymes than to
      factors such as the substrate (i.e., fatty acid) supply or decreased clearance of
      plasma sphingomyelin. These results are similar to earlier findings with key
      enzymes of cholesterol and glycerolipid biosynthesis and suggest that the three
      lipid pathways may be coordinated during estrogen treatment and enhanced very-low
      density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis.

PMID- 3999933
TI  - Colchicine effect on bile canalicular motility: long-term study using isolated
      cultured hepatocytes and time-lapse cinephotomicrography.
AB  - The effect of colchicine on spontaneous in vitro contractions of bile canaliculi
      was assessed using time-lapse cinephotomicrography. Colchicine 2.5 microM and/or
      taurocholate 5 microM were added to the culture medium. The experiment was long
      term, lasting for 13 h. Frame-by-frame analysis revealed that colchicine, after a
      lag period of 4 h, suppressed the number of contractions over the remainder of
      the 13-h experimental period, even in the presence of taurocholate (p less than
      0.001). The number of contractions per hour decreased in both the colchicine and
      combined colchicine-plus-taurocholate-treated groups compared to untreated and
      taurocholate-treated controls. These results do not necessarily mean that
      colchicine has an effect on the contractile process per se, since the
      contractions, when they occurred, appeared normal. It is likely that the
      canalicular motility events are related to bile secretion. The reduction in
      contractions after a lag period likely indicates that secretion is impaired, and
      hence the need for contractions is reduced. These results support the view that
      for normal canalicular bile secretory function, microtubules as well as a normal
      microfilament system are required.

PMID- 3999934
TI  - Antinecrotic effect of 3-palmitoyl-(+)-catechin against liver damage induced by
      galactosamine or ethanol in the rat.
AB  - The antinecrotic potential of a new drug, 3-palmitoyl-(+)-catechin (PC), which is
      a derivative of (+)-cyanidanol-3, was studied in two different experimental
      models of necrosis of the liver in the rat: acute hepatitis induced by
      galactosamine and liver damage induced by a combination of chronic ethanol
      feeding and hypoxia. The extent of liver damage was assessed by histological
      examination and by measuring blood hepatic enzyme and bilirubin levels.
      Intraperitoneal and oral treatments with PC were carried out at different dosages
      and times, before acute galactosamine intoxication. PC treatment decreased the
      extent of diffuse necrosis and inflammation in liver tissue and reduced
      galactosamine-induced biochemical deterioration. The lowest active doses of PC
      were 25 mg/kg, i.p. and 500 mg/kg by mouth. In experiments with ethanol, we
      confirmed that a 6-h period of hypoxia produced necrosis of the liver in rats
      undergoing chronic treatment with ethanol. Simultaneous treatment with PC (80
      mg/kg/day) for 21 days during ethanol feeding gave significant protection against
      histological and biochemical deterioration induced by ethanol and hypoxia. The
      anti-necrotic effect of PC in two models, which are recognized as producing part
      of the biochemical and/or histological deterioration induced by viruses and
      ethanol in man, indicates that it is a potentially useful agent for the treatment
      of necrosis of the human liver.

PMID- 3999936
TI  - Contrast agents.

PMID- 3999937
TI  - Magnetic resonance tissue analysis of acute renal vascular occlusion in the
      rabbit: enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA complex.
AB  - In order to assess the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in
      detecting acute renal vascular insufficiency, in vitro NMR spectroscopy (at 0.25
      T) was performed on rabbit renal cortices following 45 min of unilateral renal
      artery (RAO) or renal vein occlusion (RVO). Data were obtained both with and
      without paramagnetic enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA). In the absence
      of contrast material, RVO was distinguished by markedly elevated spin-lattice
      (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times when compared to the contralateral
      control kidney [mean increase of 29% in T1 (p less than 0.001) and 19% in T2 (p
      less than .001)]. RAO produced no change in T1 (p = N.S.) and a small change in
      T2 (mean increase of 11%, p less than .01). Five min following injection of 0.05
      mM/kg of Gd-DTPA, relaxation times of control kidneys were markedly shortened
      [mean decrease 75% in T1 (p less than .001) and 12% in T2 (p less than 0.01)].
      With Gd-DTPA, kidneys with RVO continued to have elevated T1 and T2 relaxation
      time, and kidneys with RAO maintained their essentially normal pre-contrast
      relaxation time values. We conclude that non-contrast NMR tissue analysis clearly
      differentiated normal from congested (RVO) kidneys, but not from acutely ischemic
      (RAO) kidneys. Paramagnetic enhancement with Gd-DTPA allows the differentiation
      of normally perfused from acutely ischemic or congested kidneys.

PMID- 3999935
TI  - Clinical and serological events accompanying changes in hepatitis B viral
      replication: case reports.
AB  - We measured serum markers of hepatitis B virus replication in two HBsAg-, HBeAg
      positive hepatitis B carriers with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. The
      first of these patients was HBsAg-, HBeAg-, HBV DNA- and HBV DNA polymerase
      positive initially and spontaneously lost HBV DNA polymerase and HBV DNA. During
      the HBeAg-positive, DNA polymerase-negative "window phase", an increase in viral
      replication, characterized by the reappearance of HBV DNA and HBV DNA polymerase
      occurred, together with an aggravation of the underlying chronic hepatitis. In
      the second HBsAg-, HBeAg-positive carrier, spontaneous fluctuations in HBV
      replication were associated with clinical deterioration. Delta agent and
      hepatitis A virus superinfection were excluded. These observations suggest that
      spontaneous low-grade fluctuations of HBV replication accompanied by an increase
      in the biochemical activity of the underlying chronic hepatitis can be observed
      in certain HBV carriers.

PMID- 3999938
TI  - Gadolinium oxide: a protoype agent for contrast enhanced imaging of the liver and
      spleen with magnetic resonance.
AB  - Gd2O3 particles (less than 2 microns) in suspension were evaluated as a potential
      contrast agent for liver-spleen imaging with magnetic resonance. The agent was
      administered IV to rabbits in doses ranging from 10 to 120 mumol/kg and the
      tissues removed after sacrifice for in vitro T1 and T2 analysis. The temporal
      response was determined in liver and spleen samples of rabbits given a fixed dose
      (60 mumol/kg) and sacrificed at intervals from 15 min to 60 hr later.
      Documentation of the subanatomic location of Gd2O3 particles in tissue was
      accomplished by electron microscopy and x-ray dispersion microanalysis. T1
      weighted images were obtained at 0.12T on a prototype resistive scanner. The
      liver, spleen, and lung relaxation times are very responsive to Gd2O3 IV and the
      effect is dose related. A peak effect is observed between 3-7 hr after injection
      and relaxation times may normalize by 60 hr. By electron microscopic and x-ray
      analysis, Gd2O3 is most prominently found in the hepatic and splenic sinusoids.
      The images show marked enhancement of liver and splenic tissues, aiding in the
      clear delineation of these tissues from neighboring structures.

PMID- 3999939
TI  - Magnetic field dependence of spin-lattice relaxation enhancement using
      piperidinyl nitroxyl spin-labels.
AB  - We examined the magnetic resonance properties of 12 paramagnetic piperidinyl
      nitroxyls in water and plasma solutions. Paramagnetic contributions to proton
      relaxation times were measured using 10.7 and 100 MHz spectrometers. Proton
      relaxation enhancement from nitroxyls increased with ascending molecular weight,
      in plasma solutions versus equimolar aqueous solutions, and with measurements at
      10.7 MHz compared to 100 MHz. Relaxation rates were observed to approximately
      double at 10.7 MHz compared to 100 MHz and from water to plasma solutions. The
      data indicate that proton spin-lattice relaxation enhancement is magnetic field
      dependent, and increases using nitroxyls of large molecular weight and with
      chemical substitutents that increase the microviscosity of solvent water
      molecules. The development of nitroxyls for diagnostic MRI will be aided by
      understanding these in vitro physical characteristics and trends.

PMID- 3999940
TI  - Factors affecting nitroxide reduction in ascorbate solution and tissue
      homogenates.
AB  - Because of their paramagnetic properties, nitroxides are potentially useful as
      contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They are reduced in vivo to
      their corresponding hydroxylamines which are nonparamagnetic and have no contrast
      enhancing property. Nitroxides with high resistance to reduction would be
      advantageous as pharmaceutical contrast enhancing agents. We show that in the
      presence of ascorbic acid and in tissue homogenates, the reduction is faster for
      piperidine than for pyrrolidine nitroxides and for positively-charged than for
      negatively-charged derivatives. The data also suggest that nitroxide reduction in
      tissue homogenates is mainly due to sulfhydryl groups on proteins and that
      endogenous ascorbic acid plays a relatively minor role.

PMID- 3999941
TI  - Enhanced MRI of tumors utilizing a new nitroxyl spin label contrast agent.
AB  - Nitroxyl spin labels have been shown to be effective in vivo contrast agents for
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system, myocardium, and
      urinary tract. A new pyrrolidine nitroxyl contrast agent (PCA) with better
      resistance to in vivo metabolic inactivation than previously tested agents was
      studied for its potential to enhance subcutaneous neoplasms in an animal model.
      Twenty-two contrast enhancement trials were performed on a total of 15 animals 4
      6 weeks after implantation with human renal adenocarcinoma. Spin echo imaging was
      performed using a .35 T animal imager before and after intravenous administration
      of PCA in doses ranging from 0.5 to 3mM/kg. The intensity of tumor tissue in the
      images increased an average of 35% in animals receiving a dose of 3 mM/kg. The
      average enhancement with smaller doses was proportionately less. Tumor intensity
      reached a maximum within 15 min of injection. The average intensity difference
      between tumor and adjacent skeletal muscle more than doubled following
      administration of 3 mM/kg of PCA. Well-perfused tumor tissue was more intensely
      enhanced than adjacent poorly perfused and necrotic tissue.

PMID- 3999942
TI  - Active voluntary euthanasia--should it be legalized?

PMID- 3999943
TI  - The Greek Social Security Conspiracy prosecution in Australia.

PMID- 3999945
TI  - Physician medical records: why, whether, wherefore, how and their longevity.

PMID- 3999944
TI  - The interface of medicine, religion, and the law: religious objections to medical
      treatment.

PMID- 3999946
TI  - The limit of violence: psychotropic drugs, law and ethics.

PMID- 3999947
TI  - Trends in solvent abuse in Scotland.

PMID- 3999948
TI  - University teaching hospital liability.

PMID- 3999950
TI  - Compelling expert testimony.

PMID- 3999949
TI  - Harbeson v. Parke-Davis. Supreme Court of Washington, Jaunary 6, 1983 (98 Wash.2d
      460, 656 P.2d 483). Malpractice.

PMID- 3999951
TI  - On cross-examination of expert witnesses.

PMID- 3999952
TI  - [Twice-daily irradiation of patients with rectal cancer].
AB  - Moving sectoral irradiation was given to 40 patients with primary (23) and
      recurring (17) rectal tumors. The patients received treatment 3 times a week by 2
      daily fractions of 2.5 Gy with 4 h intervals. Better short-term results in
      primary and recurring tumors and the reduction of therapy duration were shown in
      comparing these patients with the control group of patients who were irradiated
      for 5 days a week by a single dose of 2 Gy.

PMID- 3999953
TI  - [Course of pregnancy and condition of infants born to patients treated for
      lymphogranulomatosis].
AB  - The paper is concerned with some data on the pregnancy and delivery of 78
      patients with Hodgkin's disease as well as on the condition of 89 infants born to
      them following radiation and combined treatment. It was established that
      pregnancy and delivery in most of the women were normal, the infants' psychomotor
      development (at the age of 1 to 14) was in accordance with age.

PMID- 3999954
TI  - [NMR tomography of excised human lymph nodes].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the potentialities of the NMR-tomography technique
      (1H) for metastructure studying of the biopsied human lymph nodes both uninvolved
      and affected by tumor. Tomography was performed at 200 MHz using the Bruker CXP
      200t mini-tomograph. Spin-echoes sequence and projection-reconstruction technique
      was employed. Spatial resolution was about 0.1 mm. Images of the uninvolved lymph
      nodes permitted one to detect the structure of the lymph nodes. NMR-imaging of
      unenlarged lymph nodes enabled one to localize the region of initial metastases.
      The reconstruction of various groups of spin-echo signals permitted a more
      precise detection of the regions differed in their spin-spin magnetic relaxation
      times T2 of protons in 1 mm slice. It may be assumed that the distinction in T2
      relaxation rates of the normal and abnormal tissues displays an effective means
      to detect a pathological region using high-field tomography.

PMID- 3999955
TI  - [Color decoding of roentgenograms and scintigrams of malignant lung neoplasms].
AB  - The authors have shown that the color decoding of x-ray-radioisotope information
      on 50 lung cancer patients (150 radiograms and 80 scannograms) raised the
      diagnostic efficacy. It opens up opportunities for the objective quantitative
      processing of results by performing histographic analysis of similar optical
      density zones. These data are impossible to obtain by using common methods of
      visual and roentgenogrammetric analysis. TV decoders of UAR-1 type are
      recommended for clinical practice.

PMID- 3999956
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of Bengal rose labeled with 123I].
AB  - Experimental evaluation of Bengal rose labeled with short-lived 123I was
      performed. The best diagnostic feature in 123I-Bengal rose were shown during a
      scintigraphic study of the rabbit liver and biliferous tract conducted in
      simultaneous experiments with the use of the agent labeled with 131I and 99mTc
      HIDA. These were a high quality of the image of the organs, a low radiation
      exposure and the absence of extrahepatic uptake of the agent, particularly under
      conditions of the ligament of the common bile duct. The absence of a noticeable
      toxic effect of 123I-Bengal rose was established in experiments on rats and mice.

PMID- 3999957
TI  - [Treatment of late radiation-induced skin ulcers with laser radiation].
AB  - The authors presented the results of laser stimulation of reparation processes in
      25 patients with late radiation skin ulcers. Short-term therapeutic results
      turned out to be favorable in 18 (72%) patients, a complete cicatrization of
      ulcers was observed in 9 patients, significant improvement in 9.

PMID- 3999958
TI  - [Dosimetric characteristics of the Soviet CPT-1000M computed tomograph].

PMID- 3999959
TI  - [Programmable generator of analog signals of arbitrary shape and its use as a
      simulator of ECG signals].
AB  - The programmable analogous pulse generator is developed enabling the user to
      derive periodic signals of a required shape represented in analytical or
      graphical form. It may be used as a simulator of ECG-signals by designers of
      computerized systems for ECG analysis.

PMID- 3999960
TI  - [Selector of R waves in electrocardiosignals, distinguishing signals by geometric
      characteristics].
AB  - The informative reliability of automated ECG analyzers operating under dynamic
      conditions is mainly dependent upon the noise immunity of R-wave selectors. The
      selector is developed that selects sequentially input positive spikes, at first,
      for the rate of negative slope and, then, for its duration thus providing much
      greater noise immunity as compared to commonly used models with built-in band
      pass or resonant filters. So, the errors of detecting events for one of the test
      signals for above selectors are 1,8%, 22% and 17%, respectively.

PMID- 3999961
TI  - [Parameters of thermoelectric cooling devices in conditions of variable
      temperatures of the heat-exchange media].
AB  - New method for optimized computing thermoelectric coolers is proposed for the
      case of variable temperatures within heat-transfer media. The operation of the
      device is analyzed when the temperature of the cooled medium is greater than the
      temperature of the heated one, i. e. under conditions of the negative temperature
      difference. The comparative analysis of the computed and experimental data in
      values of the cooling and electric power demonstrates fully satisfactory results.

PMID- 3999963
TI  - [Device for controlling the brightness of end sections of fiber optic bundles].

PMID- 3999962
TI  - [KS-02 cardiosignal indicator].
AB  - Considerations are given as to principles of designing KC-02 indicator of
      electrocardiosignals. It provides continuous monitoring of cardiac activity based
      on examinations of rhythm patterns on ECG-recording.

PMID- 3999964
TI  - [Mathematical model of the air sterilization process].
AB  - The mathematical model of the air sterilization process is proposed. The model
      describes nonstationary temperature fields for a sterilizing agent and objects
      under sterilization in devices of the chamber type. It is useful in studying the
      effects of control factors on the sterilization process, in calculating optimum
      charges for air sterilizers, and in developing automated systems to handle the
      operating process of the air sterilization.

PMID- 3999966
TI  - [Vibration treatment of medical equipment components using abrasive-containing
      compounds removable by water].
AB  - The vibration treatment of pieces by compounds containing abrasives washed out by
      water is studied. Argentan joints for spectacle frames have been subjected to the
      treatment. Some factors affecting the capacity and serviceability of the
      compounds such as the nature and graininess of the abrasive, the quantity of the
      compound added to the container at a time are investigated. The employed
      compounds do not release detrimental agents. An increase of 30 to 50% in output
      is expected as compared to the conventional acid-base solutions.

PMID- 3999965
TI  - [Diffusion chromizing of medical equipment parts made of carbon steels].
AB  - Chromizing improves physicochemical and mechanical properties of carbon steels.
      In some instances, for the treatment of medical pieces made of carbon steels
      chromizing is advisable rather than electroplating and chemical-conversion
      plating as well as the use of stainless steels.

PMID- 3999967
TI  - [Calculation of the number of personnel required for technical servicing of
      medical equipment].
AB  - The determination of the total number of personnel for servicing medical
      technology in terms of the conditional units of the complexity suffers from
      disadvantages and does not assure that the personnel is adequate in number to
      provide the specified efficiency when performing the preset tasks by medical
      technology. Free from these disadvantages is the proposed method. In this case,
      the total number of personnel is derived in terms of the queuing theory by
      applying the Kolmogorov-Chepman equation and the commonly known Erlang problem.
      By using the iteration method and the derived relationships the total number of
      personnel may be computed thus providing the predetermined possibility that
      medical technology should perform the preset tasks.

PMID- 3999968
TI  - [Experience in the use of the Soviet ultrasonic devices "Ritm" and "Ekran" in
      cardiosurgical practice].
AB  - The study is performed to evaluate opportunities of the echotacho-cardiograph
      Ritm in detecting the velocify of ventricular wall motions by using the Doppler
      effect and the echocardioscope Ekran++ that provides display and photography of
      the heart in the B-mode. In combination with a focusing probe, Ritm is a
      portable, easy in operation model. When operating with a high frequency recorder
      it indicates the Doppler signals from different myocardium sites at all stages of
      the surgical intervention. With the model Ekran++ one can display the heart in
      real time during surgery as well as evaluate anatomic and dynamic interactions
      between various cardiac structures that is of great importance in making
      decisions on surgical tactics and methods.

PMID- 3999969
TI  - [New models of endoscopes (EGDB-VO-4, SK-VO-4)].
AB  - Two new flexible endoscopes (EGDB-VO-4, SK-VO-4) designed for examinations and
      intracavitary interventions in the upper and lower portions of the digestive
      tract are described. Specifications are given with special references to the
      design features as compared to the earlier models.

PMID- 3999970
TI  - [Origin and importance of particles causing microembolisms and the clinical
      effectiveness of using filters in artificial circulation apparatus. III. Blood
      filters in open-heart surgery using artificial circulation].

PMID- 3999971
TI  - Measurement of body fat and hydration of the fat-free body in health and disease.
AB  - Body fat mass, fat-free body mass and body water are basic components of body
      composition which are used in nutritional and metabolic studies and in patient
      care. A method of measuring total body fat (TBF), fat-free mass (FFM) and its
      hydration (TBW/FFM) involving prompt gamma in vivo neutron activation analysis
      (IVNAA) and tritium dilution has been compared with the more traditional methods
      of densitometry and skinfold anthropometry in 36 normal volunteers, and with
      skinfold anthropometry in 56 patients presenting for nutritional support. While
      the mean values of TBF were in reasonable agreement for the three methods in
      normals it was founds that skinfold anthropometry underestimated TBF relative to
      the IVNAA/tritium method by, on average, 3.0 kg (19%) in patients. Furthermore,
      the ranges of values in normals of the ratio TBW/FFM for the anthropometric (0.62
      to 0.80) and densitometric (0.65 to 0.80) methods were much wider than the range
      for the IVNAA/tritium method (0.69 to 0.76), in which TBW was measured by tritium
      dilution in all cases. In the patients, the ranges of this ratio were 0.52 to
      0.90 for the anthropometric method and 0.67 to 0.82 for the IVNAA/tritium method;
      clearly anthropometry yields values of TBW/FFM which are outside accepted
      biological limits. On the basis of these findings, ranges of TBW/FFM are
      suggested for both normal adults (0.69 to 0.75) and patients requiring
      nutritional support (0.67 to 0.83). Finally it is concluded that the
      IVNAA/tritium method is a suitable method for measuring TBF and FFM and
      particularly so when body composition is abnormal.

PMID- 3999972
TI  - Relationship between zinc intake, physical activity, and blood levels of high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol in a healthy elderly population.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between level of exercise, ingestion of zinc
      supplements, and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in 270
      healthy men and women over age 60. After controlling for sex, alcohol intake, and
      body mass, there was a significant positive correlation between level of exercise
      and serum HDL cholesterol in the 180 subjects not taking supplemental zinc (r =
      0.26, P = .005) but not for those subjects taking supplemental zinc (r = -0.18, P
      = .14). Multiple regression analysis showed a significant interaction of zinc
      intake and activity level on HDL cholesterol (P = .04). In 22 subjects who were
      ingesting greater than 15 mg of supplemental, elemental zinc daily, cessation of
      zinc supplements for 8 weeks was associated with a significant increase in HDL
      cholesterol levels (2.0 mg/dL; P = .04). The change in HDL after stopping zinc
      was positively correlated with the level of exercise of the subjects (r = .41, P
      = .05). Thus supplemental zinc ingestion appears to block the exercise-induced
      increase in serum HDL cholesterol in a healthy population.

PMID- 3999973
TI  - Associations of diet and alcohol intake with high-density lipoprotein subclasses.
AB  - Nutritional components from three-day records were studied in association with
      plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, serum HDL2-mass, serum HDL3
      mass, and plasma HDL apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and D concentrations in a cross
      sectional survey of 77 adult males. Correlation and regression analyses revealed
      that the serum concentrations of HDL3 were strongly associated with the intakes
      of various nutrients, whereas serum HDL2 concentrations showed only weak
      nutritional associations. Carbohydrate intake correlated negatively with HDL3
      concentrations, and alcohol intake correlated positively with serum
      concentrations of HDL3 and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and D. These associations
      remained significant when adjusted for cigarette smoking, adiposity, and aerobic
      fitness. HDL2 did not correlate significantly with alcohol intake, total
      carbohydrates, or starch. HDL-cholesterol concentrations showed two distinct
      regions of inverse association with intake of sucrose, one involving HDL3 with
      sucrose between 0 and 10 g/1,000 kcal and one involving HDL2 with sucrose above
      25 g/1000 kcal. Alcohol, sucrose, and starch together accounted for 36% of the
      variance of HDL3 concentration, but less than 5% of the variance of HDL2
      concentration. Thus, serum concentrations of HDL3 and HDL2 show different
      relationships to major dietary components.

PMID- 3999974
TI  - Human placental thyroxine inner ring monodeiodinase in complicated pregnancy.
AB  - Production of rT3 from T4 in the placenta were measured in four patients with
      induced abortion, in three patients with spontaneous abortion, in 19 patients
      with various complications of pregnancy including Graves' disease, and in 18
      normal pregnancies. The placentas, obtained at delivery, were homogenized and
      centrifuged at 800 X g. Supernatants (1 mg protein) were incubated with 1
      microgram of stable T4 and 50 mmol/L dithiothreitol at 37 degrees C for 60
      minutes. The generated rT3 was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In patients
      who delivered at 38 to 41 weeks with complicated pregnancy, the net placental rT3
      production from T4 was 7.3 +/- 2.5 ng/tube, which was not significantly different
      from that obtained in normal pregnancy (8.5 +/- 2.4) at an equivalent gestational
      age. In patients with abortions, the net placental rT3 generation from T4 was
      very high, and there was a significant negative correlation between the net
      placental rT3 production from T4 and gestational age. These results indicate that
      the net placental rT3 production from T4 is not affected by complications of
      pregnancy, but shows a significant change with the progress of gestation.

PMID- 3999975
TI  - Physiologic concentrations of beta-lipotropin stimulate lipolysis in rabbit
      adipocytes.
AB  - The proopiocorticomelanotropin (POMC) sequence beta-lipotropin stimulates
      glycerol release from incubated rabbit adipocytes at a minimal concentration of
      10(-9) mol/L. However, when lipolysis inhibiting substances (eg, fatty acids and
      adenosine) and contaminating peptide degrading activity are continuously removed
      by fat cell perifusion, the sensitivity is increased to 10(-13) and partly to 10(
      14) mol/L beta-lipotropin. This higher sensitivity of the perifused adipocyte
      could also be demonstrated with alpha-MSH (from 5 X 10(-10) to 10(-13) mol/L).
      The restimulation of glycerol release was shown for both peptides. We conclude
      that POMC peptides might be involved in the regulation of lipolysis since the
      minimal effective concentrations are near to plasma concentrations.

PMID- 3999976
TI  - Bone mass and sex steroid concentrations in postmenopausal Caucasian diabetics.
AB  - We have evaluated radial bone mass and sex steroid concentrations in a group of
      postmenopausal white type 2 diabetics, that group at greatest risk of developing
      osteoporosis. The linear regression of midshaft bone mass on age for 79 patients
      showed a rate of loss about half the rate for normals. These data suggest that
      bone is lost at a slower rate by this group, and the difference cannot be
      explained by obesity or glucose control alone. A subset of 40 of these subjects
      was chosen for further study. As expected, these women had significantly higher
      bone mass than normals; in addition, they were significantly heavier (82.4 +/-
      2.7 kg v 65.3 +/- 1.8 kg, P less than .001), and had higher body mass index (32.1
      +/- 1.0 kg/m2 v 25.2 +/- 0.6 kg/m2, P less than .001), than controls. Serum
      estrone concentrations were higher (49.8 +/- 3.7 pg/mL v 28.5 +/- 1.8 pg/mL, P
      less than .001); serum androstenedione (0.28 +/- 0.03 ng/mL v 0.51 +/- 0.04
      ng/mL, P less than .001), and serum testosterone (0.18 +/- 0.02 ng/mL v 0.26 +/-
      0.02 ng/mL, P less than .02) concentrations were lower among diabetics than
      controls. Serum estradiol (15.1 +/- 1.7 pg/mL v 15.3 +/- 1.0 pg/mL, P greater
      than .5) was not significantly different. Multiple regression analysis indicates
      that the excess level of estrone concentration among diabetics increased with the
      degree of obesity. The explanation for the lower concentration of the other sex
      steroids among diabetics is not known.

PMID- 3999977
TI  - Postchallenge plasma lipoprotein retinoids: chylomicron remnants in endogenous
      hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine whether chylomicron remnants accumulate in
      the plasma of patients with "endogenous" hypertriglyceridemia. Retinyl esters
      were used as markers of chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants since they are
      carried mainly if not exclusively by lipoproteins of intestinal origin. Seventy
      six fasting normotriglyceridemic and hypertriglyceridemic patients were studied
      12 to 15 hours after ingesting 25,000 IU of vitamin A. Plasma retinol and retinyl
      esters were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
      Chylomicronemia was assessed by flotation at unit gravity and by chylomicron
      flocculation in 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone. Plasma lipids, retinoids, lipoprotein
      cholesterol, and the electrophoretic mobility of very-low density lipoproteins
      were determined in a subset of 36 subjects. Progressively elevated plasma retinyl
      ester concentrations were observed among patients with mild, moderate, and severe
      hypertriglyceridemia. All subjects with fasting chylomicronemia had retinyl ester
      retention. The majority of subjects with mild or moderate hypertriglyceridemia
      (predominantly type IV hyperlipoproteinemia) also had elevated plasma
      concentrations of retinyl esters. Total plasma retinyl ester and plasma
      triglyceride concentrations correlated significantly (rs = 0.721, P less than
      0.001) in nonchylomicronemic subjects. In addition, total plasma retinol
      concentrations were mildly elevated among hypertriglyceridemic subjects because
      retinol, as well as retinyl esters, is transported by triglyceride-rich
      lipoproteins. If lipoprotein remnants are atherogenic in man, then chylomicron
      remnant retention may accelerate atherogenesis in hypertriglyceridemic
      individuals.

PMID- 3999978
TI  - The effects of a high-carbohydrate low-fat cholesterol-restricted diet on plasma
      lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations in insulin-dependent (type I)
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Six women with well-defined insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were
      studied for 4 weeks during a control diet containing 45% of the calories as
      carbohydrate, 40% fat (P/S ratio 0.14), 15% protein, and 580 mg of cholesterol,
      and for 6 weeks during a high-carbohydrate low-fat cholesterol-restricted diet
      with 65% carbohydrate, 20% fat (P/S ratio 1.40), 15% protein, and 62 mg
      cholesterol. All subjects completed both dietary periods in a crossover
      experimental design. Individual menus were subject-selected from a calculated
      exchange list containing conventional food items consistent with current American
      dietary patterns. The diets were well-tolerated by all subjects. Total plasma
      cholesterol decreased from 201 to 156 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.05) during the
      cholesterol-restricted diet, while total plasma triglyceride (TG) increased from
      96 to 115 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.01). During this same period, very low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and VLDL-TG increased from 17 to 21 mg/100 mL (P
      less than 0.05) and from 59 to 76 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.001), respectively,
      while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased from 126 to 90 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.05) and
      from 50 to 39 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.05), respectively. LDL-C/HDL-C and total
      C/HDL-C ratios were lower but not significantly different, and LDL-TG and HDL-TG
      were unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 3999979
TI  - The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve.
AB  - Data from human subjects given various amounts of anabolic steroids show that the
      resultant increment in lean body mass (LBM) has the features of a typical dose
      response curve. Low doses produce a very modest effect, while large doses result
      in a progressive augmentation of the LBM. Endogenous testosterone production
      during male adolescence is accompanied by a sex differential in LBM that is
      comparable to the LBM increment generated by exogenous steroids given to adults.

PMID- 3999980
TI  - Inhibition of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation by pyruvate in rat heart mitochondria.
AB  - The oxidation of 1-14C-palmitoylcarnitine by rat heart mitochondria has been
      measured by assessing both the disappearance of substrate and the appearance of
      labelled products. Pyruvate inhibited palmitoylcarnitine oxidation by about 40%.
      Fifty percent inhibition occurred at about 20 mumol/L pyruvate. The inhibitory
      effect of pyruvate required entry of pyruvate into mitochondria since it did not
      occur in the presence of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, an inhibitor of the
      mitochondrial pyruvate transporter. The inhibitory effect of pyruvate also
      required an active pyruvate dehydrogenase. These studies indicate a mechanism
      that may be important in the replacement of fatty acids by carbohydrate as fuels
      of respiration of the heart during the transition from the starved to the fed
      state.

PMID- 3999981
TI  - A computerized prescription writing program for doctors.

PMID- 3999983
TI  - Syntactic pattern recognition of intermittent EEG activity.

PMID- 3999982
TI  - A medical microcomputer database management system.

PMID- 3999984
TI  - Information systems and clinical research by residents in internal medicine.

PMID- 3999985
TI  - Ultrastructure of Candida ingens: a yeast that can assimilate volatile fatty
      acids.
AB  - A defined liquid medium was developed for culture of Candida ingens on either
      volatile fatty acids or glucose as carbon source. Buffering capacity at pH 5.4
      was achieved by inclusion of 50 mM phthalic acid which is not assimilated. The
      yeast grew on C2-C5 acids, with lags in some cases that were dependent on the
      cultural history of the inoculum. The cells were notably large for Candida
      species, or yeasts in general, and were significantly more elongated on glucose
      substrate compared with butyrate. Traditional aldehyde fixatives and heavy metal
      staining yielded bland micrographs. However, the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide
      silver proteinate stain of Thiery resulted in informative, high contrast electron
      images for this species. The ultrastructure of the cell envelope was not greatly
      affected by carbon source or by growth habit except that a slime layer was more
      prevalent in pellicular cells compared with those grown in submerged culture. The
      slime layer was apparently stabilized by colloidal iron staining. The other
      feature of the cell envelope was a microfibrillar zone containing periodic acid
      reactive constituents. Subcellular organelles were typical of yeast species
      although there was a propensity for large vacuoles in pellicular cells. When
      cells were grown on fatty acids there was an increase in the number of
      microbodies compared with that observed on glucose. Microbodies were best
      demonstrated by diaminobenzidine-hydrogen peroxide staining of protoplasts, which
      were generated by dissolution of cell walls with snail digestive enzymes.

PMID- 3999986
TI  - Capillary permeability of 131I-albumin in skeletal muscle.
AB  - Capillary permeability of 131I-albumin in skeletal muscle was determined by
      applying the "single injection, residue detection" method to the autoperfused cat
      gastrocnemius muscle preparation. Experiments at zero venous pressure gave an
      average capillary extraction fraction, E, of 0.028 at a plasma flow of about 3 ml
      X (100 g)-1 X min-1. The permeability-surface area product, PS, was on average
      0.075 ml X (100 g)-1 X min-1. Experiments at a venous pressure of 10 mm Hg gave
      essentially the same PS product (0.070 ml X (100 g)-1 X min-1. Further
      experiments demonstrated that stagnant intravascular pools of 131I-albumin were
      not present. The free diffusion coefficient in water at 37 degrees of the
      purified 131I-albumin was 0.0631 X 10-5 cm2 X sec-1). The distribution volume for
      131I-albumin in the interstitial space was 3.5 ml X (100 g)-1 X sec-1. Assuming a
      capillary surface area of 70 cm2 X g-1 the permeability coefficient was
      calculated to be 18 X 10(-8) cm X sec-1 which is about 3 to 10 times higher than
      values obtained by lymph sampling methods. The results indicate that the
      predominant transcapillary transport mechanism for 131I-albumin is diffusion.
      When analyzed according to the theory of restricted diffusion the results are
      compatible with transcapillary diffusion through pores with an effective
      equivalent pore radius of 145 A.

PMID- 3999987
TI  - Leukocyte distribution to arteriolar branches: dependence on microvascular blood
      flow.
AB  - Leukocyte distribution to arteriolar branches in the hamster cheek pouch
      microvasculature was studied by rendering the cells fluorescent via a constant
      intravenous infusion of acridine orange. A principal objective was to determine
      the major factors influencing the partitioning of the cellular flux between
      daughter branches at arteriolar branch points with internal diameters permitting
      single-file leukocyte flow. Leukocyte flux determinations (cells/sec) and
      individual cell velocities were made for over 8000 cells at 13 branch sites in 10
      animals. The results indicate that for the branch flow ratios of 0.3 to 0.7
      encountered in the present experiments, the predominant factor influencing the
      average leukocyte flux is the branch blood flow. Branch fractional flux
      dependence on fractional blood flow was analyzed using linear and nonlinear
      models. A linear characterization provided an excellent fit and description of
      the functional relationship but a slight nonlinear component was also predicted
      by the nonlinear sigmoidal model which also fit the data well. Because of the
      small degree of predicted nonlinearity and the overlap of the standard deviations
      of the parameter estimates, we were not able to statistically decide on which
      model, and hence which functional relationship, is operative. Thus, the answer to
      the question regarding the presence of any preferential distribution is
      inconclusive. However, the data and analyses suggest that if preferential
      distribution is operative, its magnitude over the flow range and conditions here
      studied is small, and that for many purposes the relationship between the in vivo
      average fractional cell flux and blood flow may be viewed as linear.

PMID- 3999988
TI  - Radial distribution of white cells during blood flow in small tubes.
AB  - The radial distribution of white blood cells (WBC) in blood flowing through glass
      tubes (i.d. 69 micron) was studied as a function of wall shear stress (range 0.1
      2.5 Pa) and suspending medium (plasma, buffered saline, high-molecular-weight
      dextran solution). It was found that, irrespective of the choice of suspending
      medium, the highest leukocyte flux at high shear stresses was found in the tube
      center. WBC redistribution was seen upon lowering the shear stresses: A
      significant shift of WBC flux toward the marginal fluid layers occurred at the
      expense of the axial region. After replacement of plasma by other media the flow
      dependent redistribution of WBCs was qualitatively unaffected. However,
      suspension of cells in dextran solution (inducing strong red cell aggregation)
      resulted in enhanced WBC margination, while in saline (no red cell aggregation)
      axial accumulation was accentuated. The results support the concept of size
      dependent radial distribution of particles in flow of mixed suspensions. If
      applied to the living microcirculation, the data serve to explain WBC margination
      in microvessels (the first step in the series of events leading to emigration) in
      terms of a hydrodynamic phenomenon resulting from red cell/white cell
      interaction. The pronounced flow dependence of WBC margination results primarily
      from the effect of shear on red cell aggregation which leads to an alteration of
      the effective particle size distribution in the flowing blood.

PMID- 3999989
TI  - Ultrastructural comparative study on lymphatic capillaries of the subendocardium,
      myocardium, and subepicardium of the heart left ventricle.
AB  - A comparative study, with quantitative analysis, was done on the fine structure
      of the lymphatic capillaries in the subepicardium, myocardium, and subendocardium
      of the left ventricle from dog hearts. In the three layers, the vesicular system
      of lymphatic capillaries was quite similar. More than 63% of the plasmalemmal
      vesicles are in contact with the abluminal or luminal endothelial membrane of
      cardiac lymphatic capillaries. Volume density measurements showed that
      plasmalemmal vesicles occupied between 8.0 and 9.3% of the endothelial cytoplasm.
      Overlapping and interdigitation contacts were frequent, whereas end to end
      contacts were scarce. The frequency of open junctions wider than 50 nm was
      inferior to 1%. The intercellular cleft was often obstructed by a focal tight
      junction (macula occludens). Intercellular spaces without specialized junctions
      were more frequent with subepicardial and myocardial lymphatic capillaries as
      compared with subendocardial vessels. Important quantitative variations of the
      fine structure were encountered on the abluminal side of the endothelial wall. In
      the subendocardium, the basement membrane covered 33% of the lymphatic
      endothelium whereas for the subepicardium and myocardium lymphatic capillaries,
      the values were reduced significantly to 18% (P less than 0.05) and 10% (P less
      than 0.001), respectively. An inverse relation was observed between the
      proportion of endothelium covered by basement membrane and the frequency of
      abluminal endothelial projections associated with the endothelial wall.
      Endothelial projections (EP) decreased in the following order: myocardium (19
      EP/100 micron), subepicardium (15 EP/100 micron), and subendocardium (10 EP/100
      micron). Quantitative morphological variations in the fine structure of lymphatic
      capillaries are believed to result from physiological (muscular movements,
      metabolic activity) and morphological (thickness of the connective tissue support
      surrounding lymphatic capillaries) differences existing between the three cardiac
      layers.

PMID- 3999990
TI  - Comparison between pore model predictions and sheep lung fluid and protein
      transport.
AB  - The multiple pore model of T. R. Harris and R. J. Roselli (1981, J. Appl.
      Physiol: Respir. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 50, 1-14), was used to simulate lung
      lymph flow and protein transport at various levels of microvascular pressure.
      Response of the three-pore structure determined in that study was found to be in
      excellent agreement with the experimental sheep lung lymph measurements of R. E.
      Parker, R. J. Roselli, T. R. Harris, and K. L. Brigham (1981, Circ. Res. 49, 1164
      1172). Optimal one- and two-pore model structures were also determined and their
      responses compared with the experimental data. The two-pore model behavior was
      found to be very similar to that of the three-pore model but a homoporous model
      which reproduced the experimental findings could not be found. All simulations
      required interstitial fluid pressure to increase as microvascular pressure was
      elevated. True filtration-independent conditions could only be simulated when
      lung vascular pressures were raised to physiologically unrealistic values.

PMID- 3999991
TI  - Hyperosmolality and transcapillary fluid and protein movement in skeletal muscle.
AB  - The effect of hyperosmolal glucose infusion on the transcapillary transport of
      fluid and protein was examined in the isolated gracilis muscle of the dog.
      Volumes of 18, 36, and 72 microliter/min of 30% glucose were infused
      intraarterially for 30 min into blood flow held constant at 3-4 ml/min X 100 g,
      thereby increasing plasma osmolality from 21 to 126 mOsm/liter. Transcapillary
      fluid movement (Jv) was assessed plethysmographically and protein transport (Js)
      by direct monitoring of the rate of increase of tissue 125I-albumin
      radioactivity. Hyperosmolal perfusion reduced vascular resistance. Initially
      tissue volume declined and then while the infusion continued, reversed direction
      and rose, occasionally exceeding control volume within the 30-min infusion
      period. Js also declined transiently, then increased during infusion. The
      reversal of Js led the reversal of Jv, therefore the reversal of Jv during
      hyperosmolal infusion was attributed to development of a sufficient change in the
      oncotic gradient due to the increased Js. These changes were significantly dose
      dependent. Stopping the hyperosmolal infusion resulted in a marked increase in Jv
      at all dose levels and, except for the low dose, a maintained rate of increase of
      Js. Thus early during hyperosmolal exposure protein transport was enhanced by
      either diffusion or vesicular transport. During recovery, the maintained increase
      in Js was probably due to increased convection.

PMID- 3999992
TI  - Long-term micro- and macrocirculatory measurements in conscious rats.
AB  - A lightweight, thermoneutral chamber design is introduced which permits the
      investigator to study, in vivo, intact skeletal muscle vasculature in the rat.
      The chamber, combined with established instrumentation (electromagnetic flowmetry
      and chronic catheterization) for monitoring of central hemodynamic parameters,
      affords the unique opportunity to correlate hemodynamic changes with alterations
      in the skeletal muscle microvasculature. Further, the studies may be performed in
      the unanesthetized animal. This model represents an integrated approach for the
      simultaneous study of the macro- and microcirculation within the same animal.

PMID- 3999993
TI  - The vascular pattern of basal cell tumors: light microscopy and scanning electron
      microscopic study on vascular corrosion casts.
AB  - Light microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections and scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts were used to study the
      blood vascular system of human basal cell tumors. Concerning the gross
      angioarchitecture there is a very close correlation between the histological
      appearance and the findings obtained from vascular corrosion casts, when
      evaluated in a SEM. The tumor cell beds are enveloped by basket-like capillary
      plexus. The tumors are traversed over long distances by superficially running,
      teleangiectatic, but flattened capillaries. These compressed vessels are squeezed
      between tumor cell cords and epidermis. In vascular corrosion casts of human
      basal cell tumors the vascular system exhibits three different features. Blind
      ending vascular casts; Four different causes for blind-ending cast structures are
      pointed out and discussed. Incomplete filling of the vascular system; compression
      of tumor vessels; new proliferating capillary sprouts; broken cast endings.
      Variations in vessel caliber and extravasation of the injection resin. Most of
      the variation in vessel calibers are thought to be caused by dilation of the
      weakened endothelial walls, but some of them presumably represent new projecting
      vascular swellings. Circumscribed leakage of the injected resin could be
      attributed to regions of advanced connective tissue degeneration and endothelial
      lysis. Flattened cast structures; The addition of tissues during tumor growth
      results in an increase of tissue pressure. Thus many tumor vessels get displaced,
      compressed, and flattened and vascular occlusions will occur. However, it must be
      stressed that much caution is needed in assessing the nature of the vascular cast
      structures of basal cell tumors.

PMID- 3999994
TI  - Adrenergic innervation in the microcirculation of the bat wing.
AB  - The distribution of adrenergic nerves to the microcirculation of the wing web of
      the bat was studied in whole-mount preparations employing glyoxylic acid
      fluorescence histochemistry. A dense perivascular adrenergic nerve plexus
      consisting of various-sized nerve bundles surrounded the arteries. The
      accompanying veins were sparsely innervated by small nerve bundles or single
      axons. Arterioles also possessed a dense perivascular plexus comprised of a loose
      network of small axon bundles. Muscular venules accompanying most arterioles were
      supplied by a small number of varicose axons which surrounded these vessels in a
      loose network. The majority of the terminal arterioles were devoid of any direct
      innervation. The proximal segment of some terminal arterioles was innervated by
      one or two axons which were observed to diverge from the vessels and terminate in
      the tissue. The true capillaries, postcapillary venules, and lymphatics possessed
      no direct adrenergic innervation. Surgical sectioning of the appropriate nerve
      trunks or administration of 6-hydroxydopamine caused complete disappearance of
      all fluorescent adrenergic axons in the wing web. Faint acetylcholinesterase
      positive staining was observed in a perivascular plexus surrounding the arteries
      and arterioles. A much diminished acetylcholinesterase activity was observed
      after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine which implies that this enzymatic activity
      resides in the adrenergic nerves.

PMID- 3999995
TI  - A comparison of two catalase preparations used to examine vascular permeability.
AB  - Beef liver catalase has been used as a tracer in cytochemical studies of vascular
      permeability. The use of Sigma catalase C-40 and C-100 preparations in capillary
      permeability studies of the ileojejunum and choriocapillaris was examined.
      Catalase C-40 is restricted by the fenestrated capillaries of the ileojejunum in
      contrast to their permeability to C-100. The choriocapillaris restricts both
      catalase preparations. Sephadex G-200 chromatography of plasma samples incubated
      with catalase C-40, or from C-40-injected animals, demonstrated an increase in
      the molecular weight of the tracer. No increase in molecular weight was evident
      for catalase C-100. The isoelectric point of both preparations was 5.4-5.7. These
      findings indicate that Sigma catalase C-100 is the preferred preparation for use
      in vascular permeability studies.

PMID- 3999996
TI  - Why was the 1918 influenza pandemic so lethal? The possible role of a
      neurovirulent neuraminidase.
AB  - Epidemiological, viral, behavioral and neuropathological evidence suggests that
      some influenza epidemics were neurovirulent. Re-examination of the data from the
      lethal 1918 pandemic armed with recent observations about the influenza virus
      implicates a neurovirulent influenza virus in manic-depressive disease,
      schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. The neurovirulence seems to have been
      related to the species of neuraminidase.

PMID- 3999997
TI  - X-radiation carcinogenesis in humans.
AB  - Using a two hit theory of x-irradiation damage to DNA in ankylosing spondylitis
      treated patients (in a course of 10 treatments), I have found that a dose squared
      theory can approximately yield results which are in agreement with observation.
      The first hit inactivates premutational repair, while the second hit causes a
      mutation in an operator region which controls cell division. And average value of
      the immunological efficiency is used for the removal of incipient tumor cells.

PMID- 3999998
TI  - Integration of allogeneic lymphocyte immunotherapy with short-course chemotherapy
      and hypoenergic hyperthermia: a "triple-threat" treatment for disseminated
      cancer.
AB  - A strategy for treatment of disseminated cancer is proposed which unites short
      course chemotherapy, local hyperthermia, and allogeneic lymphocyte immunotherapy,
      designed and timed so as to optimize their synergistic interactions. Short-course
      chemotherapy potentiates allogeneic lymphocyte immunotherapy, and in turn is
      potentiated by subsequent courses of local hyperthermia. Response to hyperthermia
      can be enhanced by measures which selectively inhibit tumor blood flow, impair
      tumor energy metabolism, and produce tumor acidification; these include induction
      of prolonged hyperglycemia, and administration of selectively activated
      "hypoenergic" agents which inhibit or uncouple tumor respiration. It is
      anticipated that these methods will enable a significant advance in the control
      of metastasized solid tumors.

PMID- 3999999
TI  - Cot-death: the ammonia factor.
AB  - Wet nappies at night could cause infants at risk to die. Tyler first suspected
      this ten years ago when his head was jerked back from his infant son's cot by the
      pungent odour of ammonia gas. This theory is consistent with the full
      epidemiology of cot-death. Ammonia is an insidious poison which has a wide and
      varied range of effects on the respiratory and nervous systems according to
      concentration and length of exposure. At its mildest it irritates the tissues. In
      larger doses ammonia can cause pulmonary oedema and pneumonitis. It can also
      cause stenosis of affected organs. Its chief danger lies in its potential to
      disrupt oxygenation at every level throughout the body. Acute and chronic
      poisoning profiles indicate the possibility that numbers of infants reported as
      dying from gastro-intestinal or respiratory disease could have been ammonia
      poisoning victims. Predisposing factors, such as smoking during pregnancy, are
      shown to contribute to the vulnerability of the infant to ammonia poisoning. The
      theory provides the framework for the development of an effective programme of
      infant death prevention.

PMID- 4000000
TI  - Fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular mortality.
AB  - A steady fall in mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been
      reported recently in the United States. This study tests the hypothesis that
      fruits and vegetables had a protective effect against cardiovascular mortality
      among the American population from 1964-78. Special attention was focused on more
      specific groups of fruits and vegetables, especially those rich in vitamin C, to
      examine the effect of consumption of these foods on cardiovascular mortality
      rates. These data showed that the consumption of fruits and vegetables,
      particularly those rich in vitamin C (based on content and consumption), may have
      offered a protective effect against deaths from CVD. Increased fruit and
      vegetable consumption appeared to contribute significantly to the reduction of
      CVD mortality in the American population in recent years.

PMID- 4000002
TI  - Climacteric in women: an evolutionary defect?
AB  - This is a theoretical paper. Climacteric in women has two basic consequences: (i)
      Sterility, which is interpreted here as a positive feature, because it protects
      the older woman from the hardships of pregnancy. (ii) Hormonal deficiency, which
      is interpreted here as a negative feature, because it leads to deleterious
      changes in various parts of the body. Can these negative features be regarded as
      evolutionary defects? The answer is no, if the following points are considered.
      Through human innovations, women's natural lifespan of less than 30 years has
      been extended to almost 80 years. Had the lifespan not been manipulated, most
      women would not reach climacteric, which normally does not begin before the
      fourth decade of life. When interpreting climacteric as a phenomenon precipitated
      by man rather then by Nature, it follows that the negative features of
      climacteric should not be regarded as evolutionary defects.

PMID- 4000001
TI  - A model of the basic components of living organisms.
AB  - The hypothesis considers organisms' ambivalence towards physical forces as a
      crucial point of difference between living and non-living objects:-while the
      latter are fully dependent on physical forces, the essential characteristics of
      organisms displayed in the course of their interactions manifest their relative
      independence of the forces that postulate the objects' interactions. According to
      the presented model the organisms configuration holds a borderline position in
      three-dimensional space and it is assumed that this particular position exactly
      accounts for the ambivalent behaviour of living objects. The model outlines a
      globule-shaped chain of components with different levels of organization. The
      similarities of the model and the living cell are discussed.

PMID- 4000003
TI  - Role of pressure in atherogenesis.

PMID- 4000004
TI  - Allosensitization in tumor therapy and prophylaxis, and in female contraception-
      a prospect for clinical use.
AB  - A hypothesis is presented on the possible role of allosensitization in therapy
      and prophylaxis of human tumors, and in human female contraception. The essence
      of the proposed treatment of human malignancies is allosensitization with
      allogeneic white blood cells by means of application of two blood transfusions
      from normal healthy donors within a certain time interval to patients with
      invasive or metastasizing cancer. The therapy should be accompanied by
      immunoglobulins, bacterial toxins and a single dose of cytostatics. In the case
      of a successful tumor regression a prophylaxis of recurrence should be made with
      two doses of intradermally injected allogeneic lympho-leucocytic concentrates
      mixed with bacterial toxins; such treatment might also be effective in tumor
      prophylaxis, or in long-lasting contraception in women. The hypothesis is
      supported by recent literature as well as by our recent results in the area of
      cell-mediated control of tissue proliferation, fetal allograft survival or tumor
      development. It is concluded that tumor rejection can be mediated not only by the
      direct effect of anti-tumor drugs but more effectively by the organisms
      mechanisms responsible for removal of undesirable tissue.

PMID- 4000005
TI  - Cancer cachexia: a manifestation of hypersensitivity?
AB  - More than thirty years ago, as a corollary of the experimental analysis of the
      systemic hypersensitivity reaction, it was postulated that the general symptoms
      of tuberculous patients may be due to the action of the specific antigen upon the
      sensitized host. The same hypothesis can be extrapolated in order to interpret
      some hitherto unexplained findings that are observed in cancer hosts, as well as
      organ transplant recipients.

PMID- 4000006
TI  - Possibilities of liposomes as dynamic dosage form in dermatology.
AB  - Local application of substances in different vehicles for the care of the skin
      and the treatment of skin diseases have been used since antiquity. With the
      present state of technology a modern dosage form allowing chemical engineering
      can be devised. Liposomes which consist of lipid bilayers engulfing an aqueous
      solution fulfill the sophisticated requirements. With a lipid and an aqueous
      compartment these liposomes can contain lipophilic and hydrophilic medicaments.
      The lipid composition and the incorporation of charged carrier protein molecules
      can be varied, affecting the rate of drug release to the skin. In this way active
      substances are either retained on the skin (pertinent to sunscreening agents) or
      liberated from the liposome depot to the skin layers (corticosteroids). The
      highly organized membrane structures containing lysine or hydrolysine can be
      fixed to the skin enzymatically avoiding temporal removal from the skin and
      supporting depot function and protective film function. Studying the surface
      lipid and epidermal lipid composition, lipid membranes can be composed which do
      not cause hypersensitivity reactions and form a substitute in case of deficient
      barrier function of the skin.

PMID- 4000007
TI  - Microemboli: an overview.

PMID- 4000008
TI  - Product design and its relation to the generation of gaseous microemboli in the
      extracorporeal circuit.
AB  - In the design of extracorporeal devices, consideration is given to the materials
      of construction, which affect wetting, blood compatibility, and the production
      and separation of gaseous microemboli (GME). The wetting characteristics of the
      materials can affect both the generation and separation of GME. Consideration
      must also be given to the fluid mechanics of extracorporeal devices, since
      turbulence, cavitation, and zones of stagnation all affect the production and
      release of GME. The effects of pressure gradients within the extracorporeal
      circuit cannot be neglected, since significant pressure differences generated
      within the system can easily de-gas the blood. The hemodynamics of cannulae,
      oxygenators, connectors, cardiotomy reservoirs, arterial blood filters, and the
      perfusion circuit must be considered as potential contributors to GME production.

PMID- 4000009
TI  - The bubble oxygenator as a source of gaseous microemboli.
AB  - The role of the bubble oxygenator in the production of gaseous microemboli (GME)
      in the extracorporeal circuit is a consequence of both the mechanism by which the
      oxygenator functions and the designs employed to implement that mechanism. In the
      past ultrasonic devices were used to evaluate the production of GME by bubble
      oxygenators. This report describes the application of dilatometry to provide a
      more quantitative determination of GME production. This technique uses the
      compressibility of gases to measure their volume in a gas-liquid mixture. The
      results obtained provide a new perspective for the study of GME in the
      extracorporeal circuit.

PMID- 4000010
TI  - Removal of gaseous microemboli from extracorporeal circulation.
AB  - The removal of gaseous microemboli by arterial filters involves several physical
      mechanisms. These mechanisms, the bubble trap and bubble barrier concepts, along
      with the physics of their operation, are examined. Sample calculations based on
      actual operating parameters in an extracorporeal circuit are presented.

PMID- 4000011
TI  - Gaseous microemboli: sources, causes, and clinical considerations.
AB  - Patients undergoing open-heart surgery are exposed to gaseous microemboli (GME)
      from several sources, including bubble oxygenators, which are used in a majority
      of cases for cardiopulmonary bypass. If present in large quantities, GME can
      reduce blood flow and delivery of oxygen to tissues and may be responsible, in
      part, for some of the complications that commonly follow cardiopulmonary bypass.
      Gaseous microemboli are defined, and the causes of this phenomenon are examined.
      The literature from the last 30 years on this topic is also reviewed, and
      measures for reducing GME during cardiopulmonary bypass are recommended. Current
      considerations for users of cardiopulmonary bypass systems are discussed, and
      five unanswered questions are raised in the conclusion.

PMID- 4000012
TI  - An optimal real-time digital processor for the electric activity of muscle.
AB  - The electric activity of muscle generates a biologic signal that can be used to
      estimate muscle force. However, large-amplitude, low-frequency variations are
      frequently superimposed on estimates of muscle force that are based on
      myoelectric signals. Conventional myoelectric signal processors reduce this
      "noise" component by simple filtering, which adversely affects the speed of
      response of the force estimate. Based on a novel algorithm for processing raw
      myoelectric signals that optimally reduce these random fluctuations, a new
      myoelectric signal processor was developed with hardware-assisted digital
      microprocessor technology; two sets of four differential electrodes are sampled
      at a rate of 1 kHz to generate two independent estimates of muscle force. Use of
      this processor resulted in an almost fivefold improvement in precision of force
      estimate compared with estimates obtained from the conventional myoelectric
      processor. If the new device were reprogrammed slightly, the speed of response
      achieved could be as much as 20 times greater than that of the conventional
      analog processor.

PMID- 4000013
TI  - Electrical impedance properties of the body and the problem of alternate-site
      burns during electrosurgery.
AB  - The radiofrequency (RF) impedance at 500 kHz was measured between multiple
      contact points on the bodies of six healthy volunteers by a tetrapolar
      measurement technique. The impedance between various contact points was
      predictable and could increase by a factor of two, depending on the sites
      selected for electrode application. These results were related to a simple
      resistive model of RF current distribution through the body. Based on the model
      and on data from human subjects, a hierarchy of optimal locations was developed
      to minimize the impedance between a surgical site and a dispersive electrode site
      and to reduce the potential for alternate-site burns from electrosurgery.

PMID- 4000014
TI  - The hematofluorometer: a rapid assay for bilirubin and bilirubin binding.
AB  - Serum bilirubin measurement is extremely important to clinicians caring for
      newborn infants. These infants are at risk for kernicterus (bilirubin staining of
      brain matter) due to their immature clearance mechanism and increased bilirubin
      load. The hematofluorometer is a newly available device that uses the fluorescent
      properties of bilirubin to measure 1) albumin-bound bilirubin, 2) reserve binding
      capacity, and 3) total whole blood bilirubin. Since it is an easy and rapid
      assay, it provides the clinician with immediate information regarding the
      infant's level of unbound bilirubin. This information permits rapid assessment of
      the patient's risk for bilirubin encephalopathy. Clinicians and researchers could
      readily use this device in several clinical situations.

PMID- 4000016
TI  - Occupational lung disease in Australia. Evolution of chronic airflow obstruction.

PMID- 4000015
TI  - Isolated power systems.

PMID- 4000017
TI  - Communicating with patients. Do your patients understand you? Are you speaking
      the same language?

PMID- 4000019
TI  - The seven per cent solution.

PMID- 4000018
TI  - Pathophysiology of drowning.

PMID- 4000020
TI  - Strategies for avoiding or minimizing homologous blood transfusion: a sequel to
      the AIDS scare.

PMID- 4000021
TI  - Language skills of general practitioners in Sydney.
AB  - Nearly 50% of the general practitioners in nine representative local-government
      areas of Sydney spoke one of 27 languages other than English. The most common
      languages were Chinese dialects, Indian dialects, Italian, German and French.
      Bilingual and multilingual doctors tended to practise in local government areas
      with relatively large non-English-speaking populations. Nevertheless, some
      language groups would not have easy access to a general practitioner,
      particularly to a female doctor, who speaks their language.

PMID- 4000022
TI  - Languages spoken by medical students.
AB  - A self-reported survey of 878 medical students in Monash University (excluding
      students sponsored by overseas governments) showed that 21.4% had a fluent
      command of a language other than English, and 62.2% had a basic usable knowledge
      of another language. Only 28.5% of the students reported having neither a fluent
      nor a usable command of another language. These results suggest a rich resource
      of skills in community languages other than English among people who will be
      entering the medical workforce. Positive recommendations are made to develop and
      use this resource effectively.

PMID- 4000023
TI  - Irreversible airflow obstruction. Evolution in asthma.
AB  - To determine whether asthma can cause irreversible airflow obstruction (IAO) 89
      subjects with uncomplicated asthma received intensive treatment for four weeks.
      FEV1 was measured at 0, two and four weeks; pulmonary elasticity and flow
      resistance was measured in 46 of the subjects at four weeks. Severity of asthma
      and cigarette consumption were ascertained by a questionnaire. The mean
      difference between the predicted and highest FEV1 during treatment was 0.29 L (P
      less than 0.001). The highest FEV1% predicted correlated (P less than 0.001) with
      the duration and severity of asthma in the entire group, in the 51 nonsmokers,
      and in the 47 subjects with the adult onset of asthma. Pulmonary resistance, but
      not elastic recoil, correlated with the duration and severity of asthma (P less
      than 0.01). The results show that chronic asthma can cause narrowed airways and
      IAO, and suggest that this may be prevented by improved control of asthma.

PMID- 4000025
TI  - Chronic airflow obstruction. Evolution of disordered function in cigarette
      smokers.
AB  - Measurements of the mechanical behaviour of the lung, which reflect lung
      structure, have been used to elucidate the evolution of chronic airflow
      obstruction in male cigarette smokers and subjects with pulmonary emphysema. The
      exponent K, from a single exponential function fitted to static pressure-volume
      data, is an index of lung distensibility directly related to the size of
      peripheral airspaces. Elastic recoil pressure is inversely related to K.
      Conductance measured during forced and interrupted deflations of the lungs
      reflects the dimensions of airways. K increased abnormally with age in smokers
      suggesting an increase in the airspace size caused by the effects of cigarette
      smoke which probably acts by intensifying elastase activity in lung tissue.
      Decreased conductance implying narrowing of airways is found in young smokers,
      but conductance rises and airways become more distensible in older smokers. A
      progressive increase in K (with decrease in recoil pressure) and a decrease in
      conductance are responsible for the advancement of severe airflow obstruction in
      cigarette smokers.

PMID- 4000024
TI  - Airways disease: evolution, pathology, and recognition.
AB  - Obstruction to airflow in the lung was studied in 150 patients who presented with
      coin lesions necessitating surgical resection of the lung. Pulmonary function
      tests were performed before surgery, and the structure of the lung or lobe was
      analysed by means of morphometric techniques. The evolution of obstructive
      airways disease appeared to be based on a progressive chronic inflammatory
      reaction in the respiratory and membranous bronchioles. This led to progressive
      airway obstruction and was associated with destruction of the lung surface. The
      early pulmonary vascular problems appeared to be related to progressive airways
      obstruction that may have increased pulmonary artery pressure by causing alveolar
      pressure to increase more than pleural pressure during the hyperventilation of
      exercise.

PMID- 4000026
TI  - Euthanasia--again. "Letting die" is not in the patient's best interests: a case
      for active euthanasia.
AB  - Recent discussions in the Journal on the subject of euthanasia have relied on
      intuitive appeals to distinctions traditionally considered to be morally
      relevant, such as the distinction between acts and omissions (or killing and
      letting die), or ordinary and extraordinary means of treatment. These discussions
      remained inconclusive. However, the question of euthanasia no longer remains
      inconclusive if one adopts the perspective suggested by the United States
      President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and
      Biomedical and Behavioral Research and by the World Medical Assembly--that a
      doctor should act in his or her patient's best interests. From this vantage
      point, it is argued, there will be instances when active euthanasia is the proper
      cause of action.

PMID- 4000027
TI  - AIDS. Condoms, and gay abandon.

PMID- 4000028
TI  - DES exposure in utero.

PMID- 4000029
TI  - Medic Alert bracelets.

PMID- 4000030
TI  - Acute median nerve compression.

PMID- 4000031
TI  - Merbentyl: another innocent bystander?

PMID- 4000032
TI  - Medical education--some thoughts for the future.

PMID- 4000034
TI  - Starting to do research.

PMID- 4000033
TI  - Sexual abuse of children.

PMID- 4000035
TI  - Effects of random breath testing on hospital admissions of traffic-accident
      casualties in the Hunter Health Region.
AB  - During the period of six years from 1977 to 1982, the number of admissions of
      victims of traffic accidents to public hospitals in the Hunter Health Region of
      New South Wales fell from 2099 to 1734, a decline of 21%. About three-quarters of
      these patients were male; one-quarter were in the 15-20 year age group. Since the
      introduction of random breath testing (RBT) in 1982, there has been a further
      decline in admissions of traffic accident victims to hospitals of nearly 20%,
      attributable to the introduction of RBT. The initial decline of 30% appears to
      have stabilized at 20% after 12 months. The decline in admissions occurred in the
      urban hospitals (31%), and not in the rural hospitals; it was greater among male
      (31%) than among female (8%) accident victims. In the Hunter region, it is
      estimated that RBT has resulted in a saving of more than 3000 hospital bed-days
      in its first year.

PMID- 4000037
TI  - Video recording in an acute care perinatology unit.
AB  - Intensive care of the newborn is usually unexpected, often involves emergency
      retrieval, is sometimes administered in life-threatening disorders, and is always
      extremely anxiety-provoking and disruptive for the families involved. All this
      occurs at a time when mother-infant bonding is so important. The use of a video
      recording system in these acute care situations is described, with particular
      case examples illustrating its value.

PMID- 4000036
TI  - Accuracy of blood alcohol estimations obtained with a breath alcohol analyser in
      a casualty department.
AB  - The accuracy and reliability of a rapid blood alcohol estimation by means of a
      breath alcohol analyser has been evaluated under casualty department conditions
      in a series of 646 road-crash victims managed at the Dandenong and District
      Hospital. A higher correlation (r = 0.91) was found between the breath alcohol
      analyser readings in 633 casualties and those obtained by blood analysis in the
      police laboratory. In 13 unconscious casualties in whom a nasal breath test was
      performed, the correlation was lower (r = 0.76). In six casualties, the breath
      alcohol analyser readings showed lower alcohol concentrations than the legal
      limit of 0.05 g/100 mL (10.9 mmol/L), but blood analysis detected an illegal
      concentration. Further evaluation of the accuracy of the breath alcohol analyser
      in other casualty departments is necessary before it can be recommended as a
      screening device in States which have legislated for compulsory blood alcohol
      tests in adult road casualties.

PMID- 4000038
TI  - Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with malignant disease: a
      clinicopathological study of 16 cases.
AB  - Among 2627 necropsies performed in the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, over
      a period of 11 years, 16 cases of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)
      were found in patients with cancer (13 adenocarcinomas). The final stay in
      hospital of seven of these patients was complicated by a major embolic cerebral
      (six patients), or spinal cord (one patient), stroke. In all cases, the diagnosis
      of NBTE was made at necropsy. The aortic valve was affected in 10 patients, the
      mitral valve in five, and both the mitral and tricuspid valves in one. The
      diagnosis of NBTE should be considered in any patient with a known, or suspected,
      malignant neoplasm who suffers a stroke or other unexplained embolic events.

PMID- 4000039
TI  - Treatment of acute poisoning.

PMID- 4000040
TI  - Patterns of sexual abuse of children.

PMID- 4000041
TI  - Sexual abuse of children: issues, views and comments.

PMID- 4000043
TI  - Informed consent--the last of Mrs Sidaway?

PMID- 4000042
TI  - Plasma warfarin concentrations after a massive overdose.
AB  - The plasma pharmacokinetics of warfarin were studied in a patient who took an
      overdose of warfarin (2000 mg by mouth), together with 25 X 10(4) units of
      heparin administered subcutaneously. The plasma warfarin level fell rapidly (half
      life, 21.7 h), and there was no convincing evidence for dose-dependency in its
      disposition.

PMID- 4000044
TI  - Requiem for Section 17 as amended.

PMID- 4000045
TI  - A holiday home for long-stay psychiatric patients.

PMID- 4000046
TI  - AIDS and the reluctant surgeon.

PMID- 4000048
TI  - Hepatitis B and AIDS in Africa.

PMID- 4000047
TI  - Radiology in the undergraduate curriculum: 1984 update.

PMID- 4000049
TI  - MRSA revisited.

PMID- 4000051
TI  - Hysterectomy: postoperative exercise.

PMID- 4000050
TI  - Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome and Campylobacter.

PMID- 4000052
TI  - Reduction of shock in skiing accidents.

PMID- 4000053
TI  - Salivary calculus.

PMID- 4000054
TI  - [Hyposensitization in wasp venom and bee venom allergy].

PMID- 4000055
TI  - [Treatment of depressive syndrome with antidepressants].

PMID- 4000056
TI  - [Prostaglandins. Principles and clinical use].

PMID- 4000057
TI  - [Zinc and vitamin A. Biological function, interaction and therapeutic
      approaches].

PMID- 4000058
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 4000059
TI  - Triphasil--a new triphasic oral contraceptive.

PMID- 4000060
TI  - Synthetic calcitonin for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PMID- 4000062
TI  - Exertional heat injury.

PMID- 4000061
TI  - Estrogens in cosmetics.

PMID- 4000063
TI  - Anaerobic bacteria in urine before and after prostatic massage of infertile men.
AB  - In the present study 25 infertile men delivered urine before and after prostatic
      massage. Expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) was obtained from 11 men. Aerobic
      and anaerobic bacterial analyses showed that a total of 33 isolates was found in
      samples of urine voided before massage as compared to 59 isolates after massage
      of the prostate. There was an increase in the number of anaerobes whereas there
      was no change in the number of aerobes. The occurrence of EPS did not influence
      the number of aerobic and anaerobic isolates in urine voided after massage of the
      prostate. The most often isolated anaerobes in urine voided after prostatic
      massage were Eubacterium lentum, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus and Bacteroides
      species and the most common anaerobe in EPS was Peptostreptococcus micros.

PMID- 4000064
TI  - Enzymatic profile of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
AB  - The enzymatic profiles of 109 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
      subsp. anitratus and lwoffi were determined with conventional plate tests and the
      rapid API ZYM system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.). The majority of
      strains tested lacked DNase, hemolysin, protease, elastase and gelatinase. Strong
      enzymatic activities of butyrate esterase (C4), caprylate esterase (C8) and
      leucine arylamidase were detected in all isolates. No trypsin, chymotrypsin,
      alkaline phosphatase or glucosidase activities were present. This profile was
      characteristic of all isolates examined by the API ZYM system and could serve as
      a useful diagnostic feature of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus and
      subsp. lwoffi.

PMID- 4000065
TI  - Characterization of parasite antigens from human hydatid cyst fluid by SDS-PAGE
      and IEF.
AB  - Combining high resolution power of SDS-PAGE and IEF with the specific
      immunological recognition of a human antiserum directed against Echinococcus
      granulosus antigens, we could identify, in 4 hydatid cystic fluids of human
      origin, 4 antigens with a molecular weight in the range 32-13 KD, and an antigen
      of 200 KD which, in reducing conditions, gave 2 bands of 67 and 52 KD. In
      addition, mainly in one of the cystic fluids, there were at least another 4
      specific non-reducible bands with a molecular weight ranging from 80 to 40 KD.
      Specific parasite antigens, which constitute not more than 3% of total protein
      content of the cystic fluid, migrate, in isoelectric focusing, from a pH of less
      than 5 to more than 8.

PMID- 4000066
TI  - Pneumococcal antibodies (IgG, IgM) in patients with chronic obstructive lung
      disease 3 years after pneumococcal vaccination.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to determine serum content of IgG and IgM
      antibodies against eight capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae in
      19 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases 3 years after inoculation with
      a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine (Moniatrix); 21 unvaccinated patients with
      comparable diseases served as the control group. The vaccinated group showed
      slightly more pronounced IgG antibody reactions than the unvaccinated group, but
      the differences were not statistically significant. These results show that
      pneumococcal vaccination does not provide long-term protection at least for
      patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 4000067
TI  - Absolute radioassay of extended sources: an equivalent point-source coincidence
      counting approach with application to the thyroid.
AB  - A general methodology is provided for the absolute assay of radioisotopes
      decaying with coincident photons in an extended source. In the determination of
      the source activity, the method requires neither the detailed consideration of
      the geometric and self-attenuation processes taking place between the source
      component points nor a knowledge of the distribution of activity across the
      source. It derives from the concept of the "equivalent point source," that is a
      fictitious point source whose activity would equal that measured for the actual
      extended source. It has been developed for an arbitrary number of coincident
      photon types displaying an arbitrary degree of mutual correlation, and for
      arbitrary detection geometry. A unifying formalism is developed for both point
      and extended sources and for single and dual detecting systems. It is found that
      in all cases the various instrumental and spectroscopic uncertainties appear
      within a composite parameter (herein called F factor) that can be determined by
      standard calibration procedures; this factor is in turn only weakly dependent on
      its own component parameters. New expressions and relationships are obtained that
      provide a greater physical insight into coincidence-counting methods.

PMID- 4000069
TI  - MR image artifacts from periodic motion.
AB  - Artifacts due to periodic motion during the acquisition of magnetic resonance
      (MR) images have been studied. A mechanical device was constructed to oscillate a
      small sample along any line within a 0.15-T Technicare imager. Two- and three
      dimensional images were obtained using various frequencies and amplitudes of
      oscillation. Computer simulations of these experiments yielded images which
      agreed with the experiments. We demonstrated that movement influences MR images
      locally through blurring, and also generates ghost artifacts along the phase
      encoding directions of the Fourier transform imaging technique.

PMID- 4000070
TI  - Physical characteristics of scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology: Monte
      Carlo simulation studies.
AB  - We applied Monte Carlo methods for the simulation of x-ray scattering in water
      phantoms. The phantom thickness was varied from 5 to 20 cm, and the monoenergetic
      incident x rays were varied from 15 to 100 keV. Eight screen pairs and a total
      absorption system were used as x-ray receptors. We determined the angular,
      spectral, and spatial distributions of the scattered radiation and the scatter
      fractions recorded in the image plane. The dependence of these properties on the
      incident x-ray energy, the phantom thickness, and the energy response of the
      recording system was examined. The results of this study provide useful
      information for the development of antiscatter techniques and for the evaluation
      of radiographic procedures.

PMID- 4000068
TI  - Measured performance characteristics of a solid-state linear detector array.
AB  - Experimental studies of a solid-state linear detector array developed for a
      prototype scanning slit digital chest radiographic unit have been completed. The
      detector consists of a strip of scintillating material, optically coupled to a
      linear silicon photodiode array. Measured performance characteristics of the
      detector, such as sensitivity, modulation transfer function, and detective
      quantum efficiency, are presented for several different scintillators. Results
      indicate that direct x-ray absorption events in the silicon photodiode can
      degrade detective quantum efficiency. Results also indicate that the inexpensive
      preamplifier circuits used in the digital chest prototype contribute negligible
      noise at diagnostic x-ray photon fluence rates.

PMID- 4000071
TI  - Calorimetric determination of the cavity-gas calibration factor Ngas.
AB  - In the recently published AAPM protocol for the dosimetry of high-energy photons
      and electrons, the response of an ionization chamber is defined as the dose to
      the gas in the chamber per unit electrometer reading, Ngas. Using a graphite
      calorimeter, Ngas has been determined for a Farmer-type ionization chamber using
      4- and 25-MV x rays. The procedure was to measure the dose to graphite using the
      calorimeter, and then obtain the response of the chamber at the same depth in a
      graphite phantom. Equation (9) of the AAPM protocol was then used to calculate
      Ngas. The values of Ngas determined with the calorimeter are within 1% of Ngas
      calculated according to the AAPM protocol, using the 60Co exposure-calibration
      factor.

PMID- 4000072
TI  - A photon dose distribution model employing convolution calculations.
AB  - A three-dimensional photon beam calculation is described which models the
      primary, first-scatter, and multiple-scatter dose components from first
      principles. Three key features of the model are (1) a multiple-scatter
      calculation based on diffusion theory, (2) the demonstration of the modulation
      transfer function of the radiation dose transport process, and (3) the use of the
      finite fast Fourier transform to perform the required convolutions. The results
      of calculations for cobalt-60 in a homogeneous phantom are used to verify the
      accuracy of the model.

PMID- 4000073
TI  - Second-order multiple-scattering theory for charged-particle teletherapy beams.
AB  - The Fermi-Eyges theory of multiple scattering, applicable to charged-particle
      teletherapy beams, has been generalized to second order in small quantities
      representing deviations from the particles' initial lines of travel and
      direction. The second-order multiple-scattering theory provides increased
      accuracy, and in particular it takes into account the skewness of the particles'
      paths, in calculating dose. Only the assumptions and certain results of the
      second-order theory are presented in this communication, for the immediate use of
      other investigators. An application to rectangular fields shows that the second
      order theory predicts one component of the buildup of electron central axis depth
      dose, which the (first-order) Fermi-Eyges theory cannot do. (The other major
      component of buildup, which is not yet incorporated into this theoretical work,
      is due to high-energy secondary electrons). Various approximate calculations of
      electron central axis depth dose are compared with the second-order calculation.

PMID- 4000074
TI  - Models in radiotherapy: definition of decision criteria.
AB  - A method is presented by which dose distributions in radiotherapy may be judged.
      This method, based on statistical decision theory, combines the calculated
      probabilities of radiation induced complications (including failure to control
      disease) with the therapist's judgment of the morbidity of each complication to
      yield a single value representing the clinical utility of the dose distribution.
      Using this figure of merit, alternative dose distributions can be compared on a
      clinical basis. If the morbidities associated with each injury are satisfactorily
      estimated, and the dose response parameters are adjusted to match clinical
      experience, this method can be used to evaluate novel treatment techniques prior
      to their implementation. Automatic optimization algorithms can be used to
      maximize the figure of merit as a function of the physical treatment parameters
      so as to provide a statistically optimal treatment.

PMID- 4000075
TI  - A convolution method of calculating dose for 15-MV x rays.
AB  - Arrays were generated using the Monte Carlo method representing the energy
      absorbed throughout waterlike phantoms from charged particles and scatter
      radiation set in motion by primary interactions at one location. The resulting
      "dose spread arrays" were normalized to the collision fraction of the kinetic
      energy released by the primary photons. These arrays are convolved with the
      relative primary fluence interacting in a phantom to obtain three-dimensional
      dose distributions. The method gives good agreement for the 15-MV x-ray dose in
      electronic disequilibrium situations, such as the buildup region, near beam
      boundaries, and near low-density heterogeneities.

PMID- 4000076
TI  - The effect of free electrons on ionization chamber saturation curves.
AB  - The effect of the collection of free electrons--those which have not formed
      negative ions in the gas of a parallel-plate ionization chamber--is considered
      for the case of continuous radiation. A theory and its solution, valid for the
      entire voltage range, is given. The solution is based upon the saturation theory
      of Townsend, and free electrons are included in a perturbative fashion. The
      collection of free electrons becomes important at exposure rates above 430 R/min.
      Since the electron contribution involves an extra dependence on exposure rate,
      some of the wide variation in the cavity gas parameter (m value) reported in the
      literature may be due to the presence of free electrons.

PMID- 4000078
TI  - Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. 4. Effect of
      unsharp masking on the detectability of simple patterns.
AB  - The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of simple radiologic patterns processed by the
      unsharp-masking technique were calculated on the basis of a statistical decision
      theory model that includes both the observer's visual transfer function and a
      noise component internal to his eye-brain system. For a variety of processing
      parameters, the contrast-detail diagrams predicted from this SNR agreed
      qualitatively with experimental results obtained in observer performance studies.
      Unsharp masking with a large mask and a large weighting factor improved the
      detection of square objects to a level comparable with that achieved by the
      overall contrast enhancement technique using a factor of 4. However, unsharp
      masking with a small mask and a large weighting factor can substantially degrade
      the detectability of these objects. The potential practical utility of the
      unsharp-masking technique is discussed.

PMID- 4000077
TI  - Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. 3. Effect of
      pixel size on SNR and threshold contrast.
AB  - The effect of pixel size on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and threshold
      detection of low-contrast radiologic patterns was investigated theoretically for
      digital radiographic systems. The SNR based on the perceived statistical decision
      theory model, together with the internal noise of the human eye-brain system, was
      calculated by using two-dimensional displayed digital signal spectra and noise
      Wiener spectra. Threshold contrasts were predicted from the calculated SNR for
      various combinations of object size and shape, pixel size, resolution, and noise.
      Predicted threshold contrasts agreed well with those determined experimentally in
      an observer performance study. The threshold contrast of small objects increased
      substantially as the pixel size increased beyond 0.2 mm. For pixel sizes of 0.1
      and 0.2 mm, however, the threshold contrasts were similar. Since a digital system
      is not shift invariant, a range of threshold contrast results for a small object
      and a large pixel, depending on the alignment of the object position relative to
      the sampling coordinates.

PMID- 4000079
TI  - Exposure contribution from Ti K x rays produced in the titanium capsule of the
      clinical I-125 seed.
AB  - The iodine-125 radioactive nuclide produces three intrinsic photons, i.e., the
      27.4-keV tellurium (Te) K alpha and 31.0-keV K beta x rays, and 35.5-keV gamma
      rays. In addition, a silver-wire-type seed is known to have silver(Ag) K alpha
      and K beta x rays as a result of interactions between silver atoms and the
      intrinsic photons. Since the radioactive iodine-125 is completely sealed with a
      0.05-mm-thick titanium capsule, fluorescence x rays from titanium atoms are also
      expected. This study reports (1) abundance of Ti K x rays at 4.5 keV, (2)
      contribution to exposure from these photons amounting to approximately 19% of the
      total exposure at 1-cm source-to-detector distance (SDD), (3) exposure
      uncertainties of 23% at 1-cm SDD when Ti K x rays are excluded, and (4)
      negligible dose contribution to tissue from these photons.

PMID- 4000080
TI  - Comparison of two independent exposure measurement techniques for clinical I-125
      seeds.
AB  - This investigation contains the results of exposure measurements on two types of
      clinical I-125 seeds: a model 6702 no-marker seed, and a model 6711 silver wire
      seed. Measurements were made locally with a parallel-plate mammography chamber,
      traceable to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) calibration. The same seeds
      were also measured at NBS using a reentrant chamber that was developed and
      calibrated there. The mammography chamber measurements showed an approximately 5%
      higher exposure rate for the no-marker seed than the reentrant chamber
      measurements. On the silver wire seed, good agreement was obtained between the
      two techniques. It was found that exposure rate variations in the plane
      perpendicular to the long axis of the seed (or seed axis) were substantial, due
      in part to the nonsymmetric distribution of radioactive material in the seed.

PMID- 4000081
TI  - Physical measurements of heavy metal filter performance.
AB  - Contrast, relative tube loading, and relative entrance exposure have been
      measured for a number of heavy metal filters (Gd, Ho, Yb, and W) at several
      filter thicknesses, tube voltages (70-100 kV), and phantom thicknesses (1.5-2.5
      cm of aluminum). The rare-earth filters consistently gave higher contrast
      (relative to water) for air, CaCl2, iodine, and oil than the standard 2 mm of
      added aluminum, at a given tube voltage. It was found that the best filter
      choices gave a constant product of relative exposure and relative tube loading.

PMID- 4000082
TI  - Scatter integration with right triangular fields.
AB  - The concept of the equivalent field is used extensively in radiotherapy dose
      calculation algorithms. The rationale for using equivalent fields is to allow
      dose calculations for a wide variety of field shapes, while maintaining dose
      calculational data for only a few, very regularly shaped fields. A common example
      is the table of equivalent squares of rectangular fields presented by Day in the
      British Journal of Radiology. Recently, in searching for fast dose calculation
      algorithms for irregular fields, we introduced the concept of the equivalent
      square of a right triangular field. It is shown that an arbitrary irregular field
      of N vertices may be decomposed into 2N right triangular fields, each with a
      precalculated equivalent square. The scatter at the point of calculation due to
      the irregular field is then obtained as a sum of the scatter contributions from
      the equivalent squares. The scatter integration with right triangles is compared
      with scatter integration using program IRREG.

PMID- 4000083
TI  - Measurement of signal intensities in the presence of noise in MR images.
AB  - Power spectrum or magnitude images are frequently presented in magnetic resonance
      imaging. In such images, measurement of signal intensity at low signal levels is
      compounded with the noise. This report describes how to extract true intensity
      measurements in the presence of noise.

PMID- 4000084
TI  - The effect of thickness of the waterproofing sheath on the calibration of photon
      and electron beams.
AB  - The TG-21 protocol recommends using a thin sheath for waterproofing an ion
      chamber used in the calibration of photon and electron beams. A thickness of 0.5
      mm is suggested for a material having a composition and density close to that of
      water. This work investigates the effect on the calibration of photon beams
      ranging from Co60 to 25 MV, and electron beams ranging from nominal energies of 7
      18 MeV, for changes in the thickness of the waterproofing sheath from 0.5 to 5.5
      mm. For photon beams, a maximum change of 1.2% was found for the 25-MV x-ray
      beam. For electron beams, a maximum change of 0.5% was found for 10-MeV
      electrons. It is concluded that the thickness of the waterproofing sheath is not
      a very sensitive variable, assuming the thickness is between 0.5 and 2.0 mm.

PMID- 4000085
TI  - Acceptance testing computerized radiation therapy treatment planning systems:
      direct utilization of CT scan data.
AB  - The availability of computerized radiation therapy treatment planning systems
      that utilize computed tomography (CT) scan data requires testing additional to
      that routinely needed for non-CT systems. These additional items include
      dimensioning verification, establishing CT number-to-tissue property conversions,
      verifying the accuracy of heterogeneity corrected dose predictions and
      autocontouring. One testing protocol is presented and sample results from an
      Atomic Energy of Canada Theraplan L system are presented.

PMID- 4000086
TI  - Effects of plastic protective caps on the calibration of therapy beams in water.
AB  - Plastic 60Co buildup caps have been widely used to protect ionization chambers
      when calibrating high-energy x-ray and electron beams in water, and have been
      used consistently by the Radiological Physics Center. Recent calibration
      protocols base their calculations on a theory that assumes that no protective cap
      is used during calibration in phantom. The change in ionization within the
      chamber due to the presence of a protective cap has been investigated for acrylic
      and polystyrene caps of various wall thicknesses, using 60Co and x-ray beams from
      6-25 MV and electron beams from 7-18 MeV. The change has been shown to be small,
      no more than 0.5% for x rays and 0.7% for electrons using acrylic 60Co caps. The
      change for polystyrene is seen to be as much as twice that for acrylic. Empirical
      correction factors to compensate for this effect have been determined. A basis in
      theory for photons is suggested by an extension of the theory in recent
      protocols. The effect for electrons is explained only qualitatively.

PMID- 4000087
TI  - A method for matching NBS x-ray beam qualities with a half- or full-wave
      rectified generator.
AB  - A method has been devised to enable users of half- and full-wave rectified x-ray
      sets to match the revised National Bureau of Standards (NBS) x-ray beam qualities
      obtained with a constant potential generator. The method provides a rapid
      technique for determining the added filter necessary to attain the same first
      half-value layers and nearly the same homogeneity coefficients as NBS. Beam
      qualities from 100 to 250 kVcp have been duplicated and used to perform blind
      calibrations at four beam qualities on each of two ion chambers owned by the
      National Bureau of Standards.

PMID- 4000088
TI  - Fast calculation of the exact radiological path for a three-dimensional CT array.
AB  - Ready availability has prompted the use of computed tomography (CT) data in
      various applications in radiation therapy. For example, some radiation treatment
      planning systems now utilize CT data in heterogeneous dose calculations
      algorithms. In radiotherapy imaging applications, CT data are projected onto
      specified planes, thus producing "radiographs," which are compared with simulator
      radiographs to assist in proper patient positioning and delineation of target
      volumes. All these applications share the common geometric problem of evaluating
      the radiological path through the CT array. Due to the complexity of the three
      dimensional geometry and the enormous amount of CT data, the exact evaluation of
      the radiological path has proven to be a time consuming and difficult problem.
      This paper identifies the inefficient aspect of the traditional exact evaluation
      of the radiological path as that of treating the CT data as individual voxels.
      Rather than individual voxels, a new exact algorithm is presented that considers
      the CT data as consisting of the intersection volumes of three orthogonal sets of
      equally spaced, parallel planes. For a three-dimensional CT array of N3 voxels,
      the new exact algorithm scales with 3N, the number of planes, rather than N3, the
      number of voxels. Coded in FORTRAN-77 on a VAX 11/780 with a floating point
      option, the algorithm requires approximately 5 ms to calculate an average
      radiological path in a 100(3) voxel array.

PMID- 4000089
TI  - In vivo 31-P NMR of photoactivated hematoporphyrin derivative in cat brain.
AB  - In vivo 31-P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was performed on cat
      brains injected with hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD). A 2-cm-diam region of the
      right parietal lobe was photoactivated with red light. The 31-P NMR spectra of
      the photoactivated hemisphere revealed increased inorganic phosphate and
      decreased phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, compared to
      spectra obtained from the control hemisphere. In the absence of drug, no
      difference in spectra was observed between the photoradiated and control lobes.
      Our studies suggest that in vivo 31-P NMR spectroscopy may be used to monitor the
      effects of phototherapy on tissue high-energy phosphate metabolism.

PMID- 4000090
TI  - An inexpensive kVp penetrameter.
AB  - In this report we describe an improvement upon the design by Stanton and
      Lightfoot for a simple photographic null method to determine the kVp of a
      diagnostic region x-ray source. The new version has two primary advantages over
      the Ardran and Crooks design in that it is both simpler and less expensive to
      produce.

PMID- 4000092
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.

PMID- 4000091
TI  - Temperature-pressure compensation for a linear accelerator electron beam
      dosimeter.
AB  - Routine weekly calibration of a Siemens Mevatron 20 linear accelerator with 3-, 5
      , 7-, 10-, 12-, 15-, and 18-MeV electron energies demonstrated fluctuations in
      dose/monitor unit for the electron beam on the order of 3%-6%. Evaluations and
      study of the problem demonstrated that the electron chamber, which is open to
      atmosphere, was undergoing significant temperature changes during the course of a
      treatment day. The inability of the chamber to compensate for these changes in
      temperature and pressure led to the addition of a compensating circuit by the
      manufacturer. The results of the addition of this circuit were evaluated for
      several extended periods throughout the year, and it was found that the changes
      in dose/monitor were reduced to approximately +/- 0.5%.

PMID- 4000093
TI  - Intravenous streptokinase use in acute myocardial infarction in a community
      hospital.

PMID- 4000094
TI  - Current management of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

PMID- 4000096
TI  - [85th Congress of the Japan Surgical Society, April 3-5, 1985. Sendai, Japan.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 4000095
TI  - An analysis of the histologic evaluation of lung cancer.

PMID- 4000097
TI  - [Alanine metabolism in the skeletal muscle and plasma in endotoxemia].
AB  - Utilizing a 24 hour fasting rabbit (N = 30), we measured free amino acids in the
      femoral artery and vein and the quadriceps femoris muscle. The endotoxin E. coli
      026, 3.0mg/kg (LD100) was injected and free amino acid plasma levels were
      monitored for 6 hours. Changes in free amino acid plasma levels were variable and
      marked after endotoxin injection. By 360 min. after endotoxin injection: (a) the
      rate of increase in free amino acid levels in the femoral artery was 366 mumole/l
      of alanine, 162 mumole/l of glycine and 85 mumole/l of proline; (b) the rate of
      increase in free amino acid of the quadriceps femoris muscle was 1376 nmole/g of
      alanine, 156 nmole/g of glycine and 109 nmole/g of serine; and (c) the femoral
      arteriovenous difference was -225 nmole/l of alanine, -118 nmole/l of glycine and
      -77nmole/l of proline. Within 10 min. after endotoxin injection, alanine
      concentration was higher in the femoral vein. This change in concentration became
      significant by 60 min. The results show the following: Skeletal muscle appears to
      be an important source of amino acids for amino acid metabolism during
      endotoxemia, especially plasma alanine which is closely connected with alanine
      levels in skeletal muscle.

PMID- 4000098
TI  - [Clinicopathologic study of thyroid carcinoma infiltrating the trachea].
AB  - A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases of thyroid carcinoma with tracheal
      infiltration and 70 control cases of thyroid carcinoma without tracheal
      infiltration was performed. The cases with tracheal infiltration were classified
      into well differentiated carcinoma in 5 cases, poorly differentiated carcinoma in
      6, undifferentiated in 2, and squamous cell carcinoma in one, thus showing a
      higher frequency (54.5%) of poorly differentiated carcinoma than that (11.4%) in
      the control cases. A comparative study of biological behavior between well
      differentiated and poorly differentiated carcinomas revealed that the latter was
      more aggressive, and the lymphnode metastatic rate of which was higher. The
      prognosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma was poorer than that of well
      differentiated carcinoma. Selective en bloc resection of the tumor including the
      larynx and trachea was followed by the improved prognosis of advanced thyroid
      carcinoma with tracheal infiltration.

PMID- 4000099
TI  - [Studies on sensitivity test with clonogenic assay against chemo-endocrine
      therapy for human breast cancer].
AB  - The sensitivity of human breast cancer cells against estradiol-17 beta (E2),
      tamoxifen (TAM) and adriamycin (ADM) was investigated using the modified stem
      cell assay method by Hamburger and Salmon. Two hundred and six specimens, 145
      from primary breast cancer and 61 from metastatic lesions, were placed in
      culture. Ninety eight specimens of them (47.1%) successfully formed more than 5
      colonies per 5 X 10(5) cells plated. In 47 specimens (22.8%), more than 20
      colonies were formed, which made it feasible to perform meaningful sensitivity
      test. Results obtained were as follows: Sensitivity against E2. More than 150%
      increase of colony formation was observed in the 36.7% cases of ER(+) group and
      in the 22.1% cases of ER(-) group. Sensitivity against TAM. When more than 60%
      inhibition in % colony formation was applied to cut off line, response rates for
      TAM were 21.7% in all cases, 26.7% in ER(+) group and 12.5% in ER(-) group,
      respectively. Sensitivity against ADM. When more than 50% inhibition in % colony
      formation was applied to cut off line, response rate for ADM was 26.7% in all
      cases. Higher response rate was observed in ER(-) group than in ER(+) group.
      Response rates of sensitivity test for TAM or ADM were very similar to the
      results obtained in the clinical use of TAM or ADM.

PMID- 4000100
TI  - [Quantitative and qualitative analysis on the lymph node metastasis of carcinoma
      of the esophagus].
AB  - The results of quantitative and qualitative analysis of lymph nodes dissected
      during resection of the esophageal carcinoma are as follows. The rate of positive
      lymph nodes per number of cases was 51.3% (120/234 patients). The rate of
      positive lymph nodes per number of nodes examined was 15.9% (406/2548 nodes). The
      correlation between the n-number and the average number of positive lymph nodes
      for a patient is shown. In the cases in which tumors disappeared from the
      adventitia of the esophagus by pre-operative radiation, the rate of positive
      lymph nodes per number of cases and of nodes examined were less than other cases.
      The metastases in the distant lymph nodes were much less. In the cases in which
      tumors reached the surgical margin on the adventitia side of the esophagus, the
      rate of positive lymph nodes per number of cases and of nodes examined were more
      than others. The metastases in the distant lymph nodes were much more. The pre
      operative radiation had no influence on the spreading of the lymph node
      metastasis. The n-number, the number of positive lymph nodes and of dissected
      nodes, and the rate of them for each patient had great influence on long-term
      results.

PMID- 4000101
TI  - [The effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on gastric cancer in rats induced by N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine as a model of endoscopic laser treatment for
      early gastric cancers].
AB  - The aim of this report is to prove that cancer tissue is to be eradicated by
      Nd:YAG laser irradiation and to show the process of its eradication using MNNG
      induced gastric cancers in rats as a material. Material and Method; in male rats
      of Wister strain, gastric cancers were induced by 30 weeks administration of 80
      mg/1 MNNG solution. Then tumor bearing rats underwent laparotomy and gastrotomy,
      and tumors were irradiated by the Nd:YAG laser with 30W at the distance of 1cm,
      total energy ranging 120-1800 joules. These 20 stomachs were examined
      histologically; 10 of them within 14 days, the rest more than 4 weeks after the
      irradiation.

PMID- 4000102
TI  - [Acute appendicitis: a study on 118 patients].
AB  - One hundred eighteen patients with acute appendicitis operated on at Kawasaki
      Medical School Hospital during the 8-year period from Aug. 1, 1976 to Feb. 29,
      1984 were reviewed. There were 78 children and 40 adults. The clinico
      pathological types of acute appendicitis were: simple acute in 35 cases (29.7%);
      phlegmonous in 30 cases (25.4%); gangrenous in 24 cases (20.3%) and perforated in
      29 cases (24.6%). Of the 78 children, 27 (34.6%) had perforated appendixes,
      whereas of the 40 adults only 2 (5.0%) showed perforated appendicitis. The
      initial symptoms were abdominal pain in 96.6%; nausea, vomiting or both in 33.1%,
      and fever in 11.9%. The physical findings on admission were abdominal tenderness
      in 99.2%, rebound tenderness in 52.5% and palpable mass in 17.8%. The mean body
      temperature on admission was 37.2 degrees C, and mean WBC count was 12,900/mm3.
      The roentgenography of the abdomen revealed the "sentinel loop sign" in 66.3%. In
      the patients under 15 years of age, the frequency of perforation seen in those
      underwent operation within 24 hours after onset and in those after 24 hours was
      12.7% and 56.4%, respectively. From this result, it is advised that all the young
      patients suspected of having acute appendicitis should be admitted to the
      hospital promptly, and the diagnosis should be made within 24 hours.

PMID- 4000103
TI  - [Healing of operative cardiac wounds].
AB  - Healing process of operative cardiac wounds was studied histopathologically in 14
      patients who died 28 hours to 5 years after the operation of cardiac valve
      replacement. Repair of wounds in aorta and free wall of atrium was characterized
      by production of neointima and proliferation of collagen fiber at adventitia of
      aorta or epicardium of heart. Adhesion with granulation tissue at left
      ventricular venting wounds was observed in the case of 18th post-operative day.
      Reticulofibrosis of surrounding intracardiac muscle played an important role in
      development of granulation tissue. Cicatrix with collagen fiber was appeared from
      one month after the operation. In spite of attenuation of ventricular scar,
      aneurysmal bulging could not be observed. The basic healing pattern of wound in
      atrial septum was production and thickening of neointima. Granulation tissue
      rarely developed at the septum. Adhesion between sutured edges of atrial septal
      endocardium could not be observed and the dead space there remained over a period
      of 7 months after the operation. These findings indicated the continuous presence
      of unexpected weakness of the sutured septum until sufficient thickening of
      neointima had developed.

PMID- 4000104
TI  - [A histologic study on "surgical landmarks" of the specialized conduction system,
      with particular reference to the adjacent structure].
AB  - The conduction system in 29 cardiac specimens was histologically investigated as
      to the course and its surgical landmarks. The course varied individually, but was
      relatively inherent to the type of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
      (classification by Soto, et al.). The His bundle distributed as reported
      hitherto. Interesting features were noted in the relationship between the right
      bundle branch (RBB) and its adjacent papillary muscles. Our definition used for
      certain papillary muscles is merely to point the topographic site. The RBB ran
      beneath or slightly anterior to upper accessory papillary muscles (AcPMs) or
      uppermost AcPM, regardless of the type of perimembranous VSD. It ran posterior to
      the medial papillary muscle (MPM), with wider variation. In tetralogy of Fallot
      (TOF), it ran beneath or slightly anterior to the MPM. Relationships described
      above may be unitarily expressed as below, providing that Van Mierop's
      embryologic hypothesis on the conus defect anomaly (i.e.,: the uppermost AcPM
      being often morphologically interpreted as the MPM) is valid: -"The RBB runs
      beneath or slightly anterior to the upper(most) AcPM, regardless of the type of
      VSD. Such an arrangement was often observed in other anomalies too. The
      relationship between the RBB and upper or uppermost AcPM was modified by the
      attitude of the trabecula septomarginalis. Informations thus obtained have
      significantly lowered conduction disturbances in our experience.

PMID- 4000106
TI  - Geometric requirements for membrane perturbation and anesthetic activity.
      Conformational analysis of alphaxalone and delta 16-alphaxalone and 2H NMR
      studies on their interactions with model membranes.
AB  - 2H NMR spectra were obtained for dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar
      dispersions, perdeuterated in the fatty acid chains, in the presence and absence
      of two steroid analogs. The presence of the active anesthetic steroid alphaxalone
      results in consistently smaller 2H quadrupolar splittings (delta nu Q) for
      individual C2H2 segments of the fatty acid chains, indicating increased molecular
      disorder. In contrast, the inactive analog delta 16-alphaxalone causes no
      significant change in the 2H spectra of the phospholipid. The conformational
      analysis of alphaxalone and delta 16-alphaxalone in solution was carried out with
      the help of 1H and 13C high resolution NMR spectroscopy and the results were used
      to propose a molecular model for the interaction of the two steroids with
      membrane phospholipids. The model correlates the observed differences in the
      manner in which the two steroids interact with model membranes with differences
      in their respective conformations and provides a molecular basis for anesthetic
      steroid activity.

PMID- 4000105
TI  - [Calcium antagonist enhances the effect of adriamycin].

PMID- 4000107
TI  - The slow rate of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by fluoride.
AB  - We measured the rate of reaction of fluoride with acetylcholinesterase using a
      stopped flow apparatus for measurements on the millisecond time scale with
      phenylacetate as a chromogenic substrate. We found that the second order rate
      constant is 5 X 10(3) liters/mol/sec, which is very slow for a small symmetric
      ion; it is 3-4 orders of magnitude smaller than for the substrates acetylcholine,
      acetylthiocholine, and phenylacetate. The slowness of this reaction suggests that
      fluoride does not find a preexisting binding site but must create one, probably
      by breaking and reforming hydrogen bonds. With hydrolysis measurements made on
      the usual time scale, we found kcat = 7.5 X 10(5) min-1 and KM = 2.0 mM. We also
      found that fluoride enhances substrate inhibition and that with low phenylacetate
      concentration the per cent inhibition is independent of substrate concentration.

PMID- 4000108
TI  - A high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance approach to the study of
      hepatocyte and drug metabolism. Application to acetaminophen.
AB  - 1H spin echo NMR spectra of intact hepatocytes, isolated from rat liver, showed
      resonances for glucose, mobile fatty acids, and +N(CH3)3 groups including choline
      headgroups of phosphoglycerides. Spectra from extracts of the same cells
      contained many more well resolved resonances due to low Mr metabolites. These
      included signals for free amino acids, ketone bodies, glucose, lactate, and
      acetate. 1H NMR spectra from suspensions of intact hepatocytes incubated with
      acetaminophen showed no resonances for drug metabolites, although changes in
      sugar resonances were observed. However, spectra of extracts from acetaminophen
      treated hepatocytes contained resonances for both acetaminophen itself and its
      major metabolites, the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Results on the extent
      of acetaminophen metabolism as measured by 1H NMR compared well with previously
      reported chromatographic studies. The rate of metabolism of acetaminophen by
      hepatocytes was much slower in 2H2O buffer compared to H2O buffer and selective
      deuteration of several metabolites including the ketone bodies, glucose, and
      acetaminophen glucuronide was observed. The deuteration of glucose C2H appeared
      to be due to futile cycling of the glycolytic pathway to at least fructose 6
      phosphate, and incorporation of deuterium by the enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase.
      This work demonstrates that 1H NMR studies of intact hepatocytes and cell
      extracts together can provide considerable insight into the metabolism of
      acetaminophen in vitro. Little pretreatment of samples is required, results can
      be obtained rapidly, and both normal and drug metabolites can be observed
      simultaneously. Similar studies should be applicable to a wide range of other
      drugs.

PMID- 4000109
TI  - The effect of pH on interaction of nitrobenzylthioinosine and
      hydroxynitrobenzylthioinosine with the nucleoside transporter of human
      erythrocyte membranes.
AB  - Site-specific binding to human erythrocyte membranes of nitrobenzylthioinosine
      (NBMPR), un-ionized at physiological pH, was compared with that of
      hydroxynitrobenzylthioinosine (HNBMPR), pKa 6.4, at graded pH values. Binding of
      [3H]NBMPR was measured directly, and that of HNBMPR was assayed by competitive
      inhibition by HNBMPR of [3H]NBMPR binding. Kd and Bmax values for binding of
      [3H]NBMPR to erythrocyte membranes were independent of pH. Kd values for the
      competing ligand were determined by mass law analysis of equilibrium binding data
      using either (a) apparent ligand concentration (dissociated plus undissociated
      forms of HNBMPR) or (b) the concentration of undissociated HNBMPR. Kd values for
      HNBMPR calculated with the apparent ligand concentration increased 10-fold as the
      fraction of HNBMPR molecules present in the dissociated form was increased (by pH
      changes) from 14 to 88%, whereas Kd values for the undissociated form of HNBMPR
      were independent of pH. The results presented here demonstrate that the
      undissociated form of HNBMPR binds more tightly to the transport-inhibitory sites
      of erythrocytes than NBMPR and suggest that ionization of S6-substituted
      thiopurine ribonucleosides eliminates or greatly decreases their ability to
      interact with the binding sites.

PMID- 4000110
TI  - [Classical and non-classical DNA conformations].
AB  - All possible right and left double helical structures which may exist in short
      fragments as well in polymeric DNA have been obtained on the basis of a developed
      rigorous and accurate method of conformational analysis of DNA. In polymeric DNA
      only right regular double helices are possible with preference of B-form that is
      the main biological form of DNA. In contrast, for short fragments the left and
      right helices have practically the same energies providing some physical ground
      for side-by-side form, which biologically is possible as a recombination form and
      maybe as a replication form.

PMID- 4000111
TI  - [Interaction of various nucleotide-dependent enzymes with bifunctional analogs of
      ATP, derivatives of polymethylene diamines].
AB  - The interaction of bifunctional ATP derivatives, Appp5'[NH-(CH2) n-NH]ppp5'A (n =
      0 or 2-8) with tyrosyl-, valyl-, lysyl-, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases and
      creatine kinase was investigated. ATP derivatives don't inhibit the tRNA
      aminoacylation catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. These derivatives behave as
      mixed-type inhibitors with respect to ATP in the case of valyl- and lysyl-tRNA
      synthetases. In the case of the other enzymes all analogs of ATP manifest
      competitive inhibition towards ATP. The affinity of all ATP derivatives to
      tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase does not differ significantly (Ki = 0.2 divided by
      0.6 mM). The Ki values for these derivatives in the case of creatine kinase are
      also very similar with the exception of A5'ppp-NH-(CH2)3-NH-ppp5'A. The Ki value
      for this derivative is one order of magnitude lower than for other ones. The
      affinity reagents received by periodate oxidation of bifunctional ATP analogs
      derivatives of di-, tetra- and heptamethylenediamine modify non-identical
      subunits of creatine kinase with different velocities, but modification of M- and
      M'-subunits proceeds independently. An analogues derivative of
      trimethylenediamine interacts simultaneously with two centers of the dimeric form
      of kinase forming non-equivalent complexes. The covalent attachment of the
      reagent to one subunit of creatine kinase does not except the complex formation
      and covalent binding of bifunctional ATP analogs with the other subunit of the
      dimer, but results in a one order of magnitude decrease in affinity of the ATP
      derivative to the nonmodified centre of the enzyme. These data permit to evaluate
      the distance between ATP binding sites of creatine kinase in its dimeric form as
      5-6 A approximately. Such a distance between active sites may be the reason for
      the higher activity of the M- and M'-creatine kinase subunits taken separately as
      compared to the enzyme dimeric form.

PMID- 4000112
TI  - [Cyclic conformation of parallel polypeptide chains closed by cross bridges].
AB  - The method of possible conformations calculations for cyclic structures, formed
      by two (or more) identical parallel polypeptide chains, closed by cross bridges
      has been elaborated. The algorithm is necessary for rigorous conformational
      analysis of cyclic regions in immunoglobulin, fibronectin and myosin.

PMID- 4000114
TI  - [Spectral properties of aspartate transaminase from chicken heart cytosol].
AB  - For the first time an interaction between aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1.)
      from chicken heart cytosol and the substrates and their analogues has been
      investigated by means of circular dichroism and absorption spectra (at pH 5,0-8,0
      range). The asymmetry factor of the native enzyme and the enzymes--substrate
      intermediates was found. The results obtained were explained in terms of changes
      of the enzyme's active site conformation.

PMID- 4000113
TI  - [Regulation of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate level in mouse L cells].
AB  - A study of pH dependence for ppp5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A hydrolysis in interferon treated
      and untreated mouse L-cells extracts led to the detection of two types of the 2'
      phosphodiesterase activities: interferon dependent and interferon resistant.
      Several pH-optima were observed for hydrolysis of ppp5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A in cell
      extracts after their treatment with non-ionic detergent NP-40 or their
      differential centrifugation. The 2'-phosphodiesterase activity was found in the
      membrane fraction as well as in the cytoplasmic one. The presence of several pH
      optima for 2'-phosphodiesterase activity in L-cells and changes of the level of
      this activity depending on the growth stage of cells and time of their interferon
      treatment indicate the complicated character of the regulation of 2'-5'
      oligoadenylate's concentration and localization. The results obtained suggest
      that in mouse L-cells several 2'-phosphodiesterases or one enzyme in different
      forms may be present.

PMID- 4000115
TI  - [Concentration and temperature effects in interactions of the dye pyronine G with
      polynucleotides].
AB  - The interaction of poly(A) and poly(A).poly(U) with pyronine G dye depending on
      the concentration of components and temperature was studied
      spectrophotometrically in the visible and UV ranges at pH (6.86). It was found
      that the interaction of pyronine G with poly(A) and poly(A).poly(U) results in
      the formation of two types of complexes. The relation of the equilibrium
      concentrations of these complexes depends on the initial concentrations of the
      components in solution. The formation of complex I results in shifting the
      spectrum towards the short wave range with regard to the monomer band and
      reflects the aggregation of the dye cations. Complex II is characterized by the
      shift towards the long wave range. Complex II is formed in considerable amounts
      for poly(A).pyronine G system at large P/D and for poly(A).poly(U).pyronine G
      system at P/D = 5-6 and is probably due to the interaction between the dye and
      polynucleotides of the intercalation type or reflects the interaction between the
      dye and two negatively charged phosphate groups. Analysis of temperature
      measurements of spectra confirms the formation of various types of complexes in
      the system studied.

PMID- 4000116
TI  - Monoclonal proliferation of Friend murine leukemia virus-transformed myeloblastic
      cells occurs early in the leukemogenic process.
AB  - Integrated Friend murine leukemia virus copies were analyzed by the Southern
      blotting procedure in myeloblastic cell lines obtained after in vitro infection
      of long-term mouse bone marrow cultures. Several steps leading to the generation
      of malignant myeloblastic cells after a long latency period were observed in the
      evolution of infected cultures. Shortly after infection, a random distribution of
      integrated provirus copies was observed in the DNA of normally differentiating
      myeloid cells. In contrast, a distinct pattern of integrated Friend murine
      leukemia virus copies was evident in the first non-differentiating immature
      myeloblastic cells appearing in cultures, suggesting a monoclonal origin of these
      cells. For each cell line, characteristic hybridizing fragments were conserved
      during the 1-year culture period necessary for the acquisition of tumorigenic
      properties and were also observed in tumors grafted in vivo. We can conclude that
      monoclonality is effective very early in the myeloid transformation process, as
      soon as the precursor cells are blocked in their differentiation.

PMID- 4000117
TI  - Characterization, expression, and evolution of the mouse embryonic zeta-globin
      gene.
AB  - We have determined the complete sequence of the embryonic alpha-like, zeta (zeta)
      globin gene of the BALB/c mouse. The structure of this gene establishes the amino
      acid sequence of the mouse embryonic zeta-globin polypeptide chain and allows us
      to identify sequences within the gene that may be important for its expression.
      One of these is a 300-base segment that is tightly conserved between mice and
      humans and is located at the 5' end of the zeta-globin gene. By introducing the
      cloned gene into permanently transfected mouse erythroleukemic cell lines and
      comparing its transcript with that of zeta-globin mRNA derived from embryonic
      yolk sac erythrocytes, we are able to show that the cloned gene is
      transcriptionally active and that its transcript is correctly initiated and
      processed. Interestingly, the zeta-globin gene is also active when permanently
      transfected into an immunoglobulin-producing B-cell, a cell that presumably has
      tissue-specific requirements for gene expression. Further, a comparison of the
      amino acid coding sequence of the mouse zeta-globin gene to that of zeta-like
      globin genes of other species supports a revised evolutionary lineage in which
      goats and humans are closely related, whereas mice are further removed.

PMID- 4000118
TI  - Processing of the precursor to a chloroplast ribosomal protein made in the
      cytosol occurs in two steps, one of which depends on a protein made in the
      chloroplast.
AB  - In pulse-chase experiments in which log-phase cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
      were labeled in vivo for 5 min with H2(35)SO4, fluorographs of immunoprecipitates
      from whole cell extracts revealed that chloroplast ribosomal proteins L-2, L-6, L
      21, and L-29, which are made in the cytosol and imported, appeared in their
      mature forms. However, in the case of chloroplast ribosomal protein L-18, which
      is also made in the cytoplasm and imported, a prominent precursor with an
      apparent molecular weight of 17,000 was found at the end of a 5-min pulse. This
      precursor was processed to its mature size (apparent molecular weight of 15,500)
      within the first 5 min of the subsequent chase. As determined by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the precursor to L-18 formed in vivo
      was 1.5 kilodaltons smaller than the primary product detected in translations of
      Chlamydomonas polyadenylated RNA in vitro. Upon a 10-min incubation with a
      postribosomal supernatant from Chlamydomonas, the 18,500-dalton precursor
      detected in vitro could be partially converted into a polypeptide that comigrated
      with the 17,000-dalton precursor detected in extracts of cells labeled in vivo.
      Under conditions in which the total amounts of chloroplast proteins had been
      reduced and cells were made to synthesize ribosomes rapidly, the apparent half
      life of the 17,000-dalton precursor was extended over that seen in log-phase
      cells. When chloroplast protein synthesis was inhibited with lincomycin for 3 h
      before labeling under these conditions, the 17,000-dalton L-18 precursor but not
      the mature form was found, and the precursor was slowly degraded during a 60-min
      chase. When cells were placed in the dark for 3 h before labeling, processing of
      this precursor to the mature form appeared unaffected, but the chloroplast
      synthesized ribosomal protein L-26 was detected, indicating that chloroplast
      protein synthesis was still occurring. We interpret these results to indicate
      that the maturation of protein L-18 in vivo involves at least two processing
      steps, one of which depends on a protein made on chloroplast ribosomes.

PMID- 4000119
TI  - Regulation of protein synthesis factor EF-1 alpha in Mucor racemosus.
AB  - The protein synthesis elongation factor EF-1 alpha of Mucor racemosus hyphae
      contained eight or nine methylated amino acids per molecule, whereas the factor
      from sporangiospores was nonmethylated. During the course of spore germination,
      the specific activity of the factor in crude extracts increased sixfold. This
      increase in activity was accompanied by a constant level of EF-1 alpha-specific
      mRNA and a constant level of EF-1 alpha protein. Methylation of the protein,
      however, accelerated during the germination process, in parallel with the
      increase in specific activity of the factor. We propose that the activity of EF-1
      alpha is regulated during germination through methylation of the protein and does
      not involve transcriptional regulation.

PMID- 4000120
TI  - A 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-nonproliferative variant of 3T3
      cells is resistant to TPA-enhanced gene amplification.
AB  - Barsoum and Varshavsky (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:5330-5334, 1983) suggest
      that polypeptide mitogens and the mitogenic tumor promoter 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulate gene amplification by related
      pathways. I demonstrated that TPA and the polypeptide mitogen fibroblast growth
      factor (FGF) both increase the frequency of cadmium-resistant variants of Swiss
      Webster 3T3 cells. The molecular basis for this phenomenon is the amplification
      of the metallothionein gene(s). To further characterize the relationship between
      mitogenesis and gene amplification, I examined the ability of TPA and FGF to
      increase the frequency of cadmium-resistant colonies in the 3T3 variant cell line
      3T3-TNR9. Unlike 3T3 cells, 3T3-TNR9 cells cannot be stimulated by TPA to divide
      (E. Butler-Gralla and H. R. Herschman, J. Cell. Physiol. 107:59-68, 1981). TPA
      does not induce an increase in cadmium-resistant colonies of the TPA
      nonproliferative 3T3-TNR9, variant, in contrast to its efficacy on 3T3 cells.
      FGF, a potent mitogen for 3T3-TNR9 cells as well as 3T3 cells, is equally
      effective for 3T3-TNR9 and 3T3 cells in inducing cadmium-resistant colonies.
      These data suggest that the pathways of TPA-induced gene amplification and TPA
      stimulated mitogenesis share a common step(s). TPA caused transient inhibition of
      DNA synthesis in both dividing 3T3 and 3T3-TNR9 cells, suggesting that this
      latter response to TPA is not sufficient to enhance gene amplification.

PMID- 4000121
TI  - Novel chicken actin gene: third cytoplasmic isoform.
AB  - We identified a novel chicken actin gene. The actin protein deduced from its
      nucleotide sequence very closely resembles the vertebrate cytoplasmic actins;
      accordingly, we classified this gene as a nonmuscle type. We adopted the
      convention for indicating the nonmuscle actins of the class Amphibia
      (Vandekerckhove et al., J. Mol. Biol. 152:413-426) and denoted this gene as type
      5. RNA blot analysis demonstrated that the type 5 actin mRNA transcripts
      accumulate in adult tissues in a pattern indicative of a nonmuscle actin gene.
      Genomic DNA blots indicated that the type 5 actin is a single copy gene and a
      distinct member of the chicken actin multigene family. Inspection of the
      nucleotide sequence revealed many features that distinguished the type 5 gene
      from all other vertebrate actin genes examined to date. These unique
      characteristics include: (i) an initiation Met codon preceding an Ala codon, a
      feature previously known only in plant actins, (ii) a single intron within the 5'
      untranslated region, with no interruptions in the coding portion of the gene, and
      (iii) an atypical Goldberg-Hogness box (ATAGAA) preceding the mRNA initiation
      terminus. These unusual features have interesting implications for actin gene
      diversification during evolution.

PMID- 4000122
TI  - Membrane mutants of animal cells: rapid identification of those with a primary
      defect in glycosylation.
AB  - Membrane mutants of animal cells have been isolated by several laboratories,
      using a variety of selection protocols. The majority are lectin receptor mutants
      arising from altered glycosylation of membrane molecules. They have been obtained
      by selection for resistance to cytotoxic plant lectins or by alternative
      protocols designed, in many cases, to isolate different classes of receptor
      mutants. The identification of most membrane mutants expressing altered surface
      carbohydrates is rapidly achieved by determining their resistance to several
      lectins of different carbohydrate-binding specificities. For Chinese hamster
      ovary mutants, genetic novelty may subsequently be determined by complementation
      analysis with selected members of 10 recessive, glycosylation-defective
      complementation groups defined by this laboratory. In an attempt to identify new
      complementation groups, 11 Chinese hamster ovary membrane mutants independently
      isolated in different laboratories have been investigated for their lectin
      resistance and complementation properties. Only one new complementation group was
      defined by these studies. The remaining 10 mutants fell into complementation
      group 1, 2, 3, or 8. Although no evidence for intragenic complementation was
      observed, indirect evidence for different mutations within some genes was
      obtained. Seven of the independent isolates fell into complementation group 1,
      reflecting the high probability of isolating the Lec1 phenotype from Chinese
      hamster ovary populations. The results emphasize the importance of performing a
      genetic analysis before biochemical characterization of putative new membrane
      mutants.

PMID- 4000123
TI  - Suppression of tropomyosin synthesis, a common biochemical feature of oncogenesis
      by structurally diverse retroviral oncogenes.
AB  - To identify proteins whose production may be altered as a common event in the
      expression of structurally diverse oncogenes, we compared two-dimensional
      electropherograms of newly synthesized proteins from NIH/3T3 cell lines
      transformed by a variety of retroviral oncogenes, from cellular revertant lines,
      and from a line (433.3) which expresses the v-ras oncogene in response to
      corticosteroids. Most alterations in the synthesis of specific proteins detected
      by this approach appeared to be the result of selection during prolonged
      cultivation and were probably unrelated to the transformation process. However,
      we detected seven proteins whose synthesis was strongly suppressed in cell lines
      transformed by each of the six retroviral oncogenes we studied and whose
      production was fully or partially restored in two cellular revertant lines.
      Suppression of two of these proteins was also correlated with the initial
      appearance of morphological alteration during corticosteroid-induced oncogene
      expression in 433.3 cells. These proteins (p37/4.78 and p41/4.75) were identified
      as tropomyosins, a group of at least five cytoskeletal proteins. Transformation
      by the papovaviruses simian virus 40 and polyomavirus caused no suppression of
      synthesis of these tropomyosins. This indicates that suppression of tropomyosin
      synthesis is not a nonspecific response by cells to being forced to grow with the
      transformed phenotype but is specifically associated with oncogenesis by diverse
      retroviral oncogenes. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      different biochemical processes initiated by expression of structurally diverse
      retroviral oncogenes may converge on a limited number of common targets, one of
      which is the mechanism which regulates the synthesis of tropomyosins.

PMID- 4000124
TI  - Specific regulation of transcription of the discoidin gene family in
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Dictyostelium discoideum strains that carry the dis mutations fail to express the
      family of developmentally regulated discoidin lectin genes during morphogenesis.
      We show here that this absence of discoidin lectin expression is due to the
      failure to transcribe the discoidin genes. Furthermore, the dis mutations appear
      to affect only discoidin expression and not the expression of other proteins
      during development, as assessed by a two-dimensional gel analysis of pulse
      labeled proteins and by the accumulation of developmentally regulated enzymes.
      The dis mutations appear to define trans-acting regulatory loci, the products of
      which act at the transcriptional level to control specifically the developmental
      expression of the discoidin gene family.

PMID- 4000125
TI  - Efficiency of activation of complement by anti-hapten antibodies at the red cell
      surface: effect of patchy vs random distribution of hapten.
AB  - Binding and activation of complement (C) by anti-hapten IgG and IgM antibodies
      (Abs) bound to a cell surface are dependent on the density and presumably on the
      distribution of cell-bound hapten. The purpose of this study was to find out if
      altering the distribution of the hapten on a red cell surface could modify the
      ability of anti-hapten IgG or IgM Ab to activate C. To test this we devised
      methods for comparing the C binding and activating efficiency of Abs bound to a
      hapten distributed randomly or in patches on cells. Random distribution was
      achieved by the covalent binding of methotrexate (MTX) directly to sheep red
      blood cells (E), while patchy distribution was achieved by the convalent binding
      to E of bovine serum albumin-MTX complexes. We considered bound albumin molecules
      as patches of MTX molecules. The results showed that, for IgG Ab, the number of
      hapten/E and the number of anti-hapten Ab molecules/cell required to generate one
      C-activating IgG complex were about an order of magnitude lower for hapten bound
      in patches than for randomly bound hapten. In contrast, IgM Ab bound to a hapten
      distributed in patches on an E surface lacked the ability to activate the lytic
      sequence of C, although maintaining a full ability to binding C1.

PMID- 4000126
TI  - Mouse monoclonal antibodies at the red cell surface--I. Generation of EAC4 and
      interaction with C1.
AB  - C1 and C1 activity measurements were performed with EA and EAC4 prepared with
      rabbit anti-Forssman IgG or IgM and were compared to measurements with EA and
      EAC4 prepared with mouse monoclonal IgG2b and IgM anti-DNP antibodies on cells
      coupled with TNP: the amount of TNP per cell was optimal for antibody activity.
      No differences were found in the ability of EAC4 made with poly- or monoclonal
      IgM to measure C1 activity; in contrast, monoclonal IgM was capable of activating
      only about 30% of C1 when compared to activation by polyclonal IgM. Monoclonal vs
      polyclonal IgGs behaved in a similar manner but they were detecting only 50% of
      C1 or C1 activity when compared to IgM of the appropriate class. It was concluded
      that monoclonal antibodies were capable of generating EAC4 intermediate, and that
      the ability of monoclonal antibodies in the EAC4 complex to bind C1 and to detect
      C1 activity is not significantly different from that of polyclonal antibodies but
      that monoclonal antibodies are less efficient in activating C1 than polyclonal
      antibodies.

PMID- 4000127
TI  - Mouse monoclonal antibodies at the red cell surface--II. Effect of hapten density
      on complement fixation and activation.
AB  - Complement (C)-dependent hemolytic dose-response curves of anti-TNP IgG2b and IgM
      monoclonal antibodies as a function of TNP density were analyzed: sheep red cells
      coupled with TNP served as targets. Under conditions when equal numbers of either
      IgG2b or IgM anti-TNP antibodies were taken up by cells with various TNP
      densities, both antibodies showed optimal activity at a hapten density of
      approximately 10(6) TNP/E with regard to C-mediated lysis. These results were
      similar to those obtained with polyclonal antibodies. The effectiveness of
      monoclonal antibodies in utilizing guinea pig or mouse C was also investigated.
      IgM anti-TNP monoclonal antibodies lysed E-TNP in the presence of guinea pig C,
      but failed to produce lysis in the presence of mouse C. Two monoclonal IgG1 (anti
      TNP and anti-SRBC) and an IgG2a anti-TNP antibody failed to produce hemolysis in
      the presence of guinea pig and mouse C. IgG2b monoclonal antibodies, whether
      directed against TNP or Forssman antigen, activated guinea pig and, to a lesser
      extent, mouse C. Finally, monoclonal anti-TNP IgG3 antibodies exhibited a low but
      measurable hemolytic activity with guinea pig C (10-20 times below that of
      IgG2b).

PMID- 4000128
TI  - Rotational dynamics of immunoglobulin G antibodies anchored in protein A soluble
      complexes.
AB  - The rotational dynamics of rabbit IgG anti-dansyl antibodies anchored in
      staphylococcal protein A (SpA) soluble complexes were studied by both steady
      state and nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy. To aid in the interpretation of
      the anisotropy data, the results of recently reported hydrodynamic and electron
      microscopic studies of IgG-SpA complexes were used to calculate global tumbling
      times of the various complexes and to estimate the steric hindrance of the
      antibody Fab segments. The anisotropy decays, fitted to the sum of two
      exponentials, indicated that the Fab arms of antibodies bound to SpA by their Fc
      regions exhibit considerable flexibility. For the different IgG-SpA mixtures
      examined, changes in the IgG preexponential anisotropy weighting factors, fS and
      fL, and the short rotational correlation time, phi S, were relatively small. On
      the other hand, the long rotational correlation time, phi L, increased
      systematically when the percentage of larger IgG-SpA complexes in a mixture was
      increased. The greatest restriction of Fab flexibility was observed for
      antibodies anchored in the exceptionally compact IgG4-SpA2 complexes. Available
      electron microscopic data suggest that increases in phi L correlate with
      increased steric hindrance of the antibody segments. Both native and hinge
      disulfide-cleaved IgG experienced similar percentage increases in phi L when
      bound in SpA complexes. In agreement with our earlier interpretation, the results
      of this study provide rather striking evidence that phi L mainly represents
      flexible motions of the Fab segments and not global tumbling: the phi L-values of
      IgG bound in the various SpA complexes ranged from 101 to 162 nsec, whereas the
      calculated global tumbling times of the different complexes ranged from about 300
      to 3000 nsec.

PMID- 4000129
TI  - Some theoretical considerations regarding the effects of steric hindrance and
      intrinsic global coupling on the flexibility of Fc-anchored immunoglobulins.
AB  - Nanosecond fluorescence depolarization studies reported in the accompanying
      companion paper showed that the long rotational correlation time, phi L,
      increased somewhat when rabbit IgG anti-dansyl antibodies were anchored in
      staphylococcal protein A (SpA) soluble complexes. The increases in phi L upon
      anchoring IgG probably resulted from "global coupling" effects caused by:
      increased steric hindrance of the antibody segments in the SpA complexes and
      intrinsic structural constraints already present in the monomeric IgG. Global
      coupling results from a restriction in the angular range of a flexible segment
      and is manifest when flexible motions alone cannot depolarize all of the
      fluorescence, so that the slower global tumbling of the entire particle is also
      required. Such effects cannot be resolved directly from experimental anisotropy
      data, however, because only a single long correlation time, phi L, is well
      defined over the limited time range of most fluorophores. In this paper,
      estimates of the anisotropy contributions from flexible and global motions of the
      IgG-SpA complexes are determined by contrasting theoretical and measured decays.
      For this analysis it was assumed that each of the experimental phi L-values is a
      weighted composite of the rotational correlation time associated with the less
      restricted flexible motions of the Fab arms, phi F, and the correlation time
      associated with global tumbling of the entire particle, phi G. A general two
      exponential expression was used to relate phi F and phi G to phi L. This approach
      was meaningful because phi G-values of the various SpA complexes had been
      calculated from hydrodynamic measurements. The theoretical decays clearly show
      that, even if phi G is much longer than phi F, these two rotational motions still
      cannot be resolved over the experimentally accessible time range. Families of
      emission anisotropy decay curves for IgG antibodies with different amounts of
      intrinsic global coupling and for anchored antibodies with different amounts of
      steric hindrance were simulated by varying the preexponential weighting factors
      of the flexible and global terms. By comparing the calculated curves with the
      measured decays, it is evident that the rabbit IgG anti-dansyl antibodies do not
      have much intrinsic global coupling, but rather they are highly flexible. The
      curves also indicate that even for the exceptionally compact IgG4-SpA2 17-S
      complex, which showed the most steric hindrance in electron micrographs, the
      appropriate phi G weighting factor is only 0.28. Thus, as supposed earlier, the
      anchored antibodies exhibit considerable segmental flexibility. In closing, the
      above concepts are used to examine the results of

PMID- 4000130
TI  - Molecular analysis of induced idiotypes associated with autoanti-thyroglobulin.
AB  - Idiotype (Id) and autoanti-thyroglobulin were induced in different strains of
      mice by priming with anti-Id to monoclonal anti-thyroglobulins (D8 and G4) and
      challenged with a subimmunogenic dose of thyroglobulin (Tg). Both D8.Id and G4.Id
      were induced in CBA mice by priming with the appropriate anti-Id, but only
      priming with anti-D8.Id also induced an increase in anti-Tg. D8.Id was induced in
      other strains by the same schedule but it only appeared to be associated with
      anti-Tg in 129 and, to a lesser extent, BALB/c mice, both of which have the
      allotype Iga. The extent of the overlap between the D8 Id and the anti-Tg was
      estimated and shown to be greatest in the CBA strain from which the D8 clone was
      originally derived. Spectrotypic analysis of the induced Ids in CBA mice showed
      that some of the D8.Id, but none of the G4.Id, was identical to the original
      clonotype, implying that CBA mice normally have cells which can be induced to
      produce D8.Id-positive autoanti-Tg, which are normally weakly expressed or
      regulated. The observation that anti-D8.Id priming in some strains increased
      D8.Id-negative anti-Tg responses suggests that the D8.Id may also be associated
      with anti-Tg T-cells.

PMID- 4000131
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to antitumor Vinca alkaloids: thermodynamics and kinetics.
AB  - Spleen cells from a mouse and a rat immunized with vinblastine coupled to bovine
      serum albumin were fused in two independent experiments with P3 X 63-Ag8 (non
      secreting variant) mouse myeloma cells. Three mouse X mouse (Vinca 1-3) and two
      rat X mouse (Vinca 4 and 5) hybrids were selected for production of Vinca
      alkaloid binding monoclonal antibodies. Each antibody had characteristic cross
      reactivities with alkaloids structurally related to vinblastine: Vinca 1 reacted
      preferentially with deacetylated alkaloids (deacetyl vinblastine and vindesine)
      and Vinca 2 had a higher affinity for vinblastine and vincristine. Vinca 3-5
      recognized equally vinblastine, vincristine and vindesine but differed with
      respect to their affinities for other analogues. No significant cross-reactivity
      of the monomeric alkaloids vindoline or catharanthine was observed with any
      antibody, and dimeric alkaloids modified in the catharanthine moiety had reduced
      immunoreactivity. Mouse monoclonal antibodies (Vinca 1 and 3) showed moderate
      affinity (2.2 X 10(-7) and 5.8 X 10(-9) M) for their respective best ligands and
      fast kinetics (dissociation rate constants greater than 3 X 10(-3) sec-1). Vinca
      4 and 5, derived from the rat X mouse hybrids, had much higher affinities (1.5 X
      10(-11) and 1.1 X 10(-11) M) and slower kinetics (dissociation rate constants:
      2.4 X 10(-5) and 7.2 X 10(-6) sec-1). The major difference between these two
      antibodies was that Vinca 4 binds and releases the antigen more rapidly than
      Vinca 5 does. Somatic hybridization techniques thus generated monoclonal
      antibodies recognizing a given class of low mol. wt antigens with variable
      specificity, affinity and kinetic behavior, allowing the selection of reagents
      most appropriate for particular immunochemical applications.

PMID- 4000132
TI  - Role of lipid A of endotoxin in the production of tumour necrosis factor.
AB  - Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the release of tumour necrosis factor
      (TNF) into serum of mice previously infected with Listeria monocytogenes or
      immunized with formalin-killed Corynebacterium parvum. This release is greatly
      reduced by neutralisation of lipid A of LPS with the antibiotic polymyxin B
      sulfate. The effect is dose-dependent. Base-hydrolysed LPS, which is devoid of
      lipid A, cannot induce TNF release. Crude lipid A still retains its ability to
      induce TNF release but is significantly less effective than native LPS molecules.
      LPS neutralised by polymyxin B also loses its ability to cause high mortality in
      C. parvum primed mice. These results suggest that lipid A of LPS molecule is
      important in causing lethality and TNF release in vivo while the polysaccharide
      portion may be involved in delivering the lipid A moiety to TNF-producing cells.

PMID- 4000133
TI  - Studies on polysaccharides from Angelica acutiloba--IV. Characterization of an
      anti-complementary arabinogalactan from the roots of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa.
AB  - An anti-complementary polysaccharide, AR-arabinogalactan, was isolated from the
      roots of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (Japanese name = Yamato-Tohki), and purified
      by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Sephadex G-100, Sepharose CL-2B and
      concanavalin A-Sepharose. AR-arabinogalactan was composed of arabinose and
      galactose in a molar ratio of 1.2:1.0 and a small amount of galacturonic acid.
      The results of methylation and exo-alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase treatment showed
      that the polysaccharide was a branched arabinogalactan containing a backbone
      involving galactopyranosyl (1----6) linkages. Most of the arabinose was present
      as an alpha-L-furanosyl residue in the non-reducing terminals and side chains.
      The (1----3)-linked galactopyranosyl residue might be linked to the arabinosyl
      side chains. alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase digestion did not destroy the anti
      complementary activity of the polysaccharide. After incubation of the serum with
      AR-arabinogalactan in the absence of Ca2+ ions, a cleavage of C3 in the serum was
      detected by immunoelectrophoresis as well as from the consumption of complement
      when rabbit erythrocytes were used in the assay system. A marked consumption of
      C4 was also observed to have occurred when serum was incubated with AR
      arabinogalactan in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Collectively considered these
      results indicate that the mode of complement activation by AR-arabinogalactan is
      via both the alternative and the classical pathway.

PMID- 4000134
TI  - Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with radioimmunoassay for the
      measurement of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to measure
      antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharides of the IgA, IgG and IgM isotypes.
      Antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharide types 1, 3, 6A, 8 and 9N were
      measured by ELISA and radioimmunoassay. Similar antibody responses were observed
      when comparing both assays. The study included 39 persons at high risk of
      developing pneumococcal infection and 13 healthy adults. Within 1 month after
      immunization IgM was the principle isotype. After 1 month, IgG was the principle
      isotype. Very low levels of IgA were detected in the post-immunization serum. The
      ELISA procedure described can be used to study the immune response to
      pneumococcal vaccines.

PMID- 4000135
TI  - ELISA-based determination of immunological binding constants.
AB  - An expression for the time-dependent concn of antibody in a hemispherical antigen
      coated well is derived by taking the Laplace transformation of the diffusion
      equation. From this expression, and from antibody adsorption kinetics measured
      using ELISA, it is possible to evaluate the rate constant of bimolecular
      association, k1, the rate constant of first order antibody-antigen dissociation,
      k2, and their ratio, the binding equilibrium constant or affinity, Ka. For the
      interaction of an anti-arsanilate monoclonal antibody with arsanilate-coupled
      albumin, analysis yields k1 = 8.8 X 10(3) M-1 sec-1, k2 = 2.5 X 10(-4) sec-1 and
      Ka = 3.5 X 10(7) M-1, for mean values over 10 experiments. These results are
      discussed in reference to the conventionally-obtained values for binding
      constants, including the affinity of the anti-arsanilate monoclonal for the
      hapten (p-azobenzenearsonate)-N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, determined by equilibrium
      dialysis.

PMID- 4000136
TI  - [Need for the determination of chloramphenicol levels in the treatment of
      bacterial-purulent meningitis with chloramphenicol succinate in infants and small
      children].
AB  - 17 cases of purulent meningitis in 15 children, aged 1 day to 5 years (median 8
      months) were treated with continuous i.v. infusion of chloramphenicol succinate.
      Free chloramphenicol in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (C.F.) was assayed by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CF chloramphenicol levels averaged 45
      +/- 14% of the serum level. Out of 16 patients only five received the usually
      recommended dosage. In three others because of initially or progressively high
      serum levels the dose had to be diminished. In eight others because of
      subtherapeutic levels the dose had to be raised. The highest dose (390 mg/kg body
      weight/d) was required in a 2 month old boy. He was shown to have a clearance
      rate for free chloramphenicol considerably higher than has been reported so far.
      Maturation of the metabolism could be observed in a small-for-date newborn who
      acquired a grey baby syndrome during the treatment of his first meningitis.
      Several weeks later he required exactly the recommended dose to reach therapeutic
      chloramphenicol levels. As a consequence of these observations we strongly
      recommend meticulous drug monitoring of chloramphenicol in order to meet the
      large biological variations seen particularly in neonates and young infants in
      their capacity to reach and maintain therapeutic serum levels.

PMID- 4000137
TI  - [Frequency of sensitization to D. pteronyssinus or D. farinae in children with
      perennial bronchial asthma].
AB  - Bronchial sensitization against house dust mites (dermatophagoides farinae,
      dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) was investigated in 48 children. The therapeutic
      effect of hyposensitization and removal of house dust mite allergen was
      evaluated. The diagnosis was established by skin-prick-test, RAST and bronchial
      provocation. The bronchial provocation test was carried out by a whole body
      plethysmograph with breath by breath registration of the airway resistance. We
      found a bronchial reaction against both mites in 70% of the children; 18% showed
      bronchial reaction only against d. farinae, 10% only against d. pteronyssinus.
      There was a better correlation between RAST and bronchial provocation (69,5%)
      than between skin-prick-test and bronchial provocation (65%). The correlation
      concerning the skin-brick-test and RAST was 55% with d. farinae and 59% with d.
      pteronyssinus. There was no correlation between PRIST and RAST, RAST and
      eosinophiles, therapeutic effects of hyposensitization and positive allergen
      tests. After one year of therapy, the conditions of 87,5% (only mite
      sensitization) respectively 92% (mixed sensitization) of patients improved.
      Another group of sensitized children was only treated by removal of house dust
      mite allergen and anti-allergic and bronchodilating drugs. 43% (mixed allergy)
      respectively 54% (only mite sensitization) had less asthma problems. After the
      hyposensitization the children showed a significant improvement. There was no
      difference in the therapeutic effect after hyposensitization against d. farinae
      or d. pteronyssinus.

PMID- 4000138
TI  - [Height and weight of 70 prenatally dystrophic children of ages 5 to 11].
AB  - Growth-retarded, markedly slim children with poor appetite are often seen by a
      pediatric endocrine service without any previous information to their parents
      about known correlations between their condition and poor intrauterine growth.
      There are follow-up studies covering the first years of life, but only a few
      concerning growth prognosis in later years. Therefore, full-term, nonasphyxiated
      small-for-date children were traced by a questionnaire at ages between 5 to 11
      years, and growth data were evaluated using standard deviation scores (x
      means/s): for the whole group the height deficit was -0.724 +/- 0.965 SD, whereas
      normal persons show a deviation from normality of 0.000 +/- 1.000 SD (p less than
      0.001); it was -0.823 +/- 0.949 SD and -0.495 +/- 0.927 SD for children with
      birth weights below and above the 3rd percentile for birth weight resp., and 
      1.285 +/- 1.031 and -1.261 +/- 1.069 SD for children whose length or length and
      weight were below the 3rd percentile at birth. The weight deficit (0.048 +/-
      0.999 SD) of the whole group was statistically but not medically significant.
      There was no correlation to the parents or the mothers heights. These data
      correspond well with those from a review of the literature. Together with an
      accurate bone age determination our data could help to improve the counselling of
      involved families about growth prognosis of their originally small for date
      children.

PMID- 4000139
TI  - [Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis and linear naevus sebaceus].
AB  - Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis is a rare neurocutaneous dysgenetic
      syndrome, which is characterized by unilateral lipomas in the subcutis of the
      face, skalp and skull, porencephalic cyst of the ipsilateral hemisphere,
      epilepsy, and severely delayed development. Furthermore a variety of skin lesions
      (choristomas) has been described. In the present case the skin lesions had the
      form of a linear nevus sebaceus. This condition is frequently combined with
      epilepsy and neurological disorders (Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims-syndrome).
      The latter seems not to be a very rare syndrome. The coincidence of
      characteristics of both syndromes in the same child supports the suggestion of a
      pathogenetical relationship.

PMID- 4000141
TI  - [Children of mothers with late gestosis in pregnancy. Results of a prospective
      "course of pregnancy and child development" study program].
AB  - Within the sample of 1783 children from the prospective study
      "Schwangerschaftsverlauf und Kindesentwicklung" (Course of pregnancy and
      development of children) followed-up until the age of 6 years the mothers of 182
      suffered from late gestosis (10.2%). The values of the systolic blood pressure
      and of the protein concentration in the urine of the mothers measured at their
      last examination before onset of labour were crucial for the diagnosis of
      gestosis. According to this definition 95 mothers with systolic pressure greater
      than or equal to 150 mm Hg were classified as hypertensive (group of the
      hypertension children) and 87 mothers with both systolic pressure greater than or
      equal to 150 mm Hg and proteinuria greater than 1 g/l as being preeclamptic
      (group of the preeclamptic children). The control groups contained the same
      number of children (matched pairs). There were no significant differences in the
      findings between the different groups. Apparently, the prognosis of the child's
      development is favourable provided that the gestosis does not last long and does
      not lead to placental insufficiency.

PMID- 4000140
TI  - [Experiences with nifedipine in the treatment of acute hypertension in
      childhood].
AB  - The efficacy of Nifedipine (N) as an antihypertensive drug was assessed in 4
      children aged 6-12 years with acute severe hypertension. In one child with a
      hypertensive encephalopathy N 10 mg administered sublingually in addition to
      other antihypertensive drugs caused a prompt fall in blood pressure followed by a
      rapid clinical improvement. In the other 3 children N 10 mg reduced systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure by 13.7% and 16.4% respectively. This antihypertensive
      action lasted for about 3-4 hours and was associated with an increase in heart
      rate by 11.5%. The antihypertensive effects of N are positively related to
      pretreatment blood pressure. These results provide support that N is a safe and
      effective drug for controlling blood pressure also in hypertensive emergencies of
      children.

PMID- 4000142
TI  - Mutagenicity of N-acetyl and N,N'-diacetyl derivatives of 3 aromatic amines used
      as epoxy-resin hardeners.
AB  - 3 epoxy-resin hardeners, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (DDE), 4,4'
      diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and their N
      acetyl and N,N'-diacetyl derivatives were examined for their mutagenicity using
      Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 as the tester stains and an S9 mix
      containing a rat-liver 9000 X g supernatant fraction as the metabolic activation
      system. DDE and DDM were mutagenic towards TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9
      mix while DDS exhibited no significant mutagenic activity towards these tester
      strains. These epoxy-resin hardeners were metabolized in vivo and their N-acetyl
      and N,N'-diacetyl metabolites were found in the urine. Among these acetyl
      metabolites, only N-acetyl-DDE was found to be mutagenic towards TA98 and TA100
      in the presence of S9 mix. None of these acetyl metabolites exhibited significant
      mutagenic activity towards these tester strains in the absence of S9 mix.

PMID- 4000143
TI  - Induction of micronuclei by benzene in B6C3F1 mice: retrospective analysis of
      peripheral blood smears from the NTP carcinogenesis bioassay.

PMID- 4000144
TI  - Differential induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by benzo[a]pyrene in variant
      mouse hepatoma cells.
AB  - Two variant mouse hepatoma cell lines had been separated from a parent cell line,
      Hepa-1c1c7, by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Earlier metabolic studies had
      shown that variant TAOc1BPrc1 was more active in the metabolism of the indirect
      carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene than was variant BPrc1. In an extension of these
      studies, the relationship between the metabolic capabilities of these two cell
      lines and the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by B[a]P was investigated.
      It was observed that TAOc1BPrc1 yielded a significant dose-dependent increase in
      the induction of SCE by B[a]P whereas BPrc1 did not show a response significantly
      greater than control. Metabolic results indicated that the induction of SCE in
      TAOc1BPrc1 was due to the production of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene
      by this variant. This metabolite did not appear to be produced by BPrc1.
      Furthermore, TAOc1BPrc1 required only 40 nM B[a]P to induce a 2-fold increase in
      SCE frequency. This concentration is considerably lower than that required to
      elicit a similar response in other reported cell lines. To our knowledge, this is
      the first report of the use of a mouse hepatoma cell line for determining the
      relationship of metabolic capability to the induction of SCE.

PMID- 4000145
TI  - Genotoxicity of ptaquiloside, a bracken carcinogen, in the hepatocyte primary
      culture/DNA-repair test.
AB  - The genotoxicity of ptaquiloside (PT), recently isolated from bracken fern and
      shown to be carcinogenic, was examined by means of the hepatocyte primary
      culture/DNA-repair test. PT elicited clear unscheduled DNA synthesis with a dose
      response effect. The result indicates that PT is a genotoxic carcinogen.

PMID- 4000146
TI  - Heat-shocks prior to treatment of Vicia faba root-tip meristems with maleic
      hydrazide or TEM reduce the yield of chromatid aberrations.
AB  - Heat-shocks (10 and 30 min at 40 degrees C) prior to treatment with MH or TEM
      significantly reduced the yield of metaphases with chromatid aberrations. No such
      effect was observed when ethanol was used for aberration induction. The 'heat
      shock effect' on aberration induction by MH and TEM is comparable to 'clastogenic
      adaptation' observed after pretreatment ('conditioning') with low clastogen
      concentrations prior to 'challenging' with high clastogen concentrations; both
      require unimpaired protein synthesis.

PMID- 4000147
TI  - Critical sample sizes for determining the statistical significance of mutation
      frequencies.
AB  - Based on the assumption that the numbers of mutations observed in an untreated
      and treated sample of individuals are binomial random variables, a method is
      presented to compute the probability of observing a specific number of mutations
      as a function of the sample sizes and the number of mutations in the untreated
      control sample. Knowledge of the true mutation frequencies is not required. The
      formalism is then used to compute critical sample sizes for testing hypotheses
      concerning mutation frequencies in the two populations.

PMID- 4000148
TI  - Theophylline release of replicon initiation inhibition by nitrosoureas correlates
      with the synergistic killing in L1210 leukemia in vitro.
AB  - This report demonstrates the synergistic killing of murine L1210 leukemia in
      vitro by BCNU and theophylline as has previously been reported in vivo. Synergism
      is also seen with the related nitrosourea CNU plus theophylline. As measured on
      alkaline sucrose gradients and by pH-step alkaline elution, the nitrosourea
      induced inhibition of DNA replicon initiation is completely reversed in the
      presence of theophylline. DNA interstrand crosslinking, the damage which usually
      correlates with nitrosourea cytotoxicity, is not increased by the combination of
      nitrosourea plus theophylline. At high nitrosourea doses, this interstrand
      crosslinking is reduced in the presence of theophylline. At least part of the
      mechanism of the two-drug synergism is the theophylline release of nitrosourea
      induced DNA initiation inhibition. Some of the results have been presented at the
      Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.

PMID- 4000149
TI  - Excision repair in permeable arrested human skin fibroblasts damaged by UV (254
      nm) radiation: evidence that alpha- and beta-polymerases act sequentially at the
      repolymerisation step.
AB  - We have characterised far-ultraviolet-radiation-induced DNA-repair synthesis in
      permeabilised arrested (non-dividing) primary human skin fibroblasts.
      Approximately half the maximum repair synthesis is seen after a UV fluence of 4.0
      Jm-2 and little additional incorporation was observed at fluences above 20.0 Jm
      2. UV-damaged permeable cells were treated with specific inhibitors of DNA
      polymerase alpha and beta, both alone and in combination. The degree of
      inhibition of repair incorporation by aphidicolin indicates that polymerase alpha
      is involved in the majority (85-90%) of repair synthesis after both high and low
      (less than 4.0 Jm-2) UV fluences. Dideoxythymidine triphosphate seems able to
      inhibit DNA-repair synthesis only when polymerase alpha is fully or almost fully
      functional, indicating that polymerase beta is unable to substitute in repair for
      an alpha polymerase blocked by aphidicolin. These data suggest that the two
      enzymes may act sequentially to complete repair patches rather than acting
      independently.

PMID- 4000151
TI  - Responses of 4 X-ray-sensitive CHO cell mutants to different radiations and to
      irradiation conditions promoting cellular recovery.
AB  - Four X-ray-sensitive mutants of CHO cells, described previously by Jeggo and Kemp
      (1983), showed enhanced sensitivity to both 60Co gamma-rays and 238Pu alpha
      particles relative to the responses of the parent line. The enhanced response to
      a densely ionising radiation (alpha-particles) was less than that to X- or gamma
      rays, suggesting that these mutants are deficient mainly in the repair of damage
      from relatively sparsely ionising radiation tracks. Plateau-phase cultures of the
      parental CHO cells showed considerable recovery upon irradiation with low-dose
      rate gamma-rays, compared to irradiation at 'high' dose rates, but little or no
      recovery was seen for the mutants. Similarly, preliminary data on recovery during
      post-irradiation holding of plateau-phase cultures show that this process is also
      absent in the mutants. These responses have several similarities to those of
      cells from patients with the radiosensitive disorder ataxia telangiectasia (AT),
      and are discussed with reference to AT cells and other radiosensitive mutants.

PMID- 4000153
TI  - Changes in spontaneous SCE frequencies as a function of sampling time in
      lymphocytes from normal donors and cancer patients.
AB  - Spontaneous SCE frequencies were measured in cells undergoing their second
      mitosis at 54, 68, 72, 78 or 90 h after PHA stimulation of whole blood cultures
      from 7 normal donors. A consistent pattern of fluctuation of SCE levels was
      observed between 54 and 78 h. The magnitude of change in SCE frequency between
      consecutive fixation times was as high as 80% for some donors. These observations
      support the hypothesis of Snope and Rary (1979) that there are subpopulations of
      lymphocytes with different spontaneous SCE levels and different proliferation
      rates. In untreated cancer patients the patterns of change in SCE frequency with
      time were different from that seen in normal donors. This may be because of
      quantitative changes in T-lymphocyte sub-populations which have been observed in
      cancer patients. Changes in SCE frequency of less than about a factor of two,
      observed at a single sampling time may not be indicative of genotoxic events or
      genetic instability but simply represent changes in the composition of lymphocyte
      sub-populations and/or in their rates of proliferation in vitro.

PMID- 4000152
TI  - The formation of genotoxic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene by the isolated perfused
      rat liver, as detected by the bioluminescence test.
AB  - The kinetics of the formation of mutagenic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) in
      an isolated perfused rat-liver system have been studied. No genotoxic activity
      was detected in the perfusate using either the Ames test or the new
      bioluminescence test for genotoxic agents (BLT). The bile excretion showed strong
      genotoxic activity especially in the presence of the deconjugation enzymes beta
      glucuronidase and arylsulfatase. The BLT was 1000-fold more sensitive than the
      Ames test in detecting the genotoxic activity in the bile excretion.

PMID- 4000150
TI  - The induction and repair of DNA damage and its influence on cell death in primary
      human fibroblasts exposed to UV-A or UV-C irradiation.
AB  - Irradiation with UV-A of normal human fibroblasts in phosphate-buffered saline
      induced cell death, measured as lack of colony-forming ability. A specially
      filtered sunlamp, emitting wavelengths greater than 330 nm, was used as UV-A
      source. After UV-A irradiation, single-strand breaks (alkali-labile bonds) could
      be detected in DNA; these lesions were rapidly repaired. The induction of these
      single-strand breaks was almost eliminated when irradiation was performed in the
      presence of catalase. However, catalase, when present during UV-A irradiation,
      did not reduce cell death of the fibroblasts. Excision repair, monitored as
      unscheduled DNA synthesis, was induced strongly by irradiation with UV-C
      (predominantly 254 nm), but could not be detected after UV-A irradiation.
      Moreover, very little accumulation of incision breaks during post-irradiation
      incubation with hydroxyurea and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) was
      detected after UV-A. This is consistent with the low amount of pyrimidine dimers
      (measured as UV-endonuclease susceptible sites) induced by UV-A. Xeroderma
      pigmentosum fibroblasts of complementation group A, which are extremely sensitive
      to UV-C irradiation, showed the same sensitivity to UV-A as normal fibroblasts.
      The results indicate that lethality by UV-A wavelengths greater than 330 nm is
      caused by lesions other than single-strand breaks (alkali-labile bonds) and
      pyrimidine dimers.

PMID- 4000154
TI  - Gesellschaft fur Umweltmutationsforschung (GUM): abstracts of papers presented at
      the 8th annual meeting of the GUM. 23-25 May, Wuppertal (F.R.G.).

PMID- 4000155
TI  - Genetic duplications in bacteria and their relevance for genetic toxicology.
AB  - Tandem genetic duplications of various lengths occur at high frequency and at
      many chromosomal locations in bacteria. Most duplications are formed and lost by
      recombinational mechanisms. Since they readily give rise to haploid segregants,
      duplications are characteristically unstable. Various selection procedures permit
      measurements of duplication frequencies, and several mutagens have been shown to
      induce the formation of duplications in haploid bacteria and the loss of
      duplications from merodiploid bacteria. Although the data base is not extensive,
      it includes agents that interact with DNA by a variety of molecular mechanisms.
      Grounds on which the induction of genetic duplications in bacteria can be
      relevant for genetic toxicology are discussed.

PMID- 4000156
TI  - Ethylation of nucleophilic sites in DNA by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea depends on
      chromatin structure and ionic strength.
AB  - Depending on ionic strength, chromatin can assume either a condensed,
      supranucleosomal conformation or the form of an extended nucleosomal fiber. Using
      sedimentation velocity analysis, both types of structures could be identified in
      chromatin prepared from cell nuclei of fetal rat brain. When the ionic strength
      was reduced from 60 to 10 mM NaCl, the average S-value of a defined chromatin
      fiber fraction (12-15 nucleosomes in size) decreased dramatically from
      approximately 72 S to approximately 55 S, reflecting the unfolding of condensed
      chromatin to an extended conformation. Correspondingly, the average S-value of
      histone H1-depleted chromatin (Ch-) was 54 S at 60 mM NaCl and did not change
      significantly at lower NaCl concentrations. Ch- contains only the core histones
      and is, therefore, relaxed into an extended form. Using a monoclonal antibody (ER
      6) specific for O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine, we studied the influence of chromatin
      conformation on the formation of O6-ethylguanine (O6-EtGua) in the DNA of
      chromatin exposed to the carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (EtNU; 1 mg/ml, 37
      degrees C, 20 min) in vitro. When the NaCl concentration during incubations with
      EtNU was varied between 0 and 100 mM, the amount of O6-EtGua formed in the DNA of
      complete chromatin (Ch+) was highest at 0 mM NaCl, then decreased exponentially
      with increasing ionic strength, and remained approximately constant at values
      greater than or equal to 50 mM NaCl. A similar dependence on ionic strength was
      found for the formation of O6-EtGua in the DNA of Ch-, and in native DNA. The
      frequency of O6-EtGua was highest in native DNA, followed by the DNA of Ch-, and
      lowest in the DNA of Ch+. At each salt concentration, the O6-EtGua content of Ch+
      DNA relative to the corresponding values for Ch- DNA and native DNA, remained
      unchanged (0.70 +/- 0.03 S.D. and 0.42 +/- 0.03 S.D., respectively). In addition
      to O6-EtGua, the formation of 7-ethylguanine (7-EtGua; major groove of the DNA
      double helix) and 3-ethyladenine (3-EtAde; minor groove) was analysed after
      exposure to [1-14C]EtNU. 7-EtGua was the most frequently formed ethylation
      product, followed by O6-EtGua and 3-EtAde.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4000157
TI  - The two-step model of bacterial UV mutagenesis.
AB  - Recent results are discussed which have led to a two-step model for UV
      mutagenesis in excision-deficient Escherichia coli. After exposure to UV, the
      replication fork is assumed to continue until immediately before certain
      photoproducts where it stops and leaves a gap which cannot be dealt with by
      recombination repair. In the first (misincorporation) step, bases (a proportion
      of which are 'wrong') are postulated to be inserted opposite the photoproduct
      under the direct influence of the recA gene product. These misincorporated bases
      can be revealed as mutations by delayed photoreversal in umuD,C and lexA (ind-)
      bacteria. Their level is determined by the particular allele of recA that is
      present (recA441 greater than recA+ greater than recA430) and their rate of
      formation by the amount of recA protein in the cell and the degree of enrichment
      of the medium. No other protein needs to be synthesized for this step to occur.
      The second (bypass) step requires induced levels of the products of the umuD and
      C genes which are postulated to facilitate continued DNA synthesis on the priming
      end opposite the photoproduct. In principle, further errors could be made at this
      stage which might appear as 'hitch-hiking' rather than 'targeted' mutations.

PMID- 4000158
TI  - Characterization and identification of 6 mutagens in opium pyrolysates implicated
      in oesophageal cancer in Iran.
AB  - Previous epidemiological studies have indicated an association between the
      ingestion of opium pyrolysates, dietary deficiencies, and a high incidence of
      oesophageal cancer in subjects in north-east Iran. Laboratory studies have shown
      that pyrolysates of opium and particularly of morphine, a major opium alkaloid,
      are highly mutagenic in bacteria and induce sister-chromatid exchanges in
      mammalian cells after metabolic activation. We now report the ability of these
      pyrolysates to transform Syrian hamster embryo cells in culture and present some
      evidence for their carcinogenicity in mice and hamsters following topical,
      subcutaneous, intratracheal and intragastric administration. 6 of the most
      abundant mutagenic compounds present in morphine pyrolysate were isolated and
      purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry and 1H-Fourier transform nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy. These hitherto unknown compounds, all containing a
      hydroxy-phenanthrene moiety, were identified as: 3-methyl-3H-naphth[1,2-e]indol
      10-ol; 1,2-dihydro-3-methyl-3H-naphth[1,2-e]indol-10-ol; 6-methylaminophenanthren
      3-ol; 2-methylphenanthro[3,4-d] [1,3]oxazol-10-ol; 2,3-dimethyl-3H-phenanthro[3,4
      d]imidazol-10-ol and 2-methyl-3H-phenanthro[3,4-d]imidazol-10-ol. Mutagenicity in
      Salmonella typhimurium TA98 of these compounds increased in the order listed, the
      last compound being 35 times more active than benzo[a]pyrene. The mechanisms, by
      which these mutagens are formed and metabolically activated are discussed.

PMID- 4000160
TI  - G0 chromosomal radiosensitivity in ataxia telangiectasia lymphocytes.
AB  - Contrary to an earlier report, peripheral lymphocytes from 4 AT patients were not
      found to exhibit higher yields of unequivocal chromosome type aberrations
      following irradiation in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, providing that only
      first post-irradiation metaphases were included in the samples (ensured by 5
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and differential fluorescence or Giemsa
      staining). We were able, however, to confirm the earlier-reported increase in
      chromatid-type aberrations in the G0-irradiated cells. AT lymphocytes were found
      to experience more cell-cycle delay following G0 irradiation than normal cells.
      These observations appear consistent with the damaged base excision DNA-repair
      defect reported for AT cells.

PMID- 4000159
TI  - The organ-specific induction of DNA adducts in 2-acetylaminofluorene-treated
      rats, studied by means of a sensitive immunochemical method.
AB  - Exposure of cells to chemical carcinogens and mutagens may result in the
      formation of DNA adducts, which can give rise to mutations in the genome and to
      cellular transformation. Methods to measure DNA-adduct formation may be useful
      for 'biomonitoring', to establish exposure of laboratory animals or humans to DNA
      damaging agents. For such purposes, immunochemical methods appear to be suitable,
      because they allow sensitive detection and quantification of DNA adducts in small
      amounts of sample in a non-radiolabelled form. We have worked out optimal
      conditions for the detection of DNA adducts by means of competitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This technique involves interaction of soluble
      antigen, immobilized antigen and antibody. It appeared that the sensitivity of
      the competitive assay can be improved by lowering the amount of immobilized
      antigen, adsorbed to the wall of the plastic reaction vessel. On the basis of
      these observations, suitable conditions were selected for a sensitive
      quantitative assay of adducts in DNA isolated from various organs of rats,
      treated (p.o.) with the liver carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). Under the
      conditions of these experiments, the available rabbit antiserum recognizes the
      guanosine-AAF adduct with high specificity. A time- and dose-dependent induction
      of AAF adducts could be measured in liver DNA from exposed rats, whereas the
      amount of adducts in DNA from spleen and nucleated blood cells remained below the
      detection limit (1 adduct/10(8) nucleotides). The implications of these findings
      with respect to the relevance of blood cell biomonitoring for target cell
      exposure are discussed.

PMID- 4000161
TI  - Inter- and intra-chromosomal distribution of chromatid breaks induced by X-rays
      during G2 in human lymphocytes.
AB  - Cultures of blood from healthy adults were irradiated 48 h after stimulation with
      240 R of X-rays and fixed after various time intervals (0-2 h, 2-4 h, 4-6 h).
      3HTdR was added to several cultures after irradiation. Mitotic and labelling
      indices were used to distinguish between two cell samples inside the irradiated
      G2 population: D- cells reaching mitosis without mitotic delay and a high
      frequency of chromatic breaks and D+ cells with mitotic delay and which, during
      the delay, repair most of the damage produced. After R banding 450 chromatid
      deletions were located in each of the two cell samples. The D+ cells showed a
      higher frequency of breaks than the D- cells with decreasing chromosome size, in
      the telomeric and centromeric region and in the junction between the R+ and R-
      bands. These results can be interpreted as indicative of a non-random
      distribution of repair processes both between and within chromosomes.

PMID- 4000162
TI  - The effect of thymidine on the induction of micronuclei by alkylating agents in
      V79 Chinese hamster cells.
AB  - Incubation in thymidine-containing medium resulted in increased lethality and
      micronucleus frequency in V79 cells treated with ethyl nitrosourea (ENU), methyl
      nitrosourea (MNU) and ethyl methane-sulphonate (EMS) but not with methyl
      methanesulfonate (MMS). Thymidine had no effect in ENU treated HeLa cells. In V79
      cells, the presence of thymidine during post-treatment DNA replication was
      necessary for the effect. It is suggested that the increase in chromosome damage
      was the result of an increased O6-alkylguanine-thymine mispairing in cells which
      are defective in the repair of O6-alkylguanine. Treatment of V79 cells with O6
      ethylguanine resulted in increased production of both micronuclei and polyploid
      cells. These effects might be explained by spindle dysfunction caused by the
      alkylated guanine.

PMID- 4000163
TI  - The observation of mitotic division aberrations in mammalian cells exposed to
      chemical and radiation treatments.
AB  - The fidelity of chromosome segregation and the maintenance of the integrity of
      the chromosome karyotype of eukaryotic cells is dependent upon the synthesis and
      functioning of division-related structures such as the nuclear spindle and events
      such as the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle and their subsequent
      movement to the poles of the dividing cell. Chemical and physical treatment which
      modify the synthesis and functioning of division-related events may potentially
      lead to the production of cells with abnormal chromosome numbers (of both whole
      chromosome sets and of individual chromosomes). The ability of environmental
      agents to modify division-related structures in mammalian cells has been assessed
      by morphological examination of exposed mitotically dividing cells using staining
      techniques which identify spindle and chromosome structure and by the analysis of
      the characteristics of microtubule polymerisation in vitro. Such techniques have
      been used to identify the spindle-modifying effects of chemicals such as the
      synthetic hormone diethylstilboestrol and modifications of chromosome to spindle
      attachment in cells exposed to both UV- and X-irradiation. Such modifications of
      cell-division-related activities may lead to alterations in the fidelity of
      division events leading to the production of chromosomally abnormal daughter
      cells with aneuploid or polyploid karyotypes.

PMID- 4000164
TI  - Concomitant observations of UDS in the liver and micronuclei in the bone marrow
      of rats exposed to cyclophosphamide or 2-acetylaminofluorene.
AB  - Oral dosing of between 5-30 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CP) to Alderley Park rats
      induced micronuclei in the bone marrow between 12 and 36 h after dosing, but
      failed to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in the liver at similar dose
      levels and treatment periods. Dose levels of greater than 30 mg/kg were toxic to
      the liver. In contrast, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) induced UDS in the rat liver
      between 4-36 h after dosing, but gave only a weak response in the bone marrow
      assay at dose levels between 0.5 and 2 g/kg. Selected observations were made for
      each chemical using both tissues of the same test animal. It is concluded that an
      assessment of the genotoxicity in vivo of chemicals defined as genotoxic in vitro
      will contribute to an assessment of their possible mammalian carcinogenicity, and
      that these should involve assays conducted using both the bone marrow and the
      liver of rodents. Due to its relative ease of commission, the bone marrow
      micronucleus assay will usually be conducted first; in the case of negative
      results it is recommended that a liver genotoxicity assay should be conducted.
      The case for employing in vivo short-term genotoxicity tests to predict the
      possible organotropic carcinogenicity or germ cell mutagenicity of a new in vitro
      genotoxin is discussed.

PMID- 4000166
TI  - Variance estimation in single-cell mutation assays: comparison to experimental
      observations in human lymphoblasts at 4 gene loci.
AB  - The performance of mutation assays with single cells involves a series of
      separate steps beginning with the induction of mutant cells and ending with the
      counting of mutant and wild-type colonies. The variation among identically
      treated cultures is here modeled as arising from 3 sources: (1) the number of
      mutant cells surviving treatment, (2) the number of mutant cells sampled in steps
      of sampling and growth required in assays involving phenotypic lag, and (3) the
      number of mutant and nonmutant colonies actually observed. The arithmetical
      statements describing the expectation of variance from each step are presented
      and used to provide means to calculate an expected overall variance for typical
      experiments. The model is then tested by comparing its predictions with the
      observed mutant fractions in human lymphoblastoid cells at the loci coding for 6
      thioguanine, ouabain, podophyllotoxin, and 5,6-dichlororibofuranosyl
      benzimidazole resistances. The model is found to have excellent predictive
      qualities and should be useful in experimental design of studies involving
      induction of rare variants in single-cell systems.

PMID- 4000165
TI  - Induction of gene mutations in mice: the multiple endpoint approach.
AB  - The multiple endpoint mammalian mutagenesis approach developed in our institute
      screens in the same animal for recessive specific-locus alleles at 7 loci,
      approximately 30 loci coding for dominant-cataract mutations, 23 loci controlling
      protein-charge changes and 12 loci for enzyme-activity alterations. Experiments
      to screen for the approximately 70 loci in the same offspring of treated male
      mice were performed with ethylnitrosourea (ENU), procarbazine and X-ray exposure.
      Mutations were recovered for each genetic endpoint in all treatment groups where
      a sufficient number of offspring was scored. ENU treatment is highly effective in
      inducing mutations to all genetic endpoints. The mutations were confirmed by
      breeding tests. The mutation rates to specific-locus and enzyme-activity alleles
      were both higher than the mutation rates to either dominant-cataract or protein
      charge alleles. The advantages and possibilities of the multiple endpoint
      approach are discussed in detail.

PMID- 4000167
TI  - Genetic complementation between UV-sensitive CHO mutants and xeroderma
      pigmentosum fibroblasts.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of doing
      complementation analysis between DNA-repair mutants of CHO cells and human
      fibroblasts based on the recovery of hybrid cells resistant to DNA damage. Two UV
      sensitive CHO mutant lines, UV20 and UV41, which belong to different genetic
      complementation groups, were fused with fibroblasts of xeroderma pigmentosum in
      various complementation groups. Selection for complementing hybrids was performed
      using a combination of ouabain to kill the XP cells and mitomycin C to kill the
      CHO mutants. Because the frequency of viable hybrid clones was generally less
      than 10(-6) and the frequency of revertants of each CHO mutant was approximately
      2 X 10(-7), putative hybrids required verification. The hybrid character of
      clones was established by testing for the presence of human DNA in a dot-blot
      procedure. Hybrid clones were obtained from 9 of the 10 different crosses
      involving 5 complementation groups of XP cells. The 4 attempted crosses with 2
      other XP groups yielded no hybrid colonies. Thus, a definitive complementation
      analysis was not possible. Hybrids were evaluated for their UV resistance using a
      rapid assay that measures differential cytotoxicity (DC). All 9 hybrids were more
      resistant than the parental mutant CHO and XP cells, indicating that in each case
      complementation of the CHO repair defect by a human gene had occurred. 3 hybrids
      were analyzed for their UV-radiation survival curves and shown to be much more
      resistant that the CHO mutants but less resistant than normal CHO cells. With 2
      of these hybrids, sensitive subclones, which had presumably lost the
      complementing gene, were found to have similar sensitivity to the parental CHO
      mutants. We conclude that the extremely low frequency of viable hybrids in this
      system limits the usefulness of the approach. The possibility remains that each
      of the nonhybridizing XP strains could be altered in the same locus as one of the
      CHO mutants.

PMID- 4000168
TI  - X-ray induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in division arrested, G0/G1
      phase Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of X-irradiation was determined with Chinese
      hamster ovary cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle through 9 days
      incubation in serum-free medium. In comparison with exponential phase cultures,
      the arrested cells showed increased cytotoxicity and mutation induction over the
      dose range of 50-800 rad. Exponential cultures showed a linear mutant frequency
      survival relationship while the arrested cells showed a biphasic linear
      relationship. A post irradiation holding period of 24 h does not result in any
      change in the mutant frequency. The increased sensitivity of the arrested cells
      to the mutagenic effects of X-rays appears to be a cell-cycle phase phenomenon.
      Upon readdition of serum, the arrested cells re-enter the cell cycle in a
      synchronous manner, reaching S phase at 10-12 h. Cells irradiated at 5 h after
      serum addition, i.e. in G1, show a similar dose response for mutant frequency,
      while those irradiated at 10 h or later, i.e. in late G1, S or G2, show lower
      mutation induction. These observations are consistent with a chromosome
      interchange mechanism of mutation induction by X-rays, possibly through
      interactions between repairing regions of the DNA. Irradiation of cells in the
      G0/G1 phase allow more time for such interactions in the absence of
      semiconservative DNA replication.

PMID- 4000169
TI  - Methylation-induced blocks to in vitro DNA replication.
AB  - Single-stranded primed M13mp2 templates and double-stranded templates were
      treated with either dimethyl sulfate (DMS) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine and used for DNA synthesis in vitro. Methylation inhibits the
      ability of the molecules to serve as templates. When either E. coli DNA
      polymerase I or AMV reverse transcriptase were used as polymerases, DNA synthesis
      terminated one nucleotide 3' to the site of adenine residues in the template.
      Heating of the templates resulted in the appearance of additional termination
      bands one nucleotide before the site of G's in the template. We assume that
      methylated A's but not methylated G's are blocks to in vitro DNA synthesis and
      that heating converts a portion of the sites of methylated G to AP sites which
      are blocks to synthesis.

PMID- 4000170
TI  - Enzymatic excision of DNA bases damaged by exposure to ionizing radiation or
      oxidizing agents.

PMID- 4000171
TI  - Comparative studies on photoreactivation of ultraviolet light-induced T4
      endonuclease susceptible sites and sister-chromatid exchanges in Potorous cells.
AB  - Photoreactivation (PR) of T4 endonuclease-susceptible sites (ESS) and sister
      chromatid exchanges induced by ultraviolet light was investigated in Potorous
      tridactylis Pt K2 cells, using monochromatic light from a grating monochromator.
      Both ESS and SCE showed maximum PR at 350 nm and the action spectra of PR
      essentially overlapped between ESS and SCE at 350, 400 and 450 nm. Exposure to
      325-nm light after UV irradiation induced additional ESS and SCE, but reduction
      of ESS was shown by increasing exposure to 325-nm light, and further induction of
      SCE was observed by the same treatment. A possible difference in mechanisms
      between induction of ESS and SCE is suggested at 325 nm, while similar causes for
      ESS and SCE, presumably pyrimidine dimers, are suggested by UV (254-nm)
      irradiation.

PMID- 4000172
TI  - Tests for dominant-lethal effects of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in male
      and female mice.
AB  - DBCP was studied for dominant-lethal effects in male and female mice and for
      total reproductive effects in females. In males it was administered either
      intraperitoneally or subcutaneously while in females it was given only by the
      former route. No DBCP-related response was observed in either males or females
      indicating its ineffectiveness in inducing chromosomal aberrations or
      cytotoxicity in mouse germ cells. These findings differ markedly from the
      observations made in rats by other investigators. Thus, the probable existence of
      a species difference in germ cell response to DBCP has been strengthened by the
      availability of the present results. It should be noted, however, that only two
      stocks of male mice have been studied so far for dominant-lethal and germ cell
      cytotoxicity effects.

PMID- 4000173
TI  - Chromosome analysis of lymphocytes from workers at an ethylene oxide plant.
AB  - Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 33 men who had been employed in
      the manufacture of ethylene oxide for between 1 and 14 years, and from 32 men
      from other parts of the same plant who were used as controls. Their lymphocytes
      were analysed for chromosome damage. There were low frequencies of polyploidy,
      chromatid aberrations and chromosome breaks in the cells of the 65 men. A
      slightly higher frequency of chromatid aberrations was observed in the cells of
      the ethylene oxide workers than in those of the controls, but the difference
      between the two groups was not statistically significant. There was a positive
      correlation between length of employment in the ethylene oxide group and the
      numbers of aberrations in the cultures of each individual. This trend was not
      solely attributable to the age of the men. The levels of chromatid and chromosome
      damage observed in this study are consistent with those in humans who have not
      recently been exposed to known chromosome-breaking agents.

PMID- 4000174
TI  - Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by N-nitrosocimetidine in cultured human
      lymphocytes and its inhibition by chemical compounds.
AB  - The effect of nitrosocimetidine (NC) on the frequency of sister-chromatid
      exchanges (SCEs) in human lymphocytes has been studied. The frequency of SCEs
      induced by a 1-h exposure to 2.6 X 10(-4) M NC was 4-fold greater than that in
      the solvent control. A 72-h exposure to NC had a similar dose-related effect. We
      also examined the effect of the sulfhydryl compounds cysteine, cysteamine,
      cystamine and glutathione, the reducing agent dithionite, and vitamins C and E on
      the NC-induced SCEs. None of these compounds induced SCEs. Cysteine, cysteamine,
      and cystamine significantly reduced the number of NC-induced SCEs, and the others
      did not.

PMID- 4000175
TI  - Orthophenylphenol mutagenicity in a human cell strain.
AB  - Orthophenylphenol (OPP), a widely used fungicide, induced ouabain-resistant
      (OuaR) mutants in a ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive human RSa cell strain and the
      frequencies increased in a dose-related fashion. OPP was a more potent mutagen
      than UV at doses related to equal survival. These results suggest that OPP has a
      mutagenic activity and that further experiments on this chemical are warranted.

PMID- 4000176
TI  - Kinetics of sister-chromatid exchange induction by different carcinogens in
      C57BL/6J and DBA/2 mice.
AB  - Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) levels were determined in bone marrow cells of
      DBA/2 and C57BL/6J mice at 18, 24, 30 and 48 h after treatment with 10 mg/kg
      cyclophosphamide (CP), 300 mg/kg urethane or 25 mg/kg N-nitroso-N-methylurea
      (NMU). DBA/2 mice showed higher SCE frequencies than C57BL/6J mice at all time
      points examined after CP and urethane treatment, whereas NMU administration
      resulted in similar SCE levels in both strains. After CP and urethane treatments,
      SCE values reached the highest level at 18 h, were similarly high at 24 and 30 h,
      and returned to base-line level at 48 h. In NMU-treated mice, the SCE values had
      the same level at 18, 24 and 30 h and returned to normal at 48 h. The results are
      interpreted as indicating that different metabolic capabilities are responsible
      for the difference in SCE response in the two strains.

PMID- 4000177
TI  - Dose-responsive increase in sister-chromatid exchanges in bone-marrow cells of
      mice exposed nose-only to whole cigarette smoke.
AB  - The effect of whole cigarette smoke exposure on bone-marrow sister-chromatid
      exchanges (SCEs) was studied in B6C3F1 mice. Animals were exposed nose-only to
      10% (v/v) cigarette smoke 5 days/week for 2 weeks. Four dose levels of cigarette
      smoke (1, 4, 9 and 18 exposures/day) were studied using 2 cigarette types,
      Kentucky reference 3A1 (3A1) and American Blend (AB). A single exposure
      represented approximately 1 cigarette. A dose-dependent increase in SCEs was
      observed for both the 3A1 and AB cigarettes at dose levels which had no effect on
      bone-marrow cell-replication kinetics. These findings represent the first
      demonstration of a dose-responsive increase in cigarette smoke-induced SCEs in a
      rodent model system.

PMID- 4000178
TI  - Mutagenicity of methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate, diethylstilbestrol and
      estradiol: structural chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges, C
      mitoses, polyploidies and micronuclei.
AB  - Methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate (MBC), diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estradiol
      were tested with regard to their ability to induce C-mitoses, polyploidies,
      micronuclei, structural chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges
      (SCE) in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro. The compounds did not induce
      structural chromosomal aberrations either in the presence or absence of metabolic
      activation. MBC and estradiol were negative in the SCE test. DES induced SCE
      rates which were not even twice the control level and which were independent of
      dose and of metabolic activation. All compounds induced C-mitoses, polyploidies
      and micronuclei. The micronuclei are interpreted as resulting from errors in the
      anaphase distribution of chromosomes by spindle disturbances rather than from
      structural chromosomal aberrations.

PMID- 4000179
TI  - In vitro and occupational induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in human
      lymphocytes with furfuryl alcohol and furfural.
AB  - Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in human lymphocytes were studied using the FPG
      technique in order to determine the cytogenetic effect of furfural and furfuryl
      alcohol. The induction of SCEs was also investigated in workers occupationally
      exposed to these solvents that are commonly used in the manufacture of furoic
      resins. The results obtained from the in vitro treatments show that furfural
      increased the number of SCEs, while furfuryl alcohol did not. In exposed workers,
      neither of these solvents increased the spontaneous frequency of SCEs per
      metaphase.

PMID- 4000180
TI  - Is there a continuing role for the intraperitoneal injection route of exposure in
      short-term rodent genotoxicity assays?

PMID- 4000181
TI  - Skin reactivity in atopic patients with dermatophytosis.

PMID- 4000182
TI  - Animal histoplasmosis in Brazil. Isolation of histoplasma capsulatum from a dog
      on the Northern Coast of Sao Paulo.

PMID- 4000183
TI  - An experimental model for transepidermal elimination of a dermatophytic
      granuloma.

PMID- 4000184
TI  - Dominant inheritance of adenomatous colonic polyps and colorectal cancer.
AB  - Except in the rare polyposis syndromes, the contribution of heritable factors to
      the genesis of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps is not well understood.
      We examined the inheritance of susceptibility to colonic polyps and cancer in a
      large Utah pedigree with multiple cases of common colorectal cancer but no
      recognizable inheritance pattern among them. Inheritance was clarified, however,
      by systematic screening for colonic polyps in pedigree members and spouse
      controls, using flexible proctosigmoidoscopy. One or more adenomatous polyps were
      found in 21 per cent of family members (41 of 191) but in only 9 per cent of
      controls (12 of 132) (P less than 0.005). Pedigree analysis was performed with
      likelihood methods that compared random occurrence of cancer and polyps with
      autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance. The analysis
      suggested that the observed excess of discrete adenomatous polyps and colorectal
      cancers was the result of an inherited autosomal dominant gene for
      susceptibility, rather than an inherited recessive gene for susceptibility or a
      chance occurrence. This type of inheritance of colorectal polyps and cancer may
      be more common than previously recognized.

PMID- 4000185
TI  - Osler's maneuver and pseudohypertension.
AB  - We describe a simple bedside procedure (which we call "Osler's maneuver") that
      differentiates patients with true hypertension from those whose blood pressure is
      spuriously elevated because of excessive sclerosis of the large arteries
      ("pseudohypertension"). The maneuver is performed by assessing the palpability of
      the pulseless radial or brachial artery distal to a point of occlusion of the
      artery manually or by cuff pressure. We classified 24 elderly hypertensive
      patients as either Osler-positive (n = 13) or Osler-negative (n = 11), and
      measured their intraarterial pressure, arterial compliance, and systemic
      hemodynamics. Patients with pseudohypertension (Osler-positive) had falsely
      elevated blood-pressure readings, with a difference of 10 to 54 mm Hg between
      cuff and intraarterial pressure. Arterial compliance was lower in Osler-positive
      subjects and correlated with the difference between cuff and intraarterial
      pressures, indicating that the stiffer the artery, the more pronounced the degree
      of pseudohypertension. Pseudohypertension is common in the elderly and becomes
      more severe as arterial compliance decreases and sclerosis of large arteries
      progresses.

PMID- 4000187
TI  - The polyendocrine deficiency syndromes.

PMID- 4000186
TI  - Psychosocial correlates of survival in advanced malignant disease?
AB  - Prospective studies of the general population have isolated specific social and
      psychological factors as independent predictors of longevity. This study assesses
      the ability of these factors, plus two others said to influence survival in
      patients with cancer, to predict survival and the time to relapse after a
      diagnosis of cancer. Patients with unresectable cancers (n = 204) were followed
      to determine the length of survival. Patients with Stage I or II melanoma or
      Stage II breast cancer (n = 155) were followed to determine the time to relapse.
      Analysis of data on these 359 patients indicates that social and psychological
      factors individually or in combination do not influence the length of survival or
      the time to relapse (P less than 0.10). The specific diagnosis (F = 2.0, P =
      0.06), performance status (F = 0.66, P = 0.62), extent of disease (F = 1.12, P =
      0.89), and therapy (F = 1.08, P = 0.35) were also unrelated to the psychosocial
      factors studied. Although these factors may contribute to the initiation of
      morbidity, the biology of the disease appears to predominate and to override the
      potential influence of life-style and psychosocial variables once the disease
      process is established.

PMID- 4000188
TI  - Clinical ecogenetics: cancer in families.

PMID- 4000189
TI  - Disease as a reflection of the psyche.

PMID- 4000190
TI  - Pathogenesis of viral infections.

PMID- 4000191
TI  - Prenatal X-ray exposure and childhood cancer in twins.

PMID- 4000192
TI  - Amiloride in the treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus.

PMID- 4000193
TI  - Parathyroid hormone in aluminum bone disease.

PMID- 4000194
TI  - Quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 4000195
TI  - Frozen embryos: policy issues.

PMID- 4000196
TI  - Influence of prognosis on decisions regarding the care of newborns with
      myelodysplasia.
AB  - Treatment of newborns with myelodysplasia (meningomyelocele and related
      disorders) continues to be a controversial subject. We have used a consistent
      plan of care and have employed the same prognostic criteria over the period from
      1965 to 1982 to address the needs of 212 affected newborns. A good prognosis and
      early surgical care were given to 42 per cent of 53 newborns during the period
      1965 to 1970, to 58 per cent of 65 newborns from 1971 to 1976, and to 71 per cent
      of 94 newborns from 1977 to 1982. Of the newborns with an initially poor
      prognosis, 19 per cent of 31 received early surgery between 1965 and 1970, as
      compared with 33 per cent of 27 between 1971 and 1976 and 52 per cent of 27
      between 1977 and 1982. Life-table analyses of survival in the three periods
      revealed significant improvement over time in the survival of newborns receiving
      early surgical care, regardless of the initial prognosis (log-rank statistic =
      8.240, P = 0.016) and in comparison to recipients of supportive care alone (log
      rank statistic = 5.975, P = 0.05). We conclude that early surgery permits the
      survival of an increasing percentage of patients with myelodysplasia.

PMID- 4000197
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of the attack complex of complement in serum from patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - We developed a radioimmunoassay to measure the attack complex of complement (SC5b
      9) in serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The radioimmunoassay
      used a monoclonal antibody to an antigen of C9, which is absent from native C9
      but present on SC5b-9. SC5b-9 was detectable in 13 of 63 normal subjects, with a
      mean value of 0.5 unit (range, 0 to 4.8), and elevated in 13 of 14 patients with
      active lupus. Analysis of 108 samples from the patients with lupus revealed a
      mean value of 10.1 units (range, 0 to 35) when the disease was active and 1.0
      unit (range, 0 to 433) when it was clinically stable. SC5b-9 was a more sensitive
      measure of disease activity than C3, C4, or CH50; its specificity was equivalent
      to that of C3 and C4. SC5b-9 was elevated in serum from 6 of 49 patients with
      other forms of glomerulonephritis. Our study documents the presence of SC5b-9 in
      abnormal serum and correlates its elevation with clinical disease activity in
      patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 4000198
TI  - Prevention of cardiac disease by subcutaneous deferoxamine in patients with
      thalassemia major.
AB  - We examined the efficacy of long-term subcutaneous deferoxamine therapy in the
      prevention of iron-related cardiac disease in patients with thalassemia major who
      began treatment after the age of 10 years. Of 36 such patients without
      preexisting cardiac disease, 19 did not comply with the program of chelation
      therapy. Over the course of treatment (1977 to 1983) serum ferritin and aspartate
      aminotransferase levels fell in the compliant group, from mean values (+/- S.D.)
      of 4765 +/- 2610 to 2950 +/- 1850 ng per milliliter and 58.1 +/- 22 IU to 30 +/-
      20 IU per liter, respectively (P less than 0.05), but rose in the noncompliant
      group, from 5000 +/- 2316 to 6040 +/- 2550 ng per milliliter and 56.6 +/- 20 to
      90 +/- 35 IU per liter, respectively. Only one patient in the compliant group
      acquired cardiac disease and died of fulminant congestive heart failure. In
      contrast, 12 noncompliant patients acquired cardiac disease, and 7 died. In
      addition, the mean age of the compliant population (18.9 +/- 4.5 years) now
      approaches the mean age of acquisition of cardiac disease in the noncompliant
      group (19 +/- 4.3). These data demonstrate that compliance with treatment with
      deferoxamine may protect patients from cardiac disease induced by iron overload.

PMID- 4000199
TI  - The Will Rogers phenomenon. Stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a
      source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer.
AB  - We found that a cohort of patients with lung cancer first treated in 1977 had
      higher six-month survival rates for the total group and for subgroups in each of
      the three main TNM stages (tumor, nodes, and metastases) than a cohort treated
      between 1953 and 1964 at the same institutions. The more recent cohort, however,
      had undergone many new diagnostic imaging procedures. According to the "old"
      diagnostic data for both cohorts, the recent cohort had a prognostically
      favorable "zero-time shift." In addition, by demonstrating metastases that had
      formerly been silent and unidentified, the new technological data resulted in a
      stage migration. Many patients who previously would have been classified in a
      "good" stage were assigned to a "bad" stage. Because the prognosis of those who
      migrated, although worse than that for other members of the good-stage group, was
      better than that for other members of the bad-stage group, survival rates rose in
      each group without any change in individual outcomes. When classified according
      to symptom stages that would be unaltered by changes in diagnostic techniques,
      the two cohorts had similar survival rates.

PMID- 4000200
TI  - An animal model of myopia.
AB  - Myopia develops in macaque monkeys when their lids are surgically fused at birth
      and kept closed for one year. This experimental refractive error has many
      features in common with human myopia: It is caused by progressive axial
      elongation of the eye, is often accompanied by fundus changes, and can only be
      induced before eye growth has been completed. Myopia does not develop in animals
      raised in the dark; thus, it is triggered by an alteration of the visual input
      and is presumably mediated by the nervous system. In Macaca arctoides, atropine
      administration prevents abnormal eye elongation, and this suggests that lid
      fusion myopia is caused by excessive accommodation. In M. mulatta, atropine is
      ineffective; furthermore, myopia develops when lids are sutured after
      interruption of the optic pathways. Thus, in this species accommodation can be
      ruled out as a determinant of eye elongation, and other neural mechanisms may be
      responsible for the refractive error. Our experiments suggest that the refractive
      state is largely programmed on a genetic basis, but that an abnormal visual
      experience can disrupt the process of postnatal eye growth and induce axial
      myopia.

PMID- 4000201
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 25-1985. A 27-year-old man with recurrent bleeding from the left
      kidney for 13 years.

PMID- 4000202
TI  - Newborns with myelodysplasia--the rest of the story.

PMID- 4000203
TI  - The organizational structure of the NIH.

PMID- 4000204
TI  - Spontaneously healing Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS.

PMID- 4000205
TI  - Incidence of hepatitis B carriers among adopted Korean children.

PMID- 4000206
TI  - Outpatient in vitro fertilization using transvaginal oocyte retrieval and local
      anesthesia.

PMID- 4000207
TI  - Common epithelial cancer of the ovary.

PMID- 4000208
TI  - Medical complications of "alternative" cancer therapy.

PMID- 4000209
TI  - Preoperative determination of cardiac risk.

PMID- 4000210
TI  - Methylmalonic acidemia treated by continuous peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 4000211
TI  - Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase in hypophosphatasia.

PMID- 4000212
TI  - Pricer palsy.

PMID- 4000213
TI  - Pulmonary embolism caused by high ski boots.

PMID- 4000214
TI  - Fewer tests may cost more.

PMID- 4000216
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 26-1985. A 43-year-old woman with a progressive saddle-nose
      deformity.

PMID- 4000215
TI  - The extent of long-term moderate drinking among alcoholics discharged from
      medical and psychiatric treatment facilities.
AB  - To assess the frequency of an evolution to stable moderate drinking among
      alcoholics coming to medical or psychiatric treatment facilities, we examined the
      five- to seven-year outcome for 1289 diagnosed alcoholics treated in our
      facilities during a two-year period (between 1973 and 1975). We obtained data
      from personal interviews, records, or both for 83 per cent of the sample. Only
      1.6 per cent of the subjects met our definition of stable moderate drinking at
      follow-up, 15 per cent had become totally abstinent, and 4.6 per cent were mostly
      abstinent with occasional drinking. The only predictors of moderate drinking that
      we found were female sex and less severe alcoholism. The evolution to stable
      moderate drinking appears to be a rare outcome among alcoholics treated at
      medical or psychiatric facilities.

PMID- 4000217
TI  - The attending at the funeral.

PMID- 4000218
TI  - Staphylococcal sepsis precipitated by cocaine sniffing.

PMID- 4000219
TI  - Seizure disorders and pregnancy.

PMID- 4000220
TI  - Lack of increase in insulin resistance after portosystemic surgical shunt in
      patients with cirrhosis.

PMID- 4000221
TI  - Cigarette advertising and media coverage of smoking and health.

PMID- 4000222
TI  - Calcification of entheses associated with X-linked hypophosphatemic osteomalacia.
AB  - We undertook a retrospective analysis of 26 patients with X-linked
      hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (or rickets), whose ages ranged from 1 to 62 years
      and who were from 11 different kindreds, to determine the prevalence and clinical
      characteristics of a unique disorder of the entheses (tendons, ligaments, and
      joint capsules). We found a generalized involvement of the entheses, with
      exuberant calcification of tendon and ligament insertions and of joint capsules,
      in 69 per cent of the subjects. The prevalence and extent of disease increased
      with age but were not correlated with sex. Commonly affected sites included the
      hand and sacroiliac joints. Histologic evaluation in a selected patient revealed
      intratendinous lamellar bone but no inflammatory cells. Our observations indicate
      that this disorder is an integral part of X-linked hypophosphatemic osteomalacia
      and exhibits clinical, radiographic, and histologic characteristics that
      differentiate it from degenerative disorders of these tissues and seronegative
      spondyloarthropathies.

PMID- 4000223
TI  - Clinical findings in four children with biotinidase deficiency detected through a
      statewide neonatal screening program.
AB  - Four children with biotinidase deficiency were identified during the first year
      of a neonatal screening program for this disease in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
      Two unrelated probands were identified among the 81,243 newborn infants who were
      screened. In addition, two siblings of one of these infants were found to be
      affected. Both probands had mild neurologic symptoms at two and four months,
      respectively, and the two older children had more severe neurologic
      abnormalities, cutaneous findings, and developmental delay at two and three years
      of age. However, none of the affected children had acute metabolic
      decompensation. Previous studies have shown that the administration of biotin to
      affected children can be a lifesaving procedure that can reverse acute symptoms
      and prevent irreversible neurologic damage. Our findings demonstrate that subtle
      neurologic abnormalities may appear as early as at two months of age and that
      developmental abnormalities may occur even in the absence of episodes of overt
      metabolic decompensation. Since screening and treatment are both inexpensive and
      effective and the incidence of the disease is well within the range of that of
      other metabolic diseases for which screening is performed, biotinidase deficiency
      should be added to the group of metabolic diseases for which screening is done in
      the neonatal period.

PMID- 4000224
TI  - Spinocerebellar degeneration associated with a selective defect of vitamin E
      absorption.

PMID- 4000225
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 27-1985. A 38-year-old veterinarian with headache, fever, and
      bilateral pulmonary infiltrates.

PMID- 4000226
TI  - Neonatal screening for inherited disease.

PMID- 4000227
TI  - Nyquil and acute hepatic necrosis.

PMID- 4000230
TI  - Double product of blood pressure and heart rate and maximal life span in mammals.

PMID- 4000228
TI  - Unusual digestive lesions in a patient with Wilson's disease treated with long
      term penicillamine.

PMID- 4000229
TI  - Successful treatment of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor-tyramine hypertensive
      emergency with intravenous labetalol.

PMID- 4000231
TI  - Alexithymia.

PMID- 4000232
TI  - Undesirable marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry.

PMID- 4000233
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 28-1985. Recurrent abdominal pain and an epigastric mass in a 21
      year-old woman.

PMID- 4000234
TI  - Choosing the arbiter. The market or the government.

PMID- 4000235
TI  - Treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 4000237
TI  - Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome as a rare complication of tube thoracostomy.

PMID- 4000236
TI  - Diet and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 4000239
TI  - Medical rotations in Third World settings.

PMID- 4000238
TI  - A suggestion for teaching the care of patients.

PMID- 4000240
TI  - Speed. An essay on biomedical communication.

PMID- 4000241
TI  - Calcium absorption and achlorhydria.
AB  - Defective absorption of calcium has been thought to exist in patients with
      achlorhydria. I compared absorption of calcium in its carbonate form with that in
      a pH-adjusted citrate form in a group of 11 fasting patients with achlorhydria
      and in 9 fasting normal subjects. Fractional calcium absorption was measured by a
      modified double-isotope procedure with 0.25 g of calcium used as the carrier.
      Mean calcium absorption (+/- S.D.) in the patients with achlorhydria was 0.452 +/
      0.125 for citrate and 0.042 +/- 0.021 for carbonate (P less than 0.0001).
      Fractional calcium absorption in the normal subjects was 0.243 +/- 0.049 for
      citrate and 0.225 +/- 0.108 for carbonate (not significant). Absorption of
      calcium from carbonate in patients with achlorhydria was significantly lower than
      in the normal subjects and was lower than absorption from citrate in either
      group; absorption from citrate in those with achlorhydria was significantly
      higher than in the normal subjects, as well as higher than absorption from
      carbonate in either group. Administration of calcium carbonate as part of a
      normal breakfast resulted in completely normal absorption in the achlorhydric
      subjects. These results indicate that calcium absorption from carbonate is
      impaired in achlorhydria under fasting conditions. Since achlorhydria is common
      in older persons, calcium carbonate may not be the ideal dietary supplement.

PMID- 4000242
TI  - Human dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton equinum.
AB  - A case of dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton equinum is reported. A 25-year
      old man employed at a breeding center of a horse racing course was infected on
      the left arm in August, 1981. The lesion had a vesicle or a small pustule
      accompanied by severe itching. The fungal elements of the scale were identified
      by microscopic observation. Griseofulvin administration was found to be very
      effective for treating this infection. In a mycological examination, T. equinum
      was isolated mainly on cycloheximide-chloramphenicol Sabouraud's dextrose agar
      and chloramphenicol potato dextrose agar. Equine dermatophytosis was quite
      prevalent at this race course, so that this area as well as equipment used for
      the maintenance and care of the horse was very likely to be the source of the
      patient's infection.

PMID- 4000245
TI  - The influence of sleep deprivation on the contingent negative variation.

PMID- 4000244
TI  - Studies on the computed tomography of the pancreas in patients of liver
      cirrhosis.

PMID- 4000243
TI  - [Demonstrated significance of fungal flora in sand-boxes].
AB  - In order to evaluate the risk of fungal contamination in sand-boxes of the city
      of Angers' game areas, the authors took 100 samples of sand from different
      environments: parks, gardens, buildings, nursery schools. They report the
      presence of a varied and important mycoflora and that the frequency and the
      distribution are more sensitive to the techniques used to isolate the fungus, as
      well as to the quality of the sand and to the eco-mesological factors in the four
      studied areas. The examination of earth samples has allowed the findings of a
      great number of keratinophilie species. The strains living in the sand do not
      represent a real danger of infection for the children.

PMID- 4000246
TI  - Effect of chlormequat and alar on some biochemical constituents in tomato plants
      and fruits.
AB  - The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of various levels of
      chlormequat (CCC) and alar on the biochemical changes in tomato plants and fruits
      at different stages of growth. This experiment included spraying with chlormequat
      and alar separately in two equal doses (250, 500 and 1000 ppm CCC or alar 25 and
      40 days after transplanting). The different levels of chlormequat decreased the
      accumulation of dry matter in tomato plants, but alar increased it. Chlorophyll
      a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content of tomato plants increased by the
      application of CCC or alar. The highest increase of concentration of chlorophyll
      a, b and carotenoids in tomato plants were found by spraying with 500 ppm alar or
      CCC. The application of CCC and alar declined the percentage of carbohydrates and
      the highest decrease resulted by adding of 1000 ppm alar or CCC. Alar caused an
      increase in the percentage of total nitrogen at the different stages of growth.
      The concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg increased by the foliar spray of all
      treatments. Alar application at all used levels significantly increased the yield
      and also the weight of fruits. Highest plant productivity was obtained by using
      alar and CCC at 250 ppm, followed by 500 ppm. However, the highest concentration
      (1000 ppm) depressed the plant productivity. The concentration of juice, total
      soluble solids and vitamin C in tomato fruits increased at most of the levels
      added. But the percentage of total sugars and total acidity seemed to exert
      another trend. The highest concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits was
      obtained by foliar application of 500 ppm CCC or alar.

PMID- 4000247
TI  - The fatty acid composition of Iraqi ewe's, goat's and cow's milk fat.
AB  - The analysis of the fatty acid composition of 6 samples of the milk fat of each
      ewes and goats and of 3 samples of the milk fat of cows was accomplished using
      Hewlett-Packard gas-liquid chromatograph Model 5711 A, provided with an
      electronic integrator Model 3380. Separation of the methyl esters was performed
      on columns of 10% sailor on Chromosorb. Temperature programming between 100
      degrees C and 180 degrees C was used. The milk fats were qualitatively similar
      but differed quantitatively. Both ewe's and goat's milk fat had a greater amount
      of short-chain fatty acids than cow's milk fat. Goat's milk fat contained a
      higher percentage of short-chain fatty acids compared to that of ewe's milk fat
      and of goat's milk fat reported in the literature.

PMID- 4000248
TI  - Some functional properties of oilseed proteins.
AB  - Oilseeds have potential food uses because of their high protein content. Besides,
      these proteins when added to a type of foods, supply desirable functional
      properties, such as whipping capacity and viscosity, emulsification and water and
      oil holding capacities. Rapeseed and soybean protein isolates were found to
      possess whipping capacity followed by those of sunflower, peanut, sesame,
      cottonseed and safflower. The addition of sugar improved the whipping properties
      of oilseed proteins. The whipping capacity of oilseed proteins decreased due to
      heating at 100 degrees C for time of 15 to 60 min. Soybean protein had the
      highest emulsifying capacity compared with the other oilseed proteins. The heated
      oilseed proteins had emulsification properties similar to or better than the
      control. Glandless cottonseed protein had high water and oil holding capacities.
      The water holding capacity of oilseed proteins decreased gradually as the
      duration of heating at 100 degrees C was increased. On the other hand the heated
      oilseed proteins had oil holding capacities similar to or better than unheated
      proteins.

PMID- 4000250
TI  - The effect of certain antibiotics on bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica) preservation.
AB  - The shelf life of bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica) caught in the river Nile, has
      been successfully prolonged for about 9 days by dipping in tetracycline (TC) or
      nisin solution followed by refrigeration, although the initial microbial
      contamination in the fresh fish was very high. The caught fish were gutted and
      treated with 10 and 20 ppm TC solutions for 10 and 15 min by dipping, and with
      500 and 1000 R.U. nisin/g fish for 20 and 30 min. The treated and control fish
      samples, were stored and refrigerated at (4 +/- 1) degree C for 12 days. Total
      bacterial counts, the most probable number of coliform bacteria and lactic acid
      bacteria in the fish treated with TC or nisin, were lower than those of the
      control, especially at 20 ppm TC, 15 min dipping, and 1000 R.U. nisin/g, 30 min.
      Further more TC was more effective against yeasts and moulds. This result suggest
      that antibiotics would help in transporting chilled fish from the highdam lake in
      Aswan to Cairo (about 900 km). According to the present results it may be
      recommended to use the antibiotic TC, with the concentration of 20 ppm for 15 min
      dipping, for prolonging the shelflife of bolti fish. The presence and increase of
      coliform bacteria in fish, draw the attention to the necessity of hygienic
      measures when dealing with such fish until to the consumption.

PMID- 4000249
TI  - [Renal excretion of dimethylphosphate and its thio-derivatives following
      application of dimethoate, bromophos, naled or trichlorfon to rats].
AB  - Dimethoate, bromophos, naled or trichlorophon were applied i.p. or p.o. to rats
      in 3 doses each differing by the factor 10. In the urine of 24 h gas
      chromatographic determination of dimethylphosphate (DM), O.O
      dimethylthiophosphate (TP), and/or O.O-dimethyldithiophosphate (DT) were carried
      out. After i.p. application of dimethoate the excretion rate of DT calculated
      from the dates found with the lowest dosage differed significantly from those
      found with the two other doses (t-test; p = 0.01). The excretion rates of DM and
      TP, in the same way, or those of DM, TP, and DT after oral intake of dimethoate
      did not show any significant differences. The excretion rates of TP after
      bromophos and of DM after naled or trichlorophon did not differ significantly
      after the same way of application. The findings make evident that under the given
      test conditions the excretion rate of DM, TP, or DT is practically independent on
      the dose.

PMID- 4000251
TI  - Artificial hearts.

PMID- 4000252
TI  - Embryo research.

PMID- 4000253
TI  - New ways with microscopes.

PMID- 4000254
TI  - Determination of surface topography of biological specimens at high resolution by
      scanning tunnelling microscopy.
AB  - Although techniques are available for the determination of the three-dimensional
      structure of biological specimens, for example scanning electron microscopy, they
      all have some serious drawback, such as low resolution, the requirement for
      crystals or for the sample to be analysed in a high vacuum. In an attempt to
      develop a technique for high-resolution three-dimensional structure analysis of
      non-crystalline biological material, we have tested the applicability of scanning
      tunnelling microscopy (STM), a method that has been used successfully in the
      analysis of metal and semiconductor surface structures. We report here that
      scanning tunnelling electron microscopy can be used to determine the surface
      topography of biological specimens at atmospheric pressure and room temperature,
      giving a vertical resolution of the order of 1 A. Our results show that quantum
      mechanical tunnelling of electrons through biological material is possible
      provided that the specimen is deposited on a conducting surface.

PMID- 4000255
TI  - New legislation forecast.

PMID- 4000257
TI  - Fetal diagnosis trial.

PMID- 4000256
TI  - NIH watchdog committees.

PMID- 4000258
TI  - Trailing AIDS in Central Africa.

PMID- 4000259
TI  - Molecular basis of tumour spread.

PMID- 4000260
TI  - Visual cortex. Stars and stripes present the colours.

PMID- 4000261
TI  - Spatial relationship and extrafoveal vision.

PMID- 4000262
TI  - Patterns of mortality and age at first reproduction in natural populations of
      mammals.
AB  - There is great variation in the age at which females of different mammalian
      species first breed. Recent comparative analyses have focused on the relationship
      between age at first reproduction and body size, but differences in patterns of
      mortality experienced by natural populations are expected to have major effects
      on selection for age at first reproduction. Here we show that the age at which
      females first reproduce is strongly correlated with expectation of life at birth,
      after the effects of body size have been removed, within and among species of
      mammals living in natural populations.

PMID- 4000263
TI  - An antiemetic is antidotal to the satiety effects of cholecystokinin.
AB  - Although cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed as a satiety agent, this
      property has been disputed by some who claim that the compound exerts its
      'satiety' effects by inducing aversion. We considered that if CCK-induced
      reductions in food intake occur through the mechanism of normal satiety, CCK
      induced satiety and normal satiety should respond in the same way to a
      pharmacological challenge. We demonstrate here that the administration of an
      antiemetic to rats significantly attenuates the food intake reduction caused by
      exogenously administered CCK but does not increase normal consumption. The
      effects of endogenous CCK are therefore quite different from those of exogenous
      CCK, making any previous study equating exogenous CCK effects with natural
      satiety problematic.

PMID- 4000264
TI  - In vivo somatic mutations in human lymphocytes frequently result from major gene
      alterations.
AB  - Somatic mutations, either spontaneous or produced by identifiable mutagens, are
      thought to be important in the aetiology of cancer and in the ageing process. The
      study of somatic mutations in human cells in vivo has recently been made possible
      by the development of techniques for enumeration and clonal expansion of
      lymphocytes mutated at the chromosome X-linked hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl
      transferase (HPRT) locus. We have studied the molecular basis of in vivo hprt
      mutations in human lymphocytes and report here that a surprisingly high
      proportion (57%) involve substantial gene alterations which are not evident
      cytogenetically. These major gene alterations include deletions, exon
      amplifications and novel, sometimes amplified, bands on Southern analysis. Such
      changes emphasize the fluid nature of information in DNA and may be indicative of
      general mechanisms by which functional gene loss is involved in the aetiology of
      cancer and the homeostatic failure of ageing.

PMID- 4000265
TI  - Disparities in depth perception.

PMID- 4000266
TI  - Interpolation in stereoscopic matching.
AB  - Anyone who has stared at a repeating wallpaper pattern, or a periodic pattern of
      tiles, has probably experienced the phenomenon of a false stereoscopic depth
      percept. This arises because of a mismatching in the two eyes of repeating
      elements in the pattern. The phenomenon is less likely to occur if an edge of the
      textured region is in view; the edge seems to fix the registration of elements.
      We describe here a stereogram which exemplifies this principle; it has a central,
      periodic region bounded on either side by edges with pre-assigned disparities. We
      find that the perceived depth of the central region is controlled by the edges.
      In certain conditions (when the period is spatially large), the edges simply
      impose one of the expected discrete matchings. In other conditions, however, we
      observe a striking phenomenon: interpolation in depth occurs between the edges,
      violating any possible feature-by-feature matching.

PMID- 4000267
TI  - Changes in the dendritic branching of adult mammalian neurones revealed by
      repeated imaging in situ.
AB  - A major obstacle to understanding the mechanism of long-term change in the
      vertebrate nervous system has been the inability to observe the same nerve cell
      at different times during the life of an animal. The possibility that changes in
      neural connectivity underlie the remarkable flexibility of the nervous systems of
      mammals has therefore not been tested by direct observation. Here, we report
      studies in which we have visualized the same neurone in the superior cervical
      ganglion of young adult mice at intervals of up to 33 days. This collection of
      nerve cells is particularly accessible and therefore well suited to our approach.
      We find that the dendritic branches of the neurones examined change appreciably
      over intervals of 2 weeks or more; some branches retract, others elongate and
      others seem to form de novo. The apparent remodelling of these postsynaptic
      elements implies that the synaptic connections of these cells normally undergo
      significant rearrangement beyond what is usually considered to be the
      developmental period.

PMID- 4000268
TI  - Position-dependent properties of retinal axons and their growth cones.
AB  - The formation of the very orderly neuronal projection from the retina to the
      optic tectum is not yet understood, but several mechanisms are thought to be
      involved in a coordinated fashion. These mechanisms may include mechanical or
      chemical guidance in channels, guidance by spatial gradients of positional
      markers, gradients of temporal (maturation) markers or specific inter-axon
      interactions (see ref. 1 for review). The last-mentioned mechanism could explain
      the fibre order found in optic nerve and tract. It requires that some or all
      growing retinal axons can distinguish between retinal axons of various origins
      and grow preferentially along retinal axons originating from the same area as
      themselves. The in vitro experiments described here show that growth cones from
      the temporal half of the chick retina grow preferentially along temporal axons,
      whereas growth cones from nasal retina do not distinguish between nasal and
      temporal axons.

PMID- 4000269
TI  - Sequence of reovirus haemagglutinin predicts a coiled-coil structure.
AB  - The use of modern techniques has led to new insights into the molecular
      mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. Although the infectious process is quite
      complex, it is clear that one critical stage, the interaction of viral attachment
      proteins with cell-surface receptors, often has a major role in determining the
      pattern of infection. The mammalian reoviruses have served as useful models for
      understanding the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis. The mammalian reovirus
      haemagglutinin (sigma 1 protein), which is an outer capsid protein, has been
      shown to be a major factor in determining virus-host cell interactions. To
      further our understanding of the structure and function of the haemagglutinin, we
      have cloned a complementary DNA copy of the reovirus type 3 S1 double-stranded
      RNA gene which encodes the virus haemagglutinin and have sequenced the DNA
      complementary to the S1 gene. Analysis of the predicted amino-acid sequence of
      the virus haemagglutinin has allowed us to determine that the amino-terminal
      portion contains an alpha-helical coiled-coil structure and that the carboxy
      terminal portion contains the receptor-interacting domains. Using this
      information, we propose here a model of how the reovirus haemagglutinin is
      attached to the virus particle.

PMID- 4000270
TI  - A role for branchpoints in splicing in vivo.
AB  - The nucleotides immediately surrounding intron/exon junctions of genes
      transcribed by RNA polymerase B can be derived from 'consensus' sequences for
      donor and acceptor splice sites by only a few base changes. Studies in vivo have
      underlined the importance of these junction nucleotides for splicing. In higher
      eukaryotes, no evidence has been found for specific internal intron sequences
      involved in splicing. However, the recent discovery that, in vitro, introns are
      excised in a lariat form where the 5' end of the intron is joined via a 2'-5'
      phosphodiester linkage to an A residue (branchpoint acceptor) close to the 3' end
      of the intron, suggests that internal intron sequences may nonetheless be
      important for splicing. Indeed, in yeast nuclear genes, the internal sequence 5'
      TACTAAC-3' (or close homologue) is essential for splicing in vivo. A proposed
      consensus sequence for branchpoints in mammalian introns is 5'-CT(A/G)A(C/T)-3'.
      This sequence resembles the essential yeast internal sequence. Are branchpoints
      involved in the splicing of introns of higher eukaryotes in vivo? We show here
      that a branchpoint sequence from a human globin gene (5'-CTGACTCTCTCTG-3')
      greatly enhances the efficiency of splicing of a 'synthetic' intron in HeLa
      cells. A mutated branchpoint sequence, 5'-CTCCTCTCTCTG-3', in which the
      branchpoint acceptor nucleotide A has been deleted and the neighbouring purine G
      mutated to a C, does not exhibit this enhancing capability. We conclude that
      branchpoints have an important function in the splicing process in vivo.

PMID- 4000271
TI  - In vitro fertilization.

PMID- 4000272
TI  - New ways of shading truth.

PMID- 4000273
TI  - Embryo research.

PMID- 4000274
TI  - Gastric cancer and salivary nitrate and nitrite.

PMID- 4000275
TI  - Quaternary structure of the acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - The five membrane-spanning subunits of the acetylcholine receptor have been
      resolved in electron microscope images and are shown to lie at pentagonally
      symmetrical positions around the channel over a large fraction of their length.
      The channel consists of a wide synaptic portion and a narrow portion extending
      through the membrane into the interior of the cell.

PMID- 4000276
TI  - Population dynamics of Schistosoma mansoni in mice repeatedly exposed to
      infection.
AB  - Studies of host resistance to parasite infection are usually based on
      experimental designs involving a primary infection and subsequent challenge
      exposure, resistance being recorded as the percentage reduction in parasite
      establishment in challenged hosts when compared with that in uninfected animals.
      Few studies have focused on the dynamic nature of helminth establishment and
      mortality (and their presumed dependency on the rate of current exposure and past
      experiences of infection) in hosts repeatedly exposed to low levels of infection.
      Here, we report the results of population studies on the dynamics of resistance
      to Schistosoma mansoni infection (a helminth parasite) in mice repeatedly exposed
      to cercarial invasion. Parasite burdens created by different levels and durations
      of exposure to infection reflect a dynamic interplay between rates of helminth
      establishment and mortality. Depending on the intensity of exposure, changes in
      worm load with duration of host infection vary from monotonic growth to a stable
      average parasite burden to convex curves in which the average load attains a
      maximum value before decaying in old animals. These trends are similar to
      observed patterns of S. mansoni infection in human communities.

PMID- 4000277
TI  - Herd immunity to helminth infection and implications for parasite control.
AB  - Despite much research on immunological responses to helminth parasites, knowledge
      of the dynamic interplay between levels of herd immunity in humans and the rates
      of exposure, establishment and mortality of parasites remains limited. We
      describe here a simple mathematical model for the population dynamics of helminth
      infections which mirrors the development of a degree of acquired immunity within
      populations which are genetically heterogeneous with respect to immunological
      responsiveness. We interpret observed patterns in the age-specific intensity of
      infection and attempt to understand the possible effects of control measures
      based on chemotherapy and vaccination. Mass chemotherapy can, in some
      circumstances, reduce the level of herd immunity such that average worm burdens
      in the adult age classes rise above their precontrol levels. When certain
      individuals or groups are predisposed to heavy infection, selective or targeted
      drug treatment can have significantly greater impact than mass or random
      application. Conversely, model predictions suggest that effective parasite
      control by vaccination (if and when vaccines become available) is difficult to
      achieve in communities that are genetically heterogeneous in their ability to
      mount protective responses to infection.

PMID- 4000278
TI  - Differential activity of maternally and paternally derived chromosome regions in
      mice.
AB  - Although both parental sexes contribute equivalent genetic information to the
      zygote, in mammals this information is not necessarily functionally equivalent.
      Diploid parthenotes possessing two maternal genomes are generally inviable,
      embryos possessing two paternal genomes in man may form hydatidiform moles, and
      nuclear transplantation experiments in mice have shown that both parental genomes
      are necessary for complete embryogenesis. Not all of the genome is involved in
      these parental effects, however, because zygotes with maternal or paternal disomy
      for chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14 and 15 of the mouse survive normally. On the
      other hand, only the maternal X chromosome is active in mouse extraembryonic
      membranes, maternal disomy 6 is lethal, while non-complementation of maternal
      duplication/paternal deficiency or its reciprocal for regions of chromosome 2, 8
      and 17 has been recognized. We report that animals with maternal
      duplication/paternal deficiency and its reciprocal for each of two particular
      chromosome regions show anomalous phenotypes which depart from normal in opposite
      directions, suggesting a differential functioning of gene loci within these
      regions. A further example of non-complementation lethality is also reported.

PMID- 4000279
TI  - Synthesis and structure of the platelet aggregation factor thromboxane A2.
AB  - In 1975, Hamberg et al. reported evidence for the existence of an unstable
      platelet-aggregating factor which they named thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and for which
      they proposed a novel bicyclic oxetane structure (1, below) based on the short
      half-life of the factor (t1/2 (37 degrees C) = 32 s at pH 7.4) and the isolation
      of degradation products related to thromboxane (TXB2) (2, below). As natural TXA2
      has not yet been isolated and characterized as a pure compound, we have
      synthesized the proposed structure (1) from TXB2 and compared its biological
      properties with those of authentic, biologically generated material. Here we
      present evidence that synthetic material having structure (1) is
      indistinguishable from platelet-derived TXA2 in various biological assays and
      that the proposed structure (1) for TXA2 is correct.

PMID- 4000280
TI  - Expression of c-mos proto-oncogene transcripts in mouse tissues.
AB  - Valuable information about proto-oncogenes and their physiological function has
      been obtained by studying their expression in normal cells. However, expression
      of the c-mos gene, the cellular homologue of the transforming gene of Moloney
      murine sarcoma virus, has not been detected in normal mouse cells or tissues. The
      conservation of the c-mos open reading frame strongly indicates that the gene
      must function during some portion of the animal life cycle, and other lines of
      evidence suggested to us that the c-mos proto-oncogene may be expressed at very
      low levels in normal tissues. We have used a sensitive S1 nuclease assay to
      screen RNA preparations from mouse tissues and describe here the detection of c
      mos-related transcripts especially in mouse embryos, testes and ovaries. The
      transcripts found in testis RNA are estimated to be approximately 1.7 kilobases
      (kb) long by Northern analysis. S1 analysis demonstrated that the entire mos open
      reading frame is present. In contrast, we detect approximately 1.4-kb transcripts
      in ovary RNA and at least two major transcripts, approximately 2.3 and
      approximately 1.3 kb, in embryo RNA. The latter transcripts have in common
      sequences of at least 1 kb, representing most of the c-mos open reading frame.
      The variation in size of the mos transcript in different tissues suggests a novel
      regulatory mechanism for the expression of this proto-oncogene.

PMID- 4000281
TI  - Cardiac glycosides, calcium and the release of neurotransmitter from peripheral
      noradrenergic nerves.
AB  - The requirement for external Ca (Cao) of neurotransmitter release evoked by
      cardenolides has been investigated in canine saphenous vein. Basal efflux of 3H
      compounds from saphenous veins pre-loaded with 3H-noradrenaline was the same in
      the absence as in the presence of Cao; Cao is not required for basal efflux of
      neurotransmitter. Efflux of 3H-compounds was increased by cardenolides. Both ACS
      and ouabain caused a similar maximum net efflux of 3H suggesting that each evokes
      release from the same pool of 3H compounds. The similarity of the effects
      obtained with cardenolides to those obtained during exposure of saphenous vein
      preparations to potassium-free media suggests that 3H-efflux is the result of
      Na,K-ATPase inhibition. With ACS (ca. EC50) the net efflux of 3H-compounds early
      (less than 60 min) in the release period was greater in the absence of Cao than
      in its presence whereas at longer times the reverse was true; net efflux was less
      in the absence of Cao than in its presence. The difference in the 3H-efflux
      pattern was paralleled qualitatively throughout by efflux of 3H-noradrenaline.
      The ACS-evoked efflux of 3H-compounds in the presence and absence of Cao derives
      from sympathetic, noradrenergic nerves; 3H present in extraneuronal tissues was
      not released by the cardenolide. With ouabain (less than EC50) the total efflux
      of 3H over a 75 min period was greater in the absence of Cao than in its
      presence. The reverse was found with ouabain (greater than EC50): the total
      efflux of 3H was less in the absence of Cao than in its presence.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4000282
TI  - Responses of rabbit aorta to tyramine in relation to the surface of drug entry.
AB  - The contraction elicited by submaximally effective concentrations of tyramine in
      the rabbit aortic strip occurs after a shorter latency and increases at a higher
      initial velocity to a greater steady-state level when drug entry is limited to
      the adventitial than when it is limited to the intimal surface. The reverse was
      true for noradrenaline. Both amines elicited equal maximum responses with
      independence of the surface of entry into the vascular wall. Differences between
      steady-state contractions disappear when the intramural disposition pathways of
      tyramine are blocked pharmacologically by a combination of pargyline and
      semicarbazide. Incubation with cocaine and pretreatment with reserpine resulted
      in a reversal of the surface of entry related differences between steady-state
      contractions to tyramine related to differences of the surface of entry. This
      reflected the unmasking of the direct component of the action of tyramine. Thus,
      the technique of limited drug entry into the vascular wall together with blockade
      of disposition pathways allows us to characterize the pre- and postsynaptic
      components of the action of tyramine.

PMID- 4000286
TI  - [Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus; who is afraid of the red wolf?].

PMID- 4000284
TI  - In vivo studies of mucosal-serosal transfer in rat jejunum.
AB  - In anesthetized rats, the appearance rates of a series of labeled substances in
      jejunal venous blood (phi B) and serosal bath (phi S) were measured in vivo
      (intestinal blood flow rate 1.5 ml min-1 g-1) after intraluminal administration
      of 0.5 ml buffer solution (initial concentration 1 mmol/1 or 1 GBq/1 tritiated
      water) into a closed jejunal segment (length 4-5 cm). Between 32% (erythritol)
      and 93% (salicylic acid) of the administered activity (unchanged substance and
      possible metabolites) appeared in the intestinal venous blood within 60 min. The
      fraction recovered from the serosal bath after 15 (60) min was 11 (6)% for
      tritiated water, 7 (4)% for aniline, 3 (7)% for aminopyrine, 5 (4)% for butanol,
      3 (3)% for benzyl alcohol, 2 (4)% for benzylamine, 1-2% for benzoic acid,
      theophylline, methyl-alpha-D -glucopyranoside, L-lysine, antipyrine, and urea,
      and less than 1% for L-phenylalanine, D-galactose, erythritol, and salicylic
      acid. During single pass perfusion of a jejunal segment (length 3-4 cm) the
      fraction of serosal transfer phi S/(phi B + phi S) was 19% for tritiated water,
      4.9% for antipyrine, 0.5% for benzoic acid, and 0.08% for salicylic acid.
      Distension of the intestinal wall by administration of 1 ml buffer solution
      instead of 0.5 ml increased the appearance rate of benzoic acid and antipyrine in
      intestinal venous blood by a factor of 2 and serosal transfer by a factor of
      approximately 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4000283
TI  - Evidence for a capsaicin-sensitive vasomotor mechanism in the ventral medullary
      chemosensitive area of the cat.
AB  - The effects of capsaicin applied to the exposed ventral surface of the medulla
      were studied on the mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiration and
      sympathetic efferent nerve activity in chloralose-urethane-anaesthetized cats.
      The application of capsaicin produced a marked increase in the mean arterial
      blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity, but not in the heart rate. The
      "intermediate area" proved to be the most sensitive to capsaicin. Pressor
      responses could be elicited repeatedly; tachyphylaxis was not noted provided a
      time interval of 30 min elapsed between consecutive applications. Repeated
      applications of capsaicin at intervals of less than 30 min led to tachyphylaxis.
      However, pressor responses evoked by either topical application of glutamate or
      pentamethylene-tetrazole or bilateral carotid occlusion could invariably be
      demonstrated during this period of tachyphylaxis. Histological studies revealed
      the existence of a hitherto unrecognized termination of capsaicin-sensitive nerve
      endings within the ventral medullary chemosensitive area of the cat. The results
      provide both functional and morphological evidence for the presence of a
      capsaicin-sensitive vasomotor mechanism in the ventral medullary chemo-sensitive
      area of the cat. It is suggested that the pressor effects of capsaicin applied to
      the ventral medullary chemo-sensitive area may be mediated by an activation of
      capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory afferents terminating in this area.
      Accordingly, capsaicin-sensitive neuronal mechanisms located in the ventral
      medullary chemosensitive area may play an important role in the central nervous
      regulation of blood pressure.

PMID- 4000285
TI  - The stereoselective O-methylation of isoprenaline in the isolated rabbit thoracic
      aorta.
AB  - This investigation examined the stereoselective nature of the steroid-sensitive
      extraneuronal O-methylation process for the isomers of isoprenaline in the rabbit
      aorta. The rate of O-methylation of (-)- and (+)-isoprenaline was linear with
      substrate concentration in the range 0.24 to 4.7 mumol X 1(-1). There was marked
      preference for the O-methylation of (-)-isoprenaline rather than (+)-isoprenaline
      at low (less than 0.94 mumol X 1(-1) substrate concentrations. In contrast, at
      concentrations equal to or greater than 9.4 mumol X 1(-1) the rates of O
      methylation of (-)- and (+)-isoprenaline were similar. Phenoxybenzamine (30 mumol
      X 1(-1) inhibited but did not abolish the O-methylation of both (-)- and (+)
      isoprenaline when the isomers were present in a concentration range of 0.24 mumol
      X 1(-1) to 9.4 mumol X 1(-1). Phenoxybenzamine did not significantly influence
      the O-methylation of either (-)- or (+)-isoprenaline when the isomers were
      present at a concentration of 24 mumol X 1(-1). Deoxycorticosterone acetate
      (DOCA) produced an equipotent and marked inhibition of the O-methylation of both
      (-)- and (+)-isoprenaline at a low (0.24 mumol X 1(-1) substrate concentration.
      When higher substrate concentrations were used, there was a significantly greater
      resistance to the inhibition of O-methylation of (-)-isoprenaline than was the
      case for (+)-isoprenaline. At a concentration of 9.4 mumol X 1(-1), the steroid
      failed to inhibit the O-methylation of (-)-isoprenaline but was effective in
      inhibiting the O-methylation of (+)-isoprenaline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4000289
TI  - [Neurological expertise for insurance companies and judicial agencies].

PMID- 4000288
TI  - [Cations in food and hypertension].

PMID- 4000287
TI  - [Consensus melanoma of the skin].

PMID- 4000290
TI  - [Consensus melanoma of the skin].

PMID- 4000291
TI  - [2 children with severe hemiglobinemia].

PMID- 4000292
TI  - [The efficacy of malathion against head lice].

PMID- 4000293
TI  - [The practical clinical examination; a critical study].

PMID- 4000294
TI  - [Serological monitoring for syphilis in pregnant women in Amsterdam].

PMID- 4000295
TI  - The difference between pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure as a hemodynamic sign of pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 4000296
TI  - Factors affecting the likelihood that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) will be
      used by trained rescuers.

PMID- 4000297
TI  - Early detection of the hearing impaired newborn: the high risk registry.

PMID- 4000298
TI  - [Effect of electroacupuncture and morphine on evoked potentials in the oral and
      caudal trigeminal nuclei in the cat].
AB  - Electroacupuncture effects on the functions of the oral and caudal trigeminal
      nuclei were comparatively analyzed in acute experiments on cats narcotized by
      hexinal (50 mg/kg). Responses evoked in the caudal nucleus by tooth pulp
      stimulation were inhibited while responses to mouth mucosa stimulation remained
      unchanged. In the oral nucleus responses to both types of stimulation were
      relieved. The same results were obtained in an experiment with systemic injection
      of morphine (5 mg/kg). It is suggested that different parts of the caudal nucleus
      are responsible for the transmission of discriminative and diffuse components of
      the nociceptive signals to the specific and nonspecific projection systems. The
      oral nucleus may be involved in the transmission of signals about mouth lesions
      conveying the necessity for defense reactions.

PMID- 4000299
TI  - [Background and evoked activity of septal and hippocampal neurons transplanted
      into the neocortex of the rat].
AB  - Embryonic tissue of the septum and hippocampus was transplanted into a cavity
      made in parietal neocortex of adult rats. Extracellular recording 4-6 months
      after grafting revealed units with background spike activity in the grafted
      tissue. The activity (mean rate 3.6 +/- 0.4 spikes per s) had a random pattern
      without pathological features. About 90% of the graft cells responded to
      electrical stimulation of neighbouring cortical tissue with latencies 5-43 ms.
      The optimal frequencies for driving spike discharges were 5-10 Hz. Postactivatory
      suppression was observed in most units. The same proportion of the graft cells
      responded to tactile stimulation of the host animal. Phasic reactions of on-off
      type with latencies of 50-600 ms were observed. The normalization of the activity
      in intrabrain grafts as compared to intraocular ones and functional integration
      of graft units with the host brain are discussed.

PMID- 4000300
TI  - [Surface charge of mouse neuroblastoma cells and changes during growth and
      morphologic differentiation of the cell population].
AB  - Microelectrophoresis method was used to study the surface charge of murine
      neuroblastoma cells (clone C1300-N18TG2). It was shown that the surface charge of
      these cells was determined mainly by anionic groups of the membrane which were
      distributed with density 0.2 e/nm3 in the layer covering its outer surface. The
      thickness of this layer was about 10 nm. These groups interacted with Ca ions
      (binding constant Kca-10-50 l/mol) and were titrated according to pK-3.8.
      Trypsin, neuraminidase and N-bromosuccinimide (which irreversibly neutralize the
      carboxylic groups of proteins) decreased the electrophoretic mobility of
      neuroblastoma cells while tosylchloride (a specific reagent for aminogroups)
      slightly increased it. The surface charge depended also on the conditions of
      cultivation of cell population. Morphological cell differentiation induced by
      removing the serum from the culture medium increased their mobility by about 30%.
      During the cultivation of cells in a medium with 10 or 50% of serum variations of
      the their mean electrophoretic mobility value were observed which were opposite
      phase to the value of the daily increment of the number of cells. It was assumed
      that these effects were connected with partial self-synchronization of cell
      population. It is concluded that the surface charge of the neuroblastoma cells
      determined by microelectrophoresis method is mainly determined by the carboxylic
      groups of membrane periphery proteins and gangliosides and the content of these
      membrane components depends on the stage of cell development.

PMID- 4000301
TI  - [Standardness and invariability of the detector tuning of neurons in the
      orientation column of the visual cortex of the cat].
AB  - The variability of neuron orientation tuning in separate columns and the degree
      of it stability under changes in levels of the contrast between stimulus and
      background were studied in experiments on unanesthetized, relaxed cats. Several
      types of orientation columns were revealed: with a relatively high, standard and
      stable orientation tuning; with a widely changing orientation tuning from neuron
      to neuron; with invariance to contrast level; with variant orientation tuning;
      with mixed (invariant-variant) properties. In the columns, standard-nonstandard
      properties, on the one hand, and properties of invariability-variability, on the
      other hand, could combine in different ways. More often differences of
      orientation tuning within a column were observed between neurons of upper and
      lower cortical layers. Possible distinctions in the functional role of types of
      orientation tuning in columns described and in mechanisms of formation of
      detector properties of their neurons are discussed.

PMID- 4000302
TI  - [Various locomotor movements in the rat].
AB  - The kinematics of movements and EMG activity of the hindlimb were investigated in
      rats during swimming and walking. It was shown that changes in loading on the
      limbs were the main factor modifying the frequency, amplitude, configuration,
      swing time and footing time of the studied movements.

PMID- 4000303
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the kinematics of hindlimb movements in different forms
      of locomotion in the rat].
AB  - Changes in the locomotor cycles and joint angles during walking and swimming were
      comparatively analyzed in rats. Differences in hindlimb movements with or without
      participation of the forelimb were shown as well as differences between swing
      phases during walking and swimming. The role of central spinal processes and
      effects of peripheral afferents in organization of the different kind of
      locomotions is discussed.

PMID- 4000304
TI  - [Relation between responses of auditory cortex neurons in the cat and the signal
      significance of acoustic stimuli in the instrumental alimentary reflex].
AB  - Responses of 93 neurons to single sound clicks and to a series of 10 clicks with
      frequency 1000 c as well as reactions of 66 neurons after working out of
      conditioned reflex were studied in chronic cats. The clicks became a positive
      conditioned stimulus and the series of clicks were used as a negative
      differential stimulus in the reflex. It was shown that the working out and
      realization of the differentiation did not lead to amplification of inhibition in
      the auditory cortex neurons. Responses of neurons to positive as well as to
      negative conditioned stimuli underwent the same changes after learning that can
      be considered as evidence of the similar role of auditory neurons in the
      instrumental reflex realization and its differential inhibition. The existence of
      neuronal groups responding by excitation and inhibition only to stimulus with
      definite signal meaning is supposed to be important for the process of
      differentiation.

PMID- 4000305
TI  - [Study of thalamic input in the motor area of the cat cortex by means of
      retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase].
AB  - HRP-labelled neurons were studied in different thalamic nuclei projected to
      anterior pericruciate motor cortex of cats. Considerable concentrations of
      labelled cells were found in the rostral parts of relay nuclei (VL, VPL, VPM). A
      local type of distribution of such neurons in the associative MD nucleus was
      discovered as well. The quantity of HRP-labelled units in the intralaminar
      nonspecific nuclei (Cl, Pc, CM) was small and they were diffusively distributed.
      Some aspects of heterogenic thalamic afferentation to the motor cortex are
      discussed.

PMID- 4000306
TI  - [Projection of forebrain structures of the cat to the hypothalamic locomotor
      area].
AB  - Descending projections of brain cortex and basal ganglia to the hypothalamic
      locomotor region were demonstrated in cat with horseradish peroxidase technique.
      Neurons projecting directly to the functionally identified locomotor region are
      dispersed in different gyri with predominance in areas 4 and 6 of the motor
      cortex. Such neurons are also located in entopeduncular nucleus. Massive cortico
      and pallido-hypothalamic projections as a rule do not reach the most caudal
      hypothalamic divisions where the locomotor region is localized.

PMID- 4000307
TI  - [Cytophotometric study of catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase in neurons of
      the intramural plexus of the urinary bladder of the cat in controls and animals
      exposed to experimental conditions].
AB  - The intramural plexus of the cat urinary bladder was studied with histochemical
      methods for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase. Ganglia of the plexus showed
      differences in the number of neurons (5 to 150 cells). They were adrenergic,
      cholinergic or mixed. Section of pelvic nerves increased the amount of
      catecholamines in adrenergic neurons and fibres and decreased the
      acetylcholinesterase activity. Section of hypogastric nerves did not affect the
      catecholamine level and acetylcholinesterase activity.

PMID- 4000308
TI  - Immunological markers of peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes in Hodgkin's
      disease.
AB  - The lymphoid subpopulations of peripheral blood and cell suspensions of lymph
      nodes were investigated in a series of 20 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) by
      conventional surface markers and a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies (McAb). In
      peripheral blood of HD, the number of T lymphocytes and the distribution of
      helper and suppressor/cytotoxic subpopulations was normal, suggesting that the
      alteration in cell immunity in this condition is either due to a functional
      defect in T cells or to an alteration in the immunoregulatory mechanisms which
      are not directly dependent on T lymphocytes. The lymph nodes involved by HD
      showed an increase in the number of T helper lymphocytes (OKT4+) as compared with
      the reactive lymph nodes from 14 subjects used as a control group. In involved
      lymph nodes there was a good correlation between the number of lymphocytes
      reacting with the McAb OKT3 and EEAT rosette--forming cells, whereas in most
      hyperplastic nodes the number of T3 lymphocytes was greater than that of E+
      rosettes. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells did not react either with T, B lineage
      specific McAb or with myelomonocytic (OKM1) or monocytic (Mo2, FMC-17, FMC-33)
      McAb. These results would make a monocyte-macrophage lineage origin unlikely also
      for these cells.

PMID- 4000309
TI  - Carcinoembryonic antigen fraction in digestive cancer.
AB  - A clinical study in a group of patients with digestive cancers was done with a
      radioimmunoassay technique employing a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) fraction.
      Among 45 patients with colorectal carcinomas, 51% showed CEA levels in the
      pathologic range before therapy, those with metastatic disease from well
      differentiated adenocarcinomas showed the higher values. Measurement of the
      circulating levels of this CEA fraction proved to be more useful in the
      monitoring of the course of disease during and after antineoplastic treatment.
      Sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay technique for the remaining digestive cancers
      was over 50%, but pathologic CEA values are not exclusive for malignant digestive
      disease, since 22% of patients with benign diseases also showed raised serum
      levels of CEA.

PMID- 4000310
TI  - Estradiol and progesterone receptors in human breast cancer.
AB  - The concentration of estradiol and progesterone receptors in tumor cytosol from
      human breast cancer patients represents an important factor for the selection of
      patients for endocrine therapy and for the prognosis of the disease. This report
      presents results obtained by measurement of estradiol receptor in 157 breast
      tumors by the dextran coated charcoal method in media containing sodium molybdate
      (102 cases) or glycerol (55 cases). Results obtained when these two reagents were
      present separately in the assay media were similar, at least when the frequencies
      of estradiol receptor positive cases and the mean values for estradiol receptor
      concentrations were compared. Concomitant analyses for estradiol and progesterone
      receptors were done in 25 primary mammary carcinomas by the method of dextran
      coated charcoal using single saturating doses of hormones and cytosols obtained
      in a glycerol containing buffer. The results are discussed in relation with the
      steroid hormone mechanism of action.

PMID- 4000311
TI  - Vitamin A (retinol) level in colon and lung cancer patient sera.
AB  - Serum vitamin A (retinol) level was determined in colon and lung cancer patients.
      As a control served young healthy people and non cancer hospital patients at the
      age similar to those with tumors. Vitamin A content in cancer patients was found
      to be statistically lower as compared to control groups.

PMID- 4000312
TI  - Factors associated with prognosis in human breast cancer. V. The simultaneous use
      of estrogen and progesterone receptor measurements for prediction of short-term
      relapse.
AB  - Prediction of individual fate of breast cancer patients is one of the most
      important subjects studied because of the heterogeneity of the disease and the
      possibility of establishment of new therapeutic strategies. Hormone receptors
      have been recognized to be a valuable tool in prognosis at least in regard to
      short-term relapse. We have analyzed 400 patients in which hormone receptors has
      been determined, through stratification techniques, in 18-month and 3-year
      periods of disease-free interval. Clinical stage was chosen at the most important
      predictor in the total number of patients, lymph node status was the first
      predictor, estradiol receptor (ER) automatically was the second one, and the
      amount of receptor content had an important role in prognosis also. Inside Stage
      III patients ER should be the first predictor. Remarkable and independent
      association of progesterone receptor (PgR) content with relapse could be
      established. Predictive ability of ER and PgR inside lymph node status groups of
      patients was clearly shown. There was a remarkable difference between polar
      groups (lymph node-negative, ER+PgR+6% of relapse, and lymph node-positive, ER
      PgR-30% of relapse) estrogen receptor status retains its predictive value, at the
      third year.

PMID- 4000313
TI  - Survival patterns of female breast cancer patients in the Estonian SSR in 1968
      1981.
AB  - Survival of 4090 female breast cancer patients in the Estonian SSR in 1968--1981
      was studied on the basis of the republic-wide, population-based Estonian Cancer
      Registry. Using the life table method, the overall estimated 5-year relative
      survival rate was 55.9%. Survival was related to stage of disease and patient's
      age at diagnosis. Breast cancer, the most frequent malignancy in females in
      Estonia, considerable reduces patient's life expectancy. During the entire 13
      year follow-up period the patient population under study experienced excess
      cancer mortality.

PMID- 4000314
TI  - End results of treatment of breast cancer patients.
AB  - Data are presented on 3359 breast cancer patients treated at the Petrov Research
      Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health. For the 20-year period
      (from 1955 to 1975) not large but statistically significant increase of the 5
      year survival was noted which achieved 64.7% in 1971-1975. The rise of survival
      was observed in patients aged under 50, subjected to adjuvant chemotherapy (Thio
      TEPA, 5-Ftoruracil). Development of distant metastases was the cause of death of
      breast cancer patients within the 15 years after the beginning of treatment in
      68.8% of cases. Only 7.6% of patients expired from distant metastases in 15-20
      years following operation.

PMID- 4000315
TI  - [Problems in the classification of ischemic cerebrovascular insults].

PMID- 4000316
TI  - [Spinal nuclear magnetic resonance tomography].

PMID- 4000317
TI  - [Clinical evaluation system (score) of ocular symptoms in myasthenia gravis].
AB  - A new rating scheme (score) is presented for ocular symptomatology in myasthenia
      gravis. The score (0-10) combines separate ratings upper eyelid weakness (ptosis)
      and paralysis of the outer ocular muscles (double vision). It is relatively
      insensitive to subjective influences and to the rater's experience. It yields
      replicable values which are especially important for longitudinal studies, for
      testing new therapeutic strategies and for their statistical validation.

PMID- 4000318
TI  - [Lumbar radiation myelopathy. Case report on localization of lumbar radiation
      sequelae].
AB  - The case of a patient with a radiation lesion of the lumbosacral cord following
      prophylactic radiation therapy of the paraortic lymph nodes for seminoma is
      reported. Seven months after radiotherapy he suffered from a pure anterior cell
      syndrome, followed by a loss of pain and temperature sensation. Ten years later
      he developed a complete transversal syndrome at the level of L 1. This case
      indicates the existence of a lumbar radiation myelopathy caused by a lesion at
      the level of the conus medullaris.

PMID- 4000319
TI  - [Visual evoked cortical potentials following temporal arteritis].

PMID- 4000321
TI  - Immunodeficiency coming of age.

PMID- 4000320
TI  - [Correlation of electrophysiologic findings in neural muscular atrophy].
AB  - In a collective of 22 patients (18 adults, 4 children) with the clinical
      diagnosis of peroneal muscular atrophy the correlation of various
      neurophysiological parameters was examined. These included electromyography,
      motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity, visual (VEP), acoustic (AEP) and
      somatosensory (SEP) evoked potentials and conventional EEG. In all cases we found
      a high correlation between the findings of nerve conduction velocities and
      somatosensory evoked responses. Acoustic evoked potentials were examined in 18
      cases and showed 10 pathological findings; visual evoked responses were also
      examined in 18 cases and produced 5 pathological findings. If nerve conduction
      velocity measurements are possible, SEP examinations are superfluous as they do
      not provide additional information. On the other hand, VEP and AEP testing is
      warrented in all cases to document the impairment of central nervous pathways.

PMID- 4000322
TI  - Albumin infused in nephrotics: where does it go?

PMID- 4000323
TI  - Functional and morphological abnormalities of the parathyroid glands as late
      effects of irradiation for benign diseases.

PMID- 4000324
TI  - Glycaemic effect of mono-, di- and polysaccharides in a mixed meal in diabetic
      patients.

PMID- 4000325
TI  - Hypogammaglobulinaemia in adults: pathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic
      aspects.

PMID- 4000326
TI  - Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia with advanced breast carcinoma: improvement
      with chemotherapy.

PMID- 4000327
TI  - Dietary treatment of chronic renal failure: why is it not used more frequently?

PMID- 4000328
TI  - Arterial blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during
      postural changes in hypertensive patients with unilateral renal mobility.
AB  - Unilateral renal mobility was identified in 27 out of 100 essential hypertensive
      patients by examination of renal scintiphotos. The pattern of response to
      postural changes of blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma
      aldosterone concentration (PAC) was investigated in 11 patients with renal
      mobility and without treatment and compared with that of an age- and sex-matched
      group of untreated hypertensives without renal mobility. The patients with renal
      mobility had higher BP levels (X +/- SD mm Hg: supine 185 +/- 39/112 +/- 18 vs.
      149 +/- 18/97 +/- 14; upright 167 +/- 38/108 +/- 17 vs. 144 +/- 7/93 +/- 10; p
      less than 0.05). Significant correlations were obtained in the patients with
      renal mobility (but not in those without renal mobility) between upright PRA and
      PAC (p less than 0.001), their postural variations (p less than 0.01) and between
      upright PRA (and PAC) and BP levels (p less than 0.05). The high prevalence of
      renal mobility in hypertension and the relationship observed between the
      activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and BP in this condition suggest
      the importance of searching for unilateral renal mobility when examining the
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients, particularly
      during postural manoeuvres.

PMID- 4000329
TI  - Acute interstitial nephritis with bone marrow granulomas and uveitis.
AB  - A case of interstitial nephritis with bone marrow granulomas and uveitis was
      presented. A 53-year-old woman was found to be uremic in the course of rheumatoid
      arthritis. The renal biopsy revealed acute interstitial nephritis with
      eosinophilic infiltration. She also had bone marrow granulomas and uveitis. These
      findings were compatible with those of the syndrome described by Dobrin et al.
      The etiology and the pathogenesis of this syndrome remain unknown. However, the
      elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, raised levels of serum
      immunoglobulins, presence of circulating immune complexes and decreased T-cell
      population observed in this patient suggest the involvement of immunological
      disorders.

PMID- 4000330
TI  - Shunt nephritis: histological dynamics following removal of the shunt. Case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - Diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis was observed in a 40-year-old male patient
      who had a ventriculoatrial shunt implanted after a traffic accident 10 years
      previously. Immediately after treatment with immunosuppressants and plasma
      pheresis, signs of meningitis and septicemia developed. The responsible organism
      isolated was Staphylococcus albus. After the shunt was removed, clinical signs
      and renal function improved, associated with normalization of hypocomplementemia
      and disappearance of cryoglobulin and circulating immune complexes. Repeat renal
      biopsy performed 5 months after the removal of the shunt revealed mild mesangial
      proliferative and sclerotic glomerulonephritis with fibrous crescents. No
      apparent deposits observed in the initial biopsy were found on ultrastructural
      and immunofluorescent examinations. The reported cases with serial renal biopsies
      before and after the removal of the shunt were reviewed.

PMID- 4000331
TI  - Spontaneous hemorrhage of the kidney.
AB  - A young hypertensive man with hypertensive nephrosclerosis presented with an
      acute abdominal emergency due to a spontaneous renal hemorrhage. Investigations
      demonstrated a large left perinephric hematoma. This was managed conservatively.
      With control of his hypertension, renal function has remained stable.

PMID- 4000332
TI  - Tubular functions in lupus nephropathy.

PMID- 4000334
TI  - Effects of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on antithrombin III and
      platelets.
AB  - Plasma antithrombin III (AT III) levels in hemodialysis patients, low prior to
      dialysis, improved after dialysis (p less than 0.01). The platelet counts before
      and after dialysis, did not change significantly. In peritoneal dialysis patients
      the AT III levels, which were normal before dialysis, increased significantly
      after dialysis (p less than 0.01). The platelet counts before and after
      peritoneal dialysis also improved (p less than 0.005). No correlation was found
      between AT III levels and platelet counts. Although platelet damage has a
      contributory role in increasing AT III levels during hemodialysis, the data on
      peritoneal dialysis suggest that there may be other factors affecting platelets
      and AT III during dialysis.

PMID- 4000333
TI  - Plasma antithrombin III concentration in patients on regular haemodialysis
      treatment.
AB  - Plasma concentration of antithrombin III (AT III) was measured by both
      immunological and functional assays before, during and after treatment with
      haemodialysis in 42 patients with chronic renal failure on regular long-term
      haemodialysis. Intravenous heparin administration during the haemodialysis
      session was found not to induce a consumption of the circulating AT III.

PMID- 4000335
TI  - Chronic peritoneal dialysis: mechanical and infectious complications.
AB  - The present report summarizes the mechanical and infectious complications
      attributable to the devices and procedures used for chronic peritoneal dialysis
      (PD), comparing the type and frequency of such complications in contemporaneous
      groups of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) or intermittent PD
      (IPD). Mechanical complications related directly to the catheter and its
      placement proved to be equally frequent during CAPD and IPD. On the other hand,
      mechanical complications related to increased intraperitoneal pressure were more
      frequent during CAPD. In most instances mechanical complication can be managed
      without permanent interruption of chronic PD. Peritonitis occurs more frequently
      during CAPD (1.6 episodes per patient-year) than during IPD (0.4 episodes per
      patient-year), with a tendency to more frequent peritonitis among diabetics,
      children, patients with white blood cell abnormalities, patients with catheter
      cuff or tunnel inflammation, and during the 1st month of treatment. Medical
      therapy eradicates peritonitis and allows continuation of chronic PD with
      retention of the catheter in more than 90% of episodes, although special problems
      may be encountered with fungal, pseudomonal, and some coagulase-positive
      staphylococcal infections.

PMID- 4000336
TI  - Bartter's syndrome due to a defect in salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted
      tubule.
AB  - Bartter's syndrome is generally attributed to a primary defect in salt
      reabsorption either in the ascending limb of Henle's loop or in the proximal
      tubule. 2 siblings presented here have all the clinical and biochemical features
      of Bartter's syndrome but seem to have defective salt reabsorption in the distal
      convoluted tubule. A surreptitious use of diuretics was ruled out. Free water
      clearance was reduced in both patients and also was low after the addition of
      furosemide when compared with controls. Urine osmolalities following overnight
      dehydration were 883 and 1,000 mosm/l. The reduced maximal free water clearance
      argues against a proximal defect, and the normal urine concentration against a
      Henle's loop defect. Low free water clearance after furosemide suggests a defect
      in the distal convoluted tubule.

PMID- 4000337
TI  - Intraocular pressure in uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis.
AB  - Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and after hemodialysis in 30
      uremic patients receiving regular treatment. Osmolality, blood pressure and
      weight before and after dialysis were also determined. Low IOP of 11.4 +/- 2.7
      and 11.5 +/- 3.1 mm Hg was found in the left and right eye, respectively.
      Following hemodialysis osmolality, blood pressure and body weight decreased
      significantly but IOP did not rise significantly. This study suggests that there
      is only a remote possibility for severe IOP increase following hemodialysis in
      uremic patients on chronic treatment.

PMID- 4000338
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefotaxime treatment of peritonitis in
      patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefotaxime as the sole therapy in
      patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with peritonitis have been
      examined. The mean plasma concentrations achieved following 1 h of peritoneal
      instillation of 500 mg of cefotaxime were 5.0 +/- 1.6 micrograms ml-1. The
      average plasma concentration over 24 h was 6.9 +/- 0.4 micrograms ml-1 and was no
      different from that found following a further 9-11 days of successful treatment
      of the peritonitis. However, the mean dialysate effluent concentration of
      cefotaxime was increased following the resolution of the peritonitis, 165 +/-
      22.7 mg per cycle on day 10 or 12 compared with 50.4 +/- 7.3 mg per cycle on day
      1, suggesting enhanced peritoneal cefotaxime absorption during acute peritonitis.
      Nevertheless, during both periods, adequate concentrations of cefotaxime were
      achieved in dialysate to treat local complications, but plasma levels may be
      inadequate to treat systemic complications due to Staphylococcus albus.

PMID- 4000339
TI  - Renal magnesium and phosphate wastage in a patient with hypercalciuria and
      nephrocalcinosis: effect of oral phosphorus and magnesium supplements.
AB  - We report a 29-year-old man with a mild decrease in glomerular filtration,
      nephrocalcinosis, hypercalciuria and a renal magnesium leak. He had other
      features of 'congenital magnesium-losing kidney', such as arthritis and
      hyperuricemia, short stature and recurrent urinary tract infections, but had no
      radiological chondrocalcinosis. In addition, pallidal calcification was found.
      The patient also had a renal phosphate leak. Phosphorus supplements resulted in a
      decrease in urinary calcium excretion, indicating that hypercalciuria was at
      least partially a consequence of phosphorus depletion. Plasma and urine magnesium
      were not affected by phosphorus supplements. Addition of magnesium supplements
      resulted in a transient and modest decrease in urinary calcium excretion, with no
      modification in plasma magnesium.

PMID- 4000340
TI  - Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with enterococcal endocarditis.
AB  - An autopsy case of membranous glomerulonephritis associated with enterococcal
      endocarditis was reported. Although enterococcal antigen was not identified in
      glomerular deposits, the eluate from the patient's renal tissue was shown to
      specifically recombine with cells of the enterococcus isolated from his own ante
      mortem blood. Hypocomplementemia, circulating immune complexes and
      antienterococcal antibodies were also observed. These findings suggest that
      enterococcus-related immune complexes played a role in the pathogenesis of
      glomerulonephritis associated with enterococcal endocarditis in this patient.

PMID- 4000341
TI  - Unilateral renal vein occlusion in rats.
AB  - To study the relationship of renal vein thrombosis to membranous
      glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome, we attempted to simulate the
      former by occluding to 0.5 mm one renal vein in rats. Although increased
      proteinuria did occur during the first 3 days after such occlusion, there was
      little difference from control animals in the amount of proteinuria thereafter,
      up to 46 days, and no evidence of membranous glomerulonephritis by light,
      immunofluorescent, or electron microscopy.

PMID- 4000342
TI  - Effect of castration on the experimental renal hypertension of the rat. Blood
      pressure, nephrosclerosis, long-chain fatty acids, and N-acetylation of PAH in
      the kidney.
AB  - Rats were rendered hypertensive by clamping one renal artery. Both kidneys
      remained in situ ('two-kidney one-clip Goldblatt hypertension'). Half of the
      animals were simultaneously castrated. 18-24 weeks after the operation both
      castrated females and males had a lower level of hypertension than the
      uncastrated controls. The kidneys of castrates contained less connective tissue
      (measured as the content of hydroxyproline) and long-chain (C-18) fatty acids and
      had a higher specific activity of the enzyme N-acetylating p-aminohippurate (N
      acetyltransferase) than those of uncastrated rats. Thus, castration seems to
      alleviate some renal effects of the Goldblatt hypertension. In all animals the
      clamped kidney contained more hydroxyproline and C-18 fatty acids and had a lower
      N-acetyltransferase activity than the contralateral untouched organ. These
      results are in accordance with the theory that renal fatty acid concentration
      interferes directly with the N-acetyltransferase activity of the kidney. The
      enhanced hydroxyproline content of the kidneys (nephrosclerosis) inhibits N
      acetylation most probably indirectly by raising the tissue concentration of C-18
      fatty acids.

PMID- 4000343
TI  - Hypergastrinemia and achlorhydria in chronic renal failure.
AB  - In 68 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), 15 patients with duodenal ulcer
      and 15 normal subjects, basal plasma gastrin levels and basal and stimulated
      gastric acid secretion were measured. Two antisera were used: antiserum R2702
      with specificity for human G34 and its N-terminal fragments [G34] and antiserum
      2604 with specificity for the four main components of gastrin (total gastrin).
      Basal gastrin concentrations of both total gastrin and G34-like immunoreactivity
      (G34LI) were significantly higher in the CRF patients than in the other two
      groups, irrespective of dialysis. Total gastrin levels were not correlated with
      serum creatinine levels. Total gastrin levels were significantly decreased during
      hemodialysis, but G34LI levels showed no significant change. A small amount of
      total gastrin was detected in the dialysate by antiserum 2604. As to the
      postprandial gastrin release, in the first 30 min, the pattern of response in the
      patients with CRF was similar to that of the normal subjects, but the peak value
      was attained later, and the response was more rather prolonged. Gastric analysis
      showed a low basal acid out put and impaired acid secretion in response to
      secretagogue. It is concluded that (1) one of the predominant circulating forms
      of gastrin in CRF is G34LI, and (2) the hypergastrinemia in the CRF patients is
      probably due to reduced removal of gastrin by kidneys, increased gastrin
      production by impairment of the negative acid feedback mechanism induced by
      parietal cell dysfunction or reduced parietal cell sensitivity to gastrin by
      atrophic gastritis.

PMID- 4000344
TI  - Immune response to two different hepatitis B vaccines in haemodialysis patients:
      a 2-year follow-up.
AB  - Formalin-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine was given at 0, 1 and 6 months to 22
      medical staff members and to 37 haemodialysis patients. After vaccination with 20
      micrograms surface antigen (HBsAg), seroconversion occurred in 95% of the staff
      members. Following immunisation with a double dose, only 74% of the haemodialysis
      patients developed antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs). Anti-HBs levels were
      lower in the patient group and 6 responders (23%) became anti-HBs-negative within
      2 years. 40 other haemodialysis patients were immunised at monthly intervals with
      either three doses of 3 micrograms or three doses of 27 micrograms heat
      inactivated hepatitis B vaccine. Seroconversion was achieved in 60% of the
      patients in the 3-micrograms group and in 95% of the patients in the 27
      micrograms group. Anti-HBs levels increased significantly when the high dose was
      used. Although the study design does not allow a definite conclusion, it appears
      that the immunogenicity per microgram HBsAg is higher for the heat-inactivated
      vaccine than for the formalin-inactivated vaccine. The findings further indicate
      that decreased immune response to hepatitis B vaccination in haemodialysis
      patients can be improved by increasing the dose of the vaccine. A booster
      injection should be considered in these patients within 2 years after the first
      vaccination.

PMID- 4000345
TI  - Proliferative glomerulonephritis and exposure to organic solvents.
AB  - Exposure to organic solvents was compared by interview and questionnaire in 50
      patients with biopsy-proven proliferative glomerulonephritis in whom there was no
      evidence of systemic disease or preceding infection with that of 100 control
      subjects matched for age, sex and social class. The interview was conducted by a
      lay person who did not know whether the interviewee was a patient with
      glomerulonephritis or a control subject. The exposure scores derived from the
      results of the questionnaires were significantly greater in the patients with
      glomerulonephritis than the control subjects (13,186 +/- 3,716 vs. 3,030 +/-
      1,152, p less than 0.01). The degree of exposure was higher in those patients
      with the more severe diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis than
      in those with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. In the
      glomerulonephritis patients solvent exposure was mainly occupational in origin
      and involved fuels, paints and degreasing agents in most cases. This occupational
      exposure was significantly greater than in the control subjects (13,061 +/- 3,858
      vs. 2,878 +/- 1,146, p less than 0.01). It is suggested that exposure to organic
      solvents may participate in the pathogenesis of non-systemic proliferative
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 4000346
TI  - Effect of amiloride on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Potassium and magnesium deficiency have been reported as risk factors for
      experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic,
      also leads to increased renal magnesium reabsorption. Amiloride, 2 mg/kg/day, was
      given to groups of 8-12 Fischer 344 rats receiving gentamicin, 20 mg/kg b.i.d.,
      for 3, 7, 10 and 14 days. Control animals received the vehicle for gentamicin,
      amiloride alone or gentamicin alone. The degree of renal failure and weight loss
      were similar in gentamicin and gentamicin + amiloride groups at all time points
      despite increases in serum potassium and magnesium in the amiloride-treated
      animals. Tubular dysfunction as assessed by depression of renal cortical slice
      uptake of p-aminohippurate and N-methylnicotinamide was not improved by the
      addition of amiloride. In addition, a comparable degree of tubular necrosis and
      regeneration was observed in all gentamicin-treated groups. Maximum gentamicin
      concentrations in the renal cortex did not differ. Thus, despite reduction of
      urinary losses of potassium and magnesium with resultant increased serum values,
      amiloride did not protect against experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The
      tubular electrolyte wasting noted clinically is likely to be a result, rather
      than a cause of proximal tubular cell damage.

PMID- 4000347
TI  - An etiological approach to Balkan endemic nephropathy based on the investigation
      of two genetically different populations.
AB  - The direct inheritance as a possible etiologic factor of Balkan endemic
      nephropathy (BEN) has been studied in an endemic area in the district of
      Slavonski Brod (Croatia-Yugoslavia). The basis for the investigation was given by
      a natural experiment induced by immigration of people from Ukraina to the endemic
      and nonendemic areas near Slavonski Brod. 1,536 persons in endemic villages and
      733 inhabitants from the villages, where BEN has not been found, were studied
      with the aim of establishing diagnosis or excluding BEN. The generally adopted
      criteria enabling to classify the examined persons into the following 3 groups
      have been used: (a) diseased of BEN; (b) suspect to be diseased of BEN, and (c)
      individuals without signs of a renal disease. In the endemic villages among the
      population of Croatian aborigines, 12,1% diseased and suspects have been
      revealed. Among the Ukrainian immigrants and their offsprings, 10.5% diseased and
      suspects have been found. The difference is not significant (t = 0.7, p greater
      than 0.05). On the other hand, in nonendemic villages there were no diseased nor
      suspect BEN patients among the indigenous people as well as among the Ukrainians.
      The inference is suggested that the factors of the direct inheritance do not play
      a decisive role in the etiopathogenesis of BEN.

PMID- 4000348
TI  - IgA nephropathy is not a rare disease in the United Kingdom.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of all renal biopsies performed in the Grampian Region
      of Scotland during 1977-1980 revealed that IgA nephropathy was the most
      frequently encountered glomerular lesion. The commonest indications for renal
      biopsy were the presence of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities (90/184; 48.9%)
      especially asymptomatic haematuria (42/184; 22.8%). A histological diagnosis was
      made in 36 of the 42 patients presenting with asymptomatic haematuria (85.7%); 16
      of the 26 cases of IgA nephropathy presented in this way. Overall, IgA
      nephropathy was detected in 14.1% of all biopsies and accounted for 21.8% of
      primary glomerular diseases. This study indicates that IgA nephropathy is
      apparently more common in Grampian than elsewhere in the United Kingdom. However,
      it is suggested that this does not represent a true variation in the prevalence
      of the condition; IgA nephropathy is probably a common cause of haematuria in the
      United Kingdom.

PMID- 4000349
TI  - Role of energy charge and redox state for hepatocyte gluconeogenesis of acutely
      uremic rats.
AB  - Hepatocytes were isolated from rats following bilateral nephrectomy, ureter
      ligation or sham operation under sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) anesthesia to
      investigate the potential role of energy charge and redox state for the
      gluconeogenetic ability of liver cells. Ketogenesis from l-serine, sodium
      pyruvate or dihydroxyacetone was significantly higher in hepatocytes of acutely
      uremic rats indicating higher concentration of reducing equivalents in the
      mitochondria. During incubation, the mitochondrial redox state characterized by
      beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio moved into direction of reduction in all
      experimental groups, whereas cytosolic redox state characterized by
      lactate/pyruvate ratio shifted to the oxidative state indicating lack of
      cytosolic reducing equivalents. Hepatocyte ATP and oxoglutarate production of
      ureter-ligated rats were significantly higher compared with binephrectomized or
      sham-operated animals independent of the substrates used. Simultaneously, energy
      charge showed values higher than 0.85 only in hepatocytes of ureter-ligated
      animals indicating high energy supply for energy requiring processes. We conclude
      that hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis of acutely uremic rats are limited
      by a lack of cytosolic reducing equivalents independent of cell energy supply.

PMID- 4000350
TI  - Anuric renal failure precipitated by indomethacin and triamterene.
AB  - We report a patient with compensated congestive heart failure who developed acute
      anuric renal failure immediately after indomethacin and triamterene had been
      added to the treatment regimen. Renal function failed to improve promptly with
      discontinuation of these medications, anuria persisting for 11 days. While it is
      well known that patients suffering from edematous states are prone to develop
      renal insufficiency when given nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, it is not
      generally appreciated that the specific combination of prostaglandin inhibitors
      with triamterene may carry a particularly high risk of acute renal failure, even
      in euvolemic subjects.

PMID- 4000351
TI  - Ankylosing spondylitis and glomerulonephritis. Study of a case.
AB  - Ankylosing spondylitis is a seronegative spondyloartropathy associated with IgA
      glomerulonephritis. We described a case not associated with IgA immunoglobulin
      deposition in the glomerulus, but with C3 complement deposition. At the same time
      circulating immune complexed of the IgG type were found. The possible association
      of glomerulonephritis and seronegative spondyloartropathies are discussed.

PMID- 4000352
TI  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome in leptospirosis bataviae.
AB  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome was observed in a 46-year-old man who had
      leptospirosis. Renal failure was severe with a prolonged clinical course. Despite
      clinical recovery there was residual renal damage indicated by mildly elevated
      serum creatinine. This is the first report of hemolytic uremic syndrome in
      leptospirosis.

PMID- 4000353
TI  - Clinical and histological resolution of systemic amyloidosis after renal cell
      carcinoma removal.
AB  - This report describes the case of a 62-year-old woman with systemic amyloidosis
      involving the kidneys and digestive tract, consecutive to a renal cell carcinoma.
      Within 3 years after tumor removal, both the nephrotic syndrome and protein loss
      enteropathy regressed. Histological examination showed the disappearance of the
      potassium permanganate-sensitive deposits within the digestive tract. This
      indicates that clinical remission of systemic amyloidosis may be associated with
      morphologic disappearance of amyloid deposits.

PMID- 4000355
TI  - Aluminum deposition in bone due to aluminum hydroxide consumption.

PMID- 4000354
TI  - Massive obesity and nephrotic proteinuria with a normal renal biopsy.
AB  - The association between massive obesity and nephrotic syndrome has been rarely
      reported. We herein describe a patient with massive obesity (209 kg) and
      nephrotic proteinuria who had a normal renal biopsy. The patient was initially
      polycythemic and had a supranormal creatinine clearance. After losing 89 kg, his
      hemoglobin and creatinine clearance returned to normal, and proteinuria decreased
      to 300 mg/24 h. We postulated that increases in glomerular hydrostatic pressure
      may result in local alterations of glomerular basement membrane sieving
      characteristics (biologic membrane thixotropy) with resultant nephrotic
      proteinuria. Prompt remission of proteinuria with weight loss supports a
      reversible glomerular hemodynamic alteration as a mechanism for the proteinuria
      of massive obesity.

PMID- 4000356
TI  - Effect of immunoglobulin substitution during plasmapheresis on serum
      immunoglobulin and complement concentrations.

PMID- 4000357
TI  - Membranous nephropathy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 4000358
TI  - [End-to-side anastomosis made with a short circulatory interruption in the
      receiving vessel. Experimental model in the rat].
AB  - End to side microsurgical anastomoses between vessels of small calibre require
      interruption of blood flow of about 25-40 min. In terminal vascular beds this
      time may be incompatible with the cellular survival. The authors refer their
      experience in rats with a partly original experimental technique requiring less
      time of clamping the receiving vessel (about 3-4 min), as the main part of the
      anastomosis is performed between the wall of the donor vessel and the adventitia
      of the receiving vessel, without interruption of blood flow in this latter.
      Histological examinations, performed 21 days later, reveal a patency rate of 60%.

PMID- 4000359
TI  - [Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Plea for a standard evaluation system].
AB  - There is no univocal grading of subarachnoid hemorrhage by ruptured intra-cranial
      aneurysms. Three systems are commonly used: Botterell's, Hunt's and Hess's,
      Nischioka's. Besides, many surgical teams use modified or derived systems. It is
      this very difficult to compare series of patients whose grading has not been
      made, using the same criteria. The authors propose to make a unique system of
      grading with new criteria of clinical evaluation.

PMID- 4000360
TI  - [X-ray computed tomography in a series of aneurysms of the circle of Willis].
AB  - During four years, 80 patients with intracranial aneurysms were examined by a CT
      scanner. The CT was helpful for: The rapid and easy diagnosis of subarachnoid
      hemorrhage. Direct visualization of intracranial aneurysms. Detecting
      intracerebral or intraventricular hematoma and distribution of subarachnoid
      clots. The limitations and pitfalls of CT were: No abnormality was seen on 16
      scans (20%). The identification of the source of bleeding in multiple
      intracranial aneurysms.

PMID- 4000361
TI  - [Current diagnostic criteria for intracranial epidermoid and dermoid cysts].
AB  - The authors report a recent series of 12 intra-cranial epidermoid and dermoid
      cysts. After they had reminded the main classical radiological and clinical signs
      which are rarely specific, they study C.T. scan semiology which at present and in
      most cases permits to base an undoubted diagnosis.

PMID- 4000362
TI  - [Hemangiopericytoma of the petrous bone. Considerations apropos of 5 surgically
      treated cases].
AB  - 5 cases of infratentorial hemangiopericytomas involving petrous bone are
      described. They show significant tendency to invade and destroy the bony base
      reaching into the soft parapharyngeal tissue of the neck. Radiography, tomography
      and CT scan of the skull demonstrate a large erosion of the petrous bone. At CT
      scan the lesion appears slightly hyperdense with marked enhancement. Selective
      angiography shows an important vascular supply from the external carotid artery,
      the deep and ascending cervical arteries and the extracranial part of the
      vertebral artery. Embolisation or surgical occlusion of the branches of external
      carotid artery and cervical arteries are useful to reduce bleeding during biopsy.
      Radiotherapy is advisable.

PMID- 4000363
TI  - [Surgery of disk hernia of the lumbar vertebral canal].
AB  - 53 foraminal lumbar disc herniations have been operated on with 4 surgical
      different exposures: The classical interlaminar exposure (3 observations), with
      partial medial foraminotomy, does not allow a good view. The complete facetectomy
      (36 observations) exposes the foramen well but has a little risk of
      destabilisation. The external exposure (5 observations), lateral to the facets,
      seems to be a better approach. But, the "mixed" exposure (9 observations), by
      adding to the external exposure the interlaminar approach, is necessary when a
      part of the herniation is more medial.

PMID- 4000364
TI  - [Approach to lesions of the clivus and upper cervical spine by the
      retropharyngeal intermaxillo-hyoid route].
AB  - The authors report the intermaxillo-hyoido-retropharyngeal approach for cranio
      cervical junction's pathology. They underline its advantages. It's indications
      are discussed by six personal cases.

PMID- 4000365
TI  - [Trigeminal involvement and peripheral facial paralysis caused by Arnold-Chiari
      malformation with hydrocephalus].
AB  - The case of a 26 years old woman who presented with hydrocephalus from an Arnold
      Chiari malformation is described. The first signs were a left trigeminal disorder
      and a left facial paresis as false localizing signs. Symptomatology was secondary
      to decompensation of the hydrocephalus, and was associated with aqueductal
      stenosis. Complete and rapid regression of the symptomatology after ventriculo
      caval shunt was observed. Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation can manifest itself
      clinically in a number of ways. Cranial nerve abnormalities are uncommon, and may
      be false localizing signs. Unsuccessful investigations can delay the diagnosis
      and the treatment.

PMID- 4000366
TI  - Longterm effects of early cadmium exposure on locomotor activity in the rat.
AB  - The present study investigated the hypothesis that changes in the frequency of
      specific behaviors, not assessed by the traditionally employed global measures of
      locomotor activity, may occur following exposure to cadmium. Two groups of
      newborn male rat pups were treated orally with either 1.0 mg/kg CdCl2 for 14 days
      or 10.0 mg/kg CdCl2 for one day followed by 13 days of the treatment vehicle
      only. A control group received only the vehicle. At 50 days of age, animals were
      observed in their home cage for 12 hours and the amount of time spent engaged in
      each of eight separate categories of behavior was recorded. Subsequently,
      exploratory behavior in an open field was assessed. The single large dose of
      cadmium resulted in weight loss and a significantly slower growth rate
      significantly increased rearing in the home cage and significantly decreased
      inner square exploratory behavior in the open field. Implications of emotional
      hyporeactivity and physiological explanations which may account for the
      differences observed between the two treatment regimens are discussed.

PMID- 4000367
TI  - Effects of prenatal caffeine administration on offspring mortality, open-field
      behavior and adult gastric ulcer susceptibility.
AB  - Pregnant rats were given caffeine (0.0%, 0.017%, 0.034% or 0.05%) in their
      drinking water throughout gestation. Offspring were cross-fostered to non
      caffeine-treated mothers at birth. A dose-related increase in offspring mortality
      was observed at 24 hr and at 10 days post partum. Prenatal caffeine exposure did
      not significantly influence open-field ambulation or defecation when tested at
      48, 68, or 196 days of age. A significant dose-related increase in restraint
      stress gastric ulcer susceptibility was detected at 200 days of age. Offspring
      from rats treated with 0.05% caffeine during pregnancy, developed significantly
      more frequent and significantly more severe gastric lesions than did offspring
      from control rats or from rats prenatally exposed to 0.017% and 0.034% caffeine.
      Prenatal caffeine exposure may: (1) predispose organisms to increased gastric
      disease susceptibility as adults and (2) interfere with neonatal feeding ability
      and thereby produce infant mortality.

PMID- 4000368
TI  - Septotemporal gradients of trimethyltin-induced hippocampal lesions.
AB  - Rats were administered 6 mg/kg trimethyltin (TMT) PO, and sacrificed at various
      time points (up to 60 days) for pathological evaluation. Studies along the full
      extent of the septotemporal axis revealed region-specific and cell field-specific
      damage. Dentate granule cells were most affected at the temporal pole and were
      only minimally affected at the septal pole. CA3c pyramidal neurons were affected
      along the full extent of the septotemporal axis. CA3a and CA3b pyramidal cells
      were most affected in the septal pole, and virtually unaffected in the temporal
      pole. It is suggested that CA3a and CA3b pyramidal cell damage may be dependent
      upon functionally intact granule cells.

PMID- 4000369
TI  - An observer's view of locomotor asymmetry in the rat.
AB  - Motor asymmetries in locomotion were studied in rats with unilateral neocortical
      removals in order to illustrate the utility of direct observation of behavior.
      Rats with unilateral cortical removals showed different postural asymmetries on
      simple tests that appear superficially similar and the observed motor asymmetries
      were differentially affected by postoperative recovery time as well as age at
      surgery. It is recognized that automated recording devices may be useful for
      measuring some brain-behavior relations but it is argued that automated recording
      cannot replace direct observation.

PMID- 4000370
TI  - Automating the measurement of locomotor activity.
AB  - General locomotor activity is assessed in many ways ranging from observer ratings
      to sophisticated computer-assisted electronic monitoring with the aim of
      determining the unconditioned and conditioned effects of various pharmacological
      compounds. A system was constructed utilizing 6 independent test chambers each
      equipped with 14 infrared emitters and detectors arranged in two tiers and
      controlled by a microcomputer. The effects of the stimulant, d-amphetamine and
      its antagonism by the tranquilizer, pimozide, on unconditioned and conditioned
      activity as assessed using this system were found to be almost identical to
      results obtained using observer rating techniques. Other data showed that
      activity assessed by the system was subject to habituation and that this learning
      interacted with the effects of some drugs. Activity as measured by the system
      showed dose and time effects of various stimulants assessed over a 6 hr test
      period. Finally, the breakdown of activity into counts on the upper and lower
      tier of beams resulted in the finding that these two components of behavior were
      differentially affected by stimulants. These results demonstrate the validity and
      reliability of automated systems for assessing locomotor activity and show their
      promise for gaining further insight into the elements of behavior that are
      affected by various drugs.

PMID- 4000371
TI  - Maternal caffeine use before, during and after pregnancy and effects upon
      offspring.
AB  - Prospective information gathered through the course of pregnancy, perinatal
      measurements, and retrospective data collected postnatally were used to
      investigate the changing patterns and effects of caffeine use of 286 women
      participating in the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study. Data were collected on
      maternal use of tea, coffee, caffeinated soft-drinks, chocolate bars and drinks
      and caffeinated medication. The volume and analysed caffeine concentration of 53
      samples of coffee and tea, prepared by subjects as they usually consumed it, were
      used to examine the predictive potential of the women's subjective description of
      the beverages. Self-reports of volume and beverage strength were found to be
      valid predictors; the method of coffee preparation held little predictive power.
      An algorithm for estimating caffeine intake retrospectively over time was
      developed. During pregnancy most women continued to consume caffeine but usually
      at lower intake levels. After pregnancy, caffeine consumption tended to persist
      at reduced levels for several months and then returned to prepregnancy patterns.
      Maternal caffeine intake of more than 300 mg daily during pregnancy was
      associated with lowered birth weight and smaller head circumference of the infant
      after accounting for maternal nicotine use. No relationship was apparent between
      maternal caffeine use and the incidence of caesarian sections, breech births,
      miscarriages or premature births.

PMID- 4000372
TI  - The measurement and integration of behavioral variables: aggregation and
      complexity as important issues.
AB  - The measurement of motor activity in animals is central to the description of
      animal behavior in general. A wide variety of measurement procedures have been
      used in the past and various researchers have suggested that multiple measures or
      "behavioral profiles" be used to describe the effects of various types of
      experimental manipulations. However, many of the measures used have been found to
      be unreliable. The principle of aggregation, which states that the sum of a set
      of multiple measurements is a more stable and representative estimator than any
      single measurement, allows for construction of variables which are more reliable
      and have greater generalizability. Examples are provided which show that the
      application of aggregation can substantially increase correlations within
      variables over time as well as between variables. Application of factor analytic
      procedures to multivariate motor activity data is suggested to be a useful method
      of reducing many variables into fewer, more complex variables, which have greater
      phenomenon realism. Examples of the application of such factor analytic
      approaches are provided, both for the traditional two-way factor analytic methods
      as well as a more recent procedure (PARAFAC model) developed for analysis of
      three-way longitudinal data sets. It is suggested that multivariate analytic
      procedures are appropriate for data reduction and description in the area of
      behavioral neuroscience.

PMID- 4000373
TI  - Brain glycoconjugates in alcohol and narcotic research.
AB  - The glycoconjugates may be divided into three major groups: glycolipids,
      glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. The brain contains a considerable amount of
      glycolipid and smaller but appreciable amounts of glycoproteins and
      glycosaminoglycans. The alterations of the brain glucoconjugates found in
      conditions which affect brain function have not been extensively studied. Alcohol
      intoxication has been reported to increase the ganglioside content of rat brain.
      On the other hand lowered gangliosides and glycoproteins have been noted in brain
      tissue of a human alcoholic. The sialic acid levels associated with gangliosides
      and with glycoproteins both decreased in morphine dependent rats after withdrawal
      of the drug. Chronic administration of lithium increased the amount of hyaluronic
      acid in the cerebellum of rats, but did not affect the chondroitin sulfate level.
      Further investigation of the glycoconjugates as affected by alcohol and other
      drug abuse may provide explanations for some of the changes in brain function in
      these conditions.

PMID- 4000375
TI  - Development and learning in the offspring of rats fed an alcohol diet on a short-
      or long-term basis.
AB  - The offspring of rats fed a diet containing 12.5% (v/v) ethanol prior to, and
      during, gestation (LTE) were compared to the offspring of rats fed the same diet
      during gestation only (STE) in three studies. In Study I the neonates were tested
      on a variety of neuroreflex tasks, in Study II the offspring were tested in an
      activity wheel and open field, and in Study III the offspring were trained in a
      runway under partial or consistent reward conditions. Results indicated that STE
      offspring were delayed in developing fur and in opening their eyes, they righted
      more rapidly, and were slower in developing a reaction to and habituating to an
      auditory stimulus than their controls (STC) and the LTE offspring. Generally,
      movement was greater for ethanol exposed offspring and the LTE offspring showed
      more persistent fear-related responses than the STE offspring. No statistically
      reliable differences in learning or extinction were found among the groups,
      although a trend towards better learning and less resistance to extinction was
      noted in the LTE animals. Long-term alcohol use seems to attenuate the effects of
      gestational alcohol in rats.

PMID- 4000374
TI  - Appetite for alcohol: influence of genetics and early experience.
AB  - Thirty male mice from three inbred strains (C57BL/10J, BALB/cJ, C3H/2Ibg) were
      assigned to infantile handling or control conditions. At sixty days of age, all
      animals were tested in a two-choice situation for selection of 10% ethanol vs.
      water. Consumption from both drinking tubes was recorded for 15 days and
      selection ratios for alcohol per total fluid volume were calculated. C57 mice
      demonstrated increased preference for alcohol as a result of early handling. The
      BALB strain, known for low preference for alcohol, showed increased preference
      for alcohol as well. C3H mice evinced a biphasic effect of early handling,
      showing an initially greater acceptance of alcohol as compared to controls,
      followed by decreased selection.

PMID- 4000376
TI  - Acute psychosis associated with codeine and acetaminophen: a case report.
AB  - A twenty-year-old white male subject without a history of psychiatric disorder
      developed hallucinations and paranoid symptoms following ingestion of 540 mg
      codeine over a period of 36 hr. The symptoms reached an intensity where
      hospitalization became necessary but no specific treatment was required. In less
      than 72 hr, the patient completely recovered from his symptoms and was
      subsequently discharged. In view of the available data on the neurochemical
      effects of opiates and non-narcotic analgesics, it was concluded that inhibition
      of prostaglandin biosynthesis or interference with its action might have caused
      the psychotic symptoms reported.

PMID- 4000377
TI  - [5 years of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (multicenter study
      of 345 patients)].
AB  - A retrospective survey has been undertaken in 7 different centers: 345 patients
      trained to CAPD between 1978 and 1983 were studied: technic success and survival
      rate were analysed using actuarial methods. Drop-out has dramatically decreased
      after May 1981 due to a lower mortality whatever the age. For all patients the
      actuarial survival at two years after 1981 is 87.1%. Related to a lower
      mortality, better results are obtained in patients younger than 55. However
      peritonitis is the main complication since they are involved in 1/3 of drop-out
      causes. It is concluded that CAPD might be used in almost 30% of chronic renal
      failure patients and that patients waiting for a kidney transplantation represent
      the best indication. In aged patients, nutritional status and psychosocial
      background must be carefully analysed before starting CAPD.

PMID- 4000378
TI  - [Modelling in hemodialysis. Why? How?].
AB  - It is an imperative necessity to adapt dialysis therapy patient to patient. This
      adaptation of dialysis procedure requires appropriate representation of water and
      solute exchanges. Kinetic modelling of hemodialysis was investigated in this
      respect. The goal of kinetic modelling is either to estimate one or several
      biologic parameters which are not easily measurable or to reach a prerequisite
      optimal physiologic state for a given patient. Constructing a model implies a
      physiological conception of solute and water exchanges that allows a definition
      of biologic parameters concerned. Mathematic equations only translate
      quantitatively water and solute transfers. A suitable model is in agreement with
      experimental data, and the best is the simplest. Therefore the capital point
      resides in the choice of assumptions which determine the model's precision and
      complexity. This review also outlined the limits of kinetic modelling which
      allows neither the determination of the best target nor the "a posteriori"
      justification of assumptions.

PMID- 4000379
TI  - [Retroperitoneal fibrosis and generalized scleroderma].
AB  - A Raynaud's phenomenon was observed in a 72 year-old man affected by progressive
      systemic sclerosis. Few months later, the patient was readmitted to the Hospital
      because of acute renal failure, and a retroperitoneal fibrosis was first
      suspected on the basis of typical urinary tract alterations, and subsequently
      confirmed at the post-mortem examination. Such association does not appear
      fortuitous on histological data, but it has been rarely described. HLA B27
      antigen is not always present. Symptomatic therapy includes association between
      prednisone and percutaneous nephrostomy.

PMID- 4000380
TI  - [Replacement of the peritoneal dialysis catheter in persistent peritonitis in
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis].
AB  - The replacement of the peritoneal dialysis was performed in 18 cases of
      persistant peritonitis in patients treated with Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal
      Dialysis. This method brought the first sterility of the culture of the dialysate
      within 48 hours after surgery in 83.3% of the cases.

PMID- 4000381
TI  - Behavioral effects of phosphatidylserine in the aged Fischer 344 rat:
      amelioration of passive avoidance deficits without changes in psychomotor task
      performance.
AB  - A series of studies was conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphatidylserine
      (PS) in aged Fischer 344 rats. No effects were observed in any of four
      psychomotor tasks in which aged rats normally show deficits, nor on measures of
      shock sensitivity. However, significant dose-related effects on retention of
      passive avoidance were observed when PS was given both 30 min prior to training
      and retention. Further, in a second experiment similar positive effects were
      observed when PS was given only 30 min prior to training, as well as only 5 min
      following training. These results suggest that one effect of PS may include an
      ability to enhance neural events involved in the encoding or consolidation of new
      information into memory.

PMID- 4000382
TI  - Effect of exercise on longevity, body weight, locomotor performance, and passive
      avoidance memory of C57BL/6J mice.
AB  - Studies of human and animal subjects have suggested that exercise may retard
      aging, help prevent age-related diseases, and prolong life span. Earlier studies
      focused on the effects of exercise on the heart, skeletal muscles, lungs,
      metabolism, and longevity. Researchers recently have begun to direct their
      attention to possible benefits of exercise on the brain. The goals of this study
      were to examine the effects of voluntary wheel-running exercise on life span,
      body weight, food and water intake, locomotor performance, and one-trial passive
      avoidance memory of mature (10-14 month), middle-aged (20-24 month), and old (28
      30 month) C57BL/6J male mice. No significant differences in life span, expressed
      in months, were found between control and exercised mice when exercise was
      carried out during maturity, senescence, intermittently across both periods, or
      continuously throughout maturity and senescence. Exercised adult mice maintained
      body weight compared to adult controls, an effect not apparent in old mice.
      Locomotor performance was reduced in old mice, and exercise increased performance
      much more in adult than in old mice. In the passive avoidance test of recent
      memory, exercise significantly increased latency, that is, it improved retention,
      in adult, middle-aged, and old mice. The effect was greatest in middle-aged, next
      in old, and lowest in adult mice. The findings indicate that exercise may be an
      important modulator of the rate of aging.

PMID- 4000383
TI  - Strain comparison of synaptic density in hippocampal CA1 of aged rats.
AB  - Synaptic density in hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum was studied in two different
      strains of rat at 3 and 24-28 months of age. Neither Fischer 344 nor Sprague
      Dawley rodents showed any age-related loss of synapses. These data support the
      contention that synapse loss with age is not a generalized phenomenon in the
      mammalian CNS.

PMID- 4000384
TI  - Aging in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. III. Alterations in
      capillaries.
AB  - The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTB), a large cell group in the rat
      brainstem auditory pathway, undergoes significant cell loss and loss of synapses
      with advancing age [5,6]. The purpose of the present study was to examine the
      microvasculature of the MTB in rats of the following ages: 3 months (MO), 6 MO,
      24 MO, 27 MO, and 33 MO. In rats aged 24 to 33 MO, the following ultrastructural
      changes were observed in MTB capillaries: (1) large cavitations or spaces within
      capillary basal laminae, and (2) membranous debris, indicative of cellular
      degeneration within leaflets of capillary basal lamina. The volume density ratio
      (VDR) of capillaries decreases significantly between 6 and 33 MO of age.

PMID- 4000385
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to acute footshock stress in adult and aged Fischer 344
      male rats.
AB  - Tail artery catheters were surgically implanted in Fischer 344 male rats to allow
      for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP, mm Hg) and heart rate (HR,
      beats/min) in conscious, unrestrained rats. Basal values of MAP and HR were
      similar for groups of 4, 12 and 24 month old rats. Increments in Map did not
      differ among rats of the 3 ages following handling and transfer to a shock
      chamber or immediately or 5 minutes after exposure to inescapable footshock (2.0
      mA, 0.6 sec duration, every 6 sec for 1 min). In contrast, there was a
      significant age-related attenuation of the tachycardia following handling and
      transfer of rats to the shock chamber and at the end of footshock. These data are
      consistent with previous findings of a reduced sensitivity of the aged myocardium
      to stress-induced sympathetic stimulation.

PMID- 4000386
TI  - Drinking by senescent and adult rats in response to regulatory challenges.
AB  - The regulation of water and electrolyte balance was elevated in senescent
      (greater than 31 months) and adult (5-10 months) rats of several strains. Weekly
      food and water intake, drinking induced by 24-hr water deprivation and drinking
      induced by injection of hypertonic saline were roughly the same in old and adult
      rats. However, senescent rats drank less after injection of the beta-adrenergic
      agonist isoprenaline than adult rats. There were no appreciable strain
      differences in drinking in response to these regulatory challenges although
      baselines sometimes differed between strains.

PMID- 4000387
TI  - Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease: report
      and recommendations.

PMID- 4000388
TI  - Measurement of brain histamine: a reappraisal.

PMID- 4000389
TI  - The utility of astroglia cell enriched fraction from rat brain for studying cell
      membrane potentials: changes induced by hepatogenic encephalopathy.

PMID- 4000390
TI  - Comparison of release of endogenous dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid from rat
      caudate synaptosomes.
AB  - Release of endogenous dopamine (DA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from
      superfused rat caudate synaptosomes was monitored with liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection. Dopamine was analyzed by oxidative detection following
      alumina extraction while GABA was analyzed with reductive detection following pre
      column derivatization with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and extraction. Both
      spontaneous and K+-stimulated (40 mM) release were examined as well as the effect
      of several possible neuromodulatory agents (DA, GABA, muscimol, ascorbic acid,
      acetylcholine). The content of GABA in the sample and the amount released by K+
      were approximately fifty times those of DA although the relative amounts released
      by repetitive K+ stimulations were similar. Muscimol and DA significantly
      attenuated both the spontaneous and stimulated release of GABA while ascorbate
      and acetylcholine had no effect. Acetylcholine significantly increased both the
      stimulated and spontaneous release of DA while the other agents had no effect.
      Dopamine showed an absolute dependence on calcium for stimulated release while
      GABA exhibited a significant calcium-independent release. These results indicate
      that profound differences exist in the factors which modulate the release of
      endogenous DA and GABA.

PMID- 4000391
TI  - Pyridoxal phosphate-unrelated inhibition of hippocampal glutamic acid
      decarboxylase by convulsant pyridoxal sulphate.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that pyridoxal-5'-sulphate, the
      synthetic analogue of pyridoxal phosphate, causes epileptic seizures including
      tonic-clonic convulsions. These seizure activities are prevented or reversed by
      GABA or muscimol. In an attempt to delineate the biochemical basis of these
      seizure processes further, we have studied and shown that pyridoxal sulphate is a
      competitive inhibitor of glutamic acid decarboxylase. In addition, the chronic
      administration of pyridoxal sulphate was shown to reduce the concentration of
      pyridoxal phosphate in the cerebellum, the cerebrum, and basal ganglion, but not
      in the hippocampus. The activity of hippocampal glutamic acid decarboxylase was
      reduced after 1, 3, and 5 days of chronic application of pyridoxal sulphate. The
      inhibition was demonstrated, whether glutamic acid decarboxylase was assayed in
      the presence or absence of its coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. Unlike findings in
      the hippocampus, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase in other brain
      regions was unaffected following chronic application of pyridoxal sulphate. The
      selective toxic effects of pyridoxal sulfate to the hippocampus, a brain area
      well known for its high susceptibility to seizure discharges, deserve additional
      indepth investigation.

PMID- 4000392
TI  - The effects of temperature- and oxygen-acclimation on phospholipids of goldfish
      (Carassius auratus L.) brain microsomes.
AB  - Brain microsome phospholipids and their acyl groups, from temperature and oxygen
      acclimated goldfish, were investigated. At the lower acclimation temperature (5C)
      the proportion of ethanolamine- to choline-glycerophosphatides (GPE/GPC) was
      increased, and the proportion of phosphatidal ethanolamine value decreased. A
      rise in the n-6/n-3 fatty acyl group also occurred in cold acclimation.
      Irrespective of acclimation temperature, 25 degrees C or 5 degrees C, a partial
      replacement of GPC by GPE occurred when the concentration of oxygen was
      increased; conversely the GPE/GPC ratio decreased at the hypoxic level. The
      plasmalogen GPE content increased as the oxygen concentration was raised. A rise
      in the n-6/n-3 ratio, for ethanolamine glycerophosphatides and phosphatidyl
      choline, occurred when the oxygen concentration was increased (hypoxia to
      hyperoxia). It is concluded that the lipid alterations associated with thermal
      acclimation are, in part, attributable to the concomitant change in oxygen
      concentration.

PMID- 4000393
TI  - Long-chain acyl CoA synthetase in microsomes from rat brain gray matter and white
      matter.
AB  - Long-chain acyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase in homogenates and microsomes from
      rat brain gray and white matter was studied. The formation of the thioesters of
      CoA was studied upon addition of [1-14C]-labeled fatty acids. The maximal
      activities were seen with linoleic acid, followed by arachidonic, palmitic, and
      docosahexaenoic acids in both gray and white matter homogenates and microsomes.
      The specific activities in microsomes were 3-5 times higher than in homogenates.
      The presence of Triton X-100 in the assay system enhanced the activity of long
      chain acyl CoA synthetase in homogenates. The effect was more pronounced in
      palmitic and docosahexaenoic acid activation. The apparent Km values and Vmax
      values for palmitic and docosahexaenoic acids were much lower than for linoleic
      and arachidonic acids. The presence of Triton X-100 in the medium caused a
      definite decrease in the apparent Km and Vmax values for all the fatty acids
      except palmitic acid in which case the reverse was true. There were no
      significant differences observed in the kinetic measurements between gray and
      white matter microsomes. These findings are similar to those resulting from the
      known interference of Triton X-100 in the measurement of kinetic variables of
      long-chain acyl CoA synthetase of liver microsomes. In this work, no correlation
      was observed between the fatty acid composition of gray and white matter and the
      capacity of these tissues for the activation of different fatty acids.

PMID- 4000394
TI  - gamma-Hydroxybutyrate uptake by rat brain striatal slices.
AB  - gamma-Hydroxybutyrate uptake by rat brain striatal slices was studied. The uptake
      was saturable with a Km of 702 +/- 107.10(-6) M. gamma-Hydroxybutyrate uptake was
      sodium dependent and inhibited by the omission of potassium. In addition, the
      effect of ouabain suggests that the transport is dependent on a cation gradient.
      Several analogues of gamma-hydroxybutyrate inhibit the transport system. GABA has
      no significant effect. This energy and cation dependent transport system is in
      favor of a transmitter or modulator role of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the rat
      brain striatum.

PMID- 4000396
TI  - Studies on the turnover and subcellular localization of membrane gangliosides in
      cultured neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - To compare the subcellular distribution of endogenously synthesized and exogenous
      gangliosides, cultured murine neuroblastoma cells (N1E-115) were incubated in
      suspension for 22 h in the presence of D-[1-3H]galactose or [3H]GM1 ganglioside,
      transferred to culture medium containing no radioisotope for periods of up to 72
      hr, and then subjected to subcellular fractionation and analysis of lipid-sialic
      acid and radiolabeled ganglioside levels. The results indicated that GM2 and GM3
      were the principal gangliosides in the cells with only traces of GM1 and small
      amounts of disialogangliosides present. About 50% of the endogenously synthesized
      radiolabelled ganglioside in the four major subcellular membrane fractions
      studied was recovered from plasma membrane and only 10-15% from the crude
      mitochondrial membrane fraction. In contrast, 45% of the exogenous [3H]GM1 taken
      up into the same subcellular membrane fractions was recovered from the crude
      mitochondrial fraction; less than 15% was localized in the plasma membrane
      fraction. The results are similar to those obtained from previously reported
      studies on membrane phospholipid turnover. They suggest that exogenous GM1
      ganglioside, like exogenous phosphatidylcholine, does not intermix freely with
      any quantitatively major pool of endogenous membrane lipid.

PMID- 4000395
TI  - Regional lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro: possible role of endogenous
      iron.
AB  - Lipoperoxidative capacity of various brain areas of aging rats was examined in
      vitro using the thiobarbituric acid test. Significant regional differences in the
      generation of lipid peroxides were found in freshly prepared homogenates from
      different areas of brain incubated under air. Incubation under oxygen resulted in
      marked stimulation of lipid peroxidation, with highest increases in hypothalamus
      (144%). Addition of exogenous Fe2+ and ascorbic acid resulted in stimulation of
      lipid peroxidation ranging from 10-fold in cortex to 20-fold in hypothalamus
      homogenates during incubation in air. A linear relationship was found between
      endogenous iron content in brain regions and their ability to produce lipid
      peroxides in vitro under oxygen for all areas except striatum. Several iron
      chelating agents effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation under hyperbaric oxygen
      whereas oxygen-free radical scavengers, as well as catalase and superoxide
      dismutase were not effective. It is concluded that regional differences in
      lipoperoxidative capacity of brain areas in vitro are in part governed by local
      endogenous iron content and may indicate regional susceptibility to oxidative
      damage.

PMID- 4000397
TI  - Oxidative metabolism and acetylcholine synthesis during acetylpyridine treatment.
AB  - In order to clarify the mechanisms by which nicotinic acid deficiency impairs
      brain function, the effects of the nicotinic acid antimetabolite, 3
      acetylpyridine, have been investigated on behavior, cerebral oxidative
      metabolism, and acetylcholine synthesis. In young rats (21-23 days old), 3
      acetylpyridine caused dose- and time-related deficits in behavior, as measured by
      a neurological scale and by "tight-rope" performance, loss of body weight, and
      decreased survival. An intermediate dosage decreased cerebral glucose utilization
      in the inferior olivary nuclei, but increased it in the fastigial, interpositus,
      red, dentate, vestibular, posterior mamillary, and habenular nuclei. Selective
      alteration of metabolism was also observed in brain slices from 3-acetylpyridine
      treated rats. Although forebrain slices were unaffected, in brainstem slices the
      synthesis of acetylcholine decreased by 34% with depolarizing (31 mM)
      concentrations of K+ (P less than 0.05). This dose of 3-acetylpyridine did not
      deplete the total pool of NAD in any of the 7 brain regions examined. Thus, the
      nicotinic acid deficiency which results from 3-acetylpyridine treatment appears
      to be yet another metabolic encephalopathy in which cholinergic systems are
      impaired.

PMID- 4000398
TI  - Stimulation of amino acid accumulation in neuroblastoma and astrocytoma cells by
      L-histidine.
AB  - Uptake of amino acids by cultured neuroblastoma and astrocytoma cells was studied
      in the presence and absence of L-histidine. Intracellularly accumulated histidine
      was assumed to induce accumulation of radioactively labeled amino acids from
      medium by means of exchange transport. Neuroblastoma cells accumulated more
      histidine than astrocytoma cells and were more sensitive to the enhancement of
      uptake of other large neutral amino acids by histidine. Histidine also increased
      glutamic acid uptake in astrocytoma cells, but reduced it in neuroblastoma cells.
      The greatest differences between the cell lines in amino acid uptake without
      histidine were found with acidic amino acids (astrocytoma cells accumulated them
      more than neuroblastoma cells) and with taurine (the reverse was found). The
      uptake and exchange mechanisms for some neutral and acidic amino acids may thus
      be dissimilar in the plasma membranes of cultured cells of neuronal and glial
      origin.

PMID- 4000399
TI  - Phospholipids of normal and experimentally injured spinal cord of the miniature
      pig.
AB  - Experimental spinal cord trauma was produced in 3-month-old SS-1 miniature pigs
      by dropping a 25 g weight from a height of 20 cm upon the exposed spinal cord.
      The histological lesion consisted of edema and hemorrhage. Phospholipid
      concentration and composition, cholesterol concentration and phospholipid fatty
      acid composition were determined in whole spinal cord 3 hours after injury, and
      in spinal cord myelin 5 hours after injury. Three hours after injury phospholipid
      and cholesterol concentration were decreased by about 14% in the whole spinal
      cord. Trauma had no effect on the phospholipid composition of whole spinal cord
      and myelin. Fatty acid composition of myelin also did not change after injury,
      and changed very slightly in the whole spinal cord. It is concluded that edema
      following spinal cord trauma is much more extensive than previously assumed.
      Furthermore, peroxidation of membrane lipid fatty acids does not appear to be a
      significant factor in spinal cord pathology 3 hours after injury.

PMID- 4000400
TI  - Cerebellar deoxyribonucleases and DNA in the androgenized female rat.
AB  - Postnatal developmental patterns of activity for acid and alkaline
      deoxyribonuclease (DNase) were determined in the cerebellum of the androgenized
      female rat. Littermates were injected s.c. with either 1.25 mg testosterone
      propionate (TP) or vehicle 48 hours after birth. The enzymes and DNA content were
      measured in the cerebellum at 3, 6, 10, 15, 18, 22, 35, and 60 days of age.
      Neonatally administered TP affects neither the activities nor the developmental
      patterns of the DNases through age 60 days. However, the DNA content was
      significantly lower in the cerebellum of the TP-treated rats at ages 10 and 15
      days. These data demonstrate that the TP-induced alterations in cerebellar DNA
      content are not mediated by acid or alkaline DNase.

PMID- 4000401
TI  - Feline dysautonomia (the Key-Gaskell syndrome): an ultra structural study of
      autonomic ganglia and nerves.
AB  - Recently a feline dysautonomia of unknown aetiology, the Key-Gaskell syndrome,
      has caused widespread morbidity in the UK. This report describes the
      ultrastructural appearances of the autonomic ganglia and axons of the sympathetic
      chain in this condition. Nuclei of affected neurones were eccentric and
      abnormally crenated. Nucleolar abnormalities such as increased electron density
      (due to loss of the intranucleolar vacuoles), nucleolar segregation and ring
      nucleoli were observed in a proportion of neurones. There was marked loss of
      ribosomes, both bound and unbound, and cisternae of the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum were distended with a floccular electron dense material. Numerous
      smooth-walled cisternae were also present and complex stacks of smooth semi
      parallel membranes were observed, probably derived from the smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum or Golgi apparatus. No normal Golgi formations were seen. Frequent
      autophagic vacuoles and membranous dense bodies were present in some cells. Many
      unmyelinated fibres in the sympathetic chain were swollen and contained vesiculo
      tubular profiles, disordered neurotubules and filaments and various degenerating
      membranous organelles. Myelinated fibres within the sympathetic chain were also
      degenerating. These studies indicate that the organelles involved with protein
      biosynthesis are severely affected by the disease.

PMID- 4000402
TI  - Nerve cell loss in the progressive encephalopathy induced by aluminum powder. A
      morphologic and semiquantitative study of the Purkinje cells.
AB  - The injection of aluminum powder into the cerebrospinal fluid induces a slowly
      progressing encephalomyelopathy with cerebellar atrophy. We have studied the
      changes in the cerebellar cortex in order to establish whether Purkinje cell loss
      takes place. The rabbits were killed by perfusion with paraformaldehyde and
      glutaraldehyde at intervals from 3 to 85 days after injection of aluminum.
      Changes were observed in all animals killed between 12 and 85 days after the
      injection. Neurofibrillary degeneration with 10 nm neurofilaments was observed in
      the perikaryon of Purkinje cells. The neurofibrillary tangles extended into the
      proximal part of the dendrites and of the axons. A time-related deterioration of
      the Purkinje cells was observed. These cells appeared atrophic with eccentric and
      shrunken nuclei and with dark cytoplasm. By electron microscopy debris of
      Purkinje cell perikarya, dendrites and axons were found. The semiquantitative
      analysis revealed a time-related loss of Purkinje cells. Atrophy of the molecular
      and granule cell layers was observed. A marked proliferation of glial cells
      contrasted with the severe neuronal losses. Such findings may be relevant to
      several human diseases in which the central nervous system is exposed to aluminum
      over long periods of time.

PMID- 4000403
TI  - A quantitative histological study of neuronal loss from the locus coeruleus of
      ageing mice.
AB  - A quantitative histological study of neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) was
      carried out in ASH/TO mice aged 6, 9, 12, 15, 22, 25, 28 and 31 months. Counts
      were carried out on the right LC in 6 micron parasagittal sections. There was a
      wide individual variation and also a variation between age groups from 6 and 15
      months, but the mean number of neurons in the LC never fell below 1325 until
      after 25 months. The mean number of neurons in the LC from 6 to 25 months was
      1520 +/- 73. The mean number of neurons at 28 and 31 months was 1009 +/- 60 and
      854 +/- 146 respectively. This indicates that the pattern of neuron loss in the
      LC of ASH/TO mice is similar to that found in the normal ageing human brain in a
      number of quantitative histological studies.

PMID- 4000404
TI  - Infantile hypothalamic hamartoma with multiple congenital abnormalities.
AB  - This case report describes a hypothalamic hamartoma with multiple congenital
      abnormalities in a male infant, with a post-mortem examination and histology of
      the lesion.

PMID- 4000405
TI  - Decreased 5-HT2 but not 5-HT1 receptor binding in cortex of rat after chronic
      administration of dothiepin. Application of the Woolf plot to analysis of binding
      parameters.
AB  - Prolonged administration of the antidepressant drug, dothiepin hydrochloride (30
      mg/kg orally twice daily for 24 days), resulted in a significant decrease in the
      population of serotonin2 (5-HT2) binding sites in the frontal cortex of rats
      whereas serotonin1 (5-HT1) binding sites remained unaltered. No significant
      differences in affinity constants for either ligand-binding site interaction were
      observed. Analyses of the binding parameters was performed using linear
      transformation methods of the specific binding isotherms according to Scatchard
      (1949) [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51: 660-672] or Woolf (see Haldane, 1957: Nature
      179: 832). The resulting parameter estimates generated in each analysis were
      compared. Although both methods demonstrated the decreased Bmax for 5-HT2 binding
      sites with no change in 5-HT1 sites after prolonged administration of dothiepin,
      Woolf analyses gave reliably better estimates of the binding parameters as judged
      by examination of the respective correlation coefficients for best fit linear
      regression lines.

PMID- 4000407
TI  - Hot-plate learning in mice is unaltered by immediate post-training administration
      of naloxone, naltrexone or morphine.
AB  - Repeated exposure to the hot-plate assay results in shorter response latencies in
      both rats and mice. In view of the postulated role of endorphins in memory
      processes, the present study examined the effects of immediate post-trial opiate
      induced manipulations on this phenomenon of hot-plate learning. In experiment 1,
      adult male mice were injected with naloxone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) immediately
      after initial hot-plate testing and were reassessed 24 and 48 hr later. In
      experiment 2, mice were similarly treated with either naltrexone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg)
      or morphine (0.5-5.0 mg/kg) and retested 48 and 72 hr later. Results indicated a
      potent training effect in all groups but failed to reveal any significant effects
      of drugs. These data are inconsistent with a role for endorphins in hot-plate
      learning and, further, may question the generality of the involvement of opioids
      in memory processes.

PMID- 4000406
TI  - Acute effects of cholinesterase inhibitors on uptake of choline in the rat iris.
AB  - The choline uptake system has been characterized in the albino rat iris. The
      isolated iris of the rat accumulates choline (Ch) by a high affinity (Km = 3.23
      microM) and a low affinity (Km = 68.4 microM) process. The uptake of 1 microM Ch
      at 37 degrees C was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by hemicholinium (IC50
      is 70 microM) and by ouabain (IC50 is 1 mM). The high affinity uptake was
      temperature and sodium-dependent. At 0 degrees C uptake of Ch was reduced by over
      85% and it was not sensitive to hemicholinium. This suggests that choline is
      taken up by a high affinity active transport into the cholinergic terminals of
      the iris. The uptake of 1 microM Ch at 37 degrees C was inhibited by 1 mM
      scopolamine and was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by the irreversible
      anticholinesterase diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Physostigmine, an anti
      cholinesterase lacking agonistic action, decreased the uptake of Ch to 73% of
      control at 1 mM. The rat iris is a much more homogeneous and readily accessible
      tissue than the CNS, therefore, it offers several advantages in pharmacological
      studies of drug action on a selective population of cholinergic terminals.

PMID- 4000408
TI  - The administration of baclofen to mice increases 5-HT2-mediated head-twitch
      behaviour and 5-HT2 receptor number in frontal cortex.
AB  - Mice were injected with baclofen (10 mg/kg) and then given baclofen in drinking
      water (10 mg/kg/day). After 1 day of administration of baclofen the head-twitch
      response to the precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was reduced but the
      response to the agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) was
      unaltered. However, after 14 days the head-twitch response to both 5-HTP and 5
      MeODMT was enhanced and this enhancement was present for 14 days after drug
      withdrawal. After 14 days of administration of baclofen the number of 5-HT2
      receptor binding sites in frontal cortex (labelled by [3H]-ketanserin) was also
      elevated. It is suggested that the enhanced 5-HT2 function, following longer-term
      administration of baclofen is the consequence of the drug inhibiting 5-HT release
      in vivo, as indicated by the observations after acute administration.

PMID- 4000409
TI  - Effects of morphine and naloxone on pilocarpine-induced convulsions in rats.
AB  - Systemic administration of morphine hydrochloride (MF; 5-80 mg/kg; i.p.) in rats
      enhanced the epileptogenic potential of pilocarpine hydrochloride (PIL) in a dose
      dependent manner. PIL, 100 mg/kg; i.p., which did not result in convulsions by
      itself, produced sustained limbic seizures and epileptic brain damage in MF
      pretreated rats. MF-induced enhancement of PIL neurotoxicity was blocked by
      naloxone hydrochloride (NAL; 2 and 10 mg/kg; i.p.). Administration of NAL (2-20
      mg/kg) prior to PIL in the dose of 380 mg/kg moderately decreased the incidence
      of convulsions, brain damage and lethal toxicity produced by this agent. These
      results support the hypothesis that opiate mechanisms are involved in the
      maintenance of the threshold for propagation of seizure activity within limbic
      circuits.

PMID- 4000410
TI  - Opposite effects of opiate agonists on metabolic weight loss in mice.
AB  - Morphine (M) produced a dose-related decrease in metabolic weight loss (MWL) over
      a three-hour period, despite the fact that it significantly enhanced locomotor
      activity in male mice. This conservation of energy was specific to opioid
      receptors because naltrexone HCl (N) blocked it. These receptors were localized
      mainly to the periphery because a form of N that does not enter the brain, MR2663
      BR (QN) eliminated the conservation response and instead increased MWL. The
      increase in MWL induced by M plus QN was blocked by MR2266 (MR), a specific kappa
      receptor antagonist. We suggest that this increase is due to the unmasking of a
      kappa opioid system located in the brain that acts to enhance energy expenditure.
      In support of this idea, administration of the kappa receptor agonist U-50,488H
      (U) produced a dose-related increase in MWL to levels nearly twice that of saline
      controls, while markedly reducing locomotor activity. These actions were blocked
      by MR but not by N. They were not blocked by QN and this suggests they originate
      mainly in the brain. Increasing amounts of M caused increasing inhibition of
      metabolic weight loss induced by a constant amount of U. This supports the idea
      of an antagonistic relationship between the two opioid systems.

PMID- 4000411
TI  - The effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on opioid peptide mediated inhibition of
      guinea pig ileum.
AB  - Strips of guinea pig ileum were mounted in a tissue bath within the poles of a
      magnet capable of generating a 50 Hz field of intensity up to 1 mT. In the
      absence of magnetic field the preparations were stimulated transmurally at
      tetanic frequency (10 Hz). The post-tetanic inhibition was antagonised by
      naloxone. When this inhibitory phase was repeated in the presence of a magnetic
      field of 0.5 mT there was a small but significant increase in the inhibition when
      compared with paired controls.

PMID- 4000412
TI  - Is cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) a candidate for endogenous anti-opioid
      substrates?
AB  - Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), given intracerebroventricularly (icv) or
      intrathecally (ith) at the dose range of 0.25-4.0 ng, dose-dependently
      antagonised the effect of morphine analgesia and electroacupuncture analgesia
      (EAA) in the rat. That CCK-8 antiserum was capable of reversing the tolerance to
      EAA and changing the non-responders of EAA into responders suggest CCK-8 to be
      the endogenous anti-opioid substrate and that blocking the effect of CCK-8 may
      prove to be a powerful way of augmenting the effect of morphine analgesia and EA
      analgesia.

PMID- 4000413
TI  - The effect of fentanyl on the lick/chew response in rabbits.
AB  - Tooth pulp stimulation in the rabbit produces a complex rhythmic lick/chew
      response (LCR). Because of the effect of fentanyl on the afferent and efferent
      components of oral function we examined its effect on this response. Intravenous
      fentanyl attenuates the LCR in a dose dependent manner with the ED50 occurring at
      0.1 mg/kg. Concurrently a different response to tooth stimulation appears
      consisting of a slow, non-rhythmic lateral jaw movement (LJR). The effects of
      fentanyl on both LCR and LJR are blocked by naloxone (0.1 mg/kg). The dopamine
      antagonist, chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg iv) also has the same qualitative effect as
      fentanyl on both responses.

PMID- 4000414
TI  - Sites of analgesic actions of kyotorphin and D-kyotorphin in the central nervous
      system of rats.
AB  - Kyotorphin(KTP) and its analog D-kyotorphin(D-KTP) which is resistant to enzyme
      degradation produced dose-dependent analgesic effects in the tail-pinch test when
      applied locally to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), nucleus reticularis
      paragigantocellularis(NRPG) and lumbosacral subarachnoid space(LSS) near the
      spinal dorsal horn in rts. ED50 values of both dipeptides at the PAG, NRPG and
      LSS were: 59.0, 105 and 52.6 micrograms/rat for KTP, and 6.2, 8.8 and 10.6
      micrograms/rat for D-KTP, respectively. Pretreatment with naloxone(1 mg/kg s.c.)
      significantly inhibited the analgesic effects of KTP and D-KTP at the PAG and LSS
      but not at the NRPG. Simultaneous administration of bestatin (2.5 or 50
      micrograms) with KTP enhanced the analgesic effect of KTP in the PAG and LSS but
      not in the NRPG. These findings suggest that the analgesic actions of KTP and D
      KTP result from two different mechanisms, 1)enkephgalin-releasing mechanism in
      the PAG and spinal dorsal horn, and 2)a mechanism without involvement of
      enkephalin-releasing actions in the NRPG.

PMID- 4000415
TI  - The use of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, in the treatment of intractable pain.
AB  - Thirteen adult patients with established thalamic syndrome, resistant to prior
      analgesic and other therapy, were treated with intravenous infusions of the
      opiate antagonist, naloxone. A total of twenty treatments were administered with
      doses of naloxone varying from 4.0-8.0 mgs. Seven patients exhibited beneficial
      effects with the duration of the resultant pain relief ranging from four days to
      two and a half years. In these patients, pain and hyperpathia were completely
      obtunded in six out of seven and partially in one. Side effects of therapy were
      minimal and of short duration being mainly confined to the cardiovascular system.
      During therapy all patients had continuous E.C.G. monitoring. In certain
      ischaemic conditions of the central nervous system, endogenous opioids possibly
      reduce cerebral blood flow via. inhibition of the locus coeruleus and subsequent
      release of noradrenaline: hence naloxone by inhibiting the opioids could increase
      cerebral perfusion pressure. This study has shown the benefit of treating
      patients with cerebral ischaemic lesions with an opioid antagonist. The rapidity
      of onset of pain relief in these patients would appear to indicate a mode of
      action by increasing cerebral perfusion.

PMID- 4000416
TI  - The effect of morphine upon CSF opioids in dogs.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid opioid activity was measured in dogs before and after
      morphine administration in order to investigate whether morphine results in an
      increase in CSF endogenous opioid levels. CSF was fractionated on a gel
      filtration column, and these fractions were assayed using a radioreceptor assay.
      Several peaks of opioid activity were seen in dog CSF both before and after
      morphine treatment. The predominant change in opioid peak patterns was the
      appearance after morphine treatment of a large peak in the elution position of
      morphine itself. Radiotracer studies verified that micromolar concentrations of
      morphine were present in CSF, which is enough morphine for potent binding
      activity. In addition to the increased activity in the elution position of
      morphine, several peaks of endogenous opioid activity showed increases after
      morphine treatment which were statistically significant.

PMID- 4000417
TI  - Dermorphin-like immunoreactivity in guinea pig and rat stomach.
AB  - Dermorphin is an opioid peptide containing one D-amino acid isolated from
      amphibian skin. We examined the presence of dermorphin-like immunoreactivity (DMP
      IR) in mammalian brain and tissues using an antiserum developed in our own
      laboratory which works at a dilution of 1:120,000 for Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and
      can detect 2.1 pg of dermorphin. We were unable to find DMP-IR in guinea pig, rat
      and toad brain and rat and toad spinal cord either extracted with methanol or
      with HCl. The guinea pig and rat stomach contained significant amounts of DMP-IR
      (228.9 pg/mg protein and 97.5 pg/mg protein respectively) when extracted with HCl
      but not with methanol. The DMP-IR we detected in the stomach is not dermorphin
      per se. A single peak of DMP-IR was found on Sephadex G-25 gel filtration. When
      re-chromatographed on reverse phase HPLC, this peak of DMP-IR gave rise to three
      peaks of DMP-IR.

PMID- 4000418
TI  - Differential alterations by chronic treatment with morphine of pro
      opiomelanocortin mRNA levels in anterior as compared to intermediate pituitary
      lobes of rats.
AB  - Chronic treatment of rats with morphine by implantation of pellets over a period
      of 10 days resulted in a differential alteration of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
      mRNA levels in individual pituitary lobes: Hybridisation studies using a 32P
      labelled mouse POMC cDNA fragment of 150 bases as a probe revealed that chronic
      morphine treatment causes about 50% enhancement of POMC mRNA levels in the
      anterior lobe and about 40% decrease in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary.
      Significant changes were observed 3 days following commencement of administration
      and persisted over the rest of the morphine treatment.

PMID- 4000419
TI  - Characterization of a high molecular weight polypeptide from spinal cord with
      (Leu) enkephalin-immunoreactivity.
AB  - A high molecular weight polypeptide (ca. 24000 Da) which contained only (Leu)
      enkephalin immunoreactivity, has been isolated from spinal cord. Molecular size
      and the presence of at least one copy of (Leu)enkephalin was established by
      chromatography in combination with a specific radioimmunoassay for
      (Leu)enkephalin.

PMID- 4000420
TI  - A comparison of opioid peptide precursors in guinea pig, rat and bovine striata
      and guinea pig adrenal.
AB  - In this study guinea pig, rat and bovine striatal extracts have been shown to
      contain putative opioid peptide precursors in the molecular weight (Mr) range
      2000-greater than 70000. The material eluting greater than 70 kDalton contained
      bioassayable opioid activity but not Met- or Leu-enkephalin-like
      immunoreactivities (ME-IR and LE-IR) and may represent a novel endogenous opioid
      peptide precursor.

PMID- 4000421
TI  - How is kyotorphin (Tyr-Arg) generated in the brain?
AB  - Kyotorphin (Tyr-Arg) was rapidly degraded in the brain homogenates and purified
      membrane-bound aminopeptidase from monkey brains. The degradation of kyotorphin
      by these preparations was effectively inhibited by bestatin. When brain
      homogenates or slices were incubated with bestatin, kyotorphin was accumulated
      time-dependently in a rate of 1.0 or 2.1 pmol/mg protein/hr, respectively. The
      bestatin-induced kyotorphin accumulation was inhibited by leupeptin, p
      chloromercuribenzoate, but not phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride or
      diisopropylphosphate. The kyotorphin accumulation was concentrated in the P2
      (crude mitochondrial) fraction, particularly in the particulate or synaptosomal
      fraction. These findings suggest that kyotorphin may be generated in vitro from
      precursor proteins by membrane-bound, leupeptin-sensitive "kyotorphin converting
      enzymes" in close vicinity to membrane-bound aminopeptidase which rapidly
      degrades kyotorphin generated.

PMID- 4000422
TI  - Identification of high molecular weight enkephalin percursor forms in human
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - An enzyme radioimmunoassay procedure has been used to identify (Leu)- and
      (Met)enkephalin containing polypeptides in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A
      large volume of lumbar CSF collected from 15-20 neurologic subjects was
      fractionated by ion exchange chromatography on Aminex Q-15 and subsequently on
      Sephadex G-50. The lyophilized fractions were treated with trypsin and the
      generated enkephalyl hexapeptides were isolated by SP-Sephadex ion-exchange
      chromatography and quantified by radioimmunoassay specific for (Met)enkephalin
      Arg6/Lys6 and (Leu)enkephalin-Arg6, respectively. Confirmation of the structures
      of the recovered fragments was obtained by HPLC. In total, the procedure yielded
      about 100 fmole (Met)-enkephalyl and 40 fmole (Leu)enkephalyl hexapeptides per ml
      CSF. Our results also suggest that the main part of the (Leu)enkephalin related
      activity emerged from prodynorphin.

PMID- 4000423
TI  - Release of high molecular weight forms of met5-enkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8 from rat
      brain.
AB  - The release of various molecular weight forms of met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8 (MERGL)
      from slices prepared from rat medulla-pons and hypothalamus was studied. The
      release of MERGL-IR from both medulla-pons and hypothalamic slices was elevated
      four- to ten-fold in response to potassium depolarization. Gel of 8 to 10
      kilodalton MERGL-IR peptide(s), as well as MERGL itself, were released in
      response to stimulation with 50 mM K+.

PMID- 4000424
TI  - Influence of acute, subchronic and chronic treatment with neuroleptic
      (haloperidol) on enkephalins and their precursors in the striatum of rat brain.
AB  - We examined the effects of chronic, subchronic and acute treatment with
      haloperidol on the ME, the MERGL and enkephalin precursor concentrations in rat
      brain. The changes affected primarily the striatum. The ME content was greatly
      increased by the treatment, the precursor level was decreased by the haloperidol
      treatment. The specific mRNA for proenkephalin A increased. For these reasons, we
      conclude that the effect of haloperidol increase both the biosynthesis and the
      processing of precursors of enkephalins in the striatum.

PMID- 4000425
TI  - Opiate regulation of mesolimbic serotonin release: in vivo semiderivative
      electrochemical analyses.
AB  - The effect of a pharmacologically effective dose of d-morphine sulfate on
      serotonin release from nucleus accumbens of male, Sprague-Dawley rats was
      studied. In vivo electrochemical evidence showed that the reference exogenous
      opiate, morphine, after intraperitoneal administration, significantly increased
      basal nucleus accumbens serotonin release over control values. These data show a
      mesolimbic opiate-serotonergic interaction in rat brain.

PMID- 4000426
TI  - The analgesic and respiratory depressant actions of metorphamide in mice and
      rabbits.
AB  - Metorphamide (MET) elicited a potent, dose-dependent analgesia and respiratory
      depression in mice and rabbits. MET induced-analgesia was naloxone reversible and
      potentiated by bestatin. Naloxonazine, a relatively selective mu 1 blocker, at
      certain dosage (50 micrograms per rabbit, icv), could abolish the analgesia but
      not the respiratory inhibition produced by MET. Our result indicates that mu 1
      receptors mediate the MET induced-analgesia but not its respiratory effect. Since
      MET is a mu- and kappa-ligand with very low delta activity, the MET induced
      respiratory depression may be mediated by mu 2 or kappa binding sites.

PMID- 4000427
TI  - Motilin effects on the heart and blood vessels of the pithed rat.
AB  - Motilin, a 22 amino acid polypeptide was shown to affect smooth muscle tone in
      the gastrointestinal tract. However, its widespread distribution in peripheral
      and central components of the autonomic nervous system suggest a role in other
      functions such as regulation of vascular tone and hemodynamic variables.
      Therefore, the effect of motilin on vascular tone, cardiac rhythm and blood
      vessel response to pressor stimuli was studied in the pithed rat. It is shown
      that motilin produces a prolonged depressor effect. The depressor responses were
      dose dependent at the range of 30 - 300 nmol/kg (max. decrease: -22 +/- 4 mmHg).
      In addition, motilin attenuated pressor responses to vasopressin, leukotriene D4,
      and the pressor effect evoked by complete spinal cord stimulation. Motilin did
      not affect the basal heart rate nor did it alter sympathetically induced heart
      rate acceleration. Motilin did not affect the circulatory level of norepinephrine
      or epinephrine at resting state or of norepinephrine released by spinal cord
      stimulation; motilin significantly suppressed epinephrine released by spinal cord
      stimulation. These data suggest a role for motilin in regulation of blood vessel
      tone by direct action on the vascular smooth muscle. In addition, motilin might
      play a role in regulation of epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla.

PMID- 4000428
TI  - Oxytocin antiserum delays onset of ovarian steroid-induced maternal behavior.
AB  - We have previously reported that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of
      oxytocin (OXY) produces a significant increase in maternal behavior in
      ovariectomized (OVXed) rats given a single priming dose of estrogen. Arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) has a weaker and more delayed but significant facilitating
      effect on the onset of maternal behavior. Other investigators have demonstrated
      that prolonged treatment of OVXed nulliparous rats with estrogen and progesterone
      followed by withdrawal of progesterone shortens the latency of onset of maternal
      behavior. We hypothesized that ovarian steroids increase the onset of maternal
      behavior by a central mechanism involving OXY and possibly AVP. To test this
      nulliparous Sprague Dawley rats were given SC one Silastic capsule containing 4.4
      mg of 17 beta-estradiol eight days after OVX and three capsules each containing
      40 mg of progesterone ten days after OVX. Progesterone capsules were removed on
      the 20th day after OVX, 24 hrs before the introduction of three rat pups (1-5
      days old). One hr prior to introduction of pups animals received ICV 10
      microliters of anti-oxytocin antiserum (AOA), anti-arginine vasopressin antiserum
      (AVA), anti-neurotensin antiserum (ANA), normal rabbit serum (NRS), AOA + 250 ng
      OXY or no ICV infusion. Animals receiving AOA displayed significantly less
      maternal behavior compared to animals receiving NRS, ANA or no ICV infusion over
      the first two, six and 25 hrs of pup contact. OXY significantly reversed the
      inhibitory effect of AOA in the first two hrs of pup contact. AVA significantly
      decreased the onset of maternal behavior compared to ANA or no ICV infusion over
      the first six hrs of pup contact.

PMID- 4000429
TI  - Extradural and hourglass cervical neurinomas: the vertebral artery problem.
AB  - Eleven cases of cervical neurinomas with an extradural component were operated on
      with control of the vertebral artery as the first step of the surgical procedure.
      The lateral anterior approach was used first in each case with excellent results.
      In the case of hourglass tumors (seven cases), a complementary posterior approach
      was performed to remove the intradural portion. Primary control of the vertebral
      artery in cases of extradural or hourglass neurinoma is a logical and safe
      procedure in the attempt to achieve complete and bloodless tumor removal.

PMID- 4000430
TI  - Relative prognostic value of best motor response and brain stem reflexes in
      patients with severe head injury.
AB  - The object of this study was to determine whether the addition of information on
      brain stem reflexes improves the prognostic precision of the Glasgow coma scale
      for patients with severe head trauma. The study is based on 109 patients with a
      Glasgow coma score of 7 or less during the first 24 hours after injury. The
      average age was 23 years. The patients were classified into three groups
      according to their actual outcome after 6 months: dead, 44 patients; persistent
      vegetative state and severe disability, 13 patients; moderate disability and good
      recovery, 52 patients. We then compared, by means of multiple group logistic
      regression, the prognostic ability of motor responses alone using the Glasgow
      criteria and of brain stem reflexes via an original approach. We showed that the
      predictive capabilities of brain stem reflexes were greater than those of motor
      responses. Although closely related (r = 0.68), the use of these two parameters
      in a single scale, the Glasgow-Liege scale, improves the precision of prognosis,
      especially for those head trauma patients with initial and complete loss of
      consciousness. Age was also revealed to be an important factor for outcome
      prediction.

PMID- 4000431
TI  - Nonoperative management of extradural hematoma.
AB  - Extradural hematomas (EDHs) do not always require surgical evacuation. We report
      a subgroup of conscious patients harboring EDHs who were referred for computed
      tomographic (CT) scanning several days after head injury with neurological signs
      that were static or improving. Twelve patients with EDHs 12 to 38 ml in volume
      were offered nonsurgical management and were followed by serial CT scanning. All
      patients made a complete neurological recovery and showed resolution of the
      hematoma on CT scanning over a period of 3 to 15 weeks. The features that may
      make an extradural hematoma suitable for conservative treatment are discussed.

PMID- 4000432
TI  - Gunshot wound to the pons with functional neuroanatomical and
      electrophysiological correlation.
AB  - We describe a patient with a gunshot wound to the brain that traversed the left
      cerebellar hemisphere and terminated in the left lateral midpons. The clinical
      findings, operative course, neuroradiographic features, and evoked potential data
      are correlated with the functional anatomy of the pons. It is possible to
      demonstrate that a local lesion in the lateral pons causes a hemiparesis, worse
      in the upper extremity, thus suggesting a somatotopic localization of the pontine
      corticospinal tract not previously described.

PMID- 4000433
TI  - Microvascular decompression in hemifacial spasm: intraoperative
      electrophysiological observations.
AB  - Facial muscle responses in patients with hemifacial spasm undergoing
      microvascular decompression operations were recorded. Two peripheral branches of
      the facial nerve were stimulated and the electrical responses of muscles
      innervated by these branches were studied to see how the lateral spread of
      activity that is known to be present in these patients was affected by
      decompressing the facial nerve. In some of the patients the hemifacial spasm
      ceased when the dura mater was opened, in some it ceased when the arachnoid was
      opened, and in others the spasm persisted until the offending vessel was
      dissected away from the nerve. The lateral spread of activity elicited by
      antidromic stimulation of a branch of the facial nerve was less affected by
      opening of the dura mater or arachnoid: it usually persisted until the blood
      vessel that had been compressing the facial nerve was removed and reappeared when
      the vessel that had been compressing the facial nerve was allowed to slip back
      onto the nerve. This seems to indicate that microvascular decompression of the
      facial nerve is effective in alleviating hemifacial spasm because it removes the
      actual cause of the disorder rather than simply causing local injury to the nerve
      as a result of the procedure.

PMID- 4000434
TI  - Electroencephalographic consequences of sodium dehydrocholate-induced blood-brain
      barrier disruption: Part 1. Acute and chronic effects of intracarotid sodium
      dehydrocholate.
AB  - Prior work has shown that the intracarotid infusion of sodium dehydrocholate can
      produce prolonged reversible blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Associated
      with barrier disruption is the occasional presence of behavioral seizure
      activity. Electroencephalographic changes were monitored in 32 rats after BBB
      disruption by the left internal carotid artery infusion of sodium dehydrocholate.
      The electroencephalogram (EEG) was monitored for 3 hours after disruption in 20
      animals, and the remaining 12 animals were followed for 24 hours. The EEG was
      also monitored in 8 additional control animals: 4 had undergone carotid artery
      infusion with normal saline, and 4 had received sodium dehydrocholate
      intravenously. The 20 rats monitored for up to 3 hours postinfusion were found to
      have varying grades of BBB disruption as measured by the presence of Evans blue
      staining of the brain. EEG alterations in this group included decreased amplitude
      and slowing as well as the presence of spike activity over the disrupted and the
      nondisrupted hemispheres. The more extensive the disruption, the more severe the
      EEG changes. In animals with minimal to moderate disruption, the EEG usually
      returned to base line levels within 3 hours after infusion. Animals with marked
      disruption usually had bilaterally flat EEGs before the end of the observation
      period. The remaining 12 animals were followed for 24 hours postinfusion. Of 9
      animals surviving 24 hours, 1 animal had a decrease in amplitude over the
      disrupted hemisphere; in the remaining 8 animals, the spontaneous EEG was
      unchanged from predisruption levels except for occasional spikes in 2 animals.
      Animals infused with intracarotid saline or intravenous sodium dehydrocholate
      demonstrated no EEG changes or Evans blue staining.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4000435
TI  - Electroencephalographic consequences of sodium dehydrocholate-induced blood-brain
      barrier disruption: Part 2. Generation and propagation of spike activity after
      the topical application of sodium dehydrocholate.
AB  - Sodium dehydrocholate was applied topically to the right hemispheric cortex of
      eight rats and the electrocorticogram was monitored from both the treated cortex
      and the homotopic cortex of the contralateral hemisphere. All animals developed
      blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the treated cortex as evidenced by
      cortical staining with systemically administered Evans blue dye. Spike activity
      developed in three of eight animals after the topical application of
      dehydrocholate. The subsequent intravenous injection of sodium dehydrocholate
      provoked spike activity in both hemispheres in all eight animals. Dependent and
      independent spike activity was recorded in the nondisrupted hemisphere. The
      intravenous administration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resulted in
      alterations in spike activity in four of five animals because of penetration of
      the GABA through the altered BBB. These findings demonstrate that sodium
      dehydrocholate can result in increased BBB permeability when applied directly to
      the cortical surface. Spike activity subsequent to the topical application of
      dehydrocholate can be enhanced by systemic loading with dehydrocholate. Spike
      activity occurring over the nontreated cortex (secondary focus) represents
      interhemispheric propagation of spike activity from the disrupted hemisphere
      (primary focus). The lack of Evans blue staining in the actively discharging
      secondary focus suggests that spike activity does not account for the increases
      in BBB permeability observed with dehydrocholate treatment.

PMID- 4000436
TI  - Late stenosis of a superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery bypass:
      angiographic and histological findings.
AB  - The course of a patient with an initially widely patent superficial temporal
      artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass and an enlarged donor vessel is
      presented. Over 17 months, the STA became markedly stenotic. Serial angiography
      is correlated with autopsy histological findings showing severe atherosclerotic
      changes throughout the donor vessel. The potential causative factors, both
      medical and surgical, are discussed and the appropriate literature is reviewed.
      Parallels are drawn from the cardiac bypass experience. The bypass itself may
      have precipitated or accelerated intimal hyperplasia, which stenosed (and may
      have eventually occluded) the vessel. Is this phenomenon more frequent than we
      realize?

PMID- 4000437
TI  - Bifrontal epidural hematoma after transsphenoidal operation: report of a case
      with a rare complication.
AB  - We report a patient with a growth hormone-secreting adenoma who developed
      bifrontal epidural hematomas after a transsphenoidal operation. To our knowledge,
      this is the first report of such a complication.

PMID- 4000438
TI  - Arteriovenous malformation in the territory of the occluded middle cerebral
      artery with massive intraoperative brain swelling: case report.
AB  - We present an extremely rare case of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the
      territory of the middle cerebral artery, the main trunk of which was occluded
      asymptomatically. Immediately after an uneventful excision of the entire AVM,
      massive brain swelling occurred unexpectedly and was treated successfully with
      high dose barbiturate therapy associated with other standard measures of
      controlling increased intracranial pressure. The underlying pathophysiological
      mechanisms leading to the massive intraoperative brain swelling in this case are
      discussed.

PMID- 4000439
TI  - Traumatic aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery caused by fracture
      of the clivus.
AB  - The authors present a case of traumatic aneurysm of the posterior inferior
      cerebellar artery produced by fracture of the clivus. Varieties of clival
      fractures reported in the literature are reviewed. Associated basilar or carotid
      arterial lesions have been reported, but traumatic aneurysm, so far as we are
      aware, has not. The authors emphasize the importance of a high index of suspicion
      of undetected traumatic intracranial aneurysm when an unusual amount of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage is noted on the initial computed tomographic scan,
      particularly if associated with displaced basal skull fracture.

PMID- 4000440
TI  - Hemorrhage into a spinal ependymoma after peridural anesthesia.
AB  - The authors present a case of the accidental puncture of a spinal ependymoma
      causing bleeding and an increase in the preexisting neurological deficits.

PMID- 4000441
TI  - Vertebral artery occlusion at the narrowed "scalenovertebral angle": mechanical
      vertebral occlusion in the distal first portion.
AB  - We report a patient who developed occasional vertigo when turning his head to the
      right side. Occlusion of the right vertebral artery occurred at the narrowed
      "scalenovertebral angle" with this rotational head movement. This triangular
      tunnel consisted of the hypertrophied ligament of the longus colli muscle and the
      anterior scalene muscle. Decompression of these extraluminal compressive factors
      led to relief of the symptoms. Two different kinds of extrinsic compression at
      the first portion of the vertebral artery are discussed.

PMID- 4000442
TI  - Left atrial myxoma with cerebral emboli.
AB  - Infarction of the central nervous system secondary to embolism from left atrial
      myxoma is a recognized phenomenon. However, myxoma as the source of an embolus
      may be overlooked if an index of suspicion is not present during the evaluation
      of the patient with a stroke without a known cause. We present a case report that
      illustrates some of the pitfalls and characteristic findings present in the
      evaluation of these patients. The magnetic resonance image of multiple cerebral
      aneurysms and infarction associated with this condition is presented along with a
      unique, arteriographically proven resolution of a fusiform cerebral aneurysm
      after the removal of the cardiac tumor. A review of published case reports
      suggests that, if the cardiac tumor is recognized and treated quickly, the
      ultimate prognosis, while uncertain, is usually good. However, because the
      potential exists for recurrence of the cardiac tumor, for enlargement of the
      cerebral lesions, or for late development of cerebral lesions, long term follow
      up is mandatory and a vigorous work-up must be pursued if the patient again
      becomes symptomatic or develops central nervous system manifestations for the
      first time.

PMID- 4000443
TI  - Intracerebral hematoma secondary to lightning stroke: case report and review of
      the literature.
AB  - A young boy sustained a lightning stroke to his head. He was rendered immediately
      unconscious and hemiplegic. Computed tomography revealed three discrete basal
      ganglia hematomas. This patient's management is discussed, and a review of
      lightning injuries to the central nervous system is presented.

PMID- 4000444
TI  - Cerebral etiology of acute mountain sickness: a case report.
AB  - The authors report a case of acute mountain sickness (AMS) experienced by a
      support member of the Ultima Thule Everest Expedition. The subject arrived at the
      17,000-ft base camp by truck and then developed the symptoms of AMS over the
      following 72 hours. Flash-induced visual evoked responses (VERs), tetrapolar
      impedance pulmonary plethysmography, and oxygen saturation measurements were
      performed. These changed from normal before the onset of his symptoms to abnormal
      during the height of the symptoms and reverted to normal after treatment. This is
      the first reported case of AMS monitored with VERs. It has been postulated that
      AMS may be an early form of cerebral edema, and this report corroborates this
      hypothesis.

PMID- 4000445
TI  - Malignant teratoma of the optic nerve: case report.
AB  - An unusual case of a malignant teratoma of the right optic nerve with extension
      into the chiasm is presented. The preoperative diagnosis was difficult to
      establish. Complete removal of the lesion with postoperative irradiation was
      carried out. Eight months after the operation, the patient developed subarachnoid
      metastases by the cerebrospinal fluid pathway as well as systemic metastases and
      died. No local recurrence of the tumor was seen at autopsy. The therapeutic
      possibilities for these lesions are discussed.

PMID- 4000446
TI  - A variant of cerebral glioma called pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: case report.
AB  - A newly recognized type of cerebral astrocytoma has been described in the last 5
      years among patients under the age of 30. The designation of pleomorphic
      xanthoastrocytoma has been suggested for this neoplasm on the basis of its unique
      histological features. These include abundant lipid droplets in the astrocytic
      cytoplasm. We report an additional case of this cerebral hemisphere astrocytoma,
      which (in common with 17 others reported before) occurred in a young patient. His
      postoperative course has been benign and he remains ambulatory and almost symptom
      free 9 years after the initial tumor excision. The diagnosis of pleomorphic
      xanthoastrocytoma should be entertained in patients in whom a superficially
      placed intracerebral tumor (i.e., one that seems to be in contact with the
      meninges) develops during the juvenile years.

PMID- 4000447
TI  - The foramen of Monro.

PMID- 4000448
TI  - Central cervical cord injury.

PMID- 4000449
TI  - Dural arteriovenous malformations.

PMID- 4000450
TI  - Traumatic acute epidural hematoma.

PMID- 4000451
TI  - Ipsilateral auditory extinction following frontal and basal ganglia lesions of
      the left hemisphere.
AB  - When tested on a dichotic digits listening task, patients with unilateral lesions
      of the left frontal lobe and left anterior basal ganglia exhibited ipsilateral
      auditory extinction. This phenomenon has been documented before, but only in
      patients with lesions involving the region posterior and lateral to the posterior
      aspect of the left lateral ventricle. As patients with lesions in the equivalent
      region of the right hemisphere also exhibit extinction of verbal material
      arriving in their left ears it has been hypothesized that these posterior lesions
      disrupt an interhemispheric pathway connecting the two temporal lobes. As it
      appears that the ipsilateral auditory pathways are suppressed under conditions of
      dichotic stimulation, such an interhemispheric pathway would be the means whereby
      left-ear verbal stimuli reached the left (speech) hemisphere. Therefore a
      disruption of this pathway could result in left-ear extinction for verbal
      material. The finding that left anterior lesions also result in left-ear
      extinction poses problems for this hypothesis and in particular for the suggested
      posterior route of the interhemispheric pathway.

PMID- 4000452
TI  - Localization of body parts in brain injured subjects.
AB  - The issues which were dealt with in this study were whether the determinants of
      failure in body part identification differed as a function of modality of
      stimulus presentation or as a function of response conditions, and whether such
      differences could be attributed to neurologically determined variables, or to a
      generalized disorder of awareness of body topology. No evidence was found to
      support any of these latter factors as an explanation for impaired body part
      identification. Rather it can be concluded that a common factor underlies success
      in identifying body parts under all conditions and that this factor is the
      strength and precision of the conceptual representation of individual body parts.

PMID- 4000453
TI  - Aphasic dyslexia of Braille in a congenitally blind man.
AB  - Due to an ischemic attack a congenitally blind man became aphasic. He had a
      severe Wernicke's aphasia and aphasic dyslexia of Braille. The patient had been a
      very expert Braille reader before his illness. Two texts of 250 words each were
      read and the results analysed. One text was in basic Braille and the other in
      contracted Braille. Results of the analysis are discussed with regard to
      processes in reading Braille and problems of dyslexia.

PMID- 4000454
TI  - Right cerebral hemisphere superiority for constructing facial representations.
AB  - Right-handed people were asked to decide whether or not stimuli presented in the
      left visual hemifield (LVF) or in the right visual hemifield (RVF) were faces.
      Manual reaction times and error rates were recorded under three conditions. In
      Condition A, stimuli were line drawings of faces and moderately scrambled
      nonfaces made by rearranging the facial features. In Condition B, stimuli were
      line drawings of faces and highly scrambled nonfaces. In Condition C, stimuli
      were line drawings of faces and objects. The results show that faces are
      identified more quickly from the LVF than from the RVF in Condition A (faces vs
      moderately scrambled nonfaces), with no visual hemifield difference in reaction
      times to Condition B (faces vs highly scrambled nonfaces) and Condition C (faces
      vs objects). These findings are taken to indicate that both cerebral hemispheres
      are able to assign stimuli to the "face" category, but the right hemisphere is
      better than the left hemisphere at constructing facial representations. This
      cerebral hemisphere difference in ability to construct facial representations
      becomes evident when a detailed representation is required (as in Condition A).

PMID- 4000456
TI  - A group test for the assessment of performance between the hands.
AB  - A group performance test of handedness was administered to 1556 undergraduates.
      This test required subjects to place dots in circles as rapidly as possible. The
      test was found to be reliable, and to correlate with hand preference. Both hand
      performance and hand preference measures are skewed in the population as a whole,
      but the distributions can be adequately fitted by two normal curves, one with a
      right bias and one with a left bias. These findings suggest that left-handers are
      a distinct subgroup of the population.

PMID- 4000455
TI  - Evidence of interhemispheric transmission in laterality effects.
AB  - The study was aimed at testing various models that can explain visual lateral
      asymmetries due to hemispheric specialization. In Experiments 1-3 the subjects
      had to perform a lateralized "go-no go" discrimination of words (primary task)
      either alone or in association with secondary tasks that interfered with the
      processing of the left hemisphere (ordered tapping) or the right hemisphere
      (finger flexion). In Experiment 4 the primary task was one of lateralized "go-no
      go" discrimination of faces while the secondary tasks were again those of ordered
      tapping and finger flexion. The results showed that in the case of word
      discrimination the advantage in speed of response in favour of the right visual
      field/left hemisphere (RVF/LH), which was observed for the primary task alone,
      did not change when the secondary task was added. This held true irrespective of
      whether the secondary task loaded the left or right hemisphere. The advantage for
      the left visual field/right hemisphere (LVF/RH) observed for face discrimination
      alone, disappeared when the secondary task interfered with the processing of the
      right hemisphere and did not change when the secondary task concerned the left
      hemisphere. It was concluded that each hemisphere is able to elaborate in
      parallel the incoming information, but, in normal conditions, interhemispheric
      transmission is responsible for the lateral asymmetries in perception
      (conditional interhemispheric transmission model).

PMID- 4000457
TI  - The role of familial sinistrality in cerebral organization.
AB  - The literature on the relationship between familial sinistrality (FS) and
      laterality is conflicting. A large scale investigation employing multiple
      measures of laterality assessment and rigorous methods of handedness and FS
      determination was conducted with a normal population of left- and right-handers.
      The results failed to find a relationship between FS and hemispheric
      representation of speech despite the fact that a robust relationship was found
      between handedness and hemispheric speech specialization. Possible reasons for
      these null findings are discussed.

PMID- 4000458
TI  - The effects of arithmetic task difficulty and performance level on EEG alpha
      asymmetry.
AB  - The effects of arithmetic task difficulty and performance level on ratio measures
      of parietal alpha asymmetry were evaluated. Sixteen subjects were given 14
      visually presented problems varying in difficulty according to Thomas, Q. Jl exp.
      Psychol. 15, 173-191, 1963. When the mean latencies for these problems were
      compared, problem data were averaged across four distinctly different levels. As
      difficulty increased from low to moderate levels (levels 1 to 2 to 3), relative
      left-hemisphere activation significantly increased, but as difficulty increased
      to higher levels, alpha asymmetry tended to decrease. Changes in both hemispheres
      were responsible for this difficulty effect on ratio values and these changes
      appeared to be independent of strategy effects. When subjects were categorized
      according to performance (solution latency), the high performance group exhibited
      greater relative left hemisphere activation, more significant baseline-task
      asymmetry differences, and greater bilateral activation from baseline levels than
      the low performance group. Correlations between EEG measures and performance were
      generally nonsignificant, although task asymmetry was found to be related to
      performance latency on tasks of moderate difficulty.

PMID- 4000459
TI  - Psychophysiological correlates of levels and stages of cognitive processing.
AB  - The psychophysiological manifestations of levels of cognitive processing were
      investigated. Words were processed at three cognitive levels (phonetic, low
      semantic, high semantic), and physiological recordings were made during cue,
      covert processing and verbalization stages. Differentiation of physiological
      reactivity across processing levels depending on stage of processing was found,
      with greater activation and incidental recall for the more complex semantic
      tasks. Heart rate and skin conductance showed greatest increases on trials that
      were later recalled. Results were interpreted as demonstrating a differentiation
      of the arousal of task expectancy from cognitive effort associated with
      processing level.

PMID- 4000460
TI  - Conjugate lateral eye movements and cognitive mode: blindness as a control for
      visually-induced oculomotor effects.
AB  - The relationship between lateral eye movement directionality and type of
      cognitive task was investigated in a single blind subject with septo-optic
      dysplasia. Results from an 80-item test showed that rightward eye movements were
      significantly associated with verbal tasks and leftward eye movements with
      spatial tasks. As visual influences on oculomotor behaviour were eliminated, the
      findings suggested that lateralized eye movements might have arisen as a
      consequence of asymmetrical activation of cognitive origin triggering the frontal
      eye field orienting mechanism.

PMID- 4000461
TI  - Neuropsychological models of stuttering--I. Representation of sequential response
      mechanisms.
AB  - Male stutterers and fluent speakers were compared on index finger tapping and
      sequential finger tapping tasks. For both groups performance was better with the
      right than the left hand, and was better under conditions of visualization than
      under conditions of no visualization of the hand. In addition, participants in
      both groups showed similar variations in performance on various sequences. The
      pattern of results suggests that stuttering does not result from a general
      problem in sequencing and timing of behaviour, and is consistent with a
      neuropsychologial model of stuttering that would propose normal lateralization of
      neural mechanisms associated with sequential processing including speech.

PMID- 4000462
TI  - Infant rightward asymmetries predict right-handedness in childhood.
AB  - Eight children for whom measures of head preference and hand visualization had
      been determined in infancy were evaluated by parent questionnaire for hand
      preference at ages 3.5-6 yr. All six infants who maintained their heads to the
      right became right-handed as predicted, while neither infant with a non-right
      head orientation developed handedness in the predicted direction, though neither
      became right-handed. Similarly, the five infants who had visualized their right
      hands more frequently than the left became right-handed children as predicted; of
      the three infants who did not visualize the right hand more frequently, none
      developed handedness as predicted. None of the infant measures correlated with
      childhood handedness. These results suggest support for the genetically based
      right shift factor proposed by ANNETT (Behav. Genet. 8, 227-249, 1978).

PMID- 4000463
TI  - Contralesional neglect of constructed visual images in right and left brain
      damaged patients.
AB  - Patients with left- and right-hemispheric cortical lesions and right-handed
      control subjects were compared on a task requiring them to judge pairs of shapes
      as same or different. When the shapes were moved behind a narrow viewing slit,
      requiring the subjects to mentally construct their horizontal dimensions,
      patients with right-sided lesions showed relative neglect of the left sides of
      the shapes, while patients with left-sided lesions showed relative neglect of the
      right sides. Control patients showed no overall unilateral neglect. All patients
      exhibited contralesional neglect on this task even if they did not show visual
      hemineglect on more routine measures.

PMID- 4000464
TI  - Effects of spelling-to-sound regularity on word identification following brief
      presentation in the right or left visual field.
AB  - In this experiment subjects were briefly presented with a vertically written word
      to either the left or right visual field. On half the critical trials the target
      word was irregular in its spelling-to-sound correspondence (e.g. PINT) and in the
      other half it was regular (e.g. LIME). With right visual field presentation
      substantially more regular than irregular words were reported correctly but with
      left visual field presentation no such effect was found. The data also showed the
      presence of far more "regularization" errors following right visual field
      presentation. The data are seen as consistent with the view that the right
      hemisphere is not capable of generating phonology.

PMID- 4000465
TI  - Right-hemisphere function in hydrocephalic children.
AB  - Right-hemisphere function was assessed in 28 hydrocephalic children by a colour
      naming divided visual field task and a matching-to-sample manipulo-spatial task.
      A complementary word-naming divided visual field task was also administered.
      Comparisons with non-handicapped children revealed a visual processing deficit
      only. An interpretation of perceptual asymmetries in terms of differential
      hemispheric sensitivity and regional cortical thinning is advanced.

PMID- 4000466
TI  - Assessment of the efficiency of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy in early forms of
      cerebrovascular disorders.
AB  - We present results of the assessment of the efficiency of hyperbaric oxygenation
      therapy in 104 patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Of these patients 32 had
      chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency and 72 showed transient disturbances of the
      cerebral circulation. A good effect was noted in 74 patients, a satisfactory one
      in 22, and a doubtful one in 8 patients. It is concluded from clinical,
      electrophysiological, psychophysiological, biochemical, and ophthalmoscopic
      examinations that hyperbaric oxygenation therapy is quite efficient when used as
      part of a combined therapy and as a means of prompt therapy of acute
      cerebrovascular crises. Observations over three to five years of patients
      repeatedly receiving the hyperbaric oxygenation therapy at 6 month intervals
      allows us to recommend it for the prevention of cerebral strokes.

PMID- 4000467
TI  - Computerized tomography of the head in the diagnosis of some forms of hereditary
      familial ataxia.

PMID- 4000468
TI  - Morphological verifications in computerized axial tomography of the brain.

PMID- 4000469
TI  - Reflection of stable dominant states on the EEG of schizophrenic and alcoholic
      patients.

PMID- 4000470
TI  - Neurologic disturbances and EEG characteristics in children who had hyperthermic
      convulsions in infancy.

PMID- 4000471
TI  - Characteristics of speech dynamics in patients with various forms of motor
      aphasia after insult.

PMID- 4000472
TI  - Some mechanisms of disturbances of visual gnosis in local brain lesions.

PMID- 4000473
TI  - Imagotherapy as a method of rehabilitation in neuroses and mental diseases.

PMID- 4000474
TI  - Relationship between different stages of sleep and epileptic activity.

PMID- 4000475
TI  - Learning and memory deficits after lesions of the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis: reversal by physostigmine.
AB  - The role of the cholinergic nucleus basalis magnocellularis in spatial learning
      and memory was studied in the rat. Animals received bilateral injections of
      ibotenic acid (5 micrograms/microliters) into the region of the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis. Six weeks postoperatively they were deprived of food and trained
      for 5 weeks in a 16-arm radial maze in which 9 of the arms were baited with food.
      The nucleus basalis magnocellularis-lesioned animals showed significant deficits
      in the acquisition of the task. Further analysis of the data indicated that this
      was due primarily to a deficit in reference (long-term) as opposed to working
      (short-term) memory. After the 5-week training period the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis-lesioned animals received intraperitoneal injections of
      physostigmine sulphate (0.5 mg/kg) 30 min before each daily trial for 1 week.
      This treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the performance of the
      spatial memory task on all three measures. The ibotenate lesions reduced the
      activity of choline acetyltransferase by about 40% in the anterior cortex and by
      15% in the posterior cortex. Hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity was
      not affected, indicating that the septohippocampal cholinergic projection was
      spared by the lesions. The activity of glutamate decarboxylase was not affected
      in any of these regions. These results suggest that the cholinergic projections
      of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis play an important role in the acquisition
      of a spatial memory task.

PMID- 4000476
TI  - Alteration of dopamine metabolism in different brain regions of the rabbit by
      estradiol and tamoxifen.
AB  - Tamoxifen citrate, a mixed estrogen agonist-antagonist, and estradiol 17-beta
      administered separately for 14 days significantly reduced dopamine and
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the cortex and hypothalamus regions of the brain in
      immature female rabbits. In addition to these areas, estradiol also reduced
      dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum but tamoxifen treatment
      significantly reduced only dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in the
      striatum. When estradiol and tamoxifen were injected together, dopamine and
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations were reduced only in the cortex.
      Specific binding of [3H]spiperone to dopamine receptors was significantly
      increased by both estradiol and tamoxifen in the hypothalamus but only tamoxifen
      increased dopamine binding in the striatum. A low dose of tamoxifen, either alone
      or in combination with estradiol, increased uterine weight, but a higher dose of
      tamoxifen was neither an estrogen agonist nor antagonist. These studies indicate
      that estradiol and tamoxifen alter dopamine metabolism in the various regions of
      brain differentially. The estrogen agonist activity of tamoxifen does not
      correspond to antidopaminergic action of estradiol in the striatum.

PMID- 4000477
TI  - Ultrastructural features of a human neuroblastoma cell line treated with retinoic
      acid.
AB  - This report examines the morphological changes that occur in a line of human
      neuroblastoma cells (LA-N-5) following treatment with retinoic acid, in vitro.
      The results demonstrate that retinoic acid induces pronounced differentiation of
      these cells. Perikarya aggregate into tight clusters and extend long processes
      that are frequently fasciculated. Growth cones appear at the ends of these
      processes. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that after 10 days of
      treatment these long neurites give rise to varicosities which contain clusters of
      large dense-core vesicles and smaller clear vesicles. After 18 days of treatment
      the cultures cease to differentiate further. The pattern of neurite outgrowth is
      very complex by this point and the frequency of growth cones and vesicle
      containing varicosities is greatly increased compared with shorter treatments.
      Most of these varicosities contain a mix of large dense-core vesicles and smaller
      clear vesicles and in some profiles the clear vesicles are round while in others
      they are pleomorphic. Despite this increase in the number of vesicle-containing
      profiles no membrane specializations were seen that resemble mature synapses. The
      present results demonstrate that retinoic acid can produce morphological changes
      in these cells in culture, and that these changes closely mimic those of normal
      differentiating neurons in culture. Considered with previous studies, these
      findings suggest that this cell line might provide a useful model system for
      studying neural differentiation.

PMID- 4000478
TI  - The striatonigral projection and nigrotectal neurons in the rat. A correlated
      light and electron microscopic study demonstrating a monosynaptic striatal input
      to identified nigrotectal neurons using a combined degeneration and horseradish
      peroxidase procedure.
AB  - In a light and electron microscopic study of the substantia nigra of the rat, the
      distribution and morphology of nigrotectal neurons and the pattern of termination
      of striatonigral fibres have been examined following the placement of horseradish
      peroxidase injections in the superior colliculus and kainic acid lesions in the
      dorsal striatum. In confirmation of previous findings, nigrotectal neurons which
      had been identified by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from
      the superior colliculus had mainly medium sized somata, varied from fusiform to
      stellate in shape and were found in mainly ventral regions of the rostral two
      thirds of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. On electron microscopic
      examination, single and multiple (from two to six) degenerating striatonigral
      boutons were found in synaptic contact with the soma, proximal mainstem dendrites
      and small dendrites (but mainly on small dendrites) of labelled nigrotectal and
      unlabelled nigral neurons in the ventral region of the pars reticulata. In
      addition, a small number of degenerating striatonigral boutons formed axoaxonic
      synapses with degenerating or normal boutons which were presynaptic to nigral
      dendrites. Almost all of the identified striatonigral synapses were of the
      symmetrical type, although a few degenerating boutons established asymmetrical
      synaptic contacts on unlabelled dendrites. These findings provide evidence of a
      monosynaptic input from the dorsal striatum to nigrotectal projection neurons in
      the substantia nigra and thus demonstrate the existence of a bineuronal pathway
      from the striatum through the substantia nigra to the superior colliculus. The
      possible significance of the pattern of termination of striatonigral fibres in
      the substantia nigra is discussed with reference to the known dendritic
      arborization of nigral neurons.

PMID- 4000479
TI  - Cerebral intracellular pH by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - We determined cerebral intracellular pH in living rabbits and rats under
      physiologic conditions, using phosphorus NMR spectroscopy and new titration
      curves thought to be appropriate for brain. Mean values for the two species were,
      respectively, 7.14 +/- 0.04 (SD) and 7.13 +/- 0.03. These are toward the alkaline
      end of the range of values obtained by other methods, as values reported by other
      NMR workers also tend to be.

PMID- 4000480
TI  - Progressive dementia, visual deficits, amyotrophy, and microinfarcts.
AB  - Data from three patients and 22 previously reported cases suggest that cerebral
      microinfarction causes a recognizable clinical syndrome. All cases present with
      stroke, followed by progressive dementia and often with visual field deficits,
      peripheral vascular disease, and signs of motor neuron dysfunction. The average
      age at onset is 45, and most patients have been men. Many patients have had
      valvular or ischemic heart disease; in one of our cases, mitral stenosis caused
      embolic microinfarcts.

PMID- 4000481
TI  - The corneal reflex and the R2 component of the blink reflex.
AB  - A reflex contraction of the human orbicularis oculi muscles can be evoked by
      stimulation of either the supraorbital region ("blink reflex") or the cornea
      ("corneal reflex"). We found that the latency of the corneal reflex was longer,
      and the duration was longer than the R2 component of the blink reflex. The
      absolute refractory period of the R2 component of the blink reflex was longer
      after supraorbital than after corneal conditioning stimulation. When the R2
      component of the blink reflex was habituated by repetitive stimuli, stimulation
      of the cornea still evoked a reflex, but supraorbital stimulation produced only a
      depressed R2 response. These findings suggest that the two reflexes do not have
      identical neural connections.

PMID- 4000482
TI  - New observations in reducing body myopathy.
AB  - Numerous autofluorescent reducing bodies were found in deltoid and biceps muscle
      biopsies of a 7-year-old girl with progressive, asymmetric muscle weakness. The
      structures were composed of tubular filaments as seen by electronmicroscopy. They
      seemed to have formed around nuclei. An excess of two unidentified proteins was
      found in muscle homogenates. This patient, like one previously reported, had high
      serum titers of antibodies to coxsackievirus, but her serum, when tested by
      indirect immunocytochemistry, did not react with the reducing bodies.

PMID- 4000483
TI  - Survival in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias.
AB  - Over 5 years, we followed 199 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT),
      69 with multi-infarct dementia (MID), and 43 with mixed dementia (MIX). All three
      diagnostic categories had comparable progression of behavioral and cognitive
      impairment and need for home care or institutionalization at follow-up. However,
      50% survival from diagnosis was 2.6 years for MID and 2.5 years for MIX, compared
      with 3.4 years for DAT. The 50% survivals from onset were longer than previous
      reports would suggest (8.1 years for DAT, 6.7 for MID, and 6.2 for MIX). Vascular
      dementias have higher mortality than DAT, even when associated with comparable
      cognitive and behavioral impairment.

PMID- 4000484
TI  - Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the biracial population of Copiah County,
      Mississippi.
AB  - A door-to-door survey of major neurologic disorders was conducted in the
      essentially biracial population of Copiah County, MS, using a pretested screening
      questionnaire. All those suspected of having Parkinson's disease were requested
      to have a neurologic examination by board-certified neurologists. The study also
      included those living in institutions. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (age
      40+) was 347 per 100,000 inhabitants. No substantial differences in the age
      adjusted prevalence ratios by race or by sex were found in the population
      studied. Age-specific prevalence ratios for Parkinson's disease increase with
      advancing age. Over 40% of identified cases were newly diagnosed during the
      study.

PMID- 4000485
TI  - Direct comparison of 3- and 8-channel ambulatory cassette EEG with intensive
      inpatient monitoring.
AB  - During the intensive monitoring of 30 patients by means of cable telemetry EEG,
      simultaneous 3- and 8-channel ambulatory EEG recordings were also obtained.
      Blinded interpretations of the cassette tapes were compared with those of the
      cable telemetry records. Both 3- and 8-channel ambulatory EEG reviews correctly
      identified 93% of the records as either normal or epileptiform. Lateralization of
      abnormalities was equally good with either cassette system, but more detailed
      characterization was achieved with 8-channel ambulatory EEG. Although 100% of
      seizures were detected on both systems, there were more false-positive errors
      when only three data channels were available. Better ability to differentiate
      renal abnormalities from artifacts was the most significant advantage of 8
      channel over 3- to 4-channel ambulatory EEG.

PMID- 4000486
TI  - Directional hypokinesia: prolonged reaction times for leftward movements in
      patients with right hemisphere lesions and neglect.
AB  - Patients with hemispatial neglect perform activities poorly in the hemispace
      contralateral to the lesion. We postulate that hemispatial neglect induced by
      right hemisphere lesions may be associated with a directional hypokinesia:
      initiation of movements toward the hemispace contralateral to the lesion is
      affected more than movements toward the lesion. We tested 6 patients with
      hemispatial neglect caused by right hemisphere damage, 7 with left hemisphere
      damage and no neglect, and 12 controls. Patients with left hemispatial neglect
      initiated responses to left hemispace more slowly than toward right hemispace.

PMID- 4000487
TI  - MRI and the study of aphasia.
AB  - Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study various
      aphasia and neurobehavioral syndromes due to embolic or thrombotic cerebral
      infarction. Two patients are presented to illustrate how MRI may complement, and
      sometimes improve on, CT for the in vivo demonstration of anatomic changes
      underlying said syndromes. MRI images were reconstructed at planes selected to
      match CT, and at coronal planes through the entire anteroposterior extent of the
      lesions. Both CT and MRI detected lesions; however, MRI provided better
      differentiation of gray and white matter. Coronal reconstructions aid in
      optimally visualizing the relationship of lesions to the opercular and
      perisylvian gyri. CT may be inadequate to define actual extent of lesions,
      whereas MRI may more clearly show that apparently subcortical lesions can, in
      fact, involve the cortex as well.

PMID- 4000488
TI  - Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism.
AB  - Early infantile autism is a behaviorally defined syndrome that is often
      associated with abnormalities on neurologic examination and seizures. We report
      on the brain of a 29-year-old autistic man as compared with that of an age- and
      sex-matched normal control, using gapless sections of whole brain. Abnormalities
      were found in the hippocampus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, septal nuclei,
      mamillary body, selected nuclei of the amygdala, neocerebellar cortex, roof
      nuclei of the cerebellum, and inferior olivary nucleus.

PMID- 4000489
TI  - Central spinal myelinolysis.
AB  - A midline lesion of the funiculus gracilis was found in four patients with
      histories of alcoholism, nutritional disturbance, and repeated episodes of
      electrolyte imbalance. Histologic and anatomic abnormalities were similar to
      those of central pontine myelinolysis. Sodium imbalance may play a role in the
      pathogenesis of both conditions.

PMID- 4000490
TI  - Nonseptic cardiogenic cerebral embolic stroke: clinical-CT correlations.
AB  - We studied 35 patients with nonseptic cardiogenic cerebral emboli. In 28 cases,
      there was sudden onset with maximal neurologic deficit within 1 hour; in 7 cases,
      there was progression in 24 hours. In six cases, neurologic abnormality worsened
      in the first week after an initial period of stabilization. CT showed evidence of
      a cerebral infarct in all cases; in nine cases, this was hemorrhagic. There was
      more than one lesion in six cases. In four of the six cases with delayed
      neurologic deterioration, later CT showed increased mass effect or recent
      hemorrhage within the infarct.

PMID- 4000491
TI  - Cerebral palsy: survival rates, associated handicaps, and distribution by
      clinical subtype (Rochester, MN, 1950-1976).
AB  - We identified 64 cases of cerebral palsy (CP) born to Rochester residents in 1950
      76. The majority (73%) had one of the spastic syndromes. Ataxic and dyskinetic
      syndromes constituted 16% and 6%, respectively. Survival follow-up was available
      through 1980 birthdates. Using life-table methods, we calculated survival rates
      for the first 10 years of life. For severely or profoundly retarded children,
      survival was 68% at 5 years and 54% at 10 years. All others survived through
      their 1980 birthday. Follow-up of CP resolution was available through the seventh
      birthday. Cases born in 1968-76 had the highest resolution rate (30%). For mild
      CP, the 1968-76 resolution rate was 86%.

PMID- 4000492
TI  - An acute syndrome with psychiatric symptoms and EEG abnormalities.
AB  - Four patients with abrupt onset of psychosis had prominent periodic EEG
      abnormalities with diffuse sharp waves. Other laboratory studies, including CSF
      and CT, were normal. The EEG abnormalities disappeared within 1 to 7 days.
      Clinical improvement was complete and commenced after the EEG showed improvement.
      The cause remains obscure, but it seems to be a transient organic disturbance of
      cerebral function that must be distinguished from primary psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 4000493
TI  - Terminal electrocardiographic changes in brain-dead patients.
AB  - We analyzed ECGs of 18 brain-dead patients from the time of termination of
      ventilation until cessation of electrocardiographic activity. Gradual slowing of
      the atrial mechanism was followed by AV block or a gradually slowing junctional
      escape rhythm. Despite progressive failure of atrial and junctional pacemakers,
      none had a ventricular escape rhythm. There were three terminal rhythms: (1)
      atrial activity only, (2) slow junctional rhythm or sinus bradycardia, or (3)
      ventricular tachycardia (VT). A prolonged QT interval, corrected for rate, was
      related to later development of VT. One hypothermic and three euthermic patients
      had J waves.

PMID- 4000494
TI  - Cyanide-induced parkinsonism: a clinicopathologic report.
AB  - An 18-year-old man ingested 975 to 1,300 mg of potassium cyanide in a suicide
      attempt. He was treated and survived the poisoning episode, but then had severe
      parkinsonian syndrome, characterized primarily by akinesia and rigidity. He died
      19 months after the drug overdose. At autopsy, major destructive changes were
      found in the globus pallidus and putamen, whereas the melanin-containing zone of
      substantia nigra was intact. This is the first clinicopathologic report of
      parkinsonism as a result of cyanide poisoning.

PMID- 4000495
TI  - Freeze-fracture analysis of the muscle fiber plasma membrane in Duchenne
      dystrophy.
AB  - The intramembrane particle density in freeze-fractured muscle fiber plasma
      membranes did not differ in 4 patients with Duchenne dystrophy and 4 normal
      subjects. However, we confirmed reported loss of orthogonal arrays and increased
      density of caveolae in dystrophic muscle.

PMID- 4000496
TI  - Prediction of chronic vegetative state in children using evoked potentials.
AB  - Absence of median nerve vertex referenced parietal somatosensory evoked
      potentials with preservation of the brainstem auditory evoked potential
      correlated with loss of cortical function and preservation of brainstem function
      in five children sustaining hypoxic insults who developed a chronic vegetative
      state. Evoked potential studies were more reliable than either the clinical exam
      or EEG, which were often misleadingly optimistic in prediction of outcome.

PMID- 4000497
TI  - CT criteria of hemisphere asymmetry fail to predict language laterality.

PMID- 4000498
TI  - Methysergide in progressive supranuclear palsy.

PMID- 4000500
TI  - The noncerebrovascular complications of chiropractic manipulation.

PMID- 4000499
TI  - Hemorrhagic infarction after anticoagulant therapy.

PMID- 4000501
TI  - Cerebral ischemia and atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 4000502
TI  - Altered pharmacokinetics of L-dopa metabolism.

PMID- 4000503
TI  - [Esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the
      distal third of the esophagus. School cases].

PMID- 4000504
TI  - [Extended total gastrectomy in cancer: oncological and prognostic significance].

PMID- 4000505
TI  - [Etiopathogenetic factors in postoperative peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4000506
TI  - [12 surgical interventions for iatrogenic injuries of the bile ducts].

PMID- 4000507
TI  - [Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 4000508
TI  - [Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Proposal of a personal
      procedure].

PMID- 4000509
TI  - [Acute abdomen caused by tuberculous peritonitis associated with Addison's
      disease].

PMID- 4000510
TI  - [Determination of cholylglycine in alcoholic hepatopathies. Clinical usefulness].

PMID- 4000511
TI  - [Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis as a clinical manifestation of compensated
      hepatic cirrhosis].

PMID- 4000512
TI  - [Perforation of diverticula of the colon. Problems of surgical strategies].

PMID- 4000513
TI  - [Surgically treated cholelithiasis and peptic ulcer (interdependence, association
      or coincidence)].

PMID- 4000514
TI  - [Considerations on the therapeutic efficacy of a standard alkaline bicarbonated
      mineral water in cases of dyspepsia].

PMID- 4000516
TI  - Optimal hemotherapy in elective surgery.
AB  - The transfusion incidence and the crossmatch/transfusion ratio are expected to
      provide objective guidelines for hemotherapy in elective surgery. For those
      surgical procedures which rarely require hemotherapy an ABO Rh-D typing and an
      antibody screening test without a crossmatch were recommended as preoperative
      tests. For surgical procedures with a moderate to high transfusion incidence it
      is suggested that the number of units to be crossmatched preoperatively should be
      equal to the average number of units transfused for that procedure in the past.
      Under conditions of normovolemia and normal cardiopulmonary function initial
      blood loss up to two units can readily be replaced by colloid solutions. For
      medical reasons transfusion of packed red cells are preferred to whole blood.
      supply of whole blood is only needed when rapid replacement of large amounts of
      blood is imminent or expected. The use of a surgical blood order schedule (SBOS)
      is very useful to reduce excessive preoperative crossmatching. The establishment
      of appropriate guidelines and recommendations can lead to an increase in quality
      and safety of blood transfusion and substantial economic savings.

PMID- 4000515
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of diabetic dyslipidemia].

PMID- 4000517
TI  - Reconstruction of large bone defects with calcium phosphate ceramics--an
      experimental study.
AB  - The aim of the present study is to evaluate the bone-defect-repairing capacity of
      dense hydroxyapatite compared with 40% macroporous hydroxyapatite in a weight
      bearing model. The experiment consisted of the production of a relatively large
      mid-diaphysary defect in the left femur of 18 mongrel dogs. Cylindrical and
      semicylindrical hydroxyapatite implants were placed in these bone defects in
      order to restore continuity. The biocompatibility of implanted material has been
      studied physiologically, by radiographs and scintigraphs, by histology and
      finally by biomechanical tests. The normal weight-bearing of the operated limb
      restored in three weeks time. There were two mechanical failures in dense
      cylindric implants and two in porous cylindric implants. Radiographically, no
      evidence was found of degradation of porous or dense implants. Radionuclide bone
      imaging to assess osseous changes at the site of implants, showed intense
      radionuclide accumulation in all recordings of porous implants up to two years
      after implantation, in contrast to dense implant recordings. Histologically,
      there was no evidence of bioresorption. The implants were in direct contact with
      normal bone tissue. The pores were filled by calcified bone. There were no
      differences between porous and dense implants concerning the biocompatibility of
      hydroxyapatite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4000518
TI  - Anatomical and functional results after treatment of dislocated supracondylar
      fractures of the humerus in children.
AB  - From 1972 to 1983 105 patients were admitted with a dislocated supracondylar
      fracture of the humerus. The average follow-up was five years. In general the
      functional results of treatment were good. The anatomical results were less
      satisfactory, and most times concerned varus deformities of the elbow, which did
      not influence the elbow function. Lesions of arteries and nerves only occurred in
      seriously dislocated fractures. The isolated nerve injuries were reversible. Two
      patients developed a Volkmann's ischemic contracture; their case history is
      discussed. In 24 cases a second reduction was performed and/or a new therapy
      instituted. Closed reduction with plaster necessitated alteration of the therapy
      in 10 out of 23 cases. Based on this experience and the long average duration of
      hospitalization of 14 days, closed reduction under general anaesthesia with
      percutaneous K-wire fixation seems to be the treatment of choice.

PMID- 4000519
TI  - The use of autologous graft and human umbilical vein graft in femorocrural
      bypasses--a preliminary report.
AB  - In this article the results are presented with autologous saphenous and human
      umbilical vein grafts in the femorocrural crossing. Autologous saphenous vein
      grafts were employed in 22 limbs and the human umbilical vein grafts in 25 limbs.
      The results were retrospectively analysed by the Life-Table method. Follow-up was
      between six months and 21/2 years. The patency rates of the autologous saphenous
      vein graft was significantly better than that of human umbilical vein grafts.

PMID- 4000520
TI  - Inflammatory pseudotumours of the lung.

PMID- 4000521
TI  - [Care of the terminal cancer patient. General treatment and psychological
      management].
AB  - The treatment of neoplastic patients in a terminal stage causes the surgeon who
      takes them in charge several problems, many of which are of a psychological
      nature. Such problems can be summarized as concerning the psychological attitude
      of the patient, the relationship between the patient and his family and the
      relationship between the patient and the hospital. These problems, together with
      others more specifically linked to the nature of the neoplastic disease, are not
      often easy to be solved by the single physician. Therefore, we propose to set up
      "Multidisciplinary groups for the study of untreatable neoplastic diseases", in
      order to assist the surgeon in the treatment of the last stages of the disease.

PMID- 4000522
TI  - [A case of mycotic endocarditis. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic
      considerations].
AB  - A case of endocarditis in 17 year old female with a psychomotor and
      neurovegetative disorder is presented. Serum and cultural data as well as the
      excellent response to treatment with 5-flucytosine seems to confirm the diagnosis
      of candida infection.

PMID- 4000523
TI  - [Chyluria. Review of the literature and presentation of a case].
AB  - A rare case of idiopathic chyluria is presented. The pathological and
      radiological aspects of this disease are discussed and the diagnostic importance
      of lymphography stressed.

PMID- 4000524
TI  - [The role of plasmapheresis in the treatment of primary and secondary
      cryoglobulinemia].
AB  - The data on monoclonal or mixed cryoglobulinaemia patients admitted to Pavia
      University's 1st Medical Division since 1970 were examined. Complications
      included peripheral microangiopathies caused by immune complexes and especially
      kidney lesions of varying severity caused by immune complexes precipitated in the
      basal membrane. Although the course of the condition was ameliorated in all
      patients given immunosuppressive treatment alone, this could not prevent the
      appearance of progressively worsening kidney conditions. Terminating in severe
      renal failure these were often complicated by encephalopathies, disturbed
      microcirculation in the brain and hypertension patients given plasmapheresis at
      an early stage, at the first sign of renal or brain circulation problems,
      responded brilliantly with regression of all clinical symptoms. Where
      plasmapheresis was not given until an advanced stage of the kidney disease, a
      satisfactory improvement was obtained and the quality and expectancy of life
      enhanced, even though a total cure was not achieved. Regular cycles of
      plasmapheresis indubitably protect the patient from irreversible renal or
      microvascular conditions so that immunosuppressive treatment can effectively
      control the cryoglobulinaemia.

PMID- 4000525
TI  - [Preliminary data of a descriptive epidemiologic study of multiple sclerosis in
      the city of Turin].
AB  - A descriptive epidemiological survey conducted in Turin on a population of
      1,065,304 in Jan. 1-June 30 1984, produced preliminary data on the incidence of
      MS. Given the restricted area and brief duration of the survey, such data are
      however purely indicative. Primarily clinical criteria supported by instrumental
      and laboratory tests (P., Ev., liquor) were uniformly adopted.

PMID- 4000526
TI  - [Update on antibiotic therapy. 30) Cefonicid].

PMID- 4000527
TI  - [Computerized analysis of the effects of age on posture control].
AB  - The authors examined postural sway in 112 normal subjects by means of a
      computerized force platform system. The performances of 14 subjects (7 males and
      7 females) for each of these age groups: 12-15, 16-19 and the six next decades
      until 79 years were considered. The posturographic test requires two trials, one
      with eyes open and another with eyes closed, with patients in Romberg's position.
      On the average eyes-closed measurements have always been greater than those with
      eyes open. Moreover this study shows that during the growth the characteristics
      of postural control are different between the two sexes and as regards adult
      performances. During ageing a progressive significant stability impairment,
      especially upon visual deprivation, was shown.

PMID- 4000528
TI  - [Variations in prolactinemia in 26 uremic subjects treated by periodic
      hemodialysis].
AB  - Prolactin level, creatinine, urea nitrogen and plasmatic natrium were evaluated
      in 26 uremic patients undergoing regular haemodialytic treatment. Prolactin level
      was found to be over normal range in 60% of the female patients and in 12.5% of
      the male patients. There was no correlation between prolactin, creatinine, urea
      nitrogen and natrium levels. No significant variations of the prolactin level
      were evident after a single haemodialytic treatment.

PMID- 4000529
TI  - [Weber-Christian disease with systemic involvement. Apropos of a case of
      histiocytic cytophagous panniculitis].
AB  - A case of systemic Weber-Christian disease involving the liver and medulla, with
      pancytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is reported.
      Clinical and histopathological diagnostic criteria are stressed. Post-mortem
      findings are described.

PMID- 4000530
TI  - [Evolution and radiologic sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - During the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, the radiologist is often asked
      the following questions: 1) is it really TB?; 2) is there any improvement?; 3)
      when is the X-ray check-up required?. In our opinion, the radiologist is in a
      position: 1) to confirm the diagnosis of TB; 2) to give a radiological diagnosis
      of "abnormality" but without a prognostic opinion; 3) to suggest, case by case,
      when the X-ray check-up is required. After some month or years, when radiological
      clinical sequelae are present, the radiologist is often asked equally difficult
      questions: 1) is it still TB?; 2) is it still active?; 3) could it have caused
      the hemoptysis?. Again, in our opinion, the radiologist must bear in mind: 1) the
      not infrequent possibility of reinfections; 2) that the fine, smooth contour of
      the cavity, whose shape remains unchanged, does not necessarily signify absence
      of activity; 3) that, at the present time, other illnesses (bronchitis,
      bronchiectasis, lung cancer) are more frequently the cause of hemoptysis.

PMID- 4000531
TI  - [Autonomic neuropathy in reduced glucose tolerance].
AB  - 33 subjects belonging to I.G.T. class according to N.D.D.G. criteria and
      controlled in our ambulatory, have been studied for the response to the tests
      usually employed for the investigation of parasympathetic and sympathetic
      cardiovascular innervation. We have found pathological values for the SL1 test
      and borderline values for SL2 and LS tests; on the contrary all the other tests
      presented normal values. The Authors conclude that signs of deterioration of
      cardiac and vascular innervation, especially regarding the parasympathetic
      nervous system, can be present also in the subjects showing a small glucose
      metabolism alteration. This subclinical alterations do not depend on factors
      which can interfere with the responses to the tests (as age, boyd weight, sex and
      presence or absence of diabetic familiarity) but on glucose metabolism
      alteration. Hence also the subjects with I.G.T. have to be considered as a at
      risk population, like the neuropathic diabetics.

PMID- 4000532
TI  - [Effect of tiropramide chlorhydrate on intestinal transit time in patients with
      irritable colon syndrome].
AB  - The effect of tiropramide hydrochloride--a new spasmolytic drug with calmodulin
      independent activity--in correcting alterations of intestinal transit, has been
      investigated in 40 IBS patients (20 with accelerated and 20 with delayed transit
      time). Intestinal transit has been evaluated by means of radioopaque markers.
      Tiropramide hydrochloride, at a dose of 100 mg t.i.d. for 4 weeks, was found
      significantly more effective than placebo both in normalizing intestinal transit
      time and in inducing symptomatic relief.

PMID- 4000533
TI  - [Chronobiologic resolution of disabling pathologies in shift workers].
AB  - The annual sequence of sickness leaves was studied in 162 industrial workers with
      a high absenteeism level. An investigation of the swings in haemodynamic balance,
      and imbalances linked to alternations in vessel constriction and dilation
      throughout the biorhythmic cycle influenced by the alternation of night and day,
      hot and cold seasons, showed that each period of sick leave coincided with each
      period of haemodynamic balance caused by particular shifts. It was thus possible
      to identify groups of workers with syndromic sub groups whose performance was
      affected by night work and particular seasons. For optimal shift-worker
      deployment it is therefore suggested that workers should be assigned to shifts to
      which they are biologically suited.

PMID- 4000535
TI  - [Round shadow in the lung of an unusual origin: chronic pneumonitis caused by
      occupational exposure to synthetic fibers].
AB  - A case of granulomatous pneumonia due to synthetic fibres was observed; no
      specific symptoms, blood patterns, radiographic findings were found. Some
      clinical considerations on this unusual syndrome are reported.

PMID- 4000534
TI  - [Medical, physical and rehabilitative treatment in a case load of 250 patients
      affected by scapulo-humeral periarthritis].
AB  - A series of 250 patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis, treated as
      outpatients in september 1982-september 1984 is presented. Medical, physical and
      rehabilitation treatment was targeted at the clinical phase of the condition and
      the results are evaluated.

PMID- 4000536
TI  - [Clinical course and histopathology of acute oliguric and non-oliguric renal
      insufficiency].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of clinical course and hystopathologic lesions of 23
      patients with multiple system organ failure (MSOF) showed that: non-oliguric
      acute renal failure is more frequent than the oliguric one; the prognosis is
      severe in both forms; hystopathologic findings are similar. Since acute tubular
      necrosis during sepsis is characterized by an high incidence of microthrombosis,
      the prophylactic use of heparin could be justified.

PMID- 4000537
TI  - [Implications of excessive use of alcoholic beverages in the treatment of
      diabetes mellitus. Importance of a personalized instruction program for the
      prevention of short-term complications].
AB  - According to the Authors the discussion of the relationships between alcohol and
      diabetes should be a main step within a "personalized" program for the education
      of the diabetic patient, especially in region where alcohol consumption is very
      high and deeply rooted in tradition, habits and social life. Therefore the
      Authors propose a teaching program based on 6 points, touching the most important
      aspects. That must be known in order to avoid, at least partially, the short
      period complications, connected with the relationship between diabetes mellitus
      and alcohol abuse.

PMID- 4000538
TI  - Regional differences in normally occurring cell death in the developing hamster
      lateral geniculate nuclei.
AB  - Normal cellular degeneration occurs in the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) of the
      hamster thalamus early in postnatal development. Degenerative debris can be
      observed in the ventral and dorsal nuclei at postnatal days 2-10 and is present
      in greater and more variable amounts in the ventral nucleus. Cell degeneration in
      the dorsal LGN is maximal at postnatal day 5, identical to the degeneration
      pattern of the hamster retina and superior colliculus, but shows a second peak at
      postnatal day 8 which may relate to the establishment of cortical connectivity.
      The incidence of degenerative debris is significantly higher in the peripheral
      margins of the dorsal nucleus, a pattern also seen in the retina and the superior
      colliculus, suggesting that a differential cell death may be involved in the
      formation of regional specializations in the visual system.

PMID- 4000539
TI  - Regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose immediately following exposure to
      two atmospheres absolute oxygen in conscious rats.
AB  - Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) at different pressures produces significant
      increases in the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) of various
      neuroanatomical structures in conscious rats. These increases in rCMRgl precede
      the neurological signs of oxygen toxicity. In previous studies 1- and 4-h
      exposures to 2 atmospheres absolute oxygen (ATA O2) produced significant
      increases in rCMRgl of several neuroanatomical structures. These observations are
      now extended to include the rCMRgl changes produced during a brief 30-min
      exposure to 2 ATA O2. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether
      HBO has an immediate effect on rCMRgl and to determine the neuroanatomical basis
      of changes in brain energy metabolism during an early stage of HBO. The rCMRgl
      was autoradiographically measured by 2-[14C]deoxyglucose technique in conscious
      unrestrained rats exposed either to air at atmospheric pressure or oxygen at 2
      ATA O2 for 30 min. Statistically, no significant changes in rCMRgl were observed
      between air-exposed and oxygen-exposed groups in the 28 neuroanatomical
      structures examined. It is concluded that HBO requires a certain amount of time
      to elicit its effect on rCMRgl in a given pressure. However, the neuroanatomical
      origins of the previously observed increases in rCMRgl during prolonged HBO could
      not be detected in this early period of exposure to 2 ATA O2.

PMID- 4000540
TI  - Evidence of a direct projection from the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory
      optic system to lobule IX of the cerebellar cortex in the tree shrew (Tupaia
      glis).
AB  - Injections of a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate were
      placed in representative areas of the cerebellar cortex of adult tree shrews.
      Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the
      accessory optic system (AOS) when ventral portions of the uvula were involved in
      the injection site. These labeled cells are small to medium sized and have round
      or oval somata and few primary dendrites. The AOS functions to stabilize the eyes
      and head in space. The present observations provide evidence of a direct
      projection from the MTN of the tree shrew AOS to regions of the posterior vermal
      cortex (ventral uvula) which, through interconnections with the vestibular
      nuclei, are involved in the regulation of eye movement.

PMID- 4000541
TI  - Variations in axonal conduction velocity in olfactory peduncle neurons of the
      armadillo.
AB  - Following electrical stimulation of the ipsi- or contralateral olfactory bulb,
      antidromically invaded neurons in the olfactory peduncle (OP) of the armadillo (a
      primitive mammal with a low brain temperature) show progressive decreases in
      conduction velocity when challenged with stimulation frequencies of 1-40 Hz.
      Antidromic latency also decreased or increased in a gradual, additive manner
      during the super- and subnormal period following twin pulses at intervals of 8
      2000 ms. Since centrifugal OP axons excite inhibitory granular cells in the
      olfactory bulb, these effects may bear on the problem of the control of mitral
      cell excitability by central structures.

PMID- 4000542
TI  - Chemosensitive neurons within the area postrema of the rat.
AB  - It is demonstrated that some neurons within the area postrema, if not all, are
      responsive to glucose or sodium ions applied topically by means of microelectro
      osmotic techniques. Glucose-responsive neurons displayed a marked decrease in the
      discharge rate in response to the topical application of glucose. Two different
      types of sodium-responsive neurons were observed; one was characterized by
      increasing the frequency of the discharges responding to microiontophoretic
      application of Na+, while the other showed the opposite response by decreasing
      the discharge rate in response to the same stimulation. They may serve
      enteroceptors in response to changes in the glucose or sodium concentrations of
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood.

PMID- 4000543
TI  - Histotypic pattern formation in cerebellar reaggregate cultures in the presence
      of antibodies to L1 cell surface antigen.
AB  - Reaggregate cultures of cerebella from 5-day-old C57BL/6J mice were cultured in
      the presence of Fab fragments of polyclonal antibodies against the cell surface
      adhesion molecule L1. Light microscopic examination showed that histotypic
      differentiation, as observed by the appearance of radially oriented glial
      processes and the sorting out of mature and immature neurons, was not affected by
      the antibody. Electron microscopic observation showed no effect on the synapse
      formation and the packing density of fasciculated neurites. These observations
      show that under the culture conditions used, L1 antibodies do not alter the
      particular cell interactions investigated in this study.

PMID- 4000544
TI  - Unexpected reorganization of somatosensory cortex in a raccoon with extensive
      forelimb loss.
AB  - Electrophysiological recordings were made from primary somatosensory cortex in a
      raccoon that had suffered a traumatic amputation of the forearm some time prior
      to its capture. Neurons in the affected forepaw region of sensory cortex were not
      silent but responded to cutaneous or neuroma activation of the remaining forearm
      stump. In addition, cells at many sites were responsive to tactile stimulation of
      the glabrous skin of the hindpaw ipsilateral to the damage. This indicates that
      the cortical plasticity following peripheral nerve damage can occur over much
      larger regions of cortex than was previously thought. An unmasking of silent
      thalamocortical terminals is not likely to be the mechanism underlying this
      plasticity in the raccoon.

PMID- 4000545
TI  - Central projection of the sensory component of the rat recurrent laryngeal nerve.
AB  - The central projection from the sensory components in the rat recurrent laryngeal
      nerve was studied using WGA-HRP. Sensory terminals were found bilaterally in the
      nuclei of the tractus solitarius, although they were very sparse contralaterally.
      In the ipsilateral nucleus, most of these terminals were located in the
      interstitial subnucleus extending, from the most rostral area, near the obex,
      caudally for a distance of 1.5 mm.

PMID- 4000546
TI  - Effects of gonadal steroids on catecholamine levels in the brain of the oyster
      toadfish.
AB  - We studied the effects of gonadol steroid implants on catecholamine levels in the
      brain of ovariectomized female toadfish (Opsanus tau L.). Control values for
      dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) in the brain were 2181
      +/- 226, 1112 +/- 80 and 6.5 +/- 2.02 ng/g, respectively. Compared to controls,
      17 beta-estradiol decreased brain levels of DA to 547 +/- 261, and
      dihydrotestosterone decreased DA to 444 +/- 290 ng/g (P less than 0.001).
      Furthermore, dihydrotestosterone increased brain levels of EPI to 15.0 +/- 4.7
      ng/g. The steroids had no effect on brain levels of NE. These results suggest a
      role for both androgens and estrogens in regulating brain levels of DA and EPI in
      toadfish.

PMID- 4000547
TI  - Bifurcating axons of retinal ganglion cells terminate in the hypothalamic
      suprachiasmatic nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus.
AB  - At least some retinal axons afferent to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus
      (SCN; a circadian oscillator) bifurcate in the optic chiasm (O.E. Millhouse,
      Brain Res., 137 (1977) 351-355). The termination site(s) of the axonal branch
      that continues in the optic tract is unknown. Injection of the fluorescent
      tracer, True Blue, into the SCN and the fluorescent dye, Nuclear Yellow, into the
      lateral geniculate complex resulted in the labeling of individual retinal
      ganglion cells with both tracers. However, only Nuclear Yellow injections which
      included the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) resulted in double-labeled ganglion
      cells in the retinae. These results indicate that individual retinal ganglion
      cells innervate both the hypothalamic SCN and the IGL of the thalamus by means of
      divergent axonal collaterals. Moreover, neurons of the IGL are afferent to the
      SCN, thereby forming a complex circuit within which photic information from the
      same retinal ganglion cell may influence the SCN both directly and after thalamic
      processing.

PMID- 4000548
TI  - Ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias
      sibiricus asiaticus).
AB  - Ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells were studied in whole-mounted retinas of
      the eastern chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus asiaticus) by labelling these cells with
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the optic tract. The HRP-labelled
      cells were distributed exclusively in the temporal crescent which occupied about
      a quarter of the whole retinal area. The temporal crescent contained
      contralaterally projecting cells as well as ipsilaterally projecting cells. The
      soma size of ipsilaterally projecting cells, especially of those in the dorso
      temporal crescent, was significantly larger than that of contralaterally
      projecting cells.

PMID- 4000549
TI  - Structural plasticity of developing optic synapses under different lighting
      conditions.
AB  - Four-month-old male hooded rats were reared from birth under constant light and
      darkness conditions. Changes in the amount of postsynaptic density material in
      the optic synapses in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of these rats were compared
      with animals maintained under routine light-dark (12 h) cycles. The thickness of
      postsynaptic density material was found to be significantly greater in dark
      reared rats relative to light-reared animals. The plasticity of this structure
      may have functional implications in the sensitivity of postsynaptic response.
      There was no significant difference in the lengths of the synaptic apposition and
      the size of boutons.

PMID- 4000550
TI  - Occurrence of serotonin-accumulating neurones in cultures of retina from the
      human foetus.
AB  - Cultures were produced from retinas taken from human foetuses. Specific cells in
      culture have the capacity to take up exogenous serotonin, which was then
      visualized by immunofluorescence using an antisera to serotonin. The known
      serotonergic uptake blocker, chlorimipramine, inhibited the uptake of the amine
      while benztropine, a dopamine-uptake blocker, is ineffectual. These findings show
      that serotonin-accumulating cells are formed prenatally in man and demonstrate
      the usefulness of this preparation for future studies.

PMID- 4000551
TI  - Kainic acid neurotoxicity: characterization of blood-brain barrier damage.
AB  - The alterations in the water, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) contents of the
      frontoparietal cortex, hippocampus and thalamus as well as the protein
      permeability of the blood-brain barrier were investigated in rats 4 h after
      systemic kainic acid administration. Increases in the water and Na contents and a
      decrease in the K content were observed together with Evans blue extravasation in
      the thalamus area indicating the development of vasogenic brain edema. Changes
      observed in the ion contents of the frontoparietal cortex and hippocampus may be
      due to a general cell membrane permeability damage but are not caused by a
      primary disturbance of the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 4000552
TI  - Involvement of the sensory cortex in adrenocortical responses following photic
      and acoustic stimulation in the rat.
AB  - In order to examine the possibility that the sensory cortex participates in the
      mediation of adrenocortical responses following sensory stimuli, the effects of
      photic and acoustic stimuli on plasma corticosterone were studied in rats with
      either visual or auditory cortex ablation. In animals with visual cortex
      ablation, the adrenocortical response to acoustic stimuli was intact; however, it
      was significantly reduced following photic stimulation. On the other hand, in
      animals with auditory cortex ablation, the response to acoustic stimulation was
      significantly reduced, but the response to photic stimulation remained intact.
      These data demonstrate the participation of the specific sensory cortex in
      adrenocortical responses following the stimulation of the corresponding sensory
      modality. The possible mechanisms involved may be either a tonic facilitatory
      effect of the specific cortex on subcortical mechanisms or the transmission of
      the specific stimuli in the primary sensory pathways, to achieve a full
      adrenocortical discharge.

PMID- 4000553
TI  - Familial vitamin B12 malabsorption.

PMID- 4000554
TI  - Interactions of dietary iron and zinc in the chick.

PMID- 4000555
TI  - Protein digestion and absorption after intestinal resection in rats.

PMID- 4000556
TI  - Hepatic fat and alcoholic cirrhosis.

PMID- 4000557
TI  - Counseling and health screening for children entering sports and physical
      exercise.
AB  - It is estimated that some 26 million students, ages 8 to 16, participate in some
      sports activities. The appropriate physical assessment and anticipatory
      counseling relative to competitive sports, the age mix and the appropriateness of
      mixed sex and unisex participation are reviewed.

PMID- 4000558
TI  - Exercise and sports for children with specific chronic illnesses.
AB  - Participation in sports activities as a team member has become an important
      developmental childhood task. This article provides specific guidelines for
      sports participation of children with convulsive disorders, asthma and allergies
      and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 4000559
TI  - California Supreme Court defines standard of care for NPS.

PMID- 4000560
TI  - Guide to private practice office planning.

PMID- 4000561
TI  - In-patient nurse practitioners.
AB  - An increasing number of nurse practitioners are employed in in-patient settings,
      including emergency rooms, medical, surgical, OB-GYN and critical care units, and
      nursing homes. This trend poses special problems and opportunities for the in
      patient practitioner in educational preparation, credentialing, employment
      negotiations, prospective reimbursement, hospital privileges and relationships
      with nurses and physicians. The differences for in-patient practitioners in these
      areas as opposed to those in ambulatory practice are discussed, and suggestions
      are made for anticipating and dealing for them.

PMID- 4000562
TI  - Elbow pain.

PMID- 4000563
TI  - New drug for intermittent claudication.

PMID- 4000564
TI  - Regional tidal volume assessed by gated lung imaging.
AB  - We have measured regional lung tidal volumes and functional residual capacities
      by accumulating and framing iso-volumic images while the patient rebreathes
      127Xe. As the lung changes shape during ventilation corrections for changes in
      geometry were obtained by simultaneous collection of 99Tcm counts from the gated
      perfusion scan. Regions of interest were made to vary throughout the respiratory
      cycle so that a region had always the same value of 99Tcm counts. From the
      corrected 127Xe counts regional tidal volumes (TVr) and functional residual
      capacities (FRCr) were derived. In patients with established chronic bronchitis
      and emphysema FRCr were greater and the ratio TVr/FRCr decreased compared with
      patients with relatively normal static and dynamic lung volumes. Preliminary
      studies suggest that this ratio was a better discriminator between normal and
      abnormal regional function than estimates of regional xenon washout. Studies with
      xenon-133 have contributed to our understanding of the physiology of ventilation
      but have contributed somewhat less to routine clinical practice. This results in
      part from the unsatisfactory physical properties of xenon-133. Its relatively low
      gamma ray energy of 80 keV results in significant self-absorption losses and the
      activity which may be administered is limited by the radiation dose from the
      associated beta particles so that relatively poor counting statistics are
      obtained. With inhaled technetium-99m (99Tcm) microspheres imaging conditions are
      greatly improved but the distribution of these particles may not equate with the
      distribution of ventilation particularly if wet particles are used. Moreover,
      simultaneous microsphere perfusion scans with technetium-99m as a label are
      impossible. Krypton-81m gas has a suitable energy but the short half-life of the
      rubidium-81m generator (4.7 h) makes supply difficult and the ultrashort half
      life of the krypton-81m gas (13 s) leads to problems in calculating the indices
      of ventilation. Xenon-127 (127Xe) gas has a more favourable dosimetry profile
      than xenon-133 because it does not have associated beta particles. Further it has
      an energy (203 keV) suitable for modern gamma cameras and may be used in the
      presence of injected 99Tcm microspheres to provide simultaneous
      ventilation/perfusion imaging. Conventional techniques have assumed that a static
      image of a dynamic process is adequate. As the lungs move during imaging, some
      account of this respiratory movement should be made.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4000565
TI  - Discriminant analysis of thallium-201 myocardial scintigrams.
AB  - In a group of 207 patients undergoing coronary angiography, myocardial
      scintigrams have been performed at rest (n = 95), after exercise testing (n = 50)
      or after dipyridamole vasodilation (n = 62). Pictures recorded in anterior and 45
      degrees left anterior oblique projections have been analysed according to a model
      which divides each projection into 5 territories. Thallium uptake has been
      visually assessed using a three grade scale: 0 = normal uptake, + = sightly
      abnormal uptake, ++ = evident hypoactivity. With reference to angiography,
      sensitivity and specificity for prediction of coronary artery disease have been
      calculated in a classical way using three different criteria of positivity of
      increasing severity, and by a computerized method based on discriminant analysis.
      In the first case, sensitivity and specificity were highly dependent one on the
      other and, as could be expected, varied in opposite directions, a high
      sensitivity (89 to 100%) being only achieved by accepting a lack of specificity
      (33 to 57%). Discriminant analysis, on the contrary, provided for each type of
      protocol: rest, stress, dipyridamole and redistribution, a single optimized
      combination of sensitivity (74 to 87%) and specificity (92 to 100%). The
      corresponding point, when located on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC)
      diagram, demonstrated a clear improvement in diagnostic accuracy. The same method
      has been applied for discrimination, not only between normals and abnormals, but
      also between normals and patients with and without myocardial infarction (correct
      diagnosis in 50 to 68% of cases), and between normals and patients with single-,
      double- or triple-vessel disease (correct diagnosis in 17 to 65% of cases) with a
      high specificity (correct classification of normals in 86 to 100% of cases).

PMID- 4000566
TI  - Determination of euthyroid thyroid mass.
AB  - Proposals have been made for modification of different formulas used to determine
      the thyroid weight, by which the 'most probable' value of the normal thyroid mass
      can be determined. With the help of this method, thyroid masses of euthyroid
      individuals located in Budapest and its surroundings were determined using a
      combined scintigraphic and ultrasound method. As an average of 103 cases, the
      'most probable' value of normal thyroid mass of the population is 20.9 g (range
      15.1-38.8 g).

PMID- 4000567
TI  - Pseudotumor cerebri in pregnancy. Case reports and review of literature.
AB  - Pseudotumor cerebri is a rare disorder occurring in the reproductive age range of
      females, thus occurring infrequently in pregnancy. We are reporting three cases
      and reviewing the reports in English since 1960. Presentation, diagnosis,
      etiology, treatment, and pregnancy outcome are discussed in this review of the
      literature. Overall, pregnancy outcome does not appear to be adversely affected
      and the risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies does not appear to be
      increased. Medical management and observation are usually effective. Pregnancy
      termination is rarely, if ever required.

PMID- 4000568
TI  - Systemic absorption of metronidazole by the vaginal route.
AB  - A study was designed to compare the systemic absorption of metronidazole by the
      oral and vaginal routes. Nine subjects received single 500-mg doses of the oral,
      vaginal insert, and vaginal cream preparations on three occasions. Approximately
      20% bioavailability was demonstrated from both vaginal forms. Mean peak plasma
      concentrations were 15.56 micrograms/mL for the oral form, 1.86 micrograms/mL for
      the cream, and 1.89 micrograms/mL for the insert. The mean times to peak
      concentration were 1.23 hours for the oral dose and 11.11 hours and 20.11 hours
      for the cream and insert, respectively. The data demonstrate that some vaginal
      absorption occurs from both the cream and insert preparations of metronidazole.

PMID- 4000569
TI  - Maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of ritodrine.
AB  - Previous studies using other beta-adrenergic drugs for tocolysis suggest that if
      treatment fails and the patient delivers shortly after the therapy is
      discontinued, there is a direct correlation between neonatal drug concentration
      and major neonatal complications. In the present study, the disposition of
      ritodrine was studied in 28 maternal-infant pairs in whom intravenous ritodrine
      had been administered for clinical indications. The fetal to maternal ratio of
      ritodrine was 1.17 +/- 0.48. The concentration of ritodrine in both maternal and
      umbilical vein was found to vary inversely with the length of time the drug was
      discontinued before delivery. A stepwise multilinear regression revealed that the
      maternal ritodrine dose in the 24 hours before delivery and the drug
      discontinuance to delivery interval were both independently related to umbilical
      vein ritodrine concentrations. When combined, the two variables explained 52% of
      the variance in umbilical vein ritodrine levels. The frequency of respiratory
      distress syndrome was increased in the neonates in whom umbilical vein ritodrine
      was greater than 10 ng/mL, compared with the groups with umbilical vein levels
      ranging from 3.0 to 10.0 ng/mL. However, neonates with the highest ritodrine
      concentration were also of lower gestational age (29.4 versus 33.5 weeks, P less
      than .05) and thus, had greater inherent risk of prematurity-related
      complications.

PMID- 4000570
TI  - Three fetal ponderal indexes in normal pregnancy.
AB  - The relationship of three different fetal ponderal indexes was studied in 116
      normal pregnancies between 20 and 41 weeks. All three fetal ponderal indexes were
      found to be independent of gestational age. Throughout normal gestation, the
      femur length to abdominal circumference ratio X 100 was found to be 22.3 +/- 2.4
      (mean +/- 2 SD), the tibia length to abdominal circumference ratio X 100 19.3 +/-
      2.2 (mean +/- 2 SD), and the femur plus tibia length to abdominal circumference
      ratio X 100 41.6 +/- 4.2 (mean +/- 2 SD). The clinical applications of the
      different fetal ponderal indexes in evaluating fetal growth are discussed.
      Because they are independent of gestational age, the fetal ponderal indexes
      should prove most useful in evaluating fetal growth in high-risk patients with
      unknown dates.

PMID- 4000571
TI  - Respiratory morbidity benefit of awaiting onset of labor after elective cesarean
      section.
AB  - Respiratory morbidity in term neonates is an important complication of elective
      cesarean delivery. The effect of preceding labor on the incidence and severity of
      respiratory morbidity in two comparable groups of neonates, 107 with and 80
      without labor and with no predisposing factors to respiratory morbidity, was
      evaluated. Transient tachypnea of the newborn accounted for the majority of cases
      in term neonates. Respiratory morbidity occurred less frequently in neonates
      delivered after the onset of labor compared with those delivered before labor
      (11.2 versus 30%, P less than .002). The risk of respiratory morbidity decreased
      1.5 times for each week of advancing gestational age. The presence of labor
      significantly reduced the risk of respiratory morbidity, independently of
      gestational age (P less than .03), and disease was less severe in neonates born
      during labor. Awaiting the onset of labor appears to be beneficial in preventing
      respiratory morbidity in term neonates delivered by elective cesarean section.

PMID- 4000572
TI  - Standard lecithin/sphingomyelin and phosphatidylglycerol techniques compared with
      immunologic slide test.
AB  - A commercially available, rapid, technically simple, immunologic slide
      agglutination test for amniotic fluid (AF) phosphatidylglycerol has been compared
      with the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio and phosphatidylglycerol determined
      by thin-layer chromatography. The immunologic test lacks sensitivity when
      compared with phosphatidylglycerol measured by thin-layer chromatography, and
      both phosphatidylglycerol measurements are considerably less sensitive than the
      L:S ratio. The authors' results suggest that the immunologic test is probably
      useful as a screening test, but all negative results should be immediately
      followed up with an L:S ratio and phosphatidylglycerol measured by thin-layer
      chromatography.

PMID- 4000573
TI  - Placental immaturity associated with anencephaly.
AB  - The placenta associated with anencephalic infants demonstrates striking
      histologic immaturity near term. This consists of large numbers of prominent
      cytotrophoblastic cells with frequent mitoses.

PMID- 4000574
TI  - Progesterone production in adenocarcinoma of the colon metastatic to the ovaries.
AB  - A 59-year-old woman who presented with bowel obstruction, a large pelvic mass,
      and marked breast tenderness was found to have strikingly elevated preoperative
      serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone. After resection of a primary
      adenocarcinoma of the colon and bilateral ovarian metastases, her serum
      progesterone and estradiol concentrations gradually declined. The unusual hormone
      production in the patient was confirmed by regression of clinical symptoms and by
      in vitro endocrine assays performed on cells from ovarian tumor grown in tissue
      culture. The tumor consumed pregnenolone and produced progesterone and estradiol
      in large quantity.

PMID- 4000575
TI  - Obstetric factors causing early periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage.

PMID- 4000576
TI  - Effect of magnesium sulfate on electroencephalographic findings in
      preeclampsia/eclampsia.

PMID- 4000577
TI  - Successful engineering control of hazardous exposures a team effort.

PMID- 4000578
TI  - Pre-placement health screening needs problem-oriented approach.

PMID- 4000579
TI  - Monitoring employee exposures limits liability, morale problems.

PMID- 4000580
TI  - Variety of asbestos uses requires many different substitute materials.

PMID- 4000581
TI  - Chemical protective clothing: testing strategy and test methods.

PMID- 4000582
TI  - Hazardous site water restrictions pose problem for exposed workers.

PMID- 4000583
TI  - Widely publicized jogging deaths don't negate the benefits of exercise.

PMID- 4000584
TI  - Product liability lawsuits focus on responsibility of manufacturers.

PMID- 4000585
TI  - Synaptic connections in the spinal ganglia of the rat.

PMID- 4000586
TI  - Respiratory depression produced by injection of GABA into the fourth ventricle of
      the rabbit.

PMID- 4000587
TI  - [Studies on the calcium antagonistic action of tetrandrine: IX. Effects of
      tetrandrine on the contractility of isolated swine coronary artery strips].

PMID- 4000588
TI  - Magnesium and congestive heart failure.

PMID- 4000589
TI  - Preliminary study of the clinical significance of electrodiagnosis with medium
      frequency stimulation.

PMID- 4000590
TI  - Fluorescence histochemical observations on the sympathetic nerves in the spinal
      ganglia of the rat.

PMID- 4000591
TI  - Arthrodesis of the knee with a long intramedullary nail.

PMID- 4000592
TI  - Measurement of the Tibetan (Gansu) female pelvis.

PMID- 4000593
TI  - On the use of closed circuit TV in the department of pathology.

PMID- 4000594
TI  - [Treatment of traumatic hemophthalmos and its sequelae by closed vitrectomy].

PMID- 4000595
TI  - [Diagnostic value of distance thermometry of the anterior surface of the eye in
      epibulbar and intraocular neoplasms].

PMID- 4000596
TI  - [Effectiveness of graded eye compression in anterior non-perforating
      keratotomies].

PMID- 4000597
TI  - [Visual acuity after radial keratotomy and its relation to the size of the
      retinal image].

PMID- 4000598
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical manifestations of intracranial meningiomas
      invading the orbit].

PMID- 4000599
TI  - [Diagnostic value of fluorophotocalibrometry of retinal vessels in patients with
      tumors of chiasmal-sellar localization].

PMID- 4000600
TI  - [Changes in the visual fields in patients with occlusive-hydrocephalus and
      hypertension syndromes].

PMID- 4000601
TI  - [Significance of intolerance indicators in glaucoma].

PMID- 4000602
TI  - [Clinico-morphological parallels in various types of congenital blepharoptosis in
      children].

PMID- 4000603
TI  - [Role of vitrectomy in the treatment of traumatic retinal detachment associated
      with hemophthalmos].

PMID- 4000604
TI  - [Use of ultrasonics and ophthalmic drug films in the treatment of corneal
      injuries].

PMID- 4000605
TI  - [Dioxidine phonophoresis in the treatment of patients with bacterial keratitis
      and corneal ulcers].

PMID- 4000606
TI  - [Early signs of disorders of metabolism of aqueous humor in workers exposed to
      allyl chloride and its derivatives].

PMID- 4000607
TI  - [Effect of dibunol on changes in oxygen tension in the healthy cornea].

PMID- 4000608
TI  - [Activities of the urban branch of the district specialized eye trauma center
      with regard to the prevention and treatment of eye injuries].

PMID- 4000609
TI  - [A device for the study of binocular vision].

PMID- 4000610
TI  - [An eye spray for lavage of the conjunctival cavity in chemical burns].

PMID- 4000611
TI  - [A diagram-cliche for the evaluation of optic disk excavation in glaucoma].

PMID- 4000612
TI  - [2 cases of successful treatment of patients with non-perforated retinal
      detachment].

PMID- 4000613
TI  - [Congenital coloboma of the optic nerve inlet as a variant of defective
      development].

PMID- 4000614
TI  - [A rare case of the presence of a drop of fat in the anterior chamber].

PMID- 4000615
TI  - [Closed vitrectomy in traumatic hemophthalmos].

PMID- 4000616
TI  - [Prevention of post-traumatic traction retinal detachment by the vitreo
      adhesiectomy method].

PMID- 4000617
TI  - Oral high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment: cortisol/MPA serum
      profiles in relation to breast cancer regression.
AB  - Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a potent synthetic progestin, has been widely
      used in the hormonal treatment of advanced breast cancer, but presently with
      varying dose schedules. The availability of a sensitive RIA-method for
      determination of serum MPA has stimulated the research on MPA serum levels in
      patients after repeated MPA administration. The aim of this study was to assay
      blood level profiles of MPA as well as of cortisol during repeated high-dose
      orally administered MPA. 34 patients with metastatic breast cancer were enrolled
      in this study. 12 patients died already within the first 4 weeks of MPA treatment
      due to multiple metastases. The dosage regimen based on the daily oral
      administration of 1,000 mg MPA suspension. During MPA treatment, a decrease of
      cortisol serum levels was observed in nearly all patients. Within the observation
      time of 8 months out of 22 evaluable cases 18.2% responded to the therapy
      (complete and partial response). No change was observed in 36.4% and progression
      in 45.5% of the patients. Within the remission (complete and partial) group, a
      good correlation between constant MPA serum levels above 150 ng/ml and remission
      was observed. But in the groups with no change and progression no such
      correlation could be observed.

PMID- 4000618
TI  - Kinetics of inhibition of in vitro interferon-alpha/beta production after benzo
      (a)-pyrene exposure.
AB  - L-929 cells were treated with benzo-(a)-pyrene (BP), washed, and then
      interferon(IFN)-alpha/beta was induced with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic
      acid (poly-I-C). IFN-alpha/beta production by these cells was measured at 6-hour
      intervals. Up to 24 h after commencement of IFN induction, IFN production was
      severely inhibited in BP-treated cells as compared to controls. After 24 h, IFN
      alpha/beta production in BP-treated cells began to rise and reached levels seen
      in untreated cells by 48 h. These data indicated that IFN induction was not
      completely inhibited by BP treatment, but, rather, the peak of IFN production was
      delayed. Mouse embryo cultures from SENCAR mice showed the same pattern of
      delayed IFN production when treated with BP. Direct exposure of the cells to BP
      for at least 15 min prior to removal of the carcinogen was required for IFN
      induction to be inhibited; however, at least 24 h of further incubation in fresh
      medium before addition of poly-I-C was required for inhibition of IFN induction
      by BP.

PMID- 4000619
TI  - The direct approach to posterior mediastinal masses by fine-needle biopsy.
AB  - Fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is helpful in establishing an accurate cyto
      histopathologic diagnosis of posterior mediastinal masses, which, on conventional
      radiography and with other imaging methods, may remain unclear. By doing so it
      initiates adequate patient management and therapy in the interest of improved
      prospects of cure. FNB was carried out in 55 patients with a wide variety of
      posterior mediastinal masses. The technique included percutaneous transthoracic
      FNB by a direct approach as well as FNB by the paravertebral approach with or
      without previous mediastinography. In 28 of 55 patients a neurogenic tumor could
      be diagnosed; 8 of these tumors (30%) proved to be malignant. In 14 patients,
      cystic lesions were detected, and in 13 patients a spectrum of other changes was
      found. Complications were minor and not essentially different as compared to the
      total material of 2,726 patients with 5,300 FNBs, with the exception that fewer
      pneumothoraces occurred (10 vs. 27%). In 2 patients, treatment was necessary (one
      suction by needle and one chest drainage). In the rest of the patients,
      observation during the post-biopsy period was utilized and the clinical follow-up
      was unremarkable.

PMID- 4000620
TI  - A demonstration project on cancer screening in rural Thailand: preliminary
      report.
AB  - A demonstration multiphasic cancer screening program was conducted in a rural
      village in Thailand under the coordination of Bangkok's National Cancer
      Institute. The village's physician, mayor, and other members of the community
      assumed a variety of volunteer roles in order to provide logistical support. In
      short, this became a community-oriented program. 349 patients (100 males, 249
      females) were evaluated. 6 verified cancers (2 recurrent) were detected. 47
      patients received a diagnosis of a putative precancer disease, such as dysplasia
      of the uterine cervix, leukoplakia of the vulva, or of the oral mucosa. Cancer
      educational programs were provided for the entire community and more intensively
      for those patients who participated in the program. The most vexing problem was
      poor follow-up.

PMID- 4000621
TI  - Effect of human urinary extract on initiation and growth of spontaneous murine
      mammary tumours.
AB  - A material with gonadotrophin-inhibiting properties was extracted from pooled
      human urine of male subjects. This material was able to prevent initiation of
      mammary tumour growth in C3H(Jax) mice. When injected into tumour-bearing
      animals, 5 out of 31 tumours regressed while 21 out of 31 tumours stopped
      growing.

PMID- 4000622
TI  - Pupillary block associated with posterior chamber lenses.
AB  - Two patients developed pupillary block glaucoma after extracapsular cataract
      extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens but without peripheral
      iridectomies. The intraocular pressure of each eye was successfully controlled
      with laser iridotomy. No long-term medication was necessary to control their
      intraocular pressures.

PMID- 4000623
TI  - An easy method for collecting irrigation fluid during extracapsular surgery.

PMID- 4000625
TI  - Myopia, its surgical treatment, academic centers, and rewards.

PMID- 4000624
TI  - Dapsone in the treatment of presumed brown recluse spider bite of the eyelid.
AB  - Brown recluse spider bites occur commonly in the Southern United States but
      eyelid bites are rare. Management of eyelid bites is difficult because the
      initial spider bite is frequently unnoticed, surgical and medical treatments are
      ineffective, and even a small area of necrosis affects the appearance and
      function of the eyelid.

PMID- 4000626
TI  - Enlargement of an argon laser iridectomy.

PMID- 4000627
TI  - Scleral reinforcement for high myopia.
AB  - This paper reviews the scleral reinforcement procedure for high myopia. A
      discussion of the indications and operative technique is presented with
      postoperative results and complications in 191 cases performed by one surgeon
      over the last 14 years. A discussion of the history of scleral reinforcement,
      modification of technique, and pathogenesis of high myopia is presented.

PMID- 4000628
TI  - Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for developmental glaucoma.

PMID- 4000629
TI  - The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT)

PMID- 4000630
TI  - Intraoperative posterior chamber lens haptic fixation in the human cadaver eye.
AB  - The authors observed the intraoperative behavior of several posterior chamber
      lens (PCL) loops inserted in the human cadaver eye in a manner similar to an
      actual operation. The procedure was viewed under an operating microscope, and was
      filmed by a 16-mm movie camera. In PCLs with a length of 13-mm or more, which
      were originally designed for ciliary sulcus fixation, the first loop (usually the
      inferior loop) was easily inserted into the ciliary sulcus, but the second loop
      (usually the superior loop) was often misinserted into the posterior capsule.
      Neighboring tissues sometimes were accidentally traumatized during maneuvers to
      correct lens decentration. In PCLs with shorter loops, which were designed for
      capsular bag fixation, both loops could always be placed securely in the bag.
      When we compared the C-loop and the J-loop, the former was found to be excellent
      in its flexible nature of the loop.

PMID- 4000631
TI  - Hessburg anterior chamber intraocular lens results.

PMID- 4000632
TI  - Acellular proteinaceous film on lens implants: a typical reactive situation in
      complicated cases.
AB  - The more or less complete absence of fibroblast-like cells from reactive
      membranes on the optics of lens implants is demonstrated in four clinically
      complicated cases of pseudophakia. This is associated with preservation of the
      film-like proteinaceous part of these membranes. In these cases the lack of cells
      is believed to be secondary in nature and a sign of significant adaptation
      difficulties.

PMID- 4000633
TI  - In vitro evaluation of cellular inhibitory potential of various antineoplastic
      drugs and dexamethasone.
AB  - We evaluated the in vitro cellular inhibitory rates of eight antineoplastic
      agents and dexamethasone for rabbit retinal pigment epithelial cells and rabbit
      corneal fibroblasts. Doxorubicin was the most effective chemotherapeutic agent to
      inhibit cellular proliferation (-90%). Compared to the controls, the percentage
      variation in cell number for single agents ranged from +26% to -90%. Chemotherapy
      drugs in combination also were evaluated and found to be not superior to the
      single agents. Cellular inhibitory rates for combination agents ranged from -34%
      to -72%. Dexamethasone in the concentrations used did not significantly inhibit
      or stimulate cellular proliferation.

PMID- 4000634
TI  - Capsular forceps for extraocular extraction: a new use for an old instrument
      (newly designed).

PMID- 4000635
TI  - Aspirating speculum.

PMID- 4000636
TI  - Modification of intraocular plastic lens implants to enhance adherence of a cell
      membrane.

PMID- 4000637
TI  - [Diagnosis of uveal melanoma].
AB  - With sufficient clinical experience, there is a high probability of discovering a
      malignant melanoma by means of high-resolution computerized tomography.
      Therefore, computerized tomography can be considered as a precious addition to
      the existing examination methods.

PMID- 4000638
TI  - [Central chorioretinal dystrophy with drusen and retinal crystals].
AB  - 4 patients out of 2 pedigrees present an association of dominant drusen, central
      chorioretinal dystrophy and retinal crystals. It seems to be transmitted in an
      autosomal dominant mode. Drusen have also been found in 4 patients (3rd
      generation) at the age of 40 years. Central chorioretinal dystrophy and retinal
      crystals have not been found prior to the age of 60 years. Visual acuity and
      central scotoma depend on the central chorioretinal dystrophy. Electro-oculograms
      and electroretinograms exhibited relatively little changes. 2 patients showed
      phenotype II and IV of Fredriksen.

PMID- 4000639
TI  - Fluorescein angiography in inflammation of the peripheral fundus: involvement of
      the choroid and retina. II.
AB  - Fluorescein angiographies were performed in 65 patients with peripheral uveitis.
      34 subjects (52%) showed pathologic dye transit of the peripheral choroid.
      Fluorographic evidence of retinal involvement was high (91%), preferentially
      consisting in leakages from capillaries and venules. Fluorescein angiography was
      able to detect minute lesions and corresponded with the activity of the
      inflammation.

PMID- 4000640
TI  - Tear water evaporation and eye surface diseases.
AB  - The water evaporation rate from the tear film of eyes with anterior surface
      pathology (corneal and/or conjunctival scars, meibomitis) was tested by means of
      the "Rolando-Refojo tear evaporimeter', which allows noninvasive and reproducible
      test conditions. These eyes show a statistically significant increase in tear
      evaporation rate compared to normal eyes. The clinical implications of this
      finding are discussed.

PMID- 4000641
TI  - Standardization of vitreal inflammatory activity in intermediate and posterior
      uveitis.
AB  - Standardization of observations is recognized as fundamental to clinical
      research. The methodology for the evaluation of anterior segment inflammatory
      disease has become well accepted, while the ocular inflammatory standardization
      of the posterior segment has not been so well described or accepted. A system for
      the evaluation of vitreal inflammatory activity in patients with intermediate and
      posterior uveitis is presented. A series of photographs representing various
      degrees of fundus vitreal haze is depicted. The observer examines the eye with an
      indirect ophthalmoscope, then chooses the photograph which most closely simulates
      what is being seen. This technique is rapid and its reproducibility is helpful in
      standardizing clinical observations.

PMID- 4000643
TI  - Order out of chaos. Can ophthalmology influence its future?

PMID- 4000642
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy as detected using ophthalmoscopy, a nonmydriatic camera and
      a standard fundus camera.
AB  - The study was performed to evaluate whether the severity of diabetic retinopathy
      as assessed by three alternative methods was concordant with the severity of
      retinopathy as determined from 30 degrees stereoscopic photographs. The three
      methods were direct ophthalmoscopy through an undilated pupil, nonstereoscopic 45
      degrees retinal photography through a pharmacologically undilated pupil and
      nonstereoscopic 45 degrees photography through a dilated pupil. A single 45
      degrees photograph centered between the disc and fovea was taken and direct
      ophthalmoscopy was performed on 99 persons prior to pharmacological dilation of
      the pupil. After dilation, another 45 degrees photograph was taken of the same
      field, as well as 30 degrees stereoscopic color photographs of DRS fields 1, 2
      and 4 (modified). Corresponding photographic fields were graded by masked,
      trained graders for the severity of retinopathy and for the presence of specified
      diabetic lesions using the Modified Airlie House Classification scheme. For three
      levels of severity of retinopathy (none, nonproliferative or proliferative) exact
      agreement between direct ophthalmoscopy and grading of retinopathy from
      stereoscopic photographs taken with the standard 30 degrees camera was 54.3% (n =
      94). For four levels of severity of retinopathy (none, microaneurysms only, all
      other nonproliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy), exact
      agreement between gradings of retinopathy of the 45 degrees photographs taken
      through undilated pupils and 30 degrees photographs taken through dilated pupils
      was 82.5% (n = 63); and for 45 degrees photographs and 30 degrees photographs
      taken through dilated pupils it was 86.5% (n = 74). These data suggest that 45
      degrees nonstereoscopic fundus photographs, when graded according to a standard
      classification scheme, provide reasonably reliable photographic representation of
      the severity of retinopathy when broad overall categories are used.

PMID- 4000644
TI  - Two-year course of visual acuity in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy
      with conventional management. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS) report
      #1.
AB  - Seven hundred forty-four eyes with very severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy
      (PDR) were followed with conventional management over a two-year period.
      Decreases in visual acuity were more frequent during the first year of follow-up
      than during the second, and were related to baseline visual acuity level and
      retinopathy severity. After two years, visual acuity was less than 5/200 in 45%
      of eyes with more than four disc areas of new vessels and visual acuity of 10/30
      to 10/50 at baseline, but in only 14% of eyes with traction retinal detachment
      not involving the center of the macula and without active new vessels or fresh
      vitreous hemorrhage at baseline. Vitrectomy, which was undertaken only if retinal
      detachment involving the center of the macula occurred or if severe vitreous
      hemorrhage failed to clear after a one-year waiting period, had been carried out
      in 25% of eyes after two years of follow-up.

PMID- 4000645
TI  - Bilateral acute corneal calcification.
AB  - A 38-year-old man with brittle, juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and bilateral
      severe dry eyes with recurrent corneal ulcers developed atypical band-shaped
      calcifications of both corneas during a 24-hour period. Serum calcium, phosphate,
      and carbon dioxide levels all were within normal limits. The patient was mildly
      uremic but was not in renal failure. When EDTA chelation failed to clear the
      deposits, partial keratectomies were performed in both eyes and the specimens
      were examined by light and electron microscopy, including energy dispersive x-ray
      analysis. Microscopic studies revealed an atypical calcific keratopathy which
      involved neither Bowman's layer nor the most superficial stromal lamellae. The
      deposits were confined to deeper lamellae in the anterior stroma and by electron
      microscopy were composed of extracellular crystalline aggregates. Energy
      dispersive x-ray analysis of these aggregates confirmed the presence of calcium
      and phosphate. Corneal dessication appeared to be a major contributing factor in
      the rapid formation of these deposits.

PMID- 4000646
TI  - Measurement of fluorescein angiograms of the optic disc and retina using
      computerized image analysis.
AB  - Computerized image analysis was used to quantify objectively fluorescein
      angiograms of the optic disc, peripapillary choroid, and retina. Techniques were
      developed to measure fluorescein filling rates of the optic disc and the retinal
      vessels and the area of fluorescein filling defects within the optic disc. Two
      subjects, one with glaucoma and the other with ocular hypertension, showed
      increases of areas of fluorescein filling defects of the optic disc on follow-up
      and are presented here as examples of the application of these techniques. This
      methodology can be applied to the longitudinal follow-up of individual patients
      with glaucoma and retinal diseases, as well as to cross-sectional studies of
      patient populations.

PMID- 4000647
TI  - "Blue-body" epithelial cell inclusions in conjunctivitis.
AB  - In 10.4% of conjunctival scrapings received from 1731 patients with
      conjunctivitis during the years 1970 through 1980, basophilic cytoplasmic
      inclusions of unknown etiology were found in the epithelial cells when Giemsa
      stained. These "blue-bodies" differed in morphology from bacteria, chlamydia, and
      other frequent cytoplasmic inclusions. By electron microscopy, they consisted of
      a variety of dense bodies and phagolysosomal vacuoles containing complex lipids,
      indicating injury to the epithelial cells. The presence of these inclusions had a
      statistically significant association with the use of topical medications,
      especially Neosporin. Administration of other antibiotics and medications was
      less frequently related. Patients with the most prolific "blue-body" inclusions
      usually showed a clinical picture of subacute to chronic conjunctivitis or
      blepharoconjunctivitis thought to represent hypersensitivity. Recognizing the
      nature of these easily seen inclusions is important to distinguish them from
      infectious organisms, and may also support the diagnosis of a drug-related
      reaction.

PMID- 4000648
TI  - Acquired macular degeneration. I. Nonexudative (dry) macular degeneration.

PMID- 4000649
TI  - Carcinoid tumors of the larynx. A case study.
AB  - Carcinoid tumors of the larynx are very rare: only 11 cases have been described
      in the available literature. We report another case, and discuss the nature of
      the cells of origin and the relationship between these tumors and another rare
      laryngeal tumor, the oat cell carcinoma.

PMID- 4000650
TI  - Tumor antigens and immune complexes in laryngeal cancer.
AB  - The sensitivity of an antigen prepared from tumor extract in three concentrations
      was examined in patients with cancers of the larynx of different extent (T1-T4)
      with or without metastases. At the same time circulating immune complexes in the
      serum were investigated by the polyethylene glycol precipitation method. Positive
      antigen reactions were found in 34% of the cases examined and enhanced immune
      complexes alone in 66%. These results were compared before and after the
      operative procedures and their relationship to the phytohaemagglutinin was
      assessed. Differences in these results appeared to be related to the size of the
      tumors (T1-T4) and to the presence of metastases.

PMID- 4000651
TI  - Complications in neck dissection.
AB  - Complications following 186 neck dissections in 171 patients are reported. Major
      surgical complications occurred after 8 neck dissections; minor surgical after 52
      and medical complications after 13. Preoperative radiotherapy did not seem to
      influence the complication rate. 16 of 21 patients with recurrences in the neck
      had extranodal spread histologically. 76% of the recurrences occurred within a
      year and proved fatal in nearly all patients. Preservation of the spinal
      accessory nerve did not increase the recurrence rate.

PMID- 4000652
TI  - Oral and oropharyngeal cancer, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility and
      smoking. A follow-up study.
AB  - In a series of 50 consecutive cases with oral or oropharyngeal malignancies, aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility and smoking habits were studied. 82%
      of the patients were smokers. The AHH levels were divided into high, intermediate
      and low groups and were correlated to a healthy control material also divided
      into the groups mentioned. A significant overrepresentation of patients with a
      high AHH level (p less than 0.0005) as well as an underrepresentation of low AHH
      levels (p less than 0.01) was found. Smokers with a high AHH level run a sixfold
      risk of developing cancer in this area and develop it earlier in life than people
      with low or intermediate AHH levels. Recurrences or secondary malignancies in the
      upper digestive tract or airways were substantially higher in the high AHH level
      group as compared to the other. A high AHH inducibility level thus is of both
      pathogenetic as well as prognostic importance in oral and/or oropharyngeal
      cancer.

PMID- 4000653
TI  - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the external ear (Kimura's
      disease).
AB  - A rare case of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, or Kimura's disease,
      of the external ear, occurring in a 21-year-old woman, is reported. The lesion
      has recurred twice after surgical excision and corticosteroid therapy was then
      elected. The clinical and histological features of this disease are described.

PMID- 4000654
TI  - Long-term results of septoplastic operations.
AB  - 161 patients treated with septoplastic operations for nasal stenosis were
      examined 25-64 months postoperatively. Surgery was inadequate in 32 cases (20%);
      in 23 this was due to the septum operation itself, in 9 to unsatisfactory or no
      correction of the alar insufficiency. Preoperative anterior dislocations were
      corrected in 64 of 76 cases, deflection of the nose in 43 of 75 cases. Late
      complications were few: anterior dislocations in 3 cases; small columellar
      retractions in 7 cases; small septal perforations in 4 cases, and saddle nose
      deformity in 3 cases. 35% of the patients were not satisfied with the result, but
      in 14 patients (9%) this was not justified according to our examination. In a
      further 11% the reasons for dissatisfaction were not related to the result of the
      operation.

PMID- 4000655
TI  - Comparison of the adaptation time constants of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and of
      the sensation of rotation during sinusoidal stimulation.
AB  - The influence of adaptation on the phase characteristic of both the vestibular
      ocular reflex and the sensation of rotation is investigated. The experimental
      data can be described by a second-order model with an adaptation term. The
      adaptation time constant Ta is found to be 135 s for the vestibulo-ocular reflex
      while it has a much lower value, 47 s, for the sensation of rotation. The
      difference is only found in the low-frequency region.

PMID- 4000656
TI  - Symposium on the anterior cruciate ligament, Part II.

PMID- 4000657
TI  - Combined intra-articular and extra-articular reconstructions for anterior tibial
      subluxation.
AB  - This article describes several procedures that combine intra-articular techniques
      with extra-articular techniques to stabilize the knee with anterior tibial
      subluxation. The procedures detailed are reconstruction using the semitendinosus
      tendon and the iliotibial tract; tenodesis using a strip of iliotibial tract
      combined with intra-articular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament
      with the central third of the patellar tendon; "mini-reconstruction"; and a
      procedure utilizing a vascularized patellar tendon graft plus "dynamic"
      augmentation.

PMID- 4000658
TI  - Complications of anterior cruciate ligament surgery.
AB  - In summation, the solution to many complications of anterior cruciate ligament
      surgery seems to be increasing the surgeon's knowledge of its complex anatomy and
      surgical techniques. Once the surgeon has learned firsthand the details of a
      relatively successful procedure, he can perform it on anatomic specimens for
      finesse. All he needs then is appropriate instrumentation and a postoperative
      protocol for rehabilitation under his direct supervision. Although not
      necessarily experienced, at that point he should be prepared to perform anterior
      cruciate ligament reconstructions without too many complications. With careful
      attention to detail and cumulative experience, he may modify his procedures for
      his own advantage, for that of the patient, and for the larger orthopedic
      community.

PMID- 4000659
TI  - Rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
AB  - The previously outlined exercise program for the knee is for the instability that
      results from the loss of the anterior cruciate ligament and/or capsular ligaments
      laterally. Its success depends on communication between surgeon, therapist, and
      trainer. Each must understand what the other is doing and must follow the
      biomechanical and healing restraints of the surgery. The understanding of soft
      tissue healing is ongoing. Research in this field will greatly enhance the
      rehabilitation programs of the future.

PMID- 4000660
TI  - Primary evaluation and management of knee injuries.
AB  - In summary, knee injuries may be difficult to evaluate, but a systematic approach
      can lead one to an accurate, precise diagnosis. Certain injuries require higher
      priority management, and more expedient care and recognition of these is
      critical.

PMID- 4000661
TI  - Overuse injuries of the knee and spine in girls' gymnastics.

PMID- 4000662
TI  - [Leptospirosis with fatal outcome].

PMID- 4000663
TI  - [Difficulty of the etiological diagnosis of viral nervous system diseases: double
      virus infection].

PMID- 4000664
TI  - [Pathophysiological and clinical problems of pancreatic function].

PMID- 4000665
TI  - [Lumbar scoliosis and sacroiliac arthrosis in tractor drivers].

PMID- 4000666
TI  - [Glomerulopathy and pregnancy].

PMID- 4000667
TI  - [Experience with permanent shunting of the cerebrospinal fluid in premature
      infants with cerebral ventricle hemorrhage].

PMID- 4000668
TI  - [Suppurative meningitis as a partial symptom of sepsis].

PMID- 4000670
TI  - [Surgery of primary liver tumors].

PMID- 4000669
TI  - [Incidence of delta antigen in various HBsAG-positive patients with liver
      diseases].

PMID- 4000671
TI  - [Neonatal diabetic cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 4000672
TI  - [Chronic spondylogenic cervical myelopathy. Pathogenesis, prognosis, therapy].
AB  - The term "spondylotic cervical myelopathy" is not generally used in the same
      manner. It is not correct at all to use the expression "spondylotic cervical
      myelopathy" for an illness inducing damage of the cervical spine. This however
      happens in literature--especially in neurochirurgical ones very often. It is
      additionally confusing when the specific course of illness induces pathogenetical
      statements. "Acute cervical myelopathie" is not identical to a spinal cord
      compression caused by disc-protrusion or slipped disc, just as "chronic
      myelopathy" is not identical with spondylogenic cervical cord lesions. "Cervical
      myelopathy" describes an syndrome, exactly an impairment of cervical spinal cord.
      This syndrome "cervical myelopathy" can base on many causes. Encephalomyelitis
      disseminata, a tumor in the region of the cervical spine, a myelopathy induced by
      radiation and also a so-called "whiplash injury" of the cervical spine should be
      mentioned for example.

PMID- 4000673
TI  - [Thoracic intervertebral disk prolapse].
AB  - Prolapse the of thoracic intervertebral discs is very rare, and the symptoms are
      extremely ambiguous. If intradisk calcification can be seen in the X-ray
      pictures, a tentative diagnosis of thoracic intervertebral disc prolapse is
      possible, provided there are typical neurological deficits. Spinal computerized
      tomography is the best method of diagnosis, if it is possible to determine the
      segment level. Prolapse of the thoracic intervertebral disc must be operated upon
      if there are clinical signs. The operative results of laminectomy are poor;
      dorsolateral or ventrolateral surgical approaches have a much better prognosis.

PMID- 4000674
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of the narrow lumbar spinal canal].
AB  - In 30%-40% of the patients who are operated on for herniation of lumbar discs,
      osseous stenosis plays a certain role. However, only in one-third of them are
      special operative measures such as laminectomy necessary with or without
      additional lumbar fusion. When spondylodesis is carried out after laminectomy it
      is often combined with metal implant, which can drastically reduce the time a
      patient requires perioperative treatment. In younger patients showing typical
      signs of nerve root compression due to osseous stenosis of lateral recess, only
      segmental decompression in the form of foraminotomy is done. On the other hand,
      in cases of narrow spinal canal, which is found in elderly patients, neurogenic
      intermittent claudication is the predominant clinical picture. Kyphosis,
      scoliosis, and vertebral displacement can lead to local spinal stenosis. On
      addition, local pressure and tension on unstabile segments in combination with
      secondary fibrosis can lead to compression of the neural structures. The
      diagnosis is based on the clinical history and myelography. Computed tomography
      helps reveal the presence of herniation of a lumbar disc, which should be
      simultaneously operated upon. For the operative treatment there is no age limit.
      All in all, the operative results are so good that one is inclined to decide in
      favour of operation.

PMID- 4000675
TI  - [Neuroradiologic study methods: indications and risks in clinic and practice].

PMID- 4000676
TI  - [Comparative study of somatosensory evoked potentials, whole body computer
      tomography and myelography in spinal space-occupying lesions].
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) of the tibial nerve are of diagnostic
      value, if the recording points nearest to the spinous process are used. In cases
      with space-occupying lesions of the spinal cord, conduction block or amplitude
      reduction is the most common abnormality. In contrast in inflammatory diseases
      like spinal MS the most common abnormality is marked latency delay.

PMID- 4000677
TI  - [Canal stenosis of the cervical spine].
AB  - The authors report the radiological signs of different topographical varieties of
      constitutional narrowness of the cervical spine.

PMID- 4000678
TI  - Tracking a bill through the legislative process.

PMID- 4000679
TI  - How to set up an appointment system.

PMID- 4000680
TI  - Different rewards await future physicians.

PMID- 4000681
TI  - Paraumbilical peritoneal lavage.

PMID- 4000682
TI  - Dioxin: a medical perspective.

PMID- 4000683
TI  - Itch.

PMID- 4000684
TI  - Potentiation of morphine antinociception by monoamine reuptake inhibitors in the
      rat spinal cord.
AB  - Potentiation of the antinociceptive effects of morphine by the tricyclic
      antidepressants was assayed in awake restrained rats using the tail-flick test.
      Intrathecally administered amitriptyline, desipramine or sertraline at doses that
      had no effect themselves (25-30 micrograms) potentiated a subthreshold parenteral
      dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg). The morphine potentiating effect of amitriptyline
      was prevented by prior administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). This
      effect of PCPA was not restored by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) but was restored
      when the animals were left for 14 days to replete. The morphine potentiating
      effects of amitriptyline, desipramine and sertraline were blocked by intrathecal
      administration of low doses of the serotonin antagonist methysergide and the
      alpha-adrenergic antagonists yohimbine and phentolamine but not by the beta
      adrenergic antagonist propranolol. The results are consistent with the hypothesis
      that the potentiation of morphine's antinociceptive effect by tricyclic
      antidepressants depends on activation of both spinopetal serotonin and adrenergic
      neurons.

PMID- 4000685
TI  - Elevation of pain threshold by vaginal stimulation in women.
AB  - In 2 studies with 10 women each, vaginal self-stimulation significantly increased
      the threshold to detect and tolerate painful finger compression, but did not
      significantly affect the threshold to detect innocuous tactile stimulation. The
      vaginal self-stimulation was applied with a specially designed pressure
      transducer assembly to produce a report of pressure or pleasure. In the first
      study, 6 of the women perceived the vaginal stimulation as producing pleasure.
      During that condition, the pain tolerance threshold increased significantly by
      36.8% and the pain detection threshold increased significantly by 53%. A second
      study utilized other types of stimuli. Vaginal self-stimulation perceived as
      pressure significantly increased the pain tolerance threshold by 40.3% and the
      pain detection threshold by 47.4%. In the second study, when the vaginal
      stimulation was self-applied in a manner that produced orgasm, the pain tolerance
      threshold and pain detection threshold increased significantly by 74.6% and
      106.7% respectively, while the tactile threshold remained unaffected. A variety
      of control conditions, including various types of distraction, did not
      significantly elevate pain or tactile thresholds. We conclude that in women,
      vaginal self-stimulation decreases pain sensitivity, but does not affect tactile
      sensitivity. This effect is apparently not due to painful or non-painful
      distraction.

PMID- 4000686
TI  - Subjective sensitization to tonic heat as an indicator of thermal pain.
AB  - In 144 healthy subjects tonic heat stimuli were applied with a contact thermode
      and systematically varied with respect to 3 parameters: temperature T, rate of
      temperature change RTC, and duration D. In addition, the stimulus temperature at
      which the first sensation of pain occurred was produced by some subjects. In both
      types of experiments, subjects compared heat intensity felt at the beginning and
      the end of the stimulus and then set stimulus temperature to correspond with
      their initial sensation. The direction of this temperature change (delta T)
      indicates whether the subject senses an augmentation or a diminution of heat
      intensity. There was a parallel occurrence of pain and sensitization to sustained
      heat. The average skin temperature of the point of transition from adaptation to
      sensitization was equal to the average pain threshold temperature. The
      temperature change response maintained individual differences of thermal and pain
      sensitivity and was highly consistent for each subject. Potential applications of
      the procedure in clinical and experimental pain research are discussed.

PMID- 4000687
TI  - Familial pain models: the relationship between family history of pain and current
      pain experience.
AB  - Recent evidence has underscored the importance of parental models and vicarious
      learning in the etiology of pain behavior. The present study investigated the
      relationships between the number of familial pain models to which an individual
      has been exposed, the individual's reports of current pain experiences, and the
      role of gender. One hundred and twenty male and 168 female college students
      reporting occasional pain episodes completed the Parameters of Pain
      Questionnaire. Results indicated that a significant positive relationship exists
      between the number of pain models in an individual's familial environment and the
      frequency of his/her current pain reports. Additionally, pain models had a
      greater impact on females than on males. These findings are discussed in terms of
      vicarious learning and health locus of control processes.

PMID- 4000688
TI  - The McGill Pain Questionnaire reconsidered: confirming the factor structure and
      examining appropriate uses.
AB  - A major problem in the understanding and psychological treatment of chronic pain
      patients is the inadequacy of available assessment procedures. Currently, the
      most frequently used instrument is the Pain Rating Index (PRI) of the McGill Pain
      Questionnaire, designed to assess 3 components of pain (i.e., sensory, affective,
      and evaluative) postulated by the Gate Control Theory. The PRI has been used in
      many studies to make differential diagnoses, to describe different groups of pain
      patients, and to identify the factor composition of the instrument itself. To
      date, however, no study has appropriately tested the a priori structure of the
      PRI or cross-validated it. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures employed in
      the present study supported Melzack's postulated tri-component structure of the
      PRI in 2 diverse samples of pain patients from different hospitals. However, the
      3 components were found to be highly intercorrelated. Subsequent analyses
      revealed that the 3 components of the PRI do not display adequate discriminant
      validity. The current use of 3 subscales to establish differential diagnoses or
      patterns of different pain syndromes may lead to inappropriate classification and
      treatment decisions. The major conclusion of these findings is that use of only
      the total score of the PRI is appropriate for pain assessment.

PMID- 4000689
TI  - Influencing non-verbal expressions of pain: signal detection analyses.
AB  - Non-verbal expressive behaviour may provide important information about pain not
      available through verbal report. Nevertheless, it has received little attention
      in pain research. In the present study, changes in expressive behaviour resulting
      from electric shock were related to shock intensity, self-report of discomfort,
      observers' judgements of subjects' distress and social modelling influences.
      Subjects were videotaped while they rated low-, medium- and high-intensity
      shocks. Simultaneously, they were exposed to a tolerant social model or an
      inactive companion. Observers then viewed videotapes of subjects and judged the
      level of shock being delivered on the basis of non-verbal behaviour. Observers'
      judgements were analysed by signal detection methods to quantify expressive
      behaviour. Change in expressive reactions to the shocks was directly related to
      stimulus intensity, self-report of pain, and observers' judgements of subjects'
      distress. Expressive behaviour resulting from high shocks was diminished by
      exposure to a tolerant model. These findings establish the feasibility of pain
      measurement based on expressive behaviour, suggest that expressive behaviour
      provides a sensitive and valid index of pain, and indicate that tolerant
      modelling reduces evidence of pain across multiple measures.

PMID- 4000690
TI  - Early application of pedicled omentum to the acutely traumatised spinal cord.
AB  - Placement of the intact omentum upon a recently traumatised spinal cord was found
      to be effective in lessening motor and neuroelectrical dysfunction in a group of
      cats. It was theorised that the beneficial effect of omental transposition was
      due to the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium between production of vasogenic
      oedema from the injured cord and its absorption through omental pathways.
      Removing vasogenic oedema at the omental/spinal cord interface is hypothesised to
      stabilise a rising tissue pressure within the cord during the acute phase of
      injury and at a later date to decrease scar formation at the injury site.

PMID- 4000691
TI  - Low energy cost reciprocal walking for the adult paraplegic.
AB  - The hip guidance orthosis which allows paraplegic children to walk reciprocally
      has been further developed for adult traumatic paraplegics. Since December 1981,
      11 adult complete paraplegics have walked using this device, designated a
      'Parawalker'. Our understanding of the mechanics of this form of ambulation and
      our early work with functional electrical stimulation leave us hopeful of
      achieving a realistic goal for these patients.

PMID- 4000692
TI  - The acute abdomen in spinal cord injury patients.
AB  - After return of the reflex arc below the level of anaesthesia, the spinal cord
      injury (SCI) patient will manifest an intra-abdominal emergency by the clinical
      signs of dysreflexia depending upon the level and completeness of the cord
      lesion. Thirty-six SCI patients are presented to correlate the autonomic response
      to visceral disease with the level of their cord lesion demonstrating that early
      recognition and diagnosis is possible in these patients.

PMID- 4000693
TI  - Prevention of thrombo-embolic complications in paraplegics.
AB  - We have analysed 11 studies dealing with thrombo-embolic complications and their
      prevention in paraplegics. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in a total of
      1316 hospitalized patients (not receiving any sort of specific prevention), lies
      between 13 per cent when the diagnosis is made on clinical grounds alone, and
      reaches 84 per cent when a fibrinogen test and phlebography are carried out
      routinely. In 904 patients not receiving prevention pulmonary emboli occur in 4
      15 per cent, but in only two studies were autopsies carried out. It is most
      likely that thrombo-embolic complications in paraplegics are even more common
      than in orthopaedic patients. Five studies dealt with prevention of thrombo
      embolic complications; three with oral anticoagulation, two using physical
      methods, one dealing with subcutaneous heparin and one testing platelet
      inhibitors. None of the studies published so far is controlled, prospective and
      randomized at the same time, and uses objective diagnostic methods. Since all
      studies show one or more methodological problems, it is impossible to make clear
      statements regarding the relative effectiveness of various prophylactic methods
      in this type of patient. The apparently extremely high risk for thrombo-embolic
      complications, however, would make routine prevention in paraplegics mandatory.

PMID- 4000694
TI  - Preventive measures in the tertiary care of spinal cord injured people.
AB  - There are complications of spinal cord paralysis peculiar to the extended care
      period. These may be motor skeletal, neurogenic, visceral and psychogenic. If
      practised regularly, prevention can be very effective in reducing the disability
      in all groups. Limb oedema, joint contractures, myasthenia and pain can be
      materially reduced by regular activity, maintaining joint mobility and the use of
      recreational motor skeletal activities. Urinary tract infection and decubiti can
      be largely eliminated by careful attention to anti-bacterial suppression and
      better hygiene, both personal and at home. Decubiti can be eliminated by regular
      skin care and eliminating friction and pressure. Most episodes of such
      complications can be effectively prevented and treated by the expert home
      visiting nurse. Social complications and drug abuse are areas of increasing
      concern. These can be kept to a minimum by regular assessment and, most
      importantly, when diagnosed early by the home visiting professional.

PMID- 4000695
TI  - 'Some thoughts about neurological recovery in spinal cord injuries: a
      philosophical review'.
AB  - In 1969 Michaelis published an inquiry on diagnosis and prognosis in traumatic
      spinal cord lesions based on an international level of experience. Fifteen years
      later our own answers from 1967 are revised. The result of the first assessment
      depends on the patient's condition and the physician's experience during the
      examination in the early stage. A correction of the first diagnosis in due course
      is not rare. There was no great alteration necessary for comparison in 1983 with
      the answers given in 1969. Firm diagnosis and prognosis are urgently needed by
      patients, relatives, employers and insurance bodies as early as possible. They
      are required also in order to compare the results of different methods of
      treatment. In addition, we treated a greater number of incomplete tetraplegics
      below C5/6, accompanied by a complete irreversible paralysis of the M.
      deltoideus. The pathology of this syndrome is still unknown.

PMID- 4000696
TI  - Brain stem signs in acute cervical cord trauma.
AB  - Four cases are reported which illustrate mechanisms by which patients with
      cervical cord trauma may develop signs of acute brain stem damage. Two patients
      suffered vertebro-basilar ischaemia as a result of trauma to the vertebral
      arteries. The remaining two patients developed cavitating lesions within the
      cervical cord which later dissected rostrally into the brain stem.

PMID- 4000697
TI  - Cardiopulmonary responses during arm work on land and in a water environment of
      nonambulatory, spinal cord impaired individuals.
AB  - Six handicapped and six nonhandicapped subjects were given exercise tolerance
      tests on land and in a water environment. The subjects exercised with their arms
      only and had their cardiopulmonary performance evaluated. Based upon the results
      observed in this study, it appears that nonambulatory individuals with low
      fitness levels were able to experience greater cardiopulmonary work outputs when
      exercising in a water environment. The less severely handicapped individuals
      displayed similar patterns to those observed in the NH subjects (i.e., no
      observable pattern) and thus, may not receive as great a benefit as the more
      severely handicapped. The water environment appears to improve venous return,
      cardiac output and lung ventilation, which assists the H subjects to be more
      efficient during exercise.

PMID- 4000698
TI  - Factors affecting the levels of antibody- and complement-dependent eosinophil
      mediated damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro.
AB  - In experiments designed to test why high levels of antibody-dependent, eosinophil
      mediated killing of schistosomula are routinely observed in this laboratory,
      several factors that may contribute to variations in eosinophil activity were
      examined. The most important factors were: (1) the source of eosinophils, with
      marked variation being demonstrated not only, as previously shown, between
      individuals, but also between different cell preparations from a single
      individual; (2) the serum used as a source of anti-schistosomulum antibodies and
      (3) the age of the schistosomula at the time of assay. In contrast, addition of
      fresh normal serum as a source of complement had a relatively slight effect when
      the killing assay was carried out in round bottomed tubes. A more marked
      enhancement was observed in flat bottomed microtitre plates, and it is suggested
      that this enhancement may be attributable to the release of chemotactic
      complement components. No difference was observed between a laboratory maintained
      and a recently derived isolate of Schistosoma mansoni, either in initial
      susceptibility or in loss of susceptibility after 3.5 h of culture. In contrast
      to the marked effects of eosinophils under most conditions tested, there was no
      evidence for extensive neutrophil-mediated damage under the same conditions.

PMID- 4000699
TI  - Antibody response against schistosomulum surface antigens and protective immunity
      following immunization with highly irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - The production of antibodies against the schistosomulum surface antigens of
      Schistosoma mansoni in response to immunization with highly irradiated cercariae
      was followed. Four antigens were reproducibly identified by 125I surface
      labelling using Iodogen and immunoprecipitation; they had mol. wts of 38, 32, 20
      and 15 kD. In addition a 92 kD antigen was also evident in most experiments. It
      was demonstrated that the 20 kD antigen was the same as that recognized by the
      monoclonal antibody NIMP/M.47 and that this antigen like the 38 and 32 kD
      antigens was thus identified during both chronic infection and following
      vaccination with irradiated cercariae. Two weeks following immunization with
      irradiated cercariae antibody was produced only against the 15 kD antigen but at
      4 weeks the major response was against the 32 kD antigen. A second immunization
      with irradiated cercariae boosts the antibody response so that all four antigens
      were strongly precipitated. Further vaccinations did not lead to the
      identification of further antigens. Immunization of rats with highly irradiated
      cercariae also resulted in antibody production against the 38, 32, 20 and 15 kD
      antigens. Surface labelling of schistosomula transformed from irradiated
      cercariae resulted in the same four antigens being precipitated as from normal
      cercariae indicating that irradiation did not affect transformation nor antigen
      expression on 3h schistosomula. Furthermore, antibodies against the same surface
      antigens were detectable 4 weeks after immunization with equal numbers of
      cercariae irradiated with 0, 5, 25 or 50 krad. Vaccination of mice with
      irradiated, cloned cercariae resulted in identical antibody production and
      similar levels of immunity directed at both an homologous or heterogeneous
      challenge. Thus all parasites within our laboratory population appear to express
      the same antigens and there was no evidence for a genetically defined variation
      that could account for the partial resistance to reinfection exhibited by mice
      vaccinated with irradiated cercariae.

PMID- 4000700
TI  - Antibody responses to the antigen Sj26 of Schistosoma japonicum worms that is
      recognized by genetically resistant 129/J mice.
AB  - Serum antibody responses of mice exposed to Philippine isolates of Schistosoma
      japonicum have been analysed by immunoprecipitation of exogenously radiolabelled
      antigens extracted from adult worms. Attention was focused on labelled protein
      antigens differentially recognized by sera of mice that differ genetically in
      their resistance status. Mice of the inbred strain 129/J can show high level
      resistance to first or repeated infection with S. japonicum. Even after six
      percutaneous administrations of 25 cercariae, approximately 50% of 129/J mice
      remain healthy with no or very few worms present in the portal system. Sera from
      129/J mice exposed to S. japonicum consistently and differentially recognise an
      antigen of adult worms of mol. wt. 26,000. This antigen, termed Sj26, is not
      immunoprecipitated from S. mansoni adult worms by sera from resistant 129/J mice.
      Serum antibodies to Sj26 are present in at least some patients with a history of
      schistosomiasis japonica. Whether immune responses to Sj26 are involved directly
      in expression of resistance to S. japonicum remains to be determined. However,
      this antigen produced by cloned DNA in expression vectors, or isolated from adult
      worms, is an obvious candidate to be tested for vaccination efficacy in mice.

PMID- 4000701
TI  - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma theileri mediated by
      purified bovine isotypes and subisotypes.
AB  - Bovine neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages mediated in vitro cytotoxicity
      against Trypanosoma theileri in the presence of purified IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 from
      immune bovine serum. When the immunoglobulin fractions were assayed at similar
      concentrations, IgM was the most effective isotype mediating killing with all
      three effector cell types. Using the ELISA with monospecific antisera against the
      different bovine isotypes and subisotypes, IgM was shown to be contaminated by
      less than 1%. The addition of 0.08 M 2-mercaptoethanol inhibited IgM-mediated
      ADCC but not that of IgG1 or IgG2, and the cytotoxicity occurred in the absence
      of complement. The presence of isotype and subisotype specific Fc receptors on
      the bovine effector cells was investigated using a totally homologous erythrocyte
      antibody (EA) rosetting technique. FC receptors for bovine IgM, IgG1 and IgG2
      were detected on bovine neutrophils. Very few FcM receptors were detected on
      either eosinophils or macrophages, but FcG2 receptors were detected on both cell
      types, and FcG1 receptors on macrophages. However, eosinophils showed very few
      FcG1 receptors. The failure to detect all types of Fc receptor on the three
      different effector cells is discussed.

PMID- 4000702
TI  - Interactions between Trypanosoma brucei and Babesia spp. and Plasmodium spp. in
      mice.
AB  - Swiss mice with chronic Trypanosoma brucei infections become refractory to
      subsequent infection with Babesia microti and B. rodhaini. Infection with B.
      microti 7 days after T. brucei resulted in an obvious inhibition of the babesia
      parasitaemias and this inhibition became more profound as the time interval
      between the infections increased, until at 17-20 days the parasitaemias were
      totally abolished. Even after intravenous injection of large numbers of parasites
      parasitaemias were inhibited. Similar inhibition was obtained in BALB/c mice but
      not in C57BL/6 mice. Mice with established T. brucei infections also showed
      reduced susceptibility to B. rodhaini. In mice similarly infected with T. brucei
      and the malaria parasites Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and P. c. adami the pre
      patent periods were noticeably prolonged but the subsequent parasitaemias were
      unaffected. Infections with P. yoelii were unaffected. Trypanosoma brucei
      infections were not affected by the intracellular parasites. Among the mechanisms
      investigated to explain these findings were changes in red blood cell
      populations, cross-reacting antigens, the release of toxic factors and the
      generation of activated oxygen species. None of these could account for the
      inhibition observed.

PMID- 4000703
TI  - Resistance against Schistosoma mansoni induced by highly irradiated infections:
      studies on species specificity of immunization and attempts to transfer
      resistance.
AB  - Significant levels of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni challenge were
      developed by mice exposed to highly irradiated (20 krad.) cercariae of the
      homologous species (53-67%), whereas vaccination with S. bovis, S. haematobium or
      S. japonicum failed to confer significant levels of resistance (-5-12%), thus
      confirming the specificity of the immunizing procedure. Attempts to transfer
      resistance to naive recipients by injection of serum and of spleen or lymph node
      cells from donor mice vaccinated with highly irradiated cercariae were largely
      unsuccessful. However, significant levels of resistance could be transferred to
      mice by injection of serum from rabbits exposed to irradiated cercariae.
      Comparable levels of resistance were conferred by injection of serum at the time
      of challenge (34-69%) or 5-6 days later (31-56%). In contrast, sera from rabbits
      injected with soluble egg antigen or homogenized cercariae failed to confer
      protection upon recipient mice. Sera from vaccinated mice, vaccinated rabbits and
      antigen-injected rabbits all caused cell adherence to skin-transformed
      schistosomula but neither the level of adherence nor the serum titre correlated
      with the ability to confer protection to mice.

PMID- 4000704
TI  - The induction of specific immunity against Schistosoma japonicum by exposure of
      mice to ultraviolet attenuated cercariae.
AB  - Mice can be partially protected against Schistosoma japonicum by prior exposure
      to ultraviolet (UV)-attenuated infections which fail to survive to the adult
      stage and produce no overt pathology in the host. Optimum resistance was induced
      by parasites exposed to 40 seconds of UV, significantly lower levels of
      resistance being stimulated by both shorter and longer exposures. No consistent
      relationship between the degree of resistance induced and the number of
      irradiated cercariae given could be demonstrated and equivocal results were
      obtained when comparing the efficacy of single and multiple vaccinations.
      Vaccinations with UV-attenuated cercariae given intraperitoneally (i.p.) were as
      efficacious as those given percutaneously but mice were as or more resistant to
      challenges given by the i.p. route, the possible reasons are discussed. There was
      no observed delay in the migration of the challenge, vaccinated mice being as
      resistant when perfused 6 or 3.5 weeks after challenge. Vaccination was species
      specific since mice exposed to either UV-attenuated S. japonicum cercariae or
      gamma-attenuated S. mansoni cercariae were resistant to homologous but not
      heterologous challenge.

PMID- 4000705
TI  - Resistance following drug attenuation (Ro 11-3128 or oxamniquine) of early
      Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice.
AB  - A single dose of Ro 11-3128 was found to be 98-100% effective against Schistosoma
      mansoni infections at intervals of 3 h to 15 days following infection, and
      apparently killed the schistosomula stages soon after administration, thus
      allowing an assessment of the immunizing potential of progressive larval stages.
      Following infection with 500 unirradiated cercariae, optimum resistance was
      manifest by groups drug-treated at 48-96 h (60-75%). Significantly lower levels
      of resistance occurred with early (3 h) or later (6-15 day) treatments.
      Superimposition of an infection treated at 15 days on a prior infection which had
      been treated at 2 days did not reduce the level of resistance caused by the
      latter, indicating that the infection plus delayed treatment had not induced
      suppression. Thus the peak resistance manifest during the 48-96 h period may
      reflect optimum expression of protective antigens. Comparison of irradiated (20
      krad.) with unirradiated infections showed that, when drug-terminated 24, 48 or
      96 h post-infection, irradiated cercariae induced significantly less resistance
      than unirradiated cercariae, perhaps indicating a delayed appearance of
      protective antigens following radiation treatment.

PMID- 4000706
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: effect of maintenance in vitro on the physiology and
      biochemistry of adult worms.
AB  - In Medium 199 supplemented with calf serum (+10%), adult Schistosoma mansoni
      produced a mean total of 400 eggs/worm pair during maintenance for 10 days in
      vitro. During the period of egg deposition in vitro, the dry weight of worm pairs
      decreased by 35%. Biomass decreases were proportionally greater in female worms
      than in males. Declines in the dry weight of female worms were mainly due to
      decreases in protein content, while biomass decreases in males resulted from
      losses of both protein and glycogen. Glucose was depleted from the maintenance
      medium at a rate of approximately 200 micrograms/worm pair/day during each of the
      first 3 days in vitro, while concentrations of glucose in the medium of above 1
      g/litre did not affect the degree of glycogen depletion observed in adult S.
      mansoni during culture for 24 h. The contribution of the loss of schistosome gut
      contents in vitro to the observed changes is discussed. The work described
      represents part of an attempt at logical design of in vitro culture.

PMID- 4000707
TI  - The fetus--law, ethics and experimentation.

PMID- 4000708
TI  - Eosinophilia, mast cell hyperplasia and antibody production in rats following an
      intraperitoneal injection of Ascaris cuticle including in-vitro studies of immune
      eosinophil granule lysis.
AB  - A single intraperitoneal injection of Ascaris cuticle caused a local eosinophilia
      with peak levels at 2 wk after injection. Mast cells reduced in number and size
      at 1 wk were found in increased numbers at 3 wk. Injection of a collagen-poor
      fraction of cuticle known as "cuticlin" resulted in a diminished eosinophil and
      mast cell response compared with injection of whole cuticle. Precipitating
      antibodies to soluble Ascaris cuticle collagen were detected in the serum and
      peritoneal fluid from day 5 onward. It is proposed that the eosinophilia and mast
      cell hyperplasia are the result of immunization of the animal to an antigen
      present in Ascaris collagen and rendered soluble by the action of mononuclear
      phagocytes. The eosinophil and mast cell response to Ascaris cuticle mimicked the
      response in connective tissue to living nematode parasites. It is concluded that
      the cuticle of nematode parasites may be responsible for eosinophilia and mast
      cell hyperplasia in the host.

PMID- 4000709
TI  - Hepatocellular calcification.
AB  - A rare example of hepatocellular calcification is described. The lesion is
      characterized by the presence of granular calcific deposits within the cytoplasm
      of hepatocytes. In this instance the calcification was dystrophic, developing on
      the basis of centrilobular necrosis secondary to cor pulmonale. A transient
      hyperphosphatemia probably augmented the calcification process. Intracellular
      calcification was also observed in occasional cardiac myocytes. The
      intracytoplasmic calcific granules represent mineral-laden mitochondria.
      Sequestration of calcium by mitochondria is a common biochemical mechanism
      mediating various forms of toxic cell death. Pathological cellular calcification
      can be viewed as an uncommon morphological expression of this biochemical
      process.

PMID- 4000710
TI  - Gliomatosis cerebri--report of a case.
AB  - An unusual case of gliomatosis cerebri in a 37 yr-old man is reported. He
      presented with a variable clinical picture. Mental changes, brain stem signs,
      cerebellar signs and rise in intracranial pressure were the constant findings.
      The postmortem findings are described and the available literature is reviewed.

PMID- 4000711
TI  - Serum lactoferrin in polycythemia.

PMID- 4000712
TI  - Rapid identification of mycobacteria using gas liquid chromatography.
AB  - Methyl esters of fatty acids derived from 110 strains of previously identified
      mycobacteria representing 17 species and a group of unidentified rapid growers,
      were examined by gas-liquid-chromatography (GLC). Ten species had specific GLC
      profiles, which enabled accurate identification; but in 2 groups of species
      strains shared common profiles. M. bovis, and M. xenopi usually had specific
      profiles but one strain of each could not be distinguished from M. tuberculosis.
      The group comprising M. terrae, M. fortuitum, M. chelonei, M. flavescens and
      rapid growers were generally not well separated by GLC; however, 6 of 12 M.
      terrae strains, 2 of 3 M. flavescens, and all 5 M. fortuitum strains had specific
      profiles. Other strains of this group had only common peaks and by GLC were
      indistinguishable from each other. Using a table of specific and characteristic
      peaks, 34 of 54 (63%) recent isolates were correctly identified, and 18 (33%)
      were correctly allocated to groups sharing similar GLC profiles: only 2 isolates
      were wrongly identified. At present, GLC analysis provides easy and rapid
      identification of a majority of mycobacteria but cannot replace fully biochemical
      tests in the identification of medical mycobacteria.

PMID- 4000713
TI  - Plasma fractionation--a profile.

PMID- 4000714
TI  - Round-headed spermatozoa: a case report.
AB  - A case is presented of a patient in whom over 90% of spermatozoa had distinctive
      round heads as seen by light microscopy. Other features of his semen were only
      slightly abnormal. Electron microscopy revealed spermatozoa with no acrosome
      confirming the sterility of the patient. With such men other means of achieving a
      family must be considered.

PMID- 4000715
TI  - Ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination in four Chinese patients with
      Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
AB  - We studied the degree of Ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination in 4 Chinese
      patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. At Ristocetin concentrations of 1.2-2.0
      mg/ml (final concentration) variable, abnormal responses were observed. The most
      notable feature in 3 of 4 patients studied was the phenomenon of dose dependent,
      cyclic platelet agglutination-disagglutination. However, this phenomenon could be
      reproduced in only one of the 2 patients who were investigated on 2 separate
      occasions. Variable, but often characteristic responses of thrombasthenic
      platelets to different concentrations of Ristocetin are a useful additional
      diagnostic marker for this disease.

PMID- 4000716
TI  - Automated enumeration of reticulocytes using acridine orange.
AB  - Manual methods of counting reticulocytes using supravital stains, such as new
      methylene blue, have long been recognized to be subject to technical errors.
      Automated reticulocyte enumeration has recently become available with the
      development of an automated cell flow-cytometer, the Ortho Spectrum III. In this
      method a fluorescent dye, acridine orange, which stains RNA in a manner similar
      to supravital stains, is used to distinguish reticulocytes from mature
      erythrocytes. We have evaluated this technique and found that it compares
      favourably with manual counting methods.

PMID- 4000717
TI  - In vivo activity of a new heparinoid.
AB  - Org 10172 is a heparinoid prepared during the manufacture of porcine mucosal
      heparin. This compound has been compared with a standard commercial grade heparin
      in vitro and in vivo using experimental thrombosis and bleeding models in
      rabbits. Increasing doses of both the heparin and the heparinoid resulted in a
      similar prolongation of a Xa clotting time and the APTT, but the heparinoid had
      no effect on the thrombin clotting time over the concentration range 0-3.0
      units/ml. Both preparations were antithrombotic using a stasis prophylaxis model
      but inhibition of thrombosis was independent of the ex vivo anti-Xa heparin
      levels achieved. Relative to heparin, the heparinoid failed to induce hemorrhage.
      A potential therapeutic advantage for Org 10172 as an antithrombotic agent for
      clinical use can be predicted.

PMID- 4000718
TI  - The ultrastructure of experimental aneurysms in rabbits.
AB  - The fine structure of tissue from 6 berry aneurysms, 7 saccular aneurysms and 2
      fusiform aneurysms produced by microvascular surgery in rabbits was examined. The
      rabbits were maintained on a stock diet and sacrificed from 3 mth to 3 yr 10 mth
      postoperatively. The aneurysmal walls exhibited thickening of the intimal type
      with progressive destruction of normal architecture and degenerative and necrotic
      changes in the smooth muscle cells. Thickening, lamination, redundancy,
      reticulation and separation of basement membranes about muscle cells and an
      abundance of matrix vesicles and cell debris were prominent features. In several
      aneurysms, extracellular lipid, cholesterol clefts and lipophages were observed
      and fibrin was found in 4 aneurysmal walls. These vascular lesions evinced
      remarkable similarity to the degenerative changes in experimental arteriovenous
      aneurysms, human cerebral aneurysms and spontaneous atherosclerosis.

PMID- 4000719
TI  - Relationship of glomerular phagocytic cells to immune complexes and DNA
      autoantibodies in NZB/W mice.
AB  - Systematic study of groups of NZB/W mice aged from 1-8 mth showed progressive
      development of antibodies to ssDNA and dsDNA, accompanied at 5 mth by the
      appearance of serum immune complexes as detected by Clq liquid phase binding and
      immune deposits in glomeruli. Cellular outgrowths in cultures of isolated
      glomeruli showed increased numbers of phagocytic cells as well as epithelial and
      mesangial cells, reaching a maximum in mice aged 7 mth. These numbers exceeded
      those found in control CBA mice and, while consistent with the hypothesis that
      phagocytic cells are involved in the processing of immune complexes lodged in the
      glomeruli, also reflected the hypercellularity of the glomerular lesions.

PMID- 4000720
TI  - [Mechanisms of vertebrate adaptation to blood loss].

PMID- 4000721
TI  - [Changes in the serum fibronectin level and reticuloendothelial system function
      in burns and thermal radiation lesions].

PMID- 4000722
TI  - [Effect of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia on the microcirculation of rats in
      early burn shock].

PMID- 4000723
TI  - [Function of the mitochondria and lysosomal apparatus of rabbit liver cells in
      burn shock].

PMID- 4000725
TI  - [Integrative interaction of different physiological indices in persons with
      spinal cord injuries].

PMID- 4000724
TI  - [Effect of blood middle-molecule peptides from healthy dogs and dogs with burns
      on the permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier].

PMID- 4000726
TI  - [Respiratory patterns in hemorrhagic shock].

PMID- 4000727
TI  - [Blood rheological factors in cerebral circulatory disorders in the early
      resuscitation period].

PMID- 4000728
TI  - [Oxygen tension, blood flow and nitrogen metabolism of the liver in chronic toxic
      hepatitis and hyperbaric oxygenation].

PMID- 4000729
TI  - [Effect of antimacrophage cytotoxic serum on the composition of the blood and
      bone tissue regeneration during distraction osteosynthesis].

PMID- 4000730
TI  - Habituation of orienting reaction in night terrors.
AB  - A polygraphic study on resistance to habituation of the somatic (EMG), autonomic
      (finger vasoconstriction, galvanic skin reaction, respiration, pulse) and EEG
      (acoustic-evoked potential, EEG-blocking reaction) components of the orienting
      reaction elicited by a repetitive auditory stimulus was performed in 36 patients
      with night terrors and in 72 matched subjects in two control groups. The study
      evidenced a significantly higher resistance to habituation of the orienting
      reaction in patients with night terrors than in normal subjects (control group I)
      but significantly lower than in patients with symptomatic epilepsy (control group
      II). The severity of these habituation disturbances in patients with night
      terrors depended on the patients' age, the history of nocturnal events and their
      clinical form, as well as on the etiology of episodes. The habituation changes
      found in patients with night terrors may be ascribed to the nervous disorders of
      functional and/or organic nature which generated also the night terrors episodes.

PMID- 4000731
TI  - The inhibitory effect of pretrial reinforcement on instrumental conditioning.
AB  - It has been shown previously that pretrial feeding retards acquisition of an
      instrumental response. The present experiment tested three hypotheses for this
      effect: priming, overshadowing and conditioned inhibition. Rats were trained in a
      runway task with a partial schedule of food reinforcement. Rats that were prefed
      immediately prior to rewarded trials showed a decrement in acquisition when
      compared with subjects prefed 180 seconds pretrial. Other subjects prefed
      immediately prior to nonrewarded trials showed a similar decrement in
      acquisition, even though the pretrial and goal reinforcers occurred on separate
      trials. Thus, the adverse effects of prefeeding occurred in the absence of
      conditions necessary for priming or overshadowing to occur. The results suggest
      there may be an inhibitory aftereffect of food rewards which can become
      conditioned to subsequent stimuli.

PMID- 4000732
TI  - On the diphasic nature of vasovagal fainting associated with blood-injury-illness
      phobia.
AB  - A detailed psychophysiologic analysis of a vasovagal faint occurring in a "blood
      injury-illness" phobic demonstrated that the syncopal episode consisted of a
      diphasic response. This lends support to the hypothesis that vasovagal fainting
      in these patients is caused by an overcompensating rebound parasympathetic
      activation following sympathetic arousal. Treatment and research implications of
      this finding are discussed.

PMID- 4000733
TI  - An experimental psychophysiological approach to human bradycardiac reflexes.
AB  - Bradycardic reflexes in man are both of scientific and clinical interest. Using
      the methods of experimental psychophysiology, control over relevant independent
      variables permits the study of fine-grained temporal physiologic response
      topographies, and of psychological factors that may modify the reflex. In
      addition, information can also be sought through interdisciplinary collaborations
      with experimental physiologists in order to shed light on the mechanism of the
      reflexes. These general features of the approach are illustrated by presenting
      data on two bradycardic reflex preparations: the laboratory dive analog, and the
      90-degree negative tilt. The dive-analog studies have shown that a) the dive
      reflex proper is a late-occurring bradycardia accompanied by a late-occurring
      vasoconstriction; and b) for the elicitation of this reflex, both breath-holding
      and face immersion are necessary. In addition, the physiologic manipulation of
      temperature affects the reflex in an inverse way over the range of 10 degrees to
      40 degrees C, while the sense of control (a psychological variable) attenuates
      the reflex. The negative-tilt preparation produces a bradycardic response that is
      ideal as a Pavlovian unconditional response. Some Pavlovian conditioning
      arrangements, especially an "imaginational" form, do produce significant
      conditional bradycardic responding, and this has both potential clinical (e.g.,
      biofeedback-related) and theoretical (e.g., S-R vs. S-S accounts of Pavlovian
      conditioning) applications. The paper ends with a comment on the cognitive
      paradigm shift in psychology. Although this shift is of importance, it is
      suggested that it is also important to "remember the response."

PMID- 4000734
TI  - Intervention in speech disorders.

PMID- 4000735
TI  - Evaluation of the child with delayed speech or language.
AB  - Because of the relative frequency of speech/language delay, all infants and
      preschool children should undergo routine language screening as part of health
      care maintenance. Diagnostic evaluation of the child with speech or language
      delay should answer the following questions: What is the child's descriptive
      diagnosis (eg, hearing impaired, mentally retarded, DLD, etc.)? What is the
      child's etiologic diagnosis (eg, congenital viral infection, single gene
      disorder, birth asphyxia, etc.)? What is the appropriate intervention strategy
      (amplification, orally based speech therapy, total communication, "infant
      stimulation" program, etc.)? What is this child's long-term prognosis, to the
      extent that this is knowable? All children with speech or language delay should
      undergo formal audiologic testing, regardless of how well the child seems to hear
      in an office setting, and regardless of whether other disabilities are present
      which might independently explain the speech/language delay. Evaluation by a
      psychologist, a speech/language pathologist, or both should follow, with referral
      to an appropriate intervention program based upon the results of formal
      developmental testing. Additional medical evaluation (eg, CAT scan, EEG,
      karyotype), and genetic counseling must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
      Long-term follow-up should include an awareness that speech or language delay
      during the preschool years often signifies long-term developmental difficulties,
      warranting close follow-up of such children as they advance through the school
      age years.

PMID- 4000736
TI  - Audiologic evaluation in infancy and childhood.
AB  - The identification and measurement of hearing loss in infants and young children
      is necessary to implement appropriate medical treatment, to diagnose other
      conditions that may have hearing loss as an associated sign, and to implement
      habilitative measures that should prevent the delay of speech and language
      acquisition, psychosocial developmental problems and educational handicaps.
      Testing hearing in the 0 to 5-year-old age group is difficult but not impossible.
      Technological advances of the past 15 years have made reliable hearing test
      results rather common even with very young infants. The pediatrician is the first
      line of defense against the potentially serious effects of hearing loss. While
      the actual testing that can be done in the pediatrician's office is quite limited
      with the very young age group, suspicion of hearing loss is most frequently
      created through history and observational data. When suspicion exists, diagnostic
      facilities are available that can provide the instrumentation and techniques to
      determine the patient's auditory status.

PMID- 4000737
TI  - Disorders of speech and voice.
AB  - The focus of this article has been on the disorders of the motor aspects of
      speech and voice production, as contrasted with the symbolic aspects of the
      communication process (language). Categories of motor speech problems include
      those in which the articulation of speech sounds is aberrant, phonatory problems
      related to laryngeal function, those resulting from craniofacial anomalies, and
      finally those characterized by disruption in the flow or fluency of speech.
      Guidelines for timing and type of referral have been suggested. In each case,
      early referral is urged so that diagnosis of the problem based upon complete
      assessment can serve to guide treatment planning. Parental reports and concerns
      about a child's speech development (as well as language, cognitive and auditory
      behavior) should be given credence and attended to rather than ignored or
      postponed. Speech disorders are often amenable to total resolution and almost
      always to a significant degree of improvement, especially if diagnosed and
      treated early.

PMID- 4000738
TI  - Psychiatric problems of children: the pediatrician in diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 4000739
TI  - The developmental assessment of the preschool child.

PMID- 4000740
TI  - Psychiatric assessment of the school age child.

PMID- 4000741
TI  - The neuropsychiatric assessment of the adolescent.

PMID- 4000742
TI  - Chronic hepatitis.

PMID- 4000744
TI  - Symposium on pediatric oncology.

PMID- 4000743
TI  - Acute hepatic failure in children.

PMID- 4000745
TI  - Some aspects of childhood cancer epidemiology.
AB  - Various aspects of childhood cancer, including frequency-incidence; variations by
      age, race, sex, and geography; and individuals at high risk are discussed in this
      article. Types of family cancer syndromes, clusters, and environmental factors
      impacting on childhood cancer are also covered.

PMID- 4000746
TI  - Oncologic emergencies I. Metabolic and space-occupying consequences of cancer and
      cancer treatment.
AB  - Proper management of the consequences of cancer and cancer treatment is necessary
      to give affected children the increased chances of survival that recent
      therapeutic advances offer them. This article discusses the pathophysiology,
      diagnosis, and management of those metabolic and space-occupying consequences
      that are likely to face the primary care physician.

PMID- 4000747
TI  - Management of stressful periods in childhood cancer.
AB  - There are four major periods of stress for a family having a child with cancer.
      They are diagnosis, remission, death, and long-term survival. Each of these
      periods has particular management problems requiring careful assessment and
      intervention. The author provides such management strategies in this article.

PMID- 4000748
TI  - Contemporary issues in pediatric Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - This article focuses on some of the unresolved and more controversial aspects of
      Hodgkin's disease in children, including etiology and epidemiology, pathology,
      immunologic aspects, clinical features and staging, treatment philosophies, and
      treatment side effects.

PMID- 4000749
TI  - CT findings following diphenylhydantoin intoxication.
AB  - CT findings in three female epileptic patients are presented. The patients were
      treated with toxic doses of the anticonvulsant diphenylhydantoin, leading to
      irreversible ataxia of varying severity. CT shows cerebellar atrophy, including
      discernible sulci, a dilated 4th ventricle, basal cisterns, and subarachnoid
      space. These effects of severe DPH toxicity are relevant in the differential
      diagnosis of 'idiopathic' and other toxic and systemic atrophies, as well as
      dysontogenetic lesions of the cerebellum.

PMID- 4000750
TI  - The distinctly visible right upper lobe bronchus on the lateral chest: a clue to
      adolescent cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Radiographic differentiation between cystic fibrosis and asthma presenting in
      teenagers and young adults can be difficult. Many patients with a late
      presentation of cystic fibrosis display minimal changes on a chest radiograph.
      However, a large majority (90%) of cystic fibrosis patients with an essentially
      normal PA chest radiograph will have a distinctly outlined orifice of right upper
      lobe bronchus on a lateral chest film as opposed to a small number of asthmatics
      (25%) or normal patients (18%). This observation correlates well with the
      pathologic finding that the initial pulmonary involvement in cystic fibrosis is
      typically in the right upper lobe in adolescents. Teenage or young adult patients
      presenting with a history of repeated respiratory infections, asthma-like
      symptoms and a distinctly visible right upper lobe bronchus on a lateral chest
      film should be sweat-tested to exclude cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 4000751
TI  - Lobar collapse with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis.
AB  - In a study of 30 children with uncomplicated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
      pneumonias, a high incidence of lobar collapse (8/30-26%) was noted. This
      involved the right upper lobe in seven patients and the left upper lobe in one
      patient. It is probably attributable to anatomical predispositions, sloughing of
      necrotic epithelium, and stimulation of mucus production. Lobar collapse should
      be considered part of the spectrum of RSV pneumonitis.

PMID- 4000752
TI  - Transient idiopathic subpleural cysts in the newborn: an observation in two
      patients.
AB  - We present two cases of transient idiopathic cystic formations in the subpleural
      region in full-term newborns, that do not fit into any known cystic process to
      our knowledge. The features of the cystic formations, their subpleural location,
      their spontaneous regression, the histopathological study, as well as the absence
      of a clear etiology, have led us to propose the name of "Transient Idiopathic
      Subpleural Cysts in Full-term Newborns", for this process.

PMID- 4000753
TI  - Successful electrocoagulation of an internal mammary artery in a child.
AB  - A case of successful electrocoagulation of an internal mammary artery with a
      bipolar electrode and alternating current is reported in a boy with cystic
      fibrosis of the lung and hemoptysis.

PMID- 4000754
TI  - Carpal-tarsal osteolysis.
AB  - Two cases of carpal-tarsal osteolysis are described. It is believed that clinical
      and radiological findings of the patients are compatible with the dominant type
      of the disease. Although case 2 does not have the indications of nephropathy, it
      is rather too early to decide whether he has it or not, because of his age.

PMID- 4000755
TI  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: skeletal involvement.
AB  - A 9-year-old girl with known sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy
      (SHML) has been followed since infancy. At age six, she developed swelling and
      pain in several joints. Subsequently, bone lesions were identified by
      scintigraphy and radiographs. Biopsy of the bone showed typical features of SHML.
      Bone lesions in this disease are rare. The lesions in this patient were followed
      for 3 years and remained unchanged despite chemotherapy.

PMID- 4000756
TI  - Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome with consanguinity.
AB  - The cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by unique
      posterior rib defects, micrognathia, and mental deficiency. The mode of
      transmission is undetermined. This report describes the first case with
      documented parental consanguinity as well as hitherto undescribed CT and skeletal
      findings.

PMID- 4000758
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of hereditary tyrosinemia by determination of
      fumarylacetoacetase in cultured amniotic fluid cells.
AB  - Fumarylacetoacetase was assayed in cultured amniotic fluid cells from four
      pregnancies at risk for hereditary tyrosinemia and in 11 controls. The enzyme
      activity was normal in three of the pregnancies at risk for tyrosinemia and
      healthy children were born. In the fourth case the enzyme activity was deficient,
      indicating an affected fetus. As the pregnancy was very advanced it was
      continued, and the child has tyrosinemia. One parent in one of the four families
      is a compound heterozygote for the tyrosinemia gene and the recently reported
      "pseudodeficiency" gene for fumarylacetoacetase. This has important consequences
      for prenatal diagnosis in this family.

PMID- 4000757
TI  - Dynamics of calcium metabolism in infancy and childhood. I. Methodology and
      quantification in the infant.
AB  - The dynamics of calcium metabolism in the human infant were determined using
      stable isotopes of calcium as tracers. Two isotopes, one given intravenously and
      the other orally were used. Tracer time-dependent dilutions were measured with
      high accuracy and precision using thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Similar
      studies were performed in infant rhesus monkeys using radio tracers. Analysis of
      the isotope dilutions using a compartmental model method showed quite similar
      results for the infants of both species. These similarities support the validity
      both of using stable isotopes in human studies, and the use of the rhesus monkey
      as a model for human calcium dynamics. It was found that the classical steady
      state compartmental model was inadequate for use in the rapidly growing infant,
      and the model was modified to account for the expansion of the body fluid calcium
      compartment during the time of the study. Comparison with adult human calcium
      metabolic parameters showed that urinary calcium flows are much higher in the
      adult than in the newborn, relative to other calcium metabolic parameters. Other
      parameters of infant calcium metabolism are all consistent with the growth and
      more rapid metabolism usually seen in the young.

PMID- 4000760
TI  - Intracellular calcium handling in cystic fibrosis: normal cytosolic calcium and
      intracellular calcium stores in neutrophils.
AB  - We used quin2, a high affinity fluorescent calcium indicator to measure free
      cytosolic Ca++ in neutrophils isolated from fresh heparinized blood of 13 cystic
      fibrosis (CF) patients (age range 6-32 yr) and 11 healthy individuals (age range
      25-41 yr) as controls. The mean value of free cytosolic Ca++ for CF patients was
      137 +/- 19 nM (mean +/- SD) and 141 +/- 23 nM for controls (p = NS). Calcium
      stores released after exposure of the cells to ionomycin in Ca++-free medium were
      also similar in neutrophils of CF patients (51 +/- 34 pmol/10(6) neutrophils) and
      in the controls (50 +/- 15 pmol/10(6) neutrophils). Stimulation of the
      neutrophils with the chemotactic peptide f-mlp (10(-7) M) led to similar rises in
      free cytosolic Ca++ with mean peak levels of 718 +/- 230 nM in CF patients and
      687 +/- 321 nM in another population of 10 healthy adults. In our group of CF
      patients free cytosolic Ca++, intracellular Ca++ stores, and the kinetics of
      intracellular Ca++ transients induced by f-mlp are similar to those of normals.
      These findings do not support the hypothesis of a generalized defect in calcium
      handling at the cellular level in CF.

PMID- 4000759
TI  - Bupivacaine alters red blood cell properties: a possible explanation for neonatal
      jaundice associated with maternal anesthesia.
AB  - Cord blood was incubated with lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, or buffer and
      red blood cell filterability was determined. Only bupivacaine at either 1 or 2
      micrograms/ml prolonged filterability by an average of 58 to 65% over red cells
      treated with buffer alone. Tritiated bupivacaine was bound to a greater extent to
      red cell ghosts from cord blood (24.6 +/- 5.8%) than to adult red cell ghosts
      (14.6 +/- 2.6%). Finally, we determined red cell survival in 13-day-old rats
      injected with bupivacaine or buffer. At 2 h after injection, buffer-treated
      animals had a red cell survival of 96.9 +/- 3.3%, whereas 2-h survival was
      reduced to 82.6 +/- 8.7% for the animals injected with bupivacaine. Our results
      suggest that the neonatal jaundice associated with maternal anesthesia,
      especially bupivacaine, may be related to the observations that these agents
      cross the placenta, bind to the red cell membrane and reduce its filterability,
      resulting in shortened red cell survival.

PMID- 4000761
TI  - Ultrasound detection and quantitation of left to right aortopulmonary shunt flow
      in a canine model.
AB  - To test the sensitivity and accuracy of pulsed Doppler ultrasonography to detect
      and quantitate left to right aortopulmonary shunt flow, an arterial allograft
      aortopulmonary anastomosis was constructed in nine adult mongrel dogs. Cardiac
      output and allograft flow were measured as the diameter of the allograft was
      varied. Piezoelectric crystals attached to the carotid artery and proximal
      descending aorta were energized with 20 MHz pulsed Doppler signals. Negative
      Doppler shift and negative Doppler shift/positive Doppler shift were calculated
      for seven dogs. All dogs exhibited negative Doppler shift in the carotid artery
      at zero allograft flow; five of the seven dogs exhibited a similar pattern in the
      descending aorta. Increasing negative Doppler shift was measured in all dogs from
      both sites as the allograft flow increased. Excellent linear correlation existed
      between allograft flow and negative Doppler shift and negative Doppler
      shift/positive Doppler shift for each dog from both sampling sites. However,
      marked interanimal variation in the slopes of the linear regression lines
      existed, making the composite linear correlation very poor. Detection of small
      left to right aortopulmonary shunting and single measurements to quantitate
      accurately left to right aortopulmonary shunting introduce errors due to
      intersubject variation. However, these results suggest that serial ultrasound
      measurements made over a short time can accurately predict changes in left to
      right aortopulmonary shunting.

PMID- 4000762
TI  - Detection of vitamin K deficiency by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      for circulating abnormal prothrombin.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody was raised against an abnormal decarboxylated prothrombin
      by a cell fusion technique. A cell line which produces an IgG1 murine antibody to
      the abnormal prothrombin, but not to prothrombin, was selected. Using this
      antibody we developed an enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay for the abnormal
      prothrombin. The detection range was 0.5 X 10(-1) approximately 0.5 X 10(-3)
      micrograms protein of decarboxylated prothrombin and 0.5 approximately 0.5 X 10(
      2) micrograms protein of abnormal prothrombin in vitamin K-deficient subjects.
      This discrepancy is attributable to a heterogeneity of decarboxylated
      prothrombin, depending on the number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. The
      antibody obtained had a higher affinity to a protein possessing less gamma
      carboxyglutamic acid residues. The assay system developed may be useful for the
      detection of vitamin K deficiency, since a severe deficiency may result in less
      gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the protein.

PMID- 4000763
TI  - Altered fucosylation of membrane glycoproteins from cystic fibrosis fibroblasts.
AB  - Peripheral membrane glycopeptides isolated from skin fibroblasts of patients with
      cystic fibrosis (CF) had an altered fucosylation when compared to age, race, and
      sex-matched controls. Glycopeptides obtained by trypsin treatment of cultured
      cells, metabolically labeled with L-[3H]fucose, were purified on a Sephadex G-50
      column. The neutral monosaccharide composition of the glycopeptides was
      determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the alditol acetate derivatives. The
      fucose content of the CF membrane glycopeptides and the molar ratio of fucose to
      the other monosaccharides were increased when compared with those of controls.
      The mean fucose content was 2.3 +/- 1.7 (SD) and 0.3 +/- 0.05 (SD) nmol per 10(6)
      cells for CF control glycopeptides, respectively. Moreover, the specific activity
      of incorporated L-[3H]fucose was markedly decreased in the CF glycopeptides, 355
      +/- 183 (SD) and 2707 +/- 839 (SD) cpm per nmol of fucose for the CF and
      controls, respectively. The membrane glycopeptides were further purified and
      characterized by affinity chromatography on immobilized lectins. The decreased
      specific activity of incorporated fucose was present in CF glycopeptides which
      bound to immobilized lentil lectin before and after Pronase degradation.
      Moreover, the CF glycopeptides bound more tightly to lentil lectin. Several
      classes of glycopeptides bind to lentil lectin and all contain Fuc alpha 1---
      6GlcNAc at the core. The binding characteristics of the Pronase-digested membrane
      glycopeptides for immobilized concanavalin A, lentil leukoagglutinating
      phytohemagglutinin, erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin, and serotonin
      provided information on the structure of the altered CF glycopeptides. Most of
      these radioactive glycopeptides were of the biantennary type containing at least
      one sialic acid residue and all containing fucosyl residues at the asparagine
      core.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4000764
TI  - Assessment of lipid peroxidation in newborn infants and rabbits by measurements
      of expired ethane and pentane: influence of parenteral lipid infusion.
AB  - Peroxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid constituents of tissue is one proposed
      mechanism of in vivo oxidant damage. Products of unsaturated fatty acid
      peroxidation include the volatile hydrocarbons ethane and pentane. These volatile
      hydrocarbons are eliminated in expired air and reflect in vivo lipid
      peroxidation. Newborn infants excrete 16 pmol of ethane per kilogram body weight
      per minute and 15 pmol of pentane per kilogram body weight per minute. This
      compares with 1.4 pmol of ethane per kilogram body weight per minute and 1.3 pmol
      of pentane per kilogram body weight per minute in healthy adult men. Infants
      receiving total parenteral nutrition including intravenous lipid emulsion excrete
      more than 100 pmol of pentane per kilogram body weight per minute. Newborn
      rabbits, delivered at term, also excrete more pentane while receiving lipid
      emulsion infusion. In the newborn rabbit, the amount of pentane exhaled increases
      linearly with the dose of lipid emulsion. Blood and tissue thiobarbituric acid
      reactants are also increased in newborn rabbits after administration of lipid
      emulsion. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation is quantitatively
      greater in infants than in adult humans and can be significantly increased by
      parenteral administration of lipid emulsion.

PMID- 4000765
TI  - Fetal lung hypoplasia associated with maternal smoking: a morphometric analysis.
AB  - Our recently reported animal (rat) model of maternal cigarette smoke exposure
      during pregnancy is characterized by fetal growth retardation and lung
      hypoplasia. We have further defined the fetal lungs using quantitative histologic
      techniques. Compared to controls, lung volume at term is reduced in the
      experimental animals (0.28 versus 0.33 ml, p less than 0.005). Saccules (fetal
      "alveoli") are reduced in number (3 X 10(6) versus 5.5 X 10(6), p less than
      0.005) and increased in size (average saccular volume: 35 X 10(-9) versus 21 X
      10(-9) ml, p less than 0.025). These changes in size and number are consequences
      of reduced formation of saccule partitions (septal crests) in the experimental
      lungs (volume density: 0.013 versus 0.018, p less than 0.025). Internal surface
      area is decreased in the hypoplastic lungs (161 versus 198 cm2, p less than
      0.001). The total length of parenchymal elastic tissue is diminished (224 versus
      354 M, p less than 0.05). In short the hypoplastic lungs contain fewer, larger
      saccules and the surface potentially available for gas exchange is reduced. These
      results show that maternal smoking in rats adversely modifies fetal lung growth.
      If these observations are applicable to humans, then reduced lung growth in
      children of smoking mothers may begin antenatally.

PMID- 4000766
TI  - Carnitine alterations in spontaneous and drug-induced turkey congestive
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Carnitine and acylcarnitines were measured in plasma and tissues of control
      turkeys, turkeys with an inbred spontaneous cardiomyopathy, and turkeys with
      furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy. Heart failure was evident in both types of
      cardiomyopathy from decreased systemic blood pressure and cardiac dilatation
      compared to controls. Plasma free carnitine, short-chain acylcarnitine, and long
      chain acylcarnitine were significantly elevated by 76 to 614% (p less than 0.01)
      in the two cardiomyopathy models compared to control. The highest carnitine
      levels were found in the most hypotensive turkeys. Liver free carnitine and short
      chain acylcarnitine levels were also elevated by 45 to 537% (p less than 0.05) in
      both types of cardiomyopathy. Free carnitine was elevated by 126% in left
      ventricle and by 54% in skeletal muscle of the furazolidone-treated turkeys (p
      less than 0.05). We speculate that hepatic synthesis of carnitine may be
      increased in response to hypotension and progressive cardiac dysfunction in
      cardiomyopathic turkeys. Such an increase may be useful to promote beta-oxidation
      of fatty acids as a cardiac energy source.

PMID- 4000767
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE responses following infection: evidence
      for a predominantly mucosal response.
AB  - In order to determine whether IgE production occurs predominantly at mucosal or
      systemic sites, we studied the production of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
      specific antibody in serum and nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) from 41 patients
      with RSV infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RSV-IgE was found
      in higher titer in samples of NPS than in simultaneously obtained serum specimens
      at all phases of illness. Despite the excess dilution incurred in the collection
      process, RSV-IgE was frequently detected in NPS specimens while it was
      undetectable in serum. In 20 selected subjects, ratios of RSV antibody in
      NPS:serum were 2.00 for RSV-IgE, 2.42 for RSV-IgA, and 0.01 for RSV-IgG. Also the
      geometric mean value of ratios of RSV-IgE:RSV-IgG was 1.74 in NPS and 0.05 in
      serum, while the geometric mean value of ratios of RSV-IgA:RSV-IgG were 1.85 in
      NPS and 0.09 in serum. These data suggest that IgE production occurs
      predominantly at mucosal surfaces.

PMID- 4000768
TI  - Hypouricemia in neonates with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
      hormone.
AB  - A prospective study of serum levels of uric acid in 23 hyponatremic neonates was
      performed. Infants on diuretic medications or with renal failure were excluded.
      The infants were separated into two groups: group I consisted of 11 neonates with
      clinical evidence of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
      (SIADH), (mean +/- SD serum sodium 127 +/- 1.36 mEq/liter). Group II included 12
      infants with hyponatremia (mean serum sodium 128 +/- 1.10 mEq/liter) associated
      with decreased effective vascular volume manifest by a fractional sodium
      excretion less than 1%. The groups were similar for gestational and postnatal
      ages, birth weight, clinical conditions, and concurrent use of drugs. The serum
      urate concentration in neonates with SIADH was 2.46 +/- 0.54 mg/dl; serum urate
      concentration in group II infants was 8.49 +/- 2.45 mg/dL (p less than 0.001).
      Water restriction in the group I infants with SIADH resulted in a rise in mean
      serum urate concentration (p less than 0.001). Fractional excretion of urate was
      elevated during hyponatremia in the group I infants (to 78 +/- 0.13%) and fell to
      51 +/- 0.08% after correction (p less than 0.001). In group I infants, a direct
      correlation was found between fractional excretion of urate and sodium (r =
      0.7667, p less than 0.001). These results indicate that hypouricemia is common in
      infants with suspected SIADH and seems to be due to increased urate clearance
      secondary to volume expansion.

PMID- 4000769
TI  - Leukotriene inhibition prevents and reverses hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
      in newborn lambs.
AB  - The effects of the leukotriene antagonist FPL 57231 on the circulation were
      studied in spontaneously breathing normoxic and hypoxic newborn lambs in order to
      evaluate the role of leukotrienes in the perinatal control of hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction. Hypoxia produced a 58% increase in pulmonary arterial pressure
      (p less than 0.05) and a 37% increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (p less
      than 0.05). Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was abolished by the prior
      infusion of FPL 57231. Pulmonary arterial pressure increased by only 8% and
      pulmonary vascular resistance decreased by 10% from normoxia. The infusion of FPL
      57231 during hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction reversed the increase in
      pulmonary arterial pressure (p less than 0.05) and pulmonary vascular resistance
      (p less than 0.05). The hypoxia-induced increase in cardiac output was maintained
      during the infusion of FPL 57231. Leukotrienes may play a significant role in the
      mediation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Leukotriene inhibition with FPL
      57231 may be useful in the management of infants with persistent pulmonary
      hypertension syndrome.

PMID- 4000770
TI  - Growth velocity and plasma amino acids in the newborn.
AB  - Plasma amino acid levels in newborn babies are often measured as part of a
      screening for inherited metabolic disease, or less commonly as part of a
      nutritional assessment. We have examined certain factors which affect the levels
      as measured in low birth weight babies during the first 3 wk of life. As in other
      studies, plasma amino acid concentrations were shown to fall with increasing
      gestational and postnatal age, and to reflect to some extent the amino acid
      composition of the dietary protein. In addition, however, plasma branched-chain
      amino acids and cystine were found to be inversely related to growth velocity and
      nitrogen retention. These results could be interpreted to suggest that some low
      birth weight babies were malnourished. However accompanying anthropometric and
      clinical data showed that these particular babies were healthy and growing
      rapidly; they were unlikely to be truly malnourished. Rather we suggest they were
      experiencing "protein economy" resulting from their high growth rate, and would,
      therefore, have benefited from increased dietary protein. It seems that growth
      velocity, as well as maturity and diet, must be considered when interpreting
      plasma amino acid values in an individual baby. There are two implications for
      the nutrition of the low birth weight baby. The higher plasma threonine
      concentrations found in the babies receiving the demineralized whey formula does
      prompt a word of caution when further increase in the whey:casein ratio is
      contemplated. At energy intakes around 130 kcal/kg/day, protein may become a
      limiting nutrient both in terms of quality and quantity.

PMID- 4000771
TI  - Overproduction of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) by sialuria fibroblasts.
AB  - Fibroblasts from the original sialuria patient are shown to contain high levels
      of free sialic acid, i.e., an average of 87 versus a normal average of 2 nmol/mg
      of protein. Gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that
      the accumulated material is N-acetylneuraminic acid. Addition of D(+) glucosamine
      (0-5 mM) to the media of these cells increased the intracellular free sialic acid
      concentrations from 74 to 137 nmol/mg protein. In contrast, normal cells treated
      in an identical manner maintained their normal free sialic acid level of less
      than 4 nmol/mg protein. Addition of 20 mM N-acetylmannosamine in place of
      glucosamine resulted in a marked increase in free sialic acid in both the patient
      and the control, i.e., increases of 157 (from 95 to 252) and 120 (from 3 to 123)
      nmol/mg protein, respectively. Finally, while normal cells in the presence of
      glucosamine accumulated high levels of uridine diphosphate N-acetylhexosamine,
      the patient's cells accumulated much lower amounts of this compound. It is
      concluded that the elevated sialic acid level in sialuria is due, at least in
      part, to overproduction of free N-acetylneuraminic acid. Indirect evidence is
      presented that this may result from either hyperactivity or increased levels of
      the enzyme (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase) that has been
      shown in other tissues to convert uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine to N
      acetylmannosamine.

PMID- 4000772
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of medium-chain acylcarnitines in the
      medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency.
AB  - The medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency is one of several metabolic
      disorders presenting clinically as Reye syndrome. Evidence is presented for a
      characteristic organic aciduria that distinguishes this disorder from Reye
      syndrome and other masqueraders characterized by dicarboxylic aciduria. The key
      metabolites, suberylglycine and hexanoylglycine, are excreted in high
      concentration only when the patients are acutely ill. More significantly, using
      novel techniques in mass spectrometry, the medium-chain defect is shown to be
      characterized by excretion of specific medium-chain acylcarnitines, mostly
      octanoylcarnitine, without significant excretion of a normal metabolite,
      acetylcarnitine, in four patients with documented enzyme deficiency. Similar
      studies on the urine of two patients reported with Reye-like syndromes of
      unidentified etiology have suggested the retrospective diagnosis of medium-chain
      acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency. Administration of L-carnitine to medium-chain
      acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency patients resulted in the enhanced excretion of
      medium-chain acylcarnitines. Octanoylcarnitine is prominent in the urine both
      prior to and following L-carnitine supplementation. The detection of this
      metabolite as liberated octanoic acid, following ion-exchange chromatographic
      purification and mild alkaline hydrolysis, provides a straightforward diagnostic
      procedure for recognition of this disorder without subjecting patients to the
      significant risk of fasting. In view of the carnitine deficiency and the
      demonstrated ability to excrete the toxic medium-chain acyl-coA compounds as
      acylcarnitines, a combined therapy of reduced dietary fat and L-carnitine
      supplementation (25 mg/kg/6 h) has been devised and applied with positive outcome
      in two new cases.

PMID- 4000773
TI  - Effects of hypoxemia on gastrointestinal blood flow and gastric emptying in the
      newborn piglet.
AB  - The effects of severe hypoxemia on gastrointestinal (GI) blood flow and gastric
      emptying were studied in nine 2- to 4-day-old piglets which were mechanically
      ventilated while receiving nitrous oxide anesthesia. Each animal was studied
      during a control period of oxygenation (PaO2 91 +/- 8 torr), 35 min of hypoxemia
      (PaO2 29 +/- 1 torr), and a recovery period (PaO2 90 +/- 5 torr) (mean +/- SEM).
      During each study period, the animal received a 10% dextrose test meal with
      phenol red marker (22 ml/kg), gastric residual volumes were determined at 10-min
      intervals over 30-min study periods using a dye dilution double sampling
      technique, and GI blood flow (radionuclide-labeled microspheres), O2 delivery, O2
      extraction, and O2 consumption were measured at the end of the 30-min period.
      Hypoxemia resulted in decreased blood flow to the following GI organs: stomach,
      jejunal and ileal mucosa-submucosa, and colon decreased 62, 31, and 35%,
      respectively (p less than 0.05). Jejunal and ileal muscularis blood flow remained
      unchanged. Oxygen delivery and consumption by GI tract decreased 79 and 58%,
      respectively; whereas oxygen extraction of GI tract increased 115%. Values
      returned toward baseline levels during the recovery period. The hypoxemic gastric
      emptying pattern showed significantly greater gastric residuals at 20 min
      compared to the 10-min value (p less than 0.05). This pattern was different than
      that observed during control and recovery periods. We conclude that severe
      hypoxemia results in decreased GI blood flow, tissue oxygenation, and an altered
      gastric emptying pattern. These observations may have clinical significance for
      feeding infants following an hypoxemic episode.

PMID- 4000774
TI  - Development of urinary concentrating capacity in weaning rats.
AB  - This study describes the development of the capacity to concentrate urine in 10-
      to 40-day-old rats that were normally weaned between 16 and 18 days, breast-fed
      until day 20, or abruptly weaned on day 16. Urine osmolarity after 24 h
      dehydration was significantly lower in 10- than in 20- and in 20- than in 40-day
      old rats. The most pronounced increase occurred between 16 and 20 days in the
      three groups. The increase in urine osmolality was paralleled by an increase of
      papillary Na and urea concentrations. The length of the papilla increased
      linearly from day 10 to 40. Serum arginine vasopressin levels were not
      significantly different in dehydrated 10- and 20-day-old rats. Serum
      corticosterone increased significantly between 10 and 20 days of age in both
      normally weaned and breast-fed rats. The rise was accelerated between days 16 and
      18 and paralleled the rise in urinary concentrating capacity. Adrenalectomy on
      day 16 abolished the increases in urine osmolality and papillary Na and urea
      concentrations, but not the growth of the papilla between days 16 and 20. The
      urinary concentrating capacity could be precociously induced by treatment with
      betamethasone from day 10 to 17 but not from day 17 to 20. Our results indicate
      that the accelerated development of urine concentrating capacity at the time of
      weaning is independent of dietary composition and most likely modulated by
      glucocorticoid hormones.

PMID- 4000775
TI  - Characteristic morphology of the constricted fetal ductus arteriosus following
      maternal administration of indomethacin.
AB  - Indomethacin 10 mg/kg was administered to the maternal rat on the 21st day of
      pregnancy, and the fetal and neonatal ductus arteriosus were studied using the
      rapid whole-body freezing technique. The sagittal section of the frozen thorax
      disclosed characteristic localized constriction at the aortic end of the fetal
      ductus at 24 h after administration of indomethacin. Proximal dilatation of that
      fetal ductus persisted for more than 4 h after birth, and disappeared gradually.
      Shortening of the ductal length was associated with both intrauterine
      constriction by indomethacin in experimental rats and neonatal physiologic
      constriction of control rats, but significantly greater shortening was seen with
      intrauterine constriction.

PMID- 4000776
TI  - Nonspecific vaginitis following sexual abuse in children.
AB  - Nonspecific vaginitis, one of the most common causes of vaginitis in adults, is a
      polymicrobial infection in which vaginal anaerobes act synergistically with
      Gardnerella vaginalis. The diagnosis is made by examination of the vaginal
      secretions for clue cells, the development of a fishy odor after the addition of
      10% KOH to vaginal secretions, and a vaginal pH greater than 4.5. To determine
      whether nonspecific vaginitis occurs in sexually abused children, we obtained
      vaginal washes from 31 abused and 23 nonabused children, 21/2 to 13 years of age.
      A child was considered to have definite nonspecific vaginitis if her wash
      contained both clue cells and odor; she was considered to have possible
      nonspecific vaginitis if her wash contained either clue cells or odor. We did not
      use vaginal pH as a diagnostic criterion because the normal range has not been
      standardized in prepubertal girls. Possible nonspecific vaginitis (odor only) was
      found in only 1/23 (4%) of nonabused children. This girl was asymptomatic and
      findings from her examination were normal. Only one of the 31 abused children had
      possible nonspecific vaginitis (odor) detected at the initial examination, less
      than 48 hours after the episode of abuse, whereas 4/31 (13%) developed definite,
      and 4/31 (13%) possible nonspecific vaginitis at the follow-up visit more than
      seven days after the episode of abuse or rape. Five of these eight girls
      developed either a new vaginal discharge or dysuria; three were treated with
      metronidazole with resolution of their symptoms and reversion of the vaginal wash
      to normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4000777
TI  - Interaction between digoxin and commonly coadministered drugs in children.

PMID- 4000778
TI  - Neonatal hyperviscosity: randomized study of effect of partial plasma exchange
      transfusion on long-term outcome.
AB  - The use of partial plasma exchange transfusion in newborns with polycythemia and
      hyperviscosity was evaluated. Ninety-three infants with polycythemia and
      hyperviscosity were randomly assigned to receive either partial plasma exchange
      transfusion or symptomatic treatment; the infants were matched with control
      infants without polycythemia. Neonatal course and outcome at 1 and 2 years were
      evaluated for each of the three groups. Polycythemic infants had more fine motor
      and speech problems at 1 year of age than did control infants. At 2 years of age,
      polycythemic infants had more gross motor delays, neurologic diagnoses, fine
      motor abnormalities, and speech delays than did the control infants. There was no
      significant difference at 1 year between the polycythemic infants who had
      received partial plasma exchange transfusion and those given only symptomatic
      care. At 2 years, the group receiving partial plasma exchange transfusion had
      fewer neurologic diagnoses and fine motor abnormalities.

PMID- 4000779
TI  - Circulatory changes in newborn lambs with experimental polycythemia: comparison
      between fetal and adult type blood.
AB  - Hemodynamic effects of increased hematocrit were compared in two groups of
      newborn lambs. In the first group (fetal type blood), exchange transfusions were
      carried out using packed red blood cells obtained from newborn lambs within one
      to two hours after birth. In the second group (adult type blood), the same
      procedure was carried out using adult sheep blood. In both groups, hematocrit
      values ranging between 70% and 80% were reached. The increase in hematocrit
      caused a decrease in cardiac output due to an increase in peripheral resistance.
      Pulmonary resistance increased more than systemic resistance. However, the
      increase in pulmonary resistance was significantly greater in the polycythemic
      newborn lambs with adult blood. A right-to-left shunt through a patent ductus or
      a foramen ovale was noted in six of the eight lambs included in this group. On
      the other hand, none of the seven polycythemic newborn lambs with fetal blood
      developed signs of right-to-left shunting. It is concluded that during neonatal
      polycythemia, the level of hematocrit is not the sole factor responsible for the
      hemodynamic changes observed. Other unknown influences related either to the red
      cells or the plasma must impinge upon the pulmonary circulation to alter vascular
      resistance.

PMID- 4000780
TI  - Safety of a higher loading dose of phenobarbital in the term newborn.
AB  - The conventional loading dose of phenobarbital for newborn infants with hypoxic
      ischemic seizures, 20 mg/kg, often fails to control convulsive activity. To
      determine the safety of a higher loading dose and to establish the
      pharmacokinetic parameters of a higher loading dose, ten severely asphyxiated
      term newborns were given 30 mg/kg of phenobarbital intravenously over 15 minutes.
      The mean serum concentration of phenobarbital two hours after loading was 30.0 +/
      3.2 micrograms/mL, the apparent volume of distribution was 0.97 +/- 0.18 L/kg,
      total clearance was 0.08 +/- 0.03 mL/min/kg, and mean serum half-life was 148 +/-
      55 hours. The higher loading dose was not associated with any short-term adverse
      effects on cardiorespiratory function, even in spontaneously breathing infants.

PMID- 4000781
TI  - Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring: economic impact on neonatal care.
AB  - Five years (1978 to 1982) of respiratory care data were reviewed to determine the
      changes in patient charges, hospital costs, and frequency of neonatal blood gas
      analysis created by the introduction of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring. During
      the 4 years of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring (1979 to 1982), an estimated
      $196,000 reduction in patient charges was accomplished. When reduced patient
      charges were balanced with the increased cost to the hospital for equipment,
      supplies, and personnel time, a net reduction of more than $100,000 for health
      care delivery was achieved. Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring is an example of
      technologic achievement in which society receives both economic and medical
      benefits.

PMID- 4000782
TI  - Chest pain in children.
AB  - In a retrospective study of chest pain, 267 children were identified. This gave
      an occurrence rate (per patient visit) of 0.249%. Male patients were identified
      as often as female patients, and teenagers as often as children less than age 12
      years. Chest pain was found to be present for more than 1 month in 8.6% and for
      more than 1 year in 7.8%. Idiopathic chest pain was the most common diagnosis
      made, followed by functional pain (anxiety related) and musculoskeletal pain.
      Laboratory tests were not helpful in establishing the etiology of chest pain.

PMID- 4000783
TI  - Usefulness of exercise stress testing for prediction of blood pressure trends.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether values of blood pressure
      during exercise help predict which adolescents are prone to maintain high blood
      pressure. Dynamic and isometric exercise stress tests were performed on 131
      adolescents who had had systolic or diastolic pressures greater than the 95th
      percentile on three examinations the previous year. Follow-up blood pressures
      were measured 1 year after the stress testing, and outcomes were classified on
      the basis of the blood pressure status that year. Stepwise regression analysis
      was used to examine the association between earlier blood pressures and exercise
      pressures with outcome pressures. In both male and female adolescents, the
      average resting systolic pressure on the earlier survey was the best predictor of
      systolic pressure 2 years later. Blood pressures and heart rates during dynamic
      and isometric exercise did not significantly contribute to the models' prediction
      of future systolic or diastolic pressures. The data suggest that exercise stress
      testing is not a valid method for predicting youths whose blood pressures will
      remain elevated over the next 1 to 2 years.

PMID- 4000784
TI  - Physical maturity screening for participation in sports.
AB  - In an effort to develop screening criteria to allow nonphysicians to detect
      physically immature boys prior to interscholastic sports competition, 364 male
      adolescents were studied as part of their group preparticipation health
      evaluation. Handgrip and self-assessed Tanner stage were measured, in addition to
      the routine preparticipation health evaluation procedures. Of the 118 boys who
      were Tanner 3 or less (immature), 103 (87%) had weak grips (less than 55 lb [24.9
      kg]), and 88 (75%) rated themselves as Tanner 3 or less. Of the 246 boys who were
      greater than Tanner 3 (mature), 223 (91%) had strong grips (greater than or equal
      to 55 [24.9 kg]), and 229 (93%) rated themselves as greater than Tanner 3. Six of
      the 118 immature boys (5%) had both a strong grip and mature self-assessed Tanner
      stage; three of the 246 mature boys (1%) had both a weak grip and an immature
      self-assessed Tanner stage. Only 67 of 364 (18%) boys had grips and self-assessed
      Tanner staging that were discordant. Use of grip strength and self-assessed
      Tanner staging may obviate the need for physician assessment of Tanner stage for
      the majority of adolescent boys prior to participation in collision sports.

PMID- 4000785
TI  - Assessing children's blood pressure--considerations of age and body size: the
      Muscatine Study.
AB  - Blood pressure was assessed in 4,207 children, aged 5 to 18 years, examined in
      the schools of Muscatine, Iowa during 1981. Overall, 69.9% of the age-sex
      specific quintiles and height-sex-specific quintiles of systolic blood pressure
      were identical. In only 1.0% of children did these quintiles differ by more than
      one. Children whose blood pressure was in the highest quintile for both age and
      height were more obese than their peers. Those whose blood pressure was high for
      age but not for height were proportionately taller and heavier than their age
      peers. Children whose blood pressure was high for height but not for age were
      older, shorter, and lighter. Thus, having precocious levels of blood pressure for
      age during childhood is associated with excessive body weight or precocious
      height, whereas having high blood pressure for height but not for age is
      associated with being short for age. The latter suggests that age may be a factor
      independent of height and weight affecting blood pressure level in childhood.
      These relationships of body size and age to blood pressure must be considered
      when evaluating children's blood pressure levels in the clinical setting, and a
      technique for doing so is presented.

PMID- 4000786
TI  - Parental fever phobia and its correlates.
AB  - Parents of 202 young febrile children were surveyed about their knowledge,
      attitudes, and fears concerning fever and its treatment. Forty-eight percent of
      the parents considered temperatures less than 38.0 degrees C to be "fevers", 43%
      felt that temperatures less than 40.0 degrees C could be dangerous to a child,
      21% favored treatment for fevers less than 38.0 degrees C, and 15% believed that,
      left untreated, temperature could rise to 42.0 degrees C or higher. Fifty-three
      percent advocated waking a febrile child at night to administer antipyretic
      therapy. Young age of the child was associated with a preference for use of
      acetaminophen over aspirin and, unexpectedly, with a higher parental threshold
      for consideration of fever. The higher their child's temperature at the time they
      were questioned, the higher the minimum temperature that parents considered a
      cause for concern. Surprisingly, higher socioeconomic status was not associated
      with a lesser degree of fever phobia. In fact, parents of higher socioeconomic
      status were more concerned about the risks of brain damage or seizures as
      sequelae of fever than were parents of lower socioeconomic status. It is
      concluded that undue fear and overly aggressive treatment of fever are epidemic
      among parents of infants and young children, even among the highly educated and
      well-to-do. Considerable effort will be required on the part of pediatricians and
      other child health workers to reeducate these parents about the definition,
      consequences, and appropriate treatment of fever.

PMID- 4000787
TI  - Contribution of social and developmental factors to lead exposure during the
      first year of life.
AB  - The social and developmental correlates of early lead exposure were explored in
      an interim analysis of data from an ongoing longitudinal investigation in
      Cincinnati. Regardless of the apparent net availability of lead in the infant's
      physical environment, parental behavior was still significantly associated with
      infant blood lead levels. However, this was only the case after infants in the
      study reached 6 months of age and beyond when prewalking progression and early
      walking made parental management all the more critical. Future lead screening and
      abatement programs should include supports for the caretaker-child relationship.

PMID- 4000788
TI  - Violence on television and imitative behavior: impact on parenting practices.
AB  - In the past 30 years, four federal government commissions have reported on the
      relationship between television violence and aggressive behavior. The latest
      report concluded categorically that there is a causal relationship between
      television violence and aggressive behavior. Two infants were seen at an
      emergency room as a direct consequence of their socially isolated single mothers
      seeing a particular made-for-television movie. In one case, the infant died as a
      possible result of a parent imitating an act of child abuse; in the other case,
      early medical intervention precluded possible tragedy. These cases illustrate
      another way in which children may be victimized by violence on television;
      namely, by parents imitating inappropriate parental behavior. The origins of
      imitative behavior are discussed with specific reference to the impact on
      vulnerable parents. The concept of media-influenced parenting behavior is
      presented and implications for physicians are discussed.

PMID- 4000789
TI  - Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux following gastrostomy in neurologically
      impaired patients.
AB  - Utilizing the sequence of contrast radiography, gastric technetium scintigraphy,
      and 24-hour pH probe, 30 of 46 (65%) neurologically impaired patients, referred
      for feeding gastrostomy, were demonstrated to have gastroesophageal reflux and
      underwent a Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy. There was no evidence of
      reflux in the remaining 16 (35%) and a gastrostomy alone was performed. Four
      infants (aged 2 to 13 months) subsequently developed progressive vomiting from 2
      to 8 months following gastrostomy placement. Repeat evaluation documented
      postoperative reflux in three. All four underwent a Nissen fundoplication with
      relief of their symptoms. Gastroesophageal reflux following gastrostomy may have
      been produced by an alteration in anatomy or progressive neurologic dysfunction.
      In all likelihood, however, it was present but undetected preoperatively. An
      antireflux procedure was required following gastrostomy in 25% of neurologically
      impaired patients with an initial negative reflux evaluation. Additionally,
      primary fundoplication in this group was associated with 10% incidence of
      recurrent symptoms. The high incidence of postoperative reflux, as well as the
      morbidity associated with gastrostomy in face of gastroesophageal reflux,
      warrants careful follow-up of the brain damaged patient with feeding gastrostomy.

PMID- 4000790
TI  - Relative rates of fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin synthesis in cord blood
      of infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers.
AB  - Erythrocytosis, extramedullary erythropoiesis, and increased levels of plasma
      erythropoietin have been observed in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Because
      there is evidence that there is a relationship between increased fetal hemoglobin
      production and acute erythropoietic expansion, it was considered important to
      study the proportion of fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin synthesis in
      newborn infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Samples from nine newborn
      infants of diabetic mothers as well as nine control infants, ranging from 36 to
      38 weeks of gestation, were incubated in an amino acid mixture containing
      [14C]leucine. The adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin were then separated by
      column chromatography on DEAE [O-(diethylaminoethyl)] Sephadex. To confirm that
      the fetal hemoglobin obtained after Sephadex chromatography was not contaminated
      with other hemoglobins, several of the DEAE separations from each group were
      reconstituted and subjected to polypeptide chain elution using carboxyl-methyl
      cellulose chromatography. The data demonstrated that the newborn infants of
      diabetic mothers are synthesizing significantly more fetal hemoglobin than is
      expected for their period of development (82.2 +/- 3.6 v 72.8 +/- 4.2; P less
      than .005). It is suggested that the in utero environment of the fetus of the
      diabetic mother causes an increase in fetal hemoglobin synthesis.

PMID- 4000792
TI  - Preventing sexual abuse of children in day care: whose problem is it anyway?

PMID- 4000791
TI  - The arms race and children in fiscal year 1985.
AB  - The current arms race harms all Americans. Children are most adversely affected
      by federal cutbacks in time-honored programs. By fueling an everexpanding arms
      race, we are mortgaging the nation's future. Health care professionals have a
      moral responsibility to alert the public regarding the consequences of recent
      federal policies for our most vulnerable citizens.

PMID- 4000793
TI  - Too long for too little.

PMID- 4000795
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on School Health. Health Education and
      schools.

PMID- 4000794
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations
      for using pneumococcal vaccine in children.

PMID- 4000796
TI  - Special report. Prevention congenital rubella infection: Symposium summary.

PMID- 4000797
TI  - Absence of major side effects of nifedipine following treatment of Duchenne
      dystrophy.

PMID- 4000798
TI  - Relative risk.

PMID- 4000800
TI  - Total population estimate of newborn special-care bed needs.
AB  - In 1977, 7% of the 38,855 infants born in Utah were estimated to have required a
      total of 27,439 special-care hospital days. About half (53%) were mildly ill;
      their average length of stay was 4.6 days, or 24% of the total hospital-days.
      Another 20% of the infants had intermediate illness, with a 12-day average stay,
      or 23% of the total hospital-days. The remaining 27% of the infants required
      intensive care and used 53% of the total hospital-days; their average length of
      stay was 20 days. As a total population, the state's 38,855 births generated a
      need for two beds per 1,000 annual live births in special-care facilities. The
      estimated bed need was: mild illness (Level I), 0.5 beds per 1,000 annual live
      births; intermediate illness (Level II), 0.5 beds per 1,000 annual live births;
      and intense illness (Level III), one bed per 1,000 annual live births. Results
      are based on the assumption that nonstudy births, 30% of the total, have needs
      proportionate to study births. The following considerations are necessary to
      extrapolate these bed needs to other populations: convalescence of intensely ill
      babies may require that up to 50% of their bed needs may be shifted to
      intermediate care; compliance with criteria for transport to the next level of
      care may not be 100% as assumed in the study, thus redistributing bed needs;
      census characteristically fluctuates in special-care nurseries (study results are
      reported for an unchanging daily census); and the low birth rate of a population
      is intimately related to the bed needs.

PMID- 4000799
TI  - White blood cell transfusions.

PMID- 4000802
TI  - [Tetrapolar rheography indices of healthy full-term infants].

PMID- 4000801
TI  - Evaluation of five popular methods for tick removal.
AB  - Five methods commonly advocated for tick removal from a human or domestic animal
      were evaluated. The application of petroleum jelly, fingernail polish, 70%
      isopropyl alcohol, or a hot kitchen match failed to induce detachment of adult
      American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis Say) attached for either 12 to 15
      hours or three to four days. Use of forceps or protected fingers enabled
      satisfactory removal of 29 adult American dog ticks without leaving the
      mouthparts or attachment cement in the host skin. Four different methods were
      used to pull lone star ticks [Amblyomma americanum (L)] off the host using
      forceps (twisting, pulling steadily or jerking straight up, or pulling parallel
      with the skin). None of the mouthparts broke off, but, contrary to the American
      dog tick, the cement remained in the skin for all 22 of the Lone Star ticks. It
      is recommended that the tick be grasped as close to the skin as possible with
      curved forceps; if these are not available, use tweezers or protected fingers.
      Pull straight up with steady even pressure. If cement or mouthparts remain, then
      extract if that is practical. Disinfect bite site before and after tick removal.

PMID- 4000803
TI  - [Intestinal microflora of newborn infants fed naturally and artificially].

PMID- 4000804
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia in newborn infants].

PMID- 4000805
TI  - [Enzyme status of thrombocytes of premature infants during early postnatal
      adaptation].

PMID- 4000806
TI  - [Lipid metabolism disorders and their correction in premature infants with
      intrauterine hypotrophy and perinatal encephalopathy].

PMID- 4000807
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and axial growth in children and adolescents with diseases
      of the musculoskeletal system].

PMID- 4000808
TI  - [Central and regional circulation in children with primary arterial hypertension
      during treatment with dibazol].

PMID- 4000809
TI  - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of fibrocholangiocystosis in children].

PMID- 4000810
TI  - [Roentgenologic criteria for changes in the lungs in mycoplasmosis in children].

PMID- 4000811
TI  - [Yolk sac tumors in children].

PMID- 4000812
TI  - [Incidence and structure of congenital abnormalities in newborn infants].

PMID- 4000813
TI  - [Redox potential and pH of the blood of newborn infants and their mothers
      following normal and pathologic pregnancies].

PMID- 4000814
TI  - [Congenital stenosis of the mitral opening].

PMID- 4000815
TI  - [Cases of cataract during treatment of glomerulonephritis in children with
      prednisolone].

PMID- 4000816
TI  - [rare variant of complex neurocristopathy in a child].

PMID- 4000817
TI  - [Effectiveness of feeding premature infants in the 2d month of life with milk
      formulas having a varying fat content].

PMID- 4000818
TI  - [Complex risk assessment of the occurrence of rickets in infants in the 1st year
      of life].

PMID- 4000819
TI  - [Circulatory system function of nursing infants with rickets].

PMID- 4000820
TI  - [Specific differential prenatal prophylaxis of rickets in infants].

PMID- 4000821
TI  - [Action of anabolic steroids on the immunity function of nursing infants with
      acute pneumonia and suffering from hypotrophy].

PMID- 4000822
TI  - [Rheological properties of the blood in suppurative and septic diseases of young
      infants].

PMID- 4000823
TI  - [Diagnosis of adaptation disorders in children entering a preschool institution
      and school].

PMID- 4000824
TI  - [Indications for corticosteroid therapy in bronchial asthma in children].

PMID- 4000825
TI  - [Auxiliary methods for the diagnosis of rickets].

PMID- 4000827
TI  - [Prognostic significance of clinical and laboratory indices in patients with a
      mixed form of glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 4000826
TI  - [Drug allergy and the development of nephropathies in children].

PMID- 4000828
TI  - [Initial manifestations of epilepsy occurring in the presence of a residual
      organic lesion of the central nervous system in children and adolescents].

PMID- 4000829
TI  - [Fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in newborn infants with intracranial
      birth injuries].

PMID- 4000830
TI  - [Cytochemical characteristics of the peripheral blood monocytes in acute
      pneumonia in young infants].

PMID- 4000831
TI  - [Physical development of children with mucoviscidosis].

PMID- 4000832
TI  - [Importance of catamnestic study and mathematical analysis in predicting the
      duration of remission in bronchial asthma in children].

PMID- 4000833
TI  - [Activity criteria and stages in the development of acquired, hereditary and
      congenital nephropathies in children].

PMID- 4000834
TI  - [Work organization for the district pediatrician in a city pediatric polyclinic].

PMID- 4000835
TI  - [System and method for transporting premature and ill newborn infants from
      maternity homes to specialized hospitals].

PMID- 4000836
TI  - [Treatment of croup].

PMID- 4000837
TI  - [Tshamer's infectious erythema].

PMID- 4000838
TI  - [Characteristics of a brain concussion in children with cerebral palsy].

PMID- 4000839
TI  - [Role of therapeutic physical exercise in the combined treatment of children with
      obesity].

PMID- 4000840
TI  - [2 cases of combined congenital hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 4000841
TI  - [Case of a dissecting aortic aneurysm in a child].

PMID- 4000842
TI  - [Thymectomy for generalized myasthenia in a 10-year-old girl].

PMID- 4000843
TI  - [Biological and social aspects of breast feeding].

PMID- 4000845
TI  - Effects of ball color on horizontal perimetry detection.
AB  - The subjects were 16 college students assessed as having normal, uncorrected
      visual abilities. Each subject responded to the appearance of each of five
      variously colored ball sections as they were introduced into the subjects' visual
      field. Analysis indicated that colors with luminance values greater than 70 CD/M2
      (black, blue, green) were detected further in the horizontal peripheral plane
      than were colors possessing values less than 36 CD/M2 (red, purple).

PMID- 4000844
TI  - Searching for correlates of spatial ability.
AB  - A brief questionnaire about sense of direction and mechanical experience
      correlated with Mental Rotation scores. Several new, experimental measures
      thought to be related to spatial ability did not in fact correlate with Mental
      Rotation scores.

PMID- 4000846
TI  - Handedness incidence in a population of black university students.
AB  - A modified version of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory was used to assess
      degrees of left-, mixed-, and right-handedness in USA and Caribbean black
      university students. The distributional pattern of handedness in men and women
      was significantly different, largely due to a higher incidence of left- and mixed
      handed men. Sinistral incidence in men of this population was significantly
      higher than that reported in some other studies on Anglo-Saxon populations.

PMID- 4000847
TI  - Masculinity-femininity and perceptual style on the Circles Test.
AB  - In relation to the open perceptual style characteristics a classification of
      responses to the Torrance's Circles Test provided a measure of psychosexual
      identification. To the initial stimulus inner-spaced and outer-spaced responses
      can be interpreted as feminine and masculine styles of information processing.
      The observations were validated by the Mf scale of the MMPI. Masculine women gave
      fewer inner-space responses than masculine men, and feminine men gave more inner
      space responses than feminine women.

PMID- 4000848
TI  - Field dependence as a factor in sports with preponderance of open or closed
      skills.
AB  - Three groups of 120 male and female athletes, who were aged 13 to 22 yr. from
      Junior and Senior High School and College varsity sports having a preponderance
      of open skills or of closed skills or who were nonathletes of like age, were
      tested on Oltman's portable rod-and-frame apparatus to assess field dependence.
      Analysis indicated that individuals playing in sports with a preponderance of
      open skills were more field-dependent than those playing in sports with a
      preponderance of closed skills. Varsity participants were more field-independent
      than nonparticipants.

PMID- 4000849
TI  - Verbal asymmetries and levels of processing in an interactive dual-task paradigm.
AB  - This study examined how the dual-task laterality paradigm produces patterns of
      cerebral asymmetry different from those obtained in studies of comparable single
      laterality tasks. We systematically examined at what level of processing a
      concurrent verbal memory-load influences accuracy of recognition of laterally
      presented nouns relative to that in a control condition. Four groups of 20
      subjects each were tested in an interactive dual-task paradigm requiring them to
      compare lateralized nouns directly with one of three nouns concurrently held in
      memory prior to accuracy of recognition. The groups differed according to the
      types of comparisons being made: physical identity, phonetic orthographic
      similarity, phonetic similarity using non-orthographic words, and category
      membership. Subjects in each group carried out three tasks. They were required to
      determine if a specified match had occurred between a memory-load word and the
      lateralized word, identify the lateralized word, and report the memory-load
      words. Another 20 subjects were assigned to a control laterality condition in
      which no concurrent memory-load was used. Control subjects were required to
      respond to a laterally presented word by pressing a reaction-time key to indicate
      recognition of the word and then to report the word. No significant visual-field
      differences occurred in accuracy of recognition for either the control or
      matching-task groups. However, reaction-time latencies and errors increased as a
      function of the level of processing. The accuracy of recognition did not support
      the predictions of Kinsbourne's attentional model but the reaction times provided
      some support for the concept of selective left-hemisphere interference proposed
      by Hellige. A limited-capacity approach was suggested as a possible alternative
      explanation of laterality effects.

PMID- 4000850
TI  - The reverse affect test: a new interference task.
AB  - A new interference test requires subjects to read a list of 10 pairs of words
      with affective responses inappropriate to the terms listed. 80 adults were given
      the task with significant interference occurring which decreased speed and
      accuracy of performance. Significantly increased variability was also noted under
      the condition of interference. The source of interference is discussed and
      possible uses of this new task are described.

PMID- 4000851
TI  - Dreaming and hypnotic susceptibility: a pilot study.
AB  - Previous experimental work has indicated that certain stable personality
      characteristics are reliably associated with differential susceptibility to
      hypnosis. It is suggested that people who are more susceptible will be
      characterized by an awareness of dreaming more frequently, vividly and
      creatively. This study describes the construction of a Dream Questionnaire and
      the relations of the scores obtained on it to scores previously obtained on the
      Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Sex differences were noted in
      response to the questionnaire. For women, a global score was derived from the
      questionnaire, and this was positively and significantly associated with hypnotic
      susceptibility. Men responded rather differently to the questionnaire and as
      hypnotic susceptibility scores were available for only a more limited number,
      further analysis was postponed until more data from men may become available.
      Some suggestions for research are discussed, and the relations between sleep
      research and hypnosis research are briefly considered.

PMID- 4000852
TI  - Cognitive antecedents of dream recall.
AB  - 222 students completed the Cognitive Processes Survey which assessed imaginal
      life, orientation toward imaginal life, and defensiveness. Subjects were
      separated according to number of weekly dreams recalled and tested for short-term
      memory with the Digit Span of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Analyses of
      variance showed that imaginal life differed significantly across low, average,
      and high dream recallers. Orientation toward imaginal life was significant for
      high dream recallers but not for low recallers. A t test for correlated Digit
      Span raw scores indicated significant differences between low and high dream
      recallers. Differences in dream recall seemed better explained by cognitive
      variables such as short-term memory than attitudinal factors such as
      defensiveness. Dream recall might be enhanced by increasing the channel capacity
      of short-term memory and increasing imaginal life through activities such as
      introspection, daydreaming, and meditation.

PMID- 4000853
TI  - Choice of Luscher's color violet in a psychiatric sample.

PMID- 4000854
TI  - Development of movement schema in young children.
AB  - To examine the development of movement schema in young school-age children, i.e.,
      whether principles which govern fine eye-hand coordination skill learning as
      suggested by Schmidt's schema theory apply to the learning of gross motor skills
      Exp. 1 involved 48 right-handed first-grade children. On a modification of the
      Fitts Reciprocal Tapping task children moved a stylus (held in the hand or
      attached to a special shoe worn on the foot) between two metal targets separated
      by different distances. Children were randomly assigned to one of eight groups:
      two control or no-practice groups and six experimental or transfer groups. A one
      way analysis of variance followed by appropriate Scheffe post hoc tests indicated
      that movements of the lower limbs were not organized into a movement schema, but
      a pattern of schema of movement for the upper limbs developed. That no movement
      schema developed for lower limb movements suggests development of movement schema
      is intricately linked to both the existing as well as the potential for
      developing precise movement in those limbs. Exp. 2 involved 40 first-grade
      children who were randomly assigned to perform a gross-motor agility task under
      one of three conditions: direct practice on the criterion task, constant practice
      on a modification of the criterion task, or variable practice on several
      different modifications of the criterion task. A groups X trials analysis of
      variance with appropriate post hoc tests indicated that there were no significant
      differences among direct, constant, or variable practice groups. Data suggest
      that the amount of practice may be as important as the type of practice in
      developing movement schema involved in gross motor skills in young children.

PMID- 4000855
TI  - Incidence and doubtful significance of nonstandard orientations in reproduction
      of the key from the Aphasia Screening Test.
AB  - Nonstandard key orientations (reversed, vertical, diagonal, indeterminant) were
      studied for 138 normal control subjects and in 1,235 patients obtained from three
      sources. Keys in nonstandard orientations were slightly but not significantly
      more frequent in the patient groups. The vast majority of nonstandard keys were
      reversed. Comparisons with persons having normal key orientations on biodata,
      neuropsychological, intellectual, and personality variables gave negative
      results. Retesting a portion of the sample showed that the tendency to reproduce
      the key in irregular orientations was consistent over time in only about half the
      cases. In contrast to occasional reports in the literature, it appears that
      nonstandard orientations in the drawing of the key in the Aphasia Screening Test
      are infrequent, somewhat inconsistent in appearance, and likely of little or no
      demonstrable clinical significance.

PMID- 4000856
TI  - Geophysical variables and behavior: XXV. Alterations in memory for a narrative
      following application of theta frequency electromagnetic fields.
AB  - Subjects were asked to listen to a 3-min. narrative. During Min. 1, 2, or 3 of
      the narrative, subjects were exposed for 60 sec. to either 5-Hz or 20-Hz
      electromagnetic fields or to a sham field condition. The fields were generated by
      commercial devices and applied externally to the side of the head at the level of
      the temporal lobe. The transcript of each subject's version of the narrative was
      evaluated by discourse analyses for the numbers of direct recalls or of
      inferences for each of the three segments. Subjects who had received the 5-Hz
      fields during Min. 1 and 2 of the narrative displayed twice as many inferences
      for the material that had been presented during Min. 1 only compared to the 20-Hz
      groups who did not differ from the sham-field subjects. We hypothesize that there
      are small alterations in the processing of complex series of verbal stimuli by
      these weak, theta frequency electromagnetic fields. They might not affect the
      amount of recall but they may influence the details of recall.

PMID- 4000857
TI  - Distorted cognitive maps: college students' misperceptions of nation size.
AB  - On a questionnaire 256 college students reported a number of distorted views
      concerning the sizes of nations in the world and these distortions appeared to
      generalize to geographic regions. Considering that individual cognitive maps are
      commonly used to assess new information about the global environment, these
      inherent distortions could significantly bias the students' views of the world.

PMID- 4000858
TI  - Controlling pain reports through operant conditioning: a laboratory
      demonstration.
AB  - Operant conditioning of pain reports was studied in two laboratory experiments.
      In the first one 5 subjects were given the same pain stimulus on 15 trials and
      their recorded pain ratings gave no systemic trends across subjects. 8 other
      subjects received the same pain tests but on some of the trials increases or
      decreases in pain ratings were verbally reinforced while the noxious stimulus was
      held constant across trials. Clear and significant differences between reinforced
      increases and decreases in pain reports were observed. In Exp. 2, 5 subjects were
      given neutral feedback and systematically decreasing levels of noxious
      stimulation, resulting in a good correlation between pain ratings and stimulation
      level. 5 subjects were provided reinforcement for increasing pain reports while
      the pain stimulus was systematically reduced. Increases in pain reports were
      observed simultaneously with large decreases in the level of the noxious
      stimulus. Results of these experiments support the operant conception of pain.

PMID- 4000860
TI  - Eidetic imagery in elderly persons.
AB  - A survey of 59 healthy rural elderly persons did not indicate any showed eidetic
      ability.

PMID- 4000859
TI  - Control in memory for movement cues by mentally retarded children.
AB  - The study was designed to determine the desirability of providing external
      prompts (1) to use a mnemonic to enhance accuracy of recall and (2) to use
      response 'priming' in memory for spatial location by mentally retarded persons.
      Two groups of 40 mentally retarded boys and girls and two groups of 40 MA-matched
      nonretarded children were compared for accuracy in the recall of movement on an
      arm-positioning task. No differences were found between mentally retarded
      subjects and MA-matched subjects treated under the same conditions. However, all
      groups were unable to make spontaneous control adjustments to accommodate the
      covert manipulations made just prior to recall. By providing response primes,
      appropriate performance adjustments were made by all groups, resulting in a
      significant improvement in accuracy of recall. These findings serve to reaffirm
      earlier reports showing remarkable similarity between the mentally retarded and
      MA-matched nonretarded subjects.

PMID- 4000861
TI  - Observers' reaction to touchers.
AB  - 20 men and 20 women were shown nine photographs in which two people were
      interacting. The first photograph shown showed a male and a female engaged in a
      nontouching interaction. The remaining eight photographs showed a touching
      interaction. Subjects rated their affective reaction to each of the touching
      interactions relative to their reaction to the first (nontouch) interaction. In
      the latter 8 photographs, the person facing the camera was either male or female,
      the person with back to camera was either male or female, and the touch shown was
      either a hand touch or a hug. All touching interactions were rated more
      positively than the standard (nontouch interactions). Male and female subjects
      tended to show identical reactions to the photographs. More positive reactions
      were shown to cross-sex hugging than to same-sex hugging and interactions showing
      hand touch.

PMID- 4000862
TI  - Information processing abilities and performance on two perceptual-motor tasks.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the hypothesized information
      processing mechanisms, thought to be reflected by the slope and intercept of the
      regression of choice reaction time on stimulus information or information
      transmitted could account for performance on two novel laboratory tasks. In
      addition, analyses were performed to determine whether these theorized mechanisms
      represent stable within individual abilities or task specific capabilities.
      Analysis indicated that the slopes obtained from two different choice reaction
      time paradigms were unrelated while intercepts were moderately correlated.
      Examination of the pattern of zero-order correlations further showed that
      regression components were not meaningfully related to performance on either
      novel task, suggesting that knowledge of information-processing mechanisms, as
      assessed in choice RT paradigms, did not enhance the understanding of performance
      in more complex tasks.

PMID- 4000863
TI  - Attitudes of behaviorally disordered students toward tests.
AB  - In two studies, attitudes reported toward testing by behaviorally disordered
      students and their regular classroom counterparts were compared. In Study 1, 12
      behaviorally disordered and 25 average fifth and sixth graders were given a
      survey regarding their attitude toward tests and the test-taking experience.
      Students classified behaviorally disordered reported less positive attitudes
      toward tests than their more average peers; these attitude differences were more
      pronounced on items which reflected subjective attitudes toward the test-taking
      situation and aspirations about performance and less pronounced on evaluation of
      the value of tests. In Study 2, which employed a sample of 25 behaviorally
      disordered and 25 regular classroom students matched on age and sex and used a
      longer attitude measure, differences were not found. Taken together, these
      studies suggest that attitudes toward tests are inconsistent in the two
      populations and that some behaviorally disordered students may not differ so much
      in this regard as supposed.

PMID- 4000864
TI  - Practice variability and children's motor behavior.
AB  - This research investigated Schmidt's variability-of-practice prediction and the
      breadth-of-a-movement class. Schmidt's hypothesis was tested by varying the
      parameters of ball and distance in overarm throwing. Breadth-of-a-movement class
      was tested by employing two novel tasks not previously used in variability-of
      practice designs. 203 kindergarten and first-grade subjects were randomly
      assigned to one of four conditions, three experimental and one control.
      Experimental subjects performed 45 trials in their respective training
      conditions, weight, distance, weight/distance, in one session. Two novel striking
      tasks were administered to all subjects pre- and posttest to assess the
      variability-of-practice hypothesis, and the generalizability of overarm throwing
      and striking. Variability-of-practice in the overarm throw appeared to strengthen
      the striking schemas of the kindergarten boys. Results suggest some support for
      the inclusion of throwing and striking in a single-movement class. The concept,
      breadth of movement class, however, requires further study.

PMID- 4000865
TI  - Interactive effects of noise with illumination and age on activity of rats.
AB  - Locomotor activity of male, albino rats (25, 90, and 200 days old at the start of
      the experiment) was measured in conditions of light and dark. Continuous and
      pulsed noises of 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 dB were presented under each illumination
      condition. While noise intensity altered activity of all age groups, it
      interacted with illumination and age, resulting in different sensory-dependent
      patterns of activity in each age group. The results are interpreted in terms of
      arousal theory and potential functional development of CNS structures regulating
      the effects of ambient sensory input on behavior.

PMID- 4000866
TI  - Flicker fusion frequency and organic syndrome in alcoholics.
AB  - Flicker fusion frequencies of 48 healthy controls and of 35 alcoholics were
      measured to detect possible associations between flicker fusion and signs of
      nonspecific brain damage, the aim of the study. FFF was statistically
      significantly lower in patients addicted to alcohol than in healthy subjects.
      Lower flicker fusion frequencies were associated with the severeness of organic
      psychosis as rated psychopathologically. The hypothesis that addiction to alcohol
      is a sign of diffuse, nonspecific, organic brain damage was discussed.

PMID- 4000867
TI  - Interhemispheric visual masking.
AB  - Backward masking functions were evaluated in a paradigm in which target and
      masking stimuli were presented to opposite cerebral hemispheres using separate
      peripheral pathways. Backward masking occurred dichoptically when the target and
      mask were projected to opposite hemispheres. These findings indicated that some
      effective masking mechanisms are mediated by interhemispheric interactions
      independent of retinal phenomena.

PMID- 4000868
TI  - Effect of depth of processing on recognition memory for normal and inverted
      photographs of faces.
AB  - 40 undergraduates categorized photographs of faces on the basis of sex or liking
      and then attempted to recognize them in normal or inverted orientations. For
      photographs which were normally oriented, accuracy and confidence were greater
      for pictures initially categorized for liking than for pictures initially
      categorized for sex. However, for inverted photographs, accuracy and confidence
      scores did not differ as a function of initial judgement, although they were
      generally poorer for the inverted than normal faces. Finally, subjects more often
      correctly recalled the initial category for normal than for inverted photographs,
      although both levels were close to chance. These findings are interpreted as
      being more consistent with a semantic than a feature model of facial
      representation.

PMID- 4000869
TI  - Effect of practice of correct symbol reversals on reading achievement by first
      grade children.
AB  - Practice in correcting symbol reversals had no significant effect on reading
      achievement of 41 boys and 36 girls in first grade although there were
      significant gains in reading and reduction in reversal errors by both groups but
      no significant difference between the groups in gains or errors.

PMID- 4000870
TI  - Effects of orienting instructions, monetary incentives, and sex of listeners on
      listening comprehension.
AB  - The study investigated the effects of orienting instructions, monetary
      incentives, and sex of the listener on performance on a test of listening
      comprehension. Neither orienting instructions nor monetary incentives resulted in
      significant differences, but undergraduate men (n = 64) scored significantly
      higher than the women (n = 56) on the listening comprehension test.

PMID- 4000871
TI  - A noninvasive index of hemispheric activity.
AB  - Tympanic thermometers were used to measure fluctuations in the temperature of the
      left and right hemispheres of 22 normal high school students while performing
      verbal and nonverbal visual discrimination tasks. The nonverbal task involving
      face recognition demonstrated the predicted effect of hemispheric bias on
      performance: The subjects performed better when they showed a relative rise in
      right-hemisphere temperature. No significant relationship between hemispheric
      temperature and level of performance was observed during the verbal task, perhaps
      owing to the opportunity to treat effectively the nonwords as either linguistic
      strings or visual patterns. It is concluded that tympanic temperature effectively
      measures hemispheric activity during cognitive processing.

PMID- 4000872
TI  - Exner's Four Square: useful index in appraisal of learning disability?
AB  - Rorschach protocols, focusing on Exner's Four Square, were obtained for 14 boys
      who had been referred for a second opinion following an initial diagnosis as
      learning disabled. The findings indicated wide diversity, suggesting that a
      significant proportion of students manifest fundamental problems which are not
      essentially cognitive in nature. For these students, traditional
      psychoeducational decisions may be inappropriate and unproductive.

PMID- 4000873
TI  - Behavioral effects following rehabilitation from postnatal exposure to lead
      acetate.
AB  - At 21 days of age three groups of male hooded rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain
      were exposed to either untreated water or lead acetate at concentrations of 25 or
      50 ppm provided ad lib. in the drinking water for 40 days. When tested for
      spontaneous alternation, the subjects receiving both 50 ppm and 25 ppm lead
      acetate exhibited significantly reduced rates of alternation below those of
      untreated control subjects. Immediately subsequent to testing, lead was removed
      from the diet of the experimental groups and water substituted which was provided
      ad lib. for the duration of the experiment. This regimen of rehabilitation was
      continued for 70 days at which time all subjects were tested on the problems of
      the Hebb-Williams closed-field maze-learning task. No significant differences
      were found in the time taken to traverse the maze enclosure, the number of
      squares traversed, or in the total number of error zones entered over the 12 test
      problems, although significantly increased latencies to leave the start box were
      noted for subjects previously exposed to lead acetate. These data indicate that
      some deficits produced by postweaning lead acetate exposure may be reversible and
      not persist beyond a period of rehabilitation.

PMID- 4000874
TI  - Effects of age, sex and differentiated training programmes on motor learning.
AB  - This research indicated that the effectiveness of different instructional
      strategies during training was determined by age, by practicing specific movement
      and nonspecific movement, and by using different criterion apparatus.

PMID- 4000875
TI  - Physical training and personality factors as predictors of marathon time and
      training injury.
AB  - On the basis of surveys completed by 105 male participants in a popular marathon,
      a multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the variables
      contributing significantly to the prediction of final time. Overall prediction
      was successful, with R = .896, and training pace was the most important factor in
      the equation, speedier workouts being associated with faster marathon times.
      Final time was also related positively to best 10-km race time in the previous 12
      mo. and repression-sensitization (faster runners being more sensitized), and
      negatively to maximum number of training miles in a single week, number of
      previous marathons completed, and number of days of training lost through illness
      or injury. Contrary to expectations, locus of control was not related to final
      time. Only 27% of the runners had lost training time through injury, but a
      discriminant analysis showed that, compared to those who had avoided this
      problem, the injured were younger, rested less, ran less in the week prior to the
      marathon, ran a slightly longer long run but ran it earlier before the race, and
      ran fewer runs of 20 miles or more. It is suggested that researchers should study
      the repression-sensitization variable and investigate injury in runners preparing
      for a marathon.

PMID- 4000876
TI  - Geophysical variables and behavior: XXVI. A response to Rutkowski's critique of
      the tectonic strain hypothesis for UFO phenomena.
AB  - The tectonic strain hypothesis for many reports of UFOs (UFORs), primarily odd
      luminosities and metallic-looking phenomena, has been criticized on the basis of
      inadequate data. This reply begins with the distinction between the empirical
      basis for the association between UFORs and seismic activity, the hypothesis, and
      laboratory experiments. It is emphasized that criticisms of data should be based
      upon empirical criteria rather than value judgments about scientific credibility.
      Multivariate and bivariate analyses have indicated systematic relationships
      between UFORs and earthquake measures within several different areas and for
      different historical periods. However, the physical mechanisms for the generation
      of individual UFO events and their relationship to UFORs require closer
      examination.

PMID- 4000877
TI  - Chromatic perception in relation to an hypothesized cerebral dominance.
AB  - On the basis of the cerebral dominance, we have hypothesized an asymmetry (for
      saturation or brightness) between the two eyes in perception of chromatic
      stimuli. 51 subjects were tested on chromatic perception (green, red, yellow,
      blue). For each subject also an ocular-dominance score was obtained. The results
      substantially confirmed the hypothesis of cerebral dominance in color perception.
      Subjects with high ocular-dominance scores (right- or left-dominant subjects)
      showed for the green stimulus asymmetric behavior, while subjects with low ocular
      dominance scores showed a tendency toward symmetry in perception.

PMID- 4000878
TI  - Stability of temporal resolution of the tactile sensory system for a one-year
      interim.

PMID- 4000879
TI  - Effects of figure-ground reversal on the visual-perceptual and visuo-motor
      performances of cerebral palsied and normal children.
AB  - Individuals with brain damage often encounter visual perceptual and visuo-motor
      difficulties. Studies have indicated an improvement in exceptional individuals'
      performances when the colors of figure-ground materials were reversed. Effects of
      reversals were studied for spastic cerebral palsied and normal children's scores
      on the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration and the Motor-free Visual
      Perception Test. Normal children performed better than the cerebral palsied
      children on all tests; the cerebral palsied children performed best on the
      reversed-format Motor-free Visual Perception Test. Reversal affected neither
      group's scores on visual-motor integration.

PMID- 4000880
TI  - Gender differences in perceived physical self-efficacy among older individuals.
AB  - Gender differences in perceived physical self-efficacy were investigated in 90
      subjects, stratified by sex and age (45 to 54 yr., 55 to 64 yr., and 65 to 74
      yr.). Application of the scale by Ryckman, Robbins, Thornton, and Cantrell
      yielded scores for total perceived physical self-efficacy, perceived physical
      ability, and confidence in physical self-presentation. Men showed greater
      efficacy than women on the first two scales. There was no evidence of an age
      effect in perceived physical self-efficacy.

PMID- 4000881
TI  - Relationships among pleasure, anxiety and physiological response patterns during
      the sexual sequence in normal and dispermic subjects.
AB  - We examined the reported subjective level of pleasure and anxiety usually
      perceived during the four phases of the sexual sequence by 18 dispermic patients
      and 18 normal subjects. Relevant differences exist between the two groups in
      their perception of both emotions. The role of pleasure and anxiety in modulating
      some reflexive biological responses of the sexual sequence is discussed.

PMID- 4000882
TI  - Lateralization in attainment and maintenance of neonatal head posture: further
      external validation.
AB  - Consistencies in lateral head turning of 50 healthy, term neonates were examined
      to determine relations between attainment and maintenance of lateral head
      position. The majority showed lateral consistencies, typically rightward, in
      initial head turn from midline per trial, in direction of the majority of all
      head turns from midline per trial and in direction turned for the majority of
      time per trial. Head position prior to testing was related to the three indices.
      The results of work to date, including the current study, have proven very
      consistent in nature, yielding the most reliable measure of an element of
      lateralized behavior in the neonate.

PMID- 4000883
TI  - The internal structure of a time estimation task.

PMID- 4000884
TI  - Effects of range on category scaling of loudness judgments.
AB  - In two experiments subjects judged the loudness of a 1000-Hz tone within a range
      of three loudnesses. The first used a within-subjects design with ranges of 1-2
      sones, 1-4 sones, and 1-8 sones. The second used a between-subjects design with
      ranges of 1-2 sones, 1-8 sones, and 1-16 sones. Except for two values in the 1-
      to 2-sone range the two experiments produced comparable results. As range was
      increased the tendency to round away from the end points increased and the judged
      mid-point occurred at a higher value. Comparisons are made with rounding patterns
      that occur in studies of linear scales. The present results are interpreted to
      support Poulton's (1975) position, that the mid-point of subjective estimates
      depends on the range of stimuli judged, rather than that of Stevens (1975), that
      the mid-point on a prosthetic scale is assigned to a value that is lower than the
      mid-point on the subject's subjective scale.

PMID- 4000885
TI  - Velocities of motor and sensory nerve conduction are the same for right and left
      arms in right- and left-handed normal subjects.
AB  - The velocities of motor and sensory conduction of median and ulnar nerves were
      measured on the left and right arms of 33 right-handed and 12 left-handed normal
      subjects. Contrary to current knowledge there was no statistically significant
      difference in the velocities of nerve conduction on the left and right sides of
      these subjects. It was suggested that the differences in the velocities of nerve
      conduction cannot contribute to the mechanisms of handedness.

PMID- 4000886
TI  - Perceived health and exercise: a cross-lagged panel correlation.
AB  - The relationship between perceived health and exercise was examined by cross
      lagged panel technique with data from a normal sample of 27 men and 25 women. The
      results support the hypothesis that previous perceived health can predict
      exercise.

PMID- 4000887
TI  - Effects of presentation schedule on retention and prototype formation for
      kinesthetically presented figures.
AB  - This study assessed the influence of blocked, random, and serial acquisition
      schedules on the learning of kinesthetically presented geometric patterns.
      Measures of both retention and prototype formation did not indicate an influence
      for type of presentation order. This nonsignificant finding is consistent with
      theories which purport that benefits of random and serial practice schedule
      result from the active involvement of the learner in both movement planning and
      the analysis of error information.

PMID- 4000888
TI  - Relationship between expressive language ability and rhythm perception, pitch
      perception, vocal range, and vocal midpoint among mentally retarded adults.
AB  - This study investigated the relationship between expressive language ability and
      rhythm perception, pitch perception, vocal range, and vocal midpoint for 28
      mentally retarded adults. A standardized speech test determined language scores,
      a standardized music test assessed rhythm and pitch perception, and vocalization
      determined vocal range and midpoint. Multiple correlation and multiple linear
      regression analyses indicated a significant correlation between expressive
      language ability and rhythm perception. Further research with music tests more
      appropriate for mentally retarded adults is recommended.

PMID- 4000889
TI  - Eight-axis visual-field mapping for targets embedded in a homogeneous competing
      background.
AB  - The binocular functional visual field for a detection task, with a peripherally
      presented target embedded in a homogeneous competing background, was mapped on 8
      axes passing through the fixation point. The boundary of the field for each axis
      was based on the number of "correct" responses on the axis, where a "correct"
      response was defined in terms of the size of the error made by the subjects in
      estimating the target position. The visual fields for 6 subjects (4 men and 2
      women) were very irregular in shape, and these were differences among subjects.
      The 8-axis area correlated highly with area based on only the horizontal and
      vertical axes but the latter area gave no indication of even gross irregularities
      in shape of the visual field.

PMID- 4000890
TI  - Effects of high ambient temperature on judgments of air quality.

PMID- 4000891
TI  - Ectomorphy in American adults: analyses by sex, race and age.

PMID- 4000892
TI  - The Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences: scope and perspectives.
AB  - The Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences of the State University of Leiden was
      established in September 1984. Its main objective is to conduct multidisciplinary
      research on the production of drugs and their disposition and effects in man and
      animals. In addition, it will offer teaching programmes at M.Sc. and Ph.D.
      levels. Two integrated research themes may involve all disciplines present in the
      Center: stereoisomers and endogenous compounds. There will be close co-operation
      with the related disciplines medicine, chemistry, biology and biotechnology, and
      with pharmaceutical industry. Industry funding up to 35% of total funds will be
      pursued. An Industrial Liaison Body was established to take care of the
      management aspects of collaboration with industry.

PMID- 4000893
TI  - From flywheel to dovetail.
AB  - Education and research can be considered as important investments in society.
      Government financing greatly outweighs market relationships, but policy today
      aims at more involvement of industry. Government regulations relating to
      universities appeared to be an insufficient guarantee that research generates
      applications. In order to improve the knowledge transfer several measures have
      been taken concerning education and the financing structure for universities,
      including shorter graduation time, another system of financing for research,
      revolving funds and deregulation. It is hoped that the re-establishment of the
      pricing mechanism will be profitable for market relationships relating to
      research and education.

PMID- 4000894
TI  - The knowledge merchants.
AB  - Since World War II, increased funding by government and industry has turned the
      'education business' of American universities into 'knowledge business'.
      Interactions between universities and industry can take the form of consulting,
      affiliate programmes, contracts, extradepartmental research and development,
      exchanges of scientists, research agreements and the involvement of venture
      capital companies. The experiences of the School of Pharmacy, University of
      California at San Francisco, with these interaction models are described and
      evaluated.

PMID- 4000895
TI  - Industry-university co-operation. Experiences, possibilities and problems as seen
      from a Swedish perspective.
AB  - The co-operation between industry and academia in Sweden has been subject to
      changing views in the society. The experiences of Astra Lakemedel AB are
      described and placed in a more general perspective. The co-operation in drug
      development includes the testing of biological hypotheses, drug formulation,
      preclinical and clinical studies, etc. An interesting way of collaboration is the
      position of 'adjunct professor'. Some problems and concerns relating to these
      kinds of co-operation are discussed. It is concluded that co-operation is very
      useful, provided that one is aware of possible pitfalls.

PMID- 4000896
TI  - University-industry: a happy match?
AB  - The relationship between Dutch academia and Dutch industry has taken a drastic
      and positive turn in recent years. The third party, the government, stimulates a
      happy match but at the same time puts several constraints on its development.
      Some reservations are expressed both from an industrial and from an academic
      viewpoint. On the other hand, properly conditioned partnerships can offer mutual
      benefits for industry and academia. Some prerequisites for co-operation are
      formulated. With regard to pharmaceutical sciences, industry is often confronted
      with fundamental questions that cannot be answered within the conditions of drug
      development, but may be a starting point for academic research. The aging process
      and dementia are proposed as fields for constructive co-operation.

PMID- 4000897
TI  - Backing the winners and the research infrastructure.
AB  - The industrial policy of the Dutch government is a priority area policy, that
      backs the winners of today and, even more, the potential winners of tomorrow.
      Important elements of this policy are the selection of high-chance activities,
      setting up new and informal relationships, promoting co-operation and supporting
      industrial research and development. To this end the government has set up
      Innovative Research Programmes and an Innovation Stimulation Scheme. Co-operation
      of universities and industry is essential for these programmes to succeed. Also
      international co-operation is a precondition to a firm position of European
      industry. The establishment of the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences is
      entirely in line with the objectives of this policy.

PMID- 4000898
TI  - Research in the Division of Pharmacognosy.
AB  - About 50% of all drugs originate from plants and animals, especially from higher
      plants. The production of plant drugs often has to overcome several obstacles.
      The Division of Pharmacognosy of the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences is
      involved in developing biotechnological production methods that may help to avoid
      such problems. In the research field of plant cell biotechnology there is a close
      co-operation with Delft. University of Technology. As an example some studies on
      tissue and suspension cultures of Cinchona species and on the biosynthesis of
      Cinchona alkaloids are described.

PMID- 4000899
TI  - Research in the Division of Pharmaceutical Technology.
AB  - Within the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences the release characteristics of
      drugs form the major research object of the Division of Pharmaceutical
      Technology. Transdermal systems are being developed that can supply a drug during
      several days. Irritation of the skin may be avoided by using hydrogels. To enable
      long-term transdermal application also the colloidal structure of creams and
      ointments is investigated. As most drugs are to be taken orally, however, a
      research project was also started to make cheap and easy to produce controlled
      release tablets. The results with a microporous polypropylene polymer are
      promising.

PMID- 4000901
TI  - Research in the Division of Toxicology. The importance of reactive intermediates
      of drug biotransformation in drug toxicity.
AB  - Within the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences research on toxicology has its
      main object in toxification and detoxification of xenobiotics. The
      pharmacokinetics of sulfation, glucuronidation and other conjugation reactions is
      studied. Conjugation may prevent tissue damage that is caused by covalent binding
      of reactive intermediates. Systems for testing the toxicity of such intermediates
      are being developed, and a similar screening programme is pursued for elucidating
      the involvement of reactive intermediates in carcinogenesis.

PMID- 4000900
TI  - Research in the Division of Pharmacology.
AB  - Within the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences pharmacological research has
      its emphasis on kinetics of drug disposition, and its interrelationship with
      pharmacodynamics. The benzodiazepines present a class of related compounds where
      comparative studies have been performed. Both in humans and in animal models the
      relationship between plasma levels and central effects has been studied. Also the
      factors that influence individual responses to the same dose of a drug have been
      investigated. One of the approaches is the predictive value of antipyrine
      metabolite formation. Nifedipine shows polymorphism in oxidation, but it is
      possible to obtain the desired pharmacodynamic effect while minimizing side
      effects even in slow metabolizers.

PMID- 4000902
TI  - Research in the Division of Medicinal Chemistry.
AB  - Within the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences research on medicinal chemistry
      is centered around two themes: receptor recognition and photochemistry of drugs.
      Extremely little is known about the conformation of receptor recognition sites.
      The approach that should lead to a more detailed knowledge is outlined. Similarly
      the interaction between enzymes and their inhibitors will be studied. The
      photochemistry of drugs can be useful (phototherapy) or harmful (phototoxicity).
      The phototoxicity of benzodiazepines was found to be attributable to the
      formation of oxaziridines on the N-oxide groups.

PMID- 4000903
TI  - Research in the Division of Analytical Chemistry.
AB  - Within the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, the Division of Analytical
      Chemistry develops the tools that are used in other divisions. The numerous
      techniques of analytical chemistry are studied in order to improve selectivity,
      sensitivity, etc. The emphasis of the research is on bioanalysis. The
      possibilities and pitfalls of bioanalysis are demonstrated with vitamin KI
      (phylloquinone), where a detection limit of 5 pg can be reached.

PMID- 4000904
TI  - Colorimetric analysis of some diuretic drugs: hydrochlorothiazide and
      spironolactone.
AB  - Two convenient spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of
      hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone. A specific colour reaction for the
      determination of hydrochlorothiazide is reported. One method is based on the
      reaction of hydrochlorothiazide with n-butylamine and cobaltous chloride in
      anhydrous methanol. A blue-violet colour is produced and is measured at 570 nm. A
      highly selective colorimetric method was adopted for the analysis of
      spironolactone by reacting with isoniazid forming a coloured hydrazone derivative
      and subsequent measurement of the coloured product at 405 nm.

PMID- 4000905
TI  - Shape sensing for computer aided below-knee prosthetic socket design.
AB  - Shape sensing is useful in the computer aided prosthetic fitting process for two
      purposes. 1. To input characteristic prosthetic shapes that have been developed
      over the years through the experience of prosthetists. 2. To provide an accurate
      and rapid measurement of the anatomical shape of the stump. This paper describes
      two instruments which have been built to meet these objectives.

PMID- 4000907
TI  - Prosthetic shape replication using a computer controlled carving technique.
AB  - This paper describes a carving machine which is the most recently developed
      module in the suite of CAD/CAM equipment for high technology manufacture and
      supply of prostheses. It provides the link between the Computer Aided Socket
      Design (CASD) system and the Rapidform socket manufacturing process. Using the
      coordinate data produced by the CASD system this machine, under computer
      guidance, carves from a large block of suitable material a three dimensional
      object; the equivalent of the rectified plaster model produced by conventional
      techniques. This provides the form for the fabrication of a socket and the
      facility completes an integrated system for fabricating, rapidly and cheaply,
      high quality lightweight prostheses for patients.

PMID- 4000906
TI  - Computer aided design of prosthetic sockets for below-knee amputees.
AB  - A computer-aided sculpting system for use in prosthetics is described. The
      prosthetist's sculpting tools now consist of a computer, a graphics terminal, a
      mouse and an on-screen moveable cursor. Accompanied by the system software, these
      tools allow systematic modification of a primitive socket using techniques
      analogous to those used by a prosthetist working with rasps and plaster.

PMID- 4000908
TI  - The Rapidform process for automated thermoplastic socket production.
AB  - This paper describes the genesis of the Rapidform process and its pioneering
      place in the new developments leading to complete control of the processes of
      manufacture of prostheses. The materials and geometric considerations involved in
      the development of a double deformation process under microprocessor control are
      described. Stages in the development of the system show the advance from the
      initial application to modular below-knee prostheses through extensions to
      special suspension systems (supracondylar and suprapatellar) to Syme's and above
      knee sockets. The clinical and laboratory results are summarized along with an
      account of the current aspects of the project, ie advanced clinical trials,
      testing and analysis. Setting the scene historically for the other computer based
      modules in this high technology approach to prosthetics, Rapidform has proven to
      be swift, accurate and economical in its operation. Also, in common with the rest
      of the suite of equipment, this socket production facility, despite its
      flexibility and technical sophistication, requires no special services beyond
      standard single phase mains electricity supply.

PMID- 4000909
TI  - Computer aided design, computer aided manufacture and other computer aids in
      prosthetics and orthotics.

PMID- 4000910
TI  - Rotational moulding in the production of prostheses.
AB  - This paper discusses the place of rotational moulding in the provision of
      prosthetic shanks and shank sections. It covers the selection of thermoplastic
      material, the moulding conditions and their automation in a machine process, and
      the development of a suitable range of moulds. Also covered is the question of
      interfacing between the moulded shank sections and other limb components, fatigue
      strength as tested to date and early results of patient field trials. The most
      developed of the possible prosthetic options available consists of a hollow
      tapered column having inserts at each end by which it is clamped through
      alignment couplings to the socket and foot respectively. For a below-knee
      application, the complete tapered column prosthesis weighs typically 1 kg. Static
      and fatigue testing of representative samples by the simultaneous application of
      compressive and bending loads to the maximum values specified by international
      standards exposed no failures by the time a million cycles had been reached. This
      method of fabrication has the merit of being capable of implementation locally on
      an "as required" basis. Additional advantages include the low cost of the mould
      tooling and the flexibility to mould a variety of shapes. Prosthetic feet are a
      possibility as are special shoes and orthotic parts. These may require other
      materials and experimentation is proceeding using structural and resilient foams.

PMID- 4000911
TI  - Thermoplastic alignment couplings for prostheses.
AB  - In the context of modern engineering practice, this paper describes the
      exploitation of thermoplastic materials for the provision of lightweight, low
      cost, corrosion free, alignment devices for lower limb prostheses. After setting
      out design requirements, four newly developed devices are described and
      discussed. These are respectively a four jack system, a serrated wedge system, a
      spherical alignment system and a serrated slider. The level of laboratory fatigue
      testing and experimental field performance is reported and examples are shown of
      the application of these systems to tapered column thermoplastic below-knee
      prostheses.

PMID- 4000912
TI  - Experimental fittings of sockets for below-knee amputees using computer aided
      design and manufacturing techniques.
AB  - The experiments showed that it is possible to successfully design a socket using
      a computer based socket model. Variability of results, however indicates the
      existence of shortcomings. These were identified as inadequacies in the caliper
      method used to measure the stumps; inability to make the sockets total contact;
      lack of flexibility of the design process in the Round #1 computer CASD system.
      It was shown by results of the MERU fittings that an iterative procedure in the
      hands of an inexperienced person would lead to a degree of success comparable to
      that achieved by experienced persons using judgement. Also indicated was that
      experienced prosthetists were able to transfer their skills to the CASD system.
      This is indicated by the fact that they achieved 5 Class IV results with 8
      sockets as compared to 2 Class IV results with 10 sockets achieved by the
      inexperienced operator.

PMID- 4000913
TI  - The SEATTLE foot prosthesis.

PMID- 4000914
TI  - [The left oblique chest radiograph in the diagnosis of subcarinal
      lymphadenopathy].

PMID- 4000916
TI  - [Psychiatric classification of disease].

PMID- 4000915
TI  - [Rheological studies on the barium meal--effects of the addition of tragacanth on
      the barium sulfate suspension].

PMID- 4000917
TI  - An outbreak of salmonellosis in a Danish fox farm.

PMID- 4000918
TI  - The effect of continuous in-feed medication with thiophanate on Ascaris suum and
      Oesophagostomum spp. egg output in young pigs.
AB  - The full potential of anthelmintics now available for single dose treatment is
      not achieved because the devising system for worm control in piglets/weaners is
      not efficiently applicable in practice. Therefore an in-feed medication programme
      for growing young pigs, allowing only one feed lot to be handled by the farmer,
      was tested in two studies. Study A Feed containing 0.0225% thiophanate was
      continuously fed almost ad lib. to piglets from birth right up to about 25 kg
      body weight when ready for fattening. This control measure effectively prevented
      A. suum and Oesophagostomum from becoming established during the whole pre
      fattening period, thus allowing "worm-free" weaners to be produced. -33% of
      animals receiving unmedicated feed harboured mature Oesophagostomum already at an
      age of 63 days when first examined. Three out of 97 unmedicated pigs were then A.
      suum egg-count positive. At the same time all medicated pigs, except one with a
      low Oesophagostomum egg output, were egg-count negative. All medicated were still
      egg-count negative at 23-29 days after the withdrawal of the feed. About 30% of
      unmedicated pigs were then shedding eggs of A. suum and Oesophagostomum
      respectively. At 45-49 days after the withdrawal of the medicated feed 8% of
      previously medicated pigs and 43% of unmedicated pigs were A. suum egg-count
      positive. The corresponding figures for Oesophagostomum egg-count positive pigs
      were 6% and 40% respectively. The acquisition of worm infections by previously
      medicated pigs most probably was made in the fattening unit after the withdrawal
      of the thiophanate medicated feed. Study B In this study it was further
      substantiated that in-feed medication of pigs with thiophanate prevents A. suum
      from becoming established. All treated pigs were A. suum egg-count negative at
      Day 43 and 46 after the withdrawal of the medicated feed whereas about 62% of
      untreated control pigs were shedding A. suum eggs at the same time. This finding
      justify the proposal that the in-feed medication performed prevented larval
      migration. Furthermore it was shown that the in-feed medication must proceed
      right up to the transfer of piglets to the fattening unit in order to achieve its
      full potential. Farrowing pens may be heavily contaminated with infective
      Oesophagostomum larvae at the end of the pre-fattening period resulting in sudden
      and heavy nodular worm infections after the withdrawal of the medicated feed.

PMID- 4000919
TI  - Atopic dermatitis in Norwegian dogs.
AB  - Of 122 dogs showing clinical symptoms of atopic dermatitis, 65.6% exhibited
      immediate skin test reactivity to one or more well defined allergen extracts,
      when intradermal skin tests were performed. The Prausnitz-Kustner test performed
      on two non-atopic recipient dogs, with serum from affected dogs, showed that
      "reaginic" antibodies transferred in serum from all affected dogs remained bound
      within the skin of the recipient dogs for 192 hours. House dust, house dust mite
      (D. farinae) and human dander were the allergens which most commonly caused
      immediate skin reactions and West Highland White Terriers and Boxers were the
      most affected breeds. Age at onset of clinical symptoms proved to be 1-4 year in
      72.2% of the dogs.

PMID- 4000920
TI  - Alteration of the DNA double helix conformation upon incorporation of mispairs as
      revealed by energy computations and pathways of point mutations.
AB  - To explain biochemical and genetic data on spontaneous nucleotide replacements in
      nucleic acid biosynthesis all the 8 mispairs in normal tautomeric forms have been
      considered. Possible B-conformations of DNA fragments containing each of such
      mispairs incorporated between Watson-Crick pairs have been found using
      computations of the energy of non-bonded interactions via classical potential
      functions. These conformations have no reduced interatomic contacts. The values
      of each dihedral angle of the sugar-phosphate backbone fall within the limits of
      those of double-helical fragments of B-DNA in crystals. These values differ from
      those of the corresponding angles for the low-energy polynucleotide conformations
      consisting of canonical pairs by no more than 30 degrees (except for the fragment
      with the U:U pair for which the C4'-C3'-O-P angle differs by about 50 degrees).
      The difference in experimentally observed frequencies of various nucleotide
      replacements in DNA biosynthesis correlates with the difference in the energy of
      non-bonded interactions and with the extent of the sugar-phosphate backbone
      distortion for the fragments containing the mispairs which serve as intermediates
      for the replacements.

PMID- 4000921
TI  - The infrared spectrum and structure of the type I complex of silver and DNA.
AB  - Infrared spectroscopy was used to study films of the type I complex of Ag+ and
      DNA as a function of hydration with the following conclusions. Ag+ binds to
      guanine residues but not to cytosine or thymine residues. Cytosine becomes
      protonated as Ag+ binds to guanine. (These conclusions confirm previous models.)
      The type I complex remains in the B family of structures with slight
      modifications of the sugar-phosphate geometry. This modified B structure remains
      stable at lower values of hydration for which pure DNA is in the A form. Binding
      of Ag+ to PO2-, O-P-O or the deoxyribose oxygen is excluded.

PMID- 4000923
TI  - Conformational requirements of tobacco mosaic virus RNA for aminoacylation and
      adenylation.
AB  - The RNA conformational requirements for both aminoacylation and adenylation
      emerging from our studies performed using the valine- and the tyrosine-accepting
      plant viral RNAs are now strongly supported by the histidine-accepting tobacco
      mosaic virus RNA: an 'L'-shaped conformation is recognized by the aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetase whereas only the aminoacyl RNA domain (equivalent in tRNAs to the
      continuous helix formed by the acceptor stem and the T stem and loop) interacts
      with the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase.

PMID- 4000922
TI  - DNA synthesis, methylation and degradation during conjugation in Tetrahymena
      thermophila.
AB  - We have investigated the timing of DNA synthesis, methylation and degradation
      during macronuclear development in the ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila. DNA
      synthesis was first detected in the anlagen early in macronuclear development,
      but the majority of DNA synthesis occurred later, after pair separation. Anlagen
      DNA was first detectably methylated at GATC sites 3-5 hours after its synthesis.
      Once initiated, de novo methylation was rapid and complete, occurring between
      13.5 and 15 hours of conjugation. The level of methylation of GATC sites was
      constant throughout the remainder of conjugation, and was similar to that in mock
      conjugated cells. Degradation of DNA in the old macronucleus and DNA synthesis in
      the anlagen began at about the same time. Upon pair separation, less than 20% of
      old macronuclear DNA remained. A small percentage of nucleotides prelabeled prior
      to conjugation were recycled in the developing anlagen.

PMID- 4000924
TI  - Unusual plasmid DNA organization in an octopine crown gall tumor.
AB  - A cloned tobacco crown gall tumor, 1595501, incited by A. tumefaciens strain
      15955 was studied. Molecular analysis of the organization of the T-DNA by means
      of Southern transfer and hybridization techniques indicated that the 1595501
      tumor has about 10 copies of TL DNA, five of which are complete TL DNA, whereas
      most octopine tumors have only one to two copies of complete TL DNA.
      Hybridization studies and genomic cloning indicated that some segments of the T
      DNA have undergone deletions. One of the clones contained two copies of T-DNA
      which were inverted in orientation with respect to each other. Two left ends of
      TL DNA from the 1595501 tumor line and the corresponding region of the octopine
      plasmid were sequenced. Comparison of the various cloned T-DNA sequences with Ti
      plasmid sequence indicated that while there is an association with a 25 base pair
      direct repeat, there is no specific set of base pairs in the T-DNA at which
      divergence from Ti-plasmid sequences occurred.

PMID- 4000926
TI  - Methylation of thymine residues during oligonucleotide synthesis.
AB  - Thymine residues in an oligodeoxyribonucleotide are subject to methylation at N3
      by the internucleotide methyl phosphotriester linkages. This alkylation occurs
      most rapidly in the presence of a strong base such as DBU, but also takes place,
      at a much slower rate, during oligonucleotide synthesis.

PMID- 4000925
TI  - Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the vegetative replication origins of
      broad host range IncP plasmids R751 and RK2 reveals conserved features of
      probable functional importance.
AB  - An 864 bp EcoRI fragment carrying oriVR751, the vegetative replication origin of
      broad host range IncP plasmid R751, was cloned and sequenced. Only the trfA gene
      of the IncP plasmid RK2 was required in trans for the function of oriVR751. The
      sequence of oriVR751 showed 65% overall homology to that of oriVRK2 determined
      previously. Highly conserved regions of probable functional importance were
      apparent, including two sets of direct repeats postulated to be interaction sites
      for the trfA protein(s), a putative dnaA protein binding site and a downstream
      inverted repeat of unknown function.

PMID- 4000928
TI  - Kinetic evidence that echinomycin migrates between potential DNA binding sites.
AB  - The hypothesis that echinomycin locates its preferred nucleotide sequences in DNA
      by a process of "shuffling" between potential binding sites has been tested.
      Immediately after reacting with calf thymus DNA the antibiotic is relatively
      weakly bound inasmuch as the complex dissociates quite rapidly when detergent is
      added. If the complex is allowed to equilibrate for various periods of time after
      mixing, an increasing proportion of the bound antibiotic dissociates slowly on
      addition of detergent. The kinetics of appearance of the slowly-dissociating
      form, and its dependence upon ionic strength, are fully consistent with the
      shuffling model. In contrast the dissociation profiles from poly(dG-dC) and
      poly(dA-dT) are independent of mixing time.

PMID- 4000927
TI  - An H1 histone gene-specific 5' element and evolution of H1 and H5 genes.
AB  - In previous studies we have shown that the H5 gene is not closely linked to the
      dispersed clusters of core and H1 histone genes. Here we emphasise features of H1
      and H5 genes relevant to their expression in the chicken genome. Of particular
      note is an H1 gene-specific 5' element, 5' AAACACA 3' found upstream of all H1
      genes studied to date. This "H1-box" is not found in the related H5 gene, which
      is expressed only in erythroid cells. A second aspect relates to generation of
      histone mRNA 3' termini. The H5 gene is shown to contain a remnant of the dyad
      symmetry element (as well as other conserved sequences) associated with core and
      H1-histone gene transcript 3' processing. However, it appears as if H5 has
      evolved a different mechanism in which the mRNA terminus (which is
      polyadenylated) is displaced downstream from the dyad element. The two clear
      differences noted here have the potential to affect transcriptional (H1-box) and
      post-transcriptional (3' terminus processing) regulation of H1 and H5 gene
      expression.

PMID- 4000929
TI  - The nucleotide sequences of the tail fiber gene 36 of bacteriophage T2 and of
      genes 36 of the T-even type Escherichia coli phages K3 and Ox2.
AB  - Genes 36 have been cloned from phage T2 and the T-even type phages K3 and Ox2.
      The products of these genes are part of the long tail fibers of the phages, they
      form the proximal moiety of the distal half fiber. The genes have been sequenced,
      the nucleotide sequence of gene 36 of phage T4 is known (Oliver, D.B. & Crowther,
      R.A. (1981) J.Mol.Biol. 153, 545-568). Comparison of the deduced amino acid
      sequences of the four proteins revealed a surprising pattern. These sequences can
      be divided into two highly conserved and one very variable region. The former
      consist of about 60 NH2-terminal and 70 CO2H-terminal residues flanking the
      variable middle region of about 100 residues. Thus, an identical and unique
      morphology can be formed by a number of different primary structures. It is
      proposed that the conserved areas are involved in binding of the proteins to the
      neighboring products of genes 35 and 37 and that this function has put
      constraints on the variability of the primary protein structure. The overall
      amino acid composition of the proteins is rather similar; the codon usage is that
      known for phage T4. The intercistronic region between genes 35 and 36 consisting
      of 62 base pairs and containing a presumed terminator for g35 transcription and
      the 'late type' promoter for transcription of genes 36, 37, and 38, is almost
      completely identical in the four phages.

PMID- 4000931
TI  - Solid-phase synthesis of the self-complementary hexamer d(c7GpCpc7GpCpc7GpC) via
      the O-3'-phosphoramidite of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine.
AB  - The synthesis of the O-3'-phosphoramidite of a suitably protected 7-deaza-2'
      deoxyguanosine (c7G) which is an isostere of 2'-deoxyguanosine is described. The
      phosphoramidite of the modified nucleoside was used in the synthesis of the self
      complementary hexamer d(c7GpCpc7GpCpc7GpC) on functionalized silica gel in a mini
      reactor. As expected from the parent hexamer d(GpCpGpCpGpC) the isosteric
      d(c7GpCpc7GpCpc7GpC) exhibits a rigid secondary structure (22% hypochromicity at
      280 nm) and forms a duplex in 1 M aqueous sodium chloride solution. Due to the
      altered pi-electron system of the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleobase, which
      affects base stacking and hydrogen bonding, the Tm of the modified duplex is
      decreased by 10 degrees C compared to that of the parent purine hexamer.
      Moreover, it is expected that the incorporation of c7G influences the pitch of
      the helix.

PMID- 4000930
TI  - The genes for yeast ribosomal proteins S24 and L46 are adjacent and divergently
      transcribed.
AB  - Unlike most yeast ribosomal protein genes studied so far the genes coding for S24
      and L46 are adjacent on the genome. Sequence analysis showed that the two genes
      are transcribed divergently, their initiation codons being 630 bp apart. Taking
      the respective ATG translation start sites as reference points, the 5'- end of
      L46 mRNA was mapped at position -26, while the S24 mRNA showed two major 5'-ends
      mapping at positions -13 and -16 respectively. Unlike most other yeast ribosomal
      protein genes, the gene for S24 does not contain an intron. Its coding region
      encompasses 390 nucleotides encoding a protein of 14762 D. The gene for L46 on
      the other hand is split by an intron of 386 nucleotides starting after its second
      codon. This gene encodes a small, very basic protein having a molecular weight of
      6334 D. Yeast ribosomal proteins S24 and L46 show striking homologies with
      ribosomal proteins from other organisms. In particular, yeast L46 is clearly the
      evolutionary counterpart of rat liver L39. A search of the intergenic region for
      sequence elements previously identified as common to most yeast ribosomal protein
      genes, revealed the presence of a single conserved box (RPG-box) roughly
      equidistant from the transcription initiation sites of both genes. We suggest
      that this box acts as a regulatory signal in either orientation and thus
      influences the expression of both genes simultaneously.

PMID- 4000932
TI  - Carbon-13 NMR in conformational analysis of nucleic acid fragments. 4. The
      torsion angle distribution about the C3'-O3' bond in DNA constituents.
AB  - Carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of a series of oligodeoxynucleotides (d(CT),
      d(CC), d(TA), d(AT), d(CG), d(GC), d(AG), d(AAA), d(TATA) and d(GGTAAT] were
      measured at various temperatures. The three coupling constants that are related
      to the magnitude of backbone angle epsilon (J(C4'-P), J(C2'-P) and J(H3'-P] are
      analyzed in terms of a three-state equilibrium about this bond. Two epsilon
      (trans) angles occur, which differ in magnitude depending on the conformation (N
      or S) of the adjoining deoxyribose ring. The S-type deoxyribose ring is
      associated with a smaller epsilon (trans) angle: epsilon (t,S) = 192 degrees. The
      N-type deoxyribose ring is associated with a larger epsilon (trans) angle epsilon
      (t,N) = 212 degrees. The third rotamer participating in the conformational
      equilibrium, is a gauche(-) (epsilon (-] conformer and occurs exclusively in
      combination with the S-type sugar ring (epsilon (-,S) = 266 degrees). Within the
      limits of experimental error, the magnitude of these three angles appears to be
      independent of the particular base sequence, except in the case of d(CG) where a
      slightly larger epsilon (t,S) angle (197 degrees) is indicated. A simple equation
      is proposed which may be used to calculate the population of epsilon (t,S)
      conformer in cases where only J(H3'-P) is known.

PMID- 4000934
TI  - Structure and cotranscription of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNAGlu(UUC),
      tRNATyr(GUA) and tRNAAsp(GUC).
AB  - The location and nucleotide sequences of tobacco chloroplast genes for
      tRNAGlu(UUC), tRNATyr(GUA) and tRNAAsp(GUC) have been determined. These genes lie
      midway between the genes for alpha and beta/epsilon subunits of H+-ATPase on the
      large single-copy region of the chloroplast DNA. The gene organization is tRNAGlu
      - 59bp spacer - tRNATyr - 108bp spacer - tRNAAsp on the same DNA strand. Northern
      blot hybridization studies revealed that these three tRNA genes are
      cotranscribed. The transcription initiation site was localized at 24 bp upstream
      from the tRNAGlu coding region and its termination site at 90 bp downstream from
      the tRNAAsp coding region by S1 mapping. The tricistronic tRNA precursor is thus
      calculated to be 512 bases long. Its processing was also studied by S1 mapping.

PMID- 4000933
TI  - The chloroplast ribosomal intron of Chlamydomonas reinhardii codes for a
      polypeptide related to mitochondrial maturases.
AB  - The sequences of the 888bp chloroplast ribosomal intron and of the flanking 23S
      rRNA gene regions of Chlamydomonasreinhardii have been established. The intron
      can be folded with a secondary structure which is typical of group I introns of
      fungal mitochondrial genes. It contains a 489bp open reading frame encoding a
      potential polypeptide that is related to mitochondrial maturases.

PMID- 4000935
TI  - Variability within the rabbit C repeats and sequences shared with other SINES.
AB  - The C family of short, interspersed repeats (SINES) is highly repeated in the
      rabbit genome, and most members have a structure suggestive of a model for their
      dispersal via reinsertion of a double-stranded copy of an RNA polymerase III
      transcribed RNA. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of additional members
      of the repeat family and have compiled them to obtain an improved consensus
      sequence. This compilation shows that although most regions of the repeat are
      well conserved, two regions show high variability. Some individual repeats are
      truncated, and one truncated repeat retains the characteristic structures of a
      retroposon. The consensus sequence for C repeats does not match the sequence of
      any other sequenced mammalian SINE over large regions, but short imperfect
      matches to several primate and rodent SINES are observed. A sequence similar to
      the 27 nucleotide consensus sequence TCCCAGCAACCACATGGGAGGCAGAGA was found in all
      mammalian SINES examined. The 3' portion of this sequence matches a DNA segment
      found at the replication origins of papovaviruses.

PMID- 4000936
TI  - Solid-phase methods for sequencing of nucleic acids I. Simultaneous sequencing of
      different oligodeoxyribonucleotides using a new, mechanically stable anion
      exchange paper.
AB  - A solid-phase method for simultaneous sequencing of large numbers of
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides has been developed using a new, mechanically stable
      anion-exchange paper. The excellent mechanical properties of the polymer allow
      the processing of several paper segments in one reaction vessel or to carry out
      all necessary operations on a larger area of the paper. In addition, DNA material
      can be chemically eluted from the new carrier during the piperidine reaction,
      thus avoiding salt elution of DNA and subsequent ethanol precipitation steps - a
      prerequisite for sequencing oligonucleotides. The approach involves 7 operations
      including: i) immobilization; ii) washing; iii) modification; iv) washing; v)
      sorting of the papers; vi) piperidine reaction and chemical elution and vii)
      lyophilization. All steps can be carried out in 4 to 5 hours independently of the
      number of oligonucleotides to be sequenced. It is also possible to sequence small
      oligonucleotides with 3 to 4 base pairs. The method can be fully automated.

PMID- 4000937
TI  - Transcriptional analysis of the adenovirus-5 EIII promoter: absence of sequence
      specificity for stimulation by EIa gene products.
AB  - To identify the adenovirus-5 EIII promoter sequences that are involved in basal
      level of transcription, a series of promoter deletion mutants were analyzed in
      vivo by transfection into HeLa cells and in vitro using a HeLa whole cell extract
      system. Three regions within the EIII promoter were shown to be important for
      efficient transcription: the TATA sequence, an upstream element centered at -55/
      57, and an additional element located between -111 and -233. In vivo
      transcriptional analysis of EIII promoter deletions in the presence of adenovirus
      EIa gene products have demonstrated that the same three regions are required for
      EIa-stimulated transcription. We conclude that there is no sequence element in
      the EIII promoter between -15 and -233 that is uniquely required for the
      stimulation of EIII transcription by EIa gene products.

PMID- 4000938
TI  - Inverted duplication of histone genes in chicken and disposition of regulatory
      sequences.
AB  - Sequence analysis of an 8.4 kb fragment containing five chicken histone genes
      shows that an H4-H2A gene pair is duplicated and inverted around a central H3
      gene. A left and right region, each of 2.1 kb are 97% homologous and the
      boundaries of homology coincide with ten base pair repeats. These boundary
      regions also contain highly conserved gene promoter elements, suggesting that
      interaction of transcriptional machinery with histone genes may be connected with
      recombination in promoter regions, resulting in the inverted duplication
      structure seen in this cluster.

PMID- 4000939
TI  - DNA methylation in thermophilic bacteria: N4-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine,
      and N6-methyladenine.
AB  - While determining the minor and major base composition of the DNA from 17 types
      of thermophilic bacteria by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of
      enzymatic digests, we have discovered a novel base, N4-methylcytosine (m4C). Its
      structure was proven by comparison of the DNA-derived nucleoside to the analogous
      authentic compound by HPLC, UV spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Eight of the
      bacterial DNAs contained m4C. Only two contained the common minor base, 5
      methylcytosine (m5C), and neither of these was from an extreme thermophile. The
      other prevalent modified base of bacterial DNA, N6-methyladenine (m6A), was found
      in nine of the DNAs. Restriction analysis revealed that four of the DNAs had dam
      type (Gm6ATC) methylation patterns. Due to the propensity of m5C residues to be
      deaminated by heat to thymine residues and to inefficient repair of the resulting
      mismatched base pairs, thermophiles with optimal growth temperatures of greater
      than or equal to 60 degrees C generally may avoid having m5C in their genomes.
      Instead, some of them have deamination-resistant m4C residues.

PMID- 4000940
TI  - The kinetic properties of cruciform extrusion are determined by DNA base
      sequence.
AB  - The extrusion kinetics of two cruciforms derived from unrelated DNA sequences
      differ markedly. Kinetic barriers exist for both reactions, necessitating
      elevated temperatures before extrusion proceeds at measureable speeds, but the
      dependence upon temperature and ionic strength is quite different for the two
      sequences. One, the ColE1 inverted repeat, exhibits a remarkably great
      temperature dependence of reaction rate and is suppressed by moderate amounts of
      NaCl or MgCl2. In contrast, the other, a synthetic inverted repeat present in
      pIRbke8, shows more modest temperature dependence and has a requirement for the
      presence of salt, with optimal concentrations being 50 mM NaCl or 100 microM
      MgCl2. Under optimal conditions, cruciform extrusion rates are fast (t1/2 less
      than 60m) at 37 degrees C for both sequences at native superhelix densities. In
      50 mM NaCl the pIRbke8 inverted repeat is characterised by an Arrhenius
      activation energy of 42.4 +/- 3.2 kcal mole -1. The differences in kinetic
      properties between the two sequences indicate that DNA base sequence is itself an
      important factor in determining cruciform kinetics, and possibly even in the
      selection of the mechanistic pathway.

PMID- 4000941
TI  - Biotin-labeled synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides: chemical synthesis and uses
      as hybridization probes.
AB  - Oligodeoxynucleotides have been selectively labeled with biotin at their 5'
      termini through an aminoalkylphosphoramide linker arm by an efficient chemical
      method. The reactions were performed in aqueous solution on unprotected
      oligonucleotides and were insensitive of the sequence and length of the
      oligonucleotide. 5'-biotin-labeled oligonucleotides were hybridized to dot,
      Southern and genomic blots of target plasmid DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose
      filters. Detection level is about 2 fmole. There is no noticeable disturbance of
      the strength and selectivity of hybridization of the 5'-biotin-labeled probes in
      comparison with non-modified DNA.

PMID- 4000942
TI  - Concordance of experimentally mapped or predicted Z-DNA sites with positions of
      selected alternating purine-pyrimidine tracts.
AB  - The recent electronmicroscopic and biochemical mapping of Z-DNA sites in phi
      X174, SV40, pBR322 and PM2 DNAs has been used to determine two sets of criteria
      for identification of potential Z-DNA sequences in natural DNA genomes. The
      prediction of potential Z-DNA tracts and corresponding statistical analysis of
      their occurrence have been made on a sample of 14 DNA genomes. Alternating purine
      and pyrimidine tracts longer than 5 base pairs in length and their clusters
      (quasi alternating fragments) in the 14 genomes studied are under-represented
      compared to the expectation from corresponding random sequences. The fragments
      [d(G X C)]n and [d(C X G)]n (n greater than or equal to 3) in general do not
      occur in circular DNA genomes and are under-represented in the linear DNAs of
      phages lambda and T7, whereas in linear genomes of adenoviruses they are strongly
      over-represented. With minor exceptions, potential Z-DNA sites are also under
      represented compared to random sequences. In the 14 genomes studied, predicted Z
      DNA tracts occur in non-coding as well as in protein coding regions. The
      predicted Z-DNA sites in phi X174, SV40, pBR322 and PM2 correspond well with
      those mapped experimentally. A complete listing together with a compact graphical
      representation of alternating purine-pyrimidine fragments and their Z-forming
      potential are presented.

PMID- 4000943
TI  - A new principle of RNA folding based on pseudoknotting.
AB  - Tertiary interactions involving hairpin or interior loops of RNA can lead to
      extended quasi-continuous double helical stem regions, consisting of coaxially
      stacked segments of duplex RNA, bridged by single-stranded connections. This type
      of compact folding plays a role in various strategic regions of RNA molecules.
      Their role in ribosome functioning, RNA splicing and recognition of tRNA-like
      structures is discussed.

PMID- 4000944
TI  - Multiple polyadenylation sites in a Drosophila tropomyosin gene are used to
      generate functional mRNAs.
AB  - The gene encoding muscle tropomyosin I in Drosophila is alternatively spliced in
      embryonic and thoracic muscle to generate two sizes classes of RNAs. By Northern
      blot analysis, the embryonic RNA class shows a broad RNA band of hybridization of
      1.3 kb and a more sharply defined, less abundant RNA band at 1.6 kb. The thoracic
      class of RNAs, on the other hand, consists of a broad hybridization band at 1.7
      kb and a more sharply defined band at 1.9 kb. Each size class of RNA encodes a
      different tropomyosin isoform. The two classes of alternatively spliced RNAs
      utilize the same 3' terminal exon of the gene. The DNA sequence of this exon
      reveals a cluster of several polyadenylation signals (AAUAAA) or polyadenylation
      like signals. We show here by S1 nuclease protection analysis that at least five
      and possibly seven of these polyadenylation or polyadenylation-like sequences are
      associated with in vivo embryonic and thoracic mRNA cleavage processing sites.
      Six of these S1 sites are clustered within 119 bp and a seventh is located 255 bp
      downstream. At least one of the polyadenylation-like signal sequences appears to
      be an unusual AACAAA sequence. In addition we also show that these mRNAs function
      in vitro to synthesize muscle tropomyosins.

PMID- 4000945
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of mRNA for caerulein precursor from Xenopus skin:
      the mRNA contains an unusual repetitive structure.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of mRNA for caerulein precursor in the skin of
      Xenopus laevis was determined. The sequence was composed of 705 bp of coding
      region, accounting for 234 amino acids, 58 bp of 5'-untranslated region and 158
      bp of 3'-untranslated region containing two putative poly(A) signals. It coded
      for four caerulein peptides interspersed with three 147 bp segments
      (intercaerulein segment; ICS). Analyses of several caerulein encoding cDNAs
      revealed some interesting features of caerulein mRNA species, which were highly
      heterogeneous and consisted of a repetition of two fundamental RNA sequences, a
      45-nucleotide caerulein fragment and a 147-nucleotide ICS. The result of Northern
      blotting indicated that caerulein mRNA was only present in frog skin, not in
      stomach, upper intestine or liver. It appears that caerulein has different
      physiological function(s) from mammalian gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
      (CCK). The relationship of caerulein to mammalian gastrointestinal hormones is
      discussed.

PMID- 4000946
TI  - Sequence requirements for self-splicing of the Tetrahymena thermophila pre
      ribosomal RNA.
AB  - The sequence requirements for splicing of the Tetrahymena pre-rRNA have been
      examined by altering the rRNA gene to produce versions that contain insertions
      and deletions within the intervening sequence (IVS). The altered genes were
      transcribed and the RNA tested for self-splicing in vitro. A number of insertions
      (8-54 nucleotides) at three locations had no effect on self-splicing activity.
      Two of these insertions, located at a site 5 nucleotides preceding the 3'-end of
      the IVS, did not alter the choice of the 3' splice site. Thus the 3' splice site
      is not chosen by its distance from a fixed point within the IVS. Analysis of
      deletions constructed at two sites revealed two structures, a hairpin loop and a
      stem-loop, that are entirely dispensable for IVS excision in vitro. Three other
      regions were found to be necessary. The regions that are important for self
      splicing are not restricted to the conserved sequence elements that define this
      class of intervening sequences. The requirement for structures within the IVS for
      pre-rRNA splicing is in sharp contrast to the very limited role of IVS structure
      in nuclear pre-mRNA splicing.

PMID- 4000947
TI  - Removal of repeated sequences from hybridisation probes.
AB  - Pre-reassociation of human clone probes, containing dispersed highly repeated
      sequences, (e.g. Alu and KpnI families), with a large excess of sonicated total
      human DNA allows signal from single and low copy number components to be detected
      in transfer hybridisations. The signal from non-dispersed repeated sequences is
      reduced to single copy levels. The procedure, which is simple and quick, is
      illustrated using model combinations of well characterised cloned probes, and is
      applied to a sample of randomly chosen cosmid clones. A theoretical assessment is
      presented which may be useful to those wishing to use this procedure.

PMID- 4000948
TI  - Induction of liver apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA in porphyric mice.
AB  - We have isolated cDNA clones for mRNAs that are induced by porphyria from a mouse
      liver library. Of the three inducible clones isolated, we have identified one as
      being apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) by its extensive homology with a rat
      apolipoprotein A-IV cDNA sequence. The level of liver apo A-IV mRNA increases
      rapidly in response to either of two porphyrogenic drugs. When the ferrochelatase
      inhibited drug, 3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) is used, a 6 and 28
      fold induction of liver apo A-IV mRNA is observed in male and female mice,
      respectively. If the heme-destroying porphyrogenic drug, allylisopropylacetamide
      (AIA) is the inducing agent, liver apo A-IV mRNA levels increase 2-3 fold in both
      males and females. The level of apo A-IV mRNA reaches a maximum within 6-10 hr.
      after drug administration. Intestine apo A-IV mRNA levels do not change during
      either of these drug-induced porphyrias. RNA from acute-phase responsive liver or
      liver from mice treated with bilirubin, porphobilinogen, or protoporphyrin IX
      show no increase in apo A-IV mRNA. These results indicate that apo A-IV induction
      is tied to a disruption in porphyrin-heme biosynthesis but is not directly
      affected by several heme intermediates nor by the major heme degradation product,
      bilirubin.

PMID- 4000949
TI  - Organization of Plasmodium falciparum genome: 1. Evidence for a highly repeated
      DNA sequence.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum DNA, isolated from the merozoite stage, was cleaved with
      HindIII and cloned in pBR322 and lambda L47.1 vectors. Plasmid clones containing
      13.4, 7.0, 4.3, 4.1 and 1.5 kb inserts were characterized in some detail. The
      inserts contain several repeating units of smaller size. Nucleic acid
      hybridization studies showed that the repeat element is present in the Plasmodium
      DNA at a very high copy number and appears to be distributed widely throughout
      the genome.

PMID- 4000950
TI  - N-Butyrate incubation of immature chicken erythrocytes preferentially enhances
      the solubility of beta A chromatin.
AB  - The solubility of adult beta-globin chromatin (beta A chromatin) from immature
      chicken red blood cells can be controlled by the presence or absence of n
      butyrate in a cell incubation medium. In the absence of n-butyrate, only a small
      percentage (approximately 4%) of the total beta A chromatin is in a soluble
      chromatin fraction following micrococcal nuclease digestion and centrifugation.
      This percentage increases to approximately 40-45% of the beta A chromatin if
      cells are incubated 1 hour in the presence of 10 mM sodium n-butyrate. The
      highest yield and enrichment of solubilized beta A chromatin is attained when 1
      4% of the DNA is rendered acid soluble, and in buffers containing 1.5 - 5 mM
      MgCl2. The soluble beta A nucleohistone is nucleosome oligomer size (contains DNA
      250-600 bases in length) and can be separated from soluble, transcriptionally
      inert mononucleosomes by agarose A-5m exclusion chromatography. The enhanced
      solubility appears to be specific for transcriptionally active chromatin. Whereas
      40-45% of the beta A chromatin is recovered in the supernatant fraction from n
      butyrate incubated immature erythrocytes, nucleohistone containing ovalbumin DNA
      sequences remains insoluble.

PMID- 4000951
TI  - Hexamine cobalt chloride promotes intermolecular ligation of blunt end DNA
      fragments by T4 DNA ligase.
AB  - Hexamine cobalt chloride (HCC) increases the efficiency of blunt end ligation by
      T4 DNA ligase about 50 fold. Maximum stimulation occurs when standard buffers for
      ligation are supplemented with 1 mM HCC. All the ligation events are
      intermolecular regardless of the initial DNA concentration. In the presence of
      monovalent cations (eg. 25 mM KCl) HCC still increases the extent of T4 catalyzed
      ligation but intramolecular ligation products are also formed. Therefore,
      intermolecular ligation can be performed rapidly and at low DNA concentrations.

PMID- 4000952
TI  - Assignment of the human 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible cytochrome
      P1-450 gene to chromosome 15.
AB  - The human 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible cytochrome P1-450 full
      length cDNA has been recently isolated and sequenced [Jaiswal, A.K., Gonzalez,
      F.J. and Nebert, D.W. (1985) Science, in press]. A 1521-bp 5' DNA fragment
      representing almost all of the translating region was used to probe DNA from
      human, mouse, hamster, 53 human X mouse somatic cell hybrids, and 36 human X
      hamster somatic cell hybrids. These data indicate that the P1-450 gene resides on
      human chromosome 15. Knowledge of the chromosomal assignment of this gene should
      help in our understanding of its regulation and role in development and disease.

PMID- 4000953
TI  - The poly dA strand of poly dA.poly dT adopts an A-form in solution: a UV
      resonance Raman study.
AB  - The study by resonance Raman spectroscopy with a 257 nm excitation wave-length of
      adenine in two single-stranded polynucleotides, poly rA and poly dA, and in three
      double-stranded polynucleotides, poly dA.poly dT, poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and
      poly rA.poly rU, allows one to characterize the A-genus conformation of
      polynucleotides containing adenine and thymine bases. The characteristic spectrum
      of the A-form of the adenine strand is observed, except small differences, for
      poly rA, poly rA.poly rU and poly dA.poly dT. Our results prove that it is the
      adenine strand which adopts the A-family conformation in poly dA.poly dT.

PMID- 4000954
TI  - Isolation and purification of deoxyribonucleosides from 90% 13C-enriched DNA of
      algal cells and their characterization by 1H and 13C NMR.
AB  - 13C-enriched deoxyribonucleosides have been isolated from the DNA of Algal cells
      grown in an atmosphere of 90% 13C-labelled carbon dioxide. The 13C enriched DNA
      was quantitatively hydrolysed with DNase I, snake venom phosphodiesterase I and
      alkaline phosphatase of intestinal mucosa. The resulting deoxyribonucleosides
      were separated by preparative reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography
      in 60 minutes with detection by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. The final
      products were obtained in milligram quantities in high purity and in high yield.
      The 1H resonances of the base and sugar protons of these deoxyribonucleosides
      appear as well resolved multiplets in the 600 MHz NMR spectrum, due to the
      extensive 1H-13C couplings. Similarly, the 13C resonances of these
      deoxyribonucleosides appear as multiplets in the 75.5 MHz 13C NMR spectrum, due
      to 13C-13C couplings. The 1H-13C and 13C-13C coupling constants were also
      measured and tabulated. The isotopic enrichment of 13C these deoxyribonucleosides
      was obtained by integration of the 1H and/or 13C NMR spectra. It was found that
      the enrichment varied from carbon to carbon and species to species in the range
      of 70-89%, suggesting differential uptake and assimilation of 90% 13CO2 during
      metabolism pathways. This protocol provides experimentally useful quantities of
      13C-enriched deoxyribonucleosides, which may be incorporated into site
      specifically labeled oligonucleotides by chemical synthesis.

PMID- 4000956
TI  - Characterisation of DNA forms associated with cassava latent virus infection.
AB  - In addition to the major encapsidated DNA species found in preparations of
      cassava latent virus (genomic DNAs 1 and 2) there are minor DNA populations of
      twice (dimeric) and approximately half genome length. Both minor species resemble
      the genomic DNAs in that they are composed of predominantly circular single
      stranded DNA. All of these size groups have a corresponding covalently-closed
      circular double-stranded DNA form in infected tissue. Infectivity studies using
      cloned DNAs 1 and 2 show that dimeric DNA routinely appears, suggesting it to be
      an intermediate in the DNA replicative cycle that can be encapsidated at low
      efficiency. In contrast, half unit length DNA has not yet been detected after
      multiple passaging of virus derived from the cloned DNA inoculum. Half unit
      length DNAs appear to be derived exclusively from DNA 2 and consist of a
      population of molecules exhibiting a relatively specific deletion. As they have
      an inhibitory effect on virus multiplication, their encapsidated forms are
      analogous to defective interfering particles associated with other eukaryotic DNA
      containing viruses. Small primer molecules associated with the genomic single
      stranded DNAs, as reported for another geminivirus, have not been detected in
      CLV.

PMID- 4000955
TI  - Localization and characterization of members of a family of repetitive sequences
      in the goat beta globin locus.
AB  - We have characterized a family of repetitive DNA elements in the beta-globin
      locus of the goat. These sequences are structurally analogous to the Alu families
      of repeats of other mammals. Repetitive elements are located both in the
      intervening sequences and in the intergenic regions of the goat beta-globin
      locus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of five repetitive elements located within
      the large intervening sequence of the beta-like globin genes, and four repeats
      located 5' to the major developmentally regulated beta-globin genes has resulted
      in the definition of a consensus sequence for this family of repeats.

PMID- 4000957
TI  - A comparison of the structure of echinomycin and triostin A complexed to a DNA
      fragment.
AB  - Two members of the quinoxaline antibiotic family, echinomycin and triostin A,
      form crystals complexed to a DNA fragment with the sequence d(CpGpTpApCpG). The
      crystal structure of both complexes was solved by X-ray diffraction to near
      atomic resolution. The two structures are similar to each other with differences
      in some details due to the shorter cross bridge of echinomycin. Both molecules
      act as bis intercalators surrounding the d(CpG) sequence at either end of the
      double helix. Alanine forms sequence-specific hydrogen bonds to guanines in the
      minor groove. The two central AT base pairs are held together by Hoogsteen base
      pairing with adenine in the syn conformation in both complexes. An octahedrally
      hydrated magnesium ion is found in the crystal lattice that plays an important
      role in organizing the lattice as well as stabilizing the complex by hydrogen
      bonding both to base pairs of DNA and to the quinoxaline ring nitrogen atoms in
      the major groove side of the DNA double helix. A functional description of the
      various amino acids in quinoxaline antibiotics is given, together with possible
      modifications that might affect biological activity.

PMID- 4000959
TI  - The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing an aliphatic amino group at the 5'
      terminus: synthesis of fluorescent DNA primers for use in DNA sequence analysis.
AB  - A rapid and versatile method has been developed for the synthesis of
      oligonucleotides which contain an aliphatic amino group at their 5' terminus.
      This amino group reacts specifically with a variety of electrophiles, thereby
      allowing other chemical species to be attached to the oligonucleotide. This
      chemistry has been utilized to synthesize several fluorescent derivatives of an
      oligonucleotide primer used in DNA sequence analysis by the dideoxy (enzymatic)
      method. The modified primers are highly fluorescent and retain their ability to
      specifically prime DNA synthesis. The use of these fluorescent primers in DNA
      sequence analysis will enable DNA sequence analysis to be automated.

PMID- 4000958
TI  - Sequence of a genomic DNA clone for the small subunit of ribulose bis-phosphate
      carboxylase-oxygenase from tobacco.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced a gene for the small subunit (SS) of ribulose bis
      phosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from Nicotiana tabacum. The tobacco gene is most
      closely related to the SS genes from the dicots soybean and pea, and less so to
      the monocots wheat and Lemna; the deduced amino acid sequence of the mature
      protein is in all cases more closely conserved than is its chloroplast transit
      sequence. Unlike the genomic sequences of the two monocots, which have one
      intron, and the two other dicots, which have two introns, the tobacco gene has
      three introns. The third tobacco intron lies within a highly conserved region of
      the protein. Its position coincides with the boundary of a 12 amino acid
      insertion in the SS genes of higher plants, relative to those of blue green
      algae. The 5' flanking end of the gene carries 67 bp inverted repeats, which
      flank a series of eight direct repeats; the direct repeats themselves each carry
      inverted repeats. The 3' untranslated end of this gene differs by only 2 bp from
      that of an N. sylvestris SS gene.

PMID- 4000961
TI  - Competition between the hydrolysis and deamination of cytidine and its 5
      substituted derivatives in aqueous acid.
AB  - The monocations of a few 5-substituted cytidines have been shown to undergo
      competitive deamination to the corresponding uridines and hydrolysis to 5
      substituted cytosines and D-ribose. The first-order rate constants measured at
      different temperatures indicate that the proportion of the hydrolysis is
      considerably increased with the increasing temperature. Electron-withdrawal by a
      polar substituent at C5 appears to facilitate the hydrolysis to a larger extent
      that the deamination. The ionic strength has practically no influence on the rate
      of either reaction.

PMID- 4000960
TI  - Kinetics and mechanism of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a hypermodified
      nucleoside wyosine and its 5'-monophosphate.
AB  - The rates of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a hypermodified nucleoside, wyosine and
      its 5'-monophosphate were determined at various pH, temperature and buffer
      concentrations. The results show that despite distinct differences in structure
      and the glycosyl bond stability, the hydrolysis of wyosine proceeds via cleavage
      of the C-N bond by A-1 mechanism, analogously to simple nucleosides. Unlike
      majority of other monophosphates studied so far, wyosine 5'-monophosphate is not
      more stable than respective nucleoside.

PMID- 4000962
TI  - Oligomerization of activated derivatives of 3'-amino-3'-deoxyguanosine on poly(C)
      and poly(dC) templates.
AB  - 3'-amino-3'-deoxyuridine reacts with the nucleoside 5'-phosphorimidazolides in
      aqueous solution to give dinucleoside phosphoramidates. The reactions are one to
      two orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding reactions of uridine. In
      the presence of poly(C) or poly(dC) it is known that guanosine-5'
      phosphorimidazolide does not condense efficiently or regiospecifically. However,
      the introduction of a methyl group at the 2-position of the imidazole ring leads
      to efficient synthesis of long 3'-5'-linked oligomers. The corresponding
      imidazole derivatives of 3'-amino-3'-deoxyguanosine-5'-phosphate both condense on
      these templates to give virtually identical families of products. Our results
      suggest that the intrinsically greater nucleophilicity of the amine groups will
      permit a much wider range of efficient template-directed syntheses with 3'-amino
      3'-deoxynucleoside derivatives than with the corresponding derivatives of the
      parent nucleosides.

PMID- 4000963
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to DNA modified by 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet A
      light.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies have been developed which specifically recognize
      DNA modified by 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A light (320-400 nm)
      (UVA). These antibodies have been characterized as to sensitivity and specificity
      by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In a competitive ELISA with the
      most sensitive antibody, 50% inhibition of antibody binding occurred at 17 fmole
      8-MOP-DNA photo adducts. One adduct per 10(7) bases could be reliably detected.
      There was also some antibody cross-reactivity with DNAs modified by 4'
      aminomethyl-4, 5, 8-trimethylpsoralen and 4', 5-dimethylangelicin as well as DNA
      isolated from cells treated with 8-MOP and UVA. The primary specificity of one of
      the antibodies was shown to be the 4', 5' thymine monoadduct by competitive
      inhibition studies using HPLC fractions of an enzymatic digest of 8-MOP poly(dA
      dT) . poly(dA-dT). These antibodies should allow the quantitation of adduct
      levels in various in vitro systems as well as humans exposed clinically to 8-MOP
      and UVA.

PMID- 4000964
TI  - Investigation of DNA dynamics and drug-DNA interaction by steady state
      fluorescence anisotropy.
AB  - We have used steady-state fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) of ethidium
      probe molecules bound to DNA to investigate DNA-DNA interactions and the effect
      of high densities of intercalating drugs on the internal motions of DNA
      responsible for depolarization of the ethidium fluorescence. To calibrate the
      method, we examined the effect of DNA length on (FPA) using DNA varying in size
      from 10-150 base pair. The association of approximately 30 base pair DNA at high
      concentrations was then detected by its effect on (FPA). With sample
      concentrations approaching those commonly used in various physical experiments
      (NMR, Raman) significant DNA-DNA interactions are observed. With high molecular
      weight DNA (greater than 500 base pair), the limiting value of the (FPA) (0.23)
      is due to internal motions of the DNA (and bound chromophores). The (FPA) of
      ethidium probe molecules (1 drug/200 base pair) is unaffected by the addition of
      high levels (1 drug/2 base pair) proflavine. This indicates that either the
      elastic properties of DNA are unaffected by high densities of intercalated drug
      or that the depolarization of the ethidium fluorescence is due to highly
      localized motions of the base pairs that are unperturbed by binding of drugs at
      neighboring sites.

PMID- 4000965
TI  - The characteristics of DNA methylation in an in vitro DNA synthesizing system
      from mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - An in vitro DNA synthesizing system from mouse fibroblasts has been used to study
      DNA methylation. DNA methylation occurs in two phases, one at the replication
      fork and the other farther behind it. Although 4% of the dCMP residues in mouse
      cell DNA are mdCMP, only 1.7% of the total [alpha 32P]dCMP in newly replicated
      DNA is methylated in vitro. No methylation of Okazaki fragments was detected.
      Nearest neighbor analysis of the newly replicated DNA revealed that, although 40%
      of the CpG dinucleotides were methylated, significant amounts of cytosine
      methylation were also found in CpC, CpT, and CpA dinucleotides.

PMID- 4000966
TI  - The involvement of histone H1[0] in chromatin structure.
AB  - Micrococcal nuclease digestion and light scattering are used to compare native
      chromatins with various histone H1[0] contents. The experimental data show that
      the higher the H1[0] content, the greater the ability to form compact structures
      with increasing ionic strength, and the lower the DNA accessibility to
      micrococcal nuclease. On the contrary, reconstituted samples from H1-depleted
      chromatin and pure individual H1 fractions behave in such a way that samples
      reconstituted with pure H1 degree give rise to a looser structure, more
      accessible to nuclease than samples reconstituted with H1-1. This contradiction
      suggests that the effect of H1o on chromatin structure must originate from the
      interaction of this histone with other components in native chromatin among which
      other histone H1 subfractions are good candidates.

PMID- 4000967
TI  - Analysis of an inversion within the human beta globin gene cluster.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced the DNA from two regions of the defective beta
      globin gene cluster from a patient with Indian A gamma delta beta thalassaemia,
      and confirmed the complex and unusual pattern of rearrangement involving two
      separate deletions (0.8 kb and 7.5 kb) the inversion of the 15.5 kb segment
      separating them, as previously proposed from gene mapping studies [1]. All four
      breakpoints occur within the transcribed region of the globin genes and at one
      junction are found six nucleotides of unknown origin. This unique rearrangement
      results in enhanced expression of the upstream fetal gene, and is therefore is
      pertinent to the localisation of any putative control region involved in the
      coordinate expression of fetal and adult genes.

PMID- 4000968
TI  - A new linkage for solid phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
AB  - An aryl diisocyanate has been used to attach an appropriately protected 2'
      deoxyribonucleoside bearing a free 3'-hydroxyl group, to a long chain alkylamine
      controlled pore glass support via a urethane moiety, in a simple two step
      procedure. This obviates the need for the preparation and short column
      chromatographic purification of the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-3'-O-succinates
      required for preparation of the widely used succinyl linked supports. The greater
      stability of the urethane bond compared to an ester bond led to substantially
      higher yields of oligodeoxyribonucleotides prepared by the solid phase
      phosphotriester method. More than twenty oligodeoxyribonucleotides have already
      been synthesized on the glass support bearing the new linkage.

PMID- 4000969
TI  - New, ionic side-products in oligonucleotide synthesis: formation and reactivity
      of fluorescent N-/purin-6-yl/pyridinium salts.
AB  - Fluorescent N-/purin-6-yl/pyridinium salts are formed in pyridine assisted
      phosphorylations and arenesulphonations of the hypoxanthine lactam system under
      various conditions including those used in oligonucleotide synthesis. The N1
      methyl-N3-/purin-6-yl/imidazolium salt is generated in phosphorylation with
      TPSCl/1-methylimidazole as a coupling system. Both salts are representatives of a
      new family of ionic side-products in oligonucleotide synthesis involving
      hypoxanthine residues. Their isolation procedure has been developed. High
      reactivity of N-/purin-6-yl/pyridinium salts towards some reagents used in
      oligonucleotide chemistry, e.g. pyridinium mediated conversion of hypoxanthine
      into 6-aminopurine, can result in point mutations in synthesized oligomer.

PMID- 4000970
TI  - An anonymous single copy X-chromosome clone, DXS79, from Xq26-Xq28, identifies a
      moderately frequent RFLP [HGM8 provisional no. DXS79].

PMID- 4000971
TI  - RFLP for D4S12, an anonymous single copy genomic clone at 4pter-4q26 [HGM8
      provisional no. D4S12].

PMID- 4000972
TI  - Nearly all single base substitutions in DNA fragments joined to a GC-clamp can be
      detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Duplex DNA fragments differing by single base substitutions can be separated by
      electrophoresis in denaturing gradient polyacrylamide gels, but only
      substitutions in a restricted part of the molecule lead to a separation (1). In
      an effort to circumvent this problem, we demonstrated that the melting properties
      and electrophoretic behavior of a 135 base pair DNA fragment containing a beta
      globin promoter are changed by attaching a GC-rich sequence, called a 'GC-clamp'
      (2). We predicted that these changes should make it possible to resolve most, if
      not all, single base substitutions within fragments attached to the clamp. To
      test this possibility we examined the effect of several different single base
      substitutions on the electrophoretic behavior of the beta-globin promoter
      fragment in denaturing gradient gels. We find that the GC-clamp allows the
      separation of fragments containing substitutions throughout the promoter
      fragment. Many of these substitutions do not lead to a separation when the
      fragment is not attached to the clamp. Theoretical calculations and analysis of a
      large number of different mutations indicate that approximately 95% of all
      possible single base substitutions should be separable when attached to a GC
      clamp.

PMID- 4000973
TI  - Influence of uracil defect on DNA structure: 1H NMR investigation at 500 MHz.
AB  - The local structure of two self complementary oligonucleotides d(GTAC-GTAC) and
      d(GTACGUAC) which differ only by the presence of uracil, not a normal component
      of DNA, have been investigated by 1H NMR at 500 MHz. The two octamers exhibit the
      same thermodynamical constants (t 1/2, delta H), their exchangeable protons
      broaden and disappear at the same temperature. The T-U substitution did not
      induce any significant changes on non exchangeable protons resonances from 2-D
      COSY and 2-D NOESY experiments. So the two octamers exhibit the same global
      structure. The only variation was detected by 1D NOE measurements: the base
      orientations around the N glycosidic bonds (chi angles) are different.

PMID- 4000974
TI  - Hormonal regulation of transcription of rDNA: glucocorticoid effects upon
      initiation and elongation in vitro.
AB  - Various parameters of transcription of cloned mouse rDNA have been examined using
      extracts from control P1798 cells and from cells treated 24 h with 0.1 microM
      dexamethasone. Highly purified RNA polymerase I from either source catalyzes
      nucleotidyl transfer (elongation) at a rate of approximately 30 nucleotides/sec.
      Extracts from hormone-treated cells are capable of forming stable, preinitiation
      complexes. The rates of stable complex formation are the same in extracts from
      control and hormone-treated cells. Nevertheless, initiation of transcription does
      not occur in extracts from hormone-treated cells. Initiation in such extracts may
      be restored by the addition of a partially purified RNA polymerase I initiation
      factor, designated TFIC. The data indicate that initiation by RNA polymerase I is
      a multi-step process. The first step involves the formation of stable,
      preinitiation complexes, as demonstrated by a number of groups. Initiation, per
      se, requires an additional protein, TFIC. Glucocorticoids and perhaps other
      mitogenic agents regulate transcription of rDNA by influencing the amount or
      activity of TFIC.

PMID- 4000975
TI  - Transcriptional measurements of mouse repeated DNA sequences.
AB  - We have carried out transcriptional measurements on several families of repeated
      sequences to define their expression in mouse cells. The majority of Alu family
      transcripts result from read-through from adjacent structural gene promoters
      while 20% are discrete RNA polymerase III products. Alu repeat members show
      preferential orientation within RNA polymerase II transcription units as
      evidenced by asymmetric representation of the complementary strands of the Alu
      family in hnRNA. We assessed whether 3 non-Alu repeated sequence families had
      their own promoters by strand symmetry measurements and size distribution
      analysis of repeat-homologous newly synthesized nuclear RNA. Transcription
      homologous to the R family is totally symmetric and is likely due to read-through
      from adjacent structural gene promoters. LLRep1 and Bam5 repeats, in contrast,
      exhibit consistent strand asymmetry which is suggestive that at least some
      members may be transcribed by their own promoters. Among 3 mouse tissues and 1
      cultured cell line analyzed, no quantitative variation in the expression of any
      of these sequences was observed.

PMID- 4000976
TI  - [Thyroid scintigraphy with Fresnel zone plates].
AB  - Coded apertures supply a decoupling of resolution and sensitivity in
      scintigraphic imaging. The reconstructed images are focussed on different planes.
      The approach presented replaces the conventional collimator by three Fresnel zone
      plates in order to simulate a complex projection. The theoretical advantages of
      scintigraphy with coded apertures could be demonstrated in thyroid imaging.
      Unresolved artifacts and the lack of availability impair its routine use.

PMID- 4000978
TI  - [Use of 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine in pediatric oncology].
AB  - The detection of specific trapping of MIBG by neuroblastoma cells is of great
      importance for the diagnosis and management of neuroblastoma in childhood. The
      specificity and sensitivity of the test has been demonstrated by Kimmig and Feine
      in a multi-center study. Moreover, MIBG might be used in the therapy of
      neuroblastoma. The first therapeutic cases allow slight optimism. There remain
      however still a number of questions to be answered. In vitro investigations of
      uptake kinetics and cytotoxicity of MIBG performed by our group provided valuable
      information for clinical investigations.

PMID- 4000977
TI  - [Effect of body loading on the specific blood radioactivity following 99mTc in
      vivo erythrocyte labelling. The effects on determining end-diastolic volume in
      equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography].
AB  - In 40 patients who underwent stress-equilibrium-radionuclide-ventriculography, we
      examined the stress-induced change of blood radioactivity concentration. A
      significant (p less than 0.025) increase of blood radioactivity concentration
      after peak exercise (mean +7.2%) was found. This increase was the result of a
      significant (p less than 0.025) increase of the hematocrit (mean +4.7%) due to a
      decrease of the plasma volume. The changes of radioactivity concentration and
      hematocrit neither show any correlation with peak exercise value, integral
      exercise or duration of exercise, nor with the increase of heart rate or blood
      pressure. The increase of end-diastolic volume appears to result largely from a
      stress-induced increase of blood radioactivity concentration. Thus, radioactivity
      concentration should be measured before and after exercise when evaluating volume
      changes caused by stress-equilibrium-radionuclide-ventriculography.

PMID- 4000979
TI  - Uptake mechanism of interstitially injected 99mTc-labeled antimony trisulphide
      colloid in the popliteal lymph node of rabbits.
AB  - The right popliteal lymph node was studied in rabbits by well counting,
      histoautoradiography and electron microscopy, after interstitial injection of
      99mTc-labeled antimony trisulphide (Sb2S3) colloid into the right hind pad. The
      highest radioactivity concentration (96.8%/g) was measured 6 hr following
      injection. At 24 hr, the concentration had dropped to nearly half of the maximum
      (51.5%/g). At each time, only a single or a few lymph node sectors were found to
      contain 99mTc. Initially, the radioactivity distribution pattern in the draining
      lymph node was stripy. Beginning at 15 min p.i., there was a progressive change
      from stripy to focal radioactivity distribution pattern. Until 6 hr after
      injection, the bulk of radioactivity was trapped by macrophages in the lumen and
      wall of the lymph node sinus system, predominantly in medullary sinuses.
      Surprisingly, at 24 hr the majority of labeled cells were eosinophilic
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes located in medullary sinuses and medullary cords. Up
      to 24 hr p.i., no accumulation of radioactivity could be detected in the cortical
      and paracortical lymph node parenchyma. In conclusion, interstitially injected
      99mTc-Sb2S3 colloid is not homogeneously but sectorially distributed in the
      draining lymph node. Moreover, both macrophages and eosinophilic
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes are involved in the filtration process.

PMID- 4000980
TI  - [Diagnostic accuracy of FT3-RIA and FT4-RIA compared to total T3-RIA and total T4
      RIA].
AB  - The values of FT3-serum concentration (Amerlex-RIA) from 311 patients and the FT4
      values (Amerlex-RIA) from 745 patients were compared with the total T3- and total
      T4-values with regard to their diagnostic accuracy in hypo-, eu- and
      hyperthyroidism. The classification of patients into these three diagnostic
      categories was determined by the majority of available parameters. The analysis
      of the predictive values demonstrated that determination of free hormones usually
      guarantees a safe distinction between hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroidism. Taking into
      account prevalence, the determination of free hormones appears to be superior to
      that of total hormones.

PMID- 4000982
TI  - Once daily theophylline.

PMID- 4000981
TI  - [Nuclear medicine and x-ray findings in Osler's disease of the lung].
AB  - Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae (M. Osler) can usually be well demonstrated by
      radiological methods. In addition to a chest film and conventional tomography
      pulmonary angiography is frequently required to obtain a correct diagnosis. We
      had occasion to examine a patient by computed tomography and sequential
      scintigraphy. The arteriovenous fistulae could be well detected with both methods
      by the typical pharmacokinetics of contrast medium and radiopharmacon. By means
      of computed tomography moreover, the number, the site and the vascular pattern of
      fistulae could be shown. Sequential scintigraphy provides detailed information
      about the perfusion times of blood in the heart, fistulae and healthy lung
      segments.

PMID- 4000983
TI  - Oral neomycin sulfate and erythromycin base before colon surgery: a comparison of
      serum and tissue concentrations.
AB  - It is accepted that the use of oral neomycin sulfate and erythromycin base before
      colon surgery results in decreased numbers of intestinal bacteria. Intraluminal
      levels of these agents are reported to be very high, but systemic availability is
      still debated. The systemic levels were studied in 8 patients undergoing colon
      surgery. Each patient received neomycin sulfate and erythromycin base, 1 g each,
      19, 18 and 9 hours preoperatively. Twelve samples from serum, one from wound
      muscle and one from the intestinal wall were obtained from each patient in the 26
      hours after the initial dose. Considerable variation was observed among levels.
      The following means were calculated: peak serum levels were 3.4 and 0.59
      micrograms/ml, muscle levels were 1.68 and 0.23 micrograms/g and intestinal wall
      levels were 6.4 and 12.9 micrograms/g for erythromycin and neomycin respectively.
      Observed times to peak levels were 19 and 12 hours after the initial dose for
      erythromycin and neomycin respectively. The detectable systemic concentrations
      that result when these agents are given orally for bowel preparation before colon
      surgery may contribute to the drugs' efficacy.

PMID- 4000985
TI  - Neonatal listeriosis: where do we go from here?

PMID- 4000984
TI  - The mild anemia of acute infection.

PMID- 4000986
TI  - Perinatal listeriosis: report of an outbreak.
AB  - From April to August, 1981, 15 cases of perinatal listeriosis were seen in
      Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nine of the 15 mothers presented with 'flu-like'
      symptoms, 3 had symptoms of an upper respiratory infection and 2 a history of
      fever alone. During labor 11 mothers had fevers greater than 38 degrees C and 9
      had stained amniotic fluid. Twelve delivered prematurely. Among the 15 infants
      the most common clinical features were perinatal depression, respiratory
      distress, fever, hematologic abnormalities and rash. There were 7 deaths (case
      fatality rate of 46.7%). A transplacental route of infection for the fetus was
      suggested by the signs of systemic illness in most mothers, the lack of positive
      maternal vaginal cultures and evidence of chorioamnionitis, premature labor,
      severe fetal disease and intrauterine death prior to membrane rupture. The
      delivery of healthy infants to two mothers who had received antepartum treatment
      for listeriosis suggests that earlier recognition and treatment of maternal
      disease will improve perinatal outcome.

PMID- 4000987
TI  - Severe respiratory syncytial virus infection: clinical features, nosocomial
      acquisition and outcome.
AB  - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) frequently causes bronchiolitis in young
      infants. RSV infection was established by culture, serologic response,
      immunofluorescence of secretions or lung tissue or typical histology on
      pathologic examination of the lungs in 10 patients who were hospitalized at
      Children's Medical Center, Dallas. Eight were infants 4 days to 3 months old, one
      was 9 months and one was 16 months old. Seven patients were afebrile but had
      rapidly progressive diffuse infiltrates on chest roentgenograms. Six infants
      admitted for surgical correction of gastrointestinal anomalies or congenital
      heart disease had tracheal intubation before onset of pneumonia. RSV infection
      was acquired in the hospital in five infants. Five patients developed chronic
      pulmonary changes and 8 of the 10 infants died. These observations emphasize the
      importance of nosocomial transmission of RSV and the frequency of fatal infection
      in children with congenital anomalies. They also suggest that intubation can be a
      predisposing factor and that RSV infection can lead to chronic pulmonary changes.

PMID- 4000988
TI  - Methicillin-induced neutropenia.
AB  - During a 14-month period 68 patients were treated with methicillin for presumed
      or proved staphylococcal infection. Neutropenia, defined as a total neutrophil
      count less than 1500/cu mm3, developed in 23 patients (35%). Eosinophilia
      (eosinophil count more than 700/mm3) developed in 27 patients (40%), including 11
      of the neutropenic patients. The epinephrine stimulation test in five patients
      resulted in a mean increase of 70% in the number of circulating neutrophils while
      the hydrocortisone stimulation test led to a mean increase of 800
      neutrophils/mm3. Bone marrow examination in six patients showed maturation delay
      of the myeloid series. Neutropenia resolved within 3 to 7 days of discontinuation
      of methicillin therapy in all patients.

PMID- 4000989
TI  - Hepatotoxic reactions in children with severe tuberculosis treated with isoniazid
      rifampin.
AB  - The incidence and degree of liver injury was prospectively evaluated in 44
      children, ages between 4 months and 14 years (mean age, 4.5 years) treated for
      tuberculosis with 15 to 20 mg isoniazid/kg/day and 15 mg rifampin/kg/day (INH
      RIF). None of the patients had hepatic dysfunction before initiation of
      treatment. Elevation of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration
      (greater than 100 units) occurred in 36 patients (82%). One patient with an
      increase in the ALT value had coincidental infection with hepatitis B. The
      incidence of hepatotoxicity did not correlate with the patients' age or sex.
      Fifteen of the 36 patients developed clinical hepatitis with jaundice. In 7
      patients liver enlargement and prolongation of the prothrombin time were also
      observed. In all but one patient liver dysfunction was recognized 6 to 30 days
      (mean, 14 days) after start of treatment. Biochemical signs of hepatic injury in
      the 35 surviving patients regressed completely without alteration of the INH-RIF
      regimen in 22 patients. These facts suggest the possibility that hepatocellular
      damage may be due to the effect of tubercle bacilli products liberated in the
      liver after their destruction by antituberculous drugs. However, the high rate of
      hepatotoxic reactions warns that the dose of 10 mg INH/kg/day should not be
      exceeded when that drug is combined with RIF.

PMID- 4000991
TI  - Neisseria subflava bacteremia and meningitis in a child: report of a case and
      review of the literature.

PMID- 4000990
TI  - Omphalitis: a review.

PMID- 4000992
TI  - Dermatophyte infection in the diaper area: report of two cases.

PMID- 4000993
TI  - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin lymphadenitis: a case report and review of the
      literature.

PMID- 4000995
TI  - Specific IgA antibody in nasal washes from patients with rotavirus infection.

PMID- 4000994
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome as a complication of bacterial tracheitis.

PMID- 4000996
TI  - Neonatal herpes simplex infection.

PMID- 4000997
TI  - Sarcoidosis presenting as scrotal mass.

PMID- 4000998
TI  - No blood cultures for ambulatory patients.

PMID- 4000999
TI  - Infection in the immunocompromised host.
AB  - The largest numbers of immunocompromised pediatric patients are neonates and
      children who are managed in intensive care units. Therapeutic principles that
      apply to the classic neutropenic cancer patient are also relevant for these
      categories; maximum doses of bactericidal antibiotics given for longer periods
      should be used. Pediatricians should also be acquainted with those unusual
      infectious processes associated with specific immune deficits so that appropriate
      empiric therapy is selected. A protocol for managing the neutropenic patient with
      fever is discussed.

PMID- 4001000
TI  - Neonatal infections.
AB  - The spectrum of neonatal infections continues to evolve with changes in the types
      and antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial pathogens and the prominent
      appearance of new clinical syndromes of infection in the newborn intensive care
      unit. Fortunately with the development of new antibiotics and thorough
      reevaluation of older antibiotics in the neonate, effective antimicrobial therapy
      is still available. With the knowledge of national and local trends of infecting
      organisms, it is possible to select an accurate empiric antibiotic regimen for
      neonatal sepsis.

PMID- 4001002
TI  - Pneumonia: antimicrobial therapy for infants and children.
AB  - Pneumonia in infancy and childhood presents the practitioner with the frustrating
      problem of a disease that is self-limited in the majority but poses a real threat
      to the minority. Existing diagnostic methods are inadequate and are likely to
      remain so in the foreseeable future. In the absence of specific etiologic
      information, physicians must make decisions about use of antimicrobial therapy
      based only on probabilities that are themselves derived from less than perfect
      studies. It is the thesis of this review that, when confronted with a baby with
      pneumonia, the physician should perform a limited number of diagnostic tests and
      prescribe antimicrobial therapy. Choice of antimicrobial therapy is usually most
      heavily influenced by the age of the patient and only to a lesser extent by
      clinical presentation or results of laboratory tests.

PMID- 4001001
TI  - Advances in diagnosis and treatment of childhood meningitis.
AB  - The seriousness of bacterial meningitis in pediatrics mandates more rapid and
      accurate diagnostic tests. Of the available tests to detect bacterial antigens,
      latex particle agglutination appears to be the best because it is simple and
      highly sensitive. For differentiation between bacterial and aseptic meningitis,
      serum C-reactive protein levels in excess of 50 mg/liter and cerebrospinal fluid
      lactate levels higher than 2.2 mmol/ml indicate a bacterial etiology. Available
      data confirm that one of the newer "third generation" cephalosporins can be used
      effectively and safely as a single drug for therapy of meningitis caused by the
      usual spectrum of bacteria, if the achievable cerebrospinal fluid drug levels
      exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting bacteria by at least
      10-fold. Use of these agents will obviate the potential toxicity of current
      antibiotics and may result in considerable cost savings.

PMID- 4001004
TI  - [Clinical picture of idiopathic mitral valve prolapse in 61 patients].

PMID- 4001005
TI  - [Echocardiographic evaluation of left-ventricular function in patients with
      coronary disease, and its usefulness in qualifying the patients for physical
      rehabilitation programs].

PMID- 4001003
TI  - Skin and soft tissue infections: pharmacologic approaches.
AB  - Skin and soft tissue infections are common infectious problems in pediatric
      practice. Recent clinical and pharmacologic evaluations of several new
      antimicrobial agents have shed new light on the pathogenesis and management of
      these infections. Staphylococcus aureus now appears to be the most common
      bacterial isolate in children with impetigo. In patients hospitalized because of
      skin and soft tissue infections, S. aureus and Haemophilus influenzae type b
      remain the predominant pathogens. Rational therapeutic approaches to these
      infections require a recognition of the interplay among the pharmacodynamic,
      pharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic determinants of effective antimicrobial therapy.
      Using this approach the therapeutic questions regarding "what drug," "what dose"
      and "how long to treat" can be approached. Drugs such as the aminopenicillin-beta
      lactamase inhibitor combinations may offer rational outpatient therapeutic
      alternatives, while parenteral cefuroxime and ceftriaxone are more probably the
      drugs of choice for parenteral therapy. In an age when cost effectiveness must
      prevail, strategies using ceftriaxone for both inpatient and outpatient
      management may provide the safest and most cost-effective therapy.

PMID- 4001006
TI  - [Value of radioisotope angiocardiography by the "gate technic" for qualifying the
      patients for excision of post-infarction aneurysm of the left ventricle].

PMID- 4001007
TI  - [Angina pectoris, smoking and coffee consumption in patients with mild arterial
      hypertension (data based on the examination of a male population aged 40-59
      years)].

PMID- 4001008
TI  - [Headache in patients with arterial hypertension].

PMID- 4001009
TI  - [Inhibition of functional processes of peripheral blood platelets].

PMID- 4001010
TI  - [Paracetamol pharmacokinetics in persons in recumbent position].

PMID- 4001011
TI  - [Hepatological news (6). Interpretation of the results of determining antigens
      and antibodies in hepatitis B].

PMID- 4001012
TI  - [Nonspecific inflammatory tumors of the colon].

PMID- 4001013
TI  - [Familial colonic polyposis with an unfavorable complicated course].

PMID- 4001014
TI  - [Exclusion of the stomach from the digestive tract after esophagoplasty as the
      cause of severe dumping syndrome].

PMID- 4001015
TI  - [Therapeutic compendium in the microcomputer].

PMID- 4001016
TI  - [Hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute poisoning].

PMID- 4001017
TI  - [Value of a charcoal column of our design for hemoperfusion in the treatment of
      experimental barbiturate poisoning].

PMID- 4001018
TI  - [A case of long-term coma caused by ethylene glycol poisoning].

PMID- 4001019
TI  - [Effect of epidural analgesia in premature labor on birth injuries and
      respiratory disorders in premature infants].

PMID- 4001020
TI  - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a child (preliminary report)].

PMID- 4001021
TI  - [Early indirect diagnosis of Wissler-Fanconi syndrome].

PMID- 4001022
TI  - [Visit of a pediatrician to France: problems of children handicapped since
      birth].

PMID- 4001023
TI  - Creatinine clearance and renal interstitium in diffuse endocapillary
      proliferative glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Morphometric investigations of the renal cortex on biopsies obtained from
      patients with diffuse proliferative endocapillary glomerulonephritis (EPGN) were
      compared to biopsies without pathological changes, both groups having a normal
      serum creatinine concentration at the time of biopsy. Our findings are as
      follows: In both groups a statistically significant correlation exists between
      the decrease of the endogenous creatinine clearance and the broadening of the
      interstitium. The mean endogenous creatinine clearance value in EPGN is 107.6 +/-
      40.6 ml/min/1.73 qm, the mean endogenous creatinine clearance in normal kidneys
      is 108.2 +/- 28.5 ml/min/1.73 qm; the mean interstitial volume in EPGN is 14.5 +/
      2.9 vol.%, that in normal kidneys 9.5 +/- 2.9 vol.%, the difference is
      statistically significant. Comparing the run of the two curves (relationship
      between endogenous creatinine clearance and interstitial volume) of the
      investigated groups, one finds that they run a nearly parallel course, the curve
      of the EPGN being shifted statistically significant to the right. The mean values
      of number, single- and total area of the peri- and intertubular capillaries are
      identical in the cases of EPGN and in those biopsies without pathological
      findings. Furthermore no correlations could be established between the above
      mentioned measuring values and the endogenous creatinine clearance in the both
      investigated groups. Consequently in these cases with normal serum creatinine
      concentration the reduction of the glomerular filtration rate (gfr) accompanied
      by interstitial broadening cannot be explained by an impairment of the
      postglomerular blood flow. Perhaps a tubular functional disturbance, the cause or
      the consequence of the interstitial broadening impairs glomerular function by the
      tubular-glomerular feedback-mechanism and/or by an elevation of the intratubular
      hydrostatic pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4001024
TI  - Drug-induced liver injury in liver biopsies of the years 1981 and 1983, their
      prevalence and type of presentation.
AB  - Based on the histological picture of liver biopsies examined in the years 1981
      and 1983, drug-induced liver injury has been suspected in 131 and 170 cases. In
      relation to the total number of the examined liver biopsies this accounted for 6
      and 9.6%, respectively. In only 20 (i.e. 15%), respectively 17 (i.e. 10%) of the
      cases, a drug-induced injury could be clinically excluded. However, a drug
      induced injury was doubtlessly secured in 21 (16%) and 28 (16.5%) of the cases.
      The histological phenotype seen in association with the incriminated drug is
      presented. In 90 (68.7%) and 125 (73.5%) of the cases it was neither possible to
      secure nor to exclude the drug as cause of this damage, either because in 32/72
      cases the clinical work-up was incomplete or because the drug-induced damage was
      clinically suspected, but not sufficiently documented by follow-up examinations
      after drug-withdrawal.

PMID- 4001025
TI  - Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Light and electron microscopy of hepatic tissue
      in two cases.
AB  - In an 18 year-old woman presenting with an intra- and extrahepatic form of
      sclerosing cholangitis needle biopsy of the liver revealed, in addition to a
      conspicuous proliferation of biliary ductules and mild inflammatory infiltrations
      of the portal tract, piece-meal necroses and focal intralobular inflammatory
      changes. In the second case - a 49-year-old man - presenting with an extrahepatic
      location of stenoses there were infrequent proliferating biliary ductules in the
      enlarged fibrotic portal tracts. Ultrastructural investigations revealed in both
      patients adverse regressive changes in the epithelium of proliferating biliary
      ductules, seen as microvillous damage on the luminal surface, dilation of the
      endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial swelling; in the second patient there
      was, moreover, electrondense material in epithelial cytoplasm, probably
      corresponding to bile components. In the first patient predominated among
      ultrastructural changes increase of cytoskeletal filaments in some epithelia and
      pronounced reduplication of the basement membranes of small biliary ducts. These
      "cholestatic" modifications, expressed in different form in the two patients,
      were accompanied by dilatation and damage, sometimes total disappearance of
      microvilli of biliary canaliculi.

PMID- 4001026
TI  - The effect of cyproterone and gonadotrophins on the adrenal gland of juvenile and
      adult rats. A morphological and morphometrical study.
AB  - Up to now the question whether antiandrogens and gonadotrophins cause a reaction
      of the adrenal cortex has not been settled. 32 juvenile and 32 adult male albino
      rats were divided into 4 groups with 8 animals each. One group of juvenile and of
      adult rats were treated with cyproterone (Cp) as an anti-androgen, Primogonyl
      (Pg) served as an LH equivalent and Pergonal (Per) as a FSH-LH dose. One group of
      juvenile and adult rats served as controls. The animals were killed on the 28th
      day of the experiment. Microphotographic black-and-white pictures from the
      histologic adrenal cortex specimens were taken with a magnification of 800. The
      morphometric and histologic evaluation of the adrenal cortex was carried out
      separately for the zona glomerulosa (z.g.), the zona fasciculata (z.f.) and the
      zona reticularis (z.r.). No measurable changes can be found in the z.g. under
      experimental conditions. Both the juvenile and the adult rats exhibit a distinct
      atrophy of the z.f. and the z.r. after the administration of Cp and
      gonadotrophins. The severest regressive transformations can be observed in the
      adult rats after Cp was given. The atrophy of z.f. and z.r. is obviously due to
      the inhibition of corticotropic regulation in the hypothalamic-hypophysic axis.
      This is astonishing in so far as this regulation is usually responsible for the
      production of glucocorticoid and only to a lesser degree for the production of
      sex hormone. A glucocorticoid-like effect of Cp is assumed. Similar changes are
      also caused by the administration of gonadotrophins.

PMID- 4001027
TI  - Dormant tumor cells in liver and brain. An autopsy study on metastasizing tumors.
AB  - In 96 of 100 autopsy cases with metastasizing tumor diseases single disseminated
      tumor cells were detected in liver or brain tissues. These tumor cells appear to
      be in a resting state. Most of the resting or dormant tumor cells (dtc) are
      distinguishable from tumor cells within metastasis (mtc) by morphological
      criteria such as cell size or density, shape and size of the nucleus. These
      observations suggest that disseminated cells from many primary tumors might pass
      through a resting (Go) state before they eventually initiate malignant cell
      growth and give rise to metastatic colonies. Most likely the dtc are not affected
      by systemic chemotherapy.

PMID- 4001028
TI  - Shock and terminal pancreatitis.
AB  - 63% of 523 lethal cases of shock showed a DIC-syndrome. First of all the lung was
      affected with 69% of the cases with DIC-syndrome, followed by the pancreas with
      52%. In search of disseminated intravascular coagulation, the pancreas is a very
      favourable organ since other acute superimposed findings normally don't exist.
      18% of the cases with DIC-syndrome showed in addition to the DIC-syndrome a
      terminal pancreatitis resp. a tryptic necrosis. The pathogenesis of the tryptic
      necrosis can be explained by a decrease of blood supply in shock, which makes
      autodigestion possible. The tryptic necrosis differs from the hypoxic necrosis
      phenomenologically. The hypoxia as pathogenetic principle (Franz Buchner) causes
      the tryptic necrosis in an indirect way: it provides the conditions for
      autodigestion. This study aims to encourage to examine the pancreas of lethal
      cases of shock more regularly since this examination is an enrichment as well for
      the anatomic diagnosis of shock as for the comprehension of the pancreas.

PMID- 4001029
TI  - Distribution and localization of endotoxin in the reticulo-endothelial system
      (RES) and in the main vessels of the rat during shock.
AB  - The fate of endotoxin was followed with immunohistochemistry and radio-labelled
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in organs of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES), in
      the great vessels and the thoracic duct of rats during a 14 day period after the
      injection of a shock-inducing amount of endotoxin. The immunohistochemical
      detectability of LPS in most tissues increased continuously during the first 48
      hours, showing the strongest LPS staining in the liver and adrenal gland.
      Macrophages were found to be the most important cells of primary LPS uptake in
      all organs except the adrenal glands, where endotoxin was mainly present in
      phagocytic vacuoles of the cortical epithelium. The comparison of results
      obtained with the immunoperoxidase method and radioactivity measurements revealed
      that at a later stage of the experiment the persisting LPS in liver and spleen
      looses its antigenic activity. The correlation between the appearance of LPS
      positive macrophages and histological signs of tissue injury during endotoxin
      shock is striking.

PMID- 4001030
TI  - Morphology and pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis in dental technicians.
AB  - The morphology of pneumoconiosis occurring in dental technicians could be studied
      by systematic light and electron microscopical investigation of 30 lung
      preparations from such cases. Diffuse streaky fibrosis and, in some cases,
      nodular fibrosis was observed together with occasional formation of silicotic
      nodules that may lead to extensive transformation of the alveolar structure. The
      etiological relationship between occupational dust exposure and pulmonary changes
      could be documented by element analysis of dust deposits on histologic sections,
      and of dusts from grinding and polishing instruments collected in the laboratory.
      The energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis used in this study helps to
      differentiate and delimit this form of pneumoconiosis. The pathogenesis is
      discussed on the basis of light and electron microscopic results and
      physicochemical analyses.

PMID- 4001031
TI  - Postlathyric fibroelastosis of the rat aorta related to topical factors of
      experimental atherosclerosis.
AB  - Postlathyric aortic fibroelastosis was produced in rats with the aid of low
      percentage fetal lathyrism. Subsequently the rats were kept on an atherogenic
      regimen for one year, and at the end of that period the aortas were studied to
      detect the relation of postlathyric alterations to the experimental
      atherosclerotic lesions. In the ascending aorta and the arch the fibroelastosis
      neither enhanced nor suppressed the development of mixed atherosclerotic plaques.
      In contrast, fibroelastosis of the thoracic and abdominal aorta usually causing a
      slight tunnel-shaped stenosis of the affected segment significantly reduced the
      development of intimal lipoidosis. The present experiment permitted to identify a
      new postlathyric lesion, namely sac-shaped microaneurysms situated at the sites
      of origin of lumbar arteries. Despite the fact that otherwise virtually the only
      lesion developing in the abdominal aorta was intimal lipoidosis, the aneurysms
      were filled up with mixed atheromatous masses. The above postlathyric vascular
      lesion appeared to significantly support the local development of
      atherosclerosis. The results presented have been discussed in view of the some
      recent facts stressing the indisputable importance of haemodynamic factors for
      the localization and development of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 4001032
TI  - A comparative ultrastructural study of chondrosarcoma, chordoid sarcoma, chordoma
      and chordoma periphericum.
AB  - The present study is based on electron microscopical examinations of 15
      conventional chondrosarcomas, 1 clear cell chondrosarcoma, 3 mesenchymal
      chondrosarcomas, 2 so-called chordoid sarcomas (extraskeletal myxoid
      chondrosarcoma), 4 sacrococcygeal chordomas, 2 ecchordoses and 1 neoplasm of
      tibia with features of a true peripheral chordoma (parachordoma). The neoplastic
      cells from various types of chondrosarcoma shared a number of features with
      nonneoplastic chondrocytes as e.g. a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum
      and microvillous cytoplasmic processes. In clear-cell chondrosarcoma, glycogen
      accumulation in the tumour cells was a prominent feature. The cells of
      mesenchymal chondrosarcoma usually showed the characteristics of immature
      mesenchymal cells. In contrast, chordomas commonly contained physaliferous cells
      with two types of vacuoles in their cytoplasm. The first type can be most
      adequately characterized as intracytoplasmic pseudoinclusions of intercellular
      substance, whereas the other type, glycogen-containing, single membrane-bound
      vacuoles most probably correspond to autophagosomes (cytolysosomes). Only
      vacuoles of the first type were recorded in the so-called chordoid sarcoma. They
      were also seen in chondrosarcomas. In contrast, both types of vacuoles were
      identified in the above-mentioned tibial tumour which, in addition, showed even
      other cytological characteristics of chordoma. The findings presented here have
      demonstrated distinct structural relationships between chordoid sarcoma and
      chondrogenic tumours. On the other hand, our observation of the uncommon tibial
      neoplasm indicates the possibility that tumours identical with chordoma may occur
      at sites other than the axial skeleton.

PMID- 4001033
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the organ of Corti and in the ganglion spiral cochleae
      after vitamin A deficiency.
AB  - Guinea pigs were fed a vitamin A free diet and the cochleae of these animals were
      studied with the light and electron microscope. No changes could be found after
      ten weeks of vitamin A deficiency, but after 19 weeks the experimental animals
      showed a slight hypertrophy of the otic capsule, an accumulation of lysosomes in
      the sensory cells and a disruption and disintegration of the Hensen body. In the
      ganglion spiral cochleae ganglion cells appeared, filled with different myelin
      figures or honeycomb-like inclusions. Furthermore, the myelin sheath was split
      and sometimes filled with circular lamellar complexes and glycogen. These
      morphological findings together with the evidence of high concentrations of
      vitamin A in the organ of Corti support the hypothesis that vitamin A may be
      important for the function of the n. acusticus.

PMID- 4001034
TI  - What's new in bronchial obstruction? Experimental pathology and clinico
      pathologic correlation.
AB  - The aim of general pathology, which following Virchow also should be
      pathophysiology (and pathobiochemistry), is to elucidate general principles and
      main mechanisms of diseases. Conceptions like reticulo-endothelial system or
      coronary insufficiency, inflammations and its mediators, modes of metastasis and
      many comparable topics are examples of this type of scientific approach, and its
      tools are careful morphological analysis as well as experimental work of
      different kinds. In pulmonary pathology the obstruction of airways is one of the
      most important pathogenetical pathways. Among a broad spectrum of pulmonary
      diseases it is the main symptom of a developing chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD) and the outstanding cause of cardio-respiratory failure. In German
      literature the last comprehensive survey on general respiratory pathology was
      written some twenty years ago and a review of the main techniques of
      investigation was given at about the same time. Since then - parallel to the
      invention of new measuring techniques and to the progress in clinical
      pathophysiology - a rapid further development in the understanding of the
      pathology of respiratory disorders has taken place, particularly in connection
      with research in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Some examples of this
      development and of the present state of discussion will be reviewed briefly.

PMID- 4001035
TI  - Neurologic complaints in the elderly. The challenge of diagnosis.

PMID- 4001036
TI  - 'Bell's palsy' in accelerated hypertension.

PMID- 4001037
TI  - Medical recommendations for wilderness travel. 1. Health maintenance in the great
      outdoors.

PMID- 4001039
TI  - Medicine in the movies.

PMID- 4001038
TI  - Some common causes of hip pain. Physical diagnosis is the key.
AB  - A variety of disorders can cause pain about the hip. The significance of these
      various disorders varies. Obviously, appropriate treatment cannot be initiated
      until a correct diagnosis is made. The classic methods of physical diagnosis must
      be used. X-ray studies or bone scans are most often only confirmatory but
      frequently necessary.

PMID- 4001040
TI  - Postsplenectomy sepsis syndrome. How to identify and manage patients at risk.
AB  - Established postsplenectomy sepsis syndrome, although infrequent, may carry a
      mortality rate of over 90%. Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) has been the
      infective organism in more than 50% of published cases. Certain groups, such as
      infants, patients with hematologic malignancy, and those with compromised humoral
      immunity, may be especially susceptible. However, even healthy individuals who
      have been splenectomized because of trauma may be affected. Within the general
      population there is a significant pool of asplenic or functionally hyposplenic
      patients who are not aware of their condition. Efforts must be made to identify
      any such individual at risk for the postsplenectomy sepsis syndrome. The new 23
      valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine should be made available to any
      asplenic or functionally hyposplenic individual. A high index of suspicion must
      be maintained for febrile illness in asplenic patients, and if such an illness
      occurs, a vigorous investigation is mandatory.

PMID- 4001041
TI  - Compliance with hypertension treatment. Strategies for improving patient
      cooperation.
AB  - Adherence to medical advice and regimens is a basic consideration in the ongoing
      management of hypertensive patients. The magnitude of poor compliance and
      noncompliance is a substantial problem in many settings. However, even the
      busiest practitioner can detect patients with adherence problems through such
      simple, practical methods as watching for missed clinic visits and directly
      questioning patients. Although numerous factors have been related to suboptimum
      compliance, it is clear that no single factor is predictive. The best approach
      for improving compliance appears to involve a combination of strategies.

PMID- 4001042
TI  - Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. The dilemma of therapy.
AB  - Polymyalgia rheumatica, next to rheumatoid arthritis the most common inflammatory
      rheumatic disorder of the elderly, is a nonspecific clinical syndrome involving
      pain in the shoulder and pelvic girdles. Giant cell arteritis appears to localize
      in elastin-containing arteries and can cause similar myalgias. A relationship
      exists between the two diseases, as evidenced by their frequent coexistence in
      the same patient. The symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica respond to low-dose
      corticosteroid therapy, while giant cell arteritis requires higher doses to
      prevent blindness due to involvement of the temporal artery. The key decision in
      therapy, therefore, concerns the dose and duration of use of steroid for
      polymyalgic symptoms. In this decision, prevention of the catastrophic
      complications of giant cell arteritis and avoidance of needless side effects of
      high-dose steroid therapy in the elderly are competing considerations.

PMID- 4001043
TI  - Feeling your oats and eating them too. A better way to lower cholesterol levels?

PMID- 4001044
TI  - Hemoptysis. Causes and a practical management approach.

PMID- 4001045
TI  - Functional overlay in work-related injury. A system for differentiating conscious
      from subconscious motivation of persisting symptoms.

PMID- 4001046
TI  - Performance of layer-type chickens as related to body conformation and
      composition. 1. A static analysis of shank length and body weight at 20 weeks of
      age.
AB  - The growth of an animal part (y) relative to the whole (x), is expressed in terms
      of an exponential equation, y = alpha x beta, where alpha and beta are growth
      constants. For the present study x is body weight and y is shank length
      determined for 10 lines of chickens at 20 weeks of age. The derived values of
      alpha and beta, assumed to be limiting relative growth constants for bone, were
      estimated by least squares of the log-transformed (linear) exponential equation.
      From the means of alpha and beta, calculated for each of seven Leghorn and three
      Fayoumi lines, individual values of alpha i and beta i were calculated for more
      than 24,000 pedigreed birds included in 9 years of records. The individual values
      (i) were calculated as: (formula; see text) If the initial growth constant,
      alpha, is the primary hereditary growth parameter governing conformation, then
      the parameter, beta, should not be as highly heritable as alpha. To test this
      hypothesis, the heritability (h2) of both alpha and beta were calculated for each
      of the 10 lines. For alpha sire component h2 values ranged from .12 +/- .05 to
      .45 +/- .10 and for beta from .05 to .41. The pooled h2 estimate of alpha over
      lines (.31 +/- .02) was not significantly different from that for beta (.31 +/-
      .02). Compared with the original data on body weight and shank length, the
      transformation significantly reduced the heritability estimated. We conclude that
      the parameters, alpha and beta, are useful only in describing phenotypic and not
      genetic differences in relative growth.

PMID- 4001047
TI  - The influence of amprolium and butynorate on growth rate and feed utilization by
      large white turkeys.
AB  - Four feeding trials were conducted in which Large White turkeys were fed diets
      containing either amprolium or butynorate to 8 or 9 weeks of age to female and
      male turkeys, respectively. Diets fed during the study contained from 0 to 10%
      supplemental fat to provide a range of dietary energy levels. Poults were
      maintained on built-up wood shavings litter with no attempts to induce
      coccidiosis. Turkeys fed diets with amprolium did not grow as well or convert
      feed as efficiently as those fed butynorate at 8 or 9 weeks of age when the
      additives were withdrawn. However, at market weights or feed utilization between
      turkeys fed the two different anticoccidials.

PMID- 4001048
TI  - Evaluation of four disinfectants under poultry grow-out conditions using contact
      agar sampling technique.
AB  - Four commercial disinfectants used in poultry house sanitation procedures were
      evaluated for efficacy using a specialized petri dish (Rodac plate) for contact
      sampling. The samples were taken from a variety of surface materials commonly
      found in poultry rearing facilities. Two media were used, one for bacteria and
      one for mold. Predisinfection samples were taken following removal of chickens
      and litter. Postdisinfection samples were taken 4 hr after room treatment with a
      high pressure spray apparatus. The most effective disinfectant for reducing
      bacteria colony counts was a product that contained glutaraldehyde. The other
      products, ranking in order of efficacy for bacteria, contained cresylic acid,
      iodophors, and a combination of quaternary ammonium compound and formaldehyde.
      The most effective disinfectant for reducing mold colony counts was the product
      containing cresylic acid. The other products, ranking in order of efficacy for
      mold, contained iodophors, the combination of quaternary ammonium compound and
      formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. The most effective overall disinfectant was the
      cresylic acid product.

PMID- 4001049
TI  - Bursal, intestinal, and spleen weights and antibody response of chicks fed
      subtherapeutic levels of dietary antibiotics.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to study the influence of dietary antibiotics on the
      bursal, intestinal, and spleen weights and antibody responses of broiler chicks.
      Results indicate a tendency for chicks fed antibiotics to have heavier bursae but
      significantly reduced intestinal weights. The antibiotics had no effect on spleen
      weights and antibody response to sheep red blood cells. It was concluded that the
      beneficial effects of dietary antibiotics for chicks do not appear to be the
      result of an enhanced immunocompetence and that the use of antibiotics at
      subtherapeutic levels does not have an adverse effect on the chicks' humoral
      immune system.

PMID- 4001050
TI  - Effects of early maturation, layer protein level, and methionine concentration on
      production performance of brown-egg-type pullets.
AB  - Three hundred and sixty 17-week-old Harco Sex Link pullets were transferred to
      laying cages and received 13 hr of light daily for the first week followed by 15
      hr the second and subsequent weeks. A second group of 360 pullets remained in the
      growing facility on 8 hr of light until 19 weeks of age when the light was
      increased to 13 hr. At 20 weeks these birds were transferred to the laying
      facility where they received 15 hr of light daily for the duration of the
      experiment. A 15% protein grower ration was fed until daily production of each
      group reached 2%, at which time the diets were changed to either a 17 or 19%
      protein layer ration, each supplemented with DL-methionine so as to contain .3 or
      .4% total methionine. Early housed pullets averaged 140.4 days at first egg
      whereas late housed reached sexual maturity at 149 days. The initial increase in
      egg production by the early housed pullets was followed by a more rapid decline
      and overall, from housing to 66 weeks, equivalent egg numbers were produced. The
      early housed pullets were less efficient than the late housed birds due in part
      to their larger body mass. The greater percentage of small and medium-sized eggs
      produced by the early housed birds was not influenced by increasing the
      concentration of protein or methionine in the layer ration.

PMID- 4001051
TI  - The frequency of salmonellae on duck eggs.
AB  - Total plate counts on washed duck eggs from a breeder farm on Long Island were
      less than 30/shell during the winter (January to February) of 1982. Clean
      unwashed eggs had counts less than 9 X 10(1)/shell, whereas dirty unwashed eggs
      had counts as high as 9 X 10(5)/shell. Our results showed that washing with a
      chlorine sanitizer (under commercial conditions) was highly effective in reducing
      surface bacterial counts on egg shells. Prolonged storage reduced bacterial
      counts on clean eggs, but it did not significantly affect loads on dirty eggs. No
      salmonellae could be detected on shells or in the magma of all eggs examined. In
      a second trial (March 1982) bacterial loads on washed and clean duck eggs from
      six different breeder farms were low, ranging from too few to count to
      10(2)/shell. A higher proportion of dirty eggs were heavily contaminated with
      counts ranging from 10(5) to 10(6)/shell, but no salmonellae were detected either
      on shells or in magma. In the third trial (May 1982) bacterial determinations on
      eggs from breeder ducks that were not confined followed the pattern of the second
      trial. However, in this trial Salmonella enteritidis was detected on dirty egg
      shells in four of six farms. In a fourth trial (May 1983), bacterial loads on
      washed and nest-clean eggs from the same breeder farms (not confined) ranged
      between 10(2) to 10(3)/shell and 10(2) to 10(4)/shell, respectively. S.
      enteritidis and S. badar were recovered from washed, nest clean, and dirty eggs
      in two of six farms. We conclude that proper egg washing and confinement of duck
      breeders should minimize the problem of salmonellosis in ducklings.

PMID- 4001052
TI  - Effect of cholesterol oxidation products on cholesterol metabolism in the laying
      hen.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of purified cholesterol
      and oxidized cholesterol in the diet of the laying hen on egg production
      characteristics, in vitro - in ovo utilization of acetate for cholesterol
      biosynthesis, and the activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
      reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis of cholesterol. Previous work
      has demonstrated inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by cholesterol oxides in
      tissue culture cells but not in hepatic tissues of animals through dietary
      administration. Feeding .5% of either purified or oxidized cholesterol had no
      effect on egg production, egg weight, body weight, or diet consumption. In both
      experiments egg yolk cholesterol was significantly increased by both cholesterol
      sources, but eggs from hens fed oxidized cholesterol had lower cholesterol
      contents than those from hens fed purified cholesterol. Relative utilization of
      acetate for cholesterol biosynthesis was significantly reduced by feeding both
      cholesterol sources. Hepatic enzyme activity measured by production of mevalonic
      acid was significantly inhibited by feeding purified cholesterol. A further
      significant reduction in enzyme activity was observed when oxidized cholesterol
      was fed, indicating that dietary cholesterol oxides are much more potent than
      purified cholesterol in limiting the activity of the enzyme.

PMID- 4001053
TI  - Effect of dietary manganese and age on tissue trace mineral composition of
      broiler-type chicks as a bioassay of manganese sources.
AB  - An experiment was conducted with 144 Cobb broiler-type chicks in a 4 X 3
      factorial arrangement of treatments to investigate the effects of dietary
      manganese (Mn) and age on trace mineral composition in tissues. Day-old chicks
      were fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet (112 ppm Mn) supplemented with 0, 1000,
      2000, or 3000 ppm Mn as manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4 X H2O) for 1, 2, or
      3 weeks. There were two pen replications per treatment combination and six chicks
      per pen. Liver, kidney, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and bone were excised from 4
      chicks per replication. Plasma was pooled from the remaining 2 chicks, and all
      samples were frozen for subsequent mineral analysis. There was a reduction in
      average daily feed intake (P less than .05) at the 3000 ppm dietary level
      accompanied by a nonsignificant decrease in average daily gain and an increase in
      feed per unit gain. Tissue Mn increased (P less than .001) for all tissues as
      dietary Mn increased. Tissue Mn concentration was reduced with age in kidney,
      pancreas, muscle (P less than .001), and plasma (P less than .05). Manganese in
      bone was lowest (P less than .01) at 1 week of age. Of those ages tested, the
      optimum for bioassay based on lambda criterion values appeared to be 3 weeks. The
      highest lambda criterion values were obtained at 3 weeks of age in kidney
      followed by bone at 2 weeks. High dietary Mn increased copper (Cu) concentration
      in liver (P less than .05) and plasma (P less than .05) and reduced iron (Fe) in
      pancreas (P less than .001). Liver Fe was lower (P less than .001) at 3000 ppm
      than at 1000 or 2000 ppm dietary Mn. Plasma zinc (Zn) was higher (P less than
      .05) at all supplemental Mn levels than the unsupplemented control, and kidney Zn
      increased (P less than .001) at 3000 ppm dietary Mn.

PMID- 4001054
TI  - Testis development and daily sperm output in guineas submitted to progressively
      increasing daily photoperiods at different ages.
AB  - Four hundred and eighty guineas were raised under short days (7L:17D) from 3
      weeks of age, then subjected to increasing light at 8, 16, 20, or 24 weeks of
      age. After receiving 7 additional hours of light (+ 1 hr per week) for each of 7
      consecutive weeks, each group was then maintained on long days (14L:10D) until 70
      weeks of age. No significant differences were observed between photoschedules for
      growth rate or adult body weight; however, the age at which the daylengths were
      increased greatly influenced the development of the testes and daily sperm output
      (DSO). The earlier the age birds were submitted to increasing light, the sooner
      the rapid phase of testis growth occurred and the lower adult testicular weight.
      Results were similar in the mean DSO expressed as a function of the age or
      photoschedule. Male guineas preconditioned by short days and submitted to
      increasing daylength from 20 weeks of age appeared to reach sperm production
      sufficiently early to inseminate contemporary females as they started to lay.
      Sperm production was high enough to ensure insemination of 6 to 12 females per
      male instead of the usual 3 to 4 under the present management conditions in the
      industry.

PMID- 4001055
TI  - Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase released from chicken spermatozoa during freeze
      thaw procedures.
AB  - The feasibility of using glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) released from
      chicken spermatozoa for evaluation of freeze-thaw damage and the optimum
      concentration of glycerol on the basis of GOT release were examined. There was a
      highly significant correlation (-.88) between sperm motility in media containing
      various concentrations of glycerol and GOT activity in extracellular media after
      freeze-thawing. This indicates that GOT activity in the supernatant of frozen
      thawed semen may be useful as an indicator for frozen-thawed injury of chicken
      spermatozoa. The amounts of GOT released from spermatozoa after 20 min of
      glycerol equilibration at 5 C gradually increased from 1 to 18% glycerol. The GOT
      activity in the extracellular medium after freeze-thawing was lowest at 10%
      glycerol. To estimate GOT leakage from spermatozoa during the freeze process,
      except glycerol equilibration, the amounts of GOT just before freezing were
      subtracted from the amounts of GOT after freeze-thawing. The minimum difference
      between GOT leakage before and after freeze-thawing was shown to be at 16%
      glycerol.

PMID- 4001056
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of bursal, thymic, and splenic cells from normal and
      cyclophosphamide-treated embryos.
AB  - Cell flow cytometry was used to assess the life cycle of embryonic lymphocytes.
      Cells were prepared for flow cytometry by fixation for 30 min in a final
      concentration of 70% ethyl alcohol, treated with ribonuclease (50 to 70
      Kunitz/ml) and incubated for 30 min. in propidium iodide. Our data demonstrated
      that bursal lymphocytes from 20-day embryos (DE) exhibited significantly fewer
      cells in pre-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and more cells in DNA synthesis (S) than
      thymic cells from 20 DE, and thymic lymphocytes from 16 DE expressed a more
      active S than bursal cells. Lymphocytes were separated from granulocytes by a
      Ficoll-hypaque double density gradient. The DNA cycle of bursal lymphocytes was
      more easily disrupted with cyclophosphamide (Cy) than the DNA cycle of thymic
      lymphocytes. However, unfractionated splenic cells from embryos treated with Cy
      revealed a greater percentage of cells in S and post-DNA synthesis and mitosis
      than splenic cells from control embryos. Because the splenic cells of Cy-treated
      embryos were predominantly immature granulocytes, it was concluded that Cy
      stimulated myelopoiesis in the spleen.

PMID- 4001057
TI  - Cell flow cytometry of fixed and unfixed bursal and thymic cells.
AB  - Analysis in a cell flow cytometer (Ortho Spectrum III, Ortho Inst.) of single
      cell suspensions from the bursa and thymus of 20-day embryos revealed two
      distinct cell clusters. The two clusters were less apparent after fixation of the
      cells in paraformaldehyde and assumed a comet-like appearance at 30 min fixation
      in ethyl alcohol (EA). The G (postmitotic), S [deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
      synthesis], and G2/M (premitotic and mitotic) phases of the life cycle were
      visualized in two cell flow cytometers (Ortho Spectrum III and FACS IV, Bectin
      Dickinson) after treating the cells with EA, ribonuclease (RNase), and propidium
      iodide (PI, a fluorescent dye). Bursal cell suspensions exposed to the EA-RNase
      PI protocol and stored for 3 weeks in phosphate-buffered saline showed minor
      changes in the G1 coefficient of variation, G1, and S percentages, but marked
      changes in these parameters occurred after 6 weeks of storage. Thymic cells
      treated in a similar fashion could not be maintained for 3 weeks. Bursal and
      thymic cells may remain in the EA for one day and possibly as long as 7 days
      prior to preparing them for DNA life cycle analysis. Paraformaldehyde was not a
      satisfactory cell fixative for assessing a cell's DNA life cycle.

PMID- 4001058
TI  - Effect of intrahepatic glucose infusions on feeding in heavy and light breed
      chicks.
AB  - Although food intake regulation by the central nervous system in the fowl has
      received considerable attention, studies examining peripheral regulatory
      mechanisms are relatively few. The objective of these experiments was to
      determine the role of the liver in short-term regulation of feeding. Small
      volumes of isotonic glucose were infused into the hepatic circulation of
      undisturbed, unrestrained Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) and Rock-Cornish (RC)
      cockerels under both free-feeding and mildly-fasted conditions. Glucose infusions
      significantly decreased the food intake of free-feeding SCWL chicks but had no
      effect on mildly-fasted SCWL chicks. The RC chicks, whether free feeding or
      mildly fasted, were not influenced by the glucose infusions. These findings
      suggest that selection for increased growth rate has affected peripheral appetite
      regulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 4001059
TI  - Delay of onset of oviposition in pullets promoted by 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone.
AB  - Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were used to determine the effects of 6-methoxy
      2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) and photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production.
      Pullets were maintained on a constant 11L:13D photoperiod until 18 weeks of age
      and then were divided into two light-controlled chambers. Half the pullets in
      each chamber received a standard layer mash and the other half received the same
      diet supplemented with 6-MBOA (MB). Over the ensuing 21 days, the photoperiods
      were increased to 15L:9D in one chamber and 12L:12D in the other. Consumption of
      MB resulted in delayed sexual maturity and lower average egg production of those
      pullets when compared with pullets in the 15L:9D chamber. No significant
      difference between MB and C pullets was noted in the 12L:12D chamber. These
      results are similar to those obtained with pinealectomized quail and chickens.

PMID- 4001060
TI  - Effects of caponization on body weight, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular
      variables in hypertensive and hypotensive turkey lines.
AB  - Effects of caponization and blood pressure selection on serum lipids, severity of
      atherosclerosis, body weight, hematocrit, and relative ventricular weight in
      hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were evaluated in two trials. At 8
      weeks of age, half the turkeys from each line were caponized. Body weights, blood
      pressure, and blood samples were obtained from each treatment at 8, 20, and 30
      weeks of age. A total of 56 and 72 birds were used in Trials 1 and 2,
      respectively. Birds were necropsied at 30 weeks of age. Hypertensive turkeys had
      significantly greater serum cholesterol and total lipid than hypotensive turkeys
      only at 30 weeks of age in Trial 1. Lower relative ventricular weights were
      observed in hypotensive turkeys within both trials. Hypertensive birds exhibited
      a more severe degree of atherosclerosis and higher relative heart weight than
      hypotensive turkeys. Caponization significantly increased total serum lipid only
      at 20 weeks of age in Trial 2. Average body weight of caponized turkeys was
      significantly lower (1.2) than the control turkeys at 30 weeks of age. Caponized
      turkeys exhibited lower relative ventricular weight in Trial 1 but not Trial 2
      and an increase in blood pressure only in Trial 2. Caponization suppressed body
      weight, decreased hematocrit values, and had no significant effect upon plaque
      severity. The presence or absence of male sex hormones had virtually no effect on
      proposed atherogenic stimuli thereby suggesting another mechanism by which the
      female is afforded a higher degree of protection.

PMID- 4001061
TI  - Magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus content of shells from hatching and
      nonhatching turkey eggs.
AB  - Shells of hatching and nonhatching Large White turkey eggs were examined for
      magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus content. Eggshells containing embryos that
      hatched contained significantly (P less than .05) more magnesium than shells from
      nonhatching eggs. No differences were seen in their calcium content. Eggshells
      from pipped eggs contained significantly (P less than .05) more phosphorus than
      shells from eggs that were not pipped or those that hatched. Calcium and
      magnesium in turkey eggshells declined as time in lay increased. Injections of
      exogenous magnesium both at setting and transfer significantly (P less than .05)
      depressed hatchability, whereas exogenous calcium injected at transfer
      significantly (P less than .05) improved hatchability. Injections of exogenous
      calcium at the time of setting significantly (P less than .05) depressed
      hatchability. It was concluded that the mineral content of turkey eggshells may
      influence embryo physiology and hatchability.

PMID- 4001062
TI  - Cellular changes in the spleen during an induced molt.
AB  - Agranulocytes proliferated in spleens of molted hens and both leucocytic and
      erythrocytic cells exhibited decreased numbers of pyknotic nuclei. These changes
      were confined to the period when the reproductive tract regressed. It was
      concluded that there is a relationship between the physiological status during an
      induced molt and the cellular population of the spleen.

PMID- 4001063
TI  - Noted difference in the digestive system in caged and floor-reared commercial egg
      type pullets.
AB  - Two trials were conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn pullets reared from 0 to
      19 weeks of age in cages and on litter at the same environmental temperature.
      Samples were obtained to determine if digestive system differences existed.
      Criteria measured were gizzard weight and intestine length. Results showed that
      floor-reared pullets had heavier gizzards with longer intestines than cage-reared
      pullets. The difference may be caused by consumption of litter by the floor
      reared birds.

PMID- 4001064
TI  - Evaluation of growth, hormonal, and hematological responses of neonatal chickens
      to reduced temperature brooding.
AB  - A series of experiments was conducted to examine the response of neonatal, male
      broiler chicks to brooding at a reduced temperature. In Trials 1 and 2, chicks
      brooded at 26.7 C generally had lower body weights and higher serum
      corticosterone levels during the first week after hatch than those brooded at
      32.2 C. However, significant differences in body weight were observed only on Day
      6 in Trial 1 and on Days 1 and 5 in Trial 2. Serum corticosterone levels,
      likewise, were not significantly different on all days in Trials 1 and 2. These
      hormone levels were statistically different on Days 1 and 5 in Trial 1 and on
      Days 1 and 3 in Trial 2. Brooding neonates at 26.7 C for 3 days in Trials 3 and 4
      resulted in consistently lower body weights and gain and higher serum
      corticosterone, thyroxine, total protein, albumin, and globulin. Serum growth
      hormone levels in chicks brooded at 26.7 C were initially depressed the first day
      but were elevated on the 2 subsequent days, compared with chicks brooded at 32.2
      C. Considering the physiological importance of corticosterone and thyroxine in
      the adaptation of chickens to cold environmental temperatures, it would be useful
      to evaluate the genetic variation associated with the responsiveness of these
      hormones in a randombred population and to improve tolerance of neonatal chickens
      to reduced temperature brooding through selection.

PMID- 4001065
TI  - Genetic variability in growth response of chicks to cold brooding temperature.
AB  - Genetic variability in adaptation to brooding at a reduced temperature was
      examined by comparing 1 to 14-day body weight gains of progeny from 28 sire
      families of the Athens-Canadian randombred population brooded at 32.2 C and at
      26.7 C. The 1 to 7-day gain of the chicks brooded at 26.7 C was significantly
      depressed, but 7 to 14-day gain was not significantly depressed by brooding at
      the reduced temperature. Heritability estimates averaged over the two trials were
      .31, .23, and .35 for the 1 to 7-, 7 to 14-, and 1 to 14-day weight gains of
      groups brooded at 32.2 C and .55, .59, and .67 for the gain of groups brooded at
      26.7 C. The heritability estimates for the difference in weight gain of families
      brooded at the two temperatures was .78.

PMID- 4001066
TI  - Early egg production in genetically blind (rc/rc) chickens in comparison with
      sighted (Rc+/rc) controls.
AB  - The impact of blindness on egg production was investigated by utilizing
      genetically blind chickens in a factorial experiment involving two genotypes
      (blind vs. sighted), two densities (1000 cm2 per bird vs. 2000 cm2 per bird), two
      flock sizes (1 male, 4 female female vs. 4 male male, 16 female female), and two
      replications (floor pens). Traits measured were number of eggs collected, egg
      weight, amount of feed taken from the feed troughs, body weight gain, fertility
      of eggs, feather pecking and comb damage scores, leukocyte count, plasma
      corticosterone level, and adrenal gland weight. During the 2-month experimental
      period, blind hens produced 12.7% more eggs (hen-day production) while requiring
      44.1 g less feed per bird day compared to sighted hens. There was no significant
      difference in body weight gained between the two genotypes. Significant genotype
      X flock size and genotype X density interactions also indicated that the
      performance of the blind chickens was less affected by differences in density and
      flock size compared with sighted chickens. Other traits measured provided
      evidence that the blind chickens were less active, had better feather coverage,
      and were perhaps under less stress than sighted ones.

PMID- 4001067
TI  - Comparison of dwarf and normal broiler breeder hens.
AB  - Two strains of dwarf and two of normal broiler breeder hens were compared during
      the laying period for the following production parameters: egg number, hen-day
      and hen-housed egg production, mortality, feed consumption, egg weight, egg shell
      quality, hatchability, and fertility. Though the dwarf hens matured earlier, the
      number of eggs produced during the laying period did not differ (P less than .05)
      from that of the normal hens. The dwarf hens consumed 25.6% less feed per dozen
      eggs but produced smaller eggs. Mortality was higher for the dwarf hens during
      the laying period than for normal hens. The normal hens had an advantage over the
      dwarf hens in percent hatchability of all eggs set and percent fertility, but the
      percent hatchability of fertile eggs did not differ between the two genetic
      groups. No differences were found in egg shell quality of the two groups of
      chickens.

PMID- 4001068
TI  - Water consumption of broiler chickens under commercial conditions.
AB  - The daily water consumption of twenty-four flocks of commercial broiler chickens
      was measured (average = 19,757 birds/flock). Broilers were raised in two houses-
      a conventional, open, automatic side-curtained house and a totally enclosed,
      power-ventilated house on the same premises. Commercially available strains were
      used and various feed additives were compared during the trials. Water:feed
      consumption ratios averaged 1.77 g/g. Water consumption was a linear function of
      broiler age (R2 greater than .99). It could be predicted by multiplying 5.28 g
      times the broiler's age (5.1 g for birds slaughtered in the cooler times of the
      year or 5.7 for those slaughtered in the warmest months). Housing type had no
      effect on water consumption. Increasing dietary sodium increased water
      consumption, although its effect could not be clearly discerned statistically
      from that of female parent genotype. It is suggested that 5.28 ml/bird/day of age
      is a good method of predicting the water consumption of broiler chickens.

PMID- 4001070
TI  - High-density winter brooding in a solar facility.
AB  - Broilers were brooded under high-density and low ventilation conditions in a
      solar facility to 25 days of age and then moved to conventional facilities for
      growout. Nonstatistical comparisons were made on the performance of these birds
      to that of broilers grown under conventional conditions starting at day-old. Body
      weight differences during the brooding phase were primarily due to density with
      birds in the solar house weighing an average of 10.2% less than those brooded in
      a conventional house. Growth depression continued during the growing phase but
      was reduced in magnitude to 3% at Day 46. During the brooding phase no definite
      trends were seen with regard to effects of ventilation or density on feed
      conversion. Compared with conventionally-housed birds, feed conversion of the
      birds in the solar facility was slightly poorer at the end of the brooding
      period. This trend was reversed in the growing phase due to compensatory growth,
      giving the solar brooded birds an overall advantage at the end of the study.
      Mortality during the 46-day study was within the expected range for both the
      solar-brooded (3.1%) and conventionally-brooded (3.0%) birds. Energy consumption
      for supplemental heat and ventilation in the solar facility (.76 kWh/bird) was
      similar to that reported for energy efficient, environmentally-controlled houses
      and about half that for conventional facilities. Litter moisture in the solar
      facility was excessive due to the high bird density, low ventilation rates, and
      the use of a concrete slab floor.

PMID- 4001069
TI  - Corticosteroid levels in white Leghorn hens as affected by handling, laying-house
      environment, and genetic stock.
AB  - Correlation coefficients between handling time and plasma corticosteroid
      concentration of White Leghorn hens were minimal when times varied from 43 to 161
      sec (r = .17; P less than .05, df = 244), and no association was found when blood
      collection times exceeding 90 sec were omitted (r = -.02, df = 219). Handling
      times carried to specific endpoints of 30 and 60 sec indicated no difference, but
      times of 60, 120, 180, and 600 sec were associated with highly significant
      differences in corticosteroid levels that were inconsistent between genetic
      stocks. Strains selected for increased part-year egg mass responded less rapidly
      to handling than did unselected control strains. Confinement of hens for 4 to 6
      hr in nests within their own pens caused increases of greater than 30% in
      corticosteroids as compared to samples obtained from hens caught directly from
      the floor. Neither floor pen vs. colony cage nor genetic stock differences were
      found for plasma corticosteroid levels of hens at a mean age of 55 weeks.
      Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation of 63-week-old hens caused an 8.5-fold
      increase in corticosteroids above basal but failed to elicit differential effects
      associated with environments or genetic stocks. Nevertheless, hens kept in floor
      pens had 10.8% higher survival in the laying house and exceeded colony-cage hens
      by more than 40% in hen-day egg mass for the final 10 weeks of a 40-week laying
      period.

PMID- 4001071
TI  - Effects of sorbic acid feed fungistat on the intestinal microflora of floor
      reared broiler chickens.
AB  - The intestinal microflora of a group of broilers fed a diet containing .04%
      sorbic acid from Days 1 through 49 of their lives was compared with broilers
      given a diet without the fungistat. Four broilers from each group were killed at
      7, 21, 35, and 49 days, and intestinal sections of the duodenum, the lower small
      intestine, and both ceca were removed aseptically. Samples of the contents of the
      intestinal sections were analyzed microbiologically. Groups of microorganisms
      analyzed included total aerobes, total anaerobes, coliforms, streptococci,
      lactobacilli, clostridia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, yeasts, and molds.
      Generally, there was a large variation in viable counts of microorganisms for
      birds of the same treatment. Of the nine groups of microorganisms analyzed the
      highest counts obtained (greater than 10(6)/g) were for total aerobes, total
      anaerobes, lactobacilli, and Bifidobacterium. Coliforms, streptococci, and
      clostridia showed intermediate counts (greater than 10(3)/g), while yeasts and
      molds and Bacteroides showed the lowest counts (greater than 10(2)/g). Total
      microbial numbers, in most cases and irrespective of sorbic acid treatment, were
      highest in the ceca, lower in the small intestine, and still lower in the
      duodenum. There were no major trends of microbial population changes observed in
      a given treatment, intestinal location, or group of organisms with age and time
      on feed. Inclusion of sorbic acid in the feed did not influence total aerobes,
      total anaerobes, lactobacilli, streptococci, Bifidobacterium, and clostridia.
      However, broilers on sorbic acid-containing feed had, at 49 days of age, lower
      coliform counts in the duodenum, lower yeast and mold counts in the ceca, and
      higher Bacteroides counts in the ceca.

PMID- 4001072
TI  - Effects of sodium diacetate on the growth, feed efficiency, and intestinal
      microflora of broilers.
AB  - Three levels of sodium diacetate (.625, 1.25, and 3.75 g/kg diet) were
      incorporated into the diets of day-old broiler chicks. A control ration and a 20
      mg/kg aureomycin ration were fed to additional groups of chicks. Each treatment
      contained 40 chickens at 3 weeks; the number was reduced to 20 chickens at 5 and
      8 weeks. At 3 and 8 weeks of age, the large and small intestines of 5 chickens
      from each treatment were examined for selected microorganisms. Chick growth and
      feed efficiency were also recorded. The entire experiment was run twice, but in
      Trial 2 the lowest level of sodium diacetate treatment was replaced by a
      combination of sodium diacetate (.625 g/kg diet) and aureomycin (20 mg/kg diet).
      No improvement in the rate of growth was found in the sodium diacetate-treated
      groups, although additional weight gain was detected in aureomycin-fed groups at
      2 weeks of age. Improved feed efficiency in the treated groups (sodium diacetate
      and aureomycin) was observed in both trials at 2 weeks and at 3 weeks of age in
      Trial 1. No feed efficiency effects were observed after that time. The sodium
      diacetate-fed groups showed an increased lactobacilli population in the small
      intestine along with a concurrent decrease in streptococci. The effect of sodium
      diacetate in reducing total coliforms in the large intestine was more obvious at
      3 weeks than at 8 weeks. Aureomycin appeared to suppress the population of
      lactobacilli and total coliforms in this study. A combination of sodium diacetate
      and aureomycin failed to exhibit a synergistic effect either on the growth rate
      or on the intestinal microflora.

PMID- 4001073
TI  - Effect of heat drying of corn on the extraction of citrinin.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to determine if drying citrinin-contaminated corn at
      varying temperatures and times either bound citrinin or converted it to a
      derivative that could not be extracted from the grain. Sterilized whole corn was
      inoculated with spores of a Penicillium spp. that produces citrinin and was
      incubated for 8 weeks. Following incubation, the corn was mixed and divided into
      three portions. In Experiment 1, one portion was dried at room temperature and
      the other portions were dried at 65 C for either 40 or 72 hr. In Experiment 2,
      one portion was air-dried and the other portions were dried at 60 C for 24 hr or
      100 C for 3 hr. The corn was then ground to a texture suitable for feeding to
      chicks. Analysis of the corn indicated that temperature or length of drying time
      had no adverse effects on the extraction of citrinin from the corn. The citrinin
      was not rendered unextractable by either being bound because of heating or by
      being converted to a derivative. When fed to chicks for 5 hr, water consumption
      and urine excretion data indicated that there was no loss of citrinin activity
      because of method of drying.

PMID- 4001074
TI  - Incidence and in vitro acquisition of transferable drug resistance in Salmonella
      arizonae.
AB  - Fifty-eight cultures of Salmonella arizonae isolated in 1983 from poultry sources
      and 21 cultures isolated in 1972 to 1974 were screened for resistance to
      nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, triple sulfa, ampicillin, tetracycline,
      streptomycin, and kanamycin by the standardized disc susceptibility method.
      Sensitivity to all seven drugs was observed in 51% of the cultures tested (76% of
      the older cultures and 41% of the recent isolates). Resistance to two or more
      drugs was observed in 36% of the cultures tested (14% of the older cultures and
      43% of the newer ones). The highest incidence of resistance was to streptomycin.
      Salmonella arizonae cultures sensitive to all seven drugs were tested for the
      ability conjugatively to acquire kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and
      ampicillin resistance determinants from a multiply resistant strain of
      Escherichia coli K12NA. Complete or intermediate resistance to all antibiotics
      was transferred to 93% of the sensitive cultures at 41 C and 85% at 28 C.
      Kanamycin resistance was transferred most frequently, and ampicillin resistance
      least frequently.

PMID- 4001075
TI  - The effect of marginal levels of calcium, fish meal, torula yeast and alfalfa
      meal on feed intake, hepatic lipid accumulation, plasma estradiol, and egg shell
      quality among laying hens.
AB  - In two 2 X 3 factorial-design experiments, Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL)
      laying hens were fed either a corn-soy (CS) diet or one containing 5% each of
      fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast (FAY), each with 2.0, 2.75, or 3.5%
      calcium in Experiment 1 and 2.5, 3.5, or 4.5% in Experiment 2. Duration of the
      experiments were 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. Low dietary calcium resulted in
      decreased efficiency of energy utilization in both experiments and significantly
      elevated energy consumption in Experiment 2. Liver lipids and body weight were
      unaffected by dietary calcium level, and declines in both egg production and
      shell quality were observed in both studies. In Experiment 1, overall plasma
      estradiol and tibial bone ash were significantly reduced with lowered dietary
      calcium, but this was not observed in Experiment 2. Egg weight was significantly
      increased by decreased dietary calcium in Experiment 1. Plasma calcium was not
      affected by dietary calcium in either trial. Feeding FAY resulted in
      significantly lower liver lipid than feeding CS in both experiments, and similar
      but nonsignificant trends were realized for plasma estradiol. Tibial bone ash and
      egg-breaking strength were significantly higher for hens fed FAY in Experiment 1.
      In Experiment 2, plasma total calcium was lower and the percent shell was higher
      in hens fed FAY with 3.5% calcium than in hens fed CS with 3.5% calcium. No
      differences were observed between CS and FAY in feed consumption, body weight, or
      egg production. These studies indicate that feeding a more complex diet to laying
      hens may change calcium metabolism and improve shell quality at marginal levels
      of calcium compared with feeding a simplified CS diet.

PMID- 4001077
TI  - Methods of measuring energy utilization in broilers: effect of genetic line and
      presence of supplemental dietary fat.
AB  - A commercial line (CL) and genetically-selected lean (LL) and fat (FL) lines were
      fed a purified diet containing either 2% corn oil or 2% corn oil plus 7% animal
      vegetable fat. Both diets contained 23% crude protein and 3150 kcal nitrogen
      corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn)/kg. Apparent fat digestibility
      (AFD), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AMEn, true metabolizable energy
      (TME), and nitrogen-corrected TME (TMEn) were determined on birds fed ad lib or
      restricted to 25 g for 36 hr. The birds on the ad lib program were than killed
      for net energy of production (NEp) determination. Apparent fat digestibility
      increased (P less than .05) from 1 to 3 weeks of age for both diets. This
      resulted in significantly lower AME, AMEn, and TMEn at 1 week than at 3 weeks.
      True metabolizable energy was not affected (P greater than .05) by age. The AMEn
      and TMEn at 1 kg body weight were less precise on the restricted than on the ad
      lib program. The AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn determined by ad lib feeding at 1 kg
      body weight were not affected by line (P greater than .05) by line or diet.
      However, AME and AMEn from the same program were affected by line and diet.
      Nitrogen-correction of ME was only necessary for TME on the restricted program.
      Net energy of production was only different (P less than .05) among lines.
      Because of its greater precision, the AME assay with ad lib-fed birds is the
      preferred assay, at least at a young age.

PMID- 4001076
TI  - Dietary effects on content of hepatic lipid, plasma minerals, and tissue ascorbic
      acid in hens and estrogenized chicks.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if plasma mineral levels and plasma or
      hepatic ascorbic acid would be affected by the composition of the diet fed to
      chickens with higher circulating estrogen levels. Three-week-old broiler chicks
      were implanted with estradiol dipropionate to give estimated release rates of 0,
      3.2, and 8.0 micrograms/bird/day. The chicks were fed a corn-soy diet (CS) or a
      diet containing 5% fish meal, 5% alfalfa meal and 10% torula yeast (FAY). The FAY
      diet resulted in significantly lower hepatic lipid and plasma iron, copper,
      manganese, and zinc in chicks administered the highest level of estrogen. In two
      experiments laying hens were fed either CS or diets containing fish meal (FM),
      alfalfa meal (AM), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or wheat-soy (WS)
      for 4 weeks. In the first experiment, liver lipid content was not significantly
      affected by diet composition, but plasma iron was significantly reduced by the
      AM, DDGS, and WS diets. No significant effects on copper, manganese, and zinc in
      plasma were observed among the dietary treatments. In the second experiment,
      relative liver weight was significantly reduced with the AM, DDGS, and WS diets
      and liver lipid by the AM diet. Plasma iron levels were significantly reduced by
      feeding all diets compared with the CS diet, but no significant differences in
      total iron binding capacity were observed. Plasma and hepatic ascorbic acid were
      significantly increased by the AM, DDGS, and WS diets, but no significant
      differences in hepatic ascorbic acid were observed when calculated per unit of
      fat-free dry matter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4001078
TI  - Effects of coccidiostats and dietary protein on performance and water consumption
      in broiler chickens.
AB  - Two, 7-week floor pen experiments were conducted consecutively with male broilers
      and then female broilers to determine the effects of feeding salinomycin (60
      ppm), monensin (99 ppm), or lasalocid (125 ppm) at the following three levels of
      dietary protein: 1) that which meets National Research Council specifications
      (NRC, 1977), 2) that level deficient in sulfur amino acids (SAA), or 3) that
      deficient in protein. Group body weights, feed intake, and water consumption were
      noted at 28 and 49 days of age with feed efficiency and overall mortalities
      determined. Reducing SAA resulted in depressed (P less than .05) body weights at
      7 weeks in both experiments, whereas deficient protein reduced (P less than .05)
      growth, feed efficiency, and water consumption. Generally, inclusion of
      coccidiostats in the diet did not significantly hinder growth or feed efficiency.
      Feeding of coccidiostats in combination with the low protein diet did not produce
      additional anorexigenic effects. Although a significant lasalocid SAA-sparing
      effect was not observed, diet X coccidiostat interactions (P less than .05) were
      apparent and attributable to an apparent "protein-sparing" effect upon body
      weight gain when salinomycin was fed in combination with the low protein diet.
      Lasalocid increased water consumption (P less than .05) relative to monensin in
      the female broilers.

PMID- 4001079
TI  - Feeding pattern responses to changes in dietary energy or environmental
      temperature in the domestic fowl.
AB  - Two experiments using 64-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn roosters were
      conducted to determine the meal response to an abrupt change in dietary energy or
      environmental temperature. In the first experiment, dietary energy level was
      changed from 200 kcal to either 250 or 150 kcal/75 g. In the second experiment,
      environmental temperature was changed from 22.2 C to either 13.3 or 30.0 C.
      Feeding behavior was recorded throughout both experiments. Meal size, meal
      frequency, and time spent eating a meal were measured. Roosters changed to high
      energy or low-energy diets consumed low or high amounts of feed, respectively.
      Those fed the high-energy diet tended to decrease meal size and meal duration and
      to increase the number of meals. Roosters changed to the low-energy diet
      decreased meal size and meal duration and increased the number of meals eaten.
      The results tend to confirm the chemostatic mechanism in birds as food intake was
      related to energy in the diet. Roosters changed to high or low environmental
      temperature responded by decreasing or increasing their feed intake,
      respectively. Roosters changed to a high environmental temperature significantly
      decreased meal size, meal duration, and increased the number of meals. Those
      changed to a low environmental temperature significantly increased meal size and
      decreased meal frequency and meal duration.

PMID- 4001081
TI  - [The lung and alcohol].

PMID- 4001080
TI  - The effect of light duration on turkey poult performance and adrenal function.
AB  - Day-old tom poults were exposed to one of the following light treatments: 1)
      continuous incandescent light (24LL), 2) 23L:1D incandescent light, 3) 12L:12D
      incandescent light, or 4) natural day lengths only. Mortality was recorded daily.
      At Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8, after poult placement, body weights and feed
      consumption were measured. At each of these times, 10 poults were sacrificed from
      each treatment group for evaluation of plasma corticosterone. Day lengths
      utilized in this study had no consistent effect on poult-performance parameters
      except from 0 to 2 weeks of age. During this time, poults in the 24LL and 23L:1D
      treatments consumed less feed but were similar in body weight to poults in the
      other treatments. Adrenal function was also not consistently affected by day
      length. However, in all treatment groups plasma corticosterone was lowest during
      the first 2 weeks posthatching, when compared to hormone levels at 4, 6, and 8
      weeks. The lower corticosterone that occurred during the first 2 weeks
      posthatching may be involved in early poult mortality.

PMID- 4001082
TI  - [Bronchial obstruction caused by eyedrops].

PMID- 4001083
TI  - Stimulation of paraspecific defence mechanisms in the respiratory tract by
      inhalation of a bacterial lysate.

PMID- 4001084
TI  - [Surgical treatment of persistent and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax].

PMID- 4001085
TI  - [Late complication following Hytrast bronchography. In vivo dilution as a cause
      of severe alveolarization?].

PMID- 4001086
TI  - [Bioptic evaluation of myocardial sarcoidosis--a case report].

PMID- 4001087
TI  - [Prevalence of chronic nonspecific lung diseases in 5 regions of the Latvian
      S.S.R].

PMID- 4001088
TI  - [Causes of recurrence in pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001089
TI  - [Role of the obstruction of small bronchi in the pathogenesis of disorders of
      pulmonary gas exchange in patients with tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001090
TI  - [Manifestations of an obstructive syndrome in the area of tuberculous lesions in
      relation to morphological changes in the lungs].

PMID- 4001091
TI  - [Systemic diseases at a tuberculosis clinic].

PMID- 4001092
TI  - [Lung cancer among the cases of a tuberculosis hospital].

PMID- 4001093
TI  - [A roentgenodiagnostic algorithm in the detection of abdominal tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001095
TI  - [Methods of treating patients with pulmonary aspergillosis].

PMID- 4001094
TI  - [Treatment of patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis by the
      intracavitary administration of drugs].

PMID- 4001096
TI  - [Antibodies to tuberculin and collagen in patients with destructive forms of
      pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001097
TI  - [Morphological criteria of sarcoidosis].

PMID- 4001098
TI  - [Treatment of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax of different etiologies].

PMID- 4001099
TI  - [Effectiveness of various chemotherapy programs in patients with disseminated
      destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001100
TI  - [Aortic hemorrhage in primary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001101
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of lung diseases with bronchial obstruction].

PMID- 4001102
TI  - [Effectiveness of the centralized control of diagnosing and treating newly
      detected destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001103
TI  - [Microcirculatory changes during the chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001104
TI  - [Clinico-biochemical indices of silicotuberculosis patients undergoing treatment
      with antibacterial preparations combined with immunodepressants].

PMID- 4001105
TI  - [Allergic complications of antibacterial treatment in lung disease patients].

PMID- 4001106
TI  - [Effectiveness of the chemotuberculinotherapy of patients with destructive
      pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001108
TI  - [Effect of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer on the course and effectiveness of
      treating destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001107
TI  - [Pyrogenic agents in the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis patients suffering
      from alcoholism].

PMID- 4001109
TI  - [Effect of ultrasonic inhalations of antitubercular preparations on the air-blood
      barrier of the lung].

PMID- 4001110
TI  - [Hepatotoxicity of isoniazid].

PMID- 4001111
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of rifampicin and isoniazid penetration into the
      pathological foci of the lungs in tuberculosis patients].

PMID- 4001112
TI  - [Enzymatic diagnosis of kidney lesions in pulmonary tuberculosis patients].

PMID- 4001113
TI  - [Microthermal method of urine analysis in diagnosing drug allergy in tuberculosis
      patients].

PMID- 4001114
TI  - [Reparative changes in the wall of a tuberculous cavern following
      electrocoagulation].

PMID- 4001115
TI  - [Rare case of the primary pulmonary-mediastinal form of lymphogranulomatosis in a
      child].

PMID- 4001116
TI  - [Case of reticulohistiocytosis in an adolescent].

PMID- 4001117
TI  - [Lesions of the lungs of an allergic nature simulating tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001118
TI  - [Means of improving the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001119
TI  - A critical examination of empirical studies of the diagnosis of borderline
      disorders in adults.
AB  - The diagnosis of borderline disorders poses complex problems of a semantic and
      methodological nature. The various diagnostic criteria sets published are
      examined and compared. Gunderson's borderline personality disorder and the DSM
      III schizotypal and borderline disorders are recommended, as used with the
      structured interviews developed for them. Problems concerning the relationship of
      borderline disorders to the major psychoses, the importance of brief psychotic
      experiences, diagnostic efficiency of items, and various cut-off levels of
      criteria are discussed in detail, and proposals for further research are pointed
      out.

PMID- 4001120
TI  - A three-year study of caries prevalence, incidence and risk ages in cohorts of
      schoolchildren in Espoo, Finland.

PMID- 4001121
TI  - Timing of the first attack of caries on the permanent teeth in cohorts of
      schoolchildren in Espoo, Finland.

PMID- 4001122
TI  - The opinions of municipal authorities on fluorides. Kuopio compared with the
      national sample.

PMID- 4001123
TI  - Effect of long-term use of xylitol on dental plaque.

PMID- 4001124
TI  - Trends in the oral hygiene habits of Finnish teenagers.

PMID- 4001125
TI  - [Sugar-induced caries affected by added fluoride and magnesium using a caries
      model].

PMID- 4001126
TI  - [Caries of the deciduous teeth and dental care of Finnish children].

PMID- 4001127
TI  - Parametric versus nonparametric tests in caries studies based on DMF index.

PMID- 4001129
TI  - Correlation between bioassay and radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin in human
      serum and urine concentrates.
AB  - Both immunoreactive erythropoietin (Ep) and biologically active Ep were measured
      in 23 samples of human serum and 21 concentrates of human urine. Immunoreactive
      Ep was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Biological activity was determined in
      the plethoric mouse bioassay in which 59Fe incorporation was converted to units
      of Ep from standard reference curves. Low values for Ep were determined from
      standard curves plotted as probits to improve sensitivity for levels of Ep as low
      as 30 mU/ml. Ep levels in 35 samples ranged between 30 and 1000 mU/ml by both
      assays; in 9 samples Ep was 15.2-37.5 mU/ml by RIA but was not detectable by
      bioassay. Analysis of the data for the 35 samples in which Ep could be measured
      by both assays showed a strong correlation between the values obtained by the two
      assays. These results indicate that the RIA used in these experiments detects
      biologically active Ep in human serum and urine when it is present in amounts
      only moderately higher than normal. The ultrafiltration method used for
      preparation of urine samples was effective in concentrating Ep in some urines,
      but the results were too erratic and nonquantitative to permit its use as a
      method for quantifying human urinary Ep excretion.

PMID- 4001128
TI  - Changes in tissue histamine during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and
      pseudopregnancy in the golden hamster.
AB  - The histamine content of reproductive tissues and skeletal muscle was determined
      in the golden hamster during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and pseudopregnancy.
      Histidine decarboxylase activity was measured in uterine implantation sites and
      intersites from Day 4 to Day 10 of pregnancy. Histidine decarboxylase was also
      measured in mesometria and placentas on selected days of gestation. During the
      estrous cycle, uterine and skeletal muscle histamine levels were highest on Day 2
      and lowest on Day 4 of the cycle. The ovarian histamine content did not change
      significantly among the different stages of the cycle. While the histamine
      content of uterine implantation sites of attachment was high on Days 4 and
      measurable on Days 5 and 6 of pregnancy, the levels were below the limits of
      detection by Day 7. On the other hand, the highest levels of histamine were in
      the uterine interimplantation sites on Days 8 and 9. The ovarian levels of
      histamine were highest on Day 13 of pregnancy. Histamine in skeletal muscle did
      not change significantly during pregnancy. The histidine decarboxylase activity
      in the implantation sites began rising on Day 9 and increased dramatically on Day
      10. Placental histidine decarboxylase activity was very high on Days 13 and 15.
      Overall, we observed changes in uterine and skeletal muscle histamine during the
      estrous cycle that may be explainable in light of previously reported changes in
      mast cell numbers and circulating estrogens. During pregnancy, histamine levels
      of implantation sites and implantation intersites varied, as did the histamine
      content of ovarian tissue. Histidine decarboxylase activity rises in the uterus
      and placental tissue after the formation of the placenta.

PMID- 4001130
TI  - Isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete from mammals in Minnesota.
AB  - Lyme disease spirochetes were isolated from the kidneys of two Peromyscus spp.
      trapped in Minnesota in September and October 1983. No spirochetes were isolated
      from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red backed voles (Clethrionomys
      gapperi), or shrews (Sorexy cinereus and Blarina brevicauda). This is the first
      report of the isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete from the midwestern United
      States and isolations from these animals, which were free of ticks, suggest that
      the Lyme disease spirochete may persist in animal organs for months.

PMID- 4001131
TI  - Characterization of a heat stable, 12,000 Da, glucagon-like immunoreactive (GLI)
      peptide from porcine ileum that stimulates hepatic glucose production in vivo and
      in vitro.
AB  - Glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) was extracted from porcine ileal mucosa with
      boiling 2 M HAc followed by elution on DEAE A-50 and fractionation on Sephadex G
      50 F. Intact GLI was isolated from mesenteric blood by fractionation of several
      plasma samples from a mesenteric vein of a dog on Sephadex G-50 M followed by
      refractionation of the pooled GLI from these columns on G-50 F. Analysis of the
      semipurified mucosal and plasma GLI on Sephadex G-50 SF, eluted with 0.1 M
      Tris/HCl + 8 M urea, pH 7.5, demonstrated a single, sharp peak of GLI with a
      relative molecular mass (Mr) between 12,000 and 13,000. Electrophoresis on PAGE
      gels at acid pH with 2 M urea demonstrated a single charged GLI species in both
      the plasma and mucosal fractions. Stimulation of the release of GLI from a loop
      of ileum isolated in situ in an anesthetized dog followed removal of the known
      sources of glucagon (stomach, pancreas, and duodenum) resulted in an immediate
      and sustained increase in hepatic glucose production. The isolated GLI from ileal
      mucosa (5 X 10(-8) M) stimulated gluconeogenesis from 10 mM [14C]alanine in
      hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. The stimulation was equal to 25% of the
      maximal stimulation observed with 10(-8) M glucagon. These experiments
      demonstrate that the ileum synthesizes and secretes a GLI peptide with a Mr of
      approximately 12,000 that stimulates hepatic glucose production in vivo and in
      vitro.

PMID- 4001132
TI  - Zinc and Chlamydia trachomatis.
AB  - Zinc was noted to have significant effects upon the infection of McCoy cells by
      each of two strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. With a high or low Chlamydia
      inoculant, the number of infected cells increased up to 200% utilizing
      supplemental zinc (up to 1 X 10(-4) M) in the inoculation media compared with
      standard Chlamydia cultivation media (8 X 10(-6) M zinc). Ferric chloride and
      calcium chloride did not effect any such changes. Higher concentrations of zinc,
      after 2 hr of incubation with Chlamydia, significantly decreased the number of
      inclusions. This direct effect of zinc on the Chlamydia remained constant after
      further repassage of the Chlamydia without supplemental zinc, suggesting a lethal
      effect of the zinc. Supplemental zinc (up to 10(-4)M) may prove to be a useful
      addition to inoculation media to increase the yield of culturing for Chlamydia
      trachomatis. Similarly, topical or oral zinc preparations used by people may
      alter their susceptivity to Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

PMID- 4001133
TI  - Effects of chronic caffeine ingestion on growth and myocardial function.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to determine whether chronic caffeine consumption
      during early growth and development affected cardiac performance and development
      of adipose tissue. Dams were fed a nutritionally complete diet with or without
      the addition of 10 mg/kg caffeine during lactation. After weaning, the pups were
      maintained on this diet until they were sacrificed at 88 days of age. Body weight
      at the time of sacrifice was comparable for both groups. The hearts from caffeine
      fed animals were significantly (P less than 0.05) larger based on both dry and
      wet weights although the dry weight/wet weight ratios were similar. Ventricular
      function curves were generated on each heart using an isolated working heart
      preparation. The isolated hearts of caffeine-fed rats exhibited a significant
      reduction in cardiac output, stroke volume, mean aortic pressure, and estimated
      myocardial work when compared to controls. The rats fed caffeine had greater
      plasma triglyceride levels with no significant differences in adipocyte size or
      number in the epididymal and perirenal depots. It is concluded that chronic
      caffeine intake from birth may alter cardiac function of the offspring.

PMID- 4001135
TI  - Contemporary sensory neurobiology. Proceedings of the third symposium of the
      Galveston Chapter of the Society for Neuroscience. Galveston, Texas, May 14 and
      14, 1984.

PMID- 4001134
TI  - Chronic infusion of low doses of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF Arg 101-Tyr 126)
      reduces blood pressure in conscious SHR without apparent changes in sodium
      excretion.
AB  - Conscious SHR and WKY rats were infused during 7 days with synthetic ANF (Arg 101
      Tyr 126), 100 ng/hr/rat (35 pmol/hr/rat) by means of miniosmotic pumps. The SHR
      initial blood pressure of 177 +/- 5 mmHg gradually dropped to 133 +/- 3 and 142
      +/- 4 mmHg the last two days of infusion. No significant change in blood pressure
      was observed in the ANF-infused WKY group. No apparent difference in natriuresis
      or diuresis was observed in ANF-infused SHR and WKY when compared with non
      infused control groups. A slight but significant lower immunoreactive ANF
      concentration was found in the atria of SHR than in their normotensive controls.
      No difference in cardiac weight was found between infused and non-infused rats.
      It is suggested that the hypotensive response observed in SHR and not in WKY is
      due to a decrease in vascular peripheral resistance. Whether ANF is involved in
      the development and maintenance of high blood pressure in SHR remains to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 4001136
TI  - Laryngeal receptors responding to respiratory events.

PMID- 4001137
TI  - Modulation of baroreceptor activity.

PMID- 4001139
TI  - Morphological characteristics of neurons in the inferior and superior divisions
      of scarpa's ganglion in the gerbil.

PMID- 4001138
TI  - A light and transmission electron microscope study of the neural processes within
      the pigeon anterior semicircular canal neuroepithelium.
AB  - This report addresses two questions. First, what is the incidence and
      distribution of multiple type I hair cells within a single NC in the pigeon's
      anterior semicircular canal crista? Second, are the synaptic structures found in
      the avian anterior crista similar to those found in the mammalian crista and if
      so are they different for single and multiple hair cell calyxes? Three pigeon
      anterior cristae were studied using interference LM and one pigeon anterior
      crista was studied using TEM. The light microscope studies showed that about 28%
      of the NCs studied contained a single type I hair cell; 64% contained 2-5 type I
      hair cells; and about 8% contained 6-12 type I hair cells. It was noted that the
      largest number of type I hair cells/unit area was located on the lower slopes of
      the crista while the smallest number of type I hair cells/unit area was located
      on the upper slopes and apex of the crista. The TEM studies showed that of 51
      hair cells studied, 35% were type II hair cells and 65% were type I hair cells.
      These studies also showed that synaptic structures described in mammals are also
      seen in the pigeon. So far, in our preliminary studies we have been unable to
      demonstrate any difference in synaptic structures associated with single calyxes
      and those associated with multiple calyxes.

PMID- 4001140
TI  - Central projections of first order vestibular neurons innervating the sacculus
      and posterior canal in the gerbil.

PMID- 4001141
TI  - White-noise analysis as a tool in visual physiology.

PMID- 4001142
TI  - Molecular analysis of a visual mutation in Drosophila.

PMID- 4001143
TI  - Photochemical decomposition of phenazone derivatives. Part 6: Effect of
      substituents on mass fragmentation and photochemical stability.
AB  - Mass spectra (EI) of phenazone, aminophenazone, 4-aminophenazone, noramidopyrine,
      isopropyl-aminophenazone, niphenazone, propylphenazone and morazone are obtained.
      The fragmentation pathways are discussed and the mechanisms of spectrometric
      fragmentation, as well as their similarities and differences within the group
      under investigation, are determined. A Hammett relationship is found to hold
      between the intensity of certain ions and the type of substituent on the C-4
      positions. Certain similarities are established between photochemical
      decomposition and spectroscopic fragmentation, and it is suggested that MS may
      prove useful when making predictions concerning the photochemical stability of
      phenazone derivatives.

PMID- 4001144
TI  - [Effect of tensides on the dissolution rate and crystal pattern of
      propylphenazone].
AB  - Propyphenazone has been recrystallized from different polarity solvents by means
      of various non-ionic tensides (Tween 20 and 80, Brij 35 and Myrj 51) and the
      ionic sodium lauryl sulphate. The tenside amount adsorbed by propyphenazone could
      be determined by measurements of the surface tension. Differences between the
      adsorption of the non-ionic tensides and the ionic product could be stated.
      Differences of the crystal areas can be eliminated by adding tensides to polar
      and apolar solvents. All the recrystallization products distinguish by a
      significant increase of the dissolution rate.

PMID- 4001145
TI  - Studies on the release of solubilized drugs from ointment bases. Part 9:
      Modelling of drug release process of active substance from emulsive ointments
      (W/O)--the mathematical model.
AB  - A new mathematical model of the release process of solubilized active substance
      from emulsive (W/O) ointments is proposed. This model is based on Fick's
      diffusion law and additional assumptions. The most important assumption is
      recognition of the heterogeneous character of emulsive ointments. An equation has
      been derived, which expresses the functional relationship between the quantity of
      substance liberated from the ointment and the period of release.

PMID- 4001146
TI  - Serum levels of procaine in human after peri-oral injections.
AB  - Doses of procaine for dental purposes have been assessed previously as a result
      of studies of circulating blood levels of procaine after injection of the drug at
      body sites other than the mouth. This paper reports results of a study of
      circulating procaine levels in ten healthy volunteers who received 1.8 ml
      injections of 2% procaine hydrochloride at a defined peri-oral site. General
      dental practice conditions were simulated as closely as possible. In addition,
      procaine pharmacokinetics following peri-oral administration were studied. The
      serum concentration-time data were found to obey the one-compartment open model
      adequately with first-order absorption and elimination rates.

PMID- 4001147
TI  - Application of the modified one-compartment open model in pharmacokinetic
      investigations.
AB  - A simple method which uses a one-compartment open model to describe changes of
      concentration of a drug in blood plasma after rapid i.v. injection is described.
      Application of this method makes it possible to reduce the number of parameters
      which are necessary to describe experimental data.

PMID- 4001148
TI  - [Improvement of the dissolution behavior of problem drugs. 3. X-ray diffraction
      measurement of iomeglamic acid/succinic acid solid dispersions].

PMID- 4001149
TI  - [Rheologic study of Eudispert-ammonium hydrogels. 1].

PMID- 4001150
TI  - [Molecular galenical evaluation of the conventional handling of solids in
      homeopathy].

PMID- 4001151
TI  - On the importance of ideals.

PMID- 4001152
TI  - Allies in the laboratory? The effects of university-industry relationships on
      academic biotechnology research.

PMID- 4001153
TI  - Osler's bedside library revisited.

PMID- 4001154
TI  - Past and present.

PMID- 4001155
TI  - The United States-Mexico border: health problems and opportunities.

PMID- 4001156
TI  - Computer controlled microwave system for clinical hyperthermia.
AB  - A hyperthermia system which has been developed for clinical use is described.
      Different direct-contact applicators working at the ISM microwave frequency of
      915 MHz are used for inducing heat in superficial tumours to a depth of about 3
      cm. The system is a further development of an earlier prototype which worked at
      2450 MHz. The microwave generator is controlled by a microcomputer governed by
      temperature measurements with thermistor probes inserted into the tissue. To
      minimise the influence of the interaction between the microwaves and the
      temperature probes, a pulsed irradiation technique is used. Up to July 1984, 80
      superficial tumours had been treated with radiotherapy combined with local
      hyperthermia applied using this system.

PMID- 4001157
TI  - A comparison of two methods for assessing the performance of the display system
      of a clinical radioisotope imaging device.
AB  - Two ways of measuring the performance of the display system of a clinical
      radioisotope imaging device are considered: (i) using the method of constant
      stimuli; and (ii) using signal detection theory. The adjustment of a rectilinear
      scanner with multicolour, equal bandwidth, linear ribbon for better abnormality
      detection is discussed. A comparison was made between setting the maximum counts
      at the edge and at the middle of a colour band using the two methods. It was
      found that setting up the maximum counts at the middle of the band rather than at
      the edge favours easy detection by both methods independently.

PMID- 4001158
TI  - An x-ray detector system and modified simulator providing CT images for
      radiotherapy dosimetry planning.
AB  - A high count rate position-sensitive detector was developed in order to obtain CT
      information using a modified radiotherapy simulator. The detector is attached to
      one arm of the simulator gantry and acquires projection data from a fan beam of X
      rays derived from the simulator X-ray tube. The scanner is designed principally
      for planning the dosimetry of breast cancer radiotherapy. During the collection
      of transmission projection data, suitable for the digital reconstruction of
      patient cross sections, the simulator gantry rotates continuously through about
      360 degrees. A film cassette holder can be positioned above the detector to
      provide conventional simulator check films. Cross sections through patients
      receiving post-operative radiotherapy for breast cancer were reconstructed from
      projections acquired with the patient lying in the treatment position. These
      scans are an average over the breathing cycle. The outlines of internal anatomy
      and the patient external contour were used to produce treatment plans which
      include tissue inhomogeneity corrections. The data produced by this wide aperture
      CT scanner are suitable for planning those conditions in which radiotherapy is
      delivered to an organ such as the breast or the whole body, rather than to a
      localised lesion.

PMID- 4001159
TI  - Beta dosimetry with newly developed graphite mixed TL detectors.
AB  - The characteristics of thermoluminescent dosemeters prepared from graphite mixed
      with sintered MgB4O7:Dy are presented for beta ray dosimetry. These dosemeters
      are attractive for beta ray dosimetry since the material combines low
      transparency with near tissue equivalence and high sensitivity, thus enabling
      skin dose to be assessed from low energy beta emitters in accordance with the
      ICRP recommendations. Results from practical field experiments are also
      presented.

PMID- 4001160
TI  - 1H NMR chemical shift selective (CHESS) imaging.

PMID- 4001162
TI  - Fading properties of thermoluminescent materials.

PMID- 4001161
TI  - The spatial mapping of translational diffusion coefficients by the NMR imaging
      technique.

PMID- 4001163
TI  - Estimating the composition of tissue gained or lost from measurements of
      elementary body composition.
AB  - Studies of relationships between changes in body constituents resulting from
      disease or treatment can, in principle, give information about the composition of
      the tissues gained or lost. Frequently, however, the random errors of measurement
      are of similar magnitude to the changes measured, so that standard statistical
      methods such as linear regression analysis give biased estimates of the
      parameters in the relationships. Possible ways of obtaining better estimates are
      discussed and models suitable for two types of experiment are described. In the
      first, patients are measured before and after the changes; in the second,
      patients are measured only after the changes have occurred and their results
      compared with those for a group of control subjects assumed to be representative
      of the patients before they became ill. The models have been used to analyse
      losses of total body nitrogen and potassium as a result of surgery and of
      disease. The results suggest that patients who underwent surgical operation lost
      1.7 mmol K per g N. Those who suffered from disease lost 2.0 mmol K per g N, but
      also lost, on average, 234 mmol K independently of N. Conventional linear
      regression analysis would have led to very different conclusions, emphasising the
      importance of applying appropriate models to the analysis of such data.

PMID- 4001164
TI  - Optimal CT settings for bone evaluations.
AB  - In CT densitometry the precision, sensitivity and accuracy of the procedure are
      limited by photon noise, the degree of tissue differentiation and artefacts
      caused by the finite size of the x-ray beam, hardening of the x-rays and
      scattered radiation. These artefacts are highly dependent on the CT settings,
      such as x-ray spectrum and effective energy, intensity of photon flux and
      collimation of the beam. To monitor the progression of a disease or the efficacy
      of a therapy, longitudinal studies are necessary; thus the radiation dose per
      examination should be kept at a minimum. For bone evaluation of the peripheral
      skeleton it is shown that there is a narrow optimal energy range of 30-40 keV
      where a dose below 150 mu Sv is sufficient to detect a change of 1% in trabecular
      bone density at the 0.1 confidence level. Concomitantly accuracy might be better
      than 1% if adequate beam collimation is applied.

PMID- 4001165
TI  - How may external and interstitial illumination be compared in laser photodynamic
      therapy?

PMID- 4001166
TI  - Motor sequencing strategies in school-aged children.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to gain further insight into the normal development
      of praxis in children and to identify some of the learning strategies used by
      children during a motor-sequencing task. I analyzed the errors made by
      kindergarten and third-grade children during a motor-sequencing task and their
      reported memory strategies. I studied the following three groups of children:
      kindergarteners who could not learn the motor-sequencing task, kindergarteners
      who did learn the task, and third graders. The groups were significantly
      different with respect to age, their ability to perform a cognitive sequencing
      task, the number of perseverations made during the motor task, and the time
      required to perform a correctly recalled motor sequence. The kindergarteners
      tended to use kinesthetic coding for recall, and third graders more often used
      verbal rehearsal. The notion that motor sequencing develops along an orderly
      continuum with increasing age was supported. The results suggest that when
      teaching children motor-sequencing tasks, learning is enhanced by using verbal
      rehearsal of relevant movement labels.

PMID- 4001167
TI  - Efficacy of physical therapy for patients who have undergone mastectomies. A
      prospective study.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine if differences existed between a group of
      49 patients who had undergone mastectomies and who received postoperative
      physical therapy and a group of 41 similar patients who did not. Preoperative and
      postoperative data were obtained for each patient from goniometric measurements
      of shoulder abduction, flexion, and external rotation; upper extremity
      circumferential measurements; and patient self-report on 10 functional assessment
      items. While age was controlled, an analysis of variance was used to test the
      effects of physical therapy and the side of surgery in relation to the dominant
      hand. No clinically significant differences were found between the groups for
      circumferential data. Goniometric measurements demonstrated that,
      postoperatively, the group receiving physical therapy had better shoulder range
      of motion and less difficulty with all functional assessment items. The results
      suggest that patients receiving postmastectomy physical therapy achieve better
      functional outcomes than those who do not.

PMID- 4001168
TI  - Values of activities of daily living. A survey of stroke patients and their home
      therapists.
AB  - People's values influence their actions and efforts. Based on the assumption that
      a patient's values can be a guide to successful rehabilitation, the values of 15
      activities of daily living as perceived by stroke patients and their home
      therapists were studied. Twenty-six stroke patients living at home and their 10
      visiting occupational and physical therapists participated in the study. The
      study results indicated that the relative importance of each activity of daily
      living perceived by the patient group and by the therapist group was similar.
      Among the 29 therapist-patient pairs, however, only 1 pair showed significantly
      similar views regarding the values of these activities to the patient. Patients'
      age, gender, income level, duration since onset of stroke, impaired body side,
      and independence level in activities were significantly related to their values
      of certain activities of daily living. The relative value stroke patients living
      at home place on each activity of daily living could serve as a guide for
      sequencing learning steps during activities of daily living training in a
      hospital or rehabilitation setting. Determining patient rehabilitation goals as
      influenced by personal values may shorten rehabilitation time, be more cost
      effective, and aid in the retention of gains made in the rehabilitation setting.

PMID- 4001169
TI  - Developing effective questionnaires.
AB  - Many research questions are effectively answered by collecting data about the
      opinions, beliefs, and perceptions of large numbers of persons in widely
      dispersed areas. The questionnaire is an economical means of gathering such
      information. Properly designed questionnaires can collect valid and reliable data
      for analyzing a research problem. This article reviews fundamental principles of
      questionnaire design and presents a matrix to guide the construction of a
      questionnaire. Methods to avoid common problems and pitfalls in developing a
      questionnaire are also presented. Field testing is recommended to ensure validity
      and reliability.

PMID- 4001170
TI  - Air splint in preprosthetic rehabilitation of lower extremity amputated limbs. A
      clinical report.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to discuss the merits of the air splint in the
      preprosthetic rehabilitation of lower extremity amputated limbs. We describe
      various methods to control postoperative edema and discuss the advantages and
      disadvantages of each. The protocol to apply and maintain the air splint and the
      advantages of this method over other methods are described. We believe the air
      splint is a very successful method available to all health care providers for
      safely controlling postoperative edema in a timely and effective manner.

PMID- 4001172
TI  - Mentorship: a relationship important to professional development. A special
      communication.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to review the concept and implications of
      mentorship. In this article, mentorship refers to the process by which a senior
      interacts one-to-one in a personal relationship with a less powerful and less
      experienced subordinate to develop the skills of the subordinate. Obstacles to
      mentorship and methods of fostering mentorship are discussed. By recognizing the
      importance of mentorship in professional development, by being sensitive to some
      of the common barriers to its implementation, and by taking forthright steps to
      encourage its use, a greater reliance on mentorship can be exercised to the
      benefit of our profession.

PMID- 4001171
TI  - Treatment strategies for emotional-motivational blocks to motor functioning in
      children.
AB  - This article presents causes of poor motor performance in children other than
      intrinsic physical disabilities and describes treatment of those problems
      involving behavioral barriers. Chief among these are motivational-emotional
      handicaps in the form of lack of confidence, dependence ("learned helplessness"),
      impulsivity, restlessness, and lethargy. An observational check list for the
      identification of these nonphysical sources of failure has recently been
      published as part of the revision of the Stott-Moyes-Henderson Test of Motor
      Impairment (TOMI-R). The affected children erect defenses against motor
      challenges by either a frightened refusal to attempt a task (inhibition) or
      unconscious avoidance strategies such as distractibility, or defeatism. We give
      guidelines for helping children overcome each of these drawbacks and illustrate
      in detail the procedures for four of the tasks used in the TOMI-R.

PMID- 4001173
TI  - Clinical reasoning process in physical therapy.
AB  - The purpose of this descriptive study was to analyze physical therapists'
      clinical problem solving and compare the results with physicians' clinical
      problem solving. Ten skilled physical therapy clinicians were observed as they
      performed an initial interview with a patient. Their performance was audiotaped
      and later analyzed. The therapists defined their problem lists and developed
      treatment plans early in the interview, as they gathered data. This clinical
      problem-solving sequence is comparable to a method reported in the literature
      that is used by physicians. This model of clinical problem solving based on
      actual performance of clinicians can be used to train physical therapy students
      and, perhaps, to refine clinical evaluation skills.

PMID- 4001174
TI  - Chapter-organized community support of entry-level physical therapy education. A
      special communication.

PMID- 4001175
TI  - The photodynamic effects on V-79 Chinese hamster cells.

PMID- 4001176
TI  - Cellular alterations in shock and ischemia and their correction.

PMID- 4001177
TI  - Current concepts in photoreceptor physiology.

PMID- 4001179
TI  - Careers for physiologists in departments of biological and animal sciences.

PMID- 4001178
TI  - Medical and behavioral benefits from primate research.

PMID- 4001180
TI  - Prolonged ethanol consumption influences shuttle box and passive avoidance
      performance in rats.
AB  - Rats were chronically maintained on an ethanol liquid diet for 16 days. Three
      weeks after cessation of ethanol intake, animals were tested for the acquisition
      of shuttle box avoidance and the retention of passive avoidance behaviour.
      Alcohol consuming rats showed a significant impairment of acquisition in the
      shuttle box task, and a slight impairment in the retention of the passive
      avoidance response. It is concluded that ethanol or its metabolites can induce
      long-term effects on learning and memory processes, even after cessation of drug
      consumption.

PMID- 4001181
TI  - Evidence of incomplete behavioral sexual differentiation in obese male Zucker
      rats.
AB  - Genetically obese male Zucker rats displayed lower rates of intromission behavior
      and ejaculated in significantly fewer tests than lean Zucker littermates. After
      castration and daily injections of a low dosage (5 micrograms/kg) or estradiol
      benzoate (EB) followed by progesterone (1 mg/kg), obese males displayed
      significantly higher lordosis quotients than lean controls. Continued daily
      administration of higher (10, 15 micrograms/kg) dosages of EB followed by
      progesterone caused significant reductions in lordotic responsiveness in obese
      males but not in lean controls. Thus, deficient masculine coital performance was
      correlated with altered receptive responsiveness to ovarian steroids in obese
      Zucker male rats. This suggests that the sexual differentiation of the developing
      brain may be deficient in obese Zucker males.

PMID- 4001182
TI  - The voluntary correction of sodium deficiency by the rabbit.
AB  - The behaviour involved in the correction of sodium deficit has been studied in
      wild rabbits and also laboratory bred rabbits. They were offered 0.5 M NaCl to
      drink. In adrenalectomized wild rabbits variable sodium deficits were produced by
      withdrawal of mineralocorticoid for 24-72 hr. Correction of the deficit was
      remarkably precise and was achieved in 9-24 hr, being slower with smaller
      deficits. That is, the rate of drinking was almost commensurate with the degree
      of body deficit. No overdrinking occurred by 24 hr. Repetition of the experiment
      with 24 hr deficiency and with the offer of a cafeteria of 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M KCl,
      0.25 M CaCl2 and 0.25 M MgCl2 showed the increased appetite was specific for
      NaCl. Both wild and laboratory rabbits, adrenally intact, were made sodium
      deficient by the diuretic furosemide. Voluntary salt intake did not peak until 6
      12 hr later reflecting the characteristic delay in the genesis of salt appetite.
      If presentation of salt were delayed 24 hr after furosemide, the highest rate of
      intake was seen immediately in both wild and laboratory rabbits, but the wild
      rabbits were much faster in fully correcting body deficit. Infusion of isotonic
      NaCl, adequate to correct the deficit, given during the third-sixth hour of
      access to NaCl under the 24 hr delay of presentation regime, halved salt appetite
      over this period, and by 9-12 hr it was abolished. Polyethylene glycol induced
      subcutaneous fluid sequestration, salt appetite and thirst but caused an obvious
      severe deterioration in the animals condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4001183
TI  - Disruption of tactile discrimination in rats by bilateral stimulation of midbrain
      lemniscal pathways.
AB  - Bilateral stimulation in the midbrain medial lemniscus disrupted tactile
      discrimination in four of nine rats. Single conditioning shocks in the midbrain
      of these animals attenuated by more than 80% the somatosensory cortical evoked
      responses elicited by test shocks to the contralateral forepaw. Midbrain
      stimulation did not selectively disrupt discrimination in the remaining five
      rats, and midbrain conditioning shocks attenuated the cortical test response by
      less than 80% on at least one side. The four rats that showed disrupted
      discrimination and bilaterally strong attenuation of cortical responses also had
      both midbrain electrodes in or next to the medial lemniscus. The five rats that
      did not show these effects had at least one midbrain electrode away from that
      structure.

PMID- 4001184
TI  - Hoffmann reflex variations produced by task demand characteristics.
AB  - It has been shown that monosynaptic reflexes could be facilitated or inhibited
      during tasks differing in nature. The amplitude of the Hoffmann reflex (H reflex)
      and heart rate have been studied during the performance of two versions of a
      mental task and a tracking task varying in degree of difficulty. Modification of
      the H reflex does not depend upon the nature of the task. A slight increase in
      cardiac rhythm and a facilitation of H reflex during easy tasks and a marked
      increase in cardiac rhythm associated with inhibition of H reflex during
      difficult tasks were observed. The increase in H reflex would be due to an
      activation of the reticular formation. The inhibition of motor response can be
      attributed to an effortful process which develops when the tasks become
      difficult.

PMID- 4001185
TI  - Lateralized state-dependent learning produced by hippocampal kindled convulsions:
      effect of split-brain.
AB  - In previous experiments, it was demonstrated that convulsions kindled from a
      ventral hippocampal focus in rats supported state-dependent learning which tended
      to lateralized to, and asymmetrical in, the right hemisphere. The question of the
      differential contribution of the left and right hippocampus to the production of
      state-dependency can best be addressed through confining the seizure to one or
      the other hemisphere via commissurotomy. In the present investigation, then,
      commissurally-intact and split-brain rats were implanted with bilateral
      hippocampal electrodes, then a left or a right focus was kindled. Later
      behavioral testing in an aversive inhibitory avoidance (IA) paradigm, revealed
      that intact animals, both left and right kindled groups, displayed good state
      dependency. Split-brain animals, however, exhibited differential state-dependent
      responses to convulsive stimulation. Those kindled in the left hippocampus showed
      good retention when the conditions of seizure during training and testing were
      the same (same-state conditions), while showing deficient recall in changed-state
      conditions (a good state-dependent profile). On the other hand, those kindled in
      the right hippocampus displayed good retention of the IA experience in both same-
      and changed-state conditions. Differential recall after a left versus a right
      hippocampal convulsion in split-brain animals could not be accounted for in terms
      of differential seizure parameters, laterality of afterdischarge, extent of
      extracommissural damage or the extent of the actual transection. Possible
      mechanisms underlying this effect were discussed.

PMID- 4001186
TI  - Estrogen action in anterior and ventromedial hypothalamus and the modulation of
      heterosexual behavior in female golden hamsters.
AB  - Changes in heterosexual patterns of agonistic, marking, and sexual behavior were
      examined in female hamsters over a three day period following implantation of
      either estrogen or cholesterol in the hypothalamus. Animals were habituated to
      large arenas that permit the display of a wide range of behavior. Estrogen
      implants located in the ventromedial (VMH) but not the anterior (AH) portion of
      the hypothalamus were effective in facilitating the occurrence of vaginal
      marking, over a two day estrogen priming period. During this two day period, the
      exhibition of agonistic behavioral patterns declined significantly. Systemic
      administration of progesterone elicited sexual receptivity in 75% of the females
      in the VMH group, in contrast to only 25% in the AH group. Females with
      hypothalamic implants of cholesterol remained unreceptive following progesterone
      injections. The results provide important information on the estrogen sites of
      action at the hypothalamus in mediating heterosexual interactions.

PMID- 4001187
TI  - Flicker detection in the albino rat following light-induced retinal damage.
AB  - The effect of light-induced retinal damage on the behaving rat's critical flicker
      fusion frequency (CFF) was studied by determining the CFF at scotopic and
      photopic luminances both before and after exposure to damaging light. The CFF was
      reduced but not abolished following damaging light exposure. The shapes of the
      functions relating CFF to luminance before and after exposure suggested that
      scotopic visual function may have survived the light damage better than did
      photopic function. Anatomical and biochemical measures of retinal damage
      indicated that 91-93% of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and 99% of the rodopsin
      had been lost.

PMID- 4001188
TI  - Neonatal androgen influences sexual motivation but not the masculine copulatory
      motor pattern in the rat.
AB  - Masculine sexual responses displayed by female rats, were compared to those of
      males. Twenty-five percent of females mounted and 19% showed intromission
      behavior, but none of them displayed the ejaculation pattern. Masculine sexual
      behavior was displayed in all stages of the estrous cycle. Accelerometric and
      spectrum frequency analysis of electrical signals generated by pelvic movements
      during mounting and intromission showed that these patterns were identical in
      both sexes excepting that mount duration in females was longer than in males.
      Neonatal androgenization of females increased the display of intromission
      patterns. Treatment of ovariectomized rats, androgenized or not, with either
      estradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate stimulated masculine sexual
      behavior. The ejaculatory pattern was only displayed by neonatally androgenized
      females. Mounting and intromission motor patterns of females under steroid
      treatment, and ejaculations of neonatally androgenized females, were similar to
      those of males. The results show that the organization of the movements involved
      in masculine sexual behavior in rats are identical in both sexes, thus suggesting
      that the neural circuits controlling these behaviors could be identical. Neonatal
      or postpubertal androgen in the rat influences the frequency with which male-like
      responses are displayed, but not their temporal (frequency, rhythm) or dynamic
      (acceleration, vigour) characteristics.

PMID- 4001189
TI  - Effects of hypothalamic lesions on central gray stimulation induced escape
      behavior and on withdrawal reactions in the rat.
AB  - The effects of unilateral--medial or lateral--hypothalamic lesions were studied
      with regard to both switch-off (i.e., escape) responding induced by central gray
      (CG) stimulation and responsiveness of the same animals to peripherally-applied
      electrical or thermal stimulation. Medial hypothalamic (MH) lesions were found to
      reduce--but not abolish--the efficiency of CG stimulations applied on the side of
      the MH lesion, while the efficiency of contralaterally applied CG stimulations
      remained unchanged. Furthermore, such lesions enhanced the responsiveness to
      peripheral nociceptive stimuli on whatever body side they were applied. Lateral
      hypothalamic lesions were found to only slightly--or not at all--affect the
      efficiency of CG stimulations, while they enhanced the responsiveness to
      peripheral nociceptive stimuli on either side of the body. These results suggest
      that the hypothalamus does not exert a univocal control over both centrally
      induced escape behavior and peripherally induced withdrawal reactions.

PMID- 4001190
TI  - Passive avoidance after ibotenic acid and radio frequency lesions in the rat
      amygdala.
AB  - Ibotenic acid (IBO) is assumed to lesion neurons and to spare fibers of passage.
      The effects of such lesions in the amygdaloid complex of rats were compared to
      those of radio frequency lesions (RF) on a passive avoidance task. Both lesions
      impaired the acquisition of the passive avoidance response. Plasma corticosterone
      levels were measured after a retention test in which no electrical shocks were
      applied. None of the lesion groups showed reduced corticosterone levels, the IBO
      lesioned rats actually showed significantly higher corticosterone levels than
      both RF lesioned and control animals. The corticosterone results are not
      consistent with a general reduction in fear. The slower avoidance learning may be
      a conditioning deficit due to impaired sensory information processing in the
      amygdaloid complex.

PMID- 4001191
TI  - Effect of nicotine on drinking and diuresis in septal lesioned rats.
AB  - Lesions of septal nuclei in rats enhance water intake and urine outflow. The
      effects of nicotine tartrate (2.5 mg/kg) on drinking and diuresis were
      investigated in normal, sham and septal lesioned rats. Nicotine administration
      resulted in a surprising hyperdipsia and polyuria in lesioned animals, the mean
      output rose from 38 +/- 1.3 ml (before treatment) to 101.6 +/- 6.1 (during
      treatment) and water intake increased from 74.2 +/- 1.8 ml to 129.8 +/- 6.4 ml.

PMID- 4001192
TI  - A simple, computer-assisted system for measuring latencies of contact placing.
AB  - A system for measuring the latencies of two components of contact placing, limb
      withdrawal and landing, is described. Timing functions are performed by a
      microcomputer, which also records and displays the latencies, and summarizes the
      data. Procedures for testing contact placing are also described, and data
      collected from morphine-treated, Long-Evans hooded rats are presented.

PMID- 4001193
TI  - Maintenance of target tissue and sexual behavior with dihydrotestosterone in male
      rats and guinea pigs.
AB  - The ability of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to maintain androgen-sensitive target
      tissue and masculine sexual behavior was examined in castrated male rats and
      guinea pigs. Silastic capsules filled with DHT amd implanted subdermally at the
      time of castration were found to stimulate epididymal tissue in a dose-dependent
      manner in both species. However, differences were found in the behavioral
      effectiveness of this steroid. Capsules containing sufficient DHT to maintain
      peripheral structures were effective in maintaining copulatory behavior of
      castrated guinea pigs, but not of the similarly treated rats.

PMID- 4001195
TI  - Proceedings of the eighth annual Mid-Atlantic Regional Extrachromosomal Genetic
      Elements Conference. October 12-14, 1984, Virginia Beach, Virginia.

PMID- 4001194
TI  - The development of plasmid-free strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by using
      incompatibility with a Rhizobium meliloti plasmid to eliminate pAtC58.
AB  - Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA275 and LBA290 were cured of their cryptic
      plasmid pAtC58 by the introduction of the Rhizobium meliloti plasmid pRme41a,
      which is incompatible with pAtC58. pRme41a and pTiC58, the resident Ti plasmid of
      LBA275, were subsequently eliminated by growth at supraoptimal temperature (40
      degrees C). The resulting plasmid-free Agrobacterium strains, UBAPF1 and UBAPF2,
      have proved extremely useful for the study of Rhizobium plasmids. The loss of the
      cryptic plasmid pAtC58 has no effect on the tumor-forming ability of the
      Agrobacterium strains; when the Ti plasmid is present, normal tumors are formed
      on Kalanchoe daigremontiana.

PMID- 4001196
TI  - In utero cleft lip repair in A/J mice.
AB  - Reconstructive in utero microsurgery for repair of unilateral cleft lips has been
      technically achieved in the A/J mouse fetus. The period of gestation was
      undisturbed, and following birth, the gross and histologic appearance of the lips
      was nearly normal with no evidence of scar formation. The absence of a lip scar
      after human cheiloplasty may require the as yet undefined advantages of fetal
      wound healing.

PMID- 4001197
TI  - Primary correction of unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: a 10-year review.
AB  - A 10-year follow-up of patients who underwent primary correction of their cleft
      lip nasal deformity is presented. These are the first 10 consecutive patients who
      were treated following a change in treatment plan in 1973. Primary correction of
      the cleft lip nasal deformity essentially consists in elevating the displaced
      alar cartilage at the time of lip repair. There has been no interference with
      nasal growth, and the position of the alar cartilages and nasal tip has been
      maintained.

PMID- 4001198
TI  - Clinical evaluation of microform cleft lip surgery.
AB  - The definition of microform cleft lip and the dilemma surrounding its surgical
      correction were reviewed. A modified Williams method for assessing cleft lips was
      employed by two panels (each of four evaluators) with 24 patients who had similar
      deformities and corrective operations. In 20 patients the results appear to have
      justified the surgery, but in the remaining 4, who were less seriously deformed,
      the perceived improvement was minimal or even nonexistent. The perceptions and
      wishes of the parents and patient must also be considered in determining the
      success of this procedure, which was not done in this study.

PMID- 4001199
TI  - The Cronin push-back palate repair with nasal mucosal flaps: a speech evaluation.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of 92 cleft palate patients who had been repaired
      with the Cronin push-back palate repair with nasal mucosal flaps. The patients
      were evaluated by a speech pathologist for intelligibility, articulation, and
      resonance and rated using a 5-point scale devised for this study. Readily
      intelligible speech was present in 78 percent. Normal articulation was present in
      66 percent. Normal resonance was present in 78 percent of the total subject
      group. Secondary procedures were performed in 14 percent of the group. Repaired
      clefts of the soft palate achieved a high rate of normal intelligibility,
      articulation, and resonance. Repaired submucous clefts and short palates achieved
      the lowest percent of normal articulation and resonance. Educational placement,
      hearing, and type of structural deformity all appear to influence the ultimate
      communication outcome.

PMID- 4001200
TI  - Epithelioid sarcoma of the upper extremity.
AB  - Three cases of epithelioid sarcoma of the upper extremity are presented.
      Information regarding 112 previously published cases is reviewed. It is concluded
      that epithelioid sarcoma must be included in the differential diagnosis of soft
      tissue tumors of the extremities. Moreover, the diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma
      demands prompt and aggressive surgical intervention. Irradiation therapy and
      chemotherapy have not been proven to be of value in the management of epithelioid
      sarcoma.

PMID- 4001201
TI  - Pectoralis major segmental anatomy and segmentally split pectoralis major flaps.
AB  - This report presents the anatomic studies, animal studies, and initial clinical
      experience that provide a basis for splitting pectoralis major muscle and
      myocutaneous flaps into independent segmental subunits. The anatomic study of 105
      human cadaver pectoralis major muscle and myocutaneous units and their
      neurovascular supply indicated a consistent segmentation of muscle morphology,
      neurovascular supply, and myocutaneous territory. Three major independent
      segments (clavicular, sternocostal, and external) were identified. These findings
      provide the anatomic basis for segmentally splitting pectoralis major flaps, and
      the surgical technique that evolved is described. Segmentally split pectoralis
      flaps were experimentally tested in animals and subsequently used in 36 clinical
      reconstructions. The variety of forms of segmentally split pectoralis major flaps
      used in this series is described and analyzed. The technique of segmentally
      splitting flaps provides a method both for leaving innervated muscle segments in
      situ to preserve donor motor function and for deriving two independent flaps from
      one muscle.

PMID- 4001202
TI  - The segmental pectoralis major muscle flap: a function-preserving procedure.
AB  - A function-sparing pectoralis major muscle flap is presented. The flap is a
      medially based segmental transfer of a single intercostal portion of the
      pectoralis major muscle supplied by a single perforating branch of the internal
      thoracic artery. The segmental terminal nerve distribution of the medial and
      lateral pectoral nerves permits preservation of the remainder of the muscle in
      situ. Six cases of this procedure are presented with five successful outcomes.
      The single exception was in the loss of the distal tip when used to cover an
      irradiated carotid sheath to the base of the skull.

PMID- 4001203
TI  - Nerve regeneration through a pseudosynovial sheath in a primate model.
AB  - This study investigated nerve regeneration through a pseudosynovial sheath in a
      primate. After resecting a 3-cm segment of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, the two
      ends of the divided nerve were placed at either end of the pseudosynovial tube,
      positioning the nerve ends such that they were separated by a 3-cm gap.
      Histologic evaluation at 3, 5, 7, and 9 months demonstrated evidence of nerve
      regeneration across this gap. Nerve fiber diameter and density assessment
      demonstrated a maturation of the fiber pattern with time. The overall morphologic
      pattern of the regenerating nerve within the pseudosheath was that of multiple
      small fascicles, each within its own perineurial compartment. This pattern
      resembled neither the proximal nor distal nerve fascicular pattern.

PMID- 4001205
TI  - Histologic study of recurrent basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - This retrospective study of recurrent basal cell carcinoma suggests the presence
      of irregularity in the peripheral palisade (IPP), squamous differentiation (SD),
      and tumor ulceration as histologic criteria for the recurrent tumor and the
      presence of infiltrates of small lymphocytes (LI) in the tumor as a criterion of
      tumor-directed host immunocompetence. The presence of either irregularity in the
      peripheral palisade in greater than 75 percent of the tumor cords or absence of
      infiltrates of small lymphocytes at the tumor base were each significant at the p
      less than 0.001 level in characterizing recurrent basal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 4001204
TI  - The effects of smoking on experimental skin flaps in hamsters.
AB  - To study the effects of the inhalation of cigarette smoke on the survival of skin
      flaps, 30 Syrian Golden hamsters were divided into three groups of 10. Two of
      these groups were acclimatized to cigarette smoke in increasing increments for 9
      weeks in standard Hamburg I smoking cages. The third group of 10 (group A) served
      as controls and were sham-smoked throughout the experiment. After
      acclimatization, one group of 10 (group B) was smoked for a further 6 weeks. A
      standard axial-pattern flap was then raised on the dorsum of the animals. Ten
      animals in group C were smoked for 6 weeks preoperatively and for 2 weeks
      postoperatively, at which time the animals in all groups were sacrificed. All
      animals survived the experiment. The flaps in control group A all survived
      without necrosis. Two of the 10 dorsal flaps sustained terminal necrosis in group
      B animals. Six of the 10 flaps resulted in significant terminal necrosis in group
      C animals. Statistical analysis of the results indicated a significant comparison
      between control group A and group C of those animals smoked throughout the
      experiment. We conclude from this experiment that the inhalation of cigarette
      smoke consistent with that of a heavy smoker (2 packs per day) has an adverse
      effect on wound healing of skin flaps in hamsters. Apparently, cessation of
      smoking even at the time of surgical preparation of the flap obviates much of the
      noxious effect and increase flap survival significantly.

PMID- 4001206
TI  - Prediction of recurrence in incompletely excised basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - This 5-year prospective study evaluated histologic criteria as predictors of
      tumor recurrence for the individual with a "positive-margin" basal cell
      carcinoma. The results demonstrated that 93 percent of patients with greater than
      75 percent of their tumor cords containing irregularities in in the peripheral
      palisade had tumor recurrence, while no patient with less than 25 percent of
      their tumor cords containing irregularities in the peripheral palisade developed
      a recurrence in 5 years of follow-up. After statistical analysis for the other
      histologic variables, the presence of greater than 75 percent irregularities in
      the peripheral palisade conferred a 39-fold increased risk of tumor recurrence,
      significant at the p much less than 0.001 level. For the patient in the
      intermediate group (25 to 75 percent irregularities in the peripheral palisade),
      the presence of a weak host response (absent to minimal infiltration of small
      lymphocytes) increased the risk of tumor recurrence fourfold, with this effect
      being significant at the p less than 0.05 level. The presence of tumor ulceration
      conferred a 2.8-fold increased risk for tumor recurrence, significant at the p
      less than 0.01 level, while the presence of squamous differentiation conferred no
      increased risk. This study may provide a valid basis for predicting tumor
      recurrence in the individual with a positive-margin basal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 4001207
TI  - Medicine in the future: will it be a worthwhile career?

PMID- 4001209
TI  - Management of recalcitrant bronchopleural fistulas with muscle flap obliteration.
AB  - Use of muscle flap obliteration for bronchopleural fistulas appears to be
      indicated with (1) failure of a previous thoracoplasty, (2) anticipated failure
      of a thoracoplasty alone, and (3) the need to obviate a formal debilitating
      thoracoplasty. With the use of well-vascularized muscle flaps to fully obliterate
      the densely scarred cavities associated with persistent bronchopleural fistulas,
      we may hope to see improved healing in the bronchial stump and, in cases of
      residual infection, better resistance of the flap to necrosis, as well as
      improved delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the local tissues. These factors
      may confer improved cure rates for bronchopleural fistulas similar to those seen
      in lower extremity salvage surgery for osteomyelitis following the introduction
      of vascularized pedicle and free muscle flaps. In this article we have described
      the versatility of the island pedicle latissimus dorsi muscle flap for closure of
      recalcitrant bronchopleural fistulas and associated empyema cavities. Utilizing
      either the dominant thoracodorsal or the minor paraspinal pedicle(s), it can
      reach any intrathoracic cavity by means of the appropriate thoracotomy incision.

PMID- 4001208
TI  - Associated adrenogenital and Turner's syndrome mosaicism.
AB  - We present a case of adrenogenital syndrome associated with Turner's syndrome
      mosaicism in which a urogenital sinus Z-plasty was performed. With such patients,
      a multidisciplinary approach to management is mandatory.

PMID- 4001210
TI  - The extensor digitorum brevis muscle island flap for soft-tissue loss around the
      ankle.
AB  - The extensor digitorum brevis muscle flap, which has already been suggested as a
      local flap for the foot, has been applied by us in 2 cases with excellent
      results. This flap, as with other muscle flaps, provides an excellent bed for the
      skin graft. Furthermore, because of its width, it allows for covering an area of
      skin loss 5 X 7 cm in size in areas that are difficult to cover by other
      reconstructive means. The arch of rotation of this flap allows for coverage of
      the lateromedial and posterior surfaces of the ankle with no functional loss at
      the donor site. The relative ease of elevating this flap presents a reasonable
      justification for its wider application as a single local procedure for skin
      problems around the ankle.

PMID- 4001211
TI  - Refinements of the subcutaneous pedicle flap for closure of forehead and scalp
      defects.
AB  - Two representative cases of repair of forehead defects using a modification of
      the subcutaneous pedicle flap are reported. Complications are minimal if proper
      technique is followed. Application of this flap to include difficult donor areas,
      such as the scalp and forehead, should be considered.

PMID- 4001212
TI  - A variation on the six-flap Z-plasty theme.

PMID- 4001213
TI  - Information science and the plastic surgeon.

PMID- 4001215
TI  - Infection with polyurethane-coated implants.

PMID- 4001214
TI  - Earlobe reduction.

PMID- 4001216
TI  - Polyurethane-coated implants.

PMID- 4001217
TI  - Pressure sore prevention system: a new biofeedback approach.

PMID- 4001218
TI  - Hemifacial microsomia.

PMID- 4001219
TI  - Drooling.

PMID- 4001220
TI  - Painful digital subepineural pacinian corpuscles.

PMID- 4001221
TI  - Treatment of nasal fractures.

PMID- 4001222
TI  - Double-Z rhomboid plasty.

PMID- 4001223
TI  - [Results of catamnestic studies on the social prognosis of childhood epilepsies].
AB  - Owing to the progress in pharmakotherapy the individual prognosis of epilepsy is
      characterized above all by brainorganic or psychoreactive caused disorders of the
      adaptability. The results of the examination of 153 children are presented, which
      were stationary treated for epilepsy. The special problems in the family, the
      school and in the choice of a job are referred.

PMID- 4001224
TI  - [Multidimensional studies of circadian biorhythm in psychoses].
AB  - Subject of the report is methodics for a circadian analysis in case of
      psychotical diseases. Acquisition and filing of psychopathological phenomenona is
      effected by means of Strukturiertes Psychopathologisches Erfassungssystem (SPES)
      and other self-or outside-rating-scales. The diurnal variation of body
      temperature is taken as physiological reference function. The results of the
      analysis, which show an internal rhythmic desynchronization in case of phasic as
      well as in case of non-phasic psychoses, are given by way of exemplary instances.

PMID- 4001225
TI  - [Value of various social and biological risk factors in child development].
AB  - The medical reports of 400 children stationarilly treated for several symptoms
      and syndromes of abnormal behavior were evaluated. Especially important social
      factors are the in complete family and disorders of the parent-child-relations as
      well as the insufficient over-coming of educational problems. Children with
      results from infantile brain damage are especially endangered by a failure of
      compensation.

PMID- 4001226
TI  - [Evaluation of psychological stress before general anesthesia].
AB  - Pre-operative fear is not only a psychologically stressing phenomenon for the
      patient, but also a considerable risk factor due to its somatical correlative. In
      a study, 150 patients who were to undergo planned surgery under general
      anaesthesia were questioned about their fears and worries concerning the
      anaesthetic. Self-rating scales and rating scales by doctors and a complaints
      analysis curve were used in addition to an interview system on illnesses and
      specific previous experiences. 54% of the patients were, according to specific
      criteria, assessed as being anxious or very anxious (for example diffused
      anxiety, premature weakening of the anaesthetic effect, worry about not waking up
      out of the anaesthetic). Several factors which could have an anxiety-lessening or
      increasing effect and which are of importance for the psychological preparation
      for an operation were deduced from the investigation.

PMID- 4001227
TI  - [Electromyography diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis].
AB  - The differential diagnosis of laryngeal muscle paralysis can be improved by
      electromyographical and neurographical analysis. The findings of 30 patients with
      recurrent paralysis were put forward and compared with the results among 30 test
      people.

PMID- 4001228
TI  - [Is electroshock not a therapy?].
AB  - Ever since it was introduced, electric convulsion therapy (ECT) has been a
      subject of reports presenting spectacular successes and alarming side effects.
      The appearance of psychopharmaceutic therapy made ECT appear completely
      superfluous and, therefore, dispensable. However, this conclusion proved to be
      premature: ECT retained its defined justification. We therefore counter Breggin's
      polemic allegation that "Electric convulsions are no therapy" with our own
      experience that "Electric convulsions are therapy" and proceed to justify our
      opinion. After a detailed description of the origins of the criticisms voiced
      against ECT, its risks and side effects are discussed from the clinical and
      cerebro-electrical standpoint and compared with the risks and side effects of
      other forms of psychiatric somatotherapy. Severe and irrepairable damage by ECT
      can now be avoided and; in fact, has never been observed among our patients. It
      must also be pointed out that, far from excluding each other, ECT and psycho- or
      social therapy are often complementary or even mutually necessary.

PMID- 4001229
TI  - [Biomagnetism from the neuropsychiatric viewpoint--principles of recent
      developments in diagnostic procedure].
AB  - The following survey is intended to demonstrate and discuss some principle
      problems of biomagnetism and the application in clinical fields. The development
      of special technical parameters especially by the SQUID method is initiating new
      possibilities of research and completing the neurobiologically determinated basis
      and conditions of neuropsychiatric disorders. The Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
      will be represent an important role of a new functional diagnostic method.

PMID- 4001230
TI  - [Side effects of bilateral electroconvulsive therapy--comparative clinico
      computer tomographic study].
AB  - The side effects of a five-times bilateral electric shock therapy were clinically
      and computer-tomographically investigated. A connection exists between the number
      of electric shock treatments which are carried out and the expression of a
      transitory organic psychosyndrome. However, no significant differences in
      relation to the initial findings were established a week after the completion of
      the treatment series despite great interindividual differentiation. Neither
      cerebral oedema or other signs of disturbances were computer-tomographically
      detectable as results of treatment. CT and clinic findings do not correspond to
      each other.

PMID- 4001231
TI  - [Suicidal tendencies in schizophrenic patients hospitalized for the first time].
AB  - 180 (15%) patients from 1208 first-hospitalized schizophrenic patients had
      suicidal tendencies. Our findings show that the suicidal tendencies of
      schizophrenic patients have their own features. These conclusions can be
      supported by the differences between the determinants of the suicidal tendencies
      of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic population; such different determinants
      are: sex, age, family and suicidal method. Suicidal tendencies are more frequent
      among patients without formal thought disturbances. We explain this fact with an
      "incoherence of decision processes". The features of the suicidal tendencies of
      schizophrenic patients are based on the grounds of psychosis own dynamic.

PMID- 4001232
TI  - [Concomitant neuropsychiatric symptoms in a case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome].
AB  - The case of a 15-year-old boy with Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrome (EDS) is described.
      Clinically the symptoms of considerable hyperextension of joints, abnormal
      extensibility of skin, moderate bleeding tendencies and slight vulnerability of
      the skin, deformity of the thorax are corresponding with type I of EDS. Ocular
      symptoms are missing. Histologically the picture is that of mitis type resp. type
      II of EDS. An autosomal dominant inheritance is to be supposed. Psychically an
      imbecillity likely as a result of perinatally acquired brain damage, and an
      autistic syndrome of broken home situation are present. Differential diagnosis
      and genetic significance of EDS are discussed.

PMID- 4001233
TI  - [EEG findings in 130 enuretics with special reference to spike potentials].
AB  - As a result of an one time electroencephalographic transversal examination of 130
      patients with enuresis aged from 3 to 18 years a back ground activity that was
      too slow for their age was found as the most frequent abnormal finding (31,5%).
      Focal sharp waves and spikes were observed in 20 per cent; they seem to be more
      frequent in enuretics than in other children and adolescents with disorders of
      behaviour. Their frequency is dependent on age. They are of small use for proving
      an epilepsy as possible cause of enuresis.

PMID- 4001235
TI  - Countertransference as compromise formation.
AB  - Countertransference is a ubiquitous phenomenon, a set of compromise formations
      comprising the analyst's transference to the patient(s). Some consequences of
      this fact are discussed, including the factors responsible for those instances
      when countertransference impedes analysis.

PMID- 4001234
TI  - [Relevance of sodomy in adolescence].
AB  - In comparison with the literature causes and circumstances of juvenile
      delinquency of sodomy are examined by 5 cases. All of them were light weak-minded
      and badly educated, showed disorders of behaviour and personality. In two cases
      by violation and killing of animals as the result of sodomy a considerable
      economical loss was caused.

PMID- 4001236
TI  - Some technical problems of countertransference.
AB  - There are several aspects of the psychoanalytic interaction that foster the
      emergence of countertransference. First is a persistent identification with the
      patient, based primarily on the sharing of unconscious fantasies. Then there is
      the evocative power the patient's material may have upon latent unresolved
      conflicts in the analyst. Finally, the analytic setting itself may evoke a broad
      range of countertransference responses. Particular attention must be paid to
      those interventions of the analyst which represent attempts to divert his own and
      the patient's attention from emerging derivatives of the conflicts. There are
      many clues that should alert the analyst to the possibility of interfering
      countertransference.

PMID- 4001237
TI  - Countertransference and the myth of the perfectly analyzed analyst.
AB  - Countertransference is an inevitable feature of every psychoanalysis.
      Psychoanalysts are (and need to be) only human; psychoanalytic work is arduous
      and replete with stresses, strains, and deprivations; analysands tend to probe
      for vulnerabilities in their analysts that can be exploited in the interest of
      acting out neurotic wishes instead of analyzing them; and a training analysis
      cannot completely immunize a psychoanalyst against countertransferential
      reactions that impede analytic progress. Psychoanalysts must be vigilant to the
      emergence of countertransference reactions so that they can analyze and overcome
      them. Two illustrative clinical examples are provided.

PMID- 4001238
TI  - The concept of identification in the work of Freud, Ferenczi, and Abraham: a
      review and commentary.
AB  - The development of the concept of identification in the work of Freud, Ferenczi,
      and Abraham is reviewed and analyzed from the standpoint of the development of
      the psychoanalytic object concept in general. Problems in the theory are seen to
      be related to ambiguity of the terms, ego and object, especially as reflected in
      the idea of introjection. The concept of identification, on the other hand, is
      shown to have undergone consistent evolution and expansion.

PMID- 4001239
TI  - Psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis appropriated, psychoanalysis applied.
AB  - The assumptions which predominate in the reading of psychoanalytic theory differ
      from those involved in listening to the patient in the psychoanalytic process. A
      weakness of much applied psychoanalysis is that these two sets of assumptions are
      confused and theoretical certainty is substituted for clinical exploration. This
      difference in assumptions is illustrated by the different assumptions about the
      signifier in two poems. In Freud's work on Leonardo, both attitudes toward the
      signifier are present, but the clinical aspect is located in Freud's method, not
      in his historical construction. The problems of maintaining a similar clinical
      stance in applied psychoanalysis are explored, and Freud's tendency toward
      historical certainty is speculatively considered as an instance of the
      parallelism phenomenon.

PMID- 4001240
TI  - Separable effects of factors on speed and accuracy: memory scanning, lexical
      decision, and choice tasks.

PMID- 4001241
TI  - Geropsychology: meaning in life for elderhostelers.

PMID- 4001242
TI  - Note on the reliability of the MMPI with Spanish-speaking inmates in the federal
      prison system.

PMID- 4001243
TI  - What art thou MacAndrew scale? Confusion and errata in high places.

PMID- 4001244
TI  - Life change events as stressors and their relationship to mental health among
      undergraduate university students.

PMID- 4001245
TI  - Multitrait validation of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale for
      children of high intelligence.

PMID- 4001246
TI  - Perpetrator and family characteristics related to child abuse and neglect:
      comparison of substantiated and unsubstantiated reports.

PMID- 4001248
TI  - Causal attributions of depression: reliability of the "Causal Dimension Scale" in
      research on clinical inference.

PMID- 4001247
TI  - Family Resource Questionnaire: reliability and validity of a social support
      measure for families of stroke patients.

PMID- 4001249
TI  - Fear of death and the concept of extended self.

PMID- 4001250
TI  - Preference for counseling and psychotherapy as related to preoedipal fixation.

PMID- 4001251
TI  - Effectiveness of the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender-Gestalt Test Configuration
      Scale in differentiating emotionally disturbed adolescents.

PMID- 4001252
TI  - Alcoholism management: hypersensitization technique.

PMID- 4001253
TI  - Utility and efficacy of knowledge of behavioral principles as applied to
      children.

PMID- 4001254
TI  - Longest prior abstinence and cessation of smoking.

PMID- 4001255
TI  - Rapid reduction of off-task behavior in retarded children by use of light-out.

PMID- 4001256
TI  - Measuring locus of control in a hospital setting.

PMID- 4001257
TI  - Use of the semantic differential technique in research on disaster: a
      methodological note.

PMID- 4001258
TI  - How perceived carelessness and time of attack affect nursing students'
      attributions about rape victims.

PMID- 4001259
TI  - Participation in health planning.

PMID- 4001261
TI  - Trait anxiety and locus of control.

PMID- 4001260
TI  - Type A-B behavior and incidence of infectious mononucleosis in college students.

PMID- 4001262
TI  - Developing an instrument to measure attitudes toward nurses: preliminary
      psychometric findings.

PMID- 4001263
TI  - Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in a male: a case study.

PMID- 4001264
TI  - Changes in psychological variables, use of medical services and presentation of
      medical problems following brief psychological intervention on an Israel Air
      Force base.

PMID- 4001265
TI  - Relation of agoraphobics health locus of control orientation to severity of
      agoraphobia.

PMID- 4001266
TI  - Hippocampal lesions and open-field defecation in rats.

PMID- 4001267
TI  - Geophysical variables and behavior: XXVII. Magnetic necklace: its therapeutic
      effectiveness on neck and shoulder pain: 2. Psychological assessment.

PMID- 4001268
TI  - Seasonal variation in suicidal deaths by each method.

PMID- 4001269
TI  - Decoding of facial affect in schizophrenia.

PMID- 4001270
TI  - Responses to facial expression of emotion in depression.

PMID- 4001271
TI  - Concomitants of anticipatory nausea and emesis in cancer patients in
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 4001272
TI  - Identification and adaptation of hue: parallels in the operation of mechanisms
      that underlie categorical perception in vision and in audition.

PMID- 4001273
TI  - Perceptual scission of surface-lightness and illumination: an examination of the
      Gelb effect.

PMID- 4001274
TI  - Continuous judgment of level-fluctuating sounds and the relationship between
      overall loudness and instantaneous loudness.

PMID- 4001275
TI  - Information persistence: testing spatial and identity information with a voice
      probe.

PMID- 4001276
TI  - Hypophysectomy disturbs the noradrenergic feeding system of the paraventricular
      nucleus.
AB  - Injection of norepinephrine (NE) into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
      (PVN) of satiated rats is known to stimulate eating behavior. In addition,
      drinking behavior is potentiated just prior to the onset of eating, followed by a
      strong inhibition of water intake. To understand the relationship between these
      PVN noradrenergic phenomena and endocrine processes associated with the PVN,
      chronically hypophysectomized animals were tested for their behavioral
      responsiveness to PVN NE injection. Pituitary ablation was found to abolish the
      NE-elicited eating response and the NE drinking suppressive effect. However,
      hypophysectomy had no impact on the NE-elicited preprandial drinking response,
      nor did it affect drinking produced by carbachol, angiotensin, and histamine, or
      the feeding and drinking responses induced by insulin. These results demonstrate
      that hypophysectomy disturbs PVN noradrenergic mechanisms in a behaviorally and
      pharmacologically specific specific manner.

PMID- 4001277
TI  - Plasma corticosterone and cortisol following dexamethasone in psychiatric
      patients.
AB  - Radioimmunoassays of cortisol (F) and corticosterone (B) were carried out in 133
      plasma specimens, obtained at 0800 or 1600 h on the day following administration
      of dexamethasone (1.0 mg), from 69 patients admitted to a psychiatric inpatient
      service, to test suggestions that assays of B might complement those of F in the
      dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in a psychiatric setting. The overall
      correlation between F and B was +0.80. Concentrations of B averaged 5-8% those of
      F. We found close agreement (80-85%) between positive (F greater than or equal to
      4.5 micrograms/dl) and negative DST results for both steroids assayed by
      radioimmunoassay at a criterion of greater than or equal to 1.5 ng/ml for B, as
      well as a reasonable compromise between sensitivity and specificity of the B-DST
      at that criterion. Post-dexamethasone samples obtained at 1600 h showed somewhat
      closer agreement between the B-DST and the F-DST than at 0800 h. Inclusion of
      0800 h samples added little to the rate of positive results with the F-DST but
      did add to those of the B-DST by about 10% or more, depending on the criterion
      selected for a positive B-DST. The rate of positive DSTs among 44 patients who
      had both steroids assayed at both times was approximately 61%, and the agreement
      between positive test results among these patients was 92%. In a mixed population
      of acutely ill, hospitalized patients with various DSM-III diagnoses, but
      excluding those with medical or pharmacologic contraindications to the DST, high
      rates of positive DST results were obtained in patients with major depressive
      disorders (47-58%), with little difference found among those with bipolar, non
      bipolar or melancholic characteristics. High rates also were found among manic
      and other acutely psychotic patients, as well as others with neurotic or
      characterological diagnoses, but rarely in a small group of chronic
      schizophrenics. Thus, a positive DST as evaluated with B or F is evidently not
      specific for cases of major depression, but may be indicative of acute illness,
      possibly with affective features. The results support suggestions that a steroid
      suppression test based on corticosterone may be useful to aid in diagnosis of
      major psychiatric illnesses and might complement or substitute for the F-DST. It
      may be possible to avoid certain pharmacologic complications in the DST by use of
      a test based on suppression of B by F rather than by dexamethasone.

PMID- 4001278
TI  - Repeated measures, interventions, and time series analysis.
AB  - Classical repeated measures designs assume treatments are given in a randomized
      order. When randomization is not performed and an experiment involves a sequence
      of observations on each subject collected over time, serial correlations may
      become important. An example of these types of data is an intervention experiment
      wherein subjects are observed before and after a treatment or other manipulation.
      This situation falls within the realm of time series analysis. The correlations
      between observations often depend on the time intervals between the observations;
      observations that are closely spaced in time usually are more highly correlated
      than those with a larger time separation. This report demonstrates a test for
      such serial correlation and discusses a method of adjusting for it in repeated
      measures experiments.

PMID- 4001279
TI  - Changes in saliva testosterone after psychological stimulation in men.
AB  - Saliva testosterone (ST) concentration was measured in 20 young adult and healthy
      men before, during and after the presentation of five different films. The films
      were selected to provoke erotic, sexual, aggressive, stressful and neutral
      stimulation, respectively. An increase in ST was found 15 min after the onset of
      both the erotic and the sexual stimulation, while a decline of ST levels was
      observed during the stressful movie showing dental surgery. No changes were found
      for either the neutral or the aggressive stimulant. Furthermore, no differences
      were found between ST levels before and after the showing of any of the films.
      Thus, saliva testosterone responds quickly to psychological stimulation, and may
      provide a practical alternative to testosterone measurements in serum under
      psychological test situations.

PMID- 4001280
TI  - Dose-dependent growth hormone, prolactin and cortisol stimulation after i.v.
      administration of desimipramine in human subjects.
AB  - In previous studies it was shown that the tricyclic antidepressant desimipramine
      (DMI) had different stimulatory effects on growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL),
      ACTH and cortisol secretion in healthy subjects, depending on the mode of
      administration. The present study examined the effects following i.v.
      administration of placebo and DMI (5, 15, 25, 50 and 75 mg) on GH, PRL and
      cortisol secretion in male subjects (n = 6). This primarily noradrenergic and
      secondarily serotonergic reuptake-inhibiting substance was found to stimulate the
      secretion of GH, PRL and cortisol in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to
      placebo, significant increases occurred in GH (p less than 0.05) and in PRL (p
      less than 0.05) from a dose of DMI 25 mg on, and in cortisol (p less than 0.05)
      from 15 mg on. The results indicate that, in addition to the dose, the method of
      administration influenced the effects of DMI on the three hormones.

PMID- 4001281
TI  - Components of Type A, hostility, and anger-in: relationship to angiographic
      findings.
AB  - Previous research has linked the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern to
      angiographically documented severity of coronary atherosclerosis (CAD). The
      present study sought through component scoring of the Type A Structured Interview
      (SI) to determine what elements of the multidimensional Type A pattern are
      related to coronary disease severity in a selected group of patients with minimal
      or severe CAD. Multivariate analyses controlling for the major risk factors
      showed no relationship between global Type A and extent of disease. Of all
      attributes measured, only Potential for Hostility and Anger-In were significantly
      and positively associated with the disease severity, including angina symptoms
      and number of myocardial infarctions. Further analysis revealed that Potential
      for Hostility and Anger-In were interactive in their association, such that
      Potential for Hostility was associated with disease endpoints only for patients
      who were high on the Anger-In dimension. These findings support previous research
      in suggesting that anger and hostility may be the critical aspects of the Type A
      pattern in predisposing individuals to risk of CAD.

PMID- 4001282
TI  - Type A behavior and blood pressure during general surgery.
AB  - The Type A behavior pattern (TABP) has been demonstrated as a risk factor for the
      development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Psychophysiologic studies suggest
      that the TABP may be associated with autonomic hyperreactivity to a variety of
      stressors. Recent studies report an association of TABP with autonomic
      hyperreactivity in patients under general anesthesia for coronary artery bypass
      surgery. The present study did not find a significant correlation between the
      TABP and intraoperative rise in blood pressure for 44 noncardiac patients
      undergoing anesthesia for elective general surgical procedures. Suggestive
      associations were found in sub-samples with family history of CHD or age greater
      than 60 years. Thus, the TABP may be correlated with heightened physiologic
      response under anesthesia only in selected populations.

PMID- 4001283
TI  - Consistency and variation among instruments purporting to measure the Type A
      behavior pattern.
AB  - A variety of instruments have been developed to measure the Type A behavior
      pattern (TABP), although concern has often been expressed that no single measure
      captures the complete range of attributes encompassed by the notion of the TABP.
      This paper presents data using a broad range of these instruments applied to a
      large sample of men at risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The data indicate
      considerable variation in strengths of association between measures of the TABP,
      and recommend three conclusions. Firstly, the TABP is a complex phenomenon and
      not a unitary one. Secondly, self-report measures of the TABP assess only parts
      of the overall behavior pattern, and this varies from one instrument to another.
      Thirdly, the Structured Interview (SI), insofar as it relates modestly and
      consistently to other instruments, remains the first measure of choice for the
      TABP. The need to develop new measures, however, seems strongly indicated.

PMID- 4001284
TI  - The impact of denial and repressive style on information gain and rehabilitation
      outcomes in myocardial infarction patients.
AB  - The impact of denial, repressive style, and social desirability on information
      gained during hospitalization and their effects on recovery were studied in 30
      patients with documented myocardial infarction (MI). Using three scores of
      cardiac knowledge as dependent variables, three significant findings emerged: 1)
      patients who denied more gained less information about heart anatomy and
      physiology; 2) patients who scored high on social desirability gained less
      information about symptoms indicating heart problems and activities appropriate
      for recovery; and 3) patients who were repressors gained less information about
      heart disease risk factors. Twenty-four of the 30 patients completed a survey of
      functioning 6 months after discharge. Dividing patients into four groups
      representing a match or mismatch between repressive style and information level,
      it was found that 1) repressors with high risk factor information reported more
      complications and poorer psychomedical functioning, and 2) sensitizers with low
      risk factor information reported poorer social functioning.

PMID- 4001285
TI  - A behavioral analysis of chest pain in patients suspected of having coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - A group of 83 men and women who had been referred to Johns Hopkins Hospital for
      cardiac catheterization for evaluation of chest pain and possible coronary artery
      bypass surgery were assessed behaviorally for their chest pains. During the
      approximately 2-week period between clinical evaluation and catheterization, the
      patients completed self-report forms about their chest pains. Patients completed
      one form for each episode of chest pain. Referring physicians also completed a
      form about the patients "typical" chest pain. The data were analyzed in terms of
      the antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of the chest pain, and patients'
      reports were compared to physicians' judgments. Major findings were as follows:
      1) Antecedents--most episodes occurred while the patient was at home at times
      when his mood was one of contentment. 2) Concomitants--the average patient
      reported fewer than one episode per day which persisted for about 4 min and was
      rated as 36 on a scale of 0 to 100. The most common physical symptoms
      accompanying the episode were breathlessness and weakness, and the most common
      pain sensations were reported to be pressing or aching. There was no consistency
      among patients either in primary location or path of radiation of the pain.
      Duration of pain did not correlate significantly either with sensation or
      symptoms; however, severity rating did correlate with symptoms and sensations. 3)
      Consequences--most episodes were self-treated with nitroglycerin or rest.
      Patients typically returned to their ongoing activities; however, there were a
      number of interactions between the likelihood of returning to ones ongoing
      activity and the antecedents of the episodes. 4) The referring physicians
      significantly overestimated the frequency and severity of their patients'
      episodes; furthermore, they were selective in their abilities to identify
      correctly the antecedents or concomitants associated with their patients' pain-
      e.g., they were reliable in their judgments about subjects who had sleep-related
      episodes; however, they were inaccurate in characterizing the typical sensations
      or symptoms reported by their patients. It is suggested that a behavioral
      analysis may enable a physician to characterize his patient's chest complaints
      better, and perhaps also may facilitate the differentiation between chest
      complaints indicative of coronary artery disease and chest complaints of a
      noncoronary origin.

PMID- 4001286
TI  - The relation of chest pain symptoms to angiographic findings of coronary artery
      stenosis and neuroticism.
AB  - The present article examines the relations among self-reported and physician
      estimated chest pain variables to angiographically determined coronary stenosis
      (CAD) and neuroticism scores. Six of the 48 chest pain variables were
      significantly related to coronary stenosis, but only one variable, chest pain
      elicited by walking, was positively related to stenosis. Chest pain during sleep,
      sighing and dizziness accompanying chest pain, right lower chest pain radiation,
      and infrequent rest to cope with the chest pain were significantly negatively
      related to stenosis. Neuroticism scores (N) were not significantly related to CAD
      but were significantly correlated with 13 of the 48 chest pain variables. In
      addition to correlating positively with the chest pain variables that were
      negatively correlated with CAD, N scores were significantly related to higher
      pain severity ratings, being angry, annoyed, tense, afraid, worried, and upset
      before the chest pain, breathlessness during the pain episode, and pain
      sensations described as stabbing. The six chest pain variables significantly
      correlated with CAD yielded a multiple correlation of 0.58, accounting for 34% of
      the variance, whereas N scores accounted for only 5% of the variance; however, N
      contributed less than 1% unique variation to stenosis in combination with the six
      chest-pain variables. That N influences chest pain reports more than actual
      stenosis is further confirmed by the results of physicians' ratings of their
      patients' typical chest pain episodes. Recognition of patients' characteristic
      levels of distress or neuroticism may aid physicians in evaluating symptoms more
      accurately and in treating their chest pains more appropriately.

PMID- 4001287
TI  - Prevalence of medication treatment for hyperactive adolescents.

PMID- 4001288
TI  - Issues in the study of adolescent ADD-H/hyperactivity.

PMID- 4001289
TI  - Emotional problems in the mentally retarded: the need for assessment and
      treatment.

PMID- 4001290
TI  - Issues in psychopharmacology with the mentally retarded.

PMID- 4001291
TI  - Psychoactive drug use in public and community residential facilities for mentally
      retarded persons.

PMID- 4001292
TI  - A national study of prescribed drugs in institutions and community residential
      facilities for mentally retarded people.

PMID- 4001294
TI  - An applied tardive dyskinesia monitoring system (ATDMS).

PMID- 4001293
TI  - Issues and future research directions of pharmacotherapy in mental retardation.

PMID- 4001295
TI  - "Time-less" risks (a hazard of risk assessment: the example of seizure and
      antidepressants).

PMID- 4001296
TI  - ACTeRS useful in screening learning disabled from attention deficit disordered
      (ADD-H) children.

PMID- 4001297
TI  - A test to measure the awareness and expression of anger.
AB  - The purpose of this project was to develop a reliable, objective and practical
      tool with which the awareness and expression of anger could be investigated. This
      paper gives a description of the Awareness and Expression of Anger Indicator
      (AEAI). The AEAI is a short and easy to use test. It provides a new objective
      assessment instrument of value in cases where deficits in affective processes,
      particularly anger, are suspected. 30 medical patients were tested with the AEAI.
      The investigators report a high inter-rater reliability in scoring the test. Four
      distinct response patterns emerged. Also, when confronted with the same anger
      provoking stimulus, subjects responded significantly differently with respect to
      whether or not they felt angry, depending on the type of question. Traditional
      inducing questions, e.g.: Would you feel angry?, produced significantly more
      affirmative responses (reports of feeling angry) than non-inducing questions,
      e.g.: How would you feel? The contribution of the AEAI to chronic pain work is
      discussed.

PMID- 4001298
TI  - Aggression in depressives and psoriatics.
AB  - The Questionnaire for Measuring Factors of Aggression (Fragebogen zur Erfassung
      von Aggressivitatsfaktoren, FAF) was completed by 113 depressive patients, 38
      psoriatics, and 32 healthy controls. The controls had the lowest aggression
      scores, the neurotic depressives the highest. The monopolar endogeneous
      depressives had extremely high scores for autoaggressions and extremely low ones
      for outward aggressions, whereas the psoriatics show a contrary tendency:
      extremely high scores for outward aggressions and very low ones for
      autoaggressions.

PMID- 4001299
TI  - Behavior therapy, pimozide treatment and prolactin secretion in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The involvement of the hypothalamic dopaminergic pathway in the treatment of
      anorexia nervosa (AN) was evaluated by monitoring the serum prolactin (PRL)
      levels in 10 adolescent anorectic females. 5 patients were treated by behavior
      therapy program and 5 were treated with pimozide, an antidopaminergic drug. The
      study was conducted for a period of 20 weeks. Elevation of PRL levels was used as
      an indicator of antidopaminergic activity. PRL was increased in the 5 patients
      receiving the antidopaminergic agent, while no elevation was observed in the
      patients undergoing behavior therapy. All 10 patients were treated successfully
      as expressed by their gradual gain in weight. It is concluded that
      antidopaminergic activity does not seem to be a prerequisite for clinical
      improvement.

PMID- 4001300
TI  - Psychotherapy for the spouses of lung cancer patients: assessment of an
      intervention.
AB  - This study was a randomized prospective clinical trial to test the effect of a
      professionally provided program of social support counselling on newly diagnosed
      lung cancer patients and their families. Over the 6 months of the intervention
      there was no differential change by experimental status for either the patients
      or their principal support in outcome measures of emotional, social, or physical
      function. This paper reviews methodological issues which must be considered
      before accepting these negative findings. Further, it discusses important design
      considerations relevant for any psychotherapy intervention study in medical
      patients.

PMID- 4001301
TI  - Aprosodia and alexithymia--a case report.
AB  - Aprosodias are disorders of affective language and behavior resulting from focal
      lesions of the right hemisphere. Patients devoid of prosody are unable to endow
      their language with emotion and feeling. They may show a lack of spontaneous
      prosody or gesturing. Alexithymia is a cognitive-affective disturbance which
      includes difficulty in recognizing and describing feelings and emotional states.
      Alexithymic patients have a diminished inner fantasy life and constricted
      emotional activity sometimes exhibited in a rigid posture and lack of expressive
      facial movements. Thus, both aprosodia and alexithymia to some extent are
      disorders of affective language and behavior. The patient discussed below had a
      motor aprosodia and can be described as having alexithymic features. The
      relationship between aprosodia and alexithymia and possible neurophysiological
      implications for the latter condition are examined.

PMID- 4001302
TI  - [Cooperation of the psychotherapist and family physician in psychosocial primary
      care].

PMID- 4001303
TI  - [Cooperation of the psychotherapist and family physician as a combined teaching
      and learning process].

PMID- 4001304
TI  - [The general practitioner's expectations of psychotherapists and psychiatrists].

PMID- 4001305
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of the borderline syndrome: trends in American
      discussions].

PMID- 4001306
TI  - [Empirical findings on the effectiveness of the student's optional psychosomatic
      subject model of the Hannover Medical School].

PMID- 4001307
TI  - [Long-term effects of attribution therapy of obese patients: effects of
      attribution training on successful weight reduction and the dropout rate in a 23
      week weight reduction program].

PMID- 4001308
TI  - Unexpected failure to improve after valve replacement surgery.

PMID- 4001309
TI  - The natural history of asymptomatic extracranial arterial disease.
AB  - The natural history of a group of 76 patients without neurological symptoms, but
      with untreated extracranial arterial disease demonstrated by angiography 10 years
      ago, was studied. During this period 46 patients died, and coronary artery
      disease was the most common cause of death (n = 25). Six patients suffered a
      lethal stroke, five patients had a stroke before they died from other causes and
      five of the six surviving patients, who became symptomatic developed TIAs,
      followed by a stroke in two cases, leaving only one who suffered a sudden stroke
      without premonitory warning symptoms. Although the overall cumulative stroke rate
      (18 per cent) was three times higher than normal, the cerebrovascular territories
      affected corresponded only twice with the original extracranial carotid lesion.
      Therefore, early carotid endarterectomy is inadvisable for the majority of
      asymptomatic patients and repetitive non-invasive prospective study of these
      patients is favoured for selection of more appropriate timing for individual
      treatment.

PMID- 4001310
TI  - The 'milk-alkali' syndrome: two case reports with discussion of pathogenesis.
AB  - The milk-alkali syndrome is the association of hypercalcaemia and renal failure,
      with or without alkalosis, in the presence of absorption of excessive quantities
      of calcium, alkali, or both. Two patients with the milk-alkali syndrome are
      described, one representing an acute, reversible disorder and the other
      demonstrating a chronic syndrome with only partially reversible renal disease.
      Differential diagnosis is not difficult and is usually aided by the initial
      clinical evaluation as well as rapid response to conservative therapy. Because
      the initial stages of renal insufficiency are often fully reversible, the early
      identification and treatment of the milk-alkali syndrome can prevent progression
      to irreversible, chronic renal failure. Although non-absorbable antacids, H2
      blockers, and sucralphate are the basis of modern treatment of peptic ulcer
      disease, the syndrome may still occur, especially in patients who self-treat
      symptoms of dyspepsia.

PMID- 4001311
TI  - The pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy: role of vitamin D, aluminium,
      parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus.
AB  - Biochemical data and bone histology from 44 haemodialysis patients was compared
      using an histologic technique capable of evaluating separately the individual
      components of osteodystrophy. Hyperparathyroid bone disease was diagnosed by an
      elevated osteoclast count, and in advanced disease there was also fibrosis and
      woven bone. Osteomalacia, defined as an impairment in the rate of bone
      mineralisation, was present in two distinct forms: osteomalacia type I,
      characterised by wide osteoid seams, and osteomalacia type II, characterised by
      extensive thin, inactive osteoid. The histologic diagnoses were hyperparathyroid
      bone disease (15), osteomalacia type I (3), osteomalacia type II (6),
      hyperparathyroid bone disease and osteomalacia type I (12), hyperparathyroid bone
      disease and osteomalacia type II (6), normal (2). Aluminium was evident
      histochemically in 17 biopsies. Vitamin D metabolite levels were low in most
      patients and did not correlate with any biochemical or histological parameter.
      Parathyroid hormone levels were highly correlated with histological features of
      hyperparathyroid bone disease, and also correlated with plasma calcium,
      suggesting a degree of autonomy of parathyroid hormone secretion. Urea and
      creatinine were higher in the hyperparathyroid bone disease than the osteomalacia
      groups suggesting that poor dialysis contributes to the former. Statistical
      analysis showed that osteomalacia type I was associated with relatively low
      plasma calcium and phosphorus levels; osteomalacia type II was associated with
      increased bone aluminium and with the uraemic process itself, as reflected in the
      plasma creatinine level. This study shows relationships between renal
      osteodystrophy and plasma calcium and phosphorus levels, but no relationship with
      vitamin D metabolites. Aluminium appears to impair mineralisation even at
      relatively low levels of accumulation. However there are other unidentified
      factors associated with the uraemic process, contributing to all three components
      of renal osteodystrophy.

PMID- 4001312
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum.

PMID- 4001313
TI  - [The rate factor in DNA sedimentation studies].
AB  - Zimm theory was used to study the effect of the rate of centrifugation on the
      coefficient and the profile of sedimentation of a polydispersed single-stranded
      DNA. There was a good agreement between the calculated and experimental DNA
      sedimentograms in alkaline lysates of irradiated rat bone marrow cells. This
      approach permited to take the rate factor into consideration on the basis of the
      parameters necessary for the work of the rotor and the gradient. Simple formulae
      were obtained connecting the molecular mass of DNA with the rate and the time
      necessary for its centrifugation. Possible consequences of not taking the rate
      factor into account in centrifuging the polymer DNA molecules are discussed.

PMID- 4001314
TI  - [Radiation changes in the lipid levels in liver and thymus chromatin of gamma
      irradiated rats].
AB  - A study was made of the lipid content of liver and thymus chromatin of intact and
      gamma-irradiated (10 Gy) rats 10 and 40 min after irradiation. The composition of
      the chromatin-bound phospholipids was shown to differ from that of phospholipids
      of intact nuclei and a nuclear membrane by a much larger content of cardiolipin
      and sphingomyelin. A decrease in the lipid phosphorus level, increase in the
      amount of total cholesterol, and a 1.7-fold increase in the
      cholesterol/phospholipids ratio were observed after irradiation: 40 min after
      exposure these indices were normalized. The opposite changes were noted in the
      lipid content of the thymus chromatin: 10 min after irradiation no changes were
      detected while after 40 min more than a 1.5-fold increase in the cholesterol
      amount and the cholesterol/phospholipids ratio was registered. The content of
      cardiolipin was reliably decreased in the chromatin of both organs throughout the
      entire period of observation.

PMID- 4001315
TI  - [Study of DNA synthesis in short-term cultures of mammalian cells in the
      evaluation of the reaction of tumor and normal tissues to irradiation and
      hyperthermia].
AB  - The effect of radiation of hyperthermia was estimated with a reference to the
      degree and duration of inhibition of DNA synthesis in the primary suspension cell
      cultures of Lewis lung carcinoma and bone marrow carcinoma of mice in vitro. The
      optimum conditions were chosen for cultivation of the primary suspension cell
      cultures according to the DNA synthesis. A study was made of the peculiarities of
      suppression and recovery of DNA synthesis in cells of Lewis lung carcinoma and
      bone marrow carcinoma of mice exposed to different gamma-radiation doses and
      hyperthermia.

PMID- 4001316
TI  - [Study of the kinetics of thermoinactivation of lysyl-tRNA-synthetase from the
      liver of x-irradiated rats].
AB  - A study was made of the kinetics of thermoinactivation of lysyl-tRNA-synthetase
      isolated from rat liver at early times of radiation damage development after the
      effect of a minimum absolutely lethal X-radiation dose (0.21 C/kg). The
      thermostability of a dimer form of the enzyme was shown to be higher than that of
      a monomer. It was established that substrates had a stabilizing effect on the
      enzyme during thermoinactivation. On the basis of the data obtained from the
      studies in the kinetic properties of the enzyme and the thermoinactivation a
      conclusion is made that lysyl-tRNA-synthetase is stabilized during subunit
      aggregation. The thermostability of the enzyme was decreased by irradiation.

PMID- 4001317
TI  - [The role of lipid components of microsomal membranes of hepatocytes of the
      central Asian turtle in the actualization of radiation injuries].
AB  - Phase changes in the content of biomembrane lipids and in the rate of their
      peroxidation were observed in liver microsomes of Testudo horsfieldi irradiated
      with a dose of 129.10(-1) C/kg. It is suggested that the decrease in the
      formation of peroxidation products of a diene series at the initial stage of
      radiation sickness are conditioned by the decrease in the activity of the key
      enzyme systems which regulate biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while
      the increase in the sphingomyelin level activates the lipid-dependent enzymes
      which repair the injured membranes.

PMID- 4001318
TI  - [The role of hypoxia in the effect of glucose load on irradiated tumor cells].
AB  - In experiments on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells it was shown that hypoxia, which
      reduces the lethal effect of gamma-rays, can considerably enhance the injury of
      cells by glucose. Treatment of tumor cells with glucose in hypoxic conditions
      followed by exposure to ionizing radiation under both hypoxia and normal aeration
      causes a 6-7-fold increase in cell injury as compared to irradiation alone.
      Moreover, the glucose treatment in hypoxic conditions (without concomitant
      irradiation) may cause approximately 99% death of tumor cells. The data obtained
      permit to consider the glucose treatment as an effective means by breaking the
      tumor radioresistance conditioned by a pool of hypoxic cells.

PMID- 4001319
TI  - [Effect of radiation on the formation of hydrocortisone metabolites in the
      perfused rat liver].
AB  - A study was made of the absorption of exogenous hydrocortisone and formation of
      its metabolites in isolated liver of intact and exposed rats in conditions of
      recirculating perfusion. It was shown that the absorption of the hormone by the
      liver of irradiated rats was greatly lowered but the content of most metabolites
      found in the perfused medium of irradiated liver increased as compared to the
      control. It is suggested that irradiation inhibits subsequent transformations of
      the hydrocortisone metabolism products.

PMID- 4001321
TI  - [Degradation of DNA and chromatin in cells of mouse lymphoid organs after
      irradiation and PHA administration].
AB  - Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) administered to irradiated mice did not influence the
      postirradiation degradation of DNA and the yield of polydeoxynucleotides (PDN) in
      cells of thymus, spleen and bone marrow. The degree of degradation of DNA and
      chromatin was higher in the thymus as compared to other studied organs. A
      possible mechanism of the radiotherapeutic action of PHA is discussed.

PMID- 4001320
TI  - [The role of endogenous glutathione in the actualization of the radiomodifying
      effect during the post-radiation period].
AB  - It was shown on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that for realization of the
      radioprotective effect of anoxia and beta-mercaptoethylamine normal content of
      glutathione is necessary not only at the time of irradiation but in the
      postirradiation period as well while glutathione content should be normal only
      after irradiation for realization of the radiotherapeutic effect of serotonin.

PMID- 4001322
TI  - [Possible effect of natural radioactivity on the induction of glucokinase
      synthesis in the liver of developing rats].
AB  - A decrease in the induced synthesis of glucokinase in the liver, at the time of
      spontaneous appearance of the enzyme, was observed in suckling rats kept for 10
      days in a chamber with a decreased (by 10 times) natural radiation background. No
      changes were noted in the glucokinase synthesis induction after restoration of
      natural radioactivity by introducing of uranium salts.

PMID- 4001323
TI  - [The role of the hypoxic mechanism in the radioprotective effect of mezaton].
AB  - The method of coupled estimation of the hypoxic and radioprotective effect has
      demonstrated that the hypoxic mechanism does not play an essential role in the
      radioprotective action of phenylephrine hydrochloride.

PMID- 4001324
TI  - [Mechanism of the radioprotective effect of cysteamine].
AB  - The radioprotective effect of cysteamine combined with the modification of the
      chromatin state by sodium butyrate has been studied using V-79 and CHEL lines of
      Chinese hamster cells and HeLa cells. Sodium butyrate enhances the chromatin
      sensitivity to nucleases and removes the radioprotective effect of cysteamine as
      measured by the yield of cells with chromosome aberrations. As is indicated by
      changes in the intensity of fluorescence of the DNA-ethidium bromide complex,
      measured by laser flow cytometry, the protective agent decreases the binding of
      the dye with both irradiated and nonirradiated DNA whereas ionizing radiation and
      sodium butyrate increase thereof. It is concluded that the radioprotective effect
      of cysteamine depends in its ability to reduce the susceptibility of DNA to
      nucleases.

PMID- 4001325
TI  - [Effect of gamma- and gamma-neutron irradiation on the composition of the
      metabolic amino acid pool, blood antiprotease activity and the life-span of
      animals].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of gamma- and gamma-neutron-radiation, with
      neutron energy of 0.9 MeV, on the free amino acid composition and antiprotease
      activity of blood as well as on the life span of albino mongrel rats. The data
      obtained indicate that changes in the metabolic pool of blood amino acids and
      inhibitory capacity of blood with respect to alpha 2-macroglobulin depend upon
      the type and dose of radiation. An attempt is made to find a correlation between
      early changes in the metabolic pool of amino acids and antiprotease activity and
      the degree of life span shortening after gamma- and gamma-neutron irradiation.

PMID- 4001326
TI  - [Changes in fructosediphosphate aldolase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      activity after irradiation of animals with an absolute lethal dose of gamma
      rays].
AB  - A single total-body exposure of rats to gamma-rays in an absolutely lethal dose
      caused significant changes in the activity of fructosodiphosphate aldolase (ALD)
      and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in the brain, liver, myocardium
      and skeletal muscles. The activity of ALD was mainly inhibited and that of G-6
      PDH increased. Thus, the initial step of glycolysis was significantly inhibited
      and the key reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway enhanced in the irradiated
      body.

PMID- 4001327
TI  - [Effect of gamma-irradiation and neutrons on DNA-membrane complexes in mammalian
      cells].
AB  - The first results of the radiobiological studies obtained in a biophysical
      channel of the IBR-2 reactor at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research are
      presented in this report. A study was made of the DNA-membrane complex
      sedimentation after exposure of Chinese hamster cells V79-4 to gamma-rays within
      a wide range of doses. The assumption, that had earlier been forwarded by the
      authors, of the role of double-strand DNA breaks in the alteration of a relative
      rate of the complex sedimentation upon irradiation of cells with doses above 50
      Gy was confirmed.

PMID- 4001328
TI  - [Effect of glucose on pH and potassium ion balance in suspensions of ascites
      tumor cells subjected to x-irradiation].
AB  - Glucose (2.14 microM) was introduced into nonirradiated and irradiated (6 and 60
      Gy) ascites tumor cell suspension. Irradiation was shown to suppress the
      consumption of potassium by cells having no influence on the rate of
      protoxidation of the suspension, induced by glucose, and on the passive release
      of potassium from cells.

PMID- 4001329
TI  - [Effect of gamma-irradiation on malonic dialdehyde formation in the interaction
      of liposomes with cells].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of relatively low gamma-radiation doses (up to 10
      Gy) on the ability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to induce peroxidation in
      lipids of liposomes from egg lecithin. The mechanism of this peroxidation is
      probably associated with the release from cells of catalyzers which perform free
      radical oxidation of higher unsaturated fatty acids. Two processes occur upon
      irradiation of cells: disintegration of the released catalyzers, and stimulation
      of their release from cells. Correspondingly, the formation of malonic dialdehyde
      was inhibited or stimulated depending on the radiation dose and time of the
      combined incubation of liposomes and cells. On the basis of the data obtained a
      conclusion is made that the modification of the effect of malonic dialdehyde
      formation upon oxidation of liposomes by the exposed cells is conditioned by the
      effect of radiation on cell membranes.

PMID- 4001330
TI  - [Two variants of loss of sight (blindness) after local irradiation of the head in
      cats and dogs].
AB  - After local irradiation of heads with doses of 50 to 100 Gy cats and dogs
      exhibited two types of a loss of sight: early blindness (during the first two
      hours) noted only in cats after a dose of 100 Gy, and delayed blindness in cats
      after a dose of 50 Gy, and in dogs after all doses under study.

PMID- 4001331
TI  - [Changes in the concentration of serum fibronectin in irradiated animals].
AB  - A study of the level of fibronectin in blood serum of Wistar rats at different
      times after gamma-irradiation (7.5 Gy) has demonstrated a considerable increase
      in its concentration after 3 days. This increase is a function of radiation dose
      absorbed (within the range from 1 to 10 Gy). The most pronounced changes are
      observed with serious and extremely serious forms of acute radiation sickness.
      The administration of cycloheximide 48 h after irradiation removes completely the
      increase in the level of blood serum fibronectin.

PMID- 4001332
TI  - [Relative biological effectiveness of gamma-neutron irradiation with neutron
      energy of 0.9 MeV].
AB  - Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of gamma-neutron radiation with neutron
      energy of 0.9 MeV was estimated with a reference to rat death. It was shown that
      RBE of gamma-neutron radiation (the share of neutrons was 67% as related to dose)
      at LD33/30 and LD100/30 was 2, and RBE of 0.9 MeV neutrons, in experiments with
      mixed radiation, was 3.1 and 2.86 at LD33/30 and LD100/30, respectively. The
      value of a maximum dose at which death was not registered during 30 days, was 1
      Gy with gamma-neutron radiation and 4 Gy with X-radiation.

PMID- 4001333
TI  - [Mathematical model of radiation inactivation of cells].
AB  - The analysis was made of the compatibility of several mathematical models for
      radiation inactivation of mammalian cells with a large number of experimental
      data and some statistical correlations were revealed between the model survival
      curve and the approximated experimental dependence. It was shown that the
      statistical agreement between some model and some set of the experimental data
      was not a sufficient condition for the theoretical significance of the model. For
      the most plausible model to be reliably defined by the statistical criteria
      experimental data should be obtained on many millions of similar biological
      objects. So one of the theoretical models for radiation inactivation of cells was
      chosen to give the best description of the known variety of data on mammalian
      cell inactivation by different types of radiation.

PMID- 4001334
TI  - [Isotope studies of the reaction of peripheral blood cells with 3H-thymidine in
      breast diseases].

PMID- 4001335
TI  - [Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of fast neutrons of mean energy 6.2 MeV
      from the U-120 cyclotron].

PMID- 4001336
TI  - Dose-fractionation studies on mouse gut and marrow: an intercomparison of 250 kV
      X-rays and 5.6 MeV fast neutrons.

PMID- 4001337
TI  - The effectiveness of 5.6 MeV neutrons compared with gamma rays on the survival of
      crypts in mouse intestine: preliminary results.

PMID- 4001338
TI  - [Fractionated neutron irradiation of the lung area in young swine].

PMID- 4001339
TI  - Measurements of dose distributions for a fast neutron cancer radiotherapy beam.

PMID- 4001340
TI  - Tradescantia stamen hairs: a biological monitor of doses outside the neutron beam
      used in cancer therapy.

PMID- 4001341
TI  - [Evolving trends in radiotherapy--an introduction to a series of thematically
      profiled issues of "Radiobiologia-Radiotherapia"].

PMID- 4001342
TI  - [Physical-technical irradiation planning for combined use of fast neutrons and
      quantum radiation].

PMID- 4001343
TI  - [Improving dose distribution in neutron therapy].

PMID- 4001344
TI  - Results of fast neutron therapy for advanced carcinomas of the oral cavity and
      oropharynx.

PMID- 4001345
TI  - [Irradiation of esophageal carcinoma with fast neutrons].

PMID- 4001346
TI  - Differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules using step-wise diagnostic approach
      with special regard to the diagnosis of thyroid inflammation.

PMID- 4001347
TI  - Treatment of thyroid cysts by sclerosation.

PMID- 4001348
TI  - Serum calcitonin in hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 4001349
TI  - [Increase in radioresistance of corneal epithelial cells during regeneration].

PMID- 4001350
TI  - Health promotion/disease prevention: implications for radiologic technology.
AB  - Various societal changes, including a new health awareness and increased federal
      involvement in health care, are altering the nature of health care delivery. This
      article discusses the nature of the national initiative in health
      promotion/disease prevention and attempts to give a meaningful role for
      radiologic technologists in the HP/DP movement.

PMID- 4001351
TI  - Congenitally corrected transposition in adults with left atrioventricular valve
      incompetence.
AB  - Congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels (CCT) is usually
      detected in childhood owing to the presence of associated cardiac malformations.
      If such malformations are absent, the patient may remain asymptomatic until
      adulthood; such persons usually present with left atrioventricular valve
      incompetence and conduction disturbances. The chest radiograph may be the first
      clue to the diagnosis, demonstrating the typical cardiovascular silhouette
      produced by the convex left ascending aorta. The authors examined seven cases of
      CCT manifested in adulthood and found that in four of them the diagnosis was not
      apparent from the plain image because the ascending aorta instead followed a
      concave course. Hallmarks of this phenomenon are discussed, and two radiological
      signs are presented: the double mediastinal stripe and the straight left lower
      cardiac border.

PMID- 4001352
TI  - Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: radiographic appearance.
AB  - The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is used in patients with
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias resistant to medical or surgical therapy. The
      device, which has a unique radiographic appearance, senses ventricular
      tachycardia or fibrillation and automatically delivers a cardioverting
      or/defibrillating electric shock.

PMID- 4001353
TI  - Ramus limbi dextri: demonstration by coronary angiography.
AB  - Dense opacification of coronary arteries in pediatric coronary cineangiograms led
      to the observation of a small branch of the main septal artery that is directed
      into the right ventricle and gives a fan-shaped blush. This vessel passes through
      the moderator band and into the anterior papillary muscle, which anchors the
      anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. The vessel is named the ramus limbi
      dextri, or artery of the moderator band.

PMID- 4001354
TI  - Adult pulmonary ligament pneumatocele: a loculated pneumothorax.
AB  - Two cases are described in which chest radiographic findings were typical of
      those reported as "pneumatocele in the pulmonary ligament" in adults. Analysis
      based on lateral chest radiography and computed tomography showed a loculated
      hydropneumothorax behind the pulmonary ligament. Review of the literature failed
      to show any cases with a lateral radiograph inconsistent with this
      interpretation. Middle mediastinal air in the newborn, which appears quite
      different on the lateral chest radiograph, may extend into the pulmonary
      ligament, though this is unproved. There is probably no such entity as
      "pneumatocele in the pulmonary ligament" in the adult.

PMID- 4001355
TI  - Breast arterial calcification in association with diabetes mellitus: too weak a
      correlation to have clinical utility.
AB  - A large-scale prospective study was designed to characterize the association
      between breast arterial calcification and diabetes mellitus. Arterial
      calcification was seen on the mammograms of 481 of 5,000 consecutive patients.
      The prevalence of arterial calcification was substantially higher among diabetics
      (45/106 = 42.5%) than among nondiabetics (436/4,894 = 8.9%). An even more
      significant association was found between arterial calcification and advancing
      age for both diabetics and nondiabetics. None of the 31 patients younger than 50
      years with arterial calcification were diabetic, and none of the nine diabetics
      younger than 50 years had arterial calcification. Most important, less than 10%
      (45/481) of the patients who demonstrated arterial calcification were found to be
      diabetic. The presence of arterial calcification on mammograms is a more reliable
      indicator of advancing age than of diabetes, and the association of breast
      arterial calcification with diabetes is too weak to be clinically useful.

PMID- 4001356
TI  - Middle lobe torsion following right upper lobectomy.
AB  - A case of middle lobe torsion occurring after a right upper lobectomy is
      described. The appearance of a wedge-shaped opacity with a characteristically
      positioned oblique fissure should alert the radiologist to the possibility of
      torsion. The combination of radiographic, bronchoscopic, and clinical findings
      should direct the clinician to the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 4001357
TI  - Gastric polyps: radiological evaluation and clinical significance.
AB  - Gastric polyps were found in 81 out of 4,692 consecutive radiological
      examinations (1.7%) and 103 out of 2,656 endoscopic examinations (3.9%) over a 19
      month period. Polyps were more frequent in older patients and in women. Of 98
      pathologically diagnosed lesions, 73 (74%) were hyperplastic and only two (2%)
      were adenomatous; most others were submucosal. Gastric polyps were rarely
      associated with carcinoma; only one patient had an area of severe dysplasia or
      carcinoma in situ, which was removed by polypectomy. The double-contrast
      technique had a high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing gastric polyps.
      The location and number of lesions were relatively good indicators of pathology,
      but size and radiographic characteristics were not. The authors suggest that
      although radiology has a role in initial detection and screening, endoscopy
      should be the method of choice for further evaluation and follow-up. Histological
      identification is possible only with biopsy, and preferably polypectomy. The
      infrequent association with malignancy suggests that surgery is unnecessary in
      most cases.

PMID- 4001358
TI  - The ileoanal J pouch: radiographic evaluation.
AB  - Endorectal ileoanal pull-through offers an attractive alternative to
      proctocolectomy and ileostomy for patients with ulcerative colitis, Gardner
      syndrome, and familial polyposis. To our knowledge, a careful radiographic
      analysis of the ileum, ileal pouch, and ileoanal anastomosis after ileoanal pull
      through has not been reported. Thirty-two patients with ulcerative colitis,
      Gardner syndrome, and familial polyposis underwent colectomy, mucosal
      proctectomy, and endorectal ileoanal pull-through of a 15-cm ileal "J" pouch and
      loop ileostomy. Twenty-five (78%) of 32 of all the pouches radiographically
      demonstrated spiral folds extending from the middle of the pouch to the pectinate
      line. Other radiographic features included a mesenteric mass effect,
      pseudopolyps, and a central lucency that indicated intrapouch sutures.
      Radiographs provide useful information in the postoperative management of the
      ileal pull-through.

PMID- 4001359
TI  - Wedge and subselective pulmonary angiography in pulmonary hypertension secondary
      to venous obstruction.
AB  - Pulmonary wedge or subselective angiography provided key diagnostic information
      in two cases of pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary venous obstruction.
      Whereas conventional pulmonary angiograms and ventilation-perfusion lung scans
      were interpreted as showing embolism, plain radiographs demonstrated Kerley B
      lines, suggesting venous obstruction. Subselective or wedge angiography of
      nonopacified arteries verified their anatomical patency and also revealed venous
      stenoses, collaterals, and atrophy indicative of obstruction.

PMID- 4001360
TI  - Complications of arthrography.
AB  - Arthrography is considered extremely safe since reactions to intraarticular
      contrast media are rare. We have only seen one severe complication in the
      performance of more than 2,000 arthrographic procedures. To determine the
      incidence of complications, a questionnaire was sent to 84 radiologists
      experienced in arthrography. The 57 respondents had performed more than 126,000
      arthrographic procedures, and findings of the survey indicate no deaths, three
      cases of infection, and 61 cases of hives. Other acute reactions included
      hypotension, seizures, air embolism, and laryngeal edema. Related complications
      included sterile chemical synovitis, severe pain after the procedure, and
      vasovagal reactions.

PMID- 4001361
TI  - Lesser sac abscesses and fluid collections: drainage by transhepatic approach.
AB  - Twelve abscesses and fluid collections in the lesser peritoneal sac were drained
      percutaneously using an access route across the intervening liver. This rather
      unusual access was chosen when other approaches were contraindicated because of
      surrounding colon, stomach, or spleen. All collections were drained successfully,
      and no specific complications such as hemorrhage, bile leak, or liver abscess
      occurred. Placement of an abscess drainage catheter should be done through the
      peripheral portion of the liver if possible. The technique offers a new, safe
      approach to percutaneous drainage of hitherto inaccessible collections.

PMID- 4001362
TI  - Control of carcinoid syndrome with hepatic artery embolization.
AB  - Eighteen patients with metastatic carcinoid were treated by hepatic artery
      embolization with Gelfoam or polyvinyl alcohol foam for control of the carcinoid
      syndrome. Seventeen showed subjective or objective clinical improvement,
      including less skin flushing, diarrhea, and bronchospasm. Fourteen showed
      improvement in biochemical indices, including decreased urinary 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. The mean life span of the treated patients from
      the first episode of flushing to the time of this report was 5.4 years, and half
      of the patients are still alive. This survival time compares favorably with
      previous reports of survival of 3.2 years from the onset of flushing.

PMID- 4001363
TI  - Clinical versus subclinical varicocele: venographic findings and improvement of
      fertility after embolization.
AB  - Venography and coil embolization of the left internal spermatic vein and/or right
      internal spermatic vein was performed in 75 patients with clinical or subclinical
      varicocele. Venograms of clinical varicocele were compared with venograms of
      subclinical varicocele. A major difference between the two groups was the degree
      of reflux. However, in terms of spermatologic improvement and restoration of
      fertility, embolization treatment appeared to be about equally effective in
      clinical and subclinical varicocele.

PMID- 4001364
TI  - Cerebral venous angiomas imaged by MR.
AB  - The diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) in the evaluation of cerebral
      venous angioma was studied. The results of MR and computed tomography (CT) were
      compared in six cerebral venous angiomas in five patients. MR alone was
      diagnostically successful in only three of six cases. Venous angiomas appeared as
      tubular structures of extremely low signal intensity on MR images. Although CT
      was highly sensitive (100%) in detecting lesions, CT was diagnostically specific
      in only four of the six cases. Angiography was the only modality able to
      unquestionably detect all six lesions. By varying the MR pulse sequence, we
      greatly affected the ability of MR to demonstrate lesions. In the cases where MR
      helped define the abnormality, T2-weighted MR images were able to clearly
      demonstrate lesions in five of the six cases whereas T1-weighted images helped
      detect an abnormality in only two cases. Although MR shows great promise in the
      evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities, CT remains the best imaging
      modality for detecting venous angiomas. When CT is not conclusive, angiography
      can be performed for a definitive diagnosis.

PMID- 4001365
TI  - Experimental intracranial septic infarction: magnetic resonance enhancement.
AB  - Intracranial brain abscess was produced in three monkeys by embolization of a
      small pledget of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) soaked in a broth of Staphylococcus
      aureus. Imaging of the chronic stable abscess was performed on the General
      Electric 8800 CT unit (Milwaukee, Wis.) and a 1.4 T superconducting small bore
      imaging system. Magnetic resonance imaging included saturation recovery,
      inversion recovery, and spin echo techniques. MR imaging was also performed after
      paramagnetic enhancement using gadolinium-DPTA (Gd-DTPA). Our results show that
      paramagnetic enhancement with T1-weighted imaging adds specificity and enables
      rapid assessment of abnormalities of the blood-brain barrier. T2-weighted imaging
      without paramagnetic enhancement was very sensitive in defining areas of
      abnormality in the brain but in our experiment lacked specificity. T2-weighted
      imaging with Gd-DTPA demonstrated no obvious change in the appearance of the
      lesion. The combination of T1-weighted Gd-DTPA and T2-weighted imaging appeared
      complementary in our experiment, and these images correlated well with the
      pathologic findings.

PMID- 4001366
TI  - Supraclinoid intracarotid chemotherapy using a flow-directed soft-tipped
      catheter.
AB  - In an attempt to avoid toxic reactions of the eye as a complication of internal
      carotid arterial infusion of cisplatin, carmustine, or a combination of both for
      the treatment of brain tumors, a new Gore-Tex/Teflon coaxial catheter system has
      been used for supraclinoid placement. Catheter placement was successful in 14 of
      16 attempts in eight patients. Two patients experienced eye pain and
      conjunctivitis--a result of the chemotherapeutic agent leaking through the Gore
      Tex portion of the catheter at the infusion rate of 170 ml/h. No complications
      were noted as long as the infusion rate was maintained at 125 ml/h or lower.

PMID- 4001367
TI  - Peripheral facial nerve dysfunction: CT evaluation.
AB  - Peripheral facial nerve dysfunction may have a clinically apparent or occult
      cause. We reviewed the clinical and radiographic records of 36 patients with
      peripheral facial nerve dysfunction to obtain information on the location of the
      suspected lesion and the number, sequence, and type of radiographic evaluations
      performed. Inadequate clinical evaluations before computed tomography (CT) was
      done and unnecessary CT examinations were also noted. In those patients in whom
      the cause of peripheral facial nerve dysfunction is apparent, the clinical
      radiographic workup is self-evident. When the cause of dysfunction is occult,
      however, a tailored CT examination should be done based on a thorough clinical
      evaluation. We have suggested a practical clinical and radiographic scheme to
      evaluate progressive peripheral facial dysfunction with no apparent cause. If
      this scheme is applied, unnecessary radiologic tests and delays in diagnosis and
      treatment may be avoided.

PMID- 4001368
TI  - Major motor atrophic patterns in the face and neck: CT evaluation.
AB  - Cranial nerve deficits from various pathologic processes of the head and neck may
      result in characteristic patterns of denervation muscular atrophy. Such atrophic
      patterns may be clues to the location and extent of the lesion, particularly when
      cranial nerves are involved early in the course of the disease process. Thirty
      six patients with computed tomographic (CT) evidence of muscular atrophy
      secondary to pathologic conditions involving the motor division of cranial nerves
      were examined. Five characteristic denervation muscular atrophy patterns seen on
      CT scans were identified. In several patients, identification of the muscular
      atrophy pattern was the only clue to the presence of a pathologic condition.
      Recognition of these atrophic patterns can prevent misinterpretation of their CT
      appearance and direct the CT examination to the course of the compromised cranial
      nerve from the brainstem to its peripheral innervation.

PMID- 4001369
TI  - ECG-synchronized cardiac MR imaging: method and evaluation.
AB  - An electrocardiographic (ECG) sensing and gating device compatible with a 0.35
      tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) imager has been developed and used to produce
      802 MR images of the heart in 30 patients. The instrument consists of an isolated
      acquisition module, an electrically floating preamplifier, and a monitor gating
      module. Two spin-echo images were acquired for each of five, 0.7-cm thick,
      transaxial sections from the base to the apex of the heart during each ECG
      synchronized imaging run. Image quality was assessed in a blind study by two
      investigators, on a scale from 0 to 3, as diagnostic [2-3] or nondiagnostic [0
      1]. There was agreement in 91.4% of their assessments of diagnostic images (68.1%
      of the images studied). Resolution of heart anatomy on the MR images was
      adversely affected by prolonged spin-echo time delay, imaging in late diastole,
      image acquisition at the cardiac apex, irregular triggering, and artifacts. The
      synchronization of gradient pulses to the ECG at 0.35 T appears safe for
      patients, permits diagnostic resolution of images, allows image acquisition at
      distinct points during the cardiac cycle, and enables monitoring of patients
      during imaging.

PMID- 4001370
TI  - Pulmonary nodules: detection using magnetic resonance and computed tomography.
AB  - Detection of pulmonary nodules using spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
      was compared with detection using computed tomography (CT). Of the 25 patients
      studied independently by two radiologists, no lung nodules were detected in 11
      (CT or MR), ten had a single nodule, and four had multiple nodules. The lesions
      not seen using CT or MR were less than 1.3 cm in diameter. The greater spatial
      resolution of CT enabled better detection of nodules close to the diaphragm, the
      pleura, or to each other, whereas the better contrast resolution of MR enabled
      the detection of several nodules close to blood vessels. With MR, nodules were
      best seen on images with long repetition times (2.0 sec). Most pulmonary nodules
      are seen using both CT and MR. CT generally enables the detection of more small
      nodules than MR does, and some low-density nodules near blood vessels are better
      displayed using MR.

PMID- 4001371
TI  - Characterization of lymphadenopathy by magnetic resonance relaxation times:
      preliminary results.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of magnetic resonance (MR)
      to enable characterization of disease within lymph nodes and differentiation
      between benign and malignant lymph nodes. Ninety-three patients were examined.
      Normal and malignant lymph nodes were excised from seven patients, and the T1 and
      T2 relaxation times were analyzed in vitro using spectroscopy. In 86 patients, T1
      and T2 relaxation times of the lymph nodes were determined from MR images.
      Spectroscopic analysis revealed an increase in the T1 and T2 values of nodes
      involved by neoplasm compared with uninvolved nodes in an individual case.
      Comparison of measurements from 28 lymph nodes analyzed in vitro using
      spectroscopy showed an overlap of the T1 and T2 values between normal and
      malignant lymph nodes. T2 relaxation times and relative spin density values were
      greater for acute inflammatory nodes than for nodes involved by granulomatous
      diseases (tuberculosis and sarcoidosis) or nodes replaced by lymphoma or
      metastasis. Changes in T1 relaxation values were not specific. The measurements
      of T1 and T2 relaxation times and relative spin density showed an overlap between
      nonspecific lymphadenopathy, nodes involved by granulomatous diseases, and
      malignant nodes. Differentiation between these various nonacute types of enlarged
      lymph nodes could not be achieved using current MR parameters.

PMID- 4001372
TI  - Abdominal neuroblastoma: magnetic resonance imaging and tissue characterization.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in eight children with abdominal
      neuroblastomas. Five patients had serial examinations after diagnosis, and 15
      computed tomography (CT) scans were available for comparison. MR imaging was as
      precise as CT in detecting the presence or absence of liver involvement and more
      efficient in determining the relationship of tumor to vascular structures.
      However, it did not differentiate tumor from normal kidney as accurately as CT.
      Inversion recovery (IR) images yielded the greatest soft-tissue contrast
      resolution between liver and tumor. T1 values of tumor were much higher than
      those of normal liver but overlapped those of normal kidneys. T2 values of tumor
      were significantly higher than those of the liver and were slightly, but not
      significantly, lower than those of the kidneys. Either T1- or T2- weighted pulse
      sequences should, therefore, provide adequate liver-tumor differentiation, but
      more heavily T2- weighted images appear necessary to distinguish between tumor
      and kidney. T1 values of tumors usually decreased with rapid tumor regression,
      while T2 values changed independently. The ability to quantitate tissue
      parameters helps in selecting appropriate imaging sequences and may be of use in
      following the progress of tumors.

PMID- 4001373
TI  - Fluid collections in the intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal spaces: comparison
      of MR and CT.
AB  - Fourteen patients with abnormal subdiaphragmatic fluid collections (eight
      intraperitoneal, two extraperitoneal, and four intra- and extraperitoneal) were
      examined with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR
      and CT provided equivalent information concerning the presence and extent of
      fluid collections in 13 of the 14 cases. Image acquisitions with two different
      repetition times (TRs) and two echo times (TEs) were necessary, in most cases, to
      detect and discriminate between different types of pathologic fluids.
      Transudative ascites demonstrated long T1 and T2 relaxation times, whereas
      abscesses, phlegmon, pancreatic pseudocyst, exudative pancreatitis, and chronic
      hematoma demonstrated an intermediate or short T1 and a long T2.

PMID- 4001374
TI  - Bone tumors: magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography.
AB  - The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of bone tumors are described
      and the clinical utility of MR imaging in patient evaluation is reported. Fifty
      two patients with skeletal lesions were examined with a Picker MR imager (0.15-T
      resistive magnet). Twenty-five patients had primary malignancies, seven had
      benign bone neoplasms, 15 had skeletal metastases, and five had neoplasm
      simulators. Forty-five patients had CT scans available for comparison. For
      demonstrating the extent of tumor in marrow, MR was superior to CT in 33% of
      cases, about equal to CT in 64%, and inferior to CT in 2%. For delineating the
      extent of tumor in soft tissue, MR was superior to CT in 38% of cases and about
      equal to CT in 62%. CT was superior in all cases for demonstrating calcific
      deposits and pathologic fractures. In four patients with metal prostheses or
      surgical clips, MR was superior to CT in documenting recurrent tumor because of
      artifactual degradation of the CT image. Direct sagittal and coronal images from
      MR permit accurate assessment of the relationship of tumor to adjacent normal
      structures, including the physis, joints, and neurovascular structures. MR is
      useful in the evaluation of bone tumors: it is of greatest value in evaluations
      of the peripheral skeleton, the medullary canal, soft tissues, and postoperative
      tumor recurrence. With a 0.15-T magnet, MR is less useful in the evaluation of
      the axial skeleton and cortical bone.

PMID- 4001375
TI  - Variable magnetic resonance imaging parameters: effect on detection and
      characterization of lesions.
AB  - With change in the imaging technique and magnetic field strength used in magnetic
      resonance imaging, wide variations in the delineation of pathologic features
      occur. Using imaging data from patients with known pathologic conditions, we
      evaluated the intensity images in spin-echo and inversion-recovery imaging at
      varying repetition times, echo times, and inversion times over broad ranges and
      changing magnetic field strengths. Differences in conspicuity and the apparent
      size of the lesions are important to consider in diagnosing and evaluating
      pathologic conditions, especially when different imagers and techniques are
      employed.

PMID- 4001376
TI  - Proton magnetic resonance relaxation behavior of whole muscle with fatty
      inclusions.
AB  - This in vitro proton study of spin lattice (T1) and spin spin (T2) relaxation of
      muscle with storage-fat inclusions demonstrates slow exchange and lack of cross
      relaxation between fat and water. Slow exchange causes biphasic T1 relaxation,
      but T2 relaxation is paradoxically uniphasic due to the nearly equal T2 values
      for both fractions. By careful dehydration and fat extraction, the relaxation
      information was deconvolved into water, fat, and protein contributions. The
      biphasic T1 decay has a short component due to lipid and a long component due to
      the water-protein combination. The fat content of muscle can be measured from the
      relative amplitude of the two T1 components or directly from the T2 relaxation
      time.

PMID- 4001377
TI  - Synthesized MR images: comparison with acquired images.
AB  - Synthesized and directly acquired spin-echo images were compared in order to
      assess the validity of magnetic resonance (MR) image synthesis as a method
      enabling retrospective formation of images by interactive manipulation of scan
      parameters. Synthetic images subjectively compared favorably in both accuracy and
      precision with acquired images when formed for the same values of echo (TE) and
      repetition times (TR) and for interpolated and extrapolated values of both TE and
      TR. Plots of synthetic and acquired signals within the same pixel sectors
      quantitatively showed comparable values for several regions of interest in the
      brain. Percent error and noise-normalized differences between acquired and
      synthetic images were tested as a quantitative measure of accuracy. Percent error
      was consistently less than 5% for brain parenchyma, and synthetic signals were
      accurate to within four times the noise level at acquisition. The apparent signal
      to-noise ratio of synthetic images was comparable, superior, or inferior to
      similar acquired images, depending on the values of TE and TR. Total acquisition
      time required for synthetic formation of images for arbitrary values of TE and TR
      was equivalent to that of a single direct acquisition with a TR of 2,500 msec.

PMID- 4001378
TI  - Shape and dimensions of cardiac chambers: importance of CT section thickness and
      orientation.
AB  - Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scan data were used to quantitate
      the geometry of all heart chambers. The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR) was
      used to scan dogs with in situ casts of the cardiac chambers. Chamber volumes
      estimated from DSR images were accurate within 5% of water displacement volume
      measurements of the actual casts for chambers greater than 11 ml and within 10%
      of water displacement volumes for chambers less than 11 ml. Anatomic features of
      the actual cast correlated closely with anatomy visible in computer-generated
      surface images of the 3D DSR image data. The important effect of reconstructed
      section thickness and orientation on the fidelity of 3D cardiac geometry is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 4001379
TI  - Vertebral venous channels: CT appearance and differential considerations.
AB  - A comprehensive study of the anatomy, radiologic images, and pathology of venous
      channels in the thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies was performed using cadavers
      and patients. These structures may be mistaken for fractures, lytic lesions, or
      other abnormalities on high-resolution axial computed tomographic (CT) scans of
      the spine. A distinct osseous wall, absence of extension over multiple contiguous
      levels, lack of displacement, and predominant localization in the mid-axial plane
      of the vertebral body are characteristic features of venous channels. An
      understanding of the normal intraosseous venous anatomy should prevent
      misinterpretation of clinical CT studies in most instances.

PMID- 4001380
TI  - Pheochromocytoma and the normal adrenal medulla: improved visualization with I
      123 MIBG scintigraphy.
AB  - The radiopharmaceutical iodine 131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG) has been
      shown to locate pheochromocytomas scintigraphically with a false-negative rate of
      approximately 13%. To improve image quality and reduce the false-negative rate, I
      123 was examined as a radioactive label for MIBG, as it has many advantages over
      I-131, including superior dosimetry and better detection efficiency. Diagnostic
      doses of 0.5 mCi (18.5 MBq) I-131 MIBG and 10.0 mCi (370.0 MBq) I-123 MIBG with
      nearly equivalent radiation dosimetries were compared in 18 patients with known
      or suspected pheochromocytomas. Images of superior quality were obtained with I
      123 MIBG in 18 of 18 patients, and in eight cases lesions not visualized on I-131
      MIBG scintigraphy were portrayed. A further advantage of I-123 MIBG is that it
      permits single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This was performed in
      six cases and provided additional information in three cases. The adrenal
      medullae were definitely visualized using I-123 scintigraphy in eight of 14
      patients still possessing adrenal glands, whereas I-131 MIBG images portrayed the
      adrenal medulla in only one of 14 cases. Five remaining patients had multiple
      abdominal tumor deposits that were difficult to differentiate from normal adrenal
      medullae.

PMID- 4001381
TI  - Renal bleeding: scintigraphic detection in a canine model.
AB  - The authors evaluated a method of detecting urinary tract bleeding using Tc-99m
      sulfur colloid in a canine model.

PMID- 4001382
TI  - Radiological image compression: full-frame bit-allocation technique.
AB  - A full-frame bit-allocation technique has been developed for radiological image
      compression based on encoding the cosine transform of the image. Six different
      types of diagnostic images were used to examine this technique, and the results
      have been encouraging. Reconstructed images from compressed-image data with
      compression ratios of 4:1, 8:1, 12:1, and 16:1 did not have excessive visual
      degradation. It is concluded that this technique is suitable for diagnostic image
      compression.

PMID- 4001383
TI  - Direct sagittal computed tomography of the head.
AB  - Direct sagittal computed tomography (CT) scanning of the cranium and face was
      facilitated using a fabricated to maintain the position of an adult patient's
      head on the scanner. A sponge was designed to fulfill the same purpose for
      children. Sagittal CT scanning of the head is easy to perform using these
      devices, and the additional equipment is inexpensive.

PMID- 4001384
TI  - Compensation filter for shoulder radiography.
AB  - We describe a silicone filter that overcomes peripheral overpenetration in
      radiography of the shoulder. With proper angulation, its use facilitates better
      demonstration of the acromiohumeral window and adjacent structures.

PMID- 4001385
TI  - A device for positioning the breast during angiography.
AB  - A patient positioning device to be used during angiography of the breast that can
      easily be mounted and removed from an existing table top is described. The device
      facilitates patient positioning, provides good compression of the breast, and
      permits the placement of a water bolus during the studies.

PMID- 4001386
TI  - A flexible shield to protect personnel during interventional procedures.
AB  - A flexible shield is described that reduces x-ray scatter to the radiologist's
      hands by as much as 73%. The shield can be made in the radiology department using
      readily available, flexible, lead-vinyl material.

PMID- 4001387
TI  - Stereoscopy without instruments: a training device.
AB  - The authors describe a new method for mastering stereoscopic viewing of
      radiographs. The method can be learned in 20 minutes and does not use instruments
      such as stereoviewers.

PMID- 4001388
TI  - Newly devised long sheath for transfemoral angiography.
AB  - A newly devised long sheath facilitates catheterization of a markedly tortuous
      iliac artery during percutaneous transfemoral angiography.

PMID- 4001389
TI  - Translumbar catheter redirection using a tip-deflector technique.
AB  - A new technique is described for reversing the direction of the catheter tip
      during translumbar aortography, without the need for partial withdrawal of the
      catheter from the aortic lumen. The method ensures optimal delivery of contrast
      medium at the desired level, while avoiding the risk of retroperitoneal bleeding
      or dislodgement during catheter manipulation.

PMID- 4001390
TI  - Retrievable vena caval filter percutaneously introduced.
AB  - A vena caval filter than can be introduced percutaneously via the femoral vein is
      described. We placed these filters in five patients without complications.
      Experimental work in filter removal one to two weeks after insertion in dogs has
      been performed.

PMID- 4001391
TI  - A fascial dilator for percutaneous drainage procedures.
AB  - To optimally traverse the fascial and tendinous aponeuroses during percutaneous
      drainage of abdominal structures, a more rigid dilator is required than commonly
      used vascular dilators. Such a dilator is available and is useful and safe.

PMID- 4001392
TI  - Quality control of linear accelerator x-ray performance using semiconductor
      probes.
AB  - A simple device for quick and reliable routine assessment of linear accelerator x
      ray energy and flatness of the isodose curve is described. The system makes use
      of commercially available equipment designed for general radiotherapy
      application.

PMID- 4001393
TI  - Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: role of the radiologist.
AB  - Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a new noninvasive treatment
      modality for urinary calculi. ESWL may be applied to the majority of patients
      requiring stone removal and is expected to replace, to a large degree,
      percutaneous stone removal (PSR), now practiced jointly by interventional
      radiologists and endourologists in most institutions. In a number of cases, ESWL
      and PSR will be complementary procedures. Technically, ESWL can be considered a
      radiologic procedure; thus far, radiologists are not participating in its use. In
      the authors' opinion, ESWL should be a combined urologic radiologic procedure
      analogous to PSR; this will allow the most rational and effective treatment.

PMID- 4001394
TI  - Re: Tumor cure studies on the rat sarcoma BA1112 using continuous low-dose-rate
      radiation.

PMID- 4001395
TI  - Soft-tissue abnormalities of the external auditory canal: subject review of CT
      findings.
AB  - We review the normal anatomy and discuss characteristic findings of soft-tissue
      abnormalities of the external auditory canal (EAC). The indications for computed
      tomography (CT) of the temporal bone have been significantly expanded with the
      inclusion of soft-tissue abnormalities of the external ear and the auditory
      canal. Soft-tissue abnormalities of the EAC that can be evaluated with CT include
      atresia, edema, hemorrhage, fracture, posttraumatic or infection-caused keloid,
      malignant external otitis, hemangioma, lymphangioma, papilloma, keratosis
      obturans, acquired cholesteatoma, adenoma, ceruminoma, fibroma, mixed tumor,
      sarcoma, and basal cell, squamous cell, or adenocystic carcinoma. CT scans of 25
      patients who had soft-tissue abnormalities of the EAC were reviewed. The clinical
      data were correlated with the radiographic findings. We conclude that CT is the
      best overall radiographic modality for evaluating the extent and character of
      soft-tissue abnormalities of the EAC. Significant clinical information that is
      helpful in patient management decisions is added by this technique.

PMID- 4001396
TI  - Carcinomatous involvement of the hilum and mediastinum: computed tomographic and
      magnetic resonance evaluation.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) were compared in 20
      patients who had primary lung tumors, and the results were correlated with
      findings at surgery and pathologic evaluation. Both studies demonstrated a
      similar ability to detect hilar and mediastinal tumor. MR imaging detected more
      enlarged nodes in the mediastinum, but in several patients these enlarged nodes
      did not contain tumor. Consequently, MR imaging has a slightly higher false
      positive rate in the evaluation of the mediastinum. Both modalities were highly
      sensitive, with specificity limited by the presence of enlarged benign lymph
      nodes in this series of patients.

PMID- 4001397
TI  - Bronchogenic carcinoma: staging with MR compared with staging with CT and
      surgery.
AB  - Thirty-three patients suspected of having bronchogenic carcinoma were studied
      prospectively using magnetic resonance (MR). In this group, 30 underwent
      examination with computed tomography (CT), 15 underwent thoracotomy, six had
      mediastinal biopsy procedures performed, and eight underwent bronchoscopy. MR
      studies, which included transaxial spin-echo imaging (TR, 0.5 and 2.0 sec; TE, 28
      and 56 msec) of all patients and sagittal or coronal imaging of 18, were
      performed without knowledge of CT findings, using only plain radiographs as a
      guide. CT and MR studies were interpreted separately. CT and MR provided
      comparable information regarding the presence and size of mediastinal lymph
      nodes. MR better discriminated mediastinal nodes from vascular structures.
      However, in two of 11 patients who had multiple mediastinal lymph nodes that were
      normal in size at CT examination and surgery, MR suggested a confluent abnormal
      mass, probably because of its poorer spatial resolution. MR was superior to CT in
      showing enlarged hilar lymph nodes, but CT was better for demonstrating bronchial
      abnormalities. In three of four patients who had a proved hilar mass with distal
      obstructive pneumonia, MR (TR, 2.0 sec) helped distinguish between the mass and
      collapsed lung.

PMID- 4001398
TI  - Gated MR imaging of the heart: intracardiac signals in patients and healthy
      subjects.
AB  - The appearance of intraluminal signal in the cardiac chambers, the descending
      aorta, and blood vessels was studied in healthy subjects and patients with
      myocardial disease on first and second spin-echo gated magnetic resonance images.
      Signal was present in the cardiac chambers and the aorta at various phases of the
      cardiac cycle when physiological or pathological slow flow conditions are
      expected in healthy subjects and in patients. Healthy individuals tended to show
      signal in the ventricles and aorta during end-diastole, and signal was less
      likely to be present at higher heart rates and in systolic images. In patients
      with regional or global left ventricular dysfunction, intraventricular signal
      tended to persist into systole. Surprisingly, intraventricular signal was not
      present with increased frequency adjacent to infarcted regions of the myocardial
      wall. Thus, the mere presence of intracavitary signal cannot be used as an
      indicator of either regional or global cardiac contraction abnormalities. In the
      left atrium, signal was often present during systole. Physical factors
      determining the appearance of signal of flowing blood are discussed in an
      Appendix.

PMID- 4001399
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging performance: a comparison of sodium and hydrogen.
AB  - Although many nuclei can be used to produce magnetic resonance (MR) images,
      technical considerations dictate the choice of certain of these. Hydrogen is the
      most favorable, followed by sodium. We present an evaluation of the imaging
      performance of sodium MR imaging based on imager performance and biologic
      factors. Because it is hampered by high operating fields, low signal-to-noise
      levels, and radiofrequency power deposition constraints, careful clinical
      comparisons will be needed to identify a diagnostic niche that could take
      advantage of the large sodium differences known to exist within biologic systems.

PMID- 4001400
TI  - Ferromagnetic materials in patients: detection before MR imaging.
AB  - A number of surgical clips and other metallic materials embedded within patients
      have ferromagnetic properties that present a potential hazard when in the strong
      fields associated with magnetic resonance imaging. Several types of magnetometers
      and metal detectors were investigated as possible pre-imaging screening devices.
      The sensitivities and costs of these devices are given.

PMID- 4001401
TI  - MR imaging in radiation therapy planning. Work in progress.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may provide information about tumor location,
      extent, and margins unavailable from other imaging modalities. The impact of MR
      on radiation therapy planning was investigated in this study. Thirty patients
      about to undergo radiation therapy underwent routine radiography and computed
      tomography (CT) to define the extent of their disease. A radiation therapy plan,
      including portal placement and size, was drawn up based on this information
      alone. The patients also underwent MR studies. After the original therapy plan
      was created, the MR study results were made available to the radiation therapist.
      In 53% (16/30) of the cases, MR information led to a measurable change in the
      therapy plan; in an additional 33% (10/30), MR information increased confidence
      in the original plan. MR may become a necessary procedure for radiation therapy
      planning in many cases.

PMID- 4001402
TI  - Pulmonary nodules studied by computed tomography.
AB  - The authors analyzed 177 pulmonary nodules using thin-section computed tomography
      (CT), calculating the representative CT number (RCT#) from a computer printout.
      None of the 96 malignant nodules had an RCT# greater than 151 H. Of the 81 benign
      nodules, 14 were shown to be calcified by conventional radiography and had an
      RCT# ranging from 763 and 1,023 H. Thirty had an RCT# greater than 200 H; this
      included 24 which showed no calcification on conventional tomograms. The
      remaining 37 benign nodules had an RCT# less than 200 H; 6 of them were
      hamartomas, including 2 which were diagnosed as such due to their fat content.

PMID- 4001403
TI  - Insufficiency fractures of the sacrum.
AB  - Insufficiency stress fractures may occur in the sacrum after radiation therapy or
      secondary to postmenopausal or steroid-induced osteoporosis. These fractures are
      often either overlooked or confused both clinically and radiographically with
      metastatic disease. Findings on plain films and conventional tomograms are often
      subtle. Radionuclide bone scans show a characteristic distribution of increased
      uptake. Computed tomography is the definitive technique for demonstrating the
      fractures.

PMID- 4001404
TI  - Partial priapism: the role of CT in its diagnosis.
AB  - Partial priapism is a rare condition. Unlike the typical cases of priapism where
      the diagnosis is obvious on physical examination, partial priapism generally is
      initially seen as a perineal mass, and the diagnosis is more difficult. In our
      case, computed tomography helped make a differential diagnosis of partial
      priapism.

PMID- 4001405
TI  - Ovarian metastases: computed tomographic appearances.
AB  - Computed tomographic scans of 34 patients with ovarian metastases were reviewed
      to assess the radiographic appearances and to correlate these with the primary
      neoplasms. Primary neoplasms were located in the colon (20 patients), breast
      (six), stomach (five), small bowel (one), bladder (one), and Wilms tumor of the
      kidney (one). The radiographic appearance of the metastatic lesions could be
      described as predominantly cystic (14 lesions), mixed (12 lesions), or solid
      (seven lesions). There was one false-negative examination which showed no ovarian
      enlargement, although neoplastic deposits were found on the ovary at laparotomy.
      The cystic and mixed lesions tended to be larger in overall diameter than the
      solid. The metastases from gastric carcinoma appeared solid in four of five
      cases. The metastases from the other neoplasms had variable appearances
      simulating primary ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 4001406
TI  - Dual-photon Gd-153 absorptiometry of bone.
AB  - Dual-photon absorptiometry with gadolinium 153 was used to measure the mineral
      content of lumbar vertebrae in cadavers, excised vertebrae with marrow, and dry,
      marrow-free vertebrae. The error introduced by the surrounding soft tissue of
      cadavers was 3%, and the error in determining mineral mass or density in excised
      vertebrae was about 5%. The correlation coefficient between the results of Gd-153
      and corrected iodine 125 (single-photon) absorptiometry on 24 femoral necks was
      0.99, and the predictive error was 3.7%. Dual-photon absorptiometry accurately
      indicates bone mass and bone density and is only slightly affected by either
      surrounding tissue or fat changes in bone marrow.

PMID- 4001407
TI  - Ligamentous injury of the lower tibiofibular syndesmosis: radiographic evidence.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of the ankle radiographs of 86 patients with disruptions
      of the distal tibiofibular syndesmotic ligaments and comparison with radiographs
      of 100 patients with normal ankles revealed several findings useful in
      identifying these lesions. These observations included location and character of
      lateral malleolar or fibular fractures, avulsions of the tibial or fibular
      syndesmotic attachments, talar tilt or displacement, and distortion of the normal
      tibiofibular and tibiotalar relationships. Injuries to the ligamentous support of
      the ankle may be subtle and overlooked. Recognition of these findings and an
      understanding of the mechanisms of injury will facilitate radiologic diagnosis of
      syndesmotic injuries and will allow for surgical repair to prevent potential
      complications.

PMID- 4001408
TI  - Oxygen tension in human tumors: in vivo mapping using CT-guided probes.
AB  - The role of oxygen in tumor response to therapy has been studied for several
      decades. We describe a technique that allows in vivo measurement of oxygen in
      tumors using computed tomography to guide probes. In the evaluation of 16 tumors,
      oxygen tensions were found to be substantially lower than surrounding tissue and
      varied nonrandomly. This technique has allowed construction of detailed tumor
      oxygen level maps.

PMID- 4001409
TI  - Objective assessment of mammography systems. Part I: Method.
AB  - The authors have developed an experimental method for simultaneous determination
      of dose and image parameters in mammography. A global and objective quality
      concept, the image quality index, is proposed and its reliability demonstrated by
      tests of reproducibility. Objective quality tests and subjective evaluation by
      radiologists showed good correlation.

PMID- 4001410
TI  - Objective assessment of mammography systems. Part II: Implementation.
AB  - A quality control program for mammography units was carried out, based on
      objective tests of image quality and dose. Results are reported for 31 units,
      including correlation between various parameters. Satisfactory results were
      obtained in the case of 21 installations; for the other 10, comparison between
      measured quality parameters and those of the reference system suggested ways in
      which quality might be improved.

PMID- 4001411
TI  - A uniform focal spot X-ray tube with improved MTF and kW rating.
AB  - Focal spots of conventional x-ray tubes have a "twin-peaked" intensity
      distribution perpendicular to the axis of the tube. This results in a poorer
      modulation transfer function (MTF) than would be obtained with a uniform
      intensity distribution having the same input power rating (kW). It is
      demonstrated that such an intensity distribution can be obtained by employing a
      ribbon-shaped filament. Experimental results are presented for both the ribbon
      filament and a conventional helical coil using a stationary anode. For a 0.3-mm
      focal spot spatial frequency of 2.0 c/mm, a uniform intensity distribution gave
      an MTF of about 50%, compared to 20% for a conventional tube at the same kW
      rating.

PMID- 4001412
TI  - A computerized X-ray dose-monitoring system.
AB  - An x-ray dose-monitoring system using a small digital computer is described.
      Initially, and for every 6 months afterward, the system is calibrated using an
      exposure meter. For each exposure, the computer receives values of x-ray
      technique and beam geometry from the x-ray generator through a specially designed
      electronic interface. Then, by means of calibration data, entrance exposure, area
      exposure product, and integral dose are obtained and printed for each patient
      examined. The overall accuracy of the system is better than +/- 20%. Operation is
      semiautomatic, requiring minimum operator intervention. Over 2,000 patients have
      been monitored with the device. Because the system is computer-based, it offers
      the opportunity for statistical analysis of the data base created, as the results
      for each patient are stored on computer disk.

PMID- 4001413
TI  - A simple device for breath-level monitoring during CT.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen requires well-defined and
      reproducible breath-holdings. For this purpose, a simple respiration-control
      device has been developed that enables the patient to monitor breath-holding
      during successive scans. The patient holds his/her breath at a preselected level
      using feedback monitoring. The device is easy to handle and suitable for all
      commercial CT systems.

PMID- 4001414
TI  - Antitrust aspects of exclusive contracts in medical imaging.
AB  - Exclusive contracts between radiologists and hospitals may be more frequently
      scrutinized for antitrust violations because of the Hyde v Jefferson Parish
      Hospital District No. 2 case. In the Hyde case, the lower court decided antitrust
      law had been violated, and it was the first antitrust case about exclusive
      medical contracts to be reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court. The case is a
      precedent for considering similar circumstances according to traditional business
      antitrust analyses such as per se violations, tying arrangements, group boycott,
      and market foreclosure. Areas that may be scrutinized for anticompetitiveness
      include hospital privileges when radiologists have exclusive contracts with the
      community's only hospital or provide services unique within an area, and
      physicians' access to scarce resources (e.g., computed tomography [CT], magnetic
      resonance [MR] imaging). Radiologists must understand antitrust implications of
      their hospital contracts; examine the terms of staff appointment, bylaws, and
      rights; and be able to guide their attorneys through contract negotiations.

PMID- 4001415
TI  - Radiology should be a required part of the medical school curriculum.
AB  - The interests of the future medical community and its patients would be better
      served if radiology were made a part of the core curriculum in all 4 years in all
      medical schools so that it would be impossible to obtain an M.D. degree in this
      country without a thorough grounding in this vital subject. Radiology should no
      longer be an elective part of the curriculum now that so much of the study and
      practice of medicine depends on familiarity with imaging studies.

PMID- 4001417
TI  - Re: Accessory muscles of the lower part of the calf.

PMID- 4001416
TI  - Radiologists and informed-consent lawsuits.
AB  - A national survey on informed-consent lawsuits that resulted from studies using
      contrast material revealed that 123 (8%) of 1,513 radiologists surveyed or others
      in their groups had been involved in informed-consent lawsuits. In response to a
      detailed follow-up questionnaire, 67 radiologists anonymously provided additional
      information regarding their lawsuits, which most often involved excretory
      urography (37%) or angiography (38%), with death or neurologic impairment the
      most common patient injuries. As a result of these lawsuits, many radiologists
      provide more detailed information to patients. In the United States, the total
      number of informed-consent lawsuits, however, was small in relation to the total
      number of studies done using contrast material.

PMID- 4001418
TI  - Fibrocartilaginous dysplasia of bone.
AB  - Fibrocartilaginous dysplasia is a benign, unusual complication of fibrous
      dysplasia occurring in the lower extremities, especially the femoral neck. Rapid
      growth and chondroid features may cause fibrocartilaginous dysplasia to be
      misdiagnosed as malignant. True chondrosarcomatous transformation of fibrous
      dysplasia is probably very rare. A recent case of fibrocartilaginous dysplasia is
      presented.

PMID- 4001419
TI  - Thymic cysts in mediastinal Hodgkin disease.
AB  - Three cases of proved thymic cysts associated with mediastinal Hodgkin disease
      are presented. Two illustrate regression of lymphoma with chemotherapy but
      persistence of thymic cysts. The third case demonstrates a thymic cyst in
      untreated Hodgkin disease. These cases suggest that such cysts are probably
      neither coincidental with nor a consequence of therapy but are probably related
      to initial thymic involvement by Hodgkin disease.

PMID- 4001420
TI  - Rectal biopsy as a cause of rectal ulceration.
AB  - We report three patients in whom the performance of a rectal biopsy produced an
      ulcer that was found during a subsequent examination (two at double-contrast
      barium enema examinations and one at colonoscopy). In each case, the iatrogenic
      ulcers presented an unusual appearance and resulted in the performance of
      inappropriate follow-up studies.

PMID- 4001421
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis: significant limitations of noninvasive tests.
AB  - Impedance plethysmography (IPG) has a reputed sensitivity of 95% in the detection
      of proximal, clinically significant deep venous thrombosis (DVT). A review of the
      radiologic studies of 100 consecutive patients who underwent both venography and
      IPG showed venographic evidence of proximal DVT in 40 patients. The IPG was
      negative in 15 (38%) of these 40 cases. The specificity of the IPG was 83%. The
      predictive value of a negative study, with this 40% prevalence of DVT, was 77%.
      These disturbing results indicate a continuing role for venography in the workup
      of DVT.

PMID- 4001422
TI  - Use of medical radiographs: extent of variation and associated active bone marrow
      doses.
AB  - An analysis of radiologic practice in five areas of Maine was undertaken for
      three purposes: to identify those radiologic examinations associated with the
      highest variation in use so that guidelines can be instituted to correct for
      excess use; to identify the major contributors to absorbed dose to the active
      bone marrow; and to estimate annual and cumulative dose to the active bone marrow
      as a function of age. Our data indicate that variation in radiologic use is no
      larger, on average, than is variation in the use of surgical procedures and that
      the largest variations are found in mammograms and films of the skull and lumbar
      spine. For all patient age groups, four types of examinations contribute 75%-85%
      of the annual dose to the active bone marrow: examinations of the stomach and
      intestines using barium contrast material, intravenous urograms, studies of the
      biliary tract, and lumbar spine films. Over 80% of the total dose to the active
      bone marrow from diagnostic radiology in patients occurs after age 40 and nearly
      60% after age 55; this suggests that the potential number of induced leukemias
      from diagnostic radiology may be lower than previously estimated.

PMID- 4001423
TI  - Percutaneous endovascular stents: an experimental evaluation.
AB  - Percutaneous, expanding, endovascular stents were constructed of stainless steel
      wire formed in a zig-zag pattern. Stents were placed for varying periods of time
      in the jugular vein, vena cava, and abdominal aorta in each of five adult dogs.
      The dilating force of the stents could be controlled by different wire size,
      number and angle of wire bends, and stent length. In addition, multiple stents
      could be placed one inside the other or one after the other, depending on the
      circumstance. The stents distended the vessels and increased their diameter. No
      flow defects, luminal narrowing, or occlusion were noted in any of the stented
      vessels, even after 6 months. Side branches bridged by the stents remained patent
      and showed no indication of narrowing. Stent wires became encased by a
      proliferation of the tunica intima where they contacted the vessel wall.
      Encasement was slower and less extensive in the abdominal aorta. No vascular
      erosion or clot formation was found to be associated with any of the stents.

PMID- 4001424
TI  - Congenital bronchobiliary fistula.
AB  - Congenital bronchobiliary fistula is a rare cause of respiratory distress in
      newborn infants and should be included in the differential diagnosis of
      aspiration pneumonia. A 1-week-old infant was examined using selective
      bronchography of the fistula and is the youngest successfully treated patient
      described thus far.

PMID- 4001425
TI  - Diffuse hepatic hemangiomas: percutaneous transcatheter embolization with
      detachable silicone balloons.
AB  - Two infants with severe congestive cardiac failure secondary to diffuse hepatic
      hemangiomas were treated by percutaneous transcatheter embolization of the
      hepatic arteries using detachable silicone balloons. One infant experienced
      dramatic improvement of the cardiac failure and showed no impairment of hepatic
      function. The other infant remained in a low cardiac output state following the
      procedure and developed acute hepatic and renal failure followed by generalized
      sepsis and death. Autopsy examination revealed massive hepatic
      hemangioendothelioma as well as areas of necrotic and viable liver parenchyma. A
      review of reported patients with hepatic hemangiomas treated by hepatic artery
      ligation or embolization showed no others who had hepatic failure. These
      techniques were curative in 14 of 18 patients (78%), an improvement compared with
      the results of other available methods of therapy.

PMID- 4001427
TI  - Effect of methemoglobin formation on the MR appearance of subarachnoid
      hemorrhage.
AB  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage has a much higher intensity in magnetic resonance (MR)
      images with the passage of time. Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage is difficult to
      see; within 1 week its appearance has become intensified on T1-weighted images.
      Different concentrations of blood and lysed red blood cells in cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) were examined spectroscopically but did not significantly alter T1
      and T2 relaxation of CSF acutely. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy of bloody CSF
      stored hypoxically for 3 days showed the presence of methemoglobin. The iron in
      methemoglobin is paramagnetic; in combination with water this facilitates T1
      relaxation. It is concluded that methemoglobin formation with T1 shortening at
      least partially accounts for the increasing intensity of the MR appearance of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage over time in the central nervous system and may also
      explain the intense appearance of subacute hemorrhage in MR images elsewhere in
      the body.

PMID- 4001426
TI  - Central nervous system high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging: effect of
      increasing spatial resolution on resolving power.
AB  - Resolving power is a useful measure of the magnetic resonance (MR) imager
      determined ability to discriminate subtle disease. Optimizing the resolving power
      produces the best MR images. The resolving power improves with higher spatial
      resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and object contrast. Resolving power degrades
      with increased patient motion, which can be associated with prolonged imaging
      times. High and low object contrast 0.35-T MR images of the central nervous
      system are compared at different levels of spatial resolution and signal-to-noise
      ratios. In systems that have a marginal signal-to-noise ratio, the resolving
      power can actually decrease when higher spatial resolution is used due to further
      lowering of signal-to-noise ratio and to increased motion resulting from longer
      imaging times. This decreases the conspicuity of small, low contrast lesions.

PMID- 4001428
TI  - Basic science and clinical aspects of procaine HCl as a limbic system excitant.
AB  - The literature in animals and humans which indicate that systemic procaine HCl
      activates limbic tissue is reviewed. Studies in cats which suggest that procaine
      excites limbic cells by reducing neural inhibition are then described. Evidence
      that power spectral analysis of high frequency EEG bands (omega or 31-55 cps) in
      the temporal cortical EEG reflects degree of limbic (amygdala) excitation in
      animals and humans is reviewed. Studies in cats are described which show that
      procaine selectively increases omega band activity in the amygdala and temporal
      cortex in a dose related fashion which parallels dose related increases in
      amygdaloid neural activity. Preliminary results of combining intravenous procaine
      and omega band analysis of scalp EEG in humans to predict therapeutic response to
      carbamazepine in borderline personality and affective disorder patients are then
      described. The effects of procaine on omega are compared to the effects of direct
      electrical stimulation of human limbic system in complex partial seizure patients
      undergoing assessment for temporal lobectomy. The results tentatively support the
      hypothesis that some psychiatric patients have hyperexcitable limbic systems, and
      those that do, show a positive behavioural response to carbamazepine.

PMID- 4001429
TI  - The effects of chronic lithium on the EEG and locomotor response to drug
      challenge in rats.
AB  - Adult male Wistar rats were given lithium as a dietary supplement or a control
      diet for a period of eight weeks. Spectral analysis of cortical EEG activity
      revealed a significant shift in the amplitude and variance of the theta rhythm in
      rats administered lithium. A significant increase in the locomotor response to
      morphine over time but not to saline or caffeine was seen in lithium treated rats
      as compared to controls. The modulation of the locomotor response to morphine
      seen following lithium administration suggests the possibility that modification
      of a brain opioid system may contribute to the clinical response to lithium.

PMID- 4001430
TI  - Study of the hypnic effect of amineptine evaluation by means of polygraphy and
      tests.
AB  - The sleep pattern and conditions at the time of awakening were investigated by
      means of polygraphy and tests in 6 healthy adult volunteers following
      administration of amineptine. The drug was found to increase the number and
      duration of the REM phases, without affecting the overall sleeping time but
      reducing sleep latency. The tests carried out revealed a higher sensation of well
      being, improved attention and concentration in the morning.

PMID- 4001431
TI  - Interdependency of lithium ratio, plasma lithium level and clinical state in
      patients with affective disorders.
AB  - The interrelationship between lithium ratio, lithium plasma level and the
      different clinical phases of 31 patients with bipolar affective disorder has been
      investigated. the interdependency of these variables was followed longitudinally
      during different phases of the illness while under lithium therapy. Although
      positive correlations between lithium ratio and lithium plasma levels were
      evident, the lithium ratio values in the euthymic group were significantly higher
      than those in the manic and depressive groups, independently of the plasma
      lithium level. Our data suggested that RBC/plasma lithium ratio might be a
      sensitive state dependent index in affective bipolar illness.

PMID- 4001432
TI  - Trazodone in endogenous depressed patients: a negative report and a critical
      evaluation of the pertaining literature.
AB  - The antidepressant efficacy of trazodone has been studied during three weeks in
      13 endogenously depressed patients, using a fixed dosage of 5/10 mg/kg bodyweight
      per day. Psychopathological assessments were documented by means of observer
      rating (HDRS, AMP) and selfratings (Bf-S, EWL-K). Most variables assessed during
      course of treatment did not reveal amelioration of statistical significance or
      clinical relevance. If the most frequently applied response criteria of a 50%
      reduction of the initial HDRS-score was taken, only three patient improved. Those
      results were surprising in view of the previous and subsequent response to
      antidepressant therapy of the patient group studied. Plasmalevels of trazodone
      were monitored once weekly; they showed a nine-fold interindividual variation and
      did not correlate to the fixed dosage steps. A critical review of the pertaining
      literature led the authors assume, that the main indication of this drug is
      within non-endogenous-depression.

PMID- 4001433
TI  - The metyrapone test in depressed males.
AB  - Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in
      depression has received considerable attention, particularly in the now numerous
      studies utilizing the dexamethasone suppression test. The possibility of HPA axis
      hypoactivity in this population however has not been similarly explored. To
      examine this latter possibility, the metyrapone test, a well-established neuro
      endocrine assay for determining pituitary reserve, was administered to ten
      endogenously depressed males and ten matched controls. Consistent with the
      findings of an earlier study on ten female depressives, one of the depressed
      males but none of the controls showed clear evidence of HPA axis hypoactivity.
      This suggests that HPA axis dysfunction in depressives may be more complex than
      originally anticipated. This finding also has implications for the psychiatric
      symptomatology classically associated with such illnesses as Addison's disease.

PMID- 4001434
TI  - Sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia and impotence in male psychiatric
      outpatients.
AB  - The relationship between erectile dysfunction and sulpiride stimulatory effect on
      prolactin secretion was studied in 13 married male psychiatric outpatients. The
      patients population was comprised of 2 groups: patients with anxiety disorders
      resistant to minor tranquilizers who were treated with sulpiride up to 200
      mg/day, and schizophrenic patients treated with sulpiride 600 mg/day. All the
      patients were maintained on maximal dose for a period of 3 weeks. Sexual function
      and blood prolactin levels were monitored once weekly. The patients who developed
      impotence were maintained on higher doses of sulpiride and exhibited higher
      prolactin levels in comparison to the potent patients. Restoration of potency was
      observed after reduction or discontinuation of sulpiride treatment. It is
      concluded that sulpiride induced impotence is associated with hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 4001435
TI  - Effects of 9-deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene PGE2 on muscle contractile activity
      and collagen synthesis in the human cervix.
AB  - The in vitro effects of a stable PGE-analogue (9-deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene
      PGE2 (9-methylene PGE2) on human cervical tissue was investigated. The influence
      of the analogue on collagen biosynthesis was studied by measuring the
      incorporation of 3H-proline, while smooth muscle effects were evaluated by
      isometric recording of contractile activity. The specimens were obtained by
      needle biopsy from women in early and late pregnancy and from nonpregnant women
      of fertile age. 9-methylene PGE2 compared with controls increased the
      incorporation of 3H-proline in the secretory phase and before the 9th week of
      pregnancy, whereas radiolabelling was decreased in the follicular phase, in the
      9th-12th week and at term. With respect to incorporation of 3H-proline,9
      methylene PGE2 was equipotent to PGE2. 9-methylene PGE2 inhibited spontaneous
      contractile activity in early as well as in late pregnancy but increased muscular
      activity in nonpregnant patients. The inhibitory effects of the analogue was
      similar to that of PGE2 but the natural compound was considerably more potent in
      this respect.

PMID- 4001436
TI  - An easy method for preparing radioactive methyl esters of eicosanoids suitable as
      ligands in radioimmunoassays.
AB  - A rapid and convenient method is described for methylating prostanoids and other
      arachidonic acid metabolites. With 3H-methyl iodide of high specific activity,
      tracers for radioimmunoassay can be produced at a cost which is only a fraction
      of that of labeled compounds currently available. In radioimmunoassays for PGE2,
      TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, labeled methyl esters gave results which were
      comparable to those obtained with the use of tritiated free acids as
      radioligands.

PMID- 4001437
TI  - [As a psychoanalyst in the peace movement].

PMID- 4001438
TI  - ["Unto the 3d and 4th generation". The persecution trauma of the generation of
      grandchildren].

PMID- 4001439
TI  - [Psychoanalysis as science].

PMID- 4001441
TI  - [Money in Marx and Freud].

PMID- 4001440
TI  - [Psychoanalysis in France, Germany and USA].

PMID- 4001442
TI  - The radiobiology of human neuroblastoma.
AB  - The radiation response of a human neuroblastoma xenograft HX138 has been studied
      in vitro and in vivo using single cells in suspension, multicellular spheroids,
      and xenografts in immune-suppressed mice. End-points used were growth delay and
      clonogenic cell survival. Growth delay experiments with spheroids and xenografts
      showed a high degree of radioresponsiveness. Cell survival curves obtained from
      all systems were characterised by the lack of a shoulder. An increase in Do of
      the cell survival curve was seen after irradiation of intact spheroids and
      xenografts, perhaps due to the presence of a contact effect. Cellular capacity
      for split-dose recovery in vitro was modest. Delayed assay experiments using
      spheroids and xenografts showed some potentially lethal damage (PLD) repair in
      vitro but not in vivo. The results show this human tumour line to be
      intrinsically highly radiosensitive, with a limited repair capacity.

PMID- 4001443
TI  - Platelet-tumor cell interaction with the subendothelial extracellular matrix:
      relationship to cancer metastasis.
AB  - Dissemination of neoplastic cells within the body involves invasion of blood
      vessels by tumor cells. This requires adhesion of blood-borne cells to the
      luminal surface of the vascular endothelium, invasion through the endothelial
      cell layer and local dissolution of the subendothelial basement membrane.
      Platelets may participate in each of these steps and thus play a role in the
      pathogenesis of tumor cell metastasis. To learn more about the possible
      involvement of platelets we studied the interaction of platelets and tumor cells
      with cultured vascular endothelial cells and their secreted basement membrane
      like extracellular matrix (ECM). Whereas the apical surface of the vascular
      endothelium lacks adhesive glycoproteins and hence protect the vessel wall
      against platelet and tumor cell adhesion, the underlying ECM constitute a highly
      adhesive and thrombogenic surface. Interaction of platelets with this ECM was
      associated with platelet activation, aggregation and degradation of heparan
      sulfate in the ECM by means of the platelet heparitinase. The activity of a
      similar enzyme has been previously correlated with the metastatic potential of
      various tumor sublines. Biochemical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
      studies have demonstrated that platelets may detect even minor gaps between
      adjacent endothelial cells and degrade the ECM heparan sulfate. This may expose a
      larger area of the subendothelium and facilitate subsequent adhesion of blood
      borne tumor cells. Platelets were also shown to recruit lymphoma cells into minor
      gaps in the vascular endothelium, that otherwise do not constitute a preferential
      site of invasion. It is suggested that the platelet heparitinase is involved in
      the impairment of the integrity of the vessel wall and thus play a role in tumor
      cell metastasis.

PMID- 4001444
TI  - Natural history of neck disease in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of
      oropharynx and pharyngolarynx.
AB  - Out of a series of 2040 patients referred to the Institut Curie with squamous
      cell carcinoma of oropharynx and pharyngolarynx, 1666 cases were evaluated on
      admission regarding the characteristic metastases patterns to their cervical
      lymph nodes. Incidence and topographic distribution of lymph nodes are correlated
      with the anatomic sites of primary lesions. Biological virulence of these tumors
      is emphasized since the overall incidence of positive neck nodes attains 63%
      (1048/1666) and advanced disease, stage IV in the UICC classification, 61%.
      Cervical status is also related to several characteristics of the primary:
      clinical staging and variety, and histopathological differentiation. Ipsilateral
      cervical involvement is characterized by the high incidence of metastases in the
      jugular chain for the whole series, in the submaxillary group for oropharyngeal
      carcinomas and in the spinal accessory chain for cancer of the pharyngolarynx
      (pyriform sinus and lateral epilarynx). Preliminary therapeutic implications are
      derived from this nodal distribution. Comparisons are established between the
      1978 UICC and 1976 AJC classifications, showing a good correlation despite
      multiple differences in staging criteria. It is shown that assessment combining
      both the multiplicity and the volume of cervical metastases allows to evaluate
      more accurately the aggressiveness of the primary.

PMID- 4001445
TI  - Reaction of the vascular system in the trachea of the rabbit exposed to
      fractionated irradiation with and without the addition of misonidazole.
AB  - As the radiation field used in the radiation therapy of malignancies in the
      thoracic cavity often exposes the trachea to ionizing irradiation, it is
      important to ascertain the effects of radiation on this tissue either as a single
      therapy or in combination with radiosensitizers. In the study reported here the
      vascular area in the subepithelial layer of the trachea has been calculated in
      160 rabbits treated in four ways: (1) 10 rabbits received no treatment and served
      as controls; (2) 50 rabbits were given 100 mg misonidazole daily on consecutive
      days, with the individual total dose ranging from 100 to 1000 mg; (3) 50 rabbits
      were treated with misonidazole in the same way, but were also exposed to
      radiation (2 Gy/F) at 15-30 min later; (4) 50 rabbits received only fractionated
      radiation (2 Gy/F). The total radiation dose in the irradiated animals ranged
      from 2 to 20 Gy. In the treated groups, an oedema was observed in both the
      ciliary cell layer and in the subepithelial area. In the group given only
      irradiation, this oedema was dose-dependent, but no such dose-dependency was
      observed in the two groups treated with misonidazole. The vascular area in the
      groups treated with misonidazole was significantly increased as compared with the
      group given only irradiation and the control group; this was valid both with and
      without correction for the oedema. There was a significant correlation between
      the oedema and the vascular area in the groups treated with misonidazole, which
      was not found in the group irradiated without the drug.

PMID- 4001446
TI  - Dose evaluation to patients irradiated by 60Co beams, by means of direct
      measurement on the incident and on the exit surfaces.
AB  - A method for direct dose measurements on a patient treated with 60Co beams, is
      described. A home-made multi-probe dosimeter with silicon diodes as detectors is
      described. Measurements were performed on the entrance as well as on the exit
      fields, and a correlation was established with the mid-line dose. The influence
      of field size, SSD, patient thickness, and inhomogeneities was investigated.

PMID- 4001447
TI  - Location of topics in NIH guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA
      molecules.

PMID- 4001448
TI  - Complete sulfation of jejunal gastrin in the human fetus.
AB  - The degree of tyrosine-O-sulfation and the ratio between large (gastrin-34 and
      component I) and small (gastrin-17 and -14) molecular forms of gastrin were
      studied in extracts of human fetal (n = 14) and adult (n = 9) antrum, duodenum,
      jejunum and pancreas. Boiled water extracts were applied to gel- and ion-exchange
      chromatography before and after treatment with trypsin and arylsulfatase. The
      fractions were monitored with sequence-specific radioimmunoassays that
      distinguish sulfated from non-sulfated gastrins. In antrum and duodenum about
      half the gastrins were sulfated at all stages of development. In the fetal
      jejunum gastrin occurred in sulfated form only while in the adult 72% (range, 64
      88%) of the jejunal gastrins were sulfated. The larger molecular forms of gastrin
      predominated in the fetal compared with the adult antrum. In duodenum and
      jejunum, however, the ratio between small and large forms was the same in fetus
      and adult. Gastrin was undetectable in both fetal and adult pancreas. The results
      show that the degree of sulfation of gastrin varies substantially in the
      different parts of the gut at different stages of development. The differences
      may have functional significance, since sulfation increases the pancreozyminic
      and cholecystokinetic potency of gastrin.

PMID- 4001449
TI  - Effect of histamine and cimetidine on amino acid meal-stimulated gastrin release
      at a controlled intragastric pH in healthy human beings.
AB  - Results of several experiments have suggested that histamine-2 receptors play an
      inhibitory role in regulating gastrin release. We evaluated this prospectively in
      healthy human beings by infusing intravenously either histamine (0.33
      micrograms/kg/min) or cimetidine (3.33 mg/min) during a continuous 3-h
      intragastric infusion of a 3% mixed amino acid meal, a potent stimulus of gastrin
      release. In order to be certain that effects of histamine or cimetidine on
      gastrin release were independent of their known effects on gastric acid
      secretion, intragastric pH was maintained at 5.0 by in vivo intragastric
      titration with sodium bicarbonate or hydrochloric acid. Although histamine and
      cimetidine had significant effects on gastric acid secretion, neither
      significantly affected the rises in serum gastrin concentrations during
      intragastric amino acid infusion. For example, mean gastrin rises above basal
      concentrations were 39 +/- 9 pg/ml on the control day, 39 +/- 9 pg/ml on the
      histamine day and 44 +/- 11 pg/ml on the cimetidine day (P greater than 0.05).
      Thus, blockade or stimulation of H2-receptors at the doses tested had no effect
      on gastrin release in response to an amino acid meal in humans when intragastric
      pH was maintained at 5.0.

PMID- 4001450
TI  - Preparation of tritium standard gas by the use of tritiated methane.
AB  - Tritium standard gas for calibrating radioactivity detectors was prepared by the
      use of tritiated methane synthesized by the reaction of tritiated water with
      aluminum carbide at ca. 470 degrees C. A long-path proportional counter was used
      to standardize the radioactivity of the prepared gas. Tritiated gas of less than
      10(4) Bq could be measured by this counter with the overall error of 3.5% (3
      sigma). Finally, two types of standard were prepared in a metal cylinder and a
      glass ampoule. The latter type could be used as a handy calibration source for
      detectors.

PMID- 4001451
TI  - [Clinical usefulness of integrated images of the radionuclide liver angiogram to
      evaluate diffuse hepatic disease].
AB  - New imaging method that was integrated image of radionuclide liver angiogram was
      proposed. Patients were placed supine beneath gamma camera, so that the liver,
      spleen, heart, and lung were included in an anterior image. Integrated image was
      recorded for 100 s, following injection of 111-222 MBq (3-6 mCi) of 99mTc tin
      colloid. 595 cases were examined, and classified into 3 groups as follows. Group
      I: Cases without hepatic dysfunction Group II: Cases with hepatic dysfunction
      Group III: Liver cirrhosis. Numbers of each group were 208 (35%), 305 (51%), and
      82 (14%) respectively. Integrated images were qualitatively determined by
      macroscopic inspection. Comparing liver intensity and lung intensity, 3 patterns
      of integrated image were classified. Pattern I: Liver intensity was greater than
      lung intensity Pattern II: Liver intensity was equal to lung intensity Pattern
      III: Liver intensity was less than lung intensity Numbers of each pattern were
      412 (69%), 125 (21%), and 58 (10%) respectively. Numbers of group III distributed
      into each pattern were 8 (10%) in pattern I, 29 (35%) in pattern II, and 45 (55%)
      in pattern III. The correct diagnosis of liver cirrhosis as follows. In a case of
      choosing pattern III as diagnostic criterion, sensitivity was 55%, and
      specificity was 97%. The positive predictive value was 78%, and the negative
      predictive value was 93%. Total accuracy was 92%. This new method seems useful in
      evaluating diffuse hepatic disease.

PMID- 4001452
TI  - [Incineration system for the disposal of 125I-radioimmunoassay test tube wastes-
      confirmation of 125I decay in wastes].
AB  - Before incineration of disposed RIA test tubes, residual 125I radioactivity
      should be measured for the purpose of radiation safety. This confirmation method
      has been carried out according to the followings: Residual 125I radioactivity of
      test tubes in the plastic bag was measured from outside with the low-energy gamma
      ray survey meter (S1371, Ohyo Kohken CO., Ltd.) newly developed by one of the
      authors. Gaseous 125I released from the residual 125I-compounds in test tubes by
      radiation self decomposition was adsorbed by the activated carbon fiber filter
      (ACFF), and was measured. From the above 2 methods, the minimum detectable
      concentration of residual 125I in waste tubes would be reached under a level of
      about 100 mBq/g (2.8 X 10(-6) muCi/g).

PMID- 4001453
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical studies on pancreatic secretary trypsin inhibitor
      (PSTI) determination by radioimmunoassay].

PMID- 4001454
TI  - [Study of the measurement of free triiodothyronine in the field of pediatrics].

PMID- 4001456
TI  - [Field use of instrumentation applying radioisotopes. Introduction].

PMID- 4001455
TI  - [Penogram of organic and functional impotence performed using a scinticamera
      system].

PMID- 4001457
TI  - [Field use of instrumentation applying radioisotopes. Nondestructive inspection].

PMID- 4001458
TI  - [Application of nuclear technic in civil engineering].

PMID- 4001459
TI  - [Addition of muscle relaxants to intravenous regional anesthesia].
AB  - Nine volunteers received two intravenous regional anaesthetics in the right arm.
      The first anaesthetic was performed with plain 0.25% lignocaine (dose 1 ml/kg
      body weight), the second with the same volume of lignocaine, with the addition of
      0.5 mg pancuronium-Bromide. Latency for onset of the following was measured in
      both groups: 1. analgesia, 2. cold sensation, 3. warm sensation, 4. touch, 5.
      motor blockade. As expected, the addition of pancuronium had no influence on
      sensory blockade, however, motor block was significantly stronger, faster in
      onset, and longer in duration. Significant systemic side effects after
      pancuronium were not observed. No pancuronium was found in flame photometry
      plasma studies. On the basis of these investigations, one can recommend, for
      I.V.R.A., a relatively large volume of dilute local anaesthetic solution and, to
      achieve better muscle relaxation, the addition of 0.5 mg of pancuronium.

PMID- 4001460
TI  - [New viewpoints on the mode of action of intravenous regional anesthesia].
AB  - The site of action of intravenous regional analgesia is controversial. We
      developed a new method to investigate if the local anaesthetic primarily blocks
      the peripheral nerve endings or the main nerve trunks. Intravenous regional
      analgesia was carried out in six volunteers who received 4 mg/kg prilocaine 1.5%.
      An additional finger tourniquet was placed at the third finger. While in the
      other four fingers complete analgesia was observed after five minutes, no
      adequate analgesia could be detected in the third finger distal of the finger
      tourniquet. This observation proves that the principal site of action of
      intravenous regional analgesia is at the peripheral nerve endings. Two further
      studies, with contrast media and radio isotopes, were carried out to investigate
      the spread of the injected volume. Both investigations show that the injected
      volume spreads distally into the fingers.

PMID- 4001461
TI  - [Success and failure rate in peridural anesthesia. A 1-year study].
AB  - The real significance of epidural anaesthesia is determined by its practicability
      in the daily routine. The present paper shows, that about 20% of all operations
      which will be anaesthetized by a large anaesthesia department can be done under
      epidural anaesthesia. In 84,6% of all patients under epidural anaesthesia,
      anaesthesia was satisfactory; 4.7% of epidural anaesthesias were failures. The
      difficulty of epidural puncture and of advancing the epidural catheter were
      examined, as well as the degree of the necessary sedation. The main complication
      is puncture of the dura, in our series in 1,7% of the cases. We also examined the
      results achieved in relation to the state of training and in special cases of
      epidural anaesthesia. In the most interesting special case, namely patients
      requiring repeated epidural anaesthesia the success rate decreased significantly
      and the number of complications increased. The dosage-scheme for local
      anaesthetic given by Bromage has been confirmed in our patients. A simplified
      diagram and an approximate formula for calculation of dosage are given.

PMID- 4001462
TI  - [Horner's syndrome in obstetrics. A rare complication of peridural regional
      anesthetic procedures].
AB  - A case of Horner's syndrome (HS) following lumbar epidural block during labor is
      described. 10 min after injection of the local anaesthetic the symptoms and signs
      of HS were recognized. They spontaneously disappeared 60 min later. It is
      concluded, that HS seems to be a benign complication of epidural anaesthesia
      which may, however, present the first sign or symptom of an extensive block of
      serious consequence. Pregnant women in labor receiving epidural block, seem to be
      predisposed to HS.

PMID- 4001463
TI  - [Remarks on the paper by F. Thiessen, J. Bergmann and H. Steinhoff:
      Methemoglobinemia following blockade of the brachial plexus with prilocaine
      (Xylonest)].

PMID- 4001464
TI  - [Conservative treatment of spontaneous hematomas of the cerebellum].

PMID- 4001465
TI  - [Treatment of essential trigeminal neuralgia by percutaneous gangliolysis with
      glycerin].

PMID- 4001466
TI  - [Hepatic osteodystrophy in our environment].

PMID- 4001467
TI  - [Analysis of the frequency of hepatitis B in different hospital zones. Bases for
      prevention].

PMID- 4001468
TI  - [Limited forms of Wegener's disease. Review of the concept and differential
      diagnosis. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 4001469
TI  - [Malacoplakia of the colon and rectum].

PMID- 4001470
TI  - [Subdural spinal metastasis of a carcinoma of the esophagus].

PMID- 4001471
TI  - [Burkitt's lymphoma and tumor lysis syndrome].

PMID- 4001472
TI  - [Hyperglobulinemic purpura].

PMID- 4001473
TI  - [Peritoneal tuberculosis: atypical form of presentation].

PMID- 4001474
TI  - [Infectious endocarditis in drug addicts. Presentation of 21 cases].

PMID- 4001475
TI  - [Cytolysis and cholestasis in the etiologic diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
      Apropos of 92 cases].

PMID- 4001476
TI  - [Complications and results of 1000 consecutive hepatic needle biopsies].

PMID- 4001477
TI  - [Treatment of chronic subdural hematomas in the adult using trephining and
      continuous drainage. Comparative study with craniotomy].

PMID- 4001478
TI  - [Cancer of the lung (I). Epidemiology. Clinical aspects. Radiology].

PMID- 4001479
TI  - [Cancer of the lung (II). Diagnosis. Classification. Surgical treatment].

PMID- 4001480
TI  - [Malignant pleural mesothelioma with disseminated thrombi and myocardial
      metastases].

PMID- 4001481
TI  - [Virilizing adrenal carcinoma].

PMID- 4001482
TI  - [Epitheloid leiomyosarcoma. Radiologic and anatomo-pathological features].

PMID- 4001483
TI  - [Bilateral pulmonary Hodgkin's disease].

PMID- 4001484
TI  - [Esthesioneuroblastoma associated with sideroblastic anemia].

PMID- 4001485
TI  - [Effect of glucagon on plasma lipids in normal and hyperlipemic subjects].

PMID- 4001486
TI  - [Cerebrovascular accidents and risk factors. Evaluation of 277 consecutive
      cases].

PMID- 4001487
TI  - [Biochemical changes in patients with liver metastases].

PMID- 4001488
TI  - [Incidence of hearing loss in Mediterranean boutonneuse fever].

PMID- 4001489
TI  - [Renal tubular hypomagnesemia of familial origin].

PMID- 4001490
TI  - [The POEMS syndrome (Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal
      component, Skin). Presentation of 3 cases].

PMID- 4001491
TI  - [48, XXYY chromosomal constitution. Presentation of a new case].

PMID- 4001492
TI  - [Castleman's disease in the right cardiophrenic sinus].

PMID- 4001494
TI  - [Fatal Citrobacter freundii bronchopneumonia acquired in the community in an
      uncompromised patient].

PMID- 4001493
TI  - [Tracheal tumor].

PMID- 4001495
TI  - [Guillain-Barre syndrome and tuberculosis. A chance association?].

PMID- 4001496
TI  - [Multiple pleural nodules in an evolving case of tuberculosis].

PMID- 4001497
TI  - [Importance of biofeedback in the treatment of pain].

PMID- 4001498
TI  - [Regional block of the foot at ankle level. An old technic in disuse].

PMID- 4001499
TI  - [Coronary surgery associated with a valvular correction].

PMID- 4001500
TI  - [Protection against pollution caused by anesthetic residues in operating rooms].

PMID- 4001501
TI  - [Protocol for collection and storage of intraoperative anesthetic data using a
      microprocessor].

PMID- 4001502
TI  - [Jurisprudence criteria of penal responsibility of the medical professional,
      according to the most recent opinions of our Supreme Tribunal].

PMID- 4001503
TI  - [Cephalic tetanus].

PMID- 4001504
TI  - [Obtaining the APACHE index by means of a microprocessor].

PMID- 4001505
TI  - [Various considerations concerning butorphanol].

PMID- 4001506
TI  - [Comparative study of anterograde and retrograde conduction patterns].

PMID- 4001507
TI  - [Computerized gammagraphy using thallium-201 in the diagnosis of ischemic
      cardiopathy].

PMID- 4001508
TI  - [Tricuspid endocarditis caused by fungi in a heroin addict. Differential features
      of infectious endocarditis in drug addicts].

PMID- 4001509
TI  - [Intracoronary thrombolysis in patients with unstable angina].

PMID- 4001510
TI  - [Use of the exercise test to identify high-risk patients. Correlation with
      coronariography].

PMID- 4001511
TI  - [Digital coronariography. New approaches to the angiographic diagnosis of
      coronary disease].

PMID- 4001512
TI  - [Morphology of experimental recurrent cholangitis without cholestasis].

PMID- 4001513
TI  - [A new experimental method of temporal isolation of the duodenum. Comparative
      study].

PMID- 4001514
TI  - [Primary gastric lymphomas].

PMID- 4001515
TI  - [Resection of hepatic metastasis of colorectal origin: personal experience].

PMID- 4001516
TI  - [Colostomies: experience in the Central Hospital of the Venezuelan Institute of
      Social Security].

PMID- 4001517
TI  - [Comparative study between alcoholic pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis of other
      etiologies].

PMID- 4001518
TI  - [Malignization of esophagitis].

PMID- 4001519
TI  - [Thymectomy as therapy of ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 4001520
TI  - [Pancreatic lithiasis and cancer of the pancreas].

PMID- 4001521
TI  - [Pancreatic ascites].

PMID- 4001522
TI  - [Reno-cutaneous-duodenal fistula].

PMID- 4001523
TI  - [Intestinal metastasis of malignant melanoma].

PMID- 4001524
TI  - [Lipoma of the colon. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 4001525
TI  - [Plasma glycoprotein variations in alcoholic hepatopathies after an oral ethanol
      overload: preliminary study].

PMID- 4001526
TI  - [Acute viral hepatitis, type A: clinical features and course in adolescents and
      adults in our environment].

PMID- 4001527
TI  - [Serological markers of hepatitis B virus in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis].

PMID- 4001528
TI  - [Follow-up of biliary-digestive anastomoses using gammagraphy of the bile ducts
      (Tc99m-HIDA). Apropos of 20 cases].

PMID- 4001529
TI  - [Comparative results between the sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty technics in
      benign biliary pathology].

PMID- 4001530
TI  - [Clinico-pathological classification of carcinoma of the esophagus].

PMID- 4001531
TI  - [Importance of endoscopy and biopsy in the diagnosis of activity of chronic
      inflammatory disease of the large intestine].

PMID- 4001532
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the colon associated with the intestinal inflammatory reaction
      of the Crohn disease type].

PMID- 4001533
TI  - [Short bowel syndrome. A clinical case].

PMID- 4001534
TI  - [Carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder].

PMID- 4001535
TI  - [Giant molded gallbladder stone in biliary lithiasis following choledochal
      ascariasis].

PMID- 4001536
TI  - [Effect of pargyline on the response to CO2 stress].
AB  - The effects of pargyline administration during three days on male rats for stress
      reaction caused by hypercapnia, taking into account the contents of noradrenaline
      in the left auricle, the right auricle, the ventricle, the spleen and the
      hypothalamus have been studied. The stress by CO2 only produces a significant
      depletion of noradrenaline at the hypothalamus level. The administration of
      pargyline (50 mg/kg/day) induces significant increases in the content of
      noradrenaline in all the tissues. The increases in noradrenaline content are
      greater when the pargyline is given before the stress.

PMID- 4001537
TI  - Role of sodium balance on maintenance of blood pressure in the chronic phase of
      two-kidney, one-clip hypertension.
AB  - Blood pressure and sodium balance have been studied after unclipping, nephrectomy
      and sham operation of ischemic kidney in the chronic phase (16 weeks) of two
      kidney, one clip hypertension. In hypertensive rats the fractional excretion of
      sodium was 85.5 +/- 2.3% and blood pressure (BP) was significantly increased
      (187.1 +/- 4.5 mmHg, p less than 0.001). Removal of either the constricting clip
      or ischemic kidney induced a decrease of BP to normal level whereas sham
      operation did not produce any change. However, rats submitted to these three
      experimental manipulations showed, at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, and at 3 weeks, similar
      changes in sodium excretion. In the groups with unclipping or nephrectomy of
      ischemic kidney, water intake was less and urine volume smaller than in the sham
      operated group. These results suggest that a positive sodium balance is not
      important to maintain hypertension at this stage and that changes in sodium
      balance, after both unclipping and nephrectomy of ischemic kidney, have no
      influence in BP normalization.

PMID- 4001538
TI  - Intestinal iodide secretion and its dependence upon mucosal I- permeability.
AB  - Iodide secretion across different regions of rat small intestine has been
      investigated in vitro using the standard Wilson-Wiseman technique. Net I-
      secretion was observed along the entire small intestine, being significantly
      higher in the central region. Anaerobic conditions, ouabain (2 mM) and Na+ free
      Ringer solution prevented net I- secretion, whilst both theophylline (1 mM) and
      carbachol (0,1 mM) enhanced the observed basal intestinal I- secretion.
      Furthermore, Ca2+-deprived bathing solutions significantly reduced intestinal I-
      secretion. Epithelial I- uptake from both mucosal and serosal sides was measured
      by using a Ussing-type chamber technique. The initial rate of I- uptake across
      the mucosal membrane was significantly higher in the central region than in the
      proximal part of rat small intestine. No significant differences were observed in
      the rate of I- uptake from the serosal side. These studies suggest that mucosal I
      permeability might determine the direction of net I- intestinal transport and
      that cytosolic Ca2+ may be a physiological regulator of intestinal I- transport.

PMID- 4001539
TI  - 14C-PEG-4000 as indicator of the digestive tract motility in chickens.

PMID- 4001540
TI  - Furosemide inhibits chloride influx into the intestine of the freshwater turtle
      Mauremys caspica.

PMID- 4001541
TI  - [Oxygen consumption in nerve centers. Effect of cyproheptadine hydrochloride on
      normal and alcohol-treated rats].
AB  - The effect of CLH-CP (Cyproheptadine Chlorhydrate) on the oxidative activity of
      the nervous centers involved in the control of ingestion: hypothalamus, anterior
      cortex, amygdala and septal area, has been studied in normal and alcoholized male
      rats. The statistical analysis of the results showed that O2 consumption
      decreased significantly with CLH-CP in all studied structures except the
      hypothalamus in the alcoholized group, whereas no modification of O2 consumption
      in the normal group had been observed after treatment with CLH-CP, which may be
      related to the assayed dose. There are further significant differences in O2
      consumption between normal and alcoholized groups without treatment with CLH-CP,
      the O2 consumption being significantly higher in the latter group and in all the
      studied structures except the hypothalamus where the O2 consumption significantly
      decreased in the alcoholized group as compared to the normal group. These latter
      differences disappeared when the structures of both groups were treated with CLH
      CP. On the basis of these observations the results of the CLH-CP effect in both
      animal groups are discussed.

PMID- 4001542
TI  - [Effect of naloxone on coughing].
AB  - Naloxone at doses of 200 micrograms X kg-1 increases cough, in experiments
      carried out on dogs. With stimuli of the same intensity, after naloxone, a
      significant increase in the number of coughs in each fit, is observed. Changes in
      the first cough burst, compared with spontaneous respiration at rest, are
      statistically significant and they contribute to define the characteristics of
      the cough burst. The increase of cough by naloxone blockade of endorphinic
      neurons of the respiratory center shows that usually the activity of these
      inhibitory neurons, tonically depresses the tussive response. The antitussive
      opiates would seem to operate by activating these inhibitory synapses.

PMID- 4001543
TI  - [Sensitivity of the motor endplate to carbachol in the presence of sulfhydryl
      reagents].
AB  - The effect that bath application of sulphydryl reagents (SR) exerts on frog
      sartorius motor endplate sensitivity to iontophoretically applied carbachol (CCh)
      has been studied. Sensitivity to CCh is expressed as the ratio of the CCh
      potential (mV) to the nanocoulombs delivered by the iontophoretic pulse and has
      been determined before and after addition of SR to the bath. Two groups of SR
      have been tested: oxidizing reagents, o-iodosobenzoate and reducing agents,
      dithiothreitol (DTT). CCh was applied iontophoretically by means of a
      microelectrophoretic programmer with constant current source. Exposure of the
      muscle to 1 mM DTT in a bath pH range of 7-8 for 2 to 85 min showed no
      significant differences in endplate sensitivity to CCh before and after addition
      of the reducing agent. o-Iodosobenzoate at a 1 mM bath concentration (pH 7) for 2
      to 19 min strongly decreases endplate sensitivity to CCh. The statistical methods
      used were Wilcoxon rank tests and linear regression. Since previous studies have
      shown that oxidizing and reducing SR evoke depolarizations when applied
      iontophoretically at the endplate region, these results suggest that activation
      of the receptor is achieved only when SR are delivered iontophoretically, and
      that discrepancies observed can be attributed mainly to the different techniques
      of drug application.

PMID- 4001544
TI  - [Pyruvate kinase in mussel foot (Mytilus edulis L.). Purification and general
      properties].
AB  - The specific activity of pyruvate kinase in mussel foot is markedly higher than
      that from mantle and digestive gland. The foot enzyme shows maximum pH activity
      in the range between 7.0 and 7.5 and is stable (15 min, 37 degrees C) at pH
      values between 7.0 and 9.0. The activation energy value is 23 kJ/mol with a Q10
      coefficient of 1.4. All of these experiments were carried out using partially
      purified extracts with (NH4)2SO4 treatment (30-60%) and posterior dialysis with
      EDTA 1.2 mM. No isoenzymatic forms could be detected using the column
      chromatography techniques with Sephadex G-150, DEAE Sephadex A-50 and
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 4001545
TI  - [Effect of thyroid hormones on the activity of pyruvate kinase and lactate
      dehydrogenase in mature rat brain].
AB  - The enzymatic activities of two "key" enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, pyruvate
      kinase and lactic dehydrogenase, were studied in seven areas of the brain in male
      adult rats in states of pharmacologically induced hyper and hypothyroidism. The
      brain areas were: anterior cortex, adenohypophysis, hypothalamus, amygdaline
      nucleus, septum, hippocampus and cerebellum. In T3 treated animals, pyruvate
      kinase activity showed significant increase in all the areas studied while lactic
      dehydrogenase activity decreased. In propyl-thiouracil treated animals these
      enzyme activities showed no significant variations from those in animals of the
      control group.

PMID- 4001546
TI  - [Effects of axotomy on the activity of the motor neurons of the external ocular
      motor nucleus during saccadic movements].
AB  - The instantaneous firing frequency of cat abducens nucleus motoneurons (Mns)
      during spontaneous saccadic eye movements has been analyzed. Recordings were
      carried out from both control and axotomized Mns. Firing frequency of control Mns
      increased gradually during the first four to five interspike intervals, at which
      point maximum firing frequency was reached. Axotomized Mns showed an increase in
      firing frequency only up to the second or third interval, decreasing rapidly
      then. Linear relationships, with high correlation coefficients, were established
      between the first five intervals versus maximum frequency or peak eye velocity
      during saccades, in both control and axotomized Mns. However, the latter showed a
      decrease in the linear correlation from the third interval because of the
      decrease in the slope of the relationship. Functional implications of these
      results are discussed according to the present hypothesis on the effects of
      axotomy upon oculomotor neurons.

PMID- 4001547
TI  - Respite care.

PMID- 4001548
TI  - Family coping behaviors in chronic illness: a rehabilitation perspective.

PMID- 4001549
TI  - Growing up with Heidi.

PMID- 4001550
TI  - Production of seminiferous and interstitial fluid in the growing rat after
      unilateral testicular irradiation.
AB  - The production of tubular fluid (TF) and interstitial fluid (IF) in normal and
      irradiated testes was compared in the same growing rats submitted at 25 days of
      age to unilateral, scrotal X-ray, exposure. Twelve rats were sacrificed each week
      from 32 to 81 days of age. In both normal and irradiated testes, IF increased in
      parallel with the testicular weight until 67 days of age and declined slightly
      thereafter. TF secretion of normal testes increased significantly until 53 days
      of age, declined significantly until 67 days, and stabilized thereafter. A
      similar pattern of TF secretion was observed for irradiated testes but with a
      greater production between days 32 and 46, a lower maximal level at day 53 and a
      lower but non-significant level from day 67 onwards. All these observations
      combined with previous results led us to suggest the quantitative influence of
      germ cells on both TF and IF secretion, the stimulatory effect of diploid germ
      cells (spermatogonia) and the inhibitory effect of haploid germ cells (probably
      spermatids) on Sertoli cell secretion. The latter qualitative influence seemed
      preponderant in adulthood.

PMID- 4001551
TI  - Addition of sorbitol to a milk substitute for veal calves. I. Effects on health,
      growth and feed conversion.
AB  - Two homologous groups of preruminant male calves (10 control and 9 sorbitol) of
      the Friesian X Holstein crossbreed were used to study the effects of sorbitol on
      appetite, health status and growth rate. Between 1 and 8 weeks of age they were
      given two milk replacers (IC and IS) that contained high levels of protein and
      fat (23% of DM), and then between 8 and 19 weeks two diets (FC and FS) containing
      lower levels of protein and fat (21% of DM). The IC and FC diets had no sorbitol,
      while in the IS and FS diets it accounted for 0.8% of DM. In each group 4 to 6
      calves were used to measure milk digestibility at 3, 7 and 12 weeks of age. At
      slaughter (19 weeks), carcass quality and liver status were checked. The overall
      health status of the animals was satisfactory, but after accidental cold stress
      at week 7, the 10 calves of the control group had diarrhea for 2 to 5 days vs 4
      calves in the sorbitol group. Sorbitol digestibility was about 95% at week 3 and
      almost 100% at weeks 7 and 12. Apparent energy and protein digestibilities
      increased in the two lots from 83.8 and 83.1, respectively, at week 3, to 89.8
      and 90.7%, respectively, at week 7, but these digestibilities were not affected
      by sorbitol. Liveweight gain (+ 12% for the whole trial) and feed efficiency (+
      6.7% for the whole trial) were significantly (P less than 0.05) improved by the
      presence of sorbitol in the diet.

PMID- 4001552
TI  - Addition of sorbitol to a milk substitute for veal calves. II. Effects on plasma,
      liver and muscle lipids.
AB  - Two homologous groups of preruminant male calves (10 control and 9 sorbitol) of
      the Friesian X Holstein crossbreed were used to study the effects of sorbitol on
      lipid metabolism. Between 1 and 8 weeks of age they received two diets (IC, IS)
      with high levels of protein and fat (23% of DM), and then between 8 and 19 weeks
      two diets (FC, FS) containing lower levels of protein and fat (21% of DM). Diets
      IC and FC contained no sorbitol, while in the IS and FS diets it accounted for
      0.8% of DM. Blood samples were taken at 2, 3, 4, 7, 12 and 19 weeks of age and at
      the following times: 2 h before (T-2), and then 1/2 (T1/2), 2 (T2), 3 (T3), 5
      (T5) and 7 (T7) hours after ingestion of the morning meal. At slaughter (19
      weeks), samples of liver and of rectus abdominis muscle were taken from the
      carcasses. The addition of sorbitol to the replacer milks had no effect on plasma
      levels of nonesterified fatty acids or triglycerides. However at weeks 2, 7 and
      12, the levels of free and esterified cholesterol decreased significantly by a
      mean of 60 and 15% respectively. Sorbitol intake significantly reduced muscle
      levels of triglycerides (6.8 mg/g of fresh tissue vs 18.6 mg/g), free cholesterol
      (0.41 mg/g vs 0.66) and total lipids (13.6 mg/g vs 26.1). Lipid composition of
      liver was not modified by sorbitol ingestion. An histological study confirmed
      that the diets caused no serious lesions. Generally, the results were more
      dispersed in the control group than in the sorbitol group.

PMID- 4001553
TI  - Inhibition of protein synthesis and intestinal absorptive cell ultrastructure in
      cycloheximide or puromycin-treated rats.
AB  - Inhibitors of protein synthesis are useful for the investigation of some aspects
      of intestinal fatty acid absorption. The aim of the present study was to
      investigate both the biochemical and morphological effects of two inhibitors of
      protein synthesis on the intestinal mucosa of adult rats. Our results showed that
      4 or 4 1/2 h after a single dose of cycloheximide or multiple doses of puromycin,
      the inhibition of protein synthesis in the jejunal mucosa, measured by the
      incorporation of 14C-leucine, stabilized at 60% of the controls. At the same
      time, these two drugs had different effects on absorptive cell morphology:
      cycloheximide definitely altered the apical surface of these cells, disorganizing
      their cytoplasm; puromycin did not modify brush border morphology but remodeled
      the mitochondria and the Golgi complexes.

PMID- 4001554
TI  - Angiomicrographic investigation of the vessels associated with physes in young
      pigs.
AB  - There is little information available relating to the vasculature of physes of
      pigs, hence the object of the present study was to establish the distribution of
      blood vessels in normal physes of pigs at one and 15 days old. By the use of an
      angiomicrographic technique it was possible to demonstrate that vessels were in
      two main categories; first, those which entered the physis from the epiphysis and
      terminated, or branched and then terminated half to two thirds of the distance
      into the depth of the physis; second, vessels which crossed the full depth of the
      physis. Since vessels that cross the physis from epiphysis to metaphysis were a
      frequent feature of normal physes they do not seem to be a congenital defect
      which predisposes to the development of dyschondroplasias in young pigs.

PMID- 4001555
TI  - Phagocytic and bactericidal properties of bovine macrophages from non-lactating
      mammary glands.
AB  - Macrophages were isolated from the mammary glands of non-lactating (dry) cows and
      their ability to phagocytose and kill staphylococci in vitro assessed. Normal
      bovine serum enhanced the uptake of staphylococci and was required for optimal
      killing in the bactericidal test. Dry gland secretion interfered with uptake.
      Secretions taken progressively into the dry period became more inhibitory. The
      phagocytic ability of macrophages was significantly less than that of neutrophils
      present in the same gland preparation when tested in the presence of dry gland
      secretion. A marked variation in the antibacterial activity of macrophages from
      different cows was noted.

PMID- 4001556
TI  - Electron microscopic study of leucocytic infiltration of the mammary teat duct
      during infection with Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Leucocytic response to Staphylococcus aureus infection was observed in the bovine
      mammary teat duct using transmission electron microscopy. Leucocytes migrating
      across the stratified squamous epithelium were observed in close association with
      areas colonised by cocci. Leucocytes gained access across the epithelium to the
      teat duct lumen by: passage as luminal cells desquamated; migration through
      degenerate cell cytoplasm; and penetration of cell junctions. The results provide
      evidence of marked leucocytic infiltration into ductal tissue which may
      participate in the cellular response to mastitis.

PMID- 4001557
TI  - Production and biological properties of M-protein of Streptococcus equi.
AB  - The production of M-protein antigen of Streptococcus equi was studied during in
      vitro growth in equine blood and in various media. Of 11 S equi strains studied,
      seven which had initially possessed 0.04 mg or less M-protein per 10 mg of
      streptococcal cell extract showed an increase in M-protein content after
      successive culture in heparinised horse blood. Maximum proliferation occurred in
      Todd-Hewitt (TH) medium with added 0.2 per cent w/v glucose when compared with TH
      medium alone or TH medium with 2 per cent w/v sucrose, starch, neopeptone or
      normal horse serum. The M-protein of these strains did not change after the
      addition of either neopeptone or normal horse serum to TH medium but declined
      with the addition of sugars. In experiments involving phagocytosis of S equi by
      equine polymorphs, the percentage of polymorphs which engulfed cocci was higher
      with a capsule-deficient strain (69.0 +/- 11.6 per cent) than with five typical
      encapsulated strains (21.1 +/- 7.0 per cent to 30.9 +/- 13.3 per cent).
      Phagocytosis of five typical strains was greater after growth in a trypsin
      containing medium than in medium devoid of trypsin. Trypsin-grown cells took
      longer to kill mice than did normal cells. It was concluded that M-protein was
      one of the factors involved in the virulence of S equi.

PMID- 4001558
TI  - Epidemiology of Nematodirus battus infection in eastern Scotland.
AB  - A field investigation was carried out from 1981 to 1983 on the prevalence of
      Nematodirus battus under different systems of lowland sheep management. Pasture
      larval counts, ewe and lamb worm egg counts, and tracer lamb worm counts were
      carried out. As expected, contamination was generally greater on permanent
      pasture than on new leys as measured by pasture larval counts and lamb worm egg
      counts. However significant contamination was also recorded on young grass fields
      for which alternate grazing with young calves may have been partly responsible.
      It is suggested that the 1983 hatch was delayed because of a drop in soil
      temperature in late March which may have increased subsequent scour problems
      involving N battus seen in May.

PMID- 4001559
TI  - Red cell population distributions in healthy dogs.
AB  - Red blood cells population distributions were studied in puppies and in mature
      beagle dogs using the Coulter Channelyzer C-1000. Weekly measurements over a
      period of six months indicated that only minor fluctuations in population
      distribution indices occurred. Normal range studies showed that although mean
      cell volume was similar in young and older dogs, young dogs showed an
      approximately 12.5 per cent greater volume range due to an increased presence of
      both larger and smaller cells. The red cell population distributions conformed to
      a single log normal distribution. A mild anaemia was induced in mature dogs.
      Compensation for this led to transient changes from the usual log normal shape of
      the red cell population distribution.

PMID- 4001560
TI  - Eimeria tenella: development of resistance to arprinocid and decoquinate in the
      chicken.
AB  - Resistance to arprinocid was developed in Eimeria tenella after seven serial
      passages in chickens given progressively greater concentrations of drug.
      Resistance to the quinolone decoquinate developed after eight passages. These
      results taken together with the observation that resistance to both drugs
      developed within a year of their introduction suggest that some indication of the
      likelihood of the emergence, in the field, of resistance to a given drug, may be
      obtained by comparing it with a standard reference drug in experimental studies.

PMID- 4001561
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of oxfendazole in red deer (Cervus elaphus).
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of oxfendazole (OFZ) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) was
      examined. OFZ, administered per os at 4.53 mg kg-1, was extracted in ether from
      plasma and identified and concentrations estimated by high pressure liquid
      chromatography. Irrespective of whether the animals were fed concentrates indoors
      as pellets or grass while on pasture, OFZ was absorbed rapidly. Concentrations of
      OFZ in plasma reached maxima within 20 hours (0.83 and 1.005 mg litre-1
      respectively) and were undetectable 36 hours after administration. Fenbendazole
      was not detected at any time in the chromatograms. Metabolism of OFZ occurred
      rapidly producing the sulphone metabolite. In comparison with published data for
      OFZ in sheep, red deer appear to metabolise OFZ and excrete OFZ sulphone at much
      faster rates. Consequently, anthelmintic efficacy is likely to vary from species
      to species.

PMID- 4001562
TI  - Effect of aerosol challenge on a population of free lung cells in parenterally
      immunised calves.
AB  - There is concern that parenteral respiratory vaccines may potentiate lung disease
      rather than protect against it. In vivo indicators of inflammation in calves were
      assessed to determine if vaccine-mediated inflammation occurs in the lung
      following aerosol challenge of parenterally immunised subjects. Preliminary
      results using a simple protein antigen suggest that changes in the free cell
      populations of the lung are likely to be a more sensitive indicator of immune
      mediated inflammation than clinical parameters or peripheral changes in serum
      complement.

PMID- 4001563
TI  - Identification of surface proteins of juvenile stages of Fasciola hepatica.
AB  - Maturation of newly excysted Fasciola hepatica juvenile flukes in mice is
      accompanied by distinct changes in the pattern of radiolabelling of surface
      proteins. The major proteins identified on the surface of newly excysted juvenile
      flukes have apparent molecular weights of 78,000, 45,500, 30,000, 26,000, 13,500,
      13,000 and 10,500 as measured by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. By day 7 after infection the 13,000 molecular weight protein is
      no longer expressed on the surface of the parasite. By day 14 after infection
      there is an additional loss of the 78,000, 30,000 and 26,000 molecular weight
      proteins. It is suggested that these changes may be associated with the temporal
      variation in distribution of the T0, T1 and T2 granules in the tegument
      syncytium.

PMID- 4001565
TI  - Urease activity of Brucella species.
AB  - Examination of the urease activity of 604 brucella strains showed a limited
      correlation with species. Most strains of B canis, B neotomae and B suis gave a
      positive urease reaction within 15 minutes, although some exceptions were noted.
      A substantial proportion of strains of B abortus and B melitensis also hydrolysed
      urea as rapidly as most B suis strains. Although most B ovis strains were
      negative to the urease test, 28.9 per cent of those examined gave positive
      reactions.

PMID- 4001564
TI  - Effects of secretagogues on membrane potential and input resistance of pancreatic
      acinar cells of sheep.
AB  - The effects of acetylcholine, short-chain fatty acids and peptide hormones on
      membrane potential and input resistance of the pancreatic acinar cells of sheep
      were investigated using intracellular glass microelectrodes. The resting membrane
      potential and input resistance were -28.0 +/- 4.3 mV (mean +/- SD, inside
      negative, n = 23) and 2.4 +/- 1.7 M omega, respectively. The application of
      acetylcholine, short-chain fatty acids (acetate, butyrate and caprylate) and
      peptide hormones (caerulein and bombesin) always caused depolarisation
      accompanied by a marked reduction in input resistance. The equilibrium potentials
      of acetylcholine and caprylate were -13.5 and -12.8 mV, respectively.

PMID- 4001566
TI  - A simple method of exercise testing patients with ventilatory impairment on the
      bicycle ergometer.
AB  - The relationship between symptoms and objective findings is often poor in
      patients with ventilatory impairment and reduction in exercise tolerance. It is
      often difficult to know at what level to set the task, when attempting to do
      submaximal exercise evaluation in such patients. A method for assessing whether
      performance is appropriate for ventilation, which would also predict a reasonable
      level to set a submaximal exercise test, would be of value. A test has been
      devised to satisfy these requirements and is described in this paper. Patients
      were exercised on a bicycle ergometer using a rapidly progressive geometrical
      scale increasing the load at 10-second intervals. In 760 patients with airflow
      obstruction the work done was correlated with the forced vital capacity (r =
      0.80). In 169 subjects the test was used to predict a satisfactory level for
      submaximal testing. Using two thirds of the maximum load achieved 70% of subjects
      achieved the task exercising for more than 5 min and reaching a pulse of greater
      than 130. The test has proved to be a satisfactory method for assessing whether
      performance is appropriate for measured ventilation and as an indicator of the
      right level at which to set a submaximal exercise test.

PMID- 4001567
TI  - Ventilatory thresholds during a graded exercise test.
AB  - 38 healthy male volunteers were administered a graded exercise test during which
      selected respiratory gas exchange variables were monitored. In each case, two
      distinct ventilatory thresholds were observed. The first threshold was detected
      by the power output at which the VE/VO2 ratio and FEO2 reached a minimum. The
      mathematical relationship between these two variables was such that at power
      outputs above this threshold, hyperventilation with respect to oxygen consumption
      had to occur. The second threshold was detected by the power output at which the
      VE/VCO2 ratio reached a minimum and the FECO2 reached a maximum. These two
      variables were related in a manner such that at power outputs above this
      threshold, hyperventilation with respect to carbon dioxide production had to
      occur.

PMID- 4001568
TI  - Developmental alterations in pulmonary function of the lamb.
AB  - Pulmonary function was evaluated in 40 lambs ranging in age from 106 to 161
      postconceptual days. Preterm lambs were delivered by cesarean section and newborn
      lambs were delivered vaginally. All animals were mechanically ventilated and had
      indwelling catheters. Measurements of transpulmonary pressure, airflow, tidal
      volume and functional residual capacity enabled calculations of lung compliance,
      specific compliance, lung conductance and specific conductance. Regression
      analysis indicated that lung compliance, lung conductance and functional residual
      capacity increased with developmental age; whereas, specific compliance and
      specific conductance decreased with maturity. These data quantitate the
      developmental alterations in the pulmonary function of preterm, term and newborn
      lambs.

PMID- 4001570
TI  - Informative value of simple multibreath nitrogen washout measurements for
      clinical and research purposes.
AB  - Some simple multibreath nitrogen washout indexes quantifying inspired gas
      distribution and ventilatory efficiency were obtained in a group of patients with
      mild to advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and studied in
      their relationships with routine pulmonary function tests. The indexes (lung
      clearance index (LCI), mixing ratio (MR) and data obtained by graphic analysis of
      the washout curve) were correlated with spirometric, pulmonary mechanics and
      arterial blood gas measurements, but only 8-38% of the interindividual variation
      in these indexes was explained by the above routine tests. An additional 5-13% of
      the variation was explained by the washout tidal volume (VT); this finding may
      reflect changes in gas distribution with VT and/or the influence of the dead
      space on ventilatory efficiency. Our data indicate that, in patients with COPD,
      nitrogen washout indexes tend to change in parallel with routine pulmonary
      function tests, reflecting the severity of the disease; these indexes also
      contain specific information (in addition to that provided by routine physiologic
      tests), presumably related to the distribution and efficiency of ventilation.
      Nitrogen washout measurements may thus represent a helpful adjunct to routine
      pulmonary function testing; LCI and MR appear to be particularly convenient for
      practical purposes because of their simplicity, and an informative content
      comparable with that of more complex indexes.

PMID- 4001569
TI  - Differentiation of tuberculous from nontuberculous cavitary lung disease.
AB  - Tuberculous and nontuberculous cavitary lung disease is often initially
      misdiagnosed, delaying therapy. To identify findings which might help avoid such
      delays, we performed a retrospective review of all patients admitted to two
      community hospitals over a 6-year period for infectious cavitary disease of the
      upper lobe or apical segment of the lower lobe. 10 patients with tuberculosis and
      16 with nontuberculous infections were identified. Delays in initiating therapy
      were common to both. Most signs and symptoms were nonspecific. The mean duration
      of symptoms was greater in tuberculosis (72 days) compared to nontuberculous
      infections (18 days). Putrid sputum was found only in nontuberculous infections
      (11/16). Roentgenographic features of fibronodular infiltration and atelectasis
      occurred only in tuberculosis. Air fluid levels were seen only in nontuberculous
      disease (10/16). Leukocytosis with immature neutrophils was found only in
      patients with nontuberculous cavities. We conclude that the previously described
      clinical, laboratory, and roentgenographic features may be useful in correctly
      diagnosing infectious cavitary lung disease.

PMID- 4001571
TI  - Pulmonary edema with nifedipine in primary pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Despite occasional case reports, vasodilator therapy of primary pulmonary
      hypertension remains unsatisfactory. Nifedipine, a calcium channel antagonist,
      has recently been recommended for the treatment of primary pulmonary
      hypertension. Transient mild side effects to this drug have been known. In this
      report we describe a case of primary pulmonary hypertension in whom oral
      nifedipine use was followed by fatal pulmonary edema. We suggest that nifedipine
      has the potential of causing life-threatening complications of pulmonary edema in
      patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension, and in this condition it
      should be used cautiously.

PMID- 4001572
TI  - M-mode subxiphoid echocardiography in assessing pulmonary hypertension. Its
      usefulness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - 12 patients (9 males, 3 females; aged 35-63 years, mean 55) with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied in order to determine the
      correlation between the values of pulmonary arterial pressure and the M-mode
      echographic size of the right pulmonary artery (RPA) from the subxiphoid
      approach. Both the largest (systolic) and smallest (diastolic) size of the vessel
      were considered, and both were corrected for body surface area ('index size' -
      PA/BSA). The reliability of this echographic size is supported by the evidence
      that the tract of the pulmonary artery considered in this study is perpendicular
      to the ultrasonic beam. Both the systolic and diastolic size of RPA correlated
      with the systolic, diastolic, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure, detected by
      catheterization. Measurements of RPA size were made from the suprasternal
      approach in 8 patients out of 12. The size of RPA from the subxiphoid approach
      was also estimated in 21 normal subjects, serving as controls. Measurements of
      RPA size from the suprasternal approach were made in 12 of these subjects. Both
      the systolic and diastolic size of RPA from the subxiphoid approach correlated
      with the systolic and diastolic size of the suprasternal view in patients and in
      normal subjects. Subxiphoid M-mode echocardiography seems to be a valuable
      noninvasive technique in assessment of pulmonary hypertension, particularly in
      patients affected by COPD.

PMID- 4001573
TI  - Scintigraphy and chest radiography in the screening of pulmonary embolism after
      total hip replacement.
AB  - 210 patients were screened for pulmonary embolism after total hip replacement
      with chest radiography and perfusion-ventilation scintigraphy using a new, dry
      99mTc-microaerosol and a detailed system for coding scintigraphic abnormalities.
      Chest radiography did not contribute significantly to the diagnosis of pulmonary
      embolism. In spite of careful evaluation, false-negative and false-positive
      scintigraphic diagnoses of PE are still possible.

PMID- 4001574
TI  - Interaction of verapamil hydrochloride and atropine sulphate on histamine-induced
      bronchoconstriction.
AB  - Submaximal histamine dose-response curves were obtained on 34 dogs divided into
      six groups. These groups were: A (n = 6) untreated; B (n = 6) after atropine (1
      mg/kg); C (n = 5) after verapamil inhalation (10 mg total dose); D (n = 5) after
      verapamil inhalation (100 mg total dose); E and F (n = 6) as for C and D but pre
      treated with atropine (1 mg/kg). Total lung resistance (R1) was measured in each
      case at increasing delivered concentrations of inhaled histamine and expressed as
      a ratio of baseline valve. For each group a composite mean curve was obtained and
      the maximal recorded responses (mean maximal resistance ratios) for the various
      groups were compared. It appears that the combination of verapamil inhalation
      (low dose) and atropine reduced the anticholinergic effect of atropine causing
      marked bronchoconstriction. This unexpected result depends on the verapamil dose
      since it was not present at the higher dose (group F).

PMID- 4001575
TI  - Kerosene aerosol induces guinea-pig airway hyperreactivity to acetylcholine.
AB  - Kerosene aerosol (32.5 mg/l; 20 min), when administered to guinea pigs 1 h before
      exposure to acetylcholine (Ach), induced potentiation of cumulative dose-response
      curve of this agonist on isolated tracheal strips as well as a decrease of the
      lethal doses of Ach. This enhanced response was absent or greatly reduced when
      kerosene aerosol was administered to guinea pigs 24 h previously or just before
      Ach challenge. This airway hyperreactivity was also lacking when carbachol or
      histamine were used as spasmogens instead of Ach. Possible explanations of these
      results are discussed.

PMID- 4001576
TI  - Acute phase response in bronchiectasis and bronchus carcinoma.
AB  - Measurement of the acute phase response in patients suffering from
      bronchiectasis, emphysema, bronchus carcinoma and various benign space-occupying
      lesions was undertaken, using sensitive immunoradiometric assays for C-reactive
      protein (CRP) and serum amyloid-A protein (SAA). In some patients with
      bronchiectasis, clinically judged to be in remission, the results show a major
      ongoing acute phase response. Such a response could predispose these patients to
      the development of reactive secondary amyloidosis. In bronchus carcinoma the
      application of these measurements to judge the extent of tumor growth is limited
      as infection-complicating obstruction is a more potent initiator of the acute
      phase response than the neoplastic process per se.

PMID- 4001577
TI  - Ventilatory inhomogeneity associated with acute bronchoconstriction in asthmatic
      patients.
AB  - Ventilation inhomogeneity was assessed in asthmatic subjects before and after
      antigen-induced bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator administration. As an
      index of inhomogeneous distribution of inspired air, the mean dilution number
      (the ratio of the first to zero moments) was calculated from each multibreath
      nitrogen washout during spontaneous breathing. This index was compared to
      plethysmographic, spirometric, and lung volume indices. In the baseline state, a
      weak relationship existed between the mean dilution number (MDN) and indices of
      mechanical abnormality, FEV1/FVC and SRAW. Antigen-induced bronchoconstriction
      led to increases in the MDN, SRAW, and RV/TLC, and a decrease in FEV1/FVC. The
      reverse effects were found by administering bronchodilators. No statistically
      significant correlations were found between changes in MDN and changes in the
      other indices of pulmonary function. Thus, the maldistribution of inspired air
      resulting from acute bronchoconstriction cannot be quantified from common indices
      of pulmonary function.

PMID- 4001578
TI  - Bronchopulmonary candidiasis exacerbating asthma. Case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - We describe a perplexing asthmatic patient who had chronic lymphatic leukemia
      that developed recurrent severe and prolonged attacks of asthma which required
      almost continuous hospitalization. Clinical findings of fever, leukocytosis,
      right lower lobe infiltrate and mouth candidiasis were suggestive of
      bronchopulmonary candidiasis. No further diagnostic tests were done and the
      patient responded favorably to amphotericin B therapy. A review of
      bronchopulmonary candidiasis in adults is discussed briefly. Lung biopsy should
      be reserved only for the most obscure and problematic cases.

PMID- 4001579
TI  - Pulmonary arterial-venous differences in lipids and lipid metabolites.
AB  - This study was designed to reevaluate the effectiveness of the lungs in taking up
      lipids from the blood, and to establish whether or not the blood triglycerides so
      extracted are metabolized. 8 normal human males were studied. With the subject
      fasting and supine, a percutaneous catheter was placed in the pulmonary artery,
      another in the superior vena cava, and a third in the brachial artery. Samples of
      mixed venous and arterial blood were drawn by syringe from the pulmonary and
      brachial arteries, respectively. Infusion of a triglyceride emulsion (20%
      Intralipid) into the superior vena cava was begun at 4.7 ml/min. After 12 min of
      infusion, mixed venous and arterial samples were taken and infusion was
      discontinued. 15 min following termination of infusion, blood samples were again
      drawn. Analysis showed the lungs to be retaining about 25% of available
      triglyceride. Cholesterol concentration was unaffected. Arterial-venous
      differences in glycerol and free fatty acid were insignificant, suggesting no
      metabolism of triglyceride by lungs. The lungs apparently serve as a mechanical
      screen to triglyceride.

PMID- 4001580
TI  - Coulometric titration of sweat collected with the Webster Collection System.
AB  - Presented here are chloride results obtained by direct titration of undiluted
      sweat collected with the Webster Sweat Collection System. Six hundred and thirty
      two sweat chloride results were reported on 604 patients. Thirty-six of thirty
      nine sweat chloride results of 60 mM or greater were from patients with cystic
      fibrosis. Three results (61, 63 and 64 mM) were from a 12-year-old female who had
      one episode of rectal prolapse but after one year does not have clinical evidence
      of cystic fibrosis. There was one patient with a cystic fibrosis variant with
      intermediate range sweat chloride. All others in the intermediate range (40-59
      mM) did not have cystic fibrosis. One patient with a sweat chloride reported of
      less than 40 mM was subsequently found to have cystic fibrosis at another
      institution.

PMID- 4001581
TI  - Effect of breathing pattern on dead space ventilation VD/VT during exercise.
AB  - In order to assess the effect of breathing pattern on measurements of dead space
      ventilation (VD/VT) during exercise, we studied 6 patients with the complaint of
      exertional dyspnea. They had essentially normal resting pulmonary function
      studies and the only abnormality noted during an initial exercise study was an
      elevated VD/VT associated with a rapid respiratory rate. A second exercise study
      was then performed during which they were coached to breathe at a slower rate and
      larger tidal volume. During the exercise study with coaching, the VD/VT response
      was normal. We conclude that breathing pattern during exercise influences VD/VT
      and that an increase in total minute ventilation which is accomplished by a
      preferential increase in respiratory rate may result in an abnormally high VD/VT.

PMID- 4001582
TI  - Pseudophakic retinal detachments.
AB  - Primary scleral buckling procedures were performed for rhegmatogenous retinal
      detachments in a consecutive series of 179 pseudophakic eyes. Most cases involved
      eyes in which extracapsular surgery had been combined with iridocapsular implants
      or posterior chamber lenses or in which iris-fixation IOLs were placed following
      intracapsular surgery. The characteristics of the detachments were similar,
      regardless of the type of cataract surgery employed, although there was a trend
      toward an increased incidence of significant preoperative proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy in the intracapsular cases. Anatomic success rates were greater
      than 90% in all groups. There was a trend for lower visual acuities following
      successful surgery in the eyes in which intracapsular surgery had been performed
      than in those following extracapsular procedures.

PMID- 4001583
TI  - Pars plana vitrectomy for aphakic cystoid macular edema.
AB  - The authors used a combined limbal and pars plana vitrectomy approach to treat 17
      consecutive eyes (16 patients) with chronic aphakic cystoid macular edema
      associated with vitreous incarceration in the cataract wound. Criteria for
      surgery included: decreased visual acuity to 20/50 or worse; cystoid macular
      edema confirmed by fluorescein angiography; persistent edema of 6 months or
      longer; and visible vitreous incarceration in the limbal wound. The vitreous was
      successfully removed from the limbal wound in 16 of 17 eyes. Postoperatively,
      vision improved by two lines or more in 11 eyes (65%). The surgical technique is
      described.

PMID- 4001584
TI  - Electroretinographic changes after vitrectomy and intraocular tamponade.
AB  - Electrophysiologic responses were tested in a series of 20 patients undergoing
      vitrectomy for recent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Patients required
      intraocular tamponade using either liquid silicone (10 patients mostly with giant
      tears) or 20% SF6-air mixture (10 patients with posterior retinal breaks or
      associated vitreous haemorrhage). Similar responses were obtained in both the
      silicone and the gas-tamponaded eyes; these showed progressive recovery and
      electroretinogram throughout the 6-month follow-up period. The recovery was
      accelerated by either absorption of the gas bubble or by the removal of liquid
      silicone.

PMID- 4001585
TI  - Macular hole and retinal detachment in Best's disease.
AB  - The authors report a family with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy in which
      one member developed a macular hole and retinal detachment. The retinal
      detachment was repaired by resultant extensive rhegmatogenous pars plana
      vitrectomy, fluid-air exchange, and photocoagulation. Examination of the vitreous
      specimen disclosed numerous large macrophages with abundant cytoplasm distended
      by lipofuscin.

PMID- 4001586
TI  - Accuracy of clinical estimates of tumor dimensions. A clinical-pathologic
      correlation study of posterior uveal melanomas.
AB  - The authors reviewed the clinical records of 50 patients who underwent
      enucleation for posterior uveal malignant melanoma to determine the correlation
      between clinical estimates of tumor size made prior to enucleation and pathologic
      measurements made during gross examination. Linear regression of the pathologic
      measurements of several tumor dimensions on the corresponding clinical estimates
      documented correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 for minimal basal diameter
      to 0.92 for tumor thickness. Although these values suggest a high level of linear
      correlation, wide confidence limits indicate a significant level of random
      variation in the data points. Further, nonzero intercepts and nonunity slopes of
      the linear regression lines indicate a systematic variation between clinical
      estimates and gross pathologic measurements of tumor size.

PMID- 4001587
TI  - Differential diagnosis of diffuse choroidal atrophies. Diffuse choriocapillaris
      atrophy, choroideremia, and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.
AB  - Three young children showed a similar fundus appearance of sharply defined,
      yellowish-white, patchy or geographic atrophy of the retina and choroid and
      visible large choroidal vessels in almost the entire fundus. Fluorescein
      angiography disclosed atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and loss of
      choriocapillaris. Their visual functions and electrophysiologic findings were
      also similar. Family A was diagnosed as having diffuse choriocapillaris atrophy
      with autosomal dominant inheritance; family B, choroideremia with X-linked
      recessive heredity; and family C, gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with
      hyperornithinemia and autosomal recessive transmission. It became evident that
      diffuse choriocapillaris atrophy, choroideremia, and gyrate atrophy sometimes
      show a similar fundus appearance. Fluorescein angiography, serum ornithine
      levels, and family history were particularly helpful to differentiate these
      diffuse choroidal atrophies.

PMID- 4001588
TI  - Hydrogel implant for scleral buckling. Long-term observations.
AB  - The authors report long-term follow-up clinical observations of 82 eyes in which
      episcleral or intrascleral hydrogel implants were used as buckles in the repair
      of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Three fourths of the eyes were observed for
      24 months or more. The implant material provided a durable and effective scleral
      buckle, did not produce erosion or infection, and was tolerated well by all
      patients.

PMID- 4001589
TI  - Scanning electron-microscopic study of Silastic scleral sponges.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy was used to study seven Silastic scleral sponges
      removed between 2 days and 12 years after episcleral implantation. The sponges
      did not undergo structural changes. Early after implantation, erythrocytes and
      fibrin and, later, scant fibroblasts were seen on the surface and within the
      superficial interstices of the sponges. The interstices throughout the sponges
      contained an amorphous material of unknown composition. These findings support
      clinical experience that the silicone elastomer of silastic scleral sponges is
      chemically inert, structurally durable, and well-suited for scleral buckling
      procedures.

PMID- 4001590
TI  - Models for assessing scar tissue inhibitors.
AB  - The main purpose of animal models for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is to
      develop pharmacologic therapies for this common cause of blindness. A very large
      number of pharmacologic agents appear to have potential use in this application
      by preventing cell proliferation and/or contraction. In practice, however, it has
      been found that prohibitively extensive numbers of animals and laboratory
      services are required to establish drug efficacy, safety, and dosage regimes. To
      lessen this work load and to accelerate drug screening programs, the authors have
      developed an in vitro model for PVR based on chorioretinal fibroblast growth in
      three-dimensional collagen lattices. This model yields precise data on the effect
      of drugs on cell proliferation and contractility. Trifluoperazine, colchicine, 5
      fluorouracil, dexamethasone, and penicillamine were screened in this model. The
      first three agents were found to be inhibitory; on the basis of the
      pharmacokinetic data, obtained dosage regimes for animal testing were developed.
      The results obtained are discussed in terms of the in vitro model and the
      biochemical action of these drugs on the cellular events in PVR. In vitro
      screening of drugs prior to animal testing offers a significant advance in the
      quest for a pharmacologic prevention of blindness due to PVR.

PMID- 4001591
TI  - Macular edema following panretinal photocoagulation.
AB  - The authors reviewed the preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up examinations,
      fundus photographs, and fluorescein angiograms of 175 eyes with proliferative
      diabetic retinopathy treated with panretinal photocoagulation. Seventy-five (43%)
      of the treated eyes developed increased macular edema 6-10 weeks following laser
      treatment. Follow-ups ranged from 3 months to 48 months, with a median follow-up
      of 15 months. Fluorescein angiography revealed that the postlaser increase in
      macular edema persisted in 47 of the 175 eyes (27%). Fourteen eyes (8%) treated
      with laser developed chronic macular edema and visual loss of two or more lines.
      Inflammation and altered retinal blood flow are possible pathogenetic mechanisms
      responsible for the development of postpanretinal photocoagulation macular edema.

PMID- 4001592
TI  - [Total quality control method of clinical pulmonary function tests].

PMID- 4001593
TI  - [Comparative effects of three calcium antagonists (nifedipine, verapamil and
      diltiazem) on hemodynamics in recent myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4001594
TI  - [Hemodynamic alterations in isolated right ventricular ischemia in anesthetized
      open-chest dogs].

PMID- 4001595
TI  - [Correlations between resting hemodynamics and exercise tolerance before and
      after prazosin therapy in patients with chronic congestive heart failure].

PMID- 4001596
TI  - [Changes in systemic hemodynamics and plasma catecholamine concentrations during
      isometric exercise in patients with essential hypertension].

PMID- 4001597
TI  - [Clinical significance of exercise-induced T wave normalization by Master two
      step (comparison with stress myocardial scintigraphy)].

PMID- 4001598
TI  - [Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in children with heart disease; quantitative
      assessment of right ventricular pressure].

PMID- 4001599
TI  - [Effect of the pulmonary gas volume on P0.1].

PMID- 4001600
TI  - [Significance of transient U-wave inversion in coronary artery disease: a report
      of 3 cases].

PMID- 4001601
TI  - [A case of bronchomalacia with contralateral pulmonary abscess].

PMID- 4001602
TI  - [A case of torsade de pointes tachycardia complicating diphtheria].

PMID- 4001603
TI  - [A successfully treated case of severe aortic valve disease with mechanically
      induced hemolytic anemia].

PMID- 4001604
TI  - Erythropoietin production in normoxic and hypoxic rats with increased blood O2
      affinity.
AB  - Effects of an acute increase in blood O2 affinity on erythropoietin production
      were studied in normoxic and hypoxic male rats. Blood O2 affinity was increased
      by exchange-transfusion with blood from sodium cyanate treated rats. P50 was
      lowered to 27.6 torr (pH 7.4, PCO2 = 40 torr, 37 degrees C) in the recipients
      compared to 41.8 torr in control rats exchange transfused with normal blood.
      Hypoxia was induced by exposure to simulated high altitude (4750 or 7000 m) for
      16 h. Erythropoietin was determined by in vivo bioassay. In rats with normal
      blood O2 affinity, plasma erythropoietin was undetectable at 300 m, 0.26 +/- 0.10
      U/ml at 4750 m (mean +/- SEM; n = 7), and 3.52 +/- 0.58 U/ml at 7000 m (n = 10).
      Plasma erythropoietin titers were significantly enhanced in rats with high blood
      O2 affinity at 300 m (0.05 +/- 0.01 U/ml; n = 4) and moderately increased at 4750
      m (0.57 +/- 0.12 U/ml; n = 7), but unchanged at 7000 m (3.88 +/- 0.74 U/ml; n =
      10). These results indicate that a high blood O2 affinity reduces the O2 delivery
      to the cells controlling erythropoietin production in normoxia and moderate
      hypoxia. However, this is offset at severe hypoxia most likely by an improved O2
      loading to the blood.

PMID- 4001605
TI  - The ventilatory response to hypoxia in the newborn lamb after carotid body
      denervation.
AB  - Neonates of various species including lambs respond to hypoxia by a transient
      hyperventilation followed by a VE depression (diphasic response). To better
      delineate the role of the carotid chemoreceptors and that of the central
      depressive/inhibitive effect of hypoxia on minute ventilation, we have studied
      the VE response of 4-day-old carotid body-deprived lambs (CBD) during successive
      exposure to moderate and severe (0.12 and 0.07 FIO2) hypoxia. The carotid body
      denervation was done to abolish most of the chemoreceptor stimulating effect on
      VE during hypoxia and to allow for central depression/inhibition of VE during
      hypoxia. In the CBD lambs, baseline VE was 461 +/- 81 (SE) ml X (kg X min)-1. It
      increased to 532 +/- 79 ml X (kg X min)-1 and to 541 +/- 75 ml X (kg X min)-1, to
      0.12 FIO2 and 0.07 FIO2. These VE increases did not reach level of significance
      (P greater than 0.05). After 2-5 min of both levels of hypoxia VE dropped
      respectively to 460 +/- 60 ml X (kg X min)-1 and to 459 +/- 38 ml X (kg X min)-1.
      No marked ventilatory depressions were noted but VE had only returned to
      baseline. It is concluded that, in the denervated newborn lamb, the centrally
      mediated depressive effect of hypoxia is small and not sufficient to explain the
      diphasic VE response of the intact lamb to steady state hypoxia. Analysis of the
      magnitude of the hyperventilation and the VE damping pre-hypoxic levels occurring
      with sustained hypoxia in newborns of various species suggests that the
      immaturity of the O2-sensitive chemoreceptor rather than the central effect of
      hypoxia is the determinant factor of the diphasic response of newborn mammals to
      hypoxic hypoxia.

PMID- 4001606
TI  - Gill arch movements and the function of the dorsal gill arch muscles in the carp.
AB  - The activity coordination of the dorsal gill arch muscles in a teleost, the carp,
      is described and the effect of their contraction in combination with the
      respiratory pump movements is analysed. Based on their origin and insertion the
      dorsal branchial arch muscles can be divided into three groups: the external
      branchial arch levators, connecting the branchial arches to the neurocranium, the
      internal branchial arch levators, connecting the pharyngobranchials to the
      neurocranium and the dorsal oblique muscles, interconnecting the branchial arches
      and pharyngobranchials. Functionally, however, there are only two categories with
      the following properties. The first, which consists of the external branchial
      arch levators alone, is active during every respiratory cycle, including the
      cough. These muscles expand the branchial basket through gill arch abduction and,
      in combination with hyomandibular pumping movements, lower the floor of the
      buccal cavity. The results of these combined movements are: The gill arches
      remain evenly distributed within the expanding branchial cavities during
      inspiration, so that continuity of the gill curtain is maintained. Water flow
      resistance is reduced also. The volume of water flowing into the buccal cavity
      during inspiration is increased. The second category, comprising the internal
      branchial arch levators and the dorsal oblique muscles, contracts only during the
      cough and else is completely inactive. Contraction of these muscles reinforces
      the dorsal suspension of the gill arches by firmly anchoring the
      pharyngobranchials and epibranchials to the base of the skull. In this way
      strong, caudally directed forces which develop during the intermediate expansion
      of the cough can be prevented from dislocating the branchial basket.

PMID- 4001607
TI  - The respiratory function of gill filament muscles in the carp.
AB  - The activity pattern of the adductor muscles of the gill filaments has been
      determined with E.M.G. techniques and analysed in relation to the activity of the
      respiratory pump muscles, the respiratory movements and the hydrostatic pressures
      in buccal and opercular cavities. The gill filament adductor muscles contract
      twice during a normal respiratory cycle. First during the transition from the
      contraction to the expansion phase and for a second time at the end of the
      expansion phase. These two contractions serve different purposes. The first
      'primes' the opercular pump for the start of the next expansion phase in the
      following way. At the end of the contraction phase, the final adduction of the
      opercula results in a positive pressure in the opercular cavities. If this
      pressure persisted until the start of the expansion, it would make the opercular
      suction pump inoperative, because it would blow away the flexible opercular flap
      which, as a passive valve, seals the widening opercular slit during abduction.
      Filament adduction at the transition from contraction to expansion, however, by
      lowering the resistance of the gill curtain, allows water to escape from the
      opercular cavities through the mouth and so reduces opercular pressure to zero
      before expansion starts. The second contraction of the filament adductor muscles,
      at the end of the expansion phase, occurs when the opercular flap separates from
      the body of the fish, opening the opercular slit. At this moment, there is a
      considerable negative pressure in the opercular cavity. Nevertheless, inflow of
      water through the opercular slit is negligible, because flow reversal is
      counteracted by the kinetic energy of the normal water flow from the buccal to
      the opercular cavities. This process is significantly facilitated by a reduction
      in gill resistance through filament adduction. In the cough, a burst of filament
      adductor activity occurs during the intermediate expansion. It then increases
      water flow velocity over the gills by lowering the gill resistance and also
      brings the filaments in such a position that the water flows parallel to their
      surface, which facilitates the flushing off of foreign matter.

PMID- 4001608
TI  - A morphometric study of the tracheal system of Peripatus acacioi Marcus and
      Marcus (Onychophora).
AB  - Volumes and surfaces of the tracheal system in Peripatus acacioi Marcus and
      Marcus (Onychophora) were evaluated using stereological techniques. The
      onychophorans were divided into three portions, arbitrarily denominated lead,
      body and tail segments. This procedure was used to provide information on the
      spatial distribution of tracheal tubes along the body. The mean weight specific
      tracheal volume for a 212 mg animal (average body weight) was 7.27 microliters g
      1. Size appears to affect tracheal volume; the surface density of the tracheal
      system was greater in both lead and tail segments. There appears to be a positive
      correlation between tracheal surface density and tissue metabolic activity.

PMID- 4001609
TI  - Respiration and lung function in the mouse, Mus musculus (with a note on mass
      exponents and respiratory variables).
AB  - Ventilatory ability, the diffusing capacity of the lung and oxygen uptake have
      been investigated in mice of different sizes. Breathing frequency decreased with
      body weight although minute ventilation (V) increased (V alpha W 1.725). Weight
      specific diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide showed little variation with
      size. Oxygen consumption (VO2) rose with weight according to VO2 alpha W0.41. In
      older, larger mice this resulted in increased ventilatory requirements (V/VO2).

PMID- 4001610
TI  - Laryngeal muscle and diaphragmatic activities in conscious dog pups.
AB  - A new chronic animal preparation (i.e. puppies) for the study of respiratory
      laryngeal muscle activity is described. Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA),
      thyroarytenoid (TA) and diaphragmatic activities were monitored in conscious
      puppies (13-43 days old) using chronically implanted electrodes. PCA activity was
      prominent during inspiration in all behavioral states. TA and post-inspiratory
      diaphragmatic activities were consistently high during expiration in quiet
      wakefulness and quiet sleep, but expiratory TA activity decreased dramatically
      and post-inspiratory diaphragmatic activity became highly variable in rapid eye
      movement sleep. There was also a tendency for these expiratory muscle activities
      to become less pronounced with increasing postnatal age. When a chronically
      implanted, low resistance T-tube tracheal cannula was suddenly opened, thus
      effectively eliminating the effects of upper airway resistance on airflow,
      respiratory frequency dramatically increased. These results indicate that the
      puppy exhibits muscle activities consistent with the maintenance of an elevated
      end-expiratory lung volume achieved by the retardation of expiratory airflow
      using the larynx and diaphragm.

PMID- 4001611
TI  - [Substitution of the cervical esophagus with a free graft of revascularized small
      intestine].

PMID- 4001612
TI  - [Diagnostic evaluation of capillary hemoglobin and of iron nutrition indicators
      in response to treatment with oral iron in childhood].

PMID- 4001613
TI  - [Testicular response to various doses of human chorionic gonadotropin in normal
      men].

PMID- 4001614
TI  - [Sensitivity and specificity of erythrocyte indices in the diagnosis of iron
      deficiency in children and women living at 3 different altitudes].

PMID- 4001615
TI  - [Effect of cocultivation and addition of normal plasma on the response to
      mitomycin C in Fanconi's anemia lymphocytes].

PMID- 4001616
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis associated with sick sinus syndrome: a diagnostic and therapeutic
      dilemma.

PMID- 4001617
TI  - [Giant gastrocutaneous fistula].

PMID- 4001618
TI  - [Gangliosidosis GM2 type 2 (Sandhoff disease)].

PMID- 4001619
TI  - [Progressive chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in a patient with diabetes
      mellitus type II].

PMID- 4001620
TI  - [Carcinoid tumors of the digestive tract. Experience in the Instituto Nacional de
      la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran].

PMID- 4001622
TI  - [Differential usefulness of various evaluation criteria in the selection of
      candidates for admission to postgraduate education in medicine].

PMID- 4001621
TI  - Pituitary adenolysis in the treatment of Cushing's disease (a case report).

PMID- 4001623
TI  - [Establishment of uniform averages of graduates from medical colleges and schools
      in Mexico].

PMID- 4001624
TI  - [Classification of pancreatitis].

PMID- 4001625
TI  - [Treatment of facial neuralgia: apropos of 220 cases].

PMID- 4001626
TI  - [Headache in sphenoiditis].

PMID- 4001627
TI  - [Migraine].

PMID- 4001628
TI  - [Drug treatment of pain in otorhinolaryngology].

PMID- 4001629
TI  - [Homostatic grafts in otology: experimental study].

PMID- 4001630
TI  - [Proposal for a protocol of a national and multidisciplinary study of medullary
      cancer of the thyroid].

PMID- 4001631
TI  - Significance of dynamic CT in the diagnosis of bony destructions of the skull
      base.

PMID- 4001632
TI  - [Neuroradiological study of the intrapetrous facial nerve and its pathology].

PMID- 4001633
TI  - Orbital trauma in the tripod fracture.

PMID- 4001634
TI  - [X-ray computed tomographic analysis of fractures of the external wall of the
      orbit].

PMID- 4001635
TI  - Approach to the study of temporal bone trauma.

PMID- 4001636
TI  - [Lymphangioma of the palatine amygdaloid body].

PMID- 4001637
TI  - [Clavicle osteolysis in MacDuffie's syndrome].
AB  - MacDuffie's syndrome emerges from systemic vasculitis as including recurrent
      urticaria-like skin lesions, episodic angio-oedemas, articular manifestations and
      abdominal pains, with a tendency to affect women. Renal involvement may burden
      the prognosis. Hypocomplementemia is usual by deficiency of the classical
      pathway. Corticosteroid therapy is habitual. The case reported, fitting to this
      nosological entity offers two new features: in the first place, the osteolysis of
      the distal part of the clavicle whereas the joints are not affected by destroying
      lesions; then the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was effective within a
      period of one year without complication.

PMID- 4001638
TI  - [Superior caval syndrome. Diagnostic and therapeutic management. Apropos of 20
      cases].
AB  - Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) is an infrequent syndrome. Clinical
      diagnosis is often late. 20 cases of SVCO collected in 7 years are being
      reported. In 17 cases, SVCO revealed the underlying disease. It was mostly
      neoplastic (12 times), especially pulmonary cancers (5 times) and lymphomas
      (twice). Among benign causes (5 times), mediastinal fibrosis was the most often
      recognized (twice). Prognosis depended on etiology: when it was malignant,
      mortality rate was 50 p. cent (actuarial survival rate after one year: 40 p.
      100); when it was benign, there was no mortality (follow-up: 21 months). Thrombo
      embolic complications (25 p. 100) were seen during the end-stage of neoplasms and
      were responsible in 4 out of 7 deaths. Surgery was interesting for diagnosis
      (histology) and treatment (bypass surgery, the result of which was good only in
      the 3 operated benign causes). A simple model is proposed for treatment.

PMID- 4001640
TI  - [C2 deficiency and diseases. Apropos of a case of discoid lupus].

PMID- 4001639
TI  - [Retinal vasculitis in lupic disease].
AB  - Three cases of retinal vasculitis in SLE-type diseases are reported. The first
      was central retinal vein occlusion occurring during clinical remission of SLE in
      a 55 year old black female. Prednisone maintenance therapy was unchanged and
      visual loss rapidly regressed with heparin therapy. The second case was a 33 year
      old black female in whom SLE was discovered following relapsing bilateral optic
      neuritis. A progressive visual improvement was obtained with high dose of
      prednisone (1 mg/kg/day). The third cas was a 17 year old white girl with retinal
      vasculitis. She had an unclassified connective tissue disease inaugurated by
      optic neuritis at the age of 10. High dose prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) was effective
      on the visual loss. Retinal vasculitis lesions in SLE and their therapy are
      reviewed.

PMID- 4001641
TI  - [Ankylosing spondylarthritis and chronic enteropathies].

PMID- 4001642
TI  - [Diffuse intestinal polyposis and Gardner's syndrome. Apropos of a familial case
      involving 6 members of a family of 7].

PMID- 4001643
TI  - [Spontaneous Aeromonas hydrophila peritonitis in the cirrhotic. Apropos of 2
      cases].

PMID- 4001644
TI  - [Existence of asymptomatic changes in left ventricular function in the diabetic.
      Noninvasive study].
AB  - 49 diabetics (D) (26 IDD and 23 NIDD) were compared to 32 controls (C). Absence
      of ischemic cardiopathy (IC) was confirmed by routine investigations and
      noninvasive cardiovascular techniques, including an exercise ECG using 12 leads
      and a thallium 201 scintigraphy. Our results show: a) a prolonged mean
      isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) as studied by the M mode echocardiography
      and phonomechanography: D = 0,10 sec +/- 0,04; C = 0,05 sec +/- 0,02; p less than
      0,0001; b) a reduced mean EF slope: D = 97,48 +/- 37,08 mm / sec; C = 125,68 +/-
      34,35; p less than 0,005; c) a high mean Weissler index (ratio of PEP to LVET): D
      = 40 +/- 0,08; C = 33 +/- 0,05; p less than 0,01. IVRT and EF slope abnormalities
      are related to increased myocardial stiffness and impaired LV compliance. In the
      absence of changes in preload and afterload, the high Weissler index reflects
      impaired contractility of the myocardium. These abnormalities are related neither
      to the duration of diabetes nor to the presence or severity of the complications.
      With the M mode echocardiography, mean diastolic and systolic thickness of the
      septum is greater in D with retinopathy than in C (p less than 0,005 and p less
      than 0,03 respectively); mean diastolic and systolic thickness of the posterior
      wall is greater in NIDD than in C (p less than 0,001 and p less than 0,025). We
      conclude that there is evidence of left ventricular functional abnormalities
      specific to diabetes and unrelated to IC and hypertension. Our findings support
      the hypothesis that they may be due to metabolic disorders and/or myocardial
      microangiopathy.

PMID- 4001646
TI  - [Hepatic involvement induced by erythromycin propionate].

PMID- 4001645
TI  - [Hyperthyroidism and mitral valve prolapse. Comparative 2-dimensional
      echocardiographic study of a hyperthyroid and a control population, linking 104
      patients].

PMID- 4001647
TI  - [Renal insufficiency caused by chronic granulomatous interstitial nephritis in
      Lofgren's syndrome].
AB  - The authors report the case of a woman with Lofgren's syndrome who developed
      renal failure associated with abnormalities of acidification and concentration of
      the urine. In the absence of a phosphate-calcium metabolic disturbance, these
      signs were attributed to a granulomatous interstitial nephropathy demonstrated on
      renal biopsy. These abnormalities regressed completely with steroid therapy.
      Secondary renal failure due to an isolated granulomatous interstitial nephropathy
      is exceptionally rare in sarcoidosis and has never been previously reported in
      Lofgren's syndrome.

PMID- 4001648
TI  - [Muscular involvement in Legionnaires' disease. Review of the literature apropos
      of 2 cases].
AB  - Two cases of Legionnaires' disease proven by seroconversion in indirect
      immunofluorescence are reported. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was increased in
      both patients, and one had rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and acute
      respiratory distress. A review of the literature brought out 9 other cases of
      rhabdomyolysis associated with Legionnaires' disease. Myalgias are an inconstant
      warning symptom; renal impairment is present in more than one half of the cases,
      and although pulmonary lesions are moderate, respiratory muscle involvement may
      require mechanical ventilation. In view of the severe complications of
      rhabdomyolysis, CPK should be systematically assayed in patients with
      Legionnaires' disease; 57 p. 100 of whom, according to published reports, have
      high CPK levels. In a retrospective study of bacterial pneumonia caused by common
      pathogens, we found that CPK was elevated in 31 p. 100 of the cases. The
      mechanism of muscular involvement is discussed.

PMID- 4001649
TI  - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome: a new case of myeloproliferative type].

PMID- 4001650
TI  - [Dermatopolymyositis and pulmonary fibrosis associated with Gougerot-Sjogren
      syndrome. Study of 3 cases].
AB  - 3 new cases of dermatomyositis associated with diffuse interstitial pulmonary
      fibrosis and, more exceptionally, with Sjogren's syndrome are reported. The
      pulmonary fibrosis observed in patients with dermatomyositis differs from that
      found in other connective tissue diseases in that it follows a more acute course
      and may respond to corticosteroids. Thus, in 2 of these patients treated with
      corticosteroids (combined in 1 case with cyclophosphamide) the high percentage of
      lymphocytes and polymorphonuclears in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, which
      reflects alveolitis activity, was reduced and the pulmonary fibrosis was cured in
      one patient and stabilized in the other.

PMID- 4001651
TI  - The question of inheritance of immunological tolerance.

PMID- 4001652
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate gland: technique and review of the
      literature.

PMID- 4001654
TI  - [Symposium: the thymus. Introduction].

PMID- 4001653
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of urologic malignancies.
AB  - Although MRI has been available for clinical use for only a short time it has
      already proven its value in the diagnosis and staging of renal malignancies and
      has shown promise in evaluation of malignancies of the lower urinary tract. Its
      excellent tissue contrast discrimination, ease of evaluation of vascular
      structures and perivascular lymph nodes and its capability for multiplanar
      imaging contribute to this promise. Its dependence on multiple tissue and imaging
      parameters allows manipulation of images to permit evaluation of a variety of
      structures for anatomic and physiologic abnormalities. Its lack of ionizing
      radiation and the absence of requirement for intravenous contrast agents are
      attractive features in evaluation of genitourinary structures. Clinical
      experience with MRI in diagnosis and staging of urologic malignancies is growing
      in a number of academic centers, and MRI units are being installed in many
      private hospitals. It is anticipated that the importance of MRI in the evaluation
      of the genitourinary tract will increase rapidly as this technology becomes
      widely available.

PMID- 4001655
TI  - [Embryology of the thymus].

PMID- 4001656
TI  - [Value and limitations of clinical pharmacology].

PMID- 4001657
TI  - [Value and limitations of vaccines].

PMID- 4001658
TI  - [Oncogenes and the treatment of cancer].

PMID- 4001659
TI  - [Myelodysplastic syndromes].

PMID- 4001660
TI  - [How do we breath?].

PMID- 4001661
TI  - [Tuberculosis: some current problems].

PMID- 4001662
TI  - [The approach to tobacco addiction].

PMID- 4001663
TI  - [The pathology of asbestos in Belgium].

PMID- 4001664
TI  - [Pyogenous and tuberculous arthritis].

PMID- 4001665
TI  - [Reiter's syndrome].

PMID- 4001666
TI  - [Mechanisms of articular destruction in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 4001667
TI  - [The cartilage-synovial relationship].

PMID- 4001668
TI  - [Injuries of the cervical spine. Treatment procedures. Discriminating factors].

PMID- 4001669
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of the shoulder in athletes].

PMID- 4001670
TI  - [Significance of calcitonin in 1985 in osteoarticular pathology].

PMID- 4001671
TI  - [Significance of the measurement of blood uric acid in the diagnosis of
      inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion syndrome].

PMID- 4001672
TI  - [Photobiologic study of sunscreen products in the A and B ultraviolet spectra].

PMID- 4001673
TI  - [Giardiasis].

PMID- 4001674
TI  - Lamellar arrangement of neuronal somata in the dorsal root ganglion of the cat.
AB  - The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to study the
      distribution of perikarya in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Injections of HRP
      subcutaneously into a small area of the foreleg, flank, perineum, the central pad
      of the forepaw, muscles of the foreleg, the wall of the urinary bladder, and
      mucosa of the rectum resulted in many retrogradely labeled perikarya in one DRG.
      Labeled perikarya were distributed in the ganglia proximally to distal elongated
      slabs or columns, especially in cases of subcutaneous injections. A similar slab,
      or columnar distribution, of HRP-labeled perikarya was noticed when the tracer
      was injected into the spinal cord preceded by the transection of all dorsal root
      filaments but one. Perikarya located along the lateral border of the ganglion
      were labeled through rostral filaments, and perikarya distributed along the
      medial border were labeled through caudal filaments. A segmental somatotopic map
      has been conceived for the DRG as an intermediate territory between the periphery
      and the spinal cord.

PMID- 4001675
TI  - Effect of microstimulation of movement-evoking cortical foci on the activity of
      neurons on the dorsal column nuclei.
AB  - Cortical foci in which stimulation produced movement in either the forelimb or
      hindlimb were isolated in rats. In each experiment, two foci were selected: one
      for movement in the forelimb, and the other in the hindlimb. Stimulation was
      subsequently reduced in order to avoid eliciting a movement, and the effects of
      this stimulation on activity of gracile and cuneate neurons were examined. Both
      excitation and inhibition were observed and were found to be arranged in a
      somatotopic manner. Excitation was almost exclusively obtained when the receptive
      field (RF) of a given neuron corresponded to the body surfaces overlying the
      joints involved in the cortically evoked movement. A high percentage of neurons
      with RFs on body surfaces corresponding to, or adjacent to, the region of
      cortically induced movement were inhibited, while the activity of neurons with
      RFs distant to the site of movement was seldom modified. These results suggest
      that cortical influences exerted on the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) in rats are
      organized in a somatotopic manner.

PMID- 4001676
TI  - Functional properties of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in cat footpad skin.
AB  - The functional properties of slowly adapting (SA) afferent fibers innervating cat
      footpad skin were examined. Measurements were taken of receptive field area;
      spontaneous activity (less than 1 impulse/sec); the slope of the stimulus
      response curve for steady indentations up to 2 mm in amplitude; variability of
      the interimpulse intervals, as measured by the coefficient of variation of time
      interval histograms; decay of the response to steady indentation; and sensitivity
      to sinusoidal vibration (most sensitive at 5-10 Hz). Where comparable tests were
      performed on glabrous and hairy skin SA fibers, the functional properties of
      those in glabrous skin more closely resembled SAI fibers than SAII fibers.
      Additional results from glabrous skin SA fibers suggest that it is distortion of
      the nerve endings rather than steady indentation or compression that leads to a
      brisk response. On the measures described above, there appeared to be only one
      functional class of SA fiber innervating the cat footpad skin.

PMID- 4001677
TI  - Response properties of raccoon cuneothalamic neurons.
AB  - Microelectrodes were used to record the extracellular activity of 80 single
      neurons of the main cuneate nucleus (MCN) of raccoons anesthetized with either
      methoxyflurane or pentobarbital sodium. All 80 MCN neurons had peripheral
      receptive fields (RFs) that lay entirely on the glabrous surfaces of the forepaw
      and were responsive to light mechanical stimulation. Neurons were characterized
      according to the nature of their response to mechanical stimulation of their RFs,
      as well as to their response to electrical stimulation of the contralateral
      thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB). All antidromically activated neurons (64% of
      sample) were histologically verified as falling within the clusters region of the
      MCN, while synaptically activated neurons (19% of sample), as well as neurons not
      responsive to VB stimulation (17% of sample), were located in both the clusters
      and the polymorphic regions. Antidromically activated neurons typically responded
      with a single fixed-latency spike, although a few responded with a burst of 3 or
      more spikes. Others responded with a single antidromic spike followed by a train
      of synaptically activated spikes. In these latter neurons, it was often possible
      to block the synaptic spikes selectively. MCN neurons were classed according to
      their response to controlled mechanical stimuli as rapidly adapting (RA), slowly
      adapting (SA), or Pacinian (Pc). The proportions of neurons falling into these
      categories did not vary significantly with the type of response to thalamic
      stimulation, and the overall percentages were 56% RA, 24% SA, and 20% Pc. These
      figures are very similar to those previously obtained in a sample of primary
      afferent fibers of the raccoon cervical cuneate fasciculus (L. M. Pubols and
      Pubols, 1973). Absolute displacement, displacement velocity, and force
      thresholds, which ranged between 4 and 326 micron, 0.01 and 16.3 micron/msec, and
      120 and 3600 mg, respectively, are comparable to those previously found for
      primary afferents supplying mechanoreceptors of the glabrous surfaces of the
      raccoon's forepaw. Neither displacement nor force thresholds differed for RA
      versus SA neurons; however, displacement velocity thresholds were significantly
      lower for SA than for RA neurons.

PMID- 4001678
TI  - [Clinical application of echocardiography in coronary disease].

PMID- 4001679
TI  - [Treatment of scalp psoriasis. A new dexamethasone preparation in a double-blind
      trial with hydrocortisone-17-butyrate].

PMID- 4001680
TI  - [Fatigue, muscle weakness].

PMID- 4001681
TI  - [A case from practice (35). Isocyanate-induced asthma. Patient F.R., born 7-21
      1960].

PMID- 4001682
TI  - [Problems in hypertension treatment].

PMID- 4001683
TI  - [Extraintestinal air in the roentgen image from the viewpoint of the surgeon].

PMID- 4001684
TI  - [Pregnancy termination in Switzerland. Development 1979-1981].

PMID- 4001685
TI  - [Therapy resistant hypertension].

PMID- 4001686
TI  - [Misinterpretations of otorhinolaryngologic symptoms].

PMID- 4001687
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic value of iliac bone puncture biopsy in nontraumatic
      vertebral compression].

PMID- 4001688
TI  - [Status of mammography today].

PMID- 4001689
TI  - [Sperm cryopreservation with oncological patients].

PMID- 4001690
TI  - [Office computer and patient history: data protection].

PMID- 4001691
TI  - [Isolated polycystic disease of the pancreas].

PMID- 4001692
TI  - [Resection of pulmonary metastases].

PMID- 4001693
TI  - [Hepatic adenoma and oral contraception: apropos of a hemorrhagic complication].

PMID- 4001694
TI  - [Resurfacing the arthrotic knee with the Richards (called Marmor) modular
      prosthesis].

PMID- 4001695
TI  - [Value of cytology, in particular of the fine needle biopsy, in the diagnosis of
      solid tumors of different organs: breast, lungs, lymph nodes and thyroid gland].

PMID- 4001696
TI  - [Prevention of cavities and of osteonecroses in patients irradiated in the oto
      rhino-laryngologic area].

PMID- 4001697
TI  - [Listeriosis: neurologic presentations in the framework of the Neuchatel mini
      epidemic 1983-1984].

PMID- 4001698
TI  - [Behcet's syndrome. Apropos of 2 cases and a review of the literature].

PMID- 4001699
TI  - [Left anterior choroidal artery syndrome with language disorders and
      constructional apraxia].
AB  - The infarction in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery may induce a
      sensory motor impairment and neuropsychological symptoms close to those observed
      in some thalamic lesions. In a right handed man with a left sided infarction,
      language disturbances and constructional apraxia were observed. Cerebral blood
      flow measurements were performed 4 days after the stroke with the 133Xenon
      inhalation method. A decrease of mean hemispheric values was observed on both
      sides but more so on the left hemisphere, in the left frontoparietal regions. 98
      days after the stroke language and constructional apraxia have partially
      improved. We have drawn a parallel between blood flow variations and
      neuropsychological signs. The cortical deafferentation caused by the interruption
      of the thalamo-cortical projections may explain the focalized decrease in
      cerebral blood flow values in the left hemisphere.

PMID- 4001700
TI  - [Secondary polycythemia with hypererythropoietinemia. Supratentorial meningioma].
AB  - A meningioma was discovered in a 66 year old man with non-progressive alcoholic
      cirrhosis and abstinence for the 5 previous years. The development of
      polycythemia ten months later was related to an inappropriate secretion of
      erythropoietin. Conventional causes for this phenomenon could not be found.
      Erythropoietin assays in erythroblast cultures from both the patient's blood and
      post-mortem, from tumor fragments demonstrated a significant elevation of
      erythropoietic activity. The diagnosis of polycythemia secondary to meningioma is
      suggested. Only one similar case has apparently been reported.

PMID- 4001701
TI  - [Neuropathy and cerebellar syndrome induced by amiodarone].
AB  - A 62 year old man developed a neuropathy after several months of treatment with
      amiodarone. The clinical picture was atypical in that it associated a
      polyradiculoneuritis with cell-protein dissociation and an axial and peripheral
      cerebellar syndrome. Pathology of muscle and nerve showed dense inclusions in
      Schwann cell cytoplasm and in pericytes, highly suggestive of fat inclusions.
      Discontinuation of amiodarone therapy resulted in a slow regression of disorders.
      Diabetes mellitus developed. Several pathogenic hypotheses are proposed.

PMID- 4001702
TI  - [Spasm or dimpling of the hypothenar eminence].
AB  - Bilateral hypothenar muscular spasm ("dimpling") was discovered in a 62 year-old
      man. The spasms consisted of recurrent arrhythmic contractions of the palmaris
      brevis muscle. E.M.G. showed no signs of denervation but the contractions could
      be stopped by infiltration of the ulnar nerve by xylocaine. Apparently, this
      syndrome has previously been reported in only two cases. Its clinical and
      electromyographic characteristics are similar to hemifacial spasm. Compression of
      the ulnar nerve after its division at the wrist could be a cause.

PMID- 4001703
TI  - [Anatomo-clinical conference at the Salpetriere, 1st February 1984. Behavior
      disorders, disorientation, anterograde amnesia, lymphocytic meningitis in a 65
      year-old man].

PMID- 4001704
TI  - [Arteriopathic leukoencephalopathy (17 anatomo-clinical cases)].
AB  - Seventeen clinico-pathological cases of leukoencephalopathy due to vascular
      diseases are reported. All of them had diffuse, often spotty demyelination
      sparing the U fibers, the corpus callosum, the internal capsule and the optic
      radiations. Microscopic examination of the white matter showed the association of
      the following lesions: oedema, swollen oligodendroglia, spongiosis, incomplete
      loss of myelin, astrocytic gliosis with Rosenthal's fibers, widening of the
      perivascular spaces with oedema fluid or hemosiderin laden macrophages,
      thickening and hyalinization of the blood vessels walls. Among those cases, 8
      were consistent with Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy (5 males, 3 females,
      mean age at death: 64 years, mean illness duration: 6, 7 years); all of them were
      hypertensive and had lacunae in the basal ganglia, hemispheric white matter and
      pons. Another case could be considered as a cortico-subcortical chronic
      hypertensive encephalopathy (77 y.o., female, illness duration: 4 years); she was
      hypertensive and had small cortical infarcts and perivascular bleedings, lobar
      and cerebellar hematomas, but no amyloid deposits in the blood vessels walls.
      Eight patients (5 males, 3 females mean age at death: 72 years, mean illness
      duration: 5, 4 years, 6 normotensive, 2 hypertensive) had diffuse meningocortical
      amyloid angiopathy with multiple small cortical infarcts, small cortical
      perivascular bleedings, slit haemorrhages and one or more lobar hematomas. Four
      of them had numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. To our knowledge
      such a leukoencephalopathy in cerebral amyloid angiopathy has not been yet
      pointed out. It was present in 8 out of 12 cases of diffuse haemorrhagic form of
      cerebral amyloid angiopathy observed in the Charles Foix Laboratory of la
      Salpetriere, during the last 10 years. A common mechanism with hypoperfusion of
      the distal white matter and alteration of the blood brain-barrier is suggested
      for this leukoencephalopathy.

PMID- 4001705
TI  - [Hemispheric asymmetry in amusia].
AB  - The search of hemispheric dominance for music has been for long the main aim of
      the study of amusias. Musical abilities were first localized in the left
      hemisphere, then in the right one. In the light of the available data, these two
      diverging conceptions do not appear paradoxical anymore. Indeed, brain injury on
      either side can provoke musical deficits. However, the nature of the deficit
      seems to depend on the particular hemisphere damaged. Right-sided lesions appear
      to disturb the melodic aspects of musical sequences while left-sided lesions seem
      to deteriorate the rhythmic aspects. Although the clinical literature involves
      insightful suggestions on how the musical abilities are organized, especially
      with respect to linguistic functions, these indications are not sufficient to
      provide a clear picture of the nature of the functional differences for music
      between hemispheres. Research is not systematic. Commentaries and suggestions are
      proposed to guide future investigations.

PMID- 4001706
TI  - [Dementia and Parkinson's disease: biochemical and anatomo-clinical correlation].
AB  - Intellectual deterioration may be observed in the course of Parkinson's disease.
      Since it had been reported that central cholinergic systems degenerate in senile
      dementia and Alzheimer's disease, we measured the activity of choline
      acetyltransferase (C.A.T.) and the number of muscarinic receptors in various
      cortical regions of 12 control subjects and 20 patients and compared these
      biochemical results with clinical and neuropathological data concerning the
      patients. Thirteen of the parkinsonian patients showed signs of intellectual
      decline (moderate in 8, severe in 5) and neuropathological examination of the
      cortex revealed in 10 cases large number of Alzheimer type senile changes
      extending beyond the hippocampus. C.A.T. activity was decreased in the cerebral
      cortex in every patient. The decrease was greater in intellectually deteriorated
      patients and in the group with numerous senile changes in the cortex. The number
      of muscarinic receptors was increased in patients that had been treated with
      anticholinergic drugs until they died, but also in those who had not received
      these drugs, suggesting and underlying denervation hypersensitivity. In the
      caudate nucleus, however, neither C.A.T. activity nor muscarinic receptor number
      was altered, indicating that the cortical cholinergic lesion was specific.
      Although in most cases dementia in Parkinson's disease was of the Alzheimer type,
      the case of a demented parkinsonian patient in whom cortical C.A.T. activity was
      severely decreased, in spite of the absence of cortical histopathological
      evidence characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, suggests that a parkinsonian
      dementia different from the Alzheimer type also exists. In Parkinson's disease as
      in Alzheimer's disease the decrease in C.A.T. activity in the cerebral cortex
      results from degeneration of the cholinergic neurones in the nucleus of Meynert
      which projects to the cortex. Although the severity of intellectual deterioration
      seems in relationship with the extent of degeneration, this could already begin
      before intellectual impairment is apparent.

PMID- 4001707
TI  - [Alzheimer's presenile dementia transmitted in an extended kindred].
AB  - Forty-three patients affected with Alzheimer's disease were identified in a
      kindred of Italian origin, emigrated in part to the U.S.A. and France. Thirteen
      were known by history, 21 by medical record, and 9 by personal examination, of
      whom 5 were confirmed histopathologically. The clinical picture was fairly
      uniform: the first symptom was memory loss beginning around age 40. Psychotic
      like symptoms often followed, with rapid evolution into profound dementia, and
      death around age 50. Akinesia was prominent at a late stage, often with
      myoclonus. Grand mal seizures sometimes occurred, with occasional interictal
      spike and wave discharge; repetitive paroxystic periodic discharges were never
      recorded. A genealogical study, as far as possible free from line bias, has been
      conducted mainly by analysis of municipal records. 1 435 subjects in 10
      generations, linked to affected subjects through ascent/descent or marriage, were
      listed in a computer file; the corresponding genealogical tree or selected part
      thereof are generated by computer. Application of Bayesian techniques to
      demographic data makes possible an estimation of disease probability in subjects
      for which no clinical data were available: such an estimate was confirmed by the
      later discovery of a living patient in descent of a subject with 0.7 estimated
      disease probability. No patient was found in descent from an inbred union known
      as such. Patients are the only transmitters. The sex ratio is not significantly
      different from 1. There is no detectable maternal effect. The segregation ratio,
      as calculated from extensively known sibships, lies in the range 0.65 to 0.89;
      the lower value itself is significatively higher than the 0.5 value expected in
      an autosomal dominant monogenic Mendelian transmission. An environment factor is
      ruled out by the diversity of locations and circumstances in kindred members.
      Such a kindred may represent an useful model for fundamental studies in
      Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.

PMID- 4001708
TI  - [Familial paroxysmal ataxia sensitive to acetazolamide. 3 cases in a new European
      family].
AB  - This family is the tenth reported world-wide and the second reported in Europe.
      Two of 3 brothers, their mother and probably their maternal grandmother were
      affected. CLINICAL FEATURES: paroxysmal bouts of ataxia and dysarthria, nystagmus
      of permanent gaze, the dominant autosomal transmission, the benign nature of the
      affection and the remarkable efficacy of acetazolamide were typical of familial
      paroxysmal ataxia. Specific points emphasized are the presence of a mild
      pyramidal syndrome as a permanent finding in 2 of these patients, and the
      anomalies of visual (longer lag period) and somesthetic (slowed conduction rate
      in the lemniscus medialis) evoked potentials probably the result of extension
      into other pathways than the cerebellar system. The finding of some degree of
      glucose intolerance, noted previously (Aimard, Vighetto et al., 1983) raises the
      question of the place of this disease in the group of paroxysmal ataxias due to
      pyruvic metabolism disorders.

PMID- 4001709
TI  - [Corneal reflex in normal and pathological subjects].
AB  - The orbicularis oculi response can be evoked both by mechanical stimulation of
      the cornea (corneal reflex) and by electrical stimulation of the skin overlying
      the supraorbital nerve (blink reflex). Mechanical stimuli to the cornea activate
      A delta and C free nerve endings of the corneal mucosa. Electrical stimuli to the
      supraorbital nerve activate A beta, A delta and C fibers of the nerve trunk. Both
      reflexes present a bilateral late response, but the blink reflex shows in
      addition an early ipsilateral component (R1), which has never been observed with
      the corneal stimulation in man. We have developed a simple technique of
      electrical stimulation of the cornea which provides stable responses and allows
      precise measurements of threshold and latency of the reflex. In normal subjects,
      the threshold ranged from 50 to 350 microA, and the maximal stimulus that the
      subject could bear (tolerance level) ranged from 1000 to 2500 microA. The minimal
      latency to tolerance level stimuli was 39 +/- 3 msec. The latency difference
      between the direct responses evoked from the two opposite corneas never exceeded
      8 msec and the difference between the direct and consensual responses elicited
      from the same cornea never exceeded 5 msec. An early ipsilateral component
      similar to the R1 response of the blink reflex was not observed, even with
      supramaximal stimulation. The electrically evoked corneal reflex was normal in 10
      cases of essential trigeminal neuralgia, while the responses showed significant
      abnormalities in 18 subjects submitted to thermocoagulation of the Gasserian
      ganglion as a treatment of neuralgic pain, as well as in 2 cases of symptomatic
      neuralgia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4001710
TI  - [Post-radiotherapy anterior horn cell syndrome].
AB  - Three patients developed a progressive flaccid paraparesis without sensory or
      sphincter disturbances, following radiotherapy for lymphoma in two cases and
      carcinoma of testis in one case. The course was progressive with stabilization
      between two and four years. Electrophysiological study suggested anterior horn
      cell damage the mechanism of which remains unclear.

PMID- 4001711
TI  - [Zoster myelitis. Immunological study and treatment with acyclovir].
AB  - A case of thoracic herpes zoster in a 52 year old man was succeeded by
      myelopathy. Intrathecal synthesis of varicella-zoster antibodies was
      demonstrated. Myelopathy rapidly improved upon treatment with acyclovir.

PMID- 4001712
TI  - [Degenerative aphasia].
AB  - A woman had difficulties in word finding since age 59, this became a Broca's
      aphasia then a global aphasia. The only possible expression was written and
      agrammatic with many semantic errors. Calculation was preserved as well as
      constructional praxis. Ideomotor praxis was slightly impaired. Visual recognition
      and somatagnosia were normal. Neurological examination showed neither motor nor
      sensitive impairment. Visual fields were normal. CT scan at onset was normal.
      Later a slight cortical atrophy appeared predominating on the sylvian fissures,
      slightly more severe on the left side. Reviewing the literature the authors draw
      attention on the possible occurrence of an evolutive aphasia being the first
      evidence of a dementia. The impairment of the other cognitive functions would
      only appear after several years.

PMID- 4001713
TI  - [Primary cerebral lymphoma. Development of CT X-scanner data under corticoid
      treatment].
AB  - CT showed a rapid and almost total regression of the lesions of a primary
      cerebral lymphoma during corticoid therapy. Such results assists the evaluation
      of changes provoked by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, since corticoids are often
      combined with these treatments.

PMID- 4001714
TI  - Amebic liver abscess: a therapeutic approach.
AB  - The clinical presentation of 48 patients with amebic liver abscess was no
      different than that reported in earlier studies. However, most patients were from
      countries endemic for parasitic disease. Failure to consider this diagnosis
      resulted in potentially avoidable surgery for six patients. Although
      metronidazole was successful primary therapy in 85% of 41 patients so treated,
      four of seven ruptured abscesses occurred in cases where metronidazole treatment
      failed. For assessment of factors that might predict metronidazole treatment
      failures, multiple parameters were analyzed. Of the factors evaluated, only
      timing of clinical response correlated with successful therapy. Ninety-four
      percent of metronidazole responders showed dramatic clinical improvement within
      72 hours of initiation of therapy, whereas only 33% nonresponders had improved
      modestly during this time (P = .0014). Therefore, early diagnosis of amebic liver
      abscess in patients from endemic areas and treatment with metronidazole will
      result in successful therapy in 85% of cases. Surgical intervention or
      alternative medical therapy is indicated for those patients who do not respond
      after 72 hours of metronidazole therapy.

PMID- 4001715
TI  - Paragonimiasis: diagnosis and the use of praziquantel in treatment.
AB  - Paragonimiasis was diagnosed in eight patients: five with sputum specimens
      positive for characteristic ova and three with only stool specimens positive for
      ova. Clinical symptoms, roentgenograms and serologic findings appeared to
      correlate with severity of disease. All eight patients were treated with
      praziquantel (oral dose, 75 mg/kg of body weight daily for two consecutive days).
      Of seven patients who completed the treatment, six had ova-negative sputum and
      stool specimens by day 90; the seventh patient's specimens became ova negative by
      day 120. The eighth patient, who had failed to respond to prior treatment with
      bithionol, could not tolerate the daily dosage of 75 mg/kg because of nausea.
      Although he received the same total dose (150 mg/kg) over four days his specimens
      remained ova positive on day 90. Adverse effects included nausea (two patients),
      headache (one patient), and urticaria (two), the last effect possibly secondary
      to release of antigen from drug-damaged parasites. A review of the epidemiology,
      clinical presentation, and treatment of pulmonary paragonimiasis is presented.

PMID- 4001716
TI  - Brain abscesses due to Pseudallescheria boydii associated with primary non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system: a case report and literature
      review.
AB  - A 54-year-old man with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thoracic spinal cord
      developed multiple brain abscesses caused by Pseudallescheria boydii. The patient
      had received radiotherapy and corticosteroid treatment before developing the
      brain abscesses. Antemortem diagnostic evaluations were inconclusive, and
      diagnosis was finally made from postmortem brain specimens by the use of
      histologic examination and isolation of the fungus in culture. The portal of
      entry for the organism was unknown, but the abscesses were confined to the brain
      alone. P. boydii should be considered as a possible cause of multiple brain
      abscesses in patients with malignant lymphoma, especially after immunosuppressive
      treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The literature on the rare
      occurrence of brain abscesses caused by this fungus is reviewed.

PMID- 4001717
TI  - International symposium on prevention of congenital rubella infection.
      Washington, D.C., March 13-15, 1984.

PMID- 4001718
TI  - Rubella antibody titers in vaccinated and nonvaccinated women and results of
      vaccination during pregnancy.
AB  - In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the selective rubella vaccination
      strategy used in the United Kingdom was followed until 1980, when vaccination of
      children was introduced. According to surveys in the Stuttgart area, so far no
      significant reduction in the rate of seronegativity (10%) among postpubertal
      women has occurred. However, among women with a history of vaccination, the rate
      of seronegativity has decreased to 2.4%. For the vaccinated group the percentage
      of women with low levels of rubella antibody (23%) is significantly higher than
      for women without a history of vaccination (9.5%). In the study of the outcome of
      accidental vaccination during pregnancy or shortly before conception, which has
      followed up 365 women so far, 194 infants have been born without signs of
      congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Also no cases of CRS were noted in 98 infants
      born to women known to be susceptible to rubella at the time of vaccination. When
      the data obtained in the United States and Stuttgart on the outcome of accidental
      vaccination are combined, the theoretical maximum risk of CRS calculated is as
      low as 1.2%.

PMID- 4001719
TI  - Congenital rubella in the United Kingdom before 1970: the prevaccine era.
AB  - Congenital rubella in England and Wales before the introduction of rubella
      vaccine is described. Data are derived from selected hospital studies of children
      with congenital rubella and on prospective follow-up studies of women infected
      with rubella during pregnancy. Estimates based on epidemiologic studies suggest
      that rubella accounted for 15% of the cases of sensorineural deafness in children
      and for 2% of congenital heart defects. From this information it can be
      calculated that in England and Wales 200-300 babies would have been born with
      serious defects due to congenital rubella infection each year, in the absence of
      an epidemic, if rubella vaccination had not been introduced. The importance of
      continued surveillance of congenital rubella defects and terminations of
      pregnancy because of rubella infection is stressed.

PMID- 4001720
TI  - A model of the structural organization of rubella virions.
AB  - Rubella virus contains three major structural polypeptides designated E1, E2, and
      C with molecular weights of 62,000, 47,000-54,000 (a complex), and 38,000,
      respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis under reduced conditions. Limited-digest peptide maps confirm
      that each of these polypeptides is distinct and the E2 is a series of three
      closely related glycopolypeptides. Both E1 and E2 are glycosylated and covalently
      incorporate [3H]palmitic acid. Enzymatic digestion of intact virus with trypsin
      completely degrades both E1 and E2, while the C polypeptide remains intact. E1
      has an isoelectric point of pH 6.5. E2 exhibits at least 15 different isoelectric
      species, which focus over the pH range of 5.0-8.6, and C has two distinct
      isoelectric species of pH 8.8 and pH 9.5. Under unreduced conditions, E1 exists
      as a disulfide-bonded dimer (E1-E1) with a molecular weight of 105,000; a
      disulfide-bounded heterodimer (E1-E2) with a molecular weight of 95,000; and in
      monomeric form (E1). E2 is found predominantly in heterodimeric form (E1-E2), and
      C is found only in dimeric form when unreduced. Functional-inhibition studies
      with selected monoclonal antibodies show at least three distinct antigenic
      domains on E1 that include sites involved in hemagglutination and lysis of red
      blood cells.

PMID- 4001721
TI  - Molecular and antigenic characteristics and synthesis of rubella virus structural
      proteins.
AB  - The molecular and antigenic properties and synthesis of the structural proteins
      as well as the virus-specific RNAs of rubella virus were analyzed. Virions
      contain three major polypeptides--E1 (relative molecular weight [Mr] 58,000), E2
      (Mr 42,000-47,000), and C (Mr 33,000). E1 and E2 are glycosylated and located
      externally on the viral membrane. C is associated with the genomic RNA to form
      the nucleocapsid. E2 occurs in two forms, E2a and E2b; the protein moieties of
      the two are indistinguishable. E1 is the viral hemagglutinin. IgG antibodies
      react with all the structural proteins, whereas IgM and IgA antibodies react
      predominantly with E1 and C proteins, respectively. After rubella vaccination,
      the reactivity of IgG antibodies matured slowly and reactivity of IgM and IgA
      antibodies remained at a low level. Rubella virus contains a 40S (Mr
      approximately 3.8 X 10(6)) single-stranded RNA with a 5' cap structure and a 3'
      poly(A) tract. In infected cells a 24S (Mr approximately 1.2 X 10(6)) subgenomic,
      polyadenylated mRNA is synthesized; it codes for a precursor (Mr 110,000 [p110])
      to the structural proteins. The gene order in the 24S RNA is NH2-C-E2-E1-COOH.
      The overall structure and strategy of gene expression of rubella virus appears to
      be similar to that of the alphaviruses of the Togaviridae family.

PMID- 4001722
TI  - Structure and function of the rubella virus proteins.
AB  - Rubella virus strain HPV-77 contains three structural polypeptides. The
      nucleocapsid is constructed with the C polypeptide chain, which has a molecular
      weight of 30,000. The envelope proteins are constructed with two
      glycopolypeptides; the E1 glycopolypeptide has a molecular weight of 63,000, and
      the E2 glycopolypeptide has a molecular weight of 45,000-48,000. The nucleocapsid
      capsomere is approximately 6.2S, has a molecular weight of 130,000, and consists
      of two disulfide-linked dimers of the C polypeptide. The E1 and E2
      glycopolypeptides are associated, but the size and structure of the spike protein
      have not been determined. Strain-specific antigens were detected within the E2
      glycopolypeptide in all of the strains tested. In chronologic serum samples, the
      titers of antibody to the E2 and C polypeptides were the first to decline.
      Hybridomas were produced that exhibited hemagglutination-inhibiting and
      neutralizing activities; however, these functions did not always correlate. Both
      the hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies reacted with the E1
      glycopolypeptide.

PMID- 4001723
TI  - Challenge with rubella virus after loss of detectable vaccine-induced antibody.
AB  - Studies were conducted of experimental challenge with rubella virus in vaccinees
      whose possession of vaccine-induced antibody after vaccination had been
      documented and whose antibody level had become undetectable or very low over
      time. The challenge virus was the Howell strain, which had been shown to produce
      typical clinical and laboratory features of rubella in susceptible persons. The
      challenge of the vaccinees resulted in local viral replication in all but one; in
      viremia, a primary immunologic response, and a secondary antibody response in
      some; and usually in illness without a rash or in subclinical infection. The
      results emphasize the importance of continuing careful clinical and laboratory
      surveillance of vaccinees for determining the persistence of vaccine-induced
      immunity and of considering methods for identifying and revaccinating the
      minority of vaccinees who lose such immunity.

PMID- 4001724
TI  - Delayed manifestations of congenital rubella.
AB  - The manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can be grouped according
      to time of onset into newborn, extended, and delayed CRS. The delayed
      manifestations are not present in early life and include the following:
      endocrinopathies: diabetes, thyroid disease, and growth hormone deficiency;
      deafness; ocular damage: glaucoma, keratic precipitates, keratoconus, corneal
      hydrops, and absorption of the cataractous lens; vascular effects: fibromuscular
      proliferation of the intima, sclerosis of arteries, systemic hypertension
      secondary to renal disease, and subretinal neovascularization; and progressive
      rubella panencephalitis. Several mechanisms of pathogenesis of the damage have to
      be considered for the delayed manifestations, including growth of the virus in
      tissues, resulting in a reduced growth rate and shortened life-span of the cells;
      autoimmune responses, initially stimulated by the infection; genetic
      susceptibility; vascular damage by the viral infection with further stenosis or
      occlusion of the vessels later; reactive hypervascularization; and chronic
      persistence of the virus in the tissue with subsequent extension of the infection
      to other areas.

PMID- 4001725
TI  - Universal immunization to interrupt rubella.
AB  - The aim of universal immunization is to control congenital rubella syndrome by
      interrupting transmission of rubella virus among young children through
      immunization of all children, male and female, on or after their first birthday,
      thereby decreasing the chances that a susceptible pregnant woman would be exposed
      to the virus. Concerns about rubella vaccine (durability of protection, safety,
      and communicability) no longer determine the choice of universal vs. selective
      immunization. Rather, the cost of vaccine, the accessibility of the target
      populations, and the vaccine coverage attainable in practice influence the choice
      of strategy. Either universal or selective immunization should, if properly
      implemented, eventually control rubella and congenital rubella infection.
      However, the choice of universal immunization recognizes the difficulty involved
      in immunizing 100% of the women of childbearing age, and the universal strategy
      offers the advantage of rapidly reducing congenital rubella infection by
      interrupting transmission and provides early protection to unvaccinated
      individuals by reducing their risk of exposure.

PMID- 4001726
TI  - Selective immunization: protection of the individual.
AB  - Selective immunization was adopted in the United Kingdom on account of doubts
      about the duration of vaccine-induced immunity. Selective immunization of a
      particular age group had already been established as an effective procedure with
      bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, so that practical experience was
      available. Initially, girls aged 11-14 years were vaccinated, but the program was
      extended over a 14-year period to include other groups, mainly susceptible women
      and other at-risk individuals. Cases of congenital rubella continue to occur,
      although there are signs of a decline in incidence. The number of terminations of
      pregnancy related to rubella in any form is high. The vaccination acceptance rate
      for girls aged 10-14 years increased from 35% in 1972 to 85% in 1982. The low
      rate of measles vaccination is considered to be a major reason for continuing
      with the present scheme rather than changing to the American or Swedish schemes
      of vaccination of preschool children with combined vaccines. A new initiative to
      promote rubella vaccination has recently been introduced in the United Kingdom in
      which charitable institutions would work together with health authorities to
      promote immunization against rubella.

PMID- 4001727
TI  - Rubella immunization strategies in Canada.
AB  - Rubella vaccine was introduced in Canada in 1969. Immunization practices and
      vaccine coverage varied from province to province. In the 1970s the Canadian
      National Advisory Committee on Immunization endorsed both the policy of mass
      vaccination--in combination with measles and mumps vaccines--for infants, which
      seven provinces followed, and that of selective immunization of prepubertal
      girls, which three provinces followed. In 1982, the Committee advocated a
      comprehensive policy that incorporated the best features of the two policies and
      also increased the emphasis on immunization of susceptible adolescent and adult
      women. As of 1983, in all provinces the vaccine has been routinely administered
      to infants 12-15 months old; in seven, also to prepubertal girls. After the
      introduction of rubella vaccine, rubella incidence declined markedly, but the
      endemic level of rubella incidence remained unchanged. Congenital rubella
      syndrome (CRS) was added to the federal list of notifiable diseases only in 1979.
      Sixty-seven CRS cases were reported by five provinces from 1979 to 1983, during
      which a trend of declining CRS incidence rates (per 100,000 live births) was
      indicated. However, the numbers of cases are too small to draw definite
      conclusions regarding the impact of immunization programs.

PMID- 4001728
TI  - Theoretical aspects of rubella vaccination strategies.
AB  - The theoretical epidemiologic basis for an appropriate vaccination strategy for
      the prevention of congenital rubella syndrome is outlined and reviewed. The main
      choice lies between a direct strategy, in which adolescent girls and women are
      protected against the effects of being exposed, and an indirect strategy, in
      which children of both sexes are vaccinated and in which women are protected
      through the interruption of rubella transmission and are not exposed at all. The
      direct strategy produces a slow response but is free from substantial hazard. The
      indirect strategy produces a more rapid response but carries hazards, which arise
      from either shortfall in uptake, decay of vaccine-induced immunity, or from
      combinations of the two. In unfavorable circumstances, an indirect strategy
      produces paradoxical responses that increase rather than decrease the incidence
      of congenital rubella syndrome either immediately or as a "rebound phenomenon"
      after some years. A rational choice of policy depends chiefly on the transmission
      rate in the population concerned and on an estimate of the achievable level of
      uptake.

PMID- 4001729
TI  - Implications of the international initiative against avoidable disablement
      ("impact") for rubella control.
AB  - The case for controlling congenital rubella as part of The International
      Initiative Against Avoidable Disablement rests not on the excessive prevalence of
      the disease but on the severity of its consequent multiple handicaps. Here is a
      totally preventable disease afflicting a readily identifiable section of the
      community that is controllable by a vaccine that is safe, noncontroversial, and
      simple and inexpensive in its application. Successful national programs against
      rubella have a potential beyond their immediate objective in promoting the use of
      immunization as the most powerful weapon against other vaccine-preventable
      diseases that are estimated to disable 5 million children annually. It is
      therefore essential that the practical benefits of rubella immunization be
      convincingly expressed in human-no less than in economic-terms and that any
      remaining technologic and administrative problems be vigorously explored and,
      where possible, be solved.

PMID- 4001730
TI  - Methods of assessing the impact of congenital rubella infection.
AB  - Monitoring of congenital rubella infection (CRI) involves measuring the
      assessable outcomes of infection of the pregnant woman. These assessable outcomes
      are infection itself, therapeutic abortion, and birth of infants with congenital
      rubella syndrome (CRS). The incidence of infections can be estimated with use of
      data on age-specific occurrence of acquired rubella or acquisition of antibody in
      females and on fertility rates. The incidence of CRS can be estimated from data
      on infections of pregnant women and reports in the literature of incidence rates
      of CRS among infants born of infected mothers. Surveillance of CRS can involve
      individual case detection or serosurveys among populations with defects
      characteristic of CRS, such as deafness, and among comparison groups. To assess
      the impact of CRI, countries without rubella control programs should estimate the
      frequency of infections in pregnant women from existing surveillance data or
      determine by serosurveys the susceptibility and/or age-specific acquisition of
      rubella antibody in postpubertal females. Countries with rubella control programs
      should monitor cases of acquired rubella and/or prevalence of seropositivity in
      postpubertal females, therapeutic abortions, and CRS to assess effectiveness of
      the program and to determine high-risk populations that should be targets of
      intense vaccination programs.

PMID- 4001731
TI  - Rubella--world impact.
AB  - Worldwide, rubella is considered a public health problem because of the risk of
      infection to the fetus and of subsequent congenital defects. It is not a
      notifiable disease in most countries, and even where it is, it is underreported,
      and greater than 50% of infections are clinically inapparent. The impact of
      rubella is therefore gauged mainly through seroepidemiologic studies. Rubella
      appears to be endemic worldwide except in some remote areas or islands, where
      explosive outbreaks may occur. In general, a large proportion of a population is
      infected before puberty, but approximately 20% of adults may remain susceptible.
      Effective vaccines against congenital rubella exist, and many countries have
      already begun or are considering initiating large-scale immunization programs. In
      the developing world, where problems compete for priority in the mobilization of
      meager available resources, certain factors need to be considered before such
      programs are launched, including the ability to effectively deliver a program,
      the relationship between susceptibility and the age-fertility pattern, the
      incidence of congenital rubella, and the cost-effectiveness of intervention.

PMID- 4001732
TI  - Epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella infection in Israel, a country
      with a selective immunization program.
AB  - A rubella immunization program directed at girls aged 12 years started in Israel
      in 1973, and its extension in 1980 to women of childbearing age had produced by
      1983 several changes in the epidemiologic pattern of rubella infection in women
      of childbearing age and in the risk of congenital rubella: a 55%-77% decline in
      the incidence of the disease in the 15-44-year age group; a progressive reduction
      in the rate of seronegativity among women from greater than 20% to less than 10%;
      a risk of infection during pregnancy and a percentage of abortions associated
      with rubella infection in the 1983 outbreak that were one-twelfth and one-tenth,
      respectively, the values associated with the 1978 and 1979 epidemics; and an
      evident decrease in the frequency of cases of congenital rubella, as detected by
      either passive or active surveillance. It is predicted that of the women who will
      be pregnant in 1985, 98.2% and 94.3% of those in the 18-23 year and 24-44 year
      age groups, respectively, will be immune by the end of 1984.

PMID- 4001733
TI  - Rubella in the United Kingdom, 1970-1983.
AB  - The numbers of acquired and congenital rubella infections in the United Kingdom
      were obtained from clinical and laboratory reports and from notifications to the
      National Congenital Rubella Surveillance Programme. Since 1970 the annual
      frequency of clinical infection has varied from 150 to 450 cases per 100,000
      population and laboratory reports of infection, from 800 to 4,100 per year. The
      number of notified congenital rubella infections varied from 12 to 86 per year.
      The largest recent epidemics occurred in 1978 and 1979, with an increase in the
      number of congenital rubella infections during the following winters. Increased
      numbers of cases occurred every one to three years, with troughs of two to three
      years, but peaks in different localities often did not coincide. Terminations of
      pregnancy associated with rubella or rubella vaccination during pregnancy are
      reported by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and vary with the
      incidence of acquired rubella; a maximum of 830 abortions were performed in 1978
      for women who acquired the disease, and from 27 to 156 were performed each year
      for women vaccinated just before or soon after becoming pregnant. The effect of
      the vaccination program is discussed in relation to the decrease in the number of
      young women without rubella antibody.

PMID- 4001734
TI  - Aspects of rubella infection in Brazil.
AB  - The notification of rubella infections is not obligatory in Brazil. The
      epidemiologic data available are restricted to some urbanized areas like the
      state of Rio de Janeiro, where outbreaks of rubella were observed in 1968, 1974,
      and 1981 and minor increases in the number of notified cases occurred in 1975,
      1977, and 1978. The highest morbidity rate registered in the state of Rio de
      Janeiro was 48.7 per 100,000 population in 1981. Serologic studies show that
      approximately 80% of the general population has antibody to rubella by the age of
      20 years. For 1976-1983, it is estimated that a minimum of 30 cases of congenital
      rubella syndrome should have occurred in the state of Rio de Janeiro, but there
      is evidence that a greater number occurred and that the number was particularly
      high in the postepidemic periods. Although available commercially in Brazil, the
      rubella vaccine is not available through the governmental immunization program.
      Increase in use of rubella vaccine in Brazil should be considered for the future.

PMID- 4001735
TI  - Epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella infection in Japan.
AB  - During the last two decades, the Japanese mainland experienced three rubella
      epidemics; the first occurred in the latter half of 1960, the second in 1975
      1977, and the third in 1981-1982. A retrospective study done after the first
      outbreak identified 49 newborns with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In
      contrast, the Ryukyu Islands were swept by a rubella epidemic in 1964-1965, and
      408 babies with CRS were born, giving an incidence of 20 per 1,000 births. When
      the 1975-1977 epidemic hit the mainland, a notification system had been
      established, and two million cases of rubella were reported. In a retrospective
      survey, only 39 babies with CRS were found. The number of babies with CRS on the
      mainland was fewer than that observed on the Ryukyu Islands, and clinical illness
      appeared milder for these two populations than had previously been experienced.
      These observations seem to support a hypothesis that the teratogenicity of
      circulating rubella virus is lower in Japan than in the United States.

PMID- 4001736
TI  - Rubella infection: the Indian scene.
AB  - Few studies have probed the problem of rubella in India. These few investigated
      seroepidemiology in female populations, carried out serosurveillance of pregnant
      women, and assessed the role of prenatal rubella in the causation of congenital
      malformations. Seroepidemiologic surveys showed that greater than 80% of women of
      childbearing age (15-34 years) in three cities of northern India had rubella
      antibodies, as detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test, whereas
      only 56.8% of such women in Calcutta in eastern India had rubella antibodies. No
      studies have been done in other areas of India. Serosurveillance of pregnant
      women in Delhi showed that none of the 47 pregnant women lacking rubella HAI
      antibodies delivered congenitally malformed babies, although six women
      seroconverted during pregnancy. However, in Lucknow one of the 62 pregnant
      seronegative women delivered a baby with expanded congenital rubella syndrome
      after having had a clinically inapparent infection at 16-18 weeks of gestation.
      In addition, retrospective studies of infants with congenital malformations do
      suggest that prenatal rubella often was responsible for their condition.

PMID- 4001737
TI  - Frequency of rubella antibodies in the population of some tropical African
      countries.
AB  - Data on the seroepidemiology of rubella in tropical Africa have been scarce.
      However, reports of serologic surveys in many countries within the last few years
      have changed this situation. Studies in Angola have shown an overall rate of
      positivity for rubella antibodies of 73% among females between the ages of 15 and
      19 years. In the group between five and nine years of age, 74% had rubella
      antibodies. Therefore, Angolans acquired natural immunity before beginning
      school. In Ghana, greater than 70% of women of childbearing age had rubella
      antibodies, and in Nigeria 60% had antibodies. In The Gambia, by 14 years of age,
      93% or more of the female population had immunity to rubella. Similar high levels
      were found in surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Upper Volta, and Uganda. However, a
      low level of 33% was recorded in Togo. The reports indicate that rubella
      infection is widespread and endemic on the African continent.

PMID- 4001738
TI  - Licensed vaccines.
AB  - The cell substrate, virus strain, route of administration, and safety of the
      rubella vaccines were all considered given the experience with other vaccines.
      Tissues from closed colonies of ducks, rabbits, and quails-in addition to human
      diploid cells-are now well established as suitable substrates. Production of
      rubella vaccine is now based on the principle that the vaccine virus is a live
      attenuated strain. RA27/3, Cendehill, Takahashi, Matsuura, and HPV-77 were
      initially licensed in 1969-1970; HPV-77 grown in dog kidney cells has since been
      withdrawn. The subcutaneous route of administration is the most acceptable. Safe
      and effective vaccines include RA27/3 and Cendehill, which are widely available,
      and five other vaccines grown in two tissues available only in Japan. The key
      issue is the extent to which the vaccines should be used alone or together with
      other vaccines in individual countries. The World Health Organization's
      requirements for the vaccines, first formulated in 1976, are open to revision.
      These requirements did not include a test for stability, which will be especially
      pertinent in the developing world.

PMID- 4001739
TI  - Rubella vaccine in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - The results of seroepidemiologic surveys indicate that rubella is widely
      prevalent in China. Congenital rubella infection has posed a threat. To control
      rubella and decrease the incidence of congenital rubella infection, an attenuated
      strain of rubella virus was developed in China. The original strain was isolated
      from a throat-swab specimen from a six-year-old girl with a clinical diagnosis of
      rubella. The strain was passaged and attenuated in human diploid cells and named
      BRD-2. The results of clinical trials showed that the BRD-2 virus strain has mild
      reactogenicity, satisfactory immunogenicity, and no transmissibility. The
      antigenicity and reactogenicity are comparable to those of strain RA27/3. It is
      anticipated that it may be put into production in the near future.

PMID- 4001740
TI  - Persistence of vaccine-induced immune responses to rubella: comparison with
      natural infection.
AB  - Serologic responses and patterns of antibody persistence in children given HPV-77
      DE-5 or RA27/3 vaccine were compared with those in children who had experienced
      natural infection. The results indicated that both vaccines induce long-lasting
      immunity in most individuals. RA27/3 vaccine proved more immunogenic and resulted
      in higher antibody titers; after 11 years 95% of those who seroconverted who were
      tested had hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibodies and 100% had neutralizing
      (NT) antibodies. Titers in HPV-77 DE-5 vaccinees were lower, and in 16% of those
      whose immune responses were feeble, HAI titers decreased to less than 1:8 after
      nine to 12 years; however, when their sera were examined by the more sensitive
      latex-agglutination test, all but two were found to have specific rubella
      antibody at levels of 1:1 to 1:16. Natural infection with wild virus was shown to
      induce more vigorous immune responses than did either vaccine: antibody titers
      were higher, decreases were smaller, and none fell to less than 1:8 (HAI) or less
      than 1:4 (NT).

PMID- 4001741
TI  - Persistence of rubella antibodies after vaccination: detection after experimental
      challenge.
AB  - Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and single radial hemolysis (SRH) were used to measure the
      persistence of rubella antibodies in 123 women who had received one of four
      rubella vaccines (Cendehill, HPV-77 DE-5, RA27/3, and To-336) six to 16 years
      earlier. Only two (1.6%) vaccinees had no antibodies detectable by RIA, although
      19 (15.4%) had very low levels (less than 15 IU/ml) detectable by SRH. Rubella
      specific IgA persisted in sera for seven to nine years in the majority of 43
      vaccinees from whom serial samples were obtained, and rubella-specific
      nasopharyngeal IgA could be detected up to two years after natural infection and
      vaccination in all vaccinees. Rubella-specific serum IgM responses were detected
      in 41 of 43 vaccinees and persisted at low levels for up to three years in seven
      of them, four of whom had received HPV-77 DE-5 vaccine. After 31 volunteers with
      antibody levels of less than 15 IU were challenged intranasally with RA27/3,
      viremia was detected in one, a girl who had a history of vaccination at school.

PMID- 4001742
TI  - Duration of immunity after rubella vaccination: a long-term study in Switzerland.
AB  - In Switzerland 319 of 594 young women seronegative for rubella antibody
      vaccinated at 15-25 years of age against rubella with the Cendehill vaccine
      strain were retested 15 years later with three tests (hemagglutination
      inhibition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a neutralization technique)
      for the presence of rubella antibodies. For 307 women rubella antibodies were
      still detectable by all three techniques. For nine women rubella antibodies were
      demonstrable by only one or two tests. Only three vaccinees were seronegative by
      all three tests. These three women also showed no booster response after
      challenge with the vaccine strain. The high percentage of women with persistent
      rubella antibodies 15 years after vaccination might be explained in part by the
      presence of subclinical reinfections due to a wild rubella virus.

PMID- 4001743
TI  - Fetal risk associated with rubella vaccine: an update.
AB  - One hundred nineteen women susceptible to rubella received RA27/3 vaccine, 94
      received either Cendehill or HPV-77 vaccine, and one received a vaccine of
      unknown strain in the three months before or after their estimated date of
      conception. They gave birth to 216 living infants free of abnormalities
      compatible with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The maximum theoretical
      risk for CRS for these infants was 1.7%. Four of these infants born to
      susceptible women had laboratory evidence of subclinical infection (three after
      receiving Cendehill or HPV-77 vaccines and one after receiving RA27/3 vaccine)
      but were normal at birth and at subsequent follow-up examinations. Rubella virus
      was isolated from the products of conception for only 3% (1 of 32) of cases
      involving susceptible women who received RA27/3 vaccine; the reported rate of
      virus isolation for Cendehill and HPV-77 vaccine is 20%. The available data
      indicate that if vaccination occurs within three months of conception, the risk
      is negligible. However, since the actual risk may not be zero, women known to be
      pregnant should not be vaccinated, and conception should be avoided for three
      months after vaccination.

PMID- 4001744
TI  - [Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Study of the distribution of active alveolitis assessed
      by comparison of data from radiological examination, gallium 67 scintigraphy and
      double bronchoalveolar lavage].
AB  - Abnormal uptake of gallium in alveolar structures, raised lymphocyte levels, ECA
      and, to a lesser degree, proteins in alveolar washings are the principal
      currently known criteria used to recognise cases of sarcoidosis with persistent
      immunological activity. The contribution of data concerning broncho-alveolar
      washings (BAW) in the context of this diagnostic assessment has never been the
      subject of a critical evaluation. It would nevertheless seem that the
      distribution of sarcoidosis lesions is not always diffuse and homogeneous,
      leading to the possibility of errors of assessment in this technique. The aim of
      the present study was to assess the true existence, degree and consequences of
      this risk. It was based upon the study of 41 cases of active pulmonary
      sarcoidosis. Search for homogeneity and heterogeneity between lesions and active
      alveolitis involved precise radiological study, gallium isotope scan with
      determination of the index of uptake as well as the quality of the latter, and
      double BAW carried out in the most radioactive and least radioactive regions
      respectively. Comparative study of the results obtained showed that zones of
      active alveolitis were distributed unevenly and heterogeneously in more than half
      of the patients (71% for gallium and 54% for BAW). This would explain the fact
      that in 14 cases (34%) criteria of alveolar activity were present in only one of
      the two specimens of washings. Identification of the zones which should be
      included in BAW cannot be determined accurately by radiological analysis,
      regardless of the degree and distribution of radiological abnormalities.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4001745
TI  - [Value of realistic exposure tests in the diagnosis of occupational asthma due to
      exotic woods].
AB  - Respiratory pathology related to the increased use of exotic woods has become
      much more extensive in recent years. The recognition of occupational asthma due
      to these woods is easy when the history is sufficiently striking. By contrast,
      the diagnosis may be much more difficult because of frequent inadequacy in
      classical allergological and immunological tests. This leads to the need for more
      extensive special investigations. Realistic tests are the most valuable. In the
      present report, the authors describe the results of such tests in 10 cases of
      occupational asthma due to exotic woods. They compared history (past, clinical
      manifestations), results of pulmonary function tests, allergological studies
      (skin tests and laboratory) and realistic exposure tests. They describe the
      principles, value, results, limitations and disadvantages.

PMID- 4001746
TI  - [Membrane phosphatidylethanolamine methylase in blood leukocytes and alveolar
      macrophages of asthmatic patients].
AB  - Phosphatidyl ethanolamine methylase (PEMT) is an enzyme involved in the
      methylation of membrane phospholipids which plays a very important role in the
      modulation of the activity of the beta-receptors and the production of
      phosphatidylcholine, substrate of phospholipase A2. This report describes a study
      of PEMT on the membranes of blood leucocytes and alveolar macrophages obtained by
      bronchoalveolar washings in different types of asthma: allergic, intrinsic and
      occupational. This was accompanied by parallel study of respiratory function
      tests and the level of bronchial reactivity to carbachol in asthma sufferers as
      well as other alveolar biological parameters: phospholipid fractions of
      surfactant, angiotensin conversion enzyme and protein/albumin ratio. The authors
      found a significant increase (in comparison with controls) in PEMT activity both
      in macrophages and leucocytes in cases of intrinsic asthma. However, there was no
      correlation between the level of activity of the enzyme and the degree of
      bronchial hyper-reactivity. There was no change in alveolar phospholipid
      environment. In the light of these findings, the role of membrane activation of
      the alveolar macrophage is discussed in the physiopathology of intrinsic asthma.

PMID- 4001747
TI  - [Laser treatment in malignant tracheo-bronchial pathology].
AB  - The laser is of proved efficacy in tracheo-bronchial pathology, provided the
      indication is well selected. Their current role is minimal. Perspectives are
      opening up in terms of the photoradiation of dysplasia, carcinomas in situ and
      small tumors.

PMID- 4001748
TI  - [Multiple pulmonary emboli and paradoxical embolism caused by right-to-left
      shunt. Value of contrast two-dimensional echocardiography].
AB  - The authors report a case of paradoxal embolism. They review the usual
      circumstances of such a diagnosis and emphasise the value of contrasted two
      dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 4001749
TI  - [Late post-traumatic hemoptysis caused by hypervascularization in the area of
      pulmonary hematomas. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of hemoptysis occurring after closed chest trauma
      complicated by spontaneously regressive parenchymatous hematomas. Bronchial
      arteriography showed systemic hypervascularisation with shunt in the territory of
      a hematoma which had regressed spontaneously several months previously. The
      authors mention the rarity of this aetiology and emphasise the value of bronchial
      arteriography and of embolisation.

PMID- 4001750
TI  - [Acute disseminated tuberculosis with pancytopenia and a favorable outcome].
AB  - The authors report a case of febrile pancytopenia of tuberculous origin with a
      normal chest X-ray at the outset. The diagnosis was virtually confirmed by bone
      marrow biopsy, even before the result of AAFB cultures. The course was rapidly
      favorable under the influence of triple anti-tuberculous therapy, with
      normalisation of the bone marrow biopsy. The degree of thrombocytopenia would
      seem to be of considerable prognostic interest.

PMID- 4001751
TI  - [Diagnostic value of tests for trichinelliasis].

PMID- 4001752
TI  - [Non-0:1 group Vibrio cholerae isolated in clinical cases of acute diarrhea].

PMID- 4001753
TI  - [15 years' experience: the antibiogram in a primary culture using the
      diffusiometric method, its potentials and requirements in research on urinary
      tract infections].

PMID- 4001754
TI  - The ultrastructure of the human antral mucosa as demonstrated by freeze
      fracturing.
AB  - The fine structure of the normal mucous membrane in the human maxillary sinus was
      investigated by means of the freeze-fracture technique. Special interest was
      directed to membrane structures in the epithelial cells. The morphology of tight
      junctions could be analysed. According to morphological criteria these junctions
      might be classified as "very tight". So called ciliary necklaces were well
      distinguishable. Their morphology seemed to be in concordance with the structure
      reported in other mammalian respiratory epithelia. Abluminally the epithelial
      cells frequently displayed abundant caveolae or micropinocytotic vesicles. The
      present investigation was performed as a preface to later studies on
      pathologically altered antral mucosa.

PMID- 4001755
TI  - Nasal polyposis, bronchial asthma and analgesic intolerance.
AB  - A retrospective case-control study was conducted in 1042 arbitrarily selected
      bronchial asthma patients (197 patients with AIA and 845 controls with normal
      analgesic tolerance). Two thirds of all AIA patients reported one or more
      diseases in the region of the upper airways. Quite different from the control
      group, highly significant coincidence of AIA with nasal polyposis (42.6%),
      paranasal sinus diseases (39%), and chronic rhinitis (42,1%) was recorded in the
      AIA patients. AIA was characterized by stronger inclination to recurrence of
      nasal polyps and more frequent negative impact of polypectomy upon the course of
      asthma. The classical triad of "intrinsic asthma - nasal polyps - analgesic
      intolerance" was established in 39% of the AIA patients. The pathogenetic factors
      causing the association of asthma with polyps and the even more strongly
      association of AIA with polyps are still unknown. The presumed pathogenetic
      relationship between chronic hyperplastic alterations in the upper airways and
      the phenomenon of AIA might be caused by disorders in phospholid metabolism
      (liberation of arachidonic acid, lipoxygenase products, radical mechanisms).

PMID- 4001756
TI  - The influence of vegetative stimuli on the human nasal mucous membrane.
AB  - Measuring probes were inserted into the inferior nasal meatus in humans to record
      the effects of certain defined vegetative stimuli on the cavernous state and the
      temperature of the mucous membrane. An unilateral carotis compression induces a
      bilateral reactivity of the mucous membrane in the sense of a sympathicus
      stimulus. An unilateral bulbus pressure causes a bilateral reaction of the mucous
      membrane opposite to that of carotis compression. Blocking of the stellate
      ganglion produces a tonus reduction of the nervus sympathicus as was also found
      in animal experiments by other authors. Trigeminus stimulation induces a swelling
      of the nasal mucous membrane, whereas a voluntary breathing stop causes
      decongestion. Facial blushing, the only undefined and involuntary stimulus, is
      followed by an unswelling and a decrease of mucous membrane temperature. The
      results of our investigations are in agreement with analogous animal experiments.
      This is not surprising as man has a vegetative nervous system which is
      essentially unchanged from the beginning of evolutionary development. Only
      blushing is an expression of a reaction behaviour characteristic of human beings
      only.

PMID- 4001757
TI  - Activation of the nasal cilia. Preliminary study in healthy subjects.
AB  - The effect of the drug HR-6 containing adenosine triphosphate in three
      concentrations and of a placebo on nasal mucociliary function was studied in
      sixteen healthy subjects. Nasal mucociliary function was measured on both sides
      of the nose with a radioisotopic method before and after the drug administration.
      The nasal mucociliary transport rate was increased by the active drug, on the
      average, by 2.0-3.2 mm/min in all three concentrations and by 0.2 mm/min in the
      placebo group, when one side of the nose was taken into account. When the average
      of the mucociliary function rate on both sides of the nose was calculated, the
      active drugs were found to increase the transport rate from 6.0 to 8.9 mm/min.
      The results of this preliminary study indicate the need for further studies in
      patients with impaired mucociliary function.

PMID- 4001758
TI  - Histamine threshold and nasal hyperreactivity in non specific allergic
      rhinopathy.
AB  - The authors studied the histamine threshold (endpoint concentration for a 100%
      pressure gradient increase at a flow of 0.25 liter/second) in a group of 29
      patients suffering from non specific allergic rhinopathy and a control group of
      15 normal subjects. The result of the nasal challenge was measured with two
      different methods of rhinomanometry: the passive anterior rhinomanometry (P.A.R.)
      and the active anterior rhinomanometry (A.A.R.). There existed a slightly
      significant difference (P less than or equal to 0.05) in histamine threshold
      between the patient and the control group. The 21 in duplo performed histamine
      challenges showed the very good reproducebility of the method. Finally, the
      A.A.R. method turned out to be slightly more sensitive than the P.A.R.-method.

PMID- 4001759
TI  - Flunisolide nasal spray 0.025% in the prophylactic treatment of nasal polyposis
      after polypectomy. A randomized, double blind, parallel, placebo controlled
      study.
AB  - This double blind, parallel study compared flunisolide 2 X 25 mcg in each nostril
      twice daily, with placebo in the prophylaxis of nasal polyposis recurrence after
      surgery. The treatment lasted for 12 months. The study was conducted according to
      the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the patients gave verbal
      consent to participate. The study was reviewed by the Norwegian Medicines Control
      Authority. Forty-one patients with first or recurrent polypectomy were enrolled.
      Thirty-seven patients completed the 12 months' period. Four patients dropped out
      prematurely for reasons unrelated to the test drug. Flunisolide was significantly
      superior to placebo in preventing recurrence of polyps during 6 to 12 months'
      treatment, both with respect to number (p = 0.05) and size (p = 0.03) of polyps.
      Nasal symptoms of sneezing and stuffiness decreased significantly for flunisolide
      treated patients during treatment. In the placebo group, there was a significant
      increase in stuffiness throughout the year. For runny nose, there was no
      difference between the treatments. Six flunisolide patients and 10 placebo
      patients reported side effects during the one year treatment, transient mild
      itching being the most common complaint. Three cases of secretion with bloody
      traces were reported. No patient withdrew for drug related reasons. In this
      study, flunisolide was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing
      recurrence of nasal polyposis during one year's treatment after polypectomy.

PMID- 4001760
TI  - The inhibition of norepinephrine release in nasal mucosa by acetylcholine.
AB  - Tritiated norepinephrine was incorporated into isolated dog nasal mucosa.
      Electrical stimulation of this mucosa induced a release of the tritiated
      norepinephrine. Acetylcholine inhibited this release in a dose-related manner.
      The inhibition is prevented by atropine. This data provides further evidence for
      the existence of presynaptic, inhibitory, muscarinic receptors on the sympathetic
      nerve terminals in nasal blood vessels.

PMID- 4001761
TI  - A comparison between middle and inferior meatal antrostomy in the treatment of
      chronic maxillary sinus infection.
AB  - Intranasal antrostomy has been performed in a series of 38 adult patients with
      either bilateral chronic or recurrent acute maxillary sinusitis which had failed
      to respond to medical treatment. In each patient, the antrostomy opening was made
      in the middle meatus of one side and in the inferior meatus of the opposite nasal
      cavity, laterality being randomised. A points' system was employed for comparing
      the pre- and post-operative symptoms, clinical and roentgenological findings.
      Symptoms and clinical findings were significantly improved following both types
      of antrostomy, while the roentgenological findings were essentially unchanged.
      Comparison of middle and inferior meatal antrostomies revealed no significant
      difference.

PMID- 4001762
TI  - A practical guide to the construction of a "cire perdue" model of the human nose.
AB  - A step by step method of constructing a model of the human nose is described. The
      hollow model faithfully reproduces the main features of the internal structure of
      the nasal air passages and nasopharynx. A model constructed by this technique was
      found to be suitable for nasopharyngeal airflow studies.

PMID- 4001763
TI  - The tension nose.

PMID- 4001764
TI  - Schistosomiasis in Malawi--a review.
AB  - Prevalence data for schistosomiasis in Malawi, collected in recent years,
      indicated that the infection, especially Schistosoma mansoni is far more
      widespread than was previously thought. S. haematobium is highly prevalent in the
      south, while S. mansoni predominates on the Central Plateau. Both infections
      occur with moderate to high intensity along the lakeshore plain. Despite the high
      prevalence, reports of morbidity due to the infection are fewer than might be
      expected.

PMID- 4001765
TI  - Serum immunoglobulin E levels in onchocerciasis: the development of a
      radioallergosorbent test for Onchocerca volvulus infection.
AB  - The effects of Onchocerca volvulus infection on immunoglobulin levels have been
      studied in subjects from three localities with different onchocerciasis
      prevalence rates. Infestation by O. volvulus provoked a 200-500% rise in total
      serum IgE levels. Immunoglobulins G, M. and A were increased less dramatically.
      To study further the IgE response, radioallergosorbent test (RAST) systems were
      developed using total extract of O. volvulus and Onchocerca supernatant
      (excretory-secretory) antigens. Both antigen preparations reacted with more than
      80% of the onchocerciasis sera from the hyperendemic village, but the reactions
      were not proportionate to skin microfilarial density. There were also positive
      reactions with sera of some individuals whose skin biopsies showed no
      microfilariae, indicating prior exposure to the parasite. European control sera
      tested under similar conditions reacted only slightly in the RAST system. The
      developed RAST systems may thus be used for determining prior exposure to O.
      volvulus.

PMID- 4001766
TI  - Effects of a single complete nodulectomy on nodule burden and microfilarial
      density two years later.
AB  - In hyperendemic onchocerciasis areas of the Liberian rain-forest it was possible
      to re-examine 210 microfilaria carriers two years after a first examination. At
      the first examination of these patients 143 had presented with palpable nodules,
      and 110 nodule carriers had been completely nodulectomized. Two-thirds of the
      operated patients had an average of one newly detected nodule two years later,
      and their microfilarial densities were slightly increased. In the remaining third
      of the operated patients no nodules could be palpated two years later, and the
      average microfilarial densities were slightly decreased. The 33 nodule carriers
      who had not undergone nodulectomy had, however, significantly higher numbers of
      nodules and microfilariae in the skin two years after the first examination. The
      possible benefit of a single, complete nodulectomy is discussed.

PMID- 4001767
TI  - Virulence of plasmodium yoelii line YM is caused by altered preference for
      parasitized and unparasitized immature and mature erythrocytes.
AB  - In the phase of beginning and continuing nearly complete parasitization of all
      immature erythrocytes and marked multiple parasitization of immature
      erythrocytes, less merozoites of the virulent type are lost in the population of
      parasitized and unparasitized immature erythrocytes, more merozoites invade
      mature erythrocytes. This behaviour determines the rapidly lethal course of the
      infection. It appears to be related to altered properties of the merozoite
      surface. Virulent parasites do not show altered ability to develop in mature
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 4001768
TI  - Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma evansi: variable antigen type development in
      mice, sheep and goats.
AB  - The early VAT development of a stock of Trypanosoma evansi was studied in mice,
      sheep and goats. Host species did not appear to influence the range of VATs which
      were detected early in infection, although differences were seen in the VAT
      composition of individual trypanosome populations isolated at similar periods
      after infection in the different hosts. Ten VATs, previously classed as
      predominant VATs from studies on T. evansi-infected rabbits, were also found to
      act as predominant VATs in sheep and goats. These 10 VATs were also found in
      first relapse populations from mice infected with this stock of T. evansi. Such
      relapse populations could serve as a source of predominant VATs for serodeme
      analysis of stocks of T. evansi.

PMID- 4001769
TI  - Fluorescein angiographic studies of mebendazole treatment for onchocerciasis.
AB  - Mebendazole was compared to placebo treatment in a prospective double-masked
      study of the treatment of onchocerciasis. Twenty Ghanaian men were randomly
      assigned to one of two groups and received either mebendazole 2 G per day for 14
      days preceded by 300 mg of levamisole in 2 doses or placebo vitamin tablets for
      14 days. They were then followed for 12 months. Systemic side effects during the
      first 2 weeks of treatment were uncommon in each group. Similarly, ocular changes
      associated with a microfilaricidal action were infrequent. No fluorescein
      angiographic changes attributable to treatment appeared during the one-year
      follow up although there was progression of ocular disease in some men in each
      group. Skin microfilarial (mf) counts fell significantly in both groups at 1 week
      but returned toward pretreatment levels at 3 months and fell again by 12 months.
      At no time was there a difference between the placebo-treated control group and
      the mebendazole/levamisole group in terms of mf counts, ocular changes, clinical
      changes, biochemical parameters, nor was there a difference in the status of
      adult worms or embryogenesis assessed in nodules excised at 5 months. These
      results suggest that, in this study at least, mebendazole/levamisole was no more
      effective than placebo in treating onchocerciasis. Why mebendazole, which has
      been previously reported to both suppress embryogenesis and lower skin mf counts,
      had no effect in this study is unknown.

PMID- 4001770
TI  - Sheathed and unsheathed microfilarial surfaces, interactions with host serum
      proteins in diethylcarbamazine.
AB  - There is no question that when a high titer of antibodies specific for
      microfilaria (mf) surfaces is present in assays of granulocyte adherence that
      cell binding is greater than in normal serum. It is also well documented that
      complement intact serum with or without surface specific antibody permits the
      deposition of C3 on mf, and surface bound C3b is known to facilitate adherence by
      granulocytes and especially eosinophils. How diethylcarbamazine enhances cell
      adherence to mf surfaces directly or as mediated by specific antibody, complement
      or as yet untested serum components such as eosinophil granule major basic
      protein (MBP) remains unknown. In reviewing work which has attempted to
      investigate this question, it was found that there were several possible sources
      of inconsistencies in the reagents usually employed in the cell adherence
      experiments with mf and some of these may have already contributed to confusion
      in the interpretation of results reported to date. Firstly, eosinophils collected
      from individuals with high eosinophil counts appear to be more reactive than
      those from normal donors. Secondly, Brugia pahangi mf taken in early patent
      infections or from very high microfilaremic infections in cats are less reactive
      with granulocytes than those from more long-term infections and this may be
      related to the differences in surface carbohydrate composition detected among mf
      taken from uteri of adult females, in vitro released mf and mf collected from
      host tissue. Thirdly, higher levels of MBP may be present in serum from
      individuals with high eosinophil counts associated with filarial infection than
      in serum from normal controls.

PMID- 4001771
TI  - [Comparison of vascular width and accuracy in the subjective assessment of
      pulmonary circulation in the roentgen picture of children with left-right
      shunts].
AB  - The authors established a comparative relationship between accuracy of
      measurement of pulmonary flow and extent of vascular widening in 72 children with
      Left-Right shunt vitiae; this accuracy of pulmonary flow measurement had been
      subjectively estimated by 4 investigators without knowing the diagnosis and in
      comparison to the haemodynamic values (percentage of correct findings). The
      following procedure was adopted: In a control group of 143 healthy children, we
      first determined the vascular diameter of the right descending pulmonary artery,
      of the right upper lobal vein, and of the peripheral vessels in the upper and
      lower pulmonary fields, at an accurately defined distance from the point of the
      hilus, and compared with the vascular diameters of the children with left-right
      shunt, employing the method of discrimination analysis. Comparison of the
      judgement by the 4 investigators with the degree of increase of the vascular
      diameters showed an accuracy of 65-100% if the right descending pulmonary artery
      became wider by 2.6 mm, and an accuracy of 79-95% if the mean vascular width in
      the right upper field increased by 0.7 mm. The accuracy was 83-94% if the mean
      vascular width in the right lower field increased by 0.6 mm. Statistical studies
      also showed that the judgement of the 4 investigators was influenced by different
      vessels.

PMID- 4001772
TI  - [Experiences in the testing of standard data on roentgen diagnostic equipment].
AB  - The TUV (German Standards Control Body) are performing inspections of standard
      characteristics of different devices for medical diagnostic radiology used in
      medical consulting as well as in hospitals. The inspections are carried out
      according to the recommendations of the German rule "Richtlinien uber die
      Aufzeichnungen nach # 29 der Rontgenverordnung-RoV" (i.e. guide line on recording
      according to # 29 RoV). In addition the surface dose is measured, which is a
      characteristic of an x-ray equipment and the knowledge of which is helpful when
      estimating the patient's radiation exposure. The latter inspections are performed
      for different modes of operation. In this paper the inspection procedure as well
      as the results of the inspections of radioscopy and of radiography equipment are
      presented and discussed. These inspections may be regarded as a part of a general
      performance test aimed at quality assurance in medical diagnostic radiology. The
      results show a wide statistical variation of several inspected parameters (e.g.
      film exposure, exposure rate of the image intensifier). The possible causes of
      this variation are presented. A further result of the inspections is the fact
      that in many cases some components of the complete imaging system are
      unrecognisedly defective. For this reason the inspection records contain-if
      necessary-recommendations for the improvement of the quality of the image and
      radiation protection.

PMID- 4001773
TI  - [Results of a study on roentgen film processing in automatic film-developing
      systems].
AB  - 100 X-ray film developing machines in 72 institutes were tested for accuracy of
      reproduction of the film developing systems by means of sensitometric methods for
      a period of 9 months. If we assume the sensitivity index to be D = 1.0 with a
      maximum variation of +/- 0.2, one-third of the machines in this test are not
      within the standard range. Hence, to ensure maximum utilisation of the
      sensitivity of the film processing systems, it will be necessary to keep a close
      check on the development process.

PMID- 4001774
TI  - [Procedure for the control of tube voltage in roentgen diagnostics].
AB  - It is often necessary to check X-ray tube voltage within the framework of quality
      control requirements which will soon become legally mandatory. Non-invasive
      methods are most suitable, but their cost and accuracy are subject to variation.
      The more precise the measurement of tube voltage, the costlier the measuring
      instrument and method of measurement will be. However, there are also relatively
      simple systems which will yield quite satisfactory results.

PMID- 4001775
TI  - [A gamma-ray sensitometer for film-screen combinations in diagnostic radiology].
AB  - On account of the high cost of standardised x-ray equipment, a 5 Ci Am-241 gamma
      ray source (59.6 keV) was used for setting up a sensitometer. The exposure rate
      at the film cassette is adjusted by means of a variable distance (5-250 cm) from
      the source. Using exposure times of 2 sec, screens with sensitivities greater
      than 500 can be measured. The properties of the sensitometer are described.

PMID- 4001776
TI  - [Idiopathic aseptic talus necrosis--case report].

PMID- 4001777
TI  - [Anatomically shaped, unsharp, lead-containing acrylic glass filter for
      optimization of thoracic roentgenography].
AB  - Acrylic glass filters fitted near to the tube and shaped according to the
      patient's anatomy with a lead equivalent of 120 mu enhance the diagnostic value
      of a plain radiograph of the chest with 95% of the patients. The pulmonary
      vessels and mediastinal structures can be assessed on film. Compared with the X
      ray film without filter, the pulmonary vessels are visualised with equal clarity.
      Accurate adjustment of the patient is facilitated by the fact that the filter
      limits show up in the light viewfinder. Repeat X-ray films are necessary in less
      than 2% of the case. Artifacts are caused by anatomical chest variations as well
      as by large patients, and hence the use of the filter should be omitted in about
      5% of the patients.

PMID- 4001778
TI  - [Myocardiopathies caused by primary involvement of contractility].

PMID- 4001779
TI  - [Changes in the ventricular filling in myocardiopathies].

PMID- 4001780
TI  - [Cardiac insufficiency in heart valve diseases: therapeutic consequences].

PMID- 4001781
TI  - [General principles for the prescription of antibiotics].

PMID- 4001782
TI  - [Therapeutic use of antibiotics in otorhinolaryngology].

PMID- 4001783
TI  - [Antibacterial prophylaxis].

PMID- 4001784
TI  - [Study of the ventilatory function].

PMID- 4001785
TI  - [Pharmacological bronchial hyperreactivity].

PMID- 4001786
TI  - [Evaluation of gas exchanges].

PMID- 4001787
TI  - [Heterogeneity of pulmonary ventilation/perfusion ratio: significance and
      measurement].

PMID- 4001788
TI  - [Regulation of the ventilation].

PMID- 4001789
TI  - [Functional study in children].

PMID- 4001790
TI  - [The physiology of pain].

PMID- 4001791
TI  - [The language of pain].

PMID- 4001792
TI  - [Role of the sympathetic system in pain].

PMID- 4001793
TI  - [Analgesic use of tricyclic antidepressants].

PMID- 4001794
TI  - [From physiopathology to therapeutic principles in chronic obstructive
      bronchopneumopathy].

PMID- 4001795
TI  - [Role of immunomodulators, vaccination and antibiotherapy in the treatment of
      chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy].

PMID- 4001796
TI  - [Bronchial mucomodifiers].

PMID- 4001797
TI  - [Re-establishment of the permeability of airways by kinesitherapy].

PMID- 4001798
TI  - [Chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies. Life style rules and proscriptions].

PMID- 4001799
TI  - [Anxiety and depression].

PMID- 4001800
TI  - [Depressive states and biological markers].

PMID- 4001801
TI  - [Therapeutic strategy in depression].

PMID- 4001802
TI  - [Role of life events and the place of psychotherapy in depressive states].

PMID- 4001803
TI  - [Refractory depressions and their treatment].

PMID- 4001804
TI  - [Indications and monitoring of lithium treatment].

PMID- 4001805
TI  - [Unusual muscular involvement in ankylosing spondylitis].
AB  - Muscle involvement in ankylosing spondylitis has been little studied. The authors
      report two cases with marked muscular atrophy and functional impotence, which had
      directed the diagnosis towards a myopathy over a period of several years in the
      first case, and a suspected primary muscular disease associated with ankylosing
      spondylitis in the second. Muscle biopsies eliminated the diagnosis of myopathy
      in both cases, with rapid functional recovery with proper treatment. Following a
      review of the literature, two hypotheses can be considered to explain the
      muscular involvement in ankylosing spondylitis: one mechanism which appears well
      established is a radiculitis with involvement of the paravertebral muscles: other
      authors suggest that there is nonspecific, generalized muscular involvement in
      this disorder.

PMID- 4001806
TI  - [Articular manifestations of 11 cases of Kawasaki syndrome observed in Toscana].
AB  - 11 cases of Kawasaki's disease were studied: the patients originated from Toscana
      and had at least 5 to 6 of the major criteria established by the Japanese
      Committee for Research to diagnose Kawasaki's disease. No toxic or infectious
      agents could be identified. We believe, like many other authors, that the
      responsible agent must be searched for in the patient's environment. Genetic
      predisposition also plays an important role, as demonstrated in the Japanese
      population. Our study of 9 patients yielded no conclusive results concerning the
      role of genetic factors. Only a study involving a much greater number of patients
      could establish whether genetics plays a major role in the development of the
      disease.

PMID- 4001807
TI  - [Role of orthopedic surgery in the treatment of bone metastasis].

PMID- 4001808
TI  - [Articular amyloidosis, femoral neck fracture and chronic periodic hemodialysis].

PMID- 4001809
TI  - [Evaluation of the hospital cost of osteoporosis during a period of 2 years.
      Experience at "la Clinique Therapeutique et rhumatologique" in Limoges].

PMID- 4001810
TI  - [Comparison of the immediate hypocalcemia effect of salmon calcitonin
      administered by spray or intravenously].

PMID- 4001811
TI  - [Isotope transit in reflex sympathetic algodystrophy].
AB  - It has been shown in radioisotope scans made three hours after injection of 99mTc
      MDP that a significant hyperfixation in bone extremities is present in
      causalgias, probably due to accelerated osteogenesis. However, this gives no
      information concerning blood circulation inside bone. Nevertheless, the kinetic
      activity of tracer in areas of lesion for the initial seconds after injection
      depends upon the vascularity of this region. The computerized recording of
      isotope activity forms an early activity curb (isotope transit) which can be
      compared to the activity curb of the corresponding healthy articulatory region of
      the other limb or side. This curb breaks down into two parts: first, a rapidly
      ascending slope that corresponds to infiltration of the periarticular arterial
      network; second, a slowly ascending slope that corresponds to the tracer
      diffusion space in bony extremities. Among the 27 cases of causalgia in our
      series 19 evolved into thermalgias in less than three months. Furthermore, in 18
      of these 19 cases the lesion-side activity curb was significantly different from
      the aspect of the healthy side's curb in that both portions showed a
      hyperactivity. The initial "arterial" hyperactivity slope probably corresponds to
      an increase in arterial blood flow (and sometimes circulatory speed) in soft
      tissues around joints; subsequent hyperactivity, gradually increasing, probably
      corresponds to an increase in the vascular bed volume and diffusion surface due
      to functional entry of usually silent intraosseous capillaries. Thus, the
      causalgia which has become thermalgic has a typical initial isotopic tracing
      curb: this hyperfixation explains the anatomic and pathophysiologic disorders
      evidenced by other procedures in this disease.

PMID- 4001812
TI  - [Extramedullary arteriovenous fistula of the spinal canal with spinal cord venous
      drainage. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors report two cases of extramedullary arteriovenous fistulas in the
      spinal canal with venous return into the spinal cord veins. Both patients were
      middle-aged men who presented with multiple nerve root involvement of the lower
      extremities for one year and three months respectively. Myelography demonstrated
      an indentation at the level of the conus medullaris by a dilated vein in both
      cases. Arteriography of the spinal cord demonstrated an arteriovenous
      malformation from the dura mater with venous return into the ascending spinal
      cord veins, located in both cases at T11. Unlike typical angiomas of the spinal
      cord, these arteriovenous fistulas do not arise from spinal cord arteries. Only
      the venous return is into the spinal cord system. Initial clinical manifestations
      are progressive and often misleading, with pseudoradicular pain of the lower
      extremities or intermittent claudication which was observed in both patients.
      Only good quality myelography enabled visualization of the dilated vein at the
      level of the conus medullaris which lead to localization of the arteriovenous
      malformation and its afferent arteries outside of the spinal cord itself.
      Treatment is either surgical, or neuroradiological (embolization). Similar
      results are obtained by both methods, in a condition which would otherwise
      progress to paraplegia.

PMID- 4001813
TI  - [Non-arthrosic geodes in the femur head. Isolated or predominant geodes].
AB  - The isolated or predominant geodes of the femoral head without signs of
      coxarthritis or coxitis, seem to form in response to: osteochondritis dissecans
      in 9 cases where the sequester was only visible in profile films or oblique
      images for 5 cases, and only at time of operation in 2 cases; incipient necrosis
      in 3 adult cases, not evidenced in frontal films and only seen in profile films
      with the patient under axial traction; femoral head dysmorphia in 6 cases among
      which were 4 polyepiphyseal dysplasias and 2 coxa plana without radiographically
      apparent sequesters; induced increased pressure caused by congenital subluxation
      or a major disorder of posture and locomotion of lower limbs in 3 cases. In 2
      cases no classification could be assigned to isolated or predominant geodes of
      the femoral head in spite of anatomic examination. The diagnosis of these
      isolated or predominant geodes of the head of the femur necessitates excellent
      films made from different angles of view (profile, "false" profile, usual
      profile, sometimes oblique shots, tomograms) and often enough a biopsy which must
      be obtained directly through the joint, not transcervically through the neck if a
      reliable specimen is desired. The surgical treatment indicated is voiding and
      packing to a maximum the geodes possibly correcting the former increased pressure
      discordance. But, in lots of cases the intensity of pain and discomfort remains
      moderate for years, so indication for surgery arises late after onset.

PMID- 4001814
TI  - [Arthritis disclosing acute leukosis in adults. Apropos of 4 personal cases].

PMID- 4001815
TI  - [Renal amylosis with prolonged course and psoriatic rheumatism].

PMID- 4001816
TI  - [A new case of eosinophilic fasciitis complicated by bone marrow aplasia].

PMID- 4001817
TI  - [Calcium oxalate microcrystalline arthropathy in primary oxalosis].
AB  - This paper dealt with the case of a 53 years old man, affected by a chronic renal
      failure as the initial symptom of a primary oxalosis and treated by hemodialysis
      three years ago. Two years after the onset of renal failure, the left knee was
      painful and swollen but no cartilage or bone joint lesion was observed. Presence
      of intra synovial calcium oxalate crystals suggests that this arthropathy may be
      related to the primary oxalosis. However the role of other calcium salts under
      identification evidenced by synovial electron microscopy (apatite ? pyrophosphate
      ?) is discussed.

PMID- 4001818
TI  - [Technic and results of radioguided transcutaneous puncture-biopsy of the dorsal
      spine].

PMID- 4001819
TI  - [Circulating immune complexes and clinical manifestations of rheumatoid
      arthritis].

PMID- 4001820
TI  - [Renal amylosis and juvenile rheumatoid polyarthritis. Value of chlorambucil].

PMID- 4001821
TI  - [Preliminary study of the local injection of superoxide dismutase in
      epicondylitis].

PMID- 4001822
TI  - Estimation of lymphatic conductance. A model based on protein-kinetic studies and
      haemodynamic measurements in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in pigs.
AB  - A model of lymphatic conductivity (i.e. flow rate per unit pressure difference =
      conductance) based on protein-kinetic and haemodynamic measurements is described.
      The model is applied to data from patients with cirrhosis and from pigs with
      different haemodynamic abnormalities in the hepatosplanchnic system. In cirrhotic
      patients without ascites the estimated thoracic duct conductance (gthd) was three
      times higher than normal whereas this value was close to normal in patients with
      tense ascites. The estimated conductance of the right lymphatic duct was ten
      times below that of the thoracic duct in patients with ascites. In pigs gthd was
      similar to that in normal humans and no change was seen during acute congestion
      of the liver. In ascitic pigs gthd was low. The estimated conductance of the
      liver blood-lymph barrier was similar in normal humans and pigs, but decreased in
      cirrhosis and was thus compatible with increased sinusoidal wall tightening and
      fibrosis in the interstitial space of the liver. The model presented supports the
      so-called 'lymph-imbalance' theory of ascites formation according to which a
      relatively insufficient lymph drainage is important in the pathogenesis of
      hepatic ascites.

PMID- 4001823
TI  - Lactate determination with the lactate analyser LA 640: a critical study.
AB  - Using the new method of sample preparation developed by the manufacturer in 1979,
      the lactate analyser LA 640 now provides reliable measurements of blood lactic
      acid from blood micro-samples of 20 microliters within 2 min. Reproducibility is
      comparable to that obtained by spectrophotometric assay with +/- 0.2 mmol . l-1
      for 95% confidence limits. High accuracy was also obtained with 95% linked
      confidence limits within +/- 0.19 mmol . l-1 and +/- 0.46 mmol . l-1 for blood
      lactate concentrations of from 2-4 and 7-9 mmol . l-1 respectively. Due to a
      lactate concentration increase of 0.5 mmol . l-1 . h-1 in whole blood kept at 20
      degrees C, the blood must be immediately diluted in the buffer haemolysing
      solution after withdrawal. This diluted sample can then be stored at room
      temperature without alteration, provided the concentration in the dilution is
      lower than 0.8 mmol . l-1. For serial successive measurements, a new sample can
      be tested before the electrode current reaches its background value.

PMID- 4001824
TI  - Fasting and postprandial serum bile acid concentration with special reference to
      variations in the conjugate profile.
AB  - Serum bile acids were group-separated by ion exchange chromatography on
      diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 into unconjugated bile acids and bile
      acids conjugated with either glycine, taurine, glucuronic acid or sulphuric acid.
      The conjugate moiety was hydrolysed by treatment with a combination of Helix
      pomatia and cholylglycine hydrolase and the released bile acids analysed by gas
      liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analysis of fasting and postprandial
      serum from six healthy subjects showed that, in addition to the primary bile
      acids, cholic (C) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), secondary bile acids were
      present to varying extents. Unconjugated serum bile acids were found in four of
      the six subjects. Glycine and taurine conjugates of C and CDC and their
      glucuronides and sulphates were found in all subjects. The postprandial increase
      of serum bile acids was mainly due to increase of the glycine conjugates of C and
      CDC. After the meal, the ratio C:CDC in glycine and taurine conjugates shifted to
      lower values.

PMID- 4001825
TI  - Conjugation, metabolism and excretion of [24-14C] chenodeoxycholic acid in
      patients with extrahepatic cholestasis before and after biliary drainage-analysis
      of conjugated bile acids by HPLC.
AB  - [24-14C] chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) was given to patients with total
      extrahepatic cholestasis two or three days before an external drainage was made,
      and excretion of the isotope in urine and bile followed. Bile acids were group
      separated by anion exchange chromatography on DEAP-Sephadex LH-20 and the
      individual conjugates isolated by HPLC. 51.0-75.4% of the administered isotope
      was excreted; 16.2-29.9% as sulphates, 0.1-2.4% as glucuronides and 20.7-58.7% as
      glycine and taurine conjugates. 5.2-21.0% of excreted isotope consisted of
      transformation products of CDC, mainly cholic acid, hyocholic acid and
      ursodeoxycholic acid. Labelled urinary sulphates were the 3-sulphates of
      glycochenodeoxycholic and taurochenodeoxycholic acid. During cholestasis the
      renal clearance was about ten times higher for the sulphates compared with the
      non-sulphated conjugate. The clearance of glycine conjugates and their sulphates
      was of the same magnitude as that of the corresponding taurine conjugates. During
      the biliary drainage period, most of the labelled sulphates were excreted in
      urine, while most of the glycine and taurine conjugates were excreted in bile.

PMID- 4001826
TI  - Extracellular volume, renal clearance and whole body permeability-surface area
      product in man, measured after single injection of polyfructosan.
AB  - In 22 patients non-compartmental analysis was applied to plasma disappearance
      curves obtained after a single injection of polyfructosan to measure volume of
      distribution (Vd), renal clearance (Cl) and the whole body permeability-surface
      area product (PdS) of the indicator. It was found that introduction of the
      theoretical plasma concentration at time zero, calculated as the injected amount
      divided by the plasma water volume independently determined, to the curves was
      necessary to determine the initial slope of the curve and subsequently calculate
      the PdS. This 'initial phase' approximation had negligible effect on the
      calculations of Vd and Cl. The approximation, however, allowed extension of the
      non-compartmental analysis to include calculation of the whole body PdS. The
      whole body PdS for polyfructosan was found to be 0.68 ml/100g X min or 429
      ml/min. Assuming a capillary surface area of the whole human body of 50 cm2g-1,
      the average whole body diffusional permeability coefficient, Pd, for
      polyfructosan was found to be: 0.23 X 10(-5) cm X sec-1.

PMID- 4001827
TI  - The stabilizing effect of glucocorticoids on human endothelial cells in culture.
AB  - The effect of hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone on the stability and
      viability of cultured human endothelial cells was studied by measuring the
      release of 51Cr from pre-labelled cells by cell number calculation and by the
      Trypan-blue test. All glucocorticoids studied, stabilized endothelial cells as
      demonstrated by a decreased release of 51Cr. The maximal stabilizing effect of
      the steroids appeared to be equal, although the maximal effect of dexamethasone
      was seen at a lower concentration than that of prednisolone and hydrocortisone.
      However, at the very high concentration of 10(-4) mol/l, dexamethasone induced an
      increase in the release of 51Cr suggesting a toxic effect. The viability of cells
      was not affected by the steroids. The stabilizing effect of glucocorticoids at
      optimal concentrations in vitro may indicate strengthening of endothelial
      integrity by the steroids in vivo. This may explain their beneficial effect in
      the treatment of certain vascular disorders, e.g. thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 4001828
TI  - Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in plasma and ultrafiltrate
      before and after haemodialysis.
AB  - The effects of haemodialysis on circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone
      (iPTH) and calcitonin (iCT) were determined in relation to alterations in total
      (Ca) and ionized (Ca2+) plasma calcium. The hormones were measured in plasma, in
      dialysate and in ultrafiltrate in eight patients with elevated iPTH
      concentrations. There was a small, but significant reduction in plasma iPTH
      during haemodialysis concomitant with an increase in Ca and Ca2+. Only small
      changes were found in plasma iCT during dialysis. Ultrafiltrate iPTH
      concentrations were reduced from 46% of plasma values at the beginning of
      dialysis to 27% of plasma values at the end of 4 h dialysis. Gel chromatography
      of plasma and ultrafiltrate showed corresponding molecular profiles of intact
      iPTH and hormone fragments suggesting that none of the PTH peptides were
      restricted by the dialysis membrane. Clearance of intact iPTH (dialysance) was as
      expected according to molecular weight. From the PTH clearance we calculated that
      only 5 to 10 micrograms of intact hormone were removed during dialysis. We
      therefore conclude that the reduction in plasma iPTH during dialysis is probably
      related to a relative suppression of PTH secretion rather than due to loss of
      hormone during dialysis.

PMID- 4001829
TI  - Determination of the R-protein and the R-protein-vitamin B12-complex in saliva
      and gastrointestinal juice by FPLC Mono S cationic chromatography.
AB  - The binding of vitamin B12 to the two vitamin B12 binding proteins--intrinsic
      factor and R-protein--in gastrointestinal juice is pH dependent. It is therefore
      of importance that binding studies are carried out at pH values near the
      physiological pH of the gastric juice. In the present study the vitamin B12
      complexes of the two vitamin B12 binders were separated at a pH of 1.8 using the
      cationic exchange chromatograph Mono S attached to the fast protein liquid
      chromatography (FPLC) system. The R-protein concentration was measured in saliva
      and gastric juice with high accuracy and with highly significant correlation
      compared to the serum-coated charcoal method of Gottlieb. The method showed a
      decreased recovery in duodenal juice and in samples with high bile content.

PMID- 4001830
TI  - Measurement of ionized calcium with five types of instruments. An external
      quality assessment.
AB  - An external quality assessment for ionized calcium determinations was carried out
      in 24 laboratories in Northern Europe. Both protein-free and protein-containing
      test materials were included in the study. The average within-laboratory
      variation (CV) for all test materials was 3.1, 1.7, 1.2, 1.8 and 1.3% for the AVL
      980 (AVL, Graz, Austria), the Microlyte (Kone, Espoo, Finland), the Nova 2 (Nova
      Biomedical, Newton, Ma USA), the Orion SS-20 (Orion, Cambridge, Mass., USA), and
      the ICA1 (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) respectively. The corresponding
      interlaboratory CV was 3.1, 2.9, 3.1 and 2.4%. The variation between types of
      instruments was even larger and caused differences of up to 33%. The results
      indicate a need for well-defined protein-containing control material.

PMID- 4001831
TI  - Myocardial blood flow conditions at re-perfusion following acute ischaemia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of re-perfusion upon
      distribution of radioactive microspheres in ischaemic myocardium. Ten
      anaesthetized cats were given 15-micron microspheres prior to left anterior
      coronary artery occlusion, at 1 h of occlusion, and after 1 h of subsequent re
      perfusion. Pre-occlusion blood flow estimates were lower in tissue which had been
      ischaemic compared with nonischaemic regions in the same heart (1.44 versus 1.87
      ml X min-1 X g-1, p less than 0.001), corresponding to 23% apparent loss. Loss
      also occurred in ischaemic right ventricular tissue (32%). In left ventricular
      ischaemic endocardium, apparent loss was due to development of oedema. Oedema was
      also significant in epicardial ischaemic tissue. Correction for oedema eliminated
      two-fifths of the loss, while three-fifths was due to physical loss. Oedema
      increased linearly with the level of re-perfusion. During re-perfusion,
      myocardial blood flow in previously ischaemic tissue was inhomogeneously
      distributed and, on average, 28% lower than in non-ischaemic myocardium. The 15
      micron spheres appeared to pass through capillaries in the ischaemic
      subepicardium, but this process was not enhanced by reperfusion.

PMID- 4001832
TI  - Enzymatic microdetermination of free fatty acids in plasma of animals using
      paraoxon to prevent lipolysis.
AB  - A simple, sensitive and rapid enzymatic method, manual as well as automated, is
      described for the determination of free fatty acids in plasma of animals.
      Spontaneous hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids present in the plasma samples is
      prevented by adding a specific lipase-esterase inhibitor.

PMID- 4001833
TI  - A plastic bag freezing method for preparation of faeces for analysis.
AB  - In order to obtain a completely homogeneous mixture of a normal stool it is found
      necessary only to homogenize the stool samples for 2 min using a paint-can
      shaker. A method for handling faeces in chemical analyses is based on a freezing
      procedure in which the homogenized faeces are frozen in a plastic bag separated
      into different compartments. The frozen faeces can be cut off and weighed for
      analysis. Compared to the usual method, the plastic bag freezing method is faster
      and avoids unpleasant smell.

PMID- 4001834
TI  - A new and more ascorbic acid-resistant dipstick test for the detection of
      glucosuria has been introduced.

PMID- 4001835
TI  - Stereological analysis of human parietal cells before and 6 months after
      vagotomy.
AB  - Gastric biopsies from 10 patients were studied before proximal gastric vagotomy
      (PGV) and 6 months after the operation. The parietal cells were studied light
      microscopically and electron microscopically, using point-counting stereology.
      The volume fraction of the mucosa made up of parietal cells was significantly
      reduced (p less than 0.01) from 13.9% before PGV to 10.6% 6 months after PGV
      (median values). This reduction corresponded with a decrease of the median cell
      volume from 4698 microns3 before PGV to 3737 microns3 after the operation (p =
      0.01). The ultrastructural composition of the parietal cells was virtually
      unchanged after the vagotomy, with the exception of a slight but significant
      reduction of the cell fraction occupied by mitochondria. The fractions of the
      parietal cell volume occupied by microvilli and tubulovesicular structures were
      significantly altered during stimulation with pentagastrin. These relative
      alterations were of the same magnitude before and after PGV.

PMID- 4001836
TI  - What are 'physiological' plasma GIP levels in man after intravenous infusion of
      porcine GIP?
AB  - Six healthy subjects were given a standard breakfast on one occasion and an
      intravenous infusion of porcine GIP in a dose of 1.0 microgram . kg-1 . h-1 on
      another. The experiments lasted 90 min. Plasma GIP values were determined with
      five different porcine GIP antisera, and, depending on the antiserum used, the
      postinfusion plasma GIP values could be considered both sub- and supra
      physiological.

PMID- 4001837
TI  - Efficient hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnant cholesterol in rats with a
      portacaval anastomosis.
AB  - Portacaval-shunted and sham-operated male rats, fed ad libitum and of similar
      weight, were studied 2-3 weeks after surgery. At this time serum cholesterol
      levels did not differ significantly between the two groups, whereas serum
      triacylglycerols and phospholipids were lower in the shunted group. These animals
      also showed an increased serum bile acid level and an increased serum estradiol
      to testosterone ratio. The metabolism of native chyle labeled with
      [3H]cholesterol and [14C]linoleic acid or of preformed chylomicron remnants with
      the same labeling was studied in the groups of rats. Ten minutes after
      intravenous injection of chylomicron remnants 10.6 +/- 0.5% (means +/- SEM, n =
      8) of the injected [3H]cholesterol and 7.6 +/- 0.4% of the [14C]linoleic acid
      were found per 1 g liver in the portacaval-shunted rats; the corresponding
      figures in the sham-operated group (n = 8) were 6.4 +/- 0.4 and 4.9 +/- 0.3,
      respectively (p less than 0.001 for both 3H and 14C). Thus, despite a greater
      than 40% reduction of liver weight induced by the shunting procedure, the total
      liver uptake of chylomicron remnants was not significantly decreased. The uptake
      of chylomicron lipids per unit liver weight was normal in the atrophic livers of
      portacaval-shunted rats also when very large loads of chyle were administered.

PMID- 4001838
TI  - Platelet aggregation and release of ATP in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the platelet aggregation and releasable
      platelet ATP in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 10) and primary biliary
      cirrhosis (n = 10). In patients with liver disease a significant decrease was
      found in both adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation (P less than 0.01) and
      collagen-induced aggregation (P less than 0.001) compared with that of controls,
      but there was no significant difference between the two groups of patients.
      Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis release smaller amounts of ATP than
      patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, and compared with the controls there was a
      significant (P less than 0.001) decrease in the releasable ATP in the patient
      groups. These results suggest that platelets are damaged during an intravascular
      activation (loss of granules), which gives rise to their subsequent hypo-function
      when tested in vitro.

PMID- 4001839
TI  - Scintigraphy, pH measurement, and radiography in the evaluation of
      gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - Scintigraphy as a diagnostic tool has been explored in 69 patients with
      gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms and endoscopic esophagitis. In all
      subjects the presence of reflux was also evaluated by radiography and
      intraesophageal pH measurements (standard acid reflux test). The overall
      sensitivity of scintigraphy (85.5%) was significantly higher than those of
      radiography (27.5%) and pH measurements (69.5%). Scintigraphy was performed with
      normal saline and with acidified orange juice as the transport medium for the
      isotope 99mTc. The yield of positive scintigrams was higher (22.3 to 61.1%,
      depending on the grade of endoscopic esophagitis) with the latter variant.
      Moreover, demonstration of spontaneous reflux was greatly facilitated by the acid
      scintigraphy. This was particularly obvious in the grade I esophagitis, in which
      the frequency of spontaneous reflux with the saline method was 3.4% and with the
      acid medium, 34.3%. Reflux (induced or spontaneous) was seen in 2 of 22 normal
      control subjects with the saline method and in 1 subject only with the acid
      method. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that scintigraphy,
      especially the acid variant of the technique, is a valuable diagnostic procedure
      in GER disease.

PMID- 4001840
TI  - A comparison between in vitro jejunal mast cell degranulation and intragastric
      challenge in patients with suspected food intolerance.
AB  - Fifteen patients with suspected food intolerance were investigated. Ten patients
      showed a positive reaction to double-blind intragastric food challenge. Mast cell
      degranulation induced by in vitro challenge with foods or food antigens on
      mucosal specimens corresponded well with the results of intragastric food
      challenge. There was agreement in 13 positive and 18 negative tests; there was
      disagreement in 5 tests. Thus only one in vitro challenge failed to produce mast
      cell degranulation when the intragastric challenge gave a clinical reaction, and
      four mucosal specimens showed mast cell degranulations despite no clinical
      reaction. The results of radioallergosorbent and skin tests afforded little
      information as to whether the patient would react to the intragastric food
      challenge.

PMID- 4001841
TI  - Increased levels of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in patients with coeliac disease.
AB  - In 17 patients with coeliac disease the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration
      was measured in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and in whole blood and compared with
      that of a control group of 30 healthy persons. The 5-HT level was determined by
      high-pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. In patients
      with coeliac disease the concentration of 5-HT in whole blood was elevated
      compared with the control group (p less than 0.001). The 5-HT level in PPP was
      significantly increased in patients with coeliac disease in whom the disease was
      untreated or treated with gluten-free diet for less than a year (p less than
      0.01) but also compared with the patients with coeliac disease treated with a
      gluten-free diet for more than a year (p less than 0.01). In some untreated
      patients with newly diagnosed disease the 5-HT levels in PPP were markedly
      elevated and exceeded the levels ordinarily found in PPP in patients with
      carcinoid tumours. In these patients with coeliac disease the 5-HT concentration
      in PPP was reduced when the enteropathy was healed. There was no significant
      correlation between the 5-HT concentration in PPP versus whole blood in the
      different groups.

PMID- 4001842
TI  - Serum bile acids in Gilbert's syndrome after oral load of chenodeoxycholic acid.
AB  - Oral bile acid loading tests using 1 g of unconjugated chenodeoxycholic acid
      (CDA) were performed in subjects with Gilbert's syndrome before and after reduced
      caloric intake. The study was carried out to ascertain whether the hepatic
      handling of CDA was restricted in the same manner as recently described for
      ursodeoxycholic acid. In subjects with Gilbert's syndrome, the bile acid
      concentrations after the oral loading tests did not differ significantly from
      those found in reference groups. No differences were found in the serum bile acid
      values before and after caloric restriction, indicating that the bile acid
      handling was not influenced by the increased bilirubin levels obtained after
      fasting. Our results indicate that the hepatic handling of CDA is normal in
      Gilbert's syndrome.

PMID- 4001843
TI  - Increased intestinal hydrolysis of urea in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.
AB  - Fourteen patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic liver cirrhosis in a clinically
      stable phase but with compromised liver function entered the study, together with
      10 control persons. All had normal creatinine clearance, and none received
      antibiotics or hormones. They ingested a diet containing 1 g of protein/kg body
      weight daily during the study. The fractional intestinal loss of newly
      synthesized urea, determined by a 14C-urea tracer method, was increased from 0.17
      +/- 0.08 in controls to 0.26 +/- 0.08 in cirrhotics (mean +/- SD, P less than
      0.02). Urea nitrogen synthesis rate, determined as urinary excretion rate,
      corrected for accumulation in the total body water and for fractional intestinal
      loss, was the same in controls and cirrhotics (26.1 +/- 3.8 and 22.1 +/- 6.8
      mmol/h, respectively). The patients with cirrhosis had a significantly greater
      nitrogen balance than the control group (12.5 +/- 7.0 mmol/h versus 7.0 +/- 5.9
      mmol/h; P less than 0.05). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between
      intestinal loss and blood urea nitrogen concentration (r = 0.68, P less than
      0.01) in patients with cirrhosis but not in controls. The increased endogenous
      ammonia load of cirrhotics corresponds to an extra protein intake of 30-35 g/day.
      In patients with cirrhosis prophylactic treatment with, for example, lactulose is
      rational before reduction in dietary protein.

PMID- 4001844
TI  - Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Design of a population
      screening study.
AB  - The design of a population screening study, including endoscopic screening for
      polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon, was tested in a defined population sample
      of 200 women and 200 men aged 50-59 years. The attendance rate was 81%. A simple
      bowel cleansing procedure performed immediately before the examination gave
      satisfactory conditions for endoscopic examination in 94% of attendants. Polyp
      prevalence was 35%. The present material and results represent the basis for
      further follow-up studies of risk factors for the development of cancer in the
      same group of individuals.

PMID- 4001845
TI  - Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Endoscopic evaluation of
      size and localization of polyps.
AB  - The reproducibility of polyp localization and size measurements was tested to
      evaluate the reliability of observations during follow-up examinations of
      sigmoidoscopically diagnosed polyps. Our findings suggest that 25% of polyps less
      than 5 mm in diameter but only 5% of those larger than 5 mm are likely to be
      missed by a single endoscopic examination. Localization measurements made during
      insertion and withdrawal of the endoscope on different days of examination
      diverged proximal to 30 cm from the anal ring during repeat colonoscopy.
      Otherwise, reproducibility was good, demonstrating that sigmoidoscopy may be a
      fairly accurate procedure for evaluation of site and size of polyps during follow
      up studies.

PMID- 4001846
TI  - Comparison between pre- and post-mortem diagnoses in a consecutive series of
      patients.
AB  - The medical diagnoses of 217 successively dead patients were compared with their
      postmortem findings. The rate of correct diagnoses was 67.8%, and that of false
      negative diagnoses was 22.1%. In a corresponding earlier study (1964-75) carried
      out in the same department the rates were 35.1% and 55.6%, respectively, whereas
      the percentages of false-positive diagnoses remained the same. The considerable
      difference between older and younger age groups demonstrated in the previous
      studies was not found now. The improvement is believed to be due to the
      introduction of the new imaging, computerized tomography, ultrasonography,
      gammagraphy, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography techniques.

PMID- 4001847
TI  - Fasting serum bile acid levels in relation to liver histopathology in cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - The fasting serum concentrations of primary bile acids were determined in 30
      patients with cystic fibrosis, aged 1 to 27 years, and correlated to liver
      disease. Cholic (fs-C) and chenodeoxycholic (fS-CDC) acids were determined by
      radioimmunoassays. Two patients had biopsy-proven liver cirrhosis, 13 had portal
      fibrosis. 8 had minor different pathological changes, and 7 had normal liver
      morphology. Standard liver function tests were of no help in evaluating liver
      disease in these patients. Eight patients had increased fS-C and 15 had increased
      fS-CDC, not correlated to liver morphology. Serum bile acid determination seems
      to be of no value in evaluating the extent of liver disease in cystic fibrosis.
      The more frequent and more marked increase of fS-CDC than of fS-C suggests that
      there is another hepatic clearance of bile acids in CF and/or that intestinal
      factors have a greater influence on the serum bile acid concentrations in this
      disease.

PMID- 4001848
TI  - Digital processing of electron energy loss spectra and images.
AB  - Processing in electron energy loss spectroscopy involves both data acquisition
      and analysis. The interface of an analytical electron microscope to a laboratory
      computer with a satellite microcomputer dedicated to data acquisition results in
      a system with a high degree of flexibility. In spectrum acquisition, channels may
      be selected around specific core edges, or dwell times may be varied continuously
      as a function of energy loss to reduce the dynamic range of the signal. Data
      transfer to the host computer allows further analysis such as the removal of
      plural scattering by spectral deconvolution. Elemental maps and line-scans can be
      recorded with real-time processing of energy loss data at each pixel. Images may
      be analyzed to provide quantitative information by means of pixel intensity
      histograms. If parameters for the background are stored at each pixel, the image
      data may sometimes be further processed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.

PMID- 4001849
TI  - Ultrastructural studies of crystal-organic matrix relations in renal stones.
AB  - Biochemically the organic matrix of kidney stones contains mucoproteins,
      mucopolysaccharides, inorganic material and bound water. Morphologically, the
      organic matrix exists as either amorphous or fibrous forms. We have attempted to
      critically evaluate results from analytical and morphological studies on stone
      matrices using light microscopy, histochemistry, x-ray diffraction, scanning
      electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron
      microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. On the surface of calcium
      oxalate stones, there are usually large masses of randomly deposited calcium
      oxalate crystals each coated with organic matrix. Transmission electron
      microscopy shows these large surface crystals are composed of rows of smaller
      crystallites interleaved by organic matrix in a fairly orderly manner suggesting
      the crystallites are held together by organic matrix. In the core of a calcium
      containing stone, the organic matrix frequently exists as concentric laminations
      alternating as calcium apatite covered fibrous matrix layers and amorphous matrix
      layers. Transmission electron microscopy suggests that the fibrous area is
      probably just an area heavily populated by calcium apatite crystallites which
      give the fibrous appearance while the amorphous area is sparsely populated.
      Organic matrix richness in stones can be associated with infection and calcium
      apatite crystal deposition is favored in infection stones.

PMID- 4001850
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy methodology for study of the pathophysiology of
      calcification in bioprosthetic heart valves.
AB  - Scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphologic analysis combined with energy
      dispersive characteristic X-ray (EDX) microprobe analysis provides insight into
      the mechanisms associated with disease-related crystal formation in biological
      materials. SEM and EDX were employed in analyzing specimens which were embedded
      in standard fashion in glycolmethacrylate. The specimen surfaces under electron
      microscope investigation resulted from microtomy used in the preparation of
      reference light microscope histological sections; thus histology served as a
      direct reference for the SEM and EDX analyses. The particular application of
      these methods was in the study of bioprosthetic heart valve calcification,
      largely responsible for clinical failure of these heart valve substitutes. To
      simulate the clinically observed mineralization processes, glutaraldehyde
      pretreated porcine heart valve leaflets were implanted subcutaneously in rats and
      subsequently removed at various time intervals from 1 to 56 days. Also, to
      address the hypothesis that the calcification process generates crystalline
      materials analogous to those in bone, EDX data obtained from pure hydroxyapatite
      were compared with the embedded tissue results. Further, EDX results were
      compared with data obtained by chemical analysis of the bulk specimens to assess
      the validity of the electron microscope technique.

PMID- 4001851
TI  - An ultrastructural analysis of the physical organization of collagenous (type I)
      matrices: one determinant of urothelium maintenance in vitro.
AB  - Collagenous matrices, used as cell culture substrata, can be prepared from
      different collagen types in a variety of forms using a range of polymerization
      procedures. Type I collagen has been most frequently used either as dried
      collagen films or hydrated collagen gels. Sheets of isolated bladder urothelium,
      when plated onto such matrices prepared from type I collagen by different
      polymerization methods (eg. air-drying; NaOH; NaCl; NH3; or NH3 followed by
      glutaraldehyde crosslinking) demonstrate the capability of urothelial cells to
      attach to a variety of differently prepared matrices irrespective of
      polymerization procedure. In contrast, both cell proliferation and maintenance of
      the urothelium are markedly influenced by the polymerized form of the collagen
      matrix. Comparative ultrastructural (scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy) analysis of these matrices demonstrates dissimilarities in their
      physical organization. The level of filamentous, fibrillar or fibrous
      reaggregation of solubilized collagen molecules varies in relation to the
      polymerization procedure used viz, a) air dried matrices form a dense meshwork of
      many forms of collagen fibrils and associated filaments with an irregular surface
      array of coarser collagen fibres; b) matrices prepared by NaOH, NaCl and NH3
      polymerization present no major differences and form a felt of interlocking
      collagen fibres with discrete filamentous networks associated with these fibres;
      and c) matrices polymerized by NH3 and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde form a
      dense meshwork of filaments with a more occasional distribution of fibrils
      associated with filaments or dense "amorphous" aggregates. The level of
      supramolecular reassemblage of solubilized collagen may be, therefore, a
      significant factor in determining urothelial cell growth and differentiation on
      collagen matrices.

PMID- 4001852
TI  - The ependyma of the cat central canal, with particular reference to its
      mitochondria-containing bulbs.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the ependyma in the central canal of adult cats was
      examined in both the scanning and the transmission electron microscopes (SEM and
      TEM). The same morphological details were seen in the ependyma of the central
      canal as have so frequently been described in the ependyma of the brain
      ventricular system, for example bundles of cilia, single cilia, microvilli and
      occasional small cytoplasmic protrusions. The supraependymal cells and
      supraependymal nerve fibers found in the central canal also resembled those seen
      in the ventricular system. The most striking feature of the canal ependyma were
      the large, spherical bodies containing numerous mitochondria. They are therefore
      called mitochondria-containing bulbs. In sections the bulbs were seen to be
      connected by long, slender stalks to neurons in subependymal position. In some
      respects the mitochondria-containing bulbs resemble the processes of
      cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons.

PMID- 4001853
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of the lateral ventricle of the pigeon brain.
AB  - Adult pigeons of both sexes were used for this study. Depending upon the
      distribution of various surface profiles, for example cilia, microvilli and
      blebs, ependymal areas with differing surface patterns were distinguished in the
      lateral ventricle. The topographical locations of these areas with respect to the
      underlying forebrain nuclei were determined in accord with the atlas of Karten
      and Hodos (1967). The medial surface (A) of the ventricle was much more densely
      ciliated than the lateral surface (B). There did not appear to be any correlation
      between a given surface pattern and a specific type of underlying nervous tissue.
      Comparison of the cell patterns seen in the pigeon brain with those seen in the
      analogous areas of the rat brain showed that it is not feasible to extrapolate
      from one zoological group to another. With the exception of the Kolmer cells
      populating the choroid plexus, there were remarkably few supraependymal cells in
      the pigeon lateral ventricle. Supraependymal nerve fibers were also extremely
      rare. Particular attention was given to the ependyma associated with the nucleus
      stria terminalis, to that of the lateral septal organ and to the choroid plexus.
      The possible classification of these areas into the group of the
      circumventricular organs is considered.

PMID- 4001854
TI  - Cell movement and contraction in somite development.
AB  - During somite formation the segmental plate mesoderm, lying on either side of the
      axial organs, reorganizes into roughly spherical pairs of epithelial structures.
      This segmentation process includes changes in cell shape and position, cell-cell
      and cell-substratum adhesive properties and accumulation of extracellular matrix
      material which proceed down the anterior-posterior axis. Later in somite
      development the sclerotome region "disperses", migrating around the spinal cord
      where it produces the cartilage model of the vertebral column. Experimental
      manipulation of segmentation and sclerotome dispersal with drugs affecting
      microfilaments, microtubules and calcium-dependent contraction suggest that cells
      migrate into position, elongate, and undergo apical contraction as part of the
      segmentation process. This process of calcium-dependent, possibly calmodulin
      mediated, contraction can be both stimulated precociously and inhibited, showing
      similarities with contractile morphogenetic events in epithelial organ systems
      such as eye and thyroid. Similar experiments with drugs affecting contractile
      microfilaments demonstrate that active cell movement, along with extracellular
      matrix production, is involved in sclerotome dispersal.

PMID- 4001855
TI  - Wave-length dispersive microprobe analysis of coated samples of bulk tissues.
AB  - Hypertrophic scars contain highly pleomorphic cells, including many from the
      erythrocytic series which have been extravasated. The conventional visual mode of
      SEM cannot distinguish the cell types with certainty except in the case of
      typical biconcave disc-shaped erythrocytes. Microprobe elemental analysis might
      be used to differentiate one type from another on the basis of iron and possibly
      phosphorus (for nucleated cells). Using coated specimens (gold or gold-palladium)
      precludes simultaneous visual mode SEM with EDX because of energy line
      interference with phosphorus and other elements. However, wave-length dispersive
      analysis offers minimal or no interference, and a coated specimen offers the use
      of a simultaneous visual mode. We wished to determine if useful elemental data
      could be obtained from specimens previously prepared only with the purpose of SEM
      mode studies. Therefore they were not prepared according to contemporary optimal
      methods. Analysis demonstrates that one group of cells contains 45% or more (dry
      weight concentration, absolute) iron as opposed to markedly low values in other
      cell types. Values for phosphorus do not appear essentially different among the
      cell types except in the case of standard erythrocytes where it is very low.
      Calcium and sulfur content was also examined. Sulfur might be useful in
      identifying another cell type in the hypertrophic scar. Using cells and matrix in
      developing deer antler for control values, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus
      found in the mineralizing matrix was essentially the predicted value. It is
      concluded, therefore, that even with a substantially heavy coating of gold,
      values for the elements tested (Fe, P, Ca, S) are not seriously compromised.

PMID- 4001856
TI  - Endometrium cell surface abnormalities in the Syrian hamster as a result of in
      utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe changes in the hamster
      endometrium cell surface following in utero pre- and/or postnatal exposure to
      diethylstilbestrol (DES). Some of the changes in cell surfaces are associated
      with alterations in cell sizes and shapes (from columnar to cuboidal and/or
      squamous) and in microvilli and mucous secretion. In all cases, DES treated uteri
      show mucosal cell surface pleomorphism, apocrine secretion and cystic
      accumulation of secretory material. Microvillous pleomorphism and peculiar
      linkages attaching one microvillus to others were investigated. Although the
      function and nature of such linkages is unclear, their presence seems to be more
      prominent in the in utero DES treated hamster endometrium. These infrastructures
      may provide a support for the microvilli distributed on the mucosal cell
      surfaces, i.e., a morphological compromise between the single microvillous
      surface and the microridged structures. These interconnections may represent
      glycocalyx material or remodeling of cell surfaces toward squamous epithelium.

PMID- 4001857
TI  - Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies on the oviducts of Pekin
      ducks fed methyl mercury containing diets.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine the effects of varying levels of methyl
      mercury (MeHg) on the ultrastructure of the surface epithelium of the oviduct of
      ducks. Accordingly, Pekin ducks were maintained on feed containing varying doses
      of (0.0; 0.5; 5.0; 15.0 ppm) of MeHg (Group I - control to IV) for 12 weeks and
      sacrificed. Tissue from the magnum and the shell gland regions of the oviduct was
      processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM). It was found that the primary and secondary folds of these
      regions of the oviducts of the control and 0.5 ppm treatment group were densely
      populated with ciliated cells and that the cilia tend to cover the apical
      surfaces of the non-ciliated secretory cells. This unchanged ultrastructural
      morphology of the surface epithelium of 0.5 ppm treatment group was verified with
      TEM. The ciliated and nonciliated cells in surface epithelium appeared to be
      equal in frequency. The nuclei of ciliated cells were superficial in location
      compared to nonciliated secretory cells which had nuclei in the basal part of the
      cytoplasm. In the oviductal tissues from ducks fed 5.0 ppm MeHg isolated areas of
      ciliary loss, but minimal disruption of the apical plasma membrane were observed
      by SEM. In a few birds plasma membrane lesions, condensation of nuclear chromatin
      and very dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum were seen with TEM. In the oviductal
      tissues from ducks fed 15.0 ppm MeHg it could be seen that ciliary loss was much
      more extensive than hitherto observed, and disruption of the apex of cells could
      be seen. TEM showed degeneration of cytoplasmic organelles, more or less severely
      damaged ciliated cells, loss of ciliary extensions and formation of compound
      cilia. These observations indicate that methyl mercury at 5.0 and 15.0 ppm dose
      levels causes toxic injury to oviductal surface epithelium of Pekin duck that may
      cause reduced reproductive capability.

PMID- 4001858
TI  - The role of the vessels in the growth plate: morphological examination.
AB  - Combined methods of light microscopy to present ossification zones by means of
      fluorochrome dyes make it possible to explain the contradicting presentations of
      the vascular system of the growth plate in the literature. The vascular system
      was casted with methacrylates which can be presented in the scanning electron
      microscope 3-dimensionally together with the trabeculae as a result of their
      resistance in the electron beam. The 3-dimensional presentation in the electron
      microscope allows a clear distinction between the various vascular sections in
      the arterial flow system. In the microcorrosion casts the vessels of the
      epiphyseal side of the growth plate can be clearly distinguished from those of
      the metaphyseal side. The combination of both methods: labelling with
      fluorochromes investigated in the incident fluorescent light and casting of the
      vessels studied in the SEM shows close connection between the arterial
      vascularization and osteogenesis. These findings also explain the reactions on
      the part of growth behavior following traumatic injuries to the growth plate -
      reactions which could not be clearly explained up until now. Our findings do not
      contradict results of studies in the literature. They permit a uniform
      interpretation of these findings, however. Presentations of the venous drainage
      system on the epiphyseal side of the growth zone have not been made to date.

PMID- 4001859
TI  - Applications of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis in inner ear
      pathology.
AB  - Surface pathology of inner ear structures so far described in detail concern
      cochlear and vestibular hair cells and the stria vascularis. In man, surgical
      intervention into the inner ear is very uncommon and when performed is in general
      with the primary objective of destroying the diseased peripheral end organs. The
      vast majority of inner ear tissue available for use with scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) is therefore obtained from animals. The present paper reviews
      the progression of surface pathology caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics,
      acoustic overstimulation and in a guinea pig strain with genetic inner ear
      disease. The primary site of onset of surface pathology differs, depending on the
      underlying cause. Advanced surface pathology shows a similar type of
      morphological degeneration independent of cause. The combination of SEM and
      energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) of inner ear pathology has as yet
      been reported in only three studies, all concerning inner ear fluids or otoconia.

PMID- 4001860
TI  - Parameters of growth in the embryonic and neonatal chick basilar papilla.
AB  - The growth of the basilar papilla in the chick cochlear duct was studied
      utilizing light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The ages of the
      cochleae investigated ranged from embryonic day 6 to post-hatching day 7. The
      changes in the length and width of the basilar papilla as well as the
      establishment of its spatula-like shape were correlated with the maturation of
      the hair cells' apical surfaces and the changes in the cellular organization of
      the sensory epithelium. The histological reorganization of the distal hair cell
      nuclei was concomitant with the broadening of the distal region of the basilar
      papilla and occurred at a later stage than the reorganization of the proximal
      hair cell nuclei. Since the stereociliary bundles on all the hair cells are
      differentiated quite early, it appears that the delayed reorganization of the
      distal nuclei is associated with anatomical constraints on the cochlear duct,
      rather than a later differentiation of the distal sensory epithelium. A clear
      understanding of how growth of the cochlear duct influences both the distribution
      of hair cells on the basilar papilla's surface and the cellular organization in
      the sensory epithelium is critical to future studies correlating ultrastructural
      development with functional maturation of the auditory system.

PMID- 4001861
TI  - X-ray microanalysis in cryosections of natively frozen Paramecium caudatum with
      regard to ion distribution in ciliates.
AB  - Cells of Paramecium caudatum were shock-frozen without pretreatment for
      cryoultramicrotomy and freeze-dried for subsequent X-ray microanalysis. Na, Mg,
      P, S, Cl, K, and Ca were detected in different amounts in several subcellular
      compartments. In particular, calcium was localized below the cell surface
      (pellicle). Trichocysts were found to contain significant amounts of Na in their
      base but not in the tip. Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca were found in electron dense
      deposits within the lumen of the contractile vacuole. A small K concentration was
      found in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria. X-ray microanalysis of the
      element distribution in different subcellular compartments provides information
      for the understanding of cellular functions such as exocytosis, locomotion, and
      ion regulation.

PMID- 4001862
TI  - Freeze-drying and related preparation techniques for biological microprobe
      analysis.
AB  - An X-ray microanalytical and morphological investigation has been carried out on
      rapidly frozen, freeze-dried or freeze-substituted tissues. A comparison was made
      between different embedding and polymerisation procedures following freeze
      substitution and freeze-drying. The investigation also included an analysis of
      specimens infiltrated, embedded and polymerised by ultraviolet irradiation at low
      temperatures with Lowicryl HM20. The morphological preservation of Lowicryl
      embedded tissue was adequate for the identification of different cell structures
      like nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and different types of endoplasmic
      reticulum. X-ray microanalytical investigation of low temperature embedded
      material displayed an elemental composition of cells and organelles similar to
      that found in freeze-dried cyosections. Compared with freeze-dried cryosections,
      low temperature embedded material could be sectioned for light microscopy and
      area of interest chosen for further thin sectioning. This is of great importance
      in work with tissues with complicated morphology and heterogenous cell
      populations.

PMID- 4001863
TI  - Progress in element analysis on a high-voltage electron microscope.
AB  - X-Ray microprobe (XMA) and electron energy-loss (EELS) spectrometers have been
      installed on the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). The probe size has been
      measured and background reduction is in progress for XMA and EELS as are
      improvements in electron optics for EELS and sensitivity measurements. XMA is
      currently useful for qualitative analysis and has been used by several
      investigators from our laboratory and outside laboratories. However, EELS
      background levels are still too high for meaningful results to be obtained.
      Standards suitable for biological specimens are being measured, and a library for
      quantitative analysis is being compiled.

PMID- 4001864
TI  - Role of S-adenosylmethionine in DNA synthesis and haemopoiesis.
AB  - In man, exposure to nitrous oxide (N2O) can produce neurological damage and
      megaloblastic change in the bone marrow due to inactivation of vitamin B12.
      Methionine metabolism is interrelated with that of vitamin B12 and folate; the
      effect of methionine on the impaired DNA synthesis produced by N2O was therefore
      studied in 17 patients undergoing surgery. 14 were anaesthetised with 50% N2O in
      oxygen for 3-24 h. The remaining 3 had been exposed to N2O for less than 3 h. All
      patients developed megaloblastic bone marrow change except 2 of the latter
      patients whose bone marrows remained normoblastic. The bone marrow was studied
      biochemically using the deoxyuridine (dU) suppression test. The in vitro addition
      of small doses of methionine was as effective as vitamin B12 itself in correcting
      the defective DNA synthesis produced by N2O. It is suggested that N2O impairs
      methionine biosynthesis, methionine, in the form of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM),
      being required for DNA synthesis and the prevention of the development of
      megaloblastic anaemia in man.

PMID- 4001865
TI  - Successes and failures of intravenous immunoglobulin.
AB  - 11 patients suffering from primary and secondary severe haematological disorders
      of possible immune origin were treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin.
      The responses obtained were partial in 3 and negligible in 8.

PMID- 4001866
TI  - Mumps virus-induced enhancement of the in vitro cytotoxicity of cord blood
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Purified lymphocytes from the umbilical cord of healthy donors (CBL) displayed
      lower natural cytotoxicity (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
      (ADCC) than peripheral blood (PBL) from adult donors. In contrast, CBL treated
      with small amounts of UV-inactivated or live mumps virions expressed the same
      level of enhanced cytotoxicity (virus-dependent cytotoxicity (VDCC)) against non
      infected target cells as PBL. For individual CBL donors there was no correlation
      between the level of NK and VDCC, indicating involvement of partly distinct
      effector cell populations. The heterogeneity of the effector cells active in VDCC
      was confirmed by cell fractionation experiments. The major CBL effector cells in
      NK and ADCC were found in 'non-T' lymphocyte fractions and/or in fractions
      containing cells with high-avidity receptors for IgG. In contrast, CBL fractions
      consisting of about 100% lymphocytes bearing T-cell markers and depleted of Fc
      gamma R+ cells were strongly cytotoxic in VDCC when T24 cells (human bladder
      carcinoma) were the targets. With two other target cell types of similar
      susceptibility to VDCC, the cytotoxic activity of T-cell-containing fractions was
      less pronounced, indicating that the target cells play an active role in effector
      cell selection. The surface marker profiles of the VDCC effector cells were the
      same for CBL and adult PBL. Incubation of CBL with UV-inactivated virions usually
      gave no significant stimulation of DNA synthesis above that seen in virus-free
      controls. Taken together, our results suggest that neither specific recognition
      of viral antigen by T cells nor mitogenic effects of viral material are involved
      in VDCC generation.

PMID- 4001867
TI  - Retention of immune complexes by Fc receptors on mouse follicular dendritic
      cells.
AB  - Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are located inside lymph follicles and are
      mainly characterized by their capacity to retain antigens. We investigated this
      aspect in mice lymph nodes by using bovine serum albumin (BSA) labelled with 5-nm
      colloidal gold particles and homologous anti-BSA antibodies bound to 20-nm gold
      particles. Gold-labelled BSA injected alone in non-immunized mice was only rarely
      found in FDC cytoplasmic interdigitations. Injected in the form of immune
      complexes, it was retained by FDC. Antigen-free anti-BSA antibodies injected
      under similar conditions as immune complexes were always found in draining lymph
      nodes in the same locations as BSA-anti-BSA immune complexes. F(ab')2 from mouse
      immunoglobulins linked to colloidal gold particles were very rarely found between
      the FDC extensions, whereas it was intensely phagocytosed by macrophages. Our
      study permitted precise ultrastructural localization between FDC cytoplasmic
      extensions or inside macrophages and other cells of the lymph nodes, but it also
      pointed out that homologous antibodies linked to colloidal gold particles might
      be retained by FDC in the absence of antigens. These observations, carried out
      with colloidal gold, were checked by using 125I-labelled anti-BSA antibodies.
      Complement activation determinations of gold-labelled antibodies or immune
      complexes showed that antibodies or immune complexes fixed on colloidal gold
      particles do not activate the complement. This observation enabled us to conclude
      that Fc receptors play a significant part in the retention of gold-labelled
      antibodies or immune complexes by FDC of lymph nodes.

PMID- 4001868
TI  - International Workshop on Dendritic and Langerhans Cells in Immunoregulation.

PMID- 4001869
TI  - The involvement of dendritic cells in chronic inflammatory disease.

PMID- 4001870
TI  - Some new ultrastructural aspects on human epidermis and its Langerhans cells.

PMID- 4001871
TI  - The ultrastructure of initial changes in hapten-exposed rat oral mucosa.
AB  - The experimentally induced cell-mediated immune reaction has been examined
      ultrastructurally in rat oral mucosa, using DNCB/DNFB as haptens. In skin
      presensitized animals, an increased number of mononuclear cells was found in the
      epithelium at a very early phase (15-60 min) after hapten exposure. In
      nonsensitized animals, an increased number of cells was evident in hapten-exposed
      tissue also very early in the reaction. Mononuclear cells appeared in the
      connective tissue but very few in the epithelium. Interaction between mononuclear
      cells and Langerhans cells could be demonstrated in both experimental groups.

PMID- 4001872
TI  - The effect of grenz rays on the expression of allergic contact dermatitis in man.
AB  - To investigate the effect of grenz rays on the expression of allergic contact
      dermatitis, six patients hypersensitive to nickel were studied. They were given 3
      Gy of grenz rays, once a week for 3 weeks, to a defined area of the back. Twenty
      four hours after the last treatment serial dilution nickel patch tests were
      applied on the grenz-ray-treated area and on untreated control skin. There was an
      almost total suppression of the allergic contact dermatitis at the site of grenz
      ray treatment. Biopsy specimens were taken from nickel-challenged and
      unchallenged skin, both from the grenz-ray-treated area and from the control
      area. Different cell populations in epidermis and dermis were identified by
      monoclonal antibodies (Leu 2, 3, 4, 7, Leu M1, B1, OKT6). In the grenz-ray
      treated epidermis there was a pronounced reduction of OKT6-positive cells,
      regarded as Langerhans cells. No other differences were observed between control
      and grenz-ray-treated skin. Our results suggest that Langerhans cells might be
      required also for the effector phase of the allergic contact dermatitis.

PMID- 4001874
TI  - Correlation of inflammatory RA disease activity with laboratory parameters.
AB  - Fifty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined at 6-month intervals
      during a 2-3-year investigation period. Correlations of an inflammatory activity
      index calculated from nine criteria with several laboratory parameters were
      computed. ESR correlated most closely, followed by the IgM concentration of
      circulating immune complexes, hemoglobin, C3A, and fibrinogen.

PMID- 4001873
TI  - Biology of human epidermal Langerhans cells: cell cycle studies.
AB  - Langerhans cells (LC) are considered to play an important role in the initiation
      of the immune response in the skin. This study was performed to analyse the
      kinetics of LC in normal human epidermis. Using flow cytometry (FCM), we have
      applied three methods to estimate LC DNA distribution: FCM DNA measurement in LC
      enriched suspensions (70-90% purity), FCM-correlated analysis of DNA and OKT6
      positive cells in original epidermal cell suspensions, and staining of LC
      enriched suspensions by the Feulgen technique on microscopic slides and counter
      labelling of contaminating keratinocytes with anti-keratin antiserum to eliminate
      them from the LC DNA estimation. All three methods clearly showed that human LC
      are a cycling cell population, and it was suggested that LC may represent a
      stable, self-reproducing cell population in normal epidermis.

PMID- 4001875
TI  - Acquired resistance against gold(III)-chloride in cultured human cells.
AB  - Acquired resistance against gold(III)-chloride was developed in cultures of human
      epithelial cells derived from normal skin, by growing them with stepwise
      increased concentrations of the compound in the medium. Resistance to 350 mumol
      gold-chloride/l, about twice the commonly tolerated concentration and an
      otherwise lethal concentration to the cells, was attained after an adaptation
      period of 2-3 months. These cells had preserved their normal appearance except
      from small inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. The effect of 350 mumol gold
      chloride/l culture medium on cell growth of the sensitive (HE) and resistant
      (HEAu350) cell strain, was tested over a period of 9 days. On day 9, 2% of the HE
      cells and 80% of the HEAu350 cells remained adherent to the flasks compared with
      their nontreated control cells. The doubling time of the HE cells grown without
      gold was 24 h, that of the HEAu350 cells grown continuously on 350 mumol/l was 36
      h. The HE cells died on prolonged exposure to this concentration. Measurement of
      the cellular content of Au, Cu and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
      revealed that the HEAu350 cells contained 1.8 times as much cellular and
      cytosolic Au per mg cell protein as the HE cells. Sixty per cent of the cytosolic
      gold in the HEAu350 cells was bound to high molecular weight proteins; no
      metallothionein was detected. Both strains contained minor amounts of zinc and
      copper compared with gold. The HEAu350 cells contained twice as much cellular
      Cu/mg cell protein as the HE cells, whereas the zinc content remained unchanged.
      The mechanism of acquired resistance against gold-chloride in these cells remains
      unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4001876
TI  - Effects of sodium diclofenac on glycosaminoglycan metabolism in experimental
      osteoarthritis in rabbits.
AB  - The effect of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans
      (GAG) was studied in rabbits during the development of osteoarthritis of the knee
      induced by immobilization. Contents of hexosamines, uronic acid and sulphate
      derived 35S-radioactivity in separated GAGs were determined. DS was given to 6
      immobilized rabbits for 17 days at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg through a stomach tube.
      The controls consisted of 8 immobilized rabbits without medication and of 21 non
      immobilized rabbits, 6 of which received DS for 17 days. DS did not inhibit in
      vivo metabolism of sulphated GAGs, according to measurements of [35S]-sulphate
      incorporation. Healthy rabbits given DS showed only marginal changes of GAG
      content in joint tissues. DS did not prevent the loss of GAG from the weight
      bearing cartilages of the immobilized knees, but caused a further loss of
      chondroitin sulphates accompanied by an increased amount of hyaluronic acid in
      the tissues. DS prevented accumulation of the GAGs, which normally occurs during
      development of osteoarthritis in tissues of the tibial margin and in collateral
      ligaments. The findings indicate that the effect of DS on the GAG metabolism in
      connective tissues is somewhat different from that with other non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory agents.

PMID- 4001877
TI  - Prevalence and mortality rates of systemic lupus erythematosus and causes of
      death in SLE patients in Finland.
AB  - Nationwide prevalence and mortality rates in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
      were estimated using a computer file of all hospital discharge records and cause
      of death statistics from 1972 to 1978. Age-specific and sex-specific prevalence
      rates obtained from 1976 to 1978 and mortality rates from 1972 to 1978. In
      December 1978 the prevalence of SLE was 28:100 000. The overall mortality rate
      was 4.7 per million person-years in 1972-78. Active lupus nephritis, vascular
      events and infections were the most frequent causes of death in SLE patients.

PMID- 4001878
TI  - Hypokalemic paralysis in Sjogren's syndrome secondary to renal tubular acidosis.
AB  - A 62-year-old woman with Sjogren's syndrome, distal renal tubular acidosis and
      hypokalemic muscle paralysis is described. The sicca syndrome was nearly
      subclinical and went unrecognized for several years. The main and first
      manifestation to be expressed was that of hypokalemic muscle paralysis secondary
      to renal tubular acidosis. In the last decade several reports have appeared
      indicating that renal tubular acidosis is associated with Sjogren's syndrome. The
      data in this report support the view that adult onset distal renal tubular
      acidosis is often a disorder of an autoimmune disease, frequently that of
      Sjogren's syndrome. The complications to renal tubular acidosis such as
      hypokalemic muscle paralysis or chronic muscle weakness, nephrolithiasis, and
      osteomalacia can be avoided if the diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis is made
      and corrective alkali therapy is maintained.

PMID- 4001879
TI  - Serous synovitis of the sternoclavicular joint. Differential diagnostic aspects.
AB  - Ten patients with unilateral spontaneous swelling of the sternoclavicular joint
      are presented. Plain radiographic examination of the joints revealed no
      abnormalities. Technetium scintigraphy was positive. After surgical biopsy the
      swelling and the symptoms disappeared. Patho-anatomical examination of synovialis
      from these joints revealed serous synovitis as the only pathological finding.
      Seven other patients with clinical symptoms undistinguishable from the above
      mentioned and with normal plain radiographic findings showed, patho-anatomically:
      osteomyelitis (2 cases), ganglion (2 cases), osteoarthritis (1 case), Friedrich's
      disease (1 case) and a carcinoma metastasis (1 case). In view of the differential
      diagnostic aspects it was concluded that diagnosis of spontaneous swelling of the
      sternoclavicular joint after inconclusive serological, radiographical and
      scintigraphical examination, always should be established on the basis of
      surgical biopsy and patho-anatomical evaluation.

PMID- 4001880
TI  - Lysozyme concentrations in synovial fluid, pleural fluid and thoracic duct lymph
      in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Lysozyme (LZM) concentrations in synovial fluid were determined in patients with
      seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in patients whose
      arthritic exudates had been caused by Reiter's disease, a Yersinia enterocolitica
      infection, osteoarthritis, or trauma. Patients with rheumatoid disease had
      significantly higher levels of lysozyme in synovial fluid than patients with non
      rheumatic diseases. The concentration of lysozyme correlated with the number of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes in synovial fluid in seronegative--but not in
      seropositive--rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with rheumatic arthritis the
      lysozyme level correlated inversely with the concentration of glucose in synovial
      fluid. In patients with rheumatoid pleural effusion, lysozyme levels in pleural
      fluid were comparable to those in serum. The concentration of LZM in thoracic
      duct lymph was roughly the same as in serum. During drainage of thoracic duct
      lymph, the lysozyme level in serum decreased.

PMID- 4001882
TI  - Precipitable immune complexes in serum and synovial fluid of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4001881
TI  - Multifocal recurrent periostitis responsive to colchicine.
AB  - A brother and sister with multifocal recurrent periostitis are presented. Their
      disease started at an early age and manifested itself as an episodic migrating
      arthropathy. At roentgenography, reversible solid periosteal reactions were
      visible along large tubular bones. Scintigraphic and histological investigations
      revealed a sterile osteitis and thickened periosteum, but there was no indication
      of a viral infection. The girl experienced spontaneous amelioration after
      puberty; the boy improved markedly on colchicine.

PMID- 4001883
TI  - Sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) in the synovial fluid and serum of patients
      with inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint disease.

PMID- 4001884
TI  - Penicillamine-induced polymyositis.

PMID- 4001885
TI  - Serum uric acid levels in psoriatic arthritis.

PMID- 4001886
TI  - Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly as regards drug use.
AB  - 239 persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), previously investigated in an
      epidemiological survey of RA in Stockholm, were monitored for 13 years with the
      aim of eliciting the cause(s) of the high mortality among persons with RA. All
      hospitalizations were identified through the in-patient register of Stockholm
      County. A study based on medical record information was performed on a group of
      157 persons who had been hospitalized during the follow-up. Dead and surviving
      persons were compared with regard to characteristics at the start of the follow
      up, drug use, and diseases other than RA during the follow-up. Male sex and high
      Steinbrocker functional grading were the factors most closely associated with an
      increased death risk. Neither drug use generally, nor use of any particular type
      of drug, contributory cause, the disease RA in itself--and particularly its
      severe forms--is the main cause of the high mortality among RA sufferers.

PMID- 4001887
TI  - Lewis blood type frequency in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. A
      prospective study including analyses for A1A2BO, Secretor, MNSs, P, Duffy, Kell,
      Lutheran and rhesus blood groups.
AB  - Seventy-five patients in two randomly selected groups (N = 40 plus 35) with
      primary Sjogren's syndrome were tested for Lewis, A1A2BO, secretor, MNSs, P,
      Duffy, Kell, Lutheran and rhesus blood group antigens. The results were compared
      with the frequencies in a control group and in the general population. The Lewis
      blood group frequency differed (p less than 0.05) from that of the general
      population, due mainly to an increased Le(a-b-) frequency. Similar immuno
      haematological findings have not been reported earlier in patients with
      rheumatological diseases. If confirmed by other centres, the results may be of
      importance for our understanding of the immunological mechanisms of chronic
      inflammatory connective tissue diseases.

PMID- 4001888
TI  - Spontaneous fracture of atlas of cervical spine affected by rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A case of spontaneous fracture of the atlas in a 67-year-old woman who had
      suffered from rheumatoid arthritis for more than 20 years is described. This
      fracture is unique and can present diagnostic problems. Lying in the coronar
      plane makes the atlas difficult to visualize radiographically. Computer-guided
      tomography is a helpful diagnostic technique. The brittleness of the cervical
      spine in long-term rheumatoid patients should also be kept in mind when
      performing endotracheal intubation.

PMID- 4001889
TI  - Hydroxychloroquine treatment and the eye.
AB  - The eyes of 63 patients, age range 28 to 79 years, affected by rheumatoid
      arthritis and undergoing long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment were followed
      from 3 to 95 months. The daily dose of hydroxychloroquine was 300 mg, and after 5
      months there was a pause of one month in the treatment. The total amount of
      hydroxychloroquine received ranged between 27 and 630 g. In the eye examination
      only one patient had corneal changes, and another patient had suspected retinal
      damage. This is in agreement with earlier studies. Hydroxychloroquine seems to be
      a safe alternative among the antimalarial drugs as far as eyes are concerned.

PMID- 4001890
TI  - Lack of corneal chrysiasis in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing oral gold
      therapy.
AB  - Corneal chrysiasis is a common consequence of parenteral chrysotherapy in
      patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Concerning the factors and conditions
      that could be determinant for the gold accumulation in the cornea, there are
      contradictory opinions. Total or weekly gold dose and its accumulation quota, and
      the frequency of drug administration, seemed to be parameters to which corneal
      chrysiasis could be related. Since all these parameters are completely different
      during oral gold therapy, previous investigations on corneal chrysiasis are
      inapplicable to patients undergoing oral treatment. This study, performed on
      rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with auranofin, orally administered for 8
      34 months, did not reveal any appreciable corneal deposits of gold.

PMID- 4001891
TI  - Sequential studies of complement activation in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - C1 and C3 activation, measured as C1r-C1s-C1 inactivator C1s-C1r-C1IA complexes
      in serum and circulating C3d were studied in serial samples from 33 patients with
      SLE. All patients demonstrated exacerbations during observation periods of 10-30
      months and were divided into groups according to principal clincal features (mild
      SLE, severe extra-renal SLE, and lupus glomerulonephritis). Increased C1
      activation was consistently found during exacerbation. C3d in plasma was a
      feature associated with severe disease flares. Activation of C1, but not of C3,
      was documented before flare-ups of disease activity, but such predictive
      information was mostly restricted to patients with extra-renal disease. C2
      cleavage in plasma, studied serially in a few patients, appeared to be closely
      associated with C1 activation. Circulating immune complexes, measured with solid
      phase C1q assay, did not always increase before development of clinical
      manifestations. Remission of symptoms was paralleled by decreasing concentrations
      of C1r-C1s-C1IA and of, when present, C3d. Similar findings were made for immune
      complexes but only in severe disease. Persisting C3d was observed in 3 patients,
      who subsequently developed renal failure. C1q levels were transiently low during
      flare-ups of lupus glomerulonephritis, but otherwise the concentrations of C1q,
      C4 and C3 did not show consistent patterns of variation in relation to disease
      activity.

PMID- 4001892
TI  - The osteo-inductive properties of bone matrix from rats pretreated with
      indomethacin.
AB  - Decalcified bone matrix pieces were prepared from growing rats treated for 3
      weeks with subcutaneous injections of indomethacin 2 mg/kg/day or saline, and
      implanted into growing rats. Of the 16 recipients with 'saline implants', 8
      received saline and another 8 indomethacin 2 mg/kg/day in subcutaneous
      injections. In another 16 recipients with 'indomethacin implants', 8 received
      saline and 8 indomethacin. As in previous studies, it was found that indomethacin
      exerted a mild inhibition of new bone formation expressed as decreased amount of
      ash weight in implants. The amount of ash weight and 45Ca specific activity of
      implants in recipients with implants from indomethacin-treated donor animals was
      not altered. These findings indicate that indomethacin is unable to modify the
      osteo-inductive properties of bone matrix.

PMID- 4001893
TI  - Low selenium level in severe rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Serum selenium concentrations were measured in 87 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis. The serum selenium levels of the whole group of patients was
      significantly reduced (70.2 +/- 13.3 micrograms/l, p less than 0.001) when
      compared with the reference material (79.8 +/- 10.6 micrograms/l). However, the
      reduction was not equally pronounced in three groups of patients representing
      different courses of the disease. One group with an active, disabling disease of
      long duration had a very reduced serum selenium level (63.7 +/- 14.1
      micrograms/l, p less than 0.001). Another group, with a protracted but mild
      disease had a slightly reduced level (74.1 +/- 10.8 micrograms/l, p less than
      0.01), and a group with mild disease of short duration had a slightly but not
      significantly reduced selenium level (75.9 +/- 10.8 micrograms/l, p less than
      0.1). Significant correlation was found between serum selenium and the number of
      joints with limitation of motion, number of joints with active arthritis,
      haemoglobin concentration and IgG concentration. No correlation was found between
      serum selenium and disease duration, morning stiffness, ESR, C-reactive protein,
      rheumatoid factor titre, serum albumin, IgM and IgA. Selenium is part of the
      enzyme glutathione peroxidase that catabolizes peroxides which are suggested to
      be actively involved in inflammation. A low selenium level may thus be a further
      factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4001894
TI  - Comparison of perceptual dimensions uncovered from infant-cry signals using the
      method of pair-comparisons and the semantic differential.

PMID- 4001895
TI  - Identification with another person: manipulated by means of subliminal
      stimulation.

PMID- 4001896
TI  - Early rehabilitation following osteosynthesis with the sliding hip screw for
      trochanteric fractures.
AB  - A prospective study of 104 patients with throchanteric hip fractures was
      undertaken with particular regard to postoperative complications and
      rehabilitation at the follow-up 3 months later. The mortality was 20%, depended
      more on the social function prior to the fracture than on the patient's age.
      Osteosynthesis was performed with the Richards sliding screw-plate system. The
      most frequent clinical complications were of a cardiovascular and pulmonary
      nature. Technical failure was encountered in 10%. Hip function was excellent or
      good in 69%. In 40% the ability to walk remained unchanged after the operation.
      Seventy-five per cent of the patients returned to their own homes, although 51%
      were more dependent on the social welfare system than before the fracture. The
      social function prior to the fracture determined the social function after the
      fracture to a greater extent than did the patient's age.

PMID- 4001897
TI  - Symptoms and clinical findings in patients with silicosis.
AB  - Respiratory symptoms, radiographic findings, and lung function were analyzed in
      144 Finnish patients with silicosis. The prevalence of persistent phlegm
      production in these patients was 46% and that of dyspnea 87%. Impairment of the
      vital capacity (VC) and the diffusion capacity (DLCO) (less than 80% of predicted
      values) were found in 46 and 47% of the patients with simple silicosis,
      respectively. The mean DLCO was lower in patients with advanced simple silicosis
      (category 3) than in those with slight simple silicosis (categories 1 and 2). In
      category 3 the DLCO was impaired in 9 out of 12 patients, the impairment being
      below 65% of the predicted values in six of the nine. All patients with large
      opacities showed impairment in their lung function tests. Twenty-eight of the
      silicosis patients had referents matched for exposure to silica dust, age, and
      gender. The referents had no radiographic signs of silicosis. The patients
      experienced dyspnea more often than their referents, whereas no difference was
      found in the prevalence of persistent phlegm production. The mean values of VC,
      forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and DLCO were lower in the patients
      than in the referents. The results indicate a high prevalence of dyspnea,
      restrictive impairment of lung function, and impaired diffusion capacity in the
      patients with simple or complicated (ie, large radiographic opacities) silicosis.
      The DLCO proved to be a rather sensitive lung function parameter for advanced
      simple silicosis.

PMID- 4001898
TI  - Analysis of asbestos fibers and asbestos bodies in tissue samples from human
      lung. An international interlaboratory trial.
AB  - In order to compare methods of counting asbestos fibers in lung tissue, seven
      laboratories participated in an interlaboratory trial in which tissue samples
      from five human lungs were analyzed. In some laboratories, fiber concentrations
      were assessed with the light microscope and, in others, with either scanning or
      transmission electron microscopes. Within each laboratory the ranking of the
      results was similar, but there were marked differences in the absolute values
      obtained by the different laboratories. It is concluded that the laboratories
      participating in this trial appear to produce internally consistent results, but
      there is difficulty in directly comparing results from one laboratory to the
      next.

PMID- 4001899
TI  - Occurrence of airborne silicon carbide fibers during industrial production of
      silicon carbide.
AB  - Airborne dust from the production of silicon carbide has been analyzed for
      particle morphology and composition. Fibers of alpha silicon carbide were
      identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive
      X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected
      area electron diffraction techniques (SAED). Micrographs taken at high
      magnification revealed several stacking periods along the fiber axis, and one or
      more of the polytypes 2H, 4H, or 6H could be distinguished. Preliminary
      investigations applying SEM showed that 80% of the fibers had diameters of less
      than 0.5 micron and a length greater than 5 micron. Fiber concentrations were
      examined by the counting of stationary and personal samples in an optical phase
      contrast microscope. The fiber levels in the three plants investigated were low
      and less than 1 fiber/cc of air (10(6) fibers/m3). Dust samples from the handling
      of raw material, including recycled material, contained up to 5 fibers/cc (5 X
      10(6) fibers/m3).

PMID- 4001900
TI  - Man-made mineral fiber size fractions and their interrelation.
AB  - The fiber fractions RFOM (respirable fibers, determined by optical microscopy),
      SF (Stanton fibers), PF (Pott fibers), and FLOM (total length of optically
      visible, respirable fibers) and their ratios have been (i) determined
      experimentally in fiber sizes obtained by scanning electron microscopy of air
      samples of man-made mineral fibers and (ii) calculated theoretically for a range
      of fiber size distributions, assumed to be bivariate log-normal. For realistic
      values of fiber size parameters, RFOM and even FLOM are good predictors of
      Stanton and Pott fibers, the better the more-detailed the size information
      available is. The results point towards a possibility of estimating past exposure
      to Stanton or Pott fiber fractions of airborne man-made mineral fibers, even
      though only RFOM were determined.

PMID- 4001901
TI  - Assessing the possible extent of confounding in occupational case-referent
      studies.
AB  - Case-referent studies nested within occupational cohort studies are efficient
      designs for estimating relative risks associated with exposures and for obtaining
      data on nonoccupational confounding factors. Frequently, however, only incomplete
      data on confounders can be obtained from sources such as next-of-kin or co
      workers. A method for assessing the potential extent of confounding in cohort
      studies described previously by Axelson [Scand J Work Environ Health 4 (1978) 98
      102] can be adapted for use in nested case-referent studies. An example is shown
      to illustrate that the adapted Axelson method is preferable to the usual
      confounder adjustment techniques when data on the confounder are incomplete.

PMID- 4001902
TI  - Cancer risk of arc welders exposed to fumes containing chromium and nickel.
AB  - A retrospective follow-up study among chromium- and nickel-exposed welders, which
      took into consideration welding procedures, duration of exposure, and smoking
      habits, yielded an increased cancer risk in a comparison with an internal
      reference group of turners, milling cutters, and drillers, as well as in a
      comparison with the general population of the Federal Republic of Germany. Due to
      the cohort size (1 224 welders, 1 694 turners) and the fact that the observation
      period is still too short, confirmed statements as to the target cancer sites
      cannot yet be made. However, it emerges that welding with coated electrodes shows
      a higher cancer risk as compared to the other welding processes observed. This
      finding may be explained by the fact that the share of hexavalent chromium
      compounds in the welding fumes is greater with coated electrodes than with other
      processes so that a follow-up study observing the health risks of chromium and
      nickel fumes separately would be warranted. For the confirmation of a more
      favorable outcome with gas-shielded welding, a larger investigation group or a
      longer observation period would be required.

PMID- 4001903
TI  - Urolithiasis in railroad shopmen in relation to oxalic acid exposure at work.
AB  - It is well known that the urinary excretion of oxalic acid is one of the main
      determinants for urinary stone formation. From 1950 to 1978 a saturated oxalic
      acid solution was used in a repainting and cleaning process for railroad cars in
      Norwegian railroad workshops. With the use of a questionnaire, the cumulative
      prevalence of urolithiasis-induced colic episodes was registered in the Sundland
      railroad depot. Forty-two (11.9%) out of 353 male workers not exposed to oxalic
      acid reported having had one or more such stone colic episodes. The corresponding
      figure for 15 individuals who had a very high exposure to oxalic acid was 8
      (53.3%). Also workers in other departments, occasionally exposed to oxalic acid,
      had an increased stone colic prevalence rate, a finding suggesting a positive
      dose-response relationship. There was an increased frequency of stone colic
      episodes in the age group 40-69 years. Seven heavily exposed workers in the paint
      shop reported initial pollakiuria and slight dysuria during the exposure. The
      study indicates a causal relation between urinary stone formation in the
      investigated railroad shopmen and their exposure to oxalic acid at work.

PMID- 4001904
TI  - [Is the use of adriamycin (doxorubicin) limited by its cardiotoxicity?].
AB  - Adriamycin (doxorubicin), one of the most active cytotoxic antineoplastic agents,
      can cause heart failure. This side effect is dose-dependent, the frequency of
      heart failure being 3% at a cumulative Adriamycin dose of 400 mg/m2 and 18% at
      700 mg/m2. It is assumed that Adriamycin, or other anthracycline derivatives, are
      still active when the cardiotoxic level is reached. In this retrospective study
      of 171 patients with various metastatic malignant tumors, the total dose of
      Adriamycin given to the patients and the reasons for withholding the treatment
      have been analyzed. Overall, among the 171 patients treated by Adriamycin
      containing combination chemotherapy, 54 objective remissions (31%) were observed.
      Remissions were more frequent in untreated patients (52%) than in previously
      treated patients (20%). In 36 of 54 patients the disease progressed before the
      cumulative cardiotoxic level was reached. Adriamycin could be discontinued in
      only 18 patients still in remission. 8 of 171 patients received more than 450
      mg/m2 Adriamycin without cardiotoxic side effects being observed. Among the 171
      patients, cardiotoxicity probably related to anthracyclines developed in 5 cases
      (3%), in all cases at a level below 450 mg/m2. These results suggest that in most
      cases Adriamycin becomes inactive before the dose-limiting cumulative cardiotoxic
      level is reached.

PMID- 4001905
TI  - [Small airway disease: facts or fiction?].
AB  - The term "small airways" has come to mean airways of less than 2 mm internal
      diameter, i.e. small bronchi and especially bronchioles. Since disturbed function
      and inflammation of the small airways is present in most airway and lung diseases
      and is regarded as an early stage of chronic airflow obstruction, the term "small
      airways disease" was coined. The newly created clinical entity and the hypothesis
      were criticized from the beginning, and this scepticism is strongly supported by
      new concerning the accuracy or validity of tests of small airways function on the
      one hand, and functional, morphological and prospective epidemiological
      investigations on the other. The use of the term "small airways disease" is
      doubtful when accompanying a well-defined pulmonary disease, and is inferior to
      the precise term "bronchiolitis" when present as an isolated disease of the
      bronchioles. Ultimately, it is still unproven that inflammation of "small
      airways" at an early stage leads to chronic airflow obstruction, i.e. emphysema.

PMID- 4001906
TI  - [Determination of bronchial reactivity in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma].
AB  - Bronchial hyperreactivity is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis
      of asthma. Airway reactivity can be reproducibly quantitated by bronchial
      provocation procedures. Various physical or chemical stimuli may be applied, and
      inhalational challenge with methacholine is becoming a routine test in pulmonary
      function laboratories. The indications for, and clinical value of, measurement of
      bronchial reactivity are described, and possible mechanisms of hyperreactivity
      are discussed.

PMID- 4001907
TI  - [Bronchial reactions to carbachol inhalation in patients with a suspected
      diagnosis of cough due to asthma].
AB  - In 50 patients with persistent cough suspected to be of asthmatic origin and in
      16 healthy subjects, the bronchoconstrictor response to carbachol inhalation was
      determined by the method of Orehek. Data analysis yielded the following results:
      on average, the bronchial reactivity of patients was significantly higher than
      that of normal subjects (p less than 0.005), in healthy subjects, the spectrum of
      airway responsiveness showed a log-normal distribution, the patients' bronchial
      reactivities also showed a log-normal distribution, but with larger variance than
      in healthy subjects, both distributions overlapped to a considerable extent.
      These distribution patterns, and the difficulties in estimating the probability
      of errors, call for a cautious interpretation of the results of provocation
      testing in patients with chronic cough. Increased airway reactivity is an
      additional sign, rather than proof, of the asthmatic origin of chronic cough.

PMID- 4001908
TI  - [Effect of beta-methyldigoxin on the embryonal and fetal chicken heart].

PMID- 4001909
TI  - [Bronchial asthma, eosinophilia and lung infiltrates (Churg-Strauss syndrome)].
AB  - In a patient suffering from bronchial asthma of several years' standing, recently
      worsening physical condition, marked eosinophilia and pulmonary infiltrates, the
      clinical diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) was confirmed histologically.
      The patient improved impressively after the initiation of immunosuppressive
      therapy, in contrast to the often lethal course of this disease. Therefore, the
      possibility of CSS should be considered in every case of bronchial asthma with
      progressive worsening of the physical condition or in presence of leukocytosis
      with significant eosinophilia.

PMID- 4001910
TI  - [The significance of ST elevation in the exercise ECG].
AB  - In contrast to ST-segment depression during exercise, the mechanism for ST
      segment elevation - a more unusual finding - is controversial and poorly
      understood. Exercise induced ST-segment elevation of 2 mm and more was observed
      in 80 of 3000 consecutive patients (2.6%) undergoing bicycle exercise testing
      using 6 of 12 ECG leads. This abnormality was detected in 70 of 777 patients (9%)
      with documented previous myocardial infarction and in 10 of 2223 (0.5%) patients
      without a history of myocardial necrosis and with normal resting ECG. The
      substantial differences in exercise induced ST-segment elevation between these
      two groups are: patients with previous myocardial infarction and angiographically
      documented left ventricular aneurysm revealed progressive asymptomatic ST-segment
      elevation on an average of 3.4 +/- 1.2 mm persisting for a long time (greater
      than 3 minutes) during the recovery period. The extent of ST-segment elevation
      appears to correlate with LV EF and LV volume. These patients should be treated
      medically (as in 73% of our patients), and cardiac catheterization is indicated
      only in the presence of severe angina, congestive LV failure and arrhythmias.
      Patients with normal ECG at rest showed ST-elevation at maximal exercise. ST
      segment elevation was associated with chest pain, which was more pronounced and
      shorter in duration than in the other group (9.1 +/- 2.8 mm, less than 30 sec).
      ST-elevation was abrupt and not preceded by ST-segment depression. 8 of 10
      patients with anterior ST-segment elevation had a left anterior descending artery
      (LAD) lesion. Therefore, exercise testing in this group predicts significant
      proximal LAD obstruction accessible for PTCA.

PMID- 4001911
TI  - [Spontaneous pneumothorax and respiratory failure].

PMID- 4001912
TI  - [Cardiorespiratory and metabolic variations during long-term (2 h.) submaximal
      exercise (p = 40% of P max.) under hypothermal conditions (zero C)].

PMID- 4001913
TI  - [What does stretching bring about? Results of a follow-up of ski racers].

PMID- 4001914
TI  - [Acute physical training withdrawal syndrome].

PMID- 4001915
TI  - Infant mortality in the U.S.

PMID- 4001916
TI  - The chemosensory recognition of genetic individuality.

PMID- 4001917
TI  - Establishment of an epithelial cell line originating from leg skin of a patient
      with palatine carcinoma.
AB  - An epithelial cell line was established from the leg skin of a patient with
      palatine carcinoma. On the basis of the studies of biological characteristics,
      such as rapid cell growth, neoplastic morphology, a large group B marker
      chromosome, the ability of the transplanted cells to produce tumor nodes in
      Wistar newborn rat, the cell possessing the structure of low differentiated
      squamous carcinoma and skin-like tissue, etc., we conclude that the PcaSE-1 cell
      line is an abnormal epithelium cell line.

PMID- 4001918
TI  - Kidney and liver levels of some major, minor and trace elements in two Ontario
      communities.
AB  - The contents of Ag, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na,
      Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sr, Th, Ti and Zn in 143 autopsied liver and kidney specimens from
      two Ontario communities (Kingston and Ottawa) were determined using the
      techniques of inductively-coupled plasma--atomic emission spectrometry, and
      electrothermal atomization--atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with hydride
      evolution (As, Se), reduction--aeration (Hg), or solvent extraction (Pb). The
      majority of samples came from individuals older than 50 y. In general, the data
      for the various elements were independent of age or sex but showed some
      dependence on location for elements such as Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se and Zn.
      Despite these differences the elemental values of the liver and kidney samples
      from both the communities were within the normal range.

PMID- 4001919
TI  - Iron, zinc, copper, manganese and magnesium in malignant lymphomas.
AB  - Lymph node and spleen tissues involved in malignant lymphomas were analysed for
      iron, manganese, copper, zinc and magnesium by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. The levels of iron are found to be significantly lower in the
      case of Hodgkin's lymphoma compared with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and normal lymph
      nodes. However, they are elevated in Hodgkin's lymphoma when compared with the
      normal value for spleen tissues. Magnesium is significantly higher in lymph nodes
      of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma compared with Hodgkin's lymphoma and normal values, but
      is not altered significantly in spleen tissues. The distribution of the other
      elements examined is not altered significantly in malignant lymphomas. The
      importance of the in situ levels of these elements to NMR imaging is discussed.

PMID- 4001920
TI  - Air pollution, climate, socioeconomic status and total mortality in the United
      States.
AB  - This study examines the relative effects of air pollution, climate, and
      socioeconomic status (SES) on total mortality rate for 49 cities in the United
      States during the period 1968-1970 by using the multivariate regression model.
      Socioeconomic variables explain a greater percentage of the variation in the
      total mortality than do air pollution and climate variables. The results showed
      that excess mortality was associated with concentrations of benzene-soluble
      organic matter (BSO) and, to a lesser extent, total suspended particulates (TSP).
      It seemed likely that TSP and BSO were acting as a substitute for one another,
      without causal relationship. These findings have provided some limited
      conclusions; and more refined research is proposed.

PMID- 4001921
TI  - Pre-operational environmental survey at the uranium mine and mill site, Pocos de
      Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
AB  - The first Brazilian uranium mine and mill are located on the Pocos de Caldas
      plateau, in the Central State of Minas Gerais. The pre-operational environmental
      survey was carried out over a period of two years by the Brazilian Nuclear Energy
      Commission (CNEN), through the Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria (IRD). The
      selection of the materials to be monitored, the sampling points and the
      radionuclides to be analysed were based on critical parameters taking into
      account the meteorological and hydrological characteristics of the site as well
      as land use. The results obtained are sufficient to characterize the
      environmental background of the area, and will allow an assessment of the
      environmental impact due to the operation of the facility and an evaluation of
      the adequacy of the effluent emission control measures. In relation to their
      contribution to the population dose, the results indicated that 226Ra and 210Pb
      will be the important radionuclides.

PMID- 4001922
TI  - The use of historical data for estimating the number of samples required for
      monitoring drinking water.
AB  - Statistical techniques are described for estimating the number of samples
      required to monitor the quality of drinking water when the dispersion of bacteria
      in the water can be modeled by the Poisson or the negative binomial
      distributions. The concept of the operating characteristic (OC) curve of the
      water distribution system is presented and is used to evaluate the risk of
      declaring that the bacteriological water quality regulation is met when only a
      small portion of the water is analyzed. Assuming that the regulation requires
      that the monthly mean bacterial counts for samples of standard volume are to be
      less than one per ml, the OC curves are compared for different sample sizes and
      for different values of the parameters of the negative binomial. The results
      indicate that the correct specification of the model is very important in
      evaluating the risk of sampling (i.e. making the wrong decision). Total bacterial
      counts based on 1-ml samples, from the cities of Nancy and Metz in France,
      support the use of the negative binomial as a model for the dispersion of
      bacteria in drinking water. In the few cases where the negative binomial did not
      fit the data, the lack of fit can be attributed to the greater occurrence of the
      frequency of finding only one bacterium in the sample than that expected for the
      negative binomial. The OC curve indicated that the present monitoring strategy
      for the city of Nancy is adequate for monitoring the water quality if (i) the
      regulation requires that the monthly mean of total bacterial counts should not
      exceed one bacterium per ml, and (ii) the probability of accepting that the water
      quality is meeting the regulation, when the true mean number of bacteria per ml
      is two, should not be larger than 0.05. On the other hand, the city of Metz data
      indicated that it is necessary to increase the intensity of sampling both in time
      and space in order to achieve the same level of adequacy as that of the city of
      Nancy.

PMID- 4001923
TI  - Genes-in-pieces revisited.

PMID- 4001924
TI  - HHS revises rules on animal research.

PMID- 4001925
TI  - Matrix-driven translocation of cells and nonliving particles.
AB  - Cells of metazoan organisms produce and react to complex macromolecular
      microenvironments known as extracellular matrices. Assembly in vitro of native,
      compositionally nonuniform collagen-fibronectin matrices caused translocation of
      certain types of cells or polystyrene-latex beads from regions lacking
      fibronectin into regions containing it. The translocation process was not due to
      diffusion, convection, or electrostatic distribution effects, but may depend on
      nonequilibrium phenomena at the interface of contiguous collagen matrices formed
      in the presence and absence of fibronectin or particles. Extracellular matrix
      formation alone was sufficient to drive translocation by a biophysical process
      that may play a role in cellular migration during embryogenesis, as well as in
      other types of tissue reorganization such as inflammation, wound healing, and
      tumor invasion.

PMID- 4001926
TI  - Multiple circadian oscillators regulate the timing of behavioral and endocrine
      rhythms in female golden hamsters.
AB  - A single daily "surge" in pituitary luteinizing hormone release was observed in
      ovariectomized-estrogen-treated hamsters expressing an intact circadian rhythm of
      locomotor activity. In contrast, two luteinizing hormone surges occurred within a
      single 24-hour period in hamsters whose activity rhythm had dissociated or
      "split" into two distinct components. These observations indicate that both
      behavioral and endocrine circadian rhythms are regulated by the same
      multioscillator system, which seems to be composed of at least two distinct
      circadian oscillators.

PMID- 4001927
TI  - The stability of DNA in human cerebellar neurons.
AB  - Human tissues have carbon-isotope ratios (13C/12C) that reflect dietary ratios.
      This observation has been used to determine the extent of metabolic turnover of
      DNA in cells of the adult human cerebellum (90 percent of which are neuronal). If
      adult human neuronal DNA were metabolically stable, its 13C/12C would reflect
      that in the maternal diet during fetal development as nearly all neurons are
      formed during maturation of the fetal brain and do not undergo cell division
      thereafter. The 13C/12C ratios in the food chains and body tissues of Europeans
      differ from corresponding American ratios by about 50 parts per million on the
      average. Therefore, turnover was studied by comparing 13C/12C ratios in
      cerebellar DNA of American-born Americans, European-born Americans, and European
      born Europeans. The 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA from European-born Americans
      were closer to 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA from European-born Europeans than
      from American-born Americans, indicating that there was little or no turnover of
      neuronal DNA.

PMID- 4001928
TI  - Involvement of sialic acid on endothelial cells in organ-specific lymphocyte
      recirculation.
AB  - Mouse lymphocytes incubated on cryostat-cut sections of lymphoid organs (lymph
      nodes and Peyer's patches) specifically adhere to the endothelium of high
      endothelial venules (HEV), the specialized blood vessels to which recirculating
      lymphocytes attach as they migrate from the blood into the parenchyma of the
      lymphoid organs. Treatment of sections with sialidase eliminated the binding of
      lymphocytes to peripheral lymph node HEV, had no effect on binding to Peyer's
      patch HEV, and had an intermediate effect on mesenteric lymph node HEV. These
      results suggest that sialic acid on endothelial cells may be an organ-specific
      recognition determinant for lymphocyte attachment.

PMID- 4001929
TI  - Intracellular stimulation of an identified neuron evokes cardioacceleratory
      peptide release.
AB  - The central nervous system of the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, is known to
      contain two cardioacceleratory peptides (CAP's), both of which function in vivo
      as cardioregulatory neurohormones. Intracellular electrical stimulation of a
      single abdominal ganglion neuron evokes the release of CAP-like bioactivity. This
      stimulation-evoked bioactivity is destroyed by prior treatment with protease. The
      possibility that intracellular stimulation of a CAP-containing neuron
      synaptically activated additional spiking neurons is eliminated.

PMID- 4001930
TI  - The mosaic genome of warm-blooded vertebrates.
AB  - Most of the nuclear genome of warm-blooded vertebrates is a mosaic of very long
      (much greater than 200 kilobases) DNA segments, the isochores; these isochores
      are fairly homogeneous in base composition and belong to a small number of major
      classes distinguished by differences in guanine-cytosine (GC) content. The
      families of DNA molecules derived from such classes can be separated and used to
      study the genome distribution of any sequence which can be probed. This approach
      has revealed (i) that the distribution of genes, integrated viral sequences, and
      interspersed repeats is highly nonuniform in the genome, and (ii) that the base
      composition and ratio of CpG to GpC in both coding and noncoding sequences, as
      well as codon usage, mainly depend on the GC content of the isochores harboring
      the sequences. The compositional compartmentalization of the genome of warm
      blooded vertebrates is discussed with respect to its evolutionary origin, its
      causes, and its effects on chromosome structure and function.

PMID- 4001931
TI  - Deal struck on NIH grants.

PMID- 4001932
TI  - The cytochrome P450's and their genes.

PMID- 4001933
TI  - Adherent bacterial colonization in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis.
AB  - Direct scanning electron microscopy of material obtained during surgical
      debridement of osteomyelitic bone showed that the infecting bacteria grew in
      coherent microcolonies in an adherent biofilm so extensive it often obscured the
      infected bone surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy showed this biofilm to
      have a fibrous matrix, to contain some host cells, and to contain many bacteria
      around which matrix fibers were often concentrated. Many bacterial morphotypes
      were present in these biofilms, and each bacterium was surrounded by
      exopolysaccharide polymers, which are known to mediate formation of microcolonies
      and adhesion of bacteria to surfaces in natural ecosystems and in infections
      related biomaterials. The adherent mode of growth may reduce the susceptibility
      of these organisms to host clearance mechanisms and antibiotic therapy and thus
      may be a fundamental factor in acute and chronic osteomyelitis.

PMID- 4001934
TI  - Research costs.

PMID- 4001935
TI  - Evolution in inbred strains of mice appears rapid.
AB  - Genetic variation at 97 loci in ten commonly used inbred strains of mice is
      greatly in excess of that expected under current assumptions. Evidence against
      all of the readily apparent explanations is presented and the possibility of
      early selection for heterozygosity or of conversion is suggested. The common
      ancestor of these strains is estimated to have occurred about 150 years ago.

PMID- 4001936
TI  - Fitting methylation into development.

PMID- 4001937
TI  - "Where" and "what" in vision.
AB  - The mixture of a few horizontal and vertical line segments embedded in an
      aggregate of diagonal line segments can be rapidly counted and their positions
      rapidly determined by a parallel (preattentive) process. However, the
      discrimination between horizontal and vertical orientation (that is,
      discrimination of a single conspicuous feature) requires serial search by focal
      attention. Under recent theories of attention, focal attention has been assumed
      to be required for the recognition of different combinations of features.
      According to the findings of this experiment, knowing "what" even a single
      feature is requires time-consuming search by focal attention. Only knowing
      "where" a target it is mediated by a parallel process.

PMID- 4001938
TI  - Measles virus matrix protein synthesized in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
      cell line.
AB  - Measles virus generally produces acute illness. Rarely, however, persistent
      infection of brain cells occurs, resulting in a chronic and fatal neurological
      disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Evidence indicates that
      expression of the measles virus matrix protein is selectively restricted in this
      persistent infection, but the mechanism underlying this restriction has not been
      identified. Defective translation of matrix messenger RNA has been described in
      one SSPE cell line. This report presents evidence that in a different SSPE tissue
      culture cell line IP-3-Ca, the matrix protein is synthesized but fails to
      accumulate. A general scheme is proposed to reconcile the different levels at
      which restriction of matrix protein has been observed.

PMID- 4001940
TI  - NIH budget growth.

PMID- 4001939
TI  - Detection of number or numerousness by human infants.

PMID- 4001941
TI  - Structure, dynamics, and reactivity in hemoglobin.
AB  - The static structure of hemoglobin and its functional properties are very well
      characterized. It is still not known how energy is stored and used within the
      structure of the protein to promote function and functional diversity. An
      essential part of this question is understanding the mechanism through which the
      overall protein structure (quaternary structure) couples to the local environment
      about the oxygen binding sites. Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy has
      been used to probe the vibrational degrees of the freedom of the binding site as
      a function of protein structure. Comparison of the spectra from both equilibrium
      and transient forms of deoxy hemoglobin from a variety of mammalian, reptilian,
      and fish hemoglobins reveals that for each quaternary structure there exist two
      tertiary states stabilized by the presence or absence of an iron-bound ligand.
      Pulse-probe Raman experiments show that for photodissociated, ligated hemoglobins
      the local tertiary structure relaxes at a solution-dependent rate extending from
      tens of nanoseconds to microseconds. In this local environment, the linkage
      between the iron and the proximal histidine proves to be the single observed
      structural feature that responds in a systematic and substantial manner to
      structural changes in the protein. The additional finding of a correlation
      between the frequency of the iron-proximal histidine stretching motion (nu Fe
      His) and various parameters of ligand reactivity, including geminate
      recombination, implicates the associated localized structural element in the
      mechanism of protein control of ligand binding. On the basis of these and related
      finds, a model is presented to account for both coarse and fine control of ligand
      binding by the protein structure.

PMID- 4001942
TI  - The mechanisms of irreversible enzyme inactivation at 100C.
AB  - The mechanism of irreversible thermoinactivation of an enzyme has been
      quantitatively elucidated in the pH range relevant to enzymatic catalysis. The
      processes causing irreversible inactivation of hen egg-white lysozyme at 100
      degrees C are deamidation of asparagine residues, hydrolysis of peptide bonds at
      aspartic acid residues., destruction of disulfide bonds, and formation of
      incorrect (scrambled) structures; their relative contributions depend of the pH.

PMID- 4001943
TI  - Microinjected c-myc as a competence factor.
AB  - While a number of oncogenes are expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, their
      role in the control of cell proliferation can only be established by a direct
      functional assay. The c-myc protein, upon microinjection into nuclei of quiescent
      Swiss 3T3 cells, cooperated with platelet-poor plasma in the stimulation of
      cellular DNA synthesis. This suggests that c-myc protein, like platelet-derived
      growth factor (PDGF), may act as a competence factor in the cell cycle to promote
      the progression of cells to S phase. The presence in the medium of an antibody
      against PDGF abolished DNA synthesis induced by microinjected PDGF; however, the
      microinjected c-myc protein stimulated DNA synthesis even when its own antibody
      was present in the medium. The c-myc protein may act as an intracellular
      competence factor, while PDGF expresses its biological activity only from outside
      the cells.

PMID- 4001944
TI  - Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens
      on the virion surface.
AB  - Foreign DNA fragments can be inserted into filamentous phage gene III to create a
      fusion protein with the foreign sequence in the middle. The fusion protein is
      incorporated into the virion, which retains infectivity and displays the foreign
      amino acids in immunologically accessible form. These "fusion phage" can be
      enriched more than 1000-fold over ordinary phage by affinity for antibody
      directed against the foreign sequence. Fusion phage may provide a simple way of
      cloning a gene when an antibody against the product of that gene is available.

PMID- 4001945
TI  - Defect in vitamin B12 release from lysosomes: newly described inborn error of
      vitamin B12 metabolism.
AB  - Cultured diploid fibroblasts from a patient with a previously undescribed inborn
      error of cobalamin metabolism accumulate unmetabolized, nonprotein-bound vitamin
      B12 in lysosomes. These cells are able to endocytose the transcobalamin II-B12
      complex and to release B12 from transcobalamin II. The freed vitamin B12 is not
      released from lysosomes into the cytoplasm of the cell. This suggests that there
      is a specific lysosomal transport mechanism for vitamin B12 in the human.

PMID- 4001946
TI  - Monitoring the time course of cerebral deoxyglucose metabolism by 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - The phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose by the mammalian brain is used as an index
      of the brain's energy metabolism. The results of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic
      resonance (31P NMR) monitoring of conscious animals in vivo showed rapid
      phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose by brain tissue. The rate of phosphorylation as
      determined by 31P NMR was consistent with results achieved by tracer methods
      using carbon-14-labeled 2-deoxyglucose. However, the disappearance of 2
      deoxyglucose-6-phosphate was shown to be faster than that reported by tracer
      studies and occurred without alterations of intracellular pH and energy
      homeostasis. These results were confirmed by gas chromatography and mass
      spectroscopy. It is postulated that 2-deoxyglucose may be metabolized in several
      ways, including dephosphorylation by a hexose phosphatase.

PMID- 4001947
TI  - Sonar tracking of horizontally moving targets by the big brown bat Eptesicus
      fuscus.
AB  - When following a moving target, echolocating bats (Eptesicus fuscus) keep their
      heads aimed at the target's position. This tracking behavior seems not to involve
      predicting the target's trajectory, but is achieved by the bat's pointing its
      head at the target's last known position. The bat obtains frequent position
      updates by emitting sonar signals at a high rate. After the lag between head and
      target positions and the nonunity tracking gain were corrected for, bats'
      tracking accuracy in the horizontal plane was +/- 1.6 degree.

PMID- 4001948
TI  - [Aimed diagnosis-dependent risk-free thoracic pleural drainage].

PMID- 4001949
TI  - [Early arthroscopy in knee joint injuries].

PMID- 4001950
TI  - [Disability evaluation of splenic preservation and splenic loss after injury].

PMID- 4001951
TI  - [20 years of emergency mobile units. Experience in Bochum].

PMID- 4001952
TI  - [Does uncomplicated commotio cerebri always heal without sequelae?].

PMID- 4001953
TI  - [Luxation of the patella and femoro-patellar dysplasia--causality in statutory
      accident insurance].

PMID- 4001954
TI  - [Long-term results after severe craniocerebral injuries. A study 8 years after
      the accident].

PMID- 4001955
TI  - [Tension characteristics of transplants replacing the anterior cruciate ligament,
      together with a contribution to the criticism of the "over-the-top" technic].

PMID- 4001956
TI  - [Conservative treatment of ruptures of the fibular ligament of the ankle].

PMID- 4001957
TI  - [Fractures of the talus in children].

PMID- 4001958
TI  - [Trauma-induced necrosis of the corpus tali].

PMID- 4001959
TI  - [Replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament with the vascularized pedicled
      central one-third of the patellar ligament. I. Morphological basis].

PMID- 4001960
TI  - [Replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament with the vascularized pedicled
      central one-third of the patellar ligament. II. Operative technic and results].

PMID- 4001961
TI  - [Diagnosis of posterior shoulder luxations].

PMID- 4001962
TI  - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of recurrent shoulder luxation].

PMID- 4001963
TI  - [Late damage to the ulnar nerve following trauma to the elbow joint].

PMID- 4001965
TI  - New aspects of the behavior of irreversibly aggregated platelets.

PMID- 4001964
TI  - 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy of neuroblastomas.
AB  - Sixteen neuroblastoma patients have been studied by 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine
      (MIBG) scintigraphy. Three patients were possibly cured, and their scintigraphy
      results were normal. Thirteen patients had tumors and metastases demonstrated by
      131I-MIBG, two of these patients had a normal vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
      excretion level. One patient has been treated by 131I-MIBG, but died. 131I-MIBG
      was concentrated in other cells too, eg, in erythrocytes and platelets.

PMID- 4001966
TI  - Carpal ligamentous disruptions and negative ulnar variance.
AB  - Negative ulnar variance is a condition in which the ulna is relatively shorter
      than the radius at the carpus. It was found in 21% of 203 normal wrists. We have
      observed an increased incidence (49%) of this anomaly in patients with carpal
      ligamentous instabilities (dorsiflexion instability, palmar flexion instability,
      scapholunate dissociation with rotary luxation of the scaphoid, and lunate and
      perilunate dislocations). While the reasons for this association have yet to be
      adequately delineated, the presence of a negative ulnar variant may serve as an
      impartial clue to the presence of ligamentous instability. Many carpal
      instabilities present with subtle radiographic findings requiring careful
      evaluation of radiographs. Patients with negative ulnar variance and histories
      suggestive of ligamentous instability should undergo careful radiologic
      evaluation to assure early diagnosis of carpal disruption.

PMID- 4001967
TI  - Painless fibro-osseous lesion of the rib resembling osteoid osteoma: a report of
      six cases.
AB  - Six cases of an unusual fibro-osseous rib lesion are presented. These six lesions
      were asymptomatic, and five were found incidentally as solitary hot spots on bone
      scans which had been performed to rule out metastatic carcinoma. One was found
      incidentally in a rib resected for another reason. Histologically, these painless
      lesions most closely resemble osteoid osteomas. This study also documents that
      solitary rib hot spots are almost always benign even if the patient has a primary
      carcinoma.

PMID- 4001968
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of fluid levels in an aneurysmal bone cyst and in
      anticoagulated human blood.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a fluid level within an aneurysmal
      bone cyst (ABC). Since the ABC contained gross blood at operation, an
      anticoagulated human blood sample was studied by MRI also, and a fluid level was
      again clearly visible. MRI pulse sequences emphasizing T1 contrast showed the
      fluid levels most clearly in both the ABC and the blood. Sequences emphasizing T2
      contrast showed homogeneous, bright signals in the ABC and in the blood, with no
      visible fluid level in the ABC and a nearly invisible one in the blood. In the
      blood sample, the calculated plasma T1 value was 1585 ms, and that of the red
      cells was 794 ms.

PMID- 4001969
TI  - A new neonatal short limbed dwarfism.
AB  - Two siblings with the same short limbed neonatal dwarfism are reported. The
      patients died from pulmonary hypoplasia.

PMID- 4001970
TI  - Congenital bone anomalies associated with lipomas.
AB  - Congenital bone anomalies are occasionally located adjacent to deep lipomas.
      These bone dysplasias may take the form of localized overgrowth or osseous
      malformation. Two patients with iliac anomalies and spinal dysraphism and one
      with a hypertrophied rib and vertebra associated with lipomas are described. As
      both the lipomas and osseous anomalies tend to lie in the same sensory nerve
      distribution, there may be a common embryonic neural dysfunction affecting
      formation and subsequent growth of these structures.

PMID- 4001971
TI  - Progressive senile scoliosis: seven cases of increasing spinal curves in elderly
      patients.
AB  - An increasing scoliosis was documented in seven elderly women. The average curve
      at the most recent examination was 43 degrees (range 26 degrees-78 degrees).
      Previous films, from 5 to 26 years before, demonstrated an average increase of
      2.3 degrees/year (range 1 degree-4.8 degrees/year). There were three lumbar and
      four thoracolumbar curves. Three curves were to the right and four were to the
      left. Only one patient had osteoporotic vertebral body crush fractures. The
      common underlying mechanism in the progression of senile scoliosis appears to be
      asymmetric loading of the spine which can be caused by a previously established
      scoliosis, spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis, lumbosacral anomalies, or leg length
      discrepancy. Subsequently, factors that can cause a curve to increase include
      degenerative disc disease with lateral disc space narrowing, soft tissue failure,
      and osteoporosis. Since even minor scoliosis can potentially progress in the
      older adult, increased monitoring of scoliosis in patients over age 50 years may
      be warranted.

PMID- 4001972
TI  - Subungual keratoacanthoma.
AB  - The subungual keratoacanthoma is a benign neoplasm which simulates and must be
      differentiated from squamous cell carcinoma. Subungual keratoacanthomas are
      rapidly growing tumors, causing bone destruction which usually heal
      spontaneously. The lesion most often presents as a painful, enlarging mass in
      middle-aged Caucasian patients. Radiographic examination demonstrates a lytic cup
      shaped erosion of the underlying distal phalanx. It is essential to recognize
      keratoacanthoma and separate it from squamous cell carcinoma, both for prognostic
      and therapeutic reasons. We present two cases of proven subungual keratoacanthoma
      and discuss their radiographic and histologic characteristics, as well as the
      current treatment alternatives for this entity.

PMID- 4001973
TI  - The Maquet principle. Anterior displacement of the tibial tubercle in the
      treatment of patellofemoral disorders: radiologic appearance.
AB  - Anterior displacement of the tibial tubercle is a well-accepted orthopedic
      procedure in the treatment of certain patellofemoral disorders. The radiologic
      appearance of surgical procedures utilizing the Maquet principle has not been
      described in the radiologic literature. Familiarity with the physiologic and
      biochemical basis for the procedure and its postoperative appearance is necessary
      for appropriate roentgenographic evaluation and the radiographic recognition of
      complications.

PMID- 4001974
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis: skeletal manifestations observed on portable chest
      roentgenograms.
AB  - This report describes the thoracic skeletal radiographic findings of rheumatoid
      arthritis, observed on portable chest examinations of 21 patients. Their
      pathophysiology is reviewed and additional examples of a recently described
      finding are illustrated: erosion of the medial surface of the proximal humerus
      with subsequent pathologic fracture, associated with superior and medial
      migration of the humeral head. It has been proposed that erosion of the medial
      aspect of the proximal humerus is due to impingement wear, and that pathologic
      fracture results from the fulcrum effect of the inferior lip of the glenoid on
      the humerus. Rheumatoid arthritis is often diagnosed by the clinician rather than
      the radiologist. However, in acutely ill patients receiving portable chest
      radiographs, complete history and laboratory findings are often unavailable.
      Attention to the thoracic skeleton may clarify pleural and/or parenchymal lung
      disease in these patients.

PMID- 4001975
TI  - Case report 306. Diagnosis: sarcoidosis affecting the frontal and nasal bones.

PMID- 4001976
TI  - Case report 312. Diagnosis: progressive paraparesis in a woman with
      pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) with ossification of the posterior longitudinal
      ligament from C4 to T5.

PMID- 4001977
TI  - Case report 313. Diagnosis: intrasacral cyst ("occult intrasacral meningocele").

PMID- 4001978
TI  - Case report 314. Diagnosis: juvenile dermatomyositis with changes of the hallux
      typical of fibrodysplasia (myositis) ossificans progressiva.

PMID- 4001979
TI  - Case report 315. Diagnosis: parosteal (periosteal, juxtacortical) chondromyxoid
      fibroma of the upper end of the femur.

PMID- 4001980
TI  - Case report 316. Diagnosis: intraosseous gas of the left tibia 24 hours after
      biopsy.

PMID- 4001982
TI  - Child mortality and economic variation among rural Mexican households.
AB  - In two rural Mexican communities, rates of child mortality are significantly
      related to economic situations of households. Measured over the childbearing
      years of post-reproductive women, the rate of child mortality (ages 0-5 years)
      per mother is 163 per 1000 children in one village and 338 in the other.
      Significant economic correlates, which are defined ethnographically in each
      community, are housing quality, quality of farm land and marital status.
      Correlations of child mortality rates with economic variables range from -0.25 to
      -0.54, showing that poorer mothers lose significantly more children in the first
      5 years of life. These results parallel those of urban, regional, national and
      international studies, but economic correlates of child mortality have not
      previously been found in rural Latin America. The methodological contributions of
      this study include a meld of ethnographic and survey techniques of data
      collection, the development of culturally appropriate variables to measure
      economic status, the use of child rather than infant mortality rates, and a
      household-related demographic measure, the rate of child mortality per mother.

PMID- 4001981
TI  - Family adaptation and psychosocial adjustment to cystic fibrosis in the preschool
      child.
AB  - The parents of 80% (41 of 51) of preschoolers with cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosed
      at least 1 year prior to the study and attending the Hospital for Sick Children
      (HSC) CF Clinic completed the Problem Inventory (PINV), Preschool Behavior
      Questionnaire (PBQ) and Family Assessment Measure (FAM). The mean age of the CF
      children was 3.7 years. Parents of a control group of 31 healthy daycare children
      with a mean age of 3.6 years completed the same questionnaires. Parents of
      healthy preschoolers reported more child-related problems for 2-5 year olds than
      did parents of CF children (P less than 0.001) suggesting that parents who have
      confronted the CF diagnosis go on to minimize the normal stresses of the
      developmental period. Considerable agreement was seen between PINV scores for
      mothers and fathers in each group, revealing that parents in a given family
      perceive similarly the impact their child has upon them. The mean PBQ for CF
      preschoolers was not significantly different from that of the control group,
      although there was some tendency toward hostile aggressive behavior in the CF
      group. Surprisingly, total FAM scores of all samples showed no significant
      differences with the exception of a better total FAM score for fathers of CF
      children when compared to control fathers revealing that the CF family is not,
      during the early years of relative health stability, adversely affected. Two
      subscales were significantly elevated, social desirability (for CF mothers and
      fathers) and denial (for CF mothers only), describing an important response style
      which may enhance mastery of long-term stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4001983
TI  - Water resources development and schistosomiasis ecology in the Awash Valley,
      Ethiopia.
AB  - This paper examines the impact of water resources development, particularly river
      regulation and irrigated agriculture, on the occurrence of schistosomiasis and
      its intermediate host snails in the Awash Valley. An ecologic-geographic approach
      based on: a combination of comparative schistosomiasis prevalence and human
      ecological studies of indigenous seminomadic pastoralists and migrant laborers
      from the Ethiopian highlands; analysis of snail intermediate host ecology
      geography; and longitudinal studies of water resources development, is used to
      evaluate the endemicity status and changing spatial distribution of
      schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium. This study confirms the
      suitability of epidemiologic-ecologic methods for analyzing relationships between
      causal processes and the spatiality of schistosomiasis. In this context local
      schistosomiasis control programs are reviewed and recommendations made for their
      improvements.

PMID- 4001984
TI  - Marital dissolution and health: do males or females have greater risk?
AB  - Although research shows that marriage protects health, some argue that it
      protects men more than women. The paper explores this argument by examining the
      special case of the separated and divorced. If men benefit from marriage, then
      they should have greater health risk when marriage ends. Examining data on
      morbidity, mortality and mental health, we use ratio analysis to compare males
      and females. The findings do not provide consistent support for the prediction
      that marital dissolution has a greater effect on men than on women. Rather, it is
      type of health problem, severity and stage of greatest risk that varies by
      gender. Men have more of the severe health problems including mortality and
      hospitalization of all types. Women have more of the less severe health and
      mental health problems. Men and women differ in whether separation or divorce is
      associated with greater risk. We speculate about gender-linked experiences to
      explain these differences.

PMID- 4001985
TI  - Job stress, cigarette smoking and cessation: the conditioning effects of peer
      support.
AB  - Relationships between questionnaire measures of job stress and smoking intensity
      (SI) and cessation were studied among 560 disease-free smoking males and 310
      quitters all members of 22 kibbutzim. The main-effect hypothesis that stress is
      positively related to SI and negatively to cessation received some support in
      correlational and multiple regression analyses for the entire sample. Hours of
      work, work addiction, lack of influence, intrinsic impoverishment and lack of
      support were positively associated with SI. Conflict, responsibility, hours of
      work, low status, lack of influence and harsh working conditions were negatively
      associated with cessation. When peer support was dichotomized into low and high,
      we found that persons reporting low support smoked significantly more than those
      who reported high support. Seeking effects of both hours of work and support on
      SI, we found additive main effects but no interaction effect. The average number
      of cigarettes smoked by people who worked less than 8 hours and reported high
      support was 17, whereas people who worked more than 8 hours and reported low
      support smoked an average of 22 cigarettes a day. The buffering effect of support
      on the relationship between stress and both SI and cessation of smoking was
      examined by means of interaction analysis. No buffer effect was evident for SI.
      However, for respondents reporting low support more job stressors were negatively
      related to cessation than among those reporting high support, confirming the
      support-buffer hypothesis. Suggestions regarding better measurement of support
      are discussed. We conclude with the hypothesis that social support may be
      detrimental to the smoker, depending on the smoking attitudes and behaviors of
      the 'supportive' others.

PMID- 4001987
TI  - Cancer and the mind.

PMID- 4001986
TI  - A problem with refusing certain forms of psychiatric treatment.
AB  - Certain affective disorders are associated with compromised cognitive and
      emotional capacities and thus, with one's ability to act as a fully autonomous
      individual. Some of these personality problems have been treated very
      successfully with specified drug regimes. Continued treatment with lithium has
      rendered previously incompetent manic patients fully capable of competent self
      governance. If the competent have the right to refuse medical attention (even
      when the refusal is not in the patient's best interest) does the drug-induced
      competent psychiatric patient have the right to refuse that medical treatment
      necessary for his continued competency? This paper investigates this issue.

PMID- 4001988
TI  - Towards a psychobiological model of cancer: psychological considerations.
AB  - To date, the evidence relating to the role of stress and psychological variables
      in cancer aetiology and promotion is contradictory. We have attempted to clarify
      the issues by presenting an hypothetical psychobiological model. Two components
      of this model are described: (1) a characteristic behaviour pattern (Type C)
      which may mediate stress reactions and (2) the biological concomitants of this
      behaviour pattern. The mechanisms of cancer initiation and promotion are
      described in a companion paper (Pettingale). The main hypothesis advanced by this
      model is that the psychological factors described may promote cancer development;
      the model is offered for investigation.

PMID- 4001989
TI  - Development of a method for rating cognitive responses to a diagnosis of cancer.
AB  - The development of a method for rating cognitive responses to the diagnosis of
      early breast cancer, lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease is described in the context
      both of recent coping theory and a previous study by this Unit relating outcome
      to response to diagnosis. The ratings are defined in a manual using simple
      language and avoiding assumptions about the functions of responses; examples are
      given.

PMID- 4001990
TI  - Improving the detection of psychiatric problems in cancer patients.

PMID- 4001991
TI  - Why me? Attributions and adjustment by cancer patients and their mates at two
      stages in the disease process.
AB  - This research investigated how cancer patients at early and advanced stage
      disease (N = 73) and their mates (N = 39) attributed causality for the disease,
      their levels of adjustment and the relationship between attributions and
      adjustment. Data were collected through semi-structured home interviews. Results
      indicated that the largest numbers of individuals cited chance as the cause of
      the cancer, although many reported that they had not asked themselves the
      question, 'Why me?'. Adjustment measures indicated, in general, more similarities
      than differences between groups. Attributions were not significant predictors of
      adjustment. It is suggested that not making strong causal attributions may be
      adaptive for cancer patients and their families.

PMID- 4001992
TI  - Biopsychosocial studies on cutaneous malignant melanoma: psychosocial factors
      associated with prognostic indicators, progression, psychophysiology and tumor
      host response.
AB  - A series of seven studies investigating biopsychosocial aspects of cutaneous
      malignant melanoma were conducted by a multidisciplinary group of researchers at
      the University of California, San Francisco. Two studies investigated the
      relationship of variables derived from a videotaped psychosocial interview and
      from self-report measures, and two histopathologic indicators: tumor thickness
      and level of invasion. Associations of psychosocial variables to prognostic
      indicators were stronger within the younger vs the older subject group. In a
      multiple regression analysis, patient delay in seeking medical attention emerged
      as the most significant variable predicting tumor thickness. A study of factors
      related to patient delay found longer delays in patients who had lesions on the
      back, less previous knowledge of melanoma, less understanding of its treatment
      and less minimization of its seriousness. Another study compared the repressive
      coping reactions--defined as the discrepancy between reported anxiety and that
      reflected in electrodermal activity--in melanoma patients, cardiovascular disease
      patients and disease-free controls. The melanoma group was significantly more
      'repressed' on the combined self-report/physiological measure, as well as on
      other self-report measures of repressiveness. In order to investigate the
      relationship of psychosocial factors to more disease-relevant physiological
      variables, the next study focused on two clinical variables significantly
      predictive of disease outcome:mitotic rate of the tumor and lymphocytes at tumor
      site. Emotional expression of sadness and anger, rated from the videotaped
      interviews, was positively correlated with tumor-specific host-response factors
      and negatively correlated with mitotic rate. In another study, subjects who had
      died or had disease progression were matched on the basis of tumor and
      demographic characteristics with subjects who had no evidence of disease by
      follow-up. The unfavorable outcome group had higher scores on self-report scales
      of dysophoric emotion and distress which were administered one to three years
      previously. An experimental investigation of relationships among behavioral,
      physiological and tumor outcome variables in the Syrian hamster found that
      general activity was correlated positively with greater tumor growth following
      induction. These results were compared to those from the preceeding two human
      studies, and discussed in terms of a stress-arousal-coping model.

PMID- 4001993
TI  - Cancer patients' personality characteristics, physician-patient communication and
      adoption of the Moerman diet.
AB  - Breast cancer patients and patients with Hodgkin's disease (N = 663) were
      contacted initially by medical specialists at 15 medical centers across The
      Netherlands and subsequently 498 of them were interviewed in their homes in order
      to examine interactions between their personality characteristics, their
      assessment of the adequacy of information feedback from their physicians about
      their illness, its treatment and prognosis, and their adoption of an unproven
      diet remedy. The data indicate that patients who believed they had received
      insufficient and unclear information were more likely to be adopters of the
      Moerman diet than patients who believed the information was adequate. Personality
      moderator analyses indicated further that the relationship between information
      adequacy and diet adoption held specifically for those patients with high trait
      anxiety, low self-esteem, angry-aggressive coping styles or impulsive attitudes.
      The discussion focused on rational and irrational elements in physician-patient
      communications, the strategies available to physicians to improve their
      communication skills, the desirability of constructing and distributing
      educational and informational materials for use by patients, and the need for
      physicians to offer their patients an opportunity for contact with companions in
      distress.

PMID- 4001994
TI  - Insomnia in cancer patients.
AB  - This is a preliminary report of the sleep architecture in patients receiving
      radiation for unresectable lung cancer. One group of nine patients said they were
      good sleepers and a second group of five said they were poor sleepers. All
      fourteen patients slept for three consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. No
      differences were found in the group means for sleep latency, REM latency or
      percentage of time spent in Stage I vs Stage II sleep. The cancer patient's
      perception of whether they slept well or poorly related solely and significantly
      to the amount of delta sleep. This stage of postulated anabolic and restorative
      sleep may be more critical for the cancer patient than for others. If
      substantiated, this can be an important issue in prescribing hypnotics. This
      quality of life issue for cancer patients deserves further study.

PMID- 4001995
TI  - Aspects of the European dying process.
AB  - While the hospice concept is growing in Anglo-Saxon countries, Continental Europe
      is in search of the meanings of death. This paper deals with some aspects of the
      evolving attitudes towards the assessment of the needs of the cancer dying
      patients.

PMID- 4001996
TI  - Infective complications of prolonged central venous (Hickman) catheterization.
AB  - We reviewed infectious complications during 7,671 days of central venous
      (Hickman) catheter use in 47 patients receiving intensive cytotoxic and
      supportive therapy for malignant disease. Colonization of the catheter was
      identified in eight cases of septicemia, two associated with endocarditis.
      Septicemia was successfully treated in four of five patients after removal of the
      catheter and in two of three in whom the catheter remained in situ. Infection of
      the exit site occurred in five patients but in only one was there associated
      septicemia. Poor patient compliance with the recommended regimen for catheter
      care was suspected. Thus, the overall rate of catheter-related infection was 1.6
      per 1,000 days. Guidelines are discussed for removal of the catheter for
      suspected catheter-related infection.

PMID- 4001997
TI  - Acinetobacter calcoaceticus septicemia in patients with cancer.
AB  - At our institution, 95 cases of Acinetobacter septicemia occurred over a ten-year
      period (1973 to 1982) in patients being treated for cancer. In 24 patients the
      infection was polymicrobial, while Acinetobacter ssp was the only offending
      pathogen in 71 patients. In 76 patients (80%), the infection was related to an
      indwelling central venous catheter (CVC). A sharp increase in the frequency of
      Acinetobacter septicemia was noticed in the years 1981 and 1982 and coincided
      with a marked increase in the number of indwelling CVCs in use. Acute leukemia
      and breast cancer were the malignancies most commonly associated with
      Acinetobacter septicemia. The isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus from the
      patients in this study were highly susceptible to the aminoglycosides and
      moderately susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), carbenicillin,
      and tetracycline. Seventy-nine patients recovered from their infection with
      removal of the CVC and antimicrobial chemotherapy. Acinetobacter sp was the cause
      of death in none of the 16 patients who died. A calcoaceticus is an important
      nosocomial pathogen causing infections predominantly in immune compromised
      patients and frequently associated with indwelling catheters.

PMID- 4001998
TI  - Vital statistics data as a measurement of perinatal regionalization in Alabama,
      1970 and 1980.
AB  - Although regionalization of perinatal health care services has received credit
      for much of the recent improvement in neonatal mortality, until now no
      measurement of regionalization has been proposed. The measurement presented in
      this paper--the average of the percentage of infants of very low birthweight and
      neonatal deaths occurring among residents of a geographic area at a perinatal
      center--provides a means of comparing the extent of perinatal regionalization in
      various geographic areas and time periods. Despite continued disparities in the
      degree of regionalization from one perinatal district to another, Alabama's
      perinatal system became substantially regionalized from 1970 to 1980. The lower
      mortality for infants of very low birthweight born at a perinatal center suggests
      that if Alabama were more completely regionalized, its neonatal mortality would
      be improved.

PMID- 4001999
TI  - ST segment depression in acute anterior myocardial infarction.
AB  - We initiated a retrospective study to determine whether ST segment depression
      seen in inferior leads (II, III, and aVF) during acute anterior myocardial
      infarction (MI) is a reciprocal change or an independent sign of ischemia of
      additional myocardium. We selected 20 patients with anterior MI and attempted to
      compare findings of subsequent cardiac catheterization and the clinical course of
      14 patients with ST segment depression (group A) and six without ST segment
      depression (group B). Patients in group A had a higher prevalence of right
      coronary artery disease (13 vs 0, P less than .01), multivessel disease (14 vs
      two, P less than .01), inferior wall motion abnormalities (seven vs 0, P less
      than .01), and ejection fraction of less than .50 (ten vs two, P greater than
      .05) than those in group B. A greater number of patients in group A had serious
      in-hospital and follow-up complications (12 vs two, P less than .05). We conclude
      that ST depression in leads II, III and aVF during acute anterior MI is not
      "reciprocal change" but a high-risk indicator.

PMID- 4002000
TI  - Treatment of poisonous snakebite with emphasis on digit dermotomy.
AB  - Despite the remarkably low mortality from poisonous snakebites in the United
      States during the past few years, there has been little improvement in preventing
      deformities of digits. Using a retrospective study of 207 cases of poisonous
      snakebite, I present a method that has been highly successful in avoiding
      deformities, especially in the fingers. This simple procedure requires no general
      anesthetic and can be done in the emergency department. No secondary surgical
      closure is required. Included are recommendations for first aid treatment in the
      field and an outline for evaluation and treatment in the emergency department.
      Cooling should never be used and fasciotomies are almost never necessary.

PMID- 4002001
TI  - Respiratory cytology: significance of "suspect" results in a series of 435
      patients.
AB  - We reviewed all "suspect" results of respiratory cytology obtained over a ten
      year period at our medical center. There were 435 patients with one or more
      "suspect" respiratory cytology determinations who were classified as having
      benign or malignant respiratory tract disease by using a system of detailed,
      reproducible verification criteria; 61.8% of them had malignant disease. Patients
      with "suspect" bronchoscopic determinations and those thought to have a specific
      type of neoplasm were found to have significantly more malignant respiratory
      tract disease than patients lacking these parameters, though diagnostic
      efficiency values for these characteristics were low (54.0% and 61.8%,
      respectively). The most common causes of benign respiratory disease (167
      patients) were pneumonia (38.9%) and mycobacterial infection (21.6%). Our data
      indicate that "suspect" respiratory cytology diagnoses (even bronchoscopic and
      those suggesting a specific type of malignancy) represent an indeterminate group
      requiring further evaluation before therapeutic action is taken.

PMID- 4002002
TI  - Brain abscess: recent experience at a community hospital.
AB  - Brain abscess is a formidable diagnostic and therapeutic problem with mortality
      ranging from 35% to 65%. It may occur at any age, and there is a male:female
      ratio of 2:1. Brain abscess arises from a contiguous focus of infection, direct
      implantation due to trauma, or hematogenous spread from a remote site. The
      commonest organisms isolated from brain abscess include streptococci,
      Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides species, and Enterobacteriaceae. Brain abscess
      frequently produces headache, vomiting, focal neurologic signs, and depressed
      level of consciousness. Fever and leukocytosis often are absent. Diagnosis is
      suggested by computerized tomography, but most cases require surgical
      confirmation. Optimal management consists of intensive antibiotic therapy.
      Aggressive surgical treatment is required in cases not responding to
      antimicrobial therapy. Long-term neurologic deficit occurs in up to 60% of cases.

PMID- 4002003
TI  - Fluid-containing bullae in the lung.
AB  - Eight patients had air-fluid levels in the lung as a result of fluid accumulation
      in preexisting bullae. In four cases the cause was peribullous pneumonitis; in
      the other four cases the cause could not be determined. All patients had a
      favorable clinical course while intrabullous fluid was present. The initial
      interpretation of air-fluid levels was correct in only two instances.
      Differentiation of fluid-containing bullae from other causes of air-fluid levels
      is important so that unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers can be
      avoided.

PMID- 4002004
TI  - Chronic pain: economic, psychosocial, ethical, preventive, and medical aspects.

PMID- 4002005
TI  - Variceal bleeding from an ileostomy stoma.
AB  - Patients with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis commonly have bleeding from
      varices. In patients with a total colectomy, ileal varices can be a site of
      bleeding in cases of portal hypertension. Proper diagnosis requires studying the
      venous phase of the mesenteric arteriogram to show ileal varices, and carefully
      inspecting the mucocutaneous region of the ileal stoma for venous bleeding sites.
      Bleeding from ileal varices can be managed by either local control or portal vein
      decompression.

PMID- 4002006
TI  - Familial nasal acilia syndrome.
AB  - We have described a family in which the father and three children appear to have
      an absence of nasal cilia, resulting in inadequate nasociliary clearance, stasis
      of nasal secretions, and secondary bacterial contamination. This condition should
      be considered in chronic rhinitis of obscure etiology.

PMID- 4002007
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia, and death in a patient with scleroderma.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis is usually secondary to pulmonary
      fibrosis or vascular changes. We have described a patient with systemic sclerosis
      who had pulmonary hypertension as a result of unsuspected thromboembolic disease.

PMID- 4002008
TI  - Cardiac defects in a patient with congenital contractural arachnodactyly.
AB  - Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA) is a connective tissue disorder
      sharing many of the clinical manifestations of Marfan's syndrome. The case
      presented emphasizes that severe cardiac involvement may be manifested in the
      neonate with CCA, thus altering the more characteristic benign prognosis of CCA.

PMID- 4002009
TI  - Thorium dioxide: still around.
AB  - Patients who have received thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) are at risk for hepatic
      and other malignancies. Because of the need to identify and carefully follow up
      these patients, we have presented three cases with the characteristic radiologic
      findings on plain films so that physicians unfamiliar with this appearance will
      now be aware of it.

PMID- 4002010
TI  - Paraurethral cysts in the newborn.
AB  - I have reported three case of paraurethral cysts in female neonates. These are
      uncommon lesions, and urologic evaluation is required to differentiate them from
      ectopic ureteroceles, urethral diverticula, or paraurethral tumors. Histologic
      appearance of the cyst epithelium identifies the embryologic origin. The cysts
      either rupture spontaneously or require simple marsupialization.

PMID- 4002011
TI  - Human infestation by Amblyomma americanum larvae ("seed ticks").

PMID- 4002012
TI  - Ruptured umbilical hernia in cirrhotic patients: management with peritoneovenous
      shunting and herniorrhaphy.
AB  - Acute rupture of an umbilical hernia in a patient with ascites carries a high
      nonoperative mortality but may be satisfactorily managed by emergency
      herniorrhaphy, as illustrated by the cases we have reported. Concomitant
      peritoneovenous shunting may also be done to obviate the ascitic cause of the
      hernia and prevent postoperative wound disruption.

PMID- 4002013
TI  - Severe hyperkalemia caused by indomethacin and potassium supplementation.
AB  - Treatment with a combination of indomethacin and potassium chloride
      supplementation resulted in severe hyperkalemia in a patient with Bartter's
      syndrome. The clinical and electrocardiographic findings and hyperkalemia
      improved promptly with intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose,
      and insulin, discontinuation of the potassium supplement, and reduction of the
      indomethacin dose. This case suggests that life-threatening hyperkalemia can
      occur when indomethacin and potassium supplementation are prescribed
      simultaneously in Bartter's syndrome.

PMID- 4002014
TI  - Pulmonary tumor microembolism.
AB  - Pulmonary tumor microembolism is usually recognized as a slowly progressive
      syndrome of dyspnea and pulmonary hypertension in a patient with an established
      diagnosis of malignant disease. We have reported an extremely unusual case in
      which the pulmonary tumor microembolism syndrome occurred in a patient without
      prior history of malignancy. Further, no primary tumor could be found on
      postmortem examination. Clinicians should be aware that this potentially
      treatable entity may affect a wider spectrum of patients than has been previously
      recognized.

PMID- 4002015
TI  - Amoxapine-associated acute renal failure.

PMID- 4002016
TI  - Drug abuse with Vicks nasal inhaler.

PMID- 4002017
TI  - Iron deficiency anemia with T3 toxicosis.

PMID- 4002019
TI  - The sanctuary of medicine.

PMID- 4002018
TI  - Stress, social support and affective disorders in mothers of pre-school children-
      a test of the stress-buffering effect of social support.

PMID- 4002020
TI  - Patients with multiple admissions in a community mental health service in Western
      Norway.

PMID- 4002021
TI  - Fully integrated in- and out-patient services in a psychiatric sector.
      Implementation of a new model for the care of psychiatric patients, favouring
      continuity of care.

PMID- 4002022
TI  - [Daily life of patients in a day hospital].

PMID- 4002023
TI  - The assessment of patients' needs for community care.

PMID- 4002024
TI  - Marital status and depression among Mexican Americans.

PMID- 4002025
TI  - Support from significant others and loneliness following induced abortion.

PMID- 4002026
TI  - [Methods of dispensarization of a rural population].

PMID- 4002027
TI  - [Use of an automatic data processing system in meeting the objectives of the
      dispensarization of the population].

PMID- 4002028
TI  - [Main trends in studies on social hygiene and public health administration].

PMID- 4002029
TI  - [State and prospects of research on the history of medicine in the USSR].

PMID- 4002030
TI  - [Cooperation between hospitals and outpatient clinics].

PMID- 4002031
TI  - [Organization of proctological services for the population].

PMID- 4002032
TI  - [Current trends in health status, morbidity and mortality among middle-aged and
      old persons (data of annual dispensarization)].

PMID- 4002033
TI  - [Morbidity rate among representatives of different professional groups in the
      postal service].

PMID- 4002034
TI  - [Regional industrial gynecological unit for the detection of oncological
      diseases].

PMID- 4002035
TI  - Unstable thoracolumbar fractures. A comparative clinical study of conservative
      treatment and Harrington instrumentation.
AB  - Fifty patients (14-55 years of age) with unstable thoracolumbar fractures were
      studied: 24 patients treated conservatively 1971-1977 and 26 patients treated
      surgically with Harrington instrumentation 1977-1981. The treatment groups were
      comparable in all respects. Radiologic evaluation showed that Harrington
      distraction rods restored the fractured vertebra almost to its original shape,
      and the gibbus and scoliosis were significantly reduced. However, at the follow
      up examination at least 2 years after the injury, the gibbus angle had recurred
      almost to the value at admission in patients with the rods removed. The
      conservatively treated patients showed a continuous increase of the gibbus angle
      and of the anterior and central vertebral compression. At the follow-up
      evaluation, all fractures in both treatment groups were healed. There was no
      difference between the treatment groups regarding neurologic improvement.
      Thirteen of 14 patients with severe or moderate paraparesis considerably improved
      their neurological status. A rehabilitation index with special reference to
      paraparetic patients showed no difference between the treatment groups already
      three months after the injury. Thoracolumbar fatigue, thoracolumbar pain and
      stiffness, skin problems, and pain at direct pressure at the fracture site
      occurred equally in the conservative and Harrington groups. The overall
      complications were few. The aseptic intermittent catheterization method
      introduced in 1977 considerably diminished the frequency of upper urinary tract
      infections. The treatment with open reduction, fusion, and stabilization with
      Harrington rods considerably reduced the immobilization and hospitalization
      times. The average immobilization time was reduced from 67 to 18 days. The
      hospitalization time in neurologically intact patients was reduced from 80 to 30
      days.

PMID- 4002036
TI  - Anthropometric data relating to normal and scoliotic Scandinavian girls.
AB  - The increase in height and weight and the age at the menarche have been
      determined in girls with idiopathic scoliosis and in age-matched normal girls.
      The scoliotic girls were classified according to the position of the curve. The
      menarche was found to occur significantly later in girls with either a
      thoracolumbar or a double primary curve than in the control group; it was also
      significantly later in those two groups combined than in the girls with a right
      convex thoracic curve. At the time of the menarche, the girls with a
      thoracolumbar or a double primary curve were significantly taller than those in
      the control group. The girls with a double primary curve, and these together with
      girls with a thoracolumbar curve, were also significantly taller than those with
      a right convex thoracic curve. Those in the control group were significantly
      heavier, and in some age groups significantly taller, than children born during
      the period 1953-1958 and providing earlier Swedish research data. The average age
      at the menarche did not differ from that for a normal population for this
      country. The observed differences between the group with a right convex thoracic
      curve and that with a thoracolumbar or a double primary curve indicate that the
      pathomechanism, and even the etiology, may vary with the form of idiopathic
      scoliosis.

PMID- 4002037
TI  - The influence of vertebral body fracture, intradiscal injection, and partial
      discectomy on the radial bulge and height of human lumbar discs.
AB  - The effects of vertebral body fracture, intradiscal injection, and partial
      discectomy on the radial extension and height of human lumbar discs have been
      investigated in vitro. Fracture and discectomy result in an increase of the
      radial disc bulge and a decrease of the disc height; intradiscal injection
      results in a decrease of the radial disc bulge and in an increase of the disc
      height. The significance of these changes is assessed by comparing them with
      those changes induced by load decrease or increase within the physiologic range.
      The results may explain clinical observations with regard to the persistence of
      or relief from low-back pain after fractures or after application of the
      therapeutic measures simulated in this experiment.

PMID- 4002038
TI  - Sustained lumbar traction. An experimental study of long spine segments.
AB  - Lumbar vertebral columns, removed from 23 male cadavers aged from 18 to 84 years,
      were tested for their reaction to a longitudinal traction load. Sustained lumbar
      traction using a load of 9 kg for 30 min was applied to each specimen. The amount
      of initial distraction and traction creep recorded. Initial vertebral separation
      was greatest in those specimens with wide disc spaces and least where there was
      evidence of disc degeneration. The residual deformation on load removal was
      slower and less complete in the older subjects.

PMID- 4002039
TI  - Circadian variation in stature and the effects of spinal loading.
AB  - Using a method comparable with that of Eklund and Corlett (1984) stature was
      measured with an accuracy of I mm in eight young adults. The mean circadian
      variation was 19.3 mm (1.1% of stature). Fifty-four percent of the diurnal loss
      in stature occurred in the first hour after rising. Approximately 70% was
      regained during the first half of the night. With static shoulder loads (2.5-40
      kg), increases in the rate of shrinkage with increasing weight were nonlinear.
      Repetitive lifting led to greater shrinkage than with equivalent static loading.
      Rest in Fowler's position gave more rapid regains in stature than post-exercise
      recovery in standing positions. The technique is therefore suitable for
      assessment of the effects of manual work with both occupational and therapeutic
      applications.

PMID- 4002040
TI  - Can infant malnutrition cause adult vertebral stenosis?
AB  - Does infant malnutrition produce smaller adult spinal canals? Lumbar and thoracic
      vertebrae (n X 1073), from a prehistoric American Indian population (15-55 yrs of
      age), were measured for anteroposterior (AP) and transverse (TR) vertebral canal
      sizes, nerve root tunnel (intervertebral foramen) widths (NRT), vertebral heights
      (VH), vertebral osteophytosis (VO), and tibial lengths. They underwent a dietary
      change from hunting-gathering, protein rich (PR), to maize agriculture, protein
      deficient (PD), between 950 and 1300 A.D. Multivariate analyses controlled for
      age, sex, culture, NRT, VH, VO, and wedging. Canal size was significantly smaller
      in the PD. AP diameters were generally and highly correlated with NRT, and thus
      both spinal stenosis and sciatica may have a developmental basis. Canal size was
      independent of statural components. Consequently, canal size is a most powerful
      tool in assessing the presence infant malnutrition. Moreover, perhaps the
      association between canal size and low-back pain (LBP) found in living
      populations has been underestimated, and this component of LBP is preventable.

PMID- 4002041
TI  - Myelography in the elderly and the diagnosis of spinal stenosis.
AB  - To evaluate the width of the spinal canal when diagnosing spinal stenosis, 91
      patients older than 59 years of age when undergoing myelography were studied.
      Using a sagittal diameter of 11 mm as border for the diagnosis of spinal
      stenosis, it was found that 31 of the 66 patients with spinal claudication,
      suspicion of spinal claudication and sciatic pain fulfilled this criterion and
      that 3/25 of the control group and those with atypic symptoms had a sagittal
      diameter of 11 mm or less. Five patients showed a complete block on the
      myelogram, and all of them had a typical spinal claudication. The spinal canal
      will narrow with age in asymptomatic patients as well, and the myelographic
      stenosis in elderly patients is not always equivalent to a clinical diagnosis of
      spinal stenosis.

PMID- 4002042
TI  - Is there instability in spondylolisthesis?
AB  - Biplanar radiography was used to investigate the three-dimensional intervertebral
      movements of patients with symptomatic spondylolisthesis to assess whether there
      was evidence of instability. These movements were also compared with those of a
      group of normal subjects. The primary movements of flexion and extension were
      studied, and the three-dimensional analysis enabled intervertebral translations
      and any coupled movements of lateral bending and axial rotation to be examined.
      The results showed that symptomatic spondylolisthesis resulted in reduced
      mobility of all levels of the lumbar spine and the appearance of coupled
      movements at the higher levels. The pathology did not produce instability at the
      level of the slip in any of these patients.

PMID- 4002043
TI  - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of intramedullary lesions of the long tubular
      bones].

PMID- 4002044
TI  - [Results of radiotherapeutic treatment of malignant mandibular tumors].

PMID- 4002045
TI  - [Early diagnosis of colorectal tumors--place of double-contrast enema].

PMID- 4002046
TI  - [Value of irrigoscopy and computed tomography in the detection of recurrent
      gynecologic tumors].

PMID- 4002047
TI  - [Radiologic diagnosis of massive idiopathic osteolysis (Gorham-Stout syndrome)].

PMID- 4002048
TI  - [Diagnosis of bronchiectasis by full chest x-ray].

PMID- 4002049
TI  - [Errors in the encoding of x-ray findings].

PMID- 4002050
TI  - [Radiology in Hungarian patient care].

PMID- 4002051
TI  - [Surgical treatment of postinfarction perforation of the interventricular
      septum].

PMID- 4002052
TI  - [Surgery for aortopulmonary defect in children].

PMID- 4002053
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 4002054
TI  - [Nodal syndrome in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 4002055
TI  - [Contribution of bronchologists to the diagnosis and therapy of thoracic injuries
      and postoperative complications].

PMID- 4002056
TI  - [Surgical treatment of malignant tumors of the esophagus in old age].

PMID- 4002057
TI  - [Problems in surgery in geriatric patients].

PMID- 4002058
TI  - [Combined peroperative micromorphological examination of the breast].

PMID- 4002059
TI  - [Critical conditions in biliary surgery].

PMID- 4002060
TI  - [Adverse effects of D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis with reference to
      prior gold therapy].

PMID- 4002061
TI  - [Studies on the 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus
      erythematosus].

PMID- 4002062
TI  - [Rheumatoid valvular lesions of the aortic valve in a patient with a malignant
      course of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 4002063
TI  - [A case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with thrombosis of the vena
      cava superior].

PMID- 4002064
TI  - [Efficacy of oxaprozin in the treatment of articular symptoms of Behcet's
      disease].

PMID- 4002065
TI  - [Granulation tissue and granuloma].

PMID- 4002066
TI  - [Copyright and the academic environment].

PMID- 4002067
TI  - Effective minimal radiography in scoliosis.

PMID- 4002068
TI  - Hypophosphataemia in patients with severe burns.

PMID- 4002069
TI  - Hepatic encephalopathy and delirium tremens--double jeopardy.

PMID- 4002070
TI  - High-dose ketoconazole therapy in prostatic cancer. A pilot study.
AB  - There may be contraindications to oestrogen therapy for prostatic carcinoma, and
      also patient objections to orchidectomy as a form of therapy. Ketoconazole, a
      systemic antifungal drug, was evaluated in a dosage of 200 mg 8-hourly given
      orally as an alternative method of lowering serum testosterone levels. Nineteen
      patients were studied; 1 was withdrawn because of nausea and vomiting. Only 6
      patients (33,3%) had serum testosterone levels in the castrate range after 7
      days. It seems that higher doses may be needed to keep testosterone levels
      consistently low.

PMID- 4002071
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries--viral myopericarditis
      and possible coronary vasospasm. A case report.
AB  - A young man with normal coronary arteries presented with a transmural apical
      myocardial infarction. This diagnosis was based on elevated serial cardiac enzyme
      values, ECG changes, exercise scanning with thallium-201, left ventricular
      angiography and selective coronary arteriography. Some of the pathophysiological
      mechanisms implicated in myocardial infarction in patients with normal coronary
      arteries are discussed and the probable diagnosis of a virus-induced
      myopericarditis together with coronary artery vasospasm is favoured.

PMID- 4002072
TI  - Diet and the heart.

PMID- 4002073
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm resection--operative risk and long-term results.
AB  - The aim of the study was to assess the early results of abdominal aortic aneurysm
      resection in relation to cardiac and other operative risk factors, assess the
      magnitude of the procedure, and evaluate longer-term postoperative
      rehabilitation; 176 patients (mean age 67,1 years) were assessed, of whom 160
      (90,9%) had operations. Using the multifactorial index of cardiac risk in non
      cardiac surgical procedures (Goldman) the majority fell into the low-risk
      category (groups I and II). Other risk factors evaluated were respiratory
      disease, renal insufficiency, hypertension and diabetes. The majority of these
      patients had creatinine clearance rates of less than 50% of the theoretical
      normal rate for age. Of 7 postoperative deaths (operative mortality rate 4,4%) 4
      followed myocardial infarction, and all the latter patients fell into cardiac
      risk grade III. The other risk factors did not significantly influence the
      mortality or complication rates. The highest complication rate occurred in
      patients who underwent aortic bifurcation graft placement and the lowest in
      patients who underwent simple infrarenal tube grafting. Of 153 survivors, 10 have
      been lost to follow-up and 141 have returned to full activity. In conclusion, the
      cardiac risk index used is a valuable predictor of operative risk. If the patient
      survives surgery, excellent longer-term rehabilitation can be expected.

PMID- 4002074
TI  - The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a large group of South African Indians.
AB  - The prevalences of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) among
      866 Indians living in the Chatsworth area of Durban were determined. The study
      group was selected by cluster sampling and the participants underwent a modified
      glucose tolerance test (GTT) (determination of fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose
      levels after a 75 g glucose load). On the basis of the revised World Health
      Organization criteria the overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 11% and of
      IGT 5,8%. Of the 368 men, 7,6% were found to have diabetes mellitus and 7,1% IGT;
      the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was much greater among women (13,5%), while
      there was less IGT (4,8%). Subjects with diabetes mellitus were significantly
      older (mean 50,7 years) than those with a normal GTT (mean 30,9 years), but of
      similar age distribution compared with the IGT group (mean 46 years). Subjects
      with a normal GTT had a significantly lower mean body mass index (22,1 +/- 2,8)
      compared with diabetic subjects (26,1 +/- 5,2) or the IGT group (25,8 +/- 6,6).
      Obesity was commonly associated with both diabetes mellitus and IGT, particularly
      among women.

PMID- 4002075
TI  - Developmental and health histories of severely and moderately malnourished and
      adequately nourished Indian preschool children.
AB  - Severely and moderately malnourished and adequately nourished Indian preschool
      children living in a homogeneous community were identified using weight for
      height as the criterion index. With the aid of a biographical inventory,
      developmental and health-related data were elicited from their mothers. The
      children in the three nutritional status groups did not differ as regards any of
      the variables studied, except for the type of officer in charge of delivering
      them. It is suggested that analyses of other variables may yield areas of
      difference between the nutritional status groups.

PMID- 4002076
TI  - Some challenges to South African universities.

PMID- 4002077
TI  - Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia misdiagnosed as metastatic carcinoma. A case
      report.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman presented with diffuse bone pain 12 months after simple
      mastectomy. During investigation for metastatic disease it was realized that her
      pain had preceded the mastectomy by 2 years and that the biochemical and
      radiological findings were inconsistent with metastatic disease. The findings of
      phosphaturia, hypophosphataemia, normocalcaemia and normal renal function without
      hyperparathyroidism are discussed in the light of the rarity of such findings in
      a 60-year-old adult and, in particular, in a patient with cancer of the breast.

PMID- 4002078
TI  - Haemodynamic monitoring during resection of a phaeochromocytoma. A case report.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman underwent resection of a phaeochromocytoma. Invasive
      haemodynamic monitoring was undertaken. Pre-operative alpha-blockade was not
      instituted and the blood pressure fluctuated widely. The pulmonary capillary
      wedge pressure and central venous pressure measurements did not correlate well in
      this patient. Possible reasons for this discrepancy, the value of the pulmonary
      artery catheter and the advisability of pre-operative alpha-blockade are
      discussed.

PMID- 4002079
TI  - Transudative ascites with a high protein content. Case reports.
AB  - The case reports of 2 patients with constrictive pericarditis and 1 patient with
      the Budd-Chiari syndrome are used to show that high-protein ascites may occur in
      the absence of disease of the peritoneum. Protein content should not be the only
      factor assessed in differentiating between transudative and exudative ascites.

PMID- 4002081
TI  - Nicotine chewing gum.

PMID- 4002080
TI  - Neurosarcoidosis. A report of 5 cases.
AB  - Neurological involvement in sarcoidosis occurs in about 5% of cases, and both the
      central and peripheral nervous systems may be affected. In the majority of
      patients, characteristic features of the disease are present in other systems.
      Five cases of neurosarcoidosis are described in which serious neurological
      involvement was the presenting manifestation of the disease. The chest
      radiographs were abnormal in all patients and this drew attention to the
      diagnosis. Evidence of sarcoid was obtained from biopsy specimens in each case;
      in 4 from lymph nodes and in 1 from a transbronchial biopsy specimen. All
      patients were treated with prednisone, although in 2 the dose had to be reduced
      because of side-effects and azathioprine was introduced. All became asymptomatic;
      in 2 cases therapy was withdrawn while in the other 3 maintenance therapy was
      necessary, 2 requiring replacement thyroxine and lypressin.

PMID- 4002082
TI  - Low-osmolality contrast agents in angiocardiography.

PMID- 4002083
TI  - Black mamba envenomation.

PMID- 4002084
TI  - Prevention of malaria in pregnancy.

PMID- 4002085
TI  - Syphilis--an appraisal of the Groote Schuur Hospital antenatal screening
      programme.
AB  - Syphilis is a major public health problem in pregnant women. Since congenital
      syphilis is preventable, an adequate screening programme is an essential facet of
      antenatal care. At Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, the Venereal Disease
      Research Laboratory and Treponema, pallidum haemagglutination tests are employed
      for antenatal screening. A survey of the current literature on serological
      testing for syphilis does not reveal clear guidelines for an optimal antenatal
      screening programme. The high prevalence of syphilis in pregnant women is
      confirmed by this study, which shows the current programme to be very effective
      in excluding women without disease.

PMID- 4002086
TI  - Syphilis in pregnant black women.
AB  - Serological tests for syphilis (with rapid plasma reagin) were performed in 2 767
      women attending the antenatal clinic of King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, for
      their first, booking visit. The test was repeated at the 36th week of pregnancy.
      A total of 152 women (5,5%) were assumed to have syphilis. In addition, 4 (11,8%)
      of 34 patients who were seronegative at less than 32 weeks of pregnancy had a
      positive serological test result at 36 weeks.

PMID- 4002087
TI  - Morbidity trends in the medical wards at Groote Schuur Hospital--1971 and 1982.
AB  - In 1971, 5 544 patients were admitted to the 261 Department of Medicine beds at
      Groote Schuur Hospital. During 1982 8 005 patients were admitted although the
      number of beds remained essentially unchanged. Whites constituted 54,7% of all
      admissions in 1971 and 39,3% in 1982. The overall mortality rate fell from 14,9%
      in 1971 to 9,6% in 1982, and the respective autopsy rates from 25,9% to 18,2%.
      Patterns of morbidity observed in the various population groups differed greatly
      and changed over the period studied. Comparisons between morbidity patterns in
      our patients and national mortality patterns showed close parallels within each
      population group and major differences between the different groups--those those
      in whites closely resemble patterns in industrialized countries, whereas for the
      patients of mixed race and black patients they more closely approximate those in
      developing countries. Attention is drawn to the inadequate growth of medical
      facilities in relation to population expansion, and to the urgent need for a far
      sighted, ambitious, comprehensive, non-discriminatory preventive and curative
      health service.

PMID- 4002088
TI  - Deaths from and mortality rates for largely preventable causes of death in whites
      in the RSA. Comparison of the situations in 1970 and 1980.
AB  - The numbers of deaths from and age-adjusted mortality rates (MRs) for largely
      preventable causes of death in white males and females aged 15 - 64 years in 1970
      and 1980 were compared. The causes of death considered were lung cancer,
      ischaemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease, chronic lung diseases,
      cirrhosis of the liver, motor vehicle accidents and suicide. In spite of an
      increase in the white population in this age group from 2,39 million in 1970 to
      2,93 million in 1980, the number of deaths from the above causes decreased, with
      two exceptions. The exceptions were lung cancer, where the number of deaths
      increased from 482 in 1970 to 535 in 1980, and suicide--up from 433 to 516. The
      decreases over the 10-year period were substantial in some cases. For example,
      the number of deaths from IHD fell from 4000 to 3486. The MRs (those for 1980
      were age-adjusted) decreased over the 10-year period in all cases, except in the
      case of lung cancer where the MR remained at 20/100 000. This seems to indicate
      that anti-smoking campaigns in RSA have not yet begun to influence the incidence
      of this disease in the white population.

PMID- 4002089
TI  - African vital statistics--a black hole?
AB  - An attempt was made to describe the disease patterns among blacks on the basis of
      registered deaths, which have been collected for the whole of the RSA since 1978.
      The pattern of cause-specific proportional mortality resembled that of an
      underdeveloped population. It was noticed that the data were not suitable for
      detailed descriptions because there was evidence of under-registration and
      misclassification, in particular in the national states. A large proportion (20%
      on average) of the deaths are classified as caused by symptoms, signs and ill
      defined conditions. It is recommended that the process of registration be
      reviewed in order to improve the quality of the data so necessary for
      epidemiological and health care research.

PMID- 4002090
TI  - Epilepsy in a community--management and social impact.
AB  - A clinic for adult epileptics run by a primary health care centre was "medically'
      audited to assess the quality of care, aetiological factors and social
      implications of this condition in the community served. It was found that drug
      compliance is poor (55%), and seizure control is suboptimal. There is a high
      incidence (38%) of post-traumatic epilepsy. The patients predominantly rely on
      social welfare for support--only 11% are self-supporting and 62% receive a
      disability grant. The role of a special clinic for co-ordinated and comprehensive
      continuing care is emphasized.

PMID- 4002091
TI  - Gonorrhea as a social disease.
AB  - Gonococcal infection in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is concentrated in about 1%
      of the population. The social groups at risk are characterized as young,
      nonwhite, heterosexual, and connected to the military. They exhibit residential
      proximity by clustering in "core" census tracts; 51% of cases were in four
      tracts. They demonstrate residential stability and close social association at
      preferred sites for nighttime leisure activity (six major sites out of 300
      available). Social aggregation is further demonstrated by the length of social
      contact prior to sexual contact (45% had known each other for over two months),
      the neighborhood nature of sexual choices, and the grouping of sexually connected
      individuals in lots (six lots contained 20% of cases). The force of infectivity,
      measured in person-days of potential spread of gonorrhea by infected contacts,
      provides a quantitative assessment of the important of identifiable social groups
      in the transmission of gonorrhea.

PMID- 4002092
TI  - Effects of various doses of estradiol on chlamydial genital infection in
      ovariectomized guinea pigs.
AB  - The effect of various doses of estradiol on genital tract infection by the
      chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) was investigated
      in ovariectomized guinea pigs. Prolongation of infection, as determined by
      chlamydial inclusion counts of cells in Giemsa-stained smears of vaginal
      scrapings, was observed in animals receiving daily doses of 1.0, 10.0, 100.0, or
      1000 micrograms of estradiol. In contrast to controls, ascending infection
      resulting in endometritis was found in animals receiving doses of greater than or
      equal to 1.0 microgram of estradiol per day. Response to estradiol treatment was
      reflected in an increase in cervical-uterine wet weight and uterine wall
      thickness. No differences were observed in time of appearance of antibody titers
      to GPIC in serum, but a delay in appearance of IgA antibody to GPIC in genital
      secretions was found in estradiol-treated animals receiving doses of greater than
      or equal to 1.0 microgram per day.

PMID- 4002093
TI  - Characteristics of gay persons with sexually transmitted disease.
AB  - Two hundred sixty-one male homosexuals and one hundred four female homosexuals
      completed questionnaires dealing with patterns of sexual activity and experience
      with sexually transmitted diseases. Among lesbians, a history of gonorrhea or
      syphilis was associated with heterosexual activity. Among gay males, gonorrhea
      and syphilis were associated with white race, residence in an urban area, low
      income, and high scores on the Brief Michigan Alcoholism Test. Male homosexuals
      had more episodes of gonorrhea and syphilis than did female homosexuals. Among
      male homosexuals the number of sex partners was greater among young urban
      residents. Poor health practices with respect to sexually transmitted diseases
      (i.e., delay in seeking treatment, self-treatment, and lack of regular check-ups)
      were more common among the older, less-well educated, and nonurban groups of gay
      males.

PMID- 4002094
TI  - Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi,
      Kenya.
AB  - Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in many
      developing nations. In Nairobi we found that 16%, 28%, and 46%, respectively, of
      upper-, middle-, and lower-social strata prostitutes were infected with Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae. Genital ulcers and infections with Haemophilus ducreyi were more
      prevalent among prostitutes of the middle and lower social strata. A group of 97
      prostitutes of the lower social strata were followed longitudinally to determine
      the rate of reinfection with N. gonorrhoeae. The mean time to acquisition of a
      new infection was 12.0 +/- 9.2 days. These results show that in Nairobi
      prostitutes are a readily identifiable group of high-frequency transmitters of
      gonococcal infection. Strategies based on intervention in the prostitute
      reservoir could prove to be an effective means of control of gonococcal
      infections in developing nations.

PMID- 4002095
TI  - Triple-culture tests for diagnosis of chlamydial infection of the female genital
      tract.
AB  - By use of triple-culture tests of each site, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated
      from 112 women: from cervical material from 110, urethral material from 32, and
      rectal material from 19. Triple swabs provided 89 (81%) of 110 diagnoses of
      cervical infection; the first swab yielded 65 (59%), the second an additional 15
      (14%), and the third an additional nine (8%). Three sets of cervical scrapings
      provided 102 (93%) of 110 diagnoses of cervical infections; the first scrapings
      yielded 76 (69%), the second an additional 22 (20%), and the third another four
      (4%). Of 32 women with positive urethral cultures, the first swab was positive in
      28 (88%), and the second in the remaining four. Of 19 women with positive rectal
      cultures, the first swab yielded 11 (58%), the second an additional five (26%),
      and the third an additional three (16%). The results show that positive culture
      results obtained by use of a single swab underestimate the prevalence of
      chlamydial infection.

PMID- 4002096
TI  - Effect of amoxicillin on simultaneous Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men with
      gonococcal urethritis: comparison of three dosage regimens.
AB  - Of 92 men with gonococcal urethritis who were treated orally with amoxicillin, 25
      (27.1%) had a simultaneous Chlamydia trachomatis infection. At the first visit 25
      patients were treated with a single dose of 1 g of amoxicillin plus 1 g of
      probenecid (group 1); 24 men were treated with 1 g of amoxicillin twice a day for
      two days (group 2); and 43 men were treated with 0.75 mg of amoxicillin three
      times a day for seven days (group 3). At the follow-up visit, one patient in each
      group still had Neisseria gonorrhoeae-positive cultures. C. trachomatis was not
      isolated again after treatment from men in group 3, but was isolated from 81.8%
      in groups 1 and 2 combined (P less than 0.05). One (10%) of the ten men in group
      3 who were C. trachomatis-positive before treatment developed postgonococcal
      urethritis, as compared with seven (63.6%) of 11 in groups 1 and 2 combined (P
      less than 0.05). Thus a multiple-dose amoxicillin regimen may prove to be a
      useful alternative to the present-day treatment of chlamydial infections of the
      urogenital tract.

PMID- 4002097
TI  - [Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia: types I and II. Study of 2 cases].

PMID- 4002098
TI  - [Isoelectric focusing of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants].

PMID- 4002099
TI  - [Hodgkin's disease with cutaneous fistulization of the adenopathies].

PMID- 4002100
TI  - [Spanish Association of Hematology and Hemotherapy: 26th national congress,
      Logrono, 29-31 October 1984. Abstracts].

PMID- 4002101
TI  - [Deep venous thrombosis and changes in antithrombin III in the postoperative
      period].

PMID- 4002102
TI  - Report on the earnings sharing implementation study.
AB  - This article summarizes the report on the earnings sharing implementation study
      mandated by the Social Security Amendments of 1983. In general, earnings sharing
      means that a married couple would share equally any earnings credited for social
      security purposes during years of their marriage. The principles of earnings
      sharing can be meshed with present law in a variety of ways. A range of earnings
      sharing plans are analyzed. Transitional provisions are included and
      distributional and cost effects for each plan are provided. In addition,
      implementation concerns are analyzed and feasible time periods for implementing
      an earnings sharing plan are discussed. However, no recommendations about the
      feasibility or desirability of an earnings sharing plan are made. The analysis of
      the earnings sharing plans in the report shows that implementation of any of
      these plans would cause a number of persons to get higher benefits than would be
      available under present law, and, except for one plan that has a permanent
      guarantee of present law benefit levels, each plan would cause a number of
      persons to get lower benefits. Women, in general, would get higher benefits under
      an earnings sharing system, but many individual women and most men would get
      lower benefits. A variety of proposals other than earnings sharing that have been
      suggested over the years as ways to improve social security protection for women
      are also analyzed.

PMID- 4002103
TI  - Fiberendoscopic removal of foreign bodies of the upper part of the
      gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - In a review of our experience with the extraction of foreign bodies using the
      fiberendoscope in 57 patients who ingested true foreign bodies and had food bolus
      impaction, we found 17 of the foreign bodies to be big metallic wires. The
      extraction technique used and the complications as a result of the object or the
      technique are given herein.

PMID- 4002104
TI  - Repair of recurrent inguinal hernia with Marlex mesh.
AB  - Fifty-seven patients with large recurrent inguinal hernia had undergone repair
      using Marlex mesh. Fifty-six patients had excellent results, one patient suffered
      a recurrence. There were two wound infections and no deaths. Polypropylene is an
      excellent prosthetic material for replacement of attenuated or destroyed
      posterior wall of the inguinal canal. It is biologically inert and resistant to
      infection.

PMID- 4002105
TI  - The diagnostic and prognostic value of peritoneal lavage in patients with acute
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was performed upon 247 patients referred with a
      clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis at a median time of five hours after
      admission to the hospital and was associated with 0.8 per cent morbidity. The
      procedure enabled an erroneous clinical diagnosis to be corrected in seven
      patients and confirmed a tentative clinical diagnosis in two other patients.
      Criteria for the prediction of severe pancreatitis by peritoneal lavage are
      described. This enabled 90 per cent of the patients who died of fulminant
      pancreatitis or of the later effects of pancreatic necrosis to be identified.
      Diagnostic lavage appeared to be most useful for the identification of severe
      attacks of pancreatitis which were associated with a shock-like systemic illness.

PMID- 4002106
TI  - Recurrence following stapled coloproctostomy for carcinomas of the mid portion of
      the rectum.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 90 patients who underwent a curative surgical
      resection for a carcinoma of the middle third of the rectum was carried out to
      determine the preliminary recurrence rates associated with stapled
      coloproctostomy. Acknowledging the obvious limitations of this preliminary
      report, the liberal use of restorative resections for these lesions does not
      appear to be resulting in an obvious increase in tumor recurrence, and the use of
      the circular intraliminal staplers has significantly decreased the number of
      abdominoperineal resections required to treat these lesions. We will continue to
      use stapled coloproctostomy for the majority of these lesions; however,
      definitive statements regarding the over-all effect of this approach upon
      survival time await further studies incorporating larger numbers and longer
      follow-up studies.

PMID- 4002107
TI  - A critical reappraisal of a mandatory exploration policy for penetrating wounds
      of the neck.
AB  - Over-all, the results of this review suggest that mandatory exploration for
      penetrating wounds of the neck may be safely supplanted by selective management.
      The basis for this conclusion includes: 1, most neck wounds were not associated
      with significant injury; 2, routine exploration did not obviate the possibility
      of missed injuries; 3, negative findings at exploration were associated with a
      number of complications; 4, hospital stay for patients with negative neck
      exploration results was similar to those with positive exploration findings, and
      5, it appears that selective management should not increase the need for special
      diagnostic studies. Patients with clearly positive clinical findings indicating
      visceral neck injury should undergo operative exploration. Those with a negative
      clinical examination should be closely observed. Contrast roentgenographic and
      other special studies should be reserved for those with equivocal clinical
      findings or who have a change in clinical status under observation.

PMID- 4002108
TI  - Percutaneous biliary drainage as an initial therapy in sepsis of the biliary
      tract.
AB  - Percutaneous biliary drainage offers a rapid, low-risk, effective method of
      decompressing the biliary tract in the patient with cholangitis and sepsis. A
      definite surgical procedure can be delayed until the patient is stabilized. The
      procedure provides anatomic detail that can be used to plan surgical treatment.
      In some patients who do not have surgically correctable lesions, operation can be
      avoided altogether.

PMID- 4002109
TI  - Effect of alcohol upon myoelectric activity of the gastrointestinal tract and
      pancreatic and biliary duct pressures.
AB  - Myoelectric activity of the antrum, duodenum and sphincter of Oddi was recorded
      from 12 conscious opossums. The common duct and the pancreatic duct were
      cannulated for pressure measurements. Recordings were made in the fasted state
      and after gastric or duodenal administration of ethanol. Alcohol was instilled
      during phase I (55 experiments) or phase II (ten experiments) of the migrating
      myoelectric complex. Administration of alcohol caused the appearance of phase III
      like activity in five to ten minutes in 91 per cent of the experiments.
      Pancreatic duct and common duct pressure oscillations occurred synchronously with
      respiratory movements and with sphincter of Oddi spike potentials. There was an
      increase in the number of pressure elevations related to the increase in
      sphincter of Oddi spike potentials after alcohol administration; however, base
      line pressures remained constant. It is concluded that the administration of
      alcohol into the stomach or duodenum causes the appearance of phase III-like
      activity and that there is no change in the base line pressure after the
      instillation of alcohol.

PMID- 4002110
TI  - Endogenous opioid activity in clinical hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - Plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and total opioid-like activities were measured
      upon arrival at the hospital in ten patients with extensive trauma and in a state
      of shock and 11 patients with minor injury. Patients in a state of shock had
      significantly (p less than 0.01) higher mean plasma beta-endorphin
      immunoreactivity than patients with minor trauma (128.8 +/- 24.8 picomolars
      versus 31.7 +/- 5.6 picomolars). There were no significant intergroup differences
      in the mean plasma cortisol concentration (27.7 +/- 4.7 micrograms per deciliter
      versus 20.6 +/- 2.7 micrograms per deciliter) or opioid ligand activity (2.28 +/-
      0.62 nanomolars versus 3.17 +/- 0.99 nanomolars). These data are consistent with
      the hypothesis that certain endogenous opioids may be physiopathologic factors in
      hemorrhagic shock but provide no proof of a cause and effect relationship.

PMID- 4002111
TI  - Mortality associated with enterococcal bacteremia.
AB  - Our data support the concept that enterococcal bacteremia provides a marker for
      life-threatening disease processes but, apart from endocarditis, seldom explains
      the immediate cause of death. Although over-all mortality among 189 patients who
      experienced 190 episodes of enterococcal bacteremia was 39 per cent, only 14
      deaths were attributed directly to the episode of bacteremia on the basis of
      definitions used in this study. Upon closer scrutiny, the role of enterococcal
      infection even in these 14 deaths was not entirely clear except for one fatal
      instance of endocarditis. We could not correlate outcome with use of specific
      antimicrobial therapy directed against enterococci.

PMID- 4002112
TI  - Use of the surgical stapler to obliterate the left atrial appendage.

PMID- 4002113
TI  - End to side ileoproctostomy.

PMID- 4002114
TI  - Guided dilators for the common bile duct.
AB  - The use of the flexible guide dilators for the common bile duct has remarkably
      reduced the amount of manipulation, trauma and handling of the duct during
      exploration. As a result, there has been the additional advantage of an over-all
      reduction in the time required for operating. This simple technique has been
      successfully performed in approximately 80 instances.

PMID- 4002115
TI  - Complement activation and clearance in acute illness and injury: evidence for C5a
      as a cell-directed mediator of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in man.
AB  - The appearance of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during the
      course of acute illness is believed to result, in part, from intrapulmonary
      neutrophil sequestration and degranulation induced by circulating inflammatory
      mediators. To evaluate the role of complement-neutrophil interactions in the
      pathogenesis of ARDS in man, 34 patients suffering from intra-abdominal sepsis
      (seven), multisystem trauma (15), or acute pancreatitis (12) were serially
      studied with regard to neutrophil migratory responses to C5a and F-Met-Leu-Phe,
      lysosomal content of beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, and simultaneously obtained
      plasma levels of immunoreactive C3adesArg and C5adesArg. Nineteen patients
      developed ARDS. In these patients, plasma C3adesArg levels obtained within 72
      hours of admission to the hospital were elevated to 305 +/- 35 ng/ml compared
      with 145 +/- 16 ng/ml for patients who did not develop ARDS (p less than 0.0005).
      C5adesArg levels were not elevated in either group. In vitro studies showed that
      neutrophils from normal persons were able to clear all of the C5a/C5adesArg
      generated in up to 5% zymosan-activated serum, while no clearance of C3adesArg
      was identified. Patient migratory responses could be divided into three groups
      based on their initial (less than 72 hour) samples: (1) hyperresponsive to both N
      = formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and C5a, (2) specifically
      deactivated to C5a, and (3) deactivated to both C5a and FMLP. Patients in the
      latter two groups developed ARDS. Enzyme content of neutrophils from patients who
      developed ARDS showed a substantial fall in beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme
      levels. The finding of elevated plasma C3a levels and deactivation of migratory
      response to C5a support the contention that complement activation had occurred in
      these patients and that their neutrophils had been exposed to C5a/C5adesArg in
      vivo. The finding of nonspecific migratory dysfunction associated with lysozymal
      enzyme loss, a circumstance not reproducible in vitro by C5a exposure, suggests
      that other stimuli produced degranulation of neutrophils made hyperresponsive by
      prior exposure to C5a.

PMID- 4002116
TI  - Beneficial effect of allopurinol in liver ischemia.
AB  - The effect of allopurinol on protein synthesis, tissue water, and adenine
      nucleotides in liver tissue during and after a period of liver ischemia was
      investigated in rats. Ischemia was induced in the left and median liver lobes for
      1 hour and experiments were continued for 2 hours after reperfusion. One group of
      animals (n = 20) received allopurinol (50 mg/kg body weight) intravenously 10
      minutes before induction of liver ischemia. Control rats (n = 20) were given a
      corresponding volume of saline solution. Protein synthesis was measured by
      determining the rate of amino acid incorporation into protein in incubated liver
      slices. The reduction of protein synthesis and energy level in liver tissue and
      the increase of hepatic tissue water were similar in both groups of animals at
      the end of the ischemic period. During reperfusion the protein synthesis rate was
      higher and hepatic tissue water was lower in allopurinol-treated animals than in
      control rats. No significant differences in hepatic adenine nucleotides were
      found between the two groups of rats during ischemia or after reperfusion. The
      results demonstrated that improved protein synthesis and reduced tissue water in
      the postischemic liver after administration of allopurinol were not the result of
      improved restoration of adenine nucleotides. Inhibited production of oxygen-free
      radicals might be one mechanism by which allopurinol exerted its beneficial
      effect after liver ischemia.

PMID- 4002117
TI  - Effects of tuftsin on postsplenectomy sepsis.
AB  - Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide within the CH2 domain of the IgG immunoglobulin.
      Enzymatically cleaved from its parent globulin, it increases the phagocytic
      activity of macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils by specific receptor
      mechanisms. In splenectomized hosts the circulating levels of tuftsin are
      reduced. Postsplenectomy sepsis is due to impaired clearance of intravascular
      bacteria; it has been postulated that tuftsin deficiency may contribute to this
      impairment. In this experiment splenectomized DBA/2 mice were subjected to
      pneumococcal sepsis. The groups of mice treated with tuftsin and those that
      received autotransplanted splenic tissue had significantly improved survival
      rates. We conclude that tuftsin deficiency plays a role in postsplenectomy sepsis
      and that treatment with synthetic tuftsin protects the splenectomized host
      against pneumococcal septic death.

PMID- 4002118
TI  - Successful management of late-onset primary lymphatic hypoplasia.
AB  - Primary lymphedema of the extremities, abdomen, or chest is an unusual and
      difficult clinical problem with few guidelines for management. A case is reported
      of lymphedema acquired at the age of 61 years, with associated massive chylous
      ascites and chylothorax. No underlying condition was discovered and the patient
      was found to have hypoplastic lymphatics by lymphangiography. Initial management
      consisted of extremity elevation, diuresis, and repeated paracenteses and
      thoracenteses. A peritoneojugular shunt provided temporary relief. Surgical
      pleurodesis combined with intensive diuresis has given prolonged relief of his
      symptoms allowing him to return to a functional life. Diagnostic and therapeutic
      guidelines for the management of this unusual condition are suggested.

PMID- 4002119
TI  - The surgical educator, an endangered species?

PMID- 4002120
TI  - The quality of surgical clerkships.
AB  - Many of the contours of a surgical clerkship can be designed, implemented, and
      evaluated with varying degrees of objectivity. The recently established
      Association for Surgical Education and its expanding membership have performed in
      an excellent fashion in addressing the objectives, content, process, and
      evaluation of surgical clerkships. There are several factors that influence the
      quality of a clerkship that are not readily subjected to measurement but that
      have a significant impact on the environment and conduct of clerkships.
      Criticism, mainly from the academic community, has been directed recently to
      distortions of the learning process and the continuing use of traditional
      teaching methods that do not serve medical educational programs and students
      optimally. More attention should be paid to the principle that a surgical
      clerkship should be designed to provide an elemental comprehension of the major
      surgical diseases irrespective of how the students will select multiple
      specialties for their careers. The quality of a clinical teaching program is
      influenced in a realistic way by the quality of care provided to the patients.
      The image of the staff, especially the resident staff, plays an important role in
      affecting students' incentives, the development of self-discipline, their
      attitudes toward patients and families, and the ultimate selection of careers. As
      much responsibility as possible for the diagnosis of disease and the care of
      patients should be given to students under close supervision and always with the
      best interests of the patients in mind. The environment of medical schools and
      teaching hospitals is changing rapidly. The corporate practice of medicine will
      have an impact on the quality of surgical clerkships, we hope not adversely.

PMID- 4002121
TI  - Oral examinations: actual and perceived contributions to surgery clerkship
      performance.
AB  - Controversy persists regarding the validity, utility, and practicality of oral
      examinations. This study of a recent 3-year experience at the University of
      Michigan Medical School was undertaken to determine the value of the oral
      examination in the required junior year surgery clerkship. Multiple regression
      analysis of the relationship between the oral examination and ward grades,
      written examination grades, and the final grades for the clerkship years 1980 to
      1981 (n = 198), 1981 to 1982 (n = 234), and 1982 to 1983 (n = 215) (classes of
      1982, 1983, and 1984) revealed significant correlation between the oral
      examination and other evaluation parameters. Stepwise regression analysis
      revealed that the oral examination contributed unique information to final grade
      determination. Two surveys identified faculty and student opinion regarding the
      oral examination. The results were consistent during the 3-year period of study.
      Faculty and student opinion regarding the examination as an evaluation process
      and motivational device were positive, as was opinion regarding the breadth and
      depth of knowledge tested and the examination as a learning experience and an
      accurate reflection of students' performance. Both faculty and students agreed
      that the examination was worth the time and effort invested by faculty, was an
      appropriate evaluation process, and was a source of worthwhile faculty and
      student interaction.

PMID- 4002122
TI  - Assessment of medical student fund of knowledge in surgery.
AB  - A medical student's fund of knowledge can be assessed by either his demonstrated
      fund of knowledge on a clinical service or an examination at the completion of
      the clerkship. During the past 2 years we have evaluated each student's fund of
      knowledge in two ways: clinical assessment by faculty and residents and
      performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners Part II Special Surgical
      Examination given at the end of the surgical clerkship. This study compares the
      clinical assessment of surgical knowledge for all 100 members of the class of
      1984 at the University of Utah with other subjective evaluations such as
      attitudes and college grade point average and objective measures of performance
      such as premed MCAT score, Part I National Boards score, and the National Boards
      Special Surgical Examination. The correlation between clinical assessment of
      knowledge and the Surgical Examination was 0.23, with a range on individual
      services from -0.42 to 0.45. There was a higher correlation for the total group
      of 0.56 between fund of knowledge and attitudes, with a range on individual
      services of -0.04 to 0.72. The correlations between clinical assessment of
      knowledge and Part I National Boards, college grade point average, and chemistry
      MCAT score were 0.23, 0.09, and 0.15, respectively. These results indicate that
      the clinical assessment of fund of knowledge is not a good predictor of
      performance on the surgical section of the National Boards. Clinical assessment
      of fund of knowledge appears to be linked more closely to faculty and resident
      assessment of student attitudes. There are a couple possible explanations for
      these results: clinicians are measuring different aspects of knowledge than are
      National Boards or clinicians do not accurately assess knowledge and confuse
      attitudes such as interest and enthusiasm with fund of knowledge.

PMID- 4002123
TI  - [Effect of vagotomy on gastrin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer].
AB  - The basal and food-stimulated gastrin secretion after selective proximal
      vagotomy, selective gastric vagotomy and truncular vagotomy was found to be
      elevated. Hypergastrinemia increased as gastric secretion was inhibited, thus
      attesting to the role of acid formation inhibition in the origin of the
      postvagotomy increase in the hormonal secretion. However the values of the
      intragastral pH being equal, the blood gastrin level was higher after vagotomy as
      compared to that seen in unoperated peptic ulcer patients. After vagotomy coupled
      with antrumectomy gastrin secretion remained at the level seen in the unoperated
      patients, indirect evidence for increased function of extraantral G cells.
      Inhibition of gastric secretion is no single cause of the postvagotomy
      hypergastrinemia, since the latter was essentially increased in the early
      postoperative times and in the presence of the vagotomy-induced disorders. It is
      concluded that increased secretion of gastrin after vagotomy secures trophic and
      compensatory-adaptation processes.

PMID- 4002124
TI  - [Possibilities and prospects of the assessment of regional hemodynamics under
      clinical conditions].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the methods of rheography and different types of
      plethysmography, with the possibilities of using them clinically for the
      assessment of the peripheral hemodynamics. It is concluded that the best type of
      mechanical plethysmography is plethysmography with the use of a mercuric timer;
      in addition, mechanical plethysmography compares very favourably with impedance
      one.

PMID- 4002125
TI  - [Blood acetylcholine level in patients with nonspecific lung diseases].
AB  - Using different methodological approaches to acetylcholine studies the authors
      could obtain information about the content of the neurotransmitter in the blood
      of 150 patients and in the pulmonary tissue of 32 experimental animals with acute
      and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases.

PMID- 4002126
TI  - [Age- and sex-related aspects of changes in external respiratory functions in the
      population of high-altitude Mongolia].
AB  - External respiratory function was explored in 191 aborigenes living in high
      mountains (2300 m above the sea level) and in 233 aborigenes living in low
      mountains (800 m above the sea level). It was established that during long-term
      high-altitude adaptation, there was a substantial increase in the static and
      dynamic lung volumes with an appropriate reduction in the residual lung volume.
      Such adaptation reactions made oxygen consumption remain at the subnormal level
      which was 40-50 ml/min less in the population living in high mountains as
      compared with that living in low mountains. It was revealed that in mountaineers,
      the age-associated involution of the majority of the parameters of external
      respiration occurred 10 years later on the average than in the population living
      in low mountains. The compensatory abilities of the external respiratory
      apparatus were found to be higher in women than in men and to be preserved for a
      longer time with physiological aging.

PMID- 4002127
TI  - [Methodological aspects of high specialization in diagnosis].

PMID- 4002128
TI  - [Effect of pentagastrin on the emptying function of the stomach and pyloric
      sphincter tonus in patients with duodenal ulcer].
AB  - An x-ray method modified by the authors was employed in 40 patients with peptic
      ulcer of the duodenum to examine the effect of pentagastrin and histamine on the
      rate of gastric evacuation of x-ray capsules 3, 5 and 10 mm in diameter taken
      with the trial breakfast. It was established that pentagastrin inhibits gastric
      evacuation (P less than 0.05) mainly at the expense of retention of the egress
      from it of the capsules 10 mm in diameter (P less than 0.05). Administration of
      histamine does not exert any essential effect on the rate of gastric evacuation.
      Administration of gastrin following cimetidine also brings about an inhibition of
      gastric evacuation (P less than 0.05) largely at the expense of retention of
      evacuation of the capsules larger in diameter. It is concluded that inhibition of
      gastric evacuation after gastrin administration occurs at the expense of an
      elevation of the tone of the pyloric sphincter. It is suggested that in the
      mechanism of the inhibitory action of pentagastrin, the level of hydrochloric
      acid secretion and H2 receptors of histamine do not play any important role. The
      inhibitory effect of pentagastrin is likely to be caused by an elevation of the
      somatostatin level.

PMID- 4002129
TI  - [Diagnostic possibilities of intragastric pH-metry].
AB  - The data obtained during aspiration and intragastric pHmetry were studied and
      compared. Criteria of evaluating acid formation in the stomach were developed
      according to the intragastric pHmetry data. Examination of healthy subjects and
      patients with gastrointestinal diseases permitted one to distinguish the main
      types of secretion. It was demonstrated that intragastric pHmetry is not
      inferior, in the diagnostic aspect, to a classical aspiration study, while in a
      number of situations, it compares very favourably with this method of
      examination.

PMID- 4002130
TI  - [Protein metabolism in patients with duodenal ulcers and mathematical modeling of
      its disorders].
AB  - The amino acid composition of blood serum was studied in patients with duodenal
      ulcers, with this parameter characterizing protein metabolism most delicately.
      Essential changes were established in the amino acid composition as dependent on
      a number of factors: disease standing, complications and their duration, acid
      forming function of the stomach. Based on the mechanism established, a
      mathematical model was simulated of protein metabolism impairment associated with
      peptic ulcer. The use of the model permits making an early diagnosis and
      correction of the abnormalities described.

PMID- 4002131
TI  - [Various characteristics of the urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in
      patients with peptic ulcer, chronic duodenal ulcer and in their relatives].
AB  - The authors describe the results of studying secretion of glycosaminoglycans
      (GAG) with urine in 82 patients with peptic ulcer, 30 relatives and in 30 normal
      subjects with nonaggravated heredity. Patients with chronic duodenal ulcer during
      exacerbation and their normal relatives showed an essential reduction in the
      magnitude of the above indicator (1.6- and 1.8-fold, respectively, P less than
      0.001) at the expense of a decrease in secretion of chondroitinsulfates (CDS)
      (2.4- and 2.1-fold, respectively, P less than 0.001). In peptic ulcer of the
      stomach, such a phenomenon was not recorded. During a disease remission there was
      an increase in GAG secretion with urine, linked with hyperheparinuria (13.1-fold,
      P less than 0.001). The data obtained indicate that the genetically determined
      impairment of CDS synthesis may be among one of the mechanisms by which
      hereditary aggravation in peptic ulcer of the duodenum is mediated.
      Hyperproduction of heparin during a disease remission is likely to play the role
      of one of the components of the defense-adaptation reaction responsible for ulcer
      healing.

PMID- 4002132
TI  - [Blood viscosity indicators in patients with gastric and duodenal diseases].
AB  - A total of 102 patients with peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, chronic
      gastritis, and erosive gastritis were examined. A statistically significant
      increase in blood viscosity was recorded during the diseases enumerated. In
      peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis, the fibrinogen and hematocrit levels did not
      change quantitatively although quantitative changes in the fibrinogen level were
      likely to influence blood viscosity. Red cell aggregation was found to be
      increased, being the main factor responsible for blood viscosity deterioration.
      The authors studied the effect of cimetidine on blood viscosity in patients with
      peptic ulcer and the effect of peritol in chronic gastritis. These drugs were
      found to markedly reduce blood viscosity, as a result of which the circulation in
      the gastric mucosa improved, promoting the cure of patients with peptic ulcer.
      According to the authors' opinion, cimetidine, that blocks H2 histamine
      receptors, lessens the effect of histamine on red cell aggregation, thereby
      improving blood viscosity.

PMID- 4002133
TI  - [Peptic ulcer: clinico-endoscopic and biochemical aspects of the development and
      healing of the peptic defect].
AB  - The metabolism of collagen and glycoproteins bound with glycosaminoglycans was
      studied in 19 patients with a preulcerous condition (chronic primary
      gastroduodenitis) and in 49 patients with peptic ulcer of the stomach (12) and
      duodenum (37). The control groups comprised 12 practically healthy subjects
      (group I) and 20 patients with chronic secondary gastroduodenitis (group II).
      Based on the data obtained it is concluded that the high level of collagen
      metabolism in patients with chronic gastroduodenitis may be regarded as an early
      diagnostic criterion of the preulcerous condition. In patients with peptic ulcer,
      epithelization of the peptic defect controlled with the aid of studying the
      indicators of collagen formation should not be viewed as completed after clinico
      endoscopic confirmation of the disease remission. There was a close correlation
      between the ulcerous crater area and the level of free hydroxyproline in gastric
      juice. High level of glycoproteins in patients with gastroduodenitis and peptic
      ulcer can be used as an additional criterion of the degree of the inflammatory
      reaction.

PMID- 4002134
TI  - [Chronic non-healing stomach ulcers].
AB  - Altogether 98 patients with chronic gastric ulcers were followed for many of
      years. There were more men which marks peptic ulcer including chronic ulcers
      under consideration. The men were of middle or elderly age, which is linked both
      with the development of peptic ulcer of the stomach at an older age and with
      specialized study of the subjects belonging to this age group. In the 48
      patients, the ulcers did not heal from several months to 5 years, in 16 from 6 to
      10 years, and in 9 over 10 years. Ulcers that do not heal for more than 6 months
      are regarded chronic. The so-called malignant ulcer is nothing but the existent
      cancer not recognized in time. Chronic ulcers may heal. The use of reparative
      agents in patients with such ulcers is ineffective. The healing of these ulcers
      without a cicatrice or cicatricial lesions is unstable. The surgical treatment of
      such patients is not a must, and the problem is to be decided with regard to the
      introduction of new efficacious antiulcerous agents, follow up of patients by a
      specialist and making gastroscopy with spot biopsy.

PMID- 4002135
TI  - [Comparative results of the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers with low-energy
      laser and hyperbaric oxygenation].
AB  - In 90 patients with peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, the times required
      for the healing of ulcerous defects were studied and compared after local
      irradiation with low-energy (infrared) laser and hyperbaric oxygenation. Analysis
      of the data obtained attests to the similar (in terms of the times of the healing
      of gastric and duodenal ulcers) clinical efficacy of the methods under
      comparison. This makes it possible to regard hyperbaric oxygenation and the local
      use of infrared laser as the methods of choice (with regard to individual
      tolerance) for the treatment of peptic ulcer.

PMID- 4002136
TI  - [Treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers during endoscopy].
AB  - The author reviews the results of the local treatment of 142 patients for peptic
      ulcer of the stomach (24 patients) and duodenum (67 patients). In 51 cases,
      symptomatic ulcers were diagnosed. Use was made of a complex of surgical and
      therapeutic endoscopic interventions. The local treatment of gastroduodenal
      ulcers made it possible to attain positive results with a complete ulcer
      cicatrization and disappearance of the clinical symptom-complex in 105 (83.3%)
      out of the 142 patients. The effect was transient in 24 (16.3%) patients. The
      ulcer did not heal in 13 (9.1%) patients. The follow up studies for 2 to 5 years
      revealed no relapses in 79.5% of patients. No complications were recorded.
      Indications and contraindications as to the therapeutic endoscopy were determined
      with regard to the clinical and esophagogastroduodenoscopy data and histological
      examination of biopsy material.

PMID- 4002137
TI  - [Cellular immunity in patients with frequently recurring peptic ulcer after
      complex treatment using granulocyte concentrates].
AB  - The authors provide the data concerning changes in humoral and cellular immunity
      as well as factors of nonspecific defense under the effect of a new treatment
      method for frequently relapsing peptic ulcer. The method is based on
      administering a granulocyte concentrate by ulcer pricking around. It was noted
      that in peptic ulcer patients, humoral and cellular immunity returned to normal
      as did the factors of nonspecific defense.

PMID- 4002138
TI  - [Duodenal ulcer in adolescents].
AB  - The author describes the clinical features as well as the endoscopic and
      morphological pictures of the gastric and duodenal mucosa in adolescents with
      peptic ulcer of the duodenum. Attention is also drawn to a number of exogenous
      and endogenous factors in the disease genesis. It is shown that the times of
      ulcer healing depend to a large degree on its sites, size, disease standing and
      concomitant deformation. The importance of endoscopy in the diagnosis of ulcer
      and concomitant pathology in adolescents is emphasized.

PMID- 4002139
TI  - [Secretin and peptic ulcer].
AB  - Eighty patients with peptic ulcer were examined by the microprecipitation test
      according to Hoigne. Skin tests were made in 63 and the leukocytolysis test with
      secretin in 39 patients who were also examined for the effect of secretin on
      peripheral blood cellular composition, pH of gastric juice, and for therapeutic
      action of the hormone. Sixty-six per cent of peptic ulcer patients showed
      secretin antibodies and positive skin tests, whereas 59% of patients the positive
      leukocytolysis test with secretin. The endogenous hormone provoked a reduction in
      the leukocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, raised pH of gastric juice and
      exerted a beneficial therapeutic action. Secretin antibodies are likely to bind
      the hormone and give rise to secretin deficiency. Administration of secretin has
      a good therapeutic effect in duodenal ulcer patients.

PMID- 4002140
TI  - [Prospects of improving step-by-step rehabilitation of patients with peptic
      ulcer].
AB  - The authors provide the data of many years of study into the morphofunctional
      status of the gastroduodenal system in 396 patients with peptic ulcer exposed to
      staged rehabilitation treatment. High medical and economic efficacy of the method
      is demonstrated. Approaches to the improvement of the results of staged
      rehabilitation treatment have been developed. They are based on systematic
      training of the medical personnel, improvement of the work of the rehabilitation
      rooms and departments, adequate dispensarization of the population aimed at early
      diagnosis of peptic ulcer; follow up and differential treatment of concomitant
      diseases; rigid differential approach to the choice of the rehabilitation
      treatment; polypragmasia control; differential approach to the choice of the
      treatment times; adequate specialized employment of patients; continuity in the
      work of the internists and surgeons at all the stages of the treatment.

PMID- 4002141
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation of the liver in liver disease].
AB  - Material of puncture biopsy of the human liver left after morphological study was
      used to explore enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, NADH-ferricyanide
      reductase activity, the content of triglycerides, cholesterol and protein. It was
      shown that the degree of lipid peroxidation varies considerably in different
      liver diseases. The highest degree of lipid peroxidation was discovered in
      patients with fibrosis accompanied by the symptoms of fatty dystrophy. It was
      established that the rate of peroxidation does not directly correlate with the
      level of liver lipid infiltration. It is concluded that NADH-ferricyanide
      reductase activity mirrors adequately the nature of a liver disease and can be
      used as a highly sensitive and very specific enzymatic test.

PMID- 4002142
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of the course of acute viral hepatitis B in middle-aged
      and aged patients].
AB  - The clinical manifestations of acute virus hepatitis B were studied and compared
      in 109 elderly and senile patients (group I) and in 103 young patients (group
      II). In all the patients, the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by HBsAg
      demonstration in the peripheral blood. It was established that hepatitis B ran a
      severe and medium-severe course in 93.5% of the group I patients. In severe
      hepatitis B, intoxication was marked in 44.6% of the group I and in 65.3% of the
      group II patients. In group I, it was more prolonged reaching on an average 21 +/
      2 days versus 13 +/- 3 days in group II. The liver increased by 4 cm and more in
      27.52% of the group I patients and in 9.71% of the group II patients. In the
      group I patients, the liver size returned to normal by the discharge from
      hospital less frequently than in the group II patients whatever the disease
      severity. Splenomegaly was noted in 6.42% of the group I patients only with a
      severe hepatitis B, and in 23.3% of the group II patients. In the group I
      patients with a severe hepatitis B, bilirubinemia reached a maximum at the
      eleventh day of jaundice or later (71.4%). In 64.3% of the group II patients, the
      maximum was seen within the first ten days of jaundice. In the group I patients,
      more severe disease patterns correlated with more marked hyperfermentemia ALAT
      (31.7 +/- 1.59 mmol/h.l. in a severe pattern, 26.9 +/- 1.29 mmol/h.l. in a medium
      severe pattern). In the group II patients, no relationship was found between the
      degree of hyperfermentemia and disease severity.

PMID- 4002143
TI  - [Functional activity of natural killer cells in patients with chronic liver
      diseases].
AB  - Functional activity of natural killers (NK) was examined in 67 patients with
      chronic virus and alcoholic liver diseases, chronic nonspecific reactive and drug
      hepatitides. The activity of NK was found to be reduced in the groups of patients
      with chronic virus nonspecific reactive and drug hepatitides. Suppression of NK
      was most pronounced in patients with virus chronic active hepatitis. No
      statistically significant alterations in NK were discovered in the groups of
      patients with liver cirrhoses depending on the etiological factor and activity of
      the pathological process. The use of immunosuppressive therapy for active liver
      diseases led to further inhibition of natural cytotoxicity.

PMID- 4002144
TI  - [Crohn disease--combined lesions of the duodenum and small intestine].

PMID- 4002145
TI  - [Colonoscopy and extensive biopsy in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of
      the large intestine].

PMID- 4002146
TI  - [Role of gastrin in the development of gastrointestinal disorders in patients
      with acute intestinal infections].
AB  - Examination of 85 patients with acute intestinal infections (food toxoinfections
      of medium gravity) of non-established etiology, salmonellosis and acute
      dysentery) has revealed a significant increase in gastrin concentration in blood
      plasma both in the acute period and convalescence. The highest increase in blood
      plasma gastrin concentration was recorded during convalescence, particularly in
      patients with acute dysentery. Based on the data obtained, the conclusion is made
      about the involvement of gastrin in the development of gastrointestinal disorders
      and formation of the adaptation syndrome in acute intestinal infections.

PMID- 4002147
TI  - [Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of respiratory diseases in chronic
      alcoholism].
AB  - Out of 633 male patients aged 20 to 60 years (the mean age 37.1 +/- 8.2 years)
      with chronic alcoholism treated at hospital, pulmonary diseases (with the
      exception of tuberculosis) were revealed in 121 (19.3%), namely chronic
      bronchitis in 27 (4.3%), lung emphysema in 67 (10.7%), pneumosclerosis in 18
      (2.9%), bronchial asthma in 9 (1.4%), which was 2-3 times as frequent as in the
      total population. The patients with associated alcoholism and pulmonary diseases
      differed but insignificantly from the total patients' population as regards the
      age, alcoholism standing, and patterns of alcohol abuse. The treatment consisted
      in combination of active antialcoholic therapy and specific therapy of pulmonary
      diseases. In prolonged alcoholism remissions, the pulmonary process was
      discovered to be stabilized and compensated for.

PMID- 4002148
TI  - [Problems of deontology and psychotherapy in pulmonology].
AB  - The authors discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of deontology and
      psychotherapy in patients with bronchopulmonary pathology. Taking into
      consideration the course taken by the diseases of the bronchopulmonary system,
      the necessity of frequent hospitalizations of the patients and the use of
      hormonal drugs and specialized instrumental research methods, it is recommended
      that a complex of treatment and rehabilitation measures should include the
      methods of psycho- and hypnotherapy.

PMID- 4002149
TI  - [Assessment of the pulmonary blood flow changes in thromboembolism of small
      branches of the pulmonary artery].
AB  - Patients with thromboembolism of small branches of the pulmonary artery (TESPA)
      were examined by rheopulmonography (RPG) for the pulmonary blood flow over the
      zones of thromboembolism and uninvolved parts of the lungs. The study was
      performed at the initial disease stage, on days 3-7 of the disease and before the
      patient's discharge from hospital. It was shown that pulmonary circulation
      undergoes some successive changes. During the first phase, the total vascular
      hypertension and arterial hypertension of the pulmonary circulation together with
      occlusion are noted. During the second phase, dilatation of the arterial bed in
      the healthy zones and normalization of arterial hypertension together with the
      reduced blood flow in the area of thromboembolism are observed. The convalescence
      phase is characterized by the recovery of the blood flow in the area of
      thromboembolism and return of the arterial tone in the pulmonary circulation to
      normal. RPG permits one to have an objective evaluation of the clinical picture
      of TESPA and therapy received by the patients.

PMID- 4002150
TI  - [Characteristics of the action of strophanthin on central hemodynamics, pulmonary
      and intrahepatic blood circulation and myocardial contraction].
AB  - The effects of strophanthin treatment given in courses on the central
      hemodynamics, pulmonary, intrahepatic circulation and myocardial contractility
      were studied in 97 patients with decompensated chronic cor pulmonale depending on
      the hemodynamic type of circulation. In patients with CNPD and circulatory
      failure having the hypokinetic circulation, the treatment with strophanthin
      brought about improvement of the pulmonary and hepatic hemodynamics, increase in
      myocardial contractility, reduction of congestion. This may be accounted for by
      an elevation of the MOS, removal of the peripheral spasm on the part of the
      vascular system, elimination of prolonged venous congestion in the lungs and
      liver, and improvement of arterial blood flow in these organs. It was shown that
      in patients with hyperkinetic circulation, administration of strophanthin has an
      untoward effect on the hemodynamics in the lungs, liver and heart, thereby
      maintaining and increasing myocardial hyperfunction and venous hypervolemia. The
      data obtained indicate that it is inadvisable to prescribe strophanthin at early
      stages of the decompensated chronic cor pulmonale in patients with hyperkinetic
      circulation.

PMID- 4002151
TI  - [Clinical aspects and treatment of severe Legionnaires' pneumonia].
AB  - The authors provide the reported data on the epidemiology, morphology, clinical
      picture and treatment of Legionnaires' disease. Demonstrate a wide disease
      prevalence and note a high percentage of grave patterns of Legionnaires' disease.
      Stress the necessity of etiological verification of the diagnosis in pulmonary
      diseases. The possibility of concomitant lung injury by different microorganisms
      interfering with the diagnosis and instituting a goal-oriented etiotropic therapy
      (by tetracycline and erythromycin in Legionnaires' disease) is discussed with
      reference to clinical material. The authors are also concerned with changes in
      the immune status of patients with the disease under consideration and approaches
      to their correction.

PMID- 4002152
TI  - [Importance of studying the sputum of pneumonia and bronchitis patients].

PMID- 4002153
TI  - [Levels of physiologically active substances in the blood in acute pneumonia].
AB  - Histochemical techniques have demonstrated an increase in the content of some
      physiologically active substances (catecholamines, serotonin and histamine) and
      acetylcholinesterase activation in the formed elements of the blood plasma of
      patients with acute pneumonia. The development of acute experimental pneumonia
      and pulmonary edema in rabbits has been shown to be accompanied by inhibition of
      serotonin inactivation in the lungs. It may be assumed that the increase in the
      blood content of physiologically active substances is caused by abnormality of
      the non-respiratory functions of the lungs in acute pneumonia.

PMID- 4002154
TI  - [Importance of the cytochemical study of blood leukocyte enzyme activity in acute
      pneumonias].
AB  - The authors describe the results of cytochemical study of the activity of
      alkaline and acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase and NADP-HH oxidase of
      neutrophils, acid phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenases of peripheral blood lymphocytes in 90 patients
      with acute pneumonia on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 of the disease. It has been
      shown that changes in the activity of leukocytic enzymes are early and sensitive
      signs of acute inflammation in the lungs, reflecting the gravity and character of
      the disease. Some features of the enzymatic alterations depending on the degree
      of respiratory failure and allergic complications have been disclosed.

PMID- 4002155
TI  - [2-stage treatment of acute pneumonia patients with rehabilitation at the
      sanatorial stage].
AB  - A total of 73 patients with acute pneumonia received two-stage treatment:
      etiotropic treatment based on early etiological diagnosis (at hospital) and
      subsequent early rehabilitation at sanatorium with the use of peloid therapy. It
      made it possible to attain the best short-term results in the treatment of
      pneumonias (as compared with control group patients), to shorten 2-4-fold the
      times of the patients' stay at hospital and to raise bed capacity, to reduce the
      total doses and duration of antibacterial therapy, to decrease the possibility of
      the allergic reactions and side effects, and to reduce 2-fold the cost of
      antibacterial therapy.

PMID- 4002156
TI  - [Cardiovascular lesion in ischemic heart disease patients with acute infections
      of the respiratory tract not confirmed by laboratory tests].
AB  - The authors studied the effects of acute infections of the respiratory tract of
      unclear etiology on the coronary heart disease in 213 patients. It was
      established that acute respiratory infections unconfirmed by the laboratory data
      exert the same unfavourable effect on the CHD as influenza and other
      etiologically unraveled respiratory infections. The patients showed exacerbation
      up to the development of the foci of dystrophy and large-focal myocardial
      infarction. The authors make an important conclusion that all the CHD patients
      with acute respiratory infections need ECG control, bed regime and adequate drugs
      whatever the etiology of infections, the presence or lack of laboratory
      confirmation of the diagnosis.

PMID- 4002157
TI  - [Precordial mapping and morphometric indices of the necrotic area in myocardial
      infarct in chronic bronchitis patients].

PMID- 4002158
TI  - [Use of zonal rheography of the lungs in diagnosing chronic bronchitis].

PMID- 4002159
TI  - [Mechanisms of blood rheological disorders and their role in the progression of
      chronic obstructive bronchitis].
AB  - In patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, the rheological blood properties
      progressively deteriorate as the pulmonary insufficiency increases. These
      disorders are mainly caused by enhancement of red cell aggregation. The most
      remarkable disorders of the blood viscosity, e. g. the pathologically high
      viscosity syndrome, are recorded in patients with associated decompensated cor
      pulmonale and secondary erythrocytosis because of the hemoconcentration effect.
      Besides, the increase in the blood viscosity is dependent on the reduction in the
      propulsive capacity of the myocardium and acid-base unbalance. The role of the
      disorders of the blood viscosity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension is
      discussed.

PMID- 4002160
TI  - [Autonomic and emotional disorders in chronic obstructive bronchitis].
AB  - The clinical picture of chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) coupled with lung
      emphysema and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis studied in 198 patients was
      characterized by the autonomous and emotional syndrome which depended largely on
      the presence and degree of arterial hypoxemia, abnormality of lung ventilation,
      the degree of the activity of bronchopulmonary infection. Psychogenias of
      childhood, psychic traumas, encephalopathy are likely to play a role in the
      syndrome formation. Somatoautonomic disintegration may promote the development of
      COB and its progress at the stage of the marked clinical disease manifestations.

PMID- 4002161
TI  - [Clinico-immunological parallels in chronic bronchitis and the role of
      endobronchial immunostimulation in preventing recurrences].
AB  - The authors have demonstrated high efficacy of endobronchial immunostimulation
      with staphylococcal anatoxin in preventing exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in
      industrial workers. Prognostic criteria of the screening of the patients for
      prophylaxis have been developed.

PMID- 4002162
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma].
AB  - Altogether 792 patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of bronchial
      asthma were under observation. The diagnosis was confirmed in 513 (64.8%)
      patients and was not confirmed in 279 patients. Of these, 148 (53.2%) were
      diagnosed to have chronic obstructive bronchitis, 80 (28.7%) a bronchospastic
      syndrome coupled with exacerbation of chronic (in 69) or acute pneumonia (in 11).
      In 25 (9%) patients, the clinical manifestations were associated with cardiac
      asthma attacks, 14 (5%) had tumors of the bronchi, trachea or metastatic lung
      lesions which gave rise to the development of the bronchospastic syndrome. Eight
      (2.8%) patients were diagnosed to have tracheobronchial dyskinesia, 1 primary
      lung emphysema, 1 hysteria, 1 pulmonary tuberculosis, and 1 a foreign body.
      Differential diagnosis between bronchial asthma and the bronchospastic syndrome
      is presented.

PMID- 4002163
TI  - [Circadian organization of the indices of external respiration in bronchial
      asthma patients].
AB  - Circadian rhythms of external respiration function (ERF) and body function (BF)
      were studied in 20 patients with mild bronchial asthma, 20 patients with
      bronchial asthma of medium gravity and in 14 healthy subjects. Circadian rhythms
      of the medium-group parameters of ERF were shown to be statistically
      insignificant, whereas individual circadian chronograms demonstrated circadian
      rhythms for all the patients with BA and healthy subjects. Essential differences
      were found in the organization of the temporary structure of circadian rhythms of
      ERF in BA patients and healthy subjects. It was discovered that in BA patients,
      the maximal pathological alterations develop within the period from the midnight
      to 8 a. m., whereas the minimal disorders of ERF are recorded within the period
      from the noon to 8 p. m. It is suggested that deterioration of bronchial patency
      which brings about the development of obstruction in BA patients is the result of
      hypersynchronization and increased amplitude of the circadian rhythms of those
      parameters of ERF which determine the bronchial patency.

PMID- 4002164
TI  - [Approaches to the rehabilitation of bronchial asthma patients].
AB  - Rehabilitation of patients with bronchial asthma is a complicated problem which
      has been studied insufficiently. It includes a number of constituent elements:
      exclusion or restriction of contact with an allergen, specific sensitization,
      choice of rational maintenance therapy, health resort treatment, and so forth.
      The main purpose of rehabilitation treatment for bronchial asthma consists in the
      creation of the most favourable life and work conditions for patients.

PMID- 4002165
TI  - [Bronchial asthma and arterial hypertension].
AB  - Study of the clinical data concerning patients suffering from bronchial asthma
      and analysis of the autopsy data allow the conclusion about the presence of a
      pathogenetically validated symptomatic arterial hypertension including its drug
      patterns. The increased number of cases of bronchial asthma and arterial
      hypertension constellation attests to a considerable unbalance of the autonomous
      nervous system, alterations of the sympathoadrenal effects in such patients,
      which makes the clinical picture and course of modern bronchial asthma more
      complicated. The pathogenetic approach to the treatment of such patients
      characterized by hypersensitivity to the environmental factors, stress situations
      and to drugs which stimulate the sympathoadrenal system will permit one to avoid
      diagnostic, deontological errors, to choose sound therapy including measures
      aimed at preventing arterial hypertension itself.

PMID- 4002166
TI  - [Endolymphatic therapy in the combined treatment of patients with respiratory
      diseases].
AB  - Based on a study of the clinical efficacy of endolymphatic administration of
      antibiotics in 160 patients with different pulmonary diseases the methods of the
      use of endolymphatic therapy (ET) as part of a complex of therapeutic measures
      for lung abscess, pneumonia, chronic purulent bronchitis have been devised. The
      pharmacodynamics of gentamicin, brulamicin, pentrexyl, ketocef and claforan
      administered endolymphatically has been explored. Positive shifts have been
      demonstrated in cyclic nucleotides and immune responsiveness during ET, a
      constituent part of multiple modality treatment.

PMID- 4002167
TI  - [Methodological bases for the differential assessment of the conditioning
      function of the respiratory apparatus in clinical practice].
AB  - Over 1000 practically healthy adults and patients with myocardial infarction,
      rheumatic fever and bronchial asthma were examined with the use of original
      pneumothermocalorimetric equipment. Based on the statistical treatment data the
      principle of standardization and due parameters of the conditioning function of
      the external respiratory apparatus were developed as were grades and
      etiopathogenetic characteristics of this function states, physiological and
      conventional standards, and three stages of insufficiency.

PMID- 4002168
TI  - [Bronchial reactivity in healthy persons as a criterion in assessing the cold
      test].
AB  - Inspiration of cold air is offered as a test to reveal the changed bronchial
      reactivity. To develop criteria of individual estimation of the cold test, a
      group of healthy subjects (22) were examined. Bronchial patency was studied
      before and after inspiration of cold air. In healthy subjects, inspiration of
      cold air caused changes in the parameters which exceeded their reproducibility.
      These deviations mirrored the changes in bronchial patency, therefore to diagnose
      the changed bronchial reactivity, the range of insignificant changes in the
      parameters was enlarged to the limits of their deviations in healthy persons
      under the action of cold air. The obtained criteria of the deviations in the
      parameters can be used for estimation of the cold test.

PMID- 4002169
TI  - [Reproducibility of the flow-volume indices of healthy persons and patients with
      lung diseases].
AB  - Reproducibility of the flow-volume indicators at forced expiration and
      inspiration was calculated during examination of 210 healthy subjects and 420
      patients with different pulmonary diseases. Reproducibility of the flow-volume
      indicators of the median and end part of the forced expiration which reflect
      largely the function proper of the patency of the distal parts of the bronchial
      tree was essentially higher in patients and tended toward increase with a rise in
      the degree of ventilation abnormalities. Reproducibility of the conventional
      spirographic parameters in healthy subjects and patients with ERF abnormalities
      did not differ whatever their character and degree.

PMID- 4002171
TI  - Blood component therapy for cancer patients.

PMID- 4002170
TI  - [Subsegmental bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of inflammatory and
      disseminated processes in the lungs].
AB  - Analysis of the results of the diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 108
      patients has shown that based on the study of the cellular composition of the
      bronchoalveolar washing (BAW) one can form a judgment about the activity of
      chronic bronchitis and disseminated processes in the lungs. In individual
      patients, the cytological examination of the BAW permits detecting the
      characteristic cell elements (hemosiderophages, tumor cells) and verifying the
      pattern of the disseminated process in the lungs.

PMID- 4002172
TI  - Health effects of indoor passive smoking.

PMID- 4002173
TI  - Parental behavior and knowledge of infant auto safety.

PMID- 4002174
TI  - Palmar hyperhidrosis.

PMID- 4002175
TI  - Health promotion among primary care physicians in Texas.

PMID- 4002176
TI  - Professional liability insurance: the high cost of peace of mind.

PMID- 4002177
TI  - Oral prednisolone-21-phosphate is absorbed at the same rate and to the same
      extent as oral prednisolone in normal adults.

PMID- 4002178
TI  - [Thrombolytic action of heparin and a low molecular weight fraction].

PMID- 4002179
TI  - [Compliance: measurement of adherence to treatment and therapeutic follow-up].

PMID- 4002180
TI  - [Camphor in pediatrics. Its therapeutic value and risks].

PMID- 4002181
TI  - [Cimetidine and rebound].

PMID- 4002182
TI  - [Are there any withdrawal complications with nitro derivatives and calcium
      antagonists?].

PMID- 4002183
TI  - [Orthostatic arterial hypotension in the aged subject].

PMID- 4002184
TI  - Non-absorption of enteric-coated prednisolone. Normal absorption of non-enteric
      coated prednisolone in a patient with Crohn's disease and massive intestinal
      resection.

PMID- 4002185
TI  - [Lyell's syndrome and sulindac apropos of a case].

PMID- 4002186
TI  - [Plasma concentrations of lidocaine during bronchial endoscopies. Role of
      inflammation].

PMID- 4002187
TI  - [Action of indalpine on the pupil diameter in the healthy volunteer].

PMID- 4002188
TI  - [Imputation of the unexpected or toxic effects of drugs. Actualization of the
      method used in France].

PMID- 4002189
TI  - [Effects of diphenylhydantoin on thyroid function].

PMID- 4002190
TI  - [Drug-induced lupus. Physiopathological data].

PMID- 4002191
TI  - [Penetration of amikacin into the anterior chamber of the human eye].

PMID- 4002192
TI  - [A cerebellar syndrome and auditory hallucinations in a depressive alcoholic
      following indalpine treatment].

PMID- 4002193
TI  - [Optimization of the dosage of digoxin. Proposal for a minimal exploratory
      protocol].

PMID- 4002194
TI  - [Penetration of cefazolin into bone].

PMID- 4002195
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine following administration of a single dose by the
      rapid intravenous route and by the oral route].

PMID- 4002196
TI  - [Glipizide treatment does not change erythrocyte insulin receptors in non-insulin
      dependent diabetics].

PMID- 4002197
TI  - [Effects of a sodium nitroprusside-dobutamine combination in left cardiac
      failure].

PMID- 4002198
TI  - Inhibition of low molecular weight heparin by protamine chloride in vivo.
AB  - To determine the antagonization of anticoagulant and lipolytic effects of a low
      molecular weight [LMW] heparin preparation protamine chloride was given
      intravenously after i.v. injection of LMW or normal heparin. The effects of
      normal heparin on factor Xa, thrombin, aPTT, lipoprotein [LPL] and hepatic
      triglyceride lipase [HTGL] activities were neutralized immediately by i.v.
      protamine. The inhibition of thrombin and aPTT by LMW heparin were also
      abolished, whereas the effects on LPL and HTGL were counteracted to 80% and on
      factor Xa only to 40% by i.v. protamine chloride. No rebound of the anticoagulant
      or lipolytic effect was detected. It is assumed that haemorrhagic complication
      during therapy can be antagonized by protamine chloride. The incomplete
      inhibitory effect of protamine chloride on LPL, HTGL and factor Xa activities of
      LMW heparin indicate that protamine chloride requires more than 14 saccharide
      units in the heparin molecule for interaction.

PMID- 4002199
TI  - Involvement of disulfide-sulfhydryl interaction in anti-platelet actions of
      KF4939.
AB  - We studied on the role of an intramolecular disulfide bond of KF4939 in its anti
      platelet actions by using rabbit platelets. The inhibitions of aggregation of
      platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelets, and of malondialdehyde
      production in thrombin-stimulated platelets by KF4939 were counteracted by
      pretreatment with sulfhydryl compounds, glutathione, 1-cysteine and
      dithiothreitol. A reduced compound of KF4939 (Red-KF4939) showed nearly equal
      anti-aggregating activities to those of KF4939 in PRP, it, however, showed low
      activities to inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombin -stimulated
      malondialdehyde production in washed platelet suspensions. In addition, the anti
      aggregating action of Red-KF4939 was counteracted by pretreatment with sulfhydryl
      compounds, similarly to that of KF4939. Furthermore, when platelets were treated
      with KF4939, a significant decrease of protein-bound sulfhydryl groups was
      observed. We may conclude from these results that the intramolecular disulfide
      bond plays an essential role in anti-platelet actions of KF4939 and the
      interaction of the disulfide bond with protein-bound sulfhydryl groups may be
      involved in the mechanism of anti-platelet actions of KF4939.

PMID- 4002200
TI  - Inhibition by luciferin-luciferase reagents of aggregatory responses to
      excitatory agonists in washed platelet suspensions.
AB  - Addition of two commercial luciferin-luciferase reagents caused marked inhibition
      of the aggregatory response of washed human platelets to thrombin, ADP,
      vasopressin and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Analysis of the effects of the
      individual components of one of these reagents revealed that Mg2+, and to a
      lesser extent bovine serum albumin, was responsible for the observed inhibition.
      A modified luciferin/luciferase reagent has been designed on the basis of these
      data for use in washed platelet suspensions which causes minimal inhibition of
      the aggregatory and secretory responses to thrombin but which gives a near
      maximal luminescence yield.

PMID- 4002201
TI  - Fibrinogen Baltimore IV: congenital dysfibrinogenemia with delayed fibrin monomer
      polymerization.
AB  - A congenital dysfibrinogenemia, fibrinogen Baltimore IV, has been found in a 56
      year-old Caucasian man. Clinical laboratory studies disclosed a slightly
      prolonged prothrombin time, but were otherwise unremarkable. Release of
      fibrinopeptides by thrombin occurs normally, as does ligation of the fibrin
      polymer by Factor XIII. Approximately half of the isolated fibrin monomers
      polymerize normally, but the remainder polymerize at about 2% of the initial
      rate. The functional defect is thus limited to a decrease in the rate of fibrin
      monomer polymerization.

PMID- 4002202
TI  - Turnover of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) in rabbits.
AB  - FPA disappeared from the circulating blood along a double-exponential decay curve
      consisting of an initial phase (t 1/2 = 1.8 min) and a late phase (t 1/2 = 34.7
      min). The rapid decrease in blood FPA was due to the large extravascular space,
      the size of which was estimated to be about 5 times larger than that of
      intravascular space. The actual amounts of 125I-FPA distributed to the organs and
      tissues were generally quite low. However, in the case of the urine, the injected
      amount of FPA was excreted at the rate of 50% per hour. Thus, the urinary FPA
      levels may reflect the occurrence of intravascular coagulation.

PMID- 4002203
TI  - In vitro study of the inhibition of coagulation induced by different
      radiocontrast molecules.
AB  - The anticoagulant activity of seven intravascular radiocontrast molecules (RCM)
      was evaluated in different in vitro systems using citrated human plasma. Each RCM
      was tested in a concentration range of 5 to 50 mM. The thrombin time and the
      reptilase time showed a dose-dependent lengthening of fibrinoformation, the
      recording of fibrinoformation exhibited a significant delay of fibrin monomer
      generation and polymerization although the amplitude of the fibrinoformation was
      not decreased. The interfering effect with fibrin clot formation impairs also
      global coagulation tests and monospecific coagulation tests using
      fibrinoformation as the final step of the assay, but a possible interaction
      between RCM and some specific coagulation factors cannot be excluded. RCM
      potentiated the anti-thrombin action of heparin but the inhibition or delay of
      fibrinoformation is not related to an antithrombinic effect of contrast media.
      The thrombin amidolytic activity is not modified by RCM but the generation of FpA
      is delayed and decreased. The ultrastructure of the fibrin clot is not altered at
      the end of the polymerization.

PMID- 4002204
TI  - Assessment of thrombogenicity of prothrombin complex concentrates in a porcine
      model.
AB  - Infusion of prothrombin complex concentrates into pigs resulted in evidence of
      disseminated intravascular coagulation manifested by positive fibrin monomer
      tests, depletion of coagulation factors and platelets, and the presence of fibrin
      in small blood vessels at autopsy. All of the nine prothrombin complex
      concentrates were found to be thrombogenic. The response appeared to be dose
      related, and the two activated materials were more thrombogenic than the non
      activated products. In contrast, a purified factor IX concentrate resulted in
      minimal transient changes in only 2 of 5 animals tested, and autopsy findings
      were negative for fibrin deposition in all. Four of these animals received 200
      factor IX units/kg, which was twice the dose used for any of the other products.
      Control animals received human plasma or albumin with no evidence of coagulation
      changes or fibrin deposition at autopsy. The porcine model is more sensitive than
      other animal models for detection of the thrombogenic effects of prothrombin
      complex concentrates and may be useful for testing new products found to be non
      thrombogenic in other test procedures.

PMID- 4002205
TI  - Intakes of energy, protein and calcium and weaning pattern of a group of Dutch
      infants aged 6-12 months.
AB  - The intakes of energy, protein and calcium of 76 infants aged 6-12 months was
      investigated using a five day weighing record method. Average daily energy intake
      was 380 kJ/kg/day; the average daily intake of protein was 3.8 g/kg/day and the
      average calcium intake was 785 mg per day. Milk and milk products were the main
      source of these nutrients and supplied 41%, 59% and 83% respectively of the total
      daily intake of energy, protein and calcium. The weaning pattern was investigated
      retrospectively. At age of 6 months the infants were eating a variety of foods
      rich in protein and calcium.

PMID- 4002206
TI  - [Dental caries and dental health behavior in 6-and-10-year-old children].
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate whether or not children with low and high
      caries experience are different concerning some features of preventive dental
      health behaviour. Regarding their dietary habits it could be established that the
      total daily intake of energy and nutrients can not differ between both caries
      groups, but that there seems to be a tendency to a higher intake during regular
      meals by children with low caries experience compared to their mates with high
      caries experience. In case of between-meal consumption it is just the reverse. It
      appears that there is also a difference in the choice of food products.
      Strikingly the consumption of sweets and sugar containing foods did not differ
      between the caries groups. Children with low caries experience use more fluoride
      tablets and seem to be a little more effective in plaque removal. In conclusion
      it is pointed out that the observed differences are too small to decide whether
      children in the low caries group behave more favourably as far as dental health
      is concerned.

PMID- 4002207
TI  - [An international classification for retinopathies of premature infants].

PMID- 4002208
TI  - [Type I tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome].
AB  - A two-year-old boy and his mother with the Tricho-Rhino-Phalangeal syndrome type
      I were studied. The mother showed the complete triad of the syndrome with fine,
      sparse, slow-growing hair, pear-shaped nose and abnormal fingers. Cone-shaped
      epiphyses of the phalanges of the hands and shortening of the mesophalanges and
      of the first and fifth metacarpals were observed radiographically. With the
      exception of the extreme shortening of several phalanges and metacarpals the
      above mentioned symptoms were also present in the son.

PMID- 4002209
TI  - Nuclear development in locust fat body: the influence of juvenile hormone on
      inclusion bodies and the nuclear matrix.
AB  - The hormonal induction of vitellogenesis in insects and in oviparous vertebrates
      are prime models of gene regulation in eukaryotes. In vertebrates the process is
      under estrogenic control and normally confined to females, although males can be
      artificially induced. In locust in contrast, juvenile hormone (JH) is central to
      fat body development in both males and females, yet the response is strongly sex
      limited not only for vitellogenin production but also in terms of total protein,
      DNA and RNA synthesis and nuclear ploidy levels. To differentiate further
      possible sex and/or JH related developmental aspects in locusts, large-scale
      nuclear events were examined during normal adult maturation and in animals
      treated with antiallatropins and JH analogs. Fat body nuclei undergo extensive
      restructuring during normal development in both sexes. This included progressive
      nuclear enlargement, accompanied by extensive proliferation of nuclear matrix
      components and elaboration of complex inclusion bodies (NB). The isolated protein
      matrix was unusually complex relative to similar structures from vertebrates and
      the NB were firmly anchored to it. Although matrix proteins were qualitatively
      similar to those from other sources, as assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, several major matrix polypeptides, including lamins A and B, and
      components greater than 150 kD, fluctuated quantitatively during development and
      in concert with nuclear enlargement. The number and morphology of the NB were
      unrelated to sex, but increased in direct proportion to absolute nuclear volumes.
      All changes were more pronounced in females, where higher ploidy levels, larger
      nuclei and correspondingly more internal matrix elements occurred. Suppression of
      JH production by precocene prevented all foregoing nuclear changes, but re
      exposure to methoprene rapidly induced normal development. The results are
      compared to analogous nuclear changes in steroid responsive vertebrate tissues.

PMID- 4002210
TI  - Organ culture of adult cockroach CNS: ultrastructural and physiological
      characteristics.
AB  - The abdominal nerve cord of adult Periplaneta americana has been maintained in
      culture for up to 5 weeks. The ultrastructural appearance of in vitro cords
      resembles that of in vivo cords although some degeneration of glia may occur
      during the first 2 weeks in culture. The glial cells most affected are those
      which make up the perineurium. The blood-brain barrier, formed by the perineurium
      in vivo, breaks down in vitro. Despite this, normal action potentials were
      recorded from giant axons in 1 month old cultured connectives.

PMID- 4002211
TI  - Effects of alpha-amanitin on the fine structure of adrenal fasciculata cells in
      the young rat.
AB  - The administration of 0.2 micrograms/g/bw of alpha-amanitin to approximately 20 g
      rats provoked the following nuclear modifications in rat adrenal fasciculata
      cells at 60 min: chromatin condensation, nucleolar fragmentation, increase in the
      number of PCG and clumping of ICG in the center of the nucleus. At longer time
      intervals (2.5 and 4.5 hr) these alterations were more evident, but at 24 hr the
      nuclear structure was back to normal with the exception of a persistent increased
      number of PCG. After injection of 0.75 micrograms/g/bw and at 2.5 hr, there was
      pulverization of condensed chromatin, fragmentation and partial segregation of
      the nucleolus with increased density of the fibrillar component. Cytoplasmic
      alterations were severe including cap-shaped mitochondria with electron-dense
      matrix surrounding lipid droplets, reduced endoplasmic reticulum of vesicular
      type and clusters of microvesicles with dense content in the Golgi trans-area. At
      24 hr, the nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology returned to normal. These findings
      are interpreted as the morphological counterpart of a disturbance of
      extranucleolar and nucleolar RNA synthesis, as well as of lipid and lipoprotein
      metabolism, brought about by the drug.

PMID- 4002212
TI  - Wound healing in the trematode Schistosoma.
AB  - The ability of adult Schistosoma mansoni to effect wound healing over an exposed
      surface has been demonstrated. In transected worm segments a new external plasma
      membrane formed over the exposed tegumental cytoplasm. An elevated leading edge
      of tegument developed around the margin of the wound; the surface of this region
      was highly convoluted and there was a proliferation of membranous bodies within
      its cytoplasm. Inward migration of the leading edge over the exposed internal
      tissues took place. The resulting new tegument lacked spines and sensory endings.
      There was no regeneration of basal lamina or tegumentary cytons. In vitro
      maintenance of worm segments for 3 weeks did not give rise to any major
      ultrastructural changes in the tissues away from the wound.

PMID- 4002213
TI  - Ultrastructural changes during recovery from anabiosis in the plant parasitic
      nematode, Ditylenchus.
AB  - Ultrastructural changes after desiccation and rehydration of the anabiotic fourth
      stage juveniles of the plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn)
      Filipjev are described and quantified. Anabiotic juveniles retain their
      structural integrity, although the cuticle decreases in thickness and the muscle
      cell sarcoplasm condenses. In contrast the structure of the non-anabiotic
      nematode Panagrellus silusae is completely disorganized by desiccation. Following
      rehydration of D. dipsaci there is a lag phase of 2-3 hr before the nematodes
      become active. During this period the juveniles undergo an ordered series of
      morphological changes. The lipid droplets within the intestinal cells coalesce
      and the cuticle increases in thickness. The muscle cell sarcoplasm expands, the
      spacing of the thick myofilaments increases and the mitochondria swell before
      recovering a more normal appearance. These morphological changes, together with
      earlier metabolic studies, indicate that repair occurs during the lag phase prior
      to recovery. This may involve membrane repair and the re-establishment of the
      ionic gradients essential for normal muscle and nerve function.

PMID- 4002214
TI  - Morphohistochemical changes in hepatocytes during the life cycle of the European
      eel.
AB  - The comparative analysis of morphological, histochemical and cytochemical
      patterns of eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) hepatocytes reveals clear differences
      between two stages of its life cycle, i.e. the trophic stage (yellow eel) and
      reproductive stage (silver eel). The storage of glycogen prevails in the yellow
      eel, whilst lipids appear to be remarkably increased in the silver eel, in which
      some hepatocytes also show glycogen-rich areas. Generally, in the silver eel
      dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities seem greater and different
      distribution of the reaction products is present; on the contrary, a lower G6PDH
      activity is observed. The electron microscopy characteristics and distribution of
      both cellular organelles and reserve materials reflect the modifications found at
      light microscopy. The ultrastructural patterns provide further evidence for the
      heterogeneity of liver parenchyma in silver eel. In particular, the coexistence
      of nuclei showing a different degree of chromatin compactness is also accounted
      for by the quantitative cytochemical data on the nuclear DNA after Feulgen
      reaction and intercalation with propidium iodide at low and high concentrations.
      With regard to the DNA content, the hepatocytes in the silver eel as well as in
      the yellow eel are mainly 2c. However, some 4c values are also found, which
      according to the literature can be ascribed to cells in G2 phase. The present
      data may express the onset of different functional requirements during the
      reproductive stage in comparison with the trophic one. Moreover, our results are
      consistent with modifications found by other authors as a consequence of
      interruption of nourishment and during gonad maturation, i.e. two phenomena
      characterizing the transition from yellow to silver eel.

PMID- 4002215
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy by using heart rate
      variations--determination of the normal range for the diagnosis of autonomic
      neuropathy.
AB  - Heart rate (HR) variations--in supine resting position, during deep breathing and
      on standing--were measured in 162 healthy subjects and 168 diabetics by use of an
      instantaneous-HR-change continuous recorder. As indices of HR variations, the
      standard deviation of the HR at rest (SD of HR), the mean difference between
      maximal and minimal HR during deep breathing (delta I-E) and the HR increase on
      standing (delta HR) were determined. In healthy subjects, the values for each
      test declined with age and the log-transformed data fitted the linear regression.
      The 90% confidence limits were calculated for the normal range and the values
      below normal range were defined as abnormal. In diabetics, the incidence of
      abnormal response were 19% in the SD of HR, 38% in the delta I-E and 22% in the
      delta HR. The delta I-E was the most sensitive index for the autonomic
      neuropathy. The delta HR was considered to be able to detect the different
      mechanisms of neural reflexes because of the poor correlation between the delta
      HR and the respiratory HR variations. The present studies suggested that delta I
      E and delta HR should be measured at the same time to evaluate the autonomic
      neuropathy.

PMID- 4002216
TI  - Estimation of alveolar deposition ratio of inhaled radioaerosol.
AB  - The lung retention ratio (LRR) and the alveolar deposition ratio (ALDR) are
      mandatory to calculate the other three indices for quantitatively evaluating
      mucociliary clearance function of the ciliated airways; the airway deposition
      ratio (ADR), the airway retention ratio (ARR) and the airway clearance efficiency
      (ACE). According to our original method, the LRR required 2-hr continuous
      measurement of radioactivity in the thorax and the ALDR a repeat measurement at
      24-hr after radioaerosol inhalation. The 2-hr continuous measurement is, however,
      too long for a clinical examination and the 24-hr repeat measurement cumbersome.
      The purpose of the study was to find a way to get the ALDR by calculation without
      repeating the 24-hr measurement and by counting radioactivity for the shortest
      possible period and yet without sacrificing the visual evaluation by compiling
      radioaerosol inhalation lung cine-scintigraphy. By using the derived formulae
      listed in Table 1, the ALDR was calculable. Forced expiratory volume (FEV) in one
      sec divided by FEV in per cent (FEV1.0%), the initial 60 min measurement of
      radioactivity without repeating 24-hr measurement, and smoking history were the
      minimum requirements to calculate the ALDR. The calculated ALDR appeared reliable
      enough to estimate the other indices.

PMID- 4002217
TI  - Quantitative light and electron microscopical studies of the effect of vagotomy
      on parietal cells in rats.
AB  - As early as 3 days after truncal vagotomy, a decrease in the number of parietal
      cells per gland and the length of fundic glands of the stomach was observed in
      young Wistar rats. A decrease in the size of cells and the number of mitochondria
      per cell was also evident in the remaining parietal cells. These atrophic changes
      lasted nearly one month after the operation. A decrease in the cellular size and
      mitochondrial number in parietal cells was noted again in the rats sacrificed 12
      months after the operation. Since the similar changes were also seen in the age
      matched controls, the changes in older rats were interpreted as an aging
      phenomenon.

PMID- 4002218
TI  - Prognosis of the pancreatic cancer in terms of the regional lymph node reaction.
AB  - In order to elucidate the immunological defense mechanism in tumor bearing hosts
      against pancreatic cancer, tissue reactions of the regional lymph nodes were
      investigated in terms of extension and prognosis of pancreatic cancer. As the
      site for investigation of lymph nodes, the paracortical area, germinal center and
      sinus histiocyte systems were selected. In each case paracortical hyperplasia,
      germinal center hyperplasia and sinus histiocytosis were graded and the
      relationship between grade and prognosis of resected pancreatic cancer was
      studied with the following results. The grades of each tissue reaction in cases
      without lymph node metastasis were higher than that observed in cases with
      metastasis. There was a significant difference in sinus histiocytosis (p less
      than 0.01). Higher grade tissue reactions were observed in cases with primary
      lesion histologic type classified as papillary adenocarcinoma or as well
      differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma as compared to those in cases of poorly
      differentiated histologic type. In pancreatic cancer the prognosis was better in
      cases with higher grade of tissue reactions of the regional lymph nodes. In cases
      with pancreatic cancer both cellular immunity and humoral immunity are involved
      in the host defense mechanism. It was considered that sinus histiocytosis is
      significant as an indicator for good prognosis and a factor to inhibit
      progression in pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 4002219
TI  - Biochemical and membrane functional alterations in red cells during preparation
      and storage of leukocyte- and platelet-poor red cell suspensions prepared by warm
      centrifuge method.
AB  - A simple technique for effective removal of leukocytes and platelets from red
      blood cells (RBC) was reported. In that technique whole blood was incubated at 37
      degrees C. In the modified procedure phosphate buffer was added to the starting
      RBC. Changes in red cells during preparation and storage at 4 degrees C of RBC
      suspensions were evaluated. Reconstituted RBC were incubated at 37 degrees C for
      1 hr. After centrifugation, the lower compartment was separated with a special
      apparatus and diluted with 0.9% saline, which contained 78% red cells and 3%
      leukocytes and platelets of the starting RBC. In the incubation and subsequent
      preparation steps, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels were decreased, but not
      adenosine triphosphate. One-day storage caused no serious metabolic changes in
      red cells. Red cell osmotic fragility was not changed throughout. Stored RBC
      maintained sterility. The in vitro data indicate that red cells in leukocyte- and
      platelet-poor RBC suspensions processed with the warm-centrifuge method retained
      high biochemical and membrane functional abilities for 1 day.

PMID- 4002220
TI  - Relationship of muscle strength for knee extension to walking capacity in
      patients with spastic hemiparesis.
AB  - Muscle strength for knee extension, both isokinetic and isometric, and walking
      capacity, maximum velocity and walking rate, were examined in 11 post-stroke
      hemiparetic patients. The degree of spasticity of the affected lower extremity
      was not related to the isokinetic and isometric torques, or to the walking
      capacity. Although both the isokinetic and isometric torques decreased on the
      affected side compared to the non-affected side, the rate of decrease was
      remarkable in isokinetic torque at fast velocities. The walking capacity was well
      correlated with isokinetic torque of the affected side at fast velocities but not
      isometric torques. These results suggest that reduction of muscle strength at
      rapid movements is an essential feature of spastic paresis and is primary cause
      of motor disabilities such as impaired locomotor function.

PMID- 4002221
TI  - Experimental emphysematous bullae induced by methylcholanthrene and carrageenan.
AB  - An animal model for the emphysematous bullae in the rabbit lung induced by
      methylcholanthrene and carrageenan was reported. In early stages (by 2 months)
      the cystic lesions associated with extensive pneumonia. In later stages the
      inflammation subsided and only the cystic lesions remained, resulting in typical,
      large emphysematous bullae.

PMID- 4002222
TI  - Pulmonary response of rats exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) by inhalation for
      two years.
AB  - Rats were exposed to TiO2 by inhalation exposure to concentrations of 0, 10, 50,
      and 250 mg/m3 for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. There were no abnormal
      clinical signs, body weight changes, or excess mortality in any exposed group.
      Exposed groups showed slight increases in the incidence of pneumonia, tracheitis,
      and rhinitis with squamous metaplasia in the anterior nasal cavity. The pulmonary
      response at 10 mg/m3 satisfied the biological criteria for a "nuisance dust." The
      lung reaction was characterized by dust-laden macrophage (dust cell) infiltration
      in the alveolar ducts and adjoining alveoli with hyperplasia of Type II
      pneumocytes. Rats at 50 and 250 mg/m3 exposure concentrations revealed a dose
      dependent dust cell accumulation, a foamy macrophage response, Type II pneumocyte
      hyperplasia, alveolar proteinosis, alveolar bronchiolarization, cholesterol
      granulomas, focal pleurisy, and dust deposition in the tracheobronchial lymph
      nodes. Minute collagenized fibrosis occurred in the alveolar walls enclosing
      large dust cell aggregates. The pulmonary lesions with massive dust accumulation
      appeared to be the result of an overwhelmed lung clearance mechanism at 250 mg/m3
      exposure. Bronchioloalveolar adenomas and cystic keratinizing squamous cell
      carcinomas occurred at 250 mg/m3 exposure, while no compound-related lung tumors
      were found in rats exposed to either 10 or 50 mg/m3. In addition to excessive
      dust loading in the lungs of rats exposed chronically at 250 mg/m3, the lung
      tumors were different from common human lung cancers in terms of tumor type,
      anatomic location, tumorigenesis, and were devoid of tumor metastasis. Therefore,
      the biological relevance of these lung tumors and other pulmonary lesions for man
      is negligible.

PMID- 4002223
TI  - Inducible aldehyde dehydrogenases from rat liver cytosol.
AB  - Two rat hepatic cytoplasmic isozymes of aldehyde dehydrogenase, phi, induced by
      phenobarbital treatment, and tau, induced by TCDD treatment, have been purified
      from rat hepatic cytosol by ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by ion
      exchange and affinity chromatography. The specific activities of the two isozymes
      at pH 9.6 with propionaldehyde as substrate and NAD as cofactor were 2850 and
      5250 nmol of NADH/min/mg protein for phi and tau isozymes, respectively.
      Estimates of molecular weights from gel filtration chromatography gave values of
      118,000 Da for phi and 106,000 Da for tau. An isoelectric point for the tau
      enzyme of 6.5 was determined in an electrofocusing column, and approximately 7.2
      for phi by immunoelectrophoresis. Both enzymes can oxidize a wide variety of
      aldehyde substrates, with Km values ranging from millimolar to micromolar. Long
      chain aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes using NAD as cofactor tend to be the best
      utilized substrates. Only the tau enzyme is able to use NADP as cofactor. The
      measured Km for phi at pH 7.2 for acetaldehyde was 1.97 mM and for tau, 12.1 mM.
      Both enzymes showed similar inhibition characteristics with sodium arsenite and
      disulfiram, although the phi enzyme tended to be slightly more sensitive to all
      inhibitors.

PMID- 4002224
TI  - Chelation in metal intoxication. XIV. Comparative effect of thiol and amino
      chelators on lead-poisoned rats with normal or damaged kidneys.
AB  - D-Penicillamine (DPA), diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), L-cysteine,
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), cyclohexylenediaminetetraacetic acid
      (CDTA), and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) were compared for their
      efficacy to enhance urinary excretion of Pb, to reduce Pb concentration of body
      organs, and to restore the enhanced urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic
      acid (delta-ALA), the inhibited activities of blood delta-ALA dehydratase, and
      renal enzymes in Pb-administered rats (10 mg/kg, po, 4 weeks) with normal or
      experimentally damaged kidneys. The acute renal damage was induced by uranyl
      acetate (3 mg/kg, sc, once) prior to treatment with the chelators (0.3 mmol/kg,
      ip, twice) and evaluated by enhanced urinary excretion of diagnostic enzymes and
      inhibition in their renal activities. Among thiol chelators, DPA was the most
      effective followed by DDC in enhancing the urinary excretion of Pb, reducing the
      concentration of Pb in blood, kidneys and liver, and in restoring Pb-induced
      biological alterations in urine, blood, and kidneys. Among amino carboxylic
      acids, DTPA was the most effective and EDTA and CDTA were about equally potent in
      countering Pb toxicity. Protection was more marked in animals with normal kidneys
      than in those with acutely damaged kidneys.

PMID- 4002225
TI  - The effect of previous d-amphetamine treatment on the disposition and lethality
      of fenfluramine in the rat.
AB  - In an earlier study, it was found that a 15-day ip postfeeding session d
      amphetamine treatment rendered an apparent "tolerance" to the feed intake
      suppressant effects of fenfluramine. The purpose of the present study was to
      determine if such d-amphetamine treatment altered the disposition of fenfluramine
      in a way which might account for this decrement in the feed intake suppressant
      effect of fenfluramine. In addition, the effect of d-amphetamine on fenfluramine
      toxicity was also examined in an attempt to further characterize and correlate
      fenfluramine dispositional changes. It was found that plasma and, to some extent,
      brain concentrations of fenfluramine were elevated in the d-amphetamine-treated
      rats as compared to a saline control group. The acute, ip LD50 for fenfluramine
      in d-amphetamine-treated rats was 68 mg/kg (95% CI = 64.8 to 71.4), a value
      significantly lower than that observed in the saline-treated animals (97 mg/kg;
      95% CI = 93.3 to 100.9). The overall results of this study suggest that the
      anorectic tolerance conferred toward fenfluramine by previous subchronic
      treatment with d-amphetamine does not result from decreased plasma or brain
      concentrations of fenfluramine. In fact, such concentrations are increased by
      prior d-amphetamine treatment, and this increase may in part account for the
      increased lethality of fenfluramine observed in these animals.

PMID- 4002226
TI  - Effects of route of administration and repetitive dosing on the disposition
      kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono-de-esterified metabolite in
      rats.
AB  - The disposition kinetics of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and
      its biologically active metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were
      studied in rats following single or multiple administration of DEHP by various
      routes. Following a single intraarterial (ia) injection, a large apparent volume
      of distribution (5390 ml/kg) and a high rate of clearance (21.5 ml/min/kg) were
      observed for DEHP. The systemic availability of DEHP was low following both
      single po (13.6%) and ip (5.2%) administration. A marked route-dependency in the
      formation of MEHP from DEHP was observed. The circulating concentrations of MEHP
      were substantially higher than those of DEHP (i.e., area under the blood
      concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of approximately 7) after po administration,
      whereas concentrations of the mono-de-esterified metabolite were much lower
      relative to the parent diester concentration after ia or ip administration (i.e.,
      AUC ratio less than 0.4). Pharmacokinetic calculations revealed that
      approximately 80% of a po dose of DEHP undergoes mono-de-esterification, as
      compared to only about 1% of the dose following either ia or ip administration.
      Hence, the low po systemic availability of DEHP may be largely attributed to
      presystemic hydrolysis of DEHP to MEHP in the gut, whereas slow and/or incomplete
      absorption is the likely cause of the poor bioavailability of DEHP after ip
      administration. No significant accumulation in the circulating concentrations of
      DEHP or derived MEHP were observed following 7 days of repetitive administration
      of DEHP. However, multiple ip injections resulted in an apparent decrease in the
      rate and/or extent of DEHP absorption from the peritoneal cavity, while no
      significant change in the po absorption of the diester was observed. The striking
      difference in the MEHP to DEHP AUC ratio between po and ip routes was still
      evident after multiple dosing. These data suggest that previously reported
      differences in the biologic effects of DEHP in rodents following different routes
      of administration may be due to route dependency in the mono-de-esterification of
      the diester.

PMID- 4002227
TI  - Circulating concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its de-esterified
      phthalic acid products following plasticizer exposure in patients receiving
      hemodialysis.
AB  - The degree of exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was
      assessed in 11 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for the treatment of
      renal failure. The amount of DEHP leached from the dialyzer during a 4-hr
      dialysis session was estimated by monitoring the DEHP blood concentration
      gradient across the dialyzer. Circulating concentrations of the biologically
      active products of DEHP de-esterification, viz., mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
      (MEHP) and phthalic acid, were also determined during the dialysis session. On
      the average, an estimated 105 mg of DEHP was extracted from the dialyzer during a
      single dialysis session, with a range of 23.8 to 360 mg. The rate of extraction
      of DEHP from the dialyzer was correlated with serum lipid content as expressed by
      the sum of serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (r = +0.65, p less
      than 0.05). Time-averaged circulating concentrations of MEHP during dialysis
      (1.33 +/- 0.58 micrograms/ml) were similar to those of DEHP (1.91 +/- 2.11
      micrograms/ml). Blood concentrations of phthalic acid (5.22 +/- 3.94
      micrograms/ml) were higher than those of the esters. The length of time patients
      had been receiving regular dialysis treatment was not a determinant of
      circulating concentrations of DEHP or MEHP. In contrast, time-averaged
      circulating concentrations of phthalic acid correlated strongly with the duration
      (in years) of dialysis treatment (r = +0.92, p less than 0.001). The results
      indicated substantial exposure to DEHP during hemodialysis and that the de
      esterified products of DEHP are present in significant concentrations in the
      systemic circulation. Further study is needed to assess the contribution of these
      metabolites to the biological actions of DEHP in man.

PMID- 4002228
TI  - Effect of nicotine and caffeine pretreatment on the gastric mucosal damage
      induced by aspirin, phenylbutazone, and reserpine in rats.
AB  - The effect of nicotine and caffeine pretreatment by feeding nicotine (2.5 mg %),
      caffeine (30 mg % base), and their combination (nicotine 2.5 mg % + caffeine 30
      mg %) in drinking water ad libitum for 21 days was studied on the gastric mucosal
      damage induced by aspirin, phenylbutazone, and reserpine in rats. When given
      alone, neither nicotine nor caffeine produced any visibly discernible gastric
      lesions. Their concurrent administration too, did not produce any gastric mucosal
      injury. Pretreatment with nicotine, caffeine, and their combination resulted in
      significant augmentation of gastric ulcers produced by aspirin, phenylbutazone,
      and reserpine. However, caffeine administration produced a comparatively less
      profound augmentation of experimentally induced gastric lesions than that
      produced by nicotine pretreatment. The enhancement of gastric ulcers in the
      groups pretreated with the combination of nicotine and caffeine followed by one
      of the drugs was significantly greater than in the groups treated by either of
      them alone. The effect of nicotine on the mucus neck cell population of the
      gastric mucosa and on pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and the gastric secretory
      effect of caffeine may be responsible for the potentiation of the ulcerogenic
      effects of aspirin, phenylbutazone, and reserpine.

PMID- 4002229
TI  - Evaluation of statistical methodologies for estimation of median effective dose.
AB  - A comparison is made of statistical techniques currently in use for analysis of
      quantal assay data. The discussion focuses on the choice of the functional model
      to use in the description of the tolerance distribution for the estimation of the
      median effective dose and in the contrast between exact and graphical methods of
      estimation for a given choice of model. The data used to illustrate these focal
      points are derived from test data from biological assays performed at the
      University of Pittsburgh. A criterion for making a choice among functional models
      based on the significance of the dose-response relationship and the length of the
      fiducial limits for the median effective dose is proposed. It is also shown that
      graphical methods can lead to results similar to those arrived at through exact
      calculations where the data fit model assumptions but can lead to erroneous
      conclusions where this is not the case.

PMID- 4002230
TI  - Mechanism of chemical-induced toxicity. I. Use of a rapid centrifugation
      technique for the separation of viable and nonviable hepatocytes.
AB  - A major obstacle in defining the mechanism of chemical-induced toxicity has been
      the inability to distinguish between events that cause cell death and those that
      result from cell death. This problem results from measuring biochemical
      parameters in tissues or cell pellets containing both viable and nonviable cells.
      In the present study, we described a method for the rapid separation of viable
      hepatocytes from nonviable cells and medium prior to biochemical analysis.
      Separation of viable hepatocytes was accomplished in a microcentrifuge tube by
      layering a sample of isolated hepatocyte suspension over a dibutyl phthalate oil
      layer and centrifuging for several seconds. As a result, greater than 90% of the
      hepatocytes centrifuged through dibutyl phthalate were viable while greater than
      90% of the cells recovered above the oil layer were nonviable. The separation of
      viable hepatocytes by the dibutyl phthalate method was not affected by the
      presence of the hepatotoxins, adriamycin (ADR) in combination with 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), though the
      ratio of viable to nonviable cells in the suspension was drastically reduced. The
      metabolic and morphological integrity of hepatocytes centrifuged through dibutyl
      phthalate was altered after cell suspensions were treated with the ADR-BCNU or
      EMS. These chemically treated viable hepatocytes showed degenerative
      ultrastructural changes and a greater than 80% reduction in intracellular K+ and
      glutathione concentrations. Because centrifugation through dibutyl phthalate does
      not significantly alter the concentration of intracellular constituents nor the
      ultrastructure of control hepatocytes, the signs of reversible injury observed in
      hepatocytes centrifuged through oil resulted from the chemical treatment. These
      data indicate that the dibutyl phthalate separation technique offers the
      advantage of monitoring only viable hepatocytes for changes in membrane integrity
      or metabolic performance during a toxic chemical insult.

PMID- 4002231
TI  - Clearance of polonium-210-enriched cigarette smoke from the rat trachea and lung.
AB  - The distribution and clearance of alpha radioactivity in the lungs of rats were
      measured after inhalation of smoke from cigarettes highly enriched in 210Po.
      Female Fischer rats were exposed daily for 6 months to smoke from cigarettes with
      500 times the normal content of 210Po. Control rats were exposed to standard
      cigarette smoke. Animals were serially withdrawn and killed. After necropsy the
      trachea, major bronchi, larynx, and nasopharynx were examined for surface alpha
      activity by an etched track technique utilizing cellulose nitrate detectors.
      Areas of accumulated activity were seen on samples of larynx from rats exposed to
      the 210Po-enriched cigarettes. No other local accumulations were seen on the
      airways. The lower lungs were analyzed radiochemically for 210Po. Both
      radiochemical analysis and track measurements showed highly elevated activity
      concentrations in rats exposed to the 210Po-enriched cigarettes. Following
      withdrawal from smoking, both short- and long-term clearance components were
      seen. The parameters which fit the postexposure data for clearance of the lung
      burden cannot fit the buildup during the exposure period.

PMID- 4002232
TI  - The role of 4-bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol in bromobenzene covalent binding
      and toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - 4-Bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol are formed as metabolites of bromobenzene in
      vivo and in isolated rat hepatocytes. Both of these metabolites may potentially
      contribute to the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene. Bromobenzene metabolism in
      hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-treated rats forms 0.12 to 0.17 mM 4
      bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol in 2 hr, with 1 to 3 mM bromobenzene. The role of
      activated metabolites derived from 4-bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol in
      bromobenzene covalent binding and toxicity was investigated with isolated
      hepatocytes in suspension. The covalent binding of the phenol and the catechol
      was increased four- to eightfold by the addition of unlabeled bromobenzene. Two
      hour incubations of 0.25 mM 14C-labeled 4-bromophenol or 4-bromocatechol with
      hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-treated rats resulted, under these
      conditions, in no significant toxicity, and approximately 4 and 25%,
      respectively, of the covalent binding associated with bromobenzene itself. Two-
      and six-hour incubations with higher 4-bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol
      concentrations demonstrated that 1 to 3 mM substrate concentrations were required
      for cytotoxicity. These results show that metabolically produced 4-bromophenol
      and 4-bromocatechol do not play significant roles in the production of
      bromobenzene cytotoxicity in isolated hepatocytes, and that they contribute only
      modestly to bromobenzene covalent binding.

PMID- 4002233
TI  - Methylprednisolone treatment of an organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy.
AB  - Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) injected into the femoral artery of cats causes
      a localized organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). Gait
      disturbances develop in the treated leg 14 days after DFP exposure and reaches a
      maximum at 21 to 28 days after DFP. In vivo high-frequency conditioning of soleus
      motor nerve endings evokes stimulus-bound repetitive neural discharges (SBR) and
      an obligatory potentiation of the muscle contractile response (PTP). In this
      OPIDN model, SBR and PTP are maximally suppressed at 21 to 28 days after DFP. A
      high-dose regimen of methylprednisolone started 30 to 40 min after DFP exposure
      and lasting for 20 days prevented the development of OPIDN. In the
      methylprednisolone-DFP treated cats, SBR and PTP functions were not suppressed
      and not different from those in untreated normal cats.

PMID- 4002234
TI  - A 13-week feeding study of butylated hydroxyanisole: the subsequent regression of
      the induced lesions in male Fischer 344 rat forestomach epithelium.
AB  - Feeding butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) to male Fischer 344 rats at concentrations
      of 2, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1 and 0% for 13 weeks led to proliferative lesions developing
      in the forestomach epithelium of the 2%-treated rats but not in other groups. The
      [methyl-3H]thymidine labelling index was raised in the 2%- and 0.5%-treated
      groups and showed an apparent no observable effect level at 0.25%. Within 1 week
      after withdrawal of BHA the labelling indexes in all treated groups returned to
      near the values in the controls. The induced mucosal lesions, however, reverted
      more slowly and even after 9 weeks on the basal diet, the stratified squamous
      epithelium along the lesser curvature, was still slightly thicker than the
      control. There were multilayered basal cell processes in the lamina propria with
      connections to the basal cell layer. The possible significance of these results
      to the ultimate development of cancer is discussed.

PMID- 4002235
TI  - Simultaneous mainstream-sidestream smoke exposure systems II. The rat exposure
      system.
AB  - A system for exposing rats to mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke
      simultaneously from the same cigarette, and monitoring procedures, are described
      in detail. The equipment and procedures were used to expose Sprague-Dawley rats
      to mainstream smoke and to target deliveries of 10, 25, or 50% of the total SS
      smoke for 17 weeks. The estimated total particulate matter (TPM) dose was highly
      correlated with the increase in percent COHb for MS and SS smoke, but the
      COHb/TPM relationships were different for the 2 kinds of smoke. All SS TPM doses
      were much lower than the MS TPM dose, and the COHb/TPM ratio for SS smoke was
      much higher than for MS smoke. The TPM dose and per cent COHb for SS smoke were
      highly correlated with the per cent of SS sent to the exposure chambers. There
      were no significant differences in the total weight changes during the study for
      any of the smoke exposed groups, but weight changes during the 12-17-week period
      for sidestream exposed groups were inversely correlated with the level of
      sidestream exposure.

PMID- 4002236
TI  - Production of DNA single strand breaks in rabbit renal tissue after exposure to
      1,2-dichlorovinylcysteine.
AB  - S-(trans-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) is a recognized nephrotoxin. To
      investigate the genotoxic effects of DCVC on the kidney, DNA strand breaks were
      measured as an indicator of DCVC induced damage. To ascertain if bioactivation of
      DCVC occurred in the kidney, 3 experimental systems were used: in vivo; isolated
      perfused kidneys; and isolated proximal tubules of albino male rabbits. A dose
      dependent increase in strand breaks in the kidney tubular DNA occurred after in
      vivo dosing with 5-100 mg/kg DCVC and after in vitro exposure to 10(-5)-10(-2) M
      DCVC. These results demonstrate the genotoxic effect of this compound on renal
      tissue.

PMID- 4002237
TI  - Effects of organic solvents on motor activity in mice.
AB  - Groups of male mice were exposed via inhalation to methylene chloride,
      perchloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethylene or 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The
      exposures were started at 2300 h. Generation of vapor was stopped after 1 h.
      Motor activity of the animals during the exposures was measured with a Doppler
      radar. Several concentrations of each solvent were tested. Concentrations could
      be found for all solvents at which they initially increased the motor activity.
      When the generation of vapor was terminated and the concentration started to
      decline, a new phase of changes in motor activity was induced. At this phase,
      motor activity was in most cases influence in the opposite direction to that at
      the beginning of the exposure. Trichloroethylene concentrations could be found
      which gave no increase in activity at the start of exposure but a prominent
      decrease at termination. The lowest concentration at which effects could be seen
      was different for the different solvents. Perchloroethylene was more and 1,1,1
      trichloroethane less potent than the other solvents in inducing motor activity.
      The time pattern of the motor activity alterations was specific for each solvent.
      Both the concentration and the rate of the concentration increase were
      responsible for the effects on motor activity. The differences between the
      solvents probably reflect differences in their site of action, their distribution
      and their biotransformation.

PMID- 4002238
TI  - The effects of cyanide and its interactions with norepinephrine on isolated aorta
      strips from the rabbit, dog, and ferret.
AB  - Effects of sodium cyanide on isolated strips of rabbit, dog, and ferret aorta
      were determined. In the rabbit aorta strip, cumulatively added cyanide caused
      small contractions beginning at approximately 10(-11) M cyanide and reaching a
      maximum response at 10(-5) M. A concentration of cyanide between 10(-5) M and 10(
      3) M produced relaxation. When cyanide was cumulatively added to norepinephrine
      (NE)-contracted rabbit aorta strips, no contractions were observed. Cyanide
      concentrations above 10(-5) M produced relaxation in the NE-contracted vessels.
      Sensitivity of the aorta strips to NE differed among the species examined. The
      ED50 for contractions in the dog and ferret aorta was 4 X 10(-4) M and in the
      rabbit was 5 X 10(-6) M. Pretreatment with cyanide in concentrations up to 10(-2)
      M did not reduce contractions of dog aorta to NE, although 10(-2) M cyanide
      abolished contractions of rabbit aorta to NE and reversed NE-contractions of
      ferret aorta to relaxation. The antagonism of cyanide for NE-induced contractions
      was completely reversible with cyanide concentrations up to 10(-3) M. Cyanide
      pretreatment of strips of aorta increased the rate of contraction to NE. A
      concentration of 10(-2) M cyanide caused small contractions of aorta strips from
      each species. Thus, cyanide exerts dose and species dependent responses on
      vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 4002239
TI  - In vivo effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and doxorubicin on the
      cardiac and hepatic glutathione systems.
AB  - Doxorubicin and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) are anti-cancer drugs
      which have been used together in combination therapy of certain cancers. Each
      drug has been reported to affect intracellular glutathione stores and together,
      doxorubicin and BCNU have been shown to exert synergistic toxicity and to deplete
      completely the glutathione content of isolated hepatocytes. Cardiac and hepatic
      glutathione reductase activity was significantly inhibited following treatment in
      vivo with BCNU. Treatment of mice with both doxorubicin and BCNU resulted in
      increased mortality compared to either drug alone. There was, however, no
      depletion of hepatic or cardiac glutathione levels in vivo beyond that seen with
      either BCNU or doxorubicin alone. Diethyl maleate, a known glutathione depletor
      whose effects are enhanced by BCNU in vitro, also was unable to increase GSH
      depletion after BCNU in vivo. These discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro
      studies may be due to the presence of more effective compensatory mechanisms in
      the whole animal, or to differences in the metabolism and inactivation of these
      drugs.

PMID- 4002240
TI  - Lung injury induced by trichloroethylene.
AB  - Trichloroethylene (TCE) produced bronchiolar damage when administered to mice.
      Administration of 2000 mg/kg caused injury in Clara cells of the bronchiolar
      epithelium, which was observed at 24 h following TCE treatment; increase of the
      dosage to 2500 mg/kg induced additionally, alterations in alveolar Type II cells
      of the parenchyma. Specifically, lamellar bodies were reduced in number and
      microvilli displayed distorted protrusions. The increase in severity of cellular
      injury with higher dosages of TCE coincided with increased accumulation of
      pulmonary calcium and lengthened anesthesia recovery times following TCE-induced
      anesthesia. Time-course studies conducted with 2000 mg/kg demonstrated rapid and
      marked reduction in pulmonary microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Significant decreases were observed as early as
      1 h, and the levels were still depressed at 24 h following TCE treatment. Hepatic
      necrosis was relatively mild at the dosages of TCE examined. These results
      demonstrate that TCE is pneumotoxic and affects Clara and alveolar Type II cells.

PMID- 4002241
TI  - Temporal analysis of rat liver injury following potentiation of carbon
      tetrachloride hepatotoxicity with ketonic or ketogenic compounds.
AB  - The administration of some ketonic or ketogenic compounds prior to a challenging
      dose of CCl4 potentiates the hepatic damage induced by this haloalkane. However,
      nothing is known about the recovery from the liver injury in these cases of
      chemically induced potentiation. To investigate this problem, we performed a
      temporal analysis of the hepatotoxic response of male Sprague-Dawley rats to CCl4
      following a single pretreatment (p.o.) with: n-hexane, 2-hexanone, 2,5
      hexanedione (15 mmol/kg in corn oil), isopropanol, acetone (33 and 34 mmol/kg in
      water, respectively); or the vehicle alone (10 ml/kg). They received, 18 h later,
      an i.p. injection of CCl4 (0.1, 0.75 or 1.0 ml/kg) and were killed 24-120 h
      later. Liver damage was assessed biochemically (ALT, OCT) and morphologically. A
      good correlation between biochemical and morphological results was observed. The
      ketonic or ketogenic compounds studied potentiated the liver injury produced by
      0.1 ml/kg CCl4. Relative ranking orders regarding severity of maximal hepatic
      damage induced and time needed for complete recovery of liver injury were
      established; time of recovery was dependent on the maximal severity of the
      lesion, regardless of the potentiation. The results show that the temporal
      evolution of CCl4-induced liver injury is not markedly influenced by the
      administration of ketonic or ketogenic compounds as pretreatments, but rather
      depends on the severity of the maximal damage induced by the overall treatment.

PMID- 4002242
TI  - Configuration of necine pyrroles--toxic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
AB  - The commonly accepted belief regarding the configuration of the major pyrrole
      metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids has been revised. This paper provides
      evidence that a racemic mixture of (+/-) 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H
      pyrrolizine is the product of the microsomal transformation of esters of
      heliotridine and retronecine instead of pure(+) or (-) enantiomers, commonly
      referred to as dehydroheliotridine and dehydroretronecine. The toxicological
      significance of these results is under investigation.

PMID- 4002243
TI  - Effect of diet on spontaneous disease in the inbred mouse strain C57B1/10J.
AB  - The incidence of spontaneous disease in an inbred mouse strain, C57B1/10J, is
      compared in control groups from 5 carcinogenicity studies performed in the same
      laboratory between 1973 and 1980; the mice were bred at 2 laboratories, and 3
      different diets were used. Significant differences were found in the incidence of
      total tumours and in many individual tumour types. The incidence of major non
      neoplastic diseases also varied markedly. The effects of diet on spontaneous
      disease are now well-established. The results support this contention and
      demonstrate that diet may override the genetic characteristics of an inbred
      strain.

PMID- 4002244
TI  - Mutagenic effect of nitrilotriacetic acid on cultured human cells.
AB  - The mutagenic potential of nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt monohydrate (NTA)
      was evaluated on a human cell line (EUE) using selection for diphtheria toxin
      (DT) resistance. Cultures were treated with different doses of the chemical (2 X
      10(-2)-2 X 10(-8) M) for 24 h, and cytotoxicity determined. NTA was effective in
      inducing diphtheria toxin-resistant (DTR) mutants, at all concentrations tested,
      except at 2 X 10(-6) M.

PMID- 4002245
TI  - Effect of malotilate on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity.
AB  - Malotilate (diisopropyl-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) prevented liver damage
      induced by paracetamol in male mice only when given 1 h prior to the hepatotoxic
      agent. Furthermore, it partially inhibited paracetamol-induced glutathione
      depletion in mouse liver, indicating that the antihepatotoxic activity of
      malotilate is related to an interaction with the bioactivation of paracetamol.

PMID- 4002246
TI  - Effect of vitamin E on the balance between pro- and antioxidant activity of
      ascorbic acid in microsomes from rat heart, kidney and liver.
AB  - The effect of the vitamin E status of membranes on the balance between pro- and
      antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid was studied in microsomes from rat heart,
      kidney and liver. Lipid peroxidation was initiated by 5 microM ferrous ions, in
      combination with amounts of ascorbic acid ranging from 0-4 mM. Lipid peroxidation
      was assessed after 1 h of incubation as production of thiobarbituric acid
      reactive material. It was found that the vitamin E status of the microsomal
      membranes had little effect on the balance between pro- and antioxidant activity
      of vitamin C. The sensitivity of the membranes to ferrous ions/ascorbic acid
      induced lipid peroxidation, however, was highly dependent on the vitamin E
      content of the membranes. Vitamin E depletion, in combination with different
      ascorbic acid concentrations, showed that vitamin E deficiency is not an
      incontestable model system for enhanced sensitivity to lipid peroxidation in all
      organs.

PMID- 4002247
TI  - Changes in serum transaminases, SDH and liver morphology after treatment with
      trypanocidal diamidines in mice.
AB  - The effects of 2 recently developed trypanocidal agents, Diamidinophenylindol
      (DAPI) and Diimidazolinophenylindol (DIPI) at doses of 10-30 micrograms/g
      intraperitoneally (i.p.) on serum GOT, GPT and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)
      levels and on liver morphology have been investigated in mice. Pentamidine served
      as reference drug. Both agents caused dose-dependent increases in serum
      transaminases and SDH, and discrete morphological changes of the liver, e.g.,
      fatty degenerations, azinoperipheral vacuolisation and alterations of the nuclei,
      at least at the higher dosage.

PMID- 4002248
TI  - Development of reflexes in neonatal mice prenatally exposed to methylmercury and
      selenite.
AB  - The development of reflexes in neonates exposed prenatally to methylmercury and
      selenite was investigated. Pregnant mice were assigned to one of 4 treatments;
      methylmercury (MeHg), selenite(Se), combination of 2 compounds (MeHg X Se) and
      saline control (NaCl). Mice were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) on day 9 of
      gestation. The dose of each compound was 30 mumol/kg. Mercury (Hg) concentrations
      in the neonatal brain and liver of the MeHg X Se group were slightly lower than
      in the MeHg group. The results of behavioral examination revealed that the MeHg X
      Se group showed significantly improved development compared with the MeHg group.
      These facts suggest the possibility that selenium compounds have protective
      effects against methylmercury neurotoxicity in fetuses and neonates.

PMID- 4002249
TI  - Dietary selenium and aniline-induced methemoglobinemia in rats.
AB  - Depletion of selenium from rats for 8 weeks decreased blood glutathione
      peroxidase activity to 5.7% of that in selenium-supplemented (0.5 ppm selenium as
      Na2SeO3) rats. Aniline (60 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in no significant difference in
      methemoglobin and blood reduced glutathione (GSH) levels between Se-deficient and
      Se-supplemented rats. A lowered aniline dose (36 mg/kg, i.p.) also resulted in no
      difference in methemoglobin levels. The selenium-deficient rat was able to reduce
      methemoglobin induced by aniline as efficiently as the selenium-sufficient rat.

PMID- 4002250
TI  - Effects of cyclopiazonic acid on the ultrastructure of rat liver.
AB  - Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed per os for 4 consecutive days with 0.0,
      0.2, 2.0 or 4.0 mg cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)/kg body weight/day, and killed on the
      fifth day. Sections of liver were prepared for electron microscopic examination.
      Dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed in all hepatocytes
      examined from the 2 highest dose groups, and in about 25% of liver cells from the
      0.2 mg CPA/kg/day group. Vesiculation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum also
      occurred in these groups, an increasing amount of vesiculation being observed
      with increasing dosage. Control sections exhibited neither of these
      characteristics. No proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or blockage of
      bile canaliculi was observed in any group. Lysing cells were present only in the
      4.0 mg CPA/kg/day group; mitochondria in the 2.0 and 4.0 mg CPA/kg/day dose
      groups were swollen. Nuclei were ultrastructurally normal in all groups. The
      primary cellular effect of CPA was on the endoplasmic reticulum, even at
      relatively low doses. Possible interactions of CPA with other toxins likely to be
      produced by the same fungus, such as aflatoxin, are considered.

PMID- 4002251
TI  - Physical optimization of afterloading techniques.
AB  - Physical optimization in brachytherapy refers to the process of determining the
      radioactive-source configuration which yields a desired dose distribution. In
      manually afterloaded intracavitary therapy for cervix cancer, discrete source
      strengths are selected iteratively to minimize the sum of squares of differences
      between trial and target doses. For remote afterloading with a stepping-source
      device, optimized (continuously variable) dwell times are obtained, either
      iteratively or analytically, to give least squares approximations to dose at an
      arbitrary number of points; in vaginal irradiation for endometrial cancer, the
      objective has included dose uniformity at applicator surface points in addition
      to a tapered contour of target dose at depth. For template-guided interstitial
      implants, seed placement at rectangular-grid mesh points may be least squares
      optimized within target volumes defined by computerized tomography; effective
      optimization is possible only for (uniform) seed strength high enough that the
      desired average peripheral dose is achieved with a significant fraction of empty
      seed locations.

PMID- 4002252
TI  - [Experience with the conversion from radium therapy to an afterloading procedure
      with special reference to spatial dose distribution].
AB  - In radium therapy, the spatial and temporal dose distribution have never been
      identical in the different hospitals. However, the healing results did not vary
      correspondingly despite the partly great methodical differences between German
      and foreign hospitals. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal dose distribution in
      radium therapy did not conform to theoretic considerations but were a result of
      the low specific activity of radium as well as of the technical standard of X-ray
      therapy units until the sixties. It is shown that all requirements valid for
      radium therapy are also fulfilled by the afterloading method using a linear ray
      emitter, if an adequate dosage and fractionation is chosen. Taking into account
      the radiation risk, we think that the radium must be replaced by an afterloading
      method using a less dangerous nuclide. In our opinion the high dose rate
      technique is the most favorable method.

PMID- 4002253
TI  - [Contact therapy in the pharynx and oral cavity areas: after-loading technic,
      irradiation planning and results].
AB  - The contact irradiation in the region of pharynx and mouth with an afterloading
      unit is presented. Twelve patients with recurrent carcinomas of the squamous cell
      epithelium have been treated. A stable and reproducible positioning of the source
      probes in the tumor region is made possible by special applicator prostheses
      which are adapted to the post-operative situation. The irradiation scheme is
      based on the transformation of the source co-ordinates from the
      stereoradiographic localization system into the co-ordinate system of the
      computed tomogram. At least three fixed metal points which are inserted in the
      applicator prostheses and visualized by stereoradiography as well as by computed
      tomography serve as mutual reference points for both co-ordinate systems. The
      source positioning in the tumor region is optimized by CT irradiation planning.
      Three cases are presented in order to describe the principles of the method.
      Preliminary results are discussed.

PMID- 4002254
TI  - Risk factors for stroke.

PMID- 4002255
TI  - Dietary and other risk factors for stroke in Hawaiian Japanese men.
AB  - As part of an on-going longitudinal study, 7895 men of Japanese ancestry living
      on the island of Oahu, aged 45-68 and free of evidence of prior stroke at entry
      examination, have been followed by re-examinations and surveillance. During ten
      years of follow-up 154 men developed thromboembolic stroke, 65 developed
      intracranial hemorrhage, and 19 developed stroke of unknown type. There were 79
      deaths attributed to stroke. The independent risk factors for thrombo-embolic
      stroke were elevated blood pressure, glucose intolerance, age,
      electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or strain,
      cigarette smoking and proteinuria. Attributes associated with increased risk of
      intracranial hemorrhage were age, elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking,
      serum uric acid and, inversely, serum cholesterol level. Electrocardiographic
      evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or strain significantly increased the
      risk of cerebral hemorrhage, but was not associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
      In univariate analysis, there was an inverse relation between dietary fat intake
      and thrombo-embolic and total stroke incidence. An inverse relation was also
      shown between protein intake and total stroke incidence. These dietary relations
      became statistically not significant in multivariate analysis. No relation was
      found between salt intake and the incidence of stroke.

PMID- 4002256
TI  - Computed tomographic evaluation of cervical carotid plaque complications.
AB  - Twenty five patients with manifestations of cerebrovascular ischemic disease were
      evaluated with high resolution computed tomography of the neck, following
      intravenous infusion of a contrast agent. Computed tomography images of
      extracranial carotid arteries revealed atherosclerotic plaque formations and
      their complications: stenosis, occlusion, ulceration, calcification and mural
      lucent defects. Histologic analysis of 15 endarterectomy specimens obtained from
      symptomatic patients who had computed tomography images of discrete lucent
      defects in carotid plaques demonstrated subintimal hemorrhage of varying age in
      13, focal necrosis in 1 and excessive subintimal thickening in 1. It is concluded
      that lucent images observed in computed tomography of extracranial carotid
      arteries represent vascular wall lesions within carotid plaques suggestive of
      subintimal hemorrhage, focal necrosis and/or excessive subintimal thickening.
      Computed tomography of the extracranial carotid arteries is a relatively non
      invasive method that permits the diagnosis of plaque hemorrhages in symptomatic
      and asymptomatic carotid arteries.

PMID- 4002257
TI  - Isolation of speech area from focal brain ischemia.
AB  - A patient with atrial fibrillation and internal carotid artery occlusion
      developed mixed transcortical aphasia. The CT scan showed two recent distinct
      infarcts in the dominant hemisphere, one in the precentral artery area (pial
      artery infarct) and one in the borderzone area between the posterior and middle
      cerebral arteries territories (watershed infarct). The perisylvian speech areas
      were spared, but probably disconnected from other areas by the infarcts. The
      syndrome of isolation of speech area may be caused by vascular conditions which
      are able to produce simultaneous pial artery and watershed infarcts, and is not
      necessarily related to more extensive processes of the brain.

PMID- 4002258
TI  - Limb shaking--a carotid TIA.
AB  - Eight patients are described with an unusual form of carotid transient ischemic
      attack, limb shaking. The basic features included a brief, involuntary, coarse,
      irregular, wavering movement or tremble involving arm-hand alone, or arm-hand and
      leg together. In 2 patients limb shaking was the initial manifestation of carotid
      occlusive disease, and all but one patient had other typical carotid transient
      ischemic attacks. Major atheromatous carotid occlusive disease was present in all
      patients on the side opposite the limb movements. Four patients had bilateral
      carotid occlusive disease. Cerebral ischemia from a carotid territory low
      perfusion state may be the pathogenesis of these limb movements, an idea
      supported by the apparent benefit of surgical revascularization in abolishing or
      reducing the limb shaking in 6 patients. There was no clinical or EEG evidence to
      document an epileptiform etiology. Recognition of this uncommon form of carotid
      transient ischemic attack may be important in the early diagnosis and treatment
      of carotid occlusive disease.

PMID- 4002259
TI  - Ultrastructural morphometry of hypertensive medial damage in lenticulostriate and
      other arteries.
AB  - Characteristic medial damage occurs in the distal lenticulostriate arteries in
      patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Medical changes were studied in
      the proximal and distal lenticulostriate arteries and cortical circumflex
      arterioles. Additionally, intramyocardial coronary, gastric submucosal and renal
      interlobular arterioles were examined in hypertensive patients. Hypertensive
      medial damage consisted of irregular atrophy and paucity of smooth muscle with
      accumulation of nonfatty debris and basement membranes. These changes were
      diffuse, extensive and not uniform, and were unrelated to atherosclerosis or
      bifurcation. By electron microscopic morphometry smooth muscle occupied 28% of
      the media in the distal lenticulostriate arteries of hypertensive patients as
      compared with 80% in controls. The proximal lenticulostriate and cortical
      branches in hypertensive patients showed values higher than 50%, as did the
      coronary, gastric and renal arterioles. Massive primary hemorrhages are prevalent
      in the area supplied by the distal lenticulostriate artery, 150-660 microns in
      diameter. Fibrinoid necrosis and microaneurysm occur in more peripheral
      arterioles, 70-200 microns. Thus, hypertensive medial damage with significant
      reduction of the smooth muscle area to less than 50% of the total media is viewed
      as an additional important factor which predisposes to sudden arterial rupture
      and massive cerebral hemorrhage.

PMID- 4002260
TI  - Lacunar syndrome due to intracerebral hemorrhage.
AB  - It has been recognized that small intracerebral hemorrhage not uncommonly
      produced lacunar syndromes. In this study, we examined cases of intracerebral
      hemorrhage presenting as lacunar syndromes. Of 174 cases with recent
      intracerebral hemorrhage, 19 presented with a lacunar syndrome: 4 presented with
      pure motor hemiparesis, 5, ataxic hemiparesis, 3, dysarthria-clumsy hand
      syndrome, 7, sensorimotor stroke, and, none, pure sensory stroke. The sites of
      hemorrhage were capsular in 11, putamenal in 6, and pontine in 2. In these 19
      patients, 17 were hypertensive, and the signs characteristic of parenchymal
      hemorrhage, e.g., gradual onset, headache, nausea, vomiting and stiff neck, were
      absent or very rare. Computed tomography revealed that one third of the patients
      had one or more non-symptomatic lacunae in the basal ganglia, the corona radiata
      or the anterior limb of the internal capsule. These observations suggests that
      hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage causes lacunar syndrome more often than
      previously considered and is apt to manifest ataxic hemiparesis and sensorimotor
      stroke. Computed tomography is the only way of differentiating hemorrhagic
      "lacunar" syndrome from lacunar infarct.

PMID- 4002261
TI  - Cause of cerebral infarction in the carotid territory. Its relation to the size
      and the location of the infarct and to the underlying vascular lesion.
AB  - Seventy-three patients with acute nonhemorrhagic stroke in the carotid territory
      were investigated for the cause of the stroke: middle cerebral artery (MCA)
      occlusion/stenosis or internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion/stenosis; embolus
      from the heart and extra-cranial arteries or thrombosis. The study is prospective
      and consecutive comprising stroke patients below the age of 75 years, admitted in
      the acute state i.e. within 3 days after stroke onset. Excluded were patients
      with intracerebral hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vertebrobasilar stroke and
      patients in whom another severe disease was present. Cerebral angiography and CT
      scan were performed in all patients within one and two days after admission. CT
      scan was repeated 2 weeks and 6 months later. Forty percent had MCA occlusion,
      none had MCA stenosis, 12% had ICA occlusion, 14% had severe ICA stenosis (half
      of these were associated with MCA occlusion) and 41% were without significant
      MCA/ICA lesions. Twenty-seven percent had large infarcts with a diameter greater
      than 3 cm; 34% had medium-sized infarcts with a diameter between 3 and 1.5 cm;
      21% had small infarcts with a diameter less than 1.5 cm; 18% had no identifiable
      infarct on CT-scan. MCA occlusion was responsible for 62% of the large or medium
      sized infarcts. ICA occlusion or severe ICA stenosis were responsible for only
      27% of the large or medium-sized infarcts. Only 11% of the patients with small or
      no infarct on CT-scan had significant MCA/ICA lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4002262
TI  - Graded focal cerebral ischemia in the rat by unilateral carotid artery occlusion
      and elevated intracranial pressure: hemodynamic and biochemical characterization.
AB  - Graded transient cerebral hemispheral ischemia was produced in nitrous oxide
      anesthetized Wistar rats by a procedure combining unilateral common carotid
      artery occlusion; elevation of intracranial pressure to 40-45 mm Hg by infusion
      of mock cerebrospinal fluid; and maintenance of arterial blood pressure at 100
      110 mm Hg by controlled hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion pressure was thus reduced
      into the ischemic range ipsilateral to carotid occlusion but remained 55-70 mm Hg
      contralaterally. Regional cerebral blood flow, measured autoradiographically,
      fell by 85-90% in the ischemic dorsolateral and lateral neocortex, hippocampus
      and lateral striatum, but remained at 71% of control or higher contralaterally.
      Metabolite assay revealed a gradient of energy depletion, with profound
      reductions in ATP and phosphocreatine and marked elevations of lactate in lateral
      neocortex, lateral striatum, hippocampus and lateral thalamus. Importantly,
      dorsolateral neocortex proved to be a penumbral zone, with marked lactate
      elevation comparable to that of lateral cortex, yet only intermediate degrees of
      ATP and PCr reduction. Contralateral structures were metabolically unaffected
      apart from mild increases in lactate. The advantages of this focal ischemia model
      include the consistent topographic distribution of ischemia and its regional
      gradations of intensity; the avoidance of painstaking intracranial microsurgery
      and of systemic complications; preservation of intact energy state of the
      contralateral hemisphere; ease of reversibility of ischemia; and lack of
      seizures. The consistent metabolic penumbral zone is a unique feature of the
      model.

PMID- 4002263
TI  - Upper limit of cerebral autoregulation during development of hypertension in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats--effect of sympathetic denervation.
AB  - The upper limit of cerebral autoregulation was studied in pre- or early
      established hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Cerebral blood
      flow (CBF) was measured with the hydrogen clearance method, and wall/lumen ratio
      of cerebral arteries was morphometrically measured with the freeze-substitution
      technique. To test autoregulation, phenylephrine was intravenously infused to
      cause stepwise increments of blood pressure. Unilateral superior cervical
      ganglionectomy was carried out to examine the effects of sympathetic denervation
      on CBF autoregulation and thickness of vascular wall. Resting blood pressure at 4
      weeks, 3 months and 6 months of age were 89 +/- 3 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM), 140 +/- 6
      and 165 +/- 6, respectively. Baseline CBF was slightly diminished with age; 50.6
      +/- 9.2 ml/100 g/min at 4 weeks, 49.8 +/- 8.1 at 3 months and 44.1 +/- 5.6 at 6
      months. The upper limit of autoregulation was markedly raised with age; 118 +/- 5
      mm Hg at 4 weeks, 180 +/- 7 at 3 months and 208 +/- 10 at 6 months. Acute
      sympathetic denervation lowered the upper limits to 105 +/- 2, 162 +/- 4 and 185
      +/- 7 mm Hg, respectively. On the other hand, in chronic denervation which was
      made at 4 weeks of age, the upper limit of autoregulation in the denervated
      hemisphere was slightly lower than that in innervated hemisphere at 2 months (165
      +/- 5 and 178 +/- 6 mm Hg), and at 5 months (202 +/- 8 and 215 +/- 8 mm Hg) after
      ganglionectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002264
TI  - A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the rat--three vessel occlusion
      model.
AB  - A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia was created in the rat by occluding
      the common carotid arteries and the basilar artery; this resulted in consistent
      and severe impairment of the cerebral blood flow. The procedure for producing
      this model is described, and the results of EEG and autoradiography obtained by
      this model are compared to those obtained by the four-vessel occlusion model.

PMID- 4002265
TI  - A model of selective experimental ischaemia in the primate thalamus.
AB  - A model for studying changes in local CBF and evoked potentials in selective
      thalamic ischaemia has been developed. The arterial supply to the posterior
      thalamus (mainly from the posterior choroidal arteries) was occluded in the
      baboon using a transorbital approach to the region of prepontine and ambient
      cisterns. Local CBF was measured by the hydrogen clearance method using
      electrodes introduced into the nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis of thalamus
      as well as cortex on both sides. The production of focal ischaemia was
      demonstrated by a significant decrease in thalamic CBF and confirmed by
      examination of the brain perfused with carbon particles.

PMID- 4002266
TI  - Actinomycin D suppresses the protective effect of dexamethasone in rats affected
      by global cerebral ischemia.
AB  - Simultaneous occlusion of both common carotid arteries in female Sprague-Dawley
      CFY rats produced characteristic symptoms of global cerebral ischemia, such as
      staggering, circling, convulsions, followed by coma and death. A close
      correlation existed among these symptoms and the elevation of water and Na+
      content, appearing at the stage of staggering; Evans blue extravasation and
      diminution of K+ content, detected at circling; and the increase in Ca2+ content
      in the total brain tissue, manifesting itself at the phase of convulsions,
      indicating the development of cerebral edema due to ischemia. Dexamethasone given
      subcutaneously in a single 2.0 mg kg-1 dose 5 hours prior to the induction of
      global cerebral ischemia reduced considerably the morbidity and mortality, the
      alterations in water and electrolyte content, and albumin leakage in the brain
      tissue. Actinomycin D, in a dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 injected intravenously 1 hour
      before steroid treatment, abolished the beneficial effect. This finding suggests
      that de novo protein synthesis is involved in the cerebroprotective effect of
      dexamethasone.

PMID- 4002267
TI  - Intracranial hemorrhages due to phenylpropanolamine.
AB  - We describe 2 patients with intracranial hemorrhage after ingestion of diet pills
      containing phenylpropanolamine (PPA) in combination with caffeine. The first
      patient had bilateral simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages, and the second had
      a subarachnoid hemorrhage. PPA is widely used most often without prescription and
      causes intracranial hemorrhage more often than has been realized. The mechanism
      may be induction of a transient hypertensive crisis.

PMID- 4002268
TI  - Multiple transient ischemic attacks, lupus anticoagulant and verrucous
      endocarditis.
AB  - A young adult with lupus anticoagulant and systemic lupus erythematosus had onset
      of multiple transient ischemic attacks four years after a major left hemispheric
      infarct. The symptoms were stereotyped, recurred several times daily over three
      years and ceased when aspirin was added to steroid therapy. It is speculated that
      her symptoms were due to recurrent embolism from the heart in the presence of a
      thrombotic state.

PMID- 4002269
TI  - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with giant cell arteritis: a case report.
AB  - A case of cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with granulomatous arteritis is
      presented with description of the microscopic, immunocytochemical and
      ultrastructural features. The amyloid proved to be of the AL-type, with failure
      to show reactivity with anti-AA, anti-prealbumin and anti-albumin. Antisera
      against SAP and IgG (AF) did show reactivity. Hence the immunologic
      characteristics of this amyloid differ from those of other known conditions and
      may therefore represent a new form of amyloid. The role of granulomatous
      arteritis in this case remains speculative.

PMID- 4002270
TI  - Simultaneous rupture of two intracranial aneurysms: CT diagnosis.
AB  - A case of simultaneous rupture of two intracranial aneurysms is reported. This is
      a rare event, and we found no CT reports of such a case. This case points out
      that the usual assumption of a single aneurysm rupture in a patient with multiple
      aneurysms may be erroneous and difficult to diagnose angiographically, but may
      lend itself to CT diagnosis.

PMID- 4002271
TI  - Transient neurological deficits due to embolic occlusion and immediate reopening
      of the cerebral arteries.
AB  - The authors present two cases of transient occlusion of the major cerebral
      arteries which occurred during transfemoral catheterization of the carotid
      artery. Right hemiplegia and aphasia developed suddenly in both cases, and
      disappeared completely within 14 hours in one case and 25 minutes in the other.
      On the angiograms performed at the moment of onset of the symptoms, the site of
      the occlusion was the left internal carotid artery in one case and the left
      middle cerebral artery in the other. Angiograms which were repeated soon after
      clinical improvement revealed complete dissolution of the occluding emboli. These
      cases present direct radiographic evidence that embolic occlusion of a major
      cerebral artery and its disappearance is the mechanism of the transient
      manifestation of the neurological deficits associated with cerebrovascular
      catheterization.

PMID- 4002272
TI  - Primary thrombocythemia in a patient with cerebellar infarction.
AB  - A patient suffering from essential thrombocythemia presented manifestations of
      digital thromboses and two cerebral ischemic strokes. Anomalies of platelet
      function are discussed in relation to published data and the efficacy of
      antiaggregant treatment is stressed.

PMID- 4002273
TI  - Digital subtraction angiography: current clinical applications.
AB  - The applications of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in neurologic diagnosis
      have been evolving as clinical experience with this technology accumulates.
      Initial enthusiasm with the intravenous contrast material injections has been
      tempered by often equivocal results. Intravenous DSA (IV-DSA) is still an
      accurate screening technique for extracranial carotid atherosclerosis, comparable
      to duplex ultrasound. Intracranial imaging is less satisfying with intravenous
      injections but reliable information is available in the assessment of the venous
      sinuses and parasellar internal arteries. The future of DSA lies with
      intraarterial contrast injections, as this technique substantially decreases the
      risks and costs of definitive cerebrovascular investigation.

PMID- 4002274
TI  - Regional variation in suicide and homicide.
AB  - Violence in American cities was examined by classifying each city as high versus
      low in its homicide rate and high versus low in its suicide rate. Four groups of
      cities were identified on the basis of this classification, and their
      characteristics were explored. Differences were found in crime rates, poverty,
      population density, racial composition, latitude, and longitude. The implications
      of the results were examined.

PMID- 4002275
TI  - Suicide and euthanasia--special types of partner relationships.
AB  - Euthanasia is a controversial and important issue in West Germany, especially
      given the Nazis' killing of minorities during World War II. This paper
      concentrates on the joint issues of suicide and euthanasia in the context of the
      doctor-patient relationship. A new evaluation of suicide prevention and
      euthanasia, especially as they relate to the training of medical students and
      doctors, is advocated.

PMID- 4002277
TI  - Time to sleep.

PMID- 4002276
TI  - An analysis of suicide.

PMID- 4002278
TI  - Suicidal women and their relationships with husbands, boyfriends, and lovers.
AB  - This study describes the specific conflicts which suicidal women experience in
      their intimate relationships with men. Fifty women who had made suicide attempts
      were studied with a focus on the contributing role of their relationships with
      men to the genesis of the suicidal acts. Four major themes were found in the
      relationships: "smothering love", infidelity, battering, and denial of affection.
      The women experienced these conflicts as major precipitants in their suicidal
      behaviors. Examples of the four themes are described and analyzed.

PMID- 4002279
TI  - The adolescent suicide problem.
AB  - The suicide rate of young people in the United States rose 237 percent between
      1960 and 1980. This paper addresses three related issues. First, is this change
      an epidemic or an artifact? Second, what is there about adolescence as a life
      stage in modern society that makes it stressful, even suicide producing? Finally,
      what are the distinctive traits of the lifestyles or careers of a random sample
      of young Chicago suicides?

PMID- 4002280
TI  - [Application of research in policy notes regarding housing for the elderly].
AB  - In this article we present the results of an analysis on notes of the government
      and two master-organizations written in the last fifteen years. The analysis
      confined to the policy on housing- and care-facilities for people of sixty-five
      years and older living independently or in residential and nursing homes. We
      examined how research has been applicated on the level of concepts, which
      determine the outlook upon the life-situation of the elderly and on that of the
      direct influence of research-data on intentions of the institutions. In the notes
      of the government and the master-organization of the old people homes (LSB) we
      see very much interest in research on the efficient operating system of intra-
      and extramural facilities. The notes of the leagues of the elderly (COSBO) have
      been focussed on the weak social position of old people and the constraints of
      choices. The analysis illustrates the selective use of research output and the
      necessity of pluriform programming of research.

PMID- 4002281
TI  - [Psychiatric disorders in elderly hospitalized patients: prevalence and
      recognition].
AB  - Patients of 65 years and older on a medical ward of the University Hospital of
      Leiden were screened for psychiatric morbidity. The recognition of the
      psychiatric pathology by the attending staff was recorded. Of the 87 patients
      studied, 11 had an organic brain syndrome and 14 a depressive disorder. In 10 of
      the 25 cases, these were recognized on the ward. Women with a depressive disorder
      ran the highest risk of not being recognized.

PMID- 4002282
TI  - [The effect of aging and sclerosis on the viscoelastic properties of the human
      thoracic aorta].
AB  - This paper describes some results of our research on the viscoelastic properties
      of the human aorta. Pressure-diameter relations of 45 thoracic aortas, aged 30 to
      88 years, were measured. The complex static measurement results were described by
      a model (formula) with three parameters. The dynamic (viscous) measurement
      results needed four parameters in a different model. De model parameters were
      next related to the age and the degree of sclerosis of the aortic segments. The
      results can be summarized as follows: the static properties change strongly with
      age; aortic compliance decreases substantially with aging; the dynamic (viscous)
      properties of the aorta do not change with age; although the degree of sclerosis
      of the aorta increased with age, we could not demonstrate a significant
      difference in the viscoelastic properties of 'normal' and sclerotic aortas. An
      explanation for the latter phenomenon was found in the dilation of the aorta
      which accompanies the increase of the degree of sclerosis and which serves as a
      hemodynamic compensation.

PMID- 4002283
TI  - The importance of age and water contact patterns in relation to Schistosoma
      haematobium infection.
AB  - Data obtained by Dalton & Pole in 1978 were analysed in order to assess the
      relative importance of age and water contact patterns in explaining the
      variations in level of infection with Schistosoma haematobium observed among
      their study population. It was found that age and sex were the only two
      significant factors, and that the information about an individual's water contact
      pattern contained in the data was of no further help in predicting his level of
      infection. This conclusion is in marked opposition to that reached by Dalton &
      Pole.

PMID- 4002284
TI  - Hydatidosis in Sardinia: review and recommendations.
AB  - In Sardinia, hydatidosis due to Echinococcus granulosus is endemic and
      constitutes a current and important problem in the economy and public health.
      This paper reviews the epidemiological aspects, including the geographical
      distribution, and the socio-cultural factors involved in the dissemination of
      hydatidosis. Hospital data indicate that about 200 people undergo surgery for
      hydatid cysts every year with an average of 8.8 deaths annually. An average of
      80% of the sheep are infected, constituting a livestock loss estimated as over 20
      billion liras per year. The benefits expected from a hypothetical control
      programme amount to approximately 32 billion liras against an investment of 17
      billion liras in a control programme extending over a period of 10 years. The
      eradication campaign should result in a gradual reduction of infection rate from
      80% to 10% in sheep, from 30% to 3-5% in dogs and in a reduction of human
      morbidity from 200 to 15 cases, equal to a prevalence rate of 1 per 100,000
      inhabitants.

PMID- 4002285
TI  - Hepatitis B virus circulation in three different villages of Somalia.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) circulation was surveyed in three Somalian villages (Buur
      Fuul, Mooda-Moode and Bajuni Islands) in different districts and 52 children
      living in a closed community, aged under one year, were studied. Of the 331
      village subjects aged one to 83 years, 12.08% were HBs positive, 29.9% anti-HBs
      positive, 43.8% anti-HBc positive and 21.4 anti-HBe positive. Among the HBs
      positive subjects, 34.7% had HBeAg and 21.7% had anti-HBcAg-IgM. No statistically
      significant differences were found for HBs, anti-HBs, anti-HBc and anti-HBe among
      the three villages. HBeAg prevalence was higher in Buur-Fuul than in Mooda-Moode
      and in Bajuni Islands. HBsAg prevalence was about the same for each age group
      studied, whereas the prevalence of anti-HBc showed a continuous rise and reached
      its maximum level of 43.8% in those aged 39 years and older. The proportion of
      HBs-positive subjects who also carried HBeAg was high in the youngest children
      but fell with age. HBs-positive children aged under one year had a high anti-HBc
      IgM prevalence. Our finding suggests that perinatal infection may play an
      important role among the Somalian population in determining the reservoir of
      virus carriers.

PMID- 4002286
TI  - Cell-mediated immunity in hepatic amoebiasis.
AB  - Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was measured by blastic transformation of peripheral
      blood lymphocytes in 26 patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA) and matched
      control subjects with no demonstrable clinical amoebiasis. During active disease,
      the mean mitogenic response, measured by the stimulation index of the patients'
      lymphocytes to Entamoeba histolytica antigen, was increased (mean +/- SD: 25.98
      +/- 46.62 compared with 11.27 +/- 21.39), whereas that to phytohaemagglutinin
      (PHA) was reduced (54.80 +/- 56.26 compared with 111.70 +/- 70.61). Both these
      results were statistically significant (P less than 0.01); they do not, however,
      appear to be due to a quantitative defect in T-cell numbers, as both total
      peripheral lymphocytes (3332 +/- 1450 cells/microliters compared with 2447 +/-
      531 cells/microliters) and T-cells (2652 +/- 1128 cells/microliters compared with
      1908 +/- 386 cells/microliters) were significantly elevated in the patients (P
      less than 0.01). When these tests were repeated two months later in 12 cured
      patients they were found to be comparable to those of the control subjects. The
      results indicate that there is a transient cellular sensitization to amoebic
      antigen together with an increase in T-lymphocytes and an impairment of the
      mitogenic response of lymphocytes to PHA. The significance of these findings is
      discussed.

PMID- 4002287
TI  - Seasonal vector density and disease incidence patterns of malaria in an area of
      Zimbabwe.
AB  - Anopheline mosquitoes were studied in an area of Zimbabwe to correlate their
      population densities with seasonality in malaria incidence. Four trapping methods
      were employed for adult mosquitoes: pit traps, outdoor and indoor man-baited nets
      and a sheep-baited net. Anopheles funestus exhibited two population peaks during
      the year, one in March and the other in September/October. The following over-all
      proportions of the An. gambiae complex were recorded: An. gambiae Giles (2.5%),
      An. arabiensis Patton (14.3%) and An. guadriannulatus Theobald (83.2%). Peak
      populations were observed in March, with most An. gambiae and An. arabiensis
      preferring outdoor man-baited nets. Approximately equal preference for outdoor
      nets and pit traps was observed for An. guadriannulatus, which was the only
      species present throughout the year. The implications of these findings for
      malaria transmission, which showed a peak in April, and the suitability of the
      sampling methods employed are discussed.

PMID- 4002288
TI  - Use of a nomogram to quantitate plasma dilutions for serological testing
      following blood collection in capillary tubes.
AB  - A technique for the processing and quantitation of small volumes of plasma
      collected in heparinized capillary tubes is presented using a nomogram that
      determines the final amount of diluent needed for variable volumes of plasma.

PMID- 4002289
TI  - Epidemiology of hydatid disease in Kenya: a study of the domestic intermediate
      hosts in Masailand.
AB  - The results are given of a study on the epidemiological significance of cattle,
      sheep and goats in maintaining the life-cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in
      Masailand, Kenya. A total of 134 (8.9%) of 1499 cattle, 146 (8.1%) of 1798 sheep
      and 144 (7.1%) of 2020 goats slaughtered in abattoirs in Masailand were found to
      harbour hydatid cysts. The frequency distribution of the hydatid cysts in each
      intermediate host species was over-dispersed. Of 729 cattle cysts examined 71
      (9.7%) were fertile (cyst contained protoscoleces) with an average viability of
      71%, 507 (69.5%) were sterile and 151 (20.7%) were calcified. Out of 810 sheep
      and 451 goat cysts examined 571 (70.5%) and 213 (47.0%) were fertile with
      respective viabilities of 88% and 86% and 143 (17.7%) and 194 (43.0%) were
      sterile leaving 96 (11.6%) and 45 (10.0%) sheep and goat cysts which were
      calcified. The greater fertility of the sheep and, to a lesser extent, goat cysts
      coupled with the reported greater infectivity of sheep and goat than cattle
      material to dogs and the common Masai practice of slaughtering sheep and goats at
      home, indicates that, at present, sheep and goats are the most important
      intermediate hosts for the maintenance of the domestic life-cycle of E.
      granulosus in Masailand. The incidence of hydatidosis in donkeys and the
      relationship of the domestic cycle to the wildlife cycle operating in the same
      area is unknown and requires further study.

PMID- 4002290
TI  - Leishmania donovani parasitaemia in Kenyan visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - Twenty Kenyan patients with visceral leishmaniasis were evaluated for the
      presence of Leishmania donovani in their peripheral blood. Smears, cultures and
      hamster inoculations detected parasitaemia in 11, 10 and six patients,
      respectively, and at least one method detected parasitaemia in 15 patients (75%).
      The likelihood of detecting parasitaemia correlated with the density of parasites
      in splenic aspirate smears. It is apparent that parasitaemia with L. donovani
      occurs frequently in Kenyan patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

PMID- 4002291
TI  - Leishmaniasis in Brazil. XXI. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Amazon Region and
      further observations on the role of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) as
      the vector.
AB  - Further evidence is presented incriminating the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis as
      the vector of Leishmania chagasi, the causative agent of American visceral
      leishmaniasis, in the Amazon Region of Brazil. During an outbreak of the disease
      in Santarem, Para State, this insect was shown to be the only species of sandfly
      consistently present in and around the patient's homes, where it often occurred
      in very large numbers. Of 491 specimens dissected, 35 (7.14%) proved to be
      infected, and isolates of L. chagasi were made from 16 of 27 of these sandflies
      following the inoculation of the promastigotes into hamsters. Finally, the
      parasite was transmitted to four other hamsters which had been subjected to the
      bites of large numbers of wild-caught Lu. longipalpis. Isolates of Leishmania
      from Lu. longipalpis captures in Santarem, and in another focus of visceral
      leishmaniasis on the Island of Marajo, Para, have been shown to be biologically
      and biochemically indistinguishable from the parasite infecting man, dogs and
      foxes in Para, and from stocks obtained from man elsewhere in Brazil (Bahia and
      Ceara States).

PMID- 4002292
TI  - Leishmaniasis in Bolivia. I. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) as the
      vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Los Yungas.
AB  - A relatively high leishmanial infection rate was found in the phlebotomine
      sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis collected from three villages of the Los Yungas
      region (Department of La Paz, Bolivia). 2,578 female sandflies were dissected. In
      three houses surveyed in Santa Barbara promastigote infection rates of Lu.
      longipalpis were 4.2, 2.2 and 3.2% respectively. Anatomical localization of the
      infection in the insect, and biochemical characterization of the strains indicate
      that the parasite belongs to the Leishmania donovani complex. The geographical
      area and the biotopes of Lu. longipalpis are discussed in relation to the vector
      parasite relationship.

PMID- 4002293
TI  - Population distribution of Trichuris trichiura in a community of Jamaican
      children.
AB  - The Trichuris trichiura worm burdens of 23 children living in a Place-of-Safety
      in Kingston, Jamaica, were assessed by stool collection for more than five days
      after treatment with mebendazole. This procedure was repeated after a seven-month
      period of natural re-infection. For both collections the maximum rate of worm
      expulsion was achieved on the fourth day after starting treatment. The worm
      population distributions were overdispersed and well described by the negative
      binomial probability model (k = 0.29) in each case. For any one individual, the
      number of worms passed on the first expulsion was unrelated, absolutely or
      relatively, to the number passed on the second. These data suggest that:
      knowledge of the time dependency of helminth expulsion is essential for the
      accurate estimation of worm burdens by this method; populations of Trichuris are
      more highly aggregated than those of Ascaris and may thus be more susceptible to
      control by selective rather than random chemotherapy; and the inherent
      predisposition of hosts to infection may be of minor importance in determining
      the distribution of worms in the population-heavily infected hosts appear no more
      or less likely to acquire large worm burdens on subsequent exposures.

PMID- 4002294
TI  - Strain identification of Echinococcus granulosus in determining origin of
      infection in a case of human hydatid disease in Australia.
AB  - Viable parasitic material from cysts removed surgically from a human patient was
      used to differentiate the infecting strain of Echinococcus granulosus from
      another to which the patient may have been exposed. It was shown that the patient
      was infected with the Australian mainland domestic strain. The age of the cyst
      material was estimated by microscopical and histological examinations.
      Combination of these data with an investigation of the patient's life-history
      allowed identification of the most likely source of infection. Studies such as
      this help to define those areas of high risk for human hydatidosis on mainland
      Australia.

PMID- 4002295
TI  - The effect of persistent malarial infections on haemoglobin A2 levels in Liberian
      children.
AB  - Children two to nine years old from an area of holoendemic malaria in northern
      Liberia had mean HbA2 and haematocrit values significantly (P less than 0.001)
      lower than others from a neighbouring town where malaria is hypoendemic. After
      regular administration of chloroquine over two years to 38 children living in a
      holoendemic village, their mean HbA2 rose from 2.1%, SE +/- 0.04, to 2.6%, SE +/-
      0.08 (P less than 0.001) and their mean haematocrit from 0.348, SEM +/- 0.004, to
      0.382, SE +/- 0.004 (P less than 0.001), values similar to those of children from
      the neighbouring town. In another village where chloroquine was not given
      regularly, mean HbA2, haematocrit and malariometric indices were little changed
      at the end of the two-year period. We conclude that persistent malarial
      parasitaemia was the main factor in the relatively low values of the village
      children. Although it is not clear how malaria depresses HbA, the findings were
      consistent with the hypothesis that chronic malaria induces iron-deficiency.

PMID- 4002296
TI  - The strain specificity of vaccination with ultra violet attenuated cercariae of
      the Chinese strain of Schistosoma japonicum.
AB  - Mice vaccinated with ultra violet (u.v.) attenuated cercariae of the Chinese
      mainland strain of S. japonicum were resistant to homologous challenge, but were
      not resistant to challenge with the Philippine strain of S. japonicum. Thus
      vaccination using u.v. attenuated S. japonicum cercariae is strain specific.

PMID- 4002297
TI  - Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: the incrimination of
      Phlebotomus papatasi as the vector in the Al-Hassa oasis.
AB  - Surveys of the phlebotomine fauna in a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis
      (ZCL) in the Al-Hassa oasis, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, revealed only one
      species of Phlebotomus (P. papatasi) and three of Sergentomyia (S. antennata, S.
      clydei and S. fallax). 11 specimens of P. papatasi from six sites in the oasis
      were found with promastigotes in the midgut. An isolate from one of the sandflies
      was typed by the examination of isoenzymes and identified as Leishmania major,
      zymodeme LON-4 (= Montpellier zymodeme 26), the principal zymodeme of L. major
      isolated from patients with ZCL in the oasis. Three isolates from leishmanial
      lesions at sites of the bites of wild caught specimens of P. papatasi were also
      identified as the same zymodeme of L. major as the isolate from the sandfly. The
      findings show that P. papatasi is the vector of ZCL in the Al-Hassa oasis and
      probably in other ecologically similar foci in the Kingdom.

PMID- 4002298
TI  - Plasma clearance time of Russell's viper (Vipera russelli) antivenom in human
      snake bite victims.

PMID- 4002299
TI  - Nutritional anthropometry. Wasting assessment by direct reading on a modified
      weight-for-height scale.
AB  - Wasting, a low weight-for-height compared with a standard, is the most important
      index of acute under nutrition. Previously, wasted children could only be
      classified by consulting tables after weighing and measuring them. This was not a
      practical procedure for busy service situations. Nabarro introduced a weight
      chart which simplified the identification of wasted children, but this method has
      limitations. An available clock-faced spring balance weighing scale has been
      modified to give direct colour-coded reading of weight-for-height status. A
      child's height is first measured while he is fully co-operative. The height in cm
      is set on the scale and this positions a colour coded disc behind the spiral
      slot. Then the child is weighed, and in wasted children the pointer comes to rest
      opposite a red band. The instrument has been field tested in busy clinics in
      Uganda and worked well.

PMID- 4002300
TI  - Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Kuwait.

PMID- 4002301
TI  - Haemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in
      Mauritania.

PMID- 4002302
TI  - Observations on early and late post-sporozoite tissue stages in primate malaria.
      III. Further attempts to find early forms and to correlate hypnozoites with
      growing exo-erythrocytic schizonts and parasitaemic relapses in Plasmodium
      cynomolgi bastianellii infections.
AB  - Rhesus monkeys were heavily infected with sporozoites of Plasmodium cynomolgi
      bastianellii in an attempt to demonstrate the site of invasion of sporozoites
      into tissue cells and their growth there. Further attempts were made to correlate
      the appearance and loss of hypnozoites with parasitaemic relapses. Hypnozoites
      were demonstrated and once again shown to decrease in numbers over 229 days
      during which time the infection showed parasitaemic relapses. Liver biopsies
      taken at two-day intervals for 12 days showed that hypnozoites decreased in
      numbers over-all and growing schizonts were demonstrated in the liver. At this
      time a parasite the size of a hypnozoite was seen with two nuclei and another was
      seen with an elongate, possibly dividing nucleus in one monkey. an attempt to
      find the location of the early intracellular exoerythrocytic forms in the liver
      at various times less than 40 hours after infection using smears and
      immunological staining with newly prepared anti-sera failed. Large numbers of
      sporozoites of P. knowlesi were also injected into a rhesus monkey the liver of
      which on the fifth day after infection showed no hypnozoites among 157 sections
      of growing schizonts and no parasites at all on the 42nd day after infection. In
      P. cynomolgi bastianellii infections parasites, mostly hypnozoites, were found in
      the liver up to 229 days after infection.

PMID- 4002303
TI  - Furazolidone treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

PMID- 4002304
TI  - A study of malaria morbidity in a rural area of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

PMID- 4002305
TI  - Extended storage of platelets in a new plastic container. I. Biochemical and
      morphologic changes.
AB  - A new polyvinyl chloride container plasticized with tri(2-ethylhexyl)
      trimellitate (PL 1240 plastic) was evaluated for use in extended platelet
      storage. Six leukocyte-rich platelet concentrates (mean, 0.6 X 10(9) white cells
      per bag; range, 0.3 to 1.0 X 10(9) per container) were prepared by removing as
      much of the platelet-rich plasma from blood as possible. The cells were stored at
      22 degrees C on an end-over-end agitator. An average of 1.04 +/- 0.19 X 10(11)
      platelets was recovered, and the mean pH dropped from 7.23 on day 0 to 6.68 by
      day 5. At the completion of the storage period. PO2 averaged 80 torr, PCO2 was 35
      torr, bicarbonate concentration was 0.5 mM, and lactate concentration 29.5 mM.
      Thirty-one additional units of platelet concentrates, not deliberately prepared
      to be leukocyte-rich, on day 5 had a pH of 6.75 +/- 0.39 (mean platelet yield,
      0.97 +/- 0.21 X 10(11); PO2 and PCO2 averaged 50 and 48 torr, respectively).
      Following storage, the cells had an average phase microscopic morphology score of
      244 (n = 17). Platelets appeared to be preserved well throughout storage when
      assessed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. We conclude that
      platelets can be stored for 5 days in PL 1240 plastic containers with good
      preservation of pH and cell ultrastructure.

PMID- 4002306
TI  - Kinetics and mobilization from the spleen of indium-111-labeled platelets during
      platelet apheresis.
AB  - The rate and extent of platelet mobilization from the spleen were measured, and
      their relationship to the removal of platelets from the peripheral blood during
      discontinuous flow platelet apheresis was determined in four normal volunteers.
      Autologous platelets were labeled with Indium-111-oxine and in vivo whole body
      and organ In-111 radioactivity quantitated with a scintillation camera and a
      computer-assisted imaging system. Dynamic changes in splenic radioactivity were
      monitored during 12 cycles of platelet apheresis. The number of platelets
      harvested and changes in whole body and blood In-111 activity were determined
      during the procedure. The platelet life-span was estimated, and the sites of
      sequestration of labeled platelets was measured. Platelet apheresis removed a
      mean of 64 percent of platelets in the circulation; i.e., 48 percent of all
      platelets in the body. During the procedures, 28.0 +/- 9.4 percent In-111-labeled
      platelets in the body were removed, splenic radioactivity decreased by 36.5 +/-
      13.2 percent, and whole body activity decreased by 34.5 +/- 9.7 percent. In-111
      activity in the spleen and whole body decreased in parallel, indicating a dynamic
      equilibrium between these pools. The life-span of the labeled platelets was 226
      +/- 25 hours, similar to that of normal subjects. The major sites of
      sequestration of senescent platelets were the spleen (37.9 +/- 20%) and liver
      (30.3 +/- 5.6%); this is similar to that found in normal subjects. We conclude
      that as platelets are removed from the peripheral blood, the blood pool is
      rapidly and effectively replenished from the splenic platelet pool. These two
      pools are in dynamic equilibrium and permit removal of large numbers of platelets
      without resultant thrombocytopenia. Platelet apheresis does not adversely effect
      platelet life-span, and the sequestration pattern in the reticuloendothelial
      system is normal.

PMID- 4002307
TI  - Neutrophil collection using modified fluid gelatin. Effect on in vitro and in
      vivo neutrophil function.
AB  - Modified fluid gelatin (MFG) is a possible alternative to hydroxyethyl starch
      (HES) for use as a red cell sedimenting agent in neutrophil collection
      procedures. Since the efficacy of neutrophil transfusion therapy depends upon the
      integrity of the infused cells, we examined the in vitro and in vivo function of
      neutrophils collecting using MFG. Neutrophils were collected from 17 normal
      subjects by continuous flow centrifugation using MFG in place of HES. In vitro
      measurement of neutrophil function included dye exclusion, phagocytosis,
      candidacidal activity, staphylococcal killing, chemotaxis, and random migration.
      For in vivo studies, neutrophils were labeled with 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate,
      reinfused into the donor, and blood kinetics and skin chamber accumulation of the
      labeled cells were measured. In vivo results were compared with results from
      previous studies using neutrophils collected with HES or by phlebotomy. MFG
      neutrophils were normal by all in vitro functional criteria and localized
      normally at an in vivo inflammatory site. Intravascular survival (T 1/2 = 3.3 +/-
      0.9 hours) was significantly shorter than normal (T 1/2 = 7.3 +/- 2.3 hours) but
      was identical to that of cells collected using HES. Thus, on the basis of
      neutrophil functional capabilities, MFG appears to be an acceptable alternative
      to HES in collection of neutrophils for transfusion.

PMID- 4002308
TI  - Factors that influence lymphocyte yields in lymphocytapheresis.
AB  - The recent use of lymphocytapheresis to treat immune-mediated diseases such as
      rheumatoid arthritis prompted a study of factors that influence the cell
      composition of lymphocytapheresis concentrates. Following single cytapheresis
      procedures, using protocols recommended by manufacturers, lymphocyte yields were
      significantly higher with the model 2997 (IBM) and CS-3000 (Fenwal) cell
      separators as compared to the model 30 (Haemonetics) separator (9.8 +/- 1.1 and
      7.1 +/- 1.2 X 10(9) lymphocytes, respectively, versus 4.6 +/- 1.1 X 10(9); p less
      than 0.01). The lymphocyte concentrate obtained with the CS-3000 separator
      contained the smallest number of monocytes (0.6 +/- 0.4 X 10(9) versus 1.4 +/-
      1.6 and 1 +/- 0.3 X 10(9) for the model 2997 and 30 cell separators,
      respectively). Platelet contamination of the lymphocyte concentrate was highest
      with the CS-3000 (6.5 +/- 2.4 X 10(11], and erythrocyte contamination was highest
      when the model 30 was used (21 +/- 3.0%). Studies using the model 2997 indicated
      that lymphocyte yields were significantly influenced by donor pre-apheresis
      absolute lymphocyte counts, and for this cell separator by specific operating
      variables, such as channel centrifugation speed and positioning of the red cell
      interface during lymphocyte collection. Maximal yields were obtained when the
      channel centrifugation speed was 800 to 1000 rpm (equivalent to 100-150 X g) and
      the red cell interface was adjusted to yield a cell concentrate with a hematocrit
      less than 4 percent. These results suggest that it will be necessary to
      standardize lymphocytapheresis collection protocols in future studies to assess
      the role of lymphocytapheresis in the management of immune-mediated diseases such
      as rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4002309
TI  - Glycogen metabolism in stored granulocytes.
AB  - Optimal function of transfused granulocytes (PMNs) requires adequate glycogen
      metabolism. Previous studies in our laboratory suggested that stored PMNs had
      decreased glycogen. We report here the glycogen content and chemotaxis of stored
      PMNs, and the ability of fresh and stored PMNs to use glycogen as the fuel source
      for chemotaxis. PMNs were prepared from 8 fresh units of blood drawn into citrate
      phosphate-dextrose-adenine, suspended at 2 or 8 X 10(7) PMN per ml in autologous
      plasma with or without 15 mM sodium bicarbonate, and stored at 22 to 24 degrees C
      in transfer packs for 48 hours. Glycogen was measured on resting PMNs, and after
      challenge with opsonized zymosan and F-Met-Leu-Phe (FMLP). The chemotaxis of
      fresh and stored PMNs was measured in the presence or absence of extracellular
      glucose. Fresh PMNs contained 10.3 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SEM) micrograms of glycogen
      per 10(6) PMN. Glycogen decreased by 4.2 +/- 0.9 micrograms per 10(6) PMN after
      challenge with opsonized zymosan and by 1.1 +/- 0.6 micrograms per 10(6) PMN
      after FMLP. After 48 hours of storage, neutrophil glycogen increased by 18
      percent, except in units stored at a concentration of PMN of 8 X 10(7) per ml
      without sodium bicarbonate. In PMNs from these units stored without bicarbonate,
      glycogen decreased by 9 percent (p less than .05), and there was a 19 and 55
      percent decrease in the ability of PMN from these units to metabolize glycogen
      after exposure to opsonized zymosan and FMLP, respectively (p less than 0.05). In
      addition, in PMNs from units stored at a concentration of PMN of 8 X 10(7) per ml
      without bicarbonate, there was a 47 and 70 percent decrease in chemotaxis at 24
      and 48 hours, respectively (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002310
TI  - Predonation hematocrit measurement by whole blood electrical conductivity assay.
AB  - The whole blood electrical conductivity method for predonation hematocrit
      determinations was studied. Forty capillary and venous blood samples were tested
      concurrently with electrical conductivity and centrifugation methods. The
      electrical conductivity method demonstrated acceptable accuracy but was less
      precise than the spun microhematocrit technique. Results from capillary samples
      were uniformly less precise and significantly lower than determinations from
      venous specimens. This study and previous reports suggest that capillary
      hematocrit values by any method may not accurately reflect the blood donor's
      venous hematocrit level. Blood centers should independently validate their anemia
      screening methods to avoid unnecessary deferrals and protect the anemic donor.

PMID- 4002311
TI  - Pre-transfusion testing problems caused by anti-lymphocyte globulin and their
      solution.
AB  - Anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) is an antibody to human lymphocytes used to
      decrease T-cells in renal transplant patients. We recently encountered serologic
      problems in testing blood from patients treated with ALG. Thirty-nine patients
      undergoing acute kidney rejection developed positive direct and indirect
      antiglobulin tests following the administration of equine ALG. Sera from these
      patients reacted with all red cells (RBCs) tested using both polyspecific and
      monospecific anti-IgG anti-human sera. Eluates prepared from the patients' RBCs
      showed similar reactivity. The ALG panagglutinin did not react by manual
      hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) technique. The ALG panagglutinin could be
      neutralized by anti-human globulin. In our hands, these techniques were useful in
      distinguishing ALG panagglutinin from co-existing alloantibodies.

PMID- 4002312
TI  - Automated detection of red cell antibodies in donor sera using an automated
      technology.
AB  - The evaluation of two automated (AutoGrouper-16C) antibody detection techniques,
      designed for routine use is reported. Three channels on the instrument were
      modified for low-ionic-strength or enzyme methods. The incidence of antibody
      detection was 90.5 percent, and all antibodies that were not detected had titers
      of 4 or less and would be unlikely to cause adverse clinical reactions if
      transfused. The adaptation of this automated instrument for donor antibody
      screening resulted in substantial time and cost savings.

PMID- 4002313
TI  - The use of transfusion in terminal cancer patients. Hospice versus conventional
      care setting.
AB  - This study examines the usage of blood component products by terminal cancer
      patients in hospice and conventional care settings. Our results show that
      patients in conventional care settings are five times more likely to be
      transfused than are patients in hospital-based hospices and ten times more likely
      to be transfused than are patients in home-care hospices (p = 0.003). Since the
      outcome of care was comparable for the three types of care settings, the
      transfusion of blood component products to terminal cancer patients may be
      overused in conventional care settings.

PMID- 4002314
TI  - Another example of the rare Ay phenotype.
AB  - The red cells of a patient typed as group O, but her serum lacked anti-A. Upon
      further testing, it appeared that the ABO phenotype was Am. Saliva studies
      demonstrated a normal amount of H substance but reduced A substance. Family
      studies established the ABO genotype of the proposita as A1O. The results suggest
      that modification of the cellular and salivary expression of the A antigen in
      this patient was the result of a double dose of the modifier gene y, and that the
      ABO phenotype, while having characteristics similar to that of an Am, was
      actually Ay.

PMID- 4002315
TI  - The manual preparation of leukocyte-poor red cells for transfusion by a new
      filter.
AB  - Standard and buffy-coat-depleted red cell concentrates were filtered through a
      new cellulose acetate filter with a manual procedure. No residual leukocytes
      could be detected in 19 of the 21 filtered units. Extracellular hemoglobin after
      red cell filtration and concentration never exceeded 10 mg per unit. No
      transfusion reaction occurred in 10 recipients with potent lymphocytotoxic
      antibodies in their serum and histories of febrile transfusion reactions. This
      filter allows the preparation of leukocyte-poor red cell units with a safe,
      simple, and effective manual procedure.

PMID- 4002316
TI  - The effect of temperature and mode of agitation on the resuspension of platelets
      during preparation of platelet concentrates.
AB  - A problem arose in a blood bank in which about 10 percent of platelet
      concentrates (PC) observed at day 1 had a large number of macroscopic aggregates.
      The aggregates were clumps of platelets that did not go into suspension during
      preparation of PC. These units were set aside for observation. A maximum of 25
      percent were stored on a circular rotator; the remainder were stored on either an
      elliptical rotator or horizontal shaker. By the end of storage, 6 percent of the
      units still had a large number of clumps. This percentage was reduced to 2.4
      percent, when all clumped units were stored on a circular rotator. The number of
      clumped units observed at day 1 and at the end of storage were reduced
      dramatically when the temperature of the laboratory (18-19 degrees C), centrifuge
      (20 degrees C) and storage environmental chamber (22 degrees C) were increased to
      24 degrees C. The units with clumps at day 5 were reduced from 225 (out of 8316)
      to 25 (out of 7137).

PMID- 4002317
TI  - An approach to determine objectively minimum hemoglobin standards for blood
      donors.
AB  - The minimum hemoglobin level for an individual to be accepted as a blood donor in
      North America is 13.5 g/dl for males and 12.5 g/dl for females. The present study
      was undertaken to determine the iron status of donors deferred because their
      hemoglobin did not meet present standards. This was done prospectively by
      measuring hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, ferritin and free erythrocyte
      protoporphyrin on venous samples of blood. The majority of deferred donors, 85%
      of males and 83% of females, were found not to be iron deficient. In order to
      determine objectively minimum hemoglobin standards for blood donors that would
      include the maximum number of non iron deficient donors while excluding the
      majority with iron deficiency ROC curves were drawn. This approach demonstrates
      that minimum hemoglobin levels can be established objectively and from our data
      indicates that these levels are 12.5 g/dl for males and 12.0 g/dl for females.

PMID- 4002318
TI  - Hepatitis B virus infection in patients with antibody to hepatitis B surface
      antigen.

PMID- 4002319
TI  - Sterility of single-donor apheresis platelets.

PMID- 4002321
TI  - Implications of transfusion of "undercollected" units.

PMID- 4002320
TI  - Manufacturers' comments on antisera.

PMID- 4002322
TI  - Fixation of human complement by lymphocytotoxic sera.

PMID- 4002323
TI  - Alloantigenic systems in the rat. Fifth International Workshop. Montreal, Quebec,
      Canada, Aug 22-24, 1984.

PMID- 4002324
TI  - Medical audit in a rural hospital.

PMID- 4002325
TI  - Surgery for all by the year 2000?

PMID- 4002326
TI  - Practical management of rabies and the 1982 outbreak in Zorzor District, Liberia.
AB  - A rabies outbreak in Zorzor District, Liberia, in 1982 resulted in 31 known
      bitten and 12 known exposed patients. Human diploid cell strain (HDCS) vaccine
      was used to vaccinate 40 patients. Of these, 34 were vaccinated at Curran
      Lutheran Hospital, Zorzor, Liberia, mostly by the intradermal (i.d.) route. Five
      of 28 bitten patients who started their vaccinations did not complete the 4-dose
      course, including a 16-year-old boy who did not return after the first injection
      and later died of rabies. There were also 2 deaths in 3 known bitten but
      unvaccinated patients. None of the 23 bitten who received 4 doses of HDCS vaccine
      contracted rabies. The i.d. route was also used for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
      This method of vaccination is less expensive than the intramuscular route and in
      our clinical setting we would not have been able to vaccinate all the patients
      without using it. A practical approach to rabies vaccination in a developing
      country and the technique of intradermal vaccination are discussed.

PMID- 4002327
TI  - Simplified management of fluid and electrolyte problems. 1. Normal balance,
      abnormalities and practical management.

PMID- 4002328
TI  - Piles. Alternatives in the management of common anorectal conditions--1.

PMID- 4002329
TI  - Collecting blood for autotransfusion in ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 4002330
TI  - Myomectomy in treatment of uterine fibroids.

PMID- 4002331
TI  - Basic radiographic equipment.

PMID- 4002332
TI  - Quality improvement of radiographs.

PMID- 4002333
TI  - Analysing referral patterns to rural provincial hospitals.

PMID- 4002334
TI  - Financing urban primary health services. Balancing community and government
      financial responsibilities, Pikine, Senegal, 1975-81.
AB  - It is difficult to prejudge a community's capacity to satisfy its basic human
      needs, because no satisfactory method has been developed to predict the potential
      resources of a poor community. To improve their health conditions, all people,
      even poor, have some resources available. When they can manage themselves and be
      involved in decision making, they can become very efficient and contribute many
      material and human resources needed to organize health facilities in situations
      where the government fails to provide for wide-ranging needs, especially in the
      new cities. This was demonstrated by our experiment in Senegal between 1975 and
      1981. This paper discusses the respective roles and responsibilities of the
      communities and the government in terms of: the process of setting up and
      carrying out the project in Pikine and the stages of community participation; and
      the pre-conditions for successful co-management in a primary care organization
      financed in a large part by the community.

PMID- 4002335
TI  - [Incidence of chromosome aberrations in hothouse workers and the in vitro
      sensitivity of their lymphocytes to the cytogenetic action of dimatif].
AB  - The cytogenetical survey of eight persons working in greenhouse and
      occupationally contacting with a complex of pesticides has shown a significant
      increase of chromosomal aberration level in comparison with the control group. It
      is determined that the cytogenetic effect of the greenhouse's workers differed
      significantly from that of the control group when lymphocytes of the examined
      persons were treated by the potent mutagen dimatyph in vitro. The occupational
      group on the whole was more sensitive than control persons to the clastogenic
      action of dimatyph (43.0 +/- 2.2 and 28.7 +/- 2.4%, respectively). An assumption
      is advanced on the modifying influence of the pesticide complex on the frequency
      of induced chromosomal aberrations in vitro.

PMID- 4002336
TI  - [Shift in the allele frequencies of the Ld locus in mink stock infected with
      Aleutian disease].
AB  - An idea on organization of the Ld-system of low density lipoprotein in the
      domestic mink as on a "closed" immunogenetic system with two codominant alleles
      Ld1 and Ld2 was confirmed. Significant differences in frequencies of genes and
      genotypes of the Ld-system between state farm "populations" unaffected with
      Aleutian disease and those which were centres of this epizootic were established.
      The results obtained confirm the assumption made earlier on subvitality of the
      Ld2 gene.

PMID- 4002337
TI  - [Neurocyte reaction of the anterior and mediobasal hypothalamic nuclei in birds
      to testosterone propionate].
AB  - Some magnocellular and parvocellular hypothalamic nuclei of cockerel were studied
      for their reactivity to testosterone-propionate (TP). It has been ascertained
      that injections of 1 or 5 micrograms/100 g doses of TP activate the neurocytes of
      preoptic periventricular and tuberal nuclei. This effect is manifested between
      45th and 60th day of life and may be regarded as an early event of sexual
      maturation.

PMID- 4002338
TI  - [Structural and quantitative changes in the hepatocyte lysosomal apparatus
      induced by a stressing factor on the body of mice].
AB  - Stress after vibration is the factor able to induce autophagocytosis in mice
      hepatocytes. Changes in glycogen and autophagic vacuole volumes are characterized
      by strong negative correlation and supposed to be of adaptive character.

PMID- 4002339
TI  - [B-chromosomes in the spermatogenesis of blood-sucking black flies].
AB  - The karyofund of Odagmia ornata taken from natural population was investigated
      with the light microscope, the existence of a definite number of specimens with B
      chromosomes being discovered. The behaviour of B-chromosomes in the
      spermatogenesis was analyzed. The dynamics of the number of specimens with B
      chromosomes is presumably associated with the peculiarities of their behaviour in
      meiosis, i.e. with the unequal distribution of these chromosomes in the number of
      sex cells.

PMID- 4002340
TI  - [Initial ultrastructural changes in the muscle fibers of the diaphragm in rats
      exposed to chlorophos].
AB  - Ultrastructural changes of rat diaphragm muscle fibers were studied after
      administration of chlorophos, i. e. organophosphorus inhibitor. Observations were
      made 10-180 seconds after treatment (concentrations--18 and 24 mM). The swelling
      of mitochondria and the increase in the length of sarcomeres were observed
      simultaneously. These changes were phasic. The swelling of mitochondria is
      probably due to the increase in energetical activity of muscle fibres.

PMID- 4002341
TI  - [Amine inhibition of serum-induced DNA synthesis in 3T3 and 3T6 cell cultures].
AB  - Several amines were shown to inhibit growth stimulation in quiescent confluent
      and sparse cultures of Swiss 3T3 and 3T6 cells by changing for a fresh medium
      containing 10-20% serum. Proliferation was inhibited by dansylcadaverine (0.1
      mM), chloroquine (0.05 mM), 5-methoxytryptamine (0.1 mM), cystamine (0.1 mM),
      dimethylurea (100 mM), methylurea (100 mM), and in some experiments--by urea (100
      mM). The inhibitory activity was not associated with a direct influence of amines
      on DNA synthesis or thymidine phosphorylation. The findings suggest that amines
      may influence the process of clustering of growth factor-receptor complexes, or
      the fusion of plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles containing some
      components required for cell proliferation.

PMID- 4002342
TI  - [Control of cell multiplication in vitro. IV. Isolation and characteristics of
      C3H10T1/2-line cells with decreased dependence for multiplication on blood
      serum].
AB  - Mouse embryo fibroblasts of C3H10T1/2 cell line were selected in the medium with
      a low serum content. The frequency of clone occurrence was about 1.10(-5) (for
      0.5% serum). The treatment of cells by N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine significantly
      increased the frequency of occurrence of these clones. The obtained spontaneous
      variants were assayed for stability of growth characteristics. The phenotypic
      analysis of clones with low serum growth dependence discovered at least two cell
      types differing in some morphological and growth characteristics. The former did
      not differ from the parental line C3H10T1/2 in any phenotype characteristics but
      their serum growth dependence; whereas, the latter were poorly spread over the
      substrate and showed an enhanced saturation density and a decreased population
      doubling time. These cells also differed in their growth dependence on the
      homologous conditioned medium.

PMID- 4002343
TI  - [Effect of UV-irradiated donor blood on the colony-forming ability of human bone
      marrow cells in culture].
AB  - A possible mechanism of the hemopoiesis stimulation by UV and solar radiation was
      studied. The UV irradiation of leucocyte-enriched donor serum results in
      increasing the colony formation activity of the serum. The addition of such a
      serum but depleted of leucocytes to human bone marrow cells in semisolid agar
      culture stimulates its colony formation by 1.5-3 times. A serum depleted of
      leucocytes before the irradiation has not this property. It is supposed that cell
      surface glycoproteins, desorbing into the serum under UV irradiation, induce the
      colony formation activity of UV-irradiated blood.

PMID- 4002344
TI  - Analysis of trends in cancer mortality in Italy 1951-1978; the effects of age,
      period of birth, and period of death.
AB  - We describe trends in cancer mortality in Italy between 1951 and 1978 for 6
      different sites (esophagus, lung, breast, cervix uteri, testis, and bladder) as
      well as all cancers. This is done using a statistical model which separates the
      contributions associated with age, period of birth and period of death. The
      results are related to equivalent analyses in England and Wales and also to
      trends in lifestyle in Italy (alcohol consumption, cigarette consumption, birth
      rates).

PMID- 4002345
TI  - Trends in childhood cancer mortality in Italy, 1955-78.
AB  - Trends in childhood cancer death rates in Italy from 1955 to 1978 were analyzed.
      All cancer age-standardized mortality below age 15 fell about 20%, with a clear
      downward trend since the early 1970's. Declines were evident for leukemias (
      25%), Hodgkin's disease (-56%), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (-27%), kidney cancer (
      25%), retinoblastoma (-50%), and bone sarcomas (-31%), for a total number of
      about 200-250 fewer deaths per year in the late 1970's compared to the expected
      values using rates of the 1950's. The observed fall was apparently confined
      within the first age group considered (0-4 years), but the age-specific patterns
      of trend were partly influenced by simple postponement of some deaths to older
      age groups. Comparisons with similar data in other developed countries suggest
      that, although there has undoubtedly been some progress, there is still wide
      scope for further reduction in childhood cancer mortality in Italy, simply
      through more rational use of currently available diagnostic and therapeutic
      knowledge.

PMID- 4002346
TI  - Lipid bound sialic acid in cancer patients.
AB  - Serum lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) was measured with a recently described
      procedure in 108 healthy subjects and in 138 patients with a variety of solid
      tumors and hematologic malignancies. At the time of serum sampling, 128 patients
      had active disease and 10 patients had no evidence of disease. LSA was elevated
      in 104 of 128 (81.2%) patients with active disease, while carcinoembryonic
      antigen, analyzed in 74, was elevated only in 21 (28.4%) (P less than 0.05).
      Sensitivity of the serum LSA test ranged from 66% for breast and gastrointestinal
      cancer to 92% for lung cancer. In patients with lung cancer, ovarian cancer or
      Hodgkin's disease, LSA was correlated with the extent of disease and it also
      proved to be useful in following the course of disease. Our preliminary data
      indicate that this test can be used as a monitor of tumor burden.

PMID- 4002347
TI  - Risk factors for benign breast disease and their relation with breast cancer
      risk. Pooled information from epidemiologic studies.
AB  - Information from published case-control studies on benign breast disease was
      pooled using standard statistical methods to obtain single, overall risk
      estimates. This analysis showed that higher socio-economic status (pooled
      relative risk, RR = 1.24, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.13-1.37), later
      menopause (pooled RR = 1.87, 95%, CI = 1.67-2.11) and late age at first birth
      (pooled RR = 1.30, 95%, CI = 1.13-1.50) were associated with an increased risk of
      benign breast disease, whereas an apparent protection was given by greater body
      mass index (pooled RR = 0.58, 95%, CI = 0.50-0.67) and the use of oral
      contraceptives (pooled RR = 0.75, 95%, CI = 0.67-0.83). The role of these factors
      did not appear to be materially different in the various histopathologic
      categories considered, although available information allowed only a general
      distinction between breast dysplasia (fibrocystic disease) and benign tumors,
      chiefly fibroadenoma. In conclusion, the general evidence from published studies
      indicates that benign breast lumps appear to share a number of important risk
      factors with breast cancer.

PMID- 4002348
TI  - Systematic use of the clinical-mammographic-cytologic triplet for the early
      diagnosis of mammary carcinoma.
AB  - Of about 8500 women with a minimum age of 30 years who had a breast examination
      at our Outpatient Clinic from April 1982 to March 1983, we found in 286 cases a
      clinically evident carcinoma, and in 534 cases an apparently benign or suspect
      solid lump. All 534 of these cases were subjected to the triplet clinical,
      mammographic and cytologic diagnostic investigation by needle aspiration within 1
      to 4 days. The clinical judgment was based on a method of scoring of the
      characters of 9 physical features (Clinical Diagnostic Index) in use at our
      Institute. The results of the examinations were grouped into 5 categories: 1)
      certain benignancy or negativity of the examination; 2) probable benignancy
      (excluding the cytologic examination); 3) probable malignancy; 4) certain
      malignancy; 5) nonevaluability of the examination (excluding the clinical
      examination). Except for 80 cases with collectively negative examinations which
      were clearly or completely regressed at the control within 2 months, all the
      others were subjected to surgery. On the basis of the histologic examination (or
      if regression occurred), 284 of the 534 lumps examined were found to be benign or
      nontumoral, whereas the other 250 (47%) were carcinomas. Of the latter, 57% were
      not more than 20 mm in size, whereas in 67.6% there was no microscopic evidence
      of axillary metastases. Sensitivity of the clinical, mammographic and cytologic
      examinations was 0.79, 0.76 and 0.72, respectively; specificity 0.71, 0.75 and
      0.94, respectively, and the predictive value for malignancy of the positive
      response of the three examinations 0.71, 0.75 and 0.93, respectively. The use of
      the diagnostic triplet demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 0.95, specificity
      of 0.59, and a predictive value for malignancy of 0.98 and 0.93 for benignancy.
      These results confirm the usefulness of the systematic use of the diagnostic
      triplet in solid breast lumps of over thirty aged women for the early detection
      of cancer.

PMID- 4002349
TI  - Follow-up after mastectomy for breast cancer. Observations in 96 patients.
AB  - From 1978 to 1982 at the Oncology Unit of the Rho Hospital, we followed 96 women
      who had been operated for breast cancer. In 22 cases (23%) the first signs of
      recurrence were changes in the following: physical examination (9), symptoms (7),
      ESR (3), bone scan (2), alkaline phosphatase (1), chest X-ray (1). An adequate
      follow-up schedule is based on the following: a) limited examinations causing
      little disturbance to the patient, easily feasible, sensitive, specific, and of
      limited cost; b) lead-intervals of various tests set according to the risk of
      relapse; c) critical periodic review of the series, with constant updating of
      information in the literature.

PMID- 4002350
TI  - Non-functioning parathyroid carcinoma: a case report.
AB  - Non-functioning parathyroid carcinoma is a very rare disease. Only 12 cases have
      been reported in the literature. The clinical behavior is characterized by the
      appearance and growth of a neck mass or nodule, which often has been present for
      many years, and is not accompanied by clinical or laboratory evidence of
      hypercalcemia or elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in peripheral
      blood. Pathologic findings are similar to those of functioning tumors, and the
      proof of malignancy is established on the basis of an increased mitotic index
      only. Data on survival from cases reported in the literature are not conclusive;
      however, the non-functioning type of parathyroid carcinoma seems to be a more
      aggressive disease. Radiotherapy seems to be effective in the local control of
      the disease, but most patients become metastatic. Even if no data are available
      on response to chemotherapy, the course of the disease is relatively indolent.

PMID- 4002351
TI  - Solitary pancreatic metastasis occurring 20 years after nephrectomy for carcinoma
      of the kidney.
AB  - This report describes a case observed in December 1983: a woman who underwent
      right nephrectomy in 1963 for kidney carcinoma, developed a solitary metastasis
      to the pancreas, and was operated on again. She is disease free more than one
      year after.

PMID- 4002352
TI  - Genetic unresponsiveness to a murine fibrosarcoma determined by the host genetic
      environment but not by lymphocyte precursor genotype.
AB  - (BALB/c X C3Hf) (H-2d X H-2k)F1 hybrid mice but not parental BALB/c or other
      BALB/c X H-2k F1 hybrids, were unresponsive in transplantation and in
      neutralization (Winn) assay against a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced BALB/c
      fibrosarcoma. In BALB/c mice the antitumor activity revealed by Winn assay with
      antitumor immune lymphoid cells was shown to be tumor specific and mediated by
      Thy 1+ cells. Mouse chimeras were constructed by injecting fetal liver cells into
      irradiated recipients. BALB/c----(BALB/c X C3Hf)F1 and control (BALB/c X C3Hf)F1-
      --(BALB/c X C3Hf)F1 chimeras were unable to develop a transplantation immunity
      against the immunizing tumor, whereas (BALB/c X C3Hf)F1----BALB/c chimeras were
      able to respond to the immunizing tumor. Thus, unresponsiveness was shown to be
      due to a defect in the maturation of precursor stem cells both of parental and F1
      hybrid origin in the body of the (BALB/c X C3Hf)F1 animals.

PMID- 4002353
TI  - [Malignant tumors of the duodenum. Apropos of 5 case reports (lymphosarcoma
      excluded)].

PMID- 4002354
TI  - [Vater's ampullma and retention icterus. Analytical study of 13 cases].

PMID- 4002355
TI  - [Biliary lithiasis. Epidemiological, clinical and developmental profile. Apropos
      of 402 cases].

PMID- 4002356
TI  - [Postoperative cholangitis. Clinical, prognostic and therapeutic aspects].

PMID- 4002357
TI  - [Virus B in the etiology of so-called Mediterranean cirrhosis].

PMID- 4002358
TI  - [Inflammatory pathology of the ileocecal region].

PMID- 4002359
TI  - [Digestive manifestations of Behcet's syndrome].

PMID- 4002360
TI  - [Giant condylomata of the anal margin].

PMID- 4002361
TI  - [Should upper digestive system fibroscopy be part of preoperative evaluation of
      biliary lithiasis?].

PMID- 4002362
TI  - [A case of idiopathic ulcerative duodenojejunitis with good clinical health].

PMID- 4002363
TI  - [Dissociated deficiency in immunoglobulins. Apropos of a familial case of IgA-IgM
      deficiency with malabsorption and lymphoid nodular dystrophy].

PMID- 4002364
TI  - [Structural and functional modifications of phospholamban and regulation of
      calcium transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum under conditions of metabolic
      cardiac insufficiency].
AB  - The phosphorylation of phospholamban from dog myocardium is shown to correlate
      with the protein sensitivity to tryptic attack both in undamaged myocardium and
      under conditions of circulatory hypoxia and experimental infarction. In the
      absence of "exogenous" protein kinase a decreased phosphorylation of
      phospholamban is observed in the incubation mixture containing 10(-6) M cAMP both
      for circulatory hypoxia and myocardial infarction. In the latter case the
      phosphorylation remains diminished in the presence of "exogenous" protein kinase
      as well. The sarcoplasmic reticulum from damaged myocardium exhibited changes in
      the velocity of the oxalate-dependent transport of calcium which correlated with
      the corresponding degree of the phospholamban phosphorylation.

PMID- 4002365
TI  - [Certain characteristics of the rat liver transketolase].
AB  - Modification of the method for transketolase purification in the rat liver was
      used to reveal the existence of two molecular forms of this enzyme. One of the
      forms does not react to development of avitaminosis in animals caused by
      oxythiamine in different doses. The method is developed for isolation of the
      basic transketolase form in the rat liver with the 50-80% yield of activity. Km
      values of two sites for coenzyme binding on protein do not depend on the extent
      of holoenzyme reconstruction from apoenzyme.

PMID- 4002366
TI  - [Monoamine oxidase activity of rat brain under cold exposure].
AB  - Cold stress and cold adaptation were studied for their effect on the activity and
      substrate specificity of the monoamine oxidase A and B and on the Km of serotonin
      deamination in the rat brain mitochondria and supernatant. Mitochondrial
      monoamine oxidase Km with serotonin is established to increase more than twice
      under cold stress and decrease considerably in cold adapted rats. The lowering of
      the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase A activity is accompanied by the appearance
      of serotonin and the glucosamine deaminating activity in supernatant. The data
      suggest that decrease in the monoamine oxidase activity under cold stress may be
      caused by both release of the enzyme from mitochondrial membrane and changes in
      its catalytic property alteration.

PMID- 4002367
TI  - [Changes in the activity and isoenzymic spectrum of skeletal muscle and brain
      hexokinase under organism adaptation to intensive physical exercise].
AB  - The activity of hexokinase and its isoenzymic spectrum were determined in
      skeletal muscles of different metabolic types and in brain of trained and
      untrained albino rats. It is shown that adaptation to intensive muscular activity
      accompanied by metabolic acidosis induces some changes in the hexokinase system,
      which consist in the increase of the total hexokinase activity not only under the
      optimal conditions but also with more acidic pH values of the medium and in the
      rise of the quantity of the muscular type isoenzyme which is more stable to the
      pH action.

PMID- 4002368
TI  - [A study on actin-like protein biosynthesis in rat liver mitochondria].
AB  - The in vitro experiments revealed no incorporation of amino acids into actin-like
      protein of isolated rat liver mitochondria. The method of pulse label showed the
      presence of [14C]actin-like protein in mitochondria of intact animals which were
      not administered cycloheximide. A new synthesized actin-like protein is
      identified in mitochondria as a labelled polypeptide with apparent molecular
      weight 42 kDa. The data obtained may evidence for cytoplasmic localization of
      mitochondrial actin-like protein biosynthesis.

PMID- 4002369
TI  - [Histone-specific acetyltransferase from the rat liver nuclei].
AB  - Certain properties of histone-specific acetyltransferases A, B and C, obtained
      from the rat liver are determined. pH optimum for enzyme A is within the range of
      7.5-8.5, for B--7.8 and for C--7.5. The maximal activity for enzymes A, B and C
      is observed with the 60 micrograms/ml concentration of the substrate. The
      activity is inhibited by N-maleimide, iodacetamide and chloromercuribenzoate. The
      results obtained show that a number of similar properties are typical of the
      above enzymes.

PMID- 4002370
TI  - [Homocarnosinase activity in the rat brain areas kidneys under different states
      of hyperbarooxygenation].
AB  - The homocarnosinase activity in different brain areas and kidneys of the normal
      rats and under different conditions of hyperbarooxygenation are determined. The
      highest activity of this enzyme is observed in cerebellum. The high
      homocarnosinase activity is typical of kidneys as well. The action of oxygen in a
      dose of 0.425 MPa for 60 min (in the absence of convulsions) increases the
      homocarnosinase activity in the cerebral hemispheres by 18.6%, in the midbrain by
      18.6%, in midbrain and diencephalon--by 56.5%, and in the medulla oblongata--by
      40.6%. The homocarnosinase activity in the cerebellum decreases by 16.7%, in
      kidneys--by 18.5%. At the convulsive stage of oxygen intoxication caused by the
      effect of 0.7 MPa dose of oxygen the homocarnosinase activity in cerebral
      hemispheres rises by 158.5%, in the midbrain and diencephalon--by 141.5%, in the
      medulla oblongata by--161.1%. Under the same conditions homocarnosinase activity
      in the cerebellum is unchanged as compared with the control.

PMID- 4002371
TI  - [Functional activity of the thyroid gland and distribution of its hormones in
      peripheral tissues under experimental liver disease].
AB  - Experimental acute toxic hepatitis causes functional reconstruction of the
      thyroid gland accompanied by intensified levels of total iodine and its hormonal
      compounds in blood. In most of non-thyroid tissues a decrease in the total and
      hormonal iodine content is revealed, but in kidneys these indices are
      considerably higher. The level of the nonhormonal iodine compounds in blood and
      tissues under study does not essentially vary and only in the liver, heart and
      lungs the expressed lowering of inorganic iodides is observed.

PMID- 4002372
TI  - [Effect of hypothermia on reuptake of neuromediators by synaptosomes].
AB  - Cranio-cerebral hypothermia (temperature of the body 32-30 degrees C, of the
      brain 29-27 degrees C) was studied for its effect on the reuptake of
      neuromediators (3H-noradrenaline and [14C]GABA) by the cortex and hypothalamus
      synaptosomes of the rat brain. It was found that the reuptake of
      [3H]noradrenaline by the cortex synaptosomes under narcosis and cranio-cerebral
      hypothermia was inhibited much stronger than that by the hypothalamus
      synaptosomes. At the same time GABA-ergic synapses of the cortex and hypothalamus
      were not sensitive to narcosis. Cranio-cerebral hypothermia essentially inhibited
      the reuptake of [14C] GABA by synaptosomes and hypothalamus.

PMID- 4002373
TI  - [Oxidation in vivo of glucose, palmitate, alanine and leucine in the pig during
      the neonatal period].
AB  - Determination of 14CO2 content in expired air after the intravenous injection of
      energetic substrates marked by the radioactive carbon to the pigs showed that the
      oxidative intensity of these substrates decreases in the series: [6-14C]glucose
      greater than [1-14C] alanine greater than [1-14C]leucine greater than [1
      14C]glucose. The oxidation intensity of all substrates under study except for [1
      14C]palmitate in the organism of one-day satisfied pigs is considerably higher,
      than during the first two hours after their birth. The starvation of pigs during
      the first 24 hours increases the oxidation of both investigated amino acid and [1
      14C]-palmitate in tissues of their organism with a decrease in the metabolic
      intensity of [6-14C] and [1-14C]glucose.

PMID- 4002374
TI  - [Cryptosporidiosis--a new parasitosis].

PMID- 4002375
TI  - [Cryptosporides--a common cause of diarrhea].

PMID- 4002376
TI  - [Calculation of test power in clinical research].

PMID- 4002377
TI  - [What is the reference range for the mean erythrocyte volume?].

PMID- 4002378
TI  - [Reference ranges for leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin
      concentration, hematocrit, mean cell hemoglobin concentration and thrombocyte
      count].

PMID- 4002379
TI  - [Vasectomy. A 5-year follow-up study of 120 patients after vasectomy with
      immediate sterility].

PMID- 4002380
TI  - [Acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin in the treatment of idiopathic orthostatic
      hypotension and Shy-Drager's syndrome].

PMID- 4002381
TI  - [Hatching of fly-maggots in a gangrenous ulcer].

PMID- 4002382
TI  - [Myiasis].

PMID- 4002383
TI  - [The effect of sulpiride on insufficient lactation].

PMID- 4002384
TI  - [Lactation promoting contraception].

PMID- 4002385
TI  - [Subjective conditions of health in elderly people at the conclusion of a 3-year
      controlled intervention study].

PMID- 4002386
TI  - [Access to medical records in general practice].

PMID- 4002387
TI  - [Recruits' contacts with the medical officer during the first 3 months of
      military service].

PMID- 4002388
TI  - [Programmed ventricular stimulation].

PMID- 4002389
TI  - [Mexiletine treatment of ventricular tachy-arrhythmias endangering life based on
      programmed ventricular stimulation].

PMID- 4002390
TI  - [Prognostic factors and staging of myelomatosis].

PMID- 4002391
TI  - [Varicocele and infertility].

PMID- 4002392
TI  - [Hemospermia].

PMID- 4002393
TI  - [Primary malignant melanoma of the small intestine].

PMID- 4002394
TI  - [Diagnosis and age distribution of patients in the age group 15-24 years admitted
      to psychiatric departments in Denmark].

PMID- 4002395
TI  - [Diagnosis and control of hypertension in general practice in men aged 50-60
      years].

PMID- 4002396
TI  - [Air pollution during bronchoscopy].

PMID- 4002397
TI  - [Brain abscesses. Non-surgical primary treatment].

PMID- 4002398
TI  - [Fulminant meningococcal septicemia. Clinical experiences in hyperendemic
      occurrence of meningococcal disease].

PMID- 4002399
TI  - [Revaccination against tetanus 25-30 years after primary vaccination].

PMID- 4002400
TI  - [Muscle transposition in the treatment of chronic diffuse osteomyelitis in the
      lower limbs].

PMID- 4002401
TI  - [Shoulder joint replacement by the Neer Mark II method. A preliminary account].

PMID- 4002402
TI  - [Traumatic hemorrhagic pseudocyst in the spleen].

PMID- 4002403
TI  - [Chronic recurrent pancreatitis in children].

PMID- 4002404
TI  - [Marfan's syndrome. Life threatening complication in pregnancy].

PMID- 4002405
TI  - [Nicotine chewing gum (Nicorette)].

PMID- 4002406
TI  - [The coordination group for children exposed to violence and their families in
      the County of Copenhagen. Experiences after 2 years work].

PMID- 4002407
TI  - [Urinary incontinence among 45 year old women. An epidemiological study].

PMID- 4002408
TI  - [Telephonic advice from a casualty department].

PMID- 4002409
TI  - [Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. Neurosurgical treatment and
      results].

PMID- 4002410
TI  - [Treatment of acute urinary infections. Comparison between pivmecillinam for 3
      days and sulfamethizole therapy for 6 days].

PMID- 4002411
TI  - [Peak expiratory flow measurement in 317 Danish schoolchildren].

PMID- 4002412
TI  - [Local irritation properties of 14 skin-care products. Comparison using the
      chamber scarification test on volunteers].

PMID- 4002413
TI  - [Itching of the skin in myeloproliferative disease treated with cimetidine].

PMID- 4002414
TI  - [Peroperative cholangiography. The value of routine use in operations for
      gallbladder calculi].

PMID- 4002415
TI  - [False negative results in bone scintigraphy].

PMID- 4002416
TI  - [Q fever with acute paranoid psychosis].

PMID- 4002417
TI  - [Nitrate and gastric cancer].

PMID- 4002418
TI  - [Patients waiting for nursing home beds in a central hospital].

PMID- 4002419
TI  - [A cause of accidents with unprotected automatic sliding elevator doors].

PMID- 4002420
TI  - [Measurements of blood supply of freely transplanted rib and iliac crest grafts
      by the tracer microsphere method].
AB  - The actual blood perfusion of bone grafts in the lapse of time of their
      implantation is demonstrable by the tracer microsphere-method. The transplanted
      rib bone graft turns out to be almost equal to the cortico-spongiose pelvis bone
      graft concerning the blood perfusion. The long distance bridging rib bone graft
      shows the blood perfusion of the starting point after six weeks.

PMID- 4002421
TI  - [Changes in iodine metabolism in patients with burns treated topically with PVP
      iodine].
AB  - Under exposure treatment of 33 burn patients with povidone-iodine
      (polyvinylpyrrolidon-iodine) preparations (Betaisodona ointment and solution)
      massive absorption of the iodine by the body and temporary changes in the thyroid
      hormones (T3 and T4 lowered, TSH raised) were found. No other clinical or
      laboratory-chemical side effects were observed in the patients. TRH stimulation
      test was carried out on 18 patients 3-6 months after ceasing povidone-iodine
      application. The results showed normoreaction of the hypothalamus-pituitary
      regulation. Povidone-iodine topical treatment of the burn patients involves them
      in substantial exposure to iodine, but offers no additional risk to the patients.

PMID- 4002422
TI  - [Roentgen examination in recurrent shoulder luxation--value of different exposure
      technics].
AB  - Clinical and radiological examination was done in 61 patients in whom a Bankart
      procedure had been performed. In an X-ray follow-up the value of different
      techniques proving the Hill-Sachs-lesion and degenerative changes of the bony
      glenoid rim, as described in literature, was investigated. Eight X-rays were
      performed in each patient. Most of the Hill-Sachs-lesions (76%) were found by
      internal rotation of 60 degrees in a.p. direction. A three dimensional idea can
      be obtained by an additional X-ray in tangential projection. Degenerative changes
      of the bony glenoid rim were found by the Bernageau technique in 25 percent.
      Standard X-ray before operation should include techniques in various projections:
      a.p. and simultaneous internal rotation of 60 degrees of both sides, tangential
      projection, and X-ray as described by Bernageau.

PMID- 4002423
TI  - [Experiences with cluster nailing of humeral shaft fractures].
AB  - From January 1, 1981 until August 31, 1983, 27 fractures of the corpus humeri
      were treated with bunch nailing, according to Hackethal. 23 Patients had one or
      more further injuries and/or accompanying diseases, which did not allow
      conservative therapy. Only 4 patients had nothing but a corpus humeri fracture,
      and only for professional reasons they asked for surgery. The operation method
      was secure and without complications. After a few days, exercise therapy was
      possible; and in the average full load capacity was reached after 6 weeks. 3-18
      months after surgery 85% of the patients with aftercare (n = 18) said that the
      treatment brought "good" or even "very good" results; in all cases the functional
      and anatomic results were good.

PMID- 4002424
TI  - [Results of surgical treatment of fractures of the metacarpus and fingers].
AB  - Ninety-one patients with 108 fractures of the metacarpal and/or finger bones were
      treated by surgery between January 1974 and June 1982. 70 patients (76.9%) with
      81 surgically treated fractures could be checked up after 3 3/4 years on an
      average. 24.3% out of these patients suffered from associated soft tissue
      leasions, 25.7% suffered from multiple fractures. 41 out of the 81 surgical
      interventions were performed for fractures of the metacarpus and 40 for fractures
      of the finger bones. The results were classified according to an evaluation
      scheme established for this purpose and containing the following parameters:
      mobility, trophism and sensitivity, gripping functions, force, and X-ray
      findings. Subjective troubles were evaluated, too. The great value of
      osteosynthesis in the surgical treatment of the hand is confirmed by the overall
      results with 92% of very good or good results and 7% of satisfactory results in
      metacarpal fractures and 60% of very good or good results, 36% of satisfactory
      results and 3% of poor results in fractures of the finger bones, the more as
      patients treated by surgery represent a negative selection among all patients
      treated for fractures of the bones of the hand. The results were classified and
      evaluated according to fracture site, severity of associated injuries, and method
      of osteosynthesis applied.

PMID- 4002425
TI  - [Surgical and conservative therapy of fractures of the acetabulum--indications
      and results].
AB  - Between 1975 and 1983 38 patients with a fracture of the acetabulum were treated 
      28 patients were operated upon, 10 patients were treated conservatively. 26 in
      28 patients treated operatively and 8 in 10 patients treated conservatively could
      be checked up. 3 of the cases treated operatively could not be evaluated, as the
      operation had been realized less than two years before. Following an accurate
      indication for the operative treatment 14 in 23 patients proved an efficient
      osteosynthesis. In 5 in 8 cases treated conservatively good results were
      obtained. In aged patients and in certain types of fractures of the acetabulum,
      especially in comminuted fractures, conservative treatment is still justified.

PMID- 4002426
TI  - [Considerations on the time of surgery of femoral fractures].
AB  - As shown by a study elaborated in 1980 by the A.O. (Working Association for
      Osteosynthesis) which was based on the data of 1127 patients, the number of
      general complications occuring during the primary treatment of fractures of the
      femur had increased by 13%. However, this study also comprised a great number of
      polytraumatically injured persons possessing other indications for surgery than
      patients with monosseous fractures of the femur shaft. So all monosseous
      fractures of the shaft were compiled with the aid of the A.O. computer in Bern,
      and 1257 cases were received. It is clearly demonstrated by evaluating these
      cases that a primary treatment of fractures of the femur has a significantly
      better effect than a delayed treatment. The number of cardiac complications
      increases with the time interval passing between injury and treatment. The same
      effect was not statistically proved for pulmonary complications; on the contrary
      some pulmonary complications occured during primary treatment in young patients,
      i.e. in a group of patients where this is expected least of all. For the future,
      the circulatory parameters of these patients must be estimated with special
      accuracy. Fatalities only occurred in the group of the oldest patients; the
      number of deaths increased significantly with the time interval after the injury.
      The differences between the present study and the preceding. A.O. study of 1980
      are explained by the relatively great number of polytraumatically injured persons
      with fractures of the femur included in the first study. However, no satisfactory
      explanation does exist for the deaths occurred in 1972 at our own hospital,
      mentioned at the beginning of this report.

PMID- 4002427
TI  - [Defective shaft positioning in medullary nailing as a result of play of the nail
      -a biomechanical analysis].
AB  - The influence of the nail wall thickness on the stress distribution is shown for
      the AO-nail as well as the Kuntscher-nail. The quality of the analytical solution
      is proved by demonstrating that the presence of the slot in the nail does not
      shift the bending stresses merely. The gap between nail and bone is shown to be
      responsible for misalignments in the fracture.

PMID- 4002428
TI  - Program and abstracts: Undersea Medical Society annual scientific meeting. 11-14
      June 1985, Long Beach, California.

PMID- 4002429
TI  - [What is written, is written].

PMID- 4002430
TI  - [Burnout or professional exhaustion syndrome].

PMID- 4002431
TI  - [Risk evaluation and treatment of cardiac complications of non-cardiac surgery].

PMID- 4002432
TI  - [Radioisotopic examination of left-to-right cardiac shunts: current perspective].

PMID- 4002433
TI  - [Prevention of hypokalemia in the diuretic treatment of hypertensives].

PMID- 4002434
TI  - [Preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function].

PMID- 4002435
TI  - [Coexistence of constitutional hyperbilirubinemia and familial hypouricemia of
      renal origin in a Quebec family].

PMID- 4002436
TI  - [Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: apropos of 5 cases].

PMID- 4002437
TI  - [The "small pumps" (metered aerosols): the how and the why].

PMID- 4002438
TI  - [The cause of that bizarre lymphadenopathy? ... it could be found in the
      newspaper the following day].

PMID- 4002439
TI  - Malignant diabetes mellitus--a case report.
AB  - A 30-year-old man presented at the diagnosis of an insulin dependent diabetes
      mellitus with pronounced and multiple complications, such as retino-, nephro-,
      dermo- and neuropathy. His diabetes had a malignant course and he died from
      uremia within one year after diagnosis. There were no signs of atherosclerosis at
      autopsy but in several organs there were pronounced diabetic small vessel
      lesions.

PMID- 4002440
TI  - Blood viscosity and finger systolic pressure in primary and traumatic vasospastic
      disease.
AB  - Vasospastic reactions to cold have been suggested to be related to altered blood
      rheology, as has been reported in both primary (PVD) and traumatic (TVD)
      vasospastic disease. Measurements of whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity,
      erythrocyte deformability and finger systolic pressure (FSP) were performed in 18
      patients with PVD (Raynaud's disease) and 15 patients with TVD. FSP at 10 degrees
      C was significantly lower in both patient groups than in a normal reference
      group. All rheologic variables at 37 and 10 degrees C were normal, apart from
      increased erythrocyte deformability at 37 degrees C in the PVD group.

PMID- 4002441
TI  - Evaluation by integrated thermography of the beneficial effect of cyclofenil in
      severe subcutaneous arterial insufficiency.
AB  - Integrated thermographic measurements were made in a patient suffering from a
      complex syndrome which included scleroderma, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease and a
      marked atherosclerotic circulatory insufficiency. A new anti-estrogenic drug,
      cyclofenil, elicited a rapid and prolonged curative effect against the entire
      syndrome. The circulatory amelioration was registered periodically by integrated
      thermography of the face and both hands. This method enables temperature
      distribution functions to be calculated and seems to hold considerable promise
      for the evaluation of circulatory changes and in particular those changes evoked
      by therapeutic agents.

PMID- 4002442
TI  - Lipid-lowering effects of two synthetic oestrogen derivatives with weak genital
      oestrogen properties.
AB  - The effects on serum lipids of two weak synthetic oestrogens were examined in 23
      patients, 17 of whom were given cyclofenil and 6 methallenestril for a period of
      10 weeks. These compounds have previously been demonstrated to have a much lower
      effect on the genital organs than on connective tissue compared with natural
      oestrogens. With both substances there were during treatment significant
      reductions of serum triglycerides (mean average reduction 25%) and cholesterol
      (20%). No side effects were noted. Previous studies have shown that the net
      effects of oestrogens on serum lipids depend on their formulation. This study
      indicates that weak synthetic oestrogens, primarily designed to influence bone
      and connective tissue, also have lipid-lowering properties which are unrelated to
      their feminizing capacity.

PMID- 4002443
TI  - Changes in lipoprotein metabolism during a supplemented fast and an ensuing
      vegetarian diet period.
AB  - The effect on lipoprotein metabolism of a 2-week modified fast and an immediately
      ensuing 3-week period on a vegetarian diet was studied under metabolic ward
      conditions in 21 non-obese female and 6 male patients. The very low calorie diet
      induced reductions of the cholesterol concentration in all serum lipoprotein
      classes. In the female patients, who were all normolipoproteinaemic, the
      triglycerides in serum showed a slight increase during the fast, reflecting small
      changes in very low (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein triglycerides. This may
      probably be explained partly by simultaneous significant reductions of both the
      adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue lipoprotein lipase activities (LPLA).
      In contrast, in the male patients who had a higher VLDL level at admission, the
      VLDL triglycerides decreased without significant changes of high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and of LPLA in muscle. The female patients, whose
      weights were stable during the vegetarian diet, ended up with a lower HDL
      cholesterol than at the start of the trial. This effect was probably partly due
      to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the vegetarian diet. It is
      concluded that the changes of lipoprotein metabolism during supplemented fasting
      are quantitatively and qualitatively different in several respects in females and
      males.

PMID- 4002444
TI  - The assault and battery panorama at a county hospital in Sweden.
AB  - All patients who had been assaulted and battered and who consulted the surgical
      emergency service at the county hospital were included. Forty seven cases were
      registered during a 5-month period, representing 1.1% of the surgical emergency
      patients. There were 31 males and 16 females. No case of child assault was
      recorded. About 55% of the males were between the ages of 20 and 29, whereas the
      females were relatively evenly distributed between 20 and 50 years of age. The
      patient material was analysed regarding social conditions, in what way the injury
      had originated and also the degree of severity of the injury. The social
      background and the presence of alcohol use or abuse were, as expected, important
      factors. Males were, as a rule, assaulted outside the home, females mostly at
      home. A few of the assault cases were legally prosecuted. The need for follow-up
      welfare measures was judged as considerable.

PMID- 4002445
TI  - [Participation of the lipid peroxidation process in the destruction of the
      drainage system of the eye in open-angle glaucoma].

PMID- 4002446
TI  - [Mechanism of the hypotensive action of laser trabeculoplasty in open-angle
      glaucoma].

PMID- 4002447
TI  - [100 implantations of the Fedorov-Zakharov iris clips lens].

PMID- 4002448
TI  - [Dehydration therapy during cataract extraction].

PMID- 4002449
TI  - [Indications and contraindications for phacoemulsification with simultaneous
      intraocular lens implantation].

PMID- 4002450
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the harmful action on the corneal endothelium of the
      UZKh-F-04-0 and Cavitron phacoemulsifiers].

PMID- 4002451
TI  - [Nonsurgical method of stabilizing the sclera in progressive myopia].

PMID- 4002452
TI  - [Prevention of the progression of myopia by the Remizov-Griaznov method of
      modified scleroplasty].

PMID- 4002453
TI  - [Hemodynamic characteristics of the anterior eye segment in the late period of
      the contusion syndrome].

PMID- 4002454
TI  - [Electronic location of foreign bodies in the eye].

PMID- 4002455
TI  - [Surgical correction of diplopia in patients with endocrine myopathy].

PMID- 4002456
TI  - [Rehabilitation of patients with the initial stages of keratoconus].

PMID- 4002457
TI  - [Television angiofluorimeter for fluorescence angiography of the eye].

PMID- 4002458
TI  - [Hypersecretion of intraocular fluid caused by styrene vapors].

PMID- 4002459
TI  - [Effectiveness of methods for the active detection of persons with suspected
      glaucoma].

PMID- 4002460
TI  - [Improved dispensary care for glaucoma patients in the polyclinic].

PMID- 4002461
TI  - [Recording of ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic reflexes in acoustic
      neuroma].

PMID- 4002462
TI  - [Postural nystagmus and other otoneurologic symptoms in temporary cerebrovascular
      disorders].

PMID- 4002463
TI  - [Present state and improvement of the methods of preventing ORL diseases in
      industrial workers].

PMID- 4002464
TI  - [Changes in the ion composition of the cochlear perilymph after experimental
      administration of furosemide and verospiron].

PMID- 4002465
TI  - [Glucose content of ear wax in patients with latent and manifest diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 4002466
TI  - [Anatomy of the facial nerve canal with regard to microsurgery of the ear].

PMID- 4002467
TI  - [Immunological indicators in children with acute and recurrent otitis media].

PMID- 4002468
TI  - [Intracranial complications in cystoid distention of the frontal sinuses].

PMID- 4002469
TI  - [Rhinogenic orbital complications].

PMID- 4002470
TI  - [Thermography in the diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis].

PMID- 4002471
TI  - [Effect of laser irradiation on the cellular structure of pharyngeal mucosa in
      paratonsillitis].

PMID- 4002472
TI  - [Outflow pathways in bilateral successive block resection of the neck].

PMID- 4002473
TI  - [Otogenic brain abscess in a child].

PMID- 4002474
TI  - [Laryngeal adenoma in a child].

PMID- 4002475
TI  - [Mucoepidermoid tumor of the larynx].

PMID- 4002476
TI  - [Acute suppurative sphenoiditis as a result of contrast medium and vomit in the
      sinuses].

PMID- 4002477
TI  - [Cavernous hemangioma of the maxillary sinus].

PMID- 4002478
TI  - [Case of spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhea].

PMID- 4002479
TI  - [Fungal infection of the maxillary sinus complicated by fistula of the lower
      eyelid].

PMID- 4002480
TI  - [Aspiration of choanal polyps].

PMID- 4002481
TI  - [Deeply rooted principles of the surgical treatment of inguinal hernia and their
      shortcomings].
AB  - On the basis of a great clinical material the authors make an analysis of typical
      errors in the surgical treatment of inguinal hernias. The main of them was the
      absence of an individual approach to choice of the operative method.
      Strengthening of only the frontal wall of the inguinal canal is one of the causes
      of recurrences.

PMID- 4002482
TI  - [Disputes on traumatic shock in clinical practice].
AB  - On the basis of an analysis of 80 experiments in animals and 200 observations of
      patients the author denies the leading significance of initial inhibition of the
      cortex in the development of shock. Along with reflex reactions the leading part
      is played by a direct injury of different organs and systems and
      autointoxication. Urgent resuscitation and purposeful anesthesia (ketamin,
      potassium hydroxybutyrate, viadryl with/without ganglion block) result in
      favourable operations in 60% of patients. In 15% of patients the injuries are
      incompatible with life, in 25% no operative procedures are needed.

PMID- 4002483
TI  - [Acalculous cervical cholecystitis].
AB  - The author discusses problems of diagnosis, clinical picture and methods of
      surgery of patients with acalculous cervical cholecystitis on the basis of his
      experience with the treatment of 42 patients. Long-term results were observed in
      28 patients. In 19 of them the results were good, in 5 patients--satisfactory and
      in 4 patients bad results. Causes of bad long-term results were pancreatitis (in
      3 patients), and duodenostasis (in 1 patient).

PMID- 4002484
TI  - [Diagnostic algorithms in diseases of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas].
AB  - The author considers that the introduction of instrumental methods into the
      clinical practice requires refusal of customary understanding of the diagnosis
      process. The most optimal variant is thought to be a change from the nosological
      principle to the syndrome principle. The proposed diagnostic algorhythms taking
      into consideration the polymorphic symptomatology can facilitate the timely
      recognition of diseases of the liver, bile ducts and pancreas.

PMID- 4002485
TI  - [Conservative and surgical treatment of fractures].
AB  - On the basis of the clinical experience the author estimates the modern methods
      of the conservative and operative treatment of fractures. The advantages of the
      functional plaster bandage in the treatment of fractures of the arm and shin
      bones are shown.

PMID- 4002486
TI  - [Role of pulmonary air embolism in the etiology of cerebral, cardiac and
      pulmonary complications after operations with artificial blood circulation].
AB  - Possible penetration of a considerable volume of air into the lesser circulation
      when opening the right auricle of the working heart was shown in experiments in
      21 dogs. It resulted in blockade of the blood flow along the lesser circulation
      with a pronounced hemodynamic disturbance, pulmonary edema and penetration of air
      into the greater circulation vessels and possible embolisation of the latter. The
      experimental data have confirmed the role of air embolism of lungs in genesis of
      some cerebral, cardiac and pulmonary complications after operations on the open
      heart with the artificial blood circulation.

PMID- 4002487
TI  - [Combined operations in stomach cancer].
AB  - Experience with 217 combined operations for gastric cancer have shown them to be
      expedient. Five-years survival after combined operations for locally spread
      gastric cancer was obtained in 26,4 +/- 4,2% of the discharged patients.

PMID- 4002488
TI  - [Functional disorders of the cardiovascular system and their correction in
      patients after gastric resection in stomach ulcer].
AB  - The examination of 88 patients with chronic gastric ulcers in the early
      postoperative period has revealed different changes of central hemodynamics,
      functional capacity of the myocardium and microcirculation in cases with bleeding
      gastric ulcer and associated ischemic heart disease. When correcting the
      disturbances of the cardiovascular system the main mechanism of functional
      disturbances of the circulation system should be taken into consideration
      (hypovolemia, hyperdynamics or hypodynamics of the myocardium, disturbance of
      microcirculation).

PMID- 4002489
TI  - [Recurrent peptic ulcer after vagotomy].
AB  - The examination of 38 patients with recurrent and peptic ulcers after vagotomy
      (reconstructive operations were fulfilled in 25 out of them) has established that
      the main cause of recurrent and peptic ulcers developing after vagotomy is the
      preserved elevated secretory activity after operation and high content of gastrin
      in the blood. Surgery is thought to be the main method of treatment of such
      patients.

PMID- 4002490
TI  - [Mechanism of development of septic metastases].
AB  - On the basis of personal investigations and literature data the author considers
      metastatic abscesses in sepsis to be formed in necrosis foci resulting from the
      action of proteolytic enzymes, prostaglandins, cationic proteins and leukocytes
      with pathogenic microbes included.

PMID- 4002491
TI  - [Diagnosis of chronic nonspecific infiltrations in the abdominal cavity].
AB  - The author has analysed results of rentgenological, endoscopic and immunological
      methods of examination of 84 patients with chronic non-specific infiltrations in
      the abdominal cavity. A conclusion is made that roentgenological examination,
      laparoscopy and reaction of complement fixation with the infiltrate tissue
      antigen is very informative. Diagnostic errors were made in 18 patients.

PMID- 4002492
TI  - [Systemic hemodynamics and regional microcirculation in diffuse peritonitis].
AB  - A complex study of the central and peripheral hemocirculation in 134 patients and
      direct control of the microcirculation bed by the method of contact microscopy in
      15 experiments in dogs were used in order to study the character of disturbances
      of microcirculation depending on the phase of diffuse peritonitis. It was
      established that a reactive of peritonitis is characterized by an active spasm of
      microvessels changed by their paralytic dilatation followed by stasis,
      aggregation of formed elements, edema and infiltration of tissues.

PMID- 4002493
TI  - [Intra-arterial regional therapy using noradrenaline in the complex treatment of
      diffuse peritonitis].
AB  - A prolonged infusion of noradrenaline (40 mkg) into the mesenterial artery was
      carried out in the early postoperative period in 30 patients with diffuse
      purulent peritonitis in order to arrest the inflammatory reaction of the
      peritoneum. More rapid decrease of intoxication, prevention of plasmatic losses
      and less lethality were noted as compared with the control group.

PMID- 4002494
TI  - [Neurocirculatory asthenia in patients with odontogenic inflammatory processes].
AB  - The authors observed 53 patients with odontogenous inflammatory processes of the
      maxillary sinus. In 27 patients there was a neurocirculatory dystonia. The
      surgical treatment gave an improvement in the course of neurocirculatory
      dystonias and in a number of cases a complete recovery of the patients was
      achieved.

PMID- 4002495
TI  - [Metastasis of breast cancer to inguinal lymph nodes and ovaries].

PMID- 4002496
TI  - [Invagination of the stomach into the duodenum as a complication of multiple
      polyposis].

PMID- 4002497
TI  - [Simultaneous operations on varicose veins of the lower limbs and inguinal
      hernia].

PMID- 4002498
TI  - ["Gas syndrome" in closed chest trauma].
AB  - The authors describe the mechanisms of development, clinical picture and
      treatment of the following variants of the "gaseous syndrome": emphysema of the
      chest wall, acute diffuse interstitial pulmonary emphysema and acute strained
      mediastinal emphysema.

PMID- 4002499
TI  - [Treatment of complicated fractures of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the
      spine].
AB  - A modified method of skeletal traction by the pelvis and bones of the lower
      extremities was used in 18 patients with the complicated trauma of the thoracic
      and lumbar parts of the spine. The method was shown to be highly efficient to
      prevent decubitus and facilitated management of the patients resulting in a
      simultaneous correction and fixation of the injured segments of the spine.

PMID- 4002500
TI  - [Selection of the treatment method in diaphyseal fractures of 2 segments of the
      upper or lower limbs].
AB  - The authors propose a working scheme to choose the method of treatment of
      diaphyseal fractures of segments of the upper and lower extremities with an
      obligatory application of perosseous osteosynthesis by the Ilizarov apparatus in
      combination with other curative measures. The scheme described was used in 26
      patients and gave good anatomical and functional results.

PMID- 4002501
TI  - [Characteristics of traumatic pneumothorax in advanced age].

PMID- 4002502
TI  - [Post-traumatic necrosis of the right half of the liver].

PMID- 4002503
TI  - [Preoperative diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease in children].
AB  - Twenty children of different age suspected of Hirschsprung's disease were
      examined. The complex examination included contrast irrigography,
      electromyography and determination of tissue acetylcholinesterase. The reliable
      diagnosis was established in 10 children. The distal border of agangliosis was
      found and thus the methods of treatment could be chosen.

PMID- 4002504
TI  - [Bilateral obstructive diseases of the upper urinary tract in children].
AB  - The authors examined 371 children aged 4 days to 15 years with obstructive
      diseases of the urinary tract. In 51 out of them there was bilateral
      hydronephrosis and 54 had bilateral obstructive megaureter. A new uretero-pelvic
      anastomosis was made in 47 children with bilateral hydronephrosis, in 31 out of
      them it was created successively. Resection of the pelvis was performed in 5
      cases. Principles of the stepwise operative treatment are described as well as
      indications to a plasty without drainage in hydronephrosis. Operations were
      performed on 46 patients (92 ureters) with obstructive megaureter, 8 patients
      were treated conservatively. The conservative treatment is thought by the authors
      to be expedient in patients with compensated disturbance of urodynamics of the
      upper urinary tracts in obstructive megaureter and the every year rentgen
      urodynamic control. Ureterocystoneostomy is indicated only in a progressing
      course of the disease.

PMID- 4002505
TI  - [Arteriography in cicatricial hand deformities in children].
AB  - An analysis of arteriograms in 30 children with severe postburn contractures of
      the hand has shown the importance of the method for the rational planning of
      restorative operations and liquidation of disturbances of the patency of arteries
      of hands and fingers.

PMID- 4002506
TI  - [Successful treatment of esophageal atresia and tracheobronchial fistula in a
      newborn infant].

PMID- 4002507
TI  - [Giant teratoma of the anterior mediastinum with an intrathoracic stress syndrome
      in a child].

PMID- 4002508
TI  - [Controlled heparinization during hemosorption].
AB  - The authors used a method of graded heparinization with special reference to the
      individual reaction of the patients to heparin. The initial (starting) dose of
      heparin was injected intravenously, the sustaining dose of heparin was infused
      through the tube for blood taking. The method described prevented thrombosis of
      the HMS apparatus and considerably reduced the quantity of heparin used. No
      complications of hemosorption resulting from heparinization were noted.

PMID- 4002509
TI  - [Use of central analgesia in emergency abdominal operations].
AB  - In 48 patients urgent operative interventions on organs of the abdominal cavity
      were performed against the background of the adequate central analgesia by
      phentanyl (0,02 mg/kg). The authors think the method to be inexpedient in
      operative interventions shorter than 60 min.

PMID- 4002510
TI  - [A method of endoscopic removal of foreign bodies from the esophagus, stomach and
      duodenum].

PMID- 4002511
TI  - [Chronic non-calculous cholecystitis].
AB  - Experience with the surgical treatment of 340 patients with chronic acalculous
      cholecystitis is described. In 56,5% of observations it was complicated by the
      involvement of organs of the hepatobiliopancreatic group. The authors stress the
      importance of a complex instrumental pre- and intra-operative examination which
      can reveal lesions not only in the gallbladder but also in the major bile ducts,
      liver and pancreas. The volume of operation in patients with acalculous
      cholecystitis must include measures correcting lesions of the
      hepatobiliopancreatic organs in addition to cholecystectomy. Long-term results
      were studied in 238 patients. Good results were obtained in 129 patients,
      satisfactory--in 80 patients, unsatisfactory results were noted in 29 patients
      which were due to chronic recurring pancreatitis.

PMID- 4002512
TI  - [Non-calculous cholecystitis as a surgical problem].
AB  - Experience with the surgical treatment of 263 patients with acalculous
      cholecystitis is presented. Planned and postponed operations were fulfilled on
      188 patients. 75 operations were performed for urgent indications. Gangrenous
      cholecystitis was found in 25 of the patients, phlegmonous cholecystitis--in 46
      patients, catarrhal acalculous cholecystitis in 4 patients. Three patients died
      from severe concomitant diseases. The authors point to the considerable incidence
      of destructive forms of acute cholecystitis (especially in elderly and senile
      patients) which requires active surgical measures after failure of a complex
      medicamental treatment of the attack.

PMID- 4002513
TI  - [Surgical tactics in chronic non-calculous cholecystitis].
AB  - The authors have an experience with 1500 operations on bile ducts in patients
      with non-tumorous diseases. The operative treatment of acalculous cholecystitis
      was indicated only in isolated cases. After an insufficiently grounded
      cholecystectomy symptoms of the disease not only persisted but also made progress
      and new ones appeared resulting from the operation. Patients with acalculous
      cholecystitis must be subjected to a comprehensive examination at a specialized
      gastroenterological departments.

PMID- 4002514
TI  - [Complex treatment of odontogenic mediastinitis].
AB  - Specific features of the clinical course of odontogenous mediastinitis,
      development of complications, diagnosis, surgical methods are discussed by the
      authors on the basis of their experience with the treatment of 12 patients with
      this disease. The significance of complex treatment is stressed which must
      include the purposeful specific immunotherapy and oxygenic barotherapy in
      addition to surgical methods, antibiotics and detoxication. One of 12 patients
      died due to arrosive bleeding from the common carotid artery and jugular vein.
      Eleven patients recovered.

PMID- 4002515
TI  - [Results of truncal vagotomy in duodenal ulcer 10 years or more after the
      operation].
AB  - Results of truncal vagotomy for duodenal ulcer performed in 201 patients ten and
      more years ago were analyzed. The dumping syndrome, diarrhea and gastric
      dyspepsia of moderate degree were observed in 7% of the patients. No severe
      disorders were noted. Recurrent ulcers could develop at any time after
      operations, 10 years later as well, but mostly within the first three years.
      During 10 years recurrent ulcers were found in 11,5% of the patients. The
      incidence of recurrencies was influenced by the age of the patient by the time of
      operation and high level of acid night gastric secretion. A single course of
      conservative treatment was followed by a persistent healing of every third
      patient with recurrent ulcers.

PMID- 4002516
TI  - [Vagotomy in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers in middle-aged and elderly
      patients].
AB  - Experience with the treatment of 190 patients with a complicated ulcer disease of
      the stomach and duodenum in elderly and senile patients is presented. In 115 of
      the patients gastric resection was performed. Different kinds of vagotomy were
      used in 75 patients. Postoperative complications after vagotomy were noted in
      9,3% of the cases, after gastric resection in 40%. No lethal outcomes followed
      vagotomy. Lethality rate after gastric resection was 9,6%.

PMID- 4002517
TI  - [Fibrogastroduodenoscopy in the evaluation of instrumental pyloric dilatation in
      proximal selective vagotomy].
AB  - The ulcer disease of the duodenum with the symptoms of compensated and
      subcompensated stenosis is not considered to be a contraindication for
      instrumental pylorodilatation and proximal selective vagotomy. Pylorodilatation
      for correct indications gives a persistent elimination of stenosis under most
      physiological conditions as compared with those after proximal selective vagotomy
      with draining operation destructing the pylorus.

PMID- 4002518
TI  - [Benign tumors and cysts of the mediastinum].
AB  - Data of examination of 208 patients with benign tumors and cysts of mediastinum
      are presented. The specific clinico-roentgenological symptoms of the disease are
      described by groups. Diagnostic possibilities of special methods of examination
      and problems of choice of the operative access are discussed. The operative
      complications are characterized. Postoperative lethality was 1,1%.

PMID- 4002519
TI  - [Extensive lymphadenectomy in gastrectomy and gastric resection in cancer].
AB  - When using routine methods of lymphadenectomy the excisable parietal groups of
      lymph nodes are left intact. This is considered to be an unjustified ground for
      refusal of a curative operation for gastric cancer Metastases to lymph nodes of
      these groups are frequently found in gastric cancer. The authors recommend to use
      extensive lymphadenectomy when the removed preparation includes the lymph nodes
      of parietal groups. It was shown that the degree of the operative risk did not
      increase in this case. Five year survival was achieved in certain patients having
      metastases to lymph nodes of parietal groups.

PMID- 4002521
TI  - [Relaparotomy in the treatment of early postoperative complications].

PMID- 4002520
TI  - [Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of diseases of
      the organs of the hepato-pancreato-duodenal group].
AB  - Experience with using endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography (ERPCG) in
      278 patients has shown the method to be the most valuable one in preoperative
      diagnosis of diseases of bile ducts. It facilitates establishing the presence of
      calculi in bile ducts, diagnosis of stenosis of the major duodenal papilla and
      cholangitis. ERPCG allows establishing the localization of a tumor process in
      bile ducts. ERPCG should be performed first of all in patients with jaundice and
      in cases when other diagnostic methods have failed to make the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 4002522
TI  - [Cooling of the intestine for the purpose of restoring its viability].
AB  - A comparative study of the effects of warming and cooling upon the recovery of
      viability of the intestine with a disturbed blood circulation was undertaken in
      the experimental and clinical work. The experiment in dogs has shown the clinical
      symptoms of regained viability to appear earlier after cooling than after
      warming. Morphological alterations of the mucosa were more pronounced following
      warming and were negligible after cooling. Cooling of the incarcerated intestine
      was successfully used in the clinic in operations on 25 patients.

PMID- 4002523
TI  - [Roentgenodiagnosis of the suppurative-inflammatory process in acute lactation
      mastitis].
AB  - The analysis of roentgen-diagnostics of pyo-inflammatory processes in the mammary
      glands in 365 patients with acute lactation mastitis has been made. Simple
      mammography is recommended as a simple and safe method for patients with acute
      lactation mastitis.

PMID- 4002524
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of hemosorption in the treatment of
      patients with various forms of chronic arterial insufficiency of lower limbs].
AB  - A comparative effectiveness of hemosorption in relation to atherosclerotic or
      autoimmune genesis of the disease is presented by results of the treatment of 41
      patients with chronic arterial insufficiency of the extremities. The
      effectiveness of hemosorption is shown to be significantly higher in patients
      with autoimmune genesis of the disease than with atherosclerosis.

PMID- 4002525
TI  - [Remote (21 years) results of the radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 4002526
TI  - [Successful treatment of aortocaval fistula].

PMID- 4002527
TI  - [Value of radionuclide examination of the thoracic duct for the determination of
      the operability of esophageal cancer].
AB  - The radionuclide visualization of the thoracic lymphatic duct was fulfilled in 37
      patients suspected for carcinoma of the esophagus. Operations were performed in
      31 of them. Results of lymphoductoscintigraphy and of morphological examination
      of the operation material were compared. The authors recommend to use
      radionuclide investigation of the thoracic lymphatic duct in addition to other
      obligatory methods of examination of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus.

PMID- 4002528
TI  - [Treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the crural bones].
AB  - Results of the treatment of 878 diaphyseal fractures of the shin are analyzed
      according to the severity of fractures and methods of treatment. The
      immobilization method was shown to be preferred for light fractures, closed
      intramedullary osteosynthesis for fractures of the moderate severity, extrafocal
      osteosynthesis--for critical fractures. Skeletal traction is expedient for
      fractures of the moderate severity, whose biomechanical characteristics are not
      suitable for intramedullary osteosynthesis.

PMID- 4002529
TI  - [Pelvic bone fractures in children].
AB  - An analysis of the treatment of fractures of pelvic bones in 158 children has
      shown that the conservative method of treatment is quite justified. Good and
      satisfactory results were achieved in 116 patients followed-up.

PMID- 4002530
TI  - [Benign liver tumors in children].

PMID- 4002531
TI  - [Destructive cholecystitis and appendicitis in a child].

PMID- 4002532
TI  - [Preparation and clinical use of xenoskin].
AB  - Two methods of preparing the pig-skin at a meat-packing plant and its application
      as a biological bandage in the clinic of thermal injuries are described. The
      first method is the sterile preparing. The second one--xenotransplants are
      prepared without an observation of aseptics rules. The material is subject to
      lyophilic drying and sterilization by gamma rays. The application of
      xenotransplants gave good results in the treatment of 107 patients with burns.

PMID- 4002533
TI  - [Transmyoplasty in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the legs].
AB  - Transmyoplasty was used in the operative treatment of 118 patients with chronic
      osteomyelitis of the lower extremity bones in the muscle-free zones and with
      scarry regeneration of the muscles. Good outcomes were obtained in 92% of the
      patients.

PMID- 4002534
TI  - Carcinoma of the anal sac glands in ranch mink.
AB  - During a 14-year period, carcinoma of the anal sac apocrine glands was found in
      52 pastel and 8 sapphire mink (Mustela vison) kept for studies on slow viral
      diseases. The pastel mink varied in age from 72 to 135 months (mean age 108
      months), the sapphire mink from 63 to 100 months (mean age 81 months). All but
      one pastel mink were females. The primary tumor varied in size from masses that
      caused bulges in the perineum to those that were found only after microscopic
      examination of the anal sac glands. Although the primary tumor grew mainly by
      expansion with little local infiltration, 41 of the 60 tumors had metastasized to
      the regional lymph nodes and sometimes also to more distant sites. The striking
      propensity of the carcinoma to metastasize while still small, even microscopic,
      often resulted in massive secondary growths, notably in the iliac lymph nodes.
      Hypercalcemia did not accompany the carcinoma. Its varied microscopic appearance
      included solid, glandular, squamous cell, and spindle or round cell components.
      Combinations of them formed mixed or complex histologic patterns, no doubt
      largely attributable to neoplastic proliferation of myoepithelial cells and
      squamous metaplasia of the apocrine gland epithelium. Although its cause remains
      obscure, the carcinoma appeared to arise from small foci of hyperplastic apocrine
      glands, sometimes in relation to both anal sacs. The tumor is a common and
      distinctive expression of neoplasia in older ranch mink.

PMID- 4002535
TI  - Ocular lesions of bovine malignant catarrhal fever.
AB  - The ocular lesions of bovine malignant catarrhal fever were characterized in 15
      naturally occurring and eight experimentally induced cases of the disease.
      Consistent findings included: lymphocytic vasculitis of retinal, scleral,
      posterior ciliary, and uveal vessels; uveitis, especially involving ciliary
      processes, ciliary body, and iris; and keratitis with corneal edema,
      neovascularization, and epithelial and endothelial degeneration. Lymphocytic
      ciliary neuritis and optic meningitis were found less frequently. Ultrastructural
      examination of the ciliary body and iris from one experimental calf confirmed
      that most infiltrating mononuclear cells were lymphocytes. The uveitis,
      vasculitis, and keratitis of malignant catarrhal fever were probably immune
      mediated.

PMID- 4002536
TI  - Polycystic kidney disease in goldfish (Carassius auratus) from Hamilton Harbour,
      Lake Ontario, Canada.
AB  - Severe kidney enlargement was observed in 6.3% (5 of 80) of goldfish collected
      from a heavily polluted industrial basin. Externally the fish had generalized
      swelling and abdominal distension. The kidneys contained numerous large, clear,
      fluid-filled cysts (polycystic) that ranged in size from microscopic to 4 cm in
      diameter. Affected kidneys had a wide range of histological changes-including the
      presence of large multiple cysts that caused severe distension and compression of
      normal renal tissue, multifocal granulomas, and signs of early, proliferative
      glomerulonephritis. The histology of affected kidneys is compared with other
      goldfish from Hamilton Harbour, and with goldfish collected from an alternate
      site (a population apparently free of polycystic kidney enlargements). This
      afflication is rare in feral fish populations, and its occurrence in a
      deteriorated environment such as Hamilton Harbour may provide further evidence of
      a link between fish health and environmental quality.

PMID- 4002537
TI  - Aortic-iliac thrombosis in horses.
AB  - Vascular obstruction of the hindlimbs was diagnosed clinically in 15 horses, and
      was characterized at necropsy in eight of those horses. The condition was
      identified as an incidental post mortem finding in two additional horses. The
      principal clinical signs in affected horses were progressive exercise intolerance
      and hind-leg lameness. At post mortem the oldest lesions were located at the
      aortic quadrifurcation and in the distal portions of the femoral and internal
      iliac arteries, and consisted of partially or completely occlusive masses of well
      organized and well-vascularized fibrous tissue, occasionally containing
      hemorrhagic or degenerate areas. Proximal to these organized masses, large
      unorganized thrombi were often present. In the region of the occlusive masses,
      the tunica intima was obliterated, except for the internal elastic lamina which
      usually remained intact. The tunica media was largely unaffected, except for
      ischemic necrosis of the media in greatly distended arteries or under thick
      plaques. The pathogenesis of the lesions is unresolved. The lesions may result
      from organization of strongyle-related thromboemboli or the inciting cause may be
      progressive enlargement and organization of spontaneously developing fibrous
      intimal plaques. Hypercoagulability of the blood may have contributed to
      thrombosis in one mare with the nephrotic syndrome. Routine examination of the
      aortic quadrifurcation and its major branches is recommended in order that
      subclinical changes may be detected and the natural history of the lesion
      elucidated.

PMID- 4002538
TI  - A mechanobullous disease with sub-basilar separation in Brangus calves.

PMID- 4002539
TI  - Cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, and icterus in a cat.

PMID- 4002540
TI  - Papillary cystadenocarcinoma in a zebra (Equus granti).

PMID- 4002541
TI  - Epibulbar solid dermoid choristoma in a pig.

PMID- 4002542
TI  - Cage height preference and use in battery-kept hens.
AB  - Caged hens are shown to have a strong preference for cages which have a large
      vertical space allowance. When filmed in cages of unrestricted head room, nearly
      25 per cent of hens' head movements occurred above 40 cm, which is the proposed
      CEC recommendation.

PMID- 4002543
TI  - Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca zopfii: a case study.
AB  - An outbreak of severe indurative mastitis in newly calved cows, from which
      Prototheca zopfii was isolated, is described. The refractory nature of this type
      of mastitis and the ineffectiveness of the presently available intramammary
      preparations are highlighted.

PMID- 4002544
TI  - Mycotic abortion in the pig.

PMID- 4002545
TI  - Broiler runting/stunting syndrome in Malaysia.

PMID- 4002546
TI  - Fodder beet problems.

PMID- 4002547
TI  - Organophosphate poisoning in calves.

PMID- 4002548
TI  - Anticoccidials and turkeys.

PMID- 4002549
TI  - American box tortoises.

PMID- 4002550
TI  - Paracetamol poisoning in cats.

PMID- 4002551
TI  - Veterinary manpower requirements.

PMID- 4002552
TI  - Composition of BVA Council. British Veterinary Association.

PMID- 4002553
TI  - Small animal practice: communication, continuing education and caring.

PMID- 4002554
TI  - Client relations in companion animal practice.

PMID- 4002555
TI  - Fresh gas flow economics of the Waters (to-and-fro) system in small animal
      anaesthetic practice.
AB  - The Waters (to-and-fro) system is a commonly used anaesthetic system in small
      animal clinical practice. Although it may be used as a totally closed system, it
      has been recommended that it be used as a semi-closed system with relatively high
      fresh gas flow rates. The performance of the Waters system was studied with
      reference to wastage of neat, unused fresh gas flow. The results were compared
      with the performance of a modified Waters system. Using a fresh gas flow rate of
      2 litres/minute considerable wastage of fresh gas flow and volatile agent was
      noted using the Waters system; the wastage was less with the modified system.
      Marked savings of fresh gas flow and volatile agent could result by reducing the
      fresh gas flow to 0.5 litres/minute. The findings are discussed in the light of
      current small animal clinical anaesthetic practice.

PMID- 4002556
TI  - Clinical and pathological aspects of 'going light' in exhibition budgerigars
      (Melopsittacus undulatus).
AB  - 'Going light' is a chronic but eventually fatal disease of budgerigars.
      Clinically the only consistent features are weight loss while maintaining a good
      food intake. The signs are caused by enteritis typified by lymphocyte and plasma
      cell infiltration and associated villous atrophy leading to a malabsorption
      syndrome.

PMID- 4002557
TI  - Key-Gaskell syndrome: a case report.

PMID- 4002558
TI  - Association between tail injuries and docking in dogs.

PMID- 4002559
TI  - Progressive ataxia in a Pyrenean mountain dog.

PMID- 4002560
TI  - Post mortem urea levels in aqueous humour as a reliable indicator of ante mortem
      uraemia.

PMID- 4002561
TI  - Leucocytosis during normal pregnancy in a bitch.

PMID- 4002562
TI  - Ataxia in a dobermann pinscher.

PMID- 4002563
TI  - Exfoliative cytology of the canine urinary bladder: a technique utilising
      Millipore filtration.

PMID- 4002564
TI  - Euthanasia of mink with carbon monoxide.

PMID- 4002565
TI  - American box turtles.

PMID- 4002566
TI  - Visually evoked responses during slaughter.

PMID- 4002567
TI  - Herdsman ability.

PMID- 4002568
TI  - Paracetamol poisoning in cats.

PMID- 4002569
TI  - Persistence of detectable residues of penicillin and cloxacillin in normal and
      mastitic quarters following intramammary infusion.
AB  - The excretion rates of sodium penicillin and sodium cloxacillin from treated and
      untreated quarters of normal and mastitic cows were studied. Penicillin was
      detected in normal and infected quarters for 72 hours after treatment.
      Cloxacillin was detected in normal and infected quarters for 64 and 48 hours,
      respectively, after treatment. Differences in the excretion rates of both
      antibiotics from normal and infected treated quarters were not significant.
      Penicillin was detected in the untreated quarters of both normal and mastitic
      cows but cloxacillin was only detected in the untreated quarters of mastitic
      cows.

PMID- 4002570
TI  - Control of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in goats by vaccination.
AB  - After several years of unsuccessful efforts to eradicate paratuberculosis in
      goats in Norway by conventional methods such as general hygienic precautions and
      the isolation and slaughtering of clinically affected and serologically positive
      animals, a vaccination programme was initiated in 1967. The vaccine used consists
      of two live attenuated strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis suspended in a
      mixture of liquid paraffin, olive oil and pumice powder. The vaccine may be
      stored at 4 degrees C for two weeks, the dose is 1 ml and the goat kids are
      vaccinated at the age of two to four weeks. The efficacy of the vaccine has been
      judged mainly by post mortem examination of vaccinated and unvaccinated goats in
      the period 1967-82. During this period about 131,000 goats were vaccinated and,
      based on the post mortem examination of 15,219 goats, the infection rate was
      reduced from 53 to 1 per cent. Moreover, infection occurred almost exclusively in
      goats which for some reason or other had not been vaccinated or which had been
      too old when vaccinated. The results of these examinations showed that the
      adjuvanted vaccine with live M paratuberculosis bacteria offers a high degree of
      protection against paratuberculosis in goats.

PMID- 4002571
TI  - Organomercuric poisoning in fat cattle.

PMID- 4002572
TI  - Primary hepatic fibrosarcoma in a Toggenburg goat.

PMID- 4002573
TI  - Successful treatment of Filaroides osleri infection with oxfendazole.

PMID- 4002574
TI  - BVA management structure. British Veterinary Association.

PMID- 4002575
TI  - Future of research.

PMID- 4002576
TI  - Insurance cover at race courses.

PMID- 4002577
TI  - Veterinary manpower requirements.

PMID- 4002578
TI  - Balanoposthitis in breeding bulls.

PMID- 4002579
TI  - Rhododendron poisoning in sheep.

PMID- 4002580
TI  - Hypomagnesaemia increase.

PMID- 4002581
TI  - Bullfighting.

PMID- 4002582
TI  - Dermatitis of the legs of sheep associated with Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - An outbreak of dermatitis affecting the legs of sheep is described. Laboratory
      investigations suggested that the condition was caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
      The differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 4002583
TI  - Vaccination of cows with clostridial antigens and passive transfer of clostridial
      antibodies from bovine colostrum to lambs.
AB  - Two Friesian cows were used to attempt to produce colostrum containing a high
      concentration of clostridial antibodies which could be fed to newborn lambs in
      order to passively transfer immunity to diseases caused by clostridia. One cow
      was given a commercial multicomponent clostridial sheep vaccine in two successive
      pregnancies and the second cow in one pregnancy. The first cow produced a low
      concentration of epsilon antitoxin (Clostridium perfringens, type D) in its blood
      and colostrum after the first course of three injections of vaccine. A higher
      concentration was produced by cow 2 after a course of six injections and by cow 1
      after a further course of four injections in its next pregnancy. Two hundred ml
      of colostrum from cow 1 (after the second course of vaccine) was given to 12
      newborn colostrum-deprived lambs. All showed a high concentration of antitoxin 48
      hours later. The lambs were actively immunised by injections of the same
      clostridial vaccine at three and nine weeks or six and 12 weeks old and all
      produced sufficient antitoxin to protect up to slaughter at 24 weeks. It is
      concluded that colostrum from cows vaccinated with sheep clostridial antigens can
      be fed to protect lambs passively.

PMID- 4002584
TI  - Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis in Ireland.

PMID- 4002585
TI  - Equine influenza reactions.

PMID- 4002586
TI  - Aspirin in cats.

PMID- 4002587
TI  - Methods of copper supplementation.

PMID- 4002588
TI  - Disbudding kids.

PMID- 4002589
TI  - Taenia hydatigena: a cause of persistent liver condemnations in lambs.
AB  - A problem of high levels of liver condemnations which had affected bought-in
      lambs fattened on a North Yorkshire farm for several years was investigated.
      Because the farmer spread pig slurry on the land, migrating Ascaris suum larvae
      were initially suspected as a cause but the investigation eliminated this
      possibility. Migrating Taenia hydatigena larvae were found in tissue sections and
      isolated from livers. A combination of parasitological and serological evidence
      using oncospheral antigen in an ELISA suggested that infection was occurring
      immediately before the arrival of lambs on the farm, although a source of
      infection on the farm was also identified. Peak liver condemnations occurred in
      December-January. Possible reasons for this are suggested and the relevance of
      these findings to national liver condemnation losses are discussed.

PMID- 4002590
TI  - Suspected bovine botulism associated with broiler litter waste.

PMID- 4002592
TI  - Urine drinking.

PMID- 4002591
TI  - Blood transfusion as a treatment of anaemia in lambs.

PMID- 4002593
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in two age groups of ponies: a preliminary
      study.
AB  - A clinical dose rate (4.4 mg/kg bodyweight) of phenylbutazone was administered
      intravenously and orally to six Welsh mountain ponies to provide data on the
      pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the drug. In three, three-year-old
      ponies, clearance of the drug from plasma after intravenous administration was
      almost twice as rapid as in three ponies aged eight to 10 years. After oral
      administration, plasma phenylbutazone levels were greater in the older ponies,
      the area under the plasma concentration time curve being almost twice as high.
      This did not result from more efficient absorption but from slower plasma
      clearance. The fractional absorption of phenylbutazone was similar in young and
      older ponies, 0.78 and 0.75, respectively. The 24 hour urinary excretion of
      phenylbutazone and its hydroxylated metabolites, oxyphenbutazone and gamma
      hydroxyphenylbutazone, accounted for approximately 25 per cent of the
      administered intravenous dose in both young and older ponies. The possible
      fate(s) of the remaining 75 per cent were considered.

PMID- 4002594
TI  - Ovine listerial encephalitis: analysis, hypothesis and synthesis.
AB  - Analysis of field data suggested that listerial encephalitis in sheep was most
      common in winter and early spring in the age groups of sheep which would be
      cutting, changing and possibly losing teeth. It was hypothesised that under these
      conditions ingested Listeria monocytogenes could reach the fine dental terminals
      of the trigeminal nerve causing an ascending neuritis and encephalitis.
      Experimental inoculation of organisms into the dental pulp demonstrated the
      feasibility of this route of infection. Histological encephalitis was evident six
      days after inoculation but the incubation period to clinical neurological disease
      was at least three weeks.

PMID- 4002595
TI  - Campylobacter infection in domestic dogs.
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni, a recently recognised human enteric pathogen, was recovered
      from the faeces of 21.7 per cent of domestic dogs with diarrhoea as compared with
      only 3.1 per cent of normal healthy dogs. The recovery rate from non-diarrhoeic,
      but unhealthy, domestic dogs was 6.7 per cent. The differences in the incidence
      of C jejuni between breeds was not statistically significant. The majority of
      isolations were from puppies between birth and six months old. The incidence of C
      jejuni in domestic dogs did not appear to be sex specific. Domestic canine
      infections with C jejuni could possibly be an important source of human
      infection, especially to those in close contact.

PMID- 4002596
TI  - Computer problems.

PMID- 4002597
TI  - Intradermal transmission of Potomac horse fever.

PMID- 4002598
TI  - Anaesthesia of wildlife.

PMID- 4002599
TI  - Kaolin as treatment for diarrhoea.

PMID- 4002600
TI  - The effect of experimental Ostertagia ostertagi infections in stabled milking
      cows on egg output, serum pepsinogen levels, antibody titres and milk production.
AB  - Two trials with stabled milking cows were carried out. In the first trial, cows
      were either experimentally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi larvae or served as
      naturally-infected controls. In the second trial, cows were treated the same as
      in the first trial, but in addition half of the number of cows of each group were
      treated with oxfendazole before the trial started. The results showed that
      experimental infection influenced Ostertagia egg output, host serum pepsinogen
      levels and anti-Ostertagia antibody titres. The influence on egg output consisted
      of an initial decrease 1 week after infection, followed by an increase 3-7 weeks
      after infection. The pepsinogen level was significantly elevated after one week.
      The antibody titres increased from 3 weeks p.i. onwards. No influence on the milk
      production could be demonstrated. Naturally-infected controls also showed a rise
      in pepsinogen level and antibody titres, probably due to the existing worm
      burden. The egg output appeared to be influenced by the partus. Naturally
      infected cows, treated with oxfendazole, showed no changes in any of the
      parameters during the trial.

PMID- 4002601
TI  - Histopathological changes in the proventriculus of fowl given experimental
      monospecific infection with Acuaria spiralis.
AB  - The pathological changes in the proventriculi of fowls given monospecific
      experimental infection with Acuaria spiralis were characterized in the initial
      stages by an acute inflammation due to the migration of 3rd and 4th stage larvae.
      There was a severe non-keratinizing squamous cell metaplasia of the lining
      epithelium with pronounced granulocytic infiltration at 4-8 days post-infection.
      Multiple lymphoid nodules were evident in the lamina propria from 12 days post
      infection. As the disease progressed there was extensive fibroplasia in the
      organ. By 50-100 days post-infection pedunculated fibro-adenamatoid growths
      developed in the mucosa obliterating the entire lumen of the organ. A mortality
      rate of 29.16% of chicks (maximum on the 3rd week post-infection) was observed.

PMID- 4002602
TI  - Immunization of pigs against Ascaris suum by sequential experimental infections
      terminated with fenbendazole during larval migration.
AB  - Three experimental infections of weaning pigs with 2000 embryonated Ascaris suum
      eggs each, 11 days apart, followed each time by fenbendazole treatment, produced
      a significant host response when compared with similar infected or uninfected
      control pigs as assessed by response to a subsequent challenge with 100
      embryonated A. suum eggs. The response elicited from pigs treated with
      fenbendazole on either 2, 3, and 4 days or, 6, 7, and 8 days after each
      experimental infection was expressed as a reduction in the number of pigs with A.
      suum, in the number of worms per pig, in the weight of male and female worms, and
      in the length of male and female worms. No differences in average daily weight
      gain, feed-conversion efficiency or histology of lungs and liver were noted among
      the 4 treatment groups.

PMID- 4002603
TI  - Systemic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in cattle against ticks and
      biting flies.
AB  - A benzimidazoline compound [4-nitro-2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-6 
      (trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-, 01, sodium salt] referred to as EL-979
      showed systemic acaricidal and insecticidal activity in cattle against 2 tick
      species, Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick) and Dermacentor variabilis
      (American Dog tick) and adult Stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies). Larvae of black
      blow fly (Phormia regina) were fed serum collected from treated calves. A
      complete kill of larvae was obtained with a serum level of 3 parts per million
      (p.p.m.) of EL-979. Intravenous infusion at the rate of 0.25 mg kg-1 per day for
      12 days provided a concentration of EL-979 in the blood of approximately 5 p.p.m.
      In A. maculatum this blood level prevented feeding in larvae and molting in
      nymphs, reduced numbers of females successfully feeding and prevented larvae
      production. D. variabilis adults were not as susceptible to a blood level of 5
      p.p.m., but the number of feeding larvae and molting nymphs were reduced.
      Complete mortality of adult S. calcitrans occurred with repeated feedings of a 5
      p.p.m. blood level. Fly control of 80% was found with 2.3 p.p.m. multiple feeds.
      Calf sera with a concentration range of 16--20 p.p.m. killed all flies which took
      a single feeding.

PMID- 4002604
TI  - Induction of systemic and local basophil and eosinophil responses in guinea pigs
      by the feeding of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans.
AB  - Guinea pigs infested with Glossina morsitans weekly for 5 weeks exhibited marked
      peripheral blood basophil and eosinophil responses to each infestation, with a
      dominant cutaneous basophil response to challenge infestation. G. morsitans
      feeding was completed within 3--10 min, depending upon prior exposure, and flies
      were reluctant to feed and probed longer on hyperexposed animals. Blood basophil
      responses exhibited the greatest increases over controls (up to 12-fold) compared
      to eosinophils (up to 3-fold). After the first and third infestations, both
      basophil and eosinophil levels increased, whereas after the second and fourth
      infestations both cell types declined. Greatest blood basophil responses
      developed after the first infestation with levels ranging from 0 to 14 +/- 9
      cells/mm3 in infested animals to 0 and 2 +/- 2 cells/mm3 in uninfested controls.
      Eosinophilia increased with each infestation where levels ranged from 57 +/- 23
      cells/mm3 after the first tsetse feeding to 110 +/- 20 cells/mm3 after the fourth
      infestation; compared to 11 +/- 11 to 50 +/- 12 cells/mm3 in uninfested controls.
      Fly-feeding sites were marked by hemorrhages, and probing behavior resulted in a
      line of small hemorrhages when the underside of the skin was examined.
      Histologically, G. morsitans feeding sites in naive guinea pigs 24 h post
      infestation were dominated by mononuclear cells (93% of the infiltrate) with a
      weak granulocyte component, of which eosinophils were dominant (1.3%). Tsetse
      feeding sites in guinea pigs exposed 3 times previously were again dominated by
      mononuclear cells (57% of the infiltrate), but granulocytes comprised a
      significant part of the response (43% of the infiltrate) where basophils were
      dominant (25%).

PMID- 4002605
TI  - Psoroptic ear mange (Psoroptes cuniculi, Delafond, 1859) in domestic and wild
      ruminants in Israel.
AB  - Otoacariasis, caused by Psoroptes cuniculi (Delafond, 1859) is reported in sheep
      (Ovis aries), domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), mountain goats (Capra ibex
      nubiana) and Yaez (a cross between domestic and mountain goats). Captive and
      captured deer (Gazella gazella and Gazella dorcas) were found negative for ear
      mites. Sheep and mountain goats were found to be the most affected while goats
      and Yaez only sporadically so. The clinical manifestations are described and the
      results are discussed in the light of the pertinent literature.

PMID- 4002606
TI  - Transmission of virus from serosal fluids and demonstration of antigen in
      neutrophils and mesothelial cells of cattle infected with bovine ephemeral fever
      virus.
AB  - Following intravenous injection of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus 6 cattle
      were autopsied after clinical disease became evident. Fluid from serosal cavities
      with serofibrinous inflammatory changes showed large increases in neutrophil
      numbers. BEF virus was detected for the first time in pericardial, thoracic and
      abdominal fluids. Virus was also detected in synovial fluids, confirming an
      earlier report of transmission with a synovial fluid sample. Using a direct
      fluorescent antibody technique, BEF virus antigen was identified for the first
      time in synovial, pericardial, thoracic and abdominal fluids, in synovial
      membranes and epicardium. In synovial membranes and epicardium, specific
      fluorescence was observed in two cell types, mesothelial cells and neutrophils.
      In the fluids, fluorescence was restricted to neutrophils, the predominant cell
      type. Specific fluorescence was observed in blood smears from only one animal
      although blood samples collected at autopsy from all animals contained infective
      virus.

PMID- 4002607
TI  - Potentiating effect of adjuvants on humoral immunity to porcine parvovirus
      vaccines in guinea pigs.
AB  - Fourteen different adjuvants, given either in single or combined form with
      another compound were compared in guinea pigs for their ability to potentiate
      humoral immunity to porcine parvovirus (PPV) antigen after 2 vaccinations. Two
      injections were given, the second 3 weeks following the initial vaccination.
      Antibody concentrations to PPV in sera from injected animals were measured over a
      5-week period by the hemagglutination inhibition test. At the conclusion of the
      experiment, guinea pigs injected with the following adjuvants and PPV antigen: CP
      20 961 (Avridin), 50% aluminum hydroxide gel, ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA),
      oil and water emulsion (O/W) and dimethyl-dioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDA)
      immunologically responded with high geometric mean HI titers (380, 224 and 427,
      602, 512, 1202 respectively), whereas guinea pigs receiving Emulsan, sodium
      dodecyl sulfate (SDS), L-121, combinations of Emulsan/aluminum hydroxide,
      SDS/aluminum hydroxide and B. pertussis/aluminum hydroxide responded with low
      mean titers (54, 64, 18, 27, 11, 64, 14, 20 respectively). Guinea pigs injected
      with antigen without adjuvant responded weakly with geometric mean titers of 3.3
      and 16 for the 2 groups tested. Prior to booster injection, guinea pigs immunized
      with 13 of the preparations had low (less than 4) or undetectable antibody
      titers. Antibody titers from guinea pigs receiving DDA adjuvant continued to rise
      throughout the duration of the experiment and at the conclusion had the highest
      mean titers of the groups tested (1202). The 2 groups immunized with 50% aluminum
      hydroxide gel had high mean titers (224, 427), but in both instances there was a
      wide range of titers within a group evidenced by high standard deviations. In
      contrast, guinea pigs receiving either DDA, CP-20 961, O/W or EMA had antibody
      titers within a narrow range and small standard deviation. The significance of
      aluminum hydroxide gel concentration on immunogenicity is discussed.

PMID- 4002608
TI  - Contagious equine metritis: experimental infection in the donkey.
AB  - Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was reproduced in 3 of 4 donkey mares with an
      Irish streptomycin-resistant strain of Haemophilus equigenitalis isolated from an
      experimental case of the disease in a pony mare. Although some variability in
      clinical response occurred, there was no evidence that semen enhanced the
      clinical severity of the infection. Variable amounts of vaginal discharge and
      associated inflammatory changes of the vagina and/or cervix, similar to those
      seen in the horse, were observed. All the affected donkeys made spontaneous
      clinical recoveries and so far as could be detected, subsequent persistence of H.
      equigenitalis in the genital tract was of limited duration. Recovery of the
      bacterium was not associated with oestrus and there was no evidence that it
      persisted in the clitoral area after it could no longer be cultured from the
      anterior genital tract. Cytological examination of smears of intra-uterine or
      cervical swabs was of diagnostic value only during the clinical phase of the
      infection. Serological responses demonstrated in 3 of the 4 donkey mares by the
      agglutination, complement-fixation and passive haemagglutination tests, were of
      low magnitude and short duration. The diagnostic value of the agglutination and
      complement-fixation tests was limited by the presence of low levels of non
      specific reactivity and pronounced anti-complementary reactivity, respectively,
      in many of the donkey sera. The passive haemagglutination test proved superior
      for demonstrating elevation in antibody and for confirming infection. The overall
      results indicate that the donkey has the potential to act as a source of CEM
      infection and under certain circumstances, could have a role to play in the
      epidemiology of this disease.

PMID- 4002609
TI  - Adhesion of Corynebacterium renale and Corynebacterium pilosum to the epithelial
      cells of various parts of the bovine urinary tract from the renal pelvis to
      vulva.
AB  - The various parts of the bovine urinary tract, the renal pelvis, the ureter, the
      urinary bladder, the urethra, the vaginal vestibule and the vulva, were examined
      for the capacity of the epithelial cells to bind Corynebacterium renale and C.
      pilosum. C. renale adhered best to the epithelial cells of the vulva, and then to
      those of the ureter and renal pelvis. C. pilosum also adhered best to the
      epithelial cells of the vulva, followed by those of the vaginal vestibule. The
      results indicate that the most important target tissue for these bacteria may be
      the vulva, and the results correlate with the fact that C. renale frequently
      causes pyelonephritis and ureteritis, while C. pilosum causes the same diseases
      less frequently and behaves like normal flora of the vaginal vestibule.

PMID- 4002610
TI  - Purification of the third component of canine complement.
AB  - A rapid, simple procedure has been developed for the purification of the third
      component (C3) of canine complement. Dog plasma was initially fractionated by
      precipitation with 4% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000. The supernatant was
      depleted of plasminogen using a Sepharose 4B-lysine column, and the effluent was
      again fractionated with PEG 4000 at 16% (w/v). The precipitate was resuspended
      and passed over a DEAE-Sephacel column. The fractions containing hemolytically
      active C3 were pooled, concentrated, and passed over a CM-Sepharose CL-6B column
      to yield the final purified product. Rabbit anti-whole dog serum identified only
      one protein in the purified material on immunoelectrophoresis. When injected into
      a rabbit, the purified product raised an antisera which reacted with only one
      protein in both whole dog serum and the purified product. Analysis by SDS-PAGE
      revealed a single band of MW 179,000 +/- 7,000 (+/- 1 S.D.) daltons which, upon
      reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, resulted in 2 bands of 114,000 +/- 6,000
      daltons and 65,000 +/- 3,500 daltons. Final recovery was 18% with respect to C3
      antigen and 9% with respect to C3 hemolytic activity.

PMID- 4002611
TI  - The physical appearance of the vulva in ureaplasma infected ewes.
AB  - The vulvar labia of ewes naturally infected with ureaplasma were significantly
      more swollen and red than those of uninfected ewes. Similar changes were observed
      following experimental infection of previously uninfected ewes. These
      differences, although statistically significant, were not sufficiently marked to
      be useful in diagnosing infection by clinical examination.

PMID- 4002612
TI  - The effects of "holding" on some blood parameters in goats.
AB  - One young male and five female goats aged from four months to mature full-mouthed
      were handled by stroking and raising the jugular vein intermittently for one
      minute each day for four days. A control group was kept in a similar pen out of
      sight of the test group for the four days and approached only when attended for
      pen cleaning and feeding. On the fifth day, heparinised blood samples were taken
      once hourly for a period of three hours by jugular venepuncture from both groups.
      After processing, the samples were examined for packed cell volumes, plasma and
      erythrocyte potassium and sodium concentrations. Analysis of variance of the data
      showed a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in erythrocyte potassium
      concentration in the unhandled group (76.3 mmol/l to 74.2 mmol/l) from Time 0 to
      Time 1, and a similarly significant increase in levels in the handled group (73.7
      mmol/l to 78.0 mmol/l) from Time 0 to Time 1. There was also a significant
      difference (P less than 0.05) in packed cell volumes between the unhandled and
      handled groups at Time 0 and Time 1 (28.6% v 25.2% and 27.6% v 25.0%
      respectively). There were no significant differences between the two groups in
      plasma sodium, plasma potassium or erythrocyte sodium.

PMID- 4002613
TI  - Changes in serum enzyme activities in pigs naturally infected with the
      metacestodes of Taenia solium.
AB  - The serum enzymes of pigs naturally infected with the metacestodes of Taenia
      solium and of uninfected pigs were assayed. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
      aminotransferase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate
      dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and ceruloplasmin
      activities were significantly increased in the serum of the infected pigs.

PMID- 4002614
TI  - Lack of mutagenicity of fasciolicides.
AB  - Six fasciolicides, bithionol, bromofenofos, DS-6, nitroxynil, oxyclozanide and
      tribromsalan, were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reverse mutation
      test using S. typhimurium tester strains TA100, TA98, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538
      and the micronucleus test in mice. None of the fasciolicides increased the number
      of revertant colonies in any tester strain in the presence and absence of S9 mix,
      nor did they induce a significant increase of the micronuclei in erythrocytes.
      Taking the high correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity into
      consideration, these results suggest that the fasciolicides tested in this
      investigation are devoid of carcinogenic action.

PMID- 4002615
TI  - Possible control mechanisms of feather follicle movement in the pectoral tract of
      the chicken.
AB  - Feather follicle movement control was studied on feathers of the pectoral tract
      in the anaesthetized chicken. Dissection of nerves leading to the follicles
      showed that their origin was at least partially in the sympathetic ganglia.
      Reflectoric ruffling of feathers could be obtained after adequate stimulation.
      Intravenous injections of drugs in doses which influenced the circulation gave
      the following results: Adrenaline caused erection of feathers which was abolished
      by phentolamine. Noradrenaline caused up and down movements after injection only
      at high doses. Similar results were obtained by placing of skin pieces in saline
      containing the drugs. The reaction to drugs was typical always for a given group
      of feathers. Killing of birds and anaesthesia caused general erection of feathers
      which was not abolished by phentolamine. The findings suggest that adrenergic
      synapses are involved in feather follicle movement control, but at least another
      mechanism (CNS) regulates feather follicle movement.

PMID- 4002616
TI  - Total serum bile acids and the bile acid profile as tests of liver function.
AB  - Total serum bile acid assay for the evaluation of liver function has been
      available for many years but its application has been limited primarily by
      factors such as methodology, equipment and cost. New and improved methods for
      bile acid assay such as the radioimmunoassay or the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      techniques have brought the assay for bile acids into the realm of the clinical
      laboratory. The efficacy of bile acids for clinical diagnostic use in the
      evaluation of liver function has not been firmly established. Newer methods using
      high pressure liquid chromatography to develop a profile of the different bile
      acids may clarify its usefulness and define its role among the many available
      tests of liver function in animals.

PMID- 4002617
TI  - Morphological, histochemical and histoenzymatic investigations on the lungs of
      mice chronically infected with influenza virus type A.
AB  - The lungs of mice having survived three inoculations with influenza virus
      A/PR8/34 (H1N1) repeated at 7-day intervals (an experimentally induced "chronic"
      influenza infection) were subjected to histological, electron optic,
      histochemical and histoenzymatic investigations. Hyperemia, edema and
      infiltration of the alveolar walls with lymphoid and monocytic elements could be
      observed. Electron microscopy revealed changes at the level of different
      ultrastructures of both lung and infiltration cells. A decrease in the levels of
      alkaline phosphatase, lactate, malate, succinate dehydrogenases and
      monoaminoxidase, an elevated amount of lipids and of mucopolysaccharides were
      made evident in the lung cells of mice chronically infected with influenza virus
      type A.

PMID- 4002618
TI  - Effect of caffeine on experimental influenza in mice.
AB  - Three 50-gamma, 125-gamma or 250-gamma doses of caffeine were administered to
      mice by intranasal (i.n.) route, either before or after i.n. inoculation of
      influenza virus A/PR8/34 (H1N1) A decrease in mortality by 30-50%, a slight
      increase in mean survival time and a significant decrease in the hemagglutinating
      (HA) titer of the virus were achieved by application of 125-gamma doses prior to
      virus inoculation. When given after inoculation caffeine appeared to induce only
      a reduction in HA titers. The HA capacity of an influenza virus suspension was
      significantly reduced by in vitro contact with caffeine. The possible mechanism
      underlying the antiinfluenza effect of caffeine is briefly discussed.

PMID- 4002619
TI  - An evaluation of California's inferred birth statistics for unmarried women.

PMID- 4002620
TI  - Persons injured and disability days due to injuries. United States, 1980-81.

PMID- 4002621
TI  - Detailed diagnoses and surgical procedures for patients discharged from short
      stay hospitals. United States, 1983.

PMID- 4002622
TI  - [Diagnostics and diagnosis yesterday, today and tomorrow].

PMID- 4002623
TI  - [Theory of diagnosis].

PMID- 4002624
TI  - [Social diagnostics].

PMID- 4002626
TI  - [Principles of functional diagnosis].

PMID- 4002625
TI  - [Psychological diagnostics in internal medicine].

PMID- 4002627
TI  - [Strategies in clinicobiochemical diagnosis].

PMID- 4002628
TI  - [An overview of diagnostic methods in diseases of the cardiovascular system].

PMID- 4002629
TI  - [News in electrocardiographic diagnosis].

PMID- 4002630
TI  - [New diagnostic procedures in nephrology].

PMID- 4002631
TI  - [Modern diagnostic trends and methods in clinical endocrinology].

PMID- 4002632
TI  - [An overview of new diagnostic principles and methods in hematology and their use
      in the general care of patients with internal diseases].

PMID- 4002633
TI  - [The decision-making algorithm in clinical practice (the internal dialogue of a
      doctor)].

PMID- 4002634
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis and monitoring of intracardiac thrombi].

PMID- 4002635
TI  - [Means of improving anesthesiological and resuscitation care at medical
      evacuation centers].

PMID- 4002636
TI  - [Thermal lesions of the ENT organs, their diagnosis and treatment at medical
      evacuation centers].

PMID- 4002637
TI  - [Postgraduate training of medical specialists].

PMID- 4002638
TI  - [Work with military medical personnel should be at the level of current demands].

PMID- 4002639
TI  - [Pathophysiological characteristics of light mechanical injuries].

PMID- 4002640
TI  - [Practical significance of the severity of the revascularization syndrome in
      treating acute arterial ischemia of the extremities].

PMID- 4002641
TI  - [The neuropeptide vasopressin in the recovery therapy of patients who have had
      viral hepatitis].

PMID- 4002642
TI  - [Hygienic assessment of the noise in living quarters near an airdrome].

PMID- 4002643
TI  - [Trends in the work of the aviation physician].

PMID- 4002644
TI  - [Clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of thermal lesions].

PMID- 4002645
TI  - [Treatment of bone fractures by rigid osteosynthesis in a magnetic field].

PMID- 4002646
TI  - [Method of capillary epicystostomy].

PMID- 4002647
TI  - [Multiple transfusions of regenerated erythrocytes in treating acute
      posthemorrhagic anemias (the Polish People's Republic)].

PMID- 4002648
TI  - [Lipid metabolism of the heart in ischemia and postischemic reperfusion].
AB  - Content of unesterified fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids and triglycerides was
      studied in myocardium of control rabbits, of rabbits with ischemia (1 hr and 4
      hrs) of myocardium and in postischemic reperfusion. In the ischemic myocardium
      content of phospholipids was gradually decreased; FFA increased within the first
      hour of ischemia. In reperfusion and prolongation of ischemia up to 4 hrs FFA
      were not altered. The data obtained suggest that a decrease in the ratio between
      the rates of FFA consumption and of lipid hydrolysis was responsible for an
      increase in the FFA content and in the phospholipid concentration.

PMID- 4002649
TI  - [Synthesis of mitochondrial proteins coded in the nucleus and mitochondria of the
      intact and regenerating liver of rats of various ages].
AB  - Rate of protein synthesis of rat liver tissue was decreased with ageing in
      mitochondria but not in nuclear fraction. Stimulation of the mitochondrial
      ionogenesis by means of partial hepatectomy made the effects of age more
      distinct. The rate of protein synthesis in mitochondria was distinctly higher in
      adult rats as compared with the old animals. Electrophoretic separation of
      labelled products of mitochondrial translation enabled to find more than 20
      individual polypeptides and showed that the age-dependent decrease in the
      synthesis rate was dissimilar for various proteins.

PMID- 4002650
TI  - [Modified radiometric method of determining amine oxidase activity].
AB  - A modified radiometric procedure is developed for estimation of amine oxidase
      activity. The method avoids withdrawal of samples in order to measure the
      radioactivity of reaction products. The enzymatic reaction, extraction of the
      products and measurement of the radioactivity were carried out in the same
      scintillation vials. Although the experimental error was shown to be higher as
      compared with the conventional procedure it did not interfere in the practical
      use of the modified procedure up to 0.1 microCi concentration of substrate per a
      sample. The modified procedure exhibited high efficiency in estimation of the
      amine oxidase activity in soluble fraction of human placenta. The variation
      coefficient of the method was 5.6%.

PMID- 4002651
TI  - [Peroxidation of blood serum lipids in rabbits with various thyroid functions].
AB  - Chemiluminescent properties of blood serum from rabbits with hypo-, normo- and
      hyperthyroidism were investigated. The ferrum-induced chemiluminescence of the
      serum was shown to be decreased both in hypo- and in hyperthyroidism as compared
      with the normal state. The oxidative capacity of the main substrate of the
      peroxidation in blood serum--apo-B containing lipoproteins--did not markedly
      differ in various states of thyroid gland. The efficiency of branched free
      radical chains was dissimilar; these data suggest that the content of lipid
      soluble antioxidants was increased in the lipoproteins in hypo- and decreased in
      hyperthyroidism. Measuring of the chemiluminescence quenching in the standard
      chemiluminescent system indicated that the content of water-soluble antioxidants
      was increased in blood of animals both with hypo- and hyperthyroidism. However, a
      higher content of water-soluble antioxidants was noted in blood of rabbits with
      hypothyroidism as compared with the animals with hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 4002652
TI  - [Glycolytic enzyme activity and levels of glycolysis metabolites in erythrocytes
      in physiological pregnancy].
AB  - Metabolic activity of erythrocytes was studied in healthy pregnant women. The
      second half of the normal pregnancy was characterized by an increase in activity
      of hexokinase, in content of 2,3-DPG, ADP, by a distinct decrease in ATP, NAD and
      the ratio ATP/ADP as well as by unaltered ratios NAD/NADH and lactate/pyruvate.

PMID- 4002653
TI  - [Radioimmunological characteristics of the distribution of hypothalamic
      glycoprotein--a precursor of cardiotropic neurohormone C--in the brain and
      viscera].
AB  - A radioimmunological procedure is described for estimation of cardiotropic
      glycoprotein (BNS), isolated from bovine hypothalamus, in various brain
      structures and some visceral tissues. The rabbit antiserum towards bovine BNS was
      used at a dilution 1:10,000. Concentration of BNS measured by the procedure in
      cat hypothalamus and cerebellum was equal to 1.5 ng and 0.84 ng/g of wet tissue,
      respectively. The immunoreactive activity of BNS was also found in adrenal
      glands, heart and skeletal muscles; it was not observed in kidney, lung and
      pancreas. Content of BNS in cat blood was 10 ng/ml. BNS appears to penetrate into
      circulating blood.

PMID- 4002655
TI  - [Accumulation of estrogen receptor complexes in the cell nuclei of the guinea pig
      uterus].
AB  - Accumulation of different estrogen-receptor (ER) complexes depending on the
      corresponding equilibrium and kinetic parameters of the ER interaction in guinea
      pig uterus cytosol was studied. High and significant correlation (r = 0.99, p
      less than 0.01) was found between the complex accumulation in nuclei and the
      values of the constant association rates. The data obtained suggest that
      intracellular ER interaction (at limited periods) was not an equilibrated but a
      quasistationary process. Activation of the ER complexes and their translocation
      into nuclei occurred unspecifically and independently on the properties of the
      ligand moiety. The translocation does not depend on presence of other competitive
      ligands in a reaction mixture or in cytoplasm of a target cell.

PMID- 4002654
TI  - [Intracellular distribution of estrogen receptors in the human endometrium].
AB  - Fifty samples of endometrial tissue from healthy women with regular menstrual
      cycle and from patients with uterine myoma, ovarian cystoma, uterine hypoplasia
      and endometriosis were studied. The amount of cytoplasmic (total and free) and
      nuclear estradiol-binding sites as well as estradiol (E2) concentration in the
      endometrial cells were estimated. Level of E2 in the peripheral blood plasma did
      not correlate with its content in endometrial cells. At the same time, amount of
      cytoplasmic estrogen receptors bound with E2 did not correlate with the estradiol
      content in cytoplasm. The data obtained suggest the leading role of the
      cytoplasmic estrogen-receptors interaction in development of hormonal effect on
      the tissue. The formation of hormone-receptor complexes appears to be controlled
      by some additional factors of unknown nature.

PMID- 4002656
TI  - [Determination of the serum enzyme and dehydrogenase activity of circulating
      lymphocytes during hemosorption in dietary hypercholesterolemia].
AB  - Hypercholesterolemia, produced in rabbits after long-term feeding with
      cholesterol, was accompanied by an increase in activity of alkaline phosphatase
      and LDH in blood serum as well as by a decrease in activity of intracellular
      dehydrogenases of lymphocytes. After hemosorption content of cholesterol and
      activity of blood serum enzymes were decreased; activity of alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase tended to decrease.

PMID- 4002657
TI  - [Pentose monophoshate pathway and the glutathione system in physiological
      pregnancy].
AB  - At the second and third trimesters of pregnancy an increase in activity of
      hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate-(G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases (6
      PDG) occurred simultaneously with a decrease in concentrations of NADPH2 by 26%,
      ATP by 17% and an increase in NADP by 10-15% in the pregnant women. Total amount
      of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was unaltered and constituted
      0.082-0.075 mmole/L in erythrocytes from both pregnant and nonpregnant women.
      Activities of hexose monophosphate and glycolytic pathways of glucose metabolism
      appear to increase in erythrocytes under conditions of normal pregnancy.
      Concentration of oxidized glutathione tended to increase in the pregnant women,
      suggesting a possibility of the hexose monophosphate shunt activation.

PMID- 4002658
TI  - [Mechanism of the maintenance of experimental hyperlipoproteinemia in the
      rabbit].
AB  - A decrease in lipolytic and total esterase activities as well as an increase in
      the rate of cholesterol esterification were found in blood of rabbits with
      experimental hyperlipoproteinemia caused by intravenous administration of
      atherogenic lipoproteins. Simultaneously, content of free and esterified
      cholesterol was increased in liver tissue, content of triglycerides and
      phospholipids was decreased in mitochondria; the lipolytic activity was elevated.

PMID- 4002659
TI  - [Androgen regulation of aldolase and phosphohexose isomerase in the liver and
      seminal vesicles of white rats].
AB  - Testosterone at doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg was shown to affect the
      phosphohexose isomerase and aldolase activities as well as the ratio of
      individual isozymes of aldolase. Phosphohexose isomerase from liver tissue was
      especially sensitive towards the effect of the hormone. The activity of
      phosphohexose isomerase was selectively inhibited by testosterone. Activity of
      aldolase from seminal vesicles was practically unaltered. Four fractions of
      aldolase were found in rat liver tissue, two fractions--in seminal vesicles.
      Testosterone at a dose of 1 mg/kg inhibited the aldolase of the B type in liver
      tissue. The activity of aldolase of type A was inhibited only after a single
      hormone administration.

PMID- 4002660
TI  - [Interrelation of the processes of lipid peroxidation and hydroxylation in the
      liver microsomal fraction of white rats with alloxan diabetes].
AB  - Alloxan diabetes was accompanied by an increase in ascorbate-NADPH-dependent
      lipid peroxidation with a simultaneous decrease in content of cytochrome P-450
      and in the rate aniline hydroxylation in rat liver microsomal fraction.
      Activation of lipid peroxidation, which led to impairment of the endoplasmic
      reticulum integrity as well as to destruction of cytochrome P-450, may be
      important in pathogenesis of alloxan diabetes.

PMID- 4002661
TI  - [Hexachlorobenzene induction of 2 forms of cytochrome P-450 in the rat liver
      microsome].
AB  - Induction of the monooxygenase system of xenobiotic metabolism by means of
      hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was studied in rat liver microsomes as compared with
      induction using phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC). HCB was shown
      to increase the content of cytochrome P-450 as well as aminopyrine- and
      benzphetamine-N-demethylase activities in liver microsomes. At the same time, HCB
      increased the benzpyrene hydroxylase activity as it was the case in induction
      with 3-MC. Electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel showed that HCB, as
      phenobarbital does, induced appearance of the protein with a molecular mass
      52,000 (cytochrome P-450) but not of the protein of molecular mass 56,000, which
      is the main isozyme of cytochrome P-450 in 3-MC microsomes (P-448). Except of
      cytochrome P-450, cytochrome, immunologically similar to cytochrome-P-448 from 3
      MC microsomes, constituted 10% of the total content of cytochrome in HCB
      microsomes as shown by rocket immunoelectrophoresis using monospecific antibodies
      towards individual cytochromes P-448 and P-450 (anti-P-448 and anti-P-450). Anti
      P-450 and especially anti-P-448 inhibited benzpyrene hydroxylase in HCB
      microsomes. HCB appears to be an inductor of a "mixed" type.

PMID- 4002662
TI  - [Comparative study of the action of O-phenanthroline metal complexes and a number
      of other compounds on the activity of brain arginase isoforms].
AB  - Two isoforms of arginase were isolated from rat brain tissue: isoform I-adsorbed
      on CM-Sephadex and isoform II-unadsorbed on the sorbent. In samples with arginine
      as a substrate Km values for isoforms I and II constituted 1.7 X 10(-3) M and 3.8
      X 10(-3) M, respectively. EDTA and o-phenanthroline inhibited these both brain
      arginase isoforms. As shown in experiments with o-phenanthroline metal complex
      affecting the brain arginase activity some copper complexes were able to inhibit
      most effectively the activity of the isoform II. Activity of both these isoforms
      was inhibited also by dithiothreitol, proline and acetaldehyde. Complexes of o
      phenanthroline with Co2+ and Fe2+ inhibited only slightly the activity of the
      isoform II and did not affect the isoform I. These data showed that brain
      arginase isoforms were markedly distinct in their properties from the ureotelic
      liver tissue arginase.

PMID- 4002663
TI  - [Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in normal human thrombocytes and in ischemic
      heart disease].
AB  - Two zones, exhibiting glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, were
      identified in lysates of thrombocytes from healthy persons by means of
      polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis; amount of the zones was increased up to
      7 during the preinfarction period and up to II within the acute period myocardial
      infarction, three zones were found at the postinfarction period. Temperature
      optimum of the enzyme activity from thrombocytes was near 50 degrees in both the
      healthy persons and in the patients with acute myocardial infarction. After
      preincubation of G6PD within 10 min at 40 degrees and 60 degrees the enzymatic
      activity was similarly decreased by (50-55% and 85-90%, respectively, in
      thrombocyte preparations from healthy persons and from the patients with
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4002665
TI  - [Estimation of the statistical significance of survival rates in cancer
      patients].

PMID- 4002664
TI  - [Biochemical characteristics of substances sorbed on SKN-2M activated charcoal
      during hemosorption in the normal state and following burn injury].
AB  - At the early period of burn toxemia content of toxic middle-molecular substances
      of peptide nature was increased in blood; these substances, which were absorbed
      on activated charcoal SKN-2M during hemosorption, were shown to inhibit the
      tissue respiration.

PMID- 4002666
TI  - [Study of the incidence of malignant tumors detected in mass screenings].
AB  - The paper deals with problems of screening for neoplasms in the course of follow
      up. 58.6% of all tumors were detected by screening. The number of cases of
      advanced cancer has stayed unchanged within the last 5 years.

PMID- 4002667
TI  - [Effect of tumor size and site on the prognosis in patients subjected to surgery
      for peripheral cancer of the lung].
AB  - An analysis of 5-year end results of the surgical treatment of 444 patients with
      peripheral cancer of the lung failed to establish any correlation between tumor
      size and prognosis in cases of lymph node involvement. In metastasis-free
      patients, the best results were obtained with tumor diameters under 2 cm
      regardless of their localization in lung tissue and with 2--4.9 cm tumors
      embedded in lung parenchyma. The results were somewhat worse in cases of tumors
      with diameters of 5.0 cm and more located deep in lung tissue as well as with
      tumors measuring more than 2 cm and extending through the visceral pleura and
      adjacent lobes. The worst end results were recorded in cases of tumors larger
      than 2 cm which extended into the adjacent structures of the thoracic cavity.

PMID- 4002668
TI  - [Various indices of metabolism and non-specific immunity in cancer of the
      thoracic region of the esophagus].
AB  - Studies on protein and carbohydrate metabolism in 100 esophageal cancer patients
      showed a correlation between changes in metabolism, on the one hand, and stage,
      site and macroscopic pattern of tumor as well as degree of dysplasia, on the
      other. Metabolic indexes were shown to return to normal two years after resection
      of the esophagus and esophagoplasty using small intestine. A study involving 42
      patients demonstrated that such parameters of non-specific immunity as complement
      activity and index of complete phagocytosis undergo maximum changes, viz. a
      decrease by 66.0 and 41.1%, respectively.

PMID- 4002669
TI  - [Correction of the function of the sympathoadrenal system in the surgical and
      combined treatment of patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach].
AB  - The study was concerned with the functional condition of the sympatho-adrenal
      system in 80 patients with cancer of the esophagus and proximal part of the
      stomach who had undergone surgery and received combined treatment, coupled with
      measures aimed at correcting the sympatho-adrenal system in some cases. Treatment
      with phenformin, decaris and S-methylmethionine was shown to produce a favorable
      effect on certain stages of catecholamine synthesis and metabolism as well as on
      immunologic indexes and hemodynamic stability.

PMID- 4002670
TI  - [Prognosis of the results of the surgical treatment of patients with cancer of
      the colon].
AB  - A system including 10 factors of internal environment was developed on the basis
      of the EC-1022 computer-processed data on 389 cases of colonic cancer. Six of
      these factors proved to be of prognostic value. Graphs of probable prognosis of
      surgical treatment showed a direct correlation between the frequency of
      unfavorable results and importance of prognostically significant factors.

PMID- 4002671
TI  - [The role of the structural characteristics of ovarian dysgerminoma in its
      prognosis].
AB  - The paper discusses the results of a retrospective analysis of the clinical
      course of ovarian dysgerminoma. The clinical and morphological peculiarities of
      22 cases were evaluated. The cases were identified as "classical", unmixed
      dysgerminoma. Patients were divided into two study groups: (I) those with good
      prognosis and (2) patients with fast advancing disease. The patients of the first
      study group were found to have "classical" dysgerminoma, while those of the
      second study group revealed typical dysgerminomas with areas characteristic of
      tumor of the endodermal sinus, or atypical areas (a detailed morphological
      description of the latter is given). Some atypical areas showed structures
      indistinguishable between dysgerminoma and tumor of the endodermal sinus. The
      latter tumor was more frequent in recurrent and metastatic lesions. This makes
      the case for monitoring tumor process by histological examination of tumor at
      different stages of its progression and offers means for individually-tailored
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 4002672
TI  - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of transitional cell carcinoma of the
      prostate].
AB  - Transitional cell carcinoma was identified in 11 out of 600 autopsied cases of
      prostatic cancer (1.8%). Invasion into adjacent organs and tissues was recorded
      in 6 out of 11 cases, metastases--in 9 (bone lesions--5 cases). Most of the cases
      suffered poorly-differentiated transitional cell carcinoma (areas of
      undifferentiated small-cell tumor in some cases). Transitional cell carcinoma of
      the prostate is a highly malignant tumor, resistant to hormonal and radiation
      treatment.

PMID- 4002673
TI  - [Effect of antioxidants on the carcinogenic and mutagenic activity of
      benzo[a]pyrene].
AB  - The changes in toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of benzo(a)pyrene
      (BP) in combination with two new phenolic antioxidants, phenosan-acid and -ester,
      were studied. Although both phenols investigated were characterized by marked
      toxic and mutagenic activity, their combination with BP appeared to protect
      mammalian cells against the action of the carcinogenic substance. A distinct
      correlation between inhibition of the mutagenic and toxic activities of BP and
      the dose of antioxidants was observed. The effect of phenosans on skin
      carcinogenesis induced by BP depended to a larger degree on the conditions of
      application of test substances. When combined applications of BP and antioxidants
      to the skin of mice were used, phenosans suppressed carcinogenesis, thus
      prolonging the latent period of tumor induction. When two-stage scheme of
      carcinogenesis was applied, a tendency for development predominantly benign skin
      tumors under the influence of antioxidants was noted. The use of the new phenolic
      antioxidants--phenosan-acid and -ester--seems to offer advantage in reducing
      mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 4002674
TI  - [Ultrastructure of asbestos-induced mesotheliomas].
AB  - Experimental mesotheliomas induced in albino rats by treatment with isometric
      crocidolite asbestos were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cellular
      structure of different types of neoplasms was examined. The ultrastructural
      investigation was carried out using both freshly-resected materials and those
      recovered from paraffin blocks. The characteristic features of nuclei and
      cytoplasm are described with special attention being given to cytoplasmic
      organelles. On the basis of morphological light and electron microscopic study
      the authors discuss the histogenesis of different types of mesotheliomas. An
      attempt is being made to establish the origin of fibromatous mesotheliomas and to
      improve the available classifications.

PMID- 4002676
TI  - [Evaluation of screening methods in the detection of breast cancer].
AB  - The paper discusses such theoretical aspects of screening as lead time, tumor
      doubling time and duration of presymptomatic period. A procedure for calculating
      indexes of effectiveness of screening in a population (sensitivity, specificity
      and predictive value of positive and negative results of screening) is suggested.
      The data available at the All-Union Center for Research on Breast Cancer at the
      N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health were
      used to calculate lead time which appeared to be 3.16 years. It was found that
      screening can establish the diagnosis of breast cancer as early as 3 years prior
      to its clinical manifestations.

PMID- 4002675
TI  - [Rehabilitation of patients with laryngeal cancer after fronto-lateral resections
      with endoprosthesis].
AB  - A newly-developed polymer endoprosthesis was used at the second stage of combined
      treatment of 20 patients with stage II--III laryngeal cancer to prevent
      persistent stenosis following resection of the larynx and to assure an earlier
      rehabilitation. Endoprosthesis was installed after fronto-lateral resection in
      all cases. The endoprosthesis was made from biologically-compatible materials on
      a preservative and regenerator agent-impregnated polyvinyl-pyrrolidone base.
      After being located in laryngeal lumen for 30--45 days, the prosthesis was
      removed endolaryngeally under out-patient hospital conditions and the cannula was
      taken out 6--10 days later. Within the following 12 months and longer, both
      laryngeal lumen and respiration were normal.

PMID- 4002677
TI  - [Effect of diet therapy on indicators of lipid metabolism in obese children].
AB  - The effects of staged, readaptation dietetic management on the time course of
      changes in the body weight and lipid metabolism were studied in 40 children aged
      10-15 years with constitutional exogenous obesity, stages II and III. It was
      based on a progressive metabolic readaptation of the sick body. Analysis of the
      data obtained indicates that dietetic management produces different effects in
      obese children, which attests to the gravity of metabolic disorders in
      overweight. This in turn may be evidence for disease heterogenicity. The
      conclusion is made about the necessity of exercising an individualized approach
      to the treatment of obesity and of taking additional measures aimed at
      normalization of metabolism and attainment of body weight regression.

PMID- 4002678
TI  - [Health status indicators in elderly persons receiving various amounts of
      carbohydrates in their food].
AB  - The authors studied factual nutrition and the health status in 272 practically
      healthy elderly persons aged 60 to 74 years. Depending on the content of
      carbohydrates in the food, they were divided into 2 groups. The first group
      comprised persons, in whose diets the carbohydrate component was either equal to
      45% of the average daily caloric value or was lower; the second group comprised
      test subjects with this component amounting to 60% and even higher. Analysis of
      the chemical composition of the diets of the group 2 test subjects demonstrated
      that the basic nutritive substances were unbalanced, and protein, vitamins and
      mineral elements were deficient. A close correlation was found between the
      carbohydrate content of the diet, which determined to a considerable degree the
      magnitude of its caloric value, and the health status of the elderly persons.
      Excess carbohydrates in the diet and its caloricity exerted an unfavourable
      effect on the general clinical condition, body weight, function of the
      cardiovascular system, the degree of changes in both lipid and carbohydrate
      metabolism, and promoted the development of more remarkable clinical
      manifestations of the atherosclerotic process in the elderly persons.

PMID- 4002679
TI  - [Energy requirement of miners working in modern, highly mechanized coal mines].
AB  - It was established that under the conditions of modern highly mechanized coal
      mines, the miners' work refers mainly to the category of hard and particularly
      hard physical work. The data of energy losses obtained by indirect calorimetry
      and accurate calculation of the caloric value of the food taken and control of
      the body weight were found to be similar.

PMID- 4002680
TI  - [Study of the nutritive value of grain proteins using Tribolium confusum larvae].
AB  - A study was made of the nutrition of Tribolium confusum larvae with the purpose
      of using them as test-organism for determination of the nutritive value of grain
      proteins. It was demonstrated that there is a good agreement between the content
      of lysine in the grain diets containing barley and corn and average daily weight
      gains among the insects: r = +0,85 and r = +0,75, respectively. It was noted that
      during nutrition with grain diets containing different levels of proteins, the
      growth of the insects depended on the protein quality. Experiments on the insects
      fed diets prepared from different anatomical parts of the grain demonstrated a
      high nutritive value of germ proteins. Comparative experiments performed with the
      diets from barley demonstrated a good agreement between average daily weight
      gains of rats and insect larvae (r = +0.9). The data obtained indicate that the
      test-organism under consideration can be used for evaluating the nutritive value
      of grain proteins.

PMID- 4002681
TI  - [Toxicological study of the long-term effects of the antioxidant dodecyl gallate
      on albino rats].
AB  - Toxicity of the antioxidant dodecyl gallate was studied in 150-day experiments on
      male white rats. The antioxidant was administered intragastrically in doses of
      250, 50 and 10 mg/kg bw. The general status and behavior of the animals, the
      survival rate, weight gain, peripheral blood, the amount of urea, total serum
      protein, soluble proteins of the liver and kidneys, and activity of enzymes (AST,
      ALT, LDH, SDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase
      of the serum, liver and kidneys, the weight of the internal organs) were studied
      over time, followed by morbid anatomy studies. Quantitative determination of
      serum lipids (total fats, total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, free
      cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, triglycerides plus free fatty
      acids, and phospholipids) was made on the 150th day after the onset of
      experiments. When administered in a dose of 250 mg/kg, dodecyl gallate produced
      death of the animals and an increase in the content of triglycerides plus free
      fatty acids, a decrease in the weight of the spleen and morphological alterations
      in the liver, kidneys and spleen. The dose 50 mg/kg was also toxic. It brought
      about changes in the activity of serum and liver AST, an increase in the content
      of TF, TG, FFA, TG plus FFA and phospholipids, a reduction in the weight of the
      spleen and pathological changes in the liver, kidneys and spleen. The dose 10
      mg/kg is regarded as liminal.

PMID- 4002682
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the biological availability of dietary and mineral
      cadmium].
AB  - Experiments on rats were made to study absorption, distribution in tissues and
      bioavailability of feed (internal label) and mineral (external label) cadmium
      109. It was established that feed cadmium is absorbed from the gastrointestinal
      tract 6 times less effective as compared with an aqueous solution of cadmium
      chloride. In internal label, there takes place more rapid and more complete
      translocation of cadmium from blood plasma to red cells, whereas it
      bioavailability for the basic organs of deposition (kidneys, liver) is 5 times as
      decreased. Possible causes of the events described are discussed.

PMID- 4002683
TI  - [Characteristics of the toxic effect of lead ingested with food in model
      experiments].
AB  - A transformed form of lead was obtained in model experiments. It was established
      that administration of lead in the ionic form (repeated action, 21 times) in a
      dose of 0.2 mg/kg bw produces a toxic effect. Administration of the transformed
      form of lead did not bring about any statistically significant alterations on the
      part of the toxic and specific indicators.

PMID- 4002684
TI  - [Changes in the nutritive value of food products after thermal culinary
      handling].
AB  - The data were summarized for the first time concerning the losses of the basic
      food substances (protein, fats, carbohydrates, Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, vitamins A,
      B1, B2, PP, C) and caloric value as a result of the different methods of culinary
      treatment: cooking, frying, stewing, baking, and so forth. It was shown that the
      greatest losses of vegetable foods are observed during frying, those of animal
      foods during cooking. It was also shown that the least losses of nutritive
      substances of vegetable foods are observed during cooking without water pouring
      off. The losses of nutritive substances of animal foods were minimal during
      stewing, baking and cooking in the form of cutlets. For rough estimation of the
      daily diet the losses during thermal culinary treatment may be assumed on the
      average as 6% (proteins), 12% (fats), 9% (carbohydrates), and 10% (the caloric
      value).

PMID- 4002685
TI  - [Technochemical characteristics of canned "Natural Antarctic shrimp meat" and its
      nutritive value].
AB  - The authors studied the technochemical characteristics and biological value of
      the canned food prepared from Antarctic krill--a new type of raw material. Lipids
      were assayed by thin-layer chromatography, fatty acids by means of a G-180 Yanako
      chromatograph, the amino acid composition of proteins by a metry. It was shown
      that the chemical composition of the canned food "Natural Antarctic Krill Meat"
      is similar to that of the canned food manufactured from crabs. Protein was found
      to be a predominant component of solid substances. Proteins were discovered to
      contain all essential amino acids. The protein efficacy of the krill meat
      slightly decreases in the course of canned food sterilization, However, their
      biological value remains high, being inferior to casein but insignificantly. The
      content of toxic elements contained by mineral substances does not exceed the
      maximal allowable concentration. The diet containing canned food manufactured
      from krill reduces the blood cholesterol content.

PMID- 4002686
TI  - [Effectiveness of complex sanatorium-health resort treatment of obesity including
      reducing diet].

PMID- 4002688
TI  - [Analysis of the influenza situation in the USSR and the GDR in nonepidemic (1978
      1979) and epidemic (1979-1980) seasons].
AB  - Analysis of comparative surveillance on influenza carried out in the USSR and the
      GDR is presented. It was shown that both in the nonepidemic and epidemic seasons
      the incidence of influenza in the USSR increased considerably earlier than in the
      GDR. In the nonepidemic season of 1978-1979, strains of different antigenic
      structure were in circulation in the USSR and the GDR, whereas the epidemic of
      1979-1980 was induced by new drift variants of A(H3N2) virus, A/Bangkok/1/79 and
      A/Bangkok/2/79. The epidemic strains circulating in both countries were
      dissimilar biologically and antigenically. In the nonepidemic period in the USSR
      and GDR the circulating A(H1N1) strains were represented not only by drift
      variants A/USSR/90/77 and A/Brazil/11/78 but also by natural recombinants of
      A(H1N1), A/USSR/61/79, in which the internal proteins (P, NP, NS, and M) were
      analogous to those of A(H3N2).

PMID- 4002687
TI  - [Antigenic properties of variants of the influenza virus H7N7 and its
      recombinants].
AB  - Passages of the A/seal/Massachusetts/1/80 strain in different biological systems
      (chick embryos, mice, chickens, organ cultures of human embryo trachea) yielded
      variants differing from the original virus both in their biological and antigenic
      properties. The M20 variant selected in passages of the seal virus in mouse lungs
      differed from the latter only in biological but not antigenic properties. The
      OC20 and C20 variants produced by passages of the seal virus in organ cultures
      and chicken lungs differed from the original virus only antigenically. The
      antigenic properties were examined by the HI test using monoclonal antibodies to
      the A/seal/Massachusetts/1/80 strain. In addition, the HI test with the selected
      variants and individual clones of the seal virus as well as recombinants produced
      with this virus revealed variability of the epitope of hemagglutinin reacting
      with monoclone 71/4. Because mice, chickens and chick embryos had no specific
      antibodies to the A/seal/Massachusetts/1/80 strain, a conclusion is drawn on the
      possibility of antigenic variability of influenza A virus in nonimmune hosts.

PMID- 4002689
TI  - [Characteristics of the glycoproteins of vaccinal strains of the influenza
      viruses solubilized by octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside].
AB  - The use of a nonionic detergent, octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (OG), under optimal
      conditions is highly effective in selective solubilization of membrane proteins
      (glycoproteins) of influenza A and B viruses, including the strains currently
      recommended for polytype inactivated influenza vaccines. The yield of
      hemagglutinin was 84-90% of the initial level in the virion concentrate. The
      antigenic stability of hemagglutinin of the A/H3 subtype upon storage for over 2
      years and the A/H1 subtype for about 1 year (the observation period) was
      demonstrated. According to the results of electron microscopic studies, the
      glycoproteins solubilized with OG are present before removal of the detergent in
      the form of isolated subunits, "rosettes", and their agglomerates, and after
      removal of the detergent in the form of virosomes (clumps of subunits on
      liposomes) more heterogeneous in size (20 to 130 nm) and shape than the intact
      virus. The process of virosome formation is reversible and depends on the
      presence of the detergent. The resulting glycoproteins of influenza virus vaccine
      strains solubilized with the OG detergent possess the characteristics which make
      this agent promising for use in the manufacture of polytype subunit vaccine.

PMID- 4002690
TI  - [Physicochemical properties of the RNA and proteins of an influenza virus H1N3
      isolated from an ill child and antigenically analogous to A/whale/TO/19/76].
AB  - A comparative analysis of RNA and proteins of influenza A/Baku/799/82,
      A/whale/TO/19/76, and A/PR8/34 viruses was carried out. The viruses were shown to
      be similar in their polypeptide composition and oligopeptide maps of the heavy
      (HA1) and light (HA2) chains of hemagglutinin; in their migration properties of
      RNA fragments in polyacrylamide gel the A/Baku/799/82 and A/whale/TO/19/76
      viruses were similar but not identical. Marked differences in the electrophoretic
      mobility in gel of RNA fragments coding for P proteins, HA, NP, and NA
      polypeptides were demonstrated. All these fragments of A/whale/TO/19/76 virus had
      higher electrophoretic mobility in gel. RNA fragments coding for M and NS
      proteins had a similar electrophoretic mobility. The A/Baku/799/82 and
      A/whale/TO/19/76 viruses differed considerably in migration properties of the RNA
      fragment coding for neuraminidase from the epidemic A/PR8/34 virus. In the
      latter, this fragment had a higher electrophoretic mobility in gel. Experiments
      of RNA-RNA hybridization demonstrated a high degree of homology of the primary
      structure of all RNA fragments of A/Baku/799/82 and A/whale/TO/19/76 viruses.

PMID- 4002691
TI  - [Immunogenicity of a subunit influenza vaccine in experiments on animals].
AB  - The data on isolation of purified influenza virus glycoproteins and their
      reconstruction into liposomes by means of a new nonionic detergent, MESK, are
      presented. Sedimentational and flotational distribution of glycoprotein and
      liposome preparations was studied. In the presence of the detergent, the isolated
      glycoproteins were shown to occur mostly in a monomeric form. Removal of the
      detergent by dialysis resulted in formation of protein micelles, and the presence
      of exogenously introduced lipids in reconstruction of liposomes heterogeneous in
      composition. The resulting preparations had a high degree of biochemical purity
      and biological activity meeting the requirements for subunit vaccine properties.
      The immunogenic potency of a subunit influenza vaccine produced with the use of
      the MESK detergent was studied. The glycoproteins isolated with the use of MESK
      were shown to be comparable in their immunogenic potency with glycoproteins
      comprising viral particles. The influence of the form of glycoproteins
      presentation on their immunogenic potency was studied. Glycoproteins in the form
      of micelles and as components of liposomes were found to have a good immunogenic
      potency and to be able to induce protective immunity preventing experimental
      influenza infection in mice. Monomeric forms of glycoproteins had no such
      properties.

PMID- 4002692
TI  - [Influenza virus replication in the presence of bonafton and other inhibitors of
      macromolecular synthesis].
AB  - Formation of virus-specific RNAs in the presence of bonafton, actinomycin D, and
      cycloheximide was studied. The degree of bonafton inhibition of the synthesis of
      the genome and complementary RNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected
      cells varied. The effect of bonafton on replication and transcription of
      influenza virus differs from that of actinomycin and cycloheximide. Bonafton
      appears to disturb the regulation of these processes, specifically inhibiting the
      synthesis of individual fragments of viral RNA.

PMID- 4002693
TI  - [Characteristics of a cell-culture infection with the tick-borne encephalitis
      virus with periodic replacement of the culture medium].
AB  - The following features were revealed in pig embryo kidney cell cultures infected
      with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in which the maintenance medium was
      changed periodically: more rapid accumulation of TBE virus-specific proteins,
      active proliferation of spherical vesicular structures and membrane elements of
      the endoplasmic reticulum, transformation of the latter into regularly arrayed
      complexes, a statistically significant increase in the yield of the infectious
      virus.

PMID- 4002694
TI  - [Detection of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the healthy population of different cities in
      the USSR].

PMID- 4002695
TI  - [Increased sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination reaction by using
      erythrocyte diagnostic agents for the respiratory syncytial].

PMID- 4002696
TI  - [Effect of ketamine on uterine contraction after administration of oxytocin].

PMID- 4002697
TI  - [Endoscopic diagnosis of allergic reactions in mucous membranes of the nose and
      paranasal sinuses].

PMID- 4002698
TI  - [Endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity].

PMID- 4002699
TI  - [Neurotic and pseudoneurotic syndromes in patients with symptoms of organic brain
      damage].

PMID- 4002700
TI  - [2 cases of gastro-jejuno-colonic fistula].

PMID- 4002701
TI  - [Triple gallbladder as a rare development anomaly of the biliary tract].

PMID- 4002702
TI  - [Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder with inflammatory changes in its wall].

PMID- 4002703
TI  - [Selective damage of erythropoietic and thrombopoietic systems in hepatitis B].

PMID- 4002704
TI  - [Cornelia de Lange's syndrome associated with mucoviscidosis in a 7-year-old
      boy].

PMID- 4002705
TI  - [Thoracic outlet syndrome].

PMID- 4002706
TI  - [Role of the Outpatient Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis in primary
      health care].

PMID- 4002707
TI  - [Combined use of isoprenaline and hydralazine in the treatment of chronic
      circulatory insufficiency].

PMID- 4002708
TI  - [Evaluation of mucosal energy substrates in patients with stomach cancer. I.
      Glycogen concentration].

PMID- 4002709
TI  - [Incidence of lactose intolerance discerned in population studies in Poland].

PMID- 4002710
TI  - [Accidental poisoning in children].

PMID- 4002711
TI  - [Detection of antibodies against bovine protein in the sera of healthy children].

PMID- 4002712
TI  - [Treatment of femoral shaft fractures by the Kuntscher method].

PMID- 4002713
TI  - [Recognition of exercise physiology in the clinical practice of obstetrics and
      perinatology].

PMID- 4002715
TI  - [Intestinal tuberculosis in a case report].

PMID- 4002714
TI  - [Difficulties in diagnosis of active tuberculosis in patients treated in an
      internal diseases clinic].

PMID- 4002716
TI  - [265-day survival after percutaneous drainage to correct cholemia caused by an
      inoperable tumor of the bile ducts].

PMID- 4002717
TI  - [Coexistence of ureteral calculi with tubal pregnancy].

PMID- 4002718
TI  - [Lipoma of the brain stem].

PMID- 4002719
TI  - [Case of maternal and fetal death caused by acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 4002720
TI  - [Cardioversion in the 36th week of pregnancy].

PMID- 4002721
TI  - [Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (causes, diagnosis and therapy)].

PMID- 4002722
TI  - [Epidemiology and clinical course of perinatally acquired hepatitis B infection].
AB  - A report is presented on 10 children with perinatally-acquired hepatitis B virus
      infection. In 9 cases the mother was most probably the source of infection
      (vertical transmission of hepatitis B), whilst one child was infected via
      repeated blood transfusion. 7 mothers were of south-eastern European and/or
      Anatolian origin. Only 2 mothers suffered from clinically apparent liver disease
      (one had chronic-aggressive hepatitis with positive HBs-antigen and the other had
      acute hepatitis B). All the others were healthy hepatitis B carriers. Of 7
      mothers examined 2 were HBe-antigen positive, and 5 were anti-HBe positive. The
      clinical course of infection in children varied: 2 children developed subclinical
      infection, 2 developed acute hepatitis B, which was fulminant with a fatal
      outcome in one. 6 children showed antigen persistence (HBs-antigen carriers) over
      the whole period of observation. In one child this antigen persistence is
      associated with cirrhosis of the liver, 3 children suffer from chronic-persistent
      hepatitis B, 2 children are healthy carriers; all children are HBe-antigen
      positive and, thus, seem to be highly infectious. Apart from the risk to the
      individual, perinatal hepatitis B infection in a certain population. Hence,
      preventive measures are indicated and should be carried out in form of HBs
      antigen screening of pregnant women - at least of high-risk groups - and active
      passive immunization of the newborns at risk. The indication for immunization
      should not depend on the HBe-antigen status of HBs-antigen positive mothers.

PMID- 4002723
TI  - [Supplementation with fully adapted milk substitute or calorie-free tea in the
      first days of life. Effect on drinking behavior and some measurements in mature
      healthy newborns].
AB  - 180 mature newborn infants (birth-weight 3390 +/- 397 g) were randomly divided
      into 2 groups of 90 each: all were breast-fed according to the guide-lines
      recommended by "La Leche League". When breast feeds did not suffice the infants
      in group A were supplemented with sugar-free tea (o kcal), those in group B with
      a fully adapted formula (518 kcal/dl). Group A infants generally were more
      hungry, scored a greater suckling activity, higher feeding frequency and less
      calorie intake. 19% of them received 1-2 additional milk-feeds because of severe
      hunger reactions. Group B had a somewhat lower intake of breast milk, a
      statistically significant higher intake of supplementary feeds and a higher
      calorie intake. 5.5% in either group were not supplemented at all. The groups did
      not differ in body temperature, greatest weight loss, serum bilirubin and blood
      glucose levels and red blood cell count. Supplementation of formula revealed no
      obvious advantage over supplementation of tea in the first 4 days of life.
      However, feeding frequency was lower in infants receiving milk supplements.

PMID- 4002724
TI  - [Pathologic anatomy and mechanism of brain tissue damage in Mycoplasma infection
      based on a case report].
AB  - The following report deals with the pathological findings in severe brain tissue
      damage secondary to Mycoplasma infection with positive serological
      identification. The patient, a girl of 4 1/2 years, presented with the clinical
      signs of severe cerebral damage of acute onset and succumbed after an illness of
      74 days. Autopsy revealed extensive cortical necrosis in one hemisphere with
      focal necrosis in the basal ganglia of the opposite hemisphere, together with
      demyelination and marked glial reaction. Although the changes suggest damage due
      to circulatory factors, the brain vessels appear normal. Disseminated
      intravascular coagulation appears to be the most likely pathogenesis.

PMID- 4002725
TI  - [Report on the spring meeting of the Austrian Working Group on Morphological and
      Functional Atherosclerosis Research. Graz, 31 May-1 June 1985. Angiopathy and
      thrombosis in children. Abstracts].

PMID- 4002726
TI  - [Diet in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 4002727
TI  - [Pathogenesis of late diabetic damage].

PMID- 4002728
TI  - The health profile of Egypt.

PMID- 4002729
TI  - Two rounds of a rural health survey in Ethiopia, 1982-1983: need, objectives,
      preparations, data collection and evaluation of quality.

PMID- 4002730
TI  - Health surveys: who, why and what?

PMID- 4002731
TI  - Surveys to measure programme coverage and impact: a review of the methodology
      used by the expanded programme on immunization.

PMID- 4002732
TI  - A novel metabolite of tinidazole involving nitro-group migration.
AB  - After oral doses to dogs of 14C-tinidazole, a 5-nitroimidazolyl antiprotozoal
      compound, a major and previously unidentified radioactive metabolite was isolated
      from urine and shown by FAB mass spectrometry and n.m.r. spectroscopy to be ring
      hydroxylated. The exact identity of this metabolite was established by X-ray
      diffraction analysis as ethyl 2-(5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-1-imidazolyl)ethyl
      sulphone. The apparent migration of the nitro group from the 5 position in the
      parent drug to the 4 position in the metabolite is a novel metabolic route.

PMID- 4002733
TI  - Disposition and metabolism of chloramphenicol in trout.
AB  - The urinary and faecal excretion, tissue distribution and metabolism of 3H
      chloramphenicol (CP) were measured in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri R., after a
      single 50 mg/kg intragastric dose. The major route of excretion of 3H was faecal
      (64.3% of the dose), with approx. 16% in the urine in five days. Radioactivity
      was widely distributed in trout tissues and organs, the highest concen. being in
      the bile and intestine. At 48 h after dosing, the radioactivity remaining in the
      liver, the muscle and the perigastric adipose tissue was as CP-derived compounds
      bound to tissues. In addition to unchanged CP (4.3% dose after 96 h), the other
      metabolites excreted in the urine were CP base (5.2%), CP alcohol (4.0%) and CP
      glucuronide (1.8%).

PMID- 4002734
TI  - Metabolism of phenylbutazone in rats.
AB  - The metabolism of phenylbutazone has been investigated in female rats dosed with
      the drug by gavage. The major route of excretion is via the urine; 50% of the
      dose being excreted in the first 24 h. A small percentage of the dose is excreted
      in the faeces. Following administration of 14C-phenylbutazone, five labelled,
      unconjugated hydroxy compounds were identified in the urine by t.l.c. and
      autoradiography; both hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable conjugates were found.
      Aqueous extracts of faeces contained O conjugates of oxyphenbutazone and 4
      hydroxy-oxyphenbutazone (which may be a decomposition product). Urine metabolites
      soluble in organic solvents were quantified by inverse isotope dilution assay and
      spectrophotometric analysis. The major metabolite is the gamma-hydroxy derivative
      of phenylbutazone present both as the lactone and as the straight-chain compound,
      while oxyphenbutazone and p, gamma-dihydroxyphenylbutazone are minor metabolites.

PMID- 4002735
TI  - Methadone metabolism in the rat in vivo: identification of a novel formamide
      metabolite.
AB  - Deuterium-labelled methadone and metabolites were used for the g.l.c.-mass
      spectrometry detection and identification of biliary conjugated methadone
      metabolites in rats. After beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis the bile extract
      contained an unknown metabolite that was not ring hydroxylated and retained an
      intact keto group. Chemical oxidation of the methadone metabolite 2-ethylidene
      N,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, perchlorate salt (EDDP) with m
      chloroperbenzoic acid in chloroform, gave a compound identical by g.l.c.-mass
      spectrometry to the new metabolite. The chemical oxidation product was identified
      as 2-(4',4'-diphenylheptan-5'-one-2'-yl)oxaziridine by spectroscopic methods. The
      oxaziridine was shown to quantitatively isomerize to a secondary formamide (2
      formamido-4,4-diphenyl-5-heptanone) during g.l.c.-mass spectrometry analysis. The
      formamide was also isolated by flash column chromatography after reflux of the
      oxaziridine in m-xylene, and then characterized by spectroscopy. The formamide
      and oxaziridine g.l.c.-mass spectrometry characteristics were identical. It was
      concluded on the basis of g.l.c.-mass spectrometry that the metabolite is the
      secondary formamide.

PMID- 4002736
TI  - Disposition in rats and mice of 7-methoxy-2-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan.
AB  - The disposition of 7-methoxy-2-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (MNNF), labelled with 14C
      in the furan ring (label 1) and in the methoxy group (label 2) has been studied
      in rats and mice. After i.p. administration to rat (5 mg/kg), both labelled
      species were absorbed by the lymphatics; and after oral administration, through
      the intestinal lumen. Excretion of the furan ring (label 1) is mainly urinary
      (44% dose in 24 h); label 2 was mostly expired as 14CO2 (48% dose in 24 h),
      indicating considerable demethylation. No target organ was found for MNNF, except
      liver and kidney. For both labelled species given orally, radioactivity was bound
      to the intestinal wall. Preliminary metabolic studies, using t.l.c. and h.p.l.c.,
      have shown the presence of an urinary metabolite, namely, the glucuronide of 7
      hydroxy-2-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (15-20% of the urinary radioactivity). The
      remaining radioactivity comprises basic compounds, that bind to a cationic resin,
      which might be formed by enzymic reduction of the nitro group.

PMID- 4002737
TI  - Additional routes in the metabolism of phenacetin.
AB  - omega-Hydroxylation of the ethyl moiety of phenacetin by rabbit-liver microsomal
      preparations was slow, but was increased 10-fold by pretreatment of the animals
      with phenobarbitone (PB), and was decreased 2.8-fold by treatment with 3
      methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF). N-[4-(2
      hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]acetamide (beta-HAP), the omega-hydroxylation product, which
      was detected in trace amounts only in the urine of rabbits injected with
      phenacetin, was converted into [4-(acetylamino)phenoxy]acetic acid (4-APA) by the
      microsomal and cytosolic fraction of liver homogenate and NADP+ or NAD+. Rabbits
      excreted 56% of a dose of beta-HAP as 4-APA in the 48 h urine. Phenacetin,
      injected i.p. into rabbits previously treated with PB, was excreted in the urine
      as 4-APA (12.2% of dose). beta-HAP formed endogenously or added as substrate in
      vitro was recovered as the O-acetyl derivative, when ethyl acetate was used for
      extraction of metabolites from microsomal incubation mixtures. (omega-1)
      Hydroxylation of the ethyl moiety of phenacetin, which gave 4-acetamido-phenol,
      occurred rapidly with rabbit-liver microsomal preparations, and was not increased
      significantly after pretreatment of animals with either PB or 3-MC. omega
      Hydroxylation of the acetic moiety of phenacetin by rabbit-liver preparations to
      give N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)glycolamide (4-GAP) was slow, but was increased three-fold
      after pretreatment of animals with 3-MC or beta-NF, whereas PB had no effect. 4
      GAP was detected in trace amounts only in the urine of rabbits injected i.p. with
      phenacetin. N-Hydroxylation of phenacetin by rabbit-liver microsomal preparations
      was slow, but increased three-fold after treatment of animals with 3-MC, and was
      unchanged by PB. N-Hydroxylation of phenacetin by hepatic microsomes from 3-MC
      treated rabbits was 26 times slower than that of 2-acetylaminofluorene; no N
      hydroxy derivatives of N-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide and propanil were detected in
      vitro.

PMID- 4002738
TI  - Dose-dependent elimination of theophylline in rats.
AB  - The effect of different doses on the rate of metabolism of theophylline in rats
      was investigated. After doses of 52 or 115 mg/kg, the initial concn. decayed
      according to a first-order process with an apparent half-life of about four
      hours. However, after four to eight hours the slope of the curves declined,
      resulting in elimination half-lives of about 70 min. Similar half-lives of 70 min
      were also found after doses of 6 or 11 mg/kg. The AUC increased
      disproportionately with dose, indicating capacity-limited elimination. No
      differences were observed in capacity-limited elimination of the two major
      metabolites of theophylline: the ratio between the amounts of 1,3-dimethyluric
      acid and 1-methyluric acid formed was independent of the dose of theophylline.
      The initial apparent first-order decay after higher doses resulted from a
      combination of capacity-limited metabolism and compensatory increased diuresis of
      unchanged theophylline. It is concluded that linear pharmacokinetics of
      theophylline in rats apply only to doses not exceeding 10 mg/kg.

PMID- 4002739
TI  - Circulating and brain metabolites of minaprine in the baboon.
AB  - A mixture of 15N-labelled, 14C-labelled and unlabelled minaprine was administered
      orally to three baboons, and metabolites in blood, urine and brain investigated.
      Biological samples were extracted with dichloromethane and the radioactive
      components extracted were analysed by t.l.c. and autoradiography. Compounds
      identified by comparing their physiochemical properties with those of synthetic
      standards and by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry were minaprine, 3-[2-(3-oxo)morpholino
      ethylamino]-4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazine, 3-amino-4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazine, 3
      [2-(aminoethyl)ethylamino]-4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazine, p-hydroxyminaprine and
      minaprine N-oxide. In addition to the urinary metabolites, two circulating
      metabolites were detected: metabolite A, 3-[2-(3-oxo)morpholino-ethylamino]-4
      methyl-6-phenylpyridazine, and metabolite B (unidentified). All circulating
      metabolites appeared very early in blood, confirming the rapid and extensive
      metabolism of the drug. Metabolites A, B and 3 (p-hydroxyminaprine) were the
      major metabolites present in plasma. The parent drug was not the major
      circulating form, and was present in a higher concentration in erythrocytes than
      in plasma. Erythrocytes might act as a reservoir of the drug and could explain
      the relatively slow blood clearance of minaprine despite its rapid metabolism.
      The qualitative metabolic profile in brain tissue was similar to that in blood.

PMID- 4002740
TI  - [Differential Pacemaker therapy of sinus node syndrome].

PMID- 4002741
TI  - [Contraceptive knowledge of 14 to 17-year-old students of a suburban district].

PMID- 4002742
TI  - [Interpersonal reliability of plaque index methods].

PMID- 4002743
TI  - [Results of therapeutic riding from the neuropsychiatric viewpoint].

PMID- 4002744
TI  - [Rare complications of Meckel's diverticulum. Perforation and bezoar].

PMID- 4002745
TI  - [Lack of effect of alcohol on uric acid metabolism].
AB  - Six healthy men received a purine-free formula diet. Uric acid was measured from
      day to day in blood and urine. After an adaptation period of five days, six
      apparently healthy volunteers received ethanol in a dosage of 1.22 g/kg bw for
      the next five days. The subjects drank the ethanol between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. In
      the beginning the uric acid concentration in blood was 5.3 +/- 1.1 mg/dl. After
      five days of testing the uric acid concentration was 5.6 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (n.s.). No
      alterations of uric acid elimination during day (7 a.m. and 7 p.m.) and night (7
      p.m. and 7 a.m.) was observed. Uric acid clearance remained constant. The total
      uric acid elimination rate was 568 +/- 133 mg/d during the adaptation period.
      After ethanol consumption the uric acid elimination was 682 +/- 66 mg/d (n.s.).
      The tested ethanol consumption of 100 g/d thus resulted in no significant
      alterations.

PMID- 4002746
TI  - [Comparison of vitamin B6 status of gravid and nongravid rats with varying
      vitamin B6 supplements].
AB  - In a two-factorial experiment the influence of graded vitamin B6 supplements on
      the vitamin B6 status of pregnant and nonpregnant rats was examined. Additionally
      the question concerning a vitamin B6 super-retention in pregnancy should be
      investigated. The experiment was carried out with 69 female SPF-Sprague-Dawley
      rats. Nine rats served as controls and were killed at the beginning of the
      experiment. On the first experimental day half of the remaining animals were
      mated at an average body weight of 210 g. The rats were then divided into five
      dietary groups, each containing 6 gravid and 6 nongravid animals. Throughout the
      experiment the rats received a semisynthetic casein-starch diet, containing 1, 6,
      12, 24, and 48 mg vit. B6/kg respectively. The trial ended at day 19 of
      pregnancy. Liver, right and left gastrocnemius muscle and the remaining carcass
      (without the intestinum and the reproductive product of the pregnant animals)
      were microbiologically analysed for their vitamin B6 contents. The vitamin B6
      status of the liver, which contained an average of 8.4 micrograms vit. B6/g fresh
      matter (FM) was not influenced by pregnancy. In muscle and carcass, however,
      pregnancy caused significantly reduced vitamin B6 levels of 4.8 and 2.6
      micrograms vit. B6/g FM. Compared to the concentrations of the nongravid animals
      the values of the gravid rats were decreased by 6 and 7% respectively. The
      vitamin B6 supply of 1 mg/kg diet caused significantly lowered vitamin B6
      concentrations in muscle and carcass of all animals. Intake levels of more than 6
      ppm vitamin B6, however, did not further improve the vitamin B6 status of these
      organs. The carcass was only poorly affected by the vitamin B6 supplementations.
      Significant differences in vitamin B6 concentrations were only found between the
      1 and 48 ppm vitamin B6 treatment. The whole vitamin B6 pool of the maternal
      organism, except the reproductive product, decreased in pregnancy from an average
      of 651 to 596 micrograms vitamin B6. Because of these results a super-retention
      could not be proved for vitamin B6. Moreover, a recommendation for the optimal
      vitamin B6 requirement in pregnancy was derived from the present results.
      Accordingly a supply of 6 mg vit. B6/kg diet, equivalent to a daily intake of 80
      micrograms vitamin B6, is thought to be adequate to ensure an optimal vitamin B6
      status in pregnant rats.

PMID- 4002747
TI  - [Cancer of the operated stomach].
AB  - On the basis of the own documents of patients and the documents of the post
      mortem examination the increased risk of carcinoma of the resected stomach is
      confirmed. Extensive experiments on the rat seem to ascribe the greatest role in
      the etiology of this special form of gastric cancer to the lesion of the mucous
      by the bile reflux and the settlement of the operated stomach with nitrate
      reducing germs.

PMID- 4002748
TI  - [Critical position on indications for selective proximal vagotomy without
      drainage].
AB  - In 128 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer the selective proximal vagotomy
      without drainage was carried out in a prospective study. Intraoperatively the
      test for completeness of the vagotomy was performed by means of the dye test in
      50%. Postoperatively no lethal complications were to be seen, only three
      bronchopneumonias and one wound rupture. The late results after one year showed
      77.5% Visick II, 10% Visick III and 12.5% Visick IV. After a successless
      conservative treatment of the 16 patients with recidivation in 10 patients the
      second operation had to be performed. In 6 of 10 patients pylorus stenoses were
      found in the operation preparation. The selective proximal drainage is an
      unsuitable method for pre- and intrapyloric ulcers. The intraoperative
      application of dye tests had no influence on the rate of recidivations.

PMID- 4002749
TI  - [Psychotherapy of irritable colon].
AB  - 16 patients with an irritable colon were examined psychologically and independent
      of the result of the diagnostics of neuroses additionally distributed to two
      groups of treatment. One group was treated symptomatically, the other
      additionally psychotherapeutically (above all with autogenous training). Two
      thirds of the patients showed a neurosis. Psychotherapy was very useful only in
      those patients with a neurosis, measured as the result of the treatment one year
      after the beginning of the therapy. When an obstinate irritable colon is present,
      a diagnostics of neuroses is indicated. If a neurosis is proved, an individual
      psychotherapy is indicated, in which case the autogenous training as basis
      therapy apparently stood the test.

PMID- 4002750
TI  - [Indications for diagnostic thoracoscopy, based on biopsy results of 400
      studies].
AB  - It is reported on the results of 401 thoracoscopies. The main indication for
      thoracoscopic examination was the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions
      (262 cases = 65.3%). A morphological confirmation was achieved in 88.0% of all
      malignant and in 43.0% of tuberculous pleural and lung diseases. A
      histopathological diagnosis was also found in 94.3% of diffuse lung diseases. For
      diagnosis of non-specific pleurisy it is necessary to exclude all other etiologic
      factors. Lympho-plasmacellular infiltrates were found in all cases of non
      specific pleurisies. Thoracoscopic biopsy is also of great importance for
      accurate diagnosis of rheumatic pleuro-pulmonary manifestations. All other
      clinical methods are uncertain for rheumatic diseases affecting the pleura and
      lung. In cases of spontaneous pneumothorax it is possible to get valuable
      additional informations by thoracoscopic investigation. Indications of
      thoracoscopy are represented as a result of the review of literature and of the
      present material. Variations of thoracoscopy are discussed.

PMID- 4002751
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the
      stomach].
AB  - The primary extranodal manifestation of the non-Hodgkin-lymphomas above all
      concerns the stomach. An essential problem is the low, exactly positive rate of
      biopsy. As a rule the non-Hodgkin-lymphoma is diagnosed on the surgical specimen.
      During 5 years we treated 11 patients with non-Hodgkin-lymphoma, this corresponds
      to 3.85% of our malignant tumours of the stomach. The anamnesis is
      uncharacteristic, the endoscopic picture is multiform, penetration and
      haemorrhage are relatively frequent to be observed. Only in 1 patient of 11 by
      means of multifarious biopsies the diagnosis could be ascertained preoperatively.
      At stage I the surgical therapy is sufficient, for all other stages the
      combination of operation and poly-chemotherapy is the therapy of choice.

PMID- 4002752
TI  - [Effect of premedication in general anesthesia on periodic variability of heart
      rate].
AB  - During the premedication phase the temporary course of the sinus arrhythmia was
      studied on 10 patients without cardiocirculatory diseases undergoing insufflation
      anaesthesia. The progress of heart rate variability was observed in periodic
      components by calculation of power density spectra. The results reveal a
      significant decrease of the spontaneous variations of the heart rate after 40 to
      50 minutes action of atropine and pethidine. Periodic components of respiration
      and circulation are more reduced than long wave spectral ranges. Their residue is
      a measure for the size of the inhibition of the vagal impulse. The inverse
      atropine effect is preponderantly to be observed in periodic components of
      respiration and circulation. About 30 minutes after the injection of the
      premedication mixture a new steady state was found concerning the circulatory and
      respiratory rhythm.

PMID- 4002753
TI  - [Ambulatory weight reduction program and possible effects on lipid and purine
      metabolism].
AB  - In a factory dispensary care of obese skilled workers who worked hard in a
      foundry the aims of a weight reduction of 5 kg during 12 months for each patient
      were not achieved despite intensive individual health education. Conclusions
      concerning causal components of proved metabolic constellation (cholesterol,
      triglycerides, uric acid) and preconditions of an effective weight reduction of
      obese workers are discussed.

PMID- 4002754
TI  - [Thoughts on specialized continuing education for internal medicine based on
      experiences of the specialist commissions].
AB  - On the basis of experiences of many years with the work of speciality commissions
      for internal medicine important aspects of the further training of specialists
      are presented.

PMID- 4002755
TI  - [Effect of histamine H2 receptor blockers on hepatic elimination of drugs].
AB  - In an investigation is proved that already after a treatment with the histamine
      H2-receptor blocker Cimetidine (Altramet) lasting 14 days the elimination of
      Antipyrine is significantly delayed. In 14 male patients suffering from peptic
      ulcer the half-life period of Antipyrine (t50) was 8.6 +/- 0.6 h, whereas in the
      second test after 14 days it was 13 +/- 0.8 h. The systemic clearance (Cltot) was
      estimated with 78 +/- 11.3 ml X min-1 before treatment and with 40.8 +/- 3.6 ml X
      min-1 after treatment. It is pointed out that under a therapy with Cimetidine
      preparations and simultaneous application of medicaments which were eliminated by
      the so-called phase-I-reaction a hepatic interaction may occur.

PMID- 4002756
TI  - [Experiences in the treatment of esophageal achalasia with pneumatic dilatation].
AB  - The results of the pneumatic cardia dilation in 17 patients are reported, which
      were yielded by means of a cardia dilation performed in doses. In this case an
      anaesthesia could be renounced. The pneumatic dilation performed in such a way
      proved as a risk-poor and effective method which loads the patient only
      insignificantly, is easily to be performed and has a large range of indication.

PMID- 4002757
TI  - [Significance of isolated atrial stimulation as a stress test in comparison with
      bicycle ergometry].
AB  - On 77 patients was performed a comparative examination of load ECG on the bicycle
      ergometer and isolated atrial stimulation for the diagnosis of an ischaemic heart
      disease. With 80.5% in the estimation of the two methods with regard to the
      correct diagnostic classification in relation to the number of patients in the
      random test a good accordance is the result. With the two methods nearly
      identical results can be yielded and as to small number of patients with clear
      indication even an supplementation of the provokation tests performed up to now
      can be spoken of, since additional diagnostic references to an ischaemic heart
      disease are possible. But the isolated atrial stimulation cannot supersede the
      usual load ECG in the diagnostics of the ischaemic heart disease an account of
      the great methodical expenditure.

PMID- 4002758
TI  - [Specificity and sensitivity of lipoprotein lipids in normal persons and
      cardiovascular patients].
AB  - The amplitude of the determination of lipoprotein lipids and cholesterol
      quotients for the estimation of the atherogenic risk and the risk of myocardial
      infarction was investigated on 24 normal persons, 21 patients with overcome
      myocardial infarction, 47 hypertensives and 20 obese patients. Under the
      methodical conditions the quotient total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol showed the
      best separating power between normal and atherogenically endangered (increased
      risk greater than 6.0: specifity 92%, sensitivity 67% for patients with
      infarction, 57% for hypertensives, and 45% for obese persons). LDL-cholesterol,
      calculatorily established by means of Friedewald's formula, and the quotient
      LDL/HDL-cholesterol with circa the same specifity for the groups of patients had
      a clearly lower sensitivity (patients with infarction 38%, hypertensives 50%,
      obese 21%). The lower sensitivity of the quotient LDL-/HDL-cholesterol is traced
      back to methodical insufficiencies (calculation of the LDL-cholesterol from three
      lipid values). The determination of the quotient total cholesterol/HDL
      cholesterol for the description of the atherogenic and coronary risk
      respectively, is recommended for practice.

PMID- 4002759
TI  - [Gastric stump cancer].
AB  - In 10.500 gastroscopies 704 resection stomachs due to benign diseases of the
      stomach (ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer) were found. A carcinoma of the
      gastric stump could be found 97 times, 58 times of them as a sequel of an
      operated ventricular ulcer and 39 times as sequel of an operated duodenal ulcer.
      14.2% stump carcinomas could be proved after Billroth-II-resection and 10.1%
      after Billroth-I-technique. The free interval was on average 23.1 years. An
      increased risk of cancer in the operated stomach is to be assumed. Regular
      endoscopic controls by biopsies are necessary.

PMID- 4002760
TI  - [Determination of creatinine in the urine as a reference value of substances
      excreted by the kidney].
AB  - The creatinine excretion is often used as reference value of renally excreted
      substances. It is usual to perform the creatinine determination according to the
      Jaffe method. However, since this reaction is influenced not only by the
      creatinine content but also by other substances it was for orientation tested to
      which extent adequate incorrect determinations may appear. For this purpose the
      creatinine content was determined in 28 casual urine specimens in the analysis
      automation (A) and manually (M) according to the Jaffe method as prescribed in
      the German Pharmacopoeia 7th ed. D. L. As comparison the enzymatic determination
      (E) was performed. The determinations according to Jaffe showed too high values.
      The mean relative percental deviation for the determination in the analysis
      automation was for (Formula: see text) (variation 6.7 to 94.3%). There were firm
      correlations between the values of the three determination methods. Since the
      creatinine determination after Jaffe is the cheapest and most practicable method,
      in clinical routine work in creatinine-related data of concentration of various
      renally excreted substances one should realize that in the individual case
      deviations of the concentration are possible on average up to 50%.

PMID- 4002761
TI  - [Physical measures for the improvement of venous reflux].
AB  - The various physical methods are described which shall promote an improvement of
      the venous backflow from the lower extremities within the prevention of
      thromboembolism. Reviewing the recent results from literature the external
      pneumatic compression therapy is regarded as most effective method and a newly
      developed device for the intermittent pneumatic compression treatment is
      described.

PMID- 4002762
TI  - [Chronic anterior hypophyseal insufficiency following frontobasal skull
      fractures].
AB  - It is reported on a case of chronic insufficiency of the anterior lobe of the
      pituitary gland after frontobasal fracture of the skull. It is referred to the
      rareness of traumatically caused hypophyseal endocrine deficiency syndromes and
      the etiopathogenesis, the differential-diagnostic problem as well as the
      possibilities of a hormonal substitution therapy is discussed on the basis of the
      specialized literature.

PMID- 4002763
TI  - [Rare malposition of a temporary pacemaker].
AB  - An unusual, pericardial malposition of an introducible electrode catheter in
      cardiopulmonary reanimation is described.

PMID- 4002764
TI  - [Primary stability of AO-plate osteosynthesis of the lower cervical spinal
      column. III. Posterior and combined spondylodesis. Conclusions].
AB  - For evaluation of stability changes-concerning primary stability of the lower
      cervical spine either posterior ASIF plate fixation according to Roy-Camille or
      combined fixation (anterior H plate and posterior plate fixation according to Roy
      Camille) were performed for arteficially produced fracture-dislocations of the
      lower cervical spine on cadavers. Functional loading was simulated by a
      mechanical device ensuring 10 000 flexion and extension movements on the corpses.
      Tensile moments determined by a screwdriver measuring the turning moment were
      compared with the release moment examined on screws following functional loading,
      unloaded free screws were used as reference. Decreasing of stability depending on
      the type of the injury has come posteriorly to 2,52-18,65%, anteriorly to 0,57
      20% of the primary rate. It has been established that external fixation is not
      warranted in the postoperative treatment of patients with fracture dislocations
      of the lower cervical spine following either ASIF plate fixation according to Roy
      Camille or combined plate fixation. General rules of the operative fracture
      management are valid for treatment of the cervical spine built of segmental
      elements.

PMID- 4002765
TI  - [Bone scintigraphy following cryodevitalization of the mandible].
AB  - A tumor of the mandible can be destroyed successfully by cryogenic
      devitalisation. The revitalisation process was observed in 6 miniature swines by
      means of nuclear medical bone exploration. The bone metabolism decreased clearly
      postoperatively, and indeed laterally more than lingually. An increased blood
      flow and bone metabolism was recognized as an expression of the repair process at
      the border to the healthy bone after 7 days, later also lingually whereas no
      reaction was found laterally. The extent of the devitalised bone was 0.5-1.0 cm
      bigger than the cryosurgical part.

PMID- 4002766
TI  - [Experimental studies on the problem of improving the myocardial blood
      circulation in an intraoperatively resuscitated heart].
AB  - A pumping system for supporting an intraoperatively failured heart is presented.
      This system consists of a bell-shaped receptacle for the heart and a pump with a
      working volume of 49 ml and a working pressure of 220 Torr. The pumping power is
      transmitted to the heart by means of an external pneumatic pressure line. The
      efficacy of the pump in the high pressure system amounted to 20-30 per cent. An
      effective coronary perfusion in case of a cardiac failure is guaranteed by a
      venous underpressure pump of this pumping system. A favourable influence was also
      observed in case of the low pressure system.

PMID- 4002767
TI  - [Primary stability of AO-plate osteosynthesis of the lower cervical spinal
      column. I. Load-bearing capacity of the cervical vertebrae].
AB  - The axial force (twisting moment) leading to breaking of the bony thread using
      3,5 mm cortical-screws at the H-plate-fixation for fracture dislocations of the
      lower cervical spine has been established by means of 316 measurements performed
      on cadavers. It comes to 0,8471 Nm (8,6360 cmkp). It is suggested that the 3,5 mm
      cortical screw should be tightened with 0,5886 Nm (6 cmkp) at the fixation. This
      force provides primary stability at the H-plate without primary instability due
      to thread-break.

PMID- 4002768
TI  - [Primary stability of AO-plate osteosynthesis of the lower cervical spinal
      column. II. Anterior spondylodesis with H-plate osteosynthesis].
AB  - For evaluation of stability changes H, HH, and HHH plate fixations were performed
      for artificially produced fractures-dislocations of the lower cervical spine on
      cadavers. Functional loading was simulated by mechanical device ensuring 10 000
      flexion and extension-movements on the spine. Tensile moments determined by a
      screwdriver measuring the turning moments on the occasion of the primary fixation
      of the plate were compared with the release moment examined on screws following
      functional loading. Stability changes depending on the type of the injury have
      come to 6.11-23.17% of loss of the primary stability. Decrease in stability did
      not prove to be depending on the form of the graft applied. It has been
      established that following ASIF/AO/plate fixation of the lower cervical spine for
      fracture dislocations no external fixation is to be applied.

PMID- 4002769
TI  - [Hereditary congenital hypotrichosis, Marie Unna type].
AB  - Two patients with hereditary hypotrichosis congenita are reported. The family was
      affected in five generations. Our patients belong to the same family Marie Unna
      originally investigated. The histological findings correspond with the clinical
      picture. In the second case, we suspect an early latent stage of this hair
      abnormity on account of the condition of the hair as well as our microscopical
      findings. According to literature, seven families suffering from this disease are
      known up to now.

PMID- 4002770
TI  - [Treatment of mycosis fungoides with Zovirax (acyclovir). Study of 2 patients].
AB  - We report on two female patients suffering from mycosis fungoides, tumorous type
      but without systemic involvement, who have been treated with 400 mg Zovirax
      (Acyclovir) 3 times daily (about 15 mg/kg/day) for 12 days. The follow-up period
      amounted to 11 and 14 days, respectively. This therapy did not result in
      regression of the disease; one patient even showed progression of her skin
      tumors.

PMID- 4002771
TI  - [Local therapy with corticoids].

PMID- 4002772
TI  - [Complications of intramuscular injections].

PMID- 4002773
TI  - [Light test on human skin].
AB  - Photo-patch and other photo-skin-tests are essential for many scientific and
      clinical studies. There are relatively simple techniques of handling that can be
      carried out even in practice, but also rather complicate procedures. Testing must
      be strictly adjusted to the specific problem in order to avoid false results. For
      clinical concerns, photo-skin-testing has to be done with UVA light, because most
      of the pathological light reactions are induced by UVA. As the role of visible
      light has not been investigated yet, we are doing some experiments employing a
      special unit emitting the action spectrum of visible radiation only.

PMID- 4002774
TI  - [Follow-up of patients with anterior wall aneurysms using radionuclide
      ventriculography].
AB  - 32 patients with a large anterolateral aneurysm were studied by using biplane
      ventricular angiography and rest and exercise radionuclide ventriculography
      (gated-blood-pool method). The correlation coefficient of biplane ejection
      fraction by angiography and radionuclide ventriculography was poor (r = 0.65),
      but repeated investigations and interobserver comparison showed nearly identical
      values, therefore we used the gated-blood-pool method (GBP) for follow-up
      investigations in patients with an aneurysm of the anterolateral wall. 11
      patients were studied before and 17 +/- 6 months after left ventricular
      aneurysmectomy. Resting ejection fraction (LVEF) increased significantly from 28
      +/- 8 to 38 +/- 8% (p less than 0.005), but exercise LVEF did not. In 21 patients
      with medical therapy the second GBP measurement after 16 +/- 6 months showed so
      significant changes in biplane LVEF (33 +/- 9 and 31 +/- 7%, respectively).
      During exercise LVEF remained unchanged after aneurysmectomy but increased
      slightly by 5% (p less than 0.05) in the medically treated group. The regional
      wall motion was unchanged in patients with medical therapy, but after
      aneurysmectomy there was a significant increase in local ejection fractions in
      the anterolateral, apical and posterolateral region. The gated-blood-pool methods
      is suitable for the determination of left ventricular function in patients with
      anterolateral aneurysm and may be used for follow-up studies. Left ventricular
      aneurysmectomy is effective in improving resting ventricular function, whereas in
      patients with medical therapy LV function remains unchanged.

PMID- 4002775
TI  - [Follow-up of late potentials and complex tachycardiac arrhythmias following
      myocardial infarct over a 2-year period].
AB  - 50 patients (mean age 53.8 +/- 9.2 years) were studied at 1.5 to 2 months (U1),
      12 months (U2) and 24 months (U3) after acute myocardial infarction. Late
      potentials were registered at the body surface using the signal-averaging
      technique and a digital Butterworth filter with high pass cut-off frequencies DC,
      25, 50, 100 Hz and a low pass cut-off frequency 300 Hz, 18 db/octave, and a 24
      hour ECG was recorded. All patients underwent coronary angiography at U1. Late
      potentials were found at least once during the observation period in 56% of
      patients, and 18% of patients demonstrated late potentials at all three
      examinations but up to 38% at one of the three examinations. Complex
      tachyarrhythmias (Lown class IV) were found at least once in 48% of patients and
      at all three examinations in 18% but up to 38% at one of the three examinations.
      Only four patients demonstrated late potentials and complex tachyarrhythmias at
      all three examination dates. In contrast, 36% of patients showed neither late
      potentials nor complex tachyarrhythmias at all three examinations. When late
      potentials and complex arrhythmias were present simultaneously, the former were
      most often detected at the cut-off frequencies DC, 25 to 300 Hz (p less than
      0.05). The median of the duration of late potentials was significantly longer at
      U1 and U2 when complex arrhythmias were also present. There was a significant
      relation between late potentials and complex arrhythmias at U1 and U2 (p less
      than 0.01 and p less than 0.025) and between the latter and disorders of regional
      wall motion at all examination dates (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002776
TI  - [Therapy of orthostatic dysregulation with gepefrin. Study with continuous
      telemetric blood pressure monitoring].
AB  - The action of the new pressor agent gepefrine (D form of 3-hydroxyphenyl-2
      aminopropan) was evaluated in 16 patients with typical clinical symptoms of
      orthostatic adjustment disorders. The blood pressure measured in the brachial
      artery (percutaneous puncture and catheterisation according to the Seldinger
      technique) and the electrocardiogram were transmitted by telemetry and
      continuously documented under standard conditions at rest, on standing and during
      a step test. One hour after oral administration of 30 mg or 45 mg gepefrine the
      blood pressure increased significantly at rest and more markedly on standing and
      during the step test. Gepefrine led to a reduction in pathological orthostatic
      regulation during the early phase as well as to the prevention of subjective and
      objective signs of orthostatic adjustment disorder during the late phase.
      Patients with insufficient rise in blood pressure during the step test (80 watts)
      showed after gepefrine a distinct tendency towards normalisation and the
      regression of subjective states of exhaustion. Gepefrine caused on average no
      substantive alternations in heart rate during all phases of the investigation.
      Complications or side-effects due to the method or the medicament were not
      observed.

PMID- 4002777
TI  - [In vitro study of transvenous commissurotomy in severe mitral valve stenoses
      using the balloon catheter].
AB  - To answer the question whether mitral commissurotomy with a balloon catheter is
      possible, the following in vitro study was performed. In 12 patients who were
      operated due to severe mitral stenosis the fibrotic (n = 8) or calcified (n = 4)
      valves were excised and mounted in a glass cylinder. In a first step a
      valvuloplasty was performed with a balloon catheter (size 20 mm). Mitral valve
      area increased by about 40%. With simultaneous inflation of a second balloon
      catheter (size 15 mm) valve area increased more than 100% and reached 1.63 cm2 in
      the mean. Valvuloplasty was successful (increase of at least 0.5 cm2) in 11/12
      cases. In 9 valves the rupture occurred within the commissures, twice within the
      leaflets and once the opening area increased due to dilatation. Commissurotomy
      with a balloon catheter seems to be possible even in calcified mitral valves
      although in most cases a mild to moderate stenosis will remain.

PMID- 4002779
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of a thrombus in the pulmonary artery following a
      banding operation].
AB  - In an infant with univentricular heart and banding of the pulmonary artery a
      thrombus developed in the pulmonary artery distal to the banding. The diagnosis
      was made at first by two-dimensional echocardiography and confirmed by
      angiography. The pathogenetic factors and the clinical relevance of this rare
      observation are discussed.

PMID- 4002778
TI  - [Dilatation of epicardial coronary vessels by intravenous diltiazem in patients
      with coronary heart disease].
AB  - Coronary diameters and central hemodynamics were measured in 22 patients with
      stable coronary artery disease before and after 20 mg of intravenous diltiazem.
      Coronary diameters from high quality biplane coronary angiograms were calculated
      as mean values after caliper measurements of identical segments. Measurements
      were made in angiographically normal and abnormal proximal, middle and distal
      vessel segments. Central hemodynamics showed a significant decrease for heart
      rate, mean aortic pressure and peripheral resistance (p less than 0.001).
      Coronary diameters increased between 2 and 16% (proximal or distal segments).
      Diameter increases were statistically significant for all segments (p less than
      0.001) except for proximal atherosclerotic segments. These hemodynamic and
      diameter changes were seen after 5, 10 and 20 minutes. CONCLUSION: Intravenous
      diltiazem shows an acute coronary dilative effect in patients with stable
      coronary artery disease. This effect is regarded as one of the essential
      antianginal actions of the drug.

PMID- 4002780
TI  - New trends in diuretic therapy. 3rd International Edrul Symposium.

PMID- 4002781
TI  - Effects of haemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of muzolimine.
AB  - High ceiling diuretics allow a better control of fluid balance in dialysis
      patients with a minimum urine flow of 500 ml/day. The pharmacokinetics of the
      high ceiling, long acting diuretic muzolimine (M) was investigated in 6 patients
      on regular dialysis therapy. METHODS: Concentrations of unchanged M in plasma
      were determined by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) after a
      single oral dose of 240 mg up to 26 h: A) during and after the performance of
      dialysis lasting for 3 h, B) 20 h after finishing haemodialysis therapy (non
      blind randomized cross-over study). RESULTS: The M plasma levels and the M half
      lives did not differ between the two treatment groups (half-life A: 5.1 +/- 0.24
      h; B: 4.8 +/- 0.51 h). The M peak concentrations were between 2 and 5
      micrograms/ml and were reached 2 h post administration or even earlier. The mean
      M plasma levels 24 h after administration were in the same range (A: 0.33 +/-
      0.16 microgram/ml; B: 0.33 +/- 0.11 microgram/ml).

PMID- 4002782
TI  - Effects of muzolimine and of a combination of hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene in
      healthy subjects and in nephrotic patients.
AB  - The diuretic effects of 30 mg muzolimine and 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide/50 mg
      triamterene were comparable in healthy subjects and nephrotic patients (serum
      albumin less than 32 g/l, creatinine clearance greater than 50 ml/min/1.73 m2). A
      single daily dose of 30 mg muzolimine or 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide/50 mg
      triamterene was sufficient in the majority of the investigated nephrotic
      patients. The different diuretic effects which were observed in nephrotic
      patients were not related to the severity of hypalbuminemia, but rather to
      differences in preceding diuretic treatment. Plasma levels and urinary excretion
      of unchanged muzolimine were comparable in healthy subjects and nephrotic
      patients after one day of diuretic treatment; after seven days of treatment
      plasma levels of muzolimine were significantly lower and urinary excretion
      significantly higher in nephrotic patients than in control subjects.

PMID- 4002783
TI  - Muzolimine in advanced chronic renal failure.
AB  - 27 patients with creatinine clearances ranging from 20 to 2 ml/min were treated
      daily with 6.9 mg/kg of muzolimine, for 10 to 25 days. The hyperhydration state
      with oedema decreased gradually in all patients without hypotensive phenomena.
      Muzolimine benefited hypertension in patients with expansion of the extracellular
      space and it also strengthened the effect of clonidine or minoxidil. Important
      diuretic and natriuretic effects were obtained. Metabolic acidosis improved. No
      subjective adverse reactions to the drug or side effects were noted. High-dose
      muzolimine appears to be efficacious and safe for short-term treatment in
      patients with severe chronic renal failure.

PMID- 4002784
TI  - Step-dose of muzolimine at different stages of chronic renal failure: comparison
      with furosemide.
AB  - The authors have compared the clinical and metabolic effects of two high ceiling
      diuretics, muzolimine (M) and furosemide (F), by i.v. and oral routes in 40
      patients classified in four groups with different degrees of renal failure. The
      study demonstrated a more pronounced effectiveness of M than F by oral
      administration, while it appeared equal to F when given i.v. The urine volume and
      Na+ excretion were significantly increased during M treatment compared to oral F
      in each group. Calcium urinary excretion was reduced with M while P was increased
      compared with F. BUN, creatinine and uric acid were temporarily increased in the
      3rd and 4th groups, probably due to extracellular fluid volume contraction,
      associated also with transient change in GFR. M at a lower dosage than F has
      demonstrated an effective diuretic response irrespective the degree of renal
      impairment. From its pharmacological properties, M appears a safe and active
      diuretic agent, particularly at a high dosage in patients with severe renal
      failure, and is notable for its lack of important side effects.

PMID- 4002785
TI  - Short-term, high-dose muzolimine treatment in patients with chronic renal failure
      and acute fluid retention.
AB  - Muzolimine, the new sulphonamide-free loop-diuretic with both high ceiling and
      long-lasting activities, was tested in 21 adult patients with chronic renal
      failure (CRF) (creatinine clearance ranging from 30 to 5 ml/min) and acute fluid
      overload. Low-protein diet and individual drug therapy were unchanged throughout
      the study. All patients received a single oral dose of 240 mg of muzolimine for 4
      or 6 consecutive days depending on individual response. Clinical status,
      diuresis, body weight, blood and urine chemistry were recorded daily. In 19 out
      of 21 patients muzolimine treatment induced reversal of edema and congestive
      heart failure and a satisfactory fluid balance was achieved. Only two patients
      did not respond to diuretic treatment and required dialysis to control fluid
      balance and azotemia. In responsive patients diuresis increased by 50-100% and no
      rebound antidiuresis was observed after drug withdrawal. Body weight decreased
      meanly by 9%. No significant change occurred in serum concentration of K
      throughout the study, even in the 11 patients on digoxin. Except for a slight
      decrease of serum Cl by the end of treatment, no significant change in serum
      electrolytes was recorded. No effect was observed on blood glucose, urea and
      creatinine clearance whereas a slight increase of serum uric acid was recorded.
      Urinary lysozyme and gamma-GT were similar before and after the trial. Apart from
      a single case of muscle cramps, no significant side-effects were recorded. In
      conclusion, the present results indicate that short-term, high-dose oral
      muzolimine treatment is effective and safe in most patients with advanced CRF and
      acute fluid retention.

PMID- 4002786
TI  - Muzolimine in chronic renal failure: a study in 16 patients.
AB  - Muzolimine is a diuretic with chemical features different from all other known
      diuretics, and its use seem to be particularly interesting in patients with
      chronic renal failure. In fact, similarly to furosemide, muzolimine presents a
      strong action on Henle's loop but with a slower and more lasting effect, as
      experimentally demonstrated in both animals and man. We used high doses
      muzolimine (240, 480, 720 mg/die) in 16 patients with chronic renal failure
      (creatinine clearance less than 20 ml/min) and clinical pattern of important
      hydrosaline retention (6 primitive glomerulonephritis, 3 interstitial nephrites,
      1 vascular nephropathy, 1 diabetic nephropathy, 1 lupus nephritis, 1 amyloidosis,
      1 polycystic nephropathy and 2 nephropathies of unknown diagnosis). Muzolimine
      diuretic action was compared with furosemide 500 mg/die. The schedule employed
      was: furosemide 500 mg/die for 5 days followed by 6 days of muzolimine treatment
      at increasing doses (240 mg on 1st and 2nd day, 480 mg on 3rd and 4th, 720 mg on
      5th and 6th). In all patients (undergoing a diet constant in water, sodium,
      potassium and protein content) body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, serum and
      urinary electrolyte concentration, serum and urinary uric acid, BUN, creatinine
      clearance, glycaemia, hematocrit and hemoglobin were daily controlled. A clinical
      and laboratory investigation of the possible side effects was also assessed; in
      particular liver enzymes, bilirubin and total serum proteins were considered. In
      our study muzolimine increased the renal excretion of water, sodium and chloride
      in all cases. This effect is more evident during the treatment with the highest
      dose (720 mg/die) but already appears with the 480 mg/die dose and is higher than
      that obtained with comparable doses of furosemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4002787
TI  - Effect of muzolimine in aortic insufficiency with different levels of left
      ventricular function.
AB  - The effect of muzolimine (initial dose 60 mg followed by 30 mg/day for 14 days)
      on 15 patients with aortic and mitral incompetence and chronic cardiac failure,
      functional class 3, was analyzed on the basis of repeated clinical observations,
      metabolic studies as well as mono and bidimensional echo changes 2, 24 hours and
      15 days after the initial dose. An important variation was a reduction in body
      weight by 3-4% after the first day and by a further 1-2% after 2 weeks. No
      significant variations were observed regarding heart rate and blood pressure at
      rest. Plasma level of electrolytes as well as other important biochemical
      parameters in the serum (BUN, glucose and creatinine) were uninfluenced. A small
      increase was observed in both the plasma level of chloride and in the red cell
      count. Urine volume increased by two to threefold after the first day; this
      increase was still present after 2 weeks. Changes in the left ventricular end
      diastolic and end-systolic volumes were not significant after the first day;
      however a slight but significant reduction was observed after 2 weeks and was in
      parallel with the improvement of the functional class of the patients. Data, in
      particular the possible mode of action of muzolimine after acute administration
      and after short-term therapy, are discussed.

PMID- 4002788
TI  - The effects of single doses of muzolimine upon urinary solute and fluid
      excretion.
AB  - The natriuretic effect of many loop diuretics is followed by an important
      decrease - rebound undershoot - in renal Na+ excretion, which is accompanied by
      thirst and fluid reposition. Also most loop diuretics increase K+ and Mg2+
      urinary outputs, thus leading to somatic depletion of these cations and
      subsequent cardiac arrhythmias. The objectives of the present study were to
      describe the urinary outputs and flows of several solutes after various doses of
      muzolimine. Experiments were carried out in ten healthy adult volunteers given
      monodoses of placebo and of muzolimine 20, 30 and 40 mg on separate days and in
      random order. Urine collected at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h after dosing was analysed
      for solutes. Muzolimine 20 mg did not increase mean 24 h urinary Na+ output
      significantly with respect to placebo. Muzolimine 30 mg exerted maximal diuretic,
      chloriuretic and natriuretic effects, while not affecting the mean 24 h urinary
      outputs of K+ and Mg2+ significantly. Muzolimine 30 mg caused a small undershoot
      in urinary Na+ flow after completion of its natriuretic effect. Muzolimine 30 mg
      should be considered a first choice loop diuretic since it only causes a mild
      post-natriuretic undershoot and does not increase urinary Mg2+ output
      significantly.

PMID- 4002789
TI  - Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic correlation of muzolimine with and without
      aluminium hydroxide.
AB  - The objective of the reported study was to investigate whether aluminium
      hydroxide administered in addition to muzolimine interferes with the
      pharmacodynamics or the pharmacokinetics of the drug. For this purpose a cross
      over study in 6 healthy male volunteers was carried out in which each subject
      received muzolimine and after a wash-out period muzolimine together with Aludrox.
      To avoid interferences of a psychological nature a third period with placebo was
      added. The administrations were randomised. The excreted urinary volume was
      measured, and blood was taken at relevant times in order to follow the
      pharmacokinetic profile. These are the results: Urinary excretion after the oral
      administration of muzolimine was within normal limits compared with the
      literature. There was no change in elimination with respect to either extent or
      time characteristics after the combined administration of Aludrox. There was no
      change in the pharmacokinetic profile either.

PMID- 4002790
TI  - Food and muzolimine interaction.
AB  - The influence of food on the bioavailability of muzolimine was investigated in a
      non-controlled cross-over study. Six healthy volunteers received 40 mg muzolimine
      directly after a standardized American breakfast (non-fasting volunteers) and,
      one week later, after an overnight fast with breakfast 90 min after drug intake
      (fasting volunteers). The concentrations of muzolimine in plasma and urine were
      determined between 0 and 48 h after administration. Results (means +/- SEM): in
      the fasting volunteers, the areas under the muzolimine plasma level curves (0-32
      h) were higher than in the non-fasting volunteers (3002 +/- 390 vs. 2038 +/- 344
      ng X h/ml, p less than 0.001), the peak concentrations were higher (332 +/- 36
      vs. 176 +/- 38 ng/ml, p less than 0.05) and appeared earlier (1.8 +/- 0.2 h vs.
      4.0 +/- 0.5 h, p less than 0.01). Also, the urinary volumes and sodium excretion
      were higher in the fasting volunteers than in the non-fasting volunteers. Hence,
      the bioavailability of muzolimine is reduced if administered after a meal which
      should be considered in the treatment schedule.

PMID- 4002791
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of muzolimine after oral administration with and without
      aluminium hydroxide in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of muzolimine administered with and without aluminium
      hydroxide was investigated in volunteers (randomized non-blind cross-over study).
      Six healthy male volunteers aged 20 to 28 years with a mean body weight of 68 +/-
      8 kg received 40 mg muzolimine after a standardized breakfast without and with
      1760 mg aluminium hydroxide (Aludrox) administered 10 min before breakfast.
      Muzolimine concentrations were determined in plasma and urine between 0.5 and 48
      h post dosing. The data were analysed using a two- or three-compartment open
      model. The pharmacokinetic parameters of muzolimine, e.g. absorption half-life,
      peak concentration, time to reach peak concentration, AUC and mean time, obtained
      with both treatment regimens, did not show any significant difference (analysis
      of variance). As a conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of muzolimine is not altered
      by the ingestion of aluminium hydroxide, which might be important for patients
      with advanced renal failure.

PMID- 4002792
TI  - The metabolism of muzolimine.
AB  - The metabolism of muzolimine, 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methyl-benzyl)-2
      pyrazoline-5-one has been studied both in vivo and in vitro in various animal
      species. Using unlabelled muzolimine the major urinary metabolite in all species
      studied has been shown by chromatography and mass-spectrometry to have properties
      identical to synthetic N'-(1-aminoethylidene)-3,4-dichloro-acetophenone
      hydrazone. In addition, 3,4-dichloroacetophenone, 3,4-dichloromandelic and 3,4
      dichlorobenzoic acids have been detected and quantified using GLC techniques. In
      vitro experiments using hepatic microsomal preparations from various species show
      that cleavage across the C-N1 bond occurs yielding 3,4-dichloroacetophenone and 3
      amino-2-pyrazoline-5-one. The hydrazone was the major metabolite produced by
      these systems. Moreover, this compound also appears as the major metabolite in
      faecal extracts. Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic techniques
      have been employed for analysis of in vitro metabolism of muzolimine and
      confirmed the formation of the above metabolites.

PMID- 4002793
TI  - The effect of muzolimine on the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism in the rat
      kidney.
AB  - Inhibition of tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) by loop diuretics can enhance the
      diuretic response by attenuating the fall in GFR to be expected with the diuretic
      induced rise in distal salt delivery. To establish whether such a mechanism
      contributes to muzolimine (M)-induced diuresis, TGF activity was tested in male
      Wistar rats by measuring early proximal flow rate in nephrons, the loops of Henle
      of which were perfused with M at various concentrations in the presence or
      absence of M systemically. Since M inhibited TGF only at concentrations far in
      excess of those adequate to produce substantial diuresis, it is concluded that
      TGF inhibition by M plays no significant role in the diuretic response to this
      agent.

PMID- 4002794
TI  - Demonstration of action of muzolimine on the serosal side of Henle's loop cells.
AB  - Muzolimine, a new diuretic, is known to act by inhibiting Na transport along the
      ascending limb of Henle's loop. Because of its ineffectiveness when perfused into
      the lumen, and as a result of experiments on frog skin, it is believed that
      muzolimine acts from the serosal cell side, unlike all other diuretics. We
      decided to assess the site of action of muzolimine (mucosa versus serosa) by
      experiments on rats. The animals were anesthetized, both ureters cannulated, and
      a hydronephrosis established in the left kidney by applying a counterpressure to
      the ureter, slowly and progressively increased up to 60 cm H2O in 3 minutes and
      kept stable for 20 minutes. Then either muzolimine 1.2 mg, or furosemide 4 mg,
      was injected i.v. together with 131I-Hypaque as a glomerular marker. Three
      minutes later the hydronephrosis was released in the left kidney by cutting the
      catheter, and urine collections were started simultaneously in both kidneys into
      25 microliter glass capillaries, that were filled in continuous sequence and
      numbered progressively. In each urine sample from each glass capillary Na and
      131I-Hypaque were measured. In 5 animals receiving furosemide, UNa rose in the
      left post-obstructed kidney and reached a plateau level by the 3rd to 5th sample.
      The rise in Na concentration, indicating delivery of urine whose Na reabsorption
      had been inhibited along the loop of Henle paralleled that in 131I-Hypaque,
      indicating that the diuretic and the glomerular marker had reached Henle's loop
      simultaneously, following filtration after the hydronephrosis had been
      discontinued.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002795
TI  - Beneficial effect of muzolimine in postischemic acute renal failure in rats.
AB  - Evidence has been presented in the past that muzolimine might act at a
      localization differently to sulfamoyl-type diuretics and/or with a different or
      additional mechanism. This is further supported by the fact that at the maximum
      of the dose-response curves for muzolimine and furosemide in rats, a combination
      of maximal oral doses still results in significantly higher sodium excretion. To
      further substantiate that this aspect of muzolimine is of relevance, e. g. for
      the therapy of acute renal failure, muzolimine treatment by food or implanted
      osmotic minipumps was employed in an obstructive model of severe renal ischemia
      in rats. Acute renal ischemia was induced in Wistar rats by clamping the left
      renal pedicle for 60 minutes with a microsurgery clamp. The right kidney had been
      removed four days before ischemia. Clearance data were obtained on the first,
      third and on the ninth to fourteenth days after ischemia in the surviving
      animals. Renal ischemia resulted in anuria, increased mortality and impaired
      renal function with histopathologically apparent tubular obstruction in the
      untreated controls. Treatment with muzolimine by food (in a concentration of 800
      ppm for four days) and additional oral gavage one hour prior to ischemia
      prevented the sequelae of ischemia to a great extent. Similar beneficial effects
      could be obtained by therapeutic implantation of osmotic minipumps ensuring
      administration of 0.44 micrograms muzolimine/h per animal. These results in rats
      further support the suggestion that muzolimine might act differently to sulfamoyl
      diuretics. Furthermore, they strongly implicate muzolimine as the diuretic of
      choice in acute renal failure.

PMID- 4002796
TI  - Influence of muzolimine and other diuretics on human red cell Na+, K+
      cotransport.
AB  - It is known that the diuretic activity of so-called loop diuretics is
      characterized by the ability of such compounds to inhibit the Na+, K+-cotransport
      system of the cell membrane. A good correlation has been demonstrated of the
      inhibitory activity of several furosemide- and ethacrynic acid-related compounds
      with their natriuretic activity in man. It was the aim of the study to examine,
      wether muzolimine has Na+, K+-cotransport inhibitory activity, and if so, if this
      occurs in a dose range which might be relevant for its natriuretic activity. For
      reasons of comparison, several other diuretics with high ceiling activity were
      studied. Cotransport inhibitory activities were compared with natriuretic
      activities in rats. Na+, K+-cotransport was measured by determination of
      furosemide-sensitive, ouabain-insensitive Na+-extrusion from Na+-loaded human red
      blood cells. Whereas the natriuretic activity of muzolimine is equal to that of
      furosemide in rats and superior in man, its cotransport inhibitory activity is
      merely 1/13 of that of furosemide. Additionally, only 50% inhibition is reached.
      The inhibitory activity of muzolimine, in contrast to ethacrynic acid, is not
      enhanced in the presence of equimolar cysteine. Muzolimine therefore appears to
      act via other mechanisms than furosemide-like diuretics. However, it cannot be
      excluded that muzolimine might act by an active metabolite.

PMID- 4002797
TI  - Prevention of acute renal failure by diuretics.
AB  - Experiments were performed on 26 rats to evaluate the effect of furosemide and
      muzolimine in an experimental model of acute renal failure (ARF). After control
      clearance measurements from both the left and the right kidney, an acute
      hydronephrosis was produced on the left side only, to completely interrupt urine
      flow rate. At the 17th minute of stop-flow, placebo (4 animals), furosemide (4 mg
      i.v. in 5 animals) or muzolimine (1.2 mg i.v. in 5 rats) were injected and three
      minutes later the renal arteries were clamped bilaterally for 20 minutes. The
      arterial clamps and the left hydronephrosis were removed at the 20th minute of
      ischemia and then 5 consecutive clearance periods were performed from either side
      to assess recovery from post-ischemic ARF. There was no difference in the entity
      of GFR depression and speed of recovery of either kidney between placebo,
      muzolimine and furosemide. The left, post-hydronephrotic kidney consistently
      exhibited a post-ischemic renal function more depressed than that measured in the
      contralateral side, although the speed of recovery was the same. The ATP content
      of the renal tissue was significantly larger in the right kidney compared to the
      contralateral side in the group receiving furosemide. In the animals treated with
      muzolimine ATP was significantly depressed in both kidneys. In the post-ischemic
      period the urinary Na excretion and the fractional water excretion rose
      significantly with either diuretic compared to placebo. However, this did not
      influence the recovery in GFR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002798
TI  - Dose finding study in chronic congestive heart failure patients. Results of a
      short- and long-term study.
AB  - A multi-center open trial was carried out with 103 patients with chronic
      congestive heart failure (CHF) of diverse etiologies with oedemas, 25 with
      hepatomegalia, placed in classes II or III of NYHA functional capacity, with
      increasing doses of 30, 60 and 90 mg of muzolimine qd to ascertain (1) the
      effective dose for the elimination of oedemas and hepatomegalia and (2) whether
      such a dose keeps its efficacy throughout a long administration period. After a
      wash-out period of 3-7 days, heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood
      pressure (DBP) in supine and standing positions, body weight (BW) and 24 hour
      diuresis were controlled and laboratory tests were performed. Muzolimine was
      administered and an assessment of the therapeutic effect was carried out every
      week. When the clinical results were ineffective, the dose was increased weekly
      up to 90 mg. When the results were partial, the same dose was given for another
      week and when it was effective the search for the dose was concluded. Out of the
      103 patients, 67 needed only 30 mg of muzolimine for an effective elimination of
      oedemas and hepatomegalia, 32 needed 60 mg and only 4 had to have the dose
      increased to 90 mg to obtain efficacy. The SBP and DBP diminished by 6.3% and
      7.2% respectively, and HR was reduced, though not significantly. BW diminished an
      average of 2.4 Kg and the diuresis increased significantly from a mean value of
      1.043 ml/24 h to 1.714 ml/24 h. Sixty-two patients with effective results agreed
      to undergo chronic treatment for 24 weeks and be controlled every 2
      weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002799
TI  - Muzolimine therapy in patients with congestive heart failure in comparison with
      furosemide pretreatment. Effect on digoxin plasma concentration.
AB  - Eight patients suffering from congestive heart failure (NYHA III-IV) and
      pretreated with digoxin received muzolimine over 14 days in an open clinical
      study. The muzolimine dose was adjusted to 3/4 of the daily furosemide dose
      necessary to keep the body weight constant at least three days prior to the onset
      of muzolimine treatment. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine,
      aldosterone, renin and digoxin were determined on the last day of the furosemide
      treatment period and on the last day of the muzolimine period. No significant
      changes were observed in plasma concentrations of epinephrine, aldosterone,
      renin, creatinine, and potassium. After muzolimine treatment, however, body
      weight and sonographically determined liver size decreased further and plasma
      norepinephrine concentrations were significantly lower. The digoxin
      concentrations did not change after muzolimine treatment. The results demonstrate
      the beneficial effect of muzolimine in heart failure patients. Since plasma
      concentration of digoxin does not change despite marked diuretic effects of
      muzolimine no relevant interaction between both substances has to be expected.

PMID- 4002800
TI  - Muzolimine as monotherapy in the treatment of patients with congestive cardiac
      failure.
AB  - The efficacy of muzolimine (BAY g 2821) in doses of 30 or 60 mg/day was studied
      over an observation period of 4 weeks in 48 patients with mild to moderate heart
      failure (NYHA stage 2 or 3) in a biometrically planned, multicentre study. Eleven
      of these patients were excluded from the evaluation of efficacy for various
      reasons. All 37 patients who remained (23 men and 14 women; mean age 59.6 years,
      mean body weight 73.8 kg) were treated throughout with one tablet per day (30
      mg). A marked improvement of the symptoms of cardiac insufficiency was observed
      in these 37 evaluated cases in the course of the treatment period. At the end of
      the study body weight was reduced by 1.8 kg, heart rate fell from 84 to 75
      beats/min and blood pressure decreased from 154/88 to 145/85 mm Hg on average.
      The laboratory parameters tested failed to show any clinically abnormal
      alterations. Twelve of 48 patients complained of side effects (dizziness,
      headaches, vomiting, nausea), these developing largely in the first 2 weeks and
      being transient in character. To summarize, it can be stated that patients with
      chronic heart failure (NYHA 2 and 3) can be effectively treated by muzolimine
      monotherapy.

PMID- 4002801
TI  - Comparison of muzolimine and furosemide in heart failure.
AB  - Comparative and randomized evaluation of 30 mg muzolimine and 40 mg furosemide
      was assessed in 18 patients with CHF. Muzolimine is slightly more effective than
      furosemide with regard to total 24-hour urine excretion, and a significant
      difference was found in the time-response curve. In fact the maximum rate of
      diuresis occurred at the second hour with muzolimine and at fourth hour with
      furosemide. Both drugs were well tolerated and no side-effects were observed.

PMID- 4002802
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of muzolimine in chronic heart failure.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate muzolimine pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics in chronic heart failure. We report preliminary results from 6
      patients, aged 64.2 years (range 54-73), in chronic heart failure (NYHA class
      III). All patients had lowered ejection fraction determined by echocardiography,
      and increased heart volume determined by cardiac X-ray. They were under treatment
      with long-term digitoxin with serum digitoxin concentrations within or below the
      therapeutic range. We investigated muzolimine pharmacokinetics on day 1 of
      treatment and after 28 days. Heart rate and rhythm were monitored with 24 hours
      ECG recording and analyzed on an Avionics Arrhythmia Analyzer. Heart rate,
      cardiac volume, ejection fraction and laboratory findings were not significantly
      changed between day 1 and day 28 of treatment. The time for peak absorption
      ranged between 1.5 and 6 hours on day 1 and 1.0 and 3 hours on day 28. The peak
      concentration was significantly higher on day 28. No significant difference was
      found in the areas under the concentration curves, serum elimination half-lives
      and renal clearances after acute and chronic administration. In the first 4
      patients studied, we found ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias before
      treatment and after 28 days on muzolimine. These preliminary data indicate a
      change in the pharmacokinetics of muzolimine on chronic dosing with more rapid
      absorption, higher peak concentrations, and increased area under the other plasma
      concentration curves.

PMID- 4002803
TI  - Haemodynamic studies with muzolimine in left ventricular failure complicating
      acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - This is an interim report of haemodynamic studies with oral muzolimine in male
      patients under 70 yr with haemodynamically confirmed left ventricular failure
      complicating acute myocardial infarction. All were in sinus rhythm and without
      hypotension (SBP 100 mmHg) and were studied by conventional intravascular
      haemodynamic methods within 18 hr of onset of symptoms of acute myocardial
      infarction. A preliminary dose-finding study in four patients indicated that both
      60 and 120 mg oral muzolimine induced substantial diuresis but only the latter
      dose was associated with an appreciable reduction in left heart filling pressure
      within 2 hr. The aims of the main study are to determine the haemodynamic effects
      of oral muzolimine 120 mg given once daily for 10 days in these high risk
      patients. Thereafter patients are randomised to continued oral muzolimine or
      placebo for a period of three months. The effects of such treatment on their
      haemodynamic profile at rest and during dynamic exercise are being measured by
      comparison with the 10 day measurements. In the first six patients entered into
      the main study, 120 mg oral muzolimine resulted in a progressive reduction in the
      elevated left heart filling pressure without tachycardia or any other major
      haemodynamic change over 8 hr on both Day 1 and Day 2. These potentially
      advantageous haemodynamic effects await confirmation from further results in this
      on-going study.

PMID- 4002804
TI  - Treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension with muzolimine. Two years
      of follow-up.
AB  - This study was carried out in association with medical practitioners who were
      responsible for observing the patients. In a first phase, 58 subjects younger
      than 70 years with moderate essential hypertension were allotted at random to
      treatment with either indapamide (2.5 mg per day) or muzolimine (20 mg per day).
      The double blind-double dummy study lasted for six months and demonstrated that
      the two drugs were similar in efficacy and tolerance. At the end of this phase 42
      patients whose supine diastolic blood pressure fell to below 100 mmHg were
      selected to continue the trial with 20 mg per day muzolimine in an open long-term
      study. The survey comprised two periods: the first lasted for six months, the
      patients being examined every two months, and the second lasted for one year and
      patients were seen quarterly. However, 8 subjects entered directly into the
      second period. At each examination standing and supine blood pressure, heart rate
      and body weight were noted; blood was sampled to allow measurements of serum
      plasma parameters. Thus 15 patients were treated with muzolimine over two years
      and 15 over 18 months. Clinically the fall in blood pressure observed initially
      was maintained throughout the rest of the trial; but 3 patients needed another
      drug, i.e. central hypotensor (2 cases) and beta-blocker (1 case). Two subjects
      complained of transitory cramps, but 3 other complications not imputable to the
      treatment were observed: one myocardial infarction and 2 strokes. Biologically
      there was no change in mean plasma potassium level, but 3 patients received a
      potassium supplement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002805
TI  - Muzolimine in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension not controlled
      with other antihypertensive drugs.
AB  - Fifty-three adult patients suffering from various degrees of essential arterial
      hypertension, which was not controlled with other antihypertensive drugs,
      participated in this study with the intention: To demonstrate the effectiveness
      of a 20 mg or 40 mg daily muzolimine dose as complementary treatment. To
      determine whether the effective dose obtained can be maintained for a long-term
      administration. To verify its tolerance. Therefore, muzolimine was administered
      in addition to the basic treatment, which went on unmodified during this study. A
      laboratory set of examinations, three controls of systolic and diastolic blood
      pressures and heart rate--each in supine and standing position--were performed
      before starting the treatment. At the end of the two initial weeks of treatment
      with administrations of 20 mg daily muzolimine doses, the diastolic blood
      pressure normalized at values below 90 mmHg in sixteen patients. These patients
      continued the muzolimine treatment taking the same dose for seven days, being
      submitted to two more controls during this time. As the normalization was
      confirmed, laboratory controls were repeated. Thirteen patients of this group
      continued the same treatment for three months. The remaining thirty-seven
      patients, who did not normalize their diastolic blood pressure, immediately
      started a second treatment period of two weeks, receiving a 40 mg daily
      muzolimine dose. At the end of this period, diastolic blood pressure normalized
      in twenty-four patients, decreased significantly in six, moderately in five, and
      remained unchanged in two. At the end of this second period, laboratory tests
      were repeated. Nineteen patients of this group continued the same treatment for
      three months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002806
TI  - Efficacy of two different doses of muzolimine in the treatment of mild
      hypertension.
AB  - A report is given on the effects of oral therapy with muzolimine (M) in patients
      with mild hypertension. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: 21 untreated patients, aged 35 to 69
      (mean 53.1 yrs) with orthostatic diastolic BP between 100 and 115 mmHg were
      randomly assigned to either group A (10 mg M/day) or group B (20 mg M/day) in a
      single blind study for a period of two weeks. Clinostatic and orthostatic
      systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate were recorded at weekly intervals. PRA,
      aldosteronemia, ECG and blood chemistry were analyzed at the beginning and at the
      end of the study. Student's t-test was used for the statistical evaluation and p
      values below 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Both clinostatic and
      orthostatic diastolic BP were significantly reduced in group A whereas only
      orthostatic diastolic BP was decreased in group B (Fig. 1). PRA and
      aldosteronemia values and blood chemistry showed no statistically significant
      changes. No side effects were noted. We conclude that 10 mg/day of muzolimine is
      more effective than 20 mg/day in reducing orthostatic diastolic BP (A vs. B p
      less than 0.02). Although these results are only preliminary data and further
      investigations are required, they suggest that muzolimine may be safely used, in
      combination with other antihypertensive agents, particularly in cases of renal
      failure.

PMID- 4002807
TI  - Clinical evaluation of muzolimine and indapamide during treatment for essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Muzolimine, a new saliuretic, has been shown to combine high ceiling and long
      acting effects in animal experiments. This study was designed to examine whether
      this desirable combination of effects, which up until the present time has not
      been incorporated into any substance also occurs during patient treatment. Fifty
      three patients with mild essential hypertension (WHO groups I and II) in three
      medical centers were treated with either muzolimine or indapamide, which served
      as the reference preparation, in a randomised, double-blind study. After a two
      week run-in phase during which the patients received placebo, half of the
      patients received 20 mg muzolimine and the other half 2.5 mg indapamide once
      daily. Eight weeks of therapy were followed by a 2 week follow-up phase, during
      which placebo was dispensed. During the trial period a weekly clinical
      examination was performed including the measurement of blood pressure, pulse,
      hematocrit, electrolytes, uric acid, glucose, creatinine and lipid status. An
      electrocardiogram and Schellongtest were conducted every two weeks. Patients were
      instructed to keep a diary in which they were to note drug related complaints.
      Statistical analysis was carried out using the Pratt-Wilcoxon Pair Test.
      Differences were judged significant at the 5% level. Both muzolimine and
      indapamide were tolerated well with minimal side effects, which however, did not
      make it necessary to discontinue treatment. Both preparations induced mild blood
      pressure reductions of approximately 10 and 5 mmHg for the systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure, respectively. Two weeks after cessation of muzolimine treatment
      neither systolic nor diastolic blood pressure showed any significant difference
      to values achieved during the treatment phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002808
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of muzolimine after acute and chronic dosing in hypertensive
      patients with mild renal insufficiency.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of muzolimine were investigated in 6
      hypertensive patients with incipient renal insufficiency. Muzolimine plasma
      levels were determined after the first dose and after 8 weeks of treatment with
      muzolimine (20 mg o.d.). The area under the curve of muzolimine plasma levels was
      greater after 8 weeks than after the first dose. Also, peak plasma concentrations
      were higher after 8 weeks; however, muzolimine half-lives in the beta-phase were
      unchanged. Blood pressure and body weight decreased with time. Muzolimine was
      well tolerated.

PMID- 4002809
TI  - Muzolimine in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
AB  - The importance of the urine volume and the residual functional capacity of the
      kidneys has been emphasized by several authors in connection with preservation of
      the quality of life of patients having to undergo chronic dialysis therapy. Since
      it has been found that muzolimine can increase diuresis even in patients with
      extremely high uraemia (GFR values less than 5 ml/min), a group of 16 patients
      (10 haemodialysis patients, HD, and 6 peritoneal dialysis patients, CAPD) was
      treated daily with 90 mg for a period of one year, commencing with the start of
      dialysis therapy. The aim of the study was to monitor the diuresis and to
      evaluate any changes in the quality of life. The latter were assessed on the
      basis of clinical criteria by the scheme of Ravid et al. The results were
      compared with the results obtained from another group of 16 patients (10 HD and 6
      CAPD) who had likewise been on dialysis for a year but without receiving diuretic
      therapy. The two groups were homogeneous in age, sex, aetiology of the kidney
      disease, and renal function. Even though diuresis, like the residual renal
      function, normally deteriorates in the course of time owing to the underlying
      kidney disease, the administration of muzolimine showed that the compound is able
      to induce statistically significantly higher diuresis in the treated patients in
      the first year of dialysis compared with the untreated patients. In addition it
      was possible to preserve the residual kidney function established at the start of
      the dialysis therapy, which corresponds to a significantly improved quality of
      life.

PMID- 4002810
TI  - Diuretic effect and pharmacokinetic data observed at different stages of chronic
      renal failure with 240 mg of muzolimine.
AB  - Muzolimine (240 mg) was administered orally to 24 patients with chronic renal
      failure. In five patients with creatinine clearance ranging between 10 and 30
      ml/min and five others with creatinine clearance lower than 10 ml/min, urinary
      output was measured in periods of 24 hours before, and 0 to 4, 4 to 10, 10 to 24,
      24 to 48, 48 to 72 hours after administration of the drug. The amounts of sodium,
      chloride, potassium and urea excreted in each sample were determined. Our results
      show that the diuretic activity of muzolimine 240 mg in these patients is
      excellent, especially in the first four hours after its administration.
      Pharmacokinetic data observed in advanced renal failure (creatinine clearance
      between 10 and 30 ml/min) are similar to those observed in healthy subjects or
      patients with normal renal function. However, attention should be paid to
      possible accumulation of the drug in terminal renal failure (creatinine clearance
      lower than 10 ml/min) because a significant increase of the terminal half-life of
      the drug is observed in these patients. Dialysibility of the drug in
      haemodialysis and during chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is poor.

PMID- 4002811
TI  - Muzolimine vs. furosemide in nephrotic syndrome: further support of different
      carrier(s) operating for enteral absorption.
AB  - The authors have compared during 4 weeks of study the effects of furosemide (F)
      by oral route or i.v. and muzolimine (M)/os in 10 patients with nephrotic
      syndrome (NS) and normal renal function. A satisfactory diuretic response was
      observed with i.v. F (100 mg) and M/os (30-60 mg) with respect to the basal
      condition (P less than 0.001), while F/os (100 mg) was ineffective in these
      patients. This behaviour may be explained by the different pharmacological
      properties of M vs. F, by gut alterations due to the oedema of mucosa or loss of
      some "carrier(s)" operating for intestinal absorption of these two high ceiling
      diuretics.

PMID- 4002812
TI  - Clinical study of muzolimine in acute renal failure, pharmacodynamics and
      pharmacokinetics.
AB  - The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of muzolimine in patients with
      acute renal failure (ARF). METHODS: 6 patients, all males, 46 to 78 years old
      (mean 67.3 +/- 12.5) suffering from acute renal failure as a complication of a
      surgical procedure (4 cases) or a medical disease (2 cases) were selected.
      Creatinine clearance rates were below 20 ml/min for all subjects except one
      (mean: 14.4 ml/min range 4-34), blood urea levels from 21 to 65 mmol/l (mean =
      36.4); mean urinary output, during the 24 hours preceding the study (D-1) was
      100.4 +/- 57 ml/h (range 36-208) without any diuretic treatment. No patient was
      on dialysis. On the treatment day a single oral dose of muzolimine (240 mg) was
      administered in the morning. During the treatment day (D0) and the post treatment
      day (D + 1), pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics were evaluated. Mean urinary
      output increased from 1.67 +/- 0.95 ml/min, at D-1 to 3.24 +/- 2 ml/min at D0
      (NS), with great differences between patients. The main effect was noted between
      0 and 6 hours after the ingestion of muzolimine. The mean electrolyte output
      increased from D0 to D1 for Na+ (0.1 mmol/min +/- 0.08----0.25 +/- 0.1-NS), K+
      (0.05 mmol/min +/- 0.02----0.08 +/- 0.07-NS), Cl- (0.07 +/- 0.07 mmol/min----0.30
      +/- 0.12 p less than 0.05) and Ca++ (1.89 +/- 1.89 meq/24 h----4.1 +/- 2 NS),
      with large individual variations. Mean urea output increased slightly in only 3
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002813
TI  - [Significance of geriatric polypathy for conservative diagnosis and therapy of
      arterial occlusive disease in advanced age].
AB  - The kind of diagnostic procedures and treatment required in patients with
      arterial occlusive diseases in advanced age depends on the high risk of
      multimorbidity. Drug-interactions must be controlled in the multimedication of
      risk factors in atherosclerosis and of concomitant internal diseases.
      Intermittent claudication in older patients can also be treated successfully by
      physical training; in the late stages hemodilution and angioplasty are efficient
      modern procedures of treatment.

PMID- 4002814
TI  - [Physical and exercise therapy in aged patients with peripheral arterial
      circulatory disorders].
AB  - Today the mean part of conservative treatment is the physical exercise therapy.
      This physical-therapy should be carried out through exercise in intervals. This
      training is programmed according to localisation and compensation of the
      occlusion and the age of the patients. The aims of the exercise-therapy are the
      adaptation of the motoric stressform coordination and improvement of local
      aerobic endurance. According to the location of the occlusion the muscles are
      trained: arm/exercise with dumb-bell; pelvis and thigh/exercise with knee
      bendings; foot and calf/exercise with toestandings. This exercise therapy can
      also be successfully carried out by older patients suffering from vascular
      disorders.

PMID- 4002815
TI  - [Surgical therapy of cerebrovascular insufficiency with reference to advanced
      age].
AB  - After brief discussion of epidemiology, aetiology, localization, diagnosis and
      surgical management of vascular stenoses leading to cerebral insufficiency, the
      results of 433 carotid artery TEAs are reported. Short- and long-term results
      were investigated to determine to what extent age of the patients affects
      outcome. The analysis of our patients sample showed with respect to perioperative
      mortality, morbidity and long-term outcome no significant difference between the
      under- and over-70-year age groups. In stage I (asymptomatic bruits) the
      perioperative mortality of the younger group (N = 119) was 1% and in the older
      group no perioperative death occurred. The long-term survival rate and the
      proportion of patients without neurological dysfunction after 4 years was 65% and
      85% respectively for the younger group and 88% and 80% for the over 70-year age
      group. In stage II patients (with transient ischaemic attacks) the perioperative
      mortality was the same for both groups (2%). The long-term survival rate for the
      younger group (N = 106) was 77% and 76% in the older group (N = 91) proportion of
      patients without neurological dysfunction was 87% for the younger group and 93%
      for the older patient sample. There were no patients with stage III occlusion
      (acute stroke) in our patient sample. In stage IV (completed stroke) the younger
      patients had a perioperative mortality of 5.7%. In the older group (N = 18) no
      patient died perioperatively. The 2-year survival rates were 61% for the older
      age group and 57% fur the younger. The corresponding proportions of patients
      without neurological dysfunction after 4 years were 83% and 71% for the older and
      younger patient groups respectively.

PMID- 4002816
TI  - [Abdominal aortic aneurysms: diagnostic and surgical problems in advanced age].
AB  - Own experience in operative treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) in the
      over-70 age group during the last 22 months are presented: there was no mortality
      in the asymptomatic patients (n = 51). If the AAA was symptomatic (n = 20)
      mortality was 25%, and if rupture occurred (n = 26) mortality raised to 42%. The
      wide-spread use of ultrasonography detected many more people with asymptomatic
      AAA than in former years. The high incidence of coronary artery disease in the
      over-70 age group raises the operation risk. By early detection of asymptomatic
      AAA, intensive preoperative treatment, and a meticulous monitoring during the
      operation and the intensive care total mortality was lowered from 44% to 16.5% in
      last years.

PMID- 4002818
TI  - [Social motives in visitors of a senior center].
AB  - This study dealt with senior citizens' motivation to participate in educational
      activities offered by non-institutional services for the aged. For this purpose
      90 visitors of a senior citizens centre in Hamburg participating in several hobby
      and learning groups were interviewed in detail. As to the results, subjects
      primarily came to the centre because they were interested in special programmes.
      Also social motives turned out to be relevant for two-thirds of the sample as
      maximum value. Among those with social interests there were significantly more
      subjects living alone or living in unfavourable socio-economic conditions. The
      results indicate that continuous learning groups can be recommended as part of
      gerontological education. These groups should care for people's interests in
      special activities as well as for their social needs.

PMID- 4002817
TI  - Age, sex, and mortality from cardiovascular disease (factor model).
AB  - The factor analysis of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the populations
      of 17 European countries is presented. The results obtained can be summed up as
      follows: (1) in different age groups mortality from heart and vessel diseases is
      determined by various factors which are independent in the statistical sense; (2)
      the factor structures of mortality from ischemic heart disease, brain vessel
      damage, and hypertension are only partially coincident; each of these diseases
      seems to have its own specific pathophysiological mechanisms; and (3) the factor
      structure of male and female mortality has considerable differences in the young
      and few differences in the older age group. Some problems of the pathogenesis and
      prophylactics of cardiovascular diseases are discussed.

PMID- 4002819
TI  - [Pathophysiology of circulation in advanced age].

PMID- 4002821
TI  - Politics of the aged: orientations and behavior in major liberal democracies.
AB  - Do the political outlook and electoral behavior of the elderly differ notably
      from that of younger adults in leading capitalist democracies? A cross-national
      examination of poll data suggests that on the whole they do not. Among the aged
      certain cross-national differences in rates of political participation beyond
      voting may be related to differences in national socio-political structures as
      well as differences in individual attributes.

PMID- 4002820
TI  - [Educational organization in social gerontology at the Kassel General University,
      the University of the District of Hessen].
AB  - The study of social gerontology today has its practical relevance in its
      connection with social work/social pedagogics. The precondition to taking up this
      study is professional experience gained by working as a social worker/social
      educationalist for the elderly/helping the elderly. The dialogue between practice
      and experts from universities and the sciences forms the basis of the curriculum.
      The course lasting for 4 or 6 semesters covers: bases of social gerontology,
      study of a profession-related main topic, carrying out of a "professional"
      practice to become better informed, supervision and taking part in research
      projects which are relevant for practice. The aim is to make the social
      worker/social educator capable of acting and thinking in an interdisciplinary,
      social-gerontological manner.

PMID- 4002822
TI  - [Utilization dimensions of gerontologic knowledge in the practice of community
      social politics].
AB  - Although disenchantment between "science" and "practice" and complaints about the
      inadequate utilization of gerontological knowledge are often articulated, the
      problem of utilization of this knowledge in fields of practice has rarely been
      the topic of empirical research. By referring to the actual sociological debate
      about "utilization" the contribution tries to shed light on the complexity of the
      problem. It is important to realize that for too long utilization of knowledge,
      quite naively, has been looked at as a process of merely transferring true
      results in a "right" way. Instead, from a sociological point of view, one has to
      learn that the most decisive filter in selecting knowledge is represented by the
      context of utilization and that such contexts display their own specific logic or
      rationality in processing knowledge. Based on interviews in three German
      municipalities with employees of department of social planning, state ministries
      of social affairs, welfare associations and local projects on counselling about
      old age problems, this thesis is examined in the case of gerontological
      knowledge. A first partial evaluation of the material from this on-going research
      project confirms the relevance of this assumption.

PMID- 4002823
TI  - [Leisure style of the aged: on the necessity and possibilities for an analysis of
      leisure time of the elderly].
AB  - A great deal remains to be done in the analysis of the elderly's leisure time.
      The recent discussions in leisure research on the integration of life style
      orientations into the analysis might be a suitable medium for integrating
      gerontology into this discussion also. A corresponding suggestion is made here,
      and definitions and methodological questions are discussed.

PMID- 4002824
TI  - ["Internal proximity by external distance"--revision of a thesis?].
AB  - The analysis originates from the suggestion that for several reasons the
      communication within the family gains increasing importance for the elderly; on
      the other hand a change in the functions of the family may lead to a development
      no longer allowing a qualitative (and not merely formal) integration for the
      elderly. To test this hypothesis a multiphasic study was conducted. In the first
      phase 16 three-generation families were included, with at least one member of
      each generation participating. The respondents were interviewed by using a
      qualitative research technique. This article discusses one finding of the first
      research phase stating that "intimacy" and "distance" are two different
      dimensions of life satisfaction, the first containing cognitive elements and the
      second important emotional-affective components.

PMID- 4002825
TI  - [Role of elderly and aged callers in the total clientele of a telephone
      counseling service].
AB  - Data from a study of the clientele of the telephone counselling service
      concerning people aged 45 to 65 and over 65 years are presented. It can be shown
      that elderly people often use telephone counselling as a permanent partner for
      social contacts. It is critically discussed whether a telephone counselling
      service should be established exclusively for older people.

PMID- 4002826
TI  - [Terminal care as a topic in training in geriatric care: a report of
      experiences].
AB  - Beginning with a short survey of the present standard of death education of
      geriatric nurses the author describes experiences with the elaboration and
      evaluation of a death education programme. The process of working out a course
      based on a developed classification of educational goal which tries to realise
      special principles of adult education is discussed. Besides the problem of
      evaluating instruction units, the use of such possible methods as observation,
      questioning and assessment scales is described. Finally the results of the
      programme from the viewpoints of the observer and the participating geriatric
      nurses are described.

PMID- 4002827
TI  - [Why is academic education in gerontology and geriatrics necessary?].
AB  - In contrast to the importance social and medical policies have acquired
      throughout the developed countries, universities in the Federal Republic of
      Germany do offer only few programs for scientific and professional education in
      this field. Nevertheless there is a still growing demand for more and better
      basic knowledge in all social and medical services concerned with the care of the
      elderly. This underlines the need for well-developed and wide-spread programs in
      gerontological and geriatric education, which in fact might enhance a better
      intergenerational understanding and communication and provide a more humane
      delivery of all kinds of services to the elderly.

PMID- 4002828
TI  - [Gerontologic and geriatric education in the USA].
AB  - Training in gerontology in American institutes of higher education is
      conceptualized and realized in response to present societal demands. Although
      plurality of approaches prevails, gerontology has become an institutionalized
      discipline which in its research, training and application is formally sponsored
      by the national government. Programs are offered in many colleges and
      universities and assessed in terms of scientific excellence, of efficiency in
      teaching knowledge from multiple disciplines, and in terms of practicality. But
      still, problems of poor research and "quasi-professional" teaching, as well as of
      insufficiently founded practical work concern gerontologists. In a time of
      expansion, "instant gerontologists" have become a threat to the field. A brief
      "instant gerontologists" have become a threat to the field. A brief overview on
      questions presently discussed among teachers in gerontology is given, and a model
      institution for gerontological training is briefly described, the Andrus
      Gerontology Center at the University of Southern California.

PMID- 4002829
TI  - [Molecular pharmacological investigation of medicinal plant substances. II.
      Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by monoterpene derivatives in vitro].
AB  - Monoterpene derivatives with spasmolytic activity inhibited acetylcholinesterase
      (ACHE, EC 3.1.1.7) in a dose dependent manner in vitro. The median inhibitory
      concentrations ranges between 10(-4) M and 10(-2) M. A significance of our
      finding may be the possible explanation of effects of monoterpene derivatives
      seen in distony of digestive tract.

PMID- 4002830
TI  - Chemiluminescence in the coupled oxidation of lecithin and ascorbate.
AB  - Chemiluminescence (CL) that appears during oxidation of lecithin and ascorbate
      has been studied. A simple system consisting only of purified lecithin, which has
      one double bond, and ascorbate as a physiological reductant with a low redox
      potential, was used. The CL spectrum of lecithin contain a strong band lying in
      the near infrared, and three bands at 20 900 cm-1, 17 700 cm-1 and 15 800 cm-1,
      being characteristic of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). The effect of 1O2
      quenchers on both autooxidation processes has also been investigated. The
      obtained results indicate that the main emitter is the 1O2. An addition of
      ascorbate to the system lecithin plus buffer causes a decrease of CL intensity.
      That is a result of stronger quenching properties of ascorbate and not due to
      efficiency of the generation of 1O2.

PMID- 4002831
TI  - Small-angle X-ray and light scattering studies on the influence of Mg2+ ions on
      the structure of the RNA from bacteriophage MS2.
AB  - The influence of Mg2+ ions on the secondary and tertiary structure of the RNA
      from bacteriophage MS2 was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering and light
      scattering and by sedimentation experiments. The analysis of the outer part of
      the X-ray scattering curve obtained at low temperature in the absence of Mg2+
      yielded a cross-section radius of gyration of 0.88 nm and a mass per unit length
      of 1720 g mol-1 nm-1. Very similar values for these parameters, which refer to
      the secondary structure of the RNA molecule, were also derived from the X-ray
      scattering curves obtained in the presence of different amounts of Mg2+ (0.07 to
      1 ions per nucleotide). On the contrary, the inner part of the X-ray scattering
      curves turned out to be highly dependent on the Mg2+ concentration: the cross
      section radius of gyration and the mass per unit length, which were determined
      from the scattering curves at small angles as parameters related to the tertiary
      structure of the RNA, amounted to 3.11 nm and 4000 g mol-1 nm-1, respectively, in
      the absence of Mg2+ and increased significantly upon raising the concentration of
      Mg2+. The increase of these structural parameters was found to be accompanied by
      a decrease of the overall radius of gyration (as revealed indirectly by X-ray
      scattering and directly by light scattering measurements) and by an increase of
      the sedimentation coefficient. The results from the investigations of the RNA at
      low temperature clearly establish the existence of double-stranded structures
      down to very low Mg2+ concentrations as well as the occurrence of Mg2+ induced
      changes of the tertiary structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4002832
TI  - Rate and rate-determining step of hydrogen-atom-induced strand breakage in
      poly(U) in aqueous solution under anoxic conditions.
AB  - The rate constant for strand breakage in poly(U) after reaction with hydrogen
      atoms in deoxygenated aqueous solution has been determined to be k = 1.5 s-1 at
      pH = 4-5 and 24 degrees C. Dithiothreitol has been found to prevent strand break
      formation by reacting with H-adduct radicals of poly(U) with a rate constant of 5
      X 10(6) M-1 s-1. It is concluded that the rate-determining step in H atom-induced
      strand breakage in poly(U) at pH less than or equal to 6 is the decay of uracil
      moiety H-adduct radicals via H-abstraction from the ribose moiety.

PMID- 4002834
TI  - Clinical and immunologic features of chronic dialysis patients who fail to
      respond to hepatitis B vaccine.
AB  - Eighteen patients on chronic dialysis (15 haemodialysis, three peritoneal) were
      evaluated to determine whether certain clinical features and/or in vitro
      indicators of immune function correlated with the response to hepatitis B
      vaccine. Only 44% of patients developed antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen
      (anti-HBS) following vaccination and neither duration of dialysis, history of
      renal transplant, peripheral T cell numbers, T4/T8 ratios, nor mitogen induced
      lymphocyte proliferation correlated with response to vaccination. Advanced age,
      history of multiple blood transfusions and depressed levels of IgM may be
      associated with a poor antibody response to the vaccine. Future studies need to
      consider these variables when evaluating immunogenicity of new hepatitis B
      vaccine preparations.

PMID- 4002833
TI  - Site of H atom attack on uracil and its derivatives in aqueous solution.
AB  - Hydrogen atoms from the radiolysis of water at pH 1.6 add to the 5,6-double bond
      of pyrimidines. The preferential site of attack is the C(5) position (values in
      brackets) in the case of 6-methyluracil (87%), 1,3-dimethyluracil (71%), uracil
      (69%) and poly(U) (60%). This reaction yields a radical of reducing properties
      which can be monitored by its reaction with tetranitromethane in a pulse
      radiolysis experiment. In thymine (37%), thymidine (32%) and 1,3-dimethylthymine
      (25%) H-addition no longer preferentially occurs at C(5), but addition is now
      mainly at C(6). Hydrogen abstraction from the methyl groups or the sugar moiety
      is negligible (less than or equal to 5.5%). A comparison is made with literature
      values for the equivalent reactions of OH radicals.

PMID- 4002835
TI  - Viral and bacterial vectors of immunogenes.
AB  - A recent development in the production of experimental vaccines has been the use
      of the smallpox vaccine virus (vaccinia virus) as a carrier (vector) of the genes
      (immunogenes) which code for the protection-inducing proteins (immunogens) of
      unrelated viruses. The potential of these vector vaccines lies in the hope that
      such a vaccine would be cheaper, safer and/or more effective than existing
      vaccines to some pathogens. Vaccinia virus as a vector has attracted most
      attention to date because: several immunogenes can be inserted into its genome
      without destroying its infectivity; the immunogens appear to be produced
      normally; vaccinia virus has been used highly successfully to eradicate smallpox;
      and it has a wide host-range and thus might find veterinary as well as human
      medical application. Experimental vaccines, successfully tested in animals, have
      been prepared using immunogenes from influenza virus, hepatitis B virus and
      herpes simplex virus. Apathogenic enteric bacteria have some potential as
      vectors, most probably against enteric pathogens, although the potential of viral
      vectors is likely to be realized first. Parasitic worms and protozoa devastate
      millions of people. When the immunogens of these organisms have been identified
      there will be added impetus to investigate the potential of vector vaccines
      against these pathogens.

PMID- 4002836
TI  - Control of herpes simplex virus infections of the genital tract by vaccination.
AB  - The apparent increasing incidence of herpes simplex virus infections of the
      genital tract has focused attention on the efficacy of vaccination in preventing
      infection or modifying established disease. Results of an 'open trial' using a
      DNA-free inactivated virus subunit vaccine have shown that vaccination of
      subjects at risk of contracting infection from their sexual partner reduced the
      transmission rate from 34% in unvaccinated controls to 0.5%. In a separate study,
      vaccination of patients who had experienced their first overt attack of herpes
      genitalis (the initial clinical episode) had significantly fewer recurrences over
      the follow-up period of 12 months than the unvaccinated control group. The
      results, we feel, justify a placebo controlled trial.

PMID- 4002837
TI  - Cases from the morgue.

PMID- 4002838
TI  - Questioning death: Virginia's medical examiners.

PMID- 4002839
TI  - Granulomatous bone marrow disease in Virginia: study of 50 cases.

PMID- 4002840
TI  - [Role of prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides in the development of allergic
      reactions in eczema patients].

PMID- 4002841
TI  - [Modeling of gonococcal and Ureaplasma infections in a McCoy cell culture].

PMID- 4002842
TI  - [Use of a new Soviet human leukocyte interferon injectable II in treating
      basaliomas].

PMID- 4002843
TI  - [Functional activity of the hypophysis-thyroid system in ichthyosis vulgaris
      patients].

PMID- 4002845
TI  - [Mondor's disease].

PMID- 4002844
TI  - [Malignant degeneration of cutaneous leishmaniasis].

PMID- 4002846
TI  - [Case of Kaposi's sarcoma combined with villous cell leukemia].

PMID- 4002847
TI  - [Case of sarcoidosis with involvement of the orbit].

PMID- 4002848
TI  - [Conservative treatment of trophic leg ulcers with trental].

PMID- 4002849
TI  - [Topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a carbon dioxide laser].

PMID- 4002850
TI  - [Neutrophil chemotactic activity in syphilis patients during treatment].

PMID- 4002851
TI  - [Evaluation of the leukocyte migration inhibition reaction and lymphoblast
      transformation in studying the pathogenesis of syphilis].

PMID- 4002852
TI  - [Papular pseudosyphilis of the anal area in men].

PMID- 4002853
TI  - [Case of the unique development of early congenital syphilis].

PMID- 4002854
TI  - [Case of congenital syphilis in the 3d generation].

PMID- 4002855
TI  - [Rare case of a malignant course in tertiary gummatous syphilis].

PMID- 4002856
TI  - [Early malignant syphilis].

PMID- 4002857
TI  - Actin, a possible quantitative indicator for the quality of meat products. II.
      Separation and determination of actin from a Guelders ring sausage.
AB  - Quality regulations of the Guelders ring sausage are applied in the Netherlands.
      One of the quality parameters is the content of CFMP (collagen-free muscle
      protein) in the product. The purpose of this research is to substitute the usual
      indirect method by a direct analytical method for CFMP. The proposed direct
      method is composed of separation and determination of actin. Actin was well
      separated from the sausage product by SDS-gel-filtration chromatography, which
      was checked by SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Actin was determined by
      its 3-methylhistidine content, but this result was smaller than expected. It was
      caused by the presence of salt during the 3-methylhistidine analysis. Finally, a
      method for the determination of actin by 3-methylhistidine was developed for the
      direct procedure. The relations of 3 MH (3-methylhistidine) with respective CFMP
      and MP (muscle protein) are formulated. Both formulae give a reasonably good
      estimation of 3 MH, CFMP or MP, one of these parameters of the Guelders ring
      sausage being known.

PMID- 4002858
TI  - [Mutagenicity of meat flavorings with natural and/or nature-identical
      flavorings].
AB  - The mutagenic potential of twenty commercially available meat flavours from three
      different producers was determined using the Ames test. The flavours contained
      natural and/or nature-identical components as recorded on their label. Twelve
      flavours showed mutagenic activity with at least one of the four employed test
      strains (TA1535, TA100, TA97, and TA98). Flavours containing natural components
      yielded positive results in this mutation test in all cases but one. On the other
      hand flavours produced from nature-identical substances with one exception did
      not demonstrate mutagenic effects.

PMID- 4002859
TI  - Determination of furazolidone residues in eggs by HPLC followed by confirmation
      with a diode-array UV/Vis detector.
AB  - A sensitive HPLC method for the determination of furazolidone residues in eggs
      (10-1,000 micrograms/kg) is described. Recovery is about 86%. With the aid of a
      UV/Vis Diode-Array detector confirmation up to the 15-ppb level was possible. In
      order to test this method with "real" samples, three laying hens received 30 mg
      each of furazolidone in feed (single dose). The eggs were collected for five
      days. After five days traces of furazolidone (5 micrograms/kg) could still be
      detected.

PMID- 4002860
TI  - [Organic acids in vegetables. I. Brassica, leaf and bulb vegetables as well as
      carrots and celery].
AB  - 18 German vegetable species were analyzed for their organic acid content. Organic
      acids were isolated by methanol extraction followed by ion exchange. After
      derivatisation with BSA the trimethylsilyl derivatives were analyzed by gas
      chromatography using SE-52 and OV-1701 glass capillaries. The predominate acids
      are malic and citric acid, and in most cases malic acid was the most abundant.
      Succinic, fumaric, and quinic acids are wide spread, tartaric acid was found in
      carrots, lettuce, endives, chicory, and celery. Other acids such as malonic,
      shikimic, and t-aconitic acids occurred sporadically. Lactic acid which was
      determined by two other methods was not detected in any vegetable species.

PMID- 4002862
TI  - [Determination of 5-methoxypsoralen in suntan cosmetics].
AB  - A method for the determination of 5-methoxypsoralene in suntan-cosmetics is
      described. After liquid chromatographic clean-up, the final extract is screened
      by twodimensional thin layer chromatography. For positive extracts 5
      methoxypsoralene is analysed quantitatively by capillary gas chromatography,
      using 5-alpha-cholestane as an internal standard and flame ionization detection
      (FID). The results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC
      MS). The recoveries for suntan-cosmetics of emulsion type were 70% and for
      tanning oils 90%. Detection limits of the method were 0,1 to 0,5 mg/kg, depending
      on the sample type. By application of this method 5-methoxypsoralene was detected
      in 6 of the 21 cosmetic products at levels up to 28 mg/kg.

PMID- 4002861
TI  - Trace element solubility from food following enzymolysis.
AB  - Food items were treated with enzymes simulating gastric and intestinal digestive
      juices and the amounts of soluble lead, cadmium, zinc, iron, and copper, were
      determined. Enzyme treatment was conducted in two stages involving (I) pepsin at
      pH 2,5 followed by (II) pancreatin and amylase at neutral pH. Solubility was
      determined after each stage and additionally after post enzymolysis
      acidification. The foods examined comprised wholemeal bread, spinach, canned
      tomato, ox liver, pig kidney, canned crabmeat, beefburger, and canned corned
      beef, the last sampled from within the bulk and adjacent to the side seam of the
      can. Analyte solubility varied with (I) different food items, (II) processing or
      preparation of foods of similar origin, (III) action of pepsin or pancreatic
      enzymes and (IV) pH. Reasons for the variations are discussed.

PMID- 4002863
TI  - Elemental analysis of hazelnut kernels and shells by spark source mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Samples from three varieties of hazelnuts, namely Corylus avellana var. pontica,
      C. maxima mill. and Corylus colurna var. glandulifera, which are cultivated in
      Turkey, were analyzed by spark-source mass spectrometry (SSMS). A total of 35
      elements were determined in the samples. It was generally shown that 3-5 elements
      were in nontrace, 9-13 were in trace and 17-20 were in ultratrace amounts in
      kernels and shells.

PMID- 4002864
TI  - [The differentiation of parts of paprika fruit by analysis of their mineral
      constituents].
AB  - In order to determine the trace metals and minor elements in the different parts
      of the paprika fruit (red pepper) samples were ashed and analysed by an emission
      spectrographic method. Analysis lines of 9 elements (B, P, Fe, Mg, Si, Mn, Al,
      Ca, Cu) were measured in the arc spectra of the samples, and the logarithmic
      intensity data processed by pattern recognition methods. From the data obtained
      the three components of the plant ("exocarp", "seed", and "stem") could be
      correctly classified. Mixtures of components were prepared at varying ratios and
      could be differentiated from the pure components with great reliability.

PMID- 4002865
TI  - [Aroma of the papaya fruit (Carica papaya, L.): indication of volatile precursors
      of terpene compounds].
AB  - In fruit pulp of papaya (Carica papaya, L.) the enzymes were inhibited by Hg2+.
      These sample were compared with others, in which the enzymes had not been
      inhibited. After separation and prefractionation of volatiles by means of high
      vacuum distillation/solvent extraction and subsequent adsorption chromatography
      on silicagel, capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that in the
      experiment with Hg2+ the formation of terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons as well
      as benzylisothiocyanate was totally inhibited. The formation of linalooloxides
      and related compounds was inhibited to about 60%. From these results the
      occurrence of bound terpene precursors in papaya fruit may be postulated, from
      which the free volatile terpenes are enzymatically liberated after
      decompartmentalization of tissue during fruit pulp preparation.

PMID- 4002867
TI  - [On the way to a Swiss microcensus].
AB  - In order to avoid some of the problems connected with the census of the
      population and with the intention of actualizing the latter and providing the
      Federal administration as a whole with a rational means to obtain the necessary
      information on living conditions in the country, the Swiss Federal Statistical
      Office is planning to introduce annual sample surveys. It has spent a two years
      experimental stage working out contents and solutions to methodical and
      organizational problems. The planned household survey will consist of two parts,
      a general programme with demographic and socioeconomic variables and a specific
      programme. Two sample sizes will be used to get representative national or
      cantonal results. Written and/or oral survey methods will be chosen in accordance
      with the subject; telephone interviews with the help of a computer terminal will
      be one of the favourite methods. Participation will be optional. Before the end
      of this year, the Government will decide whether this statistical instrument is
      to be adopted.

PMID- 4002866
TI  - [Cadmium studies on the effect of environment, soil and variety on tobacco and
      cadmium transfer into cigarette smoke].
AB  - The results as outlined in this paper are based on a 10-year-investigation by the
      Tobacco Research Institute, Forchheim. Emissions into the environment may lead to
      higher Cd-content of tobacco and other crops. Geological soil conditions may
      influence the soil/plant--Cd-transfer. Genetically dependent variety differences
      in Cd-uptake can be found in field as well as in greenhouse experiments. A
      comparison between domestic and foreign leaf tobaccos showed Cd-levels at the
      same order of magnitude. Analyses of German cigarette brands (with and without
      filter) demonstrated that 0.05 micrograms Cd/cigarette are transferred from
      cigarette tobacco into the mainstream smoke, corresponding to a mean transfer
      rate of 5.1%.

PMID- 4002869
TI  - Using surveys for management and measurement of health in developing countries.
AB  - National household surveys have been a basic statistical feature for many decades
      in the industrialized countries and more recently in the developing world. This
      paper deals with the potential of national household surveys for obtaining health
      information in developing countries. In this regard the United Nations National
      Household Survey Capability Programme (NHSCP) aims at collaborating with
      developing countries to establish a continuing flow of integrated statistics.

PMID- 4002868
TI  - [Tetanus immunity in an urban population: gaps in the vaccination of senior
      citizens and foreign guest workers].
AB  - Immunity against tetanus in an urban population: gaps of immunity among elderly
      persons. In a sero-epidemiological survey we investigated the immunity against
      tetanustoxoid in an urban population. Children and adolescents born in Germany (n
      = 193) showed an excellent immunity, negative findings being the exception. Among
      soldiers of the army (n = 136), negative findings were rare too. In these both
      groups the antibody titiers averaged 4,5 IU/ml. It is generally agreed that an
      antibody titer of 0,01 IU/ml protects against tetanus. Adults born in Germany (n
      = 295) had a good immunity: 84% showed antibody - titers against tetanus. Among
      elderly persons, however, above 60 years of age (n = 1576) there was a striking
      incidence of negative findings: in 1043 persons (65%) no antibodies could be
      detected. The remaining 533 persons with positive findings (35%) had antibody
      titers in the lower range (average 0,482 IU/ml). Also among foreigners and
      immigrant labourers from mediterrean countries (Greece, Turkey, Yugoslavia) the
      frequency of negative findings was high: 183 persons were examined, 70 (39%) were
      negative 113 (61%) were positive. The incidence of negative findings was highest
      among women from the mediterrean countries. Several small studies published in
      Switzerland show a similar tendency. Our paper will encourage further
      seroepidemiological studies.

PMID- 4002870
TI  - The Swiss Health Survey Project (SOMIPOPS): an example of a data collection
      effort from various sources.
AB  - In 1981/82 the first representative health survey (SOMIPOPS "Socio-medical
      indicators for the population of Switzerland") was conducted 1) to gain
      representative data on health status (perceived morbidity), use of health
      services, 2) to analyse the demand for health care, and 3) to develop reliable
      health and use indicators. In order to validate questionnaire and interview data
      (primary data sources), two additional (secondary sources) were used: income and
      wealth data for the whole of the original SOMIPOPS sample (N = 5,860), and health
      insurance records for 80% consenting members of the interviewed sample. The
      integration of different data sources on an individual level greatly enhances the
      analytic potential of health survey.

PMID- 4002871
TI  - Results of the international field trial with the Reason for Encounter
      Classification.
AB  - The Reason for Encounter Classification (RFEC) was designed by a WHO Working
      Party to classify the reasons why patients seek care at the primary care level.
      It is designed along two axes: Chapters and Components. Each chapter carries an
      alpha-code which is the first character of the basic 3-character alphanumeric
      code. Each chapter is subdivided into seven "components" carrying 2-digit numeric
      codes. The field trial was undertaken by family physicians and nurses in:
      Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Hungary, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Norway and the
      US. 90497 RFE's were analysed. Their distribution over the chapters and
      components characterize the content of international primary care. Listings with
      the most common RFE's in the participating countries reflect the cultural
      differences. It is concluded that the RFEC is not only feasible to classify
      reasons why patients seek care but also to classify the diagnosis and the process
      of primary care. As a result of this, the International Classification of Primary
      Care (ICPC) succeeds the RFEC.

PMID- 4002872
TI  - Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in childhood.
AB  - We report two cases of children with pulmonary arteriovenous fistula treated at
      the University Clinic of Mainz. This angiodysplasia is relatively more diffuse
      and the clinical signs are more marked in childhood. The non-invasive techniques
      should be preferred for diagnosis. Complications occur frequently even in
      asymptomatic children so it is recommended to operate them. The local excision
      without extirpation of lung tissue should be preferred to segmentectomy or
      lobectomy for peripheral lesions. Therapeutic embolisation should be tried in
      inoperable cases.

PMID- 4002873
TI  - Extra-lobar pulmonary sequestration. A report of three cases and a review of the
      literature with special reference to the embryogenesis.
AB  - Three cases of extra-lobar pulmonary sequestration are reported, and the
      literature reviewed. Phylogenetically several mechanisms are possible. A local
      problem with separation of part of the developing lung, is thought to be more
      likely than a widespread teratogenic insult.

PMID- 4002875
TI  - Perforation of the intussuscipiens transverse colon: an unusual complication in
      infancy.
AB  - A case of an ileocolic intussusception in an infant is presented, complicated by
      an unusually "silent" rupture of the intussuscipiens transverse colon. We stress
      the importance of clinical diagnosis even in the absence of convincing plain film
      findings. The value of laparotomy is also emphasised in this particular case,
      where a barium enema could have been potentially hazardous for the patient.

PMID- 4002874
TI  - Three cases of bladder duplication.
AB  - Three cases of bladder duplication are described. Duplication of the bladder is a
      rare anomaly. In bladder duplication there may be a bilateral complete
      duplication of the bladder and urethra or an incomplete duplication, in which
      case there is a single urethra. Further, the bladder may be divided in two parts
      by a complete or incomplete sagittal septum or a complete or incomplete frontal
      septum. Complete bilateral duplication of the bladder and urethra is part of a
      rare and striking anomaly that involves the entire caudal end of the body.
      Diagnosis demands exploration of all orifices to determine the anatomic
      relationship and the functional possibilities. Treatment for duplication of the
      bladder may be complex because of the many associated anomalies and is usually
      limited to procedures for maintaining normal function. Initial treatment is
      directed at assuring that there is no obstruction or infection.

PMID- 4002876
TI  - Follow-up studies in 50 totally colectomised children.
AB  - We report on 50 totally colectomised children, most of whom suffered from
      Hirschsprung's disease. Of the 50, one child died postoperatively of enteritis.
      On an average, the children were re-examined 5 1/2 years after the colectomy. The
      findings were as follows: With the exception of four, the size and weight of the
      patients were within the norm; 20 passed frequent stools of pulpy consistency; 16
      suffered from disturbances of continence; 14 developed severe, partially
      recurrent enteritis. We did not find any advantage of a single method of
      operation, e.g. Martin's operation.

PMID- 4002877
TI  - Postoperative continence assessed by electromyography of the external sphincter
      in anorectal malformations.
AB  - Voluntary faecal continence after corrective surgery for anorectal malformations
      was assessed via electromyography (EMG) of the external sphincter muscle in 20
      patients with anorectal malformations. Six normal children served as controls.
      Function of the external sphincter in patients with high type anomaly was
      disturbed from the points of tonic activity, inflation reflex, and activity
      during further rectal filling. Patients with a positive inflation reflex,
      regardless of the type of anorectal malformation, had good Kelly scores. Phasic
      activity was observed in patients with high-type anomaly, and in normal subjects
      and patients with other types of anomaly. Therefore, patients with high-type
      anomaly may acquire compensatory voluntary anal continence through training.

PMID- 4002878
TI  - Anal sphincter function after surgery for high imperforate anus--a long term
      follow-up investigation.
AB  - 37 children were treated for high imperforate anus during the years 1944-1965.
      Eighteen of these 37 participated in a follow-up examination at the age of 18-35
      years. The examination consisted of an anorectal manometry, EMG of the external
      sphincter, a digital anal examination, and an interview. Special attention was
      paid to anal continence. Fourteen patients did not admit any major anal problems,
      and eight of them had a good continence. Anorectal manometry showed an absence of
      internal sphincter function in all patients. During voluntary squeeze the
      continent patients increased anal pressure significantly more than the
      incontinent ones, and they were also aware of significantly smaller distensions
      of the rectal ampulla. The present investigation shows the necessity of well
      functioning striated sphincter muscles to achieve good continence, and therefore
      also the importance of careful dissection and identification of the striated
      sphincter muscles during the operation.

PMID- 4002879
TI  - Gait analysis after intake of increasing amounts of alcohol.
AB  - The ability to walk after intake of increasing amounts of alcohol was studied.
      Sixteen normal persons were tested on a computer-assisted treadmill. Ataxia or
      unsteadiness of gait was found to decrease during a blood alcohol concentration
      (BAC) of less than 0.4 mg/ml. Stride length was found to increase by increasing
      BAC.

PMID- 4002880
TI  - [Color change in dental tissue as a sign of thermal damage].
AB  - The appearance of hard human tissue after thermal damage permits certain
      conclusions to be drawn with regard to fire parameters. In addition to
      morphological destruction, the change in color of dental tissues like enamel,
      dentine, and cement is also important. We studied teeth extracted from 330 human
      males and females under well-defined time and temperature conditions. Using the
      DIN and RAL color indexes, the color phenomenon was evaluated on the basis of the
      amount of glowing obtained when the teeth were heated. It is easiest to determine
      the color change in cement, as no calculus or hindering plaques are on the root
      surface. In addition to this, destruction of the tooth root takes place only
      during extreme combustion conditions. Determining the dentine color is more
      difficult and is possible only after the enamel splits. Also, the different
      dentine thicknesses hinders the observation of color. When the enamel was tested,
      it was found that the differences in color caused by high temperatures are
      unimportant. Moreover, the enamel burst into small particles. The effect we
      observed regarding the anthracite lustre using low temperatures was typical, and
      the best results were obtained in dental roots with eight color scales. All three
      dental hard tissues have in common that the variations in color appear regularly
      and successively according to ascending temperature or duration of time: natural
      dental color, black, brown, blue, grey, white, and pink. In these processes, the
      temperature and combustion time are inversely proportional to the velocity of
      color change. The literature is discussed that deals with temperature- and time
      dependent color phenomena of dental hard tissues destroyed as a result of thermal
      damage.

PMID- 4002881
TI  - Swimming and loss of consciousness.
AB  - Under certain circumstances, even a good swimmer may drown during swimming
      exercise. Two cases of drowning, a survivor and a dead, during swimming exercise
      in swimming-pool are described. These cases and experimental researches with dogs
      indicate that the initial aspiration of water may cause extremely low heart rate
      and low blood pressure by reflex vagal inhibition, which deprive a good swimmer
      of his consciousness and make him drown.

PMID- 4002882
TI  - [Soft tissue hemorrhage within the larynx following strangulation].
AB  - The inner soft tissues of the larynx (i.e., true vocal cord, false vocal cord,
      paralaryngeal space) were examined by special preparation of the larynx: thyroid
      cartilage was detached from the cricoid and the laryngeal cords, which could then
      be examined. Bleeding (not visible before) was found in 18 of 40 cases of persons
      killed by throttling or choking; bleeding occurred whenever blunt trauma of the
      throat had taken place (n = 8). Hemorrhage develops even in cases without damage
      to the laryngeal skeleton; this bleeding can result from direct compression of
      the larynx (large and not well defined bleeding) and can originate indirectly
      (small hemorrhages mostly in the vocal muscles). The finding of hemorrhages like
      this can help to demonstrate that the victim has undergone a violent attack on
      the throat.

PMID- 4002883
TI  - Detection of malathion in a victim by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical
      ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - We experienced an autopsy case in which a 53-year-old woman committed suicide by
      ingesting allegedly a certain agricultural chemical. The blood and stomach
      contents, after extraction with acetonitrile and chloroform, were subjected to
      analysis by gas chromatography (GC)/negative ion chemical ionization (CI) mass
      spectrometry (MS). By total ion monitoring in the negative CI mode, a large peak
      appeared. The mass spectrum of the peak showed a strong anion at m/z 157,
      suggesting the presence of an organophosphorus pesticide. By measuring its
      spectrum in the positive electron impact (EI) mode, it was identified as
      malathion. The selected ion monitoring in the negative CI mode showed that the
      malathion peak was not interfered with by any impurities, and its background was
      very low. The sensitivity in the negative CI mode was about 5-10 times higher
      than that in the positive EI mode. Our data show that the GC/negative ion CI MS
      is useful for both screening and sensitive quantitation of organophosphorus
      pesticides.

PMID- 4002884
TI  - [Fatal cocaine poisoning].
AB  - A case of lethal cocaine poisoning after parenteral application is described. The
      results of the quantitative gas chromatographic determination in blood, liver,
      urine, stomach contents and muscle are reported.

PMID- 4002885
TI  - [Biomechanical fragility of the infant skull].
AB  - Following previous experiments on postmortem skull fractures of infants, falls
      from 82-cm heights onto stone (A), carpet (B) and foam-backed linoleum (C), 35
      further falling tests were carried out onto softly cushioned ground. In 10 cases
      a 2-cm thick foam rubber mat (D) was chosen and in 25 further cases a double
      folded (8-cm-thick) camel hair blanket (E). Hence the results of altogether 50
      tests could be evaluated. In test groups A-C on a relatively hard surface, skull
      fractures of the parietale were observed in every case; in test group D this
      fracture was seen in one case and in test group E in four cases. Measurements
      along the fracture fissures showed bone thickness of 0.1-0.4 mm. The fracture
      injuries originated in paper-thin single-layer bone areas without diploe, which
      can also be considered the preferred regions for skull fractures of older infants
      following falls from low heights. These results indicate that it is no longer
      possible to assume that the skull of infants is not damaged after falls from
      table height.

PMID- 4002886
TI  - [Personality structure of the psoriasis patient. Possibilities and necessities of
      differential psychodiagnosis in psychosomatic questions].
AB  - Current attempts in the research to identify a single relevant personality type
      amongst patients with psoriasis appear questionable from a factual and
      methodological approach. On the basis of psychometric personality data, we were
      able to identify five different personality structures amongst psoriatic
      patients. Therefore, in our opinion blanket testing directed toward individual
      personality characteristics is not indicated. Concern should be directed toward
      more thoroughly defined and differentiated questions via use of psychometric
      personality data. In discussion not only the problem of specificity but also the
      compelling necessity of a multi-variable psychometric approach, including
      temporal aspects, as well as subjective degree of illness, is elaborated.

PMID- 4002888
TI  - [Body language in the psychoanalytic treatment situation].
AB  - Patient body language allows for the development of counter-transference and
      reaction on the part of the therapist. This interpersonal interaction is bound to
      signals, often unconsciously emitted by the client, to which the therapist
      responds. The author describes how, by means of a newly developed technique of
      expression confrontation, aspects of object relationship can be transferred
      and/or defended by means of body language. Non-verbally communicated signals are
      categorized according to the type of relationship disturbance into paradoxical
      stimulation, under- or overstimulation. Through case examples the reader is
      introduced to a therapeutical approach to these object-relationship disturbances.
      It is demonstrated that the body language of the patient can only become
      accessible through a situational relationship aspect of the therapeutic effort.

PMID- 4002887
TI  - [Borderline structure and painful skin hemorrhages: a case of Gardner-Diamond
      syndrome].
AB  - The Gardner-Diamond Syndrome is an infrequently diagnosed impressive
      psychosomatosis. The patients (exclusively female) suffering from this disorder
      are described as "angry young women". They are considered hysterical,
      masochistic, depressive, hostile and timid. Physically the syndrome is
      characterized by atypical, painful, apparently spontaneous skin bleeding in young
      women and these patients look like they have been beaten, injured or are
      seriously ill. Besides hematoma, renal hemorrhage, uterine hemorrhage, headaches
      or unconsciousness as well as numerous symptoms of conversion in the narrower
      sense of the word have been observed, e.g. loss speech, gait deviation, or
      feelings of discomfort. To this day the pathophysiological peculiarity that
      enables the patients to transform subconscious psychic events into the specific
      temporary alteration in the permeability of the capillary walls being a
      constitutional variant characteristic of females suffering from Gardner-Diamond
      Syndrome and activated by psychic stimuli. In the case history presented, the
      problem is the psychic working out of narcissistic injuries in the context of a
      borderline structure. These injuries turn into physical symptoms analogous to the
      process of conversion. Since, in this case, there is no question of a defense
      against oedipal fantasies one would prefer to speak of a "narcissistic
      conversion". Quite peculiar is the universally described resemblance of the
      patients to one another. The syndrome, together with the character and
      psychodynamic features, is repeated in almost a stereotypical manner. An
      explanation for this phenomenon cannot be expected even from the discovery of a
      pathophysiological detail in the blood vessels. Rather, we are confronted with
      one of those extremely rare syndromes where, in a limited field, physical and
      psychic events are completely blended. The physical events such as affects and
      defense mechanisms for which they can be substituted at random and without mutual
      interference. It is as though these disorders had retained a phylogenetically
      lost unity and primeval capability of interchanging psychic and somatic
      structures and, so to speak, preserved them in the manner of a museum. These
      syndromes make us surmise that in processes of somatization a recourse to
      ancient, long-faded psychosomatic relationships may play a certain role.

PMID- 4002889
TI  - [Silence, to be noticed: on an apparently paradoxical significance of silence].
AB  - Reporting a case of his own, the author discusses a meaning of silence in
      psychoanalytic individual therapy that seems to be paradoxical at first sight:
      his female patient was silent during the session in order to be noticed. The
      patient tended to aggrandize men from which it followed that the distance between
      herself and those men grew to such an extent that they could not perceive her any
      more. The therapist's talking less than his patient served as a transference
      trigger as to the patient's asymmetrical relation to men described above. Keeping
      nearly as much silent as the therapist, the the patient created a more
      symmetrical situation thus diminishing the "distance" between the therapist and
      herself so that she could be perceived by him again. Realizing the discrepancy
      between this neurotic fantasy and reality and working through the phallic
      narcissistic conflict involved, enabled the patient to change her behavior in
      therapy and later on in her life outside.

PMID- 4002891
TI  - [The horror story--a contribution of horror literature to psychoanalysis].
AB  - Using the example of the vampire motif origin and psychic function of the ghost
      story in context of the pertaining historical situation are presented. A
      comparison to the development and function of night-mares is drawn.--The vampire
      motif in Europe originally developed at the end of the Middle Ages. As with the
      collective madness of witch persecution it was a superstition which was in fact
      supported by the church of this time. The belief in vampires was used for
      splitting of, projection and acting-out of taboo aggressive, oral and sexual
      drives. Although the era of Englightment quenched this superstition, the motif
      started to crop up in sublimated form: the vampire became a favourite motif in
      serious as in trivial literature of the 19th century. At first it can be seen as
      symbolic expression of rejected anxiety and guilt feelings of the bourgoisie
      after having thrown the absolutistic institution from power. In the course of the
      century the motif developed increasingly to an enciphered representation of
      sexuality perverted due to repression and rejection.--Our current social and
      literary life has now changed--also under the influence of Freuds work. The
      hypothesis is presented that meanwhile science fiction literature has become the
      successor of the ghost story, since it allows the preconscious presentation of
      contemporary anxiety and conflict and their rejection. Since fictions therefore
      can be viewed as a serious collective nightmare of the second half of the 20th
      century.

PMID- 4002890
TI  - [Chronobiologic aspects of autogenic training. Thermometric findings of autogenic
      training in relation to diurnal periodicity in autonomic dystonia patients].
AB  - In a cohort of patients suffering from neuro-dystonia a group of test subjects
      well acquainted with the techniques of autogenous training and another consisting
      of patients unfamiliar with these techniques were compared with regard to the
      rise in the skin temperature in their fingers at various times of the day.
      Furthermore, the connection between the personal perception of warmth of the test
      subjects during autogenous training and the actually measured increase the
      temperature was observed: 1. In the test group as well as among the controls two
      different patterns of reaction with regard to diurnal fluctuations of the skin
      temperature occurred which were interpreted as so-called "morning types" and
      "evening types" respectively. 2. The increase in temperature induced by
      autogenous training in the test group was always higher than the one in the group
      of controls. 3. Subject to the circadian reaction pattern of the skin temperature
      there were fluctuations related to the actual time of day with regard to the
      increases in temperature induced by autogenous training. 4. There was merely a
      "slight" correlation between the personal experience or warmth and the measured
      temperature increase, and the intensity of the temperature experience seems to be
      influenced more by the relative initial value of the skin temperature than by the
      objectifyable temperature increase. These results are discussed with regard to
      practical consequences for the acquisition of autogenous training and its
      therapeutic application with neuro-dystonic patients.

PMID- 4002892
TI  - [Urodynamic studies following anisoperistaltic end-to-end ureter anastomoses in
      the swine animal model].
AB  - The formation of an animal model for urodynamic examinations after
      anisoperistaltic anastomoses of the ureter is described. At the animal model pig
      could be proved that an outlet from the newly created urosystem is possible via
      the renal fistula of one side. In the two previously isolated parts of the ureter
      a peristaltic activity is existing after the operation. In this case the newly
      created ureter between the two kidneys does not behave as a functional unit. The
      two former partial branches keep their former direction of peristalsis, though
      there takes place a retrograde perfusion in one part of the ureter. In the
      urosystem stases develop, in which case the pressure values measured render
      possible a continued existing of the renal function.

PMID- 4002893
TI  - [Clinical and morphologic aspects of balloon catheter nephrostomy].
AB  - During 23 years in the County Hospitel St. Georg Leipzig 500 nephrostomies were
      performed. A definitive balloon catheter nephrostomy was performed 58 times.
      Exclusively the open transparenchymatous establishment was carried out. If no
      malignant basic disease shortens the survival time, the renal fistulae are
      tolerated for many years without greater restriction of the renal function. The
      longest time of observation of a fistulated solitary kidney is about 17 years.
      The complication rate is small and the psychic stress of the patient as well as
      the quality of life obtained are tolerable. A preoperative intensive talk with
      the patient with adequate explanation and alternative demonstration is necessary
      in every case. An epithelial lining of the channel of the fistula does not take
      place even after years. The squamous cell epithelium of the external skin and the
      urothelium of the renal calyces grow only a few centimeters into the fistula.
      This is lined by inflammatory granulation tissue.

PMID- 4002894
TI  - [Treatment of the unstable bladder in children with the anticholinergic agent
      propiverin hydrochloride (mictonorm/mictonets)].
AB  - The new anticholinergic agent Propiverinhydrochlorid (Mictonorm) is used in the
      treatment of the Enuresis nocturna et diurna combined with urgency, frequency and
      small amounts of voided urine. The urodynamic investigation shows an unstable
      bladder. No urinary tract obstruction or neurogenic injuries are detected at the
      26 normal-developed children of 5-11 years of age. Mictonorm was given for 3
      months, in a dosage of 0,4 mg/kg bw/d. The bladder capacity, the volume at the
      desire to void and the compliance of the detrusor significantly increased and the
      frequency decreased. Application of placebo shows no variation of these
      parameters. No side-effects were to be distinguish. The wetting improved
      significantly in 16 of the 26 children but dryness seldom was reached. Therefore
      the dose was doubled in 19 children at the fourth month, and a second equal group
      of 26 children primary was treated with 0,7-0,8 mg/kg bw/d. With good
      compatibility especially the higher dose given from the beginning improved the
      enuresis better. All children showed a more distinct influence to the enuresis
      diurna than to the nocturna. The prescription of the anticholinergic neurotrope
      and myotrope drug is interpreted as a part of the management of the wetting child
      and its environment.

PMID- 4002895
TI  - [Postoperative course following interventions for "septic kidney"].
AB  - It is reported on 61 patients who have been operated on for a "septic kidney". In
      30 patients a primary nephrectomy was performed. One of these patients died
      immediately after the intervention in septic shock. In 31 patients a kidney
      sparing procedure was carried out, was successful in 80% (during an average
      observation period of 5.1 years). In most of these cases a transitory nephrostomy
      was performed. In this group also one patient died postoperatively of urosepsis.
      The presented data should facilitate the decision to an organ sparing procedure
      in case "septic kidney".

PMID- 4002896
TI  - [Vitamin A status of patients with chronic renal failure in relation to renal
      osteodystrophy].
AB  - In patients with chronic renal insufficiency and dialysis patients as well as in
      normal persons determinations of vitamin A in the serum and in the bone were
      performed and related to the parameters of the bone metabolism and to the
      histomorphometric investigation of the bone. The vitamin A serum levels were
      significantly increased in the two groups of patients, however, did not show any
      differences between the patients with an osteoidosis or the combination of
      osteoidosis and fibroosteoclasia. There were no correlations to calcium,
      phosphorus, PTH and to the alkaline phosphatase as well as to the individual
      histomorphometric data. The vitamin A content of the bone was low and did not
      show any differences to the normal persons. On the other hand, there were
      significant relations between the parathormone and the parameters of the
      regeneration and the absorption of the bones. An additional influence of vitamin
      A on the bone disturbance, eventually by the activation of the osteoclasts cannot
      be excluded.

PMID- 4002897
TI  - [Massive skeletal fluorosis in compromised kidney function].
AB  - Report on an 86-year-old man with massive skeletal fluorosis. The disease arose
      during chronic exposure to fluorides from renal insufficiency caused by
      arteriosclerosis. The importance of knowing the renal functional parameters in
      cases of therapeutic use of fluorides is accentuated.

PMID- 4002898
TI  - [Methodologic studies of manometry of the rectum].
AB  - For the purpose of an experimental study in which the three different types of
      pressure catheters most commonly used in anorectal manometry were compared, a
      Starling-resistance could be established. Under equal conditions the pressures
      could be changed in this resistance and the data obtained by using a membrane
      catheter, an open-tip and an open-side-catheter were compared among one another
      and to the known ideal straight line. The open tip catheter measures the opening
      pressure and the recorded pressure does not necessarily reflect the pressure at
      the site of the tip hole. Because of its elastic and plastic characteristics, the
      membrane-catheter yielded the best results with prestretch of the membrane and
      with calibration before and after each study.

PMID- 4002899
TI  - [Gonadal and extragonadal yolk sac tumor].
AB  - Yolk-sac tumours are germ-cell tumours with gonadal and extragonadal location.
      Histologically they consist of primitive cellular forms configurated as a loose
      network. These tumours are of extreme malignancy and should be treated as radical
      as possible. Surgery should be combined with anticancer chemotherapy. However,
      with adequate treatment only children suffering from testicular tumours and not
      older than 2 years of life have a fair chance to survive. 3 cases are dealt with
      in detail.

PMID- 4002900
TI  - [Effectiveness of conservative treatment following distal radius epiphyses
      injuries].
AB  - From 1966 to 1978, 122 infants and children suffering from injuries of the distal
      radial epiphysis were treated by reposition and repeated reposition. 68 of them
      were followed-up from 2 to 13 years later. In most cases spontaneous correction
      of remaining deformities by growth could be demonstrated. This remodelling of
      angulation depends on type and extent of the epiphyseal injury, the age of the
      patient and the time gone after the accident.

PMID- 4002901
TI  - [Carpal tunnel syndrome in childhood].

PMID- 4002902
TI  - [Mortality of operated children with diaphragmatic defects].

PMID- 4002903
TI  - [Wrist fractures in childhood].

PMID- 4002904
TI  - [Preventive tetanus vaccination and recommendations for revision of the 19
      October 1978 guidelines for tetanus prevention].
AB  - For a long time, tetanus-toxoid has been given in relatively high quantity and
      relatively often in order to avoid any risk of human tetanus. It is necessary,
      however, to focus attention on overimmunization which includes the possibility of
      hypersensitivity reactions. Some recommendations gained from experiments are
      presented for establishing a new concept of guidelines for preventing tetanus in
      the GDR.

PMID- 4002905
TI  - [Compression/flexion fractures of the radius base (Smith fractures)].
AB  - Out of 416 Colles-fractures we observed 18 of the Smith-type. The Smith fracture
      is a rare injury, it will generally occur in consequence of a fall on the
      supinated hand which is forced in pronation. The dislocation of the carpus and
      peripheral fragment is in the volar and proximal direction. It should be treated
      operatively, especially in intraarticular fractures. Surgical treatment of
      patients will result in better movability of he wrist and intact distal joint
      surfaces.

PMID- 4002906
TI  - [Value of cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of traumatic lesions of large
      intracranial vessels].
AB  - 402 patients suffering from intracranial complications as a result of cranial
      trauma underwent cerebral angiography and were subject of a retrospective
      analysis. Incidence and type of injury to the great intracranial vessels were
      examined and correlated to operation reports and post-mortem findings
      respectively.

PMID- 4002907
TI  - [Operative treatment of unstable elbow dislocations].

PMID- 4002908
TI  - [The thoracic outlet compression syndrome and its vascular complications].
AB  - The costoclavicular compression syndrome and the cervical rib syndrome can cause
      arterial complications of the subclavian artery: mural thrombosis, occlusion and
      aneurysma. These complications can result in peripheral emboli or cerebrovascular
      insufficiency. Such sequelae can be avoided by timely surgical treatment of these
      compression syndromes. The therapy of choice is transaxillary rib resection. The
      same axillary approach can also be used for directly reconstructing the
      subclavian artery.

PMID- 4002909
TI  - [Simultaneous intervention on the carotid artery, abdominal aorta and their
      branches].
AB  - A simultaneous approach to revascularization for combined coronary and carotid
      disease today is well accepted. The discussion about combined procedures of
      carotid and aortoiliac occlusive disease is still going on. We operated upon 3
      patients, aged 63,56 and 65 years, who suffered from carotid, aortoiliac and
      renal artery disease. Main symptoms were hypertensive crisis with pulmonary edema
      and intermittent claudication. Dizziness, transient ischemic attacks and slight
      renal insufficiency were present in two, one and two patients respectively. After
      recompensation a simultaneous operation was performed: carotid endarterectomy
      with inlying shunt, reconstruction and patch-plasty of the renal arteries and
      implantation of a aortofemoral artery bypass graft. Postoperative complications:
      hypertensive crisis, low output syndrome and oliguria (1 pt.) and deep vein
      thrombosis (1 pt.) could be treated conservatively. 10 and 12 months later the
      patients are symptom-free except one, who suffers from angina NYHA II. In
      conclusion we recommend carotid endarterectomy simultaneously with any major
      vascular procedure, if a critical stenosis is visualized to improve long-term
      survival in addition to reducing operative mortality.

PMID- 4002910
TI  - [Early morbidity and fatality following carotid disobliteration].
AB  - At the University Hospital of Cologne-Lindenthal 260 patients underwent carotid
      endarterectomy during a period of 10 years. 9 patients died, representing an
      operative mortality rate of 2.9%. 80% of our patients with an acute stroke died.
      We see no indication for surgery in acute stroke. Postoperatively, 20 patients
      had a neurologic deficit, transient deficits occurred in 3,6% (11 patients)
      permanent deficits in 3% (9 patients). Carotid endarterectomy may be complicated
      by cranial nerve damage. The importance of these injuries is evident if bilateral
      carotid endarterectomy is being considered.

PMID- 4002911
TI  - [Therapy of giant aneurysms in the region of the base of the skull].
AB  - The introduction of microsurgical techniques has given a new impetus to operative
      therapy of cerebral aneurysms. Method of choice is clip occlusion of the
      aneurysmal neck, but this goal cannot always be attained. Usually, fusiform
      shaped aneurysms and so-called giant aneurysms can only be treated by occlusing
      the feeding vessels. In such cases the preliminary extra-intracranial bypass
      provides optimal conditions for interrupting the main feeder. Special points of
      view regarding these rare aneurysms and their haemodynamic relationships to
      cerebral circulation are discussed. A therapeutical concept is proposed on the
      basis of three case reports.

PMID- 4002912
TI  - [Ergotism--a risk in the prevention of thrombosis?].
AB  - In a 28 years old female who had undergone osteosynthesis for treating a pilon
      tibial fracture we postoperatively observed a spasm of the equilateral
      superficial femoral artery, followed by gangrene of the lower leg. The only
      therapy which was still possible as a life saving procedure consisted in
      amputating the lower leg. For prophylactic reasons the woman was postoperatively
      administered dihydroergotamin in combination with heparin. The author emphasises
      the fact that patients suffering from chronic liver diseases are particularly
      endangered by ergotism.

PMID- 4002913
TI  - [Celiac trunk compression syndrome].

PMID- 4002914
TI  - [Electrode implantation over the great saphenous vein as an alternative method].

PMID- 4002915
TI  - [Thromboembolism occlusion of arteries of the extremities].

PMID- 4002917
TI  - [The future of hygiene in a world of technology--hygiene and historicism].
AB  - Stimulated by "historicism", a term coined by Karl Popper, statements uttered by
      the philosophers Heidegger, Jaspers and Guardini are analysed to see whether
      historical forecasts are possible which justify a gloomy outlook of the world's
      future, such as is presently spreading as a result of the concern about an
      excessive invasion of our life by technology. Man has liberated himself from his
      original dependence on the natural forces of his environment thanks to the
      technology he has developed. He has severed his ties with this environment, but
      must not be overwhelmed by technocracy. Also, we hygienists, should allow for the
      historical development of our natural and social environment, in addition to the
      results of laboratory analyses and field studies.

PMID- 4002916
TI  - [Carboxyhemoglobin levels of selected population segments in variously structured
      and polluted areas of North Rhine-Westphalia].
AB  - Measurements of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)-content from about 13,000 inhabitants of
      various sites in western North Rhine-Westphalia are presented. Analyses were part
      of surveys on the effects of air pollution conducted between 1975 and 1980 in
      five designated, polluted areas. Determinations were executed in the Medical
      Institute for Environmental Hygiene, Duesseldorf, on behalf of the Ministry of
      Labour, Health and Social Administration. Analysis of blood samples for CO
      content was performed by gas chromatography. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were
      calculated by reference to the individual hemoglobin levels. Our surveys have
      been conducted during several years and included different seasons. Before 1977,
      fifty years old men were investigated. Until 1978, sixty years old men were
      studied. In 1979 and 1980, sixty years old women and ten years old children were
      additionally incorporated into the survey. Statistical analysis of data included
      variables which influence personal CO-burden such as smoking, and in the case of
      non-smokers indoor air exposure through passive smoking, use of gas facilities
      and heating in the flat, as well as occupational exposure. Besides, the influence
      of age, sex and location was considered. The average COHb-level of the
      populations under study was expressed as the median of the distribution. The
      distribution-free Mann-Whitney U-test served for assessment of differences
      between groups. As a further parameter, the percentage of the measurements
      greater than 2,5% COHb was chosen, because it was thought to be more relevant to
      risk populations, i.e. people suffering from Angina pectoris. As expected,
      tobacco smoking exerted the greatest influence on COHb-level. In non-smokers a
      trend, indicating a relationship between indoor air pollution and COHb-content
      could be observed. If high CO gas such as coke gas was used in flats with gas
      facilities COHb-levels were significantly raised. Surveys performed in 1979 and
      in 1980 showed a sex-dependent difference between median COHb saturations, women
      having lower values than men. The difference of these figures between adults and
      children is statistically significant. Comparisons between adult nonsmokers from
      various sites prompted a significant difference only in the case of the
      Oberbergischer Kreis (County), having the lowest median COHb-value. The highest
      COHb-levels by far were encountered in the city of Duisburg in January 1979, when
      very unfavourable meterological conditions (Smog alarm, degree 1) were present.
      The median COHb saturations reached on this occasion were very near to the limits
      considered to be critical for populations at special risk.

PMID- 4002918
TI  - [Relation of uteroplacental circulation and morphologic findings in myometrial
      and decidual arteries in diabetic pregnancy].
AB  - Placental blood flow measurements are compared to morphologic blood vessel
      examinations of the placental bed and uterus. In 122 diabetic pregnant women half
      life time of 113m Indium labelled blood inflow curves into the placenta as
      measured by a gamma scintillation camera on-line recorded to a computer system. -
      In 57 patients histological examination of uteroplacental arteries were done. -
      Congruent results of placental blood flow and arterial morphology were found in
      66%. - In almost all patients with normal placental blood flow extensive
      physiological vessel findings were recorded. In patients with reduced placental
      blood flow pathomorphological changes were found in 54%. - In diabetes of long
      duration with angiopathic complications - above all in White-classes D, F and R -
      the ratio of pathological findings in placental blood flow and morphology was
      increased. - But also in gestational diabetes and in disturbances of carbohydrate
      metabolism pathological results are to be found. Pathological results in
      placental blood flow were more often than morphological changes (70 versus 40%),
      so that also functional factors as uteroplacental blood flow influencing ones are
      to be taken into account.

PMID- 4002919
TI  - [Uteroplacental circulation and functional status of the fetoplacental unit in
      risk pregnancies with special reference to late gestosis].
AB  - Trial to define position and variability of radioisotope functional diagnostics
      of placental perfusion in comparison with urinary estrogen excretion by serial
      examinations. - In case of placental insufficiency estrogen values are
      significantly reduced starting from the 32nd to 35th gestational week as compared
      with normal values. In general, placenta perfusion shows delayed half-life
      periods of the increase in activity in all risk pregnancies beginning from the
      28th week of pregnancy. A direct correlation between estrogen values and placenta
      perfusion can only be detected in cases of chronic placental insufficiency with
      intrauterine growth retardation. A prolonged perfusion time reveals a fetal
      hypotrophy in 53% of the cases. Late gestosis takes the first place about all
      risk pregnancies, connected with placental insufficiency in 30% of the cases. The
      tendency towards a development of placental insufficiency can be early detected
      by determination of placental perfusion time.

PMID- 4002921
TI  - [Effect of alpha-methyldopa (Dopegyt) on blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant
      patients].
AB  - Forty-three patients hospitalised for chronic hypertension or superimposed
      toxemia in late pregnancy were treated with Dopegyt-orally in constant dosage.
      Blood pressure dropped at the beginning of therapy. In the further course of
      treatment blood pressure re-increased in 14 patients, that other antihypertensive
      drugs had to be administered additionally. alpha-methyldopa alone is sufficient
      only in a part of the hypertensive patients.

PMID- 4002920
TI  - [Effect of short duration euphylline infusion on the uteroplacental blood pool].
AB  - In 19 late pregnant women with suspected placental insufficiency uteroplacental
      perfusion was measured and then the effect of a shortlasting infusion of
      aminophyllin on uteroplacental blood pool was examined. The results show evidence
      that in normal perfusion typ uteroplacental blood flow is not influenced by
      aminophyllin. But in pathologic perfusion typs there are two groups after
      aminophyllin. In the first one there is an increase of activity measured over the
      placenta (positive test). In these cases the cause of the lowered perfusion may
      be a functional one, treatment will be successful. In the second group there was
      no change or a decreasing activity following administration of aminophyllin
      (negative test). In these cases the reduced perfusion may be caused by
      morphological factors. Treatment will be without success with a high likelihood.
      The aminophyllintest following the isotope perfusion measurement is useful both
      for prognosis of newborn weight and appropriateness of therapy.

PMID- 4002922
TI  - [Hypotension in pregnancy].
AB  - The authors have compared the data collected during pregnancy and delivery of 596
      pregnant women suffering from hypotension with those of normotonic pregnant ones
      of the same number. Statistical analysis has proved that in the history of those
      with hypotension the occurence of abortions and premature deliveries is
      significantly more frequent as well as the untimely uterine activity and anemia.
      The rate of new-born infants under a birth weight of 2500 g and that of retarded
      babies and perinatal mortality are also higher. Based on data in the literature
      the authors have surveyed the possible causes of the development of hypotension
      during pregnancy. The results have shown that hypotension during pregnancy should
      be regarded as a risk factor.

PMID- 4002924
TI  - [A case of female circumcision].

PMID- 4002923
TI  - [Hemostaseologic studies of maternal blood in intrauterine retardation and
      threatened premature labor].
AB  - Changes in coagulation of maternal blood in the case of severe gestosis, which
      indicated a relation to disturbed uteroplacental blood flow, gave rise to study
      other risk pregnancies and to do specific coagulation analyses. The following
      parameters were determined in 102 women showing a distinct tendency for premature
      labor, 20 women patients with suspicion of intrauterine growth retardation, and
      18 normal pregnant women: Number of thrombocytes in whole venous blood,
      fibrinogen, plasminogen, reptilase time, thrombin time. Compared to the control
      group, a statistically significant increase in the number of thrombocytes was
      found only in the cohort of women showing signs of imminent premature labor
      during the 34th to 36th weeks of pregnancy. Both cohorts of patients showed
      markedly higher levels of plasminogen than the control group over the entire
      period of gestation studied in this investigation. All other parameters of
      coagulation showed no significant changes of pathological pregnancies in
      comparison with normal gravidas.

PMID- 4002925
TI  - [Special forms of ectopic pregnancy].
AB  - The symptomatology of acute intraabdominal and extrauterine bleeding presents a
      multiform picture. In the field of gynecology and obstetrics several other
      diseases are also observed besides the forms of ectopic pregnancies. - Among 554
      ectopic pregnancies treated at our Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics
      between 1962 and 1981 we found 11 rare cases of these pregnancies: 2 cervical, 2
      bilateral tubar, 5 primary intrafollicular ovarian, 1 primary, and 1 secondary
      abdominal pregnancy. These forms have been discussed and compared with
      international literature with regard to frequency, etiology, diagnostics,
      differential diagnostics, clinical course, therapy, and lethality.

PMID- 4002926
TI  - [Use of controlled hemotherapy in operative gynecology].
AB  - Hemotherapy performed in our clinic was investigated in patients operated on in
      the years 1973 and 1982. A total of 832 operations (638 gynaecological
      interventions and 194 cesarean sections) were used for evaluation. - Transfusion
      rates decreased from 72% (1973) to 13% (1982) due to systematic application of
      crystalloid and colloidal infusions to cases of blood loss of up to 20% of the
      total blood volume. The percentage of erythrocyte concentrate applied increased
      from 0.4% (1973) to 42% (1982), while it even reached 80% when related to the
      total blood transfusions of our clinic. To conclude, strict principles should be
      adopted in deciding for blood transfusion as well as in purposefully applying
      blood constituents lost. The advantageous development in the economy of surgery
      is outlined.

PMID- 4002927
TI  - [Recurrence following staged treatment of cervical cancer in stage Ia].
AB  - From 1953 to 1982 539 patients with carcinoma of the cervix stage Ia were under
      medical treatment in the Gynecological clinic of the Medical Academy Dresden.
      Then 91.1% of the women underwent restricted-radical therapy. The achieved five
      year-survival rate referred to 97.6%. Five of nine (1.7%) recurrences might have
      been avoided by better follow-up. A curative treatment of recurrences was
      possible in seven cases. Vaginal hysterectomy with vaginal cuff may be further on
      regarded as optimum therapy for microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix in case of
      a histologically secure removal of atypical epithelium.

PMID- 4002929
TI  - [Retroperitoneal tumor in the pelvis].
AB  - Report on a 40 years old patient, who was operated on with suspicion of ovarian
      tumor or pelvic kidney without function. We discovered a tumor of a size of two
      fists situated retroperitonally without perceptible starting point.
      Histologically it could be proved as leiomyoma. Simultaneously there was an
      aplastic kidney. References to diagnostic and surgical technical problems are
      given.

PMID- 4002928
TI  - [Iatrogenic vessel damage in the pelvic region].
AB  - This is a report about 7 cases of iatrogenic arterial lesions during
      gynecological procedures. The problems of x-ray induced arterial occlusions are
      discussed.

PMID- 4002930
TI  - [Primary cancer of a Morgagni hydatid].
AB  - This case report deals with a primary endometrioid carcinoma within a Morgagni
      hydatid in a 43 years old woman. The woman died 27 month after first operation.
      Morgagni hydatids should be exstirpated in any case with histologic examination
      for they may become malignant.

PMID- 4002932
TI  - [Occurrence of Mycobacterium shimoidei in West Germany].
AB  - In the Federal Republic of Germany Mycobacterium shimoidei has been isolated from
      a patient with a pulmonary infection. This strain is different from all other
      slowly growing mycobacteria. It seems that Mycobacterium shimoidei has been
      isolated in Germany for the first time.

PMID- 4002931
TI  - Vibrio cholerae infection and acquired immunity in an adult rabbit model.
AB  - We modified the rabbit model for enteric infection by Vibrio cholerae developed
      by Spira et al. and designated the RITARD (for removable intestinal tie-adult
      rabbit diarrhea) model (20). Our modification DISC comprises a permanent ligation
      of the cecum (C) to prevent resorption of the fluid secreted by the small
      intestine, a temporary ligation of the small intestine (S) to enable the bacteria
      to colonize, and duodenal inoculation (DI) of the challenge material. The main
      difference between RITARD and DISC is that in the latter model the challenge
      material is injected into the duodenum approximately 10 cm distal to the stomach
      instead of into the jejunum. Four out of 5 V. cholerae strains tested, including
      2 serotypes and 2 biotypes, were able to elicit a massive and usually fatal
      cholera-like diarrhea. The virulence depended strongly on the culturing
      conditions. One strain, C5, caused fatal diarrhea in a dose of about 1000
      organisms, even if the temporary ligation was omitted (DIC model). Other
      modifications were the DIS and the DI model in which the permanent ligature of
      the cecum or both ligatures were omitted. Duodenal inoculation of organisms in a
      dose of 100 X the minimum infective dose (MID) in the DIS or DI model did not
      cause any disease symptom. However, such inoculations were found to cause
      protection against subsequent challenges with 100 X MID of homologous and
      heterologous organisms up to 52 weeks after duodenal inoculation. Subcutaneous
      injection with classical, whole cell cholera vaccine gave only partial protection
      of short duration. This model might contribute to the understanding of the
      pathogenesis of cholera as well as to the improvement of efficacy testing of
      cholera vaccines.

PMID- 4002933
TI  - [Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the demonstration of IgG1, IgG2
      and IgM antibodies in bovine Q fever infection].
AB  - By application of IgG1-, IgG2-, and IgM-specific conjugates in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dominance of IgG1 in natural Q-fever infections of
      cattle could be demonstrated. In contrast, vaccination with an inactivated Q
      fever vaccine predominantly induced IgG2 antibodies. Complement fixing activity
      was detected in positive sera (inactivated at 56 degrees C) in the IgG1 fraction
      only. Therefore, with serum samples containing exclusively IgM (10%), or IgG2
      (4%), a serodiagnosis could be achieved only by ELISA. Furthermore, it could be
      shown that IgG2 and IgM may suppress fixation of complement by IgG1 antibodies,
      thus resulting in incomplete inhibition of hemolysis and even reduction of CF
      titers. So, sera with low CF-titers may give incorrect negative results in the CF
      test. Applying the ELISA with L-chain-specific conjugates, such problems could be
      avoided. For evaluation of the early and later stages of infection or the status
      of vaccination, IgM, IgG1-, and IgG2-specific conjugates were used. In comparison
      to sera, only 73% of corresponding milk samples were positive in the IgG1-ELISA.
      However, for seroepidemiological purposes testing of bulk milk samples by ELISA
      may be feasible.

PMID- 4002934
TI  - Purification of oligomeric staphylococcal alpha-toxin by affinity chromatography
      on digitonin-sepharose.
AB  - An effective concentration of alpha-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46,
      directly from the culture supernatant, could be achieved by adsorption on
      digitonin-sepharose and elution with 3 mol/l sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The
      toxin was further purified by gelchromatography. The purified product yielded 1
      single protein band upon SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. It was nonhemolytic,
      but reacted with anti-alpha-toxin under complement fixation. Dialysis against
      0.14 mol/l NaCl with hydrophobic amino acids partially reactivated the alpha
      hemolytic activity of the toxin. Ultracentrifugal analysis yielded sedimentation
      coefficients for the purified toxin of approximately 3,7 S when dissolved in 3
      mol/l NaSCN and of about 12 S after dialysis against 0.14 mol/l NaCl (Table 1).
      The spontaneous oligomerization of the alpha-toxin during dialysis against 0.14
      mol/l NaCl possibly resulted from a change in configuration induced by its
      adsorption to digitonin-sepharose.

PMID- 4002935
TI  - [Mycoplasma bovis isolation in the offspring of cows with M. bovis mastitis and
      its epizootiological significance].

PMID- 4002936
TI  - Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test and serum lysozyme assay in newborn Arabian
      foals and mares.

PMID- 4002937
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of hormonal spondylopathy].
AB  - Hormonal spondylopathy as a disease entity in considered on the basis of the
      findings provided by an examination of 207 patients with this disease. It has
      been established that the early signs of spondylopathy appear prior to menopause
      and are caused by various endogenous and exogenous factors. The pathogenesis,
      clinical picture and X-ray diagnosis are discussed. The results obtained suggest
      that the appropriate therapy should be etiopathogenetic at the early stage of the
      disease and replacement one at the late stages. Divided doses of sex hormones are
      recommended.

PMID- 4002938
TI  - [Roentgenodiagnosis of disk herniation in osteochondrosis].
AB  - Seventy-six patients with disk hernia of the vertebral column were subjected to
      comprehensive examination with the help of modern research methods
      (pneumomyelography, peridurography and diskography). The data obtained made it
      possible to present detailed roentgenological characteristics of degenerative
      dystrophic changes of the disk with the description of the localization of disk
      hernia, the degree of its prolapse into the vertebral column and attendant
      complications (arachnoidites and epidurites).

PMID- 4002939
TI  - [Peripheral circulatory disorders in complicated fractures of the cervical
      division of the spine].
AB  - Examination of 25 patients with trauma to the spinal column and cord revealed
      vasomotor disorders in the upper extremities. These disorders were shown to
      develop according to a definite pattern and depend on the duration of the injury
      and the severity of neurological disorders. According to the clinical findings
      the vascular disturbances were divided into 2 groups: spasmodic and spasmodic
      atonic with pathognomonic signs. The importance of vasomotor disturbances in the
      diagnosis of complicated fractures of the vertebral column is outlined. The
      severity of the attendant vascular disorders should be taken into account in
      treating this group of patients.

PMID- 4002940
TI  - [Various features of the image of the disease in patients with spinal cord
      lesions].
AB  - An analysis of the results of a comprehensive experimental-psychological
      examination of 36 patients with spinal cord injury showed that the patients'
      insight of the disease differed depending on brain function, the degree of
      patients' motor activity and also on the duration of brain damage. The results of
      the study are statistically significant.

PMID- 4002941
TI  - [Asymmetries in the serum ceruloplasmin concentration of patients with
      spondylogenic lumbosacral radiculitis].
AB  - The levels of ceruloplasmin in the serum of blood taken from the veins of the
      back side of the foot were determined in 66 patients with the radicular syndrome
      of lumbar osteochondritis and in 7 normal subjects (control). In the patients,
      the level of ceruloplasmin was significantly elevated, especially on the side of
      the pain syndrome and, hence, Lasegue's sign was also more pronounced. In
      patients without pain lateralization, an increase in ceruloplasmin levels was
      symmetrical. In a protracted course of the pain syndrome and at the end of the
      treatment the ceruloplasmin concentrations were decreased.

PMID- 4002942
TI  - [Character of the clinical course and possibilities for early diagnosis of tumors
      of the spinal cord and spine].
AB  - An analysis of the clinical course of the disease in 516 patients with tumors of
      the spinal cord and vertebral column made it possible to identify 4 types of the
      disease, namely fulminant, acutely progressive, remittent and continuously
      progressive. The first two types were predominantly observed in patients with
      primary and secondary malignant tumors, the latter two types predominantly in
      patients with benign tumors. The early diagnosis of tumors of the spinal cord and
      vertebral column is difficult but peridurography may render a substantial
      assistance in such diagnosis. Using this method neoplasms were detected at the
      early stage of the disease--prior to the development of blockade of the spinal
      cord subarachnoid space--in 48% of all of the patients studied.

PMID- 4002943
TI  - [Alternating-discrete tonometry in evaluating the efficacy of post-isometric
      relaxation of local muscle hypertonia].
AB  - A technique of tonometry of the local muscular hypertonus has been developed. Its
      essence lies in the registration of muscle deformation in response to the
      external exertion varying from 0 to 5 kg. The detected changes in the tonus are
      expressed in a graphic form. A session of postisometric relaxation is followed by
      an increase in the muscle tonus for a brief interval, succeeded by its stable
      decrease over 24-48 hours. The results obtained are discussed in terms of
      changing proprioceptive afferentation.

PMID- 4002944
TI  - [Peridural administration of drugs in root-compression forms of lumbar
      osteochondrosis].
AB  - Following a prolonged and unsuccessful treatment, 50 patients with severe
      compression-radical forms of lumbar osteochondritis received--under
      roentgenographic control--a course of epidural injections of drugs (trimecaine,
      chymotrypsin and lydasa). A considerable improvement was observed in 60% of the
      patients, which indicates that the method is effective.

PMID- 4002945
TI  - [Lesions of the nervous system in tick-borne erythema annulare].
AB  - The authors examined thirty-two patients with tick-borne erythema annulare which
      developed after tick bites. The disease had a peculiar nosological form and was
      characterized by tick sticking, an incubation period, the presence in the
      majority of patients of the temperature reaction and manifestations of general
      infection in the acute period, the development of migrating erythema annulare,
      frequent lesions (26 patients) of the nervous system in the form of the radicular
      symptoms, serous meningitis, pareses of the facial muscles, etc.
      Electrophysiological examination of patients revealed marked changes. Serological
      tests for tick-borne encephalitis proved negative. The time-course of the disease
      in the majority of patients was favourable. The disease was characterized by all
      features typical of an infection lesion, with neurological disorders being
      predominant, which requires further investigation.

PMID- 4002946
TI  - [Neurologic manifestations and periaxonal demyelination in the central nervous
      system in different forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].
AB  - Comparing the neurological manifestations of experimentally-induced allergic
      encephalomyelitis (EAE) with the topography of developing demyelinization in the
      central nervous system of guinea-pigs allowed the authors to identify three forms
      of the diseases, namely spinal, cerebral and mixed. The spinal form caused by
      myelin decay in the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord was expressed in the
      form of pareses and paralyses affecting the hind paws and also pelvic disorders.
      In the cerebral form, demyelinization was localized in the brain and was most
      frequently attended by vestibular disturbances. The mixed form characterized by
      pathological changes in both the spinal cord and brain was identified largely on
      the histological basis. In some animals (several of which died), EAE ran its
      course without apparent neurological symptoms and was identified only
      histologically.

PMID- 4002947
TI  - [Long-term prognosis of manic-depressive psychosis].
AB  - Two groups of patients with a favourable and unfavourable prolonged course of
      manic-depressive psychosis (161 patients) were compared using computerized
      selection of the relevant sings and prognostically significant combinations of
      the signs. Out of the 39 clinical signs characteristic of the initial period of
      the disease, prognostically significant were the recurrence of psychotic attacks,
      severity of affective pathology, presence of cyclothymic states and their nature,
      manifestations of affective pathology (depressive or other) at the beginning of
      the first phase of psychosis and the severity of somato-vegetative disorders in
      this pathology. Additionally, the prognostic signs were identified in relation to
      sex. Combinations of these signs do not determine prognosis in all cases but make
      it far more probable.

PMID- 4002948
TI  - [Treatment of endogenous depressions by sleep deprivation].
AB  - Eighty-six patients with endogenous depression (cyclothymia, manic-depressive
      psychosis and schizophrenia) were treated by sleep deprivation. The efficacy of
      this treatment with regard to the structure of the depressive syndrome, the
      course of the attack and nosological nature is discussed. The author also
      considers the frequency, sequence and effectiveness of sessions of sleep
      deprivation in both hospital and outpatient settings. Series of total sleep
      deprivation were shown to be highly effective in cyclothymia and manic-depressive
      psychosis with melancholic and anesthetic depression, including cases with a
      protracted course.

PMID- 4002949
TI  - [Various aspects of the differential therapy of circular depressions].
AB  - The structure of cyclic depressions and the efficacy of various types of therapy
      were studied using clinico-mathematical methods. A computerized cluster analysis
      revealed statistically significant ratios between individual symptoms making up
      the clinical picture of the depressive state and the results of one of the three
      variants of therapy: tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and
      one-stage withdrawal of psychotropic agents. The results obtained made it
      possible to objectively evaluate the selection of the therapeutic procedure in
      the treatment of various depressive states.

PMID- 4002950
TI  - [Clinico-psychological features of mild forms of reactive states].
AB  - Using clinical and psychological methods, 56 patients with psychogenically
      induced non-psychotic affective states were examined. In relation to the clinical
      picture and the dominating affect, the following variants of the mild forms of
      reactive states were identified: anxiety-depressive, depressive-hypochondriac,
      astheno-depressive and pseudomanic. The specific features of the structure of the
      above syndromes are described. The utilization of the data obtained will
      contribute to the early diagnosis of psychogenic affective disturbances and also
      to preventing the development of serious psychogenic conditions.

PMID- 4002951
TI  - [Social-vocational adaptation of patients with neurosis-like forms of organic
      brain disease].
AB  - Using a number of indices the authors studied a long-term follow-up of 70
      patients with neurosis-like forms of organic diseases affecting the brain
      (arachnoidites, encephalitides, diencephalitides). The time-course was assessed
      by clinical improvement and improvement in social functioning. Three groups of
      patients were specified, who were characterized by a definite type of personal
      response to the disease and peculiarities of social and occupational adaptation.
      The distribution of patients by groups and, hence, the clinical, social and
      occupational prognosis are determined by the psychoneurotic component of the
      disease rather than by the organic one.

PMID- 4002952
TI  - [Use of psychotropic drugs in general somatic practice].
AB  - The present study is based on the results of a survey which has revealed psychic
      disorders in patients with general somatic diseases, who constituted 38.4% of the
      total number of the examined individuals. The proposed differentiation of the
      conditions for treating with psychotropic drugs of the given group of patients
      takes into account the clinical characteristics of psychic disturbances.
      Psychopharmacologic therapy is characterized by brief courses of treatment with
      low doses of psychotropic drugs in combination with psychotherapy and social
      influences. The authors proved advisability of further expansion of the network
      of psychiatric offices in community polyclinics.

PMID- 4002953
TI  - [Surgical treatment of communicating forms of syringomyelia].
AB  - Data concerning surgical intervention at the craniovertebral junction in 20
      patients with the communicating form of syringomyelia are discussed. The method
      of a reconstructive operation is described. Positive changes of sensory and motor
      disorders were recorded in 14 patients after surgery, no changes occurred in 5
      patients, one patient died. The expediency of maximum reconstruction of the
      posterior fossa with restoration of c.s.f. circulation from the cavity of the
      fourth ventricle is substantiated.

PMID- 4002954
TI  - [Disorders of motor functions after removal of parasagittal meningiomas].
AB  - Specific features of motor activity disorders were studied in 87 patients before
      and after removal of a parasagittal meningioma. Motor disorders are most severe
      in localization of the tumor in the region of the middle third of the superior
      sagittal sinus and falx and less severe when the tumor is found in the posterior
      parts of the anterior third of the superior sagittal sinus. The disorders are
      more marked after operation with extensive resection of areas of the superior
      sagittal sinus involves in the tumor and with occlusion of the formed venous
      drainage passages. The motor disorders are particularly severe after removal of
      parasagittal meningiomas and are often bilateral with multiple components
      (including disturbances in the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems, afferent
      regulation of movements, and coordinated work of both hemispheres in the
      formation of motor acts). Not only the direct effect of the pathological focus on
      the cerebral motor zones situated at different levels but disorders of cerebral
      and peripheral circulation are of importance in the pathogenesis of these
      disturbances.

PMID- 4002955
TI  - [Concentration of lactate concentration in experimental glial tumors and brain
      tissue during brief artificial hyperglycemia].
AB  - The authors studied the content of lactic acid in glial tumors of the brain and
      brain tissue of rats in short-term artificial hyperglycemia. In short-term
      artificial glycemia the lactic acid content in glial tumors of animals was almost
      twice the level of this metabolite in the brain tissue, which is due to the high
      potential rate of glucose consumption by the tumor and the increased glycolytic
      activity in it in these conditions. The lactate content in the glial brain tumors
      significantly increases when the sugar concentration in the blood of animals is
      artificially increased. It is suggested that accumulation of lactic acid in brain
      gliomas of experimental animals contributes to diminution of tumor cell
      viability, which will increase sensitivity of the tumor to irradiation.

PMID- 4002956
TI  - [Reaction of the sympathetic-adrenal system of patients with tumors of the sellar
      diencephalic region in the postoperative period].
AB  - The character of the reaction of the sympatheticoadrenal system (SAS) to
      operation in 51 patients with tumor of the sellar-diencephalic area was studied.
      A dependence was demonstrated between the character of postoperative SAS activity
      and the degree of involvement of the subthalamic area and the doses of
      hydrocortisone given in the postoperative period. The necessity of taking into
      account the condition of the SAS in conducting intensive therapy in neurosurgical
      patients in substantiated.

PMID- 4002957
TI  - [Surgical treatment of peripheral nerve compression syndromes].
AB  - Among 12,476 patients with diseases of the peripheral nervous system 54.3% had
      radical syndromes, 16.3% had acute injuries of the nerves, 25.2% had entrapment
      syndromes, 3.8% suffered from polyneuropathies and other diseases. Entrapment
      syndromes were encountered in 3143 patients. Carpal, ulnar, and tarsal canal
      syndromes, thoracic outlet syndrome, and syndromes of entrapment of the radial
      and peroneal nerves prevailed. A total of 763 operations were performed for the
      entrapment syndromes. The distribution of the syndromes and operations is shown
      in the table. From 10 to 20% of patients with tunnel syndromes needed surgical
      treatment. From 12 to 34 upper extremities were operated on annually per 100,000
      population for the carpal tunnel syndrome; 90% of the operations were performed
      at out-patient clinics. Interfascicular neurolysis by means of microsurgical
      techniques was conducted mainly in the cubital tunnel syndrome. Operations in
      entrapment lesions are marked by high efficacy.

PMID- 4002958
TI  - [Cranioplasty using radiopaque allotransplants].
AB  - A method for contrasting plates of acrylic resins for cranioplasty in defects in
      the skull bones was developed. Per each 1.0 g of protacryl (or butacryl, etc.)
      powder 0.2 g of iodine-containing agents (verografin, urografin, urotrast, etc.)
      was added. This ensured a high contrast of the allograft not only in the
      immediate but also in the late period. The developed method is of great
      significance in conducting expert medical assessment of working capacity when
      there is no corresponding medical documentation and the medical history is
      unclear.

PMID- 4002959
TI  - [Bilateral extra-intracranial microanastomoses in moyamoya disease].

PMID- 4002961
TI  - Identification and synthesis in vitro of plant-specific proteins in yellow lupin
      root nodules.
AB  - Fifteen to twenty specific polypeptides of Mr ranging from 15 000 to 90 000 were
      detected using immunochemical techniques in the lupin root nodules and cell-free
      translation products of the nodule polysomal RNA. These polypeptides were
      characteristic for symbiotic state of the host plant and represented 9-18% of
      total nodule proteins. They were absent in uninfected roots and in protein
      extracts of Rhizobium lupini.

PMID- 4002960
TI  - [Features of the surgical treatment and immediate postoperative period of
      patients in the acute period of rupture of arterial aneurysms of the cerebral
      vessels].
AB  - The authors analyse the course of the immediate postoperative period in 27
      patients with ruptured arterial aneurysms of the cerebral vessels. The dynamics
      of the local cerebral blood flow and electric resistance of the brain matter were
      examined for a comprehensive study of changes in cerebral circulation and
      metabolism. Intracranial pressure (ventricular and subdural) and mechanical
      resistance of the brain matter were measured with the M-34 mingograph. Such
      combination of the examination methods and the findings of neurological
      examination made it possible to study over time the pathological processes which
      are interconnected (circulation-metabolism-edema and swelling of the brain) and
      determine the course of the postoperative period. A dependence between the
      preoperative condition of patients and the course of the immediate postoperative
      period was revealed, adequate methods for correction of the pathological
      reactions are suggested, and the specific features of a complex clinico
      physiological control in this category of patients and the informativeness of the
      different methods of examination are discussed.

PMID- 4002962
TI  - Dolichols and enzymatic formation of dolichyl phosphate sugars in the thymus of
      mice on neoplastic transformation.
AB  - The content of dolichol in thymus gland of mice increased up to four times upon
      malignant transformation evoked by X-ray irradiation of animals or/and in the
      case of spontaneous tumours as compared with normal thymus. Dolichyl phosphate
      mannose and dolichyl pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine were formed in homogenates
      of transformed thymus at a higher rate than in normal gland.

PMID- 4002964
TI  - Effect of prolonged phthalate ester administration on rat liver.

PMID- 4002963
TI  - Effect of plasticizers on the polyprene distribution in the liver.

PMID- 4002965
TI  - Distribution of dolichol in human and rabbit blood.

PMID- 4002966
TI  - Prognostic importance of biopsies and two-phase operations in the surgery of
      breast carcinoma (question of surgical dissemination of cancer cells).
AB  - The authors performed interval operations in 217 cases of breast carcinoma at the
      Department of Surgery of the National Cancer Institute, Budapest between 1950 and
      1958. The number of 15-year survival followed up was 111 (51%). During the same
      period, after 667 one-phase operations the number of survivals followed up for 15
      years was 184 (27.6%). The significantly better results can be attributed to the
      fact that tumours (histological cancers) considered to be benign were removed by
      biopsy. Neither the time of the intervals nor the residual tumours did influence
      the better results. The prognosis of those operated on for solid carcinoma (c.
      simplex, and scirrhous) is less favourable. Permanent recovery can mostly be
      expected by premenopausal female patients with a slow-growing breast tumour of
      small diameter. In breast cancer patients operated on without haematogenous
      metastases the surgical dissemination of cancer cells will not give rise to
      metastases, since this has been prevented, during the long growth of the tumour,
      by the defence mechanism of the organism and this is not even reduced by the
      surgical intervention. Although the results of interval operations are promising
      it is still recommended that all nodes should be removed from the breast at an
      institute where a rapid histological frozen-section examination is available.

PMID- 4002967
TI  - Gastric carcinoma associated with other malignant tumours.
AB  - Authors report on 25 patients treated for gastric cancers associated,
      synchronously or metachronously, with other malignant tumour. Hypotheses for the
      development of multiple malignant tumours are reviewed. They state that the
      prognosis of the second tumour is worse for its late detection and stress the
      importance of follow-up that also considers the possible development of a new
      tumour.

PMID- 4002968
TI  - Joint occurrence of aseptic necrosis of the head of the third metacarpal and
      Freiberg's disease.
AB  - Freiberg's disease of the second metatarsal was found together with the aseptic
      necrosis of the head of the third metacarpal in a 54-year-old female patient. No
      similar case was found in the available literature. The deformity of the second
      metatarsophalangeal joint was corrected with an operation, the alteration of the
      third metacarpal did not need operative correction.

PMID- 4002969
TI  - Combined use of transurethral resection and needle biopsy in the diagnostics of
      carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - On suspicion of prostatic tumour, the authors performed a combination of
      transurethral resection and needle biopsy to form a safe histological diagnosis
      as well as to apply an adequate therapy. Transurethral resection combined with
      needle biopsy is to be performed if patients present with dysuric complaints, and
      if tumour can be suspected on rectal palpation or based on the clinical picture.
      This intervention ensures an unequivocal diagnosis and eliminates the urinary
      obstruction. They also dealt with cases, in which only needle biopsy or
      transurethral resection could help in forming the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 4002971
TI  - Role of the NK reaction in the diagnostics of liver and pancreas tumours.
AB  - The NK (natural killer) and K (killer) activities of peripheral lymphocytes were
      determined. The peripheral blood was obtained from healthy individuals and from
      patients with liver and pancreas diseases. Examinations were performed
      preoperatively. The natural cell-dependent cytotoxicity (NK) was examined against
      the K-562 cell line, while the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
      was examined against human red blood cells. The NK and K cell activities of the
      19 patients with malignant tumours were substantially lower than those of the 40
      healthy subjects. In the 12 cases of benign diseases of the liver and pancreas,
      however, the mean percentage cytotoxicity expressing the NK and K activities (40
      +/- 10%) agreed with, or was higher than, the value for the controls (32 +/-
      12%). Low cytotoxicity levels (12.6 +/- 5%) were characteristic in the malignant
      processes; in the majority of these, exploration showed local metastases or
      metastases besides the primary lesion. Since the NK and K cells play an essential
      role in the defence of the organism against tumours, the decrease in activity of
      this cell population may be of diagnostic value. In vitro interferon treatment in
      the control and benign cases considerably stimulated the NK reaction, and in some
      of the malignant diseases it raised the cytotoxicity values close to the control
      level.

PMID- 4002970
TI  - Haemodynamic pattern of formyl-leurosine induced acute cardiovascular depression
      in the dog.
AB  - High incidence of cardiovascular collapses during clinical treatments with the
      cytostatic Vinca derivative formyl-leurosine (F-leurosine) prompted efforts to
      analyse in experimental models the haemodynamic mechanisms underlying the
      cardiodepression induced by large doses of the drug. A variety of cardiovascular
      variables was measured in 38 dogs narcotized with sodium pentobarbital. It was
      found that i.v. administration of F-leurosine (2 mg/kg) elicits, after a very
      short latency (less than 5 min), considerable decreases of arterial and pulmonary
      blood pressure, ventricular contractile force, cardiac output, ventricular
      filling pressure, coronary blood flow, and myocardial O2 consumption. Calculated
      systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance increased, while coronary resistance
      did not change. The later phase of F-leurosine action (greater than 1 hour) was
      associated with a permanent circulatory depression, a compromised coronary
      autoregulatory capacity, and serious histological injuries in the heart.
      Autonomic blocking drugs could not prevent these effects. It is concluded that
      the F-leurosine-induced rapid primary (pharmacologic) depression is followed by
      toxic manifestations of a more serious, secondary cardiac damage caused by the
      direct action of the drug cellular membranes.

PMID- 4002972
TI  - Roentgenographic examination of the subtalar joint.
AB  - In fractures of the calcaneus, the traditional roentgenographic technique cannot
      provide the necessary information for surgically restoring the subtalar joint and
      correctly judging the prognosis. The author recommends the oblique view
      roentgenographic technique which provides essentially more information than
      Boehler's axial roentgenogram, and can technically be taken more easily. Data
      obtained by using the oblique view roentgenographic technique facilitate the
      diagnosis of fractures of the calcaneus and allow the assessment of the degree of
      dislocation, and of the displacement of the articular surface, i. e. the correct
      judgement of the surgical intervention.

PMID- 4002974
TI  - Scalene lymph node biopsy. A diagnostic method in sarcoidosis.
AB  - Right-sided scalene lymph node biopsy was performed on 167 patients with
      sarcoidosis. The surgical technique is described in detail. There were no
      complications, apart from two cases of minor postoperative haemorrhage. The
      diagnostic yield in sarcoidosis was 84% (140/167 patients). Scalene lymph node
      biopsy, performed by trained surgeons, is concluded to be a good alternative to
      other biopsy methods in sarcoidosis.

PMID- 4002973
TI  - Local changes of skeletal muscle electrolytes and water after high-energy trauma.
AB  - To assess the viability of traumatized skeletal muscle, only clinical criteria
      have been available. Discolouration of the muscle following the trauma is one
      such criterion, and was earlier found to be associated with impaired circulation
      and severe metabolic disorders. The present study, continuing investigations into
      the pathophysiologic basis for the clinical criteria, was concerned with local
      electrolyte and water changes in skeletal muscle subjected to high-energy trauma.
      Biopsies were made from discoloured traumatized muscle and from adjacent normally
      coloured muscle 1, 5 and 10 hours after the trauma. Discoloured muscle showed
      little change in water content, but elevated values of Na+ and Cl- and very low
      K+ and Mg++ values. The changes progressed with time and showed no tendency to
      reversibility. The adjacent normally coloured muscle did not differ in
      electrolyte or water content from nontraumatized muscle. The magnitude of the
      electrolyte changes in discoloured muscle implied very severe cellular damage.
      This could have been due to mechanical disruption caused by the pressure wave, or
      to inability of the muscle cell to maintain a normal transmembrane potential, or
      to both factors. The findings correlate well with results of earlier metabolic
      and circulatory studies indicating that discolouration of traumatized skeletal
      muscle signifies nonviability.

PMID- 4002975
TI  - Acute portal vein stenosis. An experimental study on portal circulation and
      hepatosplenic function.
AB  - Portal hypertension was mechanically induced in rats by acute constriction of the
      portal vein. Using a new "button" technique, a stricture 0.9 mm in diameter was
      found to be compatible with life in more than 90% of the rats. Angiographic and
      anatomic studies of portosystemic collaterals confirmed observations in earlier
      experiments. Oesophageal varices were not seen, despite sustained elevation of
      portal venous pressure during the four weeks following induction of portal
      hypertension. Development of paraportal veins bridging the obstacle is suggested
      to be responsible for maintenance of normal liver structure and for recovery from
      the transient hepatic dysfunction. Increase of phagocytosis in the germinal
      centres of the enlarged spleens was found after four weeks, suggesting
      immunologic changes caused by portal hypertension and/or portosystemic shunt
      circulation.

PMID- 4002976
TI  - Evaluation of clinical examination preceding surgical treatment of AV-fistula
      problems. Is angiography necessary?
AB  - Clinical and angiographic findings at preoperative assessment were compared in a
      prospective investigation of 34 consecutive uraemic patients with problems of
      vascular access. The series comprised 26 patients with malfunctioning
      arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and 8 who were about to receive a new AVF. The
      diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination in malfunctioning
      AVF were, respectively, 50 and 100% in cases with significant stenosis upstream
      from the cannulation site (inflow restriction). The corresponding figures in
      cases with significant stenosis or vein occlusion downstream from the cannulation
      site (outflow restriction) were 38 and 43%. Clinical disclosure of outflow
      restriction is considerably impeded when there is concurrent inflow restriction.
      The advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used angiographic
      techniques are discussed.

PMID- 4002977
TI  - Cholescintiscan or infusion cholecystography in acute cholecystitis. A
      prospective study.
AB  - Two methods of diagnosing acute cholecystitis--cholescintigraphy and infusion
      cholecystography--were compared in a prospective study of 105 patients.
      Sensitivity and specificity were very high (96-99% and 91%, respectively),
      without difference between the two methods. Infusion cholecystography gave
      transient rise in liver enzyme levels in more than half of the patients.
      Cholescintigraphy gave no side effects. Cholescintiscan could be performed at
      moderately elevated bilirubin levels. It also gave information concerning liver
      malignancy in four patients. On these grounds, cholescintigraphy is the
      preferable of the two methods.

PMID- 4002978
TI  - Mucosal lesions of the small intestine after intestinal vascular obstruction in
      the rat.
AB  - Small intestinal mucosal lesions, characteristically restricted to the villous
      tissue, have been described in shock states of different types. We have found
      this type of mucosal lesion in a standardized intestinal ischemia shock in rat.
      The pathophysiology of the mucosal lesion has been debated. In earlier work we
      noted a tenfold increase of platelets in the ischemic intestine. The importance
      of reperfusion and local platelet accumulation for the development of ischemic
      lesions in the intestinal mucosa was studied. Biopsy specimens taken immediately
      before and after reperfusion of the ischemic small intestine showed the same
      degree of mucosal lesion, i.e. total disintegration of the lamina propria. In
      thrombocytopenic rats subjected to intestinal ischemia, the severity of mucosal
      lesion was the same as in normothrombocytic rats. The results indirectly support
      the hypothesis of local villous oxygen deficit as the pathophysiologic mechanism
      leading to lesions of the small intestinal mucosa in shock.

PMID- 4002979
TI  - Long-term results of jejunoileostomy for extreme obesity.
AB  - The results of jejunoileostomy performed on 130 extremely obese patients in 1972
      1982 are presented. The mean preoperative body weight was 130.9 kg. The
      postoperative observation period was 2-10 years and in 85 cases it was more than
      5 years. The Salmon-Scott technique of jejunoileostomy was used in 6 cases and
      the Payne-De Wind method in 124. Overweight was reduced from 118% to 30.4% of
      normal body weight (Broca Index). Weight reduction was classified as very good or
      good in 82% of the patients. It was accompanied by increased psychosocial
      activity and improved working capacity. Disturbed carbohydrate and lipid balances
      normalized and liver steatosis disappeared. The direct postoperative mortality
      was 3.8%, and another patient died from long-term metabolic complications.
      Clinical symptoms of hepatic insufficiency appeared in one patient and were
      successfully managed with conservative treatment. Most other metabolic
      disturbances were transient and without clinical manifestations. They gradually
      subsided as adaptation progressed in the active intestinal remnant. Follow-up
      studies 5 to 10 years after jejunoileostomy showed that its therapeutic effects
      were lasting and the patients were free from persistent metabolic disturbance. In
      the authors' opinion, jejunoileostomy is an effective therapeutic method, though
      associated with certain risks.

PMID- 4002980
TI  - Experiences with antireflux valves in jejunoileal bypass surgery.
AB  - Intussusception valves were created in the small intestine of jejunoileal bypass
      operated dogs and patients with the intention to prevent reflux of chyme into the
      excluded intestinal loop and thereby increase weight loss. In the dogs the valves
      were shown to withstand a pressure of at least 100 cm of water. All patients with
      end-to-side bypass were at X-ray examination found to have sufficient valves
      whereas only four of fourteen with end-to-end bypass, where the defunctionalized
      loop was implanted into the cecum, had tight valves. During five years of
      observation no significant difference in weight loss was seen between the
      patients with valves and control groups without valves. It is concluded that
      reflux of chyme only plays a minor role for weight loss after jejunoileal bypass
      for obesity.

PMID- 4002981
TI  - Fistula-in-ano. Clinical features and long-term results of surgery in 199 adults.
AB  - The clinical features and the long-term results of surgery for anal fistula were
      studied. Fistula distribution was subcutaneous (13%), intermuscular (14%), low
      anal (55%) or high anal (18%). There were no pelvirectal fistulas. The location
      was mostly posteriorly in the anus, except for the low anal fistulas, which were
      most frequent anteriorly. Follow-up examination was carried out on 199 patients,
      on average 9 years after fistula operation. The recurrence rate was 11% after
      laying open of fistula, with the highest rate (26%) in high anal fistula. The
      most common causes of recurrence were undetected internal opening and incomplete
      laying open of the fistulous tract proper. Most (91%) of the recurrences appeared
      within 18 months after surgery. Minor defects in anal control were found in 34%
      of the patients, and in 9% of controls matched for age and sex but with no anal
      surgery. Multiple operations for anal fistula, and also a gutter-shaped and a
      firm or hard scar in the anal canal adversely affected anal control. The amount
      of divided sphincter musculature did not influence the incidence of postoperative
      anal incontinence.

PMID- 4002982
TI  - Duodenal ulcer with perforation to the inferior vena cava. Report of a fatal
      case.
AB  - A fatal case of duodenal ulcer with perforation to the inferior vena cava is
      described. This rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage should be considered
      when the bleeding is severe. The risk of sepsis is high in such cases.

PMID- 4002983
TI  - Glucagon treatment of external pancreatic fistula. A case report.
AB  - A patient with prolonged secretion from an external pancreatic fistula subsequent
      to laparotomy was treated with glucagon. This therapy resulted in stop of
      secretion and closure of the fistula. Glucagon is recommended as treatment of
      pancreatic fistulas.

PMID- 4002984
TI  - Lesser sac hernia.
AB  - A rare case of mesocolic hernia containing the descending colon is described in a
      71-year-old man. The literature on lesser sac hernia is briefly reviewed and the
      pathogenesis symptoms and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 4002985
TI  - Thrombosis in the superior mesenteric artery simulating acute pancreatitis. A
      case report.
AB  - A case of thrombosis in the superior mesenteric artery simulating acute
      pancreatitis, but causing intestinal gangrene, is described. The possibility of
      other simulating diseases must always be considered when non-operative peritoneal
      lavage is used as a treatment of acute pancreatitis. Bacteriological examination
      of the peritoneal fluid might be beneficial. Laparotomy is indicated when there
      is a marked discrepancy between the general condition of the patient and the
      objective clinical signs of pancreatitis.

PMID- 4002986
TI  - Gallstone pyloroduodenal obstruction--fibrescopic diagnosis.
AB  - Two cases of pyloroduodenal obstruction by gallstone are described. Bleeding into
      the proximal segment of the digestive tract and signs of high intestinal
      obstruction were present in both cases. The diagnosis was made by fibrescopic
      examination.

PMID- 4002987
TI  - Bronchodilating agents.

PMID- 4002988
TI  - The occurrence of Vibrio spp. at the Belgian coast.

PMID- 4002989
TI  - Endocrine ophthalmopathy and asymptomatic atrophic thyroiditis. An unusual
      association.

PMID- 4002990
TI  - Multicenter in vitro study of piperacillin.

PMID- 4002991
TI  - Fatal septicaemia due to Vibrio vulnificus.

PMID- 4002992
TI  - How should we proceed when an amenorrhea is discovered?

PMID- 4002993
TI  - [Toxic shock syndrome in a menstruating woman].

PMID- 4002994
TI  - Cardiovascular response to exercise in young women with insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - To evaluate the cardiovascular response to exercise in diabetes, a graded maximal
      exercise test was performed on 50 women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
      aged 15-40 years, and on 15 healthy women in the same age group. The diabetic
      subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the duration of disease: group
      1: 0-5 years, group 2: 6-14 years, group 3: 15-29 years. The maximal work load
      was lower in the diabetic subjects than in the controls. The difference was most
      marked between the controls and group 3 (167 +/- 14 W vs 132 +/- 23 W, p less
      than 0.001). The maximal heart rate was lower in groups 2 and 3 than in the
      controls (173 +/- 16 vs 187 +/- 11, p less than 0.05). The diabetic women with
      long-standing disease had a slightly higher blood pressure response to exercise
      resulting in comparable rate-pressure products in the study groups. Two diabetic
      women in group 3 and one healthy woman had 1 mm ST depressions during the test
      without appearance of arrhythmias or chest pain. These studies suggest that
      exercise tolerance is reduced in young diabetic women, especially in patients
      with long-standing disease. The frequency of pathological exercise ECGs does not,
      however, seem to be increased.

PMID- 4002995
TI  - Plasma and red cell sorbitol assay in diabetic subjects.
AB  - Plasma and red cell sorbitol concentrations, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated
      hemoglobin (GHb) were evaluated in 30 diabetic patients and 42 normal subjects.
      Red cell sorbitol levels were evaluated in hemolysate and non-hemolyzed samples.
      Mean red cell sorbitol concentrations evaluated after hemolysis were 21.5 +/- 5
      nmol/ml in diabetics and 12.2 +/- 4 nmol/ml in controls (p less than 0.001). Mean
      values of red cell sorbitol determined in non-hemolyzed samples were 13.9 +/- 3
      nmol/ml in diabetics and 8.1 +/- 3 nmol/ml in controls (p less than 0.001). Mean
      plasma sorbitol concentrations were 8.4 +/- 3 nmol/ml in diabetics and 5.2 +/- 1
      nmol/ml in controls (p less than 0.001). The within and between run
      reproducibilities evaluated in plasma, hemolysate and non-hemolyzed red cells
      gave the lowest values for hemolyzed red cell samples. The studies on stability
      showed that samples neutralized and stored at -20 degrees C gave reproducible
      values if assayed within 3 days. A positive correlation was found between red
      cell hemolysate sorbitol concentrations and fasting plasma levels in both
      diabetics (r = 0.56; p less than 0.001) and controls (r = 0.62; p less than
      0.001). Red cell hemolysate sorbitol concentrations were also positively
      correlated to GHb in both diabetics (r = 0.64; p less than 0.001) and controls (r
      = 0.36; p less than 0.05). We believe the most effective sorbitol assay to be
      that obtained in hemolyzed red cells and that these values related to glycemic
      levels could be a useful index of metabolic control and an indicator of tissue
      sorbitol levels in humans.

PMID- 4002996
TI  - Influence of labile glucose adducts on glycosylated protein assay by
      aminophenylboronic acid affinity chromatography: in vivo studies.

PMID- 4002997
TI  - Oestradiol binding to nuclei of anterior pituitary cells of the ram.
AB  - The methodology to fully characterise nuclear receptor for oestradiol-17 beta
      (E2) in the ram pituitary has been investigated. Purified nuclei, clean under the
      electron microscope, were obtained from 2.4 M sucrose ultracentrifugation and
      were extracted for 2 h at 0 degrees C with 0.6 M NaCl. After centrifugation, the
      supernatant was incubated with [3H]E2 with or without a 100-fold excess of
      unlabelled E2. The main results were: the specific binding was maximum at 20
      degrees C in 2-3 h and remained constant up to 19 h without significant
      metabolism; an incubation temperature of 25 degrees C reduces the binding, while
      at 0 degrees C maximum binding was attained at a much slower rate; the binding
      was linearly related to the dose of nuclear proteins; the binding was not
      affected by DNase and RNase but was suppressed by trypsin, pronase or a
      temperature of 56 degrees C; binding was specific for oestrogens; preincubation
      of cytosol with [3H]E2 and then coincubation with nuclei showed an uptake of the
      [3H]E2 receptor complex by nuclei; such a transfer was inhibited if cytosol was
      previously heated; after a prelabelled cytosol-nuclei coincubation, a specific
      binding peak was found in the nuclear extract submitted to sucrose gradient
      sedimentation (4.1S); in vivo injection of 100 micrograms E2 resulted in a sharp
      increase in nuclear receptor numbers 30 and 60 min later, with a concomitant drop
      in cytosolic receptor numbers. These results indicate that E2 can bind to
      pituitary nuclei in the ram.

PMID- 4002998
TI  - A possible role of clomiphene citrate in the control of pre-ovulatory LH surge
      during induction of ovulation.
AB  - A possible role of clomiphene citrate (clomiphene) in the control of ovulation in
      anovulatory women was investigated. Since a single ip administration of 5
      micrograms oestradiol-17 beta (E2) to long-term ovariectomized rats did not
      induce LH surge, the following studies were designed to determine whether
      pretreatment with clomiphene followed by administration of E2 could induce LH
      surge in the ovariectomized rats. Changes in cytoplasmic and nuclear oestrogen
      receptors (ER) were also examined in the pituitaries of these animals. An ip
      injection of 200 micrograms clomiphene suppressed serum LH levels significantly
      for 72 h. The clomiphene injection rapidly caused an elevation of nuclear ER with
      a concomitant depletion of cytoplasmic ER level in the pituitary and the ER
      levels remained almost unchanged for 72 h. An administration of E2 12 or 24 h
      after the clomiphene injection had no significant effects on either the serum LH
      levels or the cytoplasmic and nuclear ER levels, compared with those induced by
      clomiphene alone. However, LH surge and the depletion of nuclear ER in the
      pituitary occurred 24 h later when E2 was injected 48 h after the clomiphene
      administration. The E2-induced LH release seems to be induced by a replacement of
      clomiphene by E2 on the nuclear receptor complex. These results suggest that
      clomiphene may exert actions directly on the pituitary gland to augment oestrogen
      induced LH release.

PMID- 4002999
TI  - Effect of metoclopramide--a dopaminergic blocker and endogenous cortisol on TSH
      secretion in critically ill men.
AB  - In 17 critically ill men, low levels of FT4, TT4, TT3 and elevated levels of rT3
      and cortisol were found. In spite of the low levels of circulating thyroid
      hormones, TSH levels of the critically ill men were significantly lower than
      those of the control group, with no correlations to the high cortisol levels.
      After iv injection of metoclopramide (MCP), a dopamine (DA) receptor blocker, the
      TSH and prolactin (Prl) increments in the critically ill patients were
      significantly lower than in the controls. No correlation was observed between
      basal cortisol levels and integrated TSH response to MCP. It is suggested that
      increased DA tone or high cortisol levels are not responsible for the lower basal
      TSH levels and for the blunted TSH or Prl responses to MCP in the critically ill.
      High levels of cortisol may be responsible for the altered TT4 peripheral
      metabolism to TT3 and rT3 in these patients.

PMID- 4003000
TI  - Protein turnover in different types of skeletal muscle during experimental
      hyperthyroidism in rats.
AB  - Experimental hyperthyroidism was induced in rats by daily ip injection of
      triiodothyronine (T3; 100 micrograms/100 g body weight) during 3 or 10 days.
      Protein synthesis and degradation were measured in incubated soleus and extensor
      digitorum longus (EDL) muscles by determining rate of tyrosine incorporation into
      protein and release of tyrosine to the incubation medium respectively. Protein
      synthesis was unaffected by T3 administration during 3 or 10 days. Protein
      breakdown was significantly increased in soleus but unchanged in EDL in the 3
      days experiment. Following administration of T3 for 10 days proteolysis was
      increased in both muscles. Weight of the soleus muscle was reduced after T3 for 3
      days. After 10 days weight and protein content were reduced in both muscles. The
      study demonstrated that reduced muscle protein content following administration
      of T3 was the result of increased proteolysis, not decreased protein synthesis.
      The results further indicate that slow muscle (soleus) is more sensitive to the
      effects of thyroid hormone than fast muscle (EDL).

PMID- 4003001
TI  - Suppression of erythropoiesis in mice bearing a transplantable ascites tumor.

PMID- 4003002
TI  - Chronic large granular lymphocytosis with high NK activity and ADCC.

PMID- 4003003
TI  - A simple method for assaying rat tissue ferritin.

PMID- 4003004
TI  - Current concepts on the activation of Hageman factor (factor XII).

PMID- 4003005
TI  - Inhibition mechanism of the contact phase of blood coagulation by SH-compounds.

PMID- 4003006
TI  - Contact factor deficiencies.

PMID- 4003007
TI  - Hageman factor (factor XII) in cerebrovascular diseases.

PMID- 4003008
TI  - The changes of contact factors and related inhibitors of the patients with
      chronic hemodialysis and live diseases.

PMID- 4003009
TI  - Abnormalities of contact factors in nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 4003010
TI  - Changes in contact activation system during pregnancy, delivery and menstrual
      cycle.

PMID- 4003011
TI  - A case of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (HEMPAS).

PMID- 4003012
TI  - Effect of hyperthermia on hemopoietic stem cells increased thermal sensitivity
      along the stem cell differentiation pathway.

PMID- 4003013
TI  - Clinical and pathological features of primary myelofibrosis from onset to blast
      transformation: report of two cases.

PMID- 4003014
TI  - Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in normal human appendix.

PMID- 4003015
TI  - Transformation of Lennert's lymphoma into malignant lymphoma of pleomorphic type.

PMID- 4003016
TI  - Changes in the EEG spectrum at a two-week intensive endurance training.
AB  - Marathon runners in the course of a two-week endurance training, (i.e. in the
      beginning, after one and after two weeks) and processed by the off-line method of
      fast spectral analysis. Simultaneously biochemical parameters were monitored
      which indicated after one week the development of the so called "pseudouremic
      syndrome of top athletes" of not too great intensity. In the second week of the
      experiment therapeutic intervention was made in six subjects, i.e. reduced
      protein supply, greater amount of glucose, application of Ca-lactate and higher
      amount of liquids. This intervention eliminated entirely the signs of
      pseudouremic syndrome. The EEG showed in both groups a decrease in theta activity
      (4-6 Hz) and an increase of the slow alpha component and subtheta activity (6-8
      Hz), with no basic difference between the intervened and control group. Thus the
      changes may be rather attributed to fatigue and perhaps to a poorer supply of the
      CNS with oxygen and glucose.

PMID- 4003017
TI  - Relation between changes in the preparatory brain potential and excitability of
      the H-reflex, and localization of a focal ischaemic brain lesion.
AB  - In the sample of 15 hemiparetics, ischaemic focus was localized cortically 8
      times, deep subcortically 7 times. Use was made of a method that permits
      simultaneously to record both the cortical potential changes associated with
      preparation for voluntary movement, and excitability changes of the H-reflex. A
      slightly depressed amplitude of the preparatory brain potential and a relatively
      satisfactory facilitation of the H-reflex was observed in the light cortical
      focal brain ischaemia. A striking deformation up to disorganization of the
      preparatory brain potential and the absence of facilitation of the H-reflex in
      subjects with deeper subcortical ischaemic foci may be related to an impairment
      of the generator of the slow preparatory potential (thalamus, mesencephalon) and
      to a discruption of cooperation in the complex cerebral cortex - middle thalamus.

PMID- 4003018
TI  - Fear for health or life and neuroticism in persons of different professions.

PMID- 4003019
TI  - Psychotropic drugs and inflammatory reaction (III): Effects of single and
      repeated administration of psychotropic drugs on the bentonite oedema of the rat
      paw.

PMID- 4003020
TI  - 26th annual psychopharmacological meeting. Jesenik Spa, January 1984.
      Proceedings, 2nd part. Abstracts.

PMID- 4003021
TI  - 1st Czechoslovak Conference on Biological Psychiatry. Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad),
      September 1983. Abstracts.

PMID- 4003022
TI  - Type A behaviour in a population of Berlin, GDR: its relation to personality and
      sociological variables, and association to coronary heart disease.

PMID- 4003023
TI  - Growth-depressing effects of alcohol and nicotine in two strains of rats.
AB  - Inbred Buffalo and Fisher rats were submitted to daily treatment with alcohol and
      nicotine for a period of 6 months. Alcohol treatment was pre- and postnatal,
      nicotine treatment postnatal only. All parameters of bone length and weight were
      depressed in both experiments in spite of the continuous growth of the rats.
      Although the level of depression was greater in some areas than in others, a
      clear target area applicable to both sexes and strains could not be found. Fisher
      and Buffalo females tolerated nicotine better than males. Buffalo rats showed a
      greater tolerance to alcohol than Fisher rats, and males tolerated alcohol better
      than females. This was particularly evident in pregnant rats: whereas all alcohol
      treated Fisher embryos were stillborn, some of their Buffalo counterparts
      survived. This is most likely due to the lesser bone robusticity of Fisher over
      Buffalo rats and resorption of the fetal bones in Fisher embryos resulting from
      the decalcifying effect of alcohol.

PMID- 4003024
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of human submandibular gland.
AB  - The fracture surface of human submandibular gland analyzed by scanning electron
      microscopy is studied here. Acini showed spherical granules of 0.7 +/- 0.28
      micron diameter, their most distinctive feature. Some empty, septate cavities
      found contiguous to serous acini were considered to be mucous acini. Striated
      ducts had a circular lumen, with microvilli forming prominences. Blebs, some
      intact and others ruptured, were interpreted as apocrine secretion. The
      'separating zone' of the striated cells was distinguishable from the rest of the
      cell because the structure of the cell was granular whereas the 'separating zone'
      was fibrillar.

PMID- 4003025
TI  - The hedgehog uterus. A comparative transmission electron-microscopic study.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the luminal epithelium of the hedgehog uterus is described
      on the basis of material taken from 11 animals in three different hormonal
      situations: castrated, active and hibernating animals. The whole uterine
      epithelium is composed of microvillous cells. Its appearance is very similar in
      ovariectomized and hibernating animals. It differs from that observed in active
      animals where the epithelium is taller, microvilli are more numerous and longer,
      and where nuclei and cytoplasm display a very active ultrastructural appearance.
      The results now available indicate that ultrastructural changes occurring within
      the cells are certainly correlated with plasma sex steroid hormone
      concentrations. The present paper also reports the regular occurrence of nuclear
      bodies in uterine cells.

PMID- 4003027
TI  - Effects of maternal administration of diethylstilbestrol and estradiol on the
      newborn guinea pig.
AB  - The subcutaneous injection of diethylstilbestrol (2.5 micrograms/day) into
      pregnant guinea pigs from the 28th or 40th day to term resulted in an accelerated
      tempo of differentiation of the genital tract of the female offspring at birth,
      as well as intense estrogenic stimulation. Estradiol (50 micrograms per day)
      injected over the same period caused insignificant estrogenic stimulation in the
      newborn. The normal embryogenesis of the genital tract is described and a pattern
      of caudocranial differentiation identified. The normal genital tract is described
      as a basis for the analysis of results in the newborn. Comparative studies in
      other animals are discussed.

PMID- 4003026
TI  - A re-assessment of the tricellular region of epithelial cell tight junctions in
      trachea of guinea pig.
AB  - The tricellular region of epithelial tight junctions was previously dismissed as
      a possible avenue of permeability. One reason was that the two parallel vertical
      fibers, which penetrate the depth of the tight junction, were apparently cross
      linked. Another reason was that the tricellular region of the tight junction is
      deeper than the adjacent bicellular regions. In the course of several freeze
      fracture studies of epithelial tight junctions we have made observations which
      led us to re-assess the tricellular region as an avenue of permeability. We
      believe that information from ectoplasmic fracture faces is less subject to
      artifacts and, in ectoplasmic fracture faces of tricellular regions, cross
      linking of the vertical furrows has not been observed. In guinea pig tracheal
      epithelium the tricellular junction is only about 1 micron deep. Following
      exposure to cigarette smoke, lanthanum ion staining has been observed in some
      tricellular junctions. It seems that earlier reasons for dismissing tricellular
      regions of the tight junction as permeability sites may be insufficient and that
      there is some evidence to support a role in permeability.

PMID- 4003028
TI  - Influences of joint immobilization and running exercise on articular cartilage
      surfaces of young rabbits. A semiquantitative stereomicroscopic and scanning
      electron microscopic study.
AB  - The influences of joint immobilization and running exercise on the articular
      cartilage surfaces of the patella and lateral tibial condyle of young rabbits
      were investigated by the semiquantitative stereomicroscopic and scanning electron
      microscopic methods during a period of 8 weeks. The smoothness of the articular
      surfaces was disturbed already 1 week after the onset of immobilization. Leafy,
      slightly rough and rough surface qualities associated with superficial splits
      were observed. The changes were of the same nature after a longer period of
      immobilization. Running exercise on the treadmill (150-300 m twice a day, 12-24
      min per turn, 5 times a week) led to an increase of the striated surface quality
      at 1 to-2-week intervals as compared with the controls. It was apparent that
      during immobilization remarkable changes of the articular cartilage took place
      within the first week, while running exercise up to 8 weeks elicited only
      transient or minor alterations of the articular surface.

PMID- 4003029
TI  - The background of aphasic misnamings. A factor analysis of visual naming errors.
AB  - A factor analysis of 4612 errors recorded among the 12 200 responses made by 61
      non-selected aphasiacs, during a visual naming task, was performed; the 14
      variables were mostly errors described by the neurologic terminology. The
      existence of a phonemic and a semantic articulation level was confirmed. A
      feedback system opening the way to alternative responses ("escape mechanisms")
      was disclosed. Phonemic paraphasias were the most specific errors at the phonemic
      level, whereas perseverations turned out to be the purest representative at the
      semantic one. Verbal semantic paraphasias were apparently not a lesser degree of
      verbal paraphasias but errors of a different nature (Acta neurol. belg., 1985,
      85, 110-122).

PMID- 4003030
TI  - [Initial clinical signs and results of surgical removal of cerebral arteriovenous
      malformations].
AB  - On the basis of 90 cerebral AVMs, the authors study clinical signs which show the
      AVM, before a dramatic bleeding. Such clinical signs are: benign subarachnoid
      hemorrhage or intracranial hypertension and, only for lobar AVMs, migraine,
      epileptic seizures, progressive neurological deficit. In such cases a
      misdiagnosis is avoided by CT Scan with contrast. In the second part, the authors
      show that the AVMs surgical removal gives better results than AVMs natural
      history studied over a 20 years period. Ten AVMs observed in deep coma died. Two
      surgical deaths are only observed out of 73 AVMs surgical removals. Out of 44
      lobar AVMs totally removed, 37 show good results and seven disabilities. Out of
      19 deep AVMs, 13 were totally removed and six partially. Such deep AVMs,
      especially AVMs of the corpus callosum or of lateral and third ventricles choroid
      plexus give excellent surgical results. The authors conclude that surgical
      removal is the safer treatment for the majority of AVMs (Acta neurol. belg.,
      1985, 85, 65-81).

PMID- 4003031
TI  - Vibratory perception threshold compared with nerve conduction velocity in the
      evaluation of uremic neuropathy.
AB  - Clinical signs of neuropathy, vibratory perception thresholds, nerve conduction
      velocities, and distal motor latencies were compared in 81 patients with chronic
      renal failure. During treatment with low protein diets (LPD), the vibratory
      thresholds correlated better with the clinical grading of the neuropathy than did
      the conduction velocities or the distal motor latencies, while during
      hemodialysis (HD), the situation was the reverse. The vibratory threshold on the
      foot was the single most useful test, since it correlated with the clinical
      grading of the neuropathy both during LPD and HD, and both between and within
      patients.

PMID- 4003032
TI  - Thermal sensitivity in uremic neuropathy.
AB  - Clinical neurological examination, nerve conduction velocity measurements, and
      quantitative tests of thermal and vibratory sensitivity were performed in 64 non
      diabetic uremic patients, who were all treated with chronic maintenance dialysis.
      Clinical or neurographic signs of neuropathy were found in 83% of the patients.
      The most common abnormalities were reduced nerve conduction velocity, increased
      vibratory perception threshold, loss of tendon reflexes, and impaired temperature
      sensibility. Hypesthesia to pinprick or touch, or paresis were rarely found and
      none of them was ever the first sign of neuropathy. Thermal sensation was
      abnormal in 30% of the patients, which is a much higher prevalence than that
      which has previously been reported. There were no significant correlations
      between measures of thermal sensation and measures of large fibre dysfunction.
      Impaired thermal discrimination was the first sign of neuropathy in 15% of the
      patients. This indicates that a small fibre uremic neuropathy may exist as a
      separate entity.

PMID- 4003033
TI  - Autosomal recessive non-progressive ataxia with an early childhood debut.
AB  - The case histories and clinical studies are given of 7 consanguineous patients, 4
      adults and 3 children, with a rather uniform clinical picture of nonprogressive
      cerebellar ataxia manifesting in early childhood. Most patients have in addition
      slight spastic signs, short stature and normal intelligence. There are no signs
      of other organ pathology, biochemical aberrations, endocrine- or immunopathology.
      CT-scan and PEG show cerebellar atrophy. The pedigree analysis indicates an
      autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The condition falls between the ataxic
      syndromes in the cerebral palsy range and the heredo-ataxias. Until now, no
      similar disorders seems to have been described.

PMID- 4003034
TI  - Hereditary recurrent brachial plexus neuropathy with dysmorphic features.
AB  - A Finnish pedigree comprising 13 members in 3 generations with recurrent brachial
      plexus neuropathy is described. The disease was characterized by repeated attacks
      of pain in the upper limb/shoulder region, followed by muscle weakness and
      atrophy. The first episode usually occurred in childhood after a mild infection.
      Symptoms varied in intensity and seldom left marked neurological deficiencies.
      Patients had typical features including hypotelorism, small palpebral fissures
      and a small oral opening. The distribution of the affected members in the
      pedigree was compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance with high penetrance.
      Despite the limitation of the symptoms to the upper limbs, sural nerve biopsy
      showed tomaculous neuropathy in an affected member of the family. The structural
      changes of tomaculous neuropathy probably reflect a genetically determined
      generalized abnormality of the Schwann cells predisposing the patients to the
      recurrent palsies by exogenous factors.

PMID- 4003035
TI  - A neuropsychological study of 12 patients with transient ischemic attacks before
      and after EC/IC bypass surgery.
AB  - A neuropsychological study of 12 patients with transient ischemic attacks from
      the carotid artery territory was carried out about 2 months following their
      latest attack, about a week before STA/MCA bypass operation, and again 3 months
      postoperatively. The results suggest that the TIA patients as a group were
      slightly intellectually impaired preoperatively. After the operation, a minor
      neuropsychological improvement had taken place although they still were not fully
      intellectually rehabilitated.

PMID- 4003036
TI  - Autonomic dysfunction in non-diabetic terminal uraemia.
AB  - R-R variations in the ECG were studied as a sign of autonomic dysfunction in 44
      non-diabetic patients with terminal uraemia treated with intermittent
      haemodialysis. A severe impairment of this parasympathetic vagal reflex was found
      though there were only mild signs of diffuse polyneuropathy. No acute effect was
      associated with haemodialysis. There was no correlation between either the R-R
      variations and the polyneuropathy-index or the total dialysis time. Patients with
      chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and polycystic kidney disease were
      equally affected.

PMID- 4003037
TI  - Progressive stroke caused by CT-verified small deep infarcts; relation with the
      size of the infarct and clinical outcome.
AB  - In 73 of 83 consecutive patients with a CT-verified small deep infarct, the
      course of the initial deficit was retrospectively assessed. Sixty-four percent
      showed their maximal deficit at stroke onset, while 36% had progression of the
      initial deficit. Between these 2 groups, there was no difference in the number of
      patients with hypertension and in the number of patients with a probable cardiac
      embolic cause of the lacunar stroke. Patients with progressive lacunar stroke had
      larger volume infarcts and showed less favourable outcome at one month. Our data
      suggest that progression of symptoms in patients suffering a small deep infarct
      is due to an increase of the infarcted area. This offers a rationale for early
      anticoagulant treatment in patients with small deep infarcts. However, since any
      beneficial effect of such treatment has not been established so far, a
      prospective controlled study is warranted.

PMID- 4003038
TI  - Effect of antiepileptic drugs on short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials.
AB  - Short-latency somato sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded in 45 freshly
      diagnosed cases of epilepsy before starting treatment. Follow-up recordings were
      made 6 weeks and 3 months after diphenylhydantoin, carbamazipine and
      phenobarbitone monotherapy were started. Serum drug levels were monitored. Both
      amplitude and latency of the initial component (N20) remained unchanged and were
      identical to a group of 30 age- and sex-matched normal individuals in whom SEPs
      were recorded during the period of study.

PMID- 4003039
TI  - Primary lateral sclerosis; a debated entity.
AB  - Two patients suffering from slowly progressing spastic paraparesis are presented.
      Both of them underwent a several years' follow-up, and extensive laboratory,
      radiological and neurophysiological investigations in order to rule out known
      specific causes for pyramidal tract involvement. After these exclusion studies,
      the diagnosis of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) was derived. The present cases
      provide further evidence of the long-debated PLS as a disease entity.

PMID- 4003041
TI  - The inheritance of Leber's disease. A genealogical follow-up study.
AB  - Members of two Leber families previously published in 1944 (Lundsgard) and 1968
      (Seedorff), were traced during the years 1968-1980 and questioned in 1981 about
      their eyesight. Age at onset, manifestation rate, the frequency of onsets of the
      disease in the families in the course of time, the procreation in the female
      lines of descent, and the carrier rate are considered. Women born in the female
      lines of descent were found to be carriers provided that they had a sufficient
      number of descendants so that the disease had a possibility of manifesting
      itself.

PMID- 4003040
TI  - Culture of retinal pigment epithelium from chorio-retinal biopsies.
AB  - The recently devised methods for surgical sampling of chorio-retinal tissue
      permits morphological evaluation of retina in various diseases. In the present
      report it is demonstrated, that the retinal pigment epithelium in such samples
      can be isolated as a viable cell population, and that the cell mass can be
      increased sufficiently in culture to permit biochemical as well as morphological
      studies. This procedure thereby expands the diagnostic potential of the sample
      tissue.

PMID- 4003042
TI  - Characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
AB  - Characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and its predisposing factors
      were studied in a consecutive series of 342 patients operated on for retinal
      detachment (RD) at the University Eye Hospital in Helsinki in 1978-1981. On
      these, 234 were pre-operatively examined and operated on by the senior author.
      The mean age of the patients was 52.8 +/- 1.0 (range 5.7 to 83.0) years, 49.1%
      were males, 50.9% females. Bilateral RD occurred in 9.9%, and another 4.7% had
      been treated for retinal breaks in the fellow eye. Of the main predisposing
      factors, myopia (greater than or equal to -1.0 D) was found in 50.6% of the
      phakic eyes, 23.0% of the eyes were aphakic, and lattice degeneration was found
      in 15.1% and trauma in 11.9% of the whole series. In the nontraumatic phakic
      group, lattice degeneration was present in 31.3%. In the aphakic group, 25.9% had
      underlying myopia and 8.1% showed lattice degeneration. The relative importance
      of these factors varied with age. Total RD was found in 60 eyes (17.0%), most
      commonly in aphakic eyes (32.1%). Macula was detached in 56.5%. Two or more
      retinal breaks were found in 40.9%. The type of breaks varied with age and
      refraction. Oral dialysis was common before the age of 20 in non-myopic phakic
      eyes. Between 20 and 39 years, tears and holes were equally common, and after 40
      years of age tears predominated. Tears outnumbered holes both in nonmyopic and
      myopic eyes, most round holes were found in myopic eyes. In 11.6% of the eyes no
      sure retinal breaks were detected. Relation of retinal breaks to peripheral
      retinal degenerations was studied.

PMID- 4003043
TI  - A Fukuyama type of congenital muscular dystrophy associated with atypical gyrate
      atrophy of the choroid and retina. A case report.
AB  - A three-year-ten-month old boy with the Fukuyama type of congenital muscular
      dystrophy (FCMD), early onset of muscular hypotonia, severe mental retardation, a
      slow progressive course and a characteristic fundus appearance similar to that of
      gyrate atrophy is described. Hyperornithinaemia and iminoglycinuria were not
      noted. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of FCMD associated with
      atypical gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.

PMID- 4003044
TI  - The value of sight-screening, a comparative study of the Rodenstock sight
      screener and a clinical eye examination of 109 adult employees in a hospital.
AB  - A rodenstock sight-screener has been used in examinations of more than 20 000
      employees in trade and industry by an organisation sponsored by Danish optical
      companies. In a following report it was stated, that a great deal of these
      people, because of reduced sight-function, would benefit from further examination
      by optician or ophthalmologist with prescription of glasses. On that background
      we undertook an examination of 109 adults working in our hospital. First they
      were tested with the Rodenstock sight-screener and afterwards they underwent
      orthoptic and clinical ophthalmological examinations in a blind design. The sight
      screening included examination of vision for near and far, stereopsis, phoria,
      dark adaption and visual fields. We found some difference between our results and
      those published earlier. Furthermore we found bad clinical accordance. In
      conclusion, many people will be worried by this kind of sight-screening procedure
      and only few will benefit from it.

PMID- 4003045
TI  - The effect of ametropia on the accommodative response.
AB  - The accommodative response of 15 myopic, 10 hypermetropic and 15 emmetropic (less
      than +/- 0.50 D) subjects was assessed by the laser optometer. The Snellen E
      target was viewed binocularly whilst the monocular response to various levels of
      stimuli (0 D to 5 D) was measured. The mean response/stimulus curves and resting
      points for each group are compared. No significant difference is present between
      the 3 groups. There is no correlation between a) the resting point and spectacle
      prescription (r = 0.20) and b) the slope of the response/stimulus curve and the
      spectacle prescription (r = -0.32). The effect of ametropia on the accommodative
      response is insignificant.

PMID- 4003047
TI  - Binocular interaction in the VEP to grating stimulation. I. Orientational
      effects.
AB  - The orientational effects of monocular stimulation with sinusoidal grating
      patterns were studied with transient VEP technique in 10 subjects with normal
      vision and binocular functions. No significant variation in amplitude with
      orientation was obtained. The latency for 45 degrees (oblique) orientation was
      slightly longer than the latency for other orientations. The orientational
      effects on binocular interaction in dichoptic stimulation were determined with
      sinusoidal grating patterns at a reversing rate of 1.9 and 2.1 Hz for each eye
      respectively. The binocular interaction was assessed as the binocular/monocular
      ratio of the VEP amplitude for each eye. There was a significantly reduced
      binocular interaction for dichoptically presented perpendicular gratings as
      compared to parallel gratings at the spatial frequencies of 2, 4 and 6
      cycles/degree, when mean values of the whole group of subjects were statistically
      analysed. A broad orientation tuning of about 45 degree was found for the
      binocular interaction at 4 cycles/degree for the group as a whole, although
      tuning was hard to establish in the VEP of each individual. This compares well
      with other neurophysiological and electrophysiological data but is broader than
      the orientation tuning demonstrated psychophysically.

PMID- 4003046
TI  - The ophthalmological findings in autosomal recessive severe juvenile
      arteriosclerosis.
AB  - Severe juvenile arteriosclerosis (JAS) is a rare, fatal disease with probably
      autosomal recessive inheritance. Precocious arterial murmurs and calcification of
      aorta and major arteries are associated with anaemia, growth retardation,
      prolonged systolic hypertension, gradual renal failure, gastrointestinal
      perforations, and early death. The ophthalmological findings in 5 boys and 1 girl
      between 7 and 17 years of age were retinal vascular tortuosity of main vessels,
      pre-capillary arterioles and post-capillary venules, sausage-like bulging of
      central main arterioles and microaneurysms of arterioles of the central fundus.
      Narrowing and local constriction was a typical feature of peripheral arterioles.
      The combination of findings documented by fluorescein angiography in 4 children
      was typical for severe juvenile arteriosclerosis.

PMID- 4003048
TI  - Alterations to eye structures in hairless mice by long-term ultraviolet
      irradiation. A histopathological study.
AB  - The eyes of 75 Hr/Hr hairless mice were irradiated with one minimal erythema
      dose/day of UV light for a period of 12 months, and then observed for a further 6
      months. The mice were divide into 3 subgroups, - one without protectans, - one
      protected by the sun protection lotion Sea and Ski, factor 5, - and one by Piz
      Buin, Factor 6. The eyes of 75 non-irradiated mice of the same type, subdivided
      into 3 comparable groups, served as controls. Animals which died during the test
      period were examined immediately. After the 18 months period, eyes and adnexa of
      the surviving animals were examined macroscopically and by light microscopy. The
      lifespan of unprotected, irradiated mice was significantly shorter than the
      protected groups. The eyelids of irradiated mice presented hyperplasia, actinic
      keratosis and invasive carcinoma, the latter in 20%. No melanotic tumours were
      recorded. Since the sun lotion protected animals had a significantly longer
      lifespan they showed a higher number of palpebral tumours. No irradiation lesions
      could be demonstrated in the lens, the vitreous or the retina.

PMID- 4003049
TI  - Evidence for sympathetic neural influence on human corneal epithelial function.
AB  - Patients with unilateral Horner's syndrome were studied to determine the
      influence of sympathetic innervation on the structure and function of the human
      cornea. There was no difference in total corneal thickness, corneal oxygen uptake
      rate or corneal touch threshold between the normal and Horner's eyes of these
      patients. Epithelial thickness, however, was slightly but significantly greater
      in the Horner's eye than in the normal fellow eye (P less than 0.025). When
      subjected to a hypoxic "Stress Test", patients with post-ganglionic lesions
      showed significantly more epithelial greying and microcystic oedema (P less than
      0.025 and P less than 0.01, respectively) and reported seeing smaller and
      brighter haloes in the Horner's eye. The cornea of the affected eye of these
      patients also showed a significantly shower rate of deswelling in the first hour
      following the "Stress Test" (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that both
      in the resting state and when the cornea is physiologically challenged, the
      sympathetic nervous system and in particular, the terminal sympathetic neuron,
      has a small but significant influence on the human corneal epithelium.

PMID- 4003050
TI  - Gaucher disease--Norrbottnian type. Ocular abnormalities.
AB  - Ocular abnormalities in 22 patients with the Norrbottnian type of Gaucher disease
      are reported. During their first 10 years of life 10 patients had a horizontal
      gaze abnormality simulating congenital ocular motor apraxia. Examination showed
      signs of supranuclear oculomotor disturbances in several of them. Thirteen
      patients had squint secondary to weakness of the abductor muscles; 8/21 examined
      patients exhibited white retinal infiltrates, which mostly appeared after
      splenectomy; 8/19 examined patients had myopia. Except for the retinal changes,
      no connection was found between the abnormalities and the severity of the
      disease.

PMID- 4003051
TI  - Influence of colchicine on the healing of corneal endothelium.
AB  - The healing of a corneal endothelial defect involves cell division and cell
      migration. Microtubuli form the spindle-fibers and parts of the cytoskeleton, and
      may therefore play a role in these cellular processes. In the present study
      colchicine is used in tissue culture to inhibit the assembly of microtubuli.
      Colchicine causes not only an arresting effect on cell division in the metaphase,
      but also an inhibitory effect on the cell migration. This latter effect is
      demonstrated by the radially directed, spindle-shaped cells seen in the repair
      zone of the control corneas being replaced by flat rounded cells. In this
      respect, in the presence of colchicine, the corneal endothelial cells behave like
      fibroblasts and not like epithelial cells.

PMID- 4003052
TI  - Regional specular microscopy of endothelial cell loss after intracapsular
      cataract extraction: a preliminary report.
AB  - In a group of 10 patients (12 eyes) undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction,
      corneal endothelial cell loss was serially investigated by means of regional
      specular microscopy. Prevoperatively there were no significant regional
      differences in the endothelial cell density. Two weeks after surgery, the
      superior endothelium alone showed a significant cell loss (15.6%). Whereas, a
      definite endothelial cell loss occurred in each region of the cornea one month
      after surgery. The cell loss was greater in the superior (22.8%) and lower in the
      inferior (4.7%), respectively, when compared to that seen in the central cornea
      (9.6%). In each region, cell loss continued 3 months postsoperatively, but no
      significant cell loss occurred thereafter. These results suggest that the entire
      endothelial cell population may participate in the healing of the damage
      associated with intracapsular cataract extraction and that regional specular
      microscopy can be of help for detailed evaluation of such a damage.

PMID- 4003053
TI  - Pigment spots related to scleral emissaries in Eskimos, Mongols, and Caucasians.
AB  - Examinations of a series of 1241 subjects showed episcleral pigment spots bearing
      relation to scleral canal emissaries to be most frequent among Eskimos
      (prevalence 85%), somewhat less frequent among Mongols (68%), and the rarest
      among white Northern Europeans (16%). The prevalence is the highest among women
      and rises very little with increasing age. The pigmentation is most often
      bilateral in Eskimos (66%), more rarely so in Caucasians (18%). It is most often
      localized superiorly (54%). Then follows in decreasing order to
      frequency:inferiorly (26%), nasally (13%), and - significantly more rarely -
      temporally (7%). The pigmentation is most often related to an artery (90%), most
      often one running a radial course (39%) or in the incyclo-direction (32%). Its
      average length in caucasians is 1.1 mm. Pigmentations are significantly related
      to the colour of the iris (visible in 8% of blue irides, against in 40% of
      brown).

PMID- 4003054
TI  - Repeated automatic visual field screening in a cohort study.
AB  - During 1977 and 1978 automatic visual field screening was performed in 1511
      persons born 1907-1921 and taking part in a population study. Three years later
      automatic visual field screening was repeated in 2565 eyes of 1293 persons.
      "Irrelevant" defects were common and had a limited repeatability. "Relevant"
      defects were easily detected at the first and reproduced at the second survey.
      From a clinical point of view, the yield of the visual field screening at the
      second survey was restricted. We concluded that repeated visual field screening
      by automatic perimetry is quite feasible but has little reward.

PMID- 4003055
TI  - Pars plana lensectomy.
AB  - The results of pars plana lensectomy (PPL) in 36 eyes are reported. The average
      follow-up time was 9 months (2-24). The optical media became clear in all eyes.
      Post-operative visual acuity (VA) was greater than or equal to 0.6 in 31 eyes.
      Two eyes developed serious complications (retinal detachment in 1 eye and
      neovascular glaucoma in 1 eye). PPL represents minimal risks for the anterior
      segment, excludes problems with secondary cataract, presents optimal conditions
      for early contact lens fitting and for necessary treatment in the posterior
      segment. In the hands of an experienced surgeon PPL is effective and safe and
      offers an alternative treatment for patients up to the age of 30-35 years.

PMID- 4003056
TI  - A silent revolution--changes in maternity ward routines with regard to infant
      feeding in Norway 1973-1982.
AB  - Identical surveys of feeding routines were conducted in all Norwegian maternity
      wards in 1973 and 1982. The first survey was followed up by a set of
      recommendations on routines conducive to breastfeeding. Significant positive
      changes had taken place between the two surveys. Breastfeeding was in 1982
      initiated within two hours in nearly all wards. Some form of demand feeding and
      rooming in for a large part of the day, had been adopted by a majority of the
      maternity wards. The use of supplements to breastfeeding had shifted from
      extensive use of home made cow's milk mixtures to sugar water and infant formulas
      "when needed". The use of human milk from milk banks had increased, but was still
      not universal, even in the large wards. Most maternity wards were still test
      weighing infants before and after feedings. The above changes have taken place in
      a period when the rate of breastfeeding has increased significantly in Norway.

PMID- 4003057
TI  - Studies of human milk. II. Concentration of antibodies against Salmonella and
      Shigella in milk of women from different populations and the daily intake by
      their breast-fed infants.
AB  - The concentration in human milk of IgA antibodies against six Salmonella and two
      Shigella groups were determined in specimens obtained from Swedish and Guatemalan
      nursing mothers of three different socioeconomic levels. The daily intakes of
      milk antibodies by their children were also estimated. The results show that the
      concentrations of specific IgA antibodies in milk vary among the different
      population groups. There is, however, no difference in daily intake of specific
      IgA by the children.

PMID- 4003058
TI  - Dietary bovine beta-lactoglobulin is transferred to human milk.
AB  - Human milk from 38 mothers was analysed by radioimmunological method for content
      of bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Detectable amounts (5-33 micrograms/l) of
      immunoactive beta-lactoglobulin were found in 18 human milk samples. Milk from 3
      mothers, whose infants suffered from infantile colic contained high amounts of
      beta-lactoglobulin (32, 18 and 14 micrograms/l respectively). With the mothers on
      a cow's milk free diet the contents fell to non-detectable amounts in two mothers
      and to 6 micrograms/l in the third. All three infants became free from colic.

PMID- 4003059
TI  - Exchange transfusion with fresh heparinized blood is a safe procedure.
      Experiences from 1 069 newborns.
AB  - 1 069 newborns were subjected to exchange transfusion with fresh heparinized
      blood in the years 1968, 1971, 1974, 1977 and 1981. There were 258 infants with
      Rh disease, 328 with hyperbilirubinemia with ABO incompatibility, 436 with
      hyperbilirubinemia without ABO incompatibility and 47 infants without
      hyperbilirubinemia or evidence of hemolytic disease. The total annual number of
      infants decreased gradually from 279 in 1968 to 130 in 1981. A total of 48
      infants of the 1 069 newborns died during neonatal period but the death was
      possibly related to exchange transfusion in four of them. There were serious
      complications in 14 infants during and in only five infants after the procedure.
      Morbidity related to exchange transfusion was the highest among newborns with
      serious basic disease. Using the presented bilirubin nomograms and fresh
      heparinized blood we have not found that the hazards of exchange transfusion
      would have overgone the risks of hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 4003060
TI  - Hematin and bilirubin binding to human serum albumin and newborn serum.
AB  - In jaundiced newborn infants, hemolytic disease is considered a risk factor for
      kernicterus due to the suspected competition between bilirubin and other
      hemoglobin breakdown products for albumin binding. We have studied the effect of
      hematin on bilirubin-albumin binding using the peroxidase assay and a light
      scattering technique for measuring unbound bilirubin. Our results show that
      hematin does not affect bilirubin-albumin binding. To determine if other albumin
      binding functions are affected by hematin, we used a microdialysis rate technique
      employing two ligands, diazepam and monoacetyldiaminodiphenyl sulfone (MADDS).
      Hematin does not utilize the diazepam binding function of albumin, but does
      decrease the albumin binding of MADDS. The results of this study indicate that
      the MADDS and bilirubin binding functions are not identical. The clinical
      usefulness of reserve albumin equivalent determination using MADDS is discussed.

PMID- 4003061
TI  - Red cell membrane lipid peroxidation and hemolysis secondary to phototherapy.
AB  - The exposure of red cells to phototherapy light in the presence of a sensitizer
      (bilirubin) resulted in oxidative injury to the red cell membrane as manifested
      by a significant increase in the concentration of the products of lipid
      peroxidation (TBA reactants and diene conjugation) in the membrane and hemolysis.
      To induce a photo-oxidized membrane injury, the sensitizer (bilirubin) has to be
      membrane bound. Thus, by altering the availability of free bilirubin in the red
      cell suspension through changes in the molar concentration ratio of bilirubin to
      albumin, one is able to regulate the occurrence and extent of the oxidative red
      cell membrane injury. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 4003062
TI  - Effects on plasma glucose concentration of light-for-date infants and infants of
      diabetic mothers of feeds supplemented with a glucose polymer.
AB  - Serial plasma glucose estimations were performed in 44 light-for-date infants and
      17 infants of diabetic mothers fed 2, 3 or 4-hourly with feeds containing 10%
      additional carbohydrate in the form of a glucose polymer (Caloreen). In the
      infants fed 2 and 3-hourly, plasma glucose was higher following the high
      carbohydrate feeds, particularly immediately before the next feed was due. Given
      4-hourly, the high carbohydrate feed had little effect in most light-for-date
      infants, and in one light-for-date infant and two infants of diabetic mothers the
      plasma glucose was lower at the end of 4 hours than following normal formula. It
      is concluded that the addition of glucose polymer to feeds given 2 and 3 hourly
      has a potentially useful effect in neonates at risk of developing hypoglycaemia,
      but it cannot be used to increase the feed interval to 4 hours.

PMID- 4003063
TI  - Subclinical thyroid hormone abnormalities in type I diabetic children and
      adolescents. Relationship to metabolic control.
AB  - The serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid stimulating hormone were
      compared in 64 type I diabetic children and adolescents without ketosis and in 28
      age matched normal subjects. Only T3 levels were significantly different in the
      diabetic patients (2.38 +/- 0.41 nmol/l) than in controls (2.64 +/- 0.52 nmol/l)
      (p less than 0.01) confirming the existence of the 'low T3 syndrome' in diabetic
      children. A negative correlation was found between T3 and blood glucose as well
      as glycosylated haemoglobin suggesting that short-term hyperglycaemia could
      regulate T3 concentration. Thyroid function was not different in diabetic
      children with or without thyroid antibodies. We conclude that serum T3 level is
      influenced by the degree of metabolic control and that thyroid function in
      diabetic children should be assessed by the measurement of the serum
      concentration of T4, FT4 and TSH.

PMID- 4003064
TI  - Constitutional delay of growth and puberty in boys: the effect of a short course
      of treatment with fluoxymesterone.
AB  - 17 boys with delayed growth spurt, 9 of whom also had late puberty, were treated
      with 2.5 to 5.0 mg of fluoxymesterone daily for 0.23-0.58 years. Mean increment
      of growth velocity was 4.5 cm/year during treatment and this was maintained at
      3.8 cm/year over a post-treatment observation period of 0.22-1.3 years. Mean
      testicular volume at the end of the treatment period was 9.9 ml. Mean height for
      bone age standard deviation score remained unchanged at -1.2 to -1.4 (not
      significant). We conclude that a low dose of fluoxymesterone may be used in
      safety for a short time to induce a growth acceleration in adolescent boys with
      constitutional delay of growth and puberty.

PMID- 4003065
TI  - Rett's syndrome: prevalence and impact on progressive severe mental retardation
      in girls.
AB  - The prevalence of Rett's syndrome was studied in a part of southwestern Sweden
      comprising five counties and the city of Gothenburg. In a population of 315469
      children and adolescents, 6-17 years of age, 10 cases were detected, all girls.
      The corresponding prevalence was 0.65/10 000 girls, i.e. about twice that of
      phenylketonuria (PKU) in the same area. As progressive brain disorders/metabolic
      diseases together constitute 5-6% (1.5-2.0/10 000 children) of the aetiologies
      among severely mentally retarded persons of this age group in central Sweden, it
      can be concluded that within this group Rett's syndrome should be considered as
      an aetiological factor to think of in females. This syndrome might well be
      responsible for one-fourth to one-third of such cases among girls.

PMID- 4003066
TI  - Factors influencing blood pressure in children and adolescents.
AB  - The relationship between blood pressure, height-weight-obesity, high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol was investigated in a population of 871
      children and adolescents. The structure of the data was also analysed and a
      comprehensive control of the model was undertaken. A mean blood pressure (MBP)
      with minimum variance was used as an integrated measure for the blood pressure. A
      new children's body mass index CBMI = log weight -0.008 X height was used to
      measure the obesity of the children. This index was proved to be independent of
      the children's height. The best single descriptive factor for MBP in boys is
      HDL/total cholesterol (HDLI). In girls, the CBMI is the most descriptive. Weight
      contributes significantly to the description of MBP in both sexes. In girls, the
      HDLI also improves the description of MBP. In boys, age is of no significance
      when weight is included in the analysis. Heart rate (HR) depends significantly on
      weight in both sexes. In girls, HR furthermore is correlated to cholesterol. None
      of the parameters; circumference of arm, consumption of tobacco or licorice,
      serum triglyceride, and diabetes in family were found to contribute significantly
      to the description of MBP or HR when CBMI, weight, HDLI and total cholesterol are
      included in the analysis.

PMID- 4003067
TI  - Is the sweat test infallible in cystic fibrosis?
AB  - The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is straight forward if the clinical findings and
      sweat sodium are considered together. We describe 3 patients where the diagnosis
      has proved difficult as both the clinical features and sweat sodium have varied
      between normal and abnormal.

PMID- 4003068
TI  - Growth of long term survivors of childhood malignancy.
AB  - The growth of all children from one referral centre alive and well more than
      three years following the diagnosis of malignancy was analysed. Those treated
      with chemotherapy alone showed significant catch up growth. Children treated with
      chemotherapy and spinal irradiation showed no overall height loss, but manifested
      significant reduction in sitting height. Those treated by cranial irradiation had
      a significant height loss in the first year from which no catch up growth
      occurred and also had significantly reduced sitting height.

PMID- 4003069
TI  - A 5-year prognosis of childhood asthma.
AB  - A series of 207 asthmatic children aged 4-10 years studied during the years 1976
      1978 were called for a follow-up study 4-6 years later. Of these, 53 (26%)
      children were completely symptom-free and 154 still had symptoms. The proportion
      of symptom-free patients was highest (45%) among those having attacks only during
      respiratory infections. The prognosis was worsened by such factors as a high rate
      of attacks, an association with eczema and a history of otitis media or
      adenoidectomy. The clinical picture of disease among children having attacks only
      during respiratory infections (wheezy bronchitis) was distinctive from that in
      asthma and may be separated as its own entity. Subgrouping of childhood asthma is
      beneficial for a clinician when considering the intensity of therapy or the need
      for controls.

PMID- 4003070
TI  - Ventilatory response to exercise in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 4003071
TI  - Epidemiology of cerebral palsy.

PMID- 4003072
TI  - Fluctuation of breast size in isolated premature thelarche.

PMID- 4003073
TI  - Vitamin A nutrition in the Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. A report on two siblings
      and their parents.

PMID- 4003074
TI  - Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption without anaemia but with profound failure to
      thrive.
AB  - A 7-month-old boy presented with vomiting and failure to thrive associated with
      proteinuria, methylmalonic aciduria and macrocytosis, but without anaemia. Plasma
      vitamin B12 levels were normal by a radio-dilution method. He was treated as an
      inborn error of metabolism with intramuscular cyanocobalamin and a low protein
      diet. However when treatment was withdrawn he remained well for 11 months before
      relapsing with vomiting and weight loss. Re-investigation again showed
      methylmalonic aciduria, but the haemoglobin was low and plasma vitamin B12 levels
      by a specific method showed them to be reduced. Studies of vitamin B12 absorption
      showed the picture of selective malabsorption. He was started on regular
      cyanocobalamin injections.

PMID- 4003075
TI  - Fatal unresponsive villous atrophy of the jejunum, connective tissue disease and
      diabetes in a girl with intestinal epithelial cell antibody.
AB  - The patient presented with a diabetes at the age of 3 years. At the age of 5
      years she got persistent diarrhoea, lost weight and showed symptoms or arthritis
      and pericarditis. She was found to have total villous atrophy of the jejunum,
      which did not respond to dietary treatment, total parental nutrition, prednisone
      and cyclophosphamide medication. She had high titres of antinuclear antibodies
      and elevated serum IgG, but antibodies to DNA and to ribonuclearprotein were
      negative. A low titre of antibodies to human intestinal epithelial cells was
      found. The patient died of overwhelming fungal sepsis. We propose that the
      intestinal damage is part of the autoimmune disease. Careful study of jejunal
      biopsy specimens is helpful in distinguishing this type of patient from patients
      with coeliac disease.

PMID- 4003076
TI  - Aggression and the family.

PMID- 4003077
TI  - [Development of aggressiveness].

PMID- 4003078
TI  - [Aggressive communications as a brake on the developmental process of a family].

PMID- 4003079
TI  - Incompetent families and aggression.

PMID- 4003080
TI  - [Epidemiology and prevention of family violence].

PMID- 4003082
TI  - [Beyond self-destruction].

PMID- 4003081
TI  - Family admittance for assessment of child abuse/neglect. Problems in cooperation
      between local agencies and the family wards.

PMID- 4003084
TI  - [Simple view of young violence].

PMID- 4003083
TI  - [Aggression, development of contradiction and dialogic. Fundamental and cultural
      history aspects].

PMID- 4003085
TI  - Skin biopsy as a beneficial procedure for morphological evaluation of diabetic
      neuropathy.
AB  - In an attempt to evaluate the morphological abnormalities of dermal non
      myelinated nerve fibers of diabetics and elucidate the pathogenesis of diabetic
      peripheral neuropathy, the terminal part of peripheral nerve in the upper dermis
      was observed on electron microscopy using skin samples biopsied in 10 diabetics
      with symptomatic neuropathy and 6 age-matched controls. In diabetics, the density
      of nerve fibers was significantly lower than in controls. In addition, swelling,
      lytic change and vacuolation in the axon, multiplication of basement membrane of
      the Schwann cell and Schwann cell cluster devoid of axon were more frequently
      observed in diabetics. The Schwann cell did not show significant structural
      alterations. These findings suggest that the axon is primarily involved, at least
      in the terminal region of nerve fiber, in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is
      also concluded that the skin biopsy technique is harmless, cosmetically not
      troublesome and might be beneficial for studying peripheral neuropathies
      including diabetic neuropathy.

PMID- 4003086
TI  - Protracted histopathological change of the liver necrosis induced by Shwartzman
      reaction. An experimental animal model of liver cirrhosis?
AB  - Severe pathological fibrotic change of rabbits treated with endotoxin was
      produced. The liver of the rabbits that died within 14 days showed severe
      architectural distortion through wide fibrotic band which could be called
      morphologically post necrotic liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, in the liver of
      the rabbits that remained alive more than 14 days thin septal nodular structures
      were observed. This experimental model is proposed as a tool for the further
      study of the pathogenesis of human liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 4003087
TI  - Cystinosis with marked atrophy of the kidneys and thyroid. Histological and
      ultrastructural studies in an autopsy case.
AB  - The eldest autopsied case (a 23-year-old man) of infantile form of cystinosis
      with uremia and myxoedema was reported. The cystine content per gram wet tissue
      of various organs was arranged as follows: the thyroid (4.61 mg), kidney (1.71
      mg), eye (0.75 mg), spleen (0.65 mg), liver (0.49 mg), and brain (0.016 mg). In
      polarized light microscopy, cystine crystals were detected in the epithelial
      cells and epithelial lumina of both kidneys by Wollaston test, and foam cells
      with cystine crystals were histologically found in the reticuloendothelial and
      other organs, especially in the bone marrows. Moreover, electron microscopic
      findings revealed square, rectangular or lozenge-shaped small cystine crystal
      profiles in osmophilic dense bodies of the histiocytic cells and in the cytoplasm
      of the foam cells. In some of them, positive reaction for acid phosphatase
      activity was specifically localized at the periphery of the cystine crystal
      profiles.

PMID- 4003089
TI  - Molluscum contagiosum occurring in an epidermal cyst on the eyelid. Light and
      electron-microscopic studies with literature review.
AB  - We hereby report light and electron-microscopic (EM) studies on an unusual case
      of molluscum contagiosum occurring in an epidermal cyst. It was considered that
      the pre-existing cyst was inoculated with molluscum contagiosum viruses, which
      were confirmed electron-microscopically. We also would like to re-emphasize the
      usefulness of formalin fixed tissue for EM confirmation of viruses.

PMID- 4003088
TI  - Primary neuroblastoma of the nasal cavity and review of literature.
AB  - Primary neuroblastoma of the nasal cavity is very rare, and it is one of the most
      difficult tumor to differentiate from other small round cell tumors. The present
      case was proved to be olfactory neuroblastoma by histological, electron
      microscopical and histochemical findings. This is the first case in which
      biogenic amines were proven by glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence in vitro.
      Discussions were made on the pathological differences with adrenal neuroblastoma.

PMID- 4003090
TI  - Lung cancer and chronic interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic
      sarcoidosis.
AB  - Lung cancer and chronic interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic
      sarcoidosis was detected in a 66-year-old woman at autopsy. Histologically,
      hyalinized sarcoid lesions were scattered in cervical lymph nodes, thoracic lymph
      nodes, abdominal lymph nodes, and spleen. Scattered non-caseating epithelioid
      cell granulomas with giant cells were observed in both lungs demoting cancer and
      chronic interstitial pneumonia. A tumor mass occupying right hilar portion was
      well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma involving right upper lobe and right
      hilar lymph nodes. In the lower lobe of the left lung, a small nodule of poorly
      differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was detected. Alveolar septa, especially
      in both lower lobes of the lungs were thickened diffusely with fibrosis, edema,
      and inflammatory cell infiltration. Alveolar cavities contained hyaline membrane
      and large mononuclear cells. Atypical bronchiolar epithelial proliferation and
      squamous metaplasia associated with squamous cell carcinoma were detected. The
      clinical and pathological characteristics among eight reported cases of lung
      cancer associated with sarcoidosis and three reported cases of interstitial
      pneumonia associated with sarcoidosis were reviewed separately. There is no
      report describing both lung cancer and chronic interstitial pneumonia associated
      with sarcoidosis.

PMID- 4003091
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus with multiple calcified fibrous nodules of the
      spleen.
AB  - An autopsy case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a 39-year-old woman with
      peculiar multiple splenic nodules is reported. Multiple calcific nodular shadows
      were incidentally found in the left hypochondrial region on chest and abdominal X
      ray films taken at admission. The patient died of chronic heart failure due to
      massive pericardial effusion as one of the manifestations of SLE with 2 and a
      half years' clinical course. Lupus nephritis and terminal miliary tuberculosis
      were the other conspicuous autopsy findings. The splenic nodules were almost
      evenly distributed on each cut-surface of the spleen at the density of about
      5/cm2. Each nodule was spherical in shape and 1 to 3 mm in diameter. Most of the
      nodules were calcified in variable degrees. Semi-serial sectionings and
      reconstruction procedure of the nodules disclosed that they were formed around
      the central or penicillary arteries and had a close relation to so called "onion
      skin lesion" of the spleen in SLE. The true nature, pathogenesis, and relation of
      the nodules to SLE are discussed.

PMID- 4003093
TI  - Human ductus arteriosus. A histological study on the relation between ductal
      maturation and gestational age.
AB  - The present study deals mainly with the ductus arteriosus of preterm infants of
      gestational age less than 29 weeks, birth weight less than 1200 g, and postnatal
      age less than 72 hours. Excised ductus were histologically examined postmortem
      and compared to those of infants of more advanced gestational age. Intimal
      cushion and duplication and/or interruption of the internal elastic lamina of the
      ductus arteriosus were employed as the indicators of the maturation of the ductus
      arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus of infants with gestational age more than 29
      weeks showed histologically more mature features than those of 28 weeks or less.
      It is considered that there is a relation between gestational age and histologic
      maturation of the ductus arteriosus.

PMID- 4003092
TI  - Pseudolymphoma of the stomach. Nodular type.
AB  - A case of nodular type of pseudolymphoma of the stomach was reported. The tumor
      measured 3.2 by 2.0 by 0.7 cm and was located astride the greater curvature of
      the muscularis propria. It was composed of many germinal centers surrounded by
      mature lymphocytes. There was no evidence of a previous peptic ulcer. The patient
      is now alive without any symptoms 8 years after the operation.

PMID- 4003094
TI  - Elastofibroma of the greater omentum.
AB  - A rare case of elastofibroma developing in the greater omentum of a 76 years old
      woman was reported. The greater omentum was thickened in a plate-like shape to a
      size of 24 X 15 X 2 cm, and a firm mass as large as 5 X 4 X 3 cm was formed in a
      portion of the omentum. Granulomatous inflammation associated with the
      calcification was present in the center region of the mass. Collagen fibers and
      elastofibroma fibers were markedly proliferated around the granuloma. Fibrosis
      accompanied with the formation of elastofibroma fibers was observed not only
      around the granulomatous inflammatory focus but also throughout the thickened
      omentum. The elastofibroma fiber in this case lost its stainability to resorcin
      fuchsin and orcein after 4 hours treatment with elastase. It may be inferred that
      not only mechanical stresses but also inflammatory stimuli contribute to the
      development of elastofibroma.

PMID- 4003095
TI  - Hepatic metastasis 17 years following resection of low-grade leiomyosarcoma of
      the rectum.
AB  - A case of histologically low-grade leiomyosarcoma of the rectum showing an
      unusually late appearance of hepatic metastasis is reported. This was found at
      autopsy 17 years after a curative resection of the primary rectal tumor that had
      been diagnosed initially as a leiomyoma.

PMID- 4003096
TI  - Marked epithelial hyperplasia of the rat glandular stomach induced by long-term
      administration of iodoacetamide.
AB  - Iodoacetamide (IAA), an ulcerogenic compound, was continuously given to male
      Wistar rats for up to 74 weeks. No carcinomas developed but marked glandular
      hyperplasias were frequently observed accompanied by chronic ulcer or erosion in
      the fundic region. They showed pseudo-invasive growth into the submucosa, the
      granulomatous tissue and even into the muscle layer, but no cellular and nuclear
      atypia was observed in their glands. Characteristically the mucosal damage caused
      by chronic IAA treatment was restricted to the fundic mucosa along the limiting
      ridge. Abnormally regenerated mucosa in the damaged area showed pyloric gland
      type metaplasia, demonstrated histochemically by paradoxical concanavalin A
      staining and high-iron diamine-Alcian blue staining for mucin. No intestinal
      metaplasia was observed in these mucosa.

PMID- 4003097
TI  - Pathology of experimental pulmonary bone marrow embolism. I. Initial lesions of
      the rabbit lung after intravenous infusion of allogeneic bone marrow with special
      reference to its pathogenesis.
AB  - In order to investigate the initial lesions of pulmonary bone marrow embolism and
      its pathogenesis, the author studied the pulmonary changes of 70 rabbits during a
      24-hour period after the infusion of 500 mg of fresh allogeneic bone marrow into
      the marginal ear veins. After 30 minutes, leukostasis was observed in the non
      embolized small arteries. After 2 hours, leukostasis increased and by 5 to 10
      hours, it reached a maximum, still decreased considerably after 24 hours. In the
      perivascular connective tissue, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration had
      occurred as a result of increased vascular permeability due to leukostasis.
      Fifteen minutes after intravenous administration of a single shot of indomethacin
      (5 mg/kg), the infusion of allogeneic bone marrow was performed. Five hours after
      the infusion, the suppression of pulmonary vascular leukostasis and interstitial
      edema were observed. The effect of drugs on morphological changes, however, is
      extremely small in the group pre-treated with diphenhydramine hydrochloride (3
      mg/kg). The author concluded that the mechanical injury of vascular endothelial
      cells by emboli and the accumulation of leukocytes in the pulmonary vessels may
      play an important role in the pathogenesis of the initial change of pulmonary
      bone marrow embolism. It is also suggested that the embolized bone marrow in the
      small arteries and vasculitis may lead to arteriosclerosis in the future.

PMID- 4003098
TI  - The third (C3) and fourth (C4) components of complement in human liver.
      Immunocytochemical evidence for hepatocytes as the site of synthesis.
AB  - We localized the third (C3) and fourth (C4) components of complement by light and
      electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in liver biopsy specimens from patients
      without overt liver disease or with chronic hepatitis. In both groups it was
      found that almost all hepatocytes contained the two complement proteins in
      protein-generating organelles, i.e., the perinuclear spaces, cisternae of the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic transport vesicles.
      In addition, the sinusoidal membrane and vesicles that appeared to be fused with
      the membrane were positive for C3 and C4. The complement proteins were absent
      from the protein-synthesizing apparatus of other kinds of cells, but they were
      present in phagosomes of Kupffer cells. We conclude that hepatocytes but not
      other cells in the human liver synthesize C3 and C4. In addition, a plausible
      pathway for transport of the complement proteins from hepatocytes into the blood
      circulation was identified.

PMID- 4003099
TI  - A double-blind group comparative study using the new anti-depressant Org 3770,
      placebo and diazepam in patients with expected insomnia and anxiety before
      elective gynaecological surgery.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty female patients about to undergo elective gynaecological
      surgery, were randomly allocated to a single oral dose of either 5, 15, 30 mg Org
      3770, placebo, or 10 mg diazepam the evening before operation. Assessment of
      sleep quality next morning using self-rated questionnaires showed that both Org
      3770 and diazepam were significantly better than placebo in enhancing sleep. In
      addition, a dose-response effect was seen with Org 3770, 15 mg seeming optimal.
      Assessment of presurgery anxiety, again using self-rated questionnaires, showed
      that 15 mg Org 3770, and 10 mg diazepam were significantly more effective than
      placebo at reducing anxiety. None of the medications produced any troublesome
      side effects nor did they have an effect on blood pressure.

PMID- 4003100
TI  - Renal function in 153 manic-depressive patients treated with lithium for more
      than five years.
AB  - Renal function was examined in 153 manic-depressive patients treated with lithium
      for more than 5 years, mean 10 years. No significant change was detectable in
      plasma creatinine. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased slightly, but
      significantly, and not until after 17 years of treatment did the regression line
      reach the lower confidence limit in the reference material. GFR was generally
      only moderately decreased. Renal concentrating capacity was significantly reduced
      during the whole investigation period and did not change with time. GFR was
      independent of the dosage pattern. The diuresis did not differ markedly in
      patients given one or three daily doses. In a two-dose group predominantly
      treated with slow-release tablets, the diuresis was somewhat higher in 75% of the
      patients but much higher for the rest of the group. Since the prophylactic effect
      of lithium was the same in the one-dose group (mean dosage 21 mmol/day) as in the
      two-dose and three-dose groups (mean dosage 27-28 mmol/day), our data indicate
      that generally employed lithium doses may be reduced somewhat without loss of
      prophylactic efficacy.

PMID- 4003101
TI  - Phobic states presenting as somatic complaints syndromes in Nigeria: socio
      cultural factors associated with diagnosis and psychotherapy.
AB  - Previous publications have given the impression that phobic states do not exist,
      or are very rare, in Africa south of the Sahara. This study has shown that this
      impression is erroneous. One of the explanations for this stems from the fact
      that African psychiatric patients tend to present with predominantly somatic
      complaints. These complaints mask the underlying illness making diagnosis very
      problematic. In an in-depth study of a sample of psychoneurotic patients, in
      Nigeria, phobic states were found to account for the complaints made by a
      substantial number of the patients. The type of objects to which fears tend to be
      bound in African patients are not often the same as those in Western society.
      This offers another explanation why identification of phobic states might have
      been missed by the previous writers. The socio-cultural and psychodynamic aspects
      of this illness in the African are discussed, as well as the effects which such
      factors may have on the physician-patient relationship, their relevance in
      diagnosis-making and in successfully implementing psychotherapy for the patients.

PMID- 4003102
TI  - Psychiatric disorders (DSM-III) and cognitive impairment among the elderly in a
      U.S. urban community.
AB  - Results are presented on the current prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in
      2,588 non-institutionalized persons aged 65 and older who were drawn from a
      probability sample of New Haven, Connecticut, and 12 surrounding towns in South
      Central Connecticut. Based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), 6.7% of
      the respondents had a psychiatric diagnosis (DSM-III), and based on the Mini
      Mental Status Exam (MMS), 3.4% had severe cognitive impairments during the past 6
      month period. Therefore, more than 10% currently had either a psychiatric or a
      severe cognitive problem. Overall, these rates of psychiatric disorders are lower
      than those found in adult populations under age 65. As with younger samples,
      anxiety and affective disorders were among the most common psychiatric problems.
      The majority of elderly reported themselves in good emotional and physical health
      and felt they had sufficient finances to meet their needs. The rate of severe
      cognitive impairment did not increase until after age 79. Among those 80 years
      and older, cognitive impairments were more common in women than men, probably due
      to differential survival rates. Since less than 6% of the elderly sample are
      living in institutions these results among non-institutionalized elderly point to
      the relative psychiatric well-being of the majority of the elderly. However, in
      view of the longer life expectancy, the next decade will see an increase in the
      absolute number of persons with cognitive impairments.

PMID- 4003103
TI  - Long-term outcome of 151 cases of anorexia nervosa. The Copenhagen Anorexia
      Nervosa Follow-Up Study.
AB  - One hundred and fifty-one patients (140 females - 11 males) with anorexia nervosa
      (AN) from three departments (child psychiatry, psychiatry, and internal medicine)
      were re-examined 4-22 years (average 12.5 years) after their first contact with
      the Rigshospital in Copenhagen. During the years 1960-76 the number of referrals
      was on the increase, and relatively more patients were treated in the psychiatric
      departments at the end than at the beginning of the period. Mean age was 16.6
      years at onset, 19.0 years at primary contact. Mean weight loss was 32%. Mean
      duration of treatment was 12 months. Differences between the three departments
      concern especially age, sex, and duration of treatment. Mean age at follow-up was
      31.0 years (range 16-63 years) for surviving probands. Follow-up information
      originated from semi-structured personal interviews (in 80% of surviving
      probands) together with register data on all probands, supplemented by extensive
      hospital data. Nine patients (6%), including six who committed suicide, died on
      the average 7.3 years after primary contact (average age 27.1 years). The
      mortality rate was 0.5% per year. At follow-up one fourth of the surviving
      probands had AN and one fourth suffered from other psychiatric disorders, while
      one half were free from mental illness. There were no significant differences in
      outcome between the three departments. As a whole, the group experienced a social
      decline. It is concluded that a substantial part of this group of AN patients had
      a poor prognosis with a tendency towards chronicity, despite relatively long and
      intensive treatment, but, on the other hand, about one half of the probands
      seemed to be healthy and well functioning.

PMID- 4003104
TI  - Inter-rater reliability of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale in
      Japan.
AB  - In order to apply the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) to
      psychiatric clinical practice in Japan we have made a preliminary Japanese
      version and examined the doctor to doctor and doctor to nurse inter-rater
      reliability. Compared with the high reliability of the items of reported
      psychopathology, the coefficients of correlation of observed psychopathology were
      considerably scattered. Education and training of the rater may improve the
      reliability. It is considered that the CPRS will become a very useful psychiatric
      rating scale in Japan.

PMID- 4003105
TI  - Marital disharmony four and a half years post partum. Effects on parent-child
      relationships and child development.
AB  - This longitudinal study of primiparous women concerns factors related to the
      quality of the marital relationship 4 1/2 years after the birth of the first
      child. Information was independently collected from the women, their husbands and
      children. A poor relationship to the partner and impaired mental health in the
      women post partum were associated with marital disharmony at follow-up. In
      disharmonious marriages more often than in others parents were estimated to have
      a rejecting attitude towards their child and the child to have a rejecting
      attitude towards its parents. Further, in these marriages poor parental
      relationships of boys were more common than those of girls and socially immature
      boys as compared to socially immature girls overrepresented.

PMID- 4003106
TI  - Recent rise in supposedly stress dependent causes of death in psychiatric
      hospitals in Norway indicating increased "stress" in hospitals?
AB  - The present study comprises all deaths in Norwegian psychiatric hospitals in 1950
      74 with the diagnosis of non-organic (functional) psychosis: 5106 deaths.
      Mortality declined in both sexes as did excess mortality which is now 1.7 times
      the general population in the male, and 2.3 times in the female sex. However, a
      significant rise in unnatural deaths (suicides and accidents) took place in both
      sexes during 1963-74, as mortality increased 2-3 times in comparison with 1950
      62. This rise in unnatural deaths is probably directly related to the
      introduction of drug therapy, which created an increased need for protection of
      the hospital population. A challenge which the accompanying changes in the
      hospital environment have failed to meet. Cardio-vascular mortality increased
      considerably during 1963-74 in both sexes. The rise is most likely the combined
      result of an adverse effect of drug therapy in individual patients (obesity,
      physical inactivity, increased smoking habits), the reduced stress-relieving
      effect of hospitalisation through shorter stays in hospital and the
      liberalization policy. We may not yet have experienced the total adverse effect
      on mortality of the increase in behavioural risk factors in psychiatric patients.
      It is suggested that future mortality studies include psychiatric out-patients.

PMID- 4003107
TI  - Mental disorders in patients admitted to a general hospital in western Ethiopia
      1960-1970.
AB  - An investigation was undertaken into the occurrence of mental disorders among
      patients admitted to a general hospital in western Ethiopia during a 10-year
      period. The proportion of patients with psychiatric diagnoses was low (0.7-2.3%
      per year). The findings as regards clinical picture are in accordance with other
      investigations from developing countries, viz. there is a high frequency of
      amorphous, easily precipitated and recurrent transient psychoses and hysterical
      symptoms and states. The findings are compared with data from a Swedish
      psychiatric clinic and discussed from the point of view of organizing psychiatric
      care in a developing country.

PMID- 4003108
TI  - Psychiatric morbidity and psychosocial background in an outpatient population of
      a general hospital in western Ethiopia.
AB  - The psychiatric morbidity in 465 outpatients seen at a general hospital in
      western Ethiopia was found to be 18%. The great majority of cases had neurotic
      conditions often with a somatic shading, only six were psychotic. A few were
      themselves aware that they were suffering from mental disorders. There was no
      tendency for the mental disorders to be correlated to somatic disorders. The
      psychiatric morbidity rate seemed increased in women, in younger patients and in
      patients with higher educational level and income.

PMID- 4003109
TI  - Seizure duration in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. A comparison of the
      anaesthetic agents etomidate and althesin with methohexitone.

PMID- 4003110
TI  - Familial spastic paraplegia with epilepsy.
AB  - We report a family whose members have familial spastic paraplegia (FSP)
      associated with epilepsy. A man and his sister initially had primary generalized
      epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures, but they have had no seizures for years.
      However, they developed spastic paresis of the lower extremities and presently
      show features of FSP. Their mother seemed to have suffered from FSP. One son of
      the female patient has epilepsy. The clinical picture of this family suggests a
      close relationship between FSP and epilepsy.

PMID- 4003111
TI  - Comparison of estimation methods of liver maximum removal rate of indocyanine
      green.
AB  - Three linear plots by which the liver's maximum removal rate (Rmax) of
      indocyanine green (ICG) and the Michaelis constant (Km) can be calculated were
      compared in a microcomputer simulation study. The widely-used Lineweaver-Burk
      plot (1/V vs. 1/S; V, ICG initial removal rate (mg/kg/min); S, ICG loading dose
      (mg/kg] presented the greatest bias and variance. There was no remarkable
      difference in bias between the S/V vs. S plot and the V vs. V/S plot, but the
      latter possessed a smaller variance. Therefore, the V vs. V/S plot was considered
      the best for estimating Rmax. The best combination of three ICG loading doses was
      0.5, 2, and 5 mg/kg. This combination was selected by comparison of the Rmax
      estimated from three points with that estimated from six points (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4
      and 5 mg/kg).

PMID- 4003112
TI  - A study of the prognostic role of serum fucose and fucosyl transferase in cancer
      of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Serum fucose levels and fucosyl transferase activities have been designated as
      nonspecific markers of malignancy, and play an important role in the diagnosis of
      different types of malignancies. In the present study, attempts were made to
      determine the prognostic significance of these markers in patients with cancer of
      the uterine cervix after therapy. It was found that both serum fucose and fucosyl
      transferase, which were elevated in untreated patients declined significantly in
      patients responsive to therapy at different follow-up intervals, but not in
      patients unresponsive to therapy.

PMID- 4003113
TI  - Rapid and simultaneous measurement of estrone, estradiol, estriol and estetrol in
      serum by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with electrochemical
      detection (ECD) was developed for the simultaneous measurement of estrone,
      estradiol, estriol and estetrol in serum. These hormones were extracted with
      diethylether, chromatographed on an silica-octadecyl silane (ODS) column with an
      eluent of phosphate buffer solution-acetonitrile-methanol (volume ratio
      152:85:40), and detected by ECD at +1.0V vs. Ag/AgCl. In comparisons between the
      values measured by this method and radioimmunoassay, significant correlations
      were noted for estrone (r = 0.759, p less than 0.01), estradiol (r = 0.816, p
      less than 0.001) and estriol (r = 0.830, p less than 0.001). In clinical
      applications of this method, differences between cases of the normal and the
      anencephalic pregnancy in the thirty-eighth week of gestation were distinct not
      only in the individual estrogen, but also in the profile analysis of estrogens.
      With this method, all 4 serum estrogens above approximately 500 pg/ml could be
      measured within 2 h, and the method seemed to be clinically applicable.

PMID- 4003114
TI  - The effect of cecal volume change on gastric motility in rats.
AB  - The effect of a change in cecal volume on gastric motility was studied in 24 h
      fasted rats anesthetized with urethane (0.8 g/kg, i.p.). A cecal volume increase
      from 1 to 10 ml (in 1 ml steps) produced a decrease in the basal tone of the
      stomach. The maximal inhibitory response was produced with an 8 to 10-ml increase
      in cecal volume. The gastric inhibitory response continued as long as the
      increased cecal volume was maintained. It was abolished by a combination of a
      splanchnicotomy and vagotomy, or only a splanchnicotomy in a few cases. The
      inhibition of gastric motility by increasing the cecal volume also occurred after
      severance of dorsal roots between T8 and L4 and gastric branches of vagus nerves.
      It is suggested that an increase in cecal volume induces gastric relaxation
      mainly via the splanchnico-splanchnic pathway and partly via the vago-vagal and
      vago-splanchnic pathways. Therefore, retardation in transit of the gastric
      contents in germ free rats having an enlarged cecum may be attributed to an
      enhancement of the ceco-gastric inhibitory reflex. The ceco-gastric inhibitory
      response mediated by the splanchnic pathway was abolished by guanethidine (3-5
      mg/kg, i.v.), but the response mediated by the vagal pathway was resistant to
      guanethidine as well as to atropine (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.). This result indicates that
      splanchnic postganglionic efferents are adrenergic, while vagal postganglionic
      efferents are non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic.

PMID- 4003115
TI  - Difference in the homology of two nuclear nonhistone protein fractions as
      compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - The extent of homology between two protein fractions was compared by simple
      electrophoretic analysis. Nuclear proteins of several rodent cells of different
      origins were fractionated into acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions. The two
      protein fractions were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in
      separate gel systems, and protein bands with identical mobilities were sought
      either in all possible combinational pairs of cell types or in all cell types.
      The paired and overall homology indices calculated from these data and chi-square
      testing of the results indicated that acid-soluble nuclear nonhistone proteins
      are more homologous than acid-insoluble nuclear proteins. Several factors which
      might have affected the results were discussed.

PMID- 4003116
TI  - [Marriage, patients and ghosts].

PMID- 4003117
TI  - [Protocols for research on lithiasis patients. 1. Lithiasis history].

PMID- 4003118
TI  - Non-invasive assessment of oesophageal transit.

PMID- 4003119
TI  - [Gastro-esophageal reflux. Comparison between 2 technics: scan and continuous
      monitoring of pH].

PMID- 4003120
TI  - [The lower esophageal sphincter in 25 normal individuals].

PMID- 4003122
TI  - The fine structure of the swine sweat gland. II. The coiled ducts.
AB  - The duct of the swine sweat gland crosses the dermis and epidermis in sequence.
      The cells of the dermic segment seem to be related with cellular secretion and
      absorption. In the epidermic segment of the duct the whole morphology of the
      cells resembles the cellular morphology of the epidermic cells.

PMID- 4003121
TI  - Postnatal somatometry of the rat facial skeleton.
AB  - Growth of the rat facial skeleton over a 40 day period from birth was examined
      relative to 8 length and 4 width parameters of animals subject to somatic growth
      retardation experimentally induced by overtaxing the maternal lactational
      capacity by means of excessively large cross-fostered litters. Least squares
      regression lines were calculated for the preweaning period (day 1-20); the
      postweaning period (day 21-40) and the total period (day 1-40), thereafter being
      recalculated into segmented regression lines relative to the physiological growth
      phases. Specific phases of growth activity were noted throughout the 40 days with
      those in the preweaning period showing a marked consistency concomitant with the
      maternal lactational ability and subsequent emergence of biological weaning. A
      consistent phasic growth spectrum with definitive breaks in continuity supports
      the original postulate (Brody, 1927) that growth curves consist of phases of
      exponential activity delineated by changes in growth rate. Due to the inclusion
      of both control and experimental samples, the breakage points of the phases
      marking the change of growth rate different and were therefore reciprocated by
      alterations of phasic duration. Phasic growth occurred in the postweaning period
      with some degree of variance which did not permit an assessment of the causation
      factors with sufficient validity. The postweaning period of the experimental
      sample exhibited varying degrees of growth recovery (catch-up) in the majority of
      the facial parameters. Covariance analysis of the parameters in most instances
      showed that the parameters, as defined, and the bone units incorporated within
      them manifested a characteristic growth response in each sample irrespective of
      the modifying influence of the environmental factors.

PMID- 4003123
TI  - Long-term results of surgically treated brainstem gliomas.
AB  - Long-term results of 16 surgically treated brainstem gliomas are reported. The
      results have been reviewed with reference to the clinical and pathological
      criteria defined by Hoffman and co-workers (1980) in the attempt to differentiate
      a distinct group of benign tumours. A good correlation has been obtained. The
      usefulness of surgical treatment of brainstem gliomas has been stressed in view
      of the survival time as well quality of survival.

PMID- 4003124
TI  - Operability of intracranial meningiomas. Personal series of 353 cases.
AB  - The senior author's experience has been reviewed in 353 operated meningiomas; so
      called "malignant meningiomas" have been discarded. The whole series has been
      split into two groups: the first (A) includes 273 cases operated before the CT
      era, the second (B) consists of 80 cases the operability of which was based
      mainly on the CT. In addition, during the time elapsed to constitute the second
      series surgery has been refused to 15 patients which were considered for CT and
      clinical reasons as surgically incurable when one wants to reduce the risk of
      mortality and morbidity. Therefore, we have reviewed in series B indisputable,
      questionable and incurable cases with respect to operability in the present
      condition of our technical possibilities including arterial hypotension, the
      operative microscope and the CUSA. Considering localization, we have made
      technical observations with respect to the principles on which operations have
      been based since 1958 when general anaesthesia became available in La Pitie.
      Among the patients of the whole series, 14 were admitted for a recurrence. The
      time interval between surgery and readmission has been given as well as the
      primary location of the meningiomas. The mortality rate has been 26 out of 353
      (7%), and the main causes have been reviewed especially in series B. With regard
      to series B, we have been able to get in touch with 53 patients out of 80; 90% of
      them returned to work or family without sequelae. Intracranial meningiomas remain
      the most curable tumours, nevertheless some of them must be considered incurable
      like in meningiomatosis or when the dural attachment is extensive. For those
      cases surgery is not the final answer and we must accept the fact that in the
      future other kinds of treatment will develop.

PMID- 4003125
TI  - Cysticercosis cerebri. Report on seven cases.
AB  - The authors report the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of seven
      personal cases of cerebral cysticercosis. The epidemiology, anatomical location
      and therapeutic possibilities are studied. A brief review of the literature of
      814 cases of neurocysticercosis is also reported.

PMID- 4003126
TI  - Direct surgical approach to infraclinoidal aneurysms.
AB  - A loose connective tissue layer covering the intracavernous portion of the
      internal carotid artery makes the exposure of the anterior syphon knee possible
      without opening the cavernous sinus. The approach leads by a fronto-latero-basal
      craniotomy to the anterior part of the cavernous sinus roof (transversal plate).
      The anatomical relationships are discussed. By means of surgical cases, both the
      ipsilateral and the contralateral approach to infraclinoidal aneurysms are
      demonstrated.

PMID- 4003127
TI  - Surgical treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Follow-up study of 43
      cases.
AB  - In 43 patients with arterio-venous malformations and one patient with a cavernous
      haemangioma, whose angiomas were completely removed by the same Surgeon, pre- and
      postoperative angiograms were reviewed and the clinical results documented in a
      follow-up study. Mortality rate (7%) and severe disability (7%) are significantly
      lower than in untreated patients. A poor outcome strongly depends on the number
      of feeding arteries, on localization (midline) and size.

PMID- 4003129
TI  - Acute non-communicating hydrocephalus after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - Five patients, who developed progressive neurological deterioration within hours
      due to subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are reported. The computertomographic (CT)
      appearance of a noncommunicating hydrocephalus (n.c.h.) was a unique feature in 4
      cases. CT during the early phase of neurological deterioration after SAH permits
      the differentiation between an ischaemic, an oedematous, a haemorrhagic
      compressive lesion and an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to n.c.h.

PMID- 4003130
TI  - Trismus in postoperative, posttraumatic and other brain stem lesions caused by
      paradoxical activity of masticatory muscles.
AB  - In fifteen cases of brain stem lesions caused by basal tumours, operations,
      injuries, arteriosclerosis or multiple sclerosis, a paradoxical activity of jaw
      closing muscles during jaw opening was observed. This inverse activity was the
      cause of severe trismus in 8 cases. It is the manifestation of a faulty
      programming of jaw movements in the trigeminal motor area in brain stem. This
      distinct new brain stem syndrome can only be detected by EMG investigation. EMG
      findings, pathological background, outcome and treatment possibilities are
      discussed in this paper.

PMID- 4003128
TI  - Spontaneous disappearance of intracranial arterio-venous malformations.
AB  - 4 cases of spontaneous disappearance of intracranial arteriovenous malformations
      are reported. All the malformations were in the rolandic-parietal area, and fed
      in most cases by the MCA. In one case, the malformation was associated with a
      proximal aneurysm. One malformation was large, one medium-sized, and two small.
      Venous drainage was towards the longitudinal sinus in all cases. Presenting
      symptoms consisted of epilepsy in 2 cases, and intracerebral haemorrhage in 2
      cases. Disappearance of the AVM was documented by angiography from 1 to 15 years
      after diagnosis, and was preceded by a new haemorrhage in 2 cases. Acute or
      gradual thrombosis of the AVM is suggested as the most likely cause of the
      disappearance of an AVM. Spontaneous thrombosis of an AVM should be considered as
      an aspect of the pathological entity known as "thrombosed AVM". Guidelines for
      the management of patients exhibiting spontaneous disappearance of an AVM are
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 4003131
TI  - Smoking onset among teens: an empirical analysis of initial situations.
AB  - This study attempted to identify factors associated with smoking onset among
      teens. It was hypothesized that initial cigarette smoking is largely prompted by
      peers, and that these prompts and subsequent social reinforcement may account for
      smoking participation. An in-depth structured interview investigating the first
      three smoking or smoking pressure experiences was conducted with 157 teens,
      including persistent experimental smokers (who smoked more than 10 cigarettes),
      minimal experimental smokers (who smoked less than 10 cigarettes), and
      nonsmokers. Analyses confirmed that prompting by peers is characteristic of a
      large majority of smoking onset situations. Initial situations are much more
      likely to involve others of the same sex. In roughly half of the incidents
      another young person was trying a cigarette for the first time. Persistent
      experimenters, when compared with minimal experimenters, were exposed to
      significantly more influences to smoke. These influences included modeling and
      social encouragement. Additional data suggested that persistent experimenters
      were more primed to smoke than minimal experimenters. For example, they had
      engaged in more premeditation, accepted offers to smoke with less hesitation, and
      inhaled more frequently. Also, pleasant emotional and physiological effects
      discriminated continuers from quitters. Nonsmokers appeared to possess more
      effective response strategies to refuse cigarettes. Implications of these data
      for prevention program design are discussed.

PMID- 4003133
TI  - Knowledge of alcohol effects among women and men employed in business and
      professional occupations.
AB  - An alcohol information questionnaire was administered to 241 business and
      professional people (147 females). The mean number of items answered correctly
      was 59.5%, a level suggesting a lack of needed information, especially within a
      sample composed primarily of drinkers. Both males and females performed poorly on
      questions concerning the differential effects of alcohol on women. Factors
      affecting the development and acceptance of such information are discussed.

PMID- 4003132
TI  - Smoking cessation in pregnancy: a self-help approach.
AB  - During a 3-month recruitment period, a smoking cessation program was provided to
      all pregnant women who attended an HMO prenatal clinic and reported either that
      they were currently smokers (n = 35) or that they had quit at pregnancy onset (n
      = 23). Except for its in-clinic introduction, the behavioral smoking cessation
      program used a home-correspondence format with seven weekly mailings and a
      telephone answering system adjunct. At follow-up, all 23 women who identified
      themselves at baseline as self-initiated quitters reported continued abstinence
      from smoking. Urine thiocyanate assays confirmed these self-report data in 82% of
      the cases. Results of a multivariate analysis identified three factors--gravida,
      number of years a smoker, and number of friends who smoke--as significant
      predictors of self-initiated quitting. Of the 35 women who indicated that they
      were still smoking at baseline, 10 (28.5%) reported that they had stopped smoking
      at the time of the postprogram assessment. Available urine thiocyanate assays
      confirmed a nonsmoking status in all cases. The multivariate results indicated
      that four variables--gravida, severe nausea, baseline smoking rate, and spouse's
      smoking status--were significant predictors of quitting following exposure to the
      program. The majority of both self-initiated quitters and postprogram quitters
      reported that the program was useful in helping them to quit smoking and/or to
      remain abstinent over time. These results lend support to the viability of a home
      correspondence, self-help program as a means for facilitating smoking cessation
      and continued abstinence from smoking during pregnancy.

PMID- 4003134
TI  - Risk of excess weight gain in university women: a three-year community controlled
      analysis.
AB  - A representative sample of university freshman women were compared to same-aged
      community women for rate of weight change. University women were found to gain a
      mean of .73 lbs/month, 36 times faster than community women. Analysis of variance
      showed that university women gained significantly more excess weight than did
      community women. The incidence of developing "treatable" excess weight was 26%
      and 9% for university and community women, respectively. University women were
      2.6 to 5.2 times as likely as community women to gain 15% or more above ideal
      weight. Three-year follow-up of university women showed a stabilization and
      reduction in mean weight for sophomore and junior years. By the junior year,
      average weight returned to near baseline levels as entering freshman. Mean excess
      weight loss was associated with a move from mandatory dormitory housing and
      cafeteria food services. Young adult university women (and men) may be especially
      important nonclinical study populations for identifying behavioral factors
      involved in weight gain and self-correcting weight loss, which could be valuable
      for development of more effective obesity prevention programs.

PMID- 4003135
TI  - Psychosocial mediators of abstinence, relapse, and continued smoking: a one-year
      follow-up of a minimal intervention.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship of health locus of control, health
      beliefs, social support, use of nonsmoking areas, and objecting to another
      person's smoking to long-term abstinence and relapse following a minimal
      intervention for smoking cessation. Subjects participated in a single session
      group hypnosis treatment for smoking cessation. Questionnaires were completed by
      participants pretreatment and at a 1-year follow-up. Ex-smoker, recidivist, and
      continuing smoker groups were defined using follow-up data from 219 participants
      (70 males and 149 females). The data were analyzed using univariate and multiple
      discriminant analysis techniques. The results show that the three smoking status
      groups could be discriminated. Ex-smokers actively coped with smokers in their
      environment, avoided other smokers in public places, and received considerable
      support from spouses and friends. In contrast, recidivists prior to treatment had
      been unable to quit smoking for extended periods of time and placed greater
      responsibility on powerful others for their health. Following treatment,
      recidivists did not actively cope with smokers, were more likely to participate
      in additional hypnosis, and placed less responsibility on either powerful others
      or themselves for their own health. It was concluded that posttreatment factors
      appear to be more important for long-term maintenance of nonsmoking than entry
      characteristics of participants. Recommendations include incorporation of coping
      skills training into cessation programs and restrictions on smoking in the ex
      smokers' environments to prevent relapse.

PMID- 4003136
TI  - Smoking, health behavior, and value priorities.
AB  - In a postal survey, 113 respondents completed the Rokeach terminal value survey
      with the additional value, health, and questions regarding their preventive
      health behavior. Analyses showed that lighter nonsmokers displayed better
      preventive behavior than heavier smokers. Lighter nonsmokers also reported
      valuing health more than heavier smokers reported, and were oriented toward
      safety and inner-directedness compared with heavier smokers who were oriented
      toward satisfaction and outer-directedness. The preventive behavior of lighter
      nonsmokers increased with the value of social goals while the preventive behavior
      of heavier smokers was related to personal goals. These results are considered in
      the context of previous research which suggested that smokers and nonsmokers may
      have different value priorities. The implications of these findings for health
      education are discussed.

PMID- 4003138
TI  - Methodological issues related to age of onset of obesity.
AB  - Research related to age of onset of obesity may be hampered by two methodological
      problems: (a) inconsistencies across studies in the criteria used to define early
      onset and maturity-onset obesity and (b) the failure to control for other
      differences between early-onset and maturity-onset obese patients. Analyzing data
      from 178 applicants to a behavioral weight control program, this study found that
      almost twice as many patients were classified as early-onset obese when the
      division was based on their answer to the question, "Were you overweight as a
      child or teenager?" than when the division was based on self-reported weight at
      age 21. Moreover, early-onset obese patients were younger and heavier than those
      with maturity-onset obesity. Further studies are needed to determine the most
      reliable and valid means of classifying patients as early- or maturity-onset
      obese.

PMID- 4003137
TI  - MacAndrew Scale and sociodemographic correlates of adolescent alcohol and drug
      use.
AB  - To assess the utility of the MacAndrew Scale (MAC) of the MMPI as a screening
      device for problem drinking and drug use with adolescents, 403 ninth- through
      twelfth-graders were administered the MAC, a sociodemographic questionnaire, an
      alcohol/drug frequency questionnaire, the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale,
      and the Adolescent Drug Involvement Scale. Stepwise multiple regression analyses
      showed the MAC to be the best single predictor (compared to sociodemographic
      variables) of alcohol/drug use for both males and females. MAC cutoff scores for
      differentiation between alcohol/drug abusers and nonabusers were obtained that
      were more efficient than base rate prediction. The results are discussed as
      supportive of the MAC's concurrent validity and of Jessor and Jessor's "problem
      behavior theory." Finally, implications for practice (e.g., early intervention
      and prevention) and future research are considered.

PMID- 4003139
TI  - Situational suppression of cigarette smoking.
AB  - Cigarette smoking rate was observed during work and recreation while subjects
      participated in two long-term residential experiments. In both experiments, the
      smoking rate observed during work was markedly lower than the smoking rate
      observed during recreation. In Experiment 1, activities were performed in
      successive 1-hour blocks. Smoking suppression during work was not associated with
      an increase in smoking rate following work. Experiment 2 consisted of treatment
      days of alternating 30-, 60-, and 120-minute work periods and recreation and
      control days when no work periods were presented. Performance of work was again
      associated with a marked suppression of smoking. In addition, the smoking rate
      for days during which no work was performed was greater than the smoking rate for
      days during which intermittent work was performed. This effect was not related to
      the length of the work periods. This finding indicates that subjects failed to
      compensate totally for work-related decreases in smoking. All subjects exhibited
      partial compensation.

PMID- 4003140
TI  - Cognitive processing differences between obese and nonobese subjects.
AB  - Research in the area of human obesity has investigated a variety of factors
      believed to affect food intake. The present study measured free recall of food
      and nonfood words to explore the cognitive processing of food and nonfood stimuli
      by 60 obese and nonobese female subjects. Intentional learning conditions were
      employed to test the obesity compliancy effect, and incidental learning
      conditions were employed to control for the obesity compliancy effect while
      assessing recall. No significant memory differences were found. The findings
      imply that the obese and nonobese do not differ in their cognitive processing of
      food stimuli as measured by memory. More importantly, the study failed to
      demonstrate an obesity compliancy effect for memory. The obese and nonobese
      subjects did differ significantly in their weight fluctuation rating, and this
      finding was compared to Herman's restrained eating theory. Implications for
      future research and therapy in the area of human obesity are discussed.

PMID- 4003141
TI  - The effects of a multicomponent smoking cessation program with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease outpatients.
AB  - While a number of multicomponent treatments have been utilized to control
      smoking, many of these are not suitable for some populations such as chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients because they consist of aversion
      procedures which can stress the body's cardiovascular system. Little research has
      been published regarding nonaversive approaches to smoking control in a COPD
      patient population. This study examined the long-term effects of a nonaversive
      multicomponent smoking cessation program consisting of brand fading and stimulus
      control with a COPD outpatient population as measured by self-report. Using four
      COPD outpatients, this study employed a multiple baseline design across subjects
      for a visual analysis of treatment effects. At 3- and 6-month follow-up, one
      subject had quit smoking. Two subjects who continued to smoke reduced their
      smoking frequency and drastically reduced their nicotine intake by brand fading
      to a cigarette containing lower amounts of nicotine. A fourth subject returned to
      her original brand of cigarettes, although she reduced her smoking frequency.
      Collaborators and measurements of thiocyanate levels were used as reliability
      checks on subjects' self-report.

PMID- 4003142
TI  - Alcohol and aggression in a group interaction.
AB  - Forty-four volunteer male subjects participated in groups of four along with two
      experimental confederates in a group interaction after consuming either 1.32
      mg/kg of 95% USP alcohol or placebo. According to a balanced-placebo design,
      subjects were told they were either consuming alcohol or placebo. The task of one
      confederate was to initiate conversation and distract subjects from monitoring
      their state of intoxication while the second confederate's role was to antagonize
      subjects at a prescribed time. Sessions were videotaped and rated for frequency
      of positive and negative interactions and subjects completed rating scales
      evaluating each other. The results failed to show an expectancy effect on any
      measures; however, there was an alcohol effect seen in an increase in negative
      interactions as well as positive interactions and a significant expectancy X
      alcohol interaction for negative ratings of the provocative confederate. In those
      groups where the manipulation matched the expectation, alcohol-told alcohol and
      placebo-told placebo the confederate was seen more negatively than in the mixed
      groups. An attributional explanation for the results is offered and the
      generality of the alcohol-expectancy phenomenon questioned.

PMID- 4003143
TI  - Assessment of ventricular function.

PMID- 4003145
TI  - Mechanocardiography in evaluation of left ventricular function. Relevance of
      combined study of apex cardiogram and systolic time intervals in diagnosis of
      cardiomyopathies.
AB  - The study of left ventricular performance by means of systolic time intervals,
      especially represented by the PEP/LVET ratio and indices drawn from the first
      derivative of the apex cardiogram, makes possible a good approach to the
      functional anomalies of patients suffering from hypokinetic cardiomyopathies or
      hyperkinetic conditions of obstructive or unobstructive hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathies and of patients with hyperthyroid conditions. In hypokinetic
      states, the sensitivity and the specificity of the PEP/LVET ratio proved to be
      good, as was the case for indices taken from the first derivative of the apex
      cardiogram. However, the sensitivity and the specificity of the cardiogram were
      much better in the detection and evaluation of hyperkinetic conditions,
      hypertrophic cardiopathies or hyperthyroiditis. By providing the elements
      required for analysis of isometric contraction through indices drawn from the
      first derivative of the apex cardiogram and from the ejection phase, through the
      PEP/LVET ratio, and by adding exploitation of the diastolic phase, in particular
      through the A/H ratio exploring diastolic compliance, mechanocardiograms allow an
      all-round, quasi-physiopathological approach to disorders of left ventricular
      function during cardiomyopathies.

PMID- 4003144
TI  - Assessment of left ventricular function by noninvasive methods.
AB  - The possibility of evaluating left ventricular function by noninvasive methods is
      discussed in detail. The methods that are considered are electrocardiograph,
      phonocardiography, apex cardiography, sphygmography, impedance cardiography,
      electrokymography, and echocardiography. Following a brief section of
      'definitions', each method is described in detail including technical problems,
      difficulties, and results. The systolic time intervals and the stress tests are
      briefly discussed. Based on modern experimental studies, the stress test should
      include both an electro- and a phonocardiogram. In the latter, one would measure
      the amplitude of the first heart sound as an index of contractility. The
      conclusion is that combined methods give the best results. They are
      electrocardiography, phonocardiography, impedance cardiography, and
      echocardiography. An alternative, dictated by technical problems, is to use at
      first phonocardiography and impedance plus electrocardiography; then
      echocardiography plus electrocardiography; and then, if indicated, a stress test
      might complete the study; the latter should include both an electrocardiogram and
      a phonocardiogram.

PMID- 4003146
TI  - End-systolic pressure-volume and stress-length relations in the assessment of
      ventricular function in man.

PMID- 4003147
TI  - Measurement of ventricular blood flow velocity in man.

PMID- 4003148
TI  - Calibrated apexcardiography.

PMID- 4003149
TI  - Gene expression in muscle.

PMID- 4003150
TI  - Trophic influences on developing muscle.

PMID- 4003152
TI  - Myotrophic factor(s) in normal and dystrophic chicken skeletal muscle.

PMID- 4003151
TI  - Stimulation of the synthesis of fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase by transferrin.

PMID- 4003153
TI  - Control of myosin isozymes during myogenesis in the rat.

PMID- 4003154
TI  - Ontologic perspective: terminal differentiation and maturation as differently
      regulated stages in muscle development.

PMID- 4003156
TI  - Alterations in phenotype expression of muscle by chronic nerve stimulation.

PMID- 4003155
TI  - Influences of testosterone on contractile proteins of the guinea pig temporalis
      muscle.
AB  - The present study outlines the changes in contractile proteins which occur during
      sexual differentiation of the guinea pig temporalis muscle. This is an androgen
      sensitive muscle, which in the female progresses from a fetal phenotype to a
      muscle rich in IIa fibers, and in the male, undergoes a further switch to an
      almost pure IIb fiber phenotype. We show the IIa to IIb transition in the male
      involves a change in myosin heavy chain synthesis (Figure 39), a corresponding
      change in the mobility of native myosin isozymes run on pyrophosphate gels
      (Figure 43), and changes in the proportions of the alpha and beta subunits of
      tropomyosin (Figure 41). Myosin light chains appear to be unaltered in this
      transformation.

PMID- 4003157
TI  - Induction of incoordinate synthesis of muscle proteins by the tumor promoter TPA
      and the carcinogen EMS.

PMID- 4003158
TI  - Synthesis and accumulation of myosin isozymes in tissue culture.

PMID- 4003159
TI  - A set of actin-filament associated proteins characterized by quantitative two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 4003160
TI  - Muscle gene expression in heterokaryons.

PMID- 4003161
TI  - Myosin expression during regeneration and in denervated skeletal muscle.

PMID- 4003162
TI  - Parvalbumin reduction in relation to possible perturbations of Ca2+-homeostasis
      in muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 4003163
TI  - Recombinant DNA approaches in the investigation of muscle gene expression.
      Introduction.

PMID- 4003164
TI  - Clinical perspective: phenotypic expression in muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 4003165
TI  - The actin and myosin multigene families.

PMID- 4003166
TI  - Multigene families, differential transcription and differential splicing:
      different origin of contractile isoproteins in muscle.

PMID- 4003167
TI  - Gene expression in muscle. Summary and synthesis.

PMID- 4003168
TI  - Myosin isoforms in normal and dystrophic human and murine muscles.

PMID- 4003169
TI  - Distribution of slow myosin in dystrophic chicken muscle.

PMID- 4003170
TI  - Evidence for defective myoblasts in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 4003171
TI  - Toxicity of arsenic salts. Addendum: the UK picture.

PMID- 4003172
TI  - Routine chest radiography in the elderly.
AB  - Routine chest radiography is common practice in geriatric admission units. The
      cumulative cost of this unproven procedure is very high, and the authors
      challenge the need to carry out the investigation in all cases. A prospective
      survey of 1000 consecutive admissions to an acute geriatric ward showed that 35
      50% had little or no clinical indication for chest X-ray examination, and that
      omitting the investigation in these patients would not have resulted in 'missed'
      significant chest conditions. Considerable savings to the service would accrue if
      radiology was restricted to those patients with a positive indication for the
      investigation.

PMID- 4003173
TI  - A comparison of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum C-reactive protein
      concentration in elderly patients.
AB  - Fifty-five consecutive admissions to an acute geriatric unit were studied
      prospectively. Individuals were classified according to the obvious presence or
      absence of an active disease process on admission and their serum C-reactive
      protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured then and
      five days later. There was no significant difference between the ESR values in
      the two groups either on admission or at day 5, nor was there any significant
      change between admission and day 5. In contrast, CRP values were very
      significantly higher in the active than in the non-active group and there were
      marked changes over the 5-day period corresponding to changes in clinical
      condition. These results indicate that the serum CRP concentration is superior to
      the ESR as an objective, non-specific marker for disease activity in the elderly.

PMID- 4003174
TI  - Pensioners attending an accident and emergency department.
AB  - A three-month prospective study of the 1026 pensioners attending the Accident and
      Emergency Department (A.E.D.) at Oldham is reported. Although they constituted
      9.8% of the total attendance, they formed 36.5% of all admissions. Proportionate
      admission of males was higher than females. Over half the total admissions were
      due to medical emergencies, whereas only a quarter were due to injury. Contrary
      to the general impression, the survey showed that the use of A.E.D. and 999
      Emergency services was appropriate. Self-referral rate was high, but most of the
      old people who tried first to contact their general practitioner succeeded in
      doing so.

PMID- 4003175
TI  - Objectives, organization, and results of the Leipzig longitudinal study.

PMID- 4003176
TI  - The early readmission of the elderly to hospital.
AB  - A 4% random sample of elderly (i.e. 65 years and over) was followed up for 3
      months after their discharge from N.H.S. non-psychiatric hospitals throughout
      Wales. Seventeen per cent were readmitted within 3 months of their original
      discharge. The proportion of readmissions did not demonstrate any significant
      statistical association with social or demographic characteristics of patients.
      Rather the study suggested that readmissions were due to a relapse or breakdown
      of the original medical condition.

PMID- 4003177
TI  - Motor function after stroke.
AB  - Two hundred and eighty-seven patients who had survived an acute stroke for up to
      one week after admission to hospital were examined for loss of motor function in
      the arm and leg. There was a highly significant difference in problem-solving,
      spatial neglect, communication and postural function between those with
      significant motor loss and those without. There was no significant difference in
      memory impairment. Significant loss in motor power had a bad prognosis for
      functional outcome, length of stay in hospital and survival. If recovery was to
      occur, it had done so by eight weeks.

PMID- 4003178
TI  - Muscle strength and anthropometric indices in elderly men and women.
AB  - Muscle strength, overlying skinfold thickness and calculated muscle area for the
      triceps surae muscle of the calf and the biceps brachii of the upper arm are
      described in 184 subjects (100 female, 84 male) aged between 65 and 90 years. The
      group comprised mobile volunteers, living independently, from a large group
      practice. Health screening was minimal. Relationships between anthropometric and
      strength variables are explored and compared with other studies. This was
      apparently a well-nourished group. Muscle strengths and areas were low compared
      to younger subjects. Strength in relationship to area was variable, lower than in
      the younger subjects and also lower in the females than the males. Strength of
      the calf compared to body weight fell below unity in some cases.

PMID- 4003179
TI  - Career aspirations of geriatric medicine trainees.
AB  - The views of trainees in geriatric medicine on preferred career styles were
      studied by questionnaire. As expected, the majority of respondents did not intend
      a career in geriatric medicine upon graduation. Whilst a majority would prefer a
      post wholly dedicated to the care of elderly patients, half the sample would
      prefer their service to be integrated with general medical services. The majority
      are optimistic for the future of geriatric medicine in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 4003180
TI  - Red blood cell velocity changes with age and sex in the common carotid and supra
      orbital arteries.
AB  - Doppler-shifted ultrasound and spectral analysis were used to assess signals from
      the resting supra-orbital artery and the common carotid artery at the base of the
      neck of 658 (270 male, 388 female) asymptomatic subjects aged 5 to 90 years. The
      sonagrams obtained showed two peaks (A and B) during cardiac systole. The ratio
      of these peaks (A/B) decreased from 20 to 50 years and then levelled out. The
      male A/B ratios from both arteries were higher than those for the females between
      20 and 50 years, and for the common carotid these differences were highly
      significant (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 4003181
TI  - Coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in nonagenarians: a
      retrospective autopsy study.
AB  - Autopsy records of two groups of persons, aged 90 years and older and 70 years
      and younger, were analysed for coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial
      infarction. In each group were 74 males and 140 females who died during 1951
      1980. In nonagenarians, moderate and severe degrees of coronary atherosclerosis
      were more frequent, but myocardial infarction both new and old was less frequent
      when compared with those aged 70 and younger. The sex difference in the degree of
      coronary stenosis within each age group was small but the frequency of myocardial
      infarction was less in females in both age groups.

PMID- 4003182
TI  - Alcoholic liver disease in the elderly: presentation and outcome.
AB  - We studied 34 patients with alcoholic liver disease presenting for the first time
      over the age of 60 years. Symptoms were usually non-specific including malaise
      (62%), anorexia (41%) and abdominal pain (38%). The most prominent sign was
      hepatomegaly (79%). Seventy-nine per cent of the patients had established
      cirrhosis at the time of presentation. For this group the prognosis was very
      poor, 48% died within one year of presentation.

PMID- 4003183
TI  - Use of environmental manipulation and classroom and modified informal reality
      orientation with institutionalized, confused elderly patients.
AB  - The effectiveness of 'classroom' reality orientation (CRO) for confused elderly
      subjects was evaluated. Experimental groups 1 and 2 (each consisting of five
      subjects) received CRO for 1 month with only group 1 continuing with maintenance
      CRO for a further 2 months. Both experimental groups and the control group (10
      subjects) received modified informal reality orientation (IRO) and environmental
      manipulation (EM) for all 3 months. All subjects were assessed prior to the start
      of the study and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment on cognitive and behavioural
      measures. Both experimental groups showed significant improvement on both
      cognitive and behavioural measures after 1 month compared with the controls. This
      improvement was maintained at 12 weeks for both experimental groups but there was
      a statistically significant difference only between group 1 and its matched
      controls.

PMID- 4003185
TI  - Incontinence in the elderly: prevalence and prognosis.
AB  - In a randomly selected sample of 559 subjects 65 years and over living in the
      community and in institutions the prevalence of urinary incontinence was found to
      be 11.6%. In those 80 years and over the prevalence rose to 21.7%. Those with
      dementia were more likely to be incontinent than those with normal mental
      function. In the majority of those over 80 who were incontinent, the incontinence
      was associated with either confusion or a combination of factors. The estimated
      population prevalence of faecal incontinence for those 65 years and over was
      3.1%. Urinary incontinence was associated with an increased risk of death. In a
      review of subjects after three years 73.5% of the incontinent group had died
      while only 34.9% of those originally continent had died. Because incontinent
      elderly people are commonly frail, with a number of conditions contributing to
      the disorder, the extent of investigation of the disorder needs to be carefully
      assessed for each patient.

PMID- 4003184
TI  - Positional and optokinetic nystagmus in healthy old people.
AB  - Positional nystagmus and asymmetry of the optokinetic response were each found in
      four of 10 symptomless subjects aged 69 to 76 years who had normal balance
      function as demonstrated on the Kistler force platform. Positional nystagmus was
      also found in one of 10 healthy young subjects, none of whom had an abnormal
      optokinetic response. Abnormalities of these responses are therefore common in
      healthy old people and lack diagnostic specificity.

PMID- 4003186
TI  - Plasma tryptophan, age and depression.
AB  - Plasma, obtained from 131 nondepressed, otherwise healthy subjects aged from 17
      to 102 years, and 22 depressed subjects aged over 70 years, was analysed for
      total and free tryptophan. Variation with age was found in total tryptophan. This
      association has not been described hitherto. There was a significant increase in
      total tryptophan and a non-significant increase in free tryptophan with
      depression. This is in contrast to some studies in younger people showing a
      decline in plasma tryptophan in depressed subjects.

PMID- 4003187
TI  - Do vitamin D supplements improve the physical capabilities of elderly hospital
      patients?
AB  - A randomized double-blind controlled trial of the effect of vitamin D
      supplementation on the abilities of elderly hospital patients to carry out basic
      activities of daily life is described. Those patients included in the trial had
      plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations which were low or low normal as judged
      by the normal range in young adults. After 2 to 9 months on the trial there was
      no significant difference in the performance of the control and treatment groups.

PMID- 4003188
TI  - The problem of bacteriuria with indwelling urethral catheterization.
AB  - Bacteriuria following long-term catheterization is more likely to occur in
      elderly females over the age of 50 years, in patients with some abnormality of
      the bladder and when traumatic catheterization has taken place. Breaks in the
      closed system of drainage are the most important factors leading to bladder
      infections which, once there, are difficult to eradicate. Antiseptics are
      important at the time of catheterization but have little place afterwards except
      to reduce cross-infection and growth in the catheter bag. Systemic antimicrobials
      are only of use over a short period of catheterization and should be reserved in
      long-term catheterized patients for those with systemic manifestations of
      infection.

PMID- 4003189
TI  - Endocrine reactions during standardized surgical stress: the effects of age and
      methods of anaesthesia.
AB  - The aims of the study were to assess: (1) possible age-related differences in the
      endocrine stress response to standardized surgical trauma (inguinal hernias); and
      (2) the potential effects of anaesthetic methods (general versus spinal
      anaesthesia). A group of relatively healthy people suffering from inguinal
      hernias was selected from the surgical waiting list. The group was subdivided
      into younger people (mean age 36.4, range 23-45 years, n = 15) and older people
      (mean age 66.5, range 56-75 years, n = 17). Approximately half the subjects in
      each age group were given general anaesthesia for their operations and the
      remainder spinal blockade. Blood samples, heart rate and blood pressure were
      taken before, during, and following the operation. During resting conditions
      systolic blood pressure was higher in the elderly, 156.0 mm Hg versus 137.7, P
      less than 0.01. No differences were noticed in serum prolactin and cortisol
      during basal conditions. Although serum prolactin increased in both groups during
      surgery, it was significantly higher in the younger age group as compared with
      the older. There was an inverse correlation between serum prolactin and age
      during surgery but not under resting conditions. Age-related differences in the
      serum prolactin response were significantly attenuated during spinal blockade. No
      group differences were found in serum cortisol. Age-related differences in the
      serum prolactin stress response are due to a combination of central nervous
      system and peripheral changes. The increased morbidity and mortality and
      mortality risks observed in older surgical patients may partly be due to a
      hampered stress response.

PMID- 4003190
TI  - 6th European workshop on inflammation. March 26-27, 1984, London (United
      Kingdom).

PMID- 4003191
TI  - Extravasation of proteins in the joint tissue: differential behaviour of native
      BSA and cationic mBSA.
AB  - Mice were intravenously injected with 125I-labelled native BSA and cationic mBSA.
      The amount of 125I-protein in the extra- and intravascular compartment was
      determined in normal joints and in joints in which the vascular permeability was
      increased by histamine. The extravasation of BSA and mBSA is different. More BSA
      compared with mBSA accumulated in normal joints and the extravasation of BSA
      increased almost 3 times shortly after histamine injection, whereas histamine
      hardly affected the extravasation of mBSA.

PMID- 4003192
TI  - Vascular permeability induced by Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) in the
      isolated perfused rat kidney.

PMID- 4003193
TI  - Neutrophil adhesion: studies using a flow-chamber assay.

PMID- 4003194
TI  - Human platelet cationic proteins bind to rat glomeruli, induce loss of anionic
      charges and increase glomerular permeability.
AB  - The binding of human platelet cationic proteins (HuPlt CP) to rat renal cortex in
      vitro and in vivo, the loss of glomerular polyanions (GPA) and the increase in
      glomerular permeability were studied. HuPlt CP were purified by sequential cation
      exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing, by which these proteins were shown
      to be highly cationic in nature (pI 10.5) and mainly composed of three molecular
      species of 55.60 kD, 40.45 kD, and 10 kD as studied by gel permeation in high
      pressure liquid chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Binding of HuPlt CP to glomerular capillary walls (GCW), mesangium and to
      peritubular capillaries of the rat renal cortex was demonstrated by
      immunofluorescence, using a specific goat anti-HuPlt CP antiserum, after
      incubation of the sections with HuPlt CP in vitro and after injection of HuPlt CP
      in vivo. This interaction was ionic in nature, since treatment of sections with
      heparin abrogated the binding of HuPlt CP to glomerular structures. The
      glomerular deposits of HuPlt CP were associated with the loss of GPA as revealed
      by colloidal iron staining (light microscopy) in both in vitro and in vivo
      experiments and by ruthenium red staining (electron microscopy) in in vivo
      studies. After the injection of native ferritin, the increase in glomerular
      permeability produced by an infusion of HuPlt CP was observed by the increased
      ratio of counted particles within the glomerular basement membrane with respect
      to controls. The binding of HuPlt CP to GCW and the loss of GPA was consistent
      with the interpretation that HuPlt CP may increase glomerular permeability due to
      the neutralization of GPA.

PMID- 4003195
TI  - Platelet activating factor (Paf-acether) may account for late-onset reactions to
      allergen inhalation.

PMID- 4003197
TI  - An investigation of the involvement of platelet activating factor in the non
      histamine immediate hypersensitivity reaction in the rat peritoneal cavity.
AB  - Synthetic PAF-acether injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into sham-sensitized
      rats, caused dose-dependent extravasation of plasma proteins into the peritoneal
      fluids. Platelet aggregating activity was detected in the peritoneal fluids. In
      rats that had been passively sensitized for a non-histamine mediated immediate
      hypersensitivity reaction, antigen challenge caused extravasation of plasma
      proteins into the peritoneal fluids. No platelet aggregating activity was
      detected in these fluids. PAF is unlikely to be the mediator of extravasation in
      the non-histamine mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction in the rat.

PMID- 4003196
TI  - Suppression of Paf-acether responses: an anti-inflammatory effect of anti-asthma
      drugs.

PMID- 4003198
TI  - Importance of particulate antigen for the induction of dual bronchial reaction in
      guinea-pigs.
AB  - There has been a lack of small animal models for the secondary allergic response
      (SAR) seen after bronchial challenge in many asthmatic patients. We have found
      that challenge with particulate instead of soluble antigen will provoke an SAR
      like bronchial obstruction in the guinea-pig. The particulate form was obtained
      by coupling the antigen covalently to Sepharose beads (approximately 100
      microns). Different experiments suggest that SAR is obtained only when the
      challenge is induced via IgE-mediated mechanisms and when the antigen is
      sufficiently large to provoke frustrated phagocytosis by the invading
      inflammatory cells. As judged in lungs sections SAR was related to bronchiolitis.

PMID- 4003200
TI  - Neutrophil accumulation on immune-complex-coated substrata in vitro.

PMID- 4003199
TI  - Polymorphonuclear leucocyte accumulation in inflammatory dermal sites measured by
      a novel neutrophil specific marker protein.

PMID- 4003201
TI  - Effect of supernatants from PHA-stimulated and non-stimulated lymphocyte cultures
      on thromboxane B2 release by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro.
AB  - The present study involves the determination of the effect of supernatants
      obtained from mitogen-induced lymphocytes of human tonsils and containing
      lymphotoxins on human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). PMNs
      treated with supernatants from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes were
      found to increase the release of thromboxane B2, compared to normal control
      levels. This increase was blocked by the preincubation of PMNs with indomethacin.
      The production or increase in production of thromboxanes may be induced by
      lymphotoxins since these substances have been reported to activate phospholipase
      A2 in target cell membranes, which may result in release of the thromboxane
      precursor, arachidonic acid.

PMID- 4003202
TI  - The anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoid-induced phospholipase inhibitory
      proteins.
AB  - The anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids has been investigated in two
      standard models of experimental inflammation, i.e. rat paw oedema induced by
      carrageenin or dextran. Both types of oedema are suppressed by dexamethasone
      while indomethacin and BW755C only suppress carrageenin oedema. Dexamethasone
      inhibits dextran oedema according to the accepted mode of action of steroid
      hormones since the inhibition occurs after a 2-3 h time lag and is abolished by
      pretreating animals with actinomycin D. Dextran oedema and carrageenin oedema are
      also controlled by endogenous corticoids since adrenalectomy potentiates the paw
      oedema formation induced by low concentrations of phlogogenic agents. It has been
      shown that glucocorticoids induce both in vitro and in vivo the formation and
      release of antiphospholipase proteins which are anti-inflammatory in that they
      greatly suppress carrageenin oedema. However, these proteins have no effect on
      dextran oedema. We conclude that the inhibition of dextran oedema by
      glucocorticoids depends on the formation of another type of anti-inflammatory
      protein.

PMID- 4003203
TI  - Fine structural damage to the intestinal mucosa induced by two non-steroid anti
      inflammatory drugs of varying potency as prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors.

PMID- 4003204
TI  - Anti-asthma drugs and capsaicine-induced microvascular effects in lower airways.
AB  - Substance P, capsaicine and bicervical vagal stimulation may increase
      microvascular permeability to macromolecules in lower airways. In previous
      studies techniques were employed that could have adversely affected the
      microvasculature. An atraumatic method of exposing the guinea-pig trachea to
      constant concentrations of drugs followed by quantitation of the blood-pool (in
      vivo 99Tcm-labelled erythrocytes) and extravasated macromolecules (Fitc.-dextran)
      has now been developed. Capsaicine produced marked extravasation of Fitc.-dextran
      while substance P in the concentration tested merely had vasodilator properties.
      Pretreatment with lidocaine, the beta-receptor agonist, terbutaline, or the
      adenosine non-blocking xanthine, enprofylline, inhibited the capsaicine induced
      inflammatory response.

PMID- 4003205
TI  - [A study of arterially perfused enucleated eye--drug effects on aqueous humor
      formation].

PMID- 4003206
TI  - [Early arteriolar sclerosis in the SHR choroid].

PMID- 4003208
TI  - [Effects of sialidase on the lectin binding sites in the monkey retina].

PMID- 4003207
TI  - [Distribution of specific collagen types and fibronectin in normal and
      keratoconus corneas].

PMID- 4003209
TI  - [Study on eye movements in Wallenberg's syndrome].

PMID- 4003210
TI  - [Study of kinetic vitreous fluorophotometry with computer simulation. II.
      Estimation of the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier in normal subjects].

PMID- 4003211
TI  - [Chemotactic factor to polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the crystallin lens. 1.
      Age-related chemotactic activity by chemotaxis assay].

PMID- 4003212
TI  - [Vitreous fluorophotometry after the argon laser photocoagulation in monkey's
      eyes].

PMID- 4003213
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of human optic disc edema and retinal edema].

PMID- 4003214
TI  - [Microtubules in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with Behcet's
      disease].

PMID- 4003215
TI  - [Effects of ozone on human nuclear cataract: ozonization-sensitive amino acid
      residues in soluble crystallin].

PMID- 4003216
TI  - [Effects of high K on the ciliary muscle].

PMID- 4003217
TI  - [Analysis of refraction in pseudophakic eyes, with reference to near vision].

PMID- 4003219
TI  - [The correlation between diabetic retinopathy and serum lipoperoxide].

PMID- 4003218
TI  - [The molecular state of human cataractous lens betas and gamma H crystallins].

PMID- 4003220
TI  - [Quantitative study of phagocytosis by chick ciliary epithelia in tissue
      culture].

PMID- 4003221
TI  - [Experimental studies of sodium hyaluronate (SPH) in monkey eyes].

PMID- 4003222
TI  - [Lens protein changes in the Emory mouse cataract].

PMID- 4003223
TI  - Migraine in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of migraine in aspirin
      sensitive asthmatics, and was performed in 46 aspirin-sensitive asthmatic
      patients (ASA). The control group consisted of 46 asthmatics without aspirin
      sensitivity. In all patients allergological and laryngological examinations were
      performed and histories concerning the occurrence of migraine were collected.
      Twenty one (45.7%) of aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients suffered from
      migraine, 5 from classical migraine and 1 from dietary migraine. In the control
      group migraine was found in only 6 (13%) persons. A family history of migraine
      was positive in 11 (52.4%) asthmatics with aspirin-sensitivity and migraine and
      in only 1 (17%) patient with migraine but without aspirin-sensitivity. The
      authors conclude that the high incidence of migraine in aspirin-sensitive
      asthmatics may be related to a defect in their arachidonic acid metabolism.

PMID- 4003224
TI  - Standardized values of lower airway resistance in healthy individuals.
AB  - One hundred and seventy eight healthy individuals, smokers and non-smokers of
      both sexes were studied, grouping them according to the parameters of age,
      height, weight and body surface, with the aim to prepare a standard table of
      airway resistance. The method was performed with the apparatus APTA (Jaeger)
      based upon the closing pressure technique. Regarding resistance, the average
      value obtained was 0.66790 Kpc/L/sec-1 with a standard deviation of 0.26773. With
      respect to the statistical study, no significant correlations were found among
      the parameters of sex, age, weight, body surface and smoking habits in relation
      with airway resistance. Nevertheless, we obtained an inverse significant
      correlation between variables of height and airway resistance. As a consequence,
      a study of linear correlation was done between height and airway resistance,
      bringing about the correlation coefficient such as the equation of linear
      regression wherein we obtained the lines of regression and the formula of the
      equation.

PMID- 4003225
TI  - Airway resistance and lung function in exercise-induced asthma.
AB  - Exercise which produces crisis in some patients but not in all is a useful and
      informative model for the physiopathological study of bronchial asthma. We
      decided to carry out a study in children with bronchial asthma to evaluate
      bronchial spasm induced by exercise, and we used two different parameters, Raw
      and FEV1. The results obtained showed that the group of patients affected by
      bronchial asthma presented basal values of FEV1 and resistance normal for their
      age and size, the same as the control group. Bronchial hyperreactivity which is a
      fundamental element in the patient with bronchial asthma can manifest itself in
      the large and small airways or both. We evaluated the bronchial hyperreactivity
      by measuring the Raw and the FEV1 and found that Raw was a more reliable test to
      measure bronchial obstruction induced by exercise. For the motives reviewed in
      our study, we can conclude that all patients with asthma or suspected of
      bronchial asthma, submitted to the exercise test, should be evaluated routinely
      with the Raw as well as with the classic spirometric parameters.

PMID- 4003226
TI  - Lysozyme activity in bronchial and broncho-alveolar fluids.
AB  - Patients affected by different diseases were submitted to bronchial and
      bronchoalveolar lavage, performed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy under xylocaine
      anesthesia. Bronchial lavage levels of lysozyme are very high and depend on the
      secretory rate of the mucosa, although further amounts can be derived from
      bronchial washings during inflammatory processes by neutrophils. Broncho-alveolar
      levels are mainly a function of macrophage secretion and dosages may provide an
      insight to the dynamic behaviour of macrophages in their response to foreign
      stimuli. Alveoli and blood levels reach an equilibrium, as assessed by mixed
      venous and arterial blood samples. Administration of exogenous lysozyme is able
      to increase bronchial IgA and sIGA. Serum immunoglobulins are higher as well,
      because of the polyclonal stimulation of the lymphocytes. Antiinflammatory
      properties and modulation of PMN arrival to inflammatory sites play a role in
      diminishing the enzymatic load to the lung and bronchi.

PMID- 4003227
TI  - A steroid-sparing effect of ketotifen in steroid dependent asthmatics.
AB  - The steroid-sparing effect of ketotifen was studied in 30 steroid-dependent
      patients with atopic asthma with a mean age of 44 years, using a protocol of 3
      consecutive periods of 3 months each. In the first period the average daily
      consumption of steroids was established. During the second period the patients
      were given ketotifen, 2 mg daily, which was withdrawn in the third period. The
      mean daily steroid consumption (prednisolone equivalents) was 11.08 mg in the
      first period, 3.13 mg in the second and 5.12 mg in the third. During ketotifen
      treatment steroids could be withdrawn in 12 patients and reduced in another 14
      without any deterioration of their clinical state or increase of consumption of
      symptomatic antiasthmatic drugs.

PMID- 4003228
TI  - Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in chronic non-allergic rhinitis in
      children.
AB  - Out of 20 children diagnosed as suffering from chronic non-allergic rhinitis,
      only one (5.0%) suffered from exercise-induced bronchospasm, as compared with
      47.2% of children with allergic chronic rhinitis, who showed bronchospasm after
      running. These findings support the view that mediators of hypersensitivity are
      released in E-IB and may play an important role in its pathogenesis.

PMID- 4003229
TI  - Chemotactic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with recurrent
      infections: partial correction by levamisole "in vitro".
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are dominant cells in the defense of the organism,
      and their functional alterations result in increased risks of infection.
      Chemotaxis is an early function in the immune response, allowing for the
      polymorphonuclear cells to migrate towards inflammatory sites. We studied the
      chemotactic function of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes from 14 patients with
      the common clinical syndrome of recurrent infections, through a technique of cell
      migration under agarose. It was found to be depressed in 5 patients, in the lower
      limit of normal in 2 cases, normal in 6 cases and enhanced in 1 patient. The "in
      vitro" incubation of polymorphonuclear cells with 5 mM levamisole resulted in a
      partial correction of their chemotactic function. Our results indicate that the
      chemotactic function of neutrophils should be evaluated in patients with
      recurrent infections, for the better understanding of the underlying dysfunctions
      in these diseases.

PMID- 4003231
TI  - The specialty of physicians in relation to longevity and mortality, 1978-1979.

PMID- 4003230
TI  - Storage mites as a cause of bronchial asthma in Denmark.
AB  - From October 1982 to July 1983, 133 consecutive patients complaining of allergic
      symptoms were prick-tested with three storage mites (Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus
      destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae) and two housedust mites (Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae). A total of 60 patients (45%) had a
      positive prick-test for one or more of the storage mites. A mutual positive
      correlation was found between the prick-test results for the two house-dust mites
      as well as for the three storage mites. No significant correlation was found
      between house-dust mites and storage mites. Four cases of allergy to storage
      mites are presented. The diagnosis of storage mite allergy was based on the
      clinical history, prick-test, bronchial provocation test and the finding of
      storage mites in the environment of the patient. Our study suggests that
      allergies to storage mites could be rather frequent in the Danish population.

PMID- 4003232
TI  - Of Alice and arsenic.

PMID- 4003233
TI  - Therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy.

PMID- 4003234
TI  - The mortality predictive power of discharge electrocardiogram after first acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The prognostic value of discharge ECG was studied in 457 patients after their
      first acute myocardial infarction. Thirteen different ECG variables were studied
      on the discharge ECG. When cumulative 4-year survival rates were calculated by
      standard life-table method for each variable individually, the following
      variables had statistically significant prognostic power: PTF (P terminal force),
      PTFA (P terminal frontal axis), AF (atrial fibrillation), ST depression, ST
      elevation, QRS duration, and the combination block (LBBB/RBBB + LAHB/LPHB). The
      variables with no statistically significant predictive power were: QTc, LBBB or
      RBBB, LAHB or LPHB, AV block, T wave angle, T negativity, and sigma R. The
      relative risks for the most important variables in the discrete life-table model
      were: PTF 3.4, QRS duration 3.3, ST depression 2.6, PTFA 2.5, and ST elevation
      2.2. In further analysis a model with only three ECG variables (PTF, ST
      depression, and ST elevation) was developed which stratified the study population
      in categories with 1.9% to 75.5% estimated 4-year survival rates.

PMID- 4003235
TI  - Late estimation of myocardial infarct size by total creatine kinase nomogram.
AB  - We studied the possibility of enzymatic estimation of myocardial infarct size in
      patients late (between days 2 and 6) after the onset of acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI), in whom estimation of infarct size was difficult by analysis of
      time-activity curves of serum creatine kinase (CK) because of the lack of the
      enzymatic information during the initial 48 hours. Serial determinations of serum
      enzymes were performed in 32 patients within 6 hours after the onset of AMI and
      significantly close correlations were observed between cumulative total CK
      release and the cardiac fraction of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme (LDH1)
      activities from day 2 to day 6 after the onset of AMI (r = 0.863 to 0.870; p less
      than 0.001). We developed a nomogram to estimate cumulative total CK release by
      serum LDH1 activities obtained between days 2 and 6 after AMI and evaluated the
      reliability of the nomogram. Cumulative total CK release obtained from serial
      serum CK activities correlated closely with total CK release obtained from the
      nomogram in the second group of patients with AMI (r = 0.923 to 0.946; n = 24; p
      less than 0.001). Our total CK nomogram requiring few blood samples was useful in
      late estimation of infarct size in patients who were admitted to the hospital
      between days 2 and 6 after the onset of AMI.

PMID- 4003236
TI  - Enzymatic assessment of myocardial necrosis after cardiac surgery:
      differentiation from skeletal muscle damage, hemolysis, and liver injury.
AB  - Plasma activities of various (iso)enzymes were measured in patients after cardiac
      surgery (n = 114) and after acute myocardial infarction (n = 40). From these
      activities, the cumulative release of enzymes in plasma was calculated with a two
      compartment circulatory model. This model was adapted to transient postoperative
      changes in plasma volume and similar changes in the transcapillary escape rate of
      proteins, observed after cardiac surgery and verified in dogs after
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Comparison of cumulative release of enzymes with
      the enzyme content of myocardium, skeletal muscle, and blood cells allows
      identification of the various sources of enzyme release. Cardiac injury after
      uncomplicated bypass surgery is only 1.5 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SD) gram equivalents
      (gmEq) of myocardium, compared to a loss of 31 +/- 13 gmEq of myocardium after
      AMI. Peroperative hemolysis is estimated at 68 +/- 15 ml of blood. Total loss of
      skeletal muscle amounts to 13 +/- 10 gmEq. Some hepatic enzyme release is
      observed after AMI but not after surgery. Large differences in time course exist
      between the release of enzymes from myocardium and skeletal muscle and also
      between myocardial release in the surgery group and in the AMI group. The
      accuracy of estimations is discussed and indicated as a function of the extent of
      cardiac injury.

PMID- 4003237
TI  - The relation between myocardial ischemia and the ejection fraction response to
      exercise in patients with normal or abnormal resting left ventricular function.
AB  - This study examines the relation between myocardial ischemia and the left
      ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) response to exercise in patients with
      normal or abnormal resting EF. We studied 69 patients aged 25 to 78 years (mean
      52 years) by radionuclide ventriculography (at rest and during peak upright
      exercise) and by exercise thallium-201 imaging. In 27 patients with resting EF
      less than 50%, the EF response to exercise was normal (greater than or equal to
      5% increase) in 13 patients and abnormal in 14. The thallium scans showed
      reversible defects in 11 of the 14 patients (79%) with abnormal response but none
      in any of the patients with normal responses (p = 0.0001). In the 42 patients
      with resting EF greater than or equal to 50%, the EF response to exercise was
      normal in 23 and abnormal in 19. Reversible defects were present in 13 of the 19
      patients (68%) with abnormal response and in only 3 of 23 patients (13%) with
      normal response (p = 0.0001). Therefore, an abnormal EF response to exercise was
      seen in 11 of 11 patients with resting EF less than 50% and in 13 of 16 patients
      (81%) with resting EF greater than or equal to 50% who had reversible thallium
      defects; normal EF responses were seen in 13 of the 16 patients (81%) with
      resting EF less than 50% and in 20 of 26 patients (77%) with resting EF greater
      than or equal to 50% who had no reversible thallium defects. Thus, in patients
      with abnormal resting LV function an abnormal EF response to exercise suggests
      the presence of myocardial ischemia rather than a nonspecific response to stress.

PMID- 4003238
TI  - Reduction of plasma norepinephrine levels in response to brief coronary occlusion
      in experimental dogs.
AB  - Although an increased plasma norepinephrine (NE) level is sometimes observed
      during angina pectoris, it is difficult to say whether sympathetic overflow is
      its cause. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded by
      intracoronary balloon for 3 minutes in 12 closed-chest anesthetized dogs. During
      occlusion, heart rate did not change but aortic pressure slightly decreased.
      Occlusion caused a significant reduction in both NE levels in the aorta (177 +/-
      17 to 134 +/- 16 pg/ml, p less than 0.01) and in the great cardiac vein (GCV) 296
      +/- 44 to 249 +/- 44 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). After surgical vagotomy, the
      occlusion increased NE levels in the aorta (227 +/- 44 to 278 +/- 43 pg/ml, p
      less than 0.01) and in GCV (384 +/- 76 to 444 +/- 81 pg/ml, p less than 0.01),
      showing the release of vagal inhibition. These results may be applicable to
      patients with transient anterior myocardial ischemia; if plasma NE increases
      without marked hemodynamic changes, it is suggested that the sympathetic overflow
      is not a result but a possible cause of the ischemia.

PMID- 4003239
TI  - Reduction of ventricular arrhythmias by atenolol.
AB  - The effects of atenolol on ventricular arrhythmias were evaluated in 25 men with
      significant ventricular ectopy. The patients received 2 weeks each of placebo,
      50, 100, and 200 mg of oral atenolol. Efficacy was determined by weekly 24-hour
      Holter monitors. In 20 patients who completed the protocol, the frequency of
      total ventricular ectopic beats, ectopic couplets, and ventricular tachycardia
      was significantly decreased after treatment. The complexity of ventricular ectopy
      was also decreased as measured by the Lown grade and the proportion of hours in
      which multiform ectopic beats were present. A therapeutic response, defined as
      the minimum percentage reduction in ventricular arrhythmias to demonstrate an
      effect due to atenolol rather than spontaneous variation, was achieved in up to
      70% of patients for total number of ectopic beats, 75% for ectopic couplets, and
      73% for ventricular tachycardia beats. The results show that oral atenolol is an
      effective agent for the treatment for ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 4003240
TI  - Comparison of effects of isometric and supine bicycle exercise on left
      ventricular performance in patients with aortic regurgitation and normal ejection
      fraction at rest.
AB  - The effects of handgrip and supine bicycle exercise on hemodynamics and left
      ventricular (LV) performance were compared in 25 patients with moderate to severe
      aortic regurgitation (AR) and normal LV ejection fraction at rest (greater than
      or equal to 50%) and in 10 control subjects. In both groups, heart rate, systolic
      blood pressure, rate-pressure product, and LV output were higher during supine
      bicycle exercise. Compared with the controls, in patients with AR, stroke volume
      was unchanged during supine bicycle exercise. LV end-diastolic volume increased
      during handgrip exercise but was unchanged during supine bicycle exercise. LV end
      systolic volume increased and ejection fraction decreased during both forms of
      exercise. Of 25 patients with AR, 15 (60%) during handgrip exercise and 19 (76%)
      during supine bicycle exercise had an abnormal ejection fraction response (p less
      than 0.05). In patients with moderate to severe AR and normal LV ejection
      fraction at rest, both handgrip and supine bicycle exercise induced LV
      dysfunction. An abnormal LV ejection fraction response occurred more often with
      supine bicycle exercise. Handgrip exercise may be a useful alternative method for
      detecting LV dysfunction in patients with AR in whom adequate bicycle exercise
      cannot be accomplished.

PMID- 4003241
TI  - Use of the calibrated carotid pulse tracing for calculation of left ventricular
      pressure and wall stress throughout ejection.
AB  - Calibrated carotid pulse tracings have been found previously to provide accurate
      estimates of end-systolic pressure. This study extends this technique to the
      estimation of arterial pressure throughout ejection. In twenty patients without
      aortic stenosis (age range 8 to 67 years), simultaneous recordings were made of
      the pressure tracing in the ascending aorta, externally recorded carotid pulse
      tracing, phonocardiogram, left ventricular echocardiogram, and peripheral blood
      pressure. Data were computer digitized and plots of arterial pressure were
      derived from the aortic pressure tracing (PA) and from the carotid pulse tracing
      (Pc). Left ventricular (LV) wall stress was then calculated throughout ejection
      using PA or Pc. The noninvasive estimation of pressure was excellent, with a
      maximum difference of 3.4 mm Hg between population means. This occurred within
      the first third of ejection. The wall stress calculations were similar, with a
      maximum mean population error of 3.5 gm/cm2 at 20% of ejection. The peak wall
      stress values had a mean difference of 1.4 gm/cm2; mean wall stress over the LV
      ejection period was 0.5 gm/cm2 higher when calculated from Pc than from PA. Thus,
      the carotid pulse tracing provides an accurate reproduction of the morphology of
      the pressure tracing recorded from the ascending aorta, and when calibrated by
      peripheral blood pressure measurement, it can be used to calculate LV pressure
      throughout ejection. These pressure estimates can be used to calculate wall
      stress throughout ejection with a high degree of accuracy.

PMID- 4003242
TI  - Long-term follow-up of dysrhythmias following the Mustard procedure.
AB  - Earlier reports have suggested that the incidence of dysrhythmias after the
      Mustard procedure can be reduced if the sinoatrial node (SAN) is protected during
      surgery. To determine if these initial differences continue after longer follow
      up, we examined all ECGs available for three groups of patients operated upon
      from January, 1965, through December, 1977. Group A included 37 patients who
      survived the operation prior to January, 1972, when surgical modifications were
      initiated to protect the SAN; group B included 44 patients available for follow
      up who were operated upon from 1972 through 1974; and group C consisted of the 39
      patients available for follow-up operated upon from 1975 to 1977. Dysrhythmias
      were classified as passive (failure of initiation or propagation of the SAN
      impulse), active (atrial flutter or supraventricular tachycardia), or
      atrioventricular (AV) conduction defects. Results were expressed as the incidence
      per number of different rhythms during follow-up intervals. The incidence of
      sinus rhythm in groups B and C (80%) was much greater than in group A (27%)
      during the first 2 years. However, after 8 years, less than 50% of the rhythms
      were sinus. Both brady- and tachydysrhythmias were common. Seven patients (6%)
      required pacemaker insertion for symptomatic sick sinus syndrome. Therefore
      despite efforts to protect the sinus node, late occurring dysrhythmias remain a
      significant problem in the postoperative Mustard patient.

PMID- 4003243
TI  - Spontaneous closure of isolated secundum atrial septal defects in infants: an
      echocardiographic study.
AB  - The incidence and timing of spontaneous closure of isolated secundum atrial
      septal defects are unknown. Twenty-nine consecutive infants under 12 months of
      age with clinical evidence of significant left-to-right shunting through atrial
      septal defects were evaluated by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography
      (2DE). All had right ventricular hypertrophy by ECG. Right ventricular, right
      atrial, and left atrial areas were measured and right ventricular and left atrial
      dimensions were obtained in all patients. Spontaneous closure of the defect in
      four infants was suggested by normalization of clinical examination and ECG and
      was documented by 2DE and M-mode echocardiography at 15 to 31 months of age. All
      of the remaining patients, who had suitable 2DE echocardiograms and who did not
      spontaneously close their defects, had enlarged right ventricular and right
      atrial areas. Left atrial areas were normal in the four who closed spontaneously
      and were large in all but three who did not close. The mean diameter of the
      defect was similar for all patients. The 14% incidence reported here may
      underestimate the true incidence of spontaneous closure, since seven patients had
      surgical closure, all prior to 30 months of age, the oldest age at which
      spontaneous closure was documented. An atrial septal flap, found in all four
      patients who closed spontaneously but only in 4 of the 16 patients who did not
      close spontaneously, may contribute in some way to spontaneous closure. Since
      spontaneous closure may occur up to 30 months, it seems clear that surgical
      closure should not be performed before that age unless medical management has
      failed to control symptoms.

PMID- 4003244
TI  - Automated ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: a study in age-matched
      normotensive and hypertensive men.
AB  - Noninvasive automated techniques have been used in this study in 29 ambulatory
      normotensive and hypertensive men to monitor blood pressure during a full 24-hour
      period. The two groups of men were carefully matched for age. The data were
      analyzed with respect to possible differences in the circadian pattern of blood
      pressure, in the variability of blood pressure, and differences in the prevalence
      of abnormal blood pressures between the two groups. The circadian pattern of
      blood pressure in hypertensive patients was displayed parallel to that in
      normotensive control subjects but at a significantly higher level. The difference
      between daytime and nighttime systolic blood pressure was greater in normotensive
      than in hypertensive men. However, variability of blood pressure was not
      different between the two subgroups. Hypertensive men showed on average a greater
      incidence of abnormal blood pressures than normotensive subjects. However, nine
      of the normotensive control subjects showed more than 25% of abnormal readings of
      systolic or diastolic blood pressures during a 24-hour recording period. In
      contrast, fewer than 25% of abnormal blood pressure readings were found in nine
      of the hypertensive patients. The data reported here may help to better define
      the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring techniques in the diagnosis of
      hypertension.

PMID- 4003246
TI  - Echocardiographic changes in rapidly developing pericardial constriction.

PMID- 4003245
TI  - Long-term experience with mitral valve replacement: an evolving strategy for
      prosthesis selection.
AB  - MVR was examined in 181 patients undergoing 188 consecutive operations during a
      12 1/2-year observation time. Hospital mortality for MVR without aortic valve
      disease was 7 of 156 or 4.5% and was independent of the valve type employed and
      the presence of coronary artery pathology. Late cardiac mortality in isolated MVR
      was significantly greater in those patients receiving a Starr-Edward 6120
      prosthesis when compared to those receiving an MPX. The presence of coronary
      artery pathology, however, defines the patient subgroup with the poorest late
      survival. Tissue durability has not significantly altered late survival after
      MPX. However, the actuarial analysis of tissue failure reveals important
      increases in tissue failure incidence 5 years after placement. Although MPX is
      our prosthesis of choice for MVR, limited tissue durability creates an important
      subgroup for judicious use of a mechanical prosthesis. We conclude that no valve
      type should be championed as "the valve" for all patients undergoing MVR. The
      selection of a valve for MVR remains a difficult judgment which must be tempered
      by the patients age, history of previous operations, severity of his present
      illness, and the feasibility of a second MVR.

PMID- 4003247
TI  - Cardiac tamponade as the presenting symptom of sarcoidosis.

PMID- 4003248
TI  - Multiple coronary artery-right ventricle fistulas.

PMID- 4003249
TI  - Spontaneous resolution of a pericardial cyst.

PMID- 4003250
TI  - Severe neutropenia associated with procainamide: comparison of sustained release
      and conventional preparations.

PMID- 4003251
TI  - Time course for reversal of digoxin toxicity with digoxin-specific antibody
      fragments.

PMID- 4003252
TI  - Familial fascicular block: histologic features of Lev's disease.

PMID- 4003253
TI  - Visualization of superior vena cava by subcostal two-dimensional
      echocardiography.

PMID- 4003254
TI  - True and false torsade de pointes.

PMID- 4003255
TI  - Isolated right ventricular infarction.

PMID- 4003256
TI  - Noninvasive diagnosis of right ventricular infarction.

PMID- 4003257
TI  - Right ventricular function in right ventricular infarction.

PMID- 4003258
TI  - AV conduction in sick sinus syndrome.

PMID- 4003259
TI  - Mediastinal tumor and continuous murmur.

PMID- 4003260
TI  - Hemodynamic actions of furosemide.

PMID- 4003261
TI  - Sleep apnea and essential hypertension.

PMID- 4003262
TI  - Coronary disease in blacks in underdeveloped populations.

PMID- 4003263
TI  - Effects of limbic-hypothalamic function on arrhythmia occurrence and sleep
      induced apnea.

PMID- 4003264
TI  - Bronchospasm following ergometrine testing for coronary spasm.

PMID- 4003265
TI  - Serum lipids as indicators of coronary disease assessed by angiography.

PMID- 4003266
TI  - Oxymetazoline.

PMID- 4003267
TI  - An overview of occupational safety and health guidelines for Superfund sites.
AB  - An overview of the NIOSH occupational safety and health guidelines for Superfund
      activities is presented. Critical elements are outlined for site safety plans,
      site surveys and monitoring plans. The gathering of accurate and adequate
      information to prepare a plan of action to clean up abandoned hazardous waste
      sites is the first step and continues throughout any Superfund activity. Major
      emphasis is placed on selecting personal protective equipment with consideration
      for preventing heat stress. Decontamination is stressed to prevent exposure of
      other site workers as well as off-site personnel and the public. Worker training
      and medical monitoring are key components in a comprehensive occupational safety
      and health program for hazardous waste workers.

PMID- 4003268
TI  - Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy applied to hazardous waste: I-
      Preliminary test of material analysis for improvement of personal protection
      strategies.
AB  - Many chemicals, when mixed, can produce potentially hazardous effects which are
      harmful to human health and to the environment such as heat, pressure, fire,
      explosion, violent reaction, and toxic dusts, mists, fumes, and/or gases. Waste
      chemicals handled on a remedial action site are analyzed by simple chemical
      methods for compatibility. Because it is difficult to base worker and community
      protection programs on this limited knowledge of material content, extreme
      precautions must be taken to ensure safety to all working on or living near
      hazardous waste remedial action sites. The approach used in this study involved
      the application of Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) to the
      analysis of samples taken from the Chem-Dyne remedial action hazardous waste
      site. The data generated are compared to the results obtained using compatibility
      and GC-MS analysis procedures. Illustrations are given of improved personal
      protection strategies, based on drum material composition obtainable by FTIR. The
      requirements for further testing are defined.

PMID- 4003269
TI  - Destruction of aromatic amines in laboratory wastes through oxidation with
      potassium permanganate/sulfuric acid into non-mutagenic derivatives.
AB  - Nine aromatic amines, i.e., benzidine; o-tolidine; o-dianisidine; 3,3'
      dichlorobenzidine; 4-aminobiphenyl; 1- and 2-naphthylamine; 4,4'-methylene bis(2
      chloroaniline) and m-toluenediamine, were oxidized with potassium
      permanganate/sulfuric acid. Experimental conditions for complete degradation of
      these aromatic amines are described. The disappearance of the parent compound
      through oxidation was measured using HPLC coupled with UV spectrophotometry. The
      corresponding degradation products were found to be non-mutagenic to Salmonella
      typhimurium strains TA100, TA98 and TA97, both in the presence and absence of a
      rat liver S9 activation system. A collaborative study, involving 11 laboratories,
      has shown the applicability and the reproducibility of this degradation method.

PMID- 4003270
TI  - Air monitoring at the drum bulking process of a hazardous waste remedial action
      site.
AB  - Air monitoring was performed at a hazardous waste remedial action site to measure
      inhalation exposure at the drum bulking unit processes and ambient emissions
      downwind from that process. Contaminant concentrations were all well below
      permissible exposure limits. This study suggests that when workers remain in
      fixed job locations at hazardous waste sites, occupational inhalation exposure
      monitoring must consider contaminants generated upwind of the job location as
      well as contaminants generated at the specific job site. Air sampling must also
      consider both the particulate and vapor phases of the site contaminants.

PMID- 4003271
TI  - Radiological health implications of lead-210 and polonium-210 accumulations in
      LPG refineries.
AB  - Radon-222, a naturally occurring radioactive noble gas, is often a contaminant in
      natural gas. During fractionation at processing plants, Radon tends to be
      concentrated in the Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) product stream. Radon-222
      decays into a number of radioactive metallic daughters which can plate out on the
      interior surfaces of plant machinery. The hazards associated with gamma-emitting
      short-lived radon daughters have been investigated previously. The present work
      reports an analysis of the hazards associated with the long-lived daughters; Pb
      210, Bi-210, and Po-210. These nuclides do not emit appreciable penetrating
      radiation, and hence do not represent a hazard as long as they remain on the
      inside surfaces of equipment. However, when equipment that has had prolonged
      exposure to an LPG stream is disassembled for repair or routine maintenance,
      opportunities for exposure to radioactive materials can occur. This paper reports
      a series of measurements made on an impeller taken from a pump in an LPG
      facility. Alpha spectroscopy revealed the presence of Po-210, and further
      measurements showed that the amount on the impeller surface was well above the
      exempt quantity. Breathing zone measurements made in the course of cleaning the
      impeller showed that an inhalation exposure equivalent to breathing Po-210 at the
      Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) for 60 hours could be delivered in less
      than half an hour. It was concluded that maintenance and repair work on LPG and
      derivitive product stream equipment must be carried out with the realization that
      a potential radiological health problem exists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003272
TI  - Assessment of hand vibration exposure on an assembly line.
AB  - This paper describes a study undertaken to evaluate and control vibration
      exposure associated with pneumatic screwdrivers used in an electrical appliance
      assembly plant. The study was motivated by management's concern about reports of
      cumulative trauma disorders in the upper extremities of workers who used
      pneumatic screwdrivers. Vibration exposure from power hand tools on an assembly
      line is difficult to predict due to highly variable conditions and techniques
      used between operators. Vibration exposure was measured using observation samples
      of tool vibration obtained on the assembly line for individual assembly tasks.
      Typical tool one-third octave band acceleration spectra estimated from laboratory
      measurements were used in conjunction with the measured exposure times to compare
      workers' risk of exposure to the hazards associated with operating vibrating hand
      tools. Characteristic vibration produced by the tools during phases of operation
      were separated and analyzed individually to identify and control the source.

PMID- 4003273
TI  - Physiological limits in lifting.
AB  - Two different experiments were conducted to study the effects of frequency,
      height and load of lift on computed maximal oxygen uptake and to compare the data
      obtained to a standard bicycle ergometer. A progressive submaximal technique was
      used to predict maximal oxygen uptake. The results of the present study revealed
      that across all heights, an increase in either the frequency of lift or load of
      lift was accompanied by an increase in computed maximal oxygen uptake; however,
      all maximal oxygen uptake values reported showed a tendency to level off beyond
      the frequency of five lifts/min. The results also showed that combined arm and
      leg lifting recorded the highest maximal oxygen uptake followed by leg lifting
      then arm lifting, respectively. Maximal oxygen uptake values obtained for lifting
      tasks were much lower than those obtained for a bicycle ergometer. It is
      therefore recommended that limits for continuous work for a lifting task be based
      on the attainable maximal oxygen uptake for that particular task and not on a
      maximal oxygen uptake obtained from another task such as a bicycle ergometer
      test.

PMID- 4003274
TI  - Monitoring airborne reactive chemicals by derivatization and high performance
      thin layer chromatography--anhydrides, acid halides, isocyanates.
AB  - A versatile reagent-coated solid sorbent tube has been developed for monitoring
      airborne reactive chemicals--including acetic anhydride (AcAn), chloroacetyl
      chloride (CAC), and isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). The monitoring procedures
      involve simultaneous collection and derivatization of these chemicals using the
      reagent 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine. Following tube/pump sampling, the derivatives
      are solvent desorbed and analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography
      (HPTLC). HPTLC offers high sample throughout chromatographic analyses. The
      methods are designed to provide accurate time-weighted-average (TWA) and short
      term excursion measurements. The reactivity of anhydrides, acid halides, and
      isocyanates preclude long-term collection without derivatization. Formation of
      the derivative immediately stabilizes the molecules allowing retention on the
      solid sorbent. In addition, the derivative allows good chromatography and
      provides high detection sensitivity. The recoveries for acetic anhydride,
      chloracetyl chloride and isocyanatoethyl methacrylate are 97.5, 95.2 and 85.0%,
      respectively. Validation also included the evaluation of humidity effects,
      storage effects, and potential interferences.

PMID- 4003275
TI  - Comparison of blood and brain toluene concentrations and circulating triglyceride
      levels resulting from acute and repeated exposures in rats.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by inhalation to 2500 ppm toluene three
      hours per day, five days per week for three weeks. Blood and brain toluene
      concentration and circulating triglyceride levels were measured after one day,
      one week, two weeks and three weeks exposure. A consistent reduction in mean body
      weight gain was found in the toluene-exposed rats compared to controls as early
      as three days following initiation of exposure. During the second and third
      exposure week, the toluene-exposed rats exhibited marked salivation during the
      exposure periods. A dramatic decrease in brain and blood toluene levels occurred
      between the second and third exposure weeks. Also, an inverse relationship
      between circulating triglyceride levels and blood and brain toluene
      concentrations was found in the exposed rats. Plausible mechanisms for tolerance
      development and the inverse relationship to circulating triglycerides are offered
      including induction of hepatic mixed function oxidase activity and alterations in
      brain biomembrane lipid composition.

PMID- 4003276
TI  - Effects of air temperatures and humidities on efficiencies and lifetimes of air
      purifying chemical respirator cartridges tested against methyl iodide.
AB  - Methyl iodide penetration curves through three types of respirator cartridges and
      canisters were determined at several temperatures to identify the significance of
      temperatures of testing and use. Three charcoal types showed similar results:
      triethylenediamine (5% TEDA-impregnated, (2% TEDA + 5% KI3)-impregnated, and
      unimpregnated. Penetration curves were shifted at higher temperatures in the
      range 25-38 degrees C, keeping relative humidity constant in the range 50-70%,
      but allowing absolute humidities to increase correspondingly. These shifts were
      such that penetrations were increased and service lives were decreased
      significantly (4-15% per degrees C). At constant water vapor concentration,
      service life of the (2% TEDA + 5% KI3)-impregnated charcoal increased with
      temperature, illustrating the complexity of temperature effects. For one case (5%
      TEDA) using cartridges at humidity equilibrium, temperature and humidity effects
      were sorted out. Until these effects are better understood, air-purifying
      respirator cartridge and canister testing should be done at conditions more
      representative of possible use and at more closely controlled temperatures.

PMID- 4003277
TI  - Size distributions of airborne superfine man-made mineral fibers determined by
      transmission electron microscopy.
AB  - A survey was conducted to determine the size distribution of airborne man-made
      mineral fibers in three factories using bulk materials which contain many fibers
      with diameters less than 0.3 micrometers. Personal samples were taken in two of
      the factories visited. In all the cases a full length and diameter distribution,
      determined by transmission electron microscopy, are presented. Median diameters
      ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 micrometers and, as a result, a substantial proportion of
      the fibers would not be detected using light microscopy or scanning electron
      microscopy even for fibers longer than 5 micrometers.

PMID- 4003278
TI  - Development of push-pull ventilation.
AB  - Push-pull ventilation (air is blown across a contaminant generation area toward
      an exhaust hood) can have distinct advantages over exhaust ventilation alone. It
      can control contaminant emission into the workplace better than exhaust only, and
      much less conditioned air must be exhausted so there are energy savings. This
      paper presents suggested push and pull flow rates for open surface tank
      operations such as plating. About 98% of the contaminant generated can be
      captured by a push-pull system using the proper flow rates.

PMID- 4003279
TI  - Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry.
AB  - Field surveys were conducted of 67 dry cleaning establishments to assess working
      conditions and potential for exposure to perchloroethylene, a solvent of choice
      in this industry. Evaluation of ventilation controls showed that 28% of cleaning
      machines (transfer type) did not have functioning local exhaust systems, and an
      additional 32% had inadequately maintained systems providing less than the
      recommended face velocity at the door opening. Personal sampling was performed in
      20 firms to relate operator exposure levels to the process used and degree of
      local exhaust ventilation. Utilization of the dry-to-dry (closed system) process
      resulted in a lower mean TWA exposure, 28.3 ppm, as compared to 86.6 ppm for
      transfer operations. Five-minute peak samples taken during clothing transfer
      demonstrated significant exposure levels ranging from 11.3 to 533.8 ppm. A lower
      mean peak exposure (25.3 ppm) was found for firms with local exhaust ventilation
      at the recommended rate than for facilities with poorly or unventilated cleaning
      machines (159.7 ppm). The study points out the manner in which available control
      measures can be used optimally to reduce employee exposure. Increased involvement
      of trade associations and local health authorities is also recommended to promote
      the safe use of perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry.

PMID- 4003280
TI  - Individual factors in the choice of respiratory protective devices.
AB  - Federal regulations recognize the need to determine whether individuals are
      physically able to perform their job while wearing respirators. A variety of
      safety and workplace factors should also be considered at the time that a
      respiratory protective device is evaluated for use by a particular worker. In
      most negative pressure respirators, inspiratory resistance constitutes the major
      load on the respiratory system. In normals, the major load to the cardiovascular
      system occurs with heavy, self-contained respirators. In the absence of objective
      guidelines for the use of respirators by impaired workers, careful examination
      and conservative clinical judgement, and the willingness to re-assess choices
      must form the basis of respirator selection.

PMID- 4003281
TI  - A thermodynamic treatment of passive monitors.
AB  - Previous mathematical descriptions of sampling using passive monitors have used
      Fick's First Law of diffusion and the assumption that the concentration of
      adsorbate in the vapor phase above the sorbent is zero. This paper shows that by
      introducing a simplified expression for the equilibrium vapor pressure, behavior
      more nearly resembling that observed for passive monitors is predicted. The
      theory can also be applied to the case of loss of sample from a diffusive
      monitor. Experimental evidence is also provided which demonstrates that the
      theory adequately describes the observed results.

PMID- 4003282
TI  - Air quality and ergonomics in the office: survey results and methodologic issues.
AB  - A survey of office workers at four sites was conducted by Columbia University
      School of Public Health during 1981 and 1982 to explore the relationships between
      office working conditions and employee health. Walk through surveys of each site
      were conducted by the research team with joint labor-management sponsorship. A
      total of 2074 non-managerial office workers filled out a 30-minute self
      administered questionnaire at their respective workplaces. Multiple item scales
      were tested and constructed to measure indoor air quality and ergonomic factors.
      Significant differences in ergonomic conditions and air quality between the sites
      were observed. These differences corresponded with researcher observations prior
      to the surveys. Significant associations between the reported air quality and
      respiratory symptoms and between ergonomic factors and musculoskeletal symptoms
      were found. Specificity of the relationship between reports about the environment
      and health symptoms was demonstrated. The implications of this approach for
      industrial hygiene investigations of non-industrial environments are discussed.

PMID- 4003283
TI  - Evaluation of the Andersen viable impactor for single stage sampling.
AB  - A modified use of the 6-stage Andersen viable sampler for single stage sampling
      is described. Although size distribution data are not obtainable with such a
      sampler, it has utility as a simple and convenient method for estimating the
      total concentration of viable airborne microorganisms. The method was compared in
      the field to the standard Andersen sampler and a previously described method for
      single plate sampling. Over a wide range of airborne fungal concentrations (10
      3000 CFU/m3), the modified sampler was found to be superior to the previous
      method and comparable to the standard Andersen sampler (in terms of both
      precision and accuracy), for estimating total airborne fungal concentration.

PMID- 4003284
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine given alone and in combination with atenolol in
      patients with impaired left ventricular function.
AB  - The acute intravenous (IV) (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 microgram/kg/min over 10 minutes
      each) and chronic oral (60 mg/day) administration of nifedipine was examined in 9
      patients with significantly impaired left ventricular (LV) function (ejection
      fraction [EF] on radionuclide scanning was 0.20 to 0.40) who were already
      receiving beta-blocker therapy (greater than 25% reduction in peak exercise heart
      rate) with atenolol, 100 to 200 mg/day. The mean control LV end-diastolic
      pressure (EDP) at cardiac catheterization and EF for the group as a whole were 30
      +/- 3 mm Hg (range 20 to 42) (mean +/- standard error of the mean) and 28.5 +/-
      2.4%, respectively. Three of the 9 patients had hemodynamic deterioration and LV
      failure at some stage during the study, and their mean LVEDP and EF were 38 +/- 3
      mm Hg (range 33 to 42) and 22.6 +/- 2.7%, respectively. In the 6 patients who
      tolerated the full treatment protocol, the mean LVEDP and EF were 26.5 +/- 2.0 mm
      Hg (range 20 to 35) and 31.5 +/- 2.8%, respectively. Seven patients received IV
      nifedipine, which had a negative inotropic action but did not precipitate cardiac
      decompensation. Chronic oral administration of nifedipine in combination with
      atenolol precipitated LV failure only in those with the lowest EF and highest
      LVEDP; usually LV failure was present with atenolol alone. Extensive infarction,
      frequently complicated by LV failure at the time, LVEDP greater than 32 mm Hg and
      control resting EF less than 30% were associated with LV failure.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003285
TI  - Acute electrophysiologic, hemodynamic and left ventricular effects of nifedipine
      and beta-blocker interactions. Maintenance of global and regional left
      ventricular wall motion.
AB  - To assess potential cardiac effects of nifedipine and beta-blocker interactions,
      10 men receiving chronic beta-blocker therapy for angina underwent hemodynamic,
      electrophysiologic and left ventricular (LV) functional analyses at the time of
      cardiac catheterization before and after buccal administration of 10 mg of
      nifedipine. Although this combination is usually well tolerated, there have been
      occasional reports suggesting that the combination of nifedipine and beta
      blocking agents may increase the likelihood of congestive heart failure, severe
      hypotension or exacerbation of angina. All patients had class II or III stable
      angina pectoris and were receiving at least 160 to 240 mg/day of propranolol or
      equivalent doses of beta-blocker therapy. Nifedipine produced no acute
      electrophysiologic changes, including heart rate, PR interval, AH interval, HV
      interval, sinus node recovery time or heart rate at which atrioventricular nodal
      block occurred. Hemodynamic effects included no significant change in mean right
      atrial pressure (7 +/- 1 vs 5 +/- 1 mm Hg), while mean pulmonary artery pressure
      decreased significantly (20 +/- 2 vs 17 +/- 1 mm Hg, p less than or equal to
      0.05). In addition, LV end-diastolic pressure decreased significantly from 16 +/-
      2 to 10 +/- 1 mm Hg (p less than or equal to 0.05), with a nonsignificant
      decrease in mean aortic pressure from 93 +/- 5 to 86 +/- 4 mm Hg. Likewise, no
      significant change occurred in cardiac index (3.2 +/- 0.4 vs 3.0 +/- 0.4
      liters/min/m2) or systemic vascular resistance (1,157 +/- 247 vs 1,170 +/- 236
      dynes/s/cm-5). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was the same before and
      after nifedipine (73 +/- 2% vs 74 +/- 2%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003286
TI  - Comparison of antianginal efficacy of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate in
      chronic stable angina: a long-term, randomized, double-blind, crossover study.
AB  - Using a double-blind, crossover design, the comparative efficacy and safety of
      nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of stable angina were
      studied in 34 patients. The study included a 2-week placebo washout period and
      two 6-week periods during which patients were randomized to either nifedipine or
      isosorbide dinitrate. The doses were titrated for each patient, and mean doses of
      the 2 drugs were comparable. A time-limited thallium treadmill test was performed
      at the end of each phase. Ischemic zone count rates were normalized to those of
      the nonischemic zone, and the change in this ratio with redistribution was
      calculated as reversible thallium defect. Two patients were discontinued from the
      study within 1 week after initiation of isosorbide dinitrate because of severe,
      intolerable headache. Two patients were withdrawn while receiving nifedipine: one
      had new congestive heart failure and the other had increasing angina. Of the
      remaining 30 patients who tolerated both drugs for at least 1 week, 4 patients
      from the isosorbide dinitrate group were either prematurely crossed over or
      discontinued from the study because of headache. One patient suffered headache
      from both drugs and was discontinued from the study. In the 30 patients, only
      nifedipine significantly reduced resting arterial pressure compared with
      baseline. Further, only nifedipine therapy resulted in significant decreases in
      the rate-pressure product and systolic pressure at a given workload. However,
      significant decreases in angina frequency, nitroglycerin consumption and exercise
      induced maximum ST-segment depression and reversible thallium perfusion defect
      were produced by both nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003287
TI  - Intracoronary thrombolysis 3 to 13 days after acute myocardial infarction for
      postinfarction angina pectoris.
AB  - The restoration of anterograde coronary flow long after coronary thrombosis may
      be of benefit to patients with continuing ischemia. To determine whether "old"
      intracoronary thrombi are susceptible to lysis with thrombolytic agents, 18
      patients with angina at rest during evolving acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      and total occlusion of the infarct vessel were treated with intracoronary
      streptokinase 3 to 13 days after onset of AMI. In 12 of the 18 patients (67%),
      successful recanalization of the artery was achieved 6.9 +/- 2.7 days after AMI.
      Thrombolysis was followed by coronary angioplasty in 2 patients. To evaluate the
      efficacy of this approach in reducing post-AMI ischemia, the number of episodes
      of angina at rest was compared in patients with successful and unsuccessful
      attempts at recanalization. Even in patients without angioplasty, the mean number
      of daily episodes decreased from 1.02 +/- 0.6 to 0.09 +/- 0.2 in patients in whom
      reperfusion was achieved, and from 1.07 +/- 0.8 to 0.88 +/- 0.8 in those in whom
      it was not (p = 0.027 for the difference between the groups). Thus, in patients
      with early post-AMI angina, intracoronary streptokinase can restore flow in the
      occluded artery, may decrease the frequency of angina, and allows angioplasty to
      be performed.

PMID- 4003288
TI  - Different recovery process of ST depression on postexercise electrocardiograms in
      women in standing and supine positions.
AB  - False-positive exercise test responses are frequently observed in women. To
      differentiate a false-positive from a true-positive test response, the effect of
      postures for recording a postexercise electrocardiogram to the recovery process
      of ST depression was investigated in 26 women with nonischemic ST depression and
      in 14 patients with typical angina pectoris. Exercise tests were performed twice,
      and the postexercise electrocardiogram was recorded while standing during the
      first test and in the supine position during the second test. In the false
      positive test, maximal ST depression occurred immediately after exercise and
      showed a rapid recovery process in the early recovery phase. However, ST
      depression persisted without complete recovery, or increased in the late recovery
      phase as long as subjects were kept standing. In contrast, ST depression returned
      to the control level when subjects changed to the supine position after
      exercising. This discrepant pattern in the recovery process of ST depression by
      changing postures was not observed in the true-positive test results. Changing
      postures for recording postexercise electrocardiograms could be helpful in
      differentiating a false-positive response from a true ischemic response.

PMID- 4003289
TI  - Diagnostic and prognostic significance of minimally elevated creatine kinase-MB
      in suspected acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - CK-MB changes were studied using agarose gel electrophoresis in 244 patients
      admitted to a coronary care unit for suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
      A range of minimally elevated CK-MB levels, from 1 to 24 IU/liter, was identified
      as representing uncertain AMI events. Positive AMI events were defined by
      elevations of 25 IU/liter or more documented in patients with new Q waves or
      abnormalities in all enzyme and isoenzyme levels. Negative AMI events were
      defined by elevation of 0 IU/liter, observed in all control subjects. The 1-year
      cardiac mortality rates in the "positive"-AMI (n = 91) and "uncertain"-AMI (n =
      22) groups were identical (22%), and significantly higher than that in the
      "negative"-AMI group (n = 93) (6%) (p less than 0.05). However, when a larger
      uncertain-AMI group of 115 patients was compiled by 2 collaborating centers, the
      1-year cardiac mortality rate in the 39 patients with chest pain alone was 0%, vs
      33% in the 76 patients with accompanying severe medical problems such as cardiac
      or respiratory failure. Whether minimal CK-MB elevations represent AMI of limited
      extent is not clear. These elevations occur most often in association with severe
      medical problems, and in patients without such problems, they may not indicate a
      poor prognosis.

PMID- 4003290
TI  - Evaluation of a QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial infarct size. V.
      Specificity and method of application of the complete system.
AB  - The specificity of a previously developed 57-criteria/32-point QRS scoring system
      for estimating myocardial infarct (MI) size is evaluated in an extensive control
      population and the method of application of this system for determining a QRS
      score from a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram is described. Points are
      accumulated from Q- and R-wave durations, R- and S-wave amplitudes, R/Q- or R/S
      amplitude ratios and the presence of R-wave notching, with each point
      representing approximately 3% of the left ventricle. The subjects were selected
      because of the minimal likelihood of their having had myocardial infarcts or
      other sources of QRS modification. There were 500 consecutively selected normal
      Caucasian subjects, aged 20 to 69 years, with 50 women and 50 men in each of the
      5 decades. Specificity for the 57 individual criteria ranged from 89 to 100%.
      Fifty-one criteria met the required standard of at least 95% specificity; of the
      6 that failed, 3 were successfully modified to achieve this standard and 3 were
      eliminated. In the resultant 54-criteria/32-point complete system, the total
      population, as well as both women and men, required more than 3 points to attain
      at least 95% specificity. Subjects in each of the 5 decades met the specificity
      standard either at or below the level of more than 3 points. The point score at
      which 95% or greater specificity was attained for the 10 age/sex subsets
      varied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003291
TI  - Quantification of differences in frequency content of signal-averaged
      electrocardiograms in patients with compared to those without sustained
      ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - To quantify differences in the frequency content of signal-averaged
      electrocardiograms between patients with and without sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT), the energy spectra of the terminal QRS and ST segments of
      signal-averaged orthogonal ECGs were computed in 3 groups of patients by squaring
      the magnitude of the fast-Fourier transformed data. The terminal 40 ms of the QRS
      complex and ST segment were analyzed as a single unit to enhance frequency
      resolution. Group I comprised 23 patients with documented, remote myocardial
      infarction who had manifested subsequent episodes of sustained VT; group II
      comprised 53 patients with previous, remote infarction without subsequent
      sustained VT; and group III comprised 11 normal subjects. The terminal QRS and ST
      segments from patients with sustained VT contained a 10- to 100-fold greater
      proportion of components in the 20- to 50-Hz range compared with corresponding
      electrocardiographic segments in patients without VT. There were no significant
      differences in the peak frequencies among patient groups. However, the relative
      contribution of the magnitudes of these peak frequencies to the overall maximum
      magnitude of the spectral plot differed significantly (p less than 0.0001). No
      frequencies above 50 Hz contributed substantially to the energy spectra of the
      terminal QRS and ST segments in any group. Thus, differences in the energy
      spectra do not result from differences in the frequencies of components, but are
      attributable instead to differences in the amplitudes of components within a
      relatively narrow range of frequencies. The quantitative approach developed
      should provide objective indexes for assessing effects of antiarrhythmic
      interventions on abnormalities recognizable by frequency-domain analysis and
      improve noninvasive definition of risk for development of sustained VT.

PMID- 4003292
TI  - Comparison of two-dimensional echocardiographic and angiographic findings in
      arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
AB  - Comparison of 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic and right ventricular (RV)
      angiographic findings was performed in 10 patients with arrhythmogenic RV
      dysplasia. Diagnosis was based on accepted electrocardiographic and angiographic
      criteria. Nine patients underwent invasive electrophysiologic study, which
      confirmed RV source of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 7. Biopsy findings of RV
      dysplasia were available in 3 patients. Two-dimensional echocardiography and
      angiography corresponded closely when diffuse RV enlargement and hypokinesia were
      present. Such diffuse findings were not invariably present. Localized
      abnormalities consisting of bulging or sacculation of the RV wall were noted by
      both techniques, even in the absence of diffuse changes. Echocardiographic
      evidence of localized disease predicted the presence of similar lesions at
      angiography, but agreement as to specific location was poor. Subjectivity in
      interpreting subtle RV abnormalities by either technique and the inherent
      differences in information provided by the 2 methods probably account for the
      inconsistencies. In the patient with suspected arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia, 2-D
      echocardiographic evidence of diffuse RV enlargement, otherwise unexplained,
      strongly supports the diagnosis and angiography may be avoided. Isolated local
      changes seen by echocardiography should increase suspicion of RV dysplasia, but
      complementary angiographic study is warranted.

PMID- 4003293
TI  - Surgical treatment of accessory atrioventricular pathways and symptomatic
      tachycardia in children and young adults.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients aged 21 years or younger (mean 15) with symptomatic
      tachycardia underwent operation for ablation of an accessory atrioventricular
      pathway. Six patients had associated Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid
      valve. Supraventricular tachycardia had been present for a mean of 5 years. At
      electrophysiologic study, 4 patients were found to have 2 accessory pathways.
      Left ventricular free wall pathways were found in 14 patients, right ventricular
      free wall pathways in 10 and septal pathways in 6. Successful initial ablation of
      all the pathways was achieved in 26 of the 27 patients. No patient died
      perioperatively and none had persistent complete heart block. During a mean
      follow-up of 11 months, no patient had recurrence of an arrhythmia related to the
      accessory pathway. Thus, the surgical treatment of children and young adults with
      accessory atrioventricular pathways and symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia
      is safe and effective. For these patients, unless the tachycardia can be easily
      controlled with a minimal number of drugs and adverse effects, surgical ablation
      should be considered early in the clinical course.

PMID- 4003295
TI  - Albumin-induced changes in the electrocardiographic QRS complex.
AB  - The amplitude of the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram was correlated with
      conventional serum electrolyte concentrations in 94 nonhypertensive and 53
      hypertensive patients. There was a highly significant correlation of QRS
      amplitude with serum albumin level in both groups. There was also significant
      correlation with serum calcium level in the nonhypertensive group, but this
      significance disappeared after correction for albumin. Changes in the serum
      albumin level during the hospital admission of the nonhypertensive patients were
      positively correlated with changes in QRS amplitude. Albumin infusion into 13
      healthy persons resulted in significantly increased QRS amplitude, which was
      related to changes in serum albumin concentration. These results suggest that
      changes in serum protein concentration cause changes in QRS amplitude, possibly
      as a result of increased conductivity.

PMID- 4003294
TI  - Rate-dependent effects of procainamide on His-Purkinje conduction in man.
AB  - Microelectrode studies in isolated cardiac tissues have shown that the depressant
      effect of several antiarrhythmic drugs on the maximal upstroke velocity of the
      cardiac action potential is rate-dependent. To determine whether this effect of
      antiarrhythmic drugs is seen in humans, 14 patients undergoing atrial pacing at
      several rates were prospectively studied before and after the infusion of
      procainamide (15 mg/kg). The HV interval (His-Purkinje conduction rate) and the
      QRS duration (intraventricular conduction rate) were measured. Before
      procainamide infusion, atrial pacing did not significantly prolong the maximal HV
      interval (from 54 +/- 15 to 58 +/- 13 ms). After procainamide infusion (mean
      serum level 10.0 +/- 3 micrograms/ml) atrial pacing at an average of 5 pacing
      rates significantly prolonged the HV interval (from 67 +/- 18 to 80 +/- 20 ms, p
      less than 0.001). The extent of HV prolongation with atrial pacing after
      procainamide infusion was independent of the HV interval at rest before
      procainamide. The duration of the QRS complex also tended to prolong with atrial
      pacing after procainamide infusion, but this prolongation was not statistically
      significant. Thus, procainamide produces a rate-dependent depressant effect on
      His-Purkinje and intraventricular conduction, confirming observations made in
      isolated tissue preparations.

PMID- 4003297
TI  - Complex arrhythmias in mitral regurgitation with and without mitral valve
      prolapse: contrast to arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse without mitral
      regurgitation.
AB  - Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias were characterized by ambulatory
      electrocardiography in 31 patients with nonischemic mitral regurgitation (MR), 17
      of whom had echocardiographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and 14 of
      whom had other causes of MR. Frequent and complex arrhythmias were common and
      equally prevalent in each MR subgroup, whether or not MVP was present. Multiform
      ventricular ectopy was found in 77% (24 of 31), ventricular couplets in 61% (19
      of 31), and ventricular salvos or ventricular tachycardia in 35% (11 of 31) of
      patients with MR. Arrhythmias in patients with MR were significantly more
      prevalent than in 63 patients with MVP who had no evidence of MR. Among patients
      with MVP, excess arrhythmias associated with MR were most striking with respect
      to frequent ventricular premature complexes (41% with MR vs 3% without MR),
      multiform ventricular ectopic activity (88% vs 43%), ventricular couplets (65% vs
      6%), and ventricular salvos or ventricular tachycardia (35% vs 5%) (p less than
      0.005 for each comparison). These data demonstrate that complex arrhythmias are
      common in patients with nonischemic MR irrespective of etiology, and that these
      arrhythmias are more strongly associated with hemodynamically important MR than
      with MVP alone.

PMID- 4003296
TI  - RO13-6438, a new inotrope-vasodilator: systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects
      in congestive heart failure.
AB  - Systemic and coronary hemodynamics and transmyocardial norepinephrine release
      were determined before and after oral administration of RO13-6438, a new inotrope
      vasodilator agent, in 12 patients with severe chronic heart failure unresponsive
      to conventional and vasodilator therapy. Improvement in left ventricular (LV)
      function was evident from a marked increase in cardiac index (from 2.09 +/- 0.45
      to 3.30 +/- 0.73 liters/min/m2, p less than 0.01), stroke volume index (from 23
      +/- 7 to 36 +/- 11 ml/m2, p less than 0.01), and stroke work index (from 23 +/-
      11 to 36 +/- 14 g-m/m2, p less than 0.01), and concomitant fall in pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure (from 26 +/- 7 to 16 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than 0.01).
      Myocardial oxygen consumption did not change significantly (from 15.3 +/- 6.8 to
      14.9 +/- 6.8 ml/min), but the ratio of minute work/myocardial oxygen consumption,
      an index of LV efficiency, increased significantly (p less than 0.05). Although
      average coronary sinus flow did not change, coronary sinus oxygen increased (from
      3.2 +/- 0.8 to 4.2 +/- 1.5 vol%, p less than 0.05), and arterial-coronary sinus
      oxygen difference decreased (from 11.8 +/- 2.1 to 10.4 +/- 1.9 vol%, p less than
      0.05), suggesting a primary vasodilating effect of RO13-6438 on the coronary
      vascular bed. Net transmyocardial norepinephrine release did not change despite
      the marked hemodynamic improvement. These findings suggest that RO13-6438 has the
      potential to cause marked improvement in LV function and LV efficiency in
      patients with severe, refractory congestive heart failure.

PMID- 4003298
TI  - Operative repair of coarctation of the aorta in infancy: results with and without
      ventricular septal defect.
AB  - Coarctation of the aorta (CA) presenting in infancy is a life-threatening
      condition, especially if associated with intracardiac left-to-right shunts.
      Between 1971 and 1980, 51 infants with symptomatic CA have been diagnosed and
      treated. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was present in 18 patients and patent
      ductus arteriosus in 24. End-to-end repair was performed in 20 patients, 17 (85%)
      of whom were long-term survivors. Subclavian flap angioplasty repair was used in
      28 patients, of whom 25 (89%) were long-term survivors. During long-term follow
      up 6 patients (35%) who underwent end-to-end repair had recurrent CA, whereas
      only 3 patients (12%) who underwent subclavian flap angioplasty had recurrent CA
      (p less than 0.05). The mortality rate in patients with associated VSD was higher
      (4 of 18, 22%). Pulmonary trunk banding with subsequent VSD repair was associated
      with a better survival (13 of 14 patients, 90%) than when banding was not
      performed (2 of 5 patients) (p less than 0.05). These results suggest subclavian
      flap angioplasty is the preferred treatment for symptomatic CA occurring in
      infancy. Concomitant pulmonary trunk banding in patients with VSD can be
      performed with the expectation of a lower mortality at subsequent VSD repair.

PMID- 4003300
TI  - Morphology of ventricular septal defect in complete transposition of the great
      arteries.
AB  - The morphologic characteristics of ventricular septal defect (VSD) was studied in
      50 hearts with complete transposition of the great arteries. Except for 1
      membranous and 1 subarterial defect, all VSDs could be classified into 1 of 4
      categories. Group A included 14 specimens with a perimembranous defect extending
      into inlet and trabecular septum with rightward malalignment of the outlet
      septum; in this group aortic arch anomalies (6 hearts) and tricuspid valve
      abnormalities (7 hearts) were frequently present. Group B comprised 13 hearts
      with perimembranous defects extending into the inlet septum; 11 hearts in this
      group also had an anomalous mitral valve. Group C included 13 hearts with
      muscular inlet defects, with signs of spontaneous closure by marginal fibrosis in
      10 cases. Group D included 8 hearts with muscular infundibular defects; in 6 of
      these hearts the outlet septum was malaligned to the left, causing different
      degrees of subpulmonary stenosis. A small second VSD was present in 5 hearts.
      Thus, the spectrum of VSD in transposition of the great arteries is different
      from that of isolated VSD.

PMID- 4003299
TI  - Variable morphology of ventricular septal defect in double inlet left ventricle.
AB  - The morphologic characteristics of ventricular septal defect (VSD) relative to
      the disposition of the atrioventricular conduction axis were studied (as far as
      was possible from gross observation) in 33 hearts with double inlet left
      ventricle. The hearts were separated into 4 groups. The hearts had either right
      sided or left-sided rudimentary right ventricles (RV) coexisting with either
      ventriculoarterial (VA) concordance or discordance, respectively. Significant
      differences were noted in the morphology of the VSD according to these patterns.
      With right-sided rudimentary RV and VA concordance the anatomy was similar to
      that of classic tricuspid atresia, with an extensive outlet septum in the roof of
      the defect. With left-sided rudimentary RV and VA concordance, 2 further patterns
      were seen. In 1 pattern the arrangement was similar to that found with VA
      discordance. In the other, there was a pinhole VSD, a grossly hypoplastic right
      ventricle and a complete subaortic infundibulum in the dominant left ventricle.
      With VA discordance the morphology was broadly similar be the rudimentary RV
      right-sided or left-sided. The outlet septum was much less extensive than in the
      arrangement with right-sided RV and VA concordance. Minimal differences related
      to the formation of the right margin of the defect, which always carried the
      conduction axis on its left ventricular aspect. These differences dictated the
      "safest margins" of the defect should its excision be required during life.
      Basically, the left margin of the apical trabecular septum can most safely be
      excised.

PMID- 4003301
TI  - Usefulness of echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular and pulmonary
      trunk size for estimating magnitude of left-to-right shunt in children with
      atrial septal defect.
AB  - M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed in 42 patients,
      aged 1 to 16 years (mean 6), with a secundum or sinus venosus type atrial septal
      defect (ASD) and normal pulmonary artery pressure. Twenty normal children served
      as a control group. In patients with ASD the echocardiographic variables were
      correlated with the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt (Qp/Qs) calculated by
      the Fick principle. Although M-mode echocardiograms showed increased right
      ventricular (RV) dimension in 69% of the patients, the correlation between RV
      dimension index (RV dimension/body surface area) and Qp/Qs was weak (r = 0.49).
      When RV dimension was related to left ventricular (LV) dimension and expressed by
      the RV/LV ratio, 90% of the patients were found to have an abnormally large right
      ventricle. The correlation between the RV/LV ratio and Qp/Qs was fairly good (r =
      0.64). In 33 patients (78%), the pulmonary trunk (PT) was adequately visualized
      and measured on 2-dimensional echocardiograms. The dimension of the PT was
      related to the aortic root dimension and expressed by the PT dimension/aortic
      dimension ratio. This ratio was 0.99 +/- 0.06 in normal children and 1.35 +/-
      0.23 in patients with ASD (p less than 0.001). The PT/aortic ratio exceeded the
      upper limit of normal (the normal mean value + 2 standard deviations) in each of
      the 27 patients with a Qp/Qs of 1.5 or greater. In 5 of the 6 patients with a
      Qp/Qs of less than 1.5 the PT/aortic ratio was close to 1 and within the normal
      range. An excellent correlation (r = 0.89) was found between the PT/aortic ratio
      and Qp/Qs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003302
TI  - Method for estimating right ventricular volume by planes applicable to cross
      sectional echocardiography: correlation with angiographic formulas.
AB  - Right ventricular (RV) volumes determined by echocardiography were compared with
      those measured using established angiographic formulas. RV cast displacement
      volumes were first correlated with data derived from radiographic images of the
      casts corresponding to standard angiographic RV views. Four established
      angiographic formulas (Ferlinz, Boak, Fisher and Thilenius) correlated well with
      cast volume, with the corrected prism method of Fisher showing a best fit (r =
      0.98, y = 1.1 + 0.9 x, standard error of the estimate = 3.6). Cast volumes
      calculated using our echocardiographic formula were then examined relative to the
      volumes derived from radiographic images of the RV casts. Volumes calculated
      using the corrected area-length Thilenius formula correlated best with those
      obtained using our derived 2-dimensional echocardiographic formula (r = 0.96, y =
      4.6 + 1.0 x, standard error of the estimate = 6.8). These data confirm that
      volume calculated using the suggested optimal echocardiographic formula
      correlates well with volume obtained using derived angiographic data.
      Accordingly, confirmation in humans by the use of angiography is a rational step.

PMID- 4003303
TI  - Effect of intact endothelium against platelet-induced coronary artery spasm in
      isolated rabbit hearts.
AB  - Effects of collagen-activated washed rabbit platelets on coronary arteries with
      and without intact endothelium were studied in a supported rabbit heart
      preparation using a perfluorocarbon (FC-43) as perfusate. The vascular diameter
      of obtuse marginal coronary arteries was determined by means of gated color
      arteriography (injection of patent blue dye). Endothelial denudation of the
      obtuse marginal artery was accomplished by scraping the lumen with a roughened
      plastic tubing. Injection of washed platelets (10 ml with about 500,000
      platelets/microliters) not treated with collagen failed to constrict coronary
      arteries either with intact or denuded endothelium. In contrast, injection of
      platelet suspension immediately after activation with collagen caused
      vasoconstriction of denuded obtuse marginal coronary arteries in 10 of 14 cases.
      In 6 preparations occlusion was complete, lasting up to 16 minutes. In arteries
      with intact endothelium, no coronary vasoconstriction occurred. In hearts with
      coronary artery spasm, total coronary vascular resistance increased
      significantly. This study furnishes additional evidence that endothelial lesions
      are a contributory factor for large coronary artery spasm and that endothelial
      cells possess a protective function against vasoconstrictor substances released
      from aggregating platelets.

PMID- 4003304
TI  - Sinus rhythm mapping in healed experimental myocardial infarction: contrasting
      activation patterns for inducing ventricular tachycardia versus fibrillation.
AB  - The inducibility of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF) is
      variable in healed myocardial infarction (MI) in the dog. To better understand
      the electrophysiologic basis for these arrhythmias, MI was produced in dogs by
      ligating the left anterior descending artery. One week later, epicardial mapping
      was performed with the dog in sinus rhythm using a hand-held bipolar electrode.
      Transmural mapping was performed with the dog in sinus rhythm with 4 pairs of
      bipolar electrodes mounted on a #14 needle. Ventricular arrhythmias were induced
      by the S1S2S3 technique or 3- to 5-beat burst pacing at twice diastolic
      threshold. Only VF could be induced in 11 dogs, while sustained VT was induced in
      6 dogs. Significantly more marked and more extensive delay in activation was seen
      both in the epicardium and transmurally in dogs with VT than in dogs with VF. In
      addition, dogs with VT had morphologic evidence of a large transmural MI, whereas
      dogs with VF had only a subendocardial MI. It is concluded that inducible
      sustained VT in the dog is usually associated with a large transmural MI and an
      activation sequence in sinus rhythm characterized by an extensive area of marked
      delay in activation. This activation pattern in sinus rhythm presumably is
      necessary to provide the underlying electrophysiologic milieu for sustained
      reentry.

PMID- 4003306
TI  - Relation of coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction to
      left ventricular end-diastolic pressure after left ventriculography.

PMID- 4003307
TI  - Clearance-based oral drug interaction between verapamil and metoprolol and
      comparison with atenolol.

PMID- 4003308
TI  - Size of acute myocardial infarcts in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 4003305
TI  - Effect of ibuprofen on the healing phase of experimental myocardial infarction in
      the rat.
AB  - The healing phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is initiated by
      proteolysis of necrotic myocardium, followed by infiltration of fibroblasts and
      deposition of collagen. To assess whether ibuprofen, a potent antiinflammatory
      agent, preserves existing collagen and enhances deposition of new collagen during
      infarct healing, biochemical and morphologic studies were made of experimentally
      induced myocardial infarcts in untreated rats and in rats treated with ibuprofen.
      All treated rats received 12.5 mg/kg of ibuprofen at 1, 6 and 18 hours after AMI.
      Group 1 rats underwent measurement of myocardial hydroxyproline (HP) content at
      24 hours after AMI. Group 2 rats received ibuprofen, 12.5 mg/kg, twice a day for
      2 additional days, with measurement of myocardial HP at 3 days (group 2a) or 21
      days (group 2b) after AMI. Group 3 rats received ibuprofen, 12.5 mg/kg, twice a
      day for 6 additional days with measurement of HP content, or infarct size and
      degree of thinning at 21 days after AMI. Compared with untreated rats, ibuprofen
      treated rats had significantly greater amounts of HP in the infarct at 24 hours
      (group 1, 8.9 +/- 2.2 nmol/mg dry weight vs untreated, 7.1 +/- 2.8 nmol/mg dry
      weight, p less than 0.04) and at 21 days (group 2b, 112 +/- 37 nmol/mg dry weight
      vs untreated, 91 +/- 39 nmol/mg dry weight, p less than 0.05, and group 3, 125 +/
      51 nmol/mg dry weight vs untreated, 91 +/- 39 nmol/mg dry weight, p less than
      0.003). Substantial scar thinning was noted in all rats; no difference in scar
      thinning was noted between treated and untreated rats at 21 days after
      AMI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003309
TI  - Ventricular septal rupture during ibuprofen therapy for pericarditis after acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4003310
TI  - Prophylactic external pacing during cardioversion of atrial tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 4003311
TI  - Catheter ablation of incessant ventricular tachycardia refractory to external
      cardioversions.

PMID- 4003312
TI  - Transvenous catheter ablation of the accessory atrioventricular pathway in the
      permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia.

PMID- 4003313
TI  - Flecainide-induced aggravation of ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 4003314
TI  - Worsening of congestive heart failure in amyloid heart disease treated by calcium
      channel-blocking agents.

PMID- 4003315
TI  - Selective binding of nifedipine to amyloid fibrils.

PMID- 4003316
TI  - Direct reconstruction of pulmonary artery arborization anomaly and intracardiac
      repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect.

PMID- 4003317
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiography in detection of endocardial cushion defect in
      families.

PMID- 4003318
TI  - Coronary artery fistula: a pulsed Doppler/two-dimensional echocardiographic
      study.

PMID- 4003319
TI  - Aortico-left ventricular tunnel arising from the left aortic sinus.

PMID- 4003320
TI  - Trauma-induced pseudoaneurysm of the right ventricle: diagnosis by two
      dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 4003321
TI  - Diastolic congestive heart failure.

PMID- 4003322
TI  - Hydralazine in the management of chronic congestive heart failure.

PMID- 4003323
TI  - Development of neuroepithelial bodies in intact and cultured lungs of fetal rats.
AB  - Intact, 14- to 21-day fetal rat lung pairs, neonatal lungs, and cultured 15- and
      16-day lung explants were examined in 2-micron-thick glycol methacrylate sections
      stained by PAS-lead hematoxylin. Selected stages were also studied in
      histochemical preparations for aliesterase and formaldehyde-induced monoamine
      fluorescence, as well as by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
      Neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) first appear in pseudoglandular lungs at 15 days in
      vivo as pyramidal groups of basal, diffusely lead-hematoxylin-positive cells in
      glycogen-depleted epithelium of main and lobar bronchi. By day 16, primitive NEBs
      occur within three to four generations of the terminal buds, and older, proximal
      bodies are larger and more distinctive than at 15 days. Aliesterase activity is
      first detected in basally located, developing NEBs on day 16. During the
      canalicular and alveolar sac periods, NEBs appear and mature on a proximal-to
      distal gradient along the airway, as they do in developing rabbit and human
      lungs. As earlier-formed airways elongate, additional NEBs appear and supplement
      the population already present. By days 20-21, NEBs occur at all airway levels
      down to the bronchiolo-alveolar junctions, and many of the cells have discrete
      PAS- and lead-hematoxylin-positive, infranuclear granules. Near term some NEBs
      exhibit serotonin fluorescence after incubation in 5-hydroxytryptophan and have
      abundant, ca. 100-nm, electron-dense granules. These are concentrated toward the
      cell base like the stained granules visualized by light microscopy. Similar
      results were obtained from lungs placed in organ culture. From 2 days in culture
      to a time equivalent to term, NEB formation parallels that in vivo, indicating
      that developmental requirements are met in in vitro. Taken altogether,
      morphologic and cytochemical evidence suggests that NEBs of rats are functional
      in late fetal life and that their development is relatively independent of
      extrapulmonary influences and of the intraepithelial ingrowth of sensory nerve
      endings.

PMID- 4003324
TI  - Postnatal development of "synaptic" ribbons and spherules in the guinea pig
      pineal gland.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the functionally enigmatic pineal "synaptic"
      ribbons are structurally a heterogeneous group of organelles consisting of
      rodlike ribbons sensu stricto, spherules, and intermediate forms. As ribbons and
      spherules react differently under various experimental conditions, these
      organelles were studied qualitatively and quantitatively during the postnatal
      period in guinea pigs. It was found that the pinealocytes were highly
      differentiated at birth and contained all three forms of "synaptic" structures.
      Ribbons and intermediate forms were more abundant than spherules and exhibited a
      striking increase in number on postnatal days 1 and 2; this increase was followed
      by a distinct trough and by a second peak at days 12 and 13, after which their
      numbers declined to reach adult levels by day 20. The spherules were small in
      number at birth and did not show the large immediate postnatal increase observed
      for the ribbons and intermediate forms. Instead there was a steady numerical
      increase up to day 12 (absolute number) or day 15 (relative numbers), followed by
      a decrease to adult level by day 20. Whereas during the early postnatal period
      (days 1 to 3) the majority of pinealocytes were characterized by ribbons and
      intermediate forms, with increasing age spherule-bearing pinealocytes increased
      in number. As ribbons and spherules were usually not found in the same
      pinealocyte, the present findings are interpreted to mean that ribbons and
      spherules characterize different types of pinealocytes showing an inverse
      numerical development postnatally. Developmentally intermediate forms behave like
      ribbons.

PMID- 4003325
TI  - Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected
      diets.
AB  - Chromium (Cr) content of the self-selected diets of 10 adult males and 22 females
      was determined. Each subject collected duplicate food and beverage samples on a
      daily basis for seven consecutive days. The 7-day average intake for males was 33
      +/- 3 micrograms (mean +/- SEM), range 22-48 micrograms, and intake for females
      was 25 +/- 1, range 13-36. Mean Cr intake per 1000 cal was approximately 15
      micrograms. Approximately 90% of the diets analyzed were below the minimum
      suggested safe and adequate daily intake for Cr of 50 micrograms. Chromium
      absorption was inversely related to dietary intake; absorption at a dietary Cr
      intake of 10 micrograms was approximately 2% and, with increasing intake to 40
      micrograms, Cr absorption decreased to 0.5%. These data demonstrate that the
      average daily intake of chromium from self-selected diets is well below the
      minimum suggested safe and adequate intake and that Cr absorption, at levels
      found in typical US diets, is inversely related to dietary intake.

PMID- 4003326
TI  - Zinc and copper retention during pregnancy: the adequacy of prenatal diets with
      and without dietary supplementation.
AB  - Twenty-four pregnant women, in their second trimester, participated in two seven
      day metabolic experiments to evaluate zinc and copper utilization from self
      selected diets, with or without supplementation. Recommended dietary allowances
      for zinc or suggested intakes for copper were not met unless supplements of these
      nutrients were consumed. Zinc retentions in the unsupplemented group were 1.9 and
      0.3 mg/day during the first and second metabolic periods, respectively. Zinc
      retentions in the supplemented group were 2.3 and 4.7 mg/day during the same two
      periods. Intakes above 8 mg/day resulted in positive retentions. Based on
      individual variation, however, intakes of 20 mg/day, the current RDA, would not
      be excessive although possibly some level between these two extremes would be
      adequate. Copper retentions in the unsupplemented and supplemented groups
      combined over the two balance periods were -0.02 and 0.89 mg/day, respectively.
      Adequate copper retention does not appear possible without the use of a
      supplement.

PMID- 4003328
TI  - Tea drinking and microcytic anemia in infants.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of tea drinking on the occurrence of microcytic anemia in
      infants, we studied 122 healthy infants who underwent routine blood counts at the
      age of 6-12 months. An overall high frequency of anemia (Hb less than 11 gm/dl
      48.4%), microcytosis (MCV less than 70 Mm3-21.3%) and microcytic anemia (19%) was
      found in the whole group. The percentage of tea drinking infants with microcytic
      anemia (32.6%) was significantly higher than that of the non-tea drinkers (3.5%).
      The daily amount of tea drinking was 50-750 ml (median 250 ml). The tea drinkers
      had significantly lower mean levels of hemoglobin than that of the non-tea
      drinkers (10.5 +/- 1.2 gm/dl vs 11.2 +/- 0.8 gm/dl, respectively) and
      significantly lower mean levels of mean corpuscular volume than that of the non
      tea drinkers (71.5 +/- 7.1 micron 3 vs 76.1 +/- 4.6 micron 3). There were no
      significant differences between the two groups in their sex distribution and in
      the duration of breast feeding. The two groups differed with regard to their ages
      and social class but a multivariate analysis had excluded the possible
      confounding effect of these differences on the hematological results. Based on
      our finding we do not recommend giving tea to infants whose main source of iron
      is from milk, grains, vegetables or medicinal sources.

PMID- 4003327
TI  - Studies in human lactation: zinc, copper, manganese and chromium in human milk in
      the first month of lactation.
AB  - Zinc, copper, manganese and chromium were measured in a total of 259 samples of
      human milk from 11 women from day of delivery to 31 days postpartum. Milk intakes
      by their fully breast-fed infants were calculated from 24-h test-weighing
      measurements. Zinc was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and
      the other elements by graphite furnace atomic absorption. Mean (+/- SD)
      concentrations declined from a maximum of 11.5 +/- 4.7 micrograms/ml at 2 days to
      2.98 +/- 0.78 micrograms/ml at 28 +/- 3 days. Changes in the other three elements
      were irregular. The average copper concentration declined from 0.6 +/- 0.12
      micrograms/ml on day 5 to 0.41 +/- 0.04 micrograms/ml at 28 days. Manganese
      levels decreased from a mean of 5.4 +/- 1.6 ng/ml on day 1 to 2.7 +/- 1.6 ng/ml
      on day 5; from 8 to 28 days there was little change, the overall mean being 3.7
      +/- 2.2 ng/ml. The average concentration of chromium over the whole period was
      0.27 +/- 0.10 ng/ml. Average daily intakes of the elements, by the infants, over
      the one month period were: zinc, 2.0 mg; copper, 0.25 mg; manganese, 2.0
      micrograms; chromium, 150 ng.

PMID- 4003329
TI  - Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum zinc levels in the diagnosis and exclusion
      of zinc deficiency in man.
AB  - In the present study we monitored serum zinc (Zn) and serum alkaline phosphatase
      (AP) levels during Zn supplementation in (A) a young zinc depletion syndrome
      (ZDS) patient with severe Zn deficiency, (B) three acrodermatitis enteropathica
      (AEP) patients with mild Zn deficiency and (C) 7 elderly and 3 younger patients
      without Zn deficiency. In (A) serum Zn and serum AP values were low, but
      following parenteral Zn the parameters rose to normal levels (r = +0.79, p less
      than 0.001). In (B) serum Zn and serum AP levels decreased when oral Zn was
      stopped, but shortly returned to normal upon reinitiation of Zn. In (C) Zn
      therapy caused a rise in the serum Zn concentration whereas the serum AP activity
      decreased (r = -0.01, p greater than 0.1). The results suggest that serial
      determinations of serum Zn and serum AP during Zn supplementation may be a valid
      tool in the diagnosis of severe and mild Zn deficiency as well as in the
      exclusion of the diagnosis.

PMID- 4003330
TI  - The measurement of plasma vitamin B6 compounds: comparison of a cation-exchange
      HPLC method with the open-column chromatographic method and the L-tyrosine
      apodecarboxylase assay.
AB  - A cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was found
      to be comparable to the open-column (OCC) method for measuring six different B6
      compounds in human plasma and the L-tyrosine apodecarboxylase (LTD) assay for
      pyridoxal-P (PLP). Plasma samples were obtained from 9 subjects before and after
      7 days of pyridoxine (PN) supplementation. PLP, pyridoxal (PL) and 4-pyridoxic
      acid (4-PA) were the major B6 compounds in plasma and the only compounds which
      increased after supplementation. The coefficients of correlation between any 2 of
      the 3 methods in measuring plasma PLP were greater than 0.93, and between HPLC
      and OCC in quantifying PL and 4-PA were 0.82 and 0.63, respectively. With the low
      plasma levels of pyridoxamine-P, PN and pyridoxamine, the results from OCC were
      consistently higher than those from HPLC. However, recoveries of spiked B6
      compounds in plasma by these methods were between 84 to 105 percent for all the 5
      vitamers and 4-PA.

PMID- 4003331
TI  - Absorption of starch by healthy ileostomates: effect of transit time and of
      carbohydrate load.
AB  - Recently, breath hydrogen studies and intubation techniques have indicated that
      in excess of 10% of starch in normal foods may be malabsorbed in the small
      intestine and enter the colon. We evaluated starch absorption in healthy subjects
      with ileostomy. First, unabsorbed starch was quantified in ileostomy effluent
      from six ileostomates who ingested constant diets of wheat and potato starch for
      four days. Daily unabsorbed starch ranged from 1.3% to 5.0% of total ingested
      starch. Second, starch from a radiolabeled solid meal containing 50 g potato
      starch was measured under control conditions and after altering transit time with
      either loperamide, or magnesium citrate. Loperamide significantly decreased the
      amount of unabsorbed starch in all six ileostomates (p less than 0.05), while
      magnesium citrate significantly increased starch malabsorption in all six
      subjects (p less than 0.05). Third, starch absorption was measured after single
      solid meals containing 25, 50, 75, and 100 g potato starch. There was a linear
      relationship between starch input and output. Mean output expressed as a percent
      of input remained constant. We conclude that the degree of starch malabsorption
      by the small intestine of ileostomates may be less than that estimated by
      indirect methods in intact humans. The amount of unabsorbed starch is directly
      related to the quantity ingested and to the small intestinal transit time.

PMID- 4003332
TI  - Lactational performance in relation to energy intake in the baboon.
AB  - The relationship between energy intake and lactational performance in the baboon
      was investigated by determining energy intake, milk output and energy balance in
      animals fed ad libitum during a nonreproductive phase and during lactation, or
      fed 80% or 60% of ad libitum intake during lactation. No evidence was found for
      an increased efficiency of energy utilization during lactation when feeding was
      ad libitum, as judged by calculated energy used on activity and maintenance.
      Restricted feeding did however produce an increase in efficiency, estimated at 17
      25%. This change enabled milk output and body nutrient stores to be protected
      when the restriction was to 80% of the ad libitum intake but at 60% of ad libitum
      intake, milk output was reduced and body nutrient mobilization was increased. It
      is proposed that low maternal food intake is associated with impairment of
      lactational performance when it is also severe enough to increase body nutrient
      mobilization.

PMID- 4003333
TI  - The absorption of cholesterol and the sterol balance in the Tarahumara Indians of
      Mexico fed cholesterol-free and high cholesterol diets.
AB  - The Tarahumara Indians of Mexico are habituated to a very low cholesterol, low
      fat diet and have lifelong low plasma cholesterol concentrations. To study
      cholesterol metabolism in these unusual people, 8 Tarahumara men were fed
      sequentially a cholesterol-free diet and then a diet containing 900 mg
      cholesterol under controlled conditions. The intestinal absorption of
      cholesterol, fecal steroid excretion and sterol balance were determined. During
      the high cholesterol diet period, the plasma cholesterol level increased from 113
      +/- 8 mg/dl to 147 +/- 11 mg/dl (means +/- SD). Cholesterol biosynthesis
      decreased from 14.0 +/- 0.7 to 7.1 +/- 1.0 mg/kg/day (means +/- SE). The
      intestinal absorption of cholesterol was 27.7 +/- 6.7% (means +/- SE) during both
      dietary periods. Compared to other cultures, Tarahumaras had a reduced ability to
      absorb dietary cholesterol and higher total sterol turnover primarily because of
      an increased bile acid output. The total sterol disposition over three weeks of
      the high cholesterol diet accounted for all the absorbed dietary cholesterol.

PMID- 4003334
TI  - Potassium, calcium, alcohol intake and blood pressure: the Zutphen Study.
AB  - In 1960, 1965, and 1970 information about the usual intake of foods and beverages
      was collected by the cross-check dietary history method, among middle-aged men in
      the town of Zutphen, the Netherlands. Blood pressures were also taken in these
      years. Potassium intake was significantly inversely related to systolic blood
      pressure in 1970. A significant inverse relation between calcium intake and blood
      pressure was found in 1965 and 1970. Changes in potassium and calcium intake
      during 5 and 10 years of follow-up were not related to changes in blood pressure.
      In univariate analyses, alcohol intake was significantly positively related to
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all three years. After multivariate
      analyses this relation persisted for systolic blood pressure in 1960 and for
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 1965. Changes in alcohol intake during 5
      years of follow-up were positively related to changes in systolic blood pressure.

PMID- 4003335
TI  - Seasonal variations, and the intra-household distribution of food in a
      Bangladeshi village.
AB  - Individual food intakes and body weights were measured in 53 rural Bangladeshi
      households at four seasons. Energy and protein intakes (kcal/kg/d) showed
      significant seasonal differences for adults and young children (1-4 yr). Energy
      intakes of women and children were expressed as a proportion of the male
      household heads', to give an indicator of food allocation. Women's and older
      children's proportional energy intakes remained constant through the year, and in
      line with expected values. Young children's proportional intakes were low, girls'
      being lower than boys'. The only seasonal variation was an increase in young
      girls' proportional energy intake when household food supplies were lowest. It is
      concluded that women's proportional intakes are not depressed when family food
      intake decreases. There is evidence that young girls receive particularly low
      intakes.

PMID- 4003336
TI  - The ecology of nutritional status and development in young children in Kingston,
      Jamaica.
AB  - A survey of two poor neighborhoods in Kingston, Jamaica is reported. The
      nutritional status in children under 48 months (309) and the developmental levels
      of children between six and thirty months (168) were assessed. Characteristics of
      children with poor nutritional status and development were identified. Thirty-one
      percent of the children had Gomez grade 1 malnutrition, 9% had Gomez grade 2, and
      1.6% had Gomez grade 3. There was somewhat more stunting than wasting.
      Nutritional indicators, weight for age and weight for height, as well as
      developmental levels declined with the children's age. Children with poor
      nutritional status tended to be girls, have poor housing, mothers with low levels
      of education, and mothers who worked. Children with low developmental quotients
      (DQs) tended to be boys and have mothers who worked. Multiple regression analysis
      showed that stunting (ht/age) and weight for age had significant effects on DQ,
      whereas wasting (wt/ht) did not.

PMID- 4003338
TI  - IgA nephropathy. A comparative study of the clinicopathologic features in
      children and adults.
AB  - A comparative study of the clinicopathologic features of IgA nephropathy in 24
      children and 46 adults was undertaken. In children, microscopic hematuria was
      present in all cases and was associated with gross hematuria in 83% and
      proteinuria in 58%. In adults, microscopic hematuria was present in 91%, gross
      hematuria in 25%, and proteinuria in 80%. During followup, renal failure was
      recorded among 5.5% of children and 10% of adults. Biopsy specimens were obtained
      from all patients and were examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence
      microscopic technics. Morphologic changes in the glomeruli were classified
      according to the degree of mesangial hypercellularity, sclerosis, and crescent
      formation into four groups. The most common glomerular pattern in children was
      diffuse, mesangial hypercellularity, while mesangial proliferation associated
      with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis predominated among adults. These
      observations suggest that glomerular morphology correlates with age at diagnosis
      and influences the clinical outcome of the disease.

PMID- 4003337
TI  - Dietary habits and the prediction of life span of rats: a prospective test.
AB  - A multivariable statistical model for predicting the duration of life of rats
      permitted to select their own diets was evaluated prospectively. With information
      relating to pre-adult dietary habits and growth responses, the predicted length
      of life for an individual closely matched the observed life span; the average
      absolute error was 11%. This suggests that, even under normal feeding conditions,
      the diet/growth history is an important factor bearing on death rate. In general,
      an early adult death age is associated with a high food intake prior to adulthood
      particularly when coupled with a high efficiency of food utilization during the
      post-puberty period, a rapid growth rate and early attainment of mature weight.
      Deviations from this pattern serve to increase the duration of life of the
      individual.

PMID- 4003339
TI  - A data base approach to laboratory computerization.
AB  - The Regenstrief Clinical Laboratory System (RCLS) has been operational since 1975
      at Wishard Memorial Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. The clinician support, use
      of a true data base management system, and the user interfaces distinguish this
      system from many commercially available laboratory systems. Physician reports
      include laboratory, clinical (e.g., physical examination), pharmacy, and
      radiology data in a single, compact flow sheet. The system can search patient
      medical records for conditions that may require corrective action and inform
      physicians of the reasons these actions should be considered. The RCLS data base
      and its flexible data retrieval capabilities provide a variety of effective
      technics for monitoring laboratory utilization. The site-specific modifications
      required to transport this system do not require reprogramming. Important
      laboratory support features include highly "user friendly" design, multiple
      specimen numbering sequences, large amounts of free text, reports that can be
      tailored by non-programmer personnel, CAP accounting statistics, online
      instrument interfaces, and extensive online instructional facilities.

PMID- 4003340
TI  - The role of aspiration biopsy cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary
      tuberculosis.
AB  - The experience at one institution concerning the diagnosis of pulmonary
      tuberculosis by aspiration biopsy is reviewed. Twelve cases in which acid-fast
      bacilli were identified in pulmonary aspiration material are reported. The
      cytologic findings were confirmed by microbiologic culture in nine cases. The
      advantages of using aspiration biopsy cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary
      tuberculosis are discussed. In our experience we conclude that the use of
      aspiration biopsy cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is not only
      accurate, but also offers several advantages that are important in patient care.

PMID- 4003341
TI  - Giant platelets on the Technicon H6000.
AB  - The presence of "giant" platelets in peripheral circulating blood can be
      associated with many hematologic disorders. With an automated cell-counting
      instrument such as the Technicon H6000, the presence of abnormally large
      platelets can be detected by examination of the leukocyte X-Y display of the
      peroxidase channel. When an abnormal pattern is discovered, the patient's blood
      can then be examined by preparation of a blood smear to confirm the presence of
      giant platelets. This can be a beneficial and efficient screening of routine
      complete blood counts for the possible presence of many hematologic disorders
      using this automated cell-counting instrument in the hematology laboratory.

PMID- 4003342
TI  - Presence of P blood group antigens on human platelets.
AB  - Except for ABH antigens, the presence of red cell (RBC) antigens on human
      platelets has been a source of disagreement among investigators. Because ABH
      antigens share precursor sequences with P-system saccharides, the authors
      examined human platelets for evidence of P blood group antigens. Anti-P was
      directly labeled with 125I and incubated with normal platelets in a one-stage
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). Alternatively, platelets from donors of known RBC
      phenotype were incubated with anti-P, anti-P1, or anti-Tja, washed, incubated
      with FITC-labeled goat anti-human immunoglobulin and evaluated by fluorescence
      flow cytometry. The results of these assays demonstrate that platelets express P
      blood group antigens in parallel to the donor's RBCs. The role of these antigens
      in platelet transfusion is not known.

PMID- 4003343
TI  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: detection and specificity of a
      platelet-aggregating IgG.
AB  - A 46-year-old female who died as a result of thrombocytopenia associated with
      multiple arterial occlusions and septicemia while on heparin therapy was found to
      have a platelet-aggregating factor present in several plasma samples and in a
      sample of serum. This factor was subsequently shown to be an IgG with aggregating
      properties toward normal platelets that were enhanced by, but not dependent on,
      the presence of heparin. Further studies showed that heparin was unlikely to have
      acted as a hapten in initiating the IgG production but that its role was
      significant in aggravating the ensuing arterial thrombosis. The necessity of
      substitution of heparin with alternative anticoagulant/antithrombotic therapy to
      avoid the worst sequelae of this potentially catastrophic syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 4003344
TI  - Protection against venous thrombosis in an antithrombin-III deficient patient
      suffering from episodes of arterial thrombosis requiring major surgery. Effects
      of oral stanozolol in combination with subcutaneous heparin and intravenous AT
      III.
AB  - In an antithrombin-III (AT-III) deficient patient suffering from recurrent
      episodes of venous and arterial thrombosis requiring major surgery an attempt was
      made to institute antithrombotic protection by long-term stanozolol treatment
      supplemented during periods of thrombogenic exposure with subcutaneous heparin
      and, when needed, infusion of AT-III as plasma or concentrate. Stanozolol raised
      the plasma levels of AT-III, demonstrating a sparing effect on the AT-III needed.
      Despite the repeated exposures to major surgery, protection against venous
      thrombosis was complete, but the arterial disease progressed and led to the
      demise of the patient.

PMID- 4003345
TI  - Subepithelial electron-dense deposits in idiopathic and lupus membranous
      glomerulonephropathy.

PMID- 4003346
TI  - Cystitis might cause increased S-100 immunoreactivity.

PMID- 4003347
TI  - Replicate analysis of coagulation data? Inappropriate analysis of experimental
      data.

PMID- 4003348
TI  - Anti-tumor chemotherapy: MCV and RDW.

PMID- 4003349
TI  - Availability of physicians through call schedules.

PMID- 4003350
TI  - Coagulase-negative staphylococcal septicemia in newborn babies.

PMID- 4003351
TI  - Alternate causes of pseudotumor cerebri.

PMID- 4003352
TI  - Temperature assessment by parental palpation.

PMID- 4003353
TI  - Juvenile gouty arthritis.

PMID- 4003354
TI  - Schoenlein-Henoch purpura associated with hepatitis A infection.

PMID- 4003355
TI  - Children, adolescents, and television.

PMID- 4003356
TI  - Chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. The dilemma of diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 4003357
TI  - Oral glucose-electrolyte solutions.

PMID- 4003358
TI  - A tympanocentesis learning aid.

PMID- 4003359
TI  - The emphasis of telephone medicine in pediatric training programs.

PMID- 4003360
TI  - Unexpected death in childhood asthma. A review of 13 deaths in ambulatory
      patients.
AB  - Between January 1969 and January 1984, there were 13 deaths in ambulatory chronic
      asthmatics aged 9 to 19 years who had been followed up by physicians of the
      Allergy Section, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. During this period, 5,686
      children had been admitted to this institution for treatment of acute asthma and
      all had survived. Three possible causes for these deaths are suggested from a
      detailed review of each case. One cause may be medication-related, as exemplified
      by patient abuse of inhaled adrenergic drugs with concomitant erratic use of
      theophylline and corticosteroid drugs, or by physician failure to appreciate the
      need for corticosteroids. Serious behavioral disturbances account for some cases
      of medication misuse. A second cause of death may be an unsuspected pulmonary
      pathologic lesion, as revealed at autopsy, and a third cause may be sudden,
      intense airway narrowing, as has been reported in near deaths in hospitalized
      asthmatics.

PMID- 4003361
TI  - Congenital syphilis revisited.
AB  - Despite decades of experience with congenital syphilis, problems still arise in
      case definition, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. We reviewed all
      50 cases of early congenital syphilis reported to the State of Texas in 1982. A
      large proportion of the infants were premature (39%), of low birth weight (38%),
      and symptomatic at birth (62%). Because of these findings, we believe that
      possible cases of asymptomatic congenital syphilis in Texas may be under
      reported. Laboratory and/or roentgenographic findings were important to confirm
      the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. Over half of the asymptomatic infants had
      positive results of cerebrospinal fluid VDRLs. After diagnosis, the treatment of
      infants with penicillin varied considerably. While all 47 living infants were
      treated with penicillin, 21 different regimens were used. We urge all physicians
      to perform complete diagnostic evaluations on suspected infants consisting of a
      quantitative serum test for syphilis, serum IgM levels, a cerebrospinal fluid
      VDRL, roentgenographs of the long bones, and dark-field microscopy where
      indicated. Additionally, infants and their families need appropriate follow-up
      after treatment.

PMID- 4003362
TI  - Acute segmental necrotizing enteritis in children.
AB  - We studied a group of 22 children with an acute upper intestinal obstruction
      associated with segmental necrotizing enteritis, usually involving the jejunum.
      No similar cases were found in the literature.

PMID- 4003363
TI  - Noninvasive evaluation of newborns with suspected congenital heart disease.
AB  - In the distressed newborn, the presence or absence of congenital heart disease
      (CHD) may be difficult to determine on clinical grounds alone. We prospectively
      studied 104 infants who were younger than 7 days of age and in whom CHD was
      suspected. The presence of CHD was detected noninvasively in 64 infants. The
      other 40 infants were considered not to have CHD. None of these 40 infants
      underwent cardiac catheterization for the purpose of excluding CHD, although
      three (7.5%) were subsequently found to have incidental cardiac lesions. In nine
      (14%) of the patients with CHD, the noninvasive diagnosis was incomplete. In four
      patients, ventricular septal defects were not detected; in another patient, a
      suspected ventricular septal defect was not confirmed at catheterization. In
      addition, three abnormalities of the great vessels were misdiagnosed
      noninvasively. We conclude that cardiac catheterization is not necessary to
      exclude significant CHD in the distressed newborn resulting from noncardiac
      causes, but significant diagnostic errors regarding anomalies of the aortic arch
      and ventricular septal defects may occur, based on the noninvasive evaluation
      alone.

PMID- 4003364
TI  - Near-death experiences in a pediatric population. A preliminary report.
AB  - Numerous accounts of a unique psychological state associated with near-fatal
      events have been described in adults; however, we know of no studies in the
      medical literature of the nature or incidence of such experiences in children.
      Four of seven children who survived cardiopulmonary arrests or coma associated
      with trauma, drownings, or hyperosmolar states reported near-death experiences.
      Their subjective accounts of their experiences included a sense of being out of
      the body, traveling in a tunnel or staircase, seeing beings dressed in white, and
      a decisional return to the body. Six patients hospitalized in the intensive care
      unit for epiglottitis, heart surgery, or Guillain-Barre syndrome, all of whom had
      mechanical ventilatory support and were treated with anesthetic agents and
      narcotics, had no memories of the time they were unconscious. Clearly, children
      report near-death experiences similar to ones previously described in adults.
      Further systematic study of this phenomenon is indicated.

PMID- 4003365
TI  - Focal motor seizures heralding stroke in full-term neonates.
AB  - We describe the clinical syndrome, medical management, etiology, and neurologic
      outcome of stroke diagnosed by computed tomographic scan in 11 full-term neonates
      encountered during a two-year period. Neonatal stroke is relatively common and
      may appear in the setting of diverse cerebrovascular disorders such as hypoxic
      ischemic encephalopathy, polycythemia, acute severe hypertension, and
      embolization. Repetitive, persistently unifocal motor seizures heralded localized
      cerebral injuries in eight infants. The majority of patients did not display any
      other lateralized clinical neurologic signs. An electroencephalogram revealed a
      focal or lateralized functional central nervous system abnormality in ten cases.
      All of the initial computed tomographic scans were focally abnormal. However,
      cranial ultrasound examinations were insensitive to stroke in nine patients.
      Medical management included careful cardiorespiratory support, correction of
      coexisting metabolic or system abnormalities, and aggressive administration of
      anticonvulsants to promptly eliminate seizures. Limited follow-up suggests that
      many affected infants may enjoy favorable outcomes.

PMID- 4003366
TI  - Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.

PMID- 4003367
TI  - Intubation-related tracheal stenosis in very-low-birth-weight infants. Diagnosis
      and treatment.
AB  - Five infants who developed intubation-related tracheal stenosis were treated
      surgically with an anterior cricoid split instead of a tracheostomy. This surgery
      allowed early extubation and discharge of these patients who, on follow-up, have
      had adequate phonation and no further respiratory compromise. We suggest that
      this surgery be considered for all infants who develop intubation-related
      tracheal stenosis.

PMID- 4003368
TI  - Predicting clinically significant lower respiratory tract illness in childhood
      following mild bronchiolitis.
AB  - A historical cohort study was conducted to measure lower respiratory tract
      illness (LRTI) up to nine years following mild bronchiolitis and to discover
      attributes that predict an increased risk for LRTI in childhood. The hypothesis
      assessed was that the occurrence of bronchiolitis predicts LRTI following the
      second birthday (childhood LRTI) after adjusting for potentially confounding
      variables such as a family history of respiratory allergy. Fifty-three children
      (index subjects) who were seen for bronchiolitis at a suburban community
      pediatric practice were compared on the basis of childhood LRTI with a control
      group of 159 children. Chart review, when children were a mean of 8 years old,
      determined the frequency of childhood LRTI. The mean frequency of childhood LRTI
      was greater in index subjects than in control subjects (1.62 vs 0.98). This
      difference remained after adjusting for potentially confounding variables. The
      yearly occurrence of any LRTI was significantly more common in index subjects
      through the third year of life (38% vs 15%). A tendency for a more common
      occurrence of any LRTI was noted through the fifth year (25% vs 16%), but not
      thereafter. Further analysis of index subjects disclosed that only those who
      experienced a subsequent LRTI before the second birthday were at an increased
      risk for the development of childhood LRTI.

PMID- 4003369
TI  - Esophageal involvement in lymphoma.
AB  - Esophageal involvement by lymphoma in three patients, two with non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma and one with Hodgkin's lymphoma are reported. In all three patients,
      there was discrete involvement of the esophagus not directly contiguous with the
      stomach. Esophageal involvement by lymphoma either as a primary disease or as
      manifestation of a disseminated disease is distinctly uncommon.

PMID- 4003370
TI  - Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus in a young adult.
AB  - A 31-year-old white man presented with a 30-day history of dysphagia without
      weight loss. Esophagogram revealed a lobulated mass at the junction of the middle
      and lower third of the esophagus. Esophagoscopy showed the presence of a
      pigmented tumor at that level. Histological examination indicated that the tumor
      was a primary malignant melanoma. Partial esophagectomy was performed through a
      right thoracotomy incision, revealing hilar lymph nodes invaded by tumor. One
      month postoperatively, the patient died from extensive brain metastases.

PMID- 4003371
TI  - Effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.
AB  - Thirty-three patients completed a prospective double-blind, randomized study to
      compare the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis or placebo on percutaneous
      endoscopic gastrostomy-associated wound infections. We define wound infection and
      arrive at an incidence of 29.4% in patients receiving Cefoxitin antibiotic
      prophylaxis and 31.2% in patients receiving placebo. Based on these results, we
      do not recommend antibiotic prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
      tube placement.

PMID- 4003372
TI  - Is duodenitis always a peptic disease?
AB  - Acid secretory behavior as well as gastrin levels were evaluated in 38 cases of
      chronic duodenitis. Basal HCl secretion was normal in 39% of cases,
      hypochlorhydria was observed in 29%, and hyperchlorhydria in 32%. Maximal acid
      output was normal in 71% of patients with duodenitis, decreased in 19%, and
      increased in 10%. Fasting serum gastrin was always within normal limits. The
      secretory behavior correlated with age but not with the histological pattern of
      duodenal mucosa. In chronic duodenitis, normal secretion or hypochlorhydria is
      the prevailing finding. This does not exclude the possibility of a peptic
      pathogenetic mechanism which could be involved in the rare cases of chronic
      duodenitis with hyperchlorhydria. Acid-peptic disease is not etiopathogenetic in
      the causation of most cases of chronic duodenitis.

PMID- 4003373
TI  - Personality patterns seen in irritable bowel syndrome patients.
AB  - A study of the personality styles seen in individuals having irritable bowel
      syndrome was done in a group of 82 patients with this diagnosis. An objective
      personality test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, was
      administered to the irritable bowel syndrome patient group to produce individual
      profiles for each patient. The 82 profiles were subjected to q-factor analysis
      resulting in four subgroupings of the original sample. Titles used to describe
      the personalities seen in the four groups included: inadequate dependency;
      somatization of affect; reactive depression; and 4) anger and denial. Future
      studies on the behavioral treatment of irritable bowel syndrome patients may well
      include a personality inventory as a consideration of how irritable bowel
      syndrome patients have different personality styles.

PMID- 4003374
TI  - Size of the tumor and other factors influencing prognosis of carcinoma of the
      head of the pancreas.
AB  - Extent of the tumor in carcinoma of the pancreas seems an important factor in
      stage classification. The purpose of this report is to present the results of
      studies on the relationship between the size of the tumor (T) and prognosis, and
      the correlation between the size and the other factors influencing prognosis such
      as invasion to the pancreatic capsule, invasion to the retroperitoneal tissue,
      metastasis to the regional lymph node, and so on. T was divided into four groups:
      T1, T2, T3, T4. Tumor diameter of 2 cm or less was designated as T1, 2.1-4 cm as
      T2, 4.1-6 cm as T3, and 6.1 cm or more as T4. Case reports of 163 patients who
      underwent resection of carcinoma of the pancreatic head were submitted by 10
      major institutions and retrospectively analyzed. There was significant
      differences in 1-year cumulative survival rates between T1 and T3, T1 and T4, and
      T1 and T2 + T3 + T4, but no significant difference in 3- or 5-year survival rates
      among the T groups. The incidence of no capsular invasion, no retroperitoneal
      invasion, and no lymph node metastasis had a tendency to decrease along with
      increase in tumor size and the incidence of definite capsular invasion, and lymph
      node metastases increase with increase in the size. Attempts to diagnose tumors
      of less than 2 cm should be made to ameliorate the poor surgical results.
      However, it should be stressed that even in the T1 group regional lymph node
      metastases were seen in about half of the cases.

PMID- 4003375
TI  - Penile thrombophlebitis as a presenting manifestation of pancreatic carcinoma.
AB  - Peyronie's disease of the penis is a condition in which there are plaques of
      fibrous tissue surrounding the corpus cavernosum causing deformity and painful
      erection. We describe a patient with pancreatic carcinoma who presented with
      Peyronie-like features. This pseudo-Peyronie's disease was actually an unusual
      superficial thrombophlebitis of the dorsal penile vein. The literature regarding
      neoplasm-associated thrombophlebitis is reviewed.

PMID- 4003376
TI  - Early features of primary biliary cirrhosis: an analysis of 85 patients.
AB  - A standardized clinical, laboratory, and histological assessment was carried out
      on 85 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis within 1 year of developing
      symptoms. Presenting symptoms included pruritus (n = 30), jaundice (n = 9),
      variceal bleeding (n = 6), ascites (n = 5), fatigue (n = 4), and abdominal pain
      (n = 4). Ten patients had symptoms not immediately suggestive of hepatic etiology
      and a further 17 were asymptomatic, the diagnosis being made fortuitously. Eighty
      four percent were not incapacitated and 52 were anicteric. Less than half were
      pigmented, 22% had xanthoma, and only 12% were deeply jaundiced. In contrast, all
      had significant laboratory abnormalities with alkaline phosphatase activity
      greater than 400 IU/L in 60% and IgM greater than 2.5 g/L in 75%. Mitochondrial
      antibody was detectable in 83% with a titer greater than 1:160 in 70%. Cirrhosis
      was present in 24 patients, nine of whom were anicteric and a further 11 had
      fibrosis or scarring.

PMID- 4003377
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of the common bile duct.
AB  - Spontaneous rupture of the common bile duct is rare, but may result from
      increased intraductal pressure with associated calculous erosion and necrosis of
      the bile duct wall secondary to thrombosis. Two cases are reported; one clearly
      related to calculous erosion and the other unexplained. Survival depends on early
      diagnosis. Aggressive supportive therapy, including Swan-Ganz catheter, intensive
      care unit monitoring, and appropriate antibiotics, are mandatory. Only with early
      operation to alleviate sepsis and decompression of the biliary system can better
      survival be expected.

PMID- 4003378
TI  - Amebic liver abscess: a study of 11 cases compared with a series of 38 patients
      with pyogenic liver abscess.
AB  - Amebic liver abscess is an uncommon disease in the northern states of North
      America with 11 cases seen among approximately 500,000 Mount Sinai Hospital
      admissions over a 16-year period. Five of 11 cases originated in, or had recently
      visited South America. In three of these, and two patients with concomitant
      intestinal amebiasis, the diagnosis was suspected on admission. Diagnosis after
      admission was rapid, mean 5 days, compared with a mean of 13 days in pyogenic
      liver abscess. There was a higher incidence of male patients, nine males versus
      two females which was greater than the excess found in our pyogenic abscesses, 22
      versus 16. Multiplicity was less common than in pyogenic abscess, 27 versus 50%,
      respectively. All three patients with multiple abscesses survived with surgical
      drainage and antibiotic therapy despite numerous complicating factors, including
      secondary bacterial infection. One patient resolved with drug treatment only; all
      others were treated with drugs and concomitant drainage; surgical drainage in
      earlier cases, and percutaneous drainage more recently. There was a single
      postoperative death. Drug treatment is the first therapeutic modality, and if
      recovery is delayed more than 2 days percutaneous aspiration should be carried
      out. This was successful in four cases. Surgery should seldom be required with
      present methods of accurately localizing amebic liver abscess, but is essential
      for ruptured abscess with peritonitis, and liver abscess with associated
      intestinal problems such as toxic megacolon, colonic perforation, or fulminating
      colitis. There has been a significant reduction in mortality of amebic liver
      abscess over the past 50 years and particularly within the past decade.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003379
TI  - Bile duct carcinoma in an adolescent.
AB  - Bile duct carcinoma is a relatively uncommon lesion that usually presents in the
      6th to 7th decade. The only prior reported cases under the age of 20 were two
      patients with diseases known to predispose to the development of this tumor. We
      report a case of a 17-year-old girl with a bile duct tumor without any known
      predisposing factors.

PMID- 4003380
TI  - Decision analysis for the practicing gastroenterologist. 1. Reading a decision
      analysis paper.
AB  - To emphasize, clinical decision analysis rests on logic structures and data, all
      of which must be derived clinically. There are three reasons to dispute the
      conclusions of an exercise. The reader may dispute the logic (the construct of
      the decision tree), challenge the data that was utilized for the decision tree,
      or be unjustly stubborn. What is the role of decision analysis? It is a formal
      exposition of some of the subprocesses of medical reasoning, and it may serve as
      a check on the consistency of current medical practice, or be an excellent
      educational tool. By isolating the critical data needed for decisions, it can
      direct research or study. It is not, however, a full imitation of clinical
      judgment (it is usually too limited in both scope and data) and is not yet a
      primary guide to patient care, although it has been used, on a regular basis to
      examine care (e.g., Reference 2). When data are well justified for each node, and
      when the individual clinician utilizes sensitivity analysis to adjust for his own
      locale, then perhaps it can be a usual aid in clinical decision making. Until
      then, the current applications are too limited in scope and are confounded by the
      same variably adequate data that we presently deal with.

PMID- 4003381
TI  - Decision analysis for the practicing gastroenterologist. 3. A primer in reading a
      decision analysis article.

PMID- 4003382
TI  - Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum.
AB  - A 46-year-old woman was seen for evaluation of dyspepsia of 8-wk duration. X-rays
      of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed an intraluminally projecting
      diverticulum of the duodenal bulb. Diagnostic features and management of
      intraluminal duodenal diverticulum are reviewed.

PMID- 4003384
TI  - Clinical manifestations and erythrocyte adhesion to endothelium in sickle cell
      syndrome.
AB  - Painful vasocclusive episodes are one of the most prominent pathological features
      of sickle cell disease. In addition to abnormal shape and poor deformability,
      increased adhesion of red cells to endothelium has been reported. On several
      occasions, we have studied the adhesion of erythrocytes from 30 patients with
      mixed sickle cell syndromes to evaluate the influence of clinical conditions. The
      percentage of erythrocytes adhering was significantly higher when erythrocytes
      from sickle patients were compared with controls (p less than 0.01). Furthermore,
      adhesion was significantly higher when the patients were in crises (p less than
      0.01), and the highest values of all were observed in patients with inflammatory
      conditions. To investigate the possibility that a limited population of red cells
      could be responsible for the increase in red cell adhesion, we have measured the
      HbS concentration in the different washes and found that the HbS concentration
      was higher in the last washes compared to the first washes. Sickle red cells
      capable of protein synthesis (young red cells) were labelled with [3H] leucine.
      The adhesion to endothelial cells of [3H] leucine-labelled red cells was higher
      than that of the 51Cr-labelled red cells from the same patient. On the other
      hand, the most dense sickle red cells separated by density gradient adhered to a
      greater extent than the light red cells. This apparent discrepancy could be
      partly explained by the presence of [3H] leucine-labelled red cells in the dense
      fractions of sickle red cells separated by stractan gradient.

PMID- 4003383
TI  - Identification of erythroid colony progenitors in a subset of human peripheral
      null lymphocytes devoid of Fc receptors.
AB  - This study was aimed at purifying the progenitors of erythroid burst units (BFU
      E) from human peripheral blood. Human mononuclear leukocytes from five normal
      donors were fractionated into several mononuclear cell subpopulations, including
      null lymphocytes with (null Fc+) and without (null Fc-) receptor for the Fc
      fragment of immunoglobulin G, through a succession of rosetting procedures and
      discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugations. The fractionated cells
      were separately cultured for 14 days in plasma clots in the presence of
      erythropoietin. Among fractionated cell subpopulations large and numerous BFU-E
      derived colonies grew only from the Fc- null lymphocyte subpopulation. This
      fraction, representing less than 4% of all mononuclear cells, also contains cells
      (42 + 11%) capable to differentiation towards the B-cell and plasma-cell
      lineages. The Fc+ null lymphocytes, representing less than 9% of all mononuclear
      cells, contained 15.2 + 3.3% cells capable of differentiation toward the T-cell
      lineage. The whole null lymphocyte subpopulation generated half the number of BFU
      E colonies expected from its content in Fc- null lymphocytes. These data
      demonstrate that the progenitor of erythroid cells (BFU-E) resides in a small
      heterogeneous null Fc- subpopulation of circulating lymphocytes and suggest that
      its in vitro differentiation, though generally subjected to inhibitory and
      enhancing influences from other circulating cell subpopulations, does not
      necessarily require interaction with other peripheral blood cells.

PMID- 4003385
TI  - Red cell superoxide dismutase and sickle cell anemia symptom severity.
AB  - Patients with sickle cell anemia vary in the severity of their symptoms but the
      basis of this variability is unknown. We have tested the hypothesis that this
      variability is related to differences in the activity of the antioxidant
      superoxide dismutase (SOD). The amount of superoxide dismutase I (SOD) enzyme
      activity in red cells of patients with different degrees of symptom severity and
      healthy black and white controls was measured and correlated with symptom
      severity in SCA patients. Blacks with normal (AA) hemoglobin had significantly (p
      less than .001) more SOD activity (1.82 U/mg Hb) than white controls (1.44 U/mg
      Hb). Patients with moderate or severe symptoms had less SOD activity (1.16 and
      0.95 U/mg Hb, respectively) than control blacks or SCA patients with mild
      symptoms (1.62 U/mg Hb). The correlation of SOD activity and symptom severity was
      not a function of age or sex and was unrelated to reticulocyte count or fetal
      hemoglobin level.

PMID- 4003386
TI  - Positive direct antiglobulin test associated with hyperglobulinemia in acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - This study determined the prevalence and clinical significance of a positive
      direct antiglobulin test (DAT) observed in pretransfusion tests on red cells from
      patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Transfusion service
      records showed that prevalence of a positive DAT on red cells was 18% (10/55) in
      AIDS patients compared to 0.6% in general hospital patients during a 2-year
      period (1981-1983). A similar rate of 18% (8/45) was observed in other
      hyperglobulinemic patients. Of the 10 AIDS patients whose red cells were DAT
      positive, four had IgG and complement, four had IgG, and two had complement alone
      on their red cells. The eluates were not reactive with normal red cells nor with
      penicillin or cephalothin-coated red cells. Clinically, no hemolysis was
      observed. In this series a positive DAT in AIDS patients appeared not to be
      associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The positive DAT in AIDS patients
      may be due to the hyperglobulinemic state.

PMID- 4003387
TI  - The procoagulant effect of zinc on fibrin clot formation.
AB  - The influence of Zn+2 on fibrin clot formation was investigated by measuring its
      effect on the clotting times of fibrinogen exposed to thrombin. It was observed
      with either human or bovine thrombin that 0.01-0.1 mM Zn+2 induced significant
      reductions of clotting times in a concentration-dependent manner. The
      procoagulant effect of Zn+2 occurred in the presence of Ca+2 but was inhibited by
      metal chelating agents. Higher levels of Zn+2 (greater than 0.2 mM final
      concentration) were required to accelerate thrombin-induced clot formation in the
      presence of citrate or oxalate. Similarly with oxalated human plasma, greater
      than 0.2 mM Zn+2 decreased the clotting time. Cations such as Mg+2 and Mn+2
      caused little change in clotting times. As an extension of these findings, we
      examined the effect of Zn+2 on the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin-III (AT
      III). The presence of as little as 0.006 mM Zn+2 in an incubating mixture of
      thrombin and AT-III severely reduced the inhibitory activity of AT-III towards
      thrombin. It was observed that the relative intrinsic fluorescence emission of
      human thrombin decreased upon exposure to Zn+2 but was unaffected by Mg+2 or
      Mn+2. It is suggested that Zn+2 can form a complex with thrombin, which results
      in altered reactivity towards fibrinogen and decreased inhibition by AT-III.

PMID- 4003388
TI  - Evidence for rapid mobilization of platelets from the spleen during intensive
      plateletpheresis.
AB  - The role of the spleen as a reservoir capable of adding platelets to the
      circulating blood cells has been well documented in animals but poorly documented
      in humans. As part of a program of platelet cryopreservation, we have intensively
      plateletpheresed a group of patients with acute leukemia in remission who had
      undergone splenectomy. The results of the 64 plateletphereses in these 11
      patients (average platelet yield 4.2 X 10(11) +/- 2.4, range 1.2-12.4) were
      compared with 50 consecutive plateletphereses in nonsplenectomized leukemia
      patients (average yield 4.9 X 10(11) +/- 3.2, range 2.1-18.3) and 50 consecutive
      plateletphereses in normal donors (average yield 3.8 X 10(11) +/- 1.4, range 1.7
      7.6). There was no difference in the prepheresis platelet counts among the three
      groups. Plateletphereses were done in 1.5-3 hr by intermittent flow differential
      cell centrifugation technique. The expected platelet yield was calculated by
      multiplying the pre-platelet count - (pre-hct/post-hct X post plt count) by the
      estimated blood volume (70 ml/per kg body weight). The mean ratios of the
      observed platelet yield to expected platelet yield were similar for the
      nonsplenectomized leukemia patients (mean ratio = 1.32 +/- 0.50, range 0.73-3.04)
      and normal donors (mean ratio = 1.31 +/- 0.49, range .52-2.9), implying
      mobilization of platelets from outside of the blood pool. In contrast, in the
      splenectomy group, the mean ratio (0.76 +/- 0.32, range 0.31-2.9) was
      significantly lower (p less than .001). These data indicate that there is
      replenishment of the circulating platelet pool by the spleen in response to the
      rapid removal of platelets.

PMID- 4003389
TI  - Recurring thromboembolic disease and pulmonary hypertension associated with
      severe hypoplasminogenemia.
AB  - In a patient with pulmonary hypertension and a history of recurrent venous
      thrombosis, plasma concentrations of all known coagulant and inhibitor proteins
      were normal except for severe deficiency of plasminogen. Repeated analyses showed
      the circulating plasma plasminogen level to be 30% of normal by either functional
      or immunologic methods. We sought evidence for either increased activation of
      plasminogen or for dysplasminogen. There was no evidence for the former. Purified
      plasminogen studies disclosed a normal number of active sites and normal
      activation. Generated plasmin had normal catalytic activity. Isoelectric focusing
      disclosed normal distribution of isoforms. Affinity chromatography with lysine
      sepharose showed the presence of the two variant forms; however, an increased
      proportion of the protein eluted in the first peak. Danazol administration
      induced an increase in circulating plasminogen, but the differences in affinity
      chromatography elution profile remained. We conclude that this patient has a
      deficiency of normally functioning plasminogen, probably due to decreased
      synthesis.

PMID- 4003390
TI  - Stomatocytic transformation of red blood cells after marathon running.
AB  - We studied red blood cell morphology in two marathon runners before, immediately
      after, and 1 day after a marathon race. A discocyte-stomatocyte transformation
      was found by light microscopy of wet preparations and also by scanning electron
      microscopy, with about one-half the erythrocytes becoming cup-shaped after the
      marathon. These changes were completely reversible within 18 hr after the race.

PMID- 4003391
TI  - Pancytopenia with a hypercellular bone marrow as a possible paraneoplastic
      syndrome.

PMID- 4003392
TI  - Focal sclerosis of hypertrophied glomeruli in solitary functioning kidneys of
      humans.
AB  - Morphometric data on glomerular size are presented on three patients with
      solitary functioning kidneys and one with bilateral oligomeganephronic
      hypoplasia. Renal biopsy of each of two patients with a congenitally absent
      kidney (unilateral renal agenesis) and a patient with oligomeganephronie, all
      with proteinuria and renal insufficiency, reveal increases of mean glomerular
      diameters of at least 1.75X and mean glomerular volumes greater than 5X. These
      dimensions, which are in the range of maximal increases recorded for man, are
      associated in all three biopsies with focal sclerosis of the hypertrophied
      glomeruli. By contrast, the functionally fully-compensated solitary kidney of a
      patient who lost function of the contralateral kidney from acquired disease, is
      characterized by the absence of focal glomerulosclerosis and by glomerular
      enlargement of significantly lesser degree (increased mean diameter 1.24X and
      mean volume less than 2X). These observations correlate glomerular injury with
      glomerular size and suggest that in the setting of reduced nephron numbers,
      nephron destruction via focal glomerulosclerosis may be initiated when
      compensatory glomerular hypertrophy has reached its limits.

PMID- 4003393
TI  - Uremic pruritus: skin divalent ion content and response to ultraviolet
      phototherapy.
AB  - Pruritus is a frequent and troublesome consequence of end-stage renal disease. We
      have surveyed 155 chronic dialysis patients and found pruritus to be a
      significant problem in approximately 70%. Seventeen patients reporting severe
      pruritus were treated thrice weekly with total body exposure to either UVA or UVB
      light. UVB light resulted in resolution of pruritus in all cases. UVA light was
      without significant effect. Skin biopsies obtained before and after UV
      phototherapy revealed elevated contents of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in
      all pruritic patients. The resolution of pruritus following UVB treatment was
      associated with a reduction of skin phosphorus to values comparable with
      nonpruritic uremics or healthy volunteers. Uremic pruritus may be due to
      increased skin divalent ion content resulting in microprecipitation of calcium or
      magnesium phosphate.

PMID- 4003395
TI  - Mesangial IgA deposits with steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome: probable
      minimal lesion nephrosis.
AB  - Two children presented with nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy demonstrated minimal
      lesion nephrosis with mesangial IgA deposits. Response to prednisone therapy was
      prompt in both cases. The clinical and histologic features of these and other
      reported cases suggested a diagnosis of minimal lesion nephrosis and not IgA
      nephropathy (Berger's disease).

PMID- 4003394
TI  - Efficacy of chloramphenicol in refractory cyst infections in autosomal dominant
      polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - We previously predicted that highly lipid soluble antibiotics would be very
      effective in the treatment of infected cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic
      kidney disease (ADPKD). This study examines the use of chloramphenicol, a lipid
      soluble antibiotic with a therapeutic spectrum covering most gram negative
      organisms, in the treatment of patients with infected polycystic cysts who had
      not responded to initial antibiotic therapy. Intravenous chloramphenicol was used
      in five hospitalized patients with serious infections of the renal cysts. Three
      of the five patients had positive blood cultures. E. coli was grown in all five
      patients, in three from blood, in two from urine, and four of five patients were
      initially treated with antibiotics to which the organism was sensitive. Despite
      favorable sensitivities, none of the reported patients showed clinical response
      to initial antibiotic therapy. Chloramphenicol treatment was subsequently
      effective in all cases. One patient ultimately developed an infection with a
      chloramphenicol resistant organism. We conclude that chloramphenicol is effective
      in the treatment of infected cysts in ADPKD but that care must be taken in the
      use of this agent as selection of resistant organisms may occur in patients with
      recurrent cyst infections.

PMID- 4003396
TI  - Gaucher disease types 1, 2, and 3: differential mutations of the acid beta
      glucosidase active site identified with conduritol B epoxide derivatives and
      sphingosine.
AB  - To elucidate the genetic heterogeneity in Gaucher disease, the residual beta
      glucosidase in cultured fibroblasts from affected patients with each of the major
      phenotypes was investigated in vitro and/or in viable cells by inhibitor studies
      using the covalent catalytic site inhibitors, conduritol B epoxide or its bromo
      derivative, and the reversible cationic inhibitor, sphingosine. These studies
      delineated three distinct groups (designated A, B, and C) of residual activities
      with characteristic responses to these inhibitors. Group A residual enzymes had
      normal I50 values (i.e., the concentration of inhibitor that results in 50%
      inhibition) for the inhibitors and normal or nearly normal t1/2 values for
      conduritol B epoxide. All neuronopathic (types 2 and 3) and most non-Jewish
      nonneuronopathic (type 1) patients had group A residual activities and, thus,
      could not be distinguished by these inhibitor studies. Group B residual enzymes
      had about four- to fivefold increased I50 values for the inhibitors and similarly
      increased t1/2 values for conduritol B epoxide. All Ashkenazi Jewish type 1 and
      only two non-Jewish type 1 patients had group B residual activities. The
      differences in I50 values between groups A and B also were confirmed by
      determining the uninhibited enzyme activity after culturing the cells in the
      presence of bromo-conduritol B epoxide. Group C residual activity had
      intermediate I50 values for the inhibitors and represented a single Afrikaner
      type 1 patient: this patient was a genetic compound for the group A (type 2) and
      group B (type 1) mutations. These inhibition studies indicated that: Gaucher
      disease type 1 is biochemically heterogeneous, neuronopathic and non-Jewish
      nonneuronopathic phenotypes cannot be reliably distinguished by these inhibitor
      studies, and the Ashkenazi Jewish form of Gaucher disease type 1 results from a
      unique mutation in a specific active site domain of acid beta-glucosidase that
      leads to a defective enzyme with a decreased Vmax.

PMID- 4003397
TI  - Segregation and fertility analysis in an autosomal reciprocal translocation,
      t(1;8)(q41;q23.1).
AB  - We report a previously undescribed autosomal reciprocal translocation,
      t(1;8)(q41;q23.1). It segregates in three families whose common origin lies at
      least 11 generations back. No examples of unbalanced karyotypes were encountered.
      Moreover, there was no circumstantial evidence that such live births had occurred
      during earlier generations. Couples in which one spouse was a translocation
      carrier were compared to related couples with normal karyotypes. The 15 carrier
      families had significantly more spontaneous abortions (32%) than the 22 normal
      couples (10%), irrespective of the sex of the carrier parent. However, the mean
      number of children was equal in both groups (2.0 and 2.4). Carrier families
      produced 17 children with a balanced translocation and seven with a normal
      karyotype. This deviates significantly (P = .04) from the expected 1:1 ratio. We
      conclude that this malsegregation helps to maintain the translocation in the
      population. These results show that empirically derived 1:1 segregation ratios
      previously reported in series that combine many different translocations do not
      apply to all individual translocations.

PMID- 4003398
TI  - The probability of exclusion of ancestries based on genetic observations.
AB  - One can extend exclusion of ancestry beyond paternity: for example, to
      grandparents or other types of ancestors. Naturally, the probability of
      successful exclusion is smaller for more remote ancestors. The case that we have
      especially considered is that of exclusion on the basis of grandparents, of which
      there have been recent applications. A method of calculating the average
      probability of exclusion, P, in such situations is developed and applied to
      different genetic systems including DNA polymorphisms available today. As usual,
      multiallelic genes like HLA are by far the most informative, but a substantial
      number of other genes should also be tested to reach a reasonable probability of
      exclusion. The effect of inbreeding on P is demonstrated to be negligible.

PMID- 4003399
TI  - Low level benzene exposure in Sweden: effect on blood elements and body burden of
      benzene.
AB  - Measurements for benzene exposure were performed for different work places. In
      addition, breath benzene concentrations were measured in different occupations in
      order to establish toxico-kinetics of benzene in man; chromosomal aberrations in
      lymphocytes of exposed workers were also examined. Smoking appears to result in a
      large increase in benzene concentration in exhaled breath. The smoke from one
      cigarette contains 60-80 micrograms of benzene. It was found that exposure levels
      of 10 ppm are rather uncommon among workers handling gasoline or gasoline
      equipment. It was concluded that the gasoline load of road tankers cannot be
      responsible for chromosome changes of the driver, as milk truck drivers showed
      the same changes. These results did not prove that benzene was the cause of the
      observed changes. Smoking is the confounding factor, with a potency of at least
      the same order of magnitude as benzene. In addition, our present knowledge about
      mechanisms of benzene is not sufficiently developed to permit quantitative
      conclusions as to the human health risks.

PMID- 4003400
TI  - Benzene: standards, occurrence, and exposure.
AB  - The national occupational standard values for benzene are 10 ppm for Australia,
      10 ppm for Denmark, 10 ppm for Finland, 10 ppm for Japan, 10 ppm for The
      Netherlands, 10 ppm for the United States, and 5 ppm for Sweden; in the Federal
      Republic of Germany the technical guideline value is 8 ppm. Crude mineral oil
      contains benzene as a natural constituent of approximately 0.1%. Gasoline in
      Sweden may contain 4-5% benzene by volume. The 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)
      exposure levels of Swedish petroleum refinery workers vary between 0.1 to 1 mg
      benzene/m3 in air. The exposures of benzene in various other occupations were
      measured and described. Other environmental exposures to benzene may have their
      origin in pyrolysis, such as tobacco smoking and burning of substances such as
      polyvinylchloride.

PMID- 4003401
TI  - Benzene exposure in the United States 1978-1983: an overview.
AB  - Due to the interest in reducing the benzene exposure limit from 10 to 1 ppm, the
      benzene exposure data collected since 1977 were compiled and evaluated. Some
      38,000 data points representing either time-weighted air samples or persons
      exposed were collected from five industries which produce and/or use benzene and
      two government organizations. Of the reported data, 87% represented exposure
      levels of 1.0 ppm or less. Petroleum and chemical operations where elevated
      exposure levels were reported included petrochemical and bulk loading operations.
      Benzol and by-product plants in the iron and steel industry showed similar
      elevated results.

PMID- 4003402
TI  - Malignancies due to occupational exposure to benzene.
AB  - There is no doubt about the leukemogenic effect of benzene in man. The evidence
      is as follows: (1) The incidence of leukemia in shoeworkers exposed to benzene in
      a period of 8 years in Istanbul was 13.6/100,000, which is significantly higher
      than that for leukemia in the general population. (2) Following the phase-out of
      benzene in Istanbul, the number of leukemic workers decreased and none were
      reported in the subsequent 3 years. (3) The development of leukemia in
      pancytopenic patients with benzene exposure was observed in 13 out of 51
      patients. (4) The differences in the distribution of the types of leukemia in
      individuals exposed and in nonexposed groups were as follows: acute leukemia
      96.1% in the former group, and 46% in the latter group. The high percentages of
      acute erythroleukemia and preleukemia were other interesting findings in the
      exposed group. (5) Two cases of leukemia were observed in a 6-year period at a
      tire cord manufacturing plant with 550 workers. At one location in the plant the
      concentration of benzene measured by gas chromatography was nearly 110 ppm.
      Additionally, we have studied 12 cases of malignant lymphoma, four cases of
      multiple myeloma, and six cases of lung cancer, all of whom were chronically
      exposed to benzene. The possible role of benzene in the etiology of these
      malignancies is discussed.

PMID- 4003403
TI  - Experimental studies on benzene carcinogenicity at the Bologna Institute of
      Oncology: current results and ongoing research.
AB  - In 1977 Maltoni and Scarnato were the first to demonstrate that benzene is an
      experimental carcinogen in rats. With that and other experiments, Maltoni et al
      have shown that benzene administered by ingestion (stomach tube) or inhalation is
      a multipotential carcinogen in rats (of two different strains) and mice and
      produces a variety of tumors, namely: Zymbal gland carcinomas, oral and nasal
      cavity carcinomas, skin carcinomas, acanthomas, dysplasias and carcinomas of
      forestomach, mammary malignant tumors, hepatomas, liver angiosarcomas,
      hemolymphoreticular neoplasias, and pulmonary tumors. The incidence of Zymbal
      gland carcinomas and carcinomas of the oral and nasal cavities is affected by the
      length of treatment by inhalation and by the age of animals. However, the
      available epidemiological and experimental data at present do not provide precise
      information on the risk of doses around or below 10 ppm. Long-term
      carcinogenicity bioassays at 50, 25, 10, 5 and 1 ppm may be helpful for
      scientific risk assessment. In addition, these experiments have shown that
      toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene, at high concentrations, cause an increase in
      the number of total malignant tumors.

PMID- 4003404
TI  - Benzene hematotoxicity and leukemogenesis.
AB  - Eight-to-twelve-week-old male and female C57B1/6 BNL mice were exposed to air or
      benzene vapor in air at a concentration of 10, 25, 100, 300, or 400 ppm. Benzene
      at concentrations of 100 ppm or higher for 10 exposures of 6 hours per day 5 days
      a week produced a reduction in bone marrow cellularity and the number of
      pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow. The fraction of stem cells in DNA
      synthesis was also increased. Exposure to 300 ppm 6 hours a day 5 days a week for
      2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks produced a diminution in the stem cell levels in bone
      marrow which returned to those of controls 2 weeks after benzene exposure for 2
      and 4 weeks, 16 weeks after exposure for 8 weeks, and to 92% of controls 25 weeks
      after 16 weeks of exposure. There was a more rapid return of blood lymphocytes to
      the control level. Mice exposed to 300 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days per week for
      16 weeks began dying at 330 days of age, whereas no deaths were observed in sham
      exposed mice until 440 days of age. The benzene-exposed mice died in two waves:
      the first was from 330-390 days of age, with a second wave commencing at 570 days
      of age. The first wave of mortality was due primarily to thymic lymphomata. The
      second wave was due to a mixture of nonthymic lymphomata and solid tumors.

PMID- 4003405
TI  - Subchronic inhalation toxicity of benzene in rats and mice.
AB  - A subchronic inhalation toxicity study of benzene was conducted in CD-1 mice and
      Sprague-Dawley rats. Four groups of animals consisting of 150 mice and 50
      rats/sex each were exposed to concentrations of 1, 10, 30, and 300 ppm benzene
      vapor, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 13 weeks. Additional groups of mice and
      rats, of equal size, were exposed under similar conditions to filtered air and
      served as control groups. Thirty mice and 10 rats/sex in each group were
      sacrificed after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 91 days of treatment. Criteria used to
      evaluate exposure-related effects included behavior, body weights, organ weights,
      clinical pathology, gross pathology, and histopathology. Fifty animals per sex of
      each species were exposed concurrently for cytogenetic studies. In addition,
      blood serum was obtained for immunological assays. The results of these two
      studies will be reported separately. No consistent exposure-related trends were
      seen in the clinical observations and body weight data. Exposure-related clinical
      pathology changes were seen in the high-level (300 ppm) animals of both species.
      In the mice, these changes included decreases in hematocrit, total hemoglobin,
      erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, platelet count, myeloid/erythroid ratios, and
      percentage of lymphocytes. Mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, glycerol lysis
      time, and the incidence and severity of red cell morphologic changes were
      increased in the mice. In the rats, decreased lymphocyte counts and a relative
      increase in neutrophil percentages were the only exposure-related clinical
      pathology alterations. Histopathologic changes were present in the thymus, bone
      marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, ovaries, and testes of mice exposed to 300 ppm and
      in most cases the incidence and severity of the lesions were greater in the
      males. These changes in the testes and ovaries at 300 ppm were also seen at lower
      concentrations, but they were of doubtful biological significance. In rats, the
      only exposure-related lesion consisted of slightly decreased femoral marrow
      cellularity in the animals exposed to 300 ppm.

PMID- 4003406
TI  - Benzene myeloclastogenicity: a function of its metabolism.
AB  - Using the micronucleus test we have found no significant difference between germ
      free and conventional (non-germ-free) male CD-1 mice gavaged twice with 440 or
      880 mg benzene/kg. Hence, the higher myeloclastogenicity observed previously with
      the p.o. (4-6 times) than with the i.p. route of benzene administration was ruled
      out as being due to the involvement of gut flora in benzene biotransformation.
      Pretreatment of males with 3-methylcholanthrene or beta-naphthoflavone, inducers
      of P-448 monooxygenase, but not phenobarbital, an inducer of P-450, significantly
      enhanced the myeloclastogenic effect of a single oral dose of benzene (440
      mg/kg). Single oral doses of phenol, catechol, or hydroquinone (250, 150, and 200
      mg/kg, respectively) failed to reproduce the potent myeloclastogenic effect of
      benzene. In fact, only hydroquinone was mildly clastogenic. The relation between
      benzene's myeloclastogenicity and metabolism is discussed.

PMID- 4003407
TI  - Auditing function for staff pharmacists.

PMID- 4003408
TI  - Metronidazole hydrochloride-aluminum interactions.

PMID- 4003409
TI  - Dispensing-pin problems.

PMID- 4003410
TI  - Overfill in cefuroxime sodium vials.

PMID- 4003411
TI  - Preparation of atropine sulfate ampuls for high-dose therapy.

PMID- 4003413
TI  - Using body surface area adjustments in amputees.

PMID- 4003412
TI  - Reimbursement considerations about hospital outpatient dispensing.

PMID- 4003414
TI  - Ethics and health care: the next 20 years.
AB  - Shifts in moral values in society as they pertain to the future of health care
      for the next 20 years are discussed. Even though people tend to think that moral
      dilemmas linger on forever, any number of moral issues that were once hotly
      debated are now resolved. The trends in health care since World War II--greater
      access to health care, continual development of new therapies, and elimination of
      disease and illness--have produced several moral dilemmas. Questions about what
      society can afford, rationing of health care, and the quality of life now abound;
      these will directly affect progress in health care in the next 20 years.
      Expensive technologies that benefit only a few will likely be scrapped in favor
      of emphasis on low-cost therapies with broader applications. Although
      complicated, a cost-benefit analysis and exercise should be undertaken to decide
      whether advances are worth the investments. There have been several shifts in
      moral values of society that will affect health care over the next couple of
      decades. Among these are the resurgence of emphasis on the common good (rather
      than the rights of individuals), movement away from emphasis on rules and
      principles and toward development of character and virtue, greater sobriety about
      the negative potential of new technologies, increased group medical practices,
      and changing ideas about the moral implications of chronic diseases and about the
      relative roles of the individual and society in improving health.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003415
TI  - Career management: an ongoing process.
AB  - This article is the last in a three-part series on career management. Reasons to
      pursue and ways to choose a suitable second career are discussed. A stalled
      career, a lack of achievement, or a wrong job choice are three reasons why people
      pursue new jobs or careers. To ensure satisfaction in a second career,
      individuals must examine an ego ideal--an idealized image of what they would like
      to be in the future. When a pharmacist's career stalls, introspection can help
      reveal behavior that interferes with career success. Periodic introspection and
      self-assessment can help an individual adapt to changes in a career and in the
      profession throughout the various life stages. For the pharmacist who chooses the
      wrong job, self-assessment and research of alternative opportunities will
      increase the likelihood that a second career will be satisfactory. The
      traditional hospital pharmacy career is linear; the pharmacist starts at the
      bottom of the organization and rises to the top. A nonlinear career strategy is
      now suggested because of limited positions at the top and an abundance of well
      trained individuals. The nonlinear strategy moves a person indirectly in a
      career; short-term career moves are designed to meet long-term goals. Pharmacists
      can grow in a current or second career by using introspection and self-assessment
      and by adapting to changes that occur in the profession.

PMID- 4003416
TI  - ASHP special interest group professional practice survey--1984.
AB  - Personal characteristics and professional practice patterns of enrollees in ASHP
      special interest groups (SIGs) were surveyed in early 1984. The mail
      questionnaire consisting of 23 items was sent to the entire universe of 3595 SIG
      enrollees, 514 of whom belonged to more than one SIG. The response rate was
      64.7%. About two thirds of the respondents were between 25 and 39 years old; 73%
      were men. Nearly 36% had earned more than one academic degree, and 30% had
      completed an ASHP-accredited pharmacy residency. Most respondents spent a
      majority of their work time in a community nonprofit hospital (46%) or a
      university teaching hospital (22%). The following percentage of respondents spent
      some time in the functions indicated; the mean percentage of time those
      respondents spent in a function is given in parentheses: administration, 76%
      (52%); education, 69% (16%); drug distribution and control, 60% (17%); patient
      oriented services, 47% (17%); drug information, 54% (12%); research, 28% (17%);
      pharmaceutical marketing/sales, 6% (25%); other, 12% (29%). The following
      percentage of respondents spent half or more of their practice time in the
      functions indicated: administration, 48%; drug distribution and control, 26%;
      education, 5%; and patient-oriented activities, 4%. By and large only a small
      percentage of SIG enrollees spent a majority of their practice time providing
      patient-specific services. This suggests that for most SIGs enrollment
      corresponds to an interest in a special practice area, not a heavy practice
      commitment to that area.

PMID- 4003417
TI  - Leadership styles of hospital pharmacy directors.
AB  - The leadership styles of hospital pharmacy directors and the association between
      leadership style, participative management, and innovative pharmaceutical
      services were studied using a mail questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent to
      570 randomly selected hospital pharmacy directors. Included were a validated
      instrument that measures task-oriented versus relationship-oriented leadership
      behavior and other questions about participation of staff members, innovative
      services, and respondents' personal characteristics. The response rate was 69%.
      The majority of respondents perceived their leadership as highly relationship
      oriented as well as highly task-oriented. Respondents with the "high relationship
      high task" leadership style had the highest scores for subordinate participation.
      There were no significant differences in scores for innovative services by
      leadership style. A positive correlation between scores for subordinate
      participation and scores for innovative services was demonstrated. Most hospital
      pharmacy directors used a management style in which relationships and staff
      participation were important.

PMID- 4003418
TI  - Evaluation of pharmacy and therapeutics committee drug evaluation reports.
AB  - Pharmacy and therapeutics (P & T) committee drug evaluation reports prepared by
      pharmacies and drug information centers (DICs) and product package inserts were
      compared with standard guidelines to evaluate their quality. Letters were sent to
      143 hospital pharmacies asking them to submit a previously prepared drug
      evaluation report on temazepam, moxalactam disodium, or atenolol. The reports and
      package inserts for these three drugs were evaluated by the presence of 40
      elements derived from the published ASHP guidelines for drug evaluation report
      preparation. Responses were obtained from 124 (87%) pharmacies; however, only 80
      reports (60 DIC-prepared and 20 pharmacy-prepared) were received. The reports
      contained a mean of 28 of the 40 (70%) possible elements. The most frequently
      omitted elements were AHFS number, potential unlabeled uses, drug-drug
      interactions, drug-disease-laboratory test interactions, risk and benefit data,
      prevention and treatment of side effects, comparisons with established treatment,
      and disadvantages of the drug under consideration. Although the reports prepared
      by the DICs and pharmacies contained the same amount of information, the DIC
      prepared reports included data more frequently on supply sources, therapeutic
      indications, approved labeling, comparison with established treatment,
      bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, and recommendations. Most of the reports
      contained more elements than the corresponding package inserts. The product
      package inserts did not contain the comparative elements required for P & T
      committee decisions. Both the pharmacy- and DIC-prepared reports failed to
      contain all 40 elements recommended in the standard guidelines, suggesting the
      need for more thorough reports.

PMID- 4003419
TI  - Statistical and research quality of the medical and pharmacy literature.
AB  - The statistical and research quality of reports published in two U.S. medical
      journals and two U.S. pharmacy journals over a 12-month period was determined. A
      50% random sample of issues of New England Journal of Medicine, Annals of
      Internal Medicine, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, and Drug Intelligence
      and Clinical Pharmacy published in 1979 was reviewed, and all citable items were
      classified as one of nine types of communications. Items classified as original
      evaluative research reports were evaluated for experimental design and research
      goals and rated for appropriateness of statistical testing and overall research
      quality according to a set of objective criteria. Reports that were not
      immediately classifiable were reviewed by one additional person, and
      classifications or ratings were assigned by mutual consent. Of a total of 1506
      citable items, 120 met the criteria for original evaluative research reports. The
      two medical journals had the highest percentages of reports for which statistical
      methods were rated as correct but also had the most reports for which statistical
      methods could not be rated as a result of incomplete documentation or publication
      errors. Reports in the medical journals had conclusions based on a logical
      progression of hypothesis, methods, and analysis of results more frequently than
      did reports in pharmacy journals. Reports in the medical and pharmacy journals
      differed greatly according to research design and research goals. Improvement is
      needed in the statistical quality and research quality of original research
      reports published in the pharmacy literature.

PMID- 4003420
TI  - Time and cost comparison of four methods of filling drug manufacturers' piggyback
      bottles.
AB  - The times and costs required for four methods of reconstituting i.v. antibiotic
      doses in drug manufacturers' piggyback bottles (DMPBs) were compared. Instafil
      filling devices were used with (1) a pressure cuff (Instafil Instafusor) for the
      diluent bag, (2) a peristaltic pump (Wheaton Unispense), and (3) a vacuum line.
      The fourth method used a vacuum line and a control handle (Vacu-fil, American
      McGaw). Batches of 20 bottles filled to 50 mL and 20 bottles filled to 100 mL
      (three trials each) and 60 bottles filled to 100 mL (two trials) were prepared by
      each of the four methods. The Instafil with vacuum line was significantly faster
      than the other methods used to fill batches of 20 DMPBs with 50 mL and 100 mL of
      diluent. It was also significantly faster than the Vacu-fil and the Instafil with
      the cuff for filling batches of 60 DMPBs with 100 mL of diluent. For batches of
      60 DMPBs, the fill times for the Instafil with vacuum line and the Instafil with
      the peristaltic pump were not significantly different. For the batches of 20 50
      mL DMPBs, overall cost per dose for the Instafil with vacuum line was $0.36,
      followed by Instafil with the pump ($0.37), Instafil with cuff ($0.38), and Vacu
      fil ($0.54). Other batch sizes and fill volumes ranked similarly. Of the methods
      tested, the Instafil device with a vacuum line was the most efficient and cost
      effective for preparing batches of 20 to 60 i.v. antibiotic doses in
      manufacturers' piggyback bottles.

PMID- 4003421
TI  - Compatibility of narcotic analgesic solutions with various antibiotics during
      simulated Y-site injection.

PMID- 4003422
TI  - Effect of syringe-pump position on infusion of fat emulsion with a primary
      solution.

PMID- 4003423
TI  - Survey of butorphanol and nalbuphine diversion in U.S. hospitals.

PMID- 4003424
TI  - Computer-generated drug information notices for nurses.

PMID- 4003425
TI  - The adreno-sympathetic system, the genetic predisposition to hypertension, and
      stress.
AB  - The blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamine (CA) response to
      standing and mental stresses were studied in 14 normotensive subjects with
      normotensive parents (PNT group), 14 normotensive subjects with hypertensive
      parent(s) (PHT group), and eight borderline hypertensive patients (BHT group).
      Mean basal plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration in BHT group (302 +/- 94
      pg/ml) and PHT group (289 +/- 167 pg/ml) were significantly higher than in PNT
      group (205 +/- 76 pg/ml). Significant differences in the mean basal plasma
      epinephrine (E) were found only between the PNT and BHT groups (22 +/- 12 vs 43
      +/- 18 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). Both plasma NE and E increased significantly on
      standing in all groups. With mental stress, plasma E increased significantly,
      though plasma NE did not change significantly in all three groups. The mean
      changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma CA in response to standing and
      mental stresses were not different in the three groups. However, a higher
      incidence (50%) of high blood pressure responders (greater than or equal to 20
      mmHg in systolic blood pressure) to mental stress was found in the PHT group
      compared with PNT (14%) and BHT (12%). The high responders in the PHT group had
      significantly higher mean plasma E concentrations throughout the experiment.
      Also, their increases in plasma NE and E in response to mental stress were higher
      than those of the low responders. The results indicate that genetic
      predisposition to hypertension plays a significant role in determining plasma
      catecholamine levels and the responsiveness to stress, especially to mental
      stress.

PMID- 4003426
TI  - Interaction of compliant coronary stenoses in series in a canine model.
AB  - Resistance and flow across compliant coronary stenoses may be altered by changes
      in intraluminal pressure. The effects of a distal circumflex coronary stenosis on
      a proximal compliant circumflex stenosis were evaluated in 17 open-chest dogs. In
      ten dogs, both stenoses were produced with external snares. As the distal
      stenosis was tightened, a point was reached at which flow through the circumflex
      coronary artery paradoxically increased (8 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 1 ml/min; p less than
      0.001). At the point of flow increase, there was an increase in intraluminal
      pressure between the stenoses (35 +/- 4 to 61 +/- 5 mmHg; p less than 0.001), and
      a decrease in pressure gradient (69 +/- 5 to 43 +/- 4 mmHg; p less than 0.001)
      and resistance (10.5 +/- 2.7 to 4.7 +/- 0.8 units; p less than 0.025) across the
      proximal stenosis. A similar increase in circumflex blood flow was found in dogs
      in which the proximal compliant stenosis was produced with an intraluminal
      balloon. In six additional dogs in which the proximal stenosis was produced with
      fixed noncompliant plastic tubing, tightening the distal snare did not result in
      an increase in circumflex blood flow. Thus, the increase in flow occurred only
      when the proximal stenosis was compliant. Increasing the severity of the distal
      stenosis caused an increase in intraluminal pressure in the area of the proximal
      stenosis and may have passively distended the compliant proximal stenosis
      decreasing its severity. Therefore, in the presence of compliant coronary
      stenoses in series, increasing severity of the distal stenosis may cause a
      paradoxical increase in flow through the stenotic artery.

PMID- 4003427
TI  - Methemoglobinemia.
AB  - Oxygen transport, the major function of hemoglobin, is dependent upon reduced
      heme iron. In the red cell, the heme iron is maintained in the reduced form by
      the methemoglobin reduction system. When the balance between oxidation and
      reduction of heme iron is perturbed due to the presence of excessive oxidants,
      decreased reducing capacity or the presence of abnormal hemoglobin,
      methemoglobinemia ensues. In most cases methemoglobinemia is transitory and of no
      major clinical consequence. Occasionally, however, it can be life threatening and
      must be rapidly diagnosed and treated. When methemoglobinemia is of hereditary
      nature, either due to deficiency of red cell NADH-methemoglobin reductase or due
      to the presence of M hemoglobin, it is a lifelong problem. Since most of these
      patients do not have major disabling symptoms, the treatment is aimed at
      correction of cyanosis.

PMID- 4003428
TI  - Unusual manifestations of arsenic intoxication.
AB  - A patient with arsenic intoxication is reported, who presented with a variety of
      gastrointestinal and neurologic disturbances including unilateral facial nerve
      palsy and acute symptomatic pancreatitis, neither of which have been previously
      described as sequelae of arsenic poisoning. The patient also suffered
      hematologic, dermatologic, and cardiopulmonary complications. A review of the
      literature about this interesting problem is also presented.

PMID- 4003429
TI  - Health maintenance for adults.

PMID- 4003430
TI  - Ventricular thrombus and hyperaggregable platelets.

PMID- 4003431
TI  - Primary refractory anemia: clinical and laboratory study of erythropoiesis in 16
      patients.
AB  - Erythropoiesis was studied in vitro in 16 selected patients with primary
      refractory anemia without excess of blasts who have been followed for an average
      of 4.8 years. The number of erythroid colonies and bursts grown in vitro from the
      patients' marrows did not correlate with any parameter of their disease or their
      prognosis. The response of marrow erythroid precursor cells to erythropoietin was
      found to be normal. In no case was a serum or IgG inhibitor of erythropoiesis
      detected either by quantitation of heme synthesized by marrow cells or by the
      erythroblast cytotoxicity assay. A clinically significant response of the anemia
      to corticosteroids was noted in three out of 14 patients. Ten patients died
      during the followup period, eight of them as a consequence of their hematologic
      disorder. Bone marrow aplasia with pancytopenia developed in six cases, increased
      number of marrow blasts in two cases, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia in
      one case and a spontaneous remission in another case. Refractory anemia without
      excess of blasts is a heterogeneous disorder with variable natural history
      including evolution into marrow aplasia.

PMID- 4003432
TI  - Drugs affecting bilirubin uptake by human erythrocyte ghosts.
AB  - Drugs known to affect the red blood cell membrane and used clinically in neonates
      were tested for their ability to cause increased 14C-bilirubin uptake by
      erythrocyte ghosts. The additional uptake of bilirubin by ghosts in the presence
      of penicillin G, phenobarbital, furosemide and theophylline may be explained by
      the effect of these drugs on free bilirubin levels as measured with a horseradish
      peroxidase assay. In contrast, the effect of chlorpromazine in causing increased
      bilirubin uptake by ghosts could not be totally explained by either ghost lysis
      or increased free bilirubin levels, as measured by light scattering, and was due
      to a direct effect of chlorpromazine on the ghost membrane. Our results
      demonstrate that drugs may act through different mechanisms in causing increased
      bilirubin uptake by erythrocytes.

PMID- 4003433
TI  - Case report: prosthetic valve endocarditis due to a nutritionally variant
      streptococcus.
AB  - The first report of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to a nutritionally variant
      streptococcus is presented. A 21-year-old woman developed persistent fever within
      one week of mitral valve replacement. Prosthetic valve dysfunction developed
      necessitating valve replacement. Cultures of blood and the excised prosthetic
      valve using routine media were negative; Streptococcus mitior grew as satellite
      colonies around Staphylococcus aureus and in beef heart infusion broth
      supplemented with 0.001% pyridoxine HCl. Treatment with penicillin G and
      streptomycin for six weeks was curative. Nutritionally variant streptococci
      should be considered in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis and negative
      routine cultures.

PMID- 4003434
TI  - The developmental field concept.
AB  - Identical anomalies produced by such different causes as aneuploidy, gene
      mutation, teratogenic chemicals, and certain surgical procedures show that
      embryonic primordia respond as units in the production of anomalies of anatomical
      structure. Hence, they must also act as units during normal ontogeny. The
      presence of identical malformations in different mammalian species identifies
      developmental and anatomical homology by virtue of descent from a common
      ancestor. These dys- and orthomorphogenetically reactive units are the
      equivalents of the classical experimental embryologist's epimorphic fields, which
      are those units of the embryo in which the development of complex structures
      appropriate to the species is determined and controlled in a spatially
      coordinated, temporally synchronous, and epimorphically hierarchical manner that
      expresses both species-nonspecific (that is, phylogenetic) and species-specific
      genetically coded developmental information. Thus, there is some merit in taking
      a long view of development.

PMID- 4003435
TI  - A family study of congenital diaphragmatic defects.
AB  - The occurrence of specific and nonspecific congenital anomalies was determined in
      first degree relatives of index patients with congenital diaphragmatic defects
      who were born in Hungary between 1970 and 1979 and were ascertained through a
      population-based registry. The cases were grouped into Bochdalek types (N = 156),
      other types (N = 26), unclassified types (N = 55), and multiple congenital
      anomalies (MCA) cases including those with congenital diaphragmatic defects (N =
      96). The sib occurrence in the Bochdalek type was 0.9% (taking into consideration
      also the unclassified cases or the total material, it was 0.5% or 0.4%,
      respectively). Specific familial clusters were not found in other types. Neural
      tube defects were detected in 1.8% of sibs in the total material and 2.4% in MCA
      cases.

PMID- 4003437
TI  - Hypopituitarism and septooptic "dysplasia" in first cousins.
AB  - Although familial forms of hypopituitarism are known, to our knowledge familial
      septooptic "dysplasia" in association with hypopituitarism has not been reported.
      We describe two first cousins with panhypopituitarism, one of whom had septooptic
      dysplasia. We discuss the possibility that septooptic dysplasia-hypopituitarism
      may be inherited as an autosomal dominant, or recessive, or multifactorial trait.

PMID- 4003436
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia in siblings.
AB  - We present two sisters with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary valve atresia. Both
      had identical anatomical findings as seen at cardiac catheterization and
      angiography and verified operatively, with, in particular, identical bronchial
      circulation and pulmonary valve structure. The parents are first cousins and
      there is no history of other affected relatives. We suggest that this is a
      specific, recessively inherited type of tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 4003438
TI  - Possible causal heterogeneity in spina bifida cystica.
AB  - A study was performed to determine whether causal heterogeneity can be
      demonstrated among the nonsyndromal spina bifida cysticas based on the vertebral
      level of the defect. Two groups were compared, probands with defects at or above
      T 11, likely representing defects of neuralization, and probands with defects at
      or below T 12, likely defects of canalization. Differences between the two groups
      were found with respect to reproductive history and occurrence of other
      malformations. A high degree of concordance for the type of defect among affected
      sib pairs was also observed. These findings indicate that there is probably
      heterogeneity within the spina bifida cysticas based on the level of the defect.

PMID- 4003439
TI  - Familial occurrence of a developmental defect of the medial nasal processes.
AB  - We report on a family in which the propositus and two distant relatives have a
      wide nose, broad philtrum, and short columella, a fusion defect of the medial
      nasal processes. This anomaly resembles potato nose [Benjamins and Stibbe, Acta
      Otolaryngol 11:274-284, 1927] and bifid nose [Anyane-Yeboa et al, Am J Med Genet
      17:561-563, 1984], which are also fusion anomalies of the medial nasal processes.
      Potato nose is an autosomal dominant trait, whereas bifid nose is likely
      heterogeneous. In this family autosomal recessive inheritance is likely,
      therefore suggesting that anomalies of the medial nasal processes are causally
      heterogeneous and represent a developmental field defect.

PMID- 4003440
TI  - Renal agenesis in British Columbia.
AB  - We review the incidence of bilateral and unilateral renal agenesis occurring in
      more than 625,000 consecutive births in British Columbia from 1952 to 1982. In
      total, 92 cases of bilateral renal agenesis and 117 cases of unilateral renal
      agenesis were identified. Congenital anomalies occurring in association with
      these conditions were also analyzed. The findings of the study support a
      mechanism in at least a proportion of cases of a primary developmental defect
      involving multiple systems within the fetus, with oligohydramnios being the
      result of the syndrome not the cause. Oligohydramnios no doubt contributes to the
      anomalies of the face, musculoskeletal system, and genitalia. No trends in
      changing incidence over time were identified.

PMID- 4003441
TI  - Sisters with polysplenia.
AB  - The pathogenesis of asplenia and polysplenia in humans is unknown. The conditions
      have been regarded as duplication of sidedness or abnormalities of embryonic
      curvature. The resemblance of the abnormalities in an autosomal recessive
      mutation (iv) in mice to those in humans with asplenia or polysplenia suggest the
      possibility of a genetic basis for asplenia/polysplenia in humans. We have
      studied a family in which two sisters had polysplenia, one sib pregnancy resulted
      in abortion, and two sibs and the parents are living and well with no evidence of
      the condition. Documentation of such families will be of value in determining the
      variations in expression of the condition and possible relationship between
      asplenia and polysplenia.

PMID- 4003443
TI  - Ectopia cordis and cleft sternum: evidence for mechanical teratogenesis following
      rupture of the chorion or yolk sac.
AB  - We present case material and a literature survey to document the association
      between ectopia cordis and band disruption anomalies. The occurrence of thoracic
      ectopia cordis with a cephalic-pointing cardiac apex suggests an arrest of
      cardiac descent at 3 weeks of development, consistent with our finding of ectopia
      cordis in a 28-day human embryo. Mechanical compression secondary to rupture of
      the chorion and/or yolk sac at 3 weeks of gestation would interfere with normal
      cardiac descent and compress the chest, yielding thoracic and pulmonary
      hypoplasia. Congenital heart defects associated with ectopia cordis may represent
      deformations secondary to mechanical distortion of the developing heart following
      early rupture of the chorion and/or yolk sac. As is illustrated by our clinical
      specimens, tethering of the heart to periumbilical structures by bands could
      yield thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis. The milder anomaly of cleft sternum, which
      is also associated with band disruptions, may occur later in development
      following rupture of the chorion, yolk sac, or amnion.

PMID- 4003444
TI  - Anterior midline defects: association with ectopia cordis or vascular dysplasia
      defines two distinct entities.

PMID- 4003442
TI  - Sternal malformation/vascular dysplasia association.
AB  - Sternal defects associated with superficial craniofacial vascular lesions are
      rare. We report on two additional patients with a sternal cleft and cutaneous,
      craniofacial hemangiomata to emphasize that this unusual combination of findings
      represents a recognizable sternal malformation/vascular dysplasia association. In
      addition, internal vascular lesions were also identified in these individuals, in
      one instance involving the upper respiratory tract and in the other the viscera.
      Although the pathogenesis of these findings is unclear, an early disturbance
      affecting midline mesodermal structures leading to lack of complete fusion of
      lateral sternal bands and overlying cutaneous tissue, or deficient formation of a
      proposed medioventral unpaired structure which may be involved in the formation
      of the sternum, and persistence and proliferation of midline angioblastic tissue
      may be possible mechanisms during the sixth to ninth gestational weeks. To date,
      all but one of the 15 known cases have been sporadic and no teratogen has been
      identified as a cause for these clinical manifestations. The presence of this
      association should signal the need to search for potentially life-threatening
      internal hemangiomata.

PMID- 4003445
TI  - Caudal "regression" anomaly in a boy born to a pancreatectomized mother.

PMID- 4003446
TI  - Tracheal agenesis and associated malformations: a comparison with
      tracheoesophageal fistula and the VACTERL association.
AB  - Tracheal agenesis is a rare malformation of the lower respiratory tract.
      Investigation of a patient with multiple congenital anomalies and tracheal
      agenesis prompted a review of the literature which uncovered 42 previously
      published cases, most of whom had other defects. The presence in our patient of a
      tracheal abnormality in association with radial hypoplasia, single umbilical
      artery, tetralogy of Fallot, and left hydroureter initially suggested presence of
      the VACTERL association. However, numerical classification of malformation
      patterns in the reported patients with tracheal agenesis and in a series of
      patients with tracheoesophageal fistula and other components of the VACTERL
      association suggests that tracheal agenesis does not occur in the VACTERL
      association and may be part of another pattern of malformations which includes
      laryngeal atresia, complex congenital heart anomalies, radial ray defects, and
      duodenal atresia.

PMID- 4003447
TI  - Hypospadias in British Columbia.
AB  - The British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry (BCHSR) records the frequency,
      incidence, and distribution of congenital malformations and other disabilities
      among individuals within the province using multiple sources of ascertainment.
      The most important sources of ascertainment for this study were Physician's
      Notice of Birth forms and discharge diagnosis from all hospitals in the province
      on children 7 years old or younger. These data were used to determine the minimal
      incidence of hypospadias with and without other congenital anomalies in order to
      provide information useful in management and to establish baseline prevalence
      data on a common genital malformation. In addition, incidence over time was
      evaluated. The study found the minimal incidence of hypospadias in British
      Columbia to be 4.44 per 1,000 male live births (1,314 cases out of 295,656 male
      live births) during 1966-1981. This is in the previously reported range of the
      incidence of hypospadias (2-8.2 per 1,000 male live births). Hypospadias was the
      only malformation in almost 80% of all individuals identified. The most frequent
      additional anomalies involved the genital and inguinal regions (7.2% of all cases
      or 36% of cases with additional anomalies). Cardiac lesions were the next most
      common anomalies, representing 14% of those cases with additional anomalies. Limb
      malformations and gastrointestinal anomalies were also quite common, representing
      12.1% and 9.1% of cases of hypospadias with additional anomalies, respectively.
      Thus, 1 in 225 males born in British Columbia has some degree of hypospadias, and
      20% of these infants also have at least one other anomaly.

PMID- 4003448
TI  - Uncomplicated familial hypospadias: evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance.
AB  - Uncomplicated hypospadias was found in eight members of a large, consanguineous
      Bedouin family. Virilization and fertility were normal in the only postpubertal
      individual. The inheritance is most likely autosomal recessive and we suggest
      that in some of the familial cases in which polygenic or multifactorial
      inheritance was previously proposed, homozygosity for recessive genes may be
      responsible for the increased risk to siblings. Dominantly transmitted
      hypertelorism with diastema was an independent and coincidental finding in this
      family.

PMID- 4003449
TI  - Laryngeal cleft: report of eight patients and a review of the literature.
AB  - Eight cases of laryngeal cleft are presented and the literature on this topic is
      reviewed. Patients most frequently present with stridor, respiratory distress, or
      a history of choking while feeding. A number of cases are found at autopsy or
      surgery. Laryngeal cleft frequently is found associated nonspecifically with
      tracheoesophageal fistula, cleft lip and cleft palate, and congenital heart
      defects. Laryngeal cleft may be a component manifestation of several syndromes,
      eg, the G syndrome, and the Pallister-Hall syndrome of congenital hypothalamic
      hamartoblastoma, hypopituitarism, imperforate anus, and postaxial polydactyly.
      Surgical treatment is successful in more than 50% of the reported cases,
      depending on the extent of the cleft. Cleft larynx is most likely a developmental
      field defect, occurring coincidentally with separation of larynx and esophagus
      and closure of the larynx.

PMID- 4003450
TI  - Congenital absence of left pericardium in a family.
AB  - Characteristic radiographic findings of absence of the left pericardium were
      observed in two relatives who were related to two other individuals with
      different types of congenital heart defects. Familial occurrence of congenital
      absence of pericardium has not been reported previously. The strong male sex
      predilection in the previously reported patients, the segregation pattern of
      affected individuals in the pedigree presented here, and the presence of two
      other individuals with multifactorially determined congenital heart defects in
      the same pedigree suggest multifactorial determination of congenital absence of
      the left pericardium.

PMID- 4003451
TI  - Pulmonary and diaphragmatic agenesis: report of affected sibs.
AB  - We report on two sibs with pulmonary and diaphragmatic agenesis, a rare
      combination of malformations. We conclude that this represents a previously
      undescribed autosomal recessive condition affecting either multiple developmental
      fields or a single complex polytopic field.

PMID- 4003452
TI  - Bilateral pulmonary agenesis: association with the hydrolethalus syndrome and
      review of the literature from a developmental field perspective.
AB  - Only a few cases of bilateral pulmonary agenesis have been reported. Recently we
      saw such a case in an infant with the hydrolethalus syndrome. This observation
      seems to indicate that bilateral pulmonary agenesis is a severe expression of a
      developmental field defect that usually is represented by abnormal lung lobation
      or hypoplasia. The previously reported cases are discussed from the perspective
      of the developmental field concept.

PMID- 4003453
TI  - Transition from adolescence to adulthood: perspectives of mentally retarded
      individuals and their families.
AB  - From ethnographic fieldnotes and life history interviews, basic descriptive data
      were presented that depict the adolescent life stage as it was recounted by 25
      mildly retarded individuals and their parents. Patterns of adolescent adjustment
      are described in terms of the issues and concerns that preoccupied the retarded
      adolescents, the problem behavior exhibited by these young persons, and what
      parents did about their children's problems. Comparison of adolescent adjustment
      patterns and current adult status revealed that the central concerns of
      adolescence remain problems for only some mildly retarded adults. The majority
      regard normative achievements as most salient to their self-identity and well
      being.

PMID- 4003454
TI  - Interactions between severely mentally retarded students and other students in
      integrated and segregated public school settings.
AB  - Severely mentally retarded target students (n = 245) from 14 school districts in
      9 states were observed in integrated and segregated social groups in 1981 and
      1982. The rate of social bids directed by these students to other students and by
      other students to them was significantly higher in integrated social groups than
      in segregated social groups. In addition, a higher rate of positive bids was
      directed by nonretarded students to severely retarded students in comparison to
      bids from other handicapped students in integrated groups. Nonretarded students
      responded to social bids from severely retarded students more frequently than did
      other retarded students. The implications of the results of integration for
      severely retarded students are discussed in terms of increased social interaction
      opportunities and the generalized usage of social skills.

PMID- 4003455
TI  - Teaching telephone-answering skills to mentally retarded adults.
AB  - Four telephone-answering problems were identified. Following baseline
      observations, 6 mentally retarded students were exposed to a treatment package
      consisting of verbal and visual prompts, reinforcement, and rehearsal
      opportunities within the context of a Multiple-Baseline, Across-Problems X
      Subjects design. All students learned to criterion the problems to which they
      were exposed; however, large individual differences in performance were observed
      during all phases of the study. Posttraining and follow-up probes revealed, with
      few exceptions, good retention. Transfer of training occurred between problems,
      and generalization of treatment occurred between sex of caller and style of
      caller request.

PMID- 4003456
TI  - Reducing occurrences of an asymmetrical tonic neck reflex.
AB  - A custom-designed foam rubber headpiece was used during lunch with a multiply
      handicapped child to reduce the occurrences of an asymmetrical tonic neck reflex.
      After the inappropriate reflex was inhibited, the apparatus was gradually faded
      out by cutting away sections of the rubber. Ultimately, the headpiece was
      completely eliminated and the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex maintained a zero
      level of occurrence during lunch periods. Concomitantly, there was an increase in
      correct bites of food.

PMID- 4003457
TI  - Short-term memory for pictures and words by mentally retarded and nonretarded
      persons.
AB  - Mentally retarded and nonretarded persons were compared in a Brown-Peterson short
      term memory task for the retention of words and pictures over intervals up to 30
      seconds. The retarded subjects forgot more rapidly over the initial 10 seconds.
      They also retained pictures better than they did words; the nonretarded subjects
      retained these stimuli equally well. The results were theoretically interpreted
      as reflecting a structural memory deficit in retarded individuals, who were
      viewed as having greater facility with an imaginal memory code than with a verbal
      code. Transforming information from one code to another may also have been more
      difficult for retarded persons.

PMID- 4003458
TI  - Aspects of digit-span performance: naming time and order memory.
AB  - Individual differences in digit span, as in any memory span task, can be
      attributed to item-identification speed (naming time) and memory for order. The
      relationship between the two was examined in an experiment with 40 EMR and 40
      nonretarded children. Order memory and digit span had significant correlations
      for both groups. Naming time was found to correlate with span only for EMR
      subjects; span was a linear function of the number of digits named in 2.89
      seconds. For nonretarded subjects no relationship between the two was observed.
      The results for EMR subjects, although interpretable in terms of limited capacity
      in working memory, were discussed in the context of the substantial correlation
      between order memory and naming time.

PMID- 4003459
TI  - Semantic processing and serial learning by EMR adolescents.
AB  - In a previous study we found that providing the semantic strategy of stories
      linking to-be-remembered items facilitated free-recall in original learning and
      in retention after 2 months (Glidden & Warner, 1983). The present study
      replicated the previous study but with a serial-recall requirement. A story
      linking items within blocks of a to-be-recalled list was provided for EMR
      subjects. In comparison to control subjects, they recalled more in the early
      trials of original learning, but retention after 8 months was comparable for the
      two conditions. Future investigators should focus on how to train retarded
      subjects to generate their own semantic strategies for serial learning.

PMID- 4003461
TI  - Chronobiological aspects of stereotypy.
AB  - An area of research concerned with the temporal structure of stereotypic
      behavior, namely, the chronobiology of stereotypy, was reviewed. Nine studies in
      which investigators examined the long-term temporal structure of stereotypy of
      mentally retarded individuals were reviewed. Seven of them indicated that
      stereotypy occurs in a rhythmic pattern over time. The origins of these patterns
      were related to both exogenous and endogenous factors, such as staff and activity
      changes, metabolic functions, and the existence of a rest-activity cycle.

PMID- 4003460
TI  - Observing executive activity in a simple assembly task.
AB  - Performance of a group of adult trainees in a workshop for mentally retarded
      persons and that of an equivalent-MA group of third-grade children was observed
      in a toy construction task. Performances were video taped and subsequently coded
      for executive activity and other classes of behavior. A range of executive
      activities was identified, and these proved to be a powerful influence in
      discriminating between the groups. Other analyses of event sequences examined
      where executive activity occurred and which types of events typically followed
      such activity.

PMID- 4003462
TI  - Psychosocial correlates of depression in mentally retarded adults: II. Poor
      social skills.
AB  - This is the second report on the results of an investigation of the psychosocial
      correlates of depression in mildly mentally retarded adults. Results of the
      present study showed that depression was associated with informant ratings of
      poor social skills. The results of the entire investigation suggest that further
      research is necessary on the associations among poor social skills, low levels of
      social support, and the occurrence of depression in mentally retarded adults.

PMID- 4003463
TI  - "Is that all there is?".

PMID- 4003465
TI  - A circle and the eight happinesses.

PMID- 4003464
TI  - Vaginal breech delivery of selected infants weighing more than 2000 grams. A
      retrospective analysis of seven years' experience.
AB  - This retrospective study analyzes 580 term and near-term singleton pregnancies
      complicated by breech presentation from 1976 through 1982. Vaginal delivery was
      achieved in 174 patients (30%), 135 of which were selectively allowed a trial of
      labor. Six infant deaths occurred (1%); all were neonatal deaths directly related
      to lethal congenital anomalies, for a corrected neonatal mortality rate of 0%. No
      significant difference was found in the incidence of low Apgar scores, traumatic
      birth injury, or requirement for neonatal resuscitation between those infants
      delivered by cesarean section and those delivered vaginally. Although no maternal
      deaths occurred, cesarean section was associated with a 38-fold increase in
      significant maternal morbidity. These data suggest that with careful patient
      selection and fetal monitoring, vaginal delivery of the term or near-term breech
      infant remains a real alternative to routine cesarean delivery of all breech
      infants. A selection and management protocol is proposed.

PMID- 4003466
TI  - The midforceps: maternal and neonatal outcomes.
AB  - A retrospective review of midforceps deliveries occurring between 1976 and 1982
      at a county teaching hospital is presented. Midforceps deliveries were performed
      in 0.8% of deliveries (176 of 21,414) during this period, a rate reflecting the
      general admonition against potentially traumatic injury to the infant. Under
      these conditions, midforceps deliveries were associated with active and second
      stage labor abnormalities, abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, maternal perineal
      lacerations, low 1-minute Apgar scores, and neonatal cephalohematomas more
      frequently than were deliveries of the remainder of the patients. Epidural
      anesthesia was significantly associated with midforceps deliveries. Midforceps
      patients were matched to similar groups who were delivered by cesarean section or
      low forceps or who had spontaneous births. The findings do not document an
      increase in short-term neonatal morbidity in the midforceps group under the
      conditions described.

PMID- 4003468
TI  - Cervicography: a preliminary report.
AB  - Cervicography is a photographic method to document abnormal cervical lesions.
      Screening for abnormal cervical lesions, one of the seven proposed purposes for
      cervicography, was investigated in this study. We evaluated 578 cervigrams
      obtained from patients with normal cervical cytologic tests. The evaluated
      cervigrams were placed in one of four categories. Seventy-nine (13.7%) of the
      patients had normal cervigrams; in 152 (26.4%) the result was unsatisfactory; in
      159 (27.5%) the cervigram was technically defective; and in 188 (32.5%) the
      result was suspicious. One hundred one of the patients with suspicious cervigrams
      had colposcopic evaluations. In 69 patients colposcopically directed biopsies
      were done; 14 patients had koilocytotic atypia, seven had grade 1 cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia, three had grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,
      and one patient had an invasive cervical carcinoma. Although cervicography has
      not been proved to be cost effective, it is a method worthy of further
      evaluation.

PMID- 4003467
TI  - Eclampsia. IV. Neurological findings and future outcome.
AB  - Sixty-five patients with eclampsia were longitudinally evaluated regarding
      neurological abnormalities and maternal outcome (6 to 42 months) after eclampsia.
      Electroencephalograms were obtained on all patients during the subsequent 6
      months. Computerized axial tomographic scans (n = 20) and cerebral arteriograms
      (n = 3) were obtained on patients with neurological deficits and/or those with an
      atypical clinical course. The electroencephalogram was abnormal in 49 patients
      (75%) at initial assessment but gradually returned to normal in all observed
      patients within 6 months. Cerebral arteriograms and computerized axial
      tomographic scans were normal in each patient studied. None of the patients had
      neurological deficits or subsequent convulsions on follow-up examination. Thirty
      eight patients had one or more subsequent pregnancies without recurrent
      eclampsia, but 14 (37%) had pregnancy-induced hypertension. The findings suggest
      that neurological events of eclampsia are acute and transient and that long-term
      neurological deficit is rare in the properly managed patient. Computerized axial
      tomography and electroencephalography are rarely indicated in the management of
      such patients.

PMID- 4003469
TI  - Second-look laparotomy in ovarian cancer: evaluation of pathologic variables.
AB  - From 1977 through 1982, 135 patients with ovarian cancer, having a mean age of
      53.7 years and no clinical evidence of disease after approximately 1 year of
      treatment, underwent a "second-look" laparotomy. Of the 135 patients, 58 (43%)
      had histologic confirmation of disease at the second-look procedure. Persistent
      disease was positively correlated with the original stage and negatively
      correlated with the extent of the original reductive surgery. The original
      histologic grade or cellular subtype did not significantly influence the findings
      at reexploration. Patient survival, as judged by percentage of patients alive 3
      years after the second-look laparotomy, was dependent on the following
      surgical/pathologic parameters: tumor size at reexploration, peritoneal cytologic
      features, residual tumor after reexploration, and histologic grade.

PMID- 4003470
TI  - Maternal weight and pregnancy complications.
AB  - The effect of obesity alone was investigated among 16,858 women who were
      delivered of their infants within a 12-month period. Complete analysis was
      possible for 9667 patients who were divided into four weight categories and
      separated into two groups, with and without complications. Perinatal mortality,
      infant size, and the primary cesarean delivery rate were calculated for each
      group. Among 2597 women with antenatal complications, there was a significant
      increase in perinatal mortality (p less than 0.001), primary cesarean delivery (p
      less than 0.02), and mean infant birth weight (p less than 0.01) in the obese and
      the morbidly obese gravid women. Among 7070 women without antenatal complications
      there was a significant increase in primary cesarean delivery (p less than 0.001)
      and mean infant birth weight (p less than 0.01) but not perinatal mortality in
      the obese and the morbidly obese gravid women. Obesity alone does not appear to
      affect the perinatal mortality rate but it increases the likelihood of cesarean
      delivery in the morbidly obese patient.

PMID- 4003471
TI  - Preventing febrile complications of suction curettage abortion.
AB  - To identify risk factors for febrile complications after suction curettage
      abortion, we analyzed the data of 26,332 women who underwent suction curettage
      abortion at five participating centers in the Joint Program for the Study of
      Abortion, Part III, from 1975 to 1978. We defined febrile morbidity as an oral
      temperature of greater than or equal to 38 degrees C for 2 days or longer. The
      febrile morbidity rate was 0.34 per 100 abortions. We performed a multivariate
      analysis using a linear logistic regression model. Prophylactic antibiotics
      proved to be the most protective factor, reducing the rate of febrile
      complications to about one third that of women who received no prophylactic
      antibiotics (relative risk 0.36; 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 0.70). Patients
      who had had one or more previous births also had a significantly lower risk of
      febrile morbidity (relative risk 0.54; 95% confidence interval 0.33 to 0.88).
      Other factors did not significantly affect the febrile complication rate.

PMID- 4003472
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis isolation in patients with endometritis after cesarean
      section.
AB  - Cervical specimens for Chlamydia were collected from 110 patients with
      endometritis after cesarean section and from 52 intrapartum patients without
      clinical infection. The C. trachomatis isolation rate was not statistically
      different between these groups.

PMID- 4003473
TI  - Renal vein thrombosis following puerperal ovarian vein thrombophlebitis.
AB  - A case of renal vein thrombosis following puerperal ovarian vein thrombophlebitis
      is reported. We review the syndrome of puerperal ovarian vein thrombophlebitis
      and emphasize the potential for renal vein and vena caval involvement. The
      utility of computed tomographic scanning for diagnostic confirmation of this
      postpartum complication is described.

PMID- 4003474
TI  - Interval tubal sterilization in obese women--an assessment of risks.
AB  - Obesity is considered to be a complicating factor in most surgical procedures,
      but very few studies have investigated whether this is true for tubal
      sterilization. We used a large international data set to investigate the effect
      of obesity on tubal sterilization. Each of the 159 women delineated as obese
      (greater than 50% above the mean ideal weight) was matched with a woman of normal
      weight on important provider variables such as center, operator, and type of
      surgical procedure. Incidences of anesthesic, surgical, and early postsurgical
      complications were comparably low and of a mild nature for both the obese and the
      nonobese groups. Incidence of surgical difficulties was higher, and as a result,
      the technical failure rate was also higher and the surgical time longer for obese
      women than for nonobese women. However, none of these surgical difficulties or
      technical failures led to serious consequences. The difference in surgical times
      was small and is probably of little practical significance. It appears that the
      surgical difficulties of tubal sterilization in moderately obese women can be
      easily overcome.

PMID- 4003475
TI  - Intrapartum external cephalic version.
AB  - Intrapartum external cephalic version at term was employed in 15 patients with
      intact membranes and breech presentations; successful version occurred in 11
      patients. There were no untoward maternal or fetal outcomes.

PMID- 4003476
TI  - Arrested puberty associated with a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor.
AB  - Androgen-producing ovarian tumors are rarely recognized as a cause of delayed or
      arrested puberty, despite their frequent association with secondary amenorrhea in
      the older patient. A case is discussed of a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor in an 18
      year-old girl resulting in arrest of breast development and primary amenorrhea.

PMID- 4003477
TI  - Hemodynamic observations in severe preeclampsia complicated by pulmonary edema.
AB  - Ten patients with severe preeclampsia complicated by pulmonary edema were studied
      with invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Eight of 10 patients developed pulmonary
      edema during the postpartum period. Five patients had alterations in the colloid
      osmotic pressure--pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradient related to elevations
      in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and a reduction in the colloid osmotic
      pressure. Three patients had hemodynamic findings consistent with pulmonary
      capillary leak. Two patients had evidence of left ventricular failure. In three
      of the patients, the central venous pressure was significantly lower than the
      simultaneously determined pulmonary artery wedge pressure during the acute phase
      of the pulmonary edema.

PMID- 4003478
TI  - The role of transferrin and ferritin in the fetal-maternal-placental unit.
AB  - The rapidly growing human fetus requires a large supply of iron, which is
      obtained from the iron stores of the mother. Iron is transported from mother to
      fetus against a concentration gradient. The placenta plays a key role in
      regulating the supply of iron in the fetus. In both anemic and nonanemic patients
      serum ferritin levels decreased and total iron-binding capacity increased as
      gestation progressed. The total iron-binding capacity is higher in maternal than
      in umbilical cord blood at delivery; this suggests that little or no ferritin or
      transferrin is transferred from mother to fetus. Mother and fetus appear to have
      independent systems controlling iron metabolism. Transferrin was localized on the
      site facing the intervillous space, on the surface of the microvilli of the
      syncytiotrophoblasts. The removal of transferrin from the surface of the
      trophoblast by thiocyanate and its rebinding were demonstrated. Ferritin was
      shown to be present in all layers of the trophoblast and especially in the
      syncytiotrophoblast.

PMID- 4003479
TI  - Effects of maternal oxygen administration on fetal oxygenation during reductions
      in umbilical blood flow in fetal lambs.
AB  - In 11 chronically catheterized fetal lambs (123 +/- 6, mean +/- SD, days of
      gestation; term = 147 days), we measured fetal oxygen delivery and oxygen
      consumption before and during reductions in umbilical blood flow (Qumb). Qumb was
      reduced by inflation of a balloon occluder located just proximal to the origin of
      the common umbilical artery. Measurements were made while the unanesthetized
      maternal sheep received either room air or 100% oxygen to breathe. In oxygen
      treated fetuses, oxygen concentrations in umbilical venous blood (Cuvo2) and
      arterial blood (Cao2) were increased over a wide range of Qumb when compared with
      those of room air-treated fetuses. Because of these responses, fetal oxygen
      delivery (Do2 = Qumb X Cuvo2) and oxygen consumption [Vo2 = Qumb(Cuvo2-Cao2)]
      were greater in oxygen-treated fetuses than in room air-treated fetuses during
      episodes of reduced Qumb. In oxygen-treated fetuses, Vo2 decreased from normal
      levels only when Qumb was less than or equal to 75 ml/min/kg of fetus, whereas in
      room air-treated fetuses Vo2 decreased at Qumb less than or equal to 150
      ml/min/kg. Our data indicate that oxygen administration to the pregnant sheep
      increases oxygen delivery to the fetus during times of reduced umbilical
      perfusion and that this supplemental oxygen supply provides an oxygen reserve
      with which the fetus can maintain oxidative metabolism. These data may be
      relevant to those clinical conditions, such as umbilical cord compression in
      labor, that are associated with reductions in umbilical blood flow.

PMID- 4003480
TI  - Natural killer cell activity during pregnancy.

PMID- 4003481
TI  - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate and butorphanol administration.

PMID- 4003482
TI  - Cesarean section delivery and future childbearing.

PMID- 4003483
TI  - Genital chlamydial infection and cervical cancer.

PMID- 4003484
TI  - Fitting gas-permeable contact lenses after penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - Between Sept. 1, 1981, and Jan. 31, 1984, 74 eyes (70 patients) were fitted with
      gas-permeable Polycon contact lenses and monitored for at least six months
      (range, six to 33 months; mean, 14 months). The major indications for hard
      contact lens fitting were astigmatism and anisometropia. Astigmatism in this
      series ranged from 0 to 17.50 diopters (mean, 7.7 diopters). Most patients
      achieved visual acuities of 20/40 or better (67 of 74, 90%) with contact lenses.
      Contact lenses were discontinued in 18% (13 of 74), because of graft rejection in
      four cases and because of contact lens intolerance in nine cases. Our results
      demonstrated that gas-permeable hard lenses can be fitted successfully in most
      patients unable to achieve optimal vision with spectacle correction after
      penetrating keratoplasty.

PMID- 4003485
TI  - The effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on the fluid content of
      hydrophilic contact lenses.
AB  - Twenty healthy volunteers were fitted with a Bausch & Lomb plano O4 bandage
      contact lens (center thickness, 0.06 mm; water content, 38.6%) in one eye and a
      CooperVision therapeutic bandage Permalens (center thickness, 0.24 mm; water
      content, 70%) in the other eye. Ten received eyedrops every hour for six hours of
      a solution of 224 ml Osmol and the other ten received a solution of 670 ml Osmol.
      At the end of the examination period water loss was 21.05% and 20.36% in the
      Permalens group with the hypertonic and hypotonic solutions, respectively, and
      8.86% and 10.74% in the Bausch & Lomb lens groups with the hypertonic and
      hypotonic solutions, respectively. These values were not significant when
      compared to those for five control patients (13.75% water loss for the Permalens
      and 7.28% for the Bausch & Lomb contact lens), suggesting that other factors may
      be more significant in controlling hydrogel contact lens dehydration.

PMID- 4003486
TI  - Natural killer cells against human corneal endothelium.
AB  - Human corneal endothelial cell monolayer preparations were incubated with fresh
      nonadherent peripheral blood lymphocytes. Vital and supravital staining and
      direct immunofluorescent techniques were used to analyze lymphocyte binding,
      endothelial cell viability, and the phenotypes of the lymphocyte populations
      binding to endothelial cells. Spontaneous lymphocyte-endothelial cell conjugate
      formation appeared maximal after six hours of incubation (86 lymphocytes per
      1,000 endothelial cells). Cytotoxicity assays showed decreased endothelial
      viability after exposure to the lymphocytes when compared to controls incubated
      in media alone. The binding-lymphocyte population was a large granular
      nonadherent lymphocyte lacking surface immunoglobulin and stained positively for
      Leu-11 antigen, a surface marker expressed by natural killer cells. These data
      demonstrate that nonsensitized peripheral blood lymphocytes recognize and kill
      corneal endothelial cells in vitro. Thus, the lymphocyte subpopulations
      responsible for the destruction of corneal endothelial cells have functional and
      phenotype characteristics similar to natural killer cells and may be important
      participants in corneal graft injury.

PMID- 4003487
TI  - Excimer laser therapy for experimental Candida keratitis.
AB  - In vivo treatment of experimental Candida albicans keratitis with the excimer
      laser achieved sterilization on culture and histopathologically in all corneas in
      which clinically visible infiltration was removed with the laser at the 193-nm
      wavelength. Treatment at the 248-nm wavelength was not successful in eradicating
      infection compared with untreated controls. The 193-nm wavelength is highly
      effective, probably because infected tissue is totally removed by ablative
      photodecomposition. At the 248-nm wavelength, thermal effects become more
      dominant and, therefore, fungal elements are incompletely ablated. Light
      microscopy two days after treatment at the 193-nm wavelength showed healing of
      ulcerated areas, fine basophilic stippling at the epithelial-stromal interface,
      and undamaged underlying stroma.

PMID- 4003488
TI  - Dehydrated cucumber slice as a mount for conjunctival biopsy specimens.
AB  - Specially prepared segments of thinly sliced cucumber, serving as tissue mounts,
      facilitated the histologic processing and interpretation of conjunctival biopsy
      specimens.

PMID- 4003490
TI  - Orbital fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration was used as a primary orbital diagnostic technique in 156
      patients. A 20-mm syringe, a 22-gauge, 3.75-cm needle, and a plastic pistol grip
      were used. Local anesthetic was not necessary. When the needle is in the lesion,
      small to-and-fro movements with a minimum of angulation are helpful. The aspirate
      is spread on slides fixed with alcohol. Positive cytologic identification was
      made in 125 of 156 cases. Commonly identified lesions included metastatic
      carcinoma, inflammatory lesions, and lymphoid lesions. Small posterior apical
      lesions are difficult to aspirate, but are often the most rewarding
      diagnostically. Fine-needle aspiration was not successful in tumors of fibrous
      consistency, in those located in the orbital apex, or in lymphocytic lesions with
      specimens inadequate for diagnosis.

PMID- 4003489
TI  - The use of botulinum toxin in blepharospasm.
AB  - Twenty-two patients, 17 with benign essential blepharospasm and five with
      hemifacial spasm, received botulinum toxin by subcutaneous injections in the
      eyelids and eyebrows. All 22 patients received a standard treatment of 12.5 units
      of botulinum toxin per side at each injection session. The orbicularis oculi
      muscle showed pronounced weakness after injection and the spasms decreased.
      Spasms often recurred despite persistent orbicularis oculi muscle weakness. Side
      effects were minimal. All patients received some relief, which generally lasted
      six to 12 weeks.

PMID- 4003492
TI  - Surgical management of floppy eyelid syndrome.
AB  - Four patients (five eyes) with the classic findings of floppy eyelid syndrome all
      had chronic irritative symptoms, with papillary conjunctivitis, and a soft,
      rubbery, floppy, and easily everted upper eyelid. All affected eyes were treated
      surgically by a full-thickness eyelid shortening procedure which produced
      immediate relief of symptoms. Histopathologic study of the resected eyelids
      showed only an inflammatory infiltrate in the conjunctiva, but failed to identify
      specific cause for the lax tarsus.

PMID- 4003491
TI  - Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome.
AB  - The ablepharon macrostomia syndrome is a severe congenital condition that
      includes total absence of the upper and lower eyelids, failure of lip fusion that
      results in an enlarged, fish-like mouth, abnormally shaped ears and nose, absence
      of lanugo, ventral hernia, and ambiguous genitalia. In one such patient we were
      able to reconstruct the eyelids in a three-stage procedure. Redundant skin from
      the retroauricular area was used to create full-thickness grafts. The child later
      underwent successful mouth reconstruction. Although developmentally delayed, the
      child was eventually able to sit unassisted, to grasp objects, and to follow
      light with some fixation. Nystagmus was severe. The retina was attached in one
      eye and detached in the other. Corneal opacities present initially improved in
      one eye, allowing a view of the pupil and a normal anterior chamber.

PMID- 4003493
TI  - Intralesional triamcinolone for cutaneous palpebral sarcoidosis.
AB  - Cosmetically disfiguring bilateral palpebral sarcoid dermatitis in a 32-year-old
      woman was treated with intradermal triamcinolone. There was rapid and complete
      resolution of lesions and there was no evidence of recurrence or hypopigmentation
      at a one-year follow-up examination. Thus, intradermal corticosteroid therapy can
      be useful for skin lesions in patients with sarcoidosis who do not require
      systemic therapy.

PMID- 4003494
TI  - Topical indomethacin therapy before argon laser trabeculoplasty.
AB  - Fifty treatment sessions for 43 eyes (35 patients) receiving argon laser
      trabeculoplasty to one-half the angle were randomly assigned in a double-masked
      fashion to pretreatment with either topical indomethacin 1% or placebo. In 25
      treatments intraocular pressure increased 3 mm Hg or more within four hours.
      Topical indomethacin pretreatment had no effect on the incidence, magnitude, or
      time course of this acute increase. It also did not alter the long-term
      effectiveness of the laser treatment (-3.8 mm Hg in the indomethacin-treated
      group vs -4.3 mm Hg in the placebo-treated group). The overall incidence of new
      peripheral anterior synechiae found on gonioscopy at one month was 32% (16 of 50
      treatments). Synechiae formation was much higher in blacks (ten of 11 eyes or
      91%) than in whites (five of 38 eyes or 13%). Although there was an association
      between acute anterior chamber inflammation after laser treatment and ultimate
      synechia formation (P less than .05), indomethacin pretreatment did not alter its
      occurrence.

PMID- 4003495
TI  - Effect of topical indomethacin and timolol maleate on intraocular pressure in
      normal subjects.
AB  - In a prospective randomized double-masked crossover study in ten healthy
      volunteers, conducted to determine if the intraocular hypotensive effect of
      timolol eyedrops was significantly affected by the concomitant use of the
      topically administered prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin, we found that
      significant ocular hypotension was achieved with timolol alone. This was not
      changed by the concurrent administration of indomethacin. The results provide
      further evidence that prostaglandins are not involved in the control of normal
      intraocular pressure.

PMID- 4003496
TI  - A fluorophotometric study of the effect of argon laser trabeculoplasty on aqueous
      humor dynamics.
AB  - Fluorophotometry and tonography were used before and after argon laser
      trabeculoplasty to measure aqueous humor dynamics in 15 eyes of 14 patients. A
      new fluorophotometric method used to measure true outflow facility showed that it
      increased from a mean pretreatment value of 0.016 microliter/min/mm Hg to a mean
      posttreatment value of 0.075 microliter/min/mm Hg. Similarly, total outflow
      facility, measured tonographically, increased from 0.112 microliter/min/mm Hg to
      0.151 microliter/min/mm Hg. Uveoscleral flow decreased after laser therapy;
      however, this was secondary to the decrease in intraocular pressure. No effect
      was found on the rate of aqueous humor production. We concluded that the primary
      effect of argon laser trabeculoplasty was to increase true outflow facility,
      thereby decreasing intraocular pressure.

PMID- 4003497
TI  - Central retinal artery occlusion during cardiac catheterization.
AB  - A massive embolus of the central retinal artery occurred during cardiac
      catheterization and selective coronary angiography. Anterior chamber paracentesis
      and coughing resulted in restoration of retinal blood flow and vision within two
      hours. In two other cases retinal arteriolar embolization was observed in
      patients who had minimal or no ocular symptoms after cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 4003498
TI  - Ischemic optic neuropathy associated with retinal embolism.
AB  - Ischemic optic neuropathy occurred in three patients (a 55-year-old man and two
      women, 64 and 68 years old). Visual loss followed coronary bypass surgery in two
      patients who also had diffuse atherosclerotic disease. Retinal emboli were
      present in both eyes of each. The third patient developed ischemic optic
      neuropathy with evidence of ipsilateral retinal emboli shortly after cardiac
      catheterization. Her only other risk factor for ischemic optic neuropathy was
      systemic hypertension. Although highly unusual, ischemic optic neuropathy may be
      associated with and possibly caused by a shower of emboli to the eye.

PMID- 4003499
TI  - Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The Silicone Study Group.

PMID- 4003500
TI  - Wide-field endothelial counting panels.

PMID- 4003501
TI  - Corneal abrasion secondary to a malpositioned contact lens.

PMID- 4003502
TI  - Keratopathy associated with the use of naproxen.

PMID- 4003503
TI  - Synthetic fiber granuloma of the conjunctiva.

PMID- 4003504
TI  - Disinfectant container for diagnostic lenses.

PMID- 4003505
TI  - Pupillary block with flexible anterior chamber intraocular lenses.

PMID- 4003506
TI  - Retinal hamartoma, acquired retinoschisis, and retinal hole.

PMID- 4003507
TI  - Rubeola retinopathy and pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy.

PMID- 4003508
TI  - Scintillating scotoma as the first symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 4003509
TI  - Pupillary defects in retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 4003510
TI  - Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

PMID- 4003511
TI  - Iridotomy scissor-forceps.

PMID- 4003513
TI  - Intraocular micro instruments on miniature handles.

PMID- 4003512
TI  - Modified vitreoretinal pics and spatulas.

PMID- 4003514
TI  - A sutureless self-retaining infusion cannula for pars plana vitrectomy.

PMID- 4003515
TI  - Clues to the diagnosis of functional unilateral blepharoptosis.

PMID- 4003516
TI  - Atropine toxicity.

PMID- 4003517
TI  - The use of xylazine-ketamine anesthetic for intraocular surgery on rabbits.

PMID- 4003518
TI  - Therapeutic options in uveal melanoma.

PMID- 4003519
TI  - Effect of inverted body position intraocular pressure.

PMID- 4003520
TI  - Fleck retina in Kjellin's syndrome.

PMID- 4003521
TI  - Floppy eyelid with hyperglycinemia.

PMID- 4003523
TI  - Tinted hydrogel lenses permanency of tint.
AB  - The spectral transmittances of a sample group of tinted hydrogel contact lenses
      were analyzed to assess the reproducibility of tinted lenses of a given density.
      Transmittance data were used to assess permanency of the tint after a 14-day
      cycle of daily cleaning, sterilization, and storage using a variety of cleaning
      and sterilization treatments. One-way analysis of variance of the transmittance
      data has demonstrated significant variations in the density of tint for Cibasoft
      lenses of a given color and density. However, these variations are smaller than
      the manufacturer's stated criterion for acceptable differences in tint density at
      a given tint level, i.e., light, medium, or dark. The Cibatint is stable when the
      lenses are cleaned with the Septicon and Miraflow systems. However, tinted
      hydrogel lenses from other manufacturers demonstrated changes of tint which were
      dependent upon the cleaning and sterilization methods used.

PMID- 4003522
TI  - Visual evoked potential correlates of laser flashblindness in rhesus monkeys I.
      Argon laser flashes.
AB  - The visual evoked potential (VEP) in four rhesus monkeys was used to assess the
      transient loss of visual function resulting from single 100-ms argon laser
      flashes (476.5 and 514.5 nm) whose energy levels did not exceed the maximum
      permissible exposure (MPE). VEP's were elicited by high-contrast square-wave test
      gratings which were phase-reversed at a frequency of 6 Hz, and were recorded
      using bipolar electrodes implanted in the foveal projection region of area 17.
      The parameters which were investigated included (1) flash size (focused vs.
      expanded), (2) position of the electrode's receptive field relative to the
      position of the flash (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5-deg separation), (3) flash exposure
      level (50, 5.0, and 0.5% of the MPE), (4) peak wavelength of the test grating
      (454, 540, and 630 nm), and (5) spatial frequency of the test grating (1.0, 4.0,
      6.0, and 12.0 c/deg). The results of the flash-size experiment revealed that the
      expanded flash, whose retinal diameter was approximately 750 microns, eliminated
      or severely attenuated the VEP for a longer duration than did the focused flash
      and also resulted in a more gradual recovery function. The combined results of
      the flash position and energy level experiments indicated that the effective
      energy of the focused flash declined rapidly beyond 1.5 deg, but still
      approximated 4% of its maximum value as far as 4.5 deg from its center. Few, if
      any, wavelength-specific effects were observed after exposure to either the 476.5
      or 514.5-nm flashes, even when the energy of the flashes was reduced to a small
      fraction of the MPE. Finally, the flash effect was considerably longer in
      duration for the 12.0 c/deg grating relative to the low and intermediate
      frequency gratings. In general, the findings suggest that the focused and
      expanded argon laser flashes produce a VEP suppression whose time course and
      other characteristics correlate well with those associated with behaviorally
      observed flashblindness in humans after exposure to intense noncoherent flashes.

PMID- 4003524
TI  - Stimulus contaminants in visual electrophysiology.
AB  - Evoked cortical potentials produced by flash pattern stimulation contain contrast
      and luminance-dependent components. In order to elicit contrast-specific
      responses, reversing checkerboards used to elicit steady-state visually evoked
      responses (VER's) are designed to have luminance changes in adjacent checks that
      are equal and opposite so that the net change in the overall checkerboard
      luminance is zero. Data are presented which demonstrate that commercially
      available, electronically generated reversing checkerboards on television
      monitors may contain luminance artifacts sufficiently large to elicit flicker
      VER's closely resembling genuine contrast VER's. These hidden luminance
      contaminants may result in erroneous conclusions when assessing visual mechanisms
      or function.

PMID- 4003525
TI  - Effect of restricted viewing time on mid-match points for normal observers on the
      Moreland and Pickford Nicolson anomaloscopes.
AB  - Restricted viewing time has previously been shown to produce a tritan
      classification for color normal observers on the City University Colour Vision
      Test (CUCVT). The present investigation, which uses the Moreland anomaloscope,
      studies the effect of restricted viewing time on mid-match point (MMP). It shows
      that a color normal observer requires more green in a match under these
      conditions. A study of the Rayleigh equation using the Pickford Nicolson
      anomaloscope shows that restricted viewing time does not affect the MMP for this
      metameric match for color normal observers.

PMID- 4003526
TI  - Comparison of a modified (two-item) Frisby with the standard Frisby and Random
      Dot E stereotests when used with preschool children.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical value of the standard Frisby
      stereotest with young children, and the effects of modifying the standard Frisby
      to a two-item, forced-choice format. A description of the modified test is
      presented along with data that indicate the standard Frisby and Random-Dot E
      (RDE) stereotests are appropriate for children as young as age 30 months; both
      instruments yield similar results; and the modified two-item Frisby extends the
      applicability of the test to even younger and/or less communicative children.

PMID- 4003527
TI  - Temporal bone fractures. State of the art review.
AB  - Advances in technology and otomicrosurgery have dramatically changed the
      management of temporal bone fractures. Based upon our experiences and a review of
      the literature, the following recommendations are made: The complete temporal
      bone surgeon should have access to a late-generation CT scanner and have a good
      working relationship with a neuroradiologist. The surgeon should be capable of
      repairing the facial nerve within the internal acoustic meatus, by both middle
      fossa and translabyrinthine approaches. It is advantageous to follow the progress
      of cochlear implantation. One should be knowledgeable about the
      electrophysiologic diagnosis of facial paralysis and know when to be conservative
      in facial palsy secondary to head trauma.

PMID- 4003528
TI  - Transmastoid extralabyrinthine approach in traumatic facial palsy.
AB  - Our experiences with thirty-six cases of intratemporal facial nerve palsies using
      the transmastoid extralabyrinthine (TMEL) approach are reported. Palsies were
      mostly traumatic in origin. The technique, first developed by us and reported in
      May 1980, spares the labyrinth and has the same indications for use as the middle
      cranial fossa approach to the seventh nerve. It avoids craniotomy and overcomes
      the limitations of the classic transmastoid approach, allowing exploration of the
      nerve from the descending portion to the geniculate ganglion and surrounding
      regions. When the ossicular chain is already damaged by trauma, surgery is made
      easier by removal of the head of the malleus and of the incus, which are then
      transposed at the end of surgery to reconstruct the chain. In particular cases
      the technique can also leave the chain intact. The TMEL approach has been used in
      89% of patients with traumatic palsies due to longitudinal temporal bone
      fractures, with either an intact or, more often, a disconnected chain. Results of
      facial nerve and hearing function tests at twelve months are reported in detail.
      Our approach and similar techniques used by other authors represent an
      alternative to House's middle cranial fossa and Pulec's combined operations.
      Morbidity rate is lower and the operation can be performed by the majority of
      otologic surgeons.

PMID- 4003529
TI  - Technique and clinical importance of eustachian tube radiography.
AB  - The intact eustachian tube is essential for a successful tympanoplasty. Since
      clinical function tests do not provide satisfactory results in every case,
      radiologic examination of the tube becomes very significant. The technique, which
      we have employed since 1966 in sixty-seven cases of transtympanic radiography of
      the eustachian tube, is described. The most important indications for this
      examination are discussed (cases of chronic middle ear suppuration, post
      traumatic tube stenosis, and early diagnosis and clarification of tumors of the
      nasopharynx and middle ear). The transtympanic method is physiologic, simple to
      perform, and essential for hearing improvement.

PMID- 4003530
TI  - Tympanoplasty in children and anatomical variations of the epipharynx.
AB  - Short-term results or post-operative check-ups after tympanoplasties in children
      and adults are compared. There is no higher incidence of recurrent perforations
      in children. The distribution of air cells in adults and children does not vary,
      indicating that anatomic variations, rather than disease, are responsible for the
      sclerosis in the mastoid. Anatomic variations of the epipharynx might influence
      ventilation. Correlations between the width of the epipharynx and the distance
      between molars and premolars are shown, as is an inverse relation between the
      height of the palate and the height of the septum. These observations might be
      important for a prognosis in patients with ear disease.

PMID- 4003531
TI  - Functional repair of the eustachian tube.
AB  - Endoscopy of the eustachian tube provides a new diagnostic potential for many
      problems of middle ear disease. The flexible fiberoptic system works from the
      nasopharynx as well as from the tympanic orifice, depending on the indications.
      It must be realized, however, that this is just the beginning of a new technique.
      Eustachian tube surgery plays a special role in connection with the new
      fiberoptic system. Preservation of the posterior bony canal wall and of the
      mucosal lining of the eustachian tube are the essentials of this modern approach.

PMID- 4003532
TI  - Temporal bone cholesteatoma.
AB  - Clinical features of temporal bone cholesteatoma are miscellaneous, and sometimes
      misleading: signs of middle ear cholesteatoma, progressive or sudden facial
      palsy, sensorineural deafness as in acoustic neuroma, conductive deafness as in
      otosclerosis, secretory otitis media, or intracranial complications.
      Polytomography is the only way to pinpoint topography and extension. CT scanning
      is very useful in determining extension. Topography and severity of deafness are
      the guidelines for surgical approach. Among sixteen cases, total deafness was
      produced by the lesion itself in ten cases, and six had an intact inner ear;
      preservation of hearing was possible in only three. Supralabyrinthine
      cholesteatomas (five cases) are best managed by the middle fossa approach.
      Infralabyrinthine cholesteatomas (six cases) must be removed via the
      infratemporal approach with anterior displacement of the tympanic and mastoid
      segments of the facial nerve and permanent obliteration of the middle ear.
      Posterior perilabyrinthine cholesteatoma (five cases) may be removed by the
      otologic approach combined with the middle ear fossa approach if the inner ear is
      to be preserved. If hearing loss is total, the translabyrinthine approach can be
      used.

PMID- 4003533
TI  - Surgical management of major congenital malformations of the ear.
AB  - Surgical management of major congenital malformations of the ear is a difficult
      and complex procedure. The risk of damaging middle and inner ear structures
      because of their frequently aberrant location, the failure to keep a patent ear
      canal over the long term, and the difficulty in achieving a good hearing result
      all challenge the otologic surgeon. The purpose of this study was to analyze the
      results obtained with a surgical technique developed to prevent postoperative
      stenosis or total closure of the newly formed auditory meatus and to achieve at
      least serviceable hearing in the majority of cases. Emphasis is placed on the
      selection of surgical cases based on a classification that evaluates, through x
      ray tomograms, the anatomic relation of the glenoid fossa of the
      temporomandibular joint to the middle ear space. Anatomic and functional results
      are presented. Comments are made in regard to different possibilities of
      reconstruction of the sound conducting mechanism.

PMID- 4003534
TI  - Surgical treatment of congenital aural atresia.
AB  - The divergent views concerning indications, ideal age for surgery, and surgical
      approach to achieve better hearing illustrate the complexity of cases of
      congenital aural atresia. Whether the anomaly is unilateral or bilateral also
      influences the criteria on which the surgical decision is based. In the thirty
      six ears operated on between 1972 and 1983 using the canal plasty technique, the
      average hearing gain was 20 dB, with 18 ears having an air conduction threshold
      of 35 dB or better after a long follow-up.

PMID- 4003535
TI  - Bell's palsy: a polyneuropathy.

PMID- 4003536
TI  - Molded tympanic heterograft. An eight-year experience.
AB  - Between 1974 and 1983 the molded tympanic heterograft has been employed in over
      1500 cases of tympanic membrane reconstruction at the Second ENT Clinic of the
      University of Parma, Italy. The results obtained in 1042 patients operated on
      from July 1974 to December 1981 are reported herein. The tympanic heterograft
      offered our patients a 90% chance of cure and anatomic restoration of the middle
      ear; a functional recovery and serviceable hearing can be expected in more than
      85% of cases. The heterograft is available in sealed sterilized vials that can be
      stored at room temperature; its sterility can be maintained for up to five years.
      There is no need for a graft bank because the heterograft can be kept in the
      operating theater among the other prostheses that are readily available to the
      surgical team.

PMID- 4003537
TI  - Missing stapes and stapes-replacing prosthesis.
AB  - Our study of 205 ears with missing stapes, secondary to some type of chronic ear
      disease, showed that only 40% of such ears are suitable for ossiculoplasty. The
      remaining 60% are unsuitable because of a fixed footplate, severe atelectasis,
      hearing better than 25 dB (these patients do not need the operation), or poor
      discrimination. A new stapes replacement prosthesis (SRP), which we term Tabor,
      is described for use where indicated. The prosthesis has two parts: The lower
      part (or base) is made of a broad inorganic, biocompatible material (Teflon).
      This part fits and covers most of the footplate, ensuring maximal stability. The
      upper part of the prosthesis is made of autograft or homograft bone--usually a
      malleus head--the contact of which with the drum prevents extrusion. In twelve
      out of fourteen ears insertion of this prosthesis was successful; the average
      postoperative air conduction went from 56 dB to 29 dB, leaving an average air
      bone gap of 16 dB. The bone conduction also improved, from an average of 20 dB to
      13 dB.

PMID- 4003538
TI  - Xenotransplants and ten commandments of the otologist.

PMID- 4003539
TI  - Pericard: a new biomaterial for tympanoplasty. Preliminary report.

PMID- 4003540
TI  - Results of middle ear reconstruction: do patients and surgeons agree?
AB  - The usual methods of measuring the therapeutic effects of middle ear
      reconstruction in tympanoplasty and stapedectomy take into account only changes
      occurring in the operated ear. These do not necessarily reflect the final state
      of the patient's auditory capacity, because normal speech perception is a
      bilateral function. Minor temporary interaural differences due, for example, to
      ear canal occlusion by cerumen can cause considerable distress. To determine what
      might be the final audiometric situations that would be worthwhile for patients
      having unilateral operations aimed only at improving auditory status, 203
      patients' personal assessments of their final hearing ability were correlated
      with the audiometric data from both ears. The results indicated that the most
      relevant factor in predicting assessment was the postoperative hearing level.

PMID- 4003541
TI  - The bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital in ear surgery. Five years' experience.
AB  - Since 1979, various ceramics have been recommended as valuable implant materials
      in tympanoplasties. Such implants are used for the reconstruction of the
      ossicular chain or the posterior canal wall. Animal studies on bioinert and
      bioactive ceramics in the middle ear have been carried out to confirm their
      biocompatibility. Histologic and clinical findings have made it obvious that
      aluminum- or borum-aluminum oxide ceramics are well tolerated in the middle ear
      and may produce functional results, provided they are separated from the tympanic
      membrane or the footplate of the stapes by an interposition of cartilage. Porous
      tricalcium phosphate ceramics cannot be recommended for the reconstruction of the
      ossicular chain because they are degradable, but they may be useful for the
      obliteration of small mastoid cavities. Our five-year histologic and clinical
      experience with the bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital revealed in 1983 that this
      material is suitable for the reconstruction of the ossicular chain as well as of
      the posterior canal wall, without the need for protection by cartilage. Ceravital
      implants in fact behave like homologous ossicles.

PMID- 4003542
TI  - Effect of myoelectric signal processing on the relationship between muscle force
      and processed EMG.
AB  - The relationship between the force generated by an isometrically contracting
      muscle and the associated myoelectric signal has been the subject of extensive
      investigation in the past and conflicting results were reported regarding this
      relationship. The objective of the present study was to investigate some of the
      sources that may lead to such conflicting results. Two possible sources were
      examined. The first was the variability in the force-EMG relationship resulting
      from processing the EMG signal with different EMG signal processing techniques
      and the second was the variability in the force-EMG relation obtained from
      repeated muscle contractions. The results of the study indicate that slight
      variations in the force-EMG relationships can be attributed to the selection of
      different processing techniques. However, the variability in the force-EMG
      relation, obtained by using different EMG signal processors, was found to be
      significantly smaller than the variability in this relationship obtained from
      repeated muscle contractions.

PMID- 4003543
TI  - A model for augmentation of hepatocyte response to pulsatile glucagon stimuli.
AB  - We have reported that in the physiological concentration range pulsatile glucagon
      delivery (6 pulses in 90 min) is a more effective stimulus of rat hepatocyte
      glucose production than is continuous infusion of the same amount of hormone
      (pulsatile EC50 = 186 +/- 41 pg/ml, continuous EC50 = 884 +/- 190 pg/ml). At
      supraphysiological glucagon concentrations, however, the maximal response to
      continuous glucagon infusion exceeds the response to pulses (241 +/- 14 vs. 140
      +/- 11 mumol X G-1 X 90 min-1). In an effort to explain these observations we
      derived a model for the 90-min hepatocyte responses to pulsatile and continuous
      glucagon delivery based on the waveform of the hepatocyte response to a transient
      glucagon stimulus. The model demonstrated that the time constant for response
      decay was an important determinant of the relative efficacy of the two patterns
      of hormone delivery. For the observed decay constant value of 0.132 +/- 0.02 min
      1 the model predicted the following dose-response parameters: pulsatile EC50 =
      131 pg/ml, Rmax = 119 mumol X G-1 X 90 min-1, continuous EC50 = 656 pg/ml, Rmax =
      272 mumol X G-1 X 90 min-1. The ability of a model based only on the kinetics of
      a single pulse to simulate the observed dose-response relationship suggests that
      pulsatile stimulation is intrinsically more effective than continuous hormonal
      stimulation.

PMID- 4003544
TI  - Effects of growth hormone on lipogenic enzyme activities in cultured rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The presence of cloned methionyl human growth hormone at 1 microgram/ml medium
      for the final 5 days of a 6-day culture period decreased the activity of malic
      enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) 45% from 202 to 112, fatty acid synthetase 52% from 26 to
      12, and ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) 20% from 192 to 154 nmol NADPH.min-1.mg-1
      supernatant protein in rat hepatocytes maintained in serum-free primary culture.
      Also, the activity of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC
      1.1.99.5) decreased 52% from 20 to 9 nmol.min-1.mg-1 mitochondrial protein. In
      the same cells, no changes were observed in the activity of 6-phosphogluconate
      dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27). Glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) was increased 2.4-fold from 70 to 183
      nmol.min-1.mg-1 protein, indicating the activity of this enzyme was paradoxically
      increased, whereas other enzymes involved in lipogenesis were decreased. Half
      maximal decrease of malic enzyme activity and increase of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase activity occurred at 10 and 3 ng methionyl human growth hormone per
      milliliter medium, respectively. These values are within the range of normal
      circulating growth hormone concentrations in the rat. The effects on malic enzyme
      and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase appeared after 3-day exposure to growth
      hormone. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that growth hormone
      antagonizes the action of agents that stimulate the activity of malic enzyme
      while concomitantly increasing the extractable activity of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase.

PMID- 4003545
TI  - Evolution of portal hypertension and mechanisms involved in its maintenance in a
      rat model.
AB  - In rats with portal hypertension induced by partial ligation of the portal vein,
      we have recently demonstrated an increased portal venous inflow that becomes an
      important factor in the maintenance of portal hypertension. The sequence of
      events that leads into this circulatory disarray is unknown. We evaluated
      chronologically the chain of hemodynamic changes that occurred after portal
      hypertension was induced by partial ligation of the portal vein. In this model it
      is possible to follow, from the initiation of the portal-hypertensive state, the
      interaction between blood flow and resistance in the portal system as well as the
      relation between the development of portal-systemic shunting and the elevated
      portal venous inflow. The study was performed in 45 portal-hypertensive rats and
      in 29 sham-operated rats. Blood flow and portal-systemic shunting were measured
      by radioactive microsphere techniques. The constriction of the portal vein was
      immediately followed by a resistance-induced portal hypertension characterized by
      increased portal resistance (9.78 +/- 0.89 vs. 4.18 +/- 0.71 dyn X s X cm-5 X
      10(4), mean +/- SE, P less than 0.01), increased portal pressure (17.7 +/- 0.9
      vs. 9.5 +/- 0.6 mmHg, P less than 0.001), and decreased portal venous inflow
      (3.93 +/- 0.26 vs. 6.82 +/- 0.49 ml X min-1 X 100 g body wt-1, P less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003546
TI  - Gastric mucosal barrier: hydrophobicity of stretched stomach lining.
AB  - Surface hydrophobicity of the luminal lining of the canine stomach has been
      studied as a very convenient means of following the adsorbed monolayer of
      surfactant believed to provide the gastric mucosal barrier. Hydrophobicity has
      been measured as the contact angle (theta) produced when a drop of saline is
      placed upon the surface. theta was found to decrease from 82 to 62 degrees upon
      50% linear extension of samples of oxyntic mucosa from 10 dogs. When the
      phospholipid believed to cause the hydrophobicity was absorbed to glass slides,
      the contact angle was found to decrease with lower surface concentration.
      Thinning or "crazing" of the absorbed surfactant monolayer imparting the very
      hydrophobic nature of the luminal lining is discussed as a possible reason why
      ulcers tend to form at the crests of the folds, i.e., at points where the surface
      has been stretched and the monolayer disrupted.

PMID- 4003547
TI  - Lymph flow, lymph protein concentration, and protein output from rat small
      intestine.
AB  - Lymph flow (JL), lymph protein concentration (CL), and protein output (JP) from
      the main intestinal lymph duct were determined. The basal JL from the mesenteric
      pedicle alone was the same as that from the mesenteric pedicle attached with a
      segment of the nonabsorbing intestine, indicating that the basal JL does not
      originate from the intestine but is totally from the region of the mesenteric
      pedicle. The basal CL was 3.5-3.8 g/100 ml. When the intestine was absorbing
      water, JL increased and CL decreased, but JP increased above the basal JP in the
      initial 20 min of water absorption and then decreased progressively with time.
      Furthermore, it was estimated that CL in the "excess lymph" (formed during water
      absorption) was 1.4 +/- 0.2 g/100 ml in the initial 10 min of water absorption
      and was zero or nearly so in the later periods. From this and other evidence, it
      is concluded that under various conditions without net water absorption rat small
      intestine does not produce lymph and that during water absorption there is no
      significant increase in capillary permeability or capillary filtration.
      Therefore, the excess lymph could be mostly derived from the fluid absorbed from
      the lumen of the intestine.

PMID- 4003548
TI  - Transport of glycyl-L-proline by mouse intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - The characteristics of [14C]glycyl-L-proline transport have been studied using
      brush-border membrane vesicles from mouse small intestine in order to investigate
      the transport of nonhydrolyzable peptide across the brush-border membrane. Uptake
      curves for the peptide did not exhibit overshoot phenomena and were similar under
      Na+ or K+ gradient conditions (extravesicular greater than intravesicular).
      However, L-proline was transported by Na+ gradient-dependent system. Analysis of
      the incubation medium and the intravesicular contents showed that there was
      negligible hydrolysis of the peptide. Transport of glycyl-L-proline was
      saturable, conforming to Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 30.8 +/- 1.9 mM
      and a Vmax of 5.96 +/- 0.17 nmol.mg prot-1.0.4 min-1. Uptake of glycyl-L-proline
      was not significantly inhibited by free amino acids nor by most of the peptides
      containing D amino acids but was strongly inhibited (up to 64%) by various di-
      and tripeptides of L amino acids. These results clearly show that glycyl-L
      proline was transported by a Na+-independent, carrier-mediated process. Our
      results suggest that the nonhydrolyzable peptides are transported mostly by
      carrier-mediated processes in contrast to hydrolyzable peptides.

PMID- 4003549
TI  - Gut hormones in stimulation of gastroduodenal alkaline secretion in conscious
      dogs.
AB  - Alkaline secretion from the fundic and antral pouches of the stomach and the
      loops of proximal and distal duodenum was measured in conscious dogs under basal
      conditions and after intragastric instillation of HCl solution, meat feeding, or
      intravenous infusion of various gut hormones. In control tests on fasted dogs HCO
      3 output from the duodenal mucosa was severalfold higher than that from the
      gastric mucosa. Instillation of 10 mM HCl into the stomach resulted in a
      significant increment in HCO-3 secretion from the gastric pouches and proximal
      duodenal loops, and this was accompanied by a marked increase in plasma secretin,
      cholecystokinin (CCK), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. Meat feeding
      stimulated HCO-3 secretion from proximal duodenum, and it was accompanied by a
      significant elevation in plasma gastrin, secretin, CCK, gastric inhibitory
      peptide, and PP. Among exogenous hormones, the most effective stimulant of HCO-3
      secretion was PP, which caused a significant increase in HCO-3 output from the
      gastric and duodenal mucosa at doses (125-500 pmol X kg-1 X h-1) that raised
      plasma PP to postprandial levels. CCK in physiological doses (21-85 pmol.kg-.h-1)
      also stimulated HCO-3 secretion from gastric pouches and proximal duodenal loops.
      Neurotensin stimulated HCO-3 secretion from both gastric pouches and duodenal
      loops. In contrast, gastrin or secretin did not affect significantly HCO-3
      secretion from the gastroduodenal mucosa. This study provides evidence that some
      gut hormones, particularly PP, CCK, and neurotensin, may be involved in the
      physiological stimulation of gastroduodenal alkaline secretion.

PMID- 4003550
TI  - Effects of unstirred Disse fluid, nonequilibrium binding, and surface-mediated
      dissociation on hepatic removal of albumin-bound organic anions.
AB  - Proceeding from the observation that organic anions bound to albumin have hepatic
      extraction fractions that are unexpectedly high, we have studied a distributed
      model that accounts for this phenomenon by invoking sites on the cell surface
      that catalyze the dissociation of albumin-anion complexes. The present report
      extends this model to include nonequilibrium binding and rate-limiting diffusion
      of bound anion to the cell surface. Simulation analysis of the extended model
      provides an unambiguous basis for interpreting the apparent intrinsic clearance
      of free anion. The model is fully consistent with the transport data that we
      obtained with rose bengal [Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11):
      G702-G708, 1985] but is suited to estimating only selected components of the
      unknown parameter vector. Uncertainties inherent in an alternate approach are
      discussed and illustrated.

PMID- 4003551
TI  - Rat gastric mucosal microcirculation in vivo.
AB  - The superficial gastric mucosal microcirculation was observed microscopically by
      transillumination in the anesthetized rat. The vessels surrounding the gastric
      crypts were monitored on a television screen through a microscope and the
      pictures stored on a videotape for off-line analysis of red cell velocity (VRBC)
      and vessel diameter. From these measurements microvascular volume flows were
      calculated. VRBC reached steady values after 1-4 h (mean 2 h) and showed a
      regular pulsatile flow (4-7 cycles/min) in most experiments. Acid output was
      measured at regular intervals; 50% of the rats showed no spontaneous acid output,
      but the others secreted up to 100 mu eq/h. The microvessels in the superficial
      mucosa were classified into three orders according to their branching hierarchy
      and relative dimensions, and their distribution per unit mass was estimated. VRBC
      and volume flow were shown to decrease in the successive orders of the
      microvessels. Calculation of organ blood flow from microvascular flow data and
      vessel distribution gave values (21 ml.min-1.100 g tissue-1) that agree with
      earlier reported values. A higher flow velocity was detected in rats with
      spontaneous acid output than in those without, but there was a poor correlation
      between the magnitude of the acid output and VRBC. Pentagastrin (96 micrograms.kg
      1.h-1) induced a significant increase in both blood flow and acid secretion.
      Results from this study indicate that this experimental model is potentially
      useful for studies of the correlation between acid secretion and mucosal blood
      flow.

PMID- 4003552
TI  - Periodic interdigestive secretion.

PMID- 4003553
TI  - Transmembrane potential of renal papillary epithelial cells: effect of urea and
      DDAVP.
AB  - To define how renal papillary epithelial cells respond to wide changes in the
      ionic and osmotic composition of their environment, measurements were made of the
      transmembrane potential differences (PD) of rat renal papillary epithelial cells
      in vitro in media containing 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl, 1.5 mM CaCl2, and 1 mM
      MgSO4 plus varying amounts of urea and/or sucrose up to 1,400 mM. Glass
      microelectrodes (resistance 25-75 M Omega) were used. With added sucrose, no
      change in PD from the initial value of -9.3 +/- 1.3 (SD) mV (n = 29) (cell
      interior negative) was found. With added urea, alone or while osmolality was
      maintained nearly constant with sucrose, the PD changed in a triphasic manner,
      depolarizing to -5.3 mV at 50 mM urea, hyperpolarizing to -20.0 mV at 150 mM
      urea, and then depolarizing again to -5.5 mV at 1,400 mM urea. When bath
      potassium was decreased to 10 meQ/liter (choline replacement) the PD
      hyperpolarized to -46.9 +/- 5.0 (SD) mV (n = 32). DDAVP, a nonpressor vasopressin
      analogue, and 8-bromo-cAMP depolarized the membrane to -5 mV in the presence of
      urea but did not change PD when urea was absent. These observations suggest an
      interaction between urea and ionic movement or conductance in rat renal papillary
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 4003554
TI  - Peritubular protein modulates neutral active NaCl absorption in rabbit proximal
      convoluted tubule.
AB  - To assess directly the effect of increasing and decreasing peritubular protein
      concentration on active NaCl absorption, rabbit proximal convoluted tubules were
      perfused with a high-chloride solution simulating late proximal tubular fluid and
      bathed in a similar solution containing 0, 6, or 10 g/dl albumin. A direct
      examination of the active component of NaCl absorption was ensured by 1) the
      reduction of luminal solutes other than NaCl (no glucose or alanine and only 5 mM
      HCO-3), and 2) the use of perfusate and bathing solutions in approximate Donnan
      equilibrium, so that electrochemical driving forces responsible for passive net
      NaCl absorption are eliminated. When bathing solution albumin concentration was
      reduced from 6 to 0 g/dl, volume absorption (Jv) was reduced significantly from
      0.39 +/- 0.07 to 0.22 +/- 0.08 nl X mm-1 X min-1. When bathing solution albumin
      concentration was increased from 6 to 10 g/dl, Jv increased significantly from
      0.26 +/- 0.04 to 0.37 +/- 0.04 nl X mm-1 X min-1. When proximal convoluted
      tubules were bathed in 0, 6, or 10 g/dl albumin at 20 degrees C, Jv was not
      different from zero in all periods, confirming that changes in bathing solution
      albumin require the presence of active transport to influence NaCl absorption.
      The transepithelial potential difference attributable to active transport was not
      different from zero in all periods of all protocols, demonstrating that active
      NaCl absorption was electroneutral. In conclusion, these data show directly that
      peritubular protein concentration modulates neutral active NaCl absorption in the
      rabbit proximal convoluted tubule.

PMID- 4003555
TI  - Rat renal hemodynamics during venous compression: roles of nerves and
      prostaglandins.
AB  - Experiments were conducted on euvolemic rats to characterize renal hemodynamic
      responses to a unilateral increase in renal venous pressure. Ipsilateral renal
      blood flow (RBF, electromagnetic flow probe) was measured in four groups to
      determine the roles of the renal nerves and endogenous prostaglandins. In control
      rats, elevation of venous pressure (3 to 22 mmHg) produced vasoconstriction and a
      16% increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) at 130 mmHg arterial pressure (P
      less than 0.001). In acutely denervated kidneys, a 19-mmHg increase in venous
      pressure reduced RBF but did not alter RVR (5% decrease), since there were
      proportional decreases in RBF and the arteriovenous pressure gradient.
      Indomethacin-treated rats with innervated kidneys responded to a similar increase
      in venous pressure with pronounced constriction; RVR increased by 50% (P less
      than 0.005). Venous compression elicited a 24% increase in RVR (P less than 0.05)
      in indomethacin-treated rats with denervated kidneys. The opposing effects of
      denervation and indomethacin treatment were significant and noninteractive. The
      findings indicate 1) activation of an ipsilateral renorenal neural reflex
      mediated a significant portion of the vasoconstriction; and 2) enhanced synthesis
      of prostaglandins produced net dilatory effects that attenuated the neurally
      mediated constriction. The opposing actions of the renal nerves and
      prostaglandins on the RVR responses to increased venous pressure were directly
      related to arterial pressure between 70 and 130 mmHg. In response to decrements
      in arterial pressure, the general pattern of vasodilation was not impaired by
      denervation of indomethacin when venous pressure was normal or elevated. These
      observations indicate that the origin of the pressure change, i.e., arterial vs.
      venous, engages different vasoactive factors that are responsible for varying
      circulatory responses in the rat kidney.

PMID- 4003556
TI  - Effects of Ringer fluid on regional blood flow and filtration rate in the cat
      kidney.
AB  - The larger subcapsular veins of the in situ cat kidney were cut open near the
      hilus and occluded between the slits and the common renal vein, thus permitting
      separation and direct measurement of venous outflows from the superficial (outer
      cortex) and deep (inner cortex plus medulla) drainage area. The direct recording
      of venous outflow in the two areas combined with plasma inulin and protein
      analyses provided consecutive determinations of the rate of glomerular filtration
      and arterial inflow of both areas. Our primary result is the demonstration of a
      regional difference in the renal response to extracellular isotonic volume
      expansion. Infusion of Ringer fluid at a moderate rate (1.0-2.0 ml X min-1)
      increased both blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in both
      areas; however, the RBF response was proportionately greater in the deep area and
      the GFR response was proportionately greater in the superficial area. Compared
      with a noninfused control series, statistically significant differences occurred
      after about 1 h of infusion. After 80 min, average RBF had increased by 33 and
      20%, while average GFR had increased by 31 and 54% in the deep and in the
      superficial areas, respectively. To reveal direct renal effects of the Ringer
      fluid, the site of infusion was shifted alternately between the renal artery and
      the jugular vein. The results suggest that the changes in blood flow are elicited
      indirectly by neural or humoral mechanisms.

PMID- 4003557
TI  - Mineralocorticoid regulation of apical cell membrane Na+ and K+ transport of the
      cortical collecting duct.
AB  - The effects of mineralocorticoid (DOCA) treatment of rabbits on the Na+ and K+
      transport properties of the cortical collecting duct apical cell membrane were
      assessed using microelectrode techniques. Applying standard cable techniques and
      equivalent circuit analysis to the isolated perfused tubule, the apical cell
      membrane K+ and Na+ currents and conductances could be estimated from the
      selective effects of the K+ channel blocker Ba2+ and the Na+ channel blocker
      amiloride on the apical membrane; amiloride treatment was observed also to
      decrease the tight junction conductance by an average of 10%. After 1 day of DOCA
      treatment, the Na+ conductance and current (Na+ influx) of the apical cell
      membrane doubled and remained elevated with prolonged treatment for up to 2 wk.
      The apical cell membrane K+ conductance was not influenced after 1 day, although
      the K+ current (K+ secretion) increased significantly due to an increased driving
      force for K+ exit. After 4 days or more of DOCA treatment the K+ conductance
      doubled, resulting in a further modest stimulation in K+ secretion. After 2 wk of
      DOCA treatment the tight junction conductance decreased by near 30%, resulting in
      an additional hyperpolarization of the transepithelial voltage, thereby favoring
      K+ secretion. It is concluded that the acute effect (within 1 day) of
      mineralocorticoids on Na+ and K+ transport is an increase in the apical membrane
      Na+ conductance followed by delayed chronic alterations in the apical membrane K+
      conductance and tight junction conductance, thereby resulting in a sustained
      increased capacity of the tubule to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+.

PMID- 4003559
TI  - Direct visualization of the isolated and perfused macula densa.
AB  - Direct examination of the structure and function of the macula densa is
      compromised by the relative inaccessibility and small size of this cell plaque.
      We report the isolation and perfusion of rabbit nephron segments with attached
      glomeruli and the direct visualization of the macula densa with differential
      interference-contrast microscopy. We used this technique to examine the
      structural sensitivity of the macula densa to perturbations in luminal osmolality
      and NaCl concentration. Reducing luminal osmolality from 290 to 70 mosmol/kg by
      removing NaCl resulted in a dilation of the lateral intercellular spaces that was
      both reversible and specific to the region of the macula densa. Associated with
      the dilation of the intercellular spaces was a small (congruent to 10%), but
      statistically significant, increase in the height of the macula densa cells.
      These structural events were related to the reduction in luminal osmolality,
      since isosmotic replacement of NaCl with mannitol resulted in no detectable
      structural changes. Thus, the macula densa may represent a small water-permeable
      plaque of cells within the remaining water-impermeable thick ascending limb of
      Henle's loop.

PMID- 4003558
TI  - Calcium transport and inner mitochondrial membrane damage in renal cortical
      mitochondria.
AB  - Ca2+ uptake and efflux processes, as they are manifested during procedures used
      for isolation of renal cortical mitochondria, were characterized in order to
      provide a better basis for making inferences from isolated mitochondria about the
      in vivo state of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in both normal and injured
      tissues and to better define the mechanisms by which Ca2+ mediates injury to
      renal cortical mitochondria. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake predictably occurred when
      the capacity of the Ca2+ chelator added to the isolating medium to maintain free
      Ca2+ in the submicromolar range was exhausted unless ruthenium red was present to
      specifically inhibit the Ca2+ uniport. Ca2+ uptake during isolation ultimately
      led to loss of accumulated Ca2+ and intramitochondrial K+ as well as to
      deterioration of respiratory function. Extramitochondrial Ca2+ also evoked the
      latter two events in the absence of Ca2+ uptake but only at much higher medium
      Ca2+ levels than were required when Ca2+ uptake was allowed to occur. Studies
      using mitochondria loaded with known amounts of Ca2+ at 4 degrees C and then
      subjected to a reisolation procedure including all the steps of normal isolation
      demonstrated that phosphate markedly potentiated Ca2+-induced alterations of
      mitochondrial membrane permeability properties. Of several agents studied singly,
      fatty acid-free albumin was most effective in blocking Ca2+ + phosphate-induced
      alterations of mitochondrial membrane permeability. The protective effect of
      fatty acid-free albumin was further enhanced by combining it with Mg2+,
      dibucaine, or oligomycin + ADP. This study thus quantitatively defined conditions
      under which Ca2+ uptake can be expected to occur during mitochondrial isolation,
      demonstrated that the effects of this Ca2+ uptake on mitochondrial properties are
      similar to those previously elucidated in mitochondria studied at warmer
      temperatures, and defined methods suitable for blocking such Ca2+ movements and
      their deleterious effects.

PMID- 4003560
TI  - Geometry of cell and bundle appositions in cardiac muscle: light microscopy.
AB  - A strand each of cardiac conduction and working cells of the left ventricle is
      studied in serial sections with the light microscope to define the geometry of
      cell appositions that form networks of cardiac muscle cells. Anatomic and thus
      electrical coupling is very frequent among all cells; it is accomplished within a
      few hundred micrometers axially regardless at which point of the strand
      electrical current is assumed to originate. Most individual cardiac myocytes are
      not only connected in longitudinal direction but also make lateral contacts. Only
      a few bundles of varying diameters remain unconnected over appreciable distances
      of greater than 200 micron (so-called unit bundles). Thus abnormal current
      vectors are averted, at least in normal cardiac tissue, even if excitation were
      to originate from a point. Plastic thick sections studied with the light
      microscope were unsuitable to define cell lengths.

PMID- 4003561
TI  - Intracoronary adenosine enhances myocardial reactive hyperemia after brief
      coronary occlusion.
AB  - Adenosine is a prime candidate for the role of mediator between myocardial
      metabolic state and coronary blood flow. However, there are few reports
      concerning the direct effects of exogenously added adenosine on coronary
      autoregulation. The present investigation in the open-chest dog studied the
      effects of a threshold dose of intracoronary adenosine infusion on reactive
      hyperemia following brief coronary occlusions. The infused dose did not increase
      nonocclusive flow by greater than 10%. Adenosine enhanced total hyperemic flow at
      all occlusions tested (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 s). Aminophylline pretreatment
      reduced reactive hyperemia below the control level even in the presence of an
      intracoronary infusion of adenosine. Adenosine injected into the left atrium and
      intracoronarily infused papaverine did not affect hyperemic response to 5- and 15
      s coronary occlusions. The results suggest that a minimum dose of exogenously
      added adenosine enhances myocardial reactive hyperemia, possibly by potentiating
      the effects of endogenous adenosine released during ischemia.

PMID- 4003562
TI  - Development of myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin shock.
AB  - Isolated heart muscle preparations were used to investigate the onset and
      development of myocardial inotropic dysfunction during endotoxin shock in guinea
      pigs. Left atrial muscles were removed from separate groups of animals at
      increasing time intervals after administration of either 4 mg/kg purified
      Escherichia coli endotoxin (shock groups) or an equivalent volume of isotonic
      saline (control groups). Peak developed contractile tension (CT) and maximal rate
      of tension development (+dT/dtmax) were significantly depressed in shock tissues
      as early as 2 h postendotoxin (P less than 0.01), with the magnitude of the
      contractile deficit progressively increasing during 4, 6, and 12 h postendotoxin.
      Contractility remained significantly depressed (P less than 0.001) at 16 and 24 h
      postendotoxin but progressively recovered toward control levels during 16, 24,
      48, and 72 h postendotoxin. Shock-induced myocardial dysfunction was
      characterized by altered contractile responsiveness to low-Ca2+ medium (0.5 mM),
      gentamicin (4 mM), and hypoxia; altered inotropic reactivity to these
      interventions followed similar temporal development as the postendotoxin changes
      in basal contractile parameters. Left ventricular papillary muscles obtained at
      16 h postendotoxin corroborated the shock-induced contractile depression observed
      in atria. These studies provide evidence for early and progressive intrinsic
      myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin shock and demonstrate that this dysfunction
      can be unmasked through the study of in vitro atrial and ventricular heart muscle
      preparations isolated from in vivo shocked animals.

PMID- 4003563
TI  - Baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity after elevations of pressure in
      conscious rabbits.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of rapid baroreceptor
      resetting on the baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity in
      conscious rabbits. Renal sympathetic nerve activity was recorded and used as an
      index of the efferent limb of the baroreflex. Heart rate and arterial pressure
      were also recorded. Arterial pressure was raised with either phenylephrine or
      angiotensin II to a level that eliminated renal sympathetic nerve activity and
      was maintained at this level for periods of time ranging from 1 to 60 min. On
      returning pressure to control levels, renal sympathetic nerve activity remained
      suppressed for up to 90 min, with the duration of the suppression dependent on
      the magnitude and duration of the pressure stimulus. During this period of
      suppressed nerve activity, baroreflex curves were generated. The curves produced
      at this time were also suppressed as compared with control baroreflex curves.
      With time, the suppressed baroreflex curves returned to control. Further studies
      were performed to show that the suppression of renal sympathetic nerve activity
      was mediated via the prolonged increase in baroreceptor afferent activity during
      the pressure stimulus and was not due to a central effect of phenylephrine. This
      study indicates that although baroreceptor afferent activity may reset rapidly,
      there does not appear to be an augmentation of renal sympathetic nerve activity
      as would be expected.

PMID- 4003564
TI  - Autoregulation of capillary pressure and filtration rate in isolated rat
      hindquarters.
AB  - The hypothesis that skeletal muscle capillary pressure and/or capillary
      filtration rate are autoregulated was tested in 10 isolated rat hindquarters.
      Capillary pressure was directly assessed with the venous occlusion technique as
      abdominal aortic pressure was reduced in 25-mmHg decrements from 125 to 25 mmHg.
      Capillary pressure was not altered by reduction of arterial pressure from 125 to
      100 mmHg, but it decreased progressively when arterial pressure was reduced from
      100 to 25 mmHg. As perfusion pressure was reduced, capillary filtration rate
      decreased progressively, while the capillary filtration coefficient increased.
      The progressive decrease in capillary pressures was less than that predicted for
      a totally passive system, implying that capillary pressure was autoregulated to
      some degree. However, analysis of pre- to postcapillary resistance ratios
      suggested that the degree of capillary pressure autoregulation was minimal when
      perfusion pressures varied over a range of 100-25 mmHg. Capillary filtration rate
      was maintained better than would be predicted from the measured fall in capillary
      pressure by readjustments of interstitial Starling forces. These results indicate
      that capillary pressure is poorly autoregulated in rat skeletal muscle but that
      compensatory readjustments in interstitial Starling forces help maintain fluid
      balance and prevent excess dehydration of the interstitium of skeletal muscle as
      arterial pressure is reduced.

PMID- 4003565
TI  - Role of vessel wall in acute resetting of aortic baroreceptors.
AB  - Previously we found that baroreceptor (BR) pressure-frequency (PF) curves rapidly
      (5 min) reset to changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) exclusive of sympathetic
      efferents or circulating hormones. Since BRs are mechanically coupled to vessel
      wall structures, resetting may be due to changes in the wall. This was examined
      using an in vitro rat aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation and a photoelectric
      device to measure arch diameter. Pressure-diameter (PD) curves were constructed
      at selected MAPs following the resetting protocol used previously [Am. J.
      Physiol. 244 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 13): H672-H680, 1983]. Overall there was no
      consistent relationship between the PD curves and MAP, which was in sharp
      contrast to BR PF resetting. To determine if smooth muscle tone could affect
      aortic or BR function, the arch was constricted or relaxed with norepinephrine
      (NE) or sodium nitroprusside (NP), respectively. BR PF and aortic PD curves were
      constructed before and after drug treatment. NE reduced and NP increased
      discharge at given pressures. Diameter-frequency (DF) plots were not altered by
      either drug. PD and PF curves at constant MAP were stable after the initial
      responses to NP relaxation were completed. Subsequent MAP elevations in NP reset
      BRs to higher pressures, whereas PD curves shifted to lower pressures. Hence, DF
      plots shifted to higher diameters. These results show that neither smooth muscle
      activity nor mechanical changes in the whole wall can account for BR rapid
      resetting. The process probably occurs in the receptors.

PMID- 4003566
TI  - Effects of physiological beating on the contractility of cat ventricular muscle.
AB  - Force and length changes corresponding to those undergone by muscle fibers in the
      ventricular wall of the heart during systole and diastole were generated in
      isolated cat ventricular muscles contracting at 30 degrees C. The effect on
      contractility of such cycles of force and length changes ("physiological"
      contractions) was assessed by measuring force production in isometric test beats.
      Contractility rose over the 1st min of physiological beating but then fell over
      the next 7-10 min. These changes in contractility were compared with those
      occurring during a series of isotonic contractions or modified isotonic
      contractions in which muscles were held at the short length during relaxation
      (reversed relaxation contractions). In all cases contractility increased to the
      same extent over the 1st min, but over the next 10 min it fell significantly more
      when the contractions were physiological than when they were isotonic (normal or
      reversed relaxation). This difference could be accounted for experimentally by
      the diastolic length changes that occur in physiological contractions. This study
      demonstrates 1) that contractility depends on length changes occurring in the
      muscle during both systole and diastole, and 2) that length-dependent changes in
      contractility contain both positive and negative components.

PMID- 4003567
TI  - Diffusional support of arteries.
AB  - The relative role of the arterial lumen, adventitial vasa vasorum, and medial
      vasa vasorum in nutritional support of arteries is unclear. We have used a newly
      developed autoradiographic method to study diffusion of metabolically inert
      [14C]antipyrine into arteries to determine the relative importance of different
      pathways in nutritional support of arteries. [14C]antipyrine was homogenously
      distributed across the media of small arteries within 15 s, which indicates that
      diffusion into the central media was rapid. In the thoracic and abdominal aorta,
      levels of antipyrine were higher in the inner media (P less than 0.05) than in
      the middle of the media. Levels of antipyrine in outer media of the thoracic
      aorta (which has medial and adventitial vasa) were comparable to those observed
      in the inner media, but antipyrine levels were lower in outer than in inner media
      of the abdominal aorta (which has adventitial vasa only). Ligation of intercostal
      arteries, which are the source of medial vasa vasorum in the thoracic aorta,
      decreased diffusional support to the outer media of the thoracic aorta. We
      conclude that 1) diffusional support is more effective in thinner muscular
      arteries than in the aorta, 2) both luminal and abluminal sources of nutrition
      are important, particularly for the aorta, 3) vasa vasorum appear to be important
      for adequate diffusional support of the thoracic aortic media, and 4) medial vasa
      vasorum may be more effective than adventitial vasa vasorum in nourishing the
      aorta.

PMID- 4003568
TI  - Oxygen transport in rest-work transition illustrates new functions for myoglobin.
AB  - Myoglobin (Mb) saturation was measured spectroscopically in 1,950 randomly
      selected cells from dog gracilis muscles frozen in situ during the transition
      from rest to steady twitch contraction at approximately 70% maximum rate of O2
      consumption (VO2max). Measurements were made at the center of muscle-cell
      profiles in cross section, with spatial resolution approximately 5 X 5 X 3
      micron. PO2 was calculated from saturation by use of the oxymyoglobin
      dissociation curve. Flow increased more rapidly than VO2 (half-times 5 and 14 s,
      respectively). Mb saturation changed little through 15 s. Saturation was lowest
      at 30 s and rose somewhat between 30 s and steady state. The lowest intracellular
      PO2 at any time or location was 1.5 Torr, and only 5% of loci were below 2 Torr.
      Since 1.5 Torr is about 10 times the minimum PO2 required for the observed VO2
      (Connett et al. An upper bound on the minimum PO2 for O2 consumption in red
      muscle in vivo. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. In press.), neither anoxia nor hypoxia was
      present. The observed fall in saturation and intracellular PO2 during exercise
      permits Mb to 1) promote transcapillary O2 flux, 2) facilitate intracellular O2
      diffusion, 3) minimize convective and diffusive shunting, and 4) buffer
      intracellular PO2 above the tension that limits cytochrome turnover.

PMID- 4003569
TI  - Energy sources in fully aerobic rest-work transitions: a new role for glycolysis.
AB  - Rate of O2 consumption (VO2), intracellular PO2, lactate extraction, and tissue
      contents of phosphocreatine, creatine, ATP, lactate, and pyruvate were measured
      during rest-work transitions in dog gracilis muscles. Samples were taken at rest
      and after 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 180 s of twitch contraction at 4/s. There was no
      anoxia at any time or location [companion paper, Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Heart Circ.
      Physiol. 17): H914-H921, 1985]. Energy was supplied by a continuous utilization
      of phosphocreatine stores, a slow rise in VO2, and two distinct bursts of
      glycolysis. Glycolytic rate was independent of tissue PO2 and VO2 and was poorly
      correlated with phosphocreatine under the aerobic conditions of our experiments.
      The glycolytic bursts served as a source of ATP, and the bulk of the lactate
      formed remained in the tissue. Lactate efflux was a small fraction of tissue
      lactate; it depended on blood flow but not on tissue lactate content. At steady
      state a small glycolytic flux maintained the high tissue lactate mainly by
      matching rates of pyruvate production and oxidation. We propose that this flux
      and the high tissue lactate concentration buffer cytosolic redox and/or substrate
      supply in support of the aerobic functions of mitochondria during exercise.

PMID- 4003570
TI  - Reflex cardiovascular effects of intracoronary acetylstrophanthidin in the
      conscious dog.
AB  - The present experiments were designed to examine the reflex cardiovascular
      effects of intracoronary administration of acetylstrophanthidin in the conscious
      dog. Administration of 4 micrograms/kg of this agent into the left circumflex
      coronary artery increased left ventricular dP/dtmax but had no effect on mean
      arterial pressure, heart rate, renal resistance, or iliac resistance. The
      positive inotropic effects of acetylstrophanthidin were less under control
      conditions (+599 mmHg/s) than during bilateral cervical vagal cold block (+850
      mmHg/s, P less than 0.05); however, interruption of vagal efferent influences
      (atropine) alone did not alter the contractile effects of acetylstrophanthidin.
      Interruption of sympathetic efferent influences on the heart with either the
      nicotinic ganglionic receptor antagonist, hexamethonium, or the beta 1-adrenergic
      receptor antagonist, metoprolol, also augmented the inotropic effects of
      acetylstrophanthidin to a degree similar to that observed with vagal cold block.
      In contrast to the effects observed with acetylstrophanthidin, the inotropic
      effects of intracoronary administration of calcium gluconate were not altered by
      vagal cold block or any other conditions examined in this study. We conclude that
      interruption of vagal afferents results in an augmentation of the positive
      inotropic actions of acetylstrophanthidin and that this augmented inotropic
      effect can be accounted for by interruption of cardiac vagal afferent-mediated
      restraint on sympathetic outflow to the heart.

PMID- 4003571
TI  - Anterior hypothalamic lesions impair reflex bradycardia selectively in rats.
AB  - To determine whether removal of the anterior hypothalamus would alter baroreflex
      activity, reflex inhibition of heart rate and renal nerve activity during pressor
      responses to intravenous phenylephrine was examined in rats with bilateral
      anterior hypothalamic lesions. Although there were no differences in basal blood
      pressure and heart rate 10 days after surgery, reflex bradycardia was
      significantly reduced in awake lesioned rats compared with sham-operated
      controls. The differences in reflex bradycardia were abolished by cholinergic
      blockade with atropine but unaltered by beta-adrenergic blockade with
      propranolol. Because attenuation of chronotropic reflexes by anterior
      hypothalamic lesions resembled that produced by cholinergic blockade, vagal
      inhibition must be at least partly responsible. Reflex bradycardia was still
      attenuated even in lesioned rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, but renal
      nerve activity was as inhibited as in sham-operated rats. These results suggest
      that the anterior hypothalamus participates in baroreflex regulation of heart
      rate by altering parasympathetic tone but without affecting cardiac or renal
      sympathetic nerve activity.

PMID- 4003572
TI  - Effect of cell turnover and leaky junctions on arterial macromolecular transport.
AB  - A new quantitative model is presented to explore the changes in vascular
      permeability that would result if the intercellular clefts around widely
      scattered endothelial cells were to become leaky to macromolecules in the range
      of roughly 4-10 nm during normal cell turnover. Although these open junctions
      occupy less than 10(-5) of the en face area of the endothelial surface, it is
      shown that the endothelial permeability can increase by 50-100% due to the
      experimentally observed regional variations in turnover in the larger arteries,
      whereas in the thinner walled veins and smaller arteries the subendothelial
      concentration is not significantly elevated. These results provide a very
      plausible explanation for the observed focal differences in the uptake of 125I
      albumin and 131I-fibrinogen in blue and white areas and the nonselectivity of the
      local enhancement in uptake for these two molecules as a function of molecular
      size. The model has important implications for the localization of atherogenesis
      and the importance of endothelial cell turnover on the transport of proteins in
      vessels of all sizes.

PMID- 4003573
TI  - Osmotic thirst and vasopressin release in humans: a double-blind crossover study.
AB  - Thirst is a subjective sensation. Therefore to investigate further the nature,
      intensity, and specificity of osmotic thirst, we studied the effects of double
      blind infusions of hypertonic (0.45 M) and isotonic (0.15 M) saline on subjective
      ratings and sensations of thirst, water intake, plasma vasopressin, and body
      fluids in seven healthy volunteer young men. Only the hypertonic saline
      significantly increased plasma sodium concentration, plasma osmolality, plasma
      vasopressin concentration, and visual analog ratings of thirst sensations. Both
      infusions expanded blood volume, which was greater with the hypertonic saline
      infusion. Neither solution significantly altered mean arterial blood pressure nor
      plasma angiotensin levels. Throughout a 60-min drinking period after the
      infusions, water intake was always significantly greater after the hypertonic
      saline than after the isotonic saline. The subjects described the thirst
      sensations as mainly due to a dry unpleasant tasting mouth, which was promptly
      relieved by drinking. Visual analog rating changes confirmed the subjective
      reports. Finally, the effects on thirst and vasopressin secretion were observed
      at plasma sodium concentration and osmolality changes that are well within the
      physiological range.

PMID- 4003574
TI  - Cortisol dynamics during seawater adaptation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.
AB  - We examined plasma cortisol concentration (PCC), cortisol metabolism, and
      cortisol protein binding (CPB) in chronically cannulated Atlantic salmon (Salmo
      salar) during seawater (SW) adaptation. PCC rose significantly 2 h after
      freshwater (FW) to SW changeover but tended to be lower for 6 days thereafter.
      Plasma chloride concentrations began to stabilize 24-48 h after entry to SW.
      Cortisol metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was significantly higher 24 h after SW
      transfer than in FW; CPB and plasma protein concentration were significantly
      lower, but cortisol production rate was unchanged. The change in plasma chloride
      after 24 h in SW was negatively correlated with the change in plasma protein (r =
      -0.915, n = 9, P less than 0.001). The changes in CPB and plasma protein were
      correlated with the change in MCR (r = -0.643, n = 14, P less than 0.02; r = 
      0.850, n = 9, P less than 0.005). We hypothesize that these changes in protein
      concentration reflect an ion-induced expansion of extracellular volume and lead
      to increased MCR.

PMID- 4003575
TI  - Reflex control of osmotically stimulated vasopressin in normal humans.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that in normal humans plasma arginine vasopressin
      (AVP) does not increase in response to unloading of cardiopulmonary and
      sinoaortic baroreceptors produced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) unless
      hypotension occurs. To assess whether prior osmotic stimulation of AVP might
      bring out latent sensitivity to nonosmotic control mechanisms in humans we
      studied the response of plasma AVP to graded LBNP after a 105-min infusion of 5%
      saline in a group of eight normal individuals. During the infusion and before
      LBNP, serum osmolality increased from 288 +/- 9 to 300 +/- 10 mosmol/kg, and
      plasma AVP increased from 4.4 +/- 1.7 to 8.0 +/- 2.5 pg/ml. Neither osmolality
      nor AVP changed significantly during two stages of LBNP that first reduced
      central venous pressure alone and then reduced central venous pressure with
      accompanying tachycardia and narrowing of the pulse pressure. Time control
      studies performed in five individuals subjected to central venous catheterization
      and an identical hypertonic saline infusion failed to show significant
      spontaneous changes in AVP during a comparable interval after the infusions but
      without LBNP. Thus osmotic stimulation with hypertonic saline did not render AVP
      more sensitive to nonhypotensive unloading of cardiopulmonary and sinoaortic
      baroreceptors in normal humans.

PMID- 4003577
TI  - Intracellular pH transients in rainbow trout tissues measured by dimethadione
      distribution.
AB  - Intracellular pH transients in response to PCO2 changes were measured in vitro
      with the weak acid dimethadione (DMO) in gas-equilibrated red blood cells and a
      perfused trunk preparation (white muscle) of the rainbow trout. Red cell
      intracellular pH (pHi) was also measured directly on cell lysates. At an
      extracellular pH (pHe) of 7.81 +/- 0.04, PCO2 = 2 Torr, red cell pHilysate
      averaged 7.40 +/- 0.02, and [DMO]i/[DMO]e averaged 0.37 +/- 0.02, corresponding
      to a mean pHiDMO of 7.39 +/- 0.02. Decreasing pHe to 7.53 +/- 0.04 by increasing
      PCO2 to 8 Torr caused [DMO]i/[DMO]e to increase to 0.50 +/- 0.03 and resulted in
      a decline in pHi to a mean of 7.19 +/- 0.03 as measured by both techniques. With
      both methods red cell pHi responded rapidly (less than 5 min) to the PCO2 change,
      paralleling the response of pHe. In the isolated perfused trunk preparation at a
      perfusate pHe of 7.79 +/- 0.04 and PCO2 of 2 Torr, [DMO]i/[DMO]e averaged 0.38 +/
      0.03, yielding an average white muscle pHi of 7.35 +/- 0.04. Decreasing pHe to
      7.34 +/- 0.02 by elevating PCO2 to 15 Torr caused pHi to drop to a mean of 7.11
      +/- 0.03, as indicated by the significant increase in [DMO]i/[DMO]e to 0.58 +/-
      0.03. The response of [DMO]i/[DMO]e was complete within 15 min. In both
      preparations the pHi changes were fully reversible. The DMO distribution method
      for measuring intracellular pH transients proved to be rapid and reliable in fish
      tissues.

PMID- 4003576
TI  - Physiological doses of prolactin stimulate pelage pigmentation in Djungarian
      hamster.
AB  - The Djungarian hamster exhibits a dark agouti pelage during the summer. Under the
      influence of decreased daylength, this species molts and develops a predominantly
      white winter coat. After a patch of white fur was plucked from hamsters housed in
      short photoperiod, chronic infusion of 10 or 20 micrograms ovine prolactin (o
      PRL)/day led to the growth of a patch of pigmented fur, thus reversing the effect
      of the decreased daylength. Circulating o-PRL levels produced by the 10
      micrograms/day infusions ranged from 17.9 +/- 4.0 to 35.1 +/- 13.8 (SE) ng/ml and
      thus approximated the endogenous circulating prolactin levels found in hamsters
      with the dark summer pelage (6, 9). Infusion of o-PRL stimulated pigmentation of
      the pelage of castrated as well as intact hamsters, suggesting that the testes do
      not mediate this effect. Infusion of ovine growth hormone (20 micrograms/day) did
      not stimulate pigmentation, and infusion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
      (10 micrograms/day) gave inconclusive results.

PMID- 4003578
TI  - Effect of intracerebroventricular vasopressin on body temperature and endotoxin
      fever of macaque monkey.
AB  - In the adult monkey (Macaca fasicularis) acclimated to a primate restraint chair,
      intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally
      in the lateral cerebral ventricle. During an experiment, colonic and skin
      temperatures were continuously recorded, and in selected cases heart and
      respiratory rates as well as O2 consumption were similarly monitored. Arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) was infused ICV in a volume of 500 microliter in one of six
      doses ranging from 16 to 4,240 ng. The results showed that AVP in all doses
      infused failed to alter the resting core and skin temperatures of the monkey or
      other recorded physiological responses. After a fever was produced in the monkey
      by 1/10-1/100 dilution of Escherichia coli endotoxin infused ICV, AVP at doses of
      16-260 ng did not augment the febrile response. Further, AVP infused in the same
      range of doses caused only a negligible and inconsistent antipyretic action;
      i.e., the 65-ng dose of AVP lowered the mean core temperature of the febrile
      monkey by only 0.5 degrees C. This was in marked contrast to the antipyretic
      effect of dipyrone administered systemically. In addition, no reproducible
      changes occurred in respiratory, heart, or metabolic rates after ICV infusion of
      AVP. These results indicate that AVP does not affect the normal thermoregulatory
      function of this species of monkey and, in contrast to other species, a febrile
      response is neither enhanced nor antagonized in the monkey by a central action of
      AVP. Although AVP thus does not appear to be an endogenous antipyretic in the
      monkey, anatomic investigations will be required to substantiate this conclusion
      in the subhuman primate.

PMID- 4003579
TI  - Central control of expired air temperature and other thermoregulatory effectors
      in reindeer.
AB  - Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were provided with chronically
      implanted hypothalamic perfusion thermodes to determine to what extent expired
      air temperature (Tex) is centrally controlled. The effects that alterations of
      hypothalamic temperature (Thy) had on metabolic heat production, respiratory
      frequency, respiratory evaporative heat loss, and rectal and leg-skin temperature
      were simultaneously recorded. Experiments were conducted in conscious animals
      exposed to ambient temperatures (Ta) of -20, 0, and 20 degrees C in summer, when
      fur insulation was minimal, and in winter, when it was prime. Altering Thy
      induced changes in Tex, the degree and direction of which depended on the
      prevailing Ta, season, and intensity of hypothalamic thermal stimulation. These
      results indicate that Tex, and hence nasal heat exchange, is under central
      control. The Thy-induced changes in the other measured parameters confirm that
      hypothalamic thermosensitivity in these animals is similar to that previously
      found in other mammalian species.

PMID- 4003580
TI  - Abdominal vagus and regulation of ingestive behavior and body weight in golden
      hamsters.
AB  - A series of experiments was undertaken to examine the role of the vagus nerve in
      body weight regulation and the control of ingestive behavior in Syrian hamsters.
      Body weight, food and water intake, and feeding responsiveness to the putative
      satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) were studied in hamsters with total
      subdiaphragmatic or selective gastric vagotomy. Body weight and food intake
      during ad libitum feeding were unaffected by either type of vagotomy. However,
      hamsters with total subdiaphragmatic or gastric vagotomy could better maintain
      body weight during intermittent food access. Vagotomy blocked feeding suppression
      after low-dose (4.0 micrograms/kg) systemic injections of CCK octapeptide (CCK
      8). This blocking effect was specific to feeding suppression in response to CCK
      8, because vagotomized hamsters remained responsive to other putative satiety
      hormones (bombesin, calcitonin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone). Hamsters with
      either type of vagotomy were, however, responsive to high doses (greater than or
      equal to 8.0 micrograms/kg) of CCK-8, thus indicating that extravagal (possibly
      central nervous system) sites of CCK action may also be relevant to the control
      of feeding. The results are discussed in relation to normal vagal function in
      hamsters and vagal control of ingestive behavior in other species.

PMID- 4003581
TI  - A longitudinal study of cardiac output in unstressed pregnant guinea pigs.
AB  - A previous study in pregnant guinea pigs failed to demonstrate any increase in
      cardiac output when a group of pregnant animals was compared with four
      nonpregnant animals. In the current study an increase in cardiac output of 35 +/-
      14 (SE) ml/min, a 13% increase, was observed during an average 2-wk interval
      between 44 and 58 days of pregnancy (P less than 0.05, term 68 days, n = 8). A
      significant increase in placental blood flow of 14.8 +/- 6.2 ml/min (42%
      increase, P less than 0.05) was also observed during this interval without
      significant change in the percentage of cardiac output going to the uterus. The
      data on cardiac output and its distribution to the uteroplacental circulations
      are consistent with reports in other mammalian species; to accommodate the
      increased demands of the uteroplacental circulation, cardiac output increases as
      pregnancy advances. These data demonstrate that multiple observations in the same
      animal describe cardiac output and its distribution more accurately than a single
      observation.

PMID- 4003582
TI  - Morphology of isolated crustacean larval salt glands.
AB  - Larval salt glands isolated from the naupliar brine shrimp (Artemia salina) were
      examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy. These methods demonstrated that most cellular and subcellular
      features of the in vitro organ compared favorably with those seen in vivo. This
      salt gland measures 130 micron in diameter and is comprised of 50-70 secretory
      cells, which are of a single epithelial cell type. Characteristic ultrastructural
      features that are well preserved include apical to basal cell polarity, apical
      plasma membrane projections, and the extent of the basolateral tubular labyrinth
      and its association with numerous mitochondria. Some features that have been
      altered are a decrease in cell-cell contact, separation of septate junctions, and
      expansion of tubular labyrinth lumens and mitochondrial cristae. Use of this
      preparation has allowed examination of the salt gland cell's hemocoelic surface
      for the first time and provided information about the ultrastructure of the tufts
      formed by the apical plasma membrane.

PMID- 4003583
TI  - Cardiovascular function and fluid compartments in newborn canine hemorrhagic
      shock.
AB  - Hemorrhage in the adult disrupts cellular function, resulting in a redistribution
      of fluids and electrolytes. There is little data about the effects of hemorrhage
      on body fluids in the neonate. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      effects of hemorrhage on cardiovascular function, coronary blood flow, red blood
      cell mass (RBCM), plasma volume (PV), and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in
      newborn dogs. Group 1 consisted of 88 dogs, 1-20 days old, and group 2 was 81
      dogs, 3-6 wk old. There is a significantly higher ECF volume in younger (256 +/-
      10 ml/kg) compared with older puppies (121 +/- 5 ml/kg). A 40% hemorrhage caused
      ECF to fall less in the younger (-27%) than in the older puppies (-51%), whereas
      PV and RBCM decreased to a similar extent in both groups. After returning shed
      blood, PV and RBCM returned to prehemorrhage values, but there was a 12% deficit
      in functional ECF volume in both groups. A similar degree of bradycardia,
      myocardial depression, and acidosis occurred in both groups during shock and
      after returning shed blood. Cardiac output and coronary blood flow, measured only
      in group 2, fell significantly in shock (-60 and -50%, respectively; P less than
      0.05) and remained below control values after returning shed blood. Our data
      indicate that inadequate perfusion of the myocardium and persistent acidosis
      impairs cardiac function in newborn shock.

PMID- 4003584
TI  - Gastric emptying of milk in rat pups.
AB  - Gastric emptying of rat's milk in rat pups was investigated using two
      experimental procedures. In the first experiment pups were matched for age, body
      weight, and gastric contents after ingesting mother's milk in the natural
      suckling situation. Then the pups were placed in one of three different
      environmental conditions for the test period. They were killed at 0, 2, or 4 h,
      and their gastric contents were weighed. The results revealed a very consistent
      gastric emptying process across ages, regardless of the presence or absence of
      the dam or moderate alterations in the environment. Gastric volume appeared to be
      the only factor affecting the rate of gastric emptying. In the second experiment
      gastric emptying was investigated in fasted pups after intubation with one of
      several volumes of rat's milk. Pups were killed at 0, 1, 2, or 4 h after gavage,
      and their gastric contents were weighed. The results indicate that the rate of
      gastric emptying is directly related to the immediate gastric volume. The
      emptying process is described as exponential, but the distribution of halftime
      values indicates the kinetics are not strictly first order. The volume-related
      effect on gastric emptying rate also correlated highly with the volume-related
      suppression of ingestion reported in a previous study. A model of gastric
      emptying is proposed for infant mammals.

PMID- 4003585
TI  - Development of a clinical instrument to estimate suicide risk.
AB  - This report details the development of an empirical suicide risk scale for adults
      hospitalized due to a depressive or suicidal state. The authors studied 2,753
      such subjects prospectively regarding 101 psychosocial variables. In a 2-year
      follow-up, 136 (4.94%) of the subjects had committed suicide. Rigorous
      statistical analysis, including a validation procedure, identified 15 variables
      as significant predictors of suicidal outcome. These were translated into a paper
      and-pencil scale that gives an estimated risk of suicide within 2 years. Such an
      instrument can provide a valuable supplement to clinical judgment and a
      quantitative expression of suicide risk.

PMID- 4003586
TI  - But are they cases? Validity of DSM-III major depression in children identified
      in a family study.
AB  - The authors examine the validity of the diagnosis of major depression in nine
      children and adolescents assessed as part of a study of offspring of parents who
      had affective disorders. The authors conclude that these nine children were
      suffering from valid cases of affective disorder because disruptions in multiple
      domains of functioning accompanied the major depression. The seriousness of the
      impairment and the finding that few of these children received any treatment at
      all strongly suggest the need for a heightened awareness among clinicians about
      the seriousness of depression in children whose parents have affective disorders.

PMID- 4003587
TI  - Factors affecting amnesia, seizure duration, and efficacy in ECT.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients given unilateral ECT were tested for memory with each
      treatment. Forgetting of nonverbal material correlated positively with seizure
      duration and with anesthetic dose. Seizure duration did not correlate with
      forgetting of verbal material or with changes in Hamilton depression ratings.
      Seizure duration was inversely related to succinylcholine and methohexital doses.
      These findings suggest that muscle relaxant and anesthetic doses can be adjusted
      to lessen the amnestic effects of ECT. There are, however, insufficient data on
      the relationship between seizure length and ECT efficacy to specify a minimum
      duration for seizures, individually or cumulatively.

PMID- 4003588
TI  - Modern research criteria and the genetics of schizophrenia.
AB  - The authors assessed the relevance of narrowly defined diagnostic criteria to
      genetic research in schizophrenia in the nuclear families of 84 chronic
      schizophrenic probands compared with families of 90 normal control probands. The
      morbidity risk for narrowly defined schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of
      patients with the narrow diagnosis was significantly higher than the control rate
      (3.8% versus 0.3%). The rate of chronic schizophrenia in the relatives of all
      schizophrenic patients was also significantly higher than the control rate (7.1%
      versus 0.6%), as was the rate of "spectrum" disorders (33.4% versus 11.3%). The
      data support the case for familial transmission of narrowly defined
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 4003589
TI  - The course of psychosis in early phases of schizophrenia.
AB  - To study the course of psychosis in early schizophrenia, the authors assessed 111
      patients at hospitalization and at one or two follow-ups. The course of psychosis
      was analyzed separately for broad (DSM-II) and narrow (DSM-III) concepts of
      schizophrenia. The patients diagnosed with DSM-II improved in psychosis between
      the first and second follow-ups. Those also diagnosed with DSM-III showed more
      persistent psychosis; 40% were psychotic at both follow-ups. A subgroup of
      patients showed improvement in psychosis even after several years of sustained
      symptoms. The authors discuss the implications of the data for views about the
      persistence of psychotic symptoms.

PMID- 4003590
TI  - Effects of parent loss: interaction with family size and sibling order.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of parent loss during the first 18 years of life
      and its interactions with family size and sibling order in a nonpsychiatric
      population of 247 men. Groups defined by loss type, family size, and sibling
      order were compared using MMPI scale scores. The results strongly suggest that
      parent loss and family size and their interaction have an important impact on
      adult personality traits as measured by MMPI scores. The strong adverse impact of
      intermittent loss and temporary loss in large families (much greater than that of
      permanent loss) is a crucial finding not previously noted in the literature.

PMID- 4003591
TI  - Emotional features of narcissistic personality disorder.
AB  - On the basis of the existing data and his own clinical study, the author provides
      an overall systematization of emotional features of narcissistic personality
      disorder. The division of narcissistic emotions into primary and secondary,
      positive and negative, is ultimately determined by the internal (two-level)
      personality structure and the success or lack of success in functioning of
      narcissistic individuals. The author introduces the novel idea of pessimistic
      mood as characteristic of decompensated narcissistic patients and analyzes it in
      some detail.

PMID- 4003592
TI  - Supersensitivity to light: possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness.
AB  - Exposure to light during the night reduces plasma melatonin levels. A previous
      study showed that, in response to light, nighttime plasma melatonin levels fell
      twice as much in a group of acutely ill manic-depressive patients as in a group
      of normal subjects. The present study compares 11 euthymic manic-depressive
      patients not taking medications with 24 age- and sex-matched normal subjects.
      Melatonin levels in these patients also fell twice as much as the levels of the
      normal subjects, suggesting that supersensitivity to light may be a trait marker
      for bipolar affective disorder.

PMID- 4003594
TI  - Effect of social support on stress-related changes in cholesterol level, uric
      acid level, and immune function in an elderly sample.
AB  - Strong social support systems, which in epidemiologic studies are associated with
      decreased morbidity and mortality, have been hypothesized to mitigate the harmful
      effects of stressful stimuli on the individual. The authors found that, among 256
      healthy elderly adults, individuals with good social support systems tended to
      have lower serum cholesterol and uric acid levels and higher indices of immune
      function; these correlations were independent of age, body mass, tobacco use,
      alcohol intake, and degree of perceived psychological distress. Thus, social
      support systems may intervene between the stressful stimulus and the physiologic
      response to that stimulus.

PMID- 4003593
TI  - Depressed mood during pregnancy and the puerperium: clinical recognition and
      implications for clinical practice.
AB  - Mild to moderate depression is common among women during the first 3 months
      postpartum. The authors studied 20 normal pregnant women in the hope of finding
      valid predictors of postpartum mood disorder. The subjects rated their level of
      emotions and various depressive symptoms at 26 and 36 weeks of pregnancy and
      filled out a brief questionnaire about the emotional circumstances of their
      pregnancy. The mood scales were repeated at 2 days and 6 weeks postpartum, along
      with a clinical interview. The antepartum mood scale identified women with
      postpartum depression and differentiated this condition from the more common,
      transient postpartum blues. Certain psychosocial variables also predicted
      postpartum distress. The authors discuss the implications of these findings,
      emphasizing the feasibility and necessity of routine screening for mood
      disturbances in prenatal and puerperal women.

PMID- 4003595
TI  - Effects of physostigmine on pulse, blood pressure, and serum epinephrine levels.
AB  - In this study, the infusion of physostigmine in 14 patients with affective
      disorder who were pretreated with methscopolamine caused significant and often
      profound increases in the patients' epinephrine levels, pulse rates, and blood
      pressure. Since physostigmine is being used experimentally in the treatment of
      elderly subjects who have Alzheimer's disease, these cardiovascular effects may
      have clinical importance.

PMID- 4003596
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder, hypnotizability, and imagery.
AB  - Twenty-six Vietnam veterans were studied to determine the relationship between
      posttraumatic stress disorder and hypnotizability. The intensity of their
      posttraumatic stress disorder was measured by a self-report. Their
      hypnotizability scores, vividness of imagery scores, and symptomatic profiles
      were also ascertained. Veterans with low or no posttraumatic stress disorder
      scores had normal hypnotizability scores and normal imagery scores, whereas those
      with high posttraumatic stress disorder scores had high hypnotizability scores
      and high imagery scores. The authors conclude that either combat traumas enhanced
      hypnotic potential in some veterans or that veterans with excellent hypnotic
      potential to begin with were more susceptible to posttraumatic stress.

PMID- 4003597
TI  - Utilization and coverage of mental health services in health maintenance
      organizations.
AB  - Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) generally have very limited coverage of
      mental health care and have been charged with shortchanging chronic patients in
      the interests of economy. The authors analyzed 1979-1980 coverage and utilization
      data from 53 federally qualified HMOs. They found that while coverage is limited
      and very similar across the spectrum of HMOs, utilization rates vary greatly and
      do not correlate with extent of coverage. They suggest that management decisions
      may be critical in determining access to and use of mental health benefits in
      HMOs.

PMID- 4003598
TI  - Dexamethasone suppression tests in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder are associated by
      several lines of evidence. To explore the possible relationship between the two
      disorders, the authors administered 1-mg dexamethasone suppression tests to 18
      patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 51 patients with major depressive
      disorder. None of the obsessive-compulsive patients were classified as
      nonsuppressors on the basis of a 4:00 p.m. serum cortisol level, whereas 37% of
      the depressed patients were nonsuppressors. The mean cortisol levels of the two
      groups differed significantly. Factors that may influence hypothalamic-pituitary
      adrenal function, such as age, depressive symptoms, and severity of illness, are
      discussed in light of these results.

PMID- 4003599
TI  - After commissioner, what?
AB  - One hundred nine psychiatrists who had been commissioners of state departments of
      mental health answered a questionnaire about their experiences after being
      commissioners. Most of these former commissioners got jobs they wanted after
      leaving the post. Those who experienced "decompression" adjustment difficulties
      tended to be less satisfied with subsequent jobs and were willing to serve again
      as commissioner. An important factor in decompression was a sense of loss and
      depression over having to abandon important unfinished work. The authors
      speculate that the large-scale opportunities for challenge and mastery
      characteristic of the job of commissioner are rarely matched in subsequent jobs.

PMID- 4003600
TI  - DSM-III in residency training: results of a national survey.
AB  - The authors surveyed directors of residency training to determine the extent to
      which DSM-III has been integrated into American psychiatric residency training
      programs, how this has been accomplished, and the directors' assessments of
      certain effects of DSM-III on residency training. Ninety-seven percent (N = 208)
      responded to the questionnaire. Results indicated that DSM-III has had a major
      impact on residency training in the United States. Although the effects of DSM
      III were judged to be largely positive--for example, offering a common language
      for diagnostic discussions--certain negative effects, such as promoting a
      mechanistic "cookbook" approach to assessing patients, were reported.

PMID- 4003601
TI  - Plasma lithium level and interepisode functioning in bipolar disorder.
AB  - There were no differences in interepisode functioning or side effects between
      bipolar patients (N = 44) with plasma lithium levels above the median and those
      with levels below the median. Low levels were able to stabilize mood and
      individual symptoms for 40.5 months.

PMID- 4003602
TI  - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors as treatment for depressed patients with primary
      degenerative dementia (Alzheimer's disease).
AB  - Two Alzheimer's patients with disabling depression failed to respond to standard
      antidepressants but improved with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The author
      points out that the cholinergic system is involved in Alzheimer's symptoms and
      that demented patients have high monoamine oxidase levels.

PMID- 4003603
TI  - Chlordiazepoxide toxicity in Limbitrol overdose.

PMID- 4003604
TI  - Use of clonazepam in a patient with schizoaffective disorder.

PMID- 4003605
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test and defining melancholia.

PMID- 4003606
TI  - Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 4003607
TI  - Suicide at Christmas.

PMID- 4003608
TI  - Anxiety and sexual arousal.

PMID- 4003609
TI  - More on trazodone and priapism.

PMID- 4003610
TI  - Schizophreniform disorder in a mentally retarded adolescent boy following sexual
      victimization.

PMID- 4003611
TI  - Analgesic nitrous oxide: adjunct to clonidine for opioid withdrawal.

PMID- 4003612
TI  - Relief of chronic intractable hallucinosis in residual schizophrenia with
      oxazepam.

PMID- 4003613
TI  - A haloperidol-carbamazepine interaction in a patient with rapid-cycling bipolar
      disorder.

PMID- 4003614
TI  - Birkhoff revisited: beauty as a function of effect and means.
AB  - The beauty of visual patterns is quantified, starting from the assumption that
      beauty is maximal when a maximum of effect is attained with a minimum of means
      applied. Birkhoff has based his theory of beauty on this assumption, but his
      specification of means and effect differs from the one presented here. In our
      conception, effect is specified as the number of independent regularities (R) of
      a pattern not accounted for by the simplest interpretation of the pattern. This
      variable is closely allied to the concept of conjunctive ambiguity. The
      irregularities of a pattern that are not constrained by additional regularities
      (P) make up the means term of the means-effect analogy. An index of beauty (M) is
      defined, M = R - P. It is shown that there is substantial correlation between M
      and preference judgments for a set of Birkhoff's polygons. It is further
      demonstrated that M has relevance to describe properties of the relation of
      beauty to complexity, data of experiments on the aesthetic attractivity of
      combinations of patterns, and preferences for certain proportions of simple
      figures above others.

PMID- 4003615
TI  - Memory for two types of spatial location: effects of instructions, age, and
      format.
AB  - Three experiments, with old persons (59-80 years) and college students (17-30
      years) in Experiments 1 and 2 and with college students (17-24 years) in
      Experiment 3, investigated the differences between two types of spatial location
      memory: memory for the location of individual items in an array and memory for
      occupied, as opposed to unoccupied, locations in an array. Young persons
      performed better than old persons on both measures of location memory. However,
      an effect of instructions (intentional vs. incidental for spatial location) was
      consistently obtained for memory for occupied, as opposed to unoccupied,
      locations, whereas no effect of instructions was obtained for memory for
      individual item locations. In addition, item location memory was superior for
      objects as opposed to matched words (Experiment 2), whereas occupied location
      memory was not affected by presentation format (Experiments 2 and 3). These
      differences indicate that spatial memory is a complex process whose properties
      are affected by variations in stimulus characteristics and task demands. It was
      concluded that the distinction of Hasher and Zacks (1979) between automatic and
      effortful processes is not adequate for understanding spatial memory. A
      recognition of the complex nature of spatial processing suggests a resolution of
      discrepancies in the literature based upon differences in stimulus
      characteristics, task demands, and the effectiveness of task-appropriate mnemonic
      strategies.

PMID- 4003616
TI  - Scales for perceived egocentric distance in a large open field: comparison of
      three psychophysical methods.
AB  - Scales for perceived egocentric distance produced by three psychophysical methods
      in four ranges of distances were compared. It was found that (a) the exponents
      produced by ratio and fractionation methods are in good agreement; (b) the
      exponents of both these methods were larger than those produced by magnitude
      estimation; (c) an increase in range of distance was associated with a decrease
      in exponent, but this diminution seems to interact with the method used; (d) for
      all the psychophysical methods used, there was large variability in the
      individual exponent; (e) the exponent was smaller than 1.0 for approximately 78%
      of the pooled sample, with all adult observers (N = 612) considered; and (f) an
      arithmetic mean exponent equal to 0.90 represents fairly all the results
      obtained.

PMID- 4003617
TI  - Differential effects of high-level and low-level postpassage questions.
AB  - This experiment compared the effects of high-level and low-level postpassage
      questions, when presented immediately after the passage segment containing the
      answer to the question, on college students' free recall of expository prose
      passages. Low-vocabulary subjects' recall of high-level information not
      specifically quizzed by the postpassage questions was significantly greater in
      the condition in which the questions quizzed a high-level unit than in the low
      question and no-question conditions, p less than .05. These results are
      interpreted as being consistent with a direct-access explanation which assumes
      that questions presented in close temporal contiguity to the quizzed information
      directly access that information in memory and that fewer associative links have
      to be traversed in the spread of activation from high-level units to other
      related information in the hierarchy. The effect of type of question in this
      experiment was compared with that found in an earlier experiment (Wilhite, 1982)
      involving delayed question presentation.

PMID- 4003618
TI  - Effects of stimulus probability and visual similarity on stimulus encoding.
AB  - Visual similarity, stimulus probability, and stimulus contrast were manipulated
      in two memory-scanning experiments to determine how stimulus probability affects
      encoding. Two hypotheses were tested: The first, a featural facilitation
      hypothesis, localizes the effect of stimulus probability on feature extraction;
      the second claims that stimulus probability has its effect on stimulus
      recognition. In both experiments, visual similarity was found to slow encoding,
      particularly under low-contrast conditions. This effect was larger for low
      probability stimuli than for high probability stimuli and increased as the
      difference in probability between two visually similar stimuli increased. These
      results are inconsistent with the featural facilitation hypothesis, but can be
      explained in terms of differential priming of internal recognition responses for
      members of the stimulus set, such that more probable members are more easily
      recognized.

PMID- 4003619
TI  - The secret of maternal and child health.

PMID- 4003621
TI  - Whither goeth the model standards?

PMID- 4003620
TI  - Without guns, do people kill people?

PMID- 4003622
TI  - Giant steps and baby steps: toward child health.

PMID- 4003623
TI  - Asbestos disease in family contacts of shipyard workers.
AB  - Radiologic signs of pulmonary asbestos disease were found in 11.3 per cent of 274
      wives of shipyard workers who were 20 or more years from initial hiring-on in
      shipyards in Los Angeles County. Asbestosis was also found in 7.6 per cent of 79
      sons and 2.1 per cent of 140 daughters of these workers. The wives, sons, and
      daughters were without occupational exposure. Comparable radiographic signs were
      not found in comparison groups. It is probable that asbestos exposure in the
      household places these family members at risk for mesothelioma and lung cancer.

PMID- 4003624
TI  - Improving frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination: effectiveness of
      an education program.
AB  - A randomized trial to improve breast self-examination (BSE) performance among
      college-age women was developed and results evaluated at a large public
      university. The major intervention was a BSE group education session conducted in
      classroom and workshop settings. The pre-intervention and six-months-after
      experimental-control comparisons show that: current performance of BSE increased
      by 26 per cent, bi-monthly or more often BSE performance increased by 29 per
      cent, and performance proficiency improved by 22 per cent. A change index,
      adjusting for each group's level on these three measures at pre-intervention,
      showed higher levels of change; 57 per cent, 36 per cent, and 28 per cent,
      respectively. A significantly larger proportion of women in the experimental
      group discussed BSE with others than women in the control groups. The "talked to"
      mothers, compared to the "not talked to" mothers performed BSE more regularly, in
      more positions, and spent more time on the examination. The results from this
      study suggest that properly targeted educational programs can significantly
      improve early detection behaviors in women. In addition, the evaluation protocol
      defined proficiency measures and validated measurement tools. Subsequent studies
      need to examine the relation of proficiency measures to detection of abnormality
      and subsequent effect on morbidity and mortality, so that the debate about BSE
      efficacy can be scientifically addressed.

PMID- 4003625
TI  - The incidence of duodenal and gastric ulcers in a large health maintenance
      organization.
AB  - We report the incidence of peptic ulcers (duodenal, pyloric canal, gastric, and
      combined) verified by radiologic, endoscopic, or surgical evidence in a large
      Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) in Los Angeles, California. For members age
      15 and above, the peptic ulcer incidence rate was 0.86 per 1,000 person-years (p
      y) (males 1.10, females 0.63). The male to female sex ratio was 1.7. Two hundred
      twenty-two duodenal, 17 pyloric canal, 89 gastric, and 21 combined first-time
      diagnosed ulcer cases were located. For duodenal and pyloric canal ulcer, the
      incidence rate for members age 15 and above was 0.58 per 1,000 p-y (males 0.76,
      females 0.40). For gastric ulcer, the incidence rate for members age 15 and above
      was 0.21 per 1,000 p-y (males 0.23, females 0.18). The combined ulcer rate was
      0.05 per 1,000 p-y (males 0.07, females 0.02). Gastric ulcer rates were two times
      higher in 1980 than in 1977. Peptic ulcer age-specific incidence rates increased
      with age. Incidence rates were much lower than those reported in previous
      studies, but the gastric to duodenal ulcer ratio and the age and sex relation to
      ulcer incidence were similar to those previously reported.

PMID- 4003627
TI  - Methodologic issues in evaluating stop smoking programs.
AB  - Three methodologic issues (definitions of smoking, period of follow-up,
      composition of study group) were assessed in 426 persons five years after
      participation in a stop smoking program of a prepaid medical plan. When smoking
      was defined by measurement interval or by type or amount of tobacco smoked,
      smoking rates varied only slightly. Little information was gained by extending
      the follow-up period beyond the first year. However, study group composition (as
      defined by attendance at program sessions) had a pronounced effect on smoking
      rates. Those who attended fewer sessions were more likely to smoke during the
      follow-up period.

PMID- 4003626
TI  - Bathtub-related drownings in the United States, 1979-81.
AB  - We analyzed National Center for Health Statistics data on drownings in bathtubs
      and Consumer Product Safety Commission data on bathtub-related injuries for the
      years 1979-80 and 1979-81, respectively. Seven hundred ten persons drowned in
      bathtubs in 1979 and 1980, for a crude mortality rate of 1.6 per million persons
      per year. Although there was an excess of deaths in the spring, there was no
      important seasonal trend. Mortality rates in the Pacific and Mountain states were
      higher than in other states. Persons at the extremes of age were at greatest risk
      of death, with mortality rates of 5-6 per million per year. Black males aged 20
      64 years had substantially elevated mortality rates compared to White males. The
      prevalence of personal risk indicators varied with age, with a frequent history
      of being left unattended among children less than 5 years old, a frequent history
      of seizures among persons 5-39 years old, a frequent history of alcohol or drug
      use among persons 40-59 years old, and frequent evidence of having fallen among
      those at least 60 years old. Bathtubs are potentially dangerous, and the
      prevention of drownings in them can be approached through a combination of
      passive and active strategies.

PMID- 4003628
TI  - The effects of respondent rules on health survey reports.
AB  - Survey researchers believe that self reports, in general, are more accurate than
      reports obtained by proxy. This paper focuses on the reassessment of previous
      self/proxy comparisons and presents findings from a telephone adaptation of the
      National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) designed to investigate response error
      associated with self and proxy reports. Unlike previous studies in which the type
      of report is confounded with characteristics of the population home at the time
      of the interview, the design of this study (random allocation to self or proxy
      report) allows comparison of reports from similar populations. The results show
      that when self response is limited to a randomly selected respondent, the self
      respondents report fewer health events for themselves versus for others in their
      household.

PMID- 4003629
TI  - Moving the 'standards movement'.
AB  - Substantial variations found in state implementation of public health service
      standards were partially explained by information collected from State Health
      Departments. A number of structural factors, particularly the distribution of
      service and supervisory responsibilities between state and local agencies,
      produce role and tactical differences in the process of standards implementation.
      Patterns and philosophies of intergovernmental funding were also reported to be
      critical to the process. In that these and related factors have their roots in
      political decisions, attention to internal and external political constraints is
      believed to be important to progress on standards implementation. Finally, the
      extent of variation reported raises the issue of the degree to which a common
      paradigm of public health exists and guides practice in state and local
      communities.

PMID- 4003630
TI  - Standards for local public health services: where stand the states?
AB  - Of the 47 states that participated in a 1983 survey of State Health Departments,
      30 were found to have public health standards in place or started. Most states'
      standards emphasize the range of services to be provided, but substantial
      variations were found in how standards are formulated, adopted, and used by state
      and local agencies.

PMID- 4003632
TI  - Hypertension prevalence among Penobscot Indians of Indian Island, Maine.
AB  - Prevalence of hypertension, measured on a random sample of Penobscot Indian
      adults on reservation in Maine, was 23 per cent. Only 50 per cent of the
      hypertensive Penobscots were aware of their condition. Among those treated with
      antihypertensive medications, 56 per cent were controlled. When compared to a
      statewide sample of Maine adults, the prevalence of hypertension among Penobscots
      was similar but awareness was significantly lower.

PMID- 4003631
TI  - Interpersonal violence: patterns in a Danish community.
AB  - We studied all cases of assault with violence (1,639) in a Danish population of
      275,000 over a one-year period. Most victims were young men. The incidence rose
      during evenings, nights and weekends, and assaults were often seen in or around
      bars and restaurants. Women accounted for 64 per cent of all victims of assault
      in the home. Influence of alcohol was identified in 43 per cent of all cases. The
      fist was the most frequent agent of assault; use of firearms was a very rare act
      of violence but was associated with death in three out of five cases. There were
      10 deaths in all.

PMID- 4003633
TI  - Seating patterns on the Washington, DC Metro Rail System.
AB  - Research on human tolerance in crashes has found that rear-facing seating offers
      increased protection over forward seating. However, rearward seats are only
      available in limited settings. In this study, passengers were observed and
      seating preferences recorded on the Washington Metropolitan Rail System (Metro).
      Only 25 per cent of adults faced rearward compared to 66 per cent of children.
      Since children appear willing to face rearward, rear-facing seating in school
      buses and other vehicles might be acceptable to them and provide safety benefits
      as well.

PMID- 4003634
TI  - Campylobacter jejuni infections on college campuses: a national survey.
AB  - We surveyed 303 colleges and universities to determine the frequency of
      isolations of Campylobacter jejuni and other enteric bacterial pathogens.
      Campylobacter cultures could be obtained at 74 per cent; 10 per cent of stool
      cultures yielded Campylobacter, which was isolated 10 and 46 times more
      frequently than Salmonella and Shigella, respectively. The incidence of diagnosed
      Campylobacter infections was 1.3 per 10,000 enrolled students per month.
      Intercollegiate variation was not explained by differences in gender composition,
      the proportion of students living off-campus, or geographic characteristics of
      the campus.

PMID- 4003635
TI  - Biomedical applications of cotinine quantitation in smoking related research.
AB  - Two studies were undertaken to assess the variability of cotinine concentrations
      in different biological fluids and to determine the most desirable fluid to use
      for specific experimental protocols. For protocols validating smoking cessation,
      plasma or urinary cotinine determinations provided the most accurate indicators
      of compliance. In studies where smokers switched from high yield to low yield
      cigarettes, plasma cotinine determinations were good indicators of smoker
      behavior. Correct interpretation of smoker status is dependent on the biological
      fluid selected for cotinine analysis.

PMID- 4003636
TI  - Skills intervention to prevent cigarette smoking among adolescents.
AB  - Skills intervention to prevent cigarette smoking was evaluated with 689
      adolescents. At 24-month follow-up, youths who received health information and
      skills intervention had lower intentions to smoke and less cigarette use than
      youths who received health information alone and youths who received no
      intervention. Conclusions about the effects of skills intervention are
      strengthened by the common preparation and random assignment of intervention
      leaders and by process measurement data.

PMID- 4003637
TI  - Public opinion about doctors' pay.
AB  - Public opinion about doctors' incomes was examined in a national random sample of
      843 respondents; 70.1 per cent of those questioned felt physicians are overpaid.
      There was a high degree of agreement among various groups that physicians are
      overpaid, but older people and Whites were more likely to think so than younger
      people and other ethnic groups. People who believe that the United States is
      characterized by unequal educational opportunity, unfair income distribution, and
      limited resources were also more likely to think physicians are overpaid.

PMID- 4003638
TI  - Physicians and the teaching of breast self-examination: implications from a
      survey at a university teaching hospital.
AB  - We surveyed 80 physicians from four specialties (Family Medicine, General
      Medicine, General Surgery, Ob-Gyn) to investigate how they taught breast self
      examination (BSE). Only half reported personally teaching BSE. Few MDs reported
      routinely using techniques to assess BSE competency. Most (72 per cent) claimed
      no formal training in teaching BSE; 10 per cent claimed no training at all.
      Techniques used to teach BSE may vary, and physicians may lack the training to
      teach BSE.

PMID- 4003640
TI  - Risk for cutaneous melanoma in recent Connecticut birth cohorts.
AB  - Mortality trends suggest that increases in Connecticut incidence for cutaneous
      melanoma (CM) equal or under estimate increases for the entire country. One-sixth
      of CM in Connecticut occurs under age 35. In the 1955 birth cohort, modeled
      incidence rates per 100,000 age-adjusted to the 1960 US population are 38.2 in
      males and 28.9 in females. These estimated rates for CM rival those for colon
      cancer (now the third most common malignancy in the United States) and have
      special implications for young adults.

PMID- 4003639
TI  - Cigarette smoking, herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, and cervical
      abnormalities.
AB  - In a case-control study, we investigated the relation of cigarette smoking and
      genital herpes virus infection to cervical abnormalities. Although cases and
      controls differed according to several factors, multiple logistic analyses
      indicated that age, education, and cigarette smoking were the only independent
      risk factors for histologically confirmed disease. Relative risk estimates were
      1.92 and 3.68 for past and current smokers, respectively. The results indicated
      that smoking and genital herpes infection did not interact in the risk of
      cervical abnormality.

PMID- 4003641
TI  - Cancer incidence rates among blacks in urban and rural Georgia, 1978-82.
AB  - The records of the Atlanta Cancer Surveillance Center were reviewed for all
      incident cases of cancer diagnosed among Black residents of the catchment areas
      during calendar years 1978 through 1982. The resultant age-adjusted overall
      cancer incidence rates for urban Blacks were greater than those for rural Blacks.
      The largest urban excess was found for cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx.
      Urban residence also was associated with lung and prostate cancers among males,
      and pancreatic cancers among females.

PMID- 4003642
TI  - Sterilization methods in China.

PMID- 4003643
TI  - Two comments received on trauma care.

PMID- 4003644
TI  - Unsupervised children in motor vehicles.

PMID- 4003645
TI  - Costs of not eradicating measles.

PMID- 4003646
TI  - Abortion: the divisive issue.

PMID- 4003647
TI  - An important clinical approach in detecting the fragile X syndrome.

PMID- 4003648
TI  - The alchemy of mental health policy: homelessness and the fourth cycle of reform.

PMID- 4003649
TI  - Referrals by traditional birth attendants in northeast Brazil.
AB  - Between October 1980 and July 1981, 1,878 women were attended by traditional
      birth attendants (TBAs) at four obstetric units in rural areas surrounding the
      city of Fortaleza in Northeast Brazil. Of these women, 232 (12.4 per cent) were
      referred to a hospital in Fortaleza for delivery. The most important indicators
      for referral to hospital were: presence of an antenatal problem, complication of
      labor, or malpresentation. Based on record review, 65 referred women with none of
      these conditions were classified as low risk and 42 women not referred were
      classified as high risk (at least one such condition present). Of 1,878
      deliveries, 32 (17 per 1,000) terminated as fetal deaths, and 12 infants died
      before discharge from hospital or obstetric unit (six per 1,000). The death rate
      was much higher for the high-risk cases (156 per 1,000 referrals, 95 for
      nonreferrals). Although some women may have been inappropriately referred while
      others who should have been were not referred, the system of referral has allowed
      TBAs to attend uncomplicated deliveries and to refer women with complications.

PMID- 4003650
TI  - An evaluation of subsidized rural primary care programs: IV. Impact of the rural
      hospital on clinic self-sufficiency.
AB  - Subsidized rural clinics and providers have long depended on the rural hospital
      for the care of some of their patients; the hospital has also been a source of
      revenue for these providers and programs. We studied a representative national
      sample of 116 subsidized rural clinics, focusing on the impact on rural clinic
      costs and revenues of the use of the hospital by the clinics' providers. Both
      clinic costs and revenue are reduced by the use of the hospital by rural practice
      providers, but costs are lowered to a greater extent than revenues, thereby
      enhancing the financial self-sufficiency of the subsidized clinic. The cost
      savings affect all aspects of clinic operation, but especially laboratory costs,
      community services costs, and administrative costs. The dependence of these rural
      clinics on the hospital indicates that the condition of subsidized rural clinics
      would be worsened by decreased availability of hospital services.

PMID- 4003651
TI  - Pursuing longevity: delay vs elimination of degenerative diseases.
AB  - Using a new model which allows for projection of mortality change resulting from
      preventive health care measures, prospective changes in longevity for the
      resident United States population in 1978 were compared with projections of
      longevity gains occurring under a standard single cause-elimination model.
      Results indicate that equal or greater gains accrue from the prevention or delay
      of several major degenerative diseases, than from the complete elimination of
      some single major degenerative diseases. Observed declines in mortality from 1960
      to 1978 have resulted in gains in longevity equivalent to the successful
      elimination of some major degenerative diseases.

PMID- 4003652
TI  - The barefoot doctor: Shanghai County revisited.
AB  - Since a 1981 review of health status and health services in Shanghai County,
      there have been considerable social and economic changes in the People's Republic
      of China. A major question currently is the impact of the new economic
      "responsibility system," which was introduced in 1982, on the cooperative health
      structure and the "barefoot doctors" (BFDs). Investigators in other areas of
      China have reported the collapse of the cooperative systems and a shift in the
      role of the BFDs as a result of incentives for them to spend more time in
      agricultural production. In Shanghai County, however, BFDs continue essentially
      full time as before, salaried by the brigade, with fee-for-service charges
      prohibited. Recent evidence from Shanghai County shows that the health care
      system and those who direct it can remain flexible and respond positively to
      changes in the social, economic, and political structures.

PMID- 4003653
TI  - Fragile X syndrome: a public health concern.
AB  - This study was designed to test for the fragile X syndrome [fra(X)] in
      institutionalized male patients with nonspecific mental retardation, referral
      patients, and relatives of fra(X) patients. Thirty-one of 91 (34.0 per cent)
      subjects tested were positive for the fra(X) chromosome; relatives had the
      largest percentage of positives. The data reflect the value of this test for
      detecting families having potential carriers who can benefit from genetic
      counseling.

PMID- 4003654
TI  - Sodium in drinking water in South Carolina.
AB  - The potential contribution of drinking water sodium to total consumption and to
      blood pressure levels is explored in a South Carolina survey. Most (96 per cent)
      of the population was served by drinking water containing less than 100 mg/l Na
      (median 14.8 mg/l). For households with water sources containing greater than or
      equal to 100 mg/l Na, drinking water accounted for approximately 8.5 per cent of
      total estimated consumption. After adjustment for age, sex, race, body mass
      index, education, and dietary sodium, a negative association between diastolic
      blood pressure and drinking water sodium levels was found.

PMID- 4003655
TI  - Hospital falls: a persistent problem.
AB  - During a 22-month period in 1981-82, 250 falls were recorded at a 152-bed acute
      care specialty hospital in a United States metropolitan area. Rates were highest
      for patients age 65 years and older and for patients admitted with mental
      disorders. Patients who had fallen once had a subsequent fall rate of 91.7 per
      1,000 patients compared to an overall rate of 18.7 for first falls. Half the
      falls occurred in or enroute to the private bathroom attached to each room. Only
      three falls resulted in injury sufficient to prolong hospital stay.

PMID- 4003656
TI  - The difference between date of suicidal act and recorded death certificate date
      in 204 consecutive suicides.
AB  - The date of death recorded on death certificates (DCD) was compared to the date
      of the suicidal act (DA) in a consecutive series of 204 suicides. The DA was
      known to be the same as the DCD in only 46 per cent of the cases. The DA was
      different from the DCD in 22 per cent of the cases. The difference between the DA
      and DCD should be taken into consideration in the analysis of temporal trends.

PMID- 4003657
TI  - Selected perinatal factors and child abuse.
AB  - A matched pair case-control study was conducted to compare birth weights,
      gestations, and length of hospital stay (LOS) of 532 children subsequently
      reported as physically abused with comparable data from a group of control
      children matched on age, sex, race, and maternal education. Our results indicated
      a moderate association between both low birthweight and very short gestation with
      physical abuse. Results for LOS were inconclusive.

PMID- 4003658
TI  - Mortality risk factors in the elderly.

PMID- 4003659
TI  - Auto safety regulation variable: a reply to Robertson.

PMID- 4003660
TI  - Isoenzyme patterns of Leishmania isolates from Colombia.
AB  - Promastigotes from four cutaneous leishmaniasis cases from Colombia were tested
      by cellulose acetate electrophoresis using nine enzyme systems. The isoenzyme
      profiles of the Colombian isolates were indistinguishable from each other and
      from Panamanian Leishmania braziliensis panamensis controls, but were distinct
      from an isolate of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis from Brazil and three
      isolates from the Leishmania mexicana complex for the enzyme phosphogluconate
      dehydrogenase.

PMID- 4003661
TI  - Natural infections with promastigotes in man-biting species of sand flies in
      leishmaniasis-endemic areas of Ecuador.
AB  - In order to determine the vectors of leishmaniasis in Ecuador, 1,054 man biting
      sand flies from the Department of Canar were dissected and examined for
      promastigotes. There were 2 man-biting species, Lu. trapidoi and Lu. hartmanni in
      this endemic area of the disease. The infection rates were 7.7% in the former and
      3.9% in the latter species, demonstrating the different rates in various
      localities and altitudes of the study areas. There was an association between
      infection rates and the time of day, suggesting some connection with biting
      activity of sand fly species. In collections using human bait at 7 study areas in
      5 Departments, 6 man-biting species were recognized, indicating different
      dominant species in each area. It was assumed that the dominant species would
      play an important role as the principal vector of leishmaniasis in each endemic
      area. As to species determination of the present Leishmania promastigotes,
      suffice it to say that the parasites are Leishmania sp., presumably L.
      braziliensis s.l., until the isolates have been typed.

PMID- 4003662
TI  - "Localized" leishmania lymphadenitis: a light and electron microscopic study.
AB  - Nineteen cases of "localized" leishmania lymphadenitis without any evidence of
      visceral leishmaniasis are reported. Fifteen males and 4 females aged 5 to 30
      years have presented with localized lymphadenopathy of up to 3 months duration.
      The disease has a seasonal incidence of late summer to mid-winter. Cutaneous
      leishmaniasis even when present, usually was overlooked. Lesions of cutaneous
      leishmaniasis were absent in 3; healed in 1; small, similar to insect bites in 5;
      classic in 3; lupoid in 1 and unknown in 6 patients. Serum leishmanial antibody
      determination by IFAT performed on 12 cases were positive. Toxoplasma serology
      was negative. Histological picture of one lymph node biopsy showed an (anergic)
      intact histiocytic response characterized by thousands of intracellular
      amastigotes, no necrosis and inconspicuous plasma cells. In 17 biopsies the
      picture was that of histiocytic granulomata with varying degrees of necrosis,
      moderate numbers of amastigotes in several foci, fibrosis and varying numbers of
      plasma cells. One biopsy from a lupoid case shows numerous epitheloid
      granulomata, no organisms, no necrosis and inconspicuous plasma cells. Electron
      microscopy has been performed on 8 biopsies to confirm leishmania amastigotes.
      Differential diagnosis from toxoplasmosis and cat-scratch disease is discussed.
      Histological types of responses in the lymph nodes are comparable to those
      described in cutaneous leishmaniasis: an anergic response with intact macrophage
      granuloma, a histiocytic response with necrosis, and a lupoid type of response
      with epithelioid granulomas.

PMID- 4003663
TI  - Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia associated with pleural effusions.
AB  - A 28-year-old Indian female presented with shortness of breath, white cell count
      of 27,400 with 39% eosinophils, and increased interstitial markings and bilateral
      pleural effusions on chest x-ray. Although the clinical presentation was
      consistent with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE), to our knowledge there has
      been only one previous report in the world's literature of pleural effusion
      associated with TPE. We suggest that pleural effusions are not incompatible with
      the diagnosis of TPE and that TPE be added to the list of conditions causing
      eosinophilic pleural effusions.

PMID- 4003664
TI  - Identification of antigenic Schistosoma mansoni glycoproteins during the course
      of infection in mice and humans.
AB  - The progression of humoral immune responses exhibited by mice during the year
      following exposure to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae was established by studying
      radioimmunoprecipitations of adult male and cercarial glycoproteins. 35S
      methionine metabolically-labeled adult S. mansoni male worm glycoproteins
      precipitated by sera of 14 mice were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The initial specific antibody response (week
      5) was directed against 3 worm glycoproteins of 55,000, 52,000 and 35,000
      molecular weight (Mr). As infection progressed, all major worm glycoproteins
      (ranging from 400,000 to 12,000 Mr) were precipitated by sera from each mouse and
      only minor individual variations in titer were noted in the antibody responses of
      the mice against these glycoproteins. Maximal immunoreactivity toward the
      radiolabeled glycoproteins occurred at week 20 and remained at this level through
      week 50. Analogous experiments with sera from acutely- and chronically-infected
      humans resulted in immunoprecipitation patterns almost identical to those
      obtained with sera from the corresponding experimentally-infected mice. The
      kinetics of the antibody response against 125Iodine-labeled cercarial
      glycoproteins was the same as that observed with worm glycoproteins.

PMID- 4003665
TI  - A glycoprotein antigen of Schistosoma mansoni expressed on the gynecophoral canal
      of mature male worms.
AB  - A glycoprotein antigen of 80,000 apparent molecular weight expressed by S.
      mansoni eggs, cercariae, and male and female worms has been characterized by use
      of a monoclonal antibody prepared against cercarial glycoproteins. The antigen
      was expressed on the surface of both male and female worms. Its expression on the
      male surface, however, was restricted to the gynecophoral canal of male worms
      derived from fully patent infections. This pattern of surface expression suggests
      a role in schistosome sexual reproduction.

PMID- 4003666
TI  - In vitro and in vivo induction of neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic responses
      by Schistosoma japonicum cercaria.
AB  - High neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic activities of soluble extract of
      Schistosoma japonicum cercariae (SjCe-ext) were detected in vitro by using blind
      well chemotaxis chambers and Millipore filters in a dose-dependent manner. Low
      doses (total of 0.25 and 2.5 micrograms) of SjCe-ext induced significant
      neutrophilic infiltrations in normal and S. japonicum-infected (8 week) guinea
      pig tissues beginning at 2 hr after the intradermal injection. Eosinophilic
      responses were observed in the infected animals especially in early phase (2-8 hr
      post-injection of SjCe-ext). SjCe-ext elicited strong immediate skin reactions
      (at 30 min) in the infected guinea pigs. Possible roles of these chemotactic
      activities and hypersensitivity reaction in S. japonicum infection are discussed.

PMID- 4003667
TI  - Relationships of Schistosoma hematobium, hookworm and malarial infections and
      metrifonate treatment to hemoglobin level in Kenyan school children.
AB  - Relationships between hemoglobin level and S. hematobium, hookworm, and malarial
      infection before and six months after metrifonate treatment were studied in
      Kenyan primary school children in an area where anemia, S. hematobium and
      hookworm are common (prevalences 61%, 46%, and 95%, respectively) and malaria is
      holoendemic. The mean hemoglobin level in children from one school, both with and
      without S. hematobium infection (n = 250), was significantly lower in children
      with higher S. hematobium egg counts, heavier hookworm infections, positive
      Plasmodium slides, and larger spleens. All children with light-moderate S.
      hematobium infection (1-500 eggs/10 ml adj) in four schools were examined (Exam
      1), allocated at random to either placebo (MIP, n = 198) or metrifonate treatment
      (MIT, n = 202) groups, treated, and examined again six months later (Exam 2).
      Hemoglobin levels rose significantly in both groups between exams, but the rise
      in the MIT group was 30% higher than in the MIP group (1.3 vs. 1.0 g/dl, P less
      than 0.014). The increase in hemoglobin level in the MIT group was significantly
      and positively correlated with decreases between exams in S. hematobium and
      hookworm egg counts and with higher malarial parasite counts at Exam 1 (Pearson
      r's 0.21, 0.20, 0.20, respectively, P less than 0.01). A stepwise multiple
      regression equation using hemoglobin rise between exams as the dependent variable
      showed that decreases in S. hematobium and hookworm egg counts were equally
      important determinants of hemoglobin rise and that malarial parasite count was
      almost as important as the changes in intensities of the helminth infections.
      These results show that treatment for S. hematobium with metrifonate can increase
      hemoglobin levels in children in an area where S. hematobium and anemia are
      common. They also emphasize the importance of measuring multiple parasitic
      infections and using multivariate statistical techniques such as multiple
      regression analysis in order to define the relationships between parasitic
      infections and morbidity.

PMID- 4003668
TI  - The Mazzotti reaction following treatment of onchocerciasis with
      diethylcarbamazine: clinical severity as a function of infection intensity.
AB  - To determine definitively whether or not the severity of the Mazzotti reaction
      was correlated with infection intensity, as determined by skin snip
      quantification, 21 infected Ghanian patients were evaluated during 7 days of
      treatment with 200 mg/day of diethylcarbamazine. Serial blood, urine and skin
      biopsy samples were collected during the progression of the Mazzotti reaction.
      Hypotension, fever, adenitis and pruritus were all correlated with infection
      intensity in these patients while arthralgia and tachycardia were not. Peripheral
      blood eosinopenia and neutrophilia also correlated with intensity of infection
      and appeared to reflect the accumulation of degranulating eosinophils around
      "mobilized" microfilariae that migrated from the dermis to the epidermis after
      diethylcarbamazine (DEC). Other mobilized microfilariae apparently were cleared
      by the liver and resulted in abnormal liver enzyme levels in the serum which,
      again, were directly correlated with the patients' microfilarial density. Though
      the severity of the Mazzotti reaction clearly correlated with intensity of
      infection, the different times of onset of symptoms, and cellular and serum
      chemistry changes indicate that there are probably multiple infection intensity
      dependent mechanisms responsible for mediating this complex reaction.

PMID- 4003669
TI  - Experimental La Crosse virus infection of red fox (Vulpes fulva), raccoon
      (Procyon lotor), opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and woodchuck (Marmota monax).
AB  - Susceptibility to infection, resulting viremia and antibody responses, and
      potential to provide infectious blood meals for Aedes triseriatus were determined
      and compared for the red fox (Vulpes fulva), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and opossum
      (Didelphis virginiana) exposed to La Crosse (LAC) virus transmitted by
      mosquitoes, Ae. triseriatus. Woodchucks (Marmota monax) were infected with LAC
      virus by needle and syringe. All 5 red foxes became viremic following the bite of
      a single LAC virus-infected female Ae. triseriatus. Maximum viremia titers were
      at or above the threshold of infection for Ae. triseriatus in 4 of 5 red foxes
      for 1-3 days. Biological transmission of LAC virus from infected red foxes to
      chipmunks (Tamias striatus) was accomplished by Ae. triseriatus. Neutralizing
      antibody titers in red foxes peaked between day 13 and 27 and were still
      detectable 3 months post-infection. Woodchucks appear to be efficient amplifiers
      of LAC virus. Three of 4 inoculated woodchucks became viremic. Maximum viremia
      titers were consistently above the experimentally determined threshold of
      infection for Ae. triseriatus. Raccoons and opossums were not as susceptible to
      LAC virus infection as were red foxes or woodchucks. Only 1 of 5 raccoons became
      viremic. The viremia titer was low and was detected on only 1 day. Four of 5
      raccoons developed LAC virus-neutralizing antibody titers, however. None of the
      opossums became viremic and only 2 developed LAC virus-neutralizing antibody
      titers.

PMID- 4003670
TI  - La Crosse viremias in juvenile, subadult and adult chipmunks (Tamias striatus)
      following feeding by transovarially-infected Aedes triseriatus.
AB  - Viremia and antibody responses to La Crosse (LAC) virus were determined for
      juvenile, subadult and adult chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Viremia was detected in
      16 of 16 juveniles, 13 of 17 subadults and 21 of 29 adults fed upon by
      transovarially (TO)-infected Aedes triseriatus. Mean viremia titers for juvenile,
      subadult and adult chipmunks responding to LAC infection were 3.0, 2.9 and 3.2
      log10SMICLD50/0.025 ml, respectively. The average duration of viremia with LAC
      virus was 2.4, 2.3 and 2.4 days for juveniles, subadults and adults,
      respectively. Mean viremia titers and durations did not differ significantly
      among chipmunk age-classes. Neutralizing antibodies to LAC virus were detected in
      viremic chipmunks at day 5 and day 20 post-infection. Observations of TO-infected
      Ae. triseriatus and their sibling controls refeeding on restrained chipmunks
      indicated that a significant number of infected (34/54) and uninfected (37/59)
      females probed multiple times to obtain a second bloodmeal. Data indicate that
      chronological age or time between successive bloodmeals affects feeding
      behaviors. No relationship between probing or ability to refeed and infection was
      found.

PMID- 4003671
TI  - Dengue transmission in two Puerto Rican communities in 1982.
AB  - Paired serologic, entomologic, and environmental surveys were performed in two
      Puerto Rican communities, Salinas and Manati, in summer and fall 1982. Paired
      samples on 434 persons in Salinas and 324 persons in Manati showed recent dengue
      infection rates of 35% and 26%, respectively. Ae. aegypti larval indices were
      higher in Salinas than in Manati but were relatively high throughout both
      communities. Breteau indices in neighborhoods ranged from 43 to 172, and
      infection rates in the neighborhoods were 22% to 45%. With a multivariate
      technique, we analyzed possible associations of environmental variables with
      dengue incidence and prevalence of dengue antibody. Wood-constructed housing and
      low socioeconomic status were among the variables significantly associated with
      dengue incidence. Predictors of dengue antibody prevalence included socioeconomic
      level, tree height, shade, and window and door screens. Recent dengue infections
      clustered within the sampled members of households (P less than 0.05, binomial
      test). An estimated 35% of dengue infections were symptomatic, and no serious
      illnesses were reported. The potential for high dengue infection rates in Puerto
      Rico will continue unless substantial reductions in vector populations are
      achieved. Targeting dengue surveillance and vector control activities in areas
      with demonstrated environmental risk factors may limit transmission during future
      outbreaks.

PMID- 4003672
TI  - Pre-exposure rabies immunization with human diploid cell vaccine: decreased
      antibody responses in persons immunized in developing countries.
AB  - In November 1982, a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer in Kenya completed pre-exposure
      rabies prophylaxis with a standard 3 dose intradermal (ID) series of human
      diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV). In May 1983, she was bitten by a dog and died
      of rabies 3 months later. An initial investigation revealed that the patient, as
      well as 9 of 11 others immunized at the same time, had no rabies antibody titers
      (less than 1:5). We therefore instituted investigations into the immunogenicity
      of pre-exposure HDCV both in the United States and in developing countries. A
      serosurvey revealed unexpectedly low rabies titers in both Peace Corps volunteers
      and others immunized in developing countries. Antibody titers measured 2-3 weeks
      after ID immunization were compared in 9 groups totaling 271 persons in the
      United States and Kenya. There was no statistically significant difference in
      antibody titers in the 6 U.S. groups immunized from 1980-1984 (P greater than
      0.15); however, groups immunized in the United States had significantly higher
      titers than a group of Kenyan nationals (P less than or equal to 0.0001), and the
      Kenyans had significantly higher titers than 2 Peace Corps groups immunized in
      Kenya (P less than or equal to 0.0001). No single hypothesis proposed (laboratory
      error, vaccine potency, vaccination technique, or specific immune suppression)
      accounted for the observed differences. Although we cannot fully explain the poor
      response to HDCV, it is probably due to multiple factors. We conclude that
      persons immunized with ID pre-exposure HDCV in developing countries should have
      rabies antibody titers determined to ensure their seroconversion; for persons
      immunized in the United States, such titers need not be routinely determined.

PMID- 4003673
TI  - Research priorities in adolescent psychiatry: report of the committee on research
      of the American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry.

PMID- 4003674
TI  - A developmental approach to the psychotherapy of adolescents.

PMID- 4003675
TI  - Death anxiety: the prelude to adolescence.

PMID- 4003676
TI  - Identity foreclosure in early adolescence: a problem of narcissistic equilibrium.

PMID- 4003677
TI  - The adolescent, schools, and schooling.

PMID- 4003678
TI  - Learning disabilities and adolescence: developmental considerations.

PMID- 4003679
TI  - Outcomes of learning disabilities in adolescence.

PMID- 4003680
TI  - The etiology and treatment of anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 4003681
TI  - The borderline adolescent as a transitional object: a common variation.

PMID- 4003682
TI  - The parenting alliance and adolescence.

PMID- 4003683
TI  - Suicide attempted by self-immolation during adolescence. I. Literature review,
      case reports, and personality precursors.

PMID- 4003684
TI  - Psychodynamics of delinquent girls' rage and violence directed toward mother.

PMID- 4003685
TI  - Adolescent language: its use for diagnosis, group identity, values, and
      treatment.

PMID- 4003686
TI  - The speaking subject In adolescence: response to Theodore Shapiro's essay.

PMID- 4003687
TI  - Short-term dynamic psychotherapy: another kind of learning on campus.

PMID- 4003688
TI  - The analysis of an adolescent boy.

PMID- 4003689
TI  - Principles of residential treatment: staff growth and therapeutic interaction.

PMID- 4003690
TI  - Mourning in adolescence: normal and pathological.

PMID- 4003691
TI  - Inpatient treatment of the violent adolescent.

PMID- 4003692
TI  - Psychotherapy of the retarded adolescent.

PMID- 4003693
TI  - Teaching and learning adolescent psychotherapy: adolescent, therapist, and
      milieu.

PMID- 4003694
TI  - The holding environment in the inpatient treatment of adolescents.

PMID- 4003695
TI  - Countertransference and the severely disturbed adolescent.

PMID- 4003696
TI  - Transference/countertransference issues in the treatment of an acting-out
      adolescent.

PMID- 4003697
TI  - Adolescent paranoia: transference and countertransference issues.

PMID- 4003698
TI  - The family meeting as a darkroom: countertransference issues with severely
      disturbed adolescents.

PMID- 4003699
TI  - Countertransference issues in psychotherapy with adolescents.

PMID- 4003700
TI  - Acute-onset serious chronic organic illness in adolescence: some critical issues.

PMID- 4003702
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 4003701
TI  - Training in adolescent psychiatry for general psychiatry residents: elements of a
      model curriculum.

PMID- 4003704
TI  - Digital chest radiography.

PMID- 4003703
TI  - Interference of antimicrobial agents in some reactions of host-defense system.

PMID- 4003705
TI  - Use of new beta-lactams in respiratory infections.

PMID- 4003706
TI  - Breast cancer. Diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 4003707
TI  - Clinical and cerebral angiographic evolutions of idiopathic progressive occlusive
      disease of the circle of Willis ("moyamoya" disease) in children.
AB  - In 33 pediatric cases of idiopathic progressive occlusive disease of the circle
      of Willis (so-called moyamoya disease), clinical features and CAG findings were
      studied with emphasis on their evolutionary aspects. The subjects were clinically
      classified as follows; 23 cases of pure transient ischemic attacks (TIA), one
      presenting purely with infarct, one mixed TIA and epileptic, two mixed TIA +
      infarct, and 6 mixed epileptic and infarct. The core symptom of the TIA type is a
      recurrent unilateral or alternating unilateral paresis persisting for minutes or
      hours. Frequently hyperpnea provoked a TIA. Follow-up observation of the TIA type
      patients for an average of 6 yrs 11 mos shows that about half the subjects became
      completely free of symptoms and the other half mostly improved considerably. In
      contrast, all patients not presenting purely with TIA ("non-TIA" type) still had
      persistent neurological deficits after a mean interval of 6 yrs 4 mos from the
      onset. The CAG findings in most cases belonged to stage III according to Suzuki's
      classification. Therefore the authors subdivided stage III into 3 substages,
      IIIa, IIIb and IIIc. The longer the duration of the disease up to the CAG
      examination, the more advanced was the CAG stage. Repeat CAGs examined after a
      mean interval of 2 yrs 11 mos demonstrated the same stage in 32%, and progress by
      one or two stages in 55% and 14% of the sides examined, respectively.

PMID- 4003708
TI  - A case of multiple sclerosis with multi-ring-like and butterfly-like enhancement
      on computerized tomography.
AB  - We report a case of multiple sclerosis in which CT showed multiple ring-like
      enhancement and butterfly-like distribution of a low density area with marginal
      enhancement. The latter finding is found in other demyelinating disorders but is
      less common in tumors or abscesses. Therefore, it seems to have some diagnostic
      value in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 4003709
TI  - Hypomelanosis of Ito associated with benign tumors and chromosomal abnormalities:
      a neurocutaneous syndrome.
AB  - A 14-year-old Japanese boy with hypomelanosis of Ito (HI) who has been followed
      up from the neonatal period is described. In addition to neurocutaneous symptoms
      consisting of intractable epilepsy, severe mental retardation, sensory neuropathy
      and cutaneous hypopigmentation, the following abnormalities were detected; a
      ventricular septal defect, a mature cystic teratoma in the posterior mediastinum,
      a diploic epidermoid cyst of the parietal bone and chromosomal abnormalities,
      i.e. mos, 45, XY, t(14q 21q)/46, XY, t(14q 21q)+mar. This disorder showed not
      only multisystem involvement but also tumor formation, which had not been
      reported previously. Because of this, it is better to use the term "Ito syndrome"
      instead of "HI" or "incontinentia pigmenti achromians (IPA)," which emphasize
      only the cutaneous symptoms.

PMID- 4003710
TI  - Epileptic facial metamorphopsia.
AB  - A 14-year-old patient with a right parietal arteriovenous malformation presented
      with seizures characterized by metamorphopsia of faces. Unlike adults with right
      hemisphere pathology she performed like an age matched control on a task
      requiring recognition of unfamiliar faces. This likely reflects maturational
      changes in hemispheric dominance for face recognition.

PMID- 4003711
TI  - Abstracts from the 11th annual conference on childhood epilepsies in Kanto
      District, Tokyo, March 23, 1984.

PMID- 4003712
TI  - IQ, prognosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - The verbal scales (VS-IQ) of the IQs of 25 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy,
      the total population in Western Australia older than five yrs, were recorded. All
      the results of those 20 yrs of age and older lay within the normal range. The
      mean VS-IQ of those less than 20 yrs and less than 18 yrs is compared with the
      mean VS-IQ of those 20 yrs and older, and 18 yrs and older, respectively. The
      differences between the groups are statistically significant, and it is
      postulated that an active management programme has revealed a population of boys
      with normal intelligence who have an increased chance of prolonged survival.

PMID- 4003713
TI  - Pediatric neurology in Israel.

PMID- 4003714
TI  - Alaska medicine essay. Medicine--in trouble.

PMID- 4003715
TI  - History of medicine in Alaska. Don't take it away.

PMID- 4003716
TI  - The value of x-ray examinations in defining the type and extent of disease.

PMID- 4003717
TI  - Recurrent ameloblastoma: case report.

PMID- 4003718
TI  - [Emotional aspects of bronchial asthma].

PMID- 4003719
TI  - [The Amaranthaceae family].

PMID- 4003720
TI  - [Prevention of bronchial asthma].

PMID- 4003721
TI  - [Ketotifen in allergic rhinitis].

PMID- 4003722
TI  - The regulatory effect of macrophages on the in vitro synthesis of IgE.
AB  - The effects of indomethacin or macrophage-depletion on the in vitro unstimulated
      and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced synthesis of IgG and IgE were compared. The
      effect on the unstimulated synthesis of IgG and IgE was similar, namely, no
      effect due to indomethacin and enhancement due to macrophage depletion. In
      contrast, the effect on PWM-induced synthesis was dissimilar. Macrophage
      depletion enhanced IgG but inhibited IgE production. The effect of indomethacin
      paralleled that of macrophage depletion suggesting the involvement of
      prostaglandins. It seems that the regulatory effect of macrophages is different
      in the IgE system compared with the IgG system.

PMID- 4003723
TI  - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis analysis of
      "yellow jacket-common wasp" (Vespula spp.).
AB  - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) pattern of Yellow jacket vespid venom showing
      25 immunoprecipitates was used in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE)
      analysis with sera from 35 subjects allergic to vespid venom. Phospholipase A and
      B, hyaluronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and a lytic active component
      were demonstrated in immunoprecipitates using zymography and direct haemolysis of
      sheep erythrocytes. CRIE analysis proved the allergenicity of these proteins. In
      addition, another antigen (Ag 17) with no detectable enzymatic or lytic activity
      was identified as an important allergen. This allergen is most likely identical
      to the previously described Antigen 5 in vespid venoms. By using CIE/CRIE the
      presence and complexity of multiple forms of the allergenic protein components
      were well demonstrated.

PMID- 4003724
TI  - Immunological investigation of possible structural similarities between pollen
      antigens and antigens in apple, carrot and celery tuber.
AB  - Crossed line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) was used to show that a minor allergen
      present in birch pollen and another present in timothy pollen shared common
      epitopes with antigens in apple, carrot and celery tuber. Major pollen allergens
      were not involved. Structural similarities were also noticed in some mugwort
      pollen antigens and antigens in apple, carrot and celery, but none of these
      mugwort antigens acted as an allergen. In crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of
      samples of apple, carrot or celery extracts towards antibodies against birch
      pollen, grass pollen or mugwort pollen, four to 14 distinct precipitates were
      observed and shown to be specific. In crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE)
      none of the precipitates could be shown to act as an allergen. Using allergen
      detection on nitrocellulose paper, the apple, carrot and celery extracts were
      shown to possess IgE-binding capacity.

PMID- 4003725
TI  - The use of a reference allergenic extract in the evaluation of allergen products.
AB  - Two commercially available mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris (Av] pollen extracts Av
      ALK and Av-PS were compared with a dialysed reference mugwort pollen extract (Av
      REF) by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radio
      immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), RAST-inhibition, RAST-screening and skin prick
      test. Av-ALK and Av-PS both contained approximately half the number of
      precipitation arcs detectable in Av-REF, and Av-PS seemed to lack two
      intermediate allergens and two minor allergens, while Av-ALK seemed to lack one
      minor allergen. The RAST-inhibition curve obtained for Av-PS did not parallel the
      curves obtained for Av-ALK and Av-REF, indicating that the allergen composition
      of Av-PS differs from that of the others. Further, RAST-screening experiments
      support the CIE observation that Av-PS seemed to lack two of the intermediate
      allergens. The HEP values determined for Av-ALK and Av-PS diverge considerably
      from those stated by the manufacturers. The results obtained demonstrate that the
      outcome of a comparison between a reference allergenic extract and allergenic
      products depends very much on the method employed.

PMID- 4003726
TI  - Immunochemical and biological characterization of a mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
      pollen extract.
AB  - A reference extract of mugwort pollen (Artemisia vulgaris) was characterized by
      crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radio immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE)
      and quantitative skin prick test (QSPT). CIE revealed that the extract contained
      at least 42 distinct antigens of which 24 migrated towards the anode and 18
      towards the cathode at pH 8.6. A CRIE analysis of the crude mugwort pollen
      extract, performed with sera from 29 mugwort-allergic patients, showed that 10
      antigens may be considered allergens; one was classified as a major allergen,
      five as intermediate allergens, and four as minor allergens. The QSPT performed
      on the same 29 allergic patients established that 17.4 micrograms lyophilised
      reference mugwort pollen extract per ml had a biological potency of 1 HEP
      (histamine equivalent by prick test).

PMID- 4003727
TI  - Prevalence of bronchial asthma and respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren in
      Oslo.
AB  - During the school year 1980-81 a survey questionnaire was carried out among
      schoolchildren aged 7 to 15 years in Oslo. The survey population comprised 39,162
      children attending compulsory primary school. The questionnaire was distributed
      to a random sample of 1772 children in 81 classes, forms 1 to 9, and the response
      rate was 95%. The prevalence of physician-diagnosis of current and cumulative
      asthma was 1.6% and 3.1%, respectively. Of those with current asthma 68% used
      asthma drugs regularly. Occasional wheezing and attacks of breathlessness were
      reported by 9% and 4%, respectively. Wheezing and breathlessness on exposure to
      pollen (4.5%), animals (3.1%) and exercise (5.5%) was reported more frequently
      than physician-diagnosis of asthma. The cumulative prevalence of either hay
      fever, eczema, urticaria or asthma was 17%. More boys than girls under the age of
      12 had a physician-diagnosis of asthma.

PMID- 4003728
TI  - [Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinus].

PMID- 4003729
TI  - [Amyloidosis of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts].

PMID- 4003730
TI  - [Granular myringitis. Morphological and clinical study. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 4003731
TI  - [Cervical nystagmus in normal subjects].

PMID- 4003732
TI  - [Simultaneous bilateral facial paralysis].

PMID- 4003733
TI  - No fault compensation.

PMID- 4003734
TI  - Isoflurane in paediatric anaesthesia. Induction and recovery from anaesthesia.
AB  - The characteristics of induction with and recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia
      were studied in 248 children. The mean time to loss of consciousness was 1.5 min
      (SD 0.5). Tracheal intubation, without interruption of spontaneous ventilation,
      was accomplished in a mean time of 4.2 min (SD 54 seconds). Movement and
      excitement, of 20-30 seconds duration, occurred in 23.9% children and 22 patients
      coughed during induction; 15 (12.6%) during the first 124 inductions; 7 (5.6%)
      subsequently. The mean half-times of reduction of alveolar isoflurane
      concentrations in 28 children whose lungs were ventilated with isoflurane and in
      13 children who breathed isoflurane spontaneously during anaesthesia were: 45 sec
      after exposure for one hour, 70 sec after exposure of 2-3 hours and 110 seconds
      following exposures of 4-8 hours. The mean recovery times of the three groups
      were 6.5, 9.5 and 11.5 min respectively. In two further groups of nine children
      the mean half times of elimination of halothane and isoflurane were 220 seconds
      and 54 seconds respectively; recovery from isoflurane was markedly faster.
      Isoflurane is well accepted by children; induction is more rapid than with
      halothane, and the marked flexibility in the control of its effects are due to
      its relative insolubility. It has wide application in paediatric anaesthesia.

PMID- 4003736
TI  - The laryngeal mask airway. Development and preliminary trials of a new type of
      airway.
AB  - A new form of airway has recently been described, which is introduced blindly
      into the hypopharynx to form a seal around the larynx, so permitting spontaneous
      or positive pressure ventilation without penetration of the larynx or oesophagus.
      The further development of this new airway is described and the results of 18
      months' clinical experience are presented. The airway was used successfully in
      118 patients, 17 of whom received controlled ventilation of their lungs. It was
      used in place of the facemask in routine anaesthesia, and was of particular value
      in ophthalmic, dental and ear, nose and throat procedures and where difficulties
      with the airway were expected. The incidence of sore throat and other problems
      was low. Experience of more than 500 cases suggests that the laryngeal mask
      airway may have a valuable role to play in all types of inhalational anaesthesia,
      while its proven value in some cases of difficult intubation indicates that it
      may contribute significantly to the safety of general anaesthesia.

PMID- 4003735
TI  - Anaphylactoid reactions during anaesthesia. Seven years' experience of
      intradermal testing.
AB  - Sixty one patients who had suffered intra-operative anaphylactoid reactions were
      studied. Intradermal testing identified the causative agent in 84% of cases and,
      in 75% of these, muscle relaxants were responsible. Predisposing factors in
      patients sensitive to muscle relaxants were: female sex, previous allergy and
      atopy. The incidence of previous exposure was considerably higher than that
      reported in the literature. Pancuronium is suggested to be the least likely
      currently available agent to provoke a major anaphylactoid reaction.

PMID- 4003737
TI  - Allergy, plasma IgE level and anaphylactoid response: a hypothesis.
AB  - Any simple test predictive of immediate hypersensitivity-like (anaphylactoid)
      response to anaesthetic agents would be clinically useful. Possession of the
      traits of allergy or atopy, and of raised plasma IgE levels, all easily
      established, have previously been reported as predisposing factors. The
      usefulness of such observations has been limited by the fact that many reactions
      are not immune and do not involve IgE antibodies. This hypothesis suggests how
      IgE levels may be widely predictive of other reaction mechanisms and partially
      explains some of the divergent views on the mechanisms of anaphylactoid response
      which occur in the literature.

PMID- 4003738
TI  - Training for day-care dental anaesthesia. Oxygen saturation during general
      anaesthesia administered by dental undergraduates.

PMID- 4003739
TI  - Do alarm systems cause anaesthetists to relax their vigilance?

PMID- 4003740
TI  - Transient loss of consciousness after therapeutic caudal block.

PMID- 4003741
TI  - Epidural blood patch.

PMID- 4003742
TI  - Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics.

PMID- 4003743
TI  - Mouth gag and tongue holder for fibre-optic laryngoscopy.

PMID- 4003744
TI  - Oesophageal misplacement of a tracheal tube.

PMID- 4003745
TI  - Airway obstruction in infectious mononucleosis.

PMID- 4003746
TI  - Budgeting for anaesthetic equipment.

PMID- 4003747
TI  - [Isoflurane and total oxygen consumption in spontaneously breathing dogs in basal
      metabolic conditions].
AB  - To study the metabolic effects of isoflurane, whole body oxygen consumption (VO2)
      was measured on 7 occasions in 7 dogs under standard conditions. The dogs were
      trained to lie unrestrained in the lateral position for the measurement of VO2
      (STPD) in the unanaesthetized state. Blood gas tensions and pH of arterial blood,
      heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, rectal temperature and CO2
      production (VCO2) also were determined. The maximum VO2 (ml X kg-1 X min-1) of
      the alert and the minimum of the drowsy resting states averaged (+/- SE) 6.9 +/-
      0.5 and 3.6 +/- 0.3 respectively. The calculated mean basal rate was 4.4 +/- 0.1
      and VO2 during natural delta-sleep 2.8 +/- 0.3. With isoflurane and spontaneous
      ventilation VO2 averaged 4.1 +/- 0.2, 4.0 +/- 0.3 and 3.6 +/- 0.3 at 1, 1.5 and 2
      Vol-% (inspired) respectively. During anaesthesia with isoflurane VO2 fluctuates
      between the calculated basal rate and that of natural sleep.

PMID- 4003748
TI  - [Pathogenic flora in the gastric juice and bronchial secretion of long-term
      ventilated intensive-care patients].
AB  - Nosocomial pneumonia is a major risk for long term ventilated ICU patients. The
      infection route may be hematogenic or via inhalation or aspiration of
      microorganisms. The source of aspiration is the oropharynx. This prospective
      study intended to study the role of the stomach as a reservoir of bacteria in ICU
      patients treated with cimetidine. Gastric juice and bronchial secretion from 34
      patients ventilated for more than 4 days were examined bacteriologically. 72,8%
      of the gastric (G) and 79,1% of the bronchial aspirates (B) revealed significant
      bacterial growth (more than 10(4) microorganism/ml). Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and
      Candida spp. were found in 56,7% (B) and 51,8% (G) of the positive cultures as an
      effect of selection caused by antibiotics. Organisms of intestinal origin were
      found in 17,8% (B) und 15,5% (G), respectively. In 32,5%, identical organisms or
      patterns of organisms were found in the gastric and bronchial aspirates. 7 of the
      34 patients (20,6%) developed pneumonia; in 6 of these 7 cases, the same
      organisms could be identified at the same and/or at the last examination before
      developing pneumonia in gastric content and bronchial secretion. The pH-value of
      the sterile aspirates was lower than of the colonized aspirates (5,39 vs 5,99).
      During enteral nutrition, 31,4% of the aspirates were sterile, whereas during
      parenteral nutrition only 24,3% of the gastric aspirates were sterile. Therefore,
      enteral nutrition should be started as soon as possible, the pH-value should be
      checked frequently and should not exceed 4 in order to reduce bacterial
      overgrowth in the stomach. A further consequence is to use as few antibiotics as
      possible.

PMID- 4003749
TI  - [Life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction following etomidate].
AB  - In a patient scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting induction of
      anaesthesia resulted in a life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction with
      development of an erythema of the neck. Severity and duration of hypotension and
      tachycardia were such as to require intensive management and postponement of
      surgery. Skin tests ruled out any other cause except etomidate. Hence for
      definite surgery exactly the same induction manoeuvre was chosen, but etomidate
      was omitted. Anaesthesia and surgery proceeded completely uneventfully. There can
      be no doubt that this anaphylactoid reaction (grade III according to the
      classification proposed by Lorenz and Doenicke) was caused by etomidate.

PMID- 4003750
TI  - [Anaphylactoid shock following Alloferin].
AB  - Reports of allergic complications related to Alloferin are very infrequent. We
      report a case of anaphylactoid reaction to this drug. The diagnosis was confirmed
      by intradermal testing.

PMID- 4003751
TI  - [Remarks on the paper by K. Wagner and A.S. Wolf: A fatal case following fructose
      and sorbit infusion].

PMID- 4003752
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify fibronectin.
AB  - Fibronectin, a multifunctional soluble glycoprotein, is found in soluble form in
      blood and other body fluids. Fibronectin binds to biological substrata--collagen,
      gelatin, etc.--and to nonbiological substrata as well. An interesting finding was
      that fibronectin bound to polystyrene plastic quickly and tightly and further
      treatment of plastic with denaturing agents did not remove or denature it once it
      was adsorbed. Through the use of this property, a three-step noncompetitive
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to quantify soluble
      fibronectin in biological samples. The following parameters were studied:
      selective attachment of fibronectin to polystyrene; interference caused by
      increasing amounts of external protein; and linear response and limit of
      sensitivity. The procedure has been applied to measure fibronectin from different
      animal sources.

PMID- 4003753
TI  - A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for plasma phenylacetic acid, a
      putative marker for depressive disorders.
AB  - An HPLC procedure for the determination of total phenylacetic acid (PAA) in human
      plasma is described. After precipitation of plasma proteins with 0.4 N HClO4, the
      supernatant was hydrolyzed with 1.5 N HCl at 100 degrees C for 5 h, and PAA was
      extracted with benzene. From the organic layer PAA was back-extracted into 0.5 ml
      of 0.1 N NaOH. After neutralization with HCl the sample was directly injected
      onto the HPLC column (C18). An ultraviolet detector at 210 nm was used to monitor
      PAA. The plasma PAA values for a control population (536.18 +/- 54.99 ng/ml, N =
      10) (X +/- SE) obtained by the described method are in agreement with values
      reported using GC/MS methods. Depressed subjects showed significantly lower
      values (327.64 +/- 45.44 ng/ml, N = 10), supporting the view that PAA may be a
      marker for depressive disorders.

PMID- 4003754
TI  - The determination of specific radioactivity of proteins eluted intact from
      polyacrylamide gels, utilizing a fluorescamine assay.
AB  - The methodology described permits the measurement of the specific radioactivity
      of diverse proteins resolvable by separatory techniques using cylindrical
      polyacrylamide gels. Following separation, the proteins are electroeluted; eluted
      protein is quantitated in the microgram range using a fluorescamine assay, while
      the major portion of the recovered sample is used for radioactivity measurement.
      These procedures have been adapted for use in tracer studies of protein
      metabolism. Their utility in kinetic investigations is demonstrated with data on
      the time course of changing specific radioactivities of human plasma albumin and
      apolipoprotein B labeled in vivo with a [3H]leucine tracer.

PMID- 4003755
TI  - Determination of 3-mercaptolactic acid by amino acid analyzer after
      aminoethylation.
AB  - A quantitative determination of 3-mercaptolactic acid was performed after its
      conversion into S-aminoethylmercaptolactic acid by reacting with excess of 2
      bromoethylamine. S-aminoethylmercaptolactic acid was quantitated by an amino acid
      analyzer. Other thiols were shown not to interfere with the determination of 3
      mercaptolactic acid. The sensitivity of the method was at the nanomoles level.
      The application of the method to the determination of 3-mercaptolactic acid in
      human urine is also reported.

PMID- 4003756
TI  - A method for determining oligo- and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated enzymes and proteins in
      vitro.
AB  - A new method to determine oligo- and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated enzymes and proteins
      in vitro has been developed. This method is based on the facts that in Mg2+
      depleted condition automodification of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase is minimized
      and exogenously added acceptor protein is oligo(ADP-ribosyl)ated predominantly,
      and in Mg2+-fortified conditions the exogenous acceptor can be poly(ADP
      ribosyl)ated. When 13 proteins, including several enzymes, were subjected to this
      system, dimeric bovine seminal RNase and micrococcal nuclease were found to be
      oligo(ADP-ribosyl)ated under Mg2+-depleted conditions but their activity was
      unchanged. Under Mg2+-fortified conditions however, the RNase was deactivated
      concomitantly with its extensive poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. When dimeric bovine
      seminal RNase was monomerized in advance by treatment with dithiothreitol and
      urea, the enzyme lost ADP-ribose-accepting ability in spite of a significant
      residual enzyme activity. As used here successfully, the Mg2+-depleted and Mg2+
      fortified ADP-ribosylation and subsequent chromatographic analysis of various
      proteins and enzymes might be an useful method for proving their oligo- and
      poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.

PMID- 4003757
TI  - Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase: radiochemical assay procedures for the
      forward and reverse reactions.
AB  - Simple and rapid radiochemical assay procedures for the forward (IMP synthesis)
      and reverse (IMP pyrophosphorolysis) reactions catalyzed by hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyltransferase have been developed. Enzyme activity in the forward
      direction was assessed by measuring the amount of [8-14C]IMP formed from [8
      14C]hypoxanthine following their separation by polyethyleneimine-cellulose TLC in
      methanol:water (1:1, v/v). [8-14C]IMP has been synthesized from [8
      14C]hypoxanthine, using hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase derived from human
      brain, with subsequent purification by elution from phenyl boronate-agarose.
      Enzyme activity in the reverse direction was assessed by measuring the amount of
      [8-14C]uric acid formed from the labeled IMP following their separation by
      polyethyleneimine-cellulose TLC in 0.2 M LiCl saturated with boric acid (pH
      4.5):95% ethanol (1:1, v/v), the transferase reaction being coupled with excess
      xanthine oxidase and catalase to overcome the unfavorable equilibrium.

PMID- 4003758
TI  - Selective immunoprecipitate identification using monoclonal anti-rabbit IgG.
AB  - A monoclonal mouse antibody directed against rabbit IgG has been conjugated with
      horseradish peroxidase and used to identify immunoprecipitates which contain
      rabbit antibodies. By combining a specific rabbit antisera with a general
      antiserum from another species (e.g., goat antiserum against human serum),
      immunoprecipitates containing the antigen(s) recognized by the rabbit antibodies
      have been selectively identified by colorimetric development of peroxidase
      activity. Since the monoclonal antibody is specific for rabbit IgG and
      nonprecipitating, the peroxidase conjugate can be included in the agarose with
      the primary antisera.

PMID- 4003759
TI  - The determination of molecular weights of biologically active proteins by
      cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A novel cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system
      which is useful for the separation of native forms of proteins consistent with
      their molecular weights is reported here. Many proteins examined in this system
      demonstrated the same association patterns which have been shown by other
      techniques to exist under nondenaturing conditions. In addition, biological
      activity could be assayed directly in the gel after electrophoresis. Based on the
      peculiar characteristics of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, a possible
      explanation which may account for the behavior of proteins in this system is
      presented.

PMID- 4003760
TI  - An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous
      analysis of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and various carotenoids.
AB  - An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous
      determination of various fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids is reported. The
      method utilizes a Radial-Pak C-18, 5-microns column and an elution solvent
      composed of methanol:acetonitrile:chloroform (25:60:15). Only 100 microliters of
      plasma sample is required for one determination. Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, alpha
      carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, and two other unidentified
      carotenoids can be clearly separated and quantified in one HPLC run using alpha
      tocopheryl acetate or tocol as the internal standard. The eluted peaks are
      quantified by either a photodiode-array detector at preprogrammed wavelengths at
      the absorption maxima of the compounds or a dual-wavelength detector at 280 and
      436 nm. The total run time is 16 min. With an automatic injector and a
      programmable detector, the system allows unattended operation. The within-run and
      day-to-day coefficients of variation range from 1 to 8%. The lower limits of
      determination are 2, 40, and 2 ng for retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and carotenes,
      respectively. In addition, the system monitors the absorption spectra of the
      eluant during the HPLC run; this allows the spectral identification of various
      compounds separated in the same run.

PMID- 4003761
TI  - Quantitative analysis of glomerular basement membrane glycosaminoglycans and
      evidence for their binding to adjacent cell membrane lipids.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from rat renal glomerular basement
      membranes subjected to extraction with detergents, and were quantitatively
      analyzed using a recently described competitive binding assay that is specific
      for and sensitive to microgram amounts of chondroitin and heparan sulfate.
      Whereas crude membranes prepared by osmotic lysis contained only 6 micrograms/mg
      dry wt, subsequent treatment with Triton X-100 or deoxycholate (DOC) increased
      measureable GAG to about 17 and 34 micrograms/mg, respectively. Repeated freezing
      and thawing of isolated glomeruli also augmented measurable GAG content in
      subsequently osmotically lysed membranes to levels observed in Triton-treated
      membranes. DOC solubilized approximately equal to 15-20% of membrane-associated
      GAG. Chondroitin sulfate comprised approximately equal to 30% of total GAG, and
      all of the chondroitin sulfate but only 10% of the heparan sulfate was extracted
      from the insoluble matrix by DOC. The findings indicate that GAG content of
      glomerular basement membrane is several-fold higher than previously estimated,
      and that a substantial portion is bound to cell membrane lipids. The results
      further suggest two populations of GAG in basement membrane; one that is
      intercalated with adjacent cell membranes, and another that remains as an
      integral component of the insoluble matrix after detergent extraction.

PMID- 4003762
TI  - A procedure for removal of interfering phospholipids in the separation and
      analysis of proteins.
AB  - A procedure for removal of phospholipids from aqueous samples is described. It is
      simple and rapid and can be used generally in cases where phospholipids interfere
      with spectrophotometric, chromatographic, electrophoretic, or other methods. The
      procedure is based on the hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipase C and
      removal of the formed diacylglycerol by centrifugation or extraction into an
      inert, apolar solvent, like petroleum ether, which does not solve or have a
      denaturating effect on most proteins.

PMID- 4003763
TI  - Quantitation of histamine and some of its basic methylated metabolites in
      biological materials by gas-liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method which measures histamine, its basic metabolites, and some analogs in
      biological materials is described. The procedure consists of ion-exchange
      chromatography and chromatography on silicic acid for isolation and purification,
      and gas chromatography for identification and quantitation. The isolated
      compounds are prepared for gas chromatography by double derivatization with
      heptafluorobutyric anhydride and acetic anhydride. One of the synthetic histamine
      analogs, 2-methylhistamine, is used as an internal standard. The metabolites can
      be quantitated at a level as low as 1.5 nmol/100 microliters final concentration.
      The method is adaptable to a variety of applications, with good reproducibility
      and sensitivity. A number of different biological samples have been analyzed.

PMID- 4003764
TI  - Fluorometric determination of adenine nucleotides and adenosine by ion-paired,
      reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A sensitive and specific assay for measurement of adenine nucleotides and
      adenosine by paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The
      1,N6-ethenoderivatives of ATP (epsilon-ATP), ADP (epsilon-ADP), AMP (epsilon
      AMP), and adenosine (epsilon-Ado), formed by reaction with chloroacetaldehyde at
      37 degrees C, were separated under isocratic conditions in 20 min. These
      compounds are strongly fluorescent at an emission wavelength of 280 nm, rendering
      a lowest detection limit of 2-5 pmol per injection. The detector responded
      linearly over the measured ranges (5-100 pmol for epsilon-Ado and 5-4000 pmol for
      nucleotides). Specificity was confirmed enzymatically. alpha, beta
      Methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate could be used as an internal standard for
      measurement of the nucleotides. Significant amounts of NADH appeared as a
      separate peak in hypoxic tissue. Recoveries from snap-frozen kidney were 88, 92,
      76, and 63% for AMP, ADP, ATP, and adenosine, with SD for recovery of 1.0, 10.5,
      8.3, and 5.6%, respectively. This method was successfully used to measure adenine
      nucleotides and adenosine in oxygenated and hypoxic perfused rat kidneys.

PMID- 4003765
TI  - Synthesis of side chain-protected amino acid phenylthiohydantoins and their use
      in quantitative solid-phase Edman degradation.
AB  - Solid-phase Edman degradation of synthetic peptidyl-resins has been used
      advantageously to detect errors of deletion which might occur during Merrifield
      peptide synthesis. To facilitate complete quantitation of the resulting
      phenylthiohydantoin(PTH)-amino acids, the PTH derivatives of the following side
      chain-protected amino acid residues have been synthesized: Arg(Tos), Asp(OBzl),
      Cys(3,4-(CH3)2-Bzl), Glu(OBzl), Lys(2-ClZ), Ser(Bzl), Thr(Bzl), Tyr(2-BrZ), and
      Tyr(2,6-Cl2Bzl). For each derivative, a melting point, elemental analysis, and
      extinction coefficient were obtained. With these new compounds as HPLC standards,
      an unequivocal assignment and quantification of each side chain protected amino
      acid was possible. A quantitative analysis was performed for six model peptides
      with the general formula Ala-X-Leu-Y-Ala-Gly-NHCH2-resin (where X and Y
      represented different side chain-protected amino acyl residues). We have found
      solid-phase Edman degradation to be a useful aid for the characterization of
      peptides when they are used unpurified as synthetic antigens.

PMID- 4003766
TI  - Enhancement of the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed chemiluminescent oxidation of
      cyclic diacyl hydrazides by 6-hydroxybenzothiazoles.
AB  - 6-Hydroxybenzothiazole, 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole, and 2-(6-hydroxy-2
      benzothiazolyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (dehydroluciferin) dramatically enhance
      light emission from the horseradish peroxidase conjugate catalyzed oxidation of
      luminol, isoluminol, N-(6-aminobutyl)-N-ethyl isoluminol, and 7
      dimethylaminonaphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid hydrazide by either peroxide or
      perborate. Light emission is enhanced by up to 1000-fold, which is an improvement
      over the enhancement previously observed using firefly luciferin (4,5-dihydro-2
      (6-hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid). Enhancement is
      influenced by enhancer concentration and pH. Spectral scans of light emitted in
      enhanced and unenhanced reactions are similar, suggesting that aminophthalate
      products, and not the enhancers, are the emitters.

PMID- 4003767
TI  - Seminal plasma leucine aminopeptidase in male fertility.
AB  - Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) enzymatic activity has been measured in the seminal
      fluid of a group of 119 males undergoing fertility check-up, and correlated with
      spermatic density. The results indicate that there exists a direct correlation
      between LAP activity in the seminal plasma and spermatic density. However,
      differences between the groups considered according to spermatic density are not
      significant. Seminal plasma mean leucine aminopeptidase is 40 times higher than
      that found in blood plasma.

PMID- 4003768
TI  - Vasectomy: study of circulating immune-complexes and its correlation with
      antisperm immunity in man, with a twelve-month follow-up study.
AB  - Circulating immune-complexes (CIC) have been detected in sera of vasectomized
      subjects using the Clq Binding Assay. Results seem to indicate that CIC are a
      feature of the early post-operative period and a consequence of acute
      immunization against sperm antigens. The progressive disappearance of CIC from
      the third month after vasectomy with the simultaneous increase in antisperm
      antibody percentage and titre suggests that CIC could be a temporary feature in
      vasectomized men and do not lead to a chronic disease, related to a Type III
      immune reaction.

PMID- 4003769
TI  - Bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist, directly inhibits testosterone production by
      rat Leydig cells.
AB  - We investigated the direct effects of bromocriptine (BR) on both basal and hCG
      stimulated testosterone production by rat collagenase-dispersed Leydig cells. In
      a final volume of 2.2 ml, 2.10(6) Leydig cells were incubated at 33 degrees C for
      3 h either alone or with various amounts of hCG (1. 10. 10(2). 10(3). 10(4)
      mUI/vial) and BR (1.5 10(-9), 1.5 10(-7), 1.5 10(-5) M); BR was dissolved in 20
      microliters of ethanol. BR (1.5 10(-5) M) decreased significantly both basal and
      hCG-stimulated testosterone production whereas at lower doses, BR had no effect.
      These results suggest that the dopamine itself may regulate rat Leydig cell
      function and that there is room for criticism of BR-induced hypoprolactinemia as
      an experimental model to study the effect of prolactin on the androgenic
      function.

PMID- 4003770
TI  - [Motivation and compliance of andrology patents].
AB  - 150 randomized patients from the andrology department of the University Hospital
      for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graz, Austria have been evaluated concerning their
      motivation, cooperation and compliance. To gain basic data from andrology
      patients and to analyze consequences after the first clinical examination was one
      of the purposes of this study. The compliance concerning suggested therapy and
      necessary control spermiograms was another subject of interest. By means of a
      questionnaire the wifes of the patients were asked to evaluate, how their
      husbands used the prescribed medicaments. 83% of the male patients showed a very
      regular intake of their oral long time treatment. Absolute nicotine carency as a
      basis for further treatment was accepted by 63% of smokers. Another problem
      concerned the communication of achieved pregnancies of the andrologist. The rate
      of communicated pregnancies rose from 10% to 16,7% when a questionnaire was sent
      to the patients. The results of this study confirm the experience, that patients
      who desire children show a higher degree of cooperation and compliance than
      usual.

PMID- 4003772
TI  - Ever more statistics.

PMID- 4003771
TI  - Occurrence of specific glycoprotein factor(s) in goat epididymal plasma that
      prevent adhesion of spermatozoa to glass.
AB  - Highly motile goat cauda-epididymal spermatozoa, when diluted markedly with a
      modified Ringer's solution, bind (approx. 100%) rapidly to the glass surface of
      haemocytometer. However, presence of epididymal plasma (EP, 2 mg protein/ml) in
      the dilution medium prevents nearly completely sticking of cells to the glass
      surface. The anti-sticking factor (ASF) of EP that prevents adhesion of
      spermatozoa to glass is nondialysable, heat-stable and sensitive to the action of
      trypsin. ASF is a glycoprotein that binds with high affinity to concanavalin a
      agarose. EP-proteins (approx. 85%) that did not bind to the affinity column had
      little antisticking activity, indicating high protein specificity for ASF.
      Addition of exogenous Ca++ (1 mM) and Mg++ (4 mM) had no effect on the activity
      of ASF.

PMID- 4003773
TI  - Sex differences in halothane metabolism and hepatotoxicity in a rat model.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate sex differences in halothane metabolism
      and hepatotoxicity in the hypoxic rat model. Phenobarbital-induced male and
      female rats were anesthetized with 1% halothane in 14% oxygen for two hours.
      Female rats were found to metabolize halothane by the oxidative pathway to a
      similar extent as males, but the extent of metabolism by the reductive pathway
      was less in females. All male rats exposed under these conditions developed
      confluent centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Females were less susceptible than
      males to the hepatotoxic effect of halothane, with responses ranging from no
      hepatic injury to confluent centrilobular necrosis limited to within a few cells
      of the central veins. This lesser susceptibility was not, however, solely due to
      the lesser extent of reductive metabolism in females, as lowering the inspired
      oxygen concentration to 12% increased the extent of reductive metabolism but did
      not increase the severity of the hepatic injury.

PMID- 4003774
TI  - Regional coronary hemodynamics during isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia in
      patients with ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The effects of 1.5 MAC isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia on central
      hemodynamics, regional coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygenation, and lactate
      balance were investigated in 13 patients with coronary artery disease. Mean
      arterial pressure was reduced 45% mainly because of systemic vasodilation. Great
      cardiac venous flow (GCVF) decreased, whereas total coronary sinus blood flow
      (CSF) was unchanged. Total coronary resistance and resistance in the area drained
      by the GCVF decreased as did myocardial oxygen extraction, demonstrating coronary
      vasodilation. The GCVF/CSF ratio did not decrease despite the reduction in
      resistance to left ventricular ejection. Seven patients had ECG and metabolic
      indications of myocardial ischemia (lactate extraction reduced from 22 +/- 5% to
      7 +/- 3%, P less than 0.02 for the group). Changes in GCVF and oxygen consumption
      in the corresponding area correlated closely (r = 0.943). However, the regression
      line was shifted to the left and three patients, who became ischemic, had an
      increase in GCVF despite unchanged or decreased myocardial oxygen demand. It is
      concluded that isoflurane may cause coronary blood flow redistribution with
      regional myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease.

PMID- 4003775
TI  - Influence of fentanyl and morphine on intestinal circulation.
AB  - The influence of fentanyl and morphine on the intestinal circulation was
      evaluated in an isolated loop preparation in 37 dogs anesthetized with
      pentobarbital intravenously. Selected intestinal segments were pumped with aortic
      blood at a constant pressure of 100 mm Hg. A mixture of 86Rb and 9-micron spheres
      labeled with 141Ce was injected into the arterial cannula supplying the
      intestinal loop, while mesenteric venous blood was collected for activity
      counting. A strong correlation was found between the clearances of rubidium and
      microspheres (r = 0.97, P less than 0.0001), suggesting that the shunting of 9
      micron spheres through the intestines reflects the shunting of blood through
      nonnutritive vessels. Intravenous fentanyl decreased oxygen uptake (O2up), and
      vascular resistance (VR), and increased blood flow (BF), rubidium and microsphere
      clearances (Cl-Rb, Cl-Sph, respectively), and permeability--surface area product
      (PS) in a dose-related fashion. Intravenous morphine in a dose of 1 mg X kg-1
      increased Cl-Rb (nutritive BF) without changes in total (nutritive and
      nonnutritive) BF. This increase in nutritive BF is probably related to morphine
      induced histamine release. Morphine in a dose of 5 mg X kg-1 was accompanied by
      vasoconstriction that was completely abolished by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade.
      The data suggest that morphine-induced intestinal vasoconstriction is mediated
      via a release of epinephrine, apparently from the adrenal medulla. It is
      concluded that changes in the intestinal circulation during anesthesia with
      narcotics might play a certain role in the cardiovascular homeostasis during
      anesthesia and surgery. An increase in oxygen content in portal venous blood,
      resulting from a decrease in intestinal oxygen uptake, should facilitate hepatic
      oxygenation.

PMID- 4003776
TI  - Safety and efficacy of epinephrine added to bupivacaine for lumbar epidural
      analgesia in obstetrics.
AB  - The effects of epidural bupivacaine with and without 1:300,000 epinephrine on
      uterine activity, progress of labor, fetal heart rate, maternal blood pressure
      and heart rate, newborn Apgar scores, neonatal acid-base status, and Neurologic
      and Adaptive Capacity Scoring System (NACS) were compared in 32 parturients
      during labor and delivery. Patients in group I (n = 16) received 0.5% bupivacaine
      with 1:300,000 epinephrine and those in group II (n = 16) received 0.5%
      bupivacaine alone. Addition of epinephrine to bupivacaine had no significant
      effects on uterine activity, duration of first or second stages of labor, fetal
      heart rate and variability, or the incidence of abnormal fetal heart rate
      patterns. Maternal hypotension occurred less frequently in group I than in group
      II patients (P less than 0.05). Apgar scores, neonatal acid-base status, and the
      NACS were equally good in the two groups. Duration of analgesia was significantly
      longer in group I than in group II (186.8 +/- 11.6 vs 85.3 +/- 6.1 (mean +/- SEM)
      min, P less than 0.001). It is concluded that adding epinephrine to bupivacaine
      during epidural anesthesia in the normal parturient has no adverse effects on
      either mother, fetus, neonate, or the progress of labor; and that it
      significantly prolongs the duration of anesthesia and decreases the incidence of
      maternal hypotension.

PMID- 4003777
TI  - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: should they be discontinued preoperatively?
AB  - Adverse cardiovascular responses to anesthesia during either electroconvulsive
      therapy (ECT) or elective surgical procedures were evaluated in 27 patients
      maintained on chronic (3 months-3 yr) monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) therapy.
      Changes in blood pressure and heart rate in study patients (n = 22 ECTs in 13
      patients) undergoing ECT were not significantly different from those observed in
      patients having ECT without prior treatment with MAOIs (n = 45 ECTs in 45
      patients). In both groups, blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly
      after ECT, but returned to baseline levels within 15 min. No complications
      attributable to MAOIs were observed in study patients (n = 14) undergoing
      elective surgical procedures. We conclude that discontinuing chronic MAOI therapy
      prior to anesthesia and surgery is not necessary.

PMID- 4003778
TI  - Verapamil is not a therapeutic adjunct to dantrolene in porcine malignant
      hyperthermia.
AB  - We have investigated the hypothesis that the calcium antagonist verapamil might
      be useful for prevention or treatment of malignant hyperthermia (MH) in MH
      susceptible (MHS) swine. MH episodes were triggered in four groups of four swine
      with halothane alone or combined with succinylcholine (SCh) and, with and without
      verapamil. MH episodes were reversed by therapy with dantrolene and NaHCO3 in all
      groups. Verapamil did not alter MH episodes triggered by halothane alone or
      combined with SCh. The dantrolene-NaHCO3 requirements for reversal of MH were
      greater for the groups receiving halothane-SCh, but did not differ in groups
      pretreated with and without verapamil. In vitro verapamil (25 microM) did not
      reduce responses of intact muscle fibers to halothane and, in fact, exaggerated
      some halothane-induced responses. High concentrations of verapamil (0.5 mM)
      caused contractures in MHS but not in normal muscles. Neither our in vivo nor in
      vitro results support the use of verapamil in the treatment of MH. Further, doses
      of dantrolene used to reverse these MH episodes, although admittedly small (1-2
      mg/kg), did not produce myocardial depression when used in combination with
      verapamil.

PMID- 4003779
TI  - Statistical methods in anesthesia articles: an evaluation of two American
      journals during two six-month periods.
AB  - Simple criteria were used to evaluate the statistical analyses in 243 articles
      from two American anesthesia journals published in the latter six months of 1981
      and 1983. Eighty-two percent of the articles reported the use of control measures
      and 37% reported randomization of treatment, where they were possible. Data were
      classified as nominal, ordinal, or interval; as independent or related samples;
      as two-sample or more-than-two-sample cases. The descriptive, inferential, and
      correlative tests used were evaluated for appropriate application and primary
      errors were identified. Nine percent of the 722 descriptive statistics had major
      errors, most of which were a description of ordinal data as though they were
      interval. The incidence of erroneous applications of 394 inferential statistical
      tests was 78%. Nearly three-quarters of the 308 primary inferential statistical
      errors involved either use of a test for independent samples on related data (and
      vice versa) or multiple applications of an uncorrected test to the same data.
      Only 4% of the 113 statistics of association were considered erroneous, most
      because the method was not identified. No differences were detected in the
      incidence of errors in either experimental design or statistical analysis across
      time or across the two anesthesia journals. Fifteen percent of the 243 articles
      in both journals at both times were without major errors in statistical analysis.
      Recognition of potential sources of error should make it easier for investigators
      to use experimental designs and statistical analyses appropriate to their needs.

PMID- 4003780
TI  - Production and characterization of impurities in isoflurane vaporizers.

PMID- 4003781
TI  - Effect of temperature and age on the solubility of enflurane, halothane,
      isoflurane, and methoxyflurane in human blood.

PMID- 4003782
TI  - Methohexital sedation of children undergoing CT scan.

PMID- 4003783
TI  - The 2-chloroprocaine test for axillary brachial plexus.

PMID- 4003784
TI  - Monitoring the processed EEG.

PMID- 4003785
TI  - Hypoxemia during cardiopulmonary bypass from leaks in the gas supply system.

PMID- 4003786
TI  - Translaryngeal guided intubation.

PMID- 4003787
TI  - Tracheal intubation--blind but not mute.

PMID- 4003788
TI  - An unusual source of error.

PMID- 4003789
TI  - Trigeminal nerve palsy after lumbar epidural anesthesia.

PMID- 4003791
TI  - Thiopental anesthesia in the elderly.

PMID- 4003790
TI  - The name of the game: no anesthesia by cookbook.

PMID- 4003792
TI  - The effect of increasing age on thiopental disposition and anesthetic
      requirement.
AB  - The dose of thiopental required to induce anesthesia in adults decreases with
      age. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of thiopental were
      studied in two groups of surgical patients to determine the mechanism of this
      decrease. In one group (29 patients 19-88 yr of age), thiopental was infused at a
      rate of 75-150 mg/min until the electroencephalogram (EEG) demonstrated early
      burst suppression (phase III). Arterial blood samples were obtained frequently
      during and after the infusion to measure serum thiopental concentrations, and
      power spectral analysis was used to calculate the spectral edge (Hz), defined as
      the frequency below which 95% of the EEG power is located. Pharmacodynamic
      modeling was used to relate the serum thiopental concentrations to the spectral
      edge in order to estimate the individual patient's brain sensitivity to
      thiopental. In a second group (28 patients 24-88 yr of age), pharmacokinetics
      were determined after a bolus or rapid infusion of thiopental. Arterial blood
      samples were obtained frequently to characterize the initial distribution phases,
      sampling continued for 24-48 h to characterize elimination processes. The dose of
      thiopental required to achieve early burst suppression on the
      electroencephalogram (EEG) decreased linearly and significantly with age.
      Pharmacodynamic modeling also demonstrated that brain sensitivity to thiopental
      does not change with age. The age-related decrease of the thiopental dose
      requirement is due to a change in the initial distribution of the drug. That is,
      the initial distribution volume (central compartment, or V1) of thiopental
      decreases exponentially with age. This smaller initial distribution volume in the
      elderly results in higher serum levels after a given dose of thiopental.

PMID- 4003793
TI  - The cardiovascular and metabolic effects of halothane in normoxic and hypoxic
      newborn lambs.
AB  - Oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and tissue oxygen delivery were measured in
      normoxic and hypoxic 1-3-day-old lambs during the following six conditions: 1)
      (control) paralysis with pancuronium and controlled ventilation with room air; 2)
      paralysis, controlled ventilation and hypoxia (PaO2 = 30 +/- 3 mmHg, [SD]); 3)
      paralysis, controlled ventilation with room air and 0.5 MAC halothane; 4)
      paralysis, controlled ventilation, hypoxia, and 0.5 MAC halothane; 5) paralysis,
      controlled ventilation with room air, and 1 MAC halothane; and 6) paralysis,
      controlled ventilation, hypoxia, and 1 MAC halothane. During normoxia, 0.5 and 1
      MAC halothane decreased total body oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and
      arterial blood pressure. One-half MAC halothane had no effect on blood flow to
      any organ except muscle, whose flow decreased 64%. One MAC halothane decreased
      blood flow to the brain, heart, kidney, muscle, and gut. Both concentrations of
      halothane decreased serum catecholamine levels below control values and prevented
      hypoxia from increasing catecholamine levels. Hypoxia decreased the oxygen
      consumption about 40% from the immediately previous normoxic value, whether the
      animals were anesthetized or not. Tissue oxygen delivery followed changes in
      blood flow. The cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate of
      anesthetized, hypoxic animals were not different from those in the previous
      normoxic condition. Halothane did not prevent redistribution of blood flow to the
      heart and brain of hypoxic animals, nor did halothane prevent hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003794
TI  - Effect of anesthetics and a convulsant on normal and mutant Caenorhabditis
      elegans.
AB  - The authors have developed a method for studying the action of volatile
      anesthetics in Caenorhabditis elegans (C.e.), a free living nematode. C.e.
      appears to be a useful model for the study of the influence of genetics on
      susceptibility to anesthetics. This worm has a small, completely defined nervous
      system, easily manipulated genetics, and a large number of nervous system
      mutants. Under normal conditions C.e. moves almost constantly. When exposed to
      anesthetics there is an initial phase of increased locomotion, followed by
      uncoordinated motion that progresses to immobility. Motion returns quickly when
      the nematodes are removed from the anesthetic. The authors called loss of
      locomotion "anesthesia." The ED50S of various anesthetics with C.e. are as
      follows: methoxyflurane 0.45%, chloroform 1.25%, halothane 2.7%, enflurane 4.2%,
      isoflurane 5.6%, fluroxene 9.9%. The authors also studied the action of a
      convulsant, flurothyl, on C.e. Flurothyl has anesthetizing properties in these
      animals with an ED50 of 8.1%. No convulsant activity was noted. However, mixtures
      of halothane and flurothyl were antagonistic in their effects, while halothane
      and enflurane were additive. Furthermore, the authors isolated a mutant strain
      (HS1) of C.e. that shows altered responses to several anesthetics and a
      convulsant. HS1 is uncoordinated when not exposed to anesthetics. Like the normal
      strain (N2) HS1 loses mobility when exposed to anesthetics. The ED50S for various
      anesthetics in HS1 were as follows: methoxyflurane 0.04%, chloroform 0.52%,
      halothane 0.85%, isoflurane 4.9%, enflurane 6.0%, fluroxene 10.9%.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003795
TI  - Ventilatory responses to acute metabolic acidemia in humans awake, sedated, and
      anesthetized with halothane.
AB  - The authors produced metabolic acidemia acutely in human subjects awake, sedated
      with halothane (0.1 MAC), and anesthetized with halothane (1.0 MAC) by infusing L
      arginine hydrochloride, 5-6 mmol X kg-1, over 3 h. Ventilation was recorded at
      resting arterial hydrogen ion concentration [( H+]a) and at 2-4 isocapnic
      increments of [H+]a, in each case, while end-tidal oxygen tension (PETO2) was
      varied between greater than 300 mmHg and 45 mmHg. Total increments of [H+]a in
      awake, sedated, and anesthetized subjects were 13 +/- 4, 12 +/- 2, and 12 +/- 3
      nmol X 1(-1) (means +/- SD). In the awake state, metabolic acidemia increased
      ventilation (VI) in proportion to [H+]a. The magnitude of response increased with
      reduced PETO2, such that the response to acidemia and hypoxemia combined was
      synergistic. The delta VI/delta [H+]a slopes at PETO2 values of greater than 300,
      100-120, and 45 mmHg were 0.47 +/- 0.27, 0.85 +/- 0.24, and 3.01 +/- 1.30 1 X min
      1 X nmol-1 X 1, respectively (means +/- SD). Halothane sedation reduced the
      responses to added [H+]a determined at PETO2 values of 100-120 and 45 mmHg, as
      well as the response to hypoxemia and to the interaction of acidemia and
      hypoxemia, each to less than half awake values. Halothane anesthesia further
      impaired the responses to [H+]a and virtually abolished the response to hypoxemia
      and to acidemia-hypoxemia interaction. A small residual response to added [H+]a
      during anesthesia could be accounted for by a slight concurrent increase of
      PaCO2, leaving no response attributable to metabolic [H+]a itself.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003796
TI  - Potentiation of the combination of pancuronium and metocurine by halothane and
      isoflurane in humans with and without renal failure.
AB  - Dose-response relationships for a 1:4 weight ratio-mixture of pancuronium and
      metocurine were studied during inhalational anesthesia with halothane and
      isoflurane in patients with and without renal failure. The time for recovery from
      10 to 20% of control thumb twitch tension also was determined. In subjects with
      normal renal function, relaxant doses required for 95% twitch height suppression
      (ED95) were 50% of those predicted by simple addition of effects when used with a
      balanced anesthetic technique, 37% of predicted when used with 1.3 MAC halothane,
      and 25% of predicted when used with 1.3 MAC isoflurane (P less than 0.05). In
      subjects with renal failure, ED95 values for the combination were 40% of
      predicted when used with 1.2 MAC halothane and 45% of predicted when used with
      1.2 MAC isoflurane (NS). For relaxants used singly in renal failure, pancuronium
      alone was slightly enhanced by 1.2 MAC halothane (85% of predicted), while 1.1
      MAC isoflurane reduced the ED95 to 57% of predicted (P less than 0.05). Similar
      results were obtained for metocurine alone when used in renal failure (77 and 58%
      of predicted when used with halothane and isoflurane, respectively) (NS).
      Predicted values are published results for balanced anesthesia in normals.
      Recovery times were prolonged twofold in renal failure (P less than 0.05). Thus,
      the combination of pancuronium and metocurine is synergistic to the same degree
      in normals and in renal failure patients, but the total blockade produced by the
      combination is enhanced by halothane and isoflurane only in normals.

PMID- 4003798
TI  - Anesthesiologists come of age.

PMID- 4003799
TI  - Selected list of books and journals for an anesthesia library.

PMID- 4003797
TI  - Laryngeal injury in a dog model of prolonged endotracheal intubation.
AB  - Using a dog model of prolonged translaryngeal intubation, the authors studied
      laryngeal injury. Segments of 10.7 mm diameter endotracheal tube were sutured in
      place in the larynges of anesthetized animals, and the animals were allowed to
      awaken and the tubes left in place for periods of 24 h to 84 days in a total of
      13 dogs. Each animal's larynx was studied endoscopically at weekly intervals and
      at the time of death. Both endoscopic and postmortem examination revealed
      erythematous laryngeal mucosa at 24 h and severe mucosal ulceration by 1 week.
      Microscopic examination revealed mucosal inflammation at 24 h with loss of
      mucosal architecture by 1 week. In several animals intubated 1 week or longer,
      inflammatory infiltrates were present in the arytenoid cartilage. While damage
      was generally severe by 1 week, it did not tend to become more severe after that
      time. Between week 1 and week 12, there was no significant correlation of the
      severity of laryngeal injury with the duration of endotracheal intubation. The
      results suggest that duration alone may not be a factor in laryngeal injury after
      the first week of intubation.

PMID- 4003800
TI  - Anesthesia and the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator.

PMID- 4003801
TI  - Efficacy of oral nifedipine in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

PMID- 4003802
TI  - Acute obstruction of the left mainstem bronchus following an attempted
      nasotracheal intubation: an unusual case report.

PMID- 4003803
TI  - Phantom limb pain and spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 4003804
TI  - Obstruction of an endotracheal tube by the plastic coating sheared from a stylet.

PMID- 4003806
TI  - Transient global amnesia following general anesthesia.

PMID- 4003805
TI  - Comparison of high-dose epinephrine and phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia with
      tetracaine.

PMID- 4003807
TI  - Cherubism with difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

PMID- 4003808
TI  - Seizure-like movements during a fentanyl infusion with absence of seizure
      activity in a simultaneous EEG recording.

PMID- 4003809
TI  - Acoustic transmission of low-frequency sounds.

PMID- 4003810
TI  - Intracranial subdural gas: a cause of false-positive change of intraoperative
      somatosensory evoked potential.

PMID- 4003811
TI  - Prevention of electroconvulsive therapy-induced dysrhythmias with atropine and
      propranolol.

PMID- 4003812
TI  - Transient decreases in respiratory rate following epidural injections.

PMID- 4003813
TI  - The oxygenator arterial sampling port: a potential source of error.

PMID- 4003815
TI  - Hazards of agent-specific vaporizers: a case report of successful resuscitation
      after massive isoflurane overdose.

PMID- 4003814
TI  - Preoxygenation for cesarean section: a comparison of two techniques.

PMID- 4003816
TI  - Perioperative complications of percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy of renal
      calculi.

PMID- 4003817
TI  - Electrosurgery units, not temperature probes, must be corrected to prevent burns.

PMID- 4003818
TI  - Intranasal trauma caused by a sharp-edged laser-resistant (silicone) endotracheal
      tube.

PMID- 4003819
TI  - Multiorificed CVP catheters and J-wires: a word of caution.

PMID- 4003820
TI  - Fentanyl "anesthesia" in dogs.

PMID- 4003821
TI  - Lightwand-guided nasotracheal intubation is an effective technique.

PMID- 4003822
TI  - Multiple and complementary mechanisms produce analgesia during intravenous
      regional anesthesia.

PMID- 4003823
TI  - A potential cause (and cure) of a major gas leak.

PMID- 4003825
TI  - The renal effects of dopamine.

PMID- 4003824
TI  - Cortisol following etomidate administration: should we give it the time of day?

PMID- 4003826
TI  - On preventing transmission of viral infections.

PMID- 4003827
TI  - Extirpation of endotracheal tube secretions with a Fogarty arterial embolectomy
      catheter.

PMID- 4003828
TI  - Sympathetic blockade cannot explain bronchospasm following interscalene brachial
      plexus block.

PMID- 4003829
TI  - An inadvertent insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter into the intrathecal space.

PMID- 4003830
TI  - Low molecular weight proteins in human malignant hyperthermia muscle.

PMID- 4003831
TI  - [Prevention of lung complications in mitral valve prosthesis].

PMID- 4003832
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the fractional (bolus) and
      continuous methods of administering muscle relaxants during general anesthesia].

PMID- 4003833
TI  - [Rheological properties of the blood of patients in terminal states].

PMID- 4003834
TI  - [Deep hypothermia in open-heart operations on newborn infants].

PMID- 4003835
TI  - [Regulation of the oxygen metabolism of peritonitis patients in the acute
      period].

PMID- 4003836
TI  - [Integral oxygen metabolic indices of middle-aged and elderly patients in the
      course of different phases of peritonitis].

PMID- 4003837
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of acute liver failure in mechanical jaundice by using
      a complex of natural antioxidants].

PMID- 4003838
TI  - [Activity of the afferent links in the reflex compensatory mechanisms of
      hemodynamic disorders in acute blood loss and hyperbaric oxygenation].

PMID- 4003839
TI  - [Effect of surgical interventions on the lungs in children on the hemodynamics of
      the greater and lesser circulations].

PMID- 4003840
TI  - [Thrombus formation in venous catheters depending on the site of their
      disposition in the central veins].

PMID- 4003841
TI  - [Effectiveness of special methods for preventing postoperative venous
      thromboembolic complications in elderly oncological patients].

PMID- 4003842
TI  - [Balanced promedol and seduxen anesthesia in the surgical treatment of middle
      aged and elderly patients].

PMID- 4003844
TI  - [Method for determining the length of the section of catheter in the peridural
      space].

PMID- 4003843
TI  - [Anesthesia during cesarean section].

PMID- 4003845
TI  - [Differential approach to hemodialysis, hemosorption and isolated ultrafiltration
      in acute kidney-liver failure].

PMID- 4003846
TI  - [Artificial oxygenation in the intensive therapy of liver failure in acute
      surgical abdominal pathology].

PMID- 4003847
TI  - [Fleas (Siphonaptera) in the human environment. Analytic findings between 1961
      1983 in the district of Leipzig (East Germany). II. Spacial and temporal
      distribution].
AB  - During the last 20 years there has been very little infestation with fleas in the
      district of Leipzig. Out of the 8 species only Pulex irritans and Ctenocephalides
      felis are of hygienic concern. Greater numbers of them were found in densely
      populated urban districts. Origins of infestation were mainly dogs and cats kept
      in unhygienic conditions, and retreats of feral cats. There have been changes in
      the dominance of fleas associated with man. P. irritans probably had been the
      dominant species for centuries. About the turn of the 19th century
      Ctenocephalides canis attained codominance. Since the 1960s C. felis has been
      dominating.

PMID- 4003848
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopic study of female Bovicola caprae and B. limbata
      (Mallophaga) of Capra hircus].

PMID- 4003849
TI  - [The warble fly Oestromyia leporina (Diptera, Hypodermatidae) as a parasite of
      the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)].

PMID- 4003850
TI  - [Our experience in 202 embolectomies of the upper limbs].

PMID- 4003851
TI  - [Role of the external saphenous vein in primary and secondary varices of the
      lower extremities].

PMID- 4003852
TI  - [Clinical and plethysmographic follow-up in aorto-iliac revascularization].

PMID- 4003853
TI  - The estimation of blood group gene frequencies: a note on the allocation method.
AB  - The principles for estimating gene frequencies in complex blood group systems by
      the allocation method are discussed. This numerical method is simpler than the
      maximum likelihood method, but gives the same estimate. It is shown that there
      are some cases in which the application of a previous description of the method
      gives incorrect results. The principles are discussed for how family information
      may be included in the estimation process in order to obtain more precise
      estimates.

PMID- 4003854
TI  - Evaluation of linkage between the R-O-i and C blood group systems in sheep.
AB  - Linkage between the C and I blood group loci in sheep was demonstrated by lod
      score analysis of data from double backcross matings. The recombination frequency
      between the I locus and the gene coding for the Cb red cell antigen was estimated
      to be 0.09 with a standard error of 0.04.

PMID- 4003855
TI  - Sheep histocompatibility antigens: a population level comparison between
      lymphocyte antigens previously defined in France, England and Scotland, and sheep
      red cell groups.
AB  - A comparison test was performed to look for correlations between the three
      nomenclature systems for sheep histocompatibility antigens which have been
      previously described in France, England and Scotland. 187 French sheep from a
      wide variety of breeds were typed for lymphocyte antigens with antisera which
      detect the OLA, P and ED series of antigens; they were also tested against 387
      uncharacterized French antisera. Six clusters of sera were found which showed
      correspondence between antigens of at least two of the three nomenclatures; five
      of these clusters gave high r values of 0.78-0.94. New antisera from French sheep
      were found which contributed to the above clusters but few additional clusters
      were noted. No correlation was found between any of the lymphocyte groups of
      antisera tested and the sheep red cell antigens which were also tested.

PMID- 4003856
TI  - Genetic variation of haemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains in rabbits detected by
      isoelectric focusing and reversed-phase chromatography.
AB  - Previous studies on the amino acid sequences and on the amino acid composition of
      peptides revealed genetic polymorphism both of the haemoglobin alpha-chain (Hb
      alpha) and beta-chain (Hb beta) in rabbits. In this study, rabbit haemolysates
      were analysed by isoelectric focusing in a narrow pH range (6.7-7.7) and by
      reversed-phase chromatography. Two variants were found for both Hb alpha and Hb
      beta. The two methods detected the same variants in this material. Inheritance
      data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed Hb alpha and Hb beta
      variants were each controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles. Haemoglobin
      polymorphism appears to be frequent in domestic rabbits since both variants of
      each chain were observed in all the three breeds studied.

PMID- 4003857
TI  - Genetic linkage relationships of equine plasminogen (PLG) with 23 loci.

PMID- 4003858
TI  - Ml, a new factor in the porcine M blood group system.

PMID- 4003859
TI  - Preliminary report on two new plasma protein polymorphisms in the goose (Anser
      anser).
AB  - Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0)
      electrophoresis of plasma proteins in the goose was done. This method resulted in
      improved separation of proteins in the pre-transferrin and transferrin regions.
      Preliminary evidence was presented for the existence of two new plasma protein
      polymorphisms.

PMID- 4003860
TI  - [Principle and practice of in vitro fertilization. Role in the treatment of
      female sterility].
AB  - In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) appear to constitute a
      revolution in the reproductive sciences rather than merely a new technique in the
      treatment of sterility. Principle of IVF: IVF accomplishes in vitro the process
      than normally occurs in the oviduct between the ovulation of oocyte II and embryo
      implantation in the endometrium. This 4 day period (under normal conditions in
      the woman) involves 4 steps: recovery, fertilization, segmentation and transport.
      Performance of IVF: Recovery of the oocytes: The oocytes are recovered under
      celioscopic or echographic observation when they have completed cytoplasmic
      maturation and their first meiosis. A precise monitoring of ovulation
      (spontaneous or induced) should be performed using estrogen and LH assays. IVF
      provides an opportunity for evaluating the methods of ovulation induction and
      monitoring, as a function of the maturation of the oocytes recovered.
      Fertilization: When the oocyte has achieved maturing after several hours of
      incubation, fertilization is obtained 15 h contact with washed and capacitated
      spermatozoa (100 000/ml). This step is highly dependent on gametocyte quality:
      oocyte maturity and fecundity of spermatozoa, which can be estimated from the
      percentage of survival in the insemination medium. Segmentation occurs in culture
      at pH 7.28 in the presence of 5 per cent CO2 at 37 degrees C (pronucleus 15th, 2
      blastomeres 26 h, 4-8 blastomeres 52 h). Embryo transfer is carried out when an
      embryo is present at 52 h. Only 1/10 of the embryo transfers result in successful
      implantation, which depends on the quality of the embryo; the quality can only be
      indirect criteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003861
TI  - [Criteria for evaluating the quality of ovocytes and their aptitude for IVF].
AB  - Oocyte quality comprises the cell's normality and its maturity. It can be
      estimated in a nondestructive manner, using the following parameters: Analysis of
      the follicular fluid. Follicular hormone status changes little during oocyte
      maturation, and its analysis is not conclusive except in rare cases where the
      steroid hormone levels deviate considerably. The quantification of certain
      proteins in the follicular fluid (alpha 1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen, IgG) is a
      better criterion. Characteristics of the perioocyte cells. The mucous condition
      of the cumulus oophorus is usually correlated with maturity, and thus with the
      capacity for fertilization, but this correlation no longer exists if certain
      ovary stimulation treatments are used. The abundance of vacuoles in the cells of
      the cumulus is associated with atresia, while an increased lipid content
      indicates post-maturity. When the cycle has been stimulated with hormonal
      treatments, several follicles can deliver fertilizable oocytes even though the
      hormone characteristics of the follicles, as well as the appearance of the
      perioocyte cells, differ from the conditions seen in the spontaneous cycle.
      Follicles of sufficient size (3 to 5 ml, depending on the treatment) contain the
      oocytes with the greatest capacity for development: however, the rank of a
      follicle (hierarchical position) in the ovarian cohort does not influence the
      fertilizability of the oocyte it contains.

PMID- 4003862
TI  - [Criteria for evaluating the quality of embryos obtained by IVF and their
      aptitude for implantation].
AB  - Attempts at in vitro fertilization can fail at two points: during the
      fertilization itself or during embryo transfer. In the case of implantation
      failures, two causes can be invoked: the condition of the endometrium and the
      quality of the embryo. It can be assumed that after ovarian stimulation or after
      the loss of large quantities of follicular fluid during oocyte recovery, the
      postovulatory phase, and consequently the condition of the endometrium, may be
      atypical, or that the synchronism and the menstrual cycle is no longer perfect.
      To date, experimental, biochemical, and morphological observations have not
      confirmed this hypothesis. The condition of the embryo appears to be the
      predominant factor. The criteria for evaluating its quality are not all perfectly
      objective. Those which are truly objective are obtained a posteriori by invasive
      methods after the death of the embryo, the other criteria, obtained with the
      living embryo, entail a certain element of subjectivity. Non-invasive methods: By
      observation, the size and form of the embryo can be evaluated, as well as the
      equality of blastomere size, the presence or absence of anuclear cellular
      fragments, the number of nuclei per blastomere, the granular or clear appearance
      of the egg or the blastomeres, and the appearance of the cumulus. The rate of
      development is an important criterion: the best chances for pregnancy are
      obtained when the 2-pronuclei stage occurs no later than 20 h, after
      insemination, the 2-blastomere stage no later than 35 h., and the 4-blastomere
      stage no later than 45 h. Invasive methods: The intensity of fluorescence using
      fluorescein diacetate. Karyotype containing numerous chromosome
      anomalies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003863
TI  - [Culture media for in vitro fertilization].
AB  - The potential of a medium used for IVF-ET must be defined not only by the
      percentages of successful fertilization and cleavage, but above all by the
      percentage of term pregnancies. However, they can only be expressed in a well
      defined environmental context. The medium has to remain in equilibrium with its
      gas phase, which can modify the biophysical parameters (pH, pO2, redox
      potential), and can even be deleterious (presence of NO and CO). Several factors
      can also interfere with the results obtained in theoretically identical media. In
      powder media, a certain lack, of homogeneity and an inferior quality of the water
      added can be major sources of variability. The definitions of the actual
      compositions of the media can vary continuously and insidiously if the original
      datum is not consistently taken as reference. These two points are developed in
      the paper. A great number of facts have, nevertheless, been established: the
      optimal biophysical conditions, the mineral composition, the amino acid
      composition, and the necessity for certain substrates such as pyruvate. Numerous
      lacunae remain: vitamin requirements, the supply of lipids and macromolecular
      compounds. The addition of serum to the culture media has not helped to remove
      these uncertainties. We have recently shown that serum is not indispensable in
      the IVF-ET medium. This opens the way to an understanding of the mechanisms of in
      vitro fertilization and early embryonic development.

PMID- 4003864
TI  - [Male infertility in 1984].
AB  - The study of male sterility has not benefited as much from progress in
      fundamental research as that of female sterility, but nevertheless its diagnosis
      and, to a lesser extent, its treatment have developed considerably over the past
      few years. With respect to diagnosis, substantial progress has been made in sperm
      analysis. The techniques of the spermatogram and the spermocytogram, performed
      under the conditions defined by David et al. (Feuil. Biol., 15, 47, 1974) allow a
      better classification of the different anomalies of spermatozoa. Ultrastructural
      studies now being carried out in several laboratories should provide a more exact
      description of these anomalies. More precise studies of normal sperm have defined
      the limits of normality (Schwartz et al., J. Reprod. Fert., 57, 391, 1979). The
      study of the functional capacities of spermatozoa has also advanced considerably.
      The postcoital test is still routinely used, but it is subject to many causes of
      error. For this reason it must be complemented by an in vitro analysis of
      spermatozoon penetration into the zona pellucida, and possibly of spermatozoon
      penetration into the hamster ovum (Yanagimashi et al., Biol. Reprod., 15, 471,
      1976). With respect to seminal plasma, research on antispermatic antibodies both
      in men and in women should expend with the help of simpler and more reliable
      techniques. The study of recently discovered constituents of seminal plasma
      (oligoelements, acetyl carnitine, specific proteins, etc.) should lead to a more
      accurate determination of the defective organ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003865
TI  - [Physiologic changes in semen examination].
AB  - The normal values of the spermogram can be defined by analyzing the distribution
      of sperm characteristics among men whose fertility has been proved (donor
      candidates, vasectomies). The values proposed on the basis of a study of 294
      spermograms are the following: volume - 1.8 ml; concentration - 23 million/ml;
      total number - 72 million; mobile forms - 35 per cent; normal forms - 32 per
      cent. The most frequent abnormalities are irregularities of the head and
      microcephalia. Factors of variability: Different sources of variability must be
      considered in the analysis of the spermogram. These can be of a technical or a
      physiological nature. In the later case: the length of abstinence preceding sperm
      collection is the most important. From 1 to 5 days, there is a linear increase in
      volume and number, which then stabilizes the situation is the opposite in the
      case of the percentages of mobile and normal forms, which remain stable for 5
      days and then decrease linearly. Age must also be considered to be a source of
      variability, particularly with respect to the percentages of mobile and normal
      forms, which decrease after the age of 40. Even when these factors are taken into
      account, there can be large variations in the spermogram of the same subject from
      one examination to the next, which necessitates a repetition of sperm
      examinations before any physiopathological interpretation can be considered.
      Spermogram results also depend on the period during the year when the collection
      is made: volume and number are at a minimum in September and at a maximum in
      March and November, whereas mobility and morphology are better in August and
      September and less satisfactory in March and April.

PMID- 4003866
TI  - [Azoospermia, asthenozoospermia and seminal biochemistry].
AB  - The biochemical analysis of human semen is based on assays of certain compounds
      in the ejaculate, which are secreted by the prostate (acid phosphatase, citrate,
      zinc), the seminal vesicles (fructose), and the epididymis (free carnitine). The
      information provided by seminal biochemistry is relevant not only for the
      investigation of male sterility, but also to endocrinology, urology and
      pharmacology. In the case of excretory azoospermia, the carnitine level is lower
      than 300 nmoles, which allows a differentiation between secretory and excretory
      azoospermia. Occlusions can be located by measuring prostatic and vesicular
      markers: they are normal if the occlusion is deferential or epididymal; if the
      fructose level is zero and the level of prostatic markers is high, there is an
      occlusion in the ejaculatory ducts or a bilateral deferential agenesia. The
      information provided by seminal biochemistry in the investigation of male
      sterility remains limited. It will probably be enhanced when spermatozoon
      biochemistry is better understood.

PMID- 4003867
TI  - Clinical features and changing trends in hypersensitivity reactions.

PMID- 4003868
TI  - [Drugs inhibiting complement activation].
AB  - Complement may be activated by anaesthetic agents as well as contrast media, and
      so could anaphylactoid reactions be induced. Efficient and harmless complement
      blocking agents were still lacking. The only agents actually used by
      anaesthetists were steroids and/or antifibrinolytic drugs. Other agents were not
      indicated in surgical patients because of their adverse effects and the
      impossibility of giving them by the intravenous route.

PMID- 4003869
TI  - [Prevention of anesthetic anaphylactoid reactions (Nancy, 28-29 September 1984)].

PMID- 4003870
TI  - Estimation of Reynolds shear stresses during pulsatile flow in the region of
      aortic valves.
AB  - Some investigators have attempted to estimate the Reynolds shear stress on the
      basis of a single component of velocity. The purpose of this investigation is to
      determine the validity of such estimates in a complex flow field, such as occurs
      in the cardiovascular system in the region of the aortic valve. Turbulent
      velocities were obtained in an in vitro pulse duplicating system with a two
      channel laser Doppler anemometer. Velocities were measured in the region of two
      stenotic natural aortic valves and a normal stent mounted porcine bioprosthetic
      valve. Constants of proportionality between the Reynolds shear stress, averaged
      over ejection, and the Reynolds normal stress were determined. The constants of
      proportionality depended upon the local conditions, namely, whether the valves
      were stenotic or normal bioprosthetic. There was wide scatter of data. This
      suggests that any estimate of the Reynolds shear stress, based upon a single
      axial velocity in a complex flow field, such as occurs in the cardiovascular
      system, is likely to be inaccurate.

PMID- 4003871
TI  - A microcomputer based controller for neuromuscular block during surgery.
AB  - A microcomputer based control system has been developed to automatically induce
      and maintain neuromuscular block during surgery. The system repeatedly adjusts
      the infusion rate of a muscle relaxant, succinylcholine, based on the evoked,
      rectified, and integrated electromyogram (EMG). The system was tested in 12
      patients for a 30-min infusion period with a setpoint of 80% depression of the
      evoked, rectified, and integrated thenar EMG. The mean time to reach the setpoint
      for 10 of the patients was 5.5 (+/- 1.87 SD) min and the mean time for 95%
      recovery after infusion was stopped was 5.4 (+/- 0.83 SD) min. Average overshoot
      was 9.9% of the baseline (+/- 3.1% SD), and the average time within +/- 10% of
      the setpoint was 22.1 min (+/- 7.26 SD). The total dose of succinylcholine for
      these 10 patients ranged from 1.21 to 3.77 mg/kg with a mean of 1.92 mg/kg. The
      other two patients were relatively insensitive to the drug and the controller was
      unable to bring the response to the setpoint due to a ceiling placed on infusion
      rate by the control algorithm.

PMID- 4003872
TI  - Surface integration and least-squares procedures for the inverse recovery of
      cardiac multipole components.
AB  - A simulation study was performed to evaluate different recovery procedures for
      computing the multipole components of the cardiac electrical activity. A series
      of dipolar potential distributions was first generated on a realistic numerical
      model of the human torso. Then, different procedures based on surface integration
      (SI) and least-squares (LS) minimization were used to compute the multipole
      components. The parameters of a single moving dipole (SMD) computed from the
      estimated multipoles were compared with those of the original dipole source. For
      a finite and homogeneous simulation as well as recovery medium, the results
      showed that SI employing the potentials over all 1216 surface elements of the
      torso model was not affected by the various numerical approximations used to
      perform the integration (e.g., rms error for the SMD position, p = 0.7 mm). By
      integrating the potentials with truncated capping surfaces at the neck and the
      waist, the recovery errors increased (p = 2.1 mm). Sampling the potentials at 63
      sites, followed by interpolation over the rest of the torso surface, severely
      affected the SI results for the SMD (p = 6.4 mm), as compared with LS
      minimization using also 63 values (p = 0.9 mm). With lungs and intraventricular
      blood masses in the simulation medium but a finite and homogeneous recovery
      medium, SI was less effective (p = 10.8 mm) than LS (p = 8.6 mm). Adequate
      compensation for the effects of lungs was obtained by including regions of lower
      electrical conductivity in the recovery medium for LS, and by a correction matrix
      for SI. In general, LS gave better results than SI, but with a higher initial
      computation time.

PMID- 4003873
TI  - Effect of junctional resistance on source-strength in a linear cable.
AB  - This paper studies the relative strength of sources associated with the cell and
      the junction between cells of an equivalent single cardiac fiber. It is shown
      that the junctional source is negligible compared to the cellular source. On the
      other hand, the junctional resistance affects the magnitude of the cellular
      source reducing it by possibly an order of magnitude. The significance of these
      results to cardiac electrophysiology is that the effect of the junctional
      resistance may have to be considered separate from that of the cellular
      resistance.

PMID- 4003874
TI  - Analysis of the pressure-volume relationship of excised lungs.
AB  - The pressure-volume relationship of excised lungs is explicitly defined in the
      form of a mathematical model. In the model, lung volume (V) is given by the
      function V = VmaxF(Ptp,T*)H(Ptp). Vmax is maximum lung volume. F, which describes
      the recruitment of air-filled units, is a function of transpulmonary pressure
      (Ptp) and surface tension (T*), whereas H, which is also a function of
      transpulmonary pressure, describes the expansion of recruited units against
      tissue forces. F is shown to be the integral of the normalized distribution
      function of the lung units and remains constant so long as the number of air
      filled units does not change. H, on the other hand, is shown to be the product of
      the elastic properties of the tissues and is responsible for the characteristic
      non-linear sigmoid shape of lung deflation curves. Results obtained with the
      model are consistent with the hypothesis that tissue elasticity, tissue
      hysteresis, area dependent surface tension, and recruitment share responsibility
      for the characteristic hysteresis of excised lungs.

PMID- 4003876
TI  - Peristaltic transport of a non-Newtonian fluid: applications to the vas deferens
      and small intestine.
AB  - The problem of peristaltic transport of a non-Newtonian (Power law) fluid in a
      uniform and non-uniform tube has been investigated under zero Reynolds number and
      long wavelength approximation. A comparison of the results with those of
      Newtonian fluid model shows that the magnitude of pressure rise, under a given
      set of conditions, is smaller in the case of non-Newtonian fluid, when the flow
      behavior index n less than 1, at zero flow rate. Further, the pressure rise
      decreases as n decreases from 1, at zero flow rate, is independent of n at a
      certain value of flow rate, and increases if flow rate exceeds further. Also, at
      a given flow rate, an increase in the wavelength leads to a decrease in pressure
      rise and increase in the influence of non-Newtonian behavior. Pressure rise, in
      the case of non-uniform geometry, is found much smaller than the corresponding
      value in the case of uniform geometry. Finally, the analysis has been applied and
      compared with observed flow rates in the vas deferens in rhesus monkeys and in
      the small intestine.

PMID- 4003875
TI  - Determination of mineral-organic bonding effectiveness in bone--theoretical
      considerations.
AB  - It is postulated that the effectiveness of bonding between the mineral and
      organic phases could be an important influence on the behavior of bone with
      respect to its mechanical properties, metabolic activity, and aging effects
      associated with these factors. Changes in bonding effectiveness might also be
      related to the etiology of osteoporosis. If this hypothesis is correct, it would
      be of interest to determine the amount of debonding present in bone. An analysis
      that employs both macromechanical and micromechanical composite theory is
      performed to show how this quantity could be calculated. The approach taken is
      first to determine the elastic moduli of a characteristic volume from bulk
      elastic properties of bone and the mineral crystallite orientation distribution.
      Voigt and Reuss type averages are used to obtain upper and lower bounds.
      Modifications of the Halpin-Tsai equations that apply to chopped fiber composites
      are then used to calculate the amount of debonding between the phases in the
      characteristic volume. All of the parameters employed in the theory are
      measurable using established techniques. To apply the theory quantitatively the
      following information must be known: 1) the density and elastic moduli of the
      bone (and its phases), and 2) the mineral orientation distribution.

PMID- 4003878
TI  - Calculations of temperature rise produced in body tissue by a spherical
      electrode.
AB  - Two estimates of temperature rise produced in body tissue when a spherical
      electrode passes current have been calculated. The estimates bracket the expected
      temperature rise. Time-transient and steady-state results have been obtained. The
      effects of heat transfer through the highly conductive metal electrode and
      irreversible Faradaic reactions have been considered. The calculations indicate
      that electrodes smaller than about 2 micron in radius produce a peak temperature
      rise of about 1 degree C when driven by typical square current pulses of 25
      microA intensity and 200 microseconds duration. The results are presented in a
      graphic form allowing for quick estimation of the expected peak temperature rise
      around electrodes of a specific radius, which are driven with a pulse of known
      current density and duration.

PMID- 4003877
TI  - Control of intraaortic balloon pumping: theory and guidelines for clinical
      applications.
AB  - The effectiveness of intraaortic balloon pumping was investigated by using a
      lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular/assist device system. The model
      consists of a time-varying elastance left ventricular simulation, a 2-element
      windkessel arterial simulation, and an RC venous return and pulmonary simulation.
      The four major hemodynamic variables, stroke volume (SV), aortic mean diastolic
      pressure (MDP), tension time index (TTI), and aortic end diastolic pressure
      (EDP), were divided into two categories related to system energy supply and
      demand: "external" and "internal" variables. The effects of balloon pumping on
      these variables can be described by closed-form equations that yield an optimal
      solution. The model prediction suggests that, in the ideal case, optimization of
      balloon pumping calls for instantaneous inflation of the balloon to maximum
      volume at end systole and instantaneous complete deflation at end diastole. For
      finite inflation/deflation rates, the optimal time for the start of inflation is
      end systole. Deflation timing, however, involves a tradeoff between maximizing
      the external variables and minimizing the internal variables. These predictions
      were tested using a nonlinear digital computer model. The results also suggest
      that when SV is not being monitored, optimal inflation timing can be controlled
      from the measurements of TTI or pulmonary venous pressure; optimal deflation
      timing can be controlled by a weighted combination of MDP and EDP.

PMID- 4003879
TI  - Endometrial and serum gentamicin concentrations in pony mares given repeated
      intrauterine infusions.
AB  - Endometrial tissue and blood serum gentamicin (GT) concentrations were determined
      in 6 ovariectomized pony mares given intrauterine infusions (50 ml of a 5%
      commercial aqueous solution of GT) each day for 5 consecutive days. The mares
      were subjected to the following 3 treatments: (1) GT infusion only (trial A,
      control); (2) progesterone plus GT (trial B, P + G); and (3) estradiol plus GT
      (trial C, E + G). Endometrial tissue concentrations of GT (micrograms/g) at 24
      and 120 hours were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in trials B (65.54 +/-
      15.57 and 100.33 +/- 19.27) and C (73.33 +/- 22.53 and 74.09 +/- 8.60) than in
      trial A (4.23 +/- 0.70). Endometrial concentration for trial A at 120 hours was
      also significantly higher than trial A at 24 hours. There was no significant
      difference (P greater than 0.05) in endometrial concentrations among trials A, B,
      and C at 120 hours. Serum GT concentrations were significantly lower than
      endometrial tissue concentrations. The highest serum concentrations of GT found
      in every trial occurred at 6 hours after each intrauterine infusion of GT. The
      highest overall serum concentration of GT (micrograms/ml) determined occurred in
      trial B (8.30 +/- 1.28) at 78 hours. There was no significant difference in serum
      concentrations of GT between days of treatment, except for trial A at 78 and 102
      hours, respectively. Serum concentrations of GT were significantly higher (P less
      than 0.05) than trial A at 30, 54, 78, and 102 hours in trial B, and at 78 and
      102 hours in trial C. There was no significant difference in serum concentrations
      of GT between trials B and C.

PMID- 4003880
TI  - Research needs and priorities for swine internal parasites in the United States.
AB  - The swine industry in the United States is increasing in the Southeast. The
      proportion of pigs raised in confinement has increased to 25% and the trend is
      expected to continue. Changes in geographic origin and in management have
      affected the swine parasite fauna. A few parasites have almost disappeared and
      others have gained new prominence. Prevention and control of parasites are
      accomplished by feed additives and routine therapeutic treatments. Knowledge of
      the epizootiologic factors governing parasite transmission, in relation to
      climate and management systems, may lead to improvements in the prevention and
      control of swine parasites. Opportunities exist for developing biological,
      chemical, and managerial practices that can be integrated economically into
      management systems to control parasites and improve performance through decreases
      in mortality and morbidity and increases in daily gain and feed conversion
      efficiency.

PMID- 4003881
TI  - Peripheral concentrations of cortisol as an indicator of stress in the pig.
AB  - Twenty-four crossbred gilts (7 to 9 months old) were exposed to 3 different
      stressors to evaluate changes in peripheral concentrations of the adrenal hormone
      cortisol. Gilts were confined in a box for 1 hour, electrically stimulated for 6
      minutes, or heat-stressed for 6 hours; these stressors were imposed for 3
      consecutive days. Blood samples were collected repeatedly, and serum cortisol
      concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Peak cortisol concentrations
      for pigs in the box, electrically stimulated, and heat-stressed were 67.8 +/- 9.9
      ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), 43.2 +/- 5.8 ng/ml, and 25.2 +/- 3.0 ng/ml greater than the
      control concentrations. The times at which these peaks occurred varied with each
      stressor. Overall serum cortisol concentrations decreased from day 1 to day 3,
      but the response to a given stressor was not diminished. Our data substantiate
      the use of cortisol as an indicator of stress in swine and emphasize
      consideration for the interval between exposures to stressors.

PMID- 4003882
TI  - Screening for neonatal isohemolytic anemia in calves.
AB  - Anti-erythrocytic immunoglobulins in serum and colostrum of 124 anaplasmosis
      vaccinated cows were detected with a saline agglutination test. Positive results
      were correlated with the occurrence of neonatal isohemolytic anemia (NIA) in
      calves and were used to predict the occurrence of NIA. The disease was prevented
      by withholding colostrum from calves with a high potential for NIA.

PMID- 4003884
TI  - Continuous-flow hollow-fiber dialysis system for preparation of bovine carrier
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Small and large molecules were encapsulated in bovine RBC by a dialysis process.
      Encapsulation efficiencies were approximate 30%, yielding normal carrier cells.
      The new process of encapsulation used hollow fibers and was a continuous-flow
      system. Preparation of carrier RBC by hollow-fiber dialysis was compatible with
      blood banking principles. The continuous-flow system was easily assembled from
      commercially available hollow-fiber units.

PMID- 4003883
TI  - Serologic evaluation of cattle inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii: comparison of
      Sabin-Feldman dye test and other agglutination tests.
AB  - Six cows and 6 calves were each inoculated with 100 or 100,000 Toxoplasma gondii
      oocysts. Serum samples were analyzed, using the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT),
      indirect hemagglutination test, latex agglutination test, and the modified direct
      agglutination test (MAT). Antibody titers in cows were lower than in calves. In
      the cows, DT titers increased briefly during the first month after inoculation,
      after which the titers were negative; however, T gondii was isolated from the
      tissues of 4 cows. Indirect hemagglutination and latex agglutination titers were
      generally less than 1:256. The MAT titers increased to 1:1,024 during the first
      month after inoculation. In 5 of the 6 cows, the MAT titers persisted. The 6th
      cow had a preinoculation MAT titer of 1:2,000 for 3 to 6 months. Therefore, the
      DT was not useful in serologic surveys for T gondii in cattle; the MAT was the
      most sensitive test and may be useful in the diagnosis of T gondii infection in
      cattle.

PMID- 4003885
TI  - Effects of storage conditions on bovine carrier erythrocytes.
AB  - Bovine carrier RBC containing [14C]sucrose as a marker were stored for 23 days in
      protein-free media. Cell recovery was highest with a phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
      containing 2 mM MgCl2, 5 mM inosine, 5 mM adenosine, and 10 mM glucose. A cell
      recovery of 60% was observed after 23 days of storage at 4 C. Stored carrier
      erythrocytes reinjected into cattle had an 18-day half-life, which is less than
      that for fresh carrier RBC.

PMID- 4003886
TI  - Estimation of urine flow rate in mares.
AB  - To determine the rate of urine flow and thus urinary excretion in the horse from
      untimed urine samples alone, the flow rate, creatinine concentration, osmolarity,
      and refractive index of 228 quantitatively collected urine samples were
      determined in 53 experiments on 12 healthy Thoroughbred mares. Forty samples were
      collected after water-induced diuresis; 11 samples were collected after
      furosemide-induced diuresis. Flow rates, which ranged from 1.2 to 84.5 ml/min,
      could be predicted from the urinary creatinine concentration. Correlation of
      urinary flow with urinary creatinine concentration accounted for 94% of the
      variability in the urinary flow rates. Phenylbutazone was administered before
      collection of 168 urine samples. Urine flow rates that were predicted from
      urinary creatinine concentration were used to estimate phenylbutazone excretion.
      Urine flow could be estimated without quantitative urine collection.

PMID- 4003887
TI  - Observations of tabanid feeding on mares and foals.
AB  - The occurrence of tabanid feeding between mares and foals was observed. When
      mares and foals were observed freely moving within a pasture situation, foals had
      2.43% (4 flies in 77 observations vs 297 flies in 139 observations) of the
      tabanid feeding occurrences of the mares. This difference in tabanid burden
      varied due to herd size, herd location, and tabanid species. Lower tabanid burden
      of foals was indicated as a practical protective mechanism against pathogenic
      agents mechanically transmitted by tabanids, such as equine infectious anemia
      virus.

PMID- 4003888
TI  - Serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected pregnant goats
      and transplacentally infected kids.
AB  - Eight pregnant goats were inoculated orally with 10 to 1,000 oocysts of
      Toxoplasma gondii at 83 to 102 days of gestation. Serum samples from the goats
      and from the kids born to them were analyzed, using the Sabin-Feldman dye test
      (DT), a commercially available modified agglutination test (MAT), and a latex
      agglutination test. Six of the does were observed for greater than 1 year; during
      this time, they delivered twice. All does developed DT and MAT antibody titers of
      greater than or equal to 1:2,048 within 29 days after inoculation, and the high
      titers persisted through the 2nd pregnancy; therefore, serologic results alone
      should not be relied on for the diagnosis of T gondii-induced abortion in does.
      On the other hand, all transplacentally infected kids had DT or MAT antibody
      titers of 1:2,048 before ingesting colostrum, indicating the usefulness of
      serologic evaluation of the fetus or stillborn kid in the diagnosis of abortion.
      Antibody was not found in the sera of noninfected kids born to Toxoplasma
      infected does. The passively acquired colostral antibody declined by 5 months.
      Therefore, specific antibody found in adult goats is probably actively acquired.
      The commercially available MAT was simple, sensitive, and reliable for the
      diagnosis of caprine toxoplasmosis. The latex agglutination test needs further
      improvement, as titers rarely exceeded 1:256.

PMID- 4003889
TI  - Epidemiologic study of toxoplasmosis on a sheep ranch.
AB  - An epidemiologic study was done on a ranch in northern California on a flock of
      ewes that had a history of abortions, mummified fetuses, weak or stillborn lambs,
      and failure to conceive. Of 56 ewes tested, 33 (59%) had serum agglutinating
      antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, with an unusually high proportion of high
      titers. Over a 2-year-period, reproductive problems were higher (39% to 42%)
      among the seropositive ewes than among the seronegative ewes (9% to 33%). Of 89
      sera received from persons and 7 species of animals on the ranch, 44 (49%) were
      found to be seropositive to T gondii, including seropositive members of a family
      of 6. The rancher's wife and teenage daughter, both of whom were involved with
      lambing, had serum titers exceeding 4,096. Other members of the family not
      involved with lambing were seronegative by the indirect hemagglutination test.
      The 2 infected persons are known to have come in contact with placentas, birth
      fluids, fetuses, and colostrums from these infected ewes.

PMID- 4003890
TI  - Sensory action potentials in the ulnar and radial nerves of dogs: effect of
      stimulation site and voltage.
AB  - The influence of stimulation site and voltage on amplitude, wave form, conduction
      time, and velocity of sensory action potentials in the ulnar and radial nerves
      was evaluated in 25 healthy dogs. A 5-fold increase in stimulation voltage above
      threshold caused a 300% increase in the amplitude of evoked sensory nerve
      potentials. An additional 2-fold increase in stimulation voltage (to 10 times
      threshold) resulted in an additional 40% increase in amplitude. An absolute
      saturation voltage was not found. Latency velocity was increased by increasing
      stimulation voltage, but conduction velocity was not affected. Multicomponent
      nerve action potentials were frequently found at the proximal recording sites.
      The number of components was not affected by stimulation voltage. Proximal
      displacement of the stimulation site resulted in an increase in amplitude of the
      nerve action potentials, increased latency velocity, and fewer components;
      conduction velocity was not affected. As a consequence of these findings,
      preference was given to simultaneous recording at 2 sites along the nerve,
      stimulation at the more proximal stimulation site distal to the carpus, and
      stimulation voltages between 5 and 10 times the threshold. The occurrence of
      multicomponent wave forms, the absence of an absolute saturation voltage, and the
      lowering of the number of components by proximal displacement of the site of
      stimulation may all be related to the relatively small number of sensory nerve
      fibers that can be activated at the stimulation site.

PMID- 4003891
TI  - Comparison of total white blood cell count and total protein content of lumbar
      and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of healthy dogs.
AB  - Lumbar and cisternal CSF from 31 healthy dogs were analyzed and compared
      statistically. The mean total protein of the lumbar CSF samples was 28.68 mg/dl;
      the mean total protein of cisternal CSF was 13.97 mg/dl. The mean total WBC count
      of lumbar CSF was 0.55 cells/microliter; the mean WBC count of cisternal CSF was
      1.45 cells/microliter. Statistical analysis indicated that the protein and WBC
      differences between the 2 types of CSF were significant (P = less than 0.001 and
      P = less than 0.01, respectively).

PMID- 4003892
TI  - Synovial membrane changes after experimental transection of the cranial cruciate
      ligament in dogs.
AB  - Degenerative joint disease and inflammation of the synovial membrane were
      produced in the left stifle of 16 dogs by severing the cranial cruciate ligament.
      Arthrotomy only was performed on the right stifle. Synovial membrane from these
      joints was histologically examined at 1, 2, 8, and 13 weeks after surgical
      operation. Similar tissue was obtained from 4 healthy dogs for comparison.
      Inflammatory changes in the synovium of the left stifle progressed with time and
      were prominent at 8 weeks postoperatively; subsynovial fibrosis was greatest at
      13 weeks. Inflammation of the synovial membrane and subsynovial tissue was
      characterized by synovial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, plasma cell and
      lymphocyte infiltration, and increased vascularization of the subsynovial region.

PMID- 4003894
TI  - Measurement of canine plasma fibronectin by rocket immunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - Plasma fibronectin concentrations of 148 normal canine samples were measured by
      rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Electrophoresis was accomplished, using 2.0% rabbit
      anticanine fibronectin by volume in 0.7% agarose in buffer. Films were
      electrophoresed 18 hours in barbital buffer, 7.5 mA/film. The mean fibronectin
      concentration for normal citrated dog plasma was 290 micrograms/ml +/- 50
      micrograms/ml.

PMID- 4003893
TI  - Plasma fibronectin concentrations in dogs with disseminated intravascular
      coagulation.
AB  - Plasma fibronectin concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) below
      the reference range in dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
      secondary to nonlymphomatous neoplasia, acute necrotizing pancreatitis, sepsis,
      chronic active hepatitis, and heat stroke. There was no statistical evidence of a
      group effect. Decrease in fibronectin concentration was associated with severe
      DIC, although no attempt was made to correlate fibronectin concentration with
      prognosis. These findings parallel those reported for severely ill human beings
      with diseases associated with DIC. They exemplify the potential of spontaneous
      diseases in animals as models for the study of human disease.

PMID- 4003895
TI  - Lesions induced in the respiratory tract of chickens by encapsulated or
      nonencapsulated variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum.
AB  - Lesions induced in chickens by an encapsulated or nonencapsulated strain of
      Haemophilus paragallinarum were investigated. In terms of lesion severity, major
      differences in pathogenicity were observed between the encapsulated and
      nonencapsulated variants. The principal lesion manifested by the encapsulated
      variant was an acute catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract,
      mainly of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Infiltration of a large number of
      mast cells into the lamina propria of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity was
      also characteristic. Numerous organisms were found on the cilia or on the surface
      of the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa. Chickens with these histologic
      lesions had severe clinical signs of coryza, and organisms were recovered in high
      numbers from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. In contrast, chickens that
      were given the nonencapsulated variant did not have clinical signs of coryza, and
      the organisms were recovered in low numbers from the inoculated sites; slight
      histopathologic lesions were observed in the nasal mucosa at postinoculation day
      1. Mast cell infiltration in the chickens inoculated with the encapsulated
      variant indicated that mast cells may be responsible for producing clinical signs
      of coryza via the activation of pharmacologic mediators. Adherence to and
      colonization of the encapsulated variant on the nasal mucosa seems to be a first
      step of the infection.

PMID- 4003896
TI  - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis exotoxin: fatal hemolytic anemia induced in
      gnotobiotic neonatal small ruminants by parenteral administration of preparations
      containing exotoxin.
AB  - Inoculation of live Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, culture supernatant,
      ammonium sulfate-fractionated crude exotoxin, or chromatographically purified
      exotoxin preparations into gnotobiotic small ruminants (n = 13) caused death of
      the ruminants within 48 hours. Characteristic changes observed in animals living
      greater than or equal to 2 hours after inoculation included hemorrhage and edema
      at the site of injection, severe hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria, dark red
      fluid in body cavities, lung edema, and icterus. The crude exotoxin preparation
      caused a syndrome of acute shock in 2 lambs that died within 15 minutes after
      inoculation. Clinical and pathologic responses of animals inoculated with culture
      supernatant and purified toxin were similar. Histopathologic evidence indicated
      that the exotoxin caused necrotic changes in the proximal convoluted tubules of
      the kidneys. Inoculation with live organisms caused multiple foci of suppurative
      inflammation in skeletal muscle and adjacent adipose tissue, whereas such changes
      were not observed in animals administered exotoxin preparations. Although C
      pseudotuberculosis exotoxin induced a hemolytic anemia in the experimental
      animals, it did not lead to in vitro lysis of ovine, caprine, or bovine
      erythrocytes, unless they had been sensitized with Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium)
      equi filtrate. The toxic sphingomyelin-specific phospholipase D from C
      pseudotuberculosis had a molecular weight of 31,000 daltons and an isoelectric
      point of approximately 9.6. The elution profile of exotoxin on a carboxymethyl
      Sephadex column was studied and the majority of the enzymatic activity was eluted
      by a NaCl gradient (0.25M to 0.7M) with a maximum at 0.35M NaCl.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003897
TI  - Evidence for the Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin as a product of actively
      growing bacteria.
AB  - The release of soluble cytotoxin from Pasteurella haemolytica type 1 cultured at
      37 C in RPMI 1640 medium containing 7% bovine fetal serum was evaluated, using
      bovine alveolar macrophages in a microplate 51Cr-release assay. Heat-labile
      leukotoxic activity was detected in culture supernatant during the lag and
      logarithmic-growth phases, but not in stationary-phase culture; toxic activity
      could not be demonstrated in sonicates of logarithmic (1 hour) or stationary (18
      hour) phase organisms. This pattern of toxin release, typical of a bacterial
      exotoxin or metabolic enzyme, is unique among bacterial leukotoxins, which are
      typically cell-associated and released after autolysis or sonication from
      outgrown cultures.

PMID- 4003898
TI  - Pasteurella haemolytica bacteriophage: identification, partial characterization,
      and relationship of temperate bacteriophages from isolates of Pasteurella
      haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1).
AB  - Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) isolates (n = 15) from the upper
      respiratory tract of clinically normal cattle, as well as from lung lesions from
      cases of fatal bovine pasteurellosis, were examined for the presence of
      bacteriophage after irradiation with UV light. Treatment of all P haemolytica
      isolates with UV irradiation resulted in lysis of bacteria due to the induction
      of vegetative development of bacteriophages. The extent of growth inhibition and
      bacterial lysis in irradiated cultures was UV dose-dependent. Bacterial cultures
      exposed to UV light for 20 s reached peak culture density between 60 and 70
      minutes after irradiation; thereafter, culture density declined rapidly, so that
      by 120 minutes, it was approximately 60% of the original value. When examined
      ultrastructurally, lytic cultures from each isolate revealed bacteriophages with
      an overall length of approximately 200 nm and that appeared to have a head with
      icosahedral symmetry and a contractile tail. Cell-free filtrate from each
      noninduced bacterial isolate was inoculated onto the other bacterial isolates in
      a cross-culture sensitivity assay for the presence of phages lytic for the host
      bacterial isolates. Zones of lysis (plaques) did not develop when bacterial lawns
      grown from the different isolates were inoculated with filtrates from the
      heterologous isolates.

PMID- 4003899
TI  - Twenty years of practitioner training in psychology.

PMID- 4003900
TI  - Experimenting on social issues. The case of school desegregation.

PMID- 4003901
TI  - Aspiration hazards to the developing lung. Respiratory-gastrointestinal system
      interaction. (From a conference held February 20-22, 1984, Daytona Beach,
      Florida).

PMID- 4003902
TI  - Postnatal ontogeny of performances of the pharynx, larynx, and mouth.

PMID- 4003903
TI  - Radiologic evaluation of swallowing.
AB  - Diagnostic imaging procedures are useful to analyze the complex mechanism of
      swallowing. They may be employed beneficially to answer specific questions of
      swallow coordination, and to distinguish between various forms of airway
      penetration. The pathophysiology of upper and lower airway involvement may be
      determined and visualized.

PMID- 4003904
TI  - Upper GI function in sleeping infants.
AB  - In using the intraesophageal pH probe, considerable information has been gathered
      surrounding upper GI function during sleep in infants. However, there is
      considerable variability in the position of probe placement and the establishment
      of control values. Data as to whether the feedings are acidified, as well as
      position, has varied from study to study. Despite these shortcomings, one can
      conclude the following: asymptomatic episodes of gastroesophageal reflux occur
      throughout the 24-h period, but with considerably less frequency and duration
      during the sleep period. This is true for adults as well as for infant control
      subjects and the sleep reflux scores appear to be slightly higher in infants than
      in adults; intraesophageal pH monitoring is helpful in establishing a temporal
      relationship between pulmonary symptoms and episodes of gastroesophageal reflux,
      during sleep as well as awake periods. This relationship has been established in
      a very limited number of patients who have subsequently responded to both medical
      and surgical management; the mechanisms for gastroesophageal reflux in infants
      appear to be predominantly not related to a weak lower esophageal sphincter
      pressure but may occur as a complex result of "inappropriate" relaxation of the
      lower esophageal sphincter and/or increased intra-abdominal pressure overcoming
      the lower esophageal sphincter pressure barrier. Further investigation as to
      mechanisms responsible for physiologic as well as pathologic reflux need to be
      pursued; standardization of the intraesophageal pH monitoring test has to be
      achieved and efforts must be made to obtain the best control values possible
      while following ethical guidelines for clinical trials for pediatrics. This would
      include the standardization of the probe position, meals, scoring system, patient
      position, and intervals to be used in monitoring.

PMID- 4003905
TI  - Development of esophageal function.
AB  - There is limited information on the developmental aspects of esophageal motor
      function in humans. Length of the esophageal body and its sphincters increases
      progressively after birth. The UES is well developed at birth, and except for a
      slight pressure increase during the first year, there is little evidence of
      functional maturation postnatally. Within the esophageal body, the sucking and
      swallowing patterns mature within a few days in term infants, whereas this
      maturation takes longer in premature infants. In the LES, pressures may be low at
      birth but thereafter rise above adult levels until 6 months of age, to slowly
      decrease to adult levels by 1 to 3 yr of age. Maturation of the LES reflects at
      least an increase in bulk, although neural maturation and maturation of muscle
      responsiveness require further assessment in humans. The relationship of LES
      dysfunction to gastroesophageal reflux in infants is still not elucidated. The
      relationship of gastroesophageal reflex to pulmonary problems is similarly
      uncertain.

PMID- 4003907
TI  - The development of cough.
AB  - Control of coughing is immature at birth; less than half of newborns cough
      spontaneously or on direct laryngeal stimulation. It is not known whether timing
      and distribution of motor outflow is optimized for muscle and lung mechanics. The
      musculoskeletal system is immature. Inspiratory and expiratory pressures appear
      to be adequate at birth, but the ranges of pressures and volumes actually used by
      infants during coughing are not well known. Lung structure is immature at birth.
      Low lung recoil pressures and low tracheal elastance (easy collapsibility)
      probably combine to reduce maximal gas velocities in uncompressed intrathoracic
      airways, and relatively low maximal expiratory pressures and high flow-resistive
      losses may combine to reduce maximal velocities in compressed regions of
      intrathoracic airways. Better descriptions of normal and pathologic aspects of
      structure and function are needed, with attention to control, motor, and lung
      mechanical functions during coughing and forced expiration in human infants.
      Application to the developing respiratory system of scaling techniques and models
      of forced expiration, and advances in understanding of two-phase flow in airways,
      would be helpful.

PMID- 4003906
TI  - Control of airway caliber.
AB  - Tracheobronchial smooth muscle tone may be affected by 4 nervous mechanisms: (1)
      Vagal cholinergic parasympathetic nerves, which are the main agents for resting
      tone and most reflex bronchoconstrictions. Their activity is blocked by atropinic
      drugs. (2) Sympathetic adrenergic dilator nerves, which may act mainly on beta
      adrenoceptors in the pulmonary bronchi; alternatively, they may inhibit
      ganglionic transmission in the vagal constrictor pathway. (3) Vagal nonadrenergic
      dilator nerves (NAIS). The neurotransmitter at these nerves is probably
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), although purines could be involved. The
      role of this system in physiologic and pathologic conditions has not been
      established. (4) Local axon constrictor reflexes in afferent nerves. These
      respond to mucosal irritation and cause local smooth muscle contraction by
      release of substance P. Their importance has not yet been assessed. The motor
      innervation of the airways is activated reflexly by many stimuli, some of which
      cause constriction and others dilation. Most of the reflexes are blocked by
      atropine, which suggests that the cholinergic constrictor pathway is dominant.
      Other responses include changes in laryngeal caliber and secretion of mucus.
      Aspirations into the airways will lead to bronchoconstriction, laryngospasm, and
      secretion of mucus, as well as to respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes. The
      balance, effectiveness, and development of these responses requires much further
      study.

PMID- 4003908
TI  - Ontogeny of the bronchial mucosa.

PMID- 4003909
TI  - Cell-mediated antibacterial defenses of the distal airways.

PMID- 4003910
TI  - Lower respiratory tract afferents stimulated by inhaled irritants.

PMID- 4003911
TI  - Pulmonary protective mechanisms in human infants.
AB  - The flow of oral and nasal secretions into the pharynx is a recognized source of
      pulmonary aspiration during sleep in infants and adults alike. Such aspiration
      probably accounts for many cases of bacterial pneumonia. In infants, swallowing
      occurs frequently in sleep, and the rate of swallowing appears to be far greater
      than that of the sleeping adult. Such swallowing during sleep appears to be the
      major mechanism whereby oral and nasal secretions are transported to the
      digestive tract. Certain aspects of those swallows, such as "swallow-breaths" and
      their coordination with the respiratory cycle, have been documented. A brief
      period of airway closure is always seen during such nonfeeding swallows.
      Nonfeeding swallows are usually seen during mixed and obstructive apneic spells
      in preterm infants. The underlying reflex mechanisms responsible for such
      swallows during apnea are unclear. During ordinary postfeeding regurgitation,
      upper airway closure and swallowing occur in close temporal sequence. These
      events appear to be major mechanisms of airway protection during regurgitation.
      In certain infants, regurgitation and prolonged apnea often occur simultaneously.
      The mechanism underlying their association is unclear but may involve laryngeal
      chemoreceptors.

PMID- 4003912
TI  - NIH problems are our problems.

PMID- 4003913
TI  - Measurement of static compliance of the total respiratory system in patients with
      acute respiratory failure during mechanical ventilation. The effect of intrinsic
      positive end-expiratory pressure.
AB  - In mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure, the static
      compliance of the total respiratory system is conventionally obtained by dividing
      the tidal volume by the difference between the "plateau" pressure measured at the
      airway opening (PaO) during an occlusion at end-inspiration and positive end
      expiratory pressure (PEEP) set by the ventilator. This analysis is valid only if
      the elastic recoil pressure of the respiratory system is zero at the end of
      expiration, indicating that the system has reached its elastic equilibrium point.
      To test if this is always the case, in 14 mechanically ventilated patients with
      acute respiratory failure, measurements were made of PaO and of flow and volume
      changes. In only 4 of the patients did expiratory flow become nil before end
      expiration and inspiratory flow started synchronously with the onset of the
      positive-pressure swing delivered by the ventilator, indicating that in these 4
      patients the end-expiratory elastic recoil pressure was indeed zero. By contrast,
      in the remaining 10 subjects, expiratory flow was still present when the
      ventilator had already begun to increase PaO, indicating that the end-expiratory
      elastic recoil pressure was not zero. Indeed, in all these 10 patients, a
      positive delta PaO (as much as 7.5 cm H2O) had to be applied by the ventilator
      before the actual onset of inspiratory flow. This delta PaO represents the
      pressure required to counterbalance the end-expiratory elastic recoil before
      inspiratory flow will begin, and can be termed intrinsic PEEP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003914
TI  - Prevalence of radiographic appearance of pneumoconiosis in an unexposed blue
      collar population.
AB  - Blue collar employees currently working in environments free from exposure to
      respiratory hazards were examined with chest radiography and a standard
      occupational history questionnaire. Workers who had worked for a total of 5 yr or
      more in previous jobs with possible hazardous respiratory exposures were
      excluded. Each radiograph was read independently by 3 NIOSH-certified "B"
      readers. For small opacities, the median profusion was accepted as a summary
      reading. The 1,422 readable films represented a population of 50.6% males, 49.4%
      females, 52.5% whites, 44.2% blacks, 47.0% current smokers, and 38.5% nonsmokers.
      The mean age was 33.8 yr, with a range from 16 to 70 yr. Small opacities of
      profusion greater than or equal to 1/0 were identified in only 3 (0.21%) of the
      radiographs--2 with small rounded opacities and 1 with small irregular opacities.
      Small irregular opacities of profusion category greater than or equal to 0/1 were
      statistically associated with age, gender, and pack-years of smoking. The results
      suggest that using the median of 3 independent readings should rarely result in
      interpretation of chest radiographs as "positive" for pneumoconiosis in active
      workers who have not had significant dust exposure.

PMID- 4003915
TI  - Radioaerosol lung clearance in patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis.
AB  - Pulmonary radioaerosol clearance rate of 99mTc diethylenetriamine pentacetate
      (DTPA) in 14 patients with untreated sarcoidosis was compared with 67Ga lung scan
      and increased lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Nine healthy
      nonsmoking subjects had a mean DTPA clearance rate of 1.18%/min (range, 0.54 to
      1.60%/min). Eight of 14 patients with sarcoidosis had clearance rates greater
      than 1.60%/min. Of those 8 patients with abnormal DTPA clearance, 4 had positive
      gallium scans, 4 had more than 17% lymphocytes in the BAL fluid, and 3 had both
      tests positive. To study the cause of abnormal DTPA clearance, 23 subjects
      (including 3 normal controls, all 14 patients with sarcoidosis, and 6 patients
      with localized disease on chest roentgenogram) underwent both DTPA clearance
      studies and BAL for quantitation of the amount of albumin in lung fluid. There
      was a positive correlation between the rate of DTPA clearance and the albumin
      concentration in lung fluid (r = 0.87, p less than 0.01).

PMID- 4003916
TI  - Responses of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after exposures
      to 0.3 ppm ozone.
AB  - We previously reported (American Review of Respiratory Disease 1982; 125:664-669)
      that the respiratory mechanics of intermittently exercising persons with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were unaffected by a 2-h exposure to 0.2 ppm
      ozone. Employing a single-blind, cross-over design protocol, 13 white men with
      nonreversible COPD (9 current smokers; mean FEV1/FVC, 56%) were randomly exposed
      on 2 consecutive days for 2 h to air and 0.3 ppm ozone. During exposures,
      subjects exercised (minute ventilation, 26.4 +/- 3.0 L/min) for 7.5 min every 30
      min; ventilation and gas exchange measured during exercise showed no difference
      between exposure days. Pulmonary function tests (spirometry, body
      plethysmography) obtained before and after exposures were unchanged on the air
      day. On the ozone day the mean airway resistance and specific airway resistance
      showed the largest (25 and 22%) changes (p = 0.086 and 0.058, respectively).
      Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) obtained in 8 subjects during the last exercise
      interval showed a mean decrement of 0.95% on the ozone exposure day; this change
      did not attain significance (p = 0.074). Nevertheless, arterial oxygen
      desaturation may be a true consequence of low-level ozone exposure in this
      compromised patient group. As normal subjects undergoing exposures to ozone with
      slightly higher exercise intensities show a threshold for changes in their
      respiratory mechanics at approximately 0.3 ppm, our data indicate that persons
      with COPD are not unduly sensitive to the effects of low-level ozone exposure.

PMID- 4003917
TI  - Effect of dosing schedule on efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in
      chronic asthma.
AB  - Fifty-two children 6 to 12 yr of age and 37 young adults 13 to 38 yr of age with
      moderate to severe extrinsic asthma requiring daily bronchodilators and who had
      been taking beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) for at least 3 months were
      evaluated. All patients received their regular daily medications and BDP, 2
      inhalations 4 times a day (q.i.d.) (total dose, 336 micrograms/day), for 2 wk;
      they were then randomized to receive either BDP or placebo aerosol, 4 inhalations
      twice a day (b.i.d.), with the same total dose/day as well as their regular
      medications, for 8 wk. Placebo patients deteriorated significantly by comparison
      with BDP patients in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary functions. More placebo
      than BDP patients ended participation in the study prematurely because of
      increasingly severe symptoms. In the 89 study patients, there were no significant
      differences in respiratory symptoms or pulmonary function measurements between
      the b.i.d. and q.i.d. dosage regimens in either pediatric or adult age groups.
      There were no significant changes in mean morning cortisol levels from baseline
      measurements to the end of the study period; at that time, all patients had a
      normal ACTH stimulation test. We conclude that BDP (336 micrograms/day) is as
      effective and safe for control of asthma symptoms with b.i.d. as with q.i.d.
      dosage schedules in pediatric and young adult patients.

PMID- 4003918
TI  - Comparison of lung antioxidant levels in humans and laboratory animals.
AB  - Basal lung concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA), nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH),
      and alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) were determined in rabbits, guinea pigs, rats,
      hamsters, mice, domestic pigs and sheep, and in human lung samples obtained from
      cancer surgery patients. Significant differences were found among the laboratory
      animals: AA levels ranged from 25.6 mg% (mg/100 g wet weight) in hamsters to 41.7
      mg% in mice, NPSH from 50.9 mg% in rats to 84.7 mg% in rabbits, and alpha-T from
      1.01 mg% in hamsters to 2.74 mg% in rats. Porcine lung AA and NPSH concentrations
      approximated those of the laboratory animals and their alpha-T levels were the
      highest of all species studied. Sheep lung AA levels were comparable to those in
      the other species, although their NPSH and alpha-T levels appeared to be lower.
      Human lung concentrations of NPSH (5.2 mg%) and alpha-T (0.85 mg%) appeared low,
      whereas the mean AA concentration (22.1 mg%) was similar to that of laboratory
      animals. A partial correlation was found between AA and alpha-T levels and
      between NPSH and alpha-T levels in the 5 laboratory animal species.

PMID- 4003919
TI  - The efficacy of orally administered theophylline, inhaled salbutamol, and a
      combination of the two as chronic therapy in the management of chronic bronchitis
      with reversible air-flow obstruction.
AB  - The efficacy of bronchodilator therapy was assessed in the long-term management
      of patients with chronic bronchitis and varying degrees of reversible air-flow
      obstruction. Twenty-five patients with a mean forced expiratory volume in one
      second (FEV1) 38.7% predicted received: optimized doses of orally administered,
      sustained-release theophylline, inhaled salbutamol (200 micrograms 4 times a
      day), a combination of the 2 drugs, and identical placebo therapy for periods of
      3 wk in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Patients who deteriorated
      during treatment were assessed immediately and designated "treatment failures" if
      additional therapy proved necessary. Such "failures" occurred in 9 patients with
      placebo, in 8 with salbutamol, in 6 with theophylline, and in only 1 with
      combined therapy. Using a ranking system based on "treatment failures" and mean
      daily peak flow rates, first preference was given to combined therapy in 13
      patients, theophylline in 6, salbutamol in 4, and placebo in 2. Thus, both
      combined therapy (p less than 0.001) and theophylline (p less than 0.05) were
      better than placebo, but this was not so for inhaled salbutamol. Objective
      improvements in FEV1 and forced vital capacity were a consistent finding with
      combined therapy compared with placebo, although not with single agents, and
      additive effects were clearly demonstrated. In the subgroup of patients able to
      tolerate placebo therapy, no subjective benefit could be discerned during any of
      the 3 periods of active treatment. Thus, the combination of orally administered,
      sustained-release theophylline and inhaled salbutamol offered significant
      advantages in the clinical control of patients with chronic bronchitis with air
      flow obstruction.

PMID- 4003920
TI  - Effect of cigarette smoking on the pulmonary function of children and
      adolescents.
AB  - The effect of personal cigarette smoking on the growth of lung function in
      children and adolescents has been assessed in a longitudinal study of a group of
      669 subjects 5 to 19 yr of age at initial examination. Subjects were seen
      annually and assessed with standard questionnaires and measurements of forced
      expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow during the
      middle half of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75). Multiple regression analysis
      revealed that after correction for previous FEV1 or FEF25-75, age, sex, height,
      change in height, interactions of age and change in height, and sex and height,
      and mother's smoking, the personal smoking by the children led to a significant
      decrease in the rate of growth of FEV1 (p less than 0.001) and FEF25-75 (p =
      0.033). On the basis of this analysis, it is estimated that, on average, children
      who begin to smoke at 15 yr of age and continue to smoke would achieve only 92%
      (95% confidence limit, 87 to 96%) of their expected FEV1 and 90% (95% confidence
      limit, 81 to 99%), of their expected FEF25-75 at 20 yr of age. These data suggest
      that relatively small amounts of cigarette use (median total consumption of 7,300
      cigarettes in this study) by adolescents can lead to significant effects on the
      growth of lung function.

PMID- 4003921
TI  - Destructive index: a measurement of lung parenchymal destruction in smokers.
AB  - Destruction of alveolar walls is considered by most observers to be the most
      important part in the definition of emphysema, yet it has never been precisely
      defined and quantitated. We therefore attempted to devise a reliable microscopic
      technique to quantitate alveolar destruction that would be both sensitive to
      disease and easy to perform. Using a point-count system, we obtained an index of
      parenchymal destruction that represents the percentage of destroyed space as a
      fraction of the total alveolar and duct space. We have called this measurement
      the destructive index (DI). In the lungs of 8 nonsmokers and 23 smokers, we
      quantitated the DI and compared it with the mean linear intercept (Lm) and with
      pulmonary function in smokers. Although Lm was not significantly different in the
      2 groups, significant differences between the DI of smokers and nonsmokers (p
      less than 0.005) were found. In addition, the DI correlated with FEV1(-0.43, p
      less than 0.05), MMEF (r = -0.44, p less than 0.05), and recoil pressure at 90%
      TLC (r = -0.61, p less than 0.05) in smokers. These findings suggest that the
      destructive component of emphysema can be easily quantitated microscopically,
      occurs in smokers before dimensional changes are evident (i.e., increased Lm),
      and influences lung function. Therefore, the quantitation of this destruction
      (DI) could add greatly to the microscopic definition of emphysema, complementing
      the information given by the dimensional component of emphysema (Lm).

PMID- 4003922
TI  - Experimental artifacts in the study of mucociliary transport.
AB  - Mucociliary transport was studied on frog palate epithelium preparations. Three
      preparations were used: the detached palate preparation (prepared by detaching
      the upper part of the head from the frog), the live frog preparation (prepared by
      exposing the palate of a sedated live frog), and the thin preparation (prepared
      by excising a 1-mm thin section). Because the transport behavior in each of the 3
      preparations is different, extirpation or sedation or excision, or all 3,
      introduce artifacts into the system.

PMID- 4003923
TI  - Acute respiratory failure caused by primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Two
      case reports and a review of the literature.
AB  - Acute respiratory failure caused by infection with Coccidioides immitis is a
      rare, usually fatal, event. We report 2 patients who survived acute respiratory
      failure caused by primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. We attribute the severity
      of illness to a large inoculum of organisms. Their treatment included antifungal
      therapy with amphotericin B and diuresis to decrease noncardiogenic pulmonary
      edema. Coccidioidomycosis causing respiratory failure may be more frequent than
      currently clinically appreciated and may result from primary pulmonary
      coccidioidomycosis, miliary pulmonary disease, or as part of the multisystem
      organ failure seen in fungemic patients.

PMID- 4003924
TI  - Selection bias of PiMZ subjects.

PMID- 4003925
TI  - Efficacy of 3-month regimen in pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 4003926
TI  - Diagnosis of pulmonary disease in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

PMID- 4003927
TI  - Alveolar macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 4003928
TI  - Inspiratory force reserve of the respiratory muscles in children with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate inspiratory muscle force reserve in
      children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In 15 hyperinflated
      (FRC/TLC, 65 +/- 0.7%) children, maximal mouth inspiratory static pressure
      (PImax) at FRC, mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory
      time (TI), and total duration of the respiratory cycle (Ttot) were all measured.
      It was found that PImax at FRC was reduced compared with predicted values.
      However, after lung volume correction, PImax was in the normal range, and P0.1
      was higher, TI was shorter, and Ti/Ttot was lower than predicted. The estimated
      mean inspiratory pressure for breathing at rest (PI) was significantly higher
      than predicted and was related to total pulmonary resistance (r = 0.74, p less
      than 0.001). The fraction of PImax developed by the respiratory muscles for
      breathing at rest (PI/PImax) significantly increased. The higher the PI/PImax
      ratio, the more the TI/Ttot ratio decreased (r = -0.64, p = 0.01). At rest, our
      subjects had to develop a mean inspiratory power (W) of as much as 48% (range, 30
      to 76%) of the critical W above which fatigue occurs. Thus, even minimal
      increases in breathing load might expose children with COPD to respiratory muscle
      fatigue and to respiratory failure.

PMID- 4003929
TI  - Effect of abdominal strapping on chest wall mechanics during exercise in patients
      with severe chronic air-flow obstruction.
AB  - We studied the effect of abdominal loading on exercise performance in 7 patients
      with severe chronic air-flow obstruction (CAO). The patients were exercised to
      exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer at a work rate equivalent to 80% of their
      maximal work rate. Three exercise studies were completed in the same afternoon.
      The first and third were control studies; in the second, the abdomen was strapped
      with a belt that was secured after the patient had expired below FRC. Neither TLC
      (p greater than 0.3) nor FRC (p greater than 0.05) were altered by strapping.
      Exercising with the abdomen strapped resulted in a 40% increase in
      transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) (p less than 0.005), but neither the peak
      inspiratory pleural pressure relative to the relaxation curve nor the minute
      ventilation differed from those of the control study (p greater than 0.7).
      Nevertheless, strapped exercise endurance (119 +/- 27 s) was significantly lower
      than control endurance (154 +/- 35 s; p less than 0.01). Because of the increase
      in Pdi, the computed tension-time index of the diaphragm increased from a control
      value of 0.13 +/- 0.05 to 0.20 +/- 0.06 (p less than 0.05) when strapped.
      However, neither the pleural pressure nor the Pdi swings decreased during the
      last 30 s of the runs, indicating that inspiratory muscle fatigue was not the
      basis for the reduced endurance when the abdomen was strapped. Strapping the
      abdomen may improve the length-tension relationship of the diaphragm at a given
      lung volume, and the increased Pdi suggests improved diaphragmatic
      function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003930
TI  - Work of breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in acute
      respiratory failure.
AB  - In 11 spontaneously breathing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD) in acute ventilatory failure, we measured the total inspiratory (WItot)
      and total resistive (WI + Eres) work rate of breathing, together with lung
      mechanics (dynamic pulmonary elastance and inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary
      flow resistance). All variables were markedly increased compared with those in
      normal subjects. No significant correlation was found between WItot and WI + Eres
      with lung mechanics data. However, when WItot and WI + Eres were expressed per
      liter of ventilation, a significant positive correlation was found with all lung
      mechanics data. These results indicate that although in patients acutely ill with
      COPD, work rate and work per liter of ventilation are increased, only the latter
      is related to the severity of pulmonary mechanical impairment, and it could be
      used as one of the criteria for extubation. In addition, our results indicate
      that at end-expiration the alveolar pressure was positive (range, 6 to 13 cm H2O)
      in all patients (intrinsic PEEP), a fact that must necessarily affect
      hemodynamics; furthermore, it imposes an extra burden on the inspiratory muscles.

PMID- 4003931
TI  - Cigarette smoking causes accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in alveolar
      septum.
AB  - The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) may play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of emphysema. Cigarette smoking is associated with the accumulation
      of PMN in the lung as determined by bronchoalveolar lavage. We enumerated
      alveolar wall PMN on histologic sections from lungs of humans and hamsters with
      and without cigarette smoke exposure. In human nonsmokers, there were 0.9 +/- 0.2
      PMN/mm alveolar wall. In cigarette smokers without emphysema, there were 2.1 +/-
      0.3 PMN/mm alveolar wall (p less than 0.01), and in cigarette smokers with
      emphysema, there were 2.4 +/- 0.7 PMN/alveolar wall (p less than 0.05). There
      were 1.7 +/- 0.3 PMN/mm alveolar wall in the lungs of hamsters unexposed to
      cigarette smoke compared with 3.1 +/- 0.3 PMN/mm alveolar wall in smoke-exposed
      hamsters (p less than 0.005). Although cigarette smoking causes PMN to accumulate
      within alveolar septa, the accumulation does not seem to be closely related to
      the development of emphysema. This suggests that additional or other factors are
      important in the pathogenesis of emphysema.

PMID- 4003932
TI  - Natural killer cell activity in cigarette smokers and asbestos workers.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure on
      cellular immunity, we tested a group of cigarette smokers and asbestos workers
      for natural killer (NK) activity in the peripheral blood. The mean NK activity in
      cigarette smokers was lower than in normal subjects (13.7 +/- 1.6 versus 29.0 +/-
      3%; p less than 0.05). As a group, the mean NK activity for the asbestos-exposed
      group was also reduced compared with that of the nonsmoking control group (22.6
      +/- 3.2%; p less than 0.05). When divided according to the smoking status, the
      asbestos workers who were nonsmokers or ex-smokers showed similar decreases in NK
      activity compared with normal subjects (19.5 +/- 6.2 and 21.2 +/- 4.5%,
      respectively; p less than 0.05). A subgroup of asbestos-exposed subjects who
      currently smoked showed no decrease in NK activity. The data show that NK
      activity is reduced in the peripheral blood of cigarette smokers and asbestos
      workers. The relatively normal NK activity found in asbestos workers who also
      smoked is unexplained. Impairment of NK activity is a potential mechanism for the
      increased incidence of infection and cancer in smokers and neoplasia in asbestos
      workers.

PMID- 4003933
TI  - Role of daytime hypoxemia in the pathogenesis of right heart failure in the
      obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
AB  - Although right heart failure is a recognized complication of obstructive sleep
      apnea, the incidence and pathogenesis of this complication have not been
      established. We therefore studied 50 consecutive patients with obstructive sleep
      apnea to determine the incidence of right heart failure and the factors involved
      in its development. Six patients (12%) were found to have right heart failure.
      There were no differences in the number of apneas between those with right heart
      failure (mean +/- SE, 30 +/- 10 per h sleep) and those without right heart
      failure (33 +/- 4 per h sleep). In contrast, mean nocturnal oxygen saturation was
      lower in patients with right heart failure (76 +/- 3%) than in those without
      right heart failure (90 +/- 1%; p less than 0.001). Furthermore, patients with
      right heart failure also had a substantially lower awake arterial PO2 (52 +/- 4
      mmHg versus 75 +/- 2 mmHg; p less than 0.001) and a higher PCO2 (51 +/- 2 mmHg
      versus 36 +/- 1 mmHg; p less than 0.001) than those without right heart failure.
      Severe nocturnal hypoxemia in the absence of diurnal hypoxemia was not associated
      with right heart failure. Daytime hypoxemia in the patients with right heart
      failure was associated with a higher residual volume (p less than 0.001) and
      lower forced expiratory volume in one second (p less than 0.001) than in the
      patients without right heart failure. The findings suggest that sustained
      hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia over a 24-h period is a necessary prerequisite for
      the development of right heart failure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea,
      and that diffuse airway obstruction plays a major role in causing such hypoxemia.

PMID- 4003934
TI  - Dimensions of the growing trachea related to body height. Length, anteroposterior
      and transverse diameters, cross-sectional area, and volume in subjects younger
      than 20 years of age.
AB  - Using computed tomography, we measured the tracheas of 100 subjects younger than
      20 yr of age. The 10 youngest were sleeping. The other 90 were awake, and most
      were measured near total lung capacity. Tracheal length, mean anteroposterior
      diameter, mean transverse diameter, mean cross-sectional area, and contained
      volume were plotted against body height for all 100 subjects. The relationships
      of these dimensions to body height were derived for the 90 subjects examined
      awake. The resulting regressions had r values of 0.88 to 0.92. The exponents for
      height were 1.22 to 1.37 for the linear dimensions, 2.58 for area, and 3.80 for
      volume. We found no differences between the sexes. Variability in diameters and
      area along individual tracheas was small, especially after early childhood. Such
      variability as occurred tended to preserve shape slightly more than size. This
      constancy allows accurate prediction of tracheal area from either tracheal
      diameter.

PMID- 4003935
TI  - Intrapulmonary chemotaxins in the normal and in the cyclophosphamide-treated
      host.
AB  - The kinetics of intrapulmonary chemotactic activity and the generation of a
      pulmonary polymorphonuclear leukocytic (PMN) response during experimental
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia were studied in normal and in cyclophosphamide
      treated guinea pigs. In normal animals, chemotactic activity for PMN appeared in
      airways promptly (2 h) after infection and preceded the influx of PMN to infected
      airways. Week-long regimens of intraperitoneally administered cyclophosphamide,
      in dosages of 7.5 mg/kg/day (low-dose) or 15 mg/kg/day (high-dose), resulted in
      systemic myelosuppression accompanied by a dose-related decrease in recruitment
      of PMN to infected airways. The chemotactic activity assayed in bronchoalveolar
      fluids obtained from low-dose-treated animals was not affected by
      cyclophosphamide. However, chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar fluids was
      significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) in animals receiving the high-dose
      cyclophosphamide regimen. Gel chromatography of bronchoalveolar fluids from
      infected animals revealed that a high molecular weight (20,000 daltons or
      greater) and a low molecular weight (5,000 daltons) chemotactic factor were
      present in normal specimens, and that both were absent from specimens obtained
      from animals receiving the high-dose treatment. Hemolytically active C5 was
      detected in infected bronchial fluids, but cyclophosphamide treatment did not
      reduce amounts of C5 in infected airways. These data suggest that in addition to
      myelosuppression, cyclophosphamide treatment impairs the capacity for pulmonary
      inflammation by reducing the normal intrapulmonary chemotactic gradient during
      infection.

PMID- 4003936
TI  - Proteoglycans from lungs of rabbits treated with pronase and cadmium chloride.
AB  - The composition of proteoglycans was studied in lungs from rabbits treated
      intratracheally with pronase, CdCl2, or saline. Proteoglycans were extracted from
      the lungs by 0.5 M and 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) in sequence.
      Proteoglycans were isolated from the extracts by CsCl isopycnic centrifugation
      and fractionated by gel filtration on a Sepharose CL-4B column. The lungs from
      pronase-treated rabbits had approximately 33% greater total uronate than did
      lungs from saline-treated control animals, whereas CdCl2-treated rabbit lungs had
      28% less uronate than did control lungs. Pronase-treated animal lungs had a
      greater proportion of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate than did the control
      animal lungs. Relatively greater amounts of uronate were extracted by 0.5 M
      GdnHCl from the enzyme-treated rabbit lungs than from the CdCl2- or saline
      treated animal lungs. The concentrations of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate
      in 0.5 M GdnHCl extract and dermatan sulfate in 4.0 M GdnHCl extract were greater
      in pronase-treated animal lungs than in control lungs. Gel filtration of
      proteoglycans sedimented at q greater than 1.45 revealed that pronase-treated
      animal lungs had proteoglycans smaller in molecular size than those in control
      lungs. The observations indicate that intratracheal treatment with pronase and
      CdCl2 alters the composition of proteoglycans in the lung, and such alterations
      are likely important in the pathogenesis of emphysema.

PMID- 4003937
TI  - The immediate effects of isosorbide dinitrate on right ventricular function in
      patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. A combined invasive and
      radionuclide study.
AB  - We administered 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate sublingually to 16 patients with
      acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF) complicated by pulmonary artery
      hypertension (PAH) and evaluated its effects 20 to 30 min later using a
      combination of invasively measured pressures and flows and ECG-gated cardiac
      scintigraphy. We measured the right and left ventricular ejection fractions and a
      simultaneous thermodilution stroke volume index; we then calculated respective
      end-diastolic (EDVI) and end-systolic (ESVI) volume indexes. An initially
      depressed mean right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) increased modestly
      after the administration of isosorbide dinitrate (35 +/- 10 to 41 +/- 10%; p less
      than 0.02), whereas both the mean right ventricular end-diastolic (-27 +/- 50
      ml/M2; p less than 0.04) and end-systolic (-27 +/- 44 ml/M2; p less than 0.03)
      volume indexes fell. The RVEF increased in 11 of 16 patients: within this
      subgroup, a decrease in the RVEDVI and RVESVI was associated with a decrease in
      both cardiac index (delta 0.3 L/min/M2) and LVEDVI (delta -15 +/- 21 ml/M2; p
      less than 0.01); hence, O2 delivery also fell (delta -36 +/- 56 ml/min/M2; p less
      than 0.05). In some patients with ARF complicated by PAH, sublingually
      administered nitrates may improve right ventricular systolic function when
      globally depressed. However, left ventricular "pump" function appears to be
      depressed when a concurrent depression in right ventricular "pump" function
      ensues.

PMID- 4003938
TI  - Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces cytotoxic activity in guinea pig bronchoalveolar
      cells.
AB  - Precultured guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AM) and freshly harvested alveolar
      cells (FHAC) activated by interaction with Mycoplasma pneumoniae were cytotoxic
      for xenogeneic 75selenomethionine-labeled tumor target cells. Phagocytosis of
      whole opsonized or nonopsonized M. pneumoniae cells was more effective in
      eliciting cytotoxicity than uptake of sonicated microorganisms. The addition of
      living mycoplasma cells to the assay system enhanced the cytotoxic effect
      considerably. Target cells were significantly more susceptible to the cytotoxic
      action of phagocytes if they were coated with mycoplasma antigen or cocultured
      together with M. pneumoniae. The activation of the phagocytes could be inhibited
      by 2-deoxy-D-glucose but not by antimicrobial substances suppressing mycoplasma
      protein synthesis. It was accompanied by 51Cr release without detectable signs of
      cell damage. The supernatants of activated cells were cytotoxic for approximately
      24 h. Inhibition, release, and cytotoxic activity indicate the necessity of an
      intact metabolism of the effector cells and suggest a secretion of cytotoxic
      substances.

PMID- 4003939
TI  - Increases in airway reactivity to histamine and inflammatory cells in
      bronchoalveolar lavage after the late asthmatic response in an animal model.
AB  - An increase in airway reactivity after the late asthmatic response (LAR) has been
      noted in humans. Although these alterations in reactivity have been proposed to
      be associated with inflammation, no clinical study of the LAR has shown both
      increased airway reactivity and evidence of pulmonary inflammation. Employing an
      animal model of the LAR in rabbits developed in our laboratory (Am Rev Respir Dis
      1982; 126:493-498), we examined changes in airway reactivity and pulmonary
      inflammation in rabbits having a late asthmatic response. Two groups of rabbits
      were studied: a control group (n = 10) received nonimmune serum, and a sensitized
      group (n = 10) received serum containing homocytotropic antibody (IgE) to ragweed
      extract (RWE) from rabbits previously immunized from birth with ragweed. Airway
      reactivity to histamine and the evaluation of different cell types in
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined 3 days before and 3 days after
      bronchial challenge with RWE in all rabbits. No control rabbit developed a LAR,
      and no significant changes occurred in this group's airway reactivity or cells in
      lavage fluid after bronchial challenge with RWE. In contrast, all sensitized
      rabbits developed a LAR, and airway reactivity for this group was markedly
      increased 3 days later. In addition, the total number of cells including both
      polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells in lavage fluid increased significantly 3
      days after the LAR. Ten days after the LAR in the sensitized group (n = 8), as
      airway reactivity returned towards baseline, so did the cells in lavage. We
      conclude that increased airway reactivity to histamine is temporally associated
      with pulmonary inflammation as defined by cells in lavage after the LAR in this
      model.

PMID- 4003941
TI  - Suppression of tuberculin hypersensitivity caused by rubella infection.
AB  - During an outbreak of rubella, more than 4,000 primary schoolchildren who had
      been vaccinated with BCG before entrance were tested with tuberculin. According
      to the status of rubella infection, they were grouped into 3 groups: those having
      experienced the disease long ago, those having shown clinical manifestations of
      rubella during this epidemic, and those without any evidence of past or recent
      disease. There was a significant depression of mean reaction size for the second
      group compared with those in the other two. The breakdown of the second group
      into 4 subgroups according to the time interval between the tuberculin test and
      the time of onset of the disease made it clear that the reaction was smallest
      within 20 days after onset and that it was then gradually restored to the healthy
      level after 30 days. There was no evidence of suppression of hypersensitivity
      among subclinical infection cases. Methodologic problems concerning tuberculin
      data analysis in this kind of research are discussed, with an emphasis on the
      importance of a quantitative approach to these considerations.

PMID- 4003940
TI  - The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of immunocompromised hosts
      with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.
AB  - To define the utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of
      immunocompromised patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, we reviewed our
      experience between January 1980, and January 1983, with 50 such patients with a
      wide variety of underlying diseases. Of these, 35 patients underwent
      bronchoscopy, including brushings, alveolar lavage, and transbronchial biopsy,
      and 15 underwent open lung biopsy; 8 patients underwent both procedures. All
      patients with a nondiagnostic bronchoscopy either recovered without specific
      antibiotic therapy or underwent an open procedure. A diagnosis was made in 29
      patients (58%). An infectious process was found in 20 patients (40%). A diagnosis
      was made bronchoscopically in 19 patients including 18 infections. Transbronchial
      biopsy was rarely diagnostic of infection when brushings were negative. For all
      diagnoses, bronchoscopy had a sensitivity of 76.9%. For all pulmonary infections,
      bronchoscopy had a sensitivity of 90%. Given a negative bronchoscopy, the
      probability that an infection was not present (i.e., predictive value negative)
      was 94.4%. Unfortunately, making a specific diagnosis did not appear to greatly
      improve survival. We conclude that in this setting: (1) fiberoptic bronchoscopy
      is an extremely sensitive procedure for diagnosing pulmonary infections, (2)
      bronchial brushings are as useful as transbronchial biopsies for diagnosing
      nonfungal infections, (3) these procedures are less useful for diagnosing
      noninfectious conditions, and (4) in the face of a negative bronchoscopic
      procedure, there is a very low probability that an infectious process will be
      found with an open biopsy.

PMID- 4003942
TI  - A longitudinal study of bronchodilator responsiveness in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The prevalence of bronchodilator responsiveness was evaluated in 20 outpatients
      with cystic fibrosis (CF) every 1 to 3 months for a 1-yr period and in 20
      patients with CF during a hospital admission. All but 1 subject (95%) showed a
      significant bronchodilator response at least once on an outpatient basis;
      nonhospitalized subjects were responsive 49% of the time. Bronchodilator
      responsiveness was unrelated to long-term pulmonary severity or indexes of atopy
      but it was significantly influenced by season of the year; 70% of the population
      was responsive in winter compared with 25% in summer. Bronchodilator
      responsiveness increased during hospital admission together with improvement in
      baseline values; 23% of the population was responsive during the first 3 days
      compared with 80% by the end of the second week of admission. After discharge, a
      reverse pattern occurred, with decrease in bronchodilator responsiveness and a
      fall in baseline values. However, in some patients, bronchodilator responsiveness
      was lost when baseline values were still at their best. Bronchodilator
      responsiveness in CF tends to undulate with pulmonary exacerbations of the
      disease.

PMID- 4003944
TI  - Fluid loading increases oxygen consumption in septic patients with lactic
      acidosis.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated 20 patients with systemic sepsis and signs of
      circulatory failure to determine if fluid loading was associated with increases
      in systemic oxygen delivery (DO2) and consumption (VO2). Fluid loading led to an
      increase in DO2 in 14 patients (70%). Patients who demonstrated increased DO2
      with a corresponding increase in VO2 (Group A, n = 8) had significantly higher (p
      less than 0.05) initial blood lactate levels (4.9 +/- 2.9 mmol/L, mean +/- SD)
      than did patients without an increase in VO2 (Group B, n = 6, 1.9 +/- 1.0
      mmol/L). A decrease in DO2 that was attributed to hemodilution was noted in the
      remaining 6 patients (Group C). Group C exhibited elevated lactate levels (5.1 +/
      2.4 mmol/L) and no significant changes in VO2. We conclude that lactic acidosis,
      a marker of anaerobic metabolism, predicts increases in VO2 in septic patients
      who respond to fluid loading with an increase in DO2.

PMID- 4003943
TI  - Oxygen toxicity in rats. Varied effect of dexamethasone treatment depending on
      duration of hyperoxia.
AB  - The low rate of survival in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS) may in part reflect a failure to consider that the lung's response to
      applied therapies may not be constant throughout the course of illness. To test
      this notion, we used hyperoxia to produce progressive lung damage in rats and
      administered dexamethasone at different times during O2 exposures of various
      lengths. Dexamethasone improved survival and decreased lung damage if given when
      exposure to hyperoxia was to be soon terminated; pulmonary inflammation was
      marked at the time at which the administration of dexamethasone led to increased
      survival. Dexamethasone worsened lung damage and diminished survival when given
      early during exposure to hyperoxia; inflammation was minimal early in the course
      of exposure to hyperoxia. These findings point to the need for a more analytical
      approach to research on therapy of ARDS; agents that are harmful at one time may
      be beneficial at another time.

PMID- 4003945
TI  - Who needs home oxygen?

PMID- 4003946
TI  - Effect of rifampicin administration on theophylline pharmacokinetics in humans.
AB  - Theophylline pharmacokinetics were studied before and after rifampicin
      administration (600 mg daily for 1 wk). Rifampicin reduced the area under the
      concentration-time curve by 18% after the oral administration of sustained
      release aminophylline (450 mg) to 7 normal subjects (p less than 0.05) and
      increased the metabolic clearance and volume of distribution by 45% (p less than
      0.05) and 17% (p less than 0.05), respectively, after the intravenous
      administration of aminophylline (5 mg/kg over 30 min) to 8 normal subjects. These
      findings are consistent with an inducing and choleretic effect of rifampicin on
      theophylline disposition. In patients receiving theophylline, blood levels should
      be monitored closely and dosage adjusted if rifampicin therapy is introduced or
      withdrawn.

PMID- 4003947
TI  - Dosage of antituberculous drugs in obese patients.
AB  - There are no published data defining efficacious drug therapy for obese patients
      with active tuberculosis. Current dosage recommendations are based on total body
      weight (TBW); drug toxicity might result in obese patients receiving TBW doses.
      Peak and trough serum levels were measured for rifampin, streptomycin,
      ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in an obese patient (166 kg TBW, 87 kg ideal body
      weight (IBW] with miliary and meningeal tuberculosis. The observed drug levels
      and the calculated serum half-lives of these drugs were compared with the
      expected serum levels and serum half-lives in lean patients treated with
      literature-recommended doses. The observed serum levels in our obese patients
      were within the expected range for lean patients when dosage was based on IBW
      rather than on TBW. The observed cerebrospinal fluid penetrations of the drugs
      studied in our obese patient were similar to those reported in lean patients.

PMID- 4003948
TI  - Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia associated with the acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) is characterized by interstitial
      accumulation of mature lymphocytes, plasma cells, and reticuloendothelial cells
      and is often an unremitting process unresponsive to immunosuppressive therapy.
      The patient described in this report had severe candidal esophagitis and
      immunologic findings consistent with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). There was no evidence of pulmonary infection with Pneumocystis carinii,
      cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, or Cryptococcus neoformans.
      Open lung biopsy revealed multiple discrete nodular foci of inflammation and
      alveolar inflammation. The inflammatory cells were largely lymphocytes and
      histiocytes. Thus, LIP may be an infrequent complication of AIDS. Epstein-Barr
      virus and Chlamydia trachomatis are potential etiologic agents, but a specific
      cause remains to be identified. This disorder has been described with a higher
      frequency in pediatric AIDS.

PMID- 4003950
TI  - Air flow limitation in children: narrow airways or large lungs?

PMID- 4003949
TI  - Pseudomembranous necrotizing bronchial aspergillosis. A variant of invasive
      aspergillosis in a patient with hemophilia and acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - A 15-yr-old male hemophiliac developed the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). His terminal illness was characterized by rapidly progressive respiratory
      failure with intermittent wheezing, nonresponsive to bronchodilator and steroid
      therapy. Postmortem examination revealed a pseudomembrane covering the mucosa of
      the lower trachea and bronchi of both lungs. This pseudomembrane was composed
      predominantly of fungal hyphae speciated as Aspergillus niger. There was
      widespread transmural necrotizing bronchitis and fungal invasion that extended to
      involve a narrow zone of peribronchial tissues. The intervening lung parenchyma
      was free of fungal disease. This unique form of bronchitis is a distinct variant
      of invasive aspergillosis and merits recognition because of its clinical and
      prognostic implications.

PMID- 4003951
TI  - Pathogenesis of pleural plaques.

PMID- 4003952
TI  - Protection of human rights in research investigations.

PMID- 4003953
TI  - [Mediastinal tumors in children].
AB  - Forty patients with primary mediastinal masses, treated at the Children's
      Hospital "La Fe" between 1971-1983, were review. Malignant neoplasms were the
      most common pathology in this series (23 cases), followed by benign lesions (10
      cases), congenital malformations (five cases) and inflammatory diseases (two
      cases). Complementary explorations for the preoperative evaluation of theses
      masses is discussed. Surgical removal was carried out on all tumors. Mortality
      caused by performing biopsy on lymphomas was high. Two of the five congenital
      malformations were removed. The other three did not receive any therapy. All
      patients having benign tumors are alive except one who had a cardiac teratoma
      diagnosed at necropsy. Eleven of the patients with malignant neoplasms are alive,
      with a median follow-up time two years and nine months.

PMID- 4003954
TI  - [Digestive complications of Campylobacter enteritis].
AB  - Fifty children with acute diarrhoea, in which the only germ found in stools was
      Campylobacter fetus jejuni, are studied. Digestive complications occurred are
      discussed. Nine (18%) had lactose malabsorption, associated in two (4%) with
      saccharose malabsorption and in one (2%) with cow's milk protein intolerance. All
      complications were temporary, and carbohydrate malabsorption disappeared between
      one and three months.

PMID- 4003956
TI  - [Postoperative obstructive abdominal complications in children].
AB  - In the pediatric surgical Department of the "Le Fe" Hospital, from January 1971
      to December 1982 2,350 laparotomies were performed in neonates, infants and
      children. In 67 patients abdominal surgery was complicated by bowel obstruction
      for which a second laparotomy had to be performed. In 86.56%, of patients with
      obstruction (58 cases) this became obvious during the first three months after
      the previous operation. In 54 out of the 67 patients reviewed (80.59%), adhesions
      were the cause for obstruction and only twelve was this caused by an abscess.

PMID- 4003955
TI  - [Trisomy 5p: a report of 2 cases].
AB  - Authors report two patients from different families who present similar
      abnormalities caused by an "almost complete" trisomy of the short arm of
      chromosome 5 [case No. 1: 46, XY, der (20), t (5; 20) (p11;p13), mat; case No.2:
      46, XY, dup (5p)]. Several family members of case No. 1 were balanced
      translocation carriers. Case No. 2 is probably due to de novo duplication.
      Clinical findings in our cases and those cited in the literature allow
      identification of certain main features characteristic of "almost complete"
      trisomy 5p: hypotonia, weak cry, mongoloid slant of eyes, epicanthus, depressed
      nasal bridge, auricular anomalies, bilateral cryptorchidism and, less frequently,
      macrocephaly, micrognathia and club feet.

PMID- 4003957
TI  - [Amniotic band syndrome].
AB  - The amniotic band syndrome is a collection of malformations of unclear
      etiopathogenesis and wide clinical significance. In this article, the
      characteristics of a series of eight children suffering from this syndrome are
      presented. Furthermore, the different aspects of the syndrome, the proposed
      etiologic theories, prenatal and postnatal diagnoses, and the therapeutic
      possibilities, from genetic counseling to surgical intervention, are discussed.

PMID- 4003958
TI  - [Tracheal diverticulum associated with esophageal atresia].

PMID- 4003959
TI  - [Neonatal form of myotonic dystrophy].

PMID- 4003960
TI  - [Extralobar pulmonary sequestration].

PMID- 4003961
TI  - [Triphalangeal thumb. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 4003962
TI  - [Doors syndrome].

PMID- 4003963
TI  - Automated classification of lymphoid cells.
AB  - A morphometric study using a commercially manufactured automated analyzer was
      carried out on 18,742 circulating blood lymphoid cells obtained from patients
      suffering from a lymphoid blood disorder and from healthy controls. A sequence of
      statistical procedures was applied to the multiparameter morphometric data,
      enabling us to divide up the cell population into classes and to represent a
      given cell sample by a vector whose coordinates correspond to the distribution of
      the cells among the different classes (the lymphoid differential count).
      Automatic classification of the samples was carried out using this model. The
      groups obtained roughly matched the cytologic diagnosis, even though no
      diagnostic indications were added to the morphometric data. The lymphoid
      differential also permits good discrimination between chronic lymphoid leukemia
      and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The method, suitable for large data sets,
      performs a reduction of the data that, because of its flexibility, achieves a
      compromise between loss of information and ease of application. It appears well
      suited for multiparameter studies of cell subpopulations whose morphologic
      features form a continuum and for which prior delimitation of classes is
      difficult, poorly reproducible or artificial.

PMID- 4003964
TI  - High-resolution automated microscopy.

PMID- 4003965
TI  - Colpohistologic correlations. A computerized study.
AB  - Data from 300 colposcopic cases were computerized to study the correlations
      between the colposcopic observations and the histologic and other data.
      Colposcopy was shown to be most useful in women under 35 years of age. Use of
      oral contraceptives (the Pill) seemed to relate to a higher level of successful
      colposcopic visualization and may even prevent the need for conization, based on
      a higher incidence of negative endocervical curettages. Although 14.5% of the
      cases were colposcopically undergraded and 17% overgraded when compared to the
      histopathology, the histologic predictability of the colposcopic observation of
      white epithelium and vascular changes (punctation and mosaicism) was excellent.
      Colposcopy remains an essential technique in the appraisal and management of
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 4003966
TI  - Computer grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplastic lesions. I. Cytologic
      indices.
AB  - In an attempt to derive a computer-assisted grading for cervical intraepithelial
      neoplastic (CIN) lesions, apparent discrepancies with the visual diagnostic
      evaluation could be explained from the data structure of the objective
      assessment. The 40 cases of dysplasia in this study appeared to fall into two
      subgroups having different curves of progression. A smaller subgroup, visually
      graded as milder, less-severe CIN, exhibited dysplastic cells with unexpectedly
      high abnormality indices. A larger subgroup showed dysplastic cells with
      abnormality indices in agreement with the tissue assessment.

PMID- 4003967
TI  - Simultaneous staining of nuclear DNA and blood group cell surface antigens on
      cells from bladder irrigation fluid.
AB  - Simultaneous staining of nuclear DNA and blood group cell-surface antigens is
      proposed as a means of studying the prognosis of superficial bladder cancer. The
      quality of the results obtained on urothelial cells from bladder irrigation
      fluid, as shown by fluorescence microscopy, suggests that this staining technique
      may be suitable for flow cytometry.

PMID- 4003968
TI  - Physician-nurse relationships.
AB  - Disagreement between physicians and nurses regarding patient care is not always a
      negative factor and often serves to protect patients. How disagreement is
      handled, however, and whether it is adequately resolved may adversely affect
      patient care. Physicians and nurses were questioned regarding the nature of their
      relationship, areas of disagreement related to patient care, and how disagreement
      gets resolved. Seventy percent of the physicians and 69% of the nurses described
      relationships as mostly positive. Disagreements were categorized into four areas,
      with the greatest number relating to the patient's general plan of care.
      Resolutions of these disagreements were described by 65% of physician and 53% of
      nurse as competitive in nature. Few examples of joint problem-solving
      (collaboration) were seen.

PMID- 4003969
TI  - Nurses and physicians: prospects for collaboration.

PMID- 4003971
TI  - The GPEP Report: I. Preparation for medical school.

PMID- 4003970
TI  - Management of myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 4003972
TI  - Edrophonium: a useful provocative test for esophageal chest pain.
AB  - Esophageal motility disorders may be an important cause of noncardiac chest pain.
      To improve our diagnostic yield, we studied the use of edrophonium as a
      provocative test for inducing esophageal chest pain in 50 symptomatic patients
      without coronary artery disease and in 25 age-matched controls. Edrophonium (80
      micrograms/kg of body weight, intravenous bolus) induced chest pain in 15 (30%)
      patients and in no controls. Edrophonium increased esophageal amplitude and
      repetitive contractions to a similar degree in all subjects, but the change in
      duration (101 +/- 13% [SE] was significantly greater (p less than 0.02) in
      patients in whom chest pain was induced. Drug specificity was assessed in 9
      patients during cardiac catheterization, but no significant change was seen in
      coronary artery diameter, blood pressure, or heart rate. Further clinical testing
      using a placebo control confirmed a positivity rate of 28% in 125 unselected
      patients with chest pain referred to our laboratory; false-positive tests were
      infrequent (5.6%). No important side effects were seen. Edrophonium is useful for
      provoking esophageal chest pain.

PMID- 4003973
TI  - Health implications of obesity. National Institutes of Health Consensus
      Development Conference Statement.

PMID- 4003974
TI  - Body composition in amenorrheic athletic women.

PMID- 4003975
TI  - Verapamil and myoclonic dystonia.

PMID- 4003976
TI  - Scleroderma and the esophagus.

PMID- 4003977
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, and risks of lymphoid irradiation.

PMID- 4003978
TI  - Granulomatous angiitis and the pituitary gland.

PMID- 4003979
TI  - Thyroid disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, and splenic atrophy.

PMID- 4003980
TI  - Amiodarone and antithyroid antibodies.

PMID- 4003981
TI  - Chlorpropamide and an Antabuse-like reaction.

PMID- 4003982
TI  - Thrombolysis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis.

PMID- 4003983
TI  - The general internist and gatekeepers.

PMID- 4003984
TI  - Neurotoxicity of metronidazole.

PMID- 4003985
TI  - Choice of potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics.

PMID- 4003986
TI  - Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen as the sole hepatitis B marker in
      hospital personnel.
AB  - The epidemiologic and serologic differences between hospital employees with
      antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) alone or in combination with
      antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were evaluated. Of 105
      employees with anti-HBs, 38 (36%) did not have anti-HBc. Sera from employees with
      anti-HBs alone had significantly lower mean sample ratio units of anti-HBs than
      sera with both antibodies (15.9 +/- 43.2 as compared to 110.3 +/- 73.9, p less
      than 0.0005) and more commonly had less than 10 sample ratio units of anti-HBs
      (32 [84%] of 38 as compared to 9 [13%] of 67, p = 0.0001). The anti-HBs in sera
      with anti-HBs alone was predominantly IgM as shown by inactivation with 2
      mercaptoethanol and the presence of anti-HBs activity in serum IgM fractions.
      Failure of protection from hepatitis B virus infection in persons with anti-HBs
      alone and the presence of nonprotective IgM anti-HBs in chimpanzees has been
      reported. Our data suggest the use of anti-HBs as a single serologic screening
      test for hepatitis B virus immunization programs may not be reliable in
      identifying employees with protective antibodies.

PMID- 4003988
TI  - Familial gastroesophageal reflux and development of Barrett's esophagus.
AB  - The family of an elderly man with Barrett's esophagus was examined for
      gastroesophageal reflux and development of Barrett's esophagus. All five living
      children have gastroesophageal reflux or esophagitis, or both, and three have
      unequivocal Barrett's esophagus. Two third-generation descendents have
      gastroesophageal reflux. This pattern suggests autosomal dominant transmission of
      the gastroesophageal reflux trait. The family also has a high prevalence of
      cancer, which may represent the cancer family syndrome.

PMID- 4003987
TI  - Comparison of intramuscular and intravenous recombinant alpha-2 interferon in
      melanoma and other cancers.
AB  - In two phase I-II trials, 33 patients were given recombinant interferon alpha-2
      daily at dosages of 3, 10, 30, 50, or 100 MU/d for up to 4 weeks by intramuscular
      or intravenous routes. Dose-limiting toxicities, including neutropenia, elevated
      hepatocellular enzyme levels, fatigue, and disturbed mentation, correlated with
      differing serum pharmacokinetics of interferon in the two trials. In the
      intramuscular study, dose-limiting toxicity occurred at all dosages greater than
      10 MU/d, at a median of 6 to 9 days of treatment. In the intravenous dose-study,
      limiting toxicity was seen only at dosages of 100 MU/d, at a median of day 8.
      Twenty-three patients had metastatic melanoma and 4 had objective partial or
      complete responses at dosages of 10 to 50 MU/d in the first month. Two patients
      with complete responses are free of tumor after 2.5 years of follow-up. A fifth
      patient had delayed complete regression, requiring 1 year to achieve maximum
      response, but remains free of disease at 26 months since entry to the trial.
      Interferon had antitumor activity against melanoma by both routes tested, at
      dosages of 10 to 50 MU/d.

PMID- 4003989
TI  - Danazol therapy in myelodysplasia.
AB  - Platelet-associated IgG was markedly elevated in three patients with
      myelodysplasia and severe thrombocytopenia that had become refractory to platelet
      transfusions. The patients were treated with danazol because of its efficacy in
      treating immune thrombocytopenic purpura where platelet destruction is primarily
      mediated by IgG autoantibodies. After danazol therapy, the platelet counts of
      each patient rose and clinical bleeding stopped, and a decline in hemolysis was
      seen in two patients. Danazol probably impeded the peripheral clearance of cells
      by macrophages; however, a beneficial effect of danazol on hematopoiesis cannot
      be excluded.

PMID- 4003990
TI  - Streptokinase lysis of intraventricular thrombus and pulmonary emboli with
      resolution of acquired intracardiac shunt.

PMID- 4003991
TI  - Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.

PMID- 4003993
TI  - [Treatment of primary bronchopulmonary cancers: current prospects].

PMID- 4003992
TI  - [Current aspect of Sheehan's syndrome. 20 cases].
AB  - The 20 women investigated were 22 to 59 years old (average 35.9 +/- 2.3 years)
      when the diagnosis of Sheehan's syndrome was confirmed. Fourteen had had previous
      pregnancies, 6 were primiparas; average parity was 4. The patients were delivered
      in hospital, in France, in 14 cases, and abroad (Algeria, Portugal) at home in 6
      cases. A history of severe haemorrhage during delivery was recorded in all but 2
      cases. This was serious enough to warrant hysterectomy in 2 cases. Agalactia and
      amenorrhea were observed in all but 1 case in the immediate post-partum period.
      Transient polyuria and polydipsia occurred in 3 patients. In the months following
      birth, most women lead restricted lives; they were apathetic, asthenic and
      indifferent. The diagnosis was established under three different circumstances:
      in the majority (15/20) on clinical grounds, in 3 cases after acute adrenal
      failure, in 2 cases, fortuitously. Clinical examination showed signs of global
      anterior hypophyseal insufficiency involving thyroid, adrenal and gonad
      stimulating hormones in 14 cases; in 6 cases, the pituitary failure was
      dissociated. Corticotrophin, somatotropin and prolactin deficiencies were
      observed in all patients; gonadotrophin (17/20) and thyrotrophin (16/20)
      deficiencies were common. The diagnosis was confirmed less than 1 month (2 cases)
      to over 12 years (7 cases) after obstetric haemorrhage (average 6.9 +/- 1.9
      years). No correlation was observed between the severity of the syndrome and this
      time interval. The short term outcome was favourable with return of menstruation
      and even pregnancy in one patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4003994
TI  - [Exercise test in patients over 70 years of age].
AB  - One hundred and sixty-four out of 171 prescribed tests were carried out (96 p.
      100) in 48 women aged 70 to 85 years (mean 74,3 years), and 116 men aged 70 to 84
      years (mean 73,4 years). The indications were: coronary artery disease (113
      cases), cardiac arrhythmias (44 cases), cardiac failure (12 cases), hypertension
      (9 cases) and assessment of apparently normal subjects (7 cases). The tests were
      performed on a bicycle ergometer in the upright position; the work load was
      increased stepwise every 3 minutes with automatic electrocardiographic recording.
      37.2 p. 100 of subjects exceeded 90 p. 100 of the maximal predicted heart rate
      for age; 23.2 p. 100 failed to achieve 75 p. 100 of the target heart rate. There
      were no serious complications but 4.2 p. 100 minor incidents occurred. The mean
      maximum work load was 66,5 watts (71.9 W for men and 53.5 W for women). These
      results show that exercise testing is possible in geriatric patients and provides
      information of comparable value to that obtained in younger patients. The
      investigation is safe when performed under strict medical supervision.

PMID- 4003995
TI  - [Reversible bone marrow hypoplasia in a case of male anorexia nervosa].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 17 year old boy with anorexia nervosa and bone
      marrow hypoplasia. After a 14 kg weight loss, the patient had pancytopenia,
      morphological abnormalities of the red cells (acanthocytes, schizocytes), without
      hemolysis, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Bone marrow biopsy showed a marked
      reduction of hematopoietic cells with striking diffuse interstitial oedema.
      Clinical recovery, during the next 6 months, was associated with a return of the
      haematological changes to normal and to a disappearance of hypogonadism. Anorexia
      nervosa is a rare entity in boys. In all probability, bone marrow hypoplasia is
      not a well known feature of this disorder. The haematological changes are
      reversible with improvement of nutritional status.

PMID- 4003996
TI  - [Spectrometric and ultrastructural study of pneumopathy induced by amiodarone].

PMID- 4003997
TI  - [Association of lymphoepithelial thymoma and systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 4003998
TI  - [Exudative enteropathies of cardiac origin].

PMID- 4003999
TI  - Corneal curvature modification by scleral surgery: preliminary results.
AB  - The preliminary results of a scleral technique designed to correct mixed and
      myopic compound astigmatism are given, and the mathematical basis of this
      technique is explained. The amount of scleral resection per diopter of
      astigmatism is indicated. This procedure steepens the flattest meridian and
      flattens the meridian localized at 90 degrees from the first one.

PMID- 4004001
TI  - Evolution of lacquer cracks in high myopia.
AB  - The evolution of lacquer cracks is documented by serial fundus photography and
      fluorescein angiography in a 27-year-old man with high myopia. The case report
      provides some insight into the possible pathogenic mechanism of lacquer crack
      formation.

PMID- 4004002
TI  - Corticosteroids in corneal endothelial wound healing.
AB  - Corticosteroids have inhibitory effects on corneal endothelial wound healing in
      organ-culture conditions. Low concentrations of methylprednisolone added to the
      culture medium inhibited the healing attempt and induced intracellular
      degenerative vacuoles and diffuse cell disintegration. Higher concentrations were
      highly toxic to the cell morphology and physiology and caused pronounced
      endothelial cell damage. These observations are compared with the normal healing
      of endothelial wounds in organ-culture conditions. Cell proliferation and
      amitotic and mitotic cell divisions repaired the endothelial layer in normal
      corneas.

PMID- 4004000
TI  - Retinal pigment epithelium tear as a cause of vitreous hemorrhage.
AB  - Tearing of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can complicate its detachment in
      the course of senile macular degeneration. In the majority of cases, there is
      progression to the formation of a macular fibrous scar with poor visual outcome.
      There have not been any previous reports of vitreous hemorrhage complicating RPE
      tear. We describe the findings in a 65-year-old man who was observed pre- and
      posttearing of a serous RPE detachment. He was receiving chronic aspirin therapy
      for recurrent headaches and developed a vitreous hemorrhage five weeks following
      the RPE tear.

PMID- 4004003
TI  - Matched comparison of Goldmann perimetry and automated two-zone suprathreshold
      Dicon perimetry in open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - Goldmann kinetic perimetry is a commonly used measurement of visual field defects
      in open-angle glaucoma. The many new automated perimeters should be assessed
      against this common standard with a view to comparing their sensitivity in making
      clinical judgments of the presence and extent of a visual field defect. This
      study compares the Coopervision Dicon 2000 perimeter and its automated two-zone
      suprathreshold program with Goldmann kinetic perimetry in 26 patients with open
      angle glaucoma. The two-zone suprathreshold testing program on the Coopervision
      Dicon perimeter was found to be at least as sensitive as the Goldmann kinetic
      perimeter in identifying the presence and extent of visual field defects in open
      angle glaucoma.

PMID- 4004004
TI  - Palinopsia and bitemporal visual extinction on fixation.
AB  - Spontaneous palinopsia (visual perseveration) and bitemporal visual extinction
      provoked only by ocular fixation developed in a patient with multiple sclerosis
      who had chronic bilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis. There were no signs of
      hemispheral compromise. The intermittent visual symptoms seemingly arose from the
      lesioned optic nerves, but were probably integrated at a cortical level.
      Palinopsia, classically considered diagnostic of posterior hemispheral cortical
      lesions, can also occur in patients with peripherally placed lesions of the
      visual pathways.

PMID- 4004005
TI  - Confusion of a poststreptococcal syndrome complicated by uveitis with
      mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
AB  - This article describes the case of a 13-year-old black male who fulfilled the
      diagnostic criteria for mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS), but developed
      severe posterior uveitis. Because severe posterior uveitis is not reported in
      MLNS, the patient's diagnostic evaluation was repeated and a markedly elevated
      antistreptolysin O titer detected. Since severe posterior uveitis is known to
      complicate streptococcal infection, we concluded this was the more likely
      etiology of the child's illness. This was an important differentiation, because
      prednisone therapy was felt to be indicated for the uveitis but is
      contraindicated in MLNS. This case also highlights the importance of careful and
      sometimes repeated diagnostic evaluation before the description of a previously
      unreported manifestation of a disease for which no single diagnostic test exists.
      If the diagnostic workup had not been repeated, this child would have been
      reported as having severe posterior uveitis complicating MLNS.

PMID- 4004006
TI  - Conjunctival rhinosporidiosis.
AB  - Rhinosporidium seeberi is the fungus that causes rhinosporidiosis, which affects
      the mucocutaneous tissue of humans and domestic animals. Ten cases of
      conjunctival rhinosporidosis have been reported in the United States. This is a
      case report of conjunctival rhinosporidosis that is believed to be the 11th
      reported from the United States and the only case reported from Arkansas. A
      clinical and pathologic description of the disease is given.

PMID- 4004007
TI  - Centripetal subretinal flow.
AB  - An unfamiliar concept, the presence of centripetal flow in the subretinal space,
      is proposed as explaining the maculopathy of Coats's and von Hippel-Lindau's
      syndromes. If this flow exists, our recognition of it will contribute to
      understanding the etiology of other posterior-pole disorders, and possibly to
      their treatment as well. The obvious and important posterior-pole disorder to
      which this is applicable is macular degeneration, especially diskiform macular
      degeneration. Laser treatments designed to reduce the amount of peripheral
      retinal biologic waste production should reduce the work load of the macular
      disposal system, thereby prolonging its useful life.

PMID- 4004008
TI  - A statistical analysis of radial keratotomy results.
AB  - Radial keratotomy surgery was begun in a private ophthalmologic practice in July
      1980. A statistical analysis of the first 557 cases is presented. The mean
      postoperative refractive error was -4.00 diopters. One year after surgery, 95% of
      the patients with a preoperative refractive error of -3.00 diopters or less had a
      visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and 79% of those with a refractive error of 
      3.25 to -6.00 diopters had a visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The mean decrease
      in keratotomy readings at six months postoperatively was 2.95 diopters. Of the
      patients with a preoperative refractive error of less than 6 diopters, 85% wore
      glasses rarely or not at all, whereas 15% wore a refractive correction full time.

PMID- 4004009
TI  - Common causes of blindness: a pilot survey in Brooklyn, New York.
AB  - The causes of blindness in 105 consecutive legally blind patients were analyzed
      in a large urban multidisciplinary medical center. It was found that the leading
      causes of blindness, in order of frequency of incidence, were glaucoma, diabetic
      retinopathy, senile macular degeneration, and cataract. The periodic collection
      of statistics on the relative frequency of the causes of blindness is strongly
      suggested so that possible changes and improvements in health care may be
      determined.

PMID- 4004010
TI  - Axenfeld's syndrome associated with systemic abnormalities.
AB  - A case of Axenfeld's syndrome occurring in a 29-year-old woman is described. In
      addition to ocular findings, the patient had multiple skeletal, auditory, and
      cardiac anomalies, including tetralogy of Fallot in a relationship previously
      unreported.

PMID- 4004012
TI  - Retinal tear associated with gravity boot use.
AB  - A case of retinal tear without detachment is presented that is presumed to be
      associated with use of a gravity guidance system--"gravity boots." Such an
      occurrence has not been previously reported.

PMID- 4004011
TI  - Giant-cell arteritis with bilateral uveitic glaucoma.
AB  - Bilateral uveitic glaucoma occurred in a patient with giant-cell arteritis. The
      mechanism appeared to be immunologic, not ischemic.

PMID- 4004013
TI  - Plasma exchange in the treatment of Mooren's ulcer.
AB  - We report a case of early progressive Mooren's ulcer in which plasma exchange was
      attempted as a means of modifying the immune response. This therapy alone was not
      successful, but might be successfully combined with cytostatics and
      conjunctivectomy.

PMID- 4004014
TI  - The effect of prophylactic acetazolamide on the intraocular pressure rise
      associated with Healon-aided intraocular lens surgery.
AB  - Sixteen consecutive patients undergoing primary posterior chamber lens insertion
      with Healon were followed closely for any postoperative rise in intraocular
      pressure. Patients were divided into an experimental group (who received
      acetazolamide) and a control group (no acetazolamide). Careful attention was
      given to the same operative technique and the amount of Healon left in the eye.
      The treated group showed a mean intraocular pressure of 14.7 mm Hg, whereas the
      pressure in the control group was 22.6 mm Hg on the first postoperative day.
      These findings support the rationale for the use of prophylactic acetazolamide as
      an adjunct to Healon-aided cataract surgery.

PMID- 4004015
TI  - [Peculiarly slow development of several acoustic neuromas. Management].
AB  - Thirteen patients presented with neurinomas of particularly slow evolution,
      including 5 cases with a history of over 20 years chronicity. These cases appear
      to be more common after 60 years of age and correspond often to stage I and II
      tumors. The decision to operate to resect the tumors is a difficult one to make,
      particularly in the bilateral forms.

PMID- 4004016
TI  - [Cranial and cervical metastases of vascular nature in thyroid cancer. Apropos of
      2 cases].
AB  - Vesicular and papillovesicular thyroid cancers provoke metastases in bone, but
      also of the pseudo-aneurysmal lymph node type. When the latter develop in the
      craniocervical region, they are often diagnosed as vascular tumors (arteriovenous
      malformation, glomus tumor). It is now possible, by embolization, to excise these
      lesions although this involves therapeutic audacity. Surgery is not always
      sufficient, and complementary 131-Iodine treatment should be used routinely, but
      it is justified for this type of metastasis as shown by survival rate in these
      patients.

PMID- 4004017
TI  - [The YAG-Nd laser in bronchology. Its role in noncancer pathology].
AB  - Whereas the CO2 laser has rapidly become an essential tool in laryngology, only a
      few teams use the YAG-Nd laser in bronchology. This is due to several factors,
      these explaining the reason for the slow diffusion of a method that has been
      available for 5 years. Firstly, indications are and will be very limited, and are
      mainly palliative in scope, particularly for tracheobronchial cancer, which
      represents half of the cases treated. Secondly, many endoscopic resections are
      dangerous and conducted at the price of a risk of asphyxia. They require an
      operative protocol and follow up surveillance of perfect security. Finally, it is
      evident that flexible endoscopic material is poorly adapted to this technique and
      indications have to be restricted by those who refuse to return to the archaic
      rigid tube.

PMID- 4004019
TI  - [Does proprioception of the extrinsic eye muscles participate in equilibrium,
      vision and oculomotor action?].
AB  - Extrinsic eye muscles respond to both proprioceptive and visual impulses.
      Histology of ocular proprioceptive receptors shows them to be qualitatively and
      original, neuromuscular bundles are found in primates, and so called "palisade
      sensory nerve endings" in felines. Golgi's osteotendinous receptors are
      apparently absent. The number of muscle receptors is high and their proportion in
      relation to muscle weight even more so. The afferent pathway for this sensory
      system initially accompanies the motor fibers of oculomotor III, IV, ans VI
      nerves. Some fibers continue with these nerves to the brain stem while others
      join the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (probably in the cavernous
      sinus). Cell bodies of proprioceptive fibers are located either in the
      mesencephalic root of the trigeminal nerve and in the Gasserian ganglion. The
      superior colliculus, center of eye-head coordination integration, also receives
      proprioceptive data. Proprioceptive afferent signals also project on two
      cerebellar cortex regions, one in the VI th and VII th lobules of the posterior
      lobe vermis, the other in the flocculus, all major centers for control and
      interaction of visuocervicovestibular activity. Extraocular proprioceptive
      impulses play an important role as do visual influx, in the maturation of the
      visual cortex in mammalia. Moreover, maintenance of binocular integration appears
      to require both coherent binocular vision and balanced bilateral, extraocular
      afferent impulses. Clinical consequences are multiple. Proprioceptive imbalance
      due to oculomotor dysfunction could explain the attendant visual deficit, which
      is reversible after correction of they motor disorder. Forced excentration of
      gaze provokes equilibrium disturbances in normal subjects. In cases of oculomotor
      palsy, the accompanying vertigo often observed could thus be due a lack of
      coordination between the intention of movement and its execution. Many oculomotor
      signs are dependent on the position of gaze alone, in the absence of any visual
      guide: end-position nystagmus gaze nystagmus, rebound nystagmus, gaze drift,
      periodic alternating and vertical superior nystagmus, ocular flutter and
      opsoclonus, nystagmus retractorius, etc. Proprioceptive impulses from extrinsic
      eye muscles are probably necessary for assessment of orbital coordinates of the
      ocular globe position during target fixation: this emphasizes the importance of
      this proprioceptive factor in the origin of ocular jerks. Proprioceptive impulses
      may play a crucial role in the triggering of the rapid phase of nystagmus, thus
      conditioning the variations in amplitude seen in provoked nystagmus tests.

PMID- 4004018
TI  - [Concentration of various bioelements in the serum of otosclerosis patients].
AB  - Serum biochemistry was monitored in 50 patients with otosclerosis confirmed
      surgically. Age distribution was 25 to 50 years (mean:30 years), and the group
      included 8 men. Constants determined were serum sodium, potassium, chlorine,
      iron, phosphorus, aluminium, magnesium, copper and alkaline phosphatase. All
      patients were free from systemic or metabolic disease. Results failed to
      demonstrate variations in sodium, potassium, iron, and chlorine concentrations
      when compared with controls, with non-significant differences in copper,
      magnesium, phosphorus, aluminium and alkaline phosphatases. These findings were
      observed both in young patients in whom the otosclerotic process is in the active
      phase, and in older patients, this excluding correlations between duration of the
      disease and variations in concentrations of specific ions. The presence of
      aluminium in the active otosclerotic process is therefore due to local factors of
      which the mechanism is unknown at the present time.

PMID- 4004020
TI  - [Surgery of pericannular recurrence and extensive tumors of the trachea].
AB  - Treatment proposed for pericannular recurrence and previously irradiated vast,
      extensive, subglottotracheal tumors involves the performance of a manubriectomy
      with reconstruction using a musculocutaneous flap. The former solves the problem
      of the route of approach and local carcinologic safety and the latter provides a
      solution to the problem of congruence of trachea and presternal teguments as well
      as postoperative complications by protecting the brachiocephalic arterial trunk.

PMID- 4004022
TI  - [Therapeutic trials of nasal heating in chronic allergic and nonallergic
      rhinitis].

PMID- 4004021
TI  - [Injuries caused by gunshots in the ear. Surgical treatment].
AB  - The Authors studied 14 cases of ear injuries caused by gunshots. All the patients
      were submitted to surgery to eliminate infection and to remove the bullets.
      Facial nerve decompression or repair was made in 12 cases. Intratemporal facial
      paralysis due to gunshots presented 60% motor recovery in average after
      microsurgery.

PMID- 4004024
TI  - [Value of nasal provocation tests in the evaluation of vasomotor rhinopathies.
      Study of a patch method (251 cases)].

PMID- 4004023
TI  - [Reduction of bleeding during microsurgery of the middle ear by amiodarone].
AB  - Operative bleeding was reduced in 47 patients undergoing middle ear microsurgery
      by means of an intravenous infusion of Amiodarone. Total doses of the order of 1
      mg.kg-1 were remarkably effective without adverse effects. This result is
      attributed to the capacity of Amiodarone to reduce the increase in blood pressure
      and particularly the tachycardia induced by release of endogenous (operative
      stress) and exogenous (local adrenaline infiltrations) catecholamines.

PMID- 4004025
TI  - [Nasal ciliary immobility and its otological consequences].
AB  - Ultrastructural anomalies were studied in vibratory cilia of middle ear mucosa
      and findings compared with those observed in pituitary and bronchial mucosae.
      Anomalies noted on electron microscopy are reported and commented.

PMID- 4004026
TI  - [Early auditory evoked potentials in spinocerebellar heredodegenerative
      involvement].
AB  - Results of early auditory evoked potentials, recorded during exploration of
      spinocerebellar heredodegenerative lesions (21 cases of Friedreich's disease, 8
      cases of Pierre-Marie's disease and 3 cases of Strumpell-Lorraine disease), are
      analyzed. Tracings showed alteration of auditory BER whereas tonal audiometry was
      normal. Analysis of BER demonstrated lengthening of the latency periods, a rise
      in thresholds without latency period increases and a tracing that was sometimes
      flat or with waves that were difficult to recognize.

PMID- 4004027
TI  - [Burns related to the use of cement. Apropos of 4 cases].
AB  - Four patients suffering from cement burns are reported. Lesions consist of sharp
      edged necrotic ulcerations, leaving hypertrophic scars after a normal course of
      six weeks to two months. Patch-tests are constantly negative in all patients.
      Quick-setting cement, and in particular ready mixed cement, is usually
      responsible for such lesions. Additional factors include prolonged contact with
      cement, pressure and/or occlusion. Cement burns are therefore considered to be
      alkaline burns. An increased use of premixed cement by non-occupational users
      play an important role in the actual frequency of such lesions. Mandatory
      preventive measures are needed; correct use of cement, adequate protective
      garments, cleaning and drying of the skin after work, etc.

PMID- 4004029
TI  - [Perforating purpura].

PMID- 4004028
TI  - [Early manifestations of neuromeningeal syphilis. Review of the literature
      apropos of 3 severe forms].
AB  - We report 3 cases of severe syphilitic neuro-meningitis during the secondary
      stage: acute transverse dorsal myelitis with permanent paraplegia in a 17 year
      old teenager (case no. 1), uveo-meningitis with intracranial hypertension and
      diminished vision in a 52 year old woman (case no. 2), lower medulla lesion in a
      46 year old man (case no. 3). The diagnosis was based upon highly positive
      serological tests for syphilis, associated with a compatible clinical context and
      meningitis in CSF specimens. Treatment was successful in cases nos. 2 and 3,
      unsuccessful in case no. 1 due to the irreversible character of the medullar
      lesions. Based on these 3 cases, the following points are discussed: the
      relatively atypical clinical character in the current context, the difficulties
      of the diagnosis, and the treatment regimens recommended for neurological
      syphilis. Despite the rarity of such cases, their extreme severity early in the
      secondary stage strongly implies the necessity for prevention by detecting and
      treating early syphilis. Attention is drawn upon the importance of doing
      serological tests for syphilis when presented with any atypical neurological
      situation.

PMID- 4004030
TI  - [Piezogenic papules of the feet].

PMID- 4004031
TI  - [Factors responsible for preventing the carrying out of the Schistosoma mansoni
      cycle in the waters of Grande Terre of Guadeloupe (French Antilles)].
AB  - Different surveys which have been conducted in ponds and pools in the Grande
      Terre of Guadalupe, have demonstrated the absence of Schistosoma mansoni
      transmission in spite of apparent favourable ecological conditions. Four
      hypothesises can explain this absence of transmission: 1 - the presence of
      Biomphalaria glabrata populations non-susceptible to the infestation by S.
      mansoni. 2 - Ecological conditions unfavourable to the survival of parasitized
      snails. 3 - Ecological conditions unfavourable to the production, survival and
      infectivity of the S. mansoni cercariae. 4 - Factors causing the non
      contamination of the snails. The results show that the transmission of
      schistosomiasis mansoni is possible in the ponds and pools of Grande Terre. Only
      human behaviour is responsible for the absence of actual transmission in the
      waterbodies of this area. Man breaks the life-cycle of the parasite by avoiding
      all fecal pollution and therefore all snail contamination.

PMID- 4004033
TI  - [Humanization of hospitals].

PMID- 4004032
TI  - [Restatement of an experimental rodent model for the in vitro study of exo
      erythrocyte schizonticides].

PMID- 4004034
TI  - [Immediate problems posed in the intensive care and transportation of children
      weighing less than 1,500 grams born outside of a maternity center. Study of
      results over a period of 4 years].

PMID- 4004035
TI  - [Multiple wounds in children in intensive care. Apropos of 88 cases].

PMID- 4004036
TI  - [Congenital deficit of intrinsic factor. Diagnostic problems apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 4004037
TI  - [Cystic dysplasia of the kidney with contralateral renal agenesis and associated
      genital malformations].

PMID- 4004038
TI  - [Osseous tuberculosis of the sacrum].

PMID- 4004039
TI  - [Pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism. Apropos of a familial case].

PMID- 4004040
TI  - [Generalized amyloidosis with predominant renal involvement in Moroccan children.
      Apropos of 17 cases].

PMID- 4004041
TI  - [Comparative effects of the WHO solution and of a simplified solution in infants
      with acute diarrhea].

PMID- 4004042
TI  - [Sultopride therapy of behavior disorders in a child with severe mental
      retardation].

PMID- 4004043
TI  - Changing knives a wasteful and unnecessary ritual.
AB  - The use of two knives for making a surgical incision is a deeply ingrained
      practice of British surgery and a postal survey of the theatre superintendents in
      the South-West Thames Region revealed that out of 143 surgeons all but one use
      this technique. Therefore we undertook a bacteriological study of the knife
      blades used on a general surgical unit. This showed that under normal conditions
      pathogenic organisms do not contaminate the knife blade and are not carried into
      the wound by it. The use of only one knife to make an incision does not increase
      the incidence of wound infection. A survey of the world literature confirms these
      findings. The wasteful and unnecessary ritual of using two knives to make an
      incision through normal skin has no theoretical, scientific or clinical basis and
      can be discontinued.

PMID- 4004044
TI  - Five year experience using PTFE vascular grafts for lower limb ischaemia.
AB  - The 5 year results using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE-Gore-Tex) grafts mainly
      for superficial femoral occlusion have been reviewed. The majority of these
      grafts were inserted in an elderly poor risk group of patients with critical
      ischaemia of the lower limb. The overall cumulative patency at 2 years was 29%
      falling to 18% at 5 years. Further analyses were performed to take into account
      risk factors, namely, patient's age, diabetes, hypertension, continuation of
      smoking, peroperative angiographic findings and the site of the distal graft
      anastomosis. Peroperative angiographic run off was found to be the only risk
      factor significantly affecting the cumulative graft patency. The presence of
      diabetes was found to have a significant detrimental effect on limb salvage.

PMID- 4004045
TI  - Early elective cholecystectomy--an alternative to early cholecystectomy in acute
      cholecystitis?
AB  - Currently there are two forms of management for patients with acute
      cholecystitis. Conservative treatment during the acute episode and readmission
      after 6-8 weeks for elective surgery and early cholecystectomy during the
      emergency admission. An alternative treatment would be elective surgery before
      the acute episode which should reduce morbidity and mortality. This study has
      identified those patients who are likely to present with acute biliary disease so
      that they can be selected for elective surgery shortly after their attendance in
      outpatients.

PMID- 4004046
TI  - Post-tonsillectomy secondary haemorrhage.
AB  - This paper compares the incidence of secondary haemorrhage in post-tonsillectomy
      patients who were discharged 48 hours after operation (2.8%) with those
      discharged at 24 hours (3%). There was no significant difference between the
      groups. A higher incidence of secondary haemorrhage in those patients in whom
      diathermy was used for haemostasis rather than ligatures (P less than 0.01)
      supports previous studies.

PMID- 4004047
TI  - Measurement of limb blood flow by electrical impedance plethysmography.
AB  - Limb blood flow has been measured in 72 individuals by the noninvasive technique
      of electrical impedance plethysmography. Venous occlusion was not used. Blood
      flow was measured in 230 limbs in which 195 limbs were either in normal
      individuals or the clinically normal limbs of patients (normal limbs). Thirty
      five limbs were clinically abnormal. Measurements on limbs with clinical
      abnormalities showed that blood flow values often fell within the limits of the
      normal range. However 3 cases of known vascular injury and 2 cases studied after
      hand surgery under tourniquet showed lowered blood flow values by comparison with
      the unaffected limb. A simultaneously recorded range of cardiac output and stroke
      volume measurements gave similar results to those obtained in a previous,
      unconnected study.

PMID- 4004048
TI  - Unusual presentations of branchial cysts: a trap for the unwary.
AB  - Twenty-three cases of branchial cysts seen over 4 years are described. Only 11
      patients presented with simple non-tender fluid swellings of the neck. Five
      patients presented with tender masses during infections and were diagnosed as
      acute abscesses. Seven patients presented with hard fixed masses mimicking
      lymphadenopathy. None of these were diagnosed correctly before surgery.
      Misdiagnosis led to significant morbidity from persistent cervical discharges.
      One patient had a partial nerve palsy. Infection of branchial cysts was common in
      this series and caused difficulties in diagnosis due to thickening of cysts walls
      following chronic inflammation in lymphoid tissue.

PMID- 4004050
TI  - Intraoral carcinoma in Nigeria: a review of 137 cases.
AB  - Carcinoma of the oral cavity occurring in Africans is poorly documented. Although
      oral cancer is considered rare in Africa approximately 40 cases of intraoral
      carcinoma are seen yearly at the Maxillofacial Clinic, Kaduna. This paper reviews
      137 cases of malignant disease in the oral cavity and compares the results with
      previously published literature. Tumours of the major salivary glands and
      carcinoma that could clearly be shown to originate from the antral mucosa are not
      included in this series. Lesions of the palate, alveolar ridge and the oral
      vestibule, all of which appeared to have arisen primarily from the oral mucosa,
      predominated. A relatively low incidence of carcinoma of the lip and tongue was
      recorded. The patients were considerably younger than those reported in
      comparable series from Europe and America.

PMID- 4004049
TI  - The role of anaesthetic management in enhancing peripheral blood flow in patients
      undergoing free flap transfer.
AB  - An anaesthetic protocol is described that is designed to promote peripheral blood
      flow and prevent vascular spasm in patients undergoing free flap transfer. The
      technique has been used successfully over a period of 3 years at St Thomas'
      Hospital, London, and since its introduction vascular spasm has ceased to be a
      major intraoperative problem.

PMID- 4004051
TI  - A comparison of preoperative long saphenous phlebography with operative
      dissection in assessing the suitability of long saphenous vein for use as a
      bypass graft.
AB  - A technique for assessing the anatomy and luminal diameter of the long saphenous
      vein by direct injection phlebography in patients being considered for reversed
      femoropopliteal vein bypass surgery is described. In 25 consecutive patients, 20
      single veins, four double veins and one network of veins were all correctly
      delineated by this technique and subsequently confirmed at operation. Five
      saphenous veins could not be demonstrated above the knee but at operation one
      vein was found to be present and double from knee to groin. The minimum mean
      luminal diameter of the saphenous vein estimated from the X-ray after correction
      for magnification was 3.5 mm +/- 1.12 which was significantly less than the mean
      external diameter found at operation, 4.6 mm +/- 1.33 (P less than 0.001). The
      vein diameter found at operation invariably proved to be larger than the luminal
      diameter estimated from the X-ray. This allows a confident preoperative
      assumption of the minimum diameter that will be obtained after dissection and
      distension of the vein.

PMID- 4004052
TI  - The outcome of mechanical ventilation: report of a five year study.
AB  - In the five years 1979-1983, 486 patients were treated by mechanical ventilation
      in the Intensive Care Unit of a District General Hospital. Of these 43.6% died in
      the Unit and a further 8.9% died after discharge to the general wards. Sepsis was
      a major complication in 28% of patients. Renal failure was almost always a fatal
      complication. Of patients who had a cardiac arrest 80% died. At the end of one
      year 17.2% of patients had returned to their previously normal life.

PMID- 4004054
TI  - Agreement between the SAC in general surgery and the SAC in urology. Joint
      Committee on Higher Surgical Training.

PMID- 4004053
TI  - The Rhys-Davies exsanguinator.
AB  - A simple device for limb exsanguination is described. It is quick and easy to
      use, effective and safe, and appropriate to a wide range of circumstances. Strain
      gauge plethysmography has been used to measure its efficacy and shows that it is
      better than limb elevation alone and comparable to use of the Esmarch bandage.

PMID- 4004055
TI  - St Mark's Hospital 1835-1985.

PMID- 4004056
TI  - The use of varicography to identify the sources of incompetence in recurrent
      varicose veins.

PMID- 4004057
TI  - The anaesthetic management of the Eisenmenger syndrome.

PMID- 4004058
TI  - Replacement of the pharynx after pharyngolaryngectomy.

PMID- 4004059
TI  - [Aneurysm of Valsalva's sinus rupturing into the right cavity. Surgical
      treatment. Apropos of 4 cases].

PMID- 4004060
TI  - [Re-evaluation of veno-arterial assistance in emergency surgery of the descending
      thoracic aorta. Apropos of 34 cases].

PMID- 4004061
TI  - [Cataclysmic hemoptysis caused by rupture of a congenital bronchial arteriovenous
      malformation. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 4004062
TI  - [Complete repair of forms of Fallot's tetralogy with a single pulmonary artery.
      Surgical indications and results].

PMID- 4004063
TI  - [Primary pulmonary hemangiopericytoma. 12 cases].

PMID- 4004064
TI  - [Leiomyoma of the lung. Apropos of 5 cases].

PMID- 4004065
TI  - [Surgical treatment of fistulae following pneumonectomy. Modified Abruzzini
      operation].

PMID- 4004066
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy and surgery in the treatment of epidermoid bronchial
      carcinoma].

PMID- 4004067
TI  - [Pulmonary scintigraphic and angiographies in primary bronchial cancers with
      unilateral absence of perfusion].

PMID- 4004068
TI  - [Detection of venous thromboses of legs following thoracotomy. Preliminary
      results apropos of 82 surgically treated cases].

PMID- 4004069
TI  - [Proposal of a finer classification of diving goiters. Apropos of a series of 112
      cases].

PMID- 4004070
TI  - [Cervical and sternotomic approaches to the non-neoplastic thymus in myasthenia.
      Comparison based on long-term results].

PMID- 4004071
TI  - [The choice of the moment of the operation in tracheal surgery].

PMID- 4004072
TI  - [Aortic coarctation in infants. Apropos of 58 cases].

PMID- 4004073
TI  - [Repeat coronary surgery. Indications, technics and long-term results].

PMID- 4004074
TI  - [Surgical revascularization for angina decubitus following myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 4004075
TI  - [Right cor triatriatum. Apropos of a surgically treated case].

PMID- 4004076
TI  - [Bioprostheses in children. Apropos of 90 cases with a long-term follow-up].

PMID- 4004077
TI  - [Cancer of the thyroid gland in children].

PMID- 4004078
TI  - [Use of Harrington rods with wire cerclage in spinal pathology].

PMID- 4004079
TI  - [Aorto-bi-iliac resection for retroperitoneal tumor. Surgical problems].

PMID- 4004080
TI  - [Dissection of the ascending aorta after aortic valve replacement. Value of
      thoracic radiography and scanning apropos of a case].

PMID- 4004081
TI  - [Value of morphine peridural analgesia after esophagectomy for cancer. Apropos of
      37 cases].

PMID- 4004082
TI  - [Study of multifocal esophageal cancers by toluidine blue staining. Therapeutic
      implications. Apropos of 50 cases].

PMID- 4004083
TI  - [A case of trans-omental hernia, a rare form of internal hernia].

PMID- 4004085
TI  - [Esophagectomy without thoracotomy. Critical study].

PMID- 4004084
TI  - [Flexible silicone hepatic casts].

PMID- 4004086
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance. A technic of the future].
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance, a technique in its early stages in the field of
      proton imaging, appears to be very promising. It is capable of yielding not only
      morphological information, but also dynamic and metabolic information.

PMID- 4004087
TI  - [Early interruption of antiarrhythmia treatment in the acute phase of infarction
      complicated by ventricular arrhythmia].
AB  - 18 patients with myocardial infarction complicated by severe ventricular
      arrhythmias (polymorphic VEBs or bigeminy = 5; VT = 11; VF = 2) were treated with
      antiarrhythmics which were stopped after 24 hours (intravenous infusion of
      mexiletine 0.5 mg/kg/hr after a loading dose). This treatment resulted in one
      failure (recurrent VF) and 17 successes, after increasing the dose in 3 cases of
      VT. After stopping treatment, 72% of patients had no further arrhythmia. 5 cases
      had recurrent VT within 72 hours, which was controlled by oral mexiletine in 4
      cases. The ejection fraction was significantly decreased in the group with
      recurrent VT. Plasma assays were of little help. Stopping the antiarrhythmic
      treatment after 24 hours does not therefore present any particular risks and can
      be proposed even in cases with severe arrhythmias.

PMID- 4004088
TI  - [Late potentials: non-invasive detection in coronary disease and relation to
      severe ventricular arrhythmia].
AB  - Using high-gain amplification and signal averaging techniques, we tried to
      determine the clinical significance of ventricular late potentials (LP). 85
      subjects were included in this study. No LP were detected in normal subjects (n =
      25), nor in patients with various non-coronary cardiopathies who had presented
      ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation (VT/VF) (n = 10). LP were recorded
      only in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) (n = 50). The prevalence of LP
      was 50% (9/18) in patients with a history of VT/VF (vs 12.5% = 4/32 in patients
      without such a history, p less than 0.02). We also found a prevalence of 50%
      (11/22) in patients with a ventricular aneurysm (vs 7.1% = 2/28 in patients
      without an aneurysm, p less than 0.01). The prevalence reached 80% (8/10) in
      patients with VT/VF and a ventricular aneurysm and it was only in this latter
      group of patients that the interval between the peak of the R wave and the end of
      ventricular electrical activity exceeded 100 ms (mean 111.2 +/- 12 ms, vs 50 +/-
      8 ms in normal subjects, p less than 0.001). In all the cases submitted to
      surgery, the LP disappeared after resection of the aneurysm. In conclusion, LP,
      when of long duration, should be considered as a hallmark of malignant
      ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CHD.

PMID- 4004090
TI  - [Sudden death in patients wearing pacemakers].
AB  - 10 to 30 p. cent of patients with cardiac pacemakers die suddenly. In most cases,
      the cause of death can not be established. Racing of the pacemaker is a rare but
      definite cause of sudden death. In contrast, failure of the stimulation, which
      occurs much more frequently, and which is due to failure of the pacemaker or the
      wire or to an elevation of the threshold of stimulation, rarely causes sudden
      death because of the development of an idioventricular rhythm, leading to
      detection of the fault. Competitive rhythms do not appear to be more dangerous
      than accidental inhibition in sentinel pacemakers; both of these mechanisms can
      lead to ventricular tachycardia which may degenerate to ventricular fibrillation.
      Programmable pacemakers have certain advantages and disadvantages, in that the
      programming may prove to be inappropriate. In most cases, the ventricular
      fibrillation is spontaneous, occurring in the context of myocardial failure. The
      extension of the indications for pacemakers is certainly responsible for the
      relatively high incidence of sudden death.

PMID- 4004089
TI  - [Sudden death in mitral valve prolapse. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Two cases of sudden death are reported in patients with mitral valve prolapse
      with mitral insufficiency. Both had significant impairment of left ventricular
      function. Irreversible ventricular fibrillation occurred in one patient one-half
      hour preceding a catheterization, whereas the other patient died during sleep.
      Review of the literature revealed 42 cases of sudden death in patients with
      prolapse. Occasionally left ventricular dysfunction or medication overdosage can
      explain or favor development of the terminal arrhythmia, but usually no
      precipitating factor other than prolapse can be identified. It appears impossible
      to identify actual subgroups at risk, although sudden death does occur more
      frequently in patients with a large amount of prolapse of both valves, previous
      syncopal episodes, and ECG abnormalities at rest. Complex ventricular arrhythmias
      are also reported, but their predictive importance is difficult to evaluate.
      Sudden death is a rare complication of mitral prolapse, fact which should
      conservatively influence indications for further supplementary testing and
      treatment in these patients.

PMID- 4004092
TI  - [Myocardial infarction with normal coronary vessels in young subjects. Apropos of
      2 cases with an interval of 2 months in 2 brothers aged 32 and 34].
AB  - The authors report 2 cases of myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries
      occurring at an interval of 2 months in 2 brothers aged 32 and 34. Following an
      episode of angina, the younger brother, a sportsman, but a smoker, developed an
      antero-septal infarct at rest, which was complicated by complete persistent right
      bundle branch block. Ventriculography and coronary angiography were normal.
      Induced spasm tests were not performed. The elder brother presented an infero
      apico-lateral infarct on effort, without any prodromal syndrome, which was
      complicated by apical akinesia. Ventriculography revealed mitral prolapse.
      Coronary angiography was normal and the methylergometrine test was negative. In
      relation to this example of familial infarction with normal coronary vessels, the
      authors review the features of this type of infarction reported in the literature
      which predominantly occurs in young people. They discuss the principal points of
      interest, including the incidence, the criteria of definition based on the
      coronary angiography, the elements of the prognosis, the pathophysiological
      mechanisms and the possibility of a genetic predisposition.

PMID- 4004091
TI  - [Trial of labetalol in effort angina pectoris].

PMID- 4004093
TI  - [Hemodynamic study of the elderly subject. Indications, risks and value].
AB  - The authors record all the hemodynamic evaluations realised on aged population
      above severity years during two years (549 patients) representing ten per cent of
      the whole investigations in an hemodynamic department. The greater part of the
      indications were severe coronaritis resistant to medical treatment (54 percent)
      with unstable angina or steady state angina, and valvulopathy (37 percent) with
      prevalence of symptomatic aortic stenosis. The catheterization incidents and
      accidents do not appear more owing to the high risk pathology and to the taken
      precautions. The lethal accident frequency is three point five per thousand
      little above the frequency in a general catheterized population (two per
      thousand). Seldinger difficulties are easily got over by using axillary passage
      in case of need. The surgical interest is underlined by the fact that sixty six
      percent of the investigated patients will be operated. The hemodynamic evaluation
      in aged population between 70 and 80 years is realizable in good conditions with
      little risk increase when it's necessary.

PMID- 4004094
TI  - [Clinical and hemodynamic tolerance of intravenous diltiazem in the acute phase
      of myocardial infarction].
AB  - The aim of this paper is to study the clinical and haemodynamic tolerance of
      intravenous diltiazem in a bolus dose of 10 mg followed by an infusion of 360 mg
      over 24 hours in 12 patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. We did
      not observe any significant modification in the heart rate or in the pulmonary
      artery diastolic pressure. The mean blood pressure decreased from 111.5 +/- 11.8
      mmHg to 92.8 +/- 12.7 mmHg (p less than 0.001) after a 24 infusion. The cardiac
      index increased from 2.34 +/- 0.62 1 X min1 X m-2 to 3.05 +/- 0.95 1 X min-1 X m
      2 (p less than 0.05) and the systemic vascular resistance decreased from 2 150 +/
      640 dyn. s.cm-5 to 1 403 +/- 308 dyn.s.cm-5 (p +/- 0.005). Three patients
      presented a rise in the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of more than 30 mmHg
      and in one of these patients, the diltiazem had to be stopped. These three
      patients all had a high initial pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 18
      mmHg). The drug was well tolerated clinically. On electrocardiography, four
      patients presented conduction disorders, all of which regressed when the
      diltiazem was stopped (a 3rd degree atrioventricular block with narrow QRS
      complexes, a Luciani-Wenckebach type of 2nd degree atrioventricular block and two
      cases of 1st degree atrioventricular block. Overall, intravenous diltiazem was
      well tolerated in terms of clinical and haemodynamic parameters in these patients
      in the acute phase of a myocardial infarction, provided the left ventricular
      filling pressure was not excessively elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004095
TI  - [Efficacy and side effects of long-term treatment with amiodarone. Retrospective
      study. Apropos of 460 cases].
AB  - A retrospective study was conducted in a group of 460 patients in order to
      evaluate the effectiveness and frequency of side effects of amiodarone over a
      mean observation period of 2 years. The effectiveness was considered to be
      excellent or good in 71.5 p. cent of cases of ischaemic heart disease, in 84.8 p.
      cent of cases of supraventricular arrhythmia and in 92.3 p. cent of cases of
      ventricular arrhythmia. Side effects were observed in 32.8 p. cent of patients
      and treatment had to be suspended in 19.8 p. cent of cases. The most frequent
      side effects were photosensitisation (11.9%), thyroid disorders (5.6%) and
      bradycardia or sinus dysfunction (11.9%). Some of these side effects appear to be
      related to the cumulative dose received.

PMID- 4004096
TI  - [Reduction of auricular fibrillation with fenoxedil: the probable role of the
      autonomic nervous system].
AB  - It is still very difficult to study the mechanisms of action of anti-arrhythmic
      drugs in human clinical studies. The use of continuous electrocardiographic
      monitoring offers a number of advantages in this field. In this study, the
      authors evaluate the mechanisms of action of fenoxedil hydrochloride on atrial
      fibrillation. Holter monitoring suggests that there is a probable synergy between
      fenoxedil and the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 4004097
TI  - [New criteria for a positive exercise test].
AB  - In this paper, the author reviews the recently developed criteria for a positive
      stress test. The "nearly ischaemic" appearance in which the ST segment is
      depressed by greater than or equal to 1.5 mm and slowly rises (slope of less than
      or equal to 1 millivolt/second) to a value which is predictive in symptomatic
      patients, of 70 p. cent in favour of coronary artery disease and 40 p. cent in
      favour of multiple vessel disease. The increased amplitude of the R wave in V5
      immediately after effort is more a sign of left ventricular dysfunction than of
      coronary artery disease. The decreased amplitude of the Q wave in V5 and V6 at
      maximal effort is a very sensitive (82%) and very specific (88%) sign of left
      coronary or anterior interventricular artery disease. Similarly, inversion of the
      U wave in V5 on effort is a very sensitive and specific (97%) sign of left
      coronary or anterior interventricular artery disease. The major value of these
      new criteria is to help recognise the false negative results of the stress test,
      which can be as high as 50% of cases in patients with one vessel disease.

PMID- 4004098
TI  - [Echocardiographic study of left ventricular contraction by a scoring method in
      chronic coronary insufficiency].
AB  - The echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in chronic coronary
      insufficiency is based on the two-dimensional ultrasound examination. Several
      methods of analysis can be used: volumetric analysis or comparison of the
      diastolic and systolic contours after separation of the images, but they are
      relatively difficult to perform and are associated with a certain degree of
      error. We present the results of a method of analysis based on scoring of the
      real time image without reprogramming. The left ventricle is divided into nine
      parts according to Heger's model and the segmental kinetics of each segment are
      scored according to the following system; 0: parietal aneurysm; 1: dyskinesia; 2:
      akinesia; 3: hypokinesia; 4: normal. The maximal score is therefore 36. This
      method was applied prospectively in 30 consecutive patients with chronic coronary
      insufficiency requiring coronary angiography. The results were compared to those
      of ventriculography in 30 degrees RAO and 45 degrees LAO cranio-caudal views,
      which were analysed quantitatively. A correct echocardiographic analysis was
      obtained in 29 patients. There was good concordance with the ventriculography in
      20 cases. In two cases, the contractile abnormality was detected on the
      echocardiogram, but it was located in an adjacent area on the angiography. In
      five cases, a localised abnormality of one segment was only detected on
      angiography. The comparison of the score with the angiographic ejection fraction
      revealed a good concordance and a very high degree of sensitivity for the method
      in the identification of cases with an ejection fraction of less than 30 p. cent.
      This scoring method avoids a number of errors of the other volumetric methods or
      the methods which compare the contours and it provides clinically significant
      results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004099
TI  - [Interauricular communications of the secundum type. Echocardiographic follow-up
      of the surgical correction].
AB  - A retrospective study was conducted on the pre- and post-operative
      electrocardiographic findings in 31 patients aged between 2 and 19 years who were
      operated for a secundum type of interventricular defect over a period of two
      years. Immediately after the surgical correction, the left ventricle dilates and
      returns to a normal size. The right ventricle gradually decreases in size and
      continues to decrease as the child grows, until a normal size is reached.
      However, the septum may continue to present abnormal movements despite the return
      to normal of the ventricular cavities. An alteration in this normal progression
      involving a RVd/LVd ratio greater than 1 and a RVd/RVd + LVd ratio identical to
      the pre-operative conditions is suggestive of a persistent shunt, despite the
      attempted surgical correction.

PMID- 4004100
TI  - [Fissuration of post-infarction left ventricular aneurysms. 2 surgically treated
      cases].
AB  - The authors report two cases of fissures of a left ventricular aneurysm diagnosed
      on the 8th and 21st days following an anterior myocardial infarction. In both
      cases, the clinical presentation consisted of a new episode of pain associated
      with a low cardiac output syndrome and adiastole. The diagnosis was confirmed by
      the simultaneous discovery of a pericardial effusion and a left ventricular
      aneurysm on echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. An emergency operation,
      with circulatory assistance by means of intra-aortic counter-pressure, was
      performed and the infarcted area was excised. The post-operative course was
      uncomplicated in one case, but the other patient developed a false aneurysm of
      the left ventricle, requiring a second operation. The long term results were
      excellent with a follow-up of 30 months and 12 months respectively.

PMID- 4004101
TI  - Composition of human hepatic bile.
AB  - To define reference values of human hepatic bile for sodium, potassium, chloride,
      calcium, iron, copper, urea, creatinine, phosphate, glucose, bilirubin,
      cholesterol, protein, bile salts, phospholipids, ammonia, pH, PCO2, bicarbonate
      and osmolarity, bile was obtained via a T-drain from 12 adult patients who
      underwent cholecystectomy. Bile of females had a higher cholesterol concentration
      than that of males. The saturation index, however, was not different in both
      groups.

PMID- 4004102
TI  - A method for the measurement of a diene-conjugated derivative of linoleic acid,
      18:2(9,11), in serum phospholipid, and possible origins.
AB  - A method is described for the measurement of a diene-conjugated derivative of
      linoleic acid, 18:2(9,11), in the phospholipid fraction of serum. The method is
      based on enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase sample preparation, and high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phospholipid esterified 18:2(9,11) can
      be detected in serum from normal individuals, and a provisional normal range is
      provided. The possible origins of 18:2(9,11) and the potential application of
      this method to the measurement of free radical damage to linoleic acid in vivo is
      discussed.

PMID- 4004103
TI  - Patient-orientated metered capillary blood collection.
AB  - A small collector bottle, with a precision-moulded top, allows capillary blood
      from a finger-prick to be automatically metered into a diluent for subsequent
      laboratory analysis. This device, which has been successfully used by patients to
      obtain full blood counts, glycosylated haemoglobin values and blood glucose
      measurements, may have wide application.

PMID- 4004104
TI  - The diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin levels in post-mortem blood.
AB  - Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1) in post mortem blood was estimated following
      electrophoretic separation. HbA1 was measured in preserved and unpreserved
      specimens and its stability in vitro was studied. No significant change in the
      proportion of HbA1 was observed in samples stored for more than 40 days at 4
      degrees C. Specimens were analysed for glucose and HbA1. There was poor
      correlation between these parameters, and no significant difference between the
      mean values of HbA1 in specimens collected within 24, 48 and 72 or more hours
      following death, from subjects with no previous history of diabetes. The levels
      were within the laboratory reference range, whilst eight specimens collected from
      diabetic subjects demonstrated elevated levels. There was no significant
      difference in HbA1 levels collected from different sites in the body even though
      the glucose levels showed some variation. The measurement and apparent stability
      of HbA1 post mortem may be a more useful diagnostic test than glucose alone where
      diabetes may be suspected.

PMID- 4004105
TI  - Performance of a quality-assessment scheme for blood glucose meters in general
      practice.
AB  - We describe our experience with a quality-assessment scheme for Glucometer users
      in General Practice based on simultaneous blood samples taken on filter paper
      strips and posted to the laboratory. The accuracy of results from these blood
      glucose meters outside the laboratory was below generally accepted laboratory
      standards; 30% of results fell outside +/- 20% of the laboratory value. Only 58%
      of the filter paper strips sent out were returned for analysis, suggesting a lack
      of awareness of the benefits and importance of such a scheme by the G.P.
      Glucometer users.

PMID- 4004106
TI  - Myoglobin in the very early phase of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In this study of 35 patients with a definite or possible myocardial infarction
      seen within the first 5 h of the onset of symptoms and who could clearly define
      the onset of symptoms, the serum myoglobin was raised in 20% of those in whom
      blood was sampled within 1 h of the acute event. In 11 of the 35 (31%) patients
      the serum myoglobin was normal in the first blood sample. Of the nine patients
      seen within the first 2 h of the onset of symptoms who had frequent samples
      taken, the first raised serum myoglobin was recorded from 45 min to 3 h 15 min
      after the onset of symptoms. The serum levels started to rise 15-20 min before
      levels greater than 85 ng/mL were reached. In the absence of further chest pain
      more than one peak in serum myoglobin was recorded in 58% of the patients with
      acute myocardial infarction. The serum myoglobin level returned to normal within
      24 h of the onset of symptoms in 44% of patients and within 36 h in 67%.

PMID- 4004108
TI  - Application of stepwise discriminant analysis in the phenotyping of plasma
      cholinesterase variants.
AB  - Discriminant function analysis has been applied to the results of activity and
      inhibitor measurements carried out on a series of 229 specimens using
      benzoylcholine and butyrylthiocholine as substrate. The discriminant function was
      more effective in differentiating cholinesterase genotypes than either a single
      test or a combination of two tests.

PMID- 4004107
TI  - A study of sweat sodium and chloride; criteria for the diagnosis of cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Retrospective analysis of sodium and chloride results from sweat tests carried
      out in Bristol and Sheffield has shown that misdiagnosis of cystic fibrosis
      (false negatives and false positives) is considerably less if sodium and chloride
      are both measured. In patients with cystic fibrosis the chloride concentration is
      usually higher than the sodium, whereas in normal subjects the reverse usually
      occurs. This observation is particularly useful when borderline results (50-70
      mmol/L) are obtained.

PMID- 4004109
TI  - A steady-state gel filtration method on micro-columns for the measurement of
      percentage free testosterone in serum.
AB  - A method is described for measuring the percentage of free testosterone in serum
      using steady-state gel filtration on micro-columns of Sephadex G50 (fine). The
      method has a coefficient of variation of 4.0% and up to 20 samples can be
      processed in a day. Reference ranges have been established for normal women at
      different stages of their menstrual cycles and for normal men; there is good
      agreement with values published by workers using other methods. This method
      combined with a specific and precise method for measuring total testosterone
      opens up the possibility for the routine measurement of free testosterone
      concentration in serum.

PMID- 4004110
TI  - A simple, rapid and cheap radioimmunoassay for plasma digoxin.
AB  - A radioimmoassay for digoxin is described which uses commercially available
      reagents. Two assay procedures are used, one for batch assays, and another, which
      needs a 5 minute incubation only, for 'stat' assays. The methods are shown to be
      simple, rapid, precise and inexpensive and the batch procedure compared well with
      the Amerlex digoxin method for 63 patient samples.

PMID- 4004111
TI  - Methodological considerations in the determination of plasma catecholamines by
      high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - We report on a systematic investigation into some frequently encountered problems
      in the estimation of catecholamines in plasma and biological fluids using high
      performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The kinetics of
      adsorption and desorption of catecholamines from plasma on to alumina has been
      studied using laboratory-prepared and some commercial aluminas with various
      acids. Chromatographic conditions yielding optimal resolution and sensitivity
      have been characterised. Some possible interfering peaks have been identified.
      The stability of catecholamines in plasma has been studied.

PMID- 4004112
TI  - Experience with a haemagglutination inhibition test for morphine detection in
      urine.
AB  - A commercially available haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test (Drug Test
      Opiates, Boehringer Biochemia Robin) for the detection of morphine in urine has
      been evaluated alongside a routine TLC method and a radioimmunoassay. TLC gave
      positive results for morphine, codeine or dihydrocodeine in 138 out of 300
      samples from patients attending a drug dependence treatment unit. These were also
      positive according to the HI test, but a further 76 of the TLC negative samples
      also gave positive results with this technique. The TLC negative samples (162)
      were also analysed by RIA and positive results were obtained for 96 samples.
      Neither of the immunological tests could distinguish between morphine, codeine or
      dihydrocodeine, but no reactions with other abused drugs were observed.

PMID- 4004113
TI  - Interference in urea determination by high immunoglobulin levels.

PMID- 4004114
TI  - Brain death: concept, controversies and guidelines.

PMID- 4004115
TI  - The clinical diagnostic value of dexamethasone suppression test in depressive
      illness.
AB  - Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was done for Chinese melancholics. The
      overall sensitivity of DST is 41.0%, and its specificity is 85%. The prevalence
      of abnormal DST is higher in inpatient melancholics (66.7%) than in outpatient
      melancholics (7.1%). Three schizophrenic patients who had abnormal DST were found
      to have severe degree of depression and impaired social function. The clinical
      diagnostic value of DST for severely impaired inpatient was tested. 35.7% of
      primary depressives (28 cases) had abnormal DST. 50% of secondary depressives (26
      cases) had abnormal DST. 11 cases (50%) of 22 initially admitted, undiagnosed
      cases were found to have abnormal DST. 5 (45.5%) of these 11 cases were of
      primary depressives. 6 (54.5%) of these were of secondary depressives. DST was
      found to be of limited value in differential diagnosis for inpatient undiagnosed
      cases. Yet, DST could be a powerful research tool in psychopathology.

PMID- 4004116
TI  - Problems in the management of stroke.
AB  - Cerebral vascular accidents are the third commonest cause of death in the western
      world, after heart disease and cancer. Although they occur at any age, the risk
      greatly increases as we get older and, as life expectancy is increasing in all
      countries, cerebral vascular accidents are becoming commoner. In addition to
      being a major cause of death, stroke is the single most common cause of chronic
      disability, the care of which requires considerable financial resources, both to
      the individual patient, who suffers loss of earning power, to his family, and to
      the state. This paper reviews the many different drugs that are used in stroke
      and points out their advantages and disadvantages.

PMID- 4004117
TI  - Transneuronal degeneration in the heart and gastro-oesophageal junction in the
      monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following unilateral vagotomy.
AB  - This study describes, at the ultrastructural level, the transneuronal
      degeneration that occurs in the atrial and gastro-oesophageal ganglia of the
      monkey following unilateral vagotomy. One day after unilateral vagotomy, some
      postganglionic neurons showed an overall increase in electron density, with the
      dendrites darkening first. Three days after the operation, the dendrites appeared
      jet black and their intracytoplasmic organelles were hardly distinguishable
      except for some pale mitochondria. The perikarya of the affected neurons showed a
      slight increase in electron density. Five and seven days after the operation,
      satellite cells and macrophages with engulfed dendritic processes were commonly
      observed. The majority of the postganglionic neurons appeared normal, except for
      the presence of numerous macrophages in their vicinities. The results of the
      study suggest that transneuronal degeneration occurs very rapidly in the heart
      and gastro-oesophageal junction of the monkey, Macaca fascicularis, and that most
      of the affected neurons have recovered one week after the operation.

PMID- 4004118
TI  - Cellular mechanistic bases for classification of clinically useful anticonvulsant
      drugs.
AB  - Anticonvulsant drug effects on mammalian central neurons in primary cell cultures
      were investigated. The concentrations at which these drugs limited repetitive
      firing of action potentials were measured. Their effects on postsynaptic
      responses to iontophoretically applied GABA were also compared. Based on effects
      of anticonvulsant drugs on in-vitro assays and action on seizures in man and
      experimental animals, a classification of clinical anticonvulsants is proposed
      based on cellular mechanisms of action. Three categories are identified. The
      mechanisms of action at the cellular level may be useful in predicting clinical
      efficacy of anticonvulsants under development. The concentration dependence of
      the in-vitro actions may predict further the therapeutic range of the drug and
      the mechanisms associated with clinical toxicity.

PMID- 4004119
TI  - Multiple roles of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in physiologic and
      pharmacologic regulation of cardiovascular functions.
AB  - This communication summarizes results from our laboratory during the past few
      years indicating that the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) in the
      medulla oblongata plays an active role in the physiologic and pharmacologic
      regulation of cardiovascular functions. Apart from directly eliciting hypotension
      and cardioinhibition, the NRGC also assumes a modulatory role on the baroreceptor
      reflexes. Some gigantocellular reticular neurons exhibit electrophysiologic
      properties of cardiovascular neurons (neurons that alter their discharge
      frequencies in response to arterial pressure fluctuations), while others manifest
      cardiac rhythm-related activities. Pharmacologically, this reticular nucleus may
      be engaged by the centrally-acting antihypertensive agent, clonidine (Catapres,
      Boehringer Ingelheim), to produce hypotension and bradycardia. It may also
      participate in the cardiovascular suppressive effects of morphine and endogenous
      opioid peptides.

PMID- 4004120
TI  - Intracerebral cryptococcomas.
AB  - Cerebral cryptococcomas are not unusual and occurred in 7.8% of our cases of
      cryptococcal meningitis. This warrants a careful lookout for it if treatment is
      to be prompt and effective. CAT Scanning has proved to be an important adjunct in
      investigative exclusion of such instances. Although cerebrospinal fluid shunting
      proved to be of great importance in patients with demonstrable hydrocephalus,
      total surgical extirpation of the granuloma when demonstrated would appear to be
      essential, if cure is to be assured. 5-Fluorocytosine continues to be the drug of
      choice although recent indications of resistance to it are real. Modifications to
      antifungal chemotherapy will hence have to be judiciously made. Agglutination
      studies, besides typing, have indicated their usefulness in this regard, in the
      management of our cases.

PMID- 4004121
TI  - Indications for intraocular lens implantation: an analysis of 1033 cases.
AB  - The posterior chamber implant has increased safety in intraocular lens
      implantation. Implants are now inserted in one-eyed patients, in eyes with high
      myopia, endothelial corneal problems, senile macular degeneration, diabetic
      retinopathy and glaucoma. The percentage of implant from 1975-1981 was 10.3% but
      increased to 83.9% from 1983-1984. This is mainly because there are today fewer
      situations where lens implantation is contra-indicated in the hands of surgeons,
      skilled and experienced in posterior chamber implant surgery.

PMID- 4004122
TI  - Review of problems of massive blood transfusion in a surgical intensive care
      unit.
AB  - A retrospective review of 29 surgical patients who were massively transfused
      perioperatively according to a standard transfusion protocol was carried out.
      Volume of blood transfused was 2,300 mls to 12,440 mls, with a mean of 5,168 mls.
      Results of this study showed: administration of bicarbonate should be
      individualised and based on blood gas analysis. deficiency in factor V and factor
      VIII in CPD adenine blood did not cause disturbance in haemostasis. Postoperative
      thrombocytopenia was significant, 89.28% had platelet count less than 150 X
      10(9)/L. Further drop in platelet count was observed 24 hours postoperatively.
      Hyperkalaemia was not observed, hypokalaemia following surgery with massive blood
      transfusion was observed in 53.6% of our patients.

PMID- 4004123
TI  - Small intracerebral haemorrhage: a study of clinical manifestations and CT
      findings on 31 cases.
AB  - The clinical manifestations and computed tomographic (CT) findings of small
      intracerebral haematomas (ICHs) were studied in 31 consecutive cases which
      comprised 6% of 520 cases of non-traumatic, non-neoplastic ICH confirmed by CT in
      a 3-year period. A small ICH was defined by CT as a sharply demarcated high
      density area with the maximum dimension not exceeding 20 mm and on no more than
      two contiguous 10-mm scan sections. The ages ranged from 50 to 85 years, being
      between 50 and 69 in about two thirds. Twenty-nine patients (93%) were
      hypertensive. The haematoma was in the capsulothalamus (9 cases), thalamus (6
      cases), capsuloputamen (6 cases), subthalmus (2 cases), internal capsule (2
      cases) pons (4 cases), midbrain (1 case), and cerebellum (1 case). Headache (4
      cases) and vomiting (3 cases) were rare, whereas dizziness was rather frequent
      (16 cases). None had loss of consciousness. The essential clinical manifestations
      were sensorimotor deficits in 13 cases, pure motor hemiparesis in 6, pure sensory
      disturbance in 4, and involuntary movements in 2. Five patients with haemorrhage
      in the brain stem presented with various syndromes. None of the 31 cases had a
      fatal outcome directly due to the small haemorrhagic stroke. Two patients had
      recurrent stroke; a small, deep infarct in 1 and a large haemorrhage in the
      other. Full neurological and functional recovery was made in 17 cases (56.7%),
      recovery with mild sequelae in 7 (23.3%) and little recovery in 6. Poor recovery
      was related to the location (pons), the age (above 75 years), and the presence of
      involuntary movements. Some clinical features common to lacunar infarcts and
      small ICHs were discussed, and the possibility of a combination of these two
      conditions in a same hypertensive patient was raised. Small ICH as a type of
      benign, non-fatal stroke is not infrequent in communities where the incidence of
      hypertensive ICH is relatively high. CT scanning in the early stage of stroke
      even for patients with mild neurological symptoms may enhance the detection rate
      of such small ICHs.

PMID- 4004124
TI  - Multiple sclerosis--Indian experience.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) does occur in India but it is rare. No epidemiological
      studies have been done. The calculations based on the hospital data suggest an
      approximate prevalence rate of 0.17 to 1.33 per 100,000 of population in
      different parts of India. One hundred and five patients with clinically definite
      MS (2 proven at autopsy) and 14 patients with neuromyelitis optica were seen in
      the Bombay region from 1957 to 1983. The mean age of onset for MS patients was
      27.7 years. There were 60 female and 45 male patients. The clinical data in this
      larger series confirm the conclusions reached earlier, namely that the Indian MS
      patients are more akin to those reported from Japan and other Asian countries as
      compared to the West. The relative incidence of neuromyelitis optica was high
      (6%). The optico-spinal form of MS was the commonest (71.4%). In patients with
      clinically definite MS there was a high incidence of optic nerve involvement,
      both at the onset and during the course of the disease; sensory level occurred in
      a large number of patients and cerebellar involvement was less frequent. Multiple
      sclerosis in this series affected patients of all communities and different
      dietary habits. MS was more common in the higher socioeconomic group whereas
      neuromyelitis optica was mainly seen in patients in the low socioeconomic group.

PMID- 4004125
TI  - Gait analysis in cerebral palsy.
AB  - Ambulation problems in cerebral palsy have been very difficult to analyse because
      it is the central control system rather than the motor system that is at fault.
      Until recently, decisions regarding surgical management has been made on clinical
      grounds, which by and large, have been subjective. Attempts to remedy this
      situation has resulted in the setting up of Gait Analysis Laboratories to provide
      a more objective method of evaluation of disorders of human motion. We have
      recently been using an opto-electronic computer-based gait analysis system to
      analyse normal as well as abnormal gait. Gait analysis can provide information
      regarding movements of both lower limbs in three planes, ground reaction forces,
      joint torque and dynamic electromyography. Children with various types of
      Cerebral Palsy have been assessed. The results of four clinical gait assessment
      cases are presented and discussed. Information provided by the Gait Analysis
      Laboratory has introduced more objectivity in pre-operative planning for these
      children.

PMID- 4004126
TI  - The pathophysiology of migraine.
AB  - New knowledge of intrinsic serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways, projecting
      from brainstem rostrally to cerebral cortex and caudally to spinal cord, makes a
      neurogenic hypothesis for migraine more plausible than the previously held
      humoral theory. Low frequency stimulation of locus ceruleus in the monkey
      increases cerebral vascular resistance, thus diminishing blood flow, while high
      frequency stimulation increases external carotid arterial flow by connections
      with the greater superficial petrosal component of the facial nerve. The latter
      connection also serves the 'trigeminovascular reflex' whereby stimulation of the
      trigeminal nerve causes vasodilatation in the external carotid circulation in cat
      and man. Vascular changes evoked from the locus ceruleus are predominantly
      unilateral and stimulate those recorded in classical migraine, suggesting that
      excessive discharge of ascending monoaminergic pathways may initiate these
      phenomena in man. Since descending monoaminergic pathways play an important part
      in the endogenous pain control system, a phase of monoamine depletion could open
      the pain gate and give rise to headache. The referral of ice-cream headache and
      ice-pick pains to the habitual site of migraine headache in some patients, even
      in the period between attacks, suggest a dormant neural excitability which
      becomes active periodically to induce a migrainous episode. The symptomatology
      and phenomena of clinical migraine can now be explained in terms of instability
      of central monoaminergic pathways, a hypothesis that can be tested experimentally
      and which should lead to more precise pharmacological management of migraine in
      the future.

PMID- 4004127
TI  - Electronystagmogram is useful in the diagnosis of vertebrobasilar and carotid
      transient ischaemic attacks.
AB  - Electronystagmogram examination of patients with transient ischaemic attacks or
      infarcts in the carotid and vertebrobasilar system revealed significantly
      increased number of patients with reduced caloric response, abnormal optokinetic
      nystagmus, saccadic dysmetria and presence of central nystagmus in patients with
      ischaemia of the posterior circulation. Using the presence of such abnormality as
      criterion for confirming posterior circulation ischaemia in suspected cases, we
      have correctly identified 67% of cases of vertebrobasilar infarct, 44% of the
      transient ischaemic attacks, 83% of carotid infarct and 96% of the carotid
      transient ischaemic attacks. Electronystagmogram findings of
      brainstem/cerebrallar system abnormality were found in 36% of transient ischaemic
      attacks with vertigo, and 50% of infarcts associated with vertigo. Thus
      Electronystagmogram studies are useful in localising the site of lesion in
      patients with suspected vertebrobasilar disease or with ischaemic attacks of
      undetermined territory, and in differentiation of vertigo due to definite
      cerebrovascular disease from peripheral causes of vertigo.

PMID- 4004128
TI  - Our experience with lumbar spinal stenosis in Singapore.
AB  - This is a study of 34 cases of lumbar spinal stenosis operated in the University
      Department of Orthopaedic Surgery from August 1973 to April 1980. Eleven cases
      were due to degenerative stenosis, 4 due to degenerative spondylolisthesis, 1
      developmental, 3 post-fenestration/laminectomy, 1 post-fusion and 14 cases were
      due to combined aetiology. The average length of follow-up was 2.3 years. The
      clinical radiological and operative diagnostic features were analysed.
      Decompression alone was performed in 16 cases. Discectomy was also carried out in
      16 cases and primary fusion in 3 cases. Good relief of backache, sciatica and
      neurogenic intermittent claudication was achieved in most cases. The majority
      were also able to return to their previous occupation, the average time taken
      being 4.9 months. 77% of cases gave either excellent or good results. The
      complications were spinal instability in 2 cases, impotence in 1 case, intra
      operative nerve root damage in 2 cases and superficial wound infection in 1 case.
      Further surgery (lateral gutter fusion) was performed in only 1 case.

PMID- 4004129
TI  - Secondaries to the spine with cord compression.
AB  - This is a study of 64 cases treated from January 1971 to February 1982. Although
      myelography was preferred, it was not essential except in three types of
      instances. Posterior decompression was performed in 60 cases and anterior
      decompression in 4 cases. About 70% died within 6 months after operation. Only
      28% gave satisfactory results. A satisfactory result was seen mainly with
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma mild neurologic deficit, intact sphincter control, long
      duration of neurologic deficit, gradual onset of compression and lumbar level of
      involvement. In contrast, an unsatisfactory result occurred with lung, breast and
      liver cancers, severe neurologic deficit, loss of sphincter control, short
      duration of neurologic deficit, sudden onset of compression and thoracic level of
      involvement.

PMID- 4004130
TI  - Treatment of acute deficits of moyamoya disease with verapamil.
AB  - A 7 year old girl with moyamoya disease presented with progressive right arm and
      leg weakness and muteness. Intravenous administration of verapamil was followed
      by immediate and lasting improvement in motor function and return of some
      expressive language. A second infusion of verapamil during angiography produced
      an increased opacification of collateral vessels in the left basal ganglia,
      suggesting drug-induced vasodilation and reversal of ischaemia as a mechanism for
      the observed clinical improvement. Calcium-channel blockers may be useful in the
      acute management of selected patients with moyamoya disease.

PMID- 4004131
TI  - Moyamoya disease in Singapore.
AB  - A retrospective survey of 38 cases of Moyamoya disease was done. The majority of
      patients were adults, and Chinese. There was a relative paucity of juveniles in
      our series which appear to differentiate it from Japanese results. The majority
      of adults presented with either subarachnoid haemorrhage or motor paresis.
      Associated aneurysms were noted in 3 cases. This study represents one of the
      largest series of this condition published outside Japan and appears to confirm
      the belief that this is not a condition peculiar to the Japanese and may occur
      more commonly outside Japan than is commonly believed.

PMID- 4004132
TI  - Schizophrenia and cerebral laterality.
AB  - Investigators have suggested that schizophrenic patients have reversals of
      abnormal structural abnormalities and abnormal left hemisphere function. The
      authors attempted to know of the pattern of cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenic
      patients and controls on the computerized tomography scans of thirty right-handed
      schizophrenic patients and thirty right-handed control subjects. Compared to
      thirty right-handed controls, the schizophrenic patients had a significantly
      increased frequency of frontal and occipital reversals. This result suggests that
      reversals of neuroanatomical asymmetries, and by implicating the abnormalities of
      lateralization, are relevant to some schizophrenics. Statistics were done by the
      Chi square method.

PMID- 4004133
TI  - Benzodiazepines: pharmacokinetic profile and clinical implications.
AB  - Major differences exist in the pharmacokinetic profile of the benzodiazepines and
      this provides a clinically useful basis for the therapeutic selection of
      compounds, particularly as anxiolytics and hypnotics. There are important
      differences in the elimination profile of the benzodiazephines: several factors
      can modify the process of oxidation appreciably; the plasma elimination half-life
      (T 1/2 beta) and the residual fraction (r12,1; R1, rSS) are useful
      pharmacokinetic parameters for evaluating the potential for persistent residual
      CNS depressant effects. Differences in the onset-time and duration of action are
      also influenced by the absorption and distribution profiles of the compounds.

PMID- 4004134
TI  - [Hepatic chemotherapy by hepatic arterial catheterization with an implantable
      system allowing permanent vascular access].
AB  - This technique of anti-cancer treatment of hepatic cancers has a twofold
      interest: it delivers local chemotherapy in direct contact with the tumours and
      it allows repeated access to the blood supply of the liver without the need for
      surgery. This second point is particularly emphasized in the form of a technical
      description of the method of approach to the hepatic arterial system, which is as
      non-aggressive as possible and which allows permanent vascular access. This
      study, which required close collaboration between the departments of Vascular
      Radiology, Radiotherapy and Surgery, was initially considered as a feasibility
      study of a technique enabling the simple use of implantable vascular access
      sites.

PMID- 4004135
TI  - [Colonoscopic follow up of rectocolonic cancer surgeries. Assessment of 64
      examinations].
AB  - A collation of 64 colonoscopic examinations performed on 41 patients operated on
      for cancer of the colon or rectum is reported. Eleven patients (26.8 percent) had
      positive follow-up endoscopic findings. In 13 enumerated tumoral proliferations.
      8 benign polyps and 5 malignant growths were found, one of the latter on the
      anastomosis, and the other 4 on the remaining colon. 80 percent of these tumoral
      growths and all malignant tumors were discovered in the two years following
      surgery. When colonic strictures present before operation prevent total
      colonoscopic exploration, such an endoscopic examination of the colon in its
      entirety must be made immediately following passage of three post-operative
      months. It is prudent not to wait for attendant alarming signs but rather to
      integrate total colonoscopy including excision of "overlooked" or newly-formed
      polyps into the follow-up protocol of all colon surgery cancer patients who have
      become high-risks for either a relapse or recurrence of polyps. In the initial
      two post-operative years, when there is a maximal risk. Colonoscopy should be
      performed every six months and thereafter at longer but regular intervals
      throughout survival.

PMID- 4004136
TI  - [Plummer-Vinson syndrome or related syndrome in 3 black African women].
AB  - The Plummer-Vinson syndrome or "sideropenic dysphagia" is exceptional among
      Blacks. One case was recently reported in a female patient from Guadeloupe. This
      study pertains to three cases observed in Senegalese Black women aged 28, 27, and
      41 years. These three women were admitted for a dysphagia, in fact in evidence
      10, 4, and 7 years respectively before the diagnosis was made. A clinical anemia
      was noted twice in addition to mucocutaneous disorders (cases 1 and 2). The
      laboratory tests showed in all three cases a hypochromic microcytic sideropenic
      anemia (serum iron levels at 32, 14, and 31 mcg 100 ml respectively). Barium
      swallow films showed esophageal rings in front of C5-C6 (case 1) of T2-T3 (case
      2) and a web of fine mucosal folds in front of C5-C6 (case 3). These films were
      confirmed cineradiographically by esophagoscopy. The treatment consisted of blood
      transfusions (cases 1 and 2) and administration of iron by injections and or per
      os. The endoscopic exams were repeated two or three times. Medical treatment
      rapidly changed the course of disease for the better. No cause for bleeding was
      found. A chemical achlorhydria (case 1), a provoked hypoachlorhydria (cases 2 and
      3) can be retained as associated factors. In light of the frequency of esophageal
      membranes in the general population and the incidence of sideropenic anemias
      among African women, the Plummer-Vinson syndrome should be more often detected in
      Black Africa.

PMID- 4004137
TI  - [Esophageal function tests in gastroesophageal reflux].

PMID- 4004138
TI  - [Histo-autoradiographic study of the gastric mucus secretion in the rat's
      stomach. 1. Effect of starvation, water ingestion, and ingestion of an antacid].

PMID- 4004139
TI  - [Evaluation of the number of patients likely to require surgical treatment of
      hepatic metastases. Based on a series of 180 colorectal cancers].
AB  - The spontaneous prognosis of patients with hepatic metastases from colo-rectal
      cancer is poor in the short term: less than 10 p. cent will be alive after 2
      years. Over recent years, several teams have obtained encouraging results after
      surgical resection of hepatic metastases. The aim of the present study was to
      evaluate the number of patients likely to require resection of hepatic metastases
      in a serie of 180 cases of colo-rectal cancer. 57 patients (30 p. cent) already
      had hepatic metastases at the time of the gastro-intestinal resection and only 3
      underwent a simultaneous metastasectomy. In the other cases, the extent of the
      disease or the general condition of the patients contra-indicated a 2-stage
      resection. Among the 126 patients free of metastases at the time of the
      operation, 40 p. cent would have been excluded from hepatic resection in the
      event of secondary development of metastases because of the general clinical
      state. 75 patients were suitable for post-operative surveillance of hepatic
      metastases. We calculated that 20 of them might develop a hepatic metastasis
      without local recurrence of the colo-rectal cancer in the 2 years following the
      colonic resection, although of course we were unable to predict the type of
      metastasis or its accessibility to surgery. These figures may be useful as a
      guide to the development of a surveillance strategy.

PMID- 4004140
TI  - [Surgical resection of hepatic metastases of colonic and rectal cancers. Apropos
      of 49 cases].

PMID- 4004141
TI  - [Surgical treatment of hepatic metastases].

PMID- 4004142
TI  - [Hepatic metastases of breast cancer. Analysis of the parameters which influence
      the response to chemotherapy].
AB  - In a serie of 759 patients treated for metastasized cancer of the breast,
      presence of an hepatic focus was observed in 29 percent of cases. Isolated
      hepatic metastases were found in 4 percent of cases while in 25 percent they were
      associated with other tissues. At the time of initial clinical staging, the
      difference between the hepatic metastases group and the other group stems from
      the much greater frequency of severity indices in the former group indicating a
      general and biological transformation of the metastatic tumor(s). At therapeutic
      staging, the slight effectiveness of medical therapies can be accounted for by
      the slight tolerance among patients with a secondary hepatic tumor(s). Lastly, it
      is interesting to note that progesterone receptor presence does not modify the
      prognosis in hepatic metastases cases.

PMID- 4004143
TI  - [Treatment of hepatic metastases with unknown primary cancer].
AB  - A series of 15 cases of hepatic metastases of unknown etiology is reported. All
      patients had a needle biopsy of the liver. The search for primary tumor was
      restricted to only those tumors requiring specific therapeutic protocols.
      Patients received intravenous chemotherapy in accordance with histopathological
      classification. This chemotherapy induced objective improvement in 46 percent of
      cases. The average survival of responding patients is about 16 months. Three
      patients had complete remissions and underwent a second laparotomy with excision
      of necrotic lesions in one case and installation of a catheter for endarterial
      hepatic chemotherapy in another. The investigators propose a diagnostic and
      therapeutic protocol for such patients.

PMID- 4004144
TI  - [Fibronectins: structure and function].
AB  - Fibronectins are a class of high-molecular-weight glycoproteins found in a
      soluble form in blood and other body fluids and in an insoluble form in tissues.
      Cellular and plasma fibronectins are very similar in structure and properties,
      but are not identical. Fibronectins are synthesized by a wide variety of cells in
      vitro including fibroblasts, Schwann cells, chondrocytes, myoblasts, macrophages,
      hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells. They exhibit an affinity for both
      native and denatured forms of collagen, fibrinogen or fibrin, glycosaminoglycans,
      proteoglycans and surfaces of many kinds of eukaryotic cells. Fibronectins also
      bind to bacteria, viral glycoproteins and some protozoan parasites and interact
      with complement components. As a result of these multiple interactions,
      fibronectins might act as a non-specific opsonin. Fibronectins have been
      implicated in a variety of cell functions including cellular adhesion and
      morphology, cytoskeletal organization, oncogenic transformation, cell migration,
      phagocytosis, haemostasis and embryonic differentiation.

PMID- 4004145
TI  - Bacterial morphogenesis.

PMID- 4004146
TI  - A model for the control of differentiation in Rhodomicrobium vannielii swarmer
      cells.

PMID- 4004147
TI  - Conformational and topological aspects of the three-dimensional architecture of
      bacterial peptidoglycan.
AB  - An atomic model of the conformation of peptidoglycan was taken as the basis for
      an analysis of packing patterns of the peptidoglycan strands in two- and three
      dimensional arrangements. For the sake of clarity, glycan strands were
      approximated by cylindrical rods around which a continuous helix of possible
      peptide cross-linkage sites was arranged. Using the packing patterns obtained,
      several important properties of the murein network could be explained. These
      include variations in the degree of cross-linking in Gram-negative and Gram
      positive bacteria and an estimation of the number of peptide monomers, di/trimers
      and oligomers present. Furthermore, our model is compatible with the well known
      flexibility of the murein fabric and the distinct elastic properties of the cell
      wall in gram-positive cocci and rod-shaped bacteria.

PMID- 4004148
TI  - Sites of wall synthesis in Streptococcus faecium.

PMID- 4004149
TI  - How does a Bacillus split its septum right down the middle?
AB  - This is a speculative paper which considers the possible ways that Gram-positive
      cells might employ to achieve an even thickness of the two daughter poles
      resulting from the fission of the cross-wall. The first is that the protonmotive
      force generated by the extrusion of protons at the cytoplasmic membrane acts to
      inhibit autolysins to a distance of about 25 nm. The second has to do with the
      stresses that develop as the poles form. On the tacit assumption that the
      autolysins will function faster when their substrates are under tension, it is
      shown how this, too, can lead to even bisection of the cross-wall. These
      possibilities are not alternative, both probably function.

PMID- 4004151
TI  - Gelatin and collagen binding to Staphylococcus aureus strains.
AB  - An interaction between the staphylococcal surface and gelatin is described. Out
      of 98 Staphylococcus aureus strains, 2 clumped in gelatin solution. Binding of
      collagen on the Staphylococcus aureus surface was also observed.

PMID- 4004150
TI  - Importance of the footpad lesion in the mouse response to local inoculation of
      Mycobacterium marinum.
AB  - The importance of the footpad lesion was studied in CBA mice inoculated in the
      hind footpad with viable or heat-killed Mycobacterium marinum Popliteal or
      popliteal and inguinal lymphadenectomy was followed by modest enhancement of the
      process only when node excision was carried out 6 days after inoculation of a
      small number of viable organisms. Following inoculation in the footpad of a large
      number of heat-killed organisms, only 10% of the inoculum was recovered from the
      site of inoculation, only 0.1% from the popliteal node and even less from the
      inguinal node and spleen. Despite the small proportion of inoculated M. marinum
      remaining in the footpad, amputation of the inoculated foot as early as 4 days
      after inoculation abrogated the protective effects of the inoculation, whereas
      amputation performed 7 days after inoculation was without effect.

PMID- 4004152
TI  - Alterations in regional brain concentrations of neurotensin and bombesin in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Frozen samples of postmortem human brain tissue from patients with Parkinson's
      disease (n = 25) and control patients who died without neurological disease (n =
      25) were assayed for neurotensin and bombesin by specific radioimmunoassay.
      Twelve brain regions were examined: substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area,
      periaqueductal gray matter, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala,
      hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and entorhinal
      cortex. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the concentration of bombesin was
      significantly decreased in the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus, and the
      concentration of neurotensin was significantly reduced in the hippocampus. The
      concentration of neither peptide was significantly altered in the substantia
      nigra or ventral tegmental area, two regions known to exhibit reductions in other
      neurotransmitter substances.

PMID- 4004153
TI  - Association between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.
AB  - To examine a possible relationship of essential tremor to Parkinson's disease
      (PD), 130 patients with essential tremor were studied. Twenty-five patients had
      both essential tremor and PD. These 25 patients were matched for age and duration
      of PD symptoms with 25 patients who had idiopathic PD. Bradykinesia, postural
      instability, and gait difficulty were more severe in the patients with idiopathic
      PD. Degree of tremor, rigidity, and functional disability did not differ in the
      two groups. The prevalence of PD in the population with essential tremor was 24
      times greater than expected. This study suggests that some patients with
      essential tremor have a genetically increased risk for PD.

PMID- 4004154
TI  - Atypical presentation of progressive supranuclear palsy.
AB  - Four pathologically documented cases of progressive supranuclear palsy are
      reported. Two patients exhibited severe dementia and 2 parkinsonism; none had the
      classic ophthalmoplegia. On retrospective analysis, clues to the diagnosis
      included early prominent gait disturbance, apraxia of eyelid opening in 1
      patient, lack of tremor, poor response to levodopa-carbidopa, and severe rigidity
      with a posture of neck extension terminally in 1 patient. The clinical
      presentation of progressive supranuclear palsy, therefore, is not as stereotyped
      as previously thought, and the diagnosis can be overlooked if one adheres rigidly
      to the classic diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 4004155
TI  - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: clinical and radiographic features.
AB  - Between April 1982 and March 1984 7 pathologically confirmed cases of progressive
      multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were diagnosed at our institution. Only 1
      case had been seen in the preceding twenty years. Four patients had acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The others had chronic lymphocytic leukemia,
      Hodgkin's lymphoma, and systemic lupus erythematosus. All patients presented with
      progressive neurological deficits. In most, the initial computed tomographic (CT)
      scan was disproportionately less abnormal than the clinical findings. In 5
      patients the first CT scan revealed hypodensities of the cerebral white matter
      which lacked mass effect and did not enhance with contrast agent. The lesions
      were observed to enlarge progressively on CT scans but often lagged behind the
      rate of clinical evolution. Although 3 patients were treated with cytosine
      arabinoside, none improved. PML had similar clinical, radiographic, and
      pathological features in the AIDS and non-AIDs patients. Of 79 AIDS patients
      cared for at our institution between December 1979 and December 1983, 3.8% had
      PML. PML should be suspected in AIDS patients in the presence of the
      characteristic CT features, especially when CT-clinical dissociation occurs.

PMID- 4004157
TI  - The cherry-red spot in Tay-Sachs and other storage diseases.
AB  - The disappearance of the cherry-red spot in an otherwise typical patient with Tay
      Sachs disease is described and illustrated. This clinical observation has rarely
      been made, but it is consistent with the pathological finding of loss of retinal
      ganglion cells. Disappearance of the cherry-red spot has also been observed in
      GM1 generalized gangliosidosis, the sialidoses known as the cherry-red spot
      myoclonus syndrome and the Goldberg syndrome, and Niemann-Pick, type C disease.
      Thus the absence of a cherry-red spot in the neurologically impaired child or
      adult does not exclude these diagnoses.

PMID- 4004156
TI  - Decreased morbidity from acute bacterial spinal epidural abscesses using computed
      tomography and nonsurgical treatment in selected patients.
AB  - We describe 5 patients with spinal epidural abscesses in whom computed
      tomographic scanning confirmed diagnosis without the use of myelography. One
      patient required urgent surgery because of rapidly deteriorating neurological
      status, but the other 4 were treated nonsurgically. The medical treatment of
      these patients and 9 others described in the literature consisted of antibiotics
      administered parenterally for a minimum of 8 weeks, followed by oral antibiotic
      therapy. Early diagnosis with computed tomographic scanning and a benign
      neurological state at the onset of treatment were associated with good results.

PMID- 4004158
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis: a neuroepidemiological study in Colombia.
AB  - A geographic isolate of tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) in Tumaco, Colombia,
      is described. Fifty confirmed cases were identified (29 men, 21 women) with an
      estimated prevalence ratio of 98 cases per 100,000 population. Patients with
      identified cases ranged in age from 24 to 75 years (mean, 46.5). TSP begins with
      burning feet, leg stiffness, spastic bladder, and, in men, impotence. Patients
      exhibited leg weakness, spasticity, hyperreflexia, and scissoring gait. Babinski,
      Chaddock, and Hoffmann signs could be elicited. Ankle reflexes and vibratory
      sensation of the feet were decreased. Intellectual function, coordination, and
      cranial nerves remained normal. TSP is a slowly progressive disorder but so far
      there have been no deaths from it. Forty cases in this report began between 1971
      and 1980; the earliest documented case began in 1952. Living conditions and
      occupations of the patients were typical for the region. Yaws had occurred in 74%
      of confirmed cases. No likely etiological neurotoxic or nutritional factors were
      identified. TSP also has been described in India, Africa, the Seychelles, and
      Jamaica.

PMID- 4004159
TI  - Seizures and cerebral infarction in the full-term newborn.
AB  - Cerebral arterial infarction is a more common cause of neonatal seizures than has
      been previously appreciated. In 50 full-term newborns with seizures studied, 7
      had cerebral infarction which was the second most common definable cause of
      seizures. We describe these 7 full-term infants with cerebrovascular accidents
      who presented with focal or generalized seizures. Obstetrical histories were
      normal in 5 of these patients. Their neurological examinations demonstrated
      lethargy and generalized hypotonia. Electroencephalograms demonstrated focal
      abnormalities in 4 infants. Computed tomographic scans in the first week of life
      showed infarctions in 6 newborns and in another at age 6 months. Neonatal stroke
      should be considered as a cause of seizures in a full-term newborn in spite of a
      normal obstetrical history and a nonfocal neurological examination.

PMID- 4004160
TI  - Abnormal breathing patterns during sleep in diabetes.
AB  - Nineteen diabetic patients, 12 type I (insulin-dependent) and 7 type II (late
      onset, non-insulin-dependent), underwent nocturnal polygraphic monitoring after a
      daytime medical evaluation that included tests of vagal responses and, in 6
      patients, pulmonary function and hypercapnic and hypoxic responses. Five lean
      type I patients had abnormal sleep-related breathing patterns with central or
      obstructive sleep apnea and brief breathing irregularities during stages 3 to 4
      non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, compared with only 1 overweight type II diabetic
      with moderate obstructive sleep apnea. There was no correlation between daytime
      ventilatory study findings and abnormal breathing patterns during sleep, but
      there was a clear relationship between neuropathy and sleep-related breathing
      abnormalities in type I insulin-dependent diabetics.

PMID- 4004161
TI  - Infantile cerebellar atrophy.
AB  - We describe a family whose members have a dominantly inherited, early-onset,
      nonprogressive syndrome that includes spontaneous upbeating nystagmus and mild
      gait ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed localized atrophy of the
      cerebellar vermis. Several families described in the literature resemble our
      family but differ in mode of inheritance, age at onset, rate of progression, or
      clinical findings. We believe this family represents a unique type of inherited
      early-onset atrophy of the cerebellar vermis.

PMID- 4004162
TI  - Central neurogenic hyperventilation in a conscious patient with a primary
      cerebral lymphoma.
AB  - The clinical and neuropathological findings of a patient with central neurogenic
      hyperventilation are described. The patient had an extensive primary central
      nervous system lymphoma but no lesions below the level of the superior
      colliculus. The possible mechanism of central neurogenic hyperventilation is
      discussed with reference to the present case and those previously described.

PMID- 4004163
TI  - Late-onset Wilson's disease with neurological involvement in the absence of
      Kayser-Fleischer rings.
AB  - We report a patient with Wilson's disease whose case is unusual in two respects.
      First, the patient was 58 years of age when the diagnosis was made based on
      urinary, serum, and hepatic copper studies, as well as liver histological
      investigation. Second, despite the patient's neurological impairment, Kayser
      Fleischer rings had not developed. We conclude that in patients with chronic,
      degenerative neurological disease, particularly when associated with hepatic
      dysfunction, the diagnosis of Wilson's disease should be considered regardless of
      age at onset or the absence of Kayser-Fleischer rings on slit lamp examination.

PMID- 4004164
TI  - On alcoholic myopathy.

PMID- 4004165
TI  - Improved optic nerve conduction with ingestion of ice water.

PMID- 4004166
TI  - Hypoglycemia: causes, neurological manifestations, and outcome.
AB  - During a 12-month prospective study there were 125 visits to the Harlem Hospital
      Emergency Room for symptomatic hypoglycemia. Sixty-five patients had obtundation,
      stupor, or coma; 38 had confusion or bizarre behavior; 10 were dizzy or
      tremulous; 9 had had seizures; and 3 had suffered sudden hemiparesis. Diabetes
      mellitus, alcoholism, and sepsis, alone or in combination, accounted for 90% of
      predisposing conditions; others included fasting, terminal cancer,
      gastroenteritis, insulin abuse, and myxedema. Average blood glucose levels were
      lower among comatose than among obtunded patients, but overlap was considerable,
      and overall there was little correlation among cause, blood glucose levels, and
      symptoms. Although mortality was 11%, only one death was attributable to
      hypoglycemia per se, and only four survivors had focal neurological residua.

PMID- 4004167
TI  - Basal ganglia glucose utilization after recent precentral ablation in the monkey.
AB  - In the macaque monkey, unilateral ablation of areas 4 and 6 of Brodmann results
      initially in a significant decrease of glucose metabolic activity in the
      ipsilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and
      subthalamic nucleus. The contralateral hemisphere shows nonsignificant but
      consistently decreased activity in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus
      pallidus. Cerebral blood flow is decreased in the same pattern as the glucose
      metabolic activity. The change in glucose metabolic activity results from loss of
      neurons known to project directly from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia
      and also from indirect effects (diaschisis) in basal ganglia structures that do
      not receive connections from the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 4004168
TI  - Neurological findings in triosephosphate isomerase deficiency.
AB  - Two siblings with hemolytic anemia caused by triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
      developed a progressive neurological syndrome featuring dystonic movements,
      tremor, pyramidal tract signs, and evidence of spinal motor neuron involvement.
      Intelligence was unaffected. The findings in these patients and in 14 previously
      published cases indicate that neurological manifestations are an integral part of
      the disorder and suggest that specific structures in the basal ganglia,
      brainstem, and spinal cord bear the brunt of the pathological process, which does
      not affect the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 4004169
TI  - An immunochemical study of the pyruvate dehydrogenase deficit in Alzheimer's
      disease brain.
AB  - The activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC; EC 1.2.4.1, EC
      2.3.1.12, and EC 1.6.4.3) was reduced to about 30% of control values in
      histologically unaffected occipital cortex of the brains of patients with
      Alzheimer's disease, as well as in histologically affected frontal cortex. In
      contrast, activity of another mitochondrial enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase, was
      normal. Neither age nor time until postmortem study correlated significantly with
      PDHC activity in either Alzheimer or control samples, and PDHC was not
      inactivated significantly on incubation with homogenates of either Alzheimer or
      control brain. Antibodies against the highly purified bovine PDHC inhibited
      Alzheimer and control PDHC equally per unit of enzyme activity. Immunoblots also
      indicated that the PDHC antigens were not different in normal and Alzheimer
      brains. This antibody, however, inhibited Alzheimer PDHC more effectively than it
      did control PDHC, based on milligrams of protein, suggesting a reduced amount of
      normal PDHC protein. Other data suggest that the PDHC deficiency is related to
      mitochondrial damage and to impaired calcium homeostasis in Alzheimer nerve
      cells, which may then mediate a variety of other cellular impairments.

PMID- 4004170
TI  - The initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: clinical impact of magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - Thirty patients in whom the initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis was
      clinically entertained underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in
      close temporal relationship to cranial x-ray computed tomography (CT),
      electrodiagnostic studies (visual evoked responses, brainstem auditory evoked
      responses, and somatosensory evoked responses), and cerebrospinal fluid analyses
      (oligoclonal bands, myelin basic protein, and IgG/albumin ratio). In 26 of the 30
      patients, MRI demonstrated lesions consistent with multiple sclerosis that
      corresponded, at least in part, with the clinically expected neuroanatomical
      lesion distribution. Two of the 4 patients with normal MRI had normal
      electrodiagnostic studies and cerebrospinal fluid analyses, and the other 2 had a
      single abnormal or equivocal electrodiagnostic study. All 26 patients with
      abnormal MRI had at least one other abnormal laboratory test. CT revealed only
      the largest lesions, and in the patients with abnormal CT, MRI demonstrated even
      more lesions. MRI, in this limited series, proved to be a strong tool in the
      initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis; it may prove to be the single best test,
      with a sensitivity exceeding that of electrodiagnostic studies and cerebrospinal
      fluid analysis.

PMID- 4004171
TI  - Atypical multiple sclerosis with concentric or lamellar demyelinated lesions: two
      Japanese patients studied post mortem.
AB  - In two Japanese patients with atypical multiple sclerosis studied post mortem,
      there was a concentric or lamellar pattern of demyelinated lesions. This was
      detected in the thoracic spinal cord of one patient and in the optic chiasm of
      the other. In addition, lesions more typical of multiple sclerosis were present.
      Clinically, both cases ran courses intermediate between Balo's disease and
      multiple sclerosis. The patients had a relatively rapid progression of disease
      and had severe visual disability or paraplegia associated with fever, headache,
      and pleocytosis. The formation of a concentric or lamellar pattern of the lesions
      in cases of demyelinating diseases may relate to the brief duration or to the
      acuteness or severity of the disease process.

PMID- 4004172
TI  - Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated
      thrombosis.
AB  - We have used a photochemical reaction in vivo to induce reproducible thrombosis
      leading to cerebral infarction in rats. After the intravenous injection of rose
      bengal, a potent photosensitizing dye, an ischemic lesion was formed by
      irradiating the left parietal convexity of the exposed skull for 20 minutes with
      green light (560 nm) from a filtered xenon arc lamp. Animals were allowed to
      survive from 30 minutes to 15 days after irradiation. Early microscopic
      alterations within the irradiated zone included the formation of thrombotic plugs
      and adjacent red blood cell stasis within pial and parenchymal vessels. Scanning
      electron microscopy revealed frequent platelet aggregates adhering to the
      vascular endothelium, often resulting in vascular occlusion. Carbon-black brain
      perfusion demonstrated that occlusion of vascular channels progressed after
      irradiation and was complete within 4 hours. Histopathological examination at 1,
      5, and 15 days revealed that the associated infarct evolved reproducibly through
      several characteristic stages, including a phase of massive macrophage
      infiltration. Although cerebral infarction in this model is initiated by
      thrombosis of small blood vessels, the fact that the main pathological features
      of stroke are consistently reproduced should permit its use in assessing
      treatment regimens. Further, the capability of producing infarction in
      preselected cortical regions may facilitate the study of behavioral, functional,
      and structural consequences of acute and chronic stroke.

PMID- 4004173
TI  - Low cancer rates among patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Among 406 patients with Parkinson's disease, the cancer rate (all sites combined)
      was bout one-third that for the general population. The risk of cancer increased
      during the treatment period but remained significantly low. Malignant and benign
      thyroid neoplasms were significantly more frequent than expected among patients
      with Parkinson's disease. We suggest that high levels of total body potassium in
      patients with Parkinson's disease is the protective factor against cancer.

PMID- 4004174
TI  - Electroencephalographic recording from the temporal lobes: a comparison of ear,
      anterior temporal, and nasopharyngeal electrodes.
AB  - A prospective study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of ear, anterior
      temporal, and nasopharyngeal electrodes for recognizing temporal lobe epileptic
      electroencephalographic (EEG) foci. One hundred and three EEGs were performed on
      patients suspected of having epilepsy who had a previous normal record.
      Nasopharyngeal electrodes were simultaneously compared with ear and anterior
      temporal electrodes to determine their relative abilities to detect pathological
      epileptiform transients from the temporal region. Epileptic discharges were
      detected in 22% of the recordings. Pathological discharges seen in nasopharyngeal
      electrode derivations invariably were seen in ear and anterior temporal electrode
      derivations using carefully designed montages, and EEG diagnosis was not altered
      by use of nasopharyngeal electrodes. We conclude that EEG recording with ear and
      anterior temporal electrodes is sufficient to detect pathological temporal
      epileptiform transients, and that the use of nasopharyngeal electrodes as a
      routine procedure offers no added benefit.

PMID- 4004175
TI  - Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy presenting in infancy with facial diplegia and
      sensorineural deafness.
AB  - Six patients are described in whom facial diplegia occurred in the first year of
      life, with subsequent development of facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. All had
      severe progressive disability prior to adolescence. Facial involvement did not
      include extraocular muscles. All six patients had a sensorineural hearing loss.
      Evidence of a mildly affected parent was found in three families. Progressive and
      severe facioscapulohumeral dystrophy accompanied by facial diplegia and
      sensorineural hearing loss may represent a separate genetic form of
      facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.

PMID- 4004176
TI  - The molecular basis for autosomal dominant inheritance.

PMID- 4004177
TI  - Nonconvulsive status epilepticus following metrizamide myelogram.

PMID- 4004178
TI  - Naloxone abolishes self-injuring in a mentally retarded child.

PMID- 4004179
TI  - Perspectives in toxicology.

PMID- 4004180
TI  - Antibiotic uptake and the cytoplasmic membrane.
AB  - Aminoglycoside antibiotics are accumulated through a unique bacterial transport
      process. Knowledge of the process and how it can alter susceptibility to
      aminoglycoside antibiotics may be used to investigate mechanisms that might
      increase the activity of these compounds. It is possible that aminoglycoside
      activity could be increased by presenting more drug to the cytoplasmic membrane
      through alteration of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria by increasing
      transporter concentration or driving force in the form of the electrical
      potential, by decreasing the rate of enzymatic modification so that active drug
      can be transported, or by changing aminoglycosides to utilize alternative forms
      of transport and finally to increase ribosomal affinity for these drugs.

PMID- 4004181
TI  - [Possible use of exclusive ghosts of autologous erythrocytes for directed
      transport of antibiotics].
AB  - Incorporation of rubomycin into exclusive shades of erythrocytes amounted to 7.1
      per cent, that of tetracyclines to 6.9-8.9 per cent. Determination of stability
      of the erythrocyte containers showed that leakage of the antibiotics proceeded
      during the first 30 minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C when titrated with the
      Hanks solution. It varied with respect to different antibiotics. With the use of
      blood serum for titration stability of the erythrocyte containers probably
      increased. After incubation for 30 minutes only traces of the tetracycline
      derivatives were detected in the supernatant liquid while rubomycin was not
      detectable at all. Therefore, the study showed that the exclusive shades of
      autologous erythrocytes may be in principle used for transport of water-soluble
      antibiotics.

PMID- 4004182
TI  - [Macrolide antibiotics: characteristics of their interaction with organoids,
      intracellular distribution and the effect of sulfalene].
AB  - Interaction of erythromycin and oleandomycin with isolated subcellular fractions
      of rat liver homogenates and intracellular distribution of the antibiotics were
      studied. It was found that the macrolides were bound by the cell organoids. The
      binding was partially reversible. The intracellular distribution was
      characterized by accumulation of erythromycin and oleandomycin in the
      mitochondrial fraction while erythromycin preserved higher activity in cytosol as
      compared to oleandomycin. Sulfalen induced redistribution of the macrolides. It
      decreased absorption of the macrolides by the organoids and increased the
      concentration of free erythromycin and especially oleandomycin in cytosol.

PMID- 4004183
TI  - [Changes in the cathepsin activity of reticuloendothelial cells under the effect
      of biologically active substances].
AB  - The level of cathepsin D, an enzyme of the lysosomal origin was used as a
      criterion of the increase in the digestive capacity of macrophages under the
      action of biologically active substances. It was shown that the use of
      prodigiosan changed the enzyme activity in the cells of the peritoneal exudate
      and spleen of the albino mice. Increased activity of cathepsin D was considered
      as a state of increased readiness for phagocytosis.

PMID- 4004184
TI  - [Study of the stability of pyrimido-[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine antibiotics in acid
      base media by NMR spectroscopy].
AB  - A comparative study of the NMR 1H and 13C spectra of reumycin, fervenulin and
      xanthothricin in aqueous acid-base media showed that at pH or pD ranging from 8.0
      to 1.0 the antibiotics were chemically stable. By the ratio of the 1H and 13C
      chemical shifts of reumycin at pH 4.0-10.0 the pKa values of this antibiotic were
      determined: 6.7 in aqueous (D2O) solution and 8.76 in dimethylsulfoxide media.
      Alkalization of the solutions of reumycin (pH 12.0), fervenulin (pH 9.0) and
      xanthothricin (pH 8.0) resulted in irreversible chemical transformation of the
      antibiotics. The analysis of the chemical shifts in the PMR spectra of the
      transformation products revealed transformation of the uracil ring in reumycin
      and uracil and triazine rings in fervenulin and xanthothricin. Alkalization of
      the xanthothricin solutions resulted also in demethylation with formation of
      reumycin.

PMID- 4004185
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis].
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime was studied in 40 pregnant women with acute
      pyelonephritis. The women were in the 2nd and 3rd terms of pregnancy. The
      antibiotic was injected in a dose of 500 mg. The antibiotic levels in the blood
      and urine were determined with the agar diffusion method. The pharmacokinetic
      parameters were measured in a one-compartmental model with regard to antibiotic
      absorption. The measurement was performed with the use of computer. The
      cefuroxime concentrations in the blood and urine were practically the same at all
      periods of the study and at different terms of pregnancy. In pregnant women with
      acute pyelonephritis, the volume of cefuroxime distribution and the time of a two
      fold decrease in the blood antibiotic levels increased. The estimation of the
      optimal scheme of cefuroxime dosing by the Krueger-Timer principles provided
      treatment of acute pyelonephritis in pregnant women with intramuscular injections
      of the antibiotic in a dose of 500 mg every 8 hours for 7-8 days.

PMID- 4004186
TI  - [Various indicators of amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in infants with Candida
      meningitis during the 1st year of life].
AB  - The incidence of candidiasis meningitis in infants has lately increased. This
      required choosing of the dose and regimen for the use of amphotericin B, the only
      drug effective in the treatment of generalized mycoses. The antibiotic levels in
      the blood and CSF were determined in 14 infants at various periods after
      discontinuation of intravenous drip infusion of amphotericin B. It was shown that
      the therapeutic concentrations of the antibiotic in the blood were attained when
      it was administered in a dose of 120-200 units/kg twice a day. For attaining the
      therapeutic concentrations of the antibiotic in the CSF, daily endolumbar
      administration of amphotericin B in a dose more than 10 units in addition to its
      intravenous drip infusions was required. Therefore, the tactics of amphotericin B
      use in the treatment of candidiasis meningitis in infants was developed.

PMID- 4004187
TI  - [Mechanism of daunorubicin interaction with DNA].
AB  - The kinetics of binding of rubomycin and its aglycon (daunomycinon) with DNA was
      studied with the stopped flow method. It was shown that the reaction of formation
      of the complex of daunorubicin with DNA involved two stages. At the first stage
      the antibiotic aglycon intercalated between the pairs of DNA bases and at the
      second stage the resulting complex was additionally stabilized due to interaction
      of the positively charged amino sugar residue of the antibiotic with the
      negatively charged DNA phosphates. The reaction of formation of the complex of
      daunomycinon with DNA involved one stage. Estimation of the constants
      characterizing the above reactions is presented.

PMID- 4004188
TI  - [Calculated rates of the filtration of antibiotic suspensions in leaf filters
      with horizontal filtering elements].
AB  - A procedure for calculating sediment distribution on horizontal filtering
      elements of multileaf filters used for separation of antibiotic suspensions, as
      well as for calculation of the filtration time in such apparatus is described.
      The correlations derived on the basis of this procedure may be used for
      preliminary technological evaluation of the stage of suspension filtration in
      production of antibiotic powders for injection with the use of closed air-tight
      apparatus schemes including multileaf filters.

PMID- 4004189
TI  - Inhibition of mycobacteria by garlic extract (Allium sativum).
AB  - Thirty strains of mycobacteria, consisting of 17 species, were inhibited by
      various concentrations of garlic extract incorporated in Middlebrook 7H10 agar.
      The concentration required ranged from a low of 1.34 mg/ml to a high of 3.35
      mg/ml of media. When there were multiple strains of a species, a mean inhibitory
      concentration was determined for that species. Six strains of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis required a mean inhibitory concentration of 1.67 mg/ml of media.

PMID- 4004190
TI  - Intraoperative ceforanide pharmacokinetics and protein binding.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and protein binding of ceforanide were studied in 15
      patients undergoing cholecystectomies. Each patient received ceforanide (20
      mg/kg) intravenously on arrival in the operating room, after which serial blood
      samples were collected during the elimination phase for determination of total
      and free ceforanide concentrations in the serum. A high-pressure liquid
      chromatography assay was used, with a centrifugal filtration system for free-drug
      determinations. Serum concentration data for each individual were subjected to
      linear regression to determine the elimination rate constants (total and free
      drug), volumes of distribution, and systemic clearances. The mean elimination
      rate constants were 0.41 and 0.50 h-1 for total and free ceforanide,
      respectively. The mean percentage of ceforanide bound to serum protein was 87.9%.
      The relationship of the free ceforanide concentration to the total concentration
      appeared to be linear. The data were fit to double-reciprocal and half-reciprocal
      relationships with good agreement, showing one binding site and an association
      constant range of 1.6 X 10(7) to 1.9 X 10(7) at these in vivo concentrations. The
      mean volume of distribution and mean systemic clearance of total drug were 100
      ml/kg and 45.9 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. Ceforanide consistently produced
      higher intraoperative total drug concentrations compared with those of cefazolin
      and cefoxitin from similar studies.

PMID- 4004191
TI  - Comparative study of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cephalexin in the treatment
      of bacteriuria during pregnancy.
AB  - A comparative clinical trial of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cephalexin was
      carried out in 80 women with bacteriuria of pregnancy. Treatment was randomly
      allocated and consisted of either one tablet of amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid
      (250 and 125 mg, respectively) three times daily or cephalexin (250 mg) three
      times daily for 7 days. Overall bacteriological cure rates at 2 weeks were 77% in
      the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid group and 74% in the cephalexin group. At 6 weeks
      the respective rates were 76 and 60%. Twenty-five episodes of infection were with
      ampicillin-resistant strains; cure rates were 82% (2 weeks) and 80% (6 weeks) in
      the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid group and 85 and 64%, respectively, in the
      cephalexin group. Differences in cure rates were not statistically significant.
      No significant difference in the rate of side effects was found. In particular,
      no toxicity to the fetus was seen which could be ascribed to either drug.
      Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid would appear to be a safe and effective treatment for
      bacteriuria of pregnancy.

PMID- 4004192
TI  - Renal disposition of gentamicin, dibekacin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and amikacin
      in humans.
AB  - The tubular disposition of five aminoglycosides was studied in humans to
      establish a possible relationship between tubular reabsorption and the
      nephrotoxicity that has been described in the literature. Thirty-three healthy
      male volunteers received a continuous intravenous infusion of isotonic saline
      with inulin, followed 1 h later by inulin plus gentamicin, dibekacin, tobramycin,
      netilmicin, or amikacin (1 mg/kg per h) or amikacin (4 mg/kg per h) over a period
      of 2 h. Brain-stem-evoked response audiometry was performed both before and at
      the end of each infusion. The latency of wave V remained constant whichever
      antibiotic was considered. The glomerular filtration rate did not vary
      significantly during the infusion of each drug. The percent fractional excretion
      was 79 +/- 6, 81 +/- 22, 85 +/- 5, and 99 +/- 9 for gentamicin, dibekacin,
      tobramycin, and netilmicin, respectively, and 83 +/- 4 and 124 +/- 13 for
      amikacin at concentrations of 1 and 4 mg/kg per h, respectively. Net balance and
      renal clearance were similar for the five aminoglycosides when administered at a
      rate of 1 mg/kg per h. With gentamicin only, fractional excretion was correlated
      with the urinary flow rate. We can conclude that (i) gentamicin, generally
      considered the most nephrotoxic agent, had the highest degree of net
      reabsorption; (ii) netilmicin exhibited a net zero tubular balance; (iii)
      amikacin had different patterns of tubular disposition according to the dose,
      i.e., reabsorption at 1 mg/kg per h and secretion at 4 mg/kg per h, raising the
      hypothesis of a saturable process of reabsorption; and (iv) these differences in
      tubular reabsorption could account at least in part for the known different
      nephrotoxic potentials of these five aminoglycosides in humans.

PMID- 4004193
TI  - Morphological changes induced by beta-lactam antibiotics in Mycobacterium avium
      intracellulare complex.
AB  - In vitro activity of seven beta-lactam antibiotics against strains of
      Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was evaluated by the agar dilution method. The
      activity was influenced by the presence or absence of Tween 80 in Dubos medium,
      and cephazolin and cefotaxime were effective against most strains in the presence
      of Tween 80. beta-Lactam antibiotics at low concentrations induced long
      filamentous cells with branching. In contrast to the filaments induced by
      ampicillin, in which septation was rarely observed, filaments induced by
      cephazolin had many septa, suggesting that the mechanisms of filament induction
      were different from the drugs used. At high concentrations, ampicillin and
      cephazolin induced osmotically sensitive cells with bulging at polar end of the
      cells. Analysis of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) of the organism showed that
      there were at least nine PBPs with molecular weights between 32,000 and 94,000 in
      the cytoplasmic membrane. Ampicillin showed the highest affinity for PBPs 1a or
      1b, or both, and also PBPs 3a or 3b, or both. In contrast, there was very little
      specificity of binding of cephazolin for any of the PBPs.

PMID- 4004194
TI  - Vancomycin disposition during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a
      pharmacokinetic analysis of peritoneal drug transport.
AB  - Expressions are presented to describe the absorption and also clearance of drugs
      administered into the peritoneal cavity of patients undergoing continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Application of the expressions to
      vancomycin kinetics in five male CAPD patients showed that therapeutic levels of
      vancomycin can readily be achieved and maintained in the systemic circulation by
      administering the appropriate loading and maintenance doses. The intrinsic
      peritoneal clearance of vancomycin reported here is higher than the apparent
      clearances reported previously, averaging 300 to 500 ml/min under the conditions
      used in this study. The low apparent clearances previously reported are useful
      clinically although they do not represent the true efficiency of vancomycin
      removal by CAPD. The degree to which apparent clearance underestimates the true
      intrinsic clearance is exponentially related to the dwell time of dialysate in
      the peritoneum. Intraperitoneal administration is a practical alternative to
      other routes for CAPD patients needing antibiotic or other therapy.

PMID- 4004195
TI  - In vitro activity of cefbuperazone, a new cephamycin, against anaerobic bacteria.
AB  - The 90% MIC of cefbuperazone (BMY 25182) was 32 micrograms/ml for Bacteroides
      fragilis and Bacteroides spp., 128 micrograms/ml for Fusobacterium and
      Clostridium spp., 64 micrograms/ml for Eubacterium and Peptococcus spp., 8
      micrograms/ml for Actinomyces spp., and 32 micrograms/ml for Peptostreptococcus
      spp. The level of activity of cefbuperazone was higher against B. fragilis and
      lower against anaerobic cocci than those of related cephalosporins, i.e.,
      cefoxitin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, and cefmenoxime. However, the
      activity of cefbuperazone was comparable to that of moxalactam against all groups
      tested. Size of inoculum and type of media used did not alter the MICs of
      cefbuperazone for B. fragilis. Cefbuperazone showed synergistic activity when
      combined with cefoxitin against resistant strains of B. fragilis.

PMID- 4004196
TI  - Comparative in vitro activities of selected antimicrobial agents against
      Aeromonas species and Plesiomonas shigelloides.
AB  - The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of fecal isolates of Aeromonas
      caviae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Plesiomonas shigelloides were
      tested by agar dilution. This in vitro study suggested that ciprofloxacin,
      enoxacin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole might be
      effective oral agents for treatment of diarrhea involving Aeromonas spp. or P.
      shigelloides.

PMID- 4004197
TI  - Once-daily ceftriaxone for skin and soft tissue infections.
AB  - We prospectively compared once-daily administration of ceftriaxone with cefazolin
      given every 8 h for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. Thirty-one
      patients received cefazolin for a mean of 4.5 days, and 26 patients received
      ceftriaxone for a mean of 4.0 days. All patients had a satisfactory response.
      Adverse reactions were few and reversible. Ceftriaxone given as a single daily
      intramuscular injection is effective therapy for skin and soft tissue infections.

PMID- 4004198
TI  - Effects of urinary pH on renal interactions between probenecid and cefsulodin in
      rabbits.
AB  - The effect of urinary pH on renal interaction of cefsulodin and probenecid was
      tested in rabbits. Probenecid was reabsorbed in acidic urine (fractional
      excretion [FE] = 8 +/- 4%) and secreted in alkaline urine (FE = 492 +/- 258%).
      Renal excretion of cefsulodin alone was not affected by the urinary pH (FE = ca.
      100%). In acidic urine, probenecid significantly reduced tubular secretion of
      cefsulodin (FE = 74 +/- 8%). An inverse pattern was observed in alkaline urine
      (FE = 122 +/- 18%).

PMID- 4004200
TI  - Statistical analysis of growth limitations in Paracoccus denitrificans: an
      experiment with a completely randomized two-way factorial design with
      replications.
AB  - Cultivation of microorganisms under growth limitation is a widely used technique
      in microbiology. The relevant investigations, though seemingly based on
      straightforward experiments, have generated conflicting results, e.g., concerning
      molar growth yields. The purpose of this paper is to show that discrepancies in
      the literature could be solved if more attention were paid to methodology,
      especially statistics. New experimental results, concerning growth limitations in
      Paracoccus denitrificans, will exemplify this. They include the following items.
      Two limitations, one of them being succinate limitation, were established in the
      present study. Molar growth yields on succinate were 41 g X mol-1 for succinate
      limitation (95% confidence limits were 38 and 44) and 32 g X mol-1 for the other
      limitation (95% confidence limits were 29 and 35). The latter result is
      compatible with sulphate limitation, but the present experimental design does not
      really permit this conclusion.

PMID- 4004199
TI  - Comparative in vitro activity of sanguinarine against oral microbial isolates.
AB  - MICs of sanguinarine were determined for 52 oral reference strains and 129 fresh
      isolates from human dental plaque. Sanguinarine was found to completely inhibit
      the growth of 98% of the isolates at a concentration of 16 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 4004201
TI  - Biogenesis and metabolic significance of microbodies in urate-utilizing yeasts.
AB  - Growth of Candida famata and Trichosporon cutaneum on uric acid as the sole
      source of carbon and nitrogen was associated with the development of a number of
      microbodies in the cells. Cytochemical staining experiments showed that the
      organelles contained urate oxidase, a key enzyme of uric acid metabolism, and
      catalase. Transfer of cells, precultured on glucose or glycerol, into uric acid
      containing media indicated that these microbodies originated from the organelles,
      originally present in the inoculum cells, by growth and division. In urate-grown
      C. famata the microbodies were frequently observed in large clusters; in both
      organisms they existed in close association with mitochondria and strands of ER.
      The organelles lacked crystalline inclusions. In freeze-fractured cells their
      surrounding membranes showed smooth fracture faces. Exposure of urate-grown cells
      to glucose-excess conditions led to a rapid inactivation of urate oxidase
      activity but catalase was only slightly inactivated. Glucose-induced enzyme
      inactivation was not associated with the degradation of the microbodies present
      in the cells. Similarly, repression of urate oxidase synthesis by ammonium ions
      also did not lead to the degradation of peroxisomes.

PMID- 4004203
TI  - Serotyping of and hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter jejuni isolates from
      human patients, poultry and pigs in the Netherlands.
AB  - Three hundred strains of Campylobacter jejuni, isolated from human patients,
      poultry and pigs were serotyped according to the Penner-Lauwers system and
      furthermore tested for hippurate hydrolysis. Serotyping showed a close
      relationship between human and chicken strains, whereas there was little
      relationship between human and pig strains. A similar conclusion was drawn from
      the results of the hippurate hydrolysis test: 86% of human and 94% of poultry
      strains were positive, whereas 91% of pig strains were negative. These data
      confirm the conclusions from epidemiological investigations, according to which
      poultry is a major source of human campylobacteriosis, while pigs are rarely so.

PMID- 4004202
TI  - The degradation of 1-phenylalkanes by an oil-degrading strain of Acinetobacter
      lwoffi.
AB  - An oil-degrading bacterium identified as Acinetobacter lwoffi was isolated by
      elective culture on North Sea Forties crude oil from an activated sludge sample.
      It grew on a wide range of n-alkanes (C12-C28) and 1-phenylalkanes, including 1
      phenyldodecane, 1-phenyltridecane and 1-phenyltetradecane. The organism degraded
      1-phenyldodecane to phenylacetic acid which was further metabolized via
      homogentisic acid, whilst 1-phenyltridecane was transformed to trans-cinamic and
      3-phenylpropionic acid which were not further metabolized. Evidence is presented
      for a relationship between aromatic amino acid catabolism and 1-phenyldodecane
      degradation in this organism.

PMID- 4004204
TI  - The survival of anaerobes during sewage treatment employing biological filter
      beds.
AB  - During the passage of sewage through a typical treatment plant employing
      biological filter beds and operating under dry weather flow conditions, about 7%
      of the input of anaerobic organisms survive to be released in the effluent. The
      greatest fall in numbers occurs in the first of two primary settling tanks
      operating in series and during passage through the filter beds. The predominant
      organisms were Bacteroides species, gram-positive cocci and clostridial species.
      There is no significant difference in the rate of survival of any of the genera
      through the different stages of treatment.

PMID- 4004205
TI  - Cryptic plasmids in Lactobacillus strains isolated from the murine
      gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Ten of twenty Lactobacillus strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of
      animals of several species contained plasmids of 80 to 90 megadaltons or less
      than 2.6 megadaltons in size, as analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The
      large plasmids were found only in strains originally isolated from the
      keratinized epithelium of the murine stomach.

PMID- 4004206
TI  - Spontaneous occurrence of ochratoxin A residues in porcine kidney and serum
      samples in Poland.
AB  - During the period 1 April 1983 to 31 July 1984, 214,700 swine were processed in a
      slaughterhouse in Poznan, Poland. Of these pigs, 122 (0.057%) exhibited
      macroscopical kidney changes typical for mycotoxic porcine nephropathy.
      Ochratoxin A was found in kidneys from 52 of these pigs. Porcine serum samples
      not biased for nephropathy were collected at random in the same slaughterhouse.
      Of 388 samples, 148 exhibited ochratoxin A residues from 1 to 520 ng/ml.
      Significant increases in nephropathy and ochratoxin A frequencies were observed
      during the spring of 1984.

PMID- 4004207
TI  - Influence of pH on organic acid production by Clostridium sporogenes in test tube
      and fermentor cultures.
AB  - The influence of pH on the growth parameters of and the organic acids produced by
      Clostridium sporogenes 3121 cultured in test tubes and fermentors at 35 degrees C
      was examined. Specific growth rates in the fermentor maintained at a constant pH
      ranged from 0.20 h-1 at pH 5.00 to 0.86 h-1 at pH 6.50. Acetic acid was the
      primary organic acid in supernatants of 24-h cultures; total organic acid levels
      were 2.0 to 22.0 mumol/ml. Supernatants from pH 5.00 and 5.50 cultures had total
      organic acid levels less than one-third of those found at pH 6.00 to 7.00. The
      specific growth rates of the test tube cultures ranged from 0.51 h-1 at pH 5.00
      to 0.95 h-1 at pH 6.50. The pH of the medium did not affect the average total
      organic acid content (51.5 mumol/ml) but did affect the distribution of the
      organic acids, which included formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, 3-(p
      hydroxyphenyl)propionic, and 3-phenylpropionic acids. Butyric acid levels were
      lower, but formic and propionic acid levels were higher, at pH 5.00 than at other
      pHs.

PMID- 4004208
TI  - Cometabolism of low concentrations of propachlor, alachlor, and cycloate in
      sewage and lake water.
AB  - Low concentrations of propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) and alachlor
      [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] were not mineralized,
      cycloate (S-ethyl-N-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate) was slowly or not mineralized,
      and aniline and cyclohexylamine were readily mineralized in sewage and lake
      water. Propachlor, alachlor, and cycloate were extensively metabolized, but the
      products were organic. Little conversion of propachlor and alachlor was evident
      in sterilized sewage or lake water. The cometabolism of propachlor was
      essentially linear with time in lake water and was well fit by zero-order
      kinetics in short periods and by first-order kinetics in longer periods in
      sewage. The rate of cometabolism in sewage was directly proportional to
      propachlor concentration at levels from 63 pg/ml to more than 100 ng/ml. Glucose
      but not aniline increased the yield of products formed during propachlor
      cometabolism in sewage. No microorganism able to use propachlor as a sole source
      of carbon and energy was isolated, but bacteria isolated from sewage and lake
      water metabolized this chemical. During the metabolism of this herbicide by two
      of the bacteria, none of the carbon was assimilated. Our data indicate that
      cometabolism of these pesticides takes place at concentrations of synthetic
      compounds that commonly occur in natural waters.

PMID- 4004209
TI  - Plasmid-mediated degradation of dibenzothiophene by Pseudomonas species.
AB  - The microbial transformation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) is of interest in the
      potential desulfurization of oil. We isolated three soil Pseudomonas species
      which oxidized DBT to characteristic water-soluble, sulfur-containing products.
      Two of our isolates harbored a 55-megadalton plasmid; growth in the presence of
      novobiocin resulted in both loss of the plasmid and loss of the ability to
      oxidize DBT. Reintroduction of the plasmid restored the ability to oxidize DBT to
      water-soluble products. The products resulting from the oxidation of DBT were
      characterized and included 3-hydroxy-2-formyl benzothiophene, 3-oxo-[3'-hydroxy
      thionaphthenyl-(2)-methylene]-dihydrothionaph thene, and the hemiacetal and trans
      forms of 4-[2-(3-hydroxy)-thianaphthenyl]-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid. The products of
      DBT oxidation were inhibitory to cell growth and further DBT oxidation. DBT
      oxidation in our soil isolates was induced by naphthalene or salicylate and to a
      much lesser extent by DBT and was repressed by succinate.

PMID- 4004210
TI  - Determination of the concentration of maltose- and starch-like compounds in
      drinking water by growth measurements with a well-defined strain of a
      Flavobacterium species.
AB  - The growth kinetics of Flavobacterium sp. strain S12 specialized in the
      utilization of glycerol, and a number of oligo- and polysaccharides were
      determined in batch-culture experiments at 15 degrees C in pasteurized tap water
      supplied with very low amounts of substrates. Kss for the growth on maltotriose,
      maltotetraose, maltopentaose, and maltohexaose were 0.03 microM or less and below
      those for glucose (1.5 microM) and maltose (0.16 microM). Kss for starch,
      amylose, and amylopectin were 8.4, 25.6, and 11.0 micrograms of C per liter,
      respectively. A yield of 2.3 X 10(7) CFU/micrograms of C on the oligo- and
      polysaccharides was calculated from the linear relationships observed between
      maximum colony counts in pasteurized tap water and the concentrations (usually
      below 25 micrograms of C per liter) of supplied compounds. The maximum colony
      counts of strain S12 grown in various types of raw water and tap water revealed
      that raw water contained only a few micrograms of maltose- and starch-like
      compounds per liter; in tap water the concentrations were all below 1 microgram
      of C and usually below 0.1 microgram of C per liter. The application of starch
      based coagulant aids gave increased concentrations of maltose- and starch-like
      compounds in the water during treatment, but these concentrations were greatly
      reduced by coagulation and sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and slow sand
      filtration.

PMID- 4004211
TI  - Virus persistence in groundwater.
AB  - More than 50% of the outbreaks of waterborne disease in the United States are due
      to the consumption of contaminated groundwater. An estimated 65% of the cases in
      these outbreaks are caused by enteric viruses. Little, however, is known about
      the persistence of viruses in groundwater. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether measurable chemical and physical factors correlate with virus
      survival in groundwater. Groundwater samples were obtained from 11 sites
      throughout the United States. Water temperature was measured at the time of
      collection. Several physical and chemical characteristics, including pH,
      nitrates, turbidity, and hardness, were determined for each sample. Separate
      water samples were inoculated with each of three viruses (poliovirus 1, echovirus
      1, and MS-2 coliphage) and incubated at the in situ groundwater temperature;
      selected samples were also incubated at other temperatures. Assays were performed
      at predetermined intervals over a 30-day period to determine the number of
      infective viruses remaining. Multiple regression analysis revealed that
      temperature was the only variable significantly correlated with the decay rates
      of all three viruses. No significant differences were found among the decay rates
      of the three viruses, an indication that MS-2 coliphage might be used as a model
      of animal virus survival in groundwater.

PMID- 4004212
TI  - Postharvest production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium
      viridicatum in barley with different protein levels.
AB  - The production of ochratoxin A (OA) in barley by Aspergillus ochraceus and
      Penicillium viridicatum was measured at 12 and 25 degrees C. The grain had been
      fertilized with various amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 90, or 240 kg/ha) and
      contained (at crop maturity) 9.1, 10.4, or 12.0% protein, respectively. The
      production of OA by both fungi increased as the protein concentration increased.
      Glutamic acid and proline were enriched relative to other amino acids as the
      protein concentration increased. The differences in OA production could not be
      explained by a differential effect of protein or amino acids on fungal growth in
      barley. However, glutamic acid and proline enhanced OA production in liquid
      cultures of both A. ochraceus and P. viridicatum.

PMID- 4004213
TI  - Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wild primates: increased prevalence in baboons
      feeding on human refuse.
AB  - We examined three groups of wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli
      National Park, Kenya, to determine the prevalence of aerobic antibiotic-resistant
      fecal bacteria in nonhuman primates with and without contact with human refuse.
      Using standard isolation and replica plating techniques, we found only low
      numbers of antibiotic-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria in two groups of
      baboons leading an undisturbed existence in their natural habitat and having
      limited or no contact with humans. However, resistance was significantly higher
      among enteric bacteria from the third group of baboons living in close proximity
      to a tourist lodge and having daily contact with unprocessed human refuse.
      Conjugation studies and analysis of the cell DNA by gel electrophoresis showed
      that in many cases resistance was plasmid-borne and transferable. These data
      suggest that wild nonhuman primates in frequent contact with human debris have a
      higher proportion of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria than do conspecifics
      without this contact. The findings further suggest that such groups of wild
      animals may constitute a heretofore overlooked source of antibiotic resistance in
      the natural environment.

PMID- 4004214
TI  - Erwinia herbicola isolates from alfalfa plants may play a role in nodulation of
      alfalfa by Rhizobium meliloti.
AB  - Erwinia herbicola was isolated from roots of plants derived from surface
      sterilized seeds of all alfalfa varieties that were tested. Some of these E.
      herbicola strains affected nodulation by certain strains of Rhizobium meliloti.
      In previously published work we presented the isolation of slow-and fast
      nodulating variants from a single culture of R. meliloti 102F51. In the absence
      of E. herbicola, the slow-nodulating variant induced the formation of nodules on
      alfalfa as rapidly as the faster-nodulating strain. The rates of nodulation by
      the faster-nodulating variant were the same in the presence and absence of E.
      herbicola. All of the previously reported slower-nodulating strains derived from
      R. meliloti 102F51 nodulated more rapidly on sterilized plants than in the
      presence of certain E. herbicola isolates.

PMID- 4004215
TI  - Effects of four aromatic organic pollutants on microbial glucose metabolism and
      thymidine incorporation in marine sediments.
AB  - The metabolism of D-[U-14C]glucose and the incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine
      by aerobic and anaerobic marine sediment microbes exposed to 1 to 1,000 ppm
      anthracene, naphthalene, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and
      pentachlorophenol were examined. Cell-specific rates of [14C]glucose metabolism
      averaged 1.7 X 10(-21) and 0.5 X 10(-21) mol/min per cell for aerobic and
      anaerobic sediment slurries, respectively; [3H]thymidine incorporation rates
      averaged 43 X 10(-24) and 9 X 10(-24) mol/min per cell for aerobic and anaerobic
      slurries, respectively. Aerobic sediments exposed to three of the organic
      pollutants for 2 to 7 days showed recovery of both activities. Anaerobic
      sediments showed little recovery after 2 days of pre-exposure to the pollutants.
      We conclude that (i) anaerobic sediments are more sensitive than aerobic
      sediments to pollutant additions; (ii) [3H]thymidine incorporation is more
      sensitive to pollutant additions than is [14C]glucose metabolism; and (iii) the
      toxicity of the pollutants increased in the following order: anthracene, p,p'
      dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, naphthalene, and pentachlorophenol.

PMID- 4004216
TI  - Kinetic profiles of diacetoxyscirpenol and two of its metabolites in blood serum
      of pigs.
AB  - Orally administered diacetoxyscirpenol (2 mg/kg of body weight) was rapidly
      absorbed into the blood serum of pigs; within 1 h, the highest amounts of
      diacetoxyscirpenol (9.6 to 21.9 ng/ml) were detected. Two metabolites of
      diacetoxyscirpenol were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy as
      monoacetoxyscirpenol and scirpenetriol. The three trichothecenes were present in
      the blood serum of pigs for only 24 h, indicating a rapid metabolism of these
      compounds.

PMID- 4004217
TI  - Copper-binding characteristics of exopolymers from a freshwater-sediment
      bacterium.
AB  - Copper-binding activity by exopolymers from adherent cells of a freshwater
      sediment bacterium was demonstrated by a combination of equilibrium dialysis and
      flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Crude, cell-free exopolymer
      preparations containing protein and polysaccharide components bound up to 37 nmol
      of Cu per mg (dry weight). A highly purified exopolysaccharide preparation bound
      up to 253 nmol of Cu per mg of carbohydrate. The conditional stability constant
      for the crude exopolymer-Cu complex was 7.3 X 10(8). This value was similar to
      those obtained for Cu complexes formed with humic acids and xanthan, an
      exopolysaccharide produced by Xanthomonas campestris. Studies conducted at copper
      concentrations, pHs, and temperatures found in sediments from which the bacterium
      was isolated indicated that the exopolymers were capable of binding copper under
      natural conditions.

PMID- 4004218
TI  - Biodegradation of [14C]phenol in secondary sewage and landfill leachate measured
      by double-vial radiorespirometry.
AB  - Double-vial radiorespirometry was used to estimate the biodegradation rates of
      14C-labeled phenol in a landfill leachate and a secondary treated domestic
      wastewater. Rates were found to be comparable for each material at each of the
      three concentrations tested. Sewage microorganisms immediately began biodegrading
      the [14C]phenol; landfill leachate microorganisms required a lag period before
      maximum biodegradation of the [14C]phenol. The apparent rate of [14C]phenol
      biodegradation was 2.4 times faster in the sewage than in the landfill leachate.
      Double-vial radiorespirometry was shown to be an effective method for screening
      biodegradation rates in aquifers.

PMID- 4004219
TI  - Formation of bacterial colonies in successive time intervals.
AB  - By enumerating colonies on a plate in successive equal short intervals of time,
      we found that the number of colonies formed in individual intervals varied at
      random and their distribution was approximated by a Poisson series. Based on the
      result, we derived the equation of colony formation (CF equation). This equation
      describes the relationship between the cumulative number of colonies and
      incubation time: N(t) = N infinity (1 - exp[-lambda(t - tr)]) where N(t) is the
      number of colonies at time t. N infinity, lambda, and tr are parameters,
      expressing the expected number of colonies on a plate at infinite incubation
      time, the probability of the occurrence of colony formation in a unit of time,
      and a retardation time, respectively.

PMID- 4004220
TI  - Regulation and butanol inhibition of D-xylose and D-glucose uptake in Clostridium
      acetobutylicum.
AB  - Clostridium acetobutylicum exhibited diauxie growth in the presence of mixtures
      of glucose and xylose. Both glucose- and xylose-grown cells had a glucose uptake
      activity. On the other hand, growth on xylose was associated with the induction
      of a xylose permease activity, which was repressed by glucose in xylose-induced
      cells. The rate of sugar uptake with increasing sugar concentrations showed
      saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of 1.25 X 10(-5) M for glucose and 5 X
      10(-3) M for xylose. Concomitant with the production of solvents, the activities
      of the glucose and xylose transport systems decreased. Among the main products of
      fermentation, butanol was shown to be a potent inhibitor of the growth of the
      organism and of the rate of sugar uptake as well as of sugar incorporation into
      cell materials. These inhibitory effects of butanol were more pronounced in
      xylose-grown cells than in glucose-grown cells. Butanol completely inhibited
      growth at a concentration of 14 g/liter for cultures growing on glucose and 8
      g/liter for cultures growing on xylose. Concentrations of 7 and 10.5 g/liter of
      butanol caused a 50% inhibition of the xylose and glucose incorporations into
      cell materials. These inhibitory levels of butanol were found in typical glucose
      or xylose fermentation.

PMID- 4004221
TI  - Filamentous sulfur bacteria of activated sludge: characterization of Thiothrix,
      Beggiatoa, and Eikelboom type 021N strains.
AB  - Seventeen strains of filamentous sulfur bacteria were isolated in axenic culture
      from activated sludge mixed liquor samples and sulfide-gradient enrichment
      cultures. Isolation procedures involved plating a concentrated inoculum of washed
      filaments onto media containing sulfide or thiosulfate. The isolates were
      identified as Thiothrix spp., Beggiatoa spp., and an organism of uncertain
      taxonomic status, designated type 021N. All bacteria were gram negative, reduced
      nitrate, and formed long, multicellular trichomes with internal reserves of
      sulfur, volutin, and sudanophilic material. Thiothrix spp. formed rosettes and
      gonidia, and four of six strains were ensheathed. Type 021N organisms utilized
      glucose, lacked a sheath, and differed from Thiothrix spp. in several aspects of
      cellular and cultural morphology. Beggiatoa spp. lacked catalase and oxidase, and
      filaments were motile. Biochemical and physiological characterization of the
      isolates revealed important distinguishing features between the three groups of
      bacteria. Strain differences were most evident among the Thiothrix cultures. A
      comparison of the filamentous sulfur bacteria with freshwater strains of
      Leucothrix was made also.

PMID- 4004222
TI  - Lactate metabolism by pediococci isolated from cheese.
AB  - Pediococcus pentosaceus is commonly found among the adventitious microflora of
      Cheddar cheese. When this organism was incubated with L-(+)-lactate under
      anaerobic conditions, L-(+)-lactate was rapidly converted to D-(-)-lactate until
      racemic (DL) lactate was present. Under aerobic conditions this initial reaction
      was followed by a slower reaction resulting in the use of both lactate isomers
      and in the production of acetate and CO2. With intact cells the lactate oxidation
      system had an optimum pH of 5 to 6, depending on the initial lactate
      concentration. Cells grown anaerobically possessed lactate-oxidizing activity
      which increased two- to fourfold as sugar was exhausted from the medium. Aerobic
      growth further increased specific activities. Cheddar cheese was made with the
      deliberate addition of P. pentosaceus. When the resulting cheese was grated to
      expose a large surface area to O2, lactate was converted to acetate at a rate
      which depended on the density of pediococci in the cheese. The lactate oxidation
      system remained active in cheese which had been ripened for 6 months.

PMID- 4004224
TI  - Interaction of acetogens and methanogens in anaerobic freshwater sediments.
AB  - Anaerobic decomposition processes in the profundal sediments of Blelham Tarn
      (English Lake District) are often limited during late summer by the input of
      organic carbon. The concentration of acetate in the interstitial water fell from
      about 100 microM (immediately after sedimentation of the spring diatom bloom) to
      a relatively constant value of about 20 microM in late summer, during which
      acetate utilization appeared to be balanced by production. Addition of chloroform
      and molybdate caused an accumulation of cold acetate in large sediment cores and
      of [14C]acetate in small cores to which [14C]bicarbonate had been added. In both
      cases chloroform caused the greater accumulation, implying that acetoclastic
      methanogens were the more active consumers. The conversion of 14CO2 to
      [14C]acetate was inversely related, with depth, to its conversion to 14CH4.
      Methanogenesis from CO2 decreased during late summer, whereas acetogenesis and
      acetoclastic methanogenesis increased over the same time period. The production
      of acetate from CO2 was generally equivalent to less than 10% of the acetate
      carbon utilized but could be as high as 25% of that value. Hydrogen consumption
      by acetogens could be as high as 50% of that utilized in methanogenesis. The role
      of acetogenic bacteria in anaerobic processes may therefore be of greater
      significance in lakes such as Blelham Tarn than in more eutrophic systems.

PMID- 4004223
TI  - Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in sentinel ducks
      and domestic turkeys in Minnesota.
AB  - Sentinel ducks and domestic turkey flocks were monitored for influenza infection
      during a 4-year period. The onset of infection among ducks was similar each year,
      occurring in late July or early August. Influenza in turkeys was also shown to be
      seasonal, but the usual onset was 6 to 8 weeks after the detection of influenza
      in sentinel ducks. Possible explanations for the delayed infection in turkeys are
      (i) increased waterfowl activity associated with fledging and congregating in
      late summer and early fall; (ii) vectors transmitting virus from the waterfowl
      habitat to poultry farms; (iii) cooler environmental temperature, allowing
      prolonged virus viability; (iv) cooler surface water temperature, allowing
      prolonged virus viability; (v) groundwater contamination from contaminated
      surface water; and (vi) virus adaptation in domestic turkeys before infection is
      detected. We conclude that ducks are not only a natural reservoir of influenza
      but also have a seasonal infection that appears to be related to seasonal
      influenza outbreaks in domestic turkeys in Minnesota. However, only some
      influenza A virus isolates circulating among waterfowl at any given time appear
      capable of causing detectable infection in turkeys. It is speculated that the
      seasonal infection in migratory waterfowl may also be related to seasonal
      influenza infections in other species including humans.

PMID- 4004225
TI  - Oxidation of acyclic terpenoids by Corynebacterium sp.
AB  - Squalene analogs such as lycopersene, geranylfarnesyl, digeranyl, and 2-hydroxy
      2,3-dihydrosqualene and terpene alcohol derivatives such as farnesyl benzyl
      ether, farnesyl pivalate, geranylgeranyl pivalate, geranyl pivalate, and geranyl
      benzyl ether were oxidized by Corynebacterium sp. strain SY-79, which was
      isolated from soil by using squalene as a carbon source. Lycopersene and
      geranylfarnesyl gave no major product. Digeranyl, geranyl benzyl ether, and
      geranyl pivalate gave terminal oxidation products, and 2-hydroxy-2,3
      dihydrosqualene, farnesyl benzyl ether, farnesyl pivalate, and geranylgeranyl
      pivalate were degraded to give lower molecular carboxylic acids. Strain SY-79
      showed promising oxidative activities toward acyclic terpenes, although the
      metabolites obtained were variable, depending upon the structure of the
      substrate.

PMID- 4004226
TI  - 12 beta-dehydrogenation of bile acids by Clostridium paraputrificum, C. tertium,
      and C. difficile and epimerization at carbon-12 of deoxycholic acid by
      cocultivation with 12 alpha-dehydrogenating Eubacterium lentum.
AB  - 12 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenating activities were detected in 13 strains of
      Clostridium paraputrificum, 1 strain of C. tertium, and 1 strain of C. difficile,
      together with a 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system in many
      strains. Redox reactions a C-12 of disubstituted and trisubstituted bile acids
      were performed unspecifically by representative strains of C. paraputrificum. 3
      alpha,12 beta-, 3 beta,12 beta-Dihydroxy-, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 beta-trihydroxy-,
      and 3-keto,12 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids, so far not known as bacterial
      bile acid metabolites, were identified. Epimerization of the 12 alpha-hydroxyl
      group of deoxycholate via the 12-keto intermediate was achieved by cocultivation
      of C. paraputrificum and Eubacterium lentum, elaborating a 12 alpha
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase only. In addition, epimerization at C-12 was
      demonstrated with mixed human fecal cultures.

PMID- 4004227
TI  - Photoreactivation of UV-irradiated Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella
      species.
AB  - Shortwave UV light was assessed as a feasible modality for the control of
      Legionnaires disease bacterium in water. The results of this study show that
      Legionella pneumophila and six other Legionella species are very sensitive to low
      doses of UV. However, all Legionella species tested effectively countered the
      germicidal effect of UV when subsequently exposed to photoreactiving light.

PMID- 4004228
TI  - Autolysis of psychrophilic bacteria from marine fish.
AB  - Two psychrophillic bacterial isolates of marine fish origin unable to grow at 20
      degrees C or above were found to be distinguishable on the basis of autolysis at
      elevated temperature in various buffer systems. Isolate OP2 exhibited autolysis
      at 30 degrees C and above, while isolate OP7 underwent autolysis only at 35
      degrees C and above. Tris buffer at pH 7.0 and 8.0 and at 35 degrees C
      significantly protected isolate OP2 from autolysis and failed to do so with
      isolate OP7. At pH 5.0, suspension phosphate buffer resulted in significantly
      greater autolysis of both isolates than did suspension in succinate buffer.

PMID- 4004229
TI  - Effect of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on fertility, pregnancy, and postnatal
      development of Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - A diet containing 20 ppm (micrograms/g) of purified deoxynivalenol (DON) was fed
      to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 60 and 15 days, respectively, before
      breeding. Rats consuming feed amended with DON throughout pregnancy and lactation
      showed no clinical signs of toxicity, nor did the control or pair-fed control
      groups. Male rats in the DON treatment group showed no feed refusal but were less
      efficient than males in control groups in converting feed into body mass. Feed
      refusal in female rats varied with stage of pregnancy. Before breeding, overall
      feed consumption was similar in all groups, but in the DON treatment group there
      was significant feed refusal for the first 2 days. Feed conversion efficiency was
      reduced in the DON treatment group. Pregnant and lactating rats fed DON-treated
      feed ate 6% less than did control rats fed solvent-treated feed. Although pair
      fed control rats ate 14 to 21% less than rats in the DON treatment group, their
      body weights were greater than those of the DON group rats throughout most of the
      feeding trials, indicating that DON has a toxic effect. Only 50% of the matings
      between DON group rats resulted in pregnancy, compared with 80% in the control
      groups. There were no differences detected among groups in ratio of male to
      female pups, survival rate, or average litter number and weight. Pup weight gains
      in all groups were comparable through postnatal day 14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4004230
TI  - Evaluation of nongermicidal handwashing protocols for removal of transient
      microbial flora.
AB  - A method has been described which can compare the efficacy of different
      nongermicidal handwashing protocols for removal of transient microbial flora
      without the necessity of establishing or relying on a previously determined
      baseline for an individual subject. The wash effluent is collected, and colony
      counts for the effluent reflect the number removed by the wash protocol. A second
      standard wash in a handwashing machine is performed, and the test criterion is
      the percent removed in the test wash based on the sum of total CFU recovered from
      the two washes. The method was used to compare an 8-s cycle for a newly developed
      handwashing machine with a conventional 15-s Ivory soap wash. When machine
      pressure was adequate (42 lb/in2), there was no statistically significant
      difference in the percent removal of transient flora by the two methods (48.8%
      from the machine versus 45.1% from the Ivory soap wash). At 32 lb/in2, the Ivory
      soap wash recovered 60.3%, whereas the machine recovered 45.1%.

PMID- 4004231
TI  - Soil amoebas as biological markers to estimate the quality of swimming pool
      waters.
AB  - The legal biological survey of swimming pool waters is based on both the level of
      bacteriological contamination and the amount of material of fecal origin. The
      great number of soil amoebas and the occasional epidemiological risk involved led
      us to consider using these organisms as possible biological markers to estimate
      the quality of pool water and the extent of disinfection. During a 1-year survey
      of 54 public swimming pools, 765 superficial pool and tap water samples were
      collected. One portion (50 ml) drawn from 1-liter samples was filtered and
      cultured for amoebas. In specimens considered contaminated we detected at least
      20 amoebas per liter, whereas uncontaminated samples contained fewer than 20
      amoebas per liter. By keeping the threshold value voluntarily low, we were able
      to compare tap water with pool water and to monitor the quality of various
      disinfection procedures (i.e., chlorine, bromine, and Cu-Ag). The data suggest
      that the filters were not always protective against a high concentration of
      amoebas. Furthermore, these disinfection procedures were not equally efficient
      according to estimates based on biological criteria. In addition, the quality of
      swimming pool water also depends on the quality of its source tap water. Thus,
      the numeration of soil amoebas can be used as an additional biological marker to
      estimate the quality of swimming pool water.

PMID- 4004232
TI  - Metabolism of ochratoxin B and its possible effects upon the metabolism and
      toxicity of ochratoxin A in rats.
AB  - A metabolic product was formed from ochratoxin B by rat liver microsomal
      fractions in the presence of NADPH. It was isolated from the incubation mixture
      by extraction, thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography,
      and crystallization. On the basis of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy, the structure is suggested to be 4-hydroxyochratoxin B. The Km for
      the formation of 4-hydroxyochratoxin B was determined, and the hydroxylation of
      ochratoxin A was not altered by the presence of ochratoxin B. Rats were given
      ochratoxin A or B, or a mixture of both intraperitoneally. The ratios of the
      three metabolites, ochratoxin A, (4R)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A, and ochratoxin
      alpha, excreted in the urine did not change in the presence of ochratoxin B.
      Ochratoxin B was metabolized to 4-hydroxyochratoxin B and ochratoxin beta, but in
      a different ratio than for the ochratoxin A metabolites. When given
      intraperitoneally, ochratoxin beta was excreted within 24 h. In rats treated with
      ochratoxin A alone, the food intake was reduced by 50%, and histologically severe
      lesions, degeneration, and necrosis were observed in the proximal tubules. When
      ochratoxin A and B given in combination, the animals were clinically unaffected
      and histologically there was only slight damage of proximal tubules. These
      observations indicate that ochratoxin B considerably reduces the toxic effects of
      ochratoxin A.

PMID- 4004233
TI  - Effect of temperature, pH, and oxygen level on the multiplication of naturally
      occurring Legionella pneumophila in potable water.
AB  - A water culture containing naturally occurring Legionella pneumophila and
      associated microbiota was maintained in the laboratory by serially transferring
      the culture in tap water which had been sterilized by membrane filtration.
      Successful maintenance of the water culture depended upon transferring the
      culture when the growth of L. pneumophila was in the late-exponential to early
      stationary phase. The water culture was used as a source of naturally occurring
      bacteria to determine some of the parameters which affect the multiplication of
      L. pneumophila in tap water. Naturally occurring L. pneumophila multiplied at a
      temperature between 25 and 37 degrees C, at pH levels of 5.5 to 9.2, and at
      concentrations of dissolved oxygen of 6.0 to 6.7 mg/liter. Multiplication did not
      occur in tap water which contained less than 2.2 mg of dissolved oxygen per
      liter. An association was observed between the multiplication of L. pneumophila
      and the non-Legionellaceae bacteria which were also present in the water culture.
      The method of preserving naturally occurring L. pneumophila and associated
      microbiota may facilitate studies on the symbiosis of L. pneumophila with other
      microorganisms.

PMID- 4004235
TI  - Use of bituminous coal as an alternative technique for field concentration of
      waterborne viruses.
AB  - A filter system that sandwiches a bituminous coal preparation between two
      prefilters was comparable to those presently used to recover human viruses from
      large volumes of water. This filter was effective over a pH range of 3.0 to 7.0.
      Poliovirus type 1 recoveries from 100-liter seeded samples of Cincinnati tap
      water did not vary significantly when compared with those of identical samples
      processed through Filterite and Millipore filters. In studies with raw domestic
      sewage, virus recoveries were nearly identical from comparable samples filtered
      through coal and Millipore disk filters. Thus, the availability of coal makes
      this filter system an inexpensive analytical tool, especially in developing
      nations, for virus concentration.

PMID- 4004234
TI  - Effect of non-Legionellaceae bacteria on the multiplication of Legionella
      pneumophila in potable water.
AB  - A naturally occurring suspension of Legionella pneumophila and associated
      microbiota contained three unidentified non-Legionellaceae bacteria which
      supported satellite growth of a subculture of L. pneumophila on an L-cysteine
      deficient medium and another bacterium which did not support growth of the
      subculture. Washed suspensions containing 10(3), 10(5), 10(7), or 10(8) CFU of a
      mixture of isolates of these non-Legionellaceae bacteria failed to support the
      multiplication of an isolate of agar-grown L. pneumophila which had been washed
      and seeded into the suspensions. The suspensions which contained 10(3), 10(5), or
      10(7) CFU of the non-Legionellaceae bacteria per ml appeared to enhance survival
      or cryptic growth of agar-grown L. pneumophila. A decline of 1.3 log CFU of L.
      pneumophila per ml occurred within the first week of incubation in the sample
      which contained 10(8) CFU of the non-Legionellaceae bacteria per ml. In contrast
      to these results, naturally occurring L. pneumophila multiplied in the presence
      of associated microbiota. The necessity to subculture L. pneumophila and the non
      Legionellaceae bacteria on artificial medium to obtain pure cultures may have
      affected the multiplication of L. pneumophila in tap water. Alternatively, other
      microorganisms may be present in the naturally occurring suspension which support
      the growth of this bacterium.

PMID- 4004236
TI  - Properties of lactate dehydrogenase in a psychrophilic marine bacterium.
AB  - Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) from Vibrio marinus MP-1 was purified 15-fold
      and ammonium activated. The optimum pH for pyruvate reduction was 7.4. Maximum
      lactate dehydrogenase activity occurred at 10 to 15 degrees C, and none occurred
      at 40 degrees C. The crude-extract enzyme was stable between 15 and 20 degrees C
      and lost 50% of its activity after 60 min at 45 degrees C. The partially purified
      enzyme was stable between 8 and 15 degrees C and lost 50% of its activity after
      60 min at 30 degrees C. The thermal stability of lactate dehydrogenase was
      increased by mercaptoethanol, with 50% remaining activity at 42 degrees C.

PMID- 4004237
TI  - Identification of various T-2 toxin metabolites in chicken excreta and tissues.
AB  - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify various T-2 toxin
      metabolites in chicken excreta and organs 18 h after intraperitoneal injection of
      the toxin. No trichothecenes were detected in the heart and kidneys, and only
      trace amounts were detected in the lungs. Most of the T-2 metabolites were found
      in the excreta, although considerable amounts were also found in the liver. In
      addition to the previously identified T-2 metabolites in chicken excreta (HT-2
      toxin, 15 acetoxy T-2 tetraol, and T-2 tetraol), we found 3'-hydroxy HT-2 toxin
      (the major metabolite in excreta and organs), 3'-hydroxy T-2 toxin, 4-acetoxy T-2
      tetraol, and trace amounts of 8-acetoxy T-2 tetraol, 3-acetoxy-3'hydroxy HT-2
      toxin, and T-2 triol. Unmetabolized T-2 toxin and an unidentified isomer of T-2
      tetraol monoacetate were also detected in the excreta. Most of the metabolites in
      the chicken are similar to those encountered in cultures of fungal species
      producing T-2 toxin. A comparison with T-2 toxin metabolism in the cow is also
      reported.

PMID- 4004238
TI  - An instrument for the immediate quantification of bacteria in potable waters.
AB  - A new semiautomated instrument is described which quantifies the number of
      bacteria in potable waters within 3 min, providing a permanent colorimetric
      record of the results. The bacteria detection device can measure as few as 100
      CFU/ml in potable waters. In brief, a 100- to 1,000-ml sample of tap water is
      drawn through a large surface, customized filter housed in the device, and
      bacteria, rust, and humic acid in the water are concentrated thereon. A reducing
      agent is used to remove the rust and humic acid from the filter. The filter is
      inverted and backflushed to elute the bacteria which are collected and
      reconcentrated onto a 7-mm-diameter filter surface. The reconcentrated bacteria
      are stained, and the filter fibers are preferentially decolorized without
      removing the dye from the bacteria. The color intensity of the filter surface is
      compared with a color guide to determine the amount of bacteria in the test
      water.

PMID- 4004239
TI  - Specific uptake rates of amino acids by attached and free-living bacteria in a
      mesotrophic lake.
AB  - Seasonal and spatial patterns of specific uptake rates of amino acids by bacteria
      in Lake Constance were studied. The total bacterial population was divided into
      small (0.2- to 1.0-micron) and large (1.0- to 3.0-micron) free-living bacteria
      and attached bacteria by fractionated filtration. Data for attached bacteria,
      received by retention on 3.0-micron-pore Nuclepore filters, were corrected for
      free-living bacteria in this fraction. Specific uptake rates based on
      autoradiography were also recorded. Specific uptake rates for attached bacteria
      ranged from 9.41 X 10(-11) to 6.11 X 10(-8) ng of C h-1 cell-1 and were therefore
      significantly greater than those for free-living bacteria during most time
      periods. However, they were not significantly different from those for cells
      proven to be active by autoradiography. Specific uptake rates for small free
      living bacteria ranged between 7.68 X 10(-11) and 4.60 X 10(-9) ng of C h-1 cell
      1. They were nearly in the same range of those for large free-living bacteria
      (5.10 X 10(-11) to 1.07 X 10(-8) ng of C h-1 cell-1), although both fractions
      exhibited pronounced differences in their seasonal and vertical distributions.

PMID- 4004240
TI  - Glycosidases of the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis grown on
      cellulosic substrates.
AB  - The rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis was grown on cellulosic
      substrates, and the cellular distribution and types of glycosidases produced by
      the organism were studied. Fungal cultures were fractionated into extracellular,
      insoluble (membrane), and intracellular fractions and assayed for glycosidase
      activity by using Avicel, carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, starch, polygalacturonic
      acid, and the p-nitrophenyl derivatives of galactose, glucose, and xylose as
      substrates. Enzymic activity was highest in the extracellular fraction; however,
      the membrane fraction also displayed appreciable activity. The intracellular
      fraction was inactive towards all substrates. Polygalacturonic acid was the only
      substrate not hydrolyzed by the active fractions, indicating that pectinase was
      absent. The results show that N. frontalis, a common rumen anaerobic fungus,
      produces enzymes for degrading cellulose and hemicellulose, key components of
      plant fiber.

PMID- 4004241
TI  - Adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis CH3 to polymers with different surface free
      energies.
AB  - The adhesion of the oral bacterium Streptococcus sanguis CH3 to various polymeric
      surfaces with surface free energies (gamma s) ranging from 22 to 141 erg cm-2 was
      investigated. Suspensions containing nine different bacterial concentrations (2.5
      X 10(7) to 2.5 X 10(9) cells per ml) were used. After adhesion for 1 h at 21
      degrees C and a standardized rinsing procedure, the number of attached bacteria
      per square centimeter (nb) was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The
      highest number of bacteria was consistently found on polytetrafluorethylene
      (gamma s = 22 erg cm-2), and the lowest number was found on glass (gamma s = 141
      erg cm-2) at all bacterial concentrations tested. The overall negative
      correlation between nb and gamma s was weak. However, the slope of the line
      showing this decrease, calculated from an assumed linear relationship between nb
      and gamma s, appeared to depend strongly on the bacterial concentration and
      increased with increasing numbers of bacteria in the suspension. Analysis of the
      data for each separate polymer showed that the numbers of attached cells on
      polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene were higher but that those on polycarbonate
      were lower than would be expected on basis of a linear relationship between nb
      and gamma s. Desorption experiments were performed by first allowing the bacteria
      to attach to substrata for 1 h, after which the substrata and attached bacteria
      were removed to bacterial suspensions containing 10-fold lower bacterial
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004242
TI  - Salmonella infections in a marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), in
      relation to seasonal changes in condition and environmental stress.
AB  - An unusual abundance of Salmonella infections was studied in an island population
      of a wild marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus), which experiences
      starvation in summer associated with significant mortality. The frequency of
      infections was found to vary seasonally over most parts of the island, with high
      infection rates (70 to 100%) in summer and low infection rates (0 to 30%) in
      winter. In some samples, there was an average of as many as two isolations per
      animal, and up to five isolations were made from a single animal. By the end of
      summer, virtually all animals excreted Salmonella spp., with a median rate of
      excretion of approximately 3,000 Salmonella organisms per g of feces. The
      seasonal changes occurred over intervals of only weeks. The infections are
      believed to be associated with disruption of the digestive physiology of the
      animals caused by the poor quality of feed available in summer. This conclusion
      was supported by a quantitative study of the infections and by a field
      manipulation experiment which delayed the initiation of the infections as long as
      a food supplement was available. The proliferation of Salmonella spp. is
      discussed in terms of the ecology of the quokka and of the use of Salmonella spp.
      as indicators of environmental stress acting on the animals.

PMID- 4004243
TI  - Mechanism of biodegradation of paraquat by Lipomyces starkeyi.
AB  - The biodegradation of ring-14C- and methyl-14C-labeled paraquat by the soil yeast
      Lipomyces starkeyi was studied in vitro. It was found that the degradation of
      paraquat (acting as a sole source of culture nitrogen) resulted in the
      accumulation in the extracellular medium of radiolabeled acetic acid. The culture
      also evolved radiolabeled CO2. The results suggest that the degradation of
      paraquat by L. starkeyi is associated with the integrity of the cell wall and
      that disruption or removal of the wall results in a complete loss of degradative
      capability. A mechanism for the degradation of paraquat by this organism is
      postulated.

PMID- 4004244
TI  - Application of DNA-DNA colony hybridization to the detection of catabolic
      genotypes in environmental samples.
AB  - The application of preexisting DNA hybridization techniques was investigated for
      potential in determining populations of specific gene sequences in environmental
      samples. Cross-hybridizations among two degradative plasmids, TOL and NAH, and
      two cloning vehicles, pLAFR1 and RSF1010, were determined. The detection limits
      for the TOL plasmid against a nonhomologous plasmid-bearing bacterial background
      was ascertained. The colony hybridization technique allowed detection of one
      colony containing TOL plasmid among 10(6) Escherichia coli colonies of
      nonhomologous DNA. Comparisons between population estimates derived from growth
      on selective substrates and from hybridizations were examined. Findings indicated
      that standard sole carbon source enumeration procedures for degradative
      populations lead to overestimations due to nonspecific growth of other bacteria
      on the microcontaminant carbon sources present in the media. Population estimates
      based on the selective growth of a microcosm population on two aromatic
      substrates (toluene and naphthalene) and estimates derived from DNA-DNA colony
      hybridizations, using the TOL or NAH plasmid as a probe, corresponded with
      estimates of substrate mineralization rates and past exposure to environmental
      contaminants. The applications of such techniques are hoped to eventually allow
      enumeration of any specific gene sequences in the environment, including both
      anabolic and catabolic genes. In addition, this procedure should prove useful in
      monitoring recombinant DNA clones released into environmental situations.

PMID- 4004245
TI  - Some goodness-of-fit methods for the Poisson plus added zeros distribution.
AB  - Methods for making inferences about the Poisson plus added zeros distribution and
      the truncated Poisson distribution are presented and illustrated with
      bacteriological data. Some of the methods are designed for testing the
      compatibility of the zero frequency with the Poisson distribution, whereas others
      are given for testing the goodness of fit for the truncated Poisson. In
      particular, a modified form of the Fisher index of dispersion is presented which
      is suitable for the truncated case. It is shown that the use of the usual
      expression of the index of dispersion for testing the adequacy of the truncated
      Poisson is not correct and leads to accepting inadequate fits more frequently
      than expected on the basis of test of significance. Furthermore, three test
      statistics are presented for testing the compatability of the zero frequency with
      the Poisson distribution. The results of the simulation show that two test
      statistics, one due to Cochran (W. G. Cochran, Biometrics 10:417-451, 1954) and
      the other to Rao and Chakravarti (C. R. Rao and I. M. Chakravarti, Biometrics
      12:264-282, 1956), are preferable to those from the likelihood ratio test.

PMID- 4004246
TI  - Effect of fecal pollution on Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in an estuarine
      environment.
AB  - Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in the Narragansett Bay, R.I., estuary were
      found to significantly correlate with the level of fecal pollution in the water.
      Results of field investigations showed a definite association between the levels
      of this organism and those of Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and
      enterococci. Densities of V. parahaemolyticus were greatest in the near-surface
      waters of contaminated areas and decreased sharply with both the distance from
      the sources of fecal pollution and the depth of the water column. A positive
      association with the amount of particulate matter in the water and specifically
      with its zooplankton content also was found. No association was obtained with any
      of the physical or chemical parameters examined except dissolved oxygen. The
      results of laboratory studies on the growth of V. parahaemolyticus in collected
      estuarine waters were consistent with the field observations in that nutrients in
      sewage did not directly produce any increase in natural or inoculated levels of
      the organism. Of several particulates added to the water, only chitin and net
      zooplankters (live or dead) supported the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. The
      addition of sewage to the water had no measurable effect, whether or not the
      various particulates also were present. The data show that wastewater effluents
      have an effect on V. parahaemolyticus densities in this estuary and indicate that
      the effect is indirect, probably mediated by biostimulation of the food chain and
      manifested at the level of the microfauna.

PMID- 4004247
TI  - A survey for viruses from fresh water that infect a eucaryotic chlorella-like
      green alga.
AB  - Viruses which formed plaques on lawns of a eucaryotic, chlorella-like green alga
      were detected in 37% of the 35 freshwater samples surveyed. Virus populations,
      monitored in seven locations, fluctuated both qualitatively and quantitatively
      over an 8-month period.

PMID- 4004249
TI  - Simple screening method for identification of nonpleiotropic mutants for
      exoenzyme production.
AB  - A differential medium that distinguishes between pleiotropic and nonpleiotropic
      mutants for exoenzyme production has been developed for Staphylococcus simulans
      biovar staphylolyticus. The medium will facilitate genetic analysis of exoenzyme
      production by this organism. Generally useful strategies for increasing the
      sensitivity of indicator plates for detection of exoenzyme activities are
      presented.

PMID- 4004250
TI  - Differential response of cysteine residues in pig muscle phosphoglucose isomerase
      to seven sulfhydryl-modifying reagents.
AB  - The three cysteine residues per subunit of pig muscle phosphoglucose isomerase
      show different reactivities toward various sulfhydryl reagents. The
      organomercurial, p-mercuribenzoate, can titrate two of the sulfhydryl groups
      under nondenaturing conditions. 2,2'-Dithiodipyridine, 5,5'-dithiobis(2
      nitrobenzoic acid), iodoacetamide, methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, and 2-(2'
      pyridylmercapto)mercuri-4-nitrophenol all label only one sulfhydryl group under
      the same conditions, whereas iodoacetic acid does not react with any of the
      sulfhydryl groups except when the enzyme is fully denatured. It is concluded,
      therefore, that charge, rather than steric restraint, is the determining factor
      for the differences seen in the modification patterns of the enzyme by these
      reagents. When enzyme was first labeled with 2,2'-dithiodipyridine and
      subsequently with p-mercuribenzoate, it was found that the latter, in a secondary
      process, will stoichiometrically react with the anion released by the former
      after the initial reaction with cysteine. The differences in reactivity of the
      cysteine residues toward the referred-to reagents have been exploited to
      specifically modify each of the three individual cysteine residues of pig muscle
      phosphoglucose isomerase.

PMID- 4004251
TI  - Human somatotropin: noncovalent interactions of the natural NH2-terminal 1-134
      segment with synthetic analogs of the COOH-terminal fragment.
AB  - Three analogs of the COOH-terminal fragments of human somatotropin (HGH), namely
      [Nle170,Ala165,182]-HGH-(150-187), [Nle170,Ala165,182]-HGH-(152-187), and
      [Nle170,Ala165,182]-HGH-(154-187), have been synthesized by the solid-phase
      method. The synthetic analogs were complemented with the natural NH2-terminal
      fragment [Cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(1-134) to form recombinants with HGH activities, as
      revealed by the rabbit liver membrane receptor binding and the Nb2 lymphoma cell
      assays.

PMID- 4004248
TI  - Factors stimulating migration of holotrich protozoa into the rumen.
AB  - The effects of feeding and various reticular infusions on ruminal holotrich
      concentrations were studied in an attempt to identify possible factors
      stimulating their migration into the rumen. It was concluded that glucose
      entering the reticulo-rumen shortly after feeding could stimulate migration of
      holotrich protozoa.

PMID- 4004252
TI  - Characterization of oligomers of tubulin by two-dimensional native
      electrophoresis.
AB  - We and others [Lee et al. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 7253-7262; Kravit et al.
      (1982) J. Cell Biol. 95, 344a; Kravit et al. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 188-198]
      have observed oligomers of tubulin by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (PAGE), even when they were not evident in sedimentation velocity or gel
      exclusion chromatography experiments under comparable conditions. Aggregates of
      tubulin are also seen on native starch gels. Tubulins purified from calf brain,
      sea urchin egg (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), and antarctic fish brain
      (Pagothenia borchgrevinki) give rise to similar distributions of aggregates.
      Unlike microtubules, these oligomers are relatively insensitive to temperature (5
      25 degrees C), pH (6.1-8.8), the absence of excess GTP and/or Mg+2,
      stoichiometric concentrations of colchicine, and a variety of electrophoresis
      buffers. These aggregates, once formed during electrophoresis, associate and
      dissociate slowly. Depending upon the incubation conditions, they give rise to
      kinetically controlled distributions that appear in two-dimensional native PAGE
      as a square array of discrete polymeric species. The fastest migrating species
      (monomers) are often observed to reequilibrate preferentially into the second
      band. The second band reequilibrates into the fourth, the third band into the
      sixth, the fourth into the eighth, etc. (The assignment of molecular weights to
      these species by Ferguson analysis is tentative due to their slow
      reequilibration.) Thus, a feature of the reequilibration is that association
      occurs more rapidly than dissociation and each species is occasionally observed
      to "dimerize." This behavior is suggestive of irreversible aggregation (possibly
      crosslinking) or of the formation of slowly dissociating aggregates. Although
      they may be related to the protofilaments of microtubules, these oligomers appear
      to be another example of nonmicrotubular, polymorphic aggregates of tubulin.

PMID- 4004253
TI  - 3-Methylcholanthrene-induced expression of the cytochrome P-450c gene.
AB  - Transcriptional control of 3-methylcholanthrene-dependent cytochrome P-450c
      nuclear RNA induction was directly observed in an in vitro rat liver nuclear
      transcription system. Mercurated and radiolabeled ribonucleotides were
      incorporated into nuclear RNA transcribed in vitro, which was then isolated using
      thiopropyl-Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography. Dot hybridization experiments
      were carried out using bacteriophage M13 subclones of pRSA57 (a cDNA clone for
      rat serum albumin), pEB339 (a cDNA clone for rat cytochrome P-450c), and clone 46
      (a cDNA clone for mouse cytochrome P1-450). The results of these studies
      demonstrate that 3-methylcholanthrene does not significantly influence the
      transcription of the rat serum albumin gene, but does increase the transcription
      of the cytochrome P-450c gene. Nuclear RNA precursors to the cytochrome P-450c
      mRNA were characterized by Northern blot analysis. Clone 46 hybridized to nuclear
      RNA species of 6.7 and 4.0 kb, in addition to the 3.0-kb cytochrome P-450c mRNA.
      pA8 (a genomic clone for rat cytochrome P-450c), hybridized to the same nuclear
      RNA species in addition to nuclear RNA species of 4.3, 3.4, and 2.2 kb. M13pd15
      (a genomic clone containing information for the first intron of the cytochrome P
      450c gene) hybridized to nuclear RNA species of 6.7 and 4.3 kb. All of these
      nuclear RNA species are polyadenylated. The mRNA coding for cytochrome P-450c was
      induced maximally in hepatic nuclei at 3 h following 3-methylcholanthrene
      administration. Maximal accumulation of cytochrome P-450c mRNA in hepatic cytosol
      has been previously shown to occur at approximately 15 h following 3
      methylcholanthrene administration (Bresnick, E., Brosseau, M., Levin, W., Reik,
      L., Ryan, D. E., and Thomas, P. E. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 4083
      4087). These data implicate a possible role of nuclear RNA transport in the
      regulation of induction of cytochrome P-450c, although further investigations are
      indicated.

PMID- 4004254
TI  - Effect of thermodynamic nonideality in kinetic studies: evidence for reversible
      unfolding of urease during urea hydrolysis.
AB  - A combination of enzyme kinetic studies and active enzyme gel chromatography on
      Sepharose CL-6B was used to explore conformational changes of the enzyme urease
      as it catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea in 0.7 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 20
      degrees C. It is shown that elucidation of this system is only possible by
      studying the effects of inert space-filling macromolecules (ovalbumin and bovine
      serum albumin) on enzymatic behavior. The resulting increases in reaction
      velocity are interpreted in terms of composition-dependent activity coefficients
      assessed on a statistical mechanical basis of excluded volume. The results are
      first considered in terms of two extreme models; one involving a volume change on
      the isomerization of the enzyme-substrate complex to its activated state, and the
      other an isomeric expansion of the enzyme-substrate complex to an inactive form.
      Although both extreme models provide satisfactory descriptions of the kinetic
      results, they lead to unrealistic values for the radii of the various states of
      the enzyme-substrate complex. It is concluded, therefore, that the two isomeric
      transitions act conjointly, a result in conformity with the previously postulated
      conformational change associated with formation of the activated enzyme-substrate
      complex [L. W. Nichol, M. J. Sculley, L. D. Ward, and D. J. Winzor (1983) Arch.
      Biochem. Biophys. 222, 574-581], and also with the well-established action of the
      substrate, urea, as an unfolding agent of proteins.

PMID- 4004255
TI  - Kinetic isotope effects on cytochrome P-450-catalyzed oxidation reactions: full
      expression of the intrinsic isotope effect during the O-deethylation of 7
      ethoxycoumarin by liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced hamsters.
AB  - The intrinsic primary deuterium isotope effect for the O-deethylation of 7
      ethoxycoumarin has been estimated by the Northrop method [D. B. Northrop (1977)
      in Isotope Effects on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions (Cleland, W. W., O'Leary, M. H.,
      and Northrop, D. B., eds.), pp. 122-152, University Park Press, Baltimore] for
      the microsomal cytochrome P-448 system from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced hamster
      livers. The intrinsic isotope effect (Dk = 5.5) was found to be equivalent to the
      observed deuterium isotope effect, demonstrating that the isotope effect for this
      reaction was fully expressed by this cytochrome P-448 system. These data
      unequivocally demonstrate that C-H bond cleavage is the rate-limiting step in the
      overall reaction catalyzed by this system. The decrease in the rate of product
      formation, occurring as a consequence of deuterium substitution, resulted in a
      reduction in the quantity of substrate metabolized but was not accompanied by the
      change in regiospecificity observed in previous studies with a hepatic cytochrome
      P-448 isozyme purified from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rats. These data
      demonstrate that the catalytic site of the hamster isozyme(s) offers more
      constraints to 7-ethoxycoumarin reorientation than does the catalytic site of the
      rat liver isozyme.

PMID- 4004256
TI  - Soluble succinate dehydrogenase from the halophilic archaebacterium,
      Halobacterium halobium.
AB  - Succinate dehydrogenase activity was found in both the cytoplasmic and the
      membrane fractions from disrupted Halobacterium halobium cells. The cytoplasmic
      enzyme was found to be soluble in aqueous media and had an apparent molecular
      weight of 90,000. The enzyme activity of the cytoplasmic succinate dehydrogenase
      was salt dependent, with preference for KCl over KNO3. The Km values for
      succinate of the soluble and the membrane-bound succinate dehydrogenases from H.
      halobium were 2.3 +/- 0.3 and 0.7 +/- 0.1 mM, respectively. The soluble succinate
      dehydrogenase was obtained from two different strains of H. halobium and was
      obtained independently of the method used to disrupt the bacteria. Thus, the
      archaebacterium, H. halobium, contains a succinate dehydrogenase which differs
      from the succinate dehydrogenase in most eucaryotic and eubacterial cells, where
      the enzyme is tightly membrane-bound.

PMID- 4004257
TI  - 6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin as a regulator of dopamine and serotonin
      biosynthesis in the rat brain.
AB  - 6R-L-Erythro-tetrahydrobiopterin (6R-BH4), the natural isomer of
      tetrahydrobiopterin, was synthesized from 7,8-dihydrobiopterin using
      dihydrofolate reductase. The effects of intracerebroventricular injection of 6R
      BH4 on the biosyntheses of neurotransmitter monoamines in the rat brain were
      investigated by measuring accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and 5
      hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) after the inhibition of aromatic L-amino acid
      decarboxylase by NSD 1015 and the contents of metabolites of dopamine (DA) and 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The formation of DOPA and 5-HTP increased after the
      injection, reached a maximum level at about 1 h, then leveled off and reached a
      plateau over 2 h up to 8 h. The formation of DOPA and 5-HTP increased dose
      dependently in the whole brain after the injection of 6R-BH4, and reached a
      plateau when the dose was more than 300 micrograms/rat. The enhancement was 100
      and 70% for DOPA and 5-HTP, respectively. The formation of DOPA and 5-HTP
      increased in four brain regions, but the degree of stimulation was different
      among the brain regions. The contents of DA and 5-HT metabolites increased after
      the injection of 6R-BH4 in all brain regions tested, especially in the
      diencephalon and brain stem. The contents of DA and 5-HT increased slightly after
      the injection of 6R-BH4. These results suggest that 6R-BH4 concentration may be
      submaximal within DA and 5-HT neurons, and that an increase in 6R-BH4 in the
      brain enhances the biosyntheses of DA and 5-HT.

PMID- 4004259
TI  - Primary deuterium isotope effect in the oxidation of an iminium ion by aldehyde
      oxidase.
AB  - Studies of the rates of aldehyde oxidase-mediated oxidation of iminium ion (I)
      and its specifically labeled counterpart containing deuterium at the methine and
      methylene carbons of its seven-membered ring (I-d3), are reported. In separate
      incubations, the isotope effect (kH/kD) on Vmax was 3.3 and that on Km was 1.5.
      Co-incubation of equimolar amounts of I and I-d3 with aldehyde oxidase resulted
      in an isotope effect of 2.2 on product ratio. These results support hydrogen
      transfer from the methine carbon of the seven-membered ring to the molybdenum
      center of the enzyme as the rate-determining step in the conversion of I to its
      lactam metabolite (II).

PMID- 4004258
TI  - Nature of the reaction product of [1-14C]stearoyl-CoA elongation by etiolated
      leek seeding microsomes.
AB  - The elongation of [1-14C]stearoyl-CoA by microsomes from etiolated leek
      seedlings, in the presence of malonyl-CoA and NADPH, has been studied at
      different substrate and enzyme concentrations. The HPTLC analysis of the whole
      reaction mixture, followed by the analysis of the label in the fatty acid methyl
      esters of long-chain acyl-CoAs, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and neutral lipids,
      showed that the acyl-CoA fraction contained most of the labeled very-long-chain
      fatty acids. The very-long-chain fatty acids were rapidly formed and released
      from the elongase(s) as acyl-CoAs. The label of long-chain acyl-CoAs increased
      for 20 min and then decreased, whereas it increased in PC. Labeled very-long
      chain fatty acids appeared in the neutral lipid + free fatty acid fraction after
      a 20-min lag.

PMID- 4004261
TI  - Light-scattering study on the influence of link-glycoproteins and lysozyme on the
      hyaluronate molecular conformation in solution.
AB  - The influence of link-glycoproteins and mammalian lysozyme on the configuration
      and size of the hyaluronate molecule in highly diluted solutions under
      physiological electrolytic and pH conditions was investigated by light-scattering
      techniques and confirmed by column chromatography, isopycnic flotation, and
      boundary centrifugation. It was consistently found that link-glycoproteins induce
      an increase in the basic structural dimensions of the hyaluronate molecule in
      solution. It was also found that this increase was reversed or prevented under
      the action of mammalian lysozyme. Changes in configuration of the hyaluronate
      molecule could be related to its aggregating capacity when the hyaluronate
      interacts with proteoglycan subunits. It is postulated that link-glycoproteins
      induce structural changes in the hyaluronate molecule that might improve its
      aggregating capacity while mammalian lysozyme prevents or regulates such
      improvement.

PMID- 4004260
TI  - Resolution of the low-molecular-weight acid phosphatase in avian pectoral muscle
      into two distinct enzyme forms.
AB  - Three distinct acid phosphatases were recently reported in avian breast muscle
      [J. H. Baxter and C. H. Suelter (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 228, 397-406]. Of
      the increased acid phosphatase activity in dystrophic muscle compared to normal
      muscle, 84% can be accounted for as a low-molecular-weight, cytosolic form. This
      low-molecular-weight form has now been purified and resolved into two distinct
      forms, A and B, differing in isoelectric point, apparent molecular weight,
      substrate specificity, and activation by guanosine. One of the two enzymes
      exhibits substrate inhibition with 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, indicating a
      further difference. The evidence suggests that both enzymes are Class IV acid
      phosphatases. Their concentrations are highest in tissues with a high catabolic
      activity.

PMID- 4004262
TI  - Intercalation of water molecules between nucleic acid bases in the crystal
      structures of 6-azathymine hemihydrate and 5-amino-2-thiocytosine dihydrochloride
      dihydrate.
AB  - The crystal structure of 6-azathymine hemihydrate (6AzTH) exhibits a novel
      intercalation of water molecules interposed half-way between the modified bases
      6.3 to 6.7 A apart. The crystal contains four molecules of 6-azathymine (6AzT)
      and two water molecules as the independent repeating unit. These two water
      molecules together with the four bases form two separate water sandwiches. In the
      crystal structure these sandwiches form two sets of local clusters. The anhydrous
      crystalline form of 6AzT, on the other hand, is stabilized by base stacking
      interactions. Both the water molecules in 6AzTH that are involved in sandwich
      formation have trigonal coordination around them. A reexamination of the crystal
      structure of 5-amino-2-thiocytosine (5A2TC) revealed that one of the water
      molecules in this structure also forms a water sandwich and has trigonal
      coordination whereas the other water molecule with tetrahedral coordination does
      not form a sandwich. The environment and the characteristics of the intercalated
      water molecule in these structures suggest a possible role for such water
      intercalations in the dynamics of DNA. Crystals of 6AzTH are monoclinic, space
      group P21/n, with unit cell parameters a = 8.861 (1), b = 13.177 (3), c = 20.662
      (2) A, beta = 93.35 (1) degrees, and Z = 16. From diffractometer data (2503
      reflections, greater than or equal to 3 sigma), the crystal structure was solved
      and refined to an R of 0.056.

PMID- 4004263
TI  - Investigation of the effects of crosslinking glutamate dehydrogenase with
      dimethyl pimelimidate.
AB  - Chemical crosslinking with dimethyl pimelimidate has been used to examine the
      quaternary structure and conformational mobility of bovine liver glutamate
      dehydrogenase. Crosslinking patterns are shown to be consistent with either a
      stacked or staggered dimer of trimers structure of the hexamer. Crosslinking in
      the absence of coligands results in a small loss of activity but an almost
      complete loss of GTP inhibitory effects. Protection experiments show that the
      active site can be protected by a variety of ligand combinations, and that the
      loss of GTP inhibition is protected by several complexes containing either NADH
      or NADPH, indicating that the second coenzyme site per subunit (which
      preferentially binds NADH) is not involved in the protection process. A
      significant loss of ADP activation occurs during crosslinking which is not
      protected against by any combination of protecting ligands tried, including those
      which involve second coenzyme site binding, showing that the ADP site is
      functionally distinct from the GTP site and from the second coenzyme binding
      site. Crosslinking in the presence of protecting ligands gives similar gel
      patterns to those obtained in the absence of protection. Affinity chromatography
      experiments show that the crosslinked enzyme still binds GTP despite the loss of
      GTP inhibition, and hysteresis experiments show that the second coenzyme site is
      left functional if protected with either coenzyme. A model is presented where
      crosslinking affects the conformational linkage between various ligand binding
      sites involved in GTP inhibition rather than the sites themselves.

PMID- 4004264
TI  - Multiple cobinding of two ligands to serum albumin: a stoichiometric description
      of binding equilibria.
AB  - Binding equilibria for simultaneous binding of several molecules of two anionic
      ligands, sulfamethizole/warfarin in one series and sulfamethizole/diflunisal in
      another, to human serum albumin were studied by equilibrium dialysis. It was
      found that Klotz's stepwise binding equilibrium concept, extended to cover
      interaction of two ligands with one carrier, could be used for a quantitative
      description of binding equilibria. Reciprocity of ligand effects was established
      at all levels. Heterotropic anticooperativity was present among these pairs of
      ligands. The experiments were supplemented with observations of albumin binding
      equilibria for traces of warfarin in the presence of varying amount of oleate, up
      to 6 mol/mol albumin, by measuring dialysis rates for unbound warfarin. Binding
      of warfarin to albumin is enhanced upon binding of oleate up to 4 mol/mol
      albumin, and decreases at higher oleate concentrations. Using stoichiometric
      (stepwise) binding constants for oleate previously published by Ashbrook et al.
      [(1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2333-2338], the reverse effect, of warfarin on
      binding of oleate, was calculated. Simultaneous binding of these ligands to
      albumin could be described according to the stoichiometric principles as used
      above for sulfamethizole/warfarin and sulfamethizole/diflunisal.

PMID- 4004265
TI  - RNA is required for enzymatic conversion of glutamate to delta-aminolevulinate by
      extracts of Chlorella vulgaris.
AB  - Formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glutamete catalyzed by a
      soluble extract from the unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, was
      abolished after incubation of the cell extract with bovine pancreatic
      ribonuclease A (RNase). Cell extract was prepared for the ALA formation assay by
      high-speed centrifugation and gel-filtration through Sephadex G-25 to remove
      insoluble and endogenous low-molecular-weight components. RNA hydrolysis products
      did not affect ALA formation, and RNase did not affect the ability of ATP and
      NADPH to serve as reaction substrates, indicating that the effect of RNase cannot
      be attributed to degradation of reaction substrates or transformation of a
      substrate or cofactor into an inhibitor. The effect of RNase was blocked by prior
      addition of placental RNase inhibitor (RNasin) to the cell extract, but RNasin
      did not reverse the effect of prior incubation of the cell extract with RNase,
      indicating that RNase does not act by degrading a component generated during the
      ALA-forming reaction, but instead degrades an essential component already present
      in active cell extract at the time the ALA-forming reaction is initiated. After
      inactivation of the cell extract by incubation with RNase, followed by
      administration of RNasin to block further RNase action, ALA-forming activity
      could be restored to a higher level than originally present by addition of a C.
      vulgaris tRNA-containing fraction isolated from an active ALA-forming preparation
      by phenol extraction and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Baker's yeast tRNA, wheat
      germ tRNA, Escherichia coli tRNA, and E. coli tRNAglu type II were unable to
      reconstitute ALA-forming activity in RNase-treated cell extract, even though the
      cell extract was capable of catalyzing the charging of some of these RNAs with
      glutamate.

PMID- 4004266
TI  - The amino acid sequence of a high-redox-potential ferredoxin from the purple
      phototrophic bacterium, Rhodospirillum tenue strain 2761.
AB  - The 61-residue amino acid sequence of Rhodospirillum tenue, strain 2761, high
      redox-potential ferredoxin (HiPIP) is
      GTNAAMRKAFNYQDTAKNGKCSGCAQFVPGASPTAAGGCKVIPGDNEIAPGGYCDAFIVKK. It differs from
      that of R. tenue strain 3761 by 16 amino acid substitutions plus two single
      residue deletions. This 26% sequence difference is similar to that observed among
      separate species of chromatiaceae such as Chromatium vinosum, C. gracile, and
      Thiocapsa roseopersicina, and is suprising because there are no distinguishing
      microbiological characteristics separating these two R. tenue strains. The most
      interesting amino acid substitution in R. tenue 2761 HiPIP is Gly for Asn 45 (C.
      vinosum numbering). Besides the four cysteines required to bind the four iron
      four sulfur cluster, only Tyr 19, Asn 45, and Gly 75 are absolutely conserved in
      the nine previously determined HiPIP sequences. If HiPIP is used as a measure of
      divergence of species, then R. tenue and C. vinosum are the most distant purple
      bacteria examined. Quite the opposite conclusion follows based on the sequences
      of the cytochromes c'. It is suggested that this anomaly is more likely owing to
      a change in function for HiPIP with subsequently rapid evolutionary change than
      to a relatively recent transfer of the cytochrome c' gene between species.

PMID- 4004267
TI  - Allosteric inhibition of brain hexokinase by glucose 6-phosphate in the reverse
      reaction.
AB  - A study of the reverse reaction of rat brain hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6
      phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) has been performed using a photometric method
      based on a mutarotase-glucose oxidase-peroxidase-chromogen system to trap and
      visualize glucose, plus a glycerol kinase-glycerol system to trap ATP. Glucose 6
      phosphate or 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate were used as phosphoryl donors at
      different concentrations of ADP. Variation of glucose 6-phosphate concentrations
      resulted in a biphasic curve from which apparent Km and Ki values of ca. 0.2 mM
      were calculated. In contrast, variation of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate
      concentrations resulted in Michaelian kinetics with an apparent Km of 2 mM. The
      Km value for MgADP was 16 mM irrespective of the nature and concentration of the
      hexose 6-phosphate substrate. These results are fully consistent with an
      allosteric site for glucose 6-phosphate as an explanation for the inhibition of
      animal hexokinases by glucose 6-P and further indicate that the maximal rate is
      the parameter affected. From these observations and previous knowledge, the
      possible occurrence in animal hexokinases of a regulatory site for ATP to account
      for the competition between glucose 6-phosphate and ATP in the forward reaction
      is postulated.

PMID- 4004268
TI  - Failure of an alkalophilic bacterium to synthesize ATP in response to a
      valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential at high pH.
AB  - Starved whole cells of the obligately alkalophilic Bacillus firmus RAB synthesize
      ATP upon addition of L-malate at pH 9.0 as expected of an aerobic organism that
      grows oxidatively on nonfermentable carbon sources at pH values as high as 11.0.
      The current study was a detailed examination of the perplexing inability of such
      cells to exhibit ATP synthesis in response to a valinomycin-mediated potassium
      diffusion potential at pH 9.0. While there were minor differences in the patterns
      of generation of the potential and the proton influx that accompanies its
      generation in the three different buffering systems employed, the magnitude of
      the transmembrane electro-chemical potential of protons was at least as high as
      pH 9.0 as at pH 7.0. Nevertheless, a diffusion potential consistently energized
      ATP synthesis at pH 7.0 but not at 9.0; these findings were independent of the
      presence or absence of Tris or of Na+. By contrast, the artificial electron donor
      ascorbate, in the presence of phenazine methosulfate, energized ATP synthesis by
      the starved whole cells at both pH values. The same phenomenon, i.e., efficacy of
      a respiration-derived potential but not of a diffusion potential at pH 9.0, was
      demonstrated in ADP + Pi-loaded membrane vesicles. On the other hand,
      electrogenic Na+-coupled solute transport could be energized by both
      ascorbate/phenazine and methosulfate and a diffusion potential in the vesicles at
      pH 9.0. The results are discussed in connection with models of a localized path
      of proton flow between proton pumps and the ATP synthase.

PMID- 4004269
TI  - Purification and characterization of fermodulin, an Fe2+-dependent inhibitor
      protein of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.
AB  - The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGCoA) reductase of rat liver
      microsomes was inhibited by the addition of FeSO4 and the cytosolic protein,
      fermodulin. Modulation of the activity was obtained only in the combined presence
      of Fe2+ and fermodulin. Using ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat treatment, and
      chromatography on CM-Sephadex and then on an Fe2+-Blue Sepharose affinity matrix,
      fermodulin was purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified
      protein, as determined by filtration through a Sephacryl S-200 column, was
      58,000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the protein
      resolved into two subunits of Mr 43,000 and 28,000. Fermodulin showed ultraviolet
      absorption and fluorescence spectra typical of tryptophan-containing proteins,
      and addition of FeSO4 quenched the fluorescence. Using the Millipore filter assay
      the binding of 1.6 mol 55FeCl2/mol fermodulin was observed in the presence of
      Tris-HCl buffer. The inhibitory effect of fermodulin at nonsaturating
      concentrations was potentiated by bicarbonate, ATP.Mg, and ADP.Mg.

PMID- 4004270
TI  - On the mechanism of action of free purine bases on DNA synthesis in serum-starved
      L-cells treated with platelet extract.
AB  - It has previously been found that there is a synergistic effect of free purine
      bases and low concentrations of dialyzed platelet extract on net synthesis of DNA
      in serum-starved fibroblast-like mouse L-cells. Experiments with a mutant line of
      L-cells that was deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC
      2.4.2.8) indicated that purine bases had a stimulatory effect only if they were
      incorporated into cellular ribonucleotides. In the present paper it was shown
      that platelet extract induced the incorporation of hypoxanthine or adenine into
      both ATP and DNA. The induced net synthesis of DNA appears to take place in the
      nuclei and it requires that platelet extract is present in the medium only
      initially while free purine bases have to be present only later in the period of
      the experiment when DNA is being synthesized. The induction of both incorporation
      of free purine bases into DNA and ATP and of net DNA synthesis is dependent on
      heat-labile components in platelet extract. The extract cannot be substituted for
      by platelet derived growth factor.

PMID- 4004271
TI  - Structural requirements for specific inhibition of microsomal aminopeptidase by
      mercaptoamines.
AB  - L-Leucinthiol, a synthetic derivative of mercaptoethylamine with a hydrophobic
      side chain, was recently reported to be a potent inhibitor of microsomal
      aminopeptidase. The structural features necessary for interaction of
      mercaptoamines with this enzyme have now been explored more systematically.
      Optimal binding requires a primary amine linked to the mercapto group via two
      carbon atoms. Only a substituent with L-configuration at the 1 position increased
      the affinity toward the enzyme. The high degree of specificity and other evidence
      suggest that the mode of binding of these inhibitors is similar to that of
      substrates. Comparison of leucinthiol with other amino compounds suggest that the
      mercapto group makes a much greater contribution to the binding than the
      hydrophobic side chain. L-Leucinthiol is fairly specific for aminopeptidase
      although some inhibition of thermolysin and carboxypeptidase A is observed.

PMID- 4004272
TI  - Carboxypeptidase activity in synaptic vesicles isolated from striatum and cortex
      of calf brain.
AB  - A carboxypeptidase activity has been found in synaptic vesicles (secretory
      granules) isolated from the cortex and striatum of calf brain which removes amino
      acids from the carboxy terminus of enkephalin-containing (EC) peptides. The
      formed enkephalin molecules are not further degraded by this enzyme activity. The
      preparations were found to be free of cytoplasmic and lysosomal constituents as
      determined by marker enzyme activities. The vesicle preparations of both cortex
      and striatum showed differences in the degradation velocities of the various EC
      peptides depending on size and charge of the amino acid present at the carboxy
      terminus. The pH optimum of the release of Met-enkephalin from Met-enkephalin
      Arg6 has been shown to be between pH 5 and 6. The enzyme activity is inhibited by
      thiol-blocking agents such as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and copper ions, but only
      slightly by metal-chelating agents.

PMID- 4004273
TI  - Studies of the delta 12 desaturase of Carthamus tinctorius L.
AB  - The delta 12 desaturase of developing safflower seeds responsible for the
      conversion of an oleoyl moiety to the linoleoyl moiety of phospholipids was
      further characterized. The protein concentration of the microsomal preparation,
      the oleoyl-CoA concentration (the primary substrate), short incubation periods,
      and the addition of lysophospholipids must be controlled to obtain optimal
      desaturation. No evidence could be obtained to implicate cytochrome b5 as the
      intermediate electron carrier. Attempts to solubilize the desaturase with a
      variety of detergents and chaotropic reagents were not successful. Brief exposure
      of the microsomal preparation to trypsin resulted in rapid loss of activity. The
      overall evidence would suggest that the delta 12 desaturase requires a reductant
      (NADPH), a NADPH:electron carrier reductase, an electron carrier, a specific
      desaturase, and an acyltransferase with oleoyl-CoA as the substrate to acylate
      lysophospholipid to the active oleoyl phospholipids (presumably
      phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine). The complexity of this system
      suggests that purification of the components and a reassembling of the purified
      components will be difficult.

PMID- 4004274
TI  - Studies on the activation of the heme-stabilized translational inhibitor of
      reticulocyte lysates by oxidized glutathione and NADPH depletion.
AB  - The translational inhibition produced by addition of oxidized glutathione (GSSG)
      to hemin-containing reticulocyte lysates and the accompanying phosphorylation of
      the alpha subunit of the polypeptide chain initiation factor eIF-2 can be
      prevented or reversed by NADPH generators, including glucose 6-phosphate,
      deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, NADPH itself, and also by
      dithiols, e.g., dithiothreitol, but not by reduced glutathione (GSH) or other
      monothiols, e.g., 2-mercaptoethanol. The same is true of the inhibition caused by
      addition of glutamate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate, and NH4+, which may be
      entirely due to NADPH depletion via the reaction.

PMID- 4004275
TI  - Glutathione monoethyl ester: preparation, uptake by tissues, and conversion to
      glutathione.
AB  - Glutathione monoethyl ester (L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycyl ethyl ester), in
      contrast to glutathione itself, is effectively transported into many types of
      cells. The ester is converted intracellularly into glutathione. Intraperitoneal
      injection of 35S-labeled ester into mice was followed by rapid appearance of
      isotope in the glutathione of liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, and heart; the
      glutathione levels of these tissues also increased. Oral administration of the
      ester to mice also increased cellular glutathione levels. Relatively little
      extracellular deesterification was found. Transport of glutathione ester into
      human erythrocytes and intracellular conversion to glutathione was observed. The
      findings suggest that the glutathione ester will be useful as a radioprotecting
      agent and in the prevention and treatment of toxicity due to certain foreign
      compounds and oxygen. The ester may be useful in experimental work on glutathione
      transport, metabolism, and function, and in related studies on oxygen toxicity,
      radiation, mutagenesis, and ageing. Methods for the preparation of glutathione
      monoethyl ester and several related compounds are given.

PMID- 4004276
TI  - Erythroid induction of K562 human leukemia cells: enhancement by purines.
AB  - K562 cells are human leukemia cells inducible for hemoglobin synthesis by a
      variety of agents. This report demonstrates that hypoxanthine, which alone has no
      inductive effect, enhances induction by thymidine, resulting in a greater
      absolute, as well as relative, percentage of benzidine positive cells. This
      effect is seen over a 20-fold concentration range for both thymidine and
      hypoxanthine. This enhancement involves commitment, i.e., a process in which the
      induction of hemoglobin synthesis is coupled to a limitation in the number of
      subsequent cell divisions. Although thymidine alone increases the percentage of
      cells in S phase, hypoxanthine does not augment this. Purines other than
      hypoxanthine also enhance induction by thymidine. This enhancement by
      hypoxanthine of thymidine induction is inhibited by pyrimidine nucleosides.
      Mycophenolic acid, an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase, itself an effective K562
      inducer, is not additive to thymidine and hypoxanthine, suggesting that
      hypoxanthine may act by reducing the supply of guanosine nucleosides.

PMID- 4004277
TI  - Adenylate cyclase from rabbit small intestine: activation by cholera toxin and
      interaction with calcium.
AB  - The stimulation of adenylate cyclase in various fractions of plasma membranes
      from rabbit small intestinal epithelium has been studied. In crude plasma
      membranes cholera toxin activated 5-fold at 10 micrograms/ml; vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP) activated at concentration from 10(-8) to 10(-7) M, the
      maximal stimulation being 6-fold. Fluoride activated 10-fold at 10 mM. VIP
      stimulated enzyme was inhibited by Ca2+ concentrations in the micromolar range.
      In the presence of calmodulin a biphasic response was obtained. At low Ca2+
      concentration (4 x 10(-9)-6 x 10(-8) M) the enzyme was activated. As the Ca2+
      concentration was increased the enzyme was concomitantly inhibited. We have
      investigated the mechanism by which cholera toxin activates intestinal adenylate
      cyclase. We have found that cholera toxin catalyzed incorporation of 32P into
      proteins located in the brush-border membrane whose molecular weights are in the
      range of 40-45kDa. These membranes bind [3H]GTP with a Kd of 1.8 x 10(-7) M. In
      contrast, basal lateral membranes do not contain any protein which becomes
      labeled in a toxin-dependent manner when incubated with cholera toxin and
      [32P]NAD. The modification of brush-border membrane protein occurred in spite of
      the absence of adenylate cyclase in these membranes. Adenylate cyclase in basal
      lateral membranes was poorly activated by cholera toxin as compared to crude
      plasma membranes. On the other hand, the ability of VIP and fluoride to activate
      the enzyme was enhanced in basal lateral membranes with respect to crude
      membranes. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism by which
      cholera toxin activates adenylate cyclase in intact intestinal cells.

PMID- 4004278
TI  - [Clinicopathological features of recurrent breast cancer].
AB  - Recurrence of breast cancer is classified into three categories, namely local
      (chest wall) recurrence, recurrence in regional lymph nodes, and distant
      metastasis. In an analysis of 77 recurrent cases out of 385 breast cancer cases
      managed by us from 1962 to 1973, recurrence of the former two categories occurred
      early, mostly within three years, but distant metastatic disease occurred in
      later years. With regard to staging and the time of recurrence, it was observed
      in general that the earlier the initial stage of disease, the longer the time
      period until the presence of detectable recurrence. In addition, as to local
      recurrence and distant metastases in various sites, the following aspects were
      reviewed and discussed; incidence, mechanisms of recurrence, characteristics of
      the recurrent disease.

PMID- 4004279
TI  - [Chemotherapy for recurrent breast carcinoma].
AB  - 5-FU and its analogs, Cyclophosphamide (CPA), Methotrexate (MTX), Adriamycin
      (ADM) and Vincristine (VCR) are among the many different anticancer agents that
      have proven effective by themselves against progressive recurrent carcinoma of
      the breast. However, in actual clinical practice, multiple combination therapy
      with these drugs which are effective singly, has been found to be even more
      effective. Regimens with CF (CPA + 5-FU), CMF (CPA + MTX + 5-FU), CMFVP (CPA +
      MTX + 5-FU + VCR + Pred., CAF (CPA + ADM + 5-FU), and AC (ADM + CPA) are well
      known, but the dosage and administration schedule differ somewhat with the
      researcher. In any case, a 30 to 50% response rate has been reported on the
      overall. With recurrent carcinoma of the breast, the primary choice of a
      chemotherapy regimen involving various agents, the combination with hormone
      therapy, the conditions as to the location of the recurrence or pre-treatment
      situation, pose serious problems. CMF, CMFVP or AC are recommended as the regimen
      of choice, and it is only natural that the agents not used in the preferred
      regimen be combined in the second choice of treatment. Also, testing with new
      drugs must be aggressively pursued in many cases.

PMID- 4004280
TI  - [Radiation treatment of metastatic breast cancer].
AB  - Breast cancer is rather radiosensitive. A total dose of 40-50 Gy (TDF about 80)
      is usually sufficient to control most metastatic breast cancer tumors. Radiation
      treatment should be applied to control tumors which are less responsive to chemo
      endocrine therapy, i.e., large tumors or brain metastasis. Five-year survival
      rates after the start of radiation therapy to the first development of recurrence
      were 2/16 for local recurrence, 2/5 for supraclavicular node recurrence, 5/16 for
      bone recurrence and 1/4 for pulmonary recurrence, respectively. The quality of
      the remaining life of the patient should be the most important factor in deciding
      radiation treatment.

PMID- 4004281
TI  - [Phase I study of recombinant human interferon alpha A (Ro 22-8181) in patients
      with malignant tumors].
AB  - A clinical Phase I study of recombinant human interferon alpha A (Ro 22-8181) was
      performed in patients with malignant tumors; twenty of them received an American
      product and seven others a domestic product. Both products were administered in
      single intramuscularly injected doses of 18, 36, 50, 75 and 100 X 10(6)U. Main
      side effects included fever and influenza-like symptoms (headache,
      chill/shivering, general fatigue, lumbago), and digestive symptoms (anorexia,
      nausea/vomiting). Numbness of fingers or limbs and somnolence were also observed
      in higher dose groups, but these symptoms all disappeared on the day of
      administration or by the 3rd day after administration. Abnormal laboratory
      findings included leukopenia, granulocytopenia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia
      and increased GOT/GPT/LDH, but these returned to normal by the 10th day after
      administration. The peak blood concentration was correlated with the dose,
      falling to the base line 72 hr after administration. The American product and the
      domestic product were nearly comparable in the type and incidence of their side
      effects, and also produced generally comparable blood concentrations.
      Furthermore, increased anti-IFN-alpha antibody titer was not observed in any of
      the patients; and the Prick Test proved negative in all of them. No significant
      changes were observed in any immunological parameters, either.

PMID- 4004282
TI  - [Phase II study of recombinant human leukocyte A interferon on urogenital cancer
      patients].
AB  - A phase II study on recombinant human leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-alpha A) was
      carried out in 30 patients with urogenital cancers. Each patient received rIFN
      alpha A by i.m. injection every day for at least 4 weeks. The initial daily dose
      was 3 X 10(6) U, being escalated at intervals of 3 days or more up to 50 X 10(6)
      U. The results are summarized as follows: In aged patients, the daily dose
      appropriate for everyday i.m. injection was considered to be 9 X 10(6) U or
      below, judging from the adverse reactions observed. According to Koyama and
      Saito's response criteria, partial response (PR) and minor response (MR) were
      obtained, respectively, in 3 and 1 out of 12 patients with renal cell carcinoma,
      while PR was seen in 1 out of 9 with urothelial cancer. No response was observed
      in patients with testicular cancer and in those with prostatic cancer. Various
      kinds of adverse reactions were recognized and each patient showed one reaction
      or more. Fever, fatigue, leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and elevation of
      GOT and GPT were observed relatively frequently. Among these, fatigue and
      thrombocytopenia were regarded as dose limiting factors.

PMID- 4004283
TI  - [Antitumor effect of human recombinant interferon-alpha A/D in mice(I):
      Comparison between systemic and lesional treatment of meth-A sarcoma in BALB/c
      mice].
AB  - Human recombinant interferon-alpha A/D (IFN-alpha A/D) is known to be as active
      on murine cells as on human cells. We studied the antitumor effect of pure IFN
      alpha A/D on Meth-A sarcoma cells in vivo. When administered systemically
      (intraperitoneally), IFN-alpha A/D (total dosage: 7 X 10(5) units/mouse) was only
      marginally but significantly (p less than 0.05) effective in reducing the growth
      of Meth-A sarcoma cells transplanted subcutaneously into syngeneic BALB/c mice.
      By lesional (intra-tumor) administration (total dosage: 5 X 10(4) to 5 X 10(5)
      units/mouse), however, IFN-alpha A/D strongly inhibited the growth of Meth-A
      sarcoma cells and even led to a complete regression of tumor growth and
      subsequent immunity to Meth-A sarcoma cells in the host animals when treatment
      was started early after transplantation and at a high dose. Indomethacin or
      cyclophosphamide administered intraperitoneally at a dose at which, although not
      directly effective against tumor growth, both were expected to stimulate the host
      immune system by inhibiting suppressor macrophage function or suppressor T cells,
      respectively, showed neither enhancing nor suppressing effect on the above
      mentioned strong antitumor effect of locally administered IFN-alpha A/D.

PMID- 4004284
TI  - [A combination chemotherapy using mitomycin C, vincristine and cisplatin (MVP)
      for advanced cervical cancer].
AB  - Nine patients with advanced cervical cancer were treated with a combination
      chemotherapy (MVP) consisting of mitomycin C 8 mg/m2 i.v. days 1 and 8,
      vincristine 1 mg/m2 i.v. days 1 and 8, and cisplatin 15 mg/m2 i.v. days 1 to 5.
      The regimen was repeated at 4-week intervals. Of nine patients with measurable
      metastatic disease, there was 1 complete response (CR), 4 partial responses (PR),
      and 4 with no change, with an overall response rate (CR + PR) of 56% (5/9). The
      median duration of responses was 6 months, ranging from 1.8 to 9.1 months. The
      median survival time from initiation of the chemotherapy was 11 months for
      responders, and 15+ months for non-responders, respectively. Patients with no
      prior chemotherapy had a 60% (3/5) response rate and 2 patients out of 4 who had
      received prior chemotherapy responded; furthermore, metastatic lesions in
      extrapelvic regions (lung) responded well. Leukopenia less than 3,000/mm3
      occurred in 68% of cases and the median nadir was 1,900/mm3 (700-2900).
      Thrombocytopenia less than 10 X 10/mm3 occurred in 37% of cases and the median
      nadir was 5.15 X 10/mm3 (3.2-9.0). Non-hematological toxicities were nausea and
      vomiting, renal dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy, but these were reversible
      and tolerable.

PMID- 4004285
TI  - [A case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with complete remission achieved by
      interferon therapy].
AB  - A case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in which complete remission was
      achieved using Interferon therapy is reported. A 67-year-old male was found to
      have extensive paraaortic lymph node metastasis while undergoing left nephrectomy
      following diagnosis of 1-renal cancer. Pathological diagnosis of the node was
      metastasis of clear cell type renal cell carcinoma. Interferon (Hu IFN-alpha 2:
      Sch 30500; Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co.) therapy was started 34 days after
      surgery. The Interferon was administered i.m. at a dose of 1 X 10(6) units per
      injection, 3 times a week, and was continued up to a total dose of 236 X 10(6)
      units. Response of the metastatic lymph nodes was examined using CT scan. Marked
      response was observed 4 weeks after starting the Interferon therapy, and complete
      disappearance of the tumors was obtained 5 months after Commencement of therapy.
      The duration of complete response has lasted 4 months. The toxic manifestations
      of the Interferon therapy were fever and loss of appetite.

PMID- 4004286
TI  - [Mechanism of cancer metastasis and its inhibition--a point of view from clinical
      aspects].
AB  - Metastasis is one of the most distinct but complicated biological phenomena in
      cancer. It is hard to decide the most important prospect which must be performed
      at the present as well as in future studies on cancer metastasis. However, the
      final goal of the studies on metastasis can be simply concluded as that
      metastasis should be prevented before dissemination. In this review, we discussed
      several points to do research in metastasis.

PMID- 4004287
TI  - [Experimental studies on growth inhibition and regression of cancer metastases].
AB  - The most important target in pharmaceutical therapy against cancer is complete
      suppression of metastases and recurrence after curative surgical operation. It is
      fundamentally, a growth inhibition and regression of small number of
      autochthonous tumors scattering in the host, and coexistence between tumor and
      host is also important. As immunosuppressive anticancer drugs have detrimental
      effects for patients in such cases, application of strong immunopotentiators such
      as lentinan should be expected. Lentinan showed a prominent effect on suppression
      of metastases in experimental systems of clinical models using MH-134 hepatoma,
      Madison-109 lung carcinoma and DBA/2.MC.CS-1 fibrosarcoma. Suppression of
      carcinogenesis may be considered as one of experimental methods to prevent
      metastases in a viewpoint of regression of small number of autochthonous tumor
      cells. Lentinan given at suitable timing and schedule showed marked prophylactic
      effect on chemical and viral carcinogenesis. Mode of action of lentinan as T
      oriented adjuvant in its antitumor and metastases-inhibitory effects is also
      discussed. Considering excellent end-point results of Phase III with advanced and
      recurrent gastrointestinal cancer, lentinan is the most hopeful substance to
      prevent micrometastases.

PMID- 4004288
TI  - [Host defense mechanisms against tumor metastasis].
AB  - It is still difficult to control metastasis of cancers, despite advances in
      surgery and radio-therapy for primary lesions of cancers. The prevention of
      cancer metastasis is therefore a major target of cancer research. In order to
      analyse the mechanism of tumor metastasis, several in vivo and in vitro assay
      systems have been established and the effects of host and tumor factors on
      formation of tumor metastasis have been studied. It is known that specific
      immunity mediated by T cells and natural resistance mediated by macrophages and
      natural killer cells play a significant role in host defense mechanisms against
      tumor metastasis. I describe here my study of the effect of surgical operation of
      primary tumors on metastasis and of the suppression of tumor metastasis by
      activated natural host defense using an experimental model of spontaneous
      metastasis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

PMID- 4004289
TI  - [Experimental studies with the use of metastatic clones isolated from mouse
      tumors].
AB  - Low and high metastatic clones were isolated from mouse colon 26 by repeated
      cloning of tumor cells in the lung. These clone cells showed an interesting
      metastatic capacities, low and high lung metastasis. The results indicate that
      original tumor consisted of various and heterogeneous cell clones having
      different metastatic capacities. Using highly metastatic clones, NL-17 and B16
      F10 and B16-BL6, adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil were found similarly effective to
      both parental and cloned tumor lines. Although there are several reports to
      indicate heterogeneous drug sensitivity of metastatic clones from the parental
      line, present study indicated the similar drug sensitivity. Therefore,
      heterogeneity of drug sensitivity is scheduled to check with different antitumor
      drugs.

PMID- 4004290
TI  - [Effect of etoposide for urogenital tumors].
AB  - Ten patients with urogenital tumors were treated with Etoposide. The dose
      schedule was 100 mg i.v. daily for 5 days and was repeated after 4-5 weeks. One
      patient with ureteral tumor experienced partial remission for 60 days and minor
      regression was achieved in 3 patients. The major side effects were leukopenia
      (60%) and thrombocytopenia (40%). Mean WBC nadir of 1050/mm3 occurred at 13.5
      days and recovered quickly after a further 7.5 days.

PMID- 4004291
TI  - [Empiric therapy with piperacillin plus amikacin for febrile patients with cancer
      -with emphasis on granulocytopenia].
AB  - Between August 1979 and December 1983 one hundred episodes of fever in 70
      patients with cancer, most of whom had granulocytopenia, were treated empirically
      with a combination of piperacillin (4.0g, every 6 hours) and amikacin (200mg,
      every 6 hours) at Saitama Cancer Center. Profound granulocytopenia (less than
      100/mm3 of granulocytes) was present at the beginning of treatment in 40% of
      episodes. Oral absorbable or nonabsorbable antibiotics were used in 57 febrile
      episodes. WBC transfusion was not given. The response rate for all documented
      infections was 58.1%, including 8 of 9 (88.8%) episodes of bacteremia. The
      majority of infections with identified organisms were caused by aerobic gram
      negative pathogens including P. aeruginosa (8 cases), Klebsiella spp. (3 cases),
      E. coli (4 cases), Proteus mirabilis (2 cases) and serratia spp. (3 cases). The
      response rate of gram-negative bacillary infections was 55% Pneumonia with a
      response rate of 21.1% responded less satisfactorily than all other types of
      infection. The response rate for profound persistent granulocytopenia (less than
      100/mm3 granulocytes without a rise during therapy) was 45.5%. The most common
      adverse effect was hepatotoxicity (16 episodes). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 4
      patients and skin rash in 2 patients.

PMID- 4004292
TI  - [Enhancement of vascular level in tumors under angiotensin-induced hypertension].
AB  - The change in tumor vascular area seems to be one of the important factors
      influencing drug delivery to tumor tissue. By means of a point-counting method we
      analyzed changes in the "vascular level", percentage of the vascular area to
      tissue area, in two tumors; AH272, AH109A, comparatively under angiotensin
      induced hypertension. In tumor AH272, the vascular level changed from 27.4%
      (range; 19.7-34.9%) to 38.5% (range; 28.2-48.1%) when mean arterial blood
      pressure elevated from 98.3 to 151.7 mmHg. The change coefficient due to
      angiotensin II was 1.42. The vascular level in AH109A tumor tissue increased from
      19.7% (range; 0-48.5%) to 33.9% (range; 8.7-57.6%) with an elevation of mean
      arterial pressure from 103.5 to 150.8 mmHg. The change coefficient was AH109A in
      2.08. In-homogeneity in the vascular level in tumor tissue was more marked in
      AH109A than in AH272. Moreover, it was revealed in AH 109A that the increase in
      the vascular level due to angiotensin II was greater in the areas with a lower
      vascular level. This seems to be caused by the phenomenon that blood flow
      appearing under angiotensin-induced hypertension in tumor vessels that lacked
      blood flow at normotension. In conclusion, selective increase in vascular level
      was seen in both tumors under angiotensin-induced hypertension.

PMID- 4004293
TI  - [Development of technics for observation of chromosomes by the differential
      staining of sister chromatids, high resolution banding and the in situ molecular
      hybridization].
AB  - Cytogenetical technique newly developed for the observation of chromosomes, such
      as differential staining of sister-chromatids the high-resolution banding and in
      situ molecular hybridization are introduced in this chapter. In the differential
      sister-chromatid staining, acricine-orange, BUdR and FPG techniques are
      described. In the high resolution banding, amethopterin, BUdR and ethidium
      methods are introduced. RNA/DNA and DNA/DNA in situ hybridization techniques are
      also included.

PMID- 4004294
TI  - Keratoacanthomas associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 4004295
TI  - Posttreatment complications of the argon laser.

PMID- 4004296
TI  - Toxic epidermal necrolysis.

PMID- 4004297
TI  - Effect of prior pregnancy on melanoma survival.

PMID- 4004298
TI  - Green hair: treatment with a penicillamine shampoo.

PMID- 4004299
TI  - An unusual defect resembling pili bifurcati.

PMID- 4004300
TI  - Congenital nevi. The controversy rages on.

PMID- 4004302
TI  - The dysmorphic syndrome.
AB  - A 49-year-old woman complained of pain and distortion of the facial skin of five
      years' duration. She had notable psychological depression, and the distortion she
      described was not apparent to others. She had sought relief for many years from
      many physicians and had tried numerous therapeutic regimens to no avail. After a
      diagnosis of "dysmorphic syndrome," haloperidol was prescribed at a dosage of 1
      mg twice daily. With this regimen, the patient experienced a slow but steady
      improvement, although her compliance was erratic.

PMID- 4004301
TI  - Prevalence of congenital-nevus-like nevi, nevi spili, and cafe au lait spots.
AB  - To determine the clinical prevalence of medium-sized (1.5- to 19.9-cm-diameter)
      congenital-nevus-like nevi (CNLN), a consecutive series of 601 patients (mostly
      adults) had total cutaneous examinations. In this series, 15 (2.5%) were found to
      have such lesions. In addition, 14 (2.3%) had nevi spili and 83 (13.8%) had cafe
      au lait spots. All three types of lesions were equally represented in both sexes
      and tended to spare the head, neck, and upper extremities. Compared with CNLN,
      nevi spili were found to have significantly larger diameters and lower mean age,
      suggesting that these are different types of lesions. Some recommend the surgical
      removal of all congenital nevocytic nevi because of their malignant potential.
      Since it is not possible to clinically distinguish congenital nevocytic nevi and
      CNLN and since the observed prevalence of these lesions in adults is over four
      times that previously reported in newborns, such a recommendation becomes less
      feasible.

PMID- 4004303
TI  - Septal granulomatous panniculitis in Sweet's syndrome. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients had Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) with
      subcutaneous lesions resembling erythema nodosum. In both, the erythema nodosum-
      like lesions histologically showed a septal granulomatous panniculitis with
      numerous Miescher's granulomas. This type of subcutaneous involvement in Sweet's
      syndrome should be differentiated from panniculitis caused by deep subcutaneous
      neutrophilic infiltration. Involvement of the panniculus in Sweet's syndrome may
      then occur in two different patterns: a septal granulomatous panniculitis, as in
      our two cases, or a neutrophilic lobular panniculitis, as has been previously
      reported.

PMID- 4004304
TI  - Sweet's syndrome in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A 67-year-old man being treated with prednisone, 15 mg/day, for subacute
      cutaneous lupus erythematosus developed widespread, tender, erythematous plaques,
      arthralgias, and fever. Clinically, the cutaneous lesions mimicked lupus
      erythematosus. The diagnosis of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, or Sweet's
      syndrome, was confirmed by histologic examination of three biopsy specimens,
      which revealed prominent dermal edema, extensive infiltration with intact and
      karyorrhectic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and perivascular and appendiceal
      lymphocytes in the absence of leukocytoclastic angitis.

PMID- 4004305
TI  - Follicular hyperkeratosis and cryocrystalglobulinemia syndrome. Occurrence in a
      patient with multiple myeloma.
AB  - Follicular hyperkeratosis was observed in a patient with multiple myeloma. This
      keratosis is considered to be a cutaneous manifestation of multiple myeloma,
      since similar cases have been observed before. In addition, the patient had
      cutaneous, ocular, and articular signs and symptoms of cryocrystalglobulinemia,
      ie, cutaneous vasculitis, blurring, and joint swellings.

PMID- 4004306
TI  - Urticarial vasculitis treated with colchicine.
AB  - Cutaneous vasculitis may present as an urticaria-like eruption in association
      with viral illness, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, or serum
      sickness. Often, however, urticarial vasculitis presents as an immune complex
      mediated disease without other associated connective-tissue disease or associated
      infection. Many forms of therapy have been tried, including antihistamines,
      prednisone, and immunosuppressive drugs without success in every patient. Because
      colchicine had been effective in some patients with non-urticarial cutaneous
      vasculitis, we decided to use it in two patients with urticarial vasculitis in
      whom other therapy had failed. Both responded dramatically, although severe
      hypocomplementemia persisted in one patient.

PMID- 4004307
TI  - Bonding babies.

PMID- 4004308
TI  - Severe aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 4004309
TI  - Family therapy.

PMID- 4004311
TI  - Herpes simplex infections in atopic eczema.
AB  - One hundred and seventy nine children with atopic eczema were studied
      prospectively for two and three quarter years; the mean period of observation
      being 18 months. Ten children had initial infections with herpes simplex. Four
      children, very ill with a persistently high fever despite intravenous antibiotics
      and rectal aspirin, continued to produce vesicles and were given intravenous
      acyclovir. There were 11 recurrences among five patients. In two patients the
      recurrences were as severe as the initial lesions, and one of these children had
      IgG2 deficiency. Use of topical corticosteroids preceded the episode of herpes in
      only three of the 21 episodes. Symptomatic herpes simplex infections are common
      in children with atopic eczema, and are suggested by the presence of vesicles or
      by infected eczema which does not respond to antibiotic treatment. Virological
      investigations are simple and rapid: electron microscopy takes minutes, and
      cultures are often positive within 24 hours.

PMID- 4004310
TI  - Hydrogen breath test in schoolchildren.
AB  - The frequency of negative hydrogen breath tests due to colonic bacterial flora
      which are unable to produce hydrogen was determined after oral lactulose
      challenge in 98 healthy Dutch schoolchildren. There was a negative result in
      9.2%. The probability of a false normal lactose breath test (1:77) was calculated
      from these results together with those from a separate group of children with
      lactose malabsorption (also determined by hydrogen breath test). A study of
      siblings and mothers of subjects with a negative breath test did not show
      familial clustering of this condition. Faecal incubation tests with various
      sugars showed an increase in breath hydrogen greater than 100 parts per million
      in those with a positive breath test while subjects with a negative breath test
      also had a negative faecal incubation test. The frequency of a false negative
      hydrogen breath test was higher than previously reported, but this does not
      affect the superiority of this method of testing over the conventional blood
      glucose determination.

PMID- 4004312
TI  - Psychotherapy for Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
AB  - The management of a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is described. Possible
      indications for individual interpretive psychotherapy in child abuse are given.

PMID- 4004313
TI  - Neonatal systemic candidiasis.
AB  - Ten babies who required neonatal intensive care developed systemic candidiasis.
      Eight were extremely preterm (28 weeks' gestation or less) and all received
      prolonged ventilation, multiple courses of broad spectrum antibiotics, and
      intravenous hyperalimentation. Diagnosis was established by culture of yeasts
      from suprapubic urine specimens; venous blood cultures proved unreliable. Initial
      treatment with 5-flucytosine alone in eight babies and combined with amphotericin
      B in two, eradicated the infection in nine babies, the treatment failure arising
      through diagnostic delay and development of resistance to 5-flucytosine.
      Prophylactic topical antifungal drugs, regular screening of suprapubic urine
      specimens, and prompt use of systemic antifungal agents before multifocal
      infection becomes established may reduce the incidence and improve outcome.

PMID- 4004314
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygenation in peripheral ischaemic lesions in infants.
AB  - Acute peripheral arterial occlusion may lead to gangrene, with loss of parts of
      arms and legs. Three infants with disseminated intravascular clotting developed
      dark red discoloration of the tips of fingers and toes which progressed
      proximally. Repeated hyperbaric oxygenation treatments caused regression of the
      demarcation line and further progression of necrosis stopped.

PMID- 4004315
TI  - Treatment of respiratory papillomatosis with adenine arabinoside.
AB  - Nine children with respiratory papillomatosis have been treated with adenine
      arabinoside with limited success. No long term benefit was obtained in six, and
      although resolution was achieved in one and probably two others, this could not
      be attributed confidently to treatment.

PMID- 4004316
TI  - International trends in hospital admission rates for asthma.
AB  - Trends in annual hospital admission rates for asthma in the 0 to 14 year age
      group were examined in New Zealand, England and Wales, the United States, Canada,
      and Australia. There has been a striking increase in hospital admissions for
      asthma in children in all these countries since the mid 1960s.

PMID- 4004317
TI  - Oxandrolone in low dose for constitutional delay of growth and puberty in boys.
AB  - Twenty four boys with delayed pubertal growth spurt were treated with oxandrolone
      (2.5 mg daily) for 0.21 to 0.65 years. The mean increment of growth velocity was
      4.4 cm/year during treatment, which was maintained at 3.7 cm/year after
      treatment. There was no significant change in height for bone age standard
      deviation scores.

PMID- 4004318
TI  - Candida in mouth or on dummy?
AB  - Mouth and dummy swabs for Candida spp. were obtained from 100 children under 18
      months old admitted with acute medical conditions. Forty four per cent of dummies
      were colonised by Candida spp. Children who sucked dummies had clinical thrush
      and positive mouth swabs for candida more frequently than those who did not.

PMID- 4004320
TI  - High and conventional ventilation rates in the newborn.

PMID- 4004321
TI  - Neonatal auditory brainstem response cannot reliably diagnose brainstem death.

PMID- 4004319
TI  - Management of Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

PMID- 4004322
TI  - Continuous measurement of subarachnoid pressure in the severely asphyxiated
      newborn.

PMID- 4004323
TI  - Clonidine and insulin tests for growth hormone deficiency.

PMID- 4004325
TI  - Density-dependent regulation of skin-fibroblast glycosaminoglycans in vitro:
      control by a secreted factor.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) secretion by human skin fibroblasts in monolayer culture
      was inversely proportional to cell density, the relationship applying both within
      and between cultures of different fibroblast lines. There was neither substantial
      extracellular degradation nor significant endocytosis of the GAG from the culture
      medium. The mechanism controlling the inhibition of secretion did not involve the
      exhaustion of serum in the culture medium, a decline in cell viability or a
      negative feedback related to hyaluronic-acid concentration, and did not require
      intercellular contact. The inhibitory factor could be transferred from one
      culture to another and appeared to be secreted by the fibroblasts concomitantly
      with the GAG. The effect of cell density on GAG must be considered in future
      studies of drugs in vitro or other manipulations of the cellular environment.

PMID- 4004324
TI  - Epidermal proteins. I. Differential extraction and quantitative polyacrylamide
      gel-electrophoretic analysis of basal spinous-cell proteins of neonatal mouse
      epidermis.
AB  - The study of keratinocyte proteins and their changes in different physiological,
      experimental, and pathological states has been facilitated and stimulated by the
      development of high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE)
      techniques. We describe a differential extraction system that separates the
      keratinocyte proteins into four major groups which are further quantitatively
      analyzed by PAGE: cytoplasmic-soluble proteins, nonionic-detergent-soluble
      proteins consisting of membrane-associated proteins, salt-dissociated proteins
      mainly consisting of histones, and ribosomal and keratohyaline granule proteins,
      and the keratins (and other intermediate-filament-associated proteins), which are
      further separated into disulfide-stabilized keratins and keratins that do not
      require reducing agents in order to dissolve in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or
      urea. This extraction system was applied to neonatal mouse epidermal cell
      preparations that consisted mainly (60%-85%) of basal cells and also of some
      spinous cells (10%-30%). The SDS-PAGE patterns obtained by spectrophotometric
      scanning were graphically compared and integrated using an IBM personal computer.
      The protein bands in each extract were identified by their apparent molecular
      weights and were quantitated as a percentage of the total in each extract and in
      micrograms per 15 X 10(6) cells. Some protein peaks were provisionally identified
      as actin, the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, ribosomal proteins, and six
      keratins. This study serves as the foundation for the quantitative description of
      molecular changes which occur during keratinocyte differentiation and for the
      comprehensive identification of epidermal proteins.

PMID- 4004326
TI  - Effects of retinoic acid on adult human epidermis in whole skin organ culture.
AB  - Adult human skin was cultured in whole-skin organ culture under chemically
      defined conditions. Retinoic acid was added to the culture at final
      concentrations of 5 X 10(-7) and 5 X 10(-6) M. Both concentrations elicited cell
      death in the upper epidermal layers and prevented the terminal differentiation of
      the cells to mature corneocytes. The inhibition of terminal differentiation was
      not permanent, as the corneocytes produced later during the culture showed no
      signs of inhibition. The upper vital cells in epidermis cultured with retinoic
      acid were very flattened and contained reduced amounts of cytoskeleton
      components. Fine, granular material not present in normal epidermis was observed
      in both the intercellular spaces and the intracytoplasmic vesicles of retinoid
      treated epidermis. The present results indicate that the response of normal human
      skin to retinoic-acid treatment involves the same kind of modulation of the
      epidermal structure previously described in embryonic avian and diseased human
      skin.

PMID- 4004328
TI  - Glucocorticoid-induced vasoconstriction in canine skin.
AB  - Vasoconstriction, manifest as a reduction in blood flow necessary to maintain a
      constant pressure, was observed over 4 h in the arteries supplying isolated
      abdominal skin flaps of greyhound dogs treated with intravenously administered
      betamethasone-17-valerate. Norepinephrine concentration-response curves performed
      initially and after 4 h showed no significant difference between the treated or
      control animals.

PMID- 4004327
TI  - Human stratum corneum polar lipids and desquamation.
AB  - The ceramides and steryl-sulfate components from desquamated and cohesive human
      stratum corneum were examined using a combination of chemical and chromatographic
      means. Six structurally distinct series of ceramides were identified, and the
      relative amounts of these species, as measured by quantitative thin-layer
      chromatography, did not differ in cohesive and desquamated stratum corneum. In
      contrast, the level of cholesteryl sulfate was significantly reduced in the
      desquamated material. The results are in accord with the hypothesis that
      cholesteryl sulfate serves in cell-to-cell cohesion within the stratum corneum,
      and its hydrolysis may be necessary to permit shedding of cells from the surface.

PMID- 4004329
TI  - Plasmapheresis in the management of psoriasis.

PMID- 4004330
TI  - Complement activation by Sporothrix schenckii.

PMID- 4004331
TI  - DNA flow cytometry: a new technique for rapid analysis of cell-cycle kinetics in
      human anagen hairs.

PMID- 4004332
TI  - Penetration of unfocused laser light into the skin.

PMID- 4004333
TI  - Growth hormone producing hyperplasia of pituitary gland in psoriasis.

PMID- 4004334
TI  - Bioassay screening for toxicants in oil samples from the toxic-oil syndrome
      outbreak in Spain.

PMID- 4004335
TI  - Effect of fabric geometry on resistance to pesticide penetration and degradation.

PMID- 4004336
TI  - The efficacy of laundering captan and Guthion contaminated fabrics.

PMID- 4004337
TI  - Effects of prochloraz on drug metabolism in the Japanese quail, grey partridge,
      chicken, and pheasant.

PMID- 4004338
TI  - Toxicity of endrin and malathion mixtures to flagfish (Jordanella floridae).

PMID- 4004339
TI  - Crop groupings: a survey of its possibilities for deltamethrin registrations.

PMID- 4004340
TI  - The effects of heavy metal contamination on the aquatic biota of Buttle Lake and
      the Campbell River drainage (Canada).

PMID- 4004341
TI  - National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program: concentrations of seven elements in
      freshwater fish, 1978-1981.

PMID- 4004342
TI  - Organochlorine pesticide residue levels in human milk: Western Australia, 1979
      1980.
AB  - Two hundred sixty-seven samples of breast milk, supplied by 140 donors from both
      urban (N = 45) and rural (N = 95) areas, were analyzed on a whole milk basis for
      aldrin, gamma-benzene hexachloride (gamma BHC), hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
      dieldrin, and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to ascertain the
      effectiveness of restrictions placed on pesticide use since 1971. Aldrin and
      gamma BHC were found to be present mainly in trace amounts, while decreases were
      found with HCB (0.025-0.008 ppm) and total DDT (0.078-0.046 ppm). Dieldrin showed
      an increase (0.005-0.009 ppm) which caused some concern. The results of a
      questionnaire suggested a connection between the high dieldrin levels and a
      program of treatment for the protection of houses against termites. A statistical
      analysis further supported this theory and suggested three variables being
      significantly associated with dieldrin levels: (1) treatment of the house, (2)
      suburb in which the donor lived, and (3) age of the mother. Further relationships
      were shown to exist between pesticide levels, lipid content of the milk, and the
      stage of feeding at which the sample was taken.

PMID- 4004344
TI  - Identification of gasoline lead in children's blood using isotopic analysis.
AB  - The isotopic composition and concentrations of lead were measured, using mass
      spectrometric analysis, in blood drawn from 14 young children who lived in
      Washington, D.C. The isotopic composition of lead in ambient air, which reflects
      the changing sources of gasoline lead, was also determined for the period of
      sampling. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 4.38 to 24.7 micrograms/100 g
      blood. Based on linear patterns that involved ratios of all four isotopes
      consistent with two component mixing, we estimate a minimum contribution of
      recent gasoline lead ranging from 0 to 57% of the blood lead burden.

PMID- 4004343
TI  - Chelation therapy in children as treatment of sequelae in severe lead toxicity.
AB  - Certain children who experience a toxic lead episode requiring hospitalization in
      infancy or early childhood will manifest central nervous system dysfunctions,
      including hyperactivity, as sequelae of this experience. In this study, findings
      indicate that persistent, higher-than-normal lead levels, dating back to the time
      of the initial toxicity, may well be a mechanism underlying some of these
      sequelae. Consequently, some part of these sequelae may be preventable and/or
      treatable.

PMID- 4004345
TI  - Cigarette smoking and inorganic dust in human lungs.
AB  - Whole left lungs from 18 smokers and 16 nonsmokers were obtained at autopsy and
      studied to determine the severity of subclinical emphysema and elemental dust
      loads of aluminum and silicon. Lungs selected were from individuals with work
      histories in non-dusty occupations and were sex- and age-matched by decade. Whole
      lung Gough sections were studied and emphysema was graded on a 0 to 100 score.
      Concentrations of aluminum and silicon were determined in homogenized-lyophilized
      lung of all 34 cases by plasma emission spectrometry. In addition, histological
      sections from 9 pairs of age-matched smokers and nonsmokers were studied by light
      microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in concert with semiquantitative x
      ray spectrometric analysis of aluminum and silicon content in specific anatomical
      regions. The results of these studies indicate that aluminum and silicon
      concentrations increase in smokers with increased cigarette smoking. As expected,
      severity of pulmonary emphysema was associated with heavy cigarette smoking.

PMID- 4004346
TI  - Temporal patterns of exposure and nonmalignant pulmonary abnormality in Quebec
      chrysotile workers.
AB  - Questionnaire, radiographic, and lung function information for 983 Quebec
      chrysotile workers at work in 1966 was used to develop five clinical response
      scales (i.e., parenchymal and pleural fibrosis, airflow limitation, chronic
      bronchitis, and airway reactivity). The relationship of the scales to variables
      describing temporal patterns of exposure was studied, taking into account
      cumulative exposure, age, and smoking. All response scales related to variables
      containing only time information, and in all cases temporal patterns of exposure
      influenced exposure response relationships. For pulmonary fibrosis, the strongest
      relationships were to cumulative exposure; for pleural fibrosis to exposure peaks
      and residence time of dust in the lung; for airway reactivity to early and recent
      exposure; and for airflow limitation and chronic bronchitis to smoking and to
      dust level and load over time. These results add to the gathering evidence that
      exposures to environments containing airborne asbestos may result in airway
      abnormalities.

PMID- 4004347
TI  - Aflatoxin and Reye's syndrome: a study of livers from deceased cases.
AB  - In order to reinvestigate a strong reported association, we attempted to identify
      aflatoxin in the livers of 12 children who presumably died of Reye's Syndrome and
      in the liver of one child who died accidentally. Aflatoxins were detected, but
      not confirmed in only one of the liver specimens (limits of detection 20 ppt). In
      addition, the microscopic appearance of the livers was reviewed. Although most of
      the cases fit the clinical definition of Reye's Syndrome, the microscopic
      appearance of the liver was varied. We conclude that aflatoxin is not regularly
      recoverable from cases of Reye's Syndrome at a high rate, and question the
      proposed etiologic relationship. We confirm the varied appearance of the liver
      late in the course of Reye's Syndrome; however, microvesicular fat was present in
      most cases.

PMID- 4004348
TI  - Pulmonary disease associated with cafeteria flooding.
AB  - An illness among office workers, consisting of cough, fever, chills, muscle
      aches, and chest tightness was associated with water leaks from a cafeteria. Mean
      single breath carbon-monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) of cases differed
      significantly from that of non-cases. There was a significant decrease in the
      percent of predicted DLCO with increasing number of symptoms. Testing for
      precipitating antibodies to microbial agents found in the building revealed no
      differences between cases and non-cases. DLCO is an appropriate cross-sectional
      instrument for field investigations of building-associated respiratory disease.

PMID- 4004349
TI  - [Weber-Christian disease. Apropos of a case with systemic involvement].

PMID- 4004350
TI  - [Carcinoid tumor of the prostate. A new anatomoclinical case and review of the
      literature].

PMID- 4004351
TI  - [Increase of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio in cells of the uterine exocervix after
      menopause. Morphometric analysis].

PMID- 4004352
TI  - [Clofazimine enteropathy. Apropos of a new anatomoclinical case].

PMID- 4004353
TI  - [Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis by cytological examination of the
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid].

PMID- 4004354
TI  - [Stewart-Treves syndrome. Histogenetic study (ultrastructural and
      immunohistological].

PMID- 4004355
TI  - [Reorganization of the microtubule network is associated with the growth of rat
      heart].

PMID- 4004356
TI  - [Trials of enzymatic digestion for improving immunohistochemical staining of
      gliofibrillary acidic protein].

PMID- 4004357
TI  - [Expression of intermediate filaments (vimentin) in Burkitt's cells].

PMID- 4004358
TI  - [Congenital anomaly of the metabolism of vitamin B 12. Histopathological study].

PMID- 4004359
TI  - Mapping of proteins from cultured fibroblasts of synovial and subcutaneous origin
      by high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Nine different cell lines of human (A) rheumatoid and (B) normal synovial
      fibroblasts and of (C) normal skin fibroblasts were obtained from tissue explants
      and grown as monolayers. The cellular protein synthesis was studied by high
      resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Between the fourth
      and 10th passage of the cells in culture apparently no consistent differences
      were found which could be ascribed to the origin of the cells, to the rheumatoid
      state of the synovial tissue, or to the increasing age of the cultured
      fibroblasts.

PMID- 4004360
TI  - Disease distribution of synovial fluid mast cells and cytophagocytic mononuclear
      cells in inflammatory arthritis.
AB  - Three hundred and twenty-one synovial fluids from the knees of patients with six
      different inflammatory arthropathies have been examined for the presence of
      cytophagocytic monocytes (CPM) and mast cells. Both cell types were seen
      independently in many of the fluids examined but were found together only in
      those patients with Reiter's disease, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing
      spondylitis, and enteropathic arthritis. These four disease groups also contain
      the highest proportion of patients with mast cells in their synovial fluids and
      those individuals with the greatest number of synovial fluid CPM. Criteria have
      been developed from these observations which may be employed in the differential
      diagnosis of inflammatory arthropathies.

PMID- 4004361
TI  - Low temperature and conventional scanning electron microscopic observations of
      dog femoral condylar cartilage surface after anterior cruciate ligament division.
AB  - The left stifle joints of 16 beagle dogs were subjected to surgical division of
      the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The femoral condyles showed surface
      alterations and damage after 14 days when examined by low temperature (LTSEM) and
      conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The first change was an increase
      in the fibrous texture of the articular cartilage surface. Folds and surface
      roughening were later recognised. After 112 days deformation and disruption gave
      way to cracking or fracture of the surface layers. Superficial damage was focal
      in distribution and accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of tertiary
      elevations. The affected areas of cartilage increased in frequency and size with
      time and surgery. The observations obtained from LTSEM, in which the tissue
      remains fully hydrated during examination, may be caused by alterations in water
      content and a loss of proteoglycan at the surface, together with changes in cell
      shape and size. Surface cracks may be the en face appearance of histological
      fibrillation.

PMID- 4004363
TI  - Rheumatoid bursitis extending into the clavicle and to the skin surface.
AB  - A woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed persistent sterile drainage from a
      cutaneous fistula after biopsy of an inflamed supraclavicular mass. Radiographs
      showed several cavities in the underlying clavicle. Inability to culture a
      pathogen and failure of the fistula to heal despite empirical courses of
      antibiotic therapy led to surgical intervention. The final diagnosis, based on
      careful histological analysis by special staining techniques, was rheumatoid
      bursitis extending into the clavicle and to the skin surface.

PMID- 4004362
TI  - Fine specificity of serum anticollagen molecules in experimental immune
      synovitis.
AB  - Serum anticollagen antibodies to the native and denatured interstitial collagens
      were measured by solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) in a rabbit model of IgG
      induced immune synovitis. Serum antibodies binding the native interstitial
      collagens and denatured type II collagen were observed in 100% of the animals
      tested (n = 6). Titerable antibodies to the alpha 1 (III) collagen polypeptide
      chain were observed in 83% of the animals, whereas serum antibodies to denatured
      type I collagen were observed in 33%. Inhibition studies showed that the observed
      serum anticollagen antibodies were conformationally dependent and collagen type
      specific. In addition these antibody populations varied in their affinities by as
      much as a factor of 2.81 for the specific substrates. Mean value of the average
      binding constants (Ka) for synovitis anticollagen antibodies binding native type
      II collagen was 5.47 X 10(6)mol; while the Ka determined for synovitis antibodies
      binding denatured type III collagen was 1.94 X 10(6)/mol. The data indicate that
      unique anticollagen antibody populations are expressed in the serum of animals
      with experimental IgG-induced chronic immune synovitis.

PMID- 4004364
TI  - Adult-onset Still's disease complicated by hypercalcaemia: possible relationship
      with rapidly destructive polyarthritis.
AB  - A 34-year-old man with adult-onset Still's disease developed a striking
      hypercalcaemia during a rapidly destructive polyarthritis with extensive
      osteoporosis. The hypercalcaemia seemed to be primarily caused by inflammation
      induced bone resorption. On prednisone the polyarthritis went into remission and
      the plasma calcium levels became normal. Other remarkable features in this case
      were a subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint, a brain-stem haemorrhage, transient
      hyperuricaemia and hyperuricosuria, and urolithiasis.

PMID- 4004365
TI  - Still's disease and the virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome.
AB  - A 15-year-old male developed features of Still's disease. He was treated, with
      incomplete response, with aspirin and corticosteroids. Some 10 months after the
      onset he contracted chickenpox and became gravely ill. A diagnosis of histiocytic
      medullary reticulosis was made because erythrophagocytic histiocytes were
      detected in marrow aspirate films. Necropsy studies showed systemic infiltration
      by benign-appearing histiocytes and led to the final diagnosis of the virus
      associated haemophagocytic syndrome due to varicella-zoster infection in an
      immunocompromised patient.

PMID- 4004366
TI  - Gonococcal arthritis: an unusual presentation as pseudothrombophlebitis.
AB  - A patient with a septic gonococcal arthritis of the knee presented as
      pseudothrombophlebitis.

PMID- 4004367
TI  - Piroxicam-induced acute renal failure (anuria)

PMID- 4004368
TI  - Unusual case of childhood dermatomyositis.

PMID- 4004369
TI  - Bufexamac crystals in synovial fluid analysis.

PMID- 4004370
TI  - Hepatic capillariasis may simulate the syndrome of visceral larva migrans, an
      analysis.

PMID- 4004371
TI  - [The use of oral corticosteroids in the treatment of human African
      trypanosomiasis: a retrospective survey in Nioki, Zaire].

PMID- 4004372
TI  - [The current place of symphysiotomy].

PMID- 4004373
TI  - [Albendazole in the treatment of intestinal nematode infections in Kinshasa,
      Zaire].

PMID- 4004374
TI  - [Distribution of Biomphalaria and the transmission of Schistosoma in the Ruzizi
      Valley, Burundi: preliminary study].

PMID- 4004375
TI  - [Purulent meningitis in children in Yaounde: epidemiological and prognostic
      aspects].

PMID- 4004376
TI  - [Sero-epidemiological study of viral hepatitis B in Burundi].

PMID- 4004377
TI  - [Trial prevention of vaso-occlusive crises in homozygote sickle cell anemia using
      piracetam].

PMID- 4004378
TI  - [Prevalence of yellow fever antibodies in north Zaire].

PMID- 4004379
TI  - [Treatment of chromomycosis with a combination of 5-fluorocytosine and
      thiabendazole. Apropos of a Zairian case due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi].

PMID- 4004381
TI  - Vagotomy plus Bilroth II gastrectomy for the prevention of recurrent alcohol
      induced pancreatitis.
AB  - Three retrospective reviews documenting a lessened frequency of acute recurrent
      alcohol-induced pancreatitis following vagotomy, with or without gastrectomy or
      gastroenterostomy, prompted a prospective evaluation of truncal vagotomy with
      Bilroth II gastrectomy as a means of preventing such exacerbations. Randomization
      between operation and encouragement to abstain from alcohol in patients with a
      history of more than one, but less than ten, acute bouts of alcohol-induced
      pancreatitis was set by odd-even digits in the hospital number. Of 176 patients
      admitted with acute alcoholic pancreatitis during 23 months of study, 49 were
      excluded because of too few or too many prior attacks. Another 61 refused to
      enter the study. At least one (average 1.9) recurrence requiring hospitalization
      was noted in 49, or 80%, of these patients on follow-up for 2 to 26 months
      (average 14 months). Of the 66 who consented to participate, 33 were randomized
      not to undergo operation and had almost identical recurrence statistics (i.e., an
      average of 1.7 recurrences in 24, or 73%). By contrast, only two of 31, or six
      per cent, allocated to operation have experienced a recurrence (p less than
      0.001). Two who had been randomized were excluded because of persisting active
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 4004380
TI  - Bilateral breast cancer. Risk reduction by contralateral biopsy.
AB  - Although survival from primary breast cancer has improved with earlier diagnosis
      and treatment, the management of the opposite breast is still in question. The
      risk factors for bilaterality are known, and preoperative mammography is
      occasionally helpful, but identification of early second breast cancer is very
      limited. Contralateral biopsy may provide a reasonable answer to the problem.
      During a 5-year period, 62 elective contralateral biopsies were performed in
      patients having mastectomies for primary breast cancer. This consisted of either
      a mirror image biopsy or, more commonly, a biopsy of the upper outer quadrant.
      Thirteen patients had simultaneous contralateral cancers, of whom two had
      clinically overt bilateral cancers and 11 (18%) had clinically occult malignancy.
      Seven of these 11 had both radiologically and clinically normal breasts. Thus,
      11.3% had radiologically and clinically occult cancer demonstrated by biopsy.
      Surgical management consisted of total mastectomy with low axillary dissection
      for noninvasive cancers and modified radical mastectomy for invasive cancers.
      Pathologic findings of the dominant breast cancer and the contralateral lesion
      were: bilateral, noninvasive: three patients; invasive, noninvasive: (seven
      patients), and invasive, invasive: three patients. Although follow-up is short
      (median of 40 months), 82% of the patients who had clinically occult second
      breast cancer remain free of disease. During a previous 8-year period, 37 of 500
      primary breast cancer patients (7.4%) developed metachronous (33) or synchronous
      (4) second-breast primary cancers primarily diagnosed clinically or
      radiologically. Of these, 35 were invasive and two noninvasive cancers; 41% had
      nodal metastases. A selected "favorable group," 28 of these patients who were
      free of disease 3 years after their first cancer, was analyzed. The analysis
      showed that only 10 (36%) were surviving free of disease at 7 years; 25% were
      free of disease at 10 years. Although the incidence of clinically-recognized,
      second-primary breast cancer is relatively low, development of a second invasive
      cancer severely impairs patient survival. Contralateral biopsy would appear
      useful to identify patients with early invasive or preinvasive cancer in the
      second breast, which appears normal after clinical observation or mammography. It
      provides opportunity to reduce the risk of invasive cancer in that breast, as
      well as to provide important diagnostic and prognostic information.

PMID- 4004382
TI  - Appendicitis in mature patients.
AB  - All patients greater than 50 years of age (N = 96) admitted with a pre- or
      postoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis from 1971 to 1980 were reviewed. A
      comparative series of 91 patients aged 25 to 50 years was similarly reviewed.
      Noninflammatory diseases of the appendix and incidental appendectomies were
      excluded. Detailed study of symptoms, clinical presentation, laboratory
      evaluation, radiographic evaluation, concomitant diseases, hospital course,
      surgical findings, complications, and mortality were completed. Comparison of
      patients aged 25 to 50 to patients older than 50 years revealed a statistically
      significant increased incidence of perforation in the older group (p less than
      0.0001). Sixty-five per cent of the older group showed greater incidence of
      perforation. Further analysis of this series yields the hypothesis that the
      increased incidence of perforation is related to a significant decrease in the
      frequency of classic presentation in the greater-than-50 age group, a significant
      decrease in frequency of correct admission diagnosis and a significant delay
      between admission and surgical procedure in the older group. A more rapid
      pathophysiologic progression of appendicitis with increasing age was noted. A
      much higher percentage of older patients was undiagnosed until the surgical
      procedure. In this group, there was a longer duration of symptoms, less frequent
      classic presentation, and decreased frequency of right lower quadrant guarding
      and tenderness as compared to patients with correct diagnosis prior to surgery.
      Complications were much more frequent in older patients and higher still in those
      with perforation. Analysis of findings by decade of life revealed an anticipated
      high incidence of perforated appendicitis in patients greater than 50, but also
      showed a continuation of the high incidence of perforation into the decade 40 to
      50. There were three deaths in the entire study group (1.6%) all occurring in the
      older age group with postoperative sepsis.

PMID- 4004384
TI  - Esophageal emptying and acid neutralization in patients with symptoms of
      esophageal reflux.
AB  - Clearance of refluxed acid from the distal esophagus is due to bolus emptying and
      salivary neutralization of acid. We compared results of 24-hour pH monitoring
      with acid clearance tests (ACT) and radioisotope swallows (RIS) in 26 symptomatic
      patients to determine which of the components of acid clearance is better
      correlated with gastroesophageal acid reflux (GER). Seven of eight patients with
      GER had delayed esophageal emptying on RIS. Abnormal salivary clearance of acid
      was present in nine of 18 patients without GER, accounting for a high false
      positive rate of ACT. Delayed esophageal bolus emptying, not deficient acid
      neutralization by saliva, is the predominant component of abnormal acid clearance
      in patients with GER. RIS is superior to ACT as part of the evaluation of reflux
      symptoms, and may prove to be a valuable screening test for this condition.

PMID- 4004383
TI  - Reoperations for esophagitis following failed antireflux procedures.
AB  - During the last 20 years, several procedures have been introduced that
      effectively control gastroesophageal reflux. Nevertheless, little has been
      written regarding surgical management of patients with recurrent esophagitis
      following a failed antireflux procedure. The purpose of this study was to review
      the results of all operations for recurrent esophagitis. Fifty-five patients had
      undergone a total of 61 previous operations for reflux (initial operation: Hill,
      nine; Nissen, 30; Allison, eight; Thal, patch three; Belsey, 10; other, one).
      Eleven patients underwent a Hill procedure (indications: intractable "gas-bloat"
      syndrome, 4 patients, esophagitis, 7 patients). Two developed recurrent
      esophagitis (18%). Seventy-eight per cent had satisfactory results (mean follow
      up 24 months), and there were no deaths. Three individuals had a transabdominal
      fundoplication. One patient was lost to follow-up while the other two had
      satisfactory results (follow-up, 1 and 6 years). Twenty-nine patients were
      subjected to a transthoracic fundoplication, with two deaths (seven per cent).
      One patient (four per cent) was lost to follow-up at 9 months; mean follow-up was
      44 months). Eighty-six per cent had satisfactory results. The sole poor result
      occurred in a scleroderma patient who ultimately required colon interposition.
      Twelve patients underwent a Thal-Nissen procedure. One patient was lost to follow
      up (eight per cent), while another with scleroderma had an unsatisfactory result
      (eight per cent); 83% had satisfactory results. The mean follow-up was 70 months.
      There were no deaths. Overall, 80% of patients subjected to reoperation had
      satisfactory results. Mortality was four per cent. Reoperations for
      gastroesophageal reflux constitute an effective means of controlling recurrent
      esophagitis and compare favorably with primary operations in both mortality and
      success rate.

PMID- 4004385
TI  - Protective antireflux operation with feeding gastrostomy. Experience with
      children.
AB  - Regurgitation and aspiration of feedings is a significant problem in children
      with impaired oral intake fed via gastrostomy. Using extended (18-24 hour)
      esophageal pH monitoring to assess gastroesophageal reflux (GER), we studied
      prospectively 32 children (aged 2 to 16 years) referred for feeding gastrostomy.
      Twenty-five patients had repeat esophageal pH monitoring after surgery. Prior to
      surgery, GER was documented in 23 (72%) of the 32 children. Twenty-two of the 23
      children with GER before surgery had an antireflux operation performed in
      conjunction with the feeding gastrostomy. Gastroesophageal reflux was clinically
      significant in the single failed antireflux operation and in the child with GER
      before surgery who only had a gastrostomy performed. All nine patients without
      GER only had gastrostomy performed. Six of these developed GER by pH monitoring
      after surgery, with significant vomiting in four. Of our 11 patients remaining at
      risk for GER after surgery, seven (64%) had persistent vomiting with gastrostomy
      feedings. Thus, 91% (29 of 32) of the children were potentially at risk for GER
      if a gastrostomy only was performed. We believe these data support the need for a
      "protective" antireflux operation in children referred for feeding gastrostomy.

PMID- 4004386
TI  - The management of gastric ulcers. A current review.
AB  - In the past 10 years, 163 patients with documented gastric ulcers were treated at
      Vanderbilt University and Metropolitan Nashville General Hospitals. One hundred
      thirty-five were initially managed medically. Medical therapy was successful in
      58 patients (43%) in this group. Twenty-eight (17%) patients required surgical
      treatment initially. An additional 77 patients (57%) became candidates for
      surgical management when their medical management failed. Of this group, 40 now
      have been surgically treated and 37 still have symptoms while on medical
      treatment. Three patients being treated for benign ulcers, two for as long as six
      years each, were found to have carcinoma of the stomach diagnosed by subsequent
      endoscopy and biopsy in one and by laparotomy with gastrectomy to include the
      ulcer in two. We consider subtotal gastrectomy or surgical resection of the
      antrum, including the ulcer site, to be the preferred surgical treatment for
      gastric ulcers, and this was done in 50 cases. Vagotomy was done in addition to
      the antrectomy in 31 of these, and in addition to the subtotal resection in 11.
      Two patients who had vagotomy and resection subsequently developed a marginal
      ulcer. One of these who had a subtotal resection and vagotomy healed with medical
      treatment. The one who had a vagotomy and antrectomy required a second vagotomy
      for a missed vagus nerve. Gastrointestinal endoscopy in the past 10 years has
      improved to the point that very few malignant ulcers are missed by endoscopic
      biopsy. Large ulcers, those that perforate or continue to bleed, and those that
      fail to heal on medical treatment for a maximum of 2 to 3 months should be
      submitted to an antrectomy that includes the ulcer. Vagotomy should be added in
      selected cases.

PMID- 4004387
TI  - Patterns of infection and mortality in thoracic trauma.
AB  - Tissue infection and systemic sepsis are common causes of morbidity and late
      mortality after major thoracic trauma. To seek causative mechanisms, prognostic
      indicators, and areas of possible improvement in therapy, we reviewed 310
      consecutive adults admitted with major thoracic trauma. Of these, 56 (18%) died
      of massive injuries in the first 5 days; the remaining 254 were considered at
      risk for infectious complications. There were 21 late deaths in this group, and
      15 (71%) were caused by systemic sepsis. Eighty-four patients (33%) developed
      thoracic infections, and 15 (6%) had significant nonthoracic infections. Markers
      of increased risk of infection included blunt injury, shock and unconsciousness
      on arrival, and splenectomy. Pulmonary infection was increased significantly
      following prolonged endotracheal intubation, but was virtually absent following
      tracheostomy. The risk of infection was increased significantly if prophylactic
      antibiotics were not used, but no definite correlation could be made to advanced
      age, pre-existent disease, nor post-traumatic malnutrition. Attention to some of
      these factors may decrease the risk of infection in thoracic trauma.

PMID- 4004389
TI  - Palliative intubation in inoperable esophageal neoplasms.

PMID- 4004388
TI  - Nonreversed and in situ vein grafts. Clinical and experimental observations.
AB  - The in situ saphenous vein (ISSV) graft has shown promise in distal bypass.
      Although improved patency has been attributed to preservation of vasa vasorum,
      there is no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. Femorodistal bypass was
      done in 33 patients using ISSV grafts (21) or nonreversed saphenous vein (NRSV)
      grafts (12) during an 18-month period. The NRSV were completely removed from the
      vein bed but were otherwise prepared in an identical fashion to the ISSV.
      Immediate complications including incomplete valvulotomy (one), intimal
      laceration (one), persistent AV communication (two), and extrinsic graft
      compression (one) were identified and corrected. Two grafts of 2.5 mm diameter
      occluded acutely. There were no deaths. Of 30 patients discharged with a patent
      graft, there was one late occlusion (ISSV) at 10 months. No difference in patency
      between ISSV and NRSV grafts was noted during follow-up extending to 24 months.
      Overall limb salvage was 94%. In a canine model, 60 vein segments were interposed
      in the carotid artery using in situ, reversed, and nonreversed techniques.
      Ultrastructural studies 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after implantation reveal no
      differences in in situ and nonreversed grafts. New vasa vasorum were identified
      in NRSV within 1 month. Both ISSV and NRSV grafts demonstrate excellent patency
      and maintenance of smooth muscle cell architecture. Factors including reduced
      size disparity at the proximal and distal anastomoses, physiologic distension
      under arterial pressure, careful handling, and meticulous technique appear to be
      more important than the theoretic advantages of preserving vasa vasorum.

PMID- 4004390
TI  - Total fundoplication with or without gastroplasty for gastroesophageal reflux:
      comparative study.
AB  - The results of clinical, radiographic, manometric, and pH-metric studies of two
      groups of patients with reflux esophagitis treated by total (Nissen)
      fundoplication with or without a Collis esophagus-lengthening gastroplasty were
      compared. On postoperative follow-up, clinical recurrence of gastrophageal reflux
      was found in 5 of the 76 patients in the Nissen group, whereas none of the 46
      patients in the Collis-Nissen group had reflux. A dramatic reduction in the
      clinical score was observed for all patients, and postoperative clinical
      morbidity was similar in both groups. Postoperative radiographic recurrence of
      hiatal hernia was found in 11 of 60 patients in the Nissen group, but not in any
      of the patients in the Collis-Nissen group. The lower esophageal sphincter
      pressure was significantly increased after operation in both groups (p less than
      0.05). The postoperative "common cavity test" and acid reflux test were positive
      in 9% of the patients having Nissen fundoplication alone and 11% of those having
      the Collis-Nissen procedure; in the latter group, both tests were positive in
      only 1 asymptomatic patient. These results demonstrate that the standard Nissen
      repair is a good surgical technique for management of uncomplicated reflux
      esophagitis and that the Collis-Nissen procedure is the most effective method of
      surgical repair for almost all patients with complicated reflux esophagitis.

PMID- 4004391
TI  - The management of empyema thoracis by thoracoscopy and irrigation.
AB  - A technique of irrigation for the management of empyema is described. Initial
      thoracoscopy under general anesthesia enabled full debridement and division of
      loculi within the empyema cavity under direct vision. Irrigation with two tubes
      was instituted until three consecutive cultures of irrigation fluid became
      sterile; then the chest drains were removed. The results in 12 patients are
      presented. Using this method, irrigation was required for an average of 14 days
      and chest drains were removed after an average of 20 days. Patients remained in
      the hospital for an average of 4.8 weeks. Tuberculous empyema was not found to be
      a contraindication to the irrigation technique.

PMID- 4004393
TI  - Traumatic rupture of the aorta: emergency operation.
AB  - Fifty-nine patients who had traumatic aortic rupture in the area of the isthmus
      and were treated less than one week after injury were studied. Most patients (N =
      47) underwent repair using pump-oxygenator partial bypass; 7 had simple cross
      clamping. Paraplegia developed in 4 during operation. One patient died of a head
      injury after receiving heparin for bypass. The experience with these patients and
      a critical review of the literature indicate that the use of extracorporeal
      circulation and avoidance of hypoxia and hypercapnia may decrease the probability
      of paraplegia. When laparotomy preceded thoracotomy, there were no clearly
      deleterious effects of heparinization.

PMID- 4004392
TI  - Blunt traumatic rupture of the right hemidiaphragm: experience in 12 patients.
AB  - In a 9-year period (1972 to 1981), 35 patients with blunt traumatic rupture of
      the diaphragm were seen in our institution; 12 had involvement of the right
      hemidiaphragm, an incidence of approximately 34%. In 9 of these 12 patients, the
      right-sided diaphragmatic injuries were seen soon after the accident (acute), and
      in 3, late after the accident (chronic). A large diaphragmatic rent, usually 10
      cm or more, without any predilection to a specific area of the right
      hemidiaphragm, was a frequent operative finding. Expectedly, the most common
      viscus that was injured or herniated through the defect was the liver. Total or
      nearly total herniation of the liver was noted in 5 patients and partial
      herniation, in 1. Injury to the juxtahepatic vena cava or hepatic vein, or both,
      was also encountered in 5 patients. This highly lethal injury accounted for the 3
      deaths in the series, all of which were directly related to an uncontrollable
      exsanguinating hemorrhage from the injured vena cava or hepatic vein. The
      surgical approach for repair of a ruptured right hemidiaphragm is best
      individualized. The right thoracotomy approach through a right posterolateral
      incision is preferred for chronic diaphragmatic injury. It is also our choice in
      patients in whom acute right-sided injuries are definitively diagnosed and who
      are hemodynamically stable. This approach not only provided the best exposure of
      the defect, but also made the repair of associated retrohepatic caval injury
      surprisingly easy in at least 2 of our patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004394
TI  - Use of the balloon catheter for distal occlusion of the aorta in prosthetic
      replacement of aortic arch aneurysms.
AB  - A balloon catheter was utilized to occlude the distal aorta during prosthetic
      replacement of an aortic arch aneurysm in 4 consecutive patients under conditions
      of separate cerebral and peripheral perfusion and deep hypothermia. All patients
      survived the procedure, and 3 were doing well 1 to 1.5 years following operation.
      One patient sustained a cerebral infarction and recovered with some sequent
      disability. The use of a balloon occlusion catheter allowed us to perform the
      operation through a median sternotomy only, and eliminated the procedure of
      pulmonary dissection for distal clamping and the risk of emboli. In addition, its
      use provided a relatively bloodless field and sufficient protection for organs in
      the lower body through adequate perfusion, even when their function was poor or
      when the distal anastomosis was prolonged. We realized improved surgical results
      in the treatment of aneurysms of the aortic arch.

PMID- 4004395
TI  - Developmental sequelae in premature infants undergoing ligation of patent ductus
      arteriosus.
AB  - One hundred sixteen infants who underwent on-unit ligation of patent ductus
      arteriosus (PDA) were examined for developmental sequelae. Mean gestational age
      of the study group was 29.1 weeks; mean birth weight, 1,232 gm; and mean duration
      of follow-up, 20.7 months (chronological age). Seven infants died of severe
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (4) and severe central nervous system dysfunction (3)
      before they were 3 years old. Sixty-five percent of the remaining infants
      exhibited normal motor and mental development, although 58% showed some degree of
      postnatal growth retardation. There was no evidence of left arm dysfunction
      caused by the thoracic incision; 3 infants had minor problems with nonabsorbed
      sutures at 3 to 6 months of age. No infant demonstrated recurrence of ductal
      patency. Mild sensorineural handicaps not expected to be of long-term importance
      were noted in 20 infants. Eighteen other infants (15.5%) were classified as
      having moderate to severe impairments, which may have substantial impact on
      development and ability to function. Surgical ligation of PDA in premature
      infants has been shown to be safe and effective in the short run. Long-term
      follow-up suggests that infants who undergo PDA ligation do not appear to be at
      increased risk for sensorineural handicaps.

PMID- 4004396
TI  - Technique and experience with azygos patch modified Blalock-Taussig anastomosis
      for congenital cyanotic heart disease.
AB  - Seventeen patients 1 day to 28 months old with congenital cyanotic heart disease
      underwent a modification of the Blalock-Taussig shunt. Eight were newborn infants
      weighing 2.6 to 4.8 kg. All infants had complex congenital heart defects that
      were not considered amenable to early correction. There were no early deaths and
      no shunt failures. Postoperative complications were restricted to prolonged
      intubation in 2 patients and a subcutaneous wound infection in a 14-day-old
      infant. Follow-up from 1 to 31 months revealed minimal cyanosis, stable
      hemoglobin levels, and good shunt murmurs, and there have been no upper extremity
      complications. There were 2 late deaths; 1 (the oldest patient) was related to
      medication, and the second resulted from small bowel necrosis. The concept of the
      azygos vein patch modified Blalock-Taussig shunt involves two factors: (1)
      mobilizing as much length as possible of the subclavian artery in spite of its
      distal small size to allow for a tension-free shunt to prevent tension on the
      anastomosis as growth occurs, and (2) enlarging the subclavian artery distal to
      the vertebral artery origin with an autologous azygos patch. During performance
      of a standard Blalock-Taussig shunt, a longitudinal incision is made through the
      pulmonary artery across the anastomosis into the upper subclavian artery. The
      appropriate length of harvested azygos vein is used as a patch angioplasty across
      the shunt. A tension-free shunt with a patulous distal portion is achieved.
      Pulmonary overcirculation is avoided by the limiting size of the proximal
      subclavian artery. Temporary occlusion of the shunt at operation resulted in an
      increased mean blood pressure from 6 to 18% in all infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004397
TI  - Biatrial myxoma associated with mitral valve lesion.
AB  - Biatrial myxomas are extremely rare. By 1983, only eight successful removals of
      such tumors had been reported. We describe another such patient, who also had
      involvement of the mitral valve. Diagnostic aspects of echocardiography and a
      simple operative technique for the en bloc removal of both tumors are discussed.

PMID- 4004398
TI  - Free-floating ball thrombus in the left atrium after mitral valve replacement:
      successful surgical management.
AB  - A free-floating ball thrombus in the left atrium is a rare clinical problem with
      potentially catastrophic consequences. Thus, early diagnosis and prompt surgical
      intervention are mandatory. Free ball-valve thrombus within the left atrium
      developed in a patient who had undergone mitral valve replacement with a Starr
      Edwards prosthesis seven years previously. The diagnosis was accurately made by
      two-dimensional echocardiography and was followed by successful removal of a
      thrombus. A review of the literature is presented.

PMID- 4004399
TI  - Spontaneous embolization of a St. Jude prosthetic mitral valve leaflet.

PMID- 4004400
TI  - False aneurysm of the ascending aorta from an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
      (Gore-Tex) aortopulmonary shunt.
AB  - A false aneurysm of the ascending aorta developed in a 25-month-old male infant
      with tetralogy of Fallot because of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
      shunt that had been inserted between the ascending aorta and right pulmonary
      artery when the patient was 3 months of age. Surgical repair of tetralogy of
      Fallot with ligation of the PTFE graft was performed at 19 months of age. The
      false aneurysm at the site of the systemic anastomosis to the shunt was
      discovered 6 months later and was successfully repaired. Because of the potential
      for graft dehiscence secondary to growth, we recommend that PTFE shunts be
      removed completely or, at least, ligated and divided at the time of corrective
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 4004401
TI  - Right-to-left shunting after lobectomy through a patent foramen ovale.
AB  - Hypoxia and dyspnea after lung resection may be caused by a variety of factors.
      One entity that has been rarely described is right-to-left shunting across an
      interatrial communication in the absence of elevated right-sided pressures. We
      describe the occurrence of clinically evident right-to-left shunting after
      lobectomy in a patient with a patent foramen ovale and suggest that two
      dimensional contrast echocardiography is a useful and minimally invasive means of
      diagnosing what may be a more common entity than was previously recognized.

PMID- 4004402
TI  - Superior sternal cleft: repair in the newborn.
AB  - Superior sternal cleft is a rare congenital anomaly that should be repaired in
      the newborn while the bony thorax is still compliant. A method of approximating
      the U-shaped sternal defect that is applicable to the majority of patients seen
      as newborns is described.

PMID- 4004403
TI  - A simple technique for renal protection during repair of complicated aneurysms.

PMID- 4004404
TI  - Cervical approach for percutaneous needle biopsy of Pancoast tumors.
AB  - Aspiration needle biopsy techniques have simplified the cytohistological
      diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions, particularly those close to or
      involving the chest wall. In the past, the inaccessibility of some Pancoast
      tumors in the thoracic inlet posed difficulty in obtaining histological proof
      before combined therapy was instituted, except in the case of large apical
      tumors. A safe and accurate technique for percutaneous needle biopsy of tumors in
      the superior pulmonary sulcus using a cervical approach has been developed. We
      have found that this technique is easy to perform and more productive for small
      or shallow lesions at the extreme apex than are needle biopsies performed through
      a posterior approach, and that it makes open biopsy unnecessary.

PMID- 4004405
TI  - Cardiac rhabdomyoma in neonates.

PMID- 4004406
TI  - Surgically treated ventricular aneurysm.

PMID- 4004407
TI  - Sex difference in the biliary excretion of digoxin and its metabolites in aging
      Wistar rats.
AB  - The biliary excretion of digoxin (Dg3) and its metabolites was studied in both
      young (3-month-old) and old (25- and 30-month-old) Wistar rats of both sexes. The
      2 h biliary recovery (% of the dose) of intravenously injected [3H]Dg3 (0.01
      mg/100 g) radioactivity was similar between young male and female rats, while the
      first 10 min excretion was significantly higher in females. In old (25-month-old)
      male rats, the 2 h biliary recovery of radioactivity was significantly lower than
      the corresponding young value. This was primarily due to the drastic decrease
      with age in excretion of bis-digitoxoside. On the other hand, in old female rats
      (25- and 30-month-old) the 2 h recovery value was not significantly different
      from the corresponding young (3-month-old) value. This was due to the much higher
      percentage (more than 80% of the total) of Dg3 in the female bile radioactivity
      which did not significantly decrease with age. The results suggest that the rate
      of stepwise cleavages of the sugar chain of Dg3 decreases with age more rapidly
      in male than in female rats as has been previously shown by the authors for
      digitoxin. Large sex differences observed in the age-dependent alteration in Dg3
      metabolism and its biliary excretion raise a caution against a generalization of
      the data obtained from a single sex in this animal species with regard to the
      effect of aging.

PMID- 4004408
TI  - Age-related differences in the response of hepatic oxygen consumption to thermal
      stress in the male garden lizard.
AB  - The main aim of the present study is to compare the thermal adaptation capacity
      of young, middle-aged and old lizards with respect to hepatic oxygen consumption.
      Cold exposure (1 h at 0-4 degrees C) caused a decline in endogenous oxygen
      consumption in young but did not evoke significant changes in middle-aged and old
      lizards. On the other hand, with 5 mM succinate the rate of respiration increased
      marginally only in cold-exposed old lizards. This suggests that the metabolic
      response to cold is age-dependent in these lizards. Exposure of homogenates at 40
      +/- 1 degree C for 15 min led to a rise in the hepatic oxygen consumption of
      young but not in that of either middle-aged or old lizards. There were no changes
      in the rate of oxygen consumption upon exposure for a similar period at 45 +/- 1
      degree C of liver homogenates from lizards of three different age groups.
      However, exposure at 51 +/- 1 degree C resulted in a higher degree of decline in
      the rate of hepatic oxygen consumption in middle-aged and old than in young
      lizards. Thus, the young lizards appear to be better-adapted to hyperthermic
      stress than the middle-aged and old.

PMID- 4004409
TI  - The adrenergic innervation of rat uterine tubes in old age: a fluorescence
      histochemical study.
AB  - The effect of ageing on the density and pattern of adrenergic innervation of rat
      uterine tubes was studied using combined glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence and
      quantitative image analysis techniques. With age a reduction in the number of
      nerve fibers of the circular muscle layer of the isthmic portion was observed. No
      significant differences in the density of innervation were found at the level of
      blood vessels associated with uterine tubes.

PMID- 4004411
TI  - Morphological evaluation of the lipofuscinolytic effect of acetylhomocysteine
      thiolactone.
AB  - The acetylhomocysteine thiolactone, a free radical scavenger drug able to
      activate the superoxide dismutase, shows a lytic effect on neuronal lipofuscin.
      The study was performed in a nervous tissue particularly rich in lipofuscin, the
      electric lobe of Torpedo marmorata. It is shown that the drug induces the
      migration of pigment towards the blood vessels and glial cells which remove them.

PMID- 4004410
TI  - Verification of the membrane hypothesis of aging on the identified giant neurons
      of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) by a combined
      application of intracellular electrophysiology and X-ray microanalysis.
AB  - The validity of the membrane hypothesis of aging (Zs.-Nagy, 1978) was tested on
      identified giant neurons of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. by using a combination
      of intracellular microelectrophysiology and X-ray microanalysis of the
      intracellular water and electrolyte concentrations on the very same cells. The
      snails were taken from an inbred stock and divided into young, adult and old age
      groups (3, 12 and 24 mth, respectively). The giant neuron called LPa-2 from the
      left parietal ganglion was selected for the studies. The resting potential of the
      cell membrane was recorded by means of intracellular microelectrode technique.
      The very same cells were then explored by freeze fracture and analyzed by an
      energy dispersive bulk specimen method of X-ray microanalysis. The resting
      membrane potential displayed an age-dependent hyperpolarization, the
      intracellular water content decreased considerably and the intracellular
      potassium concentration increased almost 90% by old age. The relative passive
      permeability ratio for potassium (PK) and chloride (PCl) was calculated from the
      measured data by means of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. Such calculations
      revealed that PK decreases nearly 50% with age causing the increase of the
      intracellular potassium content, and this is accompanied also by a significant
      decrease of the PCl. The results support the validity of the membrane hypothesis
      of aging and are in agreement with the general knowledge regarding the
      electrophysiological behaviour of the giant neurons of Gastropode snails.

PMID- 4004412
TI  - The hepatic handling of sulfobromphthalein in aging Fischer-344 rats: in vivo and
      in vitro studies.
AB  - Biliary transport maximum (Tm) and relative storage capacity (S) for
      sulfobromphthalein (BSP) were compared in male and female Fischer-344 rats of
      different ages ranging from 3 to 30 mth. When expressed per unit liver weight,
      the male Tm value decreased rapidly with age reaching 40% of the 3-mth-old value
      at 30 mth. Female values, which were significantly lower than corresponding male
      values during the first year also decreased steadily with age but the rate of
      decrease was much lower than in male values. Consequently, at 30 mth there was no
      longer any difference between male and female rats. S values expressed per gram
      liver stayed essentially unchanged with age in both male and female rats,
      although female values were always lower than male values. The liver's in vitro
      conjugation capacity for BSP with glutathione also decreased significantly with
      age in male rats, while in female rats it remained unchanged between 3 and 28 mth
      of age. Thus, the decrease in BSP Tm value with age could not be fully explained
      by the decrease in liver's conjugation capacity with glutathione. The results of
      the present study, coupled with our previous observations on other rat strains
      suggest that, at least in rats, BSP Tm decreases with age but S does not, despite
      contrary reports made by other authors on man and rats.

PMID- 4004413
TI  - Influence of chronic stellectomy on reactivity to serotonin in the dog external
      carotid bed.
AB  - The influence of chronic stellectomy on external carotid flow responses to i.a.
      serotonin (5HT) was determined in dogs in which both stellate ganglia had been
      removed 1, 2, 4 or 8 weeks previously. The effect of this maneuver on carotid and
      heart rate responses to i.a. and i.v. norepinephrine (NE), respectively, was also
      assessed for comparison. Constrictor responses to NE in the carotid were
      moderately increased at 2 and 4 weeks, while its positive chronotropic effects
      were markedly augmented throughout the observation period. Dilator responses to
      5HT increased at 4 and specially at 8 weeks after stellectomy. Results obtained
      with NE were considered compatible with supersensitivity induced by
      decentralization in the carotid and by denervation in the heart. Changes in
      carotid responses to 5HT were interpreted as being due to a prejunctional
      mechanism similar to that responsible for supersensitivity to NE. Differences in
      the time course of development of supersensitivity to both amines were attributed
      to masking of 5HT dilatation by NE released by the indoleamine at the time of
      increased sensitivity to constriction by the catecholamine.

PMID- 4004414
TI  - Effects of an indazole derivative, FKK, a novel bronchodilator, on the
      cardiovascular system in dogs.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of FKK (2,3-dihydro-7-methyl-9-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo [1,2
      a]indazolium bromide) were compared with those of aminophylline and isoproterenol
      in anesthetized dogs. The doses of the three drugs used were sufficient to cause
      significant tracheal dilation in the anesthetized dogs. FKK (0.1-3.0 mg/kg, i.v.)
      slightly increased respiratory frequency, left ventricular (LV) dp/dt max and
      myocardial contractile force. A slight increase followed by a decrease was
      observed in systemic blood pressure and LV systolic pressure. The drug caused
      direct vasodilation in the coronary, mesenteric and femoral vasculatures, but had
      no effect on the renal vasculature. Similar results were obtained with
      aminophylline (0.3-30.0 mg/kg, i.v.) and isoproterenol (0.003-0.3 microgram/kg,
      i.v.), but their effects on the measured cardiac parameters were much more potent
      and long-lasting than those of FKK, when compared in doses producing a
      bronchodilation in similar magnitude. It is particularly pertinent that FKK (30
      mg/kg, i.d., enough to cause marked bronchodilation), unlike aminophylline (30
      mg/kg, i.d.), did not significantly influence the cardiovascular system.

PMID- 4004415
TI  - Acetylcholine and histamine interact supra-additively on bronchomotor tone in
      guinea-pigs in vivo: a possible consequence of the relationship between airways
      resistance and calibre.
AB  - Histamine and acetylcholine administered simultaneously to anaesthetized guinea
      pigs result in a bronchoconstriction greater than that of the sum of the
      individual bronchoconstrictor effects of histamine and acetylcholine administered
      separately, i.e., a supra-additive interaction. In contrast, a supra-additive
      effect of acetylcholine and histamine on the isolated tracheal strip did not
      occur. At a pretreatment concentration of acetylcholine of 5 microM, histamine
      concentration-response curves were shifted rightwards, i.e., a less than additive
      interaction, suggesting that, at higher concentrations, histamine and
      acetylcholine do not act as independent agonists on guinea-pig tracheal smooth
      muscle. There was no supra-additive interaction between histamine and
      acetylcholine on tracheal segment tension when measured in situ. These
      observations suggest that there is no direct interaction between histamine and
      acetylcholine on the airways smooth muscle cell capable of explaining the supra
      additive interaction in vivo. Hexamethonium pretreatment did not alter the
      magnitude of this supra-additive interaction indicating that an indirect
      interaction involving autonomic control of airways calibre does not contribute to
      this phenomenon. The selectivity of the supra-additive interaction for changes in
      airways resistance rather than compliance, together with the negative evidence
      for either a direct or an indirect pharmacological interaction between histamine
      and acetylcholine, suggest that the interaction may result from the physical
      relationship between airways resistance and airways calibre.

PMID- 4004416
TI  - Specific binding and metabolism of (-)- and (+)-[3H]-nicotine in isolated rat
      hepatocytes and hepatocyte membranes.
AB  - The specific binding of (-)- and (+)-[3H]-nicotine, as well as their relative
      rates of metabolism, were investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes and hepatocyte
      membranes. A Scatchard plot of both [3H]-enantiomers revealed two components,
      with the higher affinity site having Kd values of 2 X 10(-10) and 3 X 10(-9) M
      and Bmax values of 5 X 10(-15) and 4 X 10(-15) moles/mg protein for the (-)- and
      (+)-enantiomers, respectively. The lower affinity site for both enantiomers had a
      Kd of 4 X 10(-9) M and Bmax of 5 X 10(-14) moles/mg protein. The pH optimum of
      binding was in the higher pH range, in contrast to brain membranes where the
      optimum was 6.5 involving the protonated form of nicotine. A good correlation was
      observed between the pharmacologic potency of a group of nicotine analogues and
      their ability to bind to intact and hepatocyte membranes. The rate of conversion
      of nicotine to cotinine in hepatocytes membranes. The rate of conversion of
      nicotine to cotinine in hepatocytes is related to the degree of binding and
      accumulation. The results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship of
      the nicotine binding and translocation to its metabolism.

PMID- 4004417
TI  - Characteristics of yawning behavior induced by apomorphine, physostigmine and
      pilocarpine.
AB  - Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, physostigmine, an anticholinesterase
      agent and pilocarpine, a cholinergic receptor agonist, produced yawning in rats,
      with the most effective doses being 0.25 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg,
      respectively. The yawning induced by these drugs is characterized by differences
      in direction of head moving, tongue protruding and duration of the yawn. The
      apomorphine-induced yawn was characterized by a slow and wide opening of the
      mouth with the head moving mainly downward and with a marked protrusion of the
      tongue. The apomorphine-induced yawn was 3.6 sec in duration. Physostigmine
      elicited a similar yawn to that seen with apomorphine, except for moving of the
      head in the upward direction. The pilocarpine-induced yawn was characterized by
      the head moving forward with a high frequency but without tongue protrusion and
      lasted 1.8 sec. The frequency of physiological yawning was low, but the
      behavioral posture was almost similar to that of physostigmine-induced yawning.
      The characteristics of yawns induced by these agents were unchanged at all doses
      of the drugs. Different doses altered the frequency of yawning. After
      pretreatment with mecamylamine, the apomorphine- and physostigmine-induced tongue
      protruding was inhibited and the duration of the yawning induced by the both
      drugs was shortened. The results suggest that the behavioral features of yawning
      induced by apomorphine, physostigmine and pilocarpine differ from one another,
      and that physiological yawning as well as physostigmine-induced yawning may be
      mediated by endogenous acetylcholine which stimulates both muscarinic and
      nicotinic receptors.

PMID- 4004418
TI  - Regional vasodilating and cardiac effects of nicardipine in anaesthetized open
      chest dog.
AB  - In this study the effects of intravenous nicardipine on the cardiovascular system
      in anaesthetized open chest dogs were assessed. In the dose range of 3-30 nmol/kg
      it induced a dose-dependent and long lasting reduction of the vertebral, coronary
      and femoral vascular resistance. Nicardipine proved to be equipotent, but longer
      lasting than nifedipine, and about 10 and 100 times more potent than verapamil
      and papaverine respectively. Unlike papaverine, calcium entry blockers caused a
      preferential vasodilation of the vertebral and coronary arteries. Hypotension and
      a reduction of LVSP and dP/dt appeared only at the highest dose tested. However,
      for both dihydropyridine derivatives, in contrast to verapamil, the
      cardiodepressant effects were short-lived and resulted less marked for
      nicardipine than for nifedipine.

PMID- 4004419
TI  - The response of some intravascular and intracellular lipid parameters of the rat
      after treatment with isatin.
AB  - The effect of isatin on serum lipid concentrations, the activity of lipoprotein
      lipase, the activity of lipogenic enzymes and the oxidation rate of fatty acids
      of female Wistar rats were investigated. A decrease of the triglyceride
      concentrations could be observed after one week of treatment of the group of
      sucrose-rich alimented animals, after two weeks this was also the case with the
      group fed with standard food. There were no changes in the cholesterol
      concentrations. Post-heparin lipolytic activity was not influenced. The liver
      enzymes malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate
      dehydrogenase showed a remarkable increase in activity. The simultaneous rise of
      the oxidation rate of 14C-palmitate in the liver was measured. On the basis of
      the present findings the accelerated degradation rate could be responsible for
      the hypolipemic effect of the substance. The possible participation of the
      carnitine shuttle in the lipid-lowering action is discussed on the basis of
      changed concentrations of total carnitine, free carnitine and acylcarnitine in
      pooled serum samples after treatment with isatin.

PMID- 4004420
TI  - Effects of isosorbide dinitrate on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the dog.
AB  - The effects of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on pancreatic exocrine secretion were
      investigated after intravenous administration in the whole animal and after close
      arterial administration on the isolated and blood-perfused dog pancreas
      preparations. ISDN (10-100 micrograms/kg), injected into the femoral vein, caused
      a dose-dependent increase in flow rate of pancreatic juice and in protein
      concentration of the pancreatic juice. Close-arterial injections of ISDN (100
      1000 micrograms) produced a dose-dependent increase in perfusion blood flow, flow
      rate of pancreatic juice and protein concentration of the pancreatic juice
      without affecting its bicarbonate concentration. These vascular and secretory
      effects were not modified by pretreatment with atropine. From these data, it is
      suggested that ISDN induces pancreatic enzyme secretion by acting directly on the
      acinar cells of the pancreas.

PMID- 4004422
TI  - Home intravenous antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 4004421
TI  - Protective effects of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) against adriamycin
      induced toxicity in rats.
AB  - Adriamycin (Adriablastine), administered weekly at the dose of 5 mg/kg i.p. for 3
      weeks in rats, produced a general decrease of vitality associated with a decrease
      of body weight, hypothermia, decreases of stroke volume and cardiac output.
      Hematocrit was decreased. Renal blood flow decreased whereas pulmonary blood flow
      increased. Mean blood pressure and heart rate remained unaffected. Biochemical
      evaluations revealed a decrease of blood urea and serum creatinine, which might
      be related to decreased food intake and protein metabolism. Morphological changes
      in the heart tissue could not be appreciated. Venoruton (HR), administered at the
      dose of 300 mg/kg p.o. daily for 28 days (5 days before and 23 days after the
      first injection of adriamycin), improved adriamycin-induced clinical signs and
      symptoms (loss of body weight, hypothermia and decreased general vitality). It
      tended to increase cardiac output and stroke volume.

PMID- 4004424
TI  - There is a contract out on us.

PMID- 4004423
TI  - Clonorchiasis and praziquantel.

PMID- 4004425
TI  - Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine levels in end-stage renal
      disease. Effect of hemodialysis.
AB  - The effect of hemodialysis on plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine, and
      dopamine levels was studied in 11 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
      The results showed that the baseline plasma concentrations of NE and dopamine
      were significantly elevated in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing
      maintenance hemodialysis. Intradialysis weight loss and fall in the serum glucose
      concentration during dialysis correlated with changes in plasma epinephrine and
      NE concentrations. Single-pass dialysis resulted in a marked reduction in the
      plasma NE concentration, indicating significant removal by dialysis. These
      observations should be taken into consideration when interpreting plasma
      catecholamine data obtained in the course of investigation of hypertensive
      patients with end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 4004426
TI  - Enterobacter bacteremia. An analysis of 50 episodes.
AB  - During a six-year period, 147 patients had Enterobacter bacteremia (3.8% of the
      episodes of bacteremia), with an incidence of 1.25 per 1,000 admitted patients.
      We chose a random group of 50 cases for analysis. The disease was community
      acquired in 24% of the cases and nosocomially acquired in the remaining 76%. The
      bacteremia was unimicrobial in 70% and part of a polymicrobial bacteremia in 30%.
      The species most commonly causing bacteremia was Enterobacter cloacae. Portals of
      entry, in decreasing order of frequency, were unknown, surgical wound,
      respiratory tract, and urinary tract. The most common clinical finding was fever
      (92%). Shock occurred in 30% of the patients, and only two patients had evidence
      of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Of the Enterobacter isolates, 12% were
      resistant to gentamicin. Overall mortality was 42%; factors associated with a
      poor prognosis were inadequacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy, septic shock, type
      of underlying disease, clinical condition, and requirement of intensive care.

PMID- 4004427
TI  - Plasma concentrations of fibrinopeptide A and fibrinopeptide B beta 15-42 in
      glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and fibrinopeptide B beta 15-42 concentrations were
      determined by radioimmunoassay in 46 patients with glomerulonephritis and the
      nephrotic syndrome. An increase in plasma FPA and B beta 15-42 levels was noted
      in these patients; this increase was marked in the nephrotic patients. There was
      a positive correlation in these patients between plasma FPA and B beta 15-42
      levels. The B beta 15-42/FPA ratio was significantly higher in nonnephrotic
      patients compared with controls. Intravascular coagulation with subsequent
      fibrinolysis to regulate fibrin formation may occur in patients. A positive
      correlation was found between plasma B beta 15-42 level and serum urea nitrogen
      or serum creatinine concentration, suggesting that plasma B beta 15-42 level is
      influenced not only by plasmin action, but also by renal dysfunction.

PMID- 4004428
TI  - Demographic factors associated with dialysis technique failures among patients
      undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - We evaluated factors that would predict a successful outcome on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We found that poverty, the need for a helper to
      carry out the dialysis, and physician allocation to therapy was associated with a
      poorer technique success. Neither age, education, marital status, sex, rural
      home, nor the presence of diabetes were important risk factors by themselves.

PMID- 4004429
TI  - Behcet's syndrome in a family with inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Although the gastrointestinal and systemic features of Behcet's syndrome and
      inflammatory bowel disease overlap to a considerable extent, they are generally
      viewed as two distinct diseases. We evaluated three members of a family who have
      inflammatory bowel lesions, two of whom met criteria for Behcet's syndrome. The
      propositus had classic features of both Crohn's ileocolitis and Behcet's
      syndrome. A daughter, who never met criteria for Behcet's syndrome, had undergone
      colectomy for ulcerative colitis. A second daughter had classic features of
      Behcet's syndrome, including recurrent episodes of colitis with distinct aphthous
      ulcers in the colon. The findings in this family suggest that inflammatory bowel
      disease and Behcet's syndrome may be closely related and part of a spectrum of
      disease rather than distinct disease entities.

PMID- 4004431
TI  - Cardiorespiratory patterns in severe delirium tremens.
AB  - To define the hemodynamic and oxygen metabolism patterns associated with severe
      delirium tremens, we examined cardiorespiratory variables in five patients over
      the 24 hours before (control), at the time of (delirium tremens), and during the
      24 hours after resolution of (postresolution) delirium tremens. In comparing the
      delirium tremens period with the control period, significant increases were found
      in mean +/- SD cardiac index (4.9 +/- 1.7 L/min X sq m vs 3.6 +/- 0.7 L/min X sq
      m), left cardiac work index (6.4 +/- 2.4 kg X m/sq m vs 5.0 +/- 1.7 kg X m/sq m),
      oxygen delivery (681 +/- 204 mL/min X sq m vs 546 +/- 176 mL/min X sq m), and
      oxygen consumption (204 +/- 38 mL/min X sq m vs 165 +/- 16 mL/min X sq m). Values
      for the control and postresolution periods were not significantly different.
      These results demonstrate that a hyperdynamic cardiorespiratory state is present
      during delirium tremens; this increased cardiac output may be a compensatory
      hemodynamic response to increased oxidative metabolism that requires additional
      therapeutic support.

PMID- 4004430
TI  - Effect of formulary restriction of cefotaxime usage.
AB  - Cefotaxime sodium was assigned to the open formulary for 12 months and then was
      placed on formulary restriction to evaluate the restriction's effect on rate of
      use by services and appropriateness of use. Over 18 months, 187 cases (72 before
      and 115 after restriction) were reviewed. The majority of use (prerestriction and
      postrestriction) was in the medicine, pediatrics, and surgery services. The
      postrestriction usage rate for the three services increased significantly.
      Cefotaxime was used appropriately in 85% of cases during both periods and was not
      used prophylactically. Appropriateness of use was independent of formulary
      restriction. During both periods, approximately 76% of patients received
      cefotaxime for pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, or immunosuppression. Of 205
      infections, gram-negative bacilli accounted for over half of the pathogens
      isolated. Thus, formulary restriction was ineffective in reducing the rate of
      cefotaxime usage and had no effect on the appropriateness of usage.

PMID- 4004432
TI  - Drug-induced interstitial nephritis. Coexistence with glomerular disease.
AB  - Drug-induced interstitial nephritis is being recognized with increasing
      frequency. Pharmacologic agents responsible for inducing this entity include
      antibiotics, diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We recently
      examined five patients with glomerular disease and drug-induced interstitial
      nephritis. In three patients prior biopsy specimens documented their glomerular
      disease (membranous nephropathy, crescentic glomerulonephritis, and presumptive
      lipoid nephrosis). A second biopsy specimen showed acute interstitial nephritis
      and the glomerular lesion. Two additional patients had single biopsy specimens
      demonstrating acute interstitial nephritis and either membranous nephropathy or
      crescentic glomerulonephritis. Our cases emphasize the need for recognizing this
      complex pattern of renal disease and the difficulties encountered in rendering a
      proper diagnosis.

PMID- 4004433
TI  - Heparin-induced hyperkalemia.
AB  - Heparin sodium is routinely used in the prophylaxis against deep venous
      thrombosis in medical and surgical patients. While most physicians are aware of
      heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and skin necrosis, the association of heparin
      and hyperkalemia is less well recognized. We present four cases in which the use
      of heparin was associated with hyperkalemia and discuss the pathophysiology. Our
      findings suggest that hyperkalemia can develop with the use of low-dose heparin,
      within seven days of initiating heparin therapy, and that patients with diabetes
      mellitus or chronic renal insufficiency are especially predisposed to this
      complication.

PMID- 4004434
TI  - Long-term intravenous antibiotic therapy in chronic osteomyelitis.
AB  - Because the optimal treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is not well established,
      we studied the efficacy of prolonged (three months or more) outpatient
      intravenous antibiotic therapy via a Hickman catheter. Seventeen patients were
      entered into our protocol (13 with chronic osteomyelitis, three with chronic
      septic arthritis, and one with subacute osteomyelitis). Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      was the most common bone isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Most
      patients had polymicrobial isolates. Patients were followed up with clinical
      examinations, serial measurements of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and scans
      using technetium Tc 99m medronate and gallium citrate Ga 67. Of the ten patients
      with chronic osteomyelitis who completed therapy, eight were considered cured.
      After further follow-up, three of the cured patients had recurrences requiring
      additional therapy.

PMID- 4004435
TI  - Intrinsic factors in falling among the elderly.
AB  - Falls even among home-dwelling elderly are frequently associated with death and
      morbidity. Yet, this is not generally appreciated by practitioners or
      researchers. Those who work with institutionalized elderly have been much more
      aware of falls as a serious problem. This review of the literature suggests (1)
      that while environmental causes for falling have a commonsense appeal, it is
      likely that intrinsic (host) factors become more important with age, and (2) that
      careful studies using such methodologies as case control, and longitudinal
      surveillance, are necessary to further elucidate risk factors for falling and to
      direct preventive strategy.

PMID- 4004436
TI  - Clinical correlates of eosinophiluria.
AB  - We assessed the clinical correlates of eosinophils in the urine in 65 patients.
      In 16% of 470 patients whose urine was specifically examined, eosinophils were
      noted in the urine sediment. Review of the 65 patients with eosinophiluria
      demonstrated that when eosinophils were expressed as a percentage of total urine
      white blood cells, 85% (55/65 patients) had less than 5% urine eosinophils and
      45% (29/65 patients) had less than 1%. Infection of the upper and lower urinary
      tract accounted for 45% of the clinical conditions associated with
      eosinophiluria. In nine (14%) of the 65 patients a diagnosis of acute
      interstitial nephritis could be made by clinical criteria or from renal biopsy
      specimens. We conclude that the finding of urine eosinophils is associated with a
      variety of clinical conditions and may be most useful when expressed as a
      percentage of total white blood cells in the urine. At a low-percentage positive
      (less than 5%), it may not be a good predictor of acute interstitial nephritis,
      but at a higher level (greater than 5%) it may be a more valuable predictor.

PMID- 4004437
TI  - 'Do not resuscitate' decisions. A prospective study at three teaching hospitals.

PMID- 4004438
TI  - A comparative trial of the clinical evaluation exercise.

PMID- 4004439
TI  - Long-term therapy for heart failure with continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - This article reports the treatment with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      of a patient with intractable congestive heart failure secondary to an ischemic
      cardiomyopathy. Although the use of peritoneal dialysis to treat refractory heart
      failure is not new, the advent of an effective continuous peritoneal dialysis
      system has allowed its use over prolonged periods of time. The two-year treatment
      interval described herein represents the longest reported application of this
      technique, to the best of our knowledge.

PMID- 4004440
TI  - An unusual case of rheumatic pneumonia.
AB  - A 14-year-old boy developed severe respiratory failure during the course of acute
      rheumatic fever. The results of all microbiological studies were normal.
      Rheumatic carditis or left ventricular failure was excluded by routine
      examinations, catheterization of the right side of the heart, and multiple-gated
      radionuclide ventriculography. The patient recovered completely after a course of
      high-dose prednisone. To our knowledge, this is the first well-documented case of
      rheumatic pneumonia in which the lung disease could be attributed to the
      rheumatic disease and not to a pathologic heart condition.

PMID- 4004441
TI  - Situs ambiguous with polysplenia complicated by renal adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Two men developed renal adenocarcinoma in association with situs ambiguous off
      with polysplenia (SAP) (also known as the polysplenia syndrome). Features of
      their diseases included (1) no normal spleen--just splenuli, (2) interruption of
      the inferior vena cava with azygos or hemiazygos continuation, (3) bilateral
      hyparterial bronchi, (4) cardiac malformations, (5) renal adenocarcinomas
      originating from the kidneys, ipsilateral to the anomalous spleens. The
      association of renal adenocarcinomas and SAP has not been previously reported, to
      our knowledge. We suggest that renal adenocarcinoma and SAP may share a common
      pathogenetic link.

PMID- 4004442
TI  - Fatal Legionnaires' disease coincident with initiation of immunosuppressive
      therapy.
AB  - A fatal relapse of legionnaires' disease occurred coincidental with the
      initiation of chemotherapy in a patient who had received previous parenteral
      erythromycin gluceptate therapy for 30 days. Sputum examinations utilizing the
      direct fluorescent antibody test for Legionella pneumophila suggested persistence
      of infection during the course of antibiotic therapy. This case suggests that
      administration of immunosuppressive agents should be delayed in patients whose
      sputum is positive on direct fluorescent antibody testing, regardless of previous
      antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 4004443
TI  - Ulcers of the small bowel associated with stomach-bypassing salicylates.
AB  - Ulcers of the small bowel are documented in a patient after intake of salsalate.
      Rapid clinical and endoscopic improvement occurred on discontinuation of
      administration of the drug. Endoscopic features suggested the direct effect of a
      tablet dissolving in the proximal part of the small bowel. To my knowledge, this
      is the first report of small-bowel ulcerations associated with the newer form of
      salicylates that bypass the stomach for their absorption.

PMID- 4004444
TI  - Does Hispanic identify a race?

PMID- 4004445
TI  - Diagnostic considerations in chest wall tenderness.

PMID- 4004446
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 4004447
TI  - Deoxyribonucleic acid homologies among 96 strains of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.
AB  - DNA of 96 strains of the genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira,
      Nitrosolobus, and Nitrosovibrio was isolated and analysed spectrophotometrically.
      Percentages of guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content, genome sizes, and DNA-DNA
      homologies were determined. The results indicated the presence of eight
      Nitrosomonas species, three or four Nitrosococcus species, five Nitrosospira
      species, and two species of both Nitrosolobus and Nitrosovibrio. DNA homologies
      between strains of a separate species ranged from 56-100%. Average homologies
      between strains of different species were 33% in Nitrosococcus, 36% in
      Nitrosomonas, 37% in Nitrosolobus, 40% in Nitrosospira, and 42% in Nitrosovibrio.
      Average homologies between species of different genera were 33% and thus not
      significantly above the background value of 30% detected between DNA of ammonia
      oxidizing bacteria and Escherichia coli. Genome sizes ranged from 1.90 - 2.74 X
      10(9) dalton in Nitrosomonas, 2.09 - 2.37 X 10(9) dalton in Nitrosococcus, 1.87 -
      2.15 X 10(9) dalton in Nitrosospira, 1.92 - 2.10 X 10(9) dalton in Nitrosolobus,
      and 1.91 - 2.15 X 10(9) dalton in Nitrosovibrio. Differences in genome sizes were
      in accordance with DNA homologies.

PMID- 4004448
TI  - Induction of autolysis of staphylococci by the basic peptide antibiotics Pep 5
      and nisin and their influence on the activity of autolytic enzymes.
AB  - Pep 5 and nisin are cationic bactericidal peptides which were shown to induce
      autolysis in Staphylococcus cohnii 22. In contrast to nisin, Pep 5 induced lysis
      could be stimulated in the presence of glucose. Addition of lipoteichoic acids
      (LTA) (D-alanine:phosphorus = 0.475:1) inhibited all effects of Pep 5 on
      susceptible cells in a molar ratio LTA:Pep 5 of 10:1. Treatment of S. cohnii 22
      with Pep 5 or nisin for 20 min and subsequent washing with 2.5 M NaCl released
      autolysin activity. Crude preparations of the hydrolyzing enzymes produced free
      amino groups as well as polysaccharide fragments from the murein backbone,
      suggesting the presence of a muramidase or glucosamidase, and endopeptidase or
      amidase. Both enzyme activities were inhibited by lipoteichoic acid; they could
      be fully reactivated by addition of Pep 5 in sufficient concentrations. The
      velocity of hydrolysis was not influenced by nisin, whereas it was doubled in
      presence of Pep 5. The results are discussed in view of a possible mechanism of
      induction of lysis by Pep 5 and nisin.

PMID- 4004449
TI  - Metabolic effects of manganese deficiency in Aspergillus niger: evidence for
      increased protein degradation.
AB  - The effect of manganese deficiency on macromolecule synthesis has been studied in
      a citric acid producing strain of Aspergillus niger: pulse labelling experiments
      showed that the synthesis of both protein and RNA was not influenced by the
      presence of manganese; however, increased protein degradation occurred under
      manganese deficiency. This was also reflected by the increased activity of an
      intracellular proteinase activity under these conditions. In replacement cultures
      addition of inhibitors of RNA, DNA or protein synthesis revealed that only
      emetine and cycloheximide (which both act at the ribosome) successfully
      antagonized the adverse effect of manganese ions on citric acid accumulation.
      Manganese deficiency was also characterized by a decreased portion of polysomes
      and 80 S ribosomes.

PMID- 4004450
TI  - [Health promotion and integration of resources in mental health].

PMID- 4004451
TI  - [Changes in skeletal muscle as a result of exercise. I. Swimming].

PMID- 4004452
TI  - [Contribution to the study of minor neurologic signs in clinical psychiatry].

PMID- 4004453
TI  - [Tumors of the pineal region: apropos of 1 case].

PMID- 4004454
TI  - [Gel chromatographic characterization and quality control of protein hydrolysates
      used in pharmaceutical production].

PMID- 4004455
TI  - [Biological optimal temperature of laying hybrids--dependence on age].

PMID- 4004456
TI  - [Trace elements and vitamin A in the liver of newborn swine].

PMID- 4004457
TI  - [Electrocardiographic studies of the modification of cardiac activity in cattle
      by adrenaline and noradrenaline with and without vagolysis (atropine) and beta
      receptor blockade (propranolol)].

PMID- 4004458
TI  - [Use of integrated test programs for complex veterinary control of the milking
      technic. 3. Vacuum conditions in and between milking cups of the milking
      caroussel type M 691-40].

PMID- 4004459
TI  - [Effect of visible light on humoral immune reactions of the calf].

PMID- 4004460
TI  - [Clinical retinography in veterinary medicine. 1. Methodological principles and
      normal values].

PMID- 4004461
TI  - Changes in some liver functions in experimentally lead-poisoned goats.

PMID- 4004462
TI  - Studies on the effects of uroperitonium in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis).

PMID- 4004463
TI  - Plasma protein and total leucocyte counts as affected by cooling in buffaloes
      (Bos bubalis) during summer.

PMID- 4004464
TI  - [Exclusion prenatal diagnosis of chronic familial septic granulomatosis].
AB  - We report the prenatal diagnosis in a 20 week male fetus at risk of chronic
      granulomatous disease (CGD). A previous affected brother was known in the family
      and the mother was detected as heterozygote. Three different assays were
      performed on fetal blood obtained under fetoscopy: cytochemical reduction of
      nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), chemiluminescence after activation by opsonized
      zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and production of superoxide anion (O2
      .). Results were comparable to those obtained in 6 fetuses investigated for other
      inherited diseases. Absence of functional polymorphonuclear defects was confirmed
      at birth. The use of 3 different techniques performed on whole blood for prenatal
      diagnosis of CGD has to be recommended instead of an isolated technique adapted
      to whole blood tests.

PMID- 4004465
TI  - [Intrahepatic portal venous hypoplasia in Alagille's syndrome].
AB  - One new case of arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome) is reported. The
      case showed signs of progressive portal hypertension with the liver biopsy
      revealing evidence of hypoplasia of the intrahepatic portal venous branches
      without evident cirrhosis, next to the characteristic paucity of intrahepatic
      bile ducts. This venous abnormality might be responsible for the unfavourable
      outcome observed in some cases with Alagille's syndrome and corresponds to a
      severe form of the disease.

PMID- 4004466
TI  - [Behcet's disease in a 2-year-old girl].
AB  - The authors report a case of gangrenous stomatitis with lingual and anal ulcers
      and pericarditis in a 2-year-old girl. They propose the diagnosis of Behcet's
      syndrome for this patient despite the absence of uveitis.

PMID- 4004467
TI  - [Partial trisomy of chromosome 3 resulting from paternal translocation].
AB  - The authors report a case of a 3 year-old patient presenting with partial trisomy
      of the short arm of chromosome 3. According to 21 previously published cases, the
      main features characterizing this chromosomal abnormality which is mainly
      observed in males are: cranio-facial dysmorphy, cardiac and genito-urinary
      malformations, psychomotor retardation. Cytogenetic studies always show an
      inherited balanced translocation allowing a possible prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 4004468
TI  - [Olfactory neuroblastoma disclosed by blindness in a 9-month-old girl].
AB  - A case of olfactory neuroblastoma in a 9 month-old girl is reported. Blindness
      and purulent meningitis were the first symptoms. Radiological examinations
      including CT scan revealed a sphenoidal tumor with penetration of the meninges.
      Surgery revealed an ethmoido-sphenoidal tumor mass extending into the pituitary
      fossea which consisted of malignant cells with the histological aspect of
      esthesioneuroblastoma. The rarity of this tumor in early childhood and its
      clinical polymorphism are emphasized.

PMID- 4004469
TI  - [Radiological case of the month. Rupture of aneurysm of the external iliac
      artery, complication of appendicitis].

PMID- 4004470
TI  - [Factors of meningeal diffusion of amoxicillin and ampicillin at the acute phase
      of purulent meningitis in children].
AB  - Amoxicillin and ampicillin levels were comparatively studied in blood and CSF of
      children with purulent meningitis. Thirty one children aged 2 months to 11 years
      were treated by one of two beta lactams by monotherapy in a daily dose of 200
      mg/kg (Group 1: amoxicillin, n = 17; group 2: ampicillin, n = 14). Samples were
      collected on day 2 one hour after administration of 50 mg/kg IV of the chosen
      antibiotic. The mean levels observed in serum (69.5 and 53.4 micrograms/ml) and
      in CSF (7.74 and 7.96) were not significantly different. Beyond these levels we
      studied different biologic parameters in CSF: leucocytes, polymorphonuclears,
      protein, glucose and lactic acid. Multiple linear correlations were found, for
      the two groups and for the whole population between the CSF antibiotic level and
      the 6 other parameters (group 1: R1 = 0.82; group 2: R2 = 0.88; group 1 + 2: R3 =
      0.78). The best correlated parameters with antibiotic CSF level are serum
      antibiotic level and CSF lactic acid. With these two parameters we can also
      estimate antibiotic level in CSF with good correlations (R1 = 0.78; R2 = 0.72 and
      R3 = 0.72).

PMID- 4004471
TI  - [Breast feeding. Nature of the choice].
AB  - The choice of breast feeding was studied in a sample of 1,954 mothers of urban
      and rural areas investigated in 1978 during the first year of life of their
      child. Women who chose breast feeding were more often urban, highly educated,
      mothers of one child, well medically supervised and happy during pregnancy. They
      were more concerned by the way their child fed and about his general status. The
      group of women who stated that they could not breast-feed showed a high
      percentage of health problems. On the contrary, those who refused were in a good
      state of health.

PMID- 4004472
TI  - [Missed sudden death caused by obstructive apnea in children].

PMID- 4004473
TI  - [Growth factors: from the cellular biology to clinics].

PMID- 4004474
TI  - [Course of serum alkaline phosphatase during treatment with isoniazid and
      rifampicin].
AB  - In a population of 132 tuberculous children coming from immigrant families,
      statistical analysis of data showed a significant increase in serum alkaline
      phosphatase levels. This phenomenon is more significant when several antibiotics
      are used (Isoniazid and Rifampicin) than when monotherapy is used (Isoniazid).
      These results demonstrate a high tendency to occult osteomalacia in tuberculous
      patients treated by tuberculostatic drugs.

PMID- 4004475
TI  - [Course during 5 years of weight in children and adolescents. Preliminary study].
AB  - A study of a weight related to height index (WRH) was performed in 5,984 children
      and adolescents. It showed a change in the mean value of the weight index between
      11 and 18 years, particularly in girls. Over a 5 years interval there was a close
      correlation between weight indices (r around 0.7). However, the probability of
      remaining in the same index class varied greatly depending on the initial value
      of index and sex. Occurrence of overweight, as defined by a WRH value greater
      than or equal to 120, was greater in girls and more frequent during the second
      decade. This study confirmed the variability of weight index during childhood.
      Half of the overweight children remained so after 5 years. It also showed a high
      risk of overweight after 5 years in children with an initial index between 100
      and 120. The weight index does not seem to be definitely established during
      childhood and is therefore inadequate to alone predict overweight 5 years later.

PMID- 4004476
TI  - [Gynecomastia in boys before puberty].
AB  - Gynecomastia is seldom observed in prepubertal boys. Sixteen cases are reported
      in this work, 3 of them being related to a defect of 11 hydroxylase with
      virilizing adrenal hyperplasia and 13 being considered as idiopathic. These
      gynecomastias consist of a slight breast enlargement, often unilateral (10 of 16)
      and may spontaneously disappear after 3 to 12 months (5 of 16 cases). In the so
      called idiopathic cases, the hormonal investigations performed gave normal
      results, so that no physiopathological explanation could be suggested.

PMID- 4004477
TI  - [Genetic counseling. Indications, problems and prospects].
AB  - From their personal experience, the authors demonstrate that, in spite of
      increased requests in general, couples in underprivileged socio-cultural classes
      are insufficiently concerned by genetic counselling; on the contrary it is too
      often requested by women who are already pregnant. They emphasize the necessity
      of providing information to all at risk couples and the essential part taken by
      family doctors. They discuss the difficulties of geneticists when consulters do
      not express a real question or wait to be given a rule of behaviour. Antenatal
      diagnosis (proposed to 2 of every 5 couples in 1983) changed the concept of
      genetic counselling by replacing a probability (the risk) by a certainty (the
      child presents with the disease or is normal). However, one should not look to
      either genetic counselling or antenatal diagnosis for a considerable decrease in
      the incidence of affected children.

PMID- 4004478
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of severe hereditary immunologic deficiencies].
AB  - The recent progress in antenatal diagnosis methods led us to develop the
      antenatal diagnosis of several forms of hereditary and severe immune deficiencies
      (ID): severe combined ID (13 cases), combined ID associated with a defective
      expression of HLA (2 cases), X-linked agammaglobulinemia (4 cases), chronic
      granulomatous disease (1 case). Antenatal diagnosis was performed by studying by
      micromethods lymphocyte markers and functions in fetal venous blood samples
      obtained under foetoscopy (20 cases) or echography (1 case). Cytological studies
      were coupled with microscopical examination of the skin and the hair of a foetus
      at risk for a Chediak-Higashi disease. These methods allowed the continuation of
      the pregnancy in 16 cases. Thirteen neonates were normal and two pregnancies go
      on. In one case, the diagnosis of the integrity of the immune system led to the
      birth of a child suffering from a severe combined ID not yet described. This
      child was cured with a HLA semi-identical bone-marrow transplantation. An
      abortion was proposed for two fetuses affected with severe combined ID which was
      confirmed by histological examination. Two accidental abortions occurred, one of
      them probably as a consequence of the fetoscopy.

PMID- 4004479
TI  - [Mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Apropos of a series of 21 cases].
AB  - Twenty-one cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis referred at age 1 to 16 years are
      studied. External genitalia were in most cases of types III-IV, with a small
      penis and posterior hypospadias, asymmetrical genital folds containing an
      externalized testis on one side. The internal genitalia varied according to the
      degree of dysgenesis of the gonads, and included an uterus and/or a vagina in 18
      among the 21 cases. A chromosomal mosaicism XO/XY or XX/XY was found in 11
      patients, the other 10 having a normal 46 XY caryotype. Pubertal follow-up was
      obtained in 10 cases, and showed always a male sexual development, without
      possibility to exactly evaluate the function of the testis. Choosing the sex
      assignment is relatively easy in newborns or infants with mixed gonadal
      dysgenesis. It relies more on anatomy (size of corpora cavernosa, feasibility of
      urethroplasty or vaginoplasty) than on the results of hormonal measurements. The
      presence of an Y chromosome is not by itself an argument to choose the male sex.
      In most cases, the choice of the female sex is the easiest and relies on strong
      clinical arguments, but it leads unavoidably to suppress both the testis and the
      dysgenetic gonad.

PMID- 4004480
TI  - [Genital malformations and castration. Femininity, sexuality at adolescence].
AB  - A study group has been constituted at the Hopital des Enfants-Malades in order to
      analyse the relational approach with adolescent girls with various disorders and
      malformations of the genital tract followed since childhood. This group has been
      using a methodology which has already been applied to psychological aspects of
      other somatic diseases. Endocrinologists, gynecologists and psychoanalysts have
      weekly discussions about clinical cases. Their discussions are tape-recorded. The
      transcriptions are analysed by the whole group in order to evaluate the objective
      and subjective data concerning patients, families and doctors. We intend to
      discuss problems which appear to be the most important in relation to these
      disorders. Whatever the somatic problem is, these girls' future is also
      determined by their psychic reality and also that of their families and doctors.
      This psychic reality integrates and modifies the objective data as well as their
      environment.

PMID- 4004481
TI  - Perinatal growth.

PMID- 4004482
TI  - Cell size and cell number in tissue growth and development. An old hypothesis
      reconsidered.
AB  - The development of tissues and organs in the post-embryogenic period has commonly
      been thought to be by two main consecutive processes: the multiplication of cells
      followed by a growth in their size. The capacity for recovery following growth
      restriction has been considered to depend on whether restriction occurred during
      the phase of cell multiplication, in which case catch-up was permanently
      inhibited; or later, in which case recovery could occur. This model is now no
      longer valid for a number of reasons, the main one being that the original
      assumptions about the sequence of developmental processes have been shown to be
      false. There certainly seems to be an early period of vulnerability during which
      restriction is not followed by catch-up, but this cannot now be related to the
      multiplication of cells.

PMID- 4004483
TI  - [Value of the assay of plasma steroids in the control of congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia].
AB  - Twenty patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase
      deficiency have been followed during a mean period of 68.4 months (from 19 to 120
      months). Plasma 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, delta 4-androstenedione and
      testosterone have been measured at regular intervals and correlated to growth and
      bone maturation. Satisfactory growth was obtained through repeated changes in the
      daily dose of oral hydrocortisone which varied from 58.7 +/- 37 mg/m2/day in
      infants to respectively 19.3 +/- 7.0 and 25.3 +/- 7.2 mg/m2/day in prepuberty and
      puberty. Fludrocortisone was added in 15 cases because of evidence of salt loss.
      delta 4-androstenedione and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone are the best markers of
      adequate suppression of the pituitary-adrenal axis in both sexes. Testosterone
      can be used in girls and prepubertal boys. In some cases with low levels of
      androgens suggesting oversuppression, a reduced velocity of bone maturation was
      observed, particularly in young subjects.

PMID- 4004484
TI  - [Statural growth following irradiation of the central nervous system for
      medulloblastoma of the posterior fossa. Retrospective analysis of 45 cases].
AB  - Treatment of medulloblastoma in children with head and spinal irradiation causes
      growth hormone deficiency and growth retardation. The present study deals with 45
      patients presenting a follow-up time superior to 4 years; some of them having
      reached their final height. The mean final height is 3 standard deviations below
      normal mean. Growth retardation which occurred in 42 of 45 children, appears to
      be due to two major factors: 1) GH deficiency in 42 cases as assessed by the
      arginine insulin tolerance test. 2) Spinal lesions due to irradiation, causing
      early growth retardation and a reduced trunk length in most of these children.
      The response to hGH treatment (10 mg/kg/yr) was not sufficient in this group of
      patients.

PMID- 4004485
TI  - [Decrease of the cytotoxicity of gliadin fractions in the development of celiac
      disease. Organotypic culture study].
AB  - Observation up to adulthood of children with coeliac disease given again a normal
      diet had shown a clinical as well as histologic reduction in their sensitivity to
      gluten. From this fact a retrospective study was undertaken to appreciate whether
      this decreased sensitivity was also observed in vitro in a model of organotypic
      culture of intestinal mucosa obtained by biopsy, in the presence of gliadin toxic
      peptides. Twelve children had 2 cultures with a several year interval under
      normal diet. In 10 of them a decreased cytotoxic effect was observed. However,
      the explanation of this decrease remains difficult. It seems related neither to
      the age of the children, nor with the status of the mucosa at the time of in
      vitro testing, or to the duration of the gluten-containing diet. This study
      finally confirms that it is impossible to use organotypic cultures as an in vitro
      test for the diagnosis of coeliac disease.

PMID- 4004486
TI  - [Suicide attempts in adolescent girls. Epidemiological aspects].
AB  - The authors report the results of a study undertaken in 27 adolescent girls
      hospitalized for suicide attempts, interviewed according to the same procedure as
      46 adolescent girls hospitalized during the same time period for other reasons. A
      statistical study of the questionnaire used showed answers significantly
      different, especially concerning grandparents, intra-familial relationships,
      parental picture, behaviours of adolescents outside their family, school
      attendance. The whole of these results suggests a disturbance in the
      communication systems of the suicidal adolescent.

PMID- 4004487
TI  - [Effects of weakly androgenic anabolic steroids on growth in Turner's syndrome].
AB  - The effects of weakly androgenic steroids at minimal doses (norethandrolone 2.5
      to 10 mg/day or methandienone 1 mg/day, administered 2 months every trimester)
      have been studied in 67 patients with Turner syndrome: 37 with 45 XO karyotype
      and 30 with mosaicism or partial X deletion. Mean bone age at the onset of
      treatment was 10 4/12 +/- 1 8/12 years, and the mean height retardation, adjusted
      to parents' height, was 3.7 +/- 1.2 standard deviations. Growth velocity was very
      significantly increased during the first 3 semesters of treatment. The ratio of
      bone age to height age, evaluated after 2 years of treatment, did not increase.
      The adult height reached by 37 treated patients was at the average 1.96 cm higher
      than that of a control group of 25 adult untreated Turner cases, this difference
      being not significant. The results varied greatly between individuals, without
      relation to the type of chromosomal abnormality or the kind and dose of steroid
      received. The psychological evolution of the treated patients was studied
      accordingly to their school and/or professional accomplishments. It was
      satisfactory in most of them. The anabolic treatment and/or the gain in growth
      velocity during treatment seemed to have positive psychological effect. No side
      effects were noticed.

PMID- 4004488
TI  - [The delay of bone maturation is a favorable element in the prognosis of final
      height].
AB  - Final heights were studied in 54 children followed for several years for growth
      retardation with delayed puberty. At the time of the first visit (13 9/12 in
      boys, 11 10/12 +/- 13/12 in girls), growth retardation was -2.7 +/- 0.8 in boys
      and -2.8 +/- 0.8 SD in girls. Retardation of bone age with respect to
      chronological age was always significant (2 7/12 +/- 10/12 yrs in boys and 2 7/12
      +/- 9/12 in girls). Catch-up, calculated in terms of standard deviation score
      (SDS) between the first visit score and the final height was established for each
      child, as was the prognosis of height according to 3 methods (Bayley, Tanner,
      Roche). There is a highly significant correlation (r = 0.49; p less than 0.001)
      between the ratio of delayed bone age/chronological age (BA/CA) and the height
      catch-up calculated in SDS. On the contrary there is no correlation between the
      ratio BA/CA and the final height. This lack of correlation may be explained by
      the role taken by others factors, especially the parents heights, as a
      significant correlation was found between the final heights, the fathers heights
      (r = 0.29) and the mothers heights (r = 0.36). Thus, delayed bone maturation may
      be considered as a favourable factor for the prognosis of adult height.

PMID- 4004489
TI  - [Solitary solid cold thyroid nodule in children and adolescents].
AB  - The present series includes 19 children and adolescents aged 8 to 15 years, 14
      females (74%) and 5 males (26%), who underwent surgery because of solitary
      hypofunctioning solid thyroid mass. Microscopic examination of the mass was
      consistent with adenoma in 11 cases, carcinoma in 7 cases and thyroiditis in one
      case. Neither clinical examination nor isotopic and endocrinological
      investigations were predictive of the histological diagnosis. A cold nodule which
      is solid by ultrasonography and hypofixing by scintiscan requires, after
      observation for a few months, biopsy with histologic assessment during the
      operation.

PMID- 4004490
TI  - [Echographic monitoring of post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatations in premature
      newborn infants. Value of the determination of a ventricular index].
AB  - The target of this work was the determination of a quantifiable measurement of
      the ventricular dilatation with an index during the ultrasonographic supervision
      of intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) in premature infants. An investigation by
      cerebral ultrasonography through the fontanelles was performed in 63 non
      hypotrophic prematures. Thirty-one children (mean gestational age 32 +/- 1.8
      weeks) had an IVH. All had ventricular dilatation at one time during evolution.
      The 32 other children (mean gestational age 34 +/- 2 weeks) showed normal
      ultrasonographic data and a ventricular index between 0.15 and 0.25 (mean 0.23 +/
      0.02). Post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation can be classified into 3 stages:
      slight dilatation: ventricular index between 0.26 and 0.30; moderate dilatation:
      ventricular index between 0.31 and 0.40; severe dilatation: ventricular index
      greater than 0.40. The use of a ventricular index allows precise following of the
      ventricular dilatation during the supervision of intraventricular hemorrhages.

PMID- 4004491
TI  - [Extradural hematoma in children under 1 year of age].
AB  - The authors report 3 cases of epidural hematoma in infants under one year of age.
      The trauma had been minimal with a long symptom-free interval preceding the first
      clinical symptoms: anemia and its consequences, pallor, bradycardia, and finally
      shock. CT scan revealed the hematoma. In one case, it showed an asymptomatic
      hematoma which posed a therapeutic problem.

PMID- 4004492
TI  - [Orbital apex syndrome in a child with Wegener's granulomatosis].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 10 year-old child presenting with orbital apex
      syndrome as the initial manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis. Orbital apex
      syndrome is characterized by complete or partial paralysis of the third, fourth
      and sixth cranial nerves with involvement of the trigeminal nerve's ophthalmic
      branch. The different mechanisms responsible for ocular complications in
      Wegener's granulomatosis and the usefulness of computer assisted tomography in
      this clinical situation are discussed.

PMID- 4004493
TI  - [Spinal intradural arachnoid cyst].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 13 year-old boy who presented after minor
      cranial trauma with severe gastrointestinal symptoms (acute hemorrhage) followed
      by neurologic signs evoking a spinal compression. Gastro-intestinal hemorrhage
      was related to a duodenal lesion induced by acetylsalicylic acid. Neurologic
      symptoms were related to an intra dural cervical arachnoid cyst. After surgical
      resection of this congenital malformation outcome was favorable.

PMID- 4004494
TI  - [Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Manifestation in a 3-year-old child by
      Raynaud's phenomenon].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 3 year-old boy with mycoplasma pneumoniae
      infection. The presenting sign was Raynaud's phenomenon with cryoglobulinemia and
      cryofibrinogenemia. To their knowledge this is the first reported case presenting
      with such an association.

PMID- 4004495
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of injectable phenobarbital in the premature infant. Study of a
      new lyophilized form].
AB  - A lyophilized preparation of phenobarbital was studied in newborns without
      cerebral palsy. Plasma levels were determined using gas chromatograph fitted with
      thermo ionic probe after either an intra-muscular (IM) injection in premature
      infants or an intravenous (IV) injection over single dose of phenobarbital 10
      mg/kg within 6 hours after birth. Five term babies were included in the study as
      controls and received an IM injection. The results showed rapid increase in
      plasma concentration after IM injection in 10 of 13 subjects with a peak
      concentration reached 60 minutes after injection. The mean ratio (maximal
      concentration/dose) was 1.25 and 1.10 for term infants and preterm infants
      respectively. In all cases, the drug was well tolerated. In 15 preterm infants
      (n: 7 IM and n: 8 IV) the plasma concentrations were followed over a period of 15
      days. The disappearance curve was biphasic; it varied the first 7 days, then
      remained constant for the following week (apparent half life 106 hours).

PMID- 4004496
TI  - [Antipoliomyelitis vaccination of young children with a new inactivated vaccine.
      Serological results].
AB  - An inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccine, prepared on simian line-cells (Vero
      cells), has been injected in 3 doses one month apart in 36 infants, 2 to 11
      months old (30 of whom were 2 to 6 months old) to determine its tolerance and
      antigenic efficacy. Each dose contained 40, 8 and 32 antigenic D units for the 3
      types respectively. DPT vaccine was injected simultaneously in another part of
      the body. Before beginning the immunization program, 20 infants had significant
      titers of antibodies against the 3 types of poliovirus; Only 6 were triple
      negative. One month after the second dose of vaccine, all the infants had
      significant titers of antibodies against the 3 types; these titers have not been
      significantly enhanced one month after the third dose. Two doses of the
      inactivated vaccine one month apart induced a satisfactory serologic response in
      spite of the presence of serum maternally transmitted antibodies. There were no
      adverse reactions.

PMID- 4004497
TI  - [Extradural hematoma of a newborn infant. Rare complication of forceps delivery].

PMID- 4004498
TI  - [Hyperpyretic convulsions in Brazzaville (Congo)].

PMID- 4004499
TI  - The 'offset effect' of mental health treatment on ambulatory medical care
      utilization and charges. Month-by-month and grouped-month analyses of a five-year
      study.
AB  - The five-year ambulatory medical care experience of 400 patients with mental
      disorders was studied to test the "offset" hypothesis that patients receiving
      timely mental health specialist treatment have lower subsequent utilization of,
      and charges for, care than patients not receiving such specialist treatment.
      Specialist treatment was associated with significant offset savings in
      utilization and charges for the non-psychiatric medical care of treated patients
      with either severe or less severe mental disorders. However, the visits and
      charges for such specialist treatment boosted the overall (nonpsychiatric plus
      mental health specialist) care utilization and charges of the specialist-treated
      patients above those of patients treated solely by their nonpsychiatric
      physicians; this overall increase was especially pronounced for patients with
      severe mental disorders. The findings suggest the need for randomized prospective
      offset studies comparing utilization, cost, and clinical outcomes.

PMID- 4004500
TI  - Psychiatric disorders in primary care. Results of a follow-up study.
AB  - Despite extensive documentation of high rates of psychiatric morbidity among
      primary care patients, there have been, to our knowledge, no US studies following
      up these patients over time. We analyzed data based on two administrations of the
      Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Life-time version (SADS-L) six
      months apart to 166 attenders at a primary care clinic in Marshfield, Wis. In the
      short span between interviews, 35% of the study group exhibited at least one
      Research Diagnostic Criteria disorder, and almost two thirds of these individuals
      had significant changes in diagnostic status based on SADS-L data. Diagnosis of
      these transient and episodic cases by the primary care physicians was under 10%,
      demonstrating the need for careful evaluation of the psychiatric status of
      primary care patients.

PMID- 4004501
TI  - A structured interview for the DSM-III personality disorders. A preliminary
      report.
AB  - With few exceptions, published studies fail to indicate that the DSM-III
      personality disorders can be distinguished from each other with respect to
      etiology, prognosis, treatment response, or family history. The Structured
      Interview for the DSM-III Personality Disorders (SIDP) was developed to improve
      axis II diagnostic reliability, and hence allow validity testing of axis II.
      Sixty-three subjects were independently rated by two interviewers using the SIDP.
      The kappa coefficients for interrater agreement reached .70 or higher for
      histrionic, borderline, and dependent personalities. While it is impossible to
      separate the validity testing of the SIDP from validity testing of the DSM-III
      personality criteria themselves, preliminary results from 102 inpatient SIDP
      interviews suggest some criterion-based validity with respect to standard
      personality rating scales and some construct validity with respect to the
      dexamethasone suppression test.

PMID- 4004502
TI  - Maturity of ego defenses in relation to DSM-III axis II personality disorder.
AB  - Independent raters assessed a cohort of 307 inner-city men on three dimensions of
      psychosocial dysfunction: the Health-Sickness Rating Scale (HSRS), axis II of DSM
      III, and dominant choice of ego mechanisms of defense. Two thirds of the 74 men
      with personality disorders and three fourths of the 55 men with the low scores (0
      to 65) on the HSRS primarily used immature defense mechanisms (ie, projection,
      schizoid fantasy, passive aggression, dissociation, hypochondriasis, and acting
      out). Only 10% of men without personality disorders and only 10% of men with HSRS
      scores of over 70 were noted to favor such defenses.

PMID- 4004504
TI  - Validity of RDC and DSM-III.

PMID- 4004503
TI  - Therapist success and its determinants.
AB  - This study examined the relatively unexplored contribution of the therapist's
      performance in determining outcomes of treatment. Nine therapists were studied:
      three performed supportive-expressive psychotherapy; three, cognitive-behavioral
      psychotherapy; and three, drug counseling. Profound differences were discovered
      in the therapists' success with the patients in their case loads. Four potential
      determinants of these differences were explored: patient factors; therapist
      factors; patient-therapist relationship factors; and therapy factors. Results
      showed that patient characteristics within each case load (after random
      assignments) were similar and disclosed no differences that would have explained
      the differences in success; therapist's personal qualities were correlated with
      outcomes but not significantly (mean r = .32); an early-in-treatment measure of
      the patient-therapist relationship, the Helping Alliance Questionnaire, yielded
      significant correlations with outcomes (mean r = .65); among the therapy
      techniques, "purity" provided significant correlations with outcomes (mean r =
      .44), both across therapists and within each therapist's case load. The three
      therapist-related factors were moderately associated with each other.

PMID- 4004505
TI  - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in patients with chronic pain.

PMID- 4004506
TI  - Mutagenic effect of 3-methyl-4-nitro-phenol on the germ-cells of the mouse--a
      study in vivo.
AB  - The mutagenic effect of 3-methyl-4-nitro-phenol on the germ-cells of CFLP male
      mice was studied by examining the chromosomes of spermatocytes according to the
      methods of Evans et al. and Schleiermacher in the diakinetic phase of meiosis.
      The results do not exclude the possibility of mutagenic effect.

PMID- 4004507
TI  - Skin tumours induced by local and systemic action of N-nitroso-compounds in rats.
AB  - The skin of white outbred rats was painted with solutions of N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea (MNU), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), N-methyl-N,N'
      dinitroguanidine and diazoacetic ester (DAAE). DAAE was administered to rats
      intravenously, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously as well. Skin tumours have
      appeared only in the experiments with MNU, MNNG and DAAE. The application of MNU
      and MNNG caused tumours of the skin in the site of application, and as for DAAE,
      it induced tumours in the remote places of the skin. Systemic methods of DAAE
      administration entailed mainly mammary tumours in female rats, but not those of
      the skin. Possible mechanisms of action of the compounds under study have been
      discussed.

PMID- 4004509
TI  - Comparison of epidemiologic features of female breast cancer in the German
      Democratic Republic and the Estonian SSR, 1968-1980.
AB  - Some epidemiologic features of female breast cancer in the GDR and the Estonian
      SSR are compared on the basis of data from the cancer registries. From 1968 to
      1980 68,626 new breast cancer cases were reported in the GDR and 3,768 in
      Estonia. Age-standardized incidence rates were consistently higher in the GDR.
      Increasing rates were present in both regions. The ratios of left to right sided
      lesions were 1.07 and 1.15 for the GDR and Estonia, respectively. Overall, 95.2%
      of breast cancers in the GDR and 80.6% in Estonia were histologically verified.
      Although some differences in stage at diagnosis were reported these may reflect
      classification practices. There was no evident change in stage at diagnosis over
      this time period. During 1968-1980 treatment with combined radical surgery and
      radiotherapy declined in both regions in favor of radical surgery alone. Some
      suggestions for future collaborative research are proposed.

PMID- 4004510
TI  - [Criteria and indications for the recognition of malignant tumors as occupational
      diseases].

PMID- 4004508
TI  - Regional lymph node reactions related to hormone receptor status in female breast
      carcinoma.
AB  - A series of 211 female breast carcinomas was studied with special reference to
      the relationships between estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor status and
      the reactions of the axillary lymph nodes as manifestations of tumor-host
      reactivity. Carcinomas were classified according to their nuclear grade (NG), and
      the following nodal reactions were recorded: extent of cancer metastasis,
      paracortical activity (PCA), follicular hyperplasia (LFH), sinus histiocytosis
      (SH), and degenerative sinus histiocytosis (DSH). NG did not directly correlate
      with ER- or PR-positivity, albeit the highest frequency of both was found in well
      differentiated carcinomas. ER- and less significantly PR-values were higher in
      post- than in premenopausal females. ER- and PR-positivity as well as the
      absolute receptor values were lowest in the cases with extensive (Grade 4) nodal
      metastases, but did not show a direct relationship to the other grades (0 to 3).
      PCA did not show any relation to the receptor status, whereas LFH seemed to bear
      an inverse relationship with ER- (but not PR-) positivity. SH seemed to be
      associated with higher frequency of ER-positivity than did DSH-nodes, the
      differences being slight, however. It is concluded that hormone receptor assays
      connected with the morphological assessment of tumor-host reactivity provide some
      benefit in grouping the breast cancer patients according to the different
      expectancy of the outcome of their disease.

PMID- 4004511
TI  - [Effect of nontoxic inhibitors on the nitrosation of drugs under conditions
      simulating the human stomach].
AB  - The influence of sulphamic acid, sulfanilamide, p-aminosalicylic acid and
      ascorbic acid on the nitrosation behaviour of Analgin (active agent:
      noramidopyrinmethane sulfonate) was investigated in the pH range between 1.2 and
      6.0 under simulated conditions of the human stomach. Using a colorimetric
      measuring method, the three last-mentioned compounds proved suitable as
      nitrosation inhibitors; preference should be given to ascorbic acid because of
      its better inhibitory capacity in the very weakly acidic pH range. Sulphamic acid
      is inadequate because it stimulates nitrosation in this pH range. The distinct
      inhibitory action of ascorbic acid was verified under simulated conditions of the
      human stomach in further 9 drugs undergoing nitrosation at different rates, which
      contain the active agents: aminophenazone, clomipramine, imipramine, desipramine,
      ampicilline, oxacilline, phenoxymethylpenicilline, ethambutole or piperazine.
      Despite the use of high doses of ascorbic acid, no complete inhibition of
      nitrosation could be achieved in the majority of drugs investigated.

PMID- 4004512
TI  - Influence of retinoids on growth and melanin content of Harding-Passey-melanoma
      cells in vitro and B16 transplantable melanoma in vivo.
AB  - Growth cessation and cell death of exponentially proliferating Harding-Passey
      melanoma cells (HPM-73 line) in monolayer culture resulted in the presence of 3.3
      X 10(-5) M retinal, while retinol and retinoic acid caused growth retardation at
      3.3 X 10(-5) M. Also at 1 X 10(-5) M, the growth-inhibitory effect of retinal was
      more pronounced than that of retinol or retinoic acid. Following serum removal
      from the culture media, all 3 retinoids at 3.3 X 10(-6) M or 1 X 10(-5) M
      revealed cytotoxic effects within 3 days as demonstrated by cell loss from the
      substratum. Thus, the presence of serum has "protective" effects. Addition of
      retinal, retinoic acid or retinol at 1 X 10(-5) M to cultures in stationary
      growth phase did not result in cell loss during period of 6 days. C57Bl mice with
      B16 melanotic melanoma were i.p. injected during 10 days with retinoids (30 or
      100 mcg per mouse daily). All retinoids inhibited B16 tumor growth in vivo. In
      this respect, retinoic acid was the most effective one. The cellular melanin
      content of cultured HPM-cells and of B16 melanotic melanoma in vivo was elevated
      after treatment with retinoids; retinal having the strongest effect.

PMID- 4004513
TI  - Sulfonamides acting on the central nervous system, VI.

PMID- 4004515
TI  - Academy presidential address. What does the Academy do for me?

PMID- 4004514
TI  - Studies on thebaine, III. Oxidative colorimetric analysis of thebaine.

PMID- 4004516
TI  - Spectrum analysis of large toe plethysmographic waveshape.
AB  - To assess plethysmographic waveform diagnostic utility in peripheral vascular
      disease, a spectrum analyzer was attached to the output of a conventional mercury
      strain gauge sensor. The resulting quantified waveforms were compared with
      geometrically determined waveform characteristics and resting ankle pressure
      ratios for a group of 16 men who ranged from healthy to severely occluded (lower
      extremities). Of the various harmonics contained within the waveform, second
      harmonic magnitude best correlated with those geometric waveform characteristics
      believed to possess diagnostic value. Second harmonic magnitude was positively
      related (0.9 correlation coefficient) to the 1.33 power of resting ankle pressure
      ratio. Because it does not require exercise or pressure cuffs, spectrum analyzer
      waveform based diagnosis may be suited for mass screening purposes.

PMID- 4004517
TI  - Progression of equinus deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - This study investigated the influence of orthoses, regular passive stretching,
      and surgery on progression of equinus deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
      The extent of passive dorsiflexion on the right foot of ambulant and wheelchair
      ambulatory patients was measured monthly with an electronic ankle goniometer
      calibrated to an accuracy of 1 degree. The mean rate of equinus progression was
      0.4 degree per month during the 12-month study. Progression was less in those
      boys who had prior surgery and were older. Progression was slowest during the
      first five months of the study (when night splints were used more frequently) and
      greatest during a long vacation when regular passive stretching by
      physiotherapists and supervision of splinting were unavailable. These results,
      although based on a limited patient sample size, indicate that gains from use of
      orthoses and passive stretching can be lost in the absence of professional
      supervision.

PMID- 4004518
TI  - Congenital heart disease: functional abilities in young adults.
AB  - Muscular endurance, motor abilities, childhood activities, school experiences,
      work plans, and social behaviors of 188 young adults aged 16 to 23 years with
      congenital heart disease were examined. The subjects had isolated aortic
      stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, or tetralogy of Fallot. Overall, physical function
      scores were slightly below average. Childhood activities had been affected in
      about 30% of the cases, but seriously disrupted in only 17%. School experiences
      had been positive, and 68% of the students in school planned to continue on to
      college or university or were already there. Normal social behavior was much more
      common than antisocial behavior. Subjects had few specific health worries,
      although many wanted more information about lifestyle implications of their heart
      disease.

PMID- 4004520
TI  - Drug absorption in spinal cord injury.
AB  - The absorption characteristics of drugs in spinal cord injury (SCI) were studied
      using an actively transported drug [riboflavin (RBF)] and a passively absorbed
      drug [acetaminophen (ACE)]. RBF absorption was studied following oral
      administration of 150mg RBF as 5'-phosphate flavin mononucleotide in ten
      clinically complete quadriplegic patients (C1 to C7, two to 15 months post-onset)
      and six control subjects matched for age, sex, and weight. Urinary excretion was
      measured under fasting (F) and nonfasting (NF) conditions for time to peak, peak
      excretion rate, and percent dose recovered. The results showed a significant
      difference (p less than 0.05) for all parameters between F and NF conditions for
      both the SCI and able-bodied groups. However, there was no significant difference
      for the same parameters between the two groups. ACE absorption was studied in
      five SCI clinically complete quadriplegic patients (C1 to C7, two to 15 months
      post-onset following the administration of a 650mg tablet. Serum samples were
      analyzed for ACE content and showed: time of peak, 1.35 +/- 0.6hr; maximum serum
      level, 6.8 +/- 2.68 micrograms/ml; half-life, 2.89 +/- 1.81hr; absorption lag
      time, 18.1 +/- 1.8min; area under the serum level-time curve, 21.8 +/- 6.7
      micrograms/.hr/ml. When compared to able-bodied population data in the
      literature, there was a significant increase in the time to peak and lag time,
      and a decrease in the maximum ACE serum concentration obtained.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004519
TI  - Serum albumin as a predictor of course and outcome on a rehabilitation service.
AB  - To determine the effect of nutritional status on the medical course and
      rehabilitation outcome of patients on an adult rehabilitation service, serum
      albumin (SA) and total lymphocyte count (TLC) were prospectively studied on 36
      patients. Readings were taken on admission (T-1), at which time a Barthel Index
      Mobility Goal (BIMG) was assigned, and again 4 to 8 weeks after admission (T-2).
      A Barthel Index Mobility Score (BIMS) was assigned at discharge. Rehabilitation
      program restrictions due to medical complications correlated negatively with both
      the SA level at T1 (r = -.328, p less than 0.05) and at T2 (r = -.523, p less
      than 0.01). The SA level at T2 correlated positively with the BIMS:BIMG ratio (r
      = .416, p less than 0.05) at discharge, suggesting that SA levels may predict
      patient mobility outcome.

PMID- 4004521
TI  - External catheters: hazards and benefits of their use by men with spinal cord
      lesions.
AB  - Urinary tract status was reviewed in 60 men with spinal cord injury who had
      external bladder drainage from 1 to 159 months. Before use, 34 (57%) patients
      were free of roentgenographic abnormalities, and 27 (79%) of these developed
      changes. Twenty-six (43%) patients of the total group initially had morphologic
      defects; 5 (19%) of these became free of abnormalities, while 21 (81%) did not
      improve or showed progression. Glomerular filtration rate improved in 2 (3%) of
      the total study group, deteriorated in 12 (20%), and remained stable in 46 (77%).
      Infection persisted in 32 (53%); 10 (31%) of the positive cultures grew multiple
      isolates. In 18 (56%) of those patients with positive urine cultures, tissue
      invasion was indicated by the presence of antibody-coated bacteria. After
      external drainage 5 (8%) required sphincterotomy, 3 (5%) supravesical diversion,
      and 2 (2%) suprapubic cystotomy. Patient histories and examinations revealed
      tendencies toward poor hygiene and inattention to adequate bladder emptying.
      Equipment obstruction was common because of twisting or improper placement of
      drainage apparatus. It was concluded that although carefully monitored external
      catheters may accomplish adequate drainage and sterile urine, the hazards of
      infection and overdistention are great and must be countered by medical
      monitoring and ongoing patient education.

PMID- 4004522
TI  - Statistical methods in rehabilitation research.
AB  - Of 128 articles in Volume 63 (1982) of the Archives of Physical Medicine and
      Rehabilitation 48 (37.5%) utilized some form of statistical methodology. The most
      commonly encountered methods were: mean (with or without standard deviation or
      standard error); analysis of variance (ANOVA); t-tests; simple correlation/linear
      regression; and chi-square analysis. A critical review of the analytic statistics
      used in 40 of these articles revealed that only 23 (57.5%) were considered
      satisfactory in descriptive and methodologic terms. The most frequently
      encountered deficiencies were: inadequate description of methods; misuse of t
      tests; absence of appropriately complex statistical analysis. A greater
      understanding of and familiarity with biostatistics is essential for all readers
      of the Archives to allow critical evaluation of the rehabilitation literature.

PMID- 4004523
TI  - Acute transverse myelopathy: association with body position.
AB  - The syndrome of acute transverse myelopathy (ATM) has been described in the
      medical literature for decades. Despite the clinical descriptions, ATM continues
      to be poorly understood etiologically. Current thinking associates the syndrome
      with viral infections, multiple sclerosis, vascular disease, and malignancy.
      Three cases of ATM seen since 1972 are reported. All three patients described
      unusual stressful body posturing immediately preceding the onset of neurologic
      deficit. This presentation focuses on vascular compromise associated with
      stressful body positioning as another possible etiologic factor for ATM.

PMID- 4004524
TI  - Posttraumatic syringomyelia.
AB  - Posttraumatic syringomyelia can be a subtle entity initially. Awareness of the
      early clinical manifestations is a necessary adjunct in preventing the disabling
      sequela. Four case reports are examined with emphasis on temporal progression of
      symptoms and the resultant functional loss. The salient clinical features and a
      description of their pathogenesis are summarized. The presenting symptoms and
      signs were upper extremity reflex loss, musculoskeletal-type pain, and arm
      numbness. The functional impairments which resulted included the following:
      increased assistance with wheelchair mobility, significantly reduced performance
      of ADL, and loss of walking skill in a previously independent ambulator. Each
      patient underwent myelography (insufficient alone) as well as contrast CT
      scanning. Each patient underwent shunting with only one patient benefiting
      significantly. Syrinx formation must be included in the differential diagnosis of
      neuromuscular complaints by the spinal cord injured (SCI) population and treated
      appropriately.

PMID- 4004525
TI  - Desmoid tumor complicating remobilization treatment for a chronic pain syndrome.
AB  - The criteria for recommending an operant conditioning program for a patient with
      chronic pain include definable pain behavior. A thorough investigation of all
      organic factors that may contribute to pain is usually made prior to such
      treatment. This report describes a patient with chronic pain and mild cognitive
      deficits related to a truck accident who insidiously developed an extra-abdominal
      desmoid tumor. Desmoid tumors, which may develop after trauma, are associated
      with incidental connective tissue anomalies. They can be initially mistaken for
      fibrocytic nodules because they have a distribution similar to that in
      fibromyalgia. This patient's painful tumor was diagnosed while he was
      participating in a remobilization program. Subsequent resection and irradiation
      adversely affected rehabilitation goals and reinforced the patient's conviction
      that all his complaints were organically based.

PMID- 4004526
TI  - Correct medication identified.

PMID- 4004527
TI  - Phenol nerve blocks.

PMID- 4004528
TI  - Residual latencies.

PMID- 4004529
TI  - The 34th John Stanley Coulter memorial lecture. The interdisciplinary process: is
      it a chimera for clinical practice and for the ACRM?

PMID- 4004530
TI  - Work-rest periods: their effects on normal physiologic response to isometric and
      dynamic work.
AB  - Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses to repeated dynamic and
      combined dynamic and isometric work bouts of 30 sec, 2 min, and 6 min with equal
      rest periods at 40% and 80% of Vo2max was studied in five healthy men and five
      healthy women. Total work duration for each experimental condition was 24 min.
      The treadmill was used for dynamic work. Subjects pushed a bar horizontally while
      on the treadmill at 20% of their maximal voluntary strength for isometric work.
      Results showed that work performed at 40% of Vo2max in 30 sec bouts compared to 6
      min bouts reduced HR, BP and the double product (BP X HR) by 11%, 4%, and 14%,
      respectively. Work performed at 80% of Vo2max in 30 sec bouts of repeated work or
      rest compared to the 6 min bouts resulted in reducing HR, BP, and double product
      28%, 15%, and 39%, respectively. Addition of the isometric load did not
      significantly change the results. This study suggests that cardiac patients may
      be able to perform more work safely if it is carried out in short periods
      alternating with rest periods of equal duration.

PMID- 4004531
TI  - Perceptual remediation in patients with right brain damage: a comprehensive
      program.
AB  - This study provided a comprehensive program to treat visual perceptual
      disturbances associated with right brain damage (RBD). Three types of previously
      evaluated perceptual remediation were integrated into a sequentially administered
      remediation program: basic visual scanning, somatosensory awareness and size
      estimation training, and complex visual perceptual organization. The purpose of
      the study was to evaluate the immediate (at rehabilitation discharge) and long
      term (four months after discharge) effects of this treatment program on patients
      with RBD. The effects of treatment on ADL and mood state were also examined.
      Seventy-seven RBD stroke rehabilitation inpatients were studied--including 48
      Experimental (E) and 29 Control (C). At rehabilitation discharge, the E group
      relative to the C group showed greater gains in all three types of perceptual
      functioning. Four months after discharge from rehabilitation, the C group
      continued to show gains in perceptual functioning while the E group had reached a
      plateau. Longitudinal decreases in levels of self-reported anxiety and hostility,
      but not depression, were noted only for the E group.

PMID- 4004532
TI  - Infection stones in patients with myelomeningocele and ileal conduit urinary
      tract diversion.
AB  - Infection renal calculi are serious complications of urinary tract diversion in
      patients with myelomeningocele. During a 12-month period, 10 renal units
      containing calculi were managed surgically. The kidneys were in patients with
      multiple previous operations and medical problems. Nine of the ten stones had a
      staghorn configuration, filling the renal pelvis with calyceal extensions.
      Nephrectomy was necessary for a nonfunctional kidney and a conventional
      nephrolithotomy was done in one case. Endourologic techniques were used for
      treatment of eight renal units. Endourologic methods depended on placement of a
      percutaneous nephrostomy tube. The nephrostomy tract was dilated, then renal
      calculi were disintegrated under direct vision using ultrasound, and the stone
      fragments were removed. Six of eight kidneys (75%) were rendered stone-free using
      these methods. The other two kidneys had residual stone fragments located in
      isolated calyces with little potential for obstruction. Skin breakdown occurred
      in two patients, and two patients required transfusions. These results compared
      favorably with the results of conventional open surgery. Major advantages of
      percutaneous nephrolithotomy were evident during the postoperative period. Since
      there was minimal incision discomfort, patients were easily mobilized and there
      were no pulmonary problems. Patients were able to resume oral intake on the day
      of surgery and usually resumed full activities within one week of discharge.
      Percutaneous methods are a valuable aspect of a total therapeutic program for
      infection renal calculi in patients with myelomeningocele.

PMID- 4004533
TI  - Pulsed galvanic stimulation: effects of current frequency and polarity on blood
      flow in healthy subjects.
AB  - The effects of pulsed galvanic stimulation on peripheral blood flow were studied
      in ten healthy volunteers. Electrodes were placed over vascular channels of the
      upper extremity and stimulation was carried out at several frequencies on two
      occasions with polarity reversed. Changes in blood flow and cutaneous temperature
      were measured by photoplethysmography and cutaneous thermistors, respectively. A
      trend toward greater blood flow was seen at the highest frequencies and negative
      polarity. There were no significant temperature variations from baseline with any
      frequencies. This study suggests that, based on clinical evidence, able-bodied
      volunteers may vary in response from patients with vasospastic disorders.

PMID- 4004534
TI  - Swallowing disorders in persons with cerebrovascular accident.
AB  - Thirty-eight CVA patients with swallowing disorders were studied
      videofluorographically (VFG) to determine: (1) the nature of their swallowing
      disorders, (2) the relationship between the site of the cerebrovascular accident
      and the nature of the swallowing disorder(s) exhibited and (3) the frequency and
      etiology of any aspiration present. The 38 CVA patients exhibited a variety of
      physiologic disturbances in swallowing, usually occurring in combination rather
      than as isolated disorders. A delayed swallowing reflex was the most frequent
      disorder seen in all patient groups. Reduced pharyngeal peristalsis was the next
      most frequent disorder, followed by reduced tongue control. Only brainstem CVA
      patients exhibited reduced laryngeal closure. Two patients (no right CVAs)
      experienced cricopharyngeal dysfunction. Few differences in nature of swallowing
      disorders were seen according to lesion location. Approximately one third of the
      patients aspirated, most frequently because of delayed triggering of the
      swallowing reflex. All aspiration occurred because of disorders in the pharyngeal
      stage of the swallow, emphasizing the importance of VFG evaluation of dysphagia
      in CVA patients.

PMID- 4004535
TI  - Chest physical therapy: comparative efficacy of preoperative and postoperative in
      the elderly.
AB  - Although chest physical therapy (PT) immediately after surgery lowers the risk of
      postoperative pulmonary complications, several reports indicate preoperative
      chest PT results in further improvement. This study compares the effects of
      initiating chest PT either before and/or after chest surgery in patients over age
      65. We studied two groups: 130 patients (the PRE group) undergoing both pre- and
      postoperative therapy and 150 patients (the POST group) undergoing only
      postoperative therapy, dividing them into four surgical subgroups: lung, cardiac
      and other thoracic surgery, upper abdominal, and lower abdominal (considered low
      risk compared with the other three). Overall complication rates and atelectasis
      rates were significantly lower in the PRE high-risk subgroups. PRE and POST
      pneumonia rates, however, were statistically equivalent in all surgical
      subgroups. Since the low rate of pulmonary complications for PRE-group patients
      undergoing thoracic or upper abdominal procedures is comparable to that for PRE
      group therapy in much younger populations, advanced age alone does not appear to
      be a significant risk factor. The lack of effect on incidence of pneumonia
      indicates that preoperative chest PT only counters the altered pulmonary
      mechanics responsible for atelectasis, but has no effect on pulmonary
      complications due to infection.

PMID- 4004536
TI  - Communication augmentation systems: quantification in natural settings.
AB  - Although observation in clinical settings of communication augmentation system
      use by severely physically handicapped nonspeaking persons is important,
      monitoring of such use in natural settings can yield valuable information about
      the system, communication frequency, and unique communication needs of the
      individual. This study was designed to evaluate the use of communication partners
      as data recorders. For nonspeaking, severely physically handicapped subjects were
      observed in the home, school or treatment settings by a trained observer and a
      minimally trained communication partner. Issues of partner training and length of
      time required to obtain a representative sample of communication arose as a
      result of this study. More work in the areas of automated data collection systems
      or use of communication partners as data collectors is required before claiming
      that accurate communication interactions can be recorded in natural settings.

PMID- 4004537
TI  - Isokinetic testing of shoulder strength: normal values.
AB  - In isokinetic muscle testing of the shoulders of 31 normal volunteers, no
      statistical difference was found between dominant and nondominant shoulders, even
      though there was a consistent pattern of greater strength in the dominant
      shoulder. Internal rotation strength was greater than external rotation (p less
      than 0.01) by the ratio of 3:2 for both the fast and slow torque arm speed.
      Extension strength was greater than flexion (p less than 0.01) by a ratio of 5:4
      at both speeds. Adduction strength was greater than abduction (p less than 0.01)
      by a ratio of 2:1 for both speeds. Overall, adduction strength was greatest,
      followed by extension, flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external
      rotation. Male strength was greater than female, but the advantage decreased when
      normalized for lean body mass and exercise habit.

PMID- 4004538
TI  - Glucose oxidase sticks and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.
AB  - The recognition of cerebrospinal leakage from a fistula is an important
      consideration for any physician caring for a head-injured population. Several
      procedures including radiographic, intrathecal dye, nuclear medicine tracer
      studies, computerized tomography with metrizamide injection, and immunological
      fixation have been reported to help in the diagnosis. Introduction of glucose
      oxidase test sticks has been traditionally touted to be a reliable bedside
      indicator of CSF rhinorrhea; this case study demonstrates a falsely negative
      result from glucose oxidase sticks.

PMID- 4004539
TI  - Pseudomembranous colitis in spinal cord injury.
AB  - Pseudomembranous colitis is a well-known disease associated with antibiotic
      administration and caused by the Clostridium difficile toxin. Clinical
      presentation is usually marked by watery diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, and
      fever. Since early appropriate therapy can reduce morbidity and mortality, it is
      important for health care professionals to be aware of this disease. Patients
      with spinal cord injury have a relatively high incidence of respiratory and
      urinary tract infections that are treated with antibiotics. Therefore, these
      patients theoretically have a higher risk of contracting pseudomembranous
      colitis. This article presents a case report of a spinal cord injured patient
      with this disease who has several of the common difficulties encountered in the
      diagnosis and treatment, such as indeterminate assays and relapses. The clinical
      presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of pseudomembranous colitis are described.

PMID- 4004540
TI  - Customized adjustable orthoses: their use in spasticity.
AB  - Spastic contractures are a common problem which frequently requires the use of
      splinting or casting. Customized adjustable orthoses can reduce contractures
      without the problems often associated with these procedures. These devices
      reduced contractures in a head-injured patient's severely spastic wrist and
      ankles. As a wrist contracture decreased, the patient increasingly used her arm
      and hand for feeding, grooming, and leisure activities. The plastic orthoses,
      molded to the individual limb, incorporate Klenzak or Lehrman fracture brace
      joints. Custom fit positions spastic limbs and promotes improved range of motion.
      Small brace joint adjustments are done at intervals to promote slow stretch of
      spastic limbs; since the device remains on during the adjustment, there is no
      loss of range of motion. The device may be removed for skin monitoring. The
      patient maintains joint range, as the orthosis becomes a permanent part of the
      home program. High cost of the device is potentially offset by the advantages of
      decreased skin morbidity, reduced therapist time in making adjustment, and
      maintenance of gains in range of motion. Such orthoses also have been used for
      elbow contractures.

PMID- 4004541
TI  - Motion pattern analysis for evaluation and design of a prosthetic hook.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate motion patterns of individuals with upper
      extremity amputations while performing a manual task. The objectives were to
      analyze performance time of repeatable motion elements that constituted the
      locomotion of upper extremity amputees, and to develop the performance profile
      which could be used as an evaluation method of hand prostheses. The findings
      identified a significant difference in performance ability for motion element
      grasp, as compared to motion elements reach, move, position, and release.
      Performance profile of amputee patients was introduced. The profile displayed the
      contribution of the various motion elements to the overall performance time. The
      performance profile was used to evaluate the standard prosthetic hook, and served
      as a criterion for the design of a new functional hook.

PMID- 4004542
TI  - Ulnar nerve conduction.

PMID- 4004543
TI  - [Importance of events as a determinant of state orientation].

PMID- 4004544
TI  - [Belonging: the operationalization of a new concept of learning theory].

PMID- 4004545
TI  - [Sex role stereotypes and quality attributions of typical boys and girls].

PMID- 4004546
TI  - Date rapists: differential sexual socialization and relative deprivation.
AB  - Deviant sexual behavior has often been portrayed as the consequence of the
      frustration of legitimate sexual outlets. This study of date rapists reveals that
      these men, as a result of a hypersexual socialization process, are sexually very
      active, successful, and aspiring. These exaggerated aspiration levels are seen as
      responsible for instituting a high degree of sexual frustration. This acute
      relative deprivation, it is hypothesized, is a significant process responsible
      for precipitating these rape episodes.

PMID- 4004547
TI  - The habituation of sexual arousal.
AB  - The effects of two levels of stimulus intensity (medium and high) and two levels
      of stimulus variability (varied stimuli and constant stimuli) on the habituation
      of subjective and physiological sexual arousal were investigated in a 2 X 2
      factorial design. Forty male volunteers served as subjects. It was hypothesized
      that, as compared to constant stimuli, varied stimuli would produce higher rates
      of response attenuation on indices of sexual arousal. This hypothesis was
      confirmed for both penile response and a subjective measure of sexual arousal.
      Second, it was hypothesized that stimuli of medium intensity would produce higher
      rates of response of attenuation on subjective and physiological indices of
      sexual arousal than would stimuli of high intensity. This hypothesis was
      partially confirmed for subjective arousal but was not confirmed for the
      physiological measure of sexual arousal. These results were interpreted as
      supporting the notions that sexual arousal to erotic stimuli decreases with
      repeated stimulus presentations and, since the experimental design properly
      controlled for physiological fatigue, that a habituation process is involved in
      this observed decrement. The implications of habituation for sex research are
      discussed.

PMID- 4004548
TI  - Typology of male-to-female transsexualism.
AB  - This study tested a prediction derived from the hypothesis that asexual and
      bisexual transsexualism are actually subtypes of heterosexual transsexualism. Two
      questionnaire scales measuring erotic attraction to males and females were
      administered to 163 male-to-female transsexuals. A cluster analysis of their
      scores divided the subjects into four groups: heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual,
      and asexual. Fisher Exact tests were used to compare the frequency with which
      subjects in the four clusters reported a history of erotic arousal in association
      with cross-dressing. As predicted, there were no differences among the asexual,
      bisexual, and heterosexual transsexuals, and all three groups included a much
      higher proportion of fetishistic cases than the homosexual group (p less than or
      equal to .0001, two-tailed). These findings support the view that male
      transsexuals may be divided into two basic types: heterosexual and homosexual.

PMID- 4004549
TI  - Transsexual surgery at 74: a case report.
AB  - An unusual case of transsexualism is presented involving an elderly male who had
      been happily married for 37 years. Sexual history was entirely heterosexual, with
      a low rate of fetishistic masturbation. Lifelong weak fantasies of becoming a
      woman were reported but did not lead to transvestic behavior until 10 years after
      the death of his wife. Social variables, role models, and other external
      influences are discussed that seem to have contributed to his transsexual
      "choice" at age 74.

PMID- 4004550
TI  - The conceptual neutering of gender and the criminalization of sex.
AB  - Thirty years ago the term gender was borrowed from philology for use in
      sexological psychology in a paper on hermaphroditism (Money, 1955). As originally
      defined, gender role consists of both introspective and the extraspective
      manifestations of the concept. In general usage, the introspective manifestations
      soon became separately known as gender identity. The acronym, G-I/R, being
      singular, restores the unity of the concept. Without this unity, gender role has
      become a socially transmitted acquisition, divorced from the biology of sex and
      the brain. Sex and gender have been partitioned between body and mind,
      respectively. The desexualization of gender is in accord with the Zeitgeist of
      contemporary sexual politics together with victimology and an expanding
      criminalization of sex. The funding of sexological research is being diverted to
      victimology, which is, de facto, a branch of law enforcement. Victimologists--and
      sexological professionals among them--are vulnerable to a backlash of being
      themselves criminalized. This happens as a result of false accusations of various
      types of malpractice, including sexual abuse of clients, especially children.
      Under Hitler, there was an historical parallel when the destruction of sexology
      was effected by the application of the theory of social eugenics and racial
      purity with sexologists had endorsed. They were among the first of Hitler's
      victims.

PMID- 4004551
TI  - The Budd-Chiari syndrome. Medical and surgical management of 30 patients.
AB  - A retrospective review of 30 patients with documented Budd-Chiari syndrome
      disclosed an overall mortality of 57%. Medical treatment alone was associated
      with an 86% mortality; hepatic failure was the most common cause of death.
      Mortality was 31% overall for the surgical group, but there were long-term
      survivors among patients undergoing portacaval shunting. From this series, no
      single surgical procedure was found to be clearly superior. Surgical treatment
      with a side-to-side portacaval shunt seems to be the preferred operation when it
      can be performed. Surgical intervention should proceed soon after the diagnosis
      is made, lest extension of thrombus occur. Medical therapy most often is
      ineffective.

PMID- 4004552
TI  - The floppy Nissen fundoplication. Effective long-term control of pathologic
      reflux.
AB  - In 1976 we defined a technique of "floppy" Nissen fundoplication (FNF) that
      prevented experimental pathologic reflux without preventing gaseous eructations
      or vomiting (normal reflux) when appropriate. This report describes the one- to
      eight-year follow-up of the 77 patients operated on since that time. The FNF has
      been completely effective in preventing pathologic reflux in 75 of 77 patients
      and has been partially effective in two others who are now subjectively
      asymptomatic. Adverse side effects were reported by two patients, one with gas
      bloat and one with inability to belch or vomit. The lower esophageal sphincter
      pressure of patients postoperatively was increased to low normal values from a
      mean of 8.94 +/- 1.66 to 14.31 +/- 0.7 mm Hg (normal, 21.2 +/- 4.2 mm Hg). Since
      FNF does not cause greatly increased lower esophageal sphincter pressure, the
      inference that the FNF prevents reflux by altering the physiology of a reflux
      event is supported. In conclusion, the floppy fundoplication has been an
      effective operation with a low incidence of adverse side effects and without a
      tendency for late failure.

PMID- 4004553
TI  - Cholecystectomy in patients with cirrhosis. A surgical challenge.
AB  - Cholecystectomy or cholecystostomy was performed in 49 patients with cirrhosis
      with a mortality of 10.2%. Massive intraoperative blood loss was found in 16.3%
      and major wound problems (dehiscence, abscess) in 12.2%. Intraoperative blood
      loss, amount of blood transfused, and mortality were correlated with the Child
      classification of hepatic reserve. Mortality was 23.5% for Child C patients vs 0%
      for Child A patients. Excessive blood loss from a hypervascular biliary bed and
      resulting liver failure and sepsis were the usual causes of death. Elective
      surgical intervention for Child A and B patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis
      is warranted. In Child C patients, however, every attempt should be made to
      increase the class to a Child B.

PMID- 4004554
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of solid breast tumors.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is a cost-effective and clinically reliable
      tool in the management of palpable solid breast lesions. Review of 369 FNA biopsy
      specimens revealed an accuracy of 92%. The sensitivity was 78% and the
      specificity was 100%. There were no false-positive results. Positive predictive
      value was 100%, and negative predictive value was 78%. A positive FNA biopsy
      result, which confirms a clinical (physical examination and mammography)
      impression of carcinoma, can be the basis for planning and performing a
      definitive procedure. Despite the absence of false-positive results, we have not
      proceeded with a definitive surgical procedure if an FNA biopsy result disagreed
      with our clinical impression. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be used to
      reassure and support both the patient's and the surgeon's decision not to perform
      a biopsy of "subsuspicious lesions." A negative FNA biopsy result does not
      exonerate the clinically suspicious lesion.

PMID- 4004555
TI  - Nonpenetrating subclavian artery injuries.
AB  - Nonpenetrating subclavian artery trauma, a potentially catastrophic injury, has
      been recognized more frequently with the liberal use of angiography in evaluating
      blunt cervicothoracic trauma. Six patients, five men and one woman, recently
      underwent surgical treatment at the University of Michigan Hospital for blunt
      injury of the subclavian artery. The diagnoses were established by arteriography.
      Physical findings, chest roentgenograms, and results of noninvasive vascular
      evaluation were found to be nonspecific or unreliable. Operative treatment with
      resection of the injured arterial segments and either primary anastomosis or
      bypass grafting resulted in restoration of distal, upper extremity blood flow in
      all of the cases. One patient died 20 days after trauma from a severe associated
      cerebral injury. Among the five survivors, residual soft tissue and neurologic
      injury compromised full recovery in three. Thus, only two of the six patients
      survived without sequelae, a fact that underscores the seriousness of this type
      of subclavian artery injury.

PMID- 4004556
TI  - The role of sincalide cholescintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with
      acalculus gallbladder disease.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with biliary colic and normal oral cholecystograms, upper
      gastrointestinal tract roentgenograms, and results of gallbladder ultrasonography
      underwent sincalide-stimulated biliary excretion scanning. Nineteen of these
      patients subsequently underwent cholecystectomies. Gallbladder ejection fractions
      (EFs) ranged from 0% to 88% (mean, 38%) and nine of 19 patients had exact pain
      reproduction with sincalide. All patients except one (EF, 35%) were cured of
      their symptoms. However, five patients were also cured who had a normal EF
      (greater than 50%). Histologically, 11 gallbladders showed chronic cholecystitis
      and eight were normal. We conclude that the sincalide biliary excretion scan is a
      useful test to study this group of patients. In patients with a decreased EF,
      cholecystectomy can be recommended with a high probability of symptom relief. In
      patients with normal EFs, clinical judgment is required, as some of these
      patients (five of five in this series) may still benefit from operation.

PMID- 4004557
TI  - Effects of alcohol and other drugs on traumatized patients.
AB  - During a six-month period, blood was drawn from 615 traumatized patients for
      alcohol determination and general toxicology screen. The patients were divided
      into four groups: alcohol only, other drugs only, alcohol and other drugs, and no
      alcohol or other drugs. Each group was analyzed for severity of injury, length of
      hospitalization, complications, and mortality. In 362 patients (58.9%) we found
      alcohol in the blood; 74% had alcohol levels greater than 100 mg/dL. Twenty
      patients (3.3%) had other drugs, while 34 patients (5.5%) had both alcohol and
      other drugs. There were no differences between the groups except that the
      patients with drugs only had a significantly higher incidence of shock, severity
      of injury, and mortality.

PMID- 4004558
TI  - Anal sphincter electromyography after colectomy, mucosal rectectomy, and ileoanal
      anastomosis.
AB  - Electromyography (EMG) was used to evaluate the external anal sphincter in 27
      patients following colectomy, distal mucosal rectectomy, and ileoanal
      anastomosis. The studies were conducted four months to 58 months (mean, 20
      months) following the restoration of intestinal continuity. Nine patients
      underwent endoanal rectal mucosal stripping, while in 18 patients the rectum was
      everted to facilitate the stripping. Postoperative continence varied widely, from
      perfect to frequent and severe mucous of fecal leak. Abnormal motor-unit
      potentials were identified by EMG in nine patients and this finding was usually
      associated with poor continence. The sex of the patient, technique of mucosal
      stripping, and type of anastomosis did not influence the EMG result, but patients
      at least 40 years old all had abnormal EMGs. We conclude that poor continence
      after ileoanal anastomosis correlates with an abnormal EMG of the external anal
      sphincter. The cause of the EMG abnormality is unclear.

PMID- 4004559
TI  - Cefoxitin concentration in wound fluid.
AB  - The concentration of cefoxitin was determined in fluid obtained from human
      surgical wounds during the first postoperative day. Intravenous administration of
      cefoxitin sodium at a dosage of 1 or 2 g every six hours rapidly produced wound
      fluid concentrations greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration for most
      susceptible organisms. After three hours, wound-fluid concentrations surpassed
      the serum concentrations of cefoxitin. The higher dosage resulted in higher wound
      fluid levels.

PMID- 4004560
TI  - Evaluation of retinal capillary permeability.

PMID- 4004561
TI  - An inaccurate review of antibiotic prophylaxis.

PMID- 4004562
TI  - [Effect of mixed protein silage in feed on the digestive tract and metabolism
      parameters in swine].
AB  - With a view to studying the effect of acid addition, weaned piglets and fattening
      pigs were fed graduated amounts of protein mixed silage (pH-value 3.15 by adding
      20 g H2SO4/kg) in rations of equal energy and protein levels. On average, the
      fattening pigs were taking in 0.26 g H2SO4/kg, whilst the amounts for piglets
      were 0.60 and 0.72 g H2SO4/kg. Higher acid intakes had a negative effect of
      energy expenditure, weight gains and feed intake. The experimental animals had
      significantly longer small intestines, whilst the intestine's wall was found
      thinner and the amount of digesta reduced and with a higher water content. The
      microbial activity in the stomach proved significantly inhibited. However, it was
      higher in the caecum as compared to the control animals. Metabolic parameters
      suggest that water and mineral balances are under stress. The significance of
      acid addition for tract flora and its metabolites is discussed. Protein mixed
      silage is regarded a dietetically favourable feed when given at a maximum daily
      amount of 25 g/kg LW or 1 kg/animal. The recommendation for dosing the daily
      administration of inorganic acids is as follows: max. 0.5 g acid/kg LW or 20
      g/animal.

PMID- 4004563
TI  - [Effect of graded dietary protein rations on the amino acid content of crude
      protein in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract and blood fractions of
      laying hens].
AB  - Four groups of four colostomized laying hens each received rations only
      consisting of wheat, vitamins plus a mineral mixture and a graded daily feed
      supply of 110 g, 88 g, 66 g and 44 g. The determination of amino acids from
      faeces was carried out after hydrolysis from a 6-day sampling period from the 16
      laying hybrids. At the end of the experiment the animals were slaughtered. The
      corpuscular fractions of the blood, the contents of crop and stomach as well as
      of the intestines were also hydrolysed and the amino acid content in the crude
      protein was determined. In addition, the content of free amino acids in the blood
      plasma was determined. The content of amino acids in the protein of the
      corpuscular blood fractions remained uninfluenced by the decreasing amino acid
      and energy supply. The content of free basic amino acids in the blood plasma
      decreased with the decreasing supply with amino acids and energy, whereas the
      content of free amino acids with branched chains and hydroxylized ones increased.
      The content of glutamic acid in the contents of crop and stomach changed
      considerably in comparison with feed protein. The amino acid values of the crude
      protein in the contents of the intestines and in faeces to a large extent differ
      considerably from those of the wheat fed and are approximate values of body
      protein. Deficient supply with amino acids and energy did not influence the
      apparent digestibility of the amino acids.

PMID- 4004564
TI  - [Reaction of neurons of the basolateral group of nuclei of the amygdaloid complex
      to gonadectomy in the rat].
AB  - By means of the karyometry method 26 zones in the basolateral group of the
      amygdaloid complex (AC) nuclei in rats have been studied 1 month after
      castration. All the main parameters characterizing distribution of the neuronal
      nuclei volume logs in the zones studied have been calculated. In males two
      regions have been revealed, in which certain reaction of the cellular neuronal
      nuclei to the experimentally produced deficit of sex hormones in the organism is
      felt. One of them is situated in the AC anterior part and includes all the nuclei
      of the basolateral group, the second is situated in the posterior part, occupies
      a rather vast area and is formed at the expense of all the nuclei of the
      basolateral group and adjoining structures (the dorsal endopiriform nucleus and
      piriform cortex). In females there is one region responding to gonadectomy, which
      is mainly formed at the expense of central and posterior parts of the basolateral
      nucleus. Basing on the lack of the structural-functional uniqueness revealed in
      different parts of the cortico-medial and basolateral groups of the AC nuclei, it
      is suggested to distinguish anterior, central and posterior parts in their
      composition.

PMID- 4004565
TI  - [Effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication in the rat on the structural
      organization of the caudate nucleus in their progeny].
AB  - By means of light (Nissl and Golgi), electron microscopy, as well as using
      morphometry, structure of neurons and interneuronal connections of the nucleus
      caudatus has been studied in 21-day-old rats reproduced by chronically
      alcoholized parents. As demonstrated the investigations, in young rats,
      physically underdeveloped, there are some signs of a delayed maturation in
      neurons, dendrites and synapses. Certain distrophic and reparative shifts are
      observed in all experimental animals. The distrophic changes of neural structures
      in the nucleus caudatus preponderate over the reparative ones, and in the
      destructive course not only the neuronal body is involved, but its processes, as
      well. The lesions of the latter influence organization of the synaptic contacts.
      This is demonstrated as a sharply decreased number of synapses of the formation
      studied in the field of vision. The occurring disturbance in the structure of
      dendrites, which play an important role in the primary integration of the
      information received by the neuron, can cause development of certain mental
      disorders in children born in alcoholic families. The reparative changes in
      neurons and interneuronal connections revealed suppose possible reversibility of
      the morphological changes observed in the offspring of drunkards.

PMID- 4004566
TI  - [Representation of skeletal muscles in the spinal ganglia of the cat].
AB  - In 5 experimental and 3 control cats the m. extensor digitorum longus (MEDL) has
      been extirpated in both extremities. In 10 days the cats are sacrificed with a
      lethal dose of pentobarbital. In the spinal ganglia, which are supposed to
      innervate the MEDL, the state of chromatophilic substance is investigated. The
      amount of neurons with chromatolysis is determined. A new source of the MEDL
      sensitive innervation--ganglion SIII is revealed. Certain asymmetry in the MEDL
      ganglia innervation is noted in the left and right sides.

PMID- 4004567
TI  - [Age and individual variability of aortic valve structure in man].
AB  - In persons of both sex at the age beginning from birth up to 90 years. 275 aortal
      valves have been investigated. A morphological classification of the valves has
      been suggested depending on peculiarities of their structure and main dimentions:
      valves with the valvula surfaces looking as a part of a spheroid, ellipsoid, or
      having a stepwise, cochliowise form; according to the mode of the valvula closure
      when the valve is closed: with straight, arched and wavy lines of closure;
      according to the size: valves with predominant dimentions of one valvula when two
      others are equal, valves with two equal valvulae and both are larger than the
      third one, valves with equal valvulae, valves with three different valvulae.
      Distribution of various types of the valves in accordance with the given
      classification is determined, the most frequently occurring forms are
      demonstrated. The valvulae grow in different directions unevenly and
      asynchronously with the aortal ostium growth, therefore during certain age
      periods a probability on a nonhermetic valve increases, especially from 1 up to 3
      and from 56 up to 70 years of age.

PMID- 4004568
TI  - [Variability in the diameter of the capillaries of the human heart during
      development].
AB  - Seventy-eight hearts from persons, who had not suffered any cardiovascular
      disorders during their life time, have been studied. Microcirculatory bed vessels
      are revealed by impregnation with silver nitrate after V. V. Kuprianov. The
      values of the capillary diameters obtained are mathematically treated using T. H.
      Bayes formula. Periods of individual development of the heart are defined when a
      high functional activity of the capillary bed of the auricles and ventricles is
      noted. Evidently, this is one of the factors contributing to development of the
      cardiac ischemic disease.

PMID- 4004569
TI  - [Sinusoids--elements of the circulatory bed of the human heart].
AB  - The literature concerning the problems of myocyrdial sinusoids has been analysed
      and morphological investigation of 98 human hearts has been performed. As
      demonstrates the comparison of the literature data, the term "sinusoid" in the
      human heart is applied to different structures. In some cases--to designate
      dilated areas of the venous part of the blood bed in the ventricular walls, in
      others--"hollow spaces", "intercellular spaces" and Vieussens--Thebesius vessels.
      Combining methods of intravascular injections and studying serial histological
      sections, it has been found that the sinusoids--the "hollow spaces", the
      "intercellular spaces", the "Veussens--Thebesius vessels" present the areas of
      intertrabcular spaces, which get into the planes of some sections, not being
      components of the myocardial blood bed. Spatial angioarchitectonics of the
      sinusoids--dilated areas in the venous part of the myocardial blood bed have been
      investigated by means of the plastic reconstruction method. It is suggested to
      apply the term "sinusoids" only to the given parts of the cardiac blood bed.

PMID- 4004570
TI  - [Individual differences in the ophthalmic artery and its branches in man].
AB  - Structural peculiarities and topography of the ophthalmic artery and its branches
      have been studied in 105 mature persons. Owing to the topogapho-anatomical
      peculiarities, three parts of the ophthalmic artery have been detected; their
      form, size and interconnections with the surrounding formations are determined by
      the form of the skull and that of the orbit. The topography, structure and places
      where the ophthalmic artery branches get off are variable and have correlative
      connections with the orbital form.

PMID- 4004571
TI  - [Morphofunctional condition of kidney after disruption of its lymphatic
      drainage].
AB  - Dimentions of the renal corpuscle, proximal and distal convoluted tubules have
      been studied in the dog kidney, normal and the morphofunctional state of the
      organ after cutting and ligation of its different lymphatic vessels (4 series of
      experiments in 158 dogs). The observations have been performed in 0.5, 1, 3, 10
      160 days of the experiments. Histological, histochemical and morphometrical
      methods have been applied; the residual nitrogen in blood has been determined.
      During early stages, disturbances in the pathways of lymph outflow result in
      development of edema and albumin saturation of interstitium. granular distrophy
      of convoluted tubules epithelium in the kidneys. In 40-160 days stromal diffuse
      sclerosis of the medullary substance develops. The changes described and
      deterioration of the nitrogen-excretory function of the organ are especially
      pronounced after the disturbance in the pathways of lymph outflow are combined
      with a simultaneous extirpation of the contralateral kidney. Under these
      conditions the processes of the renal compensatory hypertrophy slow down. The
      morphofunctional changes after the disturbance in the pathways of lymph outflow
      from the compensatory hypertrophied kidney are the least pronounced.

PMID- 4004572
TI  - [Regional features of the cellular composition of different zones of lymph nodes
      in the adult human].
AB  - The amount of plasma cells is connected with intensity of humoral immunological
      reactions. In people died an accidental death, the amount of immature plasma
      cells is the least in the axillary and the greatest--in the mesenteric nodes,
      especially in the thymus-independent zone. The amount of lymphoblasts and large
      lymphocytes, reflecting intensity of the humoral and cellular immune reactions,
      is also the greatest in the mesenteric lymph nodes, both in the thymus-dependent
      and in the thymus-independent zone. In all probability, the intensity of the
      immunological processes is minimal in the axillary, it is middle in the iliac and
      cervical and it is maximal in the mesenteric lymph nodes. In each case it is
      probably connected with peculiarities of antigenic composition of the lymph
      inflow. The mesenteric lymph nodes are on the way of the foreign protein getting
      into the intestine. This is evidently reflected by the highest content of
      immature plasma cells, lymphoblasts and large lymphocytes in them.

PMID- 4004573
TI  - [Architectonics of the surface of alveolar macrophages].
AB  - The architectonics of the alveolar macrophage surface has been investigated in
      the raster electron microscope. The material is obtained by means of washing from
      the lungs of intact noninbred white rats and also 24 h after a single
      intragastric administration of a cancerogenic agent--nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-
      in a toxic dose (30 mg/kg). The alveolar macrophages are studied both as a
      suspension and also after 30 min of cultivation. The preparations are dried in
      the air and by the critical point method. When the latter method is used, the
      architectonics of the alveolar macrophage surface is much richer. Nevertheless,
      the former method also gives enough information. NDMA administration produces a
      damaging effect on the surface architectonics and on the character of the
      macrophages spreading over the glass. The morphological characteristics of the
      changes in the surface architectonics of the alveolar macrophages can be used to
      estimate the cytotoxic effect of different harmful factors of the environment.

PMID- 4004574
TI  - [Device for fixation of the spine during preparation of sections].

PMID- 4004575
TI  - [Morphological changes in the trunk and branches of the pulmonary artery in
      metastatic lung cancer].
AB  - Morphological changes in the lung artery and its branches were studied in 20
      autopsy cases with carcinoma metastasis into the lung. Certain general lesions in
      the arteries, such as alteration and sclerosis of their walls due to intoxication
      and hypoxia as well as local changes in the form of allergic arteritis were
      detected. Immune genesis of the allergic arteritis is assumed, being a local
      allergic reaction to the tumour cells in the lumen of blood and lymph vessels.
      The importance of morphological changes in the lung vessels in the development of
      cardiopulmonary insufficiency in cases of various carcinomas with lung metastasis
      is demonstrated.

PMID- 4004576
TI  - [Role of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the development of bladder tumors].
AB  - Morphometry of lymphocytic infiltration of bladder tumour parenchyma was
      performed. In human bladder tumours, the positive correlation between the number
      of intraepithelial lymphocytes and stages of tumour progression was found. The
      same correlation between the degree of lymphocytic infiltration of tumour
      parenchyma and the rate of tumour cell proliferation was observed when
      historadioautographs of experimental rat bladder neoplasms were analysed. The
      lack of tumour cell degeneration and necrosis in the areas of intraepithelial
      lymphocyte accumulation and the presence of these processes in lymphocytes were
      noted. The data obtained give a new insight into the role of lymphocytes in
      tumours and confirm, although indirectly, the ability of lymphocytes to maintain
      or stimulate tumour growth.

PMID- 4004578
TI  - [Primary ovarian actinomycosis].
AB  - A rare observation--ovarian actinomycosis in a woman of 42 which had clinical
      manifestations of chronic adnexitis and was diagnosed pathomorphologically--in
      described. Destructive variant of mycotic process resulted in pelvioperitonitis
      with a subsequent surgical operation. This case may be referred to as a primary
      genital actinomycosis.

PMID- 4004577
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes in the CNS of monkeys with the chronic form of tick
      borne encephalitis].
AB  - The central nervous system of monkeys with chronic tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)
      shows the following ultrastructural alterations which differ from those in acute
      TBE: widespread destructive changes in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes,
      processes, myelin, vascular walls, severe edema of brain tissue with the signs of
      a so-called spongious degeneration and the absence of cell proliferation and
      perivascular cell infiltrations, glial nodules as well as circulatory disorders
      (hyperemia, stasis, hemorrhages). Few virions with or without and altered
      supercapsid membrane are detected in the neuronal cytoplasm or in the
      intercellular spaces; the signs of active virus reproduction in the cells are
      lacking. Pathologic process is of a degenerative but not of an inflammatory
      nature; the latter is typical for acute TBE.

PMID- 4004579
TI  - [Lymphangioleiomyomatosis of the retroperitoneal space].
AB  - The clinical course and the results of histological examination of
      retroperitoneal lymphangioleiomyomatosis in a woman of 32 are presented. The main
      morphological features of the disease were as follows: localization of tumour
      cells around the vascular spaces, accumulation of mature lymphocytes in the
      vascular spaces and among tumour cells, pronounced argyrophilic carcass of the
      tumour.

PMID- 4004580
TI  - [Pulmonary artery aneurysm with rupture].
AB  - Literature on the rare complication--lung artery rupture--is presented. One
      authors' observation is described: rupture of the lung artery aneurysm in a
      patient with rheumatic vitium cordis. It the authors' opinion, rupture of the
      lung artery results from the combination of several factors: hypertension in the
      lung artery system, structural alterations of the artery wall with the decrease
      of its solidity.

PMID- 4004581
TI  - [Case of segmental aglomerular hypoplasia of the kidney].
AB  - A rare condition known as "segmental aglomerular kidney hypoplasia" was observed
      in a woman with arterial hypertension. The pathogenetic link of this condition
      with arterial hypertension is discussed.

PMID- 4004582
TI  - [Automated pathologicoanatomic archives in a heart surgery center].
AB  - The dialog informational system "Automatized pathology archives" is presented
      which allows an accumulation of data, search when requested regardless of the
      complexity of request and analysis of complications and causes of the
      cardiosurgical patients death in a selected set of documents. The system contains
      data about patients dying in the institute since 1956. The advantages of the
      dialog working regimen are stressed that permits a physician-investigator not
      having specific experience to use directly the data bank and system program. Some
      examples of the use of this system are given.

PMID- 4004583
TI  - [The Struktura apparatus for stereometric research].
AB  - An apparatus is proposed for the stereological analysis in medicine and biology.
      Its basic parts are as follows: a television microscope, video-control monitor
      with a morphometrical net, blocks of accumulation and original information
      processing.

PMID- 4004584
TI  - [Sudden death outside the hospital from coronary heart disease: the state of the
      intercoronary artery collaterals].
AB  - By means of postmortem selective coronary angiography coronary collaterals of 55
      sudden out-of-hospital coronary death victims were investigated. The collaterals
      were found in most (58,5%) sudden coronary death cases. There was no correlation
      between the presence of coronary collaterals, on the one hand, and ischaemic
      heart disease symptoms during the life and focal myocardial lesions in deceased
      persons, on the other. The investigation showed the maximal formation of
      collaterals in cases with asymmetrical obstructive lesions of the right and left
      coronary arteries. This is in agreement with a hypothesis claiming the coronary
      collateral formation to be dependent on the pressure gradient between individual
      coronary arteries.

PMID- 4004585
TI  - [Dynamics of experimental myocardial infarct complicated by cardiogenic shock
      during treatment with neuroleptanalgesia].
AB  - The protective action of the 2nd type neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) preparations on
      the damaged myocardium in experimental infarction complicated by cardiogenic
      shock is documented and analysed. The use of NLA within the first 5 days of the
      infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock decreased the intensity of the
      myocardial damage in the zone around the infarction and prevented necrotic
      changes in teh "extra-infarction" myocardium. Consequently, cardiosclerosis
      developing after the infarction had a smaller size and at a lesser degree
      decreased the contractile capacity of the heart muscle and its energy supply. The
      protective influence of NLA on the myocardium in cardiogenic shock is brought
      about through the action of the preparations on the various pathogenetic
      components of shock upon which the size of the myocardial damage depends.

PMID- 4004586
TI  - [Theoretical concepts of modern pathology (a critique of their medical
      philosophical foundations)].
AB  - Separation of theoretical pathology into an independent branch of science seems
      to be justified and creation of the Centre of Theoretical pathology in the
      Heidelberg Academy of Sciences is due and useful. As W. Doerr truly states, the
      theoretical pathology seems to be over the pathological physiology and general
      pathology, exerts additional functions, studies questions of the methodology in
      pathology, defines more exactly and analyzes the notion of disease, other
      concepts and terms, clarifies early preclinical and clinical disease
      manifestations, determines sociological and psychological factors of disease.
      However, we are not in full agreement with our colleagues from the FRG in the
      definition of "disease" and in the interpretation of such categories as "spirit",
      "soul", "psychic". K. Rotschuh' suggestion to consider the disease in terms of
      "body-soul" appears to be interesting but to be productive, it must be linked
      with the problems of medical psychology. W. Doerr and his colleagues support the
      dualistic concepts of human nature which is unacceptable for us; they claim that
      the understanding of the theoretical pathology essence is possible only on the
      basis of theleology and spirit (theology). As the highest commencenment on the
      way of the theoretical pathology recognition W. Doerr's categorical declaration
      that theoretical pathology based on the "gestalttheorie" returns scientists, as
      he writes" to their great delight, to the possibility of studying "spiritual
      essence of the disease". In W. Doerr's opinion, studying the concept of
      theoretical pathology "from the spiritual point of view" will ensure its
      brilliant future. Of course, we, Soviet pathologists and philosophers, do not
      reject the significance of the integrity theory in the meaning of the disease
      psycophysiological integrity, yet we decidedly reject any idealistic concepts. W.
      Doeer and his colleagues are right that the theoretical pathology stimulates the
      search of the approaches to the solution of complex biomedical problems, favours
      the creation of more precise definitions and terminology. Likewise, W. Doerr is
      right that he sharply condemns the attempts of some pathologists to substitute
      qualitative differences in pathological processes by quantitative ones; this may
      result, in his view, in one-sided erroneous conclusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 4004588
TI  - [Changes in the adrenals in the sudden death syndrome in infants].
AB  - Adrenal glands of 52 children dying from a syndrome of sudden death (SSD) and 14
      children of the same age dying from acute viral respiratory infections (AVRI)
      with a long terminal period were studied. The following adrenal changes typical
      for the SSD were observed: low weight, decrease of the size of the definitive
      cortex and its zones, the appearance of numerous adenomatous growths in the
      definitive cortex and so-called giant cells in the fetal cortex, low secretory
      activity. The appearance of adenomas and giant cells in the presence of organ
      hypoplasia is a compensatory-hyperplastic adrenal response which attests to a
      long glucocorticoid deficiency in the SSD. It is suggested that the deficiency of
      these hormones leads to the metabolic disturbances in various organs, including
      brain, resulting in the narrowing of the range of homeostatic host responses;
      this may become the cause of sudden death when the clinical and morphological
      manifestations of AVRI are insignificant.

PMID- 4004587
TI  - [Connective tissue function and fibril formation processes in fibrous-cavernous
      pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - Electronmicroscopic and histochemical examination of connective tissue in the
      resected lungs of patients with fibrocavernous tuberculosis was carried out. High
      metabolic activity and developed ultrastructural organization of fibroblasts were
      observed in the foci of productive tissue response. The stages of cell
      differentiation and the maturation of collagen fibers resulted in the multilayer
      structure of both the tuberculosis foci and the cavernous wall. The activation of
      smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts facilitated the development of
      perivascular and peribronchial sclerosis. Fibroblasts were found to be in
      connection with lymphoid cells and macrophages that influence the intensity of
      fibrosis. The formation of numerous lymphoid follicles combined with the
      progression of fibrosis is an unfavourable prognostic symptom as it results in an
      excessive cirrhosis and fibrosis which inhibits the healing of destructive
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 4004589
TI  - [Placenta in multiple pregnancy].
AB  - One hundred and thirty-one structurally different placentas during multifoetal
      pregnancy have been studied by the morphohistochemical and morphological methods.
      A high degree of conservation of placenta tissue structures of twins is observed
      in clinically normal pregnancy; the disorganisation is very mild, and the whole
      tissue, especially the margin, is actively included in the compensatory-adaptive
      processes. During clinically complicated pregnancy combined with congenital
      defects of the foetus and placenta, reorganization of the functional morphology
      of the placenta of twins occurs, which has a dynamic character reflecting the
      degree of disorganization o the structural elements, and also the level of the
      development of compensatory-adaptive processes. The knowledge of these changes
      allows an evaluation with a high degree of significance of the functional ability
      of the twins placenta as an organ in which metabolic processes between mother and
      child take place.

PMID- 4004590
TI  - [Posttraumatic aneurysm of the heart].
AB  - A case of the posttraumatic aneurysm of the left heart ventricle in a man of 30
      developing 2 years after a knife wounding is described. Aneurysmorhaphy under
      conditions of the artificial circulation was performed. The postoperative period
      was complicated by polymicrobial sepsis. The long being of the patient under the
      artificial lung ventilation is noted.

PMID- 4004591
TI  - [Multiple primary malignant paragangliomas of the bladder and retroperitoneal
      space].
AB  - An observation of the primarily multiple malignant paraganglioma of the urinary
      bladder and retroperitoneal space in combination with multiple uterine
      fibromyomas in a woman of 46 is described. Duration of the hypertension was 30
      years. Hypertension crisis (up to 300/180 mm Hg) were usually associated with the
      urine discharge. Surgical removal of tumours was followed by a severe
      hypertension due to the catecholamine release into the circulation. Grimelius
      method confirmed the presence of endocrine granules in the cytoplasm of tumour
      cells. The role of chronic endocrine pathology in the evolution of extra-adrenal
      chromaffinomas and some questions of morphogenesis are discussed.

PMID- 4004592
TI  - [Amyloid-forming apudoma of the breast].
AB  - A peculiar mammary gland tumour is described. Histological structures typical for
      apudomas of various level of differentiation were combined in the tumour. Apart
      from highly differentiated carcinoid-like areas, there were zones of a small-cell
      carcinoma corresponding to a poorly differentiated variant of apudoma. Deposits
      of amyloid were found in the tumor stroma, this being non-typical for mammary
      carcinoma. Amyloid was stained by Congo red and birefringent in a polarizing
      microscope. When differential diagnostics of mammary gland tumours is made,
      stromal amyloidosis in parallel to typical histological picture and specific
      histochemical reactions may play a role of an additional diagnostic symptom.

PMID- 4004593
TI  - [Case of combined malignant adenoma of the hypophysis and astrocytoma].
AB  - A rare combination of two intracranial histogenetically different tumours in a
      male of 54 is described. Tumour originating from the region of the sella turcica
      was a malignant pituitary adenoma with infiltrating growth. Another neoplasm
      located in the frontoparietal region of the left brain hemisphre is referred to
      as "'pyloid" astocytoma.

PMID- 4004594
TI  - Lithium carbonate toxicity-induced cerebellar injury.

PMID- 4004595
TI  - Monocular blindness with preserved pupillary reflexes.

PMID- 4004596
TI  - Insignificant risk for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

PMID- 4004597
TI  - Relative afferent pupillary defect.

PMID- 4004598
TI  - Interobserver variability in the assessment of neurologic history and examination
      in the Stroke Data Bank.
AB  - Interobserver reliability in obtaining neurologic histories and examinations was
      investigated among neurologists collaborating in the Stroke Data Bank (SDB).
      Seventeen in-hospital stroke patients were examined by six neurologists
      experienced in stroke over the course of three days. Patients were examined twice
      a day for two successive days, with each patient seen by four different
      neurologists. Data were recorded on SDB forms, according to definitions and
      procedures established for the SDB. Percent agreement and kappa coefficients were
      calculated to assess the levels of agreement for each item. Important differences
      in levels of agreement were found among items on both neurologic history and
      examination. Agreement among neurologists was higher for neurologic examination
      than for history. Patterns of agreement for items with low prevalence or with
      numerous unknown ratings are discussed. Improvement in interobserver agreement
      due to data editing for intra-observer consistency was shown.

PMID- 4004599
TI  - Unilateral visual neglect and wave P 300. A study of nine cases with unilateral
      lesions of the parietal lobes.
AB  - Wave P 300 was studied in nine patients with parietal lobe lesions who had visual
      neglect but no hemianopia. Stimulation of the hemispace contralateral to the
      lesion showed a lengthening in latency and a decrease in amplitude of P 300,
      specifically related to visual stimulation. Comparison with results obtained in
      14 normal subjects and four patients with localized hemispheric lesions without
      visual neglect showed that changes in P 300 were specifically related to visual
      neglect. The parietal lobe lesions may disturb cerebral processes involved in
      discrimination and visual stimulus evaluation required to perform a task,
      inducing disturbance of the system responsible for P 300.

PMID- 4004600
TI  - A cerebral effect of carotid sinus stimulation. Observation during intraoperative
      electroencephalographic monitoring.
AB  - Surgical manipulation in the region of the carotid sinus resulted in diffuse
      electroencephalographic slowing in two patients, despite the absence of
      bradycardia or hypotension. Direct observation confirmed the absence of carotid
      compression. The effect was abolished by infiltration of lidocaine hydrochloride
      into the carotid sinus area. Carotid clamping in one patient failed to produce
      similar electroencephalographic changes. We believe that this is the first
      observation of an influence of carotid sinus stimulation on human cerebral
      activity not attributable to reflex cardiovascular changes or complicated by the
      possibility of carotid compression.

PMID- 4004601
TI  - Mucormycosis. Report of 11 cases.
AB  - Mucormycosis is fulminant fungal infection that usually occurs in debilitated
      patients with an underlying pathologic condition. The common clinical types
      include rhinocerebral, pulmonary, disseminated, and intestinal forms. This report
      describes 11 cases seen in our institution since 1970. Of nine patients with
      underlying diabetes mellitus, eight developed rhinocerebral mucormycosis and one
      had the cutaneous form. Two additional patients with acute leukemia showed the
      disseminated and pulmonary forms of mucormycosis. In nine patients, the diagnosis
      was established by histologic appearance and by culture of infected tissue
      obtained by biopsy. In two patients the diagnosis was made during postmortem
      examination. Five patients survived. We have emphasized the importance of early
      diagnosis and prompt, appropriate medical and surgical therapy to obtain a
      significant survival rate in patients with this frequently fatal disease.

PMID- 4004602
TI  - Naproxen in prophylaxis of migraine.
AB  - Naproxen sodium is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and prostaglandin
      synthesis and is also a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Because of these
      properties, it was evaluated in prophylaxis of migraine by a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled crossover study in 34 patients. Drug "preference" and
      therapeutic effect were rated by both patient and investigator. Overall, both
      preferred drug over placebo. An index of migraine activity was calculated from a
      daily record kept by the patient; it demonstrated a significant reduction in
      headache severity, duration, disability, and medication needed. Adverse effects
      were minimal and similar in drug and placebo. Naproxen is a promising agent in
      the prophylaxis of migraine.

PMID- 4004603
TI  - Low-dose bromocriptine therapy in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The efficacy of low-dose bromocriptine mesylate administration (20 mg daily or
      less) was evaluated in a double-blind study. Nine of 16 individuals receiving
      bromocriptine completed the 40-week study. Modest, but significant, improvement
      was derived from bromocriptine therapy. Improvement was most evident in tremor.
      Maximum improvement was achieved with doses between 7.5 and 15.0 mg daily, with
      some decline in efficacy as doses approached 20 mg. Adverse effects were common,
      but were generally mild in severity. Our results suggest that bromocriptine in
      low doses may be an effective adjunct to carbidopa and levodopa (Sinemet) in the
      treatment of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 4004604
TI  - Steroid-responsive ophthalmoplegia in a child. Diagnostic considerations.
AB  - Among the painful ophthalmoplegias, ophthalmoplegic migraine and Tolosa-Hunt
      syndrome share many features. Our 6-year-old patient had three episodes of
      ophthalmoplegia. Two episodes were painful and promptly resolved with oral
      prednisone. She had no evidence of parasellar or systemic disease. A review of
      published cases of ophthalmoplegic migraine demonstrated that the clinical
      history, the cornerstone of diagnosis in migraine, does not differentiate
      ophthalmoplegic migraine from Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Other features helpful in the
      diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome were not usually investigated in reports of
      ophthalmoplegic migraine. Until better criteria are available for differentiating
      the two entities, we suggest that children who fulfill the clinical criteria for
      Tolosa-Hunt syndrome receive a trial of steroid therapy.

PMID- 4004605
TI  - Pretectal pseudobobbing. Five patients with 'V'-pattern convergence nystagmus.
AB  - Five patients with acute obstructive hydrocephalus experienced arrhythmic,
      repetitive downward and inward eye movements at a rate ranging from one per three
      seconds to two per second and an amplitude of one fifth to one half of the full
      voluntary range. Because of a faster downstroke and appropriate amplitude, these
      movements were usually diagnosed as ocular bobbing. However, their "V" pattern,
      the generally faster rate, and pretectal, rather than pontine-associated, signs
      distinguished them from true ocular bobbing. This pretectal pseudobobbing
      probably represents a variety of convergence nystagmus, and in contrast with true
      pontine bobbing, usually indicates a need for prompt surgical attention.

PMID- 4004606
TI  - Sleep disorders medicine. How neurological?

PMID- 4004607
TI  - Sleep disorders medicine. How Neurological?

PMID- 4004608
TI  - Developmental glaucomas.

PMID- 4004609
TI  - Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

PMID- 4004611
TI  - Four-year postoperative evaluation of radial keratotomy.

PMID- 4004610
TI  - Ophthalmic response to inverted posture.

PMID- 4004612
TI  - The American Academy of Ophthalmology fireworks eye injury project.

PMID- 4004613
TI  - Progressive hyperopia with long-term follow-up of radial keratotomy.
AB  - A number of studies have documented the reasonable efficacy and safety of radial
      keratotomy, but most were based upon results obtained one year or less after
      surgery. This study reviewed 109 consecutive radial keratotomy procedures
      performed on 79 patients between Nov 10, 1979, and Jan 31, 1981. In addition to a
      number of earlier postoperative visits, 81 eyes in 55 patients (74.3%) were
      examined between eight and 18 months postoperatively (a "one-year visit") and
      again between 31 and 57 months postoperatively (a "four-year visit"). Patients
      had uncorrected visual acuity determination, cycloplegic refractions with best
      corrected visual acuity measurements, and keratometry. Of the 81 eyes, 17 (21.0%)
      became more myopic between one and four years postoperatively; five (6.2%)
      remained the same; and 59 (72.8%) became more hyperopic. With a significant
      change defined as 1.0 diopter or more, two eyes (2.5%) became significantly more
      myopic at four years; 54 eyes (66.7%) remained within 1.0 D of their one-year
      spherical equivalent; and 25 (30.9%) became significantly more hyperopic. Changes
      in keratometry generally paralleled refraction changes.

PMID- 4004614
TI  - Refractive development of the human eye.
AB  - A complete refractive investigation was performed on 148 normal eyes of 79
      patients ranging from premature newborns to 36-year-old adults. Cycloplegic
      refraction, keratometry, and axial length measurements were performed. From these
      data, we then calculated the refractive power of the lens. The change with
      respect to age in these measurements was subjected to cross-sectional analysis.
      The full-term newborn eye had a mean axial length of 16.8 mm, a mean keratometric
      power of 51.2 diopters (spherical equivalent), and a mean lens power of 34.4 D.
      The adult values for these measurements were 23.6 mm, 43.5 D, and 18.8 D,
      respectively. This information concerning the expected change with age in the
      refractive components should aid in the refractive management of pediatric
      patients requiring cataract extraction.

PMID- 4004615
TI  - Changes of refraction in schoolchildren.
AB  - The refractions of 1,118 children, aged 7 to 15 years, were followed for one to
      eight years; 260 children were hyperopic and 828 were myopic throughout the
      observation time. Thirty additional hyperopic children became myopic during
      follow-up. In the cross-sectional study, the mean annual change of refraction in
      hyperopic children varied from -0.03 to -0.11 diopters in different age groups.
      In myopic children, the variation was from -0.46 to -0.93 D. In the longitudinal
      follow-up study (from five to eight years), the mean annual change of refraction
      in hyperopic children was -0.12 D compared with -0.55 D in myopic children. The
      mean annual change in the 30 hyperopic children who became myopic was -0.21 D
      while hyperopic and -0.60 D while myopic. The difference is highly significant.
      It clearly shows that the changes of refraction in hyperopic schoolchildren occur
      much more slowly than in myopic children of the same age.

PMID- 4004616
TI  - Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser angle surgery in open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - In a short-term pilot study, we evaluated Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser angle
      surgery in 25 eyes from 22 patients with medically uncontrolled open-angle
      glaucoma. All eyes had unacceptable intraocular pressures (IOPs), despite maximum
      tolerated medical therapy, argon laser trabeculoplasty, and prior intraocular
      filtration surgery (eight eyes). Using a pulse energy of 10 millijoules, ten
      spots were placed approximately 4 degrees apart in the mid-trabecular meshwork
      using an Nd-YAG laser (Coherent 9900). The mean preoperative and final
      postoperative IOPs were 30 +/- 6 mm Hg and 21 +/- 8 mm Hg, respectively. The mean
      follow-up time was five (+/- 3) months (range, two to 14 months). The final
      postoperative IOP was less than 22 mm Hg in 17 eyes (68%). Holes within the
      trabecular meshwork were visible in 14 eyes, and laser therapy was associated
      with the liberation of debris into the anterior chamber in all eyes.
      Complications included transient postoperative IOP elevation (eight eyes), angle
      bleeding (six eyes), and posterior displacement of the iris root (four eyes).

PMID- 4004617
TI  - Metastatic uveal melanoma. Pretherapy serum liver enzyme and liver scan
      abnormalities.
AB  - The liver was the organ most frequently involved in 50 patients with primary
      melanomas of the choroid or ciliary body, who were treated with enucleation or
      cobalt plaque radiotherapy and who subsequently developed systemic metastasis.
      Forty-seven (94%) of the patients had clinical or laboratory evidence of liver
      metastasis. The median survival time following treatment of the primary choroidal
      melanoma was 28 months (range, 7.7 to 123.1 months). Results of pretreatment
      studies, including serum liver enzyme levels, liver scans, or both, were abnormal
      in six (12%) of the patients studied. As a group, the eight patients who died
      within one year following ocular surgery had a significantly higher prevalence of
      pretreatment laboratory abnormalities. Extraocular extension of the choroidal
      melanoma was also present in four (50%) of these eight patients. Conversely, no
      patient who survived longer than the median survival period (28 months) had
      abnormal pretreatment laboratory findings.

PMID- 4004618
TI  - Metastatic uveal melanoma. Hepatic metastasis identified by hybridoma-secreted
      monoclonal antibody MAb8-1H.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody MAb8-1H, which defines an ocular melanoma-associated antigen
      retained in fixed tissue, was used to demonstrate metastatic melanoma cells in
      liver biopsy specimens from five patients with primary choroidal melanoma. In all
      cases, the monoclonal antibody bound to tumor cells and not to normal
      hepatocytes. In one case, a well-delineated focus of tumor cells bound to MAb8
      1H; in two cases, MAb8-1H appeared to delineate individual tumor cells that were
      difficult to categorize by conventional staining techniques. The liver biopsy
      specimens were almost completely replaced by tumor cells in the remaining two
      cases. This monoclonal antibody may be applicable to the diagnosis of metastatic
      uveal melanoma and to delineate micrometastasis.

PMID- 4004619
TI  - Descemet's membrane detachment by sodium hyaluronate.
AB  - The inadvertent injection of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) just anterior to
      Descemet's membrane during an extracapsular cataract extraction resulted in a
      corneal opacity. No extraordinary measures were taken to remove this substance.
      The opacity resolved over five months, with a final visual acuity of 20/25 and a
      reduction in specular microscopic cell density from 2,600 to 2,100/sq mm. Sodium
      hyaluronate was injected in an analogous manner into eight rabbit corneas. The
      eyes were enucleated, and histologic sections were examined 1, 5, 9, and 14 days
      later. Sodium hyaluronate injected just anterior to Descemet's membrane was found
      to incite an acute mild granulocytic response, which is followed by a macrophage
      invasion and ingestion of this substance. We recommend a conservative approach
      when the central portion of Descemet's membrane is detached by sodium hyaluronate
      during anterior segment surgery.

PMID- 4004620
TI  - Retrobulbar anesthesia in strabismus surgery. II. Use of a short-acting
      anesthetic agent.
AB  - Forty-two patients underwent strabismus surgery with a retrobulbar injection of
      3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride. In the 18 patients who were followed up in the
      immediate postoperative period, the average duration of action of 3%
      chloroprocaine was found to be 2.13 hours. In addition to the advantages of local
      anesthesia, this short-acting anesthetic permits earlier modifications of
      adjustable sutures and the earlier discharge of patients on the same day as
      surgery.

PMID- 4004621
TI  - Peripheral retinal function in age-related macular degeneration.
AB  - Aging changes are seen histopathologically outside the central retina, but have
      not been correlated with the presence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
      We studied 21 patients with drusen and AMD to see if peripheral retinal function
      changes are correlated with changes in the central retina. Electrooculogram Arden
      ratios were normal. Intensity-response analysis of dark-adapted electroretinogram
      b-waves and analysis of flicker electroretinograms were normal except for a small
      sensitivity loss presumed to reflect aging and lens yellowing. There was no
      difference between patients' severely involved AMD eye and their fellow eye with
      only drusen. Static perimetry showed sensitivity loss in the central 20 degrees,
      but normal thresholds peripheral to this. These results suggest that retinal
      function abnormalities in AMD are confined to the central retina, and the small
      age-related peripheral changes found do not correlate with the degree of AMD.

PMID- 4004622
TI  - Niemann-Pick disease--type C. Ocular histopathologic and electron microscopic
      studies.
AB  - The presence of lipid storage was demonstrated in type C Niemann-Pick disease by
      histopathologic and ultrastructural studies. Pleomorphic membranous inclusions,
      with variable proportions of light and dark granular material, were observed
      within the conjunctival fibrocytes, endothelial cells and pericytes, keratocytes,
      lens epithelium, retinal ganglion cells, retinal pigment epithelium, fibrocytes
      in the uveal tract, and optic nerve fibrous astrocytes. Only optic nerve and
      retinal ganglion cell involvement had clinical counterparts represented by optic
      nerve pallor and perimacular gray discoloration.

PMID- 4004623
TI  - Conjunctival nodules associated with onchocerciasis.
AB  - A 14-year-old native of Ethiopia with previously treated onchocerciasis moved to
      California where he was examined for evidence of persisting nematode infestation.
      Skin and conjunctival biopsy specimens initially disclosed no abnormalities.
      Subsequently, conjunctival nodules developed, and a biopsy specimen of one of
      these revealed microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus lying adjacent to a necrotic
      eosinophilic granulomatous inflammatory nodule. To our knowledge, nodules of this
      type have not heretofore been reported to be a notable feature of ocular
      onchocerciasis. This type of inflammation has a relationship to degenerating
      microfilaria in onchocerciasis and in other nematode infestation.

PMID- 4004625
TI  - Experimental retinal detachment. IX. Aqueous, vitreous, and subretinal protein
      concentrations.
AB  - Unilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachments were created in seven cynomolgus
      monkeys. Six months later, aqueous, vitreous, and subretinal fluid protein
      concentrations were measured. In fellow eyes with vitrectomy alone, mean aqueous
      and vitreous protein concentrations were 0.28 and 0.23 mg/mL, respectively. In
      eyes with retinal detachments, mean aqueous, vitreous, and subretinal protein
      levels were 1.46, 2.66, and 4.74 mg/mL, respectively. Eyes with a large retinal
      hole (greater than or equal to 1 disc diameter) had a subretinal fluid-vitreous
      protein concentration ratio of 1.1, indicating free diffusional exchange between
      the vitreous and subretinal space. In eyes with a small retinal hole (less than
      or equal to 1/4 disc diameter), the corresponding ratio was 4.0. These findings
      are consistent with the hypothesis that fluid moves from the vitreous cavity
      through the retinal hole into the subretinal space, preventing back diffusion of
      protein from the subretinal space into the vitreous, and allowing accumulation of
      protein in the subretinal space.

PMID- 4004624
TI  - Expansion of long-acting gas bubbles for intraocular use. Principles and
      practice.
AB  - Expansion of long-acting gas bubbles used in vitreoretinal surgery may lead to
      increased intraocular pressure and central retinal artery occlusion. To further
      understand the principles controlling the expansion of long-acting gases, we
      compared the expansion of perfluoropropane gas bubbles with that of sulfur
      hexafluoride gas bubbles in an in vitro model, as well as in rabbits. We found
      that perfluoropropane bubbles expand more rapidly and to a greater extent than do
      sulfur hexafluoride bubbles in the first 24 hours. The early rate of expansion of
      a long-acting gas is largely dependent on convection of the surrounding fluid and
      is independent of the type of long-acting gas. Early postoperative monitoring of
      intraocular pressure is, therefore, equally important when using any long-acting
      gas.

PMID- 4004626
TI  - Thrombin infusion for the control of intraocular bleeding during vitreous
      surgery.
AB  - Intraocular bleeding is often a major problem during vitrectomy for proliferative
      diabetic retinopathy and trauma. We have studied the effect of thrombin on the
      control of intraocular bleeding during vitreous surgery in rabbit eyes. Thrombin
      (100 units/mL) infusion solution reduced the bleeding time by more than fivefold.
      Toxicity studies showed no adverse effect on the lens and corneal endothelium.
      Electroretinogram b-wave amplitudes were normal, but electroretinogram
      sensitivity was reduced by 0.5 log units in experimental eyes. Thrombin appears
      to be a potential agent for the control of intraocular bleeding during vitreous
      surgery.

PMID- 4004627
TI  - Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Labrador retrievers. I. Development of
      retinal tears and detachment.
AB  - We used clinical and pathologic methods to examine ten Labrador retrievers with
      ocular and skeletal abnormalities. The major ocular findings were axial myopia;
      cataract; vitreous abnormalities, including liquefaction, detachment, and
      vitreoretinal traction; retinal tears; rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; and
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The appendicular skeleton showed retarded bone
      growth, bone dysplasia, and degenerative arthropathy. Vitreoretinal traction
      appeared to be the cause of the retinal tears because (1) formed vitreous was
      always attached near the anterior edge of the tear, and (2) vitreous traction
      caused a retinal ridge adjacent to a retinal tear in a dog that had not yet
      developed retinal detachment. The pathogenetic sequence of spontaneous vitreous
      abnormalities, retinal tears, and retinal detachment observed in these dogs has
      not previously been described in animals, to the best of our knowledge, and
      mimicked human rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, particularly those associated
      with giant retinal tears.

PMID- 4004628
TI  - Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Labrador retrievers. II. Proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - We observed proliferative vitreoretinopathy in Labrador retrievers with
      spontaneous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Cellular membranes and their
      associated connective tissue matrix were prominent on the surfaces of the
      detached formed vitreous and on the retina. Membrane contraction folded the
      underlying vitreous and retina and exerted traction on the structures to which
      they attached. Proliferation occurred in the retinal pigment epithelium under the
      detached retina and in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium when it became
      detached. Retinal pigment epithelial cells, nonpigmented ciliary epithelial
      cells, macrophages, and glial cells appeared to contribute to the membranes. Our
      findings suggested a sequence that began with vitreous abnormalities and ended
      with fibrocellular membranes on the surfaces of the vitreous and the totally
      detached retina. Because a similar sequence can develop in humans, these dogs may
      be useful in future studies of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

PMID- 4004629
TI  - Total internal reflection for positioning Jones tube.
AB  - Visualization of the Jones tube in the internal nose often poses difficulty for
      the surgeon and threatens the success of the operation. Postoperatively,
      localizing the end of the tube in the nose in order to confirm its placement or
      to analyze the cause of failure may also be technically challenging. A method of
      visualizing the tube in the nose under both surgical and postsurgical conditions
      is herein described.

PMID- 4004630
TI  - Histologic study of a neodymium-YAG laser sclerostomy.
AB  - A glaucoma filtering procedure was performed with the YAG laser in an eye to be
      enucleated for malignant melanoma. Scanning electron microscopic examination
      shows the extent and position of the incision and the effects of the procedure on
      the cornea. To our knowledge, this article represents the first report of
      complete perforation of the sclera in a living human eye with the use of a laser
      alone.

PMID- 4004631
TI  - Photodynamic therapy in head and neck cancer.
AB  - A group of 24 patients with recurrent and/or metastatic cancers were treated with
      photodynamic therapy using hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) to study feasibility
      of this new technique. This experience demonstrated that photodynamic therapy is
      possible for head and neck cancer and that the toxic reactions and complications
      are minimal. The short durations of response in this group of patients most
      probably are a reflection of current lack of understanding about what represents
      maximal tolerable doses of HpD and frequencies of treatment.

PMID- 4004632
TI  - Feasibility of subtotal laryngectomy based on whole-organ examination.
AB  - Subtotal (near-total) laryngectomy has recently been advocated to eradicate large
      laryngeal tumors. The operation, which preserves the cricoarytenoid joint and
      adjacent vocal fold, is based on the premise that many T3 and T4 tumors can be
      resected without complete sacrifice of the phonatory mechanism. The purpose of
      this study was to verify or disprove the assumption by examining sections of
      whole-organ laryngeal specimens. Twenty-four of the 64 specimens analyzed were
      determined to be resectable by subtotal laryngectomy. Twenty-two other specimens
      could have been resected by a more conventional conservation technique such as
      hemilaryngectomy or supraglottic laryngectomy. This study supports the concept of
      subtotal laryngectomy for selected large tumors. Guidelines for determining the
      suitability of the technique are suggested.

PMID- 4004633
TI  - Conservation laryngeal surgery. A critical analysis.
AB  - Three hundred forty-two cases of laryngeal cancer were treated at the University
      of Michigan, Ann Arbor. One hundred ten supraglottic cancers and 150 glottic
      cancers were studied in depth. Conservation surgery was performed on 63 patients.
      Determinate two-year disease-free survival for glottic cancer was 90% in those
      irradiated primarily, 83% for those treated with vertical hemilaryngectomy, and
      58% in the group that had total laryngectomy. Supraglottic cancers had a
      determinate survival rate at two years of 62% for those irradiated primarily, 80%
      for those treated with a supraglottic laryngectomy, and 62% when total
      laryngectomy was required. The cost of preserving the respiratory and sphincteric
      functions of the larynx in some cases amounted to the morbidity associated with a
      protracted hospital stay, altered deglutition, instances of a weak but functional
      voice, and the possibility of a permanent tracheostomy. Despite high recurrence
      rates of 30% to 40%, the overall determinate survival with salvage was an
      acceptable 80% for the conservation surgery group.

PMID- 4004634
TI  - Expansion of myocutaneous flaps.
AB  - The controlled expansion of myocutaneous flaps offers a potential means of
      increasing their size. The pectoralis major flap was successfully expanded in
      pigs, giving mean percentage increases in the axial lengths of 32% and widths of
      51% over nonexpanded controls. Angiographic and histomorphologic studies of the
      expanded flaps demonstrated the vascular and histologic changes that resulted.
      This new surgical technique should prove valuable in extending the field of head
      and neck reconstruction in man.

PMID- 4004635
TI  - Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Is a skin-lined pharynx necessary?
AB  - Current methods of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction have in common the creation
      of an epithelial lined pharynx. We performed eight cases of pharyngoesophageal
      reconstruction with a pectoralis major muscle flap. In the first six cases, split
      thickness skin was quilted onto the muscle. In the last two cases, pectoralis
      major muscle alone was used, allowing epithelialization to occur from adjacent
      mucosa. The results with this simplified technique have been as good as when a
      skin-grafted muscle flap was used. We prefer a pectoralis major muscle flap, with
      or without split-thickness skin, to a pectoralis myocutaneous flap. There is no
      hair growth, it is easy to tube, and a thin-walled pharynx is produced. This is
      an advantage for the development of an esophageal voice, and tracheoesophageal
      puncture can be easily performed if no voice is achieved. All of our patients
      received full-dose, preoperative radiotherapy. One patient developed a fistula
      that closed spontaneously. There have been no strictures at the
      pharyngoesophageal junction. All patients quickly established a good oral intake.

PMID- 4004636
TI  - Predicting response to the tongue retaining device for sleep apnea syndrome.
AB  - Factors associated with increased severity of sleep apnea; obesity, the supine
      sleep posture, and age, were tested for their association with the effectiveness
      of the Tongue Retaining Device (TRD) for the control of the apneic events in a
      group of 16 male patients. Sixty-nine percent of the patients (11 of 16) were
      successful with this treatment. The strongest predictor of this success was the
      presence of an increased severity associated with the supine sleep posture.
      Patients with substantial worsening of apnea index while in the supine sleep
      position were more responsive to the TRD than those who were equally affected in
      both sleep positions. A discriminant function analysis that entered age, obesity,
      and the ratio of apneas per hour in side v back sleep posture correctly
      classified the success of patients' response to this treatment.

PMID- 4004637
TI  - Blepharoplasty. Indications and preoperative assessment.
AB  - Before performing a blepharoplasty, the surgeon must completely evaluate the
      patient to ascertain the proper diagnosis and indication for surgery and to
      identify any potentially complicating factors. The anatomy and physiology of the
      eyelids and lacrimal system must be understood in detail. A complete
      ophthalmologic examination should be performed to document preoperative decreased
      visual acuity or limited visual fields. The prevention of complications and the
      satisfaction of the patient are the goals of the blepharoplasty procedure. These
      require accurate assessment, proper preoperative diagnosis, and meticulous
      surgical technique.

PMID- 4004638
TI  - Pathogenesis of protruded false vocal fold.
AB  - In ten patients with marked protrusion of the false vocal fold, the underlying
      structures were examined by computed tomography. The computed tomographic scan at
      the level of the false vocal fold consistently demonstrated a marked concavity of
      the thyroid ala on the side of the false-fold protrusion. The angle between the
      thyroid alae was significantly smaller in these patients than in normal controls.
      A combination of the above two deformities was considered to be responsible for
      the protrusion of the false vocal fold. Since all the patients were aged men, the
      deformity of the thyroid cartilage was presumed to be acquired, and related in
      some way to the aging process of the cartilage.

PMID- 4004639
TI  - Chondrocalcinosis of the temporomandibular joint. A parotid pseudotumor.
AB  - Chondrocalcinosis, ie, calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition
      disease, has a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from an absence of
      symptoms to a severely destructive arthropathy. We recently treated a patient
      with CPPD deposition adjacent to the temporomandibular joint, which simulated a
      parotid tumor. The CPPD crystals are weakly positively birefringent under a
      polarizing microscope. Most frequently they are found roentgenographically as
      asymptomatic deposits in fibrocartilaginous structures, especially the knee
      meniscus. A less frequent manifestation is "pseudogout" acute arthritis. Rarely,
      joint destruction is found.

PMID- 4004640
TI  - Tuberculous petrous apicitis.
AB  - Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the temporal bone is a rare and dangerous entity
      that should be included in the differential diagnoses of infectious processes of
      the base of skull. A 21-year-old man presented with petrous apicitis, extradural
      and retromandibular abscesses, and paresis of the facial nerve. Immediate middle
      fossa craniotomy and drainage of the extradural abscess, in combination with a
      mastoidectomy, incision and drainage of the facial abscess, and antimicrobial
      therapy for gram-positive cocci, failed to check the destructive nature of the
      infection. The patient subsequently developed labyrinthitis, sensorineural
      hearing loss, and meningitis. Intraoperative biopsy specimens confirmed the
      presence of tuberculoid granulomas, and the infectious process responded to
      triple-drug therapy. Tuberculosis of the temporal bone should not always be
      considered an indolent infection. The management of tuberculous infection of the
      temporal bone is outlined.

PMID- 4004641
TI  - Ventilating tubes.

PMID- 4004642
TI  - Patterns of phoneme identification error in cochlear and eighth-nerve disorders.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether patterns of phoneme
      identification error differ among listeners with cochlear and retrocochlear
      auditory disorder. Speech intelligibility performance was analyzed in 15 patients
      with confirmed eighth-nerve disorder and in 15 patients with cochlear disorders,
      matched to the retrocochlear group for age and audiometric configuration, using
      confusion matrices derived from responses to a monosyllabic word list. Results
      indicated that: (1) vowel errors were more prevalent in the retrocochlear group
      and varied directly with increasing stimulus presentation level; and (2)
      consonant errors did not differ in type or relative frequency between the two
      groups, nor was there a level-dependent effect for consonant errors. These
      results are supported by the results of closed-set vowel identification tests and
      thus do not appear to be an artifact of open-set testing. Vowel errors may
      account for a major part of the speech 'rollover' phenomenon typical of
      retrocochlear auditory dysfunction.

PMID- 4004643
TI  - Phasor diagram: a comparative study between normal ears and otosclerotic ears.
AB  - The authors report their results from phase angle measurements by admittancemeter
      obtained by means of the phasor diagram, and conductance and susceptance
      tympanograms. The study was carried out on normal ears and otosclerotic ears. The
      authors noted a wide range of phase angle values and an absence of significant
      difference between the two populations studied.

PMID- 4004644
TI  - Verification of the air-bone gap using cancellation and evoked responses.
AB  - Using the cancellation method as well as evoked responses, we investigated their
      application in the estimation of the air-bone gap in patients undergoing
      operation on middle ear structures. The cancellation method had a closer
      relationship with pure-tone audiometry than evoked responses in predicting the
      air-bone gap. This was caused by recruitment, by which the cancellation method
      was not affected. The results of brainstem-evoked responses to bone and air
      conduction signals showed therefore an underestimation in the prediction of the
      air-bone gap. Combining the cancellation method with evoked responses elicited to
      air conduction signals permitted the estimation of the cochlear reserve without
      the need of threshold measurement by bone conduction.

PMID- 4004645
TI  - Temporal (phase and time) disparities in lateralization.
AB  - The topic of this paper concerns the judgement of just noticeable differences
      (JND) and of complete lateral position for dichotic 1 000-Hz stimuli with phase
      or onset time or delay differences and for a click. The 1 000-Hz sinusoids had 30
      ms steady state with 10 or 50 ms rise/decay time and were presented at 50 dB HL
      in listeners with normal hearing. For every value of delta phi, delta onset or
      delay, the presentation consisted of blocks of 20 trials and the JND was
      determined as the phase or onset time or delay differences producing 80% of
      correct responses (forced choice). The intracranial 1 000-Hz tone image with long
      disparities was evaluated for 90, 180 and 270 degrees delta phi, for 250, 500 and
      750 microseconds delta onset and for 250, 500 and 750 microseconds delay. Our
      results demonstrate that the interaural time differences with suitable headphone
      onset cues have a negligible effect on JND in pure-tone lateralization tests; the
      JND for a 1 000-Hz tone is based on phase cues only. With 180 and 270 degrees
      phase shifts, the interaural onset time differences, with 10 ms rise-fall time,
      become critical and override phase information. The JND for clicks on the
      contrary is based on time cue only. The intracranial click image with long
      disparities and duality threshold was evaluated.

PMID- 4004646
TI  - A factor analytical study of tinnitus complaint behaviour.
AB  - Two separate factor analyses were conducted on various self-rated complaints
      about tinnitus and related neuro-otological symptoms, together with audiometric
      measurements of tinnitus 'intensity' (masking level and loudness matching
      levels). Two general tinnitus complaint factors were identified, i.e.
      'intrusiveness of tinnitus' and 'distress due to tinnitus'. 3 specific tinnitus
      complaint factors were also found, i.e. 'sleep disturbance', 'medication use' and
      'interference with passive auditory entertainments'. Other neuro-otological
      symptoms and the audiometric measures did not load on these factors. An exception
      was provided by loudness matches at 1 kHz, which had a small loading on the
      'intrusiveness of tinnitus' factor. Self-rated loudness had a high loading on
      this factor. Otherwise, the loudness (either self-rated or determined by loudness
      matching) was unrelated to complaint dimensions. The clinical implications of the
      multifactorial nature of tinnitus complaint behaviour are considered.

PMID- 4004647
TI  - Contribution to the differentiation of peripheral versus central tinnitus via
      auditory brain stem response evaluation.
AB  - Auditory brain stem response (ABR) parameters were evaluated in 54 subjects with
      unilateral idiopathic subjective tinnitus in order to verify the possibility of
      detecting its site of origin. All the subjects had normal hearing or a
      symmetrical bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. All the cases in whom middle or
      inner ear disease had been diagnosed, were excluded. Subjects, classified on the
      basis of their mean auditory threshold and masking curves according to Feldmann,
      underwent a residual inhibition (RI) test and ipsilateral narrow-band noise
      masking before a second ABR test was performed. Patients with positive RI made up
      the A+ group, while those with negative RI made up the A- group. The main
      characteristics observed were an increase of the mean latency values of wave I in
      the tinnitus ear in the A+ group while, after masking, the values of the affected
      and unaffected ears almost overlapped. An increase in the latency values of wave
      V, unaffected by the masking procedure, could be observed in A- patients. The
      occurrence of waves I and III was often affected in the tinnitus ears in both
      groups, but it increased, after masking, only in the A- patients. Based on the
      obtained data, the authors conclude that there may be a substantial difference
      concerning ABR parameters between the patients in whom residual tinnitus masking
      is demonstrable compared with those in whom it is not.

PMID- 4004648
TI  - Auditory brainstem responses of the cat: on- and off-responses.
AB  - The auditory brainstem on- and off-responses evoked by tone and noise bursts have
      been studied in the cat. The number and amplitude of the off-response waves are
      proportional to the frequency specificity of the on-response, being greatest for
      the 4-kHz tone burst and smallest for the noise burst. The threshold of the 0.5
      kHz off-response is lower than that of the on-response, but the amplitude of the
      former does not increase at higher stimulus levels. Derived-band studies show
      that at 4 kHz the on-and off-responses have identical frequency content, the 0.5
      kHz off-response is restricted to the 2- to 8-kHz frequency band, while the noise
      burst off-response is entirely high frequency. The off-response is an on-response
      and is evoked by acoustic transients from the loudspeaker transducer.

PMID- 4004649
TI  - Variability in the depression of cochlear microphonic responses after noise
      exposure.
AB  - 20 guinea pigs were exposed to a broad band noise (120-140 dB SPL) for short
      durations. The conditions of stimulation were strictly identical for all animals.
      Cochlear microphonic responses (CM) were recorded with conventional differential
      electrodes after each exposure, from the first turn of the cochlea. Variations
      were observed in the degree of CM depression and also in the alteration of the CM
      transfer function. The origin of this variability is discussed.

PMID- 4004650
TI  - The eradication of Damalinia ovis by spraying insecticide onto the tip of the
      wool.
AB  - The eradication of lice from Merino sheep with wool up to 65 mm long was achieved
      by spraying insecticide onto the tip of wool over the sides and back. The
      insecticides used were cyhalothrin and diazinon in small volumes and at high
      concentration. When infested sheep were sprayed with 100 ml of cyhalothrin 1,500
      ppm or diazinon 36,000 ppm, no live lice were seen 23 days after treatment. When
      treated sheep were challenged with live lice 100 days after treatment an
      infestation did not establish. Cyhalothrin at a lower concentration of 1,000 ppm
      gave excellent control but at 500 ppm only fair control was obtained. Diazinon at
      24,000 ppm gave probable eradication and at 12,000 ppm excellent control. If a
      practical method of applying the insecticide to the tip of wool can be developed,
      then this technique should provide an effective means of eradicating lice in
      sheep with long wool. This would greatly assist the sheep industry in controlling
      and eradicating sheep lice.

PMID- 4004651
TI  - An outbreak of lead poisoning in dogs.
AB  - An outbreak of lead toxicosis in working dogs on a sheep farm is described. The
      affected dogs exhibited neurological signs which appeared to be initiated by
      strenuous physical activity. Radiological examination and estimation of urinary
      delta aminolevulinic acid (U-ALA) was not found to be useful for clinical
      diagnosis but blood lead estimation was helpful in detecting and confirming dogs
      that were exposed to lead. Gross pathological lesions were absent in a lead
      poisoned dog. However, histopathological lesions were seen in brain and bone.
      Acid-fast lead inclusion were not detected in liver and kidney epithelial cells
      but were present in osteoclasts.

PMID- 4004653
TI  - Field efficacy of ear tags impregnated with insecticide against the cattle tick
      Boophilus microplus.

PMID- 4004652
TI  - The use of blistering agents (vesicants) in horses.

PMID- 4004654
TI  - Acupuncture used as an adjunct in the treatment of a horse with tetanus.

PMID- 4004655
TI  - Onchocerca gibsoni in the brisket of cattle.

PMID- 4004656
TI  - Contagious pustular dermatitis of sheep--possible confusion with vesicular
      diseases.

PMID- 4004657
TI  - Cyanide poisoning of goats from sugar gums (Eucalyptus cladocalyx).

PMID- 4004658
TI  - Pulmonary arterial luminal diameters in relation to the distribution of the
      lesions associated with canine dirofilariasis.

PMID- 4004659
TI  - Umbilical haemorrhage due to ferrous sulphate in newborn piglets.

PMID- 4004660
TI  - The failure of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin to prevent summer infertility in
      pigs.

PMID- 4004661
TI  - The occurrence of the snail Lymnaea columella on grazing areas in New South Wales
      and studies on its susceptibility to Fasciola hepatica.
AB  - Field surveys were carried out in the Lismore and Casino area for the presence of
      fresh water snails potentially responsible for the transmission of trematodes in
      ruminants. Although the North American snail, Lymnaea columella has previously
      only been reported from metropolitan areas, large populations of the snail were
      found east of Lismore. Natural infection with F. hepatica was detected in some of
      the snails and laboratory studies showed that this snail species was highly
      susceptible to infection with miracidia of F. hepatica and produced viable
      metacercariae. Three species of planorbid snails, Helicorbis australiensis,
      Pygmanisus pelorius and Gyraulus gilberti were also found. The first 2 planorbid
      species were infected with paramphistomid cercariae.

PMID- 4004662
TI  - "The displaced pineal?" A case report.

PMID- 4004663
TI  - Composite catheter for selective cerebral angiography following an arch
      aortogram.

PMID- 4004664
TI  - Transdiaphragmatic liver hernia in adults.

PMID- 4004665
TI  - Pyloro-duodenal gland tuberculosis in an aboriginal child.

PMID- 4004666
TI  - Embolic control of massive haematobilia after liver biopsy.

PMID- 4004667
TI  - Bilateral ureteric tumours diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy.

PMID- 4004668
TI  - Pena-Shokeir syndrome I (report of a case).

PMID- 4004670
TI  - NMR images produced in a substantially non-uniform field.

PMID- 4004669
TI  - Ruptured triceps tendon diagnosed radiographically.

PMID- 4004671
TI  - Sensitivity, resolution and contrast of film-screen combinations.

PMID- 4004673
TI  - A review of Army Air Corps helicopter accidents, 1971-1982.
AB  - A comprehensive review of helicopter accident data from ACC sources is presented
      for the period 1971-1982. Accident and fatality rates have declined from the high
      values quoted in earlier studies in the 1960's and are now similar to those of
      fixed wing aircraft equipped with ejection seats. This improvement is related to
      the replacement of older reciprocating engined helicopters by turbine powered
      units and parallel progress in helicopter design, aircraft servicing, and pilot
      training. AAC accident rates now compare extremely favourably with information
      from civilian sources, though fatality rates are similar. Pilot error remains the
      main cause of accidents (75%). Particular attention is paid to subsidiary
      aetiologies such as tail rotor strikes, disorientation, and ground accidents.
      Helicopter accidents involving fatalities on Operation Corporate are mentioned
      briefly. Methods whereby occupant protection and aircraft crashworthiness can be
      improved are covered and it is concluded that assisted escape, although an ideal
      solution, is by no means an urgent requirement for helicopters, in view of the
      dramatic reduction in accident and fatality rates.

PMID- 4004672
TI  - Cardiovascular disease among U.S. Navy pilots.
AB  - This study's objectives were to determine the influence of age and occupational
      factors on cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence among U.S. Navy pilots
      diagnosed with CVD during a 12.5-year time period (n = 150) and to identify
      precursory diseases associated with CVD. Results showed a relationship between
      CVD and age; pilots, on the average, were more than 3 years younger at the time
      of CVD onset than other officers. No occupational factor was associated with CVD;
      fighter pilots had the highest rates of acute myocardial infarction and chronic
      ischemic heart disease. Angina pectoris was observed as a precursory disease of
      chronic ischemic heart disease, and several behaviorally related disorders (e.g.,
      alcoholism) occurred with hypertension. Subsequent research should include all
      U.S. military pilots to examine, in a larger population, the influence on CVD of
      such occupational factors as flight in high-performance aircraft. An intervention
      program should be implemented to modify the lifestyles of pilots who had been
      hospitalized for hypertension and/or such conditions as obesity and alcoholism.

PMID- 4004674
TI  - Effects of a 7-day head-down tilt (-6 degrees) on the dynamics of oxygen uptake
      and heart rate adjustment in upright exercise.
AB  - Oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics and heart rate (HR) kinetics were studied in six
      healthy male students before and on days 1,3 and 5 after a continuous 7-d
      antiorthostatic bedrest (-6 degrees). The exercise test protocol consisted of
      pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBS) of workload (W) performed on a bicycle
      ergometer in the upright position (20 W - 80 W, 15 bits, 30 s per bit; the
      sequence was repeated three times). Amplitude ratio and phase of the W-VO2 and W
      HR relations were computed at six harmonic frequencies in the range 0.014 - 0.084
      rad X s-1. After bedrest the VO2 kinetics was found to be impaired at the
      harmonic frequencies greater than 0.056 rad X s-1. Additionally, the mean heart
      rate during the PRBS cycles was increased (108 +/- 15 as compared to 92 +/- 10
      min-1). There were no significant effects on HR kinetics and on the static W-VO2
      relation. During an endurance training program both VO2 and HR changes were
      restored to the pre-bedrest levels. It is concluded that the impairment of VO2
      kinetics can be attributed mainly to muscular factors.

PMID- 4004675
TI  - Hypergravity induced prolactin surge in female rats.
AB  - Acute initial exposure to hypergravity (HG) was previously found to induce
      prolonged diestrous in rats, which was followed by return to normal estrous
      cycling upon more prolonged exposure to continuous HG. Bromergocryptine was found
      to prevent this prolonged diestrous. In this study we found that in female rats
      20 h of 3.14 G exposure (D-1 1200 h until D-2 0800 h) can induce prolactin surge
      at D-2 1600 h. Shorter exposure time (8 h), or exposure during a different part
      of the estrous cycle (19 h: from D-1 0700 h until D-2 0200 h) could not elicit
      this prolactin surge. Similar exposure of male rats to HG did not alter
      significantly their prolactin levels. It is possible that the hypothalamus of
      male and female rats responds differently to stimulation by HG.

PMID- 4004676
TI  - Regulation of hematopoiesis in rats exposed to antiorthostatic,
      hypokinetic/hypodynamia: I. Model description.
AB  - This paper provides baseline information regarding the regulation of
      hematopoiesis in antiorthostatic, hypokinetic/hypodynamic ("suspended")
      laboratory rats. The object of the study was to compare the hematological effects
      of suspension with those seen following space flight in man and/or rats. Observed
      in man after exposure to microgravity and in the suspended rats was a reduced red
      blood cell mass, suppressed erythropoiesis, a transient increase in hematocrit
      due to a reduction in plasma volume, a post-exposure hematocrit decrease, a
      weight loss (or failure to thrive) and a reduction in food and water consumption.
      A rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, observed in the rat
      "model", has been predicted to occur during manned space flight but has not yet
      been measured. Suppression of hematopoiesis is a common feature of rats during
      both space flight and suspension. Platelet counts showed no significant change in
      rats after suspension or in man during space flight. Unlike man in space but
      similar to space flight-exposed rats, no significant change in leukocyte number
      or reactivity to PHA in vitro, or in red blood cell shape distribution were
      observed in the suspended rats. At least in a gross sense, the rat "model" seems
      to reproduce many of the known hematological effects of space flight and offers
      promise as a 1 X g analog for understanding hematopoietic effects similar to
      those found in space flight.

PMID- 4004677
TI  - Hemodilution during standardized hemorrhage in high-altitude acclimatized rats.
AB  - Ten control rats and sixteen high-altitude acclimatized rats were bled at sea
      level into a reservoir which maintained arterial pressure at 35 mm Hg. As soon as
      the animals had spontaneously taken back 30% of the maximum bleeding volume, all
      the shed blood remaining in the reservoir was reinfused. Hemodilution was studied
      during the first half phase of hypotension starting from the point of initial
      blood withdrawal and ending at the point of maximum blood loss. Changes in
      hematocrit, hemoglobin content, total plasma protein, and arterial plasma
      osmolality were measured. The initial and the maximum blood withdrawal, the
      oligemic time, and the survival time of the altitude-acclimatized rats were all
      greater than those for non-acclimatized rats. The higher tolerance to
      standardized hemorrhagic shock in altitude-exposed rats seemed to be due in part
      to their more marked hemodilution which allowed more efficient homeostatic
      regulation of vascular volume. The difference in rate of hemodilution between the
      two animal groups could not be attributed to arterial hyperosmolality.

PMID- 4004678
TI  - Physiological acclimatization to heat after a spell of cold conditioning in
      tropical subjects.
AB  - The effects of brief spells of cold conditioning on heat acclimatized tropical
      subjects on the decay and reacclimatization status to heat were evaluated on 12
      Indian male infantry soldiers in the cooler months at Delhi. After 8 d of heat
      acclimatization in a climatic chamber maintained at 45 degrees C dry bulb (Tdb)
      and 30% relative humidity (rh), the subjects were conditioned to cold for 21 d by
      exposing them to a temperature of 10 degrees C daily for 4 h. During the cold
      conditioning phase the subjects had no access to either heat exposure or
      strenuous work. The cold conditioning was followed by reacclimatization to heat.
      Significant loss in heat acclimatization status was observed, both in terms of
      exercise oral temperature and heart rate. The loss in status after 1 d
      reinduction to heat acclimatization was in the range of 45-56%. However, within 3
      d all of the subjects once again regained the full acclimatization status. The
      cold conditioning did not alter the sweat output during the reinduction to heat
      phase.

PMID- 4004679
TI  - Fatal heatstroke after a short march at night: a case report.
AB  - A case of heatstroke is reported in a young recruit who participated in a 4-km
      march at night. Body temperature was not measured at the time of collapse.
      Hyperventilation and aggressive behavior misled to the incorrect diagnosis of
      hysteric reaction. Upon arrival at the Medical Center 4h later, the patient
      experienced deep coma, renal failure, shock, and uncontrolled bleeding. Inspite
      of intensive treatment, the patient died 27 h after collapse. A positive blood
      culture suggests the involvement of septicemia in the fulminant picture of the
      disease. The importance of immediate measurement of rectal temperature in any
      case of collapse after exercise is emphasized.

PMID- 4004680
TI  - Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies in the medical evaluation of aviators.
AB  - Ten aviators with cardiac symptoms or electrocardiographic abnormalities
      underwent electrophysiologic testing. Four patients were studied because of
      symptoms including palpitations, nearsyncope, and sudden cardiac death. Six
      patients were studied because of electrocardiographic abnormalities including AV
      block, right bundle branch block, sinus bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and
      questionable Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Three patients with bradycardia
      and/or AV block were found to have increased vagal tone. A fourth patient had
      nearsyncope and intra-Hisian block. Of four patients evaluated for palpitations
      and/or tachycardias; one had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; one had easily
      inducible ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation; one had a normal study, and
      one had coronary artery disease with an unanticipated prolonged HV interval. The
      diagnosis of congenital right bundle branch block and Wolff-Parkinson-White
      syndrome were confirmed in the final two patents. Performance of
      electrophysiologic testing provided objective data to allow appropriate
      therapeutic and administrative decisions in these aviators.

PMID- 4004681
TI  - The Cincinnati DC-9 experience: lessons in aircraft and airport safety.
AB  - Twenty-three passengers died on June 2, 1983, when a McDonnell Douglas DC-9
      experienced an inflight rear lavatory fire near Cincinnati, OH. Evidence of toxic
      fume inhalation was developed by investigators, demonstrating lethal levels of
      carbon monoxide and cyanide in the victims' blood. An analysis of the inflight
      progression of fire and smoke, and the subsequent extension of this following the
      emergency landing at Greater Cincinnati Airport has been accomplished. This data
      is augmented by other data from previous accidents of this type. Data from
      interviews with survivors was collected, including inflight experiences,
      emergency escape processes and airport disaster management during the emergency.
      Several practical means of respiratory protection both inflight and during
      emergency evacuation are documented. Onboard preventive measures in regard to
      this type of emergency have been identified. Emergency evacuation and modern
      airport disaster management techniques are codified and described. This recent
      accident provides information for future adoption by the responsible authorities
      so that inflight and postflight fires do not continue to cause significant
      numbers of fatalities. Modified lightweight passenger breathing apparatus,
      upgraded flight attendant and aircrew portable breathing apparatus, floor level
      guidance to exits, less flammable and toxic interior materials, improved
      passenger evacuation information, tailored airport emergency response procedures,
      and upgraded toilet smoke detector equipment are examples.

PMID- 4004682
TI  - A stimulator for laboratory studies of motion sickness in cats.
AB  - A motion sickness device is described which produces motion sickness in about 40%
      of an unselected population of unrestrained female cats during a 30-min exposure
      at 0.28 Hz. The apparatus provides a gentle wave stimulus, similar to that
      provided by an amusement park Ferris Wheel. Two cats may be tested at the same
      time. This device is useful for studies of putative antimotion sickness drugs or
      the biochemical basis of the emetic response to motion.

PMID- 4004683
TI  - Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case #5. A visual
      dilemma.

PMID- 4004684
TI  - 1985 abstracts: Aerospace Medical Association annual scientific meeting, May 12
      16, 1985, San Antonio, TX.

PMID- 4004686
TI  - Exploratory behavior of two species of murid rodents, Acomys cahirinus and Mus
      musculus: a comparative study.
AB  - The exploratory behavior of two species of murid rodents, Acomys cahirinus and
      Mus musculus, was compared in four experiments: In the first, the responses of
      the two species to a novel arena were studied. Mus was found to take longer to
      enter the arena, and to spend more time in the relatively familiar or safer start
      box, than was Acomys. The results suggest that Acomys may persevere longer in
      exploring particular areas, whereas Mus appear to explore in the open arena by
      using frequent shifts of attention. The second experiment investigated species
      differences in response to the addition of a small novel object. Although the
      species did respond differently, the major species differences seemed to be
      related more to the open arena than to the object. The third experiment tested
      the hypothesis that both species would explore more if there was somewhere to
      hide (e.g., an artificial burrow) than if there was not. It was found that Acomys
      treated the available artificial burrow as another novel object, while Mus, as
      predicted, spent more time hiding inside it than did Acomys. The fourth
      experiment investigated burrow use when a model "predator" was introduced: Both
      species increased their use of the burrow but some species differences were
      found. Mus responded to the model more by freezing, or running immediately into
      the burrow; Acomys responded more by fleeing.

PMID- 4004687
TI  - Differential effects of electroconvulsive shock on concurrent spatial memories:
      "old" memories are impaired while "new" memories are spared.
AB  - The effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on spatial memory first reported by
      Shavalia, Dodge, and Beatty (1981, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 31, 261-273)
      were systematically replicated in two experiments. Rats acquired concurrent
      spatial memories in two 8-arm radial mazes. Each rat was allowed four choices in
      Maze 1 and then, after 2 h, four choices in Maze 2. After 2 h each rat was tested
      for retention in Maze 1 and, after 2 more h, was tested for retention in Maze 2.
      A single ECS was administered immediately after the fourth choice in Maze 2.
      Retention (as measured by accuracy of Choices 5-8) was diminished for Maze 1 but
      not for Maze 2. In the second experiment, the delay between the retention tests
      was eliminated (thus holding the ECS-Choice 5 interval constant for the two
      mazes). Once again retention of Maze 1 was impaired and retention of Maze 2 was
      spared; that finding suggests that ECS does not proactively affect radial-arm
      maze performance. The results of a third experiment converge on the same
      conclusion; ECS failed to reduce levels of spontaneous alternation. Therefore,
      ECS appears to interfere retroactively with relatively old spatial memories and
      newly established memories appear to be immune to the amnestic effects of ECS.
      Implications and various explanations are considered.

PMID- 4004685
TI  - Brain catecholamines and memory modulation: effects of footshock, amygdala
      implantation, and stimulation.
AB  - The results of previous studies indicate that the extent of a transient decline
      in brain norepinephrine (NE) levels shortly after training and administration of
      any of several memory modulating treatments is correlated with later retention
      performance. The present experiment assessed such changes after one-trial
      inhibitory (passive) avoidance training and, in addition, measured concentration
      changes in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the major metabolite of brain
      NE, as well as dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (EPI) levels. The results indicate
      that the decreases in brain NE after footshock are accompanied by an increase in
      MHPG, thus providing additional evidence that brain NE is released after
      training. DA levels were unchanged after training; brainstem EPI levels increased
      after the training footshock, but forebrain EPI levels were unchanged. A second
      experiment examined brain catecholamine levels in animals which received post
      training electrical stimulation of the amygdala. The findings of this experiment
      indicate that the amygdala damage which accompanies electrode implantation
      apparently results in a chronic change in whole brain NE levels and metabolism.
      After amygdala, NE concentrations in both brainstem and forebrain samples were
      reduced by 20% and MHPG was increased by 22-34%. Furthermore, NE levels were not
      responsive to training in implanted animals. Thus, brain NE levels after training
      were not predictive of retention performance in amygdala-implanted or -stimulated
      animals. However, the significance of such findings for understanding the
      possible role of central NE in memory storage is complicated by the severe
      modification of the dynamics of brain aminergic systems in animals bearing
      amygdala electrodes.

PMID- 4004688
TI  - Stimulus perseveration in a water maze following exposure to controllable and
      uncontrollable shock.
AB  - When placed in a water-filled maze, mice display a pronounced preference for the
      illuminated over the nonilluminated arm of the maze. Exposure to inescapable
      shock increased the time spent in the illuminated arm of the maze, and decreased
      the frequency of entries into the nonilluminated arm. When animals that had
      received shock entered the nonilluminated arm they exhibited more activity per
      second than nonstressed animals. Controllability over the stressor enhanced the
      preference for the illuminated arm; however, the contribution of this variable
      was dependent on the number of shock trials mice received. Following 180
      escapable or inescapable shock presentations the preference for the illuminated
      arm was enhanced. The propensity to approach the illuminated arm declined
      following a greater number (360) of escapable shock trials, while the preference
      for the illuminated arm did not decline in mice that received inescapable shock.
      Both escapable and inescapable shock were also found to produce a transient
      disruption of discrimination performance in a task where animals were required to
      emit a contraprepared response (swim to dark), whereas these treatments were
      without effect on performance of the highly prepared response of approaching the
      illuminated arm. It is provisionally suggested that enhancement of the
      perseveration represents an innate response to stressful stimuli, but as animals
      learn mastery over the response contingencies, the persistence in adopting such a
      response strategy wanes. Moreover, despite the differential effects of escapable
      and inescapable shock on the perseverative tendency, discrimination accuracy may
      not be differentially affected by these treatments in a task where acquisition
      progresses quickly and where explicit cues are associated with the correct and
      incorrect arms of the maze.

PMID- 4004690
TI  - Habituation under stress: shocked mice show nonassociative learning in a T-maze.
AB  - Conflicting predictions of reinforcement and neophobia-arousal theories were
      evaluated in a simple choice task. Four groups of C57BL/6J mice were administered
      daily two-trial tests in a uniform T-maze for 10 consecutive days. For three
      groups, the contingencies of footshock treatments were manipulated to reinforce
      alternation, perseveration, or both. A control group that was not administered
      footshock alternated, but all three groups that were stressed perseverated more
      and more across tests, despite the differences in reinforcement contingencies.
      These results are inconsistent with the predictions of reinforcement theory but
      consistent with the view that stressed or aroused animals are neophobic and use
      nonassociative learning (habituation) to distinguish between novel and familiar
      alternatives.

PMID- 4004689
TI  - Neophobia in spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive control (WKY) rats.
AB  - Latency of approaching a novel object (white-colored cube) placed in an
      unfamiliar open field, duration of object exploration, ambulation, rearing,
      grooming, and defecation were investigated in spontaneous hypertensive rats
      (SHR), their genetic normotensive controls (WKY), and standard Laboratory rats of
      Wistar origin (Tif:RAIf). The parameters measured were taken as indices of fear
      due to novelty (neophobia). Remarkable differences in behavior of all three
      strains were observed. By comparison to RAIf and WKY rats, SHR showed decreased
      neophobia as reflected in the significantly shorter latency of approaching the
      object and enhanced ambulation and rearing activity in the open field. By
      comparison to RAIf rats SHR also showed reduced grooming and defecation. WKY rats
      distinguished themselves from both SHR and RAIf by almost total absence of all
      responses in this test situation. This behavioral suppression was antagonized by
      7.5 mg/kg ip of chlordiazepoxide. The results of this study further support the
      notion that, by comparison to standard laboratory rats, both SHR and WKY rats
      show possible genetically determined, altered behaviors which are diametrically
      opposite to each other.

PMID- 4004691
TI  - Physiological, cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety.

PMID- 4004692
TI  - Analysis of a treatment program for primary orgastic dysfunction.

PMID- 4004693
TI  - Attending to stimuli or to images of sexual feelings: effects on sexual arousal.

PMID- 4004694
TI  - Psychological treatments for depression: how do they work?

PMID- 4004695
TI  - Conditioning, evaluations and cognitions: an axis of integration.

PMID- 4004696
TI  - Group versus individual applications of reciprocity training for parent-youth
      conflict.

PMID- 4004697
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder: differences between washers and checkers.

PMID- 4004698
TI  - Spontaneous remission in erectile dysfunction: a partial replication.

PMID- 4004699
TI  - The association between parental personal/marital adjustment and parent-child
      interactions in a clinic sample.

PMID- 4004700
TI  - A case of auditory hallucination treated by satiation.

PMID- 4004701
TI  - Leftovers, body weight and sex of eater.

PMID- 4004702
TI  - A study of the psychology of agoraphobia.

PMID- 4004703
TI  - Behavioural versus cognitive social-skills training with intellectually
      handicapped adults.

PMID- 4004704
TI  - Imagery in phobic subjects: a psychophysiological study.

PMID- 4004705
TI  - Establishment and generalization of aversion effects to alcoholic beverages in
      rats.

PMID- 4004706
TI  - The phenomenology of the pre-sleep state: the development of the pre-sleep
      arousal scale.

PMID- 4004707
TI  - Control of penile tumescence: the effects of arousal level and stimulus content.

PMID- 4004708
TI  - Chronic pain: an experimental analysis of the effects of exposure.

PMID- 4004710
TI  - Concordance between physiological and subjective measures of sexual arousal.

PMID- 4004709
TI  - The efficacy of parent training with maritally distressed and nondistressed
      mothers: a multimethod assessment.

PMID- 4004711
TI  - The relationship of severity of agoraphobia to associated psychopathology.

PMID- 4004712
TI  - Assessment of agoraphobia: triple response measurement.

PMID- 4004713
TI  - An ecological comparison of small community-based houses and traditional
      institutions--II. Physical setting and the use of opportunities.

PMID- 4004714
TI  - Failure of a peripheral muscle relaxant (suxomethonium bromide) to increase the
      efficacy of flooding (response prevention) in rats.

PMID- 4004715
TI  - Group composition in the treatment of obesity: does increasing group homogeneity
      improve treatment results?

PMID- 4004716
TI  - Fears in visually-impaired and normally-sighted youths.

PMID- 4004717
TI  - Eye-contact graphs.
AB  - The structure of nonverbal communication expressed as eye-contact between two
      human beings is analyzed using graph-theoretic tools involving a theorem of Konig
      on bipartite graphs and various results concerning directed graphs (as in
      Harary). A taxonomy for possible eye-contact configurations is constructed; then
      a theory, formed from a sequence of theorems proved about classes of eye-contact
      graphs derived from the taxonomy, is interpreted to analyze possible levels of
      communication. This theory can apply to any living system but it is interpreted
      here with respect to human subsystems composed of (1) individuals with normal
      vision, and (2) individuals with vision disorders which lead to crossed eyes.

PMID- 4004718
TI  - Autoradiographic demonstration of in vitro fusion of blood monocytes with
      osteoclasts.
AB  - The origin of osteoclasts from mononuclear phagocytes and the addition of new
      nuclei to already differentiated osteoclasts have been documented by several
      authors although the cellular cascade through which this is affected is not fully
      clear. In order to investigate this problem tritiated thymidine labeled
      monocytes, harvested from the blood of a donor chicken, were added to isolated
      osteoclasts cultured in vitro on coverslips. Autoradiographs of coverslips fixed
      at 24-hour intervals for 4 days showed that labeled nuclei were incorporated into
      the cluster of osteoclasts in a time-dependent manner.

PMID- 4004719
TI  - Ultrastructural study of the endocrine cells of the abomasum mucosa in pre
      ruminant calves.
AB  - During a systematic ultrastructural study on the endocrine/paracrine cells of the
      gastro-intestinal tract of ruminants, the aim of present work is to describe
      these cells in the abomasum of suckling calf. Taking into account all the
      cytological details, and especially the morphological appearance and the
      cytochemical reactivity of secretory granules, several endocrine cell types can
      be distinguished. Some of them (EC, D, D1) are common to all three of the
      glandular regions, whereas others are typical of cardiac and proper gastric
      glands: they are ECL, X, A-like and a fourth type, whose classification is
      uncertain. The last type (G cells) is detectable in pyloric glands only. The
      cardiac and proper gastric glands of the suckling calf abomasum contain two
      additional cell types, not present in bulls, A-like cells and the fourth type,
      and contain D1 cells which form a heterogeneous family. These data show a
      morphofunctional similarity between the abomasum of the suckling calf and the
      stomach of non-ruminant mammals.

PMID- 4004720
TI  - Control of L5178y cell growth by the galactose-specific lectin from Geodia
      cydonium.
AB  - The galactose-specific lectin from the sponge Geodia cydonium was determined to
      cause an increase of the growth rate of L5178y mouse lymphoma cells. The lectin
      interacts with cell surface components which were solubilized and enriched by
      affinity chromatography; their Mr's were 170,000, 140,000 and 88,000. Results
      from Ouchterlony diffusion studies suggest that the cell surface ligand is
      monovalent. Given to cells in suspension, the lectin causes cell agglutination.
      This process could be abolished by coincubation with the soluble cell surface
      ligand. Plating the cells onto substrate-attached lectin resulted in a
      stimulation of cell spreading. Scatchard analyses revealed that L5178y cells
      contained 6.3 X 10(7) lectin binding sites with an affinity (Ka) of 1.7 X 10(7) M
      1. The binding of the Geodia lectin to the cell surface can be prevented by
      addition of horse serum. The blocking serum components were isolated by affinity
      chromatography and determined to consist of six protein species.

PMID- 4004721
TI  - Uncoupler- and hypoxia-induced damage in the working rat heart and its treatment.
      I. Observations with uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.
AB  - In the isolated working rat heart, the damaging effect of 0.05-0.06 microM
      Carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) was reversible within
      20 sec by perfusion with fresh buffer. Cysteine 3 mM restored the aortic flow to
      the initial value within an additional 15-20 sec. Thereafter, the FCCP effect
      became irreversible due to a progressive structural membrane change. The
      structural change by FCCP is probably brought about by 'internalization' of polar
      groups (R-SH; R-NH3+) of the mitochondrial (and other) membrane.

PMID- 4004723
TI  - Hypotensive effect of heparin on experimental chronic pulmonary hypertension in
      rats.
AB  - Daily heparin injections (300 mg s.c.) during four weeks of hypoxic exposure
      resulted in a smaller rise in pulmonary artery pressure as compared with
      otherwise nontreated rats exposed to the same regimen of hypoxia. Heparin
      treatment did not significantly affect the systemic arterial pressure of the
      hypoxic rats. In spite of the different pressure load of the right ventricle
      after hypoxia in treated and control rats, there was no difference in parameters
      indicative of the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy between these two
      groups of hypoxic rats. This finding suggests that the difference in pressure
      load between the two groups of hypoxic rats occurred late in the course of
      hypoxic exposure.

PMID- 4004722
TI  - Blood pressure and arginine vasotocin in normonatremic and hypernatremic ducks.
AB  - As a model to study effects of chronic, excessive salt loading on circulation,
      Pekin ducks were adapted to 2% saline solution as their sole water supply, while
      fresh-water-adapted animals were used as controls. Due to the development of salt
      eliminating glands, salt-adapted ducks are able to cope indefinitely with this
      salt stress which means a daily ingestion of 5-6 g NaCl per kg body weight per
      day, associated with a chronic elevation of plasma osmolality and plasma sodium
      by 5-8% above normal and an up to 3-fold increase of antidiuretic hormone
      concentration in comparison to animals maintained on fresh water. Salt loading
      for up to 14 months did neither increase arterial mean, nor diastolic, nor pulse
      pressure. On the contrary, arterial mean and diastolic pressure were slightly
      lower in the salt-adapted than in the fresh-water-adapted animals, while pulse
      pressure and heart rate did not differ. Circulatory adaptation to removal and
      reinfusion of 10% of the estimated blood volume was identical in salt-water and
      fresh-water-adapted ducks. It is concluded that even excessive chronic salt
      loading resulting in chronic hyperosmolality with high plasma levels of sodium
      and antidiuretic hormone does not alter hemodynamic adaptation, provided that
      efficient compensating mechanisms are at the animal's disposal.

PMID- 4004724
TI  - Beneficial effect of coenzyme Q on myocardial slow action potentials in hearts
      subjected to decreased perfusion pressure-hypoxia-substrate-free perfusion.
AB  - Coenzyme Q, an important component of the electron transfer system in
      mitochondria, plays a central role in energy production aerobically. The effect
      of pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 (Co Q) on myocardial slow action potentials
      (APs) and accompanying contractions and on myocardial high energy phosphate
      content was studied in perfused hearts subjected to decreased perfusion pressure
      hypoxia-substrate-free. Post-hatched chicks were treated i.p. with 10 mg/kg of Co
      Q daily for 5 days. To study the slow APs exclusively, the fast Na+ channels were
      voltage-inactivated by elevated K+ (25 mM) Tyrode solution. The Ca++-dependent
      slow APs were induced by elevating [Ca]o to 5.4 mM; hearts were paced at a rate
      of 40 per min. Hearts which had been pretreated with Co Q were protected against
      the deleterious effect of decreased perfusion pressure - hypoxia - substrate-free
      perfusion on mechanical performance accompanying the slow Ca++-Na+ APs. The slow
      APs in hearts pretreated with Co Q were also less affected than were non-treated
      hearts. However, the myocardial ATP and total adenine nucleotides were not
      affected by exogenous Co Q. It was suggested that exogenous Co Q could protect
      against the decline of cardiac contractions via improved availability of slow APs
      during decreased perfusion pressure - hypoxia - substrate-free, independently of
      the cellular high energy phosphate level.

PMID- 4004725
TI  - Certain characteristics of myocardial contractility of isovolumic dog heart at
      randomly variable heart rhythm.
AB  - The relationship "heart rate - left ventricular pressure" was investigated in the
      isolated canine heart perfused with constant pressure at different preloads.
      Rhythmical stimulation was performed with constant stimulus interval duration and
      with stimulus intervals randomly changed near the average value (150-200 stimuli
      in series). Correlation and dispersion function analysis show that rhythm
      dispersion had a negative inotropic effect which was independent of the preload
      of the ventricle in the range of 120-180 beat/min, but this dependence occurred
      with low rats of stimulation. This method is proposed for the assessment of
      contractility under conditions of heart rate variations (physiological and
      pathological arrhythmias).

PMID- 4004726
TI  - The protective mechanism of estrogen on high blood pressure.
AB  - In 2 series of experiments on 144 SHRSP, the influence of treatment with
      different doses of 17-beta-estradiolbenzoate (EB) (0.031, 0.125, 0.5 mg/kg EB or
      placebo) on the development of hypertension from the 9th to 22nd week of life
      (increase of blood pressure (BP) of untreated male rats from 178 to 252 mm Hg and
      of untreated female rats from 151 to 192 mm Hg) and in well established
      hypertension from the 23th to 36th weeks of life (male untreated rats 238 mm Hg
      (prior to the observation] was investigated. In both series, observation periods
      consisted of a therapy phase of 14 weeks and a follow-up phase of the same
      duration. The untreated female rats had a longer life-span (88.5 weeks) than the
      untreated male rats (68.0 weeks). The estrogen treatment of female animals had an
      effect on BP only with the highest dose of EB and had no effect on the life-span
      of the animals. However, in male rats, the development of hypertension was
      inhibited by EB. Male rats treated at an earlier stage had a life-span equal to
      that of the female animals. When hypertension was already well-established
      treatment with EB had an antihypertensive effect in male rats (BP fall: 27-36 mm
      Hg), but no prolongation of the life-span was obtained.

PMID- 4004727
TI  - Relation of early mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration to late
      scar thickness after experimentally induced myocardial infarction in the rat.
AB  - This report describes the relationship between the intensity of early
      inflammation after acute myocardial infarction and the later thickness of the
      left ventricular (LV) scar. Histologic sections of hearts from methylprednisolone
      treated (MP), cobra venom factor-treated (CVF), and untreated control rats that
      had been subjected to either 2 or 21 days of coronary artery occlusion were
      studied. In the rats examined at 2 days (n = 20 for MP, n = 16 for CVF, and n =
      20 for controls), a semiquantitative inflammation score (1-4) was attributed to
      each infarct. Mononuclear (MN) cells were counted in 4 oil-immersion fields per
      section and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in 9 oil-immersion fields per section.
      In the rats examined at 21 days (n = 22 for MP, n = 22 for CVF, and n = 26 for
      controls), the thickness of the LV scar was measured every 1.6 mm along its
      circumference. Inflammation scores at 2 days were 3.5 +/- .6 for controls, 1.5 +/
      .5 for MP, and 2.9 +/- .8 for CVF (p less than .05 among groups). The MN cells
      counted were 73 +/- 7 for controls, 47 +/- 5 for MP, and 61 +/- 9 for CVF (p less
      than .05 among groups). There was no difference in PMN infiltrate among groups.
      Scar thickness at 21 days were .9 +/- .1 mm for controls, .7 +/- .1 mm for MP,
      and .9 +/- .1 mm for CVF (MP compared to CVF and controls, p less than
      .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004729
TI  - Behavioral analysis in behavioral medicine.

PMID- 4004728
TI  - Vasoconstrictor agents correlatively alter diameter and tension development in
      isolated pig coronary arteries.
AB  - Outer diameter of the isolated pig coronary artery was measured under isotonic
      conditions using a sonomicrometer, and tension development of a ring preparation
      was assessed isometrically by a strain gauge transducer. Potassium chloride
      (KCl), acetylcholine (ACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine dose-dependently reduced the
      coronary outer diameter. There was a direct linear relation between the reduction
      of diameter and tension development by these agents (r = 0.91, n = 15, p less
      than 0.001). KCl was one of the most potent vasoconstrictors tested and reduced
      the outer diameter by 35 +/- 1% (n = 15, mean +/- SEM) at 120 mM. ACh produced a
      transient increase in isometric tension and the reduction of the coronary
      diameter by ACh was smaller than that seen with KCl, even with a dose which
      produced the similar peak level of isometric tension by KCl and ACh. It is
      concluded that changes in the coronary diameter do closely correlate with those
      in tension development, however, the reduction of coronary diameter after
      exposure to vasoconstrictive agents is less in phasic than tonic contraction. The
      latter evidence suggests the importance of both the strength and duration of
      active vasoconstriction in eliciting coronary spasm.

PMID- 4004730
TI  - Gifted students and behavior modification.

PMID- 4004731
TI  - Avoidant paruresis. An exploratory study.

PMID- 4004732
TI  - The relationship between cognitions and anxiety. A preliminary report.

PMID- 4004734
TI  - [Personal experiences in the care of lower-leg amputees with short prostheses].

PMID- 4004733
TI  - Eating style and food storage habits in the home. Assessment of obese and
      nonobese families.

PMID- 4004735
TI  - [Berndorfer syndrome].

PMID- 4004736
TI  - [New instruments for ventral intercorporeal distraction spondylodesis of the
      lumbar spine].

PMID- 4004737
TI  - [Initial experiences with bone scintigraphy in the early diagnosis of
      spondylolysis].

PMID- 4004738
TI  - [The Chiari pelvic osteotomy].

PMID- 4004739
TI  - [Chiari pelvic osteotomy in experiments--biostatic, stress optical, pressure and
      densitometric studies].

PMID- 4004740
TI  - [Conventional dorsal spondylodesis in the treatment of spondylolisthesis].

PMID- 4004742
TI  - [Sprain fracture of the medial epicondyle of humerus in dogs].

PMID- 4004741
TI  - [Care of laterobasal craniocerebral injuries].

PMID- 4004743
TI  - [Microradiographic serial studies of ribs in adult dogs].

PMID- 4004744
TI  - [Hepatic encephalopathic syndrome in the dog and its treatment].

PMID- 4004745
TI  - [Logetronography of radiographs, an auxiliary method of studying accessory carpal
      bone fractures and assessing treatment results].

PMID- 4004746
TI  - [Monitoring circulation in the horse during sedation and anesthesia by indirect
      blood pressure measurement].

PMID- 4004747
TI  - [Errors in the treatment of fractures in small animals and their consequences].

PMID- 4004749
TI  - [Isoflurane (Aerrane). A better inhalation anesthetic for horses?].

PMID- 4004748
TI  - [Fracture of the jaw in horses with special reference to the incisors].

PMID- 4004750
TI  - [Clonidine as a sedative in horses].

PMID- 4004751
TI  - Red blood cells as carriers for drugs. A method for disseminating
      chemotherapeutics, hormones, enzymes and other therapeutic agents via the
      circulatory system. First International Conference on Red Blood Cell Carriers.
      Bellagio (Italy), February 27-March 2, 1984.

PMID- 4004752
TI  - Hypotonic dialysis encapsulation in erythrocytes of mammalian species.

PMID- 4004753
TI  - Use of voltage pulses for the pore opening and drug loading, and the subsequent
      resealing of red blood cells.
AB  - Electric pulses in the range of 1 to 5 kV/cm and of durations 1 to 200
      microseconds have been used to open up pores of limited size in various cell
      types. In the case of erythrocytes, these pores were shown to admit molecules as
      large as tetrasaccharides. Loading of clinically active drugs has also been
      attempted. Erythrocytes loaded with drugs can be resealed without loss of the
      hemoglobin content. With mouse erythrocytes, we have demonstrated the feasibility
      of using erythrocytes (not hemoglobin depleted ghosts) as drug carriers for
      prolonging the drug level in the circulation. Other possible applications of the
      method are also discussed.

PMID- 4004754
TI  - Encapsulation and targeting of drugs in electrically hemolysed red cells.

PMID- 4004755
TI  - Entrapment of DNA and fluorescent compounds in erythrocyte carriers by
      endocytosis.

PMID- 4004756
TI  - Red cell-mediated microinjection of antibodies.
AB  - Macromolecules can be introduced into cultured mammalian cells by fusing
      recipients with red cells, loaded by hypotonic hemolysis with the macromolecule
      of interest. This technique is called red cell-mediated microinjection. If
      recipient cells are in mitosis at the time of fusion, introduced macromolecules
      have access to nuclear components. When antibodies are introduced by this
      technique, they retain their specificity and are able to neutralize both
      cytoplasmic and nuclear molecules, thus providing a useful system for studying
      cellular functions within living cells.

PMID- 4004757
TI  - RBC-mediated microinjection of chromatin components into cultured mammalian
      cells.
AB  - Radiolabeled DNA fragments or nuclear proteins were encapsulated within human
      erythrocytes, and the erythrocytes were then fused with cultured mammalian cells
      using Sendai virus. Autoradiography revealed that 125I-labeled DNA fragments
      remained dispersed in the cytoplasm and disappeared with a half-life of 24 hours.
      In contrast, the nuclear proteins, HMG1, HMG2, HMG17 and histone H1, rapidly
      localized within HeLa nuclei and exhibited half lives greater than 80 hours.
      Several biochemical criteria indicate that the association of the injected
      nuclear proteins with chromatin faithfully mimics the behavior of their
      endogenous counterparts.

PMID- 4004758
TI  - Comparison and potential of hypo-osmotic and iso-osmotic erythrocyte ghosts and
      carrier erythrocytes as drug and enzyme carriers.
AB  - Preparation, characteristics and properties of the three types of erythrocyte
      ghost are compared. These include light scattering properties, morphology,
      retention of cellular components and biochemical function including membrane
      transport. In vivo studies in the BALB/c mouse and Beagle dog have allowed the
      potential to be assessed of these erythrocyte ghosts as drug and enzyme cellular
      carriers in the treatment of human diseases. The development of the carrier
      erythrocyte with restored cellular ATP content and properties, including in vivo
      survival, that are closely similar to those of the normal erythrocyte is also
      described and its potential discussed.

PMID- 4004759
TI  - Membrane phospholipid asymmetry and the adherence of loaded red blood cells.
AB  - The phospholipids of the red cell membrane are asymmetrically distributed across
      the bilayer. Loss of this asymmetry by certain normal and pathological red cells
      is correlated with their increased adherence both in vitro and in vivo. Red cells
      loaded under conditions which result in loss of asymmetry adhere to cultured
      endothelial cells and are phagocytized in vitro by macrophages more readily than
      red cells loaded under conditions in which asymmetry is maintained. These results
      suggest that preserving phospholipid asymmetry during loading may prevent
      undesired in vivo interactions by reinfused red cell carriers.

PMID- 4004760
TI  - Carrier erythrocytes: a prospectus for the future.

PMID- 4004761
TI  - Red cell ghost-entrapped deferoxamine as a model clinical targeted delivery
      system for iron chelators and other compounds.
AB  - In iron overload resulting from repeated blood transfusion, phagocytic
      reticuloendothelial cells are the primary and major sites of iron accumulation.
      Removal of this iron by the iron chelator deferoxamine can be enhanced by
      targeted delivery of this agent to reticuloendothelial cells. We have used
      resealed erythrocyte ghosts as a model system for delivery of deferoxamine to
      reticuloendothelial cells and have demonstrated a several-fold enhancement of
      urine iron excretion in children and adults with congenital or acquired iron
      loading anemias. Although presently not cost-effective, this approach provides a
      useful, practical and safe model for [1] iron chelator targeting to
      reticuloendothelial cells, and [2] the clinical use of resealed erythrocyte
      ghosts for targeting pharmacologic agents to reticuloendothelial cells.

PMID- 4004762
TI  - Encapsulation and pharmacokinetics of drugs in bovine and canine carrier
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 4004763
TI  - Entrapment of normal and mutant glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) within
      G6PD deficient erythrocytes.
AB  - G6PD-deficient erythrocytes (Mediterranean type of this enzyme disorder) were
      loaded with a) normal G6PD purified to homogeneity from human erythrocytes, b)
      G6PD Mediterranean purified from deficient granulocytes. The first set of
      experiments led to complete normalization of biochemical properties of
      erythrocytes, as assessed by evaluating their metabolic competence under steady
      state conditions and under oxidative stress as well. The second type of
      experiment allowed us to conclude that mutant G6PD is not appreciably destroyed
      within the affected erythrocytes.

PMID- 4004764
TI  - G6PD encapsulation and metabolic properties of loaded erythrocytes.
AB  - Two different dialysis methods were used to G6PD load the erythrocytes of G6PD
      deficient subjects. With both methods the yield of entrapment was about 30-40% of
      the added G6PD. The functional behaviour of these G6PD loaded erythrocytes was
      evaluated by HMS either in resting conditions or under oxidative stimulation. An
      increase of the metabolic activity of the G6PD loaded erythrocytes was found.
      This model provides an useful approach in studying the hemolytic activity of a
      variety of agents.

PMID- 4004765
TI  - Entrapment of L-asparaginase in red blood cells. A strategy to improve treatment
      of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Autologous red blood cells were loaded with L-asparaginase and injected
      intravenously into monkeys. A single dose of 1850 IU/Kg suppressed plasma
      asparagine for 19 days compared to 10 days for the same dose injected free in
      solution. Rabbit antisera to asparaginase was used to passively immunize guinea
      pigs. These animals were then challenged with RBC-entrapped asparaginase versus
      asparaginase free in solution. RBC entrapment allowed a ten fold greater dose of
      asparaginase before anaphylaxis became a problem. RBC entrapment prolongs the
      duration of action of asparaginase and offers protection against anaphylaxis.
      Clinical trial in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is recommended.

PMID- 4004766
TI  - Resealed red blood cells as a new blood transfusion product.

PMID- 4004767
TI  - Incorporation of allosteric effectors of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
      Physiological effects.

PMID- 4004768
TI  - Monitoring therapeutic effects of diets.

PMID- 4004769
TI  - Management and organization of modern hospital nutrition care.

PMID- 4004770
TI  - Carbohydrate-structure-dependent recognition of desialylated serum glycoproteins
      in the liver and leucocytes. Two complementary systems.
AB  - Oligosaccharides with four different types of branching were prepared from
      purified human transferrin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, caeruloplasmin and alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein and labelled with NaBH3 3H. Binding of these oligosaccharides
      to rat liver plasma membrane, rat leucocytes, pig liver plasma membranes and pig
      leucocyte plasma membranes was investigated. A striking dependence of binding on
      oligosaccharide branching was observed. The values of apparent association
      constants Ka at 4 degrees C vary from 10(6) M-1 (biantennary structure) to 10(9)
      M-1 (tetra-antennary structure) in the liver, whereas in the leucocytes the Ka
      values were found to be of reversed order, from 1.8 X 10(9) M-1 for biantennary
      to 2.2 X 10(6) M-1 for tetra-antennary structures. The binding is completely
      inhibited by 150 mM-D-galactose, but 150 mM-D-mannose has almost no effect on
      binding. Leucocyte plasma membranes bind preferentially 125I-asialoglycoproteins
      with biantennary oligosaccharides, thus completing the specificity pattern of the
      hepatic recognition system for desialylated glycoproteins. Possible physiological
      roles of these two complementary recognition systems under normal and
      pathological conditions are discussed.

PMID- 4004771
TI  - Quantification of cytochrome P-450-dependent cyclohexane hydroxylase activity in
      normal and neoplastic reproductive tissues.
AB  - It is well established that liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 participates in
      steroid metabolism and probably also in the metabolism of anti-oestrogens such as
      tamoxifen (Nolvadex). Thus it is possible that variations in cytochrome P-450
      levels may influence the responsiveness of human breast and endometrial
      carcinomas to endocrine therapy. Therefore a simple sensitive spectrophotometric
      assay for determining levels of cytochrome P-450-dependent cyclohexane
      hydroxylation activity in breast and uterine microsomes (microsomal fractions)
      has been developed. Cyclohexane was chosen as a substrate because of the
      relatively high levels of cyclohexane hydroxylase activity in tumour microsomes
      and because cyclohexane serves as a substrate for several forms of cytochrome P
      450. As previously described [Senler, Dean, Pierce & Wittliff (1985) Anal.
      Biochem. 144, 152-158], a direct method utilizing isotope-dilution/gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry was also developed in order to confirm the
      results of the spectrophotometric assay. The average activity (cyclohexane
      dependent NADPH oxidation) for 139 human breast-tumour microsome preparations was
      1.34 nmol/min per mg, which is in the range of that found in untreated mammalian
      liver (1-3 nmol/min per mg). Also, high enzyme activity was demonstrated in human
      ovary, normal uterus as well as uterine leiomyomas. Endocrine status appeared to
      influence enzyme levels, in that mammary tissue from virgin rats contained
      significantly (P less than 0.025) higher amounts of activity than did tissues
      from either pregnant or lactating rats. Furthermore, carbon monoxide, as well as
      an antibody against rat liver cytochrome P-450, completely inhibited NADPH
      oxidation by breast-carcinoma microsomes. These results strengthen our hypothesis
      that tumours with high levels of cytochrome P-450 may have a reduced response to
      additive endocrine therapy.

PMID- 4004772
TI  - The effects of trypsin treatment on proteoglycan biosynthesis by bovine articular
      cartilage.
AB  - The effects of mild or severe trypsin treatment of bovine articular-cartilage
      slices in tissue culture were studied by monitoring the incorporation of
      [35S]sulphate into proteoglycans. Moderate trypsin treatment caused a subsequent
      marked inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis, which was reversible with time.
      Analysis on Sepharose CL-2B of the proteoglycan species synthesized showed that,
      directly after trypsin treatment, there was a 30% increase in the synthesis of
      the low-Mr proteoglycan (Kav. 0.71), and the total decrease in proteoglycan
      biosynthesis was reflected in a decrease in the synthesis of the high-Mr
      proteoglycan species (Kav. 0.31). The small proteoglycan was partially
      characterized and shown to be a true biosynthetic product and not a breakdown
      product. Trypsin treatment (20 micrograms/ml per 100 mg of tissue) of cartilage
      slices also resulted in an increase in the glycosaminoglycan chain size of the
      large proteoglycan, but not of the small proteoglycan.

PMID- 4004773
TI  - The assembly of microtubule protein in vitro. The kinetic role in microtubule
      elongation of oligomeric fragments containing microtubule-associated proteins.
AB  - The kinetics of assembly were studied for bovine and pig microtubule protein in
      vitro over a range of conditions of pH, temperature, nucleotide and protein
      concentration. The kinetics are in general biphasic with two major processes of
      similar amplitude but separated in rate by one order of magnitude. Rates and
      amplitudes are complex functions of solution conditions. The rates of the fast
      phase and the slow phase attain limiting values as a function of increasing
      protein concentration, and are more stringently limited at pH 6.5 than pH 6.95.
      Such behaviour indicates that mechanisms other than the condensation
      polymerization of tubulin dimer become rate-limiting at higher protein
      concentration. The constancy of the wavelength-dependence of light-scattering and
      ultrastructural criteria indicate that microtubules of normal morphology are
      formed in both phases of the assembly process. Electrophoretic analysis of
      assembling microtubule protein shows that MAP- (microtubule-associated-protein
      )rich microtubules are formed during the fast phase. The rate of dissociation of
      oligomeric species on dilution of microtubule protein closely parallels the fast
      phase rate in magnitude and temperature-dependence. We propose that the rate of
      this process constitutes an upper limit to the rate of the fast phase of
      assembly. The kinetics of redistribution of MAPs from MAP-rich microtubules may
      be a factor limiting the slow-phase rate. A working model is derived for the self
      assembly of microtubule protein incorporating the dissociation and redistribution
      mechanisms that impose upper limits to the rates of assembly attainable by
      bimolecular addition reactions. Key roles are assigned to MAP-containing
      fragments in both phases of microtubule elongation. Variations in kinetic
      behaviour with solution conditions are inferred to derive from the nature and
      properties of fragments formed from oligomeric species after the rapid
      temperature jump. The model accounts for the limiting rate behaviour and
      indicates experimental criteria to be applied in evaluating the relative
      contributions of alternative pathways.

PMID- 4004774
TI  - Identification of a basic hybrid glutathione S-transferase from human liver.
      Glutathione S-transferase delta is composed of two distinct subunits (B1 and B2).
AB  - The purification of a hybrid glutathione S-transferase (B1 B2) from human liver
      is described. This enzyme has an isoelectric point of 8.75 and the B1 and B2
      subunits are distinguishable immunologically and are ionically distinct.
      Hybridization experiments demonstrated that B1 B1 and B2 B2 could be resolved by
      CM-cellulose chromatography and have pI values of 8.9 and 8.4 respectively.
      Transferase B1 B2, and the two homodimers from which it is formed, are
      electrophoretically and immunochemically distinct from the neutral enzyme
      (transferase mu) and two acidic enzymes (transferases rho and lambda). Sodium
      dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis demonstrated that B1 and B2
      both have an Mr of 26 000, whereas, in contrast, transferase mu comprises
      subunits of Mr 27 000 and transferases rho and lambda both comprise subunits of
      Mr 24 500. Antisera raised against B1 or B2 monomers did not cross-react with the
      neutral or acidic glutathione S-transferases. The identity of transferase B1 B2
      with glutathione S-transferase delta prepared by the method of Kamisaka, Habig,
      Ketley, Arias & Jakoby [(1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 60, 153-161] has been
      demonstrated, as well as its relationship to other previously described
      transferases.

PMID- 4004775
TI  - Chemical cross-linking of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase from bovine heart.
AB  - The structure of bovine heart mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase was investigated
      by using two cleavable cross-linking agents, disuccinimidyl tartrate and
      (ethylene glycol)yl bis-(succinimidyl succinate). Cross-linking was analysed
      primarily by immunoblotting to detect products containing subunits of the iron
      protein fraction from chaotropic resolution of the enzyme, namely those of 75,
      49, 30 and 13 kDa. By using both the isolated iron-protein fraction and the
      intact dehydrogenase, cross-links were identified between these four subunits,
      from these subunits to the largest subunit of the flavoprotein fraction, which
      contains the active site for NADH, and from these subunits to polypeptides in the
      hydrophobic shell, which surrounds the hydrophilic iron-protein and flavoprotein
      fractions.

PMID- 4004776
TI  - Hemicellulosic complexes from the cell walls of runner bean (Phaseolus
      coccineus).
AB  - The 1 M-KOH extract from the depectinated cell walls of parenchymatous tissues of
      mature runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) on neutralization, dialysis and
      concentration gave insoluble (hemicellulose A) and soluble (hemicellulose B)
      carbohydrate complexes in the weight ratio 2:1. Both fractions contained
      polysaccharide, protein and polyphenolic material. The structural features of the
      carbohydrates were examined by methylation analysis. Hemicellulose A contained
      mainly pectic arabinogalactan, with lesser amounts of arabinoxylan and glucan.
      Sequential fractionation of hemicellulose B by anion-exchange and hydroxyapatite
      chromatography gave a range of polysaccharide-protein-polyphenolic complexes. The
      main polysaccharides in these complexes were (acidic) arabinoxylans, galactans,
      arabinogalactans 1 and 2 and xyloglucans. The proteins contained small amounts of
      hydroxyproline, but were rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Attempts to
      determine the nature of the polyphenolic material were unsuccessful. The
      structural features of the polysaccharide-protein-polyphenolic complexes are
      discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls of parenchymatous
      tissues.

PMID- 4004778
TI  - Preparation of cathepsins B and H by covalent chromatography and characterization
      of their catalytic sites by reaction with a thiol-specific two-protonic-state
      reactivity probe. Kinetic study of cathepsins B and H extending into alkaline
      media and a rapid spectroscopic titration of cathepsin H at pH 3-4.
AB  - A procedure for the isolation of cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and of cathepsin H
      from bovine spleen involving covalent chromatography by thiol-disulphide
      interchange and ion-exchange chromatography was devised. The stabilities of both
      cathepsins in alkaline media are markedly temperature-dependent, and reliable
      kinetic data can be obtained at pH values up to 8 by working at 25 degrees C with
      a continuous spectrophotometric assay. Both enzyme preparations contain only one
      type of thiol group as judged by reactivity characteristics towards 2,2'
      dipyridyl disulphide at pH values up to 8; in each case this thiol group is
      essential for catalytic activity. Cathepsin H was characterized by kinetic
      analysis of the reactions of its thiol group with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide in
      the pH range approx. 2-8 and the analogous study on cathepsin B [Willenbrock &
      Brocklehurst (1984) Biochem. J. 222, 805-814] was extended to include reaction at
      pH values up to approx. 8. Cathepsin H, like the other cysteine proteinases, was
      shown to contain an interactive catalytic-site system in which the nucleophilic
      character of the sulphur atom is maintained in acidic media. The considerable
      differences in catalytic site characteristics detected by this two-protonic-state
      reactivity probe between cathepsin B, cathepsin H, papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and
      actinidin (EC 3.4.22.14) are discussed. Reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide
      in acidic media, which is known to provide a rapid spectrophotometric active
      centre titration for many cysteine proteinases, is applicable to cathepsin H.
      This is useful because other active-centre titrations have proved unsuitable in
      view of the relatively low reactivity of the thiol group in cathepsin H.

PMID- 4004779
TI  - Type X collagen, a product of hypertrophic chondrocytes.
AB  - The synthesis of collagen types IX and X by explants of chick-embryo cartilages
      was investigated. When sternal cartilage labelled for 24h with [3H]proline was
      extracted with 4M-guanidinium chloride, up to 20% of the 3H-labelled collagen
      laid down in the tissue could be accounted for by the low-Mr collagenous
      polypeptides (H and J chains) of type IX collagen; but no type X collagen could
      be detected. Explants of tibiotarsal and femoral cartilages were found to
      synthesize type IX collagen mainly in zones 1 and 2 of chondrocyte proliferation
      and elongation, whereas type X collagen was shown to be a product of the
      hypertrophic chondrocytes in zone 3. Pulse-chase experiments with tibiotarsal
      (zone-3) explants demonstrated a time-dependent conversion of type X procollagen
      into a smaller species whose polypeptides were of Mr 49 000. The processed chains
      [alpha 1(X) chains] were shown by peptide mapping techniques to share a common
      identity with the pro alpha 1(X) chains of Mr 59 000. No evidence for processing
      of type IX collagen was obtained in analogous pulse-chase experiments with
      sternal tissue. When chondrocytes from tibiotarsal cartilage (zone 3) were
      cultured on plastic under standard conditions for 4-10 weeks they released large
      amounts of type X procollagen into the medium. However, 2M-MgCl2 extracts of the
      cell layer were found to contain mainly the processed collagen comprising alpha
      1(X) chains. The native type X procollagen purified from culture medium was shown
      by rotary shadowing to occur as a short rod-like molecule 148 nm in length with a
      terminal globular extension, whereas the processed species comprising alpha 1(X)
      chains of Mr 49 000 was detected by electron microscopy as the linear 148 nm
      segment.

PMID- 4004777
TI  - Characterization of a type VI collagen-related Mr-140 000 protein from cutis-laxa
      fibroblasts in culture.
AB  - The precise biochemical defects in connective-tissue metabolism that are
      responsible for the laxity of skin seen in the syndrome of cutis laxa are largely
      unknown. We have studied fibroblasts cultured from skin explants of a 2-year-old
      male with the syndrome. Electron-microscopic examination of this skin revealed
      decreased amounts of amorphous elastin and an increase in elastin-associated
      microfibrils. Although the cultured fibroblasts were similar to control skin
      fibroblasts in morphology, growth rate and total protein synthesis, there was a 4
      6-fold increase in accumulation of a collagenous protein of Mr 140 000 in both
      the culture medium and in the cell layer. This protein was structurally distinct
      from collagen types I, III, IV, V and VIII. It was found to be related to a cell
      surface-associated glycoprotein, GP140, by both antigenic cross-reactivity and
      peptide mapping. Our data support observations that GP140 is a precursor of at
      least one form of pepsin-extracted type VI collagen.

PMID- 4004780
TI  - Characterization of plasma-membrane glycoproteins from functional domains of the
      rat hepatocyte.
AB  - Plasma-membrane glycoproteins from the three different functional domains of the
      rat hepatocyte were radioactively labelled by oxidation with NaIO4, followed by
      reduction with NaB3H4. Analysis of the radioactively labelled glycoproteins by
      polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of at least 12 major
      sialoglycoproteins in each different region of the hepatocyte surface. The Mr-110
      000 component was homogeneously distributed over the plasma membrane, whereas the
      Mr-90 000 polypeptide was only located at the sinusoidal face. These
      radiolabelled glycoproteins were solubilized in 1% Triton X-100, and the soluble
      fraction was subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-conjugated wheat
      germ agglutinin (WGA). The labelled glycoproteins were poorly bound to WGA.
      Membrane glycoproteins were also labelled by the galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 method.
      The results show that the polypeptides with apparent Mr 170 000 from the
      sinusoidal, 230 000 from the canalicular and 170 000 from the lateral membranes
      were specifically labelled. When the membranes were treated with neuraminidase
      and galactose oxidase/NaB3H4, the electrophoretic patterns showed changes in the
      apparent Mr values of the glycoproteins, owing to loss of sialic acid, and a
      clear increase in labelling in the sinusoidal and canalicular membranes compared
      with the lateral membranes. When these labelled membranes were solubilized in 1%
      Triton X-100 and subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-conjugated
      Ricinus communis agglutinin and/or Lens culinaris agglutinin, the results showed
      that the former columns efficiently bound the radiolabelled glycoproteins,
      whereas the latter columns bound poorly. The results show that there is a
      differential distribution of glycoproteins along the hepatocyte's surface.

PMID- 4004781
TI  - Lysosomal triacylglycerol lipase activity in L6 myoblasts and its changes on
      differentiation.
AB  - L6 myoblasts, before fusion, accumulate large stores of neutral lipid when
      cultured in medium supplemented with fatty acid. Upon fusion to terminally
      differentiated myotubes, a noticeable decrease in these neutral-lipid stores was
      observed. Triacylglycerol lipase activity was examined in L6 myoblasts at various
      stages of cell differentiation to assess a possible role for this enzyme in the
      above phenomenon. In this first study to demonstrate lipolytic activity in
      cultured muscle cells, the activity was found to be totally dependent on the
      presence of a detergent, either Cutscum or Triton X-100, during homogenization.
      The inhibition by many thiol-specific reagents [N-ethylmaleimide, p
      chloromercuribenzoate, iodoacetate, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] suggest
      that a thiol group is at or near the active site. The observed acidic pH optimum
      (5.5-6.0), the acute inhibition by chlorpromazine (a lysosomal lipase inhibitor)
      and the distribution of lipolytic activity upon cell fractionation (which co
      sediments with acid phosphatase, a lysosomal marker enzyme) suggest that the
      lipase may be of lysosomal origin. Under the optimal conditions described, the
      triacylglycerol lipase activity of L6 myoblasts was determined to be 2.9 +/- 0.4
      nmol of oleic acid released/min per mg of DNA. This activity increased 3-fold, to
      9.0 +/- 1.6 nmol/min per mg, in the myotube phase. This increase in lipolytic
      activity may be responsible for the observed decrease in neutral-lipid stores of
      differentiating myoblasts.

PMID- 4004782
TI  - Separation and characterization of the aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation
      stimulated by carbon tetrachloride or ADP-iron in isolated rat hepatocytes and
      rat liver microsomal suspensions.
AB  - Carbonyl products were separated and identified in suspensions of rat liver
      microsomal fractions and in isolated hepatocytes, after stimulation of lipid
      peroxidation by incubation with the pro-oxidants CCl4 and ADP-iron. The carbonyl
      products were allowed to react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and the
      derivatives were extracted and separated by t.l.c. into three zones of non-polar
      materials, and one fraction of polar derivatives that remained at the origin.
      Separation of the individual non-polar hydrazones in each zone by h.p.l.c.
      demonstrated that zone I prepared from microsomal fraction or hepatocytes
      incubated with CCl4 or ADP-iron contained mainly 4-hydroxyhex-2-enal, 4
      hydroxynon-2-enal and 4-hydroxynona-2,5-dienal. Zone III consisted mainly of the
      alkanals propanal, pentanal and hexanal, the 2-alkenals propenal, pent-2-enal,
      hex-2-enal, hept-2-enal, oct-2-enal and non-2-enal, the ketones butanone, pentan
      2-one and pentan-3-one, and deca-2,4-dienal. Incubation of a microsomal fraction
      with ADP-iron was much more effective in producing malonaldehyde and other
      carbonyl products than an incubation with CCl4. Despite such quantitative
      differences, there were no obvious qualitative differences in the h.p.l.c.
      spectra obtained from zones I and III. However, the stoichiometric evaluation of
      fatty acid loss and the production of malonaldehyde and other carbonyls suggests
      that the pathways of lipid peroxidation triggered by CCl4 and ADP-iron are
      different. The accumulation of carbonyl products of lipid peroxidation in
      isolated hepatocytes is strongly affected by their metabolism; in particular, 4
      hydroxyalkenals were found to be metabolized very rapidly. Nonetheless, both CCl4
      and ADP-iron produced stimulation in the production of malonaldehyde and non
      polar carbonyl production. After incubation of rat hepatocytes with CCl4 or ADP
      iron it was found that approx. 50% of the total amount of non-polar carbonyls
      produced during incubation escaped into the external medium. This was not leakage
      from dead cells, as 90-95% of the hepatocytes had retained their integrity at the
      end of the incubation. Release of carbonyl products from cells stimulated to
      undergo lipid peroxidation may be a mechanism for spreading an initial
      intracellular disturbance to affect critical targets outside the parent cell.

PMID- 4004784
TI  - Two mechanisms produce tissue-specific inhibition of fatty acid oxidation by
      oxfenicine.
AB  - Oxfenicine [S-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine] is transaminated in heart and liver to
      4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation shown in this
      study to act at the level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (EC 2.3.1.21).
      Oxfenicine was an effective inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in heart, but not
      in liver. Tissue specificity of oxfenicine inhibition of fatty acid oxidation was
      due to greater oxfenicine transaminase activity in heart and to greater
      sensitivity of heart carnitine palmitoyltransferase I to inhibition by 4
      hydroxyphenylglyoxylate [I50 (concentration giving 50% inhibition) of 11 and 510
      microM for the enzymes of heart and liver mitochondria, respectively]. Branched
      chain-amino-acid aminotransferase (isoenzyme I, EC 2.6.1.42) was responsible for
      the transamination of oxfenicine in heart. A positive correlation was found
      between the capacity of various tissues to transaminate oxfenicine and the known
      content of branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase in these tissues. Out of
      three observed liver oxfenicine aminotransferase activities, one may correspond
      to asparagine aminotransferase, but the major activity could not be identified by
      partial purification and characterization. As reported previously for malonyl-CoA
      inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate
      inhibition of this enzyme was found to be very pH-dependent. In striking contrast
      with the kinetics of malonyl-CoA inhibition, 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate inhibition
      was not affected by oleoyl-CoA concentration, but was partially reversed by
      increasing carnitine concentrations.

PMID- 4004783
TI  - Endocytosis and subsequent processing of 125I-labelled immunoglobulin G by guinea
      pig yolk sac in vitro.
AB  - We have developed conditions for studying the binding, uptake, degradation and
      transport of 125I-labelled IgG by yolk sac in vitro. Specific binding to tissue
      at 4 degrees C and to paraformaldehyde-treated tissue at 37 degrees C was time-
      and temperature-dependent and showed saturation kinetics (Kd,4 degrees C = 2.9 X
      10(-6) M, Kd,37 degrees C = 5.3 X 10(-6) M). Uptake was studied at 37 degrees C
      using untreated tissue (K uptake = 13.3 X 10(-6) M) and was inhibited by
      preincubation with metabolic poisons but not with cycloheximide. Tissue that had
      been incubated with 125I-labelled IgG at 37 degrees C released radiolabelled
      degradation products and intact 125I-labelled IgG into the medium. Experiments
      with paraformaldehyde-treated and untreated tissue showed that release of intact
      125I-labelled IgG was mostly the result of ligand dissociation from surface
      binding sites. However, more 125I-labelled IgG was released from untreated tissue
      than could be accounted for solely by loss of surface-bound ligand and the
      difference was presumed to reflect uptake, transport and exocytosis of 125I
      labelled IgG. Degradation of 125I-labelled IgG was inhibited by leupeptin and
      lysosomotropic amines. These drugs had no detectable effect on 125I-labelled IgG
      release. The results suggest that degradation and transport of IgG are not
      intimately related and are consistent with a previously proposed model for IgG
      transport via coated vesicles which do not fuse with lysosomes and for non
      selective uptake into another class of vesicle which does fuse with lysosomes.

PMID- 4004785
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans in rat mucosal mast cells.
AB  - Rats were infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, resulting in
      an approx. 5-fold increase in the number of mucosal mast cells and the histamine
      content of the intestinal (jejunum) wall. After injection of the infected animals
      with inorganic [35S]sulphate, a similar increase in the yield of labelled
      intestinal glycosaminoglycans was observed, compared with uninfected control
      rats. Autoradiography showed a highly selective labelling of the numerous mucosal
      mast cells and of the few connective-tissue mast cells in the subserosal region
      of the bowel. Analysis of the labelled polysaccharide from the infected animals
      showed that almost 60% of this material consisted of oversulphated
      galactosaminoglycan, whereas heparin-related polysaccharides accounted for only
      13%. The galactosaminoglycan contained 4-monosulphated and 4,6-disulphated N
      acetylgalactosamine residues in approx. 5:1 molar ratio, both being linked to D
      glucuronic acid residues; the occurrence of L-iduronic acid units could not be
      excluded. No significant difference in structure was found between this
      polysaccharide and the corresponding component isolated from uninfected rats. It
      is concluded that the major polysaccharide produced by rat mucosal mast cells in
      vivo is an oversulphated galactosaminoglycan rather than heparin.

PMID- 4004786
TI  - Inhibition by adenosine of reactive oxygen metabolite production by human
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
AB  - The stimulation of reactive oxygen metabolite production from human
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes by chemotactic peptide (fMet-Leu-Phe) was inhibited
      by adenosine with a K0.5 of 0.6 microM. Dipyridamole (0.1 microM), an inhibitor
      of adenosine uptake, did not prevent the effect of adenosine. Non-metabolizable
      analogues could substitute for adenosine in the potency order N
      ethoxycarboxamideadenosine greater than 2-chloroadenosine greater than adenosine
      greater than L-N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine = D-N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine,
      which is characteristic of an A2 adenosine receptor. The effects of adenosine, 2
      chloroadenosine and N-ethoxycarboxamideadenosine were reversed by 8
      phenyltheophylline. When endocytosis was inhibited with cytochalasin B, cells
      were still susceptible to adenosine receptor agonists. 2-Chloroadenosine (10
      microM) reduced the activation of respiration in response to chemotactic peptide
      from 3.3-fold to 1.4-fold. Activation of reactive oxygen metabolite production in
      response to latex beads was not reversed by adenosine or its analogues. It was
      concluded that adenosine acts at an A2 adenosine receptor to antagonize the
      activation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes by those stimuli, such as chemotactic
      peptide, which cause an increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration.

PMID- 4004787
TI  - Effect of dexamethasone on the synthesis of dolichol-linked saccharides and
      glycoproteins in hepatocytes prepared from control and inflamed rats.
AB  - Hepatocytes were prepared from control and inflamed rats. The incorporation of
      [14C]mannose into protein was increased in inflamed compared with control
      hepatocytes. The incorporation of [14C]mannose into protein was also increased
      when the hepatocytes were cultured in presence of dexamethasone (1 microM),
      either from control or inflamed rats. At the same time the incorporation of
      [14C]mannose into dolichol phosphate mannose and dolichol-linked oligosaccharide
      was increased due to inflammation. The presence of dexamethasone in the
      hepatocyte culture caused an increased formation of these two products; in
      particular its effect on oligosaccharide lipid formation was very pronounced. The
      ratios of activities of formation of [14C]mannose-labelled oligosaccharide lipid
      in inflamed over control hepatocytes gradually decrease when increasing amounts
      of exogenous dolichol phosphate was added in cell homogenate assay mixture. These
      results suggest that the increase of oligosaccharide lipid formation in
      inflammation could be due to a higher concentration of endogenous dolichol
      phosphate, as was shown for dolichol phosphate mannose formation in inflammation
      [Sarkar & Mookerjea (1984) Biochem. J. 219, 429-436]. In contrast, the ratio of
      activities of [14C]mannose-labelled oligosaccharide lipid between dexamethasone
      treated and untreated hepatocytes shows only a slight increase when increasing
      concentrations of exogenous dolichol phosphate were added to the assays. This
      suggests that the stimulation of dolichol pyrophosphate oligosaccharide synthesis
      observed in dexamethasone treatment is probably due to the higher level of
      enzymes involved in oligosaccharide synthesis rather than higher level of
      endogenous dolichol phosphate in these cells.

PMID- 4004789
TI  - Mechanism of action of 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase from human erythrocytes.
AB  - Purified 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (porphobilinogen synthase, EC 4.2.1.24)
      from human erythrocytes was incubated initially with limiting amounts of 5-amino
      [5-14C]laevulinate in a rapid-mixing apparatus. The single-turnover reaction with
      respect to the bound labelled 5-aminolaevulinate was completed by the addition of
      unlabelled 5-aminolaevulinate and the resulting radioactive porphobilinogen was
      isolated and degraded. The 14C label was found to be located predominantly at C-2
      of the product, demonstrating that, of the two substrate molecules participating
      in the reaction, the 5-aminolaevulinate molecule initially bound to the enzyme
      provides the propionic acid 'side' of the porphobilinogen. The same enzyme
      [14C]substrate species that yields regiospecific porphobilinogen may be trapped
      by reaction with NaBH4, showing that the substrate molecule initially bound to
      the enzyme does so in the form of a Schiff base. A conventional incubation with 5
      amino[5-14C]laevulinate yielded porphobilinogen with an equal distribution of the
      label between C-2 and C-11. The reaction mechanism of the human erythrocyte 5
      aminolaevulinate dehydratase thus follows the same course as that of other
      dehydratases studied in our laboratory by using single-turnover techniques.

PMID- 4004788
TI  - Induction of selective phosphorylation of a fat body protein of Sarcophaga
      peregrina larvae by 20-hydroxyecdysone.
AB  - 20-Hydroxyecdysone was shown to induce selective phosphorylation of a fat body
      protein of Sarcophaga peregrina larvae with a molecular mass of 30 kDa. This
      phosphorylation was not associated with synthesis of new protein. Fractionation
      of 32P-labelled fat body by differential centrifugation showed that this protein
      was mainly present in the membrane-rich fraction, although we could not specify
      the membrane. Thus, 20-hydroxyecdysone may modify the function of the fat body by
      inducing phosphorylation of a specific membrane protein.

PMID- 4004790
TI  - Delta 5-desaturase activity in liver and brain microsomes during development of
      the pig.
AB  - Microsomes isolated from liver and brain tissue were assayed to examine
      transitions in metabolic capability to synthesize tetraenes and pentaenes by
      chain elongation-desaturation of C20:3(8,11,14) during the perinatal development
      of the pig. Rates of synthesis of tetraenes and pentaenes by chain elongation
      desaturation of C20:3(8,11,14) were greatest in liver. During the latter half of
      gestation, the capability to synthesize tetraenes increased 7- or 23-fold on a
      per mg of microsomal protein basis for brain and liver respectively. Increase in
      the capacity to synthesize tetraenes from C20:3(8,11,14) suggests a significant
      transition in the activity of the delta 5-desaturase during the last half of
      gestation. These observations indicate that in liver and brain the capability to
      chain elongate-desaturate C18:2(9,12) to longer chain homologues increases
      significantly during early development as a function of transitions in the
      activity of the delta 5-desaturase.

PMID- 4004791
TI  - Chemical modification of enzymes: reaction with an unstable inhibitor.

PMID- 4004792
TI  - Distribution, metabolism and excretion of [1-14C]dolichol injected intravenously
      into rats.
AB  - [1-14C]Dolichol mixed in vitro with rat serum and injected intravenously into
      rats was rapidly cleared from the circulation in a manner consistent with a two
      compartment model. About 80% of the radioactivity recovered from animals killed
      after 1 day was in the liver, with smaller amounts being found in lung, carcass
      (internal organs removed), gastrointestinal tract and contents, and spleen. The
      kidneys, testes and heart contained little radioactivity, and the brain did not
      appear to take up any [1-14C]dolichol. The half-life for the turnover of
      radioactivity from [1-14C]dolichol in tissues varied considerably, being 2 days
      for the lung, 17 for liver and about 50 days for the carcass. After 1 day, and
      also after 4 and 21 days, most of the radioactivity in all tissues was as [1
      14C]dolichol and as [1-14C]dolichyl fatty acyl ester, although a small amount of
      incorporation of [1-14C]dolichol radioactivity into phospholipids was also
      observed. Faeces collected over the first 4 days after injection contained 13% of
      the [1-14C]dolichol dose, but urine and expired air contained only small amounts
      of radioactivity. Radioactivity in faeces was nearly all as unchanged [1
      14C]dolichol and as [1-14C]dolichyl fatty acyl ester. The [1-14C]dolichol
      remaining in liver after 21 days appeared to be in a pool (possibly lysosomes)
      where most of it was not subject to excretion.

PMID- 4004793
TI  - Metal-ion binding to parvalbumin. A 113Cd-n.m.r. study of the binding of
      different lanthanide ions.
AB  - 113Cd-n.m.r. studies were used to investigate the binding of the lanthanide ions
      La3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Yb3+ and Lu3+ to parvalbumins. It was shown that lanthanide
      ions with a smaller ionic radius bind sequentially to Cd2+-saturated parvalbumin,
      whereas those with a larger ionic radius bind with similar affinity to both the
      CD site and the EF site. The smallest ion, Lu3+, does in fact not compete
      significantly with Cd2+ for the CD site in carp parvalbumin, but appears to bind
      only to the EF site. This preference of the smaller lanthanide ions for the EF
      site was used to assign the n.m.r. signals for protein-bound 113Cd. By using Cd
      n.m.r. and Tb3+ fluorescence it was also shown for alpha-lineage parvalbumin from
      pike that these proteins possess a third site that can bind lanthanide ions. This
      site is, however, much weaker than in the beta-lineage parvalbumins. It was used
      to assign the 113Cd resonances from protein-bound Cd2+ ions in the spectrum of
      pike pI5.0 parvalbumin.

PMID- 4004794
TI  - Suicidal inactivation and labelling of ammonia mono-oxygenase by acetylene.
AB  - Acetylene brings about a progressive inactivation of ammonia mono-oxygenase, the
      ammonia-oxidizing enzyme in Nitrosomonas europaea. High NH4+ ion concentrations
      were protective. The inactivation followed first-order kinetics, with a rate
      constant of 1.5 min-1 at saturating concentrations of acetylene. If acetylene was
      added in the absence of O2, the cells remained active until O2 was re-introduced.
      A protective effect was also demonstrated with thiourea, a reversible non
      competitive inhibitor of ammonia oxidation. Incubation of cells with
      [14C]acetylene was found to cause labelling of a single membrane polypeptide.
      This ran on dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with an Mr value
      of 28 000. It is concluded that acetylene is a suicide substrate for the mono
      oxygenase. The labelling experiment provides the first identification of a
      constituent polypeptide of ammonia mono-oxygenase.

PMID- 4004795
TI  - Comparison of the activities of some peroxisomal and extraperoxisomal lipid
      metabolizing enzymes in liver and extrahepatic tissues of the rat.
AB  - Peroxisomal (acyl-CoA oxidase and peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
      acyltransferase) and extraperoxisomal (mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation,
      extraperoxisomal dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial and
      microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferases) lipid-metabolizing enzymes were
      measured in homogenates from rat liver and from seven extrahepatic tissues.
      Except for jejunal mucosa and kidney, extrahepatic tissues contained very little
      acyl-CoA oxidase activity. Peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
      acyltransferase, taken as the activity that was not inhibited by 5 mM-glycerol 3
      phosphate, was present in all tissues examined, and its specific activity in
      liver and extrahepatic tissues was roughly of the same order of magnitude.
      Clofibrate treatment increased the activity of acyl-CoA oxidase in liver, and to
      a smaller extent also in kidney, but did not influence the activity of
      peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase. Comparison of the
      activities of peroxisomal and extraperoxisomal lipid-metabolizing enzymes in
      extrahepatic tissues and in liver, an organ in which the contribution of
      peroxisomes to fatty acid oxidation and to glycerolipid synthesis has been
      estimated previously, suggests that, as in liver, peroxisomal long-chain fatty
      acid oxidation is of minor quantitative importance in extrahepatic tissues, but
      that in these tissues (micro)-peroxisomes are responsible for most of the
      dihydroxyacetone phosphate acylation and, consequently, for initiating ether
      glycerolipid synthesis.

PMID- 4004796
TI  - Protein kinase activity associated with pancreatic zymogen granules.
AB  - Purified zymogen granules were prepared from rat pancreas by using an iso-osmotic
      Percoll gradient. In the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP, phosphorylation of several
      granule proteins was induced by Ca2+, most notably a Mr-13 000 protein, whereas
      addition of cyclic AMP was without effect. When phosphatidylserine was also
      added, Ca2+ increased the phosphorylation of additional proteins, with the
      largest effect on a protein of Mr 62 000. Purified granules were also able to
      phosphorylate exogenous substrates. Ca2+-induced phosphorylation of lysine-rich
      histone was enhanced over 3-fold in the presence of phosphatidylserine, and
      cyclic AMP-activated protein kinase activity was revealed with mixed histone as
      substrate. The concentrations of free Ca2+ and cyclic AMP required for half
      maximal phosphorylation of both endogenous and exogenous proteins were 1-3 microM
      and 57 nM respectively. Treatment of granules with 0.25 M-KCl resulted in the
      release of phosphatidylserine-dependent kinase activity into a high-speed granule
      supernatant. In contrast, granule-protein substrates of Ca2+-activated kinase
      activity were resistant to KCl extraction, and in fact were present in purified
      granule membranes. Kinase activity activated by cyclic AMP was not extracted by
      KCl treatment. It is concluded that phosphorylation of integral membrane proteins
      in the zymogen granule can be induced by one or more Ca2+-activated protein
      kinases. Such a reaction is a potential mechanism by which exocytosis may be
      regulated in the exocrine pancreas by Ca2+-mediated secretagogues.

PMID- 4004797
TI  - Studies of translatable mRNA for rabbit C-reactive protein.
AB  - C-reactive protein (CRP) mRNA was assayed by cell-free translation of poly(A)
      containing liver RNA isolated both from rabbits stimulated to undergo the acute
      phase response and from unstimulated control rabbits. No CRP-related translation
      products were identified until the denaturant methylmercury hydroxide (CH3HgOH)
      was added to the RNA before cell-free translation. In the presence of the
      denaturant, a 24000-Da translation product was synthesized which was
      immunochemically identifiable as the CRP primary translation product. It is
      likely that rabbit CRP mRNA can form a stable intramolecular duplex which
      interferes with its translatability in vitro. The 24000-Da CH3HgOH-facilitated
      cell-free translation product was not detected in poly(A)-containing liver RNA
      from unstimulated animals, indicating that the concentration of translatable CRP
      mRNA was dramatically induced during the acute-phase response. On the basis of
      absorption experiments, the 24000-Da CRP primary translation product was
      immunochemically more closely related to denatured CRP than to native CRP.

PMID- 4004799
TI  - 31P-saturation-transfer nuclear-magnetic-resonance measurements of
      phosphocreatine turnover in guinea-pig brain slices.
AB  - The technique of 31P saturation-transfer n.m.r. was used to determine the forward
      and the reverse rate constants of creatine phosphotransferase in superfused
      guinea-pig cerebral tissues in vitro. The calculated forward rate constant of
      0.22 +/- 0.03s-1 compared well with a previously reported value for rat brain in
      vivo [Shoubridge, Briggs & Radda (1982) FEBS Lett. 140, 288-292]. The reverse
      rate constant was found to be 0.55 +/- 0.10s-1. 3. By using concentrations of ATP
      and phosphocreatine estimated previously for this superfused preparation [Cox,
      Morris, Feeney & Bachelard (1983) Biochem. J. 212, 365-370], forward and reverse
      flux rates were calculated to be 0.68 and 0.72 mumol X s-1 X g-1 respectively.
      The concordance of forward and reverse fluxes contrasts with the situation
      observed in vitro in other tissues, and suggests that the creatine
      phosphotransferase reaction is at equilibrium under the conditions used here. 4.
      Lowering the concentration of glucose in the superfusing medium from 10mM to
      0.5mM had no significant effect on phosphocreatine concentration or on the
      forward (ATP-generating) flux through creatine phosphotransferase. The results
      indicate that a normal phosphocreatine content in the presence of lowered glucose
      availability is reflected by an unchanged turnover rate.

PMID- 4004798
TI  - Specific changes in the protein composition of rat liver in response to the
      peroxisome proliferators ciprofibrate, Wy-14,643 and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
AB  - The hypolipidaemic agents ciprofibrate and Wy-14,643 ([4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)
      2-pyrimidinylthio]acetic acid) and the phthalate-ester plasticizer di-(2
      ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), like other peroxisome proliferators, produce a
      significant hepatomegaly and induce the peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation
      enzyme system together with profound proliferation of peroxisomes in hepatic
      parenchymal cells. Changes in the profile of liver proteins in rats following
      induction of peroxisome proliferation by ciprofibrate, Wy-14,643 and DEHP have
      been analysed by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The
      proteins of whole liver homogenates from normal and peroxisome-proliferator
      treated rats were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using
      isoelectric focusing for acidic proteins and nonequilibrium pH gradient
      electrophoresis for basic proteins. In the whole liver homogenates, the
      quantities of six proteins in acidic gels and six proteins in the basic gels
      increased following induction of peroxisome proliferation. Peroxisome
      proliferator administration caused a repression of three acidic proteins in the
      liver homogenates. By the immunoblot method using polyspecific antiserum against
      soluble peroxisomal proteins and monospecific antiserum against peroxisome
      proliferation associated Mr 80000 polypeptide (polypeptide PPA-80), the majority
      of basic proteins induced by these peroxisome proliferators appeared to be
      peroxisomal proteins. Polypeptide PPA-80 becomes the most abundant protein in the
      total liver homogenates of peroxisome-proliferator-treated rats. These results
      indicate that ciprofibrate, DEHP and Wy-14,643 induce marked changes in the
      profile of specific hepatic proteins and that some of these changes should serve
      as a baseline to identify a set of gene products that may assist in defining the
      specific 'peroxisome proliferator domain'.

PMID- 4004800
TI  - Effect of antituberculous calixarenes on phospholipase A2 susceptibility and on
      fusion of phospholipid bilayers.
AB  - Some homologous calixarenes or polyoxyethylene ethers that are known to suppress
      or enhance experimental tuberculous infection (depending on their polyoxyethylene
      chain lengths) were examined for their effects on phospholipid bilayers. The
      effect of these solutes is seen at 0.5-50p.p.m., and their effect depends upon
      their structure as well as that of the phospholipid substrate. The
      antituberculous compound HOC-12.5 (Macrocyclon) inhibits susceptibility to pig
      pancreatic phospholipase A2 action and to aggregation/fusion of the ternary co
      dispersions of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine + 1-palmitoyl
      lysophosphatidylcholine + palmitic acid (50:11:11 molar proportions). In
      contrast, the protuberculous compound HOC-60 stimulates these effects.
      Differential scanning calorimetry suggests that these effects are probably due to
      modulation of the phase equilibrium in substrate bilayers by these polyethers.

PMID- 4004801
TI  - The glutathione S-transferases in selenium and vitamin E deficiency.
AB  - Preliminary experiments confirmed the work of others showing that the total
      glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity of rat liver supernatant fraction may be
      resolved into two peaks of activity (peaks I and II) by gel filtration, and that
      peak I is the selenium-containing enzyme and peak II is another peroxidase
      indistinguishable from glutathione S-transferase (GST). In selenium and vitamin E
      deficiency, the total activity of the GSH-px became very low, and the total
      activity of GST with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate was
      enhanced. Study of the time course of these changes as deficiency progressed
      indicated that the stimulus for the rise in GST (CDNB) activity was the fall in
      GSH-px activity which preceded it. The peroxidase activity of GST was found to
      reside only in the GST AA, B and B2 forms of the enzyme, which were shown to be
      respectively a homodimer of the Yc subunit, a homodimer of the Ya subunit and a
      heterodimer of the YaYc subunit. As vitamin E and selenium deficiency progressed,
      the B2 and AA forms of the enzyme showed enhanced activity, which was interpreted
      as implying that the Yc subunit of the enzyme becomes enriched as a consequence
      of the withdrawal of selenium from the animal's diet. Densitometric measurements
      of the Yc and Ya subunits confirmed that the amount of the Yc subunit was nearly
      doubled in selenium deficiency, relative to the Ya subunit.

PMID- 4004802
TI  - Kinetics of suicide substrates. Practical procedures for determining parameters.
AB  - Many clinically important or mechanistically interesting inhibitors react with
      enzymes by a branched pathway in which inactivation of the enzyme and formation
      of product are competing reactions. The steady-state kinetics for this pathway
      [Waley (1980) Biochem. J. 185, 771-773] gave equations for progress curves that
      were cumbersome. A convenient linear plot is now described. The time (t1/2) for
      50% inactivation of the enzyme (this is also the time for 50% formation of
      product), or for 50% loss of substrate, is measured in a series of experiments in
      which the concentration of inhibitor, [I]0, is varied; in these experiments the
      ratio of the concentration of enzyme to the concentration of inhibitor is kept
      fixed. Then a plot of [I]0 X t1/2 against [I]0 is linear, and the kinetic
      parameters can be found from the slope and intercept. Furthermore,
      simplifications of the equations for progress curves are described that are valid
      when the concentration of inhibitors is high, or is low, or when the extent of
      reaction is low. The use of simulated data has shown that the recommended methods
      are not unduly sensitive to experimental error.

PMID- 4004803
TI  - Cd2+-induced synthesis of metallothionein in HeLa cells.
AB  - HeLa cells synthesize metallothioneins in response to Cd2+. The kinetics of
      thionein (apoprotein of metallothionein) synthesis was studied by pulse-labelling
      the cells with [35S]cysteine and measuring relative amounts of the labelled
      thioneins separated by electrophoresis. Thionein synthesis rapidly increases in
      the first 6-8 h after exposure to 0.5 micrograms of Cd2+/ml, and begins to
      decrease in a few hours after reaching the maximum. However, the rate of
      synthesis never returns to the basal value at least in 30 h after Cd2+ exposure;
      instead, the second increase in thionein synthesis occurs at 16-18 h. A possible
      regulatory mechanism of thionein synthesis is discussed from these results,
      together with the data on intracellular accumulation and subcellular distribution
      of 109Cd2+. The initial increase of thionein synthesis is accompanied by an
      increase of mRNA coding for thioneins (MT-mRNA). The induction of MT-mRNA is
      sensitive to Actinomycin D, but not to cycloheximide, suggesting transcriptional
      regulation without any mediating protein synthesis. Two thionein isomers are
      coded for by mRNA molecules of almost the same size, which is similar to that of
      hepatic MT-mRNA of mouse and rat.

PMID- 4004804
TI  - Conversion of 5-aminolaevulinate into haem by homogenates of human liver.
      Comparison with rat and chick-embryo liver homogenates.
AB  - To assess whether the synthesis of haem can be studied in small amounts of human
      liver, we measured kinetics of the conversion of 5-aminolaevulinate into haem and
      haem precursors in homogenates of human livers. We used methods previously
      developed in our laboratory for studies of rat and chick-embryo livers [Healey,
      Bonkowsky, Sinclair & Sinclair (1981) Biochem. J. 198, 595-604]. The maximal rate
      at which homogenates of human livers converted 5-aminolaevulinate into
      protoporphyrin was only 26% of that for rat, and 58% of that for chick embryo. In
      the absence of added Fe2+, homogenates of fresh human liver resembled those of
      chick embryos in that protoporphyrin and haem accumulated in similar amounts,
      whereas fresh rat liver homogenate accumulated about twice as much haem as
      protoporphyrin. However, when Fe2+ (0.25 mM) was added to human liver
      homogenates, mainly haem accumulated, indicating that the supply of reduced iron
      limited the activity of haem synthase, the final enzyme in the haem-biosynthesis
      pathway. Addition of the potent iron chelator desferrioxamine after 30 min of
      incubation with 5-amino[14C]laevulinate stopped further haem synthesis without
      affecting synthesis of protoporphyrin. Thus the prelabelled haem was stable after
      addition of desferrioxamine. Since the conversion of 5-amino[14C]laevulinate into
      haem and protoporphyrin was carried out at pH 7.4, whereas the pH optimum for rat
      or bovine hepatic 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase is about 6.3, we determined
      kinetic parameters of the human hepatic dehydrase at both pH values. The Vmax was
      the same at both pH values, whereas the Km was slightly higher at the lower pH.
      Our results indicate that the synthesis of porphyrins and haem from 5
      aminolaevulinate can be studied with the small amounts of human liver obtainable
      by percutaneous needle biopsy. We discuss the implications of our results in
      relation to use of rat or chick-embryo livers as experimental models for the
      biochemical features of human acute porphyria.

PMID- 4004805
TI  - Studies on the metabolism of rat liver copper-metallothionein.
AB  - The degradation of purified 35S-labelled rat liver isometallothioneins (MT) by
      lysosomal extracts was studied. Zn-MT-I was more readily hydrolysed than Zn-MT
      II, but no significant degradation of the Cu-containing metallothioneins could be
      detected, even after 24 h incubation. The susceptibility of MT to degradation in
      vitro may be related to the strength of the metal-thiolate bonds. However, the
      turnover rates of cytosolic MT in vivo, as established by pulse-labelling
      techniques, are apparently subject to different controls. The half-lives of MT-I
      and -II in the liver cytosol of Cu2+-injected rats were only 15.4 +/- 1.5 and
      18.2 +/- 1.1 h respectively. Approx. 25% of the total liver MT was present in
      particulate fractions (probably in lysosomes) of the liver and had a half-life of
      25.1 +/- 4.1 h.

PMID- 4004806
TI  - The structure of Artemia sp. (brine shrimp) haemoglobins. Purification of a
      structural unit to homogeneity.
AB  - The extracellular haemoglobins (Mr 260 000) of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. were
      cleaved by limited digestion with subtilisin. Structural units of Mr 16 000,
      which can bind dioxygen reversibly, were isolated. Analysis of the 16 000-Mr
      fraction (E) reveals the presence of a limited number of structural units. A
      single type of structural unit, E1 (Mr 15 800; pI4.8), was purified to
      homogeneity and characterized.

PMID- 4004807
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of an N-acetylgalactosamine-specific
      lectin from winter-aconite (Eranthis hyemalis) root tubers.
AB  - A lectin was isolated from root tubers of winter aconite (Eranthis hyemalis) by
      affinity chromatography on fetuin-agarose, and it was partially characterized
      with respect to its biochemical, physicochemical and carbohydrate-binding
      properties. The Eranthis hyemalis lectin is a dimeric protein (Mr 62000) composed
      of two different subunits of Mr 30000 and 32000, held together by disulphide
      bonds. It is especially rich in asparagine/aspartic acid, glutamine/glutamic acid
      and leucine, and contains 5% covalently bound carbohydrate. Hapten inhibition
      assays indicated that the winter-aconite lectin is specific for N
      acetylgalactosamine. In addition, the lectin exhibits a pronounced specificity
      towards blood-group-O erythrocytes. The winter-aconite lectin is the first lectin
      to be isolated from a species belonging to the plant family Ranunculaceae. It
      appears to be different from all previously described plant lectins.

PMID- 4004809
TI  - Evidence that the medium-chain acyltransferase of lactating-goat mammary-gland
      fatty acid synthetase is identical with the acetyl/malonyltransferase.
AB  - Competitive binding experiments with malonyl-CoA and [1-14C]acetyl-CoA, [1
      14C]butyryl-CoA or [1-14C]decanoyl-CoA indicate that all these substrates are
      transferred to lactating-goat mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase by the same
      transferase. Isolation and determination of the amino acid sequence of [1
      14C]decanoyl-labelled CNBr-cleavage peptide from the decanoyltransferase site
      showed that this transferase is identical with the acetyl/malonyltransferase.

PMID- 4004808
TI  - Affinity-purified antibodies of defined specificity for use in a solid-phase
      microplate radioimmunoassay of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in urine.
AB  - Rabbit antibodies to human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (prepared by salt
      precipitation from normal urine) were purified by affinity chromatography using
      columns containing Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein linked to CNBr-activated Sepharose
      4B. The specificity of these antibodies was determined by analysis of their
      binding characteristics on Western blots of Tamm-Horsfall protein from sodium
      dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gradient gels and comparison with the reactivity
      of monoclonal antibodies to this glycoprotein. Optimal conditions of adsorption
      to poly(vinyl chloride) microtitre plates were established such that these
      purified antibodies could be used in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the
      determination of urinary Tamm-Horsfall-glycoprotein concentration. The
      specificity of the immunoassay was confirmed by competitive inhibition of the
      urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein by purified freeze-dried material in solution.
      A standard curve obtained with this material showed the radioimmunoassay to have
      a sensitivity of at least 5 ng/ml, with linearity between 30 and 600 ng/ml. The
      mean coefficient of variation over the linear section of the curve was 11.3 +/-
      2.2% (n = 13). The effects of dialysis and freezing of urine samples before
      determination of Tamm-Horsfall-glycoprotein concentrations were investigated and
      the mean 24 h urinary excretion rate in 60 normal donors was shown to be 84.9 +/-
      44.1 mg.

PMID- 4004810
TI  - Multiple proteins related to the soluble galactose-binding animal lectin revealed
      by a monoclonal anti-lectin antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (NIBy 142-36/8) raised against the soluble galactose
      binding lectin of bovine heart muscle has been tested by solid-phase vinyl-plate
      radiobinding and nitrocellulose immunoblotting with homogenates of various bovine
      tissues, and the muscle tissues of pig, rabbit, chicken and rat. Muscle lectins
      of chicken, rabbit and rat differed from those of man and pig in their lack of
      reactivity with the 36/8 antibody. There was a good correlation of
      haemagglutinating activities and immunoreactivities of the bovine tissue
      homogenates, suggesting that the soluble galactose-binding protein is a major
      haemagglutinin in various tissues. Immunoblotting experiments revealed an array
      of antigenically active components in the homogenates in addition to the 13 and
      26kDa proteins that were previously detected in preparations of purified lectin.
      These were in the range 36kDa to more than 200kDa, and a different spectrum of
      immunoreactive components was found in various cell types. Galactose-binding
      activity was demonstrable in 13, 26 and 36kDa components in certain bovine
      tissues, suggesting that the immunoreactive components of higher Mr may be
      inactive precursor forms of the lectin.

PMID- 4004811
TI  - Structural basis for the reaction of 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine-specific antibodies
      with thyroxine-containing thyroglobulin.
AB  - A series of human autoantibodies against thyroglobulin (Tg) which exhibit
      different specificities for iodothyronines were studied. The ability of a
      thyroxine (T4)-containing peptide (T4P) isolated from human thyroglobulin (Tg) to
      displace [125I]T3 from human T3-specific autoantisera was 11-50 times greater
      than that of T4 alone. These antisera therefore strongly recognize amino acids
      adjacent to T4 in the Tg structure. This was confirmed when a Tg preparation
      (Tg[0.05]) containing an average of only 0.05 of a T4 residue/molecule and much
      less T3 had good cross-reactivities with these antisera. Cross-reactivities of
      other Tg preparations with different T4 contents increased only slowly with
      increase of T4 content up to a mean of 6.6 residues/molecule and were not
      proportional to T3 content. In contrast, cross-reactivities with a human T4
      specific autoantiserum were strongly dependent on T4 content. Tg[0.05] was 500
      times less reactive than T4P and 615 times less than T4. Cross-reactivities rose
      rapidly as the T4 content of Tg preparations increased from a mean of 0.05 to
      approx. 1-2 residues/molecule. Thyroxine is therefore a dominant feature of the
      antigenic site for this antiserum. There was little further increase in cross
      reactivities for those Tg preparations containing up to an average of 6.6
      residues T4 per molecule, confirming previous conclusions that all T4-containing
      sites are not immunologically identical and that autoantibodies exhibit a
      preference for particular sites on Tg. Similar conclusions were reached for a non
      specific iodothyronine-binding antiserum. These results indicate that
      iodothyronine specificity in human autoantisera is not necessarily determined by
      the iodothyronine present in the immunogenic area, but by the precise site
      selected by the immune response. T4- or non-specific antibodies have thyroxine as
      a dominant feature of the antigenic site. T3- specific antibodies have the
      thyroxine residue as a peripheral feature of the binding site, and it is not
      necessary to postulate that T3 was part of the immunogen or is required in the
      epitope. These antisera may have value in mapping the hormonogenic regions in Tg
      from human and other species.

PMID- 4004812
TI  - The effects of 6 hours of hypoxia on protein synthesis in rat tissues in vivo and
      in vitro.
AB  - Rates of protein synthesis were measured in vivo in several tissues (heart,
      skeletal muscles, liver, tibia, skin, brain, kidney, lung) of fed rats exposed to
      O2/N2 (1:9) for 6 h starting at 08:00-11:00 h. Protein synthesis rates were
      depressed by 15-35% compared with normoxic controls in all of the tissues
      studied. The decreases were greatest in the brain and the skin. Although hypoxia
      inhibited gastric emptying, its effects on protein synthesis could probably not
      be attributed to its induction of a starved state, because protein-synthesis
      rates in brain and skin were not decreased by a 15-18 h period of starvation
      initiated at 23:00 h. Furthermore, we showed that protein synthesis was inhibited
      by hypoxia in the rat heart perfused in vitro, suggesting a direct effect. The
      role of hypoxia in perturbing tissue nitrogen balance in various physiological
      and pathological states is discussed.

PMID- 4004813
TI  - The metabolism of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine by liver cells isolated from
      adrenalectomized rats and from streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - Flux through, and maximal activities of, key enzymes of phenylalanine and
      tyrosine degradation were measured in liver cells prepared from adrenalectomized
      rats and from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Adrenalectomy decreased the
      phenylalanine hydroxylase flux/activity ratio; this was restored by steroid
      treatment in vivo. Changes in the phosphorylation state of the hydroxylase may
      mediate these effects; there was no significant change in the maximal activity of
      the hydroxylase. Tyrosine metabolism was enhanced by adrenalectomy; this was not
      related to any change in maximal activity of the aminotransferase. Steroid
      treatment increased the maximal activity of the aminotransferase. Both acute (3
      days) and chronic (10 days) diabetes were associated with increased metabolism of
      phenylalanine; insulin treatment in vivo did not reverse these changes. Although
      elevated hydroxylase protein concentration was a major factor, changes in the
      enzyme phosphorylation state may contribute to differences in phenylalanine
      degradation in the acute and chronic diabetic states. Tyrosine metabolism,
      increased by diabetes, was partially restored to normal by insulin treatment in
      vivo. These changes can, to a large extent, be interpreted in terms of changes in
      the maximal activity of the aminotransferase.

PMID- 4004814
TI  - The active transport of 2-keto-D-gluconate in vesicles prepared from Pseudomonas
      purida.
AB  - The transport of 2-keto-D-gluconate (alpha-D-arabino-2-hexulopyranosonic acid;
      2KGA) in vesicles prepared from glucose-grown Pseudomonas putida occurs by a
      saturable process with a Km of 110.0 +/- 2.9 microM and a Vmax. of 0.55 +/- 0.04
      nmol X min-1 X (mg of protein)-1. The provision of phenazine
      methosulphate/ascorbate or L-malate leads to an accumulation of intravescular
      2KGA, a decrease in the Km value to 50 +/- 2.1 microM and 35 +/- 2.9 microM
      respectively and no change in the Vmax. In the presence of electron donors the
      transport of 2KGA is inhibited by the respiratory poisons antimycin A, rotenone
      and the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol. 2KGA transport is also competitively
      inhibited by 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-2-keto- or 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-2-keto-D-gluconate with
      Ki values of 50 microM and 160 microM respectively. The carrier system for 2KGA
      is repressed in vesicles from cells grown on succinate. Such vesicles transport
      2KGA by non-specific physical diffusion with a Km value of infinity in the
      absence or presence of electron donors. Vesicles from glucose or succinate grown
      cells, in the presence of phenazine methosulphate/ascorbate at pH 6.6, generate a
      proton-motive force (delta p) of approx. 140 mV. The delta p, composed of proton
      gradient (delta pH) and a membrane potential (delta psi), is collapsed in the
      presence of dinitrophenol. Based on the results obtained with valinomycin,
      nigericin and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, the active transport of
      2KGA at pH 6.6 is coupled predominately to the delta pH component of delta p.

PMID- 4004815
TI  - Effects of phorbol esters on alpha 1-adrenergic-mediated and glucagon-mediated
      actions in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited the stimulation of ureogenesis
      produced by adrenaline, but produced a minimal displacement to the right of the
      dose-response curve for glucagon. However, PMA diminished the accumulation of
      cyclic AMP induced by glucagon. Dissociation between the cyclic AMP
      concentrations and the metabolic effects induced by glucagon is evidenced in the
      presence of phorbol esters.

PMID- 4004816
TI  - Estimation of the initial velocity of enzyme-catalysed reactions by non-linear
      regression analysis of progress curves.
AB  - Most methods for studying the kinetic properties of an enzyme involve the
      determination of initial velocities. When the reaction progress curve shows
      significant curvature due to depletion of the substrate, accumulation of
      inhibitory products or instability of the enzyme, estimation of the initial
      velocity is a subjective and inexact process. Two methods have been suggested
      [Cornish-Bowden (1975) Biochem. J. 144, 305-312; Boeker (1982) Biochem J. 203,
      117-123] that attempt to eliminate this subjective element. The present study
      offers a third alternative, which is based on fitting a reparameterized form of
      the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation to the progress curves by non-linear
      regression. This method yields estimates and standard errors of the initial
      velocity and of the time to reach 50% reaction. No prior knowledge of the
      apparent product concentration at zero time or infinite time is required, since
      both of these quantities are also estimated from the data. It is shown that this
      method yields reliable estimates of the initial velocity under a wide range of
      circumstances, including those where the two previously published methods perform
      poorly.

PMID- 4004817
TI  - Structure and interactions of cartilage proteoglycan binding region and link
      protein.
AB  - Binding region and link protein were prepared from pig laryngeal cartilage
      proteoglycans after chondroitinase ABC and trypsin digestion. Experiments on gel
      chromatography showed the purified binding region to interact reversibly with
      hyaluronate (HA), and this binding was also shown to be stabilized by native link
      protein. The trypsin-prepared link protein showed properties of self-association
      in solution that were partially inhibited by oligosaccharides (HA10-16) and
      abolished by modification of free amino groups (lysine residues) with 2
      methylmaleic anhydride. The Mr (sedimentation equilibrium) of the modified link
      protein was 41 700. Analysis of binding region showed it to contain 25% (w/w)
      carbohydrate, mainly in galactose, glucosamine, mannose and galactosamine. It
      contained some keratan sulphate, as digestion with endo-beta-D-galactosidase
      (keratanase) removed 28% galactose and 25% glucosamine and the Mr (sedimentation
      equilibrium) decreased from 66 500 to 60 800. After keratanase digestion the
      interaction with polyclonal antibodies specific for binding region was
      unaffected, but the response in a radioimmunoassay with a monoclonal antibody to
      keratan sulphate was decreased by 47%. Preparation of a complex between binding
      region, link protein and HA approximately 34 showed a single component (5.5S) of
      Mr (sedimentation equilibrium) 133 500. In this complex the antigenic
      determinants of link protein appeared masked, as previously found with
      proteoglycan aggregates. The isolated binding region and link protein were thus
      shown to retain properties comparable with those involved in the structure and
      organization of proteoglycan aggregates.

PMID- 4004819
TI  - Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency: inherited and acquired forms.
AB  - Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, the most common of the known enzyme deficits
      of muscle, appears to occur in two forms. The primary type seems to be inherited
      as a complete gene block in an autosomal recessive pattern. Although occasionally
      diagnosed in infancy, when muscle biopsy is performed on a hypotonic but
      normoreflexic child, the deficiency is usually not symptomatic until adult or
      middle age, when muscle cramping and exercise intolerance develop. The skeletal
      muscle isozyme is immunologically, and presumably genetically, unique, and these
      patients have normal levels of adenylate deaminase in their other cells and
      tissues. A presumptive diagnosis can usually be made by an ischemic forearm
      exercise test, which shows a negligible increase in blood ammonia, despite a
      normal rise in lactate. Despite the absence of more than 99% of normal adenylate
      deaminase activity, the muscle biopsy shows no anatomic pathology, and other
      enzymes are at normal levels. These patients do not suffer progressive disease,
      and should be reassured, and encouraged to maintain physical activity. The
      heterozygous state is probably asymptomatic, except, perhaps, on extreme
      exercise, but may be associated with an increased incidence of malignant
      hyperthermia susceptibility. Since the gene defect is not rare, it is not
      surprising that some cases of the deficiency will be coincidentally associated
      with other neuromuscular disease. However, there is also a secondary form of
      myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, consequent to muscle damage from other
      disease. In this form, the residual activity is higher (1-10% of normal), may
      present rare foci of positive stain in the section, and reacts normally with
      antibody to the muscle isozyme. Other muscle enzymes are also depleted, although
      not as severely, and the prognosis in such cases is dictated by the primary
      disease. Since the heterozygous state is common, these patients might have been
      carriers, whose adenylate deaminase levels have been lowered for the deficient
      category by the advent of other neuromuscular disease.

PMID- 4004818
TI  - Organization of Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes.
AB  - Binding of enzymes of the Krebs TCA cycle to biological membranes was
      characterized with respect to intracellular location, susceptibility to various
      chemical and physical treatments, and extractability as a macromolecular
      component of the mitochondrial inner membrane. It was shown that citrate synthase
      and malate dehydrogenase bind to the inner membrane in an ionic strength
      sensitive, saturable, and specific manner to a relatively thermostabile component
      manifested on the inner (matrix) surface of the inner membrane of the
      mitochondrion. From these data several arguments in support of the physiological
      applicability of these processes were deduced, and the question of whether these
      two enzymes bind to the same or different membrane components was considered.
      Also, experiments preliminary to purification of the citrate synthase binding
      component were presented.

PMID- 4004820
TI  - Some observations on mitochondrial-bound hexokinase and creatine kinase of the
      heart.
AB  - A large part of the hexokinase activity of the rat brain 20,000g supernatant
      became mitochondrial bound when incubated with rat heart mitochondria which had
      been pretreated with glucose-6-phosphate. This binding was dependent on small
      molecular compounds (as yet unidentified) of the brain supernatant. Divalent
      cations, spermine, and pentalysine strongly stimulated the binding of brain
      supernatant hexokinase to heart mitochondria. Inorganic phosphate, alpha
      glycerophosphate, and fructose-1,6-diphosphate showed some stimulatory effect. No
      effect was observed with insulin or glucose. Mitochondria isolated from hearts of
      fasted rats had less specific hexokinase activity than mitochondria from fasted
      and then carbohydrate refed rats. This dietary treatment had no significant
      effect on the total heart hexokinase activity. Oligomycin did not inhibit the
      formation of creatine phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate by isolated rabbit heart
      mitochondria incubated in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate
      kinase. However, the presence of creatine inhibited the formation of glucose-6
      phosphate when the ATP/ADP ratio was low, indicating that creatine kinase has a
      greater access to ATP/ADP translocation than has hexokinase.

PMID- 4004821
TI  - Maternal, fetal, and newborn tissue PO2 in sheep measured with galvanic oxygen
      electrodes.
AB  - Tissue PO2 was measured with galvanic oxygen electrodes chronically implanted in
      maternal and fetal tissues of two pregnant ewes. Labor commenced after 3 days in
      one ewe and after 11 days in the other. Tissue PO2 was measured in both newborn
      lambs. Fetal tissue PO2 during labor was less than 3 mm Hg but rose to values
      similar to those found in adult tissues in the newborn period. Function of the
      electrode and response of the tissue to change in oxygenation was challenged by
      administration of 100% oxygen to the pregnant ewe or newborn lamb, and by
      administration of intravenous epinephrine to the ewe. These tests suggested that
      all electrodes were functioning satisfactorily in vivo and that tissue PO2 was
      responding as anticipated. Recalibration of electrodes after removal from the
      tissues confirmed that their response in vitro was similar to that obtained
      before implantation.

PMID- 4004822
TI  - Purification and characterization of bovine brain glucocerebrosidase.
AB  - Glucocerebrosidase was isolated from bovine brain by cholate extraction, ammonium
      sulfate fractionation, acid precipitation at pH 5.35, and hydrophobic
      chromatography. The purification is about 2400-fold with a specific activity of
      about 286,000 nmole/hr/mg protein. Molecular weight as determined by
      chromatography on Bio-Gel P-200 was 138,000. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis the enzyme protein resolved into two bands with apparent
      molecular weights of 63,000 and 56,000. These bands are cross-reactive to
      monospecific polyclonal antibody to homogeneous human placental
      glucocerebrosidase. The enzyme was found to be a complex glycoprotein based on
      its lectin binding specificity. Brain enzyme was found to be similar to placental
      glucocerebrosidase in its pH optima, heat stability at 52 degrees C, and
      substrate affinity. Enzyme kinetics were measured in the presence of conduritol
      beta-epoxide, an irreversible inhibitor, and gluconolactone, a competitive
      inhibitor.

PMID- 4004823
TI  - Automated determination of organic sulfur compounds. I. Spectrophotometric
      measurement of inorganic sulfate by low-pressure exchange chromatography.
AB  - A method for determination of inorganic sulfate is described which represents the
      terminal step of an automated assay of organic sulfur compounds in biological
      fluids. Nanomole quantities of inorganic sulfate were applied to a barium
      chloranilate column. Corresponding amounts of chloranilate ion, released as a
      result of an exchange reaction, were then measured by uv absorption at 313 nm.
      The reproducibility and sensitivity of the method and a calibration curve are
      reported.

PMID- 4004824
TI  - Relationship between phenylalanine tolerance and psychological characteristics of
      phenylketonuric families.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to find out how genetic and biochemical limitations
      influence psycho-social performance and to partially test the validity of
      justification theory. The ability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine was
      compared with intellectual and personality characteristics in PKU family members.
      Each of the tested persons was given an oral dose of phenylalanine, the Shipley
      Hartford Intelligence Test, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
      (MMPI). Only those persons with reading ability at the sixth grade level or
      higher were tested. Eighty-six persons were tested: fifteen PKUs, forty-three
      siblings, and twenty-eight parents. A comparison was made among parents, PKUs,
      and the siblings. Siblings with the higher 2/3's of P2/T ratios were contrasted
      with those with the lowest 1/3 of ratios on measures of intelligence and
      psychopathology. Statistical analyses of the data reflected a trend in support of
      the justification theory. PKUs had significantly lower intelligence than their
      sibs and parents. The PKUs' mean IQ was 95 (homozygotes born of heterozygotes),
      followed by the upper 2/3's sibling mean IQ of 105 (heterozygotes born of
      nonheterozygote mothers). The lower 1/3 siblings' mean IQ was 107
      (nonheterozygotes born from heterozygote mothers), and finally, the parents' mean
      IQ was 109 (heterozygotes, among them 50% were born from nonheterozygote
      mothers). The latter three mean IQs are not significantly different from each
      other. The personality tests revealed a trend toward more abnormality in PKUs
      than in their heterozygote siblings. The lowest rate of abnormality occurred in
      the nonheterozygote sibling group; that rate was significantly lower than in all
      other groups. The parents had the highest absolute rate of personality
      abnormality, but statistically so compared to the low-ratio siblings.

PMID- 4004825
TI  - Blood manganese levels in children with convulsive disorder.
AB  - Manganese deficiency syndromes have been well described in animals and include
      among a wide variety of metabolic aberrations the heightened susceptibility to
      convulsions induced by electroshock or drugs. We have measured manganese blood
      levels in two populations of children: (1) a reference group of 120 ambulatory
      patients without neurologic disease, (2) 197 patients with convulsive disorder.
      Blood manganese was found to be age related in infants under 1 year of age.
      Highly significant was the lower mean blood manganese found in the convulsive
      disorder group as compared to the reference group. There was also a slight trend
      in the convulsive group for blood manganese to decrease from 1 to 22 years of
      age. No significant differences in manganese levels were found related to sex,
      type of seizure disorder, type of anticonvulsant drug therapy, or serum level of
      drug. Although this study does not demonstrate a causal relation between
      manganese and seizure disorder, and cannot be used as the basis for altering
      current approaches to therapy, it provides insight into the potentially important
      role of previously unrecognized factors in the pathophysiology of this syndrome.

PMID- 4004826
TI  - Serum bilirubin constituents in different experimental models of conjugated
      hyperbilirubinemia.
AB  - The object of the study was to explain the differences in bilirubin level in
      various experimental jaundice models. The Bil constituents in conjugated
      hyperbilirubinemic dog models were identified. Total Bil was measured using the
      Jendrassik and Grof method and direct spectrophotometry. Conjugated and
      unconjugated Bil were measured using the Weber-Schalm extraction method.
      Bilirubin covalently bound to albumin was measured indirectly from the total Bil
      and the non-CBBA fraction. The non-CBBA was estimated either as the sum of the CB
      and UCB concentrations determined by the W-S method or as the nonprecipitated
      fraction after deproteinization with ammonium sulfate-saturated ethanol when
      using DS. The TB, CB, UCB, and CBBA levels were compared in two
      hyperbilirubinemic dog models: chronic bile duct ligation (CBDL) and internal
      choledochocaval anastomosis (CDCA). The mean TB in internal CDCA (16.5 +/- 3.67
      mg%) was significantly higher than in CBDL (3.4 +/- 1.75 mg%). Most of the serum
      Bil in these two models was conjugated, 13.4 +/- 2.24 and 3.2 +/- 1.7 mg%,
      respectively. No CBBA was found in the CBDL or in the partially obstructed
      internal-CDCA dogs. The TB in an external-CDCA model was essentially similar to
      the internal-CDCA model. The indirect Bil level in the external-CDCA model was
      six to seven times higher than the UCB level, and the CBBA level varied between
      30 and 80% of the TB. Up to 50% CBBA was found also in patients with intra- or
      extrahepatic cholestasis. The findings indicate that, unlike the commonly assumed
      hypothesis, the serum TB level in the CDCA models, which was higher than in the
      CBCL one, is not due to high UCB levels. Rather, hyperbilirubinemia in the
      external-CDCA model is due to increased levels of CBBA or, perhaps, to variations
      in the amount and/or composition of CB entering the blood and cleared by the
      kidney.

PMID- 4004827
TI  - Abstracts to additional papers presented at the symposium honoring Dr. Samuel P.
      Bessman.

PMID- 4004828
TI  - On the structure of native small ribosomal subunits and initiation factor eIF-3
      isolated from rat liver.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of initiation factor eIF-3 and its binding site
      on native small ribosomal subunits have been analyzed by electron microscopic
      studies of native small ribosomal subunits and of initiation factor eIF-3
      prepared from rat liver as well as by hydrodynamic studies of isolated eIF-3.
      Initiation factor eIF-3 has the shape of a flat triangular prism and is bound
      with its triangular base to the body part of the convex rear side of the small
      ribosomal subunit.

PMID- 4004829
TI  - Platelet-stimulating and membranolytic properties of racemic PAF-acether and
      analogues.
AB  - Three synthetic 1-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholines and the corresponding
      1-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphoric acid methyl esters were tested for
      platelet-aggregatory and membranolytic properties. Nanomolar concentrations of
      both the 2-O-acetyl and the 2-O-propionyl derivative of 1-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero
      3-phosphocholine were shown to activate platelets in human platelet-rich plasma.
      About 625-fold higher concentrations of the corresponding phosphoric acid methyl
      esters are required to produce the same platelet-stimulating effect. The 1-O
      hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine and the 1-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3
      phosphoric acid methyl ester are both nearly ineffective up to final
      concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2 mM. All tested compounds also cause a graduated
      lysis of red cells in the range of micromolar concentrations.

PMID- 4004830
TI  - A kinetic model for the interaction of energy metabolism and osmotic states of
      human erythrocytes. Analysis of the stationary "in vivo" state and of time
      dependent variations under blood preservation conditions.
AB  - A model is presented which considers in a coherent way the energy metabolism, the
      membrane transport as well as the osmotic and electrostatic conditions of human
      erythrocytes. Particular attention is paid to the simulation of the system
      behaviour under blood preservation conditions as well as after transfusion of
      erythrocytes. The model considers the main glycolytic reactions, the active and
      passive transport of ions and the charges and osmotic actions of permeable and
      nonpermeable compounds. The glycolytic enzymes are characterized by realistic
      kinetic equations. Various non-stoichiometric regulatory couplings are taken into
      account. The passive transport of anions and cations is described by the Goldman
      flux-equation. Mathematically, the system is described by 8 nonlinear
      differential equations for the concentrations of the glycolytic intermediates and
      ions, for the cell volume and the transmembrane potential. Further, various
      algebraic equations are taken into account which consider conservation conditions
      and equilibrium relations. The mathematical description is simplified by
      application of the quasi-steady state approximation. The model equations are
      solved for the stationary "in vivo" state and for the time dependent states
      observed during blood preservation and after transfusion. The theoretical results
      obtained by numerical integration are compared with experimental data.
      Conclusions are drawn with respect to the characterization of the recovery
      process of the energy metabolism and of the ionic states of erythrocytes after
      blood preservation and transfusion.

PMID- 4004831
TI  - Physicochemical properties of salt-soluble, unsheared chromatin. Hydrodynamic
      model calculations supporting a double-fibrillar structure.
AB  - Hydrodynamic model calculations of a special, salt-soluble chromatin fraction
      were performed on the basis of former experimental data. Using the models of an
      extended helix and of a cylinder fitted to this helix we conclude that in 0.1 M
      (NH4)2SO4 this chromatin has the conformation of a nucleosome double-fiber helix,
      i.e. a structure in which two helices share a common axis. Besides this helical
      structure, a stretched, linear double-fibrillar form can be derived from
      sedimentation data on the basis of a simple cylinder model. From the kinetic
      behaviour of experimental sedimentation coefficients which decrease shortly after
      chromatin extraction a conformational transition of the helical to the fibrillar
      form is postulated. At 0.2 M (NH4)2SO4 where histone H1 is released, these double
      structures are supposed to dissociate into two single molecules with similar
      dimensions.

PMID- 4004833
TI  - [Spontaneous and provoked changes of the impedance plethysmographic volume pulse
      and its interpretation].
AB  - The stroke volume of every heart beat causes a volume wave travelling towards the
      periphery. Recordings of the volume pulse were performed with the impedance
      plethysmographic techniques. The volume pulse contour shows in general a few
      humps, not only one dicrotic hump. The discussion of pulse recordings performed
      under normal conditions and in provoked pathophysiological states led to the
      conclusion that the superposition of reflected waves does not give a sufficient
      explanation of the genesis of pulse contours in general. The contour of the
      volume pulse can be simulated by damped oscillations of a volume surrounded by an
      elastic wall with internal friction.

PMID- 4004832
TI  - Kidney function during common carotid artery occlusion in anaesthetized cats:
      influence of vagotomy, constant ventilation, blood pressure stabilization, and
      carotid body chemoreceptor inactivation.
AB  - The reactions of kidney function elicited by bilateral common carotid artery
      occlusion were studied in six groups of chloralosed cats in which the Nn. vagi,
      the breathing reaction, the increase of the mean systemic arterial blood
      pressure, and the carotid body chemoreceptors were excluded successively. Carotid
      occlusion in the control animals caused a rise of the mean systemic arterial
      blood pressure, hyperventilation, and an increase in renal sodium and water
      excretion, resulting from an inhibition of tubular reabsorption. Bilateral
      cervical vagotomy, relaxation and constant artificial ventilation only slightly
      modified this renal response. Inactivation of the carotid body chemoreceptors in
      vagotomized and constantly ventilated cats attenuated the natriuresis due to
      carotid occlusion regardless of the behaviour of the renal perfusion pressure. On
      the other hand, keeping the mean arterial blood pressure during carotid occlusion
      constant by the bleeding technique also reduced the natriuretic reaction. Cats
      with both inactivated carotid body chemoreceptors and constant renal perfusion
      pressure exhibited an antinatriuretic reaction during carotid clamping. From
      these data it is concluded that in narcotized cats the natriuretic response
      during carotid occlusion is the result of both a stimulation of the carotid body
      chemoreceptors and the rise of the renal perfusion pressure. In contrast, in dogs
      this so-called carotid-sinus-polyuria seems to be induced solely by the increase
      of the systemic arterial blood pressure. The findings additionally indicated that
      the arterial chemoreceptors may be involved in the physiological daily control of
      renal sodium excretion already at normal arterial oxygen tension under sea-level
      conditions.

PMID- 4004835
TI  - Enzyme activities after in vitro and in vivo application of dichlorvos.
AB  - The pesticide dichlorvos inhibits not only cholinesterase but also alkaline
      phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase competitively. A
      mixed type inhibition of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase is in contrast to the
      increased activity of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase after dichlorvos application.
      The activity of leucine aminopeptidase is not affected by the substance. After
      administering rats an acutely toxic dose of dichlorvos (70 mg per kg b.w.) in
      vitro-inhibitions other than that of cholinesterase could not be found.

PMID- 4004834
TI  - [The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the transmural potential difference of
      gastric mucosa of infants, adolescents and adults].
AB  - The transmural electric potential difference (PD) of the gastric mucosa was
      investigated in children, teen-agers, and adults. Acetylsalicylic acid, a well
      known barrier breaker, causes in adults a characteristic decrease of the gastric
      PD. This effect in teen-agers is considerably weaker than in adults, while in
      children there is no significant decrease of the potential difference after local
      acetylsalicylic acid application.

PMID- 4004836
TI  - Impairment to viability of neutrophils and lymphocytes by angular psoralens and
      UV-radiation.
AB  - The angular psoralen derivative, 4,5'-dimethylangelicin (Dm Agn), both without
      and with UV-radiation induces under adequate conditions a higher percentage of
      lethally damaged cultured human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as compared
      with angelicin (Agn). In general, PMN photosensitized with Dm Agn are less
      resistant than similarly photosensitized lymphocytes. These results suggest that
      Dm Agn might be used to improve the photochemo (PUVA-)therapy of skin diseases
      where PMN are of pathogenic importance.

PMID- 4004837
TI  - Inhibition of horse leucocyte proteinases by eglin, a proteinase inhibitor from
      leeches.
AB  - Interaction of eglin c with three neutral proteinases (1, 2A and 2B) from horse
      leucocytes was investigated using synthetic and protein substrates. With N-tert
      butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine-p-nitrophenyl ester as substrate inhibition of
      proteinase 1 and 2A was practically complete at equimolar inhibitor
      concentrations (Ki below 1 nMol/l). The complex with proteinase 2B showed a
      dissociation constant of approximately 25 nMol/l. The latter proteinase was only
      partly inhibited also in the presence of azocasein, whereas almost linear
      inhibition was observed for all 3 proteinases with fibrinogen as substrate. The
      inhibition rate constants (kon) for horse leucocyte proteinases with eglin were
      in the range of 8 to 13 X 10(5) M-1 S-1.

PMID- 4004838
TI  - [Lipid composition of microsomes and mitochondria of the rat kidney cortex].
AB  - The lipid content, phospholipid composition and fatty acid composition of the
      predominant phospholipids were determined in cortical mitochondria and microsomes
      of rat kidney. Microsomes have a higher lipid content than mitochondria due to
      their higher content of phospholipid and cholesterol. Both subcellular fractions
      differ in their phospholipid composition. Phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine form together about 80% and 60% of total phospholipid in
      mitochondria and microsomes, respectively. The fatty acid patterns of the major
      phospholipids in mitochondria and microsomes are very similar. Our detailed data
      will be a well founded basis for studying the influence of pathological events on
      the lipid composition of kidney.

PMID- 4004839
TI  - Properties of lipoprotein complexes isolated by affinity chromatography from
      human aorta.
AB  - We have isolated from the same human aortic intima-media, using a sequential
      extraction procedure and affinity column chromatography, different ApoLDL
      containing lipoprotein complexes. The neutral lipid composition of the fractions
      retained by the anti-ApoLDL immunoglobulin, from saline extracts and elastase
      treated samples, was similar to that of plasma low density lipoproteins. The
      fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine, triglycerides and cholesterol esters of all
      three fractions have a lower content of linoleic acid than plasma low density
      lipoproteins. By electron microscope the three lipoprotein fractions appeared
      polydisperse. All the fractions contained particles in the density range of low
      density plasma lipoproteins but those from elastase extracts and guanidinium-HC1
      extracts contained also lipoproteins with densities below 1.019 g/ml. We found
      large variation in the composition of fractions from different aortas. The
      lipoproteins isolated from buffered saline were found associated with 2 to 4
      micrograms of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) per 100 micrograms of protein. The
      associated GAG was made of chondroitin-6-SO4, dermatan and chondroitin-4-SO4 in a
      3:2:1 ratio.

PMID- 4004840
TI  - Dissipation of electrochemical ion gradients induced by carbonyl cyanide p
      trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and valinomycin in rabbit reticulocytes as loads
      of energy metabolism.
AB  - The protonophor FCCP and the K+-ionophor valinomycin stimulated the respiration
      of highly enriched intact rabbit reticulocytes to stationary rates of 200 and
      130% of the control at optimal concentrations of about 5 and 50 nmoles/ml cells,
      respectively. Further increased inhibitor concentrations result in the stepwise
      decline of respiration rates down to control values. Parallel determinations of
      adenine nucleotides revealed increasingly lowered ATP/ADP ratios from about 10 to
      about 5 with valinomycin and 3 with FCCP. The impaired mitochondrial ATP
      formation was presumably not fully stoichiometrically compensated by elevated
      glycolytic ATP production as estimated from the rates of lactate production. It
      can be concluded that both ionophors act mainly at the level of the mitochondrial
      membrane, although minor effects exerted at the plasma membrane cannot be
      excluded. Apparently FCCP induces more effective loads than valinomycin on the
      energy balance of reticulocytes as reflected in phosphorylation levels of adenine
      nucleotides.

PMID- 4004841
TI  - Effect of various substrates on mitochondrial and cellular energy state of intact
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Ejaculated bull spermatozoa separated from seminal plasma by repeated washing
      were used to study the effects of various substrates on respiration,
      mitochondrial energization, cellular ATP/ADP ratios, and motility. The
      respiratory rate in the presence of lactate, pyruvate, acetate or glycerol was
      about two to three times higher compared to cells oxidizing amino acids, fatty
      acids, or endogenous substrates. When well oxidizable substrates were present,
      the uncoupler FCCP produced a marked increase in respiration (two to three times
      at optimal FCCP concentrations). Mitochondrial energization was monitored in
      intact spermatozoa by spectrophotometry with the dye safranin. Lactate and
      pyruvate yielded more pronounced mitochondrial energization than did alanine or
      endogenous substrates. Cellular ATP/ADP ratios, with lactate, pyruvate, acetate
      or glycerol, were found to range from 6 to 10, whereas endogenous substrates and
      amino acids were able to establish ATP/ADP quotients as low as about 1 only. The
      capacity to oxidize various substrates was clearly reflected by the amount of
      motile cells. Motility in the presence of lactate, acetate or glycerol was seen
      in more than 60% of spermatozoa, while spermatozoa in the presence of alanine or
      butyrate showed a motility not above the endogenous level (approx. 30% motile
      cells). The experiments demonstrated that cellular performance is highly
      dependent on the energy state as made possible by the capacity of substrate
      utilization.

PMID- 4004842
TI  - Effect of chronic postnatal hypoxia on dopamine uptake by synaptosomes from
      striatum of adult rats.
AB  - The exposure of rats to an early postnatal hypoxia (pO2 11.3 kPa, 12 h daily, 2nd
      11th day of life) causes not only long lasting changes in the dopamine (DA)
      release from striatum slices but also in the DA uptake by striatal synaptosomes.
      Adult controls have a synaptosomal DA uptake of about 5 pmoles per mg protein and
      per min (males 4.99, females 5.69). Rats which have been exposed to an early
      postnatal hypobaric hypoxia exhibit a DA uptake of 2.71 (males) and 4.53
      (females) pmoles per mg protein and per min. This long-lasting effect on the
      dopaminergic system of the striatum must be caused by a hypoxic alteration of
      gene expression in a critical period of the neonatal rat brain development, with
      permanent effects on the DA-metabolism and/or on the function of synaptic
      membranes.

PMID- 4004843
TI  - The dependence of trout's electroretinographic response on temporal gradient of
      luminance. II. The off-response.
AB  - In this study trout's electroretinographic off-responses, elicited by ramp-like
      off-stimuli of variable decay time were recorded and evaluated. In the off
      response of the trout, at least two different subwaves could be separated. As the
      stimulus decay time was increased stepwise from 10 ms to 3000 ms, the earlier
      wave d1 showed a pronounced amplitude attenuation and only little increase of the
      peak time, while at the second, later wave d2 a less marked effect on the
      amplitude but a distinct increase of the peak time could be observed. Possible
      relations of the subwaves d1 and d2 to the photopic or the scotopic system,
      comparison with the on-response at similar stimulating conditions, and
      correlations with psychophysical findings are discussed. The parallels to the
      observations on mammals' ERG including the human being are demonstrated.

PMID- 4004845
TI  - Adenosine nucleotides, adenosine and adenine as angiogenesis factors.
AB  - Investigations of migratory behaviour of porcine endothelial cells using Boyden
      technique showed strong chemotactic activity of ADP, adenosine and adenine. These
      substances were postulated to be angiogenesis factors in vivo.

PMID- 4004844
TI  - Mutagenicity studies of a carcinogenic nitrofuran and some analogues.
AB  - Earlier studies showed a strong carcinogenicity of the nitrofuran compound 1,2
      dihydro-2-(5'nitro-2'furyl)-3-hydroxy-quinazoline-4-one since carcinomas of the
      urinary bladder in rats and dogs appeared already after six months of treatment.
      In order to compare possible mutagenic properties of the compound and to get some
      information on the genotoxic moiety of the molecule, the genotoxicity of four
      nitrofuran derivatives and of two chemical analogues without the nitrofuran
      residue was tested in the Ames Test, E. coli WP2 uvrA, and in the rec-assay with
      Bacillus subtilis. 2-Nitrofuran was also included in this study. Only 2
      nitrofuran and the nitrofuran containing derivatives were active in these
      bacterial test systems. Metabolic activation by liver homogenate was not needed
      to demonstrate the genotoxic effects. 1,2-dihydro-2-(5'nitro-2'furyl)-3-hydroxy
      quinazoline-4-one was more active in the mutagenicity tests in the presence of
      exogenous metabolic activation. Further studies revealed that this compound was
      able to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis but was not mutagenic in the
      micronucleus test.

PMID- 4004846
TI  - Action of phenylalanine mustard on collagen in vivo.
AB  - Changes in skin collagen structure were studied after i.p. injection of
      phenylalanine mustard to rats. First order amino groups of lysine and arginine
      reacted with phenylalanine mustard, as stated potentiometrically. Bacterial
      collagenase was used to solubilize the skin collagen, and the aldehyde content of
      this material was measured using N-methyl benzothiazolone hydrazone. The aldehyde
      content was decreased in the collagen from rats skin after phenylalanine mustard
      injection. The observed changes in collagen may be analogous to the effect of
      aging, wherein collagen cross-linking is strengthened although qualitative
      changes in cross-linking may lower the measurable aldehydes.

PMID- 4004847
TI  - Polymerization of N-(1-pyrenyl) iodoacetamide-labelled actin: the fluorescence
      signal is not directly proportional to the incorporation of the monomer into the
      polymer.
AB  - In the course of the polymerization of N-(1-pyrenyl) iodoacetamide-labelled actin
      the increase of the fluorescence is not directly proportional to the amount of
      the polymer mass formed. This precludes the use of the fluorescence signal as a
      tool for the quantitative description of the polymerization process.

PMID- 4004848
TI  - The binding of cytochalasin D to monomeric actin.
AB  - The binding of cytochalasin D to monomeric actin has been measured directly. In
      the presence of 200 microM Ca2+, actin binds cytochalasin D in a 1:1 molar ratio
      with a KD of 18 microM. After incubation with 250 microM Mg2+ for 10 minutes,
      actin binds cytochalasin D with a KD of 2.6 microM but with one mole of
      cytochalasin D per 2 moles of actin. This suggests that cytochalasin D induces
      dimerization of Mg2+-induced actin monomers.

PMID- 4004849
TI  - Guinea pig has a unique mammalian VIP.
AB  - Mammalian vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been reported to be identical
      in four species. This report describes the extraction of guinea pig (GP)
      intestinal VIP, its purification and sequence. Frozen intestines were extracted
      in five volumes of methanol and the methanol cakes reextracted with acid. VIP in
      the acid extract was concentrated onto ion-exchange cellulose and was brought to
      final purity through a series of HPLC steps. GP VIP differs from other mammalian
      VIP's by four amino acid substitutions: (sequence in text) This is further
      evidence that the GP gastroenteropancreatic axis has a unique evolutionary
      separation from other mammals.

PMID- 4004850
TI  - Biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin: conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate
      to tetrahydropterin intermediates.
AB  - It is known that the first step in the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin
      from GTP is the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Recent
      evidence supports the conclusion that beyond this first step, the pterin
      intermediates in the pathway are all at the tetrahydro level of reduction. We
      have now shown that partially purified fractions from rat liver, rat brain and
      bovine adrenal medulla catalyze the conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate
      to tetrahydrobiopterin, as well as to the putative intermediates in the pathway,
      6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin and 6-lactoyl-tetrahydropterin. Results of both
      enzymatic and chemical studies support the assigned structures for the latter two
      tetrahydropterins. We have also purified extensively from brain an enzyme,
      distinct from sepiapterin reductase, that catalyzes the TPNH-dependent reduction
      of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin to 6-lactoyl-tetrahydropterin. The role of this
      reductase in tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis has not yet been established.

PMID- 4004851
TI  - Immunoreactive fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in rat tissues: molecular weight
      forms and the effects of hypophysectomy.
AB  - Rat tissues were extracted at neutral pH with dilute (0.15 M) ammonium sulfate
      and examined for presence of fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity (ir-FGF).
      Ir-FGF was found in substantial amounts in all the tissues but higher amounts
      were found in liver and kidney. Gel filtration column chromatography showed the
      presence of three molecular weight peaks of ir-FGF, one associated with the void
      volume (the major form in kidney extract), another with an apparent molecular
      weight of 150-180,000 Da (the major form in serum) and a third one of 70,000 Da
      (the major form in the other tissues examined: pituitary, brain, liver, spleen
      and thymus). No immunoreactivity coeluted with authentic FGF purified from bovine
      pituitary glands, suggesting that FGF is present in neutral extracts in
      association with binding molecules and/or precursors. Hypophysectomy had no major
      effect on ir-FGF in the tissues, but increased its amount in serum. The results
      establish a wide distribution of FGF in several embryologically, morphologically
      and developmentally distinct tissues and indicate that the pituitary is not the
      major source of FGF immunoreactivity, although it can be involved in the
      regulation of plasma levels.

PMID- 4004852
TI  - Fibronectin initiates fibrin production by rabbit corneal endothelial cells in
      vitro.
AB  - Confluent rabbit corneal endothelial cells incubated in the absence of serum do
      not produce fibrinogen. When exogenous fibronectin is added to these cultures,
      fibrinogen production is observed. Fibronectin concentrations stimulate
      fibrinogen synthesis by endothelial cells in a dose-response fashion. This direct
      interaction of fibronectin and fibrinogen may be important in both wound healing
      processes and pathological states.

PMID- 4004853
TI  - Acetylation of lens crystallins: a possible mechanism by which aspirin could
      prevent cataract formation.
AB  - The calf eye lens homogenate incubated with [1-14C-acetyl] aspirin and separated
      into HMW, alpha, beta H, beta L and gamma-crystallins by means of Sepharose 6B
      and Bio-Gel P2 columns showed radioactivity in all the crystallins. In contrast,
      no radioactivity was found in the crystallins when the lens homogenate was
      incubated with [14C-carboxyl] aspirin. These experiments clearly indicated that
      the eye lens crystallins are acetylated with aspirin. Furthermore, no decrease in
      the radioactivity in the crystallins after exhaustive dialysis against 0.15M NaCl
      suggests a covalent type of binding of acetyl moiety of aspirin to the lens
      crystallins. The significant decrease in the free epsilon-amino groups of aspirin
      treated crystallins further suggests the probable sites of acetylation in the
      crystallins. It may be concluded that acetylation of free epsilon-amino groups of
      lens crystallins by aspirin may confer protection against crystallin aggregation
      in cataractogenesis.

PMID- 4004854
TI  - Human breast milk stimulates rat liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity
      in vitro.
AB  - Human breast milk at concentrations of (40 microliter/ml) markedly stimulates the
      activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme involved in
      cholesterol catabolism) in rat liver microsomal preparations. This activity
      persisted after a) cold acetone extraction (to remove cholesterol) b) dialysis
      and c) boiling and trypsin treatment of milk. Homogenized cow's milk and infant
      formula (Similac) also possessed the stimulating activity. These results suggest
      that milk might provide some factor(s) for the development of cholesterol
      catabolic process which is immature at birth.

PMID- 4004855
TI  - Protein conformational transitions in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.
AB  - Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic studies of sarcoplasmic reticulum
      proteins, in H2O and D2O, suggest that 10 mM ATP induces a conformational change
      in those proteins, increasing their contents in alpha-helical and beta
      antiparallel structures. Ca2+ on the contrary, is seen to reduce the proportion
      of alpha-helix and increase the contribution of random coil.

PMID- 4004856
TI  - Measurement of free Ca2+ changes and total Ca2+ release in a single striated
      muscle fibre using the fluorescent indicator quin 2.
AB  - The fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, quin 2, has been used in isolated striated muscle
      fibres. There is a distinct quin 2 fluorescence peak at lambda 500 nm upon
      excitation at lambda 339 nm after axial injection of the potassium salt of quin
      2, pH 7.1. Single voltage-clamp or current clamp electrical stimulation resulted
      in a distinct transient change in the fluorescence at lambda 500 nm which was not
      observed at lambda 400 nm, the peak of the fibre autofluorescence. Ca2+ buffering
      is marked at high quin 2 concentrations (greater than or equal to 400 microM)
      producing a slow decay of force and fluorescence. At lower concentrations (8-30
      microM) of quin, the decay of force is within the range observed in non-injected
      control fibres. A Kd of 457 nM at 5 mM free Mg2+ suggests an upper resting free
      Ca2+ concentration of 310 nM at 12 degrees C.

PMID- 4004857
TI  - Determination of total intracellular lipid content by flow cytofluorometry.
AB  - It was demonstrated that perylenoyl-labeled triglyceride, rac-1,2-dioleoyl-3-[9(3
      perylenoyl)nonanoyl]glycerol (PLTG), specifically stains the intracellular lipids
      in formalin-fixed and non-fixed cells in situ and in suspension. The fluorescence
      of labeled cells was registered on a FACS-II cytofluorometer. It was found that
      the mean intensity of fluorescence in PLTG-labeled cells of various types, both
      fixed and non-fixed, correlates with their total lipid content. There was no
      correlation, however, between the mean intensity of fluorescence and
      intracellular levels of lipids belonging to different classes: phospholipids,
      triglycerides, cholesterol or cholesteryl esters.

PMID- 4004858
TI  - Use of perdeuterated peptides in NMR studies of neurophysin-hormone interaction:
      demonstration of peptide-specific changes in neurophysin resonances.
AB  - The effects on bovine neurophysin-I of binding the perdeuterated peptides Phe
      PheNH2 and Leu-PheNH2 were compared by proton NMR. A unique difference between
      the two peptides in their effects on Tyr-49 ring protons indicated proximity of
      the Tyr-49 ring to the side-chain of position 1 of bound peptide. Non-deuterated
      oligopeptides containing Phe in position 3 and no methyl groups induced different
      changes in neurophysin methyl resonances than dipeptides, suggesting shielding of
      one or more protein methyl groups by Phe-3. The results demonstrate that the
      identity of neurophysin residues at the hormone-binding site can be probed by
      analysis of changes induced in the protein spectrum by systematically related NMR
      transparent peptides.

PMID- 4004859
TI  - Maytansine inhibits nucleotide binding at the exchangeable site of tubulin.
AB  - The antineoplastic drug maytansine inhibits the binding of exogenously added
      radiolabeled GDP and GTP to tubulin (50% inhibition at 9-10 microM drug at 0
      degrees). Vinblastine was 1/10-th as inhibitory. Neither maytansine nor
      vinblastine displaced GDP from tubulin, and both drugs virtually eliminated
      dissociation of radiolabeled GDP from the exchangeable site. Maytansine also
      inhibits binding of nucleotides to a vacant exchangeable site. Maytansine thus
      prevents nucleotide exit and entry at the exchangeable site because of a direct
      physical obstruction or a conformational change in the tubulin molecule.

PMID- 4004860
TI  - Two different variants of the same tropomyosin polypeptide in clones from GM1386
      human skin fibroblasts.
AB  - A new protein observed in two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of proteins
      from the human skin fibroblast line GM1386 has been identified as a charge and
      molecular-weight variant of the type of tropomyosin found in smooth muscle
      (Tm:3). This is the second variant of Tm:3 found in GM1386 and represents a
      second site mutation in one of the genes coding for Tm:3.

PMID- 4004861
TI  - Incorporation of 15N-leucine amine into ATP of fast-twitch muscle following
      stimulation.
AB  - During intense contraction conditions, ATP content in fast-twitch muscle rapidly
      decreases (approx. 50%) by the deamination of AMP to IMP and NH3. During
      recovery, the ATP content returns to normal by the reamination of IMP from
      aspartate. We evaluated whether the donor amine may be obtained from branched
      chain amino acid uptake by perfusing muscle in situ with 1.0 mM [15N]-leucine
      during a 1 hr recovery. [15N]-enriched adenine nucleotide accounted for 14% to
      24% of the IMP reaminated, depending on whether [15N]-leucine was provided only
      during the recovery period or, in addition, 30 min prior to stimulation. Thus,
      the uptake of leucine by fast-twitch muscle may provide an important source of
      amine for adenine nucleotide resynthesis following contractions.

PMID- 4004862
TI  - A comparative immunological investigation of the alkane hydroxylating cytochrome
      P-450 from the yeast Candida maltosa.
AB  - The immunological relations of the cytochrome P-450 from the n-alkane utilizing
      yeast Candida maltosa to cytochrome P-450 forms of other organisms - yeasts,
      bacteria and mammalia - were investigated using a solid-phase double-antibody
      radioimmunoassay. Only the microsomal fraction of other n-alkane utilizing yeasts
      shows a distinct cross-reaction with an antiserum against cytochrome P-450 from
      Candida maltosa. Neither the tested bacterial nor the mammalian cytochromes P-450
      cross-react with the antiserum.

PMID- 4004863
TI  - Sensitized photo-oxidation of bovine alpha-crystallin: change in
      microenvironments of thiol groups.
AB  - Methylene blue- or riboflavin-sensitized photo-oxidation of alpha-crystallin
      caused a major change in the environment of thiol groups of the protein which
      could not be significantly prevented by inhibitors specific for active species of
      oxygen, 1O2, .OH, O.2, and H2O2. In contrast, the sensitizer N-formylkynurenine
      had no such effect. Sensitizer-induced change in the microenvironments of thiol
      groups was attributed to a conformational alteration, probably an unfolding of
      the protein.

PMID- 4004864
TI  - Specific binding of 3H-estradiol to rat prostate nuclear matrix.
AB  - Specific estradiol binding activities can be demonstrated in nuclear matrix
      preparations obtained from intact rat prostate nuclei. Some of the
      characteristics of these in vitro binding activities to intranuclear components
      are presented and compared to those exhibited by purified nuclear fractions.
      Examination of the effects of exposure to castration and testosterone on the
      number of nuclear matrix binding sites revealed that the quantity and quality
      (Type) of receptors was modified. Furthermore, these changes are prevented when
      protein synthesis was inhibited.

PMID- 4004865
TI  - Phytochrome and calcium stimulation of protein phosphorylation in isolated pea
      nuclei.
AB  - The phosphorylation of several proteins in pea nuclei was promoted by Ca2+ and by
      red light. The red light-induced stimulation was reversed by far-red light,
      indicating that the photoreceptor modulating this response was the photochromic
      pigment, phytochrome. Both the red light and the Ca2+-promoted enhancement of
      phosphorylation were inhibited by the calcium chelator, ethylene glycol bis(beta
      aminoethyl ether) N, N'-tetraacetic acid, and by the calmodulin inhibitors,
      chlorpromazine and compound 48/80.

PMID- 4004866
TI  - Evidence for production of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine
      concomitantly with platelet-activating factor.
AB  - The presence of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine in a sample of
      platelet-activating factor from stimulated rabbit neutrophils was demonstrated by
      a gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry technique coupled with selected ion
      monitoring. The ions chosen for identification were those of acetyl and long
      chain acyl moieties and molecular weight. Species containing palmitic, oleic and
      stearic acids were detected. A good correlation was observed between the
      productions of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine and 1-alkyl-2
      acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine by neutrophils stimulated with ionophore
      A23187.

PMID- 4004867
TI  - The translation system of rat heart muscle mitochondria is stimulated following
      treatment with L-triiodothyronine.
AB  - In vitro translation of mitochondrial translation products by mitochondria
      isolated from the myocardia of rats injected with L-triiodothyronine daily for 5
      days was compared with those of euthyroid animals. The incorporation of 35S
      methionine into proteins was greater by heart mitochondria isolated from T3
      treated rats than by those isolated from euthyroid animals. This increase is due
      to a stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis rather than being the result
      of a reduction in the rate of protein degradation or an increase in the specific
      radioactivity of the amino acid pool. The results also established that the
      polypeptide profile of mitochondrial translation products is the same in heart
      mitochondria isolated from euthyroid and T3-treated animals. The relative
      increase in the rates of synthesis of mitochondrial translation products is non
      uniform. These results suggest that the hormone acts by inducing a general but
      non-uniform increase in the activity of the mitochondrial transcription and/or
      translation system(s).

PMID- 4004868
TI  - Evidence of regulation of calcium uptake by phytochrome in maize protoplasts.
AB  - Red light stimulated calcium uptake in maize leaf protoplasts upto 140% over the
      dark control. The stimulation was maximally noticed after 120 seconds of
      incubation and was reversed by far red light. 5-Hydroxytryptamine also enhanced
      calcium uptake in dark, upto the red level. A possible role of phosphoinositide
      for signal transduction in calcium uptake for phytochrome mediated responses in
      higher plants is suggested.

PMID- 4004869
TI  - Oxaloacetate permeation in rat kidney mitochondria: pyruvate/oxaloacetate and
      malate/oxaloacetate translocators.
AB  - The mechanism of oxaloacetate efflux from rat kidney mitochondria has been
      investigated in view of its possible role both in gluconeogenesis and in
      transferring cytosolic reducing equivalents into mitochondria. Thus
      reconstruction of the malate/oxaloacetate shuttle made possible by the
      oxaloacetate carrier has been made. Moreover the existence of a separate
      translocator able to allow a bidirectional alpha-cyanocinnamate-insensitive
      pyruvate/oxaloacetate exchange has been ascertained. This carrier is specific of
      gluconeogenetic organs in particularly of kidney, where it shows a marked
      affinity for pyruvate (Km = 0.45 mM and Vmax = 38 nmoles oxaloacetate
      effluxed/min X mg mitochondrial protein at 20 degrees C). Some features of both
      pyruvate/oxaloacetate and malate/oxaloacetate exchanges are also described.

PMID- 4004870
TI  - Development of an affinity chromatography resin for the purification of
      carcinogen binding proteins from mouse liver.
AB  - Pyrene, a structural analog of benzo[a]pyrene, is an effective competing ligand
      for high affinity carcinogen binding proteins in mouse liver. A pyrene
      derivatized Sepharose gel was prepared for affinity chromatography purification
      of these proteins, and adsorbs all detectable [3H]B[a]P-binding activity from
      hepatic cytosol with the adsorption of less than 1% of total protein. Specific
      carcinogen binding activity is recovered from pyrene-derivatized Sepharose
      columns with the enrichment of a 33 kDa polypeptide. This chromatography resin
      represents a major step in the isolation of these unusual receptor-like binding
      proteins for aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens.

PMID- 4004872
TI  - Divicine induces calcium release from rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - Divicine, a pyrimidine aglycone strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of
      favism, induces calcium release from intact rat liver mitochondria. Divicine
      dependent calcium release is accompanied by oxidation and hydrolysis of
      intramitochondrial pyridine nucleotides. Inhibition of both mitochondrial
      glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase slows down divicine-induced
      calcium release. Cyanide-insensitive respiration indicates redox cycling of
      divicine in mitochondria. The results suggest that attention should be paid to
      the action of divicine in cells other than red blood cells.

PMID- 4004871
TI  - Changes in elastin composition in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
AB  - Tropoelastin and elastin preparations obtained from aortae of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) show an increased proportion of polar amino acids
      (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine and tyrosine). The content of these amino
      acids is 1.43-3.04 times higher in SHR rats than in similar elastin or
      tropoelastin preparations obtained from normotensive animals. On the other hand
      elastin and tropoelastin preparations obtained from SHR rats show a lower
      frequency of the Val-Pro sequence; this was found to be 35.93 per 1000 amino acid
      residues in SHR rats as compared to 51.04 per 1000 amino acids in the
      preparations obtained from control animals. Since similar differences were found
      not only in elastin preparations but also in tropoelastin, contamination of these
      preparations with an acidic protein seems unlikely. In general the results
      obtained are similar to those seen in animals kept on a long term high fat diet.
      It appears feasible to suggest that these differences are caused by a changed
      proportion of two different elastin type.

PMID- 4004873
TI  - Induction of histidine decarboxylase activity in the spleen of mice treated with
      staphylococcal enterotoxin A and demonstration of its non-mast cell origin.
AB  - Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity increased 13-, 7-, and 2-fold in the
      spleen, lung and liver, respectively, but not in other tissues of C57BL/6 mice
      injected i.v. with 50 micrograms/kg of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). But
      even in the spleen, increase in the histamine level was only 1.5 times that of
      untreated mice. In genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1 - W/Wv mice HDC
      activity in the spleen increased to the same extent as in wild type WBB6F1 - +/+
      mice on SEA treatment, but the histamine level in the spleen also increased 20
      fold, whereas it increased only 1.4-fold in +/+ mice. These results suggest that
      the increases in HDC and histamine resulted from interaction of SEA with non-mast
      cells in tissues.

PMID- 4004874
TI  - The effect of TN-16 on the alkylation of tubulin.
AB  - The synthetic anti-tumor drug 3-(1-anilinoethylidene)-5-benzylpyrrolidine-2,4
      dione (TN-16) is known to block microtubule assembly and colchicine binding to
      tubulin, although its structure does not resemble those of either colchicine,
      podophyllotoxin, or nocodazole (Arai, FEBS Lett. 155:273-276 (1983]. We have
      found that TN-16 affects the intra-chain cross-linking of beta-tubulin by N,N'
      ethylene-bis(iodoacetamide) in a manner identical to that of colchicine,
      podophyllotoxin, and nocodazole, but different from that of vinblastine or
      maytansine. TN-16 also inhibits alkylation of tubulin by iodo[14C]acetamide, as
      do colchicine and its congeners. TN-16 appears to bind to tubulin at the
      colchicine binding site and one of its phenyl groups is likely to bind at the
      site on tubulin where colchicine's A ring binds.

PMID- 4004876
TI  - Prolactin homogeneously induces the tRNA population of mouse mammary explants.
AB  - Explants of mouse mammary glands were cultured with and without prolactin in the
      presence of inorganic [32P] to estimate the effect of prolactin on tRNA
      synthesis. Labeled tRNA was extracted and characterized by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. tRNA synthesis was 2-3 fold greater in the presence of
      prolactin; and the synthesis rate of each resolvable tRNA species was increased
      proportionally. tRNA populations from mouse mammary tissues at three stages of
      development were also examined. Alterations were noted between early pregnant and
      fully lactating tissues. The results of this study provide evidence that the tRNA
      population, which is known to be "specialized" for casein synthesis in the
      mammary gland, is determined as the gland develops and prepares for lactation.

PMID- 4004875
TI  - Platelet-associated IgG is a specific protein.
AB  - The immunoglobulin binding to normal human platelets (PaIgG) was isolated on cell
      columns in which platelets or their membranes were attached via concanavalin A to
      an inert support matrix. Normal human IgG isolated from pooled serum was applied
      to the cell columns. The absorbed material which was eluted at low pH with a
      buffer of high ionic strength was immunologically and biochemically pure IgG.
      When the nonadherent IgG of the first passage through the platelet cell column
      was reapplied a second time virtually no IgG was retained. Isoelectric focusing
      on urea SDS polyacrylamide gels revealed only 2 major bands with pIs of 8.2 and
      8.4 whereas the precolumn IgG contained a wide range of molecular species with
      pIs ranging from less than 6.0 to 9.0.

PMID- 4004877
TI  - Energy transfer from tryptophan residues to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate at the active
      site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
AB  - Forster's mechanism of radiationless energy transfer has been used to estimate
      average distance between tryptophan residues and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate bound at
      the active site of spinach ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. This
      distance was found to depend on the activity of the enzyme and was 29 A for a
      freshly purified enzyme (activity 1.7 mu moles CO2 fixed/min/mg protein) and 37 A
      for a 6 week old enzyme stored at 4 degrees C (activity 0.07 mu moles CO2
      fixed/min/mg protein).

PMID- 4004879
TI  - TSH-stimulated electrical excitation in thyroid cells.
AB  - This report demonstrates TSH-stimulated electrical excitation in cultured porcine
      thyroid cells. TSH depolarizes the thyroid cell membrane potentials and causes
      the appearance of action potentials, which occur in a burst. The burst is
      preceded by depolarization and after the burst, during which usually 2 spikes are
      seen, a repolarization occurs. This TSH-induced electrical excitation is
      associated with iodide discharge.

PMID- 4004878
TI  - 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) is an excellent substrate for
      NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase.
AB  - 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) was found to be an excellent
      substrate for NAD+ dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase from porcine
      kidney. Kcat/Km value of HHT was comparable to that of prostaglandin E although
      HHT is not a prostanoic acid derivative. Product of enzyme catalyzed oxidation of
      HHT was identified as 12-keto-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid by gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry. The fact that HHT is an excellent substrate for 15
      hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase suggest that HHT may have profound
      unrecognized biological actions and its inactivation may be via oxidation of the
      hydroxyl group.

PMID- 4004881
TI  - Identification of covalently bound inositol in the hydrophobic membrane-anchoring
      domain of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - The hydrophobic, membrane-bound form of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase is
      specifically solubilized by a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C,
      suggesting that acetylcholinesterase is bound to the membrane via a direct and
      specific interaction with phosphatidylinositol (Futerman et al., Biochem. J.
      (1985) 226, 369-377). Here we demonstrate the presence of covalently bound
      inositol in the membrane-anchoring domain of purified Torpedo
      acetylcholinesterase. Upon removal of this domain, levels of inositol are reduced
      to only 15-20% of those found in the intact enzyme. The results presented
      strongly support our suggestion that phosphatidylinositol is indeed involved in
      anchoring acetylcholinesterase to the plasma membrane.

PMID- 4004880
TI  - T-kininogen--the major plasma kininogen in rat adjuvant arthritis.
AB  - Total kininogen in plasma of Freund's adjuvant treated rats increased 20-fold 7
      days following the injection. Analysis of the kininogens demonstrated that
      increases in T-kininogen was the major reason for the rise in kininogen. High
      molecular weight and low molecular weight kininogens showed little or no change.
      The increase in T-kininogen paralleled the inflammatory condition. Anti
      inflammatory agents which reduced paw swelling also reduced plasma T-kininogen
      levels. Unidentified peaks on HPLC of kinin following plasma treatment by trypsin
      were shown to be oligopeptides containing T-kinin (Ile-serbradykinin). The
      relationship of T-kininogen to the inflammatory response is discussed.

PMID- 4004882
TI  - Natural occurrence of guanidinooxypropylamine in Wistaria floribunda and the
      sword bean Canavalia gladiata.
AB  - We found a new guanidinooxyamine in Wistaria floribunda seeds and seedlings of
      the sword bean, Canavalia gladiata. This amine was not only ninhydrin-positive
      but also gave a positive alkaline nitroprusside-ferricyanide reaction. It was
      characterized as gamma-guanidinooxypropylamine [H2N (NH=)CNHO (CH2)3NH2] by
      comparison with the authentic compound on column and thin-layer chromatograms
      visualized with specific reagents and by reductive cleavage. Evidence for the
      occurrence of another unusual guanidino amine, homoagmatine in W. floribunda
      seeds was also presented.

PMID- 4004884
TI  - In vitro synthesis of superoxide dismutases of rat liver.
AB  - The syntheses of copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and manganese
      superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in vitro were studied. Both Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD
      were preferentially synthesized by free polysomes. Mn-SOD was synthesized as a
      large precursor (26,000 daltons), which was processed to the mature size (22,500
      daltons) by in vitro incubation with a rat liver mitochondrial fraction. On the
      other hand, Cu,Zn-SOD was synthesized as the mature size product. It was shown
      that Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD synthesized in vitro represented 0.018% and 0.016% of
      the total translation products of free polysomes, respectively.

PMID- 4004883
TI  - Use of the nuclear Overhauser effect to assign 1H NMR resonances in a low-spin
      paramagnetic hemin.
AB  - The nuclear Overhauser effect has been used to assign the 1H resonances of the
      paramagnetic low-spin biscyano complex of Fe(III) protoporphyrin. When the meso
      protons are irradiated, changes in integrated signal intensity are seen at
      neighboring methyl or methylene groups and vice versa. Although the changes ar
      small (less than 1% negative NOEs for Fe(III)protoporphyrin(CN)2 in Me2SO-d6 at
      30 degrees C and 360 MHz), they can be seen clearly. This technique has been used
      to assign the 6-alpha-CH2 (6.21), 7-alpha-CH2 (5.82), beta-meso (0.50) and delta
      meso (0.03 ppm) resonances of this species. The nuclear Overhauser effect will
      allow rapid assignment of 1H NMR resonances in a wide variety of low-spin
      paramagnetic hemins.

PMID- 4004885
TI  - Activity of azelaic acid on cultures of lymphoma- and leukemia-derived cell
      lines, normal resting and stimulated lymphocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts.
AB  - Azelaic acid (C9- -dicarboxylic acid) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase
      and some oxidoreductase in vitro, and in vivo has a beneficial effect on lentigo
      maligna and malignant melanoma. A definite cytotoxic effect in cultures of
      malignant melanocytes was also reported. In order to establish if the cytotoxic
      effect of the diacid is exerted equally in the absence of tyrosinase, lymphoma-
      and leukemia-derived cell lines were cultured for 72 hr with 10(-3) M, 10(-2) M
      and 5 X 10(-2) M C9 disodium salt. Normal resting lymphocytes, lymphocytes
      activated by phytohemoagglutinin, and mouse Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were also
      tested to study a possible effect of azelaic acid on DNA synthesis and cell
      duplication. At 10(-3) M C9 had no effect on the viability of all the cells
      tested; at 10(-2) M and 5 X 10(-2) M, C9 2Na had a 50-80% cytotoxic effect on
      lymphoma- and leukemia-derived cell lines, while at the same concentrations it
      was not toxic to normal lymphocytes, either resting or stimulated, or to 3T3
      fibroblasts. The experiments on cellular incorporation of (1-9 14C) azelaic acid
      showed that the radiocarbon uptake was two to three times higher for lymphoma-
      and leukemia-derived cell lines than for lymphocytes, either resting or
      stimulated, or 3T3 fibroblasts. Biochemical analysis revealed that the diacid
      underwent beta-oxidation in all the cell cultures. Fractionated centrifugations
      of 3T3 fibroblasts cultured in the presence of radiolabelled azelaic acid (2 X
      10(-4) M) plus cold C9 2Na (10(-2) M), showed that the radioactivity was mainly
      concentrated in the cytoplasm. The results, being similar to those obtained by
      adding azelaic acid to cultures of melanoma cells, suggest that the cytotoxic
      effect of azelaic acid may be due to interference with mitochondrial oxido
      reductase enzymes, rather than with tyrosinase. The difference in reaction
      between lymphoma- and leukemia-derived cell lines and normal or stimulated
      lymphocytes, and 3T3 fibroblasts, could be explained on the basis of a different
      degree of permeability of the cell membrane, and/or to a possible different
      sensitivity of reaction of mitochondrial functions. A similar argument could be
      used to explain the absence of an effect of dicarboxylic acids upon normal as
      compared with hyperactive or malignant melanocytes in vivo.

PMID- 4004886
TI  - Diclofenac binding to albumin and lipoproteins in human serum.
AB  - The binding of diclofenac to human serum albumin (HSA) and to lipoproteins was
      studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Binding to HSA is characterized by two
      classes of sites with one site each (K1 = 5 X 10(5) M-1 and K2 = 0.6 X 10(5) M
      1). The binding to lipoproteins was shown to be saturable with a larger number of
      binding sites and low association constants. The evidence of two specific binding
      sites on HSA was confirmed by circular dichroism data. In addition, an
      identification of those sites was performed by displacement of fluorescent
      probes. The data show that the high affinity site (K1 = 5 X 10(5) M-1) is likely
      to be shared by benzodiazepines while the second one (K2 = 0.6 X 10(5) M-1) is
      common with the warfarin site.

PMID- 4004887
TI  - Excretion process of copper from copper pre-loaded rat liver parenchymal cells.
AB  - Excretion of copper from copper pre-loaded rat liver parenchymal cells was
      investigated. The copper pre-loaded cells were isolated from the liver of copper
      administered rats and were maintained for 4 days in modified Williams medium E;
      sodium pyruvate was increased while calcium was reduced in concentration, and 10%
      fetal bovine serum and insulin were added. For the first 30 hr after plating,
      loss of copper was slow, with a half-life of more than 100 hr: subsequently the
      rate of loss was faster, with a half-life of 51 +/- 9 hr. Copper pre-loaded in
      the cells was mostly bound to metallothionein and the amount of copper
      metallothionein decreased with time of culture. Furthermore, the relative ratio
      of the two iso-metallothioneins changed with length of culture.

PMID- 4004888
TI  - Inhibitory effects of probenecid on the individual transport routes which mediate
      the influx and efflux of methotrexate in L1210 cells.
AB  - L1210 cells contain a single transport system which mediates the influx of
      methotrexate and at least three routes for drug efflux [G. B. Henderson and E. M.
      Zevely, J. biol. Chem. 259, 1526 (1984)]; each of these processes is sensitive to
      probenecid. The influx carrier was inhibited reversibly and completely by
      probenecid with a Ki of 0.25 mM, while efflux via the same system was relatively
      unaffected by this compound (50% inhibition above 2.0 mM). The two remaining
      efflux routes (which do not contribute to methotrexate influx) showed a much
      higher sensitivity to probenecid. Efflux via these components was reduced half
      maximally at probenecid concentrations of 0.08 and 0.22 mM, respectively, and a
      complete block was achieved with excess amounts (2.0 mM) of the inhibitor.
      Intracellular levels of ATP, glucose metabolism, and the membrane potential were
      also reduced by probenecid, indicating that the mechanism for inhibiting
      methotrexate efflux may involve the ability of probenecid to act as a metabolic
      inhibitor. Probenecid may have a broad capacity for inhibiting anion transport
      processes since it also reduced sulfate influx and efflux via the general anion
      carrier system.

PMID- 4004889
TI  - Acute effects of pentobarbital-anaesthesia on bile secretion.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were equipped with permanent catheters in the bile duct and the
      duodenum under ether anaesthesia, at least seven days before the experiments. By
      this technique, the enterohepatic circulation can be interrupted for bile
      collection without direct surgical intervention. 14C-Pentobarbital (26.6
      mumole/100 g body wt) was injected intraperitoneally immediately before
      interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (NBD, Non-Bile Diverted) or after
      eight days of bile diversion (BD, Bile Diverted). In NBD rats, bile flow and
      biliary bile acid excretion were significantly reduced during the first hour
      after pentobarbital administration when compared to unanaesthetized controls, but
      markedly increased thereafter. Pentobarbital treatment slightly decreased biliary
      bile acid excretion in BD rats, but caused a 60% increase in bile flow. Within
      four hours 22.3 +/- 0.4% and 26.0 +/- 2.7% of the injected radioactivity was
      excreted into bile in NBD and BD rats, respectively. The calculated osmotic
      activity of pentobarbital and its metabolites was 47.8 +/- 5.2 microliter/mumole
      in NBD rats and 37.8 +/- 1.3 microliter/mumole in BD rats. Consequently,
      pentobarbital treatment affected the bile acid independent fraction of bile flow
      (BAIF). The calculated BAIF was 2.68 microliter/min/100 g body wt in
      unanaesthetized animals, but 4.27 microliter/min/100 g body wt in pentobarbital
      treated NBD rats. Corresponding values for BD rats were 1.70 and 2.38
      microliter/min/100 g body wt. It is concluded that pentobarbital anaesthesia
      affects bile production in the rat by direct and indirect means. Firstly,
      pentobarbital and its metabolites are rapidly excreted into bile and exert a
      significant choleretic effect, thereby increasing the BAIF. Secondly,
      pentobarbital anaesthesia retards the exhaustion of the intestinal bile acid
      pool, which leads to secondary changes in the biliary excretion process.

PMID- 4004890
TI  - 5-Substituted-2,2'-anhydrouridines, potent inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase.
AB  - 5-Substituted-2,2'-anhydrouridines are a new class of competitive inhibitors of
      uridine phosphorylase. The most potent member of the series is 2,2'-anhydro-5
      ethyluridine with an apparent Ki value of 25 nM. These compounds are selective
      inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase and have no effect on thymidine
      phosphorylase. 5-Substituted-2,2'-anhydrouridines are no substrates of either
      uridine phosphorylase or thymidine phosphorylase.

PMID- 4004891
TI  - Doxorubicin induced alterations in lipid metabolism of cultured myocardial cells.
AB  - Doxorubicin (DX) was found to inhibit the incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic acid
      and [1(3)-3H]glycerol into the major membrane phosphoglycerides,
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of cultured myocardial cells in
      a dose-dependent manner (0.16-16 microM). It is suggested that DX affects de novo
      biosynthesis of these lipids. In contrast, DX-treatment of the cells stimulated
      incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic acid into triacylglycerol. The effects of DX on
      lipid metabolism were only demonstrable 20-24 hr after a 1 hr exposure of the
      cells to the drug indicating that DX exerts little or no direct effect on the
      enzymes participating in lipid synthesis and that the alterations in lipid
      metabolism induced by DX probably are secondary to inhibition of protein
      synthesis and progressive cell injury. Extensive peroxidative decomposition of
      membrane lipids appeared not to take place in the DX-treated cells as judged from
      fatty acid analysis of total membrane phosphoglyceride.

PMID- 4004892
TI  - Drug-protein conjugates--VIII. The metabolic fate of the dinitrophenyl hapten
      conjugated to albumin.
AB  - Dinitrofluorobenzene has been used as a model chemically reactive metabolite to
      investigate factors which determine the fate of drug-protein conjugates formed in
      vivo. The disposition of homologous and heterologous albumin conjugated with 3H
      dinitrophenyl groups (3H-DNP) has been investigated in the male Wistar rat. After
      intravenous administration, conjugates were cleared from plasma, predominantly
      through the liver, and the hapten was excreted into bile and urine as the novel
      amino acid derivative N2-acetyl-N6-DNP-lysine. It is assumed that the product
      arises from lysosomal hydrolysis of the conjugate, followed by N-acetylation,
      since its biliary excretion was significantly reduced in animals pretreated with
      suramin, an inhibitor of lysosomal proteolysis. The clearance of DNP-albumin
      conjugates was dependent upon the degree of conjugation; conjugates with an
      epitope density of greater than 20 had a short (ca. 1 hr) half-life. In a second
      study, the disposition of DNP-autologous protein conjugates was monitored in the
      rabbit over 21 days. The plasma concentration-time profile of the serum
      conjugates indicated that clearance was dependent upon non-immune mechanisms and
      that intravenous administration of DNP-serum protein conjugates did not elicit an
      anti-DNP response.

PMID- 4004893
TI  - Distribution of gentamicin among subcellular fractions from rat renal cortex.
AB  - A substantial amount of data is available to suggest that lysosomal sequestration
      of aminoglycoside antibiotics plays a role in the pathogenesis of aminoglycoside
      induced renal tubule cell injury; however, relatively little information is
      available on the subcellular distribution of aminoglycosides in the kidney during
      treatment protocols of the type that ultimately go on to produce extensive lethal
      renal tubule cell injury and acute renal failure in experimental animals. This
      study assessed the distribution of gentamicin and subcellular membranes on a
      discontinuous sucrose density gradient after in vivo exposure of rats to four
      daily 100 mg/kg doses of gentamicin as compared to in vitro exposure of normal
      rat renal cortex to gentamicin during tissue homogenization at drug levels
      comparable to those seen after in vivo treatment. After both in vivo and in vitro
      exposure, major localization of gentamicin, the lysosomal marker enzyme N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and the endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme NADPH
      cytochrome c reductase, occurred in a very light membrane fraction. Within this
      membrane fraction, gentamicin was more closely associated with the NAG than with
      the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The results could not be explained by complete
      lysosomal disruption during subcellular fractionation after in vivo gentamicin.
      These data provide additional insights into both the possibilities for
      subcellular interactions of aminoglycosides in the kidney, and into the
      methodology required to optimally assess such interactions.

PMID- 4004894
TI  - Reactivation of carboxylester hydrolase following inhibition by 4-nitrophenyl
      organophosphinates.
AB  - Porcine liver carboxylester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.1; carboxylesterase) was rapidly
      inhibited by 4-nitrophenyl organophosphinates containing aryl or heteroaryl
      groups directly bound to phosphorus. The most potent inhibitor was 4-nitrophenyl
      di-2-thienylphosphinate for which the median inhibitory concentration was 7.4 X
      10(-9) M. Rabbit liver monomeric carboxylester hydrolase was inhibited, separated
      from excess inhibitor by gel permeation chromatography, and observed for
      spontaneous or 1,1'-trimethylene-bis(4-formylpyridinium bromide) dioxime (TMB-4)
      induced reactivation. Recovery was most rapid (k = 4 to 7 X 10(-4) min-1) from
      phosphinyl groups containing one alkyl substituent smaller than isopropyl and one
      aryl or heteroaryl group smaller than naphthyl. The di-2-thienylphosphinylated
      enzyme was an exception since it recovered rapidly while lacking an alkyl
      substituent. Oxime reactivation by TMB-4 doubled rates of recovery.

PMID- 4004895
TI  - Assessment of rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase as a marker of
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - The influence of eleven xenobiotics on the activity and amount of hepatic
      microsomal epoxide hydrolase was determined. Activity was assayed using three
      different substrates after rats were fed, throughout 3 weeks, diets containing
      one of six hepatocarcinogens, viz. 2-acetylaminofluorene, 3'-methyl-4
      dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4'-fluoro-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, thioacetamide,
      aflatoxin B1 and ethionine. Five hepatocarcinogens induced activity 4- to 10
      fold; ethionine was relatively ineffective as an inducer. Two non-carcinogenic
      analogues of hepatocarcinogens, viz. fluorene and p-aminoazobenzene, caused no
      appreciable increase in enzyme activity, but phenobarbital, barbital and 1
      naphthylisothiocyanate induced activity 2- to 3-fold. All eleven xenobiotics
      increased the amount of microsomal epoxide hydrolase 2- to 9-fold when examined
      immunochemically using either a radial diffusion assay or an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase
      activity was not appreciably elevated by feeding ten of the xenobiotics,
      suggesting that inductions were not owing to toxicity. Using ELISA, microsomal
      epoxide hydrolase was detected in post-microsomal (PM) supernatant fractions from
      control rat liver, thus confirming an earlier report by Gill et al.
      [Carcinogenesis 3, 1307 (1982)]. The eleven xenobiotics induced the amount of
      ELISA-detectable antigen in PM supernatant fractions by 3- to 34-fold. Longer
      centrifugation of PM supernatant fractions yielded a pellet fraction that
      contained 92 +/- 1.2% of the ELISA-detectable antigen irrespective of the
      xenobiotic regimen. Relationships between xenobiotic induction of microsomal
      epoxide hydrolase activity and amount and hepatocarcinogenesis are discussed.

PMID- 4004896
TI  - Pulmonary accumulation of methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) by the oligoamine
      uptake system.
AB  - The accumulation of methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) into rat lung
      slices and its relationship to the accumulation of oligoamines has been
      investigated. MGBG was accumulated by rat lung slices by a process which obeyed
      saturation kinetics (Km 6.6 microM; Vmax 75.3 nmoles/g wet wt lung/hr). The
      uptake process appeared to be identical to those described for the accumulation
      of oligoamines and paraquat, being both KCN-(1 mM) and temperature-sensitive but
      insensitive to ouabain (100 microM). Pulmonary MGBG accumulation was found to be
      sodium-independent, either being enhanced or unaffected by sodium chloride
      deficient media, so distinguishing the process from that described for the
      monoamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine. The ability and nature of various rat tissue
      slices to accumulate MGBG generally followed that of the oligoamines. Slices of
      lung, brain cortex and seminal vesicles accumulated MGBG by a KCN-sensitive and
      temperature-dependent process. These observations, together with the ability of
      MGBG to inhibit pulmonary oligoamine accumulation, indicate that it is the uptake
      system for the oligoamines which is mainly responsible for the in vitro
      accumulation of MGBG.

PMID- 4004897
TI  - Continued depression of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity caused by
      hexachlorobenzene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin despite regeneration
      after partial hepatectomy.
AB  - Hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in male C57BL/10 mice was
      maintained in regenerated liver after recovery from two-thirds hepatectomy. In
      contrast, there was little increase in enzyme activity in regenerated liver from
      animals previously treated with hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). These chemicals initially cause depression of
      uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity over a time much longer than the period
      allowed for regeneration. Estimation of HCB levels showed that there was only a
      small amount of redistribution to the liver during regrowth. The results
      demonstrate that HCB and TCDD induce either formation of a toxic metabolite or
      some other inhibitory process and that this can be sustained for a long period
      which delays recovery to the normal state.

PMID- 4004898
TI  - Conversion of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 to P-420 upon phosphorylation
      by cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450, purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-induced
      rabbits, was phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent
      protein kinase. Upon phosphorylation P-450 was found to be converted to its
      denatured form, P-420, as verified spectroscopically from the CO-bound form of
      the reduced cytochrome. The conversion was dependent on both kinase and ATP.
      Thus, cyclic AMP may regulate the biotransformation system through the control of
      the degradation rate of microsomal P-450 in vivo.

PMID- 4004899
TI  - Inhibition of human platelet thromboxane generation by aspirin in the absence of
      measurable drug levels in peripheral blood.

PMID- 4004900
TI  - Paraquat toxicity is enhanced by iron and reduced by desferrioxamine in
      laboratory mice.

PMID- 4004901
TI  - Identification and quantitation of 1,4-butanediol in mammalian tissues: an
      alternative biosynthetic pathway for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.

PMID- 4004902
TI  - Identification of a second binding isotherm for actinomycin D-deoxyribonucleic
      acid at low drug concentrations.

PMID- 4004903
TI  - Age and sex associated differences in the relative abundance of multiple species
      of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes. A separation by HPLC of hepatic
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 species.

PMID- 4004905
TI  - In vitro degradation of the four isomers of soman in human serum.
AB  - Starting from racemic soman (1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate),
      the degradation of its four stereoisomers in human serum (25 degrees, pH 8.8),
      has been studied at the nM level. Phosphylation of serum proteins is eliminated
      by preincubation of the serum with soman. A capillary gas chromatographic method
      with nitrogen-phosphorous detection allows the separation of the
      diastereoisomers. The total hydrolysis (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) rate
      constants of the isomers can then be resolved indirectly on the basis of the
      important rate difference between P(+) and P(-) isomers. The enzymatic hydrolysis
      rate constants are obtained by subtracting, for each isomer, the spontaneous (non
      enzymatic) rate constant from the total hydrolysis rate constant. The non
      enzymatic part of the hydrolysis is obtained from experiments in serum
      ultrafiltrate (30,000 NMWL). Enzymatic hydrolysis of C(+) P(+) soman occurs so
      rapidly that only a lower limit of the rate constant can be given. The other
      enzymatic rate constants are 0.016 min-1 for C(+)P(-), 0.74 min-1 for C(-)P(+)
      and 0.028 min-1 for C(-)P(-).

PMID- 4004904
TI  - Identification and characterization of hepatic carboxylesterases hydrolyzing
      hydrocortisone esters.
AB  - The present study has provided evidence for the existence of three distinct
      carboxylesterases involved in the hydrolysis of steroid esters, where two enzymes
      are possibly responsible for the metabolism of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate
      (HCHS) at pH 5.5 and 8.0, and a third enzyme for the metabolism of hydrocortisone
      acetate (HCAC) at pH 8.0, in isolated rat liver microsomes. The activity of all
      three enzymes in rat liver was induced significantly by the administration of
      phenobarbital while no such function in enzyme activity was observed in animals
      receiving 3-methylcholanthrene or benzo[a] pyrene under similar experimental
      conditions. The increase in the activity of HCHS esterase I (HCHS-E1) active at
      pH 5.5, HCHS esterase II (HCHS-E2) active at pH 8.0, and HCAC esterase (HCAC-E)
      was approximately 7 to 8, 3- and 3-fold respectively. On the other hand, the
      degree of induction of nonspecific microsomal carboxylesterase acting on p
      nitrophenylacetate (PNPA) was significantly less. The Km values for the
      hydrolysis of HCHS at pH 5.5 and 8.0 and HCAC by rat liver microsomes obtained
      from control rats were 2.45, 2.02 and 1.6 mM, respectively, and these Km values
      were not changed significantly in preparations obtained from rats treated with
      phenobarbital. The distinct in vitro responses displayed by hepatic microsomal
      steroid esterases to various inhibitors were able to distinguish three different
      enzymes which also differed from nonspecific carboxylesterases. The activity of
      HCAC-E was inhibited by NaAsO2 and AgNO3 while that of HCHS-E1 and HCHS-E2
      remained unaffected. Selective inhibition of HCHS-E1 by NaF, HgCl2 and p
      chloromercuribenzoate and that of HCHS-E2 by NiSO4 indicated the possible
      existence of different enzymes or isozymes of a carboxylesterase catalyzing HCHS
      hydrolysis. The effects elicited by the inhibitors on the activity of PNPA
      esterase were different from those observed with steroid esterases. Furthermore,
      the present study has also indicated species variations in the distribution of
      steroid esterases in the livers of rat, mouse, dog and cat.

PMID- 4004906
TI  - Aspirin inhibition of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone induced
      hypercalcemia in vivo in rats. A mechanism independent of prostaglandin
      biosynthesis inhibition.
AB  - The interactions of calcium-regulating hormones, active forms of vitamin D and
      parathyroid hormone, and aspirin were studied in rats. Aspirin, a prostaglandin
      biosynthesis inhibitor, abolished the hypercalcemia induced by 1 alpha
      hydroxyvitamin D3 at 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg p.o. in parathyroidectomized or
      thyroparathyroidectomized rats with or without vitamin D deficiency, and in
      thyroparathyroidectomized plus nephrectomized rats. Aspirin did not affect the
      stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption by 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. By
      contrast, indomethacin, another prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor, did not
      affect hypercalcemia or stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption by 1 alpha
      hydroxyvitamin D3. Aspirin also abolished the hypercalcemic action of parathyroid
      hormone in rats with or without intact thyroparathyroid glands. Moreover, aspirin
      alone caused hypocalcemia in rats with intact thyroparathyroid glands.
      Indomethacin had no effect in either of these systems. These data suggest that
      aspirin may inhibit bone resorption by the active form of vitamin D or
      parathyroid hormone via a mechanism independent of prostaglandin biosynthesis
      inhibition.

PMID- 4004907
TI  - The effect of ethanol consumption on folate polyglutamate biosynthesis in the
      rat.
AB  - Contrary to previous studies, the folate polyglutamate chain length in the rat
      liver appears to be unaffected by ethanol ingestion for periods of 2-13 weeks.
      The appearance of short chain length folates after 13 weeks has been shown to
      arise as a result of increased in vitro folate polyglutamate breakdown during
      extraction due to a greater release of lysosomal conjugase in these animals.

PMID- 4004908
TI  - Formation of beta-phenylethylamine from the antidepressant, beta
      phenylethylhydrazine.
AB  - To determine whether the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine was metabolized
      in vivo to produce beta-phenylethylamine (PE) and p-hydroxy-beta-phenylethylamine
      [p-tyramine (pTA)], a deuterated analogue, alpha, alpha,, beta, beta-2H
      phenelzine (d4-phenelzine) was synthesized and injected i.p. into rats. In the
      first experiment, rat striata from d4-phenelzine-treated rats were analyzed for
      the presence of d4-PE and d4-pTA at a time at which phenelzine was known to cause
      particularly large increases in striatal pTA. While d4-PE was found to be present
      in these rat striata at a concentration equivalent to the endogenous PE, no d4
      pTA was present. The amounts of d4-PE produced at various times after the i.p.
      injection of 50 mg/kg d4-phenelzine were measured; at 1 hr post-injection, 371 +/
      60, 1295 +/- 682 and 1242 +/- 394 ng/g (mean +/- S.E.M.) d4-PE were present in
      whole brain, liver and kidney. Rat urine collected for a 24-hr period after this
      treatment contained (mean +/- S.E.M.) 88.5 +/- 14.0 micrograms d4-PE. These
      results clearly indicate that the antidepressant phenelzine was metabolized in
      vivo to produce the trace amine PE.

PMID- 4004909
TI  - Interaction of the four stereoisomers of soman (pinacolyl
      methylphosphonofluoridate) with acetylcholinesterase and neuropathy target
      esterase of hen brain.
AB  - Dilute solutions in cold dry ethyl acetate of 98-100% pure specimens of each of
      the four stereoisomers of soman were tested against enzymes in hen brain
      homogenate at 37 degrees and pH 8.0. Rate constants for progressive inhibition of
      acetylcholinesterase were 10(7)-10(8)/mole/min for both P(-) isomers and less
      than 10(5) for both P(+) isomers. All isomers inhibited neuropathy target
      esterase non-progressively to some degree. Rate constants for progressive
      inhibition of neuropathy target esterase were 2.7-3.8 X 10(5)/mole/min for C(-)
      P(+) and 2-6 X 10(4) for the others. Forced reactivation by KF was 90% initially
      and aging was slow in each case. Spontaneous reactivation of inhibited neuropathy
      target esterase was substantial during 18 hr for both P(-) isomers but not for
      P(+). By comparison of rate constants for the two enzymes we predict that pure
      P(+) isomers may cause delayed neuropathy in hens dosed at about unprotected
      LD50: prophylaxis and therapy against acute cholinergic effects would have to
      raise LD50 1000-fold before birds could tolerate potentially neuropathic doses of
      P(-) isomers.

PMID- 4004910
TI  - On the specificity of verapamil as a calcium channel-blocker.
AB  - The stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into incubated cerebrocortical synaptosomes
      caused by veratrine (75 microM) was blocked by low concentrations of verapamil
      (0.5-30 microM) which did not prevent or reduce depolarization as judged by
      efflux of potassium (K+). However, verapamil did not prevent amino acid
      neutrotransmitter release at these low concentrations and this is discussed in
      terms of mobilization of internal calcium (Ca2+) stores. At higher concentrations
      (30-200 microM) verapamil appeared to act additionally at sodium (Na+) channels
      since both depolarization-induced K+ efflux and neurotransmitter release were
      reduced or prevented. When K+, at a high concentration (56 mM), was used as the
      depolarizing agent, both 45Ca2+ influx and neurotransmitter release were
      prevented by verapamil across a wide concentration range (0.5-200 microM). The
      data are discussed in terms of the specificity of action of verapamil on Ca2+
      channels.

PMID- 4004911
TI  - Characterization of digoxin binding and daunorubicin uptake by isolated mature
      rat cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Myocytes isolated from ventricular muscle of mature rat heart have been used for
      characterization of digoxin binding and to establish whether a relationship
      exists between digoxin binding and uptake of daunorubicin. High- and low-affinity
      digoxin binding sites have been identified; respectively, 0.9 +/- 0.1 X 10(7)
      sites/myocyte, Kd 70-77 nM and 7 +/- 2 X 10(7) sites/myocyte, Kd 1.4-1.7 microM.
      Myocytes accumulate daunorubicin to an intracellular concentration 30-40 times
      that in the medium. We find no evidence that saturation of digoxin binding sites
      alters daunorubicin uptake or that daunorubicin influences binding of digoxin.
      Alteration of sarcolemmal membrane properties is demonstrated by inhibition of
      amino acid transport reflected in protein synthesis rates. Calmodulin activation
      of phosphodiesterase appears insensitive to daunorubicin.

PMID- 4004912
TI  - Metabolic and morphologic effects of the antimicrobial agent nitrofurantoin on
      human erythrocytes in vitro.
AB  - We have reported previously that the antimicrobial nitrofurantoin stimulates
      superoxide production and methemoglobin formation from HbO2 as an isolated
      hemeprotein and in hemolysates [M. Dershwitz and R. F. Novak, J. biol. Chem. 257,
      75 (1982); M. Dershwitz and R. F. Novak, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 222, 430 (1982)].
      The production of hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin by nitrofurantoin has been
      determined in normal erythrocytes in vitro. Hydrogen peroxide production
      increased 5-fold during a 20-hr incubation in the presence of 840 microM
      nitrofurantoin, while methemoglobin content increased to over 20% of the total
      hemoglobin concentration of the cells. Consequent metabolic and morphologic
      alterations also occurred. Concomitant with nitrofurantoin-stimulated hydrogen
      peroxide production were time- and concentration-dependent decreases in cellular
      levels of GSH and ATP, as well as alterations in red cell morphology. Significant
      differences in GSH and ATP levels between control and nitrofurantoin-treated
      erythrocytes occurred after 12 hr and proceeded maximally from 18 to 21 hr. After
      a 21-hr incubation, 840 microM nitrofurantoin caused the cellular GSH and ATP
      levels to fall 65 and 75%, respectively, while controls exhibited only 29 and 43%
      decreases in ATP and GSH levels, respectively. Studies on the concentration
      dependence of such decreases demonstrated that the EC50 values for depletion of
      GSH and ATP were similar in blood obtained from an individual donor. The EC50
      values varied from approximately 10 microM to 100 microM among the various donors
      whose blood was studied. Incubation of normal red cells with nitrofurantoin also
      resulted in an increased conversion of red cells to echinocytes as observed by
      scanning electron microscopy. These metabolic effects, coupled with increased
      oxidative stress via hydrogen peroxide generation, lend support to the mechanism
      for nitrofurantoin-induced hemolysis in erythrocytes compromised by certain
      enzyme deficiencies which result in low basal levels of GSH or diminished rates
      of GSH synthesis.

PMID- 4004914
TI  - Covalent interaction of reactive metabolites with cytosolic coenzyme A as
      mechanism of haloethylene-induced acetonemia.
AB  - Previous experiments have shown that a number of xenobiotics such as halogenated
      ethylenes cause an experimental acetonemia. In addition, under exposure of rats
      to vinylidene fluoride (one of the agents producing this effect), the urinary
      excretion rates of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are enhanced. The enhanced
      formation of ketone bodies is theoretically explained by a covalent interaction
      of reactive metabolites of the applied xenobiotic with hepatic cytosolic coenzyme
      A. This theory is further corroborated by the following experiments: Microsomal
      incubations of [14C]vinyl chloride and [3H]coenzyme A lead to one metabolite
      containing 2 moles vinyl chloride/mole coenzyme A and two other with equimolar
      ratios of both components. Exposure of rats to vinyl chloride leads to a
      progressive depletion of hepatic cytosolic CoASH, but not of CoASH in
      mitochondria. In the cytosol acetyl-CoA is also diminished after vinyl chloride
      exposure. These changes may cause secondary effects in lipid metabolism which are
      regarded as responsible for the enhancement of ketone bodies.

PMID- 4004913
TI  - Studies with 4'-deoxyepivincristine (vinepidine), a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid.
AB  - The antitumor activity of 4'-deoxyepivincristine (vinepidine, VNP) was examined
      against a human rhabdomyosarcoma line, HxRh12, grown as a xenograft in immune
      deprived mice. The efficacy of VNP was lower than that of vincristine (VCR) but
      far superior to that of vinblastine (VLB) in this model. After i.p.
      administration, accumulation of [G-3H]VNP in tumors was biphasic and progressive
      for at least 72 hr. In contrast, VCR and VLB achieved maximal tumor levels within
      4 hr, after which the level of VCR was maintained but VLB levels decreased 3-fold
      by 72 hr. Analysis of tumor extracts by high performance liquid chromatography
      showed that at 72 hr after VNP injection 98% of the radiolabel chromatographed
      with parent compound. In normal tissues, VNP was cleared less rapidly than VCR or
      VLB, and analyses of tissue extracts suggested that VNP was less rapidly
      metabolized than VCR or VLB. This may account for why the potency of VNP is
      greater than that of VCR in mice.

PMID- 4004915
TI  - Comparison of kidney, lung and liver coumarin 7-hydroxylases in phenobarbital
      pretreated DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice.
AB  - In this paper we describe catalytic and immunological properties of coumarin 7
      hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450 dependent enzyme activity, in the liver, kidney
      and lung of C57BL/67 and DBA/2J mice. Coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity was higher
      in D2 than in B6 mice in all three organs. For both strains of mice, liver had
      the highest enzyme activity when expressed per milligram of microsomal protein.
      However, when expressed per nmole cytochrome P-450 there was no difference in the
      enzyme activity between the tissues. Inhibition of microsomal coumarin 7
      hydroxylase by antibodies previously developed in our laboratory against a
      cytochrome P-450 fraction from D2 and B6 mouse liver, associated with coumarin 7
      hydroxylase, occurred as follows. In D2 mice both antibodies caused approximately
      50% inhibition of the enzyme activity of all three organs. In B6 mice, however,
      the only organ where considerable inhibition took place was the liver, and only
      when antibody against B6 cytochrome P-450 was used. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion
      analysis revealed a 100% crossreactivity between the two strains of mice when
      similar organs were compared. The 100% crossreactivity was also found between the
      liver and lung in both strains of mice. However, only a 50% crossreactivity was
      found between kidney and liver or kidney and lung in B6 and between the kidney
      and lung in D2. The data demonstrate interorgan and interstrain differences in
      the immunological and catalytical properties of cytochrome(s) P-450 catalysing
      coumarin 7-hydroxylation.

PMID- 4004916
TI  - Specific and non-specific ligand binding to serum albumin.
AB  - The applicability of a model of specific and non-specific binding sites for the
      binding of organic ligands to serum albumin was examined statistically. It is
      proposed in this model that there are a limited number of a single class of high
      affinity sites and an unlimited number of low affinity sites. Ligands bind to the
      former sites independently, as in the Scatchard model for a single class of
      binding sites, and to the latter sites in a partition-like manner, the amounts
      bound increasing linearly with the concentration of free ligands. In this study,
      data on the binding of warfarin to human serum albumin reported by Wilting et al.
      [J. Wilting et al., J. biol. Chem. 255, 3032 (1980)] and on the bindings of
      indomethacin and salicylic acid to human serum albumin reported by Hultmark et
      al. [D. Hultmark et al., Acta pharm. suecica 12, 259 (1975)] were used. These
      binding data were analyzed according to the model of specific and non-specific
      sites as well as the Scatchard model of two classes of binding sites. Statistical
      analyses showed that the model of specific and non-specific binding sites fitted
      the data for binding of all compounds very well, indicating the applicability of
      this model. An index of the upper limit of ligand concentrations necessary for
      accurate analysis of the binding data was also discussed.

PMID- 4004918
TI  - Species differences in the metabolism of 14C-p-trifluoromethylaniline: production
      of an oxanilic acid as the major metabolite by the rat.

PMID- 4004917
TI  - Change of hepatic histamine content during hepatic fibrosis.
AB  - Hepatic function was studied by measuring the time courses of several variables
      in blood and liver using a chronic liver-injury model produced by administering
      CCl4 consecutively for 12 weeks in rats. A marked increase in liver histamine
      content occurred after 10 weeks of treatment with CCl4. At weeks 10 and 12, liver
      histamine levels in the CCl4-treated group were 1.95 and 4.61 times higher,
      respectively, than in the control group. This change in liver histamine content
      appeared after that in other variables such as glutamic pyruvic transaminase,
      alkaline phosphatase, and white blood cells, but it corresponded to a change in
      liver hydroxyproline. Increased mast cells were seen in fibrotic foci around
      Glisson's sheath by microscopic morphological observation of the liver 12 weeks
      after treatment with CCl4. The histamine concentration in plasma tended to
      decrease after CCl4 treatment, and at week 12 the decrease was statistically
      significant compared with control. The liver activities of histamine-metabolizing
      enzymes, histamine-N-methyltransferase and histaminase, decreased to 1/3.4 and
      1/6.0 times those of the nontreated group, respectively, 12 weeks after treatment
      with CCl4, whereas blood histaminase increased about 9.2 times. The increase in
      histamine content in injured liver was presumedly derived from the increase in
      mast cells in the inflamed area of the liver; also, the deficiency of histamine
      metabolizing enzymes in liver might have caused the high histamine content in the
      liver. On the other hand, the decrease in plasma histamine concentration might
      have occurred as a consequence of the enzyme leakage from hepatocytes that
      accompanied the breakdown of hepatocytes by CCl4 and thus, of the histamine
      metabolism in blood by the leaked enzymes. The same kind of experiment was
      performed using a dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury model in rats. The
      increase of hydroxyproline in the liver occurred 11 days after that of histamine
      content in liver. These results suggest the possibility that increased histamine
      in the liver may participate in the biosynthesis of collagen.

PMID- 4004919
TI  - Effects of combined administration of thiol compounds and methylmercury chloride
      on mercury distribution in rats.

PMID- 4004920
TI  - Effects of the hyperglycaemic agent 3-aminopicolinate on amino acid release by
      rat muscle in vitro.

PMID- 4004921
TI  - Microsomal interactions and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by etoposide (VP-16,
      213): implications for mode of action.

PMID- 4004922
TI  - Hydrogen bond structure in the glucocorticoid agonist-receptor complex.

PMID- 4004923
TI  - Catalytic activity of cytochromes P-450 purified by monoclonal antibody-directed
      immunopurification.

PMID- 4004924
TI  - Aprophen: a substrate and inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase and
      carboxylesterases.
AB  - Aprophen, alpha-methyl-alpha-phenylbenzeneacetic acid-2-(diethylamino) ethyl
      ester, is a potent reversible inhibitor and a poor substrate of human serum
      butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Complex mixed competitive noncompetitive
      inhibition kinetics were observed; an apparent competitive inhibition constant
      was estimated to be 3.7 X 10(-7) M. BuChE hydrolysis of aprophen to
      diphenylpropionic acid and diethylaminoethanol did not appear to follow Michaelis
      Menten kinetics. The BuChE turnover number for aprophen was 2.0 X 10(-3) sec-1.
      Rabbit liver oligomeric and monomeric carboxylesterases (CE) also hydrolyzed
      aprophen with a similar turnover number that varied from 1.4 X 10(-3) sec-1 to
      4.3 X 10(-4) sec-1 respectively. Comparison of the catalytic rate of aprophen
      hydrolysis with butyrylthiocholine (BTC) and the neutral aromatic substrate,
      phenylthiobutyrate (phi TB), indicated that BuChE hydrolyzed BTC and phi TB 3.2 X
      10(5) and 3.1 X 10(5) times more rapidly than aprophen respectively. Similarly,
      the CEs also hydrolyzed BTC and phi TB 17.6 and 1.9 X 10(5) times rapidly than
      aprophen. Acetylcholinesterases from bovine erythrocyte and electric eel were not
      inhibited by aprophen nor was aprophen hydrolyzed by these enzymes. The
      hydrolysis and inhibition reactions may best be described by a complex reaction
      scheme involving multiple binding sites for both the substrate and the inhibitor
      as well as positive cooperative ligand binding.

PMID- 4004925
TI  - Inhibition of a soman- and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-detoxifying
      enzyme by Mipafox.
AB  - Mipafox, N,N'-diisopropylphosphordiamidofluoridate, has been found to be a
      reversible competitive inhibitor of a diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate hydrolyzing
      enzyme (DFPase) isolated from hog kidney and Escherichia coli. Heretofore, this
      DFPase was characterized by its more rapid hydrolysis of Soman (1,2,2
      trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), its stimulation by Mn2+, and its wide
      distribution. In sharp contrast, Mipafox did not inhibit the DFPase found only in
      cephalopod nerve, hepatopancreas, and saliva, and further characterized by its
      more rapid hydrolysis of DFP than of Soman, and its indifference to Mn2+. Neither
      of these two DFPases hydrolyzed Mipafox.

PMID- 4004926
TI  - Induction of a decrease in renal NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin
      dehydrogenase activity by estradiol in rats.
AB  - The effect of estradiol administration on renal and pulmonary NAD+-dependent 15
      hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activities in rats was studied. Estradiol
      induced a significant decrease in renal but not in pulmonary enzyme activity.
      Kinetic parameters for the renal enzyme from control and treated groups were
      compared. An identical apparent Km for prostaglandin E2 was obtained for the
      enzyme from both groups. Vmax in the treated group was progressively decreased
      and plateaued 1 day after estradiol injection. The estradiol-induced decrease in
      renal enzyme activity was blocked by an anti-estrogen, nafoxidine, suggesting
      that the effect of estradiol was a was a receptor-mediated event. The decrease in
      renal prostaglandin catabolic enzyme activity induced by estradiol may result in
      prolonging the half-life of circulating prostacyclin and may account, in part,
      for the anti-thrombogenic effect of estradiol.

PMID- 4004927
TI  - Inhibition of neutrophil function by hydrogen peroxide. Effect of SH-group
      containing compounds.
AB  - Stimulated neutrophils generate appreciable amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
      which may be responsible for auto-oxidative injury and damage to adjacent cells.
      In the present study we describe inhibitory effects of H2O2 on neutrophil
      phagocytosis, bactericidal activity and associated metabolic processes as well as
      the effect of non-protein SH-compounds on H2O2-treated cells. Preincubation of
      neutrophils with low concentrations of H2O2 (1 mumoles/5 X 10(6) cell) results in
      delayed phagocytosis of Escherichia coli, which returns to normal levels in the
      later stages of incubation, while the activity of the HMPS and the production of
      O-2 and H2O2 remain unaffected. Bactericidal activity of the cells was more
      sensitive to peroxide treatment and even at low concentrations H2O2 induced some
      inhibition (12.2%) of neutrophils' capacity to kill E. coli. Increasing the
      concentrations of H2O2 in the preincubation mixtures resulted in a progressive
      decline in the neutrophils phagocytic and killing capacity for E. coli and was
      accompanied by inhibition of HMPS activity and the release of granule enzymes but
      not of O-2 or H2O2. The H2O2/O-2 molar ratio of peroxide-treated cells was
      elevated by up to 26.7% and this was followed closely by the reduction in the
      intracellular levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). Incubation of H2O2-treated
      neutrophils with all five SH-compounds used in the study resulted in the
      improvement of the phagocytic capacity of the cells. Improvement of the
      bactericidal capacity and degranulation responses of H2O2-treated neutrophils was
      achieved by incubation with cysteine, penicillamine, alpha-MPG and MMPC but not
      GSH. Stimulus-dependent H2O2 production by H2O2-treated cells, the H2O2/O-2 molar
      ratio and the intracellular levels of GSH remained unaltered after treatment with
      SH-compounds. The data shows that SH-compounds, in addition to their
      antiinflammatory properties, also have the ability to reverse the oxidant-induced
      inhibition of neutrophil function, a property of potential therapeutic
      significance.

PMID- 4004928
TI  - Formation of a glutathione conjugate from butylated hydroxytoluene by rat liver
      microsomes.
AB  - Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was converted to S-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4
      hydroxybenzyl)-glutathione (BHT-glutathione) by rat liver microsomes in the
      presence of NADPH, molecular oxygen, and glutathione. NADH was far less effective
      than NADPH and exhibited little synergistic effect when used together with NADPH.
      Cytochrome P-450 inhibitors, such as SKF 525-A, alpha-naphthoflavone, metyrapone,
      and carbon monoxide, significantly inhibited BHT-glutathione formation. Liver
      microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats catalyzed the formation of BHT
      glutathione at a rate that was nine times the rate of adduct formation by control
      microsomes. No stimulation of BHT-glutathione formation was observed with the
      addition of liver cytosol fraction to the microsomal incubation mixtures even at
      low glutathione concentrations. These results support the view that BHT is
      converted by the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases to a chemically reactive
      metabolite, possibly BHT-quinone methide, which forms BHT-glutathione by
      nonenzymatic conjugation with glutathione.

PMID- 4004929
TI  - Protein binding of oxazepam and its glucuronide conjugates to human albumin.
AB  - The binding of oxazepam and its glucuronide conjugates to human serum albumin
      (HSA), as well as the binding interactions of the drug and its metabolites, were
      examined by equilibrium dialysis and kinetic probe studies. Oxazepam and its S(+)
      glucuronide are bound to the HSA molecule with affinity constants of 3.5 X 10(5)
      M-1 and 5.5 X 10(4) M-1, respectively, which were independent of protein
      concentration over a range of 0.1 to 5.0 g/dl. The R(-) glucuronide bound weakly
      to albumin, with the binding parameter, N X K, increasing at lower albumin
      concentrations. Pre-acetylation of fatty acid free-HSA resulted in decreased
      binding of all three compounds, probably by altering the conformation of the
      binding sites. Kinetic probe studies with p-nitrophenyl acetate indicate that
      oxazepam and its S(+) glucuronide shared a common binding site on HSA, but that
      the R(-) glucuronide bound at another site. Oxazepam binding was unaffected by
      the presence of its glucuronide conjugates but was inhibited by fatty acids. The
      percentage of oxazepam bound to plasma proteins in patients with renal impairment
      (94%) was lower than in normal volunteers (97%). This lower binding can neither
      be attributed to lower albumin concentrations because of the large binding
      capacity of the protein and linearity of N X K nor to displacement by elevated
      concentrations of glucuronide conjugates, but it may be ascribed partly to
      increased plasma fatty acids.

PMID- 4004930
TI  - Relationship of biochemical drug effects to their antitumor activity--II.
      Diacridines and membrane-related reactions.
AB  - A method is presented that determines the degree of attachment of cancer cells to
      normal cells. This method may be useful in determining the extent to which
      treatment of normal cells (or of a tumor-bearing host) with a particular
      chemotherapeutic agent may affect the degree of attachment of cancer cells to the
      normal cells. The effects of several diacridines upon this process are described.
      In addition, we have determined the ability of individual diacridines to alter
      the permeability of P-388 cells; this effect has been related to their antitumor
      properties. In general, the most effective antitumor diacridines are those that
      cause minimal disruption of cell permeability. Conversely, diacridines that
      disrupt cell permeability tend to have poor antitumor properties. It is
      considered that the toxicity of these compounds may be a necessary consequence of
      the assays used for testing anticancer agents, and may not necessarily be related
      to their antitumor activity.

PMID- 4004931
TI  - Secretion of the organic anion harmol sulfate from liver into blood. Evidence for
      a carrier-mediated mechanism.
AB  - In the liver, drugs with phenolic groups can be converted to sulfate or
      glucuronide conjugates and are then transported into bile or back into the
      bloodstream. The mechanism for transport of drugs and drug conjugates from the
      hepatocytes into the blood at the sinusoidal side of the cell are not well
      defined. In the case of carrier-mediated transport of these strongly polar
      conjugates, saturability of transport and mutual competition between structurally
      related compounds would be anticipated. This competitive aspect was investigated
      by using two organic anions, dibromosulfophthalein (DBSP) and harmol sulfate. The
      latter compound was generated by the hepatocytes from harmol, which was
      continuously infused into the rat in vivo and in isolated perfused rat livers. In
      addition we loaded the perfused rat livers with preformed harmol sulfate and
      studied its efflux rate to the perfusate as influenced by DBSP. In steady state,
      about 80% of harmol was sulfated and 20% was glucuronidated. Harmol sulfate was
      mainly excreted in the urine, the glucuronide was equally excreted in urine and
      bile. DBSP lowered the urinary excretion of harmol sulfate by about 30% which was
      due to a decrease in plasma concentration. However, renal clearance of harmol
      sulfate (3.2 +/- 0.2 ml/min) was unchanged. At the same time DBSP doubled the
      biliary clearance of harmol sulfate (1.0 +/- 0.1 and 2.2 +/- 0.2 ml/min in
      controls and DBSP studies respectively). DBSP decreased glucuronide excretion
      both in urine and bile. The increase in biliary output and decrease in urinary
      excretion of harmol sulfate is explained by competitive interaction between the
      organic anion DBSP and harmol sulfate at the sinusoidal level. Efflux experiments
      in single pass perfused isolated livers showed a clear decrease of harmol sulfate
      transport from liver into plasma by DBSP and provided evidence for such an
      inhibitory phenomenon (t 1/2 of efflux was 3.58 +/- 0.21 compared with 2.46 +/-
      0.07 min for controls). These results indicate that organic anion transport from
      the hepatocyte into the blood stream is very likely carrier-mediated. A decrease
      in renal output of drug conjugates therefore may not only be due to a decrease in
      the conjugation process but also to a lower liver to blood transport rate which
      at the same time may produce a higher biliary output.

PMID- 4004933
TI  - Inhibition of purified rat liver glutathione S-transferase isozymes by diuretic
      drugs.
AB  - Seven soluble rat liver glutathione S-transferase isozymes were isolated and the
      inhibition of these isozymes by selected diuretics was investigated using 1
      chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate. All isozymes were inhibited to some
      extent under the experimental conditions used, but there was significant isozyme
      dependent selectivity of inhibition. The greatest inhibitory effect (over 80%)
      was found when the phenoxyacetic acid diuretics and indacrynic acid were
      incubated with glutathione S-transferase 3-3, 3-4 and 4-4. The sulphamoylbenzoic
      acid diuretics, furosemide and bumetanide, were found to have a lesser effect on
      the isozymes studies. As glutathione S-transferase are thought to play an
      important protective role in the various tissues of animals and man, by
      catalysing the glutathione conjugation of electrophilic drugs and drug
      metabolites, their inhibition may be toxicologically important.

PMID- 4004932
TI  - Mutagenic activity of various chemicals in Salmonella strain TA100 and
      glutathione-deficient derivatives. On the role of glutathione in the
      detoxification or activation of mutagens inside bacterial cells.
AB  - Several mutants with decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were isolated
      from the sensitive mutagen tester strain Salmonella typhimurium TA100 after
      treatment with u.v. and selection for resistance to N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) and its methyl analogue MNNG. Estimation of the GSH
      concentration and GSH S-transferase activity in extracts of these strains and of
      TA100 indicates that the GSH- derivatives contain 10-30% of the GSH level found
      in TA100, and that they exhibit normal GSH S-transferase activity. The mutagenic
      activities of 7 chemicals, namely, MNNG, ENNG, 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), 1-chloro
      2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), styrene-7,8-oxide (STOX), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)
      and methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) were compared in TA100 and in one
      representative GSH- strain, denominated NG-57. MNNG, ENNG, DBE and CDNB are
      potent to extremely potent mutagens in TA100, but induce very low levels of His+
      mutants in NG-57. Pretreatment of NG-57 with 1 mM GSH (partially) restores the
      mutant yields to the levels usually found in TA100. The mutagenic activities of
      STOX, ENU and MMS are similar in both strains. These results support some
      previous findings, namely that ENNG, MNNG and DBE, but not ENU are activated to
      mutagens inside the test bacteria, and also suggest that CDNB is activated by
      bacterial GSH. The latter finding is in contrast with the current view that CDNB
      is detoxified by GSH, as is also presently evidenced by a strong reduction of the
      compound's mutagenicity in the presence of extracts of rat liver, which contains
      GSH and GSH S-transferase activity. The results with STOX indicate that GSH plays
      in bacteria a much less important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics than
      in mammalian tissue, presumably due to a much lower GSH S-transferase activity in
      the first organism.

PMID- 4004934
TI  - Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase, methotrexate transport, and growth of
      methotrexate-sensitive and -resistant L1210 leukemia cells in vitro by 5
      substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines.
AB  - A series of eighteen 2,4-diaminoquinazoline analogues of folic, isofolic, pteroic
      and isopteroic acids having various substituents at position 5 was studied. Each
      compound was evaluated as an inhibitor of L1210 dihydrofolate reductase,
      methotrexate influx into L1210 leukemia cells, and growth of methotrexate
      sensitive and -resistant L1210 cells in vitro. Bridge reversal at positions 9 and
      10 reduced the effectiveness of the classical analogues only with regard to the
      inhibition of the drug-sensitive cells as compared to methotrexate (MTX). Absence
      of the glutamate moiety adversely affected the potency of the compounds,
      particularly when coupled with reversal of the 9,10-bridge. However, the presence
      of -Cl at position 5 restored significantly the potency of these compounds. The
      pteroate and isopteroate analogue ethyl esters were generally more effective
      inhibitors of cell growth than their non-esterified counterparts. Regarding the
      effects of substituents at position 5, the data suggest that -Cl greater than 
      CH3 greater than -H for inhibition of methotrexate transport and growth of
      methotrexate-sensitive L1210 cells. The 5-Cl pteroate analogue and its
      corresponding ethyl ester were highly effective as growth inhibitors of
      methotrexate-resistant, transport-defective, L1210 cells in vitro.

PMID- 4004935
TI  - Effect of clofibrate on branched-chain amino acid metabolism.
AB  - Clofibric acid inhibited the oxidative decarboxylation of 4-methyl-2
      oxopentanoate and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate in mitochondria and homogenates of rat
      liver and quadriceps muscle. In rat hemidiaphragms clofibric acid inhibited the
      oxidative decarboxylation of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and had no effect on that
      of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate. Clofibric acid displaced branched-chain 2-oxo acids
      from bovine serum albumin. Clofibrate-treatment of rats decreased the actual
      activity and activity state of the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase
      complex in quadriceps muscle, and increased the total activity in heart and liver
      without a change of the activity state. All interactions of clofibric acid with
      the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids appear to relate to its structural
      resemblance to the branched-chain 2-oxo acids. Both reduced plasma and muscle
      concentrations of branched-chain amino acids and reduced muscle oxidation may
      play a role in the myopathic side-effects of clofibrate-treatment.

PMID- 4004936
TI  - Effects of glutathione depletion using buthionine sulphoximine on the
      cytotoxicity of nitroaromatic compounds in mammalian cells in vitro.
AB  - The inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis, buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) has been
      used to deplete endogenous thiols in mammalian cells in vitro. The effect of such
      depletion on the toxicity of nitroaromatic compounds has been investigated.
      Substantial enhancement of both aerobic and hypoxic toxicity of the 2
      nitroimidazole, misonidazole is observed in thiol-depleted cells; the hypoxic
      toxicities of metronidazole, nitrofurantoin and nimorazole are also increased by
      thiol depletion. These data of significance for the potential combined use of BSO
      with nitroaromatic radiosensitizers to increase their radiosensitizing efficiency
      in radiotherapy, and as a potential method for enhancing the efficiency of anti
      protozoal nitroaromatic drugs.

PMID- 4004937
TI  - The disposition of pyrimethamine in the isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - We have investigated the disposition of pyrimethamine base in the isolated
      perfused rat liver (IPRL) preparation after the administration of pyrimethamine
      (0.5 mg, 5 microCi). In the first half hour of the study, pyrimethamine underwent
      marked hepatic uptake, thereafter perfusate plasma drug levels declined
      monoexponentially with a half life (t 1/2) of 3.0 +/- 1.0 hr. Area under the
      perfusate plasma concentration/time curve (AUC)0----infinity was 6.9 +/- 1.9
      microgram/hr/ml. Pyrimethamine was found to be a low clearance compound (78.4 +/-
      25.3 ml/hr identical to 8.6% of liver perfusate flow) with a large volume of
      distribution (267.5 +/- 55.3 ml) in the IPRL. The combined AUCS(0----5hr) for
      pyrimethamine (AUC 4.8 +/- 0.5 microgram/hr/ml) and pyrimethamine 3-N-oxide (AUC0
      ---5hr 0.9 +/- 0.6 microgram/hr/ml) accounted for 57% of the total AUC0----5hr of
      [14C] radioactivity (10.0 +/- 2.6 micrograms/hr/ml). This indicates the presence
      of metabolites of pyrimethamine as yet unidentified in the perfusate. Biliary
      excretion of [14C] during the course of the IPRL preparations was extensive (29.0
      +/- 10.3%) though only a small proportion was due to pyrimethamine and the 3-N
      oxide metabolite. The majority of radioactivity in the bile was attributable to
      highly polar, but unidentified metabolites of pyrimethamine. At the conclusion of
      each experiment (5 hr), a significant proportion of [14C] radioactivity was
      recovered from the livers (22.9 +/- 5.3%). Subsequent HPLC analysis of the liver
      tissue indicated this to be unchanged pyrimethamine, with trace levels of the 3-N
      oxide metabolite. Sub-cellular fractionation of the homogenized livers revealed
      the most pronounced localisation of pyrimethamine to be in the lipid rich 10,000
      g pellet (13.0 +/- 2.6%), the remainder being distributed equally between the
      105,000 g pellet and supernatant. Neither pyrimethamine, [14C] radioactivity, nor
      pyrimethamine 3-N-oxide were extensively taken up by red cells throughout the
      study. Therefore, the large volume of distribution (267.5 +/- 55.3 ml) underlines
      the extent of pyrimethamine localisation in the liver.

PMID- 4004938
TI  - The fate of intravenously administered highly purified bovine testicular
      hyaluronidase (Hyalosidase) in the rat.
AB  - A highly purified commercial preparation of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (GL
      enzyme, Hyalosidase) was labelled with 125iodine without measurable loss of
      enzyme activity. The labelled preparation was administered intravenously into
      rats and the serum half-life of hyaluronidase was determined by measurement of
      both radioactivity and enzyme activity. The short half-life of the enzyme in
      plasma could not be accounted for by excretion in the urine and bile. Tissue
      distribution studies showed that the major site of uptake was the liver (59.7% of
      the recovered dpm). This rapid uptake by the liver could be reduced significantly
      by the pre-administration of yeast mannan or ovalbumin (a mannose-terminated
      glycoprotein). This suggests that the uptake of hyaluronidase by the liver is
      mediated by a mannose-specific receptor. Very little radioactivity was found in
      the heart (0.2% of the recovered dpm).

PMID- 4004939
TI  - Taurine protection of lymphoblastoid cells from iron-ascorbate induced damage.

PMID- 4004940
TI  - Metabolism of mandelonitrile in the rat.

PMID- 4004941
TI  - The inhibition of bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase by tricyclic
      antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 4004942
TI  - Characterization of the interactions of gallamine with muscarinic receptors from
      brain.

PMID- 4004944
TI  - Antiestrogenic effect of trifluoperazine in mice.

PMID- 4004943
TI  - Effect of methyl palmoxirate, an oral hypoglycemic agent, on epinephrine-induced
      hyperglycemia in the rat.

PMID- 4004945
TI  - Energy deposition in a model of man in the near field.
AB  - The spatial distribution of the specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured in a
      full-scale model of man using implantable electric field probes. The model was
      exposed in the near-field of linear and aperture antennas at 350 MHz. Effects of
      the wave polarization, antenna position and antenna gain on the SAR distribution
      and the average SAR in the whole-body and body parts are reported.

PMID- 4004946
TI  - Blood-brain barrier permeation in the rat during exposure to low-power 1.7-GHz
      microwave radiation.
AB  - The permeability of the blood-brain barrier to high-and low-molecular-weight
      compounds has been measured as a function of continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed
      microwave radiation. Adult rats, anesthetized with pentobarbital and injected
      intravenously with a mixture of [14C] sucrose and [3H] inulin, were exposed for
      30 min at a specific absorption rate of 0.1 W/kg to 1.7-GHz CW and pulsed (0.5
      microseconds pulse width, 1,000 pps) microwaves. After exposure, the brain was
      perfused and sectioned into nine regions, and the radioactivity in each region
      was counted. During identical exposure conditions, temperatures of rats were
      measured in eight of the brain regions by a thermistor probe that did not perturb
      the field. No change in uptake of either tracer was found in any of the eight
      regions as compared with those of sham-exposed animals.

PMID- 4004947
TI  - Active microwave tomographic imaging of isolated, perfused animal organs.
AB  - The relative transparency of biological materials to high-frequency
      electromagnetic waves has encouraged the development of new systems for imaging.
      This report describes experiments of microwave tomography conducted on a
      prototype. The object to be analyzed is submerged in water and is illuminated by
      a plane wave. The total electric field is analyzed by a microwave camera. The
      recorded data are then processed numerically in order to reconstruct the image
      that corresponds to the distribution of equivalent currents in a defined plane of
      a section. Experiments have been conducted on isolated kidneys with and without
      perfusion. The influence of the perfusing solution temperature has also been
      studied. These experiments show the potential of this system, especially through
      the correlation between microwave images and the biological structures. They also
      confirm previous results concerning spatial resolution and depth of exploration.
      Finally, the results demonstrate the influence of temperature and support the
      applicability of this imaging system in non-invasive thermometry, especially for
      clinical hyperthermia.

PMID- 4004948
TI  - Low-voltage ELF electric field measurements in ionic media.
AB  - Low-voltage electric fields were measured in conductive tissue culture media
      using three techniques: voltage slope, current density-conductivity, and dipole
      methods. All three methods tested yielded comparable results. However, all three
      techniques have associated errors. These errors fall into three major categories:
      those associated with the measurement equipment, those associated with
      electrodes, and errors in cross-sectional area measurements. Each source of error
      is discussed so that all can be taken into account during construction and/or
      testing of exposure equipment.

PMID- 4004949
TI  - Influence of constant magnetic fields on certain physiochemical properties of
      water.
AB  - There has been considerable recent interest in the question of effects of
      constant magnetic fields (CMF) on living organisms. The possible alteration of
      the physiochemical properties of water appears to be one example of such an
      influence. The dielectric constant, pH, and surface tension of water exposed to
      CMF action were studied. The results fail to confirm the changes observed by some
      authors. Controversial opinions on this problem are also summarized and
      discussed.

PMID- 4004950
TI  - Effects of 2.45-GHz microwaves on primate corneal endothelium.
AB  - Both eyes of anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were
      irradiated with 2.45-GHz microwaves, either pulsed or continuous wave. In vivo
      corneal endothelial abnormalities were observed by specular microscopy and
      confirmed through histologic techniques after a 16- to 48-hour postexposure
      period. Pulsed microwaves with an average power density of 10 mW/cm2 (equivalent
      to a specific absorption rate (SAR) = 2.6 W/kg) produced these effects, while
      levels of 20-30 mW/cm2 (equivalent to a SAR = 5.3 to 7.8 W/kg) with continuous
      wave irradiation were required to produce similar changes.

PMID- 4004951
TI  - Potassium ion influx measurements on cultured Chinese hamster cells exposed to 60
      hertz electromagnetic fields.
AB  - Potassium ion influx was measured by monitoring 42KCl uptake by Chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO) cells grown in suspension culture and exposed in the culture medium
      to 60-Hz electromagnetic fields up to 2.85 V/m. In the presence of the field CHO
      cells exhibited two components of uptake, the same as previously observed for
      those grown under normal conditions; both these components of influx were
      decreased when compared to sham-exposed cells. Although decreases were
      consistently observed in exposed cells when plotted as loge of uptake, the
      differences between the means of the calculated fluxes of exposed and sham
      exposed cells were quite small (on the order of 4-7%). When standard deviations
      were calculated, there was no significant difference between these means;
      however, when time-paired uptake data were analyzed, the differences were found
      to be statistically significant. Cells exposed only to the magnetic field
      exhibited similar small decreases in influx rates when compared to sham-exposed
      cells, suggesting that the reduction in K+ uptake could be attributed to the
      magnetic field. Additionally, intracellular K+ levels were measured over a
      prolonged exposure period (96 h), and no apparent differences in intracellular K+
      levels were observed between field-exposed and sham-exposed cultures. These
      results indicate that high-strength electric fields have a small effect on the
      rate of transport of potassium ions but no effect on long-term maintenance of
      intracellular K+.

PMID- 4004952
TI  - Microwave radiation absorption in the rat: frequency-dependent SAR distribution
      in body and tail.
AB  - Experiments were conducted using twin-well calorimetry to determine the averaged
      whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) for rat carcasses exposed to 360, 700,
      915, and 2,450 MHz CW radiation in an anechoic chamber. All exposures were done
      with the long axis of the rat in an E-polarization. Additional experiments were
      conducted using a fiber optical temperature probe to determine local SAR in the
      brain, esophagus, colon, rectum, and tail during microwave exposure. The whole
      body averaged SAR for the radiation frequencies examined follows a nonmonotonic
      function with 700 MHz as the resonant frequency. This result agrees with previous
      analytical estimates. Local SARs within the body and tail are nonuniform with
      significant frequency-specific hotspots in the colon, rectum, and tail.

PMID- 4004953
TI  - [Limited trypsinolysis of alpha-actin and the distribution of sulfhydryl groups
      in the molecular fragments].
AB  - Incubation of alpha-actinin with trypsin leads to the formation of several
      fragments with molecular weight of 55 000, 38 000, 30 000 and 15 000 which are
      rather resistant against further proteinase action. Two from five exposed
      cysteine residues modified by N-ethylmaleimide in the polypeptide chain of the
      subunit are located in the 55 000 fragment, one in the 30 000 fragment, and the
      remaining two appear to belong to those parts of the polypeptide chain that are
      subject to degradation to small peptides under the action of trypsin. Masked SH
      groups are localized to the 30 000 fragment.

PMID- 4004954
TI  - [Radioreceptor analysis: the theoretical bases of the method].
AB  - General principles of radioreceptor assay pertinent to the membrane receptor
      preparations are discussed. The effects of the following factors are analyzed:
      concrete conditions of the assay, ligands affinity for receptors, the effects of
      relative contribution of nonspecific binding and ligands concentrations on the
      precision and sensitivity of the assay, as well as on the maximal measurable
      concentration found from a given standard curve and on the range of reliable
      concentrations for a compound under study. The performance of the assay is shown
      to be the better, the lower is the concentration of the labeled ligand, the
      higher its affinity for the receptor and the lower is the nonspecific binding
      contribution.

PMID- 4004955
TI  - [Regions of the human genome containing homologs of the oncogenes and retrovirus
      genes. 3. The primary structure of the mos-related region CL-1 from the ORAgp5
      locus].
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of 686 bp from the cloned human genome locus gp5 has been
      determined. Analysis of this sequence has revealed a statistically significant
      homology with both the viral and murine mos genes. The region of mos homology
      contains two adjacent homologous domains, whereas their counterparts in viral mos
      gene are separated by 471 bp. The position of mos homologous region in the close
      vicinity to LTR of endogenous human viral-like repeat is in accordance with the
      hypothesis of retroviral involvement in the process of mos gene amplification.

PMID- 4004956
TI  - [Isolation of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and
      phosphatidylcholine from the bull heart].
AB  - A novel efficient procedure based on silica gel column chromatography has been
      developed for isolating chromatographically pure diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. For this purpose the lipid
      extract is treated with aqueous MgCl2, whereas aqueous ammonia is added to the
      eluent systems. To raise the yield of lipids, a fractional loading of columns
      with portions of lipid extracts is employed, each loading being followed by
      partial elution of neutral lipids with chloroform. Optimal phospholipid--silica
      gel ratio is 1:20 for such a procedure. The presence of cation exchange between
      the lipid extract and silica gel is confirmed and its influence on the efficacy
      of phospholipid separation is discussed.

PMID- 4004957
TI  - [Synthesis of immunopoietins--new biologically active low molecular weight
      fragments of immunoglobulins G, M, E and A].
AB  - Low-molecular fragments of immunoglobulins IgG-(245-349) (Glu-Pro-Gln-Val-Tyr),
      IgM-(451-455) (Arg-Pro-Asp-Val-Tyr), IgA-(347-351) (Arg-Pro-Glu-Val-His), and IgE
      (430-435) (Ala-Ala-Pro-Glu-Val-Tyr), potentially active immunoregulators of a
      novel type, have been synthesised by classical methods of peptide chemistry. This
      group of compounds, which in biological effects are similar to thymopoietin, was
      given the name of immunopoietins.

PMID- 4004958
TI  - When does rheumatoid disease start?
AB  - Stored serum specimens collected in connection with a community-oriented
      epidemiologic study were available from 30 subjects who later developed
      seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. In 9 of these pre-rheumatoid specimens, the
      Rose-Waaler test result was positive, and in 16, the latex fixation test was
      positive. Two-thirds of the samples were positive when the interval between
      taking the blood specimen and onset of the disease was less than 4 years, and one
      third were positive when the interval was greater than or equal to 4 years. The
      occurrence of rheumatoid factor preceded the onset of clinical disease more often
      in males than in females.

PMID- 4004959
TI  - Relationship between nailfold capillary abnormalities and organ involvement in
      systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Nailfold capillary abnormalities in 42 consecutive patients with systemic
      sclerosis were studied by wide field capillary microscopy, and capillary
      abnormalities were correlated with organ involvement. Twenty-eight patients hd
      diffuse skin disease, and 14 had the CREST variant of systemic sclerosis
      (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly,
      telangiectasis) with anticentromere antibodies. Nailfold capillary enlargement
      and loss were graded from photographs. There was no correlation between the
      severity of either nailfold capillary loss or enlargement and duration of
      disease, number of organ systems involved, or acroosteolysis. The presence of
      telangiectasis correlated with extreme capillary enlargement (P less than 0.025).
      Based on these findings it can be concluded that nailfold capillary changes in
      individual patients with systemic sclerosis are not useful in predicting organ
      involvement.

PMID- 4004960
TI  - Selective inhibition of excessive scleroderma fibroblast collagen production by
      lymphokines from normal human mononuclear cells.
AB  - We studied the effects of lymphokines from mitogen-stimulated normal human
      mononuclear cells on collagen production by confluent monolayer cultures of
      scleroderma dermal fibroblasts. We examined 10 cell lines obtained from patients
      with early onset, rapidly progressive disease. All cell lines exhibited increased
      collagen production, compared with cell lines from age- and sex-matched normal
      individuals. We found that supernatants from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated
      mononuclear cells caused greater than 45% inhibition of collagen production by
      the cultured scleroderma fibroblasts; the degree of inhibition was concentration
      dependent. Partially purified lymphokine preparations produced 84-94% inhibition
      of collagen production by scleroderma cells. The lymphokine effects were shown to
      be selective for collagen, since the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins was not
      significantly affected. The results suggest that lymphokines from normal
      mononuclear cells can modulate the excessive collagen biosynthesis that is
      characteristic of scleroderma fibroblasts, and these lymphokines may have a place
      as possible therapeutic agents for this incurable disease.

PMID- 4004961
TI  - Blastomycosis presenting as monoarticular arthritis. The role of synovial fluid
      cytology.
AB  - Joint complaints are common among patients with blastomycosis; however, true
      arthritis is infrequently documented by synovial fluid analysis. Of 72
      individuals with blastomycosis who were patients at the Vanderbilt School of
      Medicine affiliated hospitals during the period 1957-1983, 6 (8%) had arthritis
      at presentation. In 5 patients (7%), monoarticular arthritis was the chief
      complaint leading to hospitalization. Cytologic examination of synovial fluid was
      performed in 4 patients and demonstrated characteristic organisms each time.
      Three patients had negative 10% potassium hydroxide smears, and 2 had negative
      synovial fluid cultures. Blastomycosis should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of acute arthritis. In patients with blastomycotic arthritis, cytologic
      examination of synovial fluid can add to the diagnostic yield of synovial fluid
      fungal cultures and potassium hydroxide preparations.

PMID- 4004962
TI  - Etiopathogenesis of the rheumatoid arthritis-like disease in MRL/l mice. I. The
      histomorphologic basis of joint destruction.
AB  - MRL/l mice spontaneously develop a hindlimb arthropathy, as well as a number of
      immunologic abnormalities, including circulating rheumatoid factors. Although
      previous studies have suggested that this arthropathy is primarily an
      inflammatory process, we performed a comprehensive histomorphologic study which
      indicated that inflammation is a late manifestation of MRL/l arthritis. The
      pathologic changes that occur in the joints of these mice can be divided into 3
      stages. The first stage develops between the ages of 7 and 13 weeks and consists
      of synovial cell proliferation in the joint recesses. The second stage is
      characterized by continued proliferation of synovial cells which take on an
      appearance similar to that of transformed mesenchymal cells. The earliest
      destructive changes occur in the second stage and include marginal erosions,
      followed soon after by progressive destruction of articular and meniscal
      cartilage. The final stage is characterized by a diminution of synovial cel
      proliferation, extensive cartilage destruction, formation of scar tissue and
      fibrocartilage, and a very moderate infiltration of the synovial stroma by
      mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory cells. Throughout the disease
      progression there is a striking dissociation between inflammatory cell
      infiltration or exudation and tissue destruction. The histomorphologic
      similarities between human rheumatoid synovitis and the arthritis of MRL/l mice,
      as well as the presence of rheumatoid factors, make this mouse strain an
      excellent model for studying human rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4004963
TI  - Comparative measurement efficiency and sensitivity of five health status
      instruments for arthritis research.
AB  - Five health status instruments were administered in random order to 50 arthritis
      patients before and after total joint arthroplasty. Relative efficiency and
      sensitivity in measurement of change in pain, mobility and physical function,
      social role and social activity, and global health were assessed. The instruments
      had highly correlated scores, but had differences in certain dimensions. Inter
      instrument differentials were larger for social and global outcomes than for pain
      or mobility. NO single instrument consistently outperformed the others. A method
      for determining relative efficiency is described.

PMID- 4004964
TI  - Winners of the 1984 slide competition.

PMID- 4004966
TI  - Aortic regurgitation in giant cell arteritis.

PMID- 4004965
TI  - Relationship of autoantibody expression and HLA phenotype in Japanese patients
      with connective tissue diseases.

PMID- 4004967
TI  - Wrist drop in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): complete rupture of
      the extensor tendon mechanism.

PMID- 4004968
TI  - Combination immunosuppressive treatment of steroid-resistant
      dermatomyositis/polymyositis.

PMID- 4004969
TI  - Diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 4004970
TI  - Aortic arch syndrome associated with anticardiolipin antibodies and the lupus
      anticoagulant: comment on Ferrante paper.

PMID- 4004971
TI  - The immunoreactivity, ligand, and cell binding characteristics of rheumatoid
      synovial fluid fibronectin.
AB  - Fibronectin promotes macrophage adherence and expression of Fc receptors, is
      chemotactic for fibroblasts, and is an opsonin for fibrin and denatured collagen.
      These properties suggest a role for fibronectin in the modulation of joint
      inflammation. Since structural modification of the fibronectin molecule has been
      shown to result in loss or de novo acquisition of opsonic and chemotactic
      activity, we determined the functional and immunochemical properties of
      fibronectin isolated from the inflamed joint. Eighty-six percent of synovial
      fluids obtained from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contained
      fibronectin fragments, and 39% of the fluids no longer displayed the dimeric
      form. Compared with native fibronectin, RA peptides were as active in promoting
      synoviocyte chemotaxis and in glycosaminoglycan binding, but displayed lower
      affinity for fibrin and gelatin. Although comparable with intact protein in
      augmenting monocyte attachment to gelatin, the RA synovial fluid peptides did not
      augment monocyte attachment to fibrin. Analysis of whole synovial fluid and
      isolated fibronectins by enzyme immunoassay showed that the increased fibronectin
      immunoreactivity, previously reported in RA synovial fluid, measures intact and
      nearly intact protein and does not measure extensively degraded fragments.

PMID- 4004972
TI  - A comparison of the specificity of the 1971 and 1982 American Rheumatism
      Association criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - The specificity of the preliminary and the revised American Rheumatism
      Association criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
      was tested in 207 of our patients with other rheumatic diseases which were
      considered to be important in the differential diagnosis of SLE. Using the
      preliminary criteria, the data revealed that 5 patients were falsely classified
      as having SLE (2 with scleroderma, 2 with Raynaud's disease, and 1 with systemic
      necrotizing vasculitis), whereas using the revised criteria, only 2 patients (1
      with scleroderma and 1 with systemic necrotizing vasculitis) were falsely
      classified. The calculated specificity was 99% for the revised criteria and 98%
      for the preliminary criteria. Thus, the data revealed that the specificity of the
      revised criteria is high and comparable with that of the preliminary criteria
      when applied to a group of patients with related rheumatic diseases.

PMID- 4004973
TI  - Cricopharyngeal obstruction in inflammatory myopathy
      (polymyositis/dermatomyositis). Report of three cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Three adults, 2 of whom had polymyositis and 1 with dermatomyositis, developed
      dysphagia during the course of their illness. Results of esophageal manometry
      supplemented with esophageal radiography indicated the presence of
      cricopharyngeal achalasia. Because of the severity of this disorder, which is
      associated with aspiration of esophageal contents into the airways, surgery to
      divide the cricopharyngeal musculature was performed in 2 patients, giving
      complete relief of their symptoms. Prednisone dosage was not increased to treat
      this condition since it arose not from weakness but from obstruction. A biopsy
      specimen taken from 1 patient demonstrated inflammatory changes in the
      obstructing muscle. A review of these 3 patients and 3 previously reported cases
      indicates that cricopharyngeal obstruction can be a dominant cause of dysphagia
      in patients with myositis. The recognition of this entity is important in the
      management of patients with myositis because: it has serious and potentially life
      threatening implications; and in certain cases, it can be effectively treated
      with surgery.

PMID- 4004974
TI  - Decreased coronary reserve in primary scleroderma myocardial disease.
AB  - We assessed coronary reserve, by measuring the increase in coronary sinus blood
      flow (CSBF) after intravenous administration of dipyridamole (0.14 mg/kg/minute
      for 4 minutes), in 7 patients with primary scleroderma myocardial disease (PSMD)
      and in 7 control subjects. Coronary reserve was greatly impaired in PSMD: before
      administration of dipyridamole, CSBF was similar in patients with PSMD (89 +/- 32
      ml/minute/100 gm, mean +/- SD) and in controls (100 +/- 15 ml/minute/100 gm);
      after dipyridamole infusion, CSBF was significantly lower in patients with PSMD
      (191 +/- 45 ml/minute/100 gm) than in controls (399 +/- 58 ml/minute/100 gm) (P
      less than 0.01). Six of the 7 patients with PSMD had angiographically normal
      epicardial coronary arteries and normal left ventricular function. Decreased
      coronary reserve may be an important contributor to the pathogenesis of primary
      scleroderma myocardial disease.

PMID- 4004975
TI  - Collagen synthesis regulation by the aminopropeptide of procollagen I in normal
      and scleroderma fibroblasts.
AB  - The effect of the aminopropeptide of type I procollagen, Col 1(I), on collagen
      synthesis by normal and scleroderma fibroblasts was investigated. Collagen
      synthesis was inhibited by about 42% when normal fibroblasts were labeled with 3H
      proline in the presence of 4 microM Col 1(I). In contrast, collagen synthesis by
      scleroderma fibroblasts was inhibited to a lesser degree, about 19%. Furthermore,
      scleroderma fibroblasts with elevated rates of collagen synthesis (2.5-5 times
      normal) were inhibited by only about 10%. The data suggest that the increased
      accumulation of collagen in the skin of scleroderma patients may be related to a
      defect in the regulation of collagen synthesis by the aminopropeptide.

PMID- 4004977
TI  - Outcomes of self-help education for patients with arthritis.
AB  - Behavioral and health status outcomes of an unreinforced, self-help education
      program for arthritis patients taught by lay persons were examined in 2 ways: a 4
      month randomized experiment and a 20-month longitudinal study. At 4 months,
      experimental subjects significantly exceeded control subjects in knowledge,
      recommended behaviors, and in lessened pain. These changes remained significant
      at 20 months. The course was inexpensive and well-accepted by patients,
      physicians, and other health professionals.

PMID- 4004976
TI  - Effectiveness of cyclosporin therapy for Behcet's disease.
AB  - Behcet's disease is a clinical entity with mouth and genital ulcers, skin
      lesions, and both anterior and posterior uveitis as its major criteria. It has
      been theorized that Behcet's disease is immune complex mediated, and is
      characterized by multiple attacks which often lead to severe visual handicap.
      Behcet's disease patients with severe ocular involvement and cytotoxic and/or
      systemic corticosteroid agent failures were treated with cyclosporin (CsA). CsA
      therapy effectively abrogated the acute phase of the ocular attack and either
      totally prevented, or markedly reduced, the recurrences of these attacks.
      Generally, patients tolerated the medication well; occasionally however, renal
      toxicity secondary to cyclosporin therapy prevented prescription of a maximally
      effective therapeutic dose of the drug. CsA levels in plasma were dose-dependent
      for each patient, but the dosage per kg of CsA needed to obtain a specific plasma
      level varied greatly from patient to patient. Circulating immune complex levels
      were not universally elevated during the acute ocular attack. However, increases
      in circulating immune complex concentrations were noted after treatment with CsA
      was begun and the disease became clinically inactive. These data, as well as the
      effectiveness of CsA, an agent with predominantly anti-T cell effects, raise a
      question as to whether circulating immune complexes are centrally relevant to the
      pathogenesis of this disorder, and if T cell mediation of this disease must be
      contemplated.

PMID- 4004978
TI  - Utilization of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
AB  - Information derived from pharmaceutical marketing databases on the use of 12
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in 1983 is presented. Estimates of population
      exposure, regularity of treatment, average daily dose, age and sex distributions
      of users, concomitant use of other drugs, associated diagnoses, and trends in use
      are provided. Utilization patterns were similar for 8 of the nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs, with differing patterns seen for mefenamic acid,
      oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, and zomepirac.

PMID- 4004979
TI  - Protective effect of poliomyelitis on psoriatic arthritis.

PMID- 4004980
TI  - Allopurinol hypersensitivity in a patient with severe, chronic, tophaceous gout.

PMID- 4004981
TI  - Comment on Zea-Mendoza report.

PMID- 4004982
TI  - Guidelines for identification audiometry.

PMID- 4004983
TI  - The effects on lipids, blood viscosity and platelet aggregation of combined use
      of niceritrol (Perycit) and a low dose of acetylsalicylic acid.
AB  - Forty-six elderly patients (mean age 60 years) suffering from diabetes mellitus
      (DM), or essential or arteriosclerotic hypertension (HT) were divided into 4
      groups. Group 1 served as a control, group 2 was administered 1500 mg niceritrol,
      group 3 was administered 162 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), and group 4 was
      administered both 1500 mg niceritrol and 162 mg ASA/day for 8 weeks. Niceritrol
      lowered serum levels of beta-lipoprotein and total cholesterol and increased HDL
      cholesterol, usually in 8 weeks. ASA did not affect the lipid-lowering effects of
      niceritrol. Platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine (1 microgram/ml),
      collagen (1 microgram/ml), and ADP (2 microM) was depressed in groups 2, 3 and 4.
      Degrees of depression were higher in groups administered ASA (groups 3 and 4)
      than in the group administered niceritrol alone (group 2). Plasma fibrinogen
      levels were lowered in groups administered niceritrol (groups 2 and 4) in 8
      weeks. Apparent whole blood viscosity measured at shear rates of 37.6/s and 376/s
      was improved only in group 4 in 8 weeks, while hematocrit did not change during
      the study. Because flushing, the most frequent side effect of niceritrol, can be
      easily controlled by a low dose of ASA, and because the combination of the 2
      drugs has some beneficial effects on blood rheology, this combination is
      considered worthwhile for treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 4004984
TI  - The effect of etophylline clofibrate on HDL subfractions.
AB  - The effect of etophylline clofibrate on lipids and apolipoproteins of the high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as on very low
      density (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) and the post heparin lipolytic
      activities (PHLA) of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase
      (HTGL) has been studied in 14 patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP).
      The study was preceded by a 4-week washout phase, followed by a 6-week placebo
      period. During the next 12 weeks, the patients received 750 mg etophylline
      clofibrate per day. Then the drug was again replaced by placebo for another 6
      weeks. During the study the patients were on a low fat diet poor in cholesterol
      with a P/S ratio over 1.0. HDL cholesterol and apoproteins increased
      significantly during treatment. In the first verum phase this effect was related
      to the rise in HDL2 components with minor changes in HDL3 concentrations, whereas
      in the second verum period a distinct increase of the HDL3 components could be
      detected. This development was accompanied by a significant increase of the LPL
      activities during the first 6 weeks of treatment, followed by a decrease to
      initially measured values after 12 weeks. The drug lowered plasma- and LDL
      cholesterol levels by 19% and 22%, and plasma and VLDL triglycerides by 22% and
      25%, respectively. VLDL-C apoproteins (C-I, C-II, C-III) declined by 31% with a
      percentage increase of apo C-II compared with apo C-I and apo C-III.

PMID- 4004985
TI  - Interaction of low density lipoproteins with arterial proteoglycans. The role of
      charge and sialic acid content.
AB  - The interaction of low density lipoproteins (LDL) with chondroitin sulfate-rich
      arterial proteoglycans appears to be initiated by coulombic interactions that
      lead to insoluble complexes. Once formed, large LDL aggregates are held together
      by non-polar associations. The irreversible formation of LDL proteoglycans
      aggregates was evaluated for different LDL preparations by definition of an
      avidity coefficient (Ar) using a Langmuir isotherm. LDL from different subjects,
      when tested against the same lipoprotein-complexing proteoglycan (LCP), gave Ar
      values ranging from 1-9 X 10(6) L/M. High avidity values were associated to
      lipoproteins with apparent isoelectric points above 6.5. These lipoproteins show
      low sialic acids content. The content of N-acetyl and N-acetyl,O-acetyl sialic
      acid was found inversely correlated with the avidity coefficient for the arterial
      LCP. Reductions of 42% on the LDL sialic acid content, by neuraminidase
      treatment, induced a 10-fold increment in their avidity for the lipoprotein
      complexing proteoglycan. The results indicate that at low ionic strength and
      physiological Ca2+-concentration and pH, the surface charge of LDL is an
      important modulator of the interaction with the arterial proteoglycan. Sialic
      acid, perhaps because of its exposure at the LDL surface, plays a determinant
      role in the in vitro association of LDL with the polyanionic proteoglycans. It is
      possible that in the intima-media the sialic residues of LDL and its balance of
      surface charges will control part of the interactions with the proteoglycans of
      the extracellular matrix.

PMID- 4004986
TI  - The influence of dietary fats on plasma lipids, blood pressure and coagulation
      indices in the rat.
AB  - Male Hooded Wistar rats were fed a commercial rat diet supplemented 12% by weight
      with sheep fat, sunflower seed oil and fish oil (tuna) over a period of 8 months.
      The influence of these diets on plasma fatty acids, triglycerides and
      cholesterol, blood pressure, body weight and coagulation indices was assessed.
      The sheep fat (SF)-fed rats showed a significant increase in body weight over the
      reference group (C) of 18%, and systolic blood pressure increased by 9.4%,
      whereas other dietary groups were not significantly affected. The fish oil (TFO)
      fed rats showed a significant lowering of plasma cholesterol (-16.6%) and
      triglyceride (-47%) relative to the reference group, while the sunflower seed oil
      (SSO) group showed only a lowered plasma triglyceride (-32%). Plasma fatty acids
      in general reflected closely the dietary fatty acids, with some exceptions.
      Coagulation indices provided a consistent picture of an increased tendency to
      thrombosis in SF-fed rats and a significantly reduced tendency in the TFO-fed
      rats relative to reference rats. Fish oil rich in 20:5 and 22:6 omega 3 long
      chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and low in cholesterol appears to have
      advantages in terms of reducing those parameters identified as risk factors for
      coronary heart disease in man. Sheep fat supplements rich in saturated fatty
      acids produce the opposite trend.

PMID- 4004987
TI  - Effects of fenofibrate on biliary lipids and bile acid pool size in patients with
      type IV hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - Lipid-lowering drugs, notably clofibrate, may induce a supersaturation of bile
      with cholesterol, thus favouring the development of cholelithiasis. In order to
      see whether or not fenofibrate, a clofibrate analogue, has any influence on
      biliary cholesterol saturation, we determined the lipid composition of
      gallbladder bile and the bile acid pool size in 15 patients with type IV
      hyperlipoproteinemia before and after 6-8 weeks of treatment with a daily dose of
      300 mg of the drug. At the end of treatment plasma triglycerides were markedly
      decreased, whereas no detectable influence on liver cell integrity or bile
      excretory function could be demonstrated in any patient by comparing the pre- and
      post-treatment serum levels of liver enzymes, bilirubin and bile acids. The mean
      bile cholesterol saturation index did not significantly change and cholic acid
      was the only bile acid to increase significantly. In the 3 patients with an
      initial saturation index of less than 1, bile became supersaturated with
      cholesterol. However, in no case were the limits of the metastable phase for
      cholesterol solubility in bile exceeded. Though only long-term prospective
      studies may give a definitive answer about the lithogenic potential of
      fenofibrate, our data on gallbladder bile composition in patients with type IV
      hyperlipoproteinemia indicate that it is not very likely that fenofibrate
      administration will increase the risk of gallstone formation in severely
      hyperlipidemic patients.

PMID- 4004988
TI  - Intimal cell masses in the abdominal aortas of swine fed a low-fat, low
      cholesterol diet for up to twelve years of age.
AB  - The normal subendothelial intima of large arteries in man, swine and most other
      species is a variegated structure from birth onwards. In some regions it contains
      only a few scattered cells; in others there may be a continuous single layer of
      cells; and in still others the cells pile up to form what we have called intimal
      cell masses (ICM). The cells in the normal ICM are mostly smooth muscle cells
      although there is also a small resident population of monocyte-like cells. We
      have been studying the ICM in swine with emphasis on the abdominal aorta. We have
      found that atherosclerotic lesions in the abdominal aorta of swine induced by
      high-fat high-cholesterol diets begin by a hyperplastic reaction of the smooth
      muscle cells in the ICM and progress to form large lesions characterized by
      extensive regions of lipid-rich calcific necrotic debris similar to advanced
      lesions in man. Because of the putative key role of the ICM in atherogenesis we
      think that it is important to learn as much as possible about their natural
      history under conditions as normal as possible. In this report we present data on
      ICM in the abdominal aortas of 34 male and female Hormel miniature swine
      maintained on a low-fat low-cholesterol diet for up to 12 years of age. The ICM
      grow slowly with aging and in the distal portion of the aorta account for an
      average of 9% in the male and 15% in the female of the total cells in the aortic
      wall (intima + media).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004989
TI  - Fibrinolysis and plasminogen concentration in aortic intima in relation to death
      following myocardial infarction.
AB  - In samples of human aortic intima fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP)
      were assayed by isoelectric focussing/immunoelectrophoresis as a possible measure
      of endogenous fibrinolysis, and plasminogen concentration was assayed by rocket
      immunoelectrophoresis as a possible marker for fibrinolytic potential. No
      consistent differences were found between normal intima and different types of
      atherosclerotic lesion, but there was marked variation between patients, and
      multiple samples from the same aorta showed similar levels. There was no
      significant correlation with age, sex, or time after death. Low concentrations of
      FDP and failure to recover measureable amounts of plasminogen from intima were
      highly associated with death in patients who had suffered a recent myocardial
      infarction. In aortas from which 3 or more samples of intima and lesions were
      obtained (n = 16), no FDP were found in 3 (total of 12 samples); all of these
      were from patients who died following myocardial infarction. Low levels were
      present in the 4th patient with myocardial infarction. No plasminogen was found
      in 10 of 11 aortas from patients dying after myocardial infarction (total of 46
      samples with no plasminogen), but it was present in 10 of 17 aortas from patients
      dying of other causes (X2 = 7.6, P less than 0.01). Where both were assayed, FDP
      were not found in any samples which did not contain plasminogen. Low levels of
      FDP and absence of plasminogen were associated with increased involvement with
      atherosclerosis. There was no relation between intimal and serum plasminogen
      levels, and prothrombin and low density lipoprotein were present in all samples
      from which no plasminogen was recovered. The results indicate that in some
      patients, particularly those dying after myocardial infarction, there is
      decreased fibrinolysis and fibrinolytic potential in the arterial intima, and
      this may result in increased intimal accumulation of fibrin.

PMID- 4004990
TI  - Effect of bezafibrate during 4.5 years of treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia.
AB  - Bezafibrate in a dosage of 200 mg 3 times daily was given to 24 patients with
      type II A (n = 8), II B (n = 1) and IV (n = 15) hyperlipoproteinaemia for 4.5
      years. In type II A the content of total cholesterol and that of low density
      lipoprotein in serum decreased by 10-23 and 11-34 percent over the years compared
      to pretreatment. In type IV the content of total triglycerides and that of very
      low density lipoprotein decreased by 28-39 and 38-52 percent, respectively, over
      the years. High density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in both types. The
      "atherogenic index" was reduced by the drug. The effect remained through the 4.5
      years of treatment. Compliance to the drug was good. Changes in safety laboratory
      parameters were minor and reversible. No subjective side-effects occurred and no
      cases of gallbladder disease or cancer were noted. It is concluded that
      bezafibrate is a safe, convenient and effective serum lipid-lowering drug
      suitable for the use in primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic
      disease.

PMID- 4004991
TI  - Role of acid lipase in cholesteryl ester accumulation during atherogenesis.
      Correlation of enzyme activity with acid lipase-containing macrophages in rabbit
      and human lesions.
AB  - Purified acid lipase was previously shown to hydrolyze the artificial substrate,
      alpha-naphthyl palmitate, as well as triglycerides and cholesteryl esters and to
      form cholesteryl esters. To determine to what extent these activities are
      associated with acid lipase-containing cells in atherosclerotic plaques, we
      examined rabbit aortas at different stages of experimental lesion induction and
      human atherosclerotic arteries. Assays of cholesteryl ester formation, and alpha
      naphthyl palmitate and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis were performed on homogenates
      of lesions and the hydrolysis of the artificial fatty acid ester was used as a
      histochemical marker to identify acid lipase positive foam cells in sections of
      the same lesions. The volume of lesions occupied by cells stained for acid lipase
      correlated strongly with the enzyme activities of the arterial homogenates. These
      results suggest that acid lipase-containing cells may mediate the accumulation of
      cholesteryl ester during atherogenesis. Since acid lipase activity marks
      macrophages, these methods may be useful for relating macrophage distribution and
      function to lesion progression, regression, and complication.

PMID- 4004993
TI  - Influence of maximum aerobic capacity and relative body weight on the lipoprotein
      profile in athletes.
AB  - The relationship between the individual maximum aerobic capacity (MAC) as well as
      the relative body weight (BW) and the corresponding lipoprotein profile was
      studied in male national-class athletes (n = 120, 18-36 years old). Using a
      stepwise regression analysis, it was shown that only the apoliprotein A-I and HDL
      cholesterol levels correlated primarily with the maximum aerobic capacity,
      whereas the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, apo B and
      LDL cholesterol as well as the apo B/apo A-I ratio were significantly dependent
      on the relative body weight. Only the HDL/tot. cholesterol ratio was
      significantly related to both variables, MAC and BW (r = 0.570; P less than
      0.001).

PMID- 4004992
TI  - Effect of high density lipoproteins on permeability of rabbit aorta to low
      density lipoproteins.
AB  - A study was made on the effect of high density lipoproteins (HDL) on the
      permeability of rabbit aorta to low density lipoproteins (LDL) after intravenous
      administration of human HDL and human [125I]LDL to normal and
      hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Evaluation of radioactivity in plasma and aorta has
      shown that the administration of a large dose of HDL decreased the aorta
      permeability rate for [125I]LDL on an average by 19% in normal rabbits, and by
      45% in rabbits with moderate hypercholesterolemia. A historadiographic study
      showed that HDL also decreased the vessel wall permeability to [125I]LDL in
      normal and particularly in hypercholesterolemic animals. The suggestion was made
      that HDL at very high molar concentration can hamper LDL transportation through
      the intact endothelial layer into the intima due to the ability of HDL to compete
      with LDL in sites of low affinity on the surface of endothelial cells.

PMID- 4004994
TI  - Regulation of aortic endothelial vesicular uptake of cationized ferritin by
      plasmalemmal binding.
AB  - Endothelial uptake of cationized ferritin (CF, pI greater than 9.0) was
      investigated in the rabbit aorta. After in situ perfusion with CF at
      concentrations less than 0.35 mg/ml in Tyrode's solution, the endothelial
      plasmalemmal membrane was partially covered by a ferritin monolayer except at
      some vesicle necks and regions of cell overlap where particles aggregated. At a
      concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, CF entered all luminal vesicles and bound to the
      membrane as a uniform layer usually several particles deep. A steady state was
      reached after 5 s; particle binding and vesicle filling were not affected by
      perfusion flow rate up to 20 ml/min. The number of particles per loaded vesicle
      (F/NL) increased with the density of particles at vesicle necks (PDv), suggesting
      that particle concentration in the vesicle was in equilibrium with that at the
      neck. At CF concentrations above 1 mg/ml, binding sites at vesicle necks and
      elsewhere on the membrane became saturated and luminal vesicles became maximally
      loaded. Under these conditions, F/NL was greater than that expected for
      equilibrium with the PDv found. Our findings indicate that anionic sites at
      vesicle necks and cell overlaps are more strongly negatively charged than
      elsewhere, and suggest that CF vesicle loading is regulated by the degree of
      binding at the neck and by the relative strength of the attractive forces at the
      neck and the vesicle interior.

PMID- 4004995
TI  - Assessment of social skills in visually-handicapped adolescents.
AB  - The present study provided a comprehensive behavioral assessment of social skill
      in visually-handicapped adolescents. Role-play tests, standardized interviews,
      parent ratings and judgements of physical attractiveness were employed to
      evaluate level of social functioning among: (1) 18 visually-handicapped
      adolescents in a residential school; (2) 17 visually-handicapped adolescents in
      public schools; and (3) 17 sighted adolescents in public schools. Results
      indicated that visually-handicapped adolescents exhibited deficits on selected
      verbal components of social skill. Moreover, these deficiencies were most
      apparent in visually-handicaped Ss from a residential setting. Findings are
      discussed in terms of the utility of social skills training for a subset of
      visually-handicapped adolescents and the importance of additional controlled
      research with visually-handicapped persons.

PMID- 4004996
TI  - Effect of epinephrine on defibrillation in ischemic ventricular fibrillation.
AB  - Epinephrine is thought to improve the success of defibrillation with countershock
      therapy. However, a recent study failed to show any effect of epinephrine in dogs
      with normal coronary arteries undergoing electrically-induced ventricular
      fibrillation (VF). In the current study, the effects of epinephrine were examined
      in dogs with coronary occlusion undergoing both spontaneous and electrically
      induced fibrillation. Forty pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were prepared by
      placing snares around the circumflex and left anterior descending coronary
      arteries. Fibrillation and subsequent resuscitation were carried out with one
      coronary artery occluded. Dogs were randomly allocated so that half of the
      animals underwent spontaneous fibrillation and half were electrically
      fibrillated. In addition, half received epinephrine (1 mg) during resuscitation
      and half received normal saline solution (1 ml). After 3 minutes of cardiac
      arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was begun, and 30 seconds later
      epinephrine or saline were injected. One minute later defibrillation was
      attempted using successive stored energy doses of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 J/kg.
      Delivered energy and transthoracic impedance were measured for each countershock.
      Successful defibrillation was defined as conversion to any rhythm other than VF
      or ventricular tachycardia that degenerated in VF within 10 seconds. No other
      drugs were given during resuscitation. Neither the type of fibrillation
      (electrically-induced versus spontaneous) or drug therapy (epinephrine versus
      placebo) had a significant effect on the incidence of defibrillation or the
      energy necessary for successful defibrillation. Epinephrine did significantly
      increase the incidence of resuscitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4004997
TI  - Ventilatory volumes using mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask, and bag-valve-mask
      techniques.
AB  - The volumes delivered to a resuscitation manikin were compared using four
      ventilatory techniques: mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask, one-person bag-valve-mask,
      and two-person bag-valve-mask. The effects of experience and sex of the rescuer
      on the resuscitation volume delivered were also evaluated. The volume delivered
      using the one-person bag-valve-mask technique was significantly less than that
      using the other three techniques (P less than 0.001). The experience and sex of
      the rescuer made no significant difference in the volume delivered using any of
      the techniques. As compared with the one-person technique, bag-valve-mask
      ventilatory volume improved significantly when it was performed as a two-person
      technique. The mean volumes delivered using mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-mask
      ventilation were lower than those recommended by the American Heart Association.
      Emphasis must be placed on ventilation with an adequate volume when these
      techniques are taught. When mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-mask ventilation are
      taught, a spirometer should be used with the manikin so that the rescuer can
      learn how to estimate an adequate expired volume.

PMID- 4004998
TI  - Increased lead absorption in children with accidental ingestions.
AB  - Children with accidental ingestions exhibit excessive hand-to-mouth behavior. In
      a lead-burdened environment, hand-to-mouth behavior contributes to increased lead
      absorption. To test the hypothesis that accidental-ingestion patients experience
      greater lead absorption than other urban children, 95 children under 6 years of
      age with recent ingestions of nonlead-containing materials and a matched control
      group were compared. Ingestors had higher mean blood lead levels than controls
      (25.0 micrograms/dl versus 22.2 micrograms/dl, P = 0.036) and higher mean
      erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels (40.6 micrograms/dl versus 28.6 micrograms/dl,
      P = 0.006). Ingestion victims were more than three times as likely as controls to
      be classified as having increased lead absorption. Thumb-sucking was twice as
      common among ingestors as controls (37% versus 19%). These findings indicate that
      children with accidental ingestions are at greater risk of increased lead
      absorption than other urban children.

PMID- 4004999
TI  - Open- versus closed-chest cardiac compressions in a canine model of pediatric
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - Whether or not the principles of adult resuscitation apply to the pediatric
      population remains unknown. In order to study this issue, a pediatric animal
      model was developed using puppies 6-12 weeks of age and 2-8 kg in weight.
      Hemodynamic status was assessed using standard methods, and measured global
      cerebral blood flow was assessed using the nitrous oxide (Kety-Schmidt) technique
      after placement of a catheter in the sagittal sinus. In this initial study, five
      puppies resuscitated with closed-chest cardiac compression (CCCC) were compared
      with five receiving open-chest cardiac compression (OCCC). Although mean systolic
      arterial pressures were equal with both methods during resuscitation (40 versus
      49 mm Hg, P = 0.19), OCCC produced a greater cardiac output and a higher cerebral
      blood flow (5 versus 18 ml/100 g/min, P = 0.008). Only one of five dogs treated
      with CCCC had a blood flow during resuscitation greater than 15 ml/100 g/min, as
      compared with four of five receiving OCCC. Finally, three of five dogs in the
      CCCC group experienced liver lacerations, while none who were resuscitated by
      OCCC sustained any gross visceral injuries.

PMID- 4005000
TI  - Emergency thoracotomy in an urban community hospital: initial cardiac rhythm as a
      new predictor of survival.
AB  - Several authors have reviewed their experience with emergency thoracotomy in the
      university hospital setting. However, physicians in urban community hospitals are
      treating increasing numbers of patients who require emergency thoracotomy. To
      compare such experiences, the charts of all patients who underwent emergency
      thoracotomy in an urban community hospital during the years 1981 and 1982 were
      reviewed. In addition, the presenting cardiac rhythm was evaluated as a potential
      new prognosticator for survival in these patients. Forty-seven thoracotomies were
      performed during the two-year period. Thirty-nine (83%) were for penetrating
      trauma, of which 31 (66%) were for gunshot wounds and eight (17%) were for stab
      wounds. Eight patients (17%) underwent thoracotomy for blunt trauma. Of the 13
      patients (28%) who survived and were discharged from the hospital, eight (17% of
      the total) had no neurological deficit. Twenty-five patients (53%) presented in
      sinus rhythm, 23 in sinus tachycardia, and two in normal sinus rhythm. All
      survivors beyond the operating room were in this group (P less than 0.001).
      Twenty-two patients (47%) presented in bradyasystolic rhythms, including
      bradycardia (four patients), agonal ventricular rhythm (five patients),
      ventricular fibrillation (three patients), and asystole (ten patients). None of
      these patients survived. The outcome data for community-hospital emergency
      thoracotomy are comparable with those of university centers where similar reviews
      were undertaken. The presenting cardiac rhythm is an accurate prognosticator of
      survival in patients undergoing emergency thoracotomy. Patients who present with
      sinus rhythms deserve aggressive resuscitation and emergency thoracotomy.
      Emergency thoracotomy does not improve the uniformly poor prognosis in patients
      presenting in bradyasystolic rhythms.

PMID- 4005001
TI  - Microwave heating of intravenous fluids.
AB  - Microwave heating of intravenous (IV) fluids is a viable alternative to heating
      by conventional means, such as by blood warmer(s) or an on-site warming oven, for
      administration to hypothermic patients and trauma victims. Three 1-l bags each of
      lactated Ringer's solution, normal saline solution, 1/2 normal saline solution,
      and 5% dextrose in water were packaged in parenteral containers and heated in a
      microwave oven from room temperature (21 degrees C) to 40-42 degrees C in 3
      minutes. Little difference between temperatures of the four solutions was
      detected at each of five intervals up to two hours after heating for 3 minutes.
      Samples were taken before and after heating to assess any potential alterations
      in sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, glucose, and lactate levels; differences
      were within the range of variation of the methods used. Though the plasticizer in
      the polyvinyl chloride containers is stable to microwave heating, data on other
      components is incomplete.

PMID- 4005002
TI  - Caustic injury from household ammonia.

PMID- 4005003
TI  - Osteogenesis imperfecta: the missed fracture.

PMID- 4005005
TI  - Effect of season and weather on pediatric emergency department use.
AB  - It is commonly believed that emergency department (ED) use is affected by extreme
      weather. To test this hypothesis, data concerning use of a pediatric ED during
      three seasonally diverse months was analyzed in the light of Weather Bureau
      information concerning daily conditions during the study months. Seven measures
      of extreme weather were defined: 1) extreme cold (daily high temperature less
      than or equal to 25 degrees F); 2) extreme heat (daily high temperature greater
      than or equal to 88 degrees F); 3) unusual cold (winter) with departure from
      normal of mean temperature less than -10 degrees F; 4) unusual heat (summer) with
      departure from normal of mean temperature greater than 10 degrees F; 5)
      precipitation greater than or equal to 0.25 inches (in water-equivalent inches);
      6) stormy (thunderstorm, hail, ice, or blowing snow); 7) snow-covered (greater
      than or equal to 6 inches of snow on the ground). Seasonal use patterns were
      examined and the proportion of days with each weather factor was compared with
      the proportion of visits on days with the factor. The data indicate 1) season has
      a major affect on ED use because it affects prevalence of disease and injury; 2)
      extremely cold and stormy conditions significant reductions in ED use of
      approximately 5-20%; 3) 80-95% of expected visits are made on days with very bad
      weather. The data indicate that weather is a minor factor in determining ED use.

PMID- 4005004
TI  - Triage success in disasters: dynamic victim-tracking cards.
AB  - A dynamic victim-tracking card developed for use in community or hospital
      disaster exercises was tested during two hospital and two airport disaster
      drills. Use of the card in 375 "patients" allowed testing of the ability to
      evaluate the decisions of triage, the early medical intervention for "victims,"
      and the ongoing treatment of patients with a changing medical status. The card
      was successful in simulating realistic changes that may occur in critically ill
      and injured patients. Of the 126 "patients" evaluated in an actual exercise, 55
      (43.6%) were placed in the proper triage category. Four patients "died" as a
      result of poor initial evaluation and treatment. Medical decisions during
      hospital and community disaster exercises can be more realistically tested and
      more accurately documented with the use of the dynamic victim-tracking card.

PMID- 4005006
TI  - Simultaneous bilateral anterior and posterior shoulder dislocations.

PMID- 4005007
TI  - Electroventilation.
AB  - Electroventilation is a term used to describe the production of inspiration by
      applying rhythmic bursts of short duration stimuli to extrathoracic electrodes to
      stimulate motor nerves to the inspiratory muscles. In the dog, the optimum site
      for the electrodes was found to be on the upper chest wall, bilaterally. The
      inspired volume increased with increasing current intensity. The maximum tidal
      volume attainable was about four times resting tidal volume. The ability of
      electroventilation to maintain arterial blood oxygen saturation without the
      production of cardiac arrhythmias was demonstrated in pentobarbital-anesthetized
      dogs. The technique has several potential applications and offers promise in
      emergency and critical-care medicine.

PMID- 4005008
TI  - Acute cervical spinal cord injury.

PMID- 4005010
TI  - Whole blood in trauma resuscitations.

PMID- 4005009
TI  - Transient global amnesia: diagnosis in the emergency department.
AB  - Transient global amnesia is a not uncommon presentation of acutely altered
      neuropsychiatric status. It is, however, a clinical diagnosis that requires a
      careful history with attention to inciting events, risk factors for
      cerebrovascular disease, the absence of other abnormalities on neurological
      examination, and normal results of laboratory studies. Knowledge of the generally
      benign course of TGA can facilitate the care and psychological support of these
      patients and their families.

PMID- 4005011
TI  - Writing a scientific paper prior to the research.
AB  - We propose that many potential pitfalls of a research study can be brought to
      light through the exercise of writing a zeroth draft of the paper before
      beginning formal data collection. Further, because the zeroth draft of the paper
      contains the elements required in most research proposals--background, rationale,
      approach to data analysis, methods, and significance--it may serve as a generic
      grant application that can be easily recast in the style required by a specific
      funding agency. Moreover, the task of preparing the final report after completing
      the study is a shorter, less painful process if one has only to revise the zeroth
      draft rather than face the blank page. In these ways writing the scientific paper
      before gathering the data can help an investigator plan, fund, execute, and
      report a study that asks and answers specific and important questions.

PMID- 4005012
TI  - The Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM).
AB  - The Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) is an academic association and
      a suborganization of Japan Medical Association. In Japan, emergency medicine
      specialists who treat critical patients exclusively were the byproducts of the
      advent of tertiary emergency centers. Acute medicine naturally covers a wide
      range disciplines, from basic sciences and clinical medicine to sociomedical
      considerations. These facts, as well as the presence of JAAM, have contributed to
      the creation of the new multidisciplinary clinical science of "pantraumatology."
      Despite the progress in acute medicine over the last several years in Japan,
      important future tasks include the support and dissemination of emergency medical
      research, improved organization in the emergency care system, and standards for
      general clinical competency of emergency specialists at all levels.

PMID- 4005013
TI  - ACEP and academics.

PMID- 4005015
TI  - Rewarming with hot packs.

PMID- 4005014
TI  - Clean-catch versus straight-catheter urinalysis results in women.

PMID- 4005016
TI  - Esophageal foreign body extraction.

PMID- 4005017
TI  - Physician-attended MICUs.

PMID- 4005018
TI  - [A silent revolution in child health].

PMID- 4005019
TI  - [Low-birth-weight newborn infants. V. Longitudinal somatometric follow-up to 2
      years of age].

PMID- 4005020
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment of the child dehydrated by acute diarrhea].

PMID- 4005021
TI  - [How much do parents know about the illness of their hospitalized child?].

PMID- 4005022
TI  - [Properties of 2 gal+ derivatives of the vaccine mutant gal E Ty21a strain of
      Salmonella typhi].

PMID- 4005023
TI  - [Asphyxia and hyperammonemia in the newborn infant].

PMID- 4005024
TI  - [Hematologic values in newborn infants in La Paz, Bolivia].

PMID- 4005025
TI  - [Gastroesophageal reflux in children. Experience in 100 cases treated by Nissen's
      fundoplication].

PMID- 4005026
TI  - [Long-term prognosis of fetal-obstetric evaluation].

PMID- 4005027
TI  - [Congenital malformations of the digestive tract observed at necropsy].

PMID- 4005028
TI  - [Abdominal injuries in children].

PMID- 4005029
TI  - The effects of delaying reward on choice preference in rats with hippocampal or
      selective septal lesions.
AB  - Two experiments are reported in which rats were trained to choose one of two goal
      arms in a Y-maze, for water reward. In one arm, the rats always received water
      (the continuously reinforced-CRF-arm). In the other arm the rats only sometimes
      received water (the partially reinforced-PRF-arm). During the critical test phase
      in both experiments, we delayed the reward in the CRF arm only by 10 s.
      Experiment 1 tested intact rats given saline injections, or injections of
      chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium, 5 mg/kg), and rats with hippocampal or
      cortical control lesions. When reward was immediate in both arms all rats
      preferred the CRF arm. Once reward was delayed, the rats with hippocampal lesions
      switched their preference to the PRF arm, while the rats in the other treatment
      groups did not. Experiment 2 tested rats with medial septal lesions, lateral
      septal lesions or control operations in the same way. The rats with medial septal
      lesions, and to a lesser extent those with lateral septal lesions, switched their
      preference to the PRF arm when compared to the sham-operated controls. We
      conclude that damage to the hippocampus or its afferent pathway from the septum
      increases rats' sensitivity to temporal discontiguities between the outcome of a
      response and its emission.

PMID- 4005030
TI  - Residual visuomotor behaviour after bilateral removal of the occipital lobe in
      the rabbit.
AB  - After bilateral removal of the occipital lobe rabbits were studied in an enriched
      environment. At first their behaviour was severely impaired. After eight weeks
      the animals had learned to avoid obstacles, climb up ramps and jump from tables.
      It was shown that this recovery was due to the use of remaining visual
      structures. For this the pressure of an enriched environment was essential. In
      spite of this recovery the animals were incapable of striated pattern
      discrimination. Although black-white discrimination was apparently normal, the
      brightness threshold was found to be increased.

PMID- 4005031
TI  - Apperceptive agnosia due to carbon monoxide poisoning. An interpretation based on
      critical band masking from disseminated lesions.
AB  - Apperceptive visual agnosia is normally held to be a specific deficit in
      'apperception' - a hypothetical postsensory stage in visual processing. This
      paper describes the investigation of a patient diagnosed as suffering from a
      classical apperceptive agnosia resulting from carbon monoxide poisoning.
      Controlled behavioural testing confirmed the apparent agnosia but revealed that
      he could be trained to make a number of visual discriminations which had not been
      apparent from routine clinical examination and that he suffered a number of
      subtle sensory impairments which likewise had not hitherto been apparent. Evoked
      potential recording to grating patterns showed a complex pattern of brain
      responses involving interactions between spatial frequency, orientation and
      hemisphere recorded from. The data suggested that the agnosia was caused by
      sensory impairments rather than a deficit in apperception. We proposed that the
      impairments were caused by loss of certain spatial frequency and orientation
      information but rejected an interpretation based on the concept of processing
      channels in favour of one based on object contour masking by a peppery field
      defect caused by disseminated lesions. This interpretation received some support
      from fine grain static perimetry, contrast sensitivity function measurement and
      orientation discrimination in the two hemifields. Qualitatively similar results
      were obtained in normal subjects whose field was artificially masked. The results
      have implications for theories of visual agnosia and for theories of vision based
      on the concept of processing channels.

PMID- 4005032
TI  - The influence of body position on perception of orientation in infants.
AB  - The present experiment was conducted in order to assess the relative contribution
      of gravitational and retinal factors in the perception of orientation in infants
      by studying the effect of body position on the so-called 'oblique effect'.
      Looking times at vertical, horizontal and oblique patterns were compared in
      vertical and tilted body positions in 18 infants ranging in age from 3 to 7
      months. The results clearly demonstrate the influence of body position on the
      oblique effect: infants tested in the vertical position showed the classical
      oblique effect, looking longer at the principal orthogonals than at oblique
      patterns, while tilted infants spent more time looking at oblique stimuli
      congruent with body orientation. These results strongly suggest that, in infants,
      the oblique effect is related to retinal coordinates as determined by body
      position.

PMID- 4005033
TI  - An automated apparatus for the study of visual discriminations in pigeons.
AB  - A fully automated apparatus for the study of visual discriminations in pigeons is
      described. The apparatus allows the presentation of a single stimulus for
      successive discriminations and of two or more stimuli at the same time for
      simultaneous discriminations. It has proven advantageous for comparing successive
      and simultaneous discriminations in tests of interocular transfer.

PMID- 4005034
TI  - Increased pain sensitivity following heat injury involves a central mechanism.
AB  - This study presents evidence for a central mechanism of hyperalgesia by showing
      that heat injury causes an increase in pain sensitivity even if the injured
      region is denervated shortly after injury. Increased pain sensitivity was
      demonstrated by increased autotomy following total nerve sections in an injured
      limb, and by reduced foot-withdrawal latencies in the paw contralateral to an
      injury.

PMID- 4005035
TI  - [Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the hydrolysis of ethyl(R)-2-
      (benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-sulfamoylpropionate in the presence of free and
      immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin].
AB  - The hydrolysis of ethyl (R)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-sulfamoylpropionate
      (blocked cysteic acid S-amide) by native and immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin was
      studied. The experiments were performed using a constant enzyme/substrate ratio
      of 1:8 and at a temperature of 10-40 degrees C; the immobilized enzyme was bound
      to a dialdehyde cellulose matrix. A kinetic equation (Eq.10) was found to be
      applicable which confirms that the mechanism of the enzyme reaction consists of
      several stages, irrespective of the enzyme state. The temperature dependence of
      the reaction velocity was investigated and applied using the Arrhenius equation.
      The constant value thus obtained for the activating energy showed that the active
      centres retained their character during immobilization. The differences between
      the velocities of the reaction with immobilized and with native enzyme
      corresponded to the different number of active centres during the reaction time.
      Based on these results a kinetic model of the mechanism of the studied reaction
      is presented which includes an initial balanced stage of the chemosorption type.

PMID- 4005036
TI  - High frequency antigens of human erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins. I. Ena
      receptors in the glycosylated domain of the MN sialoglycoprotein.
AB  - The specificity of various allo- and autoantibodies, which agglutinate normal
      erythrocytes, but do not react with En(a-) red cells and normal erythrocytes,
      treated with trypsin (anti-EnaTS) or ficin (anti-EnaFS), was investigated.
      Various fragments and modification products of the major (MN) red cell membranes
      sialoglycoprotein were used in hemagglutination inhibition assays. Six anti-EnaFS
      sera were found to be directed against the residues approx. 46-56 of the
      molecule. Five of these require the carbohydrate unit, attached to Thr50, for
      binding. One anti-EnaTS serum was found to be directed against the residues
      approx. 36-42. Another antibody with anti-EnaTS specificity was shown to react
      with the residues 31-39 in some of the MN sialoglycoprotein molecules, namely
      those not glycosylated at a certain position (probably Thr33). A third anti-EnaTS
      serum, directed against the sequence domain around Lys30, was also found to react
      only with a fraction of the molecules, apparently due to the variable attachment
      of oligosaccharides in that region. The heterogeneity of glycosylation, detected
      by these two sera, appears to account for the partial tryptic and chymotryptic
      cleavage in this domain of the MN sialoglycoprotein, which has been described
      previously. Heterogeneity of the glycosylation at various positions of the
      molecule could be established by the isolation and analysis of peptides.

PMID- 4005037
TI  - [Immunodetermination of peptide factors. I. Synthesis of N-alpha-maleoyl-peptide
      derivatives].
AB  - A new synthesis of N-maleoyl-omega-amino acids, their use for the introduction of
      the maleimido group into peptide factors as well as the stability of this group
      under standard conditions of conventional peptide synthesis are described. The
      relatively high stability of N-maleoyl-peptide derivatives in aqueous solutions
      at neutral or slightly acidic pH values as well as the fast addition of thiol
      compounds to the maleimido group indicate that these peptide derivatives are well
      suited for the preparation of tracers of peptide factors and of peptide-protein
      conjugates.

PMID- 4005038
TI  - Studies on yak hemoglobin (Bos grunniens, Bovidae): structural basis for high
      intrinsic oxygen affinity?
AB  - Two types of alpha- and two types of beta-chains are found in the hemoglobin of
      yak population. The complete amino-acid sequences of the four polypeptide chains
      were determined. The two alpha-chains differ by two and the two beta-chains by
      three amino-acid substitutions. The substitution of valine at position 135 in the
      beta II-chain may be responsible for the high intrinsic oxygen affinity of yak
      hemoglobin.

PMID- 4005039
TI  - Immunological correspondence between arthropod hemocyanin subunits. II.
      Xiphosuran (Limulus) and spider (Eurypelma, Cupiennius) hemocyanin.
AB  - The hemocyanins of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (48-mer), the tarantula
      Eurypelma californicum (24-mer), and the lycosid spider Cupiennius salei
      (dodecamer, hexamer) were dissociated into subunits, the subunits isolated and
      studied by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis for interspecific cross
      reactivities. Among the subunits a to g of Eurypelma on the one side, and I to VI
      of Limulus on the other, a number of cross-reactions were obtained which agree
      with the topologic subunit positions in the published models of quaternary
      structure: a = II, b-c = V-VI, d = IV, e = I, f = IIIb, g = IIIa (IIa). However,
      cross-reactivity was only strong in the following combinations: a/II, d/IV, b-c/V
      VI (the monomers of the two heterodimers could not be correlated individually). A
      rather weak cross-reaction was obtained in the case of e/I and g/IIIa (IIa); a
      cross-reaction between f and IIIb was almost undetectable. On the other hand,
      f/IV clearly cross-reacted, and so did e/IIIa (IIa), which apparently is not in
      agreement with the two models of quaternary structure. These unexpected
      relationships, however, indicate the possible phylogeny of the subunits.
      Antiserum against Cupiennius hemocyanin precipitated subunit f of Eurypelma and
      subunit IV of Limulus and, moreover, revealed common antigen determinants present
      on these subunits. Denaturation of hemocyanin subunits of the three species with
      8M urea yielded a completely different immunological behavior in that in all
      intra- and interspecific combinations the reaction of immunological identity was
      obtained. The published models of quaternary structure and a possible subunit
      phylogeny of cheliceratan hemocyanins is discussed in view of the present results
      and the results of the preceding paper. [Markl, J. et al. (1984) Hoppe-Seyler's
      Z. Physiol. Chem. 365, 619-631.]

PMID- 4005040
TI  - Structural studies on cryptomonad biliprotein subunits. Two different alpha
      subunits in Chroomonas phycocyanin-645 and Cryptomonas phycoerythrin-545.
AB  - The N-terminal amino-acid sequences of two green alpha-subunit fractions from
      Chroomonas phycocyanin-645 and from two violet alpha-subunit fractions from
      Cryptomonas phycoerythrin-545 reveal that these cryptomonad biliproteins each
      contain two different alpha-subunits. The chromophore binding sites at the
      cysteine residues in positions 18 or 19 are homologous to the chromophore binding
      site at cysteine position 84 in cyanobacterial biliproteins. The sequence
      homologies of the beta-subunits to cyanobacterial biliproteins are higher than
      those of the alpha-subunits. Cryptomonas phycoerythrin-545 alpha-subunits contain
      a gamma-hydroxylysine residue at the fourth position of the polypeptide chains.
      50%-75% of the total sequence of the alpha-subunits was determined by N-terminal
      amino-acid sequence analysis. The alpha-subunits of the Cryptomonad biliproteins
      are smaller than the alpha-subunits of the cyanobacterial biliproteins. Comparing
      sequence homologies we found 60 amino-acid residues less at the N-terminus of
      Cryptomonad biliproteins than in cyanobacterial biliproteins.

PMID- 4005041
TI  - Isolation of two forms of an activator protein for the enzymic sphingomyelin
      degradation from human Gaucher spleen.
AB  - Two activator proteins for sphingomyelin degradation were isolated from heat
      treated extracts of human Gaucher spleen. The separation was based on the degree
      of affinity of the activators for ConA-Sepharose. Activator A1, which had
      affinity for ConA-Sepharose, was purified 1 430-fold, and activator A2, which had
      no affinity for ConA-Sepharose, 2 140-fold as compared with the original heat
      treated extracts. The molecular masses of activator A1 and activator A2 were 6
      000 and 3 500 Da, respectively, as determined by dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis,
      and approximately 5 000 Da as measured in the presence of 8M urea. The two
      activators had similar properties and a similar but not identical amino-acid
      composition. Both were shown to form a complex with sphingomyelin and stimulate
      the degradation of sphingomyelin by normal fibroblast homogenates and by an
      approximately 1 430-fold purified sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase ("acid
      sphingomyelinase") from normal human urine. This stimulation was greatly reduced
      after incubation with pronase E. The enzymic degradation of glucosylceramide and
      galactosylceramide was not affected by these activators.

PMID- 4005043
TI  - Alteration in the capacities as well as in the zonal and cellular distributions
      of pyruvate kinase L and M2 in regenerating rat liver.
AB  - Pyruvate kinase L (PKL), the glucoregulatory isoenzyme of adult parenchymal
      cells, and M2 (PKM2), the isoenzyme of proliferating and non-parenchymal cells,
      were measured, using a specific anti-PKL antibody for differentiation, in total
      liver homogenates, in isolated parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells as well as
      in microdissected periportal and perivenous liver tissue from regenerating rat
      liver after two-thirds partial hepatectomy. Moreover, the zonal distribution of
      PKL was studied using immunohistochemical techniques. In total liver homogenates
      PKL activity per g liver decreased after partial hepatectomy, while PKM2
      increased. Total PKL activity per 100 g body weight was restored to
      preoperational levels much more slowly than liver weight. During liver
      regeneration parenchymal cells acquired high PKM2 besides PKL activity. The
      isoenzyme outfit of non-parenchymal cells remained unchanged. Microdissection
      studies showed that PKL lost its normal perivenous to periportal gradient after
      partial hepatectomy and became evenly distributed within the liver acinus. PKM2
      did not retain its even distribution, it became predominant in the periportal
      zone. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that after partial hepatectomy PKL
      was present in all parenchymal cells in an atypical non-zonal heterogeneous
      distribution. Normal specific activities as well as zonal and cellular
      distributions of both pyruvate kinase isoenzymes were restored 14-21 d after
      partial hepatectomy. During regeneration after 2/3 partial hepatectomy the liver
      loses its glucostat function as corroborated in this study by the decrease of the
      glycolytic capacity via the glucoregulatory PKL; this change of function is
      accompanied by a loss of PKL-zonation. This finding corroborates the view that
      zonation of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes is required only when the liver
      functions as a glucostat. The increase of PKM2 and the appearance of a zonal PKM2
      heterogeneity are in line with the pattern of hepatocyte proliferation after
      partial hepatectomy.

PMID- 4005042
TI  - Amino-acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobins of the
      Grand Galago, Galago crassicaudatus.
AB  - The adult Grand Galago (Galago crassicaudatus) was found to have two hemoglobin
      components (Hb I and Hb II) which were separated by carboxymethyl cellulose
      column chromatography. The alpha and beta chains of each component were isolated.
      The tryptic peptides of the alpha and beta chains were each isolated and
      sequenced by the conventional method. The alignment of these peptides in each
      chain was deduced from the homology of their sequences with that of human adult
      hemoglobin. The alpha chains from Hb I and Hb II were considered to be identical.
      On the other hand, there was only one amino-acid difference between the two beta
      chains at the 125th residue from the N-terminus.

PMID- 4005045
TI  - Partial purification and some properties of a bovine brain trypsin inhibitor.
AB  - Using hemoglobin modified by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as substrate, a trypsin
      inhibitor from bovine brain was purified by extraction at pH 4.5, ion-exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and
      isoelectric focusing. On a column of Sephadex G-100 the inhibitor exhibited a
      molecular mass of 78 kDa. The iso-electric point of the inhibitor was 4.3-4.4.
      The dissociation constant (Ki) for the complex of bovine trypsin and brain
      inhibitor was estimated to be 3.7 X 10(-10)M as tested with a protein substrate,
      and 2.4 X 10(-10)M when tested with a synthetic substrate. During purification
      two other brain trypsin inhibitors were detected.

PMID- 4005044
TI  - Elastase-cathepsin G inhibitors eglin b and eglin c differ by a single Tyr----His
      substitution. A micro-method for the identification of amino-acid substitution.
AB  - The structures of eglin b and eglin c, both potent inhibitors of human neutral
      granulocytic proteinase elastase and cathepsin G, were compared by micro amino
      acid analysis and peptide mapping techniques. Eglin b and eglin c differ by one
      amino-acid substitution in the middle of the polypeptide chain. Tyrosine residue
      at position 35 of eglin c was substituted by histidine in eglin b. This amino
      acid substitution requires one base exchange (U----C) at the DNA level and
      apparently does not affect the reactive site of eglins. Though without disulfide
      linkages, eglins are very rigid molecules and can be effectively digested by
      trypsin only after rigorous acid incubation.

PMID- 4005047
TI  - Mechanism and specificity of reconstitution of dimeric lactate dehydrogenase from
      Limulus polyphemus.
AB  - D-Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28) from Limulus polyphemus is a homodimer
      which is composed of identical subunits of Mr = 35 000. The enzyme may be
      reversibly denatured and dissociated at acid pH or in 6M guanidine X HCl. The
      sigmoidal time course of reactivation obeys a consecutive uni-bimolecular
      mechanism with k1 = 6 X 10(-4) S-1 and k2 = 1.3 X 10(-4) M-1 S-1 (20 degrees C)
      as first- and second-order rate constants. Cross-linking experiments with
      glutaraldehyde prove that reactivation and dimer formation run parallel. Joint
      "synchronous" reconstitution of the enzyme with dimeric porcine mitochondrial
      malate dehydrogenase (after denaturation in 6M guanidine X HCl) does not yield
      active hybrids. The unchanged kinetics of reactivation in the absence and
      presence of the prospective partner of hybridization prove that inactive hybrid
      intermediates may also be excluded. The absence of hybrids upon synchronous
      reconstitution of the two closely related dimeric NAD-dependent dehydrogenases
      clearly suggests that the assembly of nascent oligomeric proteins must be highly
      specific.

PMID- 4005046
TI  - [Induction of alkaline phosphatase by retinoic acid].
AB  - Treatment of mammalian cells in culture with retinoic acid causes a time- and
      concentration-dependent increase of the specific activity of alkaline
      phosphatase. The increase reaches a factor of 15 and more and begins at a
      concentration of 10(-8)M retinoic acid. The induction is inhibited by
      cycloheximide or actinomycin D. The same isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase is
      expressed in control and in retinoic acid-treated cells as demonstrated by the
      inhibitions by amino acids and peptides. The enzyme induction occurs in rat
      heart, skeletal muscle, brain, lung cells and HeLa cells. No induction was found
      in two lines of human melanoma cells. After treatment of cells with tunicamycin,
      the induction of alkaline phosphatase is detectable only in the homogenate and no
      longer detectable by histochemical methods. This shows that the glycosylation of
      the protein is an important step in the insertion of this enzyme into the plasma
      membrane.

PMID- 4005048
TI  - Structure of enoate reductase from a Clostridium tyrobutyricum (C. spec. La1).
AB  - Enoate reductase from Clostridium tyrobutyricum was purified by a rapid novel
      procedure. Chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and on hydroxyapatite resulted in a
      high yield of about 90% pure enzyme in less than 10 h. A purity greater than 98%
      could be obtained by additional chromatography on Sephacryl S-300. The enzyme
      sediments in the analytical ultracentrifuge as a single, symmetrical boundary
      with a velocity of S(0)20,w = 24.9 S. Equilibrium ultracentrifugation yielded a
      molecular mass of 940 000 +/- 20 000 Da. The enzyme contains one type of subunit
      as shown by dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and partial sequence determination. A
      subunit molecular mass of about 73 000 Da was established by dodecyl sulfate
      electrophoresis and by sedimentation equilibrium analysis in guanidine
      hydrochloride. In addition to FAD, iron and labile sulfur, the enzyme purified by
      the new method showed approximately 0.7 mol of FMN per mol of subunit. A
      dissociation product sedimenting at a velocity of S(0)20,w = 9.8 S can be
      obtained by various experimental protocols. The fragment was obtained in pure
      form by gel permeation chromatography. The molecular mass was 230 000 +/- 10 000
      Da as shown by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. Thus it appears that the
      dissociation product is a trimer of the 73 000-Da subunit. The formation of the
      10-S fragment by dissociation of the native enzyme is accompanied by the loss of
      most of the FMN, whereas the FAD content is not changed. The fragment catalysed
      the reduction of acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide by NADH. However, enoate
      reductase activity with NADH or methylviologen as cosubstrate was low. Electron
      micrographs of negatively stained enoate reductase show trigonal symmetry. The
      data suggest that enoate reductase is a dodecamer (tetramer of trimers) with
      tetrahedral symmetry.

PMID- 4005049
TI  - The primary structure of alpha A- and beta-chains from blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara
      ararauna, Psittaci) hemoglobin. No evidence for expression of alpha D-chains.
AB  - The hemoglobin A of the Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna) was isolated and
      characterized. The complete amino-acid sequence of alpha A- and beta-chains is
      presented. In contrast to some adult avian hemoglobins already investigated, Blue
      and-Yellow Macaw hemoglobin is homogenous and contains only one component: HbA.
      The minor component, HbD, which is usually present in the hemolysate of avian
      erythrocytes, could not be detected. There is no evidence for the expression of
      the alpha D-globin gene. Comparison of alpha A- and beta-chains from Blue-and
      Yellow Macaw hemoglobin with corresponding chains from Greylag Goose hemoglobin
      shows 19 amino-acid exchanges between alpha A-chains and 6 between beta-chains.
      The structure-function relationships of hemoglobin chains and the evolutionary
      aspects are discussed in view of these results.

PMID- 4005050
TI  - Aggregation and fibril formation of plasma fibronectin by heparin.
AB  - The precipitation of plasma fibronectin by heparin in dependence on various
      parameters was investigated. Rising heparin concentration augmented the
      precipitates up to a maximum beyond which precipitation decreased. Yields close
      to 80% were obtained at low temperatures, but some precipitation was observed at
      37 degrees C as well. Insolubilization was considerably dependent on the ionic
      strength, indicating that electrostatic forces play a major role in the
      aggregation of fibronectin. Calcium already prevented precipitation by heparin at
      low concentrations. If precipitation was performed on hydrophobized glass cover
      slides, the formation of fibrils visible by phase-contrast microscopy was
      observed. On hydrophilic surfaces amorphous precipitates were generally obtained,
      most likely due to trapping of aggregates by adsorption prior to their
      arrangement to fibrils. The results are discussed on the basis of a model
      assuming that heparin induces a conformational rearrangement of plasma
      fibronectin so that masked binding sites responsible for self-association become
      exposed.

PMID- 4005051
TI  - [Substantiation of using magnet-directed localization of drugs for the treatment
      of thrombosis].
AB  - The possibility of in vitro lysis of fibrinous clots was shown experimentally (a
      model of blood flow in a vessel incompletely occluded by a thrombus) using the
      magnet-directed transport of trypsin immobilized on a magnet-susceptible carrier.
      During the clot lysis no fibrinolytics were recorded in the solution washing the
      clots, and lysis took place under the influence of trypsin on the magnetic
      carrier which precipitated on the surface of the clot and remained there for the
      necessary time (about 2 hours). The method of thrombus lysis suggested allows the
      dose of the injected drug to be decreased and does not require therapeutic
      concentration of thrombolytics in the general blood flow.

PMID- 4005052
TI  - [Study of the protective effect of phosphocreatine on the ischemic myocardium
      during cardioplegia using the P-31 NMR method].
AB  - Using 31P-NMR technique it was shown that exogenous phosphocreatine (10 mM) added
      in the cardioplegic solution provided higher levels of recovery of intracellular
      ATP (approx. 60% vs. 26% in the control) and phosphocreatine (90% vs. 43%) in
      perfused rat hearts after 35 min of total ischemia. Simultaneously significantly
      higher levels of contractile recovery (90% vs. 35%) and a three-fold decrease in
      creatine kinase release into the perfusate were observed. These effects of
      exogenous phosphocreatine can be related to either intracellular action of this
      compound or its interaction with cellular membrane.

PMID- 4005053
TI  - [Cellular mechanisms of human atherosclerosis].
AB  - Structural features of the endothelial integument of human arteries, not recorded
      in animals, have been revealed with scanning electron microscopy. Lipid streaks
      and atherosclerotic plaques areas were found to be covered with polymorphous
      endothelium, over 50% of the total surface being occupied by multinuclear
      endotheliocytes. These areas are characterized by increased absorption of low
      density lipoproteins (LDL) due to non-specific binding. An analogous effect was
      observed in an endothelial culture from atherosclerotic aorta of an adult.
      Modified LDL are, on the contrary, absorbed in normal and atherosclerotic
      portions of the intima predominantly, or exclusively, through scavenger
      receptors. Human hepatocytes in the primary culture were found to contain
      receptors both for native and for modified LDL, the latter being absorbed 4 times
      as effectively as native LDL. It was shown that there are about 2500 binding
      sites of high-density lipoproteins on the surface of isolated human enterocytes.
      The cellular cultures obtained might be used in search for pharmacologic
      compounds correcting lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism disorders.

PMID- 4005054
TI  - [Experimental myocardial infarction in atherosclerosis--various methods of
      pharmacological correction].
AB  - The effect of the beta-blocker propranolol and of bensonal, a barbituric acid
      derivative stimulating microsomal oxidation of the liver monooxygenase, was
      evaluated using the model of experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) in the
      presence of 3-month cholesterol atherosclerosis. Using light and electron
      microscopy, polarography and weight planimetry atherosclerosis was shown to
      complicate considerably the course of EMI analyzed 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after
      the coronary artery ligation. The drugs given at the same intervals improved the
      structure and metabolism of different myocardial zones while limiting necrotic
      areas for 7 days of EMI.

PMID- 4005055
TI  - [Various aspects of the effects of beta adrenergic receptor blockaders,
      stimulants and calcium antagonists on the cardiovascular system].
AB  - Experiments with isolated animal hearts showed that intracoronarily injected
      propranolol (beta-adrenoblocker) and nonachlasine (beta-adrenostimulator) lead to
      coronary dilatation changing into coronary constriction. Unlike propranolol,
      nonachlasine reduced the venous bed capacity. The use of nonachlasine resulted in
      primary reduction and consequent increase of myocardial contractility,
      propranolol leading to negative inotropic effect. The character and degree of the
      drug effect in hemodynamics depend on the initial activity of the sympathoadrenal
      system. The therapeutic effectiveness of the drugs also depends on the initial
      hemodynamic state and on the sympathoadrenal system activity. A comparative study
      of Ca2+ antagonists demonstrated corinfar to have positive ino- and chronotropic
      effect. Isoptine was shown to produce negative ino- and chronotropic action, with
      hemodynamics remaining indifferent to sensite. Ca2+ antagonists examined in the
      study are characterized by a diverse therapeutic effect and considerably differ
      in their influence on the circulatory system.

PMID- 4005056
TI  - [Ultrastructure of calcium-induced myocardial necrosis].
AB  - The authors present for the first time a complete picture of ultrastructural
      changes of contractile cardiomyocytes in myocardial calcium necroses in the time
      course from reversible to irreversible stages. Three types of calcium cell
      lesions are singled out: rigor, lytic, and vacuolar.

PMID- 4005057
TI  - [Creatine kinase reaction in cardiac mitoplasts of rats. Its relation to
      oxidative phosphorylation].

PMID- 4005058
TI  - [pH changes in the matrix of serotonin organelles of stimulated thrombocytes].
AB  - The changes of pH gradient on serotonin organelle membranes can be observed using
      the fluorescent marker acridine orange. This gradient decreases with thrombin
      activation of the blood plates. The fall of delta pH can be induced by ammonium
      salts which also influence the ADP-induced cellular aggregation. NH4 ions added
      simultaneously with low doses of ADP potentiate cellular aggregation, and added
      after ADP-induced interaction of cells lead to another wave of intercellular
      contacts inhibited by mepacrin. Fluorescent acridin aminoderivatives can be used
      both for kinetic observations of delta pH on the serotonin organelle membranes of
      native platelets and for studying the interaction of the systems responsible for
      maintaining this gradient with the systems of prostaglandin and adenine
      nucleotide metabolism.

PMID- 4005059
TI  - Relation of spastic and flaccid paralysis to retrograde transport of 125I-tetanus
      toxin and its 125I-Ibc fragment. Modulating effect of F (ab) antibodies directed
      to specific areas on the toxin molecule.
AB  - The injection into mice of small doses of tetanus toxin induces spastic paralysis
      as is well-known, whereas large doses of toxin produce flaccid paralysis. The
      hypothesis has been put forward that the type of symptoms produced may depend on
      the axonal transport or the lack of axonal transport of the toxin molecule to the
      central nervous system. In the present paper we show that the lethal flaccid
      paralysis occurring in mice injected with a very large dose of toxin develops in
      the absence of any uptake and axonal transport of the toxin molecule. We also
      confirm that a tetanus toxin-derived fragment, the Ibc fragment, which is not
      transported retrogradely, produces flaccid paralysis. The blockage with the aid
      of specific antibody F(ab) fragments of the area on the toxin molecule which is
      involved in binding and axonal transport does prevent the toxin from being
      transported to the CNS and causes it to produce flaccid paralysis.

PMID- 4005060
TI  - [Monitoring of lymphocyte classes and subclasses during lymphocyte
      plasmapheresis].
AB  - The authors have investigated the immunological picture in one group of patients
      affected by immune mediated diseases treated with lymphoplasmapheresis. The
      immunomodulatory effects of the therapy were controversial after a single
      procedure, paradoxical after a complete cycle of 4 procedures.

PMID- 4005061
TI  - Ongoing tetanus prophylaxis of injured patients in five hospital emergency rooms.
AB  - The adequacy of antitetanus prophylaxis given in five hospital emergency rooms to
      729 individuals up to 15 years, suffering from different types of injuries, was
      evaluated retrospectively using vaccinal data retrieved from a terminal of the
      computerized files of the City of Milan Health Authority operated in our
      Department. Comparing the recommended treatment (according to the guidelines
      issued by the Italian Ministry of Health, 1982) with that actually obtained, we
      have classified the subjects into three ("correctly treated", "undertreated" and
      "overtreated") groups. Correct treatment ranged from 70 to 90 percent,
      undertreatment from 4 to 6 percent, and overtreatment from 8 to 26 percent at the
      different hospitals. Undertreatment was most likely in incompletely immunized
      patients (having previously received one or two doses of tetanus toxoid), while
      overtreatment was much more common in patients fully immunized. By comparison,
      545 patients sixteen and older, whose immunization history was unknown, were
      evaluated to obtain information about the behaviour adopted by the physicians in
      the same circumstances. Grouping the subjects by age we found that in two
      hospitals the highest proportion of untreated (18 and 25 percent) belonged to the
      group of individuals more prone to the disease (over 60 years of age). Compliance
      with the Ministerial Instructions would have led to an increase in the use of
      tetanus toxoid and to a decrease in the use of human immunoglobulin, improving
      the quality of prevention without adding to its cost.

PMID- 4005062
TI  - Liver function in drug addicts: hepatitis B markers and cell-mediated immunity.
AB  - Liver function tests, hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers and cell-mediated immunity
      were evaluated in 100 drug addicts and in 54 healthy controls. Liver damage
      prevalence was much higher in the drug group, both in HBV marker-positive and in
      marker-negative subjects. Moreover HBV marker distribution was different among
      addicts in comparison with controls, in which the patterns of infection
      overcoming were more frequent. Cell-mediated immunity assessment showed a deep
      depression in the addict group. These data suggest that liver damage in addicts
      may be due mainly to the immunologic defect, which would have a negative
      influence on the action of HBV and of other viral and non-viral agents.

PMID- 4005063
TI  - Lactoferrin serum levels in burned patients.
AB  - Twenty burned patients were studied (with mean body surface area burned 46.5%,
      mean age 25.4 years, and mean survival probability 78%), and lactoferrin, white
      cells count and blood cultures were determined. Lactoferrin was detected more
      frequently (P less than 0.01) in the samples of patients with positive blood
      cultures. The role of lactoferrin in host defense mechanism and its possible
      function in sepsis is considered.

PMID- 4005064
TI  - [Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis(SSPE)--epidemiology in Japan and
      neurovirulence of SSPE virus].

PMID- 4005065
TI  - [CT study on the development of the brain and cranium].

PMID- 4005066
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance].

PMID- 4005067
TI  - [A pharmacokinetic study on the effectiveness of intermittent oral diazepam in
      the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions].

PMID- 4005069
TI  - [Treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformation with stereotactic
      gammaencephalotomy].

PMID- 4005068
TI  - [Significance of serum carnitine in acute encephalopathy].

PMID- 4005070
TI  - [A case of jaw opening phenomenon associated with basilar artery thrombosis].
AB  - We describe a 74 year old man who showed the jaw opening phenomenon by painful
      stimuli from two months after the onset of basilar artery thrombosis. He was
      admitted to our hospital because of consciousness disturbance and paralysis of
      all extremities. Soon after admission, he was in a state of impending herniation
      but with conservative therapy he recovered slightly, and then fell into an
      akinetic and mute state. Two months after the onset of the stroke, he began to
      open his mouth in response to painful stimuli, and five months after the stroke
      palatal myoclonus also appeared. Neurological signs and symptoms five months
      after admission were as follows; he was akinetic, mute and always kept his eyes
      closed because of complete blepharoptosis due to oculomotor nerve palsy. Pupils
      were dilated and adducted. Bilateral light reflexes were absent and the
      oculocepharic reflex could not adduct the eyes inwardly. Bilateral corneal
      reflexes were present, facial reflexes were exaggerated and jaw reflexes were
      also active. All limbs were spastic and paralyzed, and no voluntary movement was
      observed. Deep tendon reflexes were active in all extremities, and bilateral
      plantar responses were extensor. Palatal myoclonus was recognized in his soft
      palate, lips, sternocleidomastoid and diaphragm. Its frequency was about 150
      cycles per minute. CT scan revealed severe low density areas in the midbrain and
      bilateral posterior lobes. In cerebral angiography, the upper part of the basilar
      artery was completely occluded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005071
TI  - [Bilateral, symmetrical hemorrhagic infarction of the basal ganglia and thalamus
      following neonatal asphyxia].
AB  - With the advancement of perinatal intensive care, the occurrence of subependymal
      germinal matrix hemorrhage (= GMH) in low-birth-weight (premature) infants has
      became a major concern in perinatal medicine. The pathophysiology of the GMH has
      long been controversial. The introduction of computed tomographic (= CT) scanning
      to perinatal medicine has revealed various pathological events heretofore unknown
      in newborn infants having respiratory and circulatory distress. At our serving
      the entire Osaka Prefecture, infants suffering from birth asphyxia with severe
      perinatal brain damage were found to have CT findings distinguishable from those
      of GMH. We report three asphyxiated newborn infant who had hemorrhagic infarction
      in bilateral caudate nucleus, striatum and thalamus on the CT scan. Reports of
      similar findings are rare, and ours is the first serial observation of such CT
      scan image in newborn infants. The mechanism of development and pathology of this
      pathological condition have been variously argued as pathophysiology of GMH. The
      present study lacks postmortem examination, however, the findings in serial CT
      scans in three infants and review of the literatures related to the pathology of
      neonatal asphyxia indicate the following course. The thrombosis in the internal
      cerebral veins led to severe swelling of the brain, and hemorrhage occurred with
      the reduction in the swelling, eventually resulting in diffuse leukomalacia. Etat
      marbre (status marmoratus), mentioned earlier, is considered to represent a
      milder stage of this pathologic course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005072
TI  - [Evaluations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by 133Xenon i.v. method in
      patients with occlusions of bilateral internal carotid arteries].
AB  - The studies of changes in regional blood flow (rCBF) have been reported on
      different clinical courses in the five cases (mean 57.4 y.o.) showing bilateral
      occlusion or stenosis of internal carotid arteries. Values of rCBF using Fg (fast
      component in gray matter) were closely correlated with their clinical courses.
      The three patients (2 males and 1 female) showed bilateral focal decreased
      patterns of rCBF and their uneventful clinical courses except for mild attacks of
      transient cerebral ischemia. However, the rest two male patients showed bilateral
      decreased pattern of rCBF and moderate hemiparesis including attacks of loss of
      consciousness. The one died suddenly because of the thalamic hemorrhage and the
      other died also suddenly from the unknown etiology. Such differences between the
      classification of clinical course and hemodynamics evaluated by rCBF was
      discriminated more clearly by Fg (fast component in gray matter) than by F mean
      (mean rCBF). The authors concluded that the evaluation by Fg may be valuable to
      estimate prognosis of patients with bilateral occlusion of internal carotid
      artery. There are two patterns of decreased rCBF in our study. The patients with
      bilateral diffuse decreased patterns of rCBF should be followed up more carefully
      because of the sudden death from cerebral hemorrhage.

PMID- 4005073
TI  - [Histopathological findings of the pituitary gland in cases of subarachnoid
      hemorrhage].
AB  - Histopathological change of the pituitary gland in cases of the central nervous
      system disorder, especially in the cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, was studied.
      Clinical materials were 23 cases who were died from subarachnoid hemorrhage due
      to aneurysmal rupture in the acute stage. Histopathological change was examined
      not only of the pituitary gland but also hypothalamus and the change due to
      increased intracranial pressure (midbrain hemorrhage and uncal herniation). Main
      histopathological findings of the pituitary gland are anterior pituitary necrosis
      and they are found in 8 cases out of 23 subarachnoid hemorrhage cases (34.9%).
      Histopathological changes in hypothalamus were hemorrhage or infarction, and
      these changes were present in 16 cases (70%). Eight cases with pituitary necrosis
      had shown hypothalamic lesions. Three cases out of 23 cases (17.4%) showed
      midbrain hemorrhage and uncal herniation and 3 cases out of these 4 cases had
      anterior pituitary necrosis. According to the angiographic findings, vasospasm
      tended to be severe and widespread in cases of anterior pituitary necrosis,
      meanwhile vasospasm did not tend to be severe or widespread in cases without
      anterior pituitary necrosis. It was suspected that the mechanism of the
      development of pituitary necrosis is related not only to the circulatory
      disturbance of the portal vessels due to mechanical compression on the pituitary
      stalk and acutely raised intracranial pressure at the moment of aneurysmal
      rupture, but also circulatory disturbance of the portal vessels due to vasospasm.

PMID- 4005074
TI  - [Pure sensory stroke due to midbrain hemorrhage--case report].
AB  - We had a case of patient with pure sensory stroke which was caused by the rapture
      of a cryptic angioma located on the mesencephalon. The patient was a 41-year-old
      woman. She visited our clinic with sudden onset of numbness in the left hand,
      arm, trunk, leg, and face, and of hyposmia of the left side on arising. CT scans
      revealed a small hematoma with calcification located on the right dorsal
      mesencephalon, which diminished in size correlating with her recovery of the
      sensation. Her symptoms were considered to be caused by this hematoma which
      destroyed only the trigeminothalamic and the spinothalamic tracts excluding the
      superior colliculi, oculomotor nucleus, and the medial leminiscus. By angiography
      we failed to demonstrate a cause of the hemorrhage, but the presence of a cryptic
      angioma was suggested, because the post angiographic CT scan exhibited
      enhancement of the lesion. Her olfactory sensation was also restored accompanied
      with the recovery of the superficial sensation, therefore the hyposmia seemed to
      be due to the damage of the trigeminothalamic tract.

PMID- 4005076
TI  - [Cheiro-oral syndrome with pontine infarct--report of a case].
AB  - A case of cheiro-oral syndrome presumably due to brain stem infarction was
      reported. A 41-year-old man suddenly experienced the numbness of the palm and the
      lips on the left side at 2 p. m. March 30, 1982 and was admitted to our clinic at
      5 p.m. on that day. Neurological examination on admission revealed hypesthesia of
      the palm and the lips on the left side, but pain and temperature sensibilities
      were preserved. Neither astereognosia nor extinction phenomenon was there. CT
      scan showed no abnormal findings. At 9 p.m. his speaking became somewhat obscure
      and he became unable to swallow fluid. And after ten hours or so, he became
      quadriplegic, anarthric and lost almost all voluntary movement below the eye,
      while his consciousness was preserved ("Locked-in" syndrome). CT scan taken on
      the 9th hospital day revealed brain stem infarction. He expired on the 58 th
      hospital day because of the exacerbation of pneumonia. At autopsy both vertebral
      arteries and basilar artery were markedly sclerotic. The rostral two-thirds of
      the basilar artery was occluded by organized thrombus. The serial microscopic
      sections through the midbrain and the medulla oblongata showed extensive
      infarction of the basis pontis. The tegmentum pontis remained free, except that a
      small offshoot of the infarct reached into the medial part of the medial
      lemniscus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005075
TI  - [Clinical manifestation of small thalamic hemorrhage].
AB  - CT scan is useful for the simultaneous evaluation of the relation between the
      thalamic lesions and the clinical manifestations. According to CT findings,
      twenty-three patients with thalamic hemorrhage measuring less than 2 cm in size
      could be classified into 4 groups: 1) anterior group--hematoma located in the
      anterior nuclear group, 2) medial group--hematoma located in the medial nuclear
      group, 3) lateral group--hematoma located in the lateral nuclear group close to
      the internal capsule, 4) posterior group--hematoma located in the pulvinar. The
      clinical manifestations of both the anterior and medial groups were characterized
      by the disturbance of consciousness followed by the mental impairment; the
      lateral group, by the hemiparesis or hemiplegia with the sensory disturbance, and
      the posterior group, especially with left thalamic lesions, by the speech
      disturbance. The motor palsy in cases of thalamic hemorrhage differed from that
      of putaminal hemorrhage: the patients with thalamic hemorrhage could move their
      fingers despite being unable to move their shoulders and elbows, or the motor
      weakness was more severe in their lower extremities than in their upper ones. As
      the sensory disturbance, the sensory impairment (hypesthesia) was frequently
      associated with the numbness (dysesthesia). The prognosis of motor palsy, ocular
      manifestations, and speech disturbance was good, whereas that of sensory and
      mental disturbance was not always good.

PMID- 4005078
TI  - Chronic Mobitz type I second degree atrioventricular block. Has its importance
      been underestimated?

PMID- 4005077
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of cerebral blood volume in cats using a reflectance
      spectrophotometer].
AB  - The importance of cerebral blood volume (CBV) as a physiological parameter has
      been well recognized, especially in its relation to the intracranial pressure
      (ICP). Although various methods have been applied to measure CBV, several
      problems and difficulties still remain to be settled. In the present study,
      noninvasive monitoring of CBV on the cortical surface was done with organ
      reflectance spectrophotometry. Through the cranial window, the cat brain was
      illuminated by the white light via optical fibers and reflected light was
      analized by spectrophotometer equipped with microcomputer and image-sensor
      (Sumitomo Elec. Co., Spectrum analyzer TS-200), which enables to estimate CBV on
      real time as the absorbance value at the isobestic point of the spectral curve of
      hemoglobin (Hb). In order to ascertain the reliability and reproducibility, the
      change of CBV was examined by 5% & 10% CO2 inhalation, 5% O2 inhalation and
      bilateral jugular vein occlusion. A linear correlation was found between PaCO2
      and Hb absorbance value on CO2 inhalation. By the bilateral jugular vein
      occlusion, Hb increased concomitantly with ICP, while cerebral blood flow (CBF)
      decreased. On 5% O2 inhalation, absorbance spectral pattern of tissue Hb changed
      from that of oxy-Hb to deoxy-Hb without change of absorbance value at the
      isobestic point. Thus, the Hb absorbance value obtained by this spectrophotometer
      was considered to be reliable for the estimation of CBV on the cortical surface.
      Using this, the change of CBV was examined on the drug-induced seizure and post
      decompression state after sustained intracranial hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005079
TI  - Survival in second degree atrioventricular block.
AB  - Two hundred and 14 patients with chronic second degree heart block were seen and
      followed up in the Devon Heart Block and Bradycardia Survey between 1968 and
      1982. The patients were divided into three groups according to the type of block.
      In group 1 there were 77 patients with Mobitz type I block (mean age 69 years),
      in group 2, 86 patients with Mobitz type II block (mean age 74 years), and in
      group 3, 51 with 2:1 or 3:1 block (mean age 75 years). The five year survival was
      similar in all groups, being 57%, 61%, and 53% in groups 1, 2, and 3
      respectively. The presence or absence of bundle branch block did not appear to
      influence prognosis. In particular, patients in group 1 without bundle branch
      block did not fare any better than those in group 2 both with and without bundle
      branch block. One hundred and three of the patients were fitted with pacemakers,
      the proportion being greatest in group 2. In each group a significantly larger
      number of paced patients survived than unpaced. The five year survival for all
      the paced patients in the study was 78% compared with 41% for the unpaced. Since
      the paced patients were slightly younger than the unpaced two age matched groups
      of 74 patients each were selected from the paced and unpaced patients, but the
      five year survival of those paced was still significantly better. It is concluded
      that in the patients in the present study chronic Mobitz type I block has a
      similar prognosis to that of Mobitz type II block. Unpaced patients with both
      types did very badly, whereas those fitted with pacemakers had a five year
      survival similar to that expected for the normal population. These results refute
      the benign reputation of chronic Mobitz type I block and imply that patients with
      this condition should be considered for pacemaker implantation on similar
      criteria to those adopted for patients with higher degrees of block.

PMID- 4005080
TI  - Persistent atrial standstill in familial Ebstein's anomaly.
AB  - Persistent atrial standstill occurred in a father and his youngest son with
      familial Ebstein's anomaly. In both cases routine electrocardiograms showed no
      atrial electrical activity and cross sectional echocardiograms showed inferior
      displacement of the septal tricuspid leaflet and tethering of the tricuspid
      leaflets to the right ventricle. The father had a cerebral embolism and died of a
      myocardial infarction. Necropsy showed attachment of the septal tricuspid leaflet
      below the membranous septum. On serial histological examination fibrofatty
      infiltration of the right atrial wall, the atrioventricular node, and the
      inferior part of the His bundle up to the bifurcation was present. The son had
      haemodynamic and electrophysiological findings consistent with mild Ebstein's
      anomaly and persistent atrial standstill, for which permanent cardiac pacing was
      necessary. The persistent atrial standstill with slow escape rhythm was most
      probably a consequence of the abnormalities in both the atrial wall and the His
      bundle which, together with the abnormal attachment of the tricuspid valve, may
      be features of the same congenital cardiac anomaly.

PMID- 4005081
TI  - Increased diastolic blood pressure response to exercise testing when coronary
      artery disease is suspected. An indication of severity.
AB  - One hundred and two consecutive patients with a history of chest pain or recent
      previous myocardial infarction underwent maximal treadmill stress testing and
      coronary angiography. The diastolic blood pressure response to exercise was
      evaluated independently of ST segment change and systolic blood pressure. In the
      presence of a normal systolic blood pressure response an increase in diastolic
      blood pressure of 15 mm Hg on at least two determinations during the same stage
      of exercise was considered abnormal. In 99 patients an accurate diastolic reading
      was possible. Of these, 61 had a normal diastolic blood pressure response; in 25
      of these the ST segment was ischaemic and seven had three vessel coronary artery
      disease. Thirty eight patients had an abnormal diastolic blood pressure response
      and 27 of these had an ischaemic ST response. Of the 11 with a negative ST
      response for ischaemia one had left main stem disease, seven three vessel
      disease, and three two vessel disease. Patients with an abnormal diastolic
      response had greater ST depression with more angina at a reduced workload than
      those with a normal diastolic response. In patients with chest pain an abnormal
      increase in diastolic blood pressure on exercise reflects severe coronary artery
      disease. Although no false positives occurred in this study there was an
      appreciable number of false negatives (sensitivity 46%) in both patients with
      chest pain and those with infarction. An abnormal diastolic response therefore
      represents a useful additional diagnostic indicator of coronary artery disease
      when the ST segment response is normal or borderline. When the diastolic pressure
      becomes increased with or without ST changes the likelihood of severe coronary
      artery disease is increased.

PMID- 4005083
TI  - Indirect measurement of blood pressure during exercise testing can be misleading.
AB  - Indirect blood pressures recorded with a random zero sphygmomanometer were
      compared with simultaneous intra-arterial blood pressures recorded with the
      Oxford system. Twenty five patients undertook a graded bicycle exercise test,
      cycling at workloads increasing from 41, 65, 114, and 163 W (250 to 400, 700, and
      1000 kpm per min) with each grade being maintained for three minutes unless the
      exercise test was terminated earlier at the point of fatigue. Intra-arterial
      pressures were recorded continuously and indirect measurements made at steady
      state levels in the 30 seconds before each change in grade and immediately after
      the termination of the exercise protocol. The mean difference in systolic blood
      pressure at 5.5 minutes of exercise showed that the indirect measurement
      underestimated the direct measurement. Immediately after the termination of
      exercise the blood pressure fell precipitiously to a highly significant degree.
      For both systolic and diastolic pressures there was considerably individual
      variability. These data confirm that indirect methods of blood pressure
      measurement during dynamic exercise testing are inaccurate and may provide
      misleading information.

PMID- 4005082
TI  - Limitations of radionuclide ventriculography in the non-invasive diagnosis of
      coronary artery disease. A correlation with right heart haemodynamic values
      during exercise.
AB  - A consecutive series of 56 patients with chest pain but no evidence of previous
      myocardial infarction was prospectively studied by radionuclide ventriculography
      to determine the value of global and regional radionuclide indices in detecting
      coronary artery disease. The results were correlated with the clinical judgment
      of chest pain, the results of the exercise electrocardiogram, and the right heart
      haemodynamic measurements during exercise. As a result of the criteria for entry,
      the study group was representative of the population seen in such a clinical
      setting. Only 25% of patients had coronary artery disease. The predictive power
      of radionuclide ventriculography was limited. The conventionally used criterion
      that normal subjects have an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction of at
      least 5% with exercise provided only 78% sensitivity and 57% specificity. Fourier
      analysis and visual interpretation of radionuclide studies wrongly diagnosed
      three out of 10 patients with extensive disease requiring surgery. These results
      suggest that radionuclide ventriculography is of limited value in the non
      invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 4005084
TI  - Detection of high risk coronary artery disease by thallium imaging.
AB  - One hundred and three patients who underwent coronary arteriography were studied
      by thallium imaging and the results analysed by Bayesian principles to assess the
      usefulness of semiquantitative stress thallium imaging for predicting the
      presence or absence of multivessel coronary disease. Significant disease was
      found in 80 patients, of whom 77 had abnormal thallium scans (sensitivity 96%).
      Thallium images were normal in 15 of 23 patients with no significant disease
      (specificity 65%). Multiple thallium segmental defects were found to be 90%
      sensitive and 65% specific for multivessel coronary artery disease and were
      present in 80% of patients with left main stem disease and in 93% of patients
      with triple vessel disease. A single thallium defect or normal scan excluded
      multivessel, left main, and triple vessel disease with 81%, 94%, and 91%
      predictive accuracy respectively. By Bayesian analysis the predictive accuracy
      for excluding multivessel disease was greater than 90% in patients with a pretest
      probability of multivessel disease of less than or equal to 40%. Coronary
      arteriography to exclude multivessel disease is therefore unnecessary in a high
      proportion of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease.

PMID- 4005086
TI  - Clinical value of Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of adults with
      aortic stenosis.
AB  - Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography was used to study 41 adults with
      clinically suspected aortic stenosis undergoing cardiac catheterisation. Non
      invasive assessment of the severity of stenosis was made before catheterisation
      using electrocardiograms, chest radiographs, and cross sectional echocardiography
      in addition to clinical examination and assessment modified, where appropriate,
      by the result of the Doppler examination. Catheterisation gradients were obtained
      in 33 patients and correlated well with those obtained by Doppler examination
      particularly when simultaneous recordings were obtained. All patients with
      surgically significant stenoses were identified by non-invasive assessment
      including Doppler examination and overestimation was not found in any patient
      with a less than significant stenosis. Thus surgery can be recommended in
      patients with aortic stenosis without the need for previous cardiac
      catheterisation.

PMID- 4005085
TI  - Is low energy intake a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease?
AB  - The relation between total energy intake and the development of ischaemic heart
      disease was investigated from a review of all available data including the
      results of 26 years of follow up from a longitudinal study of diet and ischaemic
      heart disease. A consistent inverse relation was found, whose strength and
      consistency are similar to those of other established risk factors. It is
      concluded that there may be a minimum energy intake below which the risk of
      ischaemic heart disease is increased.

PMID- 4005087
TI  - Increased blood velocities in the heart and great vessels of patients with
      congenital heart disease. An assessment of their significance in the absence of
      valvar stenosis.
AB  - During a previous investigation and during routine clinical Doppler
      echocardiography velocities distal to normal valves were found to be increased in
      patients with congenital heart disease. To investigate this observation the
      velocity proximal and distal to cardiac valves was recorded in 56 patients with
      congenital heart disease. No detectable pressure gradient had been found across
      these valves at catheterisation and no velocity gradient greater than 20 cm/s was
      found across them by range gated Doppler echocardiography. In 82% of the
      patients, however, the blood velocity across one or more valves exceeded normal
      limits. Increased velocities were found at the tricuspid inflow (55%), pulmonary
      artery (38%), mitral inflow (34%), and ascending aorta (11%). Factors
      predisposing to the presence of increased velocities in these areas were
      increased flow through the valve and decreased compliance of the receiving
      chamber. This study shows the necessity for recording velocity both proximal and
      distal to a valve before a gradient is calculated according to the modified
      Bernouilli equation.

PMID- 4005088
TI  - Recurring cardiac myxoma.
AB  - Of a series of 14 patients surviving operation for atrial myxoma, two developed
      signs of recurrence of the tumour. In both cases the patients underwent two
      further separate operations for recurrent lesions. The time before the second
      recurrence was nearly 11 years and four and a half years. In neither case did
      histological examination show malignant change. These two cases of recurrent
      atrial myxoma, together with four other reported cases, indicate that a second
      recurrence may occur in about 25% of patients with a first recurrence. Multiple
      foci of tumour growth is probably the explanation for recurrence in most cases.

PMID- 4005089
TI  - Hypoplastic left heart with complete transposition of the great arteries.
AB  - A male newborn infant with hypoplastic left heart and transposition of the great
      arteries died on the second day of life. The haemodynamic consequences of this
      malformation are considerably different from those of ordinary hypoplastic left
      heart syndrome because of pulmonary rather than aortic atresia. In the absence of
      cross sectional echocardiographic equipment, cardiac catheterisation with
      angiography is necessary to delineate the anatomical picture. These two
      conditions have not apparently been reported before in association.

PMID- 4005090
TI  - Ventricular tachycardia induced by clonidine withdrawal.
AB  - Ventricular tachycardia developed after the abrupt withdrawal of clonidine in a
      patient with atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum type, renal
      insufficiency, and hypertension. Ventricular tachycardia was completely
      suppressed by intravenous phentolamine, which contrasted with the limited
      effectiveness of intravenous lignocaine and procainamide. Sublingual glyceryl
      trinitrate or inhaled amyl nitrate reduced the blood pressure to a level similar
      to that after phentolamine but had no effect on the ventricular tachycardia.
      Ventricular tachycardia was probably produced by humoral or neural stimulation,
      or both, of upregulated myocardial alpha adrenoceptors.

PMID- 4005091
TI  - Resolution of right atrial thrombus shown by serial cross sectional
      echocardiography.
AB  - A 78 year old woman with congestive cardiac failure developed pulmonary embolism.
      Cross sectional echocardiography detected an undulating fusiform mass attached to
      the lateral wall of the right atrium and protruding through the tricuspid valve.
      Serial cross sectional echocardiograms showed a reduction in the size of the
      mass, and by three months the mass was immobile and attached by a broad base to
      the lateral atrial wall. The mass was assumed to be a thrombus, and treatment
      with heparin and oral anticoagulants appeared to prevent the development of
      further pulmonary emboli.

PMID- 4005092
TI  - Radiographic contrast agents in angiocardiography.

PMID- 4005093
TI  - Naloxone--paradox or panacea?

PMID- 4005094
TI  - Rectal induction of anaesthesia in children with methohexitone. Patient
      acceptability and clinical pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Rectal induction of anaesthesia with 10% methohexitone 100 mg ml-1 was used in 50
      healthy children, using a standard dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. The absorption
      of methohexitone was rapid and reliable: the children fell asleep within 10-15
      min. The plasma concentration peaked at 10-15 min and then decayed rapidly. The
      terminal half-life of rectal methohexitone was 1-2 h. Overall patient
      acceptability was good, and there were no major complications.

PMID- 4005095
TI  - Effects of the rectal administration of diazepam. Diazepam concentrations in
      children undergoing general anaesthesia.
AB  - Diazepam 1 mg/kg body weight was administered rectally to 14 children (11-22.5
      kg) before minor surgery under general anaesthesia. Administration in solution (n
      = 7) resulted in a rapid increase in serum concentrations which were maintained
      for 8 h. Administration by suppository (n = 7) resulted in significantly lower
      serum concentrations at 10 and 20 min, but higher concentrations at 2 h. At other
      intervals the concentrations did not differ from those reached after
      administration of diazepam in rectal solution. These results favour for use of a
      solution when rectal diazepam is used for premedication in children.

PMID- 4005096
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of a chlormethiazole infusion in combination with
      extradural anaesthesia.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of an infusion of chlormethiazole 30-40 ml min-1 were
      studied in six patients following an extradural injection of 2% lignocaine. There
      were small but statistically significant decreases in mean arterial pressure and
      left ventricular ejection time during the infusion. Increases in the pre-ejection
      period were noted, but there were no significant changes in cardiac output,
      stroke volume or heart rate. Patient acceptance was high. It is concluded that
      sedation with an infusion of chlormethiazole, during surgery carried out under
      extradural anaesthesia, has no clinically adverse cardiovascular effects.

PMID- 4005097
TI  - Continuous monitoring of blood glucose concentration during open-heart surgery.
AB  - Continuous monitoring of blood glucose concentration was compared with frequent
      intermittent sampling in 12 non-diabetic adult patients undergoing open-heart
      surgery with cardiopulmonary by-pass using priming fluids free of glucose.
      Continuous monitoring revealed several changes which were not detected on
      intermittent sampling. Blood glucose concentration decreased by 2 mmol litre-1 +/
      0.5 (SEM) (P less than 0.01) immediately on the institution of CPB, and
      increased during the succeeding minutes. Rewarming from hypothermic by-pass was
      associated with a 3 (+/- 0.5)-mmol litre-1 increase in blood glucose
      concentration (P less than 0.01). Commencement of infusions of sympathomimetic
      agents resulted in a similar increase.

PMID- 4005098
TI  - Rapid induction of halothane anaesthesia in man.
AB  - The cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic responses of nine healthy volunteers,
      breathing concentrations of 1-4% halothane in oxygen, were studied. Supine
      fasting subjects breathing room air exhaled to residual volume and then inhaled a
      vital capacity breath of 1, 2, 3 or 4% halothane in oxygen. After a breath-hold
      of 30-90 s they exhaled and then breathed spontaneously the same anaesthetic
      mixture for up to 2 min. The electrocardiogram, arterial pressure, heart sounds
      and arterial oxygen saturation, were monitored, and respiratory gases were
      analysed by mass spectrometry. The maximum effect was seen after breathing 4%
      halothane. All volunteers were amnesic after the first breath and unresponsive to
      command after 2 min. Little or no excitement occurred. A maximum decrease of 12
      mm Hg in systolic pressure was seen while breathing 4% halothane. Bradycardia,
      hypoxia and clinically important hypercarbia did not occur. At all inspired
      concentrations of halothane, the end-tidal halothane concentration increased
      rapidly and was 30% of the inspired value after 1 min. No volunteer found this
      technique to be unpleasant. Rapid induction of general anaesthesia with 2-4%
      halothane in oxygen is effective, safe and well accepted by healthy young adults.

PMID- 4005099
TI  - Differential nerve blocking activity of amino-ester local anaesthetics.
AB  - The in vitro sensitivities to local anaesthetic blockade of A, B and C nerve
      fibres in rabbit vagus nerves were examined using a series of structurally
      similar amino-ester agents which varied in lipid solubility and anaesthetic
      potency. A fibres were found to be the most sensitive and C fibres the least
      sensitive to conduction blockade with all the agents, provided that equilibrium
      blockade was allowed to develop. A correlation existed between the intrinsic
      anaesthetic potency of the various agents and their lipid solubilities.
      Equipotent concentrations of the drugs blocked C fibres at approximately the same
      rate, but there were marked variations in the rate at which A fibres were
      blocked. Amethocaine, an agent of high lipid solubility, blocked A fibres more
      quickly than C. As lipid solubility decreased through the series studied, so the
      onset of conduction blockade of A fibres was prolonged. It is suggested that this
      related to decreasing ability to penetrate the lipid diffusion barriers around A
      fibres. The traditional view that C fibres were more sensitive to block may have
      arisen because of confusion between absolute sensitivity and rate of development
      of conduction blockade.

PMID- 4005100
TI  - Nitrous oxide and wound healing.
AB  - Following a paravertebral surgical incision, mature, female rats under ether
      anaesthesia were exposed to either 3% nitrous oxide, continuously for 48 h, or
      50% nitrous oxide, 4 h each day for 7 days. For each exposure group, a similar
      number of rats was exposed to atmospheres containing no nitrous oxide. Wound
      healing was assessed by measurement of the breaking strengths of wound samples.
      No statistically significant influence on breaking strength could be attributed
      to nitrous oxide following either exposure sequence.

PMID- 4005101
TI  - Penbutolol and propranolol: a comparison of their effects on antipyrine clearance
      in man.
AB  - The effects of two beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, penbutolol (administered on
      separate occasions as (+/-)- and (-)-forms) and propranolol, on the kinetics of
      antipyrine were studied in eight normal subjects. At the same degree of beta
      adrenoceptor blockade, as assessed by the lowering of exercise tachycardia,
      propranolol decreased antipyrine clearance by 31 +/- 11 s.d.% (P less than 0.001)
      whereas neither of the two penbutolol formulations had a significant effect. The
      volume of distribution of antipyrine was unchanged following any of the beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist treatments. The lack of effect of penbutolol on oxidative
      drug metabolism is not consistent with in vitro data suggesting a relationship
      between the lipid solubility of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and inhibition of
      metabolism.

PMID- 4005102
TI  - Acute haemodynamic effects of ibopamine in patients with severe congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - Ten patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), in III and IV NYHA Class, were
      treated orally with a single dose of ibopamine ranging from 1.2-3.3 mg/kg, and
      were studied using the Swan-Ganz catheter and thermodilution technique. Cardiac
      index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) were increased, and mean pulmonary
      pressure (PAP), systemic vascular resistances (SVR) were lowered. Ibopamine
      increased CI (+33%) and SVI (+26%), and decreased PAP (-17%) and SVR (-24%). All
      changes were statistically significant. The maximum haemodynamic effect occurred
      180 min after ibopamine administration. Blood pressure and heart rate were
      unaffected. Tolerability was good. This study shows that ibopamine when orally
      administered to human subjects improves cardiac performance and further
      investigations on its use as a therapeutic agent in the long term treatment of
      CHF are recommended.

PMID- 4005103
TI  - Comparison of the effects of chronic administration of ciclazindol and
      desipramine on pupillary responses to tyramine, methoxamine and pilocarpine in
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - Twenty-nine healthy volunteers participated in an experiment lasting for 8 weeks:
      Phase I (2 weeks)--pre-treatment control period; Phase II (4 weeks)--medication
      with either ciclazindol hydrochloride (50 mg twice daily), or desipramine
      hydrochloride (50 mg twice daily) or lactose placebo (twice daily) administered
      in a single-blind fashion; Phase II (2 weeks)--recovery. Experimental sessions
      took place twice weekly for the photographic assessment of resting pupil
      diameter, and for the assessment of one of the following pupillary responses:
      mydriatic response to methoxamine, mydriatic response to tyramine, miotic
      response to pilocarpine. Resting pupil diameter increased during medication with
      either ciclazindol or desipramine. Methoxamine-evoked mydriasis and tyramine
      evoked mydriasis were antagonized by both ciclazindol and desipramine.
      Pilocarpine-evoked miosis was potentiated by both ciclazindol and desipramine.
      The steady-state plasma levels (mean +/- s.e. mean) of the antidepressants were:
      ciclazindol: 5.90 +/- 0.74 microM; desipramine: 0.60 +/- 0.17 microM. The
      antagonism of methoxamine-evoked mydriasis is likely to reflect the blockade of
      postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the iris by the antidepressants, whereas
      the antagonism of tyramine-evoked mydriasis may reflect both the blockade of
      uptake of tyramine into presynaptic adrenergic terminals and the blockade of
      postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. There is no immediate explanation for the
      potentiation of pilocarpine-evoked miosis by the two antidepressants.

PMID- 4005104
TI  - Stereoselective disposition of ibuprofen enantiomers in man.
AB  - This study has examined the stereoselective disposition of the enantiomers of
      ibuprofen in four healthy male subjects following separate administration of
      racemic ibuprofen (800 mg) and of each enantiomer (400 mg). A mean of 63 +/- 6%
      of an administered dose of R(-) ibuprofen was stereospecifically inverted to the
      S(+) enantiomer. There were no measurable inversion of the S(+) to R(-)
      ibuprofen. The kinetics of the individual enantiomers were altered by concurrent
      administration of the respective optical antipode. It is likely that this change
      reflects an interaction between the enantiomers at plasma protein binding sites.
      It was found that formation of ester glucuronide conjugates stereoselectively
      favoured the S(+) enantiomer. The data have demonstrated that the
      pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen and other alpha-methylarylacetic acids cannot be
      interpreted adequately without studying the pharmacokinetics of the individual
      enantiomers.

PMID- 4005105
TI  - The effects of age and sex on the disposition of acetylsalicylic acid and its
      metabolites.
AB  - The disposition of a low dose (600 mg) of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and its
      metabolites (salicylate, salicyluric acid and salicyl glucuronides) was studied
      in 25 male and female patients of different ages. Plasma levels of ASA and
      salicylate were found to be significantly higher in the females (young and
      elderly), whereas plasma levels of salicyluric acid were found to be
      significantly higher in the elderly (male and female) groups. The higher plasma
      levels of ASA and salicylate in the females appear to be due to an intrinsically
      lower metabolic activity in that sex, while the lower clearance of salicyluric
      acid leads to the accumulation of that compound in the aged. No age and sex
      effects were found to influence the volumes of distribution of ASA, salicylate
      and salicyluric acid.

PMID- 4005106
TI  - Specific antagonism of adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma by oral
      theophylline.
AB  - The airway response to increasing concentrations of inhaled-adenosine and
      histamine after oral theophylline or matched placebo was studied in nine
      asthmatic subjects. Changes in airway calibre were followed as sGaw and FEV1 and
      concentration-response curves constructed. Inhaled adenosine caused concentration
      related bronchoconstriction and was four-five times less potent than inhaled
      histamine. Theophylline, which achieved a mean plasma level of 15.9 and 16.6
      micrograms/ml on the histamine and adenosine study days respectively, caused
      significant increases in FEV1 (17%) and sGaw (41-53%) whereas placebo had no
      effect. Theophylline also protected the airways against histamine-and adenosine
      induced bronchoconstriction. However theophylline had a greater protective effect
      against adenosine (concentration-ratio 17.4 for FEV1 and 12.8 for sGaw) than
      against histamine (concentration ratio 5.6 for FEV1 and 5.4 for sGaw (P less than
      0.05]. At therapeutic concentrations theophylline is a specific antagonist of the
      airway effects of adenosine in addition to being a bronchodilator and a
      functional antagonist.

PMID- 4005107
TI  - Antipyrine clearance in children from single saliva samples.
AB  - The saliva clearance of antipyrine was measured in 18 children from four samples
      taken about 9, 13, 22 and 25 h after ingestion of 20 mg kg-1. Antipyrine
      clearance determined from each of the samples using a volume of distribution
      estimated from age (A) and body weight (BW) and height (BH) (V = 1.535 X A +
      0.339 X BW + 0.300 X BH - 35.63 (1] correlated closely with clearance determined
      from the total elimination curve (r greater than 0.94). Random variation and
      systematic deviation were minimal when the 22 h sample was used for clearance
      determination (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001, regression curve slope = 1.00,
      intercept = 0.58 and residual variance = 4.02). The one-sample method for
      determination of antipyrine saliva clearance is non-invasive, easy to perform and
      acceptable to children.

PMID- 4005109
TI  - Influence of chronic dosing on theophylline clearance.

PMID- 4005108
TI  - Posture and theophylline kinetics.
AB  - The effect of posture on theophylline kinetics was examined in six healthy men
      who took 450 mg slow-release aminophylline orally at the same time of day on two
      separate occasions. On one day they remained standing and on the other supine
      throughout. Plasma theophylline was measured hourly for 6 h from ingestion. Mean
      theophylline levels were significantly higher in the standing position at all
      times (P less than 0.01). We conclude that diurnal variation in theophylline
      kinetics can be explained, at least in part, by differences in posture.

PMID- 4005110
TI  - Influence of chronic dosing on theophylline clearance.

PMID- 4005111
TI  - Investigation of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of man. II.
      Metoprolol in the jejunum and ileum.
AB  - Absorption of metoprolol in jejunum and ileum was investigated in eight healthy
      subjects using an intestinal perfusion technique below an occlusive balloon. An
      isotonic saline solution, with or without metoprolol, was perfused at a flow rate
      of 10 ml/min, either at the angle of Treitz or in the middle part of the ileum.
      The absorption in a 30 cm intestinal segment was evaluated at metoprolol
      concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 mg/l. Metoprolol did not affect gut motility.
      Metoprolol was similarly absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. The absorption rates
      appeared to be linearly related to the perfusion rates and to the mean
      concentration in the segment, indicating a first-order kinetic process. The
      absorption rate of metoprolol perfused in the jejunum in a saline solution
      appeared to be lower than that observed after gastric administration of the drug
      incorporated in a meal. The findings in this and other studies in this series
      indicate that metoprolol is similarly absorbed throughout the small intestine.

PMID- 4005112
TI  - Investigation of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of man. III.
      Metoprolol in the colon.
AB  - The colonic absorption of metoprolol was indirectly evaluated by measuring drug
      appearance in plasma following intravenous, jejunal or colonic infusion in six
      healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol and urinary
      excretion of the main metabolites were also measured. Plasma profiles of
      metoprolol after colonic and jejunal perfusion were similar, and the relative
      bioavailabilities of the drug from these two regions of the gut were not
      significantly different. The concentrations of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol, the major
      metabolite in plasma, were similar after jejunal and colonic perfusion, but
      higher than those observed after intravenous administration. The percentage of
      the dose recovered in urine over 24 h as two metabolites was not significantly
      influenced by the route of administration.

PMID- 4005114
TI  - Investigation of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of man. V.
      Effect of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, metoprolol, on postprandial gastric
      function.
AB  - The role of the adrenergic system in normal gastric function was assessed in five
      healthy volunteers by measuring gastric secretion and emptying after a mixed meal
      containing a non-absorbable marker, [14C]-PEG 4000, with and without 100 mg of
      metoprolol, a beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Intraduodenal perfusion of PEG
      4000, and gastric and jejunal sampling was achieved by means of a
      gastrointestinal intubation technique. Gastric function was assessed from the
      degree of dilution of the duodenal marker. Analysis of acid content by titration
      allowed the gastric acid secretory rate to be determined. Gastric emptying of a
      meal over 4 h was similar with and without metoprolol, the time to 50% emptying
      being 100 min. In the presence of metoprolol, gastric acid content was
      significantly increased during the late postprandial period producing a
      corresponding increase in acid load delivered to the duodenum. beta 1
      adrenoceptor blockade appears to prolong the gastric secretory response to food
      without altering gastric emptying.

PMID- 4005113
TI  - Investigation of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of man. IV.
      Influence of food and digestive secretions on metoprolol jejunal absorption.
AB  - The influence of nutrients and digestive secretions on the intestinal absorption
      and bioavailability of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, metoprolol, was
      investigated in an isolated segment of jejunum using an intestinal perfusion
      technique. Two solutions containing metoprolol, one with, and one without
      nutrients, were perfused into the jejunum with an occluding balloon inflated or
      deflated. Jejunal fluid, blood and urine samples were then collected for drug or
      metabolite estimation. In the segment studied, metoprolol absorption from the
      nutrient solution was four times that observed during perfusion of the saline
      solution. Bile salts did not enhance drug absorption. Both in the presence and
      absence of nutrients, a linear relationship was observed between the computed
      cumulative amount of drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the
      resulting plasma concentration at each sampling time, indicating that first-pass
      loss was not saturated. This result was also reflected in the similarity of the
      AUC:dose ratios, and in the lack of effect of nutrients on the metabolism of the
      drug.

PMID- 4005115
TI  - Oxprenolol absorption in man after single bolus dosing into two segments of the
      colon compared with that after oral dosing.
AB  - The systemic availability of oxprenolol after colonic and oral administration has
      been compared in a crossover study involving six healthy male volunteers. Drug
      administration into two regions of the colon (caecum and left flexure) was
      achieved by means of a colonoscopic technique. There were no obvious differences
      in plasma concentrations after drug administration to the caecum and left
      flexure, although in one subject it was necessary to repeat colonic
      administration because of unexpectedly high plasma drug levels on the first
      occasion. The possible reasons for this abnormal response are discussed. The mean
      systemic availability of oxprenolol was 82% after colonic compared with oral
      dosing, although marked differences were observed in individual plasma levels
      following drug administration by the two routes. The results of this study
      support the concept of extending the duration of oxprenolol release from a rate
      controlled dosage form to permit once-daily administration with this short
      elimination half-life drug.

PMID- 4005116
TI  - Concentration-effect relationship of oxprenolol in healthy volunteers: a
      retrospective analysis.
AB  - A mathematical model describing the relationship between plasma concentrations of
      oxprenolol and submaximal-exercise heart rates has been developed on the basis of
      data available from 34 healthy volunteers. This relationship, which is
      exponential in type, is consistent with the 'law of diminishing returns', and is
      independent of the pharmaceutical formulations used; it appears to be established
      instantaneously, and is not modified by repeated drug administration over 8 days.
      At oxprenolol concentrations of 190-250 ng/ml, between half and three-quarters of
      the subjects investigated reached 90% of their estimated maximum levels of beta
      adrenoceptor blockade.

PMID- 4005117
TI  - In vitro and in vivo deconvolution assessment of drug release kinetics from
      oxprenolol Oros preparations.
AB  - The relationship between in vitro and in vivo drug release from Oros systems has
      been examined by analysing plasma concentration data from two pharmacokinetic
      studies, using a numerical deconvolution technique. This method generates an
      input profile by comparing the response with that achieved following an
      instantaneous reference unit dose. The approach is conceptually simple and does
      not require compartmental pharmacokinetic modelling or curve fitting. In the
      analysis of the first study, the plasma profile following intravenous dosing was
      used as the reference function, allowing the combined release/absorption process
      to be calculated; for the second, an oral bolus was used, the result of the
      deconvolution therefore indicating the in vivo dissolution rate of the Oros
      systems. The in vivo release from Oros in most volunteers followed the same
      pattern as that measured in vitro; only after 6-8 h was the decline in the in
      vivo release rate somewhat greater than expected. In a few individuals the
      cumulative absorption profile reached an early plateau level which coincided, on
      some but not all occasions, with the premature excretion of the Oros system from
      the body. The amount of drug in recovered systems agreed reasonably with the
      prediction of the deconvolution analysis.

PMID- 4005118
TI  - Pharmacokinetic investigation of the absorption of oxprenolol from Oros delivery
      systems in healthy volunteers: comparison of in vivo and in vitro drug release.
AB  - The absorption kinetics of oxprenolol have been investigated in eight healthy
      volunteers after single dosing with 16/260 Oros drug delivery systems. Oxprenolol
      disposition kinetics in individual subjects were estimated from intravenous dose
      data. Loo-Riegelman analysis of the plasma concentration data indicated an
      extended duration of drug absorption for the Oros system. Initially, the in vivo
      absorption rate was similar to the in vitro release rate but after 5-6 h it
      slowed perceptibly. However, at later times similar in vivo and in vitro rates
      were again observed. The absolute bioavailabilities for prototype and clinical
      trial systems were shown to be similar, at approximately 42%, and no significant
      differences in plasma profiles or pharmacokinetic constants were detected between
      the two Oros forms. A comparison of plasma concentration data in seven subjects
      who received the prototype system on two occasions in separate studies indicated
      a consistent level of drug absorption from this preparation. Approximately 10-15%
      of the administered dose was found in Oros systems recovered from faeces. The
      quantity of drug remaining was poorly correlated with the observed areas under
      the plasma concentration-time curve.

PMID- 4005119
TI  - Single-dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of polymer-matrix
      (Slow Trasicor) and Oros dosage forms of oxprenolol in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Oxprenolol was administered in single doses by mouth to healthy volunteers either
      in a polymer-matrix slow-release formulation (Slow Trasicor) or in osmotic drug
      delivery systems (oxprenolol Oros). Plasma oxprenolol concentrations and heart
      rates after exercise were measured. Plasma concentrations of the drug were
      maximal at 3 h but negligible at 24 h after administration of Slow Trasicor.
      Following ingestion of the Oros systems measurable concentrations were maintained
      throughout 24 h. Significant reduction of exercise-induced tachycardia persisted
      for 24 h after administration of oxprenolol Oros. With Slow Trasicor heart rate
      responses had returned to baseline values by this time. The osmotic drug-delivery
      systems appear to sustain significant beta-adrenoceptor blockade for 24 h after a
      single oral dose.

PMID- 4005120
TI  - A multiple dose comparative study of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      behaviour of polymer-matrix and Oros dosage forms of oxprenolol in healthy
      volunteers.
AB  - A new osmotic drug delivery system (Oros) has been evaluated in multiple-dose
      studies in young healthy volunteers as a sustained-release vehicle for once-daily
      administration of oxprenolol. Two Oros systems were examined in two separate
      studies, one containing 170 mg oxprenolol succinate with an initial zero-order
      release rate of 10 mg/h, and the other containing 260 mg oxprenolol succinate
      with an initial release rate of 16 mg/h. These were compared respectively with
      conventional oxprenolol hydrochloride (Trasicor) 80 mg twice daily and polymer
      matrix oxprenolol hydrochloride (Slow Trasicor) 160 mg once daily. Variations in
      mean plasma levels and beta-adrenoceptor blockade (measured by inhibition of
      exercise tachycardia) were considerably reduced on the 10/170 Oros once-daily
      compared with the Trasicor 80 mg twice-daily regimen. With both formulations
      there was no significant change in mean plasma concentrations or areas under the
      curve after 8 days' treatment, and similar pre-dose plasma concentrations were
      obtained. There was significant inhibition of exercise tachycardia throughout 24
      h after the 10/170 Oros on the eighth day. The 16/260 Oros system gave smoother
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and on repeated dosing a higher
      mean pre-dose plasma oxprenolol concentration than Slow Trasicor. Drug
      availability was similar for the two dose forms, suggesting an acceptable level
      of absorption of oxprenolol from most of the gastrointestinal tract. On the
      eighth day exercise heart rate was significantly reduced throughout 24 h with
      16/260 oxprenolol Oros, but only between 1 and 15 h with Slow Trasicor.

PMID- 4005121
TI  - Reproducibility of oxprenolol plasma concentrations in young female volunteers
      following oral administration of an oxprenolol Oros dosage form.
AB  - Plasma oxprenolol concentrations were measured in six young healthy female
      volunteers after single oral dosing with a 16/260 oxprenolol Oros system on three
      separate occasions. Reproducibility was assessed by comparing individual plasma
      profiles, areas under the curve, peak concentrations and times to peak. Plasma
      concentration-time profiles were consistent with an extended duration of drug
      release from the Oros system. Individual and mean profiles on the three occasions
      were similar, and no significant differences in mean plasma levels, or derived
      pharmacokinetic parameters, were detected. The mean amount of drug in eight
      systems recovered from faeces corresponded to 11% of the dose. Individual amounts
      were related to the total transit time of the system through the body. The 16/260
      Oros system functioned reproducibly within the gastrointestinal tract, and in
      vivo absorption mirrored in vitro drug release.

PMID- 4005122
TI  - Influence of food intake on plasma oxprenolol concentrations following oral
      administration of conventional and Oros preparations.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of oxprenolol have been measured in six healthy volunteers
      following single-dose oral administration of the drug in conventional and Oros
      dosage forms in fasting and postprandial states. After the Oros system, plasma
      concentrations reached peaks in most subjects at 3-8 h after dosing and were
      approximately 25% of those achieved with the conventional tablet. Plasma
      concentrations were well sustained for at least 24 h. A secondary peak occurred
      consistently at 12 h, possibly reflecting a transient change in clearance and/or
      distribution of the drug following the evening meal. With each formulation,
      plasma drug concentration profiles following administration in the fasting state
      did not differ significantly from those obtained when the drug was given
      postprandially. Drug absorption in vivo corresponded reasonably closely with in
      vitro drug release from the Oros system.

PMID- 4005123
TI  - Gastrointestinal transit of Oros drug delivery systems in healthy volunteers: a
      short report.
AB  - Transit times for oxprenolol and metoprolol Oros drug delivery systems through
      the gastrointestinal tract have been measured in 35 individuals in six separate
      studies. A total of 45 systems were recovered in a median time of 27.4 h;
      individual transit times varied from 5.1 to 58.3 h. The residual amount of drug
      in recovered systems was inversely related to transit time and corresponded
      closely with the amount estimated from in vitro dissolution profiles.

PMID- 4005124
TI  - Exercise and resting blood pressure and heart rate changes 24 h after dosing in
      patients with essential hypertension receiving 16/260 oxprenolol Oros once daily.
AB  - Nineteen patients receiving oxprenolol slow-release (SR) 160 mg (three patients)
      or 320 mg (16 patients) once daily for mild to moderate hypertension were treated
      with oxprenolol Oros 16/260 once daily for 3 weeks following a 2 week placebo
      wash-out period. Repeated dosing with both Oros and SR oxprenolol preparations,
      in comparison with placebo, significantly reduced supine systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures, and pulse rate at 24 h after dosing. Single Oros doses also
      significantly reduced pulse rate and diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure
      at 24 h. The reduction in supine systolic blood pressure was greater during
      repeated dosing with oxprenolol SR than after a single dose of the Oros
      preparation. Control of supine diastolic blood pressure (less than or equal to 90
      mm Hg) at 24 h after dosing was achieved in 13 out of 18 patients with oxprenolol
      SR (two out of three patients given 160 mg, and 11 out of 15 given 320 mg).
      Similar control was achieved in 11 out of 18 patients after a single dose of
      oxprenolol Oros, and in 13 out of 17 patients treated for 3 weeks. The mean
      percentage reduction in exercise heart rate (EHR) compared to placebo, at 24 h
      after dosing, was 16% following Oros treatment for 3 weeks, and 12% following SR
      administration. After a single dose of oxprenolol Oros EHR, was reduced by 9% at
      24 h compared to placebo. At 3 weeks the Oros formulation was significantly
      better than the SR tablet at reducing EHR. Oxprenolol Oros 16/260 was effective
      over 24 h and well tolerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005125
TI  - Osmotically controlled-delivery of metoprolol in man: in vivo performance of Oros
      systems with different durations of drug release.
AB  - In vivo absorption from 19/190 and 19/285 metoprolol Oros drug delivery systems
      has been assessed by measuring plasma drug concentrations after single
      administration of the systems to six healthy volunteers. The initial in vitro
      release rate for both Oros preparations was 19 mg/h but they contained 190 or 285
      mg of metoprolol fumarate. The plasma concentration-time profiles for both Oros
      dosage forms were consistent with an extended duration of release and absorption
      from the gastrointestinal tract. Analysis of the plasma level data indicated that
      the rate and duration of in vivo absorption closely mirrored the in vitro release
      behaviour of the 19/190 and 19/285 systems, but the in vivo profiles showed a 1-2
      h initial delay. The administration of the 19/190 system on two occasions to the
      same six volunteers indicated that in vivo release of drug from this Oros
      preparation was reproducible.

PMID- 4005126
TI  - Influence of site of drug delivery on the systemic availability of metoprolol:
      comparison of intragastric infusion and 14/190 Oros administration.
AB  - The influence of the site of drug delivery on the systemic availability of
      metoprolol has been evaluated by measuring plasma drug concentrations in six
      healthy volunteers after administration of a continuous 13.5 h intragastric
      infusion and a 14/190 Oros controlled-release dosage form, on two separate
      occasions. The same total amount of drug was administered at the same rate on
      both occasions but the Oros system moved through the gut whereas the site of the
      infusion was constant. The differences between treatments were confined largely
      to the period 6-15 h after dosing when lower plasma concentrations were obtained
      after administration of the Oros system. The levels after 20 h were higher for
      Oros, however, reflecting its longer duration of drug release. The amount of drug
      reaching the circulation was 19.8% less for the Oros preparation compared with
      intragastric infusion but this was not due to incomplete release since the
      residual amounts of drug in three systems recovered from faeces corresponded to
      less than 12% of the administered dose. Analysis of the plasma profiles by the
      Wagner-Nelson method indicated a reasonable agreement between in vitro release
      and in vivo absorption. The appearance of drug in plasma was delayed for both
      treatments, and for Oros the apparent absorption rate slowed 6 h after dosing.
      Plasma profiles after 14/190 metoprolol Oros were consistent with prolonged in
      vivo delivery and absorption from the gut. The absorption process, however, was
      associated with some reduction both in the rate, after 6 h, and in the total
      amount reaching the circulation.

PMID- 4005127
TI  - Comparison of single-dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of two
      metoprolol Oros systems with different initial zero-order release rates.
AB  - Plasma concentrations and haemodynamic effects at rest and during exercise have
      been measured in six healthy volunteers after single oral dosing with two Oros
      drug delivery systems containing 190 mg metoprolol fumarate but with initial
      release rates of 14 and 19 mg/h, respectively. Sub-maximal exercise heart rates
      were attenuated by both Oros systems throughout most of the 30 h study period but
      no significant differences were detected between the 14/190 and 19/190 forms.
      Resting pulse rates and blood pressure were similarly affected by the Oros
      preparations. Approximately the same amount of drug reached the circulation from
      the Oros systems, but the 19/190 form produced higher peak concentrations at
      earlier times after dosing. At 24 h higher plasma concentrations were observed
      for the 14/190 preparation, reflecting its longer duration of drug release. There
      was no apparent advantage of one form over the other as regards haemodynamic
      response. The reduced peak plasma concentration with 14/190 Oros may, however, be
      an advantage in terms of tolerability.

PMID- 4005128
TI  - Oros controlled-release formulations of metoprolol: an approach to the
      development of a system for once daily administration.
AB  - A combined biopharmaceutical and haemodynamic approach to the development of a
      metoprolol Oros controlled-release delivery system for once daily administration
      is reported. Two studies, each involving 18 healthy volunteers, were performed in
      which twice daily administration of 100 mg conventional metoprolol tartrate
      tablets was compared with once daily administration of Oros systems containing
      190 mg metoprolol fumarate but with different drug release rates. Plasma drug
      concentrations and beta-adrenoceptor blocking effects were measured over 24 h on
      days 1 and 5 of each treatment, and pre-dose in the interval between the main
      study days. The results of the first study with a 19 mg/h Oros system indicated
      that this rate was too rapid to provide the required response under steady-state
      dosing conditions. Theoretical calculations based on a one-compartment
      pharmacokinetic model and input functions for hypothetical Oros systems were then
      performed to define the optimal release rate for a once daily preparation. The
      results of the second study confirmed that a 14 mg/h system possessed the
      required characteristics in that it maintained more uniform beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade throughout 24 h, and produced pre-dosing plasma concentrations and
      haemodynamic effects which were identical to those for the conventional tablet
      twice daily regimen.

PMID- 4005129
TI  - A multiple dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of conventional
      and 19/285 Oros formulations of metoprolol in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Plasma metoprolol concentrations and haemodynamic effects have been measured in
      six healthy male volunteers during once daily dosing with a 19/285 Oros system
      and twice daily dosing with 100 mg conventional tablets, on two separate
      occasions. Plasma drug concentrations throughout the day varied less with the
      Oros than with the conventional tablet regimen. Predosing concentrations were
      also higher with Oros but areas under the curve, after correcting for the
      differences in dose, were similar for the two preparations. Inhibition of
      exercise tachycardia was drug concentration dependent and was smoothly controlled
      through the day only with the Oros preparation. Predosing effects at steady-state
      were also greater for the Oros regimen. The decline in mean blood pressure,
      however, showed the same daily pattern for both regimens, and no significant
      differences were detected between Oros and conventional tablet treatments. The
      smoothness of the plasma profiles after Oros confirmed the controlled-release
      performance of the system in vivo and indicates its potential in the treatment of
      angina, cardiac arrhythmias and wherever it is important not to jeopardize steady
      selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade.

PMID- 4005130
TI  - Influence of food on the absorption of metoprolol administered as an Oros drug
      delivery system to man.
AB  - The influence of food on the release, absorption and metabolism of metoprolol has
      been studied after single administration of a 19/190 Oros system to eight healthy
      volunteers on four occasions, once after an overnight fast, and just before each
      of three daily meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner). The plasma concentration-time
      profiles under the four test conditions were virtually identical, and no
      statistically significant differences in mean areas under the curves between 0
      and 32 h, peak concentrations, or times to peak, were detected. The absorption of
      metoprolol was unaffected by food intake, with 80-90% of the amount absorbed
      reaching the systemic circulation within 10 h. The ratios of areas under the
      curve for alpha-hydroxymetoprolol to its parent drug were in the same range for
      the four treatments, and similar to those reported after conventional tablets.
      The in vivo release and absorption of drug from the Oros system and its systemic
      availability, were not influenced by concomitant ingestion of food.

PMID- 4005131
TI  - Oros drug delivery systems for the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists oxprenolol and
      metoprolol.

PMID- 4005132
TI  - Osmotic delivery systems for the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists metoprolol and
      oxprenolol: design and evaluation of systems for once-daily administration.
AB  - The essential features and mode of action of oral osmotic drug delivery systems
      (Oros) for metoprolol fumarate and oxprenolol succinate are described. Critical
      aspects in the development of systems for once-daily administration of both drugs
      are discussed, and methods for evaluating in vitro release characteristics are
      presented. In vitro testing confirmed that drug delivery corresponded closely to
      the theoretical release behaviour predicted from the physicochemical and membrane
      permeability characteristics for both oxprenolol and metoprolol systems. In vitro
      release rates were also shown to be unaffected by pH, in vitro test procedures,
      dissolution media and long-term storage at different temperatures.

PMID- 4005133
TI  - Gastric, intestinal and colonic absorption of metoprolol in the rat.
AB  - The absorption of metoprolol from the stomach, small intestine and colon of
      anaesthetized rats has been evaluated using an in situ technique. Absorption
      rates were measured in terms of the rate of disappearance of metoprolol fumarate
      from the lumen between 5 and 30 min after dosing. Adsorption was estimated from
      the initial rapid fall in luminal content within the first 5 min after drug
      administration. The rate of drug absorption from the stomach was low or
      negligible. In the small intestine, the absorption rate constants, ka, at pH 6.2
      and 7.5 were 0.66 and 0.81 h-1, respectively. In the colon, the rate of drug
      absorption at pH 7.5 was faster (ka = 1.21 h-1) than in other segments of the
      gut. Drug adsorption in the stomach amounted to 11% of the administered dose. In
      the small intestine adsorption was greater (16-22%), presumably because of the
      larger surface area in this segment of the gut, but in the colon adsorption was
      negligible.

PMID- 4005134
TI  - Evaluation of oxprenolol and metoprolol Oros systems in the dog: comparison of in
      vivo and in vitro drug release, and of drug absorption from duodenal and colonic
      infusion sites.
AB  - The performance of oxprenolol and metoprolol Oros systems has been evaluated in
      the dog. One study compared in vivo and in vitro release from both systems over 2
      14 h. The other compared the systemic availabilities of both drugs after 3 h
      infusion at a constant rate into the cephalic and hepatic portal veins, and into
      the lumen of the duodenum and colon. In the in vivo release studies, Oros systems
      were recovered throughout the gut from the stomach to the colon. The amounts of
      drug remaining in the systems corresponded closely to those measured in a
      parallel in vitro release experiment. In vitro testing is thus a reliable
      indicator of in vivo system performance. In the absorption studies, both
      metoprolol and oxprenolol were shown to be subject to substantial first-pass
      metabolism. Additionally, for metoprolol the data indicated a significant loss
      during transport from the gut lumen into the portal circulation. For both drugs
      the availability from the colon was equal to that from the duodenum. These
      results provide some justification for the development of oral dosage forms with
      extended durations of release even for drugs which undergo significant first-pass
      metabolism.

PMID- 4005135
TI  - Investigation of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of man. I.
      Metoprolol in the stomach, duodenum and jejunum.
AB  - Gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of the beta-adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol was
      investigated in five healthy subjects by means of an intubation method, employing
      a triple-lumen tube introduced into the intestine, and a twin-lumen tube in the
      stomach. Metoprolol was introduced into the stomach with a homogenized meal
      containing a nonabsorbable marker, [14C]-PEG 4000, and another marker, PEG 4000,
      was perfused continuously into the duodenum just below the pylorus. Samples of GI
      contents were collected at regular intervals over 4 h in the stomach and at two
      different levels in the upper small intestine. Metoprolol was not absorbed from
      the stomach. Approximately 60% of the amount of drug emptied from the stomach was
      absorbed from the duodenum; about 50% of that leaving the duodenum was absorbed
      from the first part of the jejunum. The delivery process was the rate-limiting
      factor of metoprolol absorption in these segments of the gut. Plasma
      concentrations reflected drug loss from the lumen and were higher in subjects
      exhibiting faster gastric emptying and higher absorption rates in the duodenum
      and jejunum. The intubation technique appeared to be a suitable method for
      investigating drug absorption from the GI tract in man.

PMID- 4005136
TI  - The free cytoplasmic calcium concentration of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic
      human somatic cell hybrids.
AB  - The fluorescent indicator of Ca2+ concentration, quin-2, has been used to measure
      the concentration of free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm of tumorigenic and non
      tumorigenic human somatic cell hybrids. The cell hybrids were derived from the
      fusion of a HeLa derivative (D98 AH2) and normal human fibroblasts. The calcium
      concentration of the tumorigenic cell lines was 180 +/- 7nM and the level in the
      non-tumorigenic cells was 136 +/- 6nM. This difference was statistically highly
      significant (P less than 0.001). Control experiments are reported which show that
      the level of 3a2+ measured is not influenced by cell density or by the
      concentration of quin-2-tetra-(acetoxymethyl)ester used in these experiments. The
      possible implications of this elevated level of cytoplasmic calcium in
      tumorigenic cells are discussed.

PMID- 4005137
TI  - Osteoclasts and the resorption of bone by transplanted mammary carcinoma in rats.
AB  - Rat mammary tumour cells were grafted to parietal bones as an experimental model
      to study the nature of bone resorption around metastatic carcinomas in the
      skeleton. After periods of growth of from 6 to 56 days bones and tumours were
      removed and embedded in epoxy resin. The appearances were compared with those
      found when whole parathyroid glands were grafted in similar positions. Tumours
      were evident in all animals at the time of death and some were palpable five days
      after grafting. In 15 of the 21 animals with tumour, osteoclasts and resorption
      were found, and in only two of these were the tumour cells not separated from the
      bone surfaces. In 6 animals killed between 6 and 12 days after grafting there was
      new bone formation without resorption. There were osteoclasts and resorption
      under the grafted parathyroid glands which were always separated from the
      resorbing cells by fibrous tissue. The appearances of the bone surfaces under the
      tumours and the parathyroid glands suggested that the resorption in both
      situations was similar, was brought about by the secretion of a locally active
      agent and mediated by osteoclasts. This is further support for the role of
      osteoclasts in bone resorption around metastatic carcinomas.

PMID- 4005138
TI  - Analysis of mammary tumour cell metastasis and release of bound n
      acetylneuraminic acid.
AB  - A tumour model consisting of the highly metastatic mammary 13762 parental line,
      the non-metastatic and 6-thioguanine-resistant (TgR) variant line, and two TgR
      revertant lines (TgRrev, TgRrevM) that were occasionally metastatic, were used to
      determine whether the release of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) was related to
      tumour metastasis. For comparative purposes, the occasionally metastatic R3230AC
      and the nonmetastatic DMBA8 tumour lines were studied. The NANA was considered to
      be in bound form, because acid hydrolysis was required to release it for high
      pressure liquid chromatographic analyses. Sera of animals bearing the 13762 and
      R3230AC tumours had high levels of bound NANA. No differences were found in serum
      NANA levels in animals bearing metastatic or non-metastatic R3230AC tumours. Low
      levels of bound NANA were found in animals bearing the other tumour lines
      regardless of whether metastasis occurred or not. The experiments in vitro
      substantiated the in vivo findings. The phenotypic expression of bound NANA
      shedding did not correlate well with metastatic potential of the mammary tumour
      line. Our analyses suggest that this phenotypic marker cannot be used as a
      reliable indicator of metastasis.

PMID- 4005139
TI  - A comparison of an immunological faecal occult blood test Fecatwin sensitive/FECA
      EIA with Haemoccult in population screening for colorectal cancer.
AB  - Two faecal occult blood tests, a simple chemical test Haemoccult and an
      immunological test, Fecatwin Sensitive/Feca EIA, were offered to 3,225
      asymptomatic individuals as screening for colorectal cancer. One thousand three
      hundred and four (44%) completed and returned the tests and of these 126 (9.7%)
      were found to be positive - Haemoccult 40 (3%) and Feca EIA 106 (8.1%). Five
      cancers (4 Dukes' Stage A, 1 Dukes' Stage C) and 23 adenomas greater than 1 cm
      were detected - rates of 3.8 per 1000 persons screened and 17.7 per 1000 persons
      screened respectively. Of the five cancers identified 5 were Feca EIA positive
      and 3 were Haemoccult positive. Of the 23 adenomas greater than 1 cm diameter
      identified, J1 were Feca EIA positive and 20 were Haemoccult positive. Seventy
      eight Feca EIA positive subjects were investigated and no neoplastic disease was
      identified. Whilst this sensitive immunological test increases the yield of
      carcinomas, the high false positive rate makes it unsuitable for population
      screening for colorectal cancer in its present form.

PMID- 4005140
TI  - Antibody guided lymphangiography in the staging of cervical cancer.
AB  - Iodine-123-labelled tumour associated monoclonal antibody HMFG2 was administered
      intralymphatically at a time that cannulation of pedal lymphatic vessels was
      performed for standard lymphangiography in 6 patients with cervical cancer. Gamma
      camera images were taken at 2 h and 24 h after injection of antibody and at a
      similar time that X-ray lymphangiography was performed. Five out of the 6
      standard lymphangiograms were reported as normal whilst one showed definite
      evidence of metastasis. Antibody guided analysis of the abnormal lymphangiogram
      confirmed the presence of abnormality. Also, marked non-specific uptake of
      antibody was seen on all lymphangiograms. It is concluded that, in order for
      monoclonal antibody guided lymphangiography to become a useful adjunct to
      standard lymphangiography, further improvements are needed to reduce non-specific
      uptake by normal lymphatics.

PMID- 4005141
TI  - Chemosensitivity measurements of human tumour cells by soft agar assays are
      influenced by the culture conditions.
AB  - To investigate the influence of culture conditions on the in vitro responses of
      tumour cells to anticancer drugs, the sensitivities observed with the soft agar
      methods of Hamburger & Salmon (1977) (H-S) and of Courtenay & Mills (1978) (C-M)
      were compared. In all cases the ID50 values were determined from dose-response
      curves. Six human tumour cell lines exposed to 10 different agents, and 9
      patients' melanomas exposed to 5 different agents, were examined. In the studies
      of cell lines the H-S method gave higher sensitivity values than the C-M method
      in 38 out of 52 cases, whereas in 14 cases the results were the same. In the
      patients' tumours the H-S method gave higher sensitivity in 21 of 35 cases, equal
      sensitivity in 11, and lower sensitivity in 3 cases. In many instances the ID50
      values obtained with the two test systems differed by factors of 10 or more, both
      in the case of cell lines and tumour specimens. Systematic alterations in the
      culture conditions indicated that the presence or absence of rat erythrocytes is
      the most important factor responsible for the differences observed. Also, other
      factors, such as supplements (in the H-S method) and the use of different serum
      types, appeared to influence both colony growth and chemosensitivity.

PMID- 4005142
TI  - Selective toxicity of 1-naphthol to human colorectal tumour tissue.
AB  - 1-Naphthol was selectively toxic to human colorectal tumours compared to
      corresponding normal colonic tissue removed at surgery and maintained in short
      term organ culture. Nineteen of 24 tumours studied have shown a significant
      differential response. Three human colonic adenocarcinoma xenografts, in the
      short-term organ culture system, displayed the same response to 1-naphthol as
      primary tumours removed at surgery. 1-Naphthol, 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone were
      also toxic to two human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines, LoVo and COLO 206. The
      selective toxicity of 1-naphthol is mediated in part through an accumulation of 1
      naphthol in the tumour tissue due to impaired conjugation by the tumour. The
      higher concentrations of 1-naphthol may then exert their toxicity either directly
      or by formation of naphthoquinones. Some indirect evidence was obtained for the
      possible involvement of 1,2- or 1,4-naphthoquinone in the cytotoxicity of 1
      naphthol. Our studies suggest that further studies are warranted of the possible
      use of 1-naphthol or related compounds as antitumour agents.

PMID- 4005143
TI  - Immunoreactive inhibin-like material in serum and gastric juice of patients with
      benign and malignant diseases of the stomach.
AB  - Immunoreactive inhibin-like material (ILM) was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA)
      in serum and gastric juice samples of 23 fasting normal men, 27 men with chronic
      superficial gastritis (CSG), and 21 men with carcinoma of stomach (5 for gastric
      analysis). Serum ILM levels in carcinoma of stomach patients (367 +/- 55.5 ng ml
      1) were significantly higher than in normal men (15.4 +/- 2.6 ng ml-1; P less
      than 0.01) and in patients with CSG (109.8 +/- 17.7 ng ml-1; P less than 0.05).
      Sixty two per cent and 86% of patients with carcinoma of stomach showed elevated
      ILM levels which were higher than the highest noted in patients with CSG and
      normal men respectively.

PMID- 4005144
TI  - Cancer incidence in Indian Christians.
AB  - Differences in habits, customs and ethnic characteristics have provided important
      leads for the study of cancer in Indian Christians. It is a sign of the times
      that some of the social customs rigidly upheld by the older generations are
      rapidly giving way to "Modernism". An attempt has been made to examine the
      differences found in the site-specific cancer risks in this community in Bombay.
      An analysis of the data has been made by sex and age-adjusted and age-specific
      incidence rates. The common sites of cancer were found to vary greatly between
      the Christian and non-Christian populations of Greater Bombay. In Christian
      males, the lung appears to be at highest risk, followed by the stomach,
      oesophagus and larynx, whilst in non-Christian males the oesophagus is the
      commonest site followed by the lung, larynx and tongue. In females, breast and
      cervical cancers, which occupy the first and second ranks in Christians reverse
      their position in non-Christian women.

PMID- 4005145
TI  - Analysis of the influence of tumour cell kinetics and host cells on cloning of
      human malignant effusions in semi-solid agar.

PMID- 4005146
TI  - Oestrogen receptors in primary breast cancer.

PMID- 4005147
TI  - Effect of macrophage inactivation on the neuropathology of lysolecithin-induced
      demyelination.
AB  - The effect of macrophage inactivation on lysolecithin-induced demyelination was
      studied. Adult rats were pretreated with a single intraperitoneal dose of 200 mg
      silica quartz dust, which selectively blocks the activity of circulating
      monocytes. Surgery was performed the following day and 2 microliters of 1%
      lysolecithin were injected intraspinally. The animals were perfused with
      aldehydes at 8 to 60 days postoperatively. Tissues were examined by optical and
      electron microscopy. The injection of lysolecithin produced a localized
      demyelinating lesion. Myelin debris in controls was phagocytosed by invading
      macrophages. Axons within the lesion appeared denuded. At later stages
      remyelination occurred. When animals were pretreated with silica, the macrophage
      response was remarkably reduced. The clearance of collapsed myelin was delayed.
      Accumulation of fluid within the sheaths resulted in tissue oedema and persistent
      spongiform changes. At 28 and 60 days postoperatively, increased fibrillary
      astrogliosis was observed but did not appear to interfere with remyelination. The
      findings of this study suggest that (a) active participation of macrophages is
      essential for the attainment of demyelination in the lysolecithin model and (b)
      treatment with silica prevents complete demyelination but has no apparent effect
      on remyelination.

PMID- 4005148
TI  - Excretion of radioactivity in faeces and urine of rats injected with 3H,14C
      lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - The route of excretion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its possible degradation
      in vivo was studied in rats using biosynthetically radiolabelled LPS from
      Salmonella abortus equi, carrying 3H activity exclusively in fatty acids and 14C
      activity in fatty acids and sugars. Following intravenous injection of the above
      LPS in AS2 rats with or without anaesthesia, excretion of radioactivity occurred
      mainly in the faeces and to smaller extent in urine. The rate of excretion was
      slow, a large part of the radioactivity being still present in the liver after 14
      days. In faeces the percent recovery of 3H (18%) was lower than that of 14C (32%)
      suggesting loss of tritium activity and thereby of fatty acids from the excreted
      LPS. A similar loss of tritium was also found in the material remaining in the
      liver and spleen 14 days after LPS administration. In urine the material
      recovered during 14 days (about 7% of injected) was different from the original
      LPS, 70% of 14C activity being dialysable and practically all 3H activity being
      volatile. Similar results were also obtained following administration of the LPS
      intraperitoneally under anaesthesia. However, when the LPS was administered
      intraperitoneally without anaesthesia, in the majority of the animals, 90% of 14C
      and 54% of 3H was excreted in faeces within 3 days, suggesting that both route of
      administration and use of anaesthesia during injection influence the subsequent
      rate of excretion of LPS.

PMID- 4005149
TI  - The permeability of normal, adenomatous, ulcerative colitic and malignant large
      bowel epithelial cell membranes to inulin.
AB  - We measured the permeability of normal, adenomatous, colitic and malignant large
      bowel epithelial cells by immersing fragments of large bowel mucosa in
      radiolabelled inulin and comparing autoradiograph grain density inside and
      outside cells after incubation. All the carcinomas studied showed extensive
      uptake of inulin within 5 min, while normal, adenomatous and colitic epithelial
      cells completely excluded inulin for 30 min. We found no difference in the
      proportion of epithelial cells incorporating uridine into RNA in carcinomatous
      and normal mucosa, and this suggests that the increased inulin permeability of
      carcinoma cell membranes was not due to leakage into non-viable cells.
      Experiments with cytochalasin B also showed that increased pinocytosis by
      carcinoma cells could not account for the difference. The relative impermeability
      of adenomatous and colitic cells suggests that increased permeability is not
      caused by increased proliferation. The consistent finding of increased
      permeability in the plasma membranes of carcinoma cells suggests that this may be
      more than an epiphenomenon of malignancy. It also suggests that measurement of
      cell permeability may have a role in distinguishing malignant from benign
      epithelial neoplasms.

PMID- 4005150
TI  - Some effects of plasmids coding for antibiotic resistance on the virulence of
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - The relative virulence of pairs of staphylococci differing in resistance plasmid
      content has been studied using the neonatal mouse weight gain test. Both clinical
      and laboratory strains were used which had undergone genetic manipulation, either
      curing for loss of plasmids or transduction for gain of plasmids. A difference in
      virulence was detected between two variants of S. aureus NCTC 8325 possessing
      different plasmids coding for penicillinase. However in most cases any form of
      genetic manipulation seemed to reduce the virulence of the staphylococcus. In the
      case of NCTC 9789 (PS 80) which was originally an epidemic strain, curing of a
      plasmid coding for cadmium resistance resulted in reduced virulence but original
      virulence could not be restored by transduction of the plasmid into the cured
      derivative.

PMID- 4005151
TI  - Cigarette smoke-induced injury of peritoneal mesothelial cells.
AB  - Cultured rat peritoneal mesothelial cells have been exposed to plasma obtained
      from healthy adult male volunteers before and after the smoking of two medium-tar
      cigarettes. The pre-smoking plasma had little effect on the mesothelial cells as
      observed by scanning electron microscopy. Post-smoking plasma produced extensive
      cellular damage evidenced by the production of blebs and microvillus-like
      structures on the cell surface. Some cells were also found to have a perforated
      luminal membrane. These results suggest that factors cytotoxic for these cells
      are present in plasma following exposure of humans to cigarette smoke.

PMID- 4005152
TI  - The effect of anthralin (dithranol) on mitochondria.
AB  - The short-term effect of topical application of anthralin (dithranol) on normal
      human skin was investigated by electron microscopy. Mitochondria appeared
      markedly damaged. By contrast other cellular structures, particularly the nuclear
      and cytoplasmic membranes were unchanged. In vitro experiments were therefore
      performed on isolated rat liver mitochondria and it was shown that anthralin acts
      as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. These results suggest that
      anthralin can inhibit the adenosine triphosphate supply in epidermal cells. This
      loss of energy supply in keratinocytes could explain, at least in part, the
      therapeutic efficiency of anthralin in psoriasis.

PMID- 4005153
TI  - The sequence of events in psoriatic plaque formation after tape-stripping.
AB  - The sequence of events leading to the formation of a psoriatic plaque induced by
      tape-stripping was studied using light and electron microscopy. Among the
      earliest changes noted were increased mobility of the epidermal Langerhans cells
      across the basement membrane, evidence of Langerhans cell-lymphocyte interaction,
      and increased Langerhans cells 'activity' or 'cytotoxicity'. These changes were
      seen as early as 2 min after stripping and remained until the development of
      clinical psoriasis. Collections of epidermal lymphocytes showing the features of
      blastoid transformation while in contact with processes from activated Langerhans
      cells, suggest the involvement of Ia antigens in this process. We postulate that
      these findings are a manifestation of an increased immune responsiveness to
      trauma, controlled by genes located at the HLA-D locus of the major
      histocompatibility complex, and mediated by enhanced cellular interactions. The
      appearance of basal keratinocyte herniations (BKH) at 1-3 weeks after stripping,
      coincided with the development of clinical psoriasis. Neutrophils made their
      appearance at the same time as, or slightly before, the appearance of BKH, and
      are suspected to play a role in the development of these structures. We believe
      that BKH maintain epidermal proliferation through the persistence of the
      epidermal-stromal interaction.

PMID- 4005154
TI  - Topical glucocorticoids and suppression of contact sensitivity. A mouse bioassay
      of anti-inflammatory effects.
AB  - A mouse model for assessment of the anti-inflammatory effect of topical
      glucocorticoids is described. Mice, sensitized to picryl chloride, had both ears
      painted with the sensitizer followed 2 hours later by the application of the
      topical steroid to one ear and the corresponding vehicle to the other. The
      contact sensitivity reaction, measured by swelling of the ear, was recorded 24
      hours later. Dilutions of the steroid formulations inhibited the ear swelling in
      a manner related to dose-response. Suppression of the contact sensitivity
      reaction of the vehicle-treated ear as well was regarded as a systemic effect of
      the glucocorticoid. There seems to be a good correlation between the efficacy of
      the topical steroids assessed in this mouse model and the vasoconstrictor test on
      intact human skin.

PMID- 4005155
TI  - The value of bacteriology and serology in the diagnosis of cellulitis and
      erysipelas.
AB  - Patients diagnosed as suffering from erysipelas or cellulitis were subjected to
      bacteriological and serological investigations. The serological tests used
      included the anti-streptolysin O reaction (ASO), the anti-deoxyribonuclease B
      test (ADB) and the anti-hyaluronidase tests (AHT) that are specific both for the
      group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) and for the human pyogenic
      streptococci of group C or group G. Antibody tests to the alpha-lysin and the
      nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus were also employed. Conventional
      bacteriological culture methods were used plus needle aspiration of injected
      saline in most patients with erysipelas, but recognized pathogens were isolated
      in only 42% of cases. Our results indicate the limitations of these tests for
      making initial diagnoses and deciding treatment. Serial serological testing was
      very successful in differentiating cellulitis due to group A, C or G haemolytic
      streptococci, or occasionally Staphylococcus aureus, but was positive in only 40%
      of cases of erysipelas.

PMID- 4005156
TI  - A case of eruptive keratoacanthoma treated by oral etretinate.
AB  - A 63-year-old woman with eruptive keratoacanthomas on sun-exposed skin is
      reported. Attempts were made to produce lesions by the application of a tumour
      homogenate to the scratched skin, followed by UV-B irradiation; this was positive
      in two out of three sites, but these factors were probably non-specific stimuli.
      Treatment with oral etretinate led to most of the tumours disappearing within a
      month. Recurrence was seen on stopping the drug. Recommencement of therapy
      followed by a maintenance dose of 10 mg on alternate days, has been associated
      with freedom from the skin lesions.

PMID- 4005157
TI  - Harlequin fetus successfully treated with etretinate.
AB  - A harlequin fetus seen at birth was treated with etretinate and more general
      measures, including careful attention to fluid balance, calorie intake and
      temperature control. She improved, continued to develop, and had survived to 5
      months at the time of this report.

PMID- 4005158
TI  - Chronic active hepatitis associated with etretinate therapy.
AB  - Acute hepatitis developed in a patient taking etretinate for severe psoriasis.
      Discontinuation of therapy was followed by progression of the histological
      changes to chronic active hepatitis, despite improvement of his clinical and
      laboratory status. This is the third reported case of chronic active hepatitis
      associated with etretinate therapy, and the second patient in our group of twenty
      two etretinate-treated patients with severe psoriasis to develop clinically
      significant hepatic disease. Immunological evaluation revealed a marked increase
      in the patient's OKMI-staining population of peripheral mononuclear cells and
      augmentation of Con A-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis in the presence of
      etretinate.

PMID- 4005159
TI  - Actinic superficial folliculitis; a new entity?
AB  - This paper describes two patients who developed an extensive superficial pustular
      folliculitis on the upper part of the breast, back, shoulders and lateral sides
      of the upper arms, starting within 24-36 h after exposure to sunlight.
      Bacteriological, immunohistopathological and photo-experimental investigations
      failed to reveal a cause for this sunlight-induced dermatosis, which seems not to
      have been hitherto described.

PMID- 4005160
TI  - Melanonychia induced by topical 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - Melanonychia was induced by the topical application of 5-fluorouracil in the
      treatment of periungual warts affecting two fingers. The pigmentation, involving
      the lunula of the nails of all fingers, was identical to that induced by
      systemically administered cytotoxic drugs.

PMID- 4005161
TI  - Generalized pruritus as a presentation of idiopathic haemochromatosis.

PMID- 4005162
TI  - Megaloblastic anaemia in psoriatic patients treated with methotrexate.

PMID- 4005163
TI  - Chronic active hepatitis and lichen planus.

PMID- 4005164
TI  - Thalidomide in the treatment of recurrent necrotic mucocutaneous aphthae.

PMID- 4005165
TI  - Retinoid-induced inhibition of growth and reduction of spreading of human
      epidermal cells in culture.
AB  - The effect of various retinoids (retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid, etretinate, 13
      cis-retinoic acid and an arotinoid, Ro-13-6298) on cultured human epidermal cells
      has been investigated. Cell growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by
      retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid, but to a lesser extent
      by etretinate. The arotinoid showed an enhancing effect on cell growth. The area
      of cells on the culture dish was reduced by all the retinoids in a dose-dependent
      fashion, but the arotinoid was especially active in this respect even at very low
      concentrations. The measurement of cell volume by cell size frequency analysis,
      using a Coulter counter channelyzer, showed no differences compared with control
      cultures, and so the reduction of cell area was considered to be due to reduced
      'spreading' of cells on the substrate. These results suggest that the retinoids
      interfere with cell-to-cell and cell-to-substratum attachment. It is possible
      that the change in membrane configuration is responsible for the inhibition of
      cell proliferation in our culture system.

PMID- 4005166
TI  - Circulating hyaluronate in psoriasis.
AB  - A radioassay method allowing measurements of low concentrations of circulating
      hyaluronate was used in a study of serum hyaluronate concentrations in 44
      patients with psoriasis. Twenty-three of them had only skin lesions and 21 had
      both skin lesions and arthropathy. In both of these groups significantly elevated
      serum levels of hyaluronate were found. The highest values were observed in those
      with widespread and active skin disease and/or active arthritis. Serum
      hyaluronate positively correlated with the plasma concentrations of alpha 1
      antitrypsin and haptoglobin and also with ESR, which may indicate a relationship
      between acute inflammation and increased production of hyaluronate. Seven
      patients with widespread atopic dermatitis included for comparison had normal
      hyaluronate values. In blister fluid from lesional skin in two patients with
      acute psoriasis, very high concentrations of hyaluronate were found, in
      comparison with the concentrations in blister fluid from non-involved skin. The
      increased concentration of serum hyaluronate in psoriasis indicates involvement
      of dermal and synovial tissue in psoriasis, in addition to the epidermal changes.

PMID- 4005167
TI  - The prevalence of accentuated palmoplantar markings and keratosis pilaris in
      atopic dermatitis, autosomal dominant ichthyosis and control dermatological
      patients.
AB  - The prevalence of keratosis pilaris and accentuated palmoplantar marking was
      evaluated in 61 patients with atopic dermatitis, 35 patients with dominant
      ichthyosis vulgaris and 247 other dermatological cases taken as controls. Our
      data showed that (1) these features are of no diagnostic significance for atopic
      dermatitis and (2) they are significantly more frequent in patients with
      ichthyosis vulgaris without associated eczema than in those with atopic
      dermatitis. Consequently, they should be considered as part of the phenotype of
      ichthyosis vulgaris rather than attributed to a concomitant atopic dermatitis as
      suggested by some. These findings should be taken into account when evaluating
      atopic dermatitis or ichthyosis. To assess the frequency of scaling under winter
      weather conditions, 155 control subjects were also examined for evidence of
      visible desquamation and 25.8% showed slight but definite scaling.

PMID- 4005168
TI  - Generalized racemose livedo with cerebrovascular lesions (Sneddon syndrome): an
      occlusive arteriolopathy due to proliferation and migration of medial smooth
      muscle cells.
AB  - We describe two cases of livedo racemosa generalisata with cerebrovascular
      defects (Sneddon syndrome). The histology is characterized by a proliferation and
      migration of medial smooth muscle cells in ascending arterioles of the upper
      subcutis and deep dermis. Migrating smooth muscle cells with a high content of
      intermediate filaments colonize the sub-endothelial intimal space, with
      subsequent narrowing of the vessel lumen. Since the discoloration of the skin is
      provoked by a reactive dilatation of venules, the biopsy should be performed in
      the adjacent normal-looking skin, taking in the upper subcutis.

PMID- 4005169
TI  - Do malignant melanoma cells arise from the hair follicle?

PMID- 4005170
TI  - Topical tartrazine as an unusual cause of nail staining.

PMID- 4005171
TI  - The association of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 4005172
TI  - The kinetics of unmatched and HLA-matched 111in-labelled homologous platelets in
      recipients with chronic marrow hypoplasia and anti-platelet immunity.
AB  - The kinetics of homologous platelets, labelled in plasma with 111In-tropolonate,
      have been studied in five recipients with chronic marrow hypoplasia and severe
      thrombocytopenia, who were refractory to platelet transfusions as a result of
      alloimmunization. Mean platelet life span (MPLS), recovery, plasma 111In level
      and splenic and hepatic uptake kinetics were studied on two occasions, one using
      HLA-matched platelets and the other unmatched platelets. In each case, recovery
      of labelled platelets at 1 h post-injection and MPLS improved with HLA matching,
      although this improvement was highly variable. Only two of the five subjects
      would have derived any significant benefit from HLA-matched as compared with
      unmatched platelet transfusions. It was concluded that the need exists for
      additional cross-matching procedures, possibly related to platelet specific
      antigens, in patients who remain refractory to platelet transfusion.

PMID- 4005173
TI  - Colony formation by primitive haemopoietic progenitors in cocultures of bone
      marrow cells and stromal cells.
AB  - Human bone marrow contains a class of human haemopoietic progenitor cells that
      adhere to cultured marrow stromal cells and form colonies of blast cells. These
      progenitor cells are found in the non-adherent mononuclear fraction of normal
      human bone marrow. They are not in active cell cycle and do not express Ia-like
      (HLA-DR) antigens but appear to be capable of self-renewal in vitro. These
      properties indicate that they should be classified as members of the primitive
      haemopoietic progenitor cell compartment.

PMID- 4005175
TI  - A prospective trial of young red cells in 48 patients with transfusion-dependent
      thalassaemia.
AB  - Young red cells (YRBC) prepared on a cell washer were compared to whole blood in
      a randomized prospective trial in 48 transfusion dependent patients with
      thalassaemia major. A minor but statistically significant decrease in blood
      consumption was observed in the group receiving YRBC. However, no difference was
      seen in transfusion interval, mean haemoglobin and rate of haemoglobin fall
      between the two groups. Filtered blood was shown to be as effective as frozen
      blood in eliminating non-haemolytic febrile transfusion reactions in all the
      trial patients. We conclude that any reduction in the rate of iron loading
      brought about by the use of YRBC is clinically insignificant and does not justify
      the expense, time and work required to produce young red cells for use in a large
      transfusion dependent thalassaemic population.

PMID- 4005174
TI  - Myelodysplastic syndromes in childhood: three case reports.
AB  - Three children with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are described following the
      diagnostic criteria proposed by the FAB-cooperative group. Two of the children
      were of Turkish origin. Two cases fit the criteria for 'refractory anaemia with
      excess of blasts in transformation'. The other one is most consistent with
      'chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia'. The patients received 'ANLL type' induction.
      One died during induction, two were grafted, of whom one survives.

PMID- 4005176
TI  - Activation of neutrophil phagocytosis of complement coated and IgG coated sheep
      erythrocytes by platelet release products.
AB  - Phagocytosis by human neutrophils of opsonized sheep erythrocytes with rabbit
      immunoglobulin M and human complement (IgM-EACh) and those with rabbit
      immunoglobulin G (IgG-EA) increased 2-3 times of control neutrophils after
      treatment with released products from activated platelets (PRPr). The factors in
      PRPr which augmented IgM-EACh phagocytosis were suggested to be adenosine
      diphosphate (ADP) and triphosphate (ATP) by experiments using apyrase treated
      PRPr and by direct exposures of neutrophils with these nucleotides. The presence
      of two other stimulators for phagocytosis of IgG-EA were suggested. One was a
      macromolecular substance of molecular weight greater than 100 000 and the other
      was a substance of molecular weight less than 500. The latter may be a
      prostaglandin because the activity was easily removed by acid-extraction with
      ethylacetate from the water phase, and because prior incubation of platelets with
      10 micrograms per ml indomethacin deprived PRPr of its low molecular weight
      activity. Exposure of neutrophils to thromboxane B2, prostaglandin F2 alpha and
      prostaglandin E2 at the concentration of 10(-6)-10(-7) mg/ml actually increased
      the phagocytosis of IgG-EA. The activity in the macromolecular fraction was not
      affected by prior incubation of platelets with indomethacin.

PMID- 4005177
TI  - Fibronectin C in acute leukaemia.

PMID- 4005178
TI  - Hairy-cell leukaemia.

PMID- 4005179
TI  - The gene triplet Rw W Ph controls murine haematopoiesis.
AB  - Having shown a haematopoietic role for Patch (Ph), especially when doubly
      heterozygous with the mutant Wct (Loutit & Cattanach, 1983) we have similarly
      examined the Rw locus, the third member of the triplet. Mature Rw/+mice have a
      just detectable macrocytic anaemia. When doubly heterozygous with Wct and Wv the
      mild anaemia of these W mutants is exaggerated but with W19H (not anaemic as
      single heterozygote) red cell factors are as for Rw/+. Rw/+mice are strikingly
      more sensitive to the lethal effects of X-irradiation (MLD 6.66 +/- 0.10 Gy) on
      haematopoiesis than comparable +/+ mice (MLD 8 Gy). Those mice that do recover
      after X-irradiation do not exhibit the delay in recovery of erythropoiesis that
      is evident with characteristic W mutants in both single and double dose.
      Furthermore the double heterozygote Wct+/+Rw has a significantly lower MLD (5.19
      +/- 0.17 Gy) for X-radiation than Wct/+ (MLD 6.48 +/- 0.24 Gy). We argue that all
      three loci W, Ph and Rw, influence haematopoietic stem cells, leading to
      increased radiosensitivity when deletions or mutant genes are present.

PMID- 4005180
TI  - Haematological change in sickle cell-haemoglobin C disease and in sickle cell
      beta thalassaemia: a cohort study from birth.
AB  - The haematological changes in early years following neonatal diagnosis have been
      observed in representative groups of children with sickle cell-haemoglobin C (SC)
      disease, sickle cell-beta(+) thalassaemia, and in sickle cell-beta(0)
      thalassaemia. Most haematological indices in SC disease were intermediate between
      previously published values in SS disease and in AA controls, generally being
      closer to values in normal children. Exceptions were microcytosis which may be
      genetically determined and a striking elevation of mean cell haemoglobin
      concentration from age 2 months to 4 years. The combination of a raised MCHC and
      a lowered MCV is unusual and may be characteristic of SC disease. Features in
      sickle cell-beta thalassaemia generally differed according to the type of beta
      thalassaemia gene. Sickle cell-beta(0) thalassaemia had lower levels of
      haemoglobin, MCHC, red cell count, MCV, and higher reticulocytes, most
      differences being significant before 1 year. No differences between S beta(0)
      thalassaemia and S beta(+) thalassaemia were apparent in HbF levels (which
      resembled those in SS disease) or in HbA2 levels (which exceeded those in SS
      disease by 1 year of age).

PMID- 4005181
TI  - Kinetics, in vivo redistribution and sites of sequestration of indium-111
      labelled platelets in giant platelet syndromes.
AB  - Six patients with giant platelet syndrome were examined: four with Bernard
      Soulier syndrome (two were asplenic); one with hereditary thrombopathic
      thrombocytopenia; and one with May-Hegglin anomaly. Autologous platelets were
      labelled with In-111-oxine and in vivo redistribution and sites of sequestration
      measured with quantitative imaging. In Bernard-Soulier syndrome platelet survival
      was normal or moderately shortened; platelet turnover was decreased only in the
      two patients with thrombocytopenia. In the patients with thrombopathia or May
      Hegglin anomaly, platelet survival and turnover was moderately decreased. In
      those patients with normal-sized spleens, the mean splenic platelet pool
      consisted of 35.5% of the platelet mass, i.e. normal. The intrasplenic transmit
      time of the megathrombocytes was prolonged. Splenic blood flow was within normal
      limits. There was a marked accumulation of platelets in the liver at equilibrium:
      15.5-58.8% of whole body radioactivity (normal 9.6 +/- 1.2%). This finding is
      unexplained. The final sites of sequestration of platelets were mainly in the
      liver and spleen, similar to that seen in normal subjects. We conclude that there
      is no inverse relationship between cell size and splenic platelet transit time.
      Platelet size therefore does not determine the size of the splenic platelet pool.
      The size of the platelets also does not seem to affect the sites of sequestration
      at the end of their life span.

PMID- 4005183
TI  - Abstracts presented at the British Society for Haematology meetings in 1984.
      Exeter, 28-31 March 1984.

PMID- 4005182
TI  - Platelet membrane glycoprotein abnormalities in patients with myeloproliferative
      disorders and secondary thrombocytosis.
AB  - Carbohydrate-specific surface labelling and 125I-labelled lectin binding
      techniques, in combination with one- or two-dimensional (non-reduced/reduced) SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been used with platelets from patients
      with myeloproliferation disorders and secondary thrombocytosis and from healthy
      donors. In essential thrombocythaemia platelet membrane glycoproteins were
      significantly less sialylated than in normals (particularly GP Ib and IIIa).
      Increased binding of 125I-labelled Lens culinaris lectin to thrombospondin and GP
      IIIa indicated a defect in the glucose/mannose glycosylation of the platelet
      glycoproteins in essential thrombocythaemia. In polycythaemia vera and in chronic
      myeloid leukaemia the terminal sialic acid of glycoprotein IIIb was labelled
      slightly more than normal. In chronic myeloid leukaemia there was increased
      labelling of the penultimate galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues of GP Ib,
      IIb, IIIa and IIIb. In comparison to myeloproliferative disorders, platelets from
      patients with secondary thrombocytosis showed no significant changes, except for
      platelets from two patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura which showed
      an increased sialylation of all surface glycoproteins.

PMID- 4005184
TI  - Congenital factor XIII deficiency: type I and type II disease.

PMID- 4005185
TI  - Is it important to separate leucocytes and platelets before measuring the
      filterability of red blood cells?

PMID- 4005186
TI  - Successful response to intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune haemolytic
      anaemia.

PMID- 4005187
TI  - Nephrotic syndrome and hairy cell leukaemia.

PMID- 4005188
TI  - AIDS: minimising the occupational risks.

PMID- 4005189
TI  - Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: a dermatological evaluation.
AB  - Synthetic pyrethroids are lipophilic insecticides whose biological activity seems
      to be directly related to their chemical structure. In this investigation
      differences in cutaneous sensation were detected by human participants between
      synthetic pyrethroids with a cyano group in the (S)-configuration of the 3
      phenoxybenzyl alcohol of their molecular structure (fenvalerate) and those that
      do not (permethrin). A strong relation was noted between insecticidal potency and
      degree of induced cutaneous sensation for the alpha-cyano and non-cyano
      pyrethroids, with a prominent difference between the two. No sensation was
      observed by any of the same participants on topical exposure to the inert
      ingredients of these agents. A linear correlation between concentration and
      degree of induced dysaethesia was observed for both pyrethroids. Regressing the
      cutaneous sensation on the common logarithm of concentration resulted in a
      regression equation of Y = 84.0 + 31.0X1 for fenvalerate and Y = 27.5 + 15.8X1
      for permethrin. A highly efficacious therapeutic agent for pyrethroid exposure
      was noted to be dl-alpha tocopherol acetate. An impressive degree of inhibition
      of paraesthesia resulted from the topical application of vitamin E acetate, with
      a therapeutic index of almost 100%.

PMID- 4005190
TI  - Carcinogenic potential of hydrotreated petroleum aromatic extracts.
AB  - Five experimental petroleum extracts were produced from luboil distillates
      derived from Middle East paraffinic crude by solvent extraction and severe
      hydrotreatment. The polycyclic aromatic content (PCA) of the extracts was
      determined by dimethyl sulphoxide extraction and ranged from 3.7-9.2% w/w. The
      five extracts were evaluated for their potential to induce cutaneous and systemic
      neoplasia in female mice derived from Carworth Farm No 1 strain (CF1). The test
      substances were applied undiluted (0.2 ml per application) to the shorn dorsal
      skin twice weekly for up to 78 weeks, with 48 mice in each treatment group and 96
      in the untreated control group; two further groups, each of 48 mice, were
      similarly treated either with a non-hydrotreated commercial aromatic extract (PCA
      content, 19.7% w/v) or with a low dose of benzo(a)pyrene (12.5 micrograms/ml
      acetone). The mice were housed individually in polypropylene cages in specified
      pathogen free conditions. The incidence of cutaneous and systemic tumours was
      determined from histological analysis of haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue
      sections. The results were correlated with the PCA content of the extracts and
      compared with those from female mice exposed to a non-hydrotreated commercial
      aromatic extract. Four of the hydrotreated extracts were carcinogenic for murine
      skin; the two products with the lower PCA contents were less carcinogenic than
      the products with the higher PCA contents and all were less carcinogenic than the
      commercial extract. One extract with the lowest PCA content was non-carcinogenic.
      Thus refining by severe hydrotreatment was an effective method of reducing the
      carcinogenic potential of petroleum aromatic extracts. Although other
      physicochemical properties may influence the biological activity of oil products,
      the PCA content determined by dimethyl sulphoxide extraction may be a useful
      indicator of the potential of oil products to induce cutaneous tumours in
      experimental animals. There was no evidence that the commercial or hydrotreated
      extracts increased the incidence of systemic neoplasms when applied twice weekly
      to the dorsal skin.

PMID- 4005192
TI  - Lung cancer among asbestos cement workers. A Swedish cohort study and a review.
AB  - A cohort study of 1176 Swedish asbestos cement workers did not indicate any
      asbestos related excess mortality. Possible explanations of the negative outcome
      are relatively low exposure levels and the predominant use of chrysotile in
      production. Such a tentative conclusion is supported by a review of five
      mortality studies of workers exposed to asbestos cement that report considerable
      differences in relative risks for lung cancer. These differences could be
      explained by various degrees of cumulative exposure, the amount of amphiboles in
      the production, and methodological shortcomings. A median exposure of 10-20 fibre
      years does not seem to cause an increased risk of lung cancer, particularly when
      only chrysotile is used.

PMID- 4005191
TI  - Relations between asbestos exposure and lung cancer SMRs in occupational cohort
      studies.
AB  - It has long been accepted that excessive exposure to asbestos may produce lung
      cancer but not that there is a consistent "biological gradient." This can only be
      evaluated reliably in studies where, for every individual, exposure has been
      measured in terms of both duration and intensity. Even now, there are only at
      most eight such cohort studies of asbestos workers, while femoral methods of
      analysis have been available only recently. These methods, applied in these
      studies, yield good evidence that the "exposure-response" relation between
      accumulated exposure to asbestos and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for
      lung cancer may be taken as linear, but that at zero exposure the lung cancer SMR
      is not always unity--not surprising, because of well known difficulties with the
      choice of reference population and selection problems. This leads to a concept of
      "relative slopes" that take account of the background mortality in the cohort and
      make what appears to be the best use of the available data. Other approaches to
      the same data, and indeed to all cohort data known, are also considered. Each
      study is examined as closely as is possible in a short review, and the concepts
      of linearity and relative slopes appear justified. The relative slopes (b/a) in
      the line SMR = a[1 + (b/a) . (exposure)] vary much more widely than can be
      accounted for by differences in epidemiological methodology; as discussed
      elsewhere, reasons for the variation seem to lie rather in type and dimensions of
      asbestos fibre, industrial process, etc. Slopes in the line SMR = 1 + b1 .
      (exposure) vary about twice as much as do the relative slopes.

PMID- 4005193
TI  - Respiratory cancers in furniture workers.
AB  - In a 19 year follow up study of 8141 furniture workers nasal adenocarcinoma was
      63 X 4 times more common than expected. The findings also indicate an excess risk
      of adenocarcinoma of the maxillary sinus. No increase in risk was found for
      laryngeal cancer, lung cancer, or sinonasal cancers other than adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 4005194
TI  - Mortality of welders and other craftsmen at a shipyard in NE England.
AB  - Personnel records of over 1000 welders and electricians but only 235 caulkers and
      557 platers employed at a shipyard in NE England between 1940 and 1968 were
      obtained and the mortality followed up to December 1982. The observed number of
      deaths (13 from mesothelial tumours, nine among the electricians) were compared
      with the number to be expected in the Newcastle connurbation. Welders and
      caulkers were most exposed to welding fumes, electricians to asbestos. The study
      was limited by the lack of accurate job exposure details, and there was no record
      of smoking habits, but welders and caulkers showed a higher standardised
      mortality ratio for all causes, lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, pneumonia,
      and accidents than platers and electricians.

PMID- 4005195
TI  - Mortality pattern in a glass producing area in SE Sweden.
AB  - Because of discharges, mainly of lead, from glassworks in an otherwise rural and
      unpolluted area in southeast Sweden the population became concerned about the
      potential risks of cancer and an epidemiological study was requested. The total
      and the specific cancer mortality in the three parishes around the glassworks
      were found to be approximately normal, both by comparison with national death
      rates and the death rates of another, similarly rural, area. More interesting
      results, however, were obtained in several case-referent studies also undertaken
      to study mortality from specific cancer sites and cardiovascular disease with
      regard to employment in the glassworks. A significant excess of deaths from
      stomach cancer, especially in glassblowers, lung cancer, and cardiovascular
      disease was observed among the glassworkers. Occupational exposures in the
      glassworks, especially to arsenic, may be of aetiological importance.

PMID- 4005196
TI  - Bronchial reactivity in green coffee exposure.
AB  - Respiratory symptoms and lung function were studied in nine coffee workers who
      complained of job related respiratory symptoms. Six described symptoms
      characteristic of occupational asthma. Lung function data showed obstructive
      changes mostly in the smaller airways with no impairment in diffusing capacity.
      Bronchoprovocation testing with green coffee allergen provoked immediate
      asthmatic reactions with acute reductions of ventilatory capacity in four
      workers. The relative fall in FEF25-75% (ranging from 28% to 66%) was greater
      than in FEV1 (ranging from 18% to 62% of the control values). Eight of the nine
      workers had an increased total IgE serum level; five had positive intradermal
      skin tests to green coffee allergen. Most of the six healthy subjects
      experimentally exposed to green coffee dust in the working environment showed an
      acute fall in flow rates on maximum expiratory flow-volume curves. These results
      indicate that bronchoprovocation with green coffee allergen or green coffee dust
      may be used to identify subjects sensitive to green coffee.

PMID- 4005197
TI  - Wessex perinatal mortality survey 1982.
AB  - A survey of 335 perinatal deaths in the Wessex region revealed a perinatal
      mortality rate of 10.1 per 1000 total births. Lethal malformations accounted for
      82 (24%) deaths. Of the 253 normally formed infants, 124 (49%) died during
      pregnancy and 33 (13%) in labour. More than 60% of the stillbirths weighed
      greater than 1500 g. Of the 96 postpartum deaths, half occurred within 24 h of
      delivery, mostly following complications of labour and circumstances suggesting
      hypoxia. The Aberdeen classification showed half of the mothers had pregnancy
      complications: other predisposing factors were identified in 10% of perinatal
      deaths. There were 185 neonatal deaths of which 150 occurred within 7 days and 35
      within the next 3 weeks. Sixteen (46%) of the late neonatal deaths were due to a
      congenital abnormality; pregnancy or labour complications were present in six
      (32%) of the remaining 19 normally formed infants. Review of existing methods of
      antenatal supervision in particular, followed by the use of better monitoring
      systems for earlier detection of fetal distress and prompt action when indicated,
      together with improvement in neonatal care in the first 24 h after birth should
      further reduce the perinatal mortality.

PMID- 4005198
TI  - Some characteristics of antenatal care in 13 European countries.
AB  - This study compares the organization of antenatal care in 13 European countries
      having a fetal and infant mortality rate below 20 per 1000. The countries differ
      in the number of prenatal visits, the role performed by midwives and the use of
      home care. It shows that there is no single model of antenatal care among
      countries having similar fetal and infant mortality.

PMID- 4005199
TI  - Catecholamine responses to changes in posture during human pregnancy.
AB  - Human pregnancy may induce changes in the sensitivity of the cardiovascular
      system to endogenous catecholamines. This was investigated in multigravid women
      with little likelihood of unsuspected vascular disease. The responses of blood
      pressure, pulse rate, plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline to a change in posture
      from semi-recumbency to standing were assessed in six normotensive women at 36
      weeks gestation and in six non-pregnant control subjects. Standing for 10 min
      caused a surge in blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma noradrenaline in non
      pregnant women. The pregnant women, whose basal levels of noradrenaline were
      higher than those in non-pregnant women, showed a slower noradrenergic response
      to postural change, and this response had less effect upon the cardiovascular
      indices. Blood pressure dropped immediately on standing and pulse rate remained
      unaffected throughout. It is suggested that some women may maintain a non
      pregnant level of pressor sensitivity during pregnancy and thereby become
      hypertensive.

PMID- 4005200
TI  - Quantitative measurement of fetal blood flow using Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - Blood flow in the descending human fetal aorta and in the intra-abdominal portion
      of the umbilical vein was quantified using pulsed Doppler ultrasound in a
      longitudinal series of normal pregnancies, the accuracy of the method having been
      verified in vitro. The results obtained are in keeping with previous studies but
      indicate that, although the method is relatively simple, determination of
      absolute blood flow in these vessels has little clinical potential because of
      inherent measurement inaccuracies.

PMID- 4005201
TI  - Umbilical artery blood flow characteristics in normal and growth-retarded
      fetuses.
AB  - Time-velocity waveforms or sonograms obtained by pulsed Doppler ultrasound from
      the umbilical artery were analysed in a longitudinal study of 15 normal
      pregnancies. The sonograms from nine fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation
      were compared qualitatively and had quite different characteristics implying a
      high distal impedance to blood flow. Methods of analysis capable of
      differentiating between the normal and abnormal sonograms are described and
      discussed.

PMID- 4005202
TI  - ST waveform changes of the fetal electrocardiogram during labour--a clinical
      study.
AB  - Waveform changes in the fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) are under reassessment as a
      means of fetal surveillance. The purpose of the study was to identify ST waveform
      changes from the fetal scalp lead during labour and to compare any change with
      conventional signs of fetal distress. Two scalp electrodes provided a
      sufficiently stable signal from which ST waveform changes could be identified and
      measured as the T/QRS ratio. No infant was clinically hypoxic. Only 26% of the 46
      patients studied had a continuously normal CTG whereas 67% had no ST waveform
      abnormalities. A relation was found between the two variables as the mean T/QRS
      ratio increased from 0.20 (SD 0.11) during epochs of normal CTG to 0.27 (SD 0.17)
      with CTG changes. A linear correlation (r = 0.58, P less than 0.01) was found
      between the T/QRS ratio before birth and the cord plasma lactate values.

PMID- 4005203
TI  - Paediatric follow-up of pregnancies complicated by subnormal oestriol excretion.
AB  - A cohort of 1238 consecutive women seen early in pregnancy for accurate
      assessment of gestation had urinary excretion of oestriol measured at 30, 35 and
      40 weeks; 92 had a low urinary oestriol excretion confirmed in hospital on at
      least one occasion. The women in the low-oestriol group were matched for racial
      origin and maternal age with 90 women in the study population who had
      persistently normal urinary oestriol excretion values (control group) and their
      infants were compared. Three infants born in the low-oestriol group and two in
      the control group subsequently died; 85 of the 89 (95.5%) survivors in the low
      oestriol group and 84 of 88 (95.5%) control children were assessed by a
      paediatrician and a psychologist at the age of 6 years. Anthropometric
      measurements of children in the low-oestriol group at 6 years of age did not
      differ significantly from controls and their performance on most psychological
      tests was not significantly different. The subgroup of 25 children born to women
      with persistently low oestriol excretion during pregnancy showed a significant
      reduction in weight and head circumference at 6 years compared with the values in
      the control group and in the other children in the low-oestriol group. The
      children born to women with low oestriol excretion during pregnancy showed no
      increased evidence of developmental, neurological or physical defects at 6 years
      of age.

PMID- 4005204
TI  - A pilot study of the frequency and significance of placental villitis.
AB  - The prevalence of inflammatory villous lesions was determined in a prospective
      study of 120 consecutive placentas. Cord blood IgM level was measured as an
      indicator of fetal intrauterine infection, and the birthweights of the infants
      were noted. Ten cases of villitis were found. Two infants had elevated cord blood
      IgM and one of them also had amniotic infection. As only one case of villitis had
      corroborative evidence of transplacental intrauterine infection, 90% of the
      lesions require an alternative explanation. The severity of the lesions
      correlated with the presence of low birthweight. The quality of the inflammatory
      infiltrate was also considered. Only one case included plasma cells; the
      remainder showed lymphohistiocytic infiltration. The case with plasmacytic
      infiltration was the one with elevated cord blood IgM. It is concluded that
      placental villitis is usually not an infective condition and its aetiology
      remains unknown.

PMID- 4005205
TI  - Involvement of the vulval skin appendages by intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - In the treatment of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) by laser, the extent
      to which the skin appendages are involved is an important factor in determining
      the depth of tissue to be destroyed. An investigation of 50 patients with VIN
      revealed that in 28 the skin appendages were involved and the maximum depth of
      involvement reached 4.6 mm from the surface of the epidermis. It is suggested
      that eradication of tissues to a depth of 5.0 mm would eliminate all atypical
      epithelium in the skin appendages.

PMID- 4005206
TI  - Management of pseudohypoparathyroidism in pregnancy. Case report.

PMID- 4005207
TI  - Uterine rupture, placenta percreta and curettage in early pregnancy. Case report.

PMID- 4005208
TI  - Phaeochromocytoma of the broad ligament. Case report.

PMID- 4005209
TI  - Retinal microangiopathy and pigment epithelial lesions in subjects with normal,
      borderline, and decreased oral glucose tolerance.
AB  - Retinal fluorescein angiography was performed in 150 subjects: 64 with normal
      fasting blood glucose and normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 49 with
      borderline, and 37 with decreased OGTT. Microaneurysms were noted in only two
      subjects, both with decreased OGTT. Minute changes in the retinal pigment
      epithelium (RPE) were seen in 23% of the 64 normal persons, in 35% of those with
      borderline, and 49% of those with decreased OGTT (p less than 0.05). The impact
      of glucose intolerance was more pronounced in subjects under the age of 50 years,
      RPE changes being rare (7%) in those with normal OGTT but occurring in 32% of
      those with borderline or decreased OGTT (p less than 0.01). The corresponding
      figures among subjects aged 50 or more were 55% and 57%, respectively. We
      conclude that at least half of the subjects above 50 years show RPE alterations,
      and that minimal changes in glucose metabolism may precipitate the development of
      such changes at an earlier age.

PMID- 4005210
TI  - Outward transport of fluorescein from the vitreous in aphakic eyes.
AB  - By administering fluorescein intravenously to 95 patients we calculated the ratio
      of fluorescein concentration in the vitreous at the time of its peak level
      compared with the estimated unbound concentration of fluorescein in the plasma at
      the same time. We studied 12 normal phakic and 83 aphakic eye approximately two
      months, one year, and more than two years after cataract extraction. All the eyes
      had undergone intracapsular cataract extraction or extracapsular cataract
      extraction, with or without posterior capsulotomy, because of senile cataract.
      The calculated ratio in patients with intracapsular and extracapsular lens
      extraction was statistically significantly reduced at two months and one year
      after cataract extraction and was normalised at more than two years after the
      operation in comparison with normal subjects. The ratio was statistically
      extracapsular extraction at two months and one year after surgery. Posterior
      capsulotomy had no effect on the ratio. The ratio, we considered, at least
      partially reflects the outward transport of fluorescein from the vitreous cavity.
      Although the findings reflect subclinical phenomena, they are of importance when
      considering postoperative sequelae. The posterior lens capsule, zonule, and
      intact anterior vitreous face may be essential for the anterior uvea to function
      in the outward transport of fluorescein from the vitreous cavity.

PMID- 4005211
TI  - Monitored posterior transcleral drainage of subretinal fluid.
AB  - A simple method for drainage of posteriorly-sequestrated subretinal fluid
      following vitrectomy and fluid/gas or fluid/silicone oil exchange is described.
      Deliberate retinotomy is thereby avoided.

PMID- 4005212
TI  - Baseball orbital implants: a review of 39 patients.
AB  - Thirty-five secondary and six primary 'baseball' implants--acrylic balls in
      envelopes of donor sclera--were followed up for a minimum of 24 months. 97.1%
      secondary and 50% primary implants were retained. Volume replacement was
      satisfactory in 83.8% with a single operation, and motility of the artificial eye
      was at least 14 degrees of horizontal gaze in 86%, at least 7 degrees of upgaze
      in 95%, and at least 14 degrees of downgaze in 62.6%. Ptosis associated with the
      procedure occurred in 22%, and 12.2% developed a shallow fornix with instability
      of the artificial eye.

PMID- 4005213
TI  - Histopathological findings in necropsy eyes with intraocular lenses.
AB  - The histopathological findings in five post-mortem eyes with anterior chamber and
      iris fixation intraocular lenses (IOLS) are discussed. The interval between lens
      insertion and death ranged from 3 1/2 to 52 months. Clinically the lenses were
      well tolerated and the surgery was considered to be successful. In one case a
      vitrectomy was required. Prominent histopathological features included reduced
      corneal endothelium (five cases), central cornea guttata (one case), dislocation
      of an anterior chamber IOL (one case), abnormalities of the filtration angle
      (five cases), non-granulomatous iritis (two cases), and iris atrophy and erosion
      (five cases).

PMID- 4005214
TI  - Electrolyte imbalances in the aqueous humour in retinoblastoma.
AB  - The sodium and potassium concentrations and the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
      activity were estimated in the aqueous and serum of five children with
      retinoblastoma. Two patients who had a high aqueous LDH activity also showed
      grossly elevated potassium levels in their aqueous. Though the exact reason for
      this high potassium concentration in the aqueous is not apparent, it seems likely
      that cell necrosis within the tumour mass was a contributory factor. It is
      unlikely that aqueous electrolyte estimations in retinoblastoma could prove to be
      of any diagnostic value.

PMID- 4005215
TI  - Lacrimal canalicular papillomatosis.
AB  - Three new cases of lacrimal canalicular papillomatosis are reported and the total
      of 12 cases in the literature reviewed. They present with epiphora or a local
      mass. Multiple recurrences over many years is characteristic. A minority have
      papillomata of the conjunctiva or lacrimal sac. Histopathological examination
      shows a benign papilloma with a fibrovascular stalk. Treatment was either
      multiple excision or cryotherapy, but neither affected the rate of occurrence. A
      viral aetiology is postulated in some cases.

PMID- 4005216
TI  - Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum in trisomy 18 (Edwards's syndrome).
AB  - Orbital and ocular abnormalities are commonly found in trisomy 18 (Edwards's
      syndrome). We believe this to be the first case reported in the literature of
      ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA) occurring in Edwards's syndrome, and the
      literature on AFA is reviewed.

PMID- 4005217
TI  - Redox activation of galactose oxidase: thin-layer electrochemical study.
AB  - The redox activation of galactose oxidase by various oxidants is characterized by
      using a unique thin-layer electrochemical cell. Activation is shown to be
      strictly a redox process and can be rapidly accomplished by using ferricyanide,
      cobalt terpyridine or tetracyanomonophenanthroline ferrate, and a control
      electrode to control solution potential. This oxidation is a one-electron process
      and does not result in modified galactose oxidase which exhibits enhanced
      activity. On the contrary, this oxidation is required for activity. The solution
      potential dependence of activity is independent of which of these mediator
      titrants is used, the concentration used, and which of various substrates is used
      in the determination. The substrates used were acetol, dihydroxyacetone,
      glycerin, 2-propyn-1-ol, allyl alcohol, 2-butyne-1,4-diol, furfuryl alcohol,
      benzyl alcohol, 4-pyridylcarbinol, galactose, and stachyose. The E1/2 and n
      values obtained are 0.40 +/- 0.005 V vs. SHE and 0.9 +/- 0.1 electron at pH 7.3.
      E1/2 is defined as the potential at which half the maximal enzymatic activity is
      observed and probably reflects the E0' of the enzymic group involved in
      activation. A model is proposed in which activation occurs during turnover due to
      the redox buffering (by oxidants) of an enzymic Cu(II)/Cu(I) state which has a
      higher E0' than in resting galactose oxidase. The pH dependence of E1/2 is 60
      mV/pH unit in the pH range 6.0-8.0. The data suggest that the deprotonation of an
      amino acid residue facilitates the one-electron oxidation (activation) of
      galactose oxidase.

PMID- 4005218
TI  - Conformations of bound nucleoside triphosphate effectors in aspartate
      transcarbamylase. Evidence for the London-Schmidt model by transferred nuclear
      Overhauser effects.
AB  - Transferred nuclear Overhauser effects were used to determine the conformations
      of ATP, CTP, and ITP bound to the regulatory site of aspartate transcarbamylase.
      The results are in accord with the predictions of the London-Schmidt model
      [London, R. E., & Schmidt, P. G. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 3136] and show that ATP
      and CTP bind in the anti conformation while ITP binds in the syn conformation.

PMID- 4005219
TI  - Aspartate beta-decarboxylase from Alcaligenes faecalis: carbon-13 kinetic isotope
      effect and deuterium exchange experiments.
AB  - We have measured the 13C kinetic isotope effect at pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 6.5 and
      in D2O at pD 5.0 and the rate of D-H exchange of the alpha and beta protons of
      aspartic acid in D2O at pD 5.0 for the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aspartate
      beta-decarboxylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. The 13C kinetic isotope effect,
      with a value of 1.0099 +/- 0.0002 at pH 5.0, is less than the intrinsic isotope
      effect for the decarboxylation step, indicating that the decarboxylation step is
      not entirely rate limiting. We have been able to estimate probable values of the
      relative free energies of the transition states of the enzymatic reaction up to
      and including the decarboxylation step from the 13C kinetic isotope effect and
      the rate of D-H exchange of alpha-H. The pH dependence of the kinetic isotope
      effect reflects the pKa of the pyridine nitrogen of the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'
      phosphate but not that of the imine nitrogen. A mechanism is proposed for the
      exchange of aspartate beta-H that is consistent with the stereochemistry
      suggested earlier.

PMID- 4005220
TI  - Acid- and calcium-induced structural changes in phosphatidylethanolamine
      membranes stabilized by cholesteryl hemisuccinate.
AB  - The membrane stabilization effect of cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) and the
      sensitivity of the CHEMS-phosphatidylethanolamine membranes to protons and
      calcium ions were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, freeze-fracture
      electron microscopy, and 31P NMR. (1) At neutral pH, the addition of 8 mol %
      CHEMS to transesterified egg phosphatidylethanolamine (TPE) raised the lamellar
      hexagonal transition temperature of TPE by 11 degrees C. Stable bilayer vesicles
      were formed when the incorporated CHEMS exceeded 20 mol %. (2) At a pH below 5.5,
      the protonation of CHEMS enhanced the formation of the hexagonal phase (HII) of
      TPE. At 25 mol % CHEMS the bilayer-hexagonal transition temperature was lowered
      by 30 degrees C at pH 4.5. (3) The endothermic acid-induced hexagonal hexagonal
      transition of TPE-CHEMS was suppressed at 35 mol % CHEMS. However, 31P NMR and
      electron microscopy indicated that a lamellar-hexagonal transition still occurred
      at this composition. (4) The main transition of TPE was not affected by the
      protonation of the incorporated CHEMS, indicating that no macroscopic phase
      separation occurred in TPE-CHEMS mixtures at low pH. (5) In contrast to the HII
      promoting effect of H+, the neutralization of the negative charge on TPE-CHEMS by
      Ca2+ resulted in aggregates that remained in the lamellar structure even at the
      hexagonal transition temperature of TPE. It is suggested that calcium might form
      a complex between CHEMS in apposed bilayers. These results are related to the
      possible biological function of acidic cholesterol esters in biomembranes.

PMID- 4005221
TI  - Photochemistry of the furan-side 8-methoxypsoralen-thymidine monoadduct inside
      the DNA helix. Conversion to diadduct and to pyrone-side monoadduct.
AB  - We have studied the photochemical reactions of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) with
      calf thymus DNA. Analysis of the photoproducts formed was carried out by
      enzymatic digestion of the 8-MOP-modified DNA, followed by HPLC separation of
      photoadducts by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The 4',5' (furan
      side) monoadduct of 8-MOP bound to thymidine is converted to cross-linked
      thymidine-8-MOP-thymidine diadduct by 341.5 nm light with a quantum yield of
      0.028 +/- 0.004. This is 4 times greater than the quantum yield for initial
      adduct formation (0.0065 +/- 0.0004). When low levels of 8-MOP are covalently
      bound to DNA by using 397.9 nm light, less than 10% of the adducts formed are
      diadducts yet nearly 70% are in 5'-TpA cross-linkable sites. The furan-side
      monoadducts in these sites can subsequently be converted to diadduct or to a
      lesser extent 3,4 (pyrone-side) monoadduct.

PMID- 4005222
TI  - Photochemical demonstration of stacked C.C+ base pairs in a novel DNA secondary
      structure.
AB  - The secondary structure of the alternating polydeoxynucleotide sequence poly[d(C
      T)] was studied as a function of pH by ultraviolet absorbance and circular
      dichroism spectroscopy and by the analysis of UV-induced photoproducts. As the pH
      was lowered, poly[d(C-T)] underwent a conformational transition that was
      characterized by changes in the long-wavelength region (280-320 nm) of the CD
      spectrum. These changes have previously been interpreted as evidence for the
      formation of a core of stacked, protonated C X C+ base pairs in a double-helical
      complex of poly[d(C-T)], with the thymidyl residues being looped out into the
      solvent [Gray, D. M., Vaughan, M., Ratliff, R. L., & Hayes, F. N. (1980) Nucleic
      Acids Res. 8, 3695-3707]. In the present work, poly[d(C-T)] was labeled with [U
      14C]cytosine and [methyl-3H]thymine and irradiated at pH values both above and
      below the conformational transition point (monitored by CD spectroscopy). The
      distribution of radioactivity in uracil means value of uracil dimers, uracil
      means value of thymine dimers (the deamination products of cytosine means value
      of cytosine and cytosine means value of thymine dimers, respectively), and
      thymine-means value of thymine dimers was then determined. As the pH was
      decreased, we found an increase in the yield of uracil means value of uracil
      dimers and a decrease in the yield of uracil means value of thymine dimers, which
      occurred concomitantly with the change in the CD spectrum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005223
TI  - Kinetics of interaction of 2-amino-6-mercapto-9-beta-ribofuranosylpurine 5'
      triphosphate with bovine brain tubulin.
AB  - The binding of the guanine nucleotide analogue 2-amino-6-mercapto-9-beta
      ribofuranosylpurine 5'-triphosphate (S6-GTP) to tubulin from which the associated
      proteins and exchangeably bound nucleotide have been removed produces about a 15%
      decrease in intrinsic tubulin fluorescence. Using a fluorescence stopped-flow
      technique, we have examined the kinetics and mechanism of this process. Analysis
      of the data reveals that the binding is complex, involving at least one
      conformational change subsequent to nucleotide binding. The bimolecular
      association rate constant for binding of S6-GTP to tubulin is approximately 6 X
      10(5) M-1 s-1, suggesting that the orientation requirements are stringent. The
      kinetic parameters for dissociation of GDP, S6-GTP, and S6-GDP from the
      exchangeable nucleotide binding site have also been determined. S6-GDP and GDP
      were found to have comparable rates of dissociation; S6-GTP dissociated
      approximately twice as slowly as either GDP or S6-GDP. Glycerol produces a
      significant decrease in the rates of nucleotide dissociation. The mechanism
      whereby glycerol produces such an effect is not known; however, it may involve
      slight changes in the conformation of the tubulin protomer.

PMID- 4005224
TI  - High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human gastrin.
AB  - High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 300 MHz has
      been used to study the behavior of human gastrin in aqueous solution. A large
      number of resonances have been assigned by analysis of one- and two-dimensional
      NMR spectra and the effects of pH and by comparison with the spectrum of des-less
      than Glu1-gastrin. In gastrin, the ratio of cis to trans conformations around the
      Gly-2 to Pro-3 peptide bond is 3:7. This is reflected in splitting of the
      resonances of several neighboring residues and of a residue distant in the
      sequence, Tyr-12. The pKa of Tyr-12 is 10.7. Sulfation of this residue perturbs
      the resonances of Tyr-12 and Gly-13 but has very little effect on the rest of the
      spectrum. A study of the temperature dependence shows that several perturbed
      resonances move toward their expected positions as the temperature is raised but
      with a linear dependence on temperature, consistent with a redistribution of
      populations among accessible local conformations rather than a cooperative
      conformational change. Addition of Na+ or Ca2+ causes only minor changes in the
      spectrum. The paramagnetic metal ion Co2+ produces a number of spectral changes,
      reflecting strong binding to at least one site involving the Glu residues and
      weaker binding to Asp-16.

PMID- 4005225
TI  - Nuclear synthesis of egg white protein messenger ribonucleic acids in chick
      oviduct: effects of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen on estrogen-, progesterone-, and
      dexamethasone-induced synthesis.
AB  - Tamoxifen is a potent anti-estrogen in the chicken oviduct [Sutherland, R.,
      Mester, J., & Baulieu, E.E. (1977) Nature (London) 267, 434-435]. Its action on
      egg white protein gene transcription was studied in isolated nuclei under various
      hormonal conditions. Injected alone to estrogen-primed and then withdrawn
      chickens, tamoxifen was unable to trigger gene transcription. After its
      administration together with or 6 h after diethylstilbestrol (a synthetic
      estrogen), tamoxifen stopped or suppressed the estrogen-dependent increase of
      ovalbumin and conalbumin gene transcription. On the contrary, when tamoxifen was
      given with progesterone or with dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticosteroid),
      two steroids that also increased specific transcription of the ovalbumin and
      conalbumin genes, there was an amplification effect that lasted up to 24-30 h.
      These results demonstrate that tamoxifen is active at the transcriptional level
      when inhibiting estrogen action and when increasing progesterone and
      dexamethasone effects on protein synthesis [Catelli, M. G., Binart, N., Elkik,
      F., & Baulieu, E. E. (1980) Eur. J. Biochem. 107, 165-172; Le Bouc, Y. (1983)
      These de 3eme cycle, Universite Paris VII]. The complexity of hormone-anti
      estrogen interactions on transcriptional efficiency was also illustrated by the
      greater amplifying effect of tamoxifen on conalbumin than on ovalbumin gene
      transcription and by the lack of potentiation by the anti-estrogen of
      dexamethasone-dependent ovomucoid gene transcription. The role of tamoxifen
      estrogen receptor complexes in these responses is discussed in view of their
      differential amount in chromatin in the presence of estrogen or of progesterone.

PMID- 4005226
TI  - Connective tissue activation: stimulation of glucose transport by connective
      tissue activating peptide III.
AB  - Connective tissue activating peptide III (CTAP III), a human platelet derived
      growth factor, induced marked stimulation of 2-deoxy[14C]glucose (2dG) uptake in
      cultures of human synovial cells, chondrocytes, and dermal fibroblasts.
      Cytochalasin B (2 X 10(-5) M) blocked the mediator-induced increase in 2dG
      uptake; phlorhizin (8 X 10(-4) M) partially inhibited this process. When cells
      were exposed to CTAP III (4 X 10(-6) M) for 30 min prior to uptake assay, 2dG
      uptake was stimulated by 30-110%; greater stimulation (400-800%) occurred
      following 17-40-h preincubation with the mediator. A 17-h exposure to CTAP III
      similarly stimulated 3-O-methylglucose uptake by over 400%, suggesting that CTAP
      III stimulated 2dG uptake is mediated via changes in hexose transport.
      Cycloheximide clearly prevented the 17-h effects of CTAP III on 2dG uptake.
      Insulin (3 X 10(-6) M) stimulated 2dG uptake 40-70% after 30-min preincubation
      with hormone; little effect was seen after 17-h preincubation. These data suggest
      that CTAP III stimulates glucose transport shortly after addition to target
      cells; the major stimulation observed after a 17-h incubation is consistent with
      the synthesis of new glucose transport protein.

PMID- 4005227
TI  - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic evidence for the existence of two
      conformations of the bacteriorhodopsin primary photoproduct at low temperature.
AB  - Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin at low
      temperature reveals at least two stable forms of bacteriorhodopsin570 and the K
      photoproduct. In the case of bacteriorhodopsin570, warming from 81 to 135 K
      causes a reduction in absorption of several chromophore vibrations, but not the C
      = N stretching mode. These changes are consistent with a reorientation of the
      chromophore which leaves the angle of the C = N bond unchanged relative to the
      membrane plane. In the case of the K intermediate, two different forms can be
      isolated at 135 K on the basis of wavelength-dependent photoalteration. One form
      is identical to the low temperature K630 species, whereas a second blue-shifted
      form is present only above 135 K. This new form exhibits a 985 cm-1 peak in the
      hydrogen-out-of-plane bending region, which is similar to a reported room
      temperature resonance Raman spectrum of K. Temperature-dependent changes in the
      conformation of the protein involving possible alterations in peptide hydrogen
      bonding are also detected.

PMID- 4005228
TI  - Topographical studies of the polypeptide subunits of the thylakoid cytochrome b6
      f complex.
AB  - The orientation of specific polypeptides of the cytochrome b6-f complex with
      respect to the chloroplast stromal phase has been studied using
      trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS) and pronase E as impermeant modifying reagents.
      Of the four polypeptides of the complex (33,23,20 and 17 kDa), only cytochrome f
      was labeled by 14C-TNBS in unfractionated membranes. However, to a varying
      degree, all of the constituent polypeptides were sensitive to pronase digestion
      and, in the case of cytochrome f, it was possible, by immunoblotting techniques
      to identify several degradation products. These results are discussed in relation
      to the organization of the cytochrome complex in thylakoid membranes and argue
      for an exposure to the stromal phase of all of the polypeptides, while functional
      considerations indicate that at least cytochrome f and the Rieske iron-sulfur
      protein have a possible transmembrane organization.

PMID- 4005229
TI  - Human erythrocyte spectrin dimer intrinsic viscosity: temperature dependence and
      implications for the molecular basis of the erythrocyte membrane free energy.
AB  - We have determined experimentally the temperature dependence of human erythrocyte
      spectrin dimer intrinsic viscosity at shear rates 8-12 s-1 using a Cartesian
      diver viscometer. We find that the intrinsic viscosity decreases from 43 +/- 3
      ml/g at 4 degrees C to 34 +/- 3 ml/g when the temperature is increased to 38
      degrees C. Our results show that spectrin dimers are flexible worm-like
      macromolecules with persistence length about 20 nm and that the mean square end
      to-end distance for this worm-like macromolecules decreases when the temperature
      is increased. This implies that the spectrin dimer internal energy decreases when
      the end-to-end distance is increased and that the free energy increase associated
      with making the end-to-end distance longer than the equilibrium value for the
      free molecules is of entropic origin. The temperature dependence of the
      erythrocyte membrane shear modulus reported previously in the literature
      therefore appears mainly to be due to temperature dependent alterations in the
      membrane skeleton topology.

PMID- 4005230
TI  - Some viscoelastic properties of human erythrocyte spectrin networks end-linked in
      vitro.
AB  - We have succeeded in making macroscopic networks of end-linked human erythrocyte
      spectrin. The network junctions were made using erythrocyte protein 4.1
      irreversibly attached to 5 nm (diameter) colloidal gold particles. Rotary
      shadowing electron microscopy verifies that the protein 4.1-labelled colloidal
      gold particles bind only to the tail end of the spectrin molecules. Electron
      micrographs of protein 4.1-labelled colloidal gold particles incubated at 4
      degrees C with spectrin dimers reveal that 1-5 spectrin dimers attach to each
      protein 4.1-labelled colloidal gold particle yielding a spider-like appearance of
      these complexes. Incubation with a low concentration of spectrin tetramers
      instead of dimers leads to extensive formation of spectrin microaggregates
      whereas use of spectrin concentrations higher than 3 mg/ml and a molar ratio
      between spectrin tetramers and protein 4.1/Au of 4 leads to formation of
      macroscopic spectrin networks. We have quantitated the viscoelastic properties of
      such end-linked macroscopic spectrin networks using a gravitational pendulum
      viscoelastometer. We find that in vitro end-linked spectrin networks can be
      described by linear viscoelastic theory. The dynamic storage modulus increases
      almost linearly with the spectrin-protein 4.1/gold particle concentration when
      the spectrin concentration exceeds about 3 mg/ml and the molar ratio between
      spectrin tetramers and protein 4.1/Au is 4. At a spectrin concentration of 6
      mg/ml and the same ratio between spectrin and protein 4.1/Au, we find a dynamic
      storage modulus at low frequency of about 80 dyn/cm2. This is in adequate
      agreement with what is predicted by simple elastomer theory.

PMID- 4005231
TI  - A probability concept about size distributions of sonicated lipid vesicles.
AB  - The sonication procedure of preparation of small unilamellar vesicles is modelled
      as a process of uniform random fragmentation of the lipid aggregates. The vesicle
      size distribution evolving in this process is shown to be identical with the
      Weibull extremal probability distribution. Size histograms of sonicated small
      vesicles of various phospholipid composition were obtained by using electron
      microscopy (negative staining). Their successful simulation with Weibull curves
      shows that theory agrees with experiment. A similarly good agreement is found
      also with size histograms obtained by freeze-fracture of phosphatidylcholine
      cholesterol vesicles (Van Venetie, R., Leunissen-Bijvelt, J., Verkleij, A.J. and
      Ververgaert, P.H.J.T. (1980) J. Microsc. 118, 401-408). This analysis allows a
      refinement of some earlier conclusions about the effect of cholesterol on the
      size of the sonicated vesicles. It follows from the theoretical model that the
      only intrinsic characteristic of the sonicated vesicles is the lower limit of
      their size. The other characteristics of the size distribution such as
      expectancy, dispersion, position and height of the maximum depend on the
      intensity of fragmentation. It is concluded that the size distribution of
      sonicated small vesicles is completely determined by the procedure of their
      preparation and, therefore, the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium between
      aggregated and monomeric lipid is irrelevant in this case.

PMID- 4005232
TI  - Intramembranous particles are clustered on microvillus membrane vesicles.
AB  - Many intramembranous particles in pig jejunal microvillus membranes cluster
      during cell disruption and membrane vesiculation with the MgCl2 aggregation
      technique (Hauser, H., Howell, K., Dawson, R.M.C. and Bowyer, D.E. (1980)
      Biochim. Biophys. Acta 602, 567-577). Isolated brush borders and purified
      microvillus membrane vesicles were jet-frozen and examined by freeze-fracture
      electron microscopy. From 30 to 60% of purified vesicles exhibited no
      intramembranous particles on their fracture face and 22-39% exhibited clustered
      or aggregated intramembranous particles. Only 6-15% of the vesicles exhibited the
      random distribution of intramembranous particles that is characteristic of intact
      enterocytes. Aggregation was not reversed after dialysis to remove divalent
      cations. Prior freezing of tissue or vesicles (-70 degrees C) gave the same
      results as fresh unfrozen material. Heterogeneity of microvillus vesicles may
      occur among the vesicles generated from a single microvillus.

PMID- 4005233
TI  - Effects of benzyl alcohol on erythrocyte shape, membrane hemileaflet fluidity and
      membrane viscoelasticity.
AB  - The effects of benzyl alcohol on cell shape, hemileaflet lipid fluidity and
      membrane rheology of human red blood cells were studied. Membrane fluidity was
      assessed by determining the fluorescence anisotropy of permeant probes (1,6
      diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene,12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearate, 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearate)
      and a new impermeant probe (N-stachyosylsuccinic acid dihydrazide-2-(9
      anthroyloxy)stearate). Measurements made on intact red blood cells reflected
      primarily the outer leaflet fluidity while measurements made on red blood cells
      ghosts reflected the fluidity of both leaflets. Membrane viscoelasticity was
      determined by micropipette aspiration. Treatment of intact red blood cells with
      benzyl alcohol up to 50 mM caused progressive stomatocytic shape change but no
      change in membrane viscoelasticity, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene anisotropy or
      stachyosyldihydrazide-2(9-anthroyloxy)stearate correlation time; similar
      treatment of leaky ghosts yielded decreases in 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene
      anisotropy and stachyosyldihydrazide-2(9-anthroyloxy)stearate correlation time.
      With benzyl alcohol above 50-60 mM, intact red blood cells became echinocytic,
      and decreases in 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene anisotropy and
      stachyosyldihydrazide-2(9-anthroyloxy)stearate correlation time occurred in both
      intact cells and ghosts; there was no change in membrane viscoelasticity. These
      results indicate that benzyl alcohol up to 50 mM affects primarily the inner
      leaflet of the red blood cell membrane and that higher concentrations affect both
      leaflets. These increases in membrane fluidity are not associated with changes in
      membrane viscoelasticity. This study illustrates the use of fluorescence
      techniques to monitor specifically the lipid fluidity of each hemileaflet of the
      erythrocyte membrane.

PMID- 4005234
TI  - Effect of tryptophan derivatives on the phase properties of bilayers.
AB  - Binding of several tryptophan derivatives and tryptophan-containing peptides to
      bilayers is examined by monitoring fluorescence enhancement as a function of
      lipid concentration. The thermodynamic and spectral parameters of the solutes in
      the bilayers of vesicles and liposomes do not exhibit any anomalous dependence
      upon the gel or the liquid-crystalline phase state of the bilayer. Effects of
      these solutes on the phase-transition profiles of the bilayers of liposomes and
      vesicles are examined, and the lowering of the phase-transition temperature is
      correlated with the mole fraction of the solute in the bilayer. The partition
      coefficients do not change at the main phase-transition temperature. These
      observations contradict the thermodynamic explanation of the solute-induced
      lowering of the phase-transition temperature which is based on the Van't Hoff
      relationship for distribution of the solute in the two coexisting phases at the
      phase-transition temperature. It is postulated that solute molecules bound to
      defect sites in bilayers modulate the phase properties of bilayers. These defect
      sites are induced in the gel phase of bilayers of liposomes above the
      subtransition temperature.

PMID- 4005235
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of methotrexate
      dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine derivatives and the
      glycerophosphorylethanolamine analogs.
AB  - Research in this laboratory is currently focused on the biochemical and
      pharmacological properties of liposomes in which an otherwise water-soluble drug
      is anchored to the lipid bilayers via an appropriate non-polar residue. To this
      end, we have synthesized three (I-III) methotrexate (MTX) derivatives of
      dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) by conjugation of the alpha and/or
      gamma glutamyl carboxyl groups of the drug with the amino function of the
      phospholipid. These derivatives have been characterized analytically and
      chromatographically as MTX-gamma-DMPE (I), MTX-alpha-DMPE (II), and MTX-alpha,
      gamma-diDMPE (III). The corresponding glycerophosphorylethanolamine analogs have
      also been prepared and identified. The biological activity of these compounds (as
      inhibitors of in vitro cell proliferation and dihydrofolate reductase) is
      described in the following paper.

PMID- 4005236
TI  - Inhibition of cell proliferation and dihydrofolate reductase by liposomes
      containing methotrexate-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine derivatives and by
      the glycerophosphorylethanolamine analogs.
AB  - Liposomes, which were prepared with the three methotrexate (MTX)
      dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) derivatives described in the preceding
      paper, were tested for their ability to block proliferation of mouse 3T3 and
      L1210 cells. Tritiated deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA could be completely
      inhibited by liposomes sensitized with MTX-DMPE I (MTX-gamma-DMPE). Under similar
      conditions, liposomes containing MTX-DMPE II (MTX-alpha-DMPE) and MTX-DMPE III
      (MTX-alpha, gamma-diDMPE) produced partial and no inhibition, respectively. These
      effects on cell growth were paralleled by the capacity of liposomes, prepared
      with each of the DMPE derivatives, to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase isolated
      from L1210 cells. Analogous experiments with the three corresponding
      glycerophosphorylethanolamine (glyceroPE) analogs also indicated that MTX
      glyceroPE I was the most effective inhibitor of both cell proliferation and
      enzymatic activity. However, MTX-DMPE I sensitized liposomes apparently enter
      target cells as a consequence of phagocytosis, and not via the ubiquitous
      methotrexate transport system that is employed by MTX-glyceroPE I. For example,
      novel use of thiamine pyrophosphate showed that this compound had no influence on
      inhibition of cell proliferation due to liposomes, whereas thiamine pyrophosphate
      could completely antagonize the inhibitory effects of methotrexate and MTX
      glyceroPE I. The results are discussed with reference to possible therapeutic
      advantages of these liposomes.

PMID- 4005237
TI  - Effect of organic mercury on the electrical resistance of phosphatidylserine
      bilayers.
AB  - Acidic phospholipids have been shown to form complexes with methyl mercury
      chloride, at physiological pH, in vitro. To check if this interaction had any
      effect on the physical properties of membranes made with these lipids, the
      specific resistance of phosphatidylserine bilayers was monitored, as a function
      of time, in the absence and in the presence of methyl mercury chloride in the
      bathing solution. While the resistance of the bilayer remained constant in the
      absence of the toxic, it dropped an average of 17% in four hours in the presence
      of 100 microM methyl mercury chloride. Such observations suggest that the
      physical integrity of these membranes is modified by the interaction with organic
      mercury. This result may be relevant to the observed degeneration of nerve
      membranes in Minamata disease.

PMID- 4005238
TI  - Inhibitors of Ca2+ release from the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. II. The
      effects of dantrolene on Ca2+ release induced by caffeine, Ca2+ and
      depolarization.
AB  - The effects of dantrolene, which is a known muscle relaxant, on Ca2+ release from
      the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by several different methods [1)
      addition of caffeine, (2) Ca2+ jump, and (3) membrane-depolarization produced by
      choline chloride replacement of potassium gluconate) were investigated.
      Dantrolene inhibited caffeine-induced Ca2+ release with C1/2 = 2.5 microM,
      whereas there was no effect on Ca2+ release induced by a Ca2+ jump. The amount of
      Ca2+ released by depolarization was reduced if Ca2+ release was triggered in an
      earlier phase of the steady state of Ca2+ uptake (time elapsed between the
      addition of ATP and the triggering of Ca2+ release, tATP less than 4 min); while,
      if triggered in a latter phase (tATP greater than 4 min) dantrolene enhanced
      depolarization-induced Ca2+ release. C1/2 for the inhibition and that for
      enhancement of depolarization-induced Ca2+ release were 1.0 and 0.3 microM,
      respectively. These results suggest that dantrolene affects several different
      steps of the mechanism by which Ca2+ release is triggered. The sarcoplasmic
      reticulum and T-tubule membrane fractions had 7.9 nmol dantrolene-binding
      sites/mg (Kassoc = 1.0 X 10(5) M-1) and 21.0 nmol/mg (Kassoc = 1.1 X 10(5) M-1),
      respectively. The time-course of dantrolene binding to sarcoplasmic reticulum was
      monophasic, while that to T-tubules was biphasic.

PMID- 4005239
TI  - Alterations in biosynthesis and homeostasis of cholesterol and in lipoprotein
      patterns in mice bearing a transplanted lymphoid tumor.
AB  - The membrane fluidity of murine lymphoid GRSL tumor cells has been shown to
      depend on their site of growth in the host. Tumor cells located in ascites, in
      contrast to those in the enlarged spleen, show a very high plasma membrane
      fluidity, mainly due to a decreased level of cellular (membrane) cholesterol.
      Yet, the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in the tumor cells as estimated by the
      activity of HMG-CoA reductase and the incorporation of [14C]acetate into
      cholesterol was extremely high when compared to various lymphoid cells in normal
      control mice. Also the rate of biosynthesis and the cholesterol content in liver
      and spleen of tumor-bearing mice were substantially higher than in the organs of
      control mice. Blood plasma cholesterol, however, was decreased in tumor-bearing
      mice as a result of altered lipoprotein patterns. Outgrowth of the tumor was
      accompanied by a strong reduction in plasma high-density lipoproteins. Low
      density lipoproteins became transiently increased, but eventually all
      lipoproteins, and consequently the plasma cholesterol content decreased to very
      low levels, especially so in the ascites plasma. The low transfer of
      [14C]cholesteryl ester-labeled lipoproteins between blood and ascites plasma
      after either intravenous or intraperitoneal injection suggested a hampered flow
      between the two compartments. Also apparent differences in cholesteryl ester
      fatty acid composition between lipoproteins of the blood and ascites plasma
      indicated the lack of a rapid equilibration between the two compartments. The
      results suggest that the limited availability of lipoproteins as an additional
      source of cholesterol to the rapidly growing ascites cells promotes their high
      membrane fluidity.

PMID- 4005240
TI  - Protein-mediated chloride-phosphate and lactate-lactate exchange in cytoskeleton
      free vesicles budded from rabbit erythrocytes.
AB  - Spectrin-free budded vesicles from rabbit erythrocytes (Leonards, K.S. and Ohki,
      S. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 728, 383-393) exchange intravesicular L
      [14C]lactate for extravesicular L-lactate and intravesicular [36C]chloride for
      extravesicular phosphate with inhibitor sensitivity consistent with what is seen
      in intact cells. The time-course of these fluxes is faster than for intact cells,
      but is somewhat slower than predicted from surface to volume ratios. Labelling
      with tritiated 4,4'-diisothiocyanyl-2,2'-dihydrostilbenedisulfonate (H2DIDS) at
      concentrations which selectively inhibit inorganic anion exchange or specific
      lactate exchange supports the involvement of a 93-110 kDa (band 3) polypeptide in
      anion transport and a 40-50 kDa polypeptide in lactate transport across these
      vesicle membranes. Since the budded vesicles have a markedly simplified protein
      profile on electrophoresis, their isolated membranes represent a preliminary
      stage in the purification of these transport proteins in which structure and
      function appear to be preserved.

PMID- 4005241
TI  - Rapid, high-yield purification of cell surface membrane using colloidal magnetite
      coated with polyvinylamine: sedimentation versus magnetic isolation.
AB  - A new technique for the magnetic isolation of external plasma membrane from
      Dictyostelium discoideum is described and compared to a previously published
      procedure employing sedimentation of silica-coated plasma membrane. The magnetic
      isolation technique involves coating intact cells with a polyvinylamine-magnetite
      colloid and overcoating with polyacrylate to form a dense pellicle. The magnetite
      pellicle totally coated the cells and was not internalized. Coated cells were
      lysed and membrane fragments retrieved from the cell homogenate using a diverging
      field electromagnet. The membrane obtained in such a manner was analyzed for
      marker enzyme activity and cell surface label. The plasma membrane was obtained
      in high yield (42%) with an average purification of 8-fold. The polyvinylamine
      magnetite pellicle shielded the external plasma membrane face to proteolysis by
      papain and pronase. It also acted as a barrier to alpha-methylmannoside in
      concanavalin A-carbohydrate competition studies.

PMID- 4005243
TI  - The role of calcium in stimulation of sugar transport in muscle by lithium.
AB  - We have investigated the relation between the stimulation of sugar transport by
      Li+ and Li+-induced changes in cellular Ca2+ distribution. The fluxes of 3-O
      [14C]methyl-D-glucose and 45Ca were measured in hemidiaphragm, soleus, and
      cardiac muscles of the rat, and cellular levels of Ca2+, Na+ and K+ were
      determined. Li+ increased in parallel the fluxes of 3-O-[14C]methyl-D-glucose and
      45Ca in rat hemidiaphragm and soleus muscles. Sugar transport and Ca2+ efflux
      were also stimulated by Li+ in Ca2+-free medium, suggesting that in addition to
      increasing sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx, Li+ may also cause the release of Ca2+ from
      intracellular storage sites, presumably the mitochondria. Mitochondria were
      isolated from preparations of rat ventricular muscle exposed to Li+, and their
      Ca2+ content was determined. In rat cardiac muscle, Li+ stimulation of sugar
      transport was associated with decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ levels (indicating
      mitochondrial Ca2+ release) only under conditions of deteriorating mitochondrial
      function. Thus, Li+-induced changes in cellular Ca2+ distribution, which would
      increase cytosolic Ca2+ levels, were associated with stimulation of sugar
      transport. These observations support the hypothesis that the increased
      availability of cytosolic Ca2+ regulates the activity of the sugar transport
      system in muscle.

PMID- 4005242
TI  - Preparation of inside-out vesicles from erythrocyte membranes inactivates the
      pathway for oleic acid incorporation into phospholipid.
AB  - The pathway for membrane phospholipid fatty acid turnover in situ may be
      important in the regulation of the composition and turnover of the lipid
      microenvironment of membrane proteins. This pathway has been characterized
      further by studying the activation and incorporation of [9,10(n)-3H]oleic acid
      and transesterification of [1-14C]oleoyl-CoA into membrane phospholipids by
      isolated erythrocyte membrane ghosts and inside-out vesicles derived from these
      ghosts. Erythrocyte ghosts and sealed vesicles of defined orientation prepared
      from them have been widely employed in studies of the function of membrane
      proteins, particularly those which mediate the transport of ions and sugars.
      Preparation of inside-out vesicles from ghosts by exposure to alkaline hypotonic
      conditions results in elution of some membrane proteins but no loss of membrane
      phospholipid. Compared to ghosts, the ability of inside-out vesicles to activate
      and incorporate [9,10(n)-3H]oleic acid into phospholipid is diminished by over
      90% and the ability of inside-out vesicles to transesterify [1-14C]oleoyl-CoA to
      phospholipid is diminished by over 50%. These findings indicate that exposure of
      erythrocyte membranes to the alkaline hypotonic conditions required for inside
      out vesicle preparation results in loss or inactivation of both acyl-CoA ligase
      and acyl-CoA-lysophospholipid acyltransferase activities. This lability of the
      enzymes for in situ phospholipid fatty acid turnover should be considered in the
      design and interpretation of studies concerned with elucidation of the
      relationship between phospholipid fatty acid turnover and the regulation of
      membrane protein function in this membrane preparation.

PMID- 4005244
TI  - Coupling of a loop diuretic-sensitive Na+ influx with the net loop diuretic
      sensitive K+ efflux in mouse NIH 3T3 cells.
AB  - Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts have a loop diuretic sensitive Na+ transport system,
      responsible for more than 50% of the total Na+ influx. This transport system is
      dependent on the simultaneous presence of all three ions; Na+, K+, (Rb+) and Cl-
      in the extracellular medium. The same requirement for these three ions was also
      found for the loop diuretic-sensitive K+ efflux. In addition, the sensitivities
      of Na+ influx and Rb+ efflux for the two loop diuretics, furosemide and
      bumetanide were found to be similar. The similar ionic requirement and
      sensitivity towards loop diuretics of the two fluxes, support the hypothesis,
      that this loop diuretic-sensitive Na+ influx in mouse 3T3 cells, is accompanied
      by the net loop diuretic-sensitive K+ efflux.

PMID- 4005245
TI  - The identity of the current carriers in canine lingual epithelium in vitro.
AB  - Ion transport across the lingual epithelium has been implicated as an early event
      in gustatory transduction. The fluxes of isotopically labelled Na+ and Cl- were
      measured across isolated canine dorsal lingual epithelium under short-circuit
      conditions. The epithelium actively absorbs Na+ and to a lesser extent actively
      secretes Cl-. Under symmetrical conditions with Krebs-Henseleit buffer on both
      sides, (1) Na+ absorption accounts for 46% of the short-circuit current (Isc);
      (2) there are two transcellular Na+ pathways, one amiloride-sensitive and one
      amiloride-insensitive; (3) ouabain, added to the serosal solution, inhibits both
      Isc and active Na+ absorption. When hyperosmotic (0.25 M) NaCl is placed in the
      mucosal bath, both Isc and Na+ absorption increase; net Na+ absorption is at
      least as much as Isc. Ion substitution studies indicate that the tissue may
      transport a variety of larger ions, though not as effectively as Na+ and Cl-.
      Thus we have shown that the lingual epithelium, like other epithelia of the
      gastrointestinal tract, actively transports ions. However, it is unusual both in
      its response to hyperosmotic solutions and in the variety of ions that support a
      transepithelial short-circuit current. Since sodium ion transport under
      hyperosmotic conditions has been shown to correlate well with the gustatory
      neural response, the variety of ions transported may likewise indicate a wider
      role for transport in taste transduction.

PMID- 4005246
TI  - Permeability and morphology of low temperature phases in bilayers of single and
      of mixtures of phosphatidylcholines.
AB  - The properties of subtransitions were studied in aqueous dispersions of saturated
      phosphatidylcholines (PC) by means of permeability measurements, freeze-fracture
      electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For dispersions
      of C16PC, a C16PC analog (2,3-dipalmitoyl-cyclopentano-1-phosphocholine with four
      methylene residues between the nitrogen and the phosphorus atoms) and C17PC,
      there was good agreement between phase properties (including subtransitions) as
      observed by DSC and temperature-related permeability. C16PC and C17PC dispersions
      also displayed a 'crinkled' surface morphology in the subgel state. The phase
      diagram for mixtures of C14PC and C16PC was consistent with ideal mixing of these
      two components in the subgel state and also illustrated the relative independence
      of the subtransition on acyl chain length as compared to the pre- and main
      transitions. Together, these results indicate that (i) permeability, DSC and
      freeze-fracture electron microscopy measurements do correlate reasonably well
      with the existence of a subgel state, (ii) mixtures of lipids with similar acyl
      chain lengths can be used to investigate subtransitions, (iii) the development of
      a subtransition appears to be mainly a function of the non-acyl chain moiety of
      the phospholipid.

PMID- 4005247
TI  - Formation and properties of aqueous leaks induced in human erythrocytes by
      electrical breakdown.
AB  - Leaks were induced in human erythrocytes by brief (tau = 1-40 microseconds)
      discharges of high electric fields (3-20 kV/cm). Leak permeabilities were
      characterized by measuring (a) net and tracer fluxes of K+ and nonelectrolytes
      under protection of the cells against colloid-osmotic lysis, or (b) rates of
      colloid osmotic lysis in various salt solutions. The induced permeabilities are
      essentially stable for hours at 0-2 degrees C. Leak permeability P increases
      exponentially with the breakdown voltage ED according to a function of the
      general type P = bED. The basis b varies with the pulse length. A log-linear
      presentation reveals a biphasic linear relationship with a break at which the
      slope (= log b) decreases markedly. Elevated ionic strengths of the suspension
      medium during the electric discharge enhance leak formation. Leak permeability
      exhibits an apparent activation energy of 29 +/- 5 kJ/mol, indicative of
      diffusion through aqueous pathways. Somewhat differing equivalent pore radii
      emerge from measurements with different probes: 0.6-0.8 nm from tracer fluxes of
      polyols (Mr = 3600, ED = 4-7 kV/cm) and 0.8-1.9 nm from osmotic protection
      studies with polyethylene glycols (Mr = 200-3300, ED = 6-10 kV/cm). These numbers
      and the non-monoexponential increase of leak permeability with the field strength
      suggest a dual mechanism for the increase of leak permeability: an increase of
      the number of pores at low breakdown voltage and an additional increase of pore
      size at higher voltage. Estimated numbers of pores range from 1 to 10 per cell,
      which suggests dynamic fluctuating structural defects to be involved. The leaks
      discriminate small monovalent inorganic ions in the sequence of free solution
      mobility. Organic anions are discriminated according to size and charge. Common
      properties of these electrically induced defects and of chemically induced leaks
      (diamide, periodate, t-butylhydroperoxide) in the erythrocyte membrane suggest
      close similarities in the molecular organization.

PMID- 4005248
TI  - Protein rotational diffusion measurements on the interaction of bee venom
      melittin with bacteriorhodopsin in lipid vesicles.
AB  - The rotational diffusion of bacteriorhodopsin reconstituted into
      dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles was measured by the technique of flash
      induced transient dichroism. In the presence of melittin, a cell lysing peptide
      from honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom, dose-dependent loss of rotational mobility
      was observed. Chemically modified melittin derivatives, in which free amine
      groups were either acetylated or succinylated, were impaired in their ability to
      induce immobilisation of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin reconstitutions of
      differing lipid/protein ratio were tested and it was found that the
      bacteriorhodopsin immobilisation phenomena depended on the melittin/protein
      ratio, not the melittin/lipid ratio. This suggests that melittin produces its
      effect via direct interaction with bacteriorhodopsin. A mechanism is proposed in
      which the aggregation of bacteriorhodopsin is induced by electrostatic attraction
      between its anionic surface moieties and the highly cationic C-terminal segment
      of melittin.

PMID- 4005249
TI  - Nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitive and -resistant nucleoside transport in normal
      and transformed rat cells.
AB  - Cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma and Walker 256 carcinoma cells have previously
      been reported to express only nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI)-resistant uridine
      transport and to lack high affinity NBTI-binding sites, whereas the latter are
      common on all other types of cultured mammalian cells from different species [1
      7) X 10(5) sites/cell) which have been investigated with the exception of a
      transport-deficient cell variant which lacks high-affinity NBTI-binding sites.
      The present study shows that lack of NBTI sensitivity of transport and of NBTI
      binding sites in Novikoff and Walker 256 cells are not related to the species or
      tissue origin of these cells. Uridine transport in a variant (NRM) of Novikoff
      hepatoma cells, in HTC rat hepatoma cells, normal rat kidney (NRK) cells, rat
      erythrocytes and rat hepatocytes was inhibited 15-60% by 10-500 nM NBTI and the
      cells expressed high-affinity NBTI-binding sites (Kd = 0.1-0.6 nM). The apparent
      turnover numbers for the NBTI-sensitive nucleoside carriers fell into two
      classes, with those for transformed cells about 10-times higher than those for
      the normal rat cells.

PMID- 4005250
TI  - Transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine in membrane vesicles from rat basophilic
      leukemia cells.
AB  - Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells were grown as tumors. Membrane vesicles were
      isolated from them and serotonin transport was measured. Two types of transport
      were identified. One was sensitive to imipramine and sodium-dependent, while the
      other was sensitive to reserpine and ATP-dependent. The transport systems exhibit
      different affinities for serotonin (sodium-dependent, Km 0.22 microM; ATP
      dependent, Km 2.6 microM) and are different in their substrate specificity, the
      former being much more specific. The 5-hydroxytryptamine transport by the
      reserpine-sensitive system was strongly inhibited by other biogenic amines, like
      norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine, whereas that by the imipramine
      sensitive system was not. Upon Ficoll gradient centrifugation the two transport
      systems were separated. The reserpine-sensitive activity was found much further
      into the gradient than the imipramine-sensitive one. The latter co-migrated with
      the receptor of IgE, which is located in the plasma membrane. Characterization of
      latter showed that in addition to the dependence of 5-hydroxytryptamine influx on
      external sodium it was also absolutely dependent on external chloride and was
      strongly stimulated by internal potassium. On the other hand, efflux required
      external potassium. An alternative potassium independent way of loss of labelled
      5-hydroxytryptamine was by exchange. A small but consistent stimulation of influx
      was observed in the presence of valinomycin, indicating that the process is
      electrogenic. The reserpine-sensitive system could also be driven in the absence
      of ATP. This required the imposition of pH gradient (acid inside) and was
      stimulated by an artificially imposed membrane potential (positive inside).

PMID- 4005251
TI  - Intestinal sugar transport during ageing.
AB  - Ageing effects on sugar intestinal transport were studied by using the everted
      sac and the brush-border membrane vesicle techniques. Four age groups of rats
      were used: very young, young, adult and old animals. Net transintestinal
      transport of D-glucose and intracellular sugar accumulation were greater in young
      than in very young, adult and old rats. Net Na+ transport was high in very young
      and young animals and then it declined with age. In brush-border membrane vesicle
      experiments D-glucose overshoot was smaller in the groups of animals where net
      sugar transport was less. In old rats, however, the overshoot did not occur.
      Short-circuiting of vesicles with valinomycin showed that the driving forces for
      sugar accumulation, i.e. the chemical potential gradient of Na+ and the
      electrical potential gradient, played different roles during ageing. In very
      young animals the chemical potential gradient seems to be responsible for D
      glucose overshoot; in young rats both gradients are important while in adult
      animals the electrical potential gradient represents the main driving force.

PMID- 4005252
TI  - The effects of ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide on cerebroside
      metastability.
AB  - Aqueous dispersions of n-acyl cerebrosides are known to exhibit metastable
      polymorphism of the type: (Formula: see text). The involvement of hydration in
      this metastable polymorphism has been investigated by differential scanning
      calorimetric studies of aqueous palmitoylgalactocerebroside (C16:0-CER)
      dispersions in the presence of agents which disrupt water structure. In the
      presence of 50 vol% ethylene glycol or 50 vol% dimethyl sulfoxide, only a single
      reversible ordered----liquid-crystalline transition is observed. This single
      ordered----liquid-crystalline transition exhibits a smaller enthalpy and occurs
      at a lower temperature than the major Polymorph II----liquid-crystal transition
      observed for dispersions in water alone. These results indicate that metastable
      polymorphism in C16:0-CER is related to hydration.

PMID- 4005253
TI  - Influence of the protein conformation on the interaction between alpha
      lactalbumin and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles.
AB  - alpha-Lactalbumin is a globular protein containing helical regions with highly
      amphiphathic character. In this work, the interaction between bovine alpha
      lactalbumin and sonicated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles has been
      compared in different circumstances which influence the protein conformation
      i.e., pH, ionic strength, decalcification, guanidine hydrochloride denaturation.
      Above the isoelectric point the interaction is mainly electrostatic; improved
      electrostatic interaction results in better contact with the apolar lipid phase.
      Below the isoelectric point, hydrophobic forces dominate the interaction and the
      vesicles are solubilized. The mode of interaction is not determined to a great
      extent by the demetallization of the protein. However, by a more explicit
      unfolding of the globular structure with guanidine hydrochloride, micellar
      complexes can be formed with the lipid, even at neutral pH. From this study it is
      obvious that the presence or capability for formation of helices with high
      amphipathic character is not a sufficient condition for lipid solubilization by a
      globular protein. Also, the capability of a globular protein to unfold its
      tertiary structure seems to be a prerequisite for its capability to lipid
      solubilization.

PMID- 4005254
TI  - Characterization of interaction between Tb3+ and porcine intestinal brush-border
      membranes.
AB  - Effects of ionic strength and temperature on the interaction between Tb3+ and
      porcine intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles were studied. When Tb3+ was
      added to the vesicle suspension, Tb3+ fluorescence increased with increasing
      concentration of Tb3+, showing a saturation. The apparent dissociation constant
      of one of at least two components of this binding reaction was estimated to be
      about 12.5 microM at 25 degrees C, pH 7.4. But the affinity of Tb3+ for the
      membrane vesicles was variable with changes of ionic strength and temperature.
      The affinity was lowered by addition of KCl to medium and by increase of
      temperature above 30 degrees C. In addition, temperature-induced change in the
      affinity of Tb3+ for the membranes was reversible over a temperature range from
      13 to 46 degrees C. Temperature-dependence profiles of the excimer formation
      efficiency of pyrene-labeled membranes and of the harmonic mean of the rotational
      relaxation times of pyrene molecules in the membranes revealed that the phase
      transition of the membrane lipids occurs at about 30 degrees C. Based on these
      results, characteristics of Tb3+ binding to the membranes are discussed in
      relation to the nature of lipid phase and surface charges of the membranes.

PMID- 4005255
TI  - Effect of puromycin on sugar transport in isolated rat adipocytes.
AB  - This study was performed to determine whether puromycin effects sugar transport
      into isolated rat adipocytes. Time-course and kinetic studies demonstrated that
      puromycin competitively inhibited 3-O-methylglucose transport. The data indicate
      that there is an acute effect of puromycin on sugar transport via competitive
      inhibition that is independent of the inhibition of protein synthesis.

PMID- 4005256
TI  - Presence and characterization of acetylcholinesterase in brush-border and
      basolateral membranes of rabbit enterocytes.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase is found in the brush-border and basolateral membranes
      purified from rabbit enterocytes. The sedimentation coefficients of the enzymes
      solubilized from two types of membrane are identical (5.5 +/- 0.2 S) and the
      apparent molecular weights are not significantly different (154 000 +/- 8000 for
      the brush-border and 145 000 +/- 8000 for the basolateral membrane enzyme). These
      results suggest a unique G2 molecular form for acetylcholinesterase from brush
      border as well as from basolateral membranes.

PMID- 4005257
TI  - Solute distributions and trapping efficiencies observed in freeze-thawed
      multilamellar vesicles.
AB  - It has recently been observed (Gruner, Lenk, Janoff and Ostro (1985)
      Biochemistry, in the press) that mechanical dispersion of dry lipid in an aqueous
      buffer to form multilamellar vesicle (MLV) systems does not result in equilibrium
      trans-membrane distributions of solute. In particular, the entrapped buffer
      exhibits reduced solute concentrations. Here we demonstrate that egg
      phosphatidylcholine MLV systems dispersed in the presence of Mn2+ also exhibit
      non-equilibrium solute distributions, and that repetitive freeze-thawing cycles
      can remove such solute heterogeneity. Further, the resulting freeze-thawed MLVs
      exhibit dramatically enhanced trapped volumes and trapping efficiencies. At 400
      mg phospholipid per ml, for example, the trapping efficiencies can be as high as
      90%. This is associated with a remarkable change in MLV morphology where large
      inter-bilayer separations are commonly observed.

PMID- 4005258
TI  - Lack of binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to erythrocyte
      membranes under in vivo conditions.
AB  - A filtration method is described for separating membrane-free cytoplasm from
      concentrated erythrocyte haemolysates. The method has been used to assess
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase binding to erythrocyte membranes. The
      relative amounts of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate
      dehydrogenase in the cytoplasm (either oxygenated or deoxygenated) indicate there
      is no detectable binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to the
      membranes under physiological conditions.

PMID- 4005259
TI  - Protection of large unilamellar vesicles by trehalose during dehydration:
      retention of vesicle contents.
AB  - The ability of trehalose and other sugars to maintain the integrity of large
      unilamellar vesicles subjected to dehydration and rehydration has been
      investigated. It is shown, employing freeze-fracture techniques, that large
      unilamellar vesicles prepared in the presence of trehalose at 125 mM or higher
      concentration do not exhibit significant structural changes during the
      dehydration-rehydration cycle. Further, up to 90% of entrapped 22Na or [3H]inulin
      is retained during this process. Other sugars also exhibited similar protective
      effects where trehalose was most effective, followed by sucrose, maltose, glucose
      and lactose. It is demonstrated that proton or Na+/K+ electrochemical gradients
      can be maintained during the dehydration-rehydration process, which can
      subsequently be used to drive the uptake of lipophilic cationic drugs such as
      adriamycin. The implications for long-term storage of liposomal systems for use
      in drug-delivery protocols are discussed.

PMID- 4005260
TI  - Basic characterization of an ouabain-resistant, bumetanide-sensitive K+ carrier
      mediated transport system in J774.2 mouse macrophage-like cell line and in
      variants deficient in adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      activities.
AB  - 86Rb(K+) transport across the plasma membrane of macrophage-like cells was
      studied. The cells used were the wild-type J774.2 and its two variants, CT2
      cells, deficient in adenylate cyclase, and J7H1 cells, deficient in cAMP
      dependent protein kinase. In the three cell lines about 15% of the total 86Rb(K+)
      influx is transported by the K+ carrier-mediated transport system. The 86Rb(K+)
      efflux carried by the same transporter is negligible when measured in the absence
      of ouabain in the medium. Therefore this carrier conducts a net inward flux of K+
      under the experimental conditions used. The transporter is sensitive to
      extracellular Na+ and inhibited by 'loop' diuretics; bumetanide inhibits ouabain
      resistant 86Rb(K+) influx with IC50 of 0.1, 5.0, and 0.05 microM for J774.2, CT2
      and J7H1 macrophages, respectively. The membrane potential of the three cells was
      measured, using the distribution of [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium [( 3H]TPP+) across
      the plasma membrane, and found to be -80.1, -108.5 and -105.1 mV for J774.2, CT2
      and J7H1 cells, respectively. The addition of bumetanide to the cell medium does
      not alter [3H]TPP+ uptake indicating that the transporter is electrically silent.
      It is concluded that despite the differences in cAMP metabolism by the three
      macrophages, the basic characteristics of K+ carrier-mediated transport system of
      the three cells are very similar.

PMID- 4005261
TI  - Eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-3: determination of
      concentration and association with ribosomes in rabbit reticulocyte and HeLa cell
      lysates.
AB  - Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against eukaryotic protein synthesis
      initiation factor eIF-3 were produced and used to determine the factor
      concentration and its association with ribosomes in rabbit reticulocyte and HeLa
      cell lysates. In rabbit reticulocyte lysate we found 3-5 micrograms eIF-3 per mg
      total protein and in HeLa cell lysate 8-15 micrograms eIF-3 per mg total protein.
      The initiation factor eIF-3 was found both associated with 40 S ribosomal
      subunits and free in the post-ribosomal supernatant. However, no eIF-3 could be
      detected on mono- or polyribosomes.

PMID- 4005262
TI  - Some properties of IgG against diphtheria toxin synthesized in Xenopus oocytes
      containing mRNA from hybridoma.
AB  - When a mixture of mRNA from hybridoma producing IgG, anti-diphtheria toxin
      antibody, and mRNA from rat liver was injected into Xenopus oocytes, most of the
      IgG synthesized in the oocytes was not secreted into the medium and remained in
      the rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction. In contrast, rat serum albumin was
      rapidly secreted. The glycosylation of IgG in the oocytes was of a high-mannose
      type, while that of IgG secreted very slowly into the medium was of a complex
      type. The IgG in the membrane fraction and in the medium could both bind to
      diphtheria toxin.

PMID- 4005264
TI  - Studies on the catalytic residues at the active site of human liver alpha-L
      fucosidase.
AB  - Kinetic studies and chemical modifications were performed on purified human liver
      alpha-L-fucosidase (alpha-L-fucoside fucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.51) in an attempt to
      identify the catalytic residues at the active site. Plots of log Vmax vs. pH
      (computer-fitted to a theoretical model) displayed two apparent pK values, of
      approx. 3.8 and 7.3. The temperature dependence of these pK values yielded heats
      of ionization of 3 and 0 kcal/mol from Van't Hoff plots for the lower and higher
      pK values, respectively. Reaction of alpha-L-fucosidase with 1-ethyl-3-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and sodium p-(hydroxymercuri)benzoate resulted
      in complete inactivation of the enzyme. Other nonspecific inactivators had little
      or no effect on enzyme activity. These results suggest two carboxyl groups whose
      ionization state is important to activity, a non-active-site cysteine residue
      important to activity, and at least one active-site carboxyl group.

PMID- 4005263
TI  - The mechanism of inhibition of DNA replication in HeLa S3 cells by the antitumor
      drug Ledakrin and other antitumor 1-nitro-9-aminoacridines.
AB  - These studies were aimed at characterizing the capability of an antitumor DNA
      damaging drug, Ledakrin, and its analogs to inhibit DNA replication in HeLa S3
      cells. The studied agents are extremely potent inhibitors of [3H]thymidine
      incorporation in whole cells. These compounds produced also a potent dose- and
      time-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis in subcellular systems derived from
      drug-treated cells, as found by [3H]dGTP incorporation in cellular lysates and
      nuclei. Experiments in which nuclei from control and drug-treated cells were
      supplemented with cytoplasmic fractions from either control or drug-treated
      cells, or with exogenous DNA, demonstrate that Ledakrin and other 1-nitro-9
      aminoacridines inhibit DNA replication in HeLa S3 cells by interfering with the
      DNA template, while not affecting DNA polymerase(s) or other enzymes and
      replication factors. The negligible effect of Ledakrin added to lysates or nuclei
      from untreated cells suggests that metabolic activation is a prerequisite for
      replication inhibition by Ledakrin. Analysis of the size of newly synthesized
      DNA, by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation, indicates that Ledakrin does not
      inhibit the initiation of replication but does interfere with chain growth.
      Impairment of DNA replication by 1-nitro-9-aminoacridines seems to originate from
      DNA damage and to result in the inhibition of cellular growth.

PMID- 4005266
TI  - Relaxation amplitude analysis of thiocyanate and formate binding to human
      aquomethemoglobin A.
AB  - The kinetics of the reaction of thiocyanate and formate ions with
      aquomethemoglobin can be adequately accounted for by a scheme in which the ligand
      binding step in both the alpha and beta subunits is preceded by a fast transition
      of the iron atom from high to low spin (Okonjo, K.O. (1980) Eur. J. Biochem. 105,
      329-334). Amplitude expressions derived from this scheme are used to analyse the
      relaxation amplitude data for alpha and beta subunits within the methemoglobin
      tetramer. The mean of the reaction enthalpies for ligand binding by the subunits
      within the tetramer is in good agreement with the reaction enthalpy for ligand
      binding by the methemoglobin tetramer obtained from a Van't Hoff plot of
      equilibrium titration data.

PMID- 4005265
TI  - Interactions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in high-molecular-weight multienzyme
      complexes from rat liver.
AB  - The functional interaction of Arg-, Ile-, Leu-, Lys- and Met-tRNA synthetases
      occurring within the same rat liver multienzyme complex are investigated by
      examining the enzymes catalytic activities and inactivation kinetics. The
      Michaelis constants for amino acids, ATP and tRNAs of the dissociated aminoacyl
      tRNA synthetases are not significantly different from those of the high-Mr
      multienzyme complex, except in a few cases where the Km values of the dissociated
      enzymes are higher than those of the high-Mr form. The maximal aminoacylation
      velocities of the individual aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are not affected by the
      presence of simultaneous aminoacylation by another synthetase occurring within
      the same multienzyme complex. Site-specific oxidative modification by ascorbate
      and nonspecific thermal inactivation of synthetases in the purified rat liver 18
      S synthetase complex are examined. Lys- and Arg-tRNA synthetases show remarkably
      parallel time-courses in both inactivation processes. Leu- and Met-tRNA
      synthetases also show parallel kinetics in thermal inactivation and possibly
      oxidative inactivation. Ile-tRNA synthetase shows little inactivation in either
      process. The oxidative inactivation of Lys- and Arg-tRNA synthetases can be
      reversed by addition of dithiothreitol. These results suggest that synthetases
      within the same high-Mr complex catalyze aminoacylation reactions independently;
      however, the stabilities of some of the synthetases in the multienzyme complex
      are coupled. In particular, the stability of Arg-tRNA synthetase depends
      appreciably on its association with fully active Lys-tRNA synthetase.

PMID- 4005267
TI  - Influence of fibrinogen on fibrin polymerization. Ultracentrifugation studies.
AB  - During the transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin, excess fibrinogen suppresses
      further polymerization of fibrin, thereby enabling the nascent fibrin to be
      transported in a soluble form in blood. The question of possible complex
      formation between fibrin and fibrinogen was addressed by analyzing
      fibrin/fibrinogen (1:20, mol/mol) mixtures in the presence of calcium ions in
      stable linear sucrose density gradients by ultracentrifugation at 37 degrees C.
      During the period of ultracentrifugation in independent experiments, 40% of desAA
      fibrin and 30% of desAABB-fibrin, respectively, precipitated without the
      participation of fibrinogen. The desAABB-fibrin, recovered in the gradient
      fractions, appeared as high-molecular-weight polymers (22 S), whereas the
      recovered desAA-fibrin exhibited only a slight increase in molecular weight (9 S)
      compared to fibrinogen (8 S). In contrast to this finding, both types of fibrin
      were totally recovered in gradient fractions provided that fibrinogen was present
      in the gradient at a uniform concentration of 2 mg/ml. In addition, the presence
      of fibrinogen but not human serum albumin reduced the size of desAABB-fibrin
      polymers (17 S). However, stable fibrin-fibrinogen complexes could not be
      demonstrated, since cosedimentation of differently labelled desAABB-fibrin and
      fibrinogen was not detectable. These studies suggest a specific but weak
      interaction of the solubilizing fibrinogen with the soluble fibrin polymers as
      demonstrated by a rapid exchange of both macromolecules.

PMID- 4005268
TI  - Circular dichroism studies of acetylcholinesterase conformation. Comparison of
      the 11 S and 5.6 S species and the differences induced by inhibitory ligands.
AB  - Circular dichroism studies were carried out in the vacuum ultraviolet region for
      11 S and 5.6 S species of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo. As the 5.6 S
      acetylcholinesterase forms larger oligomers in the absence of detergent, the CD
      spectrum was measured both with and without detergent. Secondary structure
      analysis of the CD spectrum for 11 S acetylcholinesterase shows 33% alpha-helix,
      23% beta-sheet (14% antiparallel and 9% parallel), 17% turns and 26% other
      structure. Binding of edrophonium to the active site of 11 S acetylcholinesterase
      increases alpha-helix, while binding of propidium to the peripheral site
      increases beta-sheet. The beta-sheet content is slightly higher for 5.6 S than 11
      S acetylcholinesterase in water. When the detergent is added to 5.6 S
      acetylcholinesterase, the 190 nm and 220 nm bands become less intense, although
      the analyses of the two spectra are similar. No significant change is observed
      for the 5.6 S form in either solvent on binding ligands. The prediction of both
      parallel and antiparallel beta-sheet suggests that at least one domain in these
      multidomain proteins belongs to the alpha/beta tertiary structural type.

PMID- 4005269
TI  - The rates of defined changes in protein structure during the catalytic cycle of
      lactate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Rapid mixing, kinetic experiments were performed on native and modified
      [Tyr(3NO2)237)] porcine H4 lactate dehydrogenase at low temperatures in a medium
      containing 30% dimethyl sulphoxide. In the temperature range -16 to +8 degrees C,
      the modified enzyme-NADH complex, when mixed with 1 mM pyruvate, is converted to
      enzyme, NAD+ and lactate at two distinctly different rates. At -16 degrees C the
      more rapid process occurs at a rate of 40 s-1 and the slower at 3 s-1. The slower
      rate is identical to that assigned to the steady-state turnover of the enzyme in
      these conditions and therefore reflects the slow, rate-limiting rearrangement of
      protein structure which has been inferred from previous kinetic experiments. The
      fast phase of NADH oxidation, however, proceeds at a rate which coincides with
      that of the closure of a loop of polypeptide over the active site of the enzyme
      (sensed by the nitrotyrosine group, which protonates in response to the approach
      of glutamate 107, a residue situated on this mobile loop). We explain these
      results by proposing that: (i) both the slow and fast changes in protein
      structure must occur before the enzyme can accomplish the redox step, (ii) the
      enzyme-NADH (binary) complex exists in two, slowly interconverting forms, (iii)
      the structural change giving rise to this slow conformational equilibrium can
      also occur in the ternary (enzyme-NADH-pyruvate) complex and (iv) it is this step
      which limits the rate of the steady-state reaction. Both of the binary forms are
      able to bind pyruvate, but the rate of NADH oxidation in one of the forms is
      rapid, since it has already undergone this slow rearrangement. In this rapidly
      reacting form, it is the closure of the loop (not transfer of the hydride ion)
      which limits the rate at which the coenzyme is oxidized, while the slowly
      reacting form must undergo both loop-closure and the slow structural conversion
      before the redox reaction can occur.

PMID- 4005270
TI  - Metabolism of protein-free lipid emulsion models of chylomicrons in rats.
AB  - Emulsions were prepared by ultrasonication of mixtures of triolein, cholesteryl
      oleate, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol in aqueous dispersions, then purified
      by ultracentrifugation. After injection into rats, the metabolism of the
      artificial, protein-free emulsions was comparable to the metabolism of
      chylomicrons collected from rat intestinal lymph during the absorption of fat.
      Like chylomicrons, the emulsion triacylglycerol was removed from the plasma more
      quickly than emulsion cholesteryl ester. Also like chylomicrons, much more
      emulsion cholesteryl ester than triacylglycerol appeared in the liver 10 min
      after injection, and only trace amounts appeared in the spleen. Because the
      artificial emulsions gained apolipoproteins when incubated with plasma, their
      metabolism was probably facilitated by the recipient rat plasma apolipoproteins
      and so, in rats made apolipoprotein-deficient by treatment with estrogen, the
      removal of emulsions from the plasma was slowed. Removal was also slowed in
      hyperlipidemic rats fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet to expand the plasma
      pools of the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and remnants. The results indicate
      that the metabolism of lymph chylomicrons can be modeled by artificial, protein
      free lipid emulsions not only in the initial partial hydrolysis by lipoprotein
      lipase, but also in the delivery of a remnant-like particle to the liver.

PMID- 4005271
TI  - Fluorescence assay of the specificity of human plasma and bovine liver
      phospholipid transfer proteins.
AB  - The specificities of a human plasma and bovine liver phospholipid transfer
      protein were studied using a fluorescence assay based on the transfer of pyrenyl
      phospholipids. This method was used previously to determine the mechanism of
      spontaneous transfer of phospholipids between model lipoproteins (Massey, J.B.,
      Gotto, A.M., Jr. and Pownall, H.J. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 3630-3636). The
      pyrenyl phospholipids varied in the headgroup moiety; pyrenyl
      phosphatidylcholines contained different fatty acyl chains in the sn-1 position.
      Model high-density lipoproteins (R-HDL) consisting of apolipoprotein A-I and 1
      palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) were used as donor and acceptor
      particles. As previously shown, the bovine liver protein mediated the transfer of
      only phosphatidylcholine. In contrast, the human plasma protein transferred all
      species studied which included a phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin,
      galactosylcerebroside, and a diacylglycerol. The activity of these transfer
      proteins was only slightly affected by changes in the acyl chain composition of
      the transferring lipid. Pyrenyl and radioactive ([3H]POPC) phospholipids were
      transferred with equal rates by the human transfer protein, suggesting that this
      protein has similar binding characteristics for pyrenyl and natural
      phospholipids. Spontaneous phospholipid transfer occurs by the aqueous diffusion
      of monomeric lipid where the rate is highly dependent on fatty acyl chain
      composition. In this study, no correlation between the rate of spontaneous
      transfer and protein-mediated transfer was found. The apparent Km values for R
      HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), when used as acceptors, were similar when
      based on the number of acceptor particles. The apparent Vmax for the bovine liver
      protein was identical for R-HDL and LDL but for the plasma protein Vmax was
      slightly higher for R-HDL. These results suggest that, like the bovine liver
      protein, the plasma protein functions as a phospholipid-binding carrier that
      exchanges phospholipids between membrane surfaces. The assay of lipid transfer
      proteins by pyrenyl-labeled lipids is faster and easier to perform than other
      current methods, which require separation of donor and acceptor particles, and is
      suitable for studies on the function and mechanism of action of lipid transfer
      proteins.

PMID- 4005272
TI  - Flux of palmitate through the peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation
      systems in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Peroxisomes catalyze the beta-oxidation of fatty acids but their quantitative
      role in fatty acid catabolism in the intact hepatocyte is not yet clarified. In
      the present study peroxisomal beta-oxidation of [1-14C]palmitate was quantitated
      in hepatocytes without the use of metabolic inhibitors. It was assumed that
      acetyl-CoA formed by peroxisomal beta-oxidation enters the cytosolic pool of
      acetyl-CoA, whereas that from mitochondrial beta-oxidation enters the
      mitochondrial pool. The labeling of the two acetyl-CoA pools was assessed by
      measuring the incorporation of radioactivity into cholesterol (from cytosolic
      acetyl-CoA) and CO2 (from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA). The system was calibrated
      with [1-14C]acetate and [1-14C]butyrate because butyrate undergoes beta-oxidation
      only in mitochondria, whereas acetate forms acetyl-CoA primarily in the cytosol.
      The labeling ratio, [( 14C]cholesterol X 100)/[( 14C]cholesterol + [14C]CO2),
      reflects the site of formation of acetyl-CoA. This ratio was 0.51 for butyrate,
      1.39 for acetate and 0.79 for palmitate. The difference between palmitate and
      butyrate was statistically significant (P less than 0.02). This indicates that
      not all of the palmitate was oxidized in mitochondria. By linear interpolation it
      was estimated that approximately 32% of the [1-14C]palmitate oxidation began in
      peroxisomes.

PMID- 4005273
TI  - Dihydrotestosterone inhibits fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor-mediated synthesis of
      saturated phosphatidylcholine by fetal rat lung cells.
AB  - Dihydrotestosterone has previously been found to inhibit pulmonary surfactant
      production in vivo. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of
      this androgen on the fetal lung fibroblast and type II cell in culture. Addition
      of 1 X 10(-8) M cortisol to organotype cultures stimulates the synthesis of
      radiolabelled saturated phosphatidylcholine; however, preincubation of such
      cultures with 1 X 10(-8) M dihydrotestosterone completely blocks cortisol
      stimulation of saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis without affecting basal
      activity. Cortisol treatment of fetal lung fibroblasts stimulates the production
      of fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor; pre-treatment with dihydrotestosterone blocks
      this stimulation. Fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor stimulates the synthesis of
      saturated phosphatidylcholine by type II pneumonocytes; this effect is also
      blocked by dihydrotestosterone pre-treatment. I conclude that dihydrotestosterone
      blocks cortisol-inducible saturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis by inhibiting
      the production and activity of fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor in vitro.

PMID- 4005274
TI  - In vitro conversion of phytol to phytanic acid in rat liver: subcellular
      distribution of activity and chemical characterization of intermediates using a
      new bromination technique.
AB  - The enzymatic conversion of phytol to phytanic acid has been demonstrated in
      vitro in rat liver. Subcellular fractionation indicated that the mitochondrial
      fraction possessed the highest activity. Substantial activity was also present in
      the microsomal fraction. A new bromination-thin-layer chromatography procedure
      was developed to separate the phytol-dihydrophytol mixture and this procedure was
      applied to identify, characterize and quantitate the metabolites of phytol
      phytanate conversion, i.e., phytanic acid, phytenic acid and dihydrophytol.
      Phytanic and phytenic acids were formed in the ratio 100:7.4. The conversion of
      phytol to phytenic acid was in the range 2-3%. No dihydrophytol was detected over
      boiled, acidified, or no-enzyme controls. The presence of phytenic acid and the
      absence of dihydrophytol in the incubation mixture confirm the previous in vivo
      studies and suggest that phytenic acid may be an intermediate in phytol-phytanate
      conversion.

PMID- 4005276
TI  - Transport of fatty acids across the membrane of human erythrocyte ghosts.
AB  - Human erythrocyte ghosts were used for studying the mechanism of uptake and
      membrane transport of fatty acids. Hemoglobin-free ghosts were prepared and
      loaded with substrates such as CoA and/or ATP, and their ability for transporting
      and activating radiolabelled palmitic acid was tested further. Uptake of
      radiolabelled palmitic acid by CoA- and ATP-loaded ghosts exceeded that observed
      with ghosts loaded only with ATP, the latter being greater than that measured
      with non-loaded ghosts. Acyl-CoA was synthesized in CoA- and ATP-loaded ghosts
      upon incubation with radiolabelled palmitic acid. Both CoA and ATP were needed
      within the ghosts to permit acyl-CoA synthesis, suggesting that the acyl-CoA
      synthetase is located in and is bound to the inner layer of the membrane. The
      rate of acyl-CoA synthesis was saturable with increasing concentration of
      palmitic acid in the incubation mixture, and kinetic parameters were calculated.
      The rate of acyl-CoA synthesis in CoA- and ATP-loaded ghosts upon incubation with
      radiolabelled palmitic acid was markedly decreased when increasing albumin
      concentration in the incubation medium up to a molar ratio albumin/fatty acid of
      one to one. It is not easy to distinguish experimentally fatty acids located in
      the outer layer and the inner layer of the membrane and the data of this paper
      suggest that acyl-CoA synthesis by an enzyme located in the inner layer could be
      used as a measure of the acyl groups which have been translocated across the
      membrane of erythrocyte ghosts.

PMID- 4005275
TI  - Reactivity of human lipoproteins with purified lecithin: cholesterol
      acyltransferase during incubations in vitro.
AB  - Studies have been performed to determine the proportion of the esterified
      cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
      and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) that is attributable to a direct action
      of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase on each lipoprotein fraction.
      Esterification of [3H]cholesterol was examined in 37 degrees C incubations of
      either: (a) unseparated whole plasma, (b) plasma reconstituted after prior
      ultracentrifugation to separate the 1.21 g/ml supernatant, (c) a mixture
      comprising the 1.21 g/ml supernatant of plasma and purified lecithin: cholesterol
      acyltransferase or (d) the same mixture as (c) after supplementation with a
      preparation of partially purified lipid transfer protein. Each of these
      incubations was performed using samples collected from four different subjects,
      two of whom had normal and two of whom had elevated concentrations of plasma
      triacylglycerol. At the completion of 3-h incubations, the lipoproteins were
      separated into multiple fractions by gel filtration to obtain a continuous
      profile of esterified [3H]cholesterol across the whole spectrum of lipoproteins.
      There was an appearance of esterified [3H]cholesterol in each of the major
      lipoprotein fractions in all incubations. In unseparated plasma, 56% of the total
      (mean of four experiments) was in HDL, 33% in LDL and 11% in VLDL. A comparable
      distribution was observed in the incubations of reconstituted plasma and in the
      samples to which partially purified lipid transfer protein had been added. In the
      absence of lipid transfer protein activity in incubations containing purified
      lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, 73% of the esterified [3H]cholesterol was
      in HDL, 25% in LDL and only 1% in VLDL. It has been concluded that at
      physiological concentrations of lipoproteins, 70-80% of the cholesterol
      esterifying action of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase is confined to the
      HDL fraction, with most of the remainder involving the LDL fraction. Of the newly
      formed esterified cholesterol incorporated into LDL during incubations of
      unseparated plasma, it was apparent that more than 70% was independent of
      activity of the lipid transfer protein. Of that incorporated into VLDL in
      unseparated plasma, in contrast, almost 90% was derived as a transfer from other
      fractions as a consequence of activity of the lipid transfer protein.

PMID- 4005277
TI  - Release of carnitine from the perfused rat liver.
AB  - Perfused rat liver was shown to be the proper model for studies on hepatic
      cellular transport of carnitine. During recirculating perfusion the livers kept
      equilibrium with 45 nmol/ml total carnitine in perfusate, exhibited concentrative
      uptake and there was no sign of artificial leakage. The release side of the
      carnitine transport was characterized by utilizing outflow perfusions. The livers
      from fed rats exported daily 9.93 mumol per 100 g body weight total carnitine.
      This release rate is 4- or 10-fold higher than the estimated daily turnover in
      vivo or the measured urinary excretion. Therefore, the major part of the released
      carnitine has to re-enter the liver. The outward carnitine transport does not
      depend on energy or the Na+-K+ pump, since it did not respond to metabolic
      poisons and ouabain. However, the release rate was strongly inhibited by mersalyl
      and showed saturability in function of tissue carnitine levels. The Vmax of the
      saturable outward transport system was 2.47 nmol . min-1 . g-1 liver, the
      apparent Km was 0.27 mM tissue level (both as compared to total carnitine). These
      data showed the outward transport of carnitine from the liver to be protein
      mediated. The contribution of a diffusion (nonsaturable) component was estimated
      to be 20-25% in the range of tissue levels occurring in vivo. The rate of
      carnitine release from the liver decreased as an effect of 24 h starvation from
      the daily 9.92 mumol release to 6.55 mumol on 100 g body weight basis. This
      decrease is more pronounced when the release rates are expressed on the basis of
      tissue carnitine levels. The resulting value can be called rate constant (at the
      linear part of the saturation curve, Fig. 5) and it decreased to 5.00 min-1 from
      8.41 min-1 as an effect of starvation. We have concluded that the altered
      parameters of carnitine transport across the liver cell is decisive in developing
      the higher hepatic carnitine concentration in the fasted state.

PMID- 4005278
TI  - Measurement of the time between biosynthesis and surface excretion of sebaceous
      lipids in the horse.
AB  - The time between the biosynthesis and excretion of sebum to the skin surface of
      the horse was examined by in vivo intradermal injection of [1-14C]acetate
      followed by periodic surface lipid collections. The radiolabelling of the major
      neutral lipid classes, equolides (giant ring omega-lactones, C32-C36) and
      cholesteryl esters, was evaluated by thin-layer chromatography and
      autoradiography. The distribution of radioactivity within the monounsaturated
      equolides was examined by oxidative fragmentation and evaluation of the products.
      A peak of radioactivity in the equolides and cholesteryl esters occurred 15-21
      days and 10-16 days, respectively, after injection. The time-courses of specific
      radioactivity of the two types of equolide oxidation fragments were also found to
      be dissimilar. The results are interpreted as indicating that in the biosynthesis
      of a large proportion of the equolides, de novo fatty acid synthesis was not
      followed immediately by fatty acid chain elongation. The phospholipids of the
      sebaceous cells are proposed as the long-term intermediate in which fatty acids
      reside between these two biosynthetic processes.

PMID- 4005279
TI  - Thyrotropin interaction with high-density lipoproteins.
AB  - Human high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but not other lipoprotein classes, bind
      bovine thyrotropin (TSH) with moderately high affinity. Binding of 125I-labeled
      HDL to TSH has been measured in a solid-phase assay; it is saturable and can be
      displaced by unlabeled HDL but not by other lipoproteins or bovine serum albumin.
      The interaction of HDL with TSH has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy:
      HDL specifically modifies the fluorescence properties of the biologically active
      dansyl derivative (DNS, (5-dimethyl-aminonaphtalene-1-sulfonyl) chloride) of TSH
      (DNS-TSH) causing a 12 nm shift to lower wavelength of the emission maximum, a
      two-fold increase of the quantum yield and a significant increase of fluorescence
      polarization. The primary site of TSH binding on the HDL particle is likely to be
      located on its protein moieties, since other lipoprotein classes, which share
      similar lipids with HDL, do not bind TSH. 125I-labeled apolipoprotein A-I binds
      TSH in the solid-phase assay and titration of DNS-TSH with apolipoprotein A-I
      causes perturbations nearly identical to those observed with intact HDL. One HDL
      particle has at least 12 binding sites for TSH with an association constant, K =
      10(7) M-1 whereas one apolipoprotein A-I molecule binds one or two TSH molecules
      with an association constant slightly lower than that for HDL (K = 10(6) M-1).
      The lipid moieties of HDL also appears to be perturbed by the interaction with
      TSH.

PMID- 4005281
TI  - Asymmetric synthesis and transmembrane movement of phosphatidylethanolamine
      synthesised by base-exchange in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Using trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) as a probe we have observed that
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) formed by base-exchange is initially concentrated
      in the cytosolic leaflet of the membrane bilayer. At 2 min, the specific activity
      of the PE in this leaflet was 3-times that of the PE in the cisternal leaflet.
      After 30 min, the specific activities of the two pools of PE, determined with
      either phospholipase C or TNBS, were similar. Transbilayer movement of PE was
      slow at low temperature, prevented by EDTA and restored by the addition of
      calcium ions after EDTA treatment. Trypsin treatment of microsomes, under
      conditions in which the vesicles remained closed, inhibited the incorporation of
      ethanolamine into PE by 87%. The cytosolic location of the ethanolamine base
      exchange enzyme is consistent with the initial concentration of newly synthesised
      PE at this site prior to its transmembrane movement to the cisternal leaflet.

PMID- 4005280
TI  - Gangliosides of human thyroid gland.
AB  - The ganglioside composition of adult human thyroid gland was examined in autopsy
      material obtained from patients who died of circulatory diseases but who showed
      no signs of thyroid disorders. The concentrations of phospholipids, cholesterol
      and gangliosides (lipid-bound sialic acid) in the whole glands were 5.2, 4.3 and
      0.12 mmol/kg fresh tissue weight and, in dissected follicular material, 7.0, 3.4
      and 0.24 mmol/kg tissue, respectively. The molar ratio of
      phospholipids/cholesterol/gangliosides in the follicular material was
      1.00:0.49:0.034. Twelve molecular species of gangliosides were isolated and
      identified. Gangliosides GM3 and GD3 were most abundant, but GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and
      3'-LM1 were also present in quantities greater than 5% of the total gangliosides.
      N-Acetylneuraminic acid and an alkali labile sialic acid, probably N-acetyl-9-O
      acetylneuraminic acid, were found to occur in human thyroid.

PMID- 4005283
TI  - Defective enzyme causes lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency in a
      Japanese kindred.
AB  - Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase mass levels and activity and apolipoproteins
      A-I, A-II, B and D were measured in a Japanese family who have a familial
      lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. This analysis was performed to
      gain insight into the molecular basis of the enzyme deficiency and to compare
      findings in this family with other families with familial lecithin-cholesterol
      acyltransferase deficiency. The mass of the enzyme in plasma was determined by a
      sensitive double antibody radioimmunoassay, and enzyme activity was measured by
      using a common synthetic substrate comprised of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol
      and apolipoprotein A-I liposomes prepared by a cholate dialysis procedure. The
      lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient subject had an enzyme mass level
      that was 35% of normal (2.04 micrograms/ml, as compared with an average normal
      level of 5.76 +/- 0.95 micrograms/ml in 19 Japanese subjects) and an enzyme
      activity of less than 0.1% of normal (0.07 nmol/h per ml, as compared with normal
      levels of 100 nmol/h per ml). This subject also had lower levels of
      apolipoproteins: apolipoprotein A-I was 53 mg/dl (42% of normal), apolipoprotein
      A-II was 10.6 mg/dl (31% of normal), apolipoprotein B was 68 mg/dl (68% of
      normal), and apolipoprotein D was 3.6 mg/dl (60% of normal). The three obligate
      heterozygotes had enzyme mass levels ranging from 65% to 100% of normal and
      enzyme activity levels ranging from 23% to 65% of normal (23.4, 56.8, and 64.7
      nmol/h per ml, respectively). The proband's sister had an enzyme mass level of
      6.55 micrograms/ml (114% of normal) and an enzyme activity of only 64.8 nmol/h
      per ml (65% of normal), suggesting that she was also a heterozygote for lecithin
      cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. The obligate heterozygotes and the sister
      had normal apolipoprotein levels. We conclude that the lecithin-cholesterol
      acyltransferase deficiency in this family is due to the production of a defective
      enzyme that is expressed in the homozygote as well as in the heterozygotes, and,
      further, that this family's mutation differs from that reported earlier for other
      Japanese lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient families.

PMID- 4005282
TI  - Factors affecting the conversion of high-density lipoproteins: experiments with
      pig and human plasma.
AB  - The conversion of pig high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (mainly HDL3) to fractions
      of lower densities was studied by incubating pig plasma for 24 h at 37 degrees C
      in the presence and absence of lipoprotein lipase from bovine milk,
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and
      triacylglycerol-rich particles (very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) or
      Intralipid). The results can be summarized as follows. In the presence of
      lipoprotein lipase and at a VLDL/HDL mass ratio of 2, the F-1.210 of pig HDL was
      shifted from 3.3 to 4.2, which is characteristic for human HDL2. This shift was
      caused by the excessive increase in the free fatty acid content in HDL. If 50 g/l
      of bovine serum albumin were added prior to incubation, the flotation rate of HDL
      remained in the HDL2a region. If lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase was active
      in fasting pig plasma during incubation, we observed only a negligible increase
      of F-1.210 in HDL. If pig lipoproteins were incubated with human lipoprotein-free
      serum as a source of cholesteryl ester transfer activity, a slight increase in
      the flotation rate of HDL was observed, which was amplified in the presence of
      active lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Pig HDL was converted to a fraction
      with F-1.210 of 4.2, which is typical for human HDL2, only if active
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and
      triacylglycerol-rich particles were present in the incubation mixture. From our
      results we also concluded that apolipoprotein A-II plays no role in the HDL2
      formation.

PMID- 4005284
TI  - Diacylglycerol synthesized in vitro from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and the
      endogenous diacylglycerol are different substrate pools for the biosynthesis of
      phosphatidylcholine in rat lung microsomes.
AB  - In microsomes of rat lung, labeled diacylglycerol was synthesized from sn
      [3H]glycerol 3-phosphate, which had been added, and from the endogenous free
      fatty acids. In these microsomes containing biosynthesized [3H]diacylglycerol as
      well as endogenous nonlabeled diacylglycerol, the synthesis of
      phosphatidylcholine was measured from added [14C]CDPcholine. The incorporation of
      [methyl-14C]choline and of [3H]diacylglycerol into phosphatidylcholine showed an
      entirely different progress in the time-course of incubation. The 14C label of
      phosphatidylcholine increased continuously, whereas the 3H label remained
      constant after 2 min up to the end of the incubation period of 20 min. From this
      result we concluded that the diacylglycerols, synthesized in vitro from glycerol
      3-phosphate over an incubation period of 20 min, constitute a separate substrate
      pool for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, and are not mixed with the
      endogenous diacylglycerol pool.

PMID- 4005285
TI  - Antioxidant and co-antioxidant activity of vitamin C. The effect of vitamin C,
      either alone or in the presence of vitamin E or a water-soluble vitamin E
      analogue, upon the peroxidation of aqueous multilamellar phospholipid liposomes.
AB  - Thermally labile azo-initiators, dissolved in either the aqueous or lipid phase,
      have been used to generate peroxyl radicals at a known, steady rate in an aqueous
      dispersion of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar liposomes at 37
      degrees C in order to study the antioxidant behaviour of ascorbate itself and
      ascorbate in combination with either alpha-tocopherol or a water-soluble alpha
      tocopherol analogue (TROLOX(-]. It is found that ascorbate is an effective
      inhibitor of peroxidations initiated in the aqueous phase, with each ascorbate
      terminating 0.6 radical chains (i.e., n = 0.6), but it is a very poor inhibitor
      of peroxidations initiated in the lipid phase. Peroxidations initiated in the
      lipid-phase in the presence of either alpha-tocopherol or TROLOX(-) indicate that
      ascorbate is an excellent synergist with both phenolic antioxidants (n = 0.4). In
      peroxidations initiated in the aqueous phase ascorbate acts as a co-antioxidant
      with TROLOX(-) (n = 0.7), but the interpretation of the approximately additive
      effect obtained in the presence of alpha-tocopherol is complicated by the fact
      that under the experimental conditions employed alpha-tocopherol alone does not
      give a distinct, measurable inhibition period. The latter problem is shown to be
      due to a non-uniform distribution of the water-soluble initiator within the
      liposome. Other examples of the complicating effects of non-uniform distributions
      of reactants in kinetic studies of the autoxidation of organic substrates
      dispersed in water are described.

PMID- 4005286
TI  - Formation of unesterified choline by rat brain.
AB  - Two preparations of rat brain (ischemic intact brain and homogenized whole brain)
      formed large amounts of unesterified (free) choline when incubated at 37 degrees
      C. The accumulation of choline was inhibited by microwave irradiation of brain,
      or by heating of brain to 50 degrees C, and was maximal at 37 degrees C at pH 7.4
      8.5. Choline formation was only observed in subcellular fractions of brain that
      contained membranes. In homogenates of brain, choline accumulated at a rate
      exceeding 10 nmol/mg protein per h. There was a significant decrease in brain
      phosphatidylcholine concentration (of 50 nmol/mg protein) during incubation for 1
      h at 37 degrees C. Concentrations of phosphocholine rose (by 2.3 nmol/mg
      protein), and concentrations of glycerophosphocholine and sphingomyelin did not
      change during this period. We used radiolabeled phospholipids to trace the fate
      of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin during incubations of homogenates of
      brain. Phosphatidylcholine was degraded to form phosphocholine,
      glycerophosphocholine and free choline. No lysophosphatidylcholine accumulated.
      Sphingomyelin was degraded to form phosphocholine and a small amount of free
      choline. Magnesium ions stimulated choline production, while zinc ions were a
      potent inhibitor. Other divalent cations (calcium, manganese) had little effect
      on choline accumulation. ATP concentrations in brain homogenates were less than 5
      nmol/mg protein (rapidly microwaved brain contained 27 nmol/mg protein). Addition
      of ATP or ADP to brain homogenates increased ATP concentrations and significantly
      inhibited choline accumulation. ATP diminished the formation of choline from
      added phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphocholine and
      glycerophosphocholine. The effects of ATP, zinc ion, or magnesium ion upon
      choline accumulation were not mediated by changes in the rates of utilization of
      choline for formation of phosphocholine or phosphatidylcholine. In summary, we
      showed that there was enhanced formation of choline when ATP concentrations
      within brain were low. This choline was derived, in part, from the degradation of
      phosphatidylcholine, and we suggest that phospholipase A activity was the primary
      initiator of choline release from this phospholipid.

PMID- 4005287
TI  - Formation of phosphatidylethanol in frozen kidneys from ethanol-treated rats.
AB  - We recently identified phosphatidylethanol (Pet) in tissues from ethanol-treated
      rats. Since phosphatidyl esters are formed artefactually during freezing in
      plants we wanted to examine if PE was elevated during freezing in animal tissues.
      Rats were treated with 3 g/kg of ethanol, killed after 3 h and PE was isolated
      from kidneys at once or after storage at 0, -5, -10, -15, -20 and -80 degrees C
      for 7 days. Kidneys analyzed at once or after storage at -80 degrees C had Pet
      equivalent to 0.02 mumol Pet/g. Storage at -10 degrees C and -15 degrees C
      resulted in increases of Pet to 1.5 mumol Pet/g and 1.2 mumol Pet/g,
      respectively. Thus, Pet is artefactually elevated during storage of tissues from
      ethanol-treated rats at lower freezing temperatures, reflecting considerable
      changes in composition of acidic phospholipids.

PMID- 4005288
TI  - Radioiodination of naturally occurring phospholipids.
AB  - A simple and rapid nonenzymatic method for radioiodination of phospholipids is
      described. It involves oxidation of Na125I with TlCl3 (or chloramine-T) in an
      aqueous medium, with subsequent exposure of the phospholipids, dissolved in
      chloroform/methanol, to the action of the oxidizing mixture. Purification of the
      radiolabelled phospholipids was effected by washing with sodium thiosulphate
      followed by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. Specific radioactivity of
      125I-labelled phosphatidylcholine was estimated to be about 10 muCi/mg
      phospholipid. The method is designed for radioiodination of various naturally
      occurring phospholipids.

PMID- 4005289
TI  - Inositol phospholipid levels of rat forebrain obtained by freeze-blowing method.
AB  - Four different techniques of handling rat brain prior to lipid extraction and
      assay were tested to investigate the levels of inositol phospholipids in the
      brain. In these four techniques, the rat forebrains were either (1) freeze-blown
      followed by being preserved in liquid N2, (2) subjected to microwave irradiation
      prior to decapitation, (3) removed and frozen in liquid N2, or (4) removed at
      room temperature and subjected to lipid extraction as rapidly as possible. There
      was little change in phosphatidylinositol levels under any of these conditions;
      however, higher levels of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate were observed in
      freeze-blown and microwave-irradiated samples compared to the other samples. Even
      more striking differences were seen in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
      fractions. The highest level of this lipid, 763 +/- 39 nmol/g tissue, which was
      obtained from freeze-blown samples, was more than 2-fold higher than that of the
      lowest values which were obtained by extraction without prior inactivation. These
      results indicate that the values of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in
      brain in situ are higher than those generally reported, and that the freeze
      blowing method has an advantage for further investigation of inositol
      phospholipid metabolism in brain due to the rapid breakdown of these compounds.

PMID- 4005290
TI  - Dicyclohexylamine effects on HTC cell polyamine content and ornithine
      decarboxylase activity.
AB  - Dicyclohexylamine, a spermidine synthase inhibitor, was evaluated for its ability
      to alter specific polyamine levels in rat hepatoma HTC cells in culture. Media
      concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mM reduced the production of spermidine from
      putrescine and enhanced the conversion of existing spermidine to spermine. This
      created a very interesting change in polyamine levels such that after 24 h
      putrescine content was almost 3-times control values and spermine was about
      twice, while spermidine was lowered to about 10% of control cultures. This
      pattern of polyamines is quite distinct from that induced by the common polyamine
      biosynthetic inhibitors like methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) and
      difluoromethylornithine and replicates the pattern induced by S-adenosyl-1,8
      diamino-3-thiooctane, a transition-state analog designed as a specific inhibitor
      of spermidine synthase. When cells were stimulated by serum addition, the
      presence of dicyclohexylamine caused an extraordinarily large induction in
      ornithine decarboxylase in spite of the abnormally high levels of both putrescine
      and spermine. The concomitant depression of spermidine levels induced a 4-fold
      increase in the stability of this enzyme that could be reversed by the addition
      of exogenous spermidine. The data suggest that spermidine induces, perhaps at the
      transcriptional level, a protein that is necessary for the characteristically
      very rapid inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase.

PMID- 4005291
TI  - Purification of a new cytochrome P-450 from human liver microsomes.
AB  - Using a classical methodology of purification consisting of three chromatographic
      steps (Octyl-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose) we have purified a new
      cytochrome P-450 from human liver microsomes. It was called cytochrome P-450(9).
      It has been proven to be different from all precedingly purified human liver
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes by its immunological and electrophoretical
      properties. It does not cross-react with any rat liver cytochrome P-450 and anti
      cytochrome P-450(9) does not recognize rat liver microsomes; thus this cytochrome
      P-450(9) is specific to humans. This cytochrome P-450 isozyme exists in low
      amounts in human liver microsomes and exhibits an important quantitative
      polymorphism. In reconstituted system, cytochrome P-450(9) is able to hydroxylate
      all substrates tested but is not specific of any; its exact role in xenobiotic
      metabolism in man remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 4005292
TI  - Effects of monovalent cations and anions on ADP-induced aggregation of bovine
      platelets, and mechanisms thereof.
AB  - The effects of monovalent cations-inorganic alkali metal cations and organic
      quaternary ammonium cations-and monovalent inorganic anions on ADP-induced
      aggregation of bovine platelets were investigated. In the presence of K+, Rb+,
      Cs+, choline or tetramethylammonium, aggregation proceeded. However, aggregation
      was markedly restricted in media containing Li+, Na+, tetrabutylammonium or
      dimethyldibenzylammonium. With anions, aggregation proceeded in the order Cl-
      greater than Br- greater than I- greater than ClO4- greater than SCN-. The
      effects of cations significantly depended on Ca2+ concentration, whereas those of
      the anions depended little on Ca2+. Anions such as SCN- and ClO4- markedly
      decreased the fluorescence of the surface charge probe 2-p-toluidinyl-naphthalene
      6-sulfonate, whereas cations had less pronounced effects. The relative effects of
      the anions on the fluorescence were consistent with their relative inhibitory
      effects on aggregation. These results suggest that inhibition of platelet
      aggregation by the anions is due to a change in the surface change of the
      platelet plasma membrane. On the other hand, kinetic analysis suggests that the
      effects of monovalent cations on platelet aggregation are due to their
      competition with Ca2+ during the process of aggregation.

PMID- 4005293
TI  - Endogenous platelet serotonin release monitored during aggregation by means of a
      new electrochemical technique.
AB  - Differential pulse voltammetry combined with electrochemically treated carbon
      fibre microelectrodes was used to monitor endogenous serotonin release occurring
      during platelet aggregation. After platelet stimulation by thrombin, an oxidation
      peak was recorded at +280 mV. HPLC analyses performed with fluorimetric detection
      have shown that this released electroactive compound was essentially serotonin.
      Moreover, serotonin measurements in the same samples by the technique reported
      here and by fluorimetry were found to be very similar (1.15 +/- 0.30 microM and
      1.17 +/- 0.15 (mean +/- S.D., n = 6), respectively). Extracellular serotonin
      concentrations could be estimated either directly during aggregation or in
      supernatants obtained from stimulated or lysed platelets. Maximal serotonin
      concentrations have been found to be 6.93 +/- 0.37 and 3.28 +/- 0.39 nmol/10(9)
      platelets from rat and human, respectively. Using the reported procedure, we have
      observed that no serotonin was released from thrombin-stimulated platelets
      prepared from rats treated with reserpine. Our new technique represents a
      selective and performant tool for rapid determination of endogenous serotonin
      platelet secretion.

PMID- 4005294
TI  - Myocardial S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase is important for adenosine production
      during normoxia.
AB  - The coronary vasodilator adenosine can be formed in the heart by breakdown of AMP
      or S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAdoHcy). The purpose of this study was to get insight
      into the relative importance of these routes of adenosine formation in both the
      normoxic and the ischemic heart. A novel HPLC method was used to determine
      myocardial adenosine and SAdoHcy. Accumulation of SAdoHcy was induced in isolated
      rat hearts by perfusion with L-homocysteine thiolactone or L-homocysteine. The
      release of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid was
      determined. Additional in vitro experiments were performed to determine the
      kinetic parameters of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. During normoxia the
      thiolactone caused a concentration-dependent increase in SAdoHcy. At 2000 microM
      of the thiolactone an SAdoHcy accumulation of 0.49 nmol/min per g wet weight was
      found during normoxia. L-Homocysteine (200 microM) caused an increase of 0.37 and
      4.17 nmol SAdoHcy/min per g wet weight during normoxia and ischemia,
      respectively. The adenosine concentration in ischemic hearts was significantly
      lower when homocysteine was infused (6.2 vs. 11.5 nmol/g; P less than 0.05).
      Purine release was increased 4-fold during ischemia. The Km for hydrolysis of
      SAdoHcy was about 12 microM. At in vitro conditions favoring near-maximal SAdoHcy
      synthesis (72 microM adenosine, 1.8 mM homocysteine), the synthesis rate in
      homogenates was 10 nmol/min per g wet weight. From the combined in vitro and
      perfusion studies, we conclude that S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase can
      contribute significantly to adenosine production in normoxic rat heart, but not
      during ischemia.

PMID- 4005295
TI  - Purification of hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450 from beta-naphthoflavone
      treated Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), a marine teleost fish.
AB  - Four isozymes of cytochrome P-450 were purified to varying degrees of homogeneity
      from liver microsomes of cod, a marine teleost fish. The cod were treated with
      beta-naphthoflavone by intraperitoneal injection, and liver microsomes were
      prepared by calcium aggregation. After solubilization of cytochromes P-450 with
      the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1
      propansulfonate, chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, and subsequently on
      DEAE-Sepharose, resulted in two cytochrome P-450 fractions. These were further
      resolved on hydroxyapatite into a total of four fractions containing different
      isozymes of cytochromes P-450. One fraction, designated cod cytochrome P-450c,
      was electrophoretically homogeneous, was recovered in the highest yield and
      constituted the major form of the isozymes. The relative molecular mass of this
      form (58 000) corresponds well with a protein band appearing in cod liver
      microsomes after treatment with beta-naphthoflavone. Both cytochrome P-450c and a
      minor form called cytochrome P-450d (56000) showed activity towards 7
      ethoxyresorufin in a reconstituted system containing rat liver NADPH-cytochrome P
      450 reductase and phospholipid. Differences between these two forms were observed
      in the rate and optimal pH for conversion of this substrate, and in optical
      properties. Rabbit antiserum to cod cytochrome P-450c did not show any cross
      reactions with cod cytochrome P-450a (Mr 55000) or cytochrome P-450d in
      Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, but gave a precipitin line of partial identity with
      cod cytochrome P-450b (Mr 54000), possibly as a result of contaminating
      cytochrome P-450c in this fraction.

PMID- 4005296
TI  - Degradation of lipoprotein lipase in rat adipose tissue.
AB  - Pulse-chase studies have shown that the lipoprotein lipase protein of rat
      epididymal fat bodies is apparently rapidly degraded (43% in 3 h) during
      incubation at 37 degrees C under conditions where little degradation of the total
      adipose tissue protein is taking place.

PMID- 4005297
TI  - Ca2+ and calmodulin regulate microtubule-associated protein-actin filament
      interaction in a flip-flop switch.
AB  - MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2) and tau factor are calmodulin-binding and
      actin filament-interacting proteins, respectively. We have examined the effect of
      Ca2+ and calmodulin on MAP-induced actin gelation by the low-shear falling-ball
      method, the high-speed centrifugation method, and electron microscopy using
      negative staining. Each MAP crosslinks actin filaments to increase the apparent
      viscosities and finally to form gels. Calmodulin inhibited MAP2- and tau factor
      induced actin gelation (MAP2- and tau factor-actin interaction) only in the
      presence of Ca2+, but not in its absence. There were no differences in actin
      filament crosslinking activity of respective MAPs with or without Ca2+. MAP2 was
      not coprecipitated with F-actin only in the presence of Ca2+ and calmodulin
      determined by the high-speed centrifugation method. But MAP2 was found to bind to
      F-actin under any other conditions examined. In contrast, the tau factor-actin
      filament interaction could only be detected by the low-shear viscosity, but not
      by the high-speed centrifugation method. MAP2 and tau factor aggregated to form
      actin bundles as shown by electron microscopy. MAP2- or tau factor-induced bundle
      formation of actin filaments was inhibited only in the presence of Ca2+ and
      calmodulin, but not in the presence or absence of Ca2+. In conclusion, the
      interaction of MAP2- and tau factor-actin filaments is regulated by Ca2+ and
      calmodulin in a flip-flop switch.

PMID- 4005298
TI  - A 13C-methylation study of glycophorin A intact erythrocytes by 13C-NMR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - N-terminal N alpha-[13C]monomethylamino derivatives for the N-terminal serine and
      leucine residues of glycophorins AM and AN, respectively, were obtained by
      reductively 13C-methylating homozygous human erythrocytes (MM, NN). The 13C
      labeled glycophorins, AM and AN, were then isolated. A unique structural state
      was observed in solution reductively 13C-methylated glycophorin AM that was not
      observed in glycophorin AM derived from 13C-methylated erythrocytes. We attribute
      this state to the fact that some of the glycophorin AM forms a head-to-head dimer
      when subjected to reductive 13 C-methylation in aqueous solution. The 13C
      chemical shift data and pH titration data for the N-terminal [13C]dimethylamino
      and [13C]monomethylamino groups of glycophorin AM and AN derived from reductively
      13C-methylated erythrocytes were in agreement with the chemical shift and
      titration data previously obtained for the N-terminal [13C]dimethylamino groups
      of solution reductively 13C-methylated glycophorins and related glycopeptides and
      peptides and N-terminal [13C]monomethylamino groups of related glycopeptides and
      peptides.

PMID- 4005299
TI  - Synthesis and secretion of the human vitamin B12-binding protein, transcobalamin
      II, by cultured skin fibroblasts and by bone marrow cells.
AB  - Human skin fibroblasts and bone marrow cells were tested for their ability to
      synthesize the cobalamin-binding protein transcobalamin II. Cobalamin binders
      secreted in the media of cultured fibroblasts and of dextran-sedimented bone
      marrow cells in liquid culture could be identified as transcobalamin II on the
      basis of immunological, electrophoretical and chromatographical identity with
      serum transcobalamin II. The net secretion of transcobalamin II increased
      linearly with time of culture, up to 30 days after confluence. The reversible
      inhibition of transcobalamin II secretion by cycloheximide demonstrated that
      human fibroblasts are capable of de novo transcobalamin II synthesis. Addition of
      cyanocobalamin to the fibroblast culture medium induced a reduction of
      transcobalamin II net secretion, most likely due to preferred uptake of
      transcobalamin II saturated with cobalamin, as opposed to unsaturated protein.
      Addition of lysozymal enzyme inhibitors, ammonium chloride and chloroquine,
      resulted in a markedly increased secretion of transcobalamin II. In the culture
      medium of fibroblasts, obtained from two transcobalamin II-deficient patients,
      functionally deficient transcobalamin II was demonstrated on the basis of
      strongly reduced secretion of immunoreactive transcobalamin II, and the absence
      of apotranscobalamin II. Individual phenotypes in the culture media of the
      fibroblasts and bone marrow cells were identical to the corresponding serum
      transcobalamin II types.

PMID- 4005300
TI  - Regulation of submaxillary gland muscarinic receptors during heat acclimation.
AB  - Binding properties of submaxillary gland muscarinic receptors and agonist-induced
      saliva secretion were studied in rats subjected to heat acclimation. The maximal
      binding capacity for the muscarinic antagonist N-[3H]methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate
      was increased from control value of 0.21 to 0.40 pmol/mg protein within 1-2 days
      of heat acclimation. The increase in the number of muscarinic receptors per gland
      (100%) was by far higher than the increase in tissue weight (20%), indicating
      higher density of receptors in the acinar cells of the treated rats. High levels
      of receptors coincided with the appearance of high-affinity binding sites for
      muscarinic agonists (oxotremorine, pilocarpine and carbamylcholine), and with
      reduced tissue sensitivity to pilocarpine. After 4-8 weeks of heat acclimation,
      the number of receptors as well as tissue response to pilocarpine returned to
      control levels. These results suggest a functional correlation between the
      transient upregulation muscarinic receptors in the submaxillary gland and the
      physiological activity in salivary secretion, and indicate that the high-affinity
      muscarinic receptors may attenuate saliva secretion during the initial phase of
      heat acclimation.

PMID- 4005301
TI  - Intracellular fate of liposome-encapsulated DNA in mouse liver. Analysis using
      electron microscope autoradiography and subcellular fractionation.
AB  - Transient expression of liposome-encapsulated DNA in liver after intravenous
      injection to rats and mice has raised questions concerning the intracellular fate
      of this DNA. Electron microscope autoradiography shows that at 10 min after
      injection the highest concentration of liposomal DNA which is taken up by the
      liver is associated with lysosomes and vesicles. The proportion of DNA associated
      with the mitochondria steadily increases for 1 h after injection, up to 48% of
      the exogenous DNA found in the tissue. Part of this DNA follows the subcellular
      fractionation profile of the mitochondrial matrix marker, malate dehydrogenase.
      In contrast, 14% of the liposomal DNA taken up by the liver is found in the
      nuclei at 3 min after injection, and this percentage decreases over a period of 1
      h. These results permit us to establish the distribution of liposome-encapsulated
      DNA among subcellular organelles in liver at different times after injection.

PMID- 4005302
TI  - Binding of lipoproteins and regulation of cholesterol synthesis in cultured mouse
      adipose cells.
AB  - Binding of human lipoproteins to cultured mouse Ob17 preadipose and adipose cells
      was studied, using labeled VLDL, LDL and apoprotein E-free HDL. In each case,
      saturation curves were obtained, yielding linear Scatchard plots. The Kd values
      were found to be respectively 6.4, 31 and 24 micrograms/ml for VLDL, LDL and
      apoprotein E-free HDL, whereas the maximal numbers of binding sites per cell were
      4.2 X 10(4), 1.5 X 10(4) and 2.5 X 10(5). The binding of 125I-LDL was
      competitively inhibited by LDL greater than VLDL greater than total HDL; human
      LDL and mouse LDL were equipotent in competition assays. Methylated LDL and
      apoprotein E-free HDL were not competitors. In contrast, the binding of 125I
      apoprotein E-free HDL was competitively inhibited by apoprotein E-free HDL
      greater than total HDL and the binding of 125I-HDL3 by mouse HDL. Thus, mouse
      adipose cells possess distinct apoprotein B, E and apoprotein E-free HDL binding
      sites which can recognize heterologous or homologous lipoproteins. The cell
      surface receptor of LDL in mouse preadipose cells shows similarities with that
      described for human fibroblasts, since: (1) the LDL binding initiated the process
      of internalization and degradation of the apoprotein B and apoprotein E
      containing lipoproteins; (2) receptor-mediated uptake of cholesterol LDL led to a
      parallel but incomplete decrease in the [14C]acetate incorporation into
      cholesterol and in the activity of HMG-CoA reductase. Growing (undifferentiated)
      or growth-arrested cells (differentiated or not) showed no significant changes in
      the Kd values for lipoprotein binding. In contrast, the maximal number of binding
      sites correlated with the proliferative state of the cells and was independent of
      cell differentiation. The results are discussed with respect to cholesterol
      accumulation in adipose cells.

PMID- 4005303
TI  - A novel type of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant defective in oligosaccharide
      lipid synthesis.
AB  - A novel type of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant has been isolated with a
      constitutive defect in the synthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. This
      mutant, designated AS15-1, incorporates 30-fold less glucosamine into an
      oligosaccharide-lipid fraction than the wild type. A gel filtration analysis has
      shown that a small amount of oligosaccharide-lipid corresponding to Man5GlcNAc2
      lipid is formed in the mutant. This mutant shows temperature sensitivity for both
      growth and adhesion to substratum, and constitutively secretes several unusual
      proteins in large amounts.

PMID- 4005304
TI  - [The concept of the limiting step: a limited concept].

PMID- 4005305
TI  - In vitro synthesis of thyroxine in a low molecular weight polypeptide fragment
      from human thyroglobulin.
AB  - A peptide fragment of Mr 16 K was purified from the cyanogen bromide digest of
      human thyroglobulin either normally iodinated in vivo (0.21 % I) or highly
      iodinated in vitro (1.40 % I). This peptide segment represents in the native
      molecule a zone in which tyrosine residues are not or poorly accessible to
      iodination and consequently do not produce thyroxine. In contrast, after
      isolation from thyroglobulin and iodination in vitro, the peptide is capable of
      synthesizing thyroxine with a high efficiency. It is concluded that the peptide
      described which probably represents a potential hormone forming site in the whole
      thyroglobulin molecule should constitute a valuable model to study the mechanism
      of thyroxine formation in vitro.

PMID- 4005306
TI  - Electrophoretic characterization of the protein and glycoprotein content of
      purified Kurloff cell cytosol.
AB  - Proteins and glycoproteins from Kurloff cells (KC) were analyzed by SDS
      polyacrylamide electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and two-dimensional
      electrophoresis, and major cytosolic glycoproteins of Mr 30,000-35,000 and pHi
      5.7-6.7 were characterized. After incubation with radiolabeled amino acids (L
      35S) methionine and L-(U14C) leucine) and gel autoradiography, all the proteins
      seemed to be labeled. D-(U14C) glucosamine-labeled proteins and periodic-acid
      Schiff(PAS)-positive proteins focalized at the same pH. These data suggest that
      the major glycoprotein are synthesized by the KC themselves and that the PAS
      positive Kurloff body has an endogenous origin. Whereas estrogens increase the KC
      number, 10(-6) M estradiol had no effect on the KC protein electrophoretic
      pattern and protein biosynthesis, in agreement with the lack of estradiol
      receptor in the KC cytosol.

PMID- 4005307
TI  - [Characterization of specific receptors for estradiol, induction of vitellogenin
      and its mRNA in the liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii)].
AB  - In all egg laying vertebrates, synthesis and use of vitellogenin (Vg) are
      intimately bound to the active phase of reproduction. In the liver of the rainbow
      trout (Salmo gairdnerii), Vg synthesis is influenced by estradiol (E2) which, we
      believe, acts through the classical mechanism of steroid hormone action. After
      binding of the hormone to a soluble specific receptor protein, the estradiol
      receptor complex can interact with chromatin and modulate the expression of Vg
      genes, leading to increased synthesis of specific mRNA and Vg. We show here: (i)
      the presence of specific oestrogen receptors (dissociation constant KD congruent
      to 1.5 X 10(-9) M for E2) in the cytosol of the male trout liver. (ii) The male
      liver, offering, an ideal experimental control of "zero" background, we followed
      in the liver of male trout--the kinetics of induction of Vg mRNA by hybridization
      with Vg cDNA, after E2 stimulation, and (iii) the apparition of Vg in the serum
      by using an original rocket immuno-electrophoretic technique. The male trout
      liver vitellogenin model and the original techniques we developed will be very
      useful to study the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on the
      different steps (receptors, transcription, translation) of vitellogenesis
      regulation.

PMID- 4005308
TI  - Differential levels of ferredoxin and rubredoxin in Clostridium acetobutylicum.
AB  - Ferredoxin and rubredoxin levels have been determined in DEAE-cellulose treated
      extracts of Clostridium acetobutylicum using specific enzymatic assays. In
      contrast to ferredoxin, the content of rubredoxin is affected by various culture
      conditions; it fluctuates in the proportions of 1 to 3 according to the growth
      phase, 1 to 8 according to the medium composition, and 1 to 40 according to the
      pH. Highest rubredoxin level is obtained at the end of the acid phase when the
      cells grow in chemically defined medium, the pH of which is not controlled. Such
      variations suggest that rubredoxin as well as rubredoxin-reductase take part in
      an electron transport chain system inducible by the culture conditions.

PMID- 4005309
TI  - Bromopyruvate, a potential affinity label for octopine dehydrogenase.
AB  - Bromopyruvate, an analogue of pyruvate, one of the substrates of octopine
      dehydrogenase, was tested as an inhibitor of the enzyme. Provided both the
      coenzyme and the second substrate, arginine, were present, bromopyruvate rapidly
      inactivated the enzyme. This inactivation was irreversible, obeyed pseudo-first
      order kinetics and exhibited a rate saturation effect. Pyruvate protected the
      enzyme against inactivation by bromopyruvate and these compounds competed for the
      same site. Bromopyruvate also behaved as a true substrate for the enzyme. This
      reagent thus exhibits the kinetic characteristics of a good affinity label for
      octopine dehydrogenase.

PMID- 4005311
TI  - Bovine retina contains three growth factor activities with different affinity to
      heparin: eye derived growth factor I, II, III.
AB  - Several ocular tissues have been shown to contain growth factor activity
      designated under a generic name as Eye Derived Growth Factor. Purification from
      bovine retina was undertaken and a fraction which could induce target cells to
      proliferate at doses of 5 ng per ml of culture medium was obtained. Using heparin
      sepharose chromatography we now show that this mitogenic activity can be
      fractionated into three different activities. Crude extract of bovine retina used
      as starting material was separated into two major fractions, one with no affinity
      for heparin and which was named Eye Derived Growth Factor III, and one with a
      strong affinity for heparin and eluted from the column with 1.4 M NaCl named Eye
      Derived Growth Factor I. This fraction EDGF I induces cell proliferation at doses
      of 100 pg/ml of culture medium. A 10(5) fold purification was achieved by this
      single chromatography step. Cibacron Blue purified EDGF was also further
      fractionated by heparin sepharose. All biological activity was found to bind to
      heparin. One fraction eluted at 1 M NaCl named Eye Derived Growth Factor II had a
      biological activity at doses of 1 ng while the other growth factor was the EDGF I
      with biological activity at 25 pg. At this step of purification EDGF I runs as a
      single band on SDS polyacrylamide gel at a molecular weight of 17 000 d. These
      data strongly suggest that Eye Derived Growth Factors I and II are respectively
      similar to Brain Fibroblast Growth Factor and to Endothelial Cell Growth Factor
      from hypothalamus.

PMID- 4005310
TI  - The function of redox shuttles during aerobic glycolysis in two strains of
      Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AB  - The function of glycerophosphate and malate-aspartate shuttles during glucose
      metabolism in two strains of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was evaluated by several
      experimental approaches. The activities of the enzymes involved in these shuttle
      systems were assayed in the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments after cell
      fractionation by the digitonin method. The glycerophosphate shuttle can be ruled
      out because of the lack of relevant enzymatic activities, and the failure of
      glucose to increase rotenone-inhibited respiration. Analysis of glycolytic flux
      in the presence of aminooxyacetate indicates that the activity of malate
      aspartate shuttle may be very low. Balance studies of glucose uptake and lactate
      production suggest the existence of other pathways for the reoxidation of
      cytosolic NADH, which are acetyl-CoA dependent. Estimation of citrate synthase
      and ATP citrate lyase, in addition to the observed high activity of malate
      dehydrogenase, suggests a malate-citrate shuttle.

PMID- 4005312
TI  - Dynamics of the cone-horizontal cell circuit in the turtle retina.
AB  - The model of the catfish retina (Siminoff, in press) has been extended to the
      turtle retina with incorporation of color-coding. The turtle retina contains 6
      types of cones of which 4 are red-sensitive and the other 2 are green- and blue
      sensitive, respectively. The cone-horizontal circuit incorporates negative
      feedback from the L-HC to all the cones having input to the L-HC. By use of
      systems analysis, Laplace transforms and the convolution theorem, impulse
      responses, that give information as to gain and phase, for the cone-types and L
      HC were simulated. As with the catfish retina, negative feedback gain was
      proportional to the dc level of the L-HC and therefore, the mean illuminance
      level. It was shown that this mechanism can be an important factor in chromatic
      adaptation, since the gains of the various cone-types are preferentially altered
      dependent on mean illuminance level and wavelength of the background light.

PMID- 4005313
TI  - Mathematical analysis of the stimulus for the lateral line organ.
AB  - Behavioral studies have shown that a blind fish is capable of detecting and
      recognizing stationary objects in its surroundings. It is proposed that the
      displacement of water caused by the fish as it moves is the basis for this
      detection capability. Alterations in the displacement of water around the fish,
      caused by the obstacle, act as stimuli for the lateral line organ. The question
      of how these stimuli acting on the skin of the fish, image the environment and
      what information is thus made available to the fish is the concern of this paper.
      The stimuli for the lateral line organ are derived mathematically. Two cases are
      treated: that of a fish gliding past an obstacle and that of one approaching an
      obstacle.

PMID- 4005314
TI  - Receptive field mechanisms of ganglion cells in the cat retina.
AB  - On the basis of anatomical and physiological results of the vertebrate retina, a
      method is proposed for analysing the respective fields of ganglion cells in the
      cat retina. In the model, we assume the following: (a) Ganglion cells receive
      their input from bipolar and/or amacrine cells. (b) The nonlinearity of ganglion
      cell responses is due to the activities of transient type amacrine cells. The
      method has been proved to be effective. According to the results of this
      investigation, the receptive field properties of X type and Y type ganglion cells
      are heterogeneous. Thus, it may be considered that their receptive fields consist
      of center and surround mechanisms. The receptive field properties of X-cells are
      almost linear and the X-cells seem to receive most of their input from bipolar
      cells. On the other hand, the ones of Y-cells are highly nonlinear. Consequently,
      it is conceivable that the Y-cells receive their input mainly from transient type
      amacrine cells.

PMID- 4005315
TI  - Multichannel transmission of proprioceptive input to motoneurons.
AB  - A model has been developed to simulate the parallel channels of muscle spindles
      and their monosynaptic connections to a homonymous motoneuron in the turtle.
      Input to the model is muscle length and beta stimulation, output is motoneuronal
      membrane potential. Quality of transmission is greatly dependent upon dispersive
      properties of the system. The contributions of different dispersive features are
      compared and also cumulative effects are considered. Reference is made to
      conditions which are found in actual movements.

PMID- 4005316
TI  - Temporal tuning and nonlinearity of intraretinal pathways in turtle: effects of
      temperature, stimulus intensity, and size.
AB  - Flash responses, amplitude and phase transfer functions, and nonlinearities were
      measured in turtle retina for pathways with photoreceptor inputs and outputs from
      horizontal (HC), hyperpolarizing bipolar (HBC), sustained amacrine (AC), and on
      off ganglion (GC) cells. Flash responses slowed and attenuated in all cells as
      temperature decreased. White-noise transfer properties of sustained-type cells
      (HC, HBC, AC) were of low- or bandpass type; high-frequency cut-off (fc) and
      phase crossover frequency decreased with temperature. fc increased as spot
      diameter was increased. Nonlinearity of these sustained-response pathways
      (distortion product frequencies in response to a sum-of-sinusoids input probe)
      increases with intensity and may depend on amplitude saturation limiting. On/off
      GC synaptic and spike activity increased as spot diameter decreased and intensity
      increased. Amplitude transfer functions had a low-frequency peak (PSP activity)
      and monotonically decreasing amplitude vs. frequency shape (spikes and transient
      PSP activity). Nonlinearity increased with stimulus intensity; it was maximal
      with 1 mm spot size, less with smaller (500 micron) and larger (5 mm) spots. It
      may depend on the functional equivalent of full-wave rectification (on-off
      response).

PMID- 4005317
TI  - [Blood protein-inactivating atropine].
AB  - A xenobiotics-inactivating hemoprotein related to the class of pharmacologically
      active compounds (cholinolytics) was detected in rat blood. Ammonium sulphate
      fractionation, DEAE cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75
      resulted in 750-fold purification of the protein; its Mr = 73 000-80 000.
      Multiple injections of the protein to experimental animals led to a 2-3-fold
      increase of the protein content in the blood.

PMID- 4005318
TI  - [Accessibility of histone oligomers to the action of trypsin in a solution or in
      chromatin with different degrees of compactness].
AB  - The accessibility to trypsin of "core" histones within the dimer (H2A-H2B),
      tetramer (H3-H4)2, octamer (H2A-H2B-H3-H4)2 and in chromatin was studied. It was
      shown that the hydrolysis of histones H2A and H2B within the dimer and octamer
      occurs in essentially the same way. The tetramer (H2-H4)2 becomes more compact
      with an increase in the ionic strength. Some of the tetramer (H3-H4)2 sites
      within the octamer are protected against trypsin. It was demonstrated that in
      terms of the histone accessibility to trypsin chromatin can exist in three
      states, i.e., tightly packed (in the presence of histone H1 and bivalent
      cations), intermediate (in the absence of histone H1 or bivalent cations) and
      folded (in the absence of histone H1 and bivalent cations). The folding of
      histones in neither of these chromatin states coincides with that within the
      octamer in 2M NaCl.

PMID- 4005319
TI  - [R-factor from the natural strain of Salmonella derby carrying a DNA-polymerase
      gene].
AB  - A R-factor which determines multiple stability to antibiotics (Cm, Pn, Sm) was
      found in a Salmonella derby strain isolated from the clinical material. The
      plasmid was eliminated by treatment with ethidium bromide; the DNA-polymerase
      activity in the antibiotic-sensitive derivatives measured under conditions
      optimal for DNA-polymerase I from E. coli was found to be decreased 10-50-fold.
      Plasmid DNA of S. derby K89 was fractionated by electrophoresis in agarose gel;
      individual zones I-IV were obtained, using a preparative technique. Upon
      transformation of S. derby K82 pol- cells, only plasmid DNA in zone II (designed
      as pSD Cm pol) gave Cm-resistant transformants, in which the DNA-polymerase
      activity decreased to the normal level. The experimental results pont to the
      binding of the DNA-polymerase gene to the S. derby plasmid.

PMID- 4005320
TI  - [Spectrophotometric study of cytochrome P-450 (11 beta) interaction with
      physiological effectors].
AB  - Using the optical absorbance spectroscopy method, the interaction of a number of
      biospecific ligands (steroids, adrenodoxin) with homogeneous cytochrome P-450 (11
      beta) from bovine adrenal mitochondria was investigated. The parameters of the
      steroid-protein interaction in a number of substrates and products of the 11 beta
      and 18 (19)-hydroxylation with the active site of cytochrome P-450 (11 beta)
      were determined. A sharp decrease in the cytochrome affinity for steroids upon
      the insertion of the first hydroxy group was observed, which provides for a
      predominant formation of monohydroxylated products from the substrate and minimum
      amounts of dihydroxylated ones, despite the presence of more than one position
      for the substrate hydroxylation by cytochrome P-450 (11 beta). Some structural
      elements of the steroid molecule were determined as any alterations in these
      strongly affect the enzyme affinity for the steroid. These structures are: 1)
      delta 4-3-oxo structure; 2) either 21-hydroxy group of pregnen steroids or the
      one fulfilling its functions, 17 beta-hydroxy or 17-oxo group of androsten
      steroids, and 3) the 11th position of all the substrates under study. It was
      shown that the binding of various substrates into stoichiometric (1:1) steroid
      protein complexes provides a transition to high spin state from 30-40% (cortisol,
      corticosterone) to 90-95% (11-deoxycorticosterone) of hemoprotein iron. Using the
      experimental system containing individual cytochrome P-450 (11 beta) and
      adrenodoxin, as well as the steroid and nonionic detergent Tween 20, it was shown
      that the parameters of substrate binding and hemoprotein spin equilibrium did not
      differ from the corresponding parameters of the cytochrome-adrenodoxin dienzyme
      complex. The peculiarities of the multiligand interactions in the 11 beta
      hydroxylase system, involving cytochrome, substrates and ferredoxin demonstrate
      some analogy with a bacterial camphor hydroxylase system and some differences
      from the mitochondrial system for the side chain cleavage of cholesterol.

PMID- 4005321
TI  - [Effect of palmitate on energy coupling in lymphocyte mitochondria].
AB  - In the presence of 0.1 micrograms/ml of oligomycin, DNP (40-60 microM) increases
      lymphocyte respiration 10-fold and more. Palmitate taken at the same
      concentration stimulates the respiration of isolated mitochondria (1-2 mg
      prot/ml) in the presence of 1 mg/ml of BSA and the respiration of lymphocytes
      (10(8) cells/ml). When BSA and EGTA are absent in mitochondria isolation media,
      the mitochondrial respiration does not increase after DNP or ADP addition.
      Lymphocyte preparations are mostly distinguished by mitochondrial morphology in
      the presence of the uncoupler; they differ less by changes in dis-C3-(5)
      fluorescence after addition of 5-10 microM DNP and only insignificantly by the
      stimulation of respiration by DNP and palmitate. These results may be explained
      by the increase in the uncoupler-induced permeability of mitochondria for K+ and
      by partial transformation of delta psi m into delta pH in some cells, which may
      increase the cell resistance to damaging influences.

PMID- 4005322
TI  - [Purification and properties of cathepsin D from the mammary glands of lactating
      rabbits].
AB  - Cathepsin D was purified from the lactating rabbit mammary gland by a rapid
      procedure, which included fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, acid precipitation,
      double affinity chromatography on pepstatin-Sepharose 4B and gel filtration on
      Sephadex G-100, resulting in approximately 360-fold purification of the enzyme
      over the homogenate and approximately 16% recovery. After isoelectric focusing,
      the enzyme dissociated into four (pI 5.8, 6.3, 6.5 and 7.2) multiple forms, but
      appeared homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cathepsin D has a Mr
      of 45 kDa as determined by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. On sodium
      dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the enzyme gave a single
      protein band, corresponding to Mr of 45 kDa. The amino acid composition of the
      enzyme is similar to that of cathepsins D from other tissues. A single N-terminal
      amino acid was glycine. Cathepsin D contains 6.4% carbohydrates consisting of
      mannose, galactose, fucose and glucosamine at a ratio of 3:9:2:2. Cathepsin D is
      inhibited by pepstatin with Ki of 2.5 X 10(-9) M and irreversibly by N
      diazoacetyl-N'-2.4-dinitrophenyl-ethylene diamine. The enzyme hydrolyzes bovine
      hemoglobin with the maximal activity at pH 3.0 with Km = 10(-5) M and HLeu-Ser
      Phe(NO2)-Nle-Ala-Leu-OMe with Km = 4 X 10(-5) M and Rcat = 0.95 s-1. The major
      cleavage sites were Leu15-Tyr16, Phe24-Phe25 and Phe25-Tyr26 during hydrolysis of
      the oxidized insulin B-chain by cathepsin D.

PMID- 4005323
TI  - [Inhibition of lipoprotein lipolysis by polyarginine and evaluation of the
      mechanism of its interaction with lipoprotein lipase].
AB  - It was found that polyarginine (Mr 40 000-60 000) is a strong inhibitor of the
      lipoprotein lipase activity in vivo and in vitro. The inhibitory effect in vivo
      was observed after a single intravenous injection of 0.85-3.5 mg/kg to rabbits,
      that in vitro at the polypeptide concentration of greater than or equal to 2.5
      micrograms/ml. Within the first few hours after intravenous injection of
      polyarginine hyperlipidemia occurred with an obvious increase in the plasma
      triglyceride and VLDL fractions and a slight decrease of the LDL and HDL
      fractions. These changes typical for reduced lipoprotein lipolysis were due to
      the formation of a polyarginine-heparin complex, on the one hand, and to the
      formation of a polyarginine-enzyme complex devoid of the lipolytic properties, on
      the other. The inhibitory effect of polyarginine on lipoprotein lipase is related
      to the whole polypeptide molecule or its large fragment, since arginine and
      metformine (bi-guanidine compound) have no effect on the enzyme activity.

PMID- 4005324
TI  - [Study of the ability of mitochondrial proteins to interact with actin].
AB  - Using affinity chromatography of F-actin-sepharose 4B, the ability of proteins
      from rat liver submitochondrial fractions to interact with rabbit skeletal muscle
      actin was studied. The bulk of the actin-bound components was detected in the
      soluble compartments of the mitochondria, i.e., mitochondrial matrix and
      intermembrane space. The interaction was predominantly weak, since the desorption
      of the proteins from the column occurred at increased ionic strength of the
      solution. In membrane fractions, four polypeptides with Mr 65 000, 62 000, 59 000
      and 10 500 eluting from the column only under effects of denaturating agents were
      predominant, thus suggesting the specificity of their binding to the immobilized
      actin. In a model system involving mitochondrial enzyme preparations (cytochrome
      c, glutamate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, catalase), the possibility
      of their adsorption of F-actin-sepharose was investigated. It was shown that the
      highest adsorption capacity was observed in the case of immobilized actin with
      respect to catalase, the lowest one-to glutamate dehydrogenase. The data obtained
      suggest that the interaction of the actin-like mitochondrial protein with the
      system of solubilized enzymes may serve as a basis for their normal functioning.

PMID- 4005325
TI  - [Preparation of liposomes using the phase reversal method without sonication].
AB  - A simple procedure for preparation of liposomes based on the phase reversal
      method but differing from the original technique by the absence of ultrasonic
      treatment, has been developed. Using this method, the effects of NaCl
      concentration used for the preparation of liposomes from a mixture of neutral and
      charged lipids, on the inner liposome volume were studied. The experimental data
      suggest that NaCl concentration may be regarded as a basic criterion determining
      the size of liposomes in many routine techniques used for the preparation of
      liposomes from a mixture of neutral and charged lipids.

PMID- 4005326
TI  - [Effect of hydrophobic compounds on rRNA synthesis in intact cells and isolated
      nuclei].
AB  - Papaverine, cycloheximide, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and actinomycin D at low
      concentration have been shown to suppress selectively rRNA synthesis in Ehrlich
      ascite carcinoma cells. rRNA synthesis in isolated nuclei is not sensible to wide
      range of concentration of papaverine (0,005-0,1 mM), cycloheximide (0,5-100
      micrograms/ml) and DNP (5-500 microM). Actinomycin D at low concentration does
      not act on the rRNA synthesis in vitro either. To suppress rRNA synthesis in this
      system much higher concentration of this agent (10 micrograms/ml) producing
      inhibition of all classes of rRNA synthesis in intact cells is required.
      Selective sensitivity of rRNA synthesis in the cells to papaverine,
      cycloheximide, DNP and low concentration of actinomycin D does not connect with
      their direct action on the apparatus of rRNA synthesis.

PMID- 4005327
TI  - [Study of lever-holding phenomenon during the escape reaction in rats].
AB  - A "preparatory" hypothesis according to which the bar-holding develops as a
      preparatory response placing an animal in an advantageous position for the
      reaction on the subsequent action of the electric current has been experimentally
      examined. Comparing the avoidance training under the condition allowing the bar
      holding until the next conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, and under
      conditions excepting such long holding it has been established that in first case
      the number of bar-holding responses is more and the avoidance responses are less
      than in the second one. It contradicts the "preparatory" hypothesis. It has been
      shown that the dynamics of inter-trail and the bar-holding responses results from
      stimulus generalization and discrimination.

PMID- 4005328
TI  - [Changes in lysozyme activity in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in animals].
AB  - The lysocyme activity in blood serum and liver hemogenate of rats and rabbits at
      hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis and its treatment with some new compounds or
      chemicals has been studied. A change of natural resistance of the body at
      hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis characterized by the increase of serum
      lysocyme activity has been found. Preparations used in this work exerted
      mobilizing effect on the level of serum lysocyme activity but their influence on
      the functional state of the liver was different.

PMID- 4005329
TI  - [Thromboplastic activity of higher plant extracts].
AB  - Hemostatic properties of extracts isolated from the birch floscules and willow
      blossoms have been revealed. An agent of thromboplastic nature which is identical
      to thromboplasin of the rat brain according to its biochemical composition and
      procoagulative action has been found in these extracts. In contrast to brain
      thromboplastin thromboplastic activity of plant extracts does not possess the
      species specificity. After intravenous injection of the plant extracts a reaction
      similar to defence reaction of the anticoagulation system in response to
      thromboplastin infusion of the rat brain develops in rats.

PMID- 4005330
TI  - In vitro comparison of the efficacy of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the adult
      versus neonatal platelet.
AB  - Neonates manifest more hemorrhagic tendencies when exposed to either
      acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or indomethacin in comparison to adults. We therefore
      assessed the susceptibility of neonatal and adult platelets to the effects of
      these cyclooxygenase inhibitors in vitro. Baseline thromboxane B2 production in
      response to thrombin was similar in platelets from the adult and neonate.
      Following exposure to varying concentrations (0.5-100 microM) of either ASA or
      indomethacin, platelet thromboxane B2 was inhibited to a similar extent in both
      adult and neonatal platelets. Our study demonstrates that the enhanced tendency
      to bleeding observed in the neonate following exposure to ASA or indomethacin is
      not due to an enhanced susceptibility of the neonatal platelet enzyme to the
      effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition.

PMID- 4005331
TI  - Lipoproteins and apoproteins of fetal and newborn piglets.
AB  - Serum lipids, very low in the fetus and at birth, increased rapidly after the
      first feeding. Cholesterol was mainly in the free form. Esterified cholesterol
      rose rapidly, but free cholesterol remained in high proportions (30%) until after
      weaning. Very high phospholipid concentrations show that triglycerides are not
      the only major product of esterification and suggest a possible use for energetic
      purposes. Fetal lipoproteins had a general pattern similar to that of adults, but
      high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were denser (1.128 g/ml) and correspondingly
      richer in proteins. The presence of apoprotein AI and of the light intestinal
      form of apoprotein B in the triglyceride-rich fractions as well as that of
      apoprotein AIV in HDL was indicative of an early contribution of enterocytes to
      the lipoprotein pool. Low-density lipoprotein apoproteins were heterogeneous
      until 14 days, as they are in the human fetus, and contained, besides apoprotein
      B, all the main apoproteins, HDL reached concentrations of 400 mg/100 ml at 3 and
      4 weeks of age, above 3-fold higher than those of chow-fed adults, but also 1.5
      fold higher than those of growing pigs fed a 20% fat diet, thereby showing a high
      capacity of the very young animal to synthesize HDL and apoprotein AI in
      particular. The many similarities with the evolution of lipoprotein in the
      newborn human validate the young pig as a model in the study of perinatal
      nutrition.

PMID- 4005332
TI  - Combinations of evoked potential amplitude measurements in relation to
      psychiatric diagnosis.
AB  - The purposes of this investigation were (1) to determine the extent to which
      single nonredundant measures, derived from optimal combinations of evoked
      potential (EP) amplitude measurements, could differentiate between various groups
      of psychiatric patients and between patients and nonpatients, and (2) to assess
      the replicability of such discriminations. Somatosensory, visual, and auditory
      EPs were recorded from 15 locations in 253 unmedicated patients and 99
      nonpatients. Multivariate statistical methods were used to reduce the amplitude
      measurements to sets of factor scores that met specified criteria for entry into
      discriminant analyses between pairs of the following groups: nonpatients,
      neuroses, personality disorders, schizophrenias, schizotypal/borderlines, major
      depressives, and manics. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were
      assessed for discriminant scores. The discriminant scores yielded many
      differences between groups, most of which were replicable in split-half analyses.
      Among these were differences between all six patient groups and nonpatients, and
      between schizophrenics and nonpsychotics. Split-half discriminant analyses were
      also performed with 12 measures that were obtained by taking the means of factor
      scores grouped by sensory modality, time, and spatial location; these variables,
      used without preselection, provided several replicable diagnostic
      discriminations.

PMID- 4005333
TI  - Daytime alertness in subjective and objective insomnia: some preliminary
      findings.
AB  - Daytime performance and alertness were examined in two groups of patients with
      disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) and a control group of self
      described good sleepers. Individuals complaining of disturbed sleep that was
      verified by polysomnographic indices (objective DIMS) and a group with complaints
      of disturbed sleep in the absence of objective findings (subjective DIMS) were
      compared with normal sleepers. Nocturnal polysomnographic recordings documented
      increased sleep latencies and decreased sleep efficiencies for the objective DIMS
      group and essentially normal sleep for the subjective DIMS group. However, the
      subjective DIMS group showed impaired daytime vigilance compared with both the
      objective DIMS and control groups. Additionally, the subjective DIMS group
      demonstrated an atypical daytime alertness and a tendency toward lowered arousal
      during vigilance task performance. Insomniacs without clear objective findings of
      disturbed sleep, therefore, showed decrements commonly seen following sleep loss
      or sleep disturbance, whereas insomniacs with evidence of disturbed nocturnal
      sleep did not differ from the control group in terms of waking function.

PMID- 4005334
TI  - Sexual activity and sleep in humans.
AB  - Polysomnographic recordings were obtained in 10 subjects (5 men and 5 women) for
      three conditions: following masturbation with orgasm, following masturbation
      without orgasm, and after reading neutral material. The analysis of several sleep
      parameters did not reveal any effect of masturbation on sleep. These results
      suggest that physiological changes that occur during masturbation, with or
      without orgasm, have no major effect on sleep organization. Other factors
      associated with sexual activity and potentially responsible for sleepiness after
      orgasm are discussed, and further strategies to study the interrelationship of
      sexual activity and sleep are proposed.

PMID- 4005335
TI  - Flu-like illness after discontinuance of imipramine.

PMID- 4005336
TI  - Persistent drug-induced parkinsonism.

PMID- 4005337
TI  - Plasma catecholamines and ECT.

PMID- 4005338
TI  - Serial monitoring of antidepressant response to electroconvulsive therapy with
      sleep EEG recordings and dexamethasone suppression tests.

PMID- 4005339
TI  - Carbidopa effect on rat brain monoamine oxidase and pineal melatonin.

PMID- 4005340
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test in depression: some correlates.

PMID- 4005341
TI  - Methylene blue for MDI.

PMID- 4005342
TI  - Sleep-onset REM period in paranoid schizophrenia.

PMID- 4005343
TI  - Body temperatures in psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 4005344
TI  - Electroacupuncture and electroconvulsive treatment.

PMID- 4005346
TI  - Food restriction and reproductive development in wild house mice.
AB  - Reproductive development was examined in wild house mice who had either unlimited
      or severely restricted access to food. The degree of food restriction was set at
      a level that allowed no body growth after 24 days of age. This treatment
      completely blocked reproductive development in females. In contrast, it had only
      minor effects on the reproductive development of males. Despite their stunted
      condition, food-restricted males developed normal numbers of sperm in their
      testes and vasa deferentia. They developed almost normal accessory tissues, and 8
      of 10 inseminated test females when challenged at 8 wk of age. These results are
      considered primarily in relation to the opportunistic reproductive strategy of
      this species.

PMID- 4005345
TI  - Resumption of seasonal breeding patterns in male and female rhesus monkeys
      transferred from an indoor to an outdoor environment.
AB  - Seasonal aspects of social behavior and sex steroid levels were observed in two
      groups of rhesus monkeys from March through December. One group (3 males, 7
      females) had lived outdoors for several years. The other group (6 males, 5
      females), transferred outdoors in late February, had lived indoors for several
      years. In March-April, the long-term outdoor residents displayed the expected
      seasonal pattern of sexual behavior, characterized by absence of complete
      sequences of copulatory behavior. At this time the indoor-adapted group displayed
      high levels of copulatory behavior. Thereafter, frequencies of sexual behavior of
      the two groups were similar. Testosterone in the males was positively correlated
      with frequency of sexual behavior in each group. Females in the indoor-adapted
      group displaced menstrual cycles in March and April and 3 of 5 became pregnant at
      this time. The two remaining indoor-adapted females continued to display
      ovulatory cycles, but little sexual behavior, throughout the summer.
      Interestingly, two females in the outdoor-adapted group also displayed summer
      ovulatory cycles; without concomitant sexual activity. These data show that the
      disruption of seasonal breeding patterns produced by lengthy indoor housing
      remains briefly apparent following transfer outdoors, but is substantially
      overcome within a few months.

PMID- 4005348
TI  - Circannual changes in serum testosterone concentrations of adult and yearling
      woodchucks (Marmota monax).
AB  - Testicular volumes and serum testosterone concentrations were determined biweekly
      in 5 adult and 4 yearling woodchucks maintained indoors from December through
      August. Food and water were provided ad libitum except for 2 mo beginning at the
      winter solstice when feeding and lighting (12L:12D) supplemental to available
      natural light were discontinued. Temperatures fluctuated with outdoor
      temperatures greater than 4 degrees C. No significant hibernation occurred.
      Testes in adults were small in December (0.3-1.8 cm3), largest in February and
      March (3.5-5.6 cm3), and smallest in late June (0.1-0.5 cm3). Testosterone was
      basal in December (less than 0.6 ng/ml), maximal (3.4-6.6 ng/ml) between early
      January and late March, and minimal from April through August (less than 0.8
      ng/ml). In yearlings, maximum testes volumes (1.6 cm3) and serum testosterone
      (0.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml) were less, and occurred later, than in adults. Testosterone
      levels and testis volumes measured in newly captured woodchucks in March and
      April and again 2-3 mo later were generally similar to those of their laboratory
      counterparts. Thus, in woodchucks: annual cycles of testosterone production and
      of testes recrudescence and regression parallel each other with maxima during the
      short, late-winter breeding season; those cycles are not altered significantly by
      the absence of hibernation or the present conditions of captivity; and yearling
      males apparently are not an important part of the breeding population.

PMID- 4005347
TI  - Do endogenous opioid peptides mediate the effects of photoperiod on release of
      luteinizing hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized ewes?
AB  - Three experiments were done to determine if endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs)
      mediate the effects of photoperiod on release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and
      prolactin (Prl) in ovariectomized (OVX) ewes. Intravenous infusions of 0.5
      naloxone X h-1 X kg body weight-1 for 3.5 h increased (P less than 0.01) mean
      plasma concentrations of LH and decreased (P less than 0.025) mean interpulse
      interval (period) of LH pulses in OVX ewes exposed to long day lengths (16L:8D).
      Infusions of either 1.0 or 2.5 mg morphine-SO4 X h-1 X kg-1 for 3 h increased (P
      less than 0.005) the period of LH pulses and increased (P less than 0.005)
      concentrations of Prl in OVX ewes during the breeding season. In OVX ewes exposed
      to long (16L:8D) or short (8L:16D) day lengths infusions of naloxone increased (P
      less than 0.05) mean concentrations of LH, whereas morphine decreased (P less
      than 0.01) mean concentrations of LH. These effects were attributed to changes in
      period of LH pulses (P less than 0.001). The drug X photoperiod interactions were
      not significant for LH parameters. Naloxone did not affect Prl release in either
      long- or short-day groups, but morphine increased (P less than 0.001) Prl release
      during long and short day lengths. The effect of morphine on Prl release was more
      pronounced in ewes exposed to long day lengths than in those exposed to short day
      lengths. In conclusion, EOPs inhibit the LH pulse generator in OVX ewes. However,
      it is doubtful that the EOPs mediate the steroid-independent effects of
      photoperiod on LH release. The results also suggest that photoperiod may
      influence Prl release via opiate neurons.

PMID- 4005349
TI  - Relaxin activity in the pregnant cat.
AB  - Plasma relaxin activity was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the domestic
      cat utilizing two different antisera developed against highly purified porcine
      relaxin. One was the 5858 antiserum from our laboratory and the other was the R6
      antiserum of Dr. Bernard Steinetz. Relaxin activity could not be detected during
      the estrous cycle or during pseudopregnancy. Relaxin immunoactivity during early
      gestation was not detected by either antiserum. Plasma relaxin immunoactivity was
      first detected by both antisera on about Day 25 of gestation. Relaxin
      concentrations then increased rapidly, with a plateau reached between Days 30 and
      35 that was maintained until 10-15 days prepartum. Relaxin concentrations then
      declined gradually until parturition. No prepartum increase was observed. Relaxin
      concentrations were undetectable within 24 h of delivery. Although amounts of
      immunoactivity measured with the R6 antiserum were consistently higher than
      measurements with the 5858 antiserum, the patterns of secretions observed were
      similar for both antisera.

PMID- 4005350
TI  - Increases in human sperm oxygen consumption at low cell concentrations.
AB  - Human spermatozoan oxygen consumption was measured in semen serially diluted with
      its own plasma, and shortly after serial dilution of washed spermatozoa in an
      artificial medium. In both media, per-sperm oxygen uptake rose significantly when
      sperm concentration fell below the range of 15-25 X 10(6) cells/ml. Oxygen uptake
      was higher in the artificial medium, regardless of sperm concentration. Sperm
      oxygen consumption in the artificial medium declined over times short enough that
      no change in the percentage of motile spermatozoa was detected.

PMID- 4005351
TI  - Reduction of the spin-label TEMPONE by ubiquinol in the electron transport chain
      of intact rabbit spermatozoa.
AB  - When the hydrophilic spin label TEMPONE (deuterated 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine
      N-oxyl) was incubated with intact rabbit spermatozoa at concentrations greater
      than 0.3 X 10(9) cells/ml, the electron spin resonance signal height decreased
      with time. This loss of signal amplitude was reversed by the oxidizing reagent
      potassium dichromate, indicating that the signal loss was due to a reduction of
      the paramagnetic nitroxide species to the nonparamagnetic hydroxylamine. Using
      inhibitors that act on the respiratory chain, we observed that, relative to
      controls, the rate of TEMPONE reduction was decreased in the presence of
      rotenone, but increased in the presence of antimycin A and potassium cyanide
      (KCN). Parallel studies measuring oxygen consumption showed decreases with all
      three inhibitors. We interpret these observations to mean that TEMPONE is reduced
      by ubiquinol in the respiratory chain. Supporting this conclusion is the
      observation that the midpoint potential of TEMPONE was determined by be +48mV,
      which is close to the midpoint potential of +40 mV for the ubiquinone/ubiquinol
      couple. Furthermore, in a cell-free test system, ubiquinol reduced TEMPONE, but
      ubiquinone, NADH, and succinate did not.

PMID- 4005352
TI  - Photoperiodic time measurement in the male deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus.
AB  - Weanling male deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, were exposed for three weeks
      either to light-dark (LD) cycles with periods (T=L+D) ranging from T=23 (1L:22D)
      to T=25.16 (1L:24.16D) or to 24-h LD cycles with photoperiods ranging from 1
      (1L:23D) to 19 (19L:5D) h. Both the circadian locomotor activity rhythms and the
      response of the reproductive system to these LD cycles were assessed. The results
      demonstrate that the photoperiodic effectiveness of light depends on the phase of
      the light relative to the animal's circadian system, as marked by the circadian
      activity rhythm. Light falling during the animal's subjective night, from
      activity onset to at least 11.8 h after activity onset, stimulates growth and
      maturation of the reproductive system, whereas light falling during the rest of
      the circadian cycle is nonstimulatory.

PMID- 4005353
TI  - Placental steroid production by the basal and labyrinth zones during the latter
      third of gestation in the rat.
AB  - Progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) production were investigated in minced rat
      placental preparations on Days 16, 18, 20, and 22 of pregnancy. Whole placentae
      were minced or dissected into basal and labyrinth zones and minced prior to a 2-h
      incubation. Production of P from whole placental minces (pg X mg tissue-1 X 2 h
      1) was greatest on Day 16 (P less than 0.05), dropped slightly on Day 18, and
      fell by nearly 50% on Days 20 and 22. Basal zone P production was greater on Days
      16 and 18 (P less than 0.01) than that of the labyrinth zone, but then decreased
      to become equivalent to that of the labyrinth zone thereafter. Production of T
      from whole placental minces was greatest on Day 18 (P less than 0.05) and fell to
      low levels thereafter. The basal zone was almost entirely responsible for T
      production on all days. Incubation with the 17 alpha-hydroxylase inhibitor Su
      10603 [7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-(3-pyridyl)-1-(2H)-napthalenone] completely blocked
      T production concomitant with increased P values. Placental weight increased from
      Days 16 to 20 because of rapid labyrinth zone growth. Estimated daily P
      production per placenta was not different among days, although production shifted
      from the basal to the labyrinth zone as term approached. Production of T per
      whole placenta reached maximum levels on Day 18 (P less than 0.05) and decreased
      thereafter. The marked (P less than 0.01) basal zone T production per placenta on
      Days 16 and 18 fell precipitously on Days 20 and 22.

PMID- 4005354
TI  - Program for the eighteenth annual meeting of the Society for the Study of
      Reproduction, including a symposium on gonadal function and fetal development
      under stress. Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 22-25, 1985. Abstracts.

PMID- 4005355
TI  - A rapid quantitative method based on motility of bull sperm cells for in vitro
      toxicity testing of biomaterials.
AB  - A quantitative method for in vitro toxicity testing of biomaterials, based on
      measurements of time-dependent changes of bull sperm motility, is described. In
      comparison to the haemolytic and toxic effects of biomaterials such as
      polyurethanes, poly(vinyl chloride) tubes and bioglass ceramics on erythrocytes
      and the proliferation rate of human embryonic lung fibroblasts, this method is
      shown to be more sensitive. The simplicity, rapidity and reproducibility of the
      test under application of genetically identical cells are advantages that make it
      suitable for screening large numbers of samples. The quantification of test
      results allows inter-laboratory comparison.

PMID- 4005356
TI  - The fracture topography of acrylic dentures broken in service.
AB  - The fracture surfaces of full dentures that failed in service, and others broken
      under controlled conditions, have been examined using scanning electron
      microscopy. The results allow the direction of crack propagation to be deduced
      and indicate that brittle impact is the predominant mode of fracture.
      Improvements in the strength of the denture tooth/denture base bond may be the
      most effective means of achieving an increase in the strength of full dentures.

PMID- 4005357
TI  - Mutagenicity of endodontic sealers.
AB  - Four endodontic sealer materials and some of their chemical constituents were
      subjected to Ames' test for mutagenicity with the Salmonella/microsome assay.
      Extracts of two zinc oxide-eugenol based materials and of one gutta-percha-zinc
      oxide-chloroform based sealer were negative in the test. Extracts of a synthetic
      polymer material, based on epoxy-bis-phenol A, induced mutations in Salmonella
      typhimurium TA 100 as did extracts of the epoxy-bis-phenol A resin alone.
      Formaldehyde, an active ingredient from one of the ZnO-based materials, induced
      mutations in both Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. The mutagenic activity
      of formaldehyde as well as of the epoxy material was reduced in the presence of
      rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 4005358
TI  - Effects of implantation on the mechanical properties of the polyurethane
      diaphragm of left ventricular assist devices.
AB  - Tensile properties of blood pump diaphragms made from a segmented polyether
      polyurethane (Toyobo TM5) were studied after implanting in goats for variable
      periods of time up to 72 days. The implantation decreased the tensile strength
      and ultimate elongation at break, while the elastic modulus increased very
      slightly. These changes in the strength and ductility were primarily caused by
      the contact of material with blood rather than by the mechanical fatigue of
      material. Mechanical stability was greatly improved by removing residual
      oligomers from the material by a refining procedure. The refined polyurethane has
      characteristics favourable for blood pump applications.

PMID- 4005359
TI  - pH shifts and precipitation associated with metal ions in tissue culture.
AB  - Recently there has been interest in tests to assess the physiological response to
      surgical implant corrosion products. Both cell culturing in metal-bearing
      solutions and intramuscular injection of such solutions have been carried out.
      This paper examines the effects of the constraints of multicomponent equilibrium
      conditions on the characteristics of the solutions used in these biocompatibility
      tests. It is demonstrated that, unbuffered, they will have pH values shifted from
      neutral and that, in the buffered state, these solutions may contain both
      dissolved metal ions and insoluble hydroxides. The implications of these
      characteristics for the interpretation of the results of biocompatibility tests
      are discussed.

PMID- 4005360
TI  - Binding of corroded ions to human saliva.
AB  - Employing equilibrium dialysis, the binding abilities of Cu, Al, Co and Cr ions
      from corroded Cu-Al and Co-Cr dental casting alloys towards human saliva and two
      of its gel chromatographic fractions were determined. Results indicate that both
      Cu and Co bind to human saliva i.e. 0.045 and 0.027 mg/mg protein, respectively.
      Besides possessing the largest binding ability, Cu also possessed the largest
      binding capacity. The saturation of Cu binding was not reached up to the limit of
      0.35 mg protein/ml employed in the tests, while Co reached full saturation at
      about 0.2 mg protein/ml. Chromium showed absolutely no binding to human saliva
      while Al ions did not pass through the dialysis membranes. Compared to the
      binding with solutions that were synthetically made up to contain added salivary
      type proteins, it is shown that the binding to human saliva is about 1 order of
      magnitude larger, at least for Cu ions.

PMID- 4005361
TI  - A comparison of RCH 1000 and Hi-Fax 1900 ultra-high molecular weight
      polyethylenes.
AB  - Hoechst RCH 1000 and Hercules Hi-Fax 1900 ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW)
      polyethylenes have been compared, for the first time, in tests, including wear,
      fatigue and creep, relevant to artificial human joints. In none of the tests was
      the behaviour of the Hercules material inferior to that of RCH 1000, and in the
      wear and creep tests it was superior.

PMID- 4005363
TI  - Interaction of biodegradable beta-whitlockite ceramics with bone tissue: an in
      vivo study.
AB  - The biodegradation of different porous beta-whitlockite materials are studied by
      in vivo experiments, radiographic follow-ups and light microscopy observations.
      The materials were implanted in rabbit tibiae for 16 month. Micropores play an
      important role in the biodegradation rate. The resorbing materials evoke an
      inflammation with plasma cells. The resorption starts in the medulla, and the
      phagocytosed particles are removed to the lymph nodes. Normal bone function can
      be restored after all the implant material is resorbed.

PMID- 4005362
TI  - Fluid-sorption phenomena in sterilized polyethylene acetabular prostheses.
AB  - The weight changes due to fluid-sorption were measured in 62 radiation-sterilized
      acetabular sockets and 10 unsterilized discs. The materials included two types of
      ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene (RCH 1000; Hi-Fax 1900) and a
      carbon-fibre-reinforced polyethylene (CFPE). The fluid absorption curve was
      consistently biphasic. In the first 30 d soak-period (Phase 1), the initial rate
      of fluid absorption averaged 153 micrograms/d for conventional UHMW polyethylene
      and 278 micrograms/d for carbon-fibre-reinforced polyethylene. In Phase 2, beyond
      30 d and up to 400 d, fluid absorption reduced to linear rates of 27 micrograms/d
      for UHMW polyethylene and 43 micrograms/d for CFPE. The latter soak-weight-gain
      values corresponded to only 0.00016%/d and 0.00034%/d respectively. There was
      little difference in absorption rates between sterilized and unsterilized
      samples. However soak rates were generally higher in water compared to serum.

PMID- 4005364
TI  - Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)--collagen composites which promote muscle cell
      differentiation in vitro.
AB  - A new simple method has been developed which allows the mixing of poly(2
      hydroxyethyl methacrylate)--polyHEMA--and fibrillar collagen in any desired
      ratio. PolyHEMA alone was shown to be an unsuitable cultivation substrate for
      primary cultures of chicken embryonic skeletal muscle cells. Composites
      containing polyHEMA and 50% (w/w) or more collagen supported myogenesis. Such
      layers, firmly adhered to the bottom of plastic Petri dishes, were mechanically
      stable and biologically active, thus favourably combining properties of both the
      original materials. It is suggested that polyHEMA-collagen composite layers may
      be used for cultivation of differentiating cells in vitro.

PMID- 4005365
TI  - Retention and biliary excretion of poly-alpha, beta-[N(2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L
      aspartamide] (PHEA) and its tyramine derivative (PHEA-Tyr) by isolated perfused
      rat liver. The role of molecular weight and chemical structure.
AB  - Isolated rat liver was perfused with fractions of fluorescent labelled poly
      alpha,beta-[N(2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L-aspartamide] (PHEA), (Mw:8000, 51 400 and 70
      000) and its tyramine derivative, PHEA-Tyr (19 mol% tyramine side chains; Mw:8000
      and 35 000) under conditions approximating an "in vivo" situation. By an analysis
      of the recovered polymers it was shown, firstly that accumulation of polymers,
      which occurred most apparently in the Kupffer cells, was neither affected by the
      presence of tyramine side chains nor influenced by the molecular weight of
      polymers; secondly that the tyramine side chains slightly increased the biliary
      excretion of PHEA-Tyr, and thirdly with both types of polymers the excretion of
      high-molecular-weight fractions in the bile was strongly suppressed.

PMID- 4005366
TI  - Artificial encapsulation of joint prostheses.
AB  - The great success of total joint replacement in surgery has been disturbed mainly
      by later loosening and wear-out of the plastic components. In an attempt to
      improve long term performance of joint prostheses and eliminate the adverse
      effects of wear debris, polymeric encapsulation as a main design feature has been
      proposed. The benefits of having an encapsulated and artificially lubricated
      joint prosthesis have been evaluated in tribological terms with particular
      reference to the UMIST shoulder joint. The selection of a number of biopolymers
      involved in this research project described. The possible interactions arising
      from the coexistence of these materials have been mechanically investigated. Much
      attention and a great deal of practical work has been focussed on the sealing of
      the capsule and on the relevant liquid permeability.

PMID- 4005367
TI  - A dose-response model for teratological experiments involving quantal responses.
AB  - This paper introduces a dose-response model for teratological quantal response
      data where the probability of response for an offspring from a female at a given
      dose varies with the litter size. The maximum likelihood estimators for the
      parameters of the model are given as the solution of a nonlinear iterative
      algorithm. Two methods of low-dose extrapolation are presented, one based on the
      litter size distribution and the other a conservative method. The resulting
      procedures are then applied to a teratological data set from the literature.

PMID- 4005369
TI  - Multivariate slope ratio assay with repeated measurements.
AB  - A method is given for analyzing a slope ratio assay in which a test drug is
      compared with a standard drug, two or more response variates being measured on
      each subject at each of several successively increased drug doses. The method
      requires all subjects to receive the same number of doses, all subjects on the
      same drug to receive the same doses, the ratio of corresponding doses of the two
      drugs to be constant over the successive increases, and response variables to be
      measured only once on each subject at each dose with no missing data allowed. The
      technique is also applicable when doses are randomly assigned, provided there is
      no carry-over effect between doses. For each of the J response variates, the
      relative potency of the test drug with respect to the standard is defined and
      estimated in the usual way; a 100(1-alpha)% confidence region is then obtained
      for the vector of the J relative potencies. A procedure is given for testing the
      equality of some or all of the J relative potencies; an estimator of a common
      relative potency is obtained by a standard multivariate least squares method. A
      common relative potency is of interest because the multiple outcome variables are
      often different indicators of a general physiologic response. The procedures in
      the paper are illustrated by a simple example concerning the effects of two
      anesthetics on children.

PMID- 4005368
TI  - The bias due to incomplete matching.
AB  - Observational studies comparing groups of treated and control units are often
      used to estimate the effects caused by treatments. Matching is a method for
      sampling a large reservoir of potential controls to produce a control group of
      modest size that is ostensibly similar to the treated group. In practice, there
      is a trade-off between the desires to find matches for all treated units and to
      obtain matched treated-control pairs that are extremely similar to each other. We
      derive expressions for the bias in the average matched pair difference due to the
      failure to match all treated units--incomplete matching, and the failure to
      obtain exact matches--inexact matching. A practical example shows that the bias
      due to incomplete matching can be severe, and moreover, can be avoided entirely
      by using an appropriate multivariate nearest available matching algorithm, which,
      in the example, leaves only a small residual bias due to inexact matching.

PMID- 4005370
TI  - On pooling across strata when frequency matching has been followed in a cohort
      study.
AB  - In a study designed to assess the relationship between a dichotomous exposure and
      the eventual occurrence of a dichotomous outcome, frequency matching has been
      proposed as a way to balance the exposure cohorts with respect to the sampling
      distribution of potential confounding factors. This paper discusses the pooled
      estimator for the log relative risk, and provides an estimator for its variance
      which takes into account the dependency in the pooled outcomes induced by
      frequency matching. The pooled estimator has asymptotic relative efficiency less
      than but close to 1, relative to the usual, inverse variance weighted, stratified
      estimator. Simulations suggest, however, that the pooled estimator is likely to
      outperform the stratified estimator when samples are of moderate size. This
      estimator carries the added advantage that it consistently estimates a meaningful
      population parameter under heterogeneity of the relative risk across strata.

PMID- 4005371
TI  - Confidence intervals for a variance ratio, or for heritability, in an unbalanced
      mixed linear model.
AB  - A procedure is presented for constructing an exact confidence interval for the
      ratio of the two variance components in a possibly unbalanced mixed linear model
      that contains a single set of m random effects. This procedure can be used in
      animal and plant breeding problems to obtain an exact confidence interval for a
      heritability. The confidence interval can be defined in terms of the output of a
      least squares analysis. It can be computed by a graphical or iterative technique
      requiring the diagonalization of an m X m matrix or, alternatively, the inversion
      of a number of m X m matrices. Confidence intervals that are approximate can be
      obtained with much less computational burden, using either of two approaches. The
      various confidence interval procedures can be extended to some problems in which
      the mixed linear model contains more than one set of random effects.
      Corresponding to each interval procedure is a significance test and one or more
      estimators.

PMID- 4005372
TI  - Maximum likelihood estimation of variance components for a multivariate mixed
      model with equal design matrices.
AB  - An algorithm is described for estimating variance and covariance components by
      restricted maximum likelihood for a multivariate mixed two-way classification
      with equal design matrices. The procedure involves a transformation to canonical
      scale, effectively reducing a q-variate analysis to q corresponding univariate
      analyses. A small numerical example is given as well as a large-scale practical
      application.

PMID- 4005373
TI  - Testing hypotheses about interclass correlations from familial data.
AB  - Testing problems concerning interclass correlations from familial data are
      considered in the case where the number of siblings varies among families. Under
      the assumption of multivariate normality, two test procedures are proposed for
      testing the hypothesis that an interclass correlation is equal to a specified
      value. To compare the properties of the tests, including a likelihood ratio test,
      Monte Carlo experiments are performed. Several test statistics are derived for
      testing whether two variables about a parent and child are uncorrelated. The
      proposed tests are compared with previous test procedures, using Monte Carlo
      simulation. A general procedure for finding confidence intervals for interclass
      correlations is also derived.

PMID- 4005374
TI  - Perpendicular distance models for line transect sampling.
AB  - Perpendicular distance line transect models are examined to assess whether any
      single model can provide a general procedure for analysing line transect data. Of
      the two-parameter models considered, the hazard-rate model appears promising,
      whereas the exponential power series and exponential quadratic models do not. Of
      the nonparametric models, the Fourier series is the best developed, and is
      favoured by many researchers as a general model. However, for a given data set,
      the Fourier series estimate may be highly dependent on the number of terms
      selected, and so the model is not a clear improvement over the hazard-rate model.
      A similar variable-term model, using Hermite polynomials, is considered, and is
      shown to be less dependent on the number of terms selected. There has been some
      debate about whether the derivative of the density function of perpendicular
      distances evaluated at 0 should be 0, so that the function has a "shoulder." The
      problem is examined in detail, and it is argued that reliable estimation is not
      possible from line transect data unless a shoulder exists. Many data sets appear
      to exhibit no shoulder; possible reasons are examined.

PMID- 4005375
TI  - The use of fitted higher-order polynomial coefficients as covariates in the
      analysis of growth curves.
AB  - For orthogonal polynomials fitted to repeated measurements, a computer simulation
      study is used to investigate the effect of selecting higher-order coefficients as
      covariates in order to minimise the estimated variance of lower-order
      coefficients. Under the assumption that the repeated measurements have certain
      autoregressive covariance structures, it is seen that the gain in precision due
      to covariance adjustment can be largely illusory and that the resulting estimates
      of variances can grossly underestimate the true variances. The consequences of
      using all higher-order coefficients as covariates is also examined and seen to
      produce a gain in precision in certain circumstances.

PMID- 4005376
TI  - A model for avian lung ventilation, and the effect of accelerating stimulation in
      Japanese quail embryos.
AB  - A simple stages model is proposed for the interval between the start of lung
      ventilation and the start of clicking in Japanese quail embryos. The model is
      extended to describe the effect of accelerating stimuli and is fitted to data
      sets from three different experiments. We see that the model provides a useful
      synthesis of the variety of results, and furnishes a framework for the analysis
      of further experiments.

PMID- 4005377
TI  - A runs test based on run lengths.
AB  - A procedure is proposed for testing the hypothesis that Bernoulli trials
      (successes and failures) are independent with common probability of success.
      Equivalently, the procedure may be used to test the hypothesis that the
      arrangement of a fixed number of successes and failures was determined randomly.
      The procedure is based on a weighted linear combination of the variances of run
      lengths of successes and failures. It is shown to have desirable asymptotic
      properties and to be generally more powerful than the usual runs test, while
      preserving computational simplicity.

PMID- 4005378
TI  - [Estimation of the hazards ratio in two grouped samples].
AB  - A simple estimator of the hazards ratio of two grouped samples is proposed. If
      the number of time grouping intervals is fixed, the following asymptotics hold:
      unbiasedness, and full efficiency when the true hazards ratio is 1 and the
      probability of failure in each interval is small. Under the latter condition, the
      estimator is equivalent to "MHP" estimator (Mantel-Haenszel estimator for a
      Poisson model). Simulations show that this estimator performs better than others
      when grouping is coarse. An asymptotically unbiased estimator of its variance is
      proposed.

PMID- 4005379
TI  - A comparison of several methods of estimating the survival function when there is
      extreme right censoring.
AB  - When there is extreme censoring on the right, the Kaplan-Meier product-limit
      estimator is known to be a biased estimator of the survival function. Several
      modifications of the Kaplan-Meier estimator are examined and compared with
      respect to bias and mean squared error.

PMID- 4005380
TI  - Interval estimates for the ratio of the means of two normal populations with
      variances related to the means.
AB  - A procedure is given for estimating the ratio of the means of two populations
      using the data from two independent random samples when the observations are
      normally distributed with population variances that are related to the population
      means.

PMID- 4005381
TI  - Line transect estimators for left-truncated distributions.
AB  - Left-truncated line transect data sets may occur when surveying with certain
      types of aircraft where the observer cannot look straight down. A general model
      of left-truncation in line transect sampling is developed and parametric
      estimators are derived in such cases when the underlying distribution of right
      angle distances is either exponentially or half-normally distributed. Computer
      simulations demonstrate the validity of the derived estimators and the expected
      nonrobustness against alternative distributions. An aerial survey example using
      dolphin data is presented.

PMID- 4005382
TI  - Using the correct standard errors in comparing subpopulation survival rates in
      marked populations.
AB  - We give estimates of variances and covariances of survival rates for subgroups of
      a wild population surveyed by mark-recapture methods. These are used in forming
      test statistics to compare subgroup survival rates. We show that using correct
      standard errors based on the appropriate approximate sampling model and
      incorporating important covariances of observed frequencies avoids spurious
      significance of survival rate differences.

PMID- 4005383
TI  - Multiple comparisons in the randomization analysis of designed experiments with
      growth curve responses.
AB  - A randomization approach to multiple comparisons is developed for comparing
      several growth curves in randomized experiments. The exact Type I probability
      error rate for these comparisons may be prespecified, and a Type I error
      probability for each component test can be evaluated. These procedures are free
      of many of the standard assumptions for analyzing growth curves and for making
      multiple comparisons. An application of the procedure gives all pairwise
      comparisons among the mean growth curves associated with four treatments in an
      animal experiment using a Youden square design, where growth curves are obtained
      on monitoring hormone levels over time.

PMID- 4005384
TI  - Testing the statistical certainty of a response to increasing doses of a drug.
AB  - Experiments in which the treatments are composed of a series of doses of a
      compound and a zero dose control are often used in animal toxicity studies. A
      test procedure is proposed to assess trends in the response variable. The notion
      of a no-statistical-significance-of-trend (NOSTASOT) dose is introduced, and
      questions of multiplicity of statistical tests in this context are addressed.

PMID- 4005385
TI  - Estimating morbidity risks with variable age of onset.

PMID- 4005386
TI  - Case-control methods in the presence of multiple failure times and competing
      risks.
AB  - The link between cohort and incident case-control studies has been considered by
      many authors. In particular, under the Cox proportional hazards model, follow-up
      data (implicit or explicit) can be analyzed as a case-control study by randomly
      selecting controls from the risk sets of each incident case, thereby obviating
      the necessity of working with the entire cohort when interest is primarily on
      exposure effects. This paper extends this linkage to competing risks and to
      diseases with multiple incidence or recurrence times by matching to each event
      (case) a sample of controls from the appropriate risk set. Illustrations are
      given.

PMID- 4005387
TI  - Estimation of a common effect parameter from sparse follow-up data.
AB  - Breslow (1981, Biometrika 68, 73-84) has shown that the Mantel-Haenszel odds
      ratio is a consistent estimator of a common odds ratio in sparse stratifications.
      For cohort studies, however, estimation of a common risk ratio or risk difference
      can be of greater interest. Under a binomial sparse-data model, the Mantel
      Haenszel risk ratio and risk difference estimators are consistent in sparse
      stratifications, while the maximum likelihood and weighted least squares
      estimators are biased. Under Poisson sparse-data models, the Mantel-Haenszel and
      maximum likelihood rate ratio estimators have equal asymptotic variances under
      the null hypothesis and are consistent, while the weighted least squares
      estimators are again biased; similarly, of the common rate difference estimators
      the weighted least squares estimators are biased, while the estimator employing
      "Mantel-Haenszel" weights is consistent in sparse data. Variance estimators that
      are consistent in both sparse data and large strata can be derived for all the
      Mantel-Haenszel estimators.

PMID- 4005388
TI  - Estimation of cancer mortality rates: a Bayesian analysis of small frequencies.
AB  - A Bayesian method is presented for estimating mortality rates of specific
      diseases when the frequency of deaths over a specified time period is assumed to
      have a Poisson distribution with mean proportional to the population size. The
      estimators use information from related populations, each having its own rate
      which is assumed distributed according to a common prior distribution about which
      some information is available. The study was motivated by an epidemiological
      study on the geographic variation of cancer mortality in the state of Missouri.
      Data from this study are used to illustrate the method and to compare it to a
      somewhat simpler empirical Bayes method.

PMID- 4005389
TI  - Improving estimates of prevalence by repeated testing.
AB  - Suppose a screening or diagnostic test with unknown properties is to be used, not
      primarily for classifying individuals, but for estimating the prevalence of
      disease. Its sensitivity and specificity may be enhanced by applying it
      repeatedly to the same individuals, thus bringing the proportion of individuals
      with overall positive results closer to the true prevalence. Repeated testing
      also makes it possible to estimate the prevalence by maximum likelihood. Some
      simple designs for estimation are evaluated in terms of their accuracy and cost.

PMID- 4005390
TI  - Markov models for covariate dependence of binary sequences.
AB  - Suppose that a heterogeneous group of individuals is followed over time and that
      each individual can be in state 0 or state 1 at each time point. The sequence of
      states is assumed to follow a binary Markov chain. In this paper we model the
      transition probabilities for the 0 to 0 and 1 to 0 transitions by two logistic
      regressions, thus showing how the covariates relate to changes in state. With p
      covariates, there are 2(p + 1) parameters including intercepts, which we estimate
      by maximum likelihood. We show how to use transition probability estimates to
      test hypotheses about the probability of occupying state 0 at time i (i = 2, ...,
      T) and the equilibrium probability of state 0. These probabilities depend on the
      covariates. A recursive algorithm is suggested to estimate regression
      coefficients when some responses are missing. Extensions of the basic model which
      allow time-dependent covariates and nonstationary or second-order Markov chains
      are presented. An example shows the model applied to a study of the psychological
      impact of breast cancer in which women did or did not manifest distress at four
      time points in the year following surgery.

PMID- 4005391
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of furosemide after three different single oral doses.
AB  - Furosemide solution was orally administered to 21 healthy adult males to
      determine dose proportionality over the dose range used and the reproducibility
      of disposition following a repeated dose. Furosemide solution was given in doses
      of 20, 40, and 80 mg, with the 40 mg dose repeated once. Blood was collected for
      12 hours post-dose and urine for 24 hours. The maximum plasma concentrations
      resulting from 20, 40, and 80 mg doses were significantly different (p less than
      0.05). Dose normalized maximum concentrations for the 20 and 80 mg doses were
      significantly different (p less than 0.05). Mean time to Cpmax was 50 minutes,
      with no differences observed among doses. Plasma AUCs were significantly
      different (p less than 0.05) for 20, 40, and 80 mg. Dose normalized AUCs were not
      significantly different. Mean amounts of furosemide in urine (Xu) were 9.62,
      16.7, and 32.0 mg for the 20, 40, and 80 mg doses, respectively. These amounts
      were significantly different (p less than 0.05); dose normalized amounts were not
      significantly different. Renal clearances of furosemide following the three doses
      were not significantly different. Regressions of Cpmax, AUC and Xu on dose were
      significant. There were no significant differences in Cpmax, tmax, AUC or Xu for
      40 mg given on two separate days. Renal clearance of furosemide was statistically
      different for 40 mg given on two separate days, but the difference was not
      clinically significant. The pharmacokinetics of furosemide are linear over the
      dosage range studied. Furosemide 40 mg given on two separate days results in
      similar disposition parameters.

PMID- 4005392
TI  - Bioequivalence of a sustained-release isosorbide dinitrate formulation at steady
      state.
AB  - Isosorbide 2,5-dinitrate and its pharmacologically active metabolites, isosorbide
      2-nitrate and isosorbide 5-nitrate, in plasma accumulated to the predicted steady
      state after five consecutive oral doses of sustained-release tablets containing
      40 mg isosorbide dinitrate at 12-h intervals and after five consecutive oral
      doses of reference standard-release tablets containing 20 mg at 6-h intervals to
      12 subjects in a crossover study. The comparative bioavailability of isosorbide
      dinitrate, isosorbide 2-nitrate and isosorbide 5-nitrate from the sustained
      release tablet was 110 per cent (p greater than 0.05), 89 per cent (p greater
      than 0.05), and 89 per cent (p less than 0.05), respectively, of that from the
      reference standard-release tablet. The isosorbide dinitrate plasma level data
      were the more variable, as expected for a drug of low systemic availability
      subject to extensive first-pass elimination. The posterior probability that the
      true bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate was included within the usually
      accepted limits of 80-120 per cent was 0.74, a value which is probably
      insufficient to justify claims of bioequivalence with the reference formulation
      in respect of extent of availability. In contrast, the posterior probability that
      the bioavailability of the metabolites isosorbide 2- and 5-nitrate was included
      within these limits was 0.90 and 0.98, respectively. On the basis of the
      mononitrate data, these two formulations may be judged bioequivalent in respect
      of extent of availability despite a formal statistically significant formulation
      related effect in the analysis of variance of the isosorbide 5-nitrate
      bioavailability data. Claims of bioequivalence of isosorbide dinitrate sustained
      release formulations may be more economically justified by analysis of the
      mononitrate plasma concentrations, although concentrations of the formulated
      parent dinitrate should also be known.

PMID- 4005393
TI  - Lack of effect of liver disease on the pharmacokinetics of acebutolol and
      diacetolol: a single dose study.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of acebutolol and its major metabolite, diacetolol,
      following a single 400 mg oral dose, were investigated in patients with liver
      disease. No significant differences were found in any of the parameters measured.

PMID- 4005394
TI  - A pharmacokinetic comparison of cephalexin and cefadroxil using HPLC assay
      procedures.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cephalexin and cefadroxil were compared following single
      500 mg oral doses to 12 healthy male volunteers. Doses were administered after an
      overnight fast according to a crossover design. Plasma and urinary levels of both
      compounds were determined by HPLC procedures. Cephalexin was absorbed rapidly,
      achieving a mean peak plasma level of 17.5 micrograms ml-1 at 1 h, compared to 16
      micrograms ml-1 at 1.8 h for cefadroxil. Elimination half-lives of cephalexin and
      cefadroxil were 0.7 and 1.1 h, respectively. The area under the cefadroxil plasma
      curve was significantly larger than that for cephalexin. However, after allowing
      for differences in elimination rate constants and assuming equal distribution
      volumes, plasma data indicated the compounds were equally well absorbed. Only 70
      per cent of cefadroxil was recovered in urine compared to 87 per cent of
      cephalexin during the 12 h following drug administration. The therapeutic
      significance of the different pharmacokinetic characteristics of cephalexin and
      cefadroxil, if any, may be a function also of their pharmacologic activity and/or
      the sensitivity of the target organism.

PMID- 4005395
TI  - Effects of ibuprofen on the disposition kinetics of phenytoin in pregnant rats.
AB  - The effects of ibuprofen on maternal phenytoin pharmacokinetics and fetal
      phenytoin acquisition were investigated in 19-day gestation Sprague-Dawley rats.
      A 5 mg kg-1 bolus injection of 14C-phenytoin was given with and without (control)
      pretreatment with 12.5 mg kg-1 of ibuprofen. Maternal plasma and fetal whole body
      samples were obtained at various times after the phenytoin bolus and evaluated
      simultaneously using a three-compartment maternal-fetal model. Ibuprofen
      pretreatment increased the maternal plasma clearance of phenytoin about three
      fold and the overall apparent volume of distribution almost four-fold. No changes
      in the volume of the maternal central compartment or terminal first-order
      disposition rate constant were observed. Additionally, the maternal-to-fetal
      clearance of phenytoin was not altered in the ibuprofen-treated rats. No
      differences in the apparent fetal volume of distribution or areas under the fetal
      phenytoin concentration-time curves were observed between the control and
      ibuprofen-treated rats. The results of this study were consistent with ibuprofen
      induced alterations in organ and tissue blood perfusion and demonstrated that,
      while the maternal disposition kinetics of phenytoin were altered by sodium
      ibuprofen coadministration, the maternal changes did not affect the extent of
      fetal exposure to phenytoin.

PMID- 4005396
TI  - Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics: areas under curves, steady-state
      concentrations, and clearances for compartment models with different types of
      input.
AB  - For single bolus administration, intermittent bolus administrations to steady
      state, a single dose as a zero order input, intermittent zero order inputs to
      steady-state, and continuous zero order input to steady-state, and for both
      simple Michaelis-Menten elimination and parallel Michaelis-Menten and first order
      elimination, the appropriate equations are given for the areas, AUC 0-oo or AUC 0
      tau, steady-state concentrations, and clearances. Some 20 new equations have been
      derived. For the case of first order input and Michaelis-Menten elimination, no
      solution is given but the effect of input rate on systemic availability is
      reported following some numerical integrations. The effect of slow input in
      reducing systemic bioavailability when Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics are
      operative is stressed and the implications of this in the field of sustained
      release medication mentioned.

PMID- 4005397
TI  - Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone elimination kinetics following withdrawal of
      long-term amiodarone maintenance therapy.

PMID- 4005398
TI  - Absorption of theophylline from two sustained release formulations.

PMID- 4005399
TI  - Presystemic elimination and mean residence time.

PMID- 4005400
TI  - [Acceleration generated by the myocardium as a criterion of its contractility].
AB  - In experiments on cat heart-lung preparations cooled from 38 to 25 degrees C,
      acceleration of the heart muscle (in mm Hg . s-2) was the only criterion of
      myocardial contractility, which showed identical changes under an equivalent
      increase (1.5-fold) of heart load with volume or resistance. The latter indicates
      that acceleration of the myocardium is the most adequate criterion of myocardial
      contractility.

PMID- 4005401
TI  - [Effect of a membrane modulator from the 3-hydroxypyridine class on the
      pharmacological activity of a number of psychotropic preparations].
AB  - Influence of membrane-active derivative of 3-hydroxypyridine on psychotropic
      activity of drugs with different chemical structure and type of action-
      neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, reserpine), tranquillizers
      (diazepam, phenazepam, calcium valproate), hypnotics (Hexobarbital), was studied
      in the experiment on animals. Application of psychotropic drugs after preliminary
      3-hydroxypyridine administration was established to induce a considerable
      increase of their pharmacological activity--anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic.
      Mechanism of action of 3-hydroxypyridine on pharmacological effects of
      psychotropic drugs is supposed to be caused by its membrane-modulating action,
      precisely by its influence on physical-chemical properties and phospholipid
      composition of synaptic biomembranes.

PMID- 4005402
TI  - [Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on myocardial reactive hyperemia].
AB  - It has been established in experiments on 25 dogs that the peak of reactive
      hyperemia (RH) of the myocardium cannot be regarded as an absolute criterion of
      the coronary dilatory reserves. Stimulation of the stellate ganglion under the
      conditions of arterial blood pressure stabilization increased the peak of RH.
      After-effect of the sympathetic nerve stimulation also led to a rise in the peak
      of RH as compared with control.

PMID- 4005403
TI  - [Modeling of myocardial lesions of varying degrees of manifestation].
AB  - Five variants of myocardial lesions of different degree were simulated in
      experiments on 8 dogs, 61 rabbits and 30 rats, namely micronecrosis, diffuse
      myocarditis, focal dystrophy, small- and large-focal myocardial infarction. The
      experimental models of heart lesions can be used for studying the
      pathophysiological mechanisms in cardiac pathology and evaluation of the
      therapeutic efficacy of new drugs in experimental pharmacology.

PMID- 4005404
TI  - [Enkephalins and the function of the sympathetic-adrenal system in acute
      myocardial ischemia].
AB  - It has been shown in experiments on albino rats that acute myocardial ischemia
      (AMI) produces a noticeable increase in excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline,
      DOPA and dopamine with urine. Intraperitoneal injection of leu-enkephalin analogs
      (D-Ala2-Leu5-Arg6 and D-Ala2-D-Leu5-D-Arg6) to rats with AMI was accompanied by a
      noticeable prevention of activation of the sympathoadrenal system.

PMID- 4005405
TI  - [Structural changes in the gastric mucosa in experimental hyperthyroidism].
AB  - Using a structural and functional analysis experiments on rats have shown the
      morphological substrate of the impaired pepsin secretion in experimental
      hyperthyroidism. It has been established that enhancement of the proteolytic
      activity of gastric juice at early times of hyperthyroidism is linked with
      activation of biosynthetic processes in the chief gastric cells. Under the
      conditions of prolonged hyperthyroidism, the reduced proteolytic activity of
      gastric juice is caused by inhibition of both bioenergetic and biosynthetic
      processes in the chief cells.

PMID- 4005406
TI  - [Blocking effect of cycloheximide on decreased mitochondrial resistance due to
      thyroid hormone action].
AB  - Administration of cycloheximide (20-25 micrograms/kg bw twice, interval 24 h) to
      hyperthyroid rats (300 micrograms/T4/100 g bw i. p. 48 h before sacrifice)
      inhibited the decrease in mitochondrial resistance to Ca2+ characteristic of
      hyperthyroidism. It was established in particular that calcium capacitance of the
      mitochondria and the time of the maintenance of transmembrane potential of these
      organelles under calcium loading were increased in the mitochondria of
      hyperthyroid animals given cycloheximide as compared with analogous parameters of
      the organelles of intact hyperthyroid rats. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity
      of NADPH in the mitochondria of the first group of animals was 37% greater and
      the rate of oxidation of these nucleotides several times lower than in the
      organelles of the second group animals. It is assumed that the described effects
      of cycloheximide on the mitochondria are linked with the inhibitory effect of the
      antibiotic on endogenous activity of mitochondrial phospholipase A2.

PMID- 4005407
TI  - [Effect of intrauterine ethanol exposure on higher nervous activity and on
      protein and lipid metabolic indices of the brain in rats].
AB  - It has been shown that intrauterine effect of ethanol causes alterations of
      protein phosphorylation, glycoprotein and lipid synthesis in rat brain in late
      ontogenesis. These alterations correlated with disordered learning and
      maintenance of the conditioned reflexes.

PMID- 4005409
TI  - [Isolation, purification and physicochemical properties of glutamin-asparaginase
      from Pseudomonas boreopolis 526].
AB  - A new homogeneous enzyme which is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of both
      glutamine and asparaginase has been purified from extracts of Pseudomonas
      boreopolis 526 by the improved method. Purification involves few stages. The
      ratio of glutaminase to asparaginase activity is approximately 1.5:1.0. The
      enzyme is stable on storage and has a wide pH optimum of action (6-8.5). The
      molecular weight is about 134 000-145 000 D and the subunit molecular weight is
      about 34 000 D. No free SH-groups have been detected in the enzyme molecule.

PMID- 4005408
TI  - [Cardio- and hemodynamics of dogs in exposure of the heart to immune complexes].
AB  - The cardiovascular effects induced by in-vitro obtained immune complexes (horse
      serum antigens--rabbit specific antibodies) were studied in dogs. Intracoronary
      administration of immune complexes was followed by the development of a
      hypotensive reaction, with a marked decrease in the cardiac output, left
      ventricle performance, and impairment of pump heart function. After administering
      immune complexes no marked injuries to the myocardium or depression of its
      contractility were recorded in the acute period of the reaction. A substantial
      decrease of venous blood return to the heart caused by blood pooling in the
      venous peripheral vascular bed underlies pump heart function impairment and the
      decreased cardiac output.

PMID- 4005410
TI  - [Enzymes utilizing hydroperoxides and O ./2 in the myocardium of rats of
      different ages].
AB  - Superoxide dismutase activity of myocardial cytosol increases with rat age (1, 3,
      12, 24 months) whereas catalase activity is unchanged. Glutathione peroxidase
      activity with H2O2, cumene and t-butyl hydroperoxides as substrates increases
      more than 1.5-fold over the period from 1 to 12 months. The high activity of
      these enzymes is maintained in 24-month-old rats.

PMID- 4005411
TI  - [Changes in the protein-synthesizing system of a HeLa cell culture exposed to a
      number of trace elements].
AB  - The authors investigated the cytopathic action of maximal allowable
      concentrations (MAC) of zinc, nickel, cobalt, cadmium and fluorine on cell
      culture. The most significant changes in RNA synthesis were noticed after
      exposure to zinc MAC. After exposure to the MAC of zinc, nickel and fluorine
      considerable modifications of protein synthesis were recorded. It was established
      that the content of rRNA increased after incubation with all trace elements under
      study for 24 hours. The amount of protein experienced significant changes after
      nickel introduction into the incubation medium. It is concluded that exposure to
      some of trace elements entails considerable changes in cell metabolism.

PMID- 4005412
TI  - [Mechanism of the antihypoxic action of zinc compounds].
AB  - It was established in experimental normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia and hemic
      hypoxia induced by carbon monoxide poisoning that zinc compounds administered in
      a dose of 0.15 mA/kg have a marked prophylactic protective effect. The mechanism
      of action of zinc compounds consists in changes of oxygen transport blood
      function. It was shown that interaction of the hemoglobin molecule with zinc ion
      brings about an increase in Hb affinity for O2 (the left drive of the
      oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve), a reduction in cooperative interaction of
      hemoglobin subunits, and a relative decrease in hemoglobin affinity for carbon
      monoxide. The leading defence mechanism against hypoxic hypoxia is the left
      drive, the mechanism of defence against carbon monoxide protection consists in
      the lowering of the "hem-hem" cooperation and of the relative hemoglobin affinity
      for carbon monoxide.

PMID- 4005413
TI  - [Participation of m- and n-cholinergic mechanisms in the development of the
      kindling phenomenon of the amygdala in cats].
AB  - The kindling phenomenon was produced after chronic electrostimulation of the cat
      amygdala. The duration and intensity of petit mal and grand mal were recorded.
      The M-cholinomimetic arecoline (0.3 mg/kg), the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
      galanthamine (1-3 mg/kg) and the N-cholinergic blockers eterofen (5-10 mg/kg) and
      ganglerone (035-3.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally decreased or abolished the kindling
      phenomenon. Combination of M-cholinomimetics with N-blockers facilitated the
      anticonvulsant effects. Nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) and the M-cholinergic blocker
      methylbenactyzine (0.5-1 mg/kg) as well as combination of methylbenactyzine with
      galanthamine, on the contrary, facilitated and aggravated seizures in cats. In
      the authors' opinion, the M- and N-cholinergic mechanisms are involved in
      formation of the kindling phenomenon. It is suggested that N-cholinergic blockers
      or their combinations with M-cholinomimetics may be used as anticonvulsants.

PMID- 4005414
TI  - [Inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase in the rat by multiple pyrazidol
      administration].
AB  - Pyrazidol, which is chemically 2,3, 3a, 4, 5, 6-hexahydro-8-methyl-1H
      pyrazino[3,2,1-j,k] carbazole hydrochloride (international name pirlindole)
      administered repeatedly (21 days) to rats at a dose of 25 mg/kg per os maintained
      the selectivity of its inhibitory effect toward type A MAO. When administered
      repeatedly the inhibitory effect of pyrazidol was 1.5-2-fold higher than after a
      single administration. The effect of pyrazidol on rat brain MAO was reversible
      whatever the route of administration. The enzymatic activity returned to normal
      within 24 h after the last administration. The data obtained suggest that the
      capacity of selective inhibiting the deamination of the neurotransmitters such as
      serotonin and noradrenaline in human brain is of paramount importance for
      therapeutic effect of pyrazidol.

PMID- 4005415
TI  - [Analysis of 3H-kainic acid binding to brain membranes in rats and frogs].
AB  - It has been shown that H3-kainic acid (3H-KA) specifically binds with membrane
      preparations from various parts of rat brain or whole frog brain. The saturation
      isotherms of 3H-KA binding revealed the presence of two sites with a high and low
      affinity. An exception was for rat cerebellum where Scatchard analysis showed but
      one low affinity site. The density of 3H-KA binding sites in frog brain was 5 to
      10 times higher than in rat brain. Among the drugs studied, KA itself, L
      glutamate and folic acid were the most potent inhibitors of specific binding.
      Methyltetrahydrofolate, quinolinic acid, kynurenine, GABA, taurine, L-aspartate
      were ineffective in this respect. The kinetic analysis of the binding data in the
      presence or absence of L-glutamate and folic acid showed, however, that these
      drugs inhibited 3H-KA binding in a noncompetitive manner. In the light of these
      findings L-glutamate or folate cannot be considered as endogenous ligands for
      hypothetic "kainate receptors".

PMID- 4005416
TI  - [Effect of the supranucleosomal chromatin organization on histone-DNA
      interrelations].
AB  - It has been demonstrated by the method of competitive displacement of own
      chromatin histone by excess total histone that chromatin dispersity influence the
      strength of histone-DNA interactions in a medium of physiological ionic strength.
      Histone NI was removed from chromatin after the quantity of total histone added
      to chromatin was equivalent to that existing in chromatin. The proportion of
      histones H2A and H2B removed from chromatin was increased after mechanical of
      ultrasonic degradation of chromatin at 5-20-fold excess of total extra-histone.
      In some histone preparations, the removal of histones H2A and H2B was not
      detectable at even 200-fold excess of total histone. This may be explained by
      strengthening histone-DNA interactions in superhelical loops of chromatin.

PMID- 4005417
TI  - [Effect of thrombin on macrophage and lymphocyte functional activity].
AB  - It has been shown that thrombin induces blast transformation of lymphocytes,
      stimulates the phagocytic activity of macrophages and limits their migration.

PMID- 4005418
TI  - [Effect of cyclic nucleotides on the mitotic activity of dental anlage and
      alveolar bone cells in tissue culture].
AB  - A study was made of the effects of cAMP, db-cGMP and db-cAMP on the mitotic
      activity of the cells of the tooth anlage and alveolar bone in tissue culture of
      mouse embryo aged 15 days. The data indicate that db-cGMP and db-cAMP at
      concentrations 10(-6) M and 10(-8) M do not have any essential effect on the
      mitotic activity of the cells of the tooth anlage whereas cAMP inhibits the
      mitotic activity in these cells as compared with control. A definite relationship
      was established between the character of differentiation of the osseous and
      dental tissues in tissue culture and the concentration of cyclic nucleotides. db
      cAMP, db-cGMP and cAMP raise the mitotic activity of the osteogenic cells,
      inhibit resorption of the alveolar bone, and stimulate formation of a new osseous
      tissue.

PMID- 4005419
TI  - [Secretion and excretion in the stomach exposed to hypoxia].
AB  - Secretion of gastric juice, pepsin, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, visible mucus and
      mucin, and exogenous neutral red was studied in intact dogs and in those
      subjected to hypoxia in a pressure chamber by rarefaction corresponding to an
      altitude of 7000 m. Hypoxia led to depressed secretion of pepsin, hydrochloric
      acid and neutral red together with a reduction in gastric juice secretion.
      Secretion of visible mucus and mucin was activated, whereas excretion of ammonia
      remained unchanged.

PMID- 4005420
TI  - [Morphological characteristics of the changes in the skeletal muscle tissue in
      acute experimental ischemia of the extremities].
AB  - A comprehensive morphological study of the ischemic skeletal muscles of the limbs
      was performed in experiments on dogs. Ischemia of the muscle tissue was induced
      by artificial embolic occlusion of the terminal part of the aorta. A quantitative
      functional and morphological study revealed serious disturbances in metabolism of
      the skeletal muscle that was subjected to a 6-hour ischemia. Depression of
      aerobic metabolism, ineffectiveness of anaerobic glycolysis (a spare pathway of
      the synthesis of macroergic substances), a dramatic lowering of ATPase activity,
      and activation of acid phosphatase in experiments of such a duration are
      important signs of a probably compromised adaptation process and irreversibility
      of the lesions in the tissue. The data should be taken into consideration in
      determining the optimal periods of the blood flow recovery in the limbs.
      Morphological changes in muscle fibers under ischemia progress with an increase
      in the experiment duration (up to 9 and 12 h). An important morphological sign of
      ischemia is a disturbed typification of muscle fibers.

PMID- 4005421
TI  - [Ultrastructural characteristics of macrophage transformation in foam cells in in
      vitro experiments].
AB  - Ultrastructural features of lipid vacuole formation in foam cells were studied in
      a mouse macrophage culture on the use of aggregated low density lipids (a-LDL)
      and fibroblast-modified LDL (fm-LDL). Modification of LDL properties is a factor
      which induces rapid transformation of macrophages to foam cells. Catabolism of a
      LDL and fm-LDL and lipid vacuole formation is carried out in two ways: with and
      without involvement of lysosomes. In the former case membraneless lipid vacuoles
      are formed, in the latter one, lipid vacuoles surrounded by a membrane.

PMID- 4005422
TI  - [Structural and histochemical characteristics of different variants of the
      perimuscularization of the femoral vein in an experiment].
AB  - Structural and histochemical changes in the region of perivenous muscular
      constrictors created by means of experimental perimuscularization of the femoral
      vein were studied and compared. Thirty-two mongrel dogs were operated on. In 18
      dogs, perimuscularization was made by placing the femoral vein beneath a flap
      from the medial head of the musculus quadriceps femoris. In 14 dogs, the proximal
      segment of the dissected femoral vein was introduced through a tunnel formed in
      the medial head of the musculus quadriceps femoris followed by restoration of the
      vein continuity by an angiography apparatus. It has been shown that the method of
      the femoral vein introduction through the muscular tunnel is very promising,
      since it results in minimal histostructural changes in the vessel and the
      adjacent muscle.

PMID- 4005423
TI  - [Hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex].
AB  - The human adrenal cortex in essential hypertension and in the salt-losing form of
      the adrenogenital syndrome and the adrenal cortex in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats were studied by morphometry. Under long-term functional loading hypertrophy
      of adrenocortical cells is the common way of increasing the mass of the cortex.
      The correlation between the morphological parameters of the adrenocortical
      structures increases in this condition. Hyperplasia along with hypertrophy has
      been found in man at an early age. The differences in the degree of hypertrophy
      of the nuclei and nucleoli may be connected with different intensity of
      adrenocortical function in different pathological conditions.

PMID- 4005424
TI  - [Isolation of brain monoamines using high-performance reversed-phase
      chromatography].
AB  - The content of monoamines, their precursors and metabolites was measured in brain
      specimens weighing several milligram by ion-pair high performance liquid
      chromatography on reversed phase microcolumns together with electrochemical
      detection. The properties of different sorbents are compared and the choice of a
      mobile phase is discussed. The technique of column packing and preparation of
      brain samples are described.

PMID- 4005425
TI  - Incidence of aplastic anemia in metropolitan Baltimore: a population-based study.
AB  - Incidence rates for aplastic anemia (AA) so far have been unavailable for defined
      populations in the United States. A study was carried out in the Baltimore
      Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) to examine the incidence rates for
      aplastic anemia from 1970 through 1978. Cases of AA (N = 118) were identified
      through medical records (N = 77) in SMSA hospitals and death certificates (N =
      41). All medical charts were reviewed by an oncologist-hematologist for
      validation purposes. Among whites, average annual age-adjusted incidence rates
      per million were higher in males (7.1) than in females (5.4), whereas in
      nonwhites, females had a higher rate (7.3) than males (4.7). None of the sex
      differences was statistically significant. Age-specific incidence rates were
      consistently low in young ages, with an exponential increase after age 40.
      Examination of time trends did not suggest changes in whites, although in blacks,
      mainly in males, there was a suggestion of a temporal increase. However, rates in
      blacks were based on small numbers, and trends were not statistically
      significant. An inconsistent sex differential, as well as the relative stability
      of rates over time at least in whites, suggests that although sexes may have
      different types of exposures, occupational exposures and changes in environmental
      factors over time cannot entirely explain the occurrence of AA in the population.
      In addition, the age pattern suggests that future studies should examine
      etiologic agents separately for the younger and the older subjects with AA.

PMID- 4005426
TI  - In vivo behavior of human radioiodinated antithrombin III: distribution among
      three physiologic pools.
AB  - It has recently been shown that antithrombin III (AT) distributes between plasma,
      a noncirculating vascular-associated pool and an extravascular pool in rabbit.
      Study of the in vivo behavior of autologous human 131I-AT demonstrates that in
      humans AT also distributes among three pools that are analogous to those found in
      rabbit. From the in vivo kinetic behavior of the 131I-labeled AT, the fractions
      of total-body AT in the plasma, noncirculating vascular-associated, and
      extravascular pools were calculated to be 0.393 +/- 0.015, 0.109 +/- 0.016, and
      0.496 +/- 0.014, respectively. From three-exponential plasma radioactivity
      disappearance curves, an average plasma fractional catabolic rate, j3, of 0.576
      +/- 0.034 day-1 was obtained for five healthy young men. This is almost identical
      to the result obtained if plasma 131I-AT disappearance is assumed to fit a two
      exponential curve (0.546 +/- 0.038), where the constant C2 from *Ap(t) = C1e-a1t
      + C2e-a2t is assumed to be equal to 1 - C1. The fraction of the total vascular AT
      catabolized daily, j3.5, was calculated to be 0.457 +/- 0.034, and the fractional
      catabolic rate of total-body AT, jT, averaged 0.2271 +/- 0.0176. The results give
      further support to a model of in vivo behavior in which the vascular AT
      distributes between plasma and an endothelial receptor. Thus, the latter may
      serve to mediate activation of AT for its reaction with coagulation proteases and
      to mediate its entrance into the endothelial cell, where it is either transported
      to the extravascular fluids or is catabolized.

PMID- 4005427
TI  - The role of neutrophil membrane glycoprotein GP-150 in neutrophil adherence to
      endothelium in vitro.
AB  - We have previously described two patients with a congenital defect in neutrophil
      function characterized by an inability to form pus. The patients' neutrophils
      lack a membrane glycoprotein of mol wt 150,000 daltons (GP-150) on analysis by
      SDS-PAGE. This glycoprotein is part of a membrane antigen complex recognized by
      the murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 60.3. Addition of MoAb 60.3 to normal
      neutrophils produces defects in chemotaxis and phagocytosis in vitro similar to
      those observed in the patients. Since neutrophil adherence to vascular
      endothelium is prerequisite to neutrophil emigration in vivo, we examined the
      interaction of the patients' neutrophils and normal neutrophils treated with MoAb
      60.3 with cultured endothelium. Adherence was determined as the percentage of
      51Cr-labeled purified peripheral blood neutrophils which remained adherent to
      plastic wells or endothelial monolayers after a 45-minute incubation at 37
      degrees C. The percentage of neutrophils from patient 1 remaining adherent to
      uncoated, fibronectin-coated, or laminin-coated plastic was similar to that
      observed in normal neutrophils (55% to 84% adherence with normal neutrophils v
      73% to 78% adherence with the patient's neutrophils and 63% to 82% adherence with
      MoAb 60.3-treated normal neutrophils). The adherence of the neutrophils from
      patient 1 and MoAb 60.3-treated normal neutrophils to human or bovine endothelium
      in serum-free medium was also not significantly different from that observed in
      normal neutrophils (less than 10% adherence with normal, MoAb 60.3-treated, and
      patient neutrophils). In medium containing 10% autologous or heterologous human
      plasma, however, the adherence of neutrophils from patient 1 or MoAb 60.3-treated
      normal neutrophils to endothelial monolayers was significantly reduced (35% +/-
      7% of normal neutrophils in seven experiments). Although phorbol myristate
      acetate (PMA) (10 ng/mL) and calcium ionophore A23187 (10(-5) mol/L) markedly
      increased the adherence of normal neutrophils to endothelial monolayers in serum
      free medium (40% to 85% adherence), neither agent increased the adherence of the
      neutrophils from patient 1 or normal neutrophils treated with MoAb 60.3 (less
      than 5% adherence). The adherence of PMA-activated neutrophils from patient 2 to
      endothelial monolayers was also markedly decreased when compared with that of
      normal neutrophils. Postsecretory cell-free supernatants from PMA-activated
      normal neutrophils failed to augment adherence of neutrophils from patient 1
      (less than 5% adherence).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4005428
TI  - Do androgens enhance the response to antithymocyte globulin in patients with
      aplastic anemia? A prospective randomized trial.
AB  - We analyzed the effect of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) with or without androgens
      in 121 patients with aplastic anemia. Fifty-three patients with moderate to
      severe aplastic anemia were prospectively randomized to receive ATG with or
      without oral androgens. Eleven of 26 patients (42%) receiving ATG plus androgen
      responded, including three complete and eight partial responses. Twelve of 27
      patients (44%) receiving ATG plus placebo responded, including five complete and
      seven partial responses. The difference in response rates was not significant (P
      greater than .9). Survival was also comparable in the two groups; for patients
      with severe aplastic anemia, actuarial survival at two years was 55% +/- 24% (95%
      confidence interval) in patients receiving ATG plus androgen compared with 50% +/
      24% in the ATG plus placebo group (P = .65). Furthermore, results in both groups
      were indistinguishable from those obtained in 68 historical controls receiving
      ATG without androgens. These data indicate that androgens are not required in
      order to respond to antithymocyte globulin and the addition of androgens, as used
      in this trial, did not significantly improve response rates to ATG treatment.

PMID- 4005429
TI  - Clinical characteristics and prognosis of 50 patients with a myeloproliferative
      syndrome and deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 5.
AB  - Of 50 consecutive patients (30 female and 20 male; median age, 70 years) with a
      myeloproliferative disorder and a 5q- chromosome, 12 (24%) had refractory anemia,
      16 (32%) had refractory anemia with excess blasts, 13 (26%) had acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia, six (12%) had the 5q- syndrome, and three (6%) had an
      unclassifiable myeloproliferative disease. Twenty-five patients had only a 5q-
      anomaly (group 1), and 25 had a 5q- plus additional chromosome abnormalities
      (group 2). Four types of 5q- anomalies were recognized: a del(5)(q13q33) occurred
      in 39 patients, a del(5)(q31q35) in nine, a del(5)(q22q33) in one, and a
      del(5)(q13q35) in one. The survival distribution for patients in group 1 was
      significantly better (P = .012) than for those in group 2. Cox-model analyses
      indicated that having a 5q- chromosome and other abnormalities is significantly
      (P less than .01) associated with poor survival even after adjustment for the
      effects of other important factors such as type of disease, age, and sex. The two
      groups had similar distributions of most variables, including age, sex, and
      disease types. However, patients in group 1 had a significantly higher platelet
      count and mean corpuscular volume than those in group 2. Only two patients in
      group 1 had had prior chemotherapy, but nine in group 2 had had either prior
      chemotherapy or radiation or both, and one patient in group 2 had had heavy
      exposure to pesticides.

PMID- 4005430
TI  - Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of glycosaminoglycans in HNK-1
      positive large granular lymphocytes.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) that contain
      distinct lysosomal granules. The present study was undertaken to determine if
      these lysosomes contain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) similar to those previously
      described in myeloid cells. Mononuclear cells from human blood were stained with
      HNK-1 fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody, and the NK cell population reactive
      with this antibody were isolated with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter
      (FACS). Specific staining of sulfated macromolecules with the cationic reagent,
      high iron diamine, was observed in the lysosomal granules of 90% of the HNK-1
      positive cells. Staining in the same location was also observed in the unsorted
      LGLs, presumed to be NK cells, and intense staining of the cell surface was also
      a prominent feature of these cells. Surface staining was not evident in the
      majority of the FACS-separated NK cells. Digestion with chondroitinase ABC or
      treatment with nitrous acid reduced the staining in both locations; after
      sequential treatment with both chondroitinase and nitrous acid, little or no
      staining was seen. The presence of chondroitin sulfate (and/or dermatan sulfate)
      and heparan sulfate was also shown by the finding that incubation of the isolated
      NK cells with 35S-sulfate yielded cell-associated radiolabeled macromolecules
      with the characteristics of these two groups of GAGs. Of the labeled GAG pool,
      60% was degraded by chondroitinase and 40% was susceptible to nitrous acid
      treatment. LGLs of a patient with Chediak-Higashi syndrome was also stained, and
      intracellular sulfate staining was clearly localized to the enlarged granules,
      supporting the conclusion that the lysosomes are the major site of intracellular
      accumulation of GAGs in normal NK cells.

PMID- 4005431
TI  - Fibronectin binding to thrombin-stimulated platelets: evidence for fibrin(ogen)
      independent and dependent pathways.
AB  - Plasma fibronectin binds in a specific and saturable manner to thrombin
      stimulated platelets. gamma-Thrombin stimulated 80% as much fibronectin binding
      to platelets as alpha-thrombin with conversion of less than or equal to 1% of
      platelet fibrinogen to fibrin. Afibrinogenemic and normal platelets bound similar
      quantities of fibronectin in the presence of calcium or magnesium-ethylene glycol
      tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). These observations indicate that fibronectin can
      interact with platelets without involvement of fibrin or fibrinogen.
      Nevertheless, two different effects of fibrin(ogen) on fibronectin binding were
      observed. First, exogenous fibrinogen inhibited fibronectin binding to thrombin
      stimulated platelets. This inhibition was unidirectional, as fibronectin did not
      inhibit fibrinogen binding to ADP or thrombin-stimulated cells. Second,
      formaldehyde-fixed cells with surface-associated fibrin bound significant
      quantities of fibronectin. This interaction required calcium and did not occur on
      fixed cells with or without surface-bound fibrinogen. A portion of the ligand
      bound to fixed cells with surface-associated fibrin was modified to form a
      derivative with a molecular weight identical to that of the fibronectin subunit
      cross-linked to the alpha-chain of fibrin. This high mol wt derivative was also
      observed to a variable extent with living cells in the presence of magnesium or
      calcium but not in the presence of magnesium-EGTA. Thus, fibronectin binds to
      platelets by at least two mechanisms: (1) a fibrin(ogen)-independent pathway that
      requires divalent ions and is inhibited by exogenous fibrinogen; and (2) a fibrin
      dependent pathway with an absolute calcium requirement. With nonaggregated,
      thrombin-stimulated platelets, the former pathway appears to predominate.

PMID- 4005432
TI  - Preferential expression of double-stranded ribonucleic acid in tumor versus
      normal cells: biological and clinical implications.
AB  - In an effort to develop a new tumor marker suitable for flow cytometric analysis,
      we examined the value of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds-RNA) measurements
      using propidium iodide after DN'ase treatment. Cellular ds-RNA content was
      evaluated both in experimental cell lines and in clinical specimens. Higher
      levels of ds-RNA were present in tumor cells as compared with normal cells. In
      tumor cells, fluorescence was intensely localized in the nucleolus and was more
      diffuse in the cytoplasm. Change of less than 10% in the ds-RNA levels was
      observed in cell lines as a function of cytokinetic determinants such as cycle
      phase, culture age, and cycle traverse rate. Tumor differentiation by
      dimethylsulfoxide resulted in a significant decrease in cellular ds-RNA content.
      For quantitative comparison of clinical material, a ds-RNA excess was defined in
      relationship to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. ds-RNA excess greater than
      30% was observed in only one of 34 normal tissues (3%) as compared with 124 of
      201 neoplastic tissue samples (62%). This incidence was higher in patients with
      acute leukemia (76%), high-grade and intermediate-grade lymphoma (75%), and high
      tumor stage myeloma (83%), as compared with chronic leukemia (20%), low-grade
      lymphoma (25%), and intermediate or low tumor mass myeloma (43%). Prognostically,
      a high pretreatment ds-RNA excess in myeloma was associated with a lower
      remission rate. The persistence of ds-RNA excess in the bone marrow of patients
      with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission predicted for a shorter remission
      duration (seven v 22 months; P = .05). We conclude that ds-RNA excess, as readily
      measured objectively and quantitatively by flow cytometry, may have important
      diagnostic and prognostic implications for the management of patients with
      malignant disease.

PMID- 4005433
TI  - Vascular changes at the prehypertensive phase in the mesenteric arteries from
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Morphometric measurements of three categories of mesenteric vessels (representing
      elastic, muscular and arteriolar vessels) from prehypertensive spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were carried out
      at the light and electron microscope levels. Structural alterations of the blood
      vessels were already present in the SHR, even though the blood pressure was not
      yet elevated as compared with age-matched WKY. No change was found in the elastic
      vessels (superior mesenteric artery). Among the muscular arteries (i.e. large
      mesenteric arteries), the increase in vessel wall cross-sectional area was due to
      the increase in the intima, media and adventitia. Increase in media was due to
      hyperplasia of the smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cells were not
      hypertrophied. Nerve density was also higher in the large mesenteric arteries of
      SHR. In the arteriolar vessels (i.e. small mesenteric arteries), wall to lumen
      ratio, as well as media to lumen ratio, were increased in the SHR. The number of
      smooth muscle cell layers was also increased. In all these vessel types, the
      cross-sectional area of the lumen under maximal relaxation was similar between
      SHR and WKY, except in small mesenteric arteries where the lumen was smaller in
      the SHR. Our results suggest that structural alteration of the blood vessels at
      the prehypertensive phase may be one of the contributing factors leading to the
      development of hypertension in the SHR.

PMID- 4005434
TI  - Inhibition of barium-induced constriction of cerebral surface arterioles by
      blockers of calcium channels.
AB  - Barium ion, applied as BaCl2 to the cerebral surface, produces marked
      constriction of pial arterioles. The present data demonstrate that this
      constriction is inhibited by the calcium channel blockers verapamil and
      nimodipine. Verapamil in concentrations as low as 10)-7) M was effective in local
      administration. Verapamil in milligram per kilogram doses and nimodipine in
      microgram per kilogram doses were effective 30 min after intraperitoneal
      injection without producing dilation. The basis for the inhibitory action of the
      calcium channel blockers is not established by the data. However, in view of
      barium's known ability to depolarize membranes, it may be that the constriction
      which results is related to inward passage of ions and is facilitated by inward
      movements of calcium.

PMID- 4005435
TI  - [Selected reconstructive technics in the surgery of cancers of the face].
AB  - The technique of facial reconstruction used by the plastic team at the Cancer
      Center of the University of Brussels are presented. Free grafts are seldom
      performed because they often lead to disfigurement. An appropriate evaluation of
      the margins of resection is obtained during the operation by multiple frozen
      sections, and reconstruction is achieved by local flaps when possible. It is
      considered that a normal appearance is of extreme importance for old patients
      suffering from facial cancer, and that the aim of surgery is not only complete
      eradication of the lesion but also careful reconstruction of the removed
      structures by simple and safe procedures. The selected techniques are presented
      for each region of the face.

PMID- 4005436
TI  - [Phase II trial of mitoguazone in patients with recurrent extensive cervicofacial
      tumors].

PMID- 4005437
TI  - [Comparative epidemiology, in Europe, of cancers related to tobacco (lung,
      larynx, pharynx, oral cavity)].
AB  - In 25 European countries, annual age-adjusted mortality and incidence rates, in
      males, for tobacco-related cancers (lung, larynx, oral cavity), were used in
      order to study geographic variations in the occurrence of those diseases, from
      1952 to 1977. Neither in 1952 (mortality rates), nor in 1977 (mortality and
      incidence rates), was there any significant geographical correlation between lung
      cancer on the one hand, and laryngeal or oral cavity cancers on the other hand.
      Over the 25 years, all countries experienced a sharp increase in lung cancer
      mortality, especially in association with trends in tobacco consumption. On the
      contrary, mortality from cancers of the larynx or of the oral cavity showed
      divergent trends according to countries, since ten of them had steady or
      decreasing rates. The validity of the method, and the role of alcohol consumption
      are discussed. Moreover, it is suggested that, in southern european countries,
      some occupational exposures may be causative factors for laryngeal and oral
      cavity cancers.

PMID- 4005438
TI  - Arsenic in the Dunlin (Calidris alpina) from the Dutch Waddenzee.

PMID- 4005439
TI  - Changes in the sulfide content of bottom muds in going from river to sea.

PMID- 4005440
TI  - Effect of pH on the rate of aldicarb hydrolysis.

PMID- 4005441
TI  - Volatility of ten priority pollutants from fortified avian toxicity test diets.

PMID- 4005442
TI  - Fluorimetric detection and quantification of deoxynivalenol with zirconyl nitrate
      ethylenediamine.

PMID- 4005443
TI  - Isolation of organic material from water.

PMID- 4005444
TI  - Identification of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol as a soil degradation product of ring
      labelled [14C]mecoprop.

PMID- 4005445
TI  - Isolation and characterization of palmitoylpentachlorophenol from human fat.

PMID- 4005446
TI  - Effects of storage and pesticide treatments on honey bee brain acetyl
      cholinesterase activities.

PMID- 4005447
TI  - Simple detection of potential pollutant effects on fungal growth, sclerotia
      formation and germination.

PMID- 4005448
TI  - Sulfur dioxide effects on petunia pollen germination and seed set.

PMID- 4005449
TI  - Toxicity of fluridone in algal bioassays.

PMID- 4005450
TI  - Counting alveolar macrophages (AM) from expectorate samples of exposed workers as
      a test for lung irritation from occupational exposure.

PMID- 4005451
TI  - Studies on comparative decomposition rate by rat liver homogenate and on
      micronucleus test of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 4005452
TI  - Effect of styrene oxide on levels of biogenic amines and activity of monoamine
      oxidase in different parts of rat brain.

PMID- 4005454
TI  - Accumulation of lead in fish from Missouri streams impacted by lead mining.

PMID- 4005453
TI  - Blood lead concentrate and blood pressure after CCl4 treatment.

PMID- 4005455
TI  - Effectiveness of hydrotreatment in reducing the toxicity of a coal liquefaction
      product to juvenile channel catfish.

PMID- 4005456
TI  - Swimming performance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after nitrite
      exposure.

PMID- 4005457
TI  - Long-term effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene on freshwater plankton in an outdoor
      model-ecosystem.

PMID- 4005458
TI  - Avoidance of suspended sediments by smelt as determined by a new "single fish"
      behavioral bioassay.

PMID- 4005459
TI  - [Effect of artificial ventilation with an end-expiratory plateau on gas exchange
      amd hemodynamics in chronic respiratory failure].
AB  - Previous studies of pulmonary models and with animals have shown that in
      obstructive disease of the airways, ventilation with an end-expiratory plateau
      improves ventilation distribution. Paradoxically, there has been no data
      published on patients with obstructive disease. For this reason, we examined the
      effects of mechanical ventilation with an end-expiratory plateau on gas exchange
      and haemodynamics in 12 patients presenting acute exacerbations of chronic
      respiratory failure. Following a period of conventional controlled ventilation,
      two plateaux of 0.3 and 0.5 s respectively are successively introduced while the
      I/E ratio (1/2.5) and then inspiratory flow (respiratory frequency and end-tidal
      volume remaining the same) are kept constant. PaCO2 decreases by approximately
      10% with the addition of each plateau. In spite of a moderate increase in mean
      airway pressure (+8%), greatest improvement in gas exchange is observed with the
      longer plateau (0.5 s), maintaining expiration time (I/E constant) : a decrease
      in PaCO2 and in VD/VT (approximately - 14%), an increase in PaO2 (+7%) and a
      decrease of venous admixture (shunt + shunt effect : - 18.5%). The plateau tends
      to reduce ventilation/perfusion mismatch, whereas maintaining prolonged
      expiration assures "emptying" of slow alveoli. However, no matter which plateau
      is used, cardiac output decreases by more than 10% in six patients, probably due
      to a drop in systemic venous return. PaCO2 increase is too slight to hinder a
      decrease in arterial oxygen transport. The variability of these results accounts
      for patient diversity and restricts the indication of end-expiratory plateau to
      patients with severe ventilatory distribution disturbances who can benefit from
      close cardiorespiratory monitoring.

PMID- 4005460
TI  - [Pulmonary oxygen transfer under a respirator in anesthesia and resuscitation].
AB  - The resistance of the passage of oxygen from air to blood is estimated in
      measuring P(A-a)O2. This index varies with FIO2. P(a/A)O2, the index proposed by
      GILBERT and KEIGHLEY [18], expresses PaO2 as a percentage of PAO2. This index
      would be independent of FIO2. Two groups are studied. Patients of the first group
      (n = 22) are artificially ventilated in intensive care for severe parenchymal
      lesion. Those of the second group (n = 25) have no notable history of pulmonary
      disease and are anaesthetized and hooked up to a respiratory for surgery. Blood
      gases are measured and the transfer indices calculated for increasing FIO2 (0.4,
      0.6, 0.8 and 1). Under conditions of anaesthesia, the effect of thermic decrease
      on PaCO2 is dampened by maintaining a constant PACO2 during measurement. P(a/A)O2
      does not vary significantly as a function of FIO2 in the intensive care group,
      whereas the results observed in the anaesthetized patients are substantially
      dispersed. Factors which are susceptible to affect oxygen transfer as well as the
      effects of FIO2 increase are discussed. P(a/A)O2 stability observed in intensive
      care is probably related to the predominant effect of venous admixture, which is
      hardly affected by variations in FIO2. In anaesthesia, resistance to the transfer
      of oxygen appears to be linked mainly to changes in the distribution of the
      ventilation/perfusion ratio (reduction in CRF; pharmacological effect of oxygen
      on pulmonary vascular reactivity). These phenomena lead to alveolar instability
      and a variable shunt effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005461
TI  - A simple clinical measure of frequency resolution.
AB  - A simple procedure for obtaining a 3-point approximation to a psychoacoustical
      tuning curve (PTC) using a clinical audiometer and tape recorder is described.
      Data from 45 normally-hearing subjects are presented in terms of distributions of
      scores amongst subjects and repeatability within subjects. The procedure has
      proven to be rapid and tractable and provides results which are comparable to
      more time-consuming methods.

PMID- 4005462
TI  - An improved technique for simultaneous recording of action potential and auditory
      brainstem responses.
AB  - A simple method for the assessment of central conduction time in auditory
      brainstem response (ABR) cases with distorted or absent wave I and the technical
      problems involved are discussed. New electrodes systems for extra/transtympanic
      recording, artifact-free acoustic stimulation and a combined recording of the
      large amplitude SP/AP complex and small ABR waveforms are described. The need for
      external adjustment of the AP/wave V amplitude ratio has been demonstrated in
      order to obtain the satisfactory recording.

PMID- 4005464
TI  - Electronically simulated loss of frequency resolution.
AB  - Circuitry has been developed which degrades speech signals by reducing the
      spectral resolution available to the listener: each single frequency component in
      the original speech signal is replaced by a band of noise in the processed
      output. Measurements were made on the speech perception of normally hearing adult
      subjects listening to monosyllabic words via such a processing system. The
      effective resolution bandwidth available to the listener was increased by
      approximately 100 to 800 Hz, giving a drop of up to approximately 60% in whole
      word scores. A three-channel design allowed different degrees of processing in
      the frequency regions 0 to 2 kHz, 2 to 4 kHz and 4 kHz upwards. Results show that
      speech frequencies in the range 0 to 2 kHz are more susceptible to this type of
      degradation than higher frequencies. Future development of this circuitry may
      allow simulation of the loss of frequency resolution associated with
      sensorineural hearing loss.

PMID- 4005465
TI  - A method for checking the calibration of the Bruel & Kjaer type 8000 mechanical
      impedance head.
AB  - A simple method for calibrating the acceleration and force transducers of the
      type 8000 mechanical impedance head is described. The accelerometer calibration
      is referred to the gravitational acceleration, g. The method is limited to
      frequencies below 500 Hz. The force gauge is calibrated in terms of the force
      which is registered when a known mass is accelerated sinusoidally at an
      acceleration which is known from the calibration of the accelerometer.

PMID- 4005463
TI  - A comparison of two hearing-aid selection methods.
AB  - The target hearing-aid frequency response for 30 new candidates for NHS aids was
      derived on a theoretical basis and realised within +/- 5 dB by appropriate aid
      and earmould selection and modification. After a period of six months the
      listening comfort was assessed using a TR60 noise pulse audiometer (Siemens AG).
      Good agreement was obtained between the prescription derived on a theoretical
      basis and utilised in determining the frequency/gain characteristics of the aid
      and the users judgement of 'best response' made in a simulated real-life
      listening situation. This finding gives encouragement to the use of this
      theoretical method for hearing-aid selection for first-time users.

PMID- 4005466
TI  - Organisation of paediatric audiology services.

PMID- 4005467
TI  - Temporal resolution in background noise.
AB  - Temporal resolution is measured with a normal-hearing subject and with a hard-of
      hearing subject having reduced temporal resolution. The data produced in a
      masking-period pattern and those produced in a simplified method are compared for
      conditions with and without background noise. It seems that for normal-hearing
      subjects, temporal resolution is somewhat improved in a noisy background
      condition. However, it remains strongly reduced for the hearing impaired.

PMID- 4005468
TI  - Allocation of attention in obsessional disorder.
AB  - It is suggested that obsessional disorders may be usefully described as a
      breakdown of cognitive control processes. Groups of obsessional, anxious and
      normal subjects were therefore tested on a task involving varying levels of
      attention, performed under normal and stressed conditions. Results provide some
      support for the hypothesis of attention failure under stress, but do not confirm
      that this is due to an underlying difference in the way obsessionals allocate
      attention.

PMID- 4005469
TI  - Conceptual structure in hypochondriasis, arthritis and neurosis.
AB  - Three distinct clinical groups were studied using personal construct methods and
      two personality questionnaires. Non-articulation of conceptual structure was not
      specific to patients with hypochondriacal symptoms, physical illness or chronic
      neuroses. Articulation of the conceptual structure was significantly correlated
      with the practical-imaginative personality factor in all three patient groups.

PMID- 4005470
TI  - Recall and recognition in depressives: use of matched tasks.
AB  - This study uses matched tasks methodology, and shows that unipolar depressives
      perform better on recognition than on recall. Since they also show a low level of
      item clustering in free recall, this suggests that the memory deficit of
      depressives is partly due to an associative disturbance.

PMID- 4005471
TI  - Bimodal electrodermal activity in schizophrenia.
AB  - Acute schizophrenics were found to be EDA hyper-responders, while chronics were
      hypo-responders. Within groups, acutes with positive symptoms tend to overrespond
      and chronics with negative symptoms to underrespond. Bimodality is thus most
      likely to arise when a sample containing both subtypes is tested.

PMID- 4005472
TI  - The effects of spinal injury on the intensity of emotional experience.
AB  - Twenty-nine subjects with spinal lesions were asked whether the intensity of
      their experience of eight common emotions had decreased, increased or stayed the
      same since injury. Analysis of their responses produced no evidence of a decline
      in affective tone following spinal injury.

PMID- 4005473
TI  - The addiction experience as a function of the addict's history.
AB  - Application of personal construct theory to addicts in treatment led to a series
      of hypotheses about their psychological reactions and how these might differ with
      differences in their histories. Their scores on a set of content analysis scales
      were compared with those of a relatively non-stressed group and a relatively
      stressed group matched for sex and age. The chief element in the pattern of
      experiential elements which was identified was uncertainty. Addicts also
      expressed more anxiety, depression and anger (directly and indirectly) and
      reported fewer social interactions than the non-stressed group; however, for most
      of these elements they were similar to the similarly stressed group of young
      people with whom they were compared. The pattern of experience of addiction was
      found to vary according to the employment, addiction and criminal histories of
      the addicts, their treatment histories as represented by their counsellors'
      assessments of them and the social supports available to them.

PMID- 4005474
TI  - The concurrent validity of the survey version of the Clifton Assessment
      Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE).
AB  - The concurrent validity of the survey version of the Clifton Assessment
      Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE) was assessed by comparing the performance of
      four groups of elderly women selected to represent different levels of impairment
      and dependency. It was found to discriminate significantly among patients with
      severe (n = 100), moderate (n = 40), mild (n = 50) and no (n = 20) dementia; it
      also significantly distinguished between patients with severe and moderate
      dementia and patients with physical disability (n = 100) and with signs of
      'institutionalization' (n = 25). Patients in the severe, moderate, mild and no
      dementia groups had all been judged clinically to have been placed appropriately
      as, respectively, geriatric psychiatry in-patients, geriatric psychiatry day
      patients or local authority home residents, or as being able to live
      independently in the community. However, although the survey version dependency
      grade is intended for use in allocating patients to health and social services
      facilities, overall agreement between grades and clinically determined placement
      was only 63 per cent. Thus while the survey version may be useful in
      discriminating among groups of elderly people of different levels of impairment
      for research or screening purposes, its clinical value with individual patients
      remains uncertain.

PMID- 4005475
TI  - Reactions of primary and secondary psychopaths to anger-evoking situations.
AB  - Offender patients at a psychiatric security hospital were classified as primary
      or secondary psychopaths or as conforming or inhibited non-psychopaths, and
      compared on a Situations-Reactions Inventory of Hostility. Prior factor analysis
      of this inventory indicated two classes of situation, labelled attack and
      frustration, and three classes of reaction - aggression, anger, and arousal.
      Psychopathic subjects generally rated their reactions as more intense but
      differed significantly from non-psychopaths only in their response to attack.
      Secondary psychopaths produced the most intense reactions, but differed from
      primary psychopaths in reporting greater somatic arousal. The results suggest
      that psychopaths as a group more readily interpret provocation or threats from
      others as unwarranted attack. It is proposed that an attributional bias towards
      perceiving malevolent intent may be central to psychopathy.

PMID- 4005477
TI  - Measurement of the quality of life after cancer treatment.
AB  - Until treatment is totally effective and side effects nonexistent it is important
      that the quality of life of patients undergoing cancer treatment is properly
      evaluated. Such studies will improve clinical investigations and shift the
      emphasis away from disease activity to patient benefit.

PMID- 4005478
TI  - Predicting recovery from medical coma.
AB  - Advances in resuscitation create the risk that patients may be saved with a brain
      so damaged that they can never recover cognition. It is imperative that those who
      provide intensive care facilities determine the prognosis of such patients at a
      relatively early stage. This review suggests ways in which such predictions may
      be derived for patients in medical coma.

PMID- 4005479
TI  - FFARCS examination from 1985.
AB  - The Faculty of Anaesthetists has revised the structure of the FFARCS to make the
      examination conform more closely to present patterns of training. Part 1,
      commencing February 1985, tests the clinical ability of a trainee with about one
      year's experience especially in the management of relevant emergency anaesthesia.
      In Part 2, basic sciences are tested. Part 3, the Final Examination, is directed
      to overall knowledge related to the completion of general professional training.
      It must be emphasized that the extent of the examination and level of knowledge
      remains unchanged.

PMID- 4005476
TI  - Type-A coronary-prone behaviour.
AB  - The aetiology of coronary heart disease is still uncertain, and the standard risk
      factors have limited power to predict who will succumb to the disease. The
      hypothesis that psychological factors play a part has received fresh impetus with
      the results of research into type-A behaviour.

PMID- 4005480
TI  - Doctors in the witness box.
AB  - The aim of this paper is not to show how medical witnesses can play tricks on
      lawyers but to try to help show how doctors and others can remain in control of
      their evidence. If the courts are to obtain the best information to make the best
      decisions then they will not be helped by witnesses unable to say what they mean.

PMID- 4005481
TI  - The helping interview in counselling and psychotherapy.
AB  - The helping interview is now an important part of client-orientated therapy. A
      relationship is built up between client and therapist that allows both to express
      their feelings clearly and honestly to the benefit of the client.

PMID- 4005482
TI  - Private practice: capital allowances.

PMID- 4005483
TI  - Memory testing.

PMID- 4005484
TI  - Trazodone toxicity.

PMID- 4005485
TI  - Potentiation of morphine analgesia by caffeine.
AB  - Significant potentiation of morphine (5 mg kg-1 s.c. or 1 mg kg-1 i.v.) analgesia
      (tail-withdrawal reflex at 55 degrees C) was observed in caffeine-treated (100 mg
      kg-1 i.p.) rats as compared to the control group and lower doses of caffeine (2mg
      kg-1 i.p.) did not show this effect. Potentiated analgesia was reversed by
      naloxone. Pharmacokinetic or dispositional factors appear to be involved in part
      in this potentiation.

PMID- 4005486
TI  - Histamine and leukotriene-independent guinea-pig anaphylactic shock unaccounted
      for by Paf-acether.
AB  - Ovalbumin induced dose-dependent contractions of lung parenchyma strips from
      sensitized guinea-pigs, whereas Paf-acether (1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphoryl choline), a potential mediator of immediate hypersensitivity, induced
      a single contraction, followed by specific desensitization to a second exposure.
      Lung strips desensitized to Paf-acether contracted to ovalbumin as did non
      desensitized controls, even in the presence of inhibitors of other mediators of
      anaphylaxis. Contractions by Paf-acether and by ovalbumin were reduced by
      nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor p
      bromophenacyl bromide (0.1-0.3 mM). Three other anti-lipoxygenase agents
      (diethylcarbamazine, 5 mM; eicosatetraynoic acid and BW755c, 0.1 mM), reduced the
      contractions by ovalbumin but also those due to acetylcholine, indicating non
      specific effects. Neither the anti-allergic compound sodium cromoglycate (3 mM)
      nor the anti-leukotriene agent, FPL 55712 (0.01 mM), inhibited the contractions
      by ovalbumin or by Paf-acether. A sensitized strip stimulated with ovalbumin
      released substances which contracted a non-sensitized strip mounted in the same
      organ bath. The contractions of the non-sensitized strip were abolished by FPL
      55712 (0.01 mM), by NDGA and BW755c, (0.1 mM), whereas those of the sensitized
      one were unaffected. Leukotrienes are formed by the lung strips during shock but
      alone, they do not explain the contractile activity. The intravenous
      administration of ovalbumin (1 mg kg-1) led to bronchoconstriction and
      thrombocytopenia, which were not modified by the anti-leukotriene substance FPL
      55712 nor by aspirin. Bronchoconstriction was suppressed if FPL 55712 was used in
      combination with aspirin (20 mg kg-1), mepyramine and methysergide (200
      micrograms kg-1 of either). Pretreatment of the guinea-pigs with propranolol
      reduced this inhibition to approximately 60%. In no instance was thrombocytopenia
      prevented. In vitro contractions of the actively sensitized lung strip are not
      fully accounted for by histamine, FPL 55712-inhibitable leukotrienes or Paf
      acether, whereas in systemic anaphylaxis histamine and leukotrienes (inhibited
      respectively by mepyramine and by FPL 55712) have a significant role.

PMID- 4005487
TI  - Dopamine autoreceptors and the effects of drugs on locomotion and dopamine
      synthesis.
AB  - Criteria for distinguishing dopamine autoreceptor agonism from other mechanisms
      of inhibiting locomotion were examined, together with the relationship between
      inhibition of locomotion and dopamine synthesis. ED50 potencies to inhibit
      locomotion of mice were established for drugs from a number of categories.
      Spiperone 0.02 mg kg-1 significantly (P less than 0.05) reversed inhibition of
      locomotion by known dopamine agonists but not that by the other types of drug.
      Idazoxan antagonized inhibition of locomotion due to alpha 2-agonists but not
      dopamine agonists. RU 24926 (N-propyl-N,N-di[2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine) was
      antagonized by both spiperone and idazoxan. Only for dopamine agonists was there
      good correlation (r = 0.97) between potencies to inhibit locomotion in mice and L
      dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) accumulation in the nucleus accumbens of rats
      treated with gamma-butyrolactone and 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine. The specific
      dopamine D1-agonist, SK&F 38393 (2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3
      benzazepine), was inactive in both tests at doses up to 10 mg kg-1. The mixed
      dopamine agonist/antagonist, (-)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-propylpiperidine, commonly
      known as (-)-3-PPP, acted as a dopamine agonist in both tests but inhibited
      locomotion more potently than L-DOPA accumulation. The inhibitory effects of
      dopamine agonists on locomotion were not prevented by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
      pretreatment. The data suggest that spiperone-reversible inhibition of locomotion
      in mice is a good criterion for dopamine autoreceptor agonists. The receptors
      involved are affected by low doses of both dopamine agonists and antagonists and
      seem similar to those involved in the autoreceptor mediated inhibition of
      dopamine synthesis. However, inhibition of locomotion is not due simply to
      suppression of dopamine release brought about as a secondary consequence of
      effects on synthesis; a separate mechanism for inhibiting dopamine release is
      probably involved.

PMID- 4005488
TI  - Some effects of nifedipine in guinea-pig isolated trachealis.
AB  - In trachealis depolarized by a K+-rich medium, nifedipine (0.001-1 mumol 1(-1)
      caused concentration-dependent antagonism of CaCl2-induced increase in tension,
      moving the CaCl2 log concentration-effect curve to the right and depressing the
      maximal response. In trachealis in normal Krebs solution, similar concentrations
      of nifedipine had marked antispasmogenic activity against the responses to
      potassium chloride (KCl) and tetraethylammonium (TEA). However, nifedipine had
      little, if any, antispasmogenic activity against the responses to acetylcholine
      or histamine. Nifedipine 1 mumol 1(-1) was tested for spasmolytic activity in
      tissues generating tension in response to the EC50 of acetylcholine, KCl or
      CaCl2. In producing spasmolysis nifedipine was most effective against CaCl2 and
      least effective against acetylcholine. Nifedipine (0.01-1 mumol-1) had little or
      no effect on the tone of trachealis in normal Krebs solution. Intracellular
      electrophysiological recording showed that nifedipine 1 mumol 1(-1) could abolish
      spontaneous slow wave activity. This was associated with very minor
      depolarization and little or no loss of mechanical tone. In tissues treated with
      TEA (8 mmol 1(-1) nifedipine abolished spike and slow wave discharge and reduced
      mechanical activity to the pre-TEA level. It is concluded that nifedipine
      prevents KCl- or TEA-induced spasm by inhibition of Ca2+ influx. Spasm evoked by
      acetylcholine or histamine and the maintenance of spontaneous tone depend largely
      on mechanisms for increasing the cytoplasmic concentration of free Ca2+ which are
      resistant to nifedipine.

PMID- 4005489
TI  - Responses of the pig isolated renal artery to transmural electrical stimulation
      and drugs.
AB  - Pig isolated renal arteries contract in response to addition of noradrenaline, 5
      hydroxytryptamine, histamine, angiotensin II, vasopressin and carbachol, whereas
      cholecystokinin, adenosine, and inosine produce relaxation. Transmural
      stimulation of the tissue causes contraction of circular muscle in the arterial
      wall which produces apparent elongation of the vessel. The effects of transmural
      stimulation are partially blocked by prazosin and potentiated by propranolol,
      indicating that noradrenaline acts through both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.
      Guanethidine (10(-5) M) reduces the size of responses to transmural stimulation
      in the presence of both prazosin (10(-6) M) and propranolol (10(-7) M). Both
      saralasin (10(-7) M), and desensitization of angiotensin II receptors by
      prolonged contact with the peptide, produced a reduction in response to
      transmural stimulation, indicating that angiotensin II may be involved in
      neurotransmission. This effect was blocked by tetrodotoxin. Transmural
      stimulation produces relaxation of renal arteries in the presence of maximal
      doses of saralasin, prazosin, and propranolol, suggesting that a third
      unidentified substance is also released from autonomic nerves.

PMID- 4005490
TI  - The changing workload in paediatric urology.
AB  - Almost 3000 (2969) paediatric urological procedures carried out by three
      paediatric surgeons over a 3-year period have been analysed. Almost half of the
      patients were managed as day cases. The content of the work has been examined and
      the implications for continuing patient care, surgical training and the desirable
      paediatric infrastructure noted. Inguinoscrotal operations, surgery for
      hypospadias and ureteric reimplant for vesicoureteric reflux are the commonest
      "open" operations. Most paediatric urological procedures will continue to be done
      by a variety of surgeons of different specialties.

PMID- 4005491
TI  - The effect of trimethoprim on serum creatinine.
AB  - The influence of trimethoprim on renal function has been investigated in two
      groups of volunteers, both without a history of either acute or chronic urinary
      tract disease. All had normal serum creatinine. They were treated with
      trimethoprim 200 mg bd for 14 days. In group A (median age 78 years), serum
      creatinine increased significantly from median 89 to 134 mumol/l (P less than
      0.01) during the first week and returned to normal 1 week after termination of
      treatment to median 90 mumol/l (P less than 0.02). After 1 week's treatment in
      group B (median age 29 years), serum creatinine had increased significantly from
      median 87 to 107 mumol/l (P less than 0.05), remained stable in the second week
      and returned to the pre-treatment level 1 week after cessation of treatment: 87
      mumol/l (P less than 0.05). The glomerular filtration rate determined by 51Cr
      EDTA clearance did not change. There was a significant decrease in the 24-h
      endogenous creatinine clearance after 14 days' treatment from 111 to 87
      ml/min/1.73 m2 (P less than 0.05). Our results are consistent with an age
      independent reversible trimethoprim-induced inhibition of the tubular secretion
      of creatinine.

PMID- 4005492
TI  - Biochemical studies in paraplegic renal stone patients. 1. Plasma biochemistry
      and urinary calcium and saturation.
AB  - Renal stone disease is a common problem in patients with spinal cord injury. The
      factors responsible are thought to include hypercalciuria and chronic urinary
      infection. There have, however, been no comparative studies of urinary
      composition in patients with neuropathic bladder with and without renal stone
      disease. Blood, 24-h urine samples and circadian variation of urinary composition
      were studied in male paraplegic patients with renal stone disease accompanied by
      urinary infection and in similar patients without stone disease with and without
      urinary infection. Two categories of stone patients were recognised, according to
      whether or not urinary oversaturation with magnesium ammonium phosphate occurred.
      The urine of all stone patients was oversaturated with calcium phosphate for part
      of each day. Urinary calcium was elevated in 16% and plasma urate in 30% of the
      paraplegics studied.

PMID- 4005493
TI  - Management of the posterior peritoneum after transperitoneal renal surgery.
AB  - Between 1977 and 1982, 15 patients underwent renal operations carried out
      transperitoneally and in none was the posterior peritoneum reconstituted. There
      were no significant complications.

PMID- 4005494
TI  - Ureteroscopy. An alternative view.
AB  - Forty-six ureteroscopies were carried out over a 12-month period. A simple
      technique is described. The desired level was reached in 72% of cases and the pre
      operative objective achieved in 60% of cases overall. Fifty per cent of all
      ureteric stones were safely retrieved by ureteroscopy. The instrument was used to
      establish a diagnosis of upper urinary tract abnormality in 16 of 23 cases. The
      overall complication rate was low, most problems relating to short-lived ureteric
      colic (23%) which was seen mainly after stone manipulation. Transurethral
      ureteroscopy is a safe procedure with a number of diagnostic and therapeutic
      possibilities.

PMID- 4005495
TI  - Long-term follow-up, further experience with and modifications of the transverse
      colon conduit in urinary tract diversion.
AB  - In the past 6 years, an additional 22 patients with extensive pelvic irradiation
      have had their upper urinary tracts diverted employing the transverse colon
      conduit. Most procedures were performed with radical cystectomy following high
      dose radiotherapy in patients with bladder cancer or with pelvic exenteration for
      recurrent cervical cancer. The operative mortality rate was unchanged at 4%.
      Upper urinary tracts and renal function have remained stable or improved in 88
      and 95% of patients respectively. Although most conduits were constructed with
      refluxing ureterocolic anastomoses and without stents, the more recent procedures
      have employed both antireflux submucosal tunnel anastomoses and stents. Nineteen
      of 25 patients diverted by this method between 1970 and 1976 have been followed
      for up to 155 months. All patients with recurrent or persistent malignancy have
      died (mean survival 44 months). Seven patients (37%) are living and well (mean
      survival 104 months). Upper urinary tracts remain normal in two-thirds of those
      with the longer follow-up. Major complications requiring additional surgery
      continue to occur in one-third of this highly selected group of patients in whom
      the transverse colon conduit remains the preferred diversionary technique.

PMID- 4005496
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the hyper-reflexic neuropathic bladder.
AB  - The distribution of nerves containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in
      the hyper-reflexic neuropathic bladder was investigated using immunocytochemistry
      and radioimmunoassay. Biopsy specimens were taken from the bladders of 21
      patients with urodynamically proven detrusor hyper-reflexia and from 20 control
      patients with no urodynamic abnormality. The results showed a reduction in the
      number of VIP immunoreactive nerves and a reduction in VIP concentration in the
      hyper-reflexic bladder when compared with control samples.

PMID- 4005497
TI  - An experimental model of detrusor instability in the obstructed pig.
AB  - Bladder outflow obstruction was produced in 18 young male pigs using either a
      silver ring or a silk ligature placed around the proximal urethra. Normal growth
      of the animals resulted in progressive obstruction. This was monitored by
      urodynamic studies in conscious animals, using either long-term indwelling
      bladder cannulae or by intermittent suprapubic catheterisation. At urodynamic
      assessment 3 to 5 months later, the obstructed pigs voided at an elevated
      pressure and with a diminished flow rate compared with control animals. Sixty
      four per cent of the obstructed pigs developed detrusor instability, with
      spontaneous contractions exceeding 15 cm H2O during bladder filling; another 14%
      had decreased bladder compliance. In control animals the filling cystometrogram
      was stable, with little pressure rise during filling and no spontaneous
      contractions. This animal model provides the opportunity to study the
      physiological changes responsible for the development of detrusor instability in
      the obstructed bladder. It may also be useful for evaluating new treatment
      regimes for detrusor instability.

PMID- 4005498
TI  - Cystectomy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder. 126 patients 10 years later.
AB  - Our experience with 126 cases of bilharzial bladder cancer treated by radical
      cystectomy and followed up for at least 10 years is outlined. The operative
      mortality rate was 13.5%. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 32.6 and 23%
      respectively. The difference between the two figures can be attributed to
      mortality from natural ageing rather than recurrence of cancer. Analysis of
      survival figures revealed that the tumour grade was the most important prognostic
      factor. Most treatment failures were due to local recurrence which developed soon
      after treatment.

PMID- 4005499
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy of oral methotrexate in the prevention of recurrence
      of superficial bladder tumours.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with previously untreated T1 transitional cell carcinoma of
      the bladder were treated with oral methotrexate 50 mg weekly for 18 months.
      Thirteen developed tumour recurrences (recurrence index 11 per 100 patient months
      at risk) and in one-third of the patients treatment was stopped because of
      unwanted side effects. These results are no better than our previous experience
      with intravesical Adriamycin, thiotepa or cisplatin.

PMID- 4005500
TI  - Bladder neck contracture following prostatectomy.
AB  - In an 11-year period, 49 patients developed bladder neck contracture after
      prostatectomy--an incidence of 0.86%. This complication was found to be more
      common after resection of small fibrous hyperplastic prostates. The best results
      for treatment of the contracture were obtained after bladder neck incision, which
      gave a 9% incidence of recurrence; after transurethral resection of the bladder
      neck contracture the recurrence rate was 46%, and after bladder neck dilatation
      it rose to 100%.

PMID- 4005501
TI  - Bone imaging and serum phosphatases in prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-seven patients with locally advanced prostatic cancer were
      evaluated for the presence and progress of bone metastases before and during
      hormonal therapy, by serial radionuclide imaging and frequent measurement of
      plasma acid (tartrate-labile) and alkaline phosphatase. For comparison, serial
      changes in imaging and phosphatases were classified in each patient into one of
      six groups. Of 71 patients with negative imaging before treatment, 82% had normal
      alkaline phosphatase levels and 83% had normal acid phosphatase levels. Of 56
      patients with bone metastases at presentation, false negative alkaline and acid
      phosphatase levels were noted in 18% and 36% respectively, though a few patients
      eventually developed abnormal levels. Serial plasma biochemistry and particularly
      alkaline phosphatase showed a response to treatment which was not always obvious
      on imaging. An assessment of the hepatic component of alkaline phosphatase by
      reference to plasma gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and isoenzyme electrophoresis
      was helpful in the evaluation of a false positive result but unnecessary where
      imaging was positive and phosphatase elevated. It is concluded that serial
      alkaline phosphatase estimation is essential in the follow-up of patients with
      prostatic cancer and bone metastases, and probably renders serial imaging studies
      superfluous once the presence of skeletal metastases has been proven. By
      comparison, acid phosphatase is a much less effective marker.

PMID- 4005502
TI  - Classification of enlarged prostatic utricle in patients with hypospadias.
AB  - An enlarged prostatic utricle is often associated with hypospadias. To evaluate
      the relationship between the incidence of prostatic utricle and the degree of
      hypospadias, we performed retrograde urethrography and/or micturating
      cystourethrography on 280 patients with hypospadias. Prostatic utricles were
      demonstrated in 84 patients (27.5%) and the incidence increased according to the
      severity of hypospadias. The prostatic utricles were classified into four types
      from the standpoint of size and location of the opening of the utricle, and a
      direct relationship was demonstrated between the severity of hypospadias and
      increasing size of the prostatic utricle.

PMID- 4005503
TI  - Intravenous urography as a routine investigation in epididymitis.
AB  - One hundred and forty-two patients were admitted to the Jordan University
      Hospital with acute epididymitis between 1973 and 1983. Sixty-five had
      intravenous urograms which revealed renal tuberculosis in 1 patient, renal or
      ureteric stones in 10, bladder neck obstruction in 3, unrelated congenital
      anomalies in 10 and no abnormalities in 41. Twelve patients developed epididymal
      abscesses.

PMID- 4005504
TI  - Bladder electromyograms and function in monkeys after atropine.
AB  - Voiding induced in conscious monkeys by infusion of sterile saline into the
      bladder via a chronically implanted bladder catheter was stable over many months.
      Artefact-free recordings of electrical activity were obtained from the bladder
      neck and dome of these animals during bladder filling and voiding. Characteristic
      voiding electromyograms were recorded from both sites but were seen first in the
      record from the neck. Small doses of methyl-atropine abolished both voiding and
      the electromyograms; evoked responses to sacral ventral root stimulation were
      similarly prevented. Therefore the bladders of both man and monkey are very
      sensitive to atropine, unlike the bladders of most other animals.

PMID- 4005505
TI  - Frusemide intravenous urography in the diagnosis of pelviureteric junction
      obstruction.

PMID- 4005506
TI  - The intravenous urodynamogram.

PMID- 4005507
TI  - Ureteric obstruction secondary to appendicular abscess treated by transuretero
      ureterostomy.

PMID- 4005508
TI  - Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis.

PMID- 4005509
TI  - Adenocarcinoma occurring within a caecocystoplasty.

PMID- 4005510
TI  - Penile carcinoma in the first decade of life.

PMID- 4005511
TI  - Foreign body urethral calculus 9 years after traumatic perforation of the rectum.

PMID- 4005512
TI  - Bilateral severe hydroureteronephrosis due to uterine prolapse.

PMID- 4005514
TI  - The approach to spinal disease in dogs.

PMID- 4005513
TI  - Amputation of the penis. A useful appliance to assist micturition.

PMID- 4005515
TI  - Constraints imposed by infectious diseases on the import and export of horses.

PMID- 4005516
TI  - Du-Evidenz applied ethology and animal welfare.

PMID- 4005517
TI  - The effect of different rearing systems on the development of calf behaviour.

PMID- 4005518
TI  - Studies on semen collection in waterfowl by electrical stimulation.

PMID- 4005519
TI  - The effect of freezing semen and preputial flushings on subsequent examination
      for Campylobacter species.

PMID- 4005520
TI  - The effect of light environment on post-partum reproductive activity and
      prolactin levels in two breeds of sheep.

PMID- 4005521
TI  - The reproductive activity of autumn and spring-lambing ewes given bromocriptine
      during lactation.

PMID- 4005522
TI  - Milk progesterone in Finnish dairy cows: a field study on the control of
      artificial insemination and early pregnancy.

PMID- 4005523
TI  - Canine testosterone concentrations in samples stored at room temperature.

PMID- 4005524
TI  - The occurrence of red-skin chicken carcasses.

PMID- 4005525
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in cervical spondylosis. Correlation of median,
      ulnar and posterior tibial nerve responses with clinical and radiological
      findings.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) following median, ulnar and tibial nerve
      stimulation were recorded from sites over the shoulders, neck and scalp in 34
      patients with cervical spondylosis. Twenty control subjects were matched for sex
      and age. Detailed clinical and radiological data were assembled, with particular
      attention to the sensory modalities impaired and the locus and severity of cord
      compression. The patients were divided clinically into 4 groups: combined
      myelopathy and radiculopathy (6 cases), myelopathy alone (15), radiculopathy (6)
      and neck pain (7). Four cases are described in detail. SEP abnormalities were
      strongly correlated with clinical myelopathy, but not with radiculopathy. Median
      and ulnar nerve responses were less often affected than tibial, even with
      myelopathy above C6 level. Tibial nerve SEP abnormalities were strongly
      correlated with posterior column signs on the same side of the body, but not with
      anterolateral column sensory signs. In myelopathy cases, the SEP examination
      appeared to be more sensitive to sensory pathway involvement than clinical
      sensory testing. SEP abnormalities were infrequent in cases of radiculopathy and
      neck pain, bearing no relation to the clinical locus of root lesions. Abnormal
      SEPs consistent with subclinical posterior column involvement, however, were
      recorded in 1 patient with radiculopathy and 2 with neck pain. Follow-up
      recordings made postoperatively in 7 myelopathy cases reflected the clinical
      course (improvement, deterioration or no change) in 4, but failed to reflect
      improvement in 3. The correlation of SEP findings with radiological data was
      generally poor. SEP abnormalities were detected in 6 out of 8 patients with
      clinical myelopathy but no radiological evidence of posterior cord compression,
      suggesting that impairment of the blood supply may be an important factor
      contributing to cord damage. An application for SEPs in the clinical management
      of cervical spondylosis may lie in the detection of posterior column involvement
      and the differential diagnosis from disorders such as multiple sclerosis and
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 4005526
TI  - Brain glutamate decarboxylase in Parkinson's disease with particular reference to
      a premortem severity index.
AB  - Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity was estimated in various areas of the
      brain in 21 control and 26 parkinsonian subjects matched for age, postmortem
      delay and premortem state. Retrospective analysis of clinical data was used to
      define a premortem severity index (PMSI), scaled from 0 to 6, based upon a
      semiquantitative estimation of the duration of anoxia (0-3) and hypovolaemia (0
      3). A significant correlation was found between GAD activity and PMSI in most
      regions of the brain. In the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus, GAD activity
      was not correlated with age, postmortem delay, sepsis, being bedridden, or with
      cachexia. Dosage and duration of drug treatment did not influence striatal or
      cortical GAD levels. In Parkinson's disease, GAD activity did not differ from
      controls in many brain areas except in the caudate nucleus, hippocampus and the
      frontal and occipital cortex. No difference in striatal and cortical GAD activity
      was observed when 10 control and 9 parkinsonian brains were selected for an
      optimal premortem state which approximated to sudden death (PMSI less than or
      equal to 2). GAD activity in the caudate nucleus and prefrontal cortex was not
      significantly influenced by the duration of L-DOPA treatment or withdrawal,
      disease duration, or severity of intellectual deterioration. Although the number
      of samples in certain brain areas was too small to allow a definitive conclusion,
      these results make it doubtful that GABAergic neurons are damaged in this
      disease.

PMID- 4005527
TI  - Visual field recovery from scotoma in patients with postgeniculate damage. A
      review of 55 cases.
AB  - A group of 55 patients with homonymous field defects related to vascular or
      traumatic postgeniculate damage were trained by locating light targets presented
      within their blind field region. This systematic treatment led, in the majority
      of patients, to an enlargement of the visual field. Recovery depended on specific
      practice. Control experiments showed that field enlargement cannot be explained
      by eccentric fixation or perimetric measurement variability. It is hypothesized
      that recovery may take place at striate cortex level and may result from
      'reactivation' of reversibly damaged nervous tissue. In cases that did not
      benefit from treatment, visual field loss may result from irreversible damage.

PMID- 4005528
TI  - Tympanic membrane sensation.
AB  - Sensation from the tympanic membrane is generally believed to be mediated via at
      least four cranial nerves, some authors describing discrete territories for each
      of these nerves. The lack of critical evidence for independent sensory areas
      prompted a clinical study of tympanic membrane sensation in 32 patients having
      known cranial nerve deficits. Tympanic membrane sensation was tested in four
      quadrants using a 300 mg bristle under a Zeiss operating microscope. The findings
      were highly suggestive of a predominantly nociceptive system. Any change relative
      to the opposite tympanum was usually anaesthesia. No complete trigeminal deficit
      retained perception in all tympanic quadrants. Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal
      deficits alone never affected tympanic sensation. These findings support the
      trigeminal nerve as the principal sensory nerve to the tympanic membrane,
      supplemented only inconstantly and incompletely by the other cranial nerves.

PMID- 4005529
TI  - Subcortical changes in the regional uptake of [3H]-2-deoxyglucose in the brain of
      the monkey during experimental choreiform dyskinesia elicited by injection of a
      gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist into the subthalamic nucleus.
AB  - Hemichorea/hemiballismus was induced in monkeys by localized injections of a
      gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist into the contralateral subthalamic nucleus.
      During active dyskinesia, [3H]-2-deoxyglucose was administered and, subsequently,
      regional cerebral metabolic activity was examined by autoradiographic exposure of
      brain sections. The results indicate that during dyskinesia there was an overall
      decrease in local cerebral glucose utilization in a number of structures on the
      side of the brain contralateral to the abnormal movements (ipsilateral to the
      drug injection). These structures included the injected subthalamic nucleus, both
      medial and lateral segments of the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra, and the
      ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus. On the basis of
      evidence that changes in the energy requirement of neurons are due mainly to
      changes in synaptic activity, the autoradiographic findings are interpreted as
      indicating that during experimental hemichorea/hemiballismus there was an overall
      decrease in synaptic activity of subthalamopallidal, subthalamonigral and
      pallidothalamic pathways on the side of the brain contralateral to the
      dyskinesia. This interpretation is discussed in relation to current theories of
      the pathophysiology of choreiform dyskinesias.

PMID- 4005530
TI  - Sympathetic outflow in man after anaesthesia of the glossopharyngeal and vagus
      nerves.
AB  - Bilateral lidocaine blocks of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in the neck were
      made in two healthy subjects to achieve deafferentation of arterial and
      cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. Microelectrode recordings of muscle nerve
      sympathetic activity (MSA) were made in one peroneal nerve; in one subject skin
      sympathetic activity (SSA) was recorded simultaneously in the other peroneal
      nerve. Following the nerve block in the neck there was a strong increase of MSA
      accompanied by temporary hypertension and tachycardia. The normal cardiac
      rhythmicity of MSA disappeared and the outflow appeared as bursts of impulses of
      variable duration occurring in a slow, irregular rhythm. Thus MSA became similar
      to SSA, but the activities never became synchronous. During the nerve block
      arousal stimuli evoked single bursts of MSA, a reflex response which normally
      occurs in SSA but not in MSA. It is concluded that (1) cardiac rhythmicity of MSA
      is due to baroreceptor influence; (2) a low level of MSA at rest depends on
      strong baroreceptor inhibition and not on a weak central drive; (3) central
      sympathetic outflows to skin and muscle are similar though not identical and the
      different characteristics normally observed are due to a large extent to
      different modulatory influences from afferent activity (presumably of
      baroreceptor origin) in glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves; and (4) baroreceptor
      deafferentation resulting in resting tachycardia and hypertension may explain
      sympathetic hyperactivity in the Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 4005531
TI  - Posttraumatic cervical syringomyelia. Incidence, clinical presentation,
      electrophysiological studies, syrinx protein and results of conservative and
      operative treatment.
AB  - In eleven years, 30 (3.2%) of 951 patients with spinal cord injury developed
      cervical syringomyelia. This condition was found in 22 (4.5%) of 488
      posttraumatic tetraplegic and 8 (1.7%) of 463 posttraumatic paraplegic patients;
      the incidence was about 8 per cent in patients with complete tetraplegia. This
      study demonstrated the rarer clinical manifestations of syringomyelia, namely
      autonomic dysfunction, alterations in the sensory level with postural changes,
      the early occurrence of tendon areflexia and painless motor deterioration.
      Prolonged F wave latencies were present in all patients with a demonstrable
      syrinx and a higher protein content was found in the syrinx than in the cisternal
      fluid. Some of the symptoms and signs in a proportion of the patients treated
      conservatively remained stable without operative treatment over a number of
      years. Most of the patients in whom operation was performed for progressive motor
      weakness or severe pain had good postoperative results although a few developed
      late sensory or motor changes. There was no benefit in operating on a patient
      with a small syrinx.

PMID- 4005532
TI  - The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with focal (arm or leg) or hemidystonia due to tumour,
      arteriovenous malformation, infarction, haemorrhage or hemiatrophy are described.
      All had typical dystonic movements and/or postures, identical to those seen in
      idiopathic (primary) torsion dystonia. The site(s) of the lesion responsible, as
      defined by CT (computerized tomography) scan or pathological examination, was in
      the contralateral caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (particularly the putamen)
      or thalamus, or in a combination of these structures. Review of 13 other patients
      in the literature with hemidystonia and lesions defined by CT scan, and of 7
      other patients with pathologically discrete lesions associated with hemidystonia,
      also indicated involvement of these structures. Dystonia may be due to abnormal
      input from thalamus to premotor cortex, due to lesions either of the thalamus
      itself, or of the striatum projecting by way of the globus pallidus to the
      thalamus.

PMID- 4005533
TI  - Nonhaemorrhagic thalamic infarction. Clinical, neuropsychological and
      electrophysiological findings in four anatomical groups defined by computerized
      tomography.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with nonhaemorrhagic infarcts of the thalamus were studied
      clinically and by neuropsychological testing, computerized tomography and
      somatosensory evoked response (SER) recordings. Our aim was to determine whether
      the findings in these different tests would form distinct symptom clusters
      associated with different anatomical territories of the thalamus. Infarction
      conforming to the tuberothalamic arterial territory caused a facial paresis for
      emotional movements, severe neuropsychological deficits and a delay of the SER
      after P14. Infarction conforming to the interpeduncular profundus arterial
      territory caused a supranuclear vertical gaze paresis, severe neuropsychological
      deficits and a delay in the P60 component of the SER. Infarction conforming to
      the anterior choroidal territory caused a hemiparesis, moderate
      neuropsychological deficits and varied sensory evoked responses. Patients with
      infarctions conforming to the entire geniculothalamic territory had sensory loss
      in multiple modalities, minimal neuropsychological deficits and absence of
      sensory evoked responses after P14. A lacune in this territory caused pure
      hemisensory loss involving part of the body for the modalities of pain and light
      touch but not proprioception or vibration. Neuropsychological deficits were
      uncommon and N32 and N60 were delayed in the SER.

PMID- 4005534
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, NMR) scan in a case of callosal apraxia and
      pseudoneglect.

PMID- 4005535
TI  - Electrophysiological mapping of the auditory areas in the cerebellum of the cat.
AB  - We mapped the topographic distribution of auditory evoked potentials over the
      posterior cerebellum of the cat. Within the posterior vermis, positive-going
      evoked potentials were primarily recorded in lobule VI and negative ones in
      lobule VII. Peak latencies of these evoked potentials were between 8 and 18 ms.
      The amplitudes of evoked potentials from adjacent surface cortical sites often
      differed significantly. Thus, besides the segregation of positive and negative
      polarities in the evoked potentials from lobules VI and VII, the distribution of
      cerebellar auditory evoked potentials within a given lobule contained high- and
      low-amplitude sites arranged in a patchy pattern. Within the posterior vermis,
      the evoked potentials showed significant polarity and amplitude changes as a
      function of depth during microelectrode penetrations which were vertical to the
      surface of the cerebellar cortex. Cerebellar auditory evoked potentials were not
      detected over the paramedian lobules and most of the cerebellar hemispheres.
      There were no significant changes in the electrical activities as a function of
      depth in these areas. Auditory responses, however, were observed in the most
      lateral part of the cerebellar hemispheres.

PMID- 4005536
TI  - Octanoic acid-induced coma and reticular formation energy metabolism.
AB  - The medium chain fatty acid octanoic acid was injected i.p. into 20-22 g Swiss
      Albino mice at a dose of 15 mumol/g. This dose produced a reproducible response
      consisting of a 3-4 min period of drowsiness, followed by coma. These mice as
      well as suitable controls were sacrificed by rapid submersion in liquid N2, or by
      microwave irradiation in a 7.3 kW microwave oven. Tissue from the reticular
      formation and the inferior colliculus was prepared for microanalysis of the
      energy metabolites glucose, glycogen, ATP and phosphocreatine. Results from this
      study showed a selective effect on energy metabolism in cells of the reticular
      formation. Both glucose and glycogen were elevated in the coma and precoma state.
      In addition, ATP and phosphocreatine were decreased in the reticular formation
      during coma. These results show a selective effect of octanoic acid on energy
      metabolism in the reticular formation both in the precoma stage, and during overt
      coma. The selective vulnerability of the reticular formation to metabolic insult
      may act in a beneficial manner to the animal by inducing coma. This lowers the
      overall demand for energy, thereby placing the animal in a milieu in which there
      is an increased chance for correction of the perturbation.

PMID- 4005537
TI  - Laminar variation in the microvascular architecture of normal human visual cortex
      (area 17).
AB  - Diameters and densities of arterioles and capillaries were measured in thick
      alkaline phosphatase-stained sections of human visual cortex from normal young
      adults. Values were compared between laminae. Capillary diameters ranked: IV
      greater than V-VI greater than II-III greater than I; capillary densities ranked:
      IV greater than II-III greater than V-VI greater than I. The striking capillary
      density of lamina IV overlaps the stria Gennarii and, like it, is limited to area
      17. The data suggest correlations with similar laminar distributions of some
      neurotransmitters and of certain common neuropathological lesions.

PMID- 4005538
TI  - Guanethidine blocks the 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced hypothalamic noradrenergic
      drive to hyperglycemia.
AB  - To determine whether 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG)-induced hyperglycemia is neurally
      mediated we administered guanethidine, an adrenergic neuron blocker, to 2-DG
      treated rats. While 2-DG increased both medial basal hypothalamic noradrenergic
      neuronal activity (MBH NNA) and serum glucose, the rise in serum glucose was
      blocked by guanethidine while MBH NNA was even further increased. We conclude
      that 2-DG-induced hypothalamic noradrenergic drive to hyperglycemia is mediated
      by direct sympathetic nervous system activation of liver glucose output.

PMID- 4005539
TI  - Ganglion cells of the terminal nerve: morphology and electrophysiology.
AB  - The ganglion cells of the terminal nerve (TN cells) in the carp were identified
      using intracellular recording and staining techniques. The TN cells showed
      characteristic location and morphology as well as characteristic responses after
      electrical shocks to the olfactory nerve and tracts. These features of the TN
      cells were distinct from those of the mitral or other cells in the olfactory
      bulb.

PMID- 4005540
TI  - Complementary mosaic distributions of thalamic and nigral axons in the caudate
      nucleus of the cat: double anterograde labeling combining autoradiography and
      wheat germ-HRP histochemistry.
AB  - The discontinuous terminal distributions of thalamo- and nigrostriatal axons were
      examined in adjacent tissue sections from single cat brains by combined
      anterograde labeling with tritiated proline autoradiography and wheat germ
      horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Injection of one tracer into the
      centromedian-parafascicular complex of the thalamus and the other into the
      substantia nigra reveals that, to a large extent, the patches of high density
      terminations within the caudate nucleus from these two structures interdigitate
      with each other in a complementary pattern.

PMID- 4005542
TI  - Spinal parasympathetic enkephalin fibers: patterns and projections.
AB  - The immunocytochemical distribution of enkephalin (Enk) was examined in the
      sacral spinal cord of the rat. Enk fibers are found interspersed among
      preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. In
      addition, Enk fibers parallel the localization of primary visceral afferents
      found in the pelvic nerve. These findings provide a morphological substrate for
      enkephalin interactions with parasympathetic functions and with primary visceral
      inputs to the sacral cord.

PMID- 4005541
TI  - Subchronic administration of GABAergic agonists elevates [3H]GABA binding and
      produces tolerance in striatal dopamine catabolism.
AB  - Directly and indirectly acting GABAergic agonists were assessed for their ability
      to alter striatal dopamine catabolism after subchronic administration (7-14 days)
      via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. THIP, kojic amine and baclofen
      failed to alter striatal DOPAC and HVA concentrations, but THIP and kojic amine
      were effective after a single acute dose. Striatal GABA levels proved difficult
      to elevate when inhibitors of GABA transaminase were released from minipumps, but
      a high dose of gamma-vinyl GABA increased GABA by 44% of control, although
      striatal dopamine and DOPAC levels were unaltered. [3H]GABA binding studies
      revealed that THIP and kojic amine, but not baclofen or gamma-acetylenic GABA,
      produced large increases in [3H]GABA 'A' binding (150 and 228% of control
      respectively) which were attributable to altered densities of binding sites
      without changes in affinity. Despite alterations in GABAergic function,
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurones seem to develop tolerance to the effects of
      GABAergic drugs.

PMID- 4005543
TI  - A dorsolateral spinothalamic pathway in cat.
AB  - A spinothalamic tract that courses in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal
      cord and originates almost exclusively from spinal lamina I neurons has been
      demonstrated in the cat by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. This
      tract is of special interest because the course of this predominantly lamina I,
      contralateral projection lies outside the classical course of the spinothalamic
      tract and because most lamina I cells contributing to the spinothalamic tract
      have been shown by other investigators to respond exclusively to somatic noxious
      stimuli. This newly described tract has important implications in the processing
      of noxious stimuli.

PMID- 4005544
TI  - Frequency-related, bidirectional limbic responses to cocaine: comparisons with
      amphetamine and lidocaine.
AB  - Dual effects of cocaine on the electrical excitability of limbic structures were
      investigated by determining current thresholds for afterdischarges (AD) evoked by
      low and high frequency electrical stimulation. Cocaine, lidocaine and D
      amphetamine treatments were compared in order to assess the extent to which
      cocaine's local anesthetic and monoaminergic actions contribute to its effects on
      limbic afterdischarges. Afterdischarge threshold, duration and propagation for
      both 3 and 50 Hz stimulation of the amygdala, hippocampus and septal area were
      tested following saline, cocaine (5 mg/kg), lidocaine (5 mg/kg) and D-amphetamine
      (2.5-5 mg/kg). Results provide clear evidence that cocaine has a bidirectional
      effect on hippocampal and amygdalar AD thresholds--significantly increasing
      sensitivity to low frequency stimulation while significantly decreasing
      sensitivity to high frequency stimulation at identical brain sites. A frequency
      dependent threshold effect also occurred at the septal area. In addition, cocaine
      reduced limbic AD duration and propagation; these effects proved unrelated to the
      direction of AD threshold changes. Cocaine effects on afterdischarges differed
      significantly from those of amphetamine and lidocaine. Comparisons with
      amphetamine and lidocaine suggest that cocaine's local anesthetic action, but not
      its monoaminergic properties, may contribute to reductions in limbic
      afterdischarge duration and propagation. However, it is unlikely that either
      monoaminergic or local anesthetic actions are responsible for cocaine's
      pronounced dual effect on the electrical excitability of major limbic structures.
      This bidirectional drug effect has interesting neurobiological implications and,
      in addition, offers a potentially valuable tool for new research on frequency
      related functions of the limbic system.

PMID- 4005545
TI  - Evidence of a supraspinal opioid analgesic mechanism engaged by lateral
      hypothalamic electrical stimulation.
AB  - Brief trains of electrical stimulation were applied to the tails of rats to
      evaluate pain thresholds in the presence and absence of concurrent brain
      stimulation. Lateral hypothalamic (LH) stimulation, particularly in the
      dorsolateral medial forebrain bundle, elevated threshold for eliciting a post
      stimulus vocalization response. Thresholds for eliciting a simple vocalization
      and motor response--both of which are organized at lower levels of the CNS than
      post-stimulus vocalization--were not significantly affected. This restricted form
      of analgesia was reduced by the opioid antagonist, naltrexone. Rewarding effects
      of stimulation in these LH sites, as evaluated in tests of self-stimulation
      threshold, were not affected by naltrexone. These results suggest that LH
      stimulation activates an opioid analgesic mechanism that is selectively active at
      a supraspinal level and diminishes the affective consequences of otherwise
      noxious stimuli.

PMID- 4005546
TI  - Neuronal and muscle unit properties at different rostro-caudal levels of cat's
      motoneurone pool.
AB  - The rostrocaudal organization of motoneurones of the cat's m.peroneus longus
      (PerL) was investigated with respect to motoneuronal size (soma diameter) as well
      as muscle unit contractile properties (twitch speed, fatigue resistance, maximum
      force). Sizes of cell bodies were measured after retrograde labelling with
      horseradish peroxidase. Other properties were studied by aid of electrical
      stimulation of rostro-caudally distinct subfilaments of ventral roots. A weak but
      significant tendency was found for units to become somewhat slower and more
      fatigue-resistant at caudal than at more rostral levels within the pool. Neurones
      of different sizes and unit properties were, however, very widely intermingled at
      all levels of the pool. Rostro-caudally distinct root filaments gave rise to
      differentially located electromyographic signals in the muscle. The experimental
      results led to the following main conclusions: a type-specific intraspinal
      innervation of PerL motoneurones is unlikely to be arranged predominantly on
      topographical principles; and the intraspinal site of PerL motoneurones is
      related to the intramuscular site of their muscle fibres.

PMID- 4005547
TI  - Somatotopic relations between spinal motoneurones and muscle fibres of the cat's
      musculus peroneus longus.
AB  - The cat's m.peroneus longus was analyzed with respect to the somatotopic relation
      between the rostro-caudal site of emergence of ventral root filaments (i.e.
      rostro-caudal site of motoneurones) and the intramuscular distribution of
      innervation. Rostro-caudally distinct fractions of ventral roots were stimulated
      repetitively in order to deplete their respective muscle fibres of glycogen. The
      intramuscular position of glycogen-depleted fibres was analyzed in transverse
      sections from different proximo-distal levels. At each level, depleted muscle
      fibres were dispersed across the whole muscle. No consistent relation was found
      between the spinal site of origin of a ventral root filament and the proximo
      distal distribution of its fibres within the pennate muscle. A significant and
      evident tendency was found, however, for rostral root filaments (i.e. rostral
      motoneurones) to innervate a greater number of muscle fibres in anterior than in
      posterior muscle portions. For caudal root filaments, the opposite pattern of
      innervation was observed.

PMID- 4005548
TI  - Amino acid suppression of taurine-sensitive chemosensory neurons.
AB  - Single unit recordings from chemoreceptors on the antennule of the spiny lobster
      revealed a population of taurine-sensitive cells whose response is suppressed
      when taurine is presented in mixture with certain amino acids. A synthetic
      mixture of 21 amino acids plus betaine, which mimics the composition of a natural
      food stimulus (crab muscle tissue) and itself contains taurine, totally and
      reversibly blocked the taurine response of this group of receptor cells. An
      analysis of the contribution to this suppression by the six major components
      (based on concentration) in the mixture revealed partial or complete inhibitory
      activity by five of the compounds. In a sample group of the inhibited cells, mean
      percent suppression of the taurine response was 99% for glycine and L-arginine,
      98% for L-glutamine, 60% for L-alanine and 43% for L-proline. Both glycine and
      alanine in binary mixture with taurine caused a right-shift in the concentration
      response function for taurine, suggesting a competitive mechanism of suppression.
      pA2 values determined from these data yielded 4.17 for glycine and 3.55 for
      alanine. These results suggest that the processing of chemical information in
      quality and/or intensity coding of natural stimulus mixtures can be tempered by
      interactions of the components at the receptor-cell level, and possibly at the
      receptor-sites themselves.

PMID- 4005549
TI  - An electron microscopic study of the corticorubral fibers after neonatal deep
      cerebellar nuclear lesions in albino rats.
AB  - After a lesion in the sensorimotor and adjacent cortex in normal adult rats,
      degenerating terminals showing the dense reaction form asymmetrical contacts with
      spines, dendrites of various sizes, soma and other axonal terminals. Filamentous
      degeneration is also present. After neonatal deep cerebellar nuclear lesions
      involving the dentate nucleus and the adjacent interposed nucleus, the
      cerebrocorticorubral fibers form similar synaptic contacts with somatic,
      dendritic and axonal profiles. The incidence of axo-dendritic contacts on spine
      is reduced, while that of axo-dendritic contacts on small, medium-sized and large
      dendrites and axo-somatic contacts is increased.

PMID- 4005550
TI  - Brain tyrosine availability and the depression of central nervous norepinephrine
      turnover in acute and chronic starvation in adult male rats.
AB  - Norepinephrine (NE) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MOPEG) were determined
      in medio-basal hypothalamus of adult male rats using high-performance liquid
      chromatography to study nutritional modulation of noradrenergic turnover. Acute
      starvation, as well as 3 weeks of semistarvation with a low-protein high
      carbohydrate or high-protein low-carbohydrate diet decreased NE turnover
      significantly, as estimated by MOPEG concentration. Low-protein semistarvation
      resulted in subnormal concentrations of large neutral amino acids (LNAA), high
      protein semistarvation in elevated concentrations. Tyrosine/LNAA ratio and
      calculated tyrosine flow into brain and brain tyrosine levels were reduced in
      both types of semistarvation. Corticosterone was low in low-protein and high in
      high-protein diet. These results suggest that tyrosine availability in brain
      potentially contributes to reduced NE turnover in starvation.

PMID- 4005551
TI  - Retinal ganglion cell loss produced by intraocular kainic acid in cats: variation
      with somal size and eccentricity.
AB  - Eight eyes of adult cats were injected with different doses of kainic acid (KA)
      and examined following survival times of either 5 or 12 days. At a survival time
      of 12 days, a dose of 76 nmol produced an 18% loss of ganglion cells in the
      center of the area centralis (AC), 70% loss at a location 2 mm from the AC, and
      95% loss at a location 6 mm from the AC. Larger doses (240, 760 and 2400 nmol)
      produced losses comparable to that observed for 76 nmol. For example, 2400 nmol
      produced a 35% loss in the AC, 81% at 2 mm, and 88% at 6 mm. At a survival time
      of 5 days, doses of 240 and 760 nmol produced a loss of ganglion cells comparable
      to that seen at 12 days. In one eye, a large dose of KA (7600 nmol) produced
      total loss of ganglion cells at a survival time of 5 days. By comparing loss of
      cells in restricted somal diameter ranges at different retinal eccentricities, it
      was possible to distinguish two significant correlations that were largely
      independent of survival time and dose: (1) at 2 mm, loss of cells with somal
      diameters larger than 21 micron significantly exceeded loss of cells with smaller
      somata. In particular, alpha cells were totally eliminated in 6 of the 8 KA
      treated eyes. (2) The mean loss of ganglion cells with somal diameters less than
      21 micron was significantly greater at 2 mm and 6 mm than in the AC. Together,
      these results show that loss of ganglion cells produced by KA varies somal size
      and retinal eccentricity.

PMID- 4005552
TI  - In vivo voltammetric evidence of production of uric acid by rat caudate.
AB  - Linear sweep in vivo voltammetry with carbon paste electrodes records a prominent
      peak at about 340 mV in the anterior caudate of rat brain. This peak is increased
      by microinfusion of uric acid or xanthine oxidase (which enhances conversion of
      hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid) and is decreased or eliminated by
      microinfusion of uricase. Allopurinol (a specific xanthine oxidase inhibitor)
      also decreases this peak when given either intracranially or intraperitoneally.
      Co-administration of uricase and allopurinol reliably eliminate the peak in
      question. These data suggest that uric acid, a purine metabolite that has been
      thought to be absent in brain, is formed locally in rat caudate and that uric
      acid is the sole component of the peak at 340 mV. In vivo voltammetry may be a
      useful new tool for studying brain purine metabolism.

PMID- 4005553
TI  - [3H]Choline labeling of cerebellothalamic neurons with observations on the
      cerebello-thalamo-parietal pathway in cats.
AB  - [3H]Choline injected into the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus (VL) labeled cell
      bodies of the deep cerebellar nuclei and adjacent vestibular nuclei by retrograde
      axoplasmic transport. Injections in caudal and dorsal parts of VL labeled cells
      in ventral parts of the dentate nucleus and interpositus posterior nucleus.
      Injections in rostral and ventral parts of VL labeled cells in the interpositus
      anterior nucleus and dorsal parts of the dentate nucleus. A few labeled cell
      bodies were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the fastigial nucleus and
      in adjacent parts of the vestibular nuclei. A combined injection of [3H]choline
      and [3H]amino acids labeled cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei and axon
      terminals in layer I of the middle suprasylvian gyrus (areas 5, 7).

PMID- 4005554
TI  - Response characteristics of three taste nerves in mice.
AB  - Gustatory responses from 3 nerves, the chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal and
      superior laryngeal nerves were investigated in the mouse. Stimuli were NH4Cl,
      NaCl, KCl, HCl, quinine-HCl, sucrose, urea, glucose and distilled water. The 3
      nerves responded differently to these stimuli. The chorda tympani responded
      strongly to HCl and sucrose, but weakly to quinine-HCl, while the
      glossopharyngeal responded well to quinine-HCl rather than to either HCl or
      sucrose. The order of effective stimulation was NH4Cl greater than NaCl greater
      than KCl for the chorda tympani, whereas NH4Cl greater than KCl greater than NaCl
      for the glossopharyngeal nerve. The responses of the superior laryngeal nerve
      were remarkably different from those of the others. Water was the most effective
      stimulus for the nerve and the response to water was depressed by either
      electrolytes or non-electrolytes added in water. These results suggest dissimilar
      contributions of the 3 nerves to the physiological functions.

PMID- 4005555
TI  - Efferent projections of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the cat.
AB  - Efferent projections of the central lateral (CL), paracentral (PC) and central
      medial (CE) intralaminar nuclei (ILN) to cortical and subcortical sites were
      studied in the cat. The combined methods of electrophysiologically guided
      cortical injections of tritiated leucine and stereotaxic injections of
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the CL and PC nuclei were utilized.
      Additionally, fluorescent double-labeling techniques demonstrated patterns of
      intralaminar axon collateralization. We found that the ILN project ipsilaterally
      to all visual cortical areas except area 17. Projections to visual cortex are not
      arranged topographically or retinotopically. The ILN also project to the frontal
      eye fields (areas 6 and 8), anterior cingulate gyrus, suprasylvian fringe of the
      auditory cortex, insular cortex, parietal areas 5 and 7, caudate nucleus and
      claustrum. We noted especially heavy projections to the frontal eye fields and
      parietal areas 5 and 7. Fibers from the ILN terminate in cortical layers I and
      VI, and at the layer III-IV border. The demonstration of collateralization of ILN
      axons to two separate cortical areas implies that the same neuronal message may
      pass from the ILN to multiple cortical areas. It is concluded that the ILN may
      mediate a general cortical activation and may play a role in attention to visual,
      auditory and somatosensory (especially nociceptive) stimuli.

PMID- 4005556
TI  - Afferent connections of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the cat.
AB  - Afferents to the central lateral (CL), paracentral (PC) and central medial (CE)
      intralaminar nuclei (ILN) from cortical and subcortical sites were studied in the
      cat. We utilized stereotaxically guided injections of HRP into the CL and PC
      nuclei and tritiated leucine injections into various visual, parietal and limbic
      areas of cortex to demonstrate these connections. In studying the relatively weak
      visual cortical projections to the ILN, we demonstrated projections from areas
      19, 20a, 21a, 21b, AMLS, PMLS and PLLS. However, our HRP injections into the ILN
      often revealed only a few labeled cells in any of the above areas; therefore
      conclusions regarding the absence of projections to ILN from remaining visual
      cortical areas should be made cautiously. The ILN receive heavier projections
      from the frontal eye fields, cingulate cortex, splenial cortex, insular cortex,
      somatosensory areas SI and SII, auditory areas SF, AII, and Ep, and parietal
      areas 5 and 7. The most robust projections appear to be from from frontal eye
      fields, cingulate and parietal areas. No topography was apparent in the
      projections to the ILN. All cortical projections originate ipsilaterally from
      layers V and VI. Heavy subcortical projections to the ILN originate in the
      pretectum, superior colliculus, reticular formation, and periaqueductal grey.
      Fewer afferents arise from several other brainstem and thalamic nuclei.

PMID- 4005557
TI  - Estrogen excites oxytocinergic, but not vasopressinergic cells in the
      paraventricular nucleus of female rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Extracellular antidromic potentials were recorded from the paraventricular
      nucleus of the ovariectomized female rat hypothalamus following electrical
      stimulation of the neurohypophysis. Effects of estrogen-treatment were
      investigated after classifying the antidromically identified cells into tonically
      firing, phasically-firing, or silent groups according to their patterns of
      spontaneous discharge. Estrogen significantly decreased the antidromic activation
      threshold and shortened the refractory period as well as the antidromic spike
      latency in the tonic-firing cells. We suggest that estrogen selectively and
      directly excited the tonically-firing, presumably oxytocinergic cells.

PMID- 4005558
TI  - Inhibition of nociceptive withdrawal flexion reflexes through a dorsal column
      brainstem-spinal loop.
AB  - In decerebrate-decerebellate cats, dorsal column stimulation (DCst) rostral to
      dorsal funicular cuts, to prevent antidromic activation of afferent dorsal column
      fibers, inhibited spinal flexion reflexes evoked by nociceptive stimuli. The
      effects of DCst above the cuts were compared to those below the cuts. Our
      findings indicate that the analgesic effects of DCst can be attributed to
      activation of a DC-brainstem-spinal loop in addition to antidromic activation of
      spinal 'gating' mechanisms.

PMID- 4005559
TI  - Nucleus reticularis lateralis involvement in the pressor component of the
      cerebral ischemic response.
AB  - Lesions of the ventromedial portion of the nucleus reticularis lateralis (NRL) of
      the medulla oblongata in the rabbit significantly and markedly reduced the
      pressor component of the cerebral ischemic response (CIR) without altering
      vasomotor tone. Use of horseradish peroxidase as an anterograde and retrograde
      tracer indicated that the ventromedial NRL projects to the intermediolateral cell
      column (IML) of the upper thoracic spinal cord. Injections of glutamate into
      ventromedial NRL elevated blood pressure (BP), indicating that neuronal cell
      bodies in this area are capable of eliciting BP elevations when stimulated. These
      findings suggest that cell bodies in the ventromedial NRL are capable of
      eliciting pressor responses during the CIR via direct projections to sympathetic
      preganglionic cell bodies.

PMID- 4005560
TI  - [1-14C]Octanoate: a fast functional marker of brain activity.
AB  - [1-14C]Octanoate (OCTO) is rapidly extracted from blood and metabolized by brain.
      Up to 6 min following an intravenous pulse injection the autoradiographic pattern
      of brain labeling reflects differences in blood flow and energy metabolism. When
      animals are given OCTO during visual or somatosensory stimulation the
      autoradiograms reveal differential labeling of activated pathways. Studies can be
      performed in 7-20 s allowing fast labeling of functional brain anatomy.

PMID- 4005561
TI  - The effects of chronic neuroleptic treatment on neurotensin-like immunoreactivity
      in the rat central nervous system.
AB  - The dopamine receptor antagonist fluphenazine decanoate, when administered for a
      total period of 10 months, produced a large increase in neurotensin-like
      immunoreactivity in dopamine-rich brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens, the
      striatum and the frontal cortex. A smaller, non-significant increase was observed
      in the substantia nigra with no change in either the hypothalamus or the spinal
      cord. The present results provide further evidence in favour of a functional
      interaction between neurotensin and dopamine in the central nervous system.

PMID- 4005562
TI  - Topographical analysis of nucleus accumbens sites at which cholecystokinin
      potentiates dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion in the rat.
AB  - Sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) potentiates dopamine-induced
      hyperlocomotion in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Immunocytochemical evidence
      has shown a topographical distribution of terminals containing both CCK and
      dopamine (DA), within the medial posterior nucleus accumbens. Seven sites within
      the nucleus accumbens were cannulated and tested for the ability of CCK to
      enhance the behavioral effects of DA. Close agreement was found between the
      anatomical sites of CCK-DA coexistence, and the anatomical sites at which CCK
      potentiated DA-induced hyperlocomotion. Behaviorally inactive sites were found
      primarily in the anterior nucleus accumbens, where DA-containing terminals do not
      contain CCK.

PMID- 4005563
TI  - Analyzing cockroach escape behavior with lesions of individual giant
      interneurons.
AB  - Individual giant interneurons (GIs) in the ventral nerve cord of the cockroach,
      Periplaneta americana, were lesioned by intracellular injection of proteolytic
      enzymes (pronase). This was accomplished with minimal dissection, so that the
      wind-evoked escape behavior of the animals could be studied following the lesion.
      Unilateral lesions of GI-2 had no obvious effect on escape behavior, but
      unilateral removal of GI-1, as well as combined unilateral lesions of GIs 1 and
      2, influenced the direction of an animal's initial turning movement in response
      to a wind puff. These results support the hypothesis that GIs play a role in
      initiating and guiding the directional, wind-evoked escape response of the
      cockroach.

PMID- 4005564
TI  - Effect of L-DOPA on glucose oxidation and incorporation into glycogen in discrete
      brain regions of the rat.
AB  - Previous reports in which the [14C]deoxyglucose mapping technique was used, have
      demonstrated that systemic administration of L-DOPA can either increase or
      decrease glucose utilization in various brain regions. However, in the striatum,
      which contains a high concentration of dopamine, no conclusive results were found
      using this technique. In the present study we attempted, by implicating a
      different technique, to evaluate the effect of L-DOPA on glucose metabolism in
      the striatum. This approach is based on in vitro measuring of glucose oxidation
      to CO2 and its incorporation to glycogen. Rats were injected with carbidopa (100
      mg/kg) and 1 h later with L-DOPA (50 mg/kg). The rats were sacrificed by
      decapitation 1 h after L-DOPA injection and the following brain regions were
      assayed for glucose oxidation to CO2 and its incorporation to glycogen: striatum,
      hypothalamus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. A significant increase of
      glucose oxidation of 50% was found in the striatum and hippocampus, while no
      change was demonstrated in the hypothalamus and cortex. The incorporation of
      glucose to glycogen was markedly reduced in the striatum and hippocampus while no
      change was found in the hypothalamus or cortex. The present results demonstrate
      that L-DOPA treatment increases glucose metabolism in specific brain areas. The
      mechanism involved might be an increase in cellular uptake of glucose and/or
      activation of enzymes participating in glucose metabolic pathways.

PMID- 4005565
TI  - A sequential representation of the occiput, arm, forearm and hand across the
      rostrocaudal dimension of areas 1, 2 and 5 in macaque monkeys.
AB  - Receptive fields were determined for recording sites in cortical areas 1, 2 and 5
      in macaque monkeys. While a mixture of cutaneous and deep receptors were
      represented in most regions of area 2, a specific mediolateral level of area 2
      was highly responsive to cutaneous input. Anteroposterior rows of recording sites
      across areas 1, 2 and 5 at this mediolateral location revealed a continuous
      sequence of cutaneous receptive fields proceeding from the occiput and face in
      area 1 to the forearm and hand in area 5.

PMID- 4005566
TI  - Inhibition of gastric motility induced by activation of the hypothalamic
      paraventricular nucleus.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus depressed the intragastric
      pressure of adrenalectomized male rats of which gastric movement had been induced
      by insulin-hypoglycemia. Electrical stimulation to the pituitary stalk produced a
      similar response in the pressure, but the response was abolished by bilateral
      lesion of the paraventricular nucleus. These findings allow us to speculate that
      the paraventricular nucleus is capable of modulating gastric motility, and
      suggest that the nucleus has a neural connection between the neurohypophysis and
      the system relevant to visceral function.

PMID- 4005567
TI  - Intrinsic control of electroresponsive properties of transplanted mammalian brain
      neurons.
AB  - The present study presents the first analysis of neurons in mammalian brain
      transplants based on intracellular recording. The results, obtained in brain
      slices including both donor and host tissue, showed that neuronal precursor cells
      in embryonic transplants retained their ability to complete their normal
      differentiation of cell-type-specific electroresponsive properties. Distortions
      in cell aggregation and synaptic connectivity did not affect this aspect of
      neuronal differentiation.

PMID- 4005568
TI  - Effect of chronic reserpine and desmethylimipramine treatment on CRF-like
      immunoreactivity of discrete brain areas of rat.
AB  - The corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity (CRF-LI) of discrete
      areas of rat brain were measured following reserpine (2 mg/kg i.p. for 3 days) or
      chronic desmethylimipramine (DMI) (20 mg/kg i.p. for 14 days) treatment.
      Reserpine caused a 40% and 36% reduction in the (CRF-LI) of the median eminence
      (ME) and posterior pituitary respectively, while DMI caused a 61% rise in CRF-LI
      of the posterior pituitary only. The results support the role of monoaminergic
      regulation of CRF release from the ME and further suggest an interaction between
      monoaminergic and CRF neurons in the posterior pituitary.

PMID- 4005569
TI  - Depression of afferent-induced primary afferent depolarization at the lumbar
      spinal cord following concussive head injury.
AB  - Afferent-induced primary afferent depolarization (PAD) was depressed for 2-5 min
      following concussive head injury in the cat, as assessed by dorsal root
      potentials and augmentation of antidromic dorsal root potentials, both evoked by
      stimulation of adjacent dorsal roots. These changes in PAD were abolished by
      spinal cord transection but not affected by midpontine transection. Spontaneous
      dorsal root potentials, resting amplitudes of antidromic dorsal root potentials
      and reductions of antidromic dorsal root potentials following tetanic root
      stimulation were not substantially altered by injury. These findings suggest that
      concussive head injury depresses spinal interneuronal transmission by neurally
      mediated processes involving the bulbar brainstem.

PMID- 4005570
TI  - Ionic dependence of early adaptation in the crustacean stretch receptor.
AB  - In the present study we have examined the effects of changes in potassium and
      calcium concentration on the early adaptation of the slowly adapting stretch
      receptor of the crayfish using intracellular recordings including the potential
      clamp technique. This was because previous studies had suggested that the early
      adaptative decline of the receptor potential may be attributed mainly to ionic
      mechanisms involved in the transducer process. During prolonged exposure to K
      free saline the cell depolarized; the early adaptive fall of the receptor
      potential was reduced and finally the response became almost rectangular. These
      effects developed more rapidly if the concentration of Ca was reduced in the K
      free saline. It was shown by injection of current that the effects were not
      potential dependent. Removal of Ca reduced the amplitude of both the dynamic and
      static phase of the receptor potential. Isotonic Ca-saline suppressed the static
      phase of the receptor potential and prolonged exposure completely abolished the
      response. Potential clamp experiments demonstrated that in the Ca-free saline the
      passive membrane conductance increased; the static phase of the receptor current
      increased while the peak current decreased somewhat. In the K-free and Ca-free
      saline both phases of the receptor current increased. The present results support
      earlier findings that the major part of the early adaptive fall of the receptor
      potential is caused by an outward K+ current. Ca2+ modifies the adaptive fall and
      the static phase, most likely by activation of a Ca2+-dependent K+ current and/or
      by inactivation of the Na+ current.

PMID- 4005571
TI  - The response of neurons of the medial pontomedullary reticular formation of rats
      to peripheral thermal stimuli.
AB  - The thermal responses of 70 medial pontomedullary neurons were studied using 0.15
      degrees C/s ramp thermal stimuli applied to the glabrous skin on the ventral
      surface of the hindpaw of rats. Fifty-two neurons (74%) responded to an
      ipsilateral and/or contralateral thermal stimulus by increased action potential
      discharge rates. Eleven units (16%) responded by decreasing their discharge. The
      remaining 7 units (10%) were unaffected. The thresholds of 61 neurons responsive
      to thermal stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw ranged from 36.5 to 46 degrees
      C. Ninety percent of thermally responsive neurons had bilateral receptive fields.
      The thresholds of the ipsilateral and contralateral responses were significantly
      positively correlated.

PMID- 4005572
TI  - Regional changes in tissue pH and glucose content during cortical spreading
      depression in rat brain.
AB  - After eliciting a single passage of spreading depression in rat brain cortex,
      regional alterations in glucose content and tissue pH were studied in relation to
      changes in cortical steady potential. Migration of spreading depression into non
      invaded cortex was accompanied by a drastic decrease in glucose concentration and
      tissue pH which persisted longer than the transient depolarization of cortical
      cells. This delay in metabolic recovery is probably accounted for by severe
      tissue acidosis which results from the stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis.

PMID- 4005573
TI  - Brain muscarinic receptors in senile dementia.
AB  - Muscarinic receptors were analyzed in various post-mortem brain samples of 39
      patients with different types of dementia and of 30 age-matched controls by the
      specific binding of [3H]QNB. The diagnoses were verified neuropathologically. The
      binding of [3H]QNB was significantly decreased in the hippocampus, amygdala and
      nucleus accumbens in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and with combined
      type of dementia (CD), whereas in patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID) the
      binding was not significantly decreased in the limbic areas but only in the
      caudate nucleus. Of the clinical variables, orofacial dyskinesias in patients
      with AD but not with MID correlated with low brain weight and with the decreased
      [3H]QNB binding in the striatum and frontal cortex. The results reveal some
      differences between AD and MID. Changes in muscarinic receptor binding show that
      the cholinergic neurons in the limbic system are especially vulnerable in
      patients with AD and CD.

PMID- 4005574
TI  - Spinal lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial area of the cat midbrain.
AB  - We have observed a population of lamina I neurons in the cat that has projections
      to the parabrachial area (parabrachial and cuneiform nuclei). A subpopulation of
      these neurons also projects to the contralateral thalamus. The majority of
      projecting cells responded exclusively to noxious stimuli, a few wide-dynamic
      range neurons were also observed. Conduction velocities for antidromic activation
      from the midbrain ranged from 1 to 18 m/s. We stained 14 cells intracellularly
      with horseradish peroxidase. These findings suggest that a major nociceptive
      projection pathway originating in lamina I and terminating in the parabrachial
      area exists in the cat.

PMID- 4005575
TI  - The digastric reflex evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation in the cat and its
      modulation by stimuli applied to the limbs.
AB  - The digastric reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp in
      anaesthetized cats was studied together with the effects on this reflex of
      stimulating other parts of the body. The threshold for the digastric reflex
      generally lay in the range of stimulus intensities which would excite a large
      proportion of the pulpal afferent fibres which suggested that a large amount of
      central summation was required to evoke the reflex. During the course of 25/27
      experiments, the threshold for the reflex increased. It was also found that
      repeated application of suprathreshold stimuli produced first an increase and
      then a decrease in the reflex response. The application of noxious but not of non
      noxious mechanical conditioning stimuli to the limbs produced strong, long
      lasting depressions of the digastric reflex. Electrical conditioning stimuli
      applied to the limbs also depressed the reflex; this depression had a latency of
      onset of 20-50 ms and lasted for up to 500 ms. When conditioning stimuli were
      applied to the saphenous nerve, the depression of the reflex occurred only when
      the stimuli were of an intensity sufficient to excite fibres conducting at less
      than 40 m X s-1; it may be assumed that some of these fibres would have been high
      threshold mechanoreceptors or nociceptors. These results show that noxious
      stimulation of anatomically remote structures can depress the activity of a
      population of trigeminal brainstem neurones. The opiate antagonist, naloxone, had
      no detectable effect on either the digastric reflex or the depression of the
      reflex produced by stimulating other parts of the body. The serotonin
      antagonists, methysergide and cinanserin, strongly depressed the digastric reflex
      but it was not clear whether these drugs also affected the depression of the
      reflex by the conditioning stimuli.

PMID- 4005576
TI  - Selectivity of antibody-mediated destruction of axons in the cat's optic nerve.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the selectivity with which
      polyspecific antibodies directed against large retinal ganglion cells destroy
      axons in the cat's optic nerve. Immune serum prepared against large ganglion
      cells isolated from ox retinas was injected into 1 eye of each of 2 cats. After
      more than 1 month, the cats were perfused with mixed aldehydes and the optic
      nerves were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of a
      large sample of micrographs of transverse thin sections, we estimated that each
      of the nerves that issued from treated eyes contained approximately 62,500
      necrotic fibers, amounting to 42-46% of the total fiber population in 1 case and
      39-42% in the other. The diameters of 2900-5000 intact axons from each of 4
      nerves (2 from immune-treated eyes and 2 from untreated eyes) were measured.
      Comparisons of histograms of axon diameter for nerves from treated and untreated
      eyes revealed that 90-100% of large axons with diameters above 3.5-4.0 micron
      were eliminated by the antibodies. Between 65 and 70% of medium-sized fibers were
      also eliminated. The number of small axons--those with diameters less than 1.2
      1.6 micron--did not differ appreciably from normal. These results suggest that
      the immune serum destroyed virtually all alpha cell axons and a substantial
      fraction of beta cell axons but did not reduce the number of small fibers that
      largely stem from the gamma class of retinal ganglion cells.

PMID- 4005577
TI  - Development of methionine-enkephalin in microdissected areas of the rabbit brain.
AB  - Microdissected areas of the rabbit brain were isolated at prenatal day E-29,
      postnatal days P-3, 7, 14, 21, 2 months and adults. Methionine-enkephalin (ME)
      was assayed by RIA and ME concentration [ME] was expressed relative to the
      protein content of the extracted brain tissues. In brain nuclei with important
      roles in respiratory control [ME] was higher in prenatal and early postnatal life
      than in adults. In contrast, the prenatal and early postnatal [ME] levels in
      other nuclei were lower than or equal to adult values. These data suggest an
      important and changing role for ME in respiratory control throughout development.
      Early high [ME] levels within brainstem respiratory control nuclei may contribute
      to the newborn's increased susceptibility to respiratory depression.

PMID- 4005578
TI  - Prolonged exposure to an odor or deodorized air alters the size of mitral cells
      in the olfactory bulb.
AB  - The size and distribution of mitral cells in the olfactory bulbs of rats were
      determined using a computer-assisted morphometric technique. Rats were reared
      from 2 weeks of age for 10 weeks in an animal colony, or in cages through which a
      stream of deodorized air or cyclohexanone vapor passed. Statistical analyses
      indicated that each treatment produced a different distribution of cell sizes in
      the coronal but not along the rostrocaudal plane of the bulb. The mean size of
      mitral cells in rats reared in deodorized air was substantially smaller than that
      of normal rats, and the mean length of their mitral cell layer in the coronal
      plane was less than in the other groups. Overall, these findings indicate that
      mitral cells which were of normal size in rats exposed to cyclohexanone had been
      stimulated by this odor. Cells which had not been stimulated by an odor in either
      of the experimental groups were smaller than normal and were degenerating or
      underdeveloped. The results also suggest that there are bands of mitral cells
      aligned along the rostrocaudal axis of the olfactory bulb which are responsive to
      specific odors and other evidence is presented which supports this view. The
      functional significance of exposure effects and their implications for the
      spatial coding of odor quality are discussed.

PMID- 4005580
TI  - Effects of intracellular TEA injection on early adaptation of crustacean stretch
      receptor.
AB  - The effects of intracellular injection of TEA on the stretch-induced response of
      the slowly adapting stretch receptor of the crayfish have been examined to
      determine the contribution of an outward potassium current to the early
      adaptation of the neuron. Intracellular recording techniques including potential
      clamp measurements of membrane currents have been used. Injection of small
      amounts of TEA caused a pronounced depolarization of the neuron. In the early
      stage of depolarization there was a marked increase of the static phase of the
      response while the dynamic phase remained unchanged. When the resting membrane
      potential was kept constant by current injection both the dynamic phase and the
      static phase increased. However, the increase of the static phase was more
      pronounced than that of the dynamic phase and as a result the early phase of
      adaptation was almost abolished. Following TEA injection the reversal potential
      for both the dynamic phase and the static phase of the receptor current became
      somewhat more positive. TEA injection also reduced the outward current induced by
      a depolarizing potential step. The present results provide additional support for
      the hypothesis that the early phase of adaptation of the crustacean stretch
      receptor is attributed mainly to an outward potassium current.

PMID- 4005579
TI  - Segregation of electroreceptive and mechanoreceptive lateral line afferents in
      the hindbrain of chondrostean fishes.
AB  - The anterior lateral line nerve (ALLN) in the chondrostean fishes (sturgeon and
      paddlefishes) consists of both fibers innervating ampullary electroreceptors and
      fibers innervating the mechanoreceptive neuromasts of the cephalic lateral line
      system. The fibers of the posterior lateral line nerve (PLLN) innervate only
      mechanoreceptive neuromasts on the body trunk. The ALLN enters the medulla via
      dorsal and ventral roots; the dorsal root projects to the dorsal octavolateralis
      nucleus (DON), whereas the ventral root and the PLLN project principally to the
      medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON). Previous studies in elasmobranchs have
      demonstrated that fibers of the dorsal root of the ALLN convey electrosensory
      information, and fibers of the ventral root are concerned with mechanoreceptive
      information. Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical methods are employed in
      this study in order to determine if there exists a similar segregation of
      electroreceptive and mechanoreceptive lateral line afferents within the
      chondrostean medulla. In specimens of shovelnose, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus,
      and Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, and paddlefish, Polyodon spathula,
      evoked potentials recorded from the hindbrain and elicited by electric fields
      reached maximum amplitude within the DON and decreased in amplitude through the
      cerebellar crest. Evoked potentials elicited by stimulation of the posterior
      lateral line nerve achieved maximum amplitude within the MON. Single and multiple
      unit recordings revealed that units within the DON responded only to electric
      field stimulation, whereas units recorded in the MON responded only to mechanical
      stimulation. Horseradish peroxidase implanted beneath isolated patches of
      ampullae in Polyodon revealed fibers innervating electroreceptors projecting to
      the DON via the dorsal root of the ALLN. These results demonstrate a segregation
      of electroreceptive and mechanoreceptive lateral line afferent fibers in the
      chondrostean hindbrain, similar to that seen in elasmobranchs. This supports the
      contention that the electrosensory systems of elasmobranchs and chondrosteans are
      homologous, and are derived from the common ancestor of elasmobranch and
      actinopterygian fishes.

PMID- 4005581
TI  - Central nervous system-directed neuronotrophic activity present in red blood
      cells.
AB  - A new neuronotrophic factor has been identified in extracts of vertebrate red
      blood cells. The factor supports the survival in culture of neurons from
      vertebrate central nervous systems, and does not support the survival of several
      peripheral ganglionic neurons. The active molecule appears to be a slightly
      acidic protein of 30,000-100,000 daltons.

PMID- 4005582
TI  - Effects of endogenous hyperprolactinaemia on opiate-induced behavioral changes in
      rats.
AB  - Endogenous hyperprolactinaemia, as induced by pituitary homografts under the
      kidney capsule, was followed by an inhibition of heroin self-administration in
      rats. This effect was mimicked by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of
      rat prolactin (PRL) or peripheral administration of a hyperprolactinaemia
      inducing drug, domperidone. I.c.v. injection of anti-PRL serum totally abolished
      the effect of hyperprolactinaemia on heroin self-administration behavior and
      facilitated it in rats with normal plasma PRL levels. The development of
      tolerance to morphine was facilitated in hyperprolactinaemic animals or in rats
      injected i.c.v. with rat PRL. This effect was abolished in hyperprolactinaemic
      animals by i.c.v. injection of anti-PRL serum. Furthermore, rats with normal
      plasma PRL levels showed an inhibited development of tolerance to morphine after
      i.c.v. injection of anti-PRL serum. Morphine-induced analgesia appeared to be
      potentiated in hyperprolactinaemic rats tested in the hot-plate test. It is
      concluded that endogenous hyperprolactinaemia can affect opiate-induced
      behavioral changes in rats, possibly through central mechanisms involving opioid
      transmission.

PMID- 4005583
TI  - Funicular course of catecholamine fibers innervating the lumbar spinal cord of
      the cat.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the funicular location of descending
      catecholamine (CA) fibers innervating the lumbar spinal cord from the
      dorsolateral pons (DLP). The locations of catecholamine-containing cell bodies
      which project to the lumbar spinal cord were determined by combining the use of
      the retrogradely transported fluorescent dye, Evans Blue (EB), with the glyoxylic
      acid histofluorescence technique. Lumbar injections of Evans Blue were combined
      with thoracic lesions of the dorsolateral funiculi (DLF) or ventrolateral
      funiculi (VLF) in order to retrogradely label those CA-containing or non CA
      containing cell bodies whose axons descend within the spared hemispinal cord. By
      this technique it was determined that descending CA fibers innervating the lumbar
      spinal cord of the cat project through both the DLF and the VLF. The nucleus
      subcoeruleus, the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and the CA cell bodies in the area of A5
      each contain a significant number of CA-containing cells whose fibers descend
      both within the DLF and the VLF, while the nucleus locus coeruleus projects to
      the lumbar cord primarily through the VLF. Catecholamine cells of the DLP
      innervate the lumbar spinal cord bilaterally, although there is an ipsilateral
      predominance. The CA-containing cells of the DLP which innervate the
      contralateral spinal cord were shown by ipsilateral or contralateral thoracic
      hemisection to decussate both above and below the thoracic lesion. Non-CA
      containing cells from the DLP also crossed at all levels of the spinal cord;
      however, cells from the caudal pons had a larger number of cells which crossed
      above the thoracic lesion while cells of the more rostral pons had a larger
      number of cells which crossed below the lesion.

PMID- 4005585
TI  - Acute responses of rat retina after optic nerve ligation: a biochemical and
      histochemical study.
AB  - The response of rat retina after optic nerve ligation was studied by biochemical
      and light microscope autoradiographic methods. The uptake of labelled leucine,
      dopamine and GABA in operated retinas were all decreased as early as 1 day after
      ligation. Autoradiographic morphometry revealed variations in the time course as
      well as in the degree of reduction of substrate uptake ability in different
      retinal cell layers after ligation. Findings indicate the ganglion cells and the
      dopaminergic cells in the outer plexiform layer are more sensitive to
      interruption of neuronal flow. Moreover, there may be interactions between the
      photoreceptors, the GABAergic and the dopaminergic cells in rat retina.

PMID- 4005584
TI  - Effects of D- and L-amphetamine on dopamine metabolism and ascorbic acid levels
      in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle as studied by in vivo differential
      pulse voltammetry.
AB  - Differential pulse voltammetry used together with electrochemically pretreated
      carbon fibre microelectrodes allowed us to detect in vivo two well-separated
      peaks in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. The two peaks situated at -50
      mV (peak 1) and + 100 mV (peak 2) correspond, respectively, to the oxidation
      current of the ascorbic acid and to the oxidation current of the 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The experiments were carried out on
      anesthetized rats. Voltammograms were recorded in nucleus accumbens and olfactory
      tubercle every minute alternately in each structure. In control conditions, peak
      1 height was greater in olfactory tubercle than in nucleus accumbens and peak 2
      height was greater in nucleus accumbens than in olfactory tubercle. Both isomers
      of amphetamine induced a decrease of the peak 2 height in the two structures. The
      decrease was greater in olfactory tubercle. Higher doses of L-amphetamine were
      required to induce peak 2 height decrease of the same extent. Both isomers
      induced a marked increase of the peak 1 height in nucleus accumbens whereas peak
      1 height in olfactory tubercle was slightly augmented. D-amphetamine was more
      effective than L-amphetamine in increasing peak 1 height.

PMID- 4005586
TI  - Neuronotrophic factors: effects on central cholinergic regeneration in vivo.
AB  - To determine if neurotrophic factors (NTFs) which either support the survival
      (CNTF) or promote neuritic outgrowth (PNPF) of peripheral cholinergic neurons in
      vitro affect central cholinergic regeneration in vivo, NTFs were administered
      intracerebrally to rats after injury to septohippocampal fibers. Choline
      acetyltransferase activity within intrahippocampal iris implants was used as an
      index of cholinergic innervation. CNTF stimulated cholinergic sprouting while
      PNPF was ineffective under our experimental conditions, suggesting that the
      effects of other NTFs in vivo may be mediated by enhanced neuronal survival after
      injury rather than increased axonal sprouting.

PMID- 4005587
TI  - Transplanted septal neurons make viable cholinergic synapses with a host
      hippocampus.
AB  - Cell suspensions from the fetal septal region were injected stereotaxically into
      the hippocampus of fornix-fimbria-transected adult rats. The host rats were
      sacrificed up to 3 months after the operation and the hippocampus sliced into 350
      microns transverse slices. Intracellular recording was made from CA1 neurons
      adjacent to the graft. Electrical stimulation of the graft produced a voltage
      dependent depolarization in some recorded neurons. This was associated with an
      increase in spontaneous and anodal break action potential discharges. In
      addition, a slow after-hyperpolarization (AHP) which typically follows a burst
      discharge was blocked during the depolarization indicating that the stimulation
      may block a Ca2+-dependent K+ current. The effects of the stimulation were
      antagonized by atropine. A response to the stimulation was seen 2 weeks but not 1
      week after grafting. Over time, cells that were located away from the graft
      became activated by the stimulation. This was correlated with the extent of
      proliferation of acetylcholinesterase-containing fibers around the graft. These
      results suggest that grafted septal neurons make viable cholinergic connections
      with a host hippocampus.

PMID- 4005588
TI  - Structural and functional changes of cat carotid body following superfusion with
      Ca2+ and/or Ba2+.
AB  - The effect of saline solutions containing zero or 2.16 mM of Ca2+ and/or Ba2+ on
      the cat carotid body superfused in vitro was investigated morphologically and
      electrophysiologically. The ultrastructure of preparations exposed for 30 min to
      zero [Ca2+-2.16 mM Ba2+]0 revealed profound reactive alterations among all
      constituents of the lobule with a loss of granular vesicles from glomus cells.
      Solutions containing barium ions provoked an initial dramatic increase in nerve
      discharge which practically disappeared in about 40 min. The zero [Ca2+-2.16 mM
      Ba2+]0 medium reversed a dopamine-induced inhibitory effect, but did not
      qualitatively alter the responses to acetylcholine or NaCN during or after the
      initial increase in activity.

PMID- 4005589
TI  - Regional tritium quenching in quantitative autoradiography of the central nervous
      system.
AB  - Direct corrections of regional differential tritium autoabsorption in
      quantitative autoradiography of the central nervous system are made using
      chloroform extraction of brain sections from rats receiving tritiated 2
      deoxyglucose in vivo. Fifty-two regional quenching coefficients varied from 30%
      in gray structures to 100% in white structures. These data may be used to correct
      for regional quenching of tritium emissions in autoradiographic studies of rat
      brain.

PMID- 4005590
TI  - Single unit sensory activity in free walking crabs: force sensitive
      mechanoreceptors of the dactyl.
AB  - Activities of individual, force-sensitive mechanoreceptors (funnel canal organs)
      of the terminal segment (dactyl) of the crab leg have been recorded in freely
      moving animals. During the stance phase of walking receptors discharge in regular
      bursts that are closely correlated with activity of the opener muscle of the
      propodite when the leg is used on the trailing side in lateral locomotion.
      Individual funnel canal organs also show sustained discharges to imposed
      cuticular strains and strains resulting from resisted muscle contractions. These
      receptors thus can monitor both internal and external forces that are applied to
      the leg in locomotion.

PMID- 4005591
TI  - Vasopressin influences renal function via a spinal action.
AB  - Intrathecal injections of arginine vasopressin (AVP) (3 pmol) into the lower
      thoracic region in rats produced consistent, dose-dependent antidiuretic
      responses accompanied by elevated urine osmolality. That these responses are not
      due to leakage of the peptide to the periphery is suggested by (a) the lack of
      response to the analogue, DDAVP, and (b) the lack of antidiuretic response to
      intrathecal AVP in denervated kidneys.

PMID- 4005592
TI  - Effect of pentobarbital anesthesia on regional cerebral metabolic rate for
      glucose during hyperbaric oxygenation in rat.
AB  - Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) at different pressures and durations of exposure
      produces an increase in regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) in
      conscious rats. Pentobarbital anesthesia is known to significantly reduce rCMRgl
      in rats during air breathing. To test if pentobarbital anesthesia is also
      effective in reducing HBO-induced increases in rCMRgl, the combined effect of
      pentobarbital anesthesia and HBO on rCMRgl was autoradiographically measured in
      28 neuroanatomical structures. Two groups of rats (11 each) were chronically
      cannulated in one femoral artery and vein 3 days prior to the experiments. Thirty
      minutes before the rCMRgl measurements the rats were anesthetized with
      intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg pentobarbital and exposed to either 1-h air
      breathing at atmospheric pressure or oxygen at 2 atm absolute. No differences in
      rCMRgl between oxygen-exposed and air-exposed anesthetized rats were observed in
      27 of the 28 neuroanatomical structures examined. The superior olivary nucleus
      was the only one of the 28 structures showing a significant reduction in rCMRgl
      following anesthesia and HBO. The possible factors involved in the elimination by
      anesthesia of the previously observed increases in rCMRgl in conscious rats
      exposed to HBO are discussed.

PMID- 4005593
TI  - The nucleus dorsalis myelencephali of snakes: relay nucleus between the spinal
      cord and the posterior colliculus (paratorus).
AB  - Nucleus dorsalis myelencephali is in the dorsolateral area of the caudal medulla
      in snakes. The parvocellular area projects bilaterally to the paratorus and
      receives ipsilateral projections from the spinal cord. The magnocellular area
      projects bilaterally to the spinal cord. This nucleus has been only briefly
      described in snakes but not in any other reptilian group.

PMID- 4005594
TI  - Telencephalic terminals in the major retinal synaptic lamina of the goldfish
      optic tectum.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic degeneration studies were used to examine the
      telencephalotectal pathway in goldfish. Both techniques showed that each
      telencephalic lobe sent bilateral projections to several tectal laminae.
      Degenerating synaptic terminals and fibers were observed in the major retinal
      projection lamina as well as in other tectal laminae. The terminals contained
      round to oval synaptic vesicles, asymmetric synapses and contacted relatively
      small postsynaptic profiles.

PMID- 4005595
TI  - Cell-to-cell communication properties of Auerbach's plexus cell in culture.
AB  - Cultured Auerbach's plexus cells are coupled by low-resistance channels that
      permit the cell-to-cell passage of electrical current and fluorescein dye. The
      permeability of their intercellular junctions is blocked by the increased
      concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+, thereby indicating that the cell-to-cell
      communication properties in cultured Auerbach's plexus cells are modulated by the
      cytoplasmic level of Ca2+.

PMID- 4005596
TI  - Inferior olive destruction induces dysfacilitation of the red nucleus activity.
AB  - The spontaneous discharge frequency of the red nucleus neurones was evaluated in
      rat before and after total destruction of the inferior olive with the 3
      acetylpyridine. It was found that the sustained firing recorded in the control
      animals (33.7 +/- 23.7/s) drastically decreased to a low rate (4.6 +/- 7.1/s)
      after the intoxication. This effect took place between 2 h 15 min and 2 h 45 min
      after the injection. which is the critical period corresponding to the inferior
      olive degeneration and the consequent climbing fiber deafferentation. It lasted
      at least as long as the acute experiment. The conclusions are reached that the
      inferior olive destruction leading to an enhanced cerebellar inhibition, produces
      a dysfacilitatory effect on the red nucleus neurones.

PMID- 4005597
TI  - The correlation between the degree of brain masculinization and song quality in
      estradiol treated female zebra finches.
AB  - Female zebra finches can be induced to develop a male-like song system by being
      exposed to a steroid as nestlings. After subsequent testosterone treatment they
      develop song whose quality depends on age and duration of early steroid
      treatment. This study compares the anatomy of two song nuclei with the birds'
      song quality. The capacity for song correlates with the volumes of the nucleus
      hyperstriatum, ventralis, pars caudalis (HVc) and the nucleus robustus
      archistriatalis (RA) and with the size of RA neurons.

PMID- 4005598
TI  - The membrane potential along an ideal axon in a radial electric field.
AB  - An equation is developed for the membrane potential expected along a short,
      closed, straight, unbranched and unmyelinated fiber when a point source of steady
      current resides in the infinite, uniform, 3-dimensional medium. Most electrode
      placements induce a membrane potential whose absolute value is greater at
      terminals than midpoint--between 4.3 and 26.4 times greater in several arbitrary
      worked examples. Such natural phenomena as the effect of electric fields on the
      growth of nerve fibers could depend on this heightened susceptibility of
      terminals to external currents.

PMID- 4005599
TI  - Clonidine effects on catecholamine levels and turnover in discrete hypothalamic
      and extra-hypothalamic areas.
AB  - In rats treated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) or saline, the effects
      of clonidine on the levels and turnover of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI)
      and dopamine (DA) were analyzed in microdissected regions of the hypothalamus and
      extra-hypothalamic structures. In 7 of the 9 brain sites examined (namely
      dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, medial preoptic area, midlateral
      perifornical hypothalamus, frontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus and cerebellum),
      clonidine (50 micrograms/kg) caused a significant decrease in NE turnover, with
      no change in steady-state levels. In the two remaining areas, namely the
      hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the locus coeruleus, clonidine produced
      different patterns of effects. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), clonidine
      significantly reduced NE content in saline-treated rats, and in rats injected
      with alpha-MpT + clonidine, no further change in NE concentration was observed.
      In the locus coeruleus, both NE levels and turnover were unaltered. Epinephrine
      and DA turnover, in contrast to NE turnover, was unaffected by clonidine in all
      brain areas, with the exception of the midlateral hypothalamus, where the alpha
      MpT-induced depletion of EPI and DA was totally reversed by clonidine, and in the
      frontal cortex, where DA turnover was also significantly reduced. These data are
      discussed relative to the proposed physiological actions of clonidine in the
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 4005600
TI  - Rapid desensitization of presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors during exposure to
      exogenous dopamine.
AB  - When nomifensine is employed to inhibit neuronal uptake, exposure to dopamine
      (DA) (0.1-0.3 microM) or apomorphine (0.01-0.1 microM) inhibited, in a
      concentration-dependent manner, the electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine
      from slices of the rabbit caudate nucleus. Apomorphine inhibited transmitter
      release independently of the time of exposure to the drug (6-32 min). On the
      other hand, the inhibitory effect of exogenous dopamine occurred only if a short
      period (4-12 min) of exposure was employed. In studies on the electrically evoked
      release of [3H]acetylcholine in slices of the rabbit caudate nucleus there was no
      evidence for desensitization to apomorphine or exogenous dopamine at the level of
      the dopamine receptors that inhibit [3H]acetylcholine release. These results
      indicate that the dopamine autoreceptors modulating [3H]dopamine release in the
      caudate nucleus become subsensitive after a few minutes of exposure to exogenous
      dopamine. This effect does not occur at the level of the dopamine receptors which
      inhibit the release of [3H]acetylcholine.

PMID- 4005601
TI  - Oral pressure receptors mediate a series of inhibitory and excitatory periods in
      the masseteric poststimulus EMG complex following tapping of a tooth in man.
AB  - Poststimulus EMG complexes (PSECs), consisting of a series of inhibitory and
      excitatory waves in full-wave rectified and averaged electromyogram (EMG), were
      elicited in the masseter muscles of 7 subjects following controlled tapping of a
      tooth, at a controlled clenching level. Applying local anaesthesia to this tooth
      decreased the total surface of the waves, on average by 89%. The excitatory and
      the inhibitory waves were similarly affected, indicating that mainly pressure
      receptors in the periodontium mediate the entire PSEC. In 4 subjects, who were
      exposed to acoustic noise to exclude a contribution of acoustic receptors, the
      recovery of the PSEC waves from local anaesthesia was tracked. In 3 subjects, one
      wave (the first inhibitory or the first excitatory one, respectively) recovered
      differently from the other waves, indicating that they are not necessarily
      mediated by one type of afferent axons. The evidence, nevertheless, suggests that
      the different PSEC waves in man reflect the projection of the periodontal
      afferents upon several brain structures, involved in the control of the activity
      of the masseteric motorneurones, as: inhibitory and excitatory control requires
      different groups of interneurones; and a mediation of the first inhibitory wave
      by slower conducting axons than the second inhibitory wave, or a mediation of
      both waves by axons of similar type, is not compatible with common interneurones.

PMID- 4005602
TI  - Differential responses of serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons in nucleus
      raphe magnus to systemic morphine in rats.
AB  - Forty-eight raphe-spinal units in nucleus raphe magnus were identified by
      antidromic stimulation and further classified into serotonergic and non
      serotonergic populations according to their conduction velocity and spontaneous
      discharge rate. Following morphine administration (5 mg/kg, i.p.) they showed
      different responses: excitatory, depressive or non-responsive. It was found that
      6 of 7 non-responsive, 3 of 20 depression-responsive and only 1 of 21 excitation
      responsive units proved to be serotonergic neurons, indicating that the
      involvement of serotonergic neurons in morphine analgesia is probably
      insignificant. It is suggested that the raphe-spinal fiber systems, both
      excitatory and inhibitory are originated mainly from the non-serotonergic
      neurons.

PMID- 4005603
TI  - Dopamine increases potassium efflux in the rat parotid gland by stimulating
      noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve endings.
AB  - By studying 86Rb+ efflux (tracer for potassium) and labelled NA ([3H]NA) efflux
      from preloaded parotid glands in vitro it is suggested that dopamine stimulates
      potassium efflux through an indirect sympathomimetic activity--i.e. releasing
      noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve endings.

PMID- 4005604
TI  - Myelination of mouse cerebellar explants by rat cultured oligodendrocytes.
AB  - It has been shown that transplanted central nervous system tissue containing
      oligodendrocytes will myelinate neuronal processes in vitro and in situ. In this
      study we propose to show that cultured rat oligodendrocytes have the capacity to
      myelinate mouse cerebellar neuronal processes in vitro. Cultured rat
      oligodendrocytes were transplanted to cytosine arabinoside-treated mouse
      cerebellar explant cultures, then observed for myelination. Ultrastructural
      examination showed myelin and myelin-like figures in co-cultures. Control
      cytosine arabinoside-treated cultures and cultured oligodendroglia were without
      compact myelin.

PMID- 4005605
TI  - Inhibition of sexual receptivity by anesthesia during estrogen priming.
AB  - Anesthetics such as pentobarbital have been used to infer a role of neural
      activity in several neuroendocrine responses. The present experiments tested the
      hypothesis that neural activity during estrogen priming is necessary for the
      induction of sexual receptivity. Sexual behavior was induced in ovariectomized
      female rats by two pulses of unesterified estradiol 6 h apart, followed by
      progesterone at 19 h and testing at 24 h. Anesthetizing animals for approximately
      1 h during each exposure to estradiol inhibited the induction of receptivity.
      Anesthesia immediately before each exposure to estradiol did not interfere with
      the induction of sexual receptivity. The induction of neural progestin receptors
      by estradiol was not prevented by anesthesia. Anesthesia had no effect on the
      uterine weight response to estradiol. These results suggest that neural activity
      during estrogen priming is required for the induction of sexual receptivity, and
      point to differences in the mechanism of action of estrogens in the brain and the
      uterus.

PMID- 4005606
TI  - Recruitment patterns in the rat hindlimb muscle during swimming.
AB  - Cycle periods and electromyographic (EMG) burst durations of selected extensors
      and flexors are shorter during swimming than during running at 27 m/min, while
      the relative ON-OFF timing of these interrelationships are similar. The mean EMG
      activities of the tibialis anterior and adductor longus were higher and the
      soleus and medial gastrocnemius were lower during swimming than during running.
      Both fast and slow extensors are activated during both forms of locomotion, thus
      demonstrating that there is not a selective recruitment of fast or selective
      inhibition of slow ankle extensors during swimming as measures of muscle blood
      flow have suggested.

PMID- 4005608
TI  - A neural pathway for the shift response in the cat.
AB  - The shift response (McIlwain effect) was elicited by moving a large grating
      situated greater than 15 degrees from the conventional receptive field center
      (RFC). We examined the change in the amplitude of the shift response induced by
      placing a steady target on the RFC or the RF surround. We found that appropriate
      stimulation of the RFC or the RF surround will increase and inappropriate
      stimulation will decrease the amplitude of the shift response in a graded manner.
      The amplitude of the shift response was not correlated with the maintained
      activity but was correlated with the transient peak firing rate which is evoked
      by flashing the enhancing stimulus. A shift stimulus which elicits a strong shift
      response can be blocked by inappropriate stimulation. The results suggest that
      the shift signal is modulating a tonic signal which is present in the RF. Because
      the shift response is a transient excitation, we suggest that the shift response
      results from a disinhibitory process. A possible neural pathway for the shift
      response is presented.

PMID- 4005607
TI  - The effect of intracerebroventricular 3-mercaptopropionic acid on blood pressure
      and heart rate in the rat.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, 250
      micrograms/10 microliter) elicited an elevation of blood pressure in a dose
      dependent manner in anaesthetized rats. This elevation of blood pressure could be
      blocked by treatment with amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA, 25 mg/kg, i.p.) 5 h prior
      to the i.c.v. injection of 3-MP. Given intraperitoneally (i.p.), 3-MP (75 mg/kg)
      had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate. I.c.v. injection of 3-MP produced
      a selective decrease in GABA content in the diencephalon and mesencephalon,
      whereas i.p. injection of 3-MP caused a decrease in GABA content in all regions
      of brain, including telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons and medulla.
      The results suggest that the elevation of blood pressure induced by i.c.v.
      injection of 3-MP may be the result of a selective depletion of GABA in
      diencephalon and/or mesencephalon. Decreases in GABA content in brain regions
      other than diencephalon and mesencephalon may lead to an opposite effect in
      modulating blood pressure.

PMID- 4005609
TI  - Regional blood-brain barrier permeability to water and cerebral blood flow during
      status epilepticus: insensitivity to norepinephrine depletion.
AB  - To test whether status epilepticus alters regional blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      permeability to water when systemic hypertension is avoided, and whether central
      noradrenergic innervation contributes to the regulation of BBB in this setting,
      Wistar rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nucleus locus
      coeruleus (LC) were subjected to 8 min of bicuculline-induced status epilepticus
      while ventilated with 100% oxygen; arterial normotension was preserved by
      withdrawal of arterial blood as required. Regional cerebral blood flow and
      permeability-times-surface-area product (PS) for water were measured by a double
      label modification of the Kety integral strategy, with [14C]butanol and
      [3H]water, respectively. In normocapnic control rats, regional cerebral blood
      flow (rCBF) was 1.92 +/- 0.57 ml/g/min and water extraction fraction was 0.81 +/-
      0.08 (S.D.). Values in control rats breathing 100% oxygen were similar. During
      status epilepticus, rCBF increased two- to three-fold; water extraction fraction
      declined, but there were no significant side-to-side differences for either rCBF
      or regional PS product for water in LC-lesioned animals despite an 81% reduction
      of cortical norepinephrine content on the lesioned side. The PS product for water
      increased by 42% during status epilepticus, but the flow vs PS-product
      relationship did not depart from that predicted on the basis of data in control
      rats. Thus, when systemic hypertension is prevented, brief status epilepticus
      does not induce abnormal BBB permeability to water, and unilateral LC lesion
      fails to influence either rCBF or the cerebrovascular PS product for water.

PMID- 4005610
TI  - Acute responses to experimental blunt head trauma: topography of white matter
      edema.
AB  - The location of edema and territory of extravasation of serum protein were
      examined in the white matter of cats with different forms of intracranial
      pathology following an impact-acceleration injury to the head. Edema was tested
      with an organic density gradient and Evans blue dye was used as a marker for
      breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Animals with tissue hemorrhage (contusions)
      involving both cerebral cortex and white matter had a substantial, progressive
      accumulation of Evans blue-stained edema near tissue hemorrhage during the 6 h
      following trauma. In addition, this category of cats had a widespread, mild edema
      at 15 min after injury that was usually unaccompanied by Evans blue stain. Cats
      with cortical contusions had rather mild edema neighboring tissue hemorrhage;
      animals with subarachnoid hemorrhage in the absence of cerebral contusions had
      neither measurable edema nor (usually) visible Evans blue staining. We conclude
      that: acute traumatic cerebral edema varies considerably in presence, magnitude
      and territory with different forms of intracranial pathology; and mechanically
      induced edema can occur that is independent of spread of fluid from areas of
      tissue hemorrhage.

PMID- 4005611
TI  - Quantitative film autoradiography for tritium: methodological considerations.
AB  - The details of quantitative film autoradiography for tritium using tritium
      plastic standards were examined with respect to 3 issues: tritium tissue
      equivalent (TE) calibration; correction of autoabsorption differences for gray
      and white matter; and the use of carbon-14 standard sources as a method for
      quantifying tritium tissue images. Both 3H-tissue and 3H-plastic sources produced
      linear log-log relationships of 3H-concentration (nCi/mg source weight) vs source
      optical density (OD) over a reproducible OD range (0.080-0.800). The curves for
      both 3H-tissue and 3H-plastic were parallel; uncalibrated 3H-plastic standards
      exhibited a 4-fold higher autoabsorption over 3H-tissue sources for OD values in
      the linear range. Using chloroform extraction of brains from rats treated with
      either [14C]deoxyglucose ([14C]DG) or [3H]deoxyglucose ([3H]DG), we found neither
      isotope loss nor redistribution after defatting (30% reduction of tissue dry
      weight). After chloroform extraction, the OD values from both gray and white
      matter structures containing carbon-14 were unaltered. Gray matter OD values
      increased by 28.7 +/- 5.6% (mean +/- S.D.) in structures containing tritium;
      white matter structures containing tritium exhibited a 115.9 +/- 29.3% increase
      in OD after chloroform extraction. The increase in OD after chloroform extraction
      was a fixed percent for any given tritium OD value from unextracted tissue when
      the value was within the linear range of 0.080-0.800 OD units. The magnitude of
      the higher white matter autoabsorption for tritium was confirmed using tritium
      impregnated cow brain pastes of variable gray/white mixtures. Chloroform
      extraction of tissue from [3H]DG treated rats was therefore a suitable procedure
      for direct correction of regionally heterogeneous autoabsorption of tritium.
      Finally, the rates of image generation for tritium and carbon-14 sources were
      compared. The rate of increase of OD with increasing exposure time was found to
      be equal for 3H-tissue and 3H-plastic images; sources of carbon-14 in plastic,
      however, exhibited more accelerated rates of image generation when compared to
      tritium sources (i.e. 3H- and 14C-images did not covary with exposure time). The
      effect of non-covariance on tritium TE calibrated standards was the
      overestimation of OD values for 14C-plastic standards with increasing times of
      exposure (comparison of 4 week images to 1 week images showed errors of 35-40%).
      Use of carbon-14 sources to quantify tritium-generated images therefore required
      recalibration of 14C-plastic for all exposure times of interest.

PMID- 4005612
TI  - The postnatal development of retinocollicular projections in normal hamsters and
      in hamsters following neonatal monocular enucleation: a horseradish peroxidase
      tracing study.
AB  - The pattern of distribution of the retinal projections to the superior colliculus
      (SC) has been studied in developing normal hamsters and in hamsters following
      unilateral eye enucleation at birth, using the anterograde horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) method. The results show that in normal hamsters the contralateral
      retinocollicular projection has already reached the caudal pole of the SC on the
      day of birth, and covered the entire SC by day 1. The ipsilateral
      retinocollicular projection is distributed only to the rostrolateral portion of
      the SC on day 0, but has covered the entire area of the SC on day 1. The
      innervation of the SC by the ipsilateral projection increases gradually until it
      reaches its maximum density on day 3 or day 4. Beginning on day 6, the density of
      the ipsilateral projection decreases markedly except in areas where there is a
      distinct clumping of retinal fibers. The normal adult pattern, which consists of
      dense clumps of ipsilateral retinal projections in the rostral half of the SC and
      a sparse ipsilateral retinal projection distributing in almost the entire extent
      of the SC, is established on day 10. In animals in which one eye was removed on
      the day of birth, the ipsilateral projection is observed in the rostral two
      thirds of the SC on day 1, and innervates the entire extent of the colliculus on
      day 2. On day 3 or day 4, this projection is denser than that found in normal
      animals of the same age. The SC remains heavily innervated by ipsilateral fibers
      on and after day 6. The abnormal adult pattern, which consists of dense
      ipsilateral retinal projections in most parts of the SC, is observed on day 10.
      The anomalous ipsilateral retinocollicular projection which develops in eye
      enucleated animals suggests that there is a competitive interaction between
      fibers from the two eyes during development which is critical in shaping the
      normal adult pattern of the ipsilateral retinocollicular projection. The early
      development of the contralateral projection is in advance of the ipsilateral
      projection, and removal of the contralateral fibers by eye enucleation at birth
      seems to result in a further delay in the development of the ipsilateral
      projection. This suggests that in the hamster the contralateral fibers may play a
      role in guiding the ipsilateral fibers to reach their target region.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4005613
TI  - Removal and reimplantation of the parietal cortex of the neonatal mouse:
      consequences for the barrelfield.
AB  - The barrelfield, i.e., the cortical representation of the contralateral
      whiskerpad, develops in the mouse between postnatal days 4 and 6 (P4 and P6). The
      pattern of barrels in the barrelfield is dependent on that of the whiskers on the
      whiskerpad. We removed (unilaterally) and reimplanted, with normal orientation (n
      = 23) or after 180 degrees rotation (n = 23), that part of the pallium where the
      barrelfield is to develop. These operations were made at birth (PO), at P1 or at
      P3. Our aim was to know whether a homeomorphic representation of the periphery
      would be established, by regeneration or by retarded growth of surviving thalamic
      fibers into the cortex, and if so, whether it could be modified in its
      orientation. Of group (i) 16 animals survived of which 14 killed between P26 and
      P29 could be analyzed. We operated 11 at PO and 4 of these had a normal
      barrelfield, two a rotated one (by about 30 degrees) with some barrels in odd
      positions, one a wildly disorganized one and 4 no barrels at all. Three mice
      operated at P3 presented a normal barrelfield. In group (ii) operated at PO, the
      17 survivors, killed between P13 and P68, had no barrels. The results indicate
      that a homeomorphic representation of the periphery may be established in the
      somatosensory cortex after an early, complete and massive interruption not only
      of all its afferent and efferent fibers, but also of its vascularization. With
      respect to animals of group (ii) we cannot rule out the ingrowth of thalamic
      afferents into the implant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005614
TI  - Presence of retinogeniculate fibers is essential for initiating the formation of
      each interlaminar space in the lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - We demonstrated in a previous study that, following neonatal bilateral
      enucleation in the tree shrew, interlaminar spaces (ILSs) in the dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus fail to form. In the present study we sought to determine
      which aspects of ILS formation are dependent upon retinal input. Accordingly, we
      studied the degree of ILS formation in tree shrews which were bilaterally
      enucleated either during ILS formation on postnatal day 3 (P3) or just after all
      ILS were apparent but before they had reached a mature width (P15). Our results
      indicate that retinal input is necessary for the initial formation of each ILS,
      but that it is not required for the maturation or maintenance of ILSs which have
      already begun to form.

PMID- 4005616
TI  - The regulation of nerve fiber length by intercalated elongation and retraction.
AB  - Cell body movements were observed in cultures of rat sympathetic neurons that
      were accommodated by the elongation of neurite segments intercalated between the
      cell bodies and distal neurites. The elongation may represent growth of the
      neurites in response to mechanical tension arising from the cell body movements.
      Preliminary observations also suggest that neurites made slack may actively
      shorten. Control of nerve fiber length by mechanical tension could allow the
      nervous system to readily accommodate changes in the size and shape of the
      organism that occur during development and growth. It is possible that nerve
      growth factor promotes nerve fiber elongation indirectly through tension
      generated by growth cone movements.

PMID- 4005615
TI  - Alterations in the laminar distribution of pentagastrin binding sites in cat
      visual cortex during postnatal development.
AB  - The distribution and characteristics of [3H]pentagastrin (CCK-5) binding sites
      were examined in the visual cortex of cats of varied age. CCK-5-labelled binding
      sites in a highly age-dependent, laminar-specific manner. In young kittens, CCK-5
      binding sites were found dominantly in layers IV-VI. During the first 3 months of
      postnatal development the laminar pattern of binding changed so that by 95 days
      postnatal, layers I-III and VI were the most densely labelled. CCK-5 binding
      sites appear to be members of a class of receptors which exhibit laminar
      alterations in their distribution during early postnatal development.

PMID- 4005617
TI  - Early postnatal development of the monkey visual system. II. Elimination of
      retinogeniculate synapses.
AB  - Profiles of retinal terminals, and of their synaptic and non-synaptic contacts,
      were measured in electron micrographs from magnocellular and parvocellular
      laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) in newborn, 1-,4-,8- and
      17-week-old rhesus monkeys. Morphologic criteria, i.e., the presence of pale
      mitochondria and large round vesicles, were used to identify the profile of
      retinal origin. Size-frequency histograms were stereologically reconstructed and
      used to calculate the density of retinal boutons and synaptic and non-synaptic
      plaques. The density values were adjusted for laminar growth to yield estimates
      of total numbers of these elements. Numerical estimates indicate bouton
      proliferation during the first week, followed by substantial reductions in bouton
      number accompanied by profound decreases in synapse number and cumulative
      synaptic area. In magnocellular layers, the reduction in synapse number is more
      pronounced after the eighth week, whereas the decrements in both features in the
      parvocellular laminae occur before this time. This synapse elimination process
      may be due entirely to retinal bouton retraction in parvocellular layers, but
      involves additional retinal synapse loss in the magnocellular segment. The
      parvocellular division shows a further size contraction of the remaining
      synapses. Immature synapses predominate in the LGNd throughout the 4-month
      period, and no quantitative evidence for direct transformation of immature to
      mature contacts is obtained. Non-synaptic junctions are stable in number but of
      increasing size in magnocellular layers, whereas substantial increases in number
      and area are found in parvocellular laminae. The preceding modifications in
      synaptic organization of the monkey LGNd occurring during the initial postnatal
      period may provide morphologic bases for the physiological and behavioral changes
      observed in this species during the same interval. Our data underscore the
      conclusion that synaptic reorganization occurs over a prolonged period, probably
      extending beyond 4 months, and involving the process of synapse elimination.

PMID- 4005618
TI  - Developmental morphometry of the vagus nerve in the opossum.
AB  - Developmental morphology of the vagus nerve has been described for placental but
      not marsupial mammals such as the opossum which undergo even greater postnatal
      maturation. In the present study, the cervical vagus nerve of opossums from the
      seventh postnatal day to the adult were compared after 3% glutaraldehyde
      immersion, postfixation in osmium tetroxide and staining with uranyl acetate and
      lead citrate. At 7 days of age, axons were unmyelinated. Only 4 myelinated axons
      were present at the 25th postnatal day and by 50 days of age only 11% of adult
      values were reached. The number of Schwann cells increased from 105 at age 7 days
      up to 640 in the adult. The number of myelin lamellae surrounding the largest
      axons increased from 9 at 25 days up to 102 +/- 9 at adulthood. In the newborn
      kitten and rabbit, the number of myelinated vagal fibers comprised 10% (n = 326)
      and 18% (n = 653), respectively, of that reached in the adult animal. Comparable
      values are not obtained in the opossum until the 50th postnatal day.

PMID- 4005619
TI  - Development of the avian accessory optic system: effects of embryonic optic
      lesions.
AB  - Representative cross-sections of the nuclei ectomammillaris (EM) from both normal
      and optically lesioned chick embryos (45 h of incubation, stage 12), were
      analyzed and compared on days 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 of incubation. An
      identifiable EM is clearly present at 8 days, in both normal and lesioned
      embryos, and increases in cell number and area up to embryonic day 12. However,
      embryos with partial or complete unilateral optic ablations demonstrate an
      apparent acceleration in cell death rate when compared with normals, from days 12
      16, when a relatively mature and stable form of EM is apparently reached. Thus,
      early optic lesions do not affect the morphology of EM until day 12. These data
      also indicate that embryonic ipsilateral pathways to EM may persist and even
      expand when one eye primordium is removed or partially lesioned.

PMID- 4005620
TI  - Differentiation of the giant and fusiform cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of
      the hamster.
AB  - Two categories of large neurons--fusiform cells and giant cells--can be
      distinguished in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the hamster. In the adult, these
      neurons are located in separate laminae in the nucleus and have distinct
      dendritic morphology. However, the two cell types are not distinguishable in the
      newborn hamster. At birth the large cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are
      clustered into one group and are alike morphologically. On postnatal day 5,
      laminae are still not apparent, but the neurons have begun to acquire their adult
      shapes. By day 15 laminae have formed, and the cells appear mature with the one
      exception that the apical dendrites of the fusiform cells have not acquired the
      spines which will cover their surface in the adult. The appearance of laminae
      coincides with the growth of axons and dendrites into a interstitial zone between
      the layers of cell bodies. Dendritic growth occurs during the time of axonal
      ingrowth and establishment of contacts between the axons and dendrites. The
      growth of the apical dendrites of fusiform cells, which are not contacted by
      these fibers, lags behind. These results demonstrate that afferent ingrowth and
      the differentiation of dendrites in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are temporally
      related. The synchronous development may serve to ensure a specific synaptic
      arrangement between the axons and their target dendrites.

PMID- 4005621
TI  - A light and electron microscopic study of the development of two regions of the
      chick forebrain.
AB  - The post hatch development of two regions of the chick telencephalon has been
      studied using light and electron microscopic quantitative methods. The
      hyperstriatum ventrale is a region known to be involved in the learning process
      of imprinting, and hyperstriatum accessorium is a primary telencephalic visual
      projection area. There were significant changes in synaptic density, neuronal
      density, glial cell density and in the synapse/neuron ratio in hyperstriatum
      ventrale. In contrast, hyperstriatum accessorium showed a greater degree of
      stability. The most rapid changes were seen in the immediate post-hatch period.
      This coincides with the period during which the critical period for imprinting
      lies.

PMID- 4005622
TI  - The innervation of the primate fungiform papilla--development, distribution and
      changes following selective ablation.
AB  - The development of the terminal parts of the chorda tympani nerve, lingual nerve
      and cranial sympathetics in the macaque fungiform papillae were studied by light-
      and electron microscopy. Their respective distributions in the intra- and
      extragemmal compartments of papillae from adult macaques were examined following
      selective ablation of each nerve. Prior to midgestation, a single bundle of
      unmyelinated axons which contained numerous axoaxonic synapses passed through the
      subepithelial connective tissue and ramified in the single nascent chemosensory
      corpuscle and surrounding non-gustatory epithelium. Following midgestation,
      additional chemosensory corpuscles appeared, possibly by division of existing
      corpuscles, myelination of axons was begun, axoaxonic synapses were eliminated,
      and nerve terminals appeared in the subepithelial connective tissue as free nerve
      endings and coiled simple nerve endings. In the perinatal period, coiled simple
      endings, corpuscular receptors and Meissner corpuscles were present in the
      papilla core. Large numbers of intra-epithelial nerve endings were present in the
      extragemmal epithelium throughout development. Tonofilament collars ensheathed
      intra-epithelial axons and 80-100 nm dense core granules, occupying adjacent
      epithelial cells, appeared to be sequestered near such axons. Experimental
      selective ablation indicated that the terminal parts of chorda tympani fibers
      were present only within chemosensory corpuscles. In contrast, lingual nerve
      endings were present both in the extragemmal epithelium and chemosensory
      corpuscles and also were the sole supply of corpuscular receptors. Sympathetics
      appeared to be sparsely distributed in the papilla core. Intra-epithelial axons
      degenerated within 24 h following transection, while axons with Schwann or
      lamellar cell sheaths or myelin persisted for at least 3 days.

PMID- 4005623
TI  - Local cerebral metabolic effects induced by nigral stimulation following
      ventromedial thalamic lesions. II: Sensory motor, reticular and limbic systems.
AB  - The involvement of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus (VM) in mediating the local
      cerebral metabolic effects induced by unilateral substantia nigra (SN) electrical
      stimulation was investigated in the awake rat. Local cerebral glucose utilization
      (LCGU) was measured during ipsilateral SN-stimulation in VM-intact rats as well
      as in animals bearing 8 or 30 days old electrolytic VM-lesions, using the 14C
      deoxyglucose quantitative autoradiographic method. In VM-intact rats, SN
      stimulation enhanced LCGU in several bilateral components of the sensory motor,
      reticular, and limbic systems despite the lack of direct anatomical connections.
      Almost all these metabolic activations were no longer apparent one week following
      VM-lesion. In contrast, one month after the VM-injury, the above activations
      reappeared even more dramatically than in VM-intact animals especially on the
      contralateral side. It is concluded that SN-stimulation activates several brain
      regions of both hemispheres beyond the traditional motor areas, the role of the
      VM in mediating these activations is crucial, and the plasticity of the adult CNS
      allows for recovery of metabolic responsiveness in a disturbed system.

PMID- 4005624
TI  - Sex and strain differences in morphine-induced temperature effects in WKYs and
      SHRs.
AB  - Male and female normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHRs) all responded to morphine treatment with biphasic dose
      response curves, exhibiting hyperthermia at low doses and hypothermia at higher
      doses. However the direction and magnitude of temperature changes induced by
      different doses of morphine varied significantly depending upon the sex and
      strain (WKY vs. SHR) of the test animals. Both WKY and SHR males responded with
      little change in temperature at 1.0 mg/kg and hyperthermia at 5.0 mg/kg.
      Hypothermia appeared in SHR males at 10 mg/kg, while hypothermia in WKY males was
      not seen until 20 mg/kg was administered. Both WKY and SHR females demonstrated a
      greater sensitivity than their male counterparts to the thermotropic effects of
      morphine, exhibiting hyperthermia at 1.0 mg/kg, which was greater than the
      hyperthermia exhibited by male rats, and progressively greater hypothermia at
      2.0, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg. SHR females demonstrated hypothermia at lower doses of
      morphine than did WKY females but were otherwise not different. These findings
      indicate that (1) morphine-induced temperature effects in SHRs and WKYs are
      dependent upon dose; (2) SHRs seem more sensitive than WKYs to the hypothermic
      effects of morphine; and (3) female rats seem more sensitive than male rats to
      the thermotropic effects of morphine in general.

PMID- 4005625
TI  - Electrophysiological characteristics of amygdaloid central nucleus neurons in the
      awake rabbit.
AB  - Considerable evidence suggests that the amygdaloid central nucleus (ACE) may
      contribute importantly to autonomic regulation, possibly via direct ACE
      projections to the brainstem. Lacking, however, have been comprehensive data
      concerning the electrophysiological characteristics of ACE neurons. The present
      experiment was therefore undertaken in order to characterize the spontaneous
      activity and sensory-evoked responses of ACE neurons in the conscious rabbit.
      Particular attention was given to the identification, via antidromic activation,
      and characterization of those ACE neurons which project to the lower brainstem.
      Single-unit recordings were obtained from 100 histologically verified ACE
      neurons. Most of these, including all brainstem projection neurons, discharged at
      very low spontaneous rates and were unresponsive to the presentation of auditory,
      visual and somatic stimuli. Based upon spontaneous activity and sensory-evoked
      responses, the activity of other ACE neurons appeared to conform to one of
      several profiles. These included neurons showing increased activity to the
      presentation of all sensory stimuli, and neurons showing activity that was
      spontaneously entrained with the respiratory cycle. These data indicate the
      heterogeneous nature of ACE neuronal activity, and provide a basis for the
      comparison of additional experiments which concern the electrophysiological
      characteristics of the ACE.

PMID- 4005626
TI  - [Regulatory mechanisms of spinal cord monosynaptic reflexes and posture].

PMID- 4005627
TI  - [The effect of electrolyte and iso-oncotic cardioplegic solutions on oxidative
      phorphorylation in mitochondria in the ischemic myocardium in dogs].

PMID- 4005628
TI  - [An attempt to decrease the concentration of ammonia in preserved blood using ion
      exchange].

PMID- 4005629
TI  - [Hormones of the thyroid gland and pancreas in lethally irradiated rats].

PMID- 4005630
TI  - [Use of an enzyme electrode with immobilized glucose oxidase for the rapid
      determination of glucose in plasma].

PMID- 4005631
TI  - [Tussiphonogram of workers exposed to toluene].

PMID- 4005632
TI  - [Theoretical basis of the origin and course of cardiovascular diseases--partial
      prognosis of basic research].

PMID- 4005633
TI  - Demonstration of two erythrocyte populations in young chickens by counter-current
      distribution of 59Fe-labelled cells in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) two-phase
      systems.
AB  - The technique of fractionating cells by a counter-current distribution procedure
      in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) biphasic systems was modified by increasing the
      settling time and decreasing the top/bottom two-phase volume ratio. Two sub
      populations of 59Fe-labelled erythrocytes, namely definitive medullar cells and
      primitive embryonic cells, were present in the blood of young chicks until about
      day 8 of age. The primitive cells were progressively replaced by definitive red
      cells as age increased.

PMID- 4005634
TI  - Effect of dietary copper on litter microbial population and broiler performance.
AB  - Proprietary broiler diets, containing added copper (125 mg/kg) as sulphate, were
      fed to broilers in 4 trials (32 pens each) over a one year period without a
      change of litter. Mould counts in the litter of pens containing birds fed the
      standard diets decreased to 2 X 10(3) propagules per g in trial 4. Those in the
      pens with birds fed the diets containing supplemental copper decreased to 6 X
      10(2) propagules per g. Litter bacterial counts (10(7) organisms/g) were not
      affected by dietary copper. Litter copper concentrations in pens where the birds
      were fed supplemented diets increased significantly to more than 600 mg/kg in
      trial 4. Dietary copper sulphate addition significantly increased broiler weight
      gains at 7 weeks in trials 3 and 4 (P less than 0.05) and the efficiency of food
      utilisation was significantly improved in trial 4. The copper content of the
      chicks' livers remained unchanged. It is suggested that broiler performance may
      be independent of dietary copper content. Litter copper concentrations and litter
      microbial alterations may be important factors.

PMID- 4005635
TI  - Relationship between serotypes of Salmonellae from hatcheries and rearing farms
      and those from processed poultry carcases.
AB  - The influence of the hatchery and the poultry farm on the contamination of
      poultry carcases by Salmonella species has been studied by examining samples from
      different stages of production. The incidence of Salmonella serotypes in the
      hatchery varied considerably in different broiler flocks and decreased from the
      beginning to the end of the rearing period. Serotypes originating in the hatchery
      were less important in the final product than those present in the house, or
      those introduced into the house by vectors during rearing.

PMID- 4005636
TI  - Genetic analysis of strain differences in pre-laying behaviour in battery cages.
AB  - The behaviour of hens of two strains during the 10 min before laying in battery
      cages was studied. Hens of one strain typically exhibited backward-and-forward
      pacing before laying. Hens of the other strain did not pace and tended to sit.
      Individual hens of both strains were consistent in their expression of pacing and
      sitting before laying. There was genetic variation in the expression of both
      pacing and sitting before laying, and both traits responded to selection. Crosses
      between the two lines indicated additive genetic variation in the expression of
      sitting behaviour and non-additive variation in the expression of pacing
      behaviour.

PMID- 4005637
TI  - Parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts in male chicks: advancement of reproductive
      function and changes in plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone and
      androgen.
AB  - Advancement of reproductive function occurred in male domestic chicks after
      lateral hypothalamic deafferentation (bilateral knife cuts extending from the
      preoptic to the mamillary region) at 2 weeks of age. Five out of 24 chicks showed
      sexual precocity as shown by accelerated comb growth after surgery. The 5 chicks
      had significantly higher concentrations of plasma luteinising hormone (LH) and
      androgen (A) than 5 sham-operated controls. Maximum concentrations of plasma LH
      and A were observed 3 and 4 weeks respectively after surgery. It is concluded
      that in the male domestic chick gonadotropin secretion is inhibited by
      extrahypothalamic influences.

PMID- 4005638
TI  - Food intake of the laying hen following crop loads of maize oil and other
      nutrients.
AB  - The metabolisable energy (ME) of the diet of laying hens at an ambient
      temperature (Ta) of 20 degrees C was abruptly changed from 10.9 MJ/kg to 12.9
      MJ/kg, or vice versa. Food intake during the next 14 d was significantly reduced
      by the low ME diet and was increased by the high ME diet, that is, the expected
      compensatory changes in food intake did not occur. Laying hens given the same
      change of diet as above but kept at 32 degrees C did not show any change in food
      intake within 14 d. Thus ME intake increased with the high ME diet and decreased
      with the low ME diet. Daily doses of 10 ml maize oil/kg body weight given
      directly into the crop of laying hens at a Ta of 20 degrees C, resulted in an
      immediate, significant, reduction of food intake such that total ME intake
      remained the same as with normal feeding. Daily doses of 3 ml maize oil/kg, given
      as before, resulted in an immediate, significant, reduction in food intake at a
      Ta of 20 degrees C but at a Ta of 32 degrees C food intake remained unchanged;
      consequently daily ME intake increased. Loading the crop with glucose or sucrose,
      at Ta 20 degrees C, in quantities which provided a similar ME as 3 ml maize
      oil/kg, reduced food intake but the adjustment was less precise and daily ME
      intake increased. Loading with glycerol or protein hydrolysate decreased both
      food and ME intake. Crop loads of starch were as effective as maize oil in
      bringing about a significant and compensatory reduction of food intake. Similar
      volumes of water or liquid paraffin placed in the crop did not affect food or ME
      intake. A similar weight or cellulose placed in the crop reduced food and ME
      intake.

PMID- 4005639
TI  - Sodium requirement of the turkey hen.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to determine the sodium requirement of the Large
      White turkey hen. A supplementation rate of 0.59 g sodium/kg diet (1.0 g
      sodium/kg in total) was required for maximum production when the hens were fed a
      maize-soyabean meal diet. The egg production of hens receiving a diet without
      added sodium had fallen to zero after 70 d. After 1.18 g sodium/kg was added to
      the diet 40% of hens returned to production within 14 d.

PMID- 4005640
TI  - Influence of egg storage on hatchability, embryonic development and vitamin
      status in hatching broiler chicks.
AB  - Storage of eggs for 14 d prior to incubation depressed hatchability by 10%. Most
      of the increase in embryonic mortality (64%) occurred during the first week of
      incubation, with a further 30% taking place during the third week. Chicks
      hatching from stored eggs did not show any increased incidence of physical
      abnormalities characteristic of vitamin deficiencies. Chicks from stored eggs
      showed haematological abnormalities characteristic of mild macrocytic anaemia.
      Such changes can result from deficiencies of folic acid or cobalamin. Biochemical
      and haematological data did not suggest impairments in the status of the chicks
      with respect to a range of other vitamins.

PMID- 4005641
TI  - Pre-laying behaviour in battery cages.
AB  - The pre-laying behaviour of hens from two strains of domestic fowls housed in
      battery cages was studied. Hens from one strain exhibited stereotyped pacing
      before laying, whereas hens from the other tended to sit during the pre-laying
      period. Hens from both strains performed vacuum nest-building behaviour before
      laying. Implications of these findings in relation to the improvement of animal
      welfare are discussed.

PMID- 4005643
TI  - The toxic shock syndrome in burned children.
AB  - Seven cases of presumed Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), occurred in burned children
      admitted to the Regional Burn Unit at St Andrew's Hospital, Billericay. Four
      patients died, and three caused concern. 30 per cent of Staphylococcus aureus
      isolates available for retrospective study were found to be toxin producing. On
      reviewing children in this age group admitted between September 1982 and April
      1984 we feel that a form of TSS has occurred commonly, in some cases where the
      burned area was less than 5 per cent. Certain recommendations are made.

PMID- 4005642
TI  - Interactions between wheat and other dietary cereals with respect to
      metabolisable energy and digestible amino acids.
AB  - Small, varying improvements in apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities were
      obtained when wheat was combined with certain other cereals in broiler diets.
      Synergistic interactions, sometimes resulting in large improvements in the
      apparent metabolisable energy (AME) contents of the diets, were also observed
      with certain cereal combinations. Combining wheat with maize or oats enhanced the
      utilisation of dietary energy and amino acids.

PMID- 4005644
TI  - A new temporary synthetic skin substitute.
AB  - Eighteen months of experience with a new synthetic temporary skin substitute
      (Omiderm, Omikron Scientific Ltd., Rehovot, Israel) is presented. The substitute
      is a thin, transparent, flexible membrane. It is used when a biological dressing
      would otherwise have been used. Our experience consists of laboratory studies and
      75 clinical cases including donor sites application, chronic wounds, ulcers,
      partial thickness and full thickness burns. The membrane is very elastic,
      permitting free movement and physiotherapy during the healing process. The
      material protects the wound and prevents either the accumulation of fluid under
      it or wound desiccation. It does not interfere with the normal healing process.
      It reduces pain, prevents bacterial invasion and is very easy to handle.
      Complications, such as haematoma formation or infection, were quite few. We
      recommend its use in routine daily practice.

PMID- 4005645
TI  - A team approach with severely burned children in a multi-disciplinary
      rehabilitation setting.
AB  - A scheme for the rehabilitation of children with severe burns in the setting of a
      multi-disciplinary centre for physically disabled children is described. Our
      results suggest that early transfer from an acute hospital to a more homelike
      residential facility with a team approach, hastens rehabilitation both physically
      and emotionally.

PMID- 4005646
TI  - The radial forearm island flap in early reconstruction of a severely burned hand.
AB  - The radial forearm island flap has been shown to give a reliable one stage
      reconstruction in upper limb trauma, providing thin pliable, and when required,
      innervated full thickness skin cover. We present one case which demonstrates the
      use of this versatile flap in early reconstruction of a severely burned hand.

PMID- 4005647
TI  - Use of autogenous omentum for grafting electrical injury affecting the scalp and
      skull.
AB  - A patient with high voltage electrical injury affecting the scalp and skull has
      been treated successfully using autogenous grafts of the greater omentum.

PMID- 4005648
TI  - A hard necrotic black right breast.

PMID- 4005649
TI  - Children's burns due to cresol.
AB  - A total of 213 burns were admitted to the Burns Unit at the Royal Children's
      Hospital, Brisbane, during the 2 year period 1982-1983. Of these 118 were due to
      scalds and 33 were due to flame burns. However, one patient was admitted
      following burning with cresol after inhalation. We have had several such injuries
      in previous years. Two such patients are discussed and the problems of cresol
      burns are briefly discussed. Such injuries pose a problem inasmuch as while not
      frequent, they are injuries that could probably be prevented.

PMID- 4005650
TI  - The human pharmacology of silver sulphadiazine (AgSD)

PMID- 4005652
TI  - Trace metal analysis.

PMID- 4005651
TI  - Phase I study of elliptinium (2-N-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium).
AB  - Elliptinium (2-N-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium), a chemotherapeutic agent whose
      mechanism of action has not been completely elucidated, intercalates into DNA. In
      this Phase I clinical trial, the schedule of drug administration consisted of
      weekly intravenous infusions. Twenty-nine patients were evaluable for toxicity.
      The initial dose level was 40 mg/m2 and was escalated to 150 mg/m2 through six
      levels. The dose-limiting side effects were emesis, xerostomia, and azotemia. The
      lack of myelosuppression was the most striking feature. Objective responses
      (partial remission, minor response) were seen in one patient each with Hodgkin's
      disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We
      recommend a Phase II evaluation of elliptinium at a dose of 100 mg/m2 on a weekly
      schedule.

PMID- 4005653
TI  - Two cases of pancreatic carcinoma.

PMID- 4005654
TI  - The last word.

PMID- 4005655
TI  - Self-esteem of abused children.
AB  - Thirty-seven children admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of abuse at an
      average of 5.5 years previously were compared with 37 non-abused children matched
      for age, sex, ethnic group, school and social class. The mean age of the children
      with 8.9 years (range 4.6-14.0 years). Self-esteem in the children was assessed
      by means of a structured interview with the child and the Piers-Harris Self
      Concept Scale. The abused children saw themselves as having significantly fewer
      friends than the comparison children and they played with friends less often.
      They were less ambitious than the non-abused children with regard to the sort of
      occupation they would like as adults and were significantly lower in self-concept
      on the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. These results show that, as well as
      providing treatment for abusive parents, a long-term program which aims at
      improving interpersonal relationship skills and self-esteem is required for
      abused children.

PMID- 4005656
TI  - Case disposition recommendations of attorneys and social workers in child abuse
      investigations.
AB  - This study is concerned with decision making in child abuse investigations. The
      study used an experimental design to investigate the effects of four case factors
      that influence child protective service workers' and attorneys' dispositions
      choices in alleged cases of physical child abuse. The factors were: the physical
      injury, mild or serious; previous report of child abuse, yes or no; parental
      reaction, positive or negative; and parental admission of involvement with
      injury, admit or deny. The main findings were: Attorneys had a tendency to
      recommend court intervention, while protective workers had a tendency not to
      recommend court action; and all four case factors had a significant effect on the
      disposition choices for both professional groups, although injury and previous
      report accounted for a larger proportion of the variance.

PMID- 4005657
TI  - The services provided during a child abuse and/or neglect case investigation and
      the barriers that exist to service provision.
AB  - More than one million cases of child abuse and neglect come to attention of child
      protection agencies each year. During the course of investigating these cases,
      social workers are charged with protecting the child while assessing whether or
      not abuse or neglect has actually occurred. Child welfare philosophy also
      dictates that at the same time the investigation is being conducted, the social
      worker strives to maintain the family intact, if at all possible. One way to
      address this dual responsibility of protecting the child while working towards
      family stability is through the provision of services during the investigation.
      The purpose of this paper is to identify the services that are provided during
      the course of a child abuse and/or neglect case investigation. The paper also
      identifies the barriers that exist both within an agency and within the external
      community that discourage the provision of services to children and families. The
      findings of this research show that in the majority of cases services are not
      provided during the investigation. In those case investigations where services
      are provided, a much broader range of services are considered for provision than
      are actually delivered. The research also found that placement is the most
      frequently provided service; however, only one-third of those children in
      placement receive any clinical services while in placement. Finally, this study
      found that the greatest barrier to service provision is a lack of evidence
      necessary to intervene in the home situation.

PMID- 4005658
TI  - Drawings by child victims of incest.
AB  - Art is an expression of the child's inner reality. Drawings by child victims of
      incest might be expected to differ from drawings by other children presenting at
      a child psychiatry clinic. This study compares drawings by child victims of
      incest with drawings by children referred to the University of Arizona Child
      Psychiatry Clinic for nonsexual issues. Each drawing was rated on 15 dimensions,
      including sexualization of the figure, degree of dependency, quality of ego
      defenses, and adequacy of impulse control. Child victims of incest were judged to
      have more poorly developed impulse controls and a defensive structure which
      emphasized repression. These children were also significantly more variable than
      their counterparts in the degree to which they expressed sexual features in the
      drawings, but were less variable in their rated maturity and in the rated
      adequacy of their ability to use sublimation as a defense against anxiety.

PMID- 4005659
TI  - The sexually abused child: a comparison of male and female victims.
AB  - Although the amount of research dealing with child sexual abuse is rapidly
      increasing, there have been very few attempts to identify and compare variables
      that characterize differences between female and male victims. To address this
      void, 25 substantiated cases of sexual abuse involving male children were
      compared with 180 substantiated cases of sexual abuse of female children.
      Significant differences between female and male victims were observed in the
      following areas: family composition, the perpetrator of the abuse, variables
      contributing to the continuation of the abusive situation, and the type of
      services provided to the sexually abused child and family. Implications for
      treatment are offered.

PMID- 4005660
TI  - The maltreated adolescent: patterns of physical abuse.
AB  - Although adolescents are severely and chronically physically abused, relatively
      little attention has been directed towards understanding this phenomenon. This
      study explored the family characteristics and the behavioral-emotional reactions
      of 77 adolescents who were physically maltreated. The youths were selected at a
      number of sites including a runaway shelter, a hospital-based child abuse team,
      and a protective service unit. Six different patterns of adolescent reaction to
      abuse were identified: acting-out, depression, generalized anxiety, extreme
      adolescent adjustment, emotional-thought disturbance, and helplessness
      dependency. Abuse toward these youth had been ongoing for an average of nearly
      five years. As there were no differences in family characteristics and emotional
      behavioral reactions between subjects who were abused only during adolescence
      (including single-incident abuse) and subjects for whom family violence was
      evident from childhood on, the utility of a developmentally specific system of
      abuse categorization is questioned. It is suggested that it is the pattern of
      parent and child interaction rather than the course of the maltreatment that is
      related to the emotional and behavioral dysfunction of the adolescent victim.

PMID- 4005661
TI  - Injury variables in child abuse.
AB  - The child abuse reporting records of 616 children seen by the child abuse team in
      a metropolitan children's hospital were analyzed. Boys were referred for abuse
      more often than girls, and black children were reported disproportionately more
      often than were white children. Mothers were the most frequent perpetrators of
      abuse, although males constituted more than half of the abusers. Bruises were the
      most frequent manifestation of abuse. The types of injury, injury site and types
      of instruments used varied with the age and race, but not the sex of the child.
      The wide variety of instruments used to perpetrate child abuse resulted in a
      broad spectrum of injury types. If professionals are to recognize common and
      early manifestations of child abuse, they must be aware of the influence of
      regional socioeconomic and cultural factors on the spectrum of child abuse.

PMID- 4005662
TI  - Maternal perinatal risk factors and child abuse.
AB  - A retrospective matched pair study was designed to compare maternal perinatal
      factors such as abnormal pregnancy history and labor and delivery experience in
      families who subsequently were reported as physically abusive to one or more of
      their children as compared to non-abusive families. The study population
      consisted of the mothers of 532 children reported to the Baltimore (Maryland)
      Department of Social Services as physically abused during the years 1975-77. The
      comparison group was handmatched to the study group from State of Maryland birth
      certificates on the basis of the abused child's birth year and sex, maternal
      race, education and hospital of delivery. The study population was 67% black with
      a mean maternal education of 10.5 completed years. The abused children were 59%
      male with 48% less than 2 years of age. Results indicated that selected medical
      definitions of abnormal pregnancy, labor and delivery did not identify families
      at differential risk of maltreatment. However, mothers in maltreating families
      were younger, had shorter birth intervals, less prenatal care and were
      significantly more likely to have had a stillbirth or reported abortion or a
      prior child death. Study limitations are addressed as are suggestions for future
      research.

PMID- 4005663
TI  - Prenatal prediction of child abuse and neglect: a prospective study.
AB  - Five hundred eighty-seven women in a combined Maternity-Infant, Children and
      Youth project were interviewed at between 3 and 6 months of gestation by a
      skilled masters degree social worker (M.S.W.) using a Family Stress Checklist
      developed at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Only 7% of the
      women were scored as "high risk" for serious parenting problems. Neither single
      status nor teenage status increased the risk significantly. A review of charts of
      100 of the children whose mothers had been considered "at risk" was conducted 2
      to 2.5 years later, and compared with 100 charts on children whose mothers had
      been considered at "no risk," giving the following results: Twenty-five children
      had experienced failure to thrive, neglect or abuse. Twenty of these were from
      the original high risk mothers, giving an incidence of neglect/abuse in that
      group of 52%. The no risk control group of 100 mothers showed a 2% incidence of
      abuse/neglect; a low risk group showed a 4% incidence of abuse/neglect; and a mid
      score group had an abuse/neglect rate of 5%. The scale proved a remarkably
      accurate predictor, with a sensitivity (percent correct negatives) of 89%. The
      authors suggest use of such scales prenatally or even before conception as a step
      toward the development of true preventive measures.

PMID- 4005664
TI  - The development of abused and high-risk infants in different treatment
      modalities: residential versus in-home care.
AB  - This paper outlines the Parental Stress Center (PSC) residential treatment
      program and its evaluation study, specifically focusing on the developmental
      status of infants in treatment. The Bayley scores for mental/motor development
      are given for a subgroup of 20 deprived infants admitted to the residential
      center and for two matched groups. One comparison group consisted of similarly
      deprived infants, the other of normal infants. The groups, tested three times,
      showed few differences either among the three groups at each time period or
      within each group over the three time periods. The most significant between-group
      difference was in motor scores at time 2, with both PSC infants and problem
      comparison infants scoring significantly below the normal comparison infants. The
      decline of motor scores of the PSC infants was probably attributable to the
      physical restrictions of the nursery. By the final testing at age 1, these scores
      had improved, and again there were no group differences. The results indicate
      that despite the use of multiple caregivers, the deprived infants admitted to
      residential care kept pace with similar babies in other treatment modalities. The
      overall high scores when compared to other research data indicate the decided
      worth of early intervention.

PMID- 4005665
TI  - Developmental milestones in abused children, and their improvement with a family
      oriented approach to the treatment of child abuse.
AB  - Few objective measures of the efficacy of intervention programs in the treatment
      of child abuse exist. One such measure may be improvement in the developmental
      delays often seen in abused children. Using the Learning Assessment Profile, we
      tested 53 abused children, ages 2.5-5 years, just before and after involvement in
      our Family Development Center Program (FDC). The FDC emphasizes therapy-group
      interaction for parents, where alternative ways of expressing anger are explored.
      Children attend daily preschool classes, and take occasional outside field trips.
      Of the 53 children tested 42 (79%) showed greater than expected developmental
      skills gains. Six children demonstrated no improvement in developmental skills,
      four of whom had severe developmental delays in one or two areas. Fine motor and
      language skills were significantly delayed for the group as a whole; these areas
      showed the greatest improvement after FDC. There did not appear to be an overall
      association between increased improvement in developmental skills and length of
      time in the FDC program, although certain subgroups of children appeared to
      improve with time while others appeared to lose ground. A five-year follow-up
      study of these children is presently underway. We conclude that a program which
      involves both parent and child, and focuses on their interaction, appears to be
      effective in dealing with abusive families; monitoring developmental levels in
      the abused children is one means of assessing their progress in such a program.
      Further controlled prospective trials are needed in this area.

PMID- 4005666
TI  - The impact of maltreatment on children's psychosocial adjustment: a review of the
      research.
AB  - While there is wide consensus that child victims of maltreatment are at risk for
      future social and psychological maladjustment, conspicuously few controlled
      empirical studies which examine this problem exist. The relative inattention to
      the psychological sequelae of child maltreatment is unfortunate since
      observations suggest that exposure to physical abuse and/or neglect has serious
      consequences for the child's present and long-term adjustment. The present paper
      reviews the most current empirical research on the psychosocial adjustment of
      maltreated children.

PMID- 4005668
TI  - Reducing out-of-home placements of abused children: two controlled field studies.
AB  - This study presents the outcome data on the effectiveness of social learning
      treatments in reducing out-of-home placements of abused children. Noteworthy are
      that true experimental designs used in both studies and their being conducted in
      a natural field setting, child protection services agencies. The results indicate
      that this model of family intervention is an effective alternative to out-of-home
      placements with this population for approximately 50% of typical child protection
      services caseloads. The cost benefits of social learning treatments are discussed
      along with potentially useful clinical and research directions.

PMID- 4005667
TI  - The psychological ecology of the neglectful mother.
AB  - Interviews were conducted with 152 neglectful mothers and with 154 non
      neglectful, who were matched on race, economic status, urban/rural status and
      other life circumstances. The neglectful mothers reported less support available
      from informal networks; they also described their neighborhoods as less friendly
      and helpful than did the controls. However, the conclusion that neglect is
      related to living in settings that are socially impoverished was not supported by
      independent interviews with neighbors. Rather, it appeared that neglectful
      mothers are often isolated by those around them. Because they are seen as deviant
      and unlikely to reciprocate help, they do not have access to such support as
      there may be in their ecology. A new model is presented for preventive, community
      based intervention, based on the findings of the research.

PMID- 4005669
TI  - A study to define and assess severity of institutional abuse/neglect.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to examine results of an empirical study of
      judgments about the seriousness of situations of institutional child
      maltreatment. This study furthers the development of operational definitions of
      institutional abuse and neglect by examining the following issues: What is the
      relative seriousness of institutional child maltreatment events? Are judgments of
      seriousness made on the basis of caregiver behavior or negative consequences to
      the child? Are incidents of child maltreatment which occur in institutions judged
      differently than similar incidents which occur in an intrafamilial context? This
      paper presents data gathered on judgments made by 630 respondents regarding 24
      situations of child maltreatment. Respondents in the study represented: children
      in care, direct caregivers, managers in institutions, public child welfare
      workers, facility board members, and foster parents. Respondents judged the
      situations to be harmful more readily than they judged them to be abuse/neglect.
      For the majority of events in this survey, the setting (out-of-home care vs.
      intrafamilial) did not appear to significantly affect the judgments of
      respondents in their assessment of harm or judgment as abuse/neglect. The
      presentation of a negative consequence for the child significantly (p less than
      .05) increased the respondents' assessment of harm in 12 out of 24 events. The
      presentation of a consequence for the child significantly (p less than .05)
      increased the respondents' assessment of harm in 12 out of 20 events. The
      presentation of a consequence for the child significantly (p less than .05)
      increased the judgment of abuse/neglect in 8 out of 24 events.

PMID- 4005670
TI  - Availability of dantrolene in Canadian hospitals.

PMID- 4005671
TI  - Subarachnoid bupivacaine decreases spinal cord blood flow in dogs.
AB  - Eighteen mongrel dogs were randomized into two equal groups. Cervical, thoracic
      and lumbosacral spinal cord and spinal dural blood flows were measured using the
      radioactive microsphere technique. Blood flow determinations were made prior to,
      and 20 and 40 minutes following lumbar subarachnoid injection of: (1) 0.4 per
      cent bupivacaine (20 mg), or (2) 0.4 per cent bupivacaine (20 mg) with 1/25,000
      epinephrine (200 micrograms). In dogs given subarachnoid bupivacaine or
      bupivacaine with epinephrine, the maximum decrease in mean arterial blood
      pressure (33 per cent) occurred at 40 minutes post-injection. Cardiac index
      decreased in dogs given subarachnoid bupivacaine (197 +/- 11 ml X kg-1 X min-1
      control vs. 141 +/- 19 ml X kg-1 X min-1 at 40 minutes), while it increased in
      dogs given bupivacaine with epinephrine (201 +/- 11 ml X kg-1 X min-1 - control
      vs. 252 +/- 15 ml X kg-1 X min-1 at 40 minutes). Dogs receiving subarachnoid
      bupivacaine demonstrated a significant decrease in spinal cord blood flow to all
      regions. Dogs receiving subarachnoid bupivacaine with epinephrine demonstrated a
      significant decrease in thoracic and lumbosacral spinal cord blood flow; however,
      cervical cord blood flow remained unchanged. Thoracic and lumbosacral dural blood
      flows were significantly decreased in both groups following subarachnoid
      injection. Subarachnoid bupivacaine 0.4 per cent (20 mg) and 0.4 per cent with
      epinephrine 1/25,000 (200 micrograms) decrease spinal cord and spinal dural blood
      flow in dogs.

PMID- 4005672
TI  - Tracheomotor response to cardiopulmonary bypass: influence of lung deflation and
      cardiac distension.
AB  - The pressure within the water-filled cuff of an endotracheal tube (PTE) was used
      as a measure of tracheal smooth muscle tone in ten patients undergoing
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Pulmonary artery pressure (PPA) and left atrial
      pressure (PLA) were also monitored. Institution of CPB, with acute reduction of
      pulmonary blood flow and lung deflation, caused no significant change in PTE.
      Crystalloid cardioplegic administration without left ventricular decompression
      (VENT) resulted in statistically significant increases of PPA (from 1.33 +/- 0.15
      to 1.88 +/- 0.2 kPa) (p less than 0.05) and of PLA (from 1.2 +/- 0.11 to 2.2 +/-
      0.31 kPa) (p less than 0.05). Coincident with these changes a statistically
      significant increase in PTE (from 4.95 +/- 0.21 to 5.24 +/- 0.27 kPa) (p less
      than 0.05) was detected. This increase in PTE was significantly greater than the
      small random variations noted in PTE prior to cardioplegic infusion with constant
      PLA and PPA. Thus, minimal tracheomotor constriction in response to cardioplegia
      administration occurred. Larger increases in PTE were noted during cardiac
      compression suggesting that the water-filled cuff could have detected larger
      increases if they had occurred. These transient changes do not reflect clinically
      detectable increases in airway resistance at the termination of CPB when lung
      ventilation is started. Neither of these two physiological stimuli, lung
      deflation or cardioplegia administration, cause clinically significant increases
      of large airway tone during CPB.

PMID- 4005673
TI  - Homeostatic alterations with major trauma. Pulmonary dysfunction in trauma.

PMID- 4005674
TI  - Homeostatic alterations with major trauma. Massive transfusion.

PMID- 4005675
TI  - Homeostatic alterations with major trauma. Renal responses and sequelae.

PMID- 4005676
TI  - Anaesthetic management of posterior lumbar osteotomy.
AB  - Sixty-four cases of posterior lumbar extension osteotomy performed at the Toronto
      East General Hospital between 1969 and 1983 are reviewed. The anaesthetic
      management is presented. The procedure was performed with local infiltration
      anaesthesia, heavy sedation and a brief period of general anaesthesia induced
      with nitrous oxide, halothane or ketamine. Five stages in the anaesthetic
      management are distinguished, each in relation to a phase of the surgical
      procedure and drug usage. A method of supporting these deformed patients in the
      prone position in moulded plaster casts is described. Anaesthetic and surgical
      complications and postoperative psychological disturbances are described and
      discussed. It is suggested that caudal epidural opioid or local anaesthetic
      analgesia be explored as an aid in the management of these patients.

PMID- 4005677
TI  - Airway obstruction due to massive lingual oedema following cleft palate surgery.
AB  - The Pierre Robin syndrome consists of micrognathia, pseudo-macroglossia,
      glossoptosis and a high arched or cleft palate. Difficult intubation of the
      trachea and associated abnormalities such as congenital heart disease are well
      known complications of this syndrome. Intraoral surgery (such as cleft palate
      repair and palatoplasty) can also be technically difficult for the surgeon
      resulting in prolonged retraction on the tongue with a mouth gag to provide
      adequate surgical exposure. We report a case where massive lingual oedema
      following a cleft palate repair resulted in life-threatening airway obstruction.

PMID- 4005678
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia: a possible new variant.
AB  - A young healthy male, who had three consecutive episodes of postoperative
      hyperthermia was anaesthetized with special precautions to prevent malignant
      hyperthermia. Despite neuroleptic anaesthesia and dantrolene pretreatment, the
      patient experienced post-anaesthetic hyperthermia. The patient's clinical picture
      was almost identical to the symptoms experienced by two of his maternal
      relatives. All three experienced nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and high fever
      which occurred between five to seven hours after general anaesthesia. The serum
      potassium (K) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels determined during the
      hyperthermic episode and on the next day were not elevated. On the basis of the
      patient's family history, his clinical picture, and his laboratory data, we
      speculate that this patient might have a form of malignant hyperthermia or a
      possible new variant.

PMID- 4005679
TI  - Perioperative management of a patient with a malignant pheochromocytoma.
AB  - A case report is presented of a patient with a known malignant pheochromocytoma,
      who was to undergo an orthopaedic procedure using methylmethacrylate bone cement.
      Preoperative preparation of the patient included the use of prazosin and
      metyrosine. Epidural blockade was chosen as the anaesthetic technique for
      intraoperative management. Surgical fixation with methylmethacrylate did not
      produce profound or prolonged hypotension despite sudden massive blood loss prior
      to its use. Epidural morphine was administered for postoperative pain control.

PMID- 4005681
TI  - Disruption of an armoured endotracheal tube caused by biting.

PMID- 4005680
TI  - Use of a urologic set for improved fluid administration rates.
AB  - This study was designed to compare flow rates of three sets of tubings: a large
      bore (8 mm) Y-urologic set (Y-URO); a Y-URO with an added in-line blood filter (Y
      URO + BF); and a currently used (3.5 mm diameter) blood transfusion set (Y
      TRANSFUSION). The time required to empty a one litre bag of Ringer's Lactate from
      a 1.0 meter vertical drop was measured while using four different IV catheters
      (9.5, 10, 14 and 16 gauge), and the flow rates calculated. When a 9.5-gauge
      catheter was used, the flow rates obtained by the Y-URO and the Y-URO + BF were
      respectively 269 and 162 per cent higher than those achieved by the Y
      TRANSFUSION. This wide margin was decreased to 41 and 39 per cent with a 16-gauge
      catheter. A 9.5-gauge catheter, when compared to a 16-gauge, allowed a 346 per
      cent improvement in flow rates with the Y-URO, a 225 per cent with the Y-URO + BF
      and only a 71 per cent increase with the Y-TRANSFUSION. The urologic set allows
      better fluid flow because of the larger diameter of its tubing. This adaptation
      of a large bore urologic irrigation set can be very useful when rapid fluid
      administration is imperative.

PMID- 4005682
TI  - Fentanyl and emesis.

PMID- 4005683
TI  - Nitrous oxide and its opioid emetic properties.

PMID- 4005684
TI  - Muscarinic cardiac effects of pyridostigmine.

PMID- 4005685
TI  - Cardiac physiology and monitoring.

PMID- 4005686
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and clinical anaesthesia.

PMID- 4005687
TI  - Evaluation of arterial oxygenation during anaesthesia.
AB  - The clinical or physiological signs of hypoxaemia have limited value during
      anaesthesia. In the absence of surgical bleeding, the best signs are probably
      cyanosis and/or bradycardia-although neither is sensitive or specific. A moderate
      degree of hypoxaemia can be present without clinical signs! In the presence of
      surgical bleeding, the best sign may be darkening of fresh blood in the surgical
      field. The only reliable indicators of arterial oxygenation available for routine
      anaesthesia are the laboratory measurements of PaO2 and SaO2. Unfortunately,
      these measurements are intermittent and delayed. The modern Hewlett Packard and
      Biox ear oximeters can provide an immediate and continuous estimate of arterial
      oxygen saturation in anaesthetized humans. These instruments are extremely useful
      in clinical practice when the risks of hypoxaemia or hypoxaemic injury are high.
      Unfortunately, cost precludes their general use. The safety of anaesthesia would
      no doubt be improved with an inexpensive reliable monitor of arterial
      oxygenation.

PMID- 4005688
TI  - Stress-free cardiac anaesthesia.

PMID- 4005689
TI  - Safe paediatric anaesthesia.

PMID- 4005690
TI  - Pulmonary oedema.

PMID- 4005692
TI  - Management of head injury.

PMID- 4005693
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia.

PMID- 4005691
TI  - Muscle relaxants in infants and children.

PMID- 4005694
TI  - Perioperative hypertension.

PMID- 4005695
TI  - Practical considerations in regional anaesthesia.

PMID- 4005696
TI  - Toxicity of volatile anaesthetic agents.

PMID- 4005697
TI  - Computed tomographic diagnosis of buried drusen of the optic nerve head.
AB  - We present three patients with optic nerve drusen. On the basis of headaches,
      transient obscurations of vision, or visual field loss the patients underwent
      orbital computed tomographic (CT) scanning. This procedure confirmed the presence
      of buried drusen in the four optic discs that had yielded poor ophthalmoscopic
      and angiographic evidence of drusen; drusen had been observed in the other two
      discs. The indications for CT scanning in the presence of visible or buried
      drusen of the optic nerve head are discussed.

PMID- 4005698
TI  - Corneal diameter and axial length in congenital glaucoma.
AB  - The corneal diameter was recorded and the ocular axial length measured by A-scan
      ultrasonography in 31 eyes of 17 children (ages 0.05 to 7.0 years) who had
      undergone or were about to undergo surgery for primary congenital glaucoma. These
      measurements were also done in 60 normal eyes of 33 children (ages 0.20 to 9.6
      years) undergoing nonophthalmic surgery. Both measures were usually greater than
      normal in the glaucomatous eyes. However, the corneal diameter was more sensitive
      than the axial length in identifying congenital glaucoma. The axial length
      measurement did not provide additional useful information for any of the eyes. We
      conclude that the corneal diameter is a more reliable guide than the axial length
      in the assessment of congenital glaucoma. A transparent plastic gauge for rapid
      and accurate measurement of the corneal diameter is described.

PMID- 4005699
TI  - Congenital glaucoma with corneal cloudiness treated by thermal sclerostomy.
AB  - Thermal sclerostomy (the Scheie procedure) was performed on nine eyes with
      congenital glaucoma and corneal cloudiness. The intraocular pressure was
      controlled and the cornea cleared in six eyes, though two required a second
      sclerostomy for success. In two of the remaining three eyes the intraocular
      pressure did not fall to normal levels, but the cornea cleared sufficiently to
      permit goniotomy, which was successful in each case. The remaining eye failed to
      respond to two sclerostomies. Thermal sclerostomy is recommended as a primary
      form of treatment in cases of congenital glaucoma in which corneal opacification
      makes goniotomy unsafe. While trabeculotomy is useful in these circumstances and
      may be the procedure of choice in many cases, thermal sclerostomy is recommended
      for the surgeon who is more familiar with this technique and for cases in which
      distortion of the anterior chamber angle is expected to preclude trabeculotomy or
      goniotomy.

PMID- 4005700
TI  - Abstracts. Canadian Physiological Society. 17th winter meeting, January 17-19,
      1985, Mont Rolland, Quebec.

PMID- 4005701
TI  - Effects of exercise frequency, intensity, and duration on revascularization in
      the transition zone of infarcted rat hearts.
AB  - In the rat model of chronic myocardial infarction the border or "transition
      zone," extending 225-525 micron from the margin of the scar, is supplied by
      significantly fewer capillaries and characterized by an altered capillary-fiber
      geometry when compared with healthy rat myocardium. Four weeks of daily voluntary
      running can, under certain conditions, promote capillary growth and a shift in
      capillary-fiber geometry, such that a normal capillary supply is restored to the
      transition zone. However, the importance of exercise frequency, intensity, and
      duration for capillary growth in the transition zone has not been determined. One
      week after surgical occlusion of the left coronary artery, rats were divided into
      four groups following different protocols of voluntary exercise (running): A (2
      h/day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks), B (2 h/day, 3 days/week for 4 weeks), C (2
      h/day, 6 days/week for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks sedentary), and D (2 h/day, 6
      days/week for 2 weeks). Significant improvements in capillary supply to the
      transition zone were associated with voluntary exercise, three separate factors
      being of importance. (i) An intermediate total distance run; rats that ran 5-10
      km in the month restored a normal number of capillaries and a normal capillary
      fiber geometry in the transition zone, whereas rats that ran either less than 5
      or greater than 10 km showed no significant improvements. (ii) A balance between
      exercise frequency and mean distance run per 2-h exercise period; rats in group B
      (3 days/week) had to run twice the daily distance of those in group A (6
      days/week) to obtain the same improvement in capillary supply.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005702
TI  - Increased pituitary thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in adult rats rendered hyper
      or hypo-thyroid during perinatal life.
AB  - Perinatal thyroid dysfunction in the rat leads to permanent alterations in
      pituitary TSH secretion in the adult animal. Thus, neonatal hyperthyroidism (NH)
      and perinatal hypothyroidism (PH) both result in apparent increased pituitary
      sensitivity to the feedback effects of thyroid hormones in the adult rat. To
      determine if increased intrapituitary generation of triiodothyronine (T3) might
      account for these observations, we measured thyroxine (T4) 5'-deiodinase activity
      in pituitary homogenates of adult NH and PH rats. NH was induced by injecting
      neonatal rats with 12 daily sc injections of T4 (0.4 microgram/g body weight
      (BW]. Control rats received vehicle alone. PH was induced by administering 0.05%
      6-n-propylthiouracil in the drinking water to pregnant dams from the 16th day of
      gestation through the 12th day postpartum. Thereafter, a normal water supply was
      substituted. NH and PH rats were allowed to mature and were sacrificed at 105
      days of age. Serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. Pituitary T4 5'-deiodinase activity was assessed by the
      measurement of T3 formation by pituitary homogenates incubated in the presence of
      0.65 microM T4 and 100 mM dithiothreitol at 37 degrees C for 90 min. Body weights
      of adult NH and PH rats were slightly but not significantly decreased compared
      with control rats. Relative pituitary gland weight (milligrams per 100 g BW) was
      significantly decreased in adult PH rats (P less than 0.005) but not in adult NH
      rats. In adult NH rats, serum T4 and T3 concentrations were significantly
      decreased (P less than 0.01) compared with control rats. Serum TSH concentrations
      were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4005703
TI  - Subcellular localization of oxytocin in the ovine corpus luteum.
AB  - The subcellular localization of oxytocin within the corpus luteum of sheep was
      investigated using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Oxytocin was
      associated with a particulate fraction which sedimented to a density of 1.054
      1.061 g/mL. The exclusion of [3H]oxytocin from this particulate fraction is
      indicative that particulate oxytocin represents endogenous compartmentalization.
      Particulate oxytocin, incubated in buffered medium at 37 degrees C, was stable
      for up to 1 h and the release of oxytocin was not affected by the pH of the
      incubation medium, over the range 5.5-8.5. Oxytocin release, however, was
      stimulated by incubating particle-bound oxytocin in buffered medium of low
      osmolality (less than 200 mosmol). These data are similar to the physicochemical
      properties reported for peptide-containing neurohypophysial secretory granules.
      Ultrastructural analysis of oxytocin-containing fractions revealed the presence
      of electron-dense granules (diameter, 200-250 nm). These data are suggestive that
      oxytocin, in the corpus luteum of sheep, is contained within a population of
      secretory granules which occur in high numbers during the midluteal phase of the
      oestrous cycle.

PMID- 4005704
TI  - The effects of hydrogenated coconut oil, safflower oil, and evening primrose oil
      on development of hypertension and sodium handling in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were fed a basal regular diet (BD) or three
      different fat-supplemented diets which contained 10% hydrogenated coconut oil
      (HCO), 10% safflower oil (SFO), or 10% evening primrose oil (EPO). The rats
      received these four different diets from 4 weeks to over 24 weeks of age. The
      development of hypertension in SHR was significantly retarded in the EPO
      supplemented animals. The blood pressure was lower in the SFO group animals as
      compared with the BD and HCO groups, but this did not reach significance. Sodium
      excretion rate in young SHR was increased in the EPO group compared with the HCO
      and SFO groups, and the urinary K/Na ratio was decreased in the EPO group
      compared with the HCO and EPO groups. Water intake and urine volume were
      increased in the SFO group as compared with the HCO and EPO groups. Sodium
      concentration in erythrocytes was decreased in the rats receiving SFO. Pressor
      responses to norepinephrine and angiotensin II were enhanced in the EPO and SFO
      groups as compared with the basal chow group. These data suggest that a dietary
      supplementation of EPO which contains a substantial amount of gamma-linolenic
      acid consistently lowers blood pressure in SHR. The mechanism is uncertain, but
      the effects on sodium handling may in part be responsible for the retardation of
      the development of hypertension. There was a difference between the EPO and the
      SFO groups in sodium--water handling, and to some extent in the blood pressure
      development in SHR.

PMID- 4005706
TI  - In vitro effects of hypoxia and (or) hypercapnic acidosis on the myocardial
      uptake of digoxin.
AB  - A recent study has shown in the conscious dog that hypoxia associated with
      respiratory acidosis could increase the in vivo distribution of digoxin in the
      myocardium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of
      hypoxia and (or) hypercapnic acidosis on the digoxin uptake. For this purpose,
      rat myocardium was incubated for 180 min with radiolabelled [3H]digoxin. The
      uptake of digoxin which was expressed in nanograms of digoxin bound per 100 mg of
      myocardium was decreased by hypoxia and increased by hypercapnic acidosis. The
      association of hypoxia and hypercapnic acidosis had no effect on the digoxin
      uptake, suggesting that in vitro hypoxia acts in an opposite way to hypercapnia.

PMID- 4005705
TI  - Timolol plus acetazolamide: effect on formation of cerebrospinal fluid in cats
      and rats.
AB  - Administration iv of 50 mg X kg-1 acetazolamide (A) and 3 mg X kg-1 timolol (T)
      causes the formation of cerebrospinal fluid (f-CSF) to be reduced to 43.7% of the
      control rate compared with a reduction to 82.5% of control by T alone and to
      52.6% of control by A alone. The effect of combined drugs is the same when A is
      combined with T initially, when A is added to T after studying T alone, or when T
      is added to A after studying A alone. In contrast, in rats f-CSF is not
      influenced by T, either alone or when in combination with A. The rate in rats is
      reduced to 55% of control by treatments with A or A and T. Decrease in formation
      of cerebrospinal fluid by A occurs through inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, but
      the means whereby T (a known blocker of beta-adrenergic receptors) causes a
      reduction in f-CSF is not established; it is known that it does not inhibit
      carbonic anhydrase. Control of f-CSF by the sympathetic nervous system is
      discussed.

PMID- 4005707
TI  - Hypertensive mechanisms: the role of altered smooth muscle and membrane function
      in the etiology of hypertension.
AB  - The etiology of essential hypertension has been under intensive investigation for
      a number of years, and the availability of a number of rat models of this disease
      has aided our understanding of the relationship between abnormalities in
      cardiovascular regulatory function and hypertension. It is accepted that
      abnormalities at a number of levels of these regulatory processes could be the
      basis of the pathological process; however, the cause-effect relationship has not
      always been clearly established. This introduction addresses the potential
      relationship between a number of parameters and the control of blood pressure,
      and the Symposium attempts to relate altered smooth muscle and membrane function
      to hypertension.

PMID- 4005708
TI  - Hypertensive mechanisms: the role of altered smooth muscle and membrane function
      in the etiology of hypertension. Symposium of the Canadian Federation of
      Biological Societies. Saskatoon, Sask., Canada, June 19, 1984.

PMID- 4005709
TI  - The relationship between altered blood vessel structure, hypertension, and the
      sympathetic nervous system.
AB  - The relationship between sympathetic innervation and arterial medial development
      has been examined in normotensive, hypertensive, and diabetic rats. Using the
      jejunal artery as a model, the number of nerve fibres innervating the artery as
      determined from fluorescent preparations, and the medial thickness and lumen
      diameter as measured from resin embedded specimens were correlated from animals
      prepared in various ways. The rats used were normal Sprague-Dawley (SD), SD with
      induced hypertension, SD with diabetes induced with streptozotocin, SD
      sympathectomized with 6-hydroxydopamine, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR),
      SHR treated with capsaicin to prevent hypertension development, Wistar Kyoto rats
      (WKY), and WKY treated with capsaicin. Examination of the jejunal arteries from
      these rats at 12 weeks of age following normal development, or 8 weeks of
      hypertension development, or 8 and 12 weeks of diabetes, showed that increased
      innervation occurred in the SHR under all conditions, and in the diabetic rats
      after 8 weeks of diabetes. Medial hypertrophy occurred in the SHR and in the SD
      hypertensive only. It is concluded that the special relationship which exists
      between the sympathetic innervation and arterial media in the SHR does not occur
      during hypertension development in the SD rat, nor is it necessary for normal
      medial development in the SD rat. The sympathetic innervation does appear to have
      a trophic influence on vascular smooth muscle of diabetic rats, at least in the
      early stages of the disease.

PMID- 4005710
TI  - Airborne microorganisms in a municipal solid waste recovery system.
AB  - The types of bacteria and fungi present in the air of a municipal solid waste
      recovery system have been characterized and the population densities estimated.
      Conventional methods were successful in enumerating coagulase-positive
      staphylococci, Klebsiella spp., gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and common
      indicator organisms. Selective and enrichment media, however, did not yield
      Salmonella isolates. Salmonella and Shigella were recovered at a frequency of 3%
      or less on trypticase soy agar. A broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi were
      isolated. No evidence has been found that indicates that these organisms have
      produced adverse health effects.

PMID- 4005711
TI  - Purification and characterization of C28-55 fatty acids from Mycobacterium
      smegmatis.
AB  - The nonmycolic C16 to C55 fatty acids obtained from Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC
      356 by saponification were enriched with respect to the C28 to C55 acids by
      successive chromatography on silicic acid and Sephadex LH-20 columns. These
      partially purified fatty acids were then derivatized to the p-bromophenacyl ester
      and further fractionated by argentation thin-layer chromatography and reverse
      phase high-performance liquid chromatography into their individual components.
      The esters were characterized by electron impact mass spectrometry. Two
      structural series of C28:1 to C42:1 and C45:2 to C55:2 fatty acids were
      identified as possible precursors of the monoenyl and dienyl mycolic acids,
      respectively. These acids were structurally related to the alpha-alkylhydroxyl
      group of the corresponding mycolic acid. The results suggest that these C28 to
      C55 fatty acids (meromycolic acids) of M. smegmatis might be precursors of
      mycolic acids.

PMID- 4005712
TI  - Determination of mercury and organomercurial resistance in obligate anaerobic
      bacteria.
AB  - A methodology for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of inorganic
      and organomercurial compounds for obligate anaerobic bacteria is described. A
      wide variation in the susceptibility of anaerobic clinical and sewage isolates
      was observed. Isolates of Bacteroides ruminicola and Clostridium perfringens
      resistant to mercury were examined for their plasmid content and ability to
      demonstrate inducible resistance. None of the resistant anaerobes contained any
      plasmids, while resistant facultative isolates from the same source contained
      several plasmids. In 24 h, resistant strains of clostridia and Bacteroides
      volatilized 20 and 43% of the 203Hg2+ added to cultures, while Escherichia coli
      R100 and a sewage isolate of Enterobacter cloacae volatilized 63 and 27%,
      respectively, of the added 203Hg2+. Attempts to induce mercury resistance in the
      aerobic isolates were successful, but no induction was seen in the anaerobes.
      Thus, mercury resistance in these anaerobic isolates was neither inducible nor
      plasmid mediated.

PMID- 4005713
TI  - Cytotoxic effects of culture supernatants of oral bacteria and various organic
      acids on Vero cells.
AB  - Dilute culture filtrates of the three asaccharolytic black-pigmented Bacteroides
      species as well as B. macacae, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and animal strains
      resembling B. gingivalis were cytotoxic for the African green monkey kidney cell
      line (Vero cells). Butyric or propionic acid, major metabolic products of these
      bacteria, seem to be responsible for the characteristic morphological changes
      observed. Among the organic acids studied, only butyric, propionic, and valeric
      acids exhibited cytotoxic effects. Finally, cumulative effects (as opposed to
      synergistic) were observed when mixtures of two organic acids were tested.

PMID- 4005714
TI  - Model studies on a membrane filtration method for the enumeration of coagulase
      positive staphylococci in swimming-pool water using rabbit plasma-bovine
      fibrinogen agar.
AB  - The recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from swimming-pool water by membrane
      filtration was studied in model experiments. On the nonselective medium tryptone
      soya agar (TSA) there was no difference in counts of noninjured S. aureus with
      all membrane filters tested and with pour plates. Chlorine-injured S. aureus was
      enumerated most efficiently on TSA by Gelman Tuffryn HT-450 and Sartorius SM
      13806 filters. Tuffryn filters were also most productive when used in combination
      with the selective medium rabbit plasma - bovine fibrinogen agar (RPFA). Other
      filters, particularly Gelman GN-6 and Millipore HAWP, when used on RPFA were
      shown to have a synergistic inhibitory effect on both noninjured and chlorine
      injured S. aureus. This effect was not found on Baird-Parker agar. Using Tuffryn
      filters, counts on RPFA were equal to those on TSA for noninjured S. aureus and
      0.1-2.0 log units less for chlorine-injured S. aureus. Despite this, the
      possibility for reading the in situ coagulase reaction for individual colonies on
      RPFA is considered such an advantage of this medium that its general use for
      enumeration of S. aureus in swimming pools is recommended. Further studies should
      be carried out to allow better resuscitation.

PMID- 4005715
TI  - An unsaturated fatty acid mutant of Aspergillus niger with partially defective
      delta 9-desaturase.
AB  - The wild-type Aspergillus niger (V35) does not require fatty acids for growth.
      Four unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs designated as UFA1, UFA2, UFA3, and UFA4
      have been produced from this organism by treating the conidia of the wild-type
      strain with a mutagen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, followed by
      isolation on media containing monounsaturated fatty acids and the nonionic
      detergent, Brij 58. Optimal growth of the mutants comparable with that of the
      wild type was achieved with medium supplemented with C16 or C18 unsaturated fatty
      acids containing at least one cis double bond at the delta 9 position. Some other
      fatty acids (18:1 delta 11 cis and 16:1 delta 9 trans) support growth to some
      extent. The mutants do not grow at all in the presence of saturated fatty acids.
      Fatty acid analyses of the mutant, UFA2, grown in the presence of different fatty
      acid supplements reveal that it may be defective in a desaturase system.
      Experiments with unlabeled and [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA have shown that the
      microsomes of the mutant (UFA2) contain a partially defective delta 9-desaturase
      system.

PMID- 4005717
TI  - Effect of growth temperature on lipid composition of Streptococcus faecium.
AB  - The effect of growth temperature on the lipid and fatty acid composition of
      Streptococcus faecium has been studied. No differences in the qualitative
      composition of S. faecium lipids were observed. In all isolated fractions
      (neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids plus other polar lipids), the
      major fatty acids were palmitic (C-16:0), palmitoleic (C-16:1), octadecenoic (C
      18:1), and cyclopropane (C-19:0). Changes in the fatty acid composition of the
      different fractions were observed which depended on growth temperature; the most
      significant one was the decrease of octadecenoic acid and the increase of
      palmitic acid in glycolipids and polar lipids as the temperature increased. The
      level of cyclopropane C-19:0 was approximately eightfold lower at 8 degrees C
      than at the other temperatures tested (20, 30, and 45 degrees C).

PMID- 4005716
TI  - Lipid profiles of Aspergillus niger and its unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph,
      UFA2.
AB  - A comparative study of the mycelial lipid composition of a wild strain (V35) and
      one unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph (UFA2) of Aspergillus niger has been
      performed. The lipid composition of both strains are qualitatively the same but
      quantitatively different. All the strains contain the following phospholipids:
      cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine,
      lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine;
      and triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, ergosterol, and sterol esters as
      the neutral lipids; mono- and di-galactosyl diglyceride as the major glycolipids
      along with small amounts of the corresponding mannose analogs.
      Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine constitute the bulk of the
      phospholipids. The mutant (UFA2) contains a higher level of glycerides and lower
      levels of sterol (both free and esterified form), phospholipids, and glycolipids
      than the wild type. Aspergillus niger contains C16 to C18 saturated and
      unsaturated fatty acids. Small amounts of long-chain (C20 to C24) and short-chain
      (C10 to C14) saturated and unsaturated acids are also present. Linoleic, oleic,
      and palmitic are the major acids, stearic and linolenic acids being minor ones.
      UFA2 grows only in the presence of unsaturated fatty acid (C16 or C18) and
      accumulates a higher concentration of supplemented acid which influences its
      fatty acid profile.

PMID- 4005718
TI  - The effect of ions on the adhesion and internalization of Chlamydia trachomatis
      by HeLa cells.
AB  - The adhesion and internalization of Chlamydia trachomatis by HeLa cells was
      unaffected by removal of K+, Mg2+, or glucose from the incubation medium,
      slightly reduced by removal of Na+, and significantly reduced by omission of
      Ca2+, Sr2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ could replace Ca2+ in the adhesion but only Sr2+
      supported internalization, and La3+, Co2+, Fe3+, Ba2+, and Zn2+ all reduced
      internalization more than adhesion. During initial infection there was no
      measurable difference in the uptake or release of 45Ca2+ or 86Rb+ between
      infected and noninfected HeLa monolayers. Infection was not prevented by
      pretreatment of the monolayers with the calcium channel blockers, verapamil,
      D600, and nitrendipine, or the calmodulin inhibitors, TMB-8 or trifluperazine.
      The results suggest that divalent cations are not essential for chlamydial
      infection but that the process of internalization is facilitated by the presence
      of cations, particularly Na+ and Ca2+.

PMID- 4005719
TI  - How to write a letter to the editor that the editor will want to publish.

PMID- 4005720
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy.

PMID- 4005721
TI  - Evaluation of sponging to reduce body temperature.

PMID- 4005722
TI  - Pediatric care by family physicians.

PMID- 4005723
TI  - The diagnosis of allergy: assays for specific IgE antibodies.

PMID- 4005724
TI  - Self-monitoring of the blood glucose level: potential sources of inaccuracy.

PMID- 4005725
TI  - Photodynamic therapy: new method for eradicating endobronchial cancer.

PMID- 4005726
TI  - The impact of new ethics and laws on electroconvulsive therapy.

PMID- 4005727
TI  - Henoch-Schonlein purpura in pregnancy.

PMID- 4005728
TI  - Genital warts in children.

PMID- 4005729
TI  - Adenovirus type 2 isolated from a patient with fatal Kawasaki disease.

PMID- 4005730
TI  - Pentazocine-induced agranulocytosis.

PMID- 4005731
TI  - Botulism in Canada: summary for 1984.

PMID- 4005732
TI  - False-positive results of Mantoux tests.

PMID- 4005733
TI  - Chilean medical college battling doctor participation in torture.

PMID- 4005734
TI  - Boehringer Ingelheim celebrates centenary.

PMID- 4005735
TI  - A sober look at scientific symposia.

PMID- 4005736
TI  - Can essential fatty acid deficiency predispose to AIDS?

PMID- 4005737
TI  - Children's multiple vitamins: overuse leads to overdose.

PMID- 4005738
TI  - Nontobacco cigarettes.

PMID- 4005739
TI  - The hypocrisy of abortion.

PMID- 4005740
TI  - Poor need rights, not righteousness.

PMID- 4005741
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the elderly.

PMID- 4005742
TI  - Dysphagia due to cervical spine osteophytes.

PMID- 4005743
TI  - Family history of allergy and skin test reactivity.

PMID- 4005744
TI  - Quality assurance in the hospital--making it work.

PMID- 4005745
TI  - Abdominal pain and weight loss in a patient with well controlled diabetes.

PMID- 4005746
TI  - Clinical aspects of chlamydial infections.

PMID- 4005747
TI  - Laboratory reports of chlamydial infections in Canada in 1984.

PMID- 4005749
TI  - 1985 budget: approving nods but no applause.

PMID- 4005748
TI  - CFPC urged to take direct role in health care planning.

PMID- 4005750
TI  - Medical education: limping toward the 21st century.

PMID- 4005751
TI  - Treatment for abusive men: do physicians have a role?

PMID- 4005753
TI  - Diabetes-related research in Canada. Diabetes Canada Research Advisory Committee.

PMID- 4005752
TI  - Do not resuscitate: writing a no code policy.

PMID- 4005754
TI  - Age at death: physicians and ministers of religion.

PMID- 4005755
TI  - Gluten in pills: a hazard for patients with celiac disease.
AB  - It has recently been recognized that many pharmaceutical products contain gluten.
      Patients with celiac disease are at risk of acute illness if they are treated
      with such products. This paper lists the products available in Canada, according
      to the "Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties, 1985", that contain gluten
      and the Canadian manufacturers who stated that they do not use gluten as an
      excipient.

PMID- 4005756
TI  - Pulsation of the eyeballs in tricuspid regurgitation.

PMID- 4005757
TI  - Salmonella gastroenteritis and erythema nodosum.

PMID- 4005758
TI  - Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia due to an iodinated contrast medium
      (diatrizoate).

PMID- 4005759
TI  - Agriculture Canada's role in rabies control.

PMID- 4005760
TI  - Is group practice dying in Canada?. Interview by Milan Korcok.

PMID- 4005761
TI  - CMA Policy Summary. Confidentiality, ownership and transfer of medical records.
AB  - The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) regards medical records as confidential
      documents, owned by the physician/institution/clinic that compiled them or had
      them compiled. Patients have a right to information contained in their records
      but not to the documents themselves. The first consideration of the physician is
      the well-being of the patient, and discretion must be used when conveying
      information contained in a medical record to a patient. This medical information
      often requires interpretation by a physician or other health care professional.
      Other disclosures of information contained in medical records to third parties
      (eg. physician-to-physician transfer, lawyer, insurance adjuster) require written
      patient consent or a court order. The CMA is opposed to legislation at any level
      which threatens the confidentiality of medical records.

PMID- 4005762
TI  - Physicians grapple with suicide.

PMID- 4005763
TI  - How to get a rejected manuscript published.

PMID- 4005764
TI  - Moderate drinking: alternative treatment goal.

PMID- 4005765
TI  - Treatment of enuresis.

PMID- 4005766
TI  - Excipients and additives.

PMID- 4005767
TI  - Biometeorology.

PMID- 4005768
TI  - Who should promote health and provide preventive care? A cautionary note.

PMID- 4005769
TI  - Biomedical research: who will pay the piper?

PMID- 4005770
TI  - A retrospective analysis of patient falls.

PMID- 4005771
TI  - Estimates of the potential impact of nurse practitioners on future requirements
      for physicians in office-based general practice.

PMID- 4005773
TI  - Explaining vaccine failures--the use of a sports analogy.

PMID- 4005772
TI  - BCG vaccination among Canadian Indians and Inuit: the epidemiological bases for
      policy decision.

PMID- 4005774
TI  - Individual and community responsibility for population policy.

PMID- 4005775
TI  - The social-psychological impact of unemployment in Edmonton.

PMID- 4005776
TI  - The use of contraception among abortion applicants.

PMID- 4005777
TI  - Clinical evaluation of oral bacampicillin in the therapy of uncomplicated
      gonorrhea.

PMID- 4005778
TI  - Intracranial metastases from melanoma. Clinical features and treatment by
      accelerated fractionation.
AB  - One hundred ninety-four patients with intracranial metastatic melanoma were
      treated at the M. D. Anderson Hospital between January 1972 and September 1977,
      using seven different accelerated irradiation regimens. The total tumor dose
      varied from 3000 to 4800 rad, and the overall treatment time from 1 to 2 weeks.
      In these patients, whose disease had progressed to brain metastases, freedom from
      such metastases had decreased logarithmically with time from initial
      presentation. This suggests a random distribution of progression rates with a
      mean time of 2.5 years between diagnosis and development of intracranial
      metastases. Overall, there was no significant improvement in the results from
      accelerated fractionation in the treatment of intracranial metastases. The result
      of treatment did not depend on the site of the primary, the number of
      intracranial metastases, the total dose, or the dose per fraction. There were,
      however, two subgroups not mutually exclusive, that benefited significantly from
      the accelerated fractionation: patients having had a complete resection of brain
      metastases, and those having no detectable extracranial metastases at the time of
      their treatment for intracranial metastases.

PMID- 4005779
TI  - Metastatic melanoma in brain. Rapid treatment or large dose fractions.
AB  - A subgroup of 59 patients selected on the basis of favorable prognostic factors
      from a larger group of 194 patients treated for intracranial metastases of
      melanoma was analyzed with a view to assessing the relative efficacy of different
      accelerated fractionation regimens. The most effective modification of the
      previously standard therapy was a shortening of the overall treatment time,
      although this was also associated with the use of larger doses per fraction.
      Patients who had brain metastases only at the time of treatment showed a longer
      survival time than those with coexistent metastases in other organs and survived
      longer if treated with 10 fractions within 1 week rather than 20 fractions in 2
      weeks. The same was found in patients who underwent complete resection of
      intracranial tumor before irradiation. A complete surgical resection also
      increased the probability of eliminating intracranial disease, but overall the
      median survival increased by less than 2 months. It is concluded that a short
      overall treatment time is more important than large fraction sizes in attempts to
      improve the treatment of metastatic intracranial melanomas with favorable
      prognosis.

PMID- 4005780
TI  - Fine structural characterization of melanosomes in dysplastic nevi.
AB  - This study characterized the fine structure of melanosomes in melanocytes of the
      dysplastic nevi in six cases with lentiginous melanocytic dysplasia and one case
      with epithelioid-cell melanocytic dysplasia, and compared that structure with
      those of common melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma. It was found that: fine
      structural features of melanosomes in dysplastic melanocytes were similar in
      these two histologic variants, and they were markedly aberrant and quite
      different from those of common melanocytic nevi; the aberrant melanosomes could
      be grouped into four subtypes, type 1 melanosomes corresponding to ellipsoidal
      lamellar melanosomes, type 2 to spherical-incompletely lamellar melanosomes, type
      3 to spherical-granular melanosomes, and type 4 to spherical-vacuolated
      melanosomes; type 2, 3, and 4 melanosomes were seen in all seven cases although
      their substructures and numbers varied in individual cases; and these type 2, 3,
      and 4 melanosomes were not seen in epidermal melanocytes of common melanocytic
      nevi, but were characteristically seen in superficial spreading melanoma and
      nodular melanoma. The findings indicated that the fine structural changes in
      synthesis and melanization of melanosomes are unique to the dysplastic nevi and
      that they may be helpful in diagnosis of the nevi and may fill the gap of
      abnormal melanogenesis that exists between common melanocytic nevi and malignant
      melanoma.

PMID- 4005781
TI  - Cell kinetic indicators of premalignant stages of colorectal cancer.
AB  - Using an in vitro double labeling technique with two different levels of 3H
      thymidine, the duration of the phase of DNA synthesis (S) and the labeling index
      (LI) were measured in the colorectal mucosa of three groups of patients: patients
      with colorectal neoplasms (adenomas and/or adenocarcinomas), patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease, and a control group of patients without
      gastrointestinal pathology. In those patients with colorectal neoplasms, samples
      were obtained from both the neoplastic mucosa and from the normal appearing
      mucosa at various distances from the lesions. One-way analyses of variance were
      used to test the equality of mean S-phase duration and LI in the various types of
      tissues. S-phase duration was significantly longer in the tumor than in the
      unaffected mucosa of patients with adenocarcinoma (18.65 hours +/- 2.3 versus
      10.13 hours +/- 1.26 P less than 0.0001). However, S-phase duration was
      significantly longer in the unaffected mucosa of cancer patients than in the
      mucosa of patients without gastrointestinal pathology (10.58 hours +/- 1.84
      versus 7.91 hours +/- 0.46, P = 0.013). Similarly, LI was significantly higher in
      the unaffected mucosa of patients with adenoma and adenocarcinoma than in the
      mucosa of patients without gastrointestinal pathology (19.1% +/- 3.0 versus 9.5%
      +/- 2.2, P less than 0.0001). There was a highly significant trend to a
      progressive increase of LI from flat histologically normal appearing mucosas to
      inflammatory mucosas, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas (P less than 0.0001). These
      results suggest that increased S-phase duration is specifically related to
      cancer. In mucosa without histologic sign of malignancy, an increased S-phase
      duration would indicate that the malignant process has started. An increased LI
      would appear to relate to the selective advantage that rapidly proliferating
      cells hold over less proliferating ones.

PMID- 4005782
TI  - Increased dihydrotestosterone receptor levels in high-stage renal adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Primary renal adenocarcinoma tissue, metastatic deposits, and normal kidney
      parenchyma from 16 patients were assayed for sex hormone receptors by dextran
      coated charcoal adsorption and sucrose gradient centrifugation techniques.
      Dihydrotestosterone receptors (DHTR) were found in all renal carcinomatous tissue
      (20/20) and in 93% (13/14) autologous normal kidneys analyzed. Testosterone
      receptors were found in 84% (16/19) of tumors and 93% (14/15) or normal kidneys
      analyzed. Estrogen receptors in small amounts (ER) were detected in only 5%
      (1/19) of tumors and in 7% (1/15) of normal kidneys. Progesterone receptors (PR)
      in low quantities were detected in 30% (6/20) of renal tumors and in 40% (6/15)
      of normal kidneys. DHTR levels in high-stage tumors (T3, T4) were significantly
      elevated over levels in autologous normal kidney, whereas in low-stage tumors
      localized to the kidney (T1 and T2 tumors) DHTR levels were not significantly
      different from autologous normal kidney. The mean levels of DHTR in high-stage
      kidney tumors were significantly elevated over levels in low-stage tumors (P less
      than 0.001). DHTR estimation in renal neoplasms may help in biologic staging of
      renal adenocarcinoma and could define a group of patients in whom anti-androgen
      therapy may be worth a trial.

PMID- 4005783
TI  - Chromosome abnormalities in malignant histiocytosis.
AB  - Chromosome and pathologic studies were performed on two patients (a 12-year-old
      boy and a 62-year-old woman) with malignant histiocytosis (MH). Both patients had
      chromosome abnormalities in their neoplastic cells: the boy's karyotype was
      45,Xp+,-Y,9p+,18q-, and the woman's 48,XX,+16, inv(1),mar(5),6p
      ,10p+,12q+,i(18q),+i(18q). The boy had typical clinical and pathologic findings
      of MH, and died without achieving remission by chemotherapy. At the initial stage
      the woman had the clinical and hematologic findings of MH. Chemotherapy was
      given, but had no beneficial effects. At the terminal stage the bone marrow (BM)
      biopsy and aspirate, and the autopsy findings, were consistent with those of non
      Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large cell type, although some histiocytes or abnormal
      cells in monocyte-macrophage lineage remained in the BM and the autopsied lymph
      nodes. This study and a review of data on six other cases have failed to
      establish any specific chromosome changes in MH.

PMID- 4005784
TI  - Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the lung.
AB  - Three patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma of the lung are described, one of
      whom also had cervical lymph node metastasis, with the production of an M
      protein. The production of M-protein normalized after successful treatment of the
      localized disease. In all three patients, the disease was locally controlled with
      radiation therapy, but it became generalized from 6 months to less than 3 years
      of the initial presentation.

PMID- 4005785
TI  - Rapid hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Clinical results in 178 advanced squamous
      cell carcinomas of the head and neck.
AB  - The authors present a series of 178 patients with Stage III or IV squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck treated by rapid irradiation using multiple and
      small fractions per day. An initial group of 91 patients (G1) received a total
      dose of 72 Gy in 80 sessions and 10 days, according to the following split course
      schedule: J1 to J5, 36 Gy in 40 sessions, eight daily fractions of .9 Gy
      separated by 2 hours; J6 to J20, rest period; J21 to J25, same as in J1 except
      that the spinal cord was shielded. This protocol was altered for the following 87
      patients (G2) by lessening the total dose to 60 to 66 Gy and the number of
      fractions to 60. The rest period was lengthened to 4 weeks. All patients but five
      completed the whole program and the minimal follow-up period was 24 months. At
      the end of irradiation, 121 patients achieved a total remission, but local
      recurrences occurred in 56%. Moreover, acute intolerance was considered as severe
      in 34% of G1 patients, and included extensive mucosal necrosis and bleeding.
      Although this rate was significantly reduced in G2 patients, late complications
      were observed in 20 of the 25 survivors, and included trismus, cervical
      sclerosis, and recurrent laryngeal edema. The crude survival rate is 13% at 2
      years. Although this study was not randomized, this particular type of
      accelerated and hyperfractionated combination of irradiation did not really
      improve the clinical results in advanced carcinoma of the head and neck. Other
      schedules and probably other tumors, less extended, should be tested.

PMID- 4005787
TI  - Screening for carcinoma of the prostate. Rectal examination, and enzymatic and
      radioimmunologic measurements of serum acid phosphatase compared.
AB  - Veterans (n = 771, 54-76 years of age) from the Second World War, who attended a
      rehabilitation program arranged by the state between the years 1979 and 1983,
      were screened for prostatic cancer by rectal examination of the prostate and by
      measurement of serum prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) concentration and
      enzyme activity (total and tartrate-labile). Nine cases with prostatic cancer
      confirmed by needle biopsy were found. Serum PAP concentrations were elevated in
      five of the nine cancer patients and rectal examination was positive in six of
      them, whereas the serum PAP concentration was elevated and rectal examination was
      positive simultaneously only in two patients. Serum PAP concentrations were
      elevated in 25 patients without prostatic cancer, and rectal palpation of the
      prostate resulted in 21 false-positive findings. The enzyme activity of serum
      acid phosphatase was not elevated in any of the nine patients diagnosed as having
      prostatic cancer. The predictive value of a positive finding in serum PAP
      concentration (16.7%) or rectal palpation of the prostate (22.2%) in this
      unselected, asymptomatic population was similar and low. Both tests together gave
      additive information.

PMID- 4005786
TI  - Early stage adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Histopathologic analysis with
      consideration of histogenesis.
AB  - Thirty cases of early stage adenocarcinoma, 5 mm or less in depth, were selected
      from 1942 primary carcinomas of the uterine cervix for histologic analysis to
      clarify their histogenesis. There were 16 carcinomas of endocervical type, 12 of
      endometrioid type, and 2 clear cell carcinomas. There were 22 early invasive
      adenocarcinomas and 8 adenocarcinomas in situ. In 27 cases the carcinoma was
      adjacent to the transformation zone and in 3 it was separate from it. In 10 cases
      adenocarcinoma coexisted with in situ squamous cell carcinoma. Only one patient
      whose tumor was 3 mm in depth developed a pelvic recurrence after radical
      hysterectomy. All other patients remained disease-free after treatment by
      hysterectomy. It is suggested that most adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix
      originate from endocervical glands adjoining the transformation zone and that
      they may develop directly from normal-appearing epithelium without passing
      through adenomatous or dysplastic changes.

PMID- 4005788
TI  - Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 in children with yolk sac tumor.
AB  - Although in recent years the evidence of an increase in serum lactate
      dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 (LDH-1) in patients with germ cell tumor (GCT) has
      attracted attention, there have only been a few reports concerning yolk sac tumor
      (YST), which is a frequent type of GCT in childhood. Serum LDH isoenzymes were
      determined in eight children with YST, and an increase in LDH-1 was found in
      seven of them, excluding one in an early stage. On the basis of the findings of
      serial serum LDH-1 levels during treatment and of LDH isoenzyme pattern in tumor
      tissues, it is presumed that the increased serum LDH-1 is derived from tumor
      tissues. LDH-1 seems to be useful as a tumor marker, not specific for YST but
      associated with the whole spectrum of GCT, for monitoring of YST.

PMID- 4005789
TI  - Oligodendroglioma of the posterior fossa in childhood.
AB  - Oligodendrogliomas are uncommon intracranial tumors of childhood, especially when
      these tumors arise in the posterior fossa. Oligodendrogliomas are usually treated
      with local radiation therapy. The authors report four children, median age 7.5
      years, cared for over a 7-year period, who had oligodendrogliomas (all
      histologically malignant) of the cerebellar region. Three patients received local
      radiation therapy and all had recurrent disease at a median of 11 months
      posttreatment outside their radiation field; at the time of relapse, disease at
      the primary tumor site was stable. One child treated with craniospinal and local
      radiation therapy is disease-free 15 months after diagnosis. These results
      suggest that oligodendrogliomas of the posterior fossa should be considered
      potentially malignant lesions and treated with local plus presymptomatic
      craniospinal radiation therapy.

PMID- 4005790
TI  - Breast cancer in women of Japanese and Caucasian ancestry in Hawaii.
AB  - A pathology review of breast cancers in Japanese and Caucasian women indicates
      more numerous in situ carcinomas in the Japanese. Carcinomas with uniform nuclei
      were also more numerous among Japanese. Japanese women showed more extensive
      lymphocytic infiltrates adjacent to their tumors than did Caucasian women, and
      also showed more conspicuous sinus histiocytosis in tumor-free lymph nodes. Fewer
      Japanese women had lymph node metastases and those with metastases were less
      likely to have three or more nodes involved. Of these differences only those
      relating to local invasion, nuclear grade, lymphocytic infiltration, and sinus
      histiocytosis were statistically significant, but the demonstrated differences
      are internally consistent with differences in breast cancer incidence and
      mortality in the two races. Since the two races share the same medical care
      system and similar environments, the basis of these differences is probably a
      genetic modulation of hormonal balance and/or immunologic response.

PMID- 4005791
TI  - Economic status and survivorship in digestive system cancers.
AB  - This study investigates economic differentials in cancer survival in a sample of
      1180 white men, focusing in particular on the relationship between income level
      and survivorship in the various subsites comprising the digestive system cancer
      category. Using the Cox proportional hazards model to control for confounding
      variables, the economic status-survivorship relationship is estimated for several
      subgroupings of primary malignancies. The results show significant variation in
      this relationship across different cancer sites, with a pronounced effect
      observed in carcinomas of the small intestine, peritoneum and, especially, colon
      and rectum. High-income patients with these malignancies had a significantly
      lower risk of dying from the disease (P less than 0.05) than either their middle-
      or lower-income counterparts, controlling for age, stage, and initial course of
      treatment. Differences in immunologic status, tumor characteristics, and follow
      up treatment may account for these economic effects.

PMID- 4005792
TI  - Phase I trial of thermochemotherapy for brain malignancy.
AB  - High-grade primary and refractory brain tumors and metastases to the brain from
      other primary sites are associated with a grave prognosis. Treatment, usually
      palliative, consists of some combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
      Recently, noninvasive hyperthermia by magnetic-loop induction has been safely
      used to treat patients with advanced cancer in extracranial sites. Both disease
      regression and disease stabilization have been observed. This technique was
      recently applied to brain tumors in an animal model, and its safety was again
      demonstrated. As a result, a Phase I trial of noninvasive localized hyperthermia
      in combination with intravenous chemotherapy has been carried out in ten patients
      whose primary or metastatic brain tumors failed to respond to standard therapy.
      Ten patients underwent 23 thermochemotherapy sessions using the magnetic-loop
      induction device. The median, maximum temperature of normal brain after 1 hour of
      hyperthermia was 41.1 degrees C (range, 38.6 degrees C-43.4 degrees C); the
      median, maximum temperature of brain tumor was 42.5 degrees C (range, 38.8
      degrees C-46.3 degrees C) (P less than 0.01). The temperatures of both the normal
      brain and brain tumor were obtained during 18 treatments. The tumor temperature
      was greater than the normal brain temperature in 15 of 18 treatments. In 78% of
      the treatments, the measured tumor temperature reached at least 42 degrees C,
      whereas the normal brain reached 42 degrees C in only 13% of the treatments.
      These data demonstrate the "selective inability" of brain tumor tissue to
      dissipate heat. Vital signs, intracranial pressure, and neurologic status were
      monitored throughout the hyperthermia treatments. No mortality or increase in
      chemotherapeutic toxicity could be attributed to the thermochemotherapy. In
      addition, there were no local complications or permanent neurologic
      complications. Two patients with elevated intracranial pressure before therapy
      had transient neurologic deficits that may have been exacerbated by the
      hyperthermia. It is concluded that this new, noninvasive modality not only
      produced effective intracranial tumor heating, but could be performed safely with
      the proper precautions. Phase II trials are warranted.

PMID- 4005793
TI  - Carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses. Results of a prospective pilot study.
AB  - Sixty patients with paranasal sinus cancer were treated from January 1976 until
      July 1981 according to a standard protocol in which surgery is combined with a
      low dose of irradiation and a topically applied cytostatic drug. The local
      control rate was 65%. Mutilation was clearly reduced. The actuarial 2-year and 5
      year survival rate was 76% and 65%, respectively. The actuarial 5-year survival
      rate for squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma of the maxillary
      sinus was 52%. For adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinus the actuarial 5-year
      survival rate was 100%. The results of this prospective pilot study suggest that
      it may be possible to achieve better results with less aggressive treatment.

PMID- 4005794
TI  - Five-day continuous-infusion vinblastine in the treatment of breast cancer.
AB  - One hundred six evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to
      prior chemotherapy were treated with 5-day intravenous infusions of vinblastine
      at 1.4 to 2.0 mg/m2/day, through silastic elastomer permanent central venous
      catheters. Thirty-nine patients achieved objective responses; 5 were considered
      complete. The overall response rate of 37% was independent of prior exposure to
      intermittent intravenous vinca alkaloids or prior response to front-line
      doxorubicin combination chemotherapy. Objective responses were documented in 48%
      of the patients who received daily doses above 1.7 mg/m2 and in 32% and 29% of
      those treated with 1.7 mg/m2 or less, respectively (P = 0.10). Myelosuppression
      was more severe in responders, who received higher average doses, (median average
      nadir, 850 granulocytes/mm3) than in nonresponders (median, 1300
      granulocytes/mm3), but was always rapidly reversible. Infections related to
      neutropenia were uncommon. Catheter-related toxicities occurred in 13 of 106
      patients. Other toxicities were limited. These results confirm that vinblastine
      given as a continuous 5-day infusion is one of the most effective agents in the
      treatment of metastatic breast cancer and suggest that its activity is dose
      dependent.

PMID- 4005795
TI  - Effects of bromocriptine on prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Mechanism of
      reduction in tumor size evaluated by light and electron microscopic,
      immunohistochemical, and morphometric analysis.
AB  - Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas were studied to clarify the mechanism by
      which bromocriptine reduces tumor size. Patients examined consisted of three
      groups: Group I (four cases) received no medication, Group II (six cases)
      continued bromocriptine treatment (10 mg/day for 2 weeks) until the operation,
      and Group III (five cases) discontinued the treatment 1 week before the
      operation. Adenomas in Group II showed a variety of degenerative and necrotic
      changes of tumor cells in addition to marked decrease in volume of individual
      cell. Adenomas in Group III showed divergent structural changes. Irreversible
      changes seen in Group II became more pronounced with a marked increase in stromal
      tissue. Proliferative areas consisting of intermediate-sized cells were found in
      the scarce stromal tissue. The findings seem to indicate that the reduction in
      size of prolactinomas by bromocriptine treatment results from the reduction in
      size of individual tumor cell as well as from cell loss secondary to necrosis.

PMID- 4005796
TI  - A phase I trial of dactinomycin intravenous infusion in patients with advanced
      malignancies.
AB  - Eighteen patients with advanced malignancies refractory to other forms of
      treatment were given dactinomycin (Act D) as continuous intravenous infusions.
      Their median age was 51 years (range, 36-67); their median performance status was
      50 (range, 40-90) on the Karnofsky scale. Act D was administered continuously for
      5 days, utilizing a central venous line and a perfusion pump. The starting dose
      was 0.1 mg/m2/24 hours X 5 days (total dose, 0.5 mg/m2) and was escalated
      according to a modified Fibonacci scale to 0.2, 0.33, and 0.5 mg/m2/24 hours X 5
      days, respectively. Three, three, four, and eight patients were entered,
      respectively, in each dose level. Toxicities observed were: leukopenia in four
      patients (nadir leukocyte count less than 1000 cells/nm3 in one patient and 2000
      3000 cells/mm3 in 3 patients); thrombocytopenia, with nadir platelet counts
      between 50,000 and 100,000 platelets/mm3 in 2 patients; stomatitis in four
      patients; and nausea in three patients. Vomiting was not observed during the
      infusions. Two patients may have had a radiation recall phenomenon. Blood count
      depression, nausea, and mucositis were transient, resolving after a few days. One
      patient at level IV died of sepsis, which was diagnosed on the fourth day of the
      infusion, before leukopenia intervened. No objective responses were seen. It was
      concluded that a higher dose of Act D can be given by continuous infusion than by
      a bolus injection; the authors recommended 0.5 mg/m2/day X 5 days (total dose,
      2.5 mg/m2) for further studies.

PMID- 4005798
TI  - Combined radiation therapy and extra-fascial hysterectomy in the treatment of
      stage IB barrel-shaped cervical cancer.
AB  - Seventy-five patients with bulky barrel-shaped Stage IB cervical cancers, treated
      at the University of Kentucky from 1965 to 1981, were the subjects of this
      investigation. Thirty-two of these patients were treated with radiation therapy
      alone and 43 were treated with radiation followed by extra-fascial hysterectomy.
      There were no significant differences in age, gravidity, or tumor cell type
      between the two treatment groups. Patients were seen at regular intervals from 2
      to 11 years after treatment and none were lost to follow-up. Recurrent cancer was
      noted in 47% of patients treated by radiation alone as compared to 16% of those
      treated with combined therapy (P less than 0.01). The incidence of pelvic
      recurrence was reduced from 19% to 2% and extrapelvic recurrence from 16% to 7%
      in patients treated by combination therapy. No rectal or urinary tract fistulae
      were noted after extra-fascial hysterectomy. The findings of this study suggest
      that the use of extra-fascial hysterectomy following radiation therapy in
      patients with bulky Stage IB cervical cancer causes a significant reduction in
      tumor recurrence without producing an increase in treatment-related
      complications.

PMID- 4005797
TI  - Bowel perforation during initial treatment for childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - In the last 5 years we have seen six cases of bowel perforation during initial
      therapy for childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Perforation occurred only in
      patients with Stage III or IV disease. It occurred in patients without clinically
      detectable mural disease of bowel. Children who suffered bowel perforation had a
      worse outcome than those who did not, but two of the six patients described have
      gone on to long-term disease-free survival more than 2 years from completion of
      their treatment.

PMID- 4005799
TI  - Introduction of bacterial components in postadsorbed plasma during adsorption
      with Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - In vitro plasma adsorption over either protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus
      Cowan I (SAC) or protein A-negative S. aureus Wood 46 (SAW) led to leaching of
      bacterial biomolecules in the postadsorbed plasma. Presence of bacterial moieties
      was demonstrated in the postadsorbed plasma by more than one method: (1) using
      radiolabeled bacteria for adsorption with plasma and detecting radioactivity in
      the postadsorbed plasma, (2) gel filtration of pre- and post-adsorbed plasmas
      over Sephadex G-200 column and detecting additional peak(s) in the postadsorbed
      plasma, and (3) immunoelectrophoretic analysis of pre- and postadsorbed plasmas
      and their column fractions against rabbit anti-SAC antisera and demonstrating new
      precipitin bands in postadsorbed plasma. Using an extracorporeal plasma
      adsorption procedure in mongrel dogs, with radiolabeled SAC as the adsorbent, we
      have demonstrated the presence of radioactivity in both the adsorbed and filtered
      (0.2 micron) blood entering into the body, and the adsorbed blood that passed out
      of the body to reenter into the extracorporeal circuit. These data suggest that
      components of S. aureus origin enter into the host circulation during both in
      vitro and ex vivo plasma adsorption, although the exact nature of those extracted
      staphylococcal components remains unknown. This observation is of much
      significance since it can possibly help elucidate the mechanism of tumor
      regression observed following perfusion of plasma over SAC or SAW, followed by
      its reinfusion to the host.

PMID- 4005800
TI  - Quantification of thyroglobulin messenger RNA by in situ hybridization in
      differentiated thyroid cancers. Difference between well-differentiated and
      moderately differentiated histologic types.
AB  - Thyroglobulin messenger RNA (mRNA) was located and quantified in tissue sections
      of differentiated human thyroid cancers by in situ hybridization using cloned
      complementary DNA probes. The cells of the well-differentiated follicular and
      papillary forms contained similar levels of thyroglobulin mRNA, corresponding to
      about 2000 copies per cell. In contrast, cells of moderately differentiated
      thyroid cancers contained about two to three times less thyroglobulin mRNA. It
      was also found that thyroglobulin mRNA was present almost exclusively in
      polyribosomes under the form of heavy polyribosomes actively synthesizing
      thyroglobulin. It is suggested that in situ hybridization method allows
      localization of specific mRNA in differentiated thyroid cancers and correlation
      with the level of differentiation of the cells.

PMID- 4005801
TI  - Viability of tumor cells in the irrigation fluid of the Cavitron Ultrasonic
      Surgical Aspirator (CUSA) after tumor fragmentation.
AB  - The Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (CUSA) (Cooper Medical, Stamford, CT)
      is a relatively new surgical modality. The risk of tumor seeding during tumor
      surgery has not been studied until now. Hanks balanced salt solution, normal
      saline, distilled water, and Dakin's solution were used as irrigation fluids
      during CUSA fragmentation of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57B1/10 female mice, using
      the machine at 40% of its maximal output. All four irrigation fluids contained
      viable tumor cells--growing in vitro as well as in vivo--after tumor aspiration.
      Normal saline was also used when the machine was operating at its maximal output.
      Under these conditions, the irrigation fluid contained viable tumor cells as
      well.

PMID- 4005802
TI  - The value of morphometry to classic prognosticators in breast cancer.
AB  - In 271 breast cancer patients with adequate follow-up for at least 5.5 and
      maximally 12 years, the value of morphometry to classic prognosticators of breast
      cancer (tumor size and axillary lymph node status) was assessed. Previous studies
      had indicated the value of this quantitative microscopic technique. Apart from
      quantitative microscopic features, subjective qualitative features such as
      nuclear and histologic grade were assessed as well. Univariate life-table
      analysis showed the significance (p less than 0.001) of several features such as
      lymph node status, tumor size, nuclear and histologic grade, and several
      morphometric variables (mitotic activity index, mean and standard deviation of
      nuclear area). Cellularity index was also significant (p = 0.02). Survival
      analysis with Cox's regression model, using a stepwise selection as well as
      backwards elimination, pointed to three features: mitotic activity index, tumor
      size, and lymph node status. Mitotic activity was the most important prognostic
      feature, but the combination of these three features in a multivariate prognostic
      index had even more prognostic significance. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the
      5-year survival of lymph node-negative patients (n = 146) is 85%, versus 93% in
      patients with a "good prognosis index" (n = 150). For lymph node-positive
      patients (n = 125), 5-year survival was 55%, compared with 47% in the "high
      index" (poor prognosis) patients (n = 121). Logistic discriminant analysis with
      5.5-year follow-up as a fixed endpoint (191 survivors and 80 nonsurvivors)
      essentially gave the same results. Application of two instead of one decision
      threshold (e.g., numerical classification probability 0.60 and 0.40) decrease the
      number of false-negative and false-positive outcomes, however, with a number of
      patients falling in the class "uncertain." Thus, in agreement with other studies,
      morphometry significantly adds to the prognosis prediction of lymph node status
      and tumor size. Mitotic activity index is the best single predictor of the
      prognosis. An additional index advantage is that the multivariate model results
      in a continuous index variable that can be subdivided in many classes with an
      increasing risk of recurrence, so that more refined clinical therapeutic decision
      making is possible in individual patient care. The morphometric techniques are
      inexpensive and fairly simple and therefore can be applied in most pathology
      laboratories.

PMID- 4005803
TI  - Risk of familial breast cancer.
AB  - The probabilities of developing breast cancer to and between various ages were
      estimated for 699 sisters of patients from three pedigree groups: sisters of
      patients whose (1) mothers, (2) sisters, or (3) second-degree relatives had
      previous breast cancer. The pedigree source of the patient and the laterality of
      disease had important effects on her sister's risk, whereas her age at diagnosis
      had virtually no effect. The highest life-time risks to sisters occurred when the
      patient had bilateral disease, an affected mother (25 +/- 7.2%), or an affected
      sister (28 +/- 11%). The risks reduced to 18 +/- 3.3% and 14 +/- 2.6%,
      respectively, with unilateral disease. Sisters of patients with an affected
      second-degree relative manifested a risk of 4 +/- 1.8% only with unilateral
      disease. Although the sisters' probabilities to age 70 were similar in pedigrees
      with affected mothers and sisters, the interval probabilities for successive 10
      year periods suggested an earlier disease occurrence in the mother than sister
      pedigree groups when the patient had bilateral disease. The current results and
      those of others underscore the need for caution in applying probabilities for
      counseling women about their breast cancer risks.

PMID- 4005804
TI  - Pancreatic cancer. Assessment of prognosis by clinical presentation.
AB  - Three hundred ninety-three patients who were entered into pancreatic carcinoma
      treatment protocols of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (GITSG) were
      analyzed as to significant differences in clinical presentation and factors
      influencing survival. Patients were grouped according to the stage of the
      disease. Group I (21 cases) included those patients who had a potentially
      curative resection. Group II (182 cases) patients had a locally unresectable
      tumor less then 400 cm2 (surgically proven) and no distant metastases, and Group
      III (190 cases) had advanced disease. Group I patients had the smallest lesions
      (median area, 9 cm2), located in head of the gland in 90% and painless jaundice
      was the most frequent clinical presentation (52%). In Group II, 83% were located
      in the head of the gland but the median area was much larger (36 cm2). Pain was
      present in 80% of cases, and jaundice in 62% with 48% having jaundice and pain.
      In Group III patients, lesions of body and tail were over four-fold as frequent
      as in Group I and almost three-fold greater than in Group II. The median area of
      the lesion was large (30 cm2). Pain was present in 85% and jaundice in only 31%.
      Median survival in Group I patients was longer than Group III (73 versus 10
      weeks; P less than 0.001). Ambulatory status, sex, race, abdominal pain, and
      histologic type influenced survival in one or more groups whereas age, jaundice,
      location of the tumor, degree of cellular differentiation, back pain, and
      nutritional status did not influence survival in any group. In all groups, those
      with a good performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] 0 and
      1) survived longer than those with poor status (ECOG 2 and 3; P less than 0.05).
      The best potential prognosis is in those who are fully productive and present
      with painless jaundice, and who have resection of the tumor.

PMID- 4005805
TI  - The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of "untreated"
      hyperplasia in 170 patients.
AB  - Endometrial curettings from 170 patients with all grades of endometrial
      hyperplasia, who did not undergo a hysterectomy for at least 1 year were
      evaluated in order to correlate the histopathologic features with behavior.
      Follow-up ranged from 1 to 26.7 years (mean, 13.4 years). Cytologic and
      architectural alterations were analyzed separately in order to assess their
      respective roles in predicting the likelihood of progression to carcinoma.
      Classification of proliferative lesions based solely on the presence of cytologic
      atypia revealed that atypia was a discriminant factor. Proliferations lacking
      cytologic atypia were designated hyperplasia and those displaying atypia were
      designated atypical hyperplasia. Only 2 (1.6%) of 122 patients with hyperplasia
      progressed to carcinoma compared with 11 (23%) of women with atypical hyperplasia
      (P = 0.001). Subclassification of the two forms of hyperplasia (those with
      cytologic atypia and those without) was performed using the degree of
      architectural abnormalities. Hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia displaying
      marked glandular complexity and crowding producing a back-to-back appearance were
      designated complex hyperplasia (CH) and complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH),
      respectively. Hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia with lesser degrees of
      glandular complexity and crowding were designated simple hyperplasia (SH) and
      simple atypical hyperplasia (SAH), respectively. Progression to carcinoma
      occurred in 1 (1%) of 93 patients with SH, in 1 (3%) of 29 patients with CH, in 1
      (8%) of the patients with SAH, and in 10 (29%) of the patients with CAH. The
      differences between the four subgroups suggest a trend but are not statistically
      significant. The findings in this study provide a rationale for classifying
      noninvasive endometrial proliferations primarily on the basis of cytologic atypia
      since this is the most useful criterion in predicting the likelihood of
      progression to carcinoma. In addition, the presence of concommitant architectural
      alterations appears to identify a particularly high-risk subgroup.

PMID- 4005806
TI  - The role of lymph node dissection for clinical stage I malignant melanoma of
      intermediate thickness (1.51-3.99 mm).
AB  - The survival times of patients who had an elective regional lymph node dissection
      was compared with that of those who did not undergo the procedure in a database
      of 72 patients with clinical Stage I melanoma of intermediate thickness (1.51
      3.99 mm). All of the patients had been followed for 5 years or longer or until
      death. No significant differences were found in other reported prognostic
      factors, suggesting that the two groups were comparable. By multivariate
      analysis, a low mitotic rate, intermediate patient age, and the presence of an
      infiltrative lymphocytic response were found to be associated with favorable
      survival. There did not appear to be any association of elective regional lymph
      node dissection with survival; and it was concluded that such therapy should not
      be regarded as "standard" for clinical Stage I melanoma of intermediate
      thickness.

PMID- 4005807
TI  - Tetanus toxin labeling as a novel rapid and highly specific tool in human
      neuroblastoma differential diagnosis.
AB  - Tetanus toxin (TT) was used as a diagnostic marker for human neuroblastoma (NB)
      cells. TT binding sites visualized by TT and FITC-conjugated anti-TT antibodies
      were present on NB cells from all 13 cases studied comprising Stages II, III, IV,
      IVS and histologic grades 1 through 3. NB cells from both bone marrow aspirates
      and tumor biopsies as well as cultured NB cells were TT-positive. Diagnosis of NB
      was further ascertained by electron microscopy, cell culture, and quantitative
      determinations of catecholamines in tumor material. Only electron microscopic
      diagnoses had an accuracy comparable to that of TT labeling. None of the non-NB
      tumors (Ewing's sarcoma, acute lymphatic and myeloic leukemia, acute monocyte
      leukemia, chronic myeloic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, oat cell carcinoma of the
      lung, pheochromocytoma), except for the pheochromocytoma, were found to bind TT
      specifically. These results suggest that TT may be profitably employed as a
      diagnostic marker of human NB cells. The advantages of the methods are its high
      discriminative capacity against non-NB cells and rapid applicability.

PMID- 4005809
TI  - Radiation therapy alone for sarcoma of soft tissue.
AB  - Fifty-one patients have been treated with radiation therapy alone for soft tissue
      sarcomas, with 72.5% eligible for more than 5-year follow-up. Thirty-six of 51
      patients received a radiation dose of 6400 cGy (or its equivalent) or greater.
      Careful attention was paid to the radiation therapy technique, using multiple
      angled fields, tissue-compensating wedges, immobilization devices, etc., in order
      to preserve a good functional result. Eleven of 51 patients are alive with no
      evidence of disease. The overall 5-year survival and local control rates were
      25.1% and 33% respectively. For patients treated to a dose of 6400 cGy or
      greater, the 5-year survival and local control were 28.4% and 43.5%,
      respectively. Local control was better for tumors less than 5 cm diameter (87.5%)
      than in tumors 5 to 10 cm diameter (53%) or greater than 10 cm (30%). Only four
      patients in this series had a grade I tumor, and no survival difference could be
      detected between Grade 2 and Grade 3 tumors. This series indicates that radiation
      therapy alone can control tumor in a portion of patients with soft tissue
      sarcomas.

PMID- 4005808
TI  - A phase II study of high-dose estrogens (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate) in
      prostate cancer.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with metastatic prostate cancer resistant to primary hormone
      therapy, received high-dose intravenous diethylstilbestrol diphosphate
      (Stilphostrol [Miles Pharm], DES-P) in a Phase II study using established
      response criteria. Objective response rate was 17%, while 22% of the patients
      were subjectively improved. Moderate gastrointestinal toxicity was reported in 10
      patients (40%). Thromboembolic complications were seen in 2 (8%). The role of
      high-dose Stilphostrol in the treatment of hormone-resistant prostate cancer is
      limited.

PMID- 4005810
TI  - Specific active immunotherapy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon
      utilizing tumor-associated antigens (TAA). A phase I clinical trial.
AB  - Twenty-two patients received specific active immunotherapy (TAA vaccine once per
      month for 3 months), with the duration of follow-up, as of July 1984, ranging
      from 3 months to 36 months (median, 21 months). Of these, seven had Dukes B2,
      seven had Dukes C, and eight had Dukes D lesions. All received surgical
      resection, and those with Dukes D disease underwent resection of all metastases
      where possible, with six clinically disease-free at the time of initiation of
      therapy. The age range of the 22 patients was 40 to 73 years (median, 60 years);
      sex distribution was 12 males and 10 females. All patients were monitored by
      physical examination and by laboratory parameters including complete blood count,
      liver and renal function tests, blood chemistries, urinalysis, chest x-ray,
      carcinoembryonic antigen levels, migration inhibition assays, complete immune
      complexes, serum chemistries, helper and suppressor and total T-cell and B-cell
      assays, and TAA antibody levels. As measured by delayed cutaneous
      hypersensitivity skin test and by migration inhibition assays (MIA), a strong
      postimmunization response is developed approximately 5 months after vaccination
      is completed. There were no clinical or biochemical manifestations of any type of
      systemic toxicity including hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, respiratory, or
      neurologic during the period of follow-up. All patients developed skin ulcers at
      the vaccination and required 4 to 5 months to heal. With this small number of
      patients in a Phase I trial, survival is indicative of the safety of the vaccine
      only: 82% of the patients are alive (mean survival, 21 months) thus far, and 59%
      of the patients are without evidence of disease (NED) (mean NED, 22 months).
      These studies, therefore, justify a Phase II-III trial in a larger number of
      patients and have provided selection of appropriate monitoring tests for the
      larger trial.

PMID- 4005811
TI  - Release of prolactin, thyrotropin, and growth hormone in women with cyclical
      mastalgia and fibrocystic disease of the breast.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH)
      response to metoclopramide and TRH was investigated in seven women with
      fibrocystic disease and cyclical mastalgia, in eight similar patients without
      mastalgia, and in six normal controls. The basal PRL level was significantly
      elevated in patients with cyclical mastalgia (P less than 0.025). PRL and TSH
      response to metoclopramide did not differ significantly between the three groups,
      indicating that decreased dopaminergic tone is not the cause of elevated basal
      PRL level in cyclical mastalgia. PRL and TSH response to TRH and the abscent GH
      response to both metoclopramide and TRH further indicate that the
      hypothalamicpituitary axis is not primarily disturbed in cyclical mastalgia. The
      basal GH level was elevated in patients with fibrocystic disease with or without
      mastalgia. The increased basal GH secretion is not believed to be directly
      involved in cyclical mastalgia, but may be of importance in fibrocystic disease.

PMID- 4005812
TI  - DNA content in renal cell carcinoma with reference to tumor heterogeneity.
AB  - DNA content was successfully determined by flow cytometry in 196 tissue samples
      from 25 renal cell carcinomas. Twelve tumors (48%) were homogeneously
      diploid/near-diploid, whereas 11 tumors were aneuploid and 2 tumors were
      polyploid. Cell clones with different DNA content were found in 11 tumors
      demonstrating a considerable heterogeneity in the non-diploid tumors; 9 of these
      11 heterogeneous tumors contained both aneuploid and diploid cell clones. Tumor
      samples morphologically classified as grade 1 and 2 were 98% diploid and grade 4
      samples were 78% aneuploid. No correlation between DNA distribution and
      morphologic grade was found for grade 3 tumor samples. Tumor proliferation rate,
      as determined by the fraction of cells in S-phase, was significantly higher in
      aneuploid samples compared to normal kidney tissue samples and diploid tumor
      samples.

PMID- 4005813
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans in malignant diffuse mesothelioma.
AB  - Because of frequently encountered diagnostic difficulty due to a morphologic
      similarity between diffuse pleural mesothelioma and peripheral pulmonary
      adenocarcinoma, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of human malignant diffuse mesothelioma
      were histochemically stained and chemically quantitated, and were compared with
      GAG of papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung. In all seven patients, the diagnosis
      of diffuse mesothelioma was confirmed morphologically by such findings as
      abundant bushy microvilli on cell surface and intermediate filaments in
      cytoplasm. The total GAG in mesothelioma obtained from fresh materials (5 cases)
      was significantly increased over that in pleural connective tissue (P less than
      0.01) and lung adenocarcinoma (P less than 0.02). Two dimensional electrophoretic
      separation of GAG of mesothelioma and lung cancer showed hyaluronic acid, heparan
      sulfate, heparin, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate; among them, the two
      predominant fractions were hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. In the
      quantitative analysis, the hyaluronic acid content of mesothelioma averaged 57%
      of the total GAG, but that of lung adenocarcinoma, 38%. The results suggest that
      chemical analysis of GAG may be useful as supplementary diagnostic procedure to
      morphologic examination in the differentiation of diffuse mesothelioma from
      papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung.

PMID- 4005814
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree in childhood. A report from the Intergroup
      Rhabdomyosarcoma Study.
AB  - Ten cases of rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree (RMS/BT) in children are
      reported in this review of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) I and II.
      RMS/BT constitutes 0.8% of evaluable tumors on IRS I and II. Intermittent
      obstructive jaundice with or without abdominal distention, fever, and loss of
      appetite is the typical presentation. Attribution of these symptoms to hepatitis
      commonly delayed definitive treatment. Demonstration of a mass in the porta
      hepatitis by ultrasound led quickly to surgical consultation and an exploratory
      laparotomy. Intraoperative cholangiography was a valuable technique in
      establishing the level of biliary tree obstruction and verifying a functioning
      drainage procedure. Resection of the mass with only microscopic or minimal gross
      residual disease was possible at the initial surgery in six of the ten patients.
      Included in this group are all four of the surviving patients. The continuity of
      bile flow was usually maintained by variations of a Roux-en-Y jejunostomy.
      Histology was embryonal RMS with some botryoid elements. Consultation with a
      surgical pathologist during the course of the surgery was of invaluable
      assistance. Multi-drug chemotherapy and radiotherapy consistent with the IRS
      protocols were given postoperatively. A second-look surgery was useful in
      evaluating residual or recurrent disease. Four patients are surviving free of
      disease at 6 months, 3, 6 1/4, and 6 1/2 years from diagnosis, respectively. This
      review demonstrates that a multidisciplinary approach in RMS/BT can lead to long
      term survival.

PMID- 4005815
TI  - Ovarian Brenner tumors. I. Metaplastic, proliferating, and of low malignant
      potential.
AB  - In several studies, attempts were made to establish criteria for distinguishing
      malignant Brenner tumors from proliferating and low malignant potential ones.
      Although these criteria can be applied to the majority of cases, there still
      exist tumors that present problems in classification. In applying the World
      Health Organization (WHO) criteria for Brenner tumors, the most important feature
      for distinguishing the intermediate forms from the malignant ones is the presence
      of stromal invasion in the latter. This feature has generally been considered
      difficult to employ because of the fundamental fibroepithelial nature of Brenner
      tumors, the stroma being derived from the ovarian stroma. A logical and
      relatively easily applicable classification of Brenner tumors is presented in
      this report. Although more complex than the WHO classification, it includes newly
      recognized variants of the Brenner tumor and avoids using the same terminology to
      describe different types and degrees of epithelial abnormalities. Fourteen
      unusual Brenner tumors were studied, intermediate between typical benign and
      frankly malignant ones, and were classified into 3 categories representing
      progressive epithelial abnormalities. These include metaplastic, proliferating,
      and tumors of low malignant potential. In none of these does stromal invasion
      occur. Each of these categories corresponds to a particular urothelial
      abnormality or neoplasm. Through this classification, a better understanding of
      the morphology and biologic behavior of unusual types of Brenner tumors can be
      expected.

PMID- 4005816
TI  - Ovarian Brenner tumors. II. Malignant.
AB  - In this study, nine malignant Brenner tumors were reviewed and divided into well
      and poorly differentiated types. To meet the criteria for malignancy, stromal
      invasion must be observed. A component of typical benign, metaplastic, and/or
      proliferating Brenner tumor should be identified. The presence of these latter
      elements is necessary because the malignant component is often too poorly
      differentiated to be identified as a Brenner tumor, and a metastatic lesion
      cannot otherwise be ruled out on pathologic grounds. Well-differentiated tumors
      often occurred in close relationship to proliferating and occasionally to
      metaplastic areas, and poorly differentiated ones in relationship to low
      malignant potential areas. The malignant component may consist of transitional
      cell, squamous, or undifferentiated carcinoma or an admixture of these. A
      component of adenocarcinoma may be associated with other malignant elements, but
      pure mucinous or serous adenocarcinomas would be regarded as separate neoplasms.
      Although the number of cases is small, the well-differentiated tumors appear to
      have a better prognosis than the poorly differentiated ones.

PMID- 4005817
TI  - Bone metastasizing renal tumor (clear cell sarcoma) of childhood with epithelioid
      elements.
AB  - A case of bone metastasizing renal tumor (clear cell sarcoma) of childhood
      (BMRTC) is presented. Histologic examination demonstrated the typical
      histopathologic features of this type of tumor. In addition, epithelial cells
      were present which occurred in groups, either around a central eosinophilic core
      or occasionally around a small central lumen. To the authors' knowledge, the
      presence of epithelial cells in BMRTC has not been reported before. The
      histogenetic implication of this finding is discussed.

PMID- 4005818
TI  - Endoscopic diagnosis of minute gastric cancer of less than 5 mm in diameter.
AB  - The accuracy of diagnosis by endoscopic visual and histocytologic examination of
      minute gastric cancers of less than 5 mm in longest diameter was investigated.
      Between 1959 and 1981, 55 minute cancers were found in 54 patients at The Center
      for Adult Diseases, Osaka in Japan: 15 foci were solitary and 40 were associated
      with other larger gastric cancer. Histologic and/or cytologic confirmation of
      carcinoma was obtained before operation in 73.3% of cases with a solitary lesion,
      but in only 7.5% of cases with multiple lesions, for an overall positive result
      of 25.5%. The diagnostic rate was higher for elevated type and depressed type
      with converging folds than for flat type and depressed type without converging
      folds. No cancers of less than 3 mm in longest diameter were correctly diagnosed
      before operation. Because endoscopic visual diagnosis itself is not sufficiently
      reliable in determining the nature of the minute lesions, the final diagnosis
      should be confirmed by endoscopic direct biopsy. However, the first biopsy should
      be done as carefully as possible, because bleeding in the target area may prevent
      multiple direct biopsy specimens from being taken. Results also indicate that
      lesions which could not be diagnosed before operation could not be endoscopically
      inspected. Therefore, endoscopic detection and subsequent accurate biopsy of
      suspicious lesions is very important for diagnosis of minute gastric cancer.

PMID- 4005820
TI  - A case-control study of stomach cancer in a coal mining region of Pennsylvania.
AB  - Historically coal mining populations have been reported to have elevated stomach
      cancer incidence rates. To identify which factors might be associated with cases
      who reside in these high risk areas, and specifically if particulate exposures
      from coal mining and coal utilization are associated with risk, a mining area of
      western Pennsylvania was defined for a retrospective case-control study. One
      hundred seventy-eight resident cases, identified from certificates of death, were
      compared to three controls: digestive cancer deaths, arteriosclerotic heart
      disease deaths, and neighborhood (living) controls. Controls were matched to each
      case on age, race, sex, and residence. Interviews were conducted during 1981 and
      1982. Excess risks were shown for foreign born and eastern Europeans. Coal mining
      was not shown to be a risk factor for males, while an association was seen for
      female cases whose husbands were miners. Farming was a risk factor for males and
      females. Marked decreased risks were shown for gas heating and cooking fuels,
      with elevated risks for coal, wood and oil heating fuels, and wood cooking fuel.
      These findings are associated with lower socioeconomic status, and suggest
      environmental exposures or lifestyles that are directly and indirectly related to
      these risks factors. The marked inverse relationship between stomach cancer and
      use of gas heating and cooking fuel may be of important etiologic significance,
      especially in association with dietary changes. Further evaluation of prior use
      of various types of heating and cooking fuels needs to be considered especially
      using incident rather than case deaths.

PMID- 4005819
TI  - Complications of colonic interposition.
AB  - The roentgenographic and surgical experience with 44 patients treated with colon
      interpositions was examined. Forty-two of these patients had carcinoma of the
      esophagus. Staged therapy consisted of mediastinal irradiation, colonic
      interposition, and total esophagectomy. The more common complications related to
      luminal patency and conduit integrity. A total of 29.5% developed anastomotic
      narrowing due to postoperative edema. Anastomotic leaks arose only at the
      proximal anastomosis and had an incidence rate of 31.8%. Thirty-four percent had
      fistulous tracts originating in the reconstructed upper gastrointestinal tract.
      In eighty percent of the patients with leaks or fistulae, their defects healed
      spontaneously or with simple drainage. Strictures were encountered in 59.1%, and
      there were 5 instances of colonic graft ischemia. The mortality directly related
      to surgery was 6.8%. Ischemia, particularly at the cervical anastomosis, is
      probably the most common cause of complications. Radiographic evaluation is
      recommended using a single contrast barium examination unless gross extravasation
      is expected.

PMID- 4005821
TI  - Female gender is a major determinant of changing subsite distribution of
      colorectal cancer with age.
AB  - Distribution by subsite and sector of 948 colorectal cancers diagnosed in Kansas
      in 1982 was analyzed in respect to sex and age in a population-based study.
      Regression analysis of percentage versus age showed decreasing left, increasing
      right, and unchanged transverse colon occurrence of cancer for both sexes.
      However, this was statistically significant only for women; left, -0.7066% per
      year (P = 0.0088) and right +0.6023% per year (P = 0.0012). Regression for seven
      subsites showed significant changes only for women; with rectosigmoid and sigmoid
      decreasing and cecum and ascending colon increasing. Similar results were
      obtained in analysis of the 5822 cases available in the Kansas cancer registry
      for the years 1978 to 1982. These findings have important implications for
      screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer in the elderly, particularly women,
      and also provide a useful clue in the investigation of colorectal carcinogenesis.

PMID- 4005822
TI  - Studies in vivo to investigate the status of 4-N-pyrrolidinylazobenzene as a pure
      cancer initiating agent to the rat liver.
AB  - 4-N-Pyrrolidinylazobenzene (4N) has been described sequentially as a potential
      rat hepatocarcinogen, a non-hepatocarcinogen to the rat, a possible pure
      initiating agent to the rat liver and as unlikely to be either a rat
      hepatocarcinogen or a cancer initiating agent. Given the importance of defining a
      pure initiating agent to the rodent liver we have conducted experiments to
      evaluate the status of 4N in this respect. By histopathological criteria 4N is
      non-hepatotoxic to the rat liver following daily oral gavage for 6 weeks, but it
      can be detected unbound in the rat liver following a single exposure via oral
      gavage and methaemoglobin is evident in peripheral blood. In addition, it fails
      to bind covalently to hepato-proteins or to initiate unscheduled DNA synthesis in
      the rat liver following oral dosing. Under similar conditions of bioassay, the
      rat liver carcinogen 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'M) gave a positive
      response on each count. Further, no evidence of histopathological change was
      observed in the rat liver following daily intraperitoneal injection of 4N for 2
      weeks. It is concluded that 4N is both non-toxic and non-genotoxic to the rodent
      liver in vivo in all respects studied, and that it is therefore very unlikely to
      possess cancer initiating activity in this tissue.

PMID- 4005823
TI  - Vascular volume and permeability of human and murine tumors grown in athymic
      mice.
AB  - 99mTc-labeled red blood cells have been used to measure tumor vascular volume
      (VV). When combined with the use of 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin [(
      125I]BSA) and 131I-labeled IgGs this method also provides the rapid simultaneous
      determination of tumor vascular permeability (VP). Using this technique the VV
      and VP of a human (Clouser) and a murine tumor (SL2) grown in athymic mice were
      determined. The relative VV were Clouser = SL2 greater than or equal to skin
      greater than muscle. The relative VP of BSA and IgG were Clouser greater than SL2
      = skin greater than muscle. These results may explain the differences observed in
      the accumulation of monoclonal antibodies in human and murine tumors grown in the
      athymic mouse.

PMID- 4005824
TI  - Mutagenicity of five arylamines after metabolic activation with isolated dog and
      human hepatocytes.
AB  - The mutagenicity of benzidine (BZ) N-acetylbenzidine (MABZ), N,N'
      diacetylbenzidine (DABZ), 4-aminobiphenyl (4-AB) and 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA)
      towards Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1538 was measured in the presence of
      isolated hepatocytes from dog and man. The influence of paraoxon, an inhibitor of
      the deacetylation reaction, on the mutagenicity of these compounds was also
      investigated. Obvious interspecies differences in the mutagenic activation of
      benzidine and its acetylated-derivatives were seen. However, with liver cell
      preparations from both species it was found that MABZ and DABZ were more
      mutagenic than BZ itself. 4-AB appeared to be weakly mutagenic in the presence of
      human hepatocytes but non-mutagenic with dog hepatocytes. 2-AA was highly
      mutagenic in both species. When human hepatocytes were used as the metabolic
      factor, the mutagenicity of all arylamines decreased in the presence of paraoxon.
      With dog hepatocytes, however, the mutagenicity of all arylamines except DABZ was
      enhanced in the presence of paraoxon.

PMID- 4005825
TI  - Analysis of syn- and anti-1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5
      methylchrysene -deoxyribonucleoside adducts by boronate chromatography.
AB  - The Servacel DHB (m-dihydroxyborylphenylaminoethyl cellulose) chromatographic
      procedure developed by Sawiki et al. (Cancer Res., 43,3212-3218, 1983) for
      analysis of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-DNA adducts was applied to
      analyze syn- and anti-1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-methylchrysene
      (DE-I)-deoxyribonucleoside adducts. Identical elution conditions to whose
      developed for the DMBA adducts were employed. While the results were similar to
      those obtained in the DMBA system, some of the anti-DE-I-deoxyribonucleoside
      adducts eluted with the buffer system used for elution of syn-adducts. Complete
      resolution of the anti- and syn-adducts was obtained when modified elution
      conditions as developed by Pruess-Schwartz et al. (Cancer Res., 44, 4104-4110,
      1984) for analysis of syn- and anti-7 alpha-8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta
      epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]-pyrene--DNA adducts were applied. Based on this
      chromatographic procedure about 15% of the DE-I-deoxyribonucleoside adducts,
      formed in mouse skin DNA upon treatment with 5-[3H]methylchrysene (MeC),
      originated from syn-DE-I.

PMID- 4005826
TI  - On the pulmonary tumorigenicity of arsenic trisulfide and calcium arsenate in
      hamsters.
AB  - The pulmonary tumorigenicity of arsenic trisulfide and calcium arsenate was
      explored following 15 intratracheal instillations in male Syrian golden hamsters
      at weekly doses of about 3 mg/kg body weight (as arsenic). One lung adenoma
      appeared in 28 animals examined in the arsenic trisulfide group and 4 adenomas in
      35 animals surviving the treatment with calcium arsenate. No adenomas were seen
      in 26 animals instilled with the vehicle (0.9% saline solution). The results show
      that calcium arsenate is tumorigenic (P less than 0.05), while the evidence is
      inconclusive for arsenic trisulfide.

PMID- 4005827
TI  - The widely-distributed tumour protein, oncomodulin, is a normal constituent of
      human and rodent placentas.
AB  - Oncomodulin, first found in tumours, turns out to be a highly conserved
      oncodevelopmental protein in human and rodent placentas. The human and rat
      placental oncomodulins were visualised immunohistochemically. The placental
      oncomodulins are identical to each other, and to tumour oncomodulin with respect
      to amino acid composition, chromatographic elution and the pattern of the
      peptides released by trypsin action.

PMID- 4005828
TI  - Selenium inhibits UV-light-induced skin carcinogenesis in hairless mice.
AB  - Female hairless inbred hr/hr mice were exposed to UV-B irradiation from Philips
      TL 40W/12 fluorescent tubes. Fractionated irradiation, given as single daily
      doses 5 days a week, was gradually increased from 0.04 to 0.4 J/cm2 over 2 weeks.
      Irradiation at 0.4 J/cm2 was continued for 20 weeks. Selenium supplementation
      given as sodium selenite in the drinking water at 2, 4 and 8 mg/l began 3 weeks
      before UV-irradiation and continued thereafter. Development of skin tumors was
      followed by weekly examinations. Statistical analyses revealed significant dose
      dependent selenium-mediated protection against UV-light-induced skin cancer.
      Leukemia developed in 5 of 150 UV-irradiated mice as opposed to none in a group
      of 60 unirradiated mice.

PMID- 4005829
TI  - Environmental temperature and metastatic spread of melanoma in the crested newt.
AB  - The influence of environmental temperature on tumor growth in newts injected
      subcutaneously with melanoma cell suspensions was studied. No signs of tumor
      growth were observed in animals kept at 4 degrees C, even after 1 year, whereas
      animals kept at 30 degrees C died after 2-4 weeks of widespread metastatic
      disease. In newts kept at both 17 degrees C and 27 degrees C and killed 25 days
      after the tumor grafting, blood-borne tumor emboli were often found. However,
      widespread metastases were present only in those kept at 27 degrees C. These
      findings suggest that by operating at a proper environmental temperature to slow
      down tumor growth, melanoma of the crested newt could serve as a useful
      experimental model for study of the different steps of metastatic spread.

PMID- 4005830
TI  - Translocations involving chromosome 1 in hormone-independent GR mouse mammary
      tumors.
AB  - Large marker chromosomes were found in 2 hormone-independent (HI) GR mouse
      mammary tumors, i.e. a tumor (TSl 75) that was already HI at the first
      transplantation, and a tumor (TSl 66) that became HI at the 19th passage. These
      marker chromosomes appear to be translocations to distal and proximal ends of
      chromosome 1, respectively. The translocation in tumor TSl 66 may be t(15:1).

PMID- 4005831
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide detoxication by catalase in subcellular fractions of human
      brain tumors and normal brain tissues.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide detoxication by catalase was found to be significantly lower in
      human brain tumoral tissue as compared with normal brain tissue. As to the
      subcellular distribution of catalase activity, the tumoral tissue showed a
      decrease in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions and an increase in the
      supernatants.

PMID- 4005832
TI  - Effect of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide induced macrophages on malignant
      cell proliferation.
AB  - Murine peritoneal macrophages elicited by dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide
      (DDA), which is a potent immunologic adjuvant, were examined for cytotoxic and
      growth inhibiting activity for malignant cells. DDA macrophages had no cytolytic
      activity for murine B16BL-6 melanoma or human SMS-SB pre-B leukemia cells even in
      the presence of up to 1 microgram bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide,
      LPS)/ml. However, they exhibited a variable inhibitory effect on the growth of
      several lines of leukemia cells. The number of SMS-SB and human NALL cells
      remained essentially static in the presence of DDA macrophages while they
      increased significantly when cultured with resident macrophages. In contrast,
      L1210 cells increased 5-8-fold in the presence of macrophages elicited either by
      DDA or the inflammatory agent proteose peptone (PP). Although DDA macrophages
      retarded L1210 growth relative to PP macrophages, both populations responded to
      LPS in a comparable dose dependent manner to become essentially cytostatic at 1
      microgram LPS/ml.

PMID- 4005833
TI  - The gray opossum (Monodelphis domestica): a marsupial model for xenogeneic
      neoplasms.
AB  - Marsupials are born in what is essentially a fetal stage of development and are
      largely unprotected by endocrine or immune systems during early neonatal life. In
      this study, gray opossums (Monodelphis domestica) were injected during neonatal
      life, prepubertally and in adulthood with B16 melanoma from the syngeneic C57BL/6
      mouse. Ten days following injection, tumors were found in animals injected on
      days 4, 6 and 13 of postnatal life but not in prepubertal or adult animals.
      Because xenogeneic tumors can be grown in it and it is easily maintained and bred
      in the laboratory, this marsupial species has the potential to become a practical
      model for cancer research.

PMID- 4005834
TI  - Augmentation of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in human colon cancer cells by
      dipyridamole.
AB  - The effect of dipyridamole (DP), an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, on the
      uptake and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was examined in a human colon cancer
      cell line (HCT 116). DP substantially increased the cytotoxicity of FUra in cell
      growth experiments and in viability assays measuring colony formation. The
      augmentation by DP was dose and time dependent. Several possible mechanisms by
      which DP enhanced FUra toxicity were investigated. DP did not alter the uptake of
      FUra into the acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions of HCT 116 cells. While DP
      did not affect the uptake of FUra, it did inhibit the transport of the nucleoside
      analogues, fluorouridine and fluorodeoxyuridine, of FUra. Although DP effectively
      inhibited the uptake of thymidine and uridine in a dose-dependent manner, several
      lines of evidence suggested that inhibition of nucleoside salvage was not the
      critical effect. (a) The toxicity of FUra was not prevented by thymidine,
      uridine, or the combination of thymidine and uridine. Thymidine triphosphate
      pools, decreased by 50% during the initial 8 h of exposure to FUra, were not
      further depleted by the addition of DP. The shrinkage in deoxythymidine
      triphosphate pools produced by FUra was prevented by concomitant exposure to
      thymidine; however, this did not translate into protection from FUra lethality.
      The use of dialyzed serum, which greatly diminished the availability of nucleic
      acid precursors, did not increase the toxicity of FUra. DP increased the
      cytotoxicity of FUra as effectively in experiments utilizing dialyzed serum as
      when nondialyzed serum was used. Surprisingly, however, the addition of
      sufficient thymidine to overcome the DP block did prevent the augmentation of
      FUra toxicity produced by DP. DP may provide a novel means of enhancing the
      cytotoxicity of FUra.

PMID- 4005836
TI  - Effect of growth and sodium butyrate on brush border membrane-associated
      hydrolases in human colorectal cancer cell lines.
AB  - The activities of brush border membrane-associated hydrolases such as alkaline
      phosphatase (Alkpase), aminopeptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP-IV),
      sucrase, lactase, and trehalase were studied in 14 different human colorectal
      cancer cell lines. The effect of sodium butyrate, a known differentiating agent,
      and cell growth on the activities of these enzymes was also examined. All 14 cell
      lines exhibited brush border membrane enzyme activities, and in general, the
      activity of Alkpase, aminopeptidase, and DAP-IV was much higher than the
      disaccharidases. However, the specific enzyme activities varied among different
      cell lines. The induction of Alkpase activity by sodium butyrate occurred in most
      of the 14 cell lines (2- to 123-fold), while induction of the other enzyme
      activities was observed in several (1.5- to 3.5-fold). In some instances,
      butyrate caused a decrease in enzyme activity. There was no statistically
      significant correlation between the induction of Alkpase activity and that of
      other enzyme activities by sodium butyrate. Levels of aminopeptidase and DAP-IV
      activity were found to be dependent on cell density and increased 3- to 4-fold by
      the tenth day in most of the cell lines. Sodium butyrate altered the subcellular
      distribution pattern of the disaccharidases, causing a significant increase in
      activity associated with the soluble (cytoplasmic) fraction. Other enzymes such
      as Alkpase and DAP-IV continued to be predominantly associated with the membrane
      fraction in butyrate-treated cells. These data suggest that brush border membrane
      hydrolase activity and the effect of sodium butyrate may provide useful
      information regarding the differentiation of human colorectal cancer cells.

PMID- 4005835
TI  - Use of 3,4-dichlorobenzenethiol as a trapping agent for alkylating intermediates
      during in vitro metabolism of nitrosamines.
AB  - Our studies using 3,4-dichlorobenzenethiol as a probe for methylating agent
      production during exposure of N-nitrosodimethylamine to rat liver S-9
      preparations produced results different from those of an investigation reported
      in the literature. Methyl-3,4-dichlorophenyl thioether was detected, but the
      quantities found were not significantly different from the background levels of
      methylation product detected in the absence of nitrosamine. Only about 10% of the
      thioether isolated after incubating N-nitrosodi[14C]methylamine as substrate was
      radioactive. The results indicate that the majority of the methyl groups
      transferred to the sulfur nucleophile in our experiments came from components of
      the incubation mixture other than the nitrosamine. Some artifactual methylation
      was also associated with the analytical procedure. We conclude that 3,4
      dichlorobenzenethiol should be used with caution in studies of alkylation during
      the in vitro metabolism of carcinogenic nitrosamines.

PMID- 4005837
TI  - Treatment of murine intraperitoneal ovarian ascitic tumor with hematoporphyrin
      derivative and laser light.
AB  - An ascitic murine tumor, ovarian embryonal carcinoma, was used as a model of
      human ovarian carcinoma restricted to the peritoneum. The tumor was treated with
      a combination of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) and i.p. 514-nm laser light.
      Mice were given injections of 2 X 10(5) tumor cells, and by 9 days, there were 2
      to 4 g of ascitic tumor/mouse. On Day 9, mice (68) were treated as follows: (12)
      no treatment; (12) only HPD (50 mg/kg i.p.); (12) laser only (9.6 J for 16 min);
      and (32) HPD (50 mg/kg i.p.) and 2 h later, laser treatment. On Day 15, a second
      treatment with HPD and laser was given to 15 mice. All mice not receiving HPD
      laser treatment died between Days 20 and 23. The response rate as determined by
      decrease in weight and abdominal size for HPD-laser-treated mice was 90%, but the
      response was short, and all but one animal died by Day 34. However, 6 of 15 of
      the twice-treated group are alive at 90 days and considered cured.
      Photoradiotherapy with HPD for i.p. ascitic tumors appears to have promise as a
      treatment modality.

PMID- 4005838
TI  - Potential antiglioma activity of 9-hydroxy-2-N-methylellipticine as determined by
      pharmacological and human tumor clonogenic cell studies.
AB  - The antiglioma activity of elliptinium (HME) was investigated in a human glioma
      clonogenic cell assay. Early passage cells of three human glioma cell lines
      (SF126, SF375, and SF407) were exposed to HME at the clinically achievable dose
      of 3 microM for 3 h. At this HME concentration, clonogenic cell survival was
      reduced by more than 3 logs in SF126 and SF375, and by 0.8 logs in SF407. A study
      of the kinetics of cell kill showed that whereas at moderate (less than or equal
      to 1.5 microM) HME doses cell kill increased with treatment time up to a maximum
      at approximately 3 h, cytotoxicity was more dose than time dependent at higher
      doses. Flash treatment of SF375 cells with 3 microM HME resulted in more than 2
      logs clonogenic cell kill. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography, we
      investigated the in vitro decay kinetics of HME under our in vitro drug treatment
      conditions and observed a very rapid, protein nondependent 40% drop in HME
      concentration which was dose dependent and was probably due to HME adsorption on
      the surface of tissue culture plasticware. Subsequent decay of the drug was very
      slow, with a decay rate constant of 0.022/h and a half-life of 298 h. In order to
      determine whether HME crosses the blood-brain barrier, we measured the rat brain
      capillary permeability coefficient, P, of [3H]HME and [14C]HME. The mean P value
      of 2.2 X 10(-6) cm/s +/- 16% (SD) suggests that HME crosses the blood-brain
      barrier (t 1/2 = 46 min) consistent with its molecular size and octanol-water
      partition coefficient.

PMID- 4005839
TI  - Reduced drug accumulation in multiply drug-resistant human KB carcinoma cell
      lines.
AB  - Human KB cells with increasing resistance to colchicine and other
      chemotherapeutic agents have been isolated in four sequential steps. This report
      describes the characterization of drug uptake in the parent and four mutant cell
      lines. Drug uptake in these cell lines occurred via a nonsaturable process. In
      general, drug accumulation decreased with increasing drug resistance; this
      relationship was seen best with colchicine, vincristine, vinblastine, and
      daunomycin and, to a lesser extent, with actinomycin D. The accumulation of
      dexamethasone, an agent to which all lines were equally sensitive, was similar
      for the parent and the four mutants. Drug efflux occurred rapidly, and
      differences among the various cell lines could be detected within the first
      minute. In the more resistant lines, a greater percentage of the drug was
      released more rapidly, although the absolute amount of drug released was less.
      Verapamil partially reversed the multiple drug-resistance phenotype by increasing
      the initial rate of uptake and accumulation of drugs in the resistant cell lines
      without an apparent effect on drug efflux. The results suggest that, in this
      human epithelial cell, the development of resistance to multiple drugs is
      complex, with changes in drug uptake, accumulation, and efflux.

PMID- 4005840
TI  - Experimental antitumor activity against murine tumor model systems of 8-carbamoyl
      3-(2-chloroethyl)imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3 H)-one (mitozolomide), a
      novel broad-spectrum agent.
AB  - 8-Carbamoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H) -one
      (mitozolomide) demonstrates curative action against a range of murine tumor model
      systems. At single doses of between 20 and 40 mg/kg, the latter of which
      approximates the 10% lethal dose value in mice, the compound elicited cures
      against the L1210 and P388 leukemias irrespective of the route of tumor and/or
      drug administration; in these tests, animals receiving 10(5) cells i.p. survived
      greater than 60 days after treatment. Potent effects were also observed against
      the TLX5 lymphoma (s.c.) and B16 melanoma (i.p.). In other experiments, 7 of 10
      animals implanted with 2 X 10(5) Lewis lung carcinoma cells survived greater than
      60 days while 10 of 10 animals survived greater than 60 days after implantation
      of the Colon 26 tumor. Potent inhibition of the solid tumor models was also
      observed with complete cures of the Colon 38, M5076 sarcoma, and ADJ/PC6A
      plasmacytoma. In cross-resistance studies, the compound was ineffective against
      an L1210 leukemia made resistant to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and
      against a TLX5 lymphoma resistant to dimethyltriazenes but cured animals bearing
      the L1210 leukemia with derived resistance to cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 4005841
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of heterogeneity in blood group-related antigen
      expression in a human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line, 647V.
AB  - Previous immunohistological studies showed a relationship between expression of
      blood group-related antigens (BG-Ag) and invasive potential in human urinary
      bladder carcinoma, but the marked variability of antigen staining within many
      individual tumors has obscured the biological basis of this finding. We studied
      the expression of the A, H, and T (Thomsen-Friedenreich) BG-Ag by flow cytometry
      in a human bladder carcinoma cell line (647V) using fluoresceinated BG-Ag
      specific lectins (Dolichos bifloris, Ulex europaeus, and Arachis hypogaea). Cell
      cycle compartments were quantitated by flow cytometry using propidium iodide
      staining. Expression of all three antigens was highly variable, but staining for
      each antigen produced a distinct profile. T antigen expression appeared
      independent of A or H antigen expression. Cell populations sorted by T antigen
      expression showed heritable antigenic differences persistent over many weeks in
      culture. However, much of the T antigen variability was nonheritable, since the
      stable staining profiles of the sorted cells were intermediate between the
      parental and the profiles obtained immediately after sorting. The nonheritable
      antigenic variation did not appear entirely explainable by cell size or cell
      cycle fluctuation. These results were confirmed by isolating 64 clones from the
      dim part of the T antigen staining profile, 19 of which had a persistently dim
      phenotype. The variability of BG-Ag expression by human bladder carcinoma cells
      in vitro may explain the staining patterns observed in the study of antigen
      expression in resected human bladder carcinomas.

PMID- 4005842
TI  - Selective effects by valinomycin on cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest of
      transformed versus nontransformed rodent fibroblasts in vitro.
AB  - The effect of submicromolar concentrations of the K+ ionophore valinomycin on
      proliferation, viability, distribution of cell population over phases of the cell
      cycle, and cellular adenosine triphosphate content of different permanent rodent
      cell lines in vitro was investigated. Valinomycin inhibits proliferation of all
      cell lines tested with a saturating effect at about 20 to 100 nM. The effect of
      valinomycin on nontransformed 3T3 mouse and Rat-1 cells is nontoxic, whereas it
      acts with increasing toxicity on the transformed cells in the order 3T6 mouse,
      polyoma-3T3 mouse, temperature-sensitively Rous sarcoma virus-transformed Rat-1
      at permissive temperature, and SV40-3T3 cells. According to these and some other
      criteria, the essential action of valinomycin appears to be to impose on the
      cells at low growth densities a state of limiting growth condition which normally
      is encountered only at high cell densities and/or low serum concentration.
      Nontransformed cells are proliferation arrested by valinomycin essentially in the
      G1 phase of the cell cycle, whereas all transformed cells under this condition
      are not arrested selectively in G1. In all cell lines tested (3T3, 3T6, and SV40
      3T3), cellular adenosine triphosphate content is decreased by about 33% upon
      treatment with 20 nM valinomycin. Evidence is presented for a mitochondrial site
      of action of valinomycin.

PMID- 4005843
TI  - Biological and biophysical properties of the tumor-localizing component of
      hematoporphyrin derivative.
AB  - Reverse-phase chromatography, aqueous gel exclusion, and nonaqueous gel exclusion
      were assessed as procedures for preparative fractionation of the tumor-localizing
      product hematoporphyrin derivative. Porphyrin accumulation, fluorescence, and
      photodynamic cytotoxicity were monitored using the murine Sarcoma 180 tumor.
      Aqueous gel exclusion chromatography can provide a hematoporphyrin derivative
      fraction enriched in the tumor-localizing component. A further enrichment occurs
      when this procedure is carried out at 55 degrees C, but nonlocalizing porphyrins
      could not be eliminated. While providing a better separation, reverse-phase
      chromatography cannot provide a tumor-localizing fraction free from contaminating
      protoporphyrin. However, this and other contaminants can be eliminated from the
      tumor-localizing fraction via nonaqueous gel exclusion chromatography. This
      latter separation provides two tumor-localizing products: a fast-eluting fraction
      enriched in the major photosensitizing component(s); and a more complex slowly
      eluting fraction enriched in fluorescence localizers.

PMID- 4005844
TI  - Heterogeneity of X-ray cytotoxicity in proliferating and quiescent murine mammary
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - A highly enriched (greater than or equal to 97%) quiescent (Q) tumor cell
      population can be induced in both the 66 and 67 murine mammary carcinoma lines in
      vitro by nutrient deprivation (7-day, unfed plateau cultures), while exponential
      cultures (2-day cultures) of this line are composed of greater than 98%
      proliferating (P) cells. We have used these two cell lines to determine how the
      radiation sensitivity varies as a function of genetic heterogeneity (two cell
      lines derived from the same tumor) and proliferative status (physiological
      state). The 67 Q cells were significantly more sensitive than were the P cells to
      single doses of X-rays, with Dos of 52 and 90 rads and Dqs of 188 and 250 rads,
      respectively. Cells from transition cultures (cells that have essentially stopped
      proliferation but are not in the biochemical state of Q cells) have a radiation
      sensitivity similar to that of P cells. When exponentially growing 67 cells were
      induced into a Q state by reducing the serum concentration (0.5 versus 15%),
      they, too, were more sensitive to X-rays than were their proliferating
      counterparts. This sensitivity of the Q cells was decreased by placing them 30
      min prior to irradiation in either fresh medium, a balanced salt solution, or a
      balanced salt solution with 24 mM glucose. However, the Q cells in these
      conditions were still an order of magnitude more sensitive than the P cells after
      a 523-rad dose. Therefore, the increased sensitivity of the well-oxygenated 67 Q
      cells appears to be primarily related to physiological alterations accompanying
      the transition from P to Q. The radiation sensitivity of 66 cells has also been
      measured in P and Q states. These cells are significantly more radioresistant
      than are the 67 cells and, again, the 66 Q cells were more sensitive than were
      the 66 P cells, with Dos of 90 and 109 rads and Dqs of 150 and 368 rads,
      respectively. Furthermore, the heterogeneous radiation response of the 66 and 67
      cells continues to be expressed under various physiological states, albeit in
      qualitatively different ways; i.e., in 66 Q versus P cells, the shift in
      sensitivity is primarily due to a markedly reduced Dq while, in the 67 Q versus P
      cells, the lowered radiosensitivity is due to a marked reduction in both Do and
      Dq. At least in these cell lines, it is unlikely that Q cells will determine the
      response of the tumor to radiation.

PMID- 4005845
TI  - Inhibition of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine transport and net accumulation by
      teniposide and etoposide in Ehrlich ascites cells and human leukemic blasts.
AB  - The interactions of the epipodophyllotoxins, teniposide (VM-26) and etoposide (VP
      16), with the nucleoside carrier were examined with emphasis on their effects on
      1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) transport and net accumulation. VM-26
      inhibited ara-C transport by Ehrlich ascites cells within 1 min of exposure, and
      inhibition was only partially reversed after 45 min in VM-26-free medium. ara-C
      transport was slowed by 50% by 7 microM VM-26 or by 35 microM VP-16. Since
      epipodophyllotoxins were noncompetitive inhibitors, fractional inhibition was
      independent of the ara-C concentration. Analysis of ara-C transport kinetics
      revealed only a single saturable transport route, and there was no indication of
      VM-26-insensitive transport. VM-26, VP-16, and ara-C were competitive inhibitors
      of the specific binding of nitrobenzylthioinosine to the nucleoside carrier with
      Ki values of 7.4 microM, 23 microM, and 2.2 microM, respectively. The rate of
      dissociation of nitrobenzylthioinosine (t 1/2 = 20.6 min) was accelerated by 5
      microM ara-C (t 1/2 = 18.5 min) but slowed by 100 microM VM-26 (t 1/2 = 34.6). By
      these criteria, the interaction of VM-26 with the nucleoside carrier was
      qualitatively similar to that of dipyridamole. Although VM-26 inhibited ara-C
      transport, it did not significantly slow the rate of net intracellular
      accumulation of ara-C by Ehrlich cells, presumably because transport capacity far
      exceeds the capacity for phosphorylation in these cells. In freshly isolated
      human leukemic blasts, which have far less nucleoside transport activity,
      inhibition of ara-C accumulation by VM-26 was dependent on the ara-C
      concentration. At 1 microM ara-C, a concentration where transport was rate
      limiting for net uptake, VM-26 inhibited accumulation of ara-C over a 60-min time
      course. At 50 microM ara-C, transport was in excess, and VM-26 did not slow ara-C
      metabolism.

PMID- 4005846
TI  - Evidence for a novel pituitary factor that potentiates the mitogenic effect of
      estrogen in human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Estrogen, prolactin, and other tissue-derived factors are implicated in the
      etiology and pathophysiology of human breast cancer (HBC). In a previous study,
      we demonstrated that a factor(s) secreted by rat pituitary tumor cells (GH3)
      synergizes with estrogen to induce growth of HBC cells (T-47D) transplanted into
      athymic nude mice. The present studies were carried out to characterize further
      this pituitary growth factor. Pituitary tumor cell lines (GH3, GH1, 235-1, and
      AtT-20) and normal rat pituitaries were transplanted s.c. into estrogen-treated
      (estradiol valerate injection, 500 micrograms/14 days) athymic nude mice which
      also received T-47D cells. The influence of the presence of these normal and
      tumorous pituitary cells on growth (size and weight) of T-47D tumors was
      monitored for 49 to 56 days. The results indicate that factor(s) from normal rat
      pituitary glands as well as from the GH1 and GH3 but not 235-1 and AtT-20
      pituitary tumor cells were able to potentiate the growth of T-47D tumors in
      estrogenized mice. To ascertain whether or not prolactin and/or growth hormone
      are responsible for the growth-promoting activity, purified human and ovine
      growth hormone and ovine prolactin were administered to estrogenized athymic nude
      mice either by daily s.c. injection (100 micrograms/day) or by constant infusion
      using Alzat osmotic minipumps (1.25 and 5.0 micrograms/h) for 29 to 56 days. None
      of these treatments stimulated the growth of the T-47D tumors, suggesting that
      prolactin, growth hormone, and their intermediates may not be directly involved.
      We further determined whether the factor from pituitary tumor cells was present
      in serum-free conditioned medium and could stimulate the growth of HBC cells in
      vitro. Conditioned medium from GH3 and GH1 but not from 235-1 and AtT-20
      pituitary cells significantly stimulated growth of T-47D cells in the presence of
      estradiol (10(-10) M) after 12 days of culture in a serum-free medium (Dulbecco's
      modified Eagle's medium containing bovine serum albumin, 0.5 mg/ml). Optimal
      serum-free growth of T-47D cells (2-fold above control) was observed in the
      presence of estradiol (10(-10) M) and conditioned medium (30% v/v) from 48-h
      cultures of GH3 cells. The bovine serum albumin concentration of the serum-free
      medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) was also important: optimal T-47D
      cell proliferation was observed with BSA between 0.5 and 2.0 mg/ml. Conditioned
      medium preparations from serum-pretreated flasks (without cells) from GH3 cell
      monolayers for zero time and from actinomycin D plus cycloheximide-inhibited GH3
      cells were inactive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4005847
TI  - Further characterization of the DNA adducts formed by electrophilic esters of the
      hepatocarcinogens 1'-hydroxysafrole and 1'-hydroxyestragole in vitro and in mouse
      liver in vivo, including new adducts at C-8 and N-7 of guanine residues.
AB  - The identities of the adducts formed on reaction of the model electrophilic and
      carcinogenic esters 1'-acetoxysafrole or 1'-acetoxyestragole with deoxyguanosine
      in vitro and those formed in vivo in the hepatic DNA of 12-day-old male C57BL/6 X
      C3H/He F1 (hereafter called B6C3F1) mice treated with 1'-hydroxysafrole or 1'
      acetoxysafrole were investigated further with more discriminating high
      performance liquid chromatography systems than previously used. The adducts
      formed from the reactions of 1'-acetoxysafrole or 1'-acetoxyestragole are
      strictly analogous and are distinguished by the prefixes S and E, respectively.
      Five adducts, including S(E)-II identified by Phillips et al. (Cancer Res., 41:
      176-186, 2664-2671, 1981) as N2-(trans-isosafrol-3'-yl)deoxyguanosine and the
      analogous isoestragole derivative, have been characterized from the reactions
      with each ester. Adducts S-I and E-I, tentatively identified by Phillips et al.
      as N2-(safrol-1'-yl)- or N2-(estragol-1'-yl)deoxyguanosine, were each resolved
      into a pair of diastereomers. The proposed structures for each diastereomer were
      confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Two
      new adducts, i.e., S(E)-V and S(E)-VI, were isolated from each reaction mixture.
      On the basis of their pKas, their loss of 3H from [8-3H]deoxyguanosine, their
      retention of 3H from [1',2'-3H]deoxyguanosine, and their nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectra, Adducts S-V and E-V were characterized as 8-(trans-isosafrol
      3'-yl)- and 8-(trans-isoestragol-3'-yl)deoxyguanosine, respectively. Adducts S-VI
      and E-VI were characterized in a similar manner as 7-(trans-isosafrol-3'-yl)- and
      7-(trans-isoestragol-3'-yl)guanine, respectively. Adducts S-III and E-III, minor
      components described in the earlier studies, were not observed in the present
      work. High-performance liquid chromatography of hydrolysates of the hepatic DNA
      of male 12-day-old B6C3F1 mice killed 9 h after a single dose (0.1 mumol/g body
      weight) of [2',3'-3H]-1'-hydroxysafrole showed that Adducts S-Ia, S-Ib, S-II, S
      IV (identified by Phillips et al. as N6-(trans-isosafrol-3'-yl)deoxyadenosine), S
      V, and S-VI were present at average levels of 3.5, 7.0, 24.4, 2.9, 1.2, and 3.6
      pmol/mg DNA, respectively. Similar levels of these adducts were found in the
      hepatic DNA after administration of the same dose of [2',3'-3H]-1'-acetoxysafrole
      under identical conditions.

PMID- 4005848
TI  - S1-phase cells of the leukemic cell cycle sensitive to 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine at a high-dose level.
AB  - To investigate the effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) at high
      doses as applied in human acute leukemia, the cytotoxic effect of high-dose ara-C
      was studied in L1210 leukemia cells grown in tissue culture or as tumors in
      syngeneic mice. Exponentially growing cells displayed the expected S-phase
      specificity and dose saturation properties of drug action. In contrast, in
      stationary cultures, progressively more cells were killed by increasing the
      concentration of the drug. Moreover, the fraction of cells killed at high doses
      exceeded by 2- to 3-fold the number of cells in drug-sensitive S phase detectable
      by flow cytometry or [3H]thymidine radioautography. To identify these apparent
      non-S targets of ara-C at high doses, L1210 cells were separated according to
      cell cycle position by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Large fractions of
      cells, accumulating at the G1-S boundary by nutrient starvation, were detected in
      stationary tissue culture cells as well as in ascites or solid tumor cells. The
      cells located in this cell cycle compartment (termed S1 cells) were sensitive to
      the cytotoxic effect of high-dose ara-C. The putative presence of similar S1
      fractions in advanced human acute nonlymphocytic leukemia may explain in part the
      clinical efficacy of a high-dose application of the drug.

PMID- 4005849
TI  - Genotoxicity of a variety of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the hepatocyte primary
      culture-DNA repair test using rat, mouse, and hamster hepatocytes.
AB  - Seventeen pyrrolizidine alkaloids were studied with the hepatocyte primary
      culture-DNA repair test using rat hepatocytes. DNA repair synthesis was elicited
      by 15 alkaloids, including 11 of unknown carcinogenicity, i.e., senecionine,
      seneciphylline, jacobine, epoxyseneciphylline, senecicannabine,
      acetylfukinotoxin, syneilesine, dihydroclivorine, ligularidine, neoligularidine,
      and ligularizine. The positive results with these alkaloids of unknown
      carcinogenicity suggest that they are possibly genotoxic carcinogens. The two
      pyrrolizidine alkaloids that did not elicit DNA repair were retronecine which
      lacks a necic acid component and ligularinine which lacks the unsaturated double
      bond at the 1,2-position of the pyrrolizidine ring. Five pyrrolizidine alkaloids,
      retronecine, monocrotaline, seneciphylline, senkirkine, and clivorine, were also
      tested in the DNA repair test with hamster or mouse hepatocytes. These alkaloids,
      except retronecine, showed a positive response in the test with hamster
      hepatocytes, but in the test with mouse hepatocytes clivorine in addition to
      retronecine was also negative. The results indicate a species difference in liver
      bioactivation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, implying that there could be species
      differences in their carcinogenic activities.

PMID- 4005850
TI  - Effect of heterogeneity of carcinoembryonic antigen on liver cell membrane
      binding and its kinetics of removal from circulation.
AB  - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein metabolized primarily by the
      liver. Subcellular fractions of rat liver were examined for CEA binding activity.
      Hepatocyte plasma membrane and microsome fractions bound CEA, and this binding
      shared the calcium requirement, neuraminidase sensitivity, and carbohydrate
      specificity of the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptor. CEA had previously
      been shown to react with this galactose-specific receptor, in vivo, only
      following neuraminidase treatment. Galactose receptor binding of CEA was measured
      in three different purified CEA preparations. The fraction of CEA capable of
      binding to excess levels of galactose receptor on membranes varied (46.5%, 40.2%,
      and 4.7% for CEA-1, -2, and -3, respectively). These CEAs were shown to be 2.3%,
      7.9%, and 0.7% as effective, respectively, as asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in
      inhibiting the binding of radiolabeled asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein to liver
      cell membranes. Each of the three CEA preparations showed different clearance
      kinetics from the circulation of mice. Coinjection of asialo-alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein with the CEAs revealed differing inhibition of the clearances. These
      results show that differences in the carbohydrate components of purified CEA
      preparations affect their rate of removal from circulation and thus possibly the
      relationship between CEA production and observed plasma levels in patients. The
      possible origin of these CEA differences is discussed with their clinical
      implications.

PMID- 4005851
TI  - Specificity and inducibility of the metabolic reduction of chromium(VI)
      mutagenicity by subcellular fractions of rat tissues.
AB  - The mutagenicity of sodium dichromate in the Ames test was decreased as a
      consequence of chromium(VI) reduction by tissue postmitochondrial (S-9 or S-12)
      fractions from untreated rats with the following rank of efficiency: liver;
      kidney; and lung. The effects of lung preparations were significantly enhanced
      following the intratracheal administration of high doses (0.25 mg/kg) of
      dichromate itself, 5 times per week for 4 weeks (i.e., 20 fractionated
      instillations). No changes were conversely detected following single weekly doses
      of 1.25 mg/kg for the same period (i.e., four cumulative instillations). The
      local stimulation of chromium(VI) metabolism was also confirmed by testing the
      mutagenicity of calcium chromate and chromium trioxide, whereas the metabolism of
      a number of other activatable or deactivatable mutagens was not significantly
      affected by intratracheal treatment with chromium(VI). Of three enzyme inducers
      injected i.p. which modified the spectral properties and/or concentration of
      cytochromes P-450 in liver and lung microsomes, only Aroclor 1254 proved to
      stimulate chromium(VI) metabolism in lung cells. In liver cells, Aroclor 1254 and
      to a lower extent phenobarbital induced chromium(VI) reduction, while 3
      methylcholanthrene was ineffective. Pretreatment of rats with these three
      compounds resulted in a selective induction of the metabolic activation of
      promutagens [benzo(a)pyrene and its trans-7,8-diol, 2-aminofluorene, aflatoxin
      B1] and of the metabolic deactivation of direct-acting mutagens [2-methoxy-6
      chloro-9-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-aminopropylamino] acridine X 2HCl, epichlorohydrin, 4
      nitroquinolino-N-oxide] by S-12 and microsomal fractions. These findings indicate
      that, in addition to already recognized detoxification mechanisms operating
      outside target cells (26), specific and inducible chromium-reducing pathways,
      mediating threshold phenomena in chromium carcinogenesis, do also occur in the
      intracellular environment.

PMID- 4005853
TI  - Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on tissue blood flow and microwave heating of rat
      tumors.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on SMT-2A mammary
      adenocarcinoma blood flow during localized microwave hyperthermia treatment.
      Tissue blood flow in isogeneic female W/Fu rats was estimated using 25-micron
      diameter 113Sn-labeled microspheres. An intraarterial injection of 5-HT (1 mg/kg)
      into either conscious or anesthetized (Nembutal, 20 mg/kg) animals resulted in a
      53% reduction in tumor blood flow, while that of the surrounding skeletal muscle
      remained unchanged. Because of the selective reduction in tumor perfusion, the
      blood flow of the normal and malignant tissue was equal after 5-HT injection.
      This blood flow equivalence remained unaltered after 45 min of heating at 42
      degrees C. Consequently, the temperature in the tumor was not significantly
      different from that in the surrounding normal tissue. In contrast, when the
      tissues were heated at 42 degrees C without 5-HT, the tumor blood flow was
      significantly greater than that in the surrounding musculature, resulting in the
      tumor being 1 degree C lower than the muscle temperature. An intratumoral
      injection of 5-HT (0.25 mg) reduced the tumor blood flow by 92%, and the blood
      flow of the surrounding muscle was reduced by 57%. These tissue blood flows were
      not significantly altered by heating at 44 degrees C for 45 min, and the tumor
      temperature was 0.7 degrees C greater than that in the muscle. When heating at 44
      degrees C was performed without 5-HT injection, the tissue temperatures were
      equal. Thus, both an intraarterial and an intratumoral injection of 5-HT prior to
      hyperthermia treatment significantly improved the temperature differential
      between the neoplastic and surrounding normal tissue. Of additional interest was
      the observation that an intratumoral injection of 0.15 M NaCl also resulted in a
      preferential increase in the tumor temperature.

PMID- 4005852
TI  - Prominent role of DT-diaphorase as a cellular mechanism reducing chromium(VI) and
      reverting its mutagenicity.
AB  - Rat liver postmitochondrial (S-12) fractions accounted for the bulk of the
      activity of whole cell homogenates in reducing chromium(VI) and accordingly in
      decreasing its mutagenicity. Both cytosolic (S-105) and microsomal fractions
      concurred to this process, which in all subcellular preparations tested was
      selectively induced by phenobarbital and especially by Aroclor 1254, but not by 3
      methylcholanthrene. Cytosolic fractions were markedly more efficient in reducing
      chromium(VI) than microsomal fractions recovered from the same amount of tissue
      (liver or lung), although the latter preparations had a higher specific activity.
      The microsomal activity was exclusively NADPH dependent. A minor part of the
      cytosolic reduction was determined by nonenzymatic components, notably by some
      electron donors and chiefly by reduced glutathione, which proved to reduce
      chromium(VI) at physiological concentrations. However, also in cytosolic
      fractions, the most important contribution to chromium reduction was enzyme
      catalyzed, as shown by the following properties: thermolability; requirement for
      exogenous NADH or NADPH [supplied as such or in the form of a NADPH-generating
      system (S-9 mix)]; and saturation by chromium(VI). The likely involvement of DT
      diaphorase in this metabolic process is supported by several findings, including
      its sharp pH dependence and its partial suppression by known inhibitors of this
      enzyme protein, such as p-chloromercuribenzoate, L-thyroxine, and dicumarol
      (which conversely did not counteract the metabolic deactivation of the other
      direct-acting mutagens 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(2
      chloroethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine 2HCl and epichlorohydrin). Similarly,
      cytosolic reduction of chromium(VI) was partially inhibited by selective
      metabolic depletors of both coenzymes of DT-diaphorase, i.e., NADPH and NADH.
      Pretreatment of rats with enzyme inducers (phenobarbital and 3
      methylcholanthrene) stimulated the activity of DT-diaphorase in liver cytosolic
      fractions. A dramatic stimulation (35 to 40 times over untreated controls) was
      produced by Aroclor 1254, which also coinduced the liver cytosolic activity of
      enzymes involved in the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent pathway of both
      nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate and glutathione reduction (glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glutathione
      reductase). In the lung cytosol, a slight yet significant stimulation of some of
      these enzyme activities was determined by the daily intratracheal instillations
      of high doses of chromium(VI) itself for 4 weeks, a condition which has been
      found to enhance the pulmonary metabolism of this metal ion.

PMID- 4005854
TI  - Induction of branchial (gill) neoplasms in the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) by N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - Juvenile medaka were exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in water
      under static renewal conditions for 28 days. Two groups of 134 fish each were
      pulsed 3 times weekly at nominal concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mg/liter with N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine dissolved in dimethylformamide. A third group
      of 134 fish was exposed to the solvent control, 0.01% dimethylformamide in water.
      Following the 28-day exposure, and during the recovery period, fish were sampled
      at intervals of approximately 0, 3, 6, and 9 months and examined grossly.
      Selected tissues were evaluated microscopically. Many tumor types developed in
      both N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine exposure groups, but only the gill
      lesions will be discussed. Approximately 50% of the fish in both treatment groups
      died from gill damage in the second to third month of the recovery period. More
      than 90% of the surviving treated fish displayed gill lesions, which progressed
      from mild epithelial hyperplasia of gill filaments at 0-months recovery to
      epitheliomatous hyperplasia at 3 months and advanced to a more focal nodular
      appearance of gill filaments at 6 months. Eight to 9 months after the treatment
      period, at least four fish displayed branchial blastomas. The control fish had no
      gill lesions. Chemically induced gill tumors have not been previously observed in
      fish. Even gill tumors of unknown origin are very rare.

PMID- 4005855
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and their
      application to tumor diagnosis.
AB  - Three immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibodies, LuCa2, LuCa3, and LuCa4, were
      produced by fusing murine myeloma NS1 cells with splenocytes obtained from a
      BALB/c mouse immunized with SK-MES1 cells derived from human squamous cell
      carcinoma of the lung. These three monoclonal antibodies were shown to recognize
      different protein antigens on SK-MES1 cells by indirect immunoprecipitation and
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. While the
      pattern of cell line distribution of antigens recognized by these antibodies was
      not tumor type specific, their reactivity with tissue and pleural effusion was
      much more informative than with cell lines. The presence of target antigens in
      vivo was analyzed by immunoperoxidase staining of frozen tissue sections and
      immunofluorescence staining of tumor cells in pleural effusions. LuCa2 antibody
      was reactive with lung squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma tumor tissues and
      pleural effusions, but only infrequently with those of small cell carcinoma. This
      antibody was also reactive with many tumor tissues from other organs as well as
      with various normal tissues, including alveoli and bronchus. LuCa3 and LuCa4
      antibodies reacted with lung squamous carcinoma in tissues and pleural effusions,
      but not with lung adenocarcinoma nor with small cell carcinoma. These two
      antibodies reacted only weakly with normal squamous tissues of the esophagus,
      skin, and cervix uteri, but not with various other normal tissues. Moreover,
      LuCa3 had weak reactivity with squamous cell carcinoma tissue of tongue and
      esophagus, whereas LuCa4 had no reactivity with nonpulmonary tumor tissues. LuCa3
      and LuCa4 antibodies should be of clinical interest, because our data suggest
      that these antibodies may be potentially useful for the diagnosis of the
      histological type of lung tumor cells in both cancer tissue and pleural
      effusions.

PMID- 4005856
TI  - Changes in stem cell populations of rat tracheal epithelial cell cultures at an
      early stage in neoplastic progression.
AB  - The development of transformed colonies and concomitant changes in proliferative
      and nonproliferative cell compartments were studied in rat tracheal epithelial
      (RTE) cell cultures following exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
      (MNNG). Primary RTE cells were plated onto 3T3 feeder layers and treated with
      MNNG (0.25 micrograms/ml) or solvent. Seven days later, the feeder cells were
      removed to select for enhanced growth variants, which are the transformants of
      the RTE cell system, usually scored 5 weeks after carcinogen exposure. Most of
      the RTE cell colonies, which originally formed during the first 7 days of
      culture, disappeared within 2 weeks after feeder cell removal in control and MNNG
      treated cultures. In control cultures, about 3% of the original colonies
      persisted, while in MNNG-treated cultures, a larger percentage (approximately 9%)
      of the colonies persisted. These percentages remained constant from 3 to 7 weeks.
      Based on colony size, cell density, and cell morphology, the persistent colonies
      were classified into transformed colonies (large colony size, high cell density,
      high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio) and untransformed colonies (small size, low cell
      density, low nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio). In the MNNG-treated cultures, about 50%
      of all persistent colonies showed transformed morphology. Their frequency
      remained unchanged between 3 and 7 weeks of culture. In contrast, only 10 to 15%
      of the persistent colonies in control cultures showed transformed morphology at 3
      weeks, but that proportion increased steadily between 3 and 7 weeks. These data
      suggest that, in control cultures, transformed colonies developed spontaneously
      as a function of time within untransformed colonies. Autoradiographic studies
      with [3H]thymidine showed that labeling indices in the early "normal" RTE cell
      colonies between Days 4 and 7 of culture were very high, ranging between 75 and
      90%. In contrast, the labeling indices of persistent colonies, both those without
      and those with transformed morphology, were low, i.e., between 18 and 25%,
      indicating that a major proportion of cells was either noncycling or cycling very
      slowly. The relative compartment sizes of cells with stem cell characteristics
      and of cells with characteristics of transformed stem cells were estimated before
      and after transformed colonies appeared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4005857
TI  - Defective control of terminal differentiation and its role in carcinogenesis in
      the 3T3 T proadipocyte stem cell line.
AB  - The expression of defects in the control of terminal cellular differentiation has
      been implicated to be of etiological significance in the pathogenesis of cancer.
      However, it has not been established whether or not additional defects in the
      control of cellular differentiation and proliferation are required for the
      expression of the completely transformed phenotype. We therefore developed four
      clones of proadipocyte stem cells that express a single specific defect that
      limits their capacity to undergo the terminal phase in differentiation. The value
      of these clones is emphasized by the fact that they show no defects in their
      ability to regulate nonterminal differentiation or proliferation relative to
      native nontransformed proadipocyte stem cells. Terminal differentiation-defective
      clones were therefore assayed to determine if they express the completely
      transformed phenotype. The results show that differentiation-defective stem cells
      are not tumorigenic in vivo and do not grow in soft agar, which is an in vitro
      assay for expression of the transformed phenotype by murine mesenchymal cells.
      These data are interpreted to support the conclusion that the expression of
      defects in the control of the terminal phase of differentiation per se is not
      adequate to induce complete neoplastic transformation.

PMID- 4005858
TI  - Sequential infusions of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in advanced cancer:
      pharmacology, toxicity, and response.
AB  - Preclinical studies have suggested that synergistic antitumor toxicity occurs
      when methotrexate (MTX) is administered prior to 5-fluorouracil (FUra). A
      protocol of sequenced, overlapping infusions of MTX and FUra was designed to
      achieve 5 microM MTX serum levels lasting 36 h and 1 to 5 microM FUra levels
      lasting 24 h, with leucovorin started at the end of the MTX infusion. Thirty-nine
      patients with metastatic neoplasms received a total of 127 treatment courses; two
      thirds of the patients had received prior treatment with radiation therapy or
      chemotherapy; most of the latter treatment regimens included MTX or FUra. In
      three patients, the duration of FUra infusion was prolonged up to 72 h to
      determine the toxic limits of therapy. Blood samples were collected during
      treatment courses to estimate the half-lives and total-body clearances of MTX and
      FUra. The initial serum half-lives and total-body clearances of both MTX and FUra
      appeared within the range of reported normal values. The terminal half-life of
      MTX appeared less than previously reported values, and there appeared to be a
      substantial delay in achieving a FUra steady-state concentration; these two
      differences may have resulted from either the prolonged intervals of drug
      infusion or from metabolic interaction between the two drugs. During the 127
      courses of treatment, nearly one-half of the patients experienced mild toxicity
      occurring after at least one treatment, but this toxicity was predominantly Grade
      I mucositis and/or diarrhea. Of the three patients who received extended
      intervals of FUra infusion, none was able to tolerate more than 48 h of FUra
      without developing mucositis. Thirty-four patients were evaluable for response;
      no one experienced a complete response, but 11 (32%) patients had either a
      partial or minimal response. Adenocarcinomas as a group, arising from the lung,
      gut, breast, and unknown site, appeared to respond best. Sequenced MTX-FUra
      infusion by this schedule is a generally well-tolerated regimen that deserves
      further clinical assessment.

PMID- 4005859
TI  - Presence of breast cancer antigens in uninvolved axillary lymph nodes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies which bind to breast cancer have been used to evaluate the
      detection of metastatic disease in axillary lymph nodes. Three monoclonal
      antibodies (H59, H71, and H72) were reacted with tissue sections of primary
      tumors and axillary nodes from 24 mastectomy specimens and four specimens from
      glandular mastectomies for benign disease. All three antibodies had been shown to
      react with subsets of normal and malignant breast tissue; did not bind erythroid,
      myeloid, or lymphoid tissue; and recognized antigens in paraffin-embedded tissue.
      The antibodies recognized cell surface antigens, and H59 and H72 bound to
      glycoproteins which are either sloughed or secreted. Primary tumors and tumors in
      lymph nodes from the same specimen were always bound by the same antibodies.
      Antibodies detected unrecognized microscopic tumor in nodes from one previously
      node-negative specimen and two specimens with positive nodes. This suggests that
      monoclonal antibodies may be useful for detecting metastatic breast cancer in
      nodes which by light microscopy are negative. Moderate binding of H59 and H72
      antibodies to sinus histiocytes and perivascular cells was observed in all
      uninvolved nodes with sinus hyperplasia obtained from benign and malignant
      specimens. Thus, breast antigens can be identified in hyperplastic nodes in
      patients with no evidence of breast cancer. The antigens are detected
      predominately in the lymphoid sinuses and are bound to nonneoplastic cells.
      Therefore, breast antigens are regularly being processed and presented by normal
      lymphoid cells within the sinus. The binding of these monoclonal antibodies to
      axillary lymph nodes does not necessarily indicate the presence of metastatic
      disease. Dense binding to paracortical single cells was observed in tumor
      containing lymph nodes and in uninvolved nodes obtained from mastectomy specimens
      with breast cancer. These cells are infrequent, and their number in an uninvolved
      node correlates with the pathological stage. They represent either binding to
      isolated lymphoid cells or metastatic tumor. Studies are under way to determine
      the origin of these cells.

PMID- 4005860
TI  - Imaging with 131I-labeled monoclonal antibodies to a high-molecular-weight
      melanoma-associated antigen in patients with melanoma: efficacy of whole
      immunoglobulin and its F(ab')2 fragments.
AB  - In vitro experiments selected optimal conditions to radiolabel with 131I the
      whole immunoglobulin and F(ab')2 fragments of the monoclonal antibody (MoAb)
      225.28S to a high-molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA).
      Injection of the radiolabeled whole immunoglobulin and F(ab')2 fragments of the
      MoAb 225.28S into eight patients with melanoma resulted in the accumulation of
      radioactivity in 10 of 18 metastases. This localization is specific because of
      the close relationship between detection of HMW-MAA in lesions by
      immunohistochemical techniques and outcome of immunoscintigraphy and because of
      the different distribution in tumors and adjacent tissues of radiolabeled F(ab')2
      fragments of MoAb 225.28S compared with 99mTc-pertechnetate and with radiolabeled
      F(ab')2 fragments of MoAb 4C4 to hepatitis B surface antigen. F(ab')2 fragments
      are superior to whole immunoglobulins to perform immunoscintigraphy, since they
      markedly reduce the background in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The sensitivity
      of the procedure allows the detection of lesions with a diameter of at least 1.5
      cm and is influenced by the level of the HMW-MAA in lesions and by their
      anatomical site.

PMID- 4005861
TI  - Unscheduled DNA synthesis in mononuclear leukocytes from patients with colorectal
      polyps.
AB  - The mononuclear leukocytes from peripheral blood samples of individuals with (n =
      30) and without (n = 48) colonic polyps were examined for their abilities to
      carry out unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induced by N-acetoxy-N-2
      fluorenylacetamide (N-AcO-2-FAA). Individuals with polyps had significantly
      reduced UDS values compared to the nonpolyp group (P less than 0.01).
      Furthermore, in a more comprehensive study, patients with hyperplastic polyps had
      N-AcO-2-FAA-induced UDS values not significantly different from control
      individuals who were asymptomatic and free from colonic disease as judged by
      complete colonoscopy. However, patients who had had adenomatous polyps in their
      large bowel had significantly reduced levels of N-AcO-2-FAA-induced UDS in their
      mononuclear leukocytes (P less than 0.005). When N-AcO-2-FAA binding to DNA
      determinations were made in parallel and DNA repair proficiency indices were
      calculated (i.e., N-AcO-2-FAA-induced UDS/N-AcO-2-FAA binding to DNA), the
      patients with adenomatous polyps were still shown to be deficient in carrying out
      DNA repair synthesis. Since adenomatous polyps of the large bowel are considered
      the premalignant lesion for colorectal cancer, we postulate that reduced UDS may
      be a genetically sensitive marker that is useful in studying the mechanisms of
      genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer.

PMID- 4005862
TI  - Flow cytometric detection of aneuploidy in colorectal adenomas.
AB  - Flow cytometry has been used to study the incidence of aneuploidy in a series of
      55 colorectal adenomas (29 tubular adenomas, 22 tubulovillous adenomas, and 4
      villous adenomas). For comparison, 5 nonadenomatous polyps, 4 normal mucosa
      samples from colectomy specimens and 16 colorectal cancers were measured. Fifteen
      (27%) adenomas were aneuploid, 33 (63%) were diploid, and 7 (11%) were
      peridiploid. The aneuploidy incidence increased with the size of the adenomas
      (less than 1 cm, 0%; 1 to 2 cm, 30%; greater than 2 cm, 50% aneuploid cases,
      respectively) but was less dependent on the histological type or degree of
      dysplasia. However, the degree of aneuploidy [mean DNA index of aneuploid stem
      lines] was significantly higher in tubulovillous adenomas [1.26 +/- 0.33 (SD)]
      than in tubular adenomas [1.09 +/- 0.04] and only slightly lower than in
      carcinomas [1.59 +/- 0.26]. The progressive increase in ploidy abnormality with
      size and histological type strongly supports the evidence for the adenoma
      carcinoma sequence in the development of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 4005863
TI  - Effect of intravenous dose and schedule on cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics
      of 5-fluorouracil in the monkey.

PMID- 4005864
TI  - Mutagenic and chemotherapeutic activity in L1210 leukemia of several
      monofunctional alkylating agents.

PMID- 4005865
TI  - The symptoms of patients treated for Parkinson's disease.
AB  - One hundred and eighty-one patients with treated Parkinson's disease completed a
      self-administered questionnaire on symptoms, and their responses were compared
      with those of 263 control subjects randomly selected from a general practice
      population. Nine symptoms were reported by the patients with more than a fivefold
      excess when compared with the controls. These included jerking of the limbs,
      shaking of the hands, excessive salivation, poor mental concentration, grimacing,
      being frozen or rooted to the spot, and hallucinations. Compared with the general
      control population, the patients did not have an excess of stomach or limb pain,
      indigestion, headache, or any decrease of interest in sex. This observational
      survey, unlike a randomised controlled trial, could not ensure that the different
      treatment groups were comparable in important respects. However, certain
      associations were apparent; for example, patients receiving both a decarboxylase
      inhibitor and levodopa tended to report fewer attacks of being frozen to the
      spot, fewer problems with salivation, and a reduced frequency of defaecation.
      Patients receiving anticholinergic drugs reported an excess of dry mouth,
      faintness, and dyskinesia, and fewer hot flushes.

PMID- 4005866
TI  - Coprolalia associated with hemiballismus: response to tetrabenazine.

PMID- 4005867
TI  - Domperidone in the management of orthostatic hypotension.

PMID- 4005869
TI  - Naloxone in progressive supranuclear palsy.

PMID- 4005868
TI  - Digoxin toxicity presenting with psychosis in a patient with chronic phobic
      anxiety.

PMID- 4005870
TI  - Depression as a cause of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 4005871
TI  - Phase I study of N-methylformamide in patients with advanced cancer.
AB  - N-Methylformamide (N-MF) belongs to a class of polar-planar compounds which
      induce cellular differentiation. Preclinical antitumor activity was demonstrated
      against human mammary, colon, and lung tumor xenografts and L1210 and P388 murine
      leukemias. This phase I study used a single bolus infusion of N-MF given weekly X
      3 doses every 6 weeks. Thirty-five patients were treated with N-MF at doses which
      ranged from 125 to 3125 mg/m2/week. The dose-limiting toxic effects included
      nausea and vomiting, anorexia, malaise, and liver function abnormalities. No
      myelosuppression was seen. The recommended dose for phase II trials of N-MF with
      this schedule is to initiate therapy at 2000 mg/m2 weekly X 3 and escalate to
      2500 mg/m2 if the initial dose was well tolerated.

PMID- 4005872
TI  - Phase II study of rDNA human alpha-2 interferon in multiple myeloma.
AB  - This is a report of a phase II trial of rDNA human alpha-2 interferon (IFN)
      (Schering-Plough 30500) in previously treated patients with multiple myeloma.
      Patients received 2 megaunits/m2 of IFN by sc injection 3 days per week for 3
      months. Responding patients continued receiving the same dose, but those with
      stable disease received 10 megaunits/m2 three times per week. Eighteen patients
      were treated. Two partial responses were seen, one at the lower dose and one at
      the higher dose. The lower dose was well tolerated, but three of six patients who
      received 10 megaunits/m2 had to stop treatment because of toxicity. Hematological
      toxicity was mild. At this dose and schedule, IFN has only minimal activity in
      previously treated patients.

PMID- 4005873
TI  - Sister chromatid exchanges induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and
      in vivo: consideration of the hazard of drugs as possible mutagens and
      carcinogens causing second malignancies.
AB  - Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by chemotherapeutic agents currently
      used for treating various malignancies were studied in vitro and in vivo. Whether
      the agents are potentially mutagenic/carcinogenic is discussed on the basis of
      recent clinicopathological observations on secondary malignancy. In the in vitro
      studies, the induction of SCEs by various anticancer agents, including three
      anticancer antibiotics, six alkylating agents, and three antimetabolites, was
      examined and compared with induction by two known carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline 1
      oxide and N-ethyl-N'-nitronitrosoguanidine. In the in vivo studies, SCE
      frequencies were examined in the lymphocytes from 74 blood samples drawn from 40
      patients with cancer or leukemia at various times after the agents had been
      administered alone or in combination. The SCE frequencies induced by the
      anticancer antibiotics were variable because the drugs had different modes of
      action: generally, the drugs have strong cytotoxicity that must affect the
      viability of cells. On the other hand, alkylating agents induced significantly
      high levels of SCE frequencies in vitro; the modes of SCE inducibility were
      similar to those of the two carcinogens. The fact that cells were viable up to
      relatively high molar concentrations of the agents and that high SCE levels
      persisted for a long period suggests that the lesions induced by alkylating
      agents are long-lived and may therefore be more frequently involved in
      mutagenesis. This finding may be compatible with the clinical observation that
      the vast majority of patients with second malignancy are found in the group
      treated with alkylating agents. Antimetabolites generally showed only a weak SCE
      induction or none in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 4005874
TI  - Cure of mice bearing P388 leukemia by vincristine in combination with a calcium
      channel blocker.
AB  - Mice inoculated with P388 leukemia were treated initially with vincristine (VCR)
      at a dose of either 1.5 or 2.0 mg/kg. After 1 week, VCR alone (0.1 mg/kg) was
      given daily for ten treatments, but no mice were cured with this regimen.
      However, when the calcium channel blocker verapamil (75 mg/kg) was administered
      with VCR at 1.5 or 2.0 mg/kg, lifespans were prolonged and one of ten or six of
      ten mice were cured, respectively. As reported previously, verapamil renders less
      sensitive or resistant tumor cells susceptible to VCR by inhibiting the VCR
      efflux mechanism, especially in resistant cells. Therefore, verapamil in
      combination with VCR apparently can result in total cell kill under the
      conditions used.

PMID- 4005875
TI  - Vitamin K3 inhibition of malignant murine cell growth and human tumor colony
      formation.
AB  - To assess the antineoplastic potential of vitamin K compounds, the effects of
      vitamin K3 (menadione), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), and warfarin on L1210 murine
      leukemia cell growth were studied in a flask culture system. When the cytotoxic
      potential of vitamin K3 was recognized, the effects of vitamin K3 on human tumor
      colony formation were studied in 34 tumor explants using a soft agar (clonogenic)
      assay system. Complete inhibition of L1210 growth in flask culture was achieved
      at concentrations of 200 micrograms/ml of warfarin, 75 micrograms/ml of vitamin
      K1, and 4 micrograms/ml of vitamin K3. Combined use of vitamin K and warfarin
      enhanced cytotoxicity because a concentration of 1 micrograms/ml of vitamin K3
      together with 70 micrograms/ml of warfarin resulted in nearly complete inhibition
      of L1210 growth. Comparable inhibition of growth was seen against malignant
      murine cell lines in the soft agar assay system, where greater than 70% decrease
      in colony formation was seen with vitamin K3 at concentrations of 6.4
      micrograms/ml for L1210 leukemia and 1 microgram/ml for HII4E hepatoma lines.
      Vitamin K3 was also cytotoxic in the same dosage range when tested in vitro
      against the 34 human tumor explants in the soft agar assay system. Tumor types
      evaluated included adenocarcinoma of the breast (16 patients), ovary (five),
      colon (two), stomach (two), kidney (two), and unknown primary (two); squamous
      cell carcinoma of the lung (two); melanoma (one), transitional cell carcinoma of
      the bladder (one); and hepatocellular carcinoma (one).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4005876
TI  - Antitumor activity of a benzaldehyde derivative.
AB  - Benzaldehyde, in the form of 4,6-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucose (BG), was given iv
      at a daily dose of 720-1800 mg/m2 to 65 patients with inoperable carcinoma in the
      advanced stages. The overall objective response rate was 55%; seven patients
      achieved complete response, 29 achieved partial response, 24 remained stable, and
      five showed progressive disease. Response was seen in various cell types.
      Prolongation of survival was apparent for the patients. Toxic reactions were not
      observed during long-term injection with BG.

PMID- 4005877
TI  - Phase II trial of alpha-lymphoblastoid interferon given weekly as treatment of
      advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Eighteen patients with advanced breast cancer refractory to first-line
      chemotherapy and hormonal therapy (or estrogen receptor-negative) were treated
      with human alpha-lymphoblastoid interferon (Wellferon) in a dose of 30 X 10(6)
      U/m2 im weekly. None of 15 patients receiving three or more doses achieved a
      partial or complete response. Toxicity was substantial and included fatigue,
      malaise, fever, hematologic suppression, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea.

PMID- 4005878
TI  - New folate analogs of the 10-deaza-aminopterin series: markedly increased
      antitumor activity of the 10-ethyl analog compared to the parent compound and
      methotrexate against some human tumor xenografts in nude mice.
AB  - In an extension of our prior studies in murine tumor models, we examined two new
      folate analogs in the 10-deaza-aminopterin series for antitumor activity against
      a group of human tumor xenografts in nude mice. In all three xenograft models
      studied, MX-1 mammary carcinoma, LX-1 lung carcinoma, and CX-1 colon carcinoma,
      10-deaza-aminopterin was minimally active, while methotrexate was inactive. In
      contrast, against the MX-1 and LX-1 tumors, 10-ethyl, 10-deaza-aminopterin at or
      near the LD10 dose (2-4.5 mg/kg) given once per day X 5 produced frank
      regressions. Activity of this analog against the CX-1 tumor was less, but
      retardation of tumor growth was observed with some minor regressions.

PMID- 4005879
TI  - Cephalometric radiography and computed tomography in infants undergoing
      craniofacial surgery.
AB  - A program for preoperative workup and post-operative follow-up in children with
      craniofacial anomalies is described. Objective measurements were made with
      cephalometry and computed axial tomography. Improvement in length of the anterior
      cranial base and shape of the calvaria after surgery and growth was demonstrated
      in this manner in serial follow-ups. It was concluded that both cephalometry and
      computed tomography were essential for the diagnosis, surgical planning and
      follow-up for this group of patients.

PMID- 4005880
TI  - Meningoceles and the tethered cord syndrome.
AB  - This study shows that there is a relationship between simple meningocele and the
      tethered cord syndrome. Two groups of patients were examined: the first comprised
      patients presenting with neurological abnormality at some period after initial
      closure of a simple meningocele, and the second group (18 patients) had elective
      myelography after closure of a simple meningocele in the neonatal period (in 17
      of the 18 cases). Of these 18 cases. 10 showed an intradural abnormality, and all
      underwent surgery confirming their myelographic diagnosis. The conclusion is
      drawn that after closure of a simple meningocele in the neonatal period, patients
      should have elective myelography in the first 12 months of life to determine
      whether or not the tethered cord syndrome is likely to develop during the period
      of growth.

PMID- 4005881
TI  - Outcome in children with severe head injuries.
AB  - We present a series of 56 children who suffered severe head injuries, with a
      Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of less than 8. The cases were classified according to
      the type of morphologic lesion on computed tomography (CT) scan. Intracranial
      pressure (ICP) was monitored in all children in this series. A protocol that
      included artificial ventilation and other measures of treatment for intracranial
      hypertension was applied. Results were analyzed according to age, type of lesion,
      and ICP. The usefulness of the ICP recording and of obtaining a correct
      classification of lesions using the CT scan is emphasized.

PMID- 4005882
TI  - Ocular motility, visual acuity and dysfunction of neuropsychological impairment
      in children with shunted uncomplicated hydrocephalus.
AB  - Children with shunted, uncomplicated, communicating hydrocephalus were tested to
      determine (1) the persistence of neuropsychological impairment and (2) the
      relationship between neuropsychological functioning, ocular motility, and acuity
      abnormalities. Eighteen hydrocephalic and 18 individually age- and sex-matched
      controls were given a neuropsychological battery, repeated after an interval of 1
      year. Hydrocephalic children were also tested at the beginning of the second year
      for strabismus, amblyopia and visual acuity. Their medical records were reviewed
      for history of ocular motility and/or acuity abnormalities. Hydrocephalic
      children with normal range IQ were found to have lower verbal IQ, memory, and
      fine motor skills compared to controls. A history of ocular motility and acuity
      abnormalities was associated with impaired visuospatial and verbal problem
      solving skills.

PMID- 4005883
TI  - Meningioma in the interpeduncular cistern in a child.
AB  - The authors describe an 8-year-old boy who presented with progressive oculomotor
      palsy on the left side. The diagnostic evaluation with computerized transmission
      tomography (CTT), metrizamide CTT cisternography, and angiography indicated an
      extra-axial tumor in the left interpeduncular cistern, extending into the
      suprasellar and prepontine cisterns. A meningioma was demonstrated with
      attachment only to the interpeduncular portion of the left oculomotor nerve. The
      patient was treated successfully by complete removal through a pterional
      approach.

PMID- 4005885
TI  - Intelligence of children with Chiari malformation type II.

PMID- 4005884
TI  - Surgical treatment of an aneurysm of the vein of Galen in a newborn with heart
      failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure is the usual complaint and cause of death in neonates
      with aneurysms of the great vein of Galen. Direct surgical obliteration of the
      feeding arteries cures the heart failure, but few such newborns survive the
      operation. The authors report a case of primary aneurysm of the great vein of
      Galen treated successfully by clipping the afferent arteries and reduction of the
      bulk of the aneurysm by bipolar coagulation. Five months after the operation the
      child's development is normal.

PMID- 4005887
TI  - CSF shunt complications: an analysis of contributory factors.
AB  - The complications arising from 195 shunting procedures are described and
      correlated with patient and operative variables. Neither the patient's age, sex,
      type of hydrocephalus, length of surgery, nor the use of prophylactic antibiotics
      correlated significantly with subsequent shunt complications. However, the
      surgeon performing the procedure and the type of shunt used were highly
      significant correlates.

PMID- 4005886
TI  - Auditory brainstem response in infant hydrocephalus.
AB  - Fifteen infants with hydrocephalus ranging in age from 32 to 43 weeks from
      conception were studied. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was measured 48 h
      prior to the placement of a CSF shunt and within 5 days following shunt
      insertion. Results of this study showed a general improvement in the ABR
      following placement of the shunt. No consistent patterns were observed that
      allowed a clear explanation of the cause and effect of the abnormal ABR. However,
      the changes seen in the ABR are caused by increased CSF pressure, which may
      compress the transmission fibers, and generators of the ABR producing a type of
      neuropraxis. Early shunting appears to have a better outcome on the ABR than
      later shunting.

PMID- 4005888
TI  - Spectrum of benign intracranial hypertension in children and adolescents.
AB  - A review of the most recent 23 cases of benign intracranial hypertension (BIH),
      admitted to the War Memorial Children's Hospital in London, Ontario, provided a
      compendium of the clinical manifestations of this disorder in children and
      adolescents. Although CT scanning lets one feel more secure in making such a
      diagnosis, pitfalls still exist. The sex ratio was 11 males to 12 females. Age
      groupings were: 0-6 years (2 patients); 7-12 years (10); 13-17 years (11). No
      postviral etiologies were encountered in patients more than 13 years of age. In
      only 6 cases could no definite etiology be established. Of great importance was
      the recognition of the condition in 12 patients who did not have papilledema.
      Elevated intracranial pressure was proven in 8 of these by lumbar CSF pressure
      monitoring, in 1 by lumbar punctures and in 1 infant with split cranial sutures.
      Absence of papilledema was confirmed by ophthalmological examination. Transient
      visual obscurations were very common in this group. In 6 patients, persistent
      signs and symptoms in spite of vigorous drug therapy prompted lumboperitoneal
      shunting, with immediate relief of symptoms in all. In only 1 case has the
      diagnosis of BIH proven to be in error. A warning leak from an aneurysm caused
      papilledema and headache, and a normal CT scan supported the diagnosis until the
      patient had a major hemorrhage weeks later. BIH has a variety of causes in
      children and adolescents, and papilledema is not a prerequisite for diagnosis.

PMID- 4005889
TI  - Synthesis of mycarose and epi-axenose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
AB  - A six-step synthesis of racemic mycarose from allylacetylene is described. Key
      transformations include the threo-selective epoxidation of (E)-4-methyl-1,4
      heptadien-6-ol and the alpha-opening of xylo-4,5-epoxy-4-methylhept-1-en-6-ol
      (7), which was accomplished via a neighboring group-assisted reaction of xylo-4,5
      epoxy-4-methyl-6-(N-phenylcarbamoyloxy)hept-1-ene (12). The latter conversion
      proceeded wih lower selectivity (3:1) than observed with disubstituted
      epoxyurethanes because of the greater tendency of trisubstituted epoxides to
      undergo substitutions with SN1 character at the tertiary center. Methanolysis of
      ribo-4-methylhept-1-ene-4,5,6-triol 5,6-carbonate, obtained from 12 in up to 61%
      yield, afforded ribo-4-methylhept-1-ene-4,5,6-triol, which was converted into
      mycarose by ozonolysis. Similarly, ozonolysis of lyxo-4-methylhept-1-ene-4,5,6
      triol, which was prepared (64%) by hydrolysis of 7, afforded racemic 3-epi
      axenose.

PMID- 4005890
TI  - Preparation of a glycosyl donor suitable for synthesis of glycoprotein "core"
      oligosaccharides.
AB  - 2-O-Acetyl-3-O-allyl-4-O-benzyl-6-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-D-gluc opyranosyl
      chloride (14), a glycosyl donor suitable for synthesis of oligosaccharides
      corresponding to the N-glycoprotein saccharide "core", was synthesized by an
      efficient, six-stage route from 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-O-[1-(exo
      ethoxy)ethylidene)-alpha-D-glucopyranos e. Silver triflate-promoted coupling of
      14 with benzyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside gave a
      protected beta-D-(1----4)-linked disaccharide in 38% yield, but a major side
      reaction also occurred. When the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group was quantitatively
      removed from 14 prior to the coupling reaction, and replaced afterwards, the
      yield in the glycosidation was increased to 55%, and major side-products were
      avoided.

PMID- 4005891
TI  - Protected glycosides and disaccharides of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose by
      ferric chloride-catalyzed coupling.
AB  - The ferric chloride-catalyzed glycosylation of hydroxy compounds by protected 2
      acylamino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose 1-acetates is described. In addition to
      known glycosides from the reaction of alcohols with 2-acetamido-1,3,4,6-tetra-O
      acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (3), ally (and other alkyl) beta-glycosides
      were obtained from the N-benzoyl, N-phenoxyacetyl, N-methoxyacetyl, N
      chloroacetyl, and N-phthaloyl congeners of 3. The latter compounds, except for
      the N-phthaloyl derivative, gave oxazolines in the absence of an alcoholic
      reactant. Compound 3 and the related N-benzoyl, N-chloroacetyl, N-acetyl-3,4,6
      tri-O-benzyl, and N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl derivatives were coupled to
      one or more protected sugars to form protected, beta-linked disaccharides.
      Coupling at the 6-positions of acceptors proceeded smoothly and gave 67-80%
      yields. For successful coupling at positions 3 and 4, long reaction times and
      multiple additions of glycosyl donor were required, and yields ranged from 60% to
      as low as 30%. 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-(chloroacetamido)-2-deoxy-beta-D-
      glucopyranose appeared to be the most reactive glycosyl donor in this series. The
      reaction of 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)[2,1- d]
      2-oxazoline (derived from 3) with allyl alcohol was catalyzed by ferric chloride,
      and oxazolines were detected as intermediates in some of the glycosylations of
      protected sugars.

PMID- 4005892
TI  - Oxyhalogenation of glycals for the synthesis of anti-tumor-active 2'-halo
      daunorubicin analogs.
AB  - Alkoxyhalogenation of L-rhamnal diacetate with daunomycinone and N
      iodosuccinimide afforded 37% of 7-O- (3,4-di-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-alpha-L
      mannopyranosyl)daunomycin one (4, NSC 331,962) and 7% of the beta-L-gluco analog
      (NSC 353,457); a similar procedure with L-fucal diacetate gave 77% of 7-O-(3,4-di
      O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-alpha-L-talopyranosyl) daunomycinone (NSC 327,472).
      Compound 4 showed high activity (T/C 247) and low toxicity in the P-388
      lymphocytic leukemia screen in mice.

PMID- 4005893
TI  - Second generation alpha-enones from a pyranosidic alpha-enone.
AB  - The Diels-Alder product from the reaction of methyl 2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D
      glycero-hex-2-enopyranosid-4-ulose (1b) with trans-1-methoxy-3-tert-butyl
      dimethylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene is 3b (93%). Reaction of 3b wih sodium borohydride
      causes reduction of the C-4 carbonyl group only, but, with lithium aluminum
      hydride, further reactions occur which can be rationalized by fragmentation
      brought about by hydride cleavage on the silicon-oxygen bond, with simultaneous
      ejection of the beta-methoxyl group complexed to a trivalent aluminum species.
      The enone resulting from this fragmentation also reacts further with lithium
      aluminum hydride, and several products result. The behavior of postulated
      intermediates, which have been prepared separately and subjected to the reaction
      conditions, supports the proposed reaction mechanisms. The "second generation"
      enone (methyl 2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-talopyranosido)-[3,2-d]-2-cyclohexenone+ ++
      (10a), arising from the first generation precursors 1b, has been prepare by two
      routes.

PMID- 4005894
TI  - A clinically relevant model of heart failure: effects of ticlopidine.
AB  - A clinically relevant model of heart failure has been developed in chronically
      instrumented mini-pigs by injecting Sephadex beads into the left main or
      circumflex coronary arteries under fluoroscopic control. In six control animals,
      left atrial pressure (LAP) increased from 10 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 mmHg (p less than
      0.01) and remained elevated for 3 days. Heart rate increased by 26 beats X min-1
      (p less than 0.05) and diastolic pressure fell after 24 h but recovered over the
      next 48 h. In six animals treated with ticlopidine (50 mg X kg-1 p.o.) for four
      days prior to embolisation, the acute haemodynamic changes were less in the first
      day but similar to control after 3 days. Infarct size was approximately 20% of
      the left ventricle in control animals and 9.5% in the treated group (p less than
      0.01). ADP-induced platelet activity was reduced in the treated animals
      suggesting that coronary occlusion followed both physical occlusion by the beads
      and later development of platelet thrombi.

PMID- 4005895
TI  - Interpretation of myocardial contraction recorded from local segments.
AB  - An attempt to quantify the influence of extra-segmental contraction upon external
      mechanical work of a segment was made in cat hearts. By placing four ultrasound
      crystals across a borderline between normal and ischaemic myocardium, the
      pressure-length loop area of segments with different ischaemic contents were
      recorded. The relation between a normalised segment work index and the amount of
      ischaemic tissue within the segment showed a negative correlation. Assuming that
      the contributions to the segment work index from ischaemic and normal tissue
      coupled in series within the segment add up by cancelling each other, the extra
      segmental influence of adjacent fibre contraction could be established. In six
      cats the extra-segmental influence which affected a typical segment of 10.0 mm
      corresponded to 1.5 to 3.7 mm of adjacent myocardial musculature on either side
      of the segment.

PMID- 4005896
TI  - Hepatic trapping of red cells in canine endotoxin shock: a variable phenomenon
      after splenectomy.
AB  - We studied in 20 splenectomised dogs the incidence of early intravascular hepatic
      pooling after administration of E. coli endotoxin. Autologous red cells were
      labelled in vitro with 99mTc. Bloodpool imaging and haemodynamic measurements
      were performed simultaneously. Changes in hepatic red cell volume were estimated
      from alterations in hepatic activity. In 10 dogs, hepatic red cell activity
      increased considerably (156 to 359% of the basal value). In the remaining animals
      the hepatic activity did not change markedly or even decreased. The decline in
      arterial pressure and cardiac output seemed more pronounced in dogs with clear
      evidence of hepatic pooling. However no significant differences in absolute
      haemodynamic values could be demonstrated between dogs with and without pooling.
      It is concluded that an hepatic outflow block is not a constant feature of canine
      endotoxin shock. Absolute haemodynamic values do not depend on the presence of an
      outflow block. Thus the presence of hepatic pooling need not make the canine
      model inappropriate for studies on human sepsis.

PMID- 4005897
TI  - Haemodynamic adaptation to exercise in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic
      regurgitation.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with severe aortic regurgitation and 10 normal subjects
      underwent radionuclide angiography to examine the cardiovascular adaptations to
      exercise. Patients were sub-divided into four groups based on the directional
      change of ejection fraction with exercise. Group A (15 patients) showed normal
      ejection fraction at rest and peak exercise (0.65 +/- 0.05 and 0.73 +/- 0.06
      respectively). Group D (six patients) showed significant abnormalities in left
      ventricular function at rest with further deterioration during exercise (0.44 +/-
      0.09 to 0.35 +/- 0.07 respectively). In patients with good left ventricular
      function left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume decreased
      progressively with exercise and at peak exercise end-systolic volume was within
      normal limits. In patients with poor left ventricular function both end-diastoic
      and end-systolic volume progressively increased with exercise. Both net and total
      stroke volume were significantly higher at rest in patients with normal left
      ventricular function but net stroke volume increased with exercise only in those
      with good myocardial function and was quantitatively similar to that seen in
      normal subjects. The severity of aortic regurgitation as judged by regurgitant
      fraction was reduced during exercise in all except four patients, by an average
      of 22% in all groups. The major factor determining increasing cardiac output with
      exercise was found to be the status of myocardial function. Although reduction in
      the severity of aortic regurgitation may favourably influence distribution of
      stroke volume in those with normal myocardial function, it failed to contribute
      significantly to increasing cardiac output in those with poor left ventricular
      function.

PMID- 4005898
TI  - Local regulation of subcutaneous forefoot blood flow during orthostatic changes
      in normal subjects, in sympathetically denervated patients and in patients with
      occlusive arterial disease.
AB  - Local blood flow regulation was studied on the forefoot by the 133-Xenon wash-out
      method. In 21 normal limbs blood flow decreased 36% when the foot was lowered 40
      cm below heart (local vasoconstrictor response). During elevation blood flow was
      constant to 20 cm, and flow decreased only 10% at further elevation to 40 cm,
      corresponding to a drop in vascular resistance of 15% (autoregulation of blood
      flow). In six sympathetically denervated limbs blood flow decreased only 6%,
      significantly less than in the normal limbs. Autoregulation of blood flow was
      preserved in these limbs. In 22 limbs with intermittent claudication blood flow
      decreased only 19%, significantly less than in the normal limbs. However, taking
      into account the additional increase in arterial pressure that occurs, when a
      limb with arterial occlusion is lowered there was no significant difference (p =
      0.26) in the increase in vascular resistance between the two groups. During
      elevation vascular resistance decreased significantly in the claudicants
      indicating preservation of autoregulation. In limbs with rest pain blood flow
      increased 28% during lowering, and when the additional increase in arterial blood
      pressure was accounted for, a significant increase in vascular resistance of 21%
      was noted. During elevation blood flow decreased significantly, and the estimated
      vascular resistance in this group did not decrease significantly. The study
      suggests that the increase in blood flow and the relief of ischaemic rest pain
      induced by lowering are due to an additional increase in arterial pressure rather
      than due to dilatation of arterioles.

PMID- 4005899
TI  - Myocardial ischaemia produced by ergonovine-induced vasoconstriction during
      preexisting coronary stenosis: experimental conditions for the geometric theory.
AB  - Experiments were designed to determine the contribution of active vasomotor tone
      of a large coronary artery during a preexisting coronary stenosis to the
      production of myocardial ischaemia. The quantitative relations between ergonovine
      dose and systemic and coronary haemodynamic and electrocardiographic responses
      during various degrees of coronary stenosis were evaluated in 55 anaesthetised
      open-chest dogs. In the absence of coronary stenosis, intracoronary infusion of
      ergonovine (0.04 to 4 micrograms X min-1) had no systemic or coronary
      haemodynamic effects. In dogs with coronary stenosis created with intraluminal
      microballoon occluder, ergonovine produced marked decreases in coronary blood
      flow and distal coronary pressure followed by a decline in left ventricular dP/dt
      and ST-elevation in epicardial electrogram in the presence of moderate (28 +/-
      1.1 mmHg in pressure gradient) and severe (41 +/- 1.4 mmHg), but not mild (15 +/-
      0.9 mmHg) stenosis. These detrimental effects of ergonovine were dependent on its
      dose as well as the severity of preexisting coronary stenosis. Interventions such
      as aspirin pretreatment or endothelial denudation did not attenuate the coronary
      vasomotor response or ergonovine, but pretreatment with nifedipine (3 micrograms
      X kg-1 iv) prevented this response. Intravenous injection of ergonovine (4 to 15
      micrograms X kg-1) in doses relevant to clinical usage during intraluminal
      obstruction resulted in similar changes in coronary haemodynamics as those of
      intracoronary ergonovine. In contrast, in dogs with various degrees of coronary
      stenosis produced with an externally applied constrictor device, ergonovine did
      not affect systemic and coronary haemodynamics. These experiments demonstrate
      that normal vasomotion superimposed on moderate and severe pliable coronary
      stenosis can cause transient myocardial ischaemia, which helps to clarify the
      conditions to produce myocardial ischaemia according to geometric theory.

PMID- 4005900
TI  - Phosphate metabolites and organ preservation: 31P NMR study on rat kidney.

PMID- 4005901
TI  - [Educating for marriage and responsible parenthood in the field of health care].

PMID- 4005902
TI  - [Comprehensive evaluation of patients after acute myocardial infarct using
      noninvasive testing technics during a laboratory stress test].

PMID- 4005903
TI  - [Epidemiology of arteriopathies of the upper extremities in a rural and
      industrial population of males in northern Bohemia].

PMID- 4005904
TI  - [The clinical picture and the most frequent diagnostic errors and problems in the
      evaluation of primary mitral valve prolapse].

PMID- 4005905
TI  - [Transport proteins of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)].

PMID- 4005906
TI  - [The effect of heparin on the formation of platelet malondialdehyde].

PMID- 4005907
TI  - [Cellular cytotoxicity in hemolytic diseases].

PMID- 4005908
TI  - [Detection of HLA antigens using the microlymphocytotoxicity fluorescence test].

PMID- 4005909
TI  - [Quantitative study of the regeneration of bone marrow morphology after
      administration of high doses of benfluron to laboratory rats].

PMID- 4005910
TI  - [10 years of the ischemic heart disease prevention project in northern Karelia].

PMID- 4005911
TI  - [The effect of short-term exhausting physical stress on the lipoprotein spectrum
      and on additional lipid parameters in sera].

PMID- 4005912
TI  - [Echocardiographic findings in patients with ankylosing spondyloarthritis].

PMID- 4005913
TI  - [Reversibility of asynergy in various forms of ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4005914
TI  - [Work capacity after cardiac surgery].

PMID- 4005915
TI  - [Insertion of 2 catheters by the femoral vein route through a single puncture].

PMID- 4005916
TI  - [Allergic diseases].

PMID- 4005917
TI  - [Is hypertension the only pathogenic factor in the development of
      neuroretinopathy in dialysed patients?].

PMID- 4005918
TI  - [Circadian study of ventilation in patients with bronchial asthma in practice].

PMID- 4005919
TI  - [The significance of immunologic changes in the serum for the laboratory
      evaluation of immunologic activity in ankylosing spondylitis].

PMID- 4005920
TI  - [Radioprotective effects of benzene extracts from human blood cells in long-term
      irradiation of rats].

PMID- 4005921
TI  - [Addison's disease and crisis in chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 4005922
TI  - [Limitations and possibilities of somatotypology methods].

PMID- 4005923
TI  - [Prevention of sudden death. The role of surgical treatment in ischemic heart
      disease].

PMID- 4005924
TI  - [Use of lipid and lipoprotein fractions for estimation of risk of
      atherosclerosis].

PMID- 4005925
TI  - [Balloon atrioseptostomy using 2-dimensional echocardiography].

PMID- 4005926
TI  - [Oncologic problems in orthopedics. Tumors of the bone].

PMID- 4005927
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of Ewing's sarcoma].

PMID- 4005929
TI  - [Vitamin D yesterday and today].

PMID- 4005928
TI  - [Bone metastases and methods of their treatment].

PMID- 4005930
TI  - [The truth or a merciful lie in communicating the basic diagnosis to patients
      with malignant tumors?].

PMID- 4005931
TI  - Effect of erythropoietic stimulation of the chamber host on the growth of
      haemopoietic colonies in plasma clot diffusion chambers (PCDC).
AB  - Murine marrow cells were cultured in Millipore diffusion chambers implanted into
      the peritoneal cavity of variously conditioned murine hosts. Preirradiation (350
      cGy), bleeding (0.5 ml) and phenylhydrazine injection (75 mg/kg i.v.) when
      performed together on the chamber host, induced better growth of erythropoietic
      and granulopoietic colonies inside the PCDCs than either of these manoeuvres
      alone. Small erythrocytic colonies (CFU-E derived) and small granulocytic
      colonies were observed at day 3 of marrow culture. Erythropoietic bursts and
      large granulocytic colonies were observed at day 8 of chamber culture. Colonies
      of macrophage-like cells, fibroblast-like cells, mixed erythro-granulopoietic
      colonies and megakaryoblasts were observed less regularly in chambers incubated
      in these conditions. The study provides a standardized, relatively reproducible
      PCDC culture system for studies of both erythro- and granulopoiesis, and does not
      require a hypoxic chamber.

PMID- 4005932
TI  - Use of growth-attachment correlation plots to analyse human melanoma cell
      dependency on 2-oxocarboxylates and serum.
AB  - Modulation of the population-dependent growth of the human melanoma line MM96 by
      serum and a series of 2-oxocarboxylates was analysed by a method offering several
      useful features. Initial cell attachment was measured by the use of cells
      prelabelled with [14C] thymidine (C) while the size of the replicating cell
      population on any particular day was monitored by [3H] thymidine (H)
      incorporation for that particular 24 hr. The 3H incorporation was normalized for
      the initial cell attachment as the 3H/14C ratio (H/C), which was found to be
      little affected by artifacts of precursor equilibration. The method allows large
      numbers of replicate samples so that quantitation of dose-response relationships
      is simple and statistically robust, and simultaneous monitoring of cell
      attachment and growth within the same sample is routine. Not only cell growth,
      but also attachment to the culture vessel surface was found to be increased by
      higher seeded population densities, by increasing serum concentration and by
      pyruvate supplementation. Further investigation of the pyruvate effect showed
      that all nine of the soluble 2-oxocarboxylates tested were effective for both
      parameters, with little difference between them which was attributable to
      molecular structure. Quantitative studies of the potentiation of growth and
      attachment by increasing cell density or a range of concentrations of 2
      oxocarboxylates led to the finding that increments in the growth parameter (H/C)
      were directly proportional to increments in attachment (C). Such a relationship
      would be unexpected in ordinary logarithmically-growing cultures. The observation
      is consistent with the hypothesis that increases in initial cell attachment,
      whether induced by 2 oxocarboxylates or higher inoculation densities, lead to
      conditioning of the medium by cell factors which stimulate growth and are
      produced in amounts proportional to the attached cell numbers. Pyruvate, when
      present with higher serum concentrations, stimulated growth above the levels
      accounted for by concomitant increases in cell attachment. Serum also appears to
      have other potentiating factors in addition to those attributable to its content
      of 2-oxocarboxylates. Differences in the response to 2-oxocarboxylates of human
      melanoma cells and human diploid fibroblasts were noted, and suggest that the
      present observations may be due to unique properties of the melanoma cell.

PMID- 4005933
TI  - Digestive tract cell proliferation and food consumption patterns of Ha/ICR mice.
AB  - The relationship between the daily pattern of food consumption and the
      proliferation rate of the oesophagus, stomach, forestomach, small intestine and
      colon of Ha/ICR mice was examined. Proliferative activity was determined by
      [3H]TdR incorporation on a wet weight tissue basis, along with selective counting
      of labelled nuclei. Under conditions of ad libitum feeding with a 12 hr light
      cycle (lights on at 0600) mice eat most of their food during the dark period. A
      distinct circadian rhythm was observed in the oesophagus, stomach, forestomach
      and colon with the peak of [3H]TdR incorporation between 0400 and 0600 and the
      nadir between 1600 and 1800. Although a circadian fluctuation was observed in the
      small intestine, its amplitude was much less than in other areas. This rhythmic
      change in proliferation rate could be phase shifted by allowing the mice to feed
      only between 0800 and 1600 for 14 days. Under these conditions the peak in
      proliferative activity occurred between 1800 and 2000. Fasting reduced the daily
      level of proliferative activity in all of the digestive tract sites studied, and
      for all areas except the oesophagus greatly reduced or eliminated the circadian
      fluctuation. The forestomach and colon were the most influenced by fasting with
      24 hr [3H]TdR incorporation reduced to 30-40% of the control value. Refeeding
      following a 48 hr fast produced a rapid increase in proliferative activity
      peaking at levels well above the control value at 16 hr after the onset of
      refeeding. The major exception to this was the small intestine which slowly
      returned to the control value during the first 24 hr. Partial refeeding produced
      a diminished refeeding response. Once the normal pattern of food consumption was
      re-established following refeeding the normal proliferative fluctuations were
      again observed.

PMID- 4005934
TI  - Separation by velocity sedimentation of human haemopoietic precursors forming
      colonies in vivo and in vitro cultures.
AB  - Cells which give rise to granulocyte-macrophage colonies under the influence of
      peripheral blood white cells (CFU-c (WBC] and Mo T cell conditioned medium (CFU-c
      (Mo] sedimented at a faster rate than the cells which form mixed erythroid
      granulocytic colonies in methylcellulose in vitro (CFU-mix) and granulocytic (CFU
      dg) and megakaryocytic (CFU-dm) colonies in diffusion chambers in mice. Despite
      identical peak sedimentation rate for the two CFU-c populations, sedimentation
      profiles suggest that they are heterogeneous with respect to size. A proportion
      of CFU-c (Mo) may be identical with CFU-dg and CFU-mix. Sedimentation profiles
      for cells which give rise to mixed colonies in vitro (CFU-mix) and to
      granulocytic colonies in diffusion chambers in cyclophosphamide pretreated mice
      (CFU-dg (CY] and in Mo conditioned medium treated mice (CFU-dg (Mo] were similar.
      On the average CFU-dm sedimented somewhat slower than CFU-dg. These and other
      observations suggesting a close relationship between CFU-dg and multipotential
      haemopoietic precursors are discussed.

PMID- 4005935
TI  - Pig epidermis: a cell kinetic study.
AB  - The basal cell density (BCD), labelling index (LI), duration of DNA synthesis
      (TS) and cell cycle time (TC) have been calculated for the epidermis of pigs in
      the age range 4-27 months. The BCD declined progressively from 143.4 +/- 6.5
      cells/mm at 4 months to 128.8 +/- 8.3 cells/mm at 15 months, whereafter the
      values showed little change. There was a small decrease in LI with increasing
      age, from 7.9 +/- 1.5% at 4 months to 5.9 +/- 1.0% at 27 months. However, the
      change to housing animals outdoors as compared with indoors had a greater effect
      on the LI (approximately 10%). Severe weathering in the skin of animals housed
      outdoors resulted in a very high LI (approximately 20%). Neither TS or TC varied
      significantly with age. TS was within the range 8.8-9.2 hr and TC 127-161 hr. In
      animals housed outdoors TC was reduced relative to animals housed indoors. The
      BCD and TS were not affected by housing conditions. The kinetic parameters
      investigated in the pig were similar to those reported for man.

PMID- 4005936
TI  - A novel approach to the study of kinetically changing cell populations.
AB  - A method is described for estimating changes in cell cycle times during periods
      of rapid change in proliferation rate. This method, which depends upon the
      interpretation of pre- and post-velocity sedimentation fractionation continuous
      thymidine labelling patterns, exploits the relationship between sedimentation
      rate and cell cycle location. By this means, cycle times can be estimated under
      conditions that are difficult (if not impossible) to analyse by FLM methods.

PMID- 4005937
TI  - Analysis of cell flow and cell loss following X-irradiation using sequential
      investigation of the total number of cells in the various parts of the cell
      cycle.
AB  - The cell flow and cell loss of an in vivo growing Ehrlich ascites tumour were
      calculated by sequential estimation of changes in the total number of cells in
      the cell cycle compartments. Normal growth was compared with the grossly
      disturbed cell flow evident after a 5 Gy X-irradiation. The doubling time of
      normal, exponentially growing cells was 24 hr. The generation time was 21 hr
      based on double-isotope labelling studies and the potential doubling time was 21
      hr. Thus, the growth fraction was 1.0 and the cell loss rate about 0.5%/hr.
      Following irradiation, a transiently increased relative outflow rate from all
      cell cycle compartments was found at about 3 and 40 hr, and from S phase at 24 hr
      after irradiation. Minimum flow rates from all compartments were found up to 20
      hr. Cell loss as calculated from the cell flow was compared with non-viable cells
      determined by Percoll density separation. Increase in cell loss as well as non
      viable cells was observed at 24 hr after irradiation at the time of release of
      the irradiation-induced G2 blockage. Up to 50 hr, about 70% of the initial total
      number of cells were lost. The experiments show the applicability and limitations
      of cell flow and cell loss calculations by sequential analysis of the total
      number of cells in the various parts of the cell cycle.

PMID- 4005938
TI  - DNA synthesis rate changes during the S phase in mouse epidermis.
AB  - The in vivo DNA synthesis rate throughout the S phase of mouse epidermal cells
      was investigated. Epidermal basal cells were isolated at various times of the day
      from normal animals injected with [3H]TdR 30 min before sacrifice, and from pulse
      labelled animals with regenerating and growth-inhibited epidermis. The cells were
      analysed by DNA flow cytometry combined with cell sorting. Cells from successive
      fractions of the S phase were sorted on glass slides and subjected to
      quantitative [3H]TdR autoradiography. The results confirmed the presence of
      unlabelled (slowly replicating) cells in the S phase, the proportion of which was
      circadian stage-dependent with minimum values at midnight and in the early
      morning. The DNA synthesis rate throughout the S phase showed a general trend
      with high values in the mid-fractions, a pattern which was similar in normal and
      in growth perturbed epidermis. In the early morning the DNA synthesis rate
      pattern was bimodal with maxima both in the first and second half of the S phase,
      with a corresponding trough in mid-S. At this time of day the cell progression
      rate through S is at its maximum, indicating a relationship between the overall
      DNA synthesis rate and the rate distribution pattern through S.

PMID- 4005939
TI  - Oestradiol is effective in stimulating 3H-thymidine incorporation but not on
      proliferation of breast cancer cultured cells.
AB  - The growth of numerous human oestrogen target cell lines is said to have been
      stimulated by oestradiol. We studied the action of this hormone on the growth of
      two human cancer cell lines originating from endometrium (GUS), and from breast
      (FAM). Oestradiol was inactive on endometrial cell multiplication as well as on
      their tritiated thymidine uptake, but in FAM breast cancer cells, we noticed a
      discrepancy between tritiated thymidine uptake and actual cell proliferation:
      there was a 40% increase in DNA precursor uptake, but no change in either the
      number of cells or in their DNA content, both of which were verified by two
      different methods. Therefore, an actual increased nuclear (autoradiographic)
      uptake of thymidine did take place in oestrogenized cells, associated with an
      increase of incorporation into DNA (a rise of radioactivity in the acid-insoluble
      materials), but finally there was no greater total DNA increase in the whole
      treated population than in control cells. Then we examined the metabolism of
      tritiated thymidine in oestradiol-treated FAM cells. We extracted the radioactive
      thymine nucleotides and characterized them chromatographically: the oestradiol
      caused an increase in the labelling of deoxythymine monophosphate (TMP). How
      these results are consistent with both unmodified cell count and whole DNA
      content is discussed.

PMID- 4005940
TI  - Cell kinetics from double labeling.

PMID- 4005941
TI  - Analysis of the morphology and function of primary cilia in connective tissues: a
      cellular cybernetic probe?
AB  - More than 300 primary cilia have been identified electronmicroscopically in a
      variety of embryonic and mature connective tissue cells. To further define the
      enigmatic function of these cilia, we examined the interrelationships between the
      basal apparatus and cytoplasmic organelles and the ciliary shaft and the
      extracellular matrix. The basal diplosome was consistently associated with the
      secretory organelles including the maturing face of the Golgi complex, Golgi
      vacuoles and vesicles, the microtubular network, the plasma membrane, and coated
      pits and vesicles. Small vesicles and amorphous granules were also observed
      within the ciliary lumen and adjacent to the ciliary membrane. Microtubule
      membrane bridges linked axonemal tubules to the ciliary membrane. The position,
      projection, and orientation of the axoneme were influenced by the structural
      organisation and mechanical properties of the matrix and frequently caused
      angulation of the ciliary shaft relative to the basal body. Located midway
      between the secretory apparatus and the extracellular matrix, primary cilia would
      appear ideally situated to mediate the necessary interaction between the cell and
      its surrounding environment prerequisite to the formation and maintenance of a
      functionally effective matrix. We propose that primary cilia in connective tissue
      cells could act as multifunctional, cellular cybernetic probes, receiving,
      transducing, and conducting a variety of extrinsic stimuli to the intracellular
      organelles responsible for effecting the appropriate homeostatic feedback
      response to changes in the extracellular micro-environment.

PMID- 4005943
TI  - Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatous (adenolymphoma) in Nigeria, West Africa.

PMID- 4005942
TI  - Bending patterns of chlamydomonas flagella: III. A radial spoke head deficient
      mutant and a central pair deficient mutant.
AB  - Flash photomicrography at frequencies up to 300 Hz and computer-assisted image
      analysis have been used to obtain parameters describing the flagellar bending
      patterns of mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. All strains contained the uni1
      mutation, to facilitate photography. The radial spoke head deficient mutant pf17,
      and the central pair deficient mutant, pf15, in combination with suppressor
      mutations that restore motility without restoring the ultrastructural or
      biochemical deficiencies, both generate forward mode bending patterns with
      increased shear amplitude and decreased asymmetry relative to the "wild-type"
      uni1 flagella described previously. In the reverse beating mode, the suppressed
      pf17 mutants generate reverse bending patterns with large shear amplitudes.
      Reverse beating of the suppressed pf15 mutants is rare. There is a reciprocal
      relationship between increased shear amplitude and decreased beat frequency, so
      that the velocity of sliding between flagellar microtubules is not increased by
      an increase in shear amplitude. The suppressor mutations alone cause decreased
      frequency and sliding velocity in both forward and reverse mode beating, with
      little change in shear amplitude or symmetry.

PMID- 4005944
TI  - Neonatal tetanus in Maputo, Mozambique Part II. Preventative measures.

PMID- 4005945
TI  - Bone marrow rehydration.

PMID- 4005946
TI  - Relations between emotional disorders and specific reading retardation in
      children.

PMID- 4005947
TI  - Prevalence of hypertension in asymptomatic black adult male industrial workers in
      Marondera.

PMID- 4005949
TI  - Use of over-the-counter medications in rural Matabeleland, Zimbabwe: the case for
      upgrading the dispensing skills of rural storekeepers.

PMID- 4005948
TI  - Cancer of the colon and rectum in Zimbabweans.

PMID- 4005950
TI  - Bilateral squamous cysts of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 4005951
TI  - Reference values of liver function analytes in Zimbabwean women.

PMID- 4005952
TI  - Activation of muscle-specific actin genes in Xenopus development by an induction
      between animal and vegetal cells of a blastula.
AB  - Muscle gene expression is induced a few hours after vegetal cells of a Xenopus
      blastula are placed in contact with animal cells that normally develop into
      epidermis and nerve cells. We have used a muscle-specific actin gene probe to
      determine the timing of gene activation in animal-vegetal conjugates. Muscle
      actin RNA is first transcribed in a minority of animal cells at a stage
      equivalent to late gastrula. The time of muscle gene activation is determined by
      the developmental stage of the responding (animal) cells, and not by the time
      when cells are first placed in contact. The minimal cell contact time required
      for induction is between 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 hr, and the minimal time for gene
      activation after induction is 5-7 hr.

PMID- 4005953
TI  - Enhancement of RNA polymerase III transcription by the E1A gene product of
      adenovirus.
AB  - Nuclear extracts from adenovirus-infected HeLa cells harvested early in infection
      demonstrated a markedly increased capacity for transcription by RNA polymerase
      III of exogenous VA RNA genes, as well as cloned tRNA and 5S RNA genes. In
      contrast, no enhanced transcription was observed in extracts from cells infected
      with an E1A deletion mutant. Moreover, cells co-transfected with the VA- and E1A
      containing plasmids showed markedly higher levels of VA RNA synthesis than did
      cells transfected with the VA-containing plasmid alone. Although analysis of high
      ionic strength extracts revealed that the enhancement of pol III transcription
      persists late in infection, moderate ionic strength extracts indicated that
      transcription factor IIIC becomes limiting. Chromatographic fractionation and
      complementation analysis of extracts from mock- and virus-infected cells
      indicated that the factor(s) responsible for the enhanced activity was localized
      entirely in the fraction containing transcription factor IIIC.

PMID- 4005954
TI  - The number of mitochondria in Xenopus laevis ovulated oocytes.
AB  - An attempt was made to estimate the total number of mitochondria in Xenopus
      laevis ovulated oocytes. For this purpose the necessary basic parameters were
      calculated employing planimetry and simple mathematical formulas. It was found
      that the number of mitochondria in the ovulated oocyte of Xenopus is of the order
      of 10(7). The significance of this finding is discussed.

PMID- 4005955
TI  - Effect of concanavalin A and vegetalizing factor on the outer and inner ectoderm
      layers of early gastrulae of Xenopus laevis after treatment with cytochalasin B.
AB  - Neural (archencephalic) structures have been evoked in the competent ectoderm
      (consisting of both ectodermal layers) of Xenopus laevis by treatment with
      Concanavalin A (Con A), which probably acts on the plasma membrane. The size of
      the neural structures is increased when the ectoderm is incubated in Cytochalasin
      B prior to the Con A treatment. The results indicate that Cytochalasin B could
      have an influence on the binding of Con A to receptors on the plasma membrane. On
      the other hand, Cytochalasin B seems to have an inhibitory effect on the action
      of the vegetalizing factor, which could be correlated with the decline of
      endocytotic processes and internalization. In further series, it could be shown
      that the isolated superficial ectoderm, in contrast to the inner ectoderm layer,
      does not react to Con A treatment with the differentiation of neural structures.
      Studies with FITC-Con A indicate that the marker binds less to the outer ectoderm
      than to the inner ectoderm layer. However, by xenoplastic combinations of the
      outer ectoderm layer of X. laevis as reacting tissue and chordamesoderm of
      Triturus vulgaris as inducer, it could be demonstrated that the superficial
      layer, which is normogenesis does not come into contact with the inducing
      chordamesoderm but forms the ependymal part of the brain only, is also able to
      form archencephalic brain structures under in vitro conditions.

PMID- 4005956
TI  - Globin gene expression in erythroid cell lines during larval development of
      Pleurodeles waltlii.
AB  - We have attempted to determine whether in Pleurodeles ontogenesis there exists a
      close relationship between the two following characteristics: change from
      primitive to definitive erythroid cell populations, which parallels the change of
      major erythropoietic site; change in the type of synthesized hemoglobin, larval
      or adult. The origin of red blood cells was investigated by embryonic grafts of
      hemopoietic anlage from 2n to 4n embryos. The larval or adult hemoglobin type was
      characterized by immunofluorescence by using specific antibodies. Our results
      show that in Pleurodeles, blood island-originating red blood cells and spleen
      originating red blood cells are both able to synthesize either Hb L or Hb A at a
      given time, but in separate cells.

PMID- 4005957
TI  - Changes in the host natural killer cell population in mice during tumor
      development. 1. Kinetics and in vivo significance.
AB  - Our earlier studies revealed an increase in the level of null (surface IgM
      negative, Thy 1-negative) lymphocytes in mice shortly after tumor transplantation
      and before the clinical appearance of spontaneous mammary tumors. The present
      study examined the splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity as well as the
      incidence of NK lineage cells in these hosts, since NK cells are considered to be
      a subset of null lymphocytes. Splenic NK activity against YAC-1 lymphoma targets
      was measured with a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay in CBA mice transplanted ip with
      10(6) Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells, in elderly C3H mice prior to and during
      the growth of spontaneous mammary tumors (SMT) and in young C3H mice transplanted
      sc with 5 X 10(6) SMT cells or 10(6) cells from two syngeneic mammary tumor lines
      (T-58 and MT-2) of recent origin. In EAT-transplanted mice total NK activity in
      the spleen increased rapidly to a peak (11-fold) at 3 days, coincident with the
      null cell rise, but then declined to subnormal levels by Day 7 when the null cell
      level was still high. A similar pattern of activity was exhibited by intratumor
      lymphocytes isolated from the EAT. In SMT-transplanted mice splenic NK activity
      showed a small rise at Day 3, followed by a drop to below normal at Day 7,
      subnormal levels lasting for the tumor life span. Similar results were noted in T
      58- or MT-2-transplanted mice. Null lymphocytes recovered during the peak NK
      activity from the spleen of 3-day EAT-bearing mice, when mixed with 10(6) EAT
      cells at 25:1 E:T ratio and adoptively transferred into fresh mice in a Winn type
      assay either ip or sc, completely prevented tumor development indicating a high
      enrichment of NK cells functionally effective in vivo. Elderly clinically tumor
      free C3H mice showed measurable NK activity, which dropped after the appearance
      of spontaneous mammary tumors to very low levels, the magnitude of decline rising
      with increasing tumor age (1-11 weeks) or size. The incidence of NK lineage cells
      was measured from the tumor target (YAC-1 lymphoma)-binding ability of the
      splenic null cells, identified with a radioautographic technique. Null target
      binding cells (TBC) were NK-1+ and included both active as well as inactive NK
      lineage cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4005958
TI  - Characterization of murine decidual natural killer (NK) cells and their relevance
      to the success of pregnancy.
AB  - The identification of lytic cells in 6.5-day to 9.5-day murine decidua as NK
      cells has been extended. The cells with natural killer (NK) activity in early
      decidua were nonphagocytic and heterogeneous in size as assessed by velocity
      sedimentation at unit gravity. The numbers of lytic cells were reduced by
      treatment with anti-asialo GM1 in vivo and they were absent from the decidua of
      bg/bg mice. Thus, decidual NK cells were not distinct from NK cells in other
      tissues. The decline in the levels of decidual NK activity as pregnancy
      progressed was attributed to their regulation by other cells present in decidua
      by midgestation. The development of NK activity in decidua was dependent upon the
      presence of an embryo, however, decidual NK cells were not essential for
      successful pregnancy because viable offspring were obtained from mice lacking
      decidual NK activity. It was shown that NK cells from either spleen or decidua
      were unlikely to cause damage to embryos during the first half of pregnancy as
      freshly dissociated 9.5- and 11.5-day embryonic cells resisted NK lysis.
      Furthermore, blastocysts were not damaged by coincubation with splenic or
      decidual NK cells and were viable upon subsequent embryo transfer. These studies
      indicate that decidual NK cells are not essential for successful pregnancy and
      are not necessarily detrimental to early embryos. It is suggested that decidual
      NK cells may play other nonimmunological roles during embryonic development.

PMID- 4005959
TI  - Interference of cyclosporin with lymphocyte proliferation: effects on
      mitochondria and lysosomes of cyclosporin-sensitive or -resistant cell clones.
AB  - Cyclosporin was previously shown to interfere with--but not to abolish--the
      increased activities of lysosomes and mitochondria consequent to a mitogenic
      activation of normal mouse lymphocytes. This was evident from the fluorescence
      profiles of cell populations after vital staining with euchrysine (giving a
      lysosomal-specific red fluorescence) and rhodamine-123 (giving a mitochondrial
      specific green fluorescence). Fluorescence profiles of the population of cells
      not exposed to a mitogen were also altered by cyclosporin, with lower lysosomal
      and mitochondrial fluorescence of these cell populations. In order to find out
      more precisely what could be the direct effects of cyclosporin on those cellular
      organelles, our cyclosporin-sensitive (BE7) and cyclosporin-resistant (LB7)
      lymphoblastoid cell lines were tested and showed clear-cut differences. Only
      minor effects could be detected for the lysosomal and mitochondrial activities of
      the resistant cells. On the contrary, cyclosporin caused, in the cells of the
      sensitive clone BE7, a clear decrease of mitochondrial activity together with an
      unexpected increase of the red fluorescence of euchrysine. The latter might not
      correspond to a real increase of the lysosomal activity of such cells. Indeed
      electron microscopy studies do not show higher numbers of lysosomes; rather they
      show that numerous vacuoles appear in the cytoplasm of the cyclosporin-treated
      BE7 cells (but not in the cells of the resistant clone and not in untreated cells
      of either types).

PMID- 4005960
TI  - Production of lymphokines affecting tumor cells by T-T hybridomas.
AB  - T-Cell hybridomas were constructed by fusing BW5147, an AKR lymphoma, with
      concanavalin A-stimulated murine splenic lymphocytes. The hybrids which were
      formed were studied for their ability to produce a lymphokine which inhibits
      tumor cell migration (TMIF) as well as macrophage migration (MIF) using in vitro
      assays. Clones were identified which affected tumor cell motility without
      exerting similar effects on murine macrophages, although the opposite effect was
      not observed. Although noncoordinate production of these factors cannot be
      unequivocally established, these results demonstrate that clones can be
      constructed that preferentially secrete TMIF. In these experiments, we also
      tested the supernatants for another lymphokine effect on tumor cells; namely, the
      ability to inhibit tumor cell binding to endothelial monolayers. A number of
      clones were identified that lacked TMIF activity, but could inhibit the tumor
      cell-endothelial interaction, suggesting the possibility that these effects may
      be due to separate mediators.

PMID- 4005962
TI  - [Testosterone in biological fluids after the administration of testosterone
      undecanoate in men].

PMID- 4005961
TI  - Purification and characterization of two forms of DNA polymerase alpha from mouse
      FM3A cells: a DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex and a free DNA polymerase
      alpha.
AB  - Two forms of DNA polymerase alpha, alpha 1 and alpha 2, have been partially
      purified from mouse FM3A cells by discriminating one form from the other on the
      basis of the association of primase activity. The primase activity in the most
      purified alpha 1 fraction co-sedimented with the DNA polymerase activity in a
      glycerol gradient, and almost no primase activity was detected in the most
      purified alpha 2 fraction. The primase activity associated with DNA polymerase
      alpha was assayed indirectly by measuring ATP-dependent DNA synthesis with poly
      (dT) as template. Characterization of the assay system was performed with the
      purified alpha 1. The system was absolutely dependent on the presence of ATP and
      a divalent cation. Mn2+ was much more effective than Mg2+, and 5-fold higher
      activity was observed with Mn2+ than with Mg2+ at their optimal concentrations.
      The primase activity assayed by the above system showed sensitivity to (NH4)2SO4
      very similar to that of free primase reported by Tseng and Ahlem (J. Biol. Chem.
      258, 9845-9849, 1983). The activity was inhibited by more than 50% by 20 mM
      (NH4)2SO4. alpha 1 and alpha 2 were very similar as DNA polymerases in their
      sensitivity to several inhibitors and their preference for template-primers,
      except that alpha 1 had a slightly greater preference for poly (dT) X (rA)10 than
      alpha 2 did. The major difference between the two forms was observed in their S
      values, 8.2 and 6.4 S for alpha 1 and alpha 2, respectively.

PMID- 4005963
TI  - [Advantages and risks of vaginal delivery after prior cesarean section].

PMID- 4005964
TI  - [Functional tubal sterility].

PMID- 4005965
TI  - [Pregnancy after human embryo transfer preserved by freezing].

PMID- 4005966
TI  - [Is lactation psychosis a symptomatic schizoform psychosis or is it a
      schizophrenia evoked by breast feeding?].

PMID- 4005967
TI  - [Hydatoxi lualba--the worm that wasn't].

PMID- 4005968
TI  - [Possibilities of cooperation by gynecologists and obstetricians with graduates
      of the school of public health].

PMID- 4005969
TI  - [Deformability of erythrocytes from the umbilical cord of newborn infants after
      the administration of oxytocin in vitro].

PMID- 4005970
TI  - [A rare cause of jaundice in pregnancy].

PMID- 4005971
TI  - [Radioisotope perfusion of the placenta using 113mIn].

PMID- 4005972
TI  - [Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in children of diabetic mothers.
      I].

PMID- 4005973
TI  - [Improving health care of women].

PMID- 4005974
TI  - [Improving the effectiveness of screening programs for carcinoma of the cervix].

PMID- 4005975
TI  - [Agreement of anamnestic data with the results of urogynecologic examinations in
      the diagnosis of urinary incontinence in women].

PMID- 4005976
TI  - [Immunologic properties of cervical ovulatory secretions in sterile and fertile
      women].

PMID- 4005978
TI  - [Possible role of environmental factors in the development of congenital
      chromosomal aberrations].

PMID- 4005977
TI  - [Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in children of diabetic mothers.
      II].

PMID- 4005979
TI  - [Suggestion for a new form for documentation of pregnancy and a suggestion for
      the pregnancy record as a supplement to the gynecologist's records].

PMID- 4005980
TI  - [Gynecologic postoperative inflammation].

PMID- 4005981
TI  - [Morphological manifestations of the plasticity of synapses].

PMID- 4005982
TI  - [Reports presented at the 4th National Seminar of Young Physiologists,
      Pathophysiologists and Clinical Physiologists. Martin, 5-6 September 1984].

PMID- 4005983
TI  - [The hyaline membrane syndrome--early diagnosis and its relation to prolonged
      cleansing of the lungs].

PMID- 4005984
TI  - [Vascular reactivity in the area of both carotids in children and adolescents
      with headaches of a migraine character].

PMID- 4005985
TI  - [Long-term study of neonates at risk and neonates in a control group. 1.
      Morbidity in children at risk and children in a control group during the 2d and
      3d year of life and the effect of social conditions on morbidity].

PMID- 4005986
TI  - [Resistance to new types of cephalosporins in bacteria isolated from newborn
      infants].

PMID- 4005987
TI  - [Bone age in boys and adolescents and their growth (final report of a long-term
      study in Brno)].

PMID- 4005988
TI  - [Pertussoid syndrome].

PMID- 4005989
TI  - [Infectious complications of splenectomy in children].

PMID- 4005990
TI  - [Third generation cephalosporins in severe infections in children].

PMID- 4005992
TI  - [New findings on viral gastroenteritis].

PMID- 4005991
TI  - [Legionelloses in children].

PMID- 4005993
TI  - [Analysis of the treatment of dyspepsia in 0-3-year-old children in 5 years'
      clinical data (1978-1982)].

PMID- 4005994
TI  - [Tuberculous and nontuberculous diseases of the respiratory system in Bohemia as
      a public health problem and the most important possibilities of its control].

PMID- 4005995
TI  - [Methodical management of the automation process in the health care system in
      Slovakia].

PMID- 4005996
TI  - [Experience with the use of the IIASA (International Institute for Applied
      Systems Analysis) model in the Czechoslovak health care system].

PMID- 4005997
TI  - [Possible uses of computers in health care].

PMID- 4005998
TI  - [The scientific organization of work and midlevel health workers].

PMID- 4005999
TI  - [Problems in the formation of a total prognosis for the Czechoslovak health care
      system].

PMID- 4006000
TI  - [Observations on subjects in the profession of social medicine].

PMID- 4006001
TI  - [Results of a questionnaire survey on the effectiveness of specialization
      training in social medicine and the organization of health care].

PMID- 4006002
TI  - [Selecting a standard for calculating age standardization].

PMID- 4006003
TI  - [Development of ambulatory care of the pediatric population in the Western
      Bohemian Region in ambulatory care groups 3 and 4 from 1978 to 1983].

PMID- 4006004
TI  - [The modern approach to the care of mentally handicapped children].

PMID- 4006005
TI  - [Possibilities for improving management are real].

PMID- 4006006
TI  - Antibacterial activity of fosmidomycin on chromosomic and plasmid-determined
      fosfomycin-resistant strains.
AB  - The antibacterial activity of fosmidomycin (Fm) on chromosomic and plasmid
      determined fosfomycin-resistant (For) strains of Gram-negative bacteria was
      studied. Presence of For-plasmids did not protect host bacteria from the
      antibiotic effect of Fm. In clinical isolates Fm was more active than Fo in 67%
      of the strains whereas Fo was more active for only 2%; 76% of the strains showed
      cross resistance to both antibiotics. The Fmr character was not transferred by
      conjugation. For mutants selected in the hospital environment as well as in the
      laboratory did not always show cross resistance with Fm, and the alterations in
      the transport systems of both antibiotics were not the only mechanism of cross
      resistance.

PMID- 4006007
TI  - Colonization of the oropharynx with pathogenic microorganisms--a potential risk
      factor for infection in compromised patients.
AB  - The indigenous oropharyngeal microflora is complex and consists of many different
      aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Nonindigenous pathogenic microorganisms do
      not normally colonize the oropharynx due to several different defense mechanisms
      such as cell specific bacterial attachment, secretion of antibacterial substances
      and immunoglobulins. Also microbial interactions play an important role in the
      prevention of new colonization of the oropharynx. Suppression of the indigenous
      flora by antibiotics promote new colonization. Patients that are severely
      compromised by disease may be infected by colonizing microorganisms. At special
      risk are patients with low neutrophil count and patients that are prone to
      aspiration pneumonia. Thus new colonization should be prevented in such risk
      patients. Careful monitoring of systemic antimicrobial therapy is essential and
      decontamination of oropharynx with local antimicrobial agents may be of value.

PMID- 4006008
TI  - Patterns of structural change in DNA during tissue necrosis indicated by
      benzoylated DEAE-cellulose chromatography.
AB  - Structural change in liver DNA, isolated following administration of a necrogenic
      dose of carbon tetrachloride to rats, was examined by benzoylated DEAE-cellulose
      (BD-cellulose) chromatography. Greatest increase in the amount of DNA exhibiting
      single stranded character was detected 48 h after treatment, at which time
      massive necrosis was evident histologically. By 72 h after dosing, normal hepatic
      architecture had been restored and gross structural change in DNA could no longer
      be detected. The extent of single stranded regions in DNA isolated at various
      times after carbon tetrachloride intoxication was assessed by caffeine gradient
      elution of respective samples from BD-cellulose. By this criterion, structural
      damage to DNA was again most marked 48 h after treatment at which time single
      stranded regions extending over several kilobases were apparent. At earlier times
      such lesions were considerably shorter. Single stranded regions of discrete
      length detected 72 h after administration of the hepatotoxin appeared to be
      associated with cell division. Structural damage to DNA coincident with toxic
      injury was further characterized using BD-cellulose, by caffeine gradient elution
      of preparations subjected to denaturation before chromatography. The data
      indicate that production of single stranded regions is a major feature of DNA
      degradation during tissue necrosis. Whilst such degradation might otherwise
      confound interpretation of structural analyses based only upon strand breakage,
      the size of these regions suggests a basis for distinguishing between them and
      lesions specifically associated with repair, replication and transcription of
      DNA.

PMID- 4006009
TI  - Xenobiotic metabolism and mutation in a human lymphoblastoid cell line.
AB  - Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase-1 (AHH-1) cells are a human lymphoblastoid cell line
      competent in some aspects of xenobiotic metabolism. This cell line contains
      stable mixed function oxidase activity which is inducible by polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (PAHs) but not by phenobarbital or Arochlor 1254. Two substrates for
      the cellular mixed function oxidase activity, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 7
      ethoxyresorufin, have been examined. The basal and induced activities have
      different kinetic parameters toward these two substrates. In contrast, basal and
      induced activities had similar sensitivities to two cytochrome P-450 suicide
      substrates. B[a]P metabolism and mutagenicity were studied in this cell line. AHH
      1 cells were found to produce predominantly B[a]P phenols and quinones. The major
      phenol metabolite cochromatographed with authentic 9-hydroxy B[a]P. AHH-1 cells
      were capable of forming glucuronic acid conjugates of B[a]P phenols; the major
      product after hydrolysis cochromatographed with 3-hydroxy B[a]P standard. AHH-1
      cells did not contain detectable epoxide hydrolase activity using B[a]P-4,5-oxide
      as substrate. This observation is consistent with the absence of trans
      dihydrodiol B[a]P metabolites in the metabolic profile. B[a]P-induced
      mutagenicity at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hgprt) locus
      in AHH-1 cells was found to be linearly related to phenol production during
      treatment and inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF).

PMID- 4006010
TI  - Interactions of safrole and isosafrole and their metabolites with cytochromes P
      450.
AB  - The structural features which determine interaction of safrole and related
      methylenedioxyphenyl compounds with cytochromes P-450 or P-448, and determine the
      induction of these two classes of the cytochrome, have been studied. All
      methylenedioxyphenyl compounds studied interact with both cytochromes P-450 and P
      448 eliciting type I spectral changes and it has been found that the allyl 4
      substituent is important in these interactions. Methylenedioxyphenyl compounds
      with an oxidised allyl 4-substituent exhibited higher affinity for cytochrome P
      448 while those possessing an intact allyl or methylvinyl group generally showed
      higher affinity for cytochrome P-450. Compounds possessing intact allyl and
      methylenedioxyphenyl groups (safrole, isosafrole and myristicine) were the most
      potent inducers of cytochromes P-450 and P-448; compounds containing an intact
      allyl group only (estragole, allybenzene and eugenol methyl ether) or an oxidized
      allyl group and an intact methylenedioxyphenyl group (epoxysafrole) were inducers
      of P-448 only.

PMID- 4006011
TI  - The inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication in vitro by the metabolites of
      benzene, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone.
AB  - Rat liver mitochondria incubated with the metabolites of benzene, p-benzoquinone
      or 1,2,4-benzenetriol, showed a dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]dTTP
      incorporation into mtDNA with median inhibitory concentrations of 1 mM for each
      compound. Benzene and the metabolites phenol, catechol and hydroquinone did not
      inhibit at concentrations up to 10 mM. Similarly, incubation of p-benzoquinone or
      hydroquinone with rabbit bone marrow mitochondria showed a dose-dependent
      inhibition of mtDNA synthesis with 50% inhibition at 1 mM and 10 mM,
      respectively. That these metabolites inhibit mitochondrial replication was
      evidenced by the fact that [3H]dTTP incorporation into characteristic 38S, 27S
      and 7S mitochondrial replication intermediates was decreased by the quinones, as
      analyzed on 5-20% neutral sucrose velocity gradients. p-Benzoquinone,
      hydroquinone and 1,2,4-benzenetriol inhibited the activity of partially purified
      rat liver mtDNA polymerase gamma using either activated calf thymus DNA or
      poly(rA) X p(dT)12-18 as primer/template, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of
      25 microM, 25 microM and 180 microM, respectively. Preincubation of the
      metabolites with polymerase gamma or primer/template, followed by removal of the
      unreacted metabolite by gel filtration, indicated that inhibition resulted from
      interaction of the metabolites with the enzyme, rather than with the template.
      Binding appeared to involve a sulfhydryl residue on the enzyme since the binding
      of [14C]hydroquinone was prevented by N-ethylmaleimide. The ability of
      hydroquinone or p-benzoquinone to inhibit binding of [14C]hydroquinone to the
      enzyme suggests that the compounds bind to a common site or are converted to a
      common intermediate. Inhibition of, or changes in, replication in mitochondria of
      bone marrow cells by hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone may explain the changes in
      the mitochondrial genome observed in marrow stem cells in acute myelogenous
      leukemia and may suggest a mechanism for benzene leukemogenesis.

PMID- 4006012
TI  - Inhibition of the uptake of benzo[a]pyrene in cells by polyamines.

PMID- 4006013
TI  - The intercalative DNA binding and antitumor activity of some bis-acridines
      related to nitracrine.

PMID- 4006014
TI  - Studies on antihemorrhagic substances in herbs classified as hemostatics in
      Chinese medicine. IV. On antihemorrhagic principles in Hypericum erectum Thunb.

PMID- 4006015
TI  - Studies on antihemorrhagic substances in herbs classified as hemostatics in
      Chinese medicine. V. On antihemorrhagic principle in Biota orientalis (L.) Endl.

PMID- 4006016
TI  - Metabolism of glycyrrhizin by human intestinal flora. II. Isolation and
      characterization of human intestinal bacteria capable of metabolizing
      glycyrrhizin and related compounds.

PMID- 4006017
TI  - Color reaction between keto acid or hydroxy acid and 9-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4,5
      dibromo-2,3,7-trihydroxy-6-fluorone-alu minum( III) complex and its application
      to the determination of beta-phenylpyruvic acid.

PMID- 4006018
TI  - Purification and kinetic properties of guinea pig liver beta-mannosidase.

PMID- 4006019
TI  - Studies on the promoting effects of carboxylic acid derivatives on the rectal
      absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats.

PMID- 4006020
TI  - Mathematical optimization of formulation of
      indomethacin/polyvinylpolypyrrolidone/methyl cellulose solid dispersions by the
      sequential unconstrained minimization technique.

PMID- 4006021
TI  - Chloride leakage measurement for the evaluation of the plasma-induced instability
      of liposomal membrane.

PMID- 4006022
TI  - Preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo of polylactic acid microspheres
      containing doxorubicin.

PMID- 4006023
TI  - Hepatic drug clearance model: comparison among the distributed, parallel-tube and
      well-stirred models.

PMID- 4006025
TI  - Structure of the polysaccharide moiety of the Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide
      isolated from culture supernatant of decapsulated mutant (Klebsiella O3:K1-).

PMID- 4006024
TI  - Intestinal metabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in rats.

PMID- 4006026
TI  - Synthesis and analgesic activity of neo-kyotorphin analogs.

PMID- 4006027
TI  - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of isoxazolylpenicillins and their
      metabolites in man.

PMID- 4006028
TI  - Bioavailability and stability of nifedipine-enteric coating agent solid
      dispersion.

PMID- 4006029
TI  - Chalcone carboxylic acids. Potent differentiation inducers of human promyelocytic
      cells HL-60.

PMID- 4006030
TI  - The ichthyotoxicity and coronary vasodilator action of diethylstilbestrol.

PMID- 4006031
TI  - Structure and synthesis of WB-3559 A, B, C and D, new fibrinolytic agents
      isolated from Flavobacterium sp.

PMID- 4006032
TI  - Controlled drug release by ultrasound irradiation.

PMID- 4006033
TI  - Synthesis of fluorescent and radiolabeled analogues of phosphatidic acid.
AB  - Procedures for the synthesis of fluorescent and radiolabeled analogues of
      phosphatidic acid are described. The fluorophore 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole
      (NBD) was coupled to 6-amino-caproic acid and 12-aminododecanoic acid by reaction
      of NBD-chloride with the amino acids under mild alkaline conditions at room
      temperature. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-[U-14C]glycerol 3-phosphate was prepared by
      acylation of sn-[U-14C]glycerol 3-phosphate with oleic acid anhydride using
      dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst. This compound was converted to 1-oleoyl-sn
      [U-14C]glycerol 3-phosphate by hydrolysis with phospholipase A2. The
      lysophosphatidic acid was reacylated with NBD-aminocaproyl imidazole or NBD
      aminododecanoyl imidazole to form the fluorescent, radiolabeled analogue of
      phosphatidic acid. Fluorescent, non-radiolabeled analogues of phosphatidic acid
      were prepared by phospholipase D hydrolysis of fluorescent phosphatidylcholine.

PMID- 4006034
TI  - Unsaturated 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines (unsaturated platelet
      activating factor): aggregation of human platelets after incubation with
      indomethacin, creatinephosphate/creatinephosphokinase, xylocain and hirudine, and
      serotonin release after incubation with indomethacin.
AB  - Unsaturated platelet-activating factor (PAF) aggregates thrombocytes of healthy
      female volunteers and releases within 1 min up to 30.95% of the platelet
      serotonin. Indomethacin does not inhibit the aggregation but reduces the release
      of serotonin induced by unsaturated PAF in citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP).
      Creatinephosphate combined with creatinephosphokinase (CP/CPK) inhibits the
      second phase, whereas xylocain inhibits the first and second phase of aggregation
      induced by unsaturated PAF. Hirudine shows no influence on the aggregation
      induced by unsaturated PAF.

PMID- 4006035
TI  - Fluorometric assay for pancreatic cholesterylester hydrolase.
AB  - A fluorescent cholesterylester analogue, cholesteryl 6-pyrenylhexanoate (ChPH),
      was used as a substrate for pancreatic cholesterylester hydrolase (CEH, EC
      3.1.1.13). The substrate consisted of ChPH in egg phosphatidylcholine stabilized
      microemulsion with the aqueous phase containing deoxycholate below its critical
      micellar concentration. Due to the high local concentration of the pyrene moiety
      in the ChPH phase the fluorescence emission due to monomeric pyrene (IM) is
      greatly exceeded by the excimer fluorescence intensity (IE). Upon reacting with
      CEH 6-pyrenylhexanoic acid and free cholesterol are formed. The fluorescent
      product, 6-pyrenylhexanoic acid, is transferred into the aqueous phase containing
      deoxycholate, thus resulting in an enhanced fluorescence due to monomeric pyrene.
      CEH activity can thus be assessed directly by monitoring IM vs. time without
      product separation. Useful assay conditions were found to be 10 microM ChPH, 0.1
      microM egg phosphatidylcholine, 2 mM sodium deoxycholate at 25 degrees C and pH
      6.5-7.0.

PMID- 4006036
TI  - Ultrasonic absorption and permeability for liposomes near phase transition.
AB  - The specific ultrasonic absorption coefficient per wavelength as a function of
      temperature in the vicinity of the phase transition of liposomes, composed of a
      4:1 mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), of different sizes was determined using
      an acoustic interferometer. Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) and multilamellar
      vesicles (MLV) yielded results similar to those in the literature, viz., an
      absorption maximum at the transition temperature. Seven intermediate sizes
      including several size distributions of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were
      studied, yielding information on size dependencies of the temperatures at which
      the peaks occur, the widths at half peak amplitude, and the peak amplitudes. All
      liposome sizes except the SUV exhibited approximately the same transition
      temperature as did the largest MLV. The widths of the peaks were inversely
      related to liposome size, with a strong dependence for the smallest vesicles and
      an approach to independence for the largest vesicles. The amplitudes of the peaks
      exhibited a general increase with size with two exceptions, viz., the SUV and the
      vesicles with average diameters of 90-100 nm. It was also found that the membrane
      permeability increased near the transition temperature. The temperature
      dependencies of ultrasonic absorption and membrane permeability are compared.

PMID- 4006037
TI  - A mechanism for phosphoglyceride and Ca2+ transbilayer movement.
AB  - The ionophoretic capabilities of phosphoglycerides (PL) have been examined by
      measuring their translocation via cations from aqueous dispersions into linear
      and cyclic hydrocarbons. The PL surveyed were phosphatidic acid (PA),
      phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine
      (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Only PA displayed ionophoretic activity in
      single lipid dispersions with a cation selectivity order of Mn greater than Ca.
      PG, PE and PC, but not PI, had a synergistic affect of PA induced translocation.
      These PL, inactive individually or in any combination, became strong Ca2+
      ionophores of variable activity in association with PA. A dimeric structure
      proposed for the ionophoretic species forms the basis of a mechanism for
      transbilayer movement of PA, PG, PE and PC which would establish an asymmetric
      distribution of these lipids in the two faces of the bilayer by equilibrium
      processes.

PMID- 4006038
TI  - Mixed monolayers of straight-chain/branched-chain phospholipids. I. Mixed
      monolayers of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine and diisoeicosanoyl
      phosphatidylcholine.
AB  - The temperature dependence of the force/area isotherms of monolayer of distearoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), diisoeicosanoyl phosphatidylcholine (DIEPC) and a
      complete mixed compositional range of these two lecithins are reported. The
      isotherms for DSPC closely resemble those previously reported for dipalmitoyl
      phosphatidylcholine but are shifted to higher temperatures by 16 degrees C. The
      isotherms of DIEPC, an iso-branched lecithin, show differences from these
      obtained for similar straight-chain lecithins in that the full condensed
      isotherms are more expanded, the fully expanded isotherms are more condensed and
      therefore the liquid expanded (LE)/liquid condensed (LC) intermediate region is
      significantly reduced. This means that the condensed state is more disordered and
      the expanded state is less disordered than the corresponding states in straight
      chain lecithins. Data for the mixed films are interpreted in terms of surface
      pressure/mole fraction phase diagrams and both energies and entropies of
      compression associated with the LE/LC transition. The phase diagrams at 34.1
      degrees C, 35.8 degrees C and 38.5 degrees C are all of the negative azeotropic
      type with the surface pressure minimum point shifting with temperature. The
      thermodynamic analysis indicates that from 34.1 degrees C to 38.5 degrees C the
      driving force for mixing changes from the entropy to the energy of the
      transition. It would seem that at the lower temperature the packing of the
      distearoyl lecithin is perturbed by the diisoeicosanoyl lecithin, while at higher
      temperatures the very high entropy of pure or nearly pure diisoeicosanoyl
      lecithin results in other mixtures having less entropy than would be expected on
      an ideal mixing basis.

PMID- 4006039
TI  - Biomechanical aspects of lumbar spine injuries in athletes: a review.
AB  - One of the areas of the body which is very often injured by athletes is the lower
      lack, or the lumbar area of the spine. This problem is of some concern to
      physical educators, athletic therapists, coaches, athletes, and physicians. The
      type of injury which occurs in the lumbar spine is dependent on the direction,
      magnitude, and the point of application of the forces to the spine. This part of
      the body is susceptible to injury due to the large forces which must be
      supported, which include the body weight and any external weights, as well as the
      forces due to very high accelerations of the body parts. Since the lumbar spine
      is the only connecting column between the upper and lower parts of the body, all
      the forces must be transmitted via these structures. There are two general
      techniques of calculating the forces on the lumbar spinal structures, a static
      approach and a dynamic approach. The static approach may be useful to calculate
      compression and shear forces on the spine in stationary positions as may be seen
      in weightlifting. However, the dynamics approach should be used to calculate the
      effects of the various weights and inertial forces on spinal structures. The most
      common types of lower back injuries found in athletes were: muscle strains,
      ligament sprains, lumbar vertebral fractures, disc injuries, and neural arch
      fractures. The most common serious athletic injury to the lower back was found to
      be neural arch fractures at the pars interarticularis, or the isthmus between the
      superior and inferior articular processes. These fractures are known as
      spondylolysis, or defect in the pars interarticularis of one side of the
      vertebrae; and spondylolisthesis, a bilateral defect in the pars
      interarticularis, often accompanied by forward displacement of the vertebral
      body. The sports in which lower back injuries commonly occurred were also
      examined, and it was determined that gymnastics, weightlifting and football were
      the sports in which the lower back is at greatest risk. In order to help to
      reduce, the high incidence of injuries to this area of the body, athletes should
      attempt to increase the strength of the abdominal muscles, and to maximize the
      flexibility of the lower back.

PMID- 4006041
TI  - The social learning of aggression in youth football in the United States.
AB  - Our investigation was designed to examine a) the extent to which young male
      football players and nonplayers learned about illegal aggressive actions through
      the observation of college and professional football; b) if there was a
      relationship between youth football players' observations of illegal aggressive
      acts and the transmission of those acts to players' own games; and c) if there
      were differences between high school players' and youth league players' awareness
      of illegal aggressive acts and the use of those acts in their games. The
      volunteer subjects were 347 high school football players and 122 high school
      nonplayers between the ages of 15 and 18 years, and 125 youth league football
      players and 133 junior high or middle school nonplayers between the ages of 12
      and 14 years. Results revealed that players consumed significantly more college
      and professional football than nonplayers. Although statistically significant,
      players learned, through observation, only one more illegal aggressive act on the
      average than nonplayers. High school players learned an average of only 1.4 more
      aggressive acts than youth league players. Results also revealed significant
      correlations between the number of illegal aggressive acts that players observed
      and the number of those acts used in their own games for both high school (r =
      .62) and youth league (r = .50) players. It appears that many illegal aggressive
      acts are observed through college and professional football by young football
      players and nonplayers and a relationship exists between the observation of
      illegal acts and their subsequent use in players' games.

PMID- 4006040
TI  - Finger release sequence for fastball and curveball pitches.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the action of the thumb, index, and
      middle fingers in releasing fastballs and curveballs for nine right-handed
      college pitchers. Micro-switches for the fingers were created by using two strips
      of electroconductive tape and a ball covered with electroconductive paint. Time
      data, accurate to 10(-4)s, were initiated by the stride foot onto a floor mat
      switch. When each digit left the ball, a corresponding timer was triggered with
      the final channel tripped by a contact switch in the catcher's glove. A total of
      103 fastball and 88 curveball trials had complete data for each of the variables
      studied. Results showed that for the fastball, in 91.1% of the cases, the thumb
      preceded the middle and index fingers by approximately 6 ms. (p less than .001)
      but there was no significant difference between the middle and index fingers. The
      curveball data indicated that five of the nine pitchers had a definite release
      sequence of thumb first followed by middle then index finger (p less than .001).
      In total, 72.7% of the curveballs thrown had a release sequence of thumb, middle,
      and index fingers and 24.0% had a middle, thumb, index finger release sequence.
      The remaining 2.3% of the pitches had either similar times or odd combinations of
      release sequence.

PMID- 4006042
TI  - Psycho-social predictors of exercise intentions among spouses.
AB  - Psychosocial predictors of the intention to undertake leisure-time exercise have
      been studied in 210 couples with children attending grades 7 through 9. For both
      partners in these households, the variables measured included Fishbein's concepts
      of beliefs, attitudes and societal norms, in addition to age, education level,
      current physical activity habits, prior experience of physical activity, and
      family socio-economic status. Considered together, these observations explained
      49% and 27% of the variance in intentions to exercise among male and female
      partners respectively. In contrast to previous studies using a less structured
      methodology, attitude was the most important determinant of intention in both
      male and female partners. In the men only, interaction terms relating to passive
      forms of spousal support and socio-economic status increased the explained
      proportion of variance. Differences of beliefs and their evaluations between
      those with high and low intentions to exercise generally coincided with the
      patterns previously observed in surveys of exercise class participants. However,
      there were some persistent culture--related gender differences, women seeking to
      improve health and control body weight, while men attempted to improve other
      aspects of their personal appearance and "meet people". Such expectations have
      important practical implications for the design of fitness promotion programmes.

PMID- 4006043
TI  - Clonogenic response of cells of murine intestinal crypts to 12 cytotoxic drugs.
AB  - The in situ response of clonogenic cells in murine intestinal crypts to graded
      doses of 12 clinically used cytotoxic drugs has been measured by the crypt
      microcolony assay. For the alkylating agents mechlorethamine hydrochloride and
      BCNU, survival curves down to three logs of crypt depletion could be obtained.
      However, with isopropyl methane sulphonate only one log of depletion was
      measurable, and for a fourth alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide, no crypt killing
      occurred before other toxicities resulted in death of the animal in less than 3-4
      days. This is the major constraint on the use of the microcolony assay with
      cytotoxic drugs. Of four antibiotics, survival curves were obtainable for
      adriamycin, bleomycin and mitomycin C, but not for actinomycin D. 5-Fluorouracil
      gave only a limited degree of crypt kill. Of three S-phase-specific drugs,
      hydroxyurea and vincristine resulted in little or no crypt depletion, but there
      was dose-dependent crypt depletion after methotrexate. The complexities of
      applying cellular-kinetic classifications of cytotoxic drugs to in situ endpoints
      are discussed.

PMID- 4006045
TI  - Antitumor effects of gossypol on murine tumors.
AB  - Since the male antifertility drug, gossypol, was shown to be a specific inhibitor
      of DNA synthesis at moderately low doses in cultured cells, its antitumor
      potential has been evaluated in three murine tumor models. The effects of
      gossypol on tumor growth and the survival of 10- to 12-week-old BDF1 mice bearing
      mouse mammary adenocarcinoma 755 (Ca 755) or P388 or L1210 leukemias, all
      injected IP, were measured. At an optimum dose of 0.5 mg/mouse given as a single
      injection at 2 days (48 h) after the inoculation of 10(5) Ca 755 tumor cells,
      gossypol rendered 66% of the mice free of tumor cells, whereas the remaining 34%
      died of drug toxicity. The survival rate decreased sharply at doses on either
      side of the optimum. At suboptimal doses a major proportion of the tumor-bearing
      mice died of tumor, whereas at higher doses all the animals died of drug
      toxicity. In other words, the effective dose range of gossypol was rather narrow.
      The rapidly proliferating mouse leukemias, P388 and L1210, failed to respond to
      gossypol. Histopathological studies of various organs in the gossypol-treated
      mice revealed no consistent lesions that could give an indication of organ
      specific toxicity of gossypol. The reduction in the myeloid series in the bone
      marrow of gossypol-treated mice may have been due to depletion rather than direct
      toxic effect. Further studies are essential to evaluate this compound with regard
      to its antitumor activity in other murine models.

PMID- 4006044
TI  - Potentiation of antitumor agents by calcium channel blockers with special
      reference to cross-resistance patterns.
AB  - The calcium channel blockers verapamil, diltiazem, nicardipine, and niludipine
      potentiated the antitumor activities of mitotic poison antitumor agents, such as
      vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, VP16-213, and taxol in P388 leukemia cells
      resistant to vincristine. The potentiating effect was generally dependent on the
      extent of cross-resistance seen in the cell line for these drugs. Calcium channel
      blockers also potentiate the antitumor activities of several DNA-interacting
      drugs, such as adriamycin, THP-adriamycin, daunomycin, aclacinomycin A, mitomycin
      C, actinomycin D, mitoxantrone, and nogalamycin derivatives in P388 leukemia
      resistant to adriamycin. Greater potentiation was observed for those antitumor
      agents to which the ADM-resistant cell line had become markedly cross-resistant,
      with the exception of the nogalamycin derivatives. Only a two-fold enhancement
      was observed for mitomycin C and aclacinomycin, as the cell line was only weakly
      cross-resistant to these agents. These results suggest the potential for
      therapeutic gain through the use of calcium channel blockers in combination with
      classic chemotherapeutic agents.

PMID- 4006046
TI  - Lysosomal alterations in heart and liver of mice treated with doxorubicin.
AB  - This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of long-term treatment with
      doxorubicin (DXR) (4 mg/kg IV for 5 weeks) on heart and liver lysosomes of mice.
      We evaluated the variations in both total and "sedimentable" enzyme activity of
      cathepsin D, which is the major endopeptidase of myocites and probably involved
      in physiologic and pathologic degradation of actomyosin and mitochondria, and
      that of acid phosphatase, which is more prominent in interstitial cells. Our
      results show that marked changes occur in both total and sedimentable enzyme
      activity of cathepsin D in the heart of treated animals and to a lesser extent in
      the liver. In contrast, no modification of either total or sedimentable acid
      phosphatase was seen in either organ. The effects we observed are much more
      marked for cardiac cathepsin D; this is in good agreement with the cardiac
      specificity of DXR-induced cardiotoxicity with long-term administration and
      suggests that lysosomes could play a role in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon.

PMID- 4006047
TI  - Cross resistance to esters of methotrexate in a doxorubicin-resistant subline of
      P388 murine leukemia.
AB  - Resistance to methotrexate was developed by continuous exposure of P388 murine
      leukemia cells in vitro to increasing concentrations of methotrexate up to 1 X
      10(-7) M. Once established, the resistance to methotrexate was stable. This was
      also found in methotrexate-resistant cells that were maintained in methotrexate
      free medium for more than 4 months. The sensitivity of the methotrexate-resistant
      P388 cells to doxorubicin was comparable to the sensitivity measured in the
      parental cell line. Another methotrexate-resistant cell line was developed, in a
      similar way, from doxorubicin-resistant P388 cells. This methotrexate-resistant
      cell line maintained its original resistance to doxorubicin. In methotrexate
      sensitive cells, the dimethyl and dibutyl esters of methotrexate were 18.3- and
      2.7-fold less active, respectively, than the free methotrexate in inhibiting cell
      growth. In methotrexate-resistant cells, the inhibitory effect of the
      methotrexate dimethyl ester was similar to its effect on the methotrexate
      sensitive cell line. The activity of the methotrexate dibutyl ester was 3.3-fold
      lower than its activity in the parental cell line. However, both esters of
      methotrexate were much more active than free methotrexate in the methotrexate
      resistant cell line. In the doxorubicin-resistant cell line, the activity of free
      methotrexate was comparable to its activity in the doxorubicin-sensitive parent
      cell line. However, this cell line was remarkably resistant to the ester analogs
      of methotrexate. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 4006048
TI  - Blood and tissue concentrations of Bisantrene measured by a simple fluorometric
      assay.
AB  - We have developed a simple sensitive fluorometric assay for the measurement of
      total Bisantrene in plasma, red blood cells, and tissues to facilitate
      preclinical and clinical pharmacologic assessment of this active anticancer
      agent. The assay was used to measure the plasma disappearance and tissue
      concentrations of Bisantrene in the rabbit. Results are comparable to those
      reported with HPLC assays and with measurement of radioactivity in combusted
      tissue following IV administration of radiolabeled Bisantrene. We demonstrated
      that when a plasma concentration of approximately 50 micrograms/ml is not
      exceeded, Bisantrene remains in solution at that concentration. If Bisantrene is
      introduced into plasma at a concentration exceeding 50 micrograms/ml,
      precipitation of the drug is initiated and continues until the plasma
      concentration is no greater than 15 micrograms/ml. This finding supports our
      previous recommendation that in clinical trials Bisantrene should be administered
      at low concentrations over prolonged periods of time to maximize the
      bioavailability of the drug by minimizing precipitation of the drug in plasma.

PMID- 4006050
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of cytotoxicity of 3-deazaguanosine in human cancer
      cells.
AB  - The mechanism of toxicity of 3-deazaguanosine was studied in a number of human
      tumor cell lines by determination of the effects of various purine compounds on
      the growth of the cells in the presence of the drug and by studies of the effects
      of 3-deazaguanosine on the metabolism of radiolabeled precursors in these cells.
      The drug was found to be toxic to all of the cell lines tested. The toxicity was
      reversible with removal of the drug. None of the purine bases tested could
      restore normal growth after 48 h exposure to 3-deazaguanosine; the bases were
      more effective in preventing cytotoxicity when added simultaneously with the
      drug. Metabolic studies indicated decreased synthesis of DNA, variable inhibition
      of de novo purine synthesis, and complete inhibition of the enzyme guanosine
      monophosphate reductase by 3-deazaguanosine.

PMID- 4006049
TI  - Combined therapeutic effects of an immunomodulator, PSK, and chemotherapy with
      carboquone on rat bladder carcinoma.
AB  - Responses of bladder cancer in ACI rats to combination therapy with an
      immunomodulator, PSK, and an alkylating agent, carboquone, are reported. PSK is a
      protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from Basidiomycetes, and carboquone is the
      alkylating agent 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-1-methanoxyethyl)-6-methyl-p-
      benzoquinone carbonate, molecular weight 3,214. The immunomodulator, PSK, was
      shown to enhance the effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic agent, carboquone. The
      therapeutic effect of combination treatment was monitored by measuring growth
      rates of tumors transplanted SC and by measuring decreases in metastatic spread
      to lungs in tumor-bearing animals. Effects of PSK on host immunity were monitored
      by measuring serum levels of immunosuppressive substance.

PMID- 4006051
TI  - Evidence for electrophilic properties of N2-methyl-9-hydroxy ellipticinium
      acetate (Celiptium) from human biliary metabolites.
AB  - The human biliary metabolism of the antitumor agent N2-methyl-9
      hydroxyellipticinium acetate is described. Three major compounds have been
      identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and comparison with
      synthetic reference derivatives: the unchanged drug, the O-glucuronide conjugate
      and the cysteinyl-ellipticinium adduct. The latter one is the expected
      detoxification compound of an intermediate electrophilic quinone-imine derivative
      generated in vivo. This result provides a further evidence that hydroxylated
      forms of ellipticine derivatives might be activated by a biooxidation route.

PMID- 4006052
TI  - Decreased retention of vinca alkaloids in chronic lymphatic leukemia cells from
      refractory patients.
AB  - Uptake and retention of vincristine (VCR), vinblastine (VB), and vindesine (VD)
      in isolated mononuclear cells from six healthy donors and in leukemic cells from
      12 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) were studied: Three patients
      responded to VCR-containing regimens, whereas 4 patients were or became
      refractory and five patients did not receive VCR. Incubation of leukemic or
      normal cells with 1 microgram/ml vinca alkaloid for 1-24 h showed a steady state
      level after 1-2 h. Normal cells both took up and retained significantly more drug
      than those from patients, both responding and refractory. Cells from VCR
      refractory patients had a significantly (P less than 0.01) lower drug retention
      than those from patients responding to or not receiving VCR. In contrast, the
      difference in uptake was not statistically significant.

PMID- 4006053
TI  - Effect of exogenous beta-glucuronidase on the carcinogenicity of 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine in rats: evidence that carcinogenic intermediates form
      conjugates and act through their subsequent enzymatic release.
AB  - Albino, outbred 3-month-old rats were given a single s.c. dose of 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH; 100 mg/kg) and, 6 or 24 h later, an i.v.
      dose of bovine liver beta-glucuronidase (3 X 10(4) Fishman units). After this
      treatment, the incidence of tumours of the large intestine and Zymbal gland, and
      of cystocholangiomas was similar to that found in rats treated with DMH alone;
      the incidence of malignancies in various other tissues was considerably higher
      than that in rats treated only with DMH, especially in animals exposed to beta
      glucuronidase 24 h after administration of DMH. beta-Glucuronidase itself had no
      carcinogenic activity. The broadening of the spectrum of malignant tumours
      produced in DMH-treated rats by administration of beta-glucuronidase indicates
      that the carcinogenic effect of DMH may be exerted through formation of
      comparatively stable conjugates of its metabolites and their enzymic release in
      target tissues. The approach used in this study could be helpful in investigating
      the formation of conjugates from other carcinogens.

PMID- 4006054
TI  - Methylglyoxal-induced DNA-protein cross-links and cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster
      ovary cells.
AB  - The technique of alkaline elution was applied to study the capacity of
      methylglyoxal to induce DNA damage and repair in Chinese hamster ovary cells. DNA
      cross-linking was observed after a 90-min exposure to a subtoxic dose (1.5 mM),
      and the cross-links were fully repaired by 24 h. The cross-linking appeared to be
      DNA-protein in nature, since proteinase treatment removed the effect. When the
      same cells were exposed to methylglyoxal in the presence of a rat liver metabolic
      system, both cytotoxicity and cross-linking frequency were significantly reduced.

PMID- 4006055
TI  - Different efficiencies of interaction between 3-aminobenzamide and various
      monofunctional alkylating agents in the induction of sister chromatid exchanges.
AB  - 3-Aminobenzamide (3AB), an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, interacts
      synergistically with certain monofunctional alkylating agents to increase the
      frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells
      (CHO). Not all alkylating agents interact with 3AB to the same extent. Because
      3AB has been reported to inhibit DNA strand break rejoining, experiments were
      carried out to determine if 3AB interacts preferentially with alkylation-induced
      DNA strand breaks or some other alkylated DNA lesion in the induction of SCEs.
      SCE frequency was determined in CHO cells that were pretreated with methyl
      methanesulfonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), ethylnitrosourea (ENU) or N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for 2 h before being incubated with
      3AB, and compared to the frequency of DNA strand breaks, as measured by alkaline
      elution, induced by these treatments. MNNG was by far the most potent DNA strand
      breaking and SCE-inducing agent, followed in order of reactivity by MMS, EMS and
      ENU. The 3AB-enhanced SCE frequency was greatest, however, after MMS treatment.
      Thus the magnitude of the 3AB-mediated potentiation of SCE induction is not
      directly related to either the number of DNA strand breaks produced by the
      alkylating agent or the alkylation-induced SCE frequency. Furthermore, when MMS
      treated cells were held in a non-cycling state for 2 days before release and
      treatment with 3AB, a procedure that results in a 60% reduction in MMS-induced
      SCE frequency, no synergism between MMS and 3AB in SCE induction was detected.
      These results suggest that 3AB does not interact with alkylation-induced DNA
      lesions in the induction of SCEs.

PMID- 4006056
TI  - The genotoxicity of 2-bromoacrolein and 2,3-dibromopropanal.
AB  - 2-Bromoacrolein (2-BA) and 2,3-dibromopropanal (2,3-DBPA), an identified and a
      postulated reactive metabolite of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Tris-BP),
      respectively, were found to cause mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 both
      in the absence and presence of a metabolic system. 2-BA, as well as 2,3-DBPA,
      caused extensive DNA single-stranded breaks as evidenced by alkaline elution of
      DNA from exposed Reuber hepatoma cells in culture. The data with Syrian hamster
      embryo cells suggest that both 2-BA and 2,3-DBPA were more potent than Tris-BP in
      transforming these cells in culture. On the other hand, neither 2-BA, nor 2,3
      DBPA, was found to cause increased unscheduled DNA repair synthesis in isolated
      rat hepatocytes in monolayer cultures, whereas Tris-BP had a significant effect
      at low concentrations (10-50 microM). There was no correlation between the
      observed mutagenic effects of 2-BA and 2,3-DBPA and their alkylating activities
      using the nitrobenzyl-pyridine test. The genotoxic effects associated with 2-BA
      and its detection in microsomal incubations makes it a likely candidate for a
      role in the mutagenicity of Tris-BP.

PMID- 4006058
TI  - Mutagenic activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in urine of workers
      exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles in an anode plant.
AB  - The mutagenicity of urinary extracts and the excretion of PAH from workers
      occupationally exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles in an anode plant were
      analyzed. Mutagenicity of the urinary extracts was measured by means of the plate
      test using S. typhimurium strain TA 98. After concentration, hydrolysis and
      reduction of the urine samples, PAH levels were measured by high resolution gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. No significant difference was found in the
      mutagenicity of the urinary extracts of non-smokers occupationally exposed to PAH
      as compared with the controls. Low PAH concentrations were found in the urine of
      the exposed subjects, which lends further support to the negative results
      obtained with the Ames' test. The increase of urinary PAH excretion, in relation
      to occupational exposure, was mainly due to the less mutagenic, low molecular
      weight compounds.

PMID- 4006057
TI  - Influence of the carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl on DNA conformation.
AB  - The conformation of the deoxydinucleoside monophosphate dCpdG modified by the
      carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl has been elucidated by minimized semi-empirical
      potential energy calculations. The most important conformers relevant to A or B
      and Z helices are shown, and the structures of carcinogen-modified polymers,
      obtained from computer-generated models that incorporate the dimer conformations,
      are presented. Forms with carcinogen-base stacking and with base-base stacking
      are found, for both A-B type helices and Z-type helices. In random sequence DNA,
      the most favored state places the carcinogen at the A or B helix exterior, in the
      large groove, where it causes no distortion. In this position it might escape
      repair till a round of replication. At the replication fork, where the DNA is
      unwound, a low energy carcinogen-base stacked state, easily achieved by rotation
      primarily about the C5' - O5' bond, could occur. A mutagenic outcome resulting
      from this conformation might be envisioned.

PMID- 4006059
TI  - Metabolism of 9-nitroanthracene by rat liver microsomes: identification and
      mutagenicity of metabolites.
AB  - Aerobic metabolism of 9-nitroanthracene by uninduced rat liver microsomes
      produced four metabolites identified as trans-1,2- and 3,4-dihydrodiols, 1,2,3,4
      tetrahydrotetrol of 9-nitroanthracene, and anthraquinone. Further metabolism of
      the predominant metabolite, 9-nitroanthracene trans-3,4-dihyrodiol, yielded a
      1,2,3,4-tetrahydrotetrol with a trans-cis-trans configuration, indicating that a
      trans-dihydrodiol anti-epoxide is formed as an intermediate. The mutagenic
      activities of both dihydrodiols and 9-nitroanthracene in strains TA98 and TA100,
      both in the presence and in the absence of S9 enzymes, were very low. When 9
      nitroanthracene was metabolized under anaerobic conditions, nitroreduction did
      not occur. The results thus explain the weak mutagenic activity of 9
      nitroanthracene.

PMID- 4006060
TI  - Orotic acid, a promoter of liver carcinogenesis induces DNA damage in rat liver.
AB  - Orotic acid, a precursor of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and a promoter for
      liver carcinogenesis, when fed at 1% level in a diet for 5 weeks resulted in
      liver DNA damage. The damage can be monitored as alkali-labile lesions using
      alkaline sucrose gradients as well as alkaline elution technique. Furthermore,
      the induced DNA damage persists for up to three weeks after withdrawal of the
      orotic acid diet. The fact that several skin-tumour promoters also induce DNA
      damage raises the question whether DNA damage is a component in tumour promotion.

PMID- 4006061
TI  - Formation of O6-methylguanine in rat liver DNA by nitrosamines does not predict
      initiation of preneoplastic foci.
AB  - Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at 26 mumol/kg, and nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA)
      at 33.5 mumol/kg were equally potent in producing 7-methylguanine and O6
      methylguanine in rat liver DNA. These doses were used to compare the abilities of
      the two nitrosamines to initiate production of putative preneoplastic foci in rat
      liver. Whereas NMBzA resulted in no increase above the background level of foci
      (0.9 +/- 0.1 foci/cm2), NDMA produced 7.5 +/- 0.6 foci/cm2. Co-administration of
      NDMA and NMBzA produced no more foci than NDMA alone, even though the combined
      effect of the two nitrosamines on DNA methylation was additive. The results
      suggest that methylation of hepatic DNA by nitrosamines does not predict
      initiation of preneoplastic foci.

PMID- 4006062
TI  - Uptake and degradation of asialo-orosomucoid in hepatocytes from carcinogen
      treated rats.
AB  - The function of the asialo-glycoprotein receptor was studied in hepatocytes from
      carcinogen-treated rats. The cells were isolated at an early stage of
      carcinogenesis, when histochemically demonstrable enzyme-altered foci but no
      neoplastic nodules could be observed. The rate of uptake of a trace concentration
      of [125I]asialo-orosomucoid in hepatocytes from carcinogen-treated rats was
      significantly below the rate in normal hepatocytes. In contrast, the rate of
      degradation of endocytosed protein was not changed. The slower rate of uptake can
      be ascribed to an approximately 70% lower binding capacity in treated
      hepatocytes, whereas the association constant of the asialo-glycoprotein receptor
      is not changed. Hepatocytes from carcinogen-treated rats attached to a substratum
      of adsorbed asialofetuin at a slower rate than did normal cells, probably because
      of a lower density of asialofetuin receptors on the cell surface.

PMID- 4006063
TI  - Isolation of frameshift mutagens from smokers' urine: experiences with three
      concentration methods.
AB  - Frameshift mutagens were isolated and concentrated from cigarette smokers' urine
      by the use of three different extraction methods; XAD-2 resin chromatography,
      chloroform and blue cotton extraction systems. The extracts were tested for
      mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test employing Salmonella
      typhimurium TA98. By the use of XAD-2 resin chromatography, no clear correlation
      was found between urine mutagenicity versus number of cigarettes smoked and no
      detectable mutagenic activity was observed when fewer than four cigarettes a day
      were consumed. A clear correlation was found between urine mutagenicity versus
      number of cigarettes smoked when urine samples were extracted by the use of
      chloroform or blue cotton. Interference of free histidine in mutagenicity assays
      could be excluded.

PMID- 4006064
TI  - The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of alkylating agents on human lymphoid cells
      are caused by different DNA lesions.
AB  - The Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Raji has a Mex+ phenotype. It is more resistant
      to killing by alkylating agents than a sub line (Raji TK-) which is Mex-. A
      reduction in O6-methylguanine (O6MeG)-DNA methyltransferase can be brought about
      by growing Raji cells in the presence of free O6MeG. The depletion in enzyme
      activity is specific and reversible; removal of O6MeG from the medium results in
      the restoration of methyltransferase activity within 4 h. Raji cells, in which
      methyltransferase has been reduced by this treatment to below detectable levels,
      are not sensitised to killing by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or the
      cross-linking nitrosoureas, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. This implies that adducts at the O6 atom of guanine
      in DNA are not potentially cytotoxic lesions. Secondly, it suggests that a defect
      other than the lack of methyltransferase is responsible for the sensitivity of
      Mex- cells to killing by alkylating agents.

PMID- 4006065
TI  - A strain of hairless mouse susceptible to tumorigenesis by TPA alone: studies
      with 8-methoxypsoralen and solar simulated radiation.
AB  - Hairless albino mice were painted with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and exposed to
      solar simulated radiation (SSR) for 0, 3 or 6 weeks and subsequently treated with
      the promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). TPA was highly
      tumourigenic in non-pretreated mice. Pretreatment with 8-MOP + SSR did not
      increase this level of tumorigenesis. It is proposed that 8-MOP + SSR tumour
      induction was the result of promotion of innate initiated cells and that this
      mouse strain might be useful as a promoter testing model.

PMID- 4006067
TI  - Repair of O6-methylguanine, by mammalian cell extracts, in alkylated DNA and
      poly(dG-m5dC).(poly dG-m5dC) in B and Z forms.
AB  - The ability of rat hepatoma cells extracts to repair O6-methylguanine was
      measured using as substrate alkylated DNA and alkylated poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG
      m5dC) either in the B or in the Z conformation. The O6-methylguanine-DNA
      methyltransferase had similar activities on DNA and on the right-handed polymer.
      However, when the polymer was in the Z conformation, the protein activity
      represented approximately 10% of that measured on DNA. Therefore the efficiency
      of O6-methylguanine repair is related to the DNA conformation and is markedly
      reduced during the B to Z transition of the substrate.

PMID- 4006066
TI  - 6-Nitrochrysene is a potent tumorigen in newborn mice.
AB  - A newborn mouse (BLU:Ha) lung adenoma bioassay demonstrated that 6-nitrochrysene
      was a highly potent tumorigen. It induced 100% incidence of lung tumors and a 150
      fold increase in their number (20.84 tumors/mouse) at the lowest dose level
      tested (total dose: 38.5 micrograms/mouse). 70% of the 6-nitrochrysene treated
      mice had malignant lung tumors (adenocarcinomas). Lymphomas and nodular
      hyperplasia of the liver were also observed in treated, but not control, animals.
      The tumorigenicity of 6-nitrochrysene relative to other polynuclear aromatic
      hydrocarbons and their mononitro-derivatives has been discussed.

PMID- 4006068
TI  - Substrate concentration dependency of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N
      nitrosomethylbenzylamine metabolism in rat liver.
AB  - Metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a hepatocarcinogen, and N
      nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBeA), an esophageal carcinogen, was comparatively
      investigated in rat liver. When these nitrosamines (25 micromole/kg) were
      administered orally to rats, the clearance of NDMA from the serum and liver was
      faster than that of NMBeA. The metabolic decomposition of NDMA by rat isolated
      hepatocytes was slower than that of NMBeA at high concentration (0.5 mM).
      However, at low concentration (6.7 microM) the metabolic decomposition of NDMA
      was faster than that of NMBeA. The ratio of NDMA demethylation to NMBeA
      demethylation and debenzylation by hepatic microsomes also changed depending on
      nitrosamine concentrations (1 microM to 1 mM), and low concentration of NDMA was
      demethylated rapidly. These results suggest that NDMA is metabolized to a
      methylating agent more effectively than NMBeA in liver, when carcinogenic doses
      of nitrosamines are administered.

PMID- 4006069
TI  - Reactivity of 4',4"-diethylstilbestrol quinone, a metabolic intermediate of
      diethylstilbestrol.
AB  - In a search for the carcinogenic metabolite of diethylstilbestrol, the
      interactions of 4',4"-diethylstilbestrol quinone with peptides and nucleic acids
      were investigated. Nonextractable binding of 4',4"-diethylstilbestrol quinone to
      calf thymus DNA or poly G were observed. However, adduct nucleosides could not be
      isolated subsequent to enzymatic digestion of nucleic acids. Binding to dGMP or
      dAMP also occurred, but the initially bound stilbene estrogen could mostly be
      extracted with 18 extractions using various organic solvents. Non-covalent
      interactions of 4',4"-diethylstilbestrol quinone with calf thymus DNA were
      observed spectrally only after exhaustive dialysis of the DNA versus water, but
      not with native DNA. In chemical reactions of 4',4"-diethylstilbestrol quinone
      and nucleosides, nucleotides, and amines such as n-pentyl amine, only Z,Z
      dienestrol could be identified as reaction product. The quinone did react with
      mercaptoethanol via Michael addition to the unsaturated carbonyl system to form a
      stable adduct, 4-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-3,4-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexene. It also
      reacted covalently with sulfur-containing peptides such as reduced glutathione or
      bovine serum albumin. Partially purified rat liver cytochrome P-450 reductase
      reduced 4',4"-diethylstilbestrol quinone to E- and Z-diethylstilbestrol. It is
      proposed that 4',4"-diethylstilbestrol quinone forms unstable adduct
      intermediates with DNA which decompose with time. Also, covalent binding of 4',4"
      diethylstilbestrol quinone to important proteins via thioether linkages may play
      a role in carcinogenesis.

PMID- 4006070
TI  - Abnormal lymphocyte response to u.v. radiation in multiple skin cancer.
AB  - The lymphocyte response to u.v. radiation (254 nm) was investigated by two
      different methods in 29 unselected patients with multiple epidermal cancer. The
      u.v.-induced DNA synthesis was determined as the increase in incorporation of
      [3H]thymidine in irradiated cells compared with nonirradiated cells after
      incubation for 2 h. The u.v. tolerance was measured as the u.v. dose necessary
      for 50% reduction in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation.
      Patients with both squamous cell differentiated tumors and basal cell carcinomas
      had very high u.v.-induced DNA synthesis values (p less than 0.01, when compared
      with patients with basal cell carcinoma only and p less than 0.005, when compared
      with controls). The u.v. tolerance in patient lymphocytes was considerably lower
      than in control lymphocytes (p less than 0.001), with the lowest values occurring
      in patients with clinical sun intolerance (p = 0.05, when compared with the
      remaining patients). These investigations may be of predictive value in skin
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 4006071
TI  - Evidence for microwave carcinogenesis in vitro.
AB  - We investigated the carcinogenic activity of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (MW)
      combined with benzo[a]pyrene (BP) or X-rays, using an in vitro assay for
      malignant transformation in C3H/10T1/2 mouse-embryo fibroblasts. Additional
      experiments were performed to assess the effect of a non-cytotoxic and non
      transforming concentration of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate (TPA) on transformation induction in cells treated with MW and X-rays.
      Experiments were performed at low incident power density, corresponding to an
      energy absorption rate of 4.4 W/kg. Cells were treated at 37.2+/-0.1 degree C. MW
      reduced the plating efficiency of 50%, while TPA increased it by 40%. MW had no
      effect on transformation induced by BP or X-rays in the absence of tumor
      promoter. TPA treatment of cells previously irradiated with MW and X-rays yielded
      a statistically significant 3.5- or 1.6-fold increase in transformation when
      compared with the transformation frequency of cells previously irradiated with X
      rays alone at 1.5 and 4.5 Gy, respectively. Our results suggest that low-level
      2.45 GHz MW radiation can induce latent transformation damage which can then be
      revealed by the action of tumor promoters.

PMID- 4006072
TI  - Diethylstilboestrol: the binding and effects of diethylstilboestrol upon the
      polymerisation and depolymerisation of purified microtubule protein in vitro.
AB  - Diethylstilboestrol (DES) was shown to bind to purified microtubule (MT) protein
      and inhibit the binding of colchicine. The polymerisation and depolymerisation
      characteristics of MT protein in vitro were examined using spectrophotometry and
      electron microscopy. At high doses of DES the polymerisation of intact
      microtubules was inhibited, whilst at lower doses enhanced microtubule formation
      was observed. The lower doses of DES inhibit the depolymerisation of intact
      microtubules.

PMID- 4006073
TI  - Detection of a deuterium isotope effect in di- and trisubstituted
      alkylphenylnitrosoureas. An SCE study in Chinese hamster V79-E cells.
AB  - The genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-phenyl-1-nitrosourea (MPNU), 1-methyl-3-(p
      chlorophenyl)-1-nitrosourea (C1-MPNU), 1-ethyl-3-phenyl-1-nitrosourea (EPNU), 1,3
      dimethyl-3-phenyl-1-nitrosourea (DMPNU) and their derivatives substituted by
      deuterium in different positions was studied using sister chromatid exchange
      (SCE) induction in Chinese hamster V79-E cells. Deuterium substitution in the 1
      methyl group of MPNU (MPNU-d3) and C1-MPNU (C1-MPNU-d3) diminished the SCE
      inducing capacity by 20-30% and by 30-40% in DMPNU (DMPNU-d3B). There was no
      altered SCE activity detected when the phenyl group of MPNU (MPNU-d5) or the 3
      methyl group of DMPNU (DMPNU-d3A) was deuterium labeled. No isotope effect was
      detected in deuterated EPNU derivatives, presumably due to the instability of
      these compounds. It is surmised that the easier delocalization of the positive
      charge in the deuterated alkyl diazonium ion causes a diminished reactivity and
      therefore influences the type and amount of DNA alkylation. Furthermore, the
      experiments with DMPNU and its derivatives revealed that, in contrast to mono-
      and disubstituted nitrosoureas, the biological activities of these very stable
      trisubstituted nitrosoureas are strongly influenced by a serum factor in the
      culture fluid.

PMID- 4006074
TI  - Indistinguishable physical and catalytic properties of DNA methyltransferase from
      normal rat liver and a transplantable rat hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - DNA methyltransferase (DMase) was purified 700- and 1002-fold from normal rat
      liver and transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma 252 (THC 252) nuclei,
      respectively, using a four-step procedure that included chromatography on
      phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite, DEAE-Sephacel and gel filtration on AcA 34.
      The enzymes had identical characteristics: pI = 7.4-7.6; Mr = 280 000 by gel
      filtration; preference for methylating double-stranded over single-stranded DNA
      and hemimethylated over unmethylated DNA templates; and apparent km of 10 microM
      for dinucleotide units in poly(dC-dG) and 0.5 microM for S-adenosylmethionine
      (SAM). Thermal inactivation profiles and sulfhydryl group alkylation inhibition
      curves for fraction III produced very similar single-transition curves,
      suggesting the presence of a single-functional enzyme species that is
      indistinguishable between normal and tumor tissue. Single-value Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics were obtained for fraction IV enzymes with respect to the concentration
      of SAM and dinucleotide units in poly(dC-dG), suggesting the absence of isozymic
      or multiple forms of DMase in normal and malignant liver tissues.

PMID- 4006075
TI  - Human tumor cell strains both unable to repair O6-methylguanine and
      hypersensitive to killing by human alpha and beta interferons.
AB  - Human brain tumor cell strains were previously found by others to be sensitive to
      growth inhibition by human interferon-beta (HuIFN-beta). We noticed that the
      sensitive strains were some that we had found deficient in the repair of O6
      methylguanine (O6MeG), a characteristic of 20% of the human tumor cell strains we
      have studied. We confirmed this sensitivity to HuIFN-beta, and have further shown
      that human brain tumor cells which repair O6MeG are resistant to the growth
      inhibitory effects of HuIFN-beta. In addition, treatment with HuIFN-alpha or
      HuIFN-beta resulted in more killing (reproductive inactivation) of six human
      tumor cell strains deficient in repairing O6-methylguanine in DNA than did such
      treatment of six strains of cells proficient in such repair. Further, we found
      two human lines, altered to become O6MeG repair deficient after establishment of
      the primary tumor cell culture, that were resistant to interferon. IFN treatment
      produced no DNA damage detectable by either chemical or biological assays. It is
      suggested that the genes responsible for resistance to IFN treatment and to
      agents that produce O6MeG are often coordinately shut down.

PMID- 4006076
TI  - Inhibition of intercellular communication and enhancement of morphological
      transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by TPA. Use of TPA-sensitive and
      TPA-resistant cell lines.
AB  - The possible role of blocked intercellular communication in the process of cell
      transformation has been studied with Syrian hamster embryo cell lines which are
      sensitive or resistant to TPA-induced enhancement of morphological
      transformation. Both the TPA-sensitive (BPNi) and the TPA-resistant (83-106 and
      74-100) cell lines showed gap-junctional communication when measured by a dye
      transfer method. However, TPA inhibited the communication only in TPA-sensitive
      cells, and not in TPA-resistant cells. These results are consistent with the idea
      that blocked intercellular communication is involved in a late stage of cell
      transformation and/or expression of the transformed phenotype.

PMID- 4006077
TI  - A mutagenic metabolite produced by Fusarium moniliforme isolated from Linxian
      county, China.
AB  - Fusarin C, a fungal metabolite, was recently isolated and identified from corn
      meal inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme which was one of the most common fungi
      associated with corn in Linxian county, a high-incidence area of esophageal
      cancer. In the presence of S-9 mix, fusarin C significantly increased the number
      of revertants in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100, and induced SCE, micronuclei,
      chromosome aberrations and 6-TG resistant mutants in V79 cells. The toxic action
      of fusarin C on V79 cells was much stronger in the absence of S-9 mix. However,
      fusarin C did not show, at the largest concentration used, any significant
      mutagenic or clastogenic effect on the cells without the addition of S-9 mix. The
      possible relationship between the consumption of corn contaminated with F.
      moniliforme and the cause of esophageal cancer was discussed.

PMID- 4006078
TI  - Dose-related effect of trisodium nitrilotriacetate monohydrate on renal
      tumorigenesis initiated with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine in rats.
AB  - The development of renal tumors was examined in rats given 1000 p.p.m. N-ethyl-N
      hydroxyethylnitrosamine (NEELA) and then 30 000, 10 000 or 3000 p.p.m. of
      trisodium nitrilotriacetate monohydrate (Na3 X NTA X H2O) in their food. The
      incidences of renal tumors in rats treated with NEELA for 2 weeks and then 30
      000, 10 000 and 3000 p.p.m. Na3 X NTA X H2O for 30 weeks were 100, 86 and 22%,
      respectively, while they were 16 and 0% in rats treated with NEELA or 30 000
      p.p.m. Na3 X NTA X H2O alone. Na3 X NTA X H2O at 30 000 or 10 000, but not 3000
      p.p.m., also increased the size and number of renal tumors in rats treated with
      NEELA, and Na3 X NTA X H2O at 30 000 p.p.m., but not 10 000 or 3000 p.p.m., also
      induced hydronephrosis in rats irrespective of whether they were treated with
      NEELA. Thus, Na3 X NTA X H2O has a dose-related effect on the kidney.

PMID- 4006079
TI  - Screening of microorganisms for nitrosation catalysis at pH 7 and kinetic studies
      on nitrosamine formation from secondary amines by E. coli strains.
AB  - Thirty-eight strains of microorganisms isolated from infected human trachea,
      urine, blood and faeces were examined for their ability to form N
      nitrosomorpholine from morpholine and nitrite at pH 7.25. Twenty-five bacterial
      strains exhibited nitrosation activity, including 18 out of 19 strains of
      Escherichia coli and three out of nine Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus morganii,
      Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Neisseria strains; E. coli A10
      strain showed the highest activity. Formation of N-nitrosomorpholine was
      proportional to the incubation time up to 2 h and to the number of resting E.
      coli A10 cells; the reaction followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Nitrosation rate
      appeared to be dependent on the pKa value of several amines studied. As the
      nitrosation catalysis was heat-labile, our data suggest that N-nitrosation is
      catalysed by a bacterial enzyme(s). This reaction may lead to enhanced endogenous
      nitrosation in subjects suffering from an achlorhydric stomach or from chronic
      urinary tract infections.

PMID- 4006080
TI  - Increased activities of thymidine kinase isozymes in human colon polyp and
      carcinoma.
AB  - Thymidine kinase (TK), the enzyme in the pyrimidine salvage pathway, and its
      isozymes were examined in 15 specimens of normal mucosa, 14 polyps and 14
      carcinomas in human colon. The average TK activities in colon polyps and
      carcinomas were about 1.6 and 2.9 times that in normal colon mucosa,
      respectively. The colon TK isozymes were separated into 2 types by DEAE-cellulose
      column chromatography. The activity of the TK isozyme eluted with 0.1 M NaCl in
      buffer was 1.6-fold higher in colon polyp and 1.5-fold higher in colon carcinoma
      than that in normal colon mucosa. In colon carcinoma, but not colon polyp, the
      activity of the other isozyme eluted with buffer alone was increased to 5.1-fold
      that in normal tissues. As the activity of the latter isozyme was not affected by
      deoxycytidine triphosphate, it may be involved in DNA replication. The results
      suggest that increases in the activities in the former and latter TK isozymes may
      indicate tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis, respectively, in the human colon.

PMID- 4006081
TI  - Methapyrilene induces membrane lipid peroxidation of rat liver cells.
AB  - Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a basal diet or the same diet containing
      0.1% methapyrilene hydrochloride for 1, 2 and 3 days and 1 and 2 weeks.
      Peroxidative degradation of membrane lipids from liver cell mitochondria and
      microsomes was evaluated by determining the extent of diene conjugate (u.v.
      absorption 233 nm) formation. Feeding methapyrilene for 1, 2 and 3 days resulted
      in lipid peroxidation of both mitochondrial and microsomal membranes. After 1 and
      2 weeks feeding, peroxidation was no longer evident in lipids isolated from
      mitochondria, while the microsomal membrane lipids showed persistent conjugated
      dienes. The results suggest that membrane lipid peroxidation of the liver may
      play a role in the promoting and/or carcinogenic effects of methapyrilene
      hydrochloride.

PMID- 4006082
TI  - The radioprotector WR1065 reduces radiation-induced mutations at the hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in V79 cells.
AB  - N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane (WR1065) protects against radiation
      induced cell killing and mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl
      transferase (HGPRT) locus in V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells. At a
      concentration of 4 mM, WR1065 was found to be effective in protecting against
      radiation-induced cell lethality only if present during irradiation, e.g., a dose
      modification factor (DMF) of 1.9. No protective effect was observed if the
      protector was added within 5 min after irradiation or 3 h later, e.g., DMFs of
      1.0 and 1.1, respectively. The effect of WR1065 on radiation-induced mutation,
      expressed as resistance to the cytotoxic purine analogue 6-thioguanine (HGPRT),
      was also investigated. In contrast to the treatment-schedule dependence for
      protection by WR1065 against cell killing, this agent was effective in reducing
      radiation-induced mutations regardless of when it was administered. Following a
      dose of 10 Gy of 60Co gamma-rays, the mutation frequencies observed per 10(6)
      survivors were 77 +/- 8, 27 +/- 6, 42 +/- 7, and 42 +/- 7 for radiation only, and
      WR1065 present during, immediately after, or 3 h after irradiation. These data
      suggest that although a segment of radiation-induced damage leading to
      reproductive death cannot be modulated through the postirradiation action of
      WR1065, processes leading to the fixation of gross genetic damage and mutation
      induction in surviving cells can be effectively altered and interfered with
      leading to a marked reduction in mutation frequency.

PMID- 4006083
TI  - 32P-postlabeling analysis of peroxisome proliferator-DNA adduct formation in rat
      liver in vivo and hepatocytes in vitro.
AB  - Hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome proliferators, clofibrate, ciprofibrate, Wy-14643
      or di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, were administered once daily by gavage to groups of
      three male F344 rats for 3 days and the rats were killed 2 h after the last dose.
      The DNA isolated from the livers was analyzed for possible carcinogen-DNA
      adducts, by a most sensitive 32P-postlabeling technique which can detect one
      adduct in 10(10) nucleotides. No adducts were detected by this assay in the DNA
      isolated from the livers of rats treated with any of the peroxisome
      proliferators. Adducts were also not found in the DNA of hepatocytes exposed in
      vitro to these peroxisome proliferators for 4 h in primary suspension cultures.
      Failure to detect peroxisome proliferator DNA adducts in hepatocytes under in
      vivo and in vitro conditions supports the contention that formation of a
      peroxisome proliferator-DNA adduct is not an essential step in the carcinogenesis
      by this novel class of carcinogens.

PMID- 4006084
TI  - Unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by streptonigrin in ataxia telangiectasia
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Streptonigrin is an antitumour antibiotic, which at low doses produces DNA strand
      breaks in cultured cells leading, e.g., to decreased colony-forming ability and
      decreased rates of DNA synthesis. At higher doses the drug can induce unscheduled
      DNA synthesis (UDS) presumably as a consequence of excision of large DNA adducts.
      Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) cells are unusually sensitive to streptonigrin, but
      we show here that they can perform excision repair, as demonstrated by UDS, at
      the same level as normal cells following exposure to the drug. This result
      suggests that of the apparent two modes of action of streptonigrin it is the DNA
      strand-breaking capacity to which A-T cells are unusually sensitive. This is
      consistent with previous reports suggesting some form of DNA strand break in A-T
      cells is deficiently repaired.

PMID- 4006085
TI  - The effect of various aldehydes on the respiration of rat liver and hepatoma AH
      130 cells.
AB  - Some aldehydes, produced during lipid peroxidation of liver lipids, are able to
      inhibit the respiration of mitochondria and of intact cells both in normal
      hepatocytes and in Yoshida hepatoma. In mitochondria, the respiratory stimulation
      produced by addition of ADP and dinitrophenol is decreased more in hepatoma than
      in normal liver. Two- to four-fold higher concentrations of aldehydes are needed
      to obtain the same degree of inhibition in normal liver mitochondria as in
      tumorous organs. The effect of aldehydes on intact cell respiration is absent or
      very low in hepatocytes, but it is consistently observed in hepatoma cells.

PMID- 4006086
TI  - Process of the combination of alpha-lactalbumin with lysosomes in mammary
      epithelial cells.
AB  - We previously reported that alpha-lactalbumin combines with the lysosomal
      membrane of mammary epithelial cells and that it acts to release lysosomal
      enzymes. However, the details of this combination within the cells remained
      undetermined. We now report that 125I-bovine-alpha-lactalbumin in the medium
      entered mouse mammary epithelial cells, and about 13 per cent of the alpha
      lactalbumin that entered the cell bound to lysosomes. About 75 per cent of the
      alpha-lactalbumin that reached the lysosome was tightly bound to the lysosomal
      membrane. It appears that alpha-lactalbumin in the secretory vesicles does not
      migrate out, because murine and bovine whey did not induce the release of Golgi
      enzymes in vitro.

PMID- 4006087
TI  - Specificity of Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma non-histone chromatin proteins:
      electrophoretic and immunological analyses.
AB  - The specificity of Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma and hamster liver non-histone
      chromatin proteins has been studied by comparing polypeptide patterns in
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by their immunological activity in the
      complement fixation test. Non-histone proteins were separated from DNA with a
      polyethylene glycol-dextran mixture and fractionated by hydroxylapatite
      chromatography into three classes named NHCP1, NHCP2, and NHCP3. Electrophoretic
      analysis indicated that among the non-histone proteins of Kirkman-Robbins
      hepatoma and hamster liver differences mainly of a quantitative nature can be
      observed. However, the polypeptides with molecular weight 25 000, 31 000, 36 000,
      73 000 in NHCP1; 20 000, 40 000 in NHCP2 and 20 000, 23 000, 32 000, 38 000, 44
      000, 75 000, 80 000 in NHCP3 were found to be specific for hepatoma chromatin.
      Application of antibodies against NHCP1, NHCP2 and dehistonized chromatin of
      Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma revealed that the highest specificity of NHCP2 eluted
      from hydroxylapatite with 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. The NHCP1 of
      hepatoma shares some common antigenic determinants with analogous proteins of
      liver. On the other hand non-histone proteins specific for hepatoma dehistonized
      chromatin can be localized in the NHCP3 and partially in the NHCP1 fractions.

PMID- 4006089
TI  - Effect of methylglyoxal on tumour microtubular protein.
AB  - Methylglyoxal inhibits cell division, exerting an antiproliferative action on
      tumour cells. Supernatants from ascites hepatoma cell homogenate, previously
      incubated with the aldehyde, showed a decrease in colchicine binding activity
      dependent on methylglyoxal concentration. In contrast, in vivo treatment of
      tumour-bearing rats apparently did not cause a significant impairment of
      microtubular protein, suggesting that the aldehyde interaction with microtubules
      cannot be considered responsible for its carcinostatic action.

PMID- 4006088
TI  - Incorporation of antigen 125I IgG into particular cell compartments: binding by
      chromatin.
AB  - Incorporation of [125I]IgG into spleen cells was studied in vivo and in vitro. In
      vivo, the antigen after uptake into the cytoplasm migrated into cell nuclei,
      where it was bound to chromatin up to the saturation level. One day after
      immunization the constant level of [125I]IgG was 1.3 X 10(12) molecules per
      spleen (10(8) cells). The same number of [125I]IgG molecules were bound to
      chromatin in cell cultures. The uptake of [125I]IgG was competitively inhibited
      by non-labelled IgG. Binding of [125I]IgG molecules reextracted from cytoplasm
      and chromatin with specific anti-human IgG serum argues against the uptake of
      degraded [125I]IgG molecules. [125I]IgG was tightly bound to DNA. Approximately
      50 per cent of [125I]IgG was present in the residual chromatin fraction (after
      removal of 0.35 M and 2 M NaCl-soluble fractions) and 40 per cent was complexed
      with DNA (after removal of histones and non-histones AP1, AP2, AP3 and AP4).
      Binding of [125I]IgG by isolated chromatin was inhibited by the cytoplasmic
      fraction but not by BSA. Binding of [125I]IgG by fractionated chromatin,
      (chromatins remaining after removal of 0.35M, and 2M NaCl-soluble fractions or
      histones + non-histones AP1 + AP2 + AP3 + AP4) occurred at a level similar to
      that observed with native chromatin. The results suggest that interaction of
      antigen with immunocompetent cells is not restricted to the cell surface but that
      antigen seems to be taken up into cytoplasm, migrates to the nuclei and is bound
      to chromatin, probably directly to DNA. The results are discussed in relation to
      the induction of the immune reaction.

PMID- 4006090
TI  - Response to the article by Klocke et al. on "Coronary pressure-flow
      relationships: controversial issues and probable implications".

PMID- 4006091
TI  - Hemodynamic response to normovolemic polycythemia at rest and during exercise in
      dogs.
AB  - Very little is known about the influence of polycythemia on oxygen transport
      during exercise. We studied chronically instrumented dogs trained to run on a
      treadmill before and after their hematocrit had been increased by isovolemic
      exchange transfusion with packed red blood cells. With normovolemic polycythemia,
      cardiac output fell in a linear fashion as hematocrit was increased to 65%, but
      these changes were balanced by an increasing oxygen content resulting in constant
      systemic oxygen transport. Oxygen consumption was unchanged both at rest and
      during exercise after induction of polycythemia. To investigate the effect of
      polycythemia on oxygen transport further, we measured both mixed venous Po2 and
      lactate. Mixed venous Po2 increased and lactate remained unchanged both at rest
      and in exercising polycythemic dogs. Thus, we conclude that, in conscious
      animals, systemic oxygen transport is well preserved with increasing hematocrit
      to at least 65%.

PMID- 4006092
TI  - The left ventricular dP/dtmax-end-diastolic volume relation in closed-chest dogs.
AB  - I investigated the relation of the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise
      to the end-diastolic volume and the comparison of the maximum rate of left
      ventricular pressure rise-end-diastolic volume relation to the end-systolic
      pressure-volume relation, using the time-varying elastance model. These studies
      were performed in 11 dogs chronically instrumented to measure left ventricular
      pressure and determine left ventricular volume from three orthogonal dimensions.
      During vena caval occlusions, the relations between the maximum rate of left
      ventricular pressure rise and end-diastolic volume were described by straight
      lines (r = 0.97 +/- 0.01, mean +/- SD). Dobutamine increased the slope of the
      maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise-end-diastolic volume relation to
      358 +/- 94% of control. This increase was greater than the 244 +/- 61% increase
      in the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (P less than 0.005).
      The volume intercepts of the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise-end
      diastolic volume relation and end-systolic pressure-volume relation were similar
      and were not significantly altered by dobutamine. The ratio of the slope of the
      maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise-end-diastolic volume relation to
      the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation divided by the time from
      end-diastole to end-systole was similar before (2.2 +/- 0.7) and after dobutamine
      (2.3 +/- 0.7, P = NS). Angiotensin II did not significantly alter the maximum
      rate of left ventricular pressure rise-end-diastolic volume relation generated by
      caval occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006093
TI  - Hyaluronidase does not prevent deterioration of vascular functional integrity
      during reperfusion after no-flow ischemia in isolated rabbit hearts.
AB  - Effects of hyaluronidase on myocardial water content and distribution, and on
      coronary vascular hemodynamics and endothelial cell transport function were
      assessed in isolated rabbit hearts during 3.5 hours of reperfusion after 30
      minutes of global, no-flow ischemia. In nonischemic control hearts, perfusion
      pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, maximum +dP/dt, and
      intravascular clearance of radiolabeled albumin remained constant during 5 hours
      of continuous perfusion, while the mean-transit time and vascular into
      extravascular space clearance of radiolabeled albumin increased 1.5X and 2.5X
      baseline, respectively. During reperfusion after 30 minutes of no flow, perfusion
      pressure increased 53% and interstitial fluid volume increased 2-fold, while left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure and maximum +dP/dt returned to control levels.
      The rate of intravascular clearance of radiolabeled albumin decreased 38%, and
      the mean-transit time and vascular-into-extravascular space clearance of albumin
      increased approximately 3X and 5X baseline, respectively. Hyaluronidase blocked
      the ischemia-reperfusion-induced increases in total water content and in
      interstitial fluid volume and reduced the increases in perfusion pressure and
      mean-transit time of radiolabeled albumin by 40% and 45%, respectively, but did
      not prevent the increase in albumin vascular-into-extravascular space clearance
      and the decrease in albumin clearance from the coronary vasculature. These
      findings indicate that hyaluronidase does not prevent ischemia-reperfusion
      induced increases in albumin permeation of the coronary vasculature, and suggest
      that its protective effect on ischemic myocardium is mediated, instead, by
      reducing interstitial edema and vascular resistance.

PMID- 4006094
TI  - The electromotive force of the ventricular free wall and papillary muscle
      preparations.
AB  - The electromotive force of the ventricular tissues with different anatomy and
      activation patterns was studied. The left ventricular wall was perfused with
      Tyrode's solution from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery and was
      stimulated first at an epicardial and then endocardial site to induce ectopic
      beats. The early QRS voltage was compared with the activated area at the same
      instant. In other experiments, the whole heart was perfused from the aorta, and
      the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle was introduced into a small
      separate chamber. Different locations were stimulated to induce longitudinal and
      transverse activation, and the remote potential was measured with leads in both
      directions. By means of a calibration system with artificial dipoles, the
      strength of the double layer was expressed in terms of mA X cm per unit area of
      the activation wave front. The results indicated that epicardial stimulation of
      the left ventricular wall produced voltage proportional to the activated area;
      the average moment was found to be 0.11 mA X cm per unit area. The potential
      curve produced by endocardial stimulation of the same preparation was
      characterized by an initial low-voltage phase, followed by a sharp upstroke. The
      right ventricular papillary muscle produced a larger double layer moment during
      activation in the longitudinal direction, but voltage due to transverse
      activation was several times smaller.

PMID- 4006095
TI  - Action potential prolongation and induction of abnormal automaticity by low
      quinidine concentrations in canine Purkinje fibers. Relationship to potassium and
      cycle length.
AB  - Marked QT prolongation with induction of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia
      ("Torsades de Pointes") is a well-described phenomenon during quinidine therapy,
      frequently occurring at low plasma quinidine concentrations, low serum potassium,
      and slow heart rates. We have therefore assessed the dose-electrophysiological
      effects of quinidine as a function of extracellular potassium and cycle length in
      canine Purkinje fibers, using standard microelectrode techniques. Quinidine (1
      microM) prolonged action potential at 90% repolarization, while leaving phase
      zero upstroke slope (Vmax) unchanged at a cycle length 300-8000 msec; at 10
      microM, Vmax depression became evident. Increases in the action potential at 90%
      repolarization were most marked at long cycle lengths and low extracellular
      potassium (in contrast to Vmax depression) and were partially reversed by
      tetrodotoxin (1 microM). The relationship between log of cycle length and action
      potential at 90% repolarization was linear (for cycle length 300-8000 msec) in
      the absence of quinidine. Quinidine increased the slope of this relationship in a
      concentration-related fashion, whereas increasing extracellular potassium shifted
      the curve rightward (without changing slope), regardless of the presence or
      absence of quinidine. Action potentials were also measured following pauses of 5
      60 seconds. In the absence of quinidine, the action potential depolarization
      returned to its baseline value in a monoexponential fashion (time constant 36.0
      +/- 4.9 sec, mean +/- SE, n = 10). In the presence of 1 microM quinidine, this
      return was better fit as a biexponential process (time constants 4.2 +/- 1.2 and
      40.7 +/- 6.2 seconds, n = 14). At slow stimulation rates (cycle length greater
      than 4000 msec) in low extracellular potassium (2.7 mM), quinidine produced early
      afterdepolarizations in 7/14 (50%) of fibers at 1 microM and 14/18 (78%) at 10
      microM. Early afterdepolarizations were eliminated by increasing stimulation
      rates, raising the extracellular the extracellular potassium concentration to 5
      mM, or adding tetrodotoxin. These data suggest that prolongation by quinidine of
      action potentials at 90% repolarization is multifactorial, with both a "tonic"
      prolonging effect and a prominent frequency-dependent action potential shortening
      effect. At long cycle lengths and low extracellular potassium, low quinidine
      concentrations consistently produced early after-depolarizations. The parallels
      between this form of triggered activity and clinical arrhythmias induced by
      quinidine suggest that early afterdepolarizations may play a role in quinidine
      induced Torsades de Pointes.

PMID- 4006096
TI  - Interaction between a normoxic and a hypoxic region of guinea pig and ferret
      papillary muscles.
AB  - Papillary muscles were mounted in a three-compartment bath. The tip of the muscle
      was exposed to hypoxic and glucose-free solution. The other parts of the
      preparation were superfused with Tyrode's solution, building a free-flow border
      between hypoxic and normoxic superfusates. The normoxic part of the bath was
      subdivided by a rubber membrane so that current pulses could be applied between
      segments of the preparation. Signs of electrotonic interaction between normoxic
      and hypoxic parts were observed a few minutes after the onset of hypoxia.
      Transmembrane action potentials in the normoxic part retained their plateau, but
      progressively shortened. Those in the hypoxic tip showed an early phase of rapid
      repolarization followed by a plateau phase near the resting potential. Terminal
      repolarization in the two parts coincided for many minutes. After 35 minutes,
      fast propagated activity ceased in the tip and was replaced first by conducted
      slow responses, then by decremental conduction. At 50 minutes, cells near the
      borderline had resting potentials of either -76 +/- 7 mV (SD, n = 9) in normoxic
      tissue or -16 +/- 3 mV (SD, n = 9) in hypoxic tissue. Concurrently, subthreshold
      potentials no longer appeared to spread into the tip. Unipolar electrograms
      remained diphasic over the normoxic part but lost their negative deflection near
      the borderline, implying the absence of axial current flow into the hypoxic part.
      Furthermore, electrotonic potentials generated by current flow across the rubber
      membrane did not spread beyond a line of demarcation. Reduced nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide fluorescence increased in the hypoxic part, and appeared to
      correlate with the development of electrical decoupling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006097
TI  - Direct observation of the "oxygen paradox" in single rat ventricular myocytes.
AB  - By phase contrast microscopy with video length tracking, we followed the sequence
      of morphological changes in individual isolated rat ventricular myocytes during
      anoxia followed by reoxygenation. Cells appeared normal during early anoxia.
      After a duration of anoxia T1, which varied from 17-47 minutes in different
      cells, each cell abruptly contracted an average of 33% in length to an inert
      rectangular form presumed to be a rigor state. Cells which were reoxygenated
      before the onset of rigor showed normal morphology and an unchanged extent of
      shortening on field stimulation, compared to control. Cells that were
      reoxygenated after a time in the rigor state, T2, either partially recovered to a
      shortened rectangular form capable of stimulated twitches or rounded up rapidly
      to a disordered hypercontracture form. The distribution of T1 was the same for
      cells which recovered and which hypercontracted. In contrast, the outcome of
      reoxygenation depended markedly on T2: all cells that were reoxygenated after
      less than 10 minutes of rigor recovered function, whereas all cells that spent
      more than 20 minutes in rigor hypercontracted when reoxygenated. The
      hypercontracture appears to be the cellular analog of the "oxygen paradox" in
      whole hearts. Its occurrence is reliably related to duration of rigor state but
      not to duration of hypoxia, because of marked cellular variability in the time of
      onset of rigor.

PMID- 4006098
TI  - Comments on "Effects of pericardial effusates of various conductivities on body
      surface potential in dogs: documentation of the eccentric spheres model".

PMID- 4006099
TI  - Transmural myocardial deformation in the canine left ventricle. Normal in vivo
      three-dimensional finite strains.
AB  - To examine transmural finite deformation in the wall of the canine left
      ventricle, closely spaced columns of lead beads were implanted at a single site
      on the left ventricular free wall. The three-dimensional coordinates of these
      myocardial markers were obtained with high-speed biplane cineradiography. Any
      four noncoplanar markers forming small tetrahedral volumes (less than or equal to
      0.1 cc) were used to calculate finite normal and shear strains with respect to a
      cardiac coordinate system at end diastole. Due to the symmetry of the finite
      strain tensor, the algebraic eigenvalue problem could be solved to compute
      principal strains and the directions of the principal axes of deformation with
      respect to the reference coordinates. An examination of the principal strains in
      a number of tetrahedra in five animals indicates that deformation increases with
      depth beneath the epicardium. For example, the transmural variation of principal
      shortening strain averages -0.014 +/- 0.009 per 10% increment in thickness from
      epicardium to endocardium. Furthermore, shortening and thickening strains at
      midwall and deeper are too large (0.10 to 0.40) to be described accurately by
      infinitesimal theory. These strains are often accompanied by substantial in-plane
      and transverse shears which are not predicted by typical membrane or shell
      theories, indicating that these theories must be applied with caution when
      computing indices of regional ventricular performance. The directions of the
      principal axes of shortening vary substantially less than the fiber direction
      varies across the wall (20 degrees - 40 degrees compared with 100 degrees - 140
      degrees for fiber direction), supporting the concept that there are substantial
      interactions between neighboring fibers in the left ventricular wall.

PMID- 4006100
TI  - Differences in the determinants of overdrive suppression between sinus rhythm and
      slow atrioventricular junctional rhythm.
AB  - Sinus node recovery time was compared to the recovery time of a slow
      atrioventricular junctional rhythm in each of the same seven pentobarbital
      anesthetized dogs. Recovery time and the first five cardiac cycles were examined
      after pacing atria and ventricles for 20, 40, and 60 seconds at four or more
      pacing cycle lengths. Data relating recovery times and return to control
      conditions to prepacing cycle length, pacing cycle length, duration of pacing,
      site of pacing, and origin of rhythms were analyzed by covariance analysis. From
      the analyses, the relative contribution of the determinants are: the prepacing
      cycle length 73%, the site of pacing 3.5%, the pacing cycle length 2%, and the
      interaction of the site of pacing and pacing cycle length 1% for sinus node
      recovery time; and for slow atrioventricular junctional rhythm recovery time, the
      duration of pacing 40%, the interactions between the duration of pacing and the
      pacing cycle length 27%, and the prepacing cycle length 9%. A modified
      exponential decay model predicted 8 beats for return to prepacing conditions
      during sinus rhythm and 66-100 beats during atrioventricular junctional rhythm.
      We conclude that the single most important determinant of sinus node recovery
      time is the prepacing cycle length. Pacing cycle length and site of pacing have a
      significant but small influence on sinus node recovery time and duration of
      pacing, beyond 20 seconds, has no significant influence. In contrast, duration of
      pacing is the most important determinant of slow atrioventricular junctional
      recovery time. Another major determinant of slow atrioventricular junctional
      recovery time is the interactions between pacing cycle length and duration of
      pacing. Prepacing cycle length has a minor influence, and site of pacing has no
      influence, on slow atrioventricular junctional recovery time.

PMID- 4006101
TI  - Heart rate modulates the disposition of neurally released norepinephrine in
      cardiac tissues.
AB  - We determined the effect of heart rate on the disposition of neurally released
      norepinephrine from the cardiac tissues in open-chest, anesthetized dogs with
      complete atrioventricular block. After injecting desipramine to block the
      neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, we stimulated the cardiac sympathetic nerves
      supramaximally for about 3 minutes at a mean frequency of 2.7 Hz. In one series
      of experiments, we allowed coronary sinus blood flow to change spontaneously in
      response to cardiac pacing and sympathetic stimulation. The mean coronary sinus
      blood flows just before cessation of sympathetic stimulation were 67.4 +/- 4.2
      (SE) and 37.4 +/- 2.7 ml/min during pacing at a high (150/min) and a low (60/min)
      frequency, respectively. The mean norepinephrine overflow into the coronary sinus
      blood during steady state sympathetic stimulation was 45.0 +/- 14.2% greater
      during high frequency pacing than during low frequency pacing. After cessation of
      neural stimulation, the norepinephrine overflow decayed more rapidly during high
      frequency pacing than during low frequency pacing. This difference in decay rates
      was mainly ascribable to the difference in coronary blood flows. In a second
      series of experiments, we adjusted the coronary sinus blood flow during
      sympathetic stimulation so that the flows were not significantly different during
      pacing at the two frequencies. During the initial 30-second period, after
      cessation of sympathetic stimulation, the mean decrements of norepinephrine
      overflow were 95.9 +/- 21.4 and 59.2 +/- 17.3 ng/min at the high- and low-pacing
      frequencies, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006102
TI  - Comments on "Carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex control and the role of
      autoregulation in the systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relationships
      of the dog".

PMID- 4006103
TI  - Delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in ventricular muscle from
      rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that myocardium of the diabetic rat has impaired
      myoplasmic calcium metabolism. Delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered
      activity are potentiated by conditions believed to increase intracellular calcium
      concentration therefore, we performed this study to investigate the possibility
      that myocardium of the diabetic rat is more susceptible than normal tissue to
      develop afterdepolarizations and triggered activity. We used standard
      microelectrode techniques to record the electrical activity of papillary muscles
      from hearts of control rats and rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. We
      compared the response of control and diabetic preparations to conditions presumed
      to create progressively more severe degrees of myoplasmic calcium loading, viz.
      perfusion with solutions containing ouabain (5 X 10(-5) M) and increasing
      concentrations of calcium (2.4, 4.8, 7.2, and 9.6 mM). Our results showed the
      following. Ventricular muscle from diabetic rats was more prone than normal
      myocardium to develop delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity under
      conditions believed to cause myoplasmic calcium overload. The external calcium
      concentration correlated with the incidence but not the magnitude or coupling
      interval of the delayed afterdepolarizations in fibers of diabetic rats. The
      action potentials in fibers of diabetic rats decreased markedly in duration after
      exposure to ouabain, whereas normal action potentials were not affected
      significantly; as external calcium was increased with ouabain still present, the
      action potential duration in diabetic fibers decreased slightly more, whereas the
      action potential duration in normal fibers did not change significantly.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006104
TI  - Rate-related suppression and facilitation of conduction in isolated canine
      cardiac Purkinje fibers.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that antegrade conduction through damaged His
      Purkinje tissue may be suppressed following rapid ventricular pacing (overdrive
      suppression of conduction). We studied this phenomenon using isolated Purkinje
      fibers placed in a three-chamber bath. Superfusates for the left, middle, and
      right segments of the fiber were altered to produce action potentials that
      resembled those of normal bundle branch, damaged His bundle, and normal His
      bundle, respectively. To produce anisotropic conduction, the left segment of the
      fiber was adjusted to be three to four times longer than the right segment.
      Pacing the right segment at intermediate rates produced maximal action potential
      amplitude in the middle segment and 1:1 right-to-left conduction, whereas pacing
      at faster or slower rates reduced action potential amplitude and produced block.
      Pacing the left segment at fast or slow rates also reduced action potential
      amplitude in the middle segment, but conduction was maintained (anisotropy).
      After rapid or slow left segment pacing, action potential amplitude in the middle
      segment remained low during subsequent right segment pacing at intermediate
      rates, and transient block occurred (overdrive or underdrive suppression of
      conduction). With time, action potential amplitude normalized and conduction
      resumed. In other more severely depressed preparations, conduction block occurred
      even at intermediate right segment pacing rates prior to left segment pacing.
      Under these conditions, pacing the left segment at intermediate rates increased
      action potential amplitude in the middle segment and temporarily permitted 1:1
      conduction at intermediate right segment pacing rates (overdrive facilitation of
      conduction).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006105
TI  - Removal of the endothelium potentiates canine large coronary artery constrictor
      responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in vivo.
AB  - Recent studies in isolated epicardial coronary artery rings have shown that the
      endothelium modulates vasomotor responses to certain endogenous neurohumoral
      agents. It is not known whether the endothelium plays a role in large coronary
      vasoregulation in the intact coronary circulation. Accordingly, we examined
      effects of endothelial removal on vasoconstrictor responses of the proximal
      coronary artery in anesthetized adult mongrel dogs. The left anterior descending
      artery was perfused at 100 mm Hg with arterial blood from a pressurized
      reservoir. Coronary diameter was measured continuously with 7-MHz sonomicrometer
      crystals attached to the adventitia of the artery. Fifteen minutes after
      mechanical disruption of the endothelium with a balloon-tipped catheter, baseline
      diameter was unchanged from a control value of 2.60 +/- 0.13 mm (mean +/- SE, n =
      17). Endothelial denudation resulted in a dose-dependent potentiation of the
      constrictor response to intracoronary 5-hydroxytryptamine (1-50 micrograms/min, n
      = 8). With the endothelium intact, a 5 micrograms/min infusion of 5
      hydroxytryptamine reduced diameter by 24 +/- 14 micron, while a 50 micrograms/min
      dose reduced diameter by 54 +/- 25 micron. After endothelial removal, the
      decrease in diameter averaged 74 +/- 18 microns at 5 micrograms/min and 132 +/-
      29 micron at 50 micrograms/min, indicating a 10-fold increase in the sensitivity
      to 5-hydroxytryptamine. The constrictor responses to angiotensin II (1 and 5
      micrograms/min, n = 7) and phenylephrine (1-5 micrograms/min, n = 7) were not
      altered by endothelial removal. Thus, endothelial removal selectively potentiates
      the constrictor responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in the intact coronary
      circulation of the dog.

PMID- 4006106
TI  - Role of afterload in determining regional right ventricular performance during
      coronary underperfusion in dogs.
AB  - The relationship between coronary perfusion pressure and regional myocardial
      performance of the right ventricular free wall was studied, in the presence or
      absence of right ventricular hypertension in 13 open-chest dogs. The right
      coronary artery was perfused through a shunt from a carotid artery. Regional
      systolic shortening of the right ventricular free wall was measured by means of a
      sonomicrometric technique at various levels of coronary perfusion pressure.
      Regional shortening was insensitive to coronary perfusion pressure or flow when
      it was above 31 mm Hg or 0.27 ml/min per g. Once coronary perfusion was below
      this critical level, regional shortening in both base to apex and circumferential
      orientations decreased linearly, depending on the degree of perfusion pressure.
      Despite the presence of a monoexponential relationship between coronary perfusion
      pressure or flow and regional shortening, a direct linear relation between
      perfusion pressure and flow was consistently noted, with or without pulmonary
      artery banding, suggesting that there is limited autoregulation of right coronary
      flow. The critical perfusion pressure for maintaining regional myocardial
      function of the right ventricle was highly dependent on the level of right
      ventricular systolic pressure (r = 0.64 - 0.72, P less than 0.05). Thus, right
      ventricular systolic pressure was one of the important determinants of regional
      wall motion during coronary underperfusion.

PMID- 4006107
TI  - [Relationship between the distribution of kala-azar and the natural landscape in
      the Nei-Monggol Autonomous Region].

PMID- 4006108
TI  - [Studies on the life histories of three species of heterophyid trematodes and
      metorchis orientalis Tanabe, 1921].

PMID- 4006110
TI  - [A clinicopathological analysis of 25 cases with liver alveolar hydatid disease].

PMID- 4006109
TI  - [Studies on the indirect haemoagglutination test using sensitized lyophilized
      erythrocytes for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis].

PMID- 4006111
TI  - [A study on the ELISA in the diagnosis of hydatid disease].

PMID- 4006112
TI  - [Changes in serum C4 and its significance in patients with late schistosomiasis
      japonica].

PMID- 4006114
TI  - [Preliminary studies on the karyotype of Euparagonimus cenocopiosus Chen, 1962].

PMID- 4006115
TI  - [Studies on the cultivation of the adult necator americanus in vitro].

PMID- 4006113
TI  - [Studies on the karyotype of Schistosoma japonicum].

PMID- 4006116
TI  - [Etiological study on paragonimiasis at the northern foot of Qinling Mountain,
      Shaanxi].

PMID- 4006117
TI  - [Experimental observation on the effectiveness of pirimiphosmethyl and
      decamethrin against Anopheles sinensis].

PMID- 4006118
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 119 cases of paragonimiasis szchuanensis].

PMID- 4006120
TI  - Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in patients with life-threatening
      ventricular arrhythmias: what is the significance of induced arrhythmias and what
      is the correct stimulation protocol?

PMID- 4006119
TI  - [Treatment and follow up of 50 cases of cerebral cysticercosis with
      praziquantel].

PMID- 4006121
TI  - Quantitative analysis of the high-frequency components of the signal-averaged QRS
      complex in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study.
AB  - We performed a prospective study of the high-frequency components of the terminal
      portion of the QRS complex in 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      (mean age 63 +/- 10 years) within 3.25 +/- 2.45 days of the acute event. Signal
      averaging (400 beats) at a filter setting of 80 to 300 Hz was performed and the
      duration of the low-amplitude signals of less than 40 microV in the terminal
      portion of the QRS, the root-mean-square (RMS) voltage of the terminal 40 msec of
      the QRS complex, and the total duration of the signal-averaged QRS vector complex
      were measured. The low-amplitude signals were abnormally prolonged in 22 of 50
      patients (44%); the RMS-V was abnormal (less than 20 microV) in 21 of 50 patients
      (58%), and the signal-averaged vector complex was abnormal (greater than 120
      msec) in 15 of 46 patients (33%) without bundle branch block. There was no
      significant correlation between any of the signal-averaged parameters and site of
      AMI or total creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB values. On the basis of the
      occurrence of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia in the acute and postcoronary
      care phase of AMI, the patients were divided into two groups. Group I consisted
      of 31 patients (62%) who had no documented ventricular tachycardia and group II
      consisted of 19 patients (38%) who had one or more runs of ventricular
      tachycardia. Fourteen of the 19 patients in group II (73.6%) had nonsustained
      ventricular tachycardia and five patients (26.3%) suffered sustained ventricular
      tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation or sudden death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4006122
TI  - Lysis of left ventricular thrombi with urokinase.
AB  - In 16 patients with recent myocardial infarction (3 to 12 week old) and with
      large left ventricular thrombi systemic thrombolysis with urokinase was
      performed. Left ventricular thrombi were diagnosed by two-dimensional
      echocardiography; in all patients the mural thrombus was located in the area of
      recent myocardial infarction. Each of three patients suffered an embolic episode
      before the initiation of thrombolytic therapy and the episode caused a stroke in
      one. Urokinase was infused intravenously at a rate of 60,000 U/hr for 2 to 8 days
      in combination with intravenous heparin (200 units/kg X 12 hr). Left ventricular
      thrombi were successfully lysed in 10 of 16 patients, as determined by two
      dimensional echocardiography. In four of the six remaining patients only partial
      thrombolysis was achieved and in two thrombolytic treatment failed. There was no
      evidence of embolic events during thrombolysis in any of the 16 patients. The
      success of thrombolysis seemed to depend on the age of the thrombus: the thrombus
      was dissolved in eight of nine patients undergoing thrombolysis within 4 weeks of
      the acute myocardial infarction vs in two of seven patients receiving treatment
      later (p = .057). The presence of a left ventricular aneurysm or depressed left
      ventricular function also appeared to reduce the likelihood of successful
      thrombolysis. All patients were discharged on oral anticoagulants. At 6 months
      follow-up (n = 9) no recurrence of left ventricular thrombus was found. These
      results show that left ventricular thrombi can be safely lysed by intravenous
      urokinase. However, for better definition of the risk and benefit of this new
      therapy further investigation is necessary.

PMID- 4006123
TI  - Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in coronary artery disease:
      effects of revascularization on exercise-induced ischemia.
AB  - Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function were studied before and after
      surgical revascularization in a group of 24 patients with stable angina who all
      had an excellent clinical response to surgery. With use of micromanometer left
      ventricular pressure measurements and ventricular volumes, calculated from
      biplane cineangiograms, left ventricular function at rest and during exercise
      before and after surgery was compared. Before surgery all patients had exercise
      induced ischemia with new asynergy, a fall in ejection fraction from 57% to 49%
      (p less than .001), and a rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 23
      to 37 mm Hg (p less than .001). Postoperative exercise resulted in no new
      asynergy and ejection fraction rose from 59% to 61% (p less than .05). Left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure still rose from 17 to 25 mm Hg (p less than
      .01). Left ventricular pressure decay during exercise was greatly improved after
      revascularization and allowed maintenance of reduced early diastolic pressures.
      The early diastolic pressure nadir before surgery rose from 9 to 21 mm Hg (p less
      than .001); the postoperative nadir was 5 mm Hg at rest and 6 mm Hg during
      exercise. All patients had an upward shift in the diastolic pressure-volume
      relationship during preoperative exercise. After revascularization there was no
      upward shift in some patients and a much smaller shift in others. The
      postoperative increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was due to
      increased end-diastolic volume, not altered compliance. There was an increase in
      mean right atrial pressure during exercise either before (6 to 11 mm Hg) or after
      surgery (4 to 10 mm Hg). These increases were quite variable, suggesting no
      consistent role of pericardial restraint during exercise. Early diastolic peak
      filling rate during exercise was greater after surgery (1260 vs 950 ml/sec, p
      less than .001). In fact, during postoperative exercise early diastolic filling
      rates were greater than normal, reflecting the persistence of abnormally high
      atrial pressures for filling. As at preoperative study, late diastolic filling
      during exercise was restricted after revascularization when compared with that in
      a control group. Postoperatively patients undergoing bypass procedures with a
      good clinical result showed significantly improved left ventricular diastolic and
      systolic function. Persistent elevation of end-diastolic and atrial pressures and
      other abnormalities of diastolic function may reflect chronic structural changes
      and need to be taken into account when evaluating patients after bypass surgery.

PMID- 4006125
TI  - Periodic procainamide for paroxysmal tachycardia.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of a single oral dose of procainamide to terminate
      paroxysmal tachycardia, when procainamide was taken shortly after onset of
      tachycardia, a regimen we have termed "periodic procainamide." In 12 patients
      (mean age 15 years) with non-life-threatening tachycardia (orthodromic
      reciprocating tachycardia, 8/12; ventricular tachycardia, 3/12; atrial flutter,
      1/12) in whom intravenously administered procainamide (15 mg/kg at 1 mg/kg/min)
      terminated tachycardia, efficacy of a single oral dose of procainamide (25 mg/kg)
      to terminate tachycardia was tested during electrophysiologic study. After oral
      administration of procainamide, tachycardia was terminated and could not be
      reinitiated in 11 of 12 patients (9/12 less than 75 min, 2/12 greater than 120
      min after administration). Time of tachycardia termination approximately
      coincided with the time of peak serum concentration of procainamide after the
      single oral dose. Delayed response or failure of procainamide to terminate
      tachycardia was associated with delayed and diminished peak serum procainamide
      concentration. After evaluation, 10 responders were instructed to take a single
      dose of procainamide when tachycardia occurred. During a mean follow-up of 9
      months (range 2 to 17) seven of 10 patients had an opportunity to use periodic
      procainamide on one to more than 100 occasions; four of 10 patients have not had
      recurrence of tachycardia. Tachycardia was successfully terminated in six of
      seven patients using the periodic regimen and could not be terminated on the
      first out-of-hospital use in one of seven patients. Success of periodic
      procainamide was predicted during evaluation by rapid termination of tachycardia
      after oral administration.

PMID- 4006124
TI  - Results of triple valve replacement in 91 patients: perioperative mortality and
      long-term follow-up.
AB  - Between 1961 and 1984, 91 patients underwent simultaneous triple valve
      replacement at the Mayo Clinic. Of the 273 prosthetic valves used, 77% were Starr
      Edwards. Perioperative (30 day) mortality was 24% to 27% between 1962 and 1974
      and 7% between 1975 and 1983 (p = .17). In patients with NYHA class IV symptoms,
      perioperative mortality was 44%, and in those with milder symptoms, it was 8% (p
      less than .0001). The median follow-up was 7.5 years (range, 6 weeks to 20
      years). Cumulative survival, which was calculated taking into consideration
      perioperative mortality, was 64% at 1 year, 55% at 5 years, 40% at 10 years, and
      25% at 15 years. Multivariate analysis identified preoperative functional class
      and age as predictors of late survival. Among causes of late mortality were
      sudden death in 32.5%, congestive heart failure in 15%, thromboembolism in 12.5%,
      prosthetic valve dysfunction in 7.5%, and infective endocarditis in 5%. Late
      complications included systemic emboli in 42% (embolic rate, 12.3 events per 100
      patient-years), bleeding in 22%, myocardial infarction in 16%, and infective
      endocarditis in 6%. Eight patients required reoperation for prosthetic valve
      dysfunction, and 12 patients had permanent pacemakers. Of the 29 patients still
      alive, 79% are in NYHA class I or II. In summary, perioperative mortality after
      triple valve replacement appears to be declining; long-term survival in 30 day
      survivors is similar to that after single valve replacement and excellent
      symptomatic improvement can be obtained, although morbidity is high.

PMID- 4006126
TI  - Comparative efficacy of transvenous cardioversion and pacing in patients with
      sustained ventricular tachycardia: a prospective, randomized, crossover study.
AB  - We performed a prospective, randomized crossover study to evaluate the
      comparative efficacy of transvenous cardioversion and rapid ventricular pacing
      for termination of induced ventricular tachycardia in patients with spontaneous
      ventricular tachycardia and organic heart disease. Sixty-two episodes of
      ventricular tachycardia were induced in 15 patients, mean age 60 +/- 10 years,
      during electrophysiologic studies. All patients underwent a preselected
      electrical therapy protocol in a randomized crossover sequence. Transvenous
      cardioversion was performed by an incremental protocol of three sequential shocks
      (0.5, 1.1, and 2.7 J). Six asynchronous sequential bursts of rapid ventricular
      pacing (10 and 15 paced stimuli at 90%, 75%, and 65% of ventricular tachycardia
      cycle length) were used. Mean cycle length of ventricular tachycardia for the
      study population was 391 +/- 85 msec. The morphology of the tachycardia was left
      bundle branch block in 27, right bundle branch block in 32, and indeterminate in
      three. Characteristics of ventricular tachycardia terminated by the two
      techniques were comparable. Rate of success for termination of tachycardia with
      the two methods was also comparable (transvenous cardioversion 83%, rapid
      ventricular pacing 80%; p greater than .1) and these responses were concordant in
      78%. The modes of termination of ventricular tachycardia were similar. The
      incidence of acceleration of ventricular tachycardia per episode with these
      preselected protocols was also comparable (transvenous cardioversion 11%, rapid
      ventricular pacing 6%; p greater than .2). Transient supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias were more frequent after transvenous cardioversion (23%) than
      after rapid ventricular pacing (3%). Significant patient discomfort occurred only
      after transvenous cardioversion (incidence of 57%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4006127
TI  - Atrial fibrillation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: incidence
      after surgical ablation of the accessory pathway.
AB  - The effect of surgical ablation of ablation of atrioventricular accessory
      pathways on the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson
      White syndrome was examined and the results of preoperative electrophysiologic
      testing were studied to determine factors predictive of outcome. Among 50
      consecutive surgical cases, 19 patients were identified with a past history of at
      least one episode of spontaneous atrial fibrillation documented by
      electrocardiogram before surgery. The mean number of episodes of atrial
      fibrillation was 1.97/patient/year during a mean symptomatic period of 6.9 years
      before surgery. These patients were compared with 19 consecutive patients
      undergoing surgery during the same time period who had a history of only
      reciprocating tachycardia. Patients with atrial fibrillation had a significantly
      shorter antegrade accessory pathway effective refractory period (270 +/- 39 vs
      330 +/- 107 msec; p less than .05) and much faster ventricular rates during
      induced atrial fibrillation (shortest RR interval 219 +/- 73 vs 294 +/- 60 msec,
      p less than .005; average RR interval 324 +/- 109 vs 405 +/- 127 msec, p less
      than .01). Patients with atrial fibrillation also had longer PA intervals (47 +/-
      13 vs 37 +/- 7 msec; p less than .02). At preoperative electrophysiologic
      testing, 18 patients with atrial fibrillation had atrial fibrillation induced and
      14 sustained the arrhythmia for longer than 10 min. In contrast, atrial
      fibrillation, although induced in 14 of 19 patients with reciprocating
      tachycardia, was not sustained in any. Thus electrophysiologic testing suggested
      that both accessory pathway properties and atrial vulnerability may predispose to
      atrial fibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006128
TI  - Efficacy and safety of transcatheter ablation of posteroseptal accessory
      pathways.
AB  - Eight patients with a posteroseptal accessory pathway and symptomatic atrial
      fibrillation and/or orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia underwent attempted
      transcatheter ablation of the accessory pathway. A quadripolar electrode catheter
      was positioned within the coronary sinus such that the proximal pair of
      electrodes straddled the os. This proximal pair of electrodes was made
      electrically common and connected to the cathodal output of a defibrillator. A
      patch electrode placed over the midthoracic spine was connected to the anodal
      sink of the defibrillator. Two to three transcatheter shocks were delivered, with
      a cumulative energy of 600 to 900 J. Immediately after the shocks were delivered,
      retrograde accessory pathway conduction was absent in each patient. Anterograde
      conduction through the posteroseptal accessory pathway was absent in six
      patients. In one patient, retrograde accessory pathway conduction was absent and
      anterograde conduction was present but was slower than at baseline. In this
      patient, orthodromic tachycardia was no longer inducible and the ventricular rate
      during induced atrial fibrillation was 150 beats/min, compared with 220 beats/min
      before the attempted ablation. He has remained asymptomatic without
      antiarrhythmic drug therapy for 18 months. In one patient, the transcatheter
      shocks had no long-term effect on accessory pathway conduction. The shocks
      delivered at the os of the coronary sinus were well tolerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006129
TI  - Day-to-day variations in inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmias during the
      late postmyocardial infarction phase in conscious dogs.
AB  - The inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmias was studied daily on days 3
      through 8 after experimental myocardial infarction in 15 conscious dogs. Although
      a sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia was produced on one or more occasions in
      11 of 15 dogs (73%), there was marked daily variation in the results of
      programmed stimulation. Ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular
      tachycardia was elicited in six dogs on day 3 after infarction. In two of these
      dogs, no sustained tachycardia could be induced by day 7. In nine dogs sustained
      ventricular arrhythmias were not inducible on day 3. By day 6 to 7, sustained
      ventricular tachycardia was inducible in five of these dogs. In clinical practice
      similar variation in the inducibility of sustained ventricular arrhythmias may
      conceivably complicate the use of results of programmed ventricular stimulation
      as determinants of risk of sudden death after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4006130
TI  - An enzyme histochemical study of human sinus node, coronary sinus, and mitral
      valve muscle.
AB  - An enzyme histochemical study of the sinoatrial node, the coronary sinus, and the
      atrial muscle extending into the anterior mitral valve was performed on human
      hearts. Investigation of the activity and localization of the structurally bound
      enzymes was performed by conventional histochemical techniques. Determination of
      the activity of nonstructurally or weakly structurally bound enzymes was
      performed by histochemical techniques in which leakage of enzymes during the
      incubation period was reduced by the application of semipermeable membranes. The
      sinoatrial node is characterized by a high degree of anaerobic enzyme capacity
      and a relatively low degree of aerobic enzyme capacity. The discriminatory nature
      of these reactions allows examination of the structure of the sinoatrial node and
      its approaches. The presence of transitional cells was confirmed; isolated
      clusters of nodal cells were found in the atrial myocardium around the sinoatrial
      node, but no evidence of specialized tissue forming the beginning of an
      internodal pathway was found by this technique. The specific histochemical
      reactions that characterize the sinoatrial node also occur in the atrial muscle,
      extending into the anterior mitral valve, the anterior wall of the coronary
      sinus, and the atrial tissue near the orifice of the coronary sinus. These
      observations seem to corroborate the hypothesis that arrhythmic ectopic foci can
      arise in these regions.

PMID- 4006131
TI  - The effects of premature stimulation of the His bundle on epicardial activation
      and body surface late potentials in dogs susceptible to sustained ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - Experiments were performed on 20 anesthetized dogs to determine the effects of
      premature stimulation of the His bundle on epicardial conduction and late
      potentials recorded on the body surface. Fifteen dogs underwent occlusion of the
      left anterior descending coronary for 2 hr followed by reperfusion, and five that
      did not undergo operation served as controls. Animals were studied 2 to 52 weeks
      after the induction of infarction, and four animals with infarction and four
      control animals exhibited no sustained arrhythmias in response to programmed
      ventricular extrastimulation. Five dogs with infarction and one control dog had
      ventricular fibrillation while the six remaining dogs had inducible sustained
      ventricular tachycardia. All animals with ventricular tachycardia had late
      potentials in the terminal portion of the signal-averaged body surface QRS
      complexes during sinus rhythm and QRS durations in the animals were 64 msec or
      greater. The voltage in the last 20 msec of the QRS complex was 13.5 microV or
      less and the duration of late activity below 30 microV was 18.2 msec or more.
      These values did not overlap values in animals with no inducible arrhythmias.
      Ventricular fibrillation was a nonspecific end point in these experiments and
      values overlapped those in animals with no arrhythmias and those with ventricular
      tachycardia. All animals with infarction and late potentials associated with
      their QRS complexes also had delayed and prolonged epicardial electrograms that
      extended into the time of the late potentials recorded from 45 standard sites in
      the infarcted regions. A single premature beat evoked by His bundle pacing
      (coupling interval of 192 to 270 msec) had no significant effect on late
      potentials or their relationship to epicardial activation in the area of infarct.
      However, changes in the durations of electrograms in response to premature beats
      were different in animals with infarction and ventricular tachycardia than in
      those with ventricular fibrillation. In animals with ventricular tachycardia,
      electrograms at 15 of 210 sites increased in duration by more than 10 msec while
      those at 61 of 210 sites decreased in duration. In animals with ventricular
      fibrillation, electrograms at 40 of 207 sites were of increased duration while
      those at 26 of 207 decreased. The decreases in duration were usually due to
      components of fractionated electrograms "dropping out" and likely represent local
      conduction block near the recording electrode.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4006132
TI  - Collateral conductance changes during a brief coronary occlusion in awake dogs.
AB  - Function of the coronary collateral circulation during the course of a single
      abrupt coronary occlusion was evaluated in awake dogs instrumented over the long
      term. Studies were performed approximately 2 weeks after collateral development
      had been stimulated in the dogs by partial stenosis of the proximal left
      circumflex coronary artery. The pressure drop from the central aorta to the
      distal circumflex coronary artery was measured continuously. Under control
      conditions and at 30 sec and 4 min of a single abrupt complete circumflex
      occlusion, myocardial blood flow was determined by a radioactive microsphere
      technique. Coronary collateral conductance was calculated as mean collateral
      blood flow divided by the mean drop in pressure. The following was noted in dogs
      that developed collateral vessels: during the coronary occlusion, mean distal
      circumflex coronary pressure increased from 42 +/- 9 to 49 +/- 10 mm Hg (p less
      than or equal to .01); mean collateral flow increased from 0.78 +/- 0.30 to 0.84
      +/- 0.33 ml/min/g (p less than or equal to .05); the endocardial/epicardial flow
      ratio increased from 0.77 +/- 0.36 to 1.04 +/- 0.25 (p less than or equal to
      .01); and the coronary collateral conductance increased significantly from 0.017
      +/- 0.017 to 0.021 +/- 0.021 (ml/min/g)/mm Hg (p less than or equal to .005).
      These data suggest that during a brief occlusion of a major coronary artery,
      immature coronary collateral channels do not reach maximal function immediately
      after the occlusion. Rather, coronary collateral conductance increases with time
      and may be associated with improved transmural perfusion of the myocardium.

PMID- 4006133
TI  - Effect of the combination of diltiazem and atenolol on exercise-induced regional
      myocardial ischemia in conscious dogs.
AB  - The effect of combination therapy with diltiazem and atenolol on the regional
      myocardial blood flow-function relationship was studied in eight conscious dogs
      with chronic coronary artery stenosis. An ameroid constrictor and hydraulic
      occluder were placed around the left circumflex coronary artery, sonomicrometers
      were implanted for measuring wall thickness in control and ischemic regions, and
      regional myocardial blood flow was measured with the microsphere method. Eighteen
      days (average) after surgery, resting regional myocardial function and blood flow
      were normal, but treadmill exercise induced severe regional myocardial
      dysfunction in the posterior wall (wall thickening during systole reduced from
      25.5% to 2.7%, a 90% reduction). Subendocardial blood flow decreased by 68% from
      the control standing value, while subepicardial flow increased. An identical
      exercise bout was performed 3 hr after administration of atenolol (1.0 mg/kg
      orally) and 15 min after administration of diltiazem (0.3 mg/kg iv). Heart rate
      during running was significantly lower as were left ventricular peak systolic
      pressure, end-diastolic pressure, and peak dP/dt. Wall thickening in the control
      region was not augmented during exercise after atenolol and diltiazem. There was
      less dysfunction in the ischemic region (35% reduction) and the improved
      performance was accompanied by a substantial increase in subendocardial perfusion
      (0.31 +/- 0.14 vs 0.61 +/- 0.30 ml/min/g, a 36% reduction from rest). Epicardial
      flow was unchanged, and the endocardial/epicardial ratio increased (0.27 +/- 0.13
      vs 0.62 +/- 0.29). Recovery time for regional wall thickening also improved. The
      beneficial effects of the combination of atenolol and diltiazem in a preparation
      of single-vessel chronic coronary stenosis were shown to be significantly greater
      than those of either drug alone.

PMID- 4006134
TI  - Risk factors for the development of prosthetic valve endocarditis.
AB  - Risk factors for the development of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) were
      analyzed in 2642 patients undergoing initial valve replacement at the
      Massachusetts General Hospital from 1975 to 1982. Follow-up was available for
      2608 patients (98.7%); the mean length of follow-up was 39.8 months. PVE
      developed in 116 patients (4.4%). The actuarial risk of PVE was 3.1% at 12 months
      and 5.7% at 60 months. A Cox model was used to identify risk factors for PVE.
      Recipients of multiple valves had a higher risk of PVE than single valves (p =
      .01). There was no difference in the risk of PVE for patients receiving aortic
      valves vs those receiving mitral valves. Recipients of mechanical valves had a
      higher risk of PVE than recipients of porcine valves in the first 3 months after
      surgery (p = .02), but the risk of PVE was higher for porcine valve recipients 12
      months or more after surgery (p = .004). Despite this difference in the time
      course of development of PVE, there was no significant difference in the
      cumulative risk of PVE by 5 years of follow-up between mechanical and porcine
      valve recipients. Male sex was a risk factor for PVE within 12 months of aortic
      valve replacement (p = .008) but not thereafter; sex did not influence the risk
      of PVE after mitral valve replacement. Older patients had a higher risk of late
      PVE after multiple (p = .04) or mitral valve replacement (p = .08), but not after
      aortic valve replacement.

PMID- 4006135
TI  - Transient enhancement of sympathetic nervous system activity by long-term
      restriction of sodium intake.
AB  - To further investigate the relationship between salt intake and sympathetic
      nervous system activity, the short- and long-term effects of a low-salt diet (40
      meq/day) were assessed in 10 normal subjects. Measurements of hemodynamic,
      hormonal, and other parameters were obtained on the day preceding institution of
      the low-salt diet (day 0) and on days 4, 7, 30, and 60 of the diet. Urinary
      sodium excretion was 178 +/- 10 meq/24 hr on day 0 and 31 +/- 4, 38 +/- 4, 45 +/-
      6, and 47 +/- 7 meq/24 hr on days 4, 7, 30, and 60, respectively (all p less than
      .001 compared with day 0). Blood pressure, urinary potassium, serum electrolytes,
      and cardiac function (as assessed by echocardiography) were not modified by the 2
      month low-salt diet. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were
      significantly elevated above control values throughout the entire period of the
      low-salt diet. In contrast, plasma norepinephrine concentration increased
      significantly only on days 4 and 7 (from 253 +/- 20 pg/ml on day 0 to 495 +/- 32
      pg/ml, p less than .001, and 347 +/- 22 pg/ml, p less than .05, respectively),
      returning to baseline at days 30 (280 +/- 18 pg/ml) and 60 (262 +/- 18 pg/ml).
      Changes in plasma epinephrine paralleled those observed for norepinephrine.
      Similarly, resting heart rate and the blood pressure response to isometric
      exercise were significantly increased only on days 4 and 7 of the low-salt diet.
      These results suggest that sympathetic nervous system activity is enhanced only
      transiently during a sustained reduction in sodium intake.

PMID- 4006136
TI  - Is hypertension more benign when associated with obesity?
AB  - To determine the effect of obesity on prognosis in hypertensive subjects, a
      population of 1727 men 50 to 79 years of age was dichotomized by baseline body
      mass index (less than 27 and greater than or equal to 27 kg/m2) and systolic
      blood pressure (less than 160 and greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg). After 9
      years of follow-up, age-adjusted all-cause, cardiovascular, and ischemic heart
      disease mortality rates were highest in the nonobese hypertensive subjects. The
      relative risk for mortality associated with a systolic blood pressure of 160 mm
      Hg or higher was significantly increased only in the nonobese group, with the
      largest difference in relative risk between obese and nonobese for ischemic heart
      disease. Results were consistent after separately excluding those with a history
      of heart disease, diabetes, current use of antihypertensive medication, and
      cigarette smoking, and those who died within 2 years of the baseline examination.
      When the independent effect of risk factors, including age, plasma cholesterol
      level, cigarette smoking, use of antihypertensive medication, and personal
      history of heart disease or diabetes was assessed with the Cox model, systolic
      blood pressure was a significant independent predictor of all-cause,
      cardiovascular, and ischemic heart disease death only in the nonobese subjects.
      We do not exclude an adverse effect of raised blood pressure in the obese.
      However, these data suggest that the prognosis is poorer in leaner hypertensive
      patients than in those who are overweight.

PMID- 4006137
TI  - Characteristics of vascular hydraulic load in patients with heart failure.
AB  - Aortic input impedance and hydraulic power were derived from simultaneous
      catheter recordings of ascending aortic pressure and velocity in eight normal
      subjects and 11 age-matched subjects with clinical heart failure secondary to
      idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy. Resting data revealed the characteristic
      depression of cardiac output and elevation of systemic vascular resistance in
      patients with heart failure. The pulsatile component of vascular hydraulic load,
      characteristic impedance (Zc), was similar in both groups (Zc normal: 85 +/- 30
      dyne-sec-cm-5; Zc cardiomyopathy: 93 +/- 33 dyne-sec-cm-5). The oscillatory
      fraction of aortic input power in patients with heart failure (14 +/- 4%) was
      also similar to that of normal subjects (11 +/- 2%). The transition from rest to
      exercise in patients with heart failure was marked by a decrease in the steady
      component of arterial hydraulic load, although characteristic impedance did not
      change. A similar qualitative response occurred in normal subjects, although the
      systemic vascular resistance during exercise remained above normal in patients
      with heart failure. The modulus of the first harmonic of impedance significantly
      decreased during exercise in normal subjects but did not change significantly in
      patients with heart failure. Furthermore, the modulus of the first harmonic of
      the reflection coefficient decreased significantly during exercise in normal
      subjects but did not change in patients with heart failure in spite of systemic
      vasodilation. Exercise appears to impose no additional increase in vascular
      hydraulic load on the ejecting left ventricle. The similar aortic characteristic
      impedances in patients with heart failure and in normal subjects, at rest and
      during exercise, are consistent with a constant oscillatory fraction of input
      power.

PMID- 4006138
TI  - Effect of the sympathetic nervous system on limb circulation and metabolism
      during exercise in patients with heart failure.
AB  - During exercise in patients with heart failure, activation of sympathetic
      vasoconstrictor nerves may impair vasodilation in active skeletal muscle and
      thereby interfere with skeletal muscle blood flow. To investigate this
      hypothesis, we examined the effect of acute alpha-adrenergic blockade with
      systemic administration of prazosin (10 patients) or regional administration of
      phentolamine (eight patients) on blood flow, vascular resistance, oxygen
      consumption (VO2), and lactate release in the leg during maximal bicycle exercise
      in patients with heart failure. During control exercise, systemic VO2 increased
      to 12.6 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg (normal greater than 20 to 25 ml/min/kg), leg blood
      flow to 2.8 +/- 1.8 liters/min, and leg lactate release to 362 +/- 256 mg/min.
      Prazosin decreased systemic vascular resistance (12.5 +/- 3.2 to 9.7 +/- 2.5
      units; p less than .003) and mean arterial pressure (101 +/- 20 to 87 +/- 22 mm
      Hg; p less than .002) at maximal exercise, supporting the presence of substantial
      sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity. Prazosin also decreased leg
      resistance during exercise. However, the magnitude of leg blood flow, leg oxygen
      extraction, and leg VO2 during exercise were unchanged, suggesting that
      vasodilation in the leg was produced by an autoregulatory response to the drop in
      blood pressure rather than by blockade of sympathetic vasoconstriction. Maximal
      systemic VO2 and leg lactate release were also not improved. Regional blockade
      with phentolamine did not substantially drop the arterial blood pressure and had
      no effect on vasodilation, blood flow, VO2, and lactate release in the leg during
      exercise. These data suggest that during exercise in patients with heart failure,
      the sympathetic nervous system helps to sustain arterial blood pressure and that
      this beneficial effect is not associated with adverse effects on blood flow to
      working skeletal muscle.

PMID- 4006139
TI  - The ratio of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total and low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol: age-related changes and race and sex differences in
      selected North American populations. The Lipid Research Clinics Program
      Prevalence Study.
AB  - The distribution of the ratios of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (HDL-C) to total cholesterol (TC) and of HDL-C to low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (LDL-C) are presented for 6900 white and 495 black examinees greater
      than 4 years old. Measurements were obtained during the visit 2 survey of the
      Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Program Prevalence Study, and correspond to a 15%
      random sample of 60,502 participants screened during the LRC visit 1 survey. Age
      specific means, medians, and selected percentiles are given by sex and by gonadal
      hormone use in white women. Apparent in these cross-sectional data was a
      consistent age-related decline in the ratio of HDL-C to TC for white male
      participants, from a mean of 0.360 in the age group 5 to 9 to a mean of 0.211 in
      the age group 50 to 54. Thereafter the mean ratio increased slightly. In white
      women not using gonadal hormones the age-related decline in the ratio was only
      evident starting at the age group 35 to 39, from which it declines from 0.329 to
      0.258 in the age group 55 to 59. White women using gonadal hormones showed very
      minor age-related changes in the HDL-C/TC ratio, varying around a mean of 0.300.
      The number of blacks examined was low and thus the racial comparisons must be
      interpreted with caution. For each gender, age-related trends were similar in
      black and white study participants. Black men, however, had a higher percentage
      of TC carried as HDL-C than white men in all age groups examined. Black women had
      a higher percentage of TC in HDL-C than white women only below age 20; in the
      adult age range no appreciable differences were seen. Pearson correlation
      coefficients between the lipid, lipoprotein, and lipoprotein ratios are
      presented. The ratio HDL-C/TC correlated highly with the ratio HDL-C/LDL-C
      (greater than 0.92 for all groups) and the former may be a more conveniently
      determined surrogate for the latter. Although not exhaustive regarding the
      information it conveys about a lipid pattern, the ratio HDL-C/TC has the
      advantage of summarizing complex associations into a single numerical
      approximation.

PMID- 4006141
TI  - Cardiology at a precipice.

PMID- 4006140
TI  - Atrial flutter: a synthesis of concepts.

PMID- 4006142
TI  - The delayed diagnosis of myocardial infarction: it took half a century!

PMID- 4006143
TI  - Local changes in myosin types in diseased human atrial myocardium: a quantitative
      immunofluorescence study.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibody groups were prepared from adult human atrial and
      ventricular myosin heavy chains. Using these two groups, we were able to identify
      two myosin variants in human atria and to classify human atrial fibers into alpha
      , mixed, or beta-fibers according to the reactivity of the two monoclonal
      antibody groups to alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chains of normal young and
      hypothyroid rat ventricles, respectively. The alpha-fiber percentage of the left
      atria in two normal human hearts was 15% higher than in the right atria. The
      auricles contained two to three times more alpha-fibers than beta-fibers, whereas
      the proportion was reversed in the crista terminalis. The mean fiber diameter of
      the alpha- and beta-fibers was 13.6 +/- 3 micron. A complete alpha- to beta-fiber
      transition was observed in all atrial regions of two hearts with severe
      ventricular myocardial infarction; a moderate alpha- to beta-fiber transition was
      observed only in the left atria of two hearts with primary congestive
      cardiomyopathy. The mean diameters of the two fiber types were significantly
      increased in all diseased hearts (19 +/- 3.8 micron). We hypothesize that
      pressure overload and increased wall tension successively induce an enlargement
      of the fiber diameter and an alpha- to beta-myosin transition.

PMID- 4006144
TI  - Factors that modify the flow response to intracoronary injections.
AB  - Coronary sinus flow (CSF) was measured in seven patients with normal coronary
      arteries (group A) during intracoronary injections of 6 ml arterial blood, 6 ml
      blood from the coronary sinus, 3 and 6 ml isotonic saline, 3 and 6 ml hypertonic
      glucose, and 6 ml of a contrast agent (sodium metrizoate). In 10 patients with
      coronary artery disease (group B), CSF was measured after administration of 6 ml
      isotonic saline, 6 ml sodium metrizoate, and 6 ml of another contrast medium
      (iohexol). In group A, arterial blood did not affect CSF, while coronary sinus
      blood induced a 33% increase. After 6 ml isotonic saline, there was a 35%
      increase in flow and after hypertonic glucose an increase of 70%. Metrizoate
      induced a rise in flow of 109%. In group B, the increase in CSF after
      intracoronary injection of saline, metrizoate, and iohexol was 30%, 83%, and 67%,
      respectively. Blood from the coronary sinus, in contrast to arterial blood,
      induced a marked rise in peak flow, suggesting a role for reactive hyperemia
      secondary to myocardial hypoxia in this response. A similar mechanism might have
      been operative after injection of isotonic saline, as well as after the
      hyperosmolar contrast agents. However, additional mechanisms mediated by the high
      osmotic pressure of these substances, such as induction of the Bezold-Jarisch
      reflex, which will induce coronary vasodilation, may have played a role. Finally,
      when hyperosmolar agents are used, the possibility of some direct vasodilating
      properties of the agents cannot be excluded.

PMID- 4006145
TI  - Coronary anatomy and left ventricular function in the first 12 hours of acute
      myocardial infarction: the Western Washington Randomized Intracoronary
      Streptokinase Trial.
AB  - The relationships among clinical variables, coronary anatomy, and left
      ventricular function during the early hours of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      were evaluated from data acquired in the Western Washington Intracoronary
      Streptokinase Trial. All patients had symptoms and electrocardiographic changes
      typical of AMI. All data were obtained before treatment with streptokinase. Mean
      time to catheterization was 4.1 hr after onset of symptoms. Coronary angiograms
      (n = 245) were analyzed for location of infarct-related occlusion and collateral
      flow to the infarct bed. Left ventricular ejection fraction and regional left
      ventricular function were quantitated in 227. Sixty-two percent of occlusions
      were in the most proximal segment of the involved coronary artery. Collateral
      circulation was seen in 42% overall, in 31% with left anterior descending artery
      (LAD) occlusion, and in 52% with right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion (p less
      than .005). Left ventricular ejection fraction was lowest and regional function
      was most abnormal in the group with proximal LAD occlusion. Hyperkinesis was
      present in 32%; in those with hyperkinesis, hyperkinetic segment length was
      longest in those with RCA or circumflex occlusion. Multivariate analysis
      identified proximal LAD occlusion as the factor most closely associated with left
      ventricular ejection fraction and with measures of left ventricular regional
      hypofunction. We conclude that (1) AMI is usually caused by occlusion or subtotal
      occlusion in the most proximal portion of the involved coronary artery, (2)
      collateral circulation is more frequent with RCA than with LAD occlusion, and (3)
      location of the infarct-related occlusion is the most important determinant of
      global and regional left ventricular function in the early hours of AMI.

PMID- 4006146
TI  - Validation of attenuation-corrected equilibrium radionuclide angiographic
      determinations of right ventricular volume: comparison with cast-validated
      biplane cineventriculography.
AB  - To determine the accuracy of attenuation-corrected equilibrium radionuclide
      angiographic determinations of right ventricular volumes, we initially studied 14
      postmortem human right ventricular casts by water displacement and biplane
      cineventriculography. Biplane cineventriculographic right ventricular cast
      volumes, calculated by a modification of Simpson's rule algorithm, correlated
      well with right ventricular cast volumes measured by water displacement (r = .97,
      y = 8 + 0.88x, SEE = 6 ml). Moreover, the mean volumes obtained by both methods
      were no different (73 +/- 28 vs 73 +/- 25 ml). Subsequently, we studied 16
      patients by both biplane cineventriculography and equilibrium radionuclide
      angiography. The uncorrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes were
      calculated by normalizing background corrected end-diastolic and end-systolic
      counts from hand-drawn regions of interest obtained by phase analysis for cardiac
      cycles processed, frame rate, and blood sample counts. Attenuation correction was
      performed by a simple geometric method. The attenuation-corrected radionuclide
      right ventricular end-diastolic volumes correlated with the cineventriculographic
      end-diastolic volumes (r = .91, y = 3 + 0.92x, SEE = 27 ml). Similarly, the
      attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular end-systolic volumes
      correlated with the cineventriculographic end-systolic volumes (r = .93, y = - 1
      + 0.91x, SEE = 16 ml). Also, the mean attenuation-corrected radionuclide end
      diastolic and end-systolic volumes were no different than the average
      cineventriculographic end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (160 +/- 61 and 83
      +/- 44 vs 170 +/- 61 and 86 +/- 43 ml, respectively). Comparison of the
      uncorrected and attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes
      demonstrated narrower 95% confidence intervals for the attentuation-corrected
      right ventricular volume determinations over a wide range of
      cineventriculographic volumes. Thus we conclude that: (1) attenuation-corrected
      radionuclide right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes compare
      closely with those obtained by a cast-validated biplane cineventriculographic
      method and (2) attenuation-corrected radionuclide right ventricular volumes
      correspond more closely to determinations of biplane cineventriculographic right
      ventricular volumes and are thus likely to be more accurate than uncorrected
      radionuclide right ventricular volumes.

PMID- 4006147
TI  - Frequency-dependent effects of verapamil on atrioventricular nodal conduction in
      man.
AB  - We sought to determine if verapamil induces frequency-dependent prolongation of
      atrioventricular nodal conduction in 10 consecutive patients studied in the
      electrophysiology laboratory. We used a maintenance infusion of verapamil
      designed to produce plasma concentrations of verapamil in the "therapeutic" range
      and that did not alter heart rate or blood pressure significantly. Frequency
      dependent prolongation of atrioventricular nodal conduction (AH interval) was
      demonstrated in all 10 patients (p less than .001), and no change in HV
      conduction time with decreasing cycle length was noted in any patients while
      receiving verapamil. Two patterns of use-dependent response were seen. In four
      patients frequency-dependent prolongation of the delta(AH) interval [delta(AH) =
      AHverapamil - AHcontrol at a given cycle length] was seen with each decrement in
      pacing cycle length. In six patients frequency-dependent prolongation of the
      delta(AH) interval was not manifest until the fifth to eighth pacing cycle length
      tested. There was no association between the pattern observed and the initial
      heart rate or AH interval. After an abrupt change in pacing cycle length, the
      kinetics of delta (AH) interval prolongation were rapid; equilibrium was achieved
      by five to eight pulses in all patients. There was no correlation between the
      magnitude of prolongation of the AH interval noted at a particular cycle length
      and the concentration of verapamil during the maintenance infusion. These results
      indicate that verapamil causes use-dependent prolongation of atrioventricular
      nodal conduction in man.

PMID- 4006148
TI  - Improvement in regional wall motion and left ventricular relaxation after
      administration of diltiazem in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - To assess the effect of diltiazem on left ventricular systolic regional wall
      motion and diastolic function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), 22
      patients underwent biplane left ventricular cineangiography before and after
      intravenous diltiazem (plasma concentration 154 +/- 12 ng/ml). Left ventricular
      and right ventricular pressures were measured by micromanometer-tipped catheters.
      Regional wall motion was assessed quantitatively with an area ejection fraction
      technique. Diltiazem decreased mean arterial pressure 11.5% (p less than .0001)
      and heart rate 6.8% (p less than .005); it increased cardiac index 8.8% (p less
      than .025) and global ejection fraction 9.1% (p less than .0001). However, left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased 14.2% (p less than .001) and the
      left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume (P-V) ratio decreased 8.8% (p less
      than .02). Diltiazem decreased the time constant of left ventricular relaxation
      by 14.3% (p less than .002), despite lack of change in the left ventricular
      diastolic P-V relationship, in 16 patients. Diltiazem caused a significant
      increase in area ejection fraction in 53% of hypokinetic areas supplied by
      diseased arteries compared with 13% of normokinetic areas supplied by diseased
      arteries (p less than .0001). Response of ejection fraction to diltiazem in areas
      supplied by normal coronary arteries was less (p less than .05) than that in
      hypokinetic areas supplied by arteries affected by disease. In conclusion,
      diltiazem improves regional wall motion abnormalities in patients with CAD and
      the improvement is associated with better left ventricular relaxation but not
      with a change in the diastolic P-V relationship. Global indexes of left
      ventricular systolic performance are favorably influenced by diltiazem, despite a
      mild negative inotropic effect.

PMID- 4006150
TI  - Accuracy of volume measurement by conductance catheter in isolated, ejecting
      canine hearts.
AB  - We evaluated the accuracy of the recently reported technique of estimating
      intraventricular volume by measurement of intracavitary electrical conductance in
      six isolated, ejecting, canine left ventricles. Left ventricular volumes were
      measured directly by a previously validated servosystem that employed an
      electroconductive balloon placed in the left ventricular cavity. The volume
      measured continuously by the balloon method (Vbal) was compared with that
      estimated by the conductance method (Vcath). For this test, the hearts were made
      to eject and fill physiologically by the use of a previously described computer
      simulated arterial loading system. Complex ejection and filling patterns were
      created by stimulating the atrium mechanically, which resulted in irregular
      arrhythmatic contractions spanning a wide range of volumes. We found that there
      was a highly linear relationship (r2 = .982 +/- .014) between Vbal and Vcath:
      Vcath = 0.82 (+/- .05) Vbal + 26.7 (+/- 11.8) ml. Despite the wide variation in
      the offset term of this relationship among the different hearts, the offset
      within a given heart was predicted within 3.5 ml by a previously detailed
      "dilution" method that is applicable to the heart in situ within a closed thorax.
      Thus, since the offset term is obtainable in situ, the conductance method
      provides a signal that is proportional to the actual volume. To determine whether
      right ventricular volume influenced the accuracy of left ventricular measurement,
      we compared the relationship between Vcath and Vbal obtained with right
      ventricular volumes of 0 and 30 ml. Increasing the right ventricular volume
      shifted the relationship upward by less than 3 ml in the working range.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006151
TI  - Cardiovascular medicine: opportunities for enhanced university-industry
      collaboration. November 1983, Newport Beach, California.

PMID- 4006149
TI  - Effects of propranolol and diltiazem alone and in combination on the recovery of
      left ventricular segmental function after temporary coronary occlusion and long
      term reperfusion in conscious dogs.
AB  - We evaluated the ability of propranolol and diltiazem alone and in combination to
      enhance the recovery of left ventricular (LV) segmental function during 1 month
      of reperfusion after two temporary occlusions of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery (LAD) in conscious dogs instrumented with ultrasonic crystals for
      the measurement of regional net systolic wall thickening (NET). LV segments were
      classified according to their contractile function after 1 hr of LAD occlusion:
      class 1, greater than 67% of preocclusion (control) NET; class 2, 0% to 66.9%;
      class 3, less than 0% (paradoxical systolic wall thinning). Propranolol (1 mg/kg
      iv) or diltiazem (20 micrograms/kg/min) was given 65 min after LAD occlusion in
      dogs that had 2 (group I) or 4 hr (group II) of LAD occlusion. Diltiazem plus
      propranolol (same doses) were given to another group of dogs that underwent 4 hr
      (but not 2) of LAD occlusion. Untreated control dogs received 25 ml of saline and
      underwent 2 or 4 hr of LAD occlusion. The NET of class 2 and 3 segments in group
      I control dogs increased significantly during 1 month of reperfusion, from 32 +/-
      5% and -43 +/- 6% to 66 +/- 9% and 26 +/- 9%, respectively (p less than .05).
      Neither diltiazem nor propranolol enhanced the long-term recovery of these
      segments in group I dogs. However, diltiazem prevented further deterioration of
      contractile dysfunction observed in control dogs immediately after reperfusion in
      both segment classes. The NET of class 2 segments in group II control dogs after
      4 weeks of reperfusion remained at levels observed during LAD occlusion: 30 +/-
      4% to 37 +/- 12%. Class 3 NET increased from -33 +/- 5% to 12 +/- 12% with 1
      month of reperfusion, but these segments were essentially akinetic. Propranolol
      or diltiazem alone did not produce significant overall increases in NET, but
      diltiazem again prevented further declines in NET of class 2 and 3 segments
      during early reperfusion. However, the combination of diltiazem and propranolol
      significantly enhanced overall recovery of class 2 NET in group II dogs (44 +/-
      3% to 88 +/- 7%) and prevented the worsening of NET associated with early
      reperfusion. Compared with untreated dogs, propranolol plus diltiazem also
      significantly decreased the extent of histologic necrosis in class 2 and 3
      segments as well as the macrohistochemically determined infarct size in group II
      dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4006152
TI  - Industry and academia in collaboration: the Pfizer experience.

PMID- 4006153
TI  - Principles of partnership in research.

PMID- 4006154
TI  - The pharmaceutical industry and academic medicine in collaboration.

PMID- 4006155
TI  - Educating physicians in the use of pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 4006156
TI  - The changing climate for cardiovascular research: stresses and opportunities.

PMID- 4006157
TI  - Academia-industry collaborative research programs--a legal perspective.

PMID- 4006158
TI  - Policy directions for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: implications
      for academia and industry.

PMID- 4006159
TI  - Institutional review boards and collaborations between academia and industry:
      some counterproductive policies and practices.

PMID- 4006160
TI  - Academic-industrial relations in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 4006161
TI  - Academia-industry dialogue: a step toward mutual understanding.

PMID- 4006162
TI  - A university administrator's view of academia--industry collaboration.

PMID- 4006163
TI  - Artificial anterior chamber made of rigid PMMA contact lenses.

PMID- 4006164
TI  - Contact lens hospital emergencies.

PMID- 4006165
TI  - Deposits on soft contact lenses of various water contents.

PMID- 4006166
TI  - Piggy-back fitting of contact lenses.

PMID- 4006167
TI  - Adverse effects of contact lens wear in a large Japanese population.

PMID- 4006168
TI  - The role of conjunctival mucus in contact lens fitting.

PMID- 4006169
TI  - Refractive keratoplasty: lathing and cryopreservation.

PMID- 4006170
TI  - Refractive keratoplasty: acute morphologic features.

PMID- 4006171
TI  - Hard contact lenses: where do we stand?

PMID- 4006172
TI  - An intraocular lens formula for short, normal and long eyes.

PMID- 4006173
TI  - Reduction of house dust mite allergen levels in the home: use of the acaricide,
      pirimiphos methyl.
AB  - House dust mite sensitivity is very common in patients with bronchial asthma, yet
      dust mite avoidance frequently receives little attention in clinical management.
      It is likely that any reduction in allergen levels associated with routine
      cleaning is insufficient to allow clinical improvement. In the present study the
      acaricide pirimiphos methyl is shown to reduce the levels of Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus, antigen P1 in homes. Following a single application the level of
      antigen P1 in dust from carpets was reduced by up to 73% and by more than 50% in
      soft furnishings. Serial sampling showed a reduction for 6 weeks under conditions
      where carpets and chairs treated with solvent showed a progressive rise in
      allergen level. Furthermore the survival of mites in cultures or infested carpet
      segments was markedly inhibited, with antigen P1 accumulation reduced by greater
      than 90%. These results suggest major reductions in house dust mite allergen
      levels in the home can be achieved.

PMID- 4006174
TI  - Allergy to guinea pigs: I. Allergenic activities of extracts derived from the
      pelt, saliva, urine and other sources.
AB  - Guinea pig-sensitive patients with asthma and rhinitis were skin test positive to
      extracts of several materials derived from guinea pigs. A radioallergosorbent
      test (RAST) was developed to measure serum IgE specific for the dander, urine,
      saliva and also for dust from the air-vent filters of a room housing guinea pigs.
      A strong correlation was found between positive skin test reactions, and raised
      serum IgE to these extracts. Furthermore, the relative allergenic potency of
      extracts was similar when determined by skin-prick testing and by inhibition of
      the RAST to guinea pig dust. Non-guinea pig-derived extracts such as the hay,
      sawdust and diet had negligible activity in skin testing and RAST inhibition; and
      preparations of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust and rat dust did not
      inhibit the RAST for guinea pig room dust. The guinea pig dust, dander, fur,
      urine and saliva were the more potent extracts; while whole pelt, faeces and
      serum were considerably less active. Extracts from different sexes were not
      appreciably different in potency. The results of skin testing, RAST and RAST
      inhibition suggest cross-allergenicity between the various extracts. Although
      material shed from the pelt may have been derived from saliva, or even urine,
      allergenic activities of urinary and salivary preparations were found to be less
      than those of the dander, fur or dust. This suggests that allergens have become
      concentrated on the pelt.

PMID- 4006175
TI  - Influence of food on the absorption of theophylline from a sustained release
      formulation (Somophyllin).
AB  - The bioavailability and absorption pattern of theophylline from a sustained
      theophylline sprinkle product (Somophyllin) were investigated in ten healthy
      adult volunteers both in fasting conditions and after a standardized solid meal.
      Theophylline given intravenously was used as a reference. The only effect of the
      meal was a statistically significant reduction in the rate of absorption of
      theophylline during the first 2 hr after medication. After that time food had no
      effect upon the absorption characteristics of the preparation and the
      bioavailability was complete after both fasted and fed intake of the product
      (96.1% and 105.9% respectively).

PMID- 4006176
TI  - Occupational asthma due to azobisformamide.
AB  - Azobisformamide is a low molecular weight agent used in the plastic industry as a
      foaming product. Two subjects with a history of work-related asthma in
      association with exposure to azobisformamide underwent specific inhalation tests.
      One subject developed an isolated late asthmatic response, whereas in the other a
      dual reaction was observed.

PMID- 4006177
TI  - Celery sensitivity: clinical and immunological correlations with pollen allergy.
AB  - The authors studied twenty patients with celery allergy and concomitant
      hypersensitivity to certain pollens (mugwort, birch). The specific symptoms
      induced by eating celery were attacks of urticaria and angio oedema (seventeen
      out of twenty) respiratory complaints (eight out of twenty), systemic anaphylaxis
      with vascular collapse (three out of twenty). A strong association between
      clinical reactions to celery and mugwort sensitization, and to a lesser degree
      between celery allergy and birch pollen sensitization was established. Celery
      allergy is mediated by IgE antibodies and can be easily diagnosed by cutaneous
      tests using fresh material and/or by adequate RAST test. RAST inhibitions
      performed on individual sera suggest the existence of common antigens in celery
      and mugwort, and in celery and birch pollen. However, the exact nature of these
      common antigens has not yet been determined.

PMID- 4006179
TI  - Interpretation of plasma lipid and lipoprotein measurements.

PMID- 4006178
TI  - Factors affecting the development of precipitating antibodies in workers exposed
      to contaminated humidifiers.
AB  - A total of 601 sera from groups of workers exposed to heavily and moderately
      contaminated humidifiers respectively were examined by the double diffusion test
      for precipitating antibodies to humidifier extracts. Clinical information was
      obtained using a standardized questionnaire. Skin-prick tests to control, to
      three common inhalant antigens and to an extract from the humidifier were
      performed in 103 subjects exposed to a heavily contaminated humidifier. In this
      environment a strong inverse relationship between current smoking and precipitins
      was detected (P less than 0.001). Pack years smoked had no bearing on precipitin
      level. In the larger study there was a clear dose response effect of smoking on
      precipitins. The effect of smoking appeared to reverse within 3 years. Duration
      of exposure also had a major effect on the development of precipitins with a
      clear 'dose response' again being seen in the larger study. These relationships
      did not apply in the groups exposed to moderately contaminated humidifiers.
      Levels of airborne antigen were measured using a competitive ELISA inhibition
      assay and were found to be much lower in sites with moderately contaminated
      humidifiers than at sites with heavily contaminated humidifiers. Our results
      suggest that the airborne antigen level is crucial in determining the pattern and
      strength of precipitin response in smokers and non-smokers exposed to
      contaminated humidifiers.

PMID- 4006180
TI  - Variability of plasma lipids and lipoproteins: the Jerusalem Lipid Research
      Clinic Study.
AB  - We examined the variability of lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in plasma
      from a population sample from the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic study.
      Coefficients of variation of about 8% for plasma cholesterol, 11% to 15% for low-
      and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, and about 30% for triglyceride were
      reported, both for 17-year-olds and adults examined twice, with a median period
      of two months between measurements. Stability was similar in a subsample of
      adults who had an additional measurement a median of 28 months later. Within
      assay analytical variation (CV) was 1.9-2.0% for cholesterol, 1.5-2.3% for
      triglyceride, and 4.5% for high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Between-assay
      variation was 3-5% for cholesterol and triglyceride and 10% for high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol. The lower stability of the lipoprotein fractions of
      cholesterol than of total cholesterol emphasizes the need for repeated
      measurements of these fractions for more accurate characterization of subjects,
      especially those with extreme values, both for clinical use and for predicting
      outcome in follow-up studies.

PMID- 4006182
TI  - Effects of some anti-inflammatory drugs on 12 blood constituents: protocol for
      the study of in vivo effects of drugs.
AB  - We investigated the in vivo effects of acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac,
      indomethacin, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen on the concentrations of various blood
      constituents. Total protein, glucose, calcium, and inorganic phosphate were not
      significantly affected by any of these drugs. Ketoprofen had no definite
      influence on any constituent. Acetylsalicylic acid induced an increase in
      cholesterol, triglyceride, and iron; albumin, uric acid, and creatinine decreased
      with ibuprofen therapy. Urea nitrogen increased in patients treated with
      diclofenac or indomethacin. Our protocol for the study of in vivo drug effects is
      discussed.

PMID- 4006181
TI  - On the natural history of hypergastrinemia.
AB  - We determined total gastrin and pepsinogen I in frozen serum samples from 175
      overnight-fasted women 54 years old, and from 81 overnight-fasted women 60 years
      old, who took part in a population study in 1968-69. We also assayed samples from
      some of these women, who participated in clinical follow-up studies in 1974-75
      and 1980-81: all of the women in the initial group whose serum gastrin
      concentration exceeded the 85th centile value and, as a reference group, a
      randomized subsample of women whose initial serum gastrin concentration was less
      than the 80th centile. Samples with total gastrin concentration greater than 400
      ng/L were also assayed for gastrin-17 and gastrin-34. We found that: a pronounced
      increase of serum gastrin persisted throughout the study period for most of these
      postmenopausal women, indicating that conversion of type A gastritis (antrum
      sparing) to pan-gastritis is uncommon; unexplained high concentrations of
      pepsinogen I in relation to the reference interval for young and middle-aged
      adults, as well as in relation to serum gastrin, were common; and the gastrin
      17/gastrin-34 ratio is not correlated with the outcome of pronounced
      hypergastrinemia.

PMID- 4006183
TI  - Liquid-chromatographic determination of chloride in sweat from cystic fibrosis
      patients and normal persons.
AB  - Chloride concentrations in sweat were measured by "vacancy liquid
      chromatography," a technique in which anions eluting from an ion-exchange column
      in the presence of an elution buffer which absorbs at 280 nm cause a decrease in
      absorbance proportional to the concentration of the anion. Less than 1 microL of
      sweat suffices for this analysis, which takes 5 min per sample. Results were
      comparable to those obtained by conventional titrimetric determination of
      chloride. Sweat from cystic fibrosis patients had higher (104 +/- 26 mmol/L)
      chloride concentrations than sweat from normal persons (16 +/- 7 mmol/L). This
      technique can be used in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 4006184
TI  - Interlaboratory evaluation of salicylate interference in colorimetric
      acetaminophen methods and its clinical significance.
AB  - Serum specimens with concentrations simulating an overdose of salicylate and
      acetaminophen were submitted to laboratories participating in an external quality
      control program, to evaluate both the magnitude of salicylate interference in
      colorimetric acetaminophen methods and the clinical significance of the
      interference. The apparent acetaminophen concentration determined by nitration
      methods was increased by about 0.70 mg/L per milligram of salicylate per
      deciliter. Of those laboratories using nitration procedures, 25% do not routinely
      correct for salicylate and 66% use the (incorrect) correction factor provided by
      a kit manufacturer. Laboratory data, as they would have been reported to
      physicians, were used to estimate the acetaminophen half-life and were also
      applied to a nomogram used to assess the probability of hepatotoxicity.
      Interference by salicylate in the simulated overdose of 10 g (total dose) of each
      drug falsely indicated impending hepatic necrosis unless the appropriate
      correction factor was used. Laboratories using nitration procedures should screen
      samples submitted for acetaminophen assay for the presence of salicylate and, if
      present, either use a method specific for acetaminophen or utilize a correction
      factor determined in-house.

PMID- 4006186
TI  - Determination of aluminum in bone by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
AB  - In developing this method for determination of Al in bone we paid special
      attention to the homogenization of bone samples, which presents great
      difficulties for trace-element analysis. To minimize the risk of contamination,
      we preferred low-temperature ashing over classical wet-digestion techniques for
      destruction of the organic material. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption
      spectroscopy is used for measurement of Al. For Al concentrations exceeding 15
      micrograms/g, direct standardization against a calibration line can be used
      (between-run CV, 5.9%). For Al concentrations within the normal range (less than
      15 micrograms/g) the standard-addition technique should be applied. Comparison of
      results by the method with those by a procedure based on extraction of Al with a
      saturated solution of EDTA revealed that, although the latter method gave
      considerably lower results for three of 13 samples, there was no statistical
      difference between results by the two methods.

PMID- 4006185
TI  - Rapid procedure for fecal porphyrin assay.
AB  - Hydrochloric acid extraction of feces in the presence of ether yields an extract
      suitable for spectrophotometric estimation of total porphyrin and for further
      separation by "high-performance" liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin-layer
      chromatography. A total porphyrin reference interval of less than 200 nmol/g dry
      weight of feces was established from data on 106 normal subjects on an
      unrestricted diet. Total fecal porphyrin values in 11 porphyria cutanea tarda
      patients were considerably higher than given by the widely used Rimington method
      (respective means, 652 and 239 nmol/g dry weight). Our HPLC method for separation
      of porphyrin methyl esters on a silica column, with quantification by
      fluorescence, is described. HPLC separations performed on 23 porphyria cutanea
      tarda patients gave the following mean proportions of total fecal porphyrins:
      dicarboxylics 21%, coproporphyrin 9%, isocoproporphyrins 28%,
      pentacarboxylporphyrin 9%, hexacarboxylporphyrin 11%, heptacarboxylporphyrin 18%,
      and uroporphyrin 4%.

PMID- 4006187
TI  - Activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes LD1 and LD2 in serum as determined
      by using an inhibitor of the M-subunit.
AB  - To measure activities of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) isoenzymes LD1 and
      LD2 in serum, we developed a method involving 1,6-hexanediol as specific
      inhibitor of the M-subunit. Addition of hexanediol, 0.6 mol/L, to five LD
      isoenzyme fractions purified from human liver and heart homogenates resulted in
      complete loss of activities of LD4 and LD5, and partial loss of LD2 and LD3. The
      activity of LD1, which is composed of the H-subunit only, was not affected. In
      studying what conditions would allow only the activities of LD1 or LD1 + LD2 to
      be expressed in serum, we found that the respective activities could be
      determined by treatment with hexanediol, 0.75 mol/L and 0.55 mol/L, respectively.
      Results of binding experiments and analytical-recovery tests supported the
      effectiveness of analyses with this inhibitor in determination of LD1 and LD1 +
      LD2 activities in serum. Results by this proposed inhibition method correlated
      well with those by the conventional electrophoretic method for determination of
      LD1 activity, but LD1 + LD2 activities by the inhibition method were a little
      less than those by the electrophoretic method, requiring some correction.

PMID- 4006188
TI  - Immunochemical properties of immunoglobulin G conjugated with lactate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - Quantitative binding affinities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) for the five isoenzymes
      of lactate dehydrogenase (LD; EC 1.1.1.27) were determined for IgG isolated from
      three patients' sera that contained LD-IgG complexes. These three IgGs formed
      soluble complexes with four (LD 1, 2, 3, 5) of the five LD isoenzymes in two of
      the patients and in the third they bound with three (LD 2, 3, 4) of the five LD
      isoenzymes without inhibiting the enzyme activity or precipitating with the
      enzyme molecules. When rabbit antibody to human IgG was added to these sera, the
      complexes between the LD isoenzymes and the patients' isolated IgG were
      completely precipitated. The equilibrium constants for the respective isolated
      IgG complexes with LD-3 were 0.102, 2.58, and 7.49 X 10(8) L/mol. In these three
      cases, LD-3 evoked the strongest response from the prepared IgG, demonstrating
      that the site of antigen recognition of LD-linked IgG was not associated with the
      structure of individual H and M subunits.

PMID- 4006189
TI  - "Total" acidic metabolites of catecholamines in urine as determined by hydrolysis
      with hydriodic acid and liquid chromatography: application to patients with
      neuroblastoma and melanoma.
AB  - We describe a method for determining the "total" excretion of acidic metabolites
      of catecholamines by measuring 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) formed by
      hydriodic acid hydrolysis of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA), 4
      hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA), and their conjugates. The DOPAC in the
      diluted hydrolysate is measured directly by liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection. Normal values, expressed in relation to excretion of
      creatinine, vary as a function of age. For healthy subjects, the mean DOPAC value
      after hydrolysis was 1.15 times that for unconjugated HVA, VMA, and DOPAC
      combined. Preliminary results for patients with neuroblastoma and melanoma
      indicate the potential usefulness of the method for diagnosis and prognosis of
      patients with neural crest tumors that produce dopa or catecholamines.

PMID- 4006190
TI  - Influence of autoantibodies to creatine kinase-BB on assays for MB isoenzyme.
AB  - We describe the influence of autoantibodies that bind creatine kinase BB (CK-BB)
      on the methods for MB isoenzyme. If these autoantibodies are present in patients'
      sera, they cause the formation of macro CK type 1 (immunoglobulin-linked CK-BB).
      In some of these cases they can bind not only endogenous CK-BB but also CK-MB
      without significantly affecting enzyme activity. Although these antibodies show
      distinctly less affinity for CK-MB than for CK-BB, they nevertheless bind CK-MB
      in these particular sera, because their concentration exceeds that of CK-BB
      isoenzyme. If a person with such autoantibodies has an acute myocardial
      infarction, the immunoinhibition method for CK-MB, which does not discriminate
      between CK-MB and CK-BB, will recognize the increase and peak of CK-MB with time,
      although persistent macro CK activity will be superimposed on the typical
      isoenzyme pattern. However, isoenzyme electrophoresis and recently introduced
      immunoenzymometric assays for CK-MB in these cases may be less sensitive for
      detecting myocardial infarctions, because the typical increase in CK-MB activity
      may be identified later in the progression of symptoms, or even be missed.

PMID- 4006191
TI  - Determination of propranolol in plasma by radial compression liquid
      chromatography with fluorometric detection.
AB  - This radial compression liquid-chromatographic assay for propranolol in plasma is
      rapid, reproducible, and suitable for use in routine monitoring. A 10-micron
      particle, 8 mm X 10 cm CN cartridge is used in conjunction with a radial
      compression separation system. The mobile phase is monobasic sodium phosphate (pH
      3) solution/methanol/acetonitrile (760/84/156 by vol), the flow rate 6 mL/min.
      Propranolol was detected by use of a spectrofluorometer equipped with a 20-microL
      flow-through cell, at excitation and emission wavelengths of 250 and 336 nm. The
      retention times for propranolol and metoprolol (the internal standard) are 3.13
      and 1.42 min, respectively. A one-step extraction with chloroform yields "clean"
      chromatograms, with greater than 90% of the drug being analytically accounted
      for. Under these conditions, results are precise and accurate. Currently we are
      using this method to monitor propranolol in hypertensive neonates. Data on
      changes in the concentrations of propranolol in plasma with time are presented
      for one such patient.

PMID- 4006192
TI  - Improved preparation of cholesterol calibration and control sera.
AB  - We prepared several serum batches with various cholesterol concentrations, to be
      used as calibrators and controls in a proficiency testing program of an
      organization in The Netherlands that is in charge of the standardization of
      cholesterol determinations for epidemiological purposes. The sera were of human
      origin, to avoid abnormal matrix effects. To decrease the cholesterol content in
      some samples, we adsorbed them onto colloidal silicic acid. To increase it, we
      added lipoproteins that had been precipitated from human serum with heparin and
      calcium ions. The precipitation method we used allowed us to dilute the serum as
      little as possible and to keep the final concentrations of calcium and heparin as
      low as possible, while maintaining a high cholesterol content. By mixing these
      sera having high and low cholesterol concentrations, we could prepare batches
      with any desired concentration. The stabilities of these sera were excellent. We
      used the sera to calibrate enzymic determinations of cholesterol.

PMID- 4006193
TI  - A cost-effective system for performing therapeutic drug assays. I. Optimization
      of the theophylline assay.
AB  - We have developed a cost-effective system for performing drug assays by using the
      COBAS BIO centrifugal analyzer and EMIT reagents. With the theophylline assay as
      a model, we were able to optimize both instrument and chemical parameters to
      allow assay of 2470 samples with a 100-test EMIT kit. This decreased current
      reagent costs from +2.00 per test for the Syva manual method to 9 cents per test
      for our proposed method. Within-run and between-run CVs are typically less than
      3% and 6%, respectively.

PMID- 4006194
TI  - A cause of discrepancy between values for urinary protein as assayed by the
      Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 method and the sulfosalicylic acid method.
AB  - In simultaneous assays of urinary proteins by the Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250
      (CBB) and the sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) methods, we noticed that about 18% of
      samples showed about twice higher protein values by the former method than by the
      latter. Some urinary proteins are soluble in SSA and react with CBB. Examinations
      with sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that these
      proteins migrated in 13 protein bands having relative molecular masses ranging
      from 15 000 to 230 000. The protein corresponding to the most intensely stained
      band in urine samples from the patients studied (with malignant tumors, renal
      disorders, etc.) had an Mr of 45 000; that in the pattern for healthy subjects
      had an Mr of 94 000. The former was identified as alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, the
      latter as Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein.

PMID- 4006195
TI  - Liquid-chromatographic determination of propisomide and its mono-N-dealkylated
      metabolite in plasma and urine.
AB  - We describe a "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic assay for simultaneously
      determining propisomide and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite in plasma and
      urine. After extraction with dichloromethane at alkaline pH, the unchanged drug,
      its metabolite, and the internal standard are separated by liquid chromatography
      on a reversed-phase column and the absorbance of the eluate is measured at 254
      nm. Selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility are excellent. Results are
      similar to those by gas chromatography for propisomide but, in addition, the
      metabolite can be simultaneously measured in the same clinical sample. We also
      report results by this method for blood and plasma samples from a volunteer
      receiving a single 200-mg dose of propisomide.

PMID- 4006196
TI  - Determination of serum triglycerides by an accurate enzymatic method not affected
      by free glycerol.
AB  - In this automated single-run enzymatic procedure for specific determination of
      triglycerides in serum, free glycerol is removed from the reaction mixture by pre
      incubation with glycerol phosphate oxidase and peroxidase. The subsequent
      addition of lipase and the chromogen, 4-aminoantipyrine, results in the formation
      of color proportional to the amount of triglycerides in serum. Standards
      containing triolein in aqueous detergent are used to calibrate the method. For
      serum pools from the Centers for Disease Control with target values of 0.74,
      1.41, and 2.63 mmol/L, the method produced biases of +0.01, -0.05, and 0.00
      mmol/L, respectively (mean: -0.01 mmol/L or -0.4%). The mean coefficient of
      variation was 1.4% within and 2.5% between days; the combined CV, 2.9%. Ninety 6
      microL serum samples can be analyzed per hour. The method is more accurate and
      precise than one based on an NADH-coupled enzyme system with separate addition of
      lipase.

PMID- 4006198
TI  - Crystals in bone marrow.

PMID- 4006197
TI  - Urinary creatine: biochemical indicator for evaluation of sickle cell crises.
AB  - In a patient with known sickle cell beta 0-thalassemia we measured serum lactate
      dehydrogenase (LD) activity and 24-h urinary creatine excretion rate as markers
      to evaluate sickle cell crises. We believe that a distinction based on
      biochemical findings can be made between hemolytic and painful vaso-occlusive
      sickle cell crises with muscular involvement. To assess hemolytic crises by
      objective biochemical measures, we have used assay of LD activity, and to assess
      painful crises with muscular involvement objectively, the 24-h urinary creatine
      excretion rate. We conclude that hemolytic crises are characterized by high serum
      LD activities. Furthermore, we conclude that--at least in this patient--painful
      crises are accompanied by high 24-h urinary creatine excretion rates. Our
      findings suggest that muscle involvement may play an important role in painful
      vaso-occlusive sickle cell crises.

PMID- 4006199
TI  - Technique for handling fragile or large DALT gels.

PMID- 4006200
TI  - Improvement of a commercial affinity chromatography method for determining
      glycated albumin.

PMID- 4006201
TI  - Effect of serum-separating gels on progesterone assays.

PMID- 4006202
TI  - Netilmicin determination with a gentamicin kit.

PMID- 4006203
TI  - Minimizing the effect of digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in immunoassays
      for digoxin in neonatal serum.

PMID- 4006205
TI  - NMR evidence for multi-component spin lattice relaxation time in a case of
      cryoglobulinemia.

PMID- 4006204
TI  - Effect of ascorbic acid on leukocyte esterase and hemoglobin test strips.

PMID- 4006206
TI  - Poor correlation between erythrocytic 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity
      and blood lead concentration in a group of eleven-year-old children.

PMID- 4006207
TI  - Digoxin determination in the uremic patient: three immunoassays compared.

PMID- 4006208
TI  - Interference by luteal-phase progesterone in a commercial kit for measurement of
      17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone.

PMID- 4006209
TI  - Serum theophylline assay by Ames Seralyzer compared with Abbott TDx in pediatric
      care.

PMID- 4006210
TI  - Differences between measurements of free thyroxin in serum from siliconized and
      nonsiliconized tubes are influenced by analyte concentration.

PMID- 4006211
TI  - Manganese concentration in the hair of greying ("salt and pepper") men
      reconsidered.

PMID- 4006212
TI  - Estrogen and progesterone receptor content in breast tumor cytosols calculated
      with a pocket calculator.

PMID- 4006213
TI  - Measurement of free triiodothyronine in serum in the presence of autoantibodies
      to it.

PMID- 4006214
TI  - Atypical CK and cardiac surgery: further comments.

PMID- 4006215
TI  - Another lactate dehydrogenase IgA complex in serum.

PMID- 4006216
TI  - Urinary tract stones in immobilized children.

PMID- 4006217
TI  - Single-stage percutaneous extraction of renal calculi.

PMID- 4006219
TI  - Pediatric bacterial endocarditis. Long-term follow-up.

PMID- 4006218
TI  - Irvine H. Page lecture 1981. The lesions of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 4006220
TI  - Presumptive evidence of cardiac rheumatoid nodules assessed by two-dimensional
      echocardiography. A preliminary report.

PMID- 4006221
TI  - Teenage suicide.

PMID- 4006222
TI  - The initial case at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation of the automatic implantable
      cardioverter-defibrillator and review of the literature.

PMID- 4006224
TI  - Urinary albumin radioimmunoassay using a solid phase second antibody and solid
      phase albumin iodination.

PMID- 4006223
TI  - Necrolytic migratory erythema-like dermatitis with malabsorption.

PMID- 4006225
TI  - Failure of Pavulon to consistently provide adequate EMG attenuation for recording
      electrocerebral inactivity.
AB  - It is important for the electroencephalographer to consult regularly and closely
      with the clinician ordering EEGs. This is particularly true in the relatively
      specialized area of recording for confirmation or support of the clinical
      impression of brain death. In the instances when a record is being run primarily
      to confirm the absence of electrocortical activity, it is clearly possible that
      artifact may be so high in the recording that such a determination is difficult
      or impossible. A particular artifact of concern is that of persisting muscle
      potential. As demonstrated in the cases above, this can be promptly eliminated
      with the use of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine chloride (Anectine). Often
      the use of pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) at a level that causes an equal clinical
      relaxation, leaves residual electrical muscle potentials that continue to make
      interpretation of the EEG difficult, if not actually impossible with any degree
      of certainty.

PMID- 4006226
TI  - 'Normal' and 'abnormal' crossed asymmetry in monocular visual evoked potentials.
AB  - To restate the above, in the population of 29 normal subjects tested by us,
      'normal' crossed asymmetry occurred in one-fifth on the FVEP study and in none on
      the PSVEP study; this 'normal' crossed asymmetry was always undirectional, larger
      Wave III being contralateral to the stimulated eye. Deviations from these
      observations, namely a larger Wave III ipsilateral to the stimulated eye, or a
      crossed asymmetry of P100 on the PSVEP study are probably examples of 'abnormal'
      crossed asymmetries. However, a 'normal' crossed asymmetry may occur in some
      abnormal situations as well, e.g. diseases and syndromes with optic misrouting as
      noted earlier.

PMID- 4006227
TI  - The auditory brainstem response in surgical monitoring: the pathological
      significance of a reduced P1-P5 interwave interval.
AB  - The present case has provided material from which interesting observations can be
      made. The initial effects of CN VIII compression were a sudden increase in the
      latency of P1 that occurred 40 minutes prior to large changes in the latencies of
      the P3 and P5 components. It is possible that the blood supply to the cochlea was
      initially compromised. This vascular deficit may have affected the basal cochlea,
      which is also sensitive to the effects of noise exposure and ototoxicity. Later,
      when P3 and P5 showed large increases in latency, it is possible that the
      vascular compromise was affecting the entire cochlea, or that compression of CN
      VIII was beginning to impose a substantial deficit in neural transmission. The
      present observations underscore the need to be vigilant to changes in both the P1
      and P5 components of the ABR. A paradoxical shortening of the P1-P5 interpeak
      interval beyond normal laboratory limits should be interpreted as reflecting the
      presence of significant high frequency hearing loss. The amount of time wherein
      it is safe not to take corrective measures is unknown, and therefore, action
      should be taken as soon as this phenomenon is observed.

PMID- 4006228
TI  - Possible potentiation of suicide risk in patients with EEG dysrhythmias taking
      oral contraceptives: a speculative empirical note.
AB  - In a study of 160 female psychiatric patients aged 14 to 48, the possibility that
      increased suicide risk may be associated with combined paroxysmal EEG dysrhythmia
      and recent oral contraceptive use is offered for speculative heuristic purpose.
      The retrospective cross-sectional method with limited samples does not permit
      firm conclusions or generalization beyond these data. Additional support of these
      empirical associations by further study could be pragmatically valuable in
      helping to identify an important clinical subgroup of high potential suicide
      risk.

PMID- 4006229
TI  - Brainstem auditory evoked potential in antisocial personality.

PMID- 4006230
TI  - Computerized spectral analysis of the interictal EEG in epilepsy.
AB  - Eight seizure patients without encephalopathy, frequent seizures, brain lesion,
      or medication intoxication had significant slowing of alpha-frequency activity,
      as compared to nonepileptic controls, that was evident in compressed spectral
      analysis but not in standard EEG. Those patients with cognitive or behavioral
      problems or taking more than one antiepileptic medication had a greater degree of
      slowing. Differences between seizure patients with and without cognitive or
      behavioral symptoms, and between specific antiepileptic drugs, were suggested but
      could not be assigned significance due to small numbers. The findings suggest
      that interictal changes in brain function that are not revealed by standard EEG
      may relate to observed changes in interictal behavior and cognition, and that
      computerized spectral analysis of the interictal EEG may be of value in the
      assessment of seizure patients before and during therapy.

PMID- 4006231
TI  - The success of EEG in confirming epilepsy--revisited.
AB  - This study was designed to re-examine the question of how sensitive the first EEG
      is in confirming a definite seizure disorder. Patients (358) with a diagnosis of
      "epilepsy" were randomly selected and their EEGs reviewed. An abnormal EEG was
      found in 84% (epileptiform paroxysms in 77-82%), while 16% had a normal tracing.
      However, after careful review with up to 7 years of follow-up, slightly more than
      1/2 of those with a normal EEG did not actually have epilepsy, 1/4 did and in the
      remaining 1/4 insufficient information was available for a definite diagnosis.
      The incidence of normal records among patients with definite epilepsy then fell
      to 4.7%. With the evaluation of additional patients with "epilepsy" and a normal
      EEG (200), a similar distribution was found. The final diagnosis for the group
      without seizures was a behavioral-psychiatric condition in 1/4, syncope in 1/5
      and pseudoseizure in 1/6.

PMID- 4006232
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and hypertension. A satellite symposium to
      the 10th annual meeting of the International Society of Hypertension. Stresa,
      Italy, June 24 & 25, 1984.

PMID- 4006233
TI  - Mechanisms of blood pressure variability in man.
AB  - This paper will touch on three points derived from the studies our group has
      performed by means of continuous 24 hour blood pressure recording in humans. The
      first point will concern a description of the factors involved in the production
      of spontaneous blood pressure variability and in particular of our evidence that
      the magnitude of this phenomenon depends on arterial baroreflexes but also, and
      perhaps to a larger extent, on central modulation of the cardiovascular system.
      The second point will deal with the differences in blood pressure variability we
      have observed in subjects with normal and high blood pressure. Finally, the third
      point will briefly address the changes in blood pressure variability that take
      place with ageing.

PMID- 4006234
TI  - Definition of normalcy in whole-day ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - In this study we have performed 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitorings in
      age-matched normotensive and hypertensive male subjects. The data have been
      analyzed in an attempt to define standards for the clinical use of ambulatory
      blood pressure monitoring in the diagnosis of hypertension. The data were
      analyzed with respect to possible differences in the averages of the whole-day,
      daytime and nighttime blood pressures, and differences in the prevalence of
      abnormal blood pressures between the two groups. A considerable overlap was found
      between the two groups with respect to the various blood pressure averages. The
      overlap in blood pressures occurred in fewer patients for diastolic than for
      systolic blood pressure, and less often when nighttime pressures were considered.
      Hypertensive men showed on average a greater incidence of abnormal blood
      pressures than normotensive subjects. However, nine of the normotensive control
      subjects showed more than 25 percent of abnormal readings of systolic or
      diastolic blood pressures during a 24-hour recording period. In contrast, fewer
      than 25 percent of abnormal blood pressure readings were found in 9 of the
      hypertensive patients. The data reported here may help to better define the use
      of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring techniques in the diagnosis of
      hypertension.

PMID- 4006235
TI  - Role of ambulatory blood pressure recording in the diagnosis, prognosis, and
      management of hypertension.
AB  - Methods for recording and analyzing ambulatory blood pressure are reviewed. Some
      of the problems with these techniques are discussed. Some recommendations are
      made for ways in which future research may may contribute to the use of
      ambulatory recording for clinical and epidemiological research.

PMID- 4006236
TI  - Reliability and validity of ambulatory blood pressure recording in children.
AB  - We investigate whether ambulatory BP (aBP) recording in children reflects
      situational variations and whether aBP depicts the impact of heightened
      cardiovascular reactivity under mental challenge, and gender on changes in BP.
      Results of 19 aBP protocols (2 to 7.30 p.m. after school; 30 min intervals) in 86
      children, performed during 2 years of follow-up show that repetitive ambulatory
      blood pressure (aBP) recording reflects the great variability of environmental
      stimuli in children. Mean aBP is highly correlated with self-reported physical
      activity. Systolic aBP correlates with cardiovascular changes under mental
      arithmetic and - to a lesser degree - during bicycle exercise. Ambulatory BP
      recording is a sensitive method to detect the influence of hyperreactivity and
      gender on BP development in children at the age of 10-13 yrs.

PMID- 4006237
TI  - The role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of adolescent
      hypertension.
AB  - We performed 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a group of
      adolescents with hypertension induced by dynamic exercise and a group of
      normotensive controls. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed using a
      Del-Mar Avionics PIII recorder with readings taken every 7 1/2 minutes. There was
      little inter-individual variation in mean hourly blood pressure and the
      difference between mean hourly readings was not significant in hypertensives.
      Mean 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure was 130.2/80.7 mmHg for hypertensives and
      115.2/70.8 in normotensives. Mean 24-hour variability was 18.3/12.9 mmHg in
      hypertensives and 14.6/11.5 in normotensives. There was no significant change in
      blood pressure or variability between day-time and evening for hypertensives.
      Normotensives showed a significant reduction in both BP and variability compared
      to hypertensives. In adolescents with systolic hypertension, ambulatory blood
      pressure monitoring confirmed a failure to reduce blood pressure following
      routine activity. This technique maybe used as a predictive marker of early,
      adult essential hypertension.

PMID- 4006239
TI  - Vascular hypertrophy in borderline hypertension: relationship to blood pressure
      and sympathetic drive.
AB  - While borderline hypertension increases the chance for cardiovascular disease,
      most with borderline hypertension will not experience problems. Thus, the risk of
      intervening probably outweighs benefit for the majority. However, those with
      target organ damage are probably at higher risk and might benefit from more
      aggressive management. Therefore, we assessed vascular hypertrophy and average
      home blood pressures in patients with borderline hypertension which might be of
      value in therapeutic planning. Minimum forearm vascular resistance (mFAVR) was
      used as an index of vascular hypertrophy. Comparing ten normotensive controls to
      twenty individuals with borderline hypertension revealed a significant difference
      in mFAVR (1.7 +/- 0.06 vs 2.1 +/- 0.1, p less than .05). There were obvious
      differences in blood pressure between normotensives and borderlines which
      contributed to differences in mFAVR. However, within the group with borderline
      hypertension, no relationship was apparent between mean blood pressure and mFAVR,
      r = 0.13, NS. Among the borderline hypertensives, baseline plasma norepinephrine
      correlated with mFAVR, r = 0.48, p less than .05, suggesting that the sympathetic
      nervous system contributes to vascular hypertrophy in this group. In a separate
      group of individuals with nine normotensives and nine borderline hypertensives we
      wished to find if average home blood pressure would correlate better with mFAVR
      than a single laboratory measurement. While both the home (r = 0.56, p less than
      .05) and laboratory (r = 0.66, p less than .01) MBP correlated significantly with
      mFAVR, the data did not confirm the hypothesis that the average home blood
      pressures would better predict the degree of vascular hypertrophy. These data
      show that a substantial proportion of patients with borderline hypertension have
      evidence for vascular hypertrophy, sympathetic drive might contribute to vascular
      hypertrophy in borderline hypertension, average home blood pressures did not aid
      in separating those with and without evidence for vascular hypertrophy.

PMID- 4006238
TI  - Blood pressure variability and hemodynamic response to stress in patients with
      paroxysmal elevation of blood pressure.
AB  - Blood pressure variability during 24 hours and hemodynamic response to stress
      were studied in essential hypertensive patients, displaying paroxysmal
      hypertension and pheochromocytoma-type symptoms (PH). Hemodynamics at rest, in
      response to mental arithmetic, bicycle ergometer exercise or the cold together
      with baroreflex sensitivity were not different between these patients and other
      essential hypertensives (EH). Average waking systolic blood pressure was lower
      but variabilities of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were greater in
      PH than in EH. During sleep, these differences disappeared. Thus, the greater
      variability in blood pressure seen only in waking PH patients cannot be estimated
      from the hemodynamic patterns at rest and is not likely to be related to an
      excessive response to stress or impaired baroreflex.

PMID- 4006240
TI  - Shortcomings of office blood pressures in assessing antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - The antihypertensive effect of different agents was investigated in patients with
      essential hypertension both at the clinic and in the ambulatory state using the
      semi-automatic Remler M2000 blood pressure recorder. In 7 patients treated for 4
      weeks with a transdermal therapeutic system delivering clonidine, blood pressures
      measured at the physician's office were not significantly decreased whereas blood
      pressures recorded during patients' customary daily activities were markedly
      reduced. In an additional study performed in double-blind fashion, the blood
      pressure lowering effect of timolol (10-20 mg/d, n = 14) and of methyldopa (250
      500 mg/d, n = 16) were compared. These agents were given for 6 weeks in
      association with a baseline diuretic therapy of hydrochlorothiazide and
      amiloride. When assessed at the clinic, the antihypertensive effect of timolol
      and methyldopa was similar. During ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, however,
      pressure levels were lower (p less than 0.05 for the diastolic) in the patients
      given timolol. These data indicate that blood pressure monitoring outside the
      clinic makes it possible to detect important differences in the response to
      antihypertensive therapy even though, based on office blood pressure readings, no
      significant change occurs. It appears therefore desirable to include ambulatory
      blood pressure recordings in the design of drug trials.

PMID- 4006241
TI  - Real time detection of significant blood pressure events in ambulant subjects.
AB  - A typical twenty-four hour continuous ambulatory blood pressure (BP) record
      demonstrates many marked, apparently spontaneous blood pressure spikes. Awareness
      of such BP fluctuations may help determine their causative mechanisms and lead to
      improved applications of conscious learned control of BP (Biofeedback). A
      microprocessor device has been constructed to monitor direct arterial blood
      pressure in real time and to compile a profile history of the BP and heart rate
      (HR). When the BP level exceeds a threshold based on the BP history, an audio
      signal prompts the subject, who is then able to record the current physical and
      emotional status. Alternatively, a combination of the parameters (SBP,DBP,HR) may
      be used to determine the threshold criteria. A decision table determines whether
      each parameter should lie above, below or within the threshold region. Triggering
      will occur only if a predefined relationship has occurred. The device will aid in
      the detection and interpretation of significant BP events occurring during a 24
      hour recording as well as in the application and assessment of biofeedback
      control of blood pressure.

PMID- 4006242
TI  - Problems involved in automatic blood pressure monitoring.

PMID- 4006243
TI  - Comparison of blood pressure machines.
AB  - After examining published papers and our own experiences we suggest some simple
      guidelines for future studies which compare sphygmomanometers. The sample should
      be stratified to cover a wide range of blood pressures. Observers should measure
      pressures using a balanced cross-over design under standard conditions. Data
      should be shown on a scatterplot to allow visual estimation of bias, variability
      of readings and non-linear relationships. Statistical analyses if universally
      applied would allow comparison of studies. We suggest the use of the following
      common methods; the mean of the differences between paired readings with standard
      deviation, linear regression with both zero and non-zero intercepts and analysis
      of variance.

PMID- 4006244
TI  - Methods of improving the accuracy of ambulatory BP and EKG recordings.
AB  - Methods have been developed for ambulatory BP and EKG recording on the Medilog
      4/24 which provide much better accuracy and signal quality than the system
      currently in use. The BP signal is recorded digitally, at 20 samples/sec. and can
      be replayed on existing equipment with the addition of a compatible decoder
      module. The EKG is recorded on FM carrier, and this also can be replayed with a
      compatible decoder module replacing the direct mode replay module normally used.

PMID- 4006245
TI  - Electrocardiogram blood pressure and systolic time intervals long term monitoring
      in ambulant patients.
AB  - Ambulatory monitoring of the intra arterial blood pressure (IBP), through the
      Selyg-Oxford System, has been used so far primarily for studies on hypertension.
      Aim of our study is to explore the possibility of obtaining from IBP indications
      useful to extend its field of application. The study will investigate: the
      usefulness of the continuous monitoring of the systolic time intervals (STI),
      measured from IBP as ventricular performance indicators, the increasing of
      specificity of the ECG allowed by the simultaneous beat by beat estimate of the
      STI's, the possibility of achieving the same information from non invasive
      peripheral pressure transducers. In this paper we are presenting the results
      obtained from the combined analysis of the STI's, ECG and IBP in a first series
      of 13 patients, selected out of 50 on the basis of the highest number of episodes
      of IBP variations, to allow the evaluation of the algorithms performances in
      severe conditions.

PMID- 4006246
TI  - Possibility of cardiac output monitoring from the intra-arterial blood pressure
      profile.
AB  - A method for estimating cardiac output (CO) from the intra-arterial blood
      pressure profile ("contour method") was tested in 8 patients: 6 with essential
      hypertension, 1 with a pheochromocytoma and 1 with orthostatic hypotension. CO
      (1/min) was derived by the following formula: PSA (1+St/Dt) X HR 10(-3), where
      PSA is the area under the systolic portion of the pressure curve, St is the
      systolic and Dt the diastolic time, X is a correction factor, HR is the heart
      rate and 10(-3) is a conversion factor from ml/min to 1/min. The "contour method"
      was compared to the thermodilution CO method. The correlation between the 2
      methods was highly significant: the r value in all patients during different
      conditions (supine, tilt, dynamic and static exercise) ranged from 0.91 to 0.97
      with an intercept close to 0 and a slope close to 1. These results indicate that
      CO is properly measured from the intra-arterial blood pressure profile by the
      "contour method". A continuous hemodynamic monitoring can be derived applying the
      "contour method" to the intra-arterial blood pressure profile obtained with the
      Oxford technique.

PMID- 4006247
TI  - The Florence Children's Blood Pressure Study. A chronobiological approach by
      multiple self-measurements.

PMID- 4006248
TI  - The amount of monitoring time required in determining a blood pressure profile.
      The way we used to reduce artifacts influence.

PMID- 4006249
TI  - Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and arrhythmias by non-invasive methods
      in hypertensive patients treated with metoprolol.
AB  - Non-invasive ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and ECG was employed to
      assess the 24-hour profile of blood pressure and arrhythmias in 20 out-patients
      aged 31-69 years. The technique was further used to measure the therapeutic
      response to 100 mg once daily of the cardioselective beta-blocker metoprolol. The
      basal ambulatory examinations revealed that all 20 patients had a mean 24-hour
      blood pressure of greater than 160/90 mm Hg, corresponding to a mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) of greater than 113 mm Hg. In 16 of the 20 patients (80%) the mean
      24-hour MAP was reduced to below 113 mm Hg. Addition of diuretics in the
      remaining four patients further decreased the mean 24-hour MAP to less than 113
      mm Hg, which confirmed by a third ambulatory examination. The ECG recordings in
      the initial ambulatory study revealed severe degrees of ventricular arrhythmias
      in 7 patients. After treatment with metoprolol, all of them presented an improved
      ECG picture.

PMID- 4006250
TI  - Interest of ambulatory blood pressure, exercise test recordings and
      echocardiographic measurements, in borderline arterial hypertension.

PMID- 4006251
TI  - Data analysis of long-term blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - Long-term blood pressure monitoring provides a large quantity of data with a wide
      inter-individual or inter-group variability. The conventional "mean/standard
      deviation" approach to data analysis is a relatively insensitive instrument for
      detecting circadian differences in blood pressure profile, mainly because the
      mean and the variability around the mean are processed separately. The proposed
      Standardized Systolic and Diastolic Scoring (SSDS) method enhances the analytical
      possibilities. Preliminary evaluation of the SSDS method using data obtained in
      an anti-hypertensive drug trial suggests clinical relevance.

PMID- 4006252
TI  - Comparison of two automatic devices and the standard mercury sphygmomanometer in
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - The standard mercury sphygmomanometer (SMS) and two automatic blood pressure
      recording devices, Dinamap 845 (D) and Sentron (S), were compared by means of a
      randomized 3-period cross-over experiment. Both devices recorded diastolic BP
      lower than SMS, on average and for most individual patients. Systolic BP was
      similar for SMS and S, and slightly lower for D, with variations for individual
      patients. A second study failed to detect effects of the physician's presence
      when BP was measured, whereas the difference between D and SMS was substantially
      confirmed.

PMID- 4006253
TI  - Ambulatory BP monitoring after acute administration of slow release nifedipine,
      alone or in combination with acebutolol, in systo-diastolic and in systolic
      hypertension.
AB  - Ambulatory monitoring of BP was performed in 11 patients whose 6 suffering from
      systo-diastolic (group 1) and 5 from systolic hypertension only (group 2) by
      Pressurometer III Del Mar Avionics after placebo (P), slow release Nifedipine
      (srN) 20 mg b.d. and srN plus Acebutolol (A) 400 mg in the morning, administered
      in 3 different days according to a randomized scheme. In both group we observed a
      significant decrease of BP after srN during 24 hrs, but in pts. of the group 2
      the reduction of systolic BP was prevalent. After administration of srN+A the
      decrease of BP was more consistent in both groups of pts. HR showed a reflex
      increase in both groups of pts. after srN, antagonized by A, especially in pts.
      of group 2. Variability of BP considered as difference between the min and max
      levels of BP during 24 hrs decreased significantly with both treatments, while
      variability calculated as mean of the standard deviations and as coefficient of
      variability did not show significant changes in both groups of pts.

PMID- 4006254
TI  - The value of home blood pressure monitoring in the assessment of the efficacy of
      timolol in the management of hypertension.

PMID- 4006255
TI  - Computer analysis of cardiovascular activity in conscious unrestrained
      hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain.
AB  - A new computerized technique was developed for the continuous analysis of intra
      arterially recorded blood pressure (BP) curve in freely moving rats during long
      periods of time. For each cardiac cycle 5 parameters were calculated on-line and
      stored. Off-line processing allowed graphical display and statistical analysis.
      This technique demonstrated that 21 week-old genetically hypertensive rats from
      the Lyon strain (LH) exhibited higher and more variable BP and dp/dt max. with a
      lower heart rate than normotensive (LN) and low blood pressure (LL) controls. LL
      rats differed from LN by a slightly higher systolic and a lower diastolic BP.

PMID- 4006256
TI  - The intraarterial blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of patients with
      dizziness and/or fainting.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring has been extensively utilized, so far,
      for studying BP profile and hypotensive treatment in arterial hypertension. In
      this paper, preliminary data will be reported from a clinical study on the
      possible contribution of the combined ECG and BP monitoring in clarifying
      mechanisms of dizziness in patients with multiple or complex cardiovascular
      problems. Results are shown of three patients with ischaemia, arrhythmias and/or
      episodes of hypotension, and of three patients with borderline hypertension and
      marked fluctuations of BP.

PMID- 4006257
TI  - Absence of alarm reactions with use of non-invasive blood pressure monitoring
      devices.
AB  - We have previously shown that blood pressure measurement by a doctor or a nurse
      is often accompanied by an alarm reaction and a marked blood pressure rise which
      leads to an overestimation of patients' daily blood pressure. To determine
      whether this phenomenon occurs to some extent also during automatic or
      semiautomatic measurements of blood pressure, we have studied 20 subjects in
      which blood pressure was recorded invasively for 24 hours by the Oxford method.
      During the day time of the recording the arm contralateral to the one used for
      the invasive procedure was equipped with a non-invasive blood pressure recorder
      (Vita-Stat 901) the blood pressure measurements being performed automatically (2
      hours) or semiautomatically (2 hours) at intervals of 10 minutes. The analysis of
      the intra-arterial blood pressure trace during the periods preceding and
      following the beginning of the cuff inflations that started the non-invasive
      measurements showed that these procedures had caused no increment in systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure. In nearly all subjects this applied not only to the
      mean data for all automatic or semiautomatic measurements, but also to the
      individual observations including those made in the first part of each 2 hour
      period, when the emotional component might have been greater. It can be concluded
      that non-invasive blood pressure monitoring does not induce an alarm reaction and
      a blood pressure rise either when performed automatically and semiautomatically.
      Thus this approach does not overestimate patients' blood pressure, which adds to
      its reliability for the diagnosis of hypertension.

PMID- 4006258
TI  - Reliability of indirect blood pressure monitoring for the evaluation of
      hypertension.
AB  - To assess the reliability of the Del Mar Avionics indirect blood pressure (BP)
      monitoring system 15 hypertensive patients were concomitantly studied with the
      intraarterial Oxford system. During daytime a statistically significant
      correlation was found between the BP values obtained with the two systems. On the
      contrary during the night this correlation in most cases was not significant.
      However the histograms of the between-method differences were similar during the
      day and the night, showing that the Del Mar Avionics Pressurometer (P) performs
      equally well throughout the 24 hours. It is concluded that the P is reliable for
      continuous indirect BP monitoring and suitable for the evaluation of the efficacy
      of antihypertensive treatments.

PMID- 4006259
TI  - Computer analysis of continuous direct blood pressure recording.
AB  - Blood pressure signals recorded continuously in ambulatory patients using the
      Oxford system were analyzed by an IBM 370 computer in order to obtain beat by
      beat systolic and diastolic blood pressure along 24 hour blood pressure
      recordings. The analogical-digital conversion of the signal and the analysis of
      the sphygmogram are presented and discussed. Synthesis of the several thousands
      data obtained in 24 hour recordings and plotting of the data for clinical
      purposes and pharmacological studies are also reported.

PMID- 4006260
TI  - Temporal analysis of blood pressure by ambulatory 24 H blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - In order to study the circadian rhythm of BP in man, we performed 24-hour non
      invasive BP on 15 hospitalized patients. Each subject was monitored twice, with
      an interval of 24-48 h between the two monitorings. In 14 of the 15 subjects MBP
      showed a statistically significant circadian rhythm. The curve fitted by the
      single cosinor method to the mean of the first rhythmometric measurements
      performed on all 15 subjects was characterized by an acrophase at 12.53, an
      amplitude of 4.68 mmHg and a mesor of 87.49 mmHg. The same parameters for the
      second rhythmometric measurements were: acrophase at 13.57, amplitude 4.1 mmHg
      and mesor 88.35 mmHg. In both cases, overall circadian rhythm resulted to be
      similar in all the subjects (p less than 0.01). Multivariate analysis of variance
      showed that each subject has his own characteristic circadian rhythm. Our
      findings support the hypothesis of a identifiable circadian rhythm of BP in man.

PMID- 4006261
TI  - Sympathoadrenal responses to stress: the linking of type A behavior pattern to
      ischemic heart disease.
AB  - This report is an analysis of the findings of blood pressure, pulse rate,
      adrenergic and noradrenergic responses to laboratory and clinical stresses in
      subjects according to Type A and Type B behavior patterns. Thirty-three
      experiments of Type A - B cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses to a
      variety of laboratory stressors were identified. Twenty-nine of these were
      analyzed and the data of 20 were pooled to give mean values for the percentage
      increments of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse rates, and plasma
      levels of NE and E for Type A vs B patients respectively; (15 +/- 2 vs 10 +/- 1,
      P less than .05; 13 +/- 1 vs 8 +/- 1, P less than .02; 19 +/- 2 vs 13 +/- 2, P
      less than .05, 60 +/- 11 vs 19 +/- 8, P less than .02; and 106 +/- 45 vs 23 +/-
      12, P less than .1). Seventy-five percent of the analyzed experiments provided
      evidence for heightened cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responsivity in Type A
      subjects. NE and E appear to be hormonal intermediates which play a lethal role
      in ischemic heart disease. Neutralization of neural tone may be an important goal
      in the therapy of hypertensives with Type A behavior pattern.

PMID- 4006262
TI  - The erythrocyte sodium-potassium cotransport in hypertensive patients: advantages
      and limitations.
AB  - The Na-K cotransport activity was measured in erythrocytes of 123 normotensive
      and 92 hypertensive patients, using the methodology described by Dagher and
      Garay. Large overlap of the values obtained in the two populations is observed,
      in such a way this laboratory test cannot be applied for the discrimination
      between primary and secondary hypertension. Moreover, the abnormalities described
      for the Na-K cotransport do not appear specific for primary hypertension. In this
      study, the influence of hypertensive heredity, but also obesity on this
      cotransport system could not be demonstrated. However, this transport activity is
      significantly decreased in patients with chronic renal failure, during treatment
      with oestro-progestatives or during the oestrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle.
      These data strongly suggest that the cotransport activity could be modified not
      only by the hypertensive familial predisposition but also by environmental and
      hormonal influences.

PMID- 4006263
TI  - The effect of topical phenylpropanolamine on nasal secretion and nasal airway
      resistance after histamine challenge in man.
AB  - The effect of topically administered phenylpropanolamine (PPA) on nasal secretion
      and nasal airway resistance (NAR) was evaluated in a placebo controlled double
      blind cross-over study in 10 healthy subjects. The nasal secretion was collected
      in hankerchiefs and weighed. NAR was measured by anterior rhinomanometry and the
      degree of nasal blockage, secretion and the number of sneezes were registered in
      a score. PPA (25 mg/ml) significantly reduced nasal secretion, NAR and the degree
      of blockage and so PPA may be useful as a topical nasal decongestant.

PMID- 4006264
TI  - Tornwaldt's bursa.
AB  - Tornwaldt's bursa results from the embryological relationship of the notochord to
      the developing foregut. Its embryology and anatomical location is separate from
      Rathke's pouch which is the primordial anterior hypophysis. Trauma and subsequent
      inflammation of the defect leads to a complex of symptoms known as 'Tornwaldt's
      disease' which may be quite confusing to the clinician. Appropriate therapy which
      includes excision or marsupialization of the cyst will provide complete relief of
      the symptoms. The embryology, anatomy and therapy of this entity are discussed in
      detail. Other abnormalities which may mimic Tornwaldt's disease are described
      along with an embryological and histological differentiation.

PMID- 4006265
TI  - Tracheal airway obstruction: a custom made tracheostomy tube.
AB  - Tracheal obstruction is encountered in primary malignancy of the trachea and
      invasion or compression from extrinsic lesions. No commercially available
      tracheostomy tube can be suitable for all cases. A flexible cannula of adjustable
      length can be produced from universally available anaesthetic equipment.
      Intubation is facilitated by the use of fibreoptic endoscopy.

PMID- 4006266
TI  - Juvenile stapedectomy.
AB  - Stapedectomy in children has long been regarded as taboo and published accounts
      of this surgery in this age group are few. This paper presents a small series of
      29 stapedectomies in patients aged 21 or less; 19 for otosclerosis, 10 for other
      pathologies associated with stapedial fixation. The results on the otosclerotic
      group (17 [89%] success, 2 no change, 0 sensorineural loss) were comparable with
      stapedectomy in adults. The results in the non-otosclerotic group (5 better, 2 no
      change, 3 sensorineural losses) were not satisfactory, and stapedectomy for
      stapedial fixation caused by conditions other than otosclerosis cannot be
      recommended in this age group.

PMID- 4006267
TI  - Low density lipoprotein receptor activity in cultured skin fibroblasts from octa-
      and nonagenarians.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity determined as association or
      degradation of 125I-LDL at 37 degrees C, was measured in cultured skin
      fibroblasts from 48 elderly, independent subjects (84-95 years old). Data
      concerning these subjects were compared with those from a reference group of 27
      younger, healthy subjects (5-64 years old) and 23 heterozygotes for familial
      hypercholesterolemia (9-67 years old). The median (10th-90th percentile)
      association and degradation value for the older subjects were 294 (172-535) ng
      125I-LDL/mg protein/6h and 191 (99-376) ng 125I-LDL/mg protein/6h, respectively.
      These values did not differ significantly from the corresponding values in the
      normal subjects (296 (60-491) ng 125I-LDL/mg protein/6h and 171 (99-275) ng 125I
      LDL/mg protein/6h, respectively). Thus, maximal LDL receptor activity in
      fibroblasts from the older subjects seems to be comparable to that of younger,
      healthy controls. However, the elderly subjects had markedly higher values for
      total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol than the normal controls. There was a
      significant increase in LDL receptor activity with age in the normal controls.
      Such an increase was not found in heterozygotes for familial
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 4006268
TI  - Chromosome analysis in 100 cases of first trimester trophoblast sampling.
AB  - The cytogenetic findings in 20 experimental and 80 diagnostic cases of first
      trimester trophoblast biopsy are presented. All samples were obtained between the
      8th and 13th week of gestation with the direct vision, trans-cervical technique.
      Except when fetal sexing because of X-linked disease was the issue, long-term
      culture with in situ preparation was the method routinely employed in processing
      the biopsies for cytogenetic analysis. In 78 of the 80 clinical cases and in all
      reported experimental cases we were successful in establishing a karyotype from
      the sampled tissue. Unbalanced karyotypes were found in two experimental and six
      clinical cases. Tetraploidy was found in one clinical case, but was not confirmed
      in subsequently sampled amniotic fluid cells. In another clinical case, we were
      unable to confirm in the aborted placenta the trisomy 18 found in the trophoblast
      biopsy. In the rest of the induced abortions in the clinical series, the
      karyotype arrived at prenatally has been confirmed, and the 27 babies so far born
      have been healthy and with phenotypic sex corresponding to the prenatal findings.
      Six women have miscarried after sampling; in one of these cases the fetus had the
      karyotype 47,XX, + 13.

PMID- 4006269
TI  - Increased frequency of the apolipoprotein E-4 isoform in male subjects with
      multifactorial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - The apoE polymorphism was studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in serum
      samples from 62 male subjects with multifactorial hypercholesterolemia and from
      63 normal subjects. The apoE-4 isoform was significantly more frequent (p less
      than 0.02) among the hypercholesterolemic subjects than among the
      normocholesterolemic controls.

PMID- 4006270
TI  - Effect of folic acid treatment in the fragile X syndrome.
AB  - The effect of folic acid intake on the frequency of fragile X positive cells and
      some behavioural characteristics were evaluated in 5 boys and 4 adult males with
      the fragile X syndrome. The expression of fragile X was nullified in 6 and
      decreased in 3 of the 9 patients. Behavioural and motor ability were considered
      to have improved in 4 of the 5 boys but not in the 4 adults with fragile X
      syndrome.

PMID- 4006271
TI  - Manifestation of the lines of Blaschko in women heterozygous for X-linked
      hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
AB  - For the detection of the carrier state of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal
      dysplasia, sweat pore counts on fingertips or palms have been used in the past.
      The results obtained, however, were sometimes difficult to interpret. We here
      describe a more reliable method, using the entire back as a test area. We provide
      evidence that the distribution of sweat pores in carriers is not simply patchy.
      In four heterozygous women we were able to demonstrate a linear distribution of
      hypohidrotic areas. This pattern followed the lines of Blaschko, forming a
      typical V-shape over the spine. Apparently, these lines reflect the dorsoventral
      outgrowth of two functionally different populations of cells during early
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 4006272
TI  - X-linked Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type V; the next generation.
AB  - Two English families with the X-linked form (Type V) of the Ehlers-Danlos
      syndrome (EDS) who were investigated almost 20 years ago have been re-studied. In
      one family, the potentially heterozygous sister of 3 affected brothers had born
      two sons, of whom one has EDS. The 3 brothers had all procreated, producing a
      total of 2 sons and 3 daughters, all of whom are clinically normal. These
      pedigree data provide further evidence to support the syndromic identity and X
      linked mode of inheritance of this form of the EDS. In the second family, two
      affected brothers had both procreated; one had produced three normal offspring,
      while the other had a son with soft extensible skin and a daughter with articular
      hypermobility. The syndromic status of this kindred is uncertain. Serum copper
      and ceruloplasmin concentrations in affected males and obligate carrier females
      in both families were normal. Cytogenetic investigations, including high
      resolution banding, yielded normal results.

PMID- 4006273
TI  - Consanguinity among the Kuwaiti population.
AB  - A total of 5,007 Kuwaitis were ascertained to study the incidence of
      consanguineous marriages during 1983. The rate of consanguineous mating was found
      to be 54.3% with estimated population incidence rates 52.9 to 55.7%. First cousin
      marriages were the most frequent type. The average inbreeding coefficient was
      0.0219 which could be considered high.

PMID- 4006274
TI  - Unbalanced karyotype with normal phenotype in a family with translocation
      (8;13)(p21;q22).
AB  - We describe a family with translocation (8;13) (p21;q22), in which both
      unbalanced products of adjacent-1 segregation occurred. Two members of the family
      have partial trisomy 8p with partial monosomy 13q; two others have partial
      monosomy 8p with partial trisomy 13q. The latter are both phenotypically normal,
      which is a highly unusual observation. One of these is, in addition, a carrier of
      a de novo balanced translocation between chromosomes 2 and 19. The risk for
      unbalanced progeny is discussed.

PMID- 4006275
TI  - Autosomal dominant transmission of ankylosed teeth, abnormalities of the jaws,
      and clinodactyly. A four-generation study.
AB  - Twelve persons in four generations of a rural family of mixed racial ancestry
      exhibited ankylosed teeth, bilateral clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, and
      abnormalities of the jaws. This previously undescribed association of dental,
      digital, and skeletal anomalies appears to be transmitted in an autosomal
      dominant manner in this family. Clinical manifestations in the examined persons
      and an extended family history are described in detail. Previous studies of
      apparently hereditary dental ankylosis are similarly discussed.

PMID- 4006276
TI  - Centromeric instability of chromosomes 1 and 16 with variable immune deficiency:
      a new syndrome.
AB  - We describe an extended study of a boy with combined immunodeficiency and
      centromeric fragility of chromosomes 1 and 16. This case, together with three
      previously reported cases with similar clinical, immunological and chromosomal
      features, appears to confirm a specific syndrome of immune deficiency associated
      with centromeric fragility of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16.

PMID- 4006277
TI  - Gustatory lacrimation in association with the branchio-oto-renal syndrome.
AB  - Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is a developmental complex presenting with
      various combinations of ear pits, branchial cleft cysts, deafness and renal
      anomalies, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This report
      describes a father and 2 children with BOR syndrome in which gustatory
      lacrimation (GL) was also present in 2 of them. GL is considered to be a rare,
      non-hereditary type of anomalous, cranial nerve-end organ innervation. Since
      lacrimal stenosis, which can clinically mimic GL, is also a feature of the BOR
      syndrome, future reports require lacrimal reflex testing and duct patency
      evaluation to define this variation in the BOR phenotype.

PMID- 4006278
TI  - Two cases of interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 1: del(1)(q21---
      q25) and del(1)(q41----q43).
AB  - Two unrelated children, one with a proximal interstitial deletion 1 (1(pter---
      q21: :q25----qter] and the other one with a distal interstitial deletion 1
      (1(pter----q41: :q43----qter] are presented. The clinical features of the patient
      with a proximal deletion (q21-q25) correspond with those of eight earlier
      reported cases with a deletion 1q21/22/23----q25. The second patient with the
      distal interstitial deletion (q41-q43) is the first case published as far as we
      know. The clinical characteristics of the latter patient are compared with those
      of six cases with a terminal deletion 1q with at least one common band missing
      (1q42).

PMID- 4006280
TI  - Fragile sites and chromosome breakpoints in constitutional rearrangements.

PMID- 4006279
TI  - Detection of the fragile X chromosome and other fragile sites.

PMID- 4006281
TI  - Eczematous (irritant and allergic) reactions of the skin and barrier function as
      determined by water vapour loss.

PMID- 4006282
TI  - Methotrexate maintenance therapy and liver damage in psoriasis.

PMID- 4006283
TI  - Serum IgG antibodies to gliadin and other dietary antigens in adults with atopic
      eczema.

PMID- 4006284
TI  - Sweat production in children's feet.

PMID- 4006285
TI  - Squaric acid dibutylester treatment of alopecia areata.

PMID- 4006286
TI  - Stress does not worsen psoriasis?--a controlled study of 32 patients.

PMID- 4006287
TI  - Dermatology patients and their doctors.

PMID- 4006288
TI  - Hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita.

PMID- 4006289
TI  - Pityriasis versicolor with cutaneous atrophy induced by topical steroid
      application.

PMID- 4006291
TI  - Median nasal dermoid fistula.

PMID- 4006290
TI  - Multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome.

PMID- 4006292
TI  - Coexistence of sarcoidosis and necrobiosis lipoidica of the legs--a report of two
      cases.

PMID- 4006293
TI  - Invasive nasal sarcoidosis treated with methotrexate.

PMID- 4006294
TI  - Necrotizing cutaneous vasculitis occurring as an early feature of 'shunt
      nephritis'.

PMID- 4006295
TI  - Unilateral naevoid telangiectatic syndrome--a study of two cases.

PMID- 4006296
TI  - Cutaneous vasculitis associated with long-term thiouracil therapy.

PMID- 4006297
TI  - Specificity of leucocyte migration inhibition test in coeliac disease. A
      reassessment using different gluten subfractions.
AB  - Production of leucocyte migration inhibition factor by peripheral blood
      leucocytes in response to challenge with gluten fractions has been proposed as a
      reliable in vitro test for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. We have performed
      the leucocyte migration inhibition test with two different gluten fractions,
      GFIII and B2, in untreated and treated coeliac patients, patients with other
      intestinal diseases (abnormal controls) and healthy controls, and evaluated the
      sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictability of the test for
      the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Using GFIII as antigen leucocyte migration was
      significantly inhibited, compared to healthy controls, not only in treated and
      untreated coeliacs but also in abnormal controls. Using B2 gluten subfraction as
      antigen only treated coeliacs and abnormal controls differed significantly from
      healthy controls. The elevated number of abnormal controls showing migration
      inhibition consistently affected the diagnostic value of the test, which did not
      vary using B2 subfraction instead of GFIII as antigen. Our study confirms
      previous observations of gluten sensitization, as detected by leucocyte migration
      inhibition, in coeliac patients but strongly questions the claim that coeliac
      disease can be diagnosed on the basis of a positive leucocyte migration
      inhibition test without the need for intestinal biopsy.

PMID- 4006298
TI  - Experimental autoimmune prostatitis after neonatal thymectomy in the mouse.
AB  - Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) could be induced in (C3H/HeMs X
      129/J)F1 mice by thymectomy (Tx) at 3 days (Tx-3) but not at 0 or 7 days after
      birth. Appearance of EAP was noticed in the three lobes of the prostate, most
      frequently and severely in the anterior lobe (coagulating gland). EAP thus
      induced was characterized by a loss of secretory products in the lumen, massive
      lymphocytic infiltration in the stroma, especially beneath the epithelial cells,
      and by the presence of circulating autoantibody(ies) against the epithelial cells
      of the prostate (APA). EAP started at puberty and its incidence was 68% in 50-150
      day old mice. APA was completely absorbed with the homogenates of prostate but
      not of seminal vesicles, testes or livers of the mouse. High titres of APA,
      detectable in sera of more than 1,000-fold dilutions accompanized with the severe
      lesion, were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) technique. No sign of
      EAP was seen in the immature prostate of 90 day old mice which were
      orchidectomized at 0 day (Orx-0) followed by Tx-3. Exogenous androgen treatment
      at an adult age induced EAP in these Orx-0 plus Tx-3 mice. The findings indicate
      that mice which received Tx at a critical neonatal age develop EAP by
      autosensitization to the antigen(s) normally expressing in the differentiated
      prostate.

PMID- 4006299
TI  - Humoral immunity against viral antigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM): altered IgA class immune response against mumps virus.
AB  - Two hundred and ten pediatric IDDM patients with long duration of illness and
      their matched controls (age range 2-19 years) were analysed for mumps antibodies
      in IgG, IgM and IgA antibody classes by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). About 70% of both patients and controls had antibodies against mumps
      virus. However, IDDM patients had higher mean levels of IgA class antibodies than
      the controls, while no difference was found in IgG or IgM class antibodies. The
      elevated IgA class mumps antibodies did not correlate with elevated levels of IgA
      class Coxsackie B4 or cytomegalovirus antibodies. This elevation of IgA antibody
      levels was evident already early after mumps infection and seemed to persist
      several years, since the difference was most pronounced in the oldest age group.
      Female patients as well as female controls had significantly higher IgG and IgM
      antibody levels compared to males. This may at least in part be explained by a
      difference in the age distribution in females compared to males and may suggest
      different age-dependent epidemiology of mumps between boys and girls in this
      material. No such difference was found in IgA levels between the sexes.

PMID- 4006300
TI  - Effect of protein deprivation on immunoregulatory cells in the rat mucosal immune
      response.
AB  - Secretory IgA antibody responses such as those directed against respiratory and
      enteric pathogens, may be impaired in protein-calorie malnutrition. In previous
      studies using a rat model of the mucosal immune response to cholera toxin, as
      little as 2 weeks of severe protein deprivation markedly impaired mucosal anti
      toxin production. The present studies examined the effect of protein deprivation
      on lymphocyte populations which adoptively transfer either priming or suppression
      of a mucosal anti-toxin response from malnourished donor rats to syngeneic well
      nourished recipients. Either 2 or 8 weeks of protein deprivation severely
      impaired the development of thoracic duct lymphocytes which could transfer
      priming or suppression after intraduodenal priming, and impaired splenic
      suppressor cell development after s.c. priming. The abrogation of suppression by
      protein deprivation was dependent on the dose of s.c. antigen used to induce
      suppression. Refeeding rats after two months of protein deprivation led to
      recovery of both priming cell and suppressor cell function. Severe protein
      deprivation induces a reversible defect in both priming and suppressor cell
      populations; the net effect is an impaired mucosal immune response.

PMID- 4006301
TI  - Thymus dependency of induced immune responses against Hymenolepis nana (cestode)
      using congenitally athymic nude mice.
AB  - Anti-parasite antibody responses were compared among several strains of mice
      experimentally infected with the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana. The antibody
      titres were highly variable among the mouse strains in addition to variation in
      worm fecundity and longevity. The influence of the thymus on both infection and
      anti-parasite antibody production (especially of IgE isotype) was studied by the
      use of congenitally athymic (nu/nu) nude and their phenotypically normal (nu/+)
      CD-1(ICR) mice infected with H. nana. All nude (nu/nu) mice harboured fully
      mature 70 day old adult tapeworms of the first generation derived from eggs
      initially given on day 0. In addition, they contained (a) younger second
      generation adults derived from autoinfection and present in the intestinal lumen,
      (b) a number of abnormally large (about 1-2 mm in diameter) balloon like, fluid
      filled cysticercoids in not only the intestinal tissue but also parenteral
      tissues such as the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and lung, and (c) normal
      cysticercoids derived from challenging eggs in the intestinal tissue. Infected
      nude mice produced no antibodies detectable by PCA (IgE) and double diffusion
      (IgG) tests. In contrast, normal (nu/+) mice and nude mice reconstituted with
      thymocytes expelled almost all luminal adults of the primary infection by day 70
      and produced antibodies to extracts of adult H. nana. Neither autoinfection nor
      reinfection following egg challenge occurred in any of these normal (nu/+) and
      reconstituted nude mice. Therefore, acquired immune responses against H. nana (as
      assessed by resistance not only to the tissue phase measured by the failure of
      tissue cysticercoid recovery from egg challenge, but also to the lumen phase
      assessed by the failure of autoinfection adult recovery and 'worm expulsion' of
      the initially established adults) are all thymus-dependent in mice. The antibody
      responses examined are also thymus-dependent.

PMID- 4006302
TI  - Studies on fibronectin in inflammatory vs non-inflammatory polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. II. Synthesis and release of
      fibronectin in vitro.
AB  - We conducted studies dealing with the synthesis and release of fibronectin in
      vitro by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL). The specific purpose of our study
      was to look for any changes in these events as they happen in inflammatory vs non
      inflammatory PMNL. We used PMNL isolated from the synovial fluid of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis as a source of inflammatory cells and PMNL isolated from
      peripheral blood as a source of non-inflammatory cells. Marked differences were
      observed. Using 35S-methionine metabolic labelling and SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      analysis, we were first able to clearly observe an increased synthesis of
      fibronectin by inflammatory PMNL when compared to non-inflammatory PMNL.
      Furthermore, the release of fibronectin in vitro by these cells was increased by
      factors of up to 20 when compared to non-inflammatory peripheral blood PMNL.
      Experimental evidence was also obtained which strongly suggests that fibronectin
      exists in a stored form inside the inflammatory PMNL we used in this study.
      Finally, we observed that PMNL are capable of synthesizing a 95 kD gelatin
      binding protein which appears to be distinct from fibronectin.

PMID- 4006303
TI  - Progressive passive Heymann nephritis: induction of autologous antibodies to rat
      brush border by multiple injections of heterologous antiserum.
AB  - Multiple i.v. injection of a heterologous anti-rat kidney fraction 3 antiserum
      and guinea pig anti-rabbit F3 into rats produced a progressive immune complex
      glomerulonephritis. The kidney disease was characterized by diffuse beaded
      deposition of rat gammaglobulin along the glomerular capillaries and proteinuria.
      Gammaglobulin eluted from the kidneys reacted with the brush border region of
      normal rat kidney frozen sections. Control animals did not develop the
      progressive disease. It appears that multiple i.v. injections of the heterologous
      antisera are capable of inducing an autoimmune kidney disease which is similar to
      Heymann nephritis.

PMID- 4006304
TI  - Defective in vitro antibody production in response to pokeweed mitogen and
      influenza antigen in patients with Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from 33 patients with
      Hodgkin's disease, were stimulated in vitro with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or
      influenza antigen. Impaired production of immunoglobulin (Ig) of one or more of
      the three main classes (IgG, IgM and IgA) in PWM stimulated cultures was found in
      22 patients and in 11 patients no Ig of any class was produced. Antibody to
      influenza virus was detected in PWM stimulated PBM cultures in 13 of 14 normal
      individuals, but in only four of 25 patients with treated Hodgkin's disease
      though IgG was produced in 16 of 25. Influenza antigen induced anti-influenza
      antibody production in 10 of 12 cultures from normal individuals but in only two
      of 22 from patients. The results confirm our earlier report of defective antibody
      production in vitro by PBM from patients with Hodgkin's disease and indicate that
      polyclonally activated production of immunoglobulins of several classes is
      defective, though in vivo humoral immunity is normal.

PMID- 4006305
TI  - Detection of anti-contractile antibodies after cardiac surgery using ELISA assay.
AB  - Sera from 196 patients were collected before and after cardiac surgery to measure
      antibodies against heart tissue and against actin and myosin. In the post
      operative period antibodies were found in 87 patients (44%) producing a cross
      striated fluorescence pattern in heart tissue. Antibodies against the major
      contractile proteins were found in 91 patients (46%), anti-actin antibodies in 49
      patients (25%) and anti-myosin antibodies in 65 patients (33%). We found a
      significant correlation (P less than 0.0001) between the antibodies producing a
      cross-striated fluorescence pattern and antibodies recognizing contractile
      proteins. These results suggest that contractile proteins evoke an immune
      response after cardiac surgery and that this response may compromise cardiac
      function.

PMID- 4006307
TI  - Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin in two children with
      hypogammaglobulinaemia due to protein losing enteropathy.

PMID- 4006306
TI  - Plasma membrane antigens on light density and activated human blood eosinophils.
AB  - In order to study the membrane events which lead to human blood eosinophil
      activation and degranulation, six clone of mouse monoclonal antibodies were made
      to isolated blood eosinophils from a patient with the hypereosinophilic syndrome
      (HES). The antibodies were specific for the plasma membranes of blood eosinophils
      and neutrophils, eosinophil myelocytes and haemopoietic cell lines. A higher
      proportion of blood eosinophils from eight patients with the HES bound these
      antibodies compared to normal individuals. Five antibodies stained intermediate
      density eosinophils preferentially, and one stained the light density eosinophils
      most strongly. Normal blood eosinophils were induced to express more of these
      antigens either by culture alone (two antibodies) or culture with monocyte
      culture supernatant which activates eosinophils for increased cytotoxic capacity
      (four antibodies). It was concluded that several of the principal antigens on the
      eosinophil plasma membrane are also present on neutrophils and immature
      haemopoietic cells, and that their expression in mature blood eosinophils is
      related to the extent of eosinophil activation and degranulation. It is suggested
      that these antigens may be useful in studying the ways in which eosinophils alter
      their plasma membrane during activation and degranulation in vitro, and in the
      blood of patients with an eosinophilia.

PMID- 4006308
TI  - Effects of doxapram on body temperature of the rat during radiofrequency
      irradiation.
AB  - Central nervous system stimulants can cause changes in body temperature and
      changes in susceptibility to high levels of radiofrequency radiation (RFR). In
      the present study, the effects of the central nervous system stimulant, doxapram,
      on thermal responses to 2.8 GHz pulsed RFR were examined in anaesthetized rats.
      During intermittent exposure to an average power density of 60 mW/cm2, doxapram
      significantly increased the time required for temperature to return to the pre
      exposure level when irradiation was discontinued. When exposure was continued
      until lethal temperatures resulted, doxapram administration caused no significant
      change in survival time when compared to saline controls. Thus, although the drug
      decreased thermoregulatory efficiency during intermittent exposure to RFR, no
      change in susceptibility to terminal RFR exposure was observed.

PMID- 4006309
TI  - Histamine and carbachol contractile responses in proximal and distal airways of
      the rabbit.
AB  - Airway preparations from the trachea, main bronchi, subsegmental bronchi and the
      parenchyma of rabbits were studied. The proximal airways, the trachea and main
      bronchi, were less sensitive to histamine than the distal airways of the
      subsegmental bronchi and lung parenchymal strip. The proximal airways were more
      sensitive to carbachol than the distal airways. These results may assist in the
      interpretation of airway responses in vivo.

PMID- 4006310
TI  - Paradoxical cardiovascular response to visceral afferent stimulation in the
      established spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - Afferent splanchnic nerve stimulation with different frequencies in Wistar Kyoto
      rats caused depressor and pressor responses depending on the frequency employed.
      Similar visceral afferent activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats caused
      depressor responses at all frequencies of stimulation. It is suggested that the
      central integrated mechanisms for activating a cardiovascular state change as
      evoked by visceral afferents may differ in the established hypertensive rat from
      that of the normotensive.

PMID- 4006311
TI  - The effect of dopamine on tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - Dose-response curves to dopamine were obtained on guinea-pig, dog and human
      tracheal smooth muscle. Dopamine produced a relaxation of the guinea-pig tracheal
      chain, and this relaxation was completely blocked by propranolol. The potency of
      dopamine as a beta-agonist was 1/10 000 that of isoprenaline, 1/250 that of
      adrenaline and 1/50 that of noradrenaline. In human and dog tracheal smooth
      muscle, dopamine induced a contraction which could be entirely abolished by alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonists. As an alpha-agonist, the potency of dopamine was 1/20
      that of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Our data also show that a dopamine induced
      contraction is greatly potentiated if the smooth muscle specimen has been
      previously slightly contracted with histamine. We conclude that there are few, if
      any, specific dopaminergic receptors in the airways. Dopamine acts on both alpha-
      and beta-adrenoceptors, but in humans and dogs, its effect is predominantly on
      alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 4006312
TI  - Effect of secretagogues on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the monkey and the
      dog.
AB  - The effects of secretin, cholecystokinin, dopamine, histamine and acetylcholine
      on the secretion of pancreatic juice were investigated in the monkey and the dog.
      In the resting state, bicarbonate concentration and the volume of pancreatic
      juice in the monkey were greater than those in the dog. However, the protein
      concentration of pancreatic juice in the monkey was less than that in the dog.
      Intravenous administration of secretin, cholecystokinin, histamine and
      acetylcholine caused a dose dependent increase in pancreatic secretion in both
      species. The responses in the monkey were greater than those in the dog. Dopamine
      caused pancreatic secretion only in the dog. The increase in bicarbonate
      concentrations of pancreatic juice induced by secretin and histamine in the
      monkey were greater than that in the dog. Increase in protein concentrations of
      the juice induced by cholecystokinin and acetylcholine in the monkey were less
      than that in the dog. However, pancreatic juice pH in both species was the same
      and was not affected by the secretagogues in the resting state or during the
      stimulation by secretogogues. From these results, it is concluded that there is a
      species difference in the secretory actions of the secretagogues in the monkey
      and the dog.

PMID- 4006313
TI  - Serotonin in toxaemia of pregnancy.
AB  - Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) contents of maternal blood, fetal cord blood, and
      placenta from thirty-five patients with toxaemia of pregnancy and forty normal
      pregnant subjects were estimated. Placental monoamine oxidase activity from ten
      normal and ten toxaemic cases were also estimated. An increased content and
      uptake of serotonin by platelets in maternal blood from toxaemic patients were
      observed and there was a concomitant reduction in platelet count. Raised levels
      of serotonin and a decrease in monoamine oxidase levels were observed in
      placentas of the toxaemic group. The levels of serotonin in fetal cord blood were
      significantly higher than those in normal maternal blood. It is suggested that
      the fetus could be the source of increased serotonin in this syndrome, due to the
      decrease in monoamine oxidase activity in the toxaemic placenta. An abnormality
      in indole amine metabolism may contribute to the pathology associated with
      toxaemia of pregnancy.

PMID- 4006314
TI  - Comparison of the affinity of secoverine for some muscarinic receptors.
AB  - The selective muscarinic receptor antagonist secoverine was found to have a
      similar affinity for muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig left atrium and ileal
      longitudinal muscle as well as in the rat urinary bladder and ileum.

PMID- 4006315
TI  - Effects of opiates and opioids on intraocular pressure of rabbits and humans.
AB  - Acute intraocular injection of morphine or D-Ala-met-enkephalinamide (D-Ala-E) in
      rabbits caused a sustained decrease in intraocular pressure. Conjunctival
      instillation of naloxone solution prevented the lowering effect of morphine or D
      Ala-E on intraocular pressure. Aqueous outflow facility appeared to be
      significantly higher in patients addicted to morphine or heroin than in healthy
      volunteers. Intraocular pressure was significantly lower in addicted patients
      than in control subjects. Conjunctival instillation of naloxone solution
      decreased aqueous outflow facility and increased intraocular pressure in addicted
      patients. Patients with chronic open angle glaucoma showed a significant decrease
      in intraocular pressure after conjunctival instillation of morphine solution. It
      is concluded that intraocular opiate receptors are involved in the regulation of
      intraocular pressure in animals and humans.

PMID- 4006316
TI  - Digitalis receptors and digoxin sensitivity in renal failure.
AB  - The number and the in vitro and in vivo affinity of digitalis receptors for
      digoxin were measured in patients with normal renal function and in uraemics. In
      uraemic patients the number of receptors was decreased. Although their in vitro
      affinity for digoxin was unchanged the in vivo affinity was decreased, probably
      due to hyperkalaemia. These findings provide a possible pharmacodynamic
      explanation for decreased activity of cardiac glycosides in chronic renal
      failure.

PMID- 4006317
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of brovincamine and possible mechanisms involved.
AB  - Cardiovascular effects of brovincamine (BV) and possible modes of action were
      studied in dogs, rabbits and guinea-pigs. In pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs,
      intravenous administration of BV (1.6-12.8 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent
      decrease of blood pressure and heart rate, a slight and transient stimulation of
      respiration, and a prolongation of the R-R interval in ECG without changes of
      wave pattern. In the isolated atria of guinea-pigs, BV showed no effect at 10(-7)
      and 10(-6) g/ml, but dose-dependently inhibited both myocardial contractile force
      and heart rate at the higher concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) g/ml. In
      pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs, BV (0.1-1.6 mg/kg) administered to the
      vertebral or carotid artery dose-dependently increased the blood flow in the
      respective artery. Intravenous administration of BV (0.8-12.8 mg/kg) also
      exhibited a dose-dependent increase of the vertebral and carotid blood flow, but
      the increase was a little reduced at the higher dose of 12.8 mg/kg, probably
      resulting from marked hypotension and negative chronotropism. Intravenous
      administration of BV at 6.4 mg/kg induced a marked increase of the coronary flow,
      a slight increase of the renal flow and a slight decrease of the femoral flow. 11
      Bromovincaminic acid (BVA, 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg), a major metabolite of BV, given
      intravenously or to the internal carotid artery, did not exert actions on the
      blood pressure, heart rate and carotid blood flow, implying that it is an
      inactive metabolite. In rabbit pulmonary arterial strips, BV showed no influence
      on effects of noradrenaline and adenosine but inhibited KCl-induced contracture.
      This inhibitory effect of BV, but not papaverine, was antagonized by an increase
      of external Ca2+ concentration. In conclusion, BV rather selectively increases
      the cranial and coronary blood flow. The vasodilative effects of BV seem to
      involve an inhibition of depolarization dependent Ca2+ slow channel. A major
      metabolite of BV, BVA, is inactive.

PMID- 4006318
TI  - Sodium preference and excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats on various
      diets.
AB  - Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and stroke-resistant SHR
      (SHRSR) exhibited an increased preference for a 2% NaCl solution, relative to
      water, in comparison with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), but the preference was
      lost quickly in SHRSP with unbroken exposure. Neither a high protein diet (50%
      fish protein) nor a low protein diet (5% protein) changed the salt water
      preference in SHRSR and the former abolished the preference more quickly in
      SHRSP. The fish protein diet, however, increased the ratio of urinary sodium
      excretion to dietary sodium intake in the first three days of exposure to a high
      salt intake in all groups. Results from this experiment suggest that an increased
      dietary protein intake can facilitate sodium excretion and may possibly
      ameliorate the adverse effect of a high sodium diet.

PMID- 4006319
TI  - Influence of endothelium on noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction in rabbit
      central ear artery.
AB  - The effects of removing the endothelium of the rabbit central ear artery on the
      response to noradrenaline have been examined in vitro. A 10 mm segment of this
      artery was cannulated and connected to a constant flow perfusion circuit; the
      endothelium of some arteries was first removed mechanically. Vasomotor activity
      was determined by measuring the pressure at the input to the artery. Scanning
      electron microscopy, light microscopy and functional test with acetylcholine on
      intact and rubbed arteries showed that the endothelium had been effectively
      removed in lesioned arteries and remained intact in control arteries throughout
      the experiment. Internal or external noradrenaline-induced a concentration
      dependent constriction which was significantly greater in the rubbed arteries. In
      contrast, there was no significant difference in the pressure/flow curves of
      control and rubbed arteries whether preconstricted with K+ or not. We conclude
      that the endothelium in the rabbit isolated ear artery greatly influences the
      response to internal or external noradrenaline, and that this effect cannot be
      explained by changes in the physical characteristics of de-endothelialized
      arteries. The endothelium thus may play an inhibitory role in noradrenaline
      induced vasoconstrictions.

PMID- 4006320
TI  - The effect of althesin, ketamine or pentothal on renal function in saline loaded
      rats.
AB  - Rats were prepared with chronic cannulae in the carotid artery, jugular vein and
      urinary bladder; they were then kept 2 days to allow recovery from surgery. A
      steady-state continuous saline diuresis was established, then various anaesthetic
      agents were injected and changes in the urine flow, sodium and potassium
      excretion rates, GFR, ERPF, ERBF and blood pressure were measured. Five groups of
      rats were studied: (1) control animals given saline in place of any anaesthetic
      agent, all parameters measured remained constant; (2) althesin (1.2 mg/kg), all
      parameters remained constant except for the blood pressure which decreased
      slightly for 5 min; (3) althesin (12 mg/kg); (4) ketamine (50 mg/kg); (5)
      pentothal (50 mg/kg). The above anaesthetics altered all of the measured
      parameters except urine output. Various mechanisms for these anaesthetic agents
      are discussed. In althesin anaesthetized rats, all the retarded renal parameters
      recovered within 30 min. It is concluded that for the study of renal function, if
      a brief anaesthesia is needed, althesin is a more suitable anaesthetic agent.

PMID- 4006321
TI  - Inherited dysgammaglobulinemia of chickens: reduced incidence of disease in
      parabiotic chimeras.
AB  - University of California, Davis (UCD) line 140 chickens develop a
      dysgammaglobulinemia characterized as selective 7S immunoglobulin (Ig) deficiency
      with elevated serum IgM levels. To study the role of bursal development on the
      expression of dysgammaglobulinemia in these birds, we examined the effect of
      bursacyte transfer to line 140 birds and parabiosis between UCD 140 and a control
      line of chickens on changes in serum IgM and 7S Ig levels. Bursacyte transfer was
      performed by injecting 18-day UCD 140 embryos (which had been cyclophosphamide
      treated on Day 15) with bursacytes from major histocompatibility complex B
      matched control line (11 X 58) F1 birds. This transfer produced little change in
      the incidence of dysgammaglobulinemia in UCD 140 transfer birds (56%) compared to
      unmanipulated line 140 birds (60%). These data reflect a failure of line 140,
      rather than technique, because successful reconstitution was seen using line 11 X
      58 birds injected with 11 X 58 bursacytes. In contrast, the generation of UCD
      140/line 11 X 58 chimeras significantly reduced the incidence of
      dysgammaglobulinemia in line UCD birds. Indeed, fusion of the chorioallantoic
      vascular system (parabiosis) of UCD 140 and 11 X 58 embryos on Day 15 decreased
      the frequency of dysgammaglobulinemia of UCD 140 parabionts to 14% compared to
      66% in unmanipulated line 140 controls. The success of parabiosis was 83% as
      determined by demonstrating chimerism with allogeneic blood groups. Moreover, the
      frequency of dysgammaglobulinemia in the 17% of parabionts that did not reveal
      chimerism was similar to unmanipulated UCD 140 chickens.

PMID- 4006322
TI  - Effects of soluble stimuli on human monocyte secretion.
AB  - We report here that the chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine (FMLP), and the mitogenic phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate
      (PMA) cause a time- and concentration-dependent, selective, extracellular release
      of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and lysozyme from freshly isolated, adherent
      human peripheral blood monocytes. The inability of the protein synthesis
      inhibitor, cycloheximide, to influence enzyme release indicates that these
      enzymes are constitutive secretory products. 1-O-Hexadecyl-/octadecyl-2-O-acetyl
      sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine demonstrated moderate secretory activity, whereas
      pepstatin A, concanavalin A, and leukotriene B4 were essentially inactive. FMLP-
      and PMA-induced enzyme release were inhibited with the intracellular calcium
      antagonist, 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-(3,4,5-trimethoxy)benzoate hydrochloride
      and the anion channel blocker, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene.
      These results demonstrate the capacity of soluble, surface-active stimuli to
      activate the human monocyte secretory process.

PMID- 4006323
TI  - Relationship between large granular lymphocytes and NK-1.2+ cells from normal and
      poly(inosinic:cytidylic acid) (poly(I:C]-treated mice.
AB  - The present work analyzes the relationship between large granular lymphocytes
      (LGL), NK-1.2+ cells, and natural killer (NK) activity of C3H/HeN mice. Different
      hematic cell fractions were obtained according to their nylon-wool adherence and
      density on Percoll gradients. NK-1.2+ cells (8% of nucleated cells) were more
      numerous than LGL (3% of nucleated cells) in the input blood population. Eighty
      five percent of LGL were recovered from the sorted NK-1.2+ cell fraction. After
      incubation on nylon-wool column, 63% of LGL and 36% of NK-1.2+ were eluted in the
      nonadherent fraction. Eighteen percent of NK-1.2+ cells were recovered from the
      most adherent elutable cell fraction. After the discontinuous Percoll gradient
      most LGL were present in the low-density fractions while 20% of NK-1.2+ cells
      were recovered from the highest-density fraction. NK activity was significant
      both in the nylon-wool-nonadherent and -adherent fractions. After the Percoll
      gradient most NK activity was present in the low-density fractions. In the
      present experimental conditions treatment poly(inosinic:cytidylic acid)
      (poly(I:C] did not increase the numbers of LGL and NK-1.2+ cells either in the
      blood or in the spleen. However it increased significantly the NK activity of the
      input cell populations and of the nonadherent and low-density fractions.
      Similarly, exposure of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice to non-SPF conditions
      stimulated NK cytotoxicity but did not alter the percentage of LGL in the blood
      or in the spleen. Poly(I:C) treatment induced a shift of LGL and NK-1.2+ cells
      toward the low-density fractions. In poly(I:C)-treated mice images of granule
      secretion from LGL were detected. Taken together, the present results indicate
      that LGL and NK-1.2+ cell populations do not totally overlap. Moreover
      subpopulations of LGL and NK-1.2+ cells can differ in NK activity, morphology,
      density, adherence to nylon wool, and response to poly(I:C).

PMID- 4006324
TI  - Tubulointerstitial nephritis induced in the brown Norway rat with chaotropically
      solubilized bovine tubular basement membrane: the model and the humoral and
      cellular responses.
AB  - Doses of as little as 50 micrograms of a soluble chaotropic extract of bovine
      tubular basement membrane (Bov-KBr-TBM) with adjuvants induced anti-TBM
      antibodies and tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) in Brown Norway (BN) rats. The
      lesion was shown by renal histology, by deposition of IgG and C3 along TBM, and
      in terms of the humoral and cellular immune responses to compare to that produced
      by the standard immunization (particulate bovine TBM) for this model of TIN in BN
      rats. More than half of the mononuclear cells in kidneys of BN rats with TIN bore
      various T-cell antigens (monoclonal antibodies W3-13, W3-25, and OX-8), and most
      of the infiltrating cells were positive for Ia (monoclonal antibody OX-6) by
      indirect immunofluorescence. Purified suspensions of these mononuclear
      infiltrates were prepared by using Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and the fluorescence
      activated cell sorter (FACS) to eliminate renal tubular epithelial cells. The
      purified mononuclear cells, cultured for 5 days, incorporated thymidine in
      response to concanavalin A (Con A), Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein
      derivative, and Bov-KBr-TBM but not in response to a variety of autologous renal
      antigens. After culture for 5 days in Bov-KBr-TBM and Con A supernatant, lymph
      node cells (LNC) from Bov-KBr-TBM-immunized BN rats passively transferred TIN to
      naive BN rats. Although no cells reactive with autologous renal antigens were
      detected in the renal infiltrates, the transfer of disease with propagated LNC
      suggests that elements of the cellular immune system, in addition to anti-TBM
      antibody, contribute to the generation of this BN-TIN.

PMID- 4006325
TI  - Large granular lymphocytes from murine blood and intestinal epithelium:
      comparison of surface antigens, natural killer activity, and morphology.
AB  - Large granular lymphocytes obtained from murine blood (B-LGL) and intestinal
      epithelium (IE-LGL) are cells associated with natural killer (NK) activity and
      thought to be a first line of defense against tumors and/or infectious organisms.
      Since B-LGL and IE-LGL represent circulating and mucosal NK effectors,
      respectively, we compared their surface markers, NK activity and morphology to
      define possible differences between NK cells in different anatomical
      compartments. B-LGL and IE-LGL were purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation
      from nude, normal, and beige C57BL/6 mice. We have defined the following surface
      phenotypes. B-LGL: In nude mice most of them expressed T-200 (89%), asialo-GM1
      (71%), and NK-1.1 (72%); 15% possessed the Thy-1.2 antigen, few cells expressed
      Ly-2, and none showed Ly-1 positivity. Beige mouse B-LGL were positive for T-200
      and NK-1.1. IE-LGL; Nude IE-LGL compared to nude B-LGL showed a similar
      expression of T-200 and Thy-1.2. Ly-1+ and Ly-2+ cells were more numerous than in
      B-LGL, whereas NK-1.1+ and asialo-GM1+ cells were less numerous. Interestingly,
      Ly-2+ IE-LGL were at least partially Thy-1.2-. In euthymic mice IE-LGL had a
      phenotype comparable to that of nude IE-LGL. The NK activity of B-LGL from nude
      and normal mice was considerably higher than that of IE-LGL from the
      corresponding mice. IE-LGL from nude mice possessed larger cytoplasms, and more
      numerous and bigger azurophilic granules than B-LGL. Similar findings were
      obtained in normal mice. In beige mice 95% of B-LGL showed a single granule
      whereas 80% of IE-LGL contained multiple granules (mean 3/cell). Giant granules
      were frequently found in beige IE-LGL while they were rare in beige B-LGL. Thus,
      clear differences exist between B-LGL and IE-LGL and they may reflect either
      different homing patterns of subpopulations of LGL or different stages of
      maturation of the same lineage of cells.

PMID- 4006326
TI  - Calculation of effective renal plasma flow using 125I-orthoiodohippuran:
      comparison of four methods.
AB  - Fifty-three determinations of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were made on 21
      patients with a wide range of renal function. Serial plasma samples for 6 hours
      after the injection of 125I-orthoiodohippurate were used to plot the plasma
      disappearance curve, and a standard ERPF was calculated using biexponential
      analysis of the curve. ERPF values calculated by 3 published approximation
      methods using limited plasma samples were compared to the standard values. All
      approximation methods overestimated the ERPF, the mean percentage error lying
      between + 18.3% +/- 20.4% and + 70.0% +/- 51.3%. With 2 of the 3 approximation
      methods the overestimation was particularly prominent in patients with moderate
      to severe renal insufficiency (ERPF less than 300 ml/min). For research purposes
      the more accurate and reliable biexponential method of analysis of ERPF is
      recommended.

PMID- 4006327
TI  - Assessment of arteriovenous fistulae from pressure and thermal dilution studies:
      clinical experience in forearm fistulae.
AB  - Knowledge of useful fistula flow (UFF), the maximum blood flow available using
      twin needles within acceptable pressure limits and without recirculation, is
      essential for the optimal management of patients receiving maintenance
      hemodialysis or hemofiltration. A technique for the measurement of UFF employing
      thermal dilution for the detection of recirculation has been developed. Using
      this technique, 94 studies were carried out in 69 forearm fistulae. UFF exceeded
      400 ml/min in 45 fistulae. In these satisfactory fistulae a normal range was
      defined for basal intrafistula pressures (60 mmHg being the approximate upper
      limit of normal). Analysis of arterial and venous line pressure recordings with
      increasing extracorporeal blood flow and knowledge of the presence or absence of
      recirculation allowed us to define the functional problem in unsatisfactory
      fistulae. The functional diagnosis was supported in 16 of 24 fistulae by
      angiography or surgery or both. In all but two of the remainder, satisfactory UFF
      was obtained by repositioning the patients' needling sites. Fistulae were divided
      into different clinical groups. Of 35 fistulae which were thought to be
      clinically acceptable, 7 were found to be unsatisfactory. In 17 fistulae in
      patients with poor biochemical control, recirculation was detected in 8. Of 11
      fistulae reported to produce poor flows on dialysis, 4 had UFF above 400 ml/min.
      Of 6 fistulae in patients experiencing needling difficulties, 5 had satisfactory
      UFF. These studies which take only a few minutes and can be carried out
      immediately preceding a routine dialysis session not only identify unsatisfactory
      fistulae, but yield valuable diagnostic information in these cases. This has
      reduced dependence on angiography and has led to more careful selection of
      patients for surgery.

PMID- 4006328
TI  - Biopsy proven evolution of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis to rapidly
      progressive glomerulonephritis of a post infectious type.
AB  - A 15 year old boy with chronic impetigo was admitted with severe acute oliguric
      renal failure requiring temporary dialytic treatment. Renal biopsy revealed
      typical diffuse and proliferative glomerulonephritis of the poststreptococcal
      type. Subsequently high temperature developed with flank pains at the biopsy
      site, concomitantly with deterioration of renal function. On exploration, a
      sterile perirenal hematoma was found and a wedge renal biopsy revealed crescentic
      rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis of the post infectious type. Deterioration
      to end stage renal failure occurred within a few months. Although universally
      accepted, biopsy proven evolution from diffuse proliferative and exudative
      glomerulonephritis to crescentic form of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
      has been rarely reported.

PMID- 4006329
TI  - Intraplatelet serotonin (I5HT) in children with the hemolytic uremic syndrome.
AB  - I5HT levels were investigated in 14 children with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
      (HUS). Low levels of I5HT were demonstrated in all the children studied during
      the early phase of the disease, indicating reversible platelet aggregation and
      recirculation of degranulated platelets. Three months after the onset of HUS,
      only 2 children with a pathological picture of cortical necrosis and a mild
      degree of chronic renal failure had low I5HT levels. On the contrary, normal I5HT
      levels were present in the other children completely recovered from HUS and with
      a renal biopsy picture of thrombotic microangiopathy with predominant glomerular
      involvement. We conclude that normal values of I5HT, after the acute stage of
      HUS, are a good index of complete recovery from the disease. Further observations
      are required to assess the prognostic value of low I5HT levels in children with
      chronic renal failure secondary to HUS.

PMID- 4006330
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin in hemodialyzed patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin, an original antimicrobial agent, were
      investigated in 11 voluntary hemodialyzed patients. Fosfomycin, 2 g, was
      administered intravenously, 15 minutes before hemodialysis began in group 1 (6
      patients), and just after hemodialysis in group 2 (6 patients). Blood samples
      were collected during 8 hours (group 1) and during 44 hours (group 2). Antibiotic
      concentrations were determined microbiologically. In group 1, half-life was 4.2
      +/- 0.27 hours, total clearance 65.1 +/- 7.1 ml/mn and clearance by hemodialyzer
      103 +/- 10 ml/mn. In group 2 plasma levels were 60 mg/l at the 44th hour and half
      life was 48.8 +/- 17.5 hours. These results suggest that fosfomycin is actively
      eliminated by the hemodialyzer in group 1, and largely retained between two
      dialysis sessions in group 2. As for therapy, intravenous administration of 2 g
      after dialysis and further administration after each succeeding session are
      proposed.

PMID- 4006331
TI  - Role of renin angiotensin aldosterone on minimal change nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Plasma volume (PV), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) were
      examined serially at the edema forming stage, the stage of diuresis, and the
      stage of remission in 11 patients. These patients were steroid responsive,
      minimal change nephrotic syndrome with normal kidney function. PV was expressed
      as a percentage of the normal reference value, which was obtained from PV and
      body height in 44 normal volunteers. PV decreased significantly at the edema
      forming stage and increased at the stage of the diuresis. A significant inverse
      correlation was obtained between PV and PRA. PRA correlated significantly with
      PA. The amount of 24 hour urinary sodium excretion severely reduced at the edema
      forming stage and increased at the stage of diuresis: thus showing a significant
      inverse correlation with PA. In conclusion, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
      plays a role as a compensatory mechanism to the intravascular volume status in
      minimal change nephrotic syndrome, but, its' contribution to the genesis of edema
      is unsusceptible.

PMID- 4006332
TI  - Metabolic conversion of alpha-keto valine to valine in patients with chronic
      renal failure.
AB  - Change in the metabolic conversion rate of alpha-keto valine to valine following
      oral administration of the analog of the essential amino acid (0.1 g/kgB.W.) is
      studied in six patients with chronic renal failure and five control subjects
      under low protein, low and normal energy intake diets. Diet I is composed of 105
      kj (25 kcal)/kgB.W. energy and 0.6 g/kgB.W. protein, whereas Diet II is composed
      of 165 kj (40 kcal)/kgB.W. with the same amount of protein intake. As a result,
      an increase in plasma keto valine concentration is observed immediately after
      oral administration, followed by an increase in plasma valine concentration,
      implying that metabolic conversion of alpha-keto valine to valine occurs within a
      small amount of time. In addition, the conversion rate appears to be accelerated
      under Diet II. It is therefore suggested that reutilization of urea nitrogen with
      the ketoanalog under the low protein diet seems to be promoted under adequate
      energy intake.

PMID- 4006333
TI  - Oral treatment of peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - The efficacy of oral treatment with cephradine in peritonitis associated with
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was compared with that of
      intraperitoneal cefuroxime over one year. There were 29 episodes of peritonitis
      in each group and a primary cure was achieved in 66% of the patients treated with
      cephradine compared with 55% of the patients treated with cefuroxime, suggesting
      that oral cephradine is as effective as a treatment with intraperitoneal
      cefuroxime. Nineteen of the 29 episodes in each treatment group were considered
      suitable for out-patient management and there was no difference in the success
      rate of either antibiotic regimen. The results suggest that out-patient treatment
      with oral cephradine is an efficient way of treating CAPD peritonitis.

PMID- 4006334
TI  - Patients with chronic renal failure are not at a risk of developing chronic
      peptic ulcers.
AB  - This study reports the endoscopic and histological aspects of gastrointestinal
      mucosa in a consecutive series of 249 patients with chronic renal failure on
      conservative hemodialysis, who were awaiting renal transplantation. At endoscopy
      the mucosa was normal in 54.2% of the cases and revealed gross inflammatory
      changes in 34.1%. Duodenal ulcers were found in 11.2% of patients with only one
      gastric ulcer. Of the 28 duodenal ulcers, 16 were active and 12 inactive lesions.
      Gastric biopsies sampled from 44 non-ulcer patients showed signs of chronic
      gastritis in 29.6%, atrophic gastritis in 18.2, and reported normal in 52.3% of
      the cases. The above findings were not affected by the ages of patients or by the
      total duration of hemodialysis treatment. It is concluded that patients with
      chronic renal failure share the same risk of developing chronic peptic ulcers as
      the general population. Moreover, the overall endoscopic and histological
      appearance of the mucosa in these patients appears not to differ from data
      reported in the general population.

PMID- 4006335
TI  - Asymptomatic low molecular weight proteinuria: a report on 5 cases.
AB  - In children with asymptomatic proteinuria, a high proportion of low molecular
      weight (LMW) proteins is an indicator of tubular malfunction. In a routine
      screening program covering the last 15 years and involving 280,000 children, aged
      between 3 and 19 years, we have identified 5 boys with LMW proteinuria. In 4 of
      these, renal biopsy was histologically normal on the first presentation. Follow
      up for 4-16 years showed normal growth curves, but further evidence of tubular
      dysfunction appeared: glycosuria and hypophosphatemia in 2 patients; one of them
      had also aminoaciduria and rising serum creatinine (greater than 1.2 mg/100 ml).
      Another patient had only increased serum creatinine. The other two, still less
      than 13 years old, show so far no other abnormality than persistent LMW
      proteinuria. It is suggested that early identification of LMW proteinuria may
      presage gradual development of progressive tubular dysfunction with age and that
      such patients should be followed up indefinitely.

PMID- 4006336
TI  - Psoriasis vulgaris associated with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis.
AB  - A patient experienced the concomitant onset of psoriasis vulgaris and
      mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) with massive proteinuria. Laboratory
      examination revealed reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), elevated serum
      IgG, IgA and circulating immune complex (CIC) levels. Both diseases responded
      promptly to combined therapy with prednisolone, urokinase and plasma exchange.
      CIC and GFR were normalized with histological improvement. To our knowledge, this
      is the first case of glomerulonephritis, which can be related to psoriasis
      vulgaris through an immune mechanism.

PMID- 4006337
TI  - Minimal lesion disease followed by membranous glomerulonephropathy in two
      children with nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Two children with nephrotic syndrome are described whose clinical course, initial
      response to steroids, and renal biopsies were consistent with a diagnosis of
      minimal lesion disease (MLD). Both children subsequently became resistant to
      steroids and repeat renal biopsies 7 and 8 years after initial biopsies showed
      membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN). Explanations are suggested which may
      account for the occurrence of MLD followed by MGN in a single patient. These
      cases illustrate the necessity of performing repeat renal biopsies in patients
      with nephrotic syndrome if the clinical behavior and response to steroids are not
      typical for MLD.

PMID- 4006338
TI  - High incidence of cancer in uremic patients.

PMID- 4006339
TI  - Sclerosing obstructive peritonitis after continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis in 3 patients.

PMID- 4006340
TI  - Evaluation of flecainide acetate in rapid atrial fibrillation complicating Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - Flecainide is reported to be effective in patients with paroxysmal tachycardias,
      but its effect on rapid ventricular response over accessory atrioventricular
      pathway during atrial fibrillation is not known. The influence of flecainide on
      various electrophysiological properties of the accessory pathway with special
      emphasis on ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation was investigated in 9
      patients with severe symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The shortest
      ventricular response during atrial fibrillation increased from 218 (190-270) to
      320 (240-block) ms. In 4 patients sustained rapid atrial fibrillation converted
      to sinus rhythm. The rate of circus movement tachycardia decreased from 166/min
      to 130/min after flecainide, due to a lengthening of retrograde ventriculoatrial
      conduction time over the accessory pathway. Flecainide caused a significant
      prolongation of the effective refractory period of the accessory pathway in our
      subgroup with extremely fast AV conduction during atrial fibrillation and induced
      a depressant effect on retrograde accessory pathway conduction. This makes the
      drug very promising for the emergency treatment of dangerous rapid
      tachyarrhythias complicating this syndrome.

PMID- 4006341
TI  - Systolic murmurs in pregnancy: value of echocardiographic assessment.
AB  - A systolic murmur discovered in antenatal care is the most common reason for
      cardiological assessment during pregnancy. We have assessed the value of clinical
      and echocardiographic assessment in 50 consecutive patients who were referred to
      our cardiac clinic following the discovery of a cardiac murmur at an antenatal
      clinic. Most of the murmurs occurred at 10-12 weeks gestation; 46 subjects had
      cardiac murmurs confirmed at the cardiac clinic, of whom 16 gave a history
      suggestive of a previous cardiovascular disorder. Of the 16 patients, 13 had been
      found to have a murmur earlier in life which was thought to be of no clinical
      significance. Complications during pregnancy were infrequent. The most frequent
      murmur discovered was a soft midsystolic murmur heard with greatest intensity at
      the left sternal edge. The results of electrocardiography and echocardiography
      were not helpful in assisting with the diagnosis or substantially altering
      antenatal management in these patients. We do not feel that echocardiography has
      an important role in the assessment of systolic murmurs in pregnancy in the
      absence of other clinical or ECG abnormalities.

PMID- 4006342
TI  - No adverse effects from high doses of felodipine to patients with coronary heart
      disease.
AB  - Although vasodilators may be of value in treating hypertension and heart failure,
      excessive vasodilation may worsen poststenotic myocardial perfusion in patients
      with coronary artery disease. In this study, 11 patients with ischemic heart
      disease were given 0.010, 0.015, and 0.025 mg/min of felodipine, a potent
      arteriolar dilator, and hemodynamics and myocardial lactate extraction were
      measured. Plasma concentrations at the three dose levels (D1, D2, and D3) were 11
      +/- 4, 22 +/- 5, and 40 +/- 8 nmol/l, respectively. Mean heart rate rose from 61
      +/- 13 to 79 +/- 10 beats/min at D3 (p less than 0.01) and mean arterial pressure
      was reduced from 113 +/- 25 to 86 +/- 13 mmHg (p less than 0.01). There was a
      marked increase in cardiac index at all three dose levels (p less than 0.05 to p
      less than 0.01). The systemic vascular resistance was reduced by 47% at D3 and
      coronary vascular resistance by 44% (both p less than 0.01). Myocardial oxygen
      consumption was not changed by felodipine. There were three patients with
      myocardial lactate production both before and after drug administration, but
      there were no ST-segment shifts or chest pain in any patient. In conclusion,
      felodipine seems to be a potent vasodilator and deterioration of myocardial
      metabolic function occurs infrequently. Our results suggest that felodipine can
      be safely administered even in high doses to patients with severe coronary artery
      diseases.

PMID- 4006343
TI  - Paroxysmal vagally mediated AV block with recurrent syncope.
AB  - Paroxysmal complete atrioventricular (AV) block without associated
      electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormality is not a well recognized entity. A mother
      and her daughter had recurrent syncopal episodes, but a normal ECG. The episodes
      were preceded by nausea and vomiting. ECG during these episodes revealed complete
      heart block. In the mother, one episode was promptly reversed by atropine.
      Electrophysiological evaluation of the sinus and AV nodal function and atrial and
      ventricular effective refractory periods before and after autonomic blockade was
      normal. Provocative manoeuvres failed to induce AV block. Paroxysmal AV block was
      vagally mediated in one of the patients, as indicated by prompt response to
      atropine. In the second case, the vagal dependence could not be proved but
      appears to be the most likely explanation. It thus appears that paroxysmal,
      vagally mediated complete AV block should be seriously considered in patients
      with unexplained syncope.

PMID- 4006344
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse in the ventriculogram: scintigraphic, electrocardiographic,
      and hemodynamic abnormalities.
AB  - Patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) frequently have chest pain, which may
      be difficult to differentiate from angina pectoris in coronary artery disease
      (CAD). We performed resting and exercise ECGs, pulmonary arterial pressure
      measurements, radionuclide ventriculography (99mtechnetium), and perfusion
      scintigrams (201thallium) in 56 patients with angiographically proven MVP and no
      CAD. Pathological results were obtained in 31% of exercise ECGs, 33% of pulmonary
      arterial pressure measurements during exercise, 22% of radionuclide
      ventriculographies, and in 75% of thallium perfusion scintigrams. A significant
      correlation in pathological results was found only between exercise ECG and both
      radionuclide ventriculography and pulmonary arterial pressure measurements.
      Because of the high prevalence of false-positive perfusion scintigrams in
      patients with typical or atypical chest pain, the use of exercise 201Tl imaging
      as a screening method to separate patients with MVP from those with CAD will not
      be appropriate. The variability of cardiac abnormalities in our patients with MVP
      and angiographically normal coronary arteries suggests that the MVP syndrome may
      represent a variable combination of metabolic, ischemic, or myopathic disorders.

PMID- 4006345
TI  - Cardiovascular response to static contraction in borderline hypertension.
AB  - Nine young males with borderline hypertension (BH) (mean age +/- SD, 25 +/- 5 yr)
      and 13 young male normotensive controls (NT) (24 +/- 3 yr) were studied to
      determine their cardiovascular responses to small and large muscle static
      contractions. The subjects performed one-arm handgrip and two-leg extension in a
      randomly assigned order for 3 min at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction. Mean
      intra-arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR), and tension were measured
      throughout the contractions. Borderline hypertensive patients had a higher MABP
      at rest (p less than 0.005) and at the end of both types of static contractions
      (p less than 0.05). The average increases in MABP from rest to the end of
      exercise (delta MABP) were slightly greater for the BH patients (6 mmHg), but
      these differences were not significant (p greater than 0.1). However, a greater
      percentage of BH patients were hyperreactive to handgrip (delta BP greater than
      35 mmHg) and leg extension (delta BP greater than 40 mmHg) when compared to
      controls. These data indicate that, in general, young men with borderline
      hypertension demonstrate normal cardiovascular regulation in response to static
      contraction, but that a portion of this population may be hyperreactive to this
      type of circulatory stress.

PMID- 4006346
TI  - Nuclear medical determination of left ventricular diastolic function in coronary
      heart disease.
AB  - In 64 patients with coronary heart disease, the left ventricular diastolic
      function was determined by means of a new nuclear medical method (nuclear
      stethoscope). The investigations revealed an abnormal diastolic filling in 85.9%
      of the cases on the basis of the parameters peak filling rate and time to peak
      filling rate as manifestation of a disturbed ventricular function.

PMID- 4006347
TI  - Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in presumably healthy Korean adults.
AB  - This cross-sectional study on mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in Korean adults
      revealed a relatively low overall prevalence at 2.5% (5 of the 200 subjects).
      Three of 5 subjects with MVP were females and the majority (4 of 5 subjects) were
      under 30 years of age. All subjects with MVP had thoracic skeletal deformities (4
      straight back syndrome and 1 pectus excavatum). All subjects with MVP did not
      have cardiac history and they were all asymptomatic except for one who had
      intermittent palpitation of mild degree.

PMID- 4006348
TI  - Combination therapy with diltiazem and propranolol: precipitation of congestive
      heart failure.
AB  - Although congestive heart failure has been reported with the combination of a
      beta blocker and either verapamil or nifedipine, it has not previously been
      reported for combination therapy that includes diltiazem. The following case
      documents the occurrence of clinical congestive failure in a patient with
      baseline left ventricular dysfunction and severe angina pectoris. Although the
      patients had tolerated propranolol therapy for years without difficulty, and high
      dose diltiazem monotherapy with an excellent clinical response, the combination
      of diltiazem and propranolol resulted in the development of congestive heart
      failure. Thus, although generally well tolerated, given the suitable scenario of
      reduced left ventricular function, the combination of diltiazem and a beta
      blocker may adversely affect left ventricular performance.

PMID- 4006349
TI  - Behavior and feeling changes in siblings of hospitalized children.
AB  - The effects of hospitalization on ill children and their parents have been
      studied repeatedly, but effects on well siblings have received little attention.
      This investigation was designed to investigate sibling reactions when a brother
      or sister is hospitalized. The changes in feelings and behavior as reported by
      123 sibling of hospitalized children and their parents from a large teaching
      hospital were studied. Young siblings were interviewed, while older siblings and
      parents were given a questionnaire. Siblings reported an average of four changes
      each. The number of changes reported by siblings was related significantly to
      several factors, such as sibling age, relationship of sibling with hospitalized
      child, explanation, fear of getting the illness, residence of sibling during
      hospitalization of the sick child, and perceived changes in parenting. Even
      though siblings reported 519 changes, their patents reported only one-half that
      number. Parents of hospitalized children may not know how their well children are
      reacting. For this reason, health professionals need to interview siblings as
      well as parents to assess sibling welfare accurately. In addition, health
      professionals can help siblings by insuring that an adequate explanation is given
      to siblings and by encouraging parents to maintain siblings at home, either with
      a sitter or family members.

PMID- 4006350
TI  - Rubella seronegativity in a low socioeconomic adolescent female population.
AB  - Ninety low socioeconomic adolescent females (aged 16-22 years, means 18.6 years)
      were screened for rubella immunity using a rubella IgG enzyme immunoassay. Data
      concerning past immunizations (with documentation, if possible), prior rubella
      disease, and previous pregnancies were gathered through direct interviews.
      Results revealed 20 percent (18/90 girls) were seronegative. Fifty-eight percent
      (42/72) of the seropositive girls and 50 percent (9/18) of the seronegative girls
      gave verbal reports of previous rubella immunization, but only 11 subjects
      (12.2%) could provide documentation of previous vaccination, including one
      seronegative subject. Thirty-one percent (28/90) of the study population had a
      history of one or more previous pregnancies (22 therapeutic abortions, 10 live
      births, and 8 spontaneous abortions). A comparison of the seronegativity rate
      between the 28 girls who were pregnant previously and the 62 girls who were never
      pregnant demonstrated a significantly higher seronegativity rate among those who
      had been pregnant (29% vs. 16%; chi 2 = 5.51; p less than 0.05). The results of
      this study suggest that the seronegativity rate in this age group is consistent
      with previous reports of rubella immunity, few adolescents can provide
      documentation of rubella vaccination, and presentation for abortion is an optimal
      time to vaccinate rubella susceptible females.

PMID- 4006351
TI  - Nutritional consequences of drugs used in pediatrics.
AB  - Pediatric drugs may have significant nutritional consequences via their effects
      on appetite, nutrient absorption, nutrient metabolism, and nutrient excretion.
      Examples of common drugs and effects on nutrition include the inhibition of
      vitamin C storage by aspirin; impairment of folic acid utilization by
      phenobarbital; phenylalanine accumulation by trimethoprim; and lipolysis caused
      by caffeine. Nutritional consequences of drugs are of greater clinical
      significance in children who are malnourished and in those on drugs for prolonged
      periods. It is important that physicians consider possible deleterious
      consequences of drugs in making therapeutic choices.

PMID- 4006352
TI  - Hypernatremic dehydration in children with severe psychomotor retardation.
AB  - Three cases of hypernatremic dehydration in children with severe psychomotor
      retardation are described. All the children were receiving processed foods that
      contained extremely high amounts of sodium and were unintentionally deprived of
      free water. Salt and water intake must be monitored closely in children who can
      neither communicate thirst nor regulate their diet.

PMID- 4006353
TI  - Treatment of severe metabolic alkalosis in a neonate with hydrochloric acid
      infusion.

PMID- 4006354
TI  - Cystinosis presenting with features suggesting Bartter syndrome. Case report and
      literature review.
AB  - Features suggestive of Bartter syndrome (hypokalemia, hypochloremic metabolic
      alkalosis, and normal blood pressure despite hyperreninemia and
      hyperaldosteronism) were found in a 5-year-old black child with cystinosis and
      Fanconi syndrome. Review of his medical records revealed that these abnormalities
      had probably been present when he first became clinically ill at 2 years of age.
      Sodium and potassium chloride supplementation lead to improved growth and
      strength, partial correction of his electrolyte abnormalities, and a decrease in
      markedly elevated plasma renin activity. Literature review disclosed a similar
      presentation in four Caucasian children with cystinosis. Biochemical findings
      compatible with Bartter syndrome can occur together with evidence of generalized
      proximal renal tubular dysfunction (Fanconi syndrome) in nephropathic cystinosis.

PMID- 4006355
TI  - Yogurt. Contributory factor in development of nutritional rickets.
AB  - Vitamin D deficient rickets occurred in a 15-month-old black girl for whom yogurt
      had been substituted for milk products. Investigation determined that
      commercially available yogurt contains no vitamin D, and that this fact is not
      generally recognized by lay persons and health professionals. Use of yogurt as a
      major source of nutritional intake in infants and young children may be a
      contributory factor in development of vitamin D deficiency rickets.

PMID- 4006356
TI  - The occurrence of phenylketonuria and galactosemia within the same family.

PMID- 4006357
TI  - Familial meconium ileus with normal sweat electrolytes.
AB  - Meconium ileus (MeI) is the presenting symptom in 10 to 15 percent of infants
      with cystic fibrosis (CF), but it is a rare phenomenon in patients who do not
      have this disease. We report four Bedouin siblings who had MeI with no laboratory
      evidence of CF.

PMID- 4006358
TI  - Phenytoin-induced movement disorder associated with intravenous administration
      for status epilepticus.

PMID- 4006360
TI  - Fatal fulminant hepatic failure?

PMID- 4006359
TI  - Acute alcohol toxicity following mouthwash ingestion.

PMID- 4006361
TI  - Oral pemoline kinetics in hyperactive children.
AB  - The time course of pemoline in plasma was investigated in seven prepubescent boys
      with attention-deficit disorders who were hyperactive. Maximum plasma
      concentrations of 4.3 +/- 1.0 mg/L were reached 2.8 +/- 1.8 hours after a single,
      2 mg/kg oral dose of pemoline, followed by a monoexponential decline in plasma
      concentration over time. Mean t1/2 and total body clearance of pemoline were 8.6
      hours and 0.65 ml/min/kg. The 600% interindividual variation in elimination t1/2
      and the 300% variation in total body clearance of pemoline may explain the
      unpredictable nature of its dynamics and associated neurotoxicity in some cases.

PMID- 4006362
TI  - Metabolite cumulation during chronic propafenone dosing in arrhythmia.
AB  - The cumulation of propafenone and two of its metabolites, 5-hydroxypropafenone (5
      OHP) and N-depropylpropafenone (NDPP), was examined in patients with frequent
      ventricular ectopy. After 2 weeks of propafenone therapy (300 mg twice a day),
      propafenone was discontinued and blood samples were drawn for 24 hours. The mean
      (+/- SD) steady-state concentrations of propafenone, 5-OHP, and NDPP were 1010 +/
      411, 174 +/- 113, and 179 +/- 93 ng/ml. The concentration ratios of 5
      OHP/propafenone and NDPP/propafenone were 0.177 +/- 0.049 and 0.227 +/- 0.203.
      Plasma concentrations of 5-OHP and NDPP did not decay in a log-linear manner
      during the sampling period and thus estimates of their disappearance t1/2s were
      not possible. At 24 hours after propafenone dosing, concentrations of 5-OHP and
      NDPP were 63% +/- 37% and 50% +/- 21% of their mean steady-state levels. Our data
      indicate that these propafenone metabolites cumulate in the plasma during chronic
      oral propafenone therapy, and that their clinical role needs to be elucidated.

PMID- 4006363
TI  - Effect of cigarette smoking on mexiletine kinetics.
AB  - The effect of cigarette smoking on the kinetics of a single, 200 mg, oral dose of
      the antiarrhythmic drug mexiletine was investigated in healthy subjects.
      Cigarette smoking had no effect on absorption or distribution of the drug, but it
      significantly reduced the elimination t1/2 from 11.1 +/- 3.4 to 7.2 +/- 1.8
      hours; the effect on clearance was less significant. Determination of the urinary
      concentrations of the three major metabolites of mexiletine (mexiletine
      glucuronide conjugate, hydroxymethylmexiletine, and p-hydroxymexiletine)
      indicated that cigarette smoking selectively induced conjugation of mexiletine
      with glucuronic acid as well as aliphatic hydroxylation to yield
      hydroxymethylmexiletine, but that it had no effect on the formation of p
      hydroxymexiletine.

PMID- 4006364
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and nondialyzability of mexiletine in renal failure.
AB  - Mexiletine is an investigational antiarrhythmic drug eliminated primarily by
      hepatic metabolism. To evaluate its pharmacokinetics in patients with renal
      failure, we gave 14 subjects (creatinine clearance from 0 to 68.9 ml/min,
      including five subjects who required maintenance dialysis) a single, 200 mg dose
      of mexiletine. Serial blood samples were drawn and analyzed for mexiletine
      concentration by gas chromatography. The elimination t1/2 was 18.9 +/- 7.4 hours
      and oral clearance was 378 +/- 109 ml/min (means +/- SD). There was no
      correlation between these parameters and creatinine clearance. In subjects
      receiving dialysis, the study was also repeated during dialysis 1 week later.
      There was no significant difference between the AUCs either while receiving
      dialysis or when calculated on a day when the subject was not receiving dialysis.
      Thus dosing adjustments for mexiletine should not be necessary in patients with
      creatinine clearance values as low as 10 ml/min or in patients receiving
      dialysis. Furthermore, supplemental doses of mexiletine are not likely to be
      needed after dialysis. Evaluation of the kinetics at steady state are necessary
      to extrapolate further our observations after a single oral dose.

PMID- 4006366
TI  - Mexiletine kinetics in healthy subjects taking cimetidine.
AB  - Cimetidine, a commonly used H2-receptor antagonist, was found to interact
      adversely with many drugs, including class I antiarrhythmics such as lidocaine
      and quinidine. To test the effect of cimetidine on the kinetics of mexiletine, a
      class I antiarrhythmic similar to lidocaine, the absorption and disposition of
      mexiletine were followed in six healthy subjects before and after 1 week of
      cimetidine, 300 mg by mouth four times a day. Cimetidine did not alter the
      distribution and elimination of mexiletine, as shown by similar mean kinetics
      including total body clearance, AUC, and the elimination t1/2 before and after
      cimetidine treatment. Cimetidine did have a significant effect on mexiletine
      absorption, as demonstrated by a longer mean absorption t1/2 (from 0.20 +/- 0.14
      to 0.61 +/- 0.35 hours), a longer mean time to peak mexiletine concentration
      (from 1.13 +/- 0.31 to 1.88 +/- 0.83 hours), and decreased mexiletine plasma
      concentration (from 0.74 +/- 0.19 to 0.59 +/- 0.15 mg/ml). We conclude that
      cimetidine does not alter the disposition of oral mexiletine in normal subjects.

PMID- 4006365
TI  - Effect of cimetidine on verapamil disposition.
AB  - The effects of multiple doses of cimetidine on single-dose verapamil kinetics
      were studied in nine healthy men. Baseline hepatic blood flow was estimated by
      indocyanine green elimination on day 1. On day 2, the subjects received
      verapamil, 10 mg iv, after which the plasma concentration-time profile was
      determined. After a 2-day washout, cimetidine, 300 mg, was taken by mouth four
      times a day for 5 days. The indocyanine green study was repeated on day 9 and
      verapamil was taken on day 10. Cimetidine reduced verapamil clearance by 21% and
      increased the elimination t1/2 by 50%. The volume of distribution at steady state
      did not change. Cimetidine increased hepatic blood flow in some subjects, while
      decreasing it in others. There was no correlation between individual changes in
      verapamil clearance and hepatic blood flow. These data indicate that cimetidine
      reduces verapamil clearance by mechanism(s) other than a change in hepatic blood
      flow or volume of distribution.

PMID- 4006367
TI  - Effect of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on nitroprusside metabolism.
AB  - At a rectal temperature of 25 degrees C, six patients undergoing hypothermic
      cardiopulmonary bypass received intravenous infusions of sodium nitroprusside
      (SNP) at a rate of 7.3 +/- 1.7 micrograms/kg/min for 20 minutes. Total SNP dose
      per patient was 11.0 +/- 1.1 mg. Blood samples for serum cyanide (CN-), red blood
      cell cyanide (RBC CN-), and thiocyanate (SCN-) determinations were drawn
      immediately before SNP infusion. These determinations were repeated at the end of
      the infusion, at the start of rewarming, and at a rectal temperature greater than
      34 degrees C and 1, 4 (five subjects), and 24 hours (three subjects) thereafter.
      Extracorporeal blood flow was held constant at 2.4 L/min/m2 and mean arterial
      pressure was maintained between 50 to 100 mm Hg with phenylephrine (3.62 +/- 0.75
      mg) during SNP infusion and trimethaphan (37.8 +/- 15.6 mg) after the end of the
      infusion. There was a significant increase in RBC CN- after the SNP infusion that
      lasted until the subjects were rewarmed. One subject developed a peak RBC CN-
      level of 0.8 microgram/ml. Plasma CN- levels changed little throughout and SCN-
      levels were elevated only after rewarming. The nonenzymatic release of free CN-
      from SNP was not inhibited by hypothermia, while the enzymatic detoxification of
      CN- to SCN- may have been delayed.

PMID- 4006368
TI  - Pregnancy-induced increase in metoprolol metabolism.
AB  - Five women who developed hypertension during pregnancy received metoprolol, 10 mg
      iv; 3 days later they received metoprolol, 100 mg by mouth. Blood and urine
      samples were collected after each dose. The same procedure was repeated 3 to 6
      months after delivery. The apparent oral clearance of metoprolol during pregnancy
      exceeded that after pregnancy by a factor of 2 to 13. As a result, after oral
      dosing the peak plasma concentrations during pregnancy were only 12% to 55% those
      after delivery, and the plasma AUCs were reduced to the same extent. Oral
      bioavailability increased by a factor of 1.3 to 3.7 after pregnancy. Systemic
      clearance after pregnancy was 26% to 97% that during pregnancy, but this
      difference was not significant. Metoprolol plasma protein binding was the same on
      both study occasions. Our data cannot be explained by a change in
      gastrointestinal absorption, because the urinary recovery of metoprolol and its
      metabolites was slightly higher during pregnancy. It is concluded that the
      greater metoprolol clearance during pregnancy results from increased hepatic
      metabolism of the drug.

PMID- 4006369
TI  - Hyponatremia during carbamazepine therapy.
AB  - Sixty patients receiving carbamazepine and 61 age-matched controls were studied
      to determine the prevalence of hyponatremia. There was a significant difference
      between the mean (+/- SE) serum sodium levels of the subjects (138.8 +/- 0.6
      mEq/L) and the controls (141.7 +/- 0.4 mEq/L). Thirteen (21.7%) of the subjects,
      but none of the controls, had sodium levels less than 135 mEq/L. The risk of
      hyponatremia increased with age (subjects greater than 30 years old had four
      times the prevalence of hyponatremia as those less than 30 years old) and
      carbamazepine serum level (those with levels greater than 6 micrograms/ml had
      three-and-a-half times the prevalence as those with lower levels).

PMID- 4006370
TI  - Antipyrine clearance in pneumonia.
AB  - Antipyrine clearance was estimated by a one-sample technique in 14 patients with
      acute fever and clinical pneumonia. Antipyrine clearance during the acute illness
      was 31.4 +/- 7.6 ml/min (X +/- SD). Fourteen and 28 days later during
      convalescence, clearance values were higher (47.8 +/- 18.9 and 49.2 +/- 15.0
      ml/min, respectively). We conclude that microsomal hepatic drug metabolism in
      adults is impaired during pneumonia.

PMID- 4006371
TI  - Effects of smoke deprivation interval on puff topography.
AB  - Our purpose in this series of three studies was to determine the effects of
      deprivation interval on smoking topography. In experiment 1, subjects were
      allowed to smoke ad libitum for 1 hour after 3, 30, and 300 minutes of tobacco
      smoke deprivation. An increased latency to the first cigarette developed after 3
      minutes deprivation and an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked occurred
      after 300 minutes of deprivation. In experiment 2, puff number and spacing were
      held constant to determine if smokers would compensate for long deprivation
      intervals by more intense smoking, i.e., increased puff volume. Puff volumes and
      carbon monoxide (CO) boosts did not differ across smoking bouts preceded by
      either 30, 100, or 300 minutes of tobacco smoke deprivation. In experiment 3,
      average puff volumes and CO boosts were examined during smoking periods with
      short (3, 10, and 30 minutes) deprivation intervals. Subjects smoked less
      intensely (lower puff volumes and CO boosts) when smoking was spaced by 3 than by
      30 minutes. We conclude that smokers do not increase puff volume after long
      deprivation intervals up to 300 minutes, but they may decrease puff volumes after
      short (3 minutes) deprivation intervals when puff number and spacing cannot be
      used as compensatory mechanisms.

PMID- 4006372
TI  - Atropine serum concentrations after multiple inhaled doses of atropine sulfate.
AB  - Atropine may be given by inhalation for bronchodilation. Intravenous atropine at
      doses of 0.32 to 1 mg yields serum levels of 2 to 6 ng/ml, with an elimination
      t1/2 of about 4 hours. Efficient inhalation of large single doses leads to
      similar concentrations in some individuals, but under clinical conditions drug
      delivery may be less efficient. Of concern is accumulation of the drug in the
      body with multiple-dose therapy. We measured serum levels of atropine after
      single inhaled doses and again after 48 to 72 hours of inhalation every 4 to 6
      hours in 11 subjects. The drug was administered by therapists at doses and
      techniques commonly used in the clinical setting. Serum concentrations of
      atropine were negligible after the first dose in all subjects but were detectable
      in six of nine subjects who received the drug for more than 48 hours. Three of
      the subjects had levels greater than 2 ng/ml.

PMID- 4006373
TI  - Cefotaxime and desacetyl cefotaxime kinetics in renal impairment.
AB  - Cefotaxime and desacetyl cefotaxime kinetics after a single, 1 gm intravenous
      dose were evaluated in five groups of subjects: group I, normal creatinine
      clearance (CLCR greater than 90 ml/min); group II, mild renal insufficiency (CLCR
      30 to 89 ml/min); group III, moderate renal insufficiency (CLCR 16 to 29 ml/min);
      group IV, severe renal insufficiency (CLCR 4 to 15 ml/min); and group V, end
      stage renal disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis (CLCR less than 6 ml/min).
      The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) ranged from 10% to 55% of body
      weight but was not related to CLCR. The terminal t1/2 values of cefotaxime and
      desacetyl cefotaxime were 0.79 and 0.70, 1.09 and 3.95, 1.55 and 5.65, 2.54 and
      14.23, and 1.63 and 23.15 hours in groups I to V, respectively. There were no
      significant changes in Vss or t1/2 after multiple dosing, but there were
      significant correlations between CLCR and cefotaxime total body clearance,
      cefotaxime and desacetyl cefotaxime renal clearance, and cefotaxime nonrenal
      clearance. Dosage regimens for the use of cefotaxime in patients with renal
      impairment are proposed.

PMID- 4006374
TI  - Kinetics and dynamics of disopyramide and its dealkylated metabolite in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - The kinetics and dynamics of total and free (unbound) disopyramide (D) after
      dosing with D, 1.5 and 2 mg/kg iv, were compared with those of the dealkylated
      metabolite (MND) after dosing with MND, 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg iv, in six healthy
      subjects. Dynamic parameters included ECG with measurement of the QT interval
      corrected for heart rate (QTc), systolic time intervals, vitamin C-stimulated
      saliva secretion, pupil size, and maximum accommodation capacity. Mean values of
      total clearance, apparent volume of distribution, and elimination t1/2 of MND
      were 5.9, 2.3, and 0.4 times those of total D, respectively. D significantly
      prolonged the QTc and systolic time intervals and induced transient inhibition of
      stimulated saliva secretion. In contrast, MND induced no substantial change in
      either the QTc or systolic time intervals, but did induce more persistent
      inhibition of salivary secretion. If anticholinergic potency is determined as the
      degree of inhibition of stimulated saliva flow per plasma concentration unit, MND
      was three times as potent as its parent when measured at maximum inhibition.
      There were no consistent drug effects on the ocular parameters. The effect of D
      on QTc correlated with both total and free plasma concentrations. Furthermore,
      its transient salivary inhibitory effect paralleled its initial rapid decline in
      plasma concentration. There was no relationship between the MND plasma
      concentration and its salivary inhibitory effect. We conclude that disopyramide
      significantly affected the QTc and systolic time intervals in healthy subjects,
      while MND in a similar dose had no such effects. MND more strongly inhibited
      stimulated saliva flow, indicating a more potent anticholinergic effect than D.

PMID- 4006376
TI  - Effect of acute alcohol consumption on lithium kinetics.
AB  - Lithium carbonate is used in several psychiatric disorders in the context of
      alcohol abuse. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study the single-dose
      kinetics of lithium were followed after alcohol or placebo. Lithium carbonate
      capsules were taken by mouth by 10 healthy young men with alcohol on one occasion
      and with placebo on a separate occasion (at least 7 days apart). Lithium
      concentrations were determined in serum and urine samples for 24 hours after
      dosing and served as the basis for kinetic analysis. Acute alcohol had no effect
      on lithium absorption, elimination, distribution, or clearance. Alcohol did,
      however, increase the peak serum lithium level in nine of 10 subjects, from a
      mean of 0.62 mEq/L in the placebo condition to 0.70 mEq/L in the alcohol
      condition. Our data suggest that alcohol has limited effects on lithium carbonate
      kinetics. The possibility of elevated serum lithium concentrations when lithium
      is taken with alcohol is suggested.

PMID- 4006375
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-iodouracil and endogenous
      pyrimidine modulation.
AB  - We describe the clinical pharmacology and metabolism of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine
      (IdUrd) during and after a 12-hour infusion. The kinetics of IdUrd were linear
      between 250 and 1200 mg/m2. The plasma IdUrd concentration reached steady state
      in less than 1 hour. Total body clearance of IdUrd was 750 ml/min/m2 and the
      disappearance t1/2 at the end of the infusion was less than 5 minutes. The
      primary metabolite, 5-iodouracil (IUra), did not reach steady state during the
      infusion. At the end of the 1200 mg/m2 infusion, the maximum plasma IUra
      concentration was 100 mumol/L, or about 10 times the simultaneous IdUrd plasma
      concentration. During the infusion there was at least a fifty- to 100-fold
      increase in uracil and thymine plasma concentrations. After the infusion, IUra
      disappearance from plasma was nonlinear, with an apparent Michaelis constant of
      30 mumol/L. Plasma uracil and thymine levels slowly decreased after the IdUrd
      infusion until IUra fell to less than 30 mumol/L. There was subsequently a
      parallel and more rapid decrease in the plasma concentrations of uracil and
      thymine. Uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, and thymidine plasma levels did not change
      significantly as a result of IdUrd therapy. These changes in endogenous
      pyrimidine pools are consistent with competitive inhibition of dihydrouracil
      dehydrogenase by IUra. An in vitro human bone marrow assay was used to determine
      the relative toxicity of IdUrd and IUra. Although exposure to IUra was tenfold
      higher than that to IdUrd, IdUrd was at least 100 times more cytotoxic to marrow
      cells.

PMID- 4006377
TI  - Salicylate kinetics in old age.
AB  - Salicylate kinetics were determined in 28 subjects 25 to 92 years old who
      received single, oral doses of sodium salicylate (1 gm/1.73 m2). The serum
      AUCinfinity of total salicylate did not correlate with age. There was a weak
      positive correlation between the AUCinfinity of free (unbound) drug and age, but
      there was no apparent difference between the AUCinfinity values of the 15 women
      and 13 men. Seven of the 16 subjects greater than 70 years of age cleared
      salicylate at about the same rate as the younger subjects. A comparison of these
      seven subjects with the nine greater than 70 years old who were slow eliminators
      of salicylate revealed that the latter group consisted of more bedridden patients
      and that these patients had somewhat lower serum albumin concentrations, but they
      did not differ from the more rapid eliminators with respect to serum creatinine
      or urea nitrogen levels, SGOT, average age, female/male ratio, and average body
      weight. The serum protein binding of salicylate decreased with increasing age,
      apparently due mainly to decreasing serum albumin concentrations.

PMID- 4006378
TI  - Effects of d,l-verapamil on atrioventricular conduction in relation to its
      stereoselective first-pass metabolism.
AB  - After the oral administration of 160 mg pseudoracemic verapamil (80 mg
      dideuterodextro (d) isomer and 80 mg levo (l) isomer), the prolongation of the PR
      interval was assessed in relation to d- and l-verapamil plasma concentrations.
      Concentration-effect curves were analyzed with the sigmoidal Emax model. Because
      of stereoselective first-pass metabolism, the mean plasma d- to l-verapamil
      concentration ratio of 4.5 +/- 1.2 was substantially greater than that of 2.1 +/-
      0.3 after intravenous dosing. Compared with the concentration after intravenous
      injection, the total verapamil concentration after oral dosing consisted of a
      substantially smaller proportion of the more potent l-isomer. These differences
      in isomer composition of the total verapamil plasma concentration as a result of
      the route of administration explain the diminished negative dromotropic potency
      of racemic verapamil after oral dosing. The concentration required to reach 50%
      of the maximum effect (EC50) for total verapamil concentration was 129.0 +/- 22.9
      ng/ml, which was more than three times higher than that after intravenous
      injection. To assess the relative contributions of the d- and l-isomers to
      overall dromotropic potency, changes in the PR interval were measured after
      separate oral dosing with 250 mg d-verapamil and 100 mg l-verapamil. The EC50
      showed an 11-fold difference between the l- (36.9 +/- 14.7 ng/ml) and d- (363.1
      +/- 64.2 ng/ml) isomers. The EC50 for the l-isomer concentration after oral
      pseudoracemic verapamil (20.2 +/- 6.3 ng/ml) did not differ significantly from
      that after l-verapamil alone (36.9 +/- 14.7 ng/ml). We conclude that the l-isomer
      determines the negative dromotropic effects of verapamil and that the d-isomer is
      of minor importance.

PMID- 4006379
TI  - Food-induced changes in theophylline absorption from controlled-release
      formulations. Part I. Substantial increased and decreased absorption with Uniphyl
      tablets and Theo-Dur Sprinkle.
AB  - Food-induced changes in absorption from two controlled-release formulations of
      theophylline (Uniphyl tablets [Purdue Frederick Co.] and Theo-Dur Sprinkle [Key
      Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]) were studied in healthy male nonsmokers. Although the two
      forms exhibited a theophylline in vitro dissolution rate that was independent of
      changes in pH from 1 to 8, they showed substantial but opposite food-induced
      absorption changes. In a 12-subject, three-way, single-dose, randomized,
      crossover study the bioavailability of theophylline relative to immediate-release
      aminophylline tablets increased from 53% +/- 23% (means +/- SD) to 96% +/- 46%
      when Uniphyl (two 400 mg tablets) was taken under fasting and nonfasting (high
      fat content meal) conditions, respectively. On the other hand, in a separate six
      subject, two-way, randomized, crossover study, food reduced the bioavailability
      of theophylline from Theo-Dur Sprinkle: Theophylline bioavailability in the
      nonfasting state was only 53% +/- 9% that in the fasting state.

PMID- 4006380
TI  - Effects of the calcium antagonist tiapamil on pulmonary gas exchange in patients
      with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who receive salbutamol.
AB  - Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular
      diseases are frequently given combination therapy with a beta 2-agonist and a
      calcium antagonist. Each drug is known to increase ventilation-perfusion
      inequalities. It was our aim to define the effects of their combination on lung
      function and on pulmonary gas exchange in eight subjects with COPD but partially
      reversible airway obstruction. Sixty minutes after placebo or 450 mg tiapamil,
      subjects inhaled 0.2 mg salbutamol. There was no significant effect of tiapamil
      on specific airway conductance and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second
      before or after the inhalation of salbutamol. Blood was drawn 30, 55, 80, and 100
      minutes after placebo or tiapamil dosing. After placebo the mean (+/- SD)
      arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) fell from 67.1 +/- 7.3 to 64.4 +/- 5.5 mm Hg and
      the mean alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (AaDo2) rose from 34.6 +/-
      8.4 to 40.5 +/- 6.8 mm Hg. After tiapamil the mean Pao2 fell from 68.7 +/- 7.3 to
      66.4 +/- 5.8 mm Hg and the mean AaDo2 rose from 35.1 +/- 6.8 to 38.7 +/- 7.4 mm
      Hg. The changes in Pao2 were not significant. The increase in AaDo2 after placebo
      was significant, but that after tiapamil was not. We conclude that the
      combination of the calcium antagonist tiapamil and the bronchodilator salbutamol
      is safe with respect to lung function in COPD. There is no evidence that tiapamil
      increases beta 2-agonist-induced impairment in pulmonary gas exchange.

PMID- 4006381
TI  - Drug mechanisms. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. 8th annual meeting.
      Washington, D.C., July 27-28, 1984.

PMID- 4006383
TI  - Long-term second-line therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4006382
TI  - A molecular theory of recognition and activation at a 5-HT receptor based on a
      quantum chemical approach to structure activity relationships.
AB  - The study of structure activity relationships (SAR) is based on the delineation
      of the causal relationships between the properties of molecules and the observed
      responses evoked by the interaction of these molecules with biological systems.
      The methods of theoretical and quantum chemistry describe accurately the
      molecular properties that are determined by molecular structure and provide a
      rigorous link between structure and activity. We study the molecular events in
      the pharmacological mechanism of drugs interacting with the receptor of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) by defining the elements of recognition and
      by analyzing the changes induced in a molecular model for the receptor. These
      steps define the relationship between the properties of the drugs and their
      ability to be recognized and cause the activation of the receptors. Consequently,
      our quantum chemical studies of drug-receptor interactions explain the
      selectivity of receptors and the molecular determinants for agonism and
      antagonism on the 5-HT receptor.

PMID- 4006384
TI  - Bone mineral loss, bone histomorphometry and vitamin D metabolism in patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis on long-term glucocorticoid treatment.
AB  - Long-term glucocorticoid treatment might interfere with the vitamin D metabolism.
      The serum concentrations of 25-OHD were significantly reduced whereas the
      circulating levels of 1,25-(OH)2D were normal in 50 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis on long-term treatment with small doses of prednisone. The bone mineral
      content of the forearm was significantly reduced, but the degree of bone loss did
      not correlate with duration of treatment or dose of prednisone given.
      Quantitative bone histomorphometry was performed in 18 patients. Apart from a
      significant correlation between serum 25-OHD and the fractional trabecular bone
      volume, no relationships were observed between bone histomorphometry and vitamin
      D metabolites or serum iPTH. The results indicate that the bone loss was due to a
      decreased osteoblastic activity rather than to an impaired vitamin D metabolism.

PMID- 4006385
TI  - Urogenital involvements and rheumatic disorders in females. An interview study.
AB  - To study dependence between urogenital involvements and musculoskeletal
      complaints in females, 311 randomly selected women aged 15 to 54 were
      interviewed. In the analysis of these dependences musculoskeletal complaints were
      considered as a whole per person. A history of salpingitis, gonorrhoea, urinary
      tract infection (UTI) and Trichomonas vaginalis was revealed as constituting a
      relative risk factor of 4.4, 3.9, 3.1 and 4.5 respectively in connection with
      inflammatory rheumatic disease or suspicion of it, with or without dorsal pains
      of unknown cause. Anamnestic cervicitis was disclosed as constituting a relative
      risk factor of 1.9 in connection with joint pains in the extremities and 1.8 in
      connection with dorsalgia of unknown cause, but not a statistically significant
      relative risk of inflammatory rheumatic diseases or suspicion of them.
      Salpingitis is proposed as a diagnostic criterion for female Reiter's syndrome.
      In epidemiologic work the importance of considering the medical history of
      musculoskeletal complaints as a whole per person is emphasized.

PMID- 4006387
TI  - Disseminated gonococcal infection in a married couple.
AB  - The rare occurrence of disseminated gonococcal infection in a married couple is
      reported. These cases support the concept that bacterial rather than host factors
      are more important in determining the disease manifestations in gonorrhoea.

PMID- 4006386
TI  - Paralysis and unilateral arthritis: is the association established?
AB  - A patient with long-standing upper limb lower motor neurone paresis more recently
      developed homolateral upper motor neurone hemiplegia. Subsequent primary
      generalised osteoarthritis spared only the paralysed upper limb. Detailed review
      of reported cases suggest that the "protective" effect of paralysis against
      subsequent development of arthritis is not as clearly established as generally
      believed.

PMID- 4006388
TI  - An autopsy case with Good's syndrome and dermatomyositis.
AB  - A 31-year-old male patient complaining of repeated respiratory infections was
      revealed to be in an immunodeficient state in both humoral and cellular immunity
      and accompanied by dermatomyositis which was proved by both clinical and
      histological findings. Persistent diarrhea followed by colonic bleeding due to
      multiple ulcers and a severe liver dysfunction seemed to bring him to his death.
      The autopsy revealed the presence of thymoma of spindle cell type, depleted cells
      in the systemic lymphatic systems and inflammatory lesions in the muscle, liver,
      lung, kidney and gastrointestinal tract. This is the first report of Good's
      syndrome accompanied by dermatomyositis.

PMID- 4006389
TI  - Neurogenic muscular atrophy in Behcet's disease.
AB  - A child is reported with Behcet's disease who presented with skin and joint
      manifestations, oral ulcers, brainstem syndrome and neurogenic muscular atrophy.
      The neurogenic muscular atrophy was confirmed by electrophysiologic, histologic
      and histochemical studies. Electron microscopy of muscle showed a vasculopathy.
      The possible etiology of the muscle lesions is discussed. The relevant literature
      on muscle and peripheral nerve involvement in Behcet's disease is reviewed. It is
      proposed that neuromyopathy be added to the neurological manifestations of
      Behcet's disease. To our knowledge, this is the first case of neurogenic atrophy
      reported in Behcet's disease.

PMID- 4006390
TI  - Erosive arthritis in a patient with amyloid arthropathy.
AB  - Amyloid arthropathy is said to be distinguished roentgenographically from
      rheumatoid arthritis by the absence of joint space narrowing and the absence of
      articular erosions. We present a patient with multiple myeloma with swelling,
      stiffness and firm synovial thickening of the wrists, metacarpophalangeal joints
      and proximal interphalangeal joints whose hand radiographs showed articular
      erosions of the carpal joints and ulnar styloid and joint space narrowing of the
      proximal interphalangeal joints and metacarpophalangeal joints. Synovial biopsy
      of the left wrist showed amyloid deposits with no inflammation. Previous reports
      of X-ray changes in amyloid arthropathy note preservation of joint spaces or
      widening. Erosions when noted are of non-articular bone rather than of the
      articular surface. This is the first case report of erosive articular disease in
      amyloid arthropathy.

PMID- 4006391
TI  - Salivary of blood specimen for evaluation of drug concentration in rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 4006393
TI  - Pharmacologic effects of the triazolo group.

PMID- 4006392
TI  - Acetylcysteine for severe atelectasis in premature infants.

PMID- 4006394
TI  - Venoconstriction by angiotensin II.

PMID- 4006395
TI  - Evaluation of the vancomycin-clearance:creatinine-clearance relationship for
      predicting vancomycin dosage.
AB  - Four methods of predicting vancomycin maintenance doses on the basis of the
      relationship between total-body or renal clearance of the drug and creatinine
      clearance were evaluated retrospectively using data from 24 patients who received
      vancomycin hydrochloride. Data for 18 men and 6 women with creatinine clearances
      of 10-130 mL/min were used; the mean (+/- S.D.) vancomycin maintenance dose was
      22.0 +/- 11.2 mg/kg/day. The actual vancomycin maintenance dose needed to sustain
      an average steady-state vancomycin concentration of 15 mg/L was determined based
      on individual pharmacokinetic values. Predicted vancomycin maintenance doses were
      generated using the vancomycin-clearance:creatinine-clearance relationships
      derived separately by Nielsen, Moellering, Rotschafer, and Matzke. Orthogonal
      regression analysis was used to determine relationships between actual and
      predicted maintenance doses. Predictive ability of each method was assessed for
      bias (mean error) and precision (root mean squared error). Mean error and root
      mean squared error (+/- S.D.), respectively, for the four methods were as
      follows: Nielsen -262 +/- 451, 522 +/- 718; Moellering -91 +/- 439, 448 +/- 547;
      Rotschafer 192 +/- 602, 632 +/- 682; and Matzke -76 +/- 101, 408 +/- 517. Doses
      predicted by the Nielsen relationship were significantly lower than the actual
      vancomycin maintenance doses. Use of the Rotschafer relationship resulted in
      substantial overprediction, which increased as creatinine clearance declined.
      Doses predicted by the Moellering and Matzke relationships were slightly less
      than but not significantly different from the actual dose. The Matzke method
      demonstrated the least bias and was the most precise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4006396
TI  - Acyclovir pharmacokinetics in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.

PMID- 4006397
TI  - Warfarin absorption in a patient with short-bowel syndrome.

PMID- 4006399
TI  - Pentobarbital coma for treating intractable seizures in a neonate.

PMID- 4006398
TI  - Gentamicin elimination in a patient undergoing continuous ultrafiltration.

PMID- 4006400
TI  - Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by topical testosterone ointment.

PMID- 4006401
TI  - Red cell metabolism in renal failure--the effect of dialysis.
AB  - The mechanism of the increased haemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocyte survival in
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) compared to haemodialysis (HD)
      was investigated by measuring hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) activity and
      reduced glutathione concentration (GSH) in 12 patients--six patients who were
      stable on CAPD, and six patients who were stable on HD, and also six normal
      controls. We confirmed the rise in haemoglobin in the CAPD group. The HMP
      activity, measured by the liberation of 14CO2 from radioactive glucose labelled
      at the C1 position shows that both HD and CAPD groups fall into the normal range
      (normal 3-11%) although the HMP activity is higher in the HD group. The reduced
      glutathione concentration in the three groups was: normal controls 2.41 +/- 0.19
      mmol/l; HD 3.31 +/- 0.43 mmol/l; CAPD 2.68 +/- 0.24 mmol/l. The HD group is
      significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than both normal and CAPD. We conclude
      that the rise in haemoglobin in CAPD patients is not related to a more effective
      HMP. This suggests other mechanisms i.e. marrow function or red-cell loss in HD
      may be the reason for the lower haemoglobin in this group.

PMID- 4006402
TI  - Changes in serum potassium in premature infants receiving packed red blood cells.
AB  - Changes in serum potassium in premature neonates undergoing transfusion from CPDA
      1 triple satellite PRBC paediatric packs cannot be predicted solely on the basis
      of potassium dose and estimated plasma volume. Despite significant potassium
      loading during PRBC transfusion, the actual serum potassium change is much less
      than predicted in neonates with good renal status. These findings indicate that
      special washing procedures to reduce potassium concentrations in PRBC units for
      transfusion in neonates is not warranted although exclusion of units older than 5
      days for transfusion in premature infants seems to be a reasonable policy.

PMID- 4006403
TI  - The morphology and viability of blood components processed by high-gradient
      magnetic separation.
AB  - The effect of high-gradient magnetic separation on blood components has been
      investigated. For erythrocytes there is no significant change in the morphology,
      size distribution and in the in-vivo survival times at the confidence level P =
      0.05. For neutrophils stimulated nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction is maintained
      after HGMS. No change in chemotaxis and yeast cell phagocytosis was observed.
      Platelet distribution curves show no detectable changes before and after
      filtration. It is concluded that blood separated by HGMS is suitable for
      diagnostic analysis and may be considered for return to the patient.

PMID- 4006405
TI  - The relative incidence of idiopathic and secondary autoimmune thrombocytopenia: a
      clinical and serological evaluation in 508 patients.
AB  - Abnormally elevated levels of platelet-associated immunoglobulins were detected
      in 508 patients with the clinical and haematological criteria of autoimmune
      thrombocytopenia (AITP). In 246 patients (48.4%), thrombocytopenia was
      accompanied by a variety of disease entities, the most commonly associated being
      autoimmune disorders (21.0%) and lymphoproliferative diseases (14.8%). This group
      was classified as 'secondary' AITP. There was a female preponderance in both the
      idiopathic and secondary AITP's and peak age incidences were identified in the
      3rd-4th decades and in the 7th-8th decades of life. In 253 patients, only
      platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) was quantitated; there being insufficient
      material for further study. Both platelet associated immunoglobulins (PAIgG and
      PAIgM) were measured in the remaining 255 patients. When both parameters were
      quantitated, elevated PAIgM was seen slightly more frequently in the idiopathic
      group, in contrast to the secondary AITP's when PAIgG was seen more frequently
      abnormal. Both parameters were found most commonly elevated together in patients
      with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in those in whom thrombocytopenia was
      induced by drug intake or preceding viral illness. PAIgG and PAIgM were
      quantitated by modification of a previously described enzyme-linked immunoassay
      (Hegde et al. 1981).

PMID- 4006404
TI  - Recommended methods for cytological procedures in haematology. International
      Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH).

PMID- 4006406
TI  - Assessment of a new instrument (Coag-A-Mate X2) for performing global clotting
      tests and specific factor assays.
AB  - Coag-A-Mate X2 (General Diagnostics) is an automated photo-optical system for
      detection of clots, which can be used for measuring prothrombin time (PT) and
      activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and assaying coagulation factors. We
      have compared results obtained with this instrument with those obtained by the
      manual method used routinely in our specialized laboratory. The instrumental
      results showed good precision (PT: between-assay CV from 1.3 to 3.0, APTT: from
      2.2 to 3.1), and high degree of correlation with the manual results (for PT r =
      0.99, for APTT r = 0.95). There was also good correlation between the two methods
      (0.98-0.99) for factor assays (V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII). High output,
      reproducibility, comparability and flexibility make this instrument suitable for
      both clinical and research laboratories.

PMID- 4006407
TI  - Fortuitous 'standardization' of the PCV and MCV.

PMID- 4006408
TI  - Skeletal muscle function in man: force, relaxation rate, endurance and
      contraction time-dependence on sex and age.
AB  - Two different methods for estimating muscle function were compared; hand grip
      strength (HGS) and adductor pollicis muscle function after electrical stimulation
      of the ulnar nerve. Fifty-two 'normal' subjects, who were divided into four
      groups, according to sex and age, were investigated. Technical modifications of
      the latter method are presented for the measurement of human skeletal muscle
      function, independent of the motivation of the subject. Maximal voluntary force,
      as measured with a hand dynamometer, was higher in males than in females. Young
      males were stronger than males over 50 years old, and young females were stronger
      than old women. The statistical analysis of the muscle function variables after
      electrical stimulation showed that young females developed relatively more force
      at low stimulating frequencies than females over 50 years old. Females had a
      significantly longer contraction time to tetany compared to males. The relaxation
      rate after tetanic stimulation was independent of sex and age. Endurance was
      reduced in old males compared to females in the same age-group and to young
      males.

PMID- 4006409
TI  - Fluorescein flowmetry: a method for measuring relative capillary blood flow in
      the intestine.
AB  - The present work represents an attempt to develop a method for measuring relative
      blood flow in intestinal capillaries, by the use of sodium fluorescein (Na-F) as
      an indicator substance. The method is called fluorescein flowmetry (FF). A
      mathematical model was developed; blood flow was expressed as an index between
      the maximum fluorescence obtained during the first circulatory passage of Na-F
      and the rise time, defined as the time interval between 10 and 90% of the maximum
      fluorescence. The prerequisites for the mathematical model were tested in
      experiments in animals and man. The extraction of Na-F in the intestinal
      capillaries was found to be more than 99%. The ratio between the tissue clearance
      and uptake was found to be 0.0051, indicating no back flux. Experiments in man
      revealed that the rise time was proportional to the mean transit time and the
      mean transversal time of the bolus proper. The accuracy of FF was confirmed in
      man where the ratio between mucosal and serosal-muscular capillary blood flow was
      2:1. From the results obtained, it appears that FF can be used as a method for
      measuring relative capillary blood flow in the intestine.

PMID- 4006410
TI  - Effect of the contrast medium meglumine amidotrizoate on renal extraction of para
      amino hippurate after injection into the renal vein.
AB  - The effect of the contrast medium meglumine amidotrizoate (AngiografinR) on the
      renal extraction of para-amino hippurate (EPAH) was studied in 24 patients with
      suspected or previous renin-dependent hypertension. A single injection technique
      for administration of PAH was used and in eight additional patients the
      relationship between the arterial concentration of PAH and EPAH was studied over
      a period of 30 min after the injection. No change in EPAH with decreasing
      arterial concentration of PAH was found. After injection of 26 g of contrast
      medium (40 ml) into the renal veins of 18 of the 24 patients, a small (6%) but
      significant decrease in EPAH was observed. There was no significant difference in
      the decrease in EPAH between kidneys with increased and normal renal vein plasma
      renin activity. In the remaining six patients, the contrast medium (20 ml) was
      injected into one renal vein only, and blood samples were repeatedly drawn from
      both kidneys over a period of 30 min after injection. A decrease in EPAH was
      observed in both the injected and contralateral kidney; the decrease lasted for
      at least 20 min, with a maximum 1 min after injection. It is concluded that
      meglumine amidotrizoate injected into the renal vein causes a reduction of EPAH.
      Therefore, a contrast medium such as meglumine amidotrizoate should be avoided
      before determining the renal extraction of PAH.

PMID- 4006412
TI  - Decision making in the emergency department.

PMID- 4006411
TI  - Exercise and stress reduction.

PMID- 4006413
TI  - Conspectus: foods, fads, and fancies.

PMID- 4006414
TI  - Compliance: a major factor in the successful treatment of rheumatic disease.

PMID- 4006415
TI  - Crohn's disease: diagnosis and management.

PMID- 4006416
TI  - Copper complexes: a physiologic approach to treatment of chronic diseases.

PMID- 4006417
TI  - Magnesium deficiency syndrome.

PMID- 4006418
TI  - Electric burns of the oral cavity.
AB  - Low-voltage electric burns are the leading cause of electric burn injury in
      childhood and can result in an injury to the oral cavity that can heal with a
      noticeable deformity. The mechanisms of burn injuries to the oral cavity are
      either due to the electric arc or current or both. Electric burns of the oral
      cavity can involve the lip, tongue, mucous membranes, and underlying bone.
      Therapy for these injuries should include management of systemic sequelae and
      treatment of the local burn injury. Our therapeutic approach to this injury is
      dictated by the pathophysiology of the electric burn of the oral cavity.

PMID- 4006419
TI  - Alcoholism: a polygenic, multifactorial disease.

PMID- 4006420
TI  - Benign intracranial hypertension in menarche.

PMID- 4006421
TI  - Laser applications in gynecology.
AB  - Laser technology is now applied to many medical fields and has found wide
      applications in gynecology. Future developments in laser applications in
      gynecology will probably involve extension of current indications for its use,
      and the development of other, more sophisticated laser instruments such as the
      laser hysteroscope that will soon be applied to clinical trials. Familiarity with
      its mechanics and physical properties can help us safely harness this potentially
      distractive force and use it effectively as a surgical tool.

PMID- 4006422
TI  - Neonatal pneumonia.

PMID- 4006423
TI  - Current management of epithelial carcinoma of the ovary.

PMID- 4006424
TI  - Fetal transmission of AIDS through the mother's womb.
AB  - The obstetrician and pediatrician must be alert to the potential development of
      AIDS in children born to mothers with AIDS/ARC or to healthy mothers who belong
      to a risk group for AIDS. Serologic studies for HTLV-III should be conducted
      during pregnancy. In the future it may be possible to identify the AIDS virus or
      antibodies to it in amniotic fluid obtained by diagnostic amniocentesis. In the
      interim, sonographic studies during pregnancy in women at risk for AIDS may be
      helpful in identifying fetal intrauterine growth retardation and may help raise
      our level of suspicion for congenital AIDS. There is no definitive cure for
      pediatric AIDS yet. However, recent studies suggest that intravenous
      gammaglobulin with or without specific antibodies to HTLV-III may arrest disease
      progression. Under these circumstances, early institution of treatment may alter
      the disease course favorably.

PMID- 4006425
TI  - Advances in infertility therapy.

PMID- 4006426
TI  - Abnormal collagen fibrillogenesis in epiphyseal cartilage of CMD (cartilage
      matrix deficiency) mouse.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic observations on the structure of epiphyseal
      cartilages in the cmd/cmd mice, which had genetically failed to synthesize
      cartilage-characteristic proteoglycan but were normal in type II collagen
      synthesis, showed apparent abnormalities of collagen fibrils: e.g. increase in
      the diameter, appearance of periodic banding patterns and bundle-formation of
      collagen fibrils. These findings suggest that cartilage-characteristic
      proteoglycan normally limits the lateral growth of collagen fibrils and affects
      collagen fibrillogenesis in vivo.

PMID- 4006427
TI  - Separation of cross-linked products of rat tail tendon collagen from monomeric
      components by gel chromatography in the presence of Tris dodecyl sulfate at 4
      degrees C.
AB  - Rat tail tendon collagen can be solubilized by a neutral aqueous solution
      containing 2% Tris dodecyl sulfate at 4 degrees C without being unfolded to its
      constituent polypeptides. The solvent at this temperature is particularly suited
      for gel chromatographic separation of native collagen. Thus Sepharose CL-2B gel
      chromatography was found to separate the monomeric collagen molecule from the
      products of intermolecular cross-linking. The procedure can be effectively used
      to follow progress of intermolecular cross-linking with aging. The monomeric
      collagen can be subsequently applied to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the
      presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate to evaluate the mode of intramolecular cross
      linking.

PMID- 4006428
TI  - Dentistry and the workplace. Proceedings of a conference, July 29, 1983,
      Melbourne, Australia.

PMID- 4006429
TI  - The development of dental prepayment in the United States.

PMID- 4006430
TI  - Market and community responses to changing demands from the workplace.

PMID- 4006431
TI  - A proposal for an Australian dental occupational health system.

PMID- 4006432
TI  - Unions, employers and health services.

PMID- 4006433
TI  - Social dynamics of group courtship behavior in male red-sided garter snakes
      (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis).
AB  - Mating in red-sided garter snakes is characterized by the formation of mating
      balls. Up to 100 males simultaneously court single females. The social dynamics
      of the formation of these mating balls was examined to determine whether the
      mating balls are formed simply because of a common attraction to the female or
      whether males are stimulated by the mating balls themselves. A sexually
      attractive female garter snake appears to be even more attractive to a male when
      she is being courted by other males than when she is alone. Male garter snakes
      courted females more actively when other males were also courting the female than
      when they were alone with her. There is a positive correlation between the number
      of additional males present and the amount of courtship activity shown by the
      test male toward the stimulus female. The extent to which the courtship activity
      of the test males was stimulated by the presence of additional courting males was
      not influenced by how actively the additional males courted.

PMID- 4006435
TI  - Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) spatial problem solving with the use of mirrors and
      televised equivalents of mirrors.
AB  - Two adult male chimpanzees reached through a hole in the wall of their home cage
      and, by tracking the images of their hands and of an otherwise hidden target
      object in a mirror or closed-circuit television picture, moved their hands in
      whichever direction was necessary to make contact with the target object. They
      discriminated between live video images and tapes and performed effectively when
      the target objects were presented in novel locations and when the video picture
      was presented at random in different orientations. There was thus no consistent
      relation between the location of images on the monitor and the location of their
      real-world counterparts. Comparable performances in monkeys and nonprimates seem
      unlikely.

PMID- 4006434
TI  - Teaching apes to ape language: explaining the imitative and nonimitative signing
      of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).
AB  - Fifteen videotaped conversations of a chimpanzee signing with his trainers were
      examined in order to determine (a) whether the ape was using imitation to learn
      about new language forms as some human children do and (b) whether the ape's
      nonimitative utterances implied knowledge of linguistic structures. The answers
      to both questions were negative. The evidence suggests that the utterances lacked
      the semantic and syntactic organization found in the utterances of most children.
      Instead of learning to use signs as symbols for communicating propositional
      messages, the ape learned to use gestures as nonsymbolic instrumental responses
      under the stimulus control of objects in the signing context and verbal and
      nonverbal cues from the trainers. Other research now underway with chimpanzees
      may eventually reveal whether this performance is characteristic of chimpanzees
      in general or is the result of particular training strategies used to teach
      language to chimpanzees.

PMID- 4006436
TI  - Nonsimultaneous auditory masking in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus).
AB  - The frequency resolving power of budgerigars and that of humans were compared on
      several nonsimultaneous masking procedures in which one pure tone is used to mask
      another. Similar patterns of frequency selectivity were found for all three
      masking procedures (forward, backward, and combined forward-backward) for both
      species. Budgerigars showed considerably greater frequency resolving power on all
      three procedures than humans. Budgerigars also showed differences in frequency
      resolving power across masking conditions, but human listeners did not. These
      results indicate that the budgerigar auditory system may be even more highly
      tuned than was previously thought and suggest fundamental differences between the
      mechanisms of frequency selectivity of bird and those of humans.

PMID- 4006437
TI  - Rats (Rattus norvegicus) do not prefer salted solid food.
AB  - Many studies have demonstrated that when sodium-replete rats are given a choice
      between water and isotonic saline, they consume more of the isotonic saline.
      Their ingestive responses to a choice between salted and unsalted food, however,
      have not been studied in the same detail. Because humans consume salt in or on
      food rather than in pure water, this lack of information calls into question the
      use of the rat as the animal model for human excess salt consumption. In
      Experiment 1, 16 Sprague-Dawley rats were given 1-hr access to salted and
      unsalted foods (potato chips, peanuts, soup) commonly consumed by humans in the
      salted form. In each choice situation, rats consumed more of the unsalted variety
      of solid food. In Experiment 2, the concentration of salt in a wider variety of
      foods was varied. Fifteen rats were allowed a choice of a given salt
      concentration or the unsalted food. In no case was the salted solid food eaten in
      excess of the unsalted solid food, and in general, more of the unsalted solid
      food was eaten. In a third experiment, two groups of 8 rats were given exposure
      from weaning to either salted or unsalted potato chips. Three-months of exposure
      to salted chips or unsalted chips did not alter the rats' relative intake of
      salted chips. When given a choice, more unsalted chips were consumed by both
      groups. These experiments indicate that sodium-replete Sprague-Dawley rats
      generally prefer unsalted solid foods to salted ones.

PMID- 4006438
TI  - Olfactory discrimination of individual littermates in rats (Rattus norvegicus).
AB  - Adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were trained in a Y-maze to discriminate the
      presence of a littermate from its absence. Transfer of training in subsequent
      tests indicated that (a) the animals were capable of distinguishing among
      individuals when relatedness and familiarity were held constant, (b) this ability
      was not due to training, and (c) their performance was based solely on odor cues.
      The results are discussed in relation to social behavior in rats.

PMID- 4006439
TI  - The time course of sebum secretion in the guinea-pig.
AB  - The time course of sebum secretion in the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus) was
      determined by intradermal injection of [1-14C]acetate followed by daily
      collection of the skin surface lipids at the injection site. The skin surface
      lipids reached a peak of radioactivity at 5-6 days, indicating that this is the
      time which elapses between the synthesis of sebum and the surface excretion of
      the sebaceous lipids. Of the three major skin surface lipid components, the
      sterol esters (25%) and the wax diesters (25%) showed similar peaks of
      radioactivity after labelling, but the glycerol ether diesters (30%) showed no
      radioactivity at any time, suggesting that this lipid is not produced in the
      skin.

PMID- 4006440
TI  - Aberrant gene expression at the creatine kinase loci during Barbus hybrid
      development (Cypriniformes, Teleostei).
AB  - The tissue specificity and ontogeny of creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2) are
      reported for tiger, rosy, ruby, cherry and gold barbs, and in interspecific
      hybrids where the tiger barb is the maternal parent. The spatial expression of CK
      isoenzymes in Barbus is consistent with the tissue patterns reported in other
      teleosts. In general, as the taxonomic (genetic) distance between the parental
      species increases, a corresponding delay in embryonic gene expression occurs;
      suggestive of species-specific effector molecule/sensor gene induction
      thresholds.

PMID- 4006441
TI  - Electron microscopic mapping of Thermus thermophilus RNA polymerase binding sites
      on plasmid pBR322.
AB  - The binding of RNA polymerase from the extreme thermophile T. thermophilus HB8 to
      plasmid pBR322 was measured by electron microscopy. DNA-protein complexes were
      prepared at 35 and 60 degrees C. At both temperatures the enzyme binds strongly
      to sites which coincide with promoters P1, P2, P3 and P4 present in pBR322. At 60
      degrees C, an additional binding site appears, which is located between P3 and
      P4. There is a high degree of correlation between RNA polymerase binding sites
      and the location of A-T rich regions on pBR322 DNA.

PMID- 4006442
TI  - Comparative studies on the methionine synthesis in sheep and rat tissues.
AB  - The important features of the enzymes involved in methionine synthesis in sheep
      were found to be the low activity of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and
      the high activity of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase. The
      rate of the methionine synthesis in sheep liver was significantly lower than that
      in rats due to the low activity of hepatic betaine-homocysteine
      methyltransferase. The hepatic methionine recycling was stimulated by the
      addition of betaine in both species. These results indicate that in sheep 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase plays a significant role in
      hepatic methionine synthesis along with betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase.
      In contrast, in the rat hepatic system methionine synthesis is virtually
      dependent on betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase.

PMID- 4006443
TI  - Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of major phosphoproteins of the sea
      urchin, Arbacia punctulata.
AB  - Phosphoproteins of hatched blastulae, gastrulae, and pluteus larvae of the sea
      urchin, Arbacia punctulata, were labeled in vivo with [32P]O4 and analysed by 2
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. At least 60
      phosphoproteins were resolved. Some of these showed different relative
      intensities of labeling at the embryonic periods monitored. Some embryonic
      phosphoproteins were characterized by cell fractionation and by comparing
      autoradiograms with Coomassie-blue staining patterns and [35S]methionine labeling
      patterns. Neither actin nor tubulin phosphorylation was detected. No differences
      in phosphorylation were detected in dissociated and partially reassociated
      blastula cells relative to each other and to intact embryonic controls.

PMID- 4006444
TI  - Studies on phosphagen synthesis by mitochondrial preparations.
AB  - Mitochondrial preparations from muscles of a crab (Cancer pagurus), two fish
      (Trachurus trachurus and Scyliorhinus canicula) and a bird (Columba livia) are
      able to synthesise, through ATP, the phosphagen related to that species. This
      indicates the presence of a bound phosphagen kinase. Addition of creatine kinase
      and creatine to crab mitochondria results in the synthesis of phosphocreatine.
      Similarly, the addition of arginine kinase and arginine to mitochondrial
      preparations from the fish and bird results in the synthesis of phosphoarginine.
      In the crab, the mitochondrial form of arginine kinase released by sonication had
      the same kinetic affinity constants and electrophoretic mobility and could not be
      distinguished immunologically from the cytosolic form. The close similarity of
      bound and cytosolic forms of arginine kinase in this crustacean suggests that the
      two forms have not evolved separately as has creatine kinase in the mammal.

PMID- 4006445
TI  - The metabolism of palmitic acid in the fetal lamb.
AB  - [1-14C]Palmitic and [9,10-3H]palmitic acids were injected into the femoral artery
      of fetal sheep in utero about one month preparturition. The experiment was
      terminated after 5, 15 or 30 min when the main tissues were removed for analysis
      of the lipid components. 5 min after injection of the label, most was recovered
      in the plasma but increasing amounts were recovered later in the liver and heart.
      Selective loss of 14C-label occurred such that in the plasma, 30 min after
      injection, the ratio of 3H:14C had changed from 1:1 to 8.4:1. Increasing amounts
      of the labelled lipid were recovered in esterified form with time after
      injection, and the 3H:14C ratio differed markedly in specific lipids and tissues.
      Most of the label was recovered in palmitic acid, but some was also present in
      myristic and octadecenoic acids. Some evidence was obtained that the latter may
      have been the delta 11-isomer, which was found in much greater amounts in fetal
      than maternal tissues. It appears that partial-oxidation and resynthesis of fatty
      acids occurs in a concerted manner at a rapid rate in fetal sheep. The phenomenon
      has important implications for the interpretation of the results of much previous
      work with fetal animals in vivo.

PMID- 4006446
TI  - Quantitative analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretograms using shape-fitting.
AB  - This paper describes an automatic quantitative analysis of protein using two
      dimensional electrophoresis. We made 2-D electrophoretograms with index spots of
      some proteins whose mass is known. First, we cut out the protein spots from the
      background. Then we detected connected regions which may correspond to spot
      regions and measured their mass as the sum of the gray levels in the region. For
      confluent spots, we propose a method of separating them by shape-fitting, and
      examine this method by comparing it with the spot-dividing method.

PMID- 4006447
TI  - Real-time serial analysis of infarctional changes in the vectorcardiogram.
AB  - Infarct size evolution can be readily assessed from spatial QRS and ST segment
      changes. A computer system for real-time serial analysis of QRS and ST segment
      changes in the vectorcardiogram has been developed. QRS detection is done by
      multichannel template matching, the template being the running average complex.
      Detection of QRS onset and end is done by a two-dimensional pattern recognition
      technique on the spatial velocity function using fixed templates. Tested on 216
      recordings from 11 patients undergoing myocardial infarction 92.9% of 6050 beats
      were correctly detected with 0 false detections. The differences between program
      and referee estimates of QRS onset and of QRS end were computed in 1015 average
      complexes from the same group of patients. The median (0.05 and 0.95 fractiles)
      differences were 0.6 msec (-1.9 and 3.9 msec) for QRS onset and -2.0 msec (-16.7
      and 3.7 msec) for QRS end. A similar test was made on the annotated CSE database.
      The results were -2.2 msec (-6.9 and 10.6 msec) for QRS onset and -1.6 msec (
      14.6 and 5.2 msec) for QRS end. Systematic errors in QRS onset or QRS end of +/-
      8 msec will produce 3-4% error of the average infarct size estimated by QRS
      vector changes. In conclusion, the present system can provide instantaneous
      information about the development of myocardial infarction which may be of
      importance in the management of infarct-limiting treatment.

PMID- 4006448
TI  - A model of growth with first-order birth and death rates.
AB  - This paper describes the derivation, behavior, and application of a model of
      growth based on elementary kinetic considerations. The model is based on an
      abbreviated version of the cell cycle in which first-order kinetics govern both
      production in a growing fraction and loss from the resting fraction of a cell
      population. Transition between the resting and growing fraction is assumed. The
      model is derived in the form of a first-order ordinary differential equation with
      a simple general form, but no closed form solution. Model behavior is examined
      analytically at equilibrium, in a limiting case, and qualitatively by numerical
      integration. Because of the simplicity of the underlying assumptions, the model
      parameters have direct biological interpretations and simple units. Examples of
      model fitting to data are given, including a direct comparison to the Gompertz
      growth law.

PMID- 4006449
TI  - Microcomputer applications in pathology research.
AB  - In a study of over 700 cases of uveal melanoma on file in the Department of
      Pathology of Wills Eye Hospital, a low-cost microcomputer using commercially
      available software (without modification) was used to: word process and edit this
      manuscript, create a patient file storage and retrieval system including the
      ability to create subfiles, merge files, and interchange file types, plot data
      points in several different graphic formats, transcribe and store information
      from microscopic tissue sections containing intraocular melanomas, and solve
      complex equations including statistical analysis. The results showed that over
      150 different ophthalmologists contributed specimens to this data base. The mean
      age of the patients studied was 57 years and the tumors were evenly distributed
      according to sex and laterality of the eye. This study illustrates the
      feasibility of using a low-cost microcomputer and commercially available software
      in the study of a large patient data base.

PMID- 4006450
TI  - Computer assessment of left ventricular wall motion: the ALVEN expert system.
AB  - The current limited success of computer-assisted analysis of left ventricular
      (LV) dynamics is due to three main reasons: there is a strong tendency to remain
      within the realm of mathematical modeling for LV dynamics, and it is not at all
      clear that this is an adequate approach; in places where mathematical models
      alone may be insufficient, current computer science research into more
      sophisticated schemes is not yet complete, and thus, more basic research is
      required, particularly into artificial intelligence, representations of
      knowledge, and interpretation control structures, before applications such as LV
      performance can be solved, a view also stated in M. Boehm and K. Hoehne (in
      "Digital Image Processing in Medicine" (K. Hoehne, Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New
      York/Berlin, 1981); there is a distinct lack of knowledge about LV dynamics, in
      conjunction with disagreements about what is important to model and what
      terminology is to be used. Although each of these issues is addressed, the first
      two issues are concentrated on. Furthermore, a language for the expression of
      definitions for terminology has been designed, and a system for LV dynamics
      interpretation has been implemented.

PMID- 4006451
TI  - Shape analysis of two-dimensional echocardiograms in mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - The inter- and intraobserver variability in applying current diagnostic criteria
      for mitral valve prolapse as seen on two-dimensional echocardiograms is
      appreciable. It is therefore proposed that new methods employing computer-based
      pattern recognition algorithms be developed. The criteria will focus on the shape
      of the valve throughout systole. Shape analysis is first used to detect
      prolapsing sections of the valve. These prolapsing segments are fit using spline
      regression with a minimal number of knots. This mathematical description provides
      a basis for new shape descriptors.

PMID- 4006453
TI  - CT demonstration of a caseating granuloma forming a cyst in mediastinal lymph
      node.
AB  - The computed tomography (CT) appearance of a large cystic caseating granuloma in
      the middle mediastinum is reported. CT is helpful in evaluating the extent and
      density of the lesion and its relationship to neighboring structures.

PMID- 4006452
TI  - Pulmonary changes in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy as demonstrated by
      computerized tomography.
AB  - A case of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with pulmonary involvement is
      presented. The radiographic and computerized tomographic findings included
      multiple opacities, predominantly basal, of variable size. Associated pleural
      opacification was verified on both the chest roentgenogram and the computerized
      tomographic (CT) examination. The entity may mimic many more common clinical
      disease states and final diagnosis can only be established histologically.

PMID- 4006454
TI  - Epicardial lipoma: a CT diagnosis.
AB  - Primary cardiac tumors are rare and epicardial lipomas are rare within this
      group. We are reporting a case diagnosed by CT in an 89-yr-old female.

PMID- 4006455
TI  - Transcatheter brush biopsy of a liver mass with CT-proven intracaval extension.
AB  - We report the adjunctive use of CT scanning in confirming the intraluminal
      location of an intracaval mass prior to transcatheter brush biopsy. In addition,
      we review several important reports of transcatheter biopsies in both the IVC and
      SVC, and cite potential complications.

PMID- 4006456
TI  - CT detection of bowel infarction.
AB  - Bowel infarction is a cause of acute abdominal emergency with high associated
      morbidity and mortality. Prior to the advent of CT, specific diagnosis was made
      either by mesenteric angiography or by direct visualization at surgery. This
      article describes the CT detection of intravascular mesenteric gas as a reliable
      indication of bowel infarction. Other nonspecific findings associated with bowel
      infarction and ischemia are also discussed.

PMID- 4006457
TI  - CT of calcified bladder masses.
AB  - Calcifications observed in bladder lesions are seen on plain films with an
      incidence of 0.5-7.0%. Four cases of calcification were noted on CT in 38
      consecutive bladder scans (10.5%). Calcifications were noted both on the surface,
      and within the lesions. One of the cases with malakoplakia had calcification.
      This has not been reported to date. With CT, it is expected that calcification in
      bladder lesions will be found with increasing incidence, and should be looked
      for.

PMID- 4006458
TI  - Case report: computed tomography of congenital clefts of the atlas.
AB  - Congenital clefts of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas were
      demonstrated in a cervical spine CT performed in a case of suspected trauma.
      Intact cortical margins and lack of adjacent soft tissue swelling are CT indices
      distinguishing congenital clefts from fractures.

PMID- 4006459
TI  - Computerized tomographic findings in cardiogenic cerebral embolism.
AB  - The CT scan findings in 50 patients with cardiogenic cerebral emboli are
      reviewed. In 38 cases there was CT evidence of a nonhemorrhagic infarct and in 12
      cases there were findings consistent with a hemorrhagic infarct. There was a
      single infarct in 40 cases and more than one lesion in 10 cases. In 6 of 9 cases
      in which the patients showed delayed neurological deterioration, repeat CT showed
      an increase in mass effect (4 cases) or hemorrhagic transformation of the infarct
      (2 cases).

PMID- 4006460
TI  - Enhancing cerebellar infarction.
AB  - Five patients with CT evidence of enhancing cerebellar infarcts are analyzed.
      This represented 12% of cerebellar infarcts diagnosed by CT scan. The pattern of
      cerebellar linear enhancing bands which are contiguous with a hypo- or isodense
      lesion is quite characteristic of cerebellar infarction. In two cases, the lesion
      appeared isodense on the plain scan and therefore the enhanced scan was crucial
      to establishing the diagnosis of a cerebellar infarction. The presence of nodular
      or ring enhancement is sometimes seen with cerebellar infarction but is more
      common of neoplastic disorders, vascular malformations, or infectious
      inflammatory disorders. The enhancement pattern of the cerebellar infarctions
      developed within the initial seven days after the onset of neurological deficit,
      and this is earlier than the enhancement pattern of supratentorial ischemic
      vascular lesions.

PMID- 4006461
TI  - Adverse effects of cyclophosphamide in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 4006462
TI  - Optic disc edema due to iron deficiency. Occurrence with normal cerebrospinal
      fluid pressure.

PMID- 4006463
TI  - Spontaneous idiopathic spermatic cord hematoma.

PMID- 4006465
TI  - Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--Europe. Centers for Disease Control.

PMID- 4006464
TI  - Demographic analysis: a marketing must.

PMID- 4006466
TI  - Drugs for hypertension.

PMID- 4006467
TI  - Immediate post-placental IUD insertion: the expulsion problem.
AB  - This paper reports an evaluation of immediate post-placental insertion of a non
      copper (Lippes Loop D) and several copper-bearing IUD models (TCu200, TCu220C,
      MLCu375, MLCu250, Nova T-PP, DimelysR). Based on the analysis of a total of 2,646
      insertions and 55,794 woman-months of experience, we conclude that placement of
      an IUD within ten minutes of delivery of the placenta is a valuable alternative
      to interval insertion, because this method is safe and effective. Effectiveness
      was significantly lower for the Lippes Loop D than for the T- and ML-IUD models
      tested, the latter showing roughly comparable pertinent event rates. Pertinent
      event rates for copper IUDs were influenced by the skill of the operator; age of
      the recipient only had a significant effect on effectiveness, whereas parity had
      no significant effect on pertinent event rates. The single and still unsolved
      problem associated with immediate postpartum insertion is the greater likelihood
      of expulsion compared with interval insertion, and this hazard is significantly
      much greater for the Loop than for the copper-bearing devices assessed. The
      evolution of the expulsion rates shows a constant time-relationship. This pattern
      makes it obvious why follow-up of recipients, at least during the first trimester
      following insertion, is mandatory if immediate post-placental IUD insertion is to
      be optimally effective.

PMID- 4006468
TI  - Changes in the biochemical composition of semen following danazol plus
      testosterone enanthate administration to the langur monkey.
AB  - Changes in the biochemical composition of semen, which reflect the accessory sex
      organ functions, following danazol (100 mg/day; orally) plus testosterone
      enanthate (50 mg/month; i.m.) administration have been investigated in langur
      monkey. The levels of acid phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and
      glycerylphosphorylcholine in the semen decreased significantly; whereas fructose,
      citric acid, magnesium and semen volume did not show any significant changes. A
      gradual decrease in the motility and count of spermatozoa was observed. At 60
      days of treatment all animals became azoospermic. No drug related hematological
      changes were observed. The combination therapy impaired the epididymal and
      prostatic functions along with suppression of spermatogenesis.

PMID- 4006469
TI  - Filshie clip for female sterilization.

PMID- 4006470
TI  - The development of a polysulfone membrane. A new perspective in dialysis?

PMID- 4006471
TI  - Highly permeable membranes. International Symposium on High-Efficiency Membranes
      for Optimised Therapy of Renal Failure. Bad Homburg v.d. Hohe, May 24-25, 1984.

PMID- 4006472
TI  - Hemodynamics during hemodialysis with dialyzers of high hydraulic permeability.

PMID- 4006473
TI  - Effect of protein adsorption on diffusive and convective transport through
      polysulfone membranes.

PMID- 4006474
TI  - Hemodynamic studies in chronic dialysis patients with a polysulfone
      hemodiafilter.

PMID- 4006475
TI  - Hemodiafiltration--a superior method of blood purification in children?

PMID- 4006476
TI  - Performance characteristics of the hemoflow F 60 in high-flux hemodiafiltration.

PMID- 4006477
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a multipurpose dialysis system adequate for hemodialysis
      or for postdilution hemofiltration/hemodiafiltration with on-line preparation of
      substitution fluid from dialysate.

PMID- 4006478
TI  - Backfiltration in hemodialysis with highly permeable membranes.

PMID- 4006479
TI  - Permeability for middle and higher molecular weight substances. Comparison
      between polysulfone and cuprophan dialyzers.

PMID- 4006480
TI  - Elimination of low molecular weight proteins with high flux membranes.

PMID- 4006482
TI  - Influence of various membranes on the coagulation system during dialysis.

PMID- 4006481
TI  - Granulocyte adherence changes during hemodialysis.

PMID- 4006483
TI  - Termination of clinical trials: the beta-blocker heart attack trial and the
      hypertension detection and follow-up program experience.
AB  - The close-out of clinical trials that end ahead of schedule often involves
      problems that differ from those of trials that end as planned. The Beta-Blocker
      Heart Attack Trial (BHAT), a double-blind study of 3837 post-myocardial
      infarction patients, was a multicenter clinical trial that ended early because
      therapeutic benefit had been demonstrated. The Hypertension Detection and Follow
      up Program (HDFP), a randomized unblinded study of 10,940 hypertensive
      individuals, was a multicenter trial that ended as planned. Using these trials as
      illustrations, the issues arising in multicenter trials that end ahead of
      schedule are contrasted to those that arise in trials that end as scheduled.
      Close-out activities that are discussed include documentation of close-out
      procedures, release of trial information, preparation of trial participants and
      staff, ascertaining vital status, continuing patient care, data collection and
      coding, and publication of trial results. Because of the possibility a study
      might end early, advance planning for close-out is essential.

PMID- 4006484
TI  - Applicability of sample size calculations based on a comparison of proportions
      for use with the logrank test.
AB  - The asymptotic relative efficiency of a test of proportions versus the logrank
      test is calculated for various clinical trial designs that are used to compare
      the survival of two treatment groups. The asymptotic relative efficiency is shown
      to be a reasonable guide to the relative sample sizes required for the logrank
      and proportions test. It is shown that the efficiency of the proportions test is
      near 1.0 for designs corresponding to typical studies of cardiovascular disease,
      for which the duration of the experiment is short compared to mean survival. This
      result is of practical importance, because sample size calculations based on the
      comparison of proportions are available to cover many contingencies, including a
      delay in the onset of full treatment effectiveness, whereas similar calculations
      have not been published for the logrank statistic. On the other hand, the
      efficiency of the proportions test can drop to 72% or less for trials in which
      the accrual period exceeds the mean survival, as is often the case in trials to
      treat cancer. In such cases, sample size calculations for the proportions test
      would be [(1/0.72) - 1] = 39% larger than required for the logrank test. Thus,
      power calculations specifically tailored to the logrank test should be used for
      studies with a duration comparable to mean survival, if one intends to employ the
      logrank statistic.

PMID- 4006485
TI  - A failed RCT to determine the best method of delivery for very low birth weight
      infants.
AB  - An RCT to determine the optimum method of delivery for very low birth weight
      (VLBW) infants was canceled after it had been in progress for only 5 months when
      it was discovered that more than 40% of eligible patients were being withdrawn
      from the trial before randomization. A review of hospital births before the trial
      began suggested that the trial was held too late: that a critical shift in
      obstetric practice towards abdominal delivery of VLBW infants had already
      occurred. Obtaining patient consent to participation, which had been the main
      predicted problem, was not difficult.

PMID- 4006486
TI  - Specificity, sensitivity, and prevalence in the design of randomized trials: a
      univariate analysis.
AB  - The number of cases needed to conduct a randomized trial is related to the
      sensitivity and specificity of a measurement indicative of a condition, to the
      prevalence of the condition, to the expected benefit of therapy (or other basis
      for change), and to the statistical precision desired. Sample size calculations
      frequently ignore sensitivity and specificity (at least qualitatively) probably
      because no simple formula is provided in the literature. Such a formula is
      included here. As an example, the number of patients required for a randomized
      clinical trial was calculated for a clinical outcome (nonfatal myocardial
      infarction or coronary artery disease death) used to detect atherosclerotic heart
      disease and is compared to the sample sizes required for each of three
      noninvasive diagnostic studies (exercise ECG ST depression, exercise LVEF
      reduction, and thallium myocardial imaging) performed for the detection of
      atherosclerotic heart disease. We calculated that the sample size should be much
      smaller when these diagnostic studies are employed compared to the clinical
      outcome, thereby offering the potential for reduced cost and complexity of a
      randomized clinical trial.

PMID- 4006487
TI  - Estimating baseline values of the variable of intervention in a clinical trial.
AB  - Parametric empirical Bayes methodology is suggested for determining estimators of
      individual baseline values of the variable of intervention in a clinical trial,
      when the variable is measured twice--once for subject selection, and again,
      without selection, just before randomization. The resulting compromise estimator
      is seen to have more precision than the baseline estimator employing only the
      second value and less bias than the estimator that simply averages the two
      values. Construction of such an estimator is illustrated using data from the
      recruitment phase of the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention
      Trial. Generalizations to other designs are also suggested. In all cases,
      however, an estimate of the intraindividual variance of the variable of
      intervention is required.

PMID- 4006488
TI  - Adaptive allocation in randomized controlled trials.
AB  - Adaptive allocation has been proposed as a procedure to reduce the risk of chance
      imbalance of important prognostic factors in randomized controlled trials when
      the number of prognostic factors is large. In this article, minimization, a type
      of adaptive allocation, is compared to simple randomization and stratified
      allocation in a series of Monte Carlo simulations. Three outcomes are studied:
      estimated treatment effect, size of the rejection region, and power. Minimization
      produced an unbiased estimate of treatment effect and increased power when
      compared to simple randomization. Student's t test was conservative for both
      minimization and stratified allocation. Minimization and stratification produced
      similar improvements in power but there was some evidence that minimization might
      produce higher power than stratification when some prognostic variables cannot be
      included in the stratified allocation scheme.

PMID- 4006489
TI  - Participation in a clinical trial: the patients' point of view.
AB  - Little systematic information is available concerning the advantages and
      disadvantages of participation in a clinical trial from the patients' point of
      view. Surveys were undertaken among participants in the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack
      Trial (BHAT) and the Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study (AMIS) to obtain data on
      these perceptions. In AMIS, an open-ended personal interview format was employed.
      For BHAT, a questionnaire partially based on hypotheses generated in AMIS, was
      mailed out. Results from the two studies suggested that patients in both trials
      felt that the additional medical monitoring, the opportunity for a "second
      opinion," and the reassurance received were more important benefits than actual
      physical improvement. Altruistic motivations were high in both studies. Frequency
      of perceived disadvantages was low, centering mainly around transportation
      problems and clinic waiting time. The large majority of patients indicated that
      they would volunteer for similar research in the future. The results are
      discussed in the context of the available literature and of the possibilities for
      extensions of this line of research.

PMID- 4006490
TI  - A method for predicting survival and mortality of ICU patients using objectively
      derived weights.
AB  - Data at ICU admission and after 24 h in the ICU were collected on 755 patients,
      to derive multiple logistic regression models for predicting hospital mortality.
      The derived models contained relatively few and easily obtained variables. The
      weight associated with each variable was determined objectively. There were seven
      admission variables, none of which were treatment dependent, and seven 24-h
      variables reflecting treatments and patients' conditions in the ICU. Predicted
      outcomes using these two models were closely correlated with actual outcome.
      Theoretically, a predictive model would be useful to physicians for triage
      decisions as well as determining aggressiveness of care through discussions with
      families, determining utilization of ICU facilities, and objectively comparing
      different ICUs. This research represents an initial attempt to develop models
      that are not based on subjectively determined weights.

PMID- 4006491
TI  - Predictors of myocardial infarction in emergency room patients.
AB  - To develop a decision rule to aid in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, we
      evaluated clinical and ECG data on 540 adults treated in an urban hospital
      emergency room for acute chest pain. Of 62 (11.5%) patients who had acute
      infarctions, 54 were admitted to intensive care (sensitivity 87%); 103 of 478
      patients without infarctions were also admitted to intensive care (specificity
      78%). Thirty-four percent of all patients admitted had infarctions. Multivariate
      analysis identified only four clinical variables which carried independent
      information predicting infarction: two from the ECG and two from the clinical
      history. A predictive model based on these four variables had significantly
      greater specificity (86% vs. 78%, p = .003) and accuracy of overall patient
      classification (88% vs. 79%, p = .013) but somewhat lower sensitivity (81% vs.
      87%, p = .46) than physician judgments. However, a decision rule which would have
      admitted to intensive care those patients with a high probability of infarction
      who were not admitted by the emergency room physicians, would have increased the
      sensitivity for detecting infarction to 95% with no appreciable decrease in
      specificity or yield of infarctions among patients admitted to intensive care.

PMID- 4006492
TI  - Value of routine daily chest x-rays in the medical intensive care unit.
AB  - To ascertain the value of the daily routine chest x-ray in the medical ICU, we
      determined prospectively the number of unsuspected abnormalities observed on 507
      consecutive chest films and the consequent management changes in 94 ICU patients.
      Primary diagnoses were classified as pulmonary, hemodynamically unstable cardiac,
      uncomplicated cardiac, or miscellaneous. Admission films and those taken after
      procedures or a change in clinical status were excluded. Ventilator status and
      the tubes and catheters visible on the films were also noted. After clinical
      evaluation, management plans were made by ICU physicians and then the chest x-ray
      was examined and unsuspected abnormalities and resulting management changes were
      noted. Of the 507 chest films, 76 (15%) revealed an unsuspected abnormality, 71
      (93%) of which led to a management change. There were significantly (p less than
      .02) more unsuspected abnormalities and management changes in the pulmonary and
      unstable cardiac patients, independent of ventilator status. Patients with two or
      more catheters and/or tubes visible on the chest film also had significantly more
      management changes (51/312 vs. 11/150, p less than .05). We conclude that while
      routine chest films affect the management of pulmonary and unstable cardiac
      patients in the ICU, routine films rarely influence management of uncomplicated
      cardiac patients and those without heart or lung disease, and are not warranted
      in this group.

PMID- 4006493
TI  - Protection of indwelling vascular catheters: incidence of bacterial contamination
      and catheter-related sepsis.
AB  - We compared the incidence of catheter contamination and catheter-related sepsis
      in 200 noninfected patients admitted postoperatively to the surgical ICU. Four
      methods of catheter fixation were used: (a) povidone-iodine ointment (Betadine)
      with a sterile gauze and adhesive dressing (Elastoplast); (b) Op-Site film; (c)
      Op-Site spray followed by Op-Site film; and (d) Beta-dine and Op-Site film. Of
      708 catheters used for 200 patients, 516 (72.8%) were cultured. There was no
      catheter-related septicemia but 13 (2.52%) catheters were contaminated. However,
      these were evenly distributed among the four groups. We, therefore, conclude that
      aseptic insertion of catheters, daily inspection of puncture site, and
      replacement of tubing are the determining factors in preventing catheter-related
      sepsis.

PMID- 4006494
TI  - "Failure to wedge" and pulmonary hypertension during pulmonary artery
      catheterization: a sign of totally occlusive pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Correctly diagnosing pulmonary embolism in the ICU can be very difficult,
      especially when cardiopulmonary disease is coexistent but unrelated. This study
      describes four hemodynamically unstable patients in whom pulmonary hypertension
      and an inability to obtain a wedge pressure during balloon flotation
      catheterization suggested total embolic occlusion of a major pulmonary artery
      segment distal to the catheter. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiography
      performed via the flotation catheter in three patients, and by a perfusion scan
      in one patient. Streptokinase was infused directly into the pulmonary artery of
      two patients, resolving the pulmonary hypertension and occlusion in both.

PMID- 4006496
TI  - Use of brainstem auditory evoked potentials in pediatric brain death.
AB  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were examined prospectively in ten
      clinically brain-dead and 13 comatose nonbrain-dead children. All clinically
      brain-dead children failed to demonstrate brainstem impulse transmission,
      displaying no waves or only wave I. The comatose, nonbrain-dead children
      maintained evidence of brainstem electrical activity, manifested by at least two
      waveforms. This suggests that BAEPs are a useful noninvasive method of supporting
      the clinical diagnosis of brain death in children.

PMID- 4006495
TI  - Microbiologic risk of invasive hemodynamic monitoring in patients undergoing open
      heart operations.
AB  - The microbiologic risk of invasive hemodynamic monitoring was studied
      prospectively in 574 patients undergoing open-heart surgery under cover of
      cephalothin prophylaxis. Of a total of 2277 catheters inserted in these patients,
      1.5% yielded positive cultures. The rate of positive cultures was not
      significantly different between percutaneous and surgically placed catheters
      (1.7% vs. 0.8%, respectively). Specifically, the incidence of positive catheter
      tips for intravenous, central venous, arterial, and pulmonary artery catheters
      was 1.1%, 3.9%, 1.5%, and 2.1%, respectively; while the corresponding rates for
      surgically inserted right atrial and left atrial catheters were 0.8% and 0,
      respectively. Pulmonary artery catheters had a significantly (p less than .01)
      higher incidence of positive catheter tips after 72 h in situ. However, there was
      no relationship between the in situ time and the incidence of positive tips for
      arterial and intravenous catheters. Although the rate of positive catheter tip
      cultures was low, it affected 4.9% of the patients. Nevertheless, no patient
      developed catheter-related septicemia or endocarditis, and the data generally
      supported the microbiologic safety of invasive hemodynamic monitoring in patients
      undergoing open-heart surgery.

PMID- 4006497
TI  - Effect of hydration on experimentally induced cerebral edema.
AB  - Although fluid restriction is often used to manage cerebral edema, there have
      been no controlled studies which demonstrate its benefit. We evaluated the
      effects of dehydration and overhydration on the development of cerebral edema in
      rats subjected to triethyltin poisoning or anoxic ischemia. Four days after
      triethyltin poisoning, the brains of control rats receiving maintenance hydration
      had a mean percentage of water of 79.56%; dehydration (5% of body weight) and
      overhydration groups were not statistically different at 79.95% and 79.86%,
      respectively. Forty-seven hours after an anoxic-ischemic insult consisting of
      unilateral carotid artery ligation and subsequent exposure to a 4% oxygen
      atmosphere for 30 min, the percentage of water in control rats was 79.12%;
      dehydration (13% of body weight) and overhydration groups were 79.10% and 79.16%,
      respectively. Histopathologic analysis of brain sections did not differentiate
      the hydration groups (triethyltin model only). Thus, cerebral edema was not
      altered by hydration status in either poisoned or ischemic animals.

PMID- 4006499
TI  - Catheters for arterial pressure monitoring in pediatrics.
AB  - To evaluate the accuracy of an underdamped catheter transducer recorder used to
      measure arterial blood pressure, natural frequency and damping ratio were
      determined by transient testing with two types of 22-ga and 24-ga catheters.
      Damping coefficients were considerably higher and resonant frequencies lower with
      the 24-ga catheters. The difference between waveforms of known pressure and HR
      and the output waveforms produced by the catheter transducer systems was
      determined by using a BP systems calibrator. Catheter size did not affect the
      difference in recorded pressures.

PMID- 4006498
TI  - Effect of high-frequency ventilation on histamine-induced lung injury in dogs.
AB  - We compared the effects of high-frequency oscillation (HFO) and conventional
      mechanical ventilation (CMV) on dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), venous admixture
      (Qsp/Qt), cardiac output, and total lung resistance (RL) in seven mongrel dogs
      with histamine-induced lung injury. Baseline measurements during CMV were
      followed by iv infusion of histamine at 100 micrograms/min. Cdyn, Qsp/Qt, cardiac
      output, and RL were measured in triplicate during CMV and then during HFO.
      Subsequently, at least one complete set of measurements was recorded again on
      CMV. During HFO, animals were ventilated at 15 Hz with a tidal volume of 70 to 80
      ml. CMV was delivered at 15 to 18 breath/min with a tidal volume of 15 ml/kg.
      Histamine infusion produced a marked fall in Cdyn, a variable rise in RL, an
      inconsistent but usually progressive rise in Qsp/Qt, and hypotension. A period of
      ventilation with HFO made no difference in the Cdyn, Qsp/Qt, or cardiac output
      changes produced by histamine infusion.

PMID- 4006500
TI  - Maximum infusion rates and CVP accuracy during high-flow delivery through
      multilumen catheters.
AB  - Flow rates and pressure recording accuracy were compared for Argyle 14-, 16-, and
      18-ga double-lumen and Edwards 7-Fr triple-lumen CVP catheters. Physiologic
      saline solution was pressure-infused into dogs through one lumen and CVP was
      measured via the other lumen. CVP accuracy was unaltered by simultaneous rapid
      infusion in either the double-lumen or triple-lumen catheters. In a separate in
      vitro experiment, physiologic saline and blood were pressurized at 100 to 400 mm
      Hg and infused through each port, and volume delivery per minute was measured.
      Only the 14-ga double-lumen catheter was adequate for the administration of a
      large amount of crystalloid solution. However, it was not large enough to permit
      the rapid infusion of blood. On the other hand, large volumes of both crystalloid
      and whole blood could be delivered through the 7-Fr triple-lumen catheter.

PMID- 4006501
TI  - Pulmonary compliance measurement in acute respiratory failure.
AB  - Many automatic devices to measure effective compliance can now be incorporated in
      mechanical ventilators. We compared measurements from these devices against those
      obtained from a pressure-volume curve made with a super-syringe. The methods
      produced closely correlating results (r = 0.854; p less than .001) in 20 adult
      patients with acute respiratory failure. Both techniques provide useful
      information about the elastic properties of the lung and can be used to adjust
      mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 4006502
TI  - Cardiac tamponade due to an iatrogenic pericardial-diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - Because of its ease, safety, and effectiveness, surgeons are increasingly using
      the subxiphoid approach to drain pericardial effusions and to insert epicardial
      pacemakers. Although we could find no previous reports of iatrogenic pericardial
      diaphragmatic hernias in the literature, experience with a recent patient who
      developed this problem after a subxiphoid pericardial drainage suggests that it
      may become much more frequent. Physicians should strongly suspect this
      complication in patients with a triad of previous subxiphoid pericardial incision
      and signs of bowel obstruction and tamponade.

PMID- 4006503
TI  - Severe hypoxemia due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbated by
      Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia.

PMID- 4006504
TI  - Calculation of resting energy expenditure.

PMID- 4006505
TI  - Usefulness of pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICU.

PMID- 4006506
TI  - Increased intrapleural negativity through chest tubes.

PMID- 4006507
TI  - Screening by nurse clinicians in cancer prevention and detection.
AB  - Cancer screening by definition as an organized effort to detect cancer at an
      early stage when reduced mortality is possible. Cancer screening should not be
      the exclusive responsibility of comprehensive cancer centers or large urban
      medical centers. Rather, every health professional should play a significant role
      in the early detection and education of patients with cancer. As seen here, some
      of the most common and life-threatening forms of cancer are the most preventable.
      Practical and inexpensive steps exist for thorough and effective screening.
      Nurses educated in the early detection of cancer are in a unique position; they
      are on the front line of patient care in the promotion and education of patients
      to the many benefits of early detection. Preventive efforts, such as screening
      and early detection, coupled with vastly improved treatment modalities, provide a
      very real and potent weapon against diseases that only 20 years ago were
      considered incurable.

PMID- 4006508
TI  - Tips on nail surgery.

PMID- 4006509
TI  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in psoriasis.

PMID- 4006510
TI  - Pemphigus vulgaris masquerading as dyshidrotic eczema.
AB  - An atypical case of pemphigus vulgaris that presented with vesiculobullous
      pustular lesions on the feet and hands is discussed. The initial clinical
      diagnosis was dyshidrotic eczema. Other unusual manifestations of pemphigus
      vulgaris are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 4006511
TI  - Recurring accessory "fingernail": periungual fibrokeratoma.
AB  - A tumor of the fingertip of a 41-year-old woman presented as a diminutive
      supernumerary digit complete with fingernail. It had recurred five times
      following previous surgical removal. Histologic study showed it to be a benign
      fibrokeratoma with a remarkable smooth hyperkeratotic surface producing a
      simulated nail plate. Complete surgical excision has not been followed by any
      recurrence within two years.

PMID- 4006512
TI  - Unilateral keratosis follicularis.
AB  - Unilateral keratosis follicularis is considered a localized variant of Darier's
      disease and should be included in the differential diagnosis of zosteriform
      keratotic eruptions. The authors present a case report and review the treatment;
      topical retinoic acid appears to be the treatment of choice.

PMID- 4006513
TI  - Dyshidrotic eczema associated with piroxicam photosensitivity.
AB  - Piroxicam has been reported to cause photosensitivity in several patients. Two
      patients with an unusual variant involving a dyshidrotic eruption of the palms
      are described herein.

PMID- 4006515
TI  - Equivalence of nucleolar organizer activity among primate species.
AB  - The number of ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-containing chromosomes and the amount of total
      rDNA vary widely among primate species. In spite of numerical variations, the
      mean number of ribosomal (rRNA) genes that participate in nucleolar organization
      is approximately the same.

PMID- 4006516
TI  - The high-resolution RBA-banding pattern of bovine chromosomes.
AB  - The high-resolution RBA-banding pattern of bovine chromosomes (Bos taurus L.),
      together with a diagrammatic representation, are presented. The haploid set of
      prometaphase chromosomes shows 521 bands, 183 of which are positive, 257
      negative, and 81 variable. Compared to early metaphase chromosomes, the
      prometaphase chromosomes show 50% more bands, resulting in a more accurate
      description of the banding pattern of individual chromosomes of this species.

PMID- 4006514
TI  - Quantitation of the transgenome size in chromosome-mediated gene transfer lines.
AB  - Twenty-two HPRT-selected chromosome-mediated gene transfer lines were
      characterized by quantitative "dot" blotting. The range of human sequences in
      these lines extended from over 120,000 kb to less than 5,000 kb. One-half of
      these lines carried less than 16,000 kb.

PMID- 4006518
TI  - Characterization of G-banded chromosomes of the Indian muntjac and progression of
      banding patterns through different stages of condensation.
AB  - Muntjac prophase and metaphase chromosomes were G-banded following methotrexate
      mediated synchronization of peripheral lymphocytes. Bands and subbands were
      characterized from prophase through metaphase, and the progression of band
      patterns from late prophase to mid-metaphase was analyzed. Extended prophase
      chromosomes exhibited more bands and subbands, a number of which became fused
      with each other, giving rise to fewer and thicker bands in the condensed
      metaphase chromosomes. It appeared that the dark bands condensed relatively more
      than the light bands. Precise delineation of the bands and subbands on extended
      prophase chromosomes and the usage of a proposed banding pattern nomenclature
      should aid in better detection and localization of induced chromosomal
      rearrangements with this extremely useful experimental material.

PMID- 4006517
TI  - Regional mapping of cKi-ras proto-oncogene on mouse chromosome 6 by in situ
      hybridization.
AB  - We have used in situ hybridization techniques to determine the subchromosomal
      location of the mouse cKi-ras proto-oncogene. The data confirm the assignment of
      cKi-ras to mouse chromosome 6 and provide evidence that the gene maps to the
      distal portion of this chromosome, in bands 6F3----G3.

PMID- 4006519
TI  - The thyroglobulin gene resides on chromosome 8 in man and on chromosome 7 in the
      rat.
AB  - Human chromosomes were separated by a dual laser FACS sorter and their DNA
      hybridized with a thyroglobulin gene probe. A strong hybridization signal was
      obtained with DNA from chromosome 8. A panel of mouse-rat cell hybrids was used
      to determine the chromosomal localization of the rat thyroglobulin gene by the
      Southern blotting method. Comparison of the cytogenetic data with the
      hybridization signals obtained with the rat thyroglobulin probe allowed
      assignment of this gene to rat chromosome 7. It is concluded that the synteny
      relationship between the thyroglobulin gene and the c-myc oncogene has been
      conserved in rat and man.

PMID- 4006520
TI  - Hybridization with human cells corrects the elevated SCE frequency and BrdU
      hypersensitivity of hamster cell line EM9.
AB  - Cells of the Chinese hamster line EM9 exhibit an elevated SCE frequency and a
      decreased proliferative response in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-containing medium.
      Here, these phenotypic features were examined experimentally using polyethylene
      glycol fusion of EM9 and normal human cells. EM9/human hybrids exhibited both
      normal SCE frequencies and normal proliferative responses in BrdU-containing
      medium, suggesting that SCE elevation and BrdU hypersensitivity in EM9 have a
      common molecular basis.

PMID- 4006521
TI  - Linkage relationships of the gene for the beta subunit of nerve growth factor
      (NGFB) with other chromosome 1 marker loci.

PMID- 4006522
TI  - Synaptonemal complex analysis of a pericentric inversion in chromosome 2 of
      domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus.
AB  - Electron microscopy of synaptonemal complexes in three Gallus domesticus
      cockerels that were heterokaryotypic for a pericentric inversion in chromosome 2
      revealed a low incidence of homologous pairing and a high incidence of
      nonhomologous pairing. The significance of these results are related to the
      finding that heterokaryotypic parents have fertility rates that are normal or
      above normal and produce only balanced gametes. One cockerel apparently had both
      normal cells and cells with a heteromorphic bivalent 2 in its germ line.

PMID- 4006523
TI  - Localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in mouse and man by in situ
      hybridization: evidence for a single locus and transposition of homologous X
      linked genes.
AB  - By hybridizing a tritiated human genomic probe (pGD3) to metaphase chromosomes in
      situ, we have localized the gene for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in
      both the human and mouse complement. The locus on the intact human X chromosome
      is close to the telomere on the long arm, confirming the assignment based on
      studies of an X/autosome translocation in human-mouse hybrids. Although the
      signal:background ratio was reduced for the heterologous hybridization of the
      human probe to mouse metaphases, 20% of the grains were on the X chromosome and
      93% of these were in the A region, relatively close to the centromere. The
      location of G6PD in mouse and man reflects intrachromosomal transposition of
      these homologous X loci. Genomic DNAs from mouse and man and from hybrids with
      human X/autosome translocations were digested with several restriction enzymes
      including EcoRI, PstI, and HpaII, and Southern blots were probed with 32P-pGD3.
      The results of the analysis also confirm the human G6PD assignment and are
      consistent with a single copy of the locus in the haploid genome of both species.

PMID- 4006524
TI  - Cytogenetic demonstration of out-of-phase DNA synthesis in endoreduplicated CHO
      cells: evidence for partial endoreduplication.
AB  - Out-of-phase DNA synthesis, which is demonstrated cytogenetically as premature
      chromosome condensation (PCC), was analyzed in endoreduplicated Chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO) cells induced by colchicine or vincristine. Like conventional
      polyploid cells, endoreduplicated cells exhibited PCC in either S or G2. The
      former was more frequently observed in drug-treated cultures. In addition to
      these two types of PCC, other mitotic figures showing out-of-phase DNA synthesis
      were found. Such cells contained both conventional chromosomes (monochromosomes)
      and diplochromosomes. Differential FPG staining of chromatids in these cells
      showed that diplochromosomes incorporated BrdU twice while monochromosomes did so
      once, indicating the occurrence of partial endoreduplication in one of the sister
      nuclei of multinucleate cells. The possible mechanisms underlying induction of
      out-of-phase DNA synthesis and production of partial endoreduplication are
      discussed.

PMID- 4006525
TI  - Chromosomal phylogeny of Lagothrix, Brachyteles, and Cacajao.
AB  - Based on a comparison of the karyotypes of two Plathyrrhini species, Cacajao
      melanocephalus (Pitheciinae) and Brachyteles arachnoides (Atelinae), with those
      of two previously studied species, Lagothrix lagothrica (Atelinae) and C calvus
      rubicundus (Pitheciinae), it appears that the two Cacajao species have undergone
      the same number of chromosome rearrangements since they diverged from their
      common ancestor and that the karyotype of Brachyteles is ancestral to that of
      Lagothrix. The chromosomal phylogeny of these four species is proposed. A Y
      autosome translocation is present in the karyotypes of the two Cacajao species.

PMID- 4006526
TI  - Cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and oesophagus in relation to alcohol and tobacco
      consumption among Danish brewery workers.
AB  - An increased risk of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract has been
      demonstrated among the members of the Danish Brewery Workers Union. To determine
      the role of tobacco, beer and strong liquors in the development of these cancers,
      a case-control study was conducted among those brewery workers who during the
      years 1943-1972 developed cancer of the pharynx (excluding nasopharynx), larynx,
      or esophagus. Controls were chosen among brewery workers who did not develop
      these cancers. Data concerning individual drinking and smoking habits were
      collected retrospectively from hospital records and by means of a mailed, self
      administered questionnaire for patients or their relatives. An analysis based on
      the combined set of information from the two sources, showed an increased
      relative risk of developing an upper aerodigestive cancer, with increasing daily
      tobacco consumption. Likewise, we found an increasing relative risk with
      increasing daily alcohol consumption, statistically significant for oesophagus
      cancer and for all three cancer types as a whole. When looking at daily beer
      consumption alone, the same increased risk was found, but was only statistically
      significant for oesophagus cancer. No evidence of any particularly heavy
      consumption of strong alcoholic beverages was seen amongst the brewery workers as
      a whole or amongst the cases. Thus, the study supports the hypothesis that heavy
      beer intake may be a risk factor in the development of upper aerodigestive
      cancer.

PMID- 4006527
TI  - T wave inversion and ST segment depression in normally conducted beats in
      patients treated with ventricular demand pacing.
AB  - Changes of T waves and ST segments in normally conducted beats are frequently
      seen in patients treated with ventricular demand pacing. The alteration in the
      sequence of ventricular activation is accompanied by inversion of T waves and
      sometimes a depression of ST segments in several leads. These changes have a
      close resemblance to those often seen in ischaemic heart disease. Some of the
      clinical implications are illustrated in four case stories. The slow regression
      of changes after cessation of pacing is particularly emphasised. The time
      required for complete disappearance of changes was directly related to the
      duration of ventricular pacing. In contrast to this finding a quickly developed,
      though temporary, regression was observed during exercise. The development of
      repolarisation changes requires a certain duration and extent of pacing.
      Therefore changes are not present in all ventricular paced patients.
      Consequently, recording of the spontaneous rhythm is proposed as a routine in the
      pacemaker clinic. The recordings might prove valuable for future comparison in
      case of suspected myocardial disease.

PMID- 4006528
TI  - Myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction in a Danish suburban community.
AB  - A comparison was made of 485 cases of cerebral infarction (CI), registered
      prospectively in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, with 495 cases of myocardial
      infarction (AMI), recorded retrospectively in the same population. The overall
      annual incidence of AMI was 6.5 per 1,000 population for males, 3.8 for females;
      the rates for CI were 2.4 and 2.5, respectively. The age-incidence curves,
      particularly those for AMI, were significantly steeper in the females than in the
      males. Correspondingly, the male predominance in the AMI-group subsided with age.
      Age-specific incidence-rates rose exponentially with advancing age; for each sex
      and diagnosis the relationship can thus be expressed as a simple mathematical
      formula, which may facilitate comparisons of incidence patterns in different
      communities. Theories explaining the similarities and differences of the age
      incidence curves for AMI and CI are discussed.

PMID- 4006529
TI  - Anal profilometry correlated to colpo-cysto-urethrography in female urinary
      bladder suspension defects.
AB  - Of 40 women with urinary bladder suspension defects verified by CCU were
      investigated with anal profilometry, 25 had anterior suspension defects had 15
      posterior suspension defects. The profiles were superimposed to demonstrate
      morphological changes. The slopes of the profiles were correlated to slopes of
      profiles from a normal material. There was significant difference between normal
      and pathological slopes. The morphological changes of the profiles in relation to
      the anatomy of the pelvic floor is discussed.

PMID- 4006530
TI  - Absorption of metronidazole suppositories in patients with postoperative ileus.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with postoperative ileus were given one g metronidazole
      suppositories three times daily. The patients were divided into four groups
      according to the operative procedure. The postoperative bowel motility was
      assessed as the time at which bowel sounds and evacuation occurred. One group of
      patients differed significantly from the others with regard to the time taken for
      the bowel function to become normal. No significant difference existed in the
      serum concentrations of metronidazole between the groups. Absorption of the first
      suppository was slower in our patients than in normal subjects, but thereafter
      concentrations followed the theoretic concentration curve for healthy subjects on
      the same dose regimen. Steady state, indicating normal absorption, was attained
      before bowel function returned to normal. The reason for the slower absorption of
      the first suppository is probably that the patients were confined to bed.

PMID- 4006531
TI  - Are modifications necessary in the performance of pulmonary angiograms?

PMID- 4006532
TI  - Ejection fraction and heart rate correlate with diastolic peak filling rate at
      rest and during exercise.
AB  - We investigated the independent variables correlating with the multigated
      radionuclide peak filling rate (PFR) at rest and during supine bicycle exercise
      in 20 normal individuals. Independent variables were systolic blood pressure
      (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (LVEF),
      time to PFR (TPFR), peak ejection rate (PER) and time to PER (TPER). Fifteen
      subjects completed at least five stages of exercise at 25 watts each. Correlating
      independent variables were selected by a forward-backward stepwise multiple
      linear regression (BMDP2R). A partial correlation statistical program was also
      used to allow control of critical independent variables. The final regression
      equations were: a) resting state, PFR = -2.5 + 0.03HR + 0.05LVEF + 0.02SBP
      0.02DBP, and b) exercise state, PFR = -3.8 + 0.04HR + 0.08LVEF. All independent
      variables mentioned above correlated with PFR (simple correlations designated as
      zero partials). However, when LVEF and HR were held constant (second order
      partials), the correlation of PFR with any of the other independent variables
      disappeared. In summary, the radionuclide global LV PFR is predominantly
      correlated to LVEF and HR at rest and during exercise. These correlations should
      be considered when assessing exercise effects of disease states on PFR.

PMID- 4006533
TI  - Solitary cystic schwannoma.

PMID- 4006534
TI  - Dextrocardia with myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4006535
TI  - Treatment of ventricular arrhythmia. Applications and limitations of noninvasive
      vs invasive approach.

PMID- 4006536
TI  - Summary and recommendations of a workshop on the investigative use of fiberoptic
      bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in asthmatic patients.
AB  - The participants in the workshop reached unanimous consensus that as an
      investigative tool, BAL has enormous potential for extending knowledge of the
      immunopathogenesis of asthma. When utilized according to these guidelines,
      maximum knowledge may be gained with minimal risks to study subjects. However, we
      wish to emphasize that the extent to which the safety of the procedure applies to
      those asthmatic subjects with more symptoms and an FEV1 of less than 60 percent
      of predicted remains to be established by carefully controlled clinical
      investigations.

PMID- 4006537
TI  - False negative angiogram in pulmonary embolism.
AB  - A 19-year-old woman presented with symptoms of pulmonary infarction and an
      abnormal perfusion scan compatible with pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary angiogram
      performed utilizing two bolus injections in the frontal plane and recorded on
      multiple cut films was reported as normal. This false negative angiogram points
      out the need for modifications in conventional pulmonary angiographic technique.

PMID- 4006538
TI  - Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Chest radiography and CT in asymptomatic patients.
AB  - Two asymptomatic patients from a group of 30 being treated with the
      antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone developed roentgenographic pulmonary and pleural
      reactions. Computed tomography in one patient with an uncommon radiographic
      pattern of fuzzy nodules showed the spatial distribution of the parenchymal
      changes, as well as unrecognized pleural thickening. The disease in these
      asymptomatic patients was presumably detected on the periodic chest roentgenogram
      at an early stage because the changes disappeared after withdrawal of the drug.
      Periodic chest radiographs are recommended during amiodarone therapy and CT may
      be useful in evaluation of patients with unusual chest radiographic findings.

PMID- 4006539
TI  - Rapid development of obstructive sleep apnea following hemidiaphragmatic and
      unilateral vocal cord paralysis as a complication of mediastinal surgery.
AB  - We describe a patient with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who is unusual in two
      respects: 1) rapid development of severe OSA over a period of two to four months,
      and 2) direct temporal association between development of OSA and mediastinal
      surgery complicated by unilateral paralysis of the phrenic nerve and the
      recurrent laryngeal nerve.

PMID- 4006540
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
      documented by coronary arteriograms.
AB  - A 19-year-old man with untreated systemic lupus erythematosus had an acute
      myocardial infarction. A coronary arteriogram five hours after the onset of
      symptoms revealed total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary
      artery. Reperfusion was achieved by coronary thrombolytic therapy with urokinase.
      Four weeks later, a coronary arteriogram showed only minimal luminal
      irregularities at the original site of occlusion, where significant reduction in
      diameter could be induced by ergonovine maleate. This case suggests that coronary
      arterial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus may be related to coronary
      arterial spasm.

PMID- 4006541
TI  - Acromegaly and bronchial carcinoid. Effect of removal of the latter.
AB  - A patient with a long-standing history of bronchial carcinoid and acromegaly was
      studied. There was pituitary enlargement with an intrasellar mass (brain computed
      tomography scan), high basal GH levels, and abnormal GH and other pituitary
      hormones response to oral glucose and a combined test (LHRH, TRH, insulin). After
      resection of the bronchial carcinoid, basal GH was normal, GH was normally
      suppressed during OGTT, pituitary function was within expected normal range, and
      there was regression of the pituitary tumor together with clinical improvement.
      These data suggest that the patient's acromegaly was secondary to pituitary
      stimulation due to the bronchial carcinoid.

PMID- 4006542
TI  - Transbronchial needle aspiration of a bronchial carcinoid tumor.
AB  - We biopsied a suspected bronchial carcinoid tumor with a transbronchial
      aspiration needle and obtained cytologic diagnosis without significant
      hemorrhage. This technique may prove valuable in sampling highly vascular
      endobronchial neoplasms.

PMID- 4006543
TI  - Prolonged catheterization. A rare cause of pulmonary atheroma.
AB  - At post-mortem examination of a 75-year-old man, a fragment of polyethylene
      catheter placed several years previously was discovered in the right pulmonary
      artery. It was embedded in a vessel wall and caused an atheromatous plaque, a
      rare complication in human pathology.

PMID- 4006544
TI  - Breakage of alligator forceps in transbronchial biopsy.

PMID- 4006545
TI  - Acute pulmonary fibrosis associated with respiratory failure.

PMID- 4006546
TI  - Usefulness of FEF25-75% and FEF200-1200 for the graphic/computational
      interpretation of spirometry.

PMID- 4006548
TI  - Proper use of metered dose inhalers.

PMID- 4006547
TI  - The diagnostic yield of repeat transbronchial lung biopsy.

PMID- 4006549
TI  - Periodic breathing triggered by hypoxia in normal awake adults. Modification by
      naloxone.
AB  - Breathing patterns in six normal awake subjects were monitored noninvasively
      during progressive hypoxia accomplished with the administration of nitrogen at 2,
      4, 6, and 8 L/min by nasal cannula. The lowest value of arterial oxygen
      saturation (SaO2) of 88 +/- 4 percent (mean +/- SD) was achieved with nitrogen at
      8 L/min. At baseline, tidal volume (VT) and frequency were fairly regular; with
      nitrogen at 2 and 4 L/min, some subjects showed minor fluctuations of VT. At 6
      and 8 L/min, periodic breathing with marked oscillations of VT, apneas,
      hypopneas, and intermittent large tidal breaths were consistently observed.
      Inspired oxygen concentration fluctuated because of the variations of tidal
      breaths provoked when periodic breathing took place and enhanced fluctuation in
      SaO2. A randomized, double-blind crossover design was used to assess the effect
      of pretreatment with naloxone on this periodicity. In contrast to the irregular
      breathing pattern observed with pretreatment with placebo, the breathing pattern
      after pretreatment with naloxone was regular during nasal administration of
      nitrogen except at 8 L/min, when minor fluctuations in VT with occasional
      hypopneas and large tidal breaths occurred. On another day, irregular and
      periodic breathing with apneas or hypopneas (or both) produced by nasal nitrogen
      at 8 L/min was eliminated or blunted by short-term intravenous administration of
      naloxone. On another day, electroencephalographic monitoring corroborated visual
      observations made in the previous studies that the hypoxic subjects were awake
      during the breathing alterations. Thus, awake adults develop irregular and
      periodic breathing during induction of mild hypoxia produced by nasal
      administration of nitrogen. The irregularity in breathing appears to be mediated
      through release of endorphins, since the effect is blunted or eliminated by
      pretreatment or short-term treatment with naloxone.

PMID- 4006550
TI  - Selective IgA deficiency and sarcoidosis.

PMID- 4006551
TI  - Arterial blood gas measurement.

PMID- 4006552
TI  - Comparison of effectiveness and safety of operations on the pericardium.
AB  - A ten-year experience with operations on the pericardium in 71 consecutive
      patients was reviewed. The patients ranged in age from nine months to 75 years
      old. Fifty-three patients were operated upon for pericardial effusion and 14 for
      pericardial constriction. Sixty-seven patients had pericarditis: 21 of them
      underwent subxiphoid tube drainage; ten, limited pericardiectomy; and the
      remaining 36, extensive pericardiectomy. There were two trauma victims who
      underwent diagnostic pericardiotomy. Two patients underwent excision of
      pericardial cysts. There was one operative death during extensive pericardiectomy
      for constrictive tuberculous pericarditis. Thirty-day mortality was three of 21
      patients after subxiphoid tube drainage, three of ten after limited
      pericardiectomy and five of 36 after extensive pericardiectomy. Postoperative
      complications consisted of pulmonary problems in four patients (two after
      pericardiectomy and two after extensive pericardiectomy), cardiac arrhythmia in
      one patient after tube drainage and postpericardiotomy syndrome in one patient
      after extensive pericardiectomy. Mean follow-up was 3.2 years. Recurrent
      pericardial effusion occurred in two patients; one had limited pericardiectomy
      but did not require reoperation and one had diagnostic pericardiotomy without
      drainage. Six patients with persistent postirradiation pericardial effusion were
      treated effectively with extensive pericardiotomy. Our experience indicates that
      subxiphoid tube drainage is effective for the treatment of pericardial effusion
      and safer than limited pericardiectomy, while extensive pericardiectomy is the
      operation of choice for pericardial constriction and radiation-related
      pericardial effusion.

PMID- 4006553
TI  - Right ventricular volumes by thermodilution in the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome. A comparative study using two-dimensional echocardiography as a
      reference method.
AB  - Measurements of right ventricular ejection fraction and volumes were obtained at
      bedside by the thermodilution method performed with a fast-response balloon
      tipped thermistor in a group of 18 patients undergoing respiratory therapy for
      the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). These measurements were compared
      with right ventricular dimensions simultaneously obtained with two-dimensional
      echocardiography. A significant correlation was found between right ventricular
      ejection fraction by thermodilution and two-dimensional echocardiographic
      fractional area contraction (r = 0.74; p less than 0.001), between right
      ventricular end-diastolic volume by thermodilution and two-dimensional
      echocardiographic end-diastolic area (r = 0.70; p less than 0.001), and between
      right ventricular end-systolic volume by thermodilution and two-dimensional
      echocardiographic end-systolic area (r = 0.78; p less than 0.001). Right
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure, a commonly used index of right ventricular
      preload, did not correlate with two-dimensional echocardiographic end-diastolic
      area. In conclusion, the thermodilution method allowed reliable measurements of
      right ventricular ejection fraction and volumes at bedside in critically ill
      patients. Appraisal of right ventricular end-diastolic volume by this method
      appeared to be a better predictor of right ventricular preload than were the
      measurements of pressure.

PMID- 4006554
TI  - Left ventricular thrombosis, wall motion abnormalities, and blood viscosity
      changes after first transmural anterior myocardial infarction.
AB  - Sixty-three consecutive patients with a first transmural anterior myocardial
      infarction (MI) were studied by serial two-dimensional echocardiography (2D echo)
      to relate left ventricular (LV) thrombosis with serial changes in blood and
      plasma viscosity and fibrinogen levels, and wall motion abnormalities at the
      thrombus site, in order to identify those prone to this complication. The results
      suggest that an early 2D echo be performed in all patients with acute transmural
      anterior MI to detect LV thrombi and to identify those at risk of thrombosis.

PMID- 4006555
TI  - Pulmonary involvement in mixed connective tissue disease.
AB  - To determine the frequency of pulmonary function abnormalities in mixed
      connective tissue disease (MCTD), we studied 16 consecutive patients. Spirometry,
      total lung capacity (TLC), diffusing capacity (Dco), static lung compliance
      (Cst), and tests of respiratory muscle function (peak inspiratory pressure [PIP]
      and the maximum change in transdiaphragmatic pressure [delta PDI] during a
      diaphragmatic Mueller maneuver) were obtained. Airway resistance (RAW) and
      frequency dependence of compliance were also measured. Static lung compliance was
      less than 0.2 L/cm H2O in four of nine patients. The PIP was less than 75 cm H2O
      in only one patient and delta PDI was greater than 45 cm H2O in all ten patients
      evaluated. Frequency dependence of compliance was abnormal in seven of ten
      patients, whereas RAW was increased in only three of eight patients. The TLC and
      DCO were less than 80 percent of the predicted values in ten of 16 and 14 of 16
      patients respectively. There was no correlation between the level of extractable
      nuclear antigen and pulmonary function abnormalities. The study did not identify
      significant abnormalities in respiratory muscle function.

PMID- 4006556
TI  - Is the MVV:FEV1 ratio useful for assessing spirometry validity?
AB  - The ratio between the maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and the forced
      expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) has been proposed as an indicator of the
      adequacy of a subject's efforts in disability determinations and other spirometry
      applications. Data from a large population of industrial workers tested in a
      university pulmonary function laboratory were examined and a smaller clinical
      population was used to validate the conclusions. The MVV:FEV1 ratio was not
      affected to a clinically significant degree by age, degree of functional
      abnormality, or administration of an aerosolized bronchodilator. The ratio was
      too variable to be of use in determining whether an individual's results are
      reliable, but the determination of the average ratio for a large group of
      subjects may be useful in evaluating the overall performance of a spirometry
      laboratory.

PMID- 4006557
TI  - Adult bronchiolitis. Evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage and response to
      prednisone therapy.
AB  - Four adult patients with biopsy-proven bronchiolitis were identified and
      prospectively evaluated. Each patient presented with the rapid onset (weeks to
      months) of severe respiratory disease that was clinically distinct from asthma,
      chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema. Bronchiolitis
      patients were evaluated by pulmonary function testing and bronchoalveolar lavage
      (BAL) before and after two months of treatment with 1 mg/kg/day of prednisone.
      Initial BAL results of bronchiolitis patients were compared to those of cigarette
      smokers with chronic bronchitis (n = 4), asymptomatic cigarette smokers (n = 5),
      and normal nonsmoking volunteers (n = 5). Neutrophils comprised 53 +/- 13 percent
      of the cells recovered by BAL in bronchiolitis patients but only 3 +/- 2 percent
      of the cells in chronic bronchitis patients, 1.5 +/- 0.6 percent of the cells in
      asymptomatic smokers, and 0.3 +/- 0.3 percent of the cells in normal volunteers
      (p less than 0.01, all comparisons). Moreover, prednisone produced a striking
      decrease in lower respiratory tract neutrophils (53 +/- 13 percent to 8 +/- 3
      percent, p less than 0.05) in all bronchiolitis patients while lung function
      either improved (two patients) or remained unchanged (two patients). These
      findings suggest a central role for the neutrophil in bronchiolitis and argue
      that BAL may be clinically useful in the diagnosis and management of these
      patients.

PMID- 4006558
TI  - Cardiac tamponade as the initial presentation of malignancy.
AB  - Although neoplastic involvement of the pericardium frequently is present
      postmortem, cardiac manifestations before death are uncommon, and cardiac
      tamponade as the initial presentation of cancer is rare. In this study, a
      malignancy was first recognized in eight of 23 patients (35 percent) who
      presented with cardiac tamponade. Seven of these eight patients had lung and one
      patient thyroid carcinoma. The prognosis of these eight patients was poor with
      seven of eight patients dead within a mean of seven weeks (range 2.5 to 16).
      Overall, pericardial fluid cytology demonstrated a specific diagnosis of
      malignancy in 14 of 19 patients (74 percent). Earlier recognition of the
      possibility of malignancy may allow initiation of appropriate local or systemic
      treatment to lessen the probability of cardiac tamponade and improve survival. We
      recommend that all patients who present with tamponade have cytology performed on
      the pericardial fluid, even if malignancy is not suspected initially.

PMID- 4006559
TI  - Comparative modification of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction by the calcium
      antagonists, nifedipine and verapamil.
AB  - We compared the effects of the two calcium antagonists, nifedipine and verapamil,
      on baseline airway function and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in
      asymptomatic subjects with ragweed hypersensitivity and a history of bronchial
      asthma. Twelve subjects received a single oral dose of 20 mg of nifedipine or 160
      mg of verapamil before inhalation with ragweed antigen. Mean specific airway
      conductance, a measurement of airway obstruction, was not affected by either
      agent; nifedipine caused bronchodilatation in two subjects, and verapamil was
      followed by slight bronchoconstriction in another subject. Nifedipine partially
      or completely blocked the antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in 67 percent
      (8/12) of the subjects (p less than 0.05). Two of the subjects who were protected
      by nifedipine were also protected by pretreatment with verapamil, while this drug
      was without effect in the others. This study demonstrates that both nifedipine
      and verapamil in a single oral dose may attenuate antigen-induced
      bronchoconstriction in some subjects with allergic bronchial asthma and that
      nifedipine may be more effective than verapamil.

PMID- 4006560
TI  - Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of bronchoscopy in neoplasm
      metastatic to lung.
AB  - Bronchoscopic examination to diagnose lung metastases has not been as rewarding
      as in primary lung cancer. Despite a lower expected yield, we believe the
      procedure has value in certain patients, ie, those with clinical findings of
      endobronchial disease. To determine better the value of bronchoscopy in this
      population, we retrospectively reviewed records of patients at five community
      teaching hospitals over a 66-month period. These patients all underwent
      fiberoptic bronchoscopy. They had a history of prior nonpulmonary malignancy and
      an abnormal chest roentgenogram suspicious for recurrent malignant disease, or
      they presented with abnormal chest roentgenographic findings and further
      evaluation showed the lung disease to be metastatic. Bronchoscopy for metastatic
      lung disease was most likely diagnostic in patients with primary colorectal
      cancer (79 percent) and breast cancer (57 percent), and least likely in patients
      with genitourinary tract cancer (33 percent). Hemoptysis, signs of local airway
      obstruction, or a roentgenogram showing either atelectasis or diffuse lung
      disease especially favored a positive biopsy. Bronchoscopy is a valuable
      diagnostic procedure in selected patients with metastatic lung disease.

PMID- 4006561
TI  - Characteristics and prognostic value of morning dipping of peak expiratory flow
      rate in stable asthmatic subjects.
AB  - Characteristics and prognostic relevance of morning dip of peak expiratory flow
      rate (PEFR) were evaluated in stable asthmatic subjects. Among 246 outpatients
      monitored four times daily for two weeks, 38 (group A) showed a significant
      difference between morning reading of PEFR and each of the others; they were
      compared to 38 randomly selected patients (group B) not showing morning dip in
      PEFR. Less frequent seasonal course, extrinsic pathogenesis, and sensitization to
      mites characterized group A; starting airflow limitation was more severe in those
      with morning dip, but no significant difference between mean PEFR measured
      throughout two weeks was found. At 6 to 12 weeks, morning dip was not found in 19
      of 38 subjects in group A and appeared in seven of 38 subjects in group B, with
      no clearcut relationship to treatment being evident. At 25 to 104 weeks, no
      significant difference between therapeutic requirements and the forced expiratory
      volume in one second was detected; therefore, unlike the short-term, morning dip
      is not a risk factor for worse long-term prognosis.

PMID- 4006562
TI  - Oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep in subjects with and without the obesity
      hypoventilation syndrome.
AB  - The etiology of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is unknown. Recent
      reports that treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with nasal continuous positive
      airway pressure eliminates the manifestations of OHS suggests that obstructive
      sleep apnea may contribute to OHS. The purpose of this study was to determine
      whether hypoxemia during sleep was more severe in patients with OHS than in those
      without OHS. In our sleep laboratory, we studied 32 subjects with a ratio of the
      forced expiratory volume in one second over the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)
      greater than 0.73 and no neuromuscular disease. Seven subjects had OHS
      characterized by obesity and daytime hypercapnia, and 25 subjects did not. The
      seven patients with OHS all had sleep apnea. Of the 25 without OHS, 23 had sleep
      apnea. Subjects with OHS had significantly greater oxyhemoglobin desaturation
      during sleep than subjects without OHS, even when subjects with and without OHS
      were matched for sex and weight. These findings are consistent with the
      hypothesis that severe sleep apnea is a contributing cause of OHS.

PMID- 4006563
TI  - Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in four patients with interstitial
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - The association between digital clubbing and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has
      been well established; however, the simultaneous occurrence of hypertrophic
      pulmonary osteoarthropathy and interstitial fibrosis, in the absence of
      neoplastic disease, has only been described in two case reports and was not
      mentioned in any of 336 patients described in several recent reviews. Among 70
      patients referred for investigation of pulmonary infiltrates, four were found to
      have hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy associated with interstitial
      pulmonary disease, in the absence of malignant disease. We conclude that the use
      of bone scans and roentgenographic examination of the extremities may draw
      attention to an association between hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy and
      idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 4006564
TI  - American College of Chest Physicians. 51st annual scientific assembly, October 28
      November 1, 1985, New Orleans. Original investigations (abstracts).

PMID- 4006565
TI  - The development of infant sensitivity to biomechanical motions.
AB  - 3 experiments were conducted to examine infant sensitivity at 20, 30, and 36
      weeks of age to the 3-dimensional structure of a human form specified through
      biomechanical motions. All 3 experiments manipulated occlusion information in
      computer-generated arrays of point-lights moving as if attached to the major
      joints and head of a person walking. These displays are readily recognized as
      persons by adults when occlusion information is present, but not when it is
      absent or inconsistent with the implicit structure of the human body. Converging
      findings from Experiments 1 and 2 suggested that 36-week-old infants were
      sensitive to the presence of occlusion information in point-light walker
      displays; neither 20- nor 30-week-old infants showed any sensitivity to this
      information. The results of Experiment 3 revealed further that 36-week-old
      infants were sensitive to whether or not the pattern of occlusion was consistent
      with the implicit form of the human body, but only when the displays were
      presented in an upright orientation. These findings are interpreted as suggesting
      that infants, by 36 weeks of age, are extracting fundamental properties necessary
      for interpreting a point-light display as a person.

PMID- 4006567
TI  - Adult perceptions of pain and hunger cries: a synchrony of arousal.
AB  - 180 male and female nonparent adults rated tape-recordings of the initial,
      middle, and final 10-sec segments of pain and hunger cries on 4 7-point Likert
      type scale items describing how urgent, arousing, aversive, and sick the cry
      segments sounded. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that the final segment
      of the pain cry was perceived as less urgent, arousing, and aversive than the
      initial and middle segments. The hunger cry was perceived as increasingly more
      urgent, arousing, and aversive from the initial to the middle to the final cry
      segments, with the final segment receiving higher ratings than the final segment
      of the pain cry. The middle segment of both cries was the most sick sounding.
      While females were more aroused than males as the hunger cry intensified, and
      females were less aroused than males as the pain cry subsided, the initial
      segments of the pain cry were particularly potent stimuli to both males and
      females. These results suggest that different segments of cries resulting from
      the same stimulus provide different messages that communicate the presumed level
      of infant arousal.

PMID- 4006566
TI  - Auditory-visual perception of changing distance by human infants.
AB  - 2 studies examined 5-month-old infants' sensitivity to auditory-visual
      specification of distance and direction of movement. In 1 experiment, infants
      were presented successively with 2 filmed events--1 of an automobile approaching,
      and the other of the same automobile driving away. A soundtrack that increased or
      decreased in amplitude was played along with each film, either in a match or
      mismatch condition. Infants did not show differential looking patterns related to
      the match or mismatch of auditory and visual information. In a second experiment,
      infants were tested using a paired preference technique. The films were shown
      side-by-side along with a single soundtrack appropriate to 1 of them. Looking
      time was monitored as before. These infants demonstrated visual preferences for
      the sound-matched films, evidently detecting the relationship between auditory
      and visual information when this procedure was used.

PMID- 4006568
TI  - Simulating conditions of learned helplessness: the effects of interventions and
      attributions.
AB  - We report 2 experiments that assess factors potentially responsible for a
      proactive interference with the sensitivity of a mother's response to infant
      signals. Using a version of the "learned helplessness" paradigm, mothers'
      performance on a solvable task was assessed following pretreatments that involved
      exposure to an infant cry but that differed in the mothers' ability to exert
      control over the termination of the cry. Each experiment explored the role of
      varying attributions made by a mother in the development of, or the reversal of,
      the helplessness phenomenon. The first experiment addressed the question of
      whether a specific intervention (i.e., providing the mother an attribution for
      failure) can reduce the debilitating effect of prior experience with failure. The
      results indicated that the debilitating effects associated with previous failure
      were reversed for the 16 mothers assigned to the intervention group. 40 mothers
      participated in the second experiment, which varied attributions assigned to an
      identical cry stimulus (i.e., the cry was produced by an "easy" vs. a "difficult"
      infant). This experiment assessed the effect of varying attributions on the
      mothers' ability to terminate the cry. We found that mothers pretreated with
      inescapable cries and those receiving the experimental manipulation of
      attributing the cry to a "difficult" infant showed debilitated performance in
      stopping the cry when given the opportunity. We propose that models based on
      learned helplessness theory have value in the study of caregiver-infant
      relationships, in particular, caregivers' perceived and objective effectiveness
      in responding to an infant's signals.

PMID- 4006569
TI  - Young children's use of spatial coordinates.
AB  - 4-6-year-old children were given problems in which they had to decide which 1 of
      an array of points was in line with 2 coordinate markers. The simplest problems
      had 4 points to choose between and markers perpendicular to the horizontal and
      vertical axes. Children of all ages were able to extrapolate lines from both
      coordinates to solve these problems. The older children were also given more
      complex problems. In some of these, 1 marker was at 45 degrees to an axis, the
      other perpendicular: in others the array was increased to 16 points and presented
      sometimes in a regular, sometimes in an irregular pattern. There were
      developmental improvements in performance, and the complex problems were more
      difficult than the simpler ones. However, 5- and 6-year-olds did extremely well
      even on the complex problems. The results establish that young children's grasp
      of Euclidean spatial relationships is more adequate than has often been
      suggested.

PMID- 4006570
TI  - The development of auditory temporal acuity in children.
AB  - The development of auditory temporal acuity was studied in 56 children aged 6-12
      years and compared with that of 8 adults. Acuity was measured by determining the
      minimum detectable duration of a brief cessation in a noise band with the 2
      alternative forced-choice method. For detection of gaps in a broadband noise,
      acuity improved significantly with age and reached adult values by 11 years. The
      minimum detectable duration was significantly shorter at higher levels of the
      noise. For narrow-band noises, acuity also improved significantly with age and
      depended on the center frequency of the band. The improvement in temporal acuity
      with age was attributed to the development of sensory processes and not to age
      related changes in nonsensory factors.

PMID- 4006571
TI  - Development of knowledge about the use of cues to aid prospective retrieval.
AB  - Retrieval cues can be used to help one remember to perform tasks in the future
      and to relocate objects in the environment. However, in both tasks there are
      requirements for a retrieval cue to be effective as a mnemonic aid. For example,
      the cue must be associated with the target item, but it must not be ambiguous,
      and it must be appropriately placed. 2 studies assessed children's ability to
      evaluate the communicative quality of retrieval cues. In Study 1, 5-9-year-old
      children and adults evaluated the potential effectiveness of cues to remind
      themselves. In Study 2, 4-9-year-olds evaluated the potential effectiveness of
      cues for relocating hidden objects. Patterns of results were similar in both
      studies: young children first learned that the retrieval cue should be associated
      with the target and should be encountered for retrieval to occur. However,
      children often overlooked problems with the potential informativeness of the
      cues, such as ambiguity, and did not anticipate that such cues might be
      misinterpreted in the future. Children's difficulty in estimating their
      information needs may be related to their difficulty in monitoring their current
      comprehension state.

PMID- 4006572
TI  - Comprehension monitoring in preschool children.
AB  - This study examined the ability of 2 1/2-4 1/2-years-olds to recognize
      comprehension difficulties and to implement strategies for resolving them. In the
      course of a play interaction, an adult female experimenter made a series of
      requests, some of which were designed to be difficult for the child to understand
      or to execute. Children's responses to these requests were compared with their
      responses to control requests that were easy to comprehend and comply with 3-year
      olds exhibited appropriate and selective monitoring responses for some kinds of
      problems but not others, while 4-year-olds displayed discriminative monitoring
      for all types of problems presented. In contrast to previous experimental
      findings, these results indicate that young children are capable of detecting a
      variety of comprehension problems and possess appropriate strategies for
      resolving these difficulties with a partner in communication.

PMID- 4006573
TI  - Intellectual realism: the role of children's interpretations of pictures and
      perceptual verbs.
AB  - Intellectual realism refers to the tendency of young children to indicate
      incorrectly all that is present in an object array when asked to indicate only
      what they can see of it from a particular perspective. 3 experiments tested and
      confirmed the hypotheses that children's interpretation of (a) pictorial
      conventions and of (b) the expression "look like" may increase this tendency. The
      results of this and other studies suggest that young children's difficulties with
      adult pictorial conventions, with the wording of task instructions, and with the
      concept of a momentary, view-determined appearance can all lead to intellectual
      realism errors.

PMID- 4006574
TI  - Public school aggression among children with varying day-care experience.
AB  - 59 children with varying amounts and types of day-care experience were followed
      over their first 2 or 3 years of public schooling. Schoolteachers rated
      aggressiveness of several types and in several situations by these children, and
      also supplied information about managing the children, about children's use of
      strategies to avoid conflict, and about several associated skills and behaviors.
      Multivariate analyses indicated that children who had attended a cognitively
      oriented day-care program beginning in infancy were more aggressive than all
      other groups of children who had attended day care. Aggression among these
      children, however, declined over time, the children were not considered difficult
      to manage, and they were well liked by teachers. It was speculated that the
      increased aggressiveness among children attending cognitively oriented day care
      may have been caused by several problems of adaptation to the school setting.

PMID- 4006575
TI  - Cognitive performance and academic achievement of Japanese, Chinese, and American
      children.
AB  - Chinese, Japanese, and American children at grades 1 and 5 were given a battery
      of 10 cognitive tasks and tests of achievement in reading and mathematics.
      Samples consisted of 240 children in each grade in each culture. 2 major purposes
      of the study were to determine possible differences in cognitive abilities of
      Japanese, Chinese, and American children and to investigate the possible
      differential relation of scores on cognitive tasks to reading by children of the
      3 cultures. Similarity was found among children of the 3 cultures in level,
      variability, and structure of cognitive abilities. Chinese children surpassed
      Japanese and American children in reading scores; both Chinese and Japanese
      children obtained higher scores in mathematics than the American children.
      Prediction of achievement scores from the cognitive tasks showed few differential
      effects among children of the 3 cultures. The results suggest that the high
      achievement of Chinese and Japanese children cannot be attributed to higher
      intellectual abilities, but must be related to their experiences at home and at
      school.

PMID- 4006576
TI  - Why does children's generosity increase with age: susceptibility to experimenter
      influence or altruism?
AB  - This study evaluated whether age differences in children's generosity are due to
      increasing altruistic motivation or increasing susceptibility to experimenter
      influence strategies. 282 first, third, and fifth graders voted on how to spend a
      gift of money under 1 of 5 instructional sets--3 levels of experimenter
      influence, peer influence, or no influence, or no influence. Voting choices (in
      increasing order of generosity according to experimenter-defined scoring weights)
      were splitting up the money equally among class members, buying something for
      their class, buying something for their school, or giving the money to poor
      children. Voting choices also were scored according to empirically derived
      weights based on rankings provided by an independent sample of 50 first, third,
      and fifth graders. Both scoring systems indicated that fifth graders were more
      generous than younger children, but only under high levels of experimenter
      demand, and peer influence did not increase children's generosity. Furthermore,
      first graders appeared more generous when the child-derived rather than the
      experimenter-derived scoring system was used. Thus generalizations regarding age
      differences in generosity observed in laboratory experiments may require
      qualification, specifying the degree and type of experimenter influence involved.

PMID- 4006577
TI  - Environmental differences within the family and adjustment differences within
      pairs of adolescent siblings.
AB  - To what extent do siblings in the same family experience different parental
      treatment, sibling interaction, and peer relationships? Are such within-family
      experiential differences related to differences in the siblings' emotional
      adjustment? The present study explored these questions concerning within-family
      environment using data from 348 families that each included 2 siblings 11-17
      years of age. The results indicate that siblings in the same family experience
      different environments, as reported by parents and to a larger extent by the
      siblings themselves. The results also demonstrate that within-family
      environmental differences are related to differences in development between
      siblings. Both the parent and sibling reports of the environment converge on the
      finding that the sibling who is more psychologically well adjusted (as reported
      by parents, siblings, and teachers) also experiences more maternal closeness,
      more sibling friendliness, more peer friendliness, more say in family decision
      making, and more parental chore expectations as compared to the other sibling.

PMID- 4006578
TI  - [Late results following smooth muscle sphincter replacement].

PMID- 4006579
TI  - [Total duodenal diversion by fundo-jejunostomy with Roux-Y-loop in the treatment
      of severe postoperative recurrent reflux esophagitis].
AB  - Fundo-jejunostomy with a 60 cm long Roux-en-Y loop removes almost all symptoms in
      severe postoperative recurrent reflux esophagitis. We analysed 12 own cases and
      compared them with those published in literature. 90% of most satisfactory
      results were obtained. Nevertheless indication for fundo-jejunostomy must be
      discussed and limited to those cases, which do not respond to medical treatment.

PMID- 4006580
TI  - [Postoperative pneumothorax following interventions for diaphragmatic hernias and
      defects].
AB  - Basing on the fact that postoperative pneumothorax occurred in a third of 47
      patients with diaphragmatic hernias and defects, the mechanisms of progressive
      respiratory insufficiency and the occurrence of postoperative pneumothorax are
      debated as well as therapeutical measures for prevention. It is suggested as an
      important therapeutical principle in order to prevent any negative pressure on
      the operated thoracic side and to keep by all means the mediastinum in the
      middle. By the aid of these therapeutical principles, an improvement of the still
      high lethality of 40% - which postoperative pneumothorax is decisive for - can be
      achieved.

PMID- 4006582
TI  - [Peripheral neurologic complications following percutaneous transaxillary
      aortography].
AB  - Today percutaneous transaxillary aortography is indicated cautiously because of
      severe neurological permanent injury. The nervous lesion is superficially caused
      by catheter manipulation or postangiographic hematomas resp. an aneurysma
      spurium. The symptomless time interval of hours or days proves the cause of
      hematoma. In the early stage an overlay of the damage causes is possible. The
      sensible and motorial deficit can be decisively influenced by an early
      exoneration of the neurovascular septum.

PMID- 4006581
TI  - [Acute renal failure caused by renal artery occlusion. A surgical disease
      picture].
AB  - Out of 66 reconstructive operations of the renal arteries from 1980 to July 1984,
      5 operations have been performed after a total occlusion of the renal artery. 3
      patients were admitted with acute renal failure, all of them had a solitary
      kidney. The diagnosis could only be established by renographic examination,
      therefore a renal arteriography should be one of the first diagnostic procedures.
      Preexisting collateral vessels maintained a minimal blood flow of the kidney, the
      interval between the onset of the first symptoms and the operative
      revascularisation was between 24 hours and 5 days. Even if the ischemic tolerance
      time of the kidney exceeds 30-60 minutes, it does not necessarily lead to total
      organ damage because of those preexisting collateral vessels. On all 3 patients
      the renovasculary reconstruction was successful.

PMID- 4006583
TI  - [Ileus in cystic lymphangioma of the omentum].

PMID- 4006584
TI  - [Cesarean section in eclampsia].

PMID- 4006585
TI  - [Analysis of abnormal labor curves in 300 cases].

PMID- 4006586
TI  - [Changes in maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy].

PMID- 4006587
TI  - [Effect of a once-a-month oral contraceptive on serum prolactin levels].

PMID- 4006588
TI  - [Clinical research of malignant ovarian tumors: current status and prospects].

PMID- 4006589
TI  - [Ovary dysgerminoma].

PMID- 4006590
TI  - [Oblique vaginal septum: report of 15 cases].

PMID- 4006591
TI  - [Double uterus, cervical and vaginal obstruction: report of 11 cases].

PMID- 4006592
TI  - [Construction of a vagina using the pelvic peritoneum: analysis of 30 cases].

PMID- 4006593
TI  - [Cell-mediated immunity in the toxemia of pregnancy using the leukocyte migration
      inhibition test].

PMID- 4006594
TI  - [Method of layer dissection in extraperitoneal cesarean section: report of 121
      cases].

PMID- 4006596
TI  - Evolution of karyotypic abnormalities and C-MYC oncogene amplification in human
      colonic carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Cell lines (COLO 320 DM and COLO 320 HSR), established from a human
      neuroendocrine tumor, contain an amplified cellular oncogene (c-myc). We have
      previously shown that the homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) of a marker
      chromosome in the COLO 320 HSR cells that evolved in culture from COLO 320 DM
      cells contain amplified c-myc. Molecular hybridization in situ has now been used
      to demonstrate that the HSRs are on both arms of what was once an X chromosome.
      We also show that amplified c-myc copies are present in the isolated double
      minute chromosomes (DMs) of the COLO 320 DM cells that were characteristic of the
      tumor cells initially established from the patient. The results suggest that the
      amplified c-myc appeared first as DMs and was subsequently transposed to engender
      HSRs on an X chromosome. The initial COLO 320 tumor cell may have acquired two
      "early replicating" (i.e., active) X chromosomes and lost the "late replicating"
      (i.e., inactive) X.

PMID- 4006595
TI  - Intranuclear compartmentalization of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases: association
      of RNA polymerase I with nucleolar organizing chromosomes.
AB  - The compartmentalization of chromatin-bound RNA polymerases was examined with
      HeLa chromosomes fractionated according to their size in sucrose/glycerol
      gradients. There was a good correlation between the enrichment of nucleolus
      organizing chromosomes, i.e., D and G group chromosomes, and the level of
      chromosome-associated RNA polymerase form I activity. A profile of DEAE-Sephadex
      chromatography of enzymes solubilized from chromosome fractions also supported
      the view that form I was associated with D and G group chromosomes. The amount of
      form I associated with unfractionated chromosomes was nearly identical to that of
      nuclei, indicating that this enzyme is probably quantitatively conserved even
      when chromatin undergoes extensive condensation. Since the chromatin-bound form I
      enzyme can be reactivated with heparin, it seems that this enzyme is in the
      initiated state, probably being bound to rDNA throughout the mitotic cycle. Thus,
      the absence of rRNA synthesis in mitosis is due to neither unavailability of
      enzyme to rDNA nor to the release of some factors necessary for transcriptional
      processes. Form II enzyme was associated uniformly with all chromosome fractions.
      Taken together, the present findings suggest that the intranuclear
      compartmentalization of RNA polymerases persists not only in interphase stages,
      but also in mitosis, during which most other nuclear proteins are released into
      the cytoplasm.

PMID- 4006598
TI  - Defective pairing and synaptonemal complex formation in a Sordaria mutant (spo44)
      with a translocated segment of the nucleolar organizer.
AB  - The recessive meiotic mutant spo44 of Sordaria macrospora, with 90% ascospore
      abortion, exhibits striking effects on recombination (67% decrease), irregular
      segregation of the almost unpaired homologues, and a decrease in chiasma
      frequency in the few cases where bivalents are formed. Three-dimensional
      reconstructions of ten prophase nuclei indicate that pairing, as judged by the
      absence of fully formed synaptonemal complexes (SC), is not achieved although
      lateral elements (LE) assemble. The pairing failure is attributable to defects in
      the alignment of homologous chromosomes. The leptotene alignment seen in the wild
      type before SC formation was not observed in the spo44 nuclei. Dense material,
      considered to be precursor of SC central elements, was found scattered among the
      LE in two nuclei. The behaviour of spo44 substantiates the hypothesis that
      chromosome matching and SC formation are separable events. - The total length of
      the LE in the mutant is the same as in the wild type, but due to variable numbers
      and length of the individual LE, homologues cannot be lined up. Light microscopic
      observations indicate that the irregular length and number of LE is due to
      extensive chromosome breakage. The wild-type function corresponding to spo44 is
      required for both LE integrity and chromosome matching. Reconstructions of
      heterozygous nuclei reveal the presence of a supernumerary nucleolar organizer in
      one arm of chromosome 7. It is suggested that rDNA has been inserted into a gene
      whose function is involved in pairing or into a controlling sequence that
      interacts with the pairing process.

PMID- 4006597
TI  - Regular pattern of karyotypic alterations accompanying gene amplification in
      Djungarian hamster cells: study of colchicine, adriablastin, and methotrexate
      resistance.
AB  - Chromosomal analysis of 26 Djungarian hamster cell lines obtained from 11
      independent clones and possessing different levels of resistance to colchicine or
      adriablastin as a consequence of gene amplification revealed regular patterns in
      the karyotypic changes that accompanied the development of drug resistance.
      Usually the sequence of karyotypic changes was as follows: first an additional
      chromosome 4 appeared: then single unpaired small chromatin bodies (SCBs) arose;
      later in the middle part of the long arm of one of three chromosomes 4 long
      homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) and double minute chromosomes (DMs) were
      formed; and finally in the most resistant variants large clusters of SCBs
      appeared. The emergence of the clusters of the SCBs correlated well with the
      occurrence of autonomously replicating, amplified DNA sequences. In contrast to
      DNA of the HSRs the DNA of the SCBs could replicate outside the S-phase of the
      cell cycle. When kept in a non-selective medium, the cells gradually lost their
      resistance to colchicine: 1%-4% of the cells lost the capacity to form colonies
      in the selective medium independently of the pattern of location in them of
      amplified genes (in chromosomal HSRs. SCBs, or DMs). Loss of drug resistance was
      accompanied by disappearance of the chromosomal HSRs, SCBs, and DMs. Chromosomal
      analysis of the set of methotrexate-resistant Djungarian hamster cell lines
      indicated the following karyotypic evolution: first the additional material on
      the distal part of one of two chromosomes 3 appeared; then the light HSRs were
      formed on the distal part of one of two chromosomes 4; later clusters of SCBs and
      HSRs arose on the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 3. Probably the
      amplification of different genes is characterized by specific patterns of
      karyotypic alterations.

PMID- 4006601
TI  - [Transbronchial lung biopsy using the bronchofibroscope in pulmonary diseases:
      analysis of 173 cases].

PMID- 4006599
TI  - Oncogenes and linkage groups: conservation during mammalian chromosome evolution.
AB  - Proto-oncogenes, which represent the cellular progenitors of the transforming
      genes harbored by acute transforming oncogenic retroviruses, have been highly
      conserved during vertebrate evolution. In this report, we have assigned
      experimentally a subset of proto-oncogenes (SRC, ABL, FES, and FMS-all related to
      the SRC family) to Chinese hamster chromosomes by Southern filter hybridization
      analyses of DNAs isolated from both somatic cell hybrids and flow-sorted hamster
      chromosomes. These results demonstrate that several autosomal linkage groups
      containing proto-oncogenes originated prior to the radiation and speciation of
      mammals and have remained remarkably stable for nearly 80 million years.

PMID- 4006600
TI  - [Isoproterenol aerosol inhalation for evaluating the reversibility of airway
      constriction in normal subjects and patients with chronic airway obstruction].

PMID- 4006602
TI  - [Acute hemorrhagic necrotic pancreatitis complicating cor pulmonale].

PMID- 4006603
TI  - [Exercise stress test after myocardial infarction: analysis of 38 cases].

PMID- 4006604
TI  - [Left ventricular aneurysm studied by radionuclide ventriculography].

PMID- 4006605
TI  - [Diagnosis and prognosis of malignant smooth muscle tumors of the
      gastrointestinal tract: 43 cases].

PMID- 4006606
TI  - [Basal serum prolactin in liver cirrhosis and its clinical significance].

PMID- 4006607
TI  - [Clinical and immunological study of mixed connective tissue diseases].

PMID- 4006609
TI  - [Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and its subclasses in normal
      subjects, diabetics and coronary patients].

PMID- 4006608
TI  - [Effect of danshan and persantin on the alteration of platelet aggregation and
      microcirculation in diabetics].

PMID- 4006610
TI  - [The gastric mucosal barrier in peptic ulcer: 46 cases].

PMID- 4006611
TI  - [Clinical types of chronic hepatitis with cholestasis].

PMID- 4006613
TI  - [Preliminary study on the growth of bone marrow granulocytes, monocyte progenitor
      cells and fibroblastic cell colony-forming units in aplastic anemia].

PMID- 4006612
TI  - [Coronary arteriographic and left ventriculographic findings correlated with
      clinical features in coronary heart disease].

PMID- 4006614
TI  - [Myelodysplastic syndrome classified based on FAB proposals: analysis of 58
      cases].

PMID- 4006615
TI  - [Acute phosgene poisoning: therapeutic effect of 156 cases].

PMID- 4006616
TI  - [An investigation on the dosage of a dechlorinator--sodium thiosulfate].

PMID- 4006618
TI  - [Nonparametric tests for paired data--signed test and signed rank sum test].

PMID- 4006617
TI  - [Investigation on the arsenic content of sea-foods of Zhoushan Region].

PMID- 4006619
TI  - [A longitudinal study of the relationship between skeletal age and adolescence].

PMID- 4006620
TI  - [Analysis of organic residues in the extracts from the food retortable pouch by
      HPLC].

PMID- 4006621
TI  - [Survey of Salmonella contamination in animal slaughtering and meat and poultry
      processing in Beijing Union Plants].

PMID- 4006622
TI  - [Research on the activation of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase in lead
      exposure monitoring].

PMID- 4006623
TI  - [Composite appraisal method for labor health environment].

PMID- 4006624
TI  - [Chronic effect of mild ammonia pollution on lung function].

PMID- 4006625
TI  - [Preparation and specificity of monoclonal antibodies against human lung
      carcinoma].

PMID- 4006626
TI  - [Lymphocyte subpopulations of the cerebrospinal fluid in tuberculous meningitis].

PMID- 4006628
TI  - [Pulmonary arterial pressure and shunt in pigs in experimental hypoxia. III. Lung
      shunt and pulmonary oxygenation in experimental hypoxemia].

PMID- 4006627
TI  - [Pulmonary arterial pressure and shunt in pigs in experimental hypoxia. I.
      Dynamics of pulmonary arterial pressure in pigs with hypoxic respiratory
      failure].

PMID- 4006629
TI  - [Histological changes in the atrioventricular node, bundle and upper bundle
      branches of the heart from 20 cases of chronic cor pulmonale].

PMID- 4006630
TI  - [Congenital broncho-pulmonary anomaly].

PMID- 4006631
TI  - [Primary Hodgkin's disease of the lung: report of 2 cases].

PMID- 4006632
TI  - Ulcerative colitis and colonic cancer. Problems in assessing the diagnostic
      usefulness of mucosal dysplasia.
AB  - To assess the association of mucosal dysplasia and colonic cancer in patients
      with ulcerative colitis and to avoid bias in biopsy interpretation that may have
      affected results of previous studies, the authors examined coded histology slides
      from colectomy specimens of 22 patients who had ulcerative colitis and colonic
      cancer and 22 patients who had ulcerative colitis but no colonic cancer. As
      expected, it was found that dysplasia occurred contiguous to each cancer.
      However, at a distance from the cancer (i.e., in histology blocks not containing
      cancer), some dysplasia was found (low or high grade) in 16/22 cases (73
      percent), and high grade dysplasia in 11/22 cases (50 percent). These results
      suggest that there may be somewhat weaker association than previously reported
      between colonic cancer and dysplasia at a distance from the colonic cancer.
      Further, these results suggest that, in studies of dysplasia, it is important to
      avoid bias in biopsy interpretation and to describe sampling methods.

PMID- 4006633
TI  - The fate of the rectal stump after subtotal colectomy for ulcerative colitis.
AB  - In a retrospective review of 311 patients having subtotal colectomy for
      ulcerative colitis, information on the fate of the rectal stump was obtained in
      288. Proctectomy was performed in 159 patients (55 percent); for persistent
      proctitis in 118 (41 percent), cancer prophylaxis in 37 (13 percent), and cancer
      in four (1.4 percent). One hundred twenty-two patients (42 percent) had
      ileorectal anastomoses. Eighty-four of these (69 percent) retained a functioning
      ileorectal anastomosis at the time of follow-up or death, one to 22 years later,
      and an additional six patients (5 percent) had a satisfactory ileorectal
      anastomosis for five to 14 years before proctectomy. Cancer developed in the
      rectal stump in nine patients (3.1 percent), underscoring the need for either
      proctectomy (total or mucosal) or long-term surveillance of the retained rectum.
      However, subtotal colectomy, by permitting ileorectal anastomosis or other
      sphincter-preserving surgery at a later date, does have a definite place in many
      patients requiring surgery for ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 4006634
TI  - Appendiceal schistosomiasis. Method of classifying oviposition and inflammation.
AB  - Twenty surgical specimens of appendiceal schistosomiasis were reviewed
      retrospectively. They constituted 1 percent of 1984 appendices seen among
      approximately 15,000 surgical specimens examined at free central laboratories
      serving the Igbos of Nigeria, West Africa. Oviposition by Schistosoma haematobium
      was classified according to its association with suppurative appendicitis and
      normal appendices. Seven of ten infested appendices obtained at curative
      operations showed suppurative appendicitis, whereas eight of nine infested
      appendices removed at incidental appendectomies were negative. One interval
      appendectomy was also negative. It is postulated that utilization of this novel
      classification on a worldwide basis will help to end the controversy concerning
      the etiologic role of schistosome ova in acute appendicitis.

PMID- 4006635
TI  - Turcot syndrome and its characteristic colonic manifestations.
AB  - The reported clinical manifestations of Turcot syndrome were studied to determine
      whether these corresponded to those of Turcot's original cases. Among the
      patients with well-documented colonic lesions, the colonic lesions were
      classified into three groups. First, there was a main group in which colonic
      lesions had the following characteristics that coincided with those of Turcot's
      original cases: a low number of polyps (20-100), large polyps over 3 cm in
      diameter, and complication by colonic cancer during the second or third decades.
      In the second group, the patients had too few polyps to be diagnosed as
      polyposis. The third group included patients with numerous colonic polyps similar
      to those of familial polyposis coli. The recognition of these characteristics of
      colonic lesions may lead to early detection of glioma in the asymptomatic period.

PMID- 4006636
TI  - Anterior resection for complete rectal prolapse.
AB  - One hundred thirteen patients underwent anterior resection for complete rectal
      prolapse between 1968 and 1980. These patients were followed for an average of
      seven years; recurrence developed in eight patients (9 percent). Recurrences were
      found to occur at three months to eight years postoperatively, and the
      probability of a recurrence at two, five, and ten years was 3 percent, 6 percent,
      and 12 percent, respectively. Operative mortality was 1 percent and morbidity was
      29 percent. Low anterior resection, with anastomosis in the deperitonealized
      portion of the colon, was found to increase morbidity without significantly
      decreasing recurrence when compared with high anterior resection. The effects of
      repair on patient continence were unpredictable. High anterior resection is
      preferable to low anterior resection in the treatment of rectal prolapse and
      offers results comparable to those of other repairs currently being performed.

PMID- 4006637
TI  - The changing epidemiology of diverticular disease in Israel.
AB  - In a retrospective evaluation of 1244 consecutive barium enemas performed at two
      hospitals over a five-year period (1979 to 1984), colonic diverticula were found
      in 177 (14.2 percent). The prevalence among the Ashkenazi Jews was 19.7 percent,
      among the Sephardi and Oriental Jews, 16 percent, and among the Arabs, 9.5
      percent. Comparing these figures with the results of a similar study performed
      ten years ago, it becomes obvious that the prevalence of diverticular disease in
      the Ashkenazi group remained the same, while there was a three-fold increase
      among Sephardi and Oriental Jews, and a seven-fold increase among Arabs. It is
      postulated that, in less than one generation, diverticular disease will be
      equally frequent among all ethnic groups in Israel.

PMID- 4006638
TI  - Gastrointestinal tuberculosis. The great mimic still at large.
AB  - Gastrointestinal tuberculosis has declined markedly in frequency since the
      introduction of antituberculous therapy. As a result, the diagnosis is often
      delayed in North American patients. Segmental colonic disease, especially in the
      absence of pulmonary tuberculosis, is often difficult to differentiate from
      Crohn's disease or a neoplasm. We describe a case of colonic tuberculosis
      mimicking carcinoma of the hepatic flexure of the colon.

PMID- 4006639
TI  - Retained surgical sponge after laparotomy. Unusual presentation.
AB  - Erosion of a retained surgical sponge into the intestine is an unusual occurrence
      and may make its appearance months or years later. The demonstration of a
      distended bowel by the barium-impregnated mass with multiple polypoidal filling
      defects in a patient who has undergone previous laparotomy should lead the
      physician to suspect a retained surgical sponge. Surgical intervention is
      rewarding.

PMID- 4006640
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the appendix.
AB  - Three cases of adenocarcinoma of the appendix are reported. All three patients
      presented with acute appendicitis and the tumors were diagnosed only on
      histologic examination of the excised appendix. The first patient subsequently
      had a right hemicolectomy and was proven to have a Dukes' B tumor. The second
      patient probably had a Dukes' B also, but no further surgery was performed
      because of advanced presenile dementia. Advanced disease was found in the third
      patient. Analysis of 145 cases reported over the last ten years suggests that,
      unless the tumor is in Dukes' A stage, right hemicolectomy should be carried out
      if the patient is fit for radical surgery. The overall prognosis appears to be
      the same as that for carcinoma of the colon.

PMID- 4006641
TI  - Neither dietary ethanol nor beer augments experimental colon carcinogenesis in
      rats.
AB  - There is an epidemiologic association between beer consumption and rectal cancer.
      Beer and ethanol were tested in the rat-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) experimental
      carcinogenesis model in order to verify this observation. Ethanol was found not
      to affect the number of colonic tumors induced by DMH (86 vs. 77 controls, P =
      0.764). In rats fed beer and treated with DMH, there was a decrease in
      gastrointestinal tumor induction (P = 0.043). This instance then becomes one of
      many in which conclusions drawn from epidemiologic studies have been contradicted
      when subjected to analysis in an experimental colon carcinogenesis model.

PMID- 4006642
TI  - Loop colostomy with the intraluminal stapler (ILS).

PMID- 4006643
TI  - Gastric antisecretory activity of arbaprostil as affected by gastric pH.
AB  - Arbaprostil [15(R),15-methyl prostaglandin E2] is inactive. In the presence of
      acid it is converted to the active 15(S) configuration. The degree of acidity
      needed for the conversion is not known. We inferred the degree of conversion in
      vivo in man at different gastric pHs by administering arbaprostil to normal
      volunteers whose gastric pH was maintained constant at various levels by
      intragastric titration. A pH-dependent inhibition of gastric acid secretion after
      stimulation with a peptone meal was observed, with 100 micrograms inhibiting 98%
      of acid production at pH 2, but only 15% at pH 6. Significant gastric acid
      inhibition occurred with the gastric pH at, or less than, 5.

PMID- 4006644
TI  - Influence of RP 40749 on basal and meal-stimulated serum-gastrin, serum
      pepsinogen I, and gastrin-content of the antral mucosa in duodenal ulcer
      patients.
AB  - Eighteen patients with active duodenal ulcer were treated with a novel
      antisecretory drug, RP 40749, either 100 mg or 150 mg as a daily nocturnal dose
      for 28 days. In these patients we evaluated the clinical course, endoscopic
      healing rates after 28 days, routine laboratory parameters, basal serum gastrin
      and pepsinogen I levels, meal-stimulated serum gastrin concentration, and the
      gastrin content of the antral mucosa. All nine patients receiving 150 mg RP 40749
      and eight of nine patients receiving 100 mg RP 40749 healed their ulcers
      completely within 28 days, becoming rapidly symptom-free after an average of
      three days. The basal (53.8 +/- 5.2 vs 99.8 +/- 11.4 pg/ml) and meal-stimulated
      serum gastrin levels (109.2 +/- 12.1 vs 189.2 +/- 16.7 pg/ml) rose significantly
      after treatment with RP 40749, as did the gastrin content of the antral mucosa
      (11.3 +/- 2.1 vs 26.0 +/- 5.1 micrograms/g), suggesting increased synthesis and
      secretion of gastrin. Between the 100 mg and 150 mg groups, no significant
      differences in response were observed. Serum pepsinogen I levels (64.9 +/- 7.3 vs
      147.9 +/- 17.9 ng/ml) increased after treatment; the increase after 150 mg RP
      40749 was significantly greater than that after 100 mg RP 40749. The increase of
      serum pepsinogen levels are probably due to a spillover effect resulting from a
      blockade in exocrine secretion into the lumen. There were no relevant changes in
      routine laboratory parameters.

PMID- 4006645
TI  - Outcome of ulcer-associated duodenitis after short-term medical treatment.
AB  - The relationship between duodenitis and the outcome of duodenal ulcers was
      prospectively investigated by evaluating the frequency and extent of bulbar
      duodenitis before and after short-term medical treatment of the ulcer. Duodenitis
      appeared to be more frequent and more severe in the bulbar area close to the
      ulcer and was more widespread in the bulb of patients whose ulcer did not respond
      to treatment. After medical treatment, duodenitis improved only in the ulcer area
      and only in patients with complete ulcer healing. While confirming that, in some
      patients, duodenitis may well be an inflammatory reaction to the presence of the
      ulcer, data from the present study indicate that, in other patients, duodenitis,
      throughout the bulb, does not seem to be influenced by the outcome of the ulcer
      or the treatment. These findings suggest that there are subpopulations of
      duodenal ulcer patients who differ according to the pattern of bulbar duodenitis.

PMID- 4006646
TI  - Gallstone dissolution with ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with chronic active
      hepatitis and two years follow-up. A pilot study.
AB  - Chemical dissolution of cholesterol gallstones using ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)
      in six patients with histologically confirmed HBsAg-negative chronic active
      hepatitis was started after a minimum of one year of therapy with steroids,
      azathioprine, or chloroquine and a treatment-free period of 8-15 months. The
      treatment with UDCA lasted 3-20 months with a daily dose of 8-11 mg/kg. Four
      patients served as controls. A decrease in transaminases (P less than 0.05)
      occurred in all patients during the UDCA therapy. After completion of the
      treatment, the figures rose again, but did not return to the initial value. The
      stones dissolved in five patients. A second liver biopsy was carried out in two
      patients after UDCA therapy, and this showed no detectable deterioration. Four
      patients refused biopsy because the laboratory parameters had improved under
      UDCA. A stone recurred in one patient six months after the end of therapy; the
      others have remained free of stones for up to 24 months.

PMID- 4006647
TI  - Value of serum determinations for prediction of increased ursodeoxycholic and
      chenodeoxycholic levels in bile.
AB  - The correlation between biliary and serum levels of ursodeoxycholic and
      chenodeoxycholic acids was studied in a double-blind controlled manner in 39
      patients before and during treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid, 800 mg/day;
      ursodeoxycholic acid, 400 mg/day; chenodeoxycholic acid, 750 mg/day;
      chenodeoxycholic acid, 375 mg/day; and placebo, respectively. On a total of 74
      occasions, fasting duodenal bile and venous blood samples were obtained
      simultaneously. Biliary bile acid composition was determined by gas-liquid
      chromatography and serum ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations
      by radioimmunoassays. There was a much closer correlation between the biliary and
      serum levels of ursodeoxycholic acid (r = 0.8184, P less than 0.001) than between
      those of chenodeoxycholic acid (r = 0.4707, P less than 0.01). In contrast to
      serum chenodeoxycholic, which showed many overlaps between pre- and posttreatment
      values, serum ursodeoxycholic acid proved to be a very sensitive, specific, and
      convenient means of predicting the presence of increased levels of
      ursodeoxycholic acid in the enterohepatic cycle.

PMID- 4006648
TI  - Continuous recording of pyloric sphincter pressure in dogs. Relationship to
      migratory motor complex.
AB  - Antral, pyloric, and small bowel intraluminal pressures were continuously
      recorded in dogs with gastric and duodenal cannulae. A cyclic phasic activity
      related to fasting motility in the antrum and small bowel was observed at the
      level of the pylorus. During phase I of the interdigestive motility complex,
      manometry was characterized by pressure variations of 31 +/- 2 cm H2O. During
      phase II, two type of waves were observed: small waves similar to those seen
      during phase I, with superimposed waves of higher amplitude (89 +/- 1.9 cm H2O).
      Pyloric pressure during phase III, showed a predominance of waves of even greater
      amplitude: 103 +/- 3.9 cm H2O. A basal tone of 65.6 +/- 3.2 cm H2O above the
      duodenal pressure was recorded throughout the period of study; but during phase
      III, frequent decreases in basal pressure were also observed. This relaxation of
      the pylorus during phase III of the IDMC may be related to the mechanism for size
      discrimination of particles leaving the stomach at the gastroduodenal junction.

PMID- 4006650
TI  - Mechanism of cytoprotection.

PMID- 4006649
TI  - Symptomatic sarcoidosis of the stomach.
AB  - A patient is presented here who had gastric sarcoidosis which was initially
      diagnosed as Menetrier's disease. The English medical literature comprises 19
      cases with symptomatic gastric sarcoidosis, and these are reviewed. The clinical,
      roentgenographic, and endoscopic findings in gastric sarcoidosis are quite
      variable, but of the symptomatic patients, 75% present with pain and 25% with
      bleeding; surgery is required in 50% of patients, while of those treated with
      corticosteroids, 66% improve symptomatically. Endoscopic biopsies are accurate
      and essential in establishing the diagnosis.

PMID- 4006651
TI  - Diverticular rupture.

PMID- 4006652
TI  - Variation in morphine pharmacokinetics in children with cancer.
AB  - Morphine plasma concentrations were determined in 19 children with cancer. A
      single dose of morphine, 0.09-0.15 mg/kg, was given intravenously over 3-5 min.
      The plasma concentrations of morphine ranged from 23 to 472 ng/ml at 10 min and
      from 6.1 to 20.8 ng/ml at 60 min after morphine administration. The morphine
      plasma concentration exceeded the reported average analgesic concentration of
      about 20 ng/ml in only 1 patient at 60 min and subsequently declined further
      except for 4 patients in whom plasma levels exhibited a secondary peak. The
      pharmacokinetics of morphine was studied in 6 children. The total clearance of
      morphine ranged from 9.03 to 53.4 ml/min/kg. The apparent volume of the central
      compartment and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state ranged from
      0.17 to 1.10 and from 2.06 to 7.86 l/kg, respectively. The elimination half-life
      ranged from 0.86 to 7.55 h. These data indicate that an interindividual variation
      in morphine pharmacokinetics is one factor responsible for varying dosage
      requirements in children with cancer.

PMID- 4006653
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow during bicuculline-induced seizures in the newborn
      piglet: effect of phenobarbital.
AB  - The changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during and after bicuculline-induced
      seizures were studied by the radioactive microsphere technique in 12 newborn,
      urethan-anesthetized piglets, 6 piglets pretreated with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg)
      and 6 without phenobarbital. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), PaO2, PaCO2
      and the cerebral tissue pH (CtpH) were measured. CBF was increased during
      seizure, more in basal ganglia (98 and 106% in the control and phenobarbital
      group, respectively) than in brainstem, cerebellum and cortex. 15 min after
      seizure, CBF has returned to preseizure values. There was no significant
      difference at any time between the control and phenobarbital group. The increase
      in CBF was correlated with an increase in MABP (r = 0.753, p less than 0.01),
      suggesting a loss of cerebral autoregulation. CBF was significantly correlated
      with PaCO2 before and after seizure, but not during seizure. Finally, the
      increase in CBF was significantly correlated with an early increase in CtpH (r =
      0.570, p less than 0.05), suggesting that brain acidosis is not involved in the
      pathogenesis of the increased CBF during seizures.

PMID- 4006654
TI  - Self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose: changing the performance of
      individuals with diabetes.
AB  - Standard reflectance meters were modified by the addition of memory chips capable
      of storing 440 glucose determinations with corresponding time and date. These
      modified reflectance meters (MR) were given to 20 individuals with type I
      diabetes in an effort to determine the level of reliability and accuracy they
      could achieve on a self-monitoring regimen. During a 6-wk period these subjects
      measured their capillary blood glucose and recorded the results in a logbook
      (LB). At 2-wk intervals they visited the clinic. Data from the MR was offloaded
      onto an Apple IIe microcomputer (Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California) and
      presented to the subjects in a graphic format, depicting the level of metabolic
      control over the previous 2 wk. The performance of subjects for the 6-wk period
      showed that they averaged 7 omissions from the LB for every 100 MR recordings; 1
      added value in the LB for every 200 MR recordings; and 1 error in accurately
      copying the test value for every 100 determinations. In comparison with subjects
      who participated in an earlier study in which they were unaware of the memory
      function of the reflectance meter, performance during the current study improved
      in all categories. It was also observed that consistency in reliable and accurate
      record keeping did not diminish throughout the study period. Despite these
      positive changes in performance, no alteration in glycemic control was found.

PMID- 4006655
TI  - Frequency and accuracy of self-monitoring of blood glucose in children:
      relationship to glycemic control.
AB  - We evaluated the long-term effects of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on
      glycemic control in a large unselected group of insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD)
      children and adolescents (N = 282) treated at a diabetes clinic. Among those who
      had been taught SMBG techniques (N = 229) and reported frequency of use (N =
      209), only 26% reported monitoring three or more times per day. HbA1 levels of
      patients who monitored their blood most frequently did not differ from those who
      monitored blood less frequently or those who monitored only urine. Likewise, HbA1
      levels of patients who monitored with machines did not differ from Chemstrip bG
      users. Accuracy was assessed in a subsample of 100 randomly selected Chemstrip bG
      users by comparing their Chemstrip reading with a laboratory value. Fifty-eight
      percent of the readings were within 20% of the laboratory value. Accuracy did not
      relate to frequency of monitoring or to HbA1 levels. These data suggest that
      frequency and accuracy of SMBG are independent and that neither ensures good
      glycemic control.

PMID- 4006656
TI  - A population-based study of diabetes mortality.
AB  - In a population-based investigation among the residents of Rochester, Minnesota,
      the diabetes mortality rate was 8.5 per 100,000 person-years with diabetes as the
      underlying cause of death, 31.5 per 100,000 person-years with diabetes as an
      underlying or contributory cause, and 82.7 per 100,000 person-years if all deaths
      among diabetic individuals were counted. Diabetes was not mentioned on the
      certificate in 62% of the 428 diabetic deaths during 1965-1974. When the clinical
      characteristics of the subgroup of mortality cases in 1969 were compared with
      those of the prevalence cases on 1 January 1970, it was found that mortality
      cases tended to be older, were more often on insulin therapy, and were more
      likely to have macro- and microvascular complications. Because mortality data are
      sometimes used to infer trends and characteristics for the diabetic population at
      large, it is important to recognize these biases.

PMID- 4006657
TI  - Prevalence and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in patients with
      diabetes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate if insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) predispose to
      the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and modify the prognosis.
      The study includes 832 AMI patients consecutively hospitalized over a 3-yr
      period. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the AMI patients was 9.7% and
      is significantly higher than in an age-matched population, where it is 6.1% (P
      less than 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was higher for women than for men
      (14.9% versus 7.6%). The risk of AMI was found to be twice as high among IDDM
      than among nondiabetic patients (P less than 0.001). Men with NIDDM were not
      found to have a significantly higher risk of AMI (P greater than 0.1), but the
      risk of AMI in women with NIDDM was approximately doubled (P less than 0.01).
      During the first month following AMI the mortality rate for nondiabetic patients
      was 20.2% compared with 42.0% for diabetic patients (P less than 0.001). Insulin
      treatment in NIDDM was associated with a reduced mortality rate compared with
      treatment with oral agents (P less than 0.05). The mortality rate was
      significantly higher in patients with poor metabolic control compared with
      patients in good control, whether before AMI or at the time of hospitalization.
      Diabetic patients had a higher risk of developing cardiogenic shock and
      conduction disorders than nondiabetic patients. We conclude that diabetes
      mellitus disposes to AMI and that the mortality rate of AMI is significantly
      increased among diabetic patients. Poor metabolic regulation of the diabetes may
      aggravate the prognosis for AMI.

PMID- 4006658
TI  - Bacteremia in diabetic patients: comparison of incidence and mortality with
      nondiabetic patients.
AB  - We determined the incidence of bacteremia and associated mortality in diabetic
      and nondiabetic patients in the four major hospitals of one metropolitan area
      over the 5-yr period 1977-1981. Mortality rates, based on episodes of bacteremia,
      were similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients in most instances. Diabetic
      patients experienced lower mortality rates from Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia
      compared with nondiabetic patients; this finding was explained by a greater
      tendency for diabetic patients to have Escherichia coli bacteremia due to
      community-acquired urinary tract infection. However, the incidence of bacteremia
      due to all microorganisms was increased twofold in diabetic patients and the
      incidence of Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia was increased threefold. Because of
      their increased incidence of bacteremia, diabetic patients in this population
      were nearly twice as likely to die as a result of bacteremia compared with
      nondiabetic patients. Thus, the frequent occurrence of bacteremia among patients
      with diabetes mellitus represents a significant problem.

PMID- 4006659
TI  - Hepatitis B virus markers in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Serum markers for hepatitis B virus (HBV) were studied in 395 healthy control
      subjects and in 100 diabetic patients. Of the patients, 28 had type I diabetes,
      31 had type II diabetes requiring insulin, and 41 had type II diabetes treated
      with oral agents or diet alone. None gave history of previous icterus or other
      signs of hepatitis, had received blood transfusions, or had been on hemodialysis.
      There was a significant difference in the prevalence of HBV markers (mainly HB
      surface antibody) between the diabetic group and the controls (51% versus 25%, P
      less than 0.001). The control subjects included hospital personnel and, hence,
      their risk of HBV exposure was already relatively high. The increased occurrence
      of HBV markers did not seem to be related to diabetes duration, patient age,
      intake of insulin injections, or presence of microvascular complications. This
      study reveals a high degree of exposure to HBV in a moderately controlled
      diabetic group and possibly a high degree of proneness to subclinical hepatitis
      B.

PMID- 4006660
TI  - Incidence and management of severe hypoglycemia in 434 adults with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The risk of severe hypoglycemia associated with the particular therapeutic
      approach of two University hospitals was assessed in 96% of all patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who had been admitted during a period
      of almost 3 yr to the diabetic wards of two hospitals and who participated in a
      structured teaching and treatment program. During a mean follow-up period of 18
      mo, 10% of the conventionally treated patients (N = 384; age 30 +/- 13 yr;
      duration of diabetes 12 +/- 9 yr) and 9% of the CSII-treated patients (N = 50,
      age 28 +/- 7 yr, duration of diabetes 13 +/- 7 yr, total follow-up period 1093
      patient-mo) experienced at least one severe hypoglycemic episode per year, and a
      total of 123 severe hypoglycemic episodes occurred. In a subgroup of 169
      conventionally treated patients, mean glycosylated hemoglobin values decreased
      from 10.5 +/- 1.9% before participation in the program to 9.2 +/- 2.0% (P less
      than 0.001) 18 +/- 4 mo thereafter. For the CSII-treated patients, glycosylated
      hemoglobin values were 9.7 +/- 1.9% before initiation of pump therapy and
      remained at the upper normal range from 3 mo thereafter throughout the study.
      There was no relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin levels and the
      occurrence of severe hypoglycemic episodes. Fifty-three severe hypoglycemic
      episodes were treated with glucagon injections by the patients' relatives (all
      but one effectively), 30 were managed by assisting physicians, and 44 led to
      hospitalization. Thus, successful attempts to improve glycosylated hemoglobin
      values in an unselected group of patients with IDDM were not associated with an
      unduly high risk of severe hypoglycemia when compared with the scarce data from
      the literature.

PMID- 4006661
TI  - A randomized, controlled comparison of instruction by a diabetes educator versus
      self-instruction in self-monitoring of blood glucose.
AB  - It is not clear whether diabetic patients can learn accurate self-monitoring of
      blood glucose (SMBG) by use of written package instructions. In addition, it is
      unclear whether the improvement in accuracy of monitoring that results from
      professional training is due to the professional intervention or to a personal
      practice effect. For these reasons, improvement in accuracy of SMBG (using
      Chemstrip bG, Biodynamics Division, Boehringer-Mannheim, Indianapolis, Indiana)
      after a 30-min session of professional instruction in one group of diabetic
      patients was compared with improvement after 30 min of practice and study of
      package instructions in another group. After initial reading of package
      instructions in both groups, and after the practice session in the control group,
      mean percent error was 22-37%. In contrast, mean percent error declined to 9%
      after a professional training session. We conclude that learning SMBG solely by
      reading package instructions leads to unacceptable inaccuracy. However, by use of
      short, intensive instruction sessions, a diabetes educator can reduce such errors
      and teach highly accurate monitoring to most diabetic patients.

PMID- 4006662
TI  - Regimen adherence: a problematic construct in diabetes research.

PMID- 4006663
TI  - Undernutrition and diabetes.

PMID- 4006664
TI  - Modeling psychosocial effects on glucose control.

PMID- 4006665
TI  - Glipizide: preprandial multi-dose combination therapy capable of maintaining
      normal blood glucose throughout the day.

PMID- 4006666
TI  - Report from the International Study Group on Implantable Insulin Delivery
      Devices.

PMID- 4006667
TI  - Patients' accuracy in estimation overestimated.

PMID- 4006668
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of Rhizobium meliloti 1021 nodulation genes: nodD is read
      divergently from nodABC.
AB  - Nodulation (nod) genes are required for Rhizobium meliloti to invade and
      stimulate nodule formation in its host, alfalfa. We have established the DNA
      sequence of nodD, nodA, and nodB, which are part of a gene cluster located 20 kb
      downstream of nifHDK on the R. meliloti pSym megaplasmid. The nodD open reading
      frame (308 amino acids) reads from proximal to nifHDK toward distal to nifHDK,
      divergently from nodA (196 aa) and nodB (217 aa). These two genes read from
      distal to nifHDK toward proximal, and are just upstream from the previously
      defined open reading frame for nodC. Fourteen Tn5 insertion sites have been
      sequenced in nodD, nodA, and nodB, revealing no major hotspots for insertion, but
      an overall preference for G/C bases at positions 1 and 9 of the 9-bp repeat.

PMID- 4006669
TI  - Inter-individual variation in blood supply of the optic nerve head. Its
      importance in various ischemic disorders of the optic nerve head, and glaucoma,
      low-tension glaucoma and allied disorders.
AB  - There is no one standard pattern of the blood supply of the optic nerve head in
      all human eyes. There is a marked inter-individual variation in the blood supply
      of the optic nerve head, and the various factors which produce this include
      variations in (I) the anatomical pattern of blood supply, (II) the pattern of
      posterior ciliary artery (PCA) circulation (the main source of blood supply to
      the optic nerve head), and (III) the blood flow. The variations in the pattern of
      PCA circulation include the variations in (a) number of PCAs supplying an eye,
      (b) area of supply to the optic nerve head by each PCA, (c) location of the
      watershed zones between the various PCAs in relation to the optic nerve head, and
      (d) blood pressure in various PCAs as well as short PCAs. The variations in the
      blood flow in the optic nerve head can be produced by changes in (i) the
      intraocular pressure, (ii) mean blood pressure in the capillaries of the optic
      nerve head and (iii) peripheral vascular resistance. These variations are
      discussed in detail. A lack of appreciation of these complexities of the blood
      supply of the optic nerve head in health and disease is responsible for many of
      the current problems in the understanding of the role of vascular disturbances in
      anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, low-tension glaucoma and various
      ischemic disorders of the optic nerve head.

PMID- 4006670
TI  - Spatial contrast sensitivity in macular disorder.
AB  - Spatial contrast sensitivity functions were evaluated in 30 patients with macular
      disorders and 16 age-matched control subjects. Eighteen of the affected eyes had
      macular holes and the rest had isolated macular problems. A loss in spatial
      contrast sensitivity in the central visual field indicated a relative scotoma
      resulting from macular dysfunctions. The nature and size of a localized scotoma
      such as the type caused by a macular lesion was estimated by measuring spatial
      contrast sensitivity as a function of retinal area centered on the fovea. Such
      spatial-contrast-threshold perimetry was found to be helpful in differential
      classification of macular holes. Spatial contrast sensitivity and visual
      resolution improved with increasing retinal area even in the eyes with macular
      holes, but never reached normal sensitivity for spatial frequencies above 5
      cycles per degree (cpd) within our experimental conditions. The loss in
      sensitivity to low spatial frequencies (less than or equal to 5 cpd) was found to
      be apparent and a function of the retinal area stimulated. The summation curves
      (contrast sensitivity vs. stimulus size) were abnormal for all spatial
      frequencies. The 'critical' sizes (i.e. the stimulus size above which no increase
      in sensitivity occurred) were always larger in the affected eyes than those in
      the normal. Thus 'critical' areas of complete summation in the parafovea may be a
      better measure of functional integrity of central retina in the presence of a
      foveal lesion than the visual resolution that varies with the retinal area and
      location activated. Evaluation of contrast sensitivity of the parafoveal regions
      with nonfunctional fovea also indicated existence of similar mechanism of spatial
      vision in the fovea and the parafovea.

PMID- 4006671
TI  - Laser induced thermal injury of rabbit cornea and treatment with anti
      inflammatory agents.
AB  - A moderately severe thermal injury of the central cornea of 48 Dutch-belted
      rabbit eyes was produced with a carbon (CO2) laser. The lesions were photographed
      with a slit lamp (SL) camera immediately following the injury and at 1, 2, 4, 7,
      14, 21, 30 and 60 days after the exposure. Lesion size, opaqueness, and depth
      were graded clinically by SL biomicroscopy at the same intervals. No significant
      differences were found (p less than or equal to 0.05) between groups of eyes
      treated with flurbiprofen (0.03%), prednisolone acetate (1%), and vehicle control
      four-times-a-day for three weeks following injury. Additionally, eyes were
      studied histopathologically at 3 and 60 days following injury by light and
      transmission electron microscopy, and clinically at 30 and 60 days by endothelial
      specular microscopy. Important clinical and histopathological findings included
      coagulative necrosis of the corneal epithelium, epithelial sloughing, fusion of
      stromal collagen, stromal edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, stromal scar
      formation, corneal thinning, endothelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, fibrinous
      anterior chamber reaction with hypopyon, and retrocorneal fibrous membrane
      formation.

PMID- 4006672
TI  - [Studies on the vascular stereo-structure and blood capillary ultrastructure in
      lung cancer tissue].

PMID- 4006673
TI  - [Eight-year follow-up of sputum cytology screening in tin miners and
      chemopreventive treatment of the precancerous lesion].

PMID- 4006674
TI  - [Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of bladder cancer. Report of 21 cases].

PMID- 4006675
TI  - [Surgical treatment of primary mediastinal tumor and cyst. Report of 327 cases].

PMID- 4006676
TI  - [Surgical treatment of lung cancer in patients over 60 years of age].

PMID- 4006677
TI  - [Pulmonary scar cancer (PSC). An analysis of 38 cases].

PMID- 4006678
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of small and micro-gastric cancer].

PMID- 4006679
TI  - [Clinico-pathologic study of retinoblastoma].

PMID- 4006680
TI  - [Scoring system for ovarian malignant tumors and its clinical significance].

PMID- 4006681
TI  - [Clinico-pathologic analysis of 21 cases of primary central carcinoma of the
      jawbone].

PMID- 4006682
TI  - [Computerized tomography (CT) in intracranial teratoma. Report of 8 cases].

PMID- 4006684
TI  - [Establishment of lung adenocarcinoma cell line in Gejiu (GLC-82) and study of
      its biologic properties].

PMID- 4006683
TI  - [Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology of intracranial melanoma. Report of 2 cases].

PMID- 4006685
TI  - [Establishment and study of biologic properties of a mouse lung adenocarcinoma
      cell line (LA-795)].

PMID- 4006686
TI  - [Resolving capacity of the human visual cortex during direct electrical
      stimulation].

PMID- 4006687
TI  - [Roentgenographic study of glycoproteins isolated from the duodenal juice of
      dogs].

PMID- 4006688
TI  - [The divergent region of kinetoplast maxi-ring DNA in Crithidia oncopelti
      contains 2 types of repetitive sequences].

PMID- 4006689
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of the recovery of irradiated muscle as affected by
      regenerating muscle tissue].

PMID- 4006690
TI  - [Possible mechanism of the recognition of the target organ by tumor cells during
      metastasis].

PMID- 4006691
TI  - [Alkaline phosphatase of the epidermis: its distribution, importance and
      artifacts].

PMID- 4006692
TI  - [Conformational changes in poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) as affected by formaldehyde
      and its amino derivatives].

PMID- 4006693
TI  - [Affinity labeling of (2',5')-oligoadenylate-activated endonuclease [32P]-2',5'A
      and its analogs].

PMID- 4006694
TI  - [Catalytic dimorphism of soluble succinate : ubiquinone reductase].

PMID- 4006695
TI  - [Clinical significance of the serum drug levels and reverse T3 (rT3) levels
      during amiodarone therapy].

PMID- 4006696
TI  - [Electrophysiologic studies on tachycardia with dual A-V nodal pathway reentry
      and the effects of amiodarone].

PMID- 4006697
TI  - [ECG observations on terminating tachyarrhythmia by intravenous amiodarone].

PMID- 4006698
TI  - [Electrophysiologic study of the effect of amiodarone on ventricular papillary
      muscle cells in guinea pigs].

PMID- 4006699
TI  - [Severe arrhythmia induced by amiodarone: review of 11 cases].

PMID- 4006700
TI  - [Diagnosis of left bundle branch block with the phase analysis of radionuclide
      images].

PMID- 4006701
TI  - [208 cases of implantable pacemakers].

PMID- 4006702
TI  - [Pulmonary hypertension related to high altitude: analysis of 83 cases with
      microcatheterization].

PMID- 4006703
TI  - [Recording of human sinus node electrograms].

PMID- 4006704
TI  - [Pentalogy of Fallot: analysis of 39 cases].

PMID- 4006705
TI  - [X-ray evaluation of the right hilar vessels and its clinical significance].

PMID- 4006707
TI  - [Management of a broken catheter during selective arteriography: report of 3
      cases].

PMID- 4006706
TI  - [Comparative study of cardiac output by the M-mode echocardiogram and
      catheterization].

PMID- 4006709
TI  - [Congenital communication of the right pulmonary vein with the left atrium (a
      case report)].

PMID- 4006708
TI  - [Role of the dynamic changes in serum rT3 levels during long-term administration
      of amiodarone].

PMID- 4006710
TI  - [Culture of endothelial cells derived from human umbilical cord veins and rat
      aortas].

PMID- 4006711
TI  - [Prophylactic effect of coenzyme Q10 on isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis
      in rats].

PMID- 4006712
TI  - [Effects of anoxia and reoxygenation on the myocardial metabolism of
      hyperenergetic compounds in rats].

PMID- 4006713
TI  - [Acute animal experiments on an apex-aorta external conduit].

PMID- 4006714
TI  - [Registration and follow-up study on stroke 1974-1981 in the residential area
      around the Capital Iron Steel Plant].

PMID- 4006715
TI  - Peripheral vascular and lymphatic systems.
AB  - This article discusses normal anatomy and physiology of the peripheral vascular
      and lymphatic systems. Physical examination techniques are described and
      monitoring principles are illustrated by a case study.

PMID- 4006716
TI  - The role of the pharmacist in home health care.
AB  - Home infusion services, a new facet of home health care (HHC) delivery, have
      created many new opportunities for hospital pharmacists to participate more
      actively in patient care. These opportunities can create new roles for the
      pharmacist as an educator, clinician, and administrator. Early efforts must be
      made to educate hospital administrators, physicians, and other allied health
      personnel regarding the advantages and disadvantages of providing HHC--from the
      perspective of both patients and institutions. The pharmacist can also collect
      data to assist in determining the extent to which the institution should
      participate in HHC delivery, and should coordinate the hospital's efforts to
      initiate home infusion services. Pharmacists should play an active role in
      screening, selecting, and training patients for HHC before discharge. The input
      of pharmacists in drug product selection and assistance in product compounding
      can ensure optimal patient outcomes and minimize costs. Clinical monitoring
      activities conducted by the pharmacist can include telephone interviews with
      patients at home and assessment of clinical progress during scheduled return
      visits to the clinic.

PMID- 4006717
TI  - How can pharmacists develop and implement a home antibiotic program?
AB  - Many hospital pharmacists are evaluating home antibiotic programs (HAPs). In
      addition to providing a new role for the pharmacist, commercial activity in this
      area fosters the idea that providing an HAP is a profitable business. Those
      evaluating HAPs should take a careful approach to this service, evaluating the
      market potential and cost feasibility before devoting the time and effort in
      implementing a program. If the market potential exists, and the program appears
      to be feasible from a cost standpoint, a pilot project should be performed based
      on experiences reported in the literature. If this is successful, a training and
      services program can be fully planned, developed, and implemented. Evaluating an
      HAP is important to obtain data required to improve the program and establish the
      need for reimbursement. Joint ventures with vendors or other hospitals may be a
      way to provide this service without making a major commitment of resources from
      the hospital.

PMID- 4006718
TI  - Evaluation of antibiotics for home care programs.
AB  - A number of antimicrobial agents have been used successfully to treat patients
      with chronic infectious diseases in the home health care environment. This
      diversity in types of antibiotics used reflects more than ten years' development
      of active home medical care programs. With continuing experience, it is clear
      that the number and types of antibiotics available on formulary for routine use
      in home programs can be condensed. Since a patient should in most cases be
      treated in the home environment with the same antibiotic that has demonstrated
      efficacy and safety upon initial therapy during hospitalization, the selection of
      available antibiotics will affect the hospital's formulary selection process.
      This process must critically evaluate the documented efficacy and safety of each
      agent, since the drug's primary use will be in a relatively uncontrolled
      environment, devoid of continuous professional assessment. The beta-lactam
      antibiotics appear to be preferred agents for outpatient use, particularly as
      monotherapy. These agents offer desirable in vitro activity and potency, ease of
      administration, overall efficacy, and safety. However, despite a preference for
      beta-lactam antibiotics, additional and alternative agents must be routinely
      available in program formularies.

PMID- 4006719
TI  - Pitfalls in the delivery of outpatient intravenous therapy.
AB  - Recent articles promoting the advantages of intravenous antibiotic therapy and
      total parenteral nutrition for use in home health care patients have spawned a
      multitude of commercial and hospital-based programs dedicated to providing such
      therapies in outpatient settings. Only since the establishment of these programs
      has there evolved an increasing familiarity with adverse experiences and pitfalls
      in the provision of outpatient care. Significant errors have been made in the
      areas of patient and disease admission criteria, antibiotic regimens, medicolegal
      concepts, medical and hospital politics, and financial reimbursement. This
      article explores the pitfalls intrinsic to the delivery of outpatient parenteral
      therapies and focuses on the need for diligence in program coordination,
      multidisciplinary involvement, and education in averting those pitfalls.

PMID- 4006720
TI  - Adverse effects secondary to baclofen withdrawal.
AB  - Drug therapy is now the preferred method of treatment for spasticity, and several
      effective agents have been developed. The safety and efficacy of these drugs has
      been established in short-term studies. Overall, due to its low incidence of
      sedation and serious side effects, baclofen appears to be the drug of choice in
      the treatment of spinal cord-related spasticity. It is, however, not without its
      side effects due to both its administration and abrupt withdrawal. This case
      illustrates some significant problems associated with the abrupt withdrawal of
      long-term baclofen therapy in a patient with multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 4006721
TI  - The use of halothane in the treatment of status asthmaticus.
AB  - The case is presented of a 39-year-old male in status asthmaticus who failed to
      respond to conventional therapy, including positive pressure ventilation, and who
      required halothane anesthesia. The urgent need to reduce his elevated airway
      pressure and his risk of barotrauma prompted this action. The patient's response
      was prompt with marked reductions in airway pressure. Discontinuing halothane
      resulted in rises in airway pressure, necessitating reinstitution of halothane on
      several occasions. The mechanism of the bronchodilating action of halothane, as
      well as potential interactions with other pharmacotherapy and precautions for its
      use, are described.

PMID- 4006722
TI  - The use of veterinary clinics for the education of pharmacy students.
AB  - The pharmacies of rural communities often include veterinary products; however,
      many pharmacists have little knowledge about animal diseases and the
      pharmacokinetics of drugs in animals. The Colorado State University at Fort
      Collins has developed an elective one-week rotation for pharmacy students through
      the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The four objectives of the program
      are: (1) to observe the various aspects of veterinary medicine and its use in
      different animal species; (2) to work with the student of veterinary medicine to
      plan and evaluate a drug therapy course; (3) to understand species variance in
      absorption, metabolism, and elimination of drugs; and (4) to plan and evaluate a
      course of therapy for an assigned animal, using the Problem Oriented Medical
      Record (POMR) format.

PMID- 4006723
TI  - Blood sampling errors: a problem and challenge for therapeutic drug monitoring
      services.

PMID- 4006724
TI  - The management of preterm labor with the calcium channel-blocking agent
      nifedipine combined with the beta-mimetic terbutaline.
AB  - We describe a successful, prolonged, inhibition of preterm labor using nifedipine
      combined with terbutaline in a patient undergoing complicated obstetrical
      problems. Delivery was delayed for two months and no significant ill effects were
      observed in the mother or her infant. This case reports the longest duration and
      the safe use of nifedipine for tocolysis, to date. A review of reports of the use
      of calcium channel-blockers in preterm labor is also presented.

PMID- 4006725
TI  - Methotrexate blood level monitoring.
AB  - Methotrexate toxicity can be avoided following high-dose therapy if certain
      management procedures are adhered to. These include careful fluid balance
      management and therapeutic drug level monitoring. A case is reported of an
      episode of methotrexate toxicity resulting from a fluid balance problem.

PMID- 4006726
TI  - The effect of sulindac on lithium therapy.
AB  - Serum lithium levels are known to rise dramatically during concurrent
      administration with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A lithium
      sparing effect of the NSAID sulindac is reported here. Two cases are presented in
      which sulindac antirheumatic therapy was commenced during stabilized lithium
      treatment for recurrent endogenous depression. Elevation of serum lithium levels
      due to sulindac was not seen. Serum lithium levels paradoxically dropped below
      the recognized therapeutic range shortly after sulindac introduction,
      subsequently returning to baseline levels without overall loss of therapeutic
      control. It is suggested that these two drugs may be used together when control
      of arthritic symptoms is necessary for patients taking lithium. However, no
      change should be made to lithium dosage during the drop phase, to avoid marked
      fluctuations in serum lithium levels. Conflicting evidence in the current
      literature highlights the need for more investigation into this lithium-sparing
      effect of sulindac.

PMID- 4006727
TI  - Cimetidine-induced eosinophilia.
AB  - Many adverse reactions have been reported in the literature as a result of
      cimetidine use. Generally they have involved the gastrointestinal and central
      nervous systems. We present a case of cimetidine-induced eosinophilia, and
      discuss the possible mechanisms of hematologic toxicity.

PMID- 4006728
TI  - Measurement of tobramycin concentrations in saliva.
AB  - Paired serum and saliva specimens were obtained from 16 patients and three
      volunteers who had received tobramycin. In addition, saliva was collected from
      ten controls who had not taken any drugs in the previous week. Tobramycin
      concentrations were measured in duplicate by the Emit assay modified to obtain
      precise results at concentrations greater than 0.25 microgram/ml. The drug was
      undetectable in 32 of 34 saliva specimens and only trace amounts were present in
      the other two, even though corresponding steady-state serum concentrations were
      greater than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/ml for 29 of 34 specimens. Tobramycin
      values were zero for all ten saliva specimens from controls. These results
      probably can be extrapolated to other aminoglycoside antibiotics since most are
      hydrophilic and ionized at physiologic pH, which disfavors penetration into
      saliva. We conclude that saliva cannot be used as a noninvasive indirect method
      of measuring aminoglycoside serum concentrations to guide dosage adjustments.

PMID- 4006729
TI  - Evaluation of appropriateness and interpretation of serum theophylline assays.
AB  - A drug utilization review of serum theophylline assays was undertaken to: (1)
      evaluate the prescribers' usage and interpretation of serum theophylline levels
      (STLs), and (2) calculate the cost of inappropriate assays. Criteria for
      appropriate use and interpretation were defined by an audit committee and
      approved by the chief medical resident. STLs were evaluated on medicine patients
      for a one-month period. Results of 102 levels ordered showed that 47 percent were
      inappropriate. The reasons cited most often for inappropriateness were: (1)
      previously-known STLs with no reason to expect a change in subsequent levels (26
      percent); and (2) STLs drawn prior to steady state (12 percent). None of the
      levels evaluated had a request entered for the sampling time to be recorded. STLs
      were interpreted with the same degree of accuracy regardless of whether they were
      ordered appropriately. Results from this study suggest significant cost savings
      can be realized if physicians' ordering habits are corrected.

PMID- 4006731
TI  - Drug information roots: the influence of education and training on the philosophy
      and activities of hospital- and pharmacy school-based drug information services.
AB  - The objective of this project was to assess influences of past and present
      educational and training experiences on the development of drug information
      services. A questionnaire was used to collect information concerning the
      respondent's location, educational background, and relationship to others in the
      field. Next, demographic characteristics of the service were collected. The final
      section had respondent's rank 26 activities for both current scope of activities
      and the individual's philosophy of practice. Respondent's were asked to
      prioritize each activity according to contribution, directly or indirectly, to
      patient care. This study did not identify a major potential source of educational
      or training influence. However, despite the apparent lack of a major educational
      or training influence on the profession there is evidence to suggest that such
      influences can affect the scope of activities within services or the philosophy
      of practice of individuals. The differences in rankings commonly observed for the
      scope of activities support the observation of lack of equivalence in earlier
      studies.

PMID- 4006730
TI  - Estimation of renal creatinine clearance in patients with unstable serum
      creatinine concentrations: comparison of multiple methods.
AB  - The accuracy of different methods of calculating 24-hour creatinine clearance in
      patients with unstable renal function was compared using simulated data (based on
      a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model), as well as data from postrenal
      transplant patients. When creatinine clearance was calculated from the urinary
      creatinine excretion and a serum creatinine concentration, the use of the
      midpoint serum creatinine concentration produced the lowest degree of error.
      Therefore, this method is recommended for routine clinical determination of
      creatinine clearance in such patients. When the urinary creatinine excretion was
      unknown, an iteration method produced the lowest degree of error among four
      methods, and therefore is recommended to estimate creatinine clearance in such
      patients.

PMID- 4006732
TI  - Comment: aminoglycoside dosing.

PMID- 4006733
TI  - Comment: antibiotics in acute exacerbations of COAD.

PMID- 4006734
TI  - New dimensions and opportunities.

PMID- 4006735
TI  - Anaphylactoid reactions associated with parenteral cyclosporine use: possible
      role of Cremophor EL.
AB  - Acute anaphylactoid reactions occurred immediately after initiation of
      intravenous infusions of cyclosporine in three patients post-organ
      transplantation. Shortness of breath, flushing, tachypnea, chest pain, pruritus,
      or urticaria were noted; rapid recovery followed cessation of drug infusion.
      Subsequently, oral cyclosporine has been used in each patient without recurrence
      of the observed reaction. The presence of Cremophor EL as an emulsifying agent in
      the parenteral dosage formulation of cyclosporine is a likely etiology for this
      acute adverse reaction. Slowed rates of drug infusion and antihistamine
      premedication may permit continued intravenous cyclosporine use in affected
      patients.

PMID- 4006736
TI  - Prolonged elimination of piperacillin in a patient with renal and liver failure.
AB  - A 22-year-old female with acute leukemia was admitted to the oncology center for
      evaluation and treatment. Piperacillin was used during her admission for
      treatment of Pseudomonal sepsis. The patient's renal and liver function
      deteriorated during the hospital course, requiring large dose adjustments of
      piperacillin. The elimination half-life of piperacillin was estimated to be 32
      hours. Patients with both liver and renal disease require only small doses of
      piperacillin to achieve therapeutic plasma concentration.

PMID- 4006737
TI  - Phenytoin clearance by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Phenytoin clearance by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was
      studied in a three-year, 8-month-old child. This dialysis resulted in a clearance
      rate less than 1 ml/min. This is different from that reported in the literature
      for regular peritoneal dialysis for phenytoin overdose. Unlike regular peritoneal
      dialysis, CAPD may not require phenytoin adjustment.

PMID- 4006738
TI  - Hepatitis associated with allopurinol.
AB  - When adverse reactions occur, it is important to identify the etiologic drug. We
      describe a case of hepatitis associated with allopurinol. A 66-year-old female
      was admitted for rehabilitation of a cerebral hemorrhage on September 11, 1981.
      Allopurinol, clofibrate, and baclofen were administered. Severe hepatitis
      developed on November 13. The clinical laboratory data returned to normal on
      November 30. Challenge tests were conducted on clofibrate, allopurinol, and
      baclofen. The challenge test was positive after the administration of
      allopurinol. Allopurinol hepatitis is most likely a hypersensitivity reaction, as
      is suggested by the symptoms of eosinophilia and rash. Renal dysfunction may
      predispose one to develop hepatitis associated with allopurinol.

PMID- 4006739
TI  - Impact of clinical pharmacy services on prescribing on a cardiothoracic/vascular
      surgical unit.
AB  - A multi-faceted approach was used to study the impact of clinical pharmacy
      services on the cost of drug therapy on a cardiothoracic and vascular surgical
      service. Physician and nursing attitudes about the usefulness and likely effect
      of clinical pharmacist recommendations were also assessed. A cross-sectional
      design with a temporal factor was used to study physician prescribing of all
      pharmacologic classes, and particularly of antibiotics. Measurements were taken
      for nine months before the institution of clinical pharmacy services, 12 months
      during a clinical pharmacy service period, and for six months after the cessation
      of the services. A trend toward reduction in drug costs per patient day was
      observed on both services. This was observed for all pharmacologic classes, and
      when antibiotics were analyzed alone. The difference was significant when
      antibiotics were specifically analyzed on the vascular surgical service. The
      pharmacist's log and a survey of physicians' and nurses' attitudes toward
      clinical pharmacy services supported the above results.

PMID- 4006741
TI  - Tobramycin levels from Hickman catheters.

PMID- 4006740
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring as a standard of care.

PMID- 4006742
TI  - Possible reaction with NSAIDs and tartrazine.

PMID- 4006743
TI  - Tolmetin-induced urticaria/angioedema.

PMID- 4006744
TI  - Ethanol-induced hypoglycemia from mouthwash.

PMID- 4006745
TI  - Inservice teaching and adverse drug reactions in a nursing home.
AB  - A prospective study was carried out in two skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) to
      determine: the feasibility of identifying potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
      by monitoring drug order changes; the ADR rate in the elderly in SNFs; the ease
      of using an algorithm to assess the probability that an adverse event is drug
      related; and whether a one-hour inservice lecture could alter the number of drug
      order changes or the number of ADRs detected. Over three months, 27 of 248 order
      changes (10.8 percent) were identified as possible ADRs. Fifteen of 248 (six
      percent) of the orders were probable or definite ADRs. The ADR rates were 9.5
      percent and 14.8 percent, for the study and control SNFs, respectively (p greater
      than 0.05). This method of detecting ADRs depends on recognition of a clinically
      observable adverse event by the nurse, nurse practitioner, or physician.
      Therefore, the hypothesis that an inservice lecture on ADRs could increase the
      recognition of ADRs was tested. More drug order changes were initiated in the
      control facility that retained a full-time nurse practitioner, but no change in
      the number of drug order changes or ADR rates was seen after the inservice
      lecture in the study facility. This method is the first to identify,
      prospectively, clinically manifest ADRs and to test a method to influence their
      rate in nursing home elderly.

PMID- 4006746
TI  - Treatment for tinnitus.

PMID- 4006748
TI  - Treatment of gout.

PMID- 4006747
TI  - Stronger analgesics with low risk of dependence--buprenorphine, meptazinol and
      nalbuphine.

PMID- 4006749
TI  - The value of a mixture of cassia and citronella oils for detection of
      hypersensitivity of essential oils.
AB  - The authors suggest the introduction of a mixture of two essential oils
      (citronellol and cassia) for consecutive testing of patients with dermatitis. The
      choice of these two oils is made on the basis of earlier investigations.
      Chromatographic investigation demonstrated that in this mixture no new peaks
      appear and no peaks disappear. In accord with this, skin tests with the mixture
      yielded positive results in nearly all cases of hypersensitivity to citronella or
      cassia oil and in these cases only. It is suggested that by using the mixture the
      probability of detecting hypersensitivity to essential oils is increased.

PMID- 4006750
TI  - [Gaillardia allergy].
AB  - Allergic contact dermatitis of the face and hands occurring in a 37-year-old
      savings-bank employee was found to be due to non-occupational handling of
      Gaillardia cultivars. Additional self treatment with a body lotion containing
      extracts of Arnica worsened the skin lesions. Epicutaneous tests with different
      Gaillardia sesquiterpene lactones revealed spathulin to be the responsible
      sensitizer. Cross reactions were obtained with telekin, alantolactone,
      parthenolide, isoalantolactone and carabrone.

PMID- 4006751
TI  - [Protection from the cold. A further useful preventive measure].
AB  - One of the functions of the skin is perception of heat and cold and passing on of
      information to the regulatory centre of the brain. Variation of blood flow
      through skin and muscles is the response to the respective air temperature.
      Whether strong UV radiation has an additional negative effect on the vascular
      system has not been investigated so far. Exact heat conduction figures of skin,
      surrounding air and ingredients of a cold air protection cream are of importance
      for establishing the formulation of an ideal protective product. Cold air
      protection for the skin is of vital importance for winter sports or at high
      altitudes. But it can also be of importance for people staying in the water for a
      long time, or for swimming in very cold water, or for exposure to water and
      strong wind, e.g. when surfing. Tests show that the skin will lose 20% less heat
      in cold water when it is greased. Hyperaemising substances should only be used
      for cold air protection products in well-defined doses (indication of a skin
      blood supply factor) in order to avoid functional disturbance of the skin.
      Combined application of a hyperaemising product and a cold air protection cream
      doubles the duration of the protection and allows for an extension of the warming
      effect to the muscles. This improves functional capacity and coordination.

PMID- 4006752
TI  - [Precancerous conditions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosis and
      monitoring].

PMID- 4006753
TI  - [Sudden infant death].

PMID- 4006754
TI  - [Results of treatment in 118 foot necroses in relation to ankle blood pressure
      and diabetes. A one-year retrospective study of 108 patients].
AB  - The healing-rate in 118 necrotic lesions of the forefoot was investigated in 108
      patients. The global healing frequency after 9 months amounted to 28%. A linear
      increase in healing was observed during this period. Later, no further healing
      occurred despite continuation of local treatment of the necrosis. The healing
      rate was directly related to the distal (ankle) systolic blood pressure. Blood
      pressures under 50 mm Hg made healing impossible, whereas pressures above led to
      a healing-rate up to 37%. Diabetes mellitus had no influence on the healing-rate.
      Three guiding principles can be brought forward for the treatment of necrotic
      lesions of the forefoot: 1. When no healing is attained after 9 months,
      continuation of the local therapy is no longer worthwhile. 2. There is no
      likelihood of healing when the distal systolic blood pressure (ankle) is below 50
      mm Hg. 3. Before commencing treatment the distal systolic blood pressure should
      be known. When this is low, measures to open vessels should be considered
      (operative, catheter technique, lysis) in order to raise the blood pressure above
      50 mm Hg and thereby improve the healing prospects.

PMID- 4006756
TI  - [Ventricular septal defect: late spontaneous closure].
AB  - 25 patients who had a proven isolated small ventricular septal defect (VSD) when
      they were children were re-examined 3 to 19 years later, at the age of 20-21
      years. Spontaneous closure was diagnosed if the murmur had disappeared and all
      other cardiological findings were normal. This was so in nine patients. Six of
      them had previously been followed to eight years or more with the definite
      diagnosis of VSD. In the three others who had only been followed to the age of 3
      5 years the time of closure, whether early or late, could not be assessed.

PMID- 4006755
TI  - [The fate of the patient with deep vein thrombosis].
AB  - Late results in 278 consecutive patients with unilateral deep vein thrombosis
      treated with streptokinase or heparin/dicoumarol were analysed as to mortality
      rate, recurrent thrombo-embolism and incidence of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS).
      The five-year mortality rate was three times as high as that of the age-matched
      population. The overall mortality rate was 16%, more than half the patients dying
      of tumour, males largely of gastric or bronchial carcinoma, females of urogenital
      carcinoma. Thrombo-embolism had recurred in 14% of 204 patients who had been re
      examined, in 9% thrombosis, in 3% pulmonary embolism, and in 2% both. A PTS
      without ulcer had developed in 16%, an ulcer in 8%. The PTS incidence correlated
      with the original extent of the thrombosis: no PTS if the thrombosis had been
      confined to the lower-leg axis, but 34% after four-level thrombosis. The data
      confirm the importance of thrombo-embolism prophylaxis, early diagnosis and
      subsequent treatment with anticoagulants and compression.

PMID- 4006757
TI  - [Analysis of the ST segment in long-term electrocardiography: has the method
      matured?].

PMID- 4006758
TI  - [Conservative treatment of esophageal stenoses with balloon catheters].
AB  - A total of 92 dilatations using the balloon-catheter were carried out in 46
      patients with oesophageal strictures. Of these 73 were in 36 patients having a
      benign primary disease, predominantly stenoses following anastomotic operations
      or with stenoses resulting from reflux oesophagitis. The average relapse-free
      period after balloon-catheter dilatation was 6.3 times greater than with
      bougienage. Balloon-catheter dilatation has proved to be a simple and safe
      procedure that can be applied inexpensively in an outpatient department. It has
      now become the method of choice in our hospital for the non-operative treatment
      of strictures of the oesophagus.

PMID- 4006759
TI  - [Clinical aspects and course of Crohn disease].
AB  - The influence of clinically observable criteria on the course of disease was
      investigated in 150 patients, 72 men and 78 women, with morbus Crohn who could be
      followed for an average period of 6.6 years (8-348 months). In 29 patients (19%),
      the small intestine only was involved, in 31 patients (21%) the colon, and in 90
      patients (60%) both the small intestine and colon. During the observation period
      71 patients (47%) developed fistulae and 55 (37%) extra-intestinal
      manifestations. The patients were admitted to hospital on a total of 466
      occasions (3.1 times per patient), and 199 operations (1.3 times per patient)
      were carried out. There were significantly more extra-intestinal manifestations
      in the colon cases (P less than 0.01) and of admissions and operations in the
      small intestine-colon cases (P less than 0.001), whereas patients with isolated
      involvement of the small intestine underwent significantly fewer operations (P
      less than 0.001). In addition, significant positive correlations existed between
      the appearance of fever and fistulae (P less than 0.001) and between the number
      of operations within the first 2 years and the number of subsequent operations (P
      less than 0.001).

PMID- 4006760
TI  - [Progressive Borrelia encephalomyelitis. Chronic manifestation of erythema
      chronicum migrans disease of the nervous system].
AB  - A 54-year-old housewife became ill with transient diplopia followed by facial
      paralysis, tremor of the right hand and a progressively worsening disturbance in
      gait. Four years after the first appearance of the disease bilateral hypacusia,
      paralysis of the right hypoglossal nerve, dysarthria, severe spastic tetraparesis
      with ataxia, urinary retention and an organically induced character change were
      present. Lumbar puncture fluid contained 51/mm3 lymphocytes and 1164 mg/dl
      protein. Immunoglobulin A, G and M, synthesised locally, could be detected in
      cisternal fluid. The serum had a high antibody titre against Ixodes ricinus
      Borrelia antigen and the same antibodies, formed locally, were present in the
      lumbar fluid. The neurological deficiencies improved markedly under parenteral
      penicillin treatment and the antibody titre decreased. The detection of Borrelian
      antibodies, especially those synthesised locally in the CSF, enabled an
      aetiological diagnosis to be made in seven other patients aged 18-47 years in
      whom the disease had been present for 1 to 8 years. These patients likewise
      presented symptoms characteristic of a disseminated disease of the CNS, with
      spastic pareses and evidence in the spinal fluid of chronic inflammation and
      disruption of CSF barriers in particular. This progressive encephalomyelitis
      differs from the common and spontaneously healing meningo-polyneuritis (Garin
      Bujadoux-Bannworth), the usual manifestation of erythema chronicum migrans of the
      nervous system, in its progressive nature, its invasion of the CNS and the
      possible long lasting severe damage when not specifically treated.

PMID- 4006761
TI  - [Colorectal precancerous states. Diagnosis and monitoring].

PMID- 4006762
TI  - [Oncofetal antigens and their effect on the determination of tumor markers].

PMID- 4006763
TI  - [Treatment of ulcer with acetoxolon].

PMID- 4006764
TI  - [Pump-guided continuous subcutaneous opiate infusion for the treatment of the
      most severe pain].
AB  - The continuous subcutaneous infusion of opiate, a new approach to the alleviation
      of severe chronic pain, has been carried out using a pump system normally
      employed for the infusion of insulin. Relapses of pain can be controlled with
      bolus doses. This mode of application was compared with conventional therapy in
      11 patients. All patients were free of pain during the continuous infusion, but
      none showed a satisfactory response during conventional treatment. The improved
      response under continuous opiate infusion was attained with much lower doses and
      thus with fewer side effects. The procedure is therefore highly effective and
      well tolerated.

PMID- 4006765
TI  - [Therapeutic results in spinal tumor metastases involving neurologic deficit].
AB  - Between 1976 and 1982 primary or secondary intraspinal malignant lymphomas and
      metastases of solid tumours with neurologic defects were found in 118
      hospitalised patients. A total of 126 episodes of spinal and caudal compressions
      were observed. Nearly half of all tumour diagnoses were breast and prostatic
      carcinomas. Segments Th 3-6 were mainly involved. Symptoms of compression were
      the first objective hints of malignant disease in every third patient. Local and
      (or) radicular pains were reported as first symptoms by 80% of patients.
      Therapeutic success was considered satisfactory (group A) if patients were able
      to walk freely 3 months after initiation of treatment or isolated loss of
      sensitivity or defects of urination or defaecation could not be demonstrated any
      longer. Results were classified as unsatisfactory (group B) if the above
      mentioned aims of treatment could not be achieved within this time. After
      individualised carefully monitored treatment, survival of patients of group A was
      significantly longer after 12 and 24 months than in patients of group B.
      Probability of survival is mainly influenced by rapid response to treatment, by
      tumour histology, by severity of neurologic defects and by the chosen treatment
      regime.

PMID- 4006766
TI  - [Experiences with Reflolux in blood sugar self testing].
AB  - As to correctness and accuracy the Reflolux system is comparable to the
      conventional measurement of blood glucose under laboratory conditions. Its
      handling is simple and safe so that diabetic patients are able to check their
      blood sugar reliably by self-control. Skilled patients achieve just as good
      results as laboratory personnel.

PMID- 4006767
TI  - [Bronchopulmonary diseases in alcoholism].

PMID- 4006768
TI  - [Deep leg and pelvic vein thrombosis. Indications and results of surgical
      treatment].

PMID- 4006769
TI  - [Fiber bronchoscopy].

PMID- 4006770
TI  - [Early operation for acute gallbladder as a therapeutic principle].
AB  - Between 1 January 1969 and 30 June 1984 904 patients with acute cholecystitis
      were treated as inpatients. Including 1976, initial treatment was conservative,
      and interval operation was recommended after 6-8 weeks. Commencing in 1977 early
      operation was preferred. Immediate operation within a few hours after admission
      and preparation for operation was done only in threatening or demonstrable
      complications of acute cholecystitis. Multimorbidity was highest (39%) in
      conservatively treated patients (n = 204), it was 26% in immediately operated
      patients (n = 201) and 23% in patients operated in the interval (n = 199). Early
      operation (n = 300) was associated with a multimorbidity of only 13%.
      Postoperative complications occurred most frequently (33%) after immediate
      operation, and in only 11% after early operation. Exploration of the choledochus
      was required in 27% of immediately operated cases and in only 19% of early and
      interval operations. Mortality after exclusively conservative treatment was 3%,
      after immediate operation 16%, after interval operation 3% and after early
      operation only 1.3%. Follow-up assessment of 137 primarily non-operated patients
      (7-15 years) showed a mortality of 48% on subsequently necessary immediate
      operation (16 out of 33 patients). No symptoms were seen in 14 out of 32
      patients, only two of them had no gallstones. The high reliability of
      establishing the diagnosis (98% correct diagnosis) justifies early operation as
      preferred concept of treatment. Primary conservative treatment of acute
      cholecystitis and subsequently planned interval operation should be limited to
      justifiable exceptions.

PMID- 4006771
TI  - [Biliary tract inflammations in cholelithiasis. Antibiotic prevention and therapy
      from the surgical view].

PMID- 4006772
TI  - [No over-coagulation occurs if the therapeutic guidelines of a thromboplastin
      inhibitor are followed].

PMID- 4006773
TI  - Alzheimer's disease. Is it worth treating?

PMID- 4006774
TI  - Effect of intravenous flecainide on atrial vulnerability in man.
AB  - Sixteen patients were investigated by means of programmed atrial stimulation at 2
      different driving rates: 100/min and 120/min. All patients had an increased
      atrial vulnerability at both driving rates. After the administration of
      intravenous flecainide (1 mg/kg bodyweight as a bolus, followed by the same
      amount infused over a period of 20 minutes), the increased vulnerability was
      abolished in 11 and 9 patients, respectively. In the remaining patients the rate
      of induced atrial tachyarrhythmia decreased. These findings correlate with a
      significant prolongation of the effective refractory period of the right atrium
      and a corresponding significant shortening of its relative refractory period. It
      is concluded that flecainide may be effective in the treatment of atrial
      arrhythmias in humans.

PMID- 4006775
TI  - Therapy of tachyarrhythmias, benefits and risks. Proceedings of a symposium.
      Dusseldorf, 11 July 1984.

PMID- 4006776
TI  - Long term use of flecainide in patients with supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - The acute effects of intravenous flecainide on electrically-induced paroxysmal
      supraventricular tachycardia and the safety and efficacy of long term prophylaxis
      with orally administered flecainide were assessed in 37 patients with paroxysmal
      supraventricular tachycardia refractory to treatment with 'conventional'
      antiarrhythmic drugs. Over a mean treatment period of 14.2 months, flecainide 200
      to 400mg daily completely suppressed paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 9
      of 20 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia due to Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome, while 3 patients reported only transient episodes of
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and 1 patient had a decreased
      ventricular response to chronic atrial fibrillation. Of 17 patients with
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia due to atrioventricular nodal re-entry,
      flecainide 200 to 500mg daily for a mean period approaching 26 months totally
      prevented episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 8, and reduced
      the frequency and duration of episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
      in 3 others. Flecainide prolonged action potential refractoriness in a few
      patients in each group; however, an increased frequency of occurrence of
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia occurred due to a simultaneous decrease
      in the re-entry circuit conduction velocity. In both patient groups the acute
      electrophysiological effects of flecainide were often predictive of the long term
      efficacy of the drug in the prophylaxis of paroxysmal supraventricular
      tachycardia. Side effects usually involved the central nervous system and were
      most commonly manifested by disturbances in vision, balance, and taste and
      increased nervousness. These side effects generally subsided following 1 to 2
      months' treatment with flecainide. No abnormal trends were observed in laboratory
      analysis of blood samples taken from patients during long term treatment with
      flecainide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006777
TI  - Experience in the long term use of new antiarrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 4006778
TI  - The clinical use of oral flecainide.

PMID- 4006779
TI  - The proarrhythmic effects of flecainide.
AB  - Flecainide acetate, a new potent class I antiarrhythmic agent, was administered
      to 152 patients (orally to 46, intravenously to 106) over a period of 22 months.
      Seven patients developed proarrhythmic effects. The only conduction abnormalities
      induced were PR interval prolongation and QRS complex widening, and no patient
      developed significant sinus bradyarrhythmias; patients with known serious
      abnormalities of impulse generation or conduction were excluded from this study.
      Five patients, of whom only 3 had pre-existing ventricular arrhythmias, developed
      ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. QT and QTc interval
      prolongation was observed, but was due to QRS complex widening rather than an
      increase in the JT interval. A patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome had an
      inducible orthodromic atrioventricular tachycardia before flecainide
      administration, but only an antidromic tachycardia was induced after taking the
      drug. In 1 patient, flecainide administration resulted in an increase of atrial
      flutter cycle length, which resulted in the development of 1:1 atrioventricular
      conduction rate, and, overall, a faster ventricular rate. Two patients who
      developed ventricular arrhythmias were taking other antiarrhythmic agents, and in
      this series proarrhythmic effects occurred with both normal and high flecainide
      concentrations. Other published series are also summarised.

PMID- 4006781
TI  - Benefit-risk ratio in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. A clinical judgement.
AB  - The goal of antiarrhythmic treatment--the well-being of the patient and
      improvement of prognosis--requires careful clinical investigation and observation
      with monitoring of the arrhythmia during long term treatment. A few compounds now
      in use are under investigation for their efficacy in selectively depressing sinus
      tachycardia, or tachycardias involving the atrioventricular node. No ideal drug
      is yet available, nor is likely in the near future, for treating the complex
      problem of arrhythmogenesis. A favourable benefit-risk ratio for flecainide has
      been shown by many authors during the last 7 years and greatest interest now
      centres on its use in malignant arrhythmias. More studies in high risk patients
      are necessary for a better understanding of the proarrhythmic properties of
      antiarrhythmic drugs, thus paving the way for prevention and treatment of these
      unwanted effects.

PMID- 4006780
TI  - Haemodynamic and antiarrhythmic effects of intravenous flecainide acetate in
      chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the haemodynamic and antiarrhythmic
      effects of flecainide acetate in patients with heart failure. Flecainide acetate,
      a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent, was given intravenously to 9 patients with
      congestive heart failure and frequent ventricular arrhythmias with nonsustained
      ventricular tachycardia. The drug (2 mg/kg) was infused slowly over 60 minutes.
      The maximum plasma level achieved was 218 (range 142-350) ng/ml. Six of the 9
      patients experienced a 90% suppression of their arrhythmias for an average of 6.5
      (range 2-15) hours. Pre-ejection period control (PEPc, 148.8 +/- 3.6 msec)
      increased to 157 msec and pre-ejection period/ejection time (PEP/ET) [control
      0.449 +/- 0.027] to 0.516 (p less than 0.005), while the ejection time index
      (ETI) did not change. Cardiac index (control 2.4 +/- 0.36 L/min/m2) decreased by
      11% (p less than 0.02), and pulmonary wedge pressure (control 13.4 +/- 2.4mm Hg)
      increased by 23% (p less than 0.05). Stroke work index, arterial pressure and
      vascular resistance did not change significantly. The parameters returned to
      control values on completion of the infusion. Flecainide acetate can be safely
      administered at the usual dose of 2 mg/kg to patients with congestive heart
      failure, provided that the infusion time is doubled. Antiarrhythmic efficacy
      under these conditions is good even at lower plasma concentrations.

PMID- 4006782
TI  - Logic and empiricism in the selection of antiarrhythmic agents. The role of drug
      combinations.
AB  - Advances in investigative techniques of cardiac arrhythmias through invasive
      procedures (clinical electrophysiology) or through ambulatory
      electrocardiographic monitoring provide a better understanding of the mechanism
      responsible for these disturbances and a better assessment of therapeutic
      efficacy. Yet, it cannot be inferred that the selection of antiarrhythmic agents
      is orientated in all cases by logical reasoning. Too many factors are unknown,
      especially those regarding the spontaneous mechanism of initiation of clinical
      arrhythmias. Patient management very often remains mainly empirical. The problem
      becomes even more complex when dealing with arrhythmias resistant to single-agent
      therapy. Drug combinations are then used, often successfully, particularly those
      combining membrane-stabilising agents with amiodarone or beta-adrenergic blocking
      agents or combining amiodarone with verapamil. Explanations of the efficacy of
      these combinations at reduced doses become less certain, but it is more important
      to achieve efficacy than to understand its mechanism, which does not always
      amount to a simple increase in plasma drug levels. When attempting to determine
      the reasons behind the theoretically logical selection of an antiarrhythmic
      agent, it appears that, in spite of advances in electrophysiology and
      pharmacology, the logic of this selection owes more to chance than to reason. The
      problem becomes further complicated when drug combinations are to be used which,
      in clinical practice, are often the therapeutic solution in difficult cases.
      Advances made in recent years bring up the question of knowing whether or not
      logic is near to replacing empiricism.

PMID- 4006783
TI  - Clinical usefulness of flecainide acetate in the treatment of paroxysmal
      supraventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - Flecainide acetate depresses both the upstroke of the intracellular action
      potential and the rate of diastolic depolarisation in isolated tissue
      preparations of atrial myocardium. It produces no consistent effect on action
      potential duration. Predictably, in the human heart, studied by clinical cardiac
      electrophysiological techniques, conduction velocity through atrial myocardium,
      the atrioventricular (AV) node and anomalous tissue is depressed following
      flecainide administration. Refractoriness of normal atrial or AV nodal myocardium
      is not prolonged but the recovery time of anomalous or abnormal tissue is
      lengthened by the drug. In response to the intravenous injection of flecainide,
      atrial fibrillation (90%), atrial tachycardia (100%), intra-AV nodal tachycardia
      (89%) and atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (80%) are generally terminated,
      and although atrial flutter is slowed, only a small proportion (20%) is
      terminated. There is little experience of the long term treatment of
      supraventricular tachycardia with oral flecainide. However, preliminary results
      suggest that flecainide is equally effective in the treatment of both
      supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Thus, flecainide acetate is a
      'broad spectrum' antiarrhythmic agent.

PMID- 4006784
TI  - Antiarrhythmic therapy with flecainide in combination and comparison with
      propranolol.
AB  - In a prospective study of 10 patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias,
      flecainide 50mg tid and propranolol 20mg tid were administered, alone and in
      combination, in a crossover design. Before and after each treatment phase,
      routine ECG and 24-hour ECG were recorded, morning plasma concentrations of the
      drugs were measured, and side effects recorded. Treatment with flecainide alone
      resulted in a 38% mean reduction (p less than 0.05) of ventricular premature
      complexes, a 75% (p less than 0.01) mean reduction of couplets, and elimination
      of ventricular tachycardia. At the dosage administered, propranolol alone had no
      antiarrhythmic effect. The combination of flecainide and propranolol showed no
      additional therapeutic benefit although there was a small, but not significant,
      increase in ventricular premature complexes and couplets. Use of flecainide
      resulted in a 12% widening of the QRS complex, with no significant change in PQ
      time, QTc and heart rate. Combined therapy with propranolol and flecainide
      resulted in a 12% decrease of average heart rate. The same effect was achieved
      when propranolol was given alone. The average plasma concentration of flecainide
      increased by 25% during combined therapy with propranolol. There were few side
      effects related to flecainide at the dosage administered and no additional side
      effects were recorded during the combined treatment.

PMID- 4006785
TI  - Comparative evaluation of antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 4006786
TI  - [Hemolytic-uremic syndrome].

PMID- 4006787
TI  - [Mucormycosis--a fatal complication of diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 4006788
TI  - [Treatment of chronic heart failure].

PMID- 4006789
TI  - [Paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle].

PMID- 4006790
TI  - [Characteristics of cerebral lacunar infarctions].

PMID- 4006792
TI  - [Fracture healing].

PMID- 4006791
TI  - [Behcet's disease].

PMID- 4006793
TI  - [Traumatic shock].

PMID- 4006794
TI  - [Ligament injuries].

PMID- 4006795
TI  - [Peripheral vessel injuries].

PMID- 4006796
TI  - [Injuries of the heart and great vessels].

PMID- 4006797
TI  - [Primary diagnosis of abdominal and urinary tract injuries].

PMID- 4006798
TI  - [Surgical treatment of fractures of the extremities].

PMID- 4006799
TI  - [Special features of fractures during growth].

PMID- 4006800
TI  - [Hand injuries].

PMID- 4006801
TI  - [Severe facial injuries].

PMID- 4006802
TI  - [Infection in traumatology].

PMID- 4006803
TI  - [Emergency care and transportation of trauma patients].

PMID- 4006804
TI  - [Surgery in catastrophes].

PMID- 4006805
TI  - [Post-trauma care and rehabilitation].

PMID- 4006806
TI  - Functional anatomy of the external and middle ear.

PMID- 4006807
TI  - Morphology of the temporal bone.

PMID- 4006808
TI  - Mechanisms of hearing: cochlear physiology.

PMID- 4006809
TI  - Clinical trials and medical ethics.

PMID- 4006810
TI  - Vaccination of seropositive children against measles in Tanzania: boosting of
      antibody titres or a statistical artifact.

PMID- 4006811
TI  - Non-ketotic diabetes mellitus in young non-obese Saudi Arabians.

PMID- 4006812
TI  - Oestrogen receptors in advanced primary breast cancer.

PMID- 4006814
TI  - The attitude of private practitioners in Nairobi towards alcoholism and alcohol
      related problems.

PMID- 4006813
TI  - Serious side effects of oxamniquine during the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni
      in Kenya.

PMID- 4006815
TI  - Prevalence and management of congenital club-feet (talipes equinovarus) in
      Zambia.

PMID- 4006816
TI  - Management of acute childhood diarrhoea with oral rehydration therapy at Kenyatta
      National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.

PMID- 4006817
TI  - Health status of teenage school boys in eastern Sudan.

PMID- 4006818
TI  - Use of electroconvulsive therapy in a Nigerian hospital.

PMID- 4006819
TI  - Naphthalene poisoning following ingestion of moth balls: case report.

PMID- 4006820
TI  - Fetal inflammatory response in second trimester candidal chorioamnionitis.
AB  - Candidal chorioamnionitis is an uncommon and apparently rather indolent
      intrauterine infection in which the fetus is able to marshal some of the
      immunological forces at its disposal against an easily visualized antigen
      impinging on lung mucosal surfaces. In a retrospective histological study of one
      of the largest reported series of these cases, we have encountered one each of
      13, 16 and 22 weeks gestation, respectively. Of these, the youngest at 13 weeks
      showed no inflammatory response or positive cells on immunoperoxidase staining
      for immunoglobulins and proliferating Candida colonies were evident in the lungs.
      The 16 and 22 week cases revealed a unique giant cell response in the terminal
      airways and increasing numbers of cells staining positively for immunoglobulins,
      predominantly IgM, but with an increased proportion of IgA positive cells in the
      older case. Preliminary studies with a pan-T-cell antiserum on paraffin-embedded
      lung tissue from these cases have been encouraging with few positive cells seen
      in sections from the 13-week or control cases but abundant cells in the lungs of
      the two older infected cases. Some aspects of the relationship of these
      uncommonly encountered cases to the ontogeny of human immunity are discussed.

PMID- 4006821
TI  - Creatinine and urea clearances compared to inulin clearance in preterm and mature
      babies.
AB  - Simultaneous clearances of inulin, urea and creatinine were compared in 41 babies
      of 26-40 weeks gestation on 122 occasions during the first month of life. In each
      case creatinine was measured by a reaction rate method, and in thirty specimens
      it was also measured after adsorption onto resin. Urea clearance averaged only
      62% of inulin clearance (P less than 0.001), and was a poor marker of glomerular
      filtration. Creatinine clearance measured by resin adsorption equalled inulin
      clearance, but the assay is manual and not suitable for routine clinical use.
      Creatinine clearance measured by reaction rate analysis underestimated inulin
      clearance by a quarter (P less than 0.01) because this automated method
      overestimated plasma creatinine by an average of 22 mumol/l. Urinary creatinine
      excretion was 72 +/- 17 nmol/kg per min (mean +/- S.D.) during the first week of
      life, and 66 +/- 13 nmol/kg per min in weeks two to four, and was not influenced
      by gestation or body size. Using these values, glomerular filtration rate, urine
      flow, and the urinary excretion rates of substances may be estimated from
      measurements made on plasma and untimed urines. Although these estimates are
      imprecise, with 9% confidence limits of 62-161%, they are useful in clinical
      practice because they avoid the need to make accurately timed collections of
      urine.

PMID- 4006822
TI  - The incidence and severity of post-asphyxial encephalopathy in full-term infants.
AB  - The incidence of clinically significant birth asphyxia was assessed over a 4-year
      period in a busy teaching hospital maternity hospital. The overall incidence was
      6.0 per 1000 live-born deliveries of whom 2.1 per 1000 showed severely abnormal
      features including seizures or coma. There was a marked seasonal distribution
      (more common in winter than summer months) and intrauterine growth retardation
      occurred in 25% of asphyxiated infants. Only 1.6% of these infants were large for
      gestation age. There is some evidence that the incidence of this condition has
      not changed over a 10-year period.

PMID- 4006824
TI  - Respiratory EMG findings in relation to periodic breathing in infants.
AB  - Intercostal and diaphragm EMG activity was analysed in periodically breathing
      infants. The aim was to investigate relationships between changes in tonic
      activity in the respiratory muscles and switches in spontaneous breathing pattern
      from periodic to continuous and vice versa. A heterogeneous group of 13 normal
      and neurologically suspect infants was studied. They had all previously undergone
      polygraphic investigation and were selected because their polygraphic records
      showed at least three minutes uninterrupted periodic breathing (PB). PB appeared
      to represent an oscillation with a length of about 16 seconds superimposed on the
      basic state related irregular and regular breathing patterns. The development of
      a normal level of tonic activity in the respiratory muscles at the transition
      from state 2 to state 1 coincided with the switching from periodic to continuous
      breathing. Continuation of PB throughout a state 1 epoch in the presence of tonic
      respiratory muscle activity was exceptional. Sighs alone or sighs together with
      brief movements during state 1 were followed on occasion by a drop in tonic
      activity and a switch from continuous to periodic breathing. If the tonic
      activity rose again, PB either stopped or became less pronounced. TcPO2 level
      measured in four infants rose when tonic activity rose and was lower during PB
      than during continuous breathing. The observations made in this study suggest
      that mechanical or chemical changes caused by changes in tonic activity level may
      affect the stability of respiratory control in infancy.

PMID- 4006823
TI  - The relation between umbilical pH values and neonatal neurological morbidity in
      full term appropriate-for-dates infants.
AB  - The relationship of umbilical cord pH with the neonatal neurological condition
      was investigated in a group of 805 appropriate-for-dates (AFD) infants, delivered
      vaginally at term, and in a subgroup of 205 infants born after uncomplicated
      pregnancy and delivery ('low-risk' group). The results of the neonatal
      neurological examination were expressed in a neonatal neurological optimality
      score (NNOS) and in a neurological classification (normal, suspect and abnormal).
      In both study groups a significant relation between umbilical arterial pH (pHua)
      and the difference between maternal venous pH and pHua (delta pHm-ua) on the one
      hand and neurologically suspect infants and NNOS on the other hand, was found.
      The percentages of explained variance in NNOS, however, were very low (for delta
      pH, 1 and 4% in the total and low-risk group respectively). Neurological
      abnormality was not related to acidaemia at birth. Because of the specific
      relation between maternal and umbilical pH, delta pH is a less reliable indicator
      of fetal condition in cases of maternal alkalosis or acidosis. The use of a delta
      pH corrected with the help of a maternal-fetal pH nomogram, however, only
      slightly improved the relation with neurological morbidity. It is concluded, that
      in AFD term infants acidaemia at birth is only slightly related to neonatal
      neurological morbidity.

PMID- 4006825
TI  - SEM-dissection of a human embryo derived from an ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - A 6.5-week-old human embryo with an approximate crown-rump length of 13.2 mm was
      obtained from a tubal pregnancy. Two hours before surgical removal, the embryo
      was imaged with real time ultrasound and was noted to have rhythmic cardiac
      motion. Subsequent to surgical removal, the embryo was dissected free from the
      placenta and prepared for routine scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies.
      Progressive stages of dissection with microsurgical instruments followed by SEM
      photography elucidated the three-dimensional aspects of embryonic development of
      many structures, including the lens placode, tongue bud, Rathke's pouch, atrial
      and ventricular foramina, primitive intestinal loop and undifferentiated external
      genitalia. Almost certainly, such clear views of dissected structures can
      contribute to our understanding of human embryonic development.

PMID- 4006826
TI  - Effect of safe concentrations of some pesticides on ovarian recrudescence in the
      freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus (Bl.): a quantitative study.
AB  - The effects of safe concentrations of carbofuran 3% G (5 ppm) and fenitrothion
      30% E.C. (1.5 ppm) on ovarian recrudescence of Channa punctatus during the
      maturing, prespawning, and spawning phases (mid-April through mid-August) of the
      annual reproduction cycle were studied. The results reveal that, compared to
      carbofuran treatment, fenitrothion was more effective not only in lowering
      ovarian weights, but also in retarding the growth of previtellogenic (stage I)
      oocytes into vitellogenic (stage II) and yolky (stage III) oocytes. In addition,
      more previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes underwent atresia in fenitrothion
      treated fish and only atretic oocytes were observed in the ovaries of these fish
      after 120 days of exposure. The fenitrothion treatment also caused a significant
      decline in the diameter of stage III oocytes, and in the number of nucleoli in
      stage I oocytes.

PMID- 4006827
TI  - Fish physiology and metal pollution: results and experiences from laboratory and
      field studies.
AB  - Physiological methods, previously used as health indicators in laboratory
      investigations on fish exposed to toxicants, have been applied to feral fish
      living in metal-polluted waters. A background to the use of a physiological
      approach for detecting early-arising effects of toxic chemicals on fish is given,
      together with a description of the clinical parameters used and their
      physiological relevance. The results and experiences from the field application
      show that certain clinical methods may be very useful in detecting and diagnosing
      sublethal disturbances in natural fish populations in polluted areas.
      Furthermore, the results indicate a good agreement between metal-induced
      physiological effects detected in fish exposed under natural field conditions and
      those found in laboratory experiments.

PMID- 4006828
TI  - Short-term test for predicting the potential of xenobiotics to impair
      reproductive success in fish.
AB  - Short-term screening tests with the zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) have been
      developed for predicting the potential of xenobiotics to impair reproductive
      success in fish. The aim was to find simple and sensitive test parameters and to
      simulate exposure situations typical for anadromous fish species (salmonids),
      which generally cross heavily polluted coastal areas or estuaries before they
      reach uncontaminated upstream spawning areas. Therefore, particular attention was
      directed to tests designed to assess adverse effects induced during gametogenesis
      in adult fish. the test protocol involves exposure of adults prior to, but not
      during, spawning and the effects are measured in the offspring as alterations in
      hatching frequency and hatching rate of eggs, and survival and stress tolerance
      of embryos and larvae. Some representative examples of the application of these
      tests are given, and it is shown that impairment of reproductive success can be
      induced by exposure of parent fish prior to spawning at concentrations of
      xenobiotics at least five times lower than those yielding effects during direct
      exposure of embryos and larvae. It is suggested that, in hazard assessment
      programs, tests of the effect of xenobiotics on the offspring of preexposed
      adults be routinely incorporated.

PMID- 4006829
TI  - Persistence of aldrin in flooded soil under the cover of rice.
AB  - The persistence of aldrin in soil and its translocation into rice plants and
      grains were tested under two different field conditions. Treatment T1, which
      consisted of aldrin application at the rate of 1.5 kg active ingredient/ha at
      nursery sowing, did not leave aldrin residues in rice plants 40 days after
      application (10 days after transplanting). Dieldrin was present in plants to the
      extent of 0.04 ppm at this stage but completely disappeared (below detectable
      limit) within 70 days (30 days after transplanting). Treatment T2 involved aldrin
      application 10 days after transplanting in flooded soil at the same rate and left
      0.518 ppm residues in soil just after application. These residues dissipated to
      their half in 90 days. At this stage its conversion to dieldrin was also
      observed. Remaining residues dwindled to below the detectable limit in 270 days.
      Plant samples analyzed from this treatment at 7 and 30 days contained 0.079 and
      0.169 ppm aldrin and 0.025 and 0.08 ppm dieldrin, respectively. Rice grains also
      had aldrin and dieldrin residues (each at 0.001 ppm level) at harvest time but
      these were below the Maximum Tolerance Limits. Both the treatments were found
      safe from the toxic residue point of view.

PMID- 4006830
TI  - Effect of chlorophenols on isolated plant mitochondria activities: a QSAR study.
AB  - Twenty-three chlorinated monophenols were investigated for their uncoupling and
      inhibitory properties on plant mitochondria. All the studied compounds had
      uncoupling properties but their activity was submitted to quantitative changes
      from 1- to 400-fold, according to the substitution. They also had inhibitory
      properties on the electron transfer at a level located upstream to the quinone
      pool. Three inhibitory types could be recognized: (a) chlorophenols inhibiting
      similarly the oxidation of every type of substrate (NADH, succinate, alpha
      ketoglutarate, at pH 7.2; malate, at pH 7.5), (b) chlorophenols inhibiting first
      complex I, and (c) chlorophenols inhibiting first complex II. In this last case,
      the presence of substituents at the 2 and 6 positions increases selectively the
      inhibition of succinate oxidation. A quantitative structure activity relationship
      (QSAR) study was undertaken and showed that a good correlation appeared between
      the steric parameter, 1 chi v, and the inhibitory properties with NADH as
      substrate. This result could be explained by the binding of the chlorinated
      phenols with NADH dehydrogenase whose position, on the external surface of the
      mitochondrial membrane, is favorable to good accessibility of the xenobiotic.
      Equations for inhibitory properties with other substrates were clearly different.
      The relation between the uncoupling activity and the studied parameters was more
      complex but a good correlation occurred with the steric parameter (sigma D, A)
      and the electronic parameter sigma. Neither log P nor sigma alone gave equations
      of good quality. These results suggest a competition between the chlorophenol
      mobility in the inner membrane, necessary for uncoupling, and binding with
      different proteins in the same membrane on which the inhibitory activity is
      dependent.

PMID- 4006832
TI  - An example of interaction between environmental pollutants: modification of
      thiram toxicity to freshwater organisms by nitrites or nitrates in relation to
      nitrosamine synthesis.
AB  - Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is known to evolve to dimethylnitrosamine
      (DMNA) when associated with nitrites. Conditions of appearance of that
      carcinogenic compound have been studied in short-term experiments by association
      of the fungicide, nitrates or nitrites, and species representative of freshwater
      biota. DMNA has been estimated by GLC equipped with a specific detector.
      Chlorella vulgaris can rapidly produce nitrites from nitrates and DMNA is
      obtained in presence of thiram. Daphnia magna can also synthesize DMNA but
      nitrites have to be added to the medium. Increased toxicity of thiram is
      observed. The same results are obtained on Cyprinus carpio and for a part on
      Brachydanio rerio. When the species are associated in a 15-day experimental food
      chain, and intoxicated algae feed the two other levels, no significant transfer
      is observed. Nevertheless, some DMNA hazard may exist for particular species
      exposed to thiram associated with nitrites or even nitrates if algae are present.

PMID- 4006831
TI  - Joint toxicity of mixtures of groups of organic aquatic pollutants to the guppy
      (Poecilia reticulata).
AB  - In this study acute lethal concentrations (LC50) to the guppy (Poecilia
      reticulata) were determined for mixtures of 4 groups of aquatic pollutants. The
      groups were composed of 11 nonreactive, nonionized organic chemicals, 11
      chloroanilines, 11 chlorophenols, and 9 reactive organic halides. Earlier studies
      indicated that the joint toxicity within each of these groups was concentration
      additive, probably because of a similar mode of action. The joint toxicity of
      combinations of one representative from each group showed a high variance, but
      generally tended to be partially additive to concentration additive. This high
      variance is probably caused by the low number of compounds in these mixtures.
      Experiments with mixtures of whole groups gave more accurate results. The
      toxicity of a mixture of the first three groups, containing 33 well-known aquatic
      pollutants, was almost completely concentration additive. Concentrations of 0.04
      of the individual LC50 values contributed to the toxicity of this mixture.

PMID- 4006833
TI  - Methyl parathion (O-O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl thiophosphate) effects on whole
      body and tissue respiration in the teleost, Tilapia mossambica (Peters).
AB  - The respiratory parameters of a freshwater teleost, Tilapia mossambica Peters,
      were studied under sublethal intoxication of methyl parathion. The rate of oxygen
      consumption by whole fish and selected tissues decreased during a 48-hr time
      course study. The activities of the respiratory enzymes succinate dehydrogenase,
      malate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome-c oxidase also decreased considerably under
      methyl parathion exposure in muscle, gill, liver, and brain tissues. These
      results suggest that methyl parathion has a profound effect on the oxidative
      metabolism of the fish which results in low ATP turnover, possibly due to its
      influence on the respiratory center of the brain.

PMID- 4006834
TI  - Problems and methodologies in ecotoxicology: biological models and experimental
      plans.

PMID- 4006835
TI  - Studies on the sequence of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene metabolite formation using
      carp hepatocyte.
AB  - Metabolism of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DIPN) was studied in freshly
      isolated carp hepatocytes with special reference to cytochrome P-450-mediated
      oxidation. The viability of isolated hepatocytes obtained by use of Ca2+-free and
      collagenase-containing Hanks buffer was 93%, judging from both trypan blue
      penetration and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. 2,6-DIPN was metabolized to
      form several oxidized products such as the tertiary hydroxy, the primary hydroxy,
      and two types of dihydroxy DIPN. From the results of the time course experiments,
      it was assumed that 2,6-DIPN was hydroxylated primarily on the tertiary and
      primary positions of the isopropyl group, respectively, and thereafter was
      converted to tertiary-tertiary and primary-tertiary hydroxylated products. These
      assumptions are supported by results obtained previously in in vivo and in vitro
      studies.

PMID- 4006836
TI  - An experimental design for the simulation of combined-acting pollutants.
AB  - A short review is given of concepts which are used to evaluate effects from
      combined-acting agents. To explore those effects exactly a high multiplicity of
      experiments must be performed, as an algebraic derivation from the effects of the
      single-acting agents is not usually possible. For practical purposes (as, for
      instance, to establish threshold limit values with respect to occupational health
      standards) a more pragmatic concept is proposed. Accordingly, an experimental
      setup has been developed which enables us to expose four groups of rodents
      simultaneously to two different single-acting chemical and/or physical stress
      parameters, both separately and in combination, and to control conditions.

PMID- 4006837
TI  - Sublethal effects of simulated pulp mill effluents on the respiration and energy
      metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - Rainbow trout were exposed to 0.08 X 96-hr LC50 concentration of simulated
      unbleached (KME-Sa) and bleached (KME-Sa + CP) kraft pulp mill effluents. A
      sulfate soap preparation (Sa) with and without added chlorophenols (CP) was used
      as the toxicant mixture. The lipid content of white muscle increased in both test
      groups, and its protein content decreased in the KME-Sa-treated group. The
      ammonia excretion rate also decreased in both test groups. These results show
      that there was a shift from protein to lipid metabolism. On the other hand, apart
      from a slight hypoglycemia, only minor changes were observed in the carbohydrate
      metabolism. The overall effects on blood respiratory properties were functionally
      insignificant. However, the effects of kraft mill effluent with and without
      chlorophenols were qualitatively dissimilar in several respects.

PMID- 4006839
TI  - Dichlorvos intoxication in a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne
      Edwards).
AB  - Inhibition in acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities with an
      elevation in acid phosphatase activity were recorded in a freshwater prawn,
      Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards) after sublethal dichlorvos exposure
      under static conditions. The possible role of these enzymes in the physiology of
      prawns and the probable mechanism of these changes in relation to dichlorvos
      intoxication are briefly discussed.

PMID- 4006838
TI  - Interactions in the fate of chemicals in terrestrial systems.
AB  - In outdoor lysimeters, [14C]atrazine (0.9 mg/kg dry soil), [14C]atrazine combined
      with the detergent n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (0.9 and 10 mg/kg, respectively),
      [14C]n-dodecylbenzene-sulfonate (10 mg/kg), and [14C]n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate
      combined with atrazine (10 and 0.9 mg/kg, respectively) were applied to soils.
      Maize was grown in the first year and barley in the second year. n
      Dodecylbenzenesulfonate increased the mobility of atrazine and its metabolites in
      soil as well as its leaching into water, its uptake by maize plants, and its
      volatilization from soil. Atrazine had a negative influence on mineralization,
      mobility in soil, leaching, plant uptake by both species, and binding rates of
      radiocarbon derived from the surfactant in soil and plants. The results were
      confirmed by short-term laboratory tests. Whereas the effects of the detergent on
      the fate of atrazine and its conversion products were apparent only in the first
      growing season, those of atrazine on the fate of detergent-derived residues could
      also be observed in the second year due to the persistence of atrazine in soil.

PMID- 4006840
TI  - [Results of electromyography studies of the rectosigmoid].
AB  - In 80 clinically examined patients aged 9 to 67 years the basal myoelectric
      activity (BER) in the rectosigmoid was registered by using an intraluminally
      placed hexapolar ring electrode. The frequency analysis of the sinusoidal
      variations showed for the patients of the normal group predominantly (14 from 18)
      a mean frequency of the BER of 6 to 9 cycles per minute, for the patients
      suffering from functional diarrhea a slow frequency of 2.5 to 5 cycles per
      minute, for patients with obstipation of chronic intestinal diseases no uniform
      frequency behaviour, and for patients with diverticulosis predominantly (5 of 6)
      a mean frequency of the BER of 6 to 12 cycles per minute. The individual mean
      frequency of the BER proved to be unaffectable by intravenous administration of
      pyridostigmine or hyoscin-N-butylbromide and remained constant also in control
      examinations after 4 to 52 weeks.

PMID- 4006841
TI  - [Adaptive and compensatory reactions in the liver].
AB  - The bioptic specimens of liver taken from 687 patients with various acute and
      chronic liver diseases were studied by means of the modern morphological methods.
      It was found, that structural changes, that reflect the adaptive-compensatory
      reactions are seen in hepatocytes, in epithelial cells of the interlobular bile
      ducts and in the connective tissue.

PMID- 4006842
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of forms of chronic hepatitis].
AB  - Chronic hepatitis is now the general problem in hepatology. The diagnosis of this
      disease remains difficult in spite of continuous development of diagnostic
      methods. 57 patients (25 female and 32 male) with chronic hepatitis were studied.
      They were divided in three groups (I - chronic active hepatitis, II - chronic
      persisting hepatitis, III - chronic reactive hepatitis) according to the result
      of the liver biopsy. The clinical data (from medical examination and laboratory
      analysis) in the respective forms of chronic hepatitis were compared. The
      analysis of 14 subjective and objective symptoms in this three groups of patients
      has shown the certain differences between them. It may play a role in the
      diagnosis of the form of chronic hepatitis.

PMID- 4006843
TI  - [Metabolic activation systems used in short-term tests for the detection of
      environmental carcinogens].
AB  - The recent data on metabolic activation of carcinogens are presented. Molecular
      mechanisms of activation, induction methods for systems providing
      biotransformation of xenobiotics as well as the comparative analysis of these
      systems (host, cell and cell free) are characterized from the standpoint of their
      use in short-term tests. The prospects of application of various metabolic
      activation systems are shown.

PMID- 4006844
TI  - [Carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosodimethylamine after application to rat skin].
AB  - A pronounced carcinogenic action was detected after ten-fold application of
      nitrosodimethylamine in 3 doses (calculated doses equal 10.0; 5.0; 1.0 mg per
      rat). The tumour incidence in groups is equal to 93.3%, 20.0%, 6.6% and 3.3% (in
      control). No morphological changes were found in the place of application.
      Induced tumours localized in the liver, lungs and kidneys.

PMID- 4006846
TI  - [Electron microscopy study of experimental stomach cancer].
AB  - Electron microscopic examination of the MNNG-induced gastric cancer revealed
      cytodifferentiation processes in it. Transformation of gastric epithelium under
      the effect of MNNG at the submicroscopic and cell levels is investigated. The
      model is shown to be adequate to human gastric cancer.

PMID- 4006845
TI  - [Transplacental effect of sodium nitrite on rat lung cells with their subsequent
      culture in the medium with precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine].
AB  - Mongrel rats of 12th day of pregnancy were administered sodium nitrite,
      amidopyrine, mixture of these substances and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as
      well as alpha-tocopherol + ascorbic acid with drinking water. The cultivated lung
      cells of 3-day newborn rats with NDMA and its precursors were incubated. The
      transplacental effect of sodium nitrite on rat lung cells was observed. It was
      manifested in a decrease of the cell suspension viability, in an increase of the
      pathological mitosis level as well as in changes in cell responses to NDMA. The
      combination of sodium nitrite with phenobarbital considerably increased
      sensitivity of cells to the effect of NDMA, mixture of sodium nitrite with
      amidopyrine and amidopyrine.

PMID- 4006847
TI  - [Stimulation of grafting of a minimal number of tumor cells after their
      transplantation into the subcutaneous "air pouch"].
AB  - Transplantation of the minimal number of cultivated cells of sarcoma line 84 into
      CBA mice gave higher percentage of tumours when these cells were inoculated into
      the subcutaneous "air pouch" in comparison with the standard subcutaneous
      unoculation.

PMID- 4006848
TI  - [Steroid hormone receptors in malignant mammary gland tumors in dogs].
AB  - The content of estrogen (ER) and progesteron receptors (PR) were studied as
      related to histological type, the degree of malignancy and growth rate of
      spontaneous canine mammary carcinomas. No correlation was found between the ER
      and PR amount, histological type and degree of malignancy. Inverse correlation
      was detected between ER and PR and the growth rate. These results correspond to
      those obtained for human mammary tumours. Therefore canine mammary carcinomas can
      be considered as an adequate model for experimental therapy of this type of
      tumours.

PMID- 4006849
TI  - [Distribution kinetics and metabolism of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in the
      organs and tissues of mice with transplanted Lewis carcinoma].
AB  - A comparative analysis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) distribution
      in organs and tissues of tumour-bearing and intact mice conducted wih 125J
      labelled T3 and T4 has shown considerable differences in the accumulation
      character of these hormones in mice with Lewis carcinoma and in intact animals in
      the liver, kidneys, lungs, adrenal glands, lymphatic nodes. Low T3 and T4
      concentration in the blood of tumour-bearing mice was observed during the whole
      period of study.

PMID- 4006850
TI  - [Distribution of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reservoir water of
      Estonia].
AB  - The paper presents experimental data on different polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (PAH) in water, bottom sediments and algae as well as evidence
      available in literature on their content in exhausts of automobiles, oil shale
      industry and power station. Attempts are made to reveal differences in sources of
      the environment pollution with allowance for different PAH/benzo(a)pyrene
      percentage ratio, but as the PAH ratios are relatively similar in different
      pollution sources this attempt was a failure.

PMID- 4006851
TI  - [Problem of screening of antineoplastic drugs in tissue and cell cultures].
AB  - Problems on the anticancer drugs' screening in vitro are reviewed on the basis of
      generalized data from literature. The probability to screen in vitro the active
      substances is not less than the chance to screen the drugs active against the
      human tumours in experiments on animals. The use of special test-systems permits
      screening specific substances including those inducing the tumour cell
      differentiation.

PMID- 4006852
TI  - The measurement of the conduction velocity of muscle fibres with surface EMG
      according to the cross-correlation method.

PMID- 4006854
TI  - Mathematical modelling of the changes in the parameters of the action potential
      of frog muscle fibre at different temperatures.

PMID- 4006855
TI  - Comparison of pre- and postoperative electromyograms in children with cerebral
      palsy.

PMID- 4006853
TI  - An electromyographic study of the lumbar multifidus in man.

PMID- 4006856
TI  - Numerical analysis of electromyographic signals: definition of three parameters
      for functional muscular value analysis.

PMID- 4006858
TI  - Do periodontal mechanoreceptors mediate the short latency excitatory reflex in
      human masseter muscle?

PMID- 4006857
TI  - Temperature and nerve conduction velocity, some practical problems.

PMID- 4006859
TI  - Synthesis and some properties of sulfate esters and sulfamates of iodothyronines.
AB  - In the present study, convenient methods have been developed for the synthesis of
      sulfate derivatives of iodothyronines. Reaction with chlorosulfonic acid in
      dimethylformamide gave rise to formation of the sulfate ester with the phenolic
      hydroxyl group. Reaction with the sulfurtrioxide-trimethylamine complex in
      alkaline medium afforded the sulfamate with the alpha-amino group of the alanine
      side chain. The sulfated products were isolated by adsorption onto Sephadex LH-20
      in acidic medium, followed by desorption with water. Iodide was not retarded on
      these columns, whereas elution of native iodothyronines required alkaline ethanol
      mixtures. The yield of both reactions varied between 70-90%. The sulfates and
      sulfamates of T4, T3, rT3, and 3,3'-diiodothyronine could be separated by reverse
      phase HPLC. The sulfamates exhibited high cross-reactivities with antibodies
      against free iodothyronines, in contrast to the low activities of the sulfates.
      Products were further characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, TLC,
      and hydrolysis by acid or sulfatase activity. The availability of large
      quantities of pure iodothyronine sulfates and sulfamates should facilitate the
      study of the importance of sulfate conjugation in the metabolism of thyroid
      hormone.

PMID- 4006860
TI  - Freeze fracture morphology of thyroid tight junctions in goats with different
      thyrotropin stimulation.
AB  - In the thyroid follicles and blood of goats with congenital hypothyroidism and
      goiter, abnormal iodoproteins (e.g. iodoalbumin) are found. To study the
      mechanism involved in the passage of these proteins between the follicles and the
      blood, the morphology of tight junctions in goiters and normal thyroids of goats
      was studied by means of freeze fracturing. The T4 and TSH levels of 16 goats were
      measured by RIA. Based on the TSH levels, the goats could be divided into three
      groups: a euthyroid group of eight goats with TSH levels between 28 and 55
      mU/liter, a hypothyroid group of six goats with TSH levels higher than 199
      mU/liter, and an intermediary group of two goats with TSH levels of 120 and 124
      mU/liter, respectively. The euthyroid and intermediate animals had normal T4
      levels (less than 49 nmol/liter), except for three newborn goats, which had T4
      levels above 250 nmol/liter. The hypothyroid goats had T4 levels below 43
      nmol/liter. The mean numbers of strands composing the tight junctions were
      negatively correlated with TSH levels. Hence, the tight junctions of the glands
      of hypothyroid goats are narrower and are composed of fewer strands than those of
      normal thyroids. This reduction in tight junction complexity may provide an
      explanation for the leakage of proteins into the follicles of goitrous glands.

PMID- 4006861
TI  - Metabolism of radioiodinated carboxy-terminal fragments of bovine parathyroid
      hormone in normal and anephric rats.
AB  - [125I]Carboxy-terminal fragments were produced by incubating [125I]bovine PTH(1
      84) with plasma membranes from the rat renal cortex. After purification by gel
      chromatography and characterization by sequence analysis, these fragments, mainly
      [125I]bovine PTH(41-84), were injected into normal and acutely nephrectomized
      rats during two different experiments. In each case, blood was obtained from five
      rats at various time points (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 96 min); tissue was
      taken after they had been killed (4, 8, 24, and 96 min). Plasma and weighted
      aliquots of tissues were counted. Plasma at each time point and the extract of
      various tissues at the 8-min mark were further analyzed by gel chromatography.
      Each radioactivity peak on each profile was identified and quantitated
      planimetrically. [125I]Carboxy-terminal fragments were extracted from serum
      biexponentially: the first exponential had a half-life of 2.3 min and the second
      27.2 min in normal rats. These values increased to 3.2 min (X 1.4) and 74.0 min
      (X 2.7) in nephrectomized rats. In normal rats, 125I-extraction was 33.4%
      (kidney), 15.9% (muscle), 6.9% (bone), less than 2.7% (liver), and under 1% in
      other tissues. In nephrectomized rats, these values were significantly (P less
      than 0.005) increased to 24.6% (muscle), 10% (bone), and 6.8% (liver) with less
      than 1% in other tissues. Most of the 125I-radioactivity present in these tissues
      at the 8-min time point migrated in the same manner as injected fragments or
      smaller degradation products generated in situ. Tissues which play a secondary
      role in circulating carboxy-terminal fragment extraction in normal rats can
      therefore increase this activity in anephric animals. Extraction overall remains
      less efficient, as demonstrated by the longer half-life of fragments in
      nephrectomized rats.

PMID- 4006862
TI  - Characterization of rat pituitary luteinizing hormone charge microheterogeneity
      in male and female rats using chromatofocusing: effects of castration.
AB  - Chromatofocusing was used to characterize the isohormones of rat (r) LH present
      in extracts of pituitaries of intact and castrate, male and female rats. In each
      case, at least seven rLH isohormones were observed: one in the void volume of the
      column [isohormone I, isoelectric point (pI) greater than 9.8], five in the pH
      range of 9.25-8.97 (isohormones II-VI), and one which was bound to the column but
      could be eluted with 1.0 M NaCl (isohormone VII, pI less than 7.0). The
      distribution of immunoreactive rLH among the isohormones was affected by
      castration in both sexes but was not significantly different in intact males vs.
      proestrous female rats. Compared to castrates of both sexes, intact male and
      female rats possessed a larger percentage of immunoreactive rLH as isohormone I.
      All seven isohormones possessed significant LH biological activity. The
      bioactivity-immunoactivity (B/I) ratios of rLH isohormones from castrate female
      rats were significantly greater than those of intact and castrate male rats. The
      Bio-Index (the amount of biologically active rLH) of isohormones II-VI was
      markedly increased as a result of castration in both sexes. Changes in B/I ratios
      and amounts of immunoreactive rLH were not due to the cross-reactivity of rFSH,
      rTSH, and rPRL in the rLH RIA. Thus, in addition to altering the amount of rLH in
      the pituitary, castration also alters the pattern of rLH isohormones in the
      pituitary, yielding a dramatic increase in the isohormones with pI values in the
      range of 9.06-9.25.

PMID- 4006863
TI  - Central nervous system regions involved in the estrogen-induced afternoon
      prolactin surge. I. Lesion studies.
AB  - Central nervous system regions were examined in long term ovariectomized rats to
      determine if they are involved in the estrogen-induced afternoon surge in plasma
      PRL. Adult female rats were ovariectomized 2-3 weeks before bilateral
      radiofrequency or electrolytic lesions of the brain were placed on day 0. In
      short term lesion studies, catheterizations and sc injections of polyestradiol
      phosphate (PEP) were done after the lesion was made; blood sampling was performed
      on day 2, 3, 4, or 6. In long term lesion studies, the catheterization and PEP
      injection were done on day 21; blood was collected on day 28. In short term
      experiments, extensive lesions in the medial preoptic area/suprachiasmatic nuclei
      (MPO/SCN) completely blocked the PEP-induced afternoon PRL surges sampled on days
      2, 3, 4, and 6, while bilateral lesions in the corticomedial amygdala (CMA) had
      no effect. Discrete bilateral lesions of either MPO or SCN eliminated the
      afternoon PRL surge on day 6. Discrete, yet complete, lesions of the ventromedial
      nuclei of the hypothalamus also blocked the PRL surge; however, lesions in the
      dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus increased, the magnitude of the afternoon
      PRL surge. In long term studies, lesions of the CMA delayed and attenuated the
      PEP-induced PRL surge, and lesions of the stria terminalis for 4 weeks had a
      similar effect. As in the short term lesion studies, long term lesions of the
      MPO/SCN eliminated the daily rhythm of PRL secretion, although small sporadic
      rises in plasma PRL levels could be observed throughout the sampling period. It
      can be concluded that structural integrity of the MPO/SCN and ventromedial
      hypothalamic nuclei is essential for the estrogen-induced afternoon PRL surge;
      destruction of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei can increase the magnitude of
      the afternoon PRL surge; and the CMA is not essential for induction of the PRL
      surge even though removing its neural input to the hypothalamus for an extended
      period can delay the onset of and suppress the magnitude of hormone release.

PMID- 4006864
TI  - Problems and artifacts in the identification of nuclear acceptor sites for the
      avian oviduct progesterone receptor.
AB  - Steroid receptor complexes bind to specific nuclear acceptor sites on chromatin
      to induce alterations in gene expression. This paper describes many factors
      regulating the nuclear binding of the avian oviduct progesterone receptor. Some
      of these factors occur in vivo and appear to be involved in natural regulatory
      processes, whereas other factors are detected only in cell-free in vitro binding
      assays and affect the amount of nonspecific binding. Such variations in
      nonspecific binding in vitro could cause misinterpretation of cell-free nuclear
      binding data and could lead to erroneous identification of nuclear acceptor sites
      for other steroid receptors in other animal tissues.

PMID- 4006865
TI  - Estrogen receptors and estrogen sensitivity of fetal thymocytes are restricted to
      blast lymphoid cells.
AB  - We have observed [3H]estradiol binding sites in the cytosol of lymphoid cell
      suspensions obtained from the fetal thymus of guinea pig. Scatchard analysis
      [dissociation constant (Kd), 0.5 +/- 0.02 (SE) nM], binding specificity, and
      diethylaminoethyl chromatography of these [3H]estradiol binding sites are similar
      to those described for estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptor levels in the thymic
      lymphoid cell population have been studied after fractionating cells by Percoll
      discontinuous density gradients into large and low density cells (alpha-cells)
      and small and high density cells (beta-cells). Estrogen receptor levels are
      higher in alpha-cells [1002 +/- 200 (SE) sites per cell] than beta-cells [61 +/-
      6 (SE) sites per cell]. Electron microscopy shows that the ultrastructural
      characteristics of 95% alpha-cells are consistent with their lymphoblastoid
      nature, whereas 90% of the beta-cells represented here can be categorized as
      typical small lymphocytes. To study whether cellular estrogen receptor expression
      was related to blastogenesis, fetal thymocyte suspensions were cultured
      throughout 48 h in the presence of the mitogen Concanavalin A. A significant
      increase in estrogen receptor levels was observed in thymic lymphoid cells
      cultured in the presence of the mitogen [1500 +/- 193 (SE) sites per cell] with
      respect to cells cultured in the absence of the mitogen [400 +/- 54 (SE) sites
      per cell]. One-day and 3-day in vivo estrogen treatments decrease significantly
      the [3H]thymidine uptake [by 40 +/- 1% (SE) and 66 +/- 5% (SE), respectively],
      the mitotic index [by 82 +/- 8% (SE) and 96 +/- 2% (SE), respectively] and the
      frequency of lymphoblastoid cells [by 15 +/- 4% (SE) and 50 +/- 2% (SE),
      respectively] in fetal thymocyte suspensions. A 29 +/- 0.7% (SE), 31 +/- 0.8%
      (SE), and 35 +/- 2% (SE) decrease of [3H]thymidine incorporation in the DNA of
      alpha-cells cultured throughout 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively, in the
      presence of estradiol (10 nM) was observed with respect to untreated alpha-cells
      (P less than 0.01), while no effect of estradiol was observed on [3H]thymidine
      uptake by beta-cells. The mitotic index of cultured alpha-cells was significantly
      decreased [by 67 +/- 5% (SE)] 48 h after the addition of estradiol to the culture
      medium. It is concluded that: 1) estrogen receptors and estrogen sensitivity are
      restricted to lymphoblastoid thymic cells, and 2) estrogen receptor levels are
      increased after lymphoid blast transformation.

PMID- 4006867
TI  - Effects of iodide on thyroid follicle structure and electrophysiological
      potentials of cultured thyroid cells.
AB  - In cultured porcine thyroid cells, exposure to iodide induces morphological and
      electrophysiological changes in the cells and suppresses the iodine uptake and
      organification activities of the cells. NaI affects thyroid structures: after
      exposure to 10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-5) M NaI, the follicles first lose their
      typical roundness, and then the numbers of microvilli decrease. NaI (10(-6) and
      10(-5) M) decreases the thyroid electrical membrane potentials. NaI induces
      suppression of iodine uptake and organification: exposure to 10(-6) and 10(-5) M
      NaI suppresses subsequently determined iodine uptake and organification. This
      iodide-induced suppression of iodine uptake and organification may be related to
      the iodide-induced morphological and electrophysiological changes. The iodide
      induced changes and suppression of iodide uptake and organification are
      reversible. They are observed when thyroid cells are cultured in the presence of
      TSH.

PMID- 4006866
TI  - Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in anterior pituitary glands transplanted under
      the renal capsule in the rat.
AB  - The conversion of T4 to T3 by the anterior pituitary gland appears to be of
      considerable physiological importance in the control of pituitary function. To
      determine a possible role of hypothalamic factors in controlling this enzymatic
      process, iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (I5'D) activity was studied in rats 6 weeks
      after homologous transplantation of pituitary (implanted animals) or muscle
      tissue (sham animals) under the renal capsule. Intrasellar pituitaries remained
      intact, and serum T3, T4, and TSH levels were similar in both groups. I5'D
      activity was determined by quantifying T3 production rates in tissue homogenates
      at T4 concentrations of 0.002-4 microM, and with 20 mM dithiothreitol. Sellar
      pituitaries from sham and implanted animals displayed similar nonlinear reaction
      kinetics, suggesting the presence of two enzymatic processes having approximate
      Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values of 2 nM and 0.3 microM. Maximum velocity
      (Vmax) was 51.3 +/- (SE) 4.0 fmol T3/min X mg protein (units) and 40 +/- 6 U for
      the low and high Km components, respectively. In transplanted pituitary tissue,
      I5'D activity was markedly altered; the low Km activity was significantly
      decreased (Km, 6 nM; Vmax, 13.0 +/- 1.1 U; P less than 0.001 compared to sellar
      pituitaries), whereas the high Km activity was increased 15-fold (Km, 5 microM;
      Vmax, 620 U). The in vitro addition of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (0.1 mM) inhibited
      high Km I5'D activity in homogenates of both transplanted pituitary and renal
      tissue by approximately 50% (P less than 0.001), but had no effect on low Km I5'D
      activity in either sellar or transplanted pituitaries. In sham and implanted
      animals rendered hypothyroid by the inclusion of 1 g/dl NaClO4 in their drinking
      water for 6 weeks, low Km I5'D activity was increased approximately 3-fold in
      sellar and transplanted pituitary tissue. The levels of activity reached in
      transplanted tissue, however, were only 20-30% of those noted in sellar pituitary
      homogenates (P less than 0.001). High Km I5'D activity was estimated to be
      decreased 55% in transplanted tissue from hypothyroid animals. These studies
      demonstrate that transplantation of the anterior pituitary gland under the renal
      capsule in the rat results in marked alterations in two distinct components of
      pituitary I5'D activity. This suggests that neuroendocrine factors are important
      in the control of pituitary T4 to T3 conversion. Furthermore, it provides
      evidence for a unique mechanism whereby the hypothalamus, by modulating local
      thyroid hormone metabolism, may influence pituitary function.

PMID- 4006868
TI  - Rapid and selective inner ring deiodination of thyroxine sulfate by rat liver
      deiodinase.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the inner ring deiodination (IRD) of T3 and the
      outer ring deiodination (ORD) of 3,3'-diiodothyronine are greatly enhanced by
      sulfate conjugation. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of
      sulfation on T4 and rT3 deiodination. Iodothyronine sulfate conjugates were
      chemically synthetized. Deiodination was studied by reaction of rat liver
      microsomes with unlabeled or outer ring 125I-labeled sulfate conjugate at 37 C
      and pH 7.2 in the presence of 5 mM dithiothreitol. Products were analyzed by HPLC
      or after hydrolysis by specific RIAs. T4 sulfate (T4S) was rapidly degraded by
      IRD to rT3S, with an apparent Km of 0.3 microM and a maximum velocity (Vmax) of
      530 pmol/min X mg protein. The Vmax to Km ratio of T4S IRD was increased 200-fold
      compared with that of T4 IRD. However, formation of T3S by ORD of T4S could not
      be observed. The rT3S formed was rapidly converted by ORD to 3,3'-T2 sulfate,
      with an apparent Km of 0.06 microM and a Vmax of 516 pmol/min X mg protein. The
      enzymic mechanism of the IRD of T4S was the same as that of the deiodination of
      nonsulfated iodothyronines, as shown by the kinetics of stimulation by
      dithiothreitol or inhibition by propylthiouracil. The IRD of T4S and the ORD of
      rT3 were equally affected by a number of competitive inhibitors, suggesting a
      single enzyme for the deiodination of native and sulfated iodothyronines. In
      conjunction with previous findings on the deiodination of T3S, these results
      suggest that sulfation leads to a rapid and irreversible inactivation of thyroid
      hormone.

PMID- 4006869
TI  - Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: clinical presentation and new therapeutic strategy.
AB  - A new treatment strategy is presented and evaluated in 5 patients with Peutz
      Jeghers syndrome, in an effort to preserve bowel integrity and to eliminate the
      threat of a short bowel. After conventional endoscopic polypectomy of all
      reachable lesions, peroperative endoscopic polypectomy is scheduled. Endoscopic
      peroperative panpolypectomy is carried out and only in bulky, broadbased,
      multiple or invaginating polyps is an enterotomy or a resection - kept to a
      minimum thanks to the information provided by the endoscopist - performed. The
      procedure was well tolerated, hospitalization was remarkably short, and the
      subsequent follow-up period free of readmission - in contrast to previous
      observation periods. It is, however, a tedious and time-consuming method, and
      close collaboration between endoscopist and surgeon is urgently required.

PMID- 4006870
TI  - Screening for colorectal cancer in a Hungarian county.
AB  - An initial screening for colorectal cancer in asymptomatic adults was performed
      with Haemoccult in 26,357 persons, rigid rectoscopy in 10,673 and flexible
      sigmoidoscopy in 3,963 persons. The rate of cancer detection was 4.4% in
      screenees with a positive Haemoccult test, 0.08% using rigid rectoscopy and 0.28%
      using flexible sigmoidoscopy. The respective frequency of patients discovered to
      have polyps was 16.2%, 1.32% and 8.49%. 77% of the 36 colorectal cancers detected
      due to the Haemoccult test program were either Dukes A or B. A comparison of
      these screening results indicates that Haemoccult screening markedly increases
      the yield of colorectal neoplasms when asymptomatic persons are examined. This
      screening should be repeated annually to reduce the morbidity and mortality of
      colorectal cancer.

PMID- 4006871
TI  - Acute gastric dilatation following upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
AB  - A patient who developed symptoms and signs of acute gastric dilatation following
      upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is described. Relations of endoscopy to the
      development of the condition are discussed.

PMID- 4006873
TI  - Endoscopic diathermy incision in the treatment of stoma obstruction after
      gastroplasty for obesity.
AB  - The incidence of stomal obstruction following gastric restrictive procedures
      varies with the different methods in use. This complication may cause prolonged
      hospitalization and even reoperation. The objective of this clinical study was to
      develop a safe and efficient non-operative alternative for treating stomal
      obstruction. We transferred current techniques and experience from endoscopic
      papillotomy to the field of bariatric surgery, and during the past four years we
      have performed fourteen endoscopic diathermy incisions in eleven patients with
      resistant stoma obstruction after gastroplasty. The results have been good and
      there have been no complications. Neither has failure to lose weight due to
      widening of the stoma occurred. Since we took up the procedure, there have been
      no relaparotomies due to stoma obstruction in our department. In conclusion,
      endoscopic incision of an obstructed stoma after gastroplasty is an easily
      performed and highly effective alternative to other non-operative procedures for
      the treatment of serious complications in bariatric surgery.

PMID- 4006872
TI  - Localized sclerosing cholangitis?
AB  - Primary sclerosing cholangitis presenting as a localized stricture affecting a
      segment of the extrahepatic biliary tree is seldom found. This article describes
      the case of a 56-year-old male admitted with obstructive jaundice, in whom
      endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed a localized and smooth stricture at
      the common hepatic duct, initially diagnosed as cholangiocarcinoma. However, the
      histological examination of the resected stricture, common bile duct and
      gallbladder, and a liver biopsy performed 3.5 years later were consistent with
      primary sclerosing cholangitis, affecting both the extrahepatic and intrahepatic
      biliary tree.

PMID- 4006874
TI  - Duodenal erosions.
AB  - Duodenal erosions may be classified as (1) Idiopathic erosions, a disease entity
      with a tendency to recur throughout a period of decades, and (2) Erosions as a
      stress reaction to various disorders. Massive bleeding may occur in both forms.
      It is of clinical interest that bleeding in a patient with duodenal erosions may
      not be from the duodenum but from concomitant stress haemorrhages in the upper
      part of the stomach. The natural history of duodenal erosions is reviewed, and 10
      cases are analysed.

PMID- 4006875
TI  - Gastrointestinal metastases from extra-abdominal tumors.
AB  - Over a period of 4 years, metastatic lesions to the gastrointestinal tract were
      analysed in postmortem and clinical series. Melanoma, breast and lung cancers
      were the most common primary lesions. The topography of parietal involvement
      shows that all patients evidenced tumor involvement of the submucosa, but not all
      of them revealed invasion of the mucosa and serosa, suggesting a hematogenous
      route of dissemination. Although almost all cases had widespread disease at the
      time of referral for diagnosis, patients who were submitted to surgery had a
      median survival of 8 months (range 1-48). In selected cases, surgery offers good
      palliation and may permit resumption of otherwise active chemotherapeutic
      treatments.

PMID- 4006876
TI  - Dynamic properties of the backbone of an integral membrane polypeptide measured
      by 2H-NMR.
AB  - The 2H-NMR spectrum of the exchangeable hydrogens of the synthetic amphiphilic
      polypeptide, lys2-gly-leu24-lys2-ala-amide, was measured for the solid peptide at
      room temperature and, as a function of temperature, for the peptide incorporated
      into hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. This study is a
      prototype of a similar class of experiments which can be carried out on integral
      membrane proteins to characterize, quantitatively, the dynamic properties of
      integral membrane proteins. At temperatures below the DPPC gel-liquid crystalline
      phase transition, the 2H NMR spectrum was very similar to that of the solid
      peptide indicating that the peptide was immobilized in the lipid bilayer on the
      time scale (approximately equal to 10(-5) s) of the 2H-NMR measurements. The 2H
      NMR spectrum above the phase transition corresponded to that expected from a
      peptide in the alpha-helical conformation reorienting rapidly about the symmetry
      axis of the alpha-helix. Measurements of the quadrupolar echo relaxation time,
      T2e, gave a quantitative measure of the correlation time, tau c, for this motion.
      The value of tau c decreased rapidly with increasing temperature as the fraction
      of DPPC molecules in the liquid crystalline phase increased, reaching a value of
      2 X 10(-7) s above the phase transition. The observation of a characteristic
      minimum in T2e as the temperature was raised provided a definitive, quantitative
      interpretation of the T2e measurements. Using the known geometry of the peptide
      and the theory of uniaxial rotational diffusion, a value of eta = 1.1 poise was
      obtained for the effective viscosity of the membrane in close agreement with
      values obtained previously from transient linear dichroism measurements.

PMID- 4006877
TI  - A model for the lateral diffusion of "stiff" chains in a lipid bilayer.
AB  - We present random walk models for the diffusive motion of lipid probe molecules
      in a lipid bilayer and calculate the diffusion constants for probes spanning the
      entire bilayer and for probes extending through one lipid layer only. The
      "stiffness" of such molecules can explain the observed value of 2/3 for the ratio
      of these diffusion constants.

PMID- 4006878
TI  - Haem-apoprotein interactions detected by resonance Raman scattering in Mb- and Hb
      derivates lacking the saltbridge His146 beta-Asp94 beta.
AB  - The dispersion of the depolarization ratio of oxidation- and spin-marker lines of
      sperm whale myoglobin derivatives (oxyMb, deoxyMb, ferric Mb-CN) and of ferric Hb
      CN have been measured for different pH-values in the acid and alkaline region. No
      pH-dependence in the region above pH = 6.5 has been found. Below pH = 6.5,
      however, a significant pH-dependence of the oxyMb-oxidation marker line at 1,375
      cm-1 exists. Additionally, a weak pH-dependence of the corresponding 1,355 cm-1
      line of the deoxymyoglobin spectrum is observed. This effect can be explained
      assuming a titration of distal histidine, inducing a rupture of the ligand
      imidazole H-bond in the case of oxymyoglobin. The pH-independent depolarization
      ratio disperson above pH = 6.5 in all systems investigated is explained by the
      lack of the haemoglobin saltbridge between His(HC3) beta and Asp(FG5) beta, which
      is essential for the cooperativity in the haemoglobin system.

PMID- 4006879
TI  - Possible application of the optical tunnel effect to membrane biophysics.
AB  - The exploitation of the optical tunnel effect allows the detection of very small
      spatial variations. The theory of optical tunneling is extended to an absorbing
      medium and an experimental apparatus capable of detecting displacements down to
      0.19 nm, with fluctuations equivalent to 0.10 nm, is described. Some possible
      applications to the measurement of electrically induced volume changes of
      biological membranes are discussed.

PMID- 4006880
TI  - Zonisamide in epilepsy: a pilot study.
AB  - We compared zonisamide monotherapy (12 weeks) to carbamazepine monotherapy (12
      weeks) after phenytoin baseline monotherapy (8 weeks) in an open crossover pilot
      study of eight adults with uncontrolled partial seizures. Zonisamide had definite
      antiepileptic activity in five subjects. In two of these, response to zonisamide
      was superior to that to either phenytoin or carbamazepine. A third subject became
      seizure free on zonisamide, but had to be withdrawn after 18 days because of mild
      Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The other three subjects were withdrawn from the study
      because of drug toxicity, manifested mainly by impaired higher mental function
      and increased seizures. The best response to zonisamide was at doses
      approximating 6 mg/kg/day, with plasma levels of 20-30 mg/L. Plasma levels of
      greater than 30 mg/L usually were associated with toxicity. The pharmacokinetics
      of zonisamide are complex and nonlinear, with steady-state plasma levels being
      approximately three times higher than those predicted from a single-dose study.

PMID- 4006881
TI  - Public attitudes toward epilepsy in Italy: results of a survey and comparison
      with U.S.A. and West German data.
AB  - In May 1983, the Italian Institute of Public Opinion DOXA ran, for the Italian
      League Against Epilepsy, a survey to evaluate public attitudes toward epilepsy in
      Italy. Eight questions were addressed to a sample of 1,043 adults. Twenty-seven
      percent did not know what epilepsy was. The least knowledge was observed among
      elderly people, in the southern regions and the islands, in villages more than in
      cities, and, in particular, among the poorest social classes. Sixty-one percent
      had known someone who had epilepsy, and 52% had seen someone having a seizure.
      When those familiar with epilepsy were asked if they would object to having their
      children in school or at play associate with persons with seizures, only 11%
      replied they would object. Seventy percent thought that persons with epilepsy
      should be employed in jobs like other people, and only 8% thought epilepsy to be
      a form of insanity. When those familiar with epilepsy were asked if epilepsy is a
      curable illness, one-third answered negatively, one-third answered affirmatively,
      and one-third had no personal opinion. The Italian data seem to fall within the
      standard of the American (1979) and West German (1978) surveys.

PMID- 4006882
TI  - Late-onset epilepsy: etiologies, types of seizure, and value of clinical
      investigation, EEG, and computerized tomography scan.
AB  - Approximately 25% of patients with epilepsy will have their first seizure after
      the age of 25 years. These individuals will need special attention with regard to
      etiology. Brain tumor is one of several causes that may be suspected. The present
      study of 221 patients with late-onset epilepsy from the University Clinic of
      Neurology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, was undertaken to look for
      means to select those cases in which computerized tomography (CT) scan should be
      performed. Brain tumor was the cause in 16% and cerebrovascular infarctions in
      14%. The major etiological group was the one in which no cause could be detected
      (38%). Alcohol abuse as the etiology--defined as cases with a history of long
      standing alcohol overuse, concomitant signs of alcohol intoxication, and
      spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures--made up a group of one-fourth of all
      the patients with late-onset epilepsy. Comparison of the history, clinical
      symptoms and signs, EEG abnormalities, and CT scan speaks in favor of some
      consideration being given to the first three parameters before the CT scan is
      performed.

PMID- 4006883
TI  - Migraine and complex seizures in children.
AB  - A diagnosis of migraine was made in 240 children referred to the Pediatric
      Neurology Service of the Children's Hospital of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in a
      6-year period from January 1975 to December 1980. Fifty-four of these children
      had seizures, and in this subgroup 19 (35%) had partial seizures with complex
      symptomatology. Fourteen of the 19 children had common migraine. Fourteen
      children had abnormalities in interictal EEGs; EEG findings included focal slow
      waves, sharp waves, and sharp-and-slow waves. The temporal regions were the sites
      of abnormality in 13 children. Calculation of the critical ratio and use of the
      two-sided test approach showed that the probability of seeing 19 children with
      migraine and complex seizures in our population on the basis of chance was
      extremely low (p = 0.0096). Our study suggests the presence of an association
      between migraine and partial seizures with complex symptomatology.

PMID- 4006885
TI  - Effects of phenytoin administration on vestibular function in the rat.
AB  - Acute or chronic treatment of epileptic patients with phenytoin is often
      associated with the appearance of disturbances such as postural impairment and
      ocular nystagmus, probably due to high toxic plasma levels of the drug. We
      describe the changes in spontaneous electrical activity of vestibular units in
      cerebellectomized rats following an acute nontoxic dose of phenytoin, in static
      conditions and after macular stimulation. Administration of phenytoin induced an
      inhibition of Deiters cells and a drug level-dependent biphasic effect
      (excitation followed by inhibition) on medial and superior vestibular cells. The
      experiments pointed to a direct action of phenytoin on the vestibular nuclear
      complex, indicating that postural and motor disturbances are not only cerebellar
      but also vestibular in origin.

PMID- 4006884
TI  - Epileptic seizures precipitated by constant light, movement in daily life, and
      hot water immersion.
AB  - We describe a patient with epilepsy characterized by eyelid myoclonus, which
      often evolved into complex partial seizures, hemiconvulsions, or generalized
      convulsions. The outstanding feature was that seizures became markedly more
      frequent on exposure to light, movement in daily life, and hot water immersion.
      The patient was highly susceptible to seizures under constant light, but the
      dopamine level in the cerebrospinal fluid was quite low, and administration of
      levodopa transiently suppressed the seizures.

PMID- 4006886
TI  - Perinatal factors and seizure disorders: an epidemiologic review.
AB  - In this review, we assess the following six aspects of the epidemiological
      literature addressing the association between perinatal factors and seizure
      disorders (mainly of the grand mal type): (1) study design; (2) selection of
      cases; (3) selection of controls; (4) definition and ascertainment method of
      seizures; (5) definition and ascertainment method of perinatal factors; (6)
      sample size and power. Needed are studies of perinatal factors in a homogeneous
      group of seizure patients, such as those with grand mal seizures. Because of the
      rarity of the seizure disorder, most follow-up studies of this subject suffer
      from inadequate sample size. Improvements are suggested for case-control studies,
      which appear, by necessity, to be the more appropriate design.

PMID- 4006887
TI  - Effect of pregnancy on development of seizures.
AB  - Some women develop seizures or experience increased seizure frequency during
      pregnancy. Although the reason for this increased susceptibility during pregnancy
      has not been established, hormonal changes have been hypothesized to be a factor.
      This study compared the rates of kindling in rats kindled during the first,
      second, or third trimester and female controls during diestrus. No significant
      differences in kindling rate were found between the controls and the pregnant
      rats. Although some differences in kindling rate were seen when the animals were
      separated into groups depending on stage of pregnancy kindled, these did not
      reach statistical significance. Using this model, seizure susceptibility was not
      significantly altered during pregnancy.

PMID- 4006889
TI  - De novo reciprocal translocation t(6;14)(q27;q13.3) in a child with infantile
      spasms.
AB  - A boy with infantile spasms was found to have a balanced de novo translocation,
      6q;14q. The karyotype was 46,XY,t(6;14)(q27;q13.3). He had mental retardation and
      microcephaly but no dysmorphic features. Whether or not there is a relationship
      between the translocation in our patient and his infantile spasms is unknown. If
      there is a connection, a gene or genes on chromosome 14 may be implicated in the
      seizure disorders that are common in patients with ring chromosome 14 syndrome or
      proximal partial trisomy 14 syndrome.

PMID- 4006888
TI  - Effects of a broad-spectrum behavior modification treatment program on children
      with refractory epileptic seizures.
AB  - A group of 18 children with refractory epileptic seizures was divided into three
      groups--behavior modification treatment, attention control, and control groups-
      with the purpose of investigating the effects of a learning-based broad-spectrum
      treatment program superimposed on a regular medical treatment program. The design
      consisted of a 10-week baseline, 6-week intervention, and 10-week and 1-year
      follow-ups. A combination of number of seizures and seizure duration--termed
      "seizure index"--was used as a dependent measure. There was a significant
      reduction in seizure index only for those children receiving the behavior
      modification treatment, at both follow-ups. The results indicate that this
      behavioral treatment program may be of substantial help to children with epilepsy
      who are resistant to conventional drug therapy.

PMID- 4006891
TI  - Free and total serum concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11
      epoxide in infancy and childhood.
AB  - Total and free serum concentrations of carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine
      10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) at steady state were determined in 10 infants (ages 4-13
      months), 10 preschool children (ages 3-5 years), and 11 school children (ages 7
      11 years) receiving equivalent doses of CBZ alone. Free and total CBZ levels
      tended to increase with increasing age, while CBZ-E levels did not show any
      significant age dependency. As a result, CBZ-E/CBZ ratios were higher in infants
      and preschool children than in the older age group. The degree of plasma protein
      binding of CBZ and CBZ-E did not show any important differences among the various
      groups. These data provide evidence that, within a pediatric population, CBZ
      shows age-related dispositional changes which may be clinically important.

PMID- 4006890
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in children with different
      types of epilepsy: effect of anticonvulsant treatment.
AB  - The mean gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level in lumbar CSF of 31 children with
      epilepsy was not significantly different from that of 41 age-matched controls.
      However, when the epileptic children were subdivided into untreated patients and
      patients treated with antiepileptic drugs, the medication-free subgroup had a
      significantly lower mean CSF GABA level than nonepileptic children. Patients
      controlled by anticonvulsant therapy had significantly higher CSF GABA levels
      than untreated epileptic patients. A more detailed analysis of the children
      taking antiepileptic medication indicated that the only drug that significantly
      increased GABA in CSF was valproic acid. Analysis of CSF data with respect to the
      seizure type of the patients showed that, compared with controls, significantly
      reduced average GABA levels were present in children with infantile spasms
      (mostly untreated) and unmedicated generalized tonic-clonic seizures, whereas
      treated children with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and patients with partial
      epilepsy (mostly treated) did not significantly differ from controls. The data
      provide further evidence that impairment of the central GABA system may be
      involved in human epilepsy.

PMID- 4006892
TI  - Prolonged focal cerebral edema associated with partial status epilepticus.
AB  - Following several days of partial status epilepticus, three patients developed
      striking focal cerebral edema as demonstrated by computed axial tomography (CT)
      scan. An angiogram done in one patient showed a capillary blush and early
      cortical draining veins in the corresponding area. All patients developed severe
      focal neurological deficit which resolved as the edema improved, and this was
      demonstrated on serial CT scans (at 6 months, 1 month, and 2 months,
      respectively). In the first patient, an underlying tumor, and in the second and
      third, vascular occlusions, were suspected because we were not aware that edema
      due to status epilepticus could produce changes of such intensity and duration.
      The neurological disability after the partial status was long-lasting but
      reversed completely in our patients. Maximal radiological changes occurred in the
      area of maximal epileptic discharge. Minimal atrophic changes persisted in two of
      the three patients. The clinical, CT scan, and angiographic findings suggest that
      partial status epilepticus can be associated with abnormal vascular permeability
      leading to prolonged focal cerebral edema. Similar pathophysiology of lesser
      intensity may be responsible for shorter postictal neurological deficits.
      Awareness of this clinical and radiological entity should avoid misdiagnosis of
      cerebral tumor or infarction.

PMID- 4006894
TI  - Effects of carbamazepine on human chromosomes.
AB  - The effect of carbamazepine (CBZ) on human chromosomes was studied in an effort
      to determine its mutagenic potential. Analysis of chromosome breakage, sister
      chromatid exchanges (SCE), and cell cycle studies were performed in peripheral
      lymphocyte cultures. The in vivo studies failed to detect any significant
      increase of chromosome aberrations or SCE or any slowing of the cell cycle. A
      significant dose-dependent increase in chromosome aberrations but not in SCE was
      observed in the in vitro analyses. No correlation was observed between chromosome
      breaks and SCE in either the in vivo or in vitro studies. The negative in vivo
      results indicate an absence of detectable chromosome-damaging effects of CBZ used
      in monotherapy in human subjects.

PMID- 4006893
TI  - Verbal learning differences in epileptic patients with left and right temporal
      lobe foci.
AB  - A verbal learning test patterned after and using the same format as the Rey
      Auditory-Verbal Learning Test was administered to the following three groups: (1)
      patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (L-TLE) as defined by EEG criteria (n =
      11); (2) patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 10); and (3) normal
      controls (n = 11). Performance was highly similar for all three groups during the
      five immediate recall learning trials. The performance of the L-TLE group,
      averaged across three delayed recall trials (free recall, phonemic cued recall,
      semantic cued recall), was significantly poorer than that of the other two
      groups. The L-TLE group showed the worst performance on the phonemic cued recall
      trial, poor performance on the delayed free recall trial, and relatively intact
      performance on the semantic cued recall trial. Immediate and delayed free recall
      and phonemic and semantic cued recall for the distractor list did not
      discriminate groups. Word frequency, word presentation order, and concrete versus
      abstract words did not have different effects across groups.

PMID- 4006895
TI  - The status of vitamin B6 metabolism in brains of genetically epilepsy-prone rats.
AB  - The status of vitamin B6 in brains of genetically epilepsy-prone and epilepsy
      resistant rats was ascertained by measuring the concentrations of pyridoxal
      phosphate and the activities of pyridoxal kinase in the hippocampus, basal
      ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, as well as in the entire brain. The
      concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate in whole brain of control rats and seizure
      prone rats did not vary significantly from each other and were 1.2 +/- 0.02 and
      1.2 +/- 0.03 microgram/g, respectively. Similarly, the activities of pyridoxal
      kinase in brains of the two groups were uniform and had values of 3.6 +/- 0.1 and
      3.5 +/- 0.06 microgram pyridoxal phosphate formed/mg protein/15 min,
      respectively. Unlike in the whole brain, the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate
      in the cerebral cortex of seizure-prone rats was lower (1.24 +/- 0.026
      microgram/g) than that of seizure-resistant rats (1.47 +/- 0.23 microgram/g). The
      opposite was noted in the cerebellum. The concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate
      in the hippocampus and in the basal ganglion of seizure-prone and seizure
      resistant rats were identical. The activities of pyridoxal kinase in the basal
      ganglion (3.84 +/- 0.23 vs. 4.99 +/- 0.11 microgram pyridoxal phosphate/mg
      protein/15 min) and in the cerebral cortex (3.40 +/- 0.06 vs. 3.70 +/- 0.04
      microgram pyridoxal phosphate/mg protein/15 min) were lower in seizure-prone rats
      than in seizure-resistant rats. The reverse took place in the hippocampus and in
      the cerebellum. No uniform associations among the concentration of pyridoxal
      phosphate, the activity of pyridoxal kinase, and the susceptibility or lack of
      susceptibility to seizure could be demonstrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006896
TI  - Hyperthermia-induced seizures in rat pups with preexisting ischemic brain injury.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism(s) relating perinatal brain injury to increased
      seizure sensitivity in the developmental age period, we studied hyperthermia
      induced seizures in rat pups with a preexisting unilateral ischemic cerebral
      injury. At 2 days of age, the pups underwent a carotid artery ligation followed
      by 20 min of anoxia. By light microscopy, there were no pathologic changes in the
      postischemic cerebral cortex at 5, 10, or 20 days of age. Seizures were induced
      by hyperthermia at 5, 10, 15, or 20 days of age. Seizure temperature thresholds
      increased with maturation in both postischemic and control animals. Temperature
      thresholds for behavioral seizures were significantly lower at 10, 15, and 20
      days in postischemic pups, compared with control animals. By EEG criteria,
      seizure thresholds also were lower at 10 and 15 days in the postischemic pups
      compared with control animals. Preictal EEG slowing appeared at the same
      temperature in experimental and control animals at all ages. We conclude that the
      rat pup is an appropriate model for the study of enhanced epileptogenesis in the
      presence of a perinatal ischemic encephalopathy.

PMID- 4006897
TI  - Considerations on the significance attributed to unusual cerebral histological
      findings recently described in eight patients with primary generalized epilepsy.
AB  - The authors, although they express appreciation of the importance of publishing
      careful anatomical reports in cases of epilepsy, express some doubts concerning
      the pathological nature of the histological features reported by Meencke and Janz
      in the brains of eight patients suffering from primary generalized epilepsy. As
      illustrated and described, most of the histological findings considered abnormal
      are commonly seen in neurologically normal controls. Also, true "minor dysgenetic
      changes" have been observed in individuals free of cerebral disorders.
      Furthermore, the hypothesis drawn from the neuropathological observations to
      explain the etiopathogenesis of this category of epilepsy and the
      physiopathogenesis of the seizures does not seem acceptable to the authors.

PMID- 4006898
TI  - The significance of microdysgenesia in primary generalized epilepsy: an answer to
      the considerations of Lyon and Gastaut.

PMID- 4006899
TI  - Inhibition of human alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by the affinity reagent
      reactive yellow 13.
AB  - The dye Reactive Yellow 13, an affinity reagent for intestinal alkaline
      phosphatase, inhibits intestinal and other human alkaline phosphatases in
      solution. The inhibition depends markedly on the presence of a phosphate acceptor
      such as diethanolamine. The dye is an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to
      both substrate and phosphate acceptor in the case of non-intestinal phosphatases.
      However, in the case of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, the inhibition is
      noncompetitive with respect to the substrate and competitive with respect to the
      phosphate acceptor. These observations account for the specific binding of
      intestinal phosphatase when the dye is used as a ligand in affinity
      chromatography.

PMID- 4006900
TI  - Biosynthesis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase in cultured human kidney carcinoma
      cells.
AB  - The biosynthesis of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase was studied in cultured human
      kidney carcinoma cells by labeling cells with 35S-methionine, isolation of the
      enzyme by immunoprecipitation and analysis on gel electrophoresis of the
      denatured polypeptide(s) and analysis of the native enzyme on linear sucrose
      gradient centrifugation. The enzyme is synthesized as precursor forms of apparent
      molecular weight 82,000-86,000. Processing of these precursors yields a
      polypeptide of apparent molecular weight of 80,000. The precursor-product
      relationship was indicated by pulse-chase as well as endocytosis experiments.
      Sucrose gradient centrifugation of the native enzyme shows that, extracellularly,
      the molecule is present with a molecular weight of 80,000; intracellularly, 80
      90% of the enzyme is present with an apparent molecular weight of 240,000. We
      suggest that this is a polymeric form and that polymerization of alpha-N
      acetylglucosaminidase is a late event of the maturation process.

PMID- 4006901
TI  - Biochemical change in the liver and kidney of rats following parathyroidectomy.
AB  - The effect of hypoparathyroidism and low blood calcium on enzyme levels in rat
      liver and kidney is shown. Four animal groups were used: parathyroidectomized
      (PTX), PTX with CaCl2 added in the drinking water, sham-operated controls and
      sham-operated with CaCl2 added in the drinking water. PTX significantly lowered
      serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium. Supplementation of CaCl2 in the
      drinking water increased serum Ca levels in PTX rats but not in the controls.
      Significant changes in several liver and kidney enzymes were seen. Most affected
      were the liver NADP dependent enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and
      malic enzyme. Similar patterns but with relatively smaller changes were seen in
      the liver enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and aspartate transferase.
      No significant differences between the groups were seen in the levels of malic
      dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase, fructose-6-phosphate kinase and
      cholinesterase. In the kidney, which was less affected than the liver, the only
      significant difference was seen in the level of malic enzyme. Serum total lipids
      in the PTX group were significantly lower. All the changes seen were partially
      reversed by Ca supplementation in the drinking water.

PMID- 4006902
TI  - Transfer of genes into embryonal carcinoma cells by retrovirus infection:
      efficient expression from an internal promoter.
AB  - The expression of retroviral genomes after infection of embryonal carcinoma (EC)
      cells is usually restricted. We have constructed a retroviral vector which has
      the potential to express efficiently in EC cells an inserted sequence, the
      selectable neomycin (neo) gene, from an internal thymidine kinase promoter. A
      second retrovirus vector contained in addition a v-myc oncogene, which in NIH 3T3
      cells could be expressed from the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) through a
      subgenomic mRNA. 10-100% of the EC cells infected with recombinant virus gave
      rise to neo-resistant colonies following drug selection. The neo gene was
      expressed in both the non-permissive EC and the permissive NIH 3T3 cells at
      similar levels, and transcription of neo-specific RNA was initiated at the proper
      site in the thymidine kinase promoter. In contrast, v-myc mRNA was produced only
      in the NIH 3T3 cells and not in EC cells, even after induction of
      differentiation. Thus, genes inserted into retrovirus constructs can easily be
      introduced into EC cells by virus infection, even without drug selection, and
      they can be efficiently expressed when transcribed from promoters other than the
      viral LTRs.

PMID- 4006903
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a ras gene from Schizosaccharomyces
      pombe.
AB  - We have cloned a ras gene homologue from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
      and determined its nucleotide sequence. A putative coding sequence for 219 amino
      acids was found. The sequence contained one set of splicing signals: GTAAGT for a
      donor sequence, ACTAA for a unique sequence found in introns of yeast genes and
      TAG for an acceptor sequence, indicating the existence of an intron. The amino
      terminal one third of the predicted S. pombe ras protein was nearly perfectly
      homologous and the next one third moderately homologous to those of mammalian ras
      proteins. The carboxy-terminal one third showed no homology but terminated with a
      short conserved sequence Cys-X-X-Z (X being a hydrophobic amino acid) as in other
      ras proteins. The result of Southern analysis of S. pombe DNA under nonstringent
      hybridization conditions using our clone as a probe indicated that no other
      closely related gene may be present in the S. pombe genome. The transcript of
      this gene could be detected by Northern analysis.

PMID- 4006904
TI  - Integration of transfected LTR sequences into the c-raf proto-oncogene:
      activation by promoter insertion.
AB  - A malignant cell line (clone S1) isolated after co-transfection of normal NIH3T3
      DNA and Moloney leukemia virus long terminal repeat (Mo-LTR) sequences has
      previously been described to contain an activated c-raf oncogene. Here, we report
      the isolation by molecular cloning and the structural analysis of the LTR
      activated c-raf gene. As shown by Southern blot and nucleotide sequence analyses,
      the transfected Mo-LTR sequences integrated into the 5th intron of the endogenous
      c-raf proto-oncogene. This intragenic LTR insertion led to the expression of high
      levels of LTR-U5-c-raf hybrid transcripts indicating an initiation of
      transcription from the Mo-LTR promoter. Transcriptional activation of c-raf is
      accompanied by the synthesis of large amounts of cytoplasmic c-raf protein.
      Immunoblot analysis suggests that the proteins encoded by the LTR-activated c-raf
      gene are truncated compared with the normal c-raf gene product(s). Our results
      indicate a promoter insertion mechanism of c-raf activation.

PMID- 4006905
TI  - Mouse histocompatibility-related genes are not conserved in other mammals.
AB  - In addition to the genes for classical H-2 antigens, the H-2 complex of the mouse
      contains numerous homologous genes belonging to several distinct families. It is
      not known whether they have any functions. To address this question, I have
      investigated whether these genes are separately conserved in evolution. Subcloned
      5' gene segments, encoding the variable domains, were used as hybridisation
      probes on genomic DNA blots of various mammals. Only the largest gene family,
      which includes the classical H-2/HLA genes, is detectable in humans and other
      mammals. The other gene families, including Qa-2 and T1a, are not conserved even
      in rodents. Most or all of their coding sequences are therefore redundant.

PMID- 4006906
TI  - Long tandem arrays of complex repeat units in Chironomus telomeres.
AB  - A cloned 340-bp DNA fragment excised by EcoRI from the Chironomus pallividittatus
      genome has been localized to the telomeres by in situ hybridization as well as to
      connectives between telomeres. No hybridization was observed in other regions of
      the chromosomes. Another cloned EcoRI fragment, 525 bp long has also been
      studied. This represents a partial duplication of the 340-bp sequence. Genomic
      blot hybridization experiments show that the 340-bp sequence is a representative
      monomeric unit of tandemly repeated arrays which account for 1.2% of the
      Chironomus genome, on average 300 kb per telomere. The repeat unit contains two
      types of subrepeats each present twice per repeat unit. Northern blot
      hybridization experiments show that the telomere-associated sequences are
      transcribed into a discrete RNA species approximately 20 kb in size. The
      evolution of this telomere-associated DNA is discussed.

PMID- 4006907
TI  - Non-repetitive AT-rich sequences are found in intergenic regions of Methanococcus
      voltae DNA.
AB  - AT-rich DNA, which constitutes a distinct fraction of the cellular DNA of the
      archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae, was shown to consist of non-repetitive
      sequences dispersed on the chromosome and to lack continuous open reading frames
      in five out of six randomly analyzed cases. Upon subsequent analysis of
      intergenic regions, AT-rich sequences were again detected. Transcription start
      points were mapped in front of three open reading frames. The 5' ends of the
      transcripts were found in variable positions relative to the AT-rich sequences in
      the different cases. Shine-Dalgarno type sequences complementary to the 3' end of
      16S rRNA were discovered at suitable distances from the 5' ends of the genes.

PMID- 4006908
TI  - Structural similarity between legumin and vicilin storage proteins from legumes.
AB  - The primary structures for several members of both the vicilin and legumin
      families of storage proteins were examined using a computer routine based on
      amino acid physical characteristics. The comparison algorithm revealed that
      sequences from the two families could be aligned and share a number of predicted
      secondary structural features. The COOH-terminal half of the subunits in both
      families displayed a highly conserved core region that was largely hydrophobic
      and in which a high proportion of the residues were predicted to be in beta-sheet
      conformations. The central region of the molecules which contained mixed areas of
      predicted helical and sheet conformations showed more variability in residue
      selection than the COOH-terminal regions. The NH2-terminal segments of subunits
      from the two different families could not be aligned though they
      characteristically had a high proportion of residues predicted to be in helical
      conformations. The feature which most clearly distinguished subunits between the
      two families was an inserted span in the legumin group with a high proportion of
      acidic amino acids located between the central and COOH-terminal domains.
      Residues in this insertion were predicted to exist mainly in helical
      conformation. Since considerable size variation occurs in this area amongst the
      legumin subunits, alterations in this region may have a minimal detrimental
      effect on the structure of the proteins.

PMID- 4006909
TI  - Studies on the attachment of myristic and palmitic acid to cell proteins in human
      squamous carcinoma cell lines: evidence for two pathways.
AB  - The ability of human keratinocytes and squamous carcinoma cell lines to attach
      lipid covalently to cell proteins has been examined using both palmitic and
      myristic acids. SDS-polyacrylamide gel analyses of the proteins labelled with
      these lipids demonstrated that each labelled a different set of proteins.
      Covalently protein bound palmitic acid could be removed from the proteins by mild
      alkali hydrolysis but the bound myristic acid required prolonged acid hydrolysis
      to release it from the associated proteins. H.p.l.c. analyses of the released
      lipid confirmed that both lipids were attached to proteins directly and that the
      labelling was not due to the lipids being catabolised. Cycloheximide could
      prevent the attachment of myristic acid to cell proteins, but only reduced the
      levels of palmitic acid incorporation. Pulse chase experiments indicated that
      there was little turnover of the attached myristic acid whereas this was
      significant for covalently bound palmitic acid. These observations show for the
      first time that two different protein populations are labelled by different
      lipids in eukaryotic cells, and that there appear to be two separate pathways for
      the acylation of proteins in such cells.

PMID- 4006910
TI  - Characterization of binding sites for acetylated low density lipoprotein in the
      rat liver in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Acetylated low density lipoprotein (acetyl-LDL) binding to hepatic membrane
      proteins of rats was analysed in vitro by ligand blotting. Specific binding could
      be demonstrated to two hepatic proteins with an apparent mol. wt. of 250 kd and
      220 kd. Polyanionic competitors and maleylated bovine serum albumin inhibited the
      binding of acetyl-LDL effectively. To determine the sites of the catabolism of
      acetyl-LDL, [131I]-acetyl-LDL was injected intravenously into control rats and
      rats pre-treated with the known competitors of the acetyl-LDL binding.
      Distribution of the radiolabelled acetyl-LDL was followed by a scintillation
      camera. Six minutes after injection, the radioactivity was concentrated in the
      liver. The competitors and unlabelled acetyl-LDL but not native LDL reduced the
      hepatic uptake of [131I]acetyl-LDL dramatically. Thus, the sensitivity of the 220
      and 250-kd membrane binding sites to the competitors for the acetyl-LDL binding
      resembled that of the hepatic compartment in vivo. Finally, an application of
      scintigraphy with radiolabelled low density lipoproteins for diagnostic
      evaluation of tumor compartments is presented.

PMID- 4006911
TI  - Do neurons in the vertebrate CNS migrate on laminin?
AB  - In adult rat brain the extracellular matrix glycoprotein, laminin, is found only
      in basement membranes, but is transiently expressed by astrocytes after brain
      injury. Here, I show that laminin also appears in immature brain cells during CNS
      development, and that its presence coincides with phases of neuronal migration.
      In early embryos, laminin is seen throughout the whole thickness of the forming
      brain, and is apparently synthesized by the cells, as judged by its
      intracytoplasmic localization. As development proceeds, intracellular laminin
      becomes restricted to the periventricular regions while punctate deposits of
      laminin follow the course of vimentin-positive radial glial fibers. In most brain
      regions, the adult pattern of laminin expression is achieved by birth. In the
      post-natal rat cerebellum, however, laminin is detected in external granule
      cells, in Purkinje cells, and in punctate deposits along the radial Bergmann
      glial fibers. By day 24 after birth, when the migration of external granule cells
      is complete, all laminin immunoreactivity disappears from these structures. The
      transient expression of laminin in regions where neurons are migrating raises the
      possibility that laminin plays a role in neuronal migration during CNS
      development.

PMID- 4006912
TI  - A microtubule-associated protein (MAP1) which is expressed at elevated levels
      during development of the rat cerebellum.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody (MAb) G10 labels a single high mol. wt. (HMW) band on Western
      blots of microtubule preparations from 2 day old rat brain. The G10 antigen is
      thermolabile and co-migrates with microtubule-associated protein (MAP)1 from
      young rat brain on low percentage (5%) polyacrylamide-SDS gels. The G10 antigen
      decreases by about five times from birth to adulthood in the rat cerebellum. The
      same single band is labelled on Western blots of homogenates of whole neonatal
      rat brain but no labelling is found using neonatal or adult kidney, lung or
      liver. We have therefore identified a brain-specific MAP1, designated MAP1(x).
      Immunofluorescence microscopy using MAb G10 on parasagittal sections of rat
      cerebella shows labelling of the newly formed molecular layer in 6 day old rats.
      Only a narrow band close to the pial surface is labelled in 18 day old animals,
      which disappears in the adult. Labelling of the cerebellar white matter found in
      young rats also disappears. Neurones but not flat cells in cerebellar cultures
      label with MAb G10. All staining patterns are consistent with an axonal
      distribution of the antigen. MAP1(x) may be part of a developmentally regulated
      microtubule structure.

PMID- 4006913
TI  - Structure and expression of amplified cKi-ras gene sequences in Y1 mouse adrenal
      tumor cells.
AB  - A recombinant library of double minute chromosomal DNA, enriched in specific
      sequences that are amplified in Y1 mouse adrenal tumor cells, was used as a
      source of material to explore the structure and expression of amplified cKi-ras
      genes in these cells. From DNA sequence analysis of these cloned fragments, we
      found no evidence for the presence of point mutations previously demonstrated to
      be associated with activation of the transforming potential of ras genes. A
      comparison of the mouse gene with that of the homologous human cKi-ras2 gene
      reveals 94% nucleotide sequence homology within the coding regions and 97%
      homology for the predicted amino acid composition. Like the human gene, the mouse
      cKi-ras gene contains alternative 3' coding exons. Blot hybridization analyses of
      RNA revealed a preferential utilization of the more 3' of the two fourth coding
      exons in the generation of Y1 cKi-ras transcripts.

PMID- 4006914
TI  - Transcripts from an aberrantly re-arranged human T-cell receptor beta-chain gene.
AB  - A number of cDNA clones homologous to the human T-cell receptor beta-chain gene
      have been isolated from a library constructed from the human leukaemic cell line
      Jurkat. The nucleotide sequences of two of these clones demonstrate that Jurkat
      synthesizes an RNA, probably derived from an aberrantly rearranged C beta 1 gene,
      which cannot encode a functional beta-chain. This transcript contains a novel
      joining region and similar transcripts appear to be relatively abundant in
      several T-cell lines.

PMID- 4006915
TI  - alpha-Thalassaemia associated with the deletion of two nucleotides at position -2
      and -3 preceding the AUG codon.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of three single alpha-globin genes resulting from a
      rightward 3.7-kb deletion is described. The alpha genes were isolated from the
      DNA of three subjects homozygous for this deletion, the first being in addition
      homozygous for the structural mutation alpha G Philadelphia (genotype -alpha G/
      alpha G), the second, heterozygous for this structural mutation (genotype -alpha
      A/-alpha G) and the third homozygous for an alpha + -thalassaemic gene (genotype 
      alpha +thal/-alpha +thal). The latter subject produced HbH in contrast to the two
      others. Whereas the two alpha A and alpha G genes are identical to the normal
      alpha 1-globin gene (except for the alpha G point mutation), the alpha +thal gene
      has (i) a deletion of the two nucleotides at position -2 and -3 preceding the ATG
      codon, and (ii) a fusion between the 5' part of the normal alpha 2 gene and the
      3' part of the normal alpha 1 gene. Using a dot-blot assay, we show that
      reticulocytes from the HbH subject contain at least as much alpha mRNA as
      reticulocytes from the two other subjects. In a transient expression system, the
      alpha +thal gene leads to normally spliced transcripts. We conclude from these
      data that the defective output of alpha chains by the alpha +thal gene, as
      evidenced by HbH production, results from a decreased efficiency of alpha-mRNA
      translation due to the two nucleotides deletion preceding the AUG codon.

PMID- 4006917
TI  - Quantitation of proenkephalin A messenger RNA in bovine brain, pituitary and
      adrenal medulla: correlation between mRNA and peptide levels.
AB  - Concentrations of mRNA coding for the opioid peptide precursor proenkephalin A
      were measured in bovine brain areas, pituitary and adrenal medulla. In all
      tissues, a single hybridizable species of 1400 bases in size was found by
      Northern blot analysis using as a probe a single-stranded (ss) cDNA complementary
      to bovine proenkephalin A mRNA. In solution hybridization experiments the
      distribution of the mRNA was quantified. Considerable differences were found for
      the abundance of proenkephalin A mRNA in the various tissues: from 0.023% in the
      adrenal medulla to 0.00002% in the adenohypophysis. Relative abundance in the
      various brain areas varied greater than 20-fold, being highest in the caudate
      nucleus (0.0025%) and lowest in the thalamus and substantia nigra (0.0001%).
      Comparison with immunoreactive peptide concentrations in these tissues showed a
      close correlation between the levels of proenkephalin A mRNA and the
      immunoreactive peptides.

PMID- 4006916
TI  - Human p53 cellular tumor antigen: cDNA sequence and expression in COS cells.
AB  - A 2.5-kb cDNA clone for human p53 tumor antigen has been isolated. This clone
      contains the entire coding region including 135 bp upstream of the first ATG.
      Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of human p53 and mouse p53 demonstrates
      that the first ATG in human p53 corresponds to the second ATG (codon No. 4) in
      mouse p53. The human p53 comprises 393 residues and is longer than the mouse p53
      due to six additional codons present at the region corresponding to exon 4 of the
      mouse p53 gene. The DNA sequence homology between the coding regions of mouse and
      human p53 is 81% and the conservation of homology is not equally distributed
      along the molecule. When inserted into SV40-based expression vectors the human
      p53 cDNA successfully directs the production of a polypeptide with an apparent
      mol. wt. of 55 kd which can be precipitated by monoclonal antibodies to p53.

PMID- 4006922
TI  - Epidemic bacterial meningitis in Wello, northern Ethiopia, 1983.

PMID- 4006919
TI  - Cultivation in a semi-defined medium of animal infective forms of Trypanosoma
      brucei, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense.
AB  - A semi-defined medium for the cultivation of bloodstream forms of the African
      trypanosome brucei subgroup was developed. Out of 14 different strains tested, 10
      could be cultured including Trypanosoma brucei, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T.
      rhodesiense and T. gambiense. The presence of a reducing agent (2-mercaptoethanol
      or thioglycerol) was found to be essential for growth. The standard medium
      consisted of Hepes buffered minimum essential medium with Earle's salts
      supplemented with 0.2 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 2 mM pyruvate and 10% inactivated
      serum either from rabbit (T. brucei, T. equiperdum, T. evansi and T. rhodesiense)
      or human (T. gambiense). Although a general medium could be defined for the long
      term maintenance of trypanosome cultures, the initiation to culture nevertheless
      required particular conditions for the different strains. The cultured
      trypanosomes had all the characteristics of the in vivo bloodstream forms
      including: morphology, infectivity, antigenic variation and glucose metabolism.

PMID- 4006918
TI  - Post-transcriptional regulation of albumin gene expression in Xenopus liver.
AB  - To clarify on what level of gene expression estrogen represses albumin synthesis
      in Xenopus hepatocytes, we have analyzed nuclear RNAs and the transcriptional
      rates in isolated nuclei. Since in nuclear RNA the quantity of albumin mRNA and
      its precursors does not change and the transcription remains constant during
      estrogen treatment, we conclude that a posttranscriptional control, possibly
      involving destabilization of cytoplasmic mRNA, is responsible for the repression
      of albumin synthesis by estrogen. This post-transcriptional control is in
      contrast to the well-known transcriptional induction of vitellogenin gene
      activity. The results can be reproduced in liver cube cultures thereby
      establishing that estrogen interferes directly with hepatic albumin synthesis. In
      these liver cube cultures albumin mRNA levels are reduced compared with the liver
      used to set up the culture whereas the transcription of the albumin genes is not
      influenced. This reveals another post-transcriptional control of hepatic albumin
      synthesis.

PMID- 4006920
TI  - The adenovirus-2 early EIIa transcription unit possesses two overlapping
      promoters with different sequence requirements for EIa-dependent stimulation.
AB  - The EIa-inducible, EIIa transcription unit of adenovirus-2 is transcribed early
      in infection from two start sites (+1 or EIIaE1 and -26 or EIIaE2), neither of
      which is preceded by canonical TATA box elements. Analysis of promoter deletion
      and linker scanning mutations for in vivo transcriptional activity after
      transfection into HeLa cells has indicated the existence of two overlapping
      promoters in the EIIaE gene. Two regions, each approximately 30 nucleotides
      upstream from start sites EIIaE1 and EIIaE2, function as TATA box substitutes. A
      sequence centered at position -42 (with respect to the major start site at
      position +1) is essential for transcription from both sites, while an element
      further upstream, localized between nucleotides -91 and -62, is also required for
      efficient EIIaE transcription, with the 3' border being dispensable for EIIaE2
      transcription. Analysis of the entire series of EIIaE mutants, co-transfected
      with an EIa-containing plasmid, revealed that no unique sequence elements in the
      EIIaE1 promoter region between -97 and +1 were responsible for the stimulation of
      EIIaE1 transcription by EIa. In contrast, the EIa-mediated augmentation of EIIaE2
      template activity was mainly dependent upon a sequence, the 5'-TTAAATTT-3'
      putative TATA box substitute, located around position -59.

PMID- 4006921
TI  - Initiation, elongation and pausing of in vitro DNA synthesis catalyzed by
      immunopurified yeast DNA primase: DNA polymerase complex.
AB  - Yeast DNA primase and DNA polymerase I can be purified by immunoaffinity
      chromatography as a multipeptide complex which can then be resolved into its
      functional components and further reassembled in vitro. Isolated DNA primase
      synthesizes oligonucleotides of a preferred length of 9-10 nucleotides and
      multiples thereof on a poly(dT) template. In vitro reconstitution of the DNA
      primase:DNA polymerase complex allows the synthesis of long DNA chains covalently
      linked to RNA initiators shorter than those synthesized by DNA primase alone. The
      SS (single-stranded) circular DNA of phage M13mp9 can also be replicated by the
      DNA primase:DNA polymerase complex. Priming by DNA primase occurs at multiple
      sites and the initiators are utilized by the DNA polymerase moiety of the
      complex, so that almost all the SS template is converted into duplex form. The
      rate of DNA synthesis catalyzed by isolated yeast DNA polymerase I on the M13mp9
      template is not constant and is characterized by distinct pausing sites, which
      partly correlate with secondary structures on the template DNA. Thus, replication
      of M13mp9 SS DNA with the native primase:polymerase complex gives rise to a
      series of DNA chains with significantly uniform termini specified by the primase
      start sites and the polymerase stop sites.

PMID- 4006923
TI  - Endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in Enta-doyta village, Gewane flood-plain,
      eastern Ethiopia.

PMID- 4006924
TI  - Utilisation of traditional treatment among Ethiopian diabetics.

PMID- 4006925
TI  - Fine-needle-aspiration biopsies.

PMID- 4006927
TI  - Salmonella from Ethiopia: prevalent species and their susceptibility to drugs.

PMID- 4006926
TI  - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus in the Abay (Blue Nile) Gorge.

PMID- 4006928
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in
      patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis.
AB  - A sandwich enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) was developed to detect Clostridium
      difficile toxins A and B in stools from patients with antibiotic associated
      diarrhoea and colitis. Immune serum to crude Clostridium difficile toxin and non
      immune serum were coated onto polystyrene microtiter plates to act as capture
      antibodies; toxins A and B in human stools were detected by antibodies from
      rabbits immunized with purified toxins A and B. The ELISA for toxin B showed
      cross-reactions with Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium sordellii and
      lacked diagnostic sensitivity in clinical samples. The ELISA for toxin A showed
      no cross-reactions with other clostridiae investigated and was positive in 33%
      (62/189) of patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea. This compared with 38%
      (71/189) positive in the tissue culture assay for Clostridium difficile
      cytotoxin. With a predictive value of 96% in clinical specimens, the ELISA for
      toxin A constitutes a sensitive and specific tool for diagnosis of Clostridium
      difficile associated diarrhoea and colitis.

PMID- 4006929
TI  - Evaluation of the Cobasbact automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing
      system.
AB  - The Cobasbact is an automated system for use in the microbiological laboratory
      which is capable of performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests within five
      hours. The performance of the Cobasbact system was evaluated using 2000 non
      fastidious, facultative and aerobic clinical bacterial isolates. The standard
      Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test served as reference method. For gram-positive
      isolates, the rate of overall full and essential agreement between Cobasbact and
      reference antibiograms was 90% and 95.5% respectively, for Enterobacteriaceae 91%
      and 95.5% and for Pseudomonas spp. 90% and 96%. Reproducibility studies yielded
      an essential agreement rate of 98%. On the basis of this preliminary evaluation
      it would seem that the Cobasbact system can rapidly produce reasonably accurate
      and reproducible results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for gram-positive
      cocci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp.

PMID- 4006930
TI  - Enrichment media for isolation of Clostridium difficile from faeces.

PMID- 4006932
TI  - Specificity of ELISA anti-immunoglobulin G conjugate in the diagnosis of human
      brucellosis.

PMID- 4006931
TI  - Presumptive identification of anaerobic gram-positive cocci by disc inhibition
      zone diameters.

PMID- 4006933
TI  - Ceftriaxone: a three centre comparative in vitro susceptibility study.

PMID- 4006934
TI  - Interpretive standards of cefbuperazone disk diffusion susceptibility tests.

PMID- 4006935
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

PMID- 4006936
TI  - Diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia with fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

PMID- 4006937
TI  - Evaluation of the Ramco latex agglutination test in the early diagnosis of
      systemic candidiasis.
AB  - The value of the Ramco latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of systemic
      candidiasis was determined using 225 serum samples from 30 patients with systemic
      candidiasis, 81 serum samples from patients colonized with Candida albicans and
      400 control serum samples from hospital patients with no evidence of Candida
      albicans infection. Results were positive (titres greater than or equal to 1:4)
      in 20 of the patients with systemic candidiasis; ten had titres of 1:8. Only one
      of the 81 sera from colonized patients was positive (titre greater than 1:4);
      this serum came from a patient with colonization of the intravenous catheter. No
      positive results (titres greater than 1:2) were obtained in the control sera once
      rheumatoid factor was excluded. The test reliably differentiated between
      colonization and systemic infection but failed to detect some cases of systemic
      infection. A poor detection rate was seen in cases where only one serum sample
      was taken. The importance of taking daily serum samples for continuous monitoring
      is emphasised. Rheumatoid factor positivity and intravenous line colonization
      should be excluded when interpreting a result.

PMID- 4006938
TI  - Differential expression of thyroglobulin gene in normal and transformed thyroid
      cells.
AB  - We have measured the synthesis of thyroglobulin in two differentiated cell lines,
      FRTL-5 and FRTL-424, and two transformed thyroid cell lines, FRA and 1-5G. The
      untransformed cells actively synthesized and exported thyroglobulin in the
      medium: however, the FRTL-5 cell line synthesized seven times less thyroglobulin
      than the FRTL-424 cell line, even though both cell types contained equal amounts
      of functional thyroglobulin mRNA. In contrast the transformed cells expressed
      extremely low levels of thyroglobulin mRNA, even though there was no detectable
      change in gene structure or copy number as determined by Southern blot analysis.
      On the basis of these data we conclude that (a) the different levels of
      thyroglobulin synthesis in the two untransformed cell lines are due to stable
      post-transcriptional alterations in the biosynthesis of thyroglobulin and (b) the
      transformation of thyroid cells results in a substantial reduction in
      thyroglobulin gene expression.

PMID- 4006940
TI  - Glycosyltransferase activities in liver mitochondria. Phospholipid-dependence of
      inner membrane mannosyltransferase.
AB  - The role of phospholipids in the activity of inner mitochondrial
      mannosyltransferase was investigated. This enzyme catalyzes the direct transfer
      from GDP-mannose to lipidic acceptor. Inner mitochondrial membranes from purified
      mice liver mitochondria are prepared by digitonin treatment. Swelling of
      mitoplasts leads to the formation of inner membrane vesicles, which are then
      purified on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The validity of this fractionation
      procedure is controlled by measurements of specific enzymatic activities and by
      electron microscopy. Measurement of mannosyltransferase activity in native inner
      mitochondrial membranes is unsuccessful, even in the presence of exogenous
      dolichyl monophosphate. Treatment of inner membranes with specific phospholipid
      liposomes in the presence of exogenous dolichyl monophosphate is essential in
      order to measure this enzymatic activity. Addition of phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin in the presence of
      Mg2+ results in a high degree of activation of the mannosyltransferase system.
      Maximal enzymatic activity is obtained with an approximate 3:7 mass ratio of
      exogenous phospholipid to inner membrane proteins. These experiments establish
      that sensitivity to activation by phospholipids is an inherent property of inner
      membrane mannosyltransferase. Another approach to this problem was to
      reconstitute an in vivo lipidic environment of the inner membrane. The results of
      this procedure suggest that the activity of inner mitochondrial
      mannosyltransferase may be subject to modulation by outer membrane lipidic
      extract treatment.

PMID- 4006939
TI  - Thrombin-reactive polypeptides of human blood. Some biochemical and immunological
      properties.
AB  - Two polypeptides of 74 kDa and 55 kDa have been isolated from human platelets by
      immunoaffinity and lectin affinity chromatography and their effects on thrombin
      reactivity have been examined. These proteins in combination enhanced the
      aggregation of platelets by thrombin while aggregation induced by trypsin,
      collagen and adenosine diphosphate was not significantly affected. An enhancement
      in the action of thrombin on fibrinogen, N-benzoylarginine ethyl ester and H-D
      phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide dihydrochloride was also
      observed in the presence of the platelet proteins. Under similar conditions, the
      proteins did not influence the esterolytic activity of trypsin or plasmin.
      Studies at different thrombin and protein concentrations showed maximum
      enhancement of enzyme reactivity when the ratio between the peptides and thrombin
      was optimal. In the presence of these proteins, the affinity of thrombin for N
      benzoylarginine ethyl ester was about twofold higher than in the control. Two
      polypeptides with properties similar to those described above have also been
      isolated from human plasma. Antibodies to the above proteins isolated from either
      platelets or plasma were raised in rabbits. Intact platelets solubilized in
      Triton X-100 or plasma showed two precipitin lines in immunoelectrophoresis
      against both of the above antisera and a similar pattern was observed with the
      isolated polypeptides. The polypeptides did not interact in immunoelectrophoresis
      with antisera to whole serum, antithrombin, C4 binding protein or protein S.
      These 74-kDa and 55-kDa polypeptides contained radioactivity when radioiodinated
      platelets were used suggesting that they are located on the cell surface. Fresh
      plasma was analyzed by gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing and denaturing
      conditions and the proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose sheets. Staining
      with antibody to these thrombin-reactive proteins and 125I-protein A showed
      several reactive plasma proteins under nondenaturing conditions with the major
      band migrating in the albumin area. In plasma treated with sodium dodecyl
      sulfate, the 74-kDa and 55-kDa components were observed. A prominent 74-kDa band
      and a fainter 55-kDa component were again observed when platelets solubilized in
      sodium dodecyl sulfate were analysed by the above procedure. It is proposed that
      human platelets and plasma contain polypeptides which may directly modulate
      thrombin reactivity.

PMID- 4006941
TI  - Photo-induced protein cross-linking to 5S RNA and 28-5.8S RNA within rat-liver
      60S ribosomal subunits.
AB  - Rat liver 60S ribosomal subunits were irradiated with 254-nm ultraviolet light
      (1.26 X 10(4) quanta/subunit), under conditions which preserved their functional
      activity. Cross-linked RNA-protein complexes were recovered after unreacted
      proteins had been removed by repeated acetic acid extractions. Proteins linked to
      the whole rRNA, to 5S RNA and to 28-5.8 S RNAs were identified by two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis after RNA hydrolysis by ribonucleases T1 and A. Our results
      showed that numerous proteins interact with rRNAs (at least ten with 28-5.8 S
      RNA, eight with 5S RNA and among these three are common to both) and have been
      discussed in the light of all the available data.

PMID- 4006942
TI  - Incomplete polypeptides are formed in vitro by premature chain termination.
AB  - The mechanism of incomplete polypeptides formation during protein synthesis was
      studied in the wheat germ cell-free system programmed with brome mosaic virus RNA
      4. The synthesis of coat protein, the complete product of RNA 4 translation, was
      accompanied by the appearance of polypeptides of lower molecular mass. It was
      shown that incomplete products are formed by translation of different lengths of
      RNA 4, always from the first 5' AUG codon, and were due neither to proteolysis of
      coat protein nor to the translation of nucleolytic fragments of mRNA. The
      molecular masses of incomplete products were determined and the nucleotide
      sequence of RNA 4 was examined in the regions where wheat germ ribosomes stop
      translating. It was found that they contained, on average, a slightly higher
      guanosine content than the total coding part of RNA 4. Translation of RNA 4 in
      the reticulocyte lysate resulted in a marked diminution of incomplete
      polypeptides. Addition of high-speed supernatant from reticulocyte lysate
      prevented the formation of incomplete products during translation of RNA 4 in the
      wheat germ system. This suggests that reticulocyte lysate contains some factor(s)
      which facilitate the movement of ribosomes beyond the regions where the
      elongation is retarded.

PMID- 4006944
TI  - Mechanism of carboxypeptidase-Y-catalyzed reaction deduced from a pressure
      dependence study.
AB  - The activation volumes for kcat of the carboxypeptidase-Y-catalyzed hydrolysis of
      ester substrates were slightly negative (-1 to -4 ml/mol), while those for
      peptide and depsi-peptide analog were highly positive (+10 to +27 ml/mol). These
      values and the contrasting pH dependences of these two groups of the substrates
      are explained by a mechanism involving three ionic states of the enzyme and the
      second stable intermediate (acyl-enzyme). Esters are mostly rate-controlled by
      the deacylation step and peptides are controlled by both the acylation and the
      deacylation steps. Pressure increase induced a partial shift of the rate
      determining step. Reaction volumes for Km-1 of peptide and depsi-peptide analog
      showed large and positive values (+16 to +29 ml/mol) which reflects the
      electrostatic interaction in the substrate recognition by this enzyme.

PMID- 4006943
TI  - Component X. An immunologically distinct polypeptide associated with mammalian
      pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex.
AB  - The mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex contains a tightly
      associated 50 000-Mr polypeptide of unknown function (component X) in addition to
      its three constituent enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), lipoate
      acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) which are jointly
      responsible for production of CoASAc and NADH. The presence of component X is
      apparent on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel analysis of the complex,
      performed in Tris-glycine buffers although it co-migrates with the E3 subunit on
      standard phosphate gels run under denaturing conditions. Refined immunological
      techniques, employing subunit-specific antisera to individual components of the
      pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, have demonstrated that protein X is not a
      proteolytic fragment of E2 (or E3) as suggested previously. In addition, anti-X
      serum elicits no cross-reaction with either subunit of the intrinsic kinase of
      the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Immune-blotting analysis of SDS extracts of
      bovine, rat and pig cell lines and derived subcellular fractions have indicated
      that protein X is a normal cellular component with a specific mitochondrial
      location. It remains tightly-associated with the 'core' enzyme, E2, on
      dissociation of the complex at pH 9.5 or by treatment with 0.25 M MgCl2. This
      polypeptide is not released to any significant extent from E2 by p
      hydroxymercuriphenyl sulphonate, a reagent which promotes dissociation of the
      specific kinase of the complex from the 'core' enzyme. Incubation of the complex
      with [2-14C]pyruvate in the absence of CoASH promotes the incorporation of radio
      label, probably in the form of acetyl groups, into both E2 and component X.

PMID- 4006945
TI  - MR in the diagnosis of bone tumours.
AB  - Forty-two patients with benign as well as malignant bone tumours or with tumour
      like lesions of bone were evaluated using MR tomography. The appropriate choice
      of examination parameters is an essential prerequisite for the adequate
      visualisation and the definitive verification of the presence of a tumour. By
      means of its multi-planar display, MR provides definite advantages in the
      determination of tumour localisation and extension as well as in differentiating
      intra-tumoural haemorrhage from surrounding, non-involved tissue. In addition,
      the clear delineation of neighbouring structures such as muscular compartments
      and blood vessels achieved in MR can be useful in the planning of an eventual
      surgical approach. This new technique has proved itself superior to other
      available imaging modalities in the differentiation of residual or recurrent
      tumour from post-operative changes. A characterisation of the nature or histology
      of a suspicious lesion on the basis of relaxation-times or signal intensities,
      however, is not yet possible.

PMID- 4006946
TI  - A rare developmental variant of the atlas.
AB  - Congenital anomalies of the arch of the atlas in the sense of clefts are
      uncommon. As such anomalies may be mistaken for fractures, radiologists should be
      aware of them. A case of aplasia of the right part of the posterior arch
      producing wide, asymmetric medial cleft of the atlas is presented. The patient
      also had hypoplastic left part of the arch with the lateral cleft formed by a
      secondary ossification centre in the posterior tubercle. This combination of
      anomalies has not formerly been presented in literature.

PMID- 4006947
TI  - Right ventricular function in healed myocardial infarction in man. A
      cineangiographic assessment.
AB  - To evaluate the frequency of right ventricular dysfunction following recovery
      from myocardial infarction (MI) and the relationship of segmental right
      ventricular (RV) wall motion abnormalities to left ventricular (LV) function or
      location of coronary arterial stenosis, biplane right and left ventricular
      cineangiograms were obtained in 100 consecutive patients (4 +/- 3 months post
      MI). Thirty (group A) had anterior MI and significant stenosis or obstruction of
      left anterior descending artery (LAD). The remaining 70 patients had inferior MI.
      They were divided into three groups according to the site of the main coronary
      stenosis or obstruction and corresponding LV akinesia: right coronary artery
      (RCA) proximal to the acute marginal artery (RMA), (group B: 32 patients), RCA
      distal to the RMA (group C: 18 patients), left circumflex artery (LCF), (group D:
      18 patients). RV and LV end-diastolic volume index (EDV), end-systolic volume
      index (ESV), stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF) have been determined.
      RV segmental wall motion was assessed in RAO and LAO projection by determining
      the percentage of systolic shortening (+ delta R) along 11 hemiaxes. Mean axial
      shortening (delta R) of the RV inferior and free walls were considered. When
      compared with that in 10 normal subjects, RV end-diastolic volume (RVEDV), RV end
      systolic volume (RVESV) were increased and RV ejection fraction (RVEF) was lower
      in patients with anterior or inferior MI. Inferior delta R exhibited comparable
      sequential changes in the three groups of inferior MI and similar LVEF
      alteration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4006948
TI  - CT identification of coeliac ganglia.
AB  - The authors achieved the "in vivo" identification of the coeliac ganglia (C.G.),
      using computerised tomography (CT). This result was confirmed by autopsies and by
      CT scans of an anatomical specimen in which the coeliac ganglia had been
      previously marked. CT allows an exact location of the coeliac ganglia and can be
      very useful for a precise alcoholic neurolysis of the coeliac plexus.

PMID- 4006949
TI  - Diverging gastro-esophageal folds: an useful sign for detecting small hiatal
      hernias in the erect position.
AB  - Upright, double contrast films of the gastro-esophageal junction were reviewed in
      30 patients with hiatal hernias and 30 normal controls. Patients with hiatal
      hernias demonstrated gastro-esophageal folds that converged above the diaphragm
      and diverged at or beneath the diaphragm on double contrast films of the
      esophagus. In the normal situation these folds were found to converge at or
      beneath the diaphragm. The origin and significance of this sign for the diagnosis
      of hiatal hernias in the upright position is discussed.

PMID- 4006950
TI  - Dynamic sequential computed tomography in abdominal tumours. Some aspects for
      differential diagnosis.
AB  - Dynamic CT in combination with intravenous bolus injection of contrast material
      provides a study of the pharmacokinetics in great vessels as well as in tissues.
      If the enhancement in the region of interest is plotted against time, the time
      enhancement diagrams obtained reflect the contrast material passage
      mathematically. In abdominal tumours a great variety of patterns in time
      enhancement diagrams is available. Some characteristic patterns could be related
      to the theoretical aspects of contrast medium distribution in vessels and
      tissues, i.e. the rapid arterial enhancement corresponding to aortic perfusion, a
      portal enhancement in liver and portal vein and a rather slow "extravascular"
      enhancement due to diffusion into the extravascular space. The very short period
      just behind the capillary passage of contrast material seems to be the most
      interesting one concerning identification of benign and malignant tumours. In 48
      abdominal tumours time-enhancement diagrams were taken and correlated to the
      histological findings; preliminary findings are discussed concerning to a
      possible differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tissue.

PMID- 4006951
TI  - Doxorubicin treatment of inoperable renal carcinomas through balloon occlusion
      catheter.
AB  - Doxorubicin was injected as a bolus through a balloon occlusion catheter placed
      in the renal artery in 7 patients with inoperable kidney neoplasms. Doxorubicin
      had good effect when no or only small distant metastases were present. If large
      metastases were present at the start of the treatment, no improvement was
      registered.

PMID- 4006952
TI  - The penetration of metrizamide into the brain after routine lumbar myelography as
      shown by cerebral computed tomography and its effect on auditory brainstem
      transmission time.
AB  - Metrizamide is a widely used contrast medium with some well known adverse
      reactions. In a preliminary study, CT scans and brain stem evoked potentials
      (BAEP) were done before and 18 hours following lumbar myelography on 12 patients.
      A statistically significant prolongation of the BAEP was observed. Metrizamide
      therefore seems to be a potent substance in clinical use as indicated by its
      effect on BAEP. BAEP should not be done within the first few days after
      myelography with metrizamide.

PMID- 4006953
TI  - CT examination of spinal tumours.
AB  - Forty-five patients with a spinal, intraspinal or paraspinal tumour were
      evaluated by computed tomography. All examinations revealed pathological
      findings. In 30 cases the extent of the tumour was determined at surgery and in
      only two cases was there a discrepancy from the CT findings. Twenty-nine patients
      also underwent conventional myelography, three of which were negative. In the
      estimation of the extent of extradural tumours or bone involvement, CT was
      superior to other methods, but the size and localization of intradural tumours
      were estimated equally well by CT and conventional myelography. In patients with
      an intramedullary lesion CT was necessary to distinguish a solid neoplasm from a
      cystic lesion. In CT examinations of intraspinal tumours, intrathecal contrast
      medium increased the amount of information obtained especially in the thoracic
      and cervical regions, but was not necessary if myelograms were available.
      Intravenous contrast medium helped in the evaluation of some intraspinal
      neoplasms but did not improve the delineation of the paraspinal components.

PMID- 4006955
TI  - A systematic approach to the diagnosis of transethmoidal fractures in CT.
AB  - The experience of this study is based on about 50 Le Fort II and III fractures
      that have been visualised by CT. A systematic approach is offered to diagnose
      these fractures which may be summarised under the heading of transethmoidal
      fractures. This will enable the radiologist to establish a meaningful diagnosis
      of these lesions at an early stage when the severely traumatised patient
      undergoes his first cranial CT. It needs only little extra time, but the patient
      is saved additional investigations requiring a specialist's attention, time,
      transportation, and changes in position that may, at times, be hazardous.

PMID- 4006954
TI  - Experience with iopamidol in myeloradiculography.
AB  - Myeloradiculography with Iopamiro 300 produced by Bracco was carried out in 110
      patients. In 97.2% the diagnostic evidence produced was excellent. It was
      difficult to make an exact diagnosis in 2.7% of cases, in whom there was a strong
      dilution as the contrast material moved from the lumbar into the cervical area of
      the spine. The side effects were slight and occurred only in a small proportion
      of patients. No neurotoxic complications or psychological changes were observed.

PMID- 4006956
TI  - Self-retaining small-looped catheter for narrow bile ducts in high common bile
      duct obstruction.
AB  - A new self-retaining catheter was devised for percutaneous drainage of small bile
      ducts. The device allows safe external drainage without the risk of catheter
      dislocation even in high bile duct obstruction. The catheter is also suitable for
      percutaneous nephrostomy in non-dilated pyelocaliceal system.

PMID- 4006957
TI  - A survey of patients selected by general practitioners for home care of suspected
      myocardial infarction: arrhythmia detection using Holter monitoring.
AB  - From the Lancaster district (pop. 50 000) 101 patients were selected for home
      care of suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by their general
      practitioners (GPs) and 78% were seen within 6 h (44% within 2 h). Infarction was
      confirmed in 54 cases compared with 203 in the coronary case unit over the same
      period. Reasons given for home management were stable condition (48%), diagnostic
      doubt (34%), patient preference (18%), good home (15%), age (14%). Holter ECGs
      from 97 patients were analysed to see if arrhythmias were undetected clinically
      and recordings of at least 20 h were obtained in 88 (91%). Symptoms drew
      attention to atrial arrhythmias in 5 patients. Ventricular premature beats were
      recorded in 96% of the AMI group (84% of the non-MI), ventricular tachycardia in
      21% of the AMI patients (5% non-MI), atrial fibrillation in 25% of AMI (7% non
      MI) and complex ventricular ectopic activity (Lown 3-5) was found in 81% of the
      AMI (58% of the non-MI). We conclude that the GPs in the Lancaster district
      select patients for home care of AMI on clinical and social grounds rather than
      time after onset. Holter ECG recordings reveal major arrhythmias which are
      usually undetected clinically and are at least as common as those found in CCU
      treated patients. Further studies involving larger numbers of home treated
      patients monitored early are required to identify criteria for home care.

PMID- 4006958
TI  - Contribution of electrocardiograms, serum enzymes and history of chest pain to
      the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction--a community-based register study in
      North Karelia, Finland, 1972-1981.
AB  - The contribution of electrocardiograms, serum enzymes and history of chest pain
      to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was examined in a series of
      3123 persons with a definite acute myocardial infarction registered in a
      community-based myocardial infarction register study in North Karelia, eastern
      Finland in 1972-1981. Criteria for chest pain history, serum enzyme and
      electrocardiographic findings were those used in the WHO co-ordinated myocardial
      infarction register studies. The history of chest pain typical of AMI was
      obtained in approximately 90% of both men and women in all age groups. Among
      persons with first AMI, the proportion of unequivocal ECG changes was higher
      among men than in women and declined with age in both sexes (81.8% in men 20-44
      years of age, 47.8% in men 75 years of age or more; 61.7% in women 20-54 years of
      age and 45-6% in women 75 years of age or more) and lower among persons with
      recurrent AMI, but even among them it decreased with age. The proportion of serum
      enzyme elevations was approximately 90% in all subgroups. The results of the
      present study reconfirm that the contribution of elevated serum enzymes is
      particularly important in patients with recurrent acute myocardial infarction and
      old age. Elevated serum enzymes should receive greater attention in surveillance
      studies aiming to detect trends in AMI incidence in populations.

PMID- 4006959
TI  - Thallium-201 exercise testing in patients 6-8 weeks after myocardial infarction:
      limited value for the detection of multivessel disease.
AB  - In a clinical study, the value of exercise electrocardiography and thallium-201
      scintigraphy was determined for the detection of multivessel disease in 176
      patients 6-8 weeks after a first myocardial infarction. In all patients coronary
      arteriography was performed within 3 days after the non-invasive procedure. Of
      the 176 patients, 77 patients had multivessel disease (prevalence 44%). The
      exercise electrocardiogram was positive in 49 of these 77 patients (sensitivity
      64%), while the thallium scintigram was positive in only 24 patients (sensitivity
      31%). When the results of both procedures were added, a moderate sensitivity of
      66% and a similar specificity of 62% was found; the positive and negative
      predictive values were 57% and 70%, respectively, and were considered too low for
      the adequate clinical diagnosis of multivessel disease after myocardial
      infarction. Based on our results, it is concluded that qualitative assessment of
      thallium exercise scintigraphy, alone or combined with electrocardiography,
      should not be used to predict the absence or presence of multivessel disease in
      patients after previous myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4006960
TI  - Prevention of reentrant tachycardia by single beat or repetitive stimulation.
AB  - Eleven patients with an atrioventricular accessory pathway were studied by
      programmed electrical stimulation to determine if reentrant tachycardia could be
      prevented by delivery of either a single atrial extrastimulus, applied at a
      critical time after the tachycardia-initiating stimulus (or stimuli), or a train
      of stimuli. In all 11 patients, reentrant tachycardia was reproducibly induced
      from the high right atrium with a single premature beat, and in all patients
      initiation of tachycardia was prevented from the same site by a second premature
      beat. This second extrastimulus was effective if delivered within a zone which
      began 10 ms outside the effective refractory period of the tachycardia-initiating
      stimulus and averaged 61 ms in width. This was termed the 'preventive zone'. In 7
      patients the effect of train stimulation to the high right atrium was studied. In
      all 7, the results were concordant with those obtained by single-beat
      stimulation. Any train which achieved single atrial capture within the preventive
      zone was effective in preventing tachycardia. Prevention was always possible with
      a single atrial extrastimulus or with single-capture train stimulation, whereas
      termination of an ongoing tachycardia required at least 2 atrial extrastimuli, or
      stimulation from the right ventricle.

PMID- 4006962
TI  - Chronic amiodarone therapy and hypokalemia.

PMID- 4006963
TI  - Selective intracoronary thrombolysis in the coronary care unit without
      cineangiography.
AB  - Selective coronary artery visualization was performed in the CCU by means of a
      movable fluoroscopy device in 96 patients with suspected myocardial infarction
      within 6 hours after onset of symptoms. Intracoronary streptokinase (SK) was
      administered in a total dosage of 200 000 to 400 000 U within 30-60 min to 69
      patients with complete (N = 57) or subtotal obstruction (N = 12) of the infarct
      related vessel. Recanalization was achieved in 39 of the 57 patients (68%) with
      initially complete occlusion. Three of the 39 successfully treated patients died
      (7.7%) versus 8 of 33 subjects (24%) with persistent complete obstruction (chi
      square 3.21, not significant). Selective cineangiography subsequently performed
      in 8 patients and postmortem examination of 12 subjects who had died, showed that
      all haemodynamically significant lesions had been recognized by the examination
      in the CCU with one exception. It is concluded that intracoronary thrombolysis
      performed in the CCU, by means of a standard mobile fluoroscopy equipment is
      effective, safe, inexpensive and may be started virtually without delay after
      admission.

PMID- 4006961
TI  - Influence of nifedipine on coronary haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - The effect of 30 mg sublingual nifedipine on cardiac metabolism and haemodynamics
      was studied during two identical periods of pacing in 11 patients with chronic
      coronary artery disease. The pace time to angina pectoris improved after
      nifedipine in 6 patients, deteriorated in 2 and was unchanged in 3. Nifedipine
      decreased blood pressure (12%), rate pressure product (10%) and coronary vascular
      resistance (17%) during pacing. Aorto-coronary sinus (A-Cs) oxygen difference
      decreased at rest (9%) and postpacing (10%) after nifedipine, although an
      opposite tendency in coronary sinus blood flow resulted in unchanged myocardial
      oxygen uptake throughout the study. Although mean myocardial lactate extraction
      after nifedipine was unchanged during pacing in the whole group of patients, it
      increased in 9 patients who showed a net lactate release at control pacing (from 
      50.9 +/- 33.5% to -35.9 +/- 30.2%, P less than 0.05). Nifedipine increased free
      fatty acid (FFA) extraction during pacing (from 1.5 +/- 12.9% to 17.4 +/- 13.1%,
      P less than 0.02) and uptake (from 1.8 +/- 8.5 to 11.1 +/- 10.6 mu mol min-1, P
      less than 0.05). Nifedipine influenced only glucose exchange significantly (46%
      decreased extraction) at 5 min postpacing. The A-Cs citrate gradient lessened 30
      40% postpacing after nifedipine administration. Since the unloading effects of
      nifedipine did not alter myocardial oxygen uptake, the most important net
      haemodynamic finding was the decrease in coronary vascular resistance. Although
      no significant antianginal effect of a fixed dose of nifedipine was found, the
      increased uptake of FFA may reflect improved myocardial oxidative metabolism
      after nifedipine.

PMID- 4006964
TI  - Arrhythmias with brief, high-dose intravenous streptokinase infusion in acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Cardiac arrhythmias are described during the first 2 h after brief, high-dose,
      intravenous streptokinase infusion in 23 patients with evolving myocardial
      infarction was given. A control group consisted of 22 similar patients with acute
      myocardial infarction not treated with streptokinase infusion. On the basis of an
      early peak of creatine kinase activity successful reperfusion was achieved in
      60.9% of patients. Significantly more ventricular premature complexes (P less
      than 0.01) and paroxysms of idioventricular rhythm (P less than 0.05) were
      noticed in the treated group. Premature ventricular complexes did not predict any
      severe ventricular arrhythmia. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm appears to be
      the most specific arrhythmia encountered with thrombolytic therapy of acute
      myocardial infarction. We propose that in routine clinical work it can be used as
      a bedside sign of successful reperfusion.

PMID- 4006965
TI  - Ambulatory 24 hour ECG in patients with a history of syncope. A retrospective
      follow-up study over 2 years.
AB  - 174 patients referred to a general hospital for unexplained syncope were examined
      by ambulatory 24 hour ECG (AECG) and a follow-up by questionnaire after 2 years.
      The AECG demonstrated sinus rhythm in 113 patients, atrial fibrillation in 15 (in
      2 of these there were occasional RR intervals of more than 3 seconds),
      atrioventricular (AV) block in 10, sinoatrial (SA) block in 14, tachycardia or
      frequent ventricular extrasystoles (VES) in 21, and no recording (technical
      failure) in one. Ten patients got a permanent pacemaker due to these findings,
      and 7 were given antiarrhythmic drug therapy. 121 patients responded to the
      questionnaire, 37 were dead and 16 lost to follow-up. Of the 121 responders, 36
      reported multiple syncopes in the follow-up period, and another 17 one syncope.
      Eleven patients had received a permanent pacemaker during the follow-up period.

PMID- 4006967
TI  - Coronary risk factors and incidence of coronary death in relation to physical
      fitness. Seven-year follow-up study of middle-aged and elderly men.
AB  - Physical fitness was assessed in relation to a near maximal bicycle exercise test
      in two populations; population 1: 122 middle aged and elderly cross-country
      skiers with a documented very high physical performance, and population 2: 2014
      apparently healthy men 40-59 years of age. All were without known or suspected
      heart disease at the baseline study. A number of so-called coronary risk factors
      were studied simultaneously. The total incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD)
      events were noted as was the total 7 year incidence of death from CHD among men
      from population 2. By subdividing the latter in quartiles of physical fitness
      within each 5 year age group--and studying levels of coronary risk factors and
      CHD deaths within these 16 subgroups--the following findings were made: All
      coronary risk factors were favourably and strongly associated with high physical
      fitness and vice versa in a consistent way. Death from myocardial infarction and
      sudden, unexpected death followed the same pattern in an inverse way. The skiers
      as a group closely followed the most fit men from population 2 in all respects.
      Thus we have noted a strong, graded, positive association between physical
      fitness and a number of coronary risk factors, and an inverse relationship
      between high physical fitness and the risk of dying from CHD. These findings hold
      true for a period of 7 years among middle aged men free from known or suspected
      heart disease.

PMID- 4006966
TI  - Electrophysiologic and histopathologic correlations in a case of permanent form
      of reciprocating tachycardia.
AB  - A case of permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia with post-mortem
      documentation of an accessory atrioventricular pathway as the substrate of the
      arrhythmia is reported. Tachycardia had lasted for 15 years and showed a
      retrograde P wave (P') and R-P' longer than P'-R interval. The tachycardia
      circuit utilized a concealed posterior septal accessory pathway as the retrograde
      limb. Because the arrhythmia was disabling and unresponsive to pharmacological
      treatment, the patient underwent closed chest ablation of the His bundle. After
      the procedure, no anterograde or retrograde conduction over the normal conduction
      system was observed; anterograde conduction over the anomalous pathway showed
      decremental properties. Because of previous myocardial infarction, the patient
      developed a ventricular aneurysm and died suddenly 5 months after His bundle
      ablation. Histological examination of the heart revealed a group of tiny
      fibromuscular bundles joining the lower rim of the coronary sinus outlet to the
      summit of the interventricular septums; the anomalous atrioventricular connection
      pursued a sinuous, tortuous path. The geometrical disposition of the accessory
      pathway may have been responsible for the decremental properties of conduction
      observed during life.

PMID- 4006968
TI  - Regulation of lipases involved in the supply of substrate fatty acids for the
      heart.
AB  - Evidence is presented that all lipase activities present in the vascular and
      myocardial tissue from rat heart are regulated by product inhibition. Lipoprotein
      lipase activity, which plays a role in the uptake of circulating triglycerides,
      is determined by its reaction products, e.g. fatty acids and, predominantly,
      monoglycerides. Tissue acid and neutral lipase activities are regulated by
      product fatty acids and their coenzyme A (CoA) and carnitine ester derivatives.
      The order of potency is palmitoyl CoA approximately palmitoyl carnitine greater
      than palmitate for neutral lipase and palmitoyl carnitine greater than palmitoyl
      CoA palmitate for acid lipase activity. Product inhibition of extracellular and
      intracellular lipolytic processes warrants a close coupling between the supply of
      substrate fatty acids and the rate of fatty acid oxidation as determined by
      cardiac contractile activity. None of the lipases studied was directly affected
      by catabolic hormones (norepinephrine, glucagon) or their intracellular second
      messengers (cyclic AMP, protein kinase, Ca2+, calmodulin).

PMID- 4006969
TI  - Aorto-left ventricular communication arising from the left aortic sinus of
      Valsalva: echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical repair.
AB  - A rare case of aorto-left ventricular communication arising from the left aortic
      sinus is described. This is the first reported case, known to us, in which the
      diagnosis was established by two-dimensional echocardiography and
      angiocardiography and a successful surgical repair was accomplished.

PMID- 4006970
TI  - Ventricular volumes during upright exercise.

PMID- 4006971
TI  - The impact of ultrasound Doppler studies on clinical cardiology. A critical
      appraisal.

PMID- 4006973
TI  - Scintigraphic demonstration of subcutaneous abscesses with 99mTc-labeled
      leukocytes.
AB  - Our initial experience with the clinical application of autologous leukocytes
      labeled in vitro with technetium 99m is reported. An injection of 3.6 X 10(8)
      leukocytes (83% of which were polymorphonuclear) labeled with 6.4 mCi 99mTc was
      administered to a patient with subcutaneous abscesses in order to evaluate the in
      vivo stability of the labeling and cellular function. Scintigraphic examinations
      demonstrated marked accumulations of radioactivity at the sites of inflammation,
      suggesting that 99mTc was efficiently bound to the cells and that the migration
      of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was not disturbed by the labeling procedure.

PMID- 4006972
TI  - Detection of thyroid tumour using a monoclonal 123I anti-human thyroglobulin
      antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody to human thyroglobulin was radiolabelled with 123I NaI and
      shown to be a stable and biologically active reagent in vivo. When injected
      intravenously into 12 patients with cancer of the thyroid on thyroxine
      replacement therapy, 6 of the 12 patients had localization of the labelled
      antibody in tumour sites. These results were compared to 131I scans done on the
      same patients 1 month after stopping thyroxine. The biological half-life of the
      antibody in the blood was influenced by the levels of circulating thyroglobulin.

PMID- 4006974
TI  - Renal perfusion in chronic liver diseases: evaluation by radiotechnetium
      renography.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with chronic liver diseases and seven normal controls were
      studied using renal and hepatic radiotechnetium angiography. The time-activity
      histograms generated were employed to calculate both the renal perfusion index
      (RPI) and the hepatic perfusion index (HPI). Renal perfusion proved to be reduced
      not only in cirrhotic patients but also in patients with aggressive chronic
      hepatitis, as well as in those with persistent chronic hepatitis. The HPI, which
      is to be considered as being strictly dependent on portal flow, only fell
      significantly in the group of cirrhotic patients. In all patients groups, the
      correlation coefficient between the HPI and RPI (mean of the two kidneys) was low
      (r = 0.275) and not significant (P greater than 0.05). After Warren's splenorenal
      derivation, renal perfusion did not improve but worsened, particularly in the
      left kidney where derivation anastomosis probably caused a venous overload.

PMID- 4006976
TI  - Underestimation of left-ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide
      ventriculography in patients with aneurysm.
AB  - The left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 72 patients with aneurysm of the
      anterior wall was measured by multiple gated blood pool acquisition (MUGA) in the
      anterior and left anterior oblique (LAO) positions, and by cineangiography (CA)
      in right anterior oblique (RAO) and LAO projections of 30 degrees and 60 degrees,
      respectively. The LVEF was overestimated by CA in the LAO projection and by MUGA
      in the anterior position, but underestimated by CA in the RAO projection (6.1
      percentage points) and by MUGA in the LAO position (6.2 percentage points). In 50
      patients without aneurysm, no systematical error occurred using MUGA. The
      underestimation of the LVEF in patients with aneurysm by MUGA in the LAO position
      is due to differences of photon attenuation in various parts of the cardiac blood
      pool. This systematical error can be overcome by biplane MUGA.

PMID- 4006975
TI  - Regional specific mean expiratory gas flow from 81mKr equilibrium inhalation
      data.
AB  - A new method of analysing the data available from routine 81m Kr equilibrium
      inhalation investigations has been developed. The data for analysis are acquired
      from a gamma camera in the form of a sequential series of images from which
      multiple breath activity-time curves are generated for eight regions in the lung.
      The method is based on a description of the behaviour of the radioactive gas in
      the lung using a mathematical model. Values of specific mean expiratory gas flow,
      that is mean expiratory gas flow per unit lung volume, are calculated from the
      application of the model to the expiratory phase only of a single breath activity
      time curve which is generated from the multiple breath activity-time curve using
      post-acquisition gating. This method overcomes the problem of non-uniform
      inspiratory concentration of tracer gas experienced in previously reported
      techniques of analysing inhalation data obtained using poorly soluble radioactive
      gases. The model is shown, in simulation studies, to be an adequate description
      of the behaviour of radioactive gas in the lung and the analysis technique is
      shown, in clinical studies, to be both reproducible and sensitive to disease
      state.

PMID- 4006977
TI  - Evaluation of transport kinetics in lymphoscintigraphy: follow-up study in
      patients with transplanted lymphatic vessels.
AB  - To quantitate visual findings in lymphoscintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled stannous
      sulfur colloids, a numeric index of transport kinetics was designed by combining
      visual assessment of five criteria: temporal and spatial distribution of the
      radionuclide, appearance time of lymph nodes, and graded visualization of lymph
      nodes and vessels. For assessment, scores were used ranging from 0 to 9. Thus,
      the resulting transport index (TI) ranged from 0 (normal) to 45 (pathological).
      TI in healthy extremities was less than 10. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed
      routinely in healthy lower extremities to ensure normal drainage before
      transplantation. In 122 investigations of upper and lower extremities, TI was
      found to be very sensitive (97.4%). Specificity was 90.3%. An interobserver study
      in 179 investigations revealed a high correlation (r = 0.96). A total of 23
      patients underwent autologous lymphatic transplantation. The average decrease of
      TI was 5.9: 31.1 before and 25.2 after transplantation. This decrease of TI was
      correlated with a marked decrease of the volumes of the extremities (from 3423 ml
      to 2580 ml). Changes in TI and volume were significant (p less than 0.05). This
      method of evaluation has proved to be very sensitive, reproducible, and able to
      measure the transport capacity of only two or three transplanted lymph
      collectors.

PMID- 4006978
TI  - Particle size and surface charge studies of a tin colloid radiopharmaceutical for
      liver scintigraphy.
AB  - The change in particle size of the liver scanning tin colloid radiopharmaceutical
      (Amerscan) has been determined using the non-perturbing method of photon
      correlation spectroscopy. Although samples of the tin colloid taken from the
      preparation vial immediately after preparation and allowed to remain undisturbed
      in the light scattering cell grow to sizes of ca. 1,200 nm radius, when samples
      are taken by syringe from the preparation vial at varying times, the particle
      size is only ca. 400 nm radius. This effect has been shown to be due to shear
      deflocculation within the syringe needle. Thus, as the tin colloid is always
      administered in the clinical situation with a syringe, the size of particle which
      the patient receives is satisfactory for liver uptake. The tin colloid has been
      shown to be essentially a charge-stabilised colloidal system from measurements of
      both zeta potential and effect of electrolyte on the flocculation process.

PMID- 4006979
TI  - Can technetium-labelled millimicrospheres be used to measure Kupffer-cell
      function? An experimental study.
AB  - It has been suggested that sodium pertechnetate 99mTc millimicrospheres can be
      used to measure Kupffer-cell function. We studied animals and humans to show
      whether the clearance and catabolism of 99mTc-labelled millimicrospheres can be
      used as a measure of Kupffer-cell function. Comparison with albumin 125I
      microaggregates clearance of human serum albumin failed to demonstrate that they
      can be used for this purpose. We suggest that their blood clearance is mainly an
      expression of liver blood flow.

PMID- 4006980
TI  - Distribution of xenon-133 in mice from the urinary bladder.
AB  - The distribution of 133Xe from the bladder was investigated in sliced mice at
      autoradiography and quantitatively by counting tissue samples from the abdomen
      and thoracic cavity. Xenon is a highly diffusible inert gas that passes the
      bladder urothelium. In living mice activity could be seen in the intra-abdominal
      fat, liver and kidneys; the activity in the kidneys depended on reflux through
      the ureters. The xenon gas was found in the highest concentration in the lungs
      where it is expired. The study confirms the assumption that instillation of xenon
      in the bladder can be used as an indicator for permeability and flow in the wall
      of the urinary bladder.

PMID- 4006981
TI  - Comparison of the distribution and binding of monoclonal antibodies labeled with
      131-iodine or 111-indium.
AB  - The distribution of two monoclonal antibodies with reactivity against human
      leukemia/lymphoma associated antigens (BA-1 antibody) and carcinoembryonic
      antigen (202 antibody) when labeled with 131I or 111In was studied in normal
      Balb/c mice. The BA-1 antibody of the IgM subclass was labeled with 131I by the
      micro iodine monochloride method at a 12:1 molar ratio and with 111In by the
      cyclic DTPA anhydride method at a 10:1 molar ratio. In vitro, the 131I-labeled BA
      1 antibody bound 35.5% to 10(7) KM-3 leukemic cells while the 111In-labeled BA-1
      antibody bound 29.9% to the same number of KM-3 cells. In vivo, the 111In-labeled
      BA-1 antibody showed a higher accumulation in liver, spleen, and kidney than the
      131I-labeled BA-1 antibody. The 202 antibody of the IgG1 subclass was labeled
      with 131I at a 5:1 molar ratio and with 111In at a 7:1 molar ratio. In vitro, the
      131I-labeled 202 antibody bound 30.9%, 27.4%, and 30.0% to 10(7) CO-112, WIDR,
      and LS-174T colon cancer cells, respectively. The 111In-labeled 202 antibody
      bound 20.5%, 30.2%, and 33.6%, respectively to the same number of colon cancer
      cells. In vivo, the 131I-labeled 202 antibody showed a higher tissue to blood
      ratio in liver, spleen, and kidney than the 111In-labeled 202 antibody. The data
      indicate that the relative distribution of 131I-labeled versus 111In-labeled
      monoclonal antibody may depend on the immunoglobulin subclass of the antibody and
      the molar ratio used in labeling.

PMID- 4006982
TI  - Dry aerosol of monodisperse millimicrospheres for ventilation imaging:
      production, delivery system, and clinical results in comparison with 81m-krypton
      and 127-xenon.
AB  - The production of monodisperse human albumin millimicrospheres (diameter less
      than 1 micron) and labeling with 99mTc is described. A system constructed to
      nebulize and deliver a dry aerosol yielded a lung delivery efficiency of
      approximately 25%. In 48 patients without and with varying degrees of chronic
      obstructive lung disease, quantitative comparison with 81mKr (penetration index,
      regional distribution of activity in the lungs) demonstrated similar penetration
      of the particles to the lung periphery (r = 0.89 and r = 0.94, respectively).
      Qualitative comparison with 81mKr or 127Xe showed complete or a high degree of
      diagnostic agreement in all but one patient. Semiquantitative scoring of hot
      spots as a substrate of local turbulent airflow showed a close inverse
      correlation (r = -0.82) with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1.0%), thus
      providing additional information about the severity of the airway obstruction. In
      24 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, complete agreement between aerosol
      and 81mKr images was found in all patients studied. For same-day
      ventilation/perfusion studies, labeling of the millimicrospheres with 111In
      yielded images of comparable quality to those obtained with the 99mTc-labeled
      aerosol.

PMID- 4006983
TI  - First-pass measurement of left ventricular function in infants and children.
AB  - The left ventricular ejection fraction was measured in 57 infants and children
      with congenital heart disease by both first-pass radionuclide angiography and
      left ventricular cineangiography. The correlation coefficient for the two sets of
      measurements was 0.79. In subgroups without left to right shunts (n = 21) and
      with left to right shunts (n = 36) it was 0.93 and 0.37, respectively. It is
      concluded that measurement of the left ventricular ejection fraction by the first
      pass method is valid in children, provided there is no left-to-right shunt.

PMID- 4006984
TI  - Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of autologous 111In-labelled platelets as a
      scanning agent for deep vein thrombosis in the chacma baboon.
AB  - The diagnostic efficiency of autologous 111In-labelled platelets (ILP) as a
      scanning agent in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was investigated in 24 South African
      baboons (Papio ursinus). Thrombi were surgically induced by stasis, intimal
      injury and the injection of thrombin in the common femoral veins of adult
      baboons. The thrombi were allowed to age for 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h before
      injecting the ILP. Scanning was done with a large field gamma camera at 10 min
      post injection and again at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 24, 48 and 72 h. Time-activity
      curves were thus obtained and it was possible to establish an optimal time after
      injection of the ILP to scan for each group of thrombi. The results indicate that
      only the younger thrombi (1-8 h after thrombus formation) were detected. Twenty
      four hour and older thrombi were not visualised. A favourable time to scan in the
      case of the younger thrombi appeared to be approximately 20 h after the injection
      of ILP. However, the thrombus age limitation still impairs the diagnostic
      efficiency of the procedure.

PMID- 4006985
TI  - Plasma transport of 99mTc-p-butyl-IDA.
AB  - Plasma transport of 99mTc-p-butyl-IDA was measured by four in vitro methods:
      trichloroacetic acid precipitation, electrophoresis, HPLC, and Scatchard binding
      isotherm. The data are in accord with protein transport, the main carrier being
      albumin with two categories of sites. This work suggests that after IV injection
      of 99mTc-p-butyl-IDA in humans plasma protein binding is one of the limiting
      factors for the hepatic deposition of the radiopharmaceutical.

PMID- 4006987
TI  - Radioiodine-131 treatment of thyrotoxicosis: dose required for and some factors
      affecting the early induction of hypothyroidism.
AB  - The results of sodium iodide 131I treatment of thyrotoxicosis in 1,168 patients
      (302 males, 866 females; 58.5% diffuse and 41.5% multinodular toxic goitre) are
      presented. At the end of the 1st year post-treatment, 54.4% were hypothyroid, and
      the incidence of hypothyroidism after the 2nd year increased by 3% per year. When
      the results were analysed according to the calculated radiation dose the thyroid,
      it was found that the cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism from 6 months to 2
      years post-treatment rose almost proportionally to the dose in cases of doses of
      1,500-15,000 rad, but increased very little for higher doses; however, the long
      term incidence of hypothyroidism was almost independent of the thyroid dose.
      Multivariate analysis showed that the results of 131I therapy at 6 months
      depended also on sex (treatment being more effective in women), the consistency
      of the thyroid gland and the year of treatment, with the same radiation dose
      giving a higher incidence of hypothyroidism in patients treated recently, in
      comparison to those treated early in the period studied. Of the patients treated
      in the period 1978-1982 (mean dose, 300 microCi/g), 93.5% were cured with a
      single dose of 131I, and 78% were hypothyroid at 6 months post-treatment.

PMID- 4006989
TI  - Use of a nonstationary temporal Wiener filter in nuclear medicine.
AB  - The use of the Wiener filter is proposed for temporal filtering of nuclear
      medicine dynamic studies. This filter adapts to the signal and noise levels of
      each pixel activity curve in a dynamic study to produce an "optimal" suppression
      of noise, while maintaining the signal content of the curve. The filter is
      derived to be a simple function of the power spectrum of the time-activity curve.
      Examples of its use for temporally filtering gated blood-pool studies for cine
      viewing and functional image formation are shown.

PMID- 4006988
TI  - Tests for the absorption of 75Se-labelled homocholic acid conjugated with taurine
      (75Se-HCAT).
AB  - The absorption of selenomethionine Se 75-labelled homocholic acid conjugated with
      taurine (75-SE-HCAT) was tested in 46 patients. Retention measurements using (1)
      an uncollimated gamma camera and (2) a measuring arrangement similar to a human
      body counter were compared in order to obtain a quantitative assessment of the
      absorption capacity of the terminal ileum for bile acids. The retention curve
      obtained after the oral administration of the 75Se-labelled bile-acid analogue
      showed a monoexponential decline; in the case of unimpaired absorption, the half
      life was greater than 2.5 days. When more than 30 cm of the ileum had been
      eliminated by inflammatory infection or resection, the measured half-life was
      below 0.5 days due to malabsorption. We also performed a quantitative
      determination of the hepatic secretion of 75-Se-HCAT into the gall bladder. If
      more than 80% of the activity administered is found in the gall bladder,
      disturbed absorption of bile acids in the terminal ileum can be excluded. Values
      smaller than 80%, however, do not provide proof of disturbed absorption.

PMID- 4006986
TI  - Synovectomy of the knee with 90Y.
AB  - In 33 patients with chronic arthritis of the knee, 48 knees were treated with an
      intra-articular injection of 5 mCi yttrium silicate (90Y). There were 27 patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 6 with osteoarthrosis (OA); the mean follow-up
      period was 33 months. At clinical investigation after 1 year, no signs of pain or
      swelling were found in 15 knees. In most cases, pain and swelling improved
      subjectively, with a mean duration of 11 months; in 20 knees, the improvement
      lasted more than 22 months. When radiographs showed severe destruction, 90Y
      treatment was unsuccessful, but an important new finding was that most patients
      with mild or moderate radiological abnormalities appeared to have a long-lasting
      improvement. The result did not correlate with erythrocyte sedimentation rate
      (ESR), haemoglobin or Rose titre at the time of injection or at follow up,
      suggesting that the result of the treatment is more dependent on local factors
      than on the disease activity. The results of 90Y treatment in 6 OA knees with
      persistent swelling were promising regarding swelling, even in patients with
      moderate radiological abnormalities. The main side-effect was a sometimes painful
      swelling of the knee, which was always successfully treated with an
      intraarticular corticosteroid injection. In 90Y-treated knees, the incidence of
      unstable joints was not significantly higher than in non-treated knees. In
      conclusion, 90Y synovectomy may be a successful treatment for patients older than
      50 years with chronic arthritis of the knee due to RA and probably also OA, even
      when moderate radiological abnormalities are present.

PMID- 4006991
TI  - Aspects of standardization in nuclear cardiology.

PMID- 4006993
TI  - Subclinical effects of exposure to inorganic mercury revealed by somatosensory
      evoked potentials.
AB  - This study examined the validity of evoked somatosensory potentials as a measure
      of subclinical neurological damage to workers chronically exposed to nonorganic
      mercury. In this study potentials were recorded along the somatosensory pathway
      from the periphery to the primary cortex in response to electrical and mechanical
      stimuli. The findings of this study indicate that such workers exhibit
      subclinical damage which manifested in a delay in nerve ending conduction times
      at the periphery, and an acceleration of the conduction from brain stem to
      cortex. These findings support the suggestion that evoked potentials may be a
      sensitive and reliable measure in the detection of subclinical neuropathic
      phenomena. They may consequently be utilized as an efficient early warning system
      in the prevention of clinical symptoms.

PMID- 4006992
TI  - Pontomedullary encephalitis and basal meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes:
      report of a case.
AB  - A case of CNS listeriosis in a 49-year-old man, previously in good health, is
      described. The illness showed a biphasic clinical pattern with a prodromal phase
      characterized by headache, fever and leukocytosis and subsequent development of
      pontomedullary cranial nerve paresis. The infection was rapidly progressive and
      fatal. Gram-positive rods, identified as Listeria monocytogenes, were detected in
      CSF samples only at the end stage of illness. Neuropathological abnormalities
      consisted of rhombencephalitis and basal meningitis. The major difficulties
      encountered in the early diagnosis of CNS listeriosis are discussed.

PMID- 4006990
TI  - Liver uptake of 99mTc-labeled diphosphonate (DPD) by metastatic lesions from
      large bowel carcinoma.
AB  - Accumulation of 99mTc-diphosphonate was observed in 2 of 12 patients with liver
      metastases who had primary adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. The area of
      excessive radionuclide concentration corresponded well to the location of the
      hepatic metastases. The literature on this subject is reviewed and a possible
      mechanism of radionuclide accumulation is discussed.

PMID- 4006994
TI  - Palinoptic phenomena as an error mechanism in resolving alexia without agraphia.
      A case report.
AB  - Palinoptic, visual perseverative, or prolonged positive after-image phenomena
      have most often been met in right-sided occipital pathology. Less frequent with
      left-sided lesions they can be associated with the alexia without agraphia
      syndrome (with or without color naming deficit or hemifield loss). This is
      illustrated by our case in which rapidly fading visual reduplicative sensations-
      rather than linguistic incompetence--were apparently responsible for most of his
      paralexic errors.

PMID- 4006995
TI  - Effects of intravenously administered L-acetylcarnitine on somatosensory-evoked
      potentials. Studies of healthy and diseased volunteers with focal cerebral
      lesions.
AB  - The acute effects of intravenously administered L-acetylcarnitine (L-AC) were
      evaluated in 5 healthy and 20 diseased volunteers (17 vascular, 3 tumoral
      cerebral lesions). Short-latency scalp somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) to
      simultaneous median, and separate unilateral peroneal nerve stimulation were
      carried out before and after L-AC administration (at 10-, 30- and 60-min
      intervals). L-AC did not influence peak and interpeak latencies; however, in a
      percentage of healthy and diseased volunteers a clear-cut amplitude increase was
      evident affecting all those peaks generated between the thalamus and the cortex.
      While in normal and tumoral volunteers the voltage increase was bilaterally
      balanced, the amplitude increments were more evident on the 'affected' hemisphere
      in vascular patients, partially reversing the abnormal amplitude ratios between
      homologous peaks on 'healthy' and 'affected' hemispheres. In no case were
      transient clinical changes, either of an objective or subjective nature,
      associated with SEP amplitude changes; these were still present at the 60th
      minute, having reached their nadir at the 30th minute in 'responders'.

PMID- 4006996
TI  - Occipital infarctions associated with hemiparesis.
AB  - 71 patients with a CT-verified infarction in the irrigation area of the posterior
      cerebral arteries were studied retrospectively. In 17 subjects a hemiparesis was
      associated with the occipital infarction. The hemiparesis was not associated with
      brainstem symptoms and in none of these cases a concomitant infarction in the
      territory of the middle or anterior cerebral arteries was found. No adequate
      cause was found for the hemiparesis. A simultaneous lesion of one of the small
      penetrating branches of the posterior cerebral artery was thought to be a
      possible explanation.

PMID- 4006997
TI  - Successful treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with baclofen and
      clonazepam. A case report.
AB  - A patient with neuroleptic-induced akathisia was successfully treated with a
      combination of baclofen (a GABA agonist) and clonazepam (a serotonergic agent).
      This suggests that agents bypassing the dopaminergic systems may be effective in
      the treatment of this distressing disorder.

PMID- 4006998
TI  - Prolapsed ureterocele.
AB  - Although rare, the prolapsed ureterocele constitutes a urologic emergency that
      can rapidly evolve to severe conditions due to congestion and necrosis, and to
      obstruction of the urinary tract. A simple external resection resolves the
      emergency, allowing a postoperative investigation of the whole urinary tract to
      be performed, in order to adequately prepare urinary reconstruction.

PMID- 4006999
TI  - Urinary lipids in vesical carcinoma: a new biological marker. Preliminary study.
AB  - We have determined urinary lipids by thin-layer chromatography in 40 patients
      with bladder tumors, and have evaluated their modification following tumor
      removal and their predictive value in terms of the presence or absence of
      recurrences. The results obtained were compared with those of a control group
      without tumoral pathology (14 patients) and 11 cases with bacterial infection of
      the urinary tract. There is a marked difference between the lipidogram of the
      tumoral group of patients and the controls (p less than 0.005), especially in the
      phospholipid to fatty acid (PL/FA) relationship, with a specificity of 100% and a
      sensitivity of 80%. With regard to recurrences, in non-recurrent cases the PL/FA
      value remained high in relation to the initial value (p less than 0.005), whereas
      in the recurrent cases the value rose to 'tumoral limits'. Macrohematuria and
      urinary infection modify the lipidogram, resulting in values similar to the
      tumoral cases. Their absence is therefore essential in order to evaluate the
      results. The urinary lipidogram appears to be a possible biological marker for
      bladder tumors.

PMID- 4007000
TI  - Intravesical ions, osmolality and pH influence the volume pressure response in
      the normal rat bladder, and this is more pronounced after DMSO exposure.
AB  - The influence of intravesical ions, osmolality, pH value, and active
      transurothelial NaCl-transport inhibition (furosemide) on the rat bladder volume
      pressure response was studied according to the concept of a permeable urothelium
      and according to direct effects of osmolality and K+ on in vitro muscle
      preparations. It was found that the bladder capacity was decreased by K+,
      hyperosmolality and pH5, whereas it was increased by hypoosmolality, electrolyte
      free media, furosemide and pH 8. The effects were found to be pronounced after
      dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) exposure. In this condition, furosemide showed less
      effect. It has been suggested that, especially in diseased bladders with
      increased permeability, frequent voiding and painful urge sensations are due to
      an enhanced urine access to nerve and muscle cells of the detrusor. On the other
      hand, frequent voiding reduces the urinary contact time within the bladder,
      thereby protecting from urine recirculation and thus from renal insufficiency. It
      has been further suggested that the bladder is not exclusively under central
      nervous control. As far as the present study is concerned, CO2, water, and normal
      saline do not seem to be appropriate urodynamic test media for providing the
      standard situation of bladder filling.

PMID- 4007001
TI  - Primary fibroxanthosarcoma of the kidney presenting as fever of unknown origin.
AB  - Fibroxanthosarcoma is a tumor of soft tissues, mainly effecting the extremities,
      mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Primary fibroxanthosarcoma of the kidney is
      extremely rare and has been described in only 4 cases in the past. We present an
      additional patient, presenting with continuous spiking fever, with rapid
      deterioration of her condition due to widespread metastases and death within 4
      months.

PMID- 4007002
TI  - Recurrent idiopathic bladder rupture.

PMID- 4007004
TI  - Transitional cell carcinoma of the anterior urethra.
AB  - We report a case of transitional cell carcinoma arising in the anterior urethra,
      a portion of the male urethra ordinarily lined by squamous epithelium. This is
      the 4th case of transitional cell carcinoma of the distal urethra to be reported.
      The neoplasm metastasized to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

PMID- 4007003
TI  - Two cases of malakoplakia of the prostate.
AB  - 2 further cases of malakoplakia of the prostate are reported, so that a total of
      23 cases have now been described. The histological picture, as well as the
      methods of staining for the demonstration of the pathognomonic Michealis-Gutmann
      bodies are reviewed. The presence of Escherichia coli as a possible factor in the
      etiology is discussed. A description is given of the symptoms and physical
      findings in cases of prostatic malakoplakia, and the differential diagnosis, with
      particular reference to cancer of the prostate, is reviewed. Histology alone can
      provide the correct diagnosis. Finally it is emphasized that malakoplakia can be
      treated with long-term antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 4007005
TI  - Spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the bladder. Report of 3 cases.
AB  - 3 cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma are reported. 2 patients with T3N0M0
      and T3N1M0 tumors underwent radical cystectomy. They died 8 and 9 months after
      cystectomy for local recurrence and tumor metastases. Neither radiotherapy nor
      chemotherapy were effective in these 2 patients. 1 patient with T1NXM0 disease
      underwent resection of the tumor through cystotomy. Although she had neither
      adjuvant chemotherapy nor radiotherapy, she is well without recurrence 6 years
      after surgery. Early surgical resection of the tumor may be the only currently
      accepted therapy of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the bladder.

PMID- 4007007
TI  - Evaluation of new agents in breast carcinoma and other chemotherapy-sensitive
      tumors.

PMID- 4007006
TI  - Ileal conduit urinary diversion--early and late complications.
AB  - 110 adult patients with benign and malignant conditions subjected to an ileal
      conduit urinary diversion were followed from 1 to 8 years after the operation. 62
      patients (59 with a malignant disease) died in the follow-up period. The patients
      were divided into 3 groups according to their primary diseases: (1) benign, (2)
      malignant without irradiation, and (3) malignant with irradiation. Early
      complication rates were 22% in group 1, 33% in group 2, and 29% in group 3. In
      addition, the complications were more serious in the group with malignant
      diseases. Late complication rates were 70% in group 1, 80% in group 2, and 54% in
      group 3, possibly due to a shorter time of observation in group 3. Renal function
      deteriorated in 18% of the patients but only 3% became uremic. When urinary
      diversion is inevitable we find this method acceptable, at least until the long
      term results of newer methods are known.

PMID- 4007008
TI  - Exhausted platelets in cancer and other conditions.

PMID- 4007009
TI  - Phase I trial of 1,2,4-triglycidylurazol (TGU, NSC 332488): a new triepoxide
      cytostatic agent.
AB  - 1,2,4-Triglycidylurazol, a new triepoxide derivative, was chosen for phase I
      trial because of its favorable water solubility, stability and antitumor activity
      in murine systems. Fifty-seven patients were evaluable. Hematologic toxicity was
      dose-limiting, with a steep dose-toxicity curve. At 650 mg/m2 2/10 patients
      developed grade II toxicity. Seventeen patients were treated at 800 mg/m2 and
      seven developed grade III or IV toxicity according to WHO. Five of these patients
      had received greater than 3 cytotoxic agents and/or extensive radiotherapy. One
      toxic death was seen. Cumulative toxicity was observed with respect to
      hematologic values in a comparison of the first and second courses. Sixteen
      patients developed phlebitis after injection, not dose-dependent and not dose
      limiting. Response was noted in three patients, two non-small cell lung cancers
      and one bladder cancer. Recommended doses for phase II trials are 800 mg/m2 q 4
      weeks for patients who have received less than or equal to 3 cytotoxic agents and
      650 mg/m2 q 4 weeks for heavily pretreated patients.

PMID- 4007010
TI  - Release of an Mr 140,000 glycoprotein in the culture media of certain human
      sarcoma and melanoma cell lines.
AB  - A 140 K glycoprotein was detected in the culture media of human sarcoma and
      melanoma cell lines by labeling with several radioactive amino acid and sugar
      precursors, followed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and fluorography. In contrast to this, in the culture media of metabolically
      labeled embryonic and skin fibroblasts this glycoprotein was not found. Likewise,
      a protein with an identical molecular weight of 140 K was also found in culture
      media after cell surface labeling of the neoplastic cells but not in the culture
      media from control cells. The [35S]methionine-labeled 140 K was not split by
      collagenase and did not appear to be a fragment of fibronectin. We discuss the
      possibility that secretion of the 140 K glycoprotein is a transformation-related
      phenomenon.

PMID- 4007011
TI  - Tamoxifen alone or in combination with estradiol-17 beta inhibits the growth and
      malignant transformation of hepatic hyperplastic nodules.
AB  - Hepatic hyperplastic nodules (HHNs) induced by the 'resistant hepatocyte method'
      of Solt and Farber were studied as an experimental prototype of oral
      contraceptive-related tumors. Cytoplasmic estrogen receptors were present in all
      HHNs harvested and their concentration was always less than that in normal liver.
      No specific cytoplasmic progestin receptors could be measured in the above tumor
      or liver specimens. The long-term administration of estradiol-17 beta (4.8-24.0
      micrograms/day) resulted in the death of all but one of 20 animals prior to
      termination at 10 months. Tamoxifen (0.25-2.5 mg biweekly) which did not lead to
      excess mortality, decreased HHN grade (proportion of liver slice occupied by HHN)
      and inhibited malignant transformation. Combination therapy with single-dose
      estradiol-17 beta (4.8 micrograms/day) and various doses of tamoxifen (0.25-2.5
      mg biweekly) in most cases reduced mortality, HHN grade and malignant
      transformation. Cytoplasmic progestin receptors were absent and estrogen
      receptors were either undetectable or present in low concentration in hepatic
      tumors harvested at the time of termination. Our results indicate that HHNs are
      hormone-dependent and that malignant transformation can be inhibited by tamoxifen
      alone or in combination with estradiol-17 beta.

PMID- 4007012
TI  - Cell kinetics and in vitro chemosensitivity as a tool for improved management of
      patients.

PMID- 4007014
TI  - Growth of solid tumor cells in clonogenic assays: a prognostic factor?
AB  - Clonogenic assays can be used to study several characteristics of hemopoietic and
      solid tumor cells. Treatment of ovarian cancer patients, anticancer drug
      development and studies of tumor cell biology (self-renewal and cytogenetics)
      seem to be facilitated by these techniques, in spite of their limitations. This
      paper reviews data showing that good in vitro clonal growth might be a poor
      prognostic factor. These results are remarkable but only few patients have been
      studied and detailed analyses looking at other prognostic factors are lacking.
      However, studies of in vitro growth characteristics of hemopoietic malignancies
      have shown similar results. Further follow-up should substantiate these initial
      findings in solid tumors.

PMID- 4007013
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) proton imaging in cancer.

PMID- 4007015
TI  - Menstrual cycle patterns and the risk of breast disease.
AB  - The relationship between menstrual cycle patterns and the risk of breast disease
      was evaluated using data from a hospital-based case-control study of 288 women
      with benign breast disease (203 chronic cystic diseases and 85 benign tumours),
      317 with breast cancer and 602 age-matched controls with a spectrum of acute
      conditions unrelated to any of the established or potential risk factors for
      breast disease. A lifelong irregular menstrual pattern [defined as frequent
      occurrence of menstrual-like episodes of bleeding less than 21 or more than 35
      days apart) was negatively associated with the risk of benign breast lesions
      (relative risk, RR = 0.6, with 95% confidence interval = 0.4-1.0) and of breast
      cancer (RR = 0.4, with 95% confidence interval = 0.3-0.8]. This inverse
      association could not be explained by any of the identified potential confounding
      factors, including the major risk factors for breast disease. The findings of
      this study, showing that a lifelong history of irregular (and hence more likely
      anovular) cycles was less frequent among women with benign and malignant breast
      diseases, support the hypothesis that frequent ovular cycles might be more
      carcinogenic than anovular ones.

PMID- 4007017
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in Osaka, Japan.
AB  - Six hundred and eight-four cases with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) in Osaka,
      Japan were reviewed, using current histopathological classification to obtain a
      general feature of Japanese lymphomas. There were no remarkable differences in
      the distribution of age, sex and the location of primary tumors between Japanese
      NHL and the disease in Western races. Histologically, however, several
      differences were present; in particular, the lower frequencies of nodular
      lymphomas of nodal origin and lymphocytic type of nodal and extranodal origin in
      the present cases. About 10% of the cases show a peculiar histology
      characteristic for adult T cell lymphomas. From this study, it appears that the
      ratio of low-grade malignant NHL in Japan is much lower than in the Western
      countries.

PMID- 4007016
TI  - Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer, resistant to conventional therapy, with
      aminoglutethimide.
AB  - Fifty-eight patients with advanced, progressing prostatic cancer resistant to
      conventional therapy have been assessed for their response to treatment with
      aminoglutethimide (A/G). Eleven men (19%) had objective regression of their
      disease while in a further eight (14%) progression of the disease was arrested.
      Median survival in the objective remitters (15 months) and in the group in whom
      stabilization of disease occurred (9.3 months) was significantly longer than in
      the non-remitting patients (4.7 months). The drug was well tolerated and no
      serious side-effects occurred. A/G appears to be a useful treatment in patients
      with advanced prostatic cancer resistant to conventional therapy.

PMID- 4007018
TI  - Vascular structure of the C3H mammary carcinoma, the B16 melanoma and the Lewis
      lung carcinoma in syngeneic, conventional mice and congenitally athymic mice.
AB  - The vascular system of three commonly used murine experimental tumours, the C3H
      mammary carcinoma, the B16 melanoma and the Lewis lung carcinoma, in syngeneic
      (C3D2F1/Bom or C57BL/6J/Bom) and athymic (BALB/c/nu/nu/Bom) mice was studied. The
      main vascular characteristics of each tumour, i.e. the mean vessel diameter, the
      total vessel volume and the distribution of the total vessel volume among vessels
      with different diameters, did not change upon transplantation from conventional
      to athymic mice. However, the length of vessels with diameters in the range 5-15
      micron was for all tumours shorter in athymic than in conventional mice. The
      vascular volume of the B16 melanoma per unit histologically intact tumour volume
      in athymic mice (0.040 +/- 0.004) was considerably larger than that of five human
      melanoma xenografts previously studied (0.009 +/- 0.001 to 0.022 +/- 0.002). This
      difference was mainly due to occurrence of vessels with diameters in the range 55
      145 micron in the B16 melanoma; vessels which were generally not observed in the
      human melanoma xenografts.

PMID- 4007019
TI  - Androgen receptor activity in human breast cancer and its relationship with
      oestrogen and progestogen receptor activity.
AB  - Androgen receptor activity was measured in tumours from 122 patients with breast
      cancer. Forty-two tumours (34%) possessed androgen receptors at levels varying
      from 17 to 210 fmol/mg cytosol protein (mean value 68). No relationship was
      detected between androgen receptors and menopausal status of the patients and
      whether or not lymph nodes were invaded with tumour at the time of biopsy. There
      were, however, significant positive correlations between the presence of androgen
      receptors and that of oestrogen (P less than 0.05) and of progestogen receptors
      (P less than 0.025). These relationships suggest that androgen receptors may be
      of value in predicting the hormone responsiveness of breast tumours but
      definitive proof of this requires clinical follow-up of the patients studied.

PMID- 4007020
TI  - Hormone-induced tumor flare.

PMID- 4007021
TI  - C-reactive protein for detection and follow-up of bacterial and fungal infections
      in severely neutropenic patients with acute leukaemia.
AB  - To evaluate the aetiology of febrile episodes and to rationalize our politics
      with antibiotics, C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined immunoturbidimetrically
      in 20 consecutive neutropenic adults with acute leukemia. They had 35 febrile
      episodes, 89% of which were infectious. Twenty per cent of infections were
      fungal. A similar CRP response was seen both in bacterial and in fungal
      infections. In 84% of infections the peak value for CRP rose greater than 100
      mg/l. Thirty-five apyrexial patients with acute leukaemic and 20 healthy adults
      served as controls. Their CRP was less than 10 mg/l in 87%. CRP proved most
      valuable in the follow-up of infections, in the detection of infectious
      complications and in the detection of possible invasive fungal infections.
      Although relapse itself did not effect on CRP levels, extramedullary bone
      infiltration in two of our patients resulted in increased CRP production, which
      normalized with cytostatics only.

PMID- 4007022
TI  - Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma in Kuwait. An 11-yr retrospective analysis of
      108 cases.
AB  - One hundred and eight cases of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma from the files
      of Kuwait Cancer Control Center over a period of 11 yr were analysed
      retrospectively. The occurrence was 47 in the proximal small intestine, 38 in the
      stomach, 18 in the distal ileum and five in the colon and rectum. The majority of
      the patients were in stage III. Using a modified Rappaport's classification,
      lymphocytic lymphoma was the commonest histologic type (60%) as compared to
      histiocytic lymphoma (19%). Four patients had early IPSID (immunoproliferative
      small intestinal disease). The 'Western' type of lymphoma occurred in the fourth
      decade while the 'Mediterranean' type occurred in the third decade of life. The
      latter occurred more commonly among people of low socioeconomic background.
      Chemotherapy was the single most effective mode of treatment. Addition of
      surgery, radiotherapy or both did not improve the 2-yr survival but did improve
      the 5-yr survival.

PMID- 4007023
TI  - Reproducibility and prognostic value of different non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      classifications: study based on the clinicopathologic relations found in the
      EORTC trial (20751).
AB  - In the EORTC trial 20751, six pathologists belonging to five different centers
      classified tumoral lymph nodes from 406 untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma (NHL) into three different NHL classifications. NHL were most easily and
      reliably subdivided according to the growth pattern (the rate of consensus being
      93%). Classification according to growth pattern proved to be of prognostic
      significance. The rate of consensus of classifying cases in the different NHL
      classifications ranged from 74% for the Rappaport, through 70% for the Kiel to
      67% for the international working formulation. It is concluded that NHL are
      reliably classified according to their growth pattern, and that this subdivision
      is of primary prognostic significance.

PMID- 4007024
TI  - Sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of non-small cell
      carcinoma of the lung.
AB  - The sequential administration of methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has
      been claimed to be synergistic. To investigate the potential synergism in non
      small cell carcinoma of the lung (NSCCL), 16 patients were treated with a 2-hr
      infusion of MTX 200 mg/m2 followed after 2 hr by 5-FU 1g/m2. All patients had an
      Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of greater than 2 and had
      received no previous chemotherapy. No responses were seen. This study
      demonstrates that sequential MTX and 5-FU in this dosage and schedule is
      ineffective in NSCCL.

PMID- 4007025
TI  - Phase II study of elliptinium in metastatic soft tissue sarcoma.
AB  - A phase II study was carried out with 9-hydroxy-methyl-elliptinium (9-HME) in
      metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. The dose was 100 mg/m2 weekly in 1 1/2 hr
      intravenous infusion protected from light. Nineteen cases were evaluable for
      response, all previously treated with other chemotherapy regimens. No remissions
      were seen. Major toxicities were nausea and vomiting, dryness of the mouth and
      anorexia. It is concluded that 9-HME is not an effective drug in metastatic soft
      tissue sarcoma.

PMID- 4007026
TI  - Tamoxifen alone or in combination with estradiol-17 beta inhibits the growth and
      malignant transformation of hepatic hyperplastic nodules.
AB  - Hepatic hyperplastic nodules (HHNs) induced by the 'resistant hepatocyte method'
      of Solt et al. were studied as an experimental prototype of oral contraceptive
      related tumors. Cytoplasmic estrogen receptors were present in all HHNs harvested
      and their concentration was always less than that in normal liver. No specific
      cytoplasmic progestin receptors could be measured in the above tumor or liver
      specimens. The long-term administration of estradiol-17 beta (4.8-24.0
      micrograms/day) resulted in the death of all but one of 20 animals prior to
      termination at 10 months. Tamoxifen (0.25-2.5 mg biweekly), which did not lead to
      excess mortality, decreased HHN grade (proportion of liver slice occupied by HHN)
      and inhibited malignant transformation. Combination therapy with single-dose
      estradiol-17 beta (4.8 micrograms/day) and various doses of tamoxifen (0.25-2.5
      mg biweekly) in most cases reduced mortality, HHN grade and malignant
      transformation. Cytoplasmic progestin receptors were absent and estrogen
      receptors were either undetectable or present in low concentrations in hepatic
      tumors harvested at the time of termination. Our results indicated that HHNs are
      hormone-dependent and that malignant transformation can be inhibited by tamoxifen
      alone or in combination with estradiol-17 beta.

PMID- 4007027
TI  - Cross-over study of muzolimine and hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride in hypertensive
      patients.
AB  - Thiazide therapy is a widely used first line treatment for arterial hypertension.
      Its useful value, particularly in mild or moderate hypertension, is sometimes
      reduced by metabolic side-effects, as hypokalaemia and hyperuricaemia. In the
      present study the antihypertensive efficacy of a new, non-sulphonamide diuretic
      Bay g 2821 (muzolimine) was evaluated in comparison with the combination of
      hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride over a period of 4 weeks. A highly significant
      decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures was produced by both
      treatments. No decrease in serum potassium nor an increase in cholesterol,
      triglycerides, uric acid or glucose was detected during the 4 week treatment
      period. Subjective side-effects, such as headache and dizziness, were very rarely
      observed during Bay g 2821 treatment. The new diuretic appears, therefore, to be
      effective in the treatment of arterial hypertension without untoward side
      effects.

PMID- 4007028
TI  - Decreased renal clearance of digoxin in chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - Renal digoxin clearance was compared in patients suffering from atrial
      fibrillation with well preserved cardiac function (n = 9; salt intake +/- 170
      mmol daily) and patients with chronic congestive heart failure (n = 10; salt
      intake 50 mmol daily and maintenance treatment with diuretics). There was no
      difference between the groups concerning digoxin dosage, creatinine clearance,
      diuresis or sodium excretion in the urine. Digoxin clearance in chronic heart
      failure proved to be significantly lower than in atrial fibrillation (48 +/- 21
      vs 71 +/- 36 ml X min-1, p less than 0.05), and Cdig/Ccreat was similarly reduced
      at 0.73 +/- 0.15 compared to 1.09 +/- 0.27 (p less than 0.005). Steady state
      serum digoxin concentration was significantly higher in patients with congestive
      heart failure (1.44 +/- 0.47 vs 0.87 +/- 0.33 micrograms X 1(-1), p less than
      0.01). Chronic congestive heart failure is a state with reduced digoxin clearance
      by the kidney, which could lead to digoxin intoxication not explicable by
      overdose, reduced renal function or the effect of interacting drugs.

PMID- 4007029
TI  - The acute changes in serum binding of disopyramide and flecainide after
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - In the serum basic drugs are principally bound to alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG).
      Following acute myocardial infarction it has been shown that the levels of AAG
      rise. The serum levels of total protein, albumin, AAG and the protein binding of
      2 antiarrhythmic drugs which are bases, disopyramide and flecainide, was measured
      in vitro with blood samples from eleven patients taken over the first 5 days
      following myocardial infarction. Mean AAG levels significantly increased from
      1.04 g/l on Day 1 to 1.80 g/l on Day 5. The binding of disopyramide, which is
      highly bound, rose from 80% to 87%, representing a 35% decrease in free drug
      concentration. In contrast the binding of flecainide fell from 61% to 53%, a 20%
      increase in free drug concentration. These data suggest that although the binding
      of strongly bound drugs responds appropriately to increases in binding protein
      after acute myocardial infarction, poorly bound drugs are displaced from binding
      sites possibly by endogenous substances. Since the pharmacological effects of a
      drug are related to its free (unbound) concentration, the changes in the
      proportions of free to bound drug after myocardial infarction may have important
      clinical implications.

PMID- 4007030
TI  - Mechanism of warfarin potentiation by amiodarone: dose--and concentration-
      dependent inhibition of warfarin elimination.
AB  - Potentiation of the anticoagulant-effect of warfarin by amiodarone was studied in
      30 patients. Thirteen received both drugs concurrently, and 17 received warfarin
      alone and the combination sequentially. Warfarin doses were adjusted to maintain
      the prothrombin time between 25-30% of control and its kinetics were compared to
      those in 20 control patients who received warfarin alone. Potentiation occurred
      in 28/30 patients, presenting as a 35%-65% reduction in the required dose of
      warfarin, and was correlated with the dose of amiodarone (r = 0.77, p less than
      0.01). The free warfarin fraction was not affected by amiodarone (1.8% vs 1.6% in
      the controls). Warfarin clearance was lower in amiodarone-treated patients than
      in the controls (1.4 vs 3.1 ml/min, p less than 0.01) with similar plasma
      concentrations (1.5 vs 1.2 micrograms/ml) despite administration of lower doses
      (23.3 vs 39 mg/week respectively). The amiodarone concentration was significantly
      correlated with the warfarin concentrations independent of the effect of
      amiodarone on the dose of warfarin. Amiodarone hat no effect on prothrombin other
      than through its actions on the dose and plasma concentration of warfarin. The
      mechanism of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction is pharmacokinetic through dose 
      and concentration - dependent inhibition of warfarin elimination.

PMID- 4007031
TI  - Inhibition of lymphocyte response to mitogens by dipyridamole: preliminary
      findings.
AB  - It has been recently noted that dipyridamole (DP) may be involved in certain
      immunological reactions, in addition to its antiplatelet action. In the present
      investigation the mitogenic response of human lymphocytes from three groups of
      subjects to 3 different lectins was examined. In both the experimental group
      treated over a short period and in the controls a highly significant decrease in
      the mean lymphocyte response to all 3 mitogens was noted following 3 days of DP
      administration. The response remained low after an additional 3 days of
      treatment. Discontinuation of drug administration was followed by a significant
      increase in response to two mitogens, concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM). The response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) extent only increased to a
      small, non-significant. No change in the mean mitogenic response was detected in
      the group undergoing long-term treatment. The mechanism by which DP alters
      lymphocyte activity is as yet unknown.

PMID- 4007032
TI  - Treatment of cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus) with mebendazole:
      assessment of bound and free drug levels in cyst fluid and of parasite vitality
      in operative specimens.
AB  - Chemotherapy of the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus in man with high oral
      doses of mebendazole has only been partly successful. In order to improve
      effective pharmacotherapy of this disease with mebendazole, the optimal time for
      blood sampling has been assessed and the mebendazole concentrations acting on the
      parasite have been compared with their viability. The optimal time for blood
      sampling was analysed in 14 patients during longterm treatment with mebendazole.
      The plasma level 4 h after the morning dose exhibited the best correlation with
      the average 24-h concentration, suggesting that the plasma level should be
      monitored 4 h after the morning dose. In 22 patients undergoing surgery for
      hydatid disease, the mebendazole concentration in cyst fluid was significantly
      correlated with its plasma level 4 h after the morning dose. In 13 of them the
      free drug concentration was determined by equilibrium dialysis and it was almost
      identical with the free mebendazole concentration in plasma. Results of viability
      tests in 12 cases revealed viable cysts in 6 cases and possibly viable cysts in 6
      other cases. Even patients treated for more than 12 months still had viable
      cysts.

PMID- 4007033
TI  - In vitro--in vivo correlation of dissolution, a time scaling problem?
      Transformation of in vitro results to the in vivo situation, using theophylline
      as a practical example.
AB  - Two principal approaches to demonstrating the continuous in vivo relevance of an
      in vitro dissolution test are outlined. The first uses the convolution technique
      to predict the concentration-time course in vivo; the second uses deconvolution
      as a mathematical tool to estimate the in vivo dissolution profile. The weighting
      function must be known to utilise either technique. Defined by the aim of the
      analysis the dose-normalized response to the oral solution is regarded as the
      weighting function (Impulse Response). In both cases the essential step is
      continuous comparison of the predicted time dependent data with actual readings
      of the same class. To permit the prediction of concentration-time data from in
      vitro dissolution data the basic equations for the transformation of the time
      base from in vitro to in vivo conditions are developed. The transformation is
      essential, since one cannot assume that the time scales for the in vitro and the
      in vivo experiment are definitely the same. The estimated in vivo dissolution
      profile using the deconvolution technique gives a hypothetical image of the true
      in vivo dissolution curve. Comparison with in vitro dissolution test results,
      using one of the equivalence testing procedures, reveals how closely and for how
      long the in vitro dissolution test simulates the in vivo dissolution process. For
      the formulation of theophylline studied, equivalence of the in vitro and the
      estimated in vivo dissolution profiles was not confirmed for the entire period of
      observation, but it was demonstrated for approximately the first 5 h. The later
      inequivalence is not due to possible non-linear or time-dependent kinetics of
      theophylline. There is a discussion of whether a change in pH, agitation of the
      formulation, diffusion conditions or the absorption rate constant along the
      gastrointestinal tract might explain the biphasic linear correlation of the in
      vitro and in vivo data observed.

PMID- 4007034
TI  - Steady-state concentration of cotinine as a measure of nicotine-intake by
      smokers.
AB  - Measurement of plasma cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, is usually done
      to determine nicotine-intake in smokers. Cotinine is used instead of nicotine
      because it has a much longer half-life than the mother substance and its plasma
      concentrations are therefore less dependent on the exact times of blood sampling.
      However, the linearity of the relationship between nicotine-intake and cotinine
      level in plasma has never been proven. Therefore cotinine was measured in 6
      healthy volunteers infused over 4 days with several doses of nicotine i.v. up to
      480 micrograms/kg/day. Cotinine concentrations in plasma were shown to be
      linearly and directly related to nicotine intake. The concentration of cotinine
      showed little variation during and for up to 2 h after the last dose of nicotine.
      Therefore, cotinine can be used as an epidemiological marker of nicotine intake
      if it is measured around the time of the last cigarette of the day.

PMID- 4007035
TI  - Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of piroxicam in elderly vs young
      adults.
AB  - Age-dependent changes in pharmacokinetics are considered a possible factor
      contributing to a higher risk of side-effects from drug treatment in the elderly.
      However, very little is known about the kinetics and metabolism of most NSAI
      agents in geriatric subjects. In a prospective age-comparison study, the single
      dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of piroxicam 20 mg once daily were
      determined in 44 subjects ranging in age from 30 to 80 years. Plasma
      concentrations, elimination half-life, AUC, and volume of distribution were not
      influenced by age or sex and were in agreement with previously reported results
      in young adults. Pharmacokinetic parameters in 18 patients with evidence of mild
      or moderate renal impairment at study entry were not different from those in
      patients without impairment. Based on this and other studies, elderly patients
      receiving the recommended dose of piroxicam are not exposed to undue risk related
      to pharmacokinetic considerations.

PMID- 4007036
TI  - Distribution of acetylator phenotype in relation to age and sex in Swedish
      patients. A retrospective study.
AB  - In 310 Swedish patients, the distribution of acetylator phenotype was studied by
      determination of the half-life of isoniazid (INH T1/2). The expected bimodal
      distribution was found in the complete study group, but was not always clearly
      apparent after subgrouping for age and sex. Mean INH T1/2 was higher in males and
      tended to increase with age. The difference in INH T1/2 between males and females
      was small in younger individuals (below 46 years of age) and showed a gradual
      increase with age. In older individuals (above 65 y) mean INH T1/2 was 42 min
      longer in males than in females. In the females, mean INH T1/2 was relatively
      constant in all age groups. The effect of age on acetylator phenotype, previously
      reported by other workers, appears to have been confirmed but only in males. It
      may be influenced by concurrent treatment for certain diseases.

PMID- 4007037
TI  - Elimination kinetics of thiopentone in mothers and their newborn infants.
AB  - The elimination kinetics of thiopentone was studied in 7 newborns delivered by
      Caesarean section and in their mothers who had received the drug for induction of
      anaesthesia. At delivery, 4-9 min after induction, drug concentrations in cord
      blood were half those in material blood. The mean half-life of thiopentone in the
      newborns was about double that in their mothers (15 vs 7 h) confirming a
      disposition similar to other barbiturates. For the first time renal clearance of
      thiopentone was estimated in the newborn; 0.074 ml/h/kg. Only 0.0007% (about 2
      micrograms) of the maternal dose was recovered in the urine of newborns over 36
      h. Pentobarbitone, an active metabolite, was not detected in any specimen. The
      findings demonstrate the reliability of current anaesthesiological technique
      (thiopentone-succinylcholine-oxygen) with minimal fetal exposure to the drug.

PMID- 4007038
TI  - Pharmacokinetic studies of cefoxitin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin was examined in 9 patients undergoing
      peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure. Cefoxitin was administered
      intraperitoneally in the dialysate fluid every 6 h for 24 h, in two different
      concentrations, 50 micrograms/ml and 100 micrograms/ml. The plasma half-life of
      cefoxitin was 20.2 h. The major route of elimination was non-renal, with a
      clearance of 8.0 ml/min. Peritoneal clearance was 4.1 ml/min. As expected, renal
      clearance was negligible. The peak plasma concentrations of cefoxitin at the two
      dose levels used were 7 micrograms/ml and 15 micrograms/ml, respectively, when
      assayed by HPLC, and 12 micrograms/ml and 24 micrograms/ml when determined by a
      microbiological assay. The cefoxitin concentration in the dialysate decreased
      from 50 micrograms/ml to 14 micrograms/ml and from 100 micrograms/ml to 37
      micrograms/ml during the 6 h of its retention in the peritoneal cavity.

PMID- 4007039
TI  - Salicylate protein binding in serum from young and elderly subjects as measured
      by diafiltration.
AB  - The protein binding of salicylate was measured by continuous ultrafiltration
      (diafiltration) at 22 degrees C in serum obtained from 5 healthy young (mean age:
      27 years) and 5 healthy elderly (mean age: 73 years) male volunteers. Unbound
      salicylate increased disproportionately with increasing total salicylate
      concentration, up to 7000 mumol, in all sera. The fraction bound of salicylate
      was significantly lower in sera from elderly but this was not due to decreased
      albumin or total protein concentrations. The binding of salicylate to serum
      proteins was characterized by two classes of binding sites. The high affinity
      site had an association constant of either 9490 l/mol (young) or 7560 l/mol
      (elderly) and the number of binding sites was either 4.7 (young) or 3.7
      (elderly). The total binding capacity of the low affinity site, 112 l/mol, in
      sera from elderly was significantly less than the binding capacity, 631 l/mol, in
      sera from young. Differences in binding capacity of the low affinity site
      partially accounted for a two to three-fold increase in the salicylate free
      fraction in elderly sera. These data suggest that age-related differences in
      serum protein binding may influence salicylate pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 4007040
TI  - Pinacidil, a new vasodilator, in the treatment of mild to moderate essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Twenty three patients with essential hypertension who were uncontrolled on
      diuretic and/or beta-receptor antagonist therapy were treated additionally with
      the vasodilator, pinacidil, in an open study. Significant reduction in mean blood
      pressure was achieved. Supine and erect systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      fell by 44/25 mmHg and 37/24 mmHg respectively over the study period of 12 weeks.
      Side-effects such as dizziness, headache, facial flushing and mild oedema were
      experienced by 10 patients during the study, all of which were mild and transient
      and did not require withdrawal from pinacidil therapy. Pinacidil is an effective
      and well tolerated agent in the treatment of essential hypertension.

PMID- 4007041
TI  - Comparison of atenolol 50 mg and 100 mg as initial treatment in uncomplicated
      mild to moderate hypertension.
AB  - After screening a local population in the northern part of The Netherlands for
      hypertension, 59 patients with a diastolic pressure (DP) between 95 and 130 mmHg
      were randomized and treated either with 50 mg atenolol (n = 29) or 100 mg
      atenolol (n = 30) for 1 month. There was no significant difference between the
      two treatments, neither in the fall in systolic and diastolic pressures nor in
      the number of complaints reported. It is concluded that in the initial treatment
      of uncomplicated mild to moderate hypertension, 100 mg atenolol has no advantage
      over a 50 mg dose.

PMID- 4007042
TI  - Relationship between dose, blood level and haemodynamic response in patients with
      cirrhosis receiving propranolol.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with cirrhosis receiving continuous administration of
      propranolol in doses reducing the heart rate by 25% were studied. The doses and
      plasma levels varied widely - 185 +/- 98 mg/day (mean +/- SD) and 208 +/- 153
      ng/ml, respectively. These values were significantly correlated. No significant
      correlation was found between the dose of the drug or plasma level and the liver
      function tests. Although propranolol significantly decreased cardiac output and
      the hepatic venous pressure gradient, no correlation was found between drug dose
      or plasma level and these haemodynamic effects.

PMID- 4007043
TI  - Hydroxychloroquine in human breast milk.
AB  - Hydroxychloroquine 3.2 micrograms was detected in breast milk from a woman given
      800 mg over 48 hour.

PMID- 4007044
TI  - Stromal cell types in the developing thymus of the normal and nude mouse embryo.
AB  - The anatomical distribution of various nonlymphoid cell types in the embryonic
      mouse thymus in vivo and in vitro, as well as in the thymic rudiment of the nude
      mouse embryo, has been studied. For this purpose a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies, ER-TR3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, directed to various types of stromal cells of
      the mouse thymus, was used in combination with immunoperoxidase labeling on
      frozen sections. It was shown that as early as day 13 in thymic ontogeny
      distinction of TR4+ cortical epithelial cells and TR5+ medullary epithelial cells
      is possible. Thus, as far as stromal components are concerned, the thymus at day
      13 in ontogeny is already subdivided into cortex and medulla. At day 13, Ia (TR3)
      was expressed in a focal pattern in the medulla subsequently appearing throughout
      both cortex and medulla by day 16. The thymic rudiment of the nude mouse embryo
      differs markedly from the normal embryonic thymus in its lack of demonstrable Ia
      antigen. Furthermore, TR4 and TR5 were only expressed on occasional epithelial
      cells lining the cysts of the nude thymus in a mutually exclusive fashion. The
      majority of stromal cells of the nude thymus, however, is negative for all ER-TR
      antibodies tested. In addition, we have shown that in organ cultures the
      organization of the stroma of thymic lobes remains intact, at least for a period
      of 11 days. Embryonic thymi cultured in the presence of deoxyguanosine, which
      causes depletion of lymphoid cells, also contain cortical and medullary areas as
      identified by the presence of TR3,4+ and TR5+ stromal cells. This indicates that
      the lack of organization in the nude thymus is not simply due to the absence of
      lymphoid cells.

PMID- 4007045
TI  - A high incidence of cross-reactive idiotypes among murine natural autoantibodies.
AB  - Anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies were produced in rabbits against two natural
      monoclonal IgM autoantibodies (NmAb), D23 and E7, which exhibited a broad
      reactivity and were derived from fusions of spleen cells from adult unprimed
      BALB/c mice and nonsecreting myeloma cell lines. They were used to test the
      reactivities of 12 NmAb obtained from adult and newborn unprimed mice. Both anti
      Id recognized cross-reactive idiotopes frequently shared by NmAb; 8 out of the 12
      NmAb reacted with anti-IdD23, while 5 of them also reacted with anti-IdE7. All of
      the Id-bearing antibodies possessed widespread reactivity with structurally
      dissimilar self and nonself antigens. In most cases, their cross-reactive Id
      determinants seemed to be located outside of their antigen-binding sites.
      Furthermore, the presence in normal mouse sera of significant levels of D23 and
      E7 idiotopes correlated with the presence of natural antibody activity and was
      mainly associated with IgM and IgG2b fractions. Finally, D23 idiotope(s) were
      also found on induced murine anti-myosin antibodies. The high incidence of cross
      reactive idiotopes found among NmAb produced by clones derived from different
      mice and their presence in normal BALB/c mouse serum Ig fractions suggest that
      families of germ-line genes may encode for at least a part of them.

PMID- 4007046
TI  - Anticonvulsant action in the epileptic gerbil of novel inhibitors of GABA uptake.
AB  - Two novel inhibitors of GABA uptake, namely SKF 89976-A (N-[4,4-diphenyl-3
      butenyl]-nipecotic acid) and SKF 100330-A (N-[4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl]-guvacine)
      were tested for anticonvulsant effects in genetically seizure-prone gerbils. Both
      compounds proved able to block major (generalized tonic-clonic) seizures
      initiated in gerbils by air blast stimulation. The respective anticonvulsant
      ED50s for SKF 100330-A and SKF 89976-A were 1.6 and 4.1 mg/kg i.p., respectively.
      Comparison with other GABA uptake inhibitors, namely ethyl and methyl esters of (
      )- and (+)-nipecotic acid and (+/-)-cis-4-hydroxynipecotic acid, showed that the
      novel uptake inhibitors were considerably more potent. Similarly, comparison with
      common antiepileptic drugs demonstrated that SKF 100330-A and SKF 89976-A were
      more potent than phenobarbital and valproic acid to block seizures in gerbils.
      Only benzodiazepines surpassed these GABA uptake inhibitors in anticonvulsant
      potency. Observation of behaviour indicated that the novel compounds exerted no
      side-effects in anticonvulsant doses. These data indicate that SKF 100330-A and
      SKF 89976-A deserve interest as potential antiepileptic drugs with a very
      selective mechanism of action.

PMID- 4007047
TI  - [3H] beta-phenylethylamine but not [3H](+)-amphetamine is released by electrical
      stimulation from perfused rat striatal slices.
AB  - Perfused rat striatal slices were prelabelled with either [3H](+)-amphetamine or
      [3H] beta-phenylethylamine. Electrical stimulation released a significant amount
      of radioactivity only from the slices prelabelled with [3H] beta
      phenylethylamine. The electrically evoked release of radioactivity from slices
      labelled with [3H] beta-phenylethylamine was entirely calcium-dependent and was
      abolished after pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg s.c., 24 h). In addition, S
      sulpiride (1 microM), which facilitates the electrically evoked release of
      radioactivity from slices labelled with [3H]DA by blocking dopamine
      autoreceptors, also induced an increase of the radioactivity released by
      electrical stimulation from slices labelled with [3H] beta-phenylethylamine. Our
      results indicate that, in spite of the structural similarities between AMPH and
      PEA, only the latter which is the naturally occurring analog of AMPH can be
      released by electrical stimulation in a calcium-dependent manner.

PMID- 4007048
TI  - Neurochemical evidence for the release of acetylcholine from the guinea-pig ileum
      myenteric plexus by capsaicin.
AB  - Superfusion of the sensory stimulant drug capsaicin (3.3 microM) released
      [3H]acetylcholine from isolated myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips of
      guinea-pig ileum, preincubated with [3H]choline. This effect was prevented by
      tetrodotoxin. There was a fast tachyphylaxis to the effect of capsaicin. It is
      suggested that capsaicin-sensitive nerve endings capable of activating intrinsic
      cholinergic neurones are situated in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig
      ileum.

PMID- 4007049
TI  - Frequency-dependent depression of myocardial contractility by slow calcium
      channel blocking drugs.
AB  - The negative inotropic effects of two dihydropyridine and two non-dihydropyridine
      calcium slow channel blocking drugs were studied using ferret isolated papillary
      muscle preparations contracting both isotonically and isometrically. The degree
      of inotropic depression was found to be dependent on the frequency of stimulation
      for all four agents. Frequency dependence of inotropic effect was of the order:
      nifedipine less than felodipine less than diltiazem less than verapamil.

PMID- 4007051
TI  - N1-methyl-2-[125I]LSD ([125I]MIL), a preferred ligand for serotonin 5-HT2
      receptors.

PMID- 4007050
TI  - Phencyclidine-induced inhibition of rat prolactin secretion: increased portal
      blood dopamine.
AB  - Intraperitoneal administration of phencyclidine (PCP, 2.5-20 mg/kg) produced a
      dose-related inhibition of the increase in serum PRL concentrations produced by
      alpha-methylparatyrosine (AMPT) or reserpine, but not morphine. Phencyclidine was
      more potent in antagonizing the PRL-releasing effect of reserpine than that of
      AMPT, suggesting a greater effect of PCP on the cytoplasmic than the storage
      dopamine (DA) pool. Phencyclidine had no effect on PRL release from rat pituitary
      glands in vitro. Intravenous administration of PCP (10 mg/kg) to anesthetized
      male rats produced a two-fold increase in pituitary stalk (DA) concentrations,
      suggesting that PCP inhibits rat serum PRL by increasing the release of DA from
      the tuberoinfundibular neurons, and possibly by blocking its reuptake as well.

PMID- 4007052
TI  - Effects of phalloidin on electrical and mechanical activity of frog muscle
      fibres.
AB  - The effects of phalloidin (10(-15) to 10(-5) M) on isolated muscle fibres of the
      frog were investigated under current or voltage clamp conditions in a double
      mannitol gap device coupled to a mechanoelectric transducer which allowed the
      estimation of isometric tension. The toxin significantly increased the action
      potential duration and the amplitude of the associated contraction. Under voltage
      clamp conditions, for a concentration range of 10(-14) to 10(-8) M, phalloidin
      reversibly decreased (up to 42.7% +/- 3.1) the fast outward potassium current
      responsible for the delayed rectification. For concentrations from 10(-8) to 10(
      5) M, the toxin irreversibly reduced (up to 43.3% +/- 2.9) the amplitude of the
      contractile response. It is concluded that, in skeletal muscle fibre of frog,
      phalloidin acts at two different levels, one which may be located at the outer
      face of the surface membrane while the other may be located deeper within the
      cell.

PMID- 4007053
TI  - Effector mechanisms for alpha,beta-methylene ATP and ATP derivatives in guinea
      pig taenia caeci.
AB  - The effects of the ATP analog alpha, beta-methylene ATP and ATP derivatives on
      smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia caeci were studied by measuring
      potential changes. The preparations were superfused (1 ml/min) with Krebs
      solution or calcium-free solution containing atropine (10(-6) M), prazosin (10(
      6) M) and propanolol (10(-6) M) using the sucrose-gap method at 22 degrees C. The
      ATP analog (10(-5) M to 4 X 10(-4) M) caused slowly developing hyperpolarization
      in the presence of calcium. Hyperpolarization also occurred on addition of the
      analog in calcium-free medium. The area of the response increased with the analog
      concentration (10(-5) M to 4 X 10(-4) M). The response evoked after repeated
      addition of the ATP analog had slightly lower amplitude and slower onset than the
      first response both in the presence and the absence of calcium. The area of the
      response to the ATP analog in the absence of calcium was also decreased when
      preceded by the ATP response. When the opposite experimental sequence was used
      the ATP response was strongly inhibited, when preceded by the analog response
      evoked by the same concentration. The ATP analog caused depolarization of the
      muscle cells in the presence of apamin (3 X 10(-7) M), which was also observed
      with ATP. The ATP derivatives (4 X 10(-4) M) caused hyperpolarization of the
      smooth muscle cell membrane, except hypoxanthine and inosine which were
      inactive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007054
TI  - Antifibrillatory properties of alinidine after coronary artery occlusion in rats.
AB  - Ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed in open
      chest anaesthetized rats and mortality as well as changes in ECG were evaluated
      for 30 min thereafter. Saline or drugs were administered 15 min prior to
      ligation. In the control group, following a 4 min lag period ventricular
      arrhythmias as single ectopic beats, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular
      fibrillation (VF) appeared, reaching a maximum between 10 and 20 min and
      disappearing after 30 min. Mortality (40% in the control group) coincided with
      the period of maximal arrhythmias, with VF more common in animals that died than
      in those surviving. Alinidine, a drug which reduces sino-atrial rate specifically
      but has no conventional antiarrhythmic properties, reduced mortality and VF. By
      means of order statistics the quantity 'risk of death' was used for evaluation of
      drug effects, considering incidence of death and VF as well as duration of VF.
      This quantity was reduced in correlation with the dose of alinidine (1-6 mg/kg
      i.v.) and in correlation with the reduction of heart rate. Mexiletine, an
      antiarrhythmic drug with membrane-depressant properties, also reduced the 'risk
      of death' dose dependently (1-10 mg/kg i.v.), but there was no correlation with a
      decrease in heart rate. It is suggested that alinidine reduced 'risk of death' by
      means of a reduced oxygen demand due to a decrease in heart rate.

PMID- 4007055
TI  - Glycine antagonism by RU 5135.
AB  - In the spinal cord of the pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cat, microelectrophoretic
      RU 5135, a steroid derivative, was a potent strychnine-like glycine antagonist,
      having less effect on the inhibition by GABA of neuronal firing.

PMID- 4007056
TI  - Opposite effects of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine) and aminomethanesulfonic
      acid on calcium ion uptake in rat retinal preparations.
AB  - It is well known that taurine stimulates ATP-dependent calcium ion uptake at low
      calcium ion concentrations. However, aminomethanesulfonic acid, the lower
      homologue of taurine, inhibits calcium ion uptake under the same experimental
      conditions. The higher homologue of taurine, 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, has no
      effect on calcium ion uptake. These data demonstrate that the carbon chain length
      between the amino and sulfonic acid moieties is critical for the resultant effect
      on the calcium ion transport process.

PMID- 4007057
TI  - Distribution of cerebral metabolic effects of nicotine in the rat.

PMID- 4007058
TI  - Replication of non-repetitive DNA during early, middle and late S phase. The
      general class and the subset transcribed.
AB  - Synchronized cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells were pulse-labelled with 5
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during early (0-2.0 h), middle (2.5-4.0 h) and late (4.5
      6.0 h) S phase in two successive cell cycles. In each case, the DNA containing
      BrdU in both strands was duplicated at the same time in both cycles and was
      isolated for further characterization by centrifugation in CsCl gradients. These
      DNAs were then radiolabelled by nick-translation and used in either DNA-DNA or
      RNA-DNA hybridization experiments. In the DNA-DNA experiments, advantage was
      taken of the substantial rate increases attainable in high concentrations of
      dextran sulfate to obtain complete reassociation curves with relatively small
      amounts of material. Assuming that no unresolved low repetition frequency
      components exist, renaturation kinetics suggest that early replicating DNA
      contains a greater proportion of non-repetitive sequences than DNA synthesized at
      later times, the order being early greater than middle greater than late.
      However, in terms of complexity the non-repeated DNA duplicated early had only
      74% of the diverse sequences present in log-phase cells, whereas that replicated
      in middle and late S phase had 82 and 79.5%, respectively. It therefore appears
      that while DNA synthesized at different times in S phase may contain varying
      proportions of non-repetitive sequences, when their diversity is taken into
      account very few of these sequences (25% or less) exhibit temporal control of
      replication. Finally, measurements with total cell RNA indicated that the
      transcribed fraction of non-repeated DNA showed a slight preference for
      replication in early S phase.

PMID- 4007059
TI  - The heterogeneity of human fibroblasts as determined from the effects of
      hydrocortisone on cell growth and specific dexamethasone binding.
AB  - To elucidate the heterogeneity of human fibroblasts from lung and skin, the
      effects of hydrocortisone on cell proliferation and the specific dexamethasone
      binding to cells were studied. Hydrocortisone at physiological concentrations
      stimulated the proliferation in three strains of human fetal lung fibroblasts and
      inhibited it in two strains. There are two kinds of fibroblasts in the human
      fetal lung in addition to the human skin fibroblasts reported previously.
      Dexamethasone-binding experiments showed that human fibroblasts may be classified
      into two groups with respect to the dissociation constant (Kd) of the binding
      reaction. The heterogeneity of human fibroblasts shown by Kd could not be
      correlated to classification on the basis of the effects of hydrocortisone on
      cell proliferation. The differences in Kd for the binding reactions suggest
      differences in donor tissues from which human fibroblasts are derived.

PMID- 4007060
TI  - Extracellular matrix components influence the survival of adult cardiac myocytes
      in vitro.
AB  - Calcium-tolerant myocytes were isolated from adult rat hearts by collagenase
      perfusion and plated on various substrates in serum-free medium and their
      adhesion to various extracellular matrix (ECM) components was determined. The
      myocytes attached readily to dishes coated with collagen type IV (C-IV), laminin
      (LN), and to fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a manner dependent on the concentration
      of the components. Substantially fewer myocytes adhered to dishes coated with
      fibronectin (FN) or to uncoated plastic dishes. Cells adhered equally well to
      dishes coated with C-IV, LN and FBS within 1-4 h. However, when examined after 2
      weeks in culture it was found that only C-IV and LN could support survival of the
      attached myocytes, and when cultured on C-IV or LN the myocytes were spread and
      had formed a dense monolayer. The actin filaments had at this time reorganized
      linearly along the long axis of the cell and the myocytes contracted
      spontaneously. Rabbit antibodies were raised against myocyte membranes and their
      ability to inhibit attachment to ECM components was studied. Purified IgG
      inhibited attachment to C-IV, while having only a minor effect on attachment to
      LN. These data are compatible with the presence of a specific cell surface
      component(s) that interacts with ECM substrates and influences cell shape and
      possibly thereby influences cellular functions.

PMID- 4007061
TI  - Pleiotropic drug resistance and gene amplification in a SEWA mouse tumor cell
      line. Complex relations revealed by drug uptake data, and lipid and protein
      analysis.
AB  - SEWA mouse lines resistant to actinomycin D (AMD) or vincristine (VCR) exhibit
      the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) phenotype, and express a low-MW protein
      (p21) and numerous double minutes (DM). In drug uptake studies these lines were
      compared with the non-resistant parental line and with a methotrexate (MTX)
      resistant line, not exhibiting PDR. On treatment with labelled AMD or VCR the two
      PDR lines displayed a highly reduced intracellular content of drug, whereas
      uptake of MTX was unchanged. Uptake of AMD was shown to be temperature-dependent.
      The MTX-resistant line did not exhibit any significant change in AMD or VCR
      uptake. Other workers have emphasized the role of a high-MW glycoprotein in the
      development of PDR. A search for a similar glycoprotein in our cells was
      unsuccessful. Since all indications point to membrane factors being important in
      the development of PDR, the lines were also subjected to lipid analysis. Compared
      with control cells distinct differences were detected in the lipid composition of
      all resistant lines (including the MTX-resistant line). In the course of our
      experiments, the DM in our most AMD-resistant line were replaced by two
      homogeneously staining regions (HSR). Simultaneously, the overproduction of p21
      ceased, but the PDR phenotype persisted. This event tends to implicate a minor
      role for the p21 protein in PDR, but similar transitions from DM to HSR in other
      AMD-resistant SEWA lines were not accompanied by a decrease in p21 over
      production. Our data point to a complex genetic control of multi-drug resistance.

PMID- 4007062
TI  - Expression of histone and tubulin genes during spermatogenesis. Evidence of post
      meiotic transcription.
AB  - The synchrony of spermatogenesis in the winter flounder has enabled us to examine
      the population of mRNAs expressed in each testis cell type, from spermatogonia to
      spermatids. Two of the most abundant sets of mRNAs in this tissue were those
      coding for histones and tubulins. The levels of histone mRNAs rose sharply at the
      onset of spermatogenesis, declined rapidly after the 1 degree spermatocyte stage,
      and were barely detectable in early spermatids. Histone genes were expressed
      again briefly in mid-spermatids, along with a spermatid-specific H3 mRNA-like
      transcript which was more than twice the length (1 100 nucleotides) of the H3
      mRNA. Whereas the first and major round of histone mRNA synthesis appeared to be
      coupled to DNA replication, the second round of synthesis occurred after meiosis
      and coincided with the major reorganization of chromatin structure that takes
      place during the mid-spermatid stage of spermatogenesis. Levels of alpha- and
      beta-tubulin mRNAs increased 25-fold around the time of transition between
      spermatocytes and spermatids when sperm tail synthesis is initiated. These mRNAs
      appear to be utilized right away rather than stored, since the percentage of
      tubulin mRNA in the polysome fraction also increased at that juncture.

PMID- 4007063
TI  - Effects of psoralen on replicon size and mean rate of DNA synthesis in partially
      synchronized cells of Pisum sativum L.
AB  - We have examined by fibre autoradiography the spacing of replicons in pea root
      meristems during synchronized entry into S phase from arrest at the G1/S
      boundary. Pretreatment with the DNA cross-linking agent, psoralen, produces a
      marked shortening of replicon spacing, suggesting that premature arrest of the
      replication fork results in the recruitment of additional initiation points
      within a given replicon family. This is discussed in relation to models for the
      control of DNA replication.

PMID- 4007064
TI  - Location of the isoleucine arrest point in CHO and 3T3 cells.
AB  - An isoleucine arrest point in G1 was determined by two methods for CHO and 3T3
      cells. In the first method the fraction of cells entering S after isoleucine
      deprivation was assessed by [3H]thymidine labelling and autoradiography. In the
      second method cells entering S after isoleucine deprivation were identified by
      double-label autoradiography using [3H] and [14C]thymidine. From the fraction of
      cells entering S, determined by the two methods, the arrest point in G1 (and
      entry into G0) is located within the last 40 min of G1.

PMID- 4007065
TI  - Indirect suppression of the wee1 mutant phenotype in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - For S. pombe cells mutations in the wee1 regulatory gene have been shown
      previously to allow cells to be smaller than normal at cell division, to endow
      the cell with a significantly long G1 cell cycle interval, and to alter the
      timing in the cell cycle of certain mutationally-defined cell cycle steps in G2.
      We show here that situations which lengthen S phase in proliferating wee1 mutant
      cells 'suppress' to varying degrees these wee1-mediated cell cycle alterations.
      Conditions chosen to protract S phase were use of cdc22.M45 mutant cells at
      semipermissive temperatures, and the presence of sub-arresting concentrations of
      the S phase inhibitors hydroxyurea or deoxyadenosine. Proliferation in the
      presence of each of these inhibitors was shown directly to result in protracted S
      phase. Residual cell division measurements were used to measure the cell cycle
      timing of G1 and G2 cell-cycle steps. The indirect suppression of the wee1
      phenotype shown here can be understood in terms of the proposed role of the wee1+
      gene product in coordinating cell division with cellular growth.

PMID- 4007066
TI  - Novel cell cycle regulation in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The DNA
      division sequence modulates mass accumulation.
AB  - For wee1 mutant cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe the DNA-division sequence of
      the cell cycle can be differentially slowed by the presence of low concentrations
      of the S-phase inhibitor hydroxyurea, or by semipermissive temperatures for
      certain wee1 cdc double mutants. Under these conditions the rate of proliferation
      is decreased, yet still exponential. Relief of these constraints slowing the DNA
      division sequence resulted in prompt increases in the exponential rates of mass
      accumulation, to rates greater than those normally found. These observations
      suggest that mass accumulation by this yeast is always modulated by performance
      of the DNA-division sequence.

PMID- 4007067
TI  - In vitro fusion and separation of sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells.
AB  - Time-lapse videomicroscopy of cultured primary mesenchyme cells from mesenchyme
      blastulae of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus demonstrates the dramatic ability
      of these cells to undergo cell fusion and cell separation. Although this
      plasticity of cell associations is presumed to play a role in the formation of
      the syncytial cables that secrete the larval skeleton, the surfaces of these
      cells must be specialized for fusion and cell separation.

PMID- 4007068
TI  - Effect of hyperosmolar medium on the protein synthesis and morphology of
      epithelial cells of the cultured rabbit lens.
AB  - The effects of hyperosmolar medium on the lens epithelial cell protein synthesis
      and morphology were studied. It was found that the hyperosmolar medium inhibits
      protein synthesis, and the high molecular weight proteins were more susceptible
      to the osmolar shock than were the low molecular weight proteins. Fine structure
      analysis of the epithelial cells of the lenses incubated in hyperosmolar medium
      showed that the osmolar shock caused a reduction in the amount of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes; some chromosome clumping was also evident.
      Whether the morphological changes observed were directly related to the decrease
      in the rate of protein synthesis is not clear.

PMID- 4007069
TI  - Some properties of solubilized human rhodopsin.
AB  - This investigation involved an examination of some properties of solubilized
      human rhodopsin. In confirmation of previous work, the spectral maximum was found
      to be at 493 nm at temperatures 5-10 degrees C below 37.5 degrees C. An increase
      in temperature to 37.5 degrees C produced only a minor shift of 2-4 nm toward the
      blue. The opsin displayed the classic and typical stereospecificity of vertebrate
      visual pigments, regenerating a pigment at 493 nm with 11-cis retinal and an
      isopigment at 483 nm with 9-cis retinal. No regeneration occurred with either all
      trans or 13-cis retinal. The chromophoric photosensitivity of human rhodopsin and
      of its 11-cis regenerated pigment was found to be the same at 13.2 X 10(-17) cm2;
      that of the isopigment, at 4.5 X 10(-17) cm2. The long-lived photoproduct of
      human rhodopsin at 475 nm (metarhodopsin-III) was found to be especially
      interesting because of its protracted growth following a brief (20 sec) light
      exposure of the pigment and because of its long decay time even at 27 degrees C
      and higher. This property (growth and decay of metarhodopsin-III) was studied at
      temperatures ranging from 1.9 to 37.5 degrees C. Though NH2OH (4.6 X 10(-3) M)
      was found to speed the decay of metarhodopsin-III, it did not prevent its
      presence during decay for minutes after the 20-sec bleach. It is clear that the
      human metarhodopsin-III is indeed a long-lived intermediate of bleaching and
      evidence from the literature, which is cited, suggests that this product persists
      for significant periods of time in the retinas of mammals, including that of man.
      This fact suggests the possible physiological role of metarhodopsin-III in some
      aspects of vertebrate vision.

PMID- 4007070
TI  - Histologic changes during selenite cataractogenesis: a light microscopy study.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to study the early histologic changes occurring
      in the lens during the formation of selenite overdose cataract. Fourteen-day-old
      rat pups received a single injection of 2.25 mg Se (kg body wt)-1. Lenses at each
      of three stages of cataract formation were observed biomicroscopically, and then
      1-2 micron sections of methacrylate-embedded lenses were evaluated with the light
      microscope. The first observable change was vacuolization, which started at the
      lens bow and later spread throughout the posterior subcapsular region (Stage 1).
      This was followed by an abrupt increase in basophilia at the interface between
      the peripheral nucleus and cortex (Stage 2). Subsequent formation of nuclear
      opacity was characterized by the presence of opaque particles, abnormal
      basophilic structures, and lens fiber damage (Stage 3). The data were consistent
      with the hypothesis that an early site of attack of selenite is at or near the
      lens bow, and this leads to biochemical changes, fiber cell damage, impaired
      nutrient circulation, and formation of nuclear cataract.

PMID- 4007071
TI  - Morphology of the cataract in albino mutant quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
AB  - Morphological changes in cataractous albino quail lens were studied by light
      microscopy. In some animals, a pin-head opacity in the lens could first be
      detected with the naked eye 2 months after hatching. Faint anterior or posterior
      cortical opacity was observed in many lenses at 3 months of age. Most lenses had
      turned opaque 12 months after hatching. Lens dimensions were markedly enlarged at
      6 months of age. Vacuoles were present in the posterior surface just beneath the
      capsule and equatorial epithelium, before the cells became degenerative. Many
      swollen lens fibers and abnormally migrated cells were observed in the posterior
      cortical region. The lens was covered with several layers of epithelioid cells in
      the mature cataract.

PMID- 4007072
TI  - Lipid fluidity of the outer segment membranes from cephalopod retina.
AB  - Membranes from the retina outer segments of squid (Loligo sp.) were isolated by
      sucrose continuous gradient. In these membranes, phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine were shown to be the most abundant lipids, while
      rhodopsin was the predominant protein. Steady-state fluorescence depolarization
      of the probe 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene was employed to characterize the
      microviscosity of the photosensitive membranes and of the vesicles prepared from
      their lipid extract. The lipid fluidity parameter (r0/r-1)-1 in these membranes
      ranged between approximately 3.8 and approximately 0.95 (0-38 degrees C), while
      the value of the lipid extract vesicles ranged between approximately 3 and
      approximately 0.6. No phase transition was observed in the membrane and vesicle
      preparation in the range of temperatures under study [0-38 degrees C).
      Photosensitive membranes from cuttlefish (sepia officinalis) gave similar
      results. The (r0/r-1)-1 value in this species varied between approximately 4 and
      approximately 1.2 (0-38 degrees C) with a linear dependence on temperature. In
      these outer segments the bleaching of rhodopsin did not cause any change of the
      membrane lipid fluidity value. The present results are compared with those
      obtained in bovine rod outer segments.

PMID- 4007073
TI  - Direct measurement of pH in the rat lens by ion-sensitive microelectrodes.
AB  - The resting pH of the rat lens was determined using H+-sensitive liquid membrane
      microelectrodes and found to be 6.89 when measured in a perifusing solution of pH
      7.20. The pH of the rat vitreous humour was also measured and was found to be
      7.25. Attempts were made to perturb the lens pH by varying the pH of the
      perifusate. In the presence of alkaline solutions, the lens was able to maintain
      its resting pH and membrane potential but, upon perfusion with a more acidic
      solution, the lenticular pH equilibrated with the pH of the bathing solution and
      the potential depolarized. The internal pH could be manipulated independently of
      the external pH by perfusing the lens with Ringer solution containing 20 mM
      ammonium chloride. The ammonium chloride induced a rapid alkalinization and the
      return to control solution caused a fall in pH to below the normal resting level.
      The biphasic pH response to ammonium chloride was accompanied by changes in lens
      transparency and membrane potential.

PMID- 4007074
TI  - Enzymatic activity of quinonoid dihydropterin reductase and tetrahydropterin
      content in human ocular tissues and senile cataracts.
AB  - The quinonoid dihydropterin reductase (DHPR) activity and tetrahydropterin
      content were determined in human ciliary body--iris, retina, normal lens and
      senile cataracts. The DHPR activity was higher in the retina [120.56 +/- 12.46
      nmol NADH oxidized min-1 (mg soluble protein)-1] than in the ciliary body--iris
      [46.10 +/- 7.46 nmol NADH oxidized min-1 (mg soluble protein)-1] and lens [2.79
      +/- 0.15 nmol NADH oxidized min-1 (mg soluble protein)-1]. In the distribution of
      DHPR activity in the lens, the capsule-epithelium showed 1.5 and 10 times more
      activity than the cortex and nucleus, respectively. The apparent Km values for
      each of the substrates of DHPR activity in lens were obtained by Lineweaver-
      Burke plots. The plots. The tetrahydropterin content was found to be higher in
      the retina [826 +/- 76 pmol (g protein)-1] than in the ciliary body--iris [584 +/
      48 pmol (g protein)-1] and lens [82 +/- 16 pmol (g protein)-1]. The DHPR
      activity and tetrahydropterin content were decreased significantly in senile
      cataracts as compared with the values of age-matched clear lenses. The importance
      of the DHPR activity in the maintenance of tetrahydropterin in its reduced form
      in ocular tissues is discussed.

PMID- 4007076
TI  - D-[3H]-galactose incorporation in the bovine retina: specific uptake and
      transport of the radiolabel in cones.
AB  - When bovine neural retinas are incubated in Krebs-Henseleit buffer with D-[3H]
      galactose, autoradiography reveals that there is a rapid uptake of the tritium
      label into the inner segments of cones, but not of rods. Pulse--chase studies
      show that the label is first associated with the Golgi apparatus in the cones,
      then appears to travel around the nucleus and along the cone fibre (homologous to
      an axon) to the synaptic pedicle. The cone-specific label travels along the fibre
      at a rate of about 0.5-1.0 mm per day. Label is also found in endothelial cells
      and Muller cells, but does not persist in the Muller cells as long as in the
      cones. The striking difference between rod and cone labelling may reflect
      fundamental differences in the neurochemistry of these two photoreceptor cell
      types.

PMID- 4007075
TI  - Biosynthesis of proteoglycans by lens epithelial cells of cataractous mouse
      (Nakano strain).
AB  - The capsules (with epithelial cells attached) of lenses from normal and
      cataractous mice (Nakano strain) were biosynthetically labeled in vitro with
      radioactive precursors. The labeled macromolecules were chromatographed on a
      Sepharose CL-4B column and analyzed by specific enzyme digestion. The
      incorporation of [3H]-proline and [3H]-glucosamine into macromolecules was
      comparable in the cataract and normal capsules, while that of [35S]-sulfate was
      reduced by 60% in the cataract capsules, indicating that the proteoglycan
      synthesis was specifically decreased in the cataract lens. Glycosaminoglycan
      analyses showed an increased synthesis of hyaluronic acid and decreased synthesis
      of heparan sulfate in the cataract capsules. It is possible that the alterations
      in the synthetic level and glycosaminoglycan components of proteoglycan affect
      the permeabilities of macromolecules to lens capsule and lead to cataract in
      Nakano mouse lens.

PMID- 4007077
TI  - Glucose metabolism in the calf lens.
AB  - Carbohydrate metabolism in lens homogenates was evaluated using uniformly labeled
      [14C]-glucose. Metabolites were separated using HPLC and the distribution of 14C
      among metabolic pathways was determined. Under the standard incubation conditions
      employed (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, 5 mM glucose) 40% of the glucose consumed forms
      lactate. The amount of 14C found in sorbitol and alpha-glycerol phosphate is 1
      2%. This pathway distribution is essentially independent of glucose concentration
      from 2 to 35 mM. Over this range, lactate production is relatively constant at 2
      3 mumol 7 hr-1. At 35 mM glucose, sorbitol production increases to 0.182 from
      0.036 mumol 7 hr-1 at 5 mM glucose. The level of ATP is clearly a very
      significant factor in the regulation of glycolytic rate. An increase in ATP
      concentration from 1 to 3 mM results in a decrease in the rate of lactate
      production from 2.09 to 0.404 mumol 7 hr-1. The NAD/NADH ratio is significant in
      the distribution between lactate and alpha-GP. An increase in the level of NADP
      or NADPH increases sorbitol production as well as alpha-GP production. A computer
      program was developed to model the experimental incubation system. The calculated
      results are in agreement with the experimental in showing effects of ATP and
      perturbations of enzyme cofactor concentrations.

PMID- 4007078
TI  - Postenucleation survival of taurine uptake by pigment epithelium and choroid of
      the baboon eye.

PMID- 4007079
TI  - In vitro effect of alpha-tocopherol on lysophosphatidylcholine-induced lens
      damage.
AB  - Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) has been shown to be toxic to the lens in organ
      culture. An investigation into whether vitamin E counteracts the in vitro
      damaging effect of LPC on rat lenses was undertaken. A concentration higher than
      10 micrograms ml-1 LPC in the culture medium is necessary to damage rat lenses,
      as assessed by protein content of the medium and Na+ and K+ content of the lens.
      Vitamin E affords its protection when present at a concentration of 10(-3) M:
      both the protein efflux from the lens and the lenticular cation imbalance are
      prevented, also if LPC concentration is 100 micrograms ml-1. This effect may be
      due more to the physicochemical properties of vitamin E in the stabilization of
      biological membranes, than to its chemical behaviour as an antioxidant.

PMID- 4007080
TI  - Binding and processing of trypsin by cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells.
AB  - Bovine corneal endothelial cells in culture bind internalize and degrade [125I]
      trypsin. Binding involves the active site of trypsin and increases as a function
      of [125I]-trypsin concentration. Saturation is observed at a concentration of 0.5
      1.0 micrograms ml-1. The cell surface binding of [125I]-trypsin is specific: a
      seven-fold excess of unlabeled trypsin abolishes about 60% of the total cell
      surface-associated radioactivity. In addition, thrombin competes poorly with
      [125I]-trypsin cell surface binding and only 20% of the specific cell surface
      binding of [125I]-trypsin is subjected to competition with thrombin. This
      fraction of the cell surface-bound [125I]-trypsin which is accessible to
      competition with thrombin appears in a covalent complex of [125I]-trypsin X
      protease-nexin with a molecular weight of 64000 daltons. The cells, when
      incubated at 37 degrees C, appear to internalize the cell surface-bound [125I]
      trypsin at a rate of 0.15-0.25 ng (10(6) cells)-1 min-1. Both the non-covalently
      cell surface-bound and the protease-nexin (PN) mediated-bound [125I]-trypsin are
      internalized by the cells, but the [125I]-trypsin X PN complexes contribute about
      75% of the total amount of [125I]-trypsin internalized by the cells. The
      internalized [125I]-trypsin is degraded by the cultures at a rate of about 0.05
      ng (10(6) cells)-1 min-1 and the degradation products are released by the cells
      into the incubation medium as a trichloroacetic acid non-precipitable material.
      Chloroquine inhibits about 60% of the internalization of [125I]-trypsin by the
      cells, and inhibits more than 80% of the degradation process of [125I]-trypsin,
      which indicates that the degradation of the ligand is taking place in lysosomes.
      Bovine corneal endothelial cells in culture have demonstrated the binding and
      metabolism of the serine protease trypsin. This described process may indicate
      the ability of corneal endothelial cells to control the activity of serine
      proteases in their microenvironment.

PMID- 4007081
TI  - tau-Crystallin from the turtle lens: purification and partial characterization.
AB  - A lens protein with a molecular mass near 46 000 daltons has been purified from
      the turtle lens. It is a monomeric protein which differs from other lens
      crystallins in its antigenicity, near-UV circular dichroism spectrum and amino
      acid composition. Like delta-crystallin, it has appreciable secondary structure
      (52% alpha-helix). This lens protein has been named tau-crystallin. tau
      Crystallin cross-reacts with the novel 48 000 dalton protein identified recently
      in lenses of the sea lamprey. Although distinct, the possibility that tau
      crystallin shares an ancestral relationship with delta-crystallin is discussed.

PMID- 4007082
TI  - Distribution of adrenergic nerves in the lacrimal glands of guinea-pig and rat.
AB  - The distribution of adrenergic nerves in the ex- and intraorbital lacrimal glands
      of guinea-pig and rat was studied using the sucrose-potassium phosphate-glyoxylic
      acid (SPG) technique. Blood vessels and secretory acini of guinea-pig lacrimal
      glands were demonstrated as having a rich adrenergic innervation. Adrenergic
      fibers in the rat were, however, much more sparse, and most of them were seen in
      association with glandular blood vessels, with only a few being found between
      secretory acini. Pretreatment of animal with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and L
      dopa did not change the morphological distribution of catecholamine fluorescent
      fibers, although the treatment improved the fluorescence, especially in the rat.
      Extirpation of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion eliminated all the
      fluorescent fibers in both normal and pretreated animals. The presence of
      adrenergic innervation of the lacrimal glands, especially in close connection
      with secretory acini, supports the theory that catecholamine-containing nerves
      play a role in the regulation of lacrimal secretion.

PMID- 4007083
TI  - Comparison of the lens crystallin proteins from normal, rd, and rds mutant mice
      utilizing specific monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The lens proteins from three lines of congenic mice which are homozygous for the
      gene retinal degeneration (rd) or retinal degeneration slow (rds) or carrying the
      normal alleles (normal) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and by immunological reactivity
      to specific monoclonal antibodies. The lens proteins of normal, rd, and rds mice
      showed a similar developmental pattern between postnatal day 0 and postnatal day
      30. The expression of the 25000 molecular weight (MW) beta-crystallin polypeptide
      which appears postnatally in the normal lens was not affected by retinal
      abnormalities in the mutant mice. It is concluded that the regulation of the
      25000 MW beta-crystallin polypeptide is not dependent upon differentiation or
      maintenance of the photoreceptor outer segments or continued presence of the
      photoreceptor cells.

PMID- 4007084
TI  - The molecular weight of bovine retinal S-antigen.

PMID- 4007085
TI  - Is the retina sensitive to the effects of prolonged blur?
AB  - Two preparations were used to study the developmental effects of prolonged
      blurring of retinal images on the acuities of retinal ganglion cells. Five
      kittens were raised from three weeks to six months of age with daily
      administration of atropine to one eye. Another two kittens were raised from three
      weeks to 16 weeks with a contact lens of high refractive power fitted to one eye.
      Behavioural estimates of the visual acuity were made for two animals from each
      group. Animals of both groups demonstrated an amblyopia in the experimental eye:
      visual acuity varied from 1.8 to 2.5 cycles per degree compared with 6.0 to 7.5
      cycles per degree when using the normal eye. The spatial resolving properties
      were measured for retinal ganglion cells within the amblyopic eyes of two lens
      reared cats and three atropinized cats. Brisk-sustained (X) cells were recorded
      from along the naso-temporal division. The acuities of ganglion cells from the
      lens-reared cats were indistinguishable from those from normal cats at comparable
      eccentricities. However, for the cats raised with atropine administration, sub
      normal acuities were determined for retinal ganglion cells from all regions that
      were studied in the experimental eye. We conclude that blur of retinal images
      produced by external means has no effect on the resolving power of retinal
      ganglion cells. The lowered ganglion cell acuities encountered with the
      atropinized cats must be attributable to a secondary effect of the atropine
      administration. Organic changes in the retinal blood vessel pattern support this
      contention.

PMID- 4007086
TI  - Fornix-fimbria section and the partial reinforcement extinction effect.
AB  - Rats were trained to run in an alley for food reward given on every trial
      (continuous reinforcement, CR) or on a random 50% of trials (partial
      reinforcement, PR) and were then extinguished. Sham-operated controls showed the
      normal partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE), in that PR-trained animals
      were significantly more resistant to extinction than CR-trained animals. The PREE
      was significantly reduced by lesions of the fornix-fimbria. The reduction was
      largely a consequence of a reduction in resistance to extinction in PR-trained
      rats with fimbria-fornix lesions. These results are discussed in the light of
      other experiments that have studied disconnections in the septo-hippocampal
      system.

PMID- 4007087
TI  - Motor effects produced by stimulation of secondary somatosensory (SII) cortex in
      the monkey.
AB  - Threshold for evoking movements by microstimulation of the second somatosensory
      area of the cynomolgus monkey's cortex to intracortical microstimulation was
      examined. Motor effects were obtained contralateral to the side of stimulation,
      in a region histologically verified to be in grey matter deep in the sylvian
      cortex, and which corresponds to the second somatosensory cortex. The thresholds
      were low but higher than for movements evoked by stimulation of the motor cortex.
      The results are explained in terms of increased specialization of the motor
      cortex for movements in the monkey compared with the cat.

PMID- 4007088
TI  - Responses of single neurones in cat auditory cortex to time-varying stimuli:
      frequency-modulated tones of narrow excursion.
AB  - In the primary auditory cortex of cats anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, single
      neurones were examined with respect to their responses to tone bursts and linear
      modulations of the frequency of an on-going continuous tone. Using FM ramps of
      2.0 kHz excursion and varying centre frequency, each of 39 neurones was examined
      for its preference for the direction of frequency change of a ramp whose centre
      frequency was varied in and around the neurone's response area. Direction
      preference was strictly associated with the slopes of the cell's spike count
      versus-frequency function over the frequency range covered by the ramp.
      Preferences for upward- and downward-directed ramps were associated with the low-
      and high-frequency slopes of the spike count function, respectively. The strength
      of the cell's direction preference was associated with the relative steepness of
      the spike count function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. The timing
      of discharges elicited by the frequency modulations was found to be the sum of
      the cell's latent period for tone bursts plus the time after ramp onset that the
      stimulus frequency fell within the neurone's response area. The implications of
      these data for the processing of narrow and broad frequency-modulated ramps are
      discussed.

PMID- 4007089
TI  - Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances
      and in generating goal-directed saccades.
AB  - The frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC) are thought to form two
      parallel systems for generating saccadic eye movements. The SC is thought
      classically to mediate reflex-like orienting movements. Thus it can be
      hypothesized that the FEF exerts a higher level control on a visual grasp reflex.
      To test this hypothesis we have studied the saccades of patients who have had
      discrete unilateral removals of frontal lobe tissue for the relief of intractable
      epilepsy. The responses of these patients were compared to those of normal
      subjects and patients with unilateral temporal lobe removals. Two tasks were
      used. In the first task the subject was instructed to look in the direction of a
      visual cue that appeared unexpectedly 12 degrees to the left or right of a
      central fixation point (FP), in order to identify a patterned target that
      appeared 200 ms or more later. In the second "anti-saccade" task the subject was
      required to look not at the location of the cue but in the opposite direction, an
      equal distance from FP where after 200 ms or more the patterned target appeared.
      Three major observations have emerged from the present study. Most frontal
      patients, with lesions involving both the dorsolateral and mesial cortex had long
      term difficulties in suppressing disallowed glances to visual stimuli that
      suddenly appeared in peripheral vision. In such patients, saccades that were
      eventually directed away from the cue and towards the target were nearly always
      triggered by the appearance of the target itself irrespective of whether or not
      the "anti-saccade" was preceded by a disallowed glance. Those eye movements away
      from the cue were only rarely generated spontaneously across the blank screen
      during the cue-target time interval. The latency of these visually-triggered
      saccades was very short (80-140 ms) compared to that of the correct saccades (170
      200 ms) to the cue when the cue and target were on the same side, thereby
      suggesting that the structures removed in these patients normally trigger
      saccades after considerable computations have already been performed. The results
      support the view that the frontal lobes, particularly the dorsolateral region
      which contains the FEF and possibly the supplementary motor area contribute to
      the generation of complex saccadic eye-movement behaviour. More specifically,
      they appear to aid in suppressing unwanted reflex-like oculomotor activity and in
      triggering the appropriate volitional movements when the goal for the movement is
      known but not yet visible.

PMID- 4007091
TI  - Effects of pontine reticular formation lesions on optokinetic head nystagmus in
      rats.
AB  - Electrolytic lesions were produced in the pontine reticular formation (PRF) of
      adult hooded rats. Unilateral lesions abolished quick phases of optokinetic head
      nystagmus to the side of the lesion. Some lesions also had temporary effects on
      slow phases of optokinetic head nystagmus. Effects of bilateral lesions were
      similar, except that they affected head movements in both directions. A class of
      "fast" head movements abolished by PRF lesions thus emerges that is analogous to
      the class of rapid eye movements abolished by similar lesions in other species, a
      finding that can be related to the coupling which has been observed between
      "fast" head and eye movements.

PMID- 4007090
TI  - Transplantation of fetal lateral geniculate nucleus to the occipital cortex:
      connectivity with host's area 17.
AB  - The developing lateral geniculate complex was excised from fetal albino rats at
      18 days of gestation and implanted into the occipital cortex of host animals at 5
      days of postnatal age. Groups of host animals were sacrificed at 10, 20 and 30
      days following this procedure. The transplant tissue of selected animals was
      stereotaxically lesioned 2 days prior to scheduled sacrifice and their brains
      subjected to either Fink-Heimer or electron microscopic analysis of the
      distribution and density of degenerating efferents from the transplant. The
      remaining animals were analysed by means of Bodian, Golgi-Cox or electron
      microscopic techniques. Transplanted neurons displayed typical dendritic
      branching patterns of geniculate relay neurons by 20 days following implantation.
      Intrinsic neurons, characterized by a small ovoid soma and two main stem
      dendrites, only became evident in transplant tissue by 30 days and were much
      reduced in number. Synapses developed by 10 days and rapidly increased in number
      by 20 and 30 days. Most complexes were simple axo-dendritic, asymmetric
      junctions. Multiple serial and reciprocal complexes, as well as the
      characteristic glomerular complex, failed to appear. Analysis of Bodian stained
      material revealed a dense network of fibers coursing about the transplant.
      Distinct bundles of these fibers were observed extending from the medial edge of
      the transplant into area 17 by 20 days following implantation. A Fink-Heimer
      analysis of animals whose transplants were stereotaxically lesioned revealed
      degeneration in Layers II-VI of the primary visual cortex but the majority of
      these fibers terminated within the lateral two-thirds of Layer IV. Few
      degenerated fibers could be found in the underlying white matter indicating that
      efferents from the transplant found their way to their "correct" target zone by
      growing through a complex neuropil which provided minimal physical substrates to
      guide such growth. Most of the contacts formed by these fibers were simple
      junctions along the shafts of dendrites with a wide range in diameter. It is
      concluded that the nearby host visual neurons, which are the correct target cells
      for the afferents arising in the transplant, induced a directed growth of these
      fibers.

PMID- 4007092
TI  - Quantitative analysis and two-dimensional reconstruction of the tonotopic
      organization of the auditory field L in the chick from 2-deoxyglucose data.
AB  - The tonotopic organization of the input layer L2 of the auditory neostriatum
      (field L) of chicks was analyzed using 2DG autoradiographs of serial transverse
      sections through this structure. In the experiments neonatal chicks were
      stimulated with pure tones in the frequency range between 0.1 and 2.5 kHz. The
      spacing of isofrequency contours, which are represented as stripes of 2DG
      labeling across the field, were measured on autoradiographs and on computer
      generated densitometric profiles. Positions of contours were determined along
      both the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis (tonotopic gradient) and along the
      rostrocaudal axis (parallel to the isofrequencies) of the field. Using these data
      a two-dimensional top view of the L2-layer and its tonotopic organization was
      reconstructed. The results demonstrate that isofrequency contours do not run
      parallel to each other but rather diverge from rostral to caudal. Whereas in the
      rostral part the spatial resolution is about 0.3 mm per octave this factor
      increases to 0.4 mm per octave towards the caudal border of the L2-layer.
      Regression analyses along the tonotopic gradient and mathematical extrapolations
      revealed that the tonotopic organization can be equally well described by
      logarithmic and power functions. The frequency range which is represented in L2
      converges from rostral to caudal. In that way the rostral part of L2 is
      characterized by the representation of a wide frequency range with low spatial
      resolution, whereas in the caudal part a more confined frequency range with a
      higher spatial resolution is represented.

PMID- 4007093
TI  - Cerebral potentials and electromyographic responses evoked by stretch of wrist
      muscles in man.
AB  - The cerebral evoked potential produced by rapid extension of the wrist was
      recorded from scalp electrodes in normal subjects while they exerted a small
      background flexor torque (0.24 Nm) against an electric motor. The initial part of
      the response consisted of a negative deflection (N1) with an average latency of
      24.7 ms. This was followed by a biphasic P1/P2 (32 ms) response and a large later
      negative wave (N2) (76 ms). Passive wrist extension also evoked reflex EMG
      responses in the forearm flexor muscles which could be resolved into a short
      latency (25 ms) and long-latency (52 ms) component. The cerebral responses
      persisted almost unchanged during complete ischaemic anaesthesia of the hand
      produced by a pressure cuff around the wrist, and were reduced if the stretch was
      given during voluntary wrist flexion. The primary component (N1-P1/P2) of the
      cerebral response probably represents the arrival at the cortex of the muscle
      afferent volley. However, the significance of the secondary component (P1/P2-N2)
      is unknown. Under certain conditions, its size was related to the size of the
      long latency stretch reflex evoked by stretch of the flexor muscles. Thus,
      increasing the velocity of stretch or decreasing the repetition rate (from 1.0 to
      0.15 Hz) at which stretches were applied, increased the size of both the muscle
      reflex and the cerebral response. The secondary component also could be changed
      by voluntary reaction to wrist stretch. Changes in the size of the secondary
      component of the evoked response may represent the earliest cortical sign of
      interaction between sensory input and motor output.

PMID- 4007094
TI  - Optic chiasm split and binocularity diminution in cortical cells of acute and of
      chronic operated adult cats.
AB  - The ocular dominance, responsiveness level and receptive field properties of
      single cortical cells were studied in 12 acute and chronic split chiasm adult
      cats (729 cells) and in 13 normal controls (544 cells). Recording was made from
      the border between visual areas 17/18. Responsive cells in the operated cats were
      obtained exclusively (87.1%) following stimulation of the ipsilateral eye, except
      for a very few cells (2.5%) which were binocularly driven. In comparison, only
      few (10.9%) of the cells in the normal control cats were driven ipsilaterally and
      the majority of them (74.5%) were binocularly driven. Relatively small
      proportions of cells (46.1%) were visually responsive in the acute (less than 1
      week postoperatively) and in the most chronic (greater than 6 months) cats, in
      comparison to the normal cats (87.3%). No consistent change was found in the
      responsiveness level of cortical cells as function of length of the survival time
      (correlation coefficient: -0.45). Only a very slight tendency for a relative
      increase in binocularly driven cells with survival time was found as well as a
      reduction in the proportion of nonspecific cells. However, in view of the general
      absence of binocularity and responsivity in these cats, it was concluded that no
      recovery was found, even long after the elimination of the contralateral inputs.

PMID- 4007095
TI  - Functional reactivation of the deafferented hippocampus by embryonic septal
      grafts as assessed by measurements of local glucose utilization.
AB  - Transection of the septo-hippocampal connections through fimbria-fornix damage in
      the rat results in profound hippocampal cholinergic deafferentation, and, when
      applied bilaterally, leads to severe and long-lasting impairments in learning and
      memory. Previous studies have shown that intrahippocampal septal grafts can
      reestablish a new cholinergic in the initially denervated hippocampal formation
      and at least partly compensate for the lesion-induced learning impairments in
      fimbria-fornix lesioned rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine
      the magnitude of lesion-induced alterations in cerebral function as reflected in
      local glucose use measured by (14C)-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography, and
      the degree to which this index of functional activity could be normalized
      following reinnervation from transplants of fetal cerebral tissue from the
      primordial septal region. Six months after unilateral fimbria-fornix transection
      the rate of glucose utilization was reduced markedly throughout the ipsilateral
      hippocampus when compared to the intact contralateral side, while in the
      neocortex only the cingulate cortex showed long-lasting reductions in glucose
      use. Rats that received a transplant of fetal septal-diagonal band tissue at the
      time of fimbria-fornix transection, and were sacrificed 6 months later, displayed
      significantly greater glucose utilization in the ipsilateral hippocampus and
      cingulate cortex than was measured in these areas in rats with lesion alone. The
      recovery in glucose use was paralleled by a significant increase in
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining in several areas of the ipsilateral
      hippocampal formation and cingulate cortex. This index of graft-induced
      cholinergic reinnervation was, moreover, significantly correlated with the rate
      of glucose use. Thus, in the fimbria-fornix transected animals the magnitude of
      glucose depression correlated with the extent of reduction in AChE staining, and
      in the grafted animals the degree of normalization of glucose use was correlated
      with the graft-induced increase in AChE-staining density. These results thus
      indicate that the 2-DG autoradiographic technique can provide a unique
      opportunity to map both altered functional activity in localized areas of the
      brain following specific lesions and the extent to which transplant-derived
      reinnervation of the host may induce a return to normal functional levels in the
      target site.

PMID- 4007096
TI  - The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat. Patterns of normal use.
AB  - Chronic recordings were made of electromyographic (EMG) activity, tension, and
      length of distal hindlimb muscles in six cats performing a variety of normal
      motor tasks. Muscles studied thoroughly or in part were medial gastrocnemius,
      lateral gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor
      digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior,
      extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis. Postural and
      locomotor activities were examined, as well as jumping, landing, scratching, and
      paw shaking. In general, muscles could be assigned to traditional groupings (e.g.
      extensor, flexor) related to the demands of the motor task. Patterns of muscle
      activity were most often consistent with current understanding of muscle
      mechanics and neural coordination. However, purely functional distinctions
      between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus ("anatomical
      synergists") were made on the basis of activity patterns. Likewise, the activity
      of plantaris and flexor digitorum brevis, which are attached in series, was
      differentiated in certain tasks. The rhythmical oscillatory patterns of
      scratching and paw shaking were found to differ temporally in a manner consistent
      with the limb mechanics. In several cases, mechanical explanations of specific
      muscle activity required length and force records, as well as EMG patterns.
      Future efforts to study motor patterns should incorporate information about the
      relationships between muscle activation, tension, length and velocity.

PMID- 4007097
TI  - The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat. Cutaneous reflexes during locomotion.
AB  - In order to better understand the organization of the locomotor control system,
      we examined the temporal patterns of distal hindlimb muscle responses to brief
      electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerves during walking on a treadmill.
      Electromyographic recordings were made from twelve muscles; stimuli were applied
      individually to three nerves at random times throughout the step cycle. A new
      graphical technique was developed to assist detailed examination of the time
      course and gating of complex reflex patterns. The short latency reflexes were of
      two primary types: inhibition of extensors and excitation of flexors; these
      responses were only evident during locomotor phases in which the respective
      motoneuron pools were active. Longer-latency response components were gated in a
      similar but not identical manner, suggesting some independence from the basic
      locomotory influence on the motoneuronal pool. The phase-dependent gating of
      reflexes appeared to be consistent with a functional role for reflex responses
      during locomotion. The reflex responses of muscles with complex anatomical
      actions were often correspondingly complex.

PMID- 4007098
TI  - A simultaneous contrast effect of steady remote surrounds on responses of cells
      in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - Steadily illuminated surrounds, remote from the receptive field centre, are shown
      to affect the responses of primate visual cells. Intensity-response curves of
      cells of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus were measured using a successive
      contrast paradigm where chromatic or achromatic stimuli were presented in
      alternation with a white adaptation field of constant luminance. Adding white
      surround annuli around stimuli and adaptation field shifted the intensity
      response curves to higher intensity ranges. Since response curves can be
      nonmonotonic, this remote surround effect can result in an increase or decrease
      in responsiveness (facilitation or suppression) dependent on stimulus intensity.
      Steady surrounds, remote from the receptive field centre, thus control cell
      sensitivity and responses by means of simultaneous contrast.

PMID- 4007100
TI  - Effect of electrical convulsions on uridine labeling and activity pattern in
      nerve cells in mice.
AB  - Male white mice were exposed to electroshock and then injected intravenously with
      5-[3H]uridine immediately after the shock. After 5, 30, or 60 min or 6, 12, or 24
      h, the mice were killed, microautoradiographs were prepared, and grains were
      counted in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. The results of the grain
      counts were compared with grain counts in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal
      ganglia of mice exposed to anoxia for 25 s and then treated in the same manner as
      the first groups. After electroshock the grain count decreased to 25% of that in
      control animals in the hippocampus and to 50% in the cortex but was normal in the
      basal ganglia. The counts returned to normal values within 6 h in the
      hippocampus, and within 1 h in the cortex. After anoxia, the grain counts were
      normal in the cortex and hippocampus but increased in the basal ganglia. The
      distribution of cells with a high or low grain count in vertical and horizontal
      columns of the cortex in control and convulsion animals was analyzed. There were
      random variations from column to column in both control and convulsion animals.
      In some anatomic layers there were significantly different grain counts,
      indicating differences in functional activity.

PMID- 4007099
TI  - Dendritic bundles formed by layer VI pyramidal cells in the monkey frontal
      association cortex.
AB  - The apical dendrites of pyramidal cells whose somata are located in layer VI were
      found to form bundles across all cortical layers in the prefrontal and cingulate
      cortex of macaque monkeys. Each bundle consisted of about 20 cells and was 50
      microns wide with a 30 microns space between adjacent bundles.

PMID- 4007101
TI  - The human corpus striatum and dentate nucleus: volumetric analysis for
      hemispheric asymmetries, sex differences, and aging changes.
AB  - The corpus striatum and the dentate nucleus were examined for volumetric
      asymmetries, sex differences in volume, and for aging changes in volume in a
      sample of 27 human brains ranging in age from 281 days of gestation to 94 years
      of age. No statistically significant hemispheric asymmetries were found, and no
      sex differences in volume or in degree of hemispheric asymmetry were found. It
      was found that the volumes of the corpus striatum and the dentate nucleus
      decrease in relation to the volume of the whole hemisphere with aging, but the
      rate of decrease is different before than after sexual maturity. The significance
      of these findings is discussed in relation to lateralization of motor
      functioning, sex differences in the brain, and aging changes in the brain.

PMID- 4007102
TI  - Topography of brain metabolites: rhesus monkey, goat, and cat.
AB  - This report describes the detailed topographic distribution of metabolites (ATP,
      phosphocreatine, lactate, glycogen, and glucose) in the brains of three large
      animal species: rhesus monkey, goat, and cat. The findings demonstrated that
      adequate fixation of tissue metabolites can be achieved for most brain structures
      in those animals using in situ freezing. This method, which enables studies of
      metabolite concentrations in hemispheral and deep brain structures in large
      animals, can be used to examine correlations between changes in brain metabolism
      and brain injury in a variety of models of neurologic disease.

PMID- 4007103
TI  - Partial purification from mammalian peripheral nerve of a trophic factor that
      ameliorates atrophy of denervated muscle.
AB  - Atrophy in a denervated muscle results from the disuse caused by paralysis of the
      muscle, and from the loss of special nerve-derived trophic substances. Crude
      preparations of protein from rat or sheep sciatic nerves have been shown to
      prevent the nondisuse atrophy of the rat's extensor digitorum longus muscle when
      injected into the denervated muscle daily for 1 week. Aqueous extracts of sheep
      sciatic nerves were fractionated by gel-liquid chromatography. After each step of
      purification, the trophic activities of the various fractions were assayed in the
      rat. Cross-sectional areas of type IIB muscle fibers in the denervated extensor
      digitorum longus were measured to determine which injected fraction contained the
      active principle. Affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-agarose revealed that
      the trophic substance was a glycoprotein. Further fractionation by gel filtration
      indicated that the active substance had a molecular weight in the range of 90,000
      to 130,000. Ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose yielded an active
      fraction containing substances with isoelectric points between 7.0 and 7.2,
      determined by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. This active fraction was
      resolved into 15 bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Two bands
      had apparent molecular weights of 91,300 and 127,400. The active factor was shown
      thus to be a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 100,000, isoelectric
      point approximately 7.0. It may be one of two protein bands that are similar to
      it in molecular weight.

PMID- 4007104
TI  - d-Tubocurarine causes neuronal death when injected directly into rat brain.
AB  - d-Tubocurarine (d-TC) is a drug commonly used to produce muscle paralysis.
      Although it has been demonstrated to produce seizures when injected directly into
      the cerebral ventricles, no lasting neurotoxic effects have been reported. Data
      presented here suggest that amounts of d-TC as small as 1 microgram injected
      directly into rat hippocampus resulted in selective damage to dentate granule
      cells. Larger doses (5 to 10 micrograms) induced limbic and motor seizures with
      damage to hippocampal pyramidal cells. Other brain regions showed a differential
      sensitivity to direct injections. Pharmacologic studies suggest a nicotinic
      mechanism for both actions. The neurotoxic effects could not be elicited if d-TC
      was administered systemically, even when the blood-brain barrier was disrupted.

PMID- 4007105
TI  - Regeneration of taste buds by nongustatory nerve fibers.
AB  - Previous cross-reinnervation studies in situ by other investigators have
      demonstrated that cutaneous sensory and motor axons are incapable of trophically
      supporting mammalian taste buds. The present experiments examined the gustatory
      trophic potency of chemosensory and barosensory axons of the carotid sinus nerve.
      We report here that morphologically normal taste buds appeared on cat
      circumvallate papillae at 2 to 19 months after cross-anastomosis of the carotid
      sinus and lingual nerves, branches of the IXth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve.
      However, neurophysiologic and histologic data also indicated that, despite
      microsurgical procedures designed to direct regenerating lingual nerve fibers
      toward the carotid body and carotid sinus, some lingual axons escaped the
      anastomosis and subsequently grew within their native distal stump. The principal
      objective of this study was thus to determine whether foreign innervation of
      taste buds did indeed occur, or regenerated lingual nerve fibers were instead
      responsible for the newly formed buds. Our results showed that stray lingual
      fibers were not responsible for the reappearance of taste buds because
      transection of the original proximal lingual nerve stump (cross-anastomosed to
      the distal carotid sinus nerve stump) did not reduce the incidence of taste buds
      or the accumulation of radiolabeled material axoplasmically transported from the
      petrosal (sensory) ganglion. Autoradiography of labeled tissue samples showed
      that more than 90% of the taste buds were labeled at 8 and 9 days after lingual
      nerve transection. These data support the hypothesis that sensory axons in the
      carotid sinus nerve share an important trophic chemistry with gustatory neurons.

PMID- 4007106
TI  - Is fast fiber innervation responsible for increased acetylcholinesterase activity
      in reinnervating soleus muscles?
AB  - During reinnervation of the completely denervated rat hind limb we observed
      previously a temporary overproduction of acetylcholinesterases in the soleus but
      not in the extensor digitorum longus muscle. In the present study, we
      investigated whether the predominantly slow soleus, which is low in AChE
      activity, is initially reinnervated by axons that originally innervated fast
      muscle fibers with high AChE activity, such as those of the extensor digitorum
      longus. Local denervation of the rat soleus was carried out to eliminate
      reinnervation by axons destined for other muscles. This produced an overshoot in
      AChE activity that was qualitatively similar to that observed with high sciatic
      crush. Local denervation of the soleus in the guinea pig was done because this
      muscle is composed solely of slow (type I) fibers, thereby virtually eliminating
      the possibility of homologous muscle fast fiber innervation. The overshoot in
      this preparation was qualitatively similar to that seen with distal denervation
      in the guinea pig and local and distal denervation in the rat. Thus, initial fast
      fiber innervation is not responsible for the patterns of change in AChE activity
      seen with reinnervation in the soleus. We concluded that the neural control of
      AChE is different in these two muscles and may reflect specific differences in
      the characteristics of AChE regulation in fast and slow muscle. How these neural
      influences are translated into muscle synthesis and degradation remains unknown.

PMID- 4007107
TI  - Effect of moderate prenatal ethanol exposure on postnatal brain and behavioral
      development in BALB/c mice.
AB  - Prior research had indicated that moderate maternal ethanol consumption during
      gestation affected the growth of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure in
      BALB/c mice when measured at day 19 postconception. Our purpose was to assess
      whether or not this was an enduring effect. Pregnant BALB/cCRBL mice were fed
      ethanol 10% v/v in the drinking water from days 5 to 26 postconception. Control
      animals received an isocaloric sucrose solution and were pair-fed to the
      experimental animals. An additional control group fed laboratory chow ad libitum
      was included. Using a split-litter design, brain development was assessed on days
      26 and 50 postconception and behavioral development of the pups was measured on
      day 32. The ethanol-treated offspring had lower brain weights at both ages as
      well as a smaller cross-sectional area of the anterior commissure on day 50,
      which was significantly related to the smaller brain weight. There was no
      apparent effect of ethanol on the area of the corpus callosum at either age.
      Similarly, behavioral development was not affected by the treatment, although eye
      opening was delayed in ethanol-treated animals. Measures of maternal behavior
      indicated that the animals consuming alcohol were more active than those in the
      control groups. An unexpected finding was that the control group fed sucrose
      appeared to be adversely affected. The body weight of these pups was lower, as
      was the area of the corpus callosum at day 50.

PMID- 4007109
TI  - Visually driven units in the anterior limbic cortex of the cat.
AB  - Single-unit activity was recorded from the anterior limbic cortex of awake cats
      adapted for chronic recording. Visual stimulation by two stationary spots of
      white light revealed that 23% of the 170 units recorded from responded with
      phasic excitation or inhibition to the light onset, light offset, or light onset
      and offset period of stimulation. These results support the contention that the
      anterior limbic cortex is a component of the prefrontal cortical network in the
      cat.

PMID- 4007108
TI  - Pathologic concentrations of ammonium ions block L-glutamate uptake.
AB  - Both K+ and NH4+ are potent inhibitors of Na+-dependent L-glutamate binding to
      synaptic plasma membranes. Thus, the effects of these ions on Na+-dependent L
      glutamate uptake were examined in rat forebrain synaptosome preparations. KCl (2
      to 4 mM) stimulated L-glutamate uptake 34% over that in K+-free Krebs bicarbonate
      buffer; NH4+ was without effect. However, in the presence of 4 mM K+, NH4+
      blocked the K+-stimulated component of Na+-dependent L-glutamate uptake. These
      effects were unrelated to ionic strength of Cl- as added Na+ or tris chloride had
      no effect on L-glutamate uptake. The results suggest that NH4+ could exert some
      of its toxic effects by blocking a specific L-glutamate uptake site, thereby
      elevating L-glutamate in the central nervous system.

PMID- 4007110
TI  - Abnormal neuronal growth in the little (lit) cerebrum.
AB  - Mice genetically deficient in growth hormone were compared with normal
      littermates for evidence of altered neuronal development. In the lit/lit motor
      cortex, area 6 of Caviness, cell number, stratification of neurons, and the
      proportionate layer widths were identical to those of the controls (lit/+).
      Examined by the Golgi-Cox method modified by Ramon-Moliner, however, the
      pyramidal neuron was found to have short primary dendrites with sparse
      branchings. This result was confirmed in sections stained for neuron-specific
      enolase. Therefore, we conclude that growth hormone has an independent action on
      neuronal development.

PMID- 4007111
TI  - On the apparent nonadhesive nature of axospinous dendritic synapses.
AB  - Synaptosome preparations are rich in synaptic sacs with adherent fragments of
      postsynaptic membrane and it has been hypothesized that pre- and postsynaptic
      membranes are strongly adherent across the synaptic cleft. Scanning electron
      microscopy of tissue specimens subject to preliminary tearing reveals synaptic
      terminals on neuronal cell bodies and dendrites as well as pits in the plasma
      membrane from which other terminals have been avulsed. However, neither synaptic
      terminals nor membrane pits were seen on dendrite spines in our material. These
      observations support the notion of adhesion between pre- and postsynaptic
      membranes but suggest an absence of such adhesiveness between the elements of the
      axospinous synapse, fitting well with recent conceptions about spine lability and
      the rapid making and breaking of axospinous synapses.

PMID- 4007112
TI  - Pattern of myelination in the pyramidal tract of the rat.
AB  - The size and myelination of midbulbar pyramidal tract axons were measured by
      electron microscopy in the rat. We found that myelin thickness did not increase
      linearly with fiber size; rather, it took on certain preferred thicknesses almost
      independently of fiber size. This pattern of growth and development is
      fundamentally different from that of peripheral nerve and may be important for
      the physiology of the pyramidal tract.

PMID- 4007113
TI  - Electrophysiologic evidence for neural connections between the paraventricular
      nucleus and neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the rat.
AB  - These experiments were part of a study to examine the extrahypothalamic
      projections of the paraventricular nucleus in the rat. Thirty-nine cells,
      histologically identified as situated within the supraoptic nucleus, were
      recorded. Nine of those cells were classified as secreting vasopressin by their
      phasic patterns of electrical discharge. Six of the phasically firing cells were
      excited after electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus and the other
      three were inhibited. Eight cells were antidromically identified as projecting to
      the paraventricular nucleus; most of these were not spontaneously active. Of the
      remaining 22 cells, the majority were spontaneously active, showing continuous
      patterns of firing, and most were inhibited after stimulation of the
      paraventricular nucleus. The data supply evidence for the presence of functional
      neural connections between the two major nuclei of the tuberohypophyseal
      neurosecretory system.

PMID- 4007114
TI  - Synaptic degeneration in rat visual cortex after neonatal administration of
      methylmercury.
AB  - Neonatal rats received subcutaneous injections of methylmercuric chloride in
      physiological saline (5 mg Hg/kg/day) beginning on postnatal day 5 and continuing
      until a given animal demonstrated a persistent loss of body weight during 48 h.
      Clinical signs of visual impairment were observed in all methylmercury-treated
      animals within 2 to 3 days of the initial weight loss (postnatal days 19 to 23).
      Four animals exhibited myoclonic jerking of the hind limbs, and one of these
      animals demonstrated a generalized motor seizure. Electron microscopy of visual
      cortex in the nonconvulsive animals revealed a selective degeneration of axon
      terminals forming symmetric synapses. Degenerating neurons were concentrated in
      layer IV with a more diffuse distribution in other cortical laminae. Dendritic
      spines were not found on degenerating dendritic profiles, although apparently
      normal axon terminals were observed to form synapses on degenerating dendritic
      shafts. These morphologic criteria suggest that aspinous or sparsely-spinous
      stellate neurons, the inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the neocortex, are
      selectively impaired in methylmercury-induced lesions of the developing visual
      cortex.

PMID- 4007115
TI  - Lack of effect of entorhinal kindling on L-[3H]glutamic acid presynaptic uptake
      and postsynaptic binding in hippocampus.
AB  - Sodium-independent L-[3H]glutamic acid binding and sodium-dependent L
      [3H]glutamic acid high affinity uptake were measured in hippocampal membranes of
      rats administered electroshock seizures or kindled to class 5 seizures by
      entorhinal cortical stimulation. There were no differences in these glutamatergic
      synaptic markers among electroshocked, kindled, or surgical control animals.
      Entorhinal kindling is not a reflection of activity-regulated facilitation of
      perforant path glutamatergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 4007116
TI  - Long-term behavioral effects of phenobarbital in suckling rats.
AB  - Long-term effects of phenobarbital on behavior and learning, persisting after
      drug withdrawal, have not been defined. To look for such effects on the
      developing nervous system, we treated albino rat pups with phenobarbital for 30
      days and then tested them at intervals starting 10 days after the cessation of
      drug therapy. Beginning at age 6 days, 12 pups were given Ph subcutaneously,
      gradually increasing the dose to 30 mg/kg/dose b.i.d. by 11 days and continued
      until 36 days. Twelve control pups were injected with saline. Serum phenobarbital
      concentrations at 16 days were 54 to 32 micrograms/ml and at 31 days 36 to 4
      micrograms/ml. From 46 to 55 days, all animals were tested in a water T maze. The
      experimental animals completed the four daily runs faster than controls (P =
      0.003), made fewer errors (P = 0.003), and spent less time on error-free runs (P
      = 0.04). When the same animals were retested in the maze at 129 to 136 days, the
      trend toward faster times was not significant. There were no differences in brain
      weights of experimental and control rats at 157 days. Twelve pups treated
      similarly with phenobarbital at 20 mg/kg/dose b.i.d. spent less time on error
      free runs than 12 controls when tested at 48 to 57 days of age (P = 0.05) but no
      differences were found when 12 similarly treated pups were tested at 79 to 85
      days. There were no differences in brain weights of the treated and control rats
      at 78 days of age. Thus it was shown that phenobarbital administration in
      suckling rats had an effect on behavior that was present 10 to 20 days after the
      drug was cleared from their serum.

PMID- 4007117
TI  - Single-cell activity and synchronous bursting in the rat hippocampus during
      waking behavior and sleep.
AB  - Eighty-one of eighty-five isolated neurons recorded from the rat dorsal
      hippocampus (Ammon's horn and area dentata) were classifiable into four types
      according to their firing patterns and behavioral correlates. Sixty-two percent
      of the total neurons were complex spike cells which fired slowly (less than 2/s)
      most of the time, but were most active during slow-wave sleep, slightly less
      active during awake immobility, and least active during awake movement and
      paradoxical sleep. Theta cells (21% of the total) generally fired much faster
      than complex spike cells and increased their discharge rate whenever rhythmical
      slow activity was present in the hippocampal EEG (i.e., during awake movement and
      paradoxical sleep). The behavioral correlates of seven putative granule cells
      were similar to those of theta cells. However, the behavior-dependent changes in
      firing frequency were much more pronounced in the former than in the latter.
      Three (fast) complex spike cells were observed which fired much faster than any
      other complex spike cell during all states and showed the behavioral correlates
      similar to those of theta cells. The complex spike cells, theta cells, and fast
      complex spike cells were found in both Ammon's horn and dentate hilus. A type of
      multiunit burst was recorded from the pyramidal cell layer. It occurred most
      frequently during slow-wave sleep, slightly less frequently during awake
      immobility, and was virtually absent during awake movement and paradoxical sleep.
      The multiunit burst was considered to represent a summed activity of
      synchronously bursting complex spike cells. Possible cellular mechanisms of the
      state-dependent activities in the different neuronal populations of the
      hippocampus are discussed.

PMID- 4007118
TI  - Effects of naloxone and repeated stimulus presentation on cortical somatosensory
      evoked potential (SEP) amplitude in the rat.
AB  - The effects of naloxone (1 mg/kg) and of repeated stimulus presentation were
      investigated on a cortical somatosensory evoked potential elicited by innocuous
      stimulation of the spinal trigeminal tract in awake, minimally restrained rats.
      The amplitude of an early cortical component (9-ms latency) habituated after
      administration of saline but did not habituate after naloxone. Naloxone also
      enhanced the response decrement of late somatosensory evoked potential components
      (60 to 120 ms) produced by repeated stimulation. The amplitude of midlatency
      components (14 to 50 ms) did not change after administration of saline and
      repeated stimulus presentation. However, the amplitude of these components
      increased after administration of naloxone and repeated stimulus presentation.

PMID- 4007119
TI  - Burst characteristics of hippocampal complex spike cells in the awake rat.
AB  - Burst firing of hippocampal complex spike cells was examined in the awake rat.
      The results indicated that each complex spike cell tended to show a unique
      distribution of the number of spikes in each burst. This distribution was stable
      over time. The mean number of spikes per burst in 21 cells ranged from 1.06 to
      4.07. Each subdivision of the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, dentate) contained cells
      with a wide range of burst distributions.

PMID- 4007120
TI  - Comparison of the ultrastructural myopathy induced by anticholinesterase agents
      at the end plates of rat soleus and extensor muscles.
AB  - Rats were treated with single subcutaneous injections of the irreversible AChE
      inhibitors, sarin (90 to 100 micrograms/kg) or soman (55 micrograms/kg), and with
      chronic doses of the reversible carbamate inhibitor, pyridostigmine. In surviving
      animals with severe behavioral symptoms, we examined the end-plate regions of the
      slow-twitch soleus and the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles, using
      the electron microscope. Within 30 min, sarin administration caused a
      recognizable subjunctional myopathy. The progress of morphologic damage was
      followed for 7 days, during which time the occurrence of damage diminished. The
      initial swelling of subjunctional organelles and vacuole generation progressed to
      the point where nerve terminals and attached postjunctional folds were lifted
      away from the muscle surface. This appeared to be caused by a combination of
      enlarging vacuoles and insertion of Schwann and macrophage cells into the
      lesions, and was followed by degeneration of the postjunctional folds. A new
      component of anti-AChE myopathy was recognized: progressive swelling of chromatin
      in subjunctional muscle nuclei. The soleus muscle was considerably more sensitive
      to these effects than the extensor muscle. Soman had a much less prominent
      ultrastructural effect on the muscle end plates. Chronic pyridostigmine treatment
      had effects similar to those of a single sarin injection on the soleus as well as
      a pronounced effect on the extensor muscle.

PMID- 4007121
TI  - On the stability of cognitive processes.
AB  - An empirical and mathematical model for self-organization is proposed, based on
      elemental properties, on unique interaction and on the combination of
      hierarchical elements. In the model, higher elements are stabilized by the
      'cognitive' (strong) interaction of subelements, disregarding intermediate
      elements. This is called 'elementary reductionism' and is illustrated by the
      sequence quarks-elementary particles-atoms-molecules-cells-organisms- societies.
      Optimal dynamic interaction of nonidentical elements is called 'cognitive
      stability'. This is compared with thermodynamic equilibrium. The principal
      differences are outlined.

PMID- 4007122
TI  - Reversal of net secretion to net absorption of potassium in rat large intestine
      by dietary potassium depletion.
AB  - Feeding rats a diet low in potassium and high in sodium for 2 weeks led to a
      reversal of net potassium secretion to net potassium absorption in ligated
      segments of distal large intestine (colon descendens and rectum) under in-vivo
      conditions. This change in the direction of net potassium transport is probably
      important for the maintenance of potassium homeostasis.

PMID- 4007124
TI  - Union of Swiss Societies of Experimental Biology. Abstracts of the 17th annual
      meeting. Geneva, 28/29 March 1985.

PMID- 4007123
TI  - Transfer of fresh and frozen-thawed rabbit embryos to produce live young.
AB  - Live rabbits for immunological experiments were produced by transfer of fresh or
      frozen-thawed embryos. The transfer of 505 fresh embryos and 55 frozen-thawed
      embryos resulted in 141 young born alive, 81 of which lived between several
      months and several years. The control group consisted of 55 litters from natural
      matings. About 70% of the live-born rabbits of natural mating and 55% of the
      young delivered by embryo transfer survived for more than eight weeks. Average
      litter sizes were 5.7, 3.7 and 2.2 for naturally mated females, fresh embryo
      transfer recipients, and frozen-thawed recipients, respectively.

PMID- 4007125
TI  - The physiology of smooth muscle: an interdisciplinary review. A tribute to Edith
      Bulbring.

PMID- 4007126
TI  - The regeneration of newt limbs deformed in nature.
AB  - The regeneration of abnormal limbs from a wild newt population was examined. The
      abnormalities were: mirror symmetrical reduplications of digit parts, deformed
      wrists, or limbs with supernumerary digits. Normal regeneration resulted after
      amputation of the abnormal parts, regardless of the original deformity. The
      results suggest that the abnormalities are probably the result of local trauma to
      the limbs.

PMID- 4007127
TI  - The conduction velocity, number, and diameter of unmyelinated fibers in Remak's
      nerve.
AB  - Remak's nerve in the chicken was examined ultrastructurally and
      electrophysiologically to determine the characteristics of fibers in the nerve
      trunk. The ration of unmyelinated fibers to myelinated ones was 111:1. The mean
      number of unmyelinated fibers was 3555 plus/minus 232 (SEM, n=5) and they had a
      mean diameter of 0.502 plus/minus 0.034 (SEM) micron. The compound action
      potential consisted almost entirely of a large diphasic waveform which had a mean
      peak conduction velocity of 0.62 plus/minus 0.031 (SEM, n=5) m.s-1 at 37 degrees
      C.

PMID- 4007128
TI  - Renal response to acute saline loading in Sabra hypertension-prone and -resistant
      rats.
AB  - The renal handling of an oral isotonic saline load was studied in hypertension
      prone (SBH), hypertension-resistant (SBN) and the parental Sabra (SB) rats. The
      diuretic and natriuretic response of SBH rats was unequivocally diminished, thus
      lending further support to the concept of impaired salt handling in hypertension.

PMID- 4007129
TI  - Alpha-particle track autoradiographic study of the distribution of a [211At]
      astatinated drug in normal tissues of the mouse.
AB  - The microscopic distribution of the potential endoradiotherapeutic drug, 6
      [211At]-astato-2-methyl-1,4- naphthoquinol bis (diphosphate salt) in normal
      tissues of the mouse has been studied by alpha-particle track autoradiography.
      The uptake into critical radiosensitive tissues, especially bone marrow, colon
      and lung, was low.

PMID- 4007130
TI  - Transfer of oligosaccharide from oligosaccharide pyrophosphoryl dolichol to
      endogenous acceptor proteins in human breast malignant and normal tissues.
AB  - We have prepared dolichylpyrophosphoryl-[14C]-oligosaccharide (Dol-PP
      oligosaccharide) from calf thyroid. Microsomal fractions from human breast
      tissues catalyzed the transfer of labeled oligosaccharide to endogenous acceptor
      proteins. Malignant tumors showed higher activity of the oligosaccharide
      transferring enzyme than normal tissue. With kojibiose (Kj), an inhibitor of
      (Glc3)-glucosidase, an increase in the radioactivity associated with glycoprotein
      was observed.

PMID- 4007131
TI  - Methionine enkephalin as a possible neuromodulator of regional cerebral blood
      flow.
AB  - In swine, cerebral blood flow was documented by a left ventricular injection of
      radiolabeled 15-micron spheres. Utilizing this procedure, the effect of the
      putative neurotransmitter methionine-enkephalin on regional cerebral blood flow
      was systemically evaluated. Our results revealed that a peripheral infusion of
      methionine enkephalin into miniature swine significantly increased cerebral blood
      flow in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, inferior parietal cortex and frontal
      cortex. Non-significant increases were observed in the hippocampus, occipital
      cortex and medulla oblongata while no effect on blood flow was observed in the
      pituitary gland. Significance of these results in the potential role of
      methionine enkephalin as a modulator of blood flow to the brain.

PMID- 4007132
TI  - Use of three specific radioimmunoassays in measuring neurohypophysial hormone
      content and plasma concentrations of vasopressin, oxytocin and DDAVP in rats
      after prolonged infusion of DDAVP.
AB  - Specific radioimmunoassays (RIA) were employed for measuring plasma and
      neurohypophysial concentrations of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) after
      administration of 1-deamino-8-D-Arg-vasopressin (DDAVP). DDAVP concentrations
      were measured by a newly-developed specific RIA. Through the use of minipumps,
      DDAVP was infused i.p. over a period of 3 days in normally hydrated rats. Despite
      decreased urine production and increased urine osmolality no changes could be
      observed in neurohypophysial and plasma hormone concentrations.

PMID- 4007133
TI  - Development of antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity and pituitary CCK8/gastrin
      like immunoreactivity in rats.
AB  - Gel filtration of antral extract of adult rats revealed gastrin-17 and gastrin
      34. Gel filtration of anterior pituitary extract showed CCK8 and gastrin-17,
      whereas posterior pituitary extract showed only a CCK8. Antral gastrin-like
      immunoreactivity (G-LI) increased after milk feeding and especially after weaning
      was started. Changes in diet may exert a profound influence on the ontogenic
      development of antral G-LI, but not pituitary CCK8/G-LI.

PMID- 4007134
TI  - Neutrophilic granulocytosis following lead acetate in female mice.
AB  - Lead induces an abrupt neutrophilic granulocytosis with the peak response
      detected 4 days after treatment. Using the incorporation of tritiated thymidine
      as an index of neutrophil production, autoradiographic analysis revealed that
      only about 16% of the total neutrophil increase is associated with a stimulatory
      effect on production. The remainder of the increase appears to be linked to the
      panhistotoxic action of lead, promoting migration of neutrophils from reserve
      sites in the wake of tissue damage.

PMID- 4007136
TI  - Catfish blood chemistry under environmental stress.
AB  - Blood chemistry of Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to sewage, fertilizers and
      insecticides showed signs of anemia, dehydration and disturbance in the pituitary
      interrenal endocrine axis and the excretory function of gills. Hepatic and renal
      tissue damage was also indicated.

PMID- 4007135
TI  - Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in chick embryos.
AB  - Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid was found in the kidneys (mesonephros and
      metanephros) of the chick embryo as well as in the yolk sac membrane. The
      activity of L-gulonolactone oxidase in the yolk sac membrane suggested that it
      was the major source of ascorbic acid in the chick embryo.

PMID- 4007137
TI  - The application of the high-performance ion-exchange chromatography for the
      analysis of bovine milk proteins.
AB  - A high-performance ion-exchange chromatographic (HPIEC) method for the analysis
      of milk proteins is described. The technique provides an alternative to other
      separation methods. The resolution obtained for both the proteins of the casein
      group and bovine lactoserum is comparable with that of electrophoretic analysis
      on polyacrylamide gels and low-pressure chromatography.

PMID- 4007138
TI  - Elastin and collagen in the aortic wall: changes in the Marfan syndrome and
      annuloaortic ectasia.
AB  - Elastin and collagen concentrations were determined in intimal-medial samples of
      ascending aortas from healthy controls of different ages and from 20 patients
      with annuloaortic ectasia (AAE). Five patients had the Marfan syndrome. In
      controls the highest elastin concentrations (estimated from desmosine
      concentrations or insoluble residues after hot-alkali extraction) were found in
      children. During aging until 60 years, elastin concentration decreased when
      determined by the hot-alkali extraction method while desmosine concentration
      changed less. Aorta samples from the Marfan-syndrome patients showed a great
      variation of elastin concentration from total lack to normal values. Samples from
      the other AAE patients could be divided into two groups. One contained clearly
      less elastin and more collagen than the controls whereas in the other group this
      difference was less marked. Histological examination of the aortic wall of the
      first group also showed marked fibrosis accompanied by severe elastin
      fragmentation and acellularity. From the 15 non-Marfan patients 14 were men. By
      means of clinical examination these patients could also be divided into
      "familial" and "nonfamilial" groups, because increased diameter of the aortic
      root was found in relatives of almost half of the patients. However, there were
      no differences in elastin and collagen concentrations between the familial and
      nonfamilial cases. As well, no correlation was found between biochemical findings
      and diameters of the aortic roots. These results point to altered elastin and/or
      collagen metabolism in the aortic wall of AAE patients.

PMID- 4007139
TI  - Hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat as influenced by retinyl
      acetate and ethanol or tryptophan.
AB  - Ethanol and tryptophan have been demonstrated earlier to induce a rapid
      stimulation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in overnight-fasted
      rats. In this study the effect of the administration of retinyl acetate prior to
      administering ethanol or tryptophan was investigated. The levels of ODC activity
      in the livers of control and experimental rats were assayed in vitro by measuring
      the release of 14CO2 from DL-[1-14C]ornithine. Intraperitoneal administration of
      retinyl acetate (1 microgram/100 g body wt) 1 hr before tube feeding ethanol
      (0.75 g as a 50% solution/100 g body wt) or L-tryptophan (30 mg in 3 ml water/100
      g body wt) and 3 hr before killing caused an enhanced stimulation of hepatic ODC
      activity compared to that when each agent was administered alone. In vitro
      [14C]leucine incorporation into protein using hepatic microsomes of tryptophan
      treated rats with or without retinyl acetate was increased in comparison with
      that of controls while decreases were observed when using microsomes of ethanol
      treated rats with or without retinyl acetate. Although retinyl acetate has been
      reported earlier to inhibit the stimulation of hepatic ODC activity due to a
      variety of agents, including some agents known as carcinogens or promoters, it
      did not act in this manner against the acute administration of ethanol or
      tryptophan.

PMID- 4007140
TI  - Effect of chronic treatment with cystic fibrosis fibroblast medium on rat
      submandibular gland acinar cells.
AB  - The effect of chronic treatment with cystic fibrosis (CF) fibroblast medium on
      rat submandibular gland and pancreas was investigated. Rats were injected for 8
      days with conditioned medium from normal or CF fibroblasts. The elemental content
      of the acinar cells was measured by X-ray microanalysis of cryosections. A
      significant increase in cellular calcium, and a decrease in cellular sodium
      concentrations were found after treatment with CF medium. The ultrastructure of
      the submandibular acinar cells was not affected by the conditioned CF fibroblast
      culture medium. No effect of treatment with CF medium on ultrastructure and
      elemental content of pancreatic acinar cells could be demonstrated. The response
      to alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic stimulation in
      submandibular gland acinar cells of rats injected with normal or CF medium was
      investigated in vitro. With regard to changes in elemental composition after
      stimulation, no significant differences in response between the two groups could
      be found. Apparently, a factor in conditioned medium from cultured CF fibroblasts
      induces a net increase in calcium content of rat submandibular gland acinar
      cells. Possibly, this factor acts in a similar way in CF patients and may cause
      elevated calcium levels in CF cells.

PMID- 4007141
TI  - Soluble factors of protein synthesis in rat liver during the acute-phase
      reaction.
AB  - Cell sap of liver cells from rats undergoing an acute-phase reaction has an
      increased capacity for binding leucine to tRNA. This increased capacity does not
      depend on concurrent changes in the leucine pool. The kinetics of activity of
      leucyl-tRNA synthetase from acute-phase cell sap do not show relevant differences
      from the normal. Acute-phase cell sap contains more tRNA than its normal
      counterpart. Experiments performed with increasing amounts of exogenous
      deacylated tRNA demonstrate that under our experimental conditions the observed
      higher concentration of tRNA in acute-phase cell sap could explain the increased
      activity in leucine incorporation into leucyl-tRNA.

PMID- 4007142
TI  - Doxorubicin and covalently crosslinked doxorubicin derivatives binding to
      purified cardiac thin-filament proteins in vitro.
AB  - The binding of cardiac actin and tropomyosin to a cardiotoxic antineoplastic
      agent, doxorubicin, and its covalently crosslinked derivatives was investigated.
      The primary amino group of the daunosamine moiety of doxorubicin was blocked with
      fluorescein isothiocyanate. This doxorubicin derivative did not bind to Sepharose
      which was conjugated with cardiac actin. A doxorubicin dimer was made by
      covalently crosslinking one doxorubicin molecule to another identical doxorubicin
      molecule through the free amino group of each daunosamine moiety. This derivative
      demonstrated mobility different from parent doxorubicin on thin-layer
      chromatography, different elution pattern by column chromatography, and did not
      show binding affinity for actin. Exploring other purified thin-filament proteins,
      it was found that doxorubicin did bind to tropomyosin when gel filtration was
      performed on the protein drug mixture. The ability of tropomyosin to form
      paracrystal in vitro was not disturbed by a variety of concentrations of
      doxorubicin. These data support the concept that the doxorubicin solitary free
      amino group is the site which is responsible for this ligand to bind to actin and
      may relate to its cardiotoxic effects.

PMID- 4007143
TI  - The chronically pilocarpine-treated rat in the study of cystic fibrosis:
      investigations on submandibular gland and pancreas.
AB  - The chronically pilocarpine-treated rat has been proposed as an animal model for
      the disease cystic fibrosis, a generalized exocrinopathy. The effect of chronic
      pilocarpine treatment on structure, composition, and function of the acinar cells
      of rat submandibular gland and pancreas was investigated by electron microscopy,
      X-ray microanalysis, and biochemical analysis. The morphological effects of
      chronic pilocarpine treatment were most pronounced in the pancreas. The number
      and size of the zymogen granules was increased, and the granules had a less
      electron-dense appearance. X-ray microanalysis at the cellular level showed in
      both the submandibular gland and the pancreas a significant increase in calcium
      and a decrease in sodium. The increase in cellular calcium concentrations can be
      explained by an increase in the relative volume of secretory material in the cell
      (assessed by morphometry) and an increase in the local calcium concentration in
      the secretory material (assessed by X-ray microanalysis at the subcellular
      level). Chronic pilocarpine treatment caused a disturbance of glycolysis and
      energy metabolism in the submandibular gland, but no significant effects in this
      respect were noted in the pancreas. On the other hand, a nearly twofold increase
      of the pancreatic amylase activity was noted. The pancreas appeared somewhat
      hyperreactive towards cholinergic stimulation.

PMID- 4007144
TI  - [Montmorillonite as a pharmaceutical carrier: interaction with papaverine].

PMID- 4007145
TI  - High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of paracetamol, caffeine and
      acetylsalicylic acid in tablets. Salicylic acid quantitation.

PMID- 4007146
TI  - I.R. and N.M.R. spectroscopic studies of 1,4-thienodiazepinic drugs.

PMID- 4007147
TI  - [Comparative study of three polymorphic forms of N-(methoxy-6-pyridazyl-3)
      sulanilamide or sulfamethoxypyridazine].

PMID- 4007148
TI  - Determination of phenolic preservatives in cosmetic products using reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 4007149
TI  - Amides of N-phenyl benzonorbornen-2-endo-amine with hypotensive and other
      activities.
AB  - The synthesis of two series of amides and glycinamides starting from N-phenyl
      benzonorbornen-2-endo-amine, prepared from benzonorbornen-2-one via sodium
      borohydride reduction of its N-phenyl imine, is described. Some amides showed a
      remarkable hypotensive activity in rats, whereas amides and glycinamides usually
      exhibited a moderate infiltration anesthesia in mice. Effects on heart rate in
      rats and antiarrhythmic activity in mice are also reported.

PMID- 4007150
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological activity of derivatives of exo
      trimethylenenorbornane. V.
AB  - The synthesis of two series of amides and glycinamides starting from N-phenyl exo
      5,6-trimethylenenorbornan-2-endo-amine, prepared from exo-5,6
      trimethylenenorbornan-2-one via sodium borohydride reduction of its N-phenyl
      imine, is described. All amides showed a moderate hypotensive activity in rats,
      whereas some glycinamides and amides showed weak infiltration anesthesia and
      antiarrhythmic activity in mice. Effects on heart rate in rats are also reported.

PMID- 4007152
TI  - The use of competitive ligand binding results in QSAR studies.
AB  - The use in QSAR studies of parameters measuring the ability of an unlabeled
      molecule to compete for the binding site with a radioligand is examined. It is
      shown that in order to employ them within a recently developed formal model it is
      previously necessary to carry out a linear transformation. This necessarily
      demands the adoption by investigators of a standard measuring procedure.

PMID- 4007151
TI  - Chemical structure and hemodynamic effects of two new pyridazinone derivatives.
AB  - Two new pyridazinone derivatives were selected among two series and assayed for
      their hemodynamic effects. Their synthesis is described and their chemical
      structure confirmed by I.R. and N.M.R. data. The 5-arylhydroxymethyl-3
      pyridazinone did not induce any significant hemodynamic changes. However, the 5
      dichlorobenzylidene-3-pyridazinone, intravenously injected, was active in
      anesthetized dogs. Moderate doses induced modifications in the heart rate, left
      ventricular dP/dt max and femoral blood flow and resistance.

PMID- 4007153
TI  - [3,6-disubstituted 1-lupinylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones of pharmacological interest.
      Effect on acquisition and modification of a conditioned avoidance response in
      rats].
AB  - Fifteen N-lupinyl derivatives of 3-methyl-, 3-phenyl- and 3-benzylquinoxalin
      2(1H)-one, variously substituted on position 6 (R = CH3O, CH3, Cl, CF3), were
      prepared. Of these, all 1-lupinyl-3-methylquinoxalin-2-ones exhibit a high degree
      of deconditioning activity in the tests of acquisition and modification of a
      conditioned avoidance response (C.A.R.) in rats. In both tests, compounds (II)
      and (IV), with R = CH3O and Cl respectively, proved more active than
      chloropromazine.

PMID- 4007155
TI  - [Synthesis and fungistatic activity of 3-(2-dialkylaminoethylthio)thieno [2,3-c]
      and [3,2-d] isothiazole derivatives].
AB  - A series of 5-acyl-4-amino-3-(2-dialkylaminoethyl)thieno-[2,3-c] and [3,2
      d]isothiazole derivatives was synthesized. The compounds were evaluated for
      antifungal activity.

PMID- 4007154
TI  - [Antibacterial and antifungal agents. IV. Synthesis and antifungal activity of
      econazole analogs with pyrrole structure].
AB  - The synthesis of analogues of antifungal econazole with a pyrrole moiety starting
      from 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethanone and from 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2
      (1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethanol is described. Results of antimicrobial screening of the
      new derivatives in comparison with econazole are also reported.

PMID- 4007156
TI  - [Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of various 1,4-benzothiazine
      derivatives].
AB  - A new series of dihydro-4H-1,4-benzothiazine derivatives was prepared. These
      compounds were obtained by reductive N-alkylation reaction with sodium
      borohydride in acetic acid of the corresponding 4H-1,4-benzothiazine. Some of the
      latter compounds were synthesized by a new synthetic method employing 2
      aminobenzenethiol and alkynes as starting material. Preliminary pharmacological
      data on the antiinflammatory activity of these compounds by using carrageenin paw
      edema assay are reported.

PMID- 4007157
TI  - Identification of yeast 60 S ribosomal proteins crosslinked to rRNA by 2
      iminothiolane.
AB  - Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 60 S ribosomal subunits were treated with the hetero
      bifunctional crosslinking agent 2-iminothiolane and then subjected to mild UV
      irradiation to introduce protein-rRNA crosslinks. The major crosslinked products
      were identified as proteins L2, L3, L5, L19 and L23 of which L5 was found to be
      crosslinked at a 3-5-fold higher efficiency than the other four. Several
      additional proteins were cross-linked to a detectable but much lower extent.

PMID- 4007158
TI  - Identification of glycine spin systems in 1H NMR spectra of proteins using
      multiple quantum coherences.
AB  - Double-quantum filtered COSY and triple-quantum filtered COSY techniques have
      been compared for the tripeptide Gly-Tyr-Gly and for human lysozyme. The
      insertion of a triple-quantum filter in the COSY experiment leads to dramatic
      spectral simplification in the fingerprint region of the spectrum and permits the
      specific identification of glycine spin systems in the complex 1H NMR spectra of
      proteins. The assignment of these peaks to glycine H alpha can be confirmed using
      2D double-quantum correlated spectroscopy.

PMID- 4007160
TI  - S-100 proteins and microtubules: analysis of the effects of rat brain S-100 (S
      100b) and ox brain S-100a0, S-100a and S-100b on microtubule assembly
      disassembly.
AB  - Rat brain S-100 (S-100b) and ox brain S-100a0, S-100a and S-100b have been tested
      for their ability to control the assembly and disassembly of brain microtubule
      proteins in the presence of either Ca2+ or Zn2+, in vitro. In the presence of
      Ca2+, single S-100 isoforms have similar, if not identical, effects, i.e. they
      inhibit assembly and promote disassembly. In the presence of Zn2+ from 0.1 to 1
      mM (free concentration), rat S-100 and ox S-100a and S-100b inhibit assembly,
      while S-100a0 is without effect. These data are briefly discussed in relation to
      the cellular localization of single S-100 isoforms in the brain.

PMID- 4007159
TI  - External and internal acetylcholinesterase in rat sympathetic neurones in vivo
      and in vitro.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) in neurones of rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was determined both in
      vivo and in vitro by the use of selective lipid-soluble or -insoluble inhibitors.
      In vivo as well as in vitro, 10 S AChE is mainly outside the cell. In primary
      cultures of rat SCG neurones, both 4 S and 16 S AChE are mainly inside the cell.
      In near-term rat SCG, 4 S and 16 S are more external to the cell than in primary
      cultures. In adult rat SCG, 4 S AChE is equally distributed inside and outside
      and 16 S AChE is mainly outside the cell. Thus, specific AChE externalization
      probably occurs in neuronal cells as a developmentally regulated process.

PMID- 4007161
TI  - Optical properties and structure of tetrapyrroles. A report of a symposium held
      at the University of Konstanz, FRG, August 12-17, 1984.
AB  - Many basic life processes such as oxygen transport, electron transport,
      photosynthesis and plant development, are mediated by tetrapyrroles. It has long
      been recognized that optical and other physicochemical properties of
      tetrapyrroles are highly important not only for characterization of the various
      relevant systems but also to provide a key role in the understanding of their
      structural and functional aspects. The symposium described below was devoted
      mainly to recent advances in the optical and molecular properties of biologically
      important systems, involving both cyclic and open-chain tetrapyrroles. The topics
      presented and discussed ranged from physics and chemistry to plant biology and
      medicine. This interdisciplinary character of the meeting conforms with previous
      symposia also held in Konstanz: Protein-Ligand Interactions (1974) and Transport
      by Proteins (1978) [see FEBS Lett. (1975) 54, 1-4, and FEBS Lett. (1979) 103, 1
      4]. In order to stimulate exchange of ideas, new experimental approaches and
      techniques, emphasis was placed on the discussions following each presentation,
      reports of which are also included in the book published. Preprints of the papers
      presented were distributed some time prior to the symposium. The symposium was
      mainly supported by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk and the University of Konstanz.
      The meeting was based on 29 invited lectures which were divided into four
      sections.

PMID- 4007162
TI  - X-ray characterisation of an additional binding site in lysozyme.
AB  - Bromophenol red (BPR) binds to lysozyme and inhibits its activity against
      bacterial cell walls, but not against the polysaccharide component of
      peptidoglycan. The binding site of BPR in the enzyme has been characterised by X
      ray analysis of the complex at 5.5A resolution. The new binding site, which is
      outside the cleft close to subsite F, is presumably involved in interactions with
      the peptide component of peptidoglycan, in the action of lysozyme against
      bacterial cell walls.

PMID- 4007164
TI  - Chemically modified low density lipoproteins as inducers of enzyme release from
      macrophages.
AB  - Macrophages carry receptors on their surface for acetylated low density
      lipoprotein (ac-LDL). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of ac-LDL is followed by
      intracellular cholesterol accumulation. We investigated whether occupation of
      these binding sites evokes the release of hydrolytic enzymes from mouse
      peritoneal macrophages cultured for up to 48 h. ac-LDL at concentrations ranging
      from 25-250 micrograms protein/ml was noted to promote in a dose-dependent
      fashion secretion of the neutral proteinase elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) and the
      lysosomal acid hydrolases N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), beta
      glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), alpha-mannosidase
      (EC 3.2.1.24) and cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5). This stimulatory effect was non
      cytotoxic. LDL modified by treatment with malondialdehyde was also capable of
      augmenting enzyme liberation into culture supernates. These findings may have
      implications for some aspects of the atherosclerotic process.

PMID- 4007163
TI  - Defective synthesis of glycerophosphorylcholine in murine muscular dystrophy; the
      primary molecular lesion?
AB  - Activities of the rate-limiting enzymes of the cytidine pathway for the synthesis
      of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are negligible in
      differentiated mouse gastrocnemius, whereas that of the respective proposed de
      novo glycerophosphodiester pathways is high in this muscle. Rates of de novo
      glycerophosphorylcholine synthesis in dystrophic mouse gastrocnemius are about
      half that of the wild-type homozygotes, whereas that of the heterozygotes is near
      the mean of the two homozygous groups. These results suggest that defective de
      novo synthesis of glycerophosphorylcholine is the primary lesion in murine dy
      muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 4007165
TI  - Effect of ascorbic acid on secreted proteoglycans from rabbit articular
      chondrocytes.
AB  - Addition of ascorbic acid (25, 50 100 micrograms/ml) to cultures of rabbit
      articular chondrocytes did not change the total amount of proteoglycans produced.
      However, it induced an increased retention of these macromolecules in the
      pericellular fraction. The size of the proteoglycan subunits and the length of
      glycosaminoglycan chains, released in the medium, were not modified on exposure
      to ascorbic acid (25 micrograms/ml). On the other hand, the rate of non-sulfated
      chondroitin was increased 2.5-fold, whereas chondroitin-4-sulfate was depressed
      1.5-fold.

PMID- 4007166
TI  - The primary structure of transcription factor TFIIIA has 12 consecutive repeats.
AB  - Analysis of the amino acid sequence of transcription factor TFIIIA from Xenopus
      laevis reveals the presence of 12 repeating structures, each about 30 residues in
      length. These segments have been aligned and their secondary structure predicted.
      The repeats each contain two invariant cysteines and two invariant histidines,
      perhaps to coordinate a zinc cation. Possible nucleic acid interaction modes are
      discussed.

PMID- 4007167
TI  - Whither surgical oncology?

PMID- 4007168
TI  - Towards a rational perfusion strategy for malignant melanoma.

PMID- 4007169
TI  - The results of 1115 patients with colorectal cancer treated over an 8-year period
      in a single hospital.
AB  - The results of treatment of 1115 patients with colorectal cancer, from one
      hospital, are presented. The mean age of the patients was 67.24 (+/- 0.35 SEM)
      years and there were the same number of male and female patients. Forty per cent
      of patients were admitted as an emergency, and 67% of the tumours were in the
      rectum or sigmoid colon. 46.7% of the patients were considered to have undergone
      a 'curative' resection. Six per cent of the tumours were Dukes' Stage A lesions;
      37% were Stage B and 57% Stage C. Twenty-six per cent had liver metastases. The
      overall hospital mortality was 21.5% and the operative mortality 14%. One-third
      of the patients admitted as an emergency died during their first admission. The
      overall 5-year survival was 25.8%; those with Dukes' Stage A tumours had a 5-year
      survival of 82.1%, Stage B 53.6% and Stage C 12.8%. The sex, site of tumour or
      duration of symptoms had no effect on prognosis.

PMID- 4007170
TI  - Electron microscopic studies of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Tissue samples from 12 patients with pancreatic carcinoma were studied by light
      and electron microscopy. Ten were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma by light
      microscopy. However, three different electron microscopic findings were observed
      among these ten adenocarcinomas. One showed that the tumour cells had large
      nuclei with poorly developed intracellular organelles. Many mucinous granules,
      well developed cellular projections and intracellular microcysts were observed.
      In the second findings were different in that these cells had no granules. The
      intracellular organelles were developed poorly and abundant microvilli and
      cellular projections were observed. These observations suggest that the tumour
      cells may arise from pancreatic ductular cells. The third specimen showed a
      completely different appearance. There were pleomorphic nuclei with enlarged
      nucleoli and the cytoplasm contained swollen mitochondria, a well developed rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and varying numbers of zymogen-like granules. Occasionally,
      the zymogen-like granules were absent. These characteristics resemble the de
      differentiation of acinar cells which has been repeated in experimental
      pancreatic carcinoma. These results suggest that careful examination of human
      pancreatic carcinoma may show more cells of acinar origin.

PMID- 4007171
TI  - Seasonality and breast cancer.
AB  - We have analysed the data of biopsy, tumour size, size, side and axillary lymph
      node status in a group of 866 patients presenting with breast cancer in
      Southampton from September 1975 to August 1981 and a group of 1424 women
      presenting with benign disease in the same period. The whole group showed a
      seasonal variation, with a peak presentation in June. The pre-menopausal age
      group account for almost all of this seasonality. The cause of the variation is
      not established and requires further investigation. The control group of benign
      breast disease cases did not show a seasonal variation.

PMID- 4007172
TI  - The value of risk factors in screening for breast cancer.
AB  - The value of risk factors in selecting women for repeat screening for the
      detection of early breast cancer is considered. The screening methods used are a
      detailed history, clinical examination, thermography and mammography. The risk
      factors assessed are the effect of a personal and family history and
      thermography. There are 11 240 women in the series. The incidence of cancer in
      the no risk group is 24/5825 (0.4%), the group with one risk factor 127/3881
      (3.3%) and in those with more than one factor 263/1534 (17.1%). It is suggested
      that the use of risk factors is sufficiently discriminating to select women for
      further screening over the next 10 years after an initial negative test.

PMID- 4007174
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the diaphragm--a case report.
AB  - Primary malignant tumours of the diaphragm are rare. This is thought to be only
      the fourth case of leiomyosarcoma of the diaphragm reported in the world
      literature.

PMID- 4007173
TI  - Reduction in the stearic to oleic acid ratio in the circulating red blood cells:
      a possible tumour marker in solid human neoplasms.
AB  - Gas liquid chromatography study of the 18 carbon chain length fatty acids (C18FA)
      of the human red blood cells (RBCs) was performed on 65 patients with various
      clinical disorders. It was found that the stearic to oleic acid ratio (SI) of the
      RBCs was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in patients with malignant
      conditions (n = 20, SI = 0.62 +/- 0.16) compared with pathological non-malignant
      diseases (n = 10, SI = 1.19 +/- 0.2) and the normal control group (n = 35, SI =
      1.57 +/- 0.5). Our early results suggest that the increased unsaturation (oleic
      acid) in the circulating RBCs could be used as a chemical marker in various solid
      neoplasms.

PMID- 4007175
TI  - Co-existent chylous and serous pleural effusions associated with ovarian cancer:
      a case report of Contarini's syndrome.
AB  - This paper reports a rare complication of ovarian cancer, emphasising the role of
      computed tomographic scanning (CT) in the evaluation of the disease. The
      aetiology of the case is discussed with reference to a similar clinical case
      originally reported in 1667.

PMID- 4007176
TI  - Germ cell tumours confined to the supra-clavicular fossa: a report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of germ cell tumours in males presenting as a left supra-clavicular
      mass, with no evidence of disease in other sites, are reported. Biopsy showed
      seminoma in one case and teratoma in the other. Supra-clavicular germ cell tumour
      as an isolated finding after intensive investigations has not previously been
      reported.

PMID- 4007177
TI  - A tumour gauge to measure breast lumps for use with mammograms.
AB  - A new tumour gauge is described for the measurement of breast lumps. Mammographs
      or xeroradiographs are taken and opacities that have a definite border are
      suitable for assessment. The tumour gauge is made of a transparent plastic with
      concentric lines. A classification of tumour size T (TMN staging) can be made by
      placing the tumour gauge over the mammogram/xeroradiogram. Tumour diameter is
      measured with the gauge and the volume of a sphere and so tumour bulk can be
      calculated. This may be of greater clinical relevance than tumour diameter. The
      tumour gauge may be applied in the difficult clinical situations of the post
      irradiated breast or the obese patient. A primary or recurrent tumour that has
      not been excised and is visible on the mammogram may be used as a marker to
      assess response to treatment.

PMID- 4007178
TI  - Metachroneus appearance of bilateral germ cell tumours despite chemotherapy.

PMID- 4007179
TI  - Accuracy of occult blood tests over a six-day period.

PMID- 4007180
TI  - Modulation of oxidant lung injury by using liposome-entrapped superoxide
      dismutase and catalase.
AB  - Increased cellular generation of partially reduced species of oxygen mediates the
      toxicity of hyperoxia to cultured endothelial cells and rats exposed to 95-100%
      oxygen. Liposomal entrapment and intracellular delivery of superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) to cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells increased the specific
      activity of cellular SOD up to 15-fold. The liposome-mediated augmentation of SOD
      activity persisted in cell monolayers and rendered these cells resistant to
      oxygen-induced injury in a cell SOD activity-dependent manner. Addition of free
      SOD to culture medium had no effect on cell SOD activity or resistance to oxygen
      toxicity. SOD and catalase-containing liposomes injected i.v. into rats increased
      lung-associated enzyme specific activities two- to fourfold. Liposome entrapment
      of both SOD and catalase significantly increased the circulating half-lives of
      these enzymes and was critical for prevention of in vivo oxygen toxicity. Free
      SOD and catalase injected i.v. in the absence or presence of control liposomes
      did not increase corresponding lung enzyme activities or survival time in 100%
      oxygen. These studies show that O2- and H2O2 are important mediators of oxygen
      toxicity and that intracellular delivery of oxygen protective enzymes can reduce
      tissue injury owing to overproduction of partially reduced oxygen species.

PMID- 4007181
TI  - Effect of albumin on the structure of the molecular filter at the capillary wall.
AB  - The removal of plasma proteins from a vascular perfusate results in increased
      labeling of the endothelial cell (EC) vesicles and increased permeability of the
      capillary wall to water and solutes. The hypothesis that albumin forms part of a
      molecular filter composed of a network of fibrous molecules is evaluated. The
      fibrous network covers the EC surface and penetrates the intercellular junctions.
      Albumin may simply occupy space within the matrix to increase the resistance to
      water flow and increase exclusion and restriction to diffusion of solutes.
      Electrostatic interactions between positively charged sites on albumin and
      negatively charged fibers may also order the fibrous network into a more
      selective array. In the presence of albumin, the fibrous network would determine
      the selectivity of the capillary wall. An alternative hypothesis, that a
      selective pathway is formed when albumin is adsorbed to the walls of the wide
      portion of the slit, is inconsistent with the area required for the diffusion of
      small solutes between the endothelial cells. However, the geometry of
      intercellular channels may partially determine the selectivity of the capillary
      wall when the fiber matrix containing albumin is disrupted.

PMID- 4007182
TI  - Capillary transport of adenosine.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that capillary exchange of adenosine is influenced by
      the ability of endothelial cells (ECs) to take up adenosine. Triple-indicator
      diffusion experiments were performed by injecting [14C]adenosine, [3H]9-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine ( [3H]araH), and radioiodinated serum albumin (RISA)
      into the arterial perfusate of isolated nonworking guinea pig hearts. Tracer
      appearance in venous effluent was observed over time. The early extraction of
      [14C]adenosine was much higher than that of [3H]araH. Extracted [3H]araH returned
      to the vascular space, but [14C]adenosine did not. Quantitative analysis of the
      curves by using a mathematical model indicates that approximately half of the
      extracted adenosine enters ECs and is metabolized. The remainder enters the
      interstitium and is taken up by myocytes, ECs, or other cells and is metabolized.
      We conclude that uptake of adenosine by ECs represents a significant influence on
      the capillary exchange of adenosine.

PMID- 4007183
TI  - Modeling of transendothelial transport.
AB  - Capillary-tissue exchange of inert hydrophilic solutes in the heart occurs
      through aqueous channels, the clefts between endothelial cells (ECs). For
      adenosine (and other vasoactive agents and substrates), there is also transport
      across the plasmalemma of the ECs. The multiple-indicator dilution technique
      comparing tracer adenosine flux with that of 9-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine (an analog that is not transported by the nucleoside
      carrier) can be used to estimate the conductance of the facilitated transport
      mechanism, which is equivalent to a permeability-surface area product. Analysis
      by using a model of exchanges among capillary, EC, interstitium, and myocardial
      cells suggests that the abluminal surface of the ECs is also highly permeable to
      adenosine. The inference is that ECs may be an important component of a system
      for adenosine exchange and regulation in the heart.

PMID- 4007184
TI  - Antiepileptic drugs: detection, quantification, and evaluation.
AB  - The anticonvulsant potential of chemical substances can be identified with test
      procedures that act at various biological levels, ranging from subcellular
      elements to the normal or modified intact animal. All of these procedures modify
      either some minimal overt threshold electrochemical or neurochemical event or a
      suprathreshold manifestation such as seizure spread. This suggests that
      laboratory tests for the detection, quantification, and evaluation of
      antiepileptic drugs should be designed to identify substances that elevate
      seizure threshold and/or prevent seizure spread. The s.c. Metrazol
      (pentylenetetrazol) seizure threshold test and the supramaximal electroshock
      seizure test are commonly used to achieve this objective. Additional chemoshock
      tests may be used to delineate further the mechanisms of anticonvulsant action.
      Numerous variables, such as experimental animals, electroshock apparatus,
      parameters of electrical and chemical stimulus, and routes of drug
      administration, must be controlled to ensure accurate, reliable, and reproducible
      results. The in vivo procedures described are reliable and reproducible, and
      predict clinical utility of the drugs tested. New models for testing
      anticonvulsant activity are evaluated against clinically effective antiepileptic
      drugs originally identified by these same procedures.

PMID- 4007185
TI  - Clomiphene citrate does not improve spermatozoal fertilizing capacity in
      idiopathic oligospermia.
AB  - Clomiphene citrate (CC) was given to 24 men with idiopathic oligospermia at a
      daily dose of 25 mg (10 subjects) or 50 mg (14 subjects). Sperm concentration
      increased slightly after CC treatment in both groups. Sperm motility and
      morphology remained unchanged. Spermatozoal fertilizing capacity as assessed by
      the zona-free hamster ova penetration test showed no significant change
      throughout the treatment period. Two pregnancies occurred in the partners of the
      subjects treated with 50 mg CC/day, but none occurred in the other group. We
      conclude that oral administration of CC does not improve fertilizing capacity of
      sperm as measured by the zona-free hamster ova penetration test in idiopathic
      oligospermia.

PMID- 4007186
TI  - Computer-assisted measurement of sperm swimming speed in human semen: correlation
      of results with in vitro fertilization assays.
AB  - A semiautomatic computerized technique for the measurement of sperm swimming
      speed is presented. The equipment is easy to use and would be suitable for
      routine clinical laboratories. The value of the sperm speed measurements obtained
      from over 100 individuals in relation to fertility has been studied by the
      correlation of these results with human in vitro fertilization (IVF) data and
      sperm penetrating capability in the zona-free hamster egg assay. The results show
      that sperm speed measurements correlate very well with those of the IVF, both
      human and hamster, and can be used successfully, in conjunction with multivariate
      statistical methods, to predict the outcomes of such techniques with about 75%
      accuracy.

PMID- 4007187
TI  - Effect of intranasal administration of norethisterone and progesterone on
      pituitary and gonadal function in adult male and female bonnet monkeys (Macaca
      radiata).
AB  - The effect of intranasal spray of norethisterone (NET) and progesterone (P) on
      serum testosterone (T) and total sperm count in adult male bonnet monkeys and the
      effect of NET spray on the menstrual cycle in female monkeys has been studied.
      Whereas NET spray resulted in a drastic decrease in serum T levels and sperm
      count, P spray caused a decrease in total sperm count only. Intranasal spray of
      NET in adult cycling female monkeys between days 5 and 14 resulted in shortening
      of the menstrual cycle; this could be ascribed to a decrease in serum follicle
      stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, 17 beta-estradiol, and P levels. Nasal
      spray of only solvent in male or female monkeys, however, had no effect on any of
      the parameters tested.

PMID- 4007188
TI  - Progesterone therapy: benefit versus risk.

PMID- 4007189
TI  - Binding of antisperm isoantibodies from a woman at risk for immunologic
      infertility to intraacrosomal components of donor spermatozoa.

PMID- 4007190
TI  - Painful varicocele.

PMID- 4007191
TI  - Fetal malformations following progesterone therapy during pregnancy: a
      preliminary report.
AB  - This report presents the outcome of pregnancies of 93 women who conceived while
      taking progesterone (P) suppositories (n = 42) or P in oil intramuscularly (n =
      51). The dosage and duration of treatment varied according to the indication. The
      total dose (in milligrams) increased with the duration of treatment and ranged
      from 75 to 13,500 mg. Two of 75 term pregnancies (2.6%) were noted to have
      congenital anomalies. Both women had been treated with P in oil. No patient
      treated with P suppositories gave birth to a malformed infant. An increased
      spontaneous abortion rate (28.6%) was noted among women treated with P
      suppositories. The authors recommend that a national registry be created to
      document fetal outcome after P therapy.

PMID- 4007192
TI  - Return of menstruation and normalization of prolactin in hyperprolactinemic women
      with bromocriptine-induced pregnancy.
AB  - Fifty-eight hyperprolactinemic women were followed up for 13 to 108 months after
      at least one bromocriptine-induced pregnancy for investigation of whether the
      pregnancy had any adverse long-term effects on the hyperprolactinemic state.
      Fifteen women had two term pregnancies. The prolactin (PRL) level decreased
      greater than 50% in 20 women after the pregnancy. Only two women showed a PRL
      level increase. Spontaneous uterine bleedings returned in 16 women, whereas 42
      remained amenorrheic. Thus, bromocriptine-induced pregnancy in women with
      hyperprolactinemia has no negative long-term effect on PRL secretion.

PMID- 4007193
TI  - Effect of serum source on human fertilization and embryonic growth parameters in
      vitro.
AB  - A total of 100 mature oocytes from 13 consecutive patients were randomly assigned
      from each patient to one of two treatment groups (n = 53 for group 1, n = 47 for
      group 2). Group 1 oocytes were incubated throughout the culture periods in medium
      supplemented with 7.5% homologous patient serum. Group 2 oocytes were treated
      similarly, except the serum supplement was of fetal cord origin. End points for
      examination included fertilization frequency, normality of fertilization, stage
      of embryonic development at two time periods, and quality of embryonic
      development at two time periods. None of the end points examined revealed
      significant differences between patient serum and fetal cord serum.

PMID- 4007194
TI  - Variations in serum lipids and lipoproteins throughout the menstrual cycle.
AB  - One hundred fourteen women of reproductive age were included in a cross-sectional
      study with the aim of establishing the variations in serum lipids and
      lipoproteins during the menstrual cycle. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and
      phospholipids were determined in whole serum and in the following lipoprotein
      fractions: very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL),
      and high-density lipoproteins, obtained by ultracentrifugation. A significant
      decrease was found in total cholesterol (P less than 0.05) and phospholipids (P
      less than 0.01) during the late luteal phase. The LDL cholesterol decreased
      during the luteal phase and VLDL cholesterol increased in the early and midluteal
      phases. The LDL phospholipids and VLDL triglycerides also showed a significant
      decrease during the luteal phase (P less than 0.01). The results of this
      investigation demonstrate major fluctuation in cholesterol, triglyceride, and
      phospholipid-lipoprotein composition during the menstrual cycle.

PMID- 4007195
TI  - [External respiration, gas exchange and blood oxygen parameters in acute
      methemoglobinemia].

PMID- 4007196
TI  - [Cardiomyocytes in monolayer culture and the effect on them of catecholamines and
      hypoxia].

PMID- 4007197
TI  - [Relation of drinking excitability to body weight, animal sex and time of the
      year].

PMID- 4007199
TI  - [Mechanisms of correcting acid-base, ionic and osmotic homeostasis in a heart
      lung preparation with inclusion of isolated kidneys].

PMID- 4007198
TI  - [State of lipid peroxidation and thymus-dependent immunity system in patients
      with allergic diseases of the respiratory organs during rehabilitation in a
      mountain climate].

PMID- 4007200
TI  - [Role of intensity and coupling of oxidation-reduction processes in maintaining
      electrolytic homeostasis].

PMID- 4007201
TI  - [Effect and aftereffect of adrenaline on the respiration of rat liver
      mitochondria].

PMID- 4007202
TI  - [Change in the glutathione reductase activity in the blood and tissues of
      thyroidectomized animals exposed to temperature drops].

PMID- 4007204
TI  - [Diabetes mellitus in hypothalamic obesity].

PMID- 4007203
TI  - [Metabolism of 3H-hydrocortisone in liver, kidney and spleen cells of guinea
      pigs].

PMID- 4007205
TI  - [Effect of hyperoxic helium-oxygen gaseous mixtures on oxygen consumption by
      albino rat tissues].

PMID- 4007206
TI  - [Age characteristics of the functional state of the thymus gland, epiphysis and
      adrenal cortex in practically healthy people].

PMID- 4007207
TI  - [Use of the time constant for estimating myocardial relaxation].

PMID- 4007208
TI  - [Apparatus for measuring the electrical resistance of human skin].

PMID- 4007209
TI  - [Measurement of oxygen consumption and blood flow in the skin by the method of
      transcutaneous determination of oxygen tension].

PMID- 4007210
TI  - [The immunochemical properties of thyroglobulin in human thyroid tumors in
      reaction to rabbit anti-human normal thyroglobulin-serum].
AB  - Interactions between antiserum (rabbit anti-human normal thyroglobulin-serum) and
      human thyroglobulin preparations (obtained from the tissues of the normal thyroid
      gland, thyroid adenoma, and carcinoma) were compared by inhibition effect with
      the binding between 131I-labeled standard thyroglobulin and antiserum, set up by
      a double antibody RIA. Thyroglobulins isolated from normal glands (designated as
      Nor-Tg) have a high affinity to the antiserum. In contrast, thyroglobulins in
      follicular adenoma or adenomatous goiter (designated as Ad-Tg) decrease the
      potency of the affinity to the antiserum. Furthermore, thyroglobulins in
      papillary or follicular carcinoma (designated as Ca-Tg) markedly decrease such a
      potency. With the t-test, the inhibition curves of Nor-Tgs are almost parallel to
      each other. Most of the inhibition curves of Ad-Tgs and Ca-Tgs are not parallel
      to the curve of Nor-Tg 1 (P-value for non-parallelism less than or equal to
      0.05). Therefore, it seems that Tg preparations obtained from tumor tissue are
      heterogeneous in terms of specificity and/or affinity to antiserum, judging from
      the results of the non-parallel inhibition curves. The present results also show
      that the contribution of iodine content in Tg has little or no effect on the
      nature of Tg-immunogenicity.

PMID- 4007211
TI  - [The effect of ketoconazole and some other inhibitors of steroidogenesis on P-450
      11 beta-catalyzed reactions].
AB  - Ketoconazole (Nizoral), an orally active antimycotic agent with a broad spectrum,
      has been reported to interfere with steroidogenesis both in patient and in vivo
      rat studies. It has also been shown that the same drug inhibits some P-450-
      catalyzed reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. In the present work, we
      studied the inhibitory effect of Ketoconazole, along with some other known
      inhibitors of steroidogenesis, on the reconstituted steroid monooxygenase system,
      which consists of adrenodoxin, its reductase and P-450 11 beta as the protein
      components being purified from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria. The results
      indicated that; Ketoconazole completely inhibited hydroxylation of
      deoxycorticosterone at the 11 beta-position to form corticosterone and at the 18
      position to form 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone. The Ki value for Ketoconazole,
      calculated either from the 11 beta-hydroxylase reaction or the 18-hydroxylase
      reaction, was 0.56 microM, which was comparable to the value obtained for
      metyrapone in the same system. Ketoconazole also inhibited 18-hydroxylation of
      corticosterone to form 18-hydroxycorticosterone, with 50% inhibitory
      concentration of less than 0.03 microgram/ml. The corresponding value for this
      inhibitor in the deoxycorticosterone 18-hydroxylase reaction was found to be 0.3
      microgram/ml. The contrast between these values for the two substrates is
      striking. Thus, in a series of reaction steps, the inhibitory effect of
      corticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone was more potent than
      deoxycorticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone reaction. Both trilostane and o,
      p'-DDD over the wide concentration range failed to inhibit any of the
      reconstituted P-450 11 beta system similar to those applied to the Ketoconazole
      study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007212
TI  - [The 58th congress of the Japan Endocrine Society. Nagoya, Japan, May 14-16,
      1985. Abstracts].

PMID- 4007213
TI  - [Formaldehyde in the preservation of cosmetic products].

PMID- 4007214
TI  - [Acquired fibrokeratoma].

PMID- 4007215
TI  - [Short-term anthralin therapy as an interim therapy].

PMID- 4007216
TI  - Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum versus low-grade squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 4007217
TI  - Hyperpigmentation induced by argon laser therapy of hemangiomas. Optical and
      electron microscope studies.
AB  - The technique of argon laser treatment of port wine hemangiomas has been greatly
      improved since first used in the medical field. Complications may however occur
      and the authors report in this paper their experience and special studies
      performed on hyperpigmentation. This complication is due to an increase in
      melanic normal production as it has been proved by optical and electron
      microscope studies on pigmented skin biopsies.

PMID- 4007218
TI  - Unusual pigmentation on the skin over trunk bones and extremities.
AB  - 6 young people (19-31 years old) exhibited unusual light or dark brown, ill
      circumscribed or reticular pigmentation distributed over protrudent bones. 5 of
      them have been using nylon towels and scrub brushes for over 3-10 years. Biopsy
      specimens showed that the amount of melanin granules in the basal layer was
      increased and melanophages were scattered in the upper dermis. Inflammatory
      infiltrates were minimal.

PMID- 4007219
TI  - Generalized pustular psoriasis in a child.
AB  - We present the first report of the management of generalized pustular psoriasis
      (Zumbusch pattern) in a young child with etretinate (Tigason). Striking features
      were the low dosage required to control the disease (as little as 10 mg per week)
      and the eventual transition of the clinical features to those of psoriasis
      vulgaris.

PMID- 4007220
TI  - Metastatic malignant melanoma with cartilaginous metaplasia.

PMID- 4007221
TI  - Micropapular sarcoidosis simulating lichen nitidus.
AB  - A 28-year-old woman with sarcoidosis had military, skin-colored papules localized
      on the upper back. The lesions closely simulated lichen nitidus. Histologic
      examination of the papule demonstrated the naked granuloma encircled by epidermal
      collarettes in the papillary dermis. Therefore, the microscopic reaction pattern
      also resembled those of lichen nitidus. This case is a unique form of
      micropapular sarcoidosis in respect to the clinical appearance and microscopic
      changes.

PMID- 4007222
TI  - Contact leukoderma due to 'Bindi' and footwear.
AB  - 3 cases of contact leukoderma due to 'Bindi' and footwear occurring together in
      the same patients are reported. In 2 patients depigmentation occurred at the
      patch test sites with 'Bindi', most probably due to the adhesive in it.

PMID- 4007223
TI  - Raynaud's phenomenon with oral manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman with discoid lupus erythematosus developed systemic lupus
      erythematosus after 6 years. One of the clinical features was Raynaud's
      phenomenon in the fingers and toes, and furthermore Raynaud's phenomenon appeared
      in the tongue when exposed to cold and windy weather.

PMID- 4007225
TI  - [Diabetic retinopathy and the laser].

PMID- 4007224
TI  - Continuous subcutaneous infusion of glucagon by portable pump in non beta cell
      tumor hypoglycemia.
AB  - Subcutaneous infusion of glucagon by portable pump appears to give very effective
      symptomatic relief from non beta cell tumor hypoglycemia when surgery,
      radiotherapy and chemotherapy are impossible or ineffective. This mode of
      glucagon administration was proposed in a patient who had severe nocturnal
      hypoglycemic attacks. The aim of the study was to specify the modes of
      utilization and to test the efficiency and the tolerance of this treatment.
      Glucagon was infused at 400 micrograms/h during every 12 hour night. Because of
      the hepatic action of glucagon it is very important to use this treatment with an
      adequate diet and to stop the infusion during the day to reconstitute the
      glycogen overload. This mode of glucagon administration was very effective in
      over 6 months of use and well tolerated.

PMID- 4007226
TI  - [When should one request fluorescence angiography with a diabetic?].

PMID- 4007227
TI  - Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in glucose intolerance.
AB  - In 19 middle aged subjects, glucose intolerant according to WHO criteria,
      obtained from a health survey, peripheral and autonomic nerve function were
      studied in comparison with 25 control subjects with normal glucose tolerance.
      Clinically detectable signs of peripheral nerve dysfunction were not more common
      in glucose intolerant subjects than in the control group. In measurements of
      sensory thresholds for vibration, nerve conduction velocities and autonomic nerve
      function, small differences, mainly non-significant, were found in favour of the
      controls. It is concluded that minor reduction of some peripheral nerve function
      may be associated with glucose intolerance, but it is not readily demonstrated.
      Clinically apparent polyneuropathy is not likely to develop.

PMID- 4007228
TI  - Influence of acetylsalicylic acid on bleeding time and serum thromboxane B2 in
      diabetes mellitus type I.
AB  - Basal and two hours after 600 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) bleeding times were
      measured in 21 type I diabetic patients with retinopathy, 24 type I diabetic
      patients without retinopathy and 21 normal healthy volunteers. There were no
      significant differences either in basal or in after ASA bleeding times between
      these groups, but the percentage increase in bleeding time after ASA was
      significantly higher than normal in both diabetic groups. No correlation was
      found between basal--bleeding time and glucose, Hb A1 or lipid profile. TXB2
      production by spontaneous blood clotting was drastically reduced by ASA in both
      diabetic and normal groups. Platelet hyperactivity in diabetes mellitus may be
      due, at least in part, to a predominance of the proaggregatory effects of TXA2
      over the antiaggregatory effects of PGI2.

PMID- 4007229
TI  - Survival probabilities of infants delivered prior to the 34th week of pregnancy
      as estimated by means of a logistic model.
AB  - Survival of 188 infants born alive before the 34th wk of pregnancy is assessed in
      relation both to birthweight and duration of pregnancy. A logistic model is used
      which describes, based on these parameters, probabilities of 1-yr survival of
      relatively small populations in a continuous way. Although there may be
      differences between measured and estimated birthweight, this method might enable
      the perinatologist to estimate before birth the survival probabilities if he
      knows the duration of pregnancy and estimated birthweight.

PMID- 4007230
TI  - Low antithrombin III and high plasma fibronectin in pre-eclampsia.
AB  - Antithrombin III activity and plasma fibronectin levels were determined in
      patients with preeclampsia. In several cases low antithrombin III and high plasma
      fibronectin concentrations could be related to proteinuria. Altered plasma
      fibronectin and antithrombin III concentrations might contribute to a
      hypercoaguable state in patients with preeclampsia.

PMID- 4007231
TI  - Candidosis of the genital tract in non-pregnant women.
AB  - Of 300 non-pregnant women seen in an STD clinic, 94 (31.3%) harboured C. albicans
      or C. glabrata in the genital tract; 84 of these women (89.4%) had at least one
      moderate or marked symptom or clinical sign. Of the 94 women with Candida, 50 had
      another genital infection; 38% of these 50 women had at least one moderate or
      marked symptom or clinical sign, compared with 75% of the 44 women with no other
      infection. This difference is significant. Of the 146 women taking oral
      contraceptives, 51 (34.9%) had Candida, compared with 43 (27.9%) of the 154 women
      who were not. The incidence of trichomoniasis, anaerobic vaginitis and non
      specific genital infection was lower among women with Candida than among the
      others.

PMID- 4007232
TI  - Selective control of human glioma cell proliferation by specific cell
      interaction.
AB  - Cells cultured from anaplastic astrocytoma (Kernohan and Sayre, grades III and
      IV) will proliferate on confluent monolayers of normal glia, while cells cultured
      from normal brain will not. The growth of a cell line containing a high
      proportion of well-differentiated glioma cells (G-CCM) was partially inhibited,
      though not as much as normal glia, while the growth of a cell line made up of
      less differentiated cells (G-UVW) was enhanced by the normal glia. Although non
      glial confluent monolayers also inhibited the growth of normal glia, this was
      less specific, as one normal glial line (N-DUT) grew on fibroblasts and
      intestinal epithelium, although it was unable to do so on normal glia. It is
      suggested that this may be a useful method for examining reduced density
      limitation of growth, discriminating between normal and malignant glia, and for
      separating glioma cells from contaminating normal cells.

PMID- 4007233
TI  - Factors influencing phenotypic diversity of human prostate carcinoma cells
      metastasizing in athymic nude mice.
AB  - Three related human prostate carcinoma cell lines, PC-3, 1-LN-PC-3-1A (1-LN), and
      1-LN-PC-3-1A clone 4 (clone 4) were compared in terms of relative metastatic
      capacity in adult and young male nude mice. Only 1-LN produced lung metastases
      after intravenous injection into both 6- to 8-week-old and 4-week-old nude mice,
      as well as in mice injected intraperitoneally. The extent of the phenotypic
      diversity exhibited by these human prostate tumor lines was influenced by
      inherent dissemination ability, age of the host, and route of injection. These
      lines provide a useful system for the analysis of the biology of human tumor
      metastasis in nude mice.

PMID- 4007234
TI  - Dynamics of physiological changes in bovine myofibers during growth and sexual
      development.
AB  - Semitendinosus (ST) muscle samples were excised from 8 intact and 8 castrate male
      animals (Bos taurus) when they reached age end-points of 8, 12, 16, and 20
      months. All three principal myofiber phenotypes (IC, IIA, IIB) increased in size
      with increasing age, with the IIA (fast-white) fibers usually larger than the
      other two types. Only at 16 and 20 months were the type II myofibers from intact
      males consistently larger than that from castrates. The amount of IIA fibers
      always exceeded that of the other two phenotypes at every age. Myofiber
      characteristics were more highly correlated with animal age than with either
      total body weight or total muscle mass. An ontogenetic scheme is proposed to
      illustrate the dynamic interrelationships of the three ST myofiber phenotypes.

PMID- 4007235
TI  - Further studies on the extrusion of cytosol macromolecules by cultured chick
      embryo fibroblast cells.
AB  - The RNA and lipid-associated macromolecules extruded by chick embryo fibroblast
      cells have been analysed by chromatography. The results taken with those
      previously obtained suggest that cultured chick embryo fibroblasts excrete a wide
      range of cytosol macromolecules into the surrounding medium. As previously found
      with DNA and protein, the chromatographic patterns found with supernatant and
      cell cytosol preparations were closely similar, suggesting that the media
      supernatant macromolecules are cytosal derived. A proportion of the RNA and lipid
      associated material elutes at the same position as the previously observed for
      DNA and protein on gel exclusion chromatography, suggesting that cell cytosol
      contains a discrete DNA-RNA-protein lipid complex (size approx 5 X 10(5) dalton)
      which is extruded by cultured cells.

PMID- 4007236
TI  - Comparisons between extracted and residual proteoglycans on the glycosaminoglycan
      level and changes with ageing.
AB  - Sheep nasal cartilage from animals of five different ages were studied.
      Significant variations in the composition and on the extractability of the tissue
      occur with ageing. The ratio chondroitin sulphate to keratan sulphate in
      extracted and residual proteoglycans does not change in the same manner with
      ageing. The relative distribution of molecular sizes of keratan sulphate differs
      between extracted and residual proteoglycans. Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin
      sulphate appear homogeneous on the gel chromatography for all ages both in
      extracted and residual proteoglycans.

PMID- 4007237
TI  - Purification and properties of alkaline phosphatase from human polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes.
AB  - A procedure for the purification of alkaline phosphatase from human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes is described, involving enzyme solubilisation with
      Triton X-100 and chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B and Cibacron Red F = B
      Sepharose 4B. The final enzyme preparation was 244-fold purified and was shown to
      be capable of hydrolysis of a wide range of phosphorylated substates.

PMID- 4007238
TI  - Intrinsic fluorescence, difference spectrophotometry and theoretical studies on
      tertiary structure of calf thymus histone H1.
AB  - Tyr-72 is included in the hydrophobic cleft which is formed in the histone H1
      globular head. Tyr-72 is screened against polar aqueous environment and its
      intramolecular mobility is sharply retarded. This microenvironment causes a red
      shift (lambda max = 279 nm) and a sharpening of the longer wavelength shoulder of
      absorption spectra, a high fluoresence anisotropy value (A = 0,11), high quantum
      yield of fluoresence (approximately 0.2) and a decrease of the Stern-Volmer
      Constant during quenching of histone H1 fluorescence by acrylamide. It has been
      found that the change in the intensity of histone fluorescence at lambda excit =
      265 nm, but not at lambda excit = 280 nm, is due to the changes in the quantum
      yield of fluorescence. The increase of fluorescence intensity at lambda excit =
      280 nm depends on the changes in the quantum yield and molar extinction
      coefficient of histone H1 tyrosyl chromophore. The change in the ratio of
      fluorescence intensity exited at 280 nm (F280) to the fluorescence intensity
      excited at 265 nm (F265) corresponds to the change of delta epsilon 286 in
      difference absorption spectra. The introduction of the parameter Cf = F280/F265
      allows one to go over to studying excitation spectrum shifts instead of histone
      absorption spectrum shifts, which is much more convenient methodologically since
      in this case it is possible to carry out research using lower protein
      concentrations and turbid solutions. The results make it possible to designate
      Tyr-72 of histone H1 as a special class of fluorescent tyrosyls whose properties
      differ from those of tyrosyls of other tryptophane-free proteins: RNAase,
      insulin, core histones--H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and some others.

PMID- 4007239
TI  - Loss of responsiveness to glucagon following underperfusion of the isolated rat
      liver.
AB  - Increases in glucose and urea output in response to increasing glucagon
      concentration have been studied in isolated livers perfused with physiological
      concentrations of amino acids. Glucose output was more sensitive to glucagon than
      urea output. A period of non-perfusion caused a subsequent loss of responsiveness
      to glucagon concentrations, at the high end of the physiological range, but the
      response to glucagon at the low end of the physiological range was unaffected.
      This probably represents a post-receptor effect rather than alterations at the
      receptor level.

PMID- 4007240
TI  - Evolution of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and microsomal membrane
      fluidity throughout chick embryo development.
AB  - The pattern of chick liver and brain 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and
      its relationship with changes in microsomal membrane fluidity was studied during
      embryonic and postnatal development. A peak of brain activity was found at 19
      days of embryonic development, while liver activity only increased after
      hatching. A significant increase in cholesterol content of brain microsomes
      occurred at about 14 days of incubation, decreasing afterwards. No significant
      variations were observed in liver microsomes during the same period. A similar
      profile was found in the phospholipid content of both brain and liver microsomes.
      The cholesterol/lipidic phosphorus molar ratio of brain and liver microsomes did
      not exhibit significant changes throughout embryonic and postnatal development.
      These results demonstrate that membrane-mediated control does not regulate the
      evolution of reductase activity during this developmental period.

PMID- 4007241
TI  - The subcellular distribution of fumarase isozymes in rat liver.
AB  - Between 13 and 25% of the fumarase activity of rat liver was found to be
      cytosolic in origin the remainder being localised in the mitochondria.
      Electrophoretic analysis on cellulose acetate showed that mitochondria do not
      contain detectable levels of cytosolic isozyme or vice versa.

PMID- 4007242
TI  - Characterization of blood group active glycopeptides derived from porcine
      kidneys.
AB  - Sialoglycopeptide fractions were prepared from the pronase digest of porcine
      kidneys by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography and gel-filtration through
      Sephadex G-100. Their chemical compositions and large molecular size suggested
      that these glycopeptides were derived from mucin-type glycoprotein(s). The
      results of the beta-elimination reaction indicated that they have the O
      glycosidic linkages between N-acetylgalactosamine and serine/threonine. The
      glycopeptides exhibited blood group A and H activities. The present study
      revealed that the porcine kidney contains the blood group antigens of
      glycoprotein nature.

PMID- 4007243
TI  - RNA polymerase activities and chromatin protein composition of rat liver during
      methionine deprivation and refeeding.
AB  - The reversible effect of dietary methionine deficiency was studied in young adult
      rats. The sensitivity of nuclear chromatin to micrococcal nuclease (EC3.1.4.7)
      digestion and the composition of the chromatin proteins were unaffected by the
      dietary regimens. The specific chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II activity
      decreased during methionine deficiency. Refeeding of methionine for 2 days
      restored the activity in the nuclease-released chromatin. RNA polymerase I plus
      III activity remained unchanged. Total RNA polymerase activity changed with the
      liver wet weight which was reduced during methionine deficiency and was not
      restored to control level after 2 days of methionine refeeding. RNA polymerase
      activity was altered by methionine deficiency. The recovery was independent of
      major modifications of the chromatin structure and protein composition.

PMID- 4007244
TI  - Inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha activity by proteins from rat liver.
AB  - We determined that there is a protein in rat liver capable of inhibiting DNA
      polymerase alpha. To assay for this inhibitor, DNA polymerase alpha was purified
      from R3230AC rat mammary tumor, a rich source of this enzyme. Protein fractions
      from Sephacryl S200 gel filtration of total soluble liver extract showing
      inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha were further chromatographed on DEAE
      cellulose. This step revealed two inhibitor protein populations with the major
      form corresponding to a molecular weight of 143,000 dalton. Soluble extract from
      isolated rat liver nuclei also showed the presence of at least two inhibitors;
      the major form was 200,000+ dalton in molecular weight. Both the 143,000 and
      200,000+ dalton inhibitor proteins were capable of inhibiting the R3230AC tumor
      DNA polymerase alpha in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors exhibited
      similar inhibition of nuclear matrix-associated DNA polymerase alpha from either
      the R3230AC tumor or from regenerating rat liver.

PMID- 4007245
TI  - Changes of the NADP-linked malic enzyme in the developing rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - The activities of NADP-linked malic enzyme, hexose monophosphate shunt
      dehydrogenases and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were studied during
      development of skeletal muscle and compared with those in the liver. The
      variation patterns of malic enzyme activity in the liver and in the skeletal
      muscle were very similar, however the amplitude of the changes was different. The
      enzyme activity increased approx 16-fold in the liver and about 2-fold in
      skeletal muscle at the same stage of development. In skeletal muscle the increase
      of the malic enzyme activity was only slightly higher than of lactic
      dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. Studies on the intracellular distribution of
      malic enzyme in skeletal muscle showed that both mitochondrial and
      extramitochondrial enzymes increased between 20th and 37th day of life, the
      increase of the extramitochondrial enzyme being more pronounced. The hexose
      monophosphate shunt dehydrogenases activity showed an increase in the liver but
      no change was observed in the skeletal muscle at the weaning time. Changes in the
      activity of the liver and skeletal muscle isocitrate dehydrogenase were not
      significant between 10th and 80th day of life. The results suggest that the malic
      enzyme in the liver is playing a different physiological role than in the
      skeletal muscle.

PMID- 4007246
TI  - A possible origin of chemiluminsecence in phagocytosing neutrophils.
      Myeloperoxidase-mediated chlorination of proteins and tryptophan.
AB  - Chlorination of proteins by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system results in light
      emission. Out of all amino acids present in proteins only tryptophan delivers
      light during chlorination. Chlorination of tryptophan by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2
      Cl- system, as well as by HOCl or taurine chloramine is associated with
      chemiluminescence. pH dependence and time pattern of light emission is similar
      for chlorination of tryptophan by the myeloperoxidase system and taurine, but
      appears to be different for chlorination by HOCl. Aerobic conditions are
      necessary for chemiluminescence of chlorinated tryptophan.

PMID- 4007247
TI  - Iron and phosphorus content of rabbit liver ferritin fractions with different
      subunit composition.
AB  - After isolation of subtypes of rabbit liver-ferritin, the phosphorus to iron
      ratio (P/Fe-ratio) in the samples was found to parallel the shift in subunit
      composition of the two types of subunits of which ferritins generally consist. No
      relation was found with the amount of iron per ferritin molecule. The increase of
      the P/Fe-ratio, in relation to subunit composition, is postulated to be a result
      of the change of total surface area of the iron microcrystallites inside the
      ferritin molecule. This surface area depends on the number of nucleation points
      and thereby may be dependent on the subunit composition.

PMID- 4007248
TI  - Human red cell porphobilinogen deaminase. A simpler method of purification and
      some unusual properties.
AB  - A simpler method for purifying human red cell deaminase, using a mixture of n
      butanol and chloroform, which denatures hemoglobin, followed by ammonium sulphate
      fractionation, heat treatment, Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography,
      yielding a 3400 fold purified enzyme is described. Some properties of purified
      deaminase were studied. The enzyme seems to have a strict requirement for oxygen,
      neither PBG consumption nor uroporphyrinogens formation were measured under
      anaerobiosis. Uroporphyrinogens formation was linear with both protein and time
      over a wide range of enzyme concentration and up to 2 h. The optimum pH was 7.4
      and the mol. wt was 40,000 +/- 4000. The enzyme was heat-stable and increased its
      activity by heating. Ammonium and hydroxylamine ions inhibited the reaction. K+
      and Na+ ions did not greatly affect activity, while most divalent cations tested
      significantly diminished uroporphyrinogen formation and to a lesser degree PBG
      consumption. Direct plots of velocity against PBG concentration were hyperbolic,
      however double-reciprocal plots were non-linear, Hill plots gave an n value of 2
      and Eadie plots were bell-shaped, indicating the existence of weakly positive
      cooperative effect between 2 binding sites for PBG per molecule of deaminase.

PMID- 4007249
TI  - Does ornithine stimulate carbamoylphosphate synthetase?
AB  - The effect of ornithine on carbamoylphosphate formation of rat liver mitochondria
      treated with Triton X 100 was studied. The rate of carbamoylphosphate
      accumulation and citrulline formation depended on the ATP-, Pi-, N
      acetylglutamate and protein concentration. At optimal conditions the rate of
      citrulline formation was at least 1.5-fold higher than the rate at which
      carbamoylphosphate accumulated (ornithine absent). A significant correlation
      between the amount of carbamoylphosphate formed and the
      citrulline/carbamoylphosphate ratio (ornithine effect) was found. In mitochondria
      the presence of a carbamoylphosphate degrading enzyme could be demonstrated. This
      enzyme may be one factor for the differences in the rate of carbamoylphosphate
      accumulation and the rate of citrulline synthesis.

PMID- 4007250
TI  - A possible origin of chemiluminescence in phagocytosing neutrophils. Reaction
      between chloramines and H2O2.
AB  - A mixture of chloramines and hydrogen peroxide emits light. It was found that the
      reaction between taurine monochloramine and hydrogen peroxide is very slow. The
      stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1 and taurine is detected as one of the
      products. The chlorinated proteins and bacteria, containing N-Cl groups, when
      reacting with hydrogen peroxide, are more effective in emitting light than low
      molecular chloramines. Luminol enhances considerably light yield of the
      chloramine-hydrogen peroxide reaction. The chloramine-H2O2 reaction may account
      for light emitted by neutrophils during phagocytosis.

PMID- 4007251
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of pinacidil capsules in human volunteers.
AB  - Pinacidil is a new and potent vasodilator, which has recently been used in the
      treatment of various forms of hypertension. In this study pharmacokinetic
      parameters were determined following administration of intravenous (0.2 mg/kg)
      and capsule (12.5 mg) formulations of pinacidil to twelve healthy volunteers. The
      serum half-life (t1/2) and volume of distribution (Vd) of pinacidil were 2.04 +/-
      0.40 h and 1.4 +/- 0.4 l/kg respectively, while the elimination rate constant (k
      el) was 0.34 +/- 0.07 h-1. The mean bioavailability of pinacidil (capsule
      formulation) was 57% +/- 16 S.D. Mild side-effects such as dizziness, headache
      and fatigue were noted in two volunteers following intravenous administration of
      pinacidil, while no side-effects were reported with the oral formulation.

PMID- 4007252
TI  - The influence of anti-anaemic treatments on the distribution of circulating
      erythrocytes of different ages during pregnancy.

PMID- 4007253
TI  - A comparative study of adsorbed tetanus vaccine.
AB  - A study is reported in which 197 volunteers were given adsorbed tetanus vaccine
      from two different sources. Using an ELISA system all pre-vaccination sera were
      screened. Both pre- and post-vaccination sera from volunteers with an initial
      antibody level of less than 1 iu/ml were then titrated and the antibody response
      analyzed. The results confirm that both vaccines produced an excellent antibody
      response with little difference in reactogenicity.

PMID- 4007254
TI  - [Oral amoxicillin for purulent meningitis in the child: early relief and
      reduction in symptoms].
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin in the CSF following intravenous and oral
      administration at a 150 mg/kg per day or 250 mg/kg per day dosage in the
      treatment of purulent meningitis is described. A significant correlation between
      meningeal inflammation and CSF levels of amoxycillin were observed, including a
      correlation between the initial neurological state and the outcome of the
      illness. Despite the early introduction of oral therapy and the reduction in
      dosage following meningeal and pneumococcal meningitis, no treatment failures
      could be attributed to this therapeutic regime. Such a treatment schedule,
      moreover, reduces the risk of superinfection in hospital as well as the cost of
      treatment and aids the comfort to the patient.

PMID- 4007255
TI  - Brain region specificity in estradiol effects on neuronal ultrastructure in rats.
AB  - The effects of long-term (15 days) and short-term (3 days) treatment with
      estradiol benzoate (EB) on stacking of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons of
      four brain regions (medial preoptic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, arcuate
      nucleus and midbrain central gray) were investigated. These regions were chosen
      for their role in reproduction in female rats and/or the presence of estradiol
      concentrating cells. Long-term EB treatment increased the proportion of neurons
      in the ventromedial hypothalamus (by 30%) and medial preoptic nucleus (by 17%)
      that contained stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Short-term EB affected
      stacking only in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. EB was without effect on
      neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus or midbrain central gray. The
      degree of stacking of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons of the ventromedial
      hypothalamus was positively related to the level of sexual behavior (lordosis)
      activated by these hormone treatments.

PMID- 4007256
TI  - The mode of growth hormone administration is of major importance for the
      excretion of the major male rat urinary proteins.
AB  - Male and female urinary proteins were analysed using chromatofocusing. Male rat
      urine had a higher protein content (measured as UV absorbance), particularly in
      the pI range 5.0-5.5, where female rat urine seemed to lack UV-absorbing
      material. The molecular weight of the major male rat urinary protein(s) is
      approximately 16 000 according to sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The regulation of the major male rat urinary protein(s) (pI 5.3;
      MRUP) was studied in normal male rats and hypophysectomized rats treated for 1
      week with various hormones. Urine was collected during the last day of hormone
      treatment and analysed by chromatofocusing and SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. It was found that estrogen treatment of male rats suppressed the
      appearance of MRUP. This 'feminizing' effect was also observed following
      continuous infusion for 1 week of human growth hormone (hGH) or rat growth
      hormone (rGH) in male rats. Single injections of hGH, however, given once daily
      for 1 week and supplemented with glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone and androgen had
      an opposite effect and induced MRUP in hypophysectomized male rats. It is
      concluded that the mode of administration of GH is of great importance for the
      effects of the hormone and that continuous, as compared to intermittent,
      administration of GH may result in suppression or induction, respectively, of
      major male rat urinary protein(s).

PMID- 4007257
TI  - Utilization of intramitochondrial membrane cholesterol by cytochrome P-450
      dependent cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction in bovine adrenocortical
      mitochondria: steroidogenic and non-steroidogenic pools of cholesterol in the
      mitochondrial inner membranes.
AB  - Inner and outer submitochondrial membranes were prepared after disruption of
      malate-treated bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. It was found that a part of
      the endogenous cholesterol in the inner membrane (approx. 50%) was rapidly
      utilized by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction. The utilization of
      cholesterol in the outer membrane, on the other hand, was inefficient and slow in
      spite of the fact that cholesterol concentration is higher in the outer than in
      the inner membrane. When the inner membrane prepared from untreated mitochondria
      was incubated for 20 min in the presence of a reconstituted cytochrome P-450
      reducing system, the inner membrane cholesterol was depleted by approximately
      70%. The half-life of the depletion reaction was 2-3 min. In addition, when the
      outer membrane plus the soluble fraction from the untreated mitochondria were
      added as a source of cholesterol to the inner membrane fraction, a marginal
      increase in the production of steroids was observed. From these results it is
      concluded that a portion of the inner membrane cholesterol can be steroidogenic,
      whereas the rest of the cholesterol is non-steroidogenic.

PMID- 4007259
TI  - Neurite outgrowth traced by means of horseradish peroxidase inherited from
      neuronal ancestral cells in frog embryos.
AB  - Outgrowing neurites in Xenopus embryos were labeled with horseradish peroxidase
      which had been injected into a single blastomere at the 32-cell stage and had
      been inherited by all the descendants, including neurons. Neurite outgrowth was
      traced from labeled trigeminal ganglion cells and most or all types of neurons
      present in the spinal cord at embryonic stages 20-30: primary motoneurons,
      commissural, dorsal longitudinal, ventral longitudinal, and Rohon-Beard neurons.
      All types of nerve fibers grew by the most direct pathway, apparently without
      errors of initial outgrowth, pathway selection, or target selection. An initial
      transient phase of outgrowth of filopodial processes from neuronal cell bodies
      and shafts of short neurites was observed which disappeared after further
      elongation of the neurites. The first pioneer fibers grew out from all types in a
      2-hr period, from stage 20 to 22, and these fibers arrived at the targets within
      3.5 hr after initial outgrowth. Additional fibers grew later in contact with the
      pioneers to form fascicles. Nerve fibers elongated without branching until they
      neared or contacted their targets. The rate of elongation at 20 degrees C was 30
      75 micron/hr. The rapid, unbranched, error-free initial outgrowth and elongation
      of neurites to their targets is discussed in relation to theories of development
      of nerve pathways.

PMID- 4007258
TI  - Stage-specific inhibition of interstitial cell testosterone secretion by rat
      seminiferous tubules in vitro.
AB  - The stage-specific influence of the secretions from rat seminiferous tubules on
      the LH-stimulated testosterone production by rat Leydig cells in vitro was
      studied. The spent media from incubated seminiferous tubules (SMST) from stages
      VII-VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle caused about 50% inhibition of the
      LH-dependent testosterone production by a crude preparation of rat interstitial
      cells. The SMST from other stages had no effect on testosterone production. Mixed
      tubules of unidentified stages gave an intermediate response. When SMST from ten
      different stages of the seminiferous wave were compared, the most pronounced
      inhibitory activity was found in stages VI and VIII-XI, while SMST from stages I,
      VII and XIII-XIV had no inhibitory effects on interstitial cell testosterone
      production. No stimulation was found in this system. Prolonged incubation of the
      interstitial cells with SMST from stages VIII-XI resulted in loss of inhibitory
      activity after 12 h of incubation. Maximum inhibitory activity was noted after 3
      h of incubation. The inhibitory activity of the SMST from stages VIII-XI was
      retained after prolonged dialysis, and was unchanged after heating the medium at
      60 degrees C for 1 h. The activity did not seem to be due to the presence of
      proteolytic enzymes, since it was not influenced by addition of protease
      inhibitors. SMST from stages VIII-XI had no effect on the metabolism of
      [3H]testosterone added to the interstitial cell preparations. No inhibitory
      effect was observed when Leydig cells were incubated with dibutyryl cAMP instead
      of LH, suggesting an early influence on the LH-receptor-adenylate cyclase chain
      of events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007260
TI  - Neuronal determination during embryonic development of the grasshopper nervous
      system.
AB  - We have examined the roles of cell lineage and interactions in the determination
      of individual identified neurons in the grasshopper embryo by selective ablations
      of individual cells and/or their neighbors at successive stages following their
      birth. The neurons in the grasshopper central nervous system (CNS) are produced
      by two types of identifiable neuronal precursor cells: neuroblasts (NBs), which
      generate most of the neurons, and midline precursors (MPs), which generate only a
      few. NBs divide asymmetrically in a stem cell fashion to generate a chain of
      ganglion mother cells (GMCs) which then divide once more symmetrically to produce
      pairs of sibling neurons: MPs cleave once to generate a single pair of sibling
      neurons. We analyzed the determination of (1) the pair of sibling progeny
      produced by midline precursor 3 (MP3) and the determination of (2) the pair of
      sibling progeny produced by the first GMC from neuroblast 1-1 (NB 1-1); in each
      case the siblings normally differentiate into morphologically distinct neurons.
      Our results indicate that both pairs of neuronal progeny (1) are born equivalent,
      (2) become determined by cell interactions early in their development before
      axonogenesis, and (3) demonstrate a hierarchy of fates with one fate dominant
      over the other. These results suggest a common pattern of neuronal determination
      in the grasshopper and possibly all insect embryos.

PMID- 4007261
TI  - A three-step scheme for gray crescent formation in the rotated axolotl oocyte.
AB  - It has been shown that various inhibitors of protein synthesis can elicit the
      precocious appearance of a gray crescent (GC) in in vitro maturing, nonactivated
      Ambystoma mexicanum oocytes. However, evidence has now been obtained that these
      treatments fail to induce GC formation when the oocytes are enucleated before
      initiation of maturation. The ability to form a GC is reestablished in enucleated
      oocytes by the injection of nucleoplasm from a normal oocyte, either before or
      after the injection of the inhibitor. In the latter case, the GC appears very
      rapidly, even though protein synthesis is at about 1/10th that of the control
      enucleated oocyte, after treatment with diphtheria toxin (final concentration 10(
      8) M) as an inhibitor. One or several nuclear factors, in conjunction with
      inhibition of protein synthesis, are therefore essential for early
      symmetrization. The corrective nuclear factor is already present in the germinal
      vesicle of young oocytes, at the very beginning of vitellogenesis. It is not
      species specific, since enucleated axolotl oocytes can be symmetrized with
      Pleurodeles or even Xenopus oocyte nucleoplasm. Moreover, it has been shown that
      the nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction is possible only when cytoplasmic maturation
      has been proceeding for at least 10 hr after exposure to progesterone (at 18
      degrees C). A three-step process as a prerequisite of GC formation in the oocyte
      is proposed: Cytoplasmic maturation must proceed till a reactive state is
      attained, allowing interactions with nuclear factors; Nuclear factor(s)
      interact(s) with matured cytoplasm; Inhibition of protein synthesis triggers GC
      formation. Sequence of steps 2 and 3 can be experimentally inverted but must
      always be preceded by step 1. Since a sharp reduction in amino acid incorporation
      has also been found in normally fertilized eggs just prior to GC formation, it is
      suggested that the scheme described above could be also applicable to normal
      symmetrization in this model system.

PMID- 4007262
TI  - Regional differences in the lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids in a
      molluscan embryo.
AB  - Regional and temporal differences in plasma membrane lipid mobility have been
      analyzed during the first three cleavage cycles of the embryo of the polar-lobe
      forming mollusc Nassarius reticulatus by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery
      (FPR) method, using 1,1'-ditetradecyl 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine
      iodide (C14diI) as a fluorescent lipid probe. During this period of development
      the lateral diffusion coefficient of membrane lipids is consistently greater in
      the vegetal polar lobe area as compared to the animal plasma membrane area (on
      average 30%), demonstrating the existence of an animal-vegetal polarity in plasma
      membrane properties. At third cleavage, the differences between animal and
      vegetal plasma membrane region become even more pronounced; in the four animal
      micromeres the diffusion coefficient (D) and mobile fraction (MF) are 2.9 +/- 0.2
      X 10(-9) cm2/sec and 51 +/- 2%, respectively, while in the four vegetal
      macromeres D = 5.0 +/- 0.3 X 10(-9) cm2/sec and MF = 78 +/- 2%. Superimposed upon
      the observed animal-vegetal polarity, the lateral diffusion in the polar lobe
      membrane area shows a cell-cycle-dependent modulation. The highest mean values
      for D are reached during the S phase (ranging from 7.0 to 7.8 X 10(-9) cm2/sec in
      the three cycles measured), while at the end of G2 phase and during early mitosis
      mean values for D have decreased significantly (ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 X 10(-9)
      cm2/sec). Diffusion rates in the animal membranes of the embryo are constant
      during the three successive cell cycles (D = 4.3-5.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec), except
      for a peak at the S phase of the first cell cycle (D = 6.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec).
      These results are discussed in relation with previously observed ultrastructural
      heterogeneities in the Nassarius egg plasma membrane. It is speculated that the
      observed animal-vegetal polarity in the organization of the egg membrane might
      play an important role in the process of cell diversification during early
      development.

PMID- 4007263
TI  - Quantitative changes in protein synthesis during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Protein synthesis rates in Xenopus laevis oocytes from stage 1 through stage 6
      were measured. In addition, the translational efficiencies, total RNA contents,
      and percentages of ribosomes in polysomes in growing oocytes at several stages
      were determined. Stage 1 oocytes synthesize protein at a mean rate of 0.18 ng hr
      1 while stage 6 oocytes make protein at a rate of 22.8 ng hr-1. Polysomes from
      growing and full-grown oocytes sedimented in a sucrose gradient with a peak value
      of 300 S, corresponding to a weight-average packing density of 10 ribosomes per
      mRNA. Ribosome transit times of endogenous mRNAs were essentially unchanged at
      all stages examined. While the oocyte's total ribosomal RNA content was observed
      to increase about 115-fold during oogenesis, the percentage of ribosomes in
      polysomes remained constant at approximately 2%. Taken together, the data suggest
      that the 127-fold increase in protein synthesis which occurs during Xenopus
      oogenesis involves the progressive recruitment onto polysomes of mRNA from the
      maternal stockpile.

PMID- 4007264
TI  - Effect of a notochordal implant on the early morphogenesis of the neural tube and
      neuroblasts: histometrical and histological results.
AB  - The role of the notochord on the early development of ventral horn neuroblasts
      was investigated in chick embryos by implanting an additional notochord fragment
      near the right side of the thoracic neural tube. When the implant was located
      directly lateral to the neural tube, an enlargement of the right half of the
      neural tube and of the area of neuroblasts occurred, and axons were found to pass
      through the outer membrane of the neural tube over a broad dorsoventral
      trajectory. When the notochord was located ventrolaterally a population of
      neuroblasts including their efferent axons was found at a more dorsal location.
      It is concluded that a notochordal implant is able to influence the
      differentiation of neuroblasts.

PMID- 4007265
TI  - Partial rescue of embryos from two maternal-effect neurogenic mutants by
      transplantation of wild-type ooplasm.
AB  - We show that embryos produced by Drosophila females homozygous for the maternal
      effect neurogenic mutations almondex and pecanex can be partially rescued by
      microinjection of wild-type ooplasm. In addition, we demonstrate that these
      mutations fully complement one another with respect to this assay, as they do by
      classical genetic criteria. Finally, we show that embryos from both mutations
      cease to be rescuable after the establishment of the syncytial blastoderm. The
      significance of these results for our understanding of the neurogenic phenotype
      is discussed.

PMID- 4007266
TI  - Control of kidney differentiation by soluble factors secreted by the embryonic
      liver and the yolk sac.
AB  - Since transferrin is necessary for the differentiation of the embryonic kidney in
      organ culture, we have suggested that the component is a growth factor for in
      vivo development as well. In the present study we demonstrate that transferrin is
      present in the serum of 11-day-old mouse embryos, at the time when kidney
      differentiation starts. We have also tested whether various embryonic tissues can
      replace transferrin as stimulators of the differentiation and proliferation of
      the metanephric mesenchyme. We used a transfilter model system where nephrogenic
      mesenchymes are cultured with spinal cord, a known inductor of kidney tubules.
      The embryonic liver could not replace the spinal cord as an inducer of tubular
      differentiation. However, when the kidney mesenchymes were cultured together with
      both the spinal cord and the liver, the mesenchymes proliferated and
      differentiated also in the absence of exogenous transferrin. In such cocultures
      the spinal cord had to be in close contact with the mesenchyme while the
      embryonic liver could be located several cell layers apart. The liver-mediated
      stimulation of proliferation of the induced mesenchyme could be inhibited by anti
      transferrin antibodies. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with these
      antibodies of the liver-conditioned medium demonstrated that the 11-day mouse
      liver produces transferrin. Other potential mitogens produced by liver cells,
      alpha-fetoprotein, or multiplication stimulating activity, did not in any way
      stimulate the proliferation of induced mesenchymes. These studies suggest that
      the mitogen in the liver medium is transferrin. This is supported by data which
      show that another embryonic transferring producer, the visceral yolk sac, can
      replace the effect of the liver, whereas a tissue not producing transferrin, the
      salivary mesenchyme, cannot. In conclusion, an essential function of the inducer
      is to make the mesenchyme responsive to transferrin. The liver and the yolk sac
      stimulate early kidney differentiation by producing the soluble factor,
      transferrin, but they are ineffective as inductors of the transferrin
      responsiveness.

PMID- 4007267
TI  - Homoeosis in Drosophila: anterior and posterior transformations of Polycomb
      lethal embryos.
AB  - Lethal embryos homozygous for Polycomb (Pc) mutations show transformations of
      segment-specific cuticular features to those of more anterior or posterior
      segments; the frequency and extent of such changes show differences which depend
      on the genotype and the region. The mesothorax of Polycomb lethal embryos often
      shows posterior transformations of the anterior- and posterior-most portions of
      the segment, and anterior transformations of the medial portion. A comparison of
      Polycomb embryos also bearing various genetic lesions of the bithorax gene
      complex (BX-C) shows that the penetrance of anterior transformation and the
      extent of posterior transformation in the appears independent of posterior
      transformation, even though cells undergoing each of these changes lie in close
      proximity in the developing embryo. It has been shown previously that in Polycomb
      lethal embryos posterior transformations require the normal function of the BX-C.
      We show here that anterior transformations of the mesothorax and other segments
      require the normal function of the Sex combs reduced (Scr) locus, also necessary
      for the normal development of the prothorax and some head segments. Similar
      observations are also presented for a Polycomblike mutation. We suggest that in
      Polycomb embryos there are errors in the clonal transmission of determined states
      resulting in expression of the BX-C and Scr+ loci at abnormal locations, and that
      such events are probabilistic in nature and show marked regional differences in
      frequency.

PMID- 4007268
TI  - Maternal transferrin uptake by and transfer across the visceral yolk sac of the
      early postimplantation rat conceptus in vitro.
AB  - Uptake and transfer of maternal transferrin by rat embryos during organogenesis
      in vitro was investigated using radiolabelled rat transferrin and rocket
      immunoelectrophoresis. Colloidal gold to which rat transferrin was adsorbed was
      used as an electron microscopical marker in order to follow the route taken by
      internalised transferrin across the visceral yolk sac. Culture of rat conceptuses
      from 9.5 to 11.5 days of gestation in rat or human sera resulted in the passage
      of rat or human transferrin from the culture medium into the extraembryonic
      coelom as determined by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of exo
      coelomic fluid. The concentration of human transferrin which was transferred to
      the exo-coelomic fluid of conceptuses cultured in whole human serum at 10.5 days
      and 11.5 days of gestation was similar to the concentration of rat transferrin in
      the fluid of conceptuses cultured in rat serum which had been diluted with Hanks'
      saline to 50% in order to match the levels of transferrin found in human serum.
      Growth of rat embryos in 50% rat serum was identical to embryonic growth in 100%
      rat serum. Uptake of radiolabelled rat transferrin by the visceral yolk sac at
      11.5 days of gestation, following culture for 60 min in radiolabelled medium, was
      much greater than nonspecific uptake of radiolabelled bovine serum albumin.
      Accumulation of radiolabelled transferrin by the embryo was reduced by the
      inclusion of unlabelled transferrin into the culture medium. Uptake of
      transferrin adsorbed 18 nm gold particles was mediated by attachment to coated
      pits on the apical cell surface of the extraembryonic endoderm. Transferrin
      adsorbed gold colloid was internalised via coated vesicles and found in cisternal
      structures of the peripheral and juxtanuclear areas, as well as in smooth and
      coated vesicles deep within the cell. The intercellular presence of gold
      particles in the endodermal layer of the visceral yolk sac and their presence in
      the mesoderm after 60 min of incubation suggested that passage of transferrin was
      rapid and mediated by vesicular evagination from the extraembryonic endoderm.
      These findings suggest that maternal transferrin is the primary source of
      transferrin for the early rat embryo and its passage to the exo-coelom and embryo
      is mediated by specific receptors on the apical surface of the extraembryonic
      endoderm.

PMID- 4007269
TI  - An anterior/posterior communication compartment border in engrailed wing discs:
      possible implications for Drosophila pattern formation.
AB  - Our previous studies have suggested that all the known lineage compartment
      borders in the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila are coincident with boundaries of
      reduced gap junctional communication (communication compartment borders). Since
      engrailed discs have a disrupted anterior/posterior (A/P) lineage border (G.
      Morata and P. A. Lawrence, 1975, Nature (London) 255, 614-617), it was of great
      interest to determine if their A/P communication restriction boundary is
      similarly disrupted. Examination of gap-junction-mediated exchange of small
      fluorescent molecules between cells in the engrailed wing disc revealed a
      boundary of restricted communication that appeared to be identical to the wild
      type A/P communication restriction boundary. This result suggests that lineage
      compartments are not required for the formation of A/P communication
      restrictions. Furthermore, we suggest that perhaps communication compartments are
      the domains within which information is provided for specifying the formation of
      lineage compartments.

PMID- 4007270
TI  - Standardization and control of biologicals produced by recombinant DNA
      technology. Proceedings of a symposium, Geneva, Switzerland, 29 Nov.-1 Dec. 1983.

PMID- 4007271
TI  - Stable HBV surface antigen expression by Vero cell clones after transfection.
AB  - After transfection of Vero cells with the hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen gene
      and the dominant selective marker amino-glycoside 3' phosphotransferase (APH3'),
      a late transient HBs expression is observed during the first weeks after
      transfection. We isolated 300 G418-resistant cell clones transformed by plasmids
      carrying the two genes. Only 6% of them were found to express the HBs antigen
      stably (versus 65% in murine cells). The HBs antigen expression is maximal after
      cells have reached confluency, and this level of antigen expression remains
      stable for months when cells are fed twice weekly without trypsinization. One
      clone - GAR 1412 - has been studied in greater detail. The cells (10(6] are not
      tumorigenic for nude mice, and the excreted HBs antigen, which is under the form
      22 nm spherical particles, is immunogenic in Balb/C mice.

PMID- 4007272
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection by nucleic acid hybridization
      analyses and immunohistologic detection of gene products.
AB  - The laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is based on two
      types of analyses: (i) Immunochemical detection in serum or liver of viral
      antigens or their respective antibodies; (ii) Demonstration of HBV DNA in serum
      or liver by nucleic acid hybridization techniques (dot and transfer blots, in
      situ hybridization). These hybridization analyses have proven to be more
      sensitive than immunochemical assays for the detection of viral markers and have
      revealed HBV DNA in serum and liver of patients without serologic evidence of HBV
      infection. With appropriate controls, probes and hybridization conditions the
      hybridization assays are exquisitely specific. They are particularly useful in
      studying the molecular biology of the virus, its extrachromosomal replication or
      integration into the cellular genome and transformation of the infected
      hepatocytes. Further, recent studies have identified new target cells for HBV in
      liver (bile duct epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells in
      blood vessel walls), spleen, bone marrow and white blood cells. While serological
      and immunohistochemical assays are still the basis of routine laboratory
      diagnosis of HBV infection, nucleic acid hybridization provides novel information
      useful in establishing the etiology of certain cases of viral hepatitis without
      serologic evidence for known viral agents (so-called non-A, non-B hepatitis), for
      demonstrating active viral replication in infected individuals, and for selecting
      and monitoring patients undergoing antiviral therapy.

PMID- 4007273
TI  - The control of biological medicinal products produced by recombinant DNA
      technology.
AB  - Biological products are considered to be those that cannot be completely
      characterized by chemical and physical methods. The control of biological
      medicinal products made by recombinant DNA technology, like those produced by
      established techniques, is thought to require attention to "in-process' control.
      This offers an economical and efficient way of assessing the quality of the end
      product. Evaluation of the starting materials and the manufacturing process may
      therefore be as relevant to ensuring the safety, purity and potency of
      biologicals as tests carried out on the final product. Of course, identification
      and characterization of the product will be essential and should encompass
      several different physico-chemical properties of the molecule. As yet there is
      little experience of recombinant DNA technology on a manufacturing scale or of
      the control problems which may be encountered. Currently proposed requirements
      should therefore be regarded as flexible and subject to alteration as experience
      of the production and use of these substances increases.

PMID- 4007274
TI  - Quality control of biologicals produced by r-DNA technology.
AB  - This manuscript provides suggestions for monitoring the safety, purity, and
      potency of new drugs and biologics produced by recombinant DNA technology. We
      discussed: the Expression System, the Master Cell Bank, Production Procedure,
      Purification Procedure, and Characterization of the Product. These points
      represent our current concensus of opinion relating to the safe use of
      recombinant DNA products and should not be regarded as fixed or all-inclusive.

PMID- 4007275
TI  - USDA licensing policy for biologicals produced by R-DNA.
AB  - The advent of recombinant DNA technology has prompted a review of current
      Standard Requirements used in licensing Veterinary Biological Products. Unique
      problems associated with the production and testing of biologics derived from the
      new biotechnology are reviewed to insure compliance with the United States
      Department of Agriculture's requirement for purity, safety, potency and efficacy.
      Requirements for plasmid/vector characterization and stability will be discussed
      and correlated with the Master Seed concept. Practical methodology used to
      monitor antigenic expression, concentration, purification and stability during
      production and recovery is considered. Bulk and/or final container testing will
      meet established criteria for biologicals produced by conventional procedures.
      Experience in preparation and regulation of recombinant-derived biologicals may
      require revision of current Standard Requirements or special additional
      requirements. This flexible approach will facilitate licensing of these new
      products.

PMID- 4007276
TI  - Control of recombinant DNA produced pharmaceuticals by a combination of process
      validation and final product specifications.
AB  - Traditional methods of product release for human pharmaceutical use are designed
      and selected to ensure control of purity, potency, safety and identity. The
      selection of these tests depends upon the nature of the product. In addition to
      the control achieved by these methods, control of the efficiency of the
      manufacturing process in removing substances that cannot be tested for in the
      final product is achieved by "process validation". Process validation allows the
      use of sophisticated experimental techniques that do not lend themselves to final
      product testing or the use of others which, when applied to the final product,
      are insufficiently sensitive to be used for product release. The removal of such
      components as DNA and process materials can be demonstrated by these studies.
      Demonstrations that the manufacturing process reproducibly removes these
      components, eliminate the need for these tests on every batch. The essential
      elements of a process validation study are development of a sensitive assay
      technique for the component of interest and quantitation of the efficiency of
      individual process steps in removing that component. Even when that component is
      undetectable in normal process samples, the efficiency of any process step can
      still be determined by the addition of that component during the validation
      studies. The values of process validation in demonstrating the removal of DNA and
      in the determination of E. coli protein contamination levels during the
      manufacture of methionyl human growth hormone is illustrated.

PMID- 4007277
TI  - License requirements for recombinant DNA veterinary biologics in U.S.A.
AB  - The USDA license requirements for present and future veterinary biologics remain
      essentially unchanged for acceptable rationale and biostatistically significant
      data establishing consistency of satisfactory production, purity, safety,
      efficacy and potency. The current requirements, developments, adaptations,
      additions and deletions are discussed.

PMID- 4007278
TI  - Impact of recombinant DNA technology on studies of bacterial pathogenicity.
AB  - Gene manipulation techniques along with other molecular approaches have aided
      studies on bacterial pathogenicity in a number of ways. Potential virulence
      determinants have been isolated from a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria and
      some of these have been characterized in order to determine their genetic
      organization and identify specific gene products. Proteins such as toxins,
      adhesins, extracellular enzymes and surface antigens have been analysed. Once a
      potential virulence determinant has been characterized opportunity exists for
      further manipulations to be undertaken. For example, natural toxoid producing
      strains have been constructed including organisms expressing high levels of E.
      coli heat-labile toxin B-subunit and cholera B-subunits. Gene fragments can be
      used as hybridization probes to screen for silent or related virulence genes.
      Mutated genes can be re-introduced into parental pathogenic bacteria, following
      manipulations in E. coli, to construct specific mutants. Examples of some of
      these approaches will be discussed.

PMID- 4007280
TI  - Production in yeast of hepatitis B surface antigen by R-DNA technology.
AB  - Yeast synthesizes the surface antigen protein of Hepatitis B virus when the
      structural gene is fused to the promoter from the ARG3 gene. Analysis of extracts
      and total cells shows that the primary translation product can be identified as a
      poorly antigenic monomer with an estimated molecular weight of 22K. In cell
      extracts Y-HBsAg is in the form of 20 nm particles which, like serum derived
      particles, are highly immunogenic in mice and monkeys. Yeast derived surface
      antigen is thus a viable alternative to the present serum derived HBV vaccines.

PMID- 4007279
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibodies in studies of filarial parasite antigens.
AB  - The strength of the hybridoma technology in providing probes for the study of
      parasite immunology is obvious. The use of monoclonal antibodies should greatly
      expedite the task of the identification and the isolation of antigens which are
      relevant to host protection, of immunodiagnosis and of immunopathology. We have
      produced a series of monoclonal antibodies against Brugia malayi which causes
      lymphatic filariasis in man. One of these monoclonal antibodies (IgM isotype) can
      detect circulating antigens in the sera of individuals and of laboratory animals
      infected with B. malayi by radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay. This monoclonal
      antibody can bind to the relevant epitope of the circulating antigen or to the
      antigenic determinants of the immune complexes that remained exposed in the
      complex. A few monoclonal antibodies raised against B. malayi were selected, one
      of which gave positive fluorescence reaction on the surface of microfilariae.
      This particular monoclonal antibody showed such biological activities as
      conferring resistance to circulating microfilariae and inducing cell-mediated
      killing of microfilariae in vitro. The same monoclonal antibody was able to
      identify antigenic determinants (of mol. wt, 110 Kd) on the surface of B. malayi
      microfilariae which may be involved in effector mechanisms related to the
      development of transmission inhibiting immunity in lymphatic filariasis.

PMID- 4007281
TI  - Effect of sodium 2-chloropropionate on glucagon secretion in the rat.
AB  - We have previously shown that, in alloxan-diabetic dogs, the adjunction of sodium
      2-chloropropionate (2-CP) with insulin injections resulted in a reduction of both
      hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia. The present studies were designed to more
      closely examine the glucagon-lowering effect of 2-CP. We investigated whether 2
      CP was able to reduce elevated glucagon secretion both in vivo in streptozocin
      (STZ)-diabetic rats, and in vitro in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. 2-CP (1
      mmol/kg or 108 mg/kg) was given during 2 mo through esophageal tube to diabetic
      rats deprived of exogenous insulin. The drug induced a significant reduction of
      hyperglucagonemia (P less than 0.05) of blood lactate and alanine levels (P less
      than 0.02) and of plasma triglyceride levels (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, 2
      CP markedly decreased glucosuria (P less than 0.005). In the isolated rat
      pancreas perfused with 2.8 mmol/L glucose, the continuous perfusion of 2-CP (1
      mmol/L) starting before an infusion of arginine or alanine (5 mmol/L)
      considerably reduced the hypersecretion of glucagon evoked by these amino acids
      (P less than 0.001). These experiments show that sodium 2-chloropropionate can
      reduce glucagon hypersecretion in the diabetic rat not only in vivo, but acts
      also directly in vitro on the isolated, perfused pancreas of normal rats.

PMID- 4007282
TI  - Recognition and uptake of human diabetic peripheral nerve myelin by macrophages.
AB  - Macrophages recognize and ingest several human proteins whose amino groups have
      been modified in vitro by specific chemical reagents. Because amino groups of
      human peripheral nerve myelin proteins become covalently modified in vivo by
      products of nonenzymatic glycosylation, we examined myelin/macrophage
      interactions using peripheral nerve myelin prepared from diabetic and nondiabetic
      patients. Intracellular accumulation of diabetic myelin increased with
      concentration in an apparently saturable fashion, reaching levels 3-4 times
      higher than those of age-matched nondiabetic samples. Low-temperature inhibition
      of cellular myelin accumulation further suggested that diabetic myelin uptake was
      associated with adsorptive endocytosis. Macrophage recognition and accumulation
      of nondiabetic myelin glycosylated in vitro increased with duration of sugar
      incubation, to a level nearly nine times that of the same sample incubated in
      buffer alone. Data from competition experiments with albumin and myelin
      glycosylated in vitro showed that recognition of human peripheral nerve myelin
      proteins by macrophages is specific for protein-bound products of nonenzymatic
      glycosylation. In vivo, such macrophage recognition of and interaction with
      nonenzymatic glycosylation products on diabetic peripheral nerve myelin could
      contribute to the pathogenesis of segmental demyelination.

PMID- 4007283
TI  - Diabetic autonomic neuropathy in the BB rat. Ultrastructural and morphometric
      changes in sympathetic nerves.
AB  - Autonomic neuropathy occurring in sympathetic nerves of the spontaneously
      diabetic BB rat has been characterized using ultrastructural and morphometric
      techniques. Paravertebral thoracic ganglion cells, preganglionic myelinated
      fibers of the white ramus, and postganglionic unmyelinated fibers of the gray
      ramus communicans were examined in a longitudinal fashion. The main structural
      abnormality consisted of expanded axons containing a variety of normal and
      abnormal subcellular structures, so-called dystrophic axonal changes. These
      increased with duration of diabetes and were found in close proximity to the
      somata of ganglion cells, suggesting a preganglionic origin. The ganglion cells
      showed no alteration in perikaryal or nuclear volume but exhibited decreased
      number of synapses, which correlated with the progressive increase of dystrophic
      changes. While no qualitative or quantitative abnormalities could be demonstrated
      in preganglionic myelinated fibers of the white ramus, postganglionic fibers in
      the gray ramus showed an increased number of glycogenosomes, axonal
      sequestration, and reduction in axonal size. The present findings suggest an
      axonopathy in sympathetic nerves of the diabetic BB rat.

PMID- 4007284
TI  - Altered growth kinetics of dermal fibroblasts and arterial smooth muscle cells
      from spontaneously diabetic BB rats.
AB  - We cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and dermal fibroblasts from
      spontaneously diabetic BB rats and normoglycemic littermate controls. Although
      there were no detectable differences in the morphology of cells obtained from
      diabetic rats, significant differences existed in growth parameters of the
      diabetic smooth muscle cells. These cells grew more rapidly than smooth muscle
      cells from normal rats (population doubling times: normal = 42.6 +/- 3.2 h,
      diabetic = 31.8 +/- 3.7 h) and attained greater densities at confluence. The
      growth rates of the diabetic smooth muscle cells were dependent on the initial
      seeding density of cells, a characteristic not observed in cells from normal
      rats. Although growth rates of the diabetic smooth muscle cells were increased,
      their plating efficiencies were reduced. Dermal fibroblasts from diabetic rats
      grew at the same rates as fibroblasts from control animals and the plating
      efficiencies of the diabetic fibroblasts were increased rather than reduced. In
      these studies, we have shown that vascular-derived cells from diabetic rats have
      growth defects not detected in dermal fibroblasts from the same animals. This
      emphasizes the importance of using blood vessel cells to probe the
      pathophysiology of diabetic vascular disease. Furthermore, our results establish
      the validity of using spontaneously diabetic rats as a model system for examining
      inherent cell defects in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 4007286
TI  - An alteration in apparent molecular weight of the insulin receptor from the human
      monocyte cell line U-937.
AB  - We have studied the structure of the insulin receptor from a human cultured
      monocyte cell line, U-937. The receptor is composed of alpha and beta subunits as
      seen in other insulin receptors, but these subunits are of greater apparent
      molecular weight (alpha 150,000 and beta 102,000) than in typical insulin
      receptors. Despite this, the U-937 insulin receptor appears to function normally.
      The alpha subunit binds insulin and the beta subunit is phosphorylated in
      response to insulin stimulation. Both subunits are expressed in the plasma
      membrane. Insulin binding isotherms are similar to those seen in IM-9
      lymphocytes. Thus, the insulin receptor from U-937 monocytes appears functionally
      normal despite alterations in molecular weight of the subunits.

PMID- 4007285
TI  - Effect of diabetes on triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine production in
      the perfused rat liver and kidney.
AB  - This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of diabetes on the conversion
      of T4 to T3 and rT3 in the isolated, perfused rat liver and kidney. The livers
      and kidneys from streptozocin (STZ)-induced (50 mg/kg i.p. 2 wk before killing)
      diabetic rats with or without T4 (30 micrograms/kg s.c. daily) treatment were
      perfused for 30 min with a synthetic medium containing T4 (6 micrograms/dl), and
      production of T3 and rT3 in the tissues was measured by radioimmunoassay. The
      production of T3 (111 +/- 38 ng/g/30 min, mean +/- SD) and conversion rate of T4
      to T3 (19.7 +/- 5.8%) in the liver of diabetic rats without T4 treatment and
      those (124 +/- 41 ng/g/30 min and 21.6 +/- 4.9%) in the liver of diabetic rats
      with T4 treatment were significantly lower than those of controls (196 +/- 48
      ng/g/30 min and 30.6 +/- 5.2%), respectively. The production of rT3 and
      conversion rate of T4 to rT3 in the liver of diabetic rats with or without T4
      treatment were similar to those of controls. The production of T3 and rT3, and
      conversion rate of T4 to T3 and T4 to rT3, in the kidney of diabetic rats with or
      without T4 treatment were not significantly different from those of controls.
      These results suggest that the liver is far more important than the kidney in the
      overall reduction in the T4 to T3 conversion that occurs in diabetic rats.

PMID- 4007288
TI  - Policy statement. Responsible use of animals in research.

PMID- 4007287
TI  - Sorbinil prevents diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability but does
      not alter collagen cross-linking.
AB  - In recent studies we have demonstrated a marked increase in albumin permeation of
      new vessels formed by angiogenesis (in subcutaneous tissue) in the diabetic
      milieu. Likewise, lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen cross-linking is markedly
      increased in the scar tissue associated with angiogenesis. The present studies
      were undertaken to determine whether sorbinil, a chemical inhibitor of aldose
      reductase that has been shown to prevent and reverse diabetic cataracts and
      neuropathy, also could prevent the vascular permeability and collagen cross
      linking changes in this model. Vascular permeation by 125I-BSA, collagen cross
      linking, and tissue levels of sorbitol, myo-inositol, and scyllo-inositol were
      assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats 3 wk after injection of streptozocin and
      induction of angiogenesis and collagen synthesis in polyester fabric implanted
      subcutaneously. Sorbinil (approximately 25 mg/kg/day) added to the diet of
      diabetic rats reduced the diabetes-induced increases in albumin permeation by
      80%, completely prevented diabetes-induced changes in tissue levels of sorbitol
      and myo-inositol, and markedly reduced diabetes-induced changes in tissue levels
      of scyllo-inositol. In contrast, sorbinil had no effect on plasma glucose levels
      or collagen solubility (an index of collagen cross-linking). These observations
      indicate that increased vascular permeability associated with diabetes is linked
      to imbalances in sorbitol/inositol metabolism. These findings also indicate that
      diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability and in collagen cross-linking
      are independent phenomena and diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability
      are largely preventable by treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor in the
      face of high plasma glucose levels.

PMID- 4007289
TI  - Absence of alkaline phosphatase-linked inorganic phosphate transport in the chick
      jejunum.
AB  - The role of non-specific alkaline phosphatase-linked inorganic phosphate (Pi)
      transport in the chick jejunum was investigated by using the everted gut sac
      technique. The highest intensity of transport was observed for free Pi. The
      maximal transport rate was considerably reduced when beta-glycerophosphate was
      used as a single source of phosphorus. These results suggested absence of the
      alkaline phosphatase-linked transport system for inorganic phosphate in the
      epithelium of the chick jejunum. Studies of Mg effect on Pi absorption as well as
      examination of temporal changes in Pi transport rate and beta-glycerophosphate
      hydrolysis rate by intestinal brush border alkaline phosphatase gave further
      backing to this suggestion.

PMID- 4007290
TI  - Importance of plasma aldosterone concentration on the natriuretic effect of
      spironolactone in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites.
AB  - 23 cirrhotics with ascites and sodium retention, whose aldosteronemia had been
      evaluated after an equilibration period at controlled sodium intake at the
      occasion of previous studies, were retrospectively investigated. The dosage of
      spironolactone needed to induce a negative sodium balance correlated
      significantly with plasma aldosterone concentration: r = 0.64; p less than 0.001.
      However, in cases with plasma albumin concentration less than 3 g/dl, glomerular
      filtration rate less than 80 ml/min, and plasma sodium concentration less than
      136 mmol/l such a relationship was no longer significant. The diuretic response
      to spironolactone is mainly linked to plasma aldosterone concentration. Factors
      affecting the removal of ascites from the peritoneal cavity and renal sodium
      handling can influence the expected diuretic response to the drug.

PMID- 4007291
TI  - Effect of Billroth II operation on the intestinal interdigestive motor activity.
AB  - The interdigestive motor activity of the gastric remnant and the efferent jejunal
      loop was studied manometrically in 10 patients who underwent Billroth II
      operation for duodenal ulcer. Two groups, one of 9 normal subjects and the other
      of 7 duodenal ulcer patients, were used as controls. In the Billroth II group the
      interdigestive migrating motor complex (IMMC) showed a higher relative duration
      of phase II activity than the controls and a shorter mean time-interval than the
      controls between subsequent activity fronts, with abnormal jejunal propagation.
      These findings indicate that the distal two-thirds of the stomach are necessary
      for the inhibitory mechanism, which in normal conditions slow down the
      idiointestinal interdigestive motor activity to the level of that of the stomach,
      and suggest that some postgastrectomy syndromes, such as diarrhoea, may have
      their pathological basis in this hyperactive intestinal IMMC.

PMID- 4007292
TI  - Plasma levels of lactoferrin in children suffering from cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Plasma levels of lactoferrin (LF) have been found to be increased in a few
      patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study was aimed at investigating plasma
      LF levels in children with CF (26 cases) and in controls (C) (19 cases). Plasma
      LF was measured by a radioimmunoassay method. Plasma LF levels were not
      significantly different in CF and in C, even though 10 CF patients showed LF
      levels above the mean + 2 SD value of the controls. Neither the duration of the
      disease nor the age of the controls was correlated with LF or with the exocrine
      pancreatic capacity. A significant relationship between the presence of an acute
      lung inflammation and LF levels was found. This study shows that LF is increased
      in CF only in the presence of an acute inflammatory state. Further studies are
      necessary to establish the usefulness of an LF assay as an index of the presence
      of an acute inflammatory process.

PMID- 4007293
TI  - Characterization of sulfated glycoconjugates in human gastric mucosa.
AB  - Radiolabeled glycoconjugates were prepared by incorporation of [35S]sulfate and
      [3H]glucosamine into the gastric mucosa of human gastric resection specimens,
      using organ culture techniques. Specimens which incorporated higher amounts of
      [35S]sulfate into high molecular glycoconjugates (Fr-1) were designated as group
      I. The average specific activity in Fr-1 of group I was 30 times that of group
      II, but the glucosamine uptake remained about the same in all cases. All
      specimens in group I were positive to intestinal metaplasia in their adjacent
      mucosal area. The sulfated glycoproteins in Fr-1 of group I were found to
      incorporate 80% of the 35S and the remaining 20% by sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
      But the glycoconjugates constituting all the Fr-1 of group II were identified as
      glycoproteins and incorporating 35S only to a small extent were identified as
      sulfated glycoproteins. The susceptibility of the glycoproteins from group I
      mucosa to pronase digestion was different from that of group II. The
      glycoproteins synthesized in group I mucosa were as sulfated glycoproteins as
      well as nonsulfated glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans, while the group II
      glycoproteins consisted primarily of nonsulfated glycoproteins.

PMID- 4007294
TI  - Increase in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by
      high-dose chenodeoxycholic acid in patients with radiolucent gallstones
      significantly reversed during preventive low dose after gallstone dissolution.
AB  - This study examines the effects of high-dose chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on
      serum lipids and lipoproteins in 25 patients who underwent a 12-month therapy
      with CDCA for the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. All patients received a
      daily dose of CDCA of 15 mg/kg body weight. Complete dissolution of gallstones
      was achieved in 16 cases. After 6 months of therapy the mean total cholesterol
      levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-LDL) significantly increased (p
      less than 0.001). The decrease of mean triglyceride levels was significant too (p
      less than 0.01), although it was greater among patients with effective gallstone
      dissolution than in patients with persistent gallstones. The effects of high-dose
      CDCA after 12 months of therapy were similar to those observed at 6 months. 12
      patients of the gallstone dissolution group were treated with a continuous low
      dose of CDCA (250 mg/day) for preventing gallstone recurrence. 6 months after
      dissolution, the mean total cholesterol levels and C-LDL significantly decreased
      (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.05, respectively). High-dose administration of
      CDCA produced an increase in total cholesterol and C-LDL, but did not alter high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These effects were significantly reversed
      when a preventive low dose of CDCA was given after gallstone dissolution.

PMID- 4007295
TI  - Protein-losing enteropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A 33-year-old woman presented a recurrent steroid-sensitive protein-losing
      enteropathy as the major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. An
      increased capillary permeability for proteins is considered to be the most likely
      explanation.

PMID- 4007296
TI  - Reinforced and nonreinforced head-turn responses of infants as a function of
      stimulus bandwidth.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate auditory-stimulus effects on head
      turn response behavior of infants under conditions where responses were either
      reinforced or not reinforced with a visual stimulus. The auditory stimuli
      contained different frequency bandwidths between 2000 and 4000 Hz. The stimulus
      with the widest bandwidth resulted in more responses than the other two stimuli
      in the no-reinforcement condition. When conditioning was established and all
      responses were visually reinforced, there was no difference in response behavior
      among stimulus groups for either suprathreshold or threshold stimulation. These
      findings have implications for clinical assessment using visual reinforcement
      audiometry. Results suggest that bandwidth characteristics of the auditory
      stimulus have no influence on response behavior of infants providing conditioning
      can be established and maintained through the use of visual reinforcement.

PMID- 4007297
TI  - Cochlear summating potential to broadband clicks detected from the human external
      auditory meatus. A study of subjects with normal hearing for age.
AB  - The cochlear summating potential (SP) preceding the auditory nerve compound
      action potential (AP) was elicited by broadband alternating condensation and
      rarefaction clicks and recorded by noninvasive electrodes from the external
      auditory meatus (EAM) of 60 volunteers of both sexes, 12 to 67 years old, who had
      normal hearing for age. Quantitative data were obtained on: the number of ears
      displaying measurable SPs; the SP detection level; the SP onset, peak and rise
      times; the duration of the SP-AP complex; the SP amplitude; and the SP/AP
      amplitude ratio. Previously unknown relationships were unveiled between the
      amplitude, but not the temporal, measures of the SP and laterality, sex, age, and
      audiometrically determined hearing thresholds to 4 to 8 kHz tones. The highest
      correlations were obtained with these last thresholds, which suggested that
      receptors in the basal turn of the cochlea played a dominant role in the
      generation of the EAM-detected SP. To improve on existing techniques for
      determining abnormal SP elevation, a multiple regression method was devised that
      utilized sex, age, 4 to 8 kHz hearing thresholds, and AP voltage to establish
      upper normal limits of SP amplitude for individual subjects and ears.

PMID- 4007298
TI  - The effects of reduced cerebrovascular circulation on the auditory brain stem
      response (ABR).
AB  - The effect of decreased anterior (carotid) bloodflow on the auditory brain stem
      response (ABR) was studied in a group of middle-aged males with angiographically
      confirmed decreased carotid circulation who were candidates for internal carotid
      end-arterectomy. Individual and mean latencies from the experimental group were
      compared to latencies of a control group matched for age, sex, and hearing loss.
      Mean absolute latency of wave V was significantly longer in the group with
      decreased anterior circulation when compared to the matched control group. These
      findings are similar to those from studies examining decreased posterior
      (vertebrobasilar) circulation. Both the matched control and experimental group
      were also compared to clinic norms and judged for abnormality. None of the
      control group ABRs were judged abnormal, after correction for hearing loss, while
      29% of the ABRs were judged abnormal from the group with decreased anterior
      circulation. Postoperative testing was performed 1 week after surgery to
      determine any immediate effects of revascularization of the ABR. No changes in
      absolute or interpeak latencies were observed for either ear between pre- and
      postoperative testing. It is concluded that patients with confirmed decreased
      cerebrovascular circulation may show prolongation of absolute latency of wave V
      on ABR testing. Revascularization surgery in these patients appears to have no
      affect on their ABR within 1 week of surgery.

PMID- 4007299
TI  - Objective versus visual detection of the auditory brain stem response.
AB  - The use of objective (mathematical) procedures in auditory brain stem response
      (ABR) testing has been suggested in order to eliminate the subjectivity of visual
      judgments and to increase sensitivity of detection. This investigation compared
      with effectiveness of visual and objective detection of the ABR. Auditory brain
      stem responses were obtained in normal adults at several click levels. An equal
      number of waveforms obtained without stimulation were used to measure false
      positive responses. Visual judgments of ABR presence were made by four
      experienced raters. Objective analysis was accomplished using three methods:
      correlation, variance ratio, and multiple pre-post z tests. The mean sensitivity
      score was highest for visual detection, followed in order by the correlation,
      variance ratio, and multiple z test methods. While visual scoring was
      statistically the most sensitive, the practical difference between measures was
      small. In addition, there was considerable disagreement between raters in their
      judgments. Therefore, the most sensitive of the objective measures--correlation,
      is considered to be a useful detection procedure to eliminate observer bias and
      to achieve consistency of scoring.

PMID- 4007300
TI  - Functional hearing loss and its relationship to resolved hearing levels.
AB  - The nature of functional hearing loss was retrospectively studied with respect to
      hearing sensitivity after resolution of the nonorganic components in 63 adults
      with bilateral exaggerated losses (126 ears). The configuration of the functional
      components (difference between the functional and resolved thresholds) was found
      to be related to that of the resolved hearing levels. The size of the functional
      overlay was essentially the same across the audiometric frequency range when the
      hearing was actually normal or if there was only mild loss. In cases of
      precipitously sloping high-frequency losses, the magnitude of the functional
      overlay became dramatically smaller for the impaired frequencies than for lower
      frequencies where hearing was normal or only mildly impaired. Moderate and severe
      losses represented a transitional situation, in which the functional components
      became gradually smaller with increasing frequency. Subjects with different
      resolved hearing in each ear (e.g., mild loss in one ear and a precipitous loss
      in the other) demonstrated nonorganic overlays that were consistent with the
      actual hearing levels for each respective ear. The findings suggest the use of an
      internalized, loudness level-based anchor by subjects with functional losses: the
      test signal must sound as loud as the anchor at each frequency in order for an
      exaggerated threshold response to be volunteered at that respective frequency.
      The pure-tone audiometric configuration and amount of functional loss at least in
      bilateral cases is thus consistently accounted for on the basis of known and
      explainable auditory factors.

PMID- 4007301
TI  - 6000 Hz as an early indicator of noise-induced hearing loss.

PMID- 4007302
TI  - Rejection of hearing aids: attitudes of a geriatric sample.
AB  - This study reports the findings of a survey of retirees age 65 and older,
      involving scaled responses to 35 possible reasons for rejection of hearing aid
      use. The foremost reasons for nonuse of hearing aids included cost, calling
      attention to the handicap, dealer practices, concern about the nature of the
      amplified sound, difficulty manipulating hearing aid controls, and not knowing
      where to obtain a hearing aid.

PMID- 4007303
TI  - Human auditory steady state evoked potentials during sleep.
AB  - The human auditory steady state evoked potentials were recorded during all-night
      sleep in 10 subjects. The effects of stimulus rate and intensity on these
      potentials were measured using on-line Fourier analysis. The amplitude of the
      response was greatest at stimulus rates of 30 to 50/sec. Although the response
      amplitude was lower during sleep, the rate at which the amplitude was greatest
      did not change between sleep and wakefulness. As the intensity was increased
      above threshold, the amplitude of the response increased linearly. The responses
      recorded during wakefulness showed a larger amplitude change with increasing
      intensity than during sleep. The estimated thresholds for the responses, however,
      did not differ significantly between wakefulness and sleep.

PMID- 4007304
TI  - Interpretation of new techniques used in the determination of pulmonary function
      in rodents.
AB  - Many techniques have now been developed to measure pulmonary function in small
      laboratory animals. Most of these techniques are adaptations of standard
      procedures applied to human patients in the assessment of chronic lung disease.
      The use of these procedures in small animals is thought to measure properties of
      static and dynamic lung function analogous to those of man, and thereby, may be
      useful in the characterization of experimental lung disease. The noninvasiveness
      and repeatability of lung function tests provide a diverse tool for the study of
      progressive pulmonary dysfunction resulting from chronic toxicant insult. When
      compared to other standard measures of lung injury, such as histopathology,
      pulmonary function tests appear to have comparable sensitivity; however, this
      appears to be toxicant dependent. Used best as adjuncts to other bioassay
      procedures, function tests can complete the overall assessment of toxicant impact
      by not only indicating pulmonary debility, but often characterizing the nature
      and site of the functional lesion.

PMID- 4007305
TI  - Concentration of metallothionein in major organs of rats after administration of
      various metals.
AB  - The effect of various metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Zn) at maximum
      tolerated doses on metallothionein (MT) concentrations in major organs (brain,
      heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, spleen, stomach, and testes) of
      rats was measured by the Cd-radioassay technique. Zn produced the most dramatic
      changes in MT, increasing concentrations 260-, 86-, 44-, and 14-fold over control
      for pancreas, intestine, liver, and kidney, respectively. Zn increased MT in
      every organ examined except brain. Cd was also effective in increasing MT levels,
      elevating concentrations in all organs except brain and testes. Testes was the
      only organ in which a metal decreased MT levels, where Cd produced a 90%
      decrease. Cr, Fe, Pb, and Mn increased MT concentrations only in hepatic tissue,
      while Hg and Ni increased MT in liver, kidney, and pancreas. Results indicate
      that Zn is the most effective inducer of MT synthesis in several tissues and that
      liver appears to be the most responsive organ to increased MT synthesis following
      exposure to a number of metals.

PMID- 4007306
TI  - Acute and subchronic toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenol in CD-1 mice.
AB  - The acute oral LD50 of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) employing corn oil as vehicle
      was determined to be 1352 mg/kg for female and 1276 mg/kg for male CD-1 mice. CD
      1 mice of both sexes were exposed to 2,4-DCP in drinking water containing 10%
      Emulphor for 90 days at concentrations of 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 mg/ml providing
      theoretical daily doses of 50, 150, and 500 mg/kg. These concentrations resulted
      in mean daily doses of 50, 143, and 491 mg/kg for females and 40, 114, and 383
      mg/kg for males. In both sexes, fluid consumption was lower in the vehicle
      control group (10% Emulphor) and in the 2,4-DCP treated groups than in the naive
      controls (deionized water). There were no biologically significant differences in
      body weight gain between females or males in the vehicle control and experimental
      groups. No differences were found in terminal organ weights or organ weight
      ratios in either sex. Hematological differences were observed in males only and
      included an increase in leukocytes (high dose) and an increase in
      polymorphonuclears (low dose). Clinical chemistry parameters were altered in
      females only and included a decrease in creatinine (low dose), an increase in
      BUN/creatinine ratio (mid dose), and an increase in ALP (high dose). In an
      assessment of the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system, no
      significant differences were found in the components of the system, component
      activity, the kinetics of ethylmorphine N-demethylase, or the metabolism of
      testosterone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007307
TI  - Hematological responses to arsine exposure: quantitation of exposure response in
      mice.
AB  - Hematological responses of mice to arsine exposures for 1 hr at 5 to 26 part per
      million volume (ppmv) are described. Exposure concentrations ranged from a no
      effect level for the endpoints studied (5 ppmv) to a concentration lethal to all
      mice in 4 days (26 ppmv). Hematocrit values at 24 hr after exposure decreased
      linearly with increasing arsine concentration in the range 5 to 26 ppmv; the
      hematocrit of the 26-ppmv group reached 10.5% at 24 hr, compared to 48.4% for
      control mice. Hematocrits of mice from all surviving groups were at or slightly
      above control values by 11 days after exposure. Changes in numbers of
      erythrocytes paralleled changes in hematocrit. Significant increases in
      circulating reticulocytes occurred at 1 and 5 days after exposure; reticulocyte
      values returned to control levels by 11 days after exposure. Changes in
      erythrocyte osmotic fragility were observed in mice exposed to 15 and 26 ppmv
      arsine.

PMID- 4007308
TI  - Monochlorodiisobutylene vapor: acute and 9-day inhalation studies in Fischer-344
      rats and B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - Acute and 9-day repeated exposures to monochlorodiisobutylene (CDIB) were
      conducted in male and female Fischer-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. The 4-hr LC50
      values for these animals ranged between 1400 and 2100 ppm. Animals in the 9-day
      study were exposed at a mean concentration of 478, 97, or 25 ppm of CDIB for 6 hr
      per day. Treatment-related effects differed between species in this study. Body
      weight change was decreased in rats. Morphologic changes in the kidneys with
      accompanying polyuria and hematuria/hemoglobinuria were observed in male rats.
      The only effect observed at 25 ppm was a low incidence of
      hematuria/hemoglobinuria in male rats. Mice appeared unaffected by exposure to
      CDIB at levels as high as 478 ppm.

PMID- 4007309
TI  - The recovery of the testis over 8 weeks after short-term dosing with ethylene
      glycol monomethyl ether: histology, cell-specific enzymes, and rete testis fluid
      protein.
AB  - Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) has been found to affect meiotic
      spermatocytes, spermatids, other stages of spermatocytes, and spermatogonia,
      depending on the dose used. These studies, which examine testicular recovery from
      EGME treatment, analyzed tissues from rats treated for 5 days with 0, 50, 100, or
      200 mg EGME/kg/day and sacrificed at eight subsequent weekly intervals; some
      epididymal sperm parameters of these animals have been described. Histologically,
      the testes of the low-dose group showed very mild changes, while the 100- and 200
      mg/kg groups showed widespread damage and cell death which recovered somewhat
      during the course of the study. There was no treatment-related effect on seminal
      vesicle or prostate weights. Rete testis fluid protein levels were changed only
      in the high-dose group, when protein levels rose to a maximum of sixfold the
      control values at Week 4; by Week 6, there was no difference between groups.
      Changes in cell-specific enzyme activities were dose dependent and generally
      mirrored changes in the number of germ cells in the testis.

PMID- 4007310
TI  - History, survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the
      National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Testing Program.
AB  - The history of, and rationale for, the selection of the hybrid B6C3F1 mouse
      (C57BL/6 female X C3h/He male) and the inbred F344 rat for National Cancer
      Institute (NCI) bioassays is described. Survival percentages at the end of 2-year
      tests and weight-gain patterns during the tests of control animals are presented
      to guide investigators using these same animals in similar long-term experiments.
      Because information on a large number of animals (9385 mice and 10,023 rats) from
      a number of laboratories is presented, the conclusions should serve to give
      general guidance to investigators holding the same animals under a diversity of
      husbandry conditions. The program experience has been that the B6C3F1 mouse
      survival at the end of a 24-month study (25.5 months of age) is 80%; the F344
      survival for the same period is 75%. This contrasts with the generally held
      assumption that rats are longer lived than mice. For the period of time from
      which animal data were collected, there was a progressively slight decrease
      overall in survival percentage. This observation cannot be explained, and
      contravenes the expectation that methodological improvements in producing the
      animals and marked physical improvements in the testing laboratories should have
      resulted in improving the survival. Weight gain patterns have a distinct and
      somewhat similar sexual dimorphism for both rat and mouse. The males of each
      species grow much faster initially and then essentially level off. The female
      mouse grows slowly and steadily, and by 2 years of age almost equals the male;
      the female rat shows the same steady gain, but is much lighter than the male at 2
      years of age.

PMID- 4007311
TI  - Reproduction in Fischer-344 rats exposed to methyl chloride by inhalation for two
      generations.
AB  - Male and female Fischer-344 rats were exposed to methyl chloride by inhalation
      (0, 150, 475, or 1500 ppm, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, 40 males and 80 females per
      group). The only treatment-related clinical signs were a 10 to 20% body weight
      gain depression (BWGD) in both males and females exposed to 1500 ppm at all
      weekly weighings after 2 weeks of exposure and a 5-7% BWGD in 475-ppm exposed
      animals after Day 57. After 10 weeks the exposure schedule was changed to 6
      hr/day, 7 days/week and each male was mated to two exposed females. The mating
      period was ended after 2 weeks, at which point 10 males/group were necropsied.
      The only treatment-related lesions found were severe bilateral testicular
      degeneration (10/10) and granulomas in the epididymis (3/10) in the 1500-ppm
      males. The remaining 30 males per group were then removed from exposure and mated
      during a 2-week period with 60 unexposed females. The exposed females were
      continued on exposure from the start of mating to Postnatal Day 28 (6 hr/day, 7
      days/week). The females were not exposed from Gestation Day 18 to Postnatal Day
      4, and the pups were never directly exposed prior to weaning. There were no
      significant differences between groups in the number of exposed or unexposed
      females that mated, as evidenced by copulation plugs. No litters were born to
      exposed or unexposed females mated to the 1500-ppm males. There was no
      significant difference in the number of litters produced by the 150-ppm groups
      when compared to the control groups. Fewer litters were born in the 475-ppm
      groups than in the control groups. No differences in litter size, sex ratio, pup
      viability, or pup growth were found among the 475-ppm, 150-ppm, or control F0
      groups. When bred 10 weeks after the cessation of exposures, 5 to 20 1500-ppm F0
      males had regained the ability to sire normal litters. The same number of 475-ppm
      F0 males proved as fertile (15/20) as control F0 males (13/20). After weaning, F1
      pups from the 475-, 150-, and 0-ppm groups were exposed to the same
      concentrations of methyl chloride for 10 weeks and then mated. A trend toward
      decreased fertility was found in the 475-ppm F1 group.

PMID- 4007312
TI  - The fate of chronically consumed caffeine in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
AB  - The metabolic fate of chronically administered caffeine was examined in monkeys.
      Caffeine and equal parts of citric acid were added to the drinking water of four
      female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The concentration was gradually increased
      over a 10-week period to 0.35 mg/ml for three of the monkeys. A monkey that was
      lactating, but had no infant, was exposed to caffeine in the drinking water at a
      concentration of 0.30 mg/ml. At these doses, administered for up to 50 weeks,
      there were no overt signs of toxicity as indicated by food and fluid consumption,
      body weight, or general condition of the monkey. Mean plasma caffeine
      concentrations were 3.8, 5.7, and 5.9 micrograms/ml, while mean plasma
      theophylline concentrations were 11.8, 13.0, and 20.1 micrograms/ml, respectively
      for the monkeys receiving 0.35 mg/ml. Mean plasma caffeine and theophylline
      concentrations for the lactating monkey were 10.7 and 21.4 micrograms/ml, while
      mean milk concentrations were 10.5 and 17.6 micrograms/ml, respectively,
      indicating that caffeine and its major metabolite theophylline are readily
      excreted in milk. The high plasma theophylline levels indicate that caffeine
      metabolism in the monkeys differs from that in humans. Theophylline was the main
      urinary metabolite. In addition, large amounts of 1.3-dimethyluric acid were
      excreted in the urine but only traces of this metabolite were found in the
      plasma. After withdrawal of caffeine, plasma caffeine levels decreased to almost
      zero in the first 24 hr with a half-life of 5.5 hr, and plasma theophylline
      levels declined with a half-life of 12.7 hr.

PMID- 4007314
TI  - Factors affecting primary health care utilization.

PMID- 4007313
TI  - Effect of diet on blood lead concentration in the cynomolgus monkey.
AB  - Infant cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were reared from birth in an
      infant primate nursery and dosed with lead acetate (2 mg Pb/kg body wt/day) from
      approximately 100 days of age. The monkeys were switched from an infant formula
      diet to a diet of primate chow and water at 460 days of age. Beginning at
      approximately 935 days of age, various diets were fed in the following order:
      infant formula plus a restricted amount of primate chow, infant formula only,
      infant formula plus cellulose fiber, infant formula plus phytic acid, cow's milk,
      and primate chow plus water. Blood lead content was determined throughout the
      experiment. At 360 days of treatment (approx. 460 days of age) the blood lead
      concentration was 90 micrograms/dl but decreased to 50 micrograms/dl within 30
      days after the diet was changed to primate chow and water. When the monkeys were
      935 days of age the introduction of the infant formula plus a restricted amount
      of primate chow had little effect on blood lead concentrations. However, when
      primate chow was removed from the diet so that the monkeys were fed infant
      formula only, there was a rapid increase in blood lead from approximately 40 to
      220 micrograms/dl. The addition of cellulose fiber to the infant formula had no
      effect on blood lead concentrations, whereas the addition of phytic acid caused
      an abrupt decrease to approximately 85 micrograms/dl. Blood lead concentrations
      increased to approximately 190 micrograms/dl when cow's milk only was fed and
      decreased to approximately 55 micrograms/dl when the monkeys were returned to a
      diet of primate chow and water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007315
TI  - Serious illness and family dynamics. 1. Changes in consulting patterns of the
      unafflicted family members.
AB  - This article examines the effect of an acute serious illness in one member of a
      family on the health behaviour of other members. The number of consultations made
      by 92 family members before and after an acute serious illness was measured and
      compared with a control group of 102 people who had experienced no serious
      illness in their family. The coping resources of the family--defined in terms of
      flexibility of parental relationships, conflict avoidance and family strain -
      were assessed and related to the changes in consultation pattern. It was shown
      that an acute serious illness affecting one member of a family which lacks
      adequate coping resources can lead to an increase in reporting of serious
      complaints in other family members. In families which have adequate coping
      resources, however, the health of the remaining family members can apparently
      improve. This refutes the view that a serious life event necessarily has only a
      harmful influence on health.

PMID- 4007316
TI  - Serious illness and family dynamics. 2. Changes in consulting patterns of the
      afflicted family members.
AB  - This article examines the effect of an acute serious illness in one member of a
      family on the subsequent health behaviour of that patient. The number of
      consultations made before and after their acute serious illness was measured for
      35 patients and compared with a control group of 708 family members who had not
      experienced an illness. An increase in the number of minor and serious complaints
      was noted in the year after the illness. In the case of minor complaints the
      changes ranged from four more complaints to six less, thus enabling the effect of
      background family characteristics--flexibility, conflict avoidance and family
      strain--to be investigated. More flexibility and lower family strain correlated
      with less presented morbidity. Other variables such as age and size of family
      also correlated with morbidity. The role of the general practitioner in giving
      assistance to patients affected by a life-threatening disease and their family
      members therefore goes much further than just the treatment of the acute illness
      itself.

PMID- 4007317
TI  - The denominator for audit in general practice.
AB  - Different denominators for morbidity studies were compared from two large studies
      in Britain. From the second national morbidity survey, data from 24 single-handed
      doctors showed a close correlation between the denominators 'persons consulting'
      and 'list size' (r greater than 0.9) in both years of the survey, but a weaker
      correlation between 'consultations' and 'list size' (r = 0.6). However, when
      examining rank order statistics for visiting and out-patient referral rates, it
      was immaterial for most doctors which denominator was chosen. Only for recorders
      with a consultation rate at the extremes of the range was the choice of
      denominator critical to the interpretation of the data. In the practice activity
      analysis study, based on 47 doctors and a mean of 284 consultations in two weeks,
      the correlation between 'persons consulting' and 'total consultations' was 0.99.
      Thus the number of consultations provided a satisfactory proxy for persons
      consulting in a two-week study. These results justify the use of 'consultations'
      over two weeks as a denominator in general practice audit in circumstances where
      rank order is appropriate for the interpretation of data.

PMID- 4007318
TI  - Morbidity patterns and prescribing habits in Harare primary care clinics.
AB  - A prospective study of 1000 patients drawn from 10 Harare primary care clinics
      was mounted to determine the symptom and disease patterns seen, and the drugs
      used in primary care clinics. Children less than four years old comprised 38% of
      patients seen. Respiratory infection was the commonest diagnosis. Antibiotics
      were prescribed for 54.3% of patients comprising 28% all prescriptions. Patients
      received on average 2.4 drugs per visit and only 1.9% of patients received no
      medication.

PMID- 4007319
TI  - An evaluation of an injury prevention campaign in general practice in Norway.
AB  - When the community diagnosis was described for two islands, Vaeroy and Rost, in
      1970-73 injuries were found to be the most common single diagnosis. During one
      year (1979-80) all the injured patients who contacted the district physician in
      the municipality of Vaeroy were recorded in order to study the aetiology of
      injuries. Based on the experience from this study, an injury prevention programme
      was designed for this local community. The campaign started in 1981. A follow-up
      study in 1981-83 evaluated the effect of the prevention campaign. Two years after
      the programme started, the occurrence of injuries had declined by 29 per cent.

PMID- 4007320
TI  - The quality of care of asthma in general practice--a challenge for the future.

PMID- 4007322
TI  - [Hemodynamics during gravitational overload (a mathematical model)].

PMID- 4007321
TI  - [Reaction of coronary circulation in healthy humans to stimulation of the heart
      with isoproterenol and physical load].

PMID- 4007323
TI  - [Analysis of additional informative signs in the peripheral pulse for the
      evaluation of the functional state of human operators].

PMID- 4007324
TI  - [Classification of electrocardiographic changes during muscular activity in
      healthy humans].

PMID- 4007325
TI  - [Age-related characteristics of cardiac rhythm in persons with different degrees
      of adaptation to the environment].

PMID- 4007326
TI  - [Electrographic correlations of speech activity in native and foreign languages].

PMID- 4007327
TI  - [Physiologico-acoustic aspects of improving speech perception in sensorineural
      and conductive hearing loss].

PMID- 4007328
TI  - [Oculomotor activity as an indicator of brain function].

PMID- 4007329
TI  - [Skin and deep tactile sensitivity of humans to the local action of ultrasonics].

PMID- 4007330
TI  - [The adaptive role of delta-sleep].

PMID- 4007331
TI  - [Effect of moderate hypoxia on work capacity as dependent on individual
      characteristics].

PMID- 4007332
TI  - [External respiratory function and acid-base equilibrium during fatigue].

PMID- 4007334
TI  - [Effect of monotonous muscular activity on body function].

PMID- 4007333
TI  - [Ventilatory function of the lungs in middle-aged and elderly persons with
      hypercapnia].

PMID- 4007335
TI  - [Age-related characteristics of energy metabolism in girls during sex
      maturation].

PMID- 4007336
TI  - [Effect of a single dose of weak ultra-low frequency electromagnetic fields on
      endocrine indicators].

PMID- 4007337
TI  - [Effect of hypokinesia and acceleration on human chromosomes].

PMID- 4007338
TI  - [Mechanism of adaptogenic effect of Eleutherococcus on the human body during
      thermal stress].

PMID- 4007339
TI  - [Peroxidation of blood lipids in relation to age and body weight].

PMID- 4007340
TI  - [Changes in heart rate during the defense of doctoral dissertations].

PMID- 4007341
TI  - [Individual characteristics of the system of nonspecific activation in parameters
      of sensorimotor reaction].

PMID- 4007342
TI  - [Mechanism of heat conduction in human limbs].

PMID- 4007343
TI  - [Reconversion of long-standing atrial flutter and fibrillation to sinus rhythm,
      with oral verapamil and digoxin. Description of 3 cases].

PMID- 4007344
TI  - [Hemocoagulative aspects in chronic respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 4007345
TI  - [In-hospital and long-term prognosis in acute myocardial infarction. Comparative
      longitudinal study of 2 patient groups].
AB  - The in-hospital mortality, the causes of death, the actuarial survival curves
      were compared in two subsequent groups of patients admitted to our CCU for acute
      myocardial infarction: the first (group A) includes 791 pts, admitted from
      september '67 to december '72, the second (group B) includes 542 pts admitted
      from january '78 to june '80. The in-hospital mortality was significantly reduced
      in group B (A: 186/791, 23.5%; B: 72/542, 13,3%, p less than 0.01). This could be
      due to a reduction of the number of deaths for cardiogenic shock (A: 71/791, 9%;
      B: 30/542, 5.6%; p less than 0.01) and to reduction in the mortality rate for
      pulmonary oedema (from 6% to 1.5%, p less than 0.01), although the frequency of
      pulmonary oedema was the same during the two periods (A: 205 pts, 26%; B/156 pts
      29%). We did not observe any significant difference in the long-term prognosis
      (54 months: A 79.3%, B 71.5%). The actuarial survival curves overlapped after the
      1st semester after discharge. The most frequent cause of death during follow-up
      was a new myocardial infarction. None in the group A and only 3% in the group B
      were referred to the surgeon for coronary artery bypass grafting. We conclude
      that, in spite of a significant reduction of the in-hospital mortality, possibly
      related to the evolution in diagnosis and management of the disease, the long
      term survival was not improved in a non-surgically treated population with
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4007346
TI  - [Myocardial infarction induced by vincristine in patients with Hodgkin's
      lymphoma. Description of 2 cases and review of the literature].
AB  - Five patients with lymphoma and Vincristine induced myocardial infarction are
      described in the medical literature. We report two new cases, in whom an anterior
      myocardial infarction developed few hours after the second administration of the
      drug. In the reported cases a strict cause-to-effect relationship between the
      drug and acute myocardial infarction seems indicated by: the striking temporal
      coincidence between Vincristine administration and onset of chest pain; the
      additional myocardial infarctions in patients in whom the treatment was continued
      after the first event; the nearly constant absence of important coronary risk
      factors and the young age of the patients, making preexisting coronary
      atherosclerosis unlikely. The mechanism for the described association is still
      unknown: the possible causes are discussed.

PMID- 4007347
TI  - [Natural history of persistent atrial paralysis. Description of a case with
      familial and evolutionary characteristics].
AB  - We report a case of partial persistent atrial standstill from a group of patients
      with familial endemic complete or partial persistent atrial standstill. In this
      patient we observed the evolution from sinus rhythm (with episodes of uncommon
      atrial flutter treated by electrostimulation) to the typical clinical picture of
      partial persistent atrial standstill, which is described also in its
      electrophysiological features. Incomplete and complete persistent atrial
      standstill may represent different stages of the same disease of the atrial wall.

PMID- 4007348
TI  - Transluminal extraction of a catheter fragment from the aortic arch.
AB  - Many different techniques have been previously reported for non-surgical
      transluminal removal of foreign bodies from venous system or right heart
      chambers, while only few cases of transluminal extraction from arterial vascular
      bed or left heart chambers have been published. We report a successful attempt of
      a Judkins' catheter fragment extraction from the aortic arch by a homemade loop
      snare device. Tying the distal end of a long flexible guide-wire on the tip of a
      8F Cournand catheter we obtained an easy to handle device which is practicable
      using instruments always available in any catheterization room.

PMID- 4007349
TI  - [Recent myocardial infarction: role of digitalis therapy in patients with left
      ventricular dysfunction during exercise who participated in a short-term physical
      training program].
AB  - In order to verify the usefulness of long-term digitalis therapy during physical
      rehabilitation in patients with recent myocardial infarction (MI) and left
      ventricular disfunction during exercise, 24 consecutive pts with PAedP greater
      than or equal to 25 mmHg (Swan-Ganz cath.) at maximal work load were selected.
      Pts with angina, ST depression (greater than or equal to 2 mm), complex
      ventricular arrhythmias (Lown 4-5), symptoms of left ventricular failure were
      excluded. At random 12 pts were assigned to group A (digoxin therapy) and 12 to
      group B (no therapy). Serum digoxin level was on average 1.48 ng/ml (range 1-2.85
      ng/ml). Both groups performed over 4 weeks the same controlled training program.
      Before and soon after the end of the training period all pts underwent to an
      exercise test, standard chest x-ray films, 24 hour ambulatory ECG and two
      dimensional echocardiography. No complication was observed during exercise test
      and training period. Age, myocardial infarction location, cardiac volume and
      hemodynamic behaviour during the first exercise test were similar in both groups.
      After training, maximal work capacity was increased in group A by 14% and in
      group B by 16% without significant changes in PAedP and Cl; at the same work load
      PAedP was lower in group B (-12%, p less than .02) while LVSWI was increased in
      both groups (14% and 17% respectively, p less than .05). No significant changes
      in cardiac volume, left ventricular asynergy, EF, and ventricular premature beats
      were observed. QT interval at rest decreased significantly only in group A 408 +/
      31 msec vs 371 +/- 34 msec (p less than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007350
TI  - [A time for analysis and a time for synthesis].

PMID- 4007351
TI  - [Tracking of blood cholesterol and arterial pressure in adolescence].
AB  - Early identification of atherosclerosis precursors and assessment of secular
      trends are key factors in organizing primary prevention programs. Tracking
      phenomenon for serum cholesterol and blood pressure has been evaluated at two
      years' interval in a group of students of both sexes, aged 11-15 years, in the
      municipality of Mugnano, near Naples. Serum cholesterol has been followed in 77
      students and blood pressure--systolic and diastolic--in 160. Forty-three % serum
      cholesterol levels, 44% of systolic blood pressure measurements, and 25% of
      diastolic blood pressure values, that were in the upper quintile at the first
      visit, were found in the upper quintile again at the second visit. Our results
      point out that: there is a chance to identify "high" values, that may persist
      over time, especially for serum cholesterol and systolic blood pressure; great
      caution must be exercised in taking isolated measurements of serum cholesterol,
      systolic and particularly diastolic blood pressure at a young age as indicators
      in implementing prevention programs.

PMID- 4007352
TI  - [Association between arterial pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in
      adolescence].
AB  - A screening for hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors was carried
      out during 1981 in a population of 1142 subjects (675 males and 467 females) aged
      14-18 years. Aim of the study was to analyze the distribution of blood pressure
      values and of variables possibly associated with hypertension in a population of
      adolescents. The mean value of systolic blood pressure was higher in males than
      in females, slightly increasing with age in males and decreasing in females. The
      diastolic blood pressure was similar, and increased with age in both sexes. The
      prevalence of individuals with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to
      140 mmHg resulted of 16.1% in males and of 5.6% in females; the prevalence of
      adolescents with diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg was
      much lower, being of 2.5% and 1.5% respectively. The average value of heart rate
      was higher in females and decreased with age in both sexes. Males showed
      significantly greater height and weight, but the body mass index was nearly equal
      in the two sexes; females had thicker skinfolds. All these variables only in
      males were clearly associated with age. Among anamnestic variables, only smoking
      habits, alcohol consumption and physical activity were significantly different in
      the two sexes. A positive family history for hypertension was present in 31.4% of
      the adolescents in whom an objective assessment was possible. In both sexes the
      systolic blood pressure appeared significantly related to heart rate, body
      weight, body mass index and skinfold thickness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007353
TI  - [Myocardial ischemia during exertion. Correlations between blood levels of
      thromboxane B2 and changes in coronary flow and resistance].
AB  - Platelet activation, with the subsequent generation of Thromboxane (Tx) A2, has
      been implied as a possible cause of resting as well as exercise induced
      myocardial ischemia. To verify the latter hypothesis, we measured the exercise
      release of TxB2, the stable metabolite of TxA2, in 9 patients with exertional
      angina and left anterior descending coronary artery disease. Three of the
      patients also suffered from angina at rest, due to coronary vasospasm. The great
      cardiac vein flow, venous efflux from the myocardial territory supplied by the
      left anterior descending, was determined by the thermodilution technique in the
      basal conditions, at peak exercise when angina and/or significant ST changes
      occurred, and 20 min after exercise. Simultaneous blood samples were drawn from
      the great cardiac vein and a peripheral artery for TxB2 measurements. Regional
      coronary resistances were calculated as the ratio of mean arterial pressure and
      coronary flow. At peak exercise the great cardiac vein flow increased and
      regional coronary resistances decreased in all patients, except in one who showed
      exercise induced coronary spasm. An increase in TxB2 release was found in 3
      patients, a decrease in 3, while the remaining 3 patients did not show
      significant changes. After exercise the great cardiac vein flow and regional
      coronary resistances returned to control values in all, whereas both great
      cardiac vein and arterial TxB2 levels were increased in 6 patients. Our data show
      that no apparent relation exists between exercise-induced changes in coronary
      resistances and generation of TxB2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007354
TI  - [Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia responsive to verapamil. Presentation of 3
      cases and review of the literature].
AB  - Recently a unique clinical entity has been suggested in subjects without apparent
      heart disease presenting with recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT)
      characterized by RBBB + LAH electrocardiographic pattern, relatively slow rate,
      induction by atrial stimulation, and interruption by verapamil. According to
      these characteristics, three cases (2 M and 1 F, aged 18, 33 and 66 years) are
      presented in this study. They have had palpitations from one to twenty years, but
      not syncopal episodes. During VT the cycle length ranged from 300 to 480 msec. VT
      was terminated both by verapamil and by ajmaline. VT was inducible in 3/3 cases
      by incremental atrial pacing when cycle length of pacing became similar to that
      of spontaneous VT; in 2/3 cases VT was induced by programmed right atrial
      stimulation and in 2/3 cases by programmed ventricular stimulation. Serial
      electrophysiological studies for pharmacological and therapeutic evaluation
      applied to 1/3 cases showed: amiodarone given orally (200 mg/die) for two months
      prevented the induction of VT while verapamil, propranolol, mexiletine, and
      propafenone tested intravenously were ineffective. In the remaining two patients
      amiodarone, tested only intravenously, was not effective to prevent the induction
      of VT but lengthened its cycle length. All patients received amiodarone orally
      (200 mg/die) and were followed for 2,7 and 8 years respectively. Two of them had
      no more episodes of VT and one, while asymptomatic, continued to present with.
      The electrophysiological mechanism of this form of VT cannot be identified with
      certainty, but many data suggest a reentry in the posterior fascicle of left
      bundle branch as the most probable mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007355
TI  - [Effects of the autonomic nervous system on the refractory periods of
      atrioventricular conduction in man].
AB  - The purpose of the work is to evaluate in clinical setting the effects of
      autonomic nervous system on the refractory periods of atrio-ventricular (A-V)
      conduction. Electrophysiological study was carried out, both during basal state
      and after autonomic blockade induced by i.v. administration of propranolol 0.2
      mg/Kg and atropine 0.04 mg/Kg, in 21 subjects with normal atrio-ventricular node
      conduction (A-H less than or equal to 120 msec) and normal sinus rate (mean age:
      54.3 +/- 16.3 years). Following autonomic blockade the sinus cycle length
      decreased significantly (P less than 0.01), whereas A-H interval, A1-H1 interval
      at cycle length of 460 msec and the longest atrial pacing cycle length inducing
      Wenckebach block did not change significantly. Effective and functional
      refractory periods of the A-V node did not show significant variations after
      autonomic blockade (342.2 +/- 41 versus 337.2 +/- 54.2 msec and 435.9 +/- 58.9
      versus 430 +/- 60.9 msec, respectively); however, these refractory periods
      changed variably from subject to subject; in some patients they increased and in
      others there was a marked decrease. There were no significant variations of
      atrial effective and functional refractory periods after autonomic blockade
      (249.5 +/- 29.6 versus 256.6 +/- 31.9 msec and 276.4 +/- 27.1 versus 287.7 +/-
      33.4 msec, respectively); they too showed a variable response from subject to
      subject. The relative refractory period of His-Purkinje system, evaluated in 3
      patients, increased in all after autonomic blockade (420 +/- 20 versus 463.3 +/-
      15.2 msec).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007356
TI  - [Echocardiographic aspects of persistence of the right valve of the venous
      sinus].
AB  - The aim of this work is to demonstrate the possibility to identify persistent
      right sinus venous valve and to differentiate it from other right sided heart
      pathology by two dimensional echocardiography. We report the echocardiographic
      findings observed in three out of 215 paediatric patients we examined for
      clinically suspected congenital heart disease in 12 months period. The first
      patient was a 24 hours old newborn with transient pulmonary hypertension; the
      second one was a 6 months old child with pulmonary atresia, severe right
      ventricular hypertrophy, atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus; the
      third patient, aged 6 months, had atrial septal defect and mild pulmonary
      stenosis. In all three patients a particular linear structure was seen, as a
      membrane that crossed the right atrium from the orifice of the inferior vena cava
      towards the atrial septum. This structure was identified as persistent right
      sinus venosus valve according to its morphology, its position into the right
      atrium and its connection to the atrial septum. The incidence of this
      echocardiographic finding was 1.4% in our series. In the first case contrast
      echocardiography from the inferior vena cava demonstrated the deviation of blood
      flow caused by the persistent sinus valve, although no intra-atrial pressure
      gradient was shown at cardiac catheterization. In the second patient who died
      during the operative procedure for making a systemic-pulmonary anastomosis, post
      mortem examination showed a membranous structure connecting the orifice of the
      inferior vena cava to the atrial septum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007357
TI  - [Study of the regional contraction of the left ventricle in normal subjects using
      a two-dimensional echocardiographic technic].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to evaluate normal left ventricular regional wall
      motion pattern in order to answer the two following questions: does wall motion
      change at different levels of the left ventricle from the base to the apex? does
      wall motion change among different segments at the same level? Seventy-two normal
      subjects were submitted to a cross sectional echocardiographic examination and
      the tape recordings were analyzed by a computerized system. Parasternal short
      axis views at mitral valve and papillary muscles level were chosen and divided by
      the computer in 16 areas which were fitted to a more anatomical division, i.e.
      interventricular septum, anterior, lateral, posterior-lateral, inferior-posterior
      and inferior walls. From each segment, fractional area changes were obtained.
      Statistical analyses were carried out by the two way analysis of variance and two
      paired t test. Wall motion pattern of the normal left ventricle is not uniform
      either at different levels or among segments at the same level: we conclude that
      regional wall motion differences of the left ventricle are not necessarily due to
      abnormal conditions, but might be a normal left ventricular pattern.

PMID- 4007358
TI  - [Influence of the angiocardiographic severity of ischemic heart disease on QTc
      duration].
AB  - The influence of severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) on the duration of
      corrected electrical systole (QTc) and the prognostic value to predict sudden
      death of this index were retrospectively evaluated in 123 non-consecutive
      patients with history of stable angina who underwent cardiac catheterization.
      Fifteen patients had no angiographic evidence of CAD (O-V group). The 108
      patients with a greater than or equal to 70% luminal diameter narrowing of a
      major coronary artery were further subdivided: 23 patients had 1-vessel (1-V
      group), 40 patients had 2-vessel (2-V group) and 45 had 3-vessel (3-V group)
      coronary artery disease; 26 patients showed normal left ventricular (LV) wall
      motion (A group), 57 patients showed asynergic contraction of 1 or 2 LV areas (B
      group) and 25 patients showed 3 or more areas of asynergy and/or aneurysm. Sixty
      one patients had a previous myocardial infarction (MI). QT interval, calculated
      in the lead where it was longer, on 12-lead resting electrocardiograms recorded
      at a paper speed of 25 mm/sec, was corrected by the formula: QTc = QT/square root
      R-R. The follow-up was performed by telephone. At the time of angiography there
      was no significant difference in QTc duration between the different groups
      according to the severity of CAD (O-V, 1-V, 2-V and 3-V groups). Patients showing
      three or more areas of abnormal segmental wall motion and/or aneurysm (C group)
      had a significantly longer QTc (p less than 0.05) than patients with normal LV
      wall motion (A group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007360
TI  - [Early diagnosis of myocardial infarct: value of the combined use of creatine
      kinase and MB isoenzyme determinations].
AB  - To define the optimal diagnostic strategy for acute myocardial infarction, 225
      patients with suspected myocardial infarction were studied by serial (3 hour
      intervals) sampling for CK and CK-MB enzyme activity. In 12 patients the
      diagnosis of myocardial infarction was rejected. In the remaining 213 the
      myocardial infarction was transmural in 183 (anterior in 79, postero-inferior in
      95, anterior and inferior in 9), non transmural in 30. In these patients the mean
      increase of enzyme activity, the time to pick activity and the infarct size
      (Sobel method) were measured. The best diagnostic sensitivity in the early phases
      of myocardial infarction was obtained by the combined use of CK and CK-MB
      determinations (95.9% of the diagnosis at 9 hours after the acute event). However
      the percent of positivity of CK & CK-MB values occurred significantly (p less
      than 0.01) later in non transmural (4.3% at 3, 34.7% at 6 and 86.9% at 9 hours
      after the onset of the chest pain) than in transmural myocardial infarction
      (25.2% at 3, 54.4% at 6 and 97.6% at 9 hours) and among these in inferior as
      compared to anterior (18.7% vs 32.2% at 3 hours, 46.8% vs 62.7% at 6 hours and
      96.8% vs 98.3% at 9 hours). The CK/CK-MB ratio was of limited diagnostic value
      because it was increased (greater than 8) in most of the patients, either with
      normal or abnormal enzymes activities. Early kinetics differed in the different
      anatomo-clinical types of infarction. In all locations of myocardial infarction
      the mean enzyme activity increase was significantly correlated with the
      calculated enzymatic infarct size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007359
TI  - [Effects of medical and surgical therapy on the long-term survival of patients
      with variant angina].
AB  - To determine the effects on survival of the medical and surgical treatment of
      variant angina, we compared the prognosis of 75 surgically treated subjects with
      that of 75 medically treated patients, selected from a series of 340 consecutive
      patients observed between January 1969 and December 1982. The patients were
      selected on the basis of a developed computer program to match each medically
      treated patient with one surgically treated patient so that each pair was similar
      according to the following clinical and angiographic variables: sex, age,
      previous myocardial infarction, severe ventricular arrhythmias during pain, site
      of ST elevation (anterior or inferior), coronary artery disease (single or
      multivessel), left ventricular function (normal or abnormal). Patients who were
      considered unoperable because of poor ventricular function or distal vessel
      disease were not included in this study. Mantel-Haenszel log-rank analysis
      demonstrated a significantly better prognosis in surgically treated patients,
      particularly in those with multivessel disease as well as in those with ST
      elevation in anterior leads. However survival in 63 medical patients who were
      treated with calcium-antagonists was not significantly different from that of
      their surgical matched patients. During the follow-up period, anginal symptoms
      were more frequently found in medically treated patients (p less than 0.05). We
      conclude that in patients with variant angina surgical treatment does not improve
      survival as compared to medical treatment with calcium blocking drugs. Coronary
      artery bypass surgery can be carried out at low risk and is particularly
      indicated in those patients with angina refractory to medical treatment.

PMID- 4007361
TI  - [Evaluation of the interventricular septum in left bundle branch block using
      basal echocardiography (M-mode) and myocardial stress scintigraphy (thallium
      201)].
AB  - In thirty-six consecutive subjects, with left bundle branch block (LBBB) of the
      interventricular septum (IS), septal perfusion and/or viability was verified by M
      mode echocardiography and by stress redistribution 201 TI-scintigraphy. After the
      early systolic "dip", a characteristic pattern of interventricular septum in left
      bundle branch block, we observed: a) an anterior paradoxical movement (A-type)
      during the ejection phase in 5 subjects; b) hypokinetic posterior movement (B
      type) in 10 subjects and c) a normal motion (C-type) in 21 subjects. All the
      subjects with an A-type paradoxical anterior motion of the interventricular
      septum, showed a persistent defect of T1 uptake both during exercise and after
      redistribution. Of 31 patients with posterior interventricular septum motion (B
      and C types), 21 showed normal septal TI uptake and 10 reversible, exercise
      induced perfusion defect, with complete redistribution on scintigrams at rest. In
      conclusion the analysis of our data demonstrates that in patients with left
      bundle branch block 1) the motion of the interventricular septum is not merely
      due to the anomalous electrical activation, but to other different factors, such
      as the anatomical and functional changes underlying the conduction pathology, 2)
      an A-type motion by M-mode echocardiography is highly predictive of
      interventricular septum damage.

PMID- 4007362
TI  - [Evaluation of the ejection fraction using 2 simplified echocardiographic methods
      in patients with ischemic heart disease and left ventricular asynergy].
AB  - This study was undertaken to assess the reliability of two simplified
      echocardiographic methods (Method A and B) in evaluating ejection fraction (E.F.)
      in patients with left ventricular wall motion abnormalities (WMA). Method A was
      obtained with a microprocessor that allows the superimposition of a calibrated
      ellipse to left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic silhouettes; the shape
      of the ellipse was modified to obtain the best superimposition of the ellipse
      outline to the endocardium. E.F. was then obtained with the formula: VD-VS/VD
      where VD and VS were the ellipse volumes at end-diastole and end-systole. In
      method B E.F. was obtained averaging 3 regional E.F. obtained with a longitudinal
      axis and 3 different transverse diameters. In a group of 40 patients with WMA and
      excellent 2D echo images the correlation between echocardiographic and
      angiographic values was r = 0.76 for method A and r = 0.92 for method B. Method B
      was also tested in a group of 25 consecutive unselected patients with left
      ventricular WMA; in this group the correlation with angiographic values of E.F.
      was r = 0.84. IN CONCLUSION: in patients with WMA method B must be preferred
      because it is easier to perform and presents a better correlation with
      angiographic data than method A.

PMID- 4007363
TI  - [Clinical and hemodynamic implications of anterior ST segment depression in
      inferior myocardial infarct].
AB  - The finding of ST segment depression (reduced ST) in the anterior leads during
      acute inferior myocardial infarction is a common clinical sign. Nevertheless, its
      significance is not yet well established. To evaluate the significance of this
      finding, 58 patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction, who has an
      electrocardiogram within 8 hours from the onset of the disease, were divided into
      2 groups: group A (14 patients with anterior reduced ST less than 1 mV) and group
      B (44 patients with reduced ST greater than or equal to 1 mV in one or more
      anterior leads). All patients subsequently underwent coronary angiography and
      left ventriculography, mean 50 days after acute myocardial infarction. reduced ST
      was not predictive of left anterior descending coronary artery disease. On the
      contrary, a significantly higher rate of 2-3 vessel disease (p less than 0.05)
      and of critical stenosis or occlusion of the right or circumflex coronary artery
      (p less than 0.05) was found in group B. Peak CK level was significantly higher
      (p less than 0.01) in this group as well. No significant difference was found in
      ejection fraction and anterior wall motion abnormalities, whereas a higher number
      of patients in group B showed a depressed function of the postero-basal segment
      (p less than 0.05). During 6 months follow-up, 2 patients in group A and 24 in
      group B experienced cardiac events (angina, reinfarction, heart failure, coronary
      artery by-pass grafting, cardiac death) (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007365
TI  - [Significance of ST segment depression in patients with acute and non-acute
      inferior myocardial infarct].

PMID- 4007364
TI  - [Anterior ST segment depression during the exercise test in patients with
      previous inferior myocardial infarct. Scintigraphic and coronary arteriographic
      correlations].
AB  - Left ventriculography and coronary arteriography were performed in 49 patients:
      agreement on location of infarcted area was present between ventriculography and
      ECG in 22 cases and between ventriculography and myocardial scintigraphy in 34
      cases (p less than 0.00125). Consequently on the basis of the scintigraphic
      redistribution image, all our patients were divided in 2 Groups: Group A, with
      inferior infraction (120 cases), and Group B, with infero-posterior or posterior
      infarction (68 cases). Exercise test showed anterior ST segment depression in 97
      patients (59 from Group A and 38 from Group B). In these cases myocardial
      scintigraphy showed anterior ischemia in 48 (81%) patients of Group A and only in
      17 (45%) of Group B (p less than 0.005). In patients with negative exercise test,
      myocardial scintigraphy detected anterior ischemia with similar incidence in both
      groups (about 40%). Out of the 49 patients studied by coronary arteriography, 33
      had left anterior descending coronary artery disease: exercise test induced
      anterior ST depression in 25 of them (sensitivity 77%), while myocardial
      scintigraphy showed anterior ischemia in 29 (sensitivity 87%). Normal coronary
      arteries or isolated right or circumflex artery disease were found in 16
      patients: 9 of them had anterior ST depression (specificity 56%) and none showed
      scintigraphic evidence of anterior ischemia (specificity 100%). In conclusion, in
      patients with previous infarction of inferior and/or posterior wall, ST-segment
      depression induced by exercise in anterior leads can be a false positive result,
      without a corresponding anterior myocardial ischemia. This finding is more often
      observed in patients with infarction of the posterior wall, in whom anterior ST
      depression on exercise might be due to ischemia or dyssynergy of the infarcted
      area. Myocardial scintigraphy allows a more precise identification of the scar
      location, and above all it is provided with good sensitivity and specificity in
      identifying residual ischemia due to left anterior descending coronary disease.

PMID- 4007366
TI  - [Ventricular fibrillation in the initial phase of acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - In order to determinate the incidence, predictivity and prognosis of ventricular
      fibrillation in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction a series of 301
      patients with acute myocardial infarction consecutively assisted by the Mobile
      Coronary Care Unit of Florence was analyzed. 151 patients (50.2%) received
      intensive care within 2 hours from the onset of the symptoms, 75 patients (24.9%)
      received intensive care between the second and sixth hour. 38 patients (12.6%)
      had at least one episode of ventricular fibrillation. 30% of the episodes of
      ventricular fibrillation happened within 1 hours from the onset of the symptoms,
      47.4% within 2 hours, 74% within 6 hours. Serious arrhythmias complicated the
      early phase of acute myocardial infarction, but only sinus bradycardia seems to
      have a significant predicativity of ventricular fibrillation (P less than 0.05).
      We found that hospital survival resuscitated patients is strictly related to the
      time between early symptoms and the episode of ventricular fibrillation: 91% of
      the patients with ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour were discharged alive
      from hospital, 71% of those with ventricular fibrillation within 6 hours, 20% of
      those with ventricular fibrillation beyond 6 hours (P less than 0.01). The high
      rate and the favourable prognosis of ventricular fibrillation in the early phase
      of acute myocardial infarction must lead to a widespread implementation of rapid
      response emergency care systems away from hospital.

PMID- 4007367
TI  - [Sustained ventricular tachycardia in postinfarct ischemic heart disease:
      spontaneous polymorphism. Clinical, therapeutic and prognostic aspects].
AB  - Spontaneous Polymorphism (SP) is present when at least two episodes of Sustained
      Ventricular Tachycardia (SVT) occur spontaneously in the same patient (pt) with
      different bundle branch block pattern or with shifting of QRS axis by greater
      than or equal to 90 in the various episodes. We undertook this study in order to
      investigate the clinical significance of SP in SVT as well as therapeutic and
      prognostic implications. MATERIAL AND METHODS. From our global pts populations we
      chose those with SVT in chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) with previous
      myocardial infarction (PMI), they had to be already studied by electrophysiologic
      technique (EES). The pts were divided into two groups (Gr.): Gr. I: 13 SP pts (12
      M, 1 F, mean age 57.5 +/- 13; mean follow-up 19.2 +/- 11 months); Gr. II: 15 no
      SP pts (14 M, 1 F, mean age 60 +/- 10; mean follow-up 9.9 +/- 13 months).
      RESULTS: The two Gr. are comparable in terms of symptoms, exercise tolerance,
      infarct site, intraventricular conduction disturbances (61.5% and 66.6%
      respectively), ventricular wells kinetics (38.4% and 26.6% respectively) and time
      interval between acute myocardial infarction the first episode of SVT (7.58 +/-
      6.02 and 8.27 +/- 6.57 years respectively). 8 of the 10 alive Gr. I pts have been
      treated with Amiodarone (A) (2800-4200 mg/wk). All 9 alive Gr. II pts are on A
      (1400-4200 mg/wk). A serum level in 7 Gr. I pts was 1.7 +/- 0.65 mcg/ml and 1.61
      +/- 0.67 in 5 Gr. II pts. 3/13 Gr. I pts died: 2 for sudden death (15.3%), 6/15
      Gr. II pts died: 4 suffered sudden death (26.6%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4007368
TI  - [Phase and amplitude images using Fourier analysis in radioisotopic angiography.
      Comparison with contrast angiography for studying regional changes in ventricular
      contraction].
AB  - Phase-amplitude images and phase distribution histograms, derived from a temporal
      Fourier analysis of equilibrium ecg-gated blood pool studies, were used to assess
      the overall wall motion synchronism and to detect regional wall motion
      abnormalities in 69 consecutive patients with suspected or documented coronary
      artery disease, in whom biplane contrast left ventriculography and coronary
      angiography were performed. Four regions were considered on the 15 degrees caudal
      left-anterior oblique view radionuclide image, in order to identify the 7
      conventional angiographic left ventricular wall segments (as the American Heart
      Association Council of Cardiovascular Surgery). Regional abnormalities on the
      phase-amplitude images from the 15 degrees caudal left anterior oblique view
      scans were studied in order to identify local hypokinesis, akinesis or dyskinesis
      (in accord to definitions used for contrast cineangiography) relative to seven
      conventional left ventricular wall segments. Results of phase-amplitude image
      analysis were compared with those of contrast cineangiography. The parametric
      images showed overall sensitivity of 82% and 92% respectively towards biplane and
      monoplane (left anterior oblique) contrast cineangiography, with a high degree of
      specificity (97%). Most akinetic and dyskinetic segments were correctly
      identified. A significant phase delay (greater than or equal to 70 degrees) from
      mean value, always occurred in dyskinetic segments and generally related to the
      severity of the wall motion abnormality. Lower accuracy was observed for
      hypokinetic regions; sensitivity was lower for apical and antero-lateral
      segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007369
TI  - [Situs ambiguus and atrial isomerism. Angiographic analysis of associated
      congenital heart diseases].
AB  - Forty-seven cases of situs ambiguus have been analyzed angiographically: 24 had
      right atrial isomerism and 23 left atrial isomerism. The following criteria were
      considered for identification: auricular morphology; inferior vena cava: azygos
      continuation or connection in median position to the atrial cavity; bronchial
      anatomy; anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and their relation to the bronchi. In
      the group with right atrial isomerism we observed levocardia in 15 cases,
      dextrocardia in 7 and mesocardia in 2. Bilateral superior vena cava was
      identified in 13 cases. Inferior vena cava drained in most cases (21) in the
      middle portion of the atrial cavity; it was on the same side of the abdominal
      aorta in 20 cases. Pulmonary venous drainage was visualized in 19 patients: in 8
      cases it followed the usual pattern of the total anomalous drainage, supracardiac
      (7) or infracardiac (1); in 2 cases mixed forms were found; in 9 cases the
      pulmonary veins entered directly the common atrial cavity. Common atrium was seen
      in 80% of the cases; in the remaining a huge atrial septal defect was present.
      The atrioventricular connection was double inlet in the 16 cases of
      univentricular heart; in all of them, and in additional 7 biventricular hearts,
      the mode was via a common atrio-ventricular valve; only in one case the atria
      connected to the ventricles through two distinct atrioventricular valves. The
      univentricular hearts in most cases (22) were, angiographically, of indeterminate
      type. The interventricular relationship was normal (left ventricle posterior and
      to the left) in 6 of the 8 biventricular hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007371
TI  - [Double-outlet right ventricle with intact interventricular septum. Case report,
      review of the literature and proposed pathogenetic interpretation].
AB  - Double Outlet Right Ventricle with intact ventricular septum is an extremely rare
      malformation. Only nine cases are recorded in the known world literature. A new
      case is reported, concerning a female infant six months old when first seen, and
      still alive after atrial septectomy. The anatomical studies in Double Outlet
      Right Ventricle suggest that only the Ventricular Septal Defect in the outlet
      septum is an integral part of the malformation and can be defined as "typical".
      In more than 10% of cases the Ventricular Septal Defect opens into the inlet or
      trabecular-muscular portions of the septum: these latter locations of the defect
      should therefore be considered as "associated". Double Outlet Right Ventricle
      with intact ventricular septum can be interpreted as the variant lacking both
      typical and associated Ventricular Septal Defect. From the analysis of anatomical
      descriptions of the ten known specimens of Double Outlet Right Ventricle with
      intact Ventricular septum, the Authors word out the hypothesis that ventricular
      septum closure could be referred to a well developed bulbo-ventricular fold
      (bulbo-ventricular fold synonimous of cono-ventricular flange and bulbo-atrio
      ventricular ledge), as a consequence of missed or defective conal absorption.
      They conceive a range including on one hand the Subarterial Ventricular Septal
      defect (bulbo-ventricular fold poorly developed due to effective conal
      absorption), on the other hand the Restrictive Ventricular Septal Defect and
      Intact Ventricular Septum (bulbo-ventricular fold well developed due to defective
      conal absorption).

PMID- 4007370
TI  - [Anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries associated with a
      large interventricular defect].
AB  - Between December 1975 and February 1984 five patients with Transposition of the
      great arteries and large ventricular septal defect underwent repair by arterial
      switching with reimplantation of the coronary arteries. They ranged in age from 2
      to 28 months and weighted between 3.2 and 10 kg. The oldest patient had underwent
      banding of the pulmonary artery together with a Blalock-Hanlon septectomy at 6
      months of age. Direct reconstruction of the "new" pulmonary artery was achieved
      in 4 patients. The first of these patients operated upon on December 1975 died of
      acute left ventricular ischemia due to compression of the main left coronary
      artery caused by the newly reconstructed pulmonary artery. This death appears to
      be technically avoidable by using the method recently reported by Lecompte. One
      patient who was in good hemodynamic status died of mediastinitis 2 months after
      the repair. At necropsy the repair was found intact and the woven dacron conduit
      used to reestablish the continuity to pulmonary artery was found grossly
      infected. The remaining three patients continue to be asymptomatic 48, 40 and two
      months respectively after repair. Our small experience supports the anatomic
      correction as the procedure of choice for the surgical treatment of most of the
      patients with Transposition of the great arteries and large ventricular septal
      defect.

PMID- 4007372
TI  - Benign course of endomyocardial fibrosis as a late complication of
      hypereosinophilic syndrome.
AB  - A case of Endomyocardial Fibrosis is reported, which retrospectively confirms the
      well known link between Endomyocardial Fibrosis and the Hypereosinophilic
      Syndrome in the temperature climate. We could trace back the history of this
      patient for 20 years. This suggests a benign form of endomyocardiopathy
      associated with mild cardiac restriction. 2-D apical echocardiography proved to
      be very useful as a non invasive tool for obtaining the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 4007373
TI  - [An unusual cause of arterial and venous pulmonary hypertension].
AB  - A 49 year old woman with syphilis of recent onset was repeatedly admitted to the
      hospital on account of recurrent dyspnoea and hemoptysis. The symptoms and
      radiological signs indicated the presence of a "cardiac lung". The ECG disclosed
      right ventricular overload which was confirmed by echocardiography. The left
      heart was normal, not only on echocardiography but also on cardiac
      catheterization, which documented severe pulmonary hypertension, partly
      precapillary, partly postcapillary. The presence of chronic lung congestion in
      the absence of pathological findings pertaining to the left heart lead to the
      diagnosis of pulmonary venous occlusive disease. However, pulmonary angiography
      showed notable and widespread arterial amputations which are not present in this
      syndrome. Autopsy provided the correct diagnosis: sclerosing mediastinitis
      localized at the hilum with prevalent involvement of both arterial and venous
      pulmonary vessels.

PMID- 4007374
TI  - [Colonic electromyography and functional colonopathy].

PMID- 4007375
TI  - [Central inhibition of external pancreatic secretion by D-ala-2
      metenkephalinamide in rats].
AB  - Intracerebroventricular injections of D-Ala-2-Metenkephalinamide (D Alamide), a
      slowly metabolized Metenkephalin analogue, were made to conscious rats equipped
      with a chronic pancreatic fistula allowing the collection of pure pancreatic
      juice in its entirety. D Alamide induced a dose-related decrease in the volume of
      basal pancreatic secretion, as well as of bicarbonate and protein outputs. The
      effective doses of D Alamide were of the same order of magnitude as those
      necessary to induce analgesia or to decrease intestinal transit time in rats, as
      reported by others. The effect of D Alamide was totally blocked by naloxone, an
      opiate antagonist known to easily traverse the blood-brain barrier, while no
      blockade was found with naloxone methyl-bromide, an opiate antagonist which
      traverses the blood-brain barrier poorly and thus acts only peripherally. These
      results strongly suggest that the inhibition of pancreatic secretion induced by D
      Alamide is a central effect.

PMID- 4007377
TI  - [Endoscopy, fiber optics and video].

PMID- 4007376
TI  - [Colonic myoelectric activity during fasting and postprandial periods in healthy
      subjects and colonopathic patients].
AB  - The purpose of this prospective study was to assess colonic myoelectric activity
      during fasting and after a test meal in patients with the Irritable Bowel
      Syndrome (IBS) and in control subjects. Colonic electromyographic activity was
      recorded using an intraluminal probe in 14 patients and in 8 controls. Only rapid
      electrical activity [i. e. Short Spike Bursts (SSB) and Long Spike Bursts (LSB)]
      was taken into account. In control subjects the test meal provoked a significant
      increase in LSB from 46.7 +/- 16.3 to 88.6 +/- 20.3 (p less than 0.001) but not
      in SSB. In IBS patients rapid myoelectrical activity was not significantly
      modified by food intake (47.2 +/- 10.3 vs. 62.2 +/- 10.9; NS). The increase of
      postprandial LSB activity was found to be significantly higher in controls than
      in IBS patients (41.8 +/- 7.6 vs. 12.9 +/- 8.4; p less than 0.05). These results
      showed that colonic myoelectrical activity in IBS patients is different from that
      of controls; such a difference could be useful in classifying IBS patients.

PMID- 4007378
TI  - [When and how to assess hepatic fibrosis?].

PMID- 4007379
TI  - [Risk factors in surgery of obstructive jaundice. Retrospective studies apropos
      of 176 patients].
AB  - With the help of 28 criteria, the authors analyze the factors influencing
      mortality and morbidity related to surgery in jaundiced patients. The results
      differed according to whether the patients were examined as a whole or whether
      patients with benign and malignant lesions were considered separately; there was
      a significant difference in mortality between these two groups. Five factors were
      noted to predict an unfavorable outcome in patients with malignant lesions: the
      duration of symptoms, the presence of preoperative diabetes, renal failure,
      hypoalbuminemia and the type of surgical procedure. In patients with benign
      lesions, five factors were also significant: previous biliary surgery, decreased
      prothrombin level, leucocytosis, renal failure and an age greater than 80 years.
      It is thus possible to isolate a population "at risk" for whom surgery should be
      preceded by the correction of disorders due to cholestasis, and particularly the
      renal consequences.

PMID- 4007380
TI  - [Human pentastomiasis: clinical, radiological and x-ray computed tomographic
      study of a case].
AB  - A case of abdominal pentastomiasis in a 38-year-old Congolese man is reported.
      This parasitic disease has been described in Central Africa and South East Asia.
      The patient presented with unexplained permanent abdominal pain. The peritoneal
      and hepatic localisations of the parasite were recognized on plain abdominal film
      and documented by ultrasonography and CT scan studies. At laparoscopy multiples
      adherences were found, in spite of the fact that no previous abdominal surgery
      had been performed. These findings suggest a possible correlation between the
      clinical manifestations and the anatomic lesions in this disease which is usually
      considered to be asymptomatic.

PMID- 4007381
TI  - [Hepatitis and pancreatitis due to indalpine].
AB  - The authors report two cases of hepatitis and a case of pancreatitis associated
      with indalpine. In one case of hepatitis, onset was acute and the clinical
      presentation was suggestive of cholecystitis; in the other case, hepatitis was
      discovered by biological tests. In the two cases, hepatitis was mainly cytolytic.
      Outcome was favorable upon interruption of drug administration. Onset of
      pancreatitis was inconspicuous, with progressively increasing pain. The
      pancreatic lesions were diffuse and massive. After interruption of
      administration, outcome was eventually favorable. Elevated amylasemia was also
      noted in the two cases of hepatitis. It is suggested that transaminase and
      amylase activities should be monitored during indalpine therapy.

PMID- 4007382
TI  - [Adenocarcinoid tumor of the stomach associated with Menetrier's disease].

PMID- 4007383
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis disclosing rupture of a hydatid cyst of the liver into the
      bile ducts. Value of associated eosinophil cholecystitis].

PMID- 4007384
TI  - [Chlamydia trachomatis perihepatitis: value of systematic cultures of hepatic
      capsular biopsy].

PMID- 4007385
TI  - [2 cases of cirrhosis in patients treated with amiodarone].

PMID- 4007386
TI  - [Alcohol and hepatitis B virus: an unusual association with unforeseeable
      consequences].

PMID- 4007387
TI  - [Electromyographic profile of the human jejunum after abdominal surgery].
AB  - The purpose of this work was to describe the electromyographical profile of the
      jejunum observed after various types of abdominal operations. The electromyogram
      of the first 140 centimeters of the small intestine was recorded on a continuous
      basis by an intraluminal tube between the 6th and 20th day after abdominal
      surgery in twenty patients. Results allow us to describe a profile of the
      patient's intestinal electromyogram after abdominal surgery. It was characterized
      by three consecutive periods: a) early reappearance of migrating myoelectric
      complexes occurring during the first period; b) a very short second period
      beginning immediately before the expulsion of gases; during this period the
      electrical activity fluctuated and appeared disorganised; c) finally, during the
      third period, after gas expulsion, peristaltic rushes were associated with
      normalized migrating myoelectrical complexes. Both early and permanent migrating
      myoelectrical complexes characterize the normal postoperative period. Continuous
      linear integration of the jejunal electromyogram might be a useful tool for the
      monitoring of postoperative intestinal motility as a routine procedure.

PMID- 4007388
TI  - [Postoperative gastrointestinal transit. Results of the measurement of segmental
      transit times].
AB  - The postoperative transit times of radioopaque markers through the
      gastrointestinal tract where measured in 6 patients after gastric surgery, in 13
      patients after cholecystectomy, in 10 patients after appendicectomy and in 7
      other patients who underwent general anesthesia without laparotomy. After
      ingestion of 20 markers, overall and segmental transit times were calculated
      according to their distribution on serial plain films of the abdomen taken 6 and
      24 h after the operation, and every 24 h thereafter until complete evacuation of
      the markers. Overall transit times of the 3 groups of patients with laparotomy
      (171, 130 and 113 h respectively) were greater than overall transit times of
      patients without laparotomy (25 h). Overall transit times of patients with
      gastric operations were greater than overall transit times of patients with
      cholecystectomy (p less than 0.05) or appendicectomy (p less than 0.01). The
      increase in overall transit time was mainly due to an increased gastric transit
      time in patients after gastric surgery and an increased transit time through the
      right colon in patients who underwent cholecystectomy and appendicectomy. Once
      markers began to be defecated, their disappearance rate was the same in the 4
      groups of patients. These results show that an increased overall transit time may
      be the consequence either of an increased transit time through the stomach or
      through the right colon, depending on the type of operation. As well, when
      digestive propulsive activity returns, it is de novo normal.

PMID- 4007389
TI  - [Results of a dietary survey in the Calvados. Dietary intake, tobacco and alcohol
      consumption].
AB  - A survey on individual nutritional intake was conducted in a representative
      sample of 1,975 people in the French province of Calvados using a dietary history
      method. The energy ration (2,964 kcal/d in males, 2,148 kcal/d in females) was
      found to exceed the recommended allowances by 150 kcal/d in women and by 300
      kcal/d in men, corresponding to alcohol consumption. The trends observed were
      similar to those seen elsewhere in France and other developed countries: a diet
      with a high proportion (41-43 p. 100) of lipids and saturated fatty acids (16-18
      p. 100) mainly due to reduced consumption of vegetable foods; a high intake of
      cholesterol (513-422 mg) and a low ration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (3.9-4.5
      p. 100) leading to a high risk of vascular diseases, particularly of the coronary
      arteries. The high intake of alcohol may be responsible for the high incidence of
      alcohol-related diseases, possibly in association with tobacco. The intake of
      vitamins and minerals was adequate, with the exception of iron, which was below
      the recommended allowance for females. In contrast with common belief, the
      dietary energy intake increased when alcohol consumption increased in both sexes.
      For tobacco, the energy ration decreased moderately in females only with
      increasing consumption; no relationship was observed in males.

PMID- 4007390
TI  - [Myenteric plexuses and colonic diverticulosis: results of a histological study].
AB  - The implication of intraluminal hyperpressure in the pathogenesis of colonic
      diverticulosis was investigated. Since colonic motricity depends on the
      anatomical integrity of the myenteric plexuses, we looked for morphological
      abnormalities of these plexuses in diverticulosis of the sigmoid, using the
      silver impregnation technique devised by Smith. Fifteen sigmoidectomy specimens
      (including the rectosigmoid junction) were studied in patients afflicted with
      diverticulosis. Operations were not performed during the acute phases of the
      illness. The results were compared to those obtained in 5 colectomy specimens in
      patients with cancer of the rectum, without colonic diverticulosis (control
      series). Conventional histology as well as the silver impregnation did not reveal
      any morphological abnormalities of the myenteric plexuses in the rectosigmoid
      junction or in the remaining sigmoid. The count of argyrophilic ganglion cells
      (10 to 15 per plexus) was identical in the colons affected with diverticulosis
      and in the control specimens. These results show that impairment of motricity in
      sigmoid diverticulosis is not a consequence of morphological abnormalities of the
      myenteric plexuses. They do not, however, exclude chemical or functional
      modifications in these plexuses.

PMID- 4007392
TI  - [Microscopic colitis: a possible cause of chronic diarrhea?].

PMID- 4007391
TI  - [Congenital hepatic fibrosis disclosed late by hepatic encephalopathy].
AB  - A case of hepatic encephalopathy revealing congenital hepatic fibrosis in a 47
      year-old woman is reported. The characteristic features of this observation were:
      a) the long clinical latency of a congenital disease usually discovered in
      childhood or in adolescence; b) the existence of hepatocellular insufficiency
      which appeared without any other reason than an ordinary infection; c) the
      absence of digestive bleeding or portacaval shunt, factors always found in the
      rare, previously described cases of encephalopathy in congenital hepatic
      fibrosis.

PMID- 4007393
TI  - [Cryptogenetic multifocal stenosing enteritis: a new case].

PMID- 4007394
TI  - [Collagenous colitis coexisting with polyadenoma. Favorable effect of mepacrine].

PMID- 4007395
TI  - [Intramural hematoma of the duodenum: x-ray computed tomographic aspect].

PMID- 4007396
TI  - [Hepatic diseases and mixed cryoglobulinemia].

PMID- 4007397
TI  - [Pancreatic heterotopia with ampullar localization, a differential diagnosis of
      ampulloma].

PMID- 4007398
TI  - Specificity of antigliadin antibody in celiac disease.
AB  - Celiac disease is activated in genetically susceptible individuals by the dietary
      ingestion of wheat gluten and similar proteins in other grains. Gliadins are a
      complex mixture of proteins that contain at least 40 different components in a
      single variety of wheat. We have purified the four major electrophoretic
      fractions of wheat gliadin and examined the specificity of antigliadin antibody
      for those fractions by radioimmunoassay in 30 patients with celiac disease and 30
      matched controls. All patients had been on a gluten-free diet for more than 18 mo
      and were clinically asymptomatic at the time of study. Seventeen of 30 patients
      had increased antibody levels to one or more of the gliadin fractions. Twelve of
      17 patients had elevated antibody to A or 6D alpha-gliadin, 9 of 17 to beta
      gliadin, 10 of 17 to gamma-gliadin, and 8 of 17 to omega-gliadin. Of the 17
      subjects, 5 had increased antigliadin antibody levels to one gliadin fraction
      only, whereas 12 had increased levels to two or more fractions. Of the 17
      patients with increased antibody titers, 16 had the G2m(n) immunoglobulin heavy
      chain allotype marker and 14 had the serologic HLA specificities-B8 or-DR3, or
      both. Definition of the wheat gliadin fractions and specific gliadin peptides
      that can activate celiac disease remains an open question. These data indicate
      that antigliadin antibody in the serum of asymptomatic patients with celiac
      disease who are maintained on a gluten-free diet can be directed against one or a
      multiple of gliadin fractions.

PMID- 4007399
TI  - Gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome. Endoscopic and autopsy findings.
AB  - Homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)
      have been studied to define the extent of gastrointestinal KS. In 50 patients
      examined by both upper endoscopy and flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy, 20 (40%)
      had visible lesions consistent with KS. Ten patients (20%) had upper and lower
      tract involvement, 6 (12%) patients had upper tract involvement alone, and 4 (8%)
      had lower tract disease alone. Only 23% of endoscopic biopsies of KS lesions were
      positive for KS. Gastrointestinal KS was not more frequent in patients with nodal
      KS (41%) than in patients with skin KS (50%). No clinical sequelae of
      gastrointestinal KS lesions were seen. Mortality was significantly greater in
      those patients with endoscopic evidence of gastrointestinal KS. Postmortem
      examination of 13 men with KS and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome revealed
      abdominal visceral involvement in 10 patients (77%). Antemortem endoscopic
      findings correlated with subsequent autopsy data in 5 patients. Our findings
      suggest that visceral involvement, though rarely symptomatic, may be associated
      with a poorer prognosis.

PMID- 4007400
TI  - Prevention of hepatitis B infection by hepatitis B immune globulin in infants
      born to mothers with acute hepatitis during pregnancy.
AB  - Eleven infants born to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the third trimester
      of pregnancy who were hepatitis B surface antigen-positive at delivery were
      treated with hepatitis B immune globulin within 24-48 h of birth. Five infants
      received one dose of hepatitis B immune globulin and 6 infants received a second
      dose at 1 mo of age. During the average 12.5-mo follow-up period, only 1 of 11
      (9%) treated infants became hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and this
      individual developed acute hepatitis B at 9.5 mo of age and recovered. Twenty
      four infants born to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the third trimester of
      pregnancy who were untreated served as historical controls. Of these, 17 (71%)
      showed evidence for hepatitis B infection and 15 (62.5%) became chronic hepatitis
      B virus carriers. This study shows that administration of hepatitis B immune
      globulin to infants born to mothers with acute hepatitis B is effective in
      preventing perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus. With the availability
      of the hepatitis B virus vaccine, the current recommendation is to give hepatitis
      B immune globulin to such infants within 24 h of birth, followed by three doses
      of the hepatitis B virus vaccine beginning soon after birth, and again 1 and 6 mo
      later.

PMID- 4007401
TI  - Hepatic heme metabolism and cytochrome P450 in cirrhotic rat liver.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 levels are often low in the cirrhotic liver but the reason for
      this has not been established. Because changes in heme metabolism may reduce
      hepatic levels of cytochrome P450, the relationship of heme turnover to
      cytochrome P450 levels has been examined in rats with cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was
      produced by repeated carbon tetrachloride inhalation. In animals with cirrhosis,
      hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 content was significantly less (32%) than in
      controls. Heme synthesis was assessed by measuring the activity of mitochondrial
      delta-amino-levulinic acid synthetase and also by determining the incorporation
      (within 30 min) of radiolabeled delta-aminolevulinic acid into the microsomal
      heme fraction. Both these parameters were normal in rats with CCl4-induced
      cirrhosis. In addition, the activity of microsomal heme oxygenase, the rate
      limiting enzyme in catabolism of heme to bilirubin, was not altered. Cytochrome
      P450 heme degradation was then determined directly by injecting radiolabeled
      delta-aminolevulinic acid and measuring radioactivity in CO-binding particles
      (microsomes incubated with protease to remove cytochrome b5) prepared at various
      times thereafter. By this method, the degradation rate of cytochrome P450 heme
      did not differ between rats with cirrhosis and controls. Finally, the
      availability of hepatic heme for formation of hemoproteins was deemed to be
      satisfactory in cirrhotic liver because tryptophan pyrrolase saturation was
      comparable with controls, and also because heme administered in vivo did not
      enhance hepatic clearance of the cytochrome P450 substrate antipyrine. The
      failure to find defective heme biosynthesis or accelerated heme breakdown and the
      evidence that heme is available in amounts that do not restrict hemoprotein
      formation indicate that aberrant heme metabolism is not the cause of low
      cytochrome P450 levels in this rat model of cirrhosis.

PMID- 4007402
TI  - Quantitative fecal recovery of ingested hemoglobin-heme in blood: comparisons by
      HemoQuant assay with ingested meat and fish.
AB  - Blood, meat, or fish, or any combination thereof, were ingested by 9 normal
      volunteers to permit studies of the contained hemes during total gastrointestinal
      transit. Quantitative analysis of ingested heme and of fecal heme and its
      degradation products was made possible by a new specific and extremely sensitive
      test, HemoQuant. The average fecal recovery of hemoglobin-heme from 10 to 36 ml
      of blood was 88%, as determined in 13 separate studies. All Hemoccult tests
      remained negative despite greater than 20-fold increases in fecal heme. Up to 83%
      of the blood heme was converted in the intestinal tract to porphyrins. These
      porphyrins are included in the HemoQuant, but not in Hemoccult or other leukodye
      assays. Negligible amounts of heme were found in fish and fowl, and their
      ingestion led to no significant increase in fecal heme. An average of only 25% of
      the heme in ingested meat was subsequently recovered in feces. Control fecal
      values represented an average of approximately 0.5 ml of blood per day. The
      recovery data obtained show that fecal HemoQuant results reliably reflect the
      total amount of blood hemoglobin that enters the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 4007403
TI  - A case of chronic liver disease due to tolazamide.
AB  - Although chlorpropamide and tolbutamide are well recognized as causes of
      hepatotoxicity, there are only 3 reported cases of hepatic injury caused by a
      third oral hypoglycemic agent, tolazamide. In 2 of these cases, the liver
      function tests returned to normal when the drug was discontinued. In the third
      case, the patient had cholestasis from chlorpropamide before administration of
      tolazamide and developed chronic liver disease. We are reporting the second
      instance of chronic liver disease induced by tolazamide. Our patient had been
      taking chlorpropamide, but she had no evidence of liver disease before
      administration of tolazamide. Tolazamide should be considered as a drug capable
      of producing hepatotoxicity that on occasion may be chronic.

PMID- 4007404
TI  - Diffuse hepatic calcification as a sequela to shock liver.
AB  - A 31-yr-old Japanese woman who was on chronic hemodialysis for 3 yr died of
      intractable congestive heart failure. Three years before death, the patient was
      in a state of shock for 48 h due to ventricular tachycardia and gastrointestinal
      bleeding, which was followed by marked elevation of serum transaminase. Four
      months later, abdominal plain radiography demonstrated diffuse hepatic
      calcification. At autopsy, microscopic examination of the liver revealed
      parenchymal necrosis and tiny calcifications in the central to midzonal area of
      the lobule. Calcification in the degenerative area of the hepatic lobule occurred
      subsequent to parenchymal ischemia after overt shock that lasted for 2 days.
      Although a definitive explanation for the calcification was not obtained, it may
      be related to the disturbances of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis as a result of
      ischemic liver injury or it may be related to an elevated calcium-phosphorus
      product in the uremic state.

PMID- 4007405
TI  - Familial intrahepatic cholestatic cirrhosis in young adults.
AB  - Two siblings with intrahepatic cholestatic cirrhosis and their brother, who had a
      potentially related disease at the time of accidental death, are presented. The
      onset of disease occurred during adolescence in all 3 cases. The initial sign was
      mild jaundice or portal hypertension. There was no abnormality in the
      countenance, cardiovascular system, or vertebral column. Except for the brother
      who died from an accident, jaundice gradually increased. Death followed due to
      cirrhosis. Liver biopsy specimens of these 2 patients showed diminution of
      interlobular bile ducts with no significant cholangitis. At autopsy, the livers
      of the 2 patients showed biliary cirrhosis without extrahepatic biliary
      obstruction. In both cases there was an accessory lobe on the right hepatic lobe.
      Histologically, septal bile ducts showed pronounced papillary proliferations of
      the epithelium; there was also a decrease in the number of small interlobular
      bile ducts. Excess copper accumulation in the liver was ascertained. It is
      suggested that the disease in the 2 autopsied cases is intrahepatic cholestatic
      cirrhosis due to hypoplasia of the intrahepatic biliary trees.

PMID- 4007406
TI  - Pirprofen-induced fulminant hepatitis.
AB  - We report the cases of 2 female patients aged 69 and 61 yr, suffering from
      fulminant hepatitis induced by pirprofen, a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
      drug. The duration of pirprofen administration before the onset of hepatitis was
      long, 7 and 9 mo, respectively. Hepatitis was not preceded or accompanied by
      hypersensitivity manifestations. The liver lesion consisted of massive,
      predominantly centrilobular hepatic cell necrosis and microvesicular steatosis.
      One patient died of liver failure. Although the risk of fulminant hepatitis is
      very low, we recommend that, in patients taking pirprofen for more than 2 mo and
      complaining of asthenia, nausea, or vomiting, serum aminotransferase levels
      should be measured and administration of the drug should be interrupted as soon
      as an increased level is noted.

PMID- 4007407
TI  - Fecal fat concentration: determinants and diagnostic value.

PMID- 4007408
TI  - Fecal fat concentration: determinants and diagnostic value.

PMID- 4007409
TI  - Bowel dysfunction.

PMID- 4007410
TI  - Positive diagnostic criteria for the irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 4007411
TI  - Cerebroventricular bombesin inhibits gastric acid secretion in dogs.
AB  - Bolus injections of bombesin into a lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious
      beagle dogs inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion from both
      the innervated stomach (gastric fistula) and the vagally denervated Heidenhain
      pouch in a dose dependent manner. Bombesin (300 ng/kg), injected into the lateral
      ventricle, inhibited acid secretion from the gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch
      by 66% +/- 5% and 93% +/- 4%, respectively. Central administration of bombesin
      also suppressed acid secretion in response to a meal by 52% +/- 15%; postprandial
      gastrin response was not affected. By contrast, intravenous infusion of bombesin
      stimulated both gastrin release and acid secretion without affecting the acid
      response to a submaximal dose of pentagastrin. The opposing effects of central
      and peripheral bombesin on acid secretion indicate that the gastric response to
      intracerebrally administered bombesin is mediated by the central nervous system.
      Furthermore, the inhibitory action of bombesin injected into the lateral cerebral
      ventricle is independent of the vagus and is not mediated by the inhibition of
      gastrin release. These observations demonstrate that bombesin-like peptides may
      act centrally to alter gastric secretion.

PMID- 4007412
TI  - Metabolism of the 1-13 sequence of gastrin 17 in humans and failure to influence
      acid secretion.
AB  - The metabolism and action on basal and gastrin 17 (G-17)-stimulated acid
      secretion of the N-terminal 1-13 sequence of G-17 was studied in human
      volunteers. Basal acid secretion was not changed by infusion of 1-13 G-17 in
      doses of 75-1000 pmol X kg-1 X h-1 which gave plasma concentrations of N-terminal
      G-17 immunoreactivity of 150-2020 pmol X L-1. In addition the acid response to G
      17 in a dose that stimulated about 50% maximal acid output was not influenced by
      1-13 G-17 (75 and 1000 pmol X kg-1 X h-1). The mean half-time for disappearance
      of N-terminal immunoreactivity after stopping infusion of 1-13 G-17 was 9.8 +/-
      0.5 min. Gel filtration indicated a single peak of N-terminal immunoreactivity in
      plasma during infusion of 1-13 G-17. Ion exchange chromatography on
      diethylaminoethyl cellulose, however, revealed two peaks of immunoreactivity. One
      corresponded to 1-13 G-17, the other eluted earlier. In samples taken after
      stopping the infusion, the variant predominated. On high-pressure liquid
      chromatography the variant was resolved into a major component, which had a
      retention time less than 1-13 G-17, and two minor components. The variants were
      not produced by incubation of 1-13 G-17 with plasma in vitro. It is concluded
      that 1-13 G-17 is converted in the circulation to new forms with longer half
      lives. Because plasma enzymes cannot account for the formation of these variants,
      it is possible that enzymes present on cell walls, for example, on capillaries,
      may be responsible.

PMID- 4007413
TI  - Soybean trypsin inhibitor attenuates ischemic injury to the feline small
      intestine.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that oxygen free radicals are largely responsible for
      the increased vascular permeability and early mucosal lesions associated with
      partial intestinal ischemia. It is postulated that oxygen radicals are produced
      by the reaction of the enzyme xanthine oxidase with hypoxanthine and molecular
      oxygen. In normal healthy cells, xanthine oxidase exists as a nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide-reducing dehydrogenase and not the oxygen radical-producing
      oxidase. In the intestine, dehydrogenase-to-oxidase conversion is nearly complete
      with less than 1 min of ischemia. Biochemical evidence from the intestine and
      liver indicate that ischemia-induced conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to
      xanthine oxidase can be prevented by administration of protease inhibitors such
      as soybean trypsin inhibitor. In order to assess the role of proteases in oxygen
      radical-mediated ischemic injury to the small bowel, quantitative analyses of
      mucosal lesion development and vascular permeability were performed in
      autoperfused segments of cat ileum subjected to 1 or 3 h of ischemia and
      pretreated with 15 mg/kg (i.v.) soybean trypsin inhibitor. One hour of ischemia
      produced a significant increase in intestinal vascular permeability. The ischemia
      induced increase in vascular permeability was significantly attenuated by soybean
      trypsin inhibitor pretreatment. Three hours of ischemia led to the development of
      mucosal lesions in untreated animals. Pretreatment with soybean trypsin inhibitor
      largely prevented the development of the mucosal lesions. The findings of our
      study are consistent with biochemical evidence that, during ischemia, proteases
      trigger the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase and thereby
      lead to oxygen radical production and subsequent tissue injury.

PMID- 4007414
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic appearance of chronic ulcerative colitis with and
      without dysplasia.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine whether scanning electron microscopy of
      colonic mucosal biopsy specimens can help to detect dysplasia in patients with
      chronic ulcerative colitis. In the first phase of the study, using light
      microscopy as the standard for the diagnosis, the scanning electron microscopic
      appearance of specimens from patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and control
      patients was examined. Descriptive criteria were established to identify normal,
      atrophic, and dysplastic colonic mucosa. In the second phase, quantitative
      techniques were used to develop more objective criteria for the diagnosis of
      dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Twenty-one coded colonic specimens from 11
      patients were sequentially examined by scanning electron microscopy and by light
      microscopy. The three morphometric analyses performed on the surface epithelial
      cells were number of cells per unit area, number of microvilli per unit area, and
      percentage of microvilli with a normal width. The cell count and percentage of
      microvilli with a normal width were significantly reduced in the seven specimens
      with colonic dysplasia as compared with non-dysplastic tissues. Scanning electron
      microscopy may serve as an adjunct to light microscopy in the diagnosis of
      colonic dysplasia.

PMID- 4007415
TI  - Combination of short-term prednisolone and adenine arabinoside in the treatment
      of chronic hepatitis B. A controlled study.
AB  - The efficacy of adenine arabinoside (Ara-A) alone or in combination with
      prednisolone utilizing its withdrawal effect was studied in 43 patients with
      deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase- and hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic
      hepatitis. Ten patients were treated with 10 mg/kg body wt of Ara-A alone for 4-8
      wk. In 9 cases, prednisolone (40 mg/day) was given at a constant dosage for 4 wk
      before Ara-A treatment. Fourteen patients received oral prednisolone alone for 4
      wk, and 10 patients served as untreated controls. Six of 9 patients (67%)
      undergoing the combination therapy became seronegative for hepatitis B e antigen,
      whereas only 4 of 24 patients (17%) treated either with Ara-A alone or
      prednisolone alone lost the antigen. Two of the 10 untreated patients became
      seronegative for hepatitis B e antigen during the same follow-up period of 9 mo.
      This prospective controlled study suggests that the combination of
      immunomodulation by steroid withdrawal and subsequent Ara-A is more effective in
      the treatment of patients with chronic liver disease and active hepatitis B virus
      replication than treatment with Ara-A alone.

PMID- 4007416
TI  - Immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in patients with chronic
      type B hepatitis.
AB  - Serum samples from 130 persons who were seropositive for hepatitis B surface
      antigen and who had various forms of accompanying liver disease were tested for
      immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. In 99% of patients
      with hepatitis B antigen-positive chronic type B hepatitis, IgM antibody to
      hepatitis B core antigen was present. This antibody was not present in "healthy"
      hepatitis B surface antigen carriers and was detectable in only 30% of patients
      with delta hepatitis. Testing of serial sera from 38 patients with chronic type B
      hepatitis revealed that IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen persisted in
      patients who had evidence of persistent hepatitis B virus replication but
      ultimately disappeared in those patients who exhibited a sustained loss of serum
      markers of viral replication (hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid and
      deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity). These findings suggest that the
      presence of IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis B
      surface antigen carriers indicates an active immune response to persistent viral
      replication.

PMID- 4007417
TI  - Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. A progress report on long-term follow-up
      and natural history.
AB  - Thirty-six patients presenting with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis have
      been followed for a median period of 11.4 yr, extending by 5 yr a previously
      reported median follow-up study of 6 yr. Life table survival analysis indicates
      that the overall survival of this subgroup of patients with primary biliary
      cirrhosis continues to remain similar to that of the general population (p =
      0.91). Over this period, 15 patients developed symptoms and 8 patients died, 6
      from liver disease; 21 patients remained in an asymptomatic state. Portal
      granulomas on initial liver biopsy were the only finding that correlated with a
      normal survival and a continued asymptomatic state (p = 0.03). In contrast,
      associated autoimmune disorders (thyroiditis, sicca syndrome, CRST syndrome,
      Raynaud's phenomenon) correlated with decreased survival (p = 0.01). No other
      clinical, laboratory, or histologic features correlated with survival or the
      development of symptoms. This extended follow-up study (median 11.4 yr) indicates
      that many patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis have a benign
      outcome. Although 42% developed signs or symptoms of progressive disease at
      variable times up to 14 yr from presentation, the group survival remained similar
      to the general population.

PMID- 4007418
TI  - Abnormalities in tests of copper metabolism in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
AB  - Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic, cholestatic syndrome characterized
      by fibrosing inflammation of the bile ducts that may lead to cirrhosis and death
      from liver failure. Previous reports have suggested abnormal hepatic copper
      metabolism in this disease. Therefore, in 70 patients, we prospectively
      determined the levels of hepatic copper, serum copper, and serum ceruloplasmin,
      and the rate of urinary copper excretion to assess the diagnostic and prognostic
      usefulness of these tests. Virtually all patients had at least one abnormal
      copper test. Hepatic copper levels were elevated in 87% of patients [292 +/- 38
      micrograms/g dry wt (mean +/- SE)] and 24-h urinary copper levels in 64% of
      patients [135 +/- 15 micrograms/24 h (mean +/- SE)] to values comparable to those
      seen in Wilson's disease or primary biliary cirrhosis. In advanced histologic
      stages of primary sclerosing cholangitis, progressively higher mean levels of
      hepatic and urinary copper were found. In the liver, mean copper content (in
      micrograms per gram dry weight) in disease stages I and II was 147 +/- 36 (mean
      +/- SE); in stage III (fibrosis), 302 +/- 68; and in stage IV (cirrhosis), 379 +/
      69. In the urine, mean copper excretion (in micrograms per 24 h) in stages I and
      II was 72 +/- 14 (mean +/- SE); in stage III, 100 +/- 14; and in stage IV, 207 +/
      30. Higher hepatic and urinary copper levels at initial evaluation were
      associated with decreased survival during a median follow-up period of 2.6 yr:
      patients with hepatic copper greater than 250 micrograms/g dry wt and urinary
      copper excretion greater than 200 micrograms/24 h at initial evaluation had an 18
      mo survival of less than 60%. We conclude that abnormal copper metabolism is a
      universal feature of primary sclerosing cholangitis, that hepatic copper
      accumulates and urinary copper excretion increases as the disease progresses, and
      that the hepatic copper concentration and the 24-h urinary copper determination
      are useful prognostic indicators in this disease.

PMID- 4007419
TI  - Incidence of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. An angiographic study in
      708 patients.
AB  - Portal vein thrombosis was thought to be a common complication of liver cirrhosis
      in the past. The incidence of angiographically demonstrable portal vein
      thrombosis was studied in 708 consecutive patients with unequivocal cirrhosis
      seen in the past 10 yr in whom either transhepatic portography or superior
      mesenteric arterial portography clearly delineated the major portal vein system.
      Excluding 2 cases that were thought to be associated with past splenectomy, there
      were 4 cases of portal vein thrombosis related to cirrhosis, all in a
      decompensated stage. The calculated incidence of portal vein thrombosis was
      0.573% of all cirrhotic patients without splenectomy in the past. They
      constituted 23.5% of the 17 cases of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction
      encountered during the same period. There were 78 cases of idiopathic portal
      hypertension similarly studied angiographically, and the incidence of portal vein
      thrombosis unrelated to splenectomy was 2.86%. A statistical survey based on
      247,728 necropsies recorded in the Japan Autopsy Registries of 1975-1982 showed a
      0.05489% incidence of portal vein thrombosis and a 6.58857% incidence of
      cirrhosis of all types among them, suggesting that portal vein thrombosis is not
      a common complication of cirrhosis in Japan in recent years.

PMID- 4007420
TI  - Biliary lipid output and bile acid kinetics in cholesterol gallstone disease.
      Evidence for an increased hepatic secretion of cholesterol in Swedish patients.
AB  - Sweden has one of the highest incidences of gallstone disease in the Western
      world. It is therefore important to characterize the mechanisms responsible for
      the formation of cholesterol gallstones in this population. In the present study,
      we have determined the kinetics of the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and
      chenodeoxycholic acid, and the hepatic secretion rates of the biliary lipids in
      21 normolipidemic, nonobese gallstone patients (13 with functioning and 8 with
      nonfunctioning gallbladder) and in 23 healthy controls. The cholesterol
      saturation of fasting gallbladder bile averaged 110% in the gallstone patients
      with functioning gallbladder and 82% in the controls. The pool sizes of cholic
      acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were reduced by about 40% in the two groups of
      gallstone patients, whereas the rates of synthesis were close to normal. The
      fractional catabolic rate of both bile acids was increased in both groups of
      gallstone patients. The gallstone patients with functioning gallbladder had an
      increased (about 50%) cholesterol secretion but normal bile acid and phospholipid
      secretion rates. In the gallstone patients with nonfunctioning gallbladder the
      secretion rates of biliary lipids were not significantly different from those of
      the controls. The ratio between cholesterol and bile acids was about 50% higher
      in the gallstone patients with functioning gallbladder than in the controls or in
      those with nonfunctioning gallbladder. The results indicate that the hepatic
      secretion of cholesterol is an important determinant for the development of
      saturated gallbladder bile in Swedish gallstone patients.

PMID- 4007421
TI  - Macromolecular transport in the fetal rat intestine.
AB  - Macromolecular barrier function of the fetal rat small intestine and colon was
      analyzed from 16 to 22 days gestation (birth). During this period the epithelium
      is converted from stratified to simple columnar. To assess permeability,
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was introduced by microinjection into the lumen or
      into the umbilical circulation. Proximal small intestine, distal small intestine,
      and colon were examined after 10-20 min. Paracellular passage of HRP through
      occluding junctions was not observed after either intraluminal or intravascular
      injection. After intraluminal injection, transepithelial transport of HRP from
      lumen to blood occurred in all regions at all ages studied. Horseradish
      peroxidase was present in cytoplasmic vesicles of most cells in the primitive
      stratified epithelia, during epithelial conversion, and in simple columnar
      epithelia. After intravascular injection, HRP was present in the lamina propria
      and in intercellular spaces of the epithelium, but HRP did not enter tight
      junctions. Tracer was taken up into cytoplasmic vesicles of both stratified and
      simple columnar epithelial cells, but was only rarely seen in the lumen. We
      conclude that there is rapid transcellular, vesicle-mediated transport from lumen
      to blood across both stratified and simple columnar epithelia of fetal rat small
      intestine and colon; after intravascular injection, macromolecules may be taken
      up into vesicles at basolateral epithelial cell surfaces but are not rapidly
      transported into the lumen; paracellular passage does not occur in the fetal ages
      studied.

PMID- 4007422
TI  - Canine gastric emptying of polycarbophil: an indigestible, particulate substance.
AB  - We tested whether indigestible solids could empty from the canine stomach
      independently of gastric burst motor activity. Test meals contained
      polycarbophil, an indigestible particulate (1-3 mm diameter) substance. Test
      meals were slurries of 30 or 90 g of radiolabeled polycarbophil particles in
      saline. Meals were administered via an oral gastric tube. After 4 h, the stomach
      was drained via a gastric cannula, and the percentage of meal that had emptied
      into the duodenum was calculated. Antroduodenal motor responses to the meals were
      monitored with strain-gage force transducers. The motor responses to
      polycarbophil meals were compared with those after canned food and saline meals.
      Fifty percent of the 90-g polycarbophil meal emptied by 4 h; this occurred
      independently of gastric burst motor activity. Both polycarbophil and canned food
      elicited similar indexed motor responses and both delayed the postprandial
      reappearance of gastric burst motor activity. We conclude that small indigestible
      particles can stimulate fed state-like motility and empty from the stomach
      independently of gastric burst activity.

PMID- 4007423
TI  - Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas: implications for
      lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy.
AB  - Endoscopic polypectomy has become the preferred technique for the removal of most
      colorectal adenomas. Whether polypectomy alone or segmental colectomy is the
      appropriate management of the patient whose adenoma contains carcinoma is a
      controversial issue. We studied 129 colorectal carcinomas that arose in adenomas
      and in which invasion was no deeper than the submucosa of the underlying colonic
      wall. The following factors were evaluated: location; gross appearance (sessile
      versus pedunculated); histologic type of adenoma (tubular, villous, mixed); grade
      of carcinoma; level of invasion (0--carcinoma confined to the mucosa, 1--head, 2-
      neck, 3--stalk, 4--submucosa of underlying colonic wall); vascular invasion; and
      adequacy of excisional margins. Patients were divided into two groups with
      respect to outcome: adverse (dead from colorectal carcinoma, alive with
      colorectal carcinoma or positive nodes on colectomy), and favorable (absence of
      above). Sixty-three patients were treated by polypectomy alone and 66 by
      colectomy (21 preceded by polypectomy); there were no operative deaths. Mean
      follow-up was 81 mo. None of 65 patients with carcinoma confined to the mucosa
      had an adverse outcome, but 8 of 64 patients with invasive carcinoma did. Level 4
      invasion (p less than 0.001) and rectal location (p = 0.025) were the only
      statistically significant adverse prognostic factors. Seven of 28 level 4 lesions
      and six of 42 rectal lesions had an adverse outcome; level 4 lesions were
      overrepresented in the rectum (14 of 42; p = 0.032). We conclude that the level
      of invasion should be the major factor in determining prognosis for the
      management of carcinoma arising in an adenoma.

PMID- 4007424
TI  - Alterations of myoelectric activity associated with Campylobacter jejuni and its
      cell-free filtrate in the small intestine of rabbits.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of a culture of Campylobacter jejuni and its cell-free
      filtrate on myoelectric activity of isolated ileal segments in New Zealand White
      rabbits. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy were
      used to assess the association between histologic changes and alterations in
      intestinal myoelectric activity. A culture of C. jejuni was shown to cause a
      significant increase in repetitive bursts of action potentials (RBAPs) (6.9 +/-
      1.2 RBAP/h; p less than 0.001) compared with controls (0.3 +/- 0.1). Cell-free
      filtrates of C. jejuni cultures were also observed to induce RBAPs (5.0 +/- 0.9
      RBAP/h; p less than 0.001). The fraction within the filtrate that induces
      alterations in motility was not destroyed by heating to 100 degrees C for 15 min
      (6.3 +/- 1.2 RBAP/h). Although no gross histologic changes were noted by
      hematoxylin and eosin staining of intestine exposed to a culture of C. jejuni for
      8 h, blunting of villi with a cellular infiltrate was noted in rabbits exposed
      for 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy disclosed patchy villous tip damage in 3
      of 5 animals exposed to cell-free filtrates for 8 h. These studies suggest C.
      jejuni is pathogenic and produces a heat-stable substance that alters intestinal
      myoelectric activity in rabbits.

PMID- 4007425
TI  - Pressure characteristics of the human ileocecal region--a key to its function.
AB  - Manometric recordings of the ileocecal region were made in 7 patients with a
      diverting loop ileostomy. An increase in the mean amplitude of phasic waves (10
      +/- 3.2 cmH2O, p less than 0.01) associated with a smaller elevation of baseline
      pressure (6.4 +/- 1.2 cmH2O, p less than 0.01) was observed at the ileocecal
      junction in 81.5% of pull-throughs. Phasic activity was present at 63% of
      stations in the terminal ileum, but a discrete zone of persistent tonic activity
      was not observed. After colonic distention there was an increase in the amplitude
      (10 +/- 3.4 cmH2O, p less than 0.05) and duration of phasic activity (38% +/- 7%,
      p less than 0.01) in the junctional zone, as well as an increase in baseline
      pressure (4.8 +/- 1.3 cmH2O, p less than 0.05). Ileal distention produced a fall
      in junctional pressure. This study shows that the motility of the terminal ileum
      is characterized by a high incidence of phasic activity, which may be modulated
      by intraluminal distention. The findings suggest that flow across the ileocecal
      junction is regulated by modulation of phasic activity in the terminal ileum and
      not by a discrete zone of persistent tonic activity.

PMID- 4007426
TI  - The inlet patch: heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus.
AB  - Careful endoscopic survey of the upper esophagus indicates that a visually
      recognizable patch of gastric mucosa is grossly visible much more commonly than
      is generally recognized. Sixteen instances were found in 420 sequential
      endoscopies, an incidence of 3.8%. The gastric mucosal rest presented as a
      velvety red patch with a distinct border, varying from a few millimeters in
      diameter to complete encirclement of the esophagus, was occasionally paired, and
      was found either at or just below the upper esophageal sphincter. In all
      instances except one the patch consisted of gastric-type mucosa containing both
      parietal and chief cells; in the single exception, it consisted of gastric-type
      mucous glands without parietal cells. Although larger patches can be shown to
      function under stimulation (they produce a local drop in pH with pentagastrin
      stimulation), there are usually no apparent associated clinical symptoms.

PMID- 4007427
TI  - Pancreatic stone protein. I. Evidence that it is encoded by a pancreatic
      messenger ribonucleic acid.
AB  - We have previously shown that the pancreatic stone protein (PSP) is an inhibitor
      of calcium carbonate crystal growth and may participate in the stabilization of
      the normally supersaturated pancreatic juice. Our aim in this study was to
      determine if PSP is a normal secretory product of the human pancreas by
      determining if the normal human pancreas contains a messenger RNA coding for PSP.
      Human pancreatic messenger RNAs were used to direct protein synthesis in a cell
      free translation system. Immunoprecipitation of translation products with a
      monospecific antibody directed against the PSP yielded a product migrating as a
      single homogeneous band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. This
      product has a molecular weight of 16,000, the value expected for pre-PSP.
      Products selected by immunoprecipitation with antitrypsin-1 antibodies also
      migrated as a single band, with a molecular weight of 27,000. It is concluded
      that a messenger RNA coding for pre-PSP, distinct from the messenger RNA coding
      for pretrypsinogen, is present in human pancreas. These results support the
      hypothesis that PSP is a molecular entity, and not a degradation product of
      trypsinogen 1 or another pancreatic protein.

PMID- 4007428
TI  - A fluorescent in vivo microscopic method to assess surface mucosal integrity in
      the rat stomach. Effects of ethanol and prostaglandin.
AB  - A new sensitive in vivo fluorescent method to assess gastric mucosal integrity in
      the anesthetized rat is described. Topically applied fluorescein diacetate enters
      gastric mucosal cells. The diacetate is cleaved by intracellular esterases
      leaving fluorescein trapped within the cells. The pattern of fluorescence can be
      visualized, and the intensity of fluorescence measured, using a fluorescent in
      vivo microscopy system. Frozen section studies revealed that fluorescein was
      located in the surface mucous cells and the mucous neck cells. Topically applied
      ethanol caused a dose-dependent decline in intensity of fluorescence. Measurement
      of fluorescence in the supernatant bathing the mucosa revealed that leak of
      fluorescein out of cells or shedding of cells was, at least in part, responsible
      for the decline in fluorescence intensity. Pretreatment with a "cytoprotective"
      dose of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 did not protect against the decline in
      fluorescence seen after 12.5% and 25% ethanol. This confirms findings of previous
      histologic studies that prostaglandin "cytoprotection" does not include surface
      cell protection. We conclude that this technique provides a sensitive,
      quantitative in vivo method to study gastric surface cell injury.

PMID- 4007429
TI  - Antithrombin III metabolism in two colitis patients with acquired antithrombin
      III deficiency.
AB  - 125I-Antithrombin III metabolism studies were performed in 2 patients with
      ischemic and ulcerative colitis, respectively. Both patients had acquired
      antithrombin III deficiency and objectively diagnosed deep venous thrombosis. A
      decreased 125I-antithrombin III plasma disappearance halflife and an increased
      fractional catabolic rate was found in both patients. The transcapillary flux
      ratio was elevated in the patient with ischemic colitis. A follow-up study of the
      first patient during a period when no signs of an ischemic colitis were present
      and no medication was taken showed completely normal tracer data. The data are
      consistent with both gastrointestinal loss and intravascular consumption of
      antithrombin III. The antithrombin III deficiency could not be explained by other
      causes such as proteinuria, liver dysfunction, or obvious disseminated
      intravascular coagulation. Reduced antithrombin III plasma levels were considered
      to have contributed to the development of deep venous thrombosis in both
      patients.

PMID- 4007430
TI  - Hands off "cancerous" large bowel polyps.

PMID- 4007431
TI  - The risk of cancer in Crohn's disease.

PMID- 4007432
TI  - Double-peaked contraction waves--a variant of normal.

PMID- 4007433
TI  - Relapse rates are more important than healing rates in determining the long-term
      outcome of duodenal ulcer therapy.

PMID- 4007434
TI  - Balloon dilatation of benign and malignant esophageal strictures. Blind
      retrograde balloon dilatation.
AB  - Balloon esophageal dilatation offers many theoretical advantages (safety, speed,
      and patient comfort) over dilatation with mercury-filled bougies or with the Eder
      Puestow system. The authors used balloon dilators in 22 patients with dysphagia
      secondary to benign or malignant strictures. Dilatation was performed with
      fluoroscopic guidance, blindly, or by a combination of these techniques. For
      "blind" stricture dilatation, an Eder-Puestow spring-tipped guide wire is placed
      into the stomach using a fiberoptic endoscope. The distance from the incisor
      teeth to the stricture is measured, and the balloon shaft is marked to indicate
      when the middle of the balloon is within the stricture. Dilatation is then
      performed using the antegrade or, the preferred, retrograde technique. Finally,
      the dilated stricture is calibrated by pulling an inflated balloon through the
      previously strictured area without difficulty. An attempt was made to achieve an
      esophageal diameter of 15 mm at the initial dilatation episode, and patient
      discomfort was used as a guide as to the final diameter. The balloon dilatation
      technique was highly successful, and a stricture diameter of 15 mm (45-47 French)
      was achieved at the initial dilatation in most instances. Malignant strictures
      were easily dilated. Balloon dilatation is convenient, effective, quick, and
      potentially safer than the previous Eder-Puestow or mercury-filled bougie
      techniques.

PMID- 4007435
TI  - Cholangiography of intrahepatic bile ducts in hepatolithiasis by endoscopic
      placement of an indwelling balloon catheter.
AB  - To improve the diagnostic yield and safety of endoscopic retrograde balloon
      catheter cholangiography, two technical refinements were added: (1) intraductal
      retention of a balloon catheter allowing injection of a contrast medium in the
      supine position; and (2) slow, constant injection of the contrast medium with a
      heavy-duty infusion pump. Maximum filling of intrahepatic branches was attempted
      by both the original balloon method and the new method in seven hepatolithiasis
      patients. The new method was superior for visualization of the right intrahepatic
      ducts. Although there were no significant differences in the amount of filling of
      the left intrahepatic ducts, the new method provided an unobstructed view since
      the endoscope was out of the way. Harmful rapid increase of intraductal pressure
      and excessive injection of contrast medium were avoided by fluoroscopically
      controlled infusion. No serious complications were encountered.

PMID- 4007436
TI  - Adrenocorticosteroid therapy and gastroduodenal lesions.
AB  - Gastroduodenoscopy was performed in 25 patients with various disorders, such as
      liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and ulcerative colitis, to assess the
      effects of corticosteroids on the stomach and duodenum. The main criterion for
      entry into the trial was the absence of open ulcer, healed ulcer, erosion, or
      bleeding from the stomach or duodenum on pretreatment endoscopy performed within
      48 hours before administration of corticosteroids. Endoscopy repeated at 2 to 4
      weeks disclosed gastroduodenal lesions in 11 cases (44%)and no lesion in 14 cases
      (56%). The gastroduodenal lesions observed in 11 cases are as follows: one
      gastric ulcer (4.0%), six gastric erosions (24.0%), two gastroduodenal erosions
      (8.0%), and two duodenal erosions (8.0%). A lack of correlation between the
      patients' subjective complaints and endoscopic findings indicates the
      unreliability of patients' complaints and the importance of endoscopy in
      assessing gastroduodenal lesions. There were no differences in the total and
      average daily doses of corticosteroid between a group with gastric and/ or
      duodenal lesions and a group without such lesions. Corticosteroids may produce
      gastroduodenal lesions, regardless of the dose.

PMID- 4007437
TI  - Endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancer: an analysis of 872 cases in China.
AB  - Endoscopic examination was performed on 15,888 selected cases between 1974 and
      1981 in Hunan Province of China. Eight hundred and seventy-two cases (5.5%) of
      gastric cancer were suspected endoscopically. Twenty-seven of these 872 cases
      (3.1% of total gastric cancers) were early gastric cancers. Six hundred and
      seventy-one of the 872 cases were further investigated, and 661 were proved,
      giving a 98.5% positive rate. The authors collected a total of 92,190 endoscopic
      examination cases in China; 7,379 cases (8.0%) were gastric cancer, and 219 of
      these 7,379 were early cases (3% of all gastric cancer). The results compared
      with the reports from the United States, Europe, and Japan show that the
      incidence of gastric cancer and detection of early gastric cancer by endoscopy
      were much lower in China, the United States, and Europe than in Japan.

PMID- 4007438
TI  - Polypoid lesions associated with diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon.
AB  - Colonscopy performed in five patients because of narrowing of the sigmoid colon
      with intramural diverticula revealed several bright red, slightly elevated
      patches. In three patients, some bright red polypoid structures 1 cm in size and
      hemispherical in shape were also present. On light microscopy the polyps showed
      the features of transitional mucosa but revealed a different pattern of mucus
      secretion.

PMID- 4007439
TI  - Transluminal dilation of esophageal strictures in infants following atresia
      repair.

PMID- 4007440
TI  - Colonoscopic features of cecal amebomas.

PMID- 4007441
TI  - Mechanical lithotripsy of common bile duct stones.

PMID- 4007442
TI  - Pneumatic device for the automated advancement of the fiberoptic endoscope for
      total colonoscopy--a preliminary report.

PMID- 4007443
TI  - Enteroscopy and small bowel biopsy--an improved technique for the diagnosis of
      small bowel disease.

PMID- 4007444
TI  - Informed consent and the gastrointestinal endoscopist.
AB  - The gastrointestinal endoscopist should be familiar with the Doctrine of Informed
      Consent. Although the concept is difficult to apply clinically, a reasonable
      approach is presented to the endoscopist. The ultimate goals of informed consent
      are shared decision making and self-determination, but it is important that the
      endoscopist also consider the potential legal liability when obtaining informed
      consent.

PMID- 4007445
TI  - The electrocoagulation forceps is ideal for the diagnosis and management of small
      vascular abnormalities of the cecal area.

PMID- 4007446
TI  - Balloon dilation of esophageal strictures.

PMID- 4007447
TI  - The Barrett stricture.

PMID- 4007448
TI  - Esophageal leiomyoma.

PMID- 4007450
TI  - Ileal volvulus following colonoscopy.

PMID- 4007449
TI  - Hypnosis for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

PMID- 4007451
TI  - [Additional skeletal elements in the nasal skull structure of Phocoena phocoena
      and the development of the nasal region in toothed whales].
AB  - Small nasal ossicles, occasionally occurring on the caudal border of the
      premaxillary bones in Phocoena and some other toothed whales (Odontoceti) up to
      now, were considered the remnants of maxilloturbinalia. The latter, however,
      originate from the cartilaginous lateral wall of the embryonal nasal capsule,
      whereas the ossicles mentioned are remnants of the nasal floor cartilages. These
      additional nasal structures are homologous with the lamina transversalis
      anterior, and also contain the material of the cartilago paraseptalis. In
      comparison with the quadrupedal terrestrial mammals, the skull of odontocetes
      shows some important differences in development. In the nasal region, the nasal
      tract is shifted backward from the top of the snout to the vertex of the head,
      while the bony rostrum projects far forward. These changes can already be
      observed during the early morphogenesis of skull. We have examined embryos of
      Phocoena, Lagenorhynchus, and Monodon, 16 different developmental stages
      altogether, representing the most complete material ever examined for this
      purpose. There is a marked developmental trend from a complicated nasal capsule,
      consisting of many isolated cartilages, to a simple reduced structure, being
      composed of some fused cartilages only. Whereas Monodon, Lagenorhynchus, and
      Globicephala still possess some of the original ancestral features, common to all
      mammals, Phocoena in this respect is the most advanced odontocete which has been
      investigated so far. In Phocoena, the tectum nasi and the lateral wall of the
      nasal capsule are widely reconstructed in embryonal life, turned upright and
      displaced caudally; thus it lies immediately in front of neurocranium. The floor
      of the original nasal capsule persists in 2 elements only, the lamina
      transversalis anterior and the paraseptal cartilage, both largely fusing with
      each other and losing their connection with the lateral nasal wall. During early
      morphogenesis they move to the top of the head, expanding along the upper border
      of the nasal septum. Together with the rostral part of the nasal septum, they
      join in the prolongation of the dolphin head and hold the space for the
      exoskeletal dermal bones which develop later. There is a direct connection
      between the lamina transversalis anterior and the premaxillary bone, as well as
      between the cartilago paraseptalis and the vomer. These topographical
      relationships persist until the adult stage of odontocetes.

PMID- 4007452
TI  - [Ontogeny and morphology of the round window and aqueduct of cochlea in Tupaia
      and other mammals].
AB  - Studied the morphogenesis of the Fenestra rotunda and of the Aquaeductus cochleae
      in a series of 23 dated embryos and postnatal stages of Tupaia belangeri. The
      ontogeny of the Fenestra rotunda is the result of the caudal growth of the
      Processus recessus (DE BEER 1937). The Processus arises from the caudal ridge of
      the floor of the cochlear part of the otic capsule. On the 28th d of ontogeny
      (the gestation period of Tupaia belangeri is 43 d), it is fused with the lateral
      edge of the parachordal plate. On the 40th d, the Processus recessus joins the
      ventral surface of the canalicular part of the otic capsule, which develops a
      small cartilaginous process to meet it. In Tupaia, the Processus recessus is a
      large cartilaginous plate in a nearly horizontal position. It does not reach the
      plane of the Foramen perilymphaticum. The Processus recessus can be regarded as a
      part of the parachordal plate that was shifted laterally together with the
      Recessus scalae tympani by the enlargement of the cochlear part of the otic
      capsule in the ancestors of living mammals. The Processus forms the floor of the
      Aquaeductus cochleae, by which the laterally shifted Recessus scalae tympani of
      mammals remains connected with the cranial cavity. The Aquaeductus cochleae
      contains the Ductus perilymphaticus connecting the Cavum perilymphaticum of the
      inner ear with the Cavum leptomeningeum. The Fenestra rotunda of mammals is
      homologous with the lateral aperture of the Recessus scalae tympani of reptiles.
      In some mammals (e.g. Micropotamogale), the Membrana tympani secundaria spans the
      lateral aperture of the Recessus scalae tympani, as in many reptiles. Both the
      Membrana tympani secundaria of reptiles and that of mammals are homologous.
      Secondarily, in a large number of therian mammals (e.g. Myotis [Frick 1952]), the
      tympanic cavity extends into the Recessus scalae tympani displacing the Membrana
      tympani secundaria medially from the lateral aperture of the Recessus scalae
      tympani (= Fenestra rotunda of mammals) and even into the plane of the Foramen
      perilymphaticum. Thereby the Fossula fenestrae rotundae is formed, which in
      bounded medially by the Membrana tympani secundaria.

PMID- 4007453
TI  - [Types of error and error propagation in morphometry].
AB  - It is in morphometry, too, that errors of measurement are liable to occur. This
      paper shows the types of error involved and how they may propagate when the
      primary measuring data are used for the calculation of further quantities of
      interest. Finally, there is shown the relation of inaccuracies due to measuring
      errors to the uncertainties of a particular result which have their origin in
      biological variability. The examples furnished have been taken from histological
      volumetry using the target method, from karyometry, and from osteometry.

PMID- 4007454
TI  - [The cause of growth processes].
AB  - Transformation of fundamental ideas of physics into the biology has created
      biodynamics. In this paper, biodynamics has brought into a greater frame of
      physics and biology, and so stand out the connections at heart between both
      branches of knowledge. By the help of the idea of force, it will be possible to
      develop a bio-technics out of the bio-science, similar the developing of technics
      out of the physics.

PMID- 4007455
TI  - Functional comparative histology. 1. Communication: comparative and functional
      aspects of histology.
AB  - Comparative histology demonstrates the different ways through which a function
      can be performed by one or more structures. The functional approach offers the
      widest comparison, much wider than any morphologic comparison would be able to
      do. The function adds the physiological and biochemical approach to the picture.
      Histochemistry bridges the gap between both, the comparative and functional
      aspect, as well as tissue and organ culture. The tissues show a variation in
      their phylogenetic age of appearance and taxonomic distribution. Comparative
      functional histology is a basic science of the various biological disciplines.
      Comparative functional histology is also a basic pillar of experimental
      pathology. The functional frame of comparative histology has been outlined. The
      following communications of the series listed below will give a detailed
      description of special aspects of comparative functional histology.

PMID- 4007456
TI  - [Structure of the epithelium in the large milk ducts and milk sinuses of the
      bovine udder].
AB  - The two-layered epithelium of the large milk ducts and the milk sinus of the
      bovine udder were studied by light and electron microscopy. Whereas the cells of
      the basal cell layer are poor in cell organelles, the cells of the apical layer
      shows many cell organelles and microvilli at the surface. This hints at processes
      of reabsorption through the apical cell layer. Together with the fast junctional
      complex between the cells, this confirmes the function of the epithelium as a
      barrier within the local defense system of the bovine udder.

PMID- 4007457
TI  - The skull in normal and pugheaded females of the mosquitofish Heterandria formosa
      Agassiz, 1853 (teleostei, poeciliidae).
AB  - Normal and pugheaded skulls in Heterandria formosa were studied by a modified
      Spalteholz-method, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray projection microscopy.
      Pugheadedness was examined for the first time in this fish species. X-ray
      projection microscopy quickly produces useful results of fish morphology. The
      modified Spalteholz-method, however, has a higher resolution and single bones and
      bone sutures can be demonstrated. In pugheaded skulls of Heterandria formosa the
      neurocranium and upper jaw are shortened, whereas the lower jaw usually remains
      unaltered. The pugheadedness in H. formosa involves not only a shortening of the
      vomer, parasphenoid, and maxillaries, but also by displacement and/or curve of
      the nasals, frontals, vomer, and palatines. For these reasons, the forehead is
      upraised and steep in pugheads. The origin of pugheadedness is discussed.

PMID- 4007458
TI  - Ultimobranchial gland structure in some species of squamata.
AB  - Calotes versicolor has single gland on the left side in neck region, just
      anterior to heart, while Ptyas mucosus and Bungarus caeruleus have 2 equal-sized
      glands located in the thyro-thymic region. The gland was spheroidal and measured
      0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Size of the gland varied individually in relation to
      the body size. The gland was composed of cell masses and follicles, and was well
      vascularized. Histology of the gland showed marked individual variation. Ciliated
      and goblet cells were present.

PMID- 4007459
TI  - [Steroid hormone receptors in normal, dystrophic, dysplastic and carcinomatous
      vulva tissues].
AB  - We employed the agar gel electrophoresis method to determine in 63 samples of
      vulva tissue the cytoplasmatic receptors for oestradiol, dihydrotestosterone and
      dexamethasone. Tissues with a binding capacity of more than 5 femtomol/mg (fmol =
      10(-15) mol) cell proteins were considered receptor positive. The study comprised
      17 normal tissues of the vulva, 13 vulva biopsies at the end of the pregnancy
      period, 7 dystrophically changed tissues, 11 premalignant changes of the vulva
      and 15 squamous cell carcinomas. In normal as well as in benign or malignantly
      changed vulva, specific receptors were found for all the four steroids (ER, PR,
      DHTR, DExaR). Receptors were most frequent in normal vulva tissue (ER = 94%, PR =
      54%, DHTR = 38%, DexaR = 83%) with binding-capacities of 8-650 fmol/mg cell
      proteins. ER levels were higher during the postmenopausal period than during the
      premenopausal period. In dystrophia the receptor pattern was almost the same as
      in healthy tissue. Biopsies conducted at the end of the pregnancy period showed
      in all cases despite the high endogenous oestrogen levels positive ER values up
      to 875 fmol/mg cell proteins, whereas PR and DTHR were present in only 20% or 25%
      with low binding capacities. Loss of receptors, particularly of PR, was seen in
      premalignant changes (dysplasia of vulva, carcinoma in situ) and in case of
      squamous cell carcinomas. On comparing the receptor distribution of clinically
      changed vulva tissue with healthy tissue we found only differences by degree but
      no fundamental differences in principle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007460
TI  - [Morphologic changes in cervix smears by intrauterine pessary].
AB  - 656 cervical smears and 74 endocervical biopsies were studied for morphological
      alterations associated with the presence of an intrauterine device. 12,085
      cervical smears served as a control for inflammatory and metaplastic cellular
      changes. Slight to moderate cellular alterations were found in 202 (31%) out of
      656 cases. Metaplastic and inflammatory lesions were identified in 26 (35%) out
      of 74 endocervical biopsies. We found no increased incidence of dysplastic
      lesions in women wearing an intrauterine device. Inflammatory and metaplastic
      cellular alterations have been seen more frequently in women with IUD than in the
      controls. The duration of time the IUD were in situ, did not have an effect on
      the cellular alterations. "Actinomyces-like" organisms were described in 38 (6%)
      out of 656 cases. The cytopathologist may be able to identify an "IUD-related"
      specimen in about one third of PAP-smears from women with an IUD, when he is
      aware that cervical smears from women having IUD may present with cellular
      alterations.

PMID- 4007461
TI  - [Value of conization in the therapy of carcinoma in situ].
AB  - The volumes of cone biopsies of 156 patients with primary diagnosed carcinoma in
      situ of the cervix uteri were compared with the histological findings of cone
      biopsies and subsequent cervicectomy. The therapeutic result did not depend
      essentially on the size of cone biopsy, but rather on including the transitional
      area and endocervical epithelium together with electrocoagulation. The
      coagulation produces a security zone which significantly increases the effective
      volume of the cone biopsy.

PMID- 4007462
TI  - [Changes in the orientation in indications for hysterectomy--presented with the
      example of prolapse].
AB  - Hysterectomies, as well as conservative surgery of the uterus (where indication
      might have been in favour of hysterectomy), were analysed according to case
      records during two periods, from 1960 to 1963 and from 1978 to 1980, at the
      Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Hannover University. In the second
      period the average number of hysterectomies pro year doubled, whereas the
      conservative uterine surgery showed a definite decline. Descensus was diagnosed
      in 48.5% of the hysterectomies performed during the second period compared to
      13.6% during first period. Prolapse frequency was about the same in both groups.
      In the second period, 97.7% of the descensus operations were combined with
      hysterectomy, whereas this applied in the first period to only 24.3%. The results
      show a definite tendency towards extending the indication for hysterectomy. In
      the second period, sterilisation and carcinoma prophylaxis were additionally
      considered as indications for surgery.

PMID- 4007463
TI  - [Suprapubic urinary diversion following gynecologic operations].
AB  - In a prospective study the results of postoperative urinary discharge by
      suprapubic catheterisation (SC) are compared with those of transurethral
      catheterisation (TC) in a randomised collective of gynaecological patients after
      vaginal hysterectomy with front (resp. front and back) plastic. During November
      1979 and September 1980 157 patients were examined, 88 patients by suprapubic
      catheterisation and 69 by transurethral catheterisation, with random
      distribution. Additionally, 430 other patients with suprapubic aspiration after
      vaginal hysterectomy with front and/or back plastic performed between September
      1980 and October 1982 were examined retrospectively especially under the aspect
      of possible complications. The advantages of suprapubic urinary discharge are
      shown in the significantly reduced rate of primary infections. 20.5 per cent of
      infections are opposed to 67.1 per cent in the comparative group with TC.
      Spontaneous miction was possible in the SC group two days earlier than in the
      group of TC (5.2 days opposed to 7.35 days). Additional drug treatment for
      restitution of the bladder function was more often necessary for patients with
      TC, although the results with 43.5 per cent against 29.5 per cent in the SC
      collective are not significant. The number of renewed catheterisations after
      removal of the catheter was higher by 27 per cent in the group of patients with
      SC. Subjective complaints were stated by patients with TC in 66.7 per cent
      against 18.2 per cent of women with SC. This result is significant. In the TC
      collective there were significantly more patients with leucocyturia (88.5 per
      cent against 48.7 per cent). Antibiotic treatment of an urinary tract infection
      with typical symptoms was necessary in 35.8 per cent for patients with TC and in
      14.1 per cent for women with SC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007464
TI  - [Why are claims about the reliability of the temperature method so variable?].

PMID- 4007465
TI  - [Anatomy of the visceral fascia of the pelvis from the didactic viewpoint].
AB  - The fascia-like formations of the pelvic subserosum are unsatisfactorily
      interpreted by the classical interpretations of "hypogastric gain" or
      "fibroglia". However, these two opposing concepts can be reconciled if the
      connective tissue of the female minor pelvis is not seen as a unit but rather as
      a complex structure. In the surroundings of the pathways directed towards, or
      originating from, the pelvic viscera, ontogenesis results in a densification of
      the at first very loose connective tissue and eventually in the formation of
      fascia-like structures. Hence, these are not primarily basic structures of the
      vessels and nerves, but originate wherever pathways are already present. Three
      "roads" lead from three roots in three planes to the inner genital. The road of
      the veins runs in a "transverse" plane ("horizontal" plane in the standing woman)
      to the lateral pelvic wall. This is responsible for the formation of the
      ligamentum cardinale which has been described as the central part of the
      "fibroglia". The arterial road runs craniocaudally in a "frontal" plane. The
      branches of the hypogastric artery (a. iliaca interna) have taken densified webs
      of fascia with them which produce the pattern of "hypogastric gain". The
      neurovegetative road originates at the sacrum at the foramina sacralia anteriora,
      and is in "sagittal" position. Loose connective tissue remains between the
      densification zones, and it is here where surgery can be performed practically
      without causing any trauma.

PMID- 4007466
TI  - [Purely mesenchymal homologous uterus sarcomas (leiomyosarcomas and endometrial
      stroma sarcomas) at the Zurich University Gynecologic Hospital].
AB  - From 1960 through 1983 sixty-four so-called pure mesenchymal homologous sarcomas
      of the uterus were observed at the Women's University Hospital Zurich. A review
      of the histological slides revealed that only 40 cases represented true sarcomas
      according to the contemporary diagnostic criteria. These were 25 leiomyosarcomas
      and 15 endometrial stromal sarcomas. Leiomyosarcomas: The leading symptoms in
      these patients are uncharacteristic abdominal pain (15/25) as well as bleeding
      disturbances (11/25), the latter being present with equal frequency in the pre-
      and post-menopause. In 7 of the 11 patients with bleeding abnormalities the
      diagnosis was already made on examination of curettings, in all the other
      patients after laparotomy only. Sixteen patients had Stage I, four Stage III and
      five Stage IV tumors. The treatment consisted in surgery alone (9/25), surgery
      combined with radiotherapy (11/25) or with chemotherapy (2/25) as well as
      radiotherapy alone (1/25). In two cases no therapy was undertaken because of
      advanced cachexia of the patients. Only three patients are still alive without
      recurrence 4 to 12 years after the diagnosis, all had Stage I tumors. Endometrial
      stromal sarcomas: In these patients bleeding abnormalities represent the leading
      symptom (14/15), especially postmenopausal bleeding (13/14). In all cases with
      vaginal bloody discharge the diagnosis was made on examination of the curettings,
      in a single case after laparotomy only. Eight patients had Stage I, three Stage
      II, three Stage III and one Stage IV tumors. The treatment consisted of surgery
      alone (4/15) or in combination with radiotherapy (4/15), radiotherapy alone
      (6/15) and chemotherapy alone (1/15).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007467
TI  - [Value of the early detection of endometrial cancer by intra-uterine cell
      sampling with the Mi-Mark spiral].
AB  - This report describes the results of a feasibility study of detection endometrial
      carcinoma in a population of 256 women, age 45 and above (221 patients with
      abnormal bleeding, 35 asymptomatic women). All of the asymptomatic women had a
      negative endometrial cytology. The microscopic examination of the curettings of
      patients with abnormal bleeding was correlated to the endometrial cytology. 13
      adenocarcinomas, 2 sarcomas, but only 3 of 8 adenomatous hyperplasias, 2 of 4
      circumscribed adenocarcinomas and none of 2 high differentiated adenoakanthomas
      were predicted by the cytological examination. The endouterine cell sampling is
      only effective in exophytic or broad endophytic growing adenocarcinomas. For
      precancerous conditions or early cancerous changes is the endouterine cell
      sampling not quite accurate. The routine use of endometrial cytology from the
      uterine cavity area is apparently not justified for early detection of
      endometrial carcinomas.

PMID- 4007468
TI  - [Experiences with a transverse lower rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap. A
      new method for breast reconstruction].
AB  - The transversal lower rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap is presented as a new
      method in reconstruction surgery of the female breast. Attention is drawn to the
      problems associated with breast reconstruction, as seen against the background of
      this new method. Anatomy, indications, and surgical technique are presented. From
      the experiences collected so far with 10 cases, it can be concluded that the
      rectus flap is a valuable alternative to the latissimus dorsi flap and to
      reconstruction with silicone protheses. If the conditions for performing the
      rectus flap graft are fulfilled, this method may deserve preference in our
      opinion. The occurrence of four necroses of the tips, which may be considered as
      a typical complication, may in all probability be reduced by a more sophisticated
      surgical technique.

PMID- 4007469
TI  - [Changes in the psychosomatic status following operative augmentation and
      reduction of the female breast. Catamnestic study from the operative-gynecologic
      and psychosomatic viewpoints].
AB  - We performed preoperatively a psychiatric and psychosomatic exploration of women
      who came to us with a request for performing breast-corrective surgery. 18 months
      after the operation, these women were again examined both gynaecologically and
      psychosomatically. Subsequent to a postoperative course without complications and
      with primary wound healing, 88% of the surgically treated women considered the
      result to be in accordance with their expectations, and the size of their breast
      as adequate. Analysis of variance of the personality data reveals that patients
      with hypoplasia or hyperplasia of the breast do not differ from each other in
      respect of their personality characteristics. Preoperatively, the patients
      assessed themselves on the average very negatively with regard to social
      resonance, and proved to be very depressive. After plastic surgery of the breast,
      i.e. after anatomic correction, definite changes are seen in the mental field. A
      significant improvement is noticeable in the way the patients experience
      themselves, their body, and their self-value. The same also applies to the
      experience of their sexuality, to social relationships and social resonance,
      social potency, and partner relationship. All these were assessed by the patients
      as considerably improved (significant on the 1% level).

PMID- 4007470
TI  - [Metastatic breast cancer with involvement of the bone marrow, uterus and
      ovaries. A case report on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures].
AB  - The article reports on a clinically unusual case of a patient with carcinoma of
      the breast. The "initial sign" of the disease was relapsed hypermenorrhoic
      permanent bleeding with severe bleeding anaemia caused by a metastatic growth in
      the uterus. Surgery or cytostatic treatment did not seem possible at the outset,
      because thrombocytopenia (21,000/nl) progressed rapidly, associated with
      disseminated bone marrow metastases. The diagnostic and therapeutic procedure is
      described and discussed.

PMID- 4007471
TI  - [Neutropenia and neutrophil antibodies in children].

PMID- 4007472
TI  - [Hematological aspects of splenectomy in lymphogranulomatosis].

PMID- 4007473
TI  - [The hematological data bank and its use in medicine].

PMID- 4007474
TI  - [Plasma androgens and 17 beta-estradiol of the Pyrenean urodele Euproctus asper
      during the period of reproduction].
AB  - The concentration of plasma androgens (A) and 17 beta-estradiol (E) in both males
      and females of Euproctus asper from June to November was determined by
      radioimmunoassay. The levels of androgens in males varied from a maximum of 980
      ng/100 ml in June to a minimum of 172.5 ng/100 ml in July. A small increase was
      observed in September and a decrease in October-November. The concentration of
      androgens in females was comparable to that of males at the end of the cycle: 320
      ng/100 ml; the values were high (470 ng/100 ml) in July and decreased to a
      minimum (80 ng) in September. The values of 17 beta-estradiol in females showed a
      different pattern during the reproductive cycle. The concentration was at a
      maximum in September, at the same time of the low concentration of androgens. In
      the males, the concentration of estradiol was very low (less than 17 ng/100 ml).
      Measurements of adenohypophysial volume and gonadotrophic cell diameter are
      discussed with respect to levels of circulating steroids.

PMID- 4007475
TI  - Comparative plasma levels of androgens and 17 beta-estradiol in the diploid and
      triploid newt, Pleurodeles waltl.
AB  - Seasonal changes in the plasma levels of androgens (testosterone plus
      dihydrotestosterone) and 17 beta-estradiol in diploid and triploid adult newts,
      Pleurodeles waltl were studied. In both male and female diploid individuals,
      large variations were reported with highest levels being found during breeding
      periods. In triploid newts seasonal variations were also found, similar to the
      diploid ones, but the plasma concentrations of the 17 beta-estradiol and
      androgens in triploid females and androgens in triploid males were lower
      throughout the year than those reported for the diploids. This difference is
      discussed in relation to the genetic sexual constitution.

PMID- 4007476
TI  - Androgen and estrogen levels in the plasma of Pleurodeles waltl, Michah., during
      the annual cycle. I. Male cycle.
AB  - Sex steroid levels in the plasma of the male Pleurodeles waltl were determined by
      radioimmunoassay of blood samples taken monthly from each newt during an 18-month
      period. Androgen levels varied according to season with annual peaks in October
      November and in March. The position of these two peaks was the same in the 2
      years studied. Testosterone was the principal androgen measured, while the levels
      of dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstenedione were lower but fluctuated in
      parallel with that of testosterone. The 17 beta-estradiol levels were very low or
      undetectable. Androgen levels during the year were synchronous between the
      several newts studied. The cyclical variations in the steroid levels agreed with
      the morphological modifications of sexual characteristics during the annual
      cycle.

PMID- 4007477
TI  - Identification of epitestosterone in the plasma and testis of the lizard Tiliqua
      (Trachydosaurus) rugosa.
AB  - Blood and testicular extracts of the scincid lizard Tiliqua (Trachydosaurus)
      rugosa were analyzed using thin-layer, column, and high-performance liquid
      chromatography. The major androgens isolated were epitestosterone, testosterone,
      and androstenedione. Epitestosterone was characterized by chromatography in
      several systems, and by derivative formation. Epitestosterone was further
      identified in testicular extracts by gas chromatographymass spectrometry.
      Immunoreactive material was detected in tissue extracts using an antiserum
      specific to epitestosterone. The maximum concentration of epitestosterone in
      blood, measured by radioimmunoassay, was four times that of testosterone
      (approximately 900 and 200 nmol/l, respectively). Epitestosterone could not be
      detected in the blood of intact females and the concentration of this steroid was
      low in castrate males. The maximum testicular concentrations (pmol/testis) were
      390 (nonincubated) and 2050 (incubated) for epitestosterone, and 2025
      (nonincubated) and 1040 (incubated) for testosterone. Both plasma and testicular
      concentrations showed considerable seasonal variation. The identification of
      endogenous epitestosterone confirms the results of earlier investigations using
      radioactive substrates. The occurrence of this steroid as a major product of the
      testis in T. rugosa is discussed in relation to androgens in reptiles and other
      vertebrates.

PMID- 4007478
TI  - Role of progesterone in the control of female sexual receptivity in Anolis
      carolinensis.
AB  - The synergism of progesterone (P) with estrogen (estradiol benzoate, EB) in the
      facilitation of receptivity in female green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis)
      is independent of time since ovariectomy, but is dependent on the time interval
      between EB and P administration and on the time of year. There is a brief window
      of time during which P facilitates receptivity in females primed with a
      subthreshold dose of EB. Sexual receptivity is induced if the time interval
      between EB and P is 24 hr but not if it is 48 hr. Furthermore, female A.
      carolinensis appear to be more sensitive to hormone treatment during different
      times of the year. Ovariectomized green anole females injected with EB and P
      during the summer are sexually receptive, but if given the same hormone regimen
      during the winter, they remain unreceptive.

PMID- 4007479
TI  - Effects of timed melatonin injections on reproduction in pinealectomized
      Peromyscus leucopus.
AB  - Fifty reproductively mature female pinealectomized or sham-operated white-footed
      mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were injected daily for 7 weeks with 50 micrograms
      melatonin at 12 hr after lights on. The injections started either on the day
      following surgery or 2 weeks after surgery. All mice were maintained at room
      temperature under long-day photoperiod (LD 16:8). Pinealectomized and sham
      operated mice injected immediately following surgery and sham-operated mice
      injected beginning 2 weeks after surgery had reduced reproductive tract weights
      (30 +/- 6, 33 +/- 6, and 33 +/- 3 mg, respectively) compared to the
      pinealectomized mice injected beginning 2 weeks after surgery (78 +/- 8 mg). In a
      second study 74 pinealectomized or sham-operated mice were injected at either 2,
      7.5, 12, or 15 hr after lights on with 50 micrograms melatonin. Irrespective of
      surgical treatment, mice injected at 15 hr had a mean (+/- SE) reproductive tract
      weight (33 +/- 10 mg) which was substantially less than the 2-hr group (78 +/- 17
      mg) while the 7.5- and 12-hr groups were intermediate (P less than 0.001).
      Pinealectomized and sham-operated animals responded similarly to melatonin
      injections at these four time points (P less than 0.35). The clearance rate of
      plasma melatonin after a single 50-micrograms melatonin injection or after 2
      weeks of daily injections at either 2 or 12 hr after lights on was determined.
      Melatonin concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid
      chromatography and radioimmunoassay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007480
TI  - Effects of time, photoperiod, and pinealectomy on ocular and plasma melatonin
      concentrations in the chick.
AB  - Pinealectomized and intact chicks raised under cyclic (14L:10D) and noncyclic
      (OL;24L) conditions of environmental lighting were sampled 60 hr and 6 weeks
      after pinealectomy to evaluate the effects of pineal ablation on plasma and
      ocular melatonin concentrations. Little or no immunoreactive melatonin was
      present in plasma 60 hr after pinealectomy, while appreciable amounts (38-70% of
      control values) were measurable 6 weeks later. We also found photoperiod to be an
      important variable in determining the relative amounts of melatonin present in
      the eyes and the pineal gland. At night or in continuous darkness, the eyes
      contain proportionately larger amounts of melatonin; by day, or in continuous
      light, they contain less. Finally, it was determined that pinealectomy
      significantly increases ocular melatonin concentrations (+ 62-80%) in chicks
      raised in the 14L:10D and 24L environments. These results show that compensatory
      mechanisms exist for maintaining circulating levels of melatonin in the absence
      of the pineal, and that they require some time to develop. Furthermore, there
      appears to be a dynamic interrelationship between the eyes and the pineal gland
      in terms of melatonin production. This is evidenced by the differential effects
      of environmental lighting on melatonin concentrations in these tissues and by the
      increased ocular concentrations of melatonin in pinealectomized animals.

PMID- 4007481
TI  - Effect of photic manipulation on the level of melatonin in the retinas of frogs
      (Rana tigrina regulosa).
AB  - The level of melatonin in the frog (Rana tigrina regulosa) retina was studied at
      midlight and middark in a 12L:12D cycle and under different lighting conditions.
      It was found that the frog displayed a diurnal rhythm of melatonin in the retina
      with high levels in the dark period. When the animal was subjected to an extended
      dark period, the level of retinal melatonin was significantly (P less than 0.05)
      increased. In addition, the normal low level of retinal melatonin in the light
      period was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased after dark treatment, and
      the normal high level of retinal melatonin in the dark period was significantly
      (P less than 0.05) lowered following light exposure. These results suggest that
      synthesis and secretion of melatonin in the frog retina is controlled by
      environmental lighting. This supports the hypothesis that melatonin plays an
      important role in the regulation of the photomechanical changes of eye
      pigmentation, an important element in the control of light sensitivity and acuity
      in the eyes of vertebrates. Moreover, these findings suggest that the
      photoreceptor may be a neuroendocrine or neurohumoral transducer which transduces
      the environmental lighting into neuroendocrine or neurohumoral secretion,
      melatonin.

PMID- 4007482
TI  - In vitro bioconversion of [14C]androstenedione by testes of the Siamese fighting
      fish Betta splendens Regan (Anabantoidei, Belontiidae).
AB  - Minced testes of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens were incubated with
      [14C]androstenedione at 27 degrees C for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. The metabolic
      products were characterized by paper and thin-layer chromatography, derivative
      formation, and eventually by crystallization to constant specific activity. After
      2 hr of incubation 80.5% of total radioactivity was converted to 11-oxygenated
      androgens. 11-Ketotestosterone was the main metabolite (56.2%). Our data suggest
      the existence of two biosynthetic pathways for the formation of 11
      ketotestosterone from androstenedione. The sequence androstenedione---
      testosterone----11 beta-hydroxytestosterone----11-ketotestosterone predominates.
      To a lesser extent 11 beta-hydroxylation takes place as the first step--followed
      by formation of 11 beta-hydroxytestosterone and its subsequent oxidation to 11
      ketotestosterone.

PMID- 4007483
TI  - Evidence for a positive feedback interaction between progesterone and luteinizing
      hormone in the induction of ovulation in the hen, Gallus domesticus.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that progesterone (P4) acts
      to induce a preovulatory rise of luteinizing hormone (LH) by initiating a true
      positive feedback interaction between P4 and LH. In each experiment, ten hens
      were stereotaxically implanted with a third ventricle cannula. Aminoglutethimide
      phosphate (AGP), an inhibitor of steroidogenesis, was administered (200 mg iv) to
      hens at 10 and 6 hr (Experiment 1) and 10 and 7 hr (Experiment 2) before an
      expected C1 ovulation. A 20-micrograms injection of P4 (n = 5) or the vehicle (n
      = 5) was made intraventricularly at 6 hr (Experiment 1) or 7 hr (Experiment 2)
      before the expected ovulation. Blood samples were taken via branchial vein
      cannula at regular intervals after the injection. In Experiment 1, four of five
      P4-treated hens ovulated, and no atretic follicles were found in any of the five
      P4-treated hens, including the one which did not ovulate. Ovulations were always
      accompanied by preovulatory LH peaks. By comparison, none of the vehicle-injected
      animals ovulated and in four of five hens the largest follicle was determined to
      be atretic. No ovulations occurred in Experiment 2 for either the P4- or vehicle
      injected hens. Atresia of the largest follicle occurred in all five hens in the
      P4-treated group and four of five hens of the vehicle-treated group. The
      difference in results between Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 can be explained
      assuming that the steroidogenesis-inhibiting action of the initial AGP injection
      in Experiment 1 (at 10 hr before ovulation) had diminished prior to the second
      AGP treatment (at 6 h before ovulation).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007484
TI  - Gene genealogy and variance of interpopulational nucleotide differences.
AB  - A mathematical theory is developed for computing the probability that m genes
      sampled from one population (species) and n genes sampled from another are
      derived from l genes that existed at the time of population splitting. The
      expected time of divergence between the two most closely related genes sampled
      from two different populations and the time of divergence (coalescence) of all
      genes sampled are studied by using this theory. It is shown that the time of
      divergence between the two most closely related genes can be used as an
      approximate estimate of the time of population splitting (T) only when T
      identical to t/(2N) is small, where t and N are the number of generations and the
      effective population size, respectively. The variance of Nei and Li's estimate
      (d) of the number of net nucleotide differences between two populations is also
      studied. It is shown that the standard error (Sd) of d is larger than the mean
      when T is small (T much less than 1). In this case, Sd is reduced considerably by
      increasing sample size. When T is large (T greater than 1), however, a large
      proportion of the variance of d is caused by stochastic factors, and increase in
      the sample size does not help to reduce Sd. To reduce the stochastic variance of
      d, one must use data from many independent unlinked gene loci.

PMID- 4007485
TI  - [Assessment of the genetic risk of radiation by irradiation data from laboratory
      mammals].
AB  - An attempt has been made to assess quantitatively genetic risk of radiation for
      man based on mammalian (mostly mouse) data and using the direct method proposed
      by UNSCEAR. The parameter employed was induction of reciprocal translocations.
      Two assumptions were made: human radiosensitivity equals that of the mouse; and
      dose-response is linear. From observations with acute gamma irradiation the
      estimate of risk per 10(-2) Gy was as follows: 39 translocation heterozygotes are
      expected among one million F1 conceptions, 5 cases of multiple congenital
      anomalies, 25 abortions recorded and 49 unrecorded. Chronic gamma irradiation at
      dose rates of 1.3 X 10(-5), 1.7 X 10(-4) and 1.0 X 10(-4) Gy/min was 3 to 10
      times less effective. Exposure to 4.2 GeV deuterons proved inferior in
      effectiveness to gamma irradiation. Chronic exposure to 4.1 MeV neutrons
      delivered at 8 X 10(-4) Gy/min showed 7 times the effectiveness of chronic gamma
      irradiation. Administration of tritiated water (from 37 to 37 X 10(2) kBq/g b.w.)
      to rats entailed a risk of the same order of magnitude as external chronic gamma
      irradiation. Reduction of genetic risk was achieved by pretreatment with either
      AFT-, ATP-serotonin mixtures or the molecular combinations, Adeturon and
      Cytriphos. Study of interspecies differences in genetic radiosensitivity showed
      decline in the following order: rat-rabbit-mouse-Syrian hamster. A dose-rate
      effect was most clearly seen in the rat, and least clearly in the rabbit. In
      female mice, examination of oocyte depletion indicated primary follicles to be
      highly susceptible to acute gamma irradiation; decrease in sensitivity was
      observed beginning with stage 4. Chronic gamma irradiation was found to be less
      effective.

PMID- 4007486
TI  - [Distribution of spontaneous and 8-methoxypsoralen-induced sister chromatid
      exchanges along the length of the 1st chromosome of Chinese hamster cells].
AB  - Distributions of spontaneous, induced by monoadducts and induced by crosslinks
      sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) along the first chromosome of Chinese hamster
      cells are nonrandom. All experimental distributions have low frequency of SCE in
      centromeric and telomeric regions. It can be explained by specific structural
      organization of the chromosome. However, there are some differences between
      experimental distributions. Distribution of SCE induced by crosslinks differs
      from that of spontaneous SCE. Distribution of SCE induced by monoadducts, unlike
      other distributions, has an increased frequency of exchanges in the q11 region.
      This region contains several narrow closely disposed G+ bands. It is possible
      that monoadducts lead to increasing SCE frequency on G+-G- junctions.
      Distribution of SCE induced by crosslinks resembles random distribution, except
      centromeric and telomeric regions. These results lead to conclusion that the
      mechanisms of formation of spontaneous, induced by monoadducts and induced by
      crosslinks SCE differ from each other.

PMID- 4007488
TI  - [Induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by cyclophosphamide
      action in vivo and in vitro].
AB  - The dose dependences of chromosome aberrations rate were investigated in
      lymphocytes of oncological patients after cyclophosphamide (CP) administration.
      It was shown that the rate of chromosome aberrations and the number of
      disruptions per cell in vivo and in vitro increases exponentially with the dose.
      At the same time, the parameters of regression equations coincide. This evidences
      that CP has the similar effect in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 4007487
TI  - [Determination of the genetic polymorphism of the 3d complement component (C'3)
      by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].
AB  - A variant of the vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, hitherto not
      applied in determination of C'3, is used. The method allows simultaneous
      determination of the C'3 phenotypes and other serum proteins in human blood. In
      this paper, the influence of aging of the serum samples and of the Tf
      polymorphism on the C'3 electrophoregram is discussed. The gene frequencies in
      Mongolian population (MPR) are: C'3S = 0.9605, C'3F = 0.0375, and the rare
      variants C'3Srare = 0.0013, C'3Frare = 0.0007; in Chukchi these are 1.0, 0.0,
      0.0, respectively; in Eskimos - 0.9556, 0.0222, 0.0111; Evenki - 0.9359, 0.0641,
      0.0; Yakuts - 0.9091, 0.0909, 0.0; Komi-Zyrians - 0.8507, 0.1493, 0.0; Komi
      Permiyak - 0.8176, 0.1698, 0.0068.

PMID- 4007489
TI  - Introgression of extranuclear genomes in finite populations: nucleo-cytoplasmic
      incompatibility.

PMID- 4007490
TI  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in heterozygous kangaroo embryos and
      extra-embryonic membranes.

PMID- 4007491
TI  - High-level expression of M13 gene II protein from an inducible polycistronic
      messenger RNA.
AB  - Bacteriophage M13 gene II has been cloned in the plasmid expression vector pING1
      and thereby placed under the control of the inducible araB promoter of Salmonella
      typhimurium. Upon induction with arabinose, gene II is transcribed as part of a
      polycistronic messenger RNA which initiates at the araB promoter. Subsequent
      translation of this message results in the coordinate, high-level expression of
      several proteins, including the gene II protein. Using this expression system, we
      have been able to overproduce gene II protein to a level of almost 15% of the
      total protein in Escherichia coli cells, thus providing an abundant source for
      its purification.

PMID- 4007493
TI  - Cloning of the nodulation (nod) genes of Rhizobium phaseoli and their homology to
      R. leguminosarum nod DNA.
AB  - In Rhizobium phaseoli strain 8002, a large indigenous plasmid, pRP2JI, had
      previously been shown to carry many of the genes necessary for the induction of
      nitrogen-fixing nodules on Phaseolus beans. A cosmid clone library was
      constructed using DNA from strain 8002. From this library, two overlapping
      recombinant plasmids (pIJ1097 and pIJ1098) were isolated which spanned about 43
      kb of pRP2JI DNA. These plasmids could restore nodulation to some, but not all
      nodulation-deficient strains of R. phaseoli, indicating that the nodulation genes
      were not clustered within one small region of pRP2JI. The cloned R. phaseoli
      nodulation region shared extensive DNA homology with the nodulation genes of R.
      leguminosarum, and on the basis of DNA hybridization, the nitrogenase genes were
      found to be within 10 kb of the R. phaseoli nodulation genes. Close to the
      nodulation genes of R. phaseoli was located a sequence that was repeated on
      pRP2JI but which was not present elsewhere in the genome of strain 8002.

PMID- 4007492
TI  - Introduction of sequences encoding functional human adenosine deaminase into
      mouse cells using a retroviral shuttle system.
AB  - A retroviral packaging system was used to generate a murine virus carrying
      sequences encoding human adenosine deaminase (ADA). To this end, human ADA cDNA
      was inserted into the retroviral shuttle vector pZIP-NeoSV(X)1. This vector
      provides all of the cis-acting sequences necessary for the efficient packaging
      and transmission of the viral genome as well as a selectable gene for G418
      resistance. Transfection of this recombinant plasmid into cells that provide
      essential virus products (psi-2 cells) yielded cell lines that stably produced
      virions carrying the coding sequence of human ADA. We have used these virions to
      infect NIH3T3 cells, which after 48 h synthesized catalytically active human ADA.
      Furthermore, G418-resistant cell lines were obtained from the virus-infected
      NIH3T3 cells that stably produced the human ADA enzyme.

PMID- 4007494
TI  - Sequence polymorphisms around the 5'-end of the silkworm fibroin H-chain gene
      suggesting the occurrence of crossing-over between heteromorphic alleles.
AB  - Nucleotide sequences around the 5'-ends of the silkworm fibroin H-chain genes of
      the three strains, Nd(2), J-139, and F1(Gunka X Hoshun), of Bombyx mori were
      determined. Comparison of the sequences among these strains and the sequences
      reported previously for the two other strains, F1(Gunpo X Shugyoku) and Daizo,
      indicates that polymorphisms are present in the 5'-flanking and intron regions
      and that each region has at least two sequence variants independent of each
      other. These results suggest that crossing over between the heteromorphic H-chain
      alleles has occurred during the breeding of these strains.

PMID- 4007495
TI  - Prostate cancer: toward more rational therapy.

PMID- 4007496
TI  - Dilemmas in managing prostate carcinoma. (Part I): Localized disease.
AB  - Since we cannot predict which patients have biologically significant prostate
      carcinoma, except in the face of other known, significantly life-limiting
      disease, all palpable abnormalities should be considered for a diagnostic
      procedure. Negative core needle biopsy, fine needle aspiration, open perineal
      biopsy, transurethral biopsy, or urinary and prostatic fluid cytology results do
      not exclude cancer. If cancer is suspected, repeat biopsies and careful, frequent
      follow-up are mandatory.

PMID- 4007497
TI  - Managing asthma and COPD in patients with cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Sideris et al followed 91 patients aged 25 to 82 (mean age 55) with respiratory
      failure due to severe asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis. They found that
      patients with ventricular arrhythmias were significantly older than those without
      them. Although arrhythmias associated with myocardial infarction are managed
      primarily with drug therapy, those associated with acute respiratory failure
      respond best to adequate oxygenation and correction of metabolic and hemodynamic
      abnormalities.

PMID- 4007498
TI  - Decubitus ulcers: preventive techniques for the elderly patient.
AB  - The at-risk older patient must immediately be placed on a supersoft support, with
      heels protected with sheepskin boots. If reddened skin is found the next morning,
      the patient must be turned to a 30 degrees-oblique position on alternate sides
      every 2 hours. Any condition that greatly decreases frequency of involuntary
      movement or lowers critical arteriolar closing pressure is a risk factor. Without
      intervention, the probability that immobile patients will develop decubitus
      ulcers is 100%.

PMID- 4007499
TI  - Peripheral vascular disease: treatment and referral of the elderly. Part II.
AB  - The noninvasive methods of examining the extracranial cerebrovascular system are
      undergoing many changes, with innovations occurring frequently. The reliability
      of the different testing methods varies, but is generally reported to be in the
      range of 80 to 95%. One of the most important aspects in caring for patients with
      atherosclerotic occlusive disease, whether they are being monitored for disease
      progression or have already undergone a vascular reconstructive procedure, is
      lifelong follow-up.

PMID- 4007500
TI  - Differentiating seborrheic keratosis from skin neoplasm.
AB  - The pigmented acanthotic type of lesion may resemble malignant melanoma. When in
      doubt, a biopsy will usually resolve the question. Seborrheic keratoses may
      become irritated or inflamed after trauma, biopsy, or exposure to irritants,
      causing transformation of the basaloid cell type to squamous cells. Such changes
      may be misinterpreted as diagnostic of basal or squamous epithelioma.

PMID- 4007501
TI  - Geriatric anxiety: pointers for primary care.

PMID- 4007502
TI  - Evaluating cancer metastatic to the skin.
AB  - Early diagnosis of a primary tumor and recognition of recurrence are often
      facilitated if the examining physician is proficient in identifying skin
      metastases. The site, histologic pattern, and clinical presentation of the lesion
      are all key variables in diagnosis. Of tumors that metastasize to the skin,
      carcinomas from the kidney, lung, ovary, and pancreas have a greater tendency to
      present with skin metastases.

PMID- 4007503
TI  - Management of specific anxiety disorders in the elderly.
AB  - Advanced age is not, per se, an indication for a different treatment approach,
      although certain modifications in the treatment plan are required. Recognition
      and management of anxiety disorders in the elderly must be prompt to interrupt
      the vicious cycle of anxiety-depression, physical illness, and other stresses.

PMID- 4007504
TI  - Bradyarrhythmias: AV conduction disturbances.
AB  - When conduction block is located in the AV node, the QRS complex is narrow, and
      the escape rate is near normal. The patient is frequently minimally or not
      symptomatic. More often, however, the site of block is below the AV node, and the
      prognosis is much graver. It should be remembered that "high-grade" Type II block
      is not usually the result of a transient process, but rather of a chronic,
      progressive infranodal disease. This means that it is more likely to progress to
      complete heart block and require permanent pacing.

PMID- 4007505
TI  - Studies on the use of desferrioxamine in experimental ocular siderosis produced
      by extrabulbar administration of iron.
AB  - The objective of these studies was to find out whether iron administered
      extrabulbarly can penetrate inside the eyeball and whether this process can be
      checked by transconjunctival injections of desferrioxamine. Histological
      examination revealed that 12 months after the placing of iron in the orbit, an
      accumulation of the metal can be observed in the sclera, choroid, and retina of
      untreated animals. In the group of animals treated with desferrioxamine, iron did
      not penetrate into the eyeball, and only in some animals could its presence be
      found in superficial layers of the sclera. The possibility is discussed of using
      the drug for the treatment of conditions resulting from the presence of foreign
      bodies in the orbit.

PMID- 4007506
TI  - The Lester-Jones tube: a 15-year follow-up.
AB  - The indications for and long-term results of about 200 Lester-Jones tube
      insertions are reported. Follow-up was possible in 165 patients, of which 83%
      ended up with a comfortable dry eye. Reimplantations had been necessary in a
      certain percentage, dependent upon the primary cause of epiphora. The best
      results were achieved after herpetic canalicular obstructions, and the highest
      ratio of complications occurred when unsuccessful lacrimal surgery had been the
      indication for bypass surgery.

PMID- 4007507
TI  - Disposable film cover for the tip of Goldmann's tonometer.
AB  - The application of a thin, transparent, polyvinylchloride film on the double
      prism of Goldmann's tonometer is proposed, so as to prevent bacterial and viral
      infection during tonometry. This film, mounted in such a way as to facilitate its
      application, is supplied in disposable sterile packaging. The use of the film
      does not alter the calibration of the instrument and does not substantially
      modify readings thereby obtained.

PMID- 4007508
TI  - Testing of concentric visual field constriction by means of scotopic visually
      evoked potentials.
AB  - Using scotopic visually evoked potentials (VEP), an objective test of concentric
      absolute field defects is presented. At 0.8 log units above the mean VEP
      threshold, the full field, the central area of 50 degrees diameter, and the
      complementary peripheral field were flash stimulated. In 13 normal subjects the
      peripheral VEP response was larger in amplitude and shorter in latency compared
      to the central response. In four cases of concentric field restriction due to
      hysteria and malingering, the same results were found. In three cases of
      retinitis pigmentosa and advanced glaucoma, the peripheral VEP sensitivity was
      worse than the central one or no response could be found. The amount of stray
      light was estimated as the difference of the thresholds for central and
      peripheral stimulation (1.6 to 1.8 log units) in a patient with a residual
      central field of 20 degrees.

PMID- 4007509
TI  - The fine structure of pigment epithelium of the iris in capsular glaucoma.
AB  - An electron microscopic study was performed on the pigment epithelium of the iris
      in 13 patients with capsular glaucoma. Pseudoexfoliative material (PE) was often
      observed in small depressions or indentations of the cell membrane of the
      posterior pigment epithelium. PE was also found in the region where the cell
      membrane was indistinct and took a course perpendicular to the surface of the
      cell membrane. Serial sections revealed no PE in the cytoplasm of the posterior
      pigment epithelium. Furthermore, the PE found extracellularly was continuous with
      the cell membrane. Three stages were distinguished in the pigment epithelium as
      capsular glaucoma progressed. At an early stage (stage 1), the number of
      infoldings in the posterior pigment epithelium increased, and PE was found at
      that site. In a more advanced stage (stage 2), the cytoplasmic processes
      increased in number and the basement membrane became discontinuous. In a further
      advanced stage (stage 3), a large amount of PE was found in the posterior
      chamber. The intercellular space between two adjacent pigment epithelial cells
      increased and the cytoplasmic processes gradually disintegrated. Only one
      significant correlation was found between the glaucoma stage and the stage of
      changes in the pigment epithelium. No associations were found between the stage
      of changes in the pigment epithelium and patient age or gonioscopic findings.

PMID- 4007510
TI  - Morphometric analysis of retinal blood vessels in retinopathia diabetica.
AB  - A quantitative investigation of the retinal blood vessels was carried out in 80
      diabetics and 20 metabolically healthy controls of the same age and sex
      distribution. The blood vessels were isolated by trypsinization, stained with
      PAS, and analyzed by light microscopy. After 1-5 years' duration of diabetes
      mellitus, capillary lesions in the ocular fundus can be seen microscopically in
      the slides, but not with a stereomicroscope. In the retinae of persons with
      normal carbohydrate metabolism, capillary defects were found to a far lesser
      extent; they were also always localized in the periphery of the retina, whereas
      the diabetic lesions were localized in the retinal center. In the diabetics, both
      capillary lesions (e.g., loss of pericytes) and damage of the retinal neurons
      occurred nearly simultaneously and with the same retinal localization. This
      suggests that the capillary lesions are not the cause of neuronal degeneration
      but that both events are caused by the same mechanisms of pathogenesis.

PMID- 4007511
TI  - The resistance of the trabecular meshwork to aqueous humor outflow.
AB  - A theoretical model is presented that is able to explain for the first time the
      pressure drop across the trabecular meshwork. The ramified flow paths in the
      subendothelial region of the trabecular meshwork can be interpreted as a filter
      bed. Data from transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs are the
      starting point of the theoretical consideration. Taking shrinkage of the sections
      into account, the pressure gradient across the subendothelial region amounts to
      0.05 mm Hg. As these canaliculi are coated by a film of glycosaminoglycans
      (GAGs), the pressure drop is presumably a function of the film thickness. Only
      film thicknesses of 0.35 micron led to pressure gradients in the experimentally
      verified magnitude. As the whole filter bed probably does not contribute to the
      filtration but only about 10%, the pressure drop specified is reached when the
      GAG coating is 0.25 micron. As these values seem to be fairly realistic, it can
      be concluded that the subendothelial region of the juxtacanalicular meshwork
      (about 2 micron thickness) can be regarded as the "locus generis" of aqueous
      humor outflow resistance.

PMID- 4007512
TI  - Posterior vitreous detachment. A combined clinical and physiochemical study.
AB  - Sixty-one postmortem eyes were examined with clinical methods (slit lamp) and
      later sectioned for measurement of the liquid and gel vitreous. The amount of
      liquid vitreous was found to be progressively greater with increasing posterior
      vitreous detachment (PVD), and it was concluded that slit-lamp examination is a
      reliable method of evaluating the rheological state of the vitreous in the living
      eye. The total content of sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) in the vitreous was measured.
      Eyes proven to have no PVD had a higher concentration of NaHA than eyes with
      total PVD. Also, females had a lower concentration than males. There was no
      significant difference in NaHA concentration between the gel and liquid vitreous.
      The role played by different structural elements for the stability of the
      vitreous gel is discussed.

PMID- 4007513
TI  - [Hygienic regulation of selenium in drinking water with different degrees of
      hardness].

PMID- 4007514
TI  - [Evaluation of the toxic effect of carbon monoxide].

PMID- 4007515
TI  - [Functional state of the body systems of students attending medium-level
      professional and technical schools for miners].

PMID- 4007516
TI  - [Radioactive aerosol content of atmospheric air and food products in Moscow in
      1982 and 1983].

PMID- 4007517
TI  - [Hazards of halogenated organic compounds produced during chlorination of
      drinking water].

PMID- 4007518
TI  - [Effect of the age of rats on the distribution of 7BeF2 after inhalation].

PMID- 4007519
TI  - [Results and prospects for USSR cooperation with international organizations in
      the field of environmental health].

PMID- 4007520
TI  - [Prevalence of smoking among various population groups and the problems of health
      education].

PMID- 4007521
TI  - [Evaluation of the cumulative properties of harmful substances by the subchronic
      toxicity test].

PMID- 4007522
TI  - [Statistical analysis and reference standards of samples in toxicological and
      hygienic studies].

PMID- 4007523
TI  - [Modifying effect of UV radiation before and after Sr-89 incorporation in
      experimental animals].

PMID- 4007524
TI  - [Method of establishing the maximum permissible exposure levels of chemical
      substances in atmospheric air by assessing the age-related sensitivity of
      animals].

PMID- 4007525
TI  - [Combined embryotoxic effect of formaldehyde and UV irradiation (pre- and
      postnatal effects)].

PMID- 4007526
TI  - [Hygienic standardization of trichloroaniline in reservoir water].

PMID- 4007528
TI  - [Use of the molecular connectivity index to predict the toxicity of substances].

PMID- 4007527
TI  - [Comparative gonadotoxic effect of maloran in laboratory animals after its
      administration by different routes].

PMID- 4007529
TI  - [Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in Estonian waters].

PMID- 4007530
TI  - [Predicting the toxic effect of combustion products of polymeric materials].

PMID- 4007531
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of the quality of water in closed system of industrial water
      supply].

PMID- 4007532
TI  - [Hygienic standardization of intermittent-pulse electromagnetic energy of
      ultrahigh (2750 MHz) frequency in the environment].

PMID- 4007533
TI  - [Effectiveness of thermal insulation and heat sensation in man].

PMID- 4007534
TI  - [Effect of noise on floating drilling rigs on the hearing of personnel].

PMID- 4007535
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of systems for heating intake air by burning natural gas].

PMID- 4007536
TI  - [Working conditions and age-related changes in work capacity].

PMID- 4007537
TI  - [Evaluation of the health of the school contingent using factor analysis].

PMID- 4007538
TI  - [Functional status of students under various methods of teaching].

PMID- 4007539
TI  - [Adaptive potentialities and physical preparedness in rural school children].

PMID- 4007540
TI  - [Health education of the population as part of a complex program of work on
      improving disease prevention].

PMID- 4007541
TI  - [Using various forms of students' educational-research work in training
      hygienists and epidemiologists].

PMID- 4007542
TI  - [Experience in using a questionnaire method to study the working conditions and
      way of life of rural women workers].

PMID- 4007543
TI  - [Analysis of the activity of child and adolescent health divisions in urban
      sanitary-epidemiologic stations in cities with regional divisions having regional
      sanitary-epidemiologic stations].

PMID- 4007544
TI  - [Fluorescent roentgenoradiometric determination of arsenic in the air and other
      objects in the environment].

PMID- 4007545
TI  - [Gas chromatographic determination of micro-quantities of ethylene oxide in
      polymeric articles for medical use].

PMID- 4007546
TI  - [Comparative study of the effect of T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins on cellular and
      humoral immunity].

PMID- 4007547
TI  - [Predicting the working dynamic stereotype of adolescents during training in an
      interschool educational-industrial combine].

PMID- 4007548
TI  - [Social-hygienic aspects of working, living and nutritional conditions of
      railroad locomotive workers].

PMID- 4007549
TI  - [Toxicological characteristics of halomethanes--dichlorobromomethane and
      dibromochloromethane formed during water chlorination].

PMID- 4007550
TI  - [Basis for a standard for 4-nitroaniline in reservoir water].

PMID- 4007551
TI  - [Effect of in vitro irradiated blood on the frequency of chromosome aberrations].

PMID- 4007552
TI  - [Toxicological characteristics of acetylanisole].

PMID- 4007553
TI  - [Experimental study of the toxicity of nitric oxide].

PMID- 4007554
TI  - [Evaluation of the reproductive function of rats exposed to the insecticide
      neopinamine].

PMID- 4007555
TI  - [Effect of taking examinations in academic subjects with various amounts of
      information on the cardiac activity of students].

PMID- 4007556
TI  - [Gynecological surgery in the aged female].

PMID- 4007557
TI  - [Monitoring and prevention of congenital defects].

PMID- 4007558
TI  - [Evaluation of the clinical method of Johnson and Toshach for calculating fetal
      weight].

PMID- 4007559
TI  - [Maternal mortality in the Woman's Hospital of the Social Security
      Administration. 1981-1983].

PMID- 4007560
TI  - [Methodological bases for the clinical hygienic verification of the MPEL for
      chemical substances].

PMID- 4007561
TI  - [Vocational rehabilitation as a problem in industrial physiology and hygiene].

PMID- 4007562
TI  - [Evaluation of the combined action of noise and ozone].

PMID- 4007563
TI  - [Assessment of peripheral thermoregulation in vibration disease patients by
      dynamic heat calorimetry].

PMID- 4007564
TI  - [Unsettled questions in understanding causality in occupational pathology].

PMID- 4007565
TI  - [Deontological problems of studying the working conditions and health status of
      medical workers].

PMID- 4007566
TI  - [Role of complex social hygiene research in promoting healthy working and living
      conditions for rural workers].

PMID- 4007567
TI  - [Use of levomycetin in acute 1,2-dichloroethane poisonings].

PMID- 4007568
TI  - [Nephrotoxic action of dichlorobutenes].

PMID- 4007569
TI  - [Immunological shifts in experimental animals exposed to a complex of chemical
      substances].

PMID- 4007570
TI  - [Experimental data to establish the MPEL of 1-methyl-2-isopropyl-benzine in the
      air of a work area].

PMID- 4007571
TI  - [Toxicity of cresylglycide ether].

PMID- 4007572
TI  - [Toxic action of ricid-II on the eye].

PMID- 4007573
TI  - [Changes in the automicroflora of the skin of underground miners].

PMID- 4007574
TI  - Surface and cross-sectional comparisons of bone growth remodeling.
AB  - Broad, regional surface and cross-sectional assessments of growth remodeling in
      the macaque and human lower limb bones were compared using thin sections,
      stereomicroscopy and scanning election microscopy. In general, areas identified
      by cortical tissue type in thin sections as depository showed smooth surfaces
      under the SEM. Areas identified as resorptive in cross section always showed
      resorption lacunae with the SEM. Actively forming bone surfaces as described by
      previous SEM studies were not encountered even though rapidly forming cortical
      tissues were encountered with the light microscope. These results are consistent
      both for fresh and exhumed bone.

PMID- 4007575
TI  - Patterns of K/N ratios with growth of guinea pig, beagle, and pig.
AB  - The influence of age on patterns of K/N ratios (mEq/g) for fat-free whole body
      organs and tissues was analyzed for the guinea pig, ages 1 to 80 days (82 to 849
      g); for the pig, 0 to 89 days (151 to 33,650); and for the beagle, 0 to 383 days
      (252 to 13,065 g). Strong correlations existed between total K, total N, and fat
      free wet weight (FFWW). Mean whole body K/N ratios were 2.57 +/- 0.241 for guinea
      pigs, 2.53 +/- 0.50 for pigs, and 1.79 +/- 0.27 for beagles. Increase in body
      weight of the beagle and of the components, skeletal muscle and nonmuscle (whole
      animal minus skeletal muscle), were divisible into two statistically significant
      periods: the first from 0 to 62 days, the second from 63 to 383 days. For the
      first period, the K/N ratio for the whole animal was 1.70 +/- 0.33, for nonmuscle
      was 1.61 +/- 0.34, and for skeletal muscle was 2.08 +/- 0.50; for the second
      period, the values were 1.93 +/- 0.22, 1.25 +/- 0.18, and 2.82 +/- 0.83,
      respectively. Mean K/N ratios of organs and tissues of the pig and beagle
      differed significantly from mean whole body K/N ratios, with the exception of
      liver for the beagle and miscellaneous for the pig. Patterns of K/N ratios during
      increases in FFWW were species-specific for total body as well as for various
      tissues and organs. As FFWW increased, the whole body K/N ratio did not change
      significantly in the guinea pig, but decreased significantly in the pig because
      of the decreased ratio for skeletal muscle. As FFWW of the beagle increased in
      the first growth period, the slope for the whole body K/N ratio did not differ
      statistically from zero, although the mean measured ratio increased significantly
      for liver and skeletal muscle. This increase was counter-balanced by a
      statistically significant decrease in ratios for skin and skeleton. FFWW
      continued to increase in the second growth period and the whole body K/N ratio
      increased, primarily the result of significantly increased ratios for liver and
      skeletal muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4007577
TI  - Differential effects of antifolate on the development of brain parts in chick
      embryos.
AB  - A quantitative study was made of the differential effects of the antifolate
      amethopterin (methotrexate) on the development of cerebral hemispheres, optic
      lobes and cerebellum in chick embryos. Most surviving embryos show a significant
      under-development at day 18 of incubation. Different brain parts respond
      differently (disproportionately) to the treatment: cerebellum--most drastically,
      optic lobes--least drastically (net weights). Within the cerebellum, Purkinje and
      other large cells respond less drastically than small cells. The embryo thus had
      highly significantly changed ratios of weights of various brain parts and of
      numbers of various cerebellar cells. Several mechanisms to explain these
      differential effects have been discussed.

PMID- 4007576
TI  - Relationships between internal morphology and body mass in the developing,
      nursling collared peccary, Tayassu tajacu (Tayassuidae).
AB  - Morphological characteristics that reflect size differences due to dietary
      conditions are in wide use to assess nutritional status of many wild ungulates.
      This study was designed to provide baseline information on the development of
      internal visceral and endocrine structures of nursling collared peccaries
      (Tayassu tajacu) from birth to six weeks of age (weaning). A high energy-high
      protein ration was fed ad libitum to lactating females, and absolute and relative
      mass of selected visceral organ, endocrine, and fat depots were measured in
      various aged nurslings. Linear measurements were also obtained on components of
      the gastrointestinal tract. Allometric growth coefficients (b) varied
      considerably among the various organs and glands examined, ranging from below
      (brain, b = 0.26) to well above (thymus, b = 1.61) unity.

PMID- 4007578
TI  - Bone mass in normal children and young adults.
AB  - The growth of bone mass in the radius of children from age 6 on was studied in
      Indiana and Wisconsin. Growth curves describing change in bone mass, bone width,
      body height and weight were fitted separately to the data of males and females in
      the two states. Statistically significant differences between states were found
      in almost all growth measurements in both sexes. Refined growth curves with
      standard deviations were generated separately for the two states. When adjusted
      for age and bone width, Wisconsin subjects always had higher mean bone mass than
      Indiana subjects. Thus researchers should exercise caution when using published
      normative values established elsewhere.

PMID- 4007579
TI  - A photographic system for measuring shoot elongation in tree seedlings and
      relation to solar radiation and temperature.
AB  - An automatic system has been developed to measure the variations in the rate of
      shoot elongation of tree seedlings. A camera equipped with 50 mm macro-objective
      lens, with automatic flash and winder is attached to a motor-operated rotatable
      stand. The camera is connected to an intervalometer enabling exposures of various
      seedlings placed around the stand to be taken in sequence at a given time
      interval. The time interval between the exposures of each seedling is adjustable
      between 5 min and one week. A paper scale with 0.25 mm rulings is placed behind
      each shoot. The negatives are projected onto a screen with a X 10 enlargement and
      the shoot lengths measured. The results show that the resolution of the device is
      +/- 0.05 mm. The system was tested under field conditions in June 1979 at the
      Forestry Field Station of the University of Helsinki with containerized Scots
      pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. The daily course of the shoot elongation
      rate closely followed the variations in ambient temperature. The system can be
      applied to the measurement of other plant species.

PMID- 4007580
TI  - Postnatal growth and organ development in Japanese quail selected for high growth
      rate.
AB  - As a result of selection for high growth rate in the quail the organ growth
      pattern has changed considerably. The main change, which characterizes the early
      part of the postnatal growth, consists of an increased relative size of the
      digestive organs and a lowered early growth rate of pectoral muscles and
      feathers. Since the increase in growth rate is linked to an increase in the
      relative size of the digestive organs, the growth rate is most likely restricted
      by the capacity to ingest and digest food. It also appears that at least part of
      the increase in growth rate is made possible by the change in organ growth
      pattern.

PMID- 4007581
TI  - Protein and energy relations in the broiler. 3. Growth and in vitro lipid
      metabolism in male and female chickens used as parent stock.
AB  - Growth and in vitro metabolism were assessed in 4 wk-old Ross male and Vedette
      dwarf female chickens and the offspring of this mating. Chicks were fed diets
      formulated to contain the same carbohydrate energy level (56% of total
      metabolizable energy) but different levels of protein (12, 18, 23 and 30%) for 21
      days beginning when they were 7 days of age. Dietary regimes were devised to
      study the role of protein per se in the regulation of growth and in vitro
      lipogenesis. Dietary protein had little effect on dwarf female growth. Males
      receiving the diet containing 30% protein and fed ad libitum grew at a slower (P
      less than .05) rate than did males receiving the 18 or 23% protein diets. A 3-day
      rotational feeding regime that consisted of three different levels of dietary
      protein (12, 23 and 30%) did not adversely affect the growth of either males or
      females when compared to the effect of feeding a 23% protein diet ad libitum.
      Intermittent feeding decreased (P less than .05) feed consumption and weight gain
      of both sexes. In vitro hepatic lipogenesis in both males and females was
      inversely related to the level of protein in the diet being fed; however, the
      overall lipogenic rate for males was greater (P less than .05) than that for
      females. Certain liver enzyme activities were also inversely related to the level
      of dietary protein and the analysis of data suggested that both reducing
      equivalent (NADPH) production and the malate-alpha ketoglutorate shuttle were
      also related to dietary protein status.

PMID- 4007582
TI  - Short photoperiod effects on kidney growth in male Syrian hamsters.
AB  - The transfer of Syrian golden hamsters from a long to a short photoperiod (SP)
      leads to reduced circulating levels of several anterior pituitary hormones
      including thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH), luetinizing hormone (LH) and
      follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), while growth hormone (GH) is unaffected.
      These hormonal changes are associated with accelerated rates of body weight gain
      and gonadal atrophy in this species, but the effects on growth of other organs,
      specifically the kidney, are unknown. In this study, the effect of SP treatment
      on kidney and body weights of intact and uninephrectomized male Syrian golden
      hamsters was evaluated. Seventy-two young adult male hamsters were acclimatized
      to long photoperiod (LP) consisting of a light/dark schedule of 14/10 hours (LD
      14:10). Two weeks later one half of the animals were transferred to SP (LD 10:14)
      Subgroups of six hamsters underwent either left nephrectomy or sham left
      nephrectomy two, five and eight weeks after transfer to SP and were sacrificed
      two weeks after surgery. The relative kidney weights (kidney weights/100 g body
      weight) of the sham operated animals were significantly reduced after seven and
      ten weeks of SP treatment (p less than 0.01). Absolute kidney weights were
      depressed after eight (p less than 0.05) and ten weeks in SP. The percentage
      increase in the weight of the hypertrophied kidney following uninephrectomy was
      unaffected by SP. Differences in body weights were due to increased fat in SP
      treated hamsters; nonetheless, the logs of kidney and body weights were highly
      correlated in both LP (r = 0.73) and SP (r = 0.78). Lean body weights, determined
      by body compositional analysis, were less well correlated with kidney weights in
      LP (r = 0.53) and unrelated in SP (r = 0.16). The mechanism retarding kidney
      growth was not elucidated, but may include SP-induced changes in TSH, LH, or a
      specific LH-like pituitary renotropin proposed by Nomura et al. (1982). The
      observation that compensatory renal growth proceeds despite inhibition of kidney
      growth in intact animals suggests that separate mechanisms regulate these
      processes.

PMID- 4007583
TI  - Directional selection and developmental stability: evidence from fluctuating
      asymmetry of morphometric characters in rats.
AB  - Developmental stability was assessed among lines of rats selected for increased
      (up lines), decreased (down lines), and no body weight gain (controls) by the
      measurement of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in 11 bilateral osteometric characters.
      This was done primarily to test the hypothesis that developmental stability
      should be lower (and thus FA higher) in both selection lines compared to the
      control line. FA values were obtained for all characters in each sex, line, and
      replicate (two each) within lines. Expressed as a proportion of the total
      variance, the FA values ranged from about 2% to over 50%, the average being 23%.
      FA for 3 of the 11 characters showed statistically significant differences among
      the lines, and in a multivariate analysis of variance, lines (but not sex or
      replicates) also showed overall significance (P less than 0.05). For the pooled
      sexes and replicates, seven of 11 FA values in the high line were greater than
      the comparable values in the control line (especially that for femur length),
      this conforming with theoretical expectations. Only one FA value in the down line
      was greater than that of the controls, however, and it was hypothesized that this
      was a consequence of the action of natural selection opposing artificial
      selection for decreased body weight gain.

PMID- 4007584
TI  - [Pulmonary hypertension and extent of embolic damage to the pulmonary
      circulation].

PMID- 4007585
TI  - [Surgical treatment of mitral stenosis complicated by massive thrombosis of the
      left atrium].

PMID- 4007586
TI  - [Use of the internal thoracic artery as a vascular graft in myocardial
      revascularization].

PMID- 4007587
TI  - [Frequency of thromboembolic complications in patients following isolated mitral
      valve prosthesis with a semispherical prosthesis].

PMID- 4007588
TI  - [Frequency of thromboembolic complications in patients following isolated mitral
      valve prosthesis with a semispherical prosthesis].

PMID- 4007589
TI  - [Late results of tricuspid valve replacement with biological prostheses in
      Ebstein's anomaly].

PMID- 4007590
TI  - [Electrokymography in the diagnosis of heart damage in closed chest injuries].

PMID- 4007591
TI  - [Principal types of central hemodynamic disorders in severe multiple chest
      injuries].

PMID- 4007592
TI  - [Selection of animals for experimental heart surgery].

PMID- 4007593
TI  - [Are repeated perfusions with cardioplegic solutions necessary in surgery on an
      arrested heart(experimental study)].

PMID- 4007594
TI  - [Treatment of septic pleural empyema following lung resection and pneumonectomy].

PMID- 4007595
TI  - [Causes of lethality in acute abscesses and gangrene of the lungs].

PMID- 4007596
TI  - [Prevention of thoracic wound suppuration by radiation from a helium-neon laser].

PMID- 4007597
TI  - [Preoperative management and surgical treatment of myasthenia].

PMID- 4007598
TI  - [Immediate and late results of surgical treatment of thymomas].

PMID- 4007599
TI  - [Case of successful surgical treatment of myxoma of the heart in an infant].

PMID- 4007600
TI  - [Operation in an anomaly of the superior pulmonary vein combined with patent
      ductus arteriosus].

PMID- 4007601
TI  - [Assisted circulation in surgery of the left coronary arterial trunk].

PMID- 4007602
TI  - [Rare case of rheumatic heart valve disease combined with pericardial
      mesothelioma in a 28-year-old patient].

PMID- 4007603
TI  - Acetate absorption and metabolism in the rabbit hindgut.
AB  - Acetate disappearance from the loops of the hindgut in the rabbit was evaluated
      by measuring variations in the concentration of acetate in caecocolonic loops and
      differences in the arterial and venous plasma. In vivo metabolism in gut and
      liver tissues was studied after introduction of (1-14C) acetate into caecocolonic
      loops. The rate of disappearance from the loops was quantitatively significant
      and showed little variation irrespective of the location in the hindgut. Hindgut
      tissue metabolised acetate and the intensity of the metabolism varied with the
      segment studied. The distal position of the gut showed by far the highest acetate
      uptake. Radioactivity was found in a certain number of free amino acids, organic
      acids, and sugars. Acetate was mainly converted into aspartate and glutamate.
      These can be considered as 'stock forms' which can be diverted either towards
      oxidative metabolism or towards protein synthesis.

PMID- 4007606
TI  - Cimetidine versus ranitidine in short term healing of duodenal ulcers.

PMID- 4007604
TI  - Maintenance therapy: a two year comparison between Caved-S and cimetidine
      treatment in the prevention of symptomatic gastric ulcer recurrence.
AB  - Eighty two patients with an endoscopically healed gastric ulcer, were treated for
      two years with either Caved-S tablets, two twice daily or cimetidine 400 mg at
      night. During the first year, 12% (four out of 34) of the Caved-S group and 10%
      (four out of 41) of the cimetidine group had an ulcer recurrence. By the end of
      the second year, the recurrence rate was 29% (nine out of 31) in the Caved-S
      group, and 25% (eight out of 32) for the cimetidine group. Ulcer relapse occurred
      frequently in patients with either a dyspeptic history of over six months (p less
      than 0.05), or a past history of a gastric ulcer (p less than 0.001). Ulcers
      recurred rapidly after maintenance therapy; Caved-S two out of 22; cimetidine
      seven out of 23, within four months (NS). This study shows that long term
      maintenance therapy is safe and reasonably effective. The high recurrence rate
      after stopping treatment suggests that therapy in high risk or elderly patients
      should be for life.

PMID- 4007605
TI  - Ketoconazole-induced fulminant hepatitis.
AB  - We report the cases of two adult patients in whom fulminant hepatitis developed
      after 17 and 103 days of ketoconazole administration. Histologic administration
      showed massive, predominantly centrilobular necrosis. Clinical manifestations of
      hypersensitivity and eosinophilia were absent in both patients, which suggests
      that ketoconazole hepatotoxicity is not mediated through an immunoallergic
      mechanism.

PMID- 4007607
TI  - Appropriate statistical test in comparative ulcer healing studies.

PMID- 4007609
TI  - Trends in the incidence of ovarian cancer in a heterogenic population (1960
      1976).
AB  - Data of an epidemiologic study of ovarian cancer in Israel are presented. During
      the 5-year period of this survey, 1001 new cases of primary cancer of the ovary
      were diagnosed. The findings are compared with those of two previous surveys
      covering the periods 1960-1965 (746 cases) and 1966-1971 (911 cases). The
      incidence during the 17-year period ranged between 15 and 19/100,000 women over
      the age of 15. The disease was three to five times more prevalent in women of
      European/American origin than in those of Asian/African descent. Seventy-five
      percent of the patients were between the ages of 45 and 74. The majority (50-71%)
      were already in stage III or stage IV at diagnosis. Factors affecting the
      prognosis are the age of the patient and clinical stage of the malignancy when
      first diagnosed, histology of the tumor, and type of treatment. Although the time
      interval between onset of the disease and its detection has remained protracted,
      the 5-year survival rate was improved from 15% during the period 1960-1965 to 31%
      between the years 1972-1976. This favorable trend is to be ascribed to new
      treatment modalities.

PMID- 4007608
TI  - Pathology of colposcopic findings in 2635 diethylstilbestrol-exposed young women.
AB  - An analysis of 6055 colposcopically directed biopsy specimens from 2635
      diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed women and 445 biopsy specimens from 277
      nonexposed women was undertaken to correlate microscopic findings with
      colposcopic patterns. All examinations were performed using a standardized
      protocol which required that each participant have colposcopy, cytologic smears,
      and biopsy of abnormal colposcopic lesions. The findings of colposcopic "columnar
      epithelium, gland openings, and Nabothian cysts" correlated most often with
      glandular epithelium in the biopsy specimen. "White epithelium," which includes
      three related colposcopic patterns, mosaicism, punctation, and white epithelium,
      was associated most frequently (82-93% of cases) with squamous metaplasia, but
      occasionally with dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (CIS)(0-6%). The presence of
      dysplasia or CIS in any individual biopsy specimen occurred most frequently with
      the observation of higher graded lesions by colposcopy or a prior diagnosis of
      dysplasia.

PMID- 4007610
TI  - Intraepithelial neoplasia in the vulvar region.
AB  - From 1978 to 1982, 49 patients with intraepithelial neoplasia in the vulvar
      region were included in a prospective investigation. The main purpose was to
      evaluate the effect of treatment by local excision with a free margin of 2 mm and
      to estimate the importance of colposcopy. In 28% of the patients, the disease
      recurred after primary treatment, and in one patient microinvasion was shown. No
      patients died of cancer. A risk factor of recurrence was involvement of resection
      margins. Multicentric localization of the vulvar disease was found more
      frequently among patients treated for intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix. In
      66% of the patients the colposcopic findings were consistent with intraepithelial
      neoplasia. Local excision represents an improvement in the treatment of
      intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, but frequent follow-up is necessary.

PMID- 4007611
TI  - Establishment of a new ovarian tumor line in nude mice and its application to
      treatment of the donor patient.
AB  - A new line of the human ovarian tumor (poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma),
      designated OVA-2, has been established by heterotransplantation of the original
      tumor into athymic nude mice. The donor patient, a 38-year-old woman with stage
      IV disease, was treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, Adriamycin, 5
      fluorouracil, and VM-26, which were selected in consideration of the results,
      obtained by experimental chemotherapy of this heterotransplanted tumor. She
      achieved a complete remission and is alive 15 months after diagnosis. Usefulness
      of the human tumor-nude mouse system in chemotherapy is reemphasized.

PMID- 4007612
TI  - Action of 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (tiazofurin) against
      untreated human ovarian cancers in the murine xenograft assay.
AB  - The activity of 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (tiazofurin) was
      determined in nine untreated human ovarian cancer specimens, using the murine
      subrenal capsule xenograft assay. Tumor cytotoxic effect was demonstrated in
      seven out of the nine tumors implanted. The drug was well tolerated by the test
      animals. Tiazofurin may prove to be an effective chemotherapeutic agent in the
      treatment of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 4007613
TI  - Bromocriptine in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix: a phase II trial.
AB  - Twenty patients with advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated for at
      least 3 months with 5 mg bromocriptine daily. No remissions were found (95%
      confidence limits, 0-17%), neither among normo- nor among hyperprolactinemic
      patients. Twelve had stable disease for 2-9 months with a median of 3 months. The
      results of this study does not support the hypothesis that bromocriptine
      possesses any antitumor effect in cancer of the uterine cervix.

PMID- 4007614
TI  - Urinary tract fistulas following ligation of the internal iliac artery during
      radical hysterectomy.
AB  - One hundred patients underwent radical hysterectomy at the University of South
      Florida over a 4 1/2-year period. In all patients the anterior division of the
      internal iliac artery was ligated on the left, and the uterine artery was ligated
      at its origin from the internal iliac artery on the right. One patient developed
      a left ureterovaginal fistula for a urinary tract fistula rate of 1%.
      Preservation of the distal branches of the anterior division of the internal
      iliac artery may help prevent urinary tract fistulas following radical
      hysterectomy. This study would suggest, however, that this of minimal importance.

PMID- 4007615
TI  - A case of endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary associated with pregnancy.
AB  - This is the second report of endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary associated with
      an intrauterine pregnancy. The previous report presented six cases, making this
      the seventh. Characteristics of the tumor are reviewed, as are the guidelines for
      the management of ovarian carcinoma complicating pregnancy.

PMID- 4007616
TI  - Prolapsed fallopian tube masquerading as adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a
      postmenopausal woman.
AB  - A postmenopausal patient with vaginal prolapse of the fallopian tube presented
      with an erroneous diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the vaginal apex. Failure to
      consider fallopian tube prolapse in the differential diagnosis of vaginal
      adenocarcinoma led to an upper vaginectomy and subsequent complication of a
      ureterovaginal fistula. The differential diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the
      vagina in the postmenopausal patient and the management of vaginal prolapse of
      the fallopian tube are discussed.

PMID- 4007617
TI  - Vaginal hemangiopericytoma: a light microscopic and ultrastructural study.
AB  - A case of a vaginal hemangiopericytoma in a 20-year-old woman was studied by
      light and electron microscopy. The neoplastic cells had round-to-oval nuclei with
      one or two nucleoli; fine chromatin; a foamy, cyanophilic cytoplasm; and an
      increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio. Light microscopically, the tumor was
      composed of spindle-shaped or round cells proliferating around vascular spaces.
      Mitotic figures, necrosis, and hemorrhage were difficult to find. Electron
      microscopically, the neoplastic cells occurred in clusters, each of which was
      enclosed by a basal lamina. The cytoplasm contained abundant free ribosomes,
      flattened elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi apparatus, round
      or elongated mitochondria, lysosomes, glycogen particles, and sometimes
      pinocytotic vesicles and bundles of microfilaments with large dense spots.
      Desmosomes were also seen. In addition, the cytoplasmic process of the benign
      vascular pericytes was directly in contact with the neoplastic cells which had
      varying degrees of cytodifferentiation. The neoplastic cells in this lesion are
      consistent with an origin from pericytes, confirming the findings of this
      neoplasm when it arose in other sites.

PMID- 4007618
TI  - Antifungals in gynaecology: focus on terconazole. International workshop,
      Frankfurt a.M., September 29, 1984.

PMID- 4007620
TI  - Antifungals in gynaecology: focus on terconazole. Rationale for single-dose
      therapy.

PMID- 4007619
TI  - Vulvovaginal candidosis: definition of the disease and its special problems and
      treatment in pregnancy.

PMID- 4007621
TI  - Terconazole cream and suppositories: plasma terconazole following vaginal
      administration.

PMID- 4007622
TI  - Terconazole 0.8% vaginal cream (5 days) versus clotrimazole 1% (6 days): efficacy
      and tolerability in an open study.

PMID- 4007623
TI  - Assessment of clinical efficacy and tolerability of terconazole 240-mg vaginal
      suppositories.

PMID- 4007624
TI  - Terconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent.

PMID- 4007625
TI  - Comparative open evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of terconazole 0.8%
      cream in a 5-day regimen versus clotrimazole 100-mg tablets in a 6-day regimen.

PMID- 4007626
TI  - Single-day topical treatment of vaginal candidosis: an open evaluation of
      terconazole 240-mg vaginal suppositories versus isoconazole tablets 600 mg.

PMID- 4007627
TI  - Demonstration of effectiveness and tolerability of terconazole 80-mg vaginal
      suppositories (3 days) versus terconazole 240-mg vaginal suppositories (1 day)
      versus clotrimazole 200-mg vaginal tablets (3 days) in non-pregnant women with
      vulvovaginal candidosis.

PMID- 4007628
TI  - [Preoperative internal medicine examination in gynecology].

PMID- 4007629
TI  - [Interdisciplinary cooperation with urology. Ureter and bladder complications].

PMID- 4007630
TI  - [Possibilities and operative aspects of gynecologic urologic interventions in the
      treatment of malignant diseases of the pelvic organs].

PMID- 4007632
TI  - [Interdisciplinary cooperation with gynecologic balneotherapy].

PMID- 4007631
TI  - [Problems in cooperation between the obstetric-gynecologic clinic and general
      practice].

PMID- 4007633
TI  - [Interdisciplinary cooperation with psychosomatic medicine].

PMID- 4007634
TI  - Measurement of macrophage cellular procoagulant activity.
AB  - We developed a simple technique for the measurement of the procoagulant activity
      exposed on the surface of macrophages. The cells are isolated, adhered to plastic
      surfaces, and assayed in the same device. This approach allows us to study the
      microcoagulation on the surface of intact macrophages by sensitive and specific
      clotting tests.

PMID- 4007635
TI  - Effect of ticlopidine on neutrophil chemotaxis in rats.
AB  - The ex vivo effect of oral administration of ticlopidine on rat neutrophil
      chemotaxis was evaluated. Rats received either 3 oral doses (100 mg/kg body
      weight) of the drug, within a period of 48 h, via a gastric tube, or the drug was
      administered in drinking water for 14 days at a dosage of 75 mg/kg/day.
      Absorption of the drug was manifested by significant inhibition of adenosine
      diphosphate-(ADP-)induced platelet aggregation. No impairment of neutrophil
      chemotaxis toward zymosan-activated serum was observed in the ticlopidine-treated
      animals. These results indicate that concentrations of ticlopidine that
      significantly inhibit platelet function in rats are without effect on neutrophil
      chemotaxis toward zymosan-activated serum.

PMID- 4007637
TI  - [Apert syndrome, a plastic surgery-reconstructive problem in hand surgery?].
AB  - Success in the treatment of Apert's syndrome depends not only on the quality of
      surgical correction but also upon its timing. Two nearly identical patients were
      treated with similar good surgical results. However, one was 12 years old at the
      time of surgery and the other fifteen months. The infant showed a good result,
      while the older child had little or no profit despite the anatomical correction
      of his hands.

PMID- 4007636
TI  - Treatment of familial antithrombin-III deficiency with danazol.
AB  - 3 individuals from 2 unrelated families with recurrent thromboses and
      quantitative deficiencies of antithrombin III (AT-III) were treated with danazol,
      600 mg daily for 4 months. Significant increases of AT-III (p less than 0.025)
      measured as heparin cofactor activity were noted in 1 female and 1 male patient.
      Failure to augment levels in the other male patient may have been due to poor
      absorption of the drug following small bowel resection for mesenteric infarction.
      Side effects of estrogen deficiency necessitated dosage reduction in the female
      patient. The 2 males experienced no adverse side effects except for prolongation
      of the prothrombin time in 1 who was receiving oral anticoagulants. We conclude
      that danazol causes a significant increase in some individuals with familial AT
      III deficiency. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether this form
      of therapy may prove to be a suitable alternative to long-term anticoagulation
      and to assess the long-term clinical benefits in individuals with recurrent
      thrombosis.

PMID- 4007638
TI  - [Anatomic relations between skin and pathologically changed aponeurosis in
      Dupuytren disease].
AB  - Wedge-like preparations from the palm in Dupuytren's disease in many stages are
      investigated histologically and with scanning electron microscopy. The
      preparations comprise the entire soft tissue covering (skin, fat and
      aponeurosis). The scanning electron microscope enables a three dimensional
      examination of the surface of the collagen fibers. The following results were
      obtained: In the region of the skin contraction or the node: There is a
      displacement and atrophy of the fat layers by the proliferated and thickened
      connective tissue. The transitions between the various layers are obliterated.
      The collagen fibers perpendicular to the skin show massive cross-linking and
      thickening. The pathologically altered aponeurosis shows a variable morphology:
      the collagen bundles display major variations in diameter and structure. Typing
      of the disease stage and the morphological alterations is not possible.

PMID- 4007639
TI  - [2-stage operative treatment of Dupuytren contracture].
AB  - The incidence of Sudeck-like complications after surgery for Dupuytren's
      contracture is discussed. In a series of 209 operations for Dupuytren's
      contracture some complications were observed in 26 cases. In 12 patients these
      complications could not be precisely explained. In the author's opinion they may
      illustrate the creation of a nerve-irritating source within the operative field.
      In order to avoid these complications a two-stage operation was proposed,
      especially for severe contractures in elderly patients. A preliminary fasciotomy
      relieves most of symptoms of the disease and may also serve as a so-called tissue
      test for eventual more radical procedures. The observation of 42 patients with
      severe contractures so treated confirms the usefulness of the method.

PMID- 4007640
TI  - [Correction of late burn sequelae in the area of the female breast].
AB  - Burn scars on the anterior or lateral wall of the thorax often disfigure the
      female breast. The forward projection of the mammary glands is restricted and
      their shape is deformed by the scar tissue. This paper presents a report of 160
      female patients with deformities of the breast due to burns of the thoracic wall.
      In 36 patients the psychologic effects of burn scars were evaluated. The time of
      operative intervention of these burns in children is discussed. A new
      classification of the various deformities of the female breast is presented
      (severity-index). The results of reconstructive surgery are objectively assessed
      using the criterium of improvement in the severity index.

PMID- 4007641
TI  - [Long-term experiences in plastic surgery treatment of radiation damage].
AB  - Over a period of 22 years the authors reconstructed 49 patients with radiation
      injuries of varying severity. The retrospective study examined the indications
      for the radiation therapy, the interval between the treatment and the development
      of tissue damage, its site and severity. A few typical case reports are
      presented. Particular aspects emerging from this series, the reconstructive
      methods used and the results achieved with regard to partial or complete excision
      of radiation damaged skin are discussed.

PMID- 4007642
TI  - [Circulation in myocutaneous flaps in the area of the tibia].
AB  - After a free myocutaneous flap transfer to the lower leg the necessary
      circulation may be prevented by spasm of the donor vessel, despite of a tension
      free anastomosis. Application of bupivacaine-hydrochloride through a peridural
      catheter results in a sympathetic blockade. The ability thus to influence
      vascular spasms pharmacologically has been evaluated. Three clinical cases are
      presented discussing the surgical consequences of such pharmacological
      intervention.

PMID- 4007643
TI  - [Is resection-interposition arthroplasty in chronic polyarthritis an alternative
      to alloarthroplastic replacement of the wrist joint?].
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis involving the wrist joint frequently causes destruction and
      subsequent dislocation of the radio-carpal joint. The resultant loss of function
      requires a stabilisation procedure to correct it. In order to preserve function,
      various types of prosthesis for the wrist joint have been developed and their
      values are discussed. The resection interposition arthroplasty described here not
      only improves stability but also appearance and function. The operative procedure
      and results are presented.

PMID- 4007644
TI  - [Comparison of gastric bypass and gastroplasty for morbid obesity].

PMID- 4007645
TI  - [The heart as target organ in allergic emergencies].

PMID- 4007646
TI  - [YAG laser posterior capsulotomy following extracapsular cataract extraction].

PMID- 4007647
TI  - [Progress in the treatment of testicular tumors].

PMID- 4007648
TI  - [Effect of artificial shock absorbers on heel-strike transients].

PMID- 4007649
TI  - [Radioisotopes in the investigation of complications after total hip and knee
      replacement].

PMID- 4007650
TI  - [Pin-plate screw fixation in subcapital fractures of the femur].

PMID- 4007651
TI  - [Incidence of rheumatoid factors in the non-rheumatoid].

PMID- 4007652
TI  - [Vasculitis following nifedipine].

PMID- 4007653
TI  - [Thrombotic obstruction of the subclavian vein as a late complication of
      permanent pacemaker].

PMID- 4007654
TI  - [Etiology of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis].

PMID- 4007655
TI  - [Arsenicism, skin cancer and internal malignancies].

PMID- 4007656
TI  - [Barret's esophagus].

PMID- 4007657
TI  - [Regulations for practice of human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer].

PMID- 4007658
TI  - [Sulphonamides and trimethoprim].

PMID- 4007659
TI  - [Juvenile metrorrhagia].

PMID- 4007660
TI  - [Primary total hip replacement for displaced subcapital femoral fractures].

PMID- 4007661
TI  - [Misdiagnosis of sarcoidosis in active pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4007662
TI  - [Association between chronic active hepatitis B and seropositive polyarthritis].

PMID- 4007663
TI  - [The posterior surgical approach to the rectum].

PMID- 4007664
TI  - [Carbon monoxide poisoning and cigarette smoking].

PMID- 4007665
TI  - [Leishmania brasiliensis infection].

PMID- 4007666
TI  - [Surgery for loud snoring].

PMID- 4007667
TI  - [Unusual features in a patient with both transitional cell carcinoma and
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate].

PMID- 4007668
TI  - [Eye injuries in children].

PMID- 4007669
TI  - [Acute glomerulonephritis following pneumococcal pneumonia].

PMID- 4007670
TI  - [Menstrual dysfunction in athletic women].

PMID- 4007671
TI  - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome].

PMID- 4007672
TI  - [Culture studies of human bone-marrow hemopoietic progenitors].

PMID- 4007673
TI  - [Birth-weight--standardized neonatal mortality rates: a comparative study between
      Israel and developed countries].

PMID- 4007674
TI  - [30 years of isoniazid (INH) treatment].

PMID- 4007675
TI  - [Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines].

PMID- 4007676
TI  - [Medical treatment of neonatal hypertension].

PMID- 4007677
TI  - [Tiapride in persistent dyskinesias following long-term L-dopa for parkinsonism].

PMID- 4007678
TI  - [Treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis].

PMID- 4007679
TI  - [Unexpected complications during anesthesia].

PMID- 4007680
TI  - [Acquired auto-immune hemolytic anemia following aortic valve replacement].

PMID- 4007681
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pseudomyxoma peritonei].

PMID- 4007682
TI  - [Preservation of the injured spleen].

PMID- 4007683
TI  - [Lymphocyte uroporphyrinogen synthase in the diagnosis of lymphoma and its follow
      up].

PMID- 4007684
TI  - [Cancer of the larynx].

PMID- 4007685
TI  - [Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphyseal complex in a premature
      newborn].

PMID- 4007686
TI  - [A virus as a possible etiologic agent of atherosclerosis].

PMID- 4007687
TI  - [Morbid obesity and anesthesia].

PMID- 4007689
TI  - [Fractures in the paralyzed limb].

PMID- 4007688
TI  - ["Epidemic" mass hysteria].

PMID- 4007690
TI  - [Organophosphate intoxication. Part I: Pathophysiological mechanisms].

PMID- 4007691
TI  - [The treatment of chemical warfare casualties--a medical and organizational
      challenge].

PMID- 4007692
TI  - [Changing concepts of mitral stenosis].

PMID- 4007693
TI  - [Transfusion associated AIDS].

PMID- 4007694
TI  - [Vancomycin, erythromycin and fusidic acid].

PMID- 4007695
TI  - Cooperation and rivalry between helping professionals and members of AA.
AB  - Because Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an important resource for recovering
      alcoholics, most treatment centers want to work cooperatively with it. To
      identify factors that enhance this cooperation, the author surveyed AA members
      and professionals in the same communities and obtained a profile of their
      interactions, ideological similarities, and linking activities.

PMID- 4007696
TI  - How adolescents perceive sexual assault services.
AB  - Because rape occurs more frequently in adolescence than at any other age, the
      adequacy of services for adolescent victims of rape is a public health concern.
      This survey found that adolescents had favorable attitudes toward sexual assault
      treatment centers but that a center's affiliation, staff, and policies on
      confidentiality would influence young people's willingness to use its services.

PMID- 4007697
TI  - Health care delivery to foster children: a study.
AB  - The health of 900 children in foster care was assessed through a review of 257
      medical charts and an examination of a subsample of 35 children. Although major
      handicapping conditions among the children were well cared for, prevention, the
      care of minor conditions and emotional problems, and overall coordination of care
      were found to be lacking. On the basis of these findings, the authors propose how
      health care delivery to foster children can be improved.

PMID- 4007698
TI  - Hospital social workers and self-help groups.
AB  - Self-help has developed into a significant trend in health care, and the
      relationship between professional services and self-help has begun to be
      explored. This article describes a survey that investigated hospital social
      workers' involvement with self-help groups and reports the need for a dual focus
      on research and clinical training to prepare social workers for the practice
      challenges presented by the self-help movement.

PMID- 4007699
TI  - Pathology of the migration phase of Taenia hydatigena (Pallas, 1766) larvae.
AB  - The pathological picture of the migration phase of C. tenuicollis in pigs is
      characterized by a haemorrhagia within the liver parenchyma and under the liver
      surface. The haemorrhagia, which represents a migrational canal, is induced by
      the destruction of liver sinuses by migrating larvae. Approximately on day 10
      p.i. a serofibrinous peritonitis occurs and free cysticerci appear in the
      exudate. On days 14-16 p.i. the exudative peritonitis may increase. The
      cysticerci are localized under the serosas or on them. On about day 10 p.i. even
      the pulmonary form of the disease may occur. On day 13 p.i. the cysticerci are
      present in the lumen of lung arteries or they migrate out of them. The changes in
      the lungs and on the pleura, as well as their dynamic changes, are identical with
      the changes in the liver and on the peritoneum. The period on days 21-24 p.i. is
      characterized by extensive synechiae of serosas and the cysticerci are firmly
      attached to the serosas. On day 35 p.i. the connective tissue adhesions persist
      and many of the cysticerci exhibit dystrophic changes or are dead and often
      already calcified. The wall of the pseudocyst, in which the cysticercus is
      situated, consists of the fibrocytes and serosa, and its cavity is not lined with
      endothelium, as it is the case in C. bovis and C. cellulosae.

PMID- 4007700
TI  - First case of introduction of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus to
      Czechoslovakia.

PMID- 4007701
TI  - Identity of Argas (Argas) polonicus populations in Czechoslovakia and Poland.
AB  - The author made a morphological and biological comparison between the population
      of Argas (A.) polonicus Siuda, Hoogstraal, Clifford et Wassef, 1979 from Poland
      and the population of that species from Czechoslovakia, denoted in previous
      author's papers as Argas (A.) vulgaris Filippova, 1961. The comparison of
      morphometric features as well as the results obtained in the studies of those
      argasids in SEM have demonstrated some statistically significant differences
      which the author evaluates as intraspecific adaptive variability and does not
      attach any taxonomic importance to them. Experimental hybridization of P1 and F1
      generations in both populations has not suggested any genetic incompatibility. A
      few differences in the developmental cycle of homogamic crosses in the Polish
      tick population is likely to be the consequence of the adaptation of this
      population to different living conditions. Due to the lack of taxonomically
      valuable differences the author includes the members of the Czechoslovak
      population of these argasids in the species A. polonicus.

PMID- 4007702
TI  - Rickettsiae in the Sumava region.
AB  - Antibodies were detected to C oxiella burnetii, Rickettsia slovaca and Chlamydia
      psittaci in the blood of small terrestrial mammals, larger wild and domestic
      animals and humans in the southern part of the Protected Landscape Area of the
      Sumava region between 1977 and 1982. The data obtained have contributed to the
      safe development of livestock raising in this region.

PMID- 4007704
TI  - Penetration of ovicidal fungi through altered egg-shells of Ascaris suum.
AB  - Ovicidal activity was studied in microscopic fungi penetrating into and
      destroying eggs of geohelminths surviving in the soil. The character of
      penetration was compared in eggs obtained mechanically with those obtained by
      means of a chemical process. A total of 13 strains of ovicidal fungi of 4 species
      were studied. The shells of eggs obtained by the chemical process were so altered
      that under the same conditions they were attacked and penetrated by the fungi
      much more than the eggs obtained by a mechanical way. The advantages and
      disadvantages of these two methods of eggs isolation are discussed.

PMID- 4007703
TI  - Changes in ascorbic acid content in various organs and serum of mice
      experimentally infected with Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) cysticerci.
AB  - It was demonstrated that helmith infection affects the ascorbic acid content in
      various tissues of experimental mice. The level of vitamin C in the mouse liver,
      kidneys, spleen and serum decreases after infection with T. crassiceps. Maximum
      decrease in blood serum was observed on day 7 p.i. at the intensity of infection
      15 and 30 cysticerci per mouse. There was a correlation between the intensity of
      infection and decrease in the ascorbic acid level in the spleen.

PMID- 4007705
TI  - [Decreased renal excretory capacity of uric acid in rats fed a low sodium diet
      under consecutive administration of thiazide diuretics].
AB  - The effect of consecutive treatments with thiazide diuretics on renal handling of
      uric acid was investigated with clearance experiments using rats. Two weeks of
      oral administration of trichlormethiazide (2 mg/kg, twice a day) in rats fed an
      ordinary diet caused no change in the uric acid excretory capacity. However, a
      week of oral administration of trichlormethiazide (0.1, 0.5 and 2 mg/kg, twice a
      day) in rats maintained on a purified diet containing low sodium amounts
      decreased the fractional excretion of uric acid. At 2 mg/kg, the decrease of
      inulin clearance developed clearly. Similar treatments with hydrochlorothiazide
      (10 mg/kg) and cyclopenthiazide (0.5 mg/kg) also decreased the inulin clearance
      and the fractional excretion of uric acid. Administration of the above diuretics
      during sodium deprivation resulted in a marked rise of the hematocrit and
      hypokalemia. Purified diet containing low sodium amounts alone did not change the
      uric acid excretory capacity as compared to the ordinary diet. Trichlormethiazide
      treatment and continued sodium deprivation caused marked losses of body weight
      and food intake and promotions of urine output and water intake. Histologically,
      hyperplasia of the cells and tubular dilatation at macula densa were slightly
      developed during sodium deprivation. With these severe changes, dilatation of the
      proximal tubules with flattened and regenerated epithelium was shown by the
      trichlormethiazide treatment (0.5 mg/kg). From these results, the characteristics
      of chronic treatment with thiazide diuretics acting on renal uric acid retention
      could be understood in the rat under sodium deprivation.

PMID- 4007707
TI  - [Prophylactic effect of tritoqualine (TRQ) on the CCl4-induced chronic liver
      injury model in rats].
AB  - Tritoqualine (TRQ) administered at doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg, perorally, had a
      preventive effect on the liver injury in rats induced by the treatment with CCl4
      for 12 weeks consecutively. Rats subjected to this chronic treatment with CCl4
      showed a decrease in body weight gain and changes in several serum parameters
      that are indicators of hepatic function were observed: the increase of
      transaminases, as a parameter of hepatocyte breakdown; the increase of alkaline
      phosphatase, as a parameter of biliary system abnormalities, the reduction of
      prothrombin time, as a marker of protein biosynthesis in the liver; and the
      change of lipids concentrations, reflecting liver injury. After the
      administration of TRQ perorally, there was a notable suppression of the increment
      in leaked enzymes in the serum and a marked improvement of the parameters
      concerning protein biosynthesis and lipid metabolism in comparison with CCl4
      control rats. Marked fibrosis in the liver was observed after CCl4 treatment for
      12 weeks, and the collagen content in the liver was 5 times higher than that of
      control rats. TRQ suppressed the increment in collagen formation and also showed
      improvement of the decrease of the liver function with regards to protein
      biosynthesis in CCl4-treated rats. Judging from these results, it was concluded
      that TRQ had a remarkable protecting action on the liver injury chronically
      induced by CCl4 treatment and was a effective compound for restoring liver
      function.

PMID- 4007706
TI  - [Effects of nizofenone on the action potential of guinea-pig papillary muscle and
      S-A node and dog Purkinje fibers].
AB  - Effects of nizofenone, an agent which has been known to have a protective effect
      against experimental cerebral ischemia or anoxia, on the action potential of
      guinea-pig papillary muscle and S-A node and dog Purkinje fibers were studied.
      Nizofenone (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) significantly prolonged the action potential
      duration of guinea-pig papillary muscle and dog Purkinje fibers accompanying
      prolongation of the effective refractory period in dog Purkinje fibers.
      Nizofenone decreased Vmax at the concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) M in guinea
      pig papillary muscle and at 10(-4) M in dog Purkinje fibers. Nizofenone
      suppressed the spontaneous activity of dog Purkinje fibers and guinea-pigs S-A
      node at the concentrations of 3 X 10(-5) to 10(-4) M and 10(-5) M, respectively.
      Nizofenone (10(-4) M) decreased the contractile force of guinea-pig papillary
      muscle. In the guinea-pig papillary muscle, the effect of nizofenone on action
      potential duration was almost the same as that of quinidine, but the inhibitory
      effect on Vmax was slightly weaker than quinidine. These results suggest that
      nizofenone has a so-called "quinidine-like action" on cardiac membrane.

PMID- 4007708
TI  - [Therapeutic effect of TRQ on chronic liver injury model in rats induced by
      CCl4].
AB  - Rats were treated with CCl4 for 12 weeks to induce chronic liver injury. An
      administration of tritoqualine (TRQ) to rats was begun 3 weeks after the first
      CCl4 treatment, and the therapeutic effect of TRQ on this model was investigated.
      On the 12th week after CCl4 treatment, a marked increase in content of
      hydroxyproline and histamine in the liver was found. In addition, increased
      fibrosis around Glisson's sheath was observed under microscopic observation. The
      increase in these biochemical parameters was suppressed significantly in the rats
      administered TRQ at doses of 25-100 mg/kg. The histopathological observation
      demonstrated the suppression of the formation of pseudolobules with
      fibrinogenesis in the liver of TRQ administered rats. In addition, there was a
      noticeable improvement in the activity of the liver protein synthesis in the TRQ
      administered rats when the parameters that represented the hepatic functions were
      measured. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in the serum of TRQ-administered rats
      also decreased significantly, compared with the CCl4 treated control rats. From
      these results, TRQ was shown to exhibit a marked therapeutic effect on liver
      damage accompanied by chronically accelerated fibrosis in rats which have been
      treated with CCl4 for 12 weeks.

PMID- 4007709
TI  - The effect of bilirubin on the phagocytic activity of mouse peripheral
      granulocytes and monocytes in vivo.
AB  - Using an in vitro phagocytic assay with synthetic 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate
      copolymer particles, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes of bilirubin-treated
      mice (85 and 170 mumol/L in 0.5 mL intraperitoneally) was studied. Bilirubin
      treatment significantly stimulated the phagocytosis of both peripheral blood
      granulocytes and monocytes; the increase of phagocytosis persisted for 6 h after
      bilirubin injection. The potential immunostimulating and/or immunotoxic effect of
      bilirubin is discussed.

PMID- 4007710
TI  - The in vitro cytotoxic effect of bilirubin on human lymphocytes and granulocytes.
AB  - Using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay (51Cr-release), it was shown that bilirubin
      exerts a cytotoxic effect on both adult and newborn human lymphocytes after a 1-d
      incubation of cells with bilirubin. The effect of bilirubin on human granulocytes
      was less pronounced; the association of the cytotoxic effect with a functional
      immunological perturbation of these cells is discussed.

PMID- 4007711
TI  - Ontogenetic analysis of some surface markers on pig lymphocytes using
      fluorescence-activated cell sorter.
AB  - Surface markers were demonstrated on pig lymphocytes using anti-T cell-IgG and
      anti-Helix pomatia (HP) IgG during prenatal and postnatal development. A
      fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of T-cell surface markers was
      accompanied by an image analysis to prove the association of T antigenic
      determinants with the plasma membrane only. We found development-dependent
      changes in both anti-T cell and HP surface markers in both primary and secondary
      lymphatic organs. The number of T-positive (T+) cells estimated by anti-T cell
      IgG was very similar to the results obtained by spontaneous E-rosette forming
      tests. At all selected age intervals, changes in the number of T+ cells were not
      significant in the thymus, but a marked increase in T+ cells was found in both
      spleen and lymph nodes. The image analysis confirmed the expression of T cell
      markers on the cell surface. The distribution of T cell markers was uneven, i.e.
      various degree of fluorescence intensity on whole ring-pattern projection of the
      cell surface image was estimated. In second lymphatic organs especially,
      fluorescence intensity of cells, i.e. total number of T cell markers estimated by
      anti-T cell-IgG, increased with age. On fetal day 73, T cell markers were
      slightly expressed, but very high fluorescence intensity and heterogeneous
      distribution of T cell markers on lymphocytes were found on fetal day 107 and
      postnatal day 56. The results indicate the possibility of functional maturation
      of various T cell markers on T cell subsets, furthermore a different degree of
      expression of T cell markers on various T cell subsets can be suggested. The
      number of HP+ cells increased with age in both primary and secondary lymphatic
      organs. In the prenatal period, the expression of HP receptors was very weak in
      both primary and secondary organs in contrast to the marked increase in HP+ cells
      during the postnatal interval. Differences in fluorescence intensity of cells
      were found, representing the increase by 22% in thymus cells comparing to cells
      of secondary lymphatic organs. Heterogeneity of HP+ cell populations in thymus
      was shown by the Scatchard plot, indicating at least two subpopulations of HP+
      cells with different avidity to HP. Cells with low HP avidity could include a
      subset with cytolytic activity.

PMID- 4007712
TI  - Low IgG response of the mouse strain C57BL/10ScSn after immunization with protein
      antigens.
AB  - The low IgG response of the strain C57BL/10ScSn is not restricted to the reaction
      to sheep red blood cells; but it can be demonstrated even after immunization with
      ARS, DNP or FITC haptens, coupled to various heterologous (BGG, RSA) or
      autologous (MGG) protein carriers. The level of the IgG response is - using the
      same immunization schedule - influenced both by the bound hapten and the carrier.
      In both strains tested (i.e. in the high-responding A/J and the low-responding
      C57BL/10ScSn), the highest IgG response is elicited by FITC-BGG. The response of
      the C57BL/10ScSn strain is, similarly as after immunization with SRBC,
      approximately ten times lower. The IgG response to other antigens tested was
      lower in both strains and therefore the quantitative differences were less
      pronounced. The affinity of antibodies against the ARS and TNP determinant,
      detected by inhibition of plaque-forming cells, is similar in the two strains.
      Thus the low reactivity of the strain C57BL/10ScSn is not caused by the absence
      of suitable VH and VL genes, but it rather indicates a defect of some general
      regulatory mechanism, involved in the synthesis of IgG antibodies. After repeated
      administration of ARS-BGG, the antigen and the antigen - antibody complexes
      accumulate in high concentrations primarily in the liver of mouse strain A/J. The
      amount of antigen accumulated in the liver of strain C57BL/10ScSn is
      significantly lower.

PMID- 4007713
TI  - Selective decontamination, induced colonization resistance and connected
      immunological changes in piglets.
AB  - 14-d-old conventional piglets were picked from normal piggery, washed with
      disinfectants, placed into isolators suitable for germfree work, fed a sterile
      diet and treated with peroral antibiotics (nalidixic acid, kanamycin, and
      nystatin). Beginning with day 5 or 7, Enterobacteriaceae were not found in feces.
      The absence of these bacteria was proved by inoculation of germfree newborn
      piglets with caecal content. In selectively decontaminated piglets, the white
      blood cell count in blood had fallen to 6 X 10(9)/L; this decrease was due to an
      extremely low number of granulocytes (to 0.8 X 10(9)/L). On day 35, IgG-positive
      cells almost disappeared from the spleen, whereas IgA cells were found in an
      unusually great amount. Corresponding changes in serum levels were established.
      The colonization resistance effect in Enterobacteriaceae-deprived piglets was
      confirmed; settling of introduced various E. coli strains did not occur or was
      delayed.

PMID- 4007714
TI  - Phagocytosis of protamine-heparin aggregates by mouse peritoneal exudate cells.
AB  - Protamine--heparin aggregates (PHAg's) were injected intraperitoneally into
      thioglycollate-prestimulated mice, peritoneal exudate cells, chiefly macrophages
      (M phi's) being collected after 2, 15 and 60 min, 6 h, and 30 h for electron
      microscopy and histochemistry. An intensive phagocytosis of PHAg's was seen even
      after 5 min and extracellular spaces were cleared of them after 60 min. The less
      rapid intracellular digestion and breakdown of PHAg's were accompanied by a
      gradual disappearance of their outer mucopolysaccharide layer. In vitro
      phagocytosis (60 min in MEM) proceeded in a similar way but more slowly. Coating
      of PHAg's with immunoglobulin was documented in vitro by ultrastructural enzyme
      immunocytochemistry. Thus the exudate M phi's are capable of rapid and efficient
      ingestion of PHAg's which is probably supported in vivo by the interaction of
      PHAg surface with some exudate components. On the other hand, the intracellular
      digestion of PHAg's, especially of their mucopolysaccharide shell, is far more
      protracted.

PMID- 4007715
TI  - Phages in eukaryotic cells.
AB  - Urine from a patient after kidney transplantation added to a human embryonic lung
      culture caused the appearance of dark spots shown to contain cells with phages
      resembling group A, as well as bodies resembling Chlamydiae.

PMID- 4007716
TI  - The diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury in routine autopsy practice.
AB  - A 40-year-old pedestrian was involved in a road traffic accident. He lost
      consciousness immediately and remained comatose for 6 months until he died of a
      bronchopneumonia. Examination of the fixed brain revealed the late results of
      diffuse axonal injury. Not all the features were readily visible macroscopically,
      but required a limited number of histological sections from readily predictable
      sites for demonstration. Special stains played only a confirmatory role. This
      case illustrates some of the problems in diagnosing one of the commoner patterns
      of brain damage in head injury, and shows how the problem may best be approached
      in practice.

PMID- 4007718
TI  - [Epidemiology of senile cataract].

PMID- 4007717
TI  - The use of isoelectric focusing (IEF) as a method for the combined phenotyping of
      erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) and esterase D (EsD).
AB  - The simultaneous isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide gels (PAG) of
      erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) and esterase D (EsD) allows the poor
      discriminating power (DP) of EsD to be usefully combined with a highly
      discriminating system EAP, such that a joint DP of 0.766 was achieved compared
      with PGM IEF DP 0.756. Focusing was carried out in a centrally flattened gradient
      containing ampholines (pH 4-6 and 6-8) and the chemical spacer 3-(N-morpholino)
      propanesulphinic acid (MOPS). It enabled the identification of six EsD phenotypes
      including the recently discovered EsD5 isozymes. The application of this method
      to casework bloodstains is discussed.

PMID- 4007719
TI  - [Biochemical model reactions for cataract research].

PMID- 4007720
TI  - [Metaplasia of lens epithelium in fibroblasts].

PMID- 4007721
TI  - [Results in lens couching, an important cause of blindness in developing
      countries].

PMID- 4007722
TI  - [Irvine's syndrome; diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapy].

PMID- 4007723
TI  - [Phacoanaphylactic uveitis following EC cataract extraction].

PMID- 4007724
TI  - [Indications for and surgical technic in congenital cataract].

PMID- 4007725
TI  - [Control processes of aqueous humor production in oculocompression and their
      practical significance].

PMID- 4007726
TI  - [The significance of anesthesia methods and other factors for the incidence of
      expulsive hemorrhages].

PMID- 4007727
TI  - [Intraocular lenses and retinal detachment].

PMID- 4007728
TI  - [Retinal detachment following implantation of artificial lenses].

PMID- 4007729
TI  - [Implantation technic of the Copeland radial pan-chamber lens].

PMID- 4007730
TI  - [Morphology of an anterior chamber lens removed after 23 years].

PMID- 4007731
TI  - [Twilight visual acuity and glare sensitivity following implantation of anterior
      and posterior chamber lenses].

PMID- 4007732
TI  - [Unusual late complications following implantation of an iridocapsular lens].

PMID- 4007733
TI  - [Posterior chamber lens implantation in glaucoma].

PMID- 4007734
TI  - [Implantation of a Binkhorst lens in chronic simple glaucoma].

PMID- 4007735
TI  - [The temporal transfer properties of the visual system in patients with optic
      neuritis].

PMID- 4007736
TI  - [Visually evoked potentials in Wilson's disease].

PMID- 4007737
TI  - [Oculomotor paralysis with cyclic spasms; electromyographic and electron
      microscopic indications of chronic peripheral nerve irritation].

PMID- 4007738
TI  - [Computerized tomography diagnosis of malinsertion of the extrinsic eye muscle].

PMID- 4007739
TI  - [Binocular addition in VECP: a clinically useful method in the expanded diagnosis
      of binocular vision?].

PMID- 4007740
TI  - [Results in the first year of life with the complete correction of 12 dpt
      anisometropia: early sensory plasticity].

PMID- 4007741
TI  - [Perforating eyelid injury with laceration of the left frontal lobe pole].

PMID- 4007742
TI  - [Corneal necrosis caused by spitting cobra venom fraction].

PMID- 4007743
TI  - [Salt or no salt? Contradictory theses on the role of cooking salt in the origin
      and prolongation of hypertension].

PMID- 4007744
TI  - [Cytologic-histologic correlation in 900 conizations].

PMID- 4007745
TI  - [Tumor micromilieu. Experimental and theoretical studies of multicellular tumor
      spheroids].

PMID- 4007746
TI  - [Evaluation of a therapy concept for the treatment of sport injuries].

PMID- 4007747
TI  - [Drug remedies: the road to dependence? Extent and appearance of abuse of
      psychotropically active substances].

PMID- 4007748
TI  - [Development of osteoporosis].

PMID- 4007750
TI  - [Prognosis of diabetes mellitus. 2: Future prognosis, chances, reality and
      hopes].

PMID- 4007749
TI  - [Prognosis of diabetes mellitus. 1: Prognosis up to now and new possibilities for
      metabolic control and therapy].

PMID- 4007751
TI  - [Alcohol damage of the heart. Hemodynamic effects in animal experiments].

PMID- 4007752
TI  - [Regression of arteriosclerosis. Results of animal experiments and human medical
      studies, results of drug therapy].

PMID- 4007753
TI  - [Principles of endoscopic laser therapy of gastrointestinal tumors].

PMID- 4007754
TI  - [Curative endoscopic laser therapy of gastrointestinal tumors].

PMID- 4007755
TI  - [Drinking style and alcoholic type. Loss of control and inability to abstain].

PMID- 4007756
TI  - [Orbicularis oculi reflex in clinical and experimental neurology].

PMID- 4007757
TI  - [Technical news for pain therapy. Effective and economical alternatives for
      implantable drug pumps].

PMID- 4007758
TI  - [Should every medical student become a doctor? A suggestion for a principle
      structural changes in medical education].

PMID- 4007759
TI  - [Pancreatic lesions in Sjogren's syndrome].

PMID- 4007760
TI  - Gastric perforation secondary to metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma.
AB  - A case of gastric perforation due to a gastric metastasis of a primary
      bronchogenic carcinoma is presented. While ten cases of small intestinal
      perforation secondary to bronchogenic tumor spread were identified in the
      literature, there appears to be only one further report on a gastric perforation
      caused by bronchogenic carcinoma.

PMID- 4007761
TI  - Life events and fissure-in-ano.

PMID- 4007762
TI  - Delirium tremens, hemorrhagic pancreatic pseudocyst with duodenal ileus, and
      fatal shock.

PMID- 4007763
TI  - Liver disease in hemophiliacs: etiological and biochemical data on 159 cases from
      our geographical area.
AB  - A total of 159 hemophiliacs (149 treated) from our geographical area were
      screened in 1983 for serological evidence of HBV infection and biochemical
      evidence of liver disease. All were asymptomatic. HBsAg was detected in 16 cases
      (10%); anti-HBs and anti-HBc in 106 (67%); 19 (12%) subjects were susceptible to
      HBV. The HBV infection rate evaluated in 70 patients followed-up from 1980 to
      1983 was 28% per year. The cumulative risk of HBV infection as well as the rate
      of seroconversion to HBV increased with increasing age and with increasing
      frequency of treatment given during the last 12 months. Anti-delta was detected
      in the serum of 5 (28%) out of 13 HBsAg-positive cases. Follow-up data showed
      that in 61% of subjects with liver dysfunction, hepatic damage could not be
      accounted for by HBV infection. AST and/or gamma-globulin increase was detected
      in 80% of patients. Abnormalities were more pronounced in HBsAg-positive cases
      and among them in subjects carrying anti-delta. Further follow-up studies are
      needed to clarify the long-term prognosis of liver disease in hemophiliacs.

PMID- 4007764
TI  - Liver blood flow and enzyme induction in man.
AB  - An increased liver blood flow in rats and monkeys found following induction of
      the liver microsomal enzyme system by antipyrine and phenobarbitone, formed the
      basis of the present study in 7 volunteers. The total body clearance of
      antipyrine, gamma GT, and the urinary excretion of d-glucaric acid and 6-beta
      hydroxycortisol were measured. Liver blood flow was estimated after an overnight
      fast under basal conditions using the 133Xenon inhalation technique. In addition,
      liver volume was determined by 7 independent investigations using a 99mTechnetium
      sulfur-colloid scan of the liver. Afterwards, each volunteer received 1,000 mg
      antipyrine daily for 14 days and all measurements were repeated. After antipyrine
      administration the antipyrine half-life decreased significantly from 12.5 to 7.7
      hours with an increase of the antipyrine clearance from 34.1 to 50.8 ml/min. In
      addition, glucaric acid, gamma-GT and 6-beta-hydroxycortisol were significantly
      increased. Liver blood flow increased from 36.8 ml/min/100 g to 50.9 ml/min/100 g
      liver (p less than 0.02). The liver volume showed a tendency to increase but was
      significantly higher in only three of the seven volunteers investigated. The mean
      liver volumes of 1483 g before and 1585 g after antipyrine administration were
      not significantly different. In contrast, total liver blood flow increased
      significantly from 590 ml/min before to 809 ml/min after enzyme induction (p less
      than 0.02).

PMID- 4007765
TI  - Gastric carcinoids with minimal or no macroscopic lesion in patients with
      pernicious anemia.
AB  - In a series of 44 patients with pernicious anemia examined by gastroscopy, three
      cases of gastric carcinoids were found. During the same ten-year period about
      11,000 gastroscopies were performed on patients not suffering from pernicious
      anemia, and only one case of gastric carcinoid was detected. In two of the cases
      no endoscopic lesion was seen and the carcinoid was detectable only at
      histological examination, while in one case an unusual combination of carcinoid
      tumor and tubular adenoma in the same polyp was found. Most of the carcinoids
      arose in atrophic body mucosa, but in one case the mucosa around the carcinoid
      showed antral properties. One patient had slightly elevated values of pancreatic
      polypeptide, while no hormonal activity was found in others. No growth or spread
      of the carcinoid was observed during follow-up. It is suggested that the same
      pathogenetic factors may operate in the genesis of gastric carcinoid and gastric
      carcinoma in patients with pernicious anemia.

PMID- 4007767
TI  - Effect of temperature on lipoprotein lipase and lipogenic enzyme activities in
      brown adipose tissue of hypophysectomized rats.
AB  - It has been shown that the same modifications on the composition of brown adipose
      tissue (BAT) which are normally induced following cold stimulation are also
      observed in hypophysectomized rats acclimated either at 28 degrees C or 15
      degrees C. To test the possibility of BAT stimulation in hypophysectomized rats,
      we have determined some enzymatic activities known to modulate the energy supply
      to that organ. Seven week old Long-Evans rats were hypophysectomized. Three weeks
      later, they were exposed to either 28 degrees C or 15 degrees C ambient
      temperature for five or six weeks. Hypophysectomized rats were compared to age
      matched or weight matched controls. Total lipoprotein lipase activity (LPL)
      (triglyceride uptake) was enhanced in BAT of 28 degrees C hypophysectomized rats
      compared to controls. Cold acclimation led to a large increased activity. Total
      LPL activity was comparable in BAT of hypophysectomized and control rats. Total
      malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities (in situ
      lipogenesis) were doubled in BAT of 28 degrees C hypophysectomized compared to
      controls. A large enhancement was observed in BAT of either 15 degrees C control
      or 15 degrees C hypophysectomized rats. Among the studied organs (liver, white
      adipose tissue, heart, BAT) hypophysectomy promotes the three enzyme activities
      only in BAT. These variations were discussed with relation to the effect of
      hypophysectomy on brown adipose tissue at 15 degrees C and 28 degrees C.

PMID- 4007766
TI  - Effects of tiadenol and clofibrate on plasma post heparin lipolytic hepatic,
      extrahepatic and monoglyceride hydrolase activities in rats with
      hypertriglyceridemia induced by a sucrose rich diet.
AB  - Normal rats fed an isocaloric sucrose-rich diet (SRD) for 3 weeks developed high
      levels of triacylglycerol in plasma (P) (mmol triacylglycerol I-1) heart (H) and
      liver (L) tissues (mumol triacylglycerol mg DNA-1) as compared to control rats
      fed the standard chow (STD) (X +/- SEM; P: SRD 1.32 +/- 0.06 vs STD 0.49 +/-
      0.05, P less than 0.001; H: SRD 2.1 +/- 0.17 vs STD 0.94 +/- 0.01, P less than
      0.001; L: SRD 8.48 +/- 1.47 vs STD 1.71 +/- 0.12, P less than 0.001). A
      simultaneous drop in the activities (mumol glycerol ml-1 hr-1) of several plasma
      post heparin lipolytic enzymes was observed; total triglyceride lipase (T-TGL):
      SRD 5.32 +/- 0.34 vs STD 7.48 +/- 0.64, P less than 0.01; lipoprotein lipase
      (LPL): SRD 1.61 +/- 0.26 vs STD 2.42 +/- 0.41, P less than 0.05;
      hepatictriglyceride lipase (H-TGL): SRD 3.71 +/- 0.28 vs STD 5.05 +/- 0.69, P
      less than 0.05 and monoglyceride hydrolase (MGH) (mumol glycerol I-1 min-1): SRD
      558 +/- 108 vs STD 1165 +/- 45, P less than 0.001. Rats fed the SRD presented
      glucose intolerance after i.v. glucose (Kg X 10(-2); 1.06 +/- 0.09 vs 2.61 +/-
      0.14 of STD, P less than 0.001) in spite of the presence of hyperinsulinism
      (sigma plasma IRI microU/ml from 0 to 30 min: 184.6 +/- 23.6 vs 100.5 +/- 9.7 of
      STD, P less than 0.01) suggesting that a state of insulin resistance had
      developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007768
TI  - Steroid hormone receptors in MCCLX, a transplantable lactogen-dependent mammary
      tumor of the rat.
AB  - MCCLX is a transplantable rat mammary tumor which, for sustained growth, requires
      the elevated levels of circulating lactogen provided by pregnancy or the
      implantation of an estrogen pellet. High affinity receptors for estradiol, as
      well as for the glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide and
      the progestin R5020 were measured in the cytosols of these tumors. Estrogen
      binding capacities were significantly lower in the cytosols of tumors from
      estrogen pellet treated animals compared with tumors from pregnant animals.
      Ligand exchange assays demonstrated that nuclei of tumors from estrogen-treated
      rats contained 3-4 times the estrogen receptors but that there was a definite
      decrease in total estrogen binding capacity compared with tumors from pregnant
      rats. It was concluded that this lactogen-dependent tumor contains steroid
      receptors with molecular properties similar to those of normal target tissues,
      including estrogen receptors capable of nuclear translocation, the levels of
      which are modulated by the specific growth conditions.

PMID- 4007769
TI  - Isolated dog coronary arteries response to glomerulopressin.
AB  - Coronary arteries were excised from pentobarbital anesthetized normal dogs. The
      isolated coronary arteries were placed in an oxigenated KRB bathing solution
      maintained at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4 changes in the basal tone were measured.
      The addition of glomerulopressin to the bathing solution produced a decrease of
      26 +/- 1.5 mg of the basal tone. This decrease was prolonged for more than 40
      minutes. Several inhibitors of prostaglandins synthesis were added to the bath
      such as corticosterone (2 X 10(-5) M), indomethacin (6 X 10(-6) M),
      acetylsalicylic acid (1.8 X 10(-4) M) and tranylcypromine (4 X 10(-4) M). All
      these inhibitors blocked the action of glomerulopressin. We conclude that
      glomerulopressin relaxes the coronary arteries and that this relaxation may be
      mediated through the novobiosynthesis of prostaglandins.

PMID- 4007770
TI  - Localization of thyroxine 5'-monodeiodinase activity in the renal proximal
      tubules in rabbits and rats.
AB  - To determine the localization of T4 5'-monodeiodinase activity in rabbit and rat
      nephron segments, the formation of tri-iodothyronine (T3) from thyroxine (T4) was
      measured in kidney homogenate and in isolated nephron segments obtained by the
      microdissection method. In order of decreasing activity, homogenates of rabbit
      renal cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla were capable of converting T4 to
      T3. In the isolated nephron segments of the rabbit cortex, the activities were
      noted in both proximal convoluted and proximal straight tubules. On the other
      hand, the activities were not detected in segments including the cortical thick
      ascending limb of Henle's loop, the distal convoluted tubule, the connecting
      tubule, and the cortical collecting tubule. It is concluded that both the
      convoluted and the straight tubules are the sites of T3 production in the kidney.

PMID- 4007771
TI  - Influence of cell age and ketoaminic linkage on rapid glycosylation of hemoglobin
      in human red cells in vitro.
AB  - In vitro the rate of synthesis of the aldiminic linkage between Hb and glucose
      depends on glucose concentration, length of incubation and some other
      physiological factors. To understand better the regulation of this synthesis and
      to verify the role of cell age and of basal HbA1 levels on the rate of synthesis
      of pre-A1, we studied red cells from 7 normal controls and 7 diabetics, with high
      HbA1 levels. We found that the content of HbA1 (stable glycosylated hemoglobin)
      is able to negatively affect the rate of synthesis of new pre-A1, according to a
      curvilinear model. These results suggest that in vitro the glycosylation process
      is saturable, and that elevated values of HbA1 are able to slow the synthesis of
      pre-A1 in vitro.

PMID- 4007772
TI  - Elevated levels of serum free non-glucose carbohydrates in juvenile diabetes.

PMID- 4007773
TI  - Serum concentration of pancreatic polypeptide in normal subjects and in peptic
      ulcer patients.
AB  - The present study evaluates the serum concentration of pancreatic polypeptide
      (PP) in normal male and female subjects of different ages (ranging from 20 to 69)
      and also in patients with peptic ulcers. The PP level rose with age and was
      higher in the male subjects (from the age of 30). Serum levels of the peptide in
      patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers were not significantly different from
      the normal subjects (age and sex matched with the diseased groups).

PMID- 4007774
TI  - Elevation of high density lipoproteins in acromegalics after lisuride treatment.

PMID- 4007775
TI  - Effects of water-deprivation on aldosterone production in Brattleboro male rats
      congenitally lacking vasopressin.
AB  - Effects of water-deprivation on several metabolic parameters and on plasma
      aldosterone concentration have been investigated in male Brattleboro rats
      homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) and in male Long-Evans rats
      (LE) as controls. Two separate experiments were performed over a period of 72
      hours: 1) to determine the global effect of water-deprivation, water deprived
      rats were compared with hydrated animals, 2) to elucidate the specific effect of
      dehydration alone, water-deprived rats were compared with similar food
      restricted, but water-supplied DI and LE rats. In hydrated animals, plasma
      aldosterone concentration was close to 50% less in DI rats than in LE rats. After
      72 hours, plasma aldosterone values increased mainly because of dehydration and
      this increase was greater in DI rats than in LE rats. At the same time, plasma
      aldosterone concentration remained lower in DI rats compared to LE rats. The
      changes in plasma aldosterone concentration after dehydration and possible
      reasons for the impairment of aldosterone production in DI rats are discussed.

PMID- 4007776
TI  - Effect of prolactin on short circuit current, potential and electrical resistance
      across isolated frog skin.
AB  - The effect of a range of ovine prolactin doses (10(-9)-10(-6)M) on the short
      circuit current (Isc), potential difference (E) and electrical resistance (R) of
      isolated frog skin has been studied. Prolactin produced a dose dependent
      stimulation of Isc and generally a fall in R, although the latter was only
      significant after 10(-9) and 10(-6)M prolactin. The effect of prolactin on E was
      found to be more dependent upon the initial E (at the time of hormone addition)
      than on the dose of hormone. 10(-9)M prolactin, in contrast to higher doses,
      produced a sustained fall in R without stimulating Isc. Thus the effect of
      prolactin on frog skin appears to be predominantly on passive permeability at low
      doses, and on active ion transport at higher doses.

PMID- 4007777
TI  - The regulation of purine ribonucleotide metabolism by glucocorticoids in the rat.

PMID- 4007778
TI  - Enhancement of adrenaline plasma-levels shortens adrenaline half-life.

PMID- 4007779
TI  - High affinity glucocorticoid receptors in human intrauterine tissues.

PMID- 4007780
TI  - Serum C-peptide content in nutritional diabetes.

PMID- 4007781
TI  - Stimulation of growth hormone release by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in elderly
      subjects.
AB  - The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the release of growth
      hormone (GH) was investigated in 16 elderly male subjects aged 74-88 years.
      Intravenous injection of 200 micrograms TRH induced a clear-cut GH rise (greater
      than or equal to 10 ng/ml) in 7 of 16 subjects. TRH administration did not raise
      plasma GH in 10 adult subjects aged 36-58 years. The results suggest disorders in
      neurobiochemical mechanisms regulating hypothalamopituitary function in elderly
      men.

PMID- 4007782
TI  - Hyperprolactinaemia and testosterone production. Observations in 2 men on long
      term dialysis.
AB  - 2 men had received maintenance dialysis for more than 5 years because of uraemia.
      Gradual impairment of libido had led to total impotence of more than 6 months
      duration. Concurrently hyperprolactinaemia occurred. Bromocriptine was given for
      2 and 4 months, respectively. Potency was not restored, but in 1 patient the
      blood transfusion requirements were halved and general well-being and strength
      increased. In both men, the serum prolactin levels normalized. Inversely, the low
      plasma testosterone levels increased during the treatment period.

PMID- 4007784
TI  - Prolactin control of growth and prolactin autoregulation in cultured human
      pituitary cells.
AB  - A human pituitary cell line (18-54,SF) grows in serum-free medium and secretes
      prolactin (PRL). Autoregulation of pituitary cell growth and PRL production by
      exogenously supplied ovine PRL (oPRL) was investigated. Human PRL (hPRL) and oPRL
      stimulated pituitary cell growth up to 92% and 85%, respectively, at hPRL and
      oPRL additions of 100-1,000 ng/ml. Short-term (1 h) incubation of the cells with
      oPRL decreased hPRL secretion from the cells by 72% at 10 ng/ml addition.
      Intracellular hPRL was stimulated under the same conditions by 50-275% at oPRL
      concentrations of 10-1,000 ng/ml. Long-term (10 days) incubation of the cells
      with oPRL had no significant effect on extracellular or intracellular hPRL
      production. These data suggest that the pituitary gland can serve as a primary
      feedback site and that PRL can autoregulate its own production as well as affect
      the growth of pituitary cells.

PMID- 4007783
TI  - Hepatotoxicity from antithyroid drugs.
AB  - We review the cases of hepatic injury from propylthiouracil, methimazole and
      carbimazole in the English language literature and compare them to cases of
      agranulocytosis in a recent review. The data on hepatotoxicity confirm the
      findings for agranulocytosis that low-dose methimazole is safer than
      propylthiouracil and that methimazole toxicity is more common over 40 years old.
      In contrast, propylthiouracil hepatotoxicity often occurs in younger patients.
      Most cases of hepatic injury occur in the first few months of drug therapy as
      with agranulocytosis. The reason that methimazole typically causes cholestatic
      hepatitis while propylthiouracil causes cytotoxic hepatitis remains unknown.

PMID- 4007786
TI  - The splenic red pulp; a histomorphometrical study in splenectomy specimens
      embedded in methylmethacrylate.
AB  - The anatomy and pathology of the splenic red pulp was studied in three
      dimensional reconstructions of methylmethacrylate embedded blocks of tissue
      obtained after splenectomy, as well as by morphometrical analysis of a large
      number of specimens. The sinuses of the spleen form a plexus of anastomosing
      vessels with remarkable buds. Capillaries end as sheathed capillaries in the cord
      tissue, the 'filtering' area, but a large proportion of the red pulp cords appear
      to be 'non-filtering'. These might form part of the lymphatic compartment, which
      is separate from the white pulp and its extension along the capillaries. This
      area has not yet been described in man. The change in the volume and structure of
      the various components of the red pulp were studied in 60 controls and in cases
      of traumatic rupture, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic anaemia,
      autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, congenital spherocytosis, splenic congestion, and
      Hodgkin's disease. Significant differences were found in the volume of filtering
      and non-filtering areas, the size of the sinus compartment, and the degree of
      vascularization; these differences were only partially expected, for instance in
      disorders with excessive erythrocyte sequestration. A decrease of the 'non
      filtering' area in Hodgkin's disease might indicate an unknown aspect of this
      disease. In agreement with our previous paper on the amount of white pulp,
      spleens removed because of traumatic rupture and those incidentally removed
      during abdominal surgery may not be combined as a single control group, because
      of significant and probably functional differences in the composition also of the
      red pulp.

PMID- 4007785
TI  - Receptor binding of 6 alpha-methylprogesterone in mouse kidney.
AB  - 6 alpha-Methylprogesterone (6MP) is an androgenic progestin that binds to the
      androgen receptor. However, results from an in vivo study suggested that 6MP was
      also bound by a second receptor. In the present study, we found that 6MP was
      bound in kidney cytosol from adrenalectomized/ovariectomized female mice as well
      as Tfm/Y mice, which lack androgen receptors. 6MP was bound with high affinity
      (Kd = 1.2 X 10(-8) M) by a binder that was present in 7-8 times greater
      concentration than the androgen receptor and had the specificity of a
      glucocorticoid receptor. 6MP was bound with similar specificity in liver cytosol.
      These data indicate that, despite its androgenic effects, 6MP binds primarily to
      a glucocorticoid receptor in mouse kidney.

PMID- 4007787
TI  - Open lung biopsies in congenital heart disease for evaluation of pulmonary
      vascular disease. Predictive value with regard to corrective operability.
AB  - For evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease 140 open lung biopsies were
      performed in 137 patients with congenital heart disease in order to decide
      whether the state of the lung vessels would allow corrective surgery. As far as
      possible follow-up was obtained in patients who underwent a cardiac repair. From
      the study of these biopsy specimens it appeared that medial hypertrophy of
      pulmonary arteries and changes in pulmonary veins should not be considered an
      impediment for a corrective operation as long as more advanced changes are
      absent. The same is true for intimal thickening due to longitudinal smooth
      muscle, post-thrombotic changes or cellular proliferation. Concentric-laminar
      intimal fibrosis forms no contra-indication as long as it is mild but, if severe,
      it is likely that hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease will progress in spite
      of cardiac repair. In the presence of fibrinoid necrosis or plexiform lesions
      correction of a cardiac anomaly should not be attempted. The presence of
      dilatation lesions is more disputable but probably, as long as they are scarce
      and not accompanied by fibrinoid necrosis or plexiform lesions, corrective
      surgery may be attempted. This becomes very dubious when they are more numerous.

PMID- 4007788
TI  - The galactocoele: a light- and electronmicroscopic study.
AB  - The histological and ultrastructural appearances of a galactocoele are
      illustrated and compared with previous descriptions. For the first time,
      microscopic evidence is presented to show that a galactocoele arises from dilated
      ducts filled with milk produced in the surrounding breast.

PMID- 4007789
TI  - The reproducibility of a quantitative grading system of bladder tumours.
AB  - In order to test the reproducibility of a histomorphometrical grading system of
      bladder tumours, 15 tumours were twice measured independently by three
      pathologists. The data obtained were then analysed and compared with that of
      histological grading only. The way in which these morphometrical results are
      presented to the clinician in a computerized report is described. The need for a
      satisfactory reliable reproducibility test of every histomorphometrical grading
      system before introduction in diagnostic pathology is discussed.

PMID- 4007790
TI  - Vascular changes in radiation bowel disease.
AB  - A series of 20 cases of radiation bowel disease (RBD) was studied qualitatively
      and the arterial changes were studied quantitatively. A control series of 45
      cases was studied. In the control cases there were positive correlations between
      the medial thickness of all vessels studied and the diastolic blood pressure as
      well as the incidence of intimal fibrosis in both intramural and extramural
      arteries. The medial thickness in all the arteries in cases of RBD was
      significantly higher than in the controls. This was probably due to the large
      number of fibrin thrombi which increased the vascular resistance. The degree of
      intimal fibrosis of the intramural arteries and arterioles was significantly
      greater than in the controls. Similarly the incidence of intimal fibrosis in all
      arterioles and intramural arteries was greater than the control group. The degree
      of intimal fibrosis was related to the dose of radiation received. The effect of
      radiation was an on-going process since the percentage of arterioles with intimal
      fibrosis increased with the time after radiotherapy. Blood pressure and age
      played no part in these correlations in RBD. The most consistently observed
      qualitative changes in RBD were in the arteries, arterioles and to a lesser
      extent the veins. These showed fibrin thrombi, fibrinoid necrosis, subendothelial
      oedema and fibrin. Various stages of healing were seen in the vessels. We believe
      that the blood vessels are the main site of injury in RBD and that the
      endothelial cell is the initial target for radiation damage.

PMID- 4007791
TI  - Variations in histopathological evaluation of non-neoplastic colonic mucosal
      abnormalities; assessment and clinical significance.
AB  - The variation between three pathologists examining histological features seen in
      non-neoplastic colonic mucosa from 40 biopsies was analysed. Several procedures
      to express observer variation were used and compared, with emphasis on kappa
      statistics. Only five features, the presence of ulceration, villous surface,
      epithelioid granulomas, severe mucus depletion and crypt abscesses were
      sufficiently reproducible by the three pairs of pathologists. These findings
      suggest that other criteria used for the classification of inflammatory bowel
      disease are potentially unsatisfactory. When results from different studies on
      biopsies are being compared, influence of observer variation should be
      identified. Comparison of statistical techniques showed overall variation to be
      less useful than other statistical procedures. There was little difference
      between results from kappa statistics and other measures of agreement (overall
      agreement excluded).

PMID- 4007792
TI  - Reflections on notochordal differentiation arising from a study of chordomas.
AB  - This study of thirteen cases of chordoma serves to emphasize the occurrence of
      three different histological patterns; classical, seven; chondroid, three; and
      intermediate or mesenchymal, three. The study also suggests that more adequate
      sampling of these tumours detects the chondroid variant more readily. These
      varying patterns of differentiation in tumours of notochordal origin suggest that
      the parent tissue may have the potential to develop along similar lines in the
      embryo. Thus mesenchymal and cartilaginous tissue formed from notochordal cells
      could contribute to the formation of the nucleus pulposus and inner portion of
      the intervertebral disc cartilages. This concept contrasts with the previously
      held view that the notochord atrophies at an early stage in embryonic
      development.

PMID- 4007793
TI  - Intestinal metaplasia with argentaffin cells in the uterine cervix.
AB  - Three cases showing focal intestinal metaplasia of the endocervical glands are
      presented. The intestinal-type epithelium contained absorptive cells, goblet
      cells and argentaffin cells, and resembled that found in intestinal types of
      mucinous ovarian tumours. Two of the cases were associated with squamous cell
      carcinoma-in-situ (CIN III), and both of these also showed borderline glandular
      malignancy.

PMID- 4007794
TI  - Electron micrographs of intracytoplasmic granules.

PMID- 4007795
TI  - Increased serum prolactin levels mediate the suppressive effects of ectopic
      pituitary grafts on copulatory behavior in male rats.
AB  - To determine if deficits in sexual activity observed in pituitary-grafted male
      rats are due to elevated serum prolactin (PRL) levels found in these animals, the
      effects of whole pituitary grafts, pars distalis grafts, and ovine (o) PRL
      treatment on male copulatory behavior were compared. Adult sexually experienced
      CDF male rats were given four whole pituitary grafts, four pars distalis grafts,
      or were sham operated. Both groups of grafted animals exhibited suppressed
      copulatory behavior patterns when tested 18 days after pituitary transplantation.
      Animals given whole pituitary grafts had significantly longer latencies to mount
      (P less than 0.05) and to intromit (P less than 0.01) than did the sham-operated
      controls, while the animals given anterior pituitary grafts differed from the
      sham-operated controls in latencies to mount (P less than 0.05) and to intromit
      (P less than 0.01), as well as in the number of intromissions (P less than 0.05).
      Prolactin-injected animals had significantly reduced intromission rates (P less
      than 0.01) and significantly increased latencies to mount (P less than 0.05) and
      to intromit (P less than 0.01) when compared to vehicle-injected controls.
      Furthermore, the time course of behavioral suppression was similar in oPRL
      treated animals to that observed in pars distalis-grafted males, with both groups
      showing the onset of deficits in sexual activity within 8 to 9 days from the
      induction of the hyperprolactinemic state. The similarity in pattern and time to
      onset of behavioral suppression in pituitary-grafted and oPRL-treated animals
      suggests that behavioral deficits observed in animals with pituitary grafts
      result from chronic elevation of serum PRL levels.

PMID- 4007796
TI  - Role of the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area in the regulation of courtship
      behavior in the male Canadian red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis
      parietalis): intracranial implantation experiments.
AB  - Testosterone (T) was administered intracranially to intact adult male Canadian
      red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in the fall and in the
      summer. Implants in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area (AH-POA) as well as
      other regions of the brain, including the medial and basal hypothalamus,
      thalamus, medial cortex, and third ventricle, failed to elicit courtship
      behavior. The spermatogenic stage was more advanced, and the circulating level of
      androgens was significantly higher, in animals that received implants of T in the
      AH-POA. These findings suggest the sex steroid-concentrating sites in the AH-POA
      of the garter snake are involved in feedback regulation of pituitary gonadotropin
      secretion and not in the control of courtship behavior. Hematocrit was found to
      be higher in animals that received implants of T, regardless of location, a
      response that may be related to changes in blood chemistry prior to hibernation.
      These findings support previous research indicating that in the adult male red
      sided garter snake, a species exhibiting a dissociated reproductive tactic,
      courtship behavior is independent of testicular androgens.

PMID- 4007797
TI  - Studies of pericopulatory pregnancy blockage and the gestation period in deer
      mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).
AB  - It has previously been shown that female deer mice in cycling estrus that
      copulate with or are exposed to more than one male at the time of mating have a
      lower probability of delivering a litter than when mating with and being exposed
      to just one male. In the present research the effect of post-mating exposure to
      the bedding of a strange versus a familiar male was studied in females in
      postpartum estrus. In four experiments females in postpartum estrus were
      protected from pericopulatory pregnancy blockage, presumably by suckling-induced
      elevated prolactin levels. Varying female experience, number of ejaculations, and
      the presence of suckling pups had no effect on this protection. Thus, both the
      pericopulatory block and the Bruce effect (a more delayed type of pregnancy
      blockage) occur in cycling, but not suckling, females. This suggests that the two
      may have a common mechanism and leads to a new perspective in the search for
      adaptive significance. In addition, the subsequent gestation periods were
      prolonged in females nursing young; the length was affected by the number of pups
      weaned from the previous litter and the number of pups being carried.

PMID- 4007798
TI  - Effects of intracranial prolactin administration on maintenance of incubation
      readiness, ingestive behavior, and gonadal condition in ring doves.
AB  - Systemic administration of prolactin (PRL) reportedly maintains readiness to sit
      on eggs, increases body weights and liver weights, and reduces gonadal and
      reproductive tract tissue weights in male and female ring doves. To determine if
      these effects are mediated by PRL-induced changes in the central nervous system,
      ring doves were isolated from their mates, nests, and eggs on Day 4 of incubation
      and given twice-daily intracerebroventricular injections of PRL (1 microgram,
      0.031 IU) or saline vehicle (2 microliter) during the next 10 days. Food and
      water consumption were monitored daily during treatment and tests for incubation
      behavior and observation of organ weight changes were conducted at the end of the
      period. The incidence of incubation behavior in the PRL-treated group was not
      significantly different from that in the control group and was significantly
      lower than that reported in a previous study following subcutaneous PRL
      injections. However, gonadal and reproductive tract tissue weights were markedly
      reduced and food and water consumption were significantly elevated in PRL-treated
      birds. Body weights and liver weights were also increased following PRL
      administration. In contrast, crop sac weight did not increase in the PRL treated
      birds, thereby indicating that the effects of icv prolactin treatment were not
      mediated by increased plasma PRL levels and peripheral target organ stimulation.
      These results suggest that PRL can act directly on the brain to inhibit
      gonadotropin release and to stimulate ingestive behavior but central effects of
      PRL alone are not sufficient to maintain incubation readiness.

PMID- 4007799
TI  - Plasma prolactin levels in parental male rats: effects of increased pup stimuli.
AB  - The effects of pup exposure on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were measured in
      unrestrained, steriod-primed, orchidectomized parental rats. Castrated adult male
      rats were treated with estradiol and progesterone for 3 weeks and then exposed to
      rat young until parental behavior was induced. Blood samples were then collected
      from parental males in both the presence and the absence of pups. Samples were
      obtained through the use of indwelling cannulas connected via polyethylene tubing
      to syringes located outside each subject's cage. Despite the intense pup
      stimulation provided by exposure to nine rat pups, acute rises in plasma PRL
      levels were not observed in these unrestrained parental male rats. Parental male
      rats, therefore, do not appear to have the capacity to secrete prolactin in
      response to acute exposure to young.

PMID- 4007800
TI  - A possible physiological basis for the dud-stud phenomenon.
AB  - Intact male rats were tested on two successive weekly tests with females to
      determine their level of sexual activity. Nuclear estrogen receptor content was
      measured in specific brain regions of individual sexually responsive and sexually
      nonresponsive males. Sexually nonresponsive male rats had significantly reduced
      nuclear estrogen receptor levels in the preoptic area compared to sexually
      responsive males. Sexually active males did not differ from inactive males in
      nuclear estrogen receptors in the medialbasal hypothalamus.

PMID- 4007801
TI  - Family caregiving in old age.

PMID- 4007802
TI  - A quadriplegic patient with borderline personality disorder.

PMID- 4007803
TI  - A reconsideration of power in psychiatric administration.
AB  - The management literature of the past few decades was imbued with a humanistic,
      behavioral science orientation in which the formal use of power was down-played.
      But with the changing economic climate has come a reappraisal of concepts of
      power and leadership, and more than ever the clinician-executive must recognize
      his responsibility for the constructive use of power. The authors review
      definitions and classifications of power from the management literature and
      psychoanalytic theory related to the use of power in groups. They present a
      model, analogous to the doctor-patient relationship, for the use of power by the
      clinician-executive in both stable and unstable organizations.

PMID- 4007804
TI  - Severity of emotional distress among sexually abused preschool, school-age, and
      adolescent children.
AB  - Many clinicians do not agree on whether or to what extent sexually abused
      children suffer emotional harm. An analysis of behavioral problems among 112
      preschool, school-age, and adolescent children who had been sexually abused
      indicated that the preschool and adolescent samples showed relatively few signs
      of serious disturbance. The school-age group, however, showed a substantial
      incidence of psychological difficulties. The authors discuss the specific
      disturbances found among each group, the severity of the disturbances compared
      with those of normal children and children receiving psychiatric treatment for
      other reasons, and the implications of the findings for clinical interventions.

PMID- 4007805
TI  - Formats for peer review of dynamic psychotherapy.
AB  - The mental health field must deal with peer review as a fact of life. However,
      many providers do not understand how to describe the nature or process of the
      psychotherapy they use, and many peer reviewers seem to lack knowledge of what
      constitutes a given modality of psychotherapy. If clear definitions of the
      different modes of dynamic psychotherapy are available--and in fact the
      literature shows substantial agreement on such aspects as patient selection, time
      frames, goals, and techniques--formats for the peer review of each modality will
      naturally follow. The author presents definitions and peer review formats for
      symptom-relief, supportive, focal, and long-term exploratory psychotherapy.

PMID- 4007806
TI  - Psychiatric recidivism in a psychosocial rehabilitation setting: a survival
      analysis.
AB  - Survival analysis, a methodology employed in studies of survival after diagnosis
      of a life-threatening physical illness, is used to examine psychiatric
      recidivism. The probability of survival in the community without
      rehospitalization was calculated for 400 consecutive admissions to Thresholds, a
      psychiatric rehabilitation center serving formerly hospitalized patients. It was
      found that the probability of a client's being rehospitalized at least once
      within 15 months of Thresholds intake was .55 and that the probability of
      rehospitalization varied with sex, race, age, and number of prior
      hospitalizations. The authors note that early intervention may be indicated for
      clients at higher risk of rehospitalization. They suggest that survival analysis
      be used in studies of psychiatric recidivism because it permits direct
      statistical comparisons between studies.

PMID- 4007807
TI  - Effects of furniture rearrangement on the atmosphere of wards in a maximum
      security hospital.
AB  - In a study of the effects of a short-term environmental intervention, alterations
      were made in furniture arrangements in ward dayrooms in a maximum-security
      hospital in the United Kingdom. Over two 14-day periods, group seating patterns
      were introduced each day, in conjunction with leisure-time resources such as
      cards and games, to promote improvements in the wards' psychosocial atmosphere.
      The program was implemented through a system of behavioral contracting with ward
      staff. The findings suggest that the use of such simple low-cost techniques can
      produce modest positive changes in different kinds of ward environments.

PMID- 4007808
TI  - A community-based program for juvenile firesetters.
AB  - In 1981 the Dallas Fire Department began a new program for juvenile firesetters.
      Based on an interview graphing technique that helps the juvenile firesetter to
      correlate triggering events with feelings leading to aggressive firesetting
      behavior, the program is staffed by fire department personnel who are trained by
      psychiatric faculty of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at
      Dallas. Comparisons with the city's previous program demonstrate the new
      program's effectiveness in preventing the recurrence of firesetting behavior as
      well as its cost-efficiency. Similar programs have been successfully adopted in
      Houston and Fort Worth.

PMID- 4007810
TI  - The impact of the baby boom on the mental health system.

PMID- 4007809
TI  - Critical treatment issues in suicide among schizophrenics.

PMID- 4007812
TI  - Containing costs in British Columbia: Hobson's choice.

PMID- 4007811
TI  - Secondary traumatization in children of Vietnam veterans.

PMID- 4007813
TI  - Prosecuting psychiatric patients for assault.

PMID- 4007814
TI  - An ordinal functional assessment tool for Alzheimer's-type dementia.

PMID- 4007815
TI  - Axis II personality disorders: diagnostic and treatment issues.
AB  - The placement of personality disorders on a separate axis in DSM-III reflects
      increased interest in their diagnosis and treatment and encourages clinicians to
      consider the effects of personality style on axis I clinical syndromes. In this
      review of axis II personality disorders, the authors discuss methodological
      issues related to the diagnosis of all personality disorders, review the use of
      various treatment modalities, and present current issues and controversies
      related to specific personality disorders. They urge that any revision of DSM-III
      incorporate more reliable and clinically meaningful criteria, perhaps
      substituting a multidimensional classification system for the current categorical
      model.

PMID- 4007816
TI  - Payment for psychiatric services under Canada's insurance system.
AB  - The authors review the impact of Canada's universal health insurance system on
      the delivery of psychiatric services. They believe that, on balance, Canadian
      psychiatrists and their patients have benefited from the system. However, certain
      categories of patients still do not have access to private care, and public
      facilities in some provinces have long waiting lists for services because of
      manpower shortages. A substantial number of psychiatrists have opted out of the
      system because of dissatisfaction with the intrusion of third-party payment on
      practice. The Canadian system presently discourages copayment by patients, and
      thus has reinforced the public's belief in free medical care as a right. The
      authors discuss the benefits to some patients of direct payment for services and
      emphasize the need for direct payment to remain an option under national health
      insurance.

PMID- 4007817
TI  - Violent or fear-inducing behavior associated with hospital admission.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that the incidence of violent or fear-inducing behavior
      among the mentally ill may be higher than once thought. In this study, medical
      record admission notes for 1,687 psychiatric patients over a four-year period
      were examined for indications that the patients had engaged in violent or fear
      inducing behavior just prior to hospital admission. This and other studies
      suggest that the frequency of violent or fear-inducing behavior associated with
      psychiatric admissions may have stabilized in recent years. The authors also
      found a significantly higher level of hospital readmissions for violent patients
      than for other patients. As a result, they caution against assuming that the rate
      of violent behavior among hospital admissions accurately reflects the prevalence
      of violent behavior among the general population of the mentally ill.

PMID- 4007818
TI  - Variation among state hospitals in use of seclusion and restraint.
AB  - The author attempted to determine whether hospitals of the same type, with
      similar admission and discharge policies and operating under identical
      regulations, had similar patterns of use of seclusion and restraint. Admissions
      to seven Massachusetts state hospitals over a two-week period were followed until
      discharge or up to 16 weeks. The hospitals were found to use confinement to
      widely varying degrees that could not be explained by patient demographic
      characteristics, legal status, diagnoses, or violence-related behavior preceding
      hospital admission. The author suggests that factors relating to individual
      hospital practices and conditions strongly influence the use of confinement. He
      discusses the implications of this conclusion.

PMID- 4007819
TI  - Seclusion and restraint in 1985: a review and update.
AB  - The 1982 Supreme Court decision in Youngberg v. Romeo gave mental health
      professionals flexibility to exercise professional judgment in using seclusion to
      control violent patients, and also suggested that seclusion and restraint might
      be used when patients exhibit disruptive behavior that may lead to violence. The
      authors reviewed 13 studies of seclusion and restraint in adult inpatient
      psychiatric settings to define indications for use. They found that seclusion and
      restraint practices varied widely depending on the population served and the
      philosophical orientation of the hospital staff, and were more often used to
      contain behavior that might lead to violence rather than to control violent
      behavior itself. They conclude that there is overwhelming empirical support for
      using seclusion and restraint to limit the progression of disruptive behavior to
      actual violence, but that the decision to do so should be based on sound clinical
      judgment.

PMID- 4007821
TI  - Preparing the family to make the decision about residential placement for an
      adolescent.

PMID- 4007820
TI  - Recent developments in the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of the chronic
      mentally ill in Nigeria.
AB  - Nigeria, with a population estimated at 80 million, has fewer than 100
      psychiatrists and psychologists and only 20 psychiatric facilities. Most chronic
      mental patients are cared for by their relatives, by traditional healers, or by
      religious healers affiliated with the new Christian churches, which have
      proliferated in recent years. Lack of organized social welfare services makes the
      family the only consistent source of social support for the mentally ill;
      patients who lose contact with their families often become homeless wanderers.
      Although the majority of the mentally ill in Nigeria are cared for outside the
      mental health system, recent developments, such as the establishment of mobile
      clinics and village-based psychiatric units, show great potential for advancing
      the treatment of chronic mental illness in Nigeria.

PMID- 4007822
TI  - Staff reaction to an inpatient homicide.

PMID- 4007823
TI  - A geriatric nutrition program designed to improve independence in feeding.

PMID- 4007824
TI  - PA hospital cuts travel costs by starting its own travel department.

PMID- 4007825
TI  - Hospital challenges auditor's findings; urges others to do so.

PMID- 4007826
TI  - Plastic surgery up 50% since '81: survey.

PMID- 4007827
TI  - Marketing is key to PR professionals' roles.

PMID- 4007828
TI  - Asset management: attacking materials' grip on the budget.

PMID- 4007829
TI  - The myth of the closed medical staff.

PMID- 4007830
TI  - Inflation's downward trend to end in '86.

PMID- 4007831
TI  - A tale of two systems. Interview by Emily Friedman.

PMID- 4007832
TI  - Hospitals still dominate emergency care market.

PMID- 4007834
TI  - Hospitals go international to increase market shares.

PMID- 4007833
TI  - Major hospital group asbestos suit planned.

PMID- 4007836
TI  - Revenue problems top CFOs' worries.

PMID- 4007835
TI  - Women's center adds space, creates 'key' product line.

PMID- 4007837
TI  - Late receivables squeeze cash flow.

PMID- 4007838
TI  - Driving a harder bargain for the donated dollar. Interview by Emily Friedman.

PMID- 4007839
TI  - Hospital closures remain stable.

PMID- 4007840
TI  - Boise Cascade makes health costs its business.

PMID- 4007841
TI  - Changing environment spurs new HIS demand.

PMID- 4007842
TI  - Intervention in the aging process.

PMID- 4007843
TI  - Copper-binding protein in liver cells.
AB  - The patterns and incidences of orcein-positive granules of copper-binding protein
      (CBP) in 2,531 liver biopsy specimens from children and adults with a large
      variety of liver diseases are reported. Fetal and neonatal livers have high
      physiologic levels of copper and CBP, which fall to within the adult range by the
      third to the sixth month of life. Therefore, in liver specimens from children
      less than 6 months of age, it was not possible to determine whether the orcein
      positive granules present represented physiologic or pathologic deposits of CBP.
      In adults and in children older than 6 months of age, CBP granules were found
      almost exclusively in association with four main groups of liver diseases:
      Wilson's disease, chronic biliary disorders, cirrhosis/extensive fibrosis, and
      primary liver tumors. Orcein-positive granules were never found in patients with
      acute liver disease. The granules were extremely helpful in distinguishing
      chronic biliary diseases from acute cholestatic and hepatic disorders, primary
      biliary cirrhosis from chronic active hepatitis, and primary liver tumors from
      metastatic tumor deposits.

PMID- 4007844
TI  - The mucosal changes and pathogenesis of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis.
AB  - The clinical and pathologic findings in 11 patients with pneumatosis cystoides
      intestinalis (PCI) are described. Symptoms were variable but localized to the
      gastrointestinal tract. Only one patient had obstructive airway disease. Although
      gas cysts of varying sizes were present in the colonic wall in all cases,
      distinctive changes were also observed in the mucosa. Architectural disturbances
      were seen in 11 of 13 specimens, and changes mimicking those of inflammatory
      bowel disease, including cryptitis, crypt abscesses, chronic inflammation, and
      granulomas, were present. In addition, crypt dilation and partial crypt rupture,
      with formation of intramucosal cysts, were seen in association with clusters of
      small gas cysts in the lamina propria. The transgression of gas cysts through the
      muscularis mucosae and the presence of larger giant cell-lined cysts in the
      submucosa suggested entry of gas generated in the colonic lumen or within
      inflamed crypts from the mucosal aspect. Other postulated pathogeneses of PCI are
      discussed.

PMID- 4007845
TI  - Follicular bronchitis/bronchiolitis.
AB  - Nineteen open lung biopsies demonstrating follicular bronchitis/bronchiolitis
      were reviewed with special attention to clinical manifestations. Morphologically,
      follicular bronchitis/bronchiolitis was represented by coalescent reactive
      germinal centers adjacent to airways in the absence of clinical or pathologic
      evidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or bronchiectasis. Three
      clinicopathologic groups were identified: 1) patients with collagen vascular
      diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome; 2) patients
      with a familial form of the disease or with immunodeficiency syndromes; and 3) a
      heterogeneous group of patients with frequent peripheral blood eosinophilia,
      suggesting a hypersensitivity reaction. Prognosis was related to age at the time
      of biopsy and, to some extent, to the clinical group. Steroid therapy had
      inconsistent effects in all groups identified. The differential diagnosis of
      lymphoid lesions in the lung is also discussed.

PMID- 4007846
TI  - Adenomas of the breast and ectopic breast under lactational influences.
AB  - The tubular adenomas, lactating adenomas, and ectopic lactation- or gestation
      associated benign lesions of the breast diagnosed during a 22-year period are
      reported. Forty-two breast adenomas (in 28 patients) that demonstrated
      lactational changes are reviewed, with special attention to classification and
      clinical presentation. Five ectopic lactating adenomas--three axillary or in the
      chest wall and two vulvar, the latter occurring in the same patient--were
      identified in three patients. The lesions in the remaining cases were
      fibroadenomas with lactational changes (16 patients) and lactating or tubular
      adenomas (nine patients). Striking histologic and clinical similarities between
      the tubular and lactating adenomas and the lesions identified as lactational
      changes within a fibroadenoma were observed, with foci of tubular adenomatous
      change present within otherwise typical fibroadenomas. The overlapping
      morphologic spectrum and the strong association with pregnancy or lactational
      influences blur the distinction between these entities and suggest a common
      pathogenesis. The cytologic features of lactational lesions of the breast and
      ectopic breast pose special problems in diagnosis by fine needle aspiration.

PMID- 4007847
TI  - Asbestos body concentrations in human lung: predictions from asbestos body counts
      in tissue sections with a mathematical model.
AB  - A mathematical model for predicting the concentration (Nv) of asbestos bodies
      (AB) in human tissue from the count (No) of these bodies in planar tissue
      sections is presented. The result is the equation Nv = No/[0.54 X A X (La + t)],
      giving the concentration of AB in numbers per gram of wet lung tissue. La, the
      average length (in microns) of the AB, is specific for each case; A is the area
      (square millimeters) of the tissue counted, and t is the thickness of the section
      (in microns). This equation fits experimental digestion results to a
      multiplicative error factor of less than 3. When an estimate of La, such as 51.6
      microns, is used, the equation is less accurate but probably sufficiently
      accurate for the screening of lung specimens.

PMID- 4007848
TI  - Hepatobiliary carcinoma associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and
      chronic ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Hepatobiliary carcinomas were found in eight patients with chronic ulcerative
      colitis (CUC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (large-duct PSC; five cases) or
      "pericholangitis" (small-duct PSC; three cases). The tumors were extrahepatic in
      five cases and intrahepatic in two; in one case the neoplasm affected both liver
      and gallbladder. The tumors in seven patients were glandular and, sometimes,
      cystic and papillary; in the remaining patient a combined hepatocellular
      carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma was found. The latter tumor seemed to arise from
      regenerative nodules in secondary biliary cirrhosis complicating PSC. The
      presence of carcinoma in situ in areas of fibrous cholangitis, the multicentric
      origin of the tumor, the presence of tumor-free large-duct PSC or small-duct PSC
      (pericholangitis) at a distance from the carcinomatous areas, and the
      documentation, in some cases, of long-standing inflammatory hepatobiliary disease
      prior to the discovery of the tumors would seem to confirm the clinical
      impression that carcinomas may develop in pre-existing PSC. The appearance of
      hepatobiliary carcinomas in patients with classic PSC and in patients with
      pericholangitis supports previous evidence indicating that cholangiographically
      diagnosed large-duct PSC and histologically diagnosed small-duct PSC
      (pericholangitis) are manifestations of a shared condition that could be named
      PSC syndrome. The findings of the present study indicate that the PSC syndrome
      predisposes patients for the development of bile duct carcinoma. Most patients
      with CUC and bile duct carcinoma seem to have PSC prior to the development of the
      hepatobiliary tumor.

PMID- 4007849
TI  - Clinical and pathologic aspects of recurrent placental villitis.
AB  - In a retrospective survey, recurrent villitis was identified in ten of 59
      patients in whom placental villitis had been diagnosed. The ten patients had a
      total of 41 pregnancies, with a reproductive loss of 60 per cent. In addition to
      enhanced fetal losses in all trimesters of gestation and postnatally, the
      incidences of fetal growth retardation and premature delivery were increased.
      There was no evidence of recent TORCH (toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus,
      herpes) infection, but all patients tested had rubella immunity. In six patients
      genital cultures were positive for gonorrhea and assorted microorganisms. Uterine
      abnormalities, including two septate uteri, one incompetent cervix, one
      submucosal leiomyoma, and one retroflexion, were common, and vaginal bleeding had
      occurred in five patients. Other factors included obesity (five patients) and
      clinical and laboratory evidence of autoimmunity (four of the five patients
      tested). In a control group of 20 patients with nonrecurrent villitis, the
      perinatal loss rate (37 per cent) was lower, and the incidences of positive
      cultures, uterine structural anomalies, obesity, and autoimmunity were also
      lower. Placental histologic findings included decidual plasma cell and
      intervillous fibrin and histiocytic infiltration, in addition to villous
      inflammation. These lesions, although consistent for a given patient, defined two
      clinically relevant groups of patients. The results of this study suggest that
      recurrent villitis is more frequent than previously reported, that it is
      associated with high perinatal mortality, and that immunologic and structural
      abnormalities in the host may play a role in its pathogenesis.

PMID- 4007850
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis
      of calcific deposits on intrauterine contraceptive devices.
AB  - Deposits found intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) were studied by scanning
      electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray
      microanalysis. All seven devices, including five plastic and two copper IUDs,
      were coated with a crust containing cellular, acellular, and fibrillar material.
      The cellular material was composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cells of
      epithelial origin, sperm, and bacteria. Some of the bacteria were filamentous,
      with acute-angle branching. The fibrillar material appeared to be fibrin. Most of
      the acellular material was amorphous; calcite was identified by x-ray
      diffraction, and x-ray microanalysis showed only calcium. Some of the acellular
      material, particularly that on the IUD side of the crust, was organized in
      spherulitic crystals and was identified as calcium phosphate by x-ray
      microanalysis. The crust was joined to the IUD surface by a layer of fibrillar
      and amorphous material. It is suggested that the initial event in the formation
      of calcific deposits on IUD surfaces is the deposition of an amorphous and
      fibrillar layer. Various types of cells present in the endometrial environment
      adhere to this layer and then calcify. Thus, the deposition of calcific material
      on the IUDs is a calcification phenomenon, not unlike the formation of plaque on
      teeth. Hum Pathol 16:732-738, 1985.

PMID- 4007851
TI  - Choristoma of the breast.
AB  - A well-circumscribed breast mass composed of well-organized breast parenchymal
      elements, dense fibrous tissue, mature hyaline cartilage, fat, and smooth muscle
      is described, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. This lesion is considered
      to be a choristoma.

PMID- 4007852
TI  - Central pontine myelinolysis in a child with the Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.
AB  - The first case of central pontine myelinolysis in a child with the Shwachman
      Diamond syndrome is reported. Marked fluctuation of serum glucose and sodium
      levels, but no hyponatremia, was observed throughout the patient's hospital
      course. Both of these abnormalities may have contributed to the development of
      the lesion. Liver abnormalities, implicated in other pediatric cases of central
      pontine myelinolysis, were also observed.

PMID- 4007853
TI  - Multifocal nonosteogenic fibroma: report of a case with ultrastructural findings.
AB  - The case of a patient in whom multiple nonosteogenic fibromas developed is
      reported. This condition is very unusual and must be differentiated not only from
      the multiple lesions that occur in association with well-known entities but also
      from some occasionally multifocal bone tumors. The lesion is characterized by
      proliferations of spindle cells disposed in storiform patterns, with numerous
      scattered multinucleated giant cells. Ultrastructural study revealed that the
      basic cell of this lesion had fine structural features of both fibroblast and
      myofibroblast cells.

PMID- 4007854
TI  - Minor pancreatic changes.

PMID- 4007855
TI  - Electrophoretic variants of blood proteins in Japanese. IV. Prevalence and
      enzymologic characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in
      Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
AB  - Electrophoretic screening of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49,
      G6PD) was conducted one sample of 9,260 children born to the atomic bomb
      survivors in Hiroshima (Honshu) and Nagasaki (Kyushu). The prevalence of
      electrophoretic variants was 0.11% in males and 0.42% in females in Hiroshima,
      and 0.16% in males and 0.31% in females in Nagasaki. Enzymologic characteristics
      of 10 variants obtained from three males and seven hemizygous fathers of
      heterozygous females were examined. As a result, three new types of G6PD variants
      were identified among five variants detected in Hiroshima, and three new types
      among five variants in Nagasaki. All the variants except one belonged to Class 3,
      as defined by Yoshida et al. (1971).

PMID- 4007856
TI  - The ordered arrangement of chromosomes in the Chinese hamster spermatocyte
      nucleus.
AB  - The question of chromosome distribution in the mammalian nucleus is addressed,
      and data are provided in support of the ordered arrangement of chromosomes in the
      Chinese hamster spermatocyte. Testicular cells were dispersed and air-dried
      without prior fixation, then stained and karyotyped. The position of chromosome
      telomeres in 217 pachytene spermatocytes was determined in relation to four
      concentric rings which equally divided the nuclear area. The distribution of
      telomeres showed a progressive decline from the central to the peripheral rings.
      This was particularly pronounced for chromosomes 1-7, but was reversed for the XY
      chromosomes. The distribution of the total as well as of the individual
      chromosomes was significantly different from that expected on the basis of random
      distribution. The only exceptions to this were chromosomes 8-10, which exhibited
      random distribution. Thus, while chromosomes 1-7 had a central position, the XY
      pair had a peripheral localization. The mean ring position appeared to be related
      to chromosome length, except for the XY chromosomes, suggesting that chromosome
      length may determine chromosome position.

PMID- 4007857
TI  - Aplasia of tibia with split-hand/split-foot deformity. Report of six families
      with 35 cases and considerations about variability and penetrance.
AB  - Six families with a total of 34 affected persons with the syndrome of tibial
      aplasia and ectrodactyly are reported. The spectrum of malformations is compared
      to that of 99 familial cases from the literature. The full-blown syndrome
      consists of bilateral aplasia of tibiae and split-hand/split-foot deformity.
      Additional malformations may be distal hypoplasia or bifurcation of femora, hypo-
      or aplasia of ulnae, and minor anomalies such as aplasia of patellae, hypoplastic
      big toes, postaxial and intermediate polydactyly in connection with split-hand
      deformity, and cup-shaped ears. The mildest visible manifestation may be
      hypoplastic big toes, the severest is tetramonodactyly or transverse hemimelia.
      This disorder is autosomal dominantly inherited. The penetrance is markedly
      reduced.

PMID- 4007858
TI  - Quantitative variation in cystic fibrosis-associated proteins in cystic fibrosis
      patients, carriers, and controls.
AB  - Serum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), obligate heterozygotes,
      and normal controls have been examined by isoelectric focusing (IEF). Our results
      suggest that cystic fibrosis protein (CFP) is a normal serum protein exhibiting
      quantitative variation primarily dependent on possession of the CF allele. It is
      concluded that detection of CFP by IEF is an inappropriate screening test for the
      CF gene due to lack of specificity.

PMID- 4007859
TI  - Three new red cell acid phosphatase variants.

PMID- 4007860
TI  - Single dose oral amoxycillin 3 g with either 125 mg or 250 mg clavulanic acid to
      treat uncomplicated anogenital gonorrhoea.
AB  - A single supervised oral dose of amoxycillin 3 g combined with clavulanic acid
      125 mg as a suspension (Augmentin 3.125G) plus probenecid 1 g, cured 97 of 100
      assessable patients who had uncomplicated anogenital gonorrhoea. Thirteen of the
      100 patients were infected with penicillinase producing strains of Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and 11 (85%) of these patients were cured, including one
      infected with a PPNG strain that was also resistant to spectinomycin. Another
      group of 93 assessable patients was treated with ampicillin 3 g plus probenecid 1
      g, and only 85 (91%) patients were cured. Of the eight treatment failures in this
      group, five were found to be infected with PPNG strains. In a second study 144
      assessable patients were treated with amoxycillin 3 g combined with clavulanic
      acid 250 mg, (Augmentin 3.250G) plus probenecid 1 g, and a 97% cure rate was
      again obtained. Five of seven (71%) patients infected with PPNG strains were
      cured. Although both Augmentin regimens were effective for treating gonorrhoea
      caused by PPNG and non-PPNG strains, side effects were noted in more patients
      treated with 250 mg clavulanic acid (24%) than with 125 mg clavulanic acid (5%).
      In addition, a similar cure rate was obtained in the three primary sites of
      infection, the urethra, cervix, and rectum.

PMID- 4007861
TI  - Importance of Mycoplasma hominis in acute salpingitis assessed by culture and
      serological tests.
AB  - In 95 women with a provisional diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease, a final
      diagnosis of acute salpingitis was confirmed by laparoscopy in 46 and 10 had
      strong clinical evidence of acute salpingitis. The findings in the remaining 39
      patients without signs of acute salpingitis by laparoscopy were used as a
      standard of reference. Criteria for the diagnosis of possible mycoplasmal
      salpingitis were tentatively defined as the isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from
      the cervix together with positive test results for M hominis antibodies (a titre
      of greater than or equal to 1/1280 or a change in titre, or both); these criteria
      were fulfilled in 12 patients with acute salpingitis. A positive correlation
      between mycoplasmal salpingitis and chlamydial salpingitis or gonococcal
      salpingitis, or both, was significant. Mycoplasmal salpingitis was not associated
      with any characteristic clinical feature different from those of patients with
      non-mycoplasmal salpingitis. Our findings do not support the view that M hominis
      is an important primary pathogen in acute salpingitis.

PMID- 4007862
TI  - Unusual presentation of chlamydial peritonitis: case report.

PMID- 4007863
TI  - Diagnostic facilities for Chlamydia trachomatis in men.

PMID- 4007864
TI  - Indigenous intravaginal pentatrichmonads vitiate the usefulness of squirrel
      monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) as models for trichomoniasis in men.

PMID- 4007865
TI  - The planning, implementation and evaluation of an immunization promotion campaign
      in South Australia.

PMID- 4007866
TI  - University commitment to the improvement of family health education and services.

PMID- 4007867
TI  - The prevention of alcohol-related problems in the USA: health educators and the
      "new generation" of strategies.

PMID- 4007868
TI  - Health education. Alcohol and social awareness.

PMID- 4007869
TI  - [National information campaign in France. "One drink is O.K., 3 drinks is asking
      for trouble"].
AB  - Despite a downward trend in the consumption of alcohol during the last 10 years,
      France remains the main consumer of alcohol in the world. One in every 15 deaths
      is related to alcohol. Some of the reasons for the decrease in alcohol
      consumption are: the privilege to distill one's own alcohol is now limited to few
      people, advertisements are controlled, taxes on liquors have been increased,
      drunken drivers are severely penalized. Moreover, there have been structural
      changes, one of them being the installation of an improved piped water system.
      For the first time, in 1984, the French Committee for Health Education launched
      an information campaign concerning alcoholism. Traditions and customs related to
      the consumption of alcohol still have a strong positive connotation in France. So
      this very important consideration had to be taken into account by the planners of
      the campaign. The keynote of the campaign was therefore that one should drink
      moderately. The slogan chosen contains a note of humour which the translation
      does not render: "One glass is OK, three glasses, and your troubles begin".
      Television spots were widely used in the campaign as well as pamphlets, and
      various public relations meetings took place. In a preliminary evaluation, a
      nation-wide survey showed that 70% of the viewers remembered the slogan three
      months after the end of the campaign. Out of these, 86% thought the campaign was
      necessary, and 69% considered the campaign had been well-conceived.

PMID- 4007870
TI  - The development of training for alcohol educators in the North East of England.
      The buck stops here.

PMID- 4007871
TI  - Alcohol education in Norway.

PMID- 4007872
TI  - [Developing countries. Health education in the primary prevention of alcoholism].
AB  - In most developing countries alcoholism hampers economic development in the same
      way as illiteracy or disease. Several studies reveal the extent of the problem in
      Latin America where the consumption of alcoholic beverages is rooted in national
      traditions. In Chile, the population includes 5% of alcoholics and 15% of people
      who drink excessively. The authors have developed a programme to control
      alcoholism in Pudahuel, a district of Santiago where there is much poverty. The
      programme includes four stages. The first consists in informing community
      leaders, teachers and parents of how to carry out primary prevention. During the
      second stage, teachers are shown how to use the didactic material available. The
      third stage concerns programmed activities for students and parents. The last
      stage is devoted to preventive activities in the community. The evaluation of
      this ambitious programme has not yet taken place.

PMID- 4007873
TI  - An Indian perspective. Need for alcohol education.

PMID- 4007874
TI  - HAPI Health Series. A public health effort to improve school health education.

PMID- 4007875
TI  - Lead and brain damage.

PMID- 4007876
TI  - Adverse drug reactions.

PMID- 4007877
TI  - Massive theophylline intoxication: effects of charcoal haemoperfusion on plasma
      and erythrocyte theophylline concentrations.
AB  - The results of a charcoal haemoperfusion on plasma and erythrocyte theophylline
      concentrations are described in a patient, intentionally intoxicated with a
      sustained-release theophylline formulation. It is demonstrated that the charcoal
      filled Gambro Adsorba 300-C column is effective in removing theophylline. This
      effectiveness is based on pharmacokinetic parameters, which are presented. The
      necessity of measuring plasma and erythrocyte theophylline concentrations is
      outlined. Calculations based on plasma theophylline concentrations only can lead
      to an underestimation of the effectiveness.

PMID- 4007878
TI  - Some observations on the macula of pesticide workers.
AB  - To study the retinal changes in occupationally exposed pesticide workers, 79
      subjects exposed to an organophosphate, fenthion, and 18 exposed to an
      organochlorine pesticide DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane],
      were subjected to a detailed study, including history taking, physical
      examination and ophthalmic evaluation. Fluorescein angiography was performed in
      selected cases. Serum cholinesterase level in 22 workers and serum DDT residue in
      17 workers of the respective groups were also estimated. Fifteen workers (19%),
      who were exposed to fenthion had macular changes (P less than 0.01). The macular
      lesions were characterized by perifoveal irregularity of pigmentation and areas
      of hypopigmentation of 1/8-1/3 disc diameter. Mean age of the subjects having
      macular involvement was 30.6 years and mean duration of exposure 7.9 years. The
      symptoms reported by them were diminution of vision (8), dislike for bright
      light, flash of light, black dots in front of the eyes (2 each) and visual
      blurring (1). Paracentral scotoma and constriction of peripheral field were
      present in three workers each. Fluorescein angiography suggested pigment
      epithelium defect. Other causes of macular involvement in these workers were
      excluded; a possible role of pesticides in the genesis of these macular changes
      is suggested.

PMID- 4007879
TI  - Metabolism of some industrial uranium tetrafluorides after deposition in the rat
      lung.
AB  - Two commercially produced natural uranium tetrafluorides were administered to
      rats either by inhalation or direct injection into the lungs. THE RESULTS: show
      that, for both materials uranium is cleared rapidly from the lungs, much of it to
      the blood, show that the distribution of uranium amongst body tissues, and the
      fraction of the systemic content excreted in urine, is similar to that obtained
      after the administration of U(VI) bicarbonate, show that the transportability of
      uranium is much greater than in previously reported studies with other
      preparations of uranium tetrafluoride, suggest that lung radioactivity counting
      measurements would be of limited value for interpreting human exposures, indicate
      that for setting exposure limits these tetrafluorides should be considered
      moderately transportable compounds (ICRP inhalation class W).

PMID- 4007880
TI  - Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias provoked by amiodarone treatment.
AB  - We report two patients who developed symptomatic life-threatening ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias with changing QRS axes (resembling torsades de pointes), during
      treatment of their supraventricular tachycardias with oral amiodarone. Like other
      effects of amiodarone on the body, the arrhythmias became evident several days
      after initiating therapy, at which time electrocardiographic QT prolongation was
      present. The arrhythmias subsided after amiodarone treatment was withdrawn. No
      other drugs or electrolyte disturbances could be incriminated as a cause.

PMID- 4007881
TI  - Retention and tissue binding of titanium in the rat.
AB  - The fate of a soluble form of titanium (Ti) was studied in rats injected
      intraperitoneally with 1 microgram of Ti per rat as [44Ti]ammonium oxalotitanate
      (IV). After 16 h the Ti concentration in all tissues tested was of the order of
      0.5 ng/g wet weight. After 19 days the Ti concentration increased in most
      tissues, especially in spleen, femur and kidney. By this time 55 ng had been
      excreted both via urine and faeces and the Ti concentration in blood plasma
      (mainly associated with plasma proteins) was three times lower than at 16 h
      postinjection. Chromatographic separation of the day 19 liver cytosol showed the
      ability of biological macromolecules to incorporate Ti compounds. Ti-labelled
      'titanic acid' and 'titanium phosphate' showed low solubility which was, however,
      higher in human serum than in water and sodium chloride solution. The
      chromatographic profiles of plasma from incubated human blood in vitro with
      [44Ti]titanium oxalate showed the capacity of plasma proteins to complex Ti
      compounds. The results indicated that the long retention of Ti in the body may be
      due to its ability to form biocomplexes with cellular constituents.

PMID- 4007882
TI  - Solanidine is present in sera of healthy individuals and in amounts dependent on
      their dietary potato consumption.
AB  - Solanidine, a steroidal alkaloid, and its glycosides have been reported to have
      caused poisoning in man and animals. These alkaloids are normally present in
      small amounts in potatoes. Measurement of solanidine in body fluid would be
      expected to establish the real incidence of acute toxicity and help to resolve
      the question of any chronic toxicity including teratogenicity. We report the
      detection of solanidine in the serum of 57 normal healthy volunteer subjects in
      whom it measured 4.0-56.3 nmol/l (1.6-22.5 ng/ml) before the midday meal. There
      was a significant correlation between serum solanidine concentration and normal
      dietary intake of potato by the individual concerned. When two subjects abstained
      from potato and its products serum solanidine fell markedly and became minimal
      after the second week onwards.

PMID- 4007883
TI  - Plasma hydrazine concentrations in man after isoniazid and hydralazine
      administration.
AB  - By using a specific sensitive stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS) assay, hydrazine was detected in the plasma of eight healthy
      male volunteer subjects taking isoniazid (300 mg daily) for 2 weeks. Accumulation
      of hydrazine occurred in slow-acetylator phenotypes. Hydrazine was also detected
      in the plasma of eight out of 14 hypertensive patients treated chronically with
      hydralazine (200 mg daily). However, the concentrations of hydrazine observed
      were much lower than in the isoniazid study and were close to the limit of
      detection. As hydrazine is hepatotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in animals,
      its presence in human plasma has important toxicological implications.

PMID- 4007884
TI  - Arsenic speciation in urine from humans intoxicated by inorganic arsenic
      compounds.
AB  - Trends in the urinary concentrations of the four arsenic species, pentavalent [As
      (V)] and trivalent [As (III)] inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA)
      and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), were followed for several days subsequent to the
      acute intoxication of two human subjects by arsenic trioxide [As (III)2O3] and
      sodium orthoarsenate [Na2HAs(V)O4 X 7H2O], respectively, in unsuccessful suicide
      attempts. Total arsenic concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 18.7 mg/l. The
      increasing predominance of the less toxic methylated species, especially DMAA,
      after 3 or 4 days supports the concept of methylation as a natural detoxification
      mechanism as part of an overall reduction/methylation sequence involved in the
      biotransformation of inorganic arsenic by the human body. However, the additional
      possibility of oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in vivo under extreme immediate
      postingestion conditions is suggested by initial high urinary As(V) after arsenic
      trioxide intoxication. Relative proportions of As(V), As(III), MMAA and DMAA in
      both cases probably reflect species-dependent differences in rates of direct
      elimination and reactivity with tissues as well as the efficiency of methylation.

PMID- 4007885
TI  - Meprobamate overdosage.

PMID- 4007886
TI  - Chronic pancreatitis possibly caused by occupational exposure to organic
      solvents.
AB  - Acute pancreatic injury has been attributed to occupational exposure to chemical
      agents in workers, but there have been no previous reports of occupationally
      induced chronic pancreatitis. Severe chronic exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
      was found in a 29-year-old house painter, where other known causes of chronic
      pancreatitis could be ruled out. The patient had previously experienced abdominal
      pain and diarrhoea associated with exposure to spray paints followed by remission
      of the symptoms during vacations. Although the association between exposure and
      pancreatic insufficiency may be a random one, a possible causal relation should
      be further evaluated.

PMID- 4007887
TI  - A case of fatal endrin poisoning.
AB  - Ingestion of 12 g of endrin by a 49-year-old man caused convulsions persisting
      for 4 days, hypersalivation, hyperthermia, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia
      and recurrent hypotension. Death followed after 11 days, due to pulmonary
      complications (infection and haemorrhage) and hypoxaemia causing bradycardia and
      cardiac arrest. Endrin and dieldrin concentrations in blood 4 hours, 6 and 11
      days after ingestion were respectively 450, 86 and 71 micrograms/l for endrin and
      60, 19 and 19 micrograms/l for dieldrin. Dieldrin was also present, possibly
      because the endrin preparation contained traces of dieldrin. Endrin
      concentrations 11 days after ingestion were 0.071 mg/l in blood, in adipose
      tissue 89.5 mg/kg, in the heart 0.87 mg/kg, in the brain 0.89 mg/kg, in the
      kidneys 0.55 mg/kg and in the liver 1.32 mg/kg.

PMID- 4007888
TI  - Death due to carbamazepine self-poisoning: remedies reviewed.

PMID- 4007889
TI  - Plasma protein changes in rats treated with hypolipidaemic drugs and with
      phthalate esters.
AB  - Treatment of rats with hypolipidaemic drugs or with the plasticizer di-2-ethyl
      hexyl phthalate caused significant alterations in the concentration of certain
      plasma proteins. Certain proteins showed dose-dependent increases, in other cases
      the plasma concentrations fell in treated animals. The changes were quite
      distinct from the changes in plasma proteins which occur during the acute-phase
      response to inflammatory agents. Some changes appeared specific to agents which
      produce peroxisome proliferation in liver, other alterations appeared associated
      with mild, but sustained, liver injury.

PMID- 4007890
TI  - Ferguson's principle and the prediction of fatal drug levels in blood.
AB  - The median fatal concentrations (EC50) of various types of drugs are shown to be
      determined solely by their aqueous solubilities (S). Among the test substances,
      EC50 values show a range of 2000-fold, whereas the ratio EC50/S is essentially
      constant. This behaviour is typical of 'Ferguson substances', and enables the
      fatal toxicity of other (depressant) drugs and related compounds to be
      calculated. The mean relative saturation (EC50/S) is 0.006, a value which shows
      that humans are more sensitive to narcotic agents than are the lower animals. The
      Ferguson principle provides a broad framework for quantitative structure-activity
      relations in fatal drug toxicity. The empirical Hansch equation can be derived
      from the same thermodynamic concept of free energy which underlies the Ferguson
      principle.

PMID- 4007892
TI  - Subjective costs of antihypertensive treatment.
AB  - A method for surveying side-effects in the hypertension clinic of a district
      general hospital is described. A high frequency of complaints was confirmed.
      Impairment of sexual activity in the sexually active was reported by 23 (48%) men
      and 10 (23%) women. A previous lack of data from women on this subject may have
      led to the unsafe conclusion that drugs which can cause impotence in men are
      necessarily more suitable for women. The survey method is capable of identifying
      susceptible patients who may then be asked to co-operate in further research.

PMID- 4007891
TI  - A study of the effects of rifampicin on isoniazid metabolism in human volunteer
      subjects.
AB  - The effect of rifampicin on the metabolism of isoniazid in human volunteer
      subjects has been investigated. The urinary metabolites of isoniazid after a
      single dose and after six daily doses of isoniazid plus rifampicin were examined.
      The isoniazid-rifampicin combination clearly increased the ratio of urinary 6
      beta-hydroxycortisol to 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, indicating that induction of
      the microsomal enzymes had occurred. However, no significant changes in the
      urinary metabolites of isoniazid were detected, and therefore it is not possible
      to predict the effect of rifampicin on isoniazid hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 4007893
TI  - Studies on the possible central and peripheral effects in man of a cholinesterase
      inhibitor (pyridostigmine).
AB  - The effect of a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor (pyridostigmine: 30 mg, 8
      hourly for 3 days) on psychomotor performance and visual function and on the
      electrical activity of the brain was studied in healthy man. It was not possible
      to detect any change during the six individual experimental sessions over the 3
      days, but with pooling of the data there was a drug effect. The threshold for
      detection of a flickering light was increased and less responses were missed on a
      dynamic visual-acuity task. Visuo-motor coordination was impaired. The
      observations were consistent with the known activity of the drug and suggest an
      increase in central arousal and minimal alteration in motor coordination.

PMID- 4007894
TI  - Acute lead intoxication due to intravenous injection.
AB  - A case of acute lead poisoning due to intravenous injection of lead acetate is
      reported. The patient developed clinical and biochemical symptoms characteristic
      for acute hepatic porphyrias. Elevated urinary 5-aminolaevulinic acid and low
      porphobilinogen correlated to a lead-induced inhibition of 5-amino-laevulinic
      acid dehydrase with diagnostically indicative reactivation rates by zinc and
      dithiothreitol. Urinary coproporphyrin excretion was also increased. Additional
      findings included anaemia and toxic hepatitis. Under the influence of elimination
      therapy with D-penicillamine pathologic parameters normalized. Except for
      transient neuralgic pains the patient did not experience any neurologic
      dysfunctions, thus contrasting the findings in chronic lead intoxication.

PMID- 4007895
TI  - Determination of serum diclofenac by high-performance liquid chromatography by
      electromechanical detection.
AB  - Diclofenac was isolated from plasma by double extraction with organic solvent.
      Chromatography was performed on Lichrosorb NH2 column with acetonitrile and
      perchloric acid (0.0025 mol/l; 35:65, v/v) as the mobile phase (flow rate 0.9
      ml/min). The electrochemical detector was operated at +900 mV and sensitivity of
      5-10 nA. The sensitivity of the method was 10 micrograms/l and the coefficients
      of variation below 10% in the entire range of the concentration in a dose
      interval.

PMID- 4007896
TI  - Acute poisoning admissions in one of the hospitals in Ankara.
AB  - Emergency service admissions at the Numune Hospital, Ankara, have been
      investigated for one year. Of the emergency admissions 5% were cases of
      poisoning; of these, 63.6% were due to drugs.

PMID- 4007897
TI  - Orphenadrine serum levels in a poisoned patient.
AB  - A patient ingested about 5 g of orphenadrine hydrochloride. He had gastric lavage
      and oral administration of activated charcoal. The main symptoms were
      neuropsychiatric in nature. Possible relation between serum levels of the drug
      and time course of the toxic effects are described.

PMID- 4007898
TI  - Use of 19 590 mg of atropine during 24 days of treatment, after a case of
      unusually severe parathion poisoning.

PMID- 4007899
TI  - Improved waveform estimation procedures for event-related potentials.

PMID- 4007900
TI  - A method to determine the instantaneous velocity of pulsatile blood flow from
      rapid serial angiographies.

PMID- 4007901
TI  - Multipole analysis in magnetopneumography--a model study.

PMID- 4007902
TI  - Adaptive ORS detection: a study of performance.

PMID- 4007903
TI  - Quantitative television fluoroangiography--the optical measurement of dye
      concentrations and estimation of retinal blood flow.

PMID- 4007904
TI  - A model of shivering thermogenesis based on the neurophysiology of
      thermoreception.

PMID- 4007905
TI  - An insulated coaxial probe for EM local heating.

PMID- 4007906
TI  - Bidirectional nerve refractory characteristics in simulations of direct and
      remote stimulation.

PMID- 4007908
TI  - A microprocessor-based noninvasive arterial pulse wave analyzer.

PMID- 4007907
TI  - Electrode motion artifacts in electrical impedance pneumography.

PMID- 4007910
TI  - The strength-duration curve.

PMID- 4007909
TI  - Neuromagnetic fields evoked by a patterned on-offset stimulus.

PMID- 4007911
TI  - Catheter ablation: a new therapeutic modality for management of supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 4007912
TI  - Mechanism of termination of re-entrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in
      WPW syndrome by IV amiodarone.

PMID- 4007913
TI  - Value of post-exercise systolic blood pressure response in diagnosing coronary
      artery disease.

PMID- 4007914
TI  - The effect of postural circulatory stress on diastolic time intervals.

PMID- 4007915
TI  - Coronary prognostic index in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4007916
TI  - Impedance cardiography in mitral valve diseases.

PMID- 4007917
TI  - Catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction for the management of resistant
      supraventricular tachycardias.

PMID- 4007918
TI  - On modelling of enzyme release from infarcted myocardium and estimation of
      infarction size.

PMID- 4007919
TI  - Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.

PMID- 4007920
TI  - Should an aortic aneurysm dissect?

PMID- 4007921
TI  - Left ventricular aneurysm following closed mitral valvotomy--report of two cases.

PMID- 4007922
TI  - Echocardiographic manifestations of cardiac amyloidosis.

PMID- 4007923
TI  - Cardiac injury due to lightning--report of a survivor.

PMID- 4007924
TI  - [Isolation of germs of a provisional EF-4 group from a dog-bite wound].
AB  - An arginine-dihydrolase positive biovar of the CDC group EF-4 was isolated in
      pure culture from a wound caused by a dog-bite. The bacteriological properties of
      group EF-4 and its differentiation from Pasteurella multocida are discussed.

PMID- 4007925
TI  - [Serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci)
      in the cologne area (1980-1982)].
AB  - The commercial availability of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
      justifies repeated investigations of the prevalent pneumococcal serotypes to
      estimate the probable efficacy of vaccination for patients at high risk of
      pneumococcal infection. Immunoprophylaxis of infection with S. pneumoniae appears
      to gain importance since more and more isolates with reduced sensitivity to
      antibiotics including penicillin are reported. Our investigation of 324
      pneumococcal strains, isolated between October 1980 and December 1982 from
      various clinical sources at the Institute of Hygiene, Cologne, showed that the
      distribution of predominant serotypes did not differ substantially from that of
      1970 to 1972. This distribution resembled closely to those reported from other
      European countries. However, a lower percentage of the Cologne isolates belonged
      to the serotypes of the 14-valent vaccine. The potential coverage of the vaccine
      in our area would probably be in the range of about 60% or less. Determination of
      the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates demonstrated resistances against
      tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and macrolides. Moreover, 1.7% of the strains were
      "relatively resistant" to penicillin G (MIC 0.125 to 0.25 mg/l). Some isolates
      were multiply resistant.

PMID- 4007926
TI  - Different isotype profiles of virus-specific antibodies in acute and persistent
      lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice.
AB  - The humoral immune response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was
      analysed by the use of a sensitive ELISA. Our results show that LCMV carriers of
      the C3H strain, previously believed to be completely tolerant to the virus, do in
      fact produce LCMV-specific antibodies and, moreover, that a significant
      proportion of these antibodies belong to IgG subclasses which are considered T
      cell dependent. This finding, together with the fact that T-cell deficient mice
      made little or no LCMV-specific antibodies, makes it reasonable to infer that C3H
      carriers have not only virus-primed B cells, but also virus-primed T-helper
      cells. However, the isotype profiles of the virus-specific antibodies detected
      were markedly different in carriers and in immune mice. Firstly, much greater
      inter-individual variation was observed in the carrier population than in the
      immune mice. Secondly, in immune mice IgG2a antibodies dominated the humoral
      response, whereas in carriers the virus-specific activity in this subclass was
      very low. In contrast, LCMV-specific antibodies of the IgG1 subclass were present
      in similar titres in immune mice and in the majority of the carriers. Evaluation
      of the IgG2b response revealed that most carriers had little or no LCMV-specific
      activity in this subclass, although a few had antibody levels comparable to those
      in immune mice. These findings are discussed in relation to the question of the
      state of immunity in LCMV carriers and its consequence for immune-complex
      disease.

PMID- 4007927
TI  - Autoantibodies against mouse bromelain-modified RBC are specifically inhibited by
      a common membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine.
AB  - Sera from mice injected 4 days earlier with lipopolysaccharide lysed mouse RBC
      treated with bromelain (brom). This lytic activity was totally inhibited by
      including phosphatidylcholine at final concentrations of about 2 micrograms/ml,
      or more, in the lytic mixtures. In contrast, the lytic activity of antibodies
      against rat RBC was not inhibited, even at concentrations of phosphatidylcholine
      up to 2.5 mg/ml. Various components of the phosphatidylcholine molecule, and
      other lipids including the closely-related molecule dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl
      dimethyl-ethanolamine which is identical to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine,
      except for the absence of a CH2 group on the polar head group, did not inhibit
      lysis by the autoantibodies. Autoantibodies against mouse brom RBC, but not
      antibodies against rat RBC, bound to, and could be eluted from,
      phosphatidylcholine molecules attached to an insoluble matrix. Liposomes of
      phosphatidylcholine prepared in the presence of phosphatidic acid or
      phosphatidylinositol did not inhibit the lysis of mouse brom RBC by
      autoantibodies to the same extent as liposomes of only phosphatidylcholine. This
      suggests that phosphatidylcholine is recognized by the autoantibodies only if
      presented in a certain configuration. We suggest that the function of these
      autoantibodies may be to facilitate the removal of membrane-damaged cells from
      the body. Such cells may arise by the process of ageing, or because of the
      effects of infectious agents such as viruses.

PMID- 4007930
TI  - [Clinical observations on the use of hyaluronic acid in dermatologic therapy].

PMID- 4007928
TI  - Thyroid autoantibody synthesis by lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs:
      fractionation of B cells on density gradients.
AB  - Lymphocytes from thymus, blood, lymph nodes and thyroid tissue of patients with
      autoimmune thyroid disease have been assessed for their ability to synthesize
      thyroid autoantibodies spontaneously or following stimulation by Pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM). Blood and thymic lymphocytes synthesized IgG and microsomal or
      thyroglobulin antibodies of IgG class in response to PWM (and were therefore
      probably B-memory cells), while thyroid lymphocytes frequently secreted
      autoantibodies spontaneously. Lymph node lymphocytes resembled blood lymphocytes
      in terms of increased production of IgG in response to PWM; however, spontaneous
      secretion of thyroid autoantibodies was observed in some lymph node suspensions,
      and the magnitude of the increment in thyroid autoantibodies synthesized in
      response to PWM was lower than that observed for blood lymphocytes. Fractionation
      of B-cell enriched populations on density gradients and subsequent incubation of
      the fractions with T cells and PWM demonstrated that, whereas blood B cells
      capable of synthesizing autoantibody were found in both medium and low density
      fractions, lymph node precursors of thyroid autoantibody-secreting cells were
      associated almost exclusively with the light fractions. The presence in lymph
      nodes of small numbers of low density B cells, compared with a much higher
      proportion of the heterogeneous population capable of secreting IgG, could
      account for the discrepancy between the IgG and autoantibody response to PWM.
      Further, it seems likely that the density difference in the autoantibody
      precursor population of lymph nodes and blood is related to the difference in the
      state of activation of B cells in these lymphoid organs.

PMID- 4007929
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of a preparation for topical use with a urea and allantoin
      base].

PMID- 4007931
TI  - [Erosive lichen planus: a sign of chronic cirrhogenic hepatopathy].

PMID- 4007932
TI  - [Microcirculation in alopecia areata. A study using the erythrocytic filtration
      method].

PMID- 4007933
TI  - [Significance of esophageal lesions as early manifestations of progressive
      systemic sclerosis].

PMID- 4007934
TI  - [Cutaneous lesions in chronic alcoholic patients].

PMID- 4007935
TI  - [Clinico-developmental study of congenital nevi on a sample of 3,072 newborn
      infants. I. Features at birth and in the first 2 years].

PMID- 4007937
TI  - [Idiopathic mixed cryoglobulinemia: phagedenic ulcers and leukocytoclastic
      vasculitis].

PMID- 4007936
TI  - [Relation between hypertriglyceridemia and reduced tolerance to carbohydrates in
      psoriasis patients].

PMID- 4007938
TI  - [Lichen aureus].

PMID- 4007939
TI  - [Lupus erythematosus gyratus repens. Description of a case].

PMID- 4007940
TI  - [Papillitis in secondary syphilis].

PMID- 4007941
TI  - [Diabetic osteoarthropathy. Considerations on a clinical case].

PMID- 4007942
TI  - [Porphyria cutaneous tarda sclerodermiforme with cutaneous calcinosis].

PMID- 4007943
TI  - [Persistence of Langerhans cells in lesions in contact allergic eczema in man].

PMID- 4007945
TI  - [Ketoconazole in cutaneous mycoses].

PMID- 4007944
TI  - [Photochemotherapy of mycosis fungoides. Preliminary results in our case load].

PMID- 4007946
TI  - [Clinical evaluation on the usefulness of 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline
      (chloroxine) in association with betamethasone 17-benzoate in the topical
      treatment of infected cortisone-sensitive dermopathies].

PMID- 4007947
TI  - [Evaluation of the efficacy of and tolerance of betamethasone 17,21 dipropionate
      and salicylic acid in dermatoses of the scalp].

PMID- 4007948
TI  - [HLA system and psoriasis. A population study].

PMID- 4007949
TI  - [Protoporphyrins and anemia in hemodialysed patients. Correlations with cutaneous
      changes].

PMID- 4007950
TI  - [Chronic urticaria. Clinico-therapeutic study on 300 cases].

PMID- 4007951
TI  - [Kawasaki's disease. Description of a clinical case].

PMID- 4007952
TI  - [Tinea nigra. Description of a case].

PMID- 4007953
TI  - [A case of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with a vegetative variant].

PMID- 4007954
TI  - [20 nail dystrophy, alopecia areata, lichen planus].

PMID- 4007955
TI  - [A case of lichen ruber planus associated with vitiligo, diabetes mellitus and
      thyroid goiter].

PMID- 4007956
TI  - [Hypertrichosis during treatment with minoxidil].

PMID- 4007957
TI  - [Hallopeau's pemphigus vegetans. Description of a clinical case].

PMID- 4007958
TI  - [Use of colchicine in the treatment of Behcet's disease].

PMID- 4007959
TI  - Effect of the inhibitory material from male genital tract on natural killing
      activities.
AB  - A male inhibitory material (HuSePl-Frl) was separated from normal human seminal
      plasma by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. This material has high avidity for
      cell membranes of human red blood cells (RBC). In vitro, PHA-M-induced blast
      transformation of human lymphocytes is inhibited by small quantities of HuSePl
      Frl. This inhibition was also evident when RBC coated with HuSePl-Frl is added to
      mitogen stimulated lymphocytes in cultures. Small quantities of HuSePl-Frl are
      inhibitory to natural killer (NK) cell activation. The modulating role of the
      HuSePl-Frl in preventing the spermatozoal rejection during fertilization is
      discussed.

PMID- 4007960
TI  - Diminution of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes by administration of a
      monoclonal antibody reacting with granulocytes and monocytes.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody 3A35 which binds mouse polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN)
      and monocytes was injected intravenously (i.v.) into normal mice. A great
      diminution of circulating PMN was observed. The percentage of PMN passed through
      a minimum (2.5%) 20 min after antibody injection and returned to normal value
      (18.3%) within 24 h. After repeated daily injections, the ability of the antibody
      to induce granulopenia attenuated. Moreover, mice bearing the 3A35-producing
      hybridoma as an ascitic tumor had a normal percentage of blood PMN and a normal
      granulopoiesis as judged from bone marrow cytological examination. Thus, the
      monoclonal antibody produced a transitory diminution of PMN but could not induce
      a lasting granulopenia.

PMID- 4007961
TI  - Functions of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes of patients with
      lymphoproliferative diseases.
AB  - PMN leukocytes from untreated patients with multiple myeloma (MM), Hodgkin's
      disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were studied in vitro for their
      phagocytic and chemotactic function. Alkaline phosphatase score and the reduction
      of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in these leukocytes were also determined. Most of
      the functions of PMN leukocytes from untreated patients with MM were impaired,
      compared to control leukocytes, while those from patients with HD and NHL were
      impaired only in their chemotactic response to casein and endotoxin-activated
      serum (EAS).

PMID- 4007962
TI  - Multiplicity of mitochondrial inner membrane antigens from beef heart reacting
      with antimitochondrial antibodies in sera of patients with primary biliary
      cirrhosis.
AB  - Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins extracted from beef heart tissue were
      examined for reactivity to antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) present in sera of
      patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) by an immunoblotting technique.
      Four proteins, which reacted with AMA, had molecular weights of 70 kDa, 54 kDa,
      51 kDa and 45 kDa, as defined by their RF in SDS-PAGE gel. There was no
      correlation between the number of specificities and the titers of AMA as
      determined by immunofluorescence analysis. The 70-kDa protein was dissociated
      into a 36-kDa protein by trypsin digestion which still reacted with AMA. The
      reactivity to AMA of the 54-, 51- and 45-kDa proteins was abolished by trypsin
      digestion.

PMID- 4007964
TI  - Spontaneous healing in paucibacillary leprosy.

PMID- 4007965
TI  - The genetics of apricot eye--a sex linked recessive mutant in Culex
      quinquefasciatus.

PMID- 4007963
TI  - Close linkage between mouse genes determining the two forms of complement
      component C6 and component C7, and cis action of a C6 regulatory gene.
AB  - Two forms of mouse complement component C6, with molecular weights (Mrs) of 90
      and 100 kilodaltons (kd), are present in the sera from certain inbred strains
      such as the CBA strain; other strains, such as the BALB/c and DBA/2 strains, have
      only the 90 kd C6A form. The present work was undertaken to determine whether the
      two Mr forms were the products of genes coding at separate loci. We screened sera
      from mice from a number of inbred strains by isoelectric focusing and found one
      strain, AKR, exhibiting allotypic structural variations of C6 forms. To
      distinguish the various types, we designated the 90 kd types from CBA and AKR
      mice C6A1 and C6A2, respectively, and the corresponding 100 kd types C6B1 and
      C6B2, respectively. Mice possessing only one Mr form were all typed as C6A1.
      Results of breeding experiments strongly suggested that the two Mr forms of C6
      are coded for at two closely linked loci. Sera from a number of inbred strains
      were also screened for a complement C7 polymorphism by means of isoelectric
      focusing and functional overlay. C7 from all strains, excepting the AKR strain,
      produced identical C7 band patterns. AKR C7 produced a unique band pattern, and
      results of breeding experiments with AKR and BALB/c mice showed the C6 and C7
      loci to be closely linked. In addition, we identified a regulatory gene for C6
      production. The gene apparently requires androgen to facilitate C6 production in
      the majority of strains. In these strains C6 activity is virtually absent from
      female sera. However, we observed moderate levels of C6 activity in sera from
      IS/Cam females, indicating that, in this strain, male physiological androgen
      levels are not necessary for C6 production. IS/Cam possess one form of
      circulating C6 which appears identical with BALB/c C6A1, and therefore IS/Cam
      mice differ from AKR mice at both the C6 structural and regulatory loci. These
      two strains were thus suitable for use in breeding experiments to determine the
      manner of action of the regulatory gene. Results showed that it acted in a cis
      manner.

PMID- 4007966
TI  - Inhibition of chemotactic activity of leucocytes by pregnancy serum.

PMID- 4007968
TI  - Hemispheric water content following focal brain ischaemia & after reflow in
      primates.

PMID- 4007967
TI  - Hypokalaemia in children with diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh.

PMID- 4007969
TI  - Alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiac metabolic changes by perhexiline.

PMID- 4007971
TI  - Internal attenuator counting in radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 4007970
TI  - Clinical evaluation of centbucridine in ophthalmic surgery.

PMID- 4007972
TI  - Isolation of Salmonella bornum (6, 7, 14: Z38) for the first time in India.

PMID- 4007973
TI  - A sanitary survey of schools in Surat District.

PMID- 4007975
TI  - Uretero-vesical junction obstruction presenting as giant hydronephrosis.

PMID- 4007974
TI  - Bilateral cerebral arachnoid cysts with mental retardation.

PMID- 4007976
TI  - Steering group report: health and family welfare programmes for the seventh five
      year plan. Planning Commission, Government of India.

PMID- 4007977
TI  - The state of the world's children, 1985.

PMID- 4007978
TI  - Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: an autopsy study of 190 cases.

PMID- 4007979
TI  - Infantile hemiplegia: clinical, electroencephalographic and computerised
      tomography study.

PMID- 4007980
TI  - Risk approach in maternal care: how beneficial is this approach in reality?

PMID- 4007981
TI  - Increased frequency of steroid non-responsive nephrotic syndrome in Iranian
      children.

PMID- 4007982
TI  - Breast feeding: physical growth during infancy.

PMID- 4007984
TI  - Predicting 24 hour metabolite excretion from a single casual urine sample--a new
      approach.

PMID- 4007983
TI  - Blood sugar, free fatty acids and triglycerides in infants of diabetic mothers.

PMID- 4007985
TI  - Anatomically corrected malposition of great vessels--a case report.

PMID- 4007986
TI  - Spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy.

PMID- 4007987
TI  - Aortic endothelial junctions in developing hypertension.
AB  - The morphology of the intercellular pathway of aortic endothelium was
      investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at three different stages
      in the hypertensive process. Aortic endothelial cells of the SHR, in contrast to
      those of the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats exhibited an increased length and
      complexity of tight junctions, at all ages studied. That this finding was seen in
      young SHR, before the elevation of arterial pressure, suggests that other factors
      (genetic, humoral, neurogenic) may be influencing the morphology of aortic
      endothelium in the SHR. The area of lateral endothelial membrane occupied by gap
      junctions also was increased in the SHR, especially at 10 weeks of age, and
      corresponded to the greatest increase in tight junction strand length and the
      most rapid and dramatic rise in arterial pressure. The results indicate that
      aortic endothelium of the SHR can anticipate or respond, and partially adapt, to
      the abnormal influence of elevated arterial pressure.

PMID- 4007989
TI  - Autonomic innervation of cerebral blood vessels decreases in renal hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - The ultrastructural distribution of the autonomic nerves of brain arteries was
      investigated in renal (one-kidney, one clip) hypertensive and normotensive Wistar
      Kyoto rats. Sympathetic and nonsympathetic nerve terminals were found only in the
      adventitial layer of brain arteries of renal hypertensive and normotensive rats.
      In both normotensive and renal hypertensive rats the total nerve endings were
      dense in anterior cerebral artery, moderately dense in middle cerebral artery,
      and sparse in basilar artery. In normotensive rats, nonsympathetic nerves
      outnumbered sympathetic nerves in anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and basilar
      arteries. In renal hypertensive rats these two types of nerve terminals in close
      apposition to smooth muscle decreased in anterior cerebral and basilar arteries,
      while those in middle cerebral arteries remained unchanged. These results suggest
      that the potential neurogenic control of cerebral blood vessels as well as the
      trophic effect of sympathetic nerves on brain blood vessels may decrease in renal
      hypertensive rats. As this finding contrasts with that in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats, the pattern of innervation in brain arteries may differ in
      different types of hypertension.

PMID- 4007988
TI  - Overall and regional hemodynamic effects of leukotriene D4 in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Leukotriene D4, a constituent of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, elicits
      a pressor response followed by hypotensive shock in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats but not in other rats. Hemodynamic mechanisms underlying this pattern in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats, pithed and vagotomized to eliminate circulatory
      reflexes, were studied using radiolabeled microspheres. One minute after
      leukotriene D4 administration (20 micrograms/kg i.v.), mean arterial pressure
      increased by 54 mm Hg, total peripheral resistance index increased by 68%, heart
      rate decreased by 34 beats/minute, and cardiac index was unchanged. Profound
      reductions of blood flow and increases of vascular resistance in the
      hepatosplanchnic area, skeletal muscles, and skin also occurred. Five minutes
      later, mean arterial pressure remained elevated (+35%), hematocrit rose (+17%),
      and total peripheral resistance index increased, which offset 40% decreases in
      cardiac and stroke volume indices. Ten minutes after leukotriene D4
      administration, during hypotension, cardiac and stroke volume indices and blood
      flow to all vascular beds declined further while total peripheral resistance
      index and hematocrit (+28%) continued to rise. In Wistar-Kyoto rats,
      administration of leukotriene D4 caused less of a pressor response (+34 mm Hg)
      because vascular resistance was increased only in skeletal muscles, which was
      followed by a slight hypotension without any significant changes in cardiac and
      stroke volume indices, total or regional vascular resistance, and hematocrit.
      Thus, in spontaneously hypertensive rats the leukotriene D4-induced pressor
      response appears to be caused by generalized vasoconstriction, and the subsequent
      hypotension appears to result not from vascular collapse but from reduced cardiac
      output.

PMID- 4007990
TI  - Erythrocyte lithium transport changes induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate
      treatment in pigs.
AB  - Ouabain-insensitive lithium efflux from lithium-loaded pig erythrocytes has
      sodium-dependent and sodium-independent components. Lithium effluxes into sodium
      (total efflux) and sodium-free (leak) media, sodium-dependent lithium efflux,
      defined as the difference between total and leak fluxes, and changes in red cell
      cation and water contents as well as blood pressure were assessed serially for 3
      weeks in pigs implanted with Silastic strips impregnated with deoxycorticosterone
      acetate or with Silastic alone and maintained on a high salt diet (200 mEq/day).
      Significant differences developed between the groups in blood pressure, red cell
      sodium content, red cell water content, leak flux, and sodium-dependent lithium
      efflux (maximal difference: 648 +/- 60 vs 256 +/- 81 mumoles of lithium per liter
      of cells per hour, deoxycorticosterone acetate vs controls; p less than 0.01).
      Increased sodium-dependent lithium efflux paralleled a decrease of the
      diffusional leak component of lithium efflux; total lithium efflux was unchanged.
      Deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertension in pigs is a useful model in which to
      study factors modulating erythrocyte cation content and lithium transport in
      vivo. Changes in lithium transport characterized in red blood cells in this form
      of experimental hypertension may reflect generalized membrane phenomena.

PMID- 4007991
TI  - Effects of baroreceptor denervation on volume loading hypertension in anephric
      dogs.
AB  - The role of the baroreceptor mechanism in determining the relationship between
      fluid volume and arterial pressure is not clear. Therefore, the effects of the
      baroreflex on the arterial pressure and fluid volume of conscious, anephric dogs
      were studied after a sustained 10% increase in blood volume. The animals were
      equipped with long-term indwelling arterial and venous catheters, and arterial
      pressure was monitored 24 hours a day. The increase in blood volume was achieved
      by intravenous infusion of 50 ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution in 30 minutes.
      After volume loading arterial pressure increased rapidly to hypertensive levels
      (130.8 +/- 7.5% of control) in a baroreceptor denervated group. The initial
      increase in arterial pressure in a group of normally innervated dogs was smaller
      (118.8 +/- 1.8% of control), but by 24 hours postinfusion the arterial pressure
      of both groups had reached the same level. The innervated group had probably
      experienced baroreceptor resetting by this time. Blood volume both before and
      after infusion was not different in the denervated and innervated groups;
      however, sodium space was markedly higher before the infusion in the denervated
      dogs (431.8 +/- 13.8 ml/kg vs 344.8 +/- 19.0 ml/kg in the innervated dogs), and
      the volume load caused parallel increases in this space in the denervated and
      innervated groups. The present study shows that the blood volume of anephric dogs
      was unchanged after baroreceptor denervation while the extracellular fluid volume
      of denervated dogs was elevated. Furthermore, a small sustained increase in blood
      volume in either conscious, innervated dogs or conscious, baroreceptor denervated
      dogs, in contradistinction to the effects in anesthetized dogs, resulted in
      significant increases in arterial pressure (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 4007992
TI  - The relative contribution of body fat and fat pattern to blood pressure level.
AB  - Although the association between body weight and blood pressure is irrefutable,
      body fat mass and blood pressure level may not necessarily be directly related.
      To clarify the relative contribution of fat mass to blood pressure level, we
      analyzed data on 399 adults consecutively entering a weight control program.
      Although most subjects were notably overweight (mean ideal body weight 177%), the
      population represented a wide spectrum of body weights and blood pressure levels.
      Study parameters included body fat mass (by total body water, 40K, and Steinkamp
      formula), lean body mass, body build (chest to height ratio), fat cell number and
      size from bilateral buttock biopsy specimens, upper fat pattern by arm to thigh
      circumference ratio, and central fat pattern by subscapular to triceps skinfold
      ratio. Our results concurred with previously noted correlations between obesity
      and blood pressure (as mean arterial pressure): weight (r = 0.44), percentage of
      body fat (r = 0.19), and absolute fat mass (r = 0.38; all p less than 0.01);
      however, lean body mass, age, and body build correlated highly with both fat mass
      and mean arterial pressure, thereby confounding this relationship. Multivariate
      analysis was performed to evaluate the relative contribution of fat mass to mean
      arterial pressure in the presence of these and other potentially confounding
      variables. Lean body mass, age, body build, and an upper body fat pattern were
      found to contribute significantly to the variation in mean arterial pressure (p
      less than 0.01). In their presence, percentage of body fat, absolute fat mass,
      central fat pattern, fat cell characteristics, and age of onset of obesity did
      not significantly improve the predictability of mean arterial pressure.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4007993
TI  - Lack of alerting reactions to intermittent cuff inflations during noninvasive
      blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - Intermittent noninvasive blood pressure monitoring is becoming increasingly
      popular because of the belief that a daytime blood pressure profile can provide a
      better clinical evaluation of hypertension than that provided by casual blood
      pressure measurements. This approach has potential limitations, however, one of
      which is that the cuff inflations permitting blood pressure to be repeatedly
      measured may induce an alerting reaction and a pressor response in the patients
      and lead to an overestimation of their daytime blood pressure. Blood pressure in
      22 subjects was invasively recorded for 24 hours by the Oxford method. During the
      day of the recording blood pressure was also measured by a noninvasive device
      (Vita-Stat 901), which had its cuff applied to the opposite arm from which the
      intra-arterial signal was derived. For 2 hours the device provided automatic cuff
      inflations at 10-minutes intervals. For another 2 hours it was programmed to
      provide cuff inflations only following patients' commands, also at 10-minute
      intervals. Analysis of the intra-arterial blood pressure trace during the periods
      preceding and following the automatically or semiautomatically induced cuff
      inflations showed that these procedures caused no increment in systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure. This finding applied not only to the mean data but also
      to each individual measurement considered separately, including the initial one.
      Our results indicate that automatic and semiautomatic blood pressure monitorings
      do not induce an alarm reaction and a blood pressure rise and thus do not
      overestimate daytime blood pressure values.

PMID- 4007994
TI  - Sodium is more important than calcium in essential hypertension.
AB  - There is much circumstantial and some direct evidence in humans to suggest that a
      high consumption of salt predisposes communities and individuals to the
      development of essential hypertension. Recent work has suggested possible
      mechanisms whereby a high salt intake could cause a rise in blood pressure in
      genetically susceptible persons. Restriction of salt intake in the diet lowers
      blood pressure in many subjects with high blood pressure and this fall in blood
      pressure is mediated in part by a diminished renin response to sodium restriction
      as hypertension develops. The effect of sodium restriction, like diuretics, is
      additive to most blood pressure lowering drugs, particularly those that inhibit
      the renin system such as beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitors. Claims that a slight reduction in calcium intake may be important in
      the development of high blood pressure are disputed. Furthermore, no satisfactory
      hypothesis has been put forward to explain how a small reduction in dietary
      calcium intake could cause high blood pressure. Large increases in calcium intake
      have been reported to lower blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive
      humans. The three published studies, however, are not in agreement.

PMID- 4007995
TI  - An epidemiological approach to describing risk associated with blood pressure
      levels. Final report of the Working Group on Risk and High Blood Pressure.

PMID- 4007996
TI  - Red cell cotransport activity and sodium content in black men.

PMID- 4007997
TI  - Position of the American Heart Association on research animal use. A statement
      for health professionals by a task force appointed by the Board of Directors of
      the American Heart Association.

PMID- 4007998
TI  - Indomethacin, (-)-terbutaline (beta 2 agonist), and (+)-terbutaline in acute
      inflammation induced by repeated ischemia in hamster cheek pouch.
AB  - A mild and controlled acute inflammatory reaction in hamster cheek pouch was
      created without any exogenous, but rather by locally activated and liberated,
      mediators. A pressure of 60 mm Hg was applied to part of the everted cheek pouch
      eight times with a 10-min recovery period in between. The microvascular response
      was followed by intravital microscopy and the permeability changes were monitored
      with intravital fluoroscopy and intravenous FITC dextran (mol wt 150,000). The
      number of extravasated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) was calculated by a
      new, whole tissue, histological technique. In three experimental groups (-)
      terbutaline (beta 2-receptor agonist) 0.05 mg/100 g body wt., (+)-terbutaline
      0.05 mg/100 g body wt., and indomethacin 2 mg/100 g body wt. was given
      intravenously before pressure was applied. A fourth group, with no drug given,
      served as control. There was a rapid increase in the number of FITC dextran
      leakages and extravasated PMNLs in the control group. Indomethacin almost
      completely inhibited FITC dextran permeability and extravasation of PMNLs. The
      beta 2 agonist markedly diminished the number of FITC dextran leakages for 75
      min. The number of extravasated PMNLs was also reduced. Treatment with (+)
      terbutaline, which is supposed to have no beta 2-receptor effect, gave a slight
      reduction in number of FITC dextran leakages and almost a complete inhibition of
      PMNL extravasation. Thus we conclude that indomethacin is a very potent
      antiinflammatory agent even in the early phase of inflammation. (-)-Terbutaline
      diminished the inflammatory response, probably by preventing endothelial gap
      formation. (+)-Terbutaline prevented PMNL extravasation either by interaction
      with the PMNL itself or with the endothelium.

PMID- 4007999
TI  - Elastin fragment-induced monocyte chemotaxis. The role of desmosines.
AB  - Elastin fragments generated by the digestion of human and bovine elastin were
      compared to fragments which had been treated with sodium borohydride for their
      ability to induce monocyte chemotaxis. No significant decrease in the number of
      migratory cells was observed between the two groups. Elastin fragments denatured
      with 8 M urea were devoid of chemotactic activity. These results support the
      premise that the tertiary structure of elastin fragments and not desmosine
      content is the most important structural determinant in the induction of elastin
      fragment-induced monocyte chemotaxis.

PMID- 4008001
TI  - Factors affecting the outcome of Colles' fracture: an anatomical and functional
      study.
AB  - A prospective radiological and functional assessment has been performed on 235
      consecutively treated displaced Colles' fractures. The age and sex of the
      patients, as well as the initial displacement, involvement of articular surface
      and the adequacy of reduction of the fracture, were all analysed. Because of
      their greater potential for collapse, the better reduced fractures tended to lose
      more position during treatment. Despite this, in general, the better the
      reduction, the better was the final anatomical position of the fractures. The
      functional result at 3 months was related to the severity of initial displacement
      of the fracture and, to a lesser extent, to the anatomical result. Involvement of
      the radiocarpal and the distal radioulnar joints did not seem to affect adversely
      the patients' rehabilitation, but this was slower and less complete in the
      elderly. At 6 months, 60 per cent of patients had good or excellent function in
      the hand and wrist.

PMID- 4008000
TI  - Reduced zinc in peripheral blood cells from patients with inflammatory connective
      tissue diseases.
AB  - By the use of the nuclear microprobe technique, the concentrations of zinc in
      isolated erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes were measured in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory arthritides, and scleroderma. Markedly
      reduced cellular zinc values were found compared to those measured in healthy
      subjects. No relation was found to inflammatory activity or disease duration.
      Plasma zinc was reduced in the majority of the patients and was negatively
      correlated to the inflammatory activity estimated by ESR and serum orosomucoid.
      No relation was found between total zinc values in plasma or cells or disease
      duration. Corticosteroid therapy was instituted in a number of the patients with
      inflammatory arthritides and induced a significant elevation of total zinc in all
      cell types, although normalization was not achieved. Plasma zinc values remained
      unchanged during the treatment.

PMID- 4008002
TI  - Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children: review of closed and open
      reduction leading to a proposal for treatment.
AB  - Of 70 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children, 25 were treated by open
      reduction and internal fixation, 24 by closed manipulation and plaster and 21 by
      plaster-of-Paris only. Three of the fractures were operated on because of
      suspected vascular injury (with or without neurological symptoms), another seven
      because of instability and/or extreme swelling and 15 after unsatisfactory closed
      reduction. Traction was used in 3 of the 24 patients treated by closed methods
      and among the other 21, three fractures had to be manipulated twice. Three to six
      years after the injury, 6 of the 25 patients operated on had reduced flexion
      extension and/or deformity exceeding 10 degrees. Five patients treated by closed
      reduction had reduced movements or deformity exceeding 10 degrees and three
      patients with originally undisplaced fractures had deformity exceeding 10
      degrees. In this study the most severe fractures were selected for operation but,
      in spite of this, the results were better than for fractures treated by closed
      reduction and plaster. Based on this and previous studies, a plan suitable for
      most departments is suggested for the treatment of this fracture.

PMID- 4008003
TI  - Dislocation of the shoulder with fracture of the ipsilateral shaft of the
      humerus.
AB  - Three cases of dislocation of the shoulder and ipsilateral fracture of the shaft
      of the humerus are reported. The literature is reviewed. It is suggested that X
      ray films should be taken of the shoulder and elbow in all patients with
      fractures of the shaft of the humerus.

PMID- 4008004
TI  - Complete dislocation of the trapezium: a case report.
AB  - A case of complete dislocation of the trapezium is described. Treatment by open
      reduction and Kirschner wire fixation gave an excellent clinical result with
      early return to full function.

PMID- 4008005
TI  - Lone axillary nerve lesion due to closed non-dislocating injury of the shoulder.
AB  - Two rugby players with a lone axillary nerve lesion are described. Neither
      suffered an overt dislocation of the shoulder nor was there any evidence of
      severe local injury. Recovery in both was complete by 1 year. Possible mechanisms
      of injury are discussed.

PMID- 4008006
TI  - Isolated traumatic posterior dislocation of the radial head--a case report.

PMID- 4008007
TI  - Fixation of diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint using the syndesmosis
      hook.

PMID- 4008008
TI  - The measurement of ankle movements--a new method.
AB  - We describe a new goniometer for the measurement of dorsiflexion and
      plantarflexion of the ankle. It has been assessed for ease of use and
      reliability.

PMID- 4008009
TI  - Pulsating electromagnetic fields in the treatment of delayed and non-union of
      fractures: results from a district general hospital.
AB  - Pulsating electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been used to treat delayed and non
      union of fractures at the Royal Berkshire Hospital since 1982. Thirteen patients
      started treatment during the first 2 years and their progress has been reviewed.
      It is concluded that the PEMFs produced a beneficial effect in only a small
      percentage of cases.

PMID- 4008010
TI  - The mortality of patients with minor fractures of the pelvis.
AB  - This simple study was undertaken because clinical audit revealed that several
      patients died from sudden massive pulmonary embolism following minor fractures of
      the pelvis. It is well known that pulmonary embolisms may complicate a major
      fracture of the pelvis, but so far no study has looked at the incidence of fatal
      pulmonary embolism after minor fractures. This survey, therefore, is a
      retrospective survey of 50 consecutive patients with a minor fracture of the
      pelvis, of whom seven died. In five patients the cause of death was a massive
      pulmonary embolus, and this occurred despite the fact that all patients were up
      and about as soon as pain permitted.

PMID- 4008011
TI  - Unsuspected injury of the caecum accompanying fracture of the pelvis.

PMID- 4008012
TI  - Post-traumatic, delayed rupture of the colon without identifiable cause.
AB  - This paper reports the case of a male adult, 47 years old, with a gunshot wound
      to the right thigh, with no previous history of abdominal or cardiovascular
      disease, and a consistently satisfactory circulatory state on admission and
      thereafter. He showed signs of perforation of the caecum on the 10th day
      following admission. The explanation for this has been hard to find, and a search
      of the literature revealed no previous similar reported occurrence.

PMID- 4008013
TI  - Self-inflicted shotgun wounds of the abdomen.
AB  - Three cases of self-inflicted wounds of the abdomen caused by a long-barrelled
      shotgun are described. The difficulties encountered and the appropriate surgical
      management are discussed.

PMID- 4008014
TI  - Trochanteric fractures treated by the McLaughlin nail and plate.
AB  - In this study 624 trochanteric and subtrochanteric femoral fractures have been
      assessed retrospectively with regard to stability of the fracture, reduction,
      internal fixation, healing and weight bearing. It is seen that stable fractures
      pose no serious problems. In the group of unstable fractures, varus displacement
      and perforation by the nail of the head of the femur occurred because of lack of
      stability of the McLaughlin apparatus. Results of a device with a fixed angle and
      a sliding screw nail are compared.

PMID- 4008015
TI  - Successive ruptures of the ligamenta patellarum in a young Nigerian: a case
      report.
AB  - A 34-year-old Nigerian man had successive ruptures of the ligamenta patellarum
      repaired 2 years after the first injury. One knee was injured at a soccer match,
      the other 5 months later subsequent to a minor fall. There was no evidence of
      systemic disease. In spite of delay in effecting treatment, the outcome was
      satisfactory.

PMID- 4008017
TI  - A fishy foreign body.

PMID- 4008016
TI  - A misdiagnosis of carotid pseudoaneurysm.
AB  - We report a case of blunt injury of the neck associated with the use of an
      imported plastic rock-guard designed for use in motorcycle scrambling. The injury
      may have important implications for the future use of this particular guard.

PMID- 4008018
TI  - Fractured patella: operative treatment using the tension band principle.
AB  - The tension band principle was applied in the operative treatment of fractures of
      the patella in 139 patients, of which 100 were reviewed retrospectively; 61 per
      cent were males and 70 per cent were aged between 50 and 70. The fractures were
      treated soon after admission and movement of the knee was started as soon as
      possible after the operation. Sixty-eight patients were reviewed and 72 per cent
      were happy with the resulting knee function. Objectively, 81.3 per cent had an
      excellent or good result. Minor troubles from the operations were common but it
      was concluded that the wiring of fractured patellas using the tension band
      principle is a safe and effective technique.

PMID- 4008019
TI  - An unusual stress fracture of the upper end of the tibia--a case report.

PMID- 4008020
TI  - Lengthening of a short traumatic femoral stump.
AB  - A case is reported in which a severe open injury of the thigh eventually required
      amputation of the lower limb. Lengthening of the short proximal femoral stump was
      achieved by turning over a flap comprising bone and soft tissue, with sensation,
      from the ipsilateral leg.

PMID- 4008021
TI  - Anteriorly displaced transverse fracture of the sacrum with fracture-dislocation
      at the L4-L5 lumbar level.

PMID- 4008022
TI  - Fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus in children.

PMID- 4008023
TI  - Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children--an analysis of 39 cases.
AB  - Thirty-nine cases of fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children are
      reported. The average age of the children was 8 years (range 5-13 years). The
      patients were classified into three groups according to the type of fracture.
      Fourteen of the first group were treated without operation while the remaining 25
      underwent a surgical procedure. The severe complications (malunion, non-union)
      were in patients who were treated without operation.

PMID- 4008024
TI  - Simple external fixation of open and complicated fractures.
AB  - Thirty patients were managed with the use of a simple means of external fixation.
      Ten of these patients had multiple injuries. In 18 the fractures were open. Five
      cases had loss of bone length and infected wounds when first seen and were
      treated with the aid of microvascular surgical procedures. Eight cases required
      skin grafting. One case required a vein graft to the popliteal artery. The method
      described is simple to use. It requires little previous experience and is cost
      effective. We recommend its use in the initial treatment of grade 2 and 3 open
      fractures. It may also be used on closed unstable fractures, and will maintain
      limb length in severe injuries with loss of bone substance while further
      treatment is considered or performed.

PMID- 4008025
TI  - External fixation of ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia.
AB  - In five patients with ipsilateral femoral and tibial shaft fractures the Hoffmann
      apparatus was used to stabilize the fractures of both the femur and tibia. The
      patients walked early and there were no disturbances of fracture healing. The pin
      track became infected in three patients. It is suggested that in patients with
      ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia external fixation is indicated for
      the tibia and that the fracture of the femur should be stabilized by closed
      medullary nailing. If the patient is critically ill or if there is gross
      comminution of the femur external fixation is indicated for this fracture as
      well.

PMID- 4008026
TI  - Humeral medullary nailing--a new implant.

PMID- 4008027
TI  - The management of severely comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft, using the
      external fixator.
AB  - Fractures of the femoral shaft are often treated by an established method of
      internal fixation, such as a medullary nail or a plate and screws, to obviate the
      many disadvantages of traction and prolonged rest in bed. Fractures of the
      femoral shaft which are severely comminuted and open are usually unsuitable for
      internal fixation. Between July 1981 and March 1983 we treated seven patients
      with severely comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft (of which three were
      open), using the ASIF tubular external fixator system or the Wagner apparatus.
      The technique of application of the external fixator is important and is
      described. When correctly applied, the knee's movement was not restricted and few
      complications were experienced. All the fractures united within 8 months in a
      good position without shortening, and none required an additional operation. The
      use of the external fixator in these patients reduced their time in the hospital
      and facilitated their postoperative rehabilitation by allowing uncomplicated
      healing of a complicated fracture.

PMID- 4008028
TI  - War injuries of the chest.
AB  - One hundred and fifty battle casualties with injuries of the chest are reported;
      most of them resulted from shell fragments. More than 70 per cent were treated by
      closed drainage by a tube. Early thoracotomy was required in 7.3 per cent of
      cases, and 5 per cent required a late thoracotomy for complications. Selected
      cases of flail chest injuries were treated without operation. The mortality rate
      in our series was 3.3 per cent.

PMID- 4008029
TI  - Haemothorax--the importance of adequate drainage.

PMID- 4008030
TI  - Right diaphragmatic rupture following blunt abdominal injury--a case report.

PMID- 4008031
TI  - Blunt pancreatic injury: two case reports and a review of the literature.
AB  - Two cases are reported of patients who sustained transection of the pancreas
      without damage to any other intra-abdominal organ. Surgical management included
      distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. The incidence and management of pancreatic
      injury are discussed.

PMID- 4008032
TI  - Cell markers in stored blood.
AB  - Patients subjected to major injury and major operations often receive large
      quantities of stored blood. In units of whole blood the most common cell markers
      of lymphocytes were studied when the blood had been stored for 1 week. The blood
      was studied both before and after passing through a microfilter. The reduction in
      the total white blood cell count was substantially due to a decrease in the
      number of granulocytes. The percentage of lymphocytes forming E-rosettes was
      reduced from 69 to 17 per cent following 24 hours of storage, while the
      percentage of lymphocytes exhibiting non-specific esterase activity was not
      reduced after 1 week. The proportion of lymphocytes with surface-bound
      immunoglobulin (Ig) was increased. This increase was due to secondary Ig binding
      to lymphocytes carrying Fc receptors. The proportion of lymphocytes forming EA
      rosettes was unaltered throughout the study. There was little loss of cells after
      filtration.

PMID- 4008034
TI  - Soft tissue radiography for wooden foreign bodies--a worthwhile exercise?
AB  - Radiographs were taken of various types of wood embedded in chicken legs. Wood is
      seen as a filling defect. Paint and increased water content reduce the negative
      shadow of wood. The results suggest that radiography is worthwhile in cases of
      suspected wooden foreign bodies.

PMID- 4008033
TI  - The significance of peak expiratory flow rate in assessing prognosis of elderly
      patients undergoing operations on the hip.
AB  - Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured using a Wright peak flow meter in
      190 patients with fracture of the proximal part of the femur, and in 110 patients
      who underwent elective total hip replacement. PEFR was significantly lower in the
      fracture group than in the elective group when similar age ranges were compared.
      In the fracture group, PEFR of less than 100 was associated with a 69.6 per cent
      mortality rate, whereas no deaths occurred where the PEFR was greater than 300.
      It is suggested that the patients' PEFR is a good indicator of their prospects
      and it can be easily measured on admission.

PMID- 4008035
TI  - A study of bicycle accidents.

PMID- 4008036
TI  - Penetrating rectal wound from a bicycle saddle.

PMID- 4008037
TI  - Severe injuries of the radial nerve treated by sural nerve grafting.
AB  - We present six cases of severe injuries of the radial nerve in the arm. These
      were all treated by autogenous nerve grafting over distances of between 7 and 14
      cm up to 26 months after the injury. We describe our results and discuss the
      place of nerve grafting in the management of these injuries.

PMID- 4008038
TI  - The Schwartz-Bartter syndrome in patients admitted to a general surgical unit
      following trauma.
AB  - Two patients are described with the Schwartz-Bartter syndrome (Bartter and
      Schwartz, 1967; Barter, 1973). The first followed concussion, the second followed
      a chest injury with accompanying minor head injury. The clinical features and
      treatment of this condition are briefly discussed. Awareness of this potentially
      serious complication of injury enables early and effective treatment.

PMID- 4008039
TI  - The effect of seat belt legislation on a district general hospital.
AB  - The introduction of legislation making the use of seat belts compulsory was
      associated with a marked reduction in the number of patients coming to the
      Accident and Emergency Department of a district general hospital as a result of
      road traffic accidents. Those patients who were not wearing seat belts required
      hospital admission twice as often as restrained car occupants. The only deaths
      occurring during the period of study occurred in those not using seat belts. Rear
      seat passengers were found to suffer from more severe and more numerous injuries
      than restrained car occupants. Injuries caused by seat belts were seen, usually
      causing bruising of the chest wall or minor fractures, and, excluding the chest,
      those wearing seat belt were less likely to suffer an injury to any part of the
      body than those not protected by a belt.

PMID- 4008040
TI  - Sea urchin spines as foreign bodies--an alternative treatment.

PMID- 4008041
TI  - Fracture of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
AB  - Fracture of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra is caused by
      traction through the iliolumbar ligament by the vertically and proximally or
      medially dislocated hemipelvis. This fracture is therefore associated with the
      vertical shearing force of Malgaigne's fracture-dislocation of the pelvis or the
      lateral crush fracture-dislocation of the pelvis. In the absence of evidence on a
      radiograph of a fracture through the sacroiliac area or dislocation or
      subluxation of the sacroiliac joint, the fracture of the transverse process of
      the fifth lumbar vertebra may be the only radiological evidence for posterior
      instability of the ipsilateral hemipelvis.

PMID- 4008042
TI  - Axillary artery damage following a closed fracture of the neck of the humerus--a
      case report.
AB  - A case of intimal tearing of the axillary artery in association with a close
      fracture of the neck of the humerus is described. This is a rare injury and
      illustrates that vascular damage should never be assumed to be due to spasm.
      Exploration must be carried out because a mechanical vascular occlusion is most
      likely.

PMID- 4008043
TI  - Bilateral posterior dislocation of the shoulder.

PMID- 4008044
TI  - Isolation of Actinomyces bacteriophage from human dental plaque.
AB  - Human dental plaque samples were screened for the presence of bacteriophage for
      Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus sanguis. None of the 336 samples yielded
      phage for S. sanguis, but 10 contained virulent actinomyces phage. A high host
      cell specificity was observed in that one phage isolate infected only A. viscosus
      T14V, eight phage isolates infected only A. viscosus MG-1, and one infected both
      strains. None was capable of productively infecting various other actinomyces
      strains that represented the six actinomyces coaggregation groups. Because phage
      containing samples occurred randomly in this survey, no correlation between the
      individual collecting the samples, dental clinic, or type of patient and the
      presence of phage in the sample was noted. Examination of one of the samples that
      yielded phage for the presence of a natural host strain for that particular phage
      resulted in the isolation of two strains which were identified as A. viscosus
      serotype II and Actinomyces naeslundii serotype I. This is the first report of an
      A. naeslundii host strain and actinomyces bacteriophage of human dental plaque
      origin. The finding of both phage and host strains in the same dental plaque
      sample along with the observation of high host cell specificity by these phage
      provide indicators that support an active role for actinomyces bacteriophage in
      oral microbial ecology. The use of these freshly isolated phage as probes to
      study actinomyces coaggregation properties is discussed.

PMID- 4008045
TI  - Reactivity of type-specific monoclonal antibodies with Staphylococcus aureus
      clinical isolates and purified capsular polysaccharide.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus has been classified into at least eight different capsular
      types by using polyclonal rabbit antisera specific for their associated capsular
      polysaccharides. We produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies reactive
      with two serologically distinct capsular types, types 5 and 8, which account for
      more than 70% of all S. aureus bacteremias. These type-specific, monoclonal
      antibodies reacted with S. aureus clinical isolates possessing the homologous
      capsular type and exhibited no cross-reactivity against S. aureus clinical
      isolates possessing the heterologous capsular type, nontypeable S. aureus
      clinical isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates, or a variety of
      gram-negative organisms. The anti-type 8 monoclonal antibodies also reacted with
      purified capsular polysaccharide derived from the prototype type 8 S. aureus
      strain.

PMID- 4008046
TI  - Inhibition of human neutrophil chemiluminescence by plasmid-mediated outer
      membrane proteins of Yersinia enterocolitica.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that the cell surface properties of Yersinia
      enterocolitica are altered by the presence of the virulence plasmid, which
      mediates temperature-inducible outer membrane proteins (OMP). We investigated the
      interaction of Y. enterocolitica with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by
      monitoring luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) responses. A plasmid-bearing
      strain grown at 37 degrees C induced four- to sixfold less CL than did the same
      strain grown at 25 degrees C or a plasmidless, isogenic strain grown at either
      temperature. Inhibition of CL responses by whole cells was related to plasmid
      mediated expression of OMP. The OMP alone could inhibit the CL response of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by either opsonized zymosan or whole
      cells of Y. enterocolitica. Pronase treatment of whole cells, which removed the
      plasmid-mediated OMP, resulted in partial but significant elimination of CL
      inhibition by whole cells and by OMP derived from them. Incubation with Y.
      enterocolitica for 60 min did not affect the viability of polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes. Our results suggest that the interaction of Y. enterocolitica with
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is directly affected by the plasmid-mediated
      OMP.

PMID- 4008048
TI  - Chemical and immunochemical analyses of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharides.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from 17 different Bacteroides fragilis strains were
      extracted in a two-step procedure. The first step was a hot phenol-water
      extraction of whole bacteria, resulting in a crude aqueous phase, which after
      lyophilization in a second step was extracted with a phenol-chloroform-light
      petroleum mixture. The resulting LPSs, which were essentially free from
      contaminating nucleic acid, proteins, and capsular polysaccharide, were
      investigated for their qualitative and quantitative sugar and fatty acid
      composition, immunochemical specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition
      assays, and particle weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Of the 17 strains, 13 had LPSs which all contained L-rhamnose, D
      glucose, D-galactose, and D-glucosamine in approximately the same ratio. Three of
      these LPSs also contained D-galactosamine. The fatty acid composition was also
      similar in that the same fatty acids, although in slightly varying proportions,
      were found in all LPSs. The 13 strains also showed the same specificity in
      inhibition studies by enzyme immunoassay with rabbit anti-LPS antisera and LPS
      antigen. The LPS particle weights were also very similar, in the range of what is
      found for LPSs from rough mutant strains of enterobacteria. Our results suggest
      that most strains of B. fragilis have similar, if not identical, LPSs with
      relatively short polysaccharide chains.

PMID- 4008047
TI  - Immunoregulation in experimental murine candidiasis: specific suppression induced
      by Candida albicans cell wall glycoprotein.
AB  - Immune regulation in candidiasis is inferred from studies of both human and
      animal infection, with a suppressive role suggested for cell wall polysaccharide.
      To study the immunosuppressive potential of Candida albicans in a murine model,
      whole blastoconidia or purified cell wall components of C. albicans were tested
      for their effects on the development of acquired immune responses by
      superimposing a pretreatment regimen upon an established immunization protocol.
      CBA/J or BALB/cByJ mice were pretreated twice intravenously with 100 micrograms
      of mannan (MAN), 100 or 200 micrograms of glycoprotein (GP), or 5 X 10(7) heat
      killed C. albicans blastoconidia, followed 1 week later by an immunization
      protocol of two cutaneous inoculations of viable C. albicans blastoconidia given
      2 weeks apart. Delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) to GP or to a membrane-derived
      antigen, B-HEX, was tested 7 days after the second inoculation, and lymphocyte
      stimulation was tested with mitogens and Candida antigens after 12 days. To
      assess protection, mice were challenged intravenously with viable C. albicans
      blastoconidia 14 days after the second cutaneous inoculation and sacrificed 28
      days later for quantitative culture of kidneys and brains. Sera were obtained for
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays at selected intervals. Pretreatment with GP
      resulted in specific in vivo suppression of DTH to GP but not to B-HEX antigen
      and specific in vitro suppression of lymphocyte stimulation to GP but not to
      other Candida antigens or mitogens. MAN and heat-killed C. albicans blastoconidia
      had no such effects. GP pretreatment also diminished the protective effect of
      immunization against challenge, demonstrable in the brain, while not altering
      significantly the production of antibody in response to infection. Contrary to
      clinical evidence, MAN was not immunosuppressive in this model, and in fact, the
      immunosuppressive potential of GP, which is composed largely of MAN, was found to
      be dependent upon the presence of its heat-labile protein moiety.

PMID- 4008049
TI  - Purification and characterization of an extracellular cytolysin produced by
      Vibrio damsela.
AB  - Large amounts of an extremely potent extracellular cytolysin produced by the
      halophilic bacterium Vibrio damsela were obtained free of detectable
      contamination with medium constituents and other bacterial products by sequential
      ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration with Sephadex G-100, and
      hydrophobic interaction chromatography with phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B. The cytolysin
      is heat labile and protease sensitive and has a molecular weight (estimated by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of ca. 69,000 and an
      isoelectric point of ca. 5.6. The first 10 amino-terminal amino acid residues of
      the cytolysin are Phe-Thr-Gln-Trp-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Leu-Thr. The cytolysin was very
      active against erythrocytes from 4 of the 18 animal species examined (mice, rats,
      rabbits, damselfish) and against Chinese hamster ovary cells and was lethal for
      mice (ca. 1 microgram/kg, intraperitoneal median lethal dose). Lysis of mouse
      erythrocytes by the cytolysin is a multi-hit, at least two-step process
      consisting of a temperature-independent, toxin-binding step followed by a
      temperature-dependent, membrane-perturbation step(s).

PMID- 4008050
TI  - Inhibition of ecological emergence of mutans streptococci naturally transmitted
      between rats and consequent caries inhibition by Streptococcus salivarius TOVE-R
      infection.
AB  - The ability of Streptococcus salivarius strain TOVE-R to inhibit the ecological
      emergence of virulent representatives of the most prevalent human mutans
      streptococci on the teeth of specific pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel rats was
      studied. Rats which were infected by TOVE-R, or either S. mutans 10449S or S.
      sobrinus 6715-13WT, or uninfected were transiently co-caged so as to allow
      natural fecal transfer of organisms due to coprophagy. The infectants were
      differentially recovered from swabs of the teeth over the time course of the
      experiments and from sonified teeth at termination. Data were expressed on both
      relative (percentage) and absolute (CFU) bases. Initial oral colonization of rats
      by TOVE-R inhibited the ecological emergence of fecally transmitted S. mutans
      10449S and S. sobrinus 6715-13WT. There was a generally inverse relationship
      between the percentages and absolute numbers of TOVE-R and the mutans
      streptococci on the teeth, which strongly suggested their competition for tooth
      sites. Absolute numbers of total recoverable flora from the teeth upon
      sonification were correlated with caries scores, thus suggesting that total
      recoverable flora counts substantially reflect cavitation status. TOVE-R itself
      induced no apparent caries activity and its transmission to rats already infected
      by 10449S or its colonization of rats before 10449S infection inhibition caries
      induction by this S. mutans strain; similar anticaries effects were not
      statistically significant for TOVE-R against 6715-13WT in these experiments.
      These data on the inhibition of the ecological emergence of the mutans
      streptococci supplement the already reported ability of TOVE-R to preempt initial
      colonization of teeth and partially displace the colonization of teeth by the
      mutans streptococci.

PMID- 4008051
TI  - Biological monitoring of cobalt exposure, based on cobalt concentrations in blood
      and urine.
AB  - Cobalt exposure level and its concentrations in blood and urine were determined
      for 175 hard metal workers. For control data, the cobalt concentrations in blood
      and urine were measured for 20 office workers. The exposed workers had
      significantly higher cobalt concentrations in both blood and urine. The
      relationships between exposure level and cobalt concentrations in blood and urine
      were linear and positive. The results clearly showed that the cobalt
      concentration in the blood or urine can be used as an exposure indicator. With
      cobalt exposure of 100 micrograms/m3, the cobalt concentration was 0.57 to 0.79
      micrograms/dl in blood and 59 to 78 micrograms/l in urine with 95% confidence
      limits. In workers using respirators, the cobalt concentrations in the blood and
      urine decreased to 2/5 and 1/8, respectively, of those not using respirators.

PMID- 4008052
TI  - Mortality in lung and gastrointestinal cancer among shipyard workers.
AB  - The risk of shipyard workers acquiring lung cancer and gastrointestinal cancer
      was investigated retrospectively by analysing the mortality pattern of 365
      deceased shipyard workers. Instead of using the proportional mortality ratio
      (PMR), the odds ratio (OR) was determined according to a method proposed by
      Axelson, Miettinen and Der Wang. The pattern of causes of death among Swedish
      males was used as a reference. The OR was 2.3 for lung cancer and 1.4 for
      gastrointestinal cancer, using death in cancers of other sites (ICD 170-209) as
      reference diseases. There was a heavy exposure to asbestos, which is the probable
      cause of the increased risk of lung cancer in this population.

PMID- 4008053
TI  - Study on an evaluation index for noise susceptibility. I. Estimation of critical
      bandwidth in acoustic reflex.
AB  - A new method for estimating critical bandwidth in AR has been developed. The
      reflex activating sounds (RAS) consisted of a 1000 Hz pure tone, and thirteen
      kinds of noise centered on 1000 Hz with bandwidths of 100, 250 and 1/3-octave
      frequencies in 500 to 1000 Hz. A two-phase linear regression model was fitted to
      the sets of data which showed the relationships between the magnitude of acoustic
      reflex (AR) and bandwidth of RAS. The existence of a critical bandwidth was
      confirmed in 81 subjects with normal hearing acuity. The effects of bandwidth on
      magnitude of AR was not observed in two subjects, so critical bandwidth (CBW) was
      estimated at greater than or equal to 4000 Hz in their cases. The median value of
      CBW in AR was 1138 Hz in 83 subjects. Our new method, designed for practical use,
      may be a useful tool for estimating the critical bandwidth in AR.

PMID- 4008054
TI  - Study on an evaluation index for noise susceptibility. II. Reduction of [ART1k
      ARTWN] and critical bandwidth in acoustic reflex.
AB  - Effects of noise exposure on the difference between ART1k (acoustic reflex
      threshold) and ARTWN [( ART1k-ARTWN]), and on the critical bandwidth (CBW) in
      acoustic reflex (AR) were investigated. One hundred and eleven workers using hand
      held vibrating tools (exposed group) served as subjects. The results were
      compared with the values obtained in the control group reported by the authors
      previously (Miyakita and Miura 1985). The exposed group was classified into four
      groups according to their hearing levels (HL) at 4 and 8 kHz; i.e. Group A (HL(4k
      + 8k)/2 less than 25 dB), Group B (25 dB less than or equal to HL (4k + 8k)/2
      less than 50 dB), Group C (50 dB less than or equal to HL (4k + 8k)/2 less than
      75 dB), and Group D (HL (4k + 8k)/2 greater than or equal to 75 dB). [ART1k
      ARTWN] was reduced significantly (p less than 0.001) in the exposed groups; i.e.
      12.4 dB in the control group, 6.7 dB in Group A, 2.3 dB in Group B, -0.3 dB in
      Group C, and -1.3 dB in Group D. On the other hand, a significant widening of the
      CBW was observed in the exposed group compared to that of the control group (p
      less than 0.05); i.e. 1138 Hz in the control group, 1410 Hz in Group A, 3287 Hz
      in Group B, and greater than or equal to 4000 Hz in Groups C and D. In addition,
      we confirmed that the reduction of [ART1k-ARTWN] might be the result of the
      widening of the CBW in AR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008055
TI  - Chromium bond detection in isolated erythrocytes: a new principle of biological
      monitoring of exposure to hexavalent chromium.
AB  - Internal stress to chromium is only relevant in occupational medicine if it is
      due to the handling of hexavalent chromium. Cr(VI) ions, after uptake by
      inhalation or percutaneously are carried in the blood plasma and penetrate-
      depending on the concentration--into the erythrocytes. Due to the intracellular
      reduction to Cr(III) and the concurrent intracellular protein binding, the
      erythrocytes represent an easily accessible target organ for quantitative
      chromium determination after occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds. The
      results of an earlier experimental study indicate that human plasma too is
      capable of spontaneous reduction of Cr(VI) ions of up to 2 ppm to Cr(III). This
      plasma reduction capacity (PRC) can be increased and accelerated considerably by
      adding ascorbic acid (AA). These findings were supported in this investigation by
      proving a decreased binding of Cr(VI) inside the erythrocytes under the effect of
      AA. This leads to the assumption that only those Cr(VI) concentrations can
      penetrate the membrane of the erythrocytes and enter the cell which either come
      into contact with the membrane during the reduction process or exceed this limit
      concentration of 2 ppm. Only in these two instances can corresponding chromium
      findings be analyzed in isolated and washed erythrocytes. These results are
      compared with those obtained by conventional methods, such as Cr determination in
      the blood and/or urine. Our findings indicate that a single determination of
      chromium concentration in the erythrocytes will permit the monitoring of critical
      cases of Cr(VI) exposure. This is a new type of biological monitoring in the
      sense of a condensed longitudinal study, in order to find out whether threshold
      concentrations have been respected over a given period.

PMID- 4008056
TI  - Dinitrotoluene: an assessment of occupational absorption during the manufacture
      of blasting explosives.
AB  - Two biological monitoring studies were carried out among workers in an explosives
      factory who were exposed to technical grade dinitrotoluene (DNT). In the first
      study urine samples from 28 workers were analysed for the metabolite 2,4
      dinitrobenzoic acid (2,4-DNBA). Metabolite concentrations in urine were extremely
      low or non-detectable, prior to starting work at the beginning of the working
      week, but post-shift urine samples contained a mean 2,4-DNBA level of 17 mg/l.
      There were wide variations in the concentrations excreted in urine by different
      workers and by individual workers on consecutive days. Atmospheric levels of DNT
      (determined by personal monitoring) were found to be well below the recommended
      limit and therefore could not account for the observed excretion of 2,4-DNBA. It
      is suggested that skin may be the major route of absorption of DNT during this
      process. A second study was carried out to investigate the kinetics of absorption
      and excretion of DNT. Intensive urine sampling was carried out on five
      individuals over a 2-day period with additional samples over the subsequent 2 non
      working days. Analysis for 2,4-DNBA showed that uptake of DNT is rapid and that
      the highest levels were normally seen in the end-of-shift specimens. Urine
      samples were analysed for other known metabolites of DNT which have been found in
      animal studies and it was shown that 2,4-DNBA is the major known metabolite which
      is excreted in human urine. Unchanged DNT was detected in blood samples taken
      during a single workshift at levels up to 250 ng/ml. It is concluded that there
      is a measurable uptake of DNT by the group of workers studied. The measurement of
      2,4 DNBA in end-of-shift urine samples is an appropriate way of assessing the
      effectiveness of measures taken to reduce the absorption of DNT.

PMID- 4008057
TI  - Human exposure to styrene. VI. Percutaneous absorption in human volunteers.
AB  - In order to estimate the importance of skin resorption of styrene, as compared to
      pulmonary absorption, nine male volunteers were exposed for 10 to 30 min by
      dipping one hand in liquid styrene. Urine and breath were sampled periodically
      for metabolites (mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids) and styrene analyses
      respectively. The results obtained show that the rate of absorption of styrene
      through the skin is very low, averaging 1 +/- 0.5 micrograms/cm2 X min. This rate
      seems to be affected by the duration of exposure. In conclusion, this study shows
      that skin resorption plays only a minor role in most practical situations.

PMID- 4008058
TI  - Coagulation disorders and the hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 4008059
TI  - Drugs affecting blood coagulation and hemostasis.

PMID- 4008060
TI  - Anesthetic management of patients with coagulation disorders.

PMID- 4008062
TI  - Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 4008061
TI  - Hypercoagulable states.

PMID- 4008064
TI  - Anesthesia for patients with hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 4008063
TI  - Abnormal hemoglobins.

PMID- 4008065
TI  - Acquired bleeding disorders.

PMID- 4008066
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation.

PMID- 4008067
TI  - Pathology and physiology of allergic reactions. 15th symposium of the Collegium
      Internationale Allergologicum. Puerto Vallarta, September 23-27, 1984.

PMID- 4008068
TI  - Prevalence of asthma in the South Fore people of the Okapa District of Papua New
      Guinea. Features associated with a recent dramatic increase.
AB  - The prevalence of asthma in a population of the South Fore linguistic group of
      the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea has shown a remarkable
      increase in the last decade and is now 7.3% in adults and 0.6% in children.
      Allergy to house dust mite appears to play a major role in the disease
      pathogenesis. The low childhood prevalence may be associated with endemic
      parasitism which operates by suppressing production of IgE antibodies to
      ubiquitous allergens. This suppression is significantly correlated with age in
      boys of 6-20 years, but not for girls who retain low serum titres throughout the
      entire age range. Bronchial reactivity, assessed by histamine inhalation test,
      does not identify asymptomatic children who may be potential asthmatic subjects
      suggesting that, in this population, bronchial hyperreactivity follows the
      development of immunological hypersensitivity.

PMID- 4008069
TI  - Mites of the genus Dermatophagoides in dust from the houses of asthmatic and
      other allergic patients in North America: development of a radioimmunoassay for
      allergen produced by D. farinae and/or D. pteronyssinus.

PMID- 4008070
TI  - Basidiomycete allergy: what is the best source of antigen?
AB  - Skin prick test activity and antigenicity of extracts of in vitro growth of the
      Basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) were compared to extracts of spores from
      PO growing in the wild. Patients demonstrated significant differences in skin
      test reactivity to the PO extracts. Some reacted only to in vitro growth
      extracts, others only to the spore extracts and 1 patient to all extracts.
      Further studies analyzed antigens present in all extracts with rabbit antisera to
      PO. Common as well as unique antigens were present in the spore extracts as
      compared to those from in vitro preparations. The fact that spores contain unique
      antigens suggests that basidiospores may be the best source of relevant allergens
      for clinical studies.

PMID- 4008071
TI  - Type I allergy to egg and milk proteins: comparison of skin prick tests with
      nasal, buccal and gastric provocation tests.
AB  - Provocation tests with egg or milk antigens were performed on symptomatic
      patients or those who were skin prick test positive to these antigens. Skin test
      positive patients responded immediately in 12/13 to nasal, in 7/15 to buccal and
      in 5/15 to gastric provocation tests. An immediate gastric response was within 1
      h. The threshold dose for a positive result showed that tissue sensitivity from
      greatest to least was in the order: skin, nasal, buccal and gastric. None of the
      skin test negative group responded to any of the provocation tests. The results,
      particularly the nasal provocation, validate the skin prick test as a sensitive
      measure of type I allergy to defined foods. The relative insensitivity of buccal
      and gastric mucosae may explain positive skin test responses in asymptomatic
      subjects.

PMID- 4008072
TI  - Intestinal mast cell proliferation in graft-versus-host reaction in rats.

PMID- 4008073
TI  - Identification of crustacea allergens by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) detected 18 precipitating antigens in
      extracts of shrimp. Of these antigens, crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE)
      of shrimp extract demonstrated that 5 cross-reacted with crayfish, 3 with lobster
      and 1 with crab extract. Allergens present in the shrimp CIE plates were
      identified by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) using sera from 6 study
      subjects who were skin-test and RAST positive to shrimp extract. Of the 7
      allergens detected, 3 (precipitins 1, 3 and 6) reacted with most of the 6 sera
      tested from shrimp-sensitive subjects. Precipitins 1 and 6 appear to be common
      crustacea allergens (present in shrimp, crayfish, lobster and crab) whereas
      precipitin 3 may be a specific allergen since it is present only in shrimp.

PMID- 4008074
TI  - Isotypic and idiotypic characterization of anti-bee venom phospholipase A2
      antibodies.
AB  - It was shown that anti-bee venom phospholipase A2 antibodies (anti-PLA) of bee
      keepers belong mainly to the IgG4 class. Furthermore anti-PLA of different
      individuals are idiotypically related to each other. This was shown by the
      binding of heterologous antiidiotypic antibodies, produced against anti-PLA IgG
      from single donors, to anti-PLA F(ab')2 of different individuals. Therefore, the
      anti-PLA response provides a human model to study the idiotypic regulation of
      isotypes in a defined system.

PMID- 4008075
TI  - A double blind study on immunotherapy with chemically modified honey bee venom:
      monomethoxy polyethylene glycol-coupled versus crude honey bee venom.
AB  - 24 patients with honey bee sting allergy were treated with either honey bee venom
      (HBV) or monomethoxy polyethylene glycol-coupled HBV (PEG-HBV) in a double blind
      trial. Both treatments induced a strong increase in HBV-specific IgG antibodies
      in most patients. Immunotherapy with PEG-HBV was much better tolerated than that
      with HBV. Conversely, patients on HBV did considerably better during a sting
      challenge with a living honey bee. Only 4 developed a large local and one a mild
      systemic reaction compared to 7 large local and 3 moderate to severe systemic
      reactions in the PEG-HBV-group. A higher maintenance dose of PEG-HBV may still be
      well tolerated but prove more effective at reexposure.

PMID- 4008076
TI  - The role of IgG4 as blocking antibodies in asthmatics and in bee keepers.
AB  - Sera from 40 asthmatic patients and from 77 bee keepers were evaluated by solid
      phase radioimmunoassay for their allergen-specific IgG4 antibody levels. The
      results indicated that allergen-specific IgG4 antibodies become prominent upon
      repeated parenteral stimulation with antigen, i.e. immunotherapy and bee stings,
      and suggested the possible association of IgG4 with blocking antibodies in these
      allergic conditions.

PMID- 4008077
TI  - Insect sting allergy in children: what is the real cost of the disease?
AB  - The impact of insect sting allergies on the quality of life of 118 children and
      their parents is assessed using attitudinal and psychometric questionnaires.
      Children, ranging in age from 7-15 years, manifested more anxiety in the clinical
      setting (state anxiety) than usual (trait anxiety), whereas for parents the trend
      was reversed. Most children believed that they could control being stung, and
      restrictions imposed by two-thirds of the parents assisted in preventing stinging
      episodes. Parents perceived their child's academic achievement, social abilities
      and extracurricular involvement as superior to that of their peers and closest
      aged siblings.

PMID- 4008078
TI  - Genetic control of in vivo IgE antibody production specific to Dermatophagoides
      farinae.
AB  - HLA population and family study were performed in individuals allergic to
      Dermatophagoides farinae. Manifestation of allergic symptoms and IgE production
      to D. farinae are possibly regulated in an autorecessive HLA-linked hereditary
      manner. This regulation may be focused on a lack of IgE Is gene. IgG and IgG4
      antibody production to D. farinae may be regulated in the same manner as symptoms
      and IgE antibody production.

PMID- 4008079
TI  - Appearance of basophilic cells/mast cells and IgE antibodies in liquid human cell
      cultures.
AB  - Maturation of basophils/mast cells as well as formation of IgE antibodies are
      parts of the immune response to antigens. We have analyzed these important
      constituents of the allergic inflammatory response in vitro, cultivating human
      peripheral blood cells from allergic and normal individuals. Mesenteric lymph
      nodes were also cultured from two normals. In liquid cultures of peripheral blood
      cells, the number of small basophils initially present decreased and large
      basophilic cells appeared over a 2-week period. In normals, the maturation of
      large basophils from precursor cells could be stimulated with supernatants from
      peripheral blood cell cultures from atopic individuals stimulated with the
      relevant allergen. The IgE levels declined in cultures of peripheral blood,
      whereas the IgE antibodies in cultures of cells from a mesenteric lymph node from
      one of the nonallergic individuals increased during the 2-week period. In
      separate cultures, the IgE formation could not be reproducibly stimulated by
      antigen or mitogen. The study shows the possibility to stimulate the maturation
      of basophil/mast cell precursor cells present in the blood of allergic and
      healthy individuals with antigen-induced factors. In contrast, the IgE formation
      by blood cells was difficult to stimulate.

PMID- 4008080
TI  - Eosinophil membrane antigens: phenotypic frequencies in normal individuals and
      patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome.
AB  - The membrane antigen phenotype of eosinophils from six normal individuals and
      eight patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) were examined to see
      whether subpopulations of eosinophils exist. Experiments were done with a panel
      of 6 monoclonal antibodies, using the fluorescent activated cell sorter, and
      immunocytochemistry. All six antibodies bound eosinophils and neutrophils, but
      not lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets or erythrocytes. The phenotypic frequencies
      of five of the six antibodies were increased in patients' eosinophils (p less
      than 0.005). This increase was associated with the intermediate-density
      eosinophils, while the antigen detected by antibody Eon 7 was associated with the
      light-density eosinophils. Normal eosinophils could be induced to increase their
      expression of these membrane antigens by incubation with mononuclear cell
      supernatants which are known to increase the cytotoxic capacities of eosinophil,
      'activation'. It was concluded that there is a single eosinophil which undergoes
      post-mitotic differentiation in the blood, leading to activation and
      degranulation. The heterogeneity seen in patients' eosinophils reflect different
      stages of cell maturation and activation.

PMID- 4008082
TI  - Bovine IgG and human immune responses: Con A-induced mitogenesis of human
      mononuclear cells is suppressed by bovine IgG.
AB  - Cow's milk contains 0.6-0.9 mg/ml of IgG. Under certain circumstances humans
      might potentially absorb significant amounts of bovine IgG and/or large fragments
      of bovine IgG from their diets. Normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      were cultured with bovine milk IgG and various mitogens to begin to investigate
      whether bovine IgG might influence human immunologic responses. Elsewhere we have
      shown that bovine milk IgG at concentrations of 300 micrograms/ml completely
      suppressed synthesis of IgG, IgA, and IgM (96-98% suppression) in pokeweed (PWM)
      stimulated cultures. Suppression was dose dependent from 40 to 300 micrograms/ml.
      Milk-derived bovine IgG heated at 63 degrees C during 30 min was more potent in
      suppression than unheated IgG. IgG from goat's milk also suppressed Ig synthesis.
      Bovine serum IgG and other xenogeneic serum immunoglobulins, even when heat
      aggregated, had little effect on Ig synthesis. Preincubation of MNCs with bovine
      milk IgG and PWM for 1 day followed by washing and incubation with PWM for 14
      days resulted in suppression of antibody secretion. In this study, Con A
      stimulated cultures were pulsed after 3 or 4 days with 3H-thymidine for 4 h, and
      mitogenic responses were measured. Bovine IgG at concentrations as low as 300
      micrograms/ml significantly suppressed the mitogenic response of human
      mononuclear cells. These studies suggest that ingested milk immunoglobulins may
      have the potential to modulate immune responses in humans.

PMID- 4008081
TI  - Tissue localization of human eosinophil cationic proteins in allergic diseases.
AB  - Mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised to the storage and secreted forms of
      eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and were used to study the presence of
      activated eosinophils and secreted ECP in the tissues of patients with a variety
      of allergic diseases. Immunocytochemical localization was shown with alkaline
      phosphatase-linked second antibodies, and fast-red substrate. Deposition of a red
      reaction product indicated sites in tissues where eosinophils had become
      activated, and where secreted ECP was present. Activated eosinophils and secreted
      ECP were found together in (1) skin lesions of patients with chronic urticaria,
      (2) gut lesions of patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis and ulcerative
      colitis, and (3) tissues containing granulomas in patients with allergic
      granulomatosis and vasculitis - the Churg and Strauss syndrome. These results
      show the value of these techniques for determining the sites of eosinophil
      activation and secretion in allergic diseases. They support the suggestion that
      ECP may be involved in the development of these tissue lesions.

PMID- 4008083
TI  - Surface membrane traffic in guinea pig basophils exposed to cationic ferritin.
AB  - Surface membrane traffic patterns can be influenced by a number of factors,
      including the functional state of the cell. We used transmission electron
      microscopy to investigate the fate of surface membrane in guinea pig basophils
      exposed to cationized ferritin (CF) in vitro. CF bound to the plasma membrane and
      was internalized on the membranes of vesicles and vacuoles, a process that was
      particularly prominent at the uropod of basophils exhibiting a polarized
      ('motile') configuration. The vesicles/vacuoles moved to the Golgi area, or, in
      the case of degranulating basophils, were observed in continuity with the
      degranulation sac, a structure formed largely by the fusion of individual
      cytoplasmic granule membranes. However, CF-positive vesicles were never observed
      to fuse directly with the membranes of intact cytoplasmic granules.

PMID- 4008084
TI  - Leucocyte activation initiated by IgE-dependent mechanisms in relation to
      helminthic parasitic disease and clinical models of asthma.

PMID- 4008085
TI  - Special presentation: self-management of asthma programs in the USA.
AB  - In the USA during the past 5 years, there has been a renaissance of scientific
      interest and research into health education and programs of self-management. It
      has not, however, always been possible to translate gains in healthy individuals
      into similar progress for persons with chronic illness. Among chronic disorders
      affecting children, asthma ranks as a prominent cause of morbidity and school
      absenteeism. To accomplish this, NIH and NIAID has supported a variety of asthma
      self-management programs aimed at enhancing knowledge of disease among patients
      and parents. A further goal has been to translate this knowledge to changes in
      behavior in order to reduce morbidity of disease. The most successful programs
      have been conducted by non-physician health care professionals (nurses, social
      workers, teachers). The least successful programs have included mass distribution
      of printed materials by pharmaceutical companies and lay organizations. It is
      believed that broader application of such programs will help not only the patient
      but the physician improve the care of asthmatic individuals.

PMID- 4008086
TI  - Histamine and mast cell distribution in the gastrointestinal wall of the rat:
      comparison between germ-free and conventional rats.
AB  - The distributions of histamine and mast cells in the intestinal mucosa have been
      studied in conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) rats. Both distributions do not
      appear to be uniform throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of
      digestive microflora influences these distributions: more histamine and mucosal
      mast cells are present in the small intestine of CV than in GF rats.
      Paradoxically the opposite is observed in the large intestine. Differences in
      mast cell counts in the crypt area of the small intestine (higher in CV than in
      GF rats) confirm the role of microflora on crypt cell proliferation due to a mild
      chronic inflammation. In the large intestine, however, the microflora appears to
      have a more complex influence and could act indirectly on histamine turnover.

PMID- 4008087
TI  - The effect of thermal treatment of immunoglobulin E as measured with competitive
      and noncompetitive assays: is circulating immunoglobulin E serologically
      heterogeneous?
AB  - Using two-double antibody assays (DA) and a noncompetitive assay (PRIST), we
      measured in 20 atopic and 10 normal sera the total IgE before and after its
      heating at 56 degrees C for 30-120 min. After heating the sera or radiolabeled
      IgE, DA detects a reproducible increase in total IgE associated with a large
      intersubject variability of the inhibition curves. On the contrary, heated total
      IgE measured with PRIST decreases and there is no intersubject difference in the
      observed change. In conclusion, DA assays of IgE reveal a heterogeneous response
      to heating which might be related to interindividual differences in the
      tertiary/quaternary structure of the D sigma 2 domain of Fc sigma.

PMID- 4008088
TI  - Allergens in the white and yolk of hen's egg. A study of IgE binding by egg
      proteins.
AB  - The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was used to compare the IgE binding of egg
      white and yolk, and allergenic proteins were detected by immunoelectrotransfer
      ('Western blotting'). The main allergens were found in egg white, but for a large
      proportion of the egg-sensitive patients, yolk contained specific IgE-binding
      constituents. For blood sera from 36 patients, there was a positive correlation
      between the results of RAST for egg white and for yolk. Lysozyme was found to be
      an allergen for some patients. The effect of heating on the allergenicity of egg
      white was examined and the allergenicity of hen egg white was compared with that
      of a duck egg. The allergens in yolk were associated with each of the three yolk
      fractions, and several of the proteins in the low-density lipoprotein fraction
      bound IgE.

PMID- 4008089
TI  - Application of distributed database systems.
AB  - The state of development of Distributed Database Systems (DDB) is briefly
      surveyed and a basic taxonomy of the products, prototypes and architectures
      presented. The applicability of the approach to applications arising in primary
      medical care networks is assessed by looking in some detail at three particular
      offerings in this field. Some insights into and implications for the future
      direction of DDB research and development are gained from this.

PMID- 4008090
TI  - Computerized staging of cancer of the maxillary sinus.
AB  - There are numerous, different recommended systems for staging cancer of the
      maxillary sinus. No single system is known to be better than another. We have
      developed a method of simultaneously staging a tumour of the maxillary sinus into
      each of six different TNM staging classifications. This enables a comparison of
      the various classifications and provides a number of advantages: staging can be
      done quickly and easily, and is automatically standardised; it assists careful
      documentation of tumour extent and it ensures comparisons of like with like,
      which should enable a more critical and useful appraisal of the results of
      treatment.

PMID- 4008091
TI  - Empirical and mathematical models on the relationship between patient age and
      nosocomial infection.
AB  - This paper proposes two models, one a purely empirical one and the other a
      mathematical one, which depict the relationship between patient age and
      nosocomial infection rate. The empirical model is based on the two age-specific
      phenomena, the acquisition of resistance to infection with age mainly in the
      early years of life and the deterioration of existing resistance mechanisms with
      ageing predominantly in the later years of life. The net effect of these two
      factors is shown to approximate into a quadratic relationship between age and
      nosocomial infection rate, like the type demonstrated in earlier experimental
      studies. The second mathematical model is derived from studies on cancer research
      and here the relationship between age and nosocomial infection rate for patients
      in the age group 30-70 years is represented by a log linear model. The model was
      tested against experimental data derived from large surveys on nosocomial
      infection and the resulting correlation coefficient was 0.98. The model was an
      extremely good fit when tested against postoperative wound infection rates as
      well as nasal carriage rate of antibiotic resistant Staph. aureus. Furthermore,
      when patients in the survey were subdivided into groups of male patients and
      female patients and into two groups based on the type of operative wound, the
      model was still found to be a very good fit to the experimental data. This
      confirmed the validity of the model even in the presence of other patient-related
      parameters. Finally, the model was tested against the results of a totally
      different experimental study conducted elsewhere and the resulting correlation
      coefficient was 0.999, which confirmed the validity of the model in a universal
      context.

PMID- 4008092
TI  - Biometeorological comfort index.

PMID- 4008093
TI  - Responses of the autonomic nervous system in altitude adapted and high altitude
      pulmonary oedema subjects.

PMID- 4008094
TI  - Experimental study on the lethal threshold value of multiple successive voltage
      impulses to rabbits simulating multi-stroke lightning flash.

PMID- 4008096
TI  - Proceedings of the Tenth International Biometeorological Congress. Tokyo, July 26
      30, 1984. Abstracts.

PMID- 4008095
TI  - Assessment of human bioclimate based on thermal response.

PMID- 4008097
TI  - Familial and environmental interactions in bladder cancer risk.
AB  - In a population-based study of 2,982 bladder cancer patients and 5,782 controls
      in 10 geographic areas of the United States which was designed to assess the role
      of environmental risk factors, information was also obtained on the history of
      urinary tract cancer in first-degree relatives. A family history of urinary tract
      cancer significantly elevated the risk of bladder cancer [relative risk (RR) =
      1.45], with higher risks observed among patients under age 45. The risks of
      bladder cancer associated with positive family history were generally higher
      among persons with suspected environmental exposures, particularly heavy
      cigarette smoking (RR = 10.7 among those who smoked 3 or more packs per day).
      Further studies of bladder cancer should incorporate biochemical and genetic
      probes to assess mechanisms of familial susceptibility and interactions with
      environmental factors.

PMID- 4008098
TI  - Purification from a human lung cancer cell line of a water soluble molecule
      mediating leukocyte adherence inhibition for patients with lung cancer.
AB  - Soluble lung tumor activity as determined by LAI2 was enriched by physicochemical
      methods from chemically - defined spent medium of a lung cancer cell line (NCI
      H69). To identify the polypeptide carrying the antigenic determinant, splenic
      lymphocytes of BALB/c mice were immunized with the enriched isolate and
      hybridized with mouse plasmacytoma cells. Eight hybrids were cloned successfully
      and produced MAbs that immunoprecipitated principally a single chain of Mr 40,000
      (p40) as well as minor chains of Mr 25,000 (p25) and Mr 13,000 (p13) which were
      probably degradation products of p40. On 2D gels, p40 was composed of 7 spots
      with a p1 of 6.3 to 7.6, which was not altered by neuraminidase digestion.
      Affinity chromatography with MAb anti-p40 absorbed p40 and LAI activity. The
      bound and recovered fraction was enriched for p40 and LAI activity. Affinity
      purified p40 also contained the previously identified p25 and p13 as well as a Mr
      32,000 peptide (p32). MAb anti-p40 was directed to a common framework determinant
      on p40 since MAb anti-p40 bound to cancer cells from other organs. The
      comparatively lung cancer organ-specific determinant recognized by leukocytes
      from lung cancer patients was not recognized by the MAb. Affinity-purified p40
      triggered LAI for leukocytes from patients with lung cancer but not for
      leukocytes from control subjects or patients with colon cancer or malignant
      melanoma in rigorous blind testing. Crossreactivity was observed with leukocytes
      from patients with breast cancer. LAI activity of affinity-purified p40 seems
      unlikely to result from an unidentified impurity. Thus a p40 molecule has been
      purified that is expressed on the membranes of lung cancer cells and triggers
      immunologically-mediated LAI.

PMID- 4008099
TI  - Therapeutic application of a radiolabelled monoclonal antibody in nude mice
      xenografted with human neuroblastoma: tumoricidal effects and distribution
      studies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody UJ13A radiolabelled with isotopes of iodine has been shown to
      selectively localize to human neuroblastoma xenografts. When 131I-UJ13A
      conjugates were given to nude mice at high doses (100-150 microCi), tumours
      temporarily disappeared, only to regrow. No selection for neuroblastoma cells
      that were UJ13A - negative was observed. Distribution studies on mice receiving
      radiolabelled UJ13A demonstrated the antibody is rapidly lost from the blood of
      animals. This cannot be accounted for by selective uptake into xenografts or any
      other mouse organ examined. We concluded there is a rapid equilibration of
      isotope between intra- and extravascular spaces in the animal. The rapid,
      biphasic loss of UJ13A from the blood of mice may explain why so little injected
      antibody can target to the human tumour xenografts.

PMID- 4008100
TI  - Combined recombinant human interferon alpha 2 and cytotoxic agents studied in a
      clonogenic assay.
AB  - A human tumor clonogenic assay has been used to test the antiproliferative effect
      of recombinant human leukocyte interferon alpha 2 alone and in combination with
      each of 8 cytotoxic agents. Cell lines derived from 6 human tumors and primary
      tumor cells from 13 patients have been used in these clonogenic assay studies.
      Results show that interferon as a single agent causes insignificant reduction in
      tumor cell colony survival if the short-term 1-hr cell exposure method is used;
      only high concentrations of interferon used in continuous cell exposure in the
      clonogenic assay can demonstrate a reduction in colony survival to below 50% of
      control values. Combinations of interferon with either doxorubicin or cisplatin
      frequently show additive and occasionally synergistic antiproliferative effects
      on tumor cell colony formation. Variations in drug concentrations and sequencing
      of drugs have been tested, showing that optimal antiproliferative effects of
      combined interferon and doxorubicin are realized when maximal concentrations of
      interferon and prolonged cell exposure time of both interferon and doxorubicin
      are employed. Combinations of interferon and doxorubicin tested in the clonogenic
      assay demonstrate cytotoxicity superior to that of either agent tested alone.

PMID- 4008101
TI  - Oncogene expression in human tumors.
AB  - The expression of 9 oncogenes in primary tumors and in human tumors passaged in
      nude mice was tested: a total of 28 tumor types was analyzed. Oncogenes src, fps,
      and mos were not expressed in any of the tumors tested but oncogene myc was
      transcribed in most of the tumors and myc was over-expressed in 3 tumors passaged
      in nude mice (Ewing sarcoma, large intestine carcinoma and kidney carcinoma) and
      in primary fibrous histiocytoma. Enhanced transcription of ras and fos genes was
      observed nonspecifically in different tumors. Oncogene sis was activated
      specifically in metastases of different tumors in lymph nodes.

PMID- 4008103
TI  - Jugular venous pressure--a re-appraisal.

PMID- 4008104
TI  - Risks and benefits of cardiac pacing in children.
AB  - Forty-nine patients aged 2 days to 14 years (30% below 1 year of age) required
      implantation of a permanent pacemaker system. Surgically induced bradyarrhythmia
      was the main indication for treatment (84% of patients). In the follow-up period
      (ranging from 2 to 140 months) 16 reoperations became necessary for complications
      in 12 children. Twelve of these were caused by problems related to function of
      the epicardial electrode (threshold rise 9, lead fracture 2, dysfunction 1). Four
      patients died, but pacemaker function had remained intact in all. Our experience
      confirms that artificial cardiac stimulation has become a reliable instrument for
      improving quality of life and life expectancy of children endangered by
      postsurgical, congenital and acquired rhythm disorders.

PMID- 4008102
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an activated C-H-ras-1 gene from a squamous
      cell lung carcinoma cell line.
AB  - We determined a complete nucleotide sequence of an activated form of the c-H-ras
      1 proto-oncogene cloned from the human cell line (QG56), using the DNA
      transfection technique and NIH3T3 cells as recipients. This cell line was
      established from a squamous-cell lung carcinoma of a Japanese patient, and the
      activated gene had 2 nucleotide substitutions. One substitution of a thymidine
      for an adenosine was found at position 1069 of the 2898 nucleotide sequence in a
      restriction endonuclease (SacI) fragment, which corresponds to the second base of
      the 61st codon of the gene encoding P21 protein. This nucleotide replacement was
      assumed to be responsible for the transforming activity. Another substitution of
      a guanosine for an adenosine which was detected at position 746 in the first
      intron was thought to be a genetic polymorphism unassociated with the
      transforming activity. Comparison of the various lengths of restricted fragments
      suggested that the activity was markedly influenced by certain sequences flanking
      the c-H-ras-1 gene.

PMID- 4008105
TI  - Morphological characteristics of perimembranous ventricular septal defects and
      their surgical significance.
AB  - The recognition of perimembranous ventricular septal defects and their
      subcategorization into inlet, outlet and trabecular types is important surgically
      because of the information it gives concerning the relationship with the
      atrioventricular conduction bundle. Inlet and outlet defects are well defined.
      The trabecular defect, in contrast, is less well defined. To obtain a better
      understanding of the perimembranous trabecular defect we studied 30 hearts, each
      having a ventricular septal defect known to be perimembranous. Of these 30
      hearts, 16 were classified as inlet and 10 as outlet types. The "in between"
      trabecular defect in each of the remaining four hearts was slit-like, extending
      from the membranous septum into the area of the medial papillary muscle complex.
      Each was associated with a complex arrangement of the adjacent tricuspid valve
      leaflet tissues. In three hearts, leaflets and chords were attached to both the
      upper and lower rim of the defects. In the other specimen a shelf-like anomalous
      leaflet attachment was present along the lower rim. The atrioventricular
      conduction tissues were studied in two of the hearts, showing a close relation
      between the conduction bundle and the rim of the defect and the anomalous
      tricuspid valve leaflet attachments. In one case a most unusual disposition was
      encountered. A fan-like right bundle originated from the main axis at the same
      level as the origin of the left bundle branches. The anomalous fan penetrated
      into the connective tissue core of the valve leaflet. The bundle was then traced
      anteriorly to its usual intramyocardial position. The observed features of
      perimembranous trabecular ventricular septal defects warrant further caution
      should they require surgical repair.

PMID- 4008106
TI  - The mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia in humans determined by intraoperative
      recording of the electrical activation sequence.
AB  - We recorded ventricular activation sequence during ventricular tachycardia in 76
      patients who underwent surgical therapy of refractory ventricular tachycardia.
      Ventricular tachycardia arose from a discrete site (focal origination) in 28
      patients (37%) or resulted from reentry around scar (macroreentry) in 22 patients
      (29%). The mechanism responsible for ventricular tachycardia was not discernable
      in the remaining 26 patients (34%), usually because of inadequacy of activation
      data. We conclude: (1) although focal originating of ventricular tachycardia is
      common, more frequently the mechanism is either macroreentry or uncertain, as
      assessed by conventional recording techniques; thus, a search for the "site of
      earliest activation" during ventricular tachycardia frequently may fail to direct
      rationally the operative procedure; (2) conventional techniques for
      intraoperative study of electrical activation during ventricular tachycardia are
      inadequate.

PMID- 4008108
TI  - Polypoid tumour of the pericardium--a previously unrecognised macroscopic
      appearance of metastatic bladder carcinoma.
AB  - We report a case in which a metastasis to the pericardium from a bladder
      carcinoma had a polypoid appearance similar to that of the primary tumour. We
      suggest that the local environment of a metastatic deposit may influence its
      macroscopic appearance. The case described emphasises the importance of thorough
      exploration of the pericardial sac at surgery.

PMID- 4008107
TI  - Hemodynamics of human arterial stenoses.
AB  - We assessed the hemodynamic and geometric changes in compliant, human arterial
      stenoses in response to manipulation of vascular tone, perfusion pressure and
      distal resistance. Coronary and popliteal arteries were harvested from human
      cadavers shortly after death. Following incubation for several hours to permit
      recovery of physiologic energy stores and ion gradients, the vessels were
      attached to a perfusion apparatus and perfusion pressure (PP), distal pressure
      (DP), and flow (F) were recorded as perfusion pressure and distal resistance (DR)
      were varied. The experiments were then repeated in the presence of a
      vasoconstrictor (100 mM KCl). Orthogonal arteriograms were performed at maximums
      of vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Stenotic resistance (SR) was calculated as
      (PP-DP)F. Minimum cross-sectional area was determined by computer assisted
      analysis of the arteriograms. Stenosed vessels with normal wall segments at the
      stenosis responded to vasoconstriction with a large stenotic resistance increase
      (111 +/- 15%; P less than 0.05) and a flow decrease averaging 39.3 +/- 6.2% (P
      less than 0.05). In addition, decreased perfusion pressure also increased
      stenotic resistance significantly (P less than 0.05). Stenotic resistance changes
      were of sufficient magnitude to be both statistically significant and clinically
      important. These results confirm the existence of dynamic arterial stenoses in
      humans and further support the assertion that dynamic stenotic severity changes
      elicited by manipulation of proximal and distal vascular tone and pressure are of
      sufficient magnitude to create acute ischemia. This information may apply to
      clinical situations in which compliant stenoses and acute ischemia coexist.

PMID- 4008110
TI  - Fatigue phenomenon of the accessory pathway.
AB  - We report documenting the "Fatigue" phenomenon in the accessory pathway of a
      patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

PMID- 4008109
TI  - Some aspects of neurological presentation of patients with important cardiac
      arrhythmias requiring pacemaker therapy: a preliminary report.
AB  - We report the short- and long-term effects of pacing on 82 patients presenting
      with significant bradyarrhythmias and neurological symptoms. The 3 categories of
      neurological symptoms were dizziness alone, syncope with or without dizziness and
      focal neurological symptoms with a history of dizziness or syncope.

PMID- 4008111
TI  - Amiodarone-induced sinoatrial block.
AB  - We observed sinoatrial block due to chronic amiodarone administration in a 5-year
      old boy with primary cardiomyopathy, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and
      supraventricular tachycardia. Reduction in the dosage of amiodarone resulted in
      the disappearance of the sinoatrial block and the persistence of asymptomatic
      sinus bradycardia.

PMID- 4008113
TI  - Lack of influence of aluminum hydroxide on the bioavailability and beta
      adrenoceptor blocking activity of propranolol.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of propranolol and the changes of exercise induced heart
      rate were determined in 6 healthy subjects. An amount of 40 mg of propranolol was
      given alone or in combination with 30 ml of aluminum hydroxide gel. Neither the
      bioavailability nor the beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity of propranolol was
      significantly changed by concurrent administration of aluminum hydroxide gel.
      There is no need to increase the propranolol dose when aluminum hydroxide gel is
      administered concurrently.

PMID- 4008112
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of acebutolol and propranolol in hypertensive patients during
      exercise.
AB  - Acebutolol 400 mg vs. propranolol retard 160 mg were investigated in a
      multicentral, double-blind, cross-over study for their action on blood pressure
      and heart rate in outpatients during ergometer exercise. A 2-week single-blind
      placebo control phase, which served as a wash-out and to eliminate placebo
      responders, preceded the 6-week treatment phase with propranolol (or acebutolol)
      followed by a further 6-week phase with acebutolol (or propranolol). At the end
      of each treatment phase a bicycle ergometer test was carried out, the values for
      18 patients (from 26 completed investigations) were carried forward to the
      evaluation of the ergometry. The treatment groups were shown to be comparable.
      Acebutolol and propranolol produced a similar fall in systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure and heart rate at rest. During ergometer exercise, acebutolol led
      to a significantly lower increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      and heart rate than propranolol. The possible role of the intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and the relative cardioselectivity of the test
      agents and the clinical impact of the hemodynamic findings with respect to
      morbidity and mortality are briefly discussed. Questioning at the end of the
      study revealed that significantly more patients preferred the treatment with
      acebutolol.

PMID- 4008114
TI  - Poisoning with oral antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - The incidence of poisoning with antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) is low, but frequently
      cardiac disturbances cause a high mortality. Clinical and toxicological data on
      verapamil, quinidine, ajmaline, prajmaliumbitartrate, mexiletine and aprindine as
      collected by the Austrian Poison Information Center (PIC) are presented in this
      paper. The drug concentrations of verapamil, mexiletine and quinidine detected in
      post-mortem specimens are discussed and compared with correspondent data from
      literature. Clinical experiences with this kind of intoxication are rather poor
      and therapeutical principles are very inconsistent. To avoid life-threatening
      symptoms, gastric lavage has to be performed irrespective of the latency period,
      accompanied by continuous cardiac monitoring. Cardiocirculatory disorders respond
      well to sympathomimetic drugs. Immediate and adequate cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation decisively determines the therapeutical success in critical cases.

PMID- 4008115
TI  - Determination of the central effects of the asthma prophylactic ketotifen, the
      bronchodilator theophylline, and both in combination: an application of
      quantitative electroencephalography to the study of drug interactions.
AB  - Ketotifen (Zaditen) is a new, orally active benzocycloheptathiophene derivative
      for use in the prophylaxis of asthma. Besides possessing anti-allergic
      properties, it also has H1-receptor mediated antihistaminic activity. Drugs which
      block H1-receptors are known to have some sedative properties. On the other hand
      the bronchodilator theophylline is a CNS stimulant. We investigated whether these
      side-effects could be reduced by concomitant administration. In a balanced
      sequence crossover study, 12 healthy males received placebo, 1 mg ketotifen + 300
      mg theophylline, 1 mg ketotifen + 600 mg theophylline, and each drug separately
      at 1-week intervals. Quantified electroencephalograms, cardiovascular and
      behavioral measurements, symptom reports, and blood drug assays were used to
      assess the drug interaction. Results showed EEG and behavioral effects with both
      ketotifen and theophylline alone which were less evident with the drugs in
      combination. Blood drug levels were not altered by combined drug administration.
      These findings suggest a mutual attenuation of the CNS effects of ketotifen and
      theophylline at therapeutic doses and encourage their combined use in asthma
      therapy. The combined effect may be optimized by modifying formulations or
      timing. The applicability of quantitative EEG to such problems is well
      demonstrated.

PMID- 4008116
TI  - Propranolol plasma binding and serum lipids during chronic therapy in migraine
      patients.
AB  - Plasma protein binding of propranolol (PROP) was determined in 18 migraine
      patients chronically treated with different doses (from 60 to 240 mg/day) of the
      drug. In 9 patients serum lipids and PROP binding were determined before and
      during the therapy. Free fractions of PROP ranged from 4.7 to 13.3% and they were
      similar to those found in vitro in healthy volunteers. Total and free
      concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.929; p less than 0.001);
      correlations between daily doses (in mg/kg) and free and total concentrations
      were very similar: r = 0.76 and r = 0.73 respectively. Changes in binding and
      serum lipids during the therapy were insignificant and unrelated.

PMID- 4008117
TI  - A clinical and pharmacological study of the antidepressant activity of viloxazine
      in adult and elderly patients.
AB  - This work deals with the results of a clinical experience with viloxazine (VLZ)
      carried out on 43 depressed subjects of the female sex categorized with D.S.M.
      III criteria. Clinical ratings were made by means of the Hamilton Scale for
      depression and the Taylor self rating scale for anxiety. The results prove the
      efficacy of the drug in all the examined patients, along with the rapidity of
      effects in comparison with the tricyclic antidepressants. The elderly patients
      improved better than the adult subjects, especially when the depression was of
      the inhibited type.

PMID- 4008119
TI  - Alcoholism and drug abuse service forecasting models: a comparative discussion.
AB  - Several demand-based models for forecasting alcoholism/drug abuse bed needs have
      been developed over the past few years. Demand models have inherent problems for
      predicting future needs because of the unknown relationship between the demand
      group and the nondemand group. Nonetheless, these models hold promise for the
      alcoholism/drug abuse service system because of some of the unique
      characteristics of that system. Three models for forecasting alcoholism bed need
      and one for forecasting drug abuse bed need are discussed; the strengths and
      weaknesses of each are presented. Projections for the same geographic area are
      compared. Criteria for selecting one model over another are also recommended.

PMID- 4008118
TI  - A combination of cefuroxime and N-acetyl-cysteine for the treatment of lower
      respiratory tract infections in children.
AB  - One hundred and three children with lower respiratory tract infections were
      treated with a combination of cefuroxime and N-acetyl-cysteine. Positive clinical
      results were obtained in 100 patients, symptoms being completely relieved in 58
      and distinct improvement produced in 42. Chest x-rays provided objective evidence
      of recovery or improvement in these 100 patients. Of the 72 pathogenic strains
      isolated before treatment in the trial population as a whole, none were still
      detectable at the end of treatment. No side effects or adverse reactions of any
      kind were observed.

PMID- 4008120
TI  - Labor force behavior of alcoholics: a review.
AB  - This paper reviews research which has examined the labor force behavior and
      occupational stability of alcoholics. It is noted that early research portrayed
      alcoholics as occupationally unstable but was based on biased samples of
      alcoholic psychotics and arrested public inebriates. A second wave of research on
      the broader alcoholic population proclaimed them to be occupationally stable
      despite very high rates of unemployment. A final wave of research returned to the
      view that alcoholics were occupationally unstable but made its findings
      applicable to the entire spectrum of the alcoholic population.

PMID- 4008121
TI  - Research and treatment: the need for a combined effort.
AB  - Institutional, ideological, practical, and logistical constraints have impeded
      treatment research efforts in the substance abuse fields. There is a need for
      innovation in the design and conduct of treatment research studies, including
      studies that are less restrictive of therapists' judgments and more sensitive to
      individual client differences. Among the advantages of a greater collaboration
      between clinicians and researchers are the facilitation of research on the
      matching of clients to treatments and the enhanced impact of research findings on
      clinical practice.

PMID- 4008122
TI  - Central Registry of Drug Abuse.
AB  - The reorganized Central Registry of Drug Abuse, which began operation on
      September 1, 1976, serves as an invaluable monitoring device to identify at
      regular intervals any changes in trends and characteristics which may herald
      significant changes in the drug abuse patterns in Hong Kong. This marks a major
      advance in Hong Kong's efforts to improve the data base on which realistic
      antinarcotics policies could be formulated. Over the years, the Registry has
      attracted a great deal of interest, not only local but international as well.
      This article gives a summary of its background, operation, and findings.

PMID- 4008123
TI  - Peer-managed self-control program for prevention of alcohol abuse in American
      Indian high school students: a pilot evaluation study.
AB  - A peer-managed self-control program to teach responsible drinking was tested with
      30 American Indian teenagers at high risk for problem drinking. Students were
      randomly assigned to three groups incorporating combinations of self-monitoring,
      peer-assisted self-control training, and alcohol education. Significant decreases
      were observed in quantity and frequency of drinking and in peak blood alcohol
      levels. These improvements were maintained at follow-ups of 4, 9, and 12 months
      posttreatment. Self-report data were corroborated by breath tests and official
      records. No group differences were found, indicating that minimal and full
      program interventions had comparable effects.

PMID- 4008124
TI  - Smoking relapse situations: a preliminary typology.
AB  - This paper presents a preliminary attempt to develop a typology of smoking
      relapse episodes based on cluster analysis. Descriptions of relapse or near
      relapse episodes were collected from 183 ex-smokers. Cluster analysis of 53 cases
      revealed five clusters in two groups distinguished by a positive (Type I) versus
      negative (Type II) affective tone. Type Ia situations involve drinking alcohol
      with others who are smoking. Type Ib situations are associated with relaxation.
      Type Ic episodes are associated with withdrawal symptoms. Type IIa situations
      involve anxiety related to work stress. Type IIb episodes occur when the ex
      smoker is inactive and bored. Type Ia situations are associated with less
      behavioral coping and more relapse than the others.

PMID- 4008125
TI  - Minority group status and treatment retention.
AB  - Study was made of the extent to which majority/minority status within program was
      associated with treatment outcome. Examining situations in which Blacks, Mexican
      Americans, and Whites constituted significant majorities or minorities within
      each of three treatment modalities, it was found that minority status had
      particular relevance for treatment retention and for type of discharge in drug
      free outpatient programs. Minority status was less significant to treatment
      outcome in methadone maintenance and residential programming. Several hypotheses
      are offered to explain the greater significance of race/ethnic issues for
      outpatient drug-free programming.

PMID- 4008126
TI  - Studies of events.

PMID- 4008127
TI  - Perception of treatment needs: differences between patients and staff of a drug
      abuse treatment program.
AB  - Patients and staff of the Seattle Veterans Administration Drug Dependency
      Treatment Program were surveyed to elicit their perception of treatment
      priorities in establishing a series of educationally oriented short-term groups.
      Comparisons of priorities were made between patients and staff, methadone and
      polydrug patients, and patients with alcohol problems and those without alcohol
      problems. After the survey a series of short-term groups was established and
      attendance was kept. It was found in general that the groups which patients
      thought had higher priority in their treatment--including drug and medical
      information, stress management, and money management--were better attended.

PMID- 4008128
TI  - Marijuana smoking: effect on expired air carbon monoxide levels.
AB  - A group of regular marijuana smokers was given expired air carbon monoxide (CO)
      tests before and after smoking low-dose, high-dose, and placebo marijuana
      cigarettes. Expired air CO doubled following smoking. There were no significant
      differences in CO levels in the different dose categories. Studies of the effects
      of marijuana on the body should attempt to separate effects of the drug from the
      effects that are secondary to the method of intake.

PMID- 4008129
TI  - Comparisons among peer and professionally directed groups for the elderly:
      implications for the development of self-help groups.

PMID- 4008130
TI  - A men's group: psychotherapy of elderly men.

PMID- 4008132
TI  - Regression in group therapy: a negative view.

PMID- 4008131
TI  - Parallel development of the group and its relationship to the leader: a
      theoretical explanation.

PMID- 4008133
TI  - The clinical validation of therapist interventions in group therapy.

PMID- 4008134
TI  - Cult groups and the narcissistic personality: the offer to heal defects in the
      self.

PMID- 4008135
TI  - Psychiatric consultation to the medical ward: a group analytic and general
      systems theory point of view.

PMID- 4008136
TI  - Beyond support: group psychotherapy with low-income mothers.

PMID- 4008137
TI  - An introductory course in group psychotherapy in the Netherlands: use of a
      knowledge-sampling test.

PMID- 4008138
TI  - Secretagogue action of adenosine in the in vivo canine tracheal mucus model.
AB  - Adenosine injected via the cranial thyroid artery route into canine tracheas was
      a very potent and quick acting secretagogue in a unique model of mucus
      production. It is not known if adenylate cyclase activation was involved, but
      adenosine caused a statistically significant, dose related enhancement over
      baseline secretion rates in seventeen mongrel dogs (0.01 mg 18.4 +/- 5.04%
      increase N.S.; 0.1 mg 62.5 +/- 9.00% P less than 0.001; and 1.0 mg 91.2 +/- 14.1%
      P less than 0.001). The response was complete in less than two minutes and muscle
      relaxation usually accompanied the response. Adenosine activation of submucosal
      glands, mast cells or airway tissue may mean that adenosine is an agonist in
      pathophysiological abnormalities of the airways.

PMID- 4008139
TI  - Inhibition of lymphocyte function by a naturally occurring nucleoside: 5'
      methylthioadenosine (MTA).
AB  - The link between immunodeficiencies and nucleoside metabolism is exemplified by
      the inherited deficiencies of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside
      phosphorylase which are associated with an abnormal development of the immune
      system. In this report we show that high doses of methylthioadenosine (MTA), a
      natural purine nucleoside, inhibit both the mitogen-induced blastogenesis of
      human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-driven in
      vitro immunoglobulin synthesis by PBL in a non-toxic and reversible fashion. Our
      data support the view that both T and B cells are sensitive to MTA inhibition and
      that PWM-driven Ig production is more affected by MTA than the mitogen-induced
      PBL proliferation. The observation that MTA causes an evident inhibition of in
      vitro PWM-driven Ig secretion when added four days after the start of the
      cultures suggests that MTA can exert its activity not only on proliferation but
      also on differentiation of B cells.

PMID- 4008141
TI  - Inhibition of human and guinea pig complement by heparin fractions differing in
      affinity for antithrombin III or in average molecular weight.
AB  - Heparin comprises a mixture of structurally related molecules. Affinity for
      antithrombin III (AT III) is a prerequisite for its anticoagulant activity, which
      also is dependent on its molecular weight. In this study heparin fractions
      prepared by affinity chromatography on immobilized AT III and by gel filtration
      chromatography were compared for their ability to inhibit complement mediated
      haemolysis and both classical and alternative pathway C3 activation as measured
      by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In normal human serum, inhibition of haemolysis
      and of heat-aggregated IgG (HAGG) as well as zymosan induced C3 activation by
      heparin was found to be independent of its AT III affinity and of its molecular
      weight (range 4800-17,000), on a weight basis. In guinea pig serum similar
      results were obtained for inhibition of HAGG induced C3 activation, but
      inhibition of haemolysis showed a marked molecular weight dependency and was also
      reduced for the fraction with low affinity for AT III. This may reflect a species
      difference in the haemolytic action of human and guinea pig complement. It is
      concluded that inhibition of human complement by heparin is independent of its
      anticoagulant activity and of its size and it is suggested that a fraction of
      heparin with reduced risk for bleeding and platelet aggregation is a potential
      anti-inflammatory agent.

PMID- 4008140
TI  - Effects of nandrolone decanoate in NZB/W mice treated concomitantly with
      maintenance doses of dexamethasone sodium phosphate.
AB  - Treatment of female or castrated male NZB/W mice with nandrolone decanoate (80
      mg/kg s.c.), once every three weeks, delays the onset of murine lupus and
      associated symptoms, even when treatment was started at the 17th week of age.
      Continuous low dose glucocorticoid therapy did not affect the therapeutic effects
      of the nandrolone decanoate injections. These results indicate that SLE patients
      receiving maintenance low dose glucocorticoid therapy may also benefit from
      treatment with nandrolone-decanoate.

PMID- 4008142
TI  - Fast "ON" and "OFF" heart rate transients at different bicycle exercise levels.
AB  - Rapid heart rate (HR) changes take place at the onset and at the end of exercise.
      The aim of this study was to analyze these changes at different exercise levels.
      A total of 17 healthy men (23 +/- 4 yrs), who without being told the aim of the
      study pedaled an electrically braked bicycle at 60 rpm "ON" transients, were
      studied during changes in work rates from 0 to 1, from 1 to 2, and from 2 to 4
      W.kg-1. "OFF" transients were measured from 4 and from maximal work rate to 0
      W.kg-1. The ECG was recorded starting from 5 s before until 15 s after each work
      rate change. The mean HR was calculated at 2.5 s intervals as delta % HR - the
      heart rate change as percent of the final pretransition value. Linear regressions
      between delta % HR and time were obtained for each transient and their angular
      coefficients compared. Of the ON transients only the 2nd and 3rd suggested
      differences, while the OFF transients did not differ significantly. All of the
      transients were reproducible for a given subject (P greater than 0.05). The
      parasympathetic blockade performed in two subjects produced slower transients
      (except for the 1st ON). VO2max was determined at the end of a continuous
      progressive test, performed after the 1st OFF. No correlation was found between
      the transients and VO2max (P greater than 0.05). In conclusion, within 15 s, the
      ON and OFF transients showed changes of 10% and 5%, respectively, in HR. They
      were primarily mediated by the vagus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008143
TI  - Relationship between swimming velocity and lactic concentration during continuous
      and intermittent training exercises.
AB  - The present study examined the relationship between lactic acid concentration in
      capillary blood and swimming velocity during 11 typical endurance exercises
      (continuous swimming for 30 and 60 min, interval swimming with distances between
      50 and 400 m, and with rest periods of 10 and 30 s) and during the "two-speed
      test" recently described by Mader. It was expected that a better understanding of
      these relationships could provide evidence how to adjust training intensities
      from results obtained during the two-speed test. Fifty-nine male swimmers of the
      German national level participated in this study. After a 30-min maximal swimming
      test, a mean lactic acid concentration of 4.01 +/- 0.75 mmol/l was found. The
      corresponding mean velocity was similar to the speed (V4) calculated for the 4
      mmol/l level on the basis of the results obtained during the two-speed test (2 X
      400). During 30 min continuous swimming at 95% to 105% of the velocity V4, there
      was a significant correlation (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) between the swimming
      speed and the lactic acid concentration. In the 30-min maximal test, the velocity
      V4 correlated significantly with both the lactic acid concentration (r = -0.58, P
      less than 0.005) and the swimming speed (r = 0.97, P less than 0.001). During the
      interval exercises with rest periods of 10 s, the swimming velocities
      corresponding to the same lactic acid level as during continuous swimming,
      increased for the 50, 100, 200, and 400 m by 11.23%, 4.21%, 2.95%, and 2.02% of
      V4, respectively. With rest periods of 30 s, the swimming velocity for the 100,
      200, and 400 m increased by 7.34%, 4.22%, and 3.01% of V4, respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008144
TI  - Plasma catecholamine and blood lactate cumulation during incremental exhaustive
      exercise.
AB  - Six healthy male subjects performed two different incremental treadmill tests.
      Test 1 started at a velocity of 8 km.h-1 and was increased by 2 km.h-1 steps
      until subjective exhaustion was reached. The running time was 3 min per step with
      30-s interruptions between two successive steps. In test 2, identical work loads
      were imposed on the subjects. However, there were 30-min recovery periods between
      two successive exercise steps. Heart rate, oxygen uptake (only in test 1), blood
      lactate, and free plasma catecholamine levels were simultaneously estimated
      during both testings and additionally at the end of each 30-min recovery period
      in test 2. Subjects reached 57 +/- 6 ml.kg-1. min-1 oxygen uptake. Only slight
      lactate and catecholamine differences were observed between both tests at
      moderate work loads. Lactate levels (+30%) as well as noradrenaline and
      adrenaline responses (+60%-90%) were higher in the cumulative experiment (test 1)
      at work loads corresponding to 70%-80% of the oxygen uptake capacity as compared
      to the noncumulative testing procedure (test 2). A further increase of these
      differences to approximately 50% (lactate), 156% (noradrenaline), and 165%
      (adrenaline) has to be considered to be near the exhaustion level. In conclusion,
      during incremental treadmill exercise in a cumulative design, a significant
      cumulation effect leads to an overproportional increase of lactate and
      catecholamine levels at submaximal--maximal work loads.

PMID- 4008145
TI  - Maximal power outputs during the Wingate anaerobic test.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the resistance loads which elicit
      maximal values of power output (PO) during performance of the Wingate test (WT).
      Nineteen male subjects (mean age, 25.1 yrs; mean VO2 max, 3.52 l/min) performed
      multiple WTs in a random order at resistances ranging from 3.23 to 6.76
      joules/pedal rev/kg BW. Tests were carried out on a Monark cycle ergometer
      modified to permit instantaneous application of resistance. Revolutions were
      determined by a computer interfaced frequency counter. The mean resistances
      eliciting the highest peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) outputs were 5.65 and
      5.53 joules/pedal rev/kg BW, respectively (average of 5.59 joules/pedal rev/kg
      BW). Both PP and MP were significantly higher (15.5% and 13.0%, respectively)
      using a resistance load of 5.59 compared to the Wingate setting of 4.41
      joules/pedal rev/kg BW. The test-retest reliability for PP and MP ranged between
      0.91 and 0.93 at both resistance loads. Body weight and thigh volume did not
      significantly estimate the individual resistances eliciting maximal POs. The data
      suggest that resistance be assigned according to the subjects BW but
      consideration be given to increasing the resistance from that presently used in
      various laboratories.

PMID- 4008147
TI  - Running velocity at blood lactate threshold of boys aged 6-15 years compared with
      untrained and trained young males.
AB  - Running velocities at the blood lactate threshold, which was estimated by the
      velocity just below 2 mmol X l-1 of blood lactate, were measured in sixty-six 6-
      to 15-year-old boys during a graded exercise stress test on the track and
      compared with those of twenty-three 16- to 18-year-old young males and eighteen
      18- to 23-year-old untrained young males. The boys were divided into five age
      groups: 6-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, and 14-15. The mean velocity at the lactate
      threshold of all age groups was significantly higher than that of untrained young
      males and not different from that of trained young males. There was no
      significant difference between boys of all age groups, but a significant negative
      correlation between the velocity at the lactate threshold and bone maturity score
      (RUS score) of more than 200 was found in boys. Heart rates and percent maximal
      heart rate at the lactate threshold were dependent on age. These were
      significantly inversely related to the chronological age and RUS score. These
      results suggest that maturation is one of the factors influencing lactate
      threshold.

PMID- 4008146
TI  - Effect of hand-arm exercise on venous blood constituents during leg exercise.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that ancillary arm and hand exercise would change the
      values of antecubital blood constituents during leg exercise, seven healthy men
      (19-27 yrs) performed static (10% of a maximal voluntary contraction) or dynamic
      (60 finger flexions/min) hand-arm exercise with one hand during submaximal leg
      exercise (50% V2 max) in the supine position. Venous blood was analyzed for serum
      Na+, K+, osmolality, albumin, total Ca2+, and glucose; blood hemoglobin,
      hematocrit, and lactic acid; and change in plasma volume. During leg exercise
      there were no significant differences in these blood constituents between right
      and left arms at rest. Only glucose and lactate were affected by additional arm
      exercise. Compared with resting arm values during leg exercise, glucose decreased
      from 4.7 to 4.5 mmol/l (delta = 4%, P less than 0.05) and lactate increased from
      2.0 to 2.4 mmol/l (delta = 20%, P less than 0.05) during static arm exercise.
      With dynamic arm exercise, glucose decreased from a resting level of 4.8 to 4.7
      mmol/l (delta = 2%, P less than 0.05). We conclude that additional static or
      dynamic hand-forearm exercise accompanying leg exercise could introduce
      significant errors in glucose (2%-4%) and lactic acid (6%-20%) concentrations
      measured in venous blood.

PMID- 4008148
TI  - Motivation, vocational interests and job satisfaction of mentally retarded
      adults.
AB  - The relationship between vocational interests of 83 mildly to moderately retarded
      adults in a residential facility in Israel, their actual work and the factors
      which they perceived as the most important motivators for them at work and job
      satisfaction were investigated. Two questionnaires were used: the Illustrated
      Vocational Inventory (Whelan & Reiter, 1980) and a specially designed
      questionnaire on motivation to work based on Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman's
      (1959). The results demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration
      mentally retarded persons' vocational interests when assignig them to different
      jobs. It further demonstrates the importance of the environment in influencing
      mentally retarded individuals to seek instrinsic or extrinsic rewards and
      satisfaction from work.

PMID- 4008149
TI  - [Opinions of normal citizens on asocial behavior--various aspects, its dimensions
      and stability].
AB  - At an interval of six weeks 177 so-called normal citizens were questioned in
      respect to their opinions on antisociality. They described as antisocial
      primarily those persons or behaviors, which are detrimental towards others.
      Criminal behavior was qualified by them as extremely antisocial. Lack of
      education or false education were given as major causes of antisocial behavior.
      In part, the opinions given on specific aspects of antisociality show a
      systematic relationship. The intensity of this systematism disincreased, however,
      between the first and the second survey. Likewise, there was a significant change
      of the average level of specific opinions within this interval.

PMID- 4008150
TI  - Dermatology, medical care, the government, and us.
AB  - Several economic factors are forcing changes in the American health care system.
      Many of these future changes will be implemented by the government. If left
      unguided, the governmental agencies could regulate doctors' practices, duties,
      and fees and place them in a bureaucratic maze. The cost of these changes to
      society may not represent either a cash saving or increased quality of medical
      care. Some of the anticipated changes could make medicine a less rewarding
      intellectual career. We, as dermatologists, should be aware of these changes as
      they affect our specialty, and we should actively work with our governmental
      authorities to ensure that any changes in our profession will really benefit the
      tax-paying public.

PMID- 4008151
TI  - Autoantibodies in pemphigus foliaceus.

PMID- 4008152
TI  - Halo eczema around melanocytic nevi.
AB  - Nine patients developed multiple areas of eczema surrounding centrally located
      pigmented nevi. There was no significant history of atopy or evidence of external
      contact factors to account for the reaction. The eczema did not appear to
      influence the central melanocytic nevi, which persisted after resolution of the
      inflammation. The pathogenesis of this striking phenomenon remains unclear but
      differs from that associated with classical halo nevi.

PMID- 4008153
TI  - Clinical pattern of vitiligo in Libya.
AB  - Patients with vitiligo attending the polyclinics of Benghazi during a 9-month
      period were reviewed. The proportionate case ratio was 0.33% of all skin cases.
      The mean age at onset of the disease was 19.38 years; mean age at reporting the
      disease was 23.06 years. There was more frequent involvement of exposed parts in
      men compared with women. Vitiligo areata responded better to treatment. The
      history did not confirm the genetic predisposition of the disease. Association
      with known autoimmune disease is reported.

PMID- 4008154
TI  - Dermatitis artefacta.
AB  - Self-inflicted dermatoses mainly refer to psychiatric disturbances such as
      psychoses, mental retardation, and personality disorders. Diagnostic clues are
      found in the nature and the evolution of the lesions as well as in the ambivalent
      combination of dependency on doctors and hostility toward them revealed in the
      patient's medical history. Management of dermatitis artefacta patients means
      dealing with the complex emotional issue of a basic antagonism in the
      dermatologist-patient relationship. Both the dermatologist and the dermatologic
      nursing staff should show an understanding and nonaggressive attitude.

PMID- 4008155
TI  - Nevus of ito with sensory changes.

PMID- 4008156
TI  - Is the Year Book really necessary?
AB  - The 1980 Year Book of Dermatology was analyzed in detail. Articles were
      arbitrarily classified as useful, laboratory, and exotic. "Useful" was defined as
      mainly clinical in content or with obvious clinical relevance. "Laboratory"
      implied that the author was unable to understand the article because of the
      predominant biochemical, immunologic, histochemic, or electron-microscopic
      content involved. "Exotic" meant the article was about a disease that the author
      had never seen. Of 346 articles analyzed, 270 were found to be useful, 35
      laboratory, and 41 exotic. Only 95 of 270 useful articles were in journals that
      the author normally reads. The Year Books of 1969, 1970, and 1979 contained 1/4,
      1/3, and 2/5 useful articles, respectively. Detailed analysis of the above
      categories was done by subject. Many important articles were present in the
      literature but were not quoted in the Year Book. It is concluded that the Year
      Book varies from year to year in its relevance but is still essential reading.
      The dermatologist must nevertheless amplify it with the standard specialist and
      general journal; otherwise, important contributions will be missed.

PMID- 4008157
TI  - Etretinate in the treatment of disseminated porokeratosis of Mibelli.
AB  - A 30-year-old man with disseminated porokeratosis of Mibelli (DPKM) was treated
      with oral etretinate. The dose ranged between 75 mg/day and 50 mg/day for 21
      weeks. An improvement of the lesions was observed, especially of very painful
      verrucous plaques of the left shin. No serious side effect was seen. The patient,
      who had been incapacitated, is now able to work. The benefit of long-term therapy
      of etretinate should be considered against its side effects.

PMID- 4008159
TI  - Benign soft tissue tumors of the oral cavity.

PMID- 4008158
TI  - Etretinate improves localized porokeratosis of Mibelli.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman with plaque-type psoriasis of 30 years' duration was treated
      with etretinate. The lesion resolved while the patient was on the drug and
      continued to resolve after she had discontinued therapy. The continuation of
      resolution after the patient had discontinued the drug is probably due to its
      long half-life.

PMID- 4008160
TI  - Preconcentration of cadmium, chromium, copper and lead in drinking water on the
      polyacrylic ester resin, XAD-7.
AB  - The conditions (e.g. pH, resin, particle size, foreign ions) affecting the uptake
      of Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution by the SM-7 (also
      called XAD-7) resin, were studied. Based on these studies, a two-column method
      was developed to overcome the effect of complexation by humic substances. The
      method was successfully tested with the NBS multielement water standard, SRM
      1643a, and was subsequently applied to enrich Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II)
      in 15 drinking water samples from Hamilton, Ontario. The metals were determined
      using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The results for the
      drinking water samples showed that leaching of copper and lead occurred from the
      distribution system.

PMID- 4008161
TI  - Neutron activation determination of mercury in waters after preconcentration by
      flotation of dithizone-mercury complexes.
AB  - Mercury in water samples, at levels below parts per billion, was collected by
      dithizone flotation. The statistical detection limit of Hg in seawater was 4
      times better than that with a hydrous iron oxide--APDC flotation system in
      neutron activation determination. The same floated dithizone precipitate can be
      used repeatedly for collection from several volumes of the water sample. The Hg
      content in seawater was 0.017 micrograms/L. Average recovery from waters
      containing 0.025 micrograms/L, 0.05 micrograms/L and 0.1 micrograms/L was 98%.
      The method was applied successfully to the determination of Hg in NBS 1641b.
      Methyl mercury is also collected by the procedure described.

PMID- 4008162
TI  - Analytical isolation, separation and identification of mutagens from nonvolatile
      organics of drinking water.
AB  - A general procedure has been developed for the concentration/fractionation of
      mutagenic residue organics from small, less than 50L, and large, to 1200L,
      volumes of drinking water obtained from a variety of sources. This procedure
      features concentration of the residue organics chromatographically by passage of
      the water through XAD-2 and XAD-7 resins in specially designed columns, details
      of which are given. The residue organics are eluted from the resins via organic
      solvents, followed by solvent removal and subsequent bioassay for mutagenicity.
      Then the residue organics are fractionated via a coupled bioassay/analytical
      fractionation method which progressively focuses to the bioactive constituents of
      the complex mixture of residue organics. In this report, results for the optimal
      operation and validation of the concentration system are given, using drinking
      water derived from an industrially polluted river system, a wilderness river
      system and a major aquifer system. The predominant type of mutagenesis observed
      for the residue organics isolated from these samples was direct-acting to the
      Salmonella tester strain, TA98, which was decreased by the addition of the
      metabolic activation system from the livers of rats previously treated with
      Arochlor 1254. Some TA100 direct-acting mutagenesis was observed for all samples.
      Fractionation of the residue organics indicated the mutagens to be nonpolar.
      Samples of residue organics collected over a period of a year from each type of
      drinking water showed no discernable pattern of mutagenesis versus season. The
      methodologies described in this paper provide a comprehensive approach for the
      concentration/isolation of residue organics from drinking water for studies to
      identify biohazardous compounds and to characterize these compounds biologically.

PMID- 4008163
TI  - Adrenal-affinity of ruthenocenyl-derivatives of biogenic amines.

PMID- 4008164
TI  - [Investigation of biliodigestive anastomosis with the help of radiopharmaceutical
      products].
AB  - Hepatobiliary investigation using 99mTc-diethyl-iminodiacetic acid (IDA) has
      permitted a new point of view about the morphological and functional
      investigation of the biliary-digestive anastomosis. Our clinical study concerning
      31 patients (13 choledochoduodenostomies 10 hepaticojejunostomies, 6
      choledochojejunostomies and 2 cholecystojejunostomies) helped to specify
      scintigraphic imaging (stasis in intrahepatic bile duct, reflux in stomach,
      strangulation phenomenon on the level of the mesocolon, incomplete or complete
      obstruction). The problems associated with current diagnostic procedures are
      discussed and we place the scintigraphic method amongst other radiologic methods
      (barium meal, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic
      cholangiography). This non-invasive diagonostic procedure plays a leading part in
      the investigation of the biliary digestive anastomosis, and particularly in the
      hepatico-jejunostomies.

PMID- 4008165
TI  - Particulate oral NMR contrast agents.
AB  - Insoluble paramagnetic compounds in suspension can be used to achieve
      visualization of the gastrointestinal system on magnetic resonance imaging (NMR).
      Particulate preparations of these agents decrease the T1 and T2 of solutions to
      which they are added. Gadolinium oxalate, a prototype of these particulate
      agents, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo (in rabbits) by NMR imaging. The
      effect of this compound upon T1 and T2 in vitro was also quantitated by NMR
      spectroscopy. Opacification of the upper gastrointestinal tract was achieved with
      gadolinium oxalate following oral administration. The colon was visualized
      following rectal administration.

PMID- 4008166
TI  - In vivo kinetics and thrombus accumulation of 67Ga-labeled urokinase.
AB  - Highly purified high and low molecular weight urokinase (H-UK and L-UK) were
      labeled with 67Ga using deferoxamine (DF) as a bifunctional chelating agent. The
      labeling efficiency was 91.7% for the H-UK, and 90.4% for the L-UK, respectively.
      The 67Ga labeled UK (67Ga-DF-UK) fully retained the enzymatic activity of the
      parent UK. Studies on the in vivo behavior of the 67Ga labeled UK in rabbits
      showed a very rapid blood clearance with half-life of 4 min (67Ga-DF-L-UK) to 8
      min (67Ga-DF-H-UK). Studies carried out in rabbits with induced thrombi in the
      femoral vein showed thrombus-to-blood 67Ga-DF-UK activity ratios, 2h after
      injection, of 2.00-3.08 for the H-UK, and 0.84-1.65 for the L-UK, respectively,
      with thrombi aged 4 to 3 days. A dose effect of the 67Ga-DF-H-UK on its thrombus
      accumulation was observed. Gel chromatographic analysis of plasma samples
      withdrawn from those animals injected with this radiopharmaceutical revealed a
      reduction of the 67Ga-DF-UK effectiveness due to complexation with protein
      inhibitors. This led to formation of high molecular weight complexes which was
      reflected in the very fast blood clearance. Its implication in thrombus
      accumulation is discussed. In conclusion, usefulness of DF for labeling UK with
      67Ga or 68Ga with no alteration of UK enzymatic properties was demonstrated. The
      use of 67Ga-DF-UK as a diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceutical is
      promising.

PMID- 4008167
TI  - Production of 123I as iodide by distillation.

PMID- 4008168
TI  - Scintigraphic visualisation of extrahepatic portal circulation in patients with
      portal hypertension using 99mTc-tin-colloid and 99mTc-HIDA.
AB  - Rapid dynamic sequential scintigraphy of the abdomen with 99mTc-tin-colloid and
      99mTc-HIDA has been used to evaluate two patients with portal hypertension. 99mTc
      tin-colloid was useful for visualisation of diliated vessels in the abdomen.
      Radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging was useful in such cases in evaluation of the
      hepatobiliary system.

PMID- 4008169
TI  - A motility test of leukocytes under agar.
AB  - A migration test under agar for leukocytes was developed. Leukocytes moved quite
      a distance under anaerobic Blood Agar Base (blood agar), a Gibco product.
      Migration on stained and coloured plates was visualized by projection with a
      profile projector, making the use of a light microscope superfluous. A migration
      index was defined. Reproducibility was good enough to allow paired comparisons of
      leukocyte populations subjected to different treatments. Migration was the result
      of spontaneous and chemotactically directed migration. Cell-labelling complexes
      as 111In-oxinate and 111In-tropolonate--ligand concentration 3.5 micrograms/mL in
      the ultimate cell preparation--did not affect leukocyte migration. 111In
      pyrithionate (mercapto pyridine-N-oxide) significantly impaired cell motility.
      The motility test described could be used as retrospective analysis in abscess
      localization studies using 111In labelled leukocytes.

PMID- 4008170
TI  - Transmembrane transport of iron from extracellular transferrin by lymphoma cells.
AB  - Transferrin is essential for the entry of iron into cells, but whether the entire
      iron-transferrin complex or only the iron enters is not known. Separation of the
      cellular from the interparticulate radioactivity is a common problem with such
      studies. By pelleting cells under oil, we have made precise measurements of the
      uptake capacity for 59Fe of mouse lymphoma RI cells. At 37 degrees C an 18-fold
      concentration of iron was observed within 30 min; at 0 degrees C this value was
      about 3-fold. At 37 degrees C a maximum of 18,000 molecules of 125I-labelled Fe
      transferrin were bound to each cell; this was reduced by about half at 0 degrees
      C. At 37 degrees C about 10,000-12,000 binding sites for 125I-apotransferrin were
      detected on each cell. From our data we conclude that although essential for the
      transport of iron, it is unlikely that transferrin enters RI cells. It is
      possible that iron is actively transported and that the receptor population is
      heterogeneous.

PMID- 4008172
TI  - Action of ionic iron in carrageenin-induced inflammation: aggravated inflammatory
      response with destruction of granuloma.
AB  - The experiments described lead to the conclusion that ionic iron enhances
      inflammatory responses with insufficient removal of carrageenin, and with
      insufficient granuloma formation probably due to a high degree of fibrinolysis.
      This non-adapted response may be due to the excessive production of lipid
      peroxide caused by ionic iron.

PMID- 4008171
TI  - Comparative radiopharmacokinetics of 18F-5-fluorouracil administered i.v. to rats
      bearing a mammary tumor.
AB  - In an attempt to compare the efficacy of various 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) regimens,
      we studied the kinetics of 18F-labeled and unlabeled 5-FU in rats. 18F-5-FU was
      synthesized in our laboratory and was administered in tracer doses to Fischer
      rats bearing either the 13762 or the R3230 mammary adenocarcinoma, and to Sprague
      Dawley rats bearing the Walker-256 carcinosarcoma, with or without pre-treatment
      with a therapeutic dose of unlabeled 5-FU. In addition, the non-radioactive 5-FU
      was administered to control rats of both strains. All animals were followed for
      70 min either by measuring their 18F blood levels continuously using an
      extracorporeal blood-loop, or by determining their 5-FU blood levels at discrete
      time intervals. The biphasic kinetic profile was characterized by determining
      alpha and beta rate constants and their corresponding half-lives. Differences in
      18F elimination, as measured by the area under the curve during the elimination
      phase, were observed between the pre-treated 13762-bearing rats and the untreated
      group bearing the same tumor, as well as the pre-treated non-tumored controls and
      both W-256-bearing groups. Such differences could reveal changes in the ability
      of those rats to metabolize 5-FU, and hence correlate to the level of active
      metabolite(s) available to their tumor sites.

PMID- 4008174
TI  - Pharmacological manipulation of the chronic granulomatous reactions in the livers
      of mice infected with schistosomiasis.
AB  - The severe granulomatous reactions in the liver which occur following infestation
      by adult Schistosoma mansonii are largely initiated by invading eosinophils and
      monocytes. The present studies were designed to investigate the possibility that
      (a) anti-inflammatory drugs could be employed beneficially to attenuate the liver
      granulomatous reactions in schistosomiasis, and (b) that part of the therapeutic
      effects of anti-schistosomal (AS) drugs might be due to possible influences on
      arachidonate metabolism. Therefore the effects were determined of (a) AS as
      compared with NSAI drugs on eicosanoid metabolism in isolated human peripheral
      leucocyte populations, and (b) electron-microscopic changes in the livers of mice
      infected with Schistosoma mansoni in response to AS and/or NSAI drugs. Of the AS
      drugs only praziquantel (10-100 microM) inhibited 5-HETE production by the 5
      lipoxygenase pathway. No effects were observed of this or the other AS drugs on
      prostaglandin production. In S. mansoni infected mice, praziquantel (250
      mg/kg/d), given orally with indomethacin (5 mg/kg/d) for 5 days did not improve
      the inflammatory reactions around worms or eggs of schistosomes. Furthermore,
      both indomethacin (5 mg/kg/d) alone and benoxaprofen (20 mg/kg/d for 5 days)
      elicited liver changes suggestive of specific liver damage by these drugs. These
      results suggest that liver pathology may be enhanced by NSAI drugs perhaps as a
      consequence of the liver metabolism of these drugs being compromised. Their use
      to modify inflammatory reactions at the peak of liver schistosome infections may
      thus be contraindicated.

PMID- 4008173
TI  - Streptozotocin diabetes: prolonged inflammatory response with delay in granuloma
      formation.
AB  - Inflammatory responses to carrageenin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
      proved to be characterized by low values of granuloma tissue (tissue) weight and
      granuloma pouch fluid (fluid) volume, high values of fluid beta-glucuronidase
      (beta-Gl) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and furthermore by high values of
      fluid lipid peroxide (LPO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and low values of
      fluid proamidase. These results in such diabetic rats were similar to those in
      rats injected with high doses of carrageenin except tissue weight and fluid
      volume. On the basis of measurements of three basic parameters required for
      coordinated observation of the inflammatory system, namely lysosomal enzymes,
      LPO, and proamidase (related respectively to the inflammatory response sensu
      stricto, to tissue damage, and to tissue repair), it can be concluded that the
      diabetic rats show an inadequately adapted inflammatory response, with decreased
      granuloma formation and reduced exudation, to noxious agents. This is probably
      due to a low sensitivity of the inflamed tissue in diabetic rats to noxious
      stimuli or chemical mediators, leading to a delay in the normal defence reaction
      of enhanced granuloma formation and exudation, thus resulting in a prolonged
      inflammatory response with a delay in wound healing.

PMID- 4008175
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in animal models: possible
      interference with the eicosanoid system.
AB  - In rats, the anti-inflammatory activity of parenteral S-adenosyl-L-methionine
      (SAMe) in carrageenin- and nystatin-induced oedemas and in carrageenin-induced
      pleurisy was tested. The capability of the drug to inhibit the production of PG
      like material in sponge exudates and by peritoneal leukocytes during bacterial
      phagocytosis was also evaluated. Two of these experimental models were used to
      administer the compound by the oral route in order to see whether oral and
      injected SAMe had similar effects. The results obtained show that SAMe can exert
      anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the oedema and pleurisy in rats and PG
      like material production in inflammatory exudates and in the phagocytosis process
      by leukocytes. The mechanism of action of SAMe is discussed.

PMID- 4008176
TI  - An intravital microscopy model for studies of immune complex induced inflammation
      at the microvascular level.
AB  - The hamster cheek pouch model was used for studies of immune complex induced
      inflammation. Vascular leakage and leukocyte accumulation were observed after
      topical application of antigen. This occurred at the post-capillary venules,
      where also antigen localization could be seen, indicating immune complex
      deposition at these sites.

PMID- 4008177
TI  - Differentiation of peripheral and central effects of analgesic drugs.
AB  - The nonsteroidal antiphlogistic and antinociceptive agents acetylsalicylic acid,
      diclofenac-Na and paracetamol, and the centrally acting analgesic morphine, were
      tested in the isolated perfused rabbit ear. This model allows for the distinction
      between centrally and peripherally acting analgesic drugs. It was found that
      local acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac-Na and paracetamol inhibited the pain
      reflexes (blood pressure change, "head-flick" response) induced by bradykinin,
      whereas local morphine proved to be inactive. In contrast, after systemic
      administration, only morphine, but not acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac-Na and
      paracetamol, was active in a therapeutic dose range. Thus, the isolated rabbit
      ear model is useful for differentiating peripheral from central sites of action
      of an analgesic agent.

PMID- 4008178
TI  - Comparative study on the electrophysiological responses at thalamic level to
      different analgesic peptides.
AB  - Using electrophysiological methods to detect the extracellular activity of single
      neurons in the thalamus of anaesthetized rats, their response to mechanical and
      thermal noxious stimuli were assessed before and after administration of 4
      analgesic peptides of various types. Dermophin, a peptide extracted from frog's
      skin, was found to have an opioid-like antinociceptive activity antagonized by
      naloxone. Caerulein, which has a similar origin, failed to suppress the
      nociceptive responses of thalamic neurons evoked by peripheral stimuli.
      Calcitonin, a peptide found at brain level, induced an alteration of the
      increased firing characteristic of noxious stimuli, and its action was not
      reversed by naloxone. FK 33-824, a synthetic peptide, induced a morphine-like
      action when injected i.c.v. at a dosage 1000 times lower than that of morphine on
      a molar basis. It is concluded that electrophysiological investigations on
      peptides endowed with analgesic activity contribute greatly to a more precise
      profile of the peptides as candidate drugs in pain control.

PMID- 4008180
TI  - Ocular allergy.

PMID- 4008179
TI  - Lacrimal gland autoimmunity in New Zealand mice.
AB  - We studied the spleen cell-mediated as well as antibody-mediated cytotoxicity to
      lacrimal gland acinar cells in New Zealand mice, an excellent animal model of
      Sjogren's syndrome. We found no difference in spleen cell-mediated cytotoxicity
      between young (3 months old) and old (6 to 12 months old) animals. With age,
      however, New Zealand mice developed an increasing level of serum autoantibodies
      to the lacrimal gland acinar cells. Such antibodies may play a role in the tissue
      damage of the lacrimal gland in these mice.

PMID- 4008181
TI  - Interactions between Toxoplasma and host phagocytes.

PMID- 4008182
TI  - Immunology of ocular chlamydial infections.

PMID- 4008184
TI  - Mental illness among Indonesian Chinese in Hong Kong.

PMID- 4008183
TI  - Pathology enhancement in the therapeutic community.

PMID- 4008185
TI  - The Zar spirits, a category of magic in the system of mental health care in
      Ethiopia.

PMID- 4008186
TI  - Establishing liaison psychiatric services--a personal view.

PMID- 4008187
TI  - The migration of culture-bound syndromes.
AB  - A longitudinal social and anthropological comparison between culture-bound
      syndromes which have 'migrated' to industrialised countries and the classical
      disorders described in Europe may offer an alternative to methods of
      classification based solely on phenomenology.

PMID- 4008188
TI  - Schizophrenics are curable! There are no schizophrenics in this age.

PMID- 4008189
TI  - Diagnosis of mental disorders among Turkish and American clinicians.
AB  - Turkish and American clinicians from two centres in each country were compared in
      terms of diagnosing mental disorders in standard cases and in terms of
      stereotypes of symptomatology. Statistical comparisons showed that the American
      clinicians rated higher symptom severity in the cases and in the stereotypes. In
      the diagnoses assigned the particular orientations of the centres became evident.
      Confidence in diagnosis was rather high in spite of inadequate information in the
      short cases. The shortcoming of psychiatric classification due to differences
      among clinicians and the need for more studies of their inferential strategies
      were pointed out.

PMID- 4008190
TI  - Genome evolution in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

PMID- 4008191
TI  - Site-induced differences in spontaneous metastasis of MO4 mouse fibrosarcoma
      cells.
AB  - MO4 mouse fibrosarcoma cells metastasized to the lungs and to the regional lymph
      nodes from a subcutaneous tumour in the pinna when they were derived from a
      tumour in the tail or from lung metastases. In contrast, no metastases were found
      when MO4 cells were derived from a tumour in the pinna or from the parent cell
      line. Cells from tumours in the pinna produced metastatic tumours when they were
      implanted in the tail but not in the pinna. The type of implant-spheroidal cell
      aggregate, freshly cut tumour fragment or precultured tumour fragment- had no
      influence on the metastatic behaviour of the resulting tumour. These observations
      confirm the concept that local factors at the growth site of a tumour influence
      the metastatic behaviour of that tumour.

PMID- 4008192
TI  - Macrophage activation by MDP bound to neoglycoproteins: metastasis eradication in
      mice.
AB  - Neoglycoproteins, which bind to membrane lectins of macrophages and are
      selectively endocytosed, were substituted with N-acetyl-muramyldipeptide (MDP).
      Such MDP-conjugates are shown to be able to induce macrophage tumoricity both in
      vitro and in vivo in a way much more efficient than free MDP does. These MDP
      neoglycoprotein conjugates are shown to protect mice against metastatic growth.

PMID- 4008193
TI  - Reproducibility of photogrammetric optic disc cup measurements.
AB  - To detect early glaucoma-associated changes in the optic disc cup, the authors
      analyzed reproducibility of optic disc cup measurements by photogrammetry of
      three age-matched groups: 10 normal, 10 ocular hypertensive, and 10 glaucomatous
      subjects. For each eye, three simultaneous stereophotographs were taken on the
      same day and one measurement was made for each stereophotograph. In order to
      reduce the effects of refractive error of the eye and photographic magnification,
      the authors computed cup parameters as relative measurements, ie, a ratio to the
      optic disc area. The median coefficients of variation for glaucomatous eyes were
      4.5% for cup volume/disc area, 6.1% for cup depth/disc area, and 4.7% for cup
      area/disc area. Coefficients of variation of normal and ocular hypertensive
      subjects were slightly larger than those of glaucomatous subjects. Coefficients
      of variation generally were larger for quadrants than for total disc area. These
      findings suggest that the photogrammetric technique is highly reproducible and
      sensitive and could be a valuable quantitative technique for the clinical study
      of glaucoma.

PMID- 4008194
TI  - Different corneal epithelial healing mechanisms in rat and rabbit: role of actin
      and calmodulin.
AB  - The authors investigated the effects of calmodulin inhibitors, trifluoperazine
      (10-20 microM) and W-7 (25-50 microM), and of cytochalasin B (5 micrograms/ml) on
      the F-actin distribution, surface morphology, and migration of rat and rabbit
      corneal epithelial cells in tissue culture. In the rat, actively migrating cells
      have abundant F-actin-containing stress fibers and numerous cytoplasmic
      extensions of the plasmalemma. These features, and ultimately cell migration, are
      inhibited by calmodulin inhibitors and cytochalasin B. In the rabbit, migrating
      cells are devoid of stress fibers and cytoplasmic extensions. Cell migration is
      not inhibited by calmodulin inhibitors but is arrested by cytochalasin B. The
      cell-to-substrate adhesion is reduced by calmodulin inhibitors in both rat and
      rabbit. These findings corroborate our earlier observations in organ culture
      studies and support the view that corneal epithelial cell migration is calmodulin
      dependent in the rat, while it is not in the rabbit. The complete blockage of
      migration in both species by cytochalasin B suggests that actin polymerization is
      critical for corneal epithelial locomotion in both species.

PMID- 4008195
TI  - In vivo assessment of mechanisms controlling corneal hydration.
AB  - The endothelial pump and evaporation components of corneal recovery were studied
      in the in vivo human cornea by inducing corneal swelling with the use of hypoxia
      and monitoring the subsequent decrease in corneal thickness. Corneal recovery
      follows a nonlinear time course with the rate of recovery decreasing as the
      cornea thins. Following 60 micron of induced edema, recovery with the eyes open
      required an average of 2.5 hr to reach baseline corneal thickness, while recovery
      with the eyes closed took an average of 4.0 hr to reach the normal physiologic
      corneal swelling (17 micron). Our analysis indicates that for open eye recovery
      from 60 micron of swelling, the endothelial pump provides 20%, while the osmotic
      thinning caused by tear evaporation contributes 80% of recovery. During recovery,
      the rate of water evaporation from the anterior corneal surface remained
      relatively steady at 2.5 microliter/cm2 X hr. Comparison of measured vs
      calculated recovery rates during recovery with the eyes closed suggests that the
      endothelial pump functions at one speed and that the "pump-leak" theory of
      corneal hydration control is applicable for the human cornea.

PMID- 4008196
TI  - Surgical incision alters the swelling response of the human cornea.
AB  - The ocular characteristics and responses were examined in patients who had
      undergone extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), intracapsular cataract
      extraction (ICCE) and penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in one eye only. In each of
      the three groups, corneal sensitivity (the inverse of corneal touch threshold),
      oxygen uptake rate, and endothelial cell density were lower in the operated eye
      than in the normal healthy fellow eye. For the subjects as a whole, the
      differences in ocular characteristics between the two eyes were proportional to
      the angular size of the corneal incision, with ECCE patients (33 degrees
      incision) showing the least differences and PKP patients (360 degrees incision)
      showing the greatest differences. Five patients from the ICCE group were
      subjected to an osmotic stress test. There was no statistically significant
      difference in the corneal swelling response between the operated eye (5.1%) and
      the unoperated eye (4.7%), indicating that surgically induced scar tissue does
      not restrict the swelling properties of the cornea. When subjected to a hypoxic
      stress test, all three groups manifested less corneal edema in the operated eye
      (ECCE -0.7%, ICCE -4.0%, and PKP -3.3%). The reduction in hypoxic corneal
      swelling could not be attributed to removal of the crystalline lens since a
      similar reduction was seen in the PKP group who had phakic eyes. The corneal
      swelling response correlated inversely with the corneal touch threshold and
      directly with epithelial oxygen uptake, but did not correlate with endothelial
      cell density.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008198
TI  - Effect of repeated anterior chamber perfusion on aqueous flow in the cynomolgus
      monkey.
AB  - No differences were found between fluorophotometrically determined aqueous flow
      rates in cynomolgus monkeys having vs not having undergone prior repeated
      anterior chamber perfusion. This suggests that: repeated perfusion does not
      produce a progressive decline in the rate of aqueous formation; and the
      repeatedly perfused monkey eye can be validly used in studies of aqueous
      formation.

PMID- 4008197
TI  - Location of the stress-bearing layers of the cornea.
AB  - In order to determine which layers of the corneal stroma bear the stress of the
      intraocular pressure, 6.0-mm nonpenetrating trephine incisions were made
      centrally in one eye of each of 16 adult albino rabbits. After epithelial
      healing, the central corneal thickness was measured over 3 hr at 50 mmHg
      intraocular pressure in both eyes of the anesthetized rabbits. The animals were
      then killed and the uniformity and depth of trephine cut determined
      histologically. The mean differences in swelling rates between the cut and the
      opposite uncut eyes for trephine incisions of different depths were as follows: 1
      +/- 2 micron/hr for 8-20% depth, 5 +/- 2 micron/hr for 21-40% depth, and 14 +/- 3
      micron/hr for 41-60% depth (P less than 0.01 for all groups). These results
      indicate that the intraocular tension is probably distributed across all the
      corneal stromal lamellae rather than being borne primarily by the anterior or
      posterior layers.

PMID- 4008200
TI  - Defects in cortisol-metabolizing enzymes in primary open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - Assays of cortisol-metabolizing enzymes in homogenates of human trabecular
      meshwork cells under optimal conditions revealed two defects in primary open
      angle glaucoma (POAG): one is a marked increase in delta 4-reductase and the
      other is a decrease in 3-oxidoreductase. Experiments indicated that the
      differences in enzyme activities seen between POAG and nonPOAG trabecular
      meshwork derived cell homogenates were due to altered amounts of enzymes rather
      than to alterations in cofactor availability, pH, or endogenous activators or
      inhibitors. This clearly demonstrates an enzymatic defect(s) in POAG which may be
      the basis for the ocular hypertension and sensitivity to exogenous
      glucocorticoids seen in this disorder.

PMID- 4008199
TI  - Glutathione reductase of calf trabecular meshwork.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide has been found in both calf and human aqueous humor at a level
      of 25 microM. It is likely, therefore, that trabecular meshwork possesses
      mechanisms for detoxifying H2O2, both to protect itself and other more distal
      structures of the outflow pathway from oxidative damage. We have recently
      demonstrated an active glutathione peroxidase in calf trabecular meshwork. In
      this study, we have characterized the complementary enzyme, glutathione
      reductase. The activity was present at a level of 0.120 units/min/g wet of tissue
      (0.005 units/min/mg soluble protein). The enzyme quickly lost activity in crude
      extracts but could be stabilized by heating at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Denatured
      protein was removed by centrifuging at 43,000 X g. Heating at 80 degrees C for 10
      min destroyed all enzyme activity. Addition of 1 mM GSSG protected the enzyme
      completely from heat denaturation; NADP+ and GSH offered some protection but
      NADPH provided none. The supernatant from the 60 degrees C heat treatment was
      further purified by affinity chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-agarose. Overall
      purification was 200-fold with a yield of 80%. The pH optimum of the purified
      enzyme was 7.0. The KmS for NADPH and GSSG were 19 microM and 78 microM,
      respectively. The heat inactivation properties of the purified enzyme were
      identical to those in the crude extract. An enzyme activity stain on disc gel
      electrophoresis showed that the enzyme exists in only one form.

PMID- 4008202
TI  - A larger corneal epithelial wound closes at a faster rate.
AB  - In order to evaluate relationships between healing rates and initial wound area,
      epithelial wounds were made on rabbit corneas by scraping the epithelium within a
      4-, 6.5-, or 8-mm trephine mark. The wounds were stained with fluorescein and
      photographed during healing. The wounded areas were measured by planimetry.
      Although larger wounds closed later than smaller wounds, all of the healing
      curves appeared to be linear. The mean healing rate of the 8-mm diameter wounds
      (0.91 mm2/hr) was significantly greater than that of the 6.5-mm diameter wounds
      (0.80 mm2/hr). The 4-mm diameter wounds healed at a significantly slower rate
      (0.37 mm2/hr) when compared to the 6.5-mm diameter wounds. The authors found a
      strong positive correlation between the healing rates and the initial wound
      areas. By comparison, regardless of the initial wound area, the wound diameter
      decreased at a rate of approximately 0.1 mm/hr, which may explain the dependency
      of the healing rate on the initial wound area. The healing rate varied
      considerably between animals with the same diameter wounds, but both eyes of each
      animal showed a similar healing rate.

PMID- 4008201
TI  - The production and mechanism of ghost cell glaucoma in the cat and primate.
AB  - Fresh human ghost blood cells (GBCs) have been shown to cause increased
      resistance to outflow in enucleated human eyes. In addition, glutaraldehyde-fixed
      GBCs can cause glaucoma in the rabbit and primate in vivo. The present study
      shows for the first time that fresh autologous GBCs can cause an acute in vivo
      rise of intraocular pressure when injected into the anterior chambers of the cat
      and primate. This rise was of greater magnitude and longer duration than that
      caused by the injection of a greater number of pliable, fresh red blood cells. It
      has been theorized that ghost cell glaucoma (GCG) is due to cellular obstruction
      of the intertrabecular spaces by the nonpliable GBCs. Histologic results from the
      present study confirm this belief. No evidence of significant trabecular meshwork
      degeneration or significant GBC phagocytosis was seen.

PMID- 4008203
TI  - Activation of the alternative complement pathway by intraocular lenses.
AB  - To determine if posterior chamber polymethylmethacrylate lenses with
      polypropylene loops activate complement, the authors measured levels of C3a, C4a
      and C5a by radioimmunoassay in human sera incubated with and without these
      lenses. Human sera incubated with intraocular lenses showed elevated levels of
      C3a and C5a but no change in C4a. There were no statistically significant
      differences in the generation of activated complement by polypropylene loops vs
      polymethylmethacrylate optics. The authors also compared the ability of
      intraocular lenses to activate complement with that of zymosan and endotoxin,
      known activators of the alternative pathway. Our results suggest that
      polymethylmethacrylate lenses with polypropylene loops generate C3a and C5a by
      activation of the alternative complement pathway.

PMID- 4008204
TI  - Density of human cone photopigments as a function of age.
AB  - The density difference between fully bleached and fully dark-adapted retinas was
      assessed for 77 eyes (47 subjects) in the age group 13-50 yr. No significant
      change in density was found as a function of age. The time constant of pigment
      regeneration was also found to show no age effects up to the age of 50 yr. These
      findings are at odds with another study on the density of foveal cones.

PMID- 4008205
TI  - Reduction of body sway by stimuli imaged within a cortical scotoma: a case study.
AB  - The reduction of body sway by visual stimulation was equally effective for
      stimuli imaged within a cortical scotoma or in the mirror image position in the
      normal visual field. The results are consistent with the concept of distinct
      visual orientation and discrimination modes of processing visual information,
      which suggests that spatial orientation functions do not necessarily involve
      awareness.

PMID- 4008207
TI  - Spatial aberrations and acuity in strabismus and amblyopia.
AB  - Spatial uncertainty and distortion were quantified from judgement of the
      horizontal position of a flashed 0.5 deg vertical line with respect to a flanking
      reference target in strabismics with and without reduced acuity. Spatial
      uncertainty was outside the range of 30 normal eyes in all of 23 strabismic
      amblyopic eyes (visual acuity = 20/40 or worse) and in 20 of 22 squinting eyes
      with 20/30 or better acuity. Abnormal spatial distortion was found in 16
      amblyopic and 10 squinting eyes. In the deviated eyes of the strabismics, the
      extent of spatial uncertainty and distortion correlated with visual acuity.
      Spatial aberrations were not accounted for by strabismics' unsteady or eccentric
      fixation, nor were they mimicked in normal eyes when visual acuity was
      artifically reduced. The authors suggest that spatial uncertainty and distortion
      represent the primary abnormalities in strabismics and produce deficits of visual
      acuity according to their severity.

PMID- 4008206
TI  - Cataract induction in rabbits with the Nd-YAG laser.
AB  - The study of occlusion amblyopia and its therapy has involved animal models of
      stimulus deprivation achieved by various means, none of which closely simulates
      human congenital cataract. The authors used the Nd-YAG laser as a means of
      inducing cataracts in rabbit eyes. Twenty rabbit eyes were treated at various
      frequency and power settings. High energy YAG laser pulses of 10 mJ produced
      cataracts that at first resembled large bubbles. Over several days, these bubbles
      coalesced into smaller opacities. With multiple treatments (usually 150-200
      pulses), the authors could create a cataract of a specific size and position. Six
      months later, 100% of these laser-treated rabbit eyes showed persistent cataracts
      that resembled human congenital cataracts. It appears that the YAG laser can
      provide a reproducible and reliable method of inducing specific types of
      cataracts in animal eyes without damaging other ocular structures.

PMID- 4008208
TI  - Stereoacuity degradation by experimental and real monocular and binocular
      amblyopia.
AB  - Fourteen normal adult volunteers with normal binocular single vision and normal
      stereoacuity submitted to monocular and binocular degradation of their
      stereoacuity by cycloplegia and fogging with spherical lenses. Stereoacuity (SA)
      was reduced as soon as visual acuity (VA), both monocular and binocular, was
      reduced. There was a marked similarity in the degree of SA reduction produced by
      monocular and binocular amblyopia. The degree of SA reduction was slightly more
      marked with monocular decrements than with binocular at VAs between 20/25 and
      20/50. Significant intersubject variation was noted. The majority of subjects
      maintained gross SA at 20/200 monocular or binocular. One subject was reduced to
      gross stereopsis at 20/30 monocular and 20/50 binocular VAs. Two subjects were
      able to retain 40 sec of SA until vision was degraded to 20/50. Conversely, 40
      sec of SA was not achieved by any subject at monocular or binocular vision less
      than 20/40 (test for malingering). Thirteen patients with real monocular and
      binocular organic or functional amblyopia were then compared with the
      experimental group. On the whole, patients scored somewhat better than normals
      but their scores fell within the range of responses found in the normal group.

PMID- 4008209
TI  - Learning to track predictable target waveforms without a time delay.
AB  - Humans can learn to overcome the 150 msec delay of the eye movement system and
      track predictable targets with no latency. The mean squared error between the
      target and eye position was used as a measure of the goodness of tracking. For
      typical subjects, this error decreased from 0.5 deg2 to 0.1 deg2 after 100-200
      sec of viewing the target. Professional athletes had much smaller mean squared
      errors at the beginning of the learning period.

PMID- 4008210
TI  - Velocities of vertical saccades with different eye movement recording methods.
AB  - Voluntary vertical saccades were recorded in five normal human subjects with
      electro-oculography (EOG), an infrared, limbus tracking system (IR), and a
      magnetic scleral search coil method. The peak velocity-amplitude relationships of
      up and down saccades were measured during refixations across the center of the
      orbit and within the upper and lower fields of the orbit. The search coil was the
      most accurate method and did not reveal significant differences between the group
      mean velocities of up and down saccades in the different fields of the orbit.
      However, subjects can have idiosyncratic differences in velocities between up and
      down saccades. EOG overestimated the velocities of up saccades. IR underestimated
      the velocities of up saccades. The search coil was used to record vertical
      saccades in adduction and abduction. Horizontal eccentric gaze did not
      significantly affect the velocities of vertical saccades.

PMID- 4008211
TI  - Estimation of the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier in normal
      individuals.
AB  - The fluorescein kinetics in the vitreous was simulated with a computer to
      consider several factors such as permeability of the blood-retinal barrier,
      outward active transport, plasma fluorescein dynamics, diffusion of fluorescein
      in the vitreous, and fluorescein leakage from the blood-aqueous barrier. Kinetic
      vitreous fluorophotometry was performed in normal individuals to estimate the
      inward and outward permeability of the blood-retinal barrier based on the theory
      of the simulation model. The results of the simulation studies suggest that the
      fluorescein concentration in the posterior vitreous after intravenous
      administration is dependent mainly on the inward permeability and on the plasma
      concentration and that the outward permeability has little influence on the
      fluorescein kinetics at the early phase. In the pharmacokinetic analysis of the
      results of kinetic vitreous fluorophotometry, we obtained average values of 1.8 X
      10(-5) cm/min and 5.6 X 10(-4) cm/min for the inward permeability and outward
      permeability coefficients, respectively. The diffusion coefficient of fluorescein
      in the vitreous was estimated at 7.9 X 10(-4) cm2/min on the average. The outward
      permeability of the blood-retinal barrier is approximately 31 times the inward
      permeability. This suggests that a facilitated process that transports
      fluorescein outward from the vitreous cavity exists in the blood-retinal barrier
      of human eyes.

PMID- 4008213
TI  - Cervical metastasis from an unknown primary.

PMID- 4008212
TI  - Measurement of blood-retinal barrier permeability: a reproducibility study in
      normal eyes.
AB  - Fluorescein penetration into the posterior vitreous depends on plasma-free
      fluorescein concentration and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) permeability. The
      reproducibility of two methods of deriving BRB permeability was studied in 19
      normal eyes of 14 subjects using vitreous fluorophotometry on two separate
      occasions. Plasma-free fluorescence was measured at intervals over 1 hr and
      posterior vitreous fluorescence was measured before (background scan), within 6
      min (bolus) and at 60 min (measurement) after intravenous fluorescein (14 mg X kg
      1). A computer algorithm subtracted background fluorescence from the measurement
      scan which was then corrected for signal spread by using a "spread" function
      derived from the bolus scan. BRB permeability coefficient and vitreous diffusion
      coefficients were derived by fitting a mathematical model to the plasma and
      corrected vitreous fluorescence data. A permeability index was also calculated by
      dividing the area under the vitreous fluorescence by the area under the plasma
      fluorescence curve. There were no significant differences in the results between
      right and left eyes. Mean +/- SD values on first and second occasions for all
      eyes were permeability coefficient: (1.91 +/- 0.94) and (2.08 +/- 0.95) X 10(-7)
      cm X s-1; diffusion coefficient: (1.33 +/- 0.68) and (1.19 +/- 0.54) X 10(-5) cm2
      X s-1; and permeability index: (2.05 +/- 1.03) and (2.11 +/- 1.02) X 10(-7) cm X
      s-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008214
TI  - Friendly and competence.

PMID- 4008215
TI  - Public health nursing services.

PMID- 4008216
TI  - Heterogeneous progeny viruses are produced by a budding enveloped phage.
AB  - Infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii cells by the temperate enveloped mycoplasma
      virus L2 results in production of three morphological forms of progeny L2 virus:
      L2-I, L2-II, and L2-III. These morphological forms can be separated by velocity
      sedimentation and agarose gel electrophoresis. The latter technique was used to
      size the quasi-spherical particles: L2-I is 74 nm, L2-II is 88 nm, and L2-III is
      132 nm in diameter. The protein composition of the three L2 forms is the same,
      although there are differences in protein stoichiometric ratios. L2-I, L2-II, and
      L2-III have the same 11.8 kilobase pair superhelical DNA genome. However, UV
      inactivation studies and restriction frequency measurements indicate that L2-I
      and L2-III each contain 1 genome copy, while L2-II contains 2-3 genome copies.

PMID- 4008217
TI  - Common sex hormone abnormalities in women.

PMID- 4008218
TI  - Treatment of bone non-union by electromagnetic therapy.

PMID- 4008220
TI  - Schizophrenia--piecing it together.

PMID- 4008219
TI  - Surgery of the pituitary gland.

PMID- 4008221
TI  - Simple closure for perforated duodenal ulcer--long term results.

PMID- 4008222
TI  - Chromosomal anomalies in congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 4008223
TI  - Giant lymph node hyperplasia presenting as a pleural mass.

PMID- 4008224
TI  - Palatability study of two commonly-used bulk-additives.

PMID- 4008225
TI  - The underutilisation of surgery in the therapy of epilepsy.

PMID- 4008226
TI  - Congenital malformations surveillance system in the Eastern Health Board area.

PMID- 4008227
TI  - Extra-appendiceal carcinoid tumours.

PMID- 4008228
TI  - Moire topography: a method of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

PMID- 4008229
TI  - Fracture fixation by using vibration absorbers.
AB  - During recent years, increasing attention has been focused on the importance of
      cyclic stresses or bone microstructure and bone/implant interaction. Use of rigid
      fixation often leads to loosening and reduction of the bone cortex strength under
      the rigid plate. This presentation discusses a new approach to the design of
      shock-absorbing bone fixation devices along with the supporting clinical
      experience. Even though this discussion concerns only preliminary results, it
      should stimulate orthopaedic researchers to think about alternative approaches
      for developing internal fixation devices.

PMID- 4008231
TI  - Abstracts of papers presented at the meeting of the group "Nucleotides and
      Nucleic Acids" of the Italian Biochemical Society. June 8, 1984.

PMID- 4008230
TI  - GABA-ergic system in brain regions of glutamate-lesioned rats.
AB  - Subcutaneous administration of high doses of glutamate to rats during their first
      10 days after birth produced a great reduction of GABA content and GAD activity
      in the adult mediobasal hypothalamus, both in male and female. In addition GABA
      content and GAD activity showed a slight significant decrease in female
      cerebellum and male striatum. Glutamate treatment was also followed by a
      significant increase in GABA content and GAD activity of male substantia nigra,
      cerebellum, hippocampus and of female olfactory bulb. No reduction in GABA-T
      activity was observed in different brain areas studied except in mediobasal
      hypothalamus. The results support the view that glutamate treatment had a direct
      toxic effect on GABA-ergic neurons in mediobasal hypothalamus. The changes in GAD
      activity observed in all areas studied may reflect the neuroendocrine changes
      determined by nucleus arcuate lesions.

PMID- 4008233
TI  - Glutathione S-transferase from beef heart: structural and kinetic properties.
AB  - A simple and rapid method for the purification of glutathione S-transferase is
      described. The physical and kinetic properties of purified enzyme are reported.
      The protein is constituted of two identical subunits with a total molecular
      weight of 46,000 daltons. The isoelectric focusing of crude cytosol or purified
      preparation gives a single peak of activity with a pI of 7.1. The kinetic
      analysis shows a relatively strict substrate specificity. Only 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene is conjugated to reduced glutathione at an appreciable rate. The
      peroxidase activity of the enzyme with respect to cumene hydroperoxide as
      substrate is negligible. Hemin and bilirubin are competitive inhibitors of
      catalytic activity.

PMID- 4008232
TI  - Proton NMR study of erythrocytes of essential hypertensives.
AB  - Proton NMR studies (saturation transfer experiments and longitudinal relaxation
      time determinations) indicate that substantial differences exist between
      erythrocytes of essential hypertensives and normotensive subjects. A higher
      degree of intracellular organization has been found for the hypertensives and
      several factors are proposed as contributing to the observed behaviour.

PMID- 4008234
TI  - Fetal research: the question in the states.

PMID- 4008235
TI  - The many faces of competency.

PMID- 4008236
TI  - When a mentally ill woman refuses abortion.

PMID- 4008237
TI  - When procedures limit rights: from Quinlan to Conroy.

PMID- 4008238
TI  - Old and frail and everywhere unequal.

PMID- 4008239
TI  - What do children owe elderly parents?

PMID- 4008240
TI  - The artist in old age.

PMID- 4008242
TI  - Use of vinblastine-treated platelets in thrombocytopenias.

PMID- 4008241
TI  - Fetal research: the state of the question.

PMID- 4008243
TI  - Parathyroid carcinoma: a case report and review.

PMID- 4008244
TI  - A lifestyle change program associated with a major clinic and hospital--a 2-year
      follow-up of prepaid (HMO) plan members.

PMID- 4008245
TI  - Home health care innovations in health care delivery.

PMID- 4008246
TI  - Preterm delivery in tourists: the Hawaii experience.

PMID- 4008247
TI  - Liposuction: removal of body and facial fat deposits by subcutaneous suction.

PMID- 4008248
TI  - Cluster-tic syndrome.

PMID- 4008250
TI  - Medical diagnoses and problems in individuals with recurrent idiopathic
      headaches.

PMID- 4008249
TI  - Cluster headache in a patient without a ipsilateral eye.

PMID- 4008251
TI  - Plasma and CSF endorphin levels in primary and symptomatic headaches.

PMID- 4008252
TI  - The prevalence of headache in a small New Zealand town.

PMID- 4008253
TI  - [Clinical aspects and genetics of pseudoxanthoma elasticum].
AB  - Eighteen cases of Pseudoxantoma elasticum (PXE) were analysed using clinical and
      genetic criteria. We observed great intra- and interfamiliar variations in the
      manifestations of the disease as well as mono-, bi- and trisymptomatic cases
      (skin + eyes + vessels). We lack reliable indications for the existence of more
      than one recessive type of PXE and hence for heterogeneity. In family 9, PXE was
      inherited in an autosomal-dominant mode, and the discrete symptoms were
      restricted to the skin.

PMID- 4008254
TI  - [Uranitis circinata in Reiter's disease. Therapy with etretinate (Tigason)].
AB  - Lesions analogous to the balanitis circinata on the mucous membrane of the palate
      are reported in two males. Tigason quickly improved the skin lesions, mucous
      membrane lesions and nail lesions.

PMID- 4008255
TI  - [Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel's disease)].
AB  - Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel's disease) is a rare form of
      dermatosis, which can only be diagnosed microscopically. A typical case is
      reported; histological differential diagnosis and treatment with systemic
      retinoids are discussed.

PMID- 4008256
TI  - An approximate method for estimating the short-term centerline gamma absorbed
      dose due to a continuous, ground-level release.

PMID- 4008257
TI  - Radionuclide partitioning coefficients in soils and plants and their correlation.

PMID- 4008258
TI  - Biotic transport of radionuclides from a low-level radioactive waste site.
AB  - In the United States, concern for human exposures to radioactivity associated
      with the disposal of low-level radioactive waste has resulted in a series of
      regulatory guides, environmental assessments, management practices, and modeling
      tools. A large number of radionuclide transport processes and mechanisms that may
      contribute to human exposure have been modeled, using computer programs to make
      the required calculations. The objective of our work was to evaluate the
      relevance of potential biological transport processes in the assessment of
      potential impacts at low-level waste (LLW) disposal sites. As part of this
      effort, we developed an order-of-magnitude estimate for potential dose to man
      resulting from biological transport by burrowing animals and by plant
      translocation at a reference low-level waste site in the arid west. We also made
      comparative dose-to-man estimates for a more commonly considered human intrusion
      exposure scenario. Parameter values for defining a reference arid LLW disposal
      site and biotic transport processes are based on data reported in current
      literature. Estimates of waste volumes for the western United States are based on
      information described by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the Draft
      Environmental Impact Statement in support of 10 CFR Part 61. Our estimates of the
      dose-to-man resulting from biotic transport are of the same order of magnitude as
      those resulting from a more commonly evaluated human intrusion scenario. The
      previously assumed lack of potential importance of biotic transport at LLW sites
      in earlier assessment studies is not confirmed by our findings. Our results
      indicate that long-term biological transport processes have the potential to
      influence LLW site performance, and should be carefully evaluated as part of the
      impact assessment process.

PMID- 4008260
TI  - Thirtieth annual meeting of the Health Physics Society. 26-31 May 1985, Chicago,
      Illinois. Abstracts.

PMID- 4008259
TI  - Safety with lasers.

PMID- 4008261
TI  - Carbon-14 discharge at three light-water reactors.
AB  - A long-term-sampling evaluation was made of the quantity, discharge pathway, and
      chemical form of 14C released from 2 pressurized water reactors (PWR) and 1
      boiling water reactor (BWR) in the northeastern United States. For the R. E.
      Ginna PWR the discharge rate of gaseous 14C was 11.6 Ci/GW(e)-yr. Venting of gas
      decay tanks accounted for 42%, while 35% was discharged through auxiliary
      building ventilation and 23% through containment venting. The average chemical
      composition was 10% as 14CO2, 90% as 14CH4 and other hydrocarbon gases. For the
      Indian Point Unit 3 PWR, the discharge rate was 9.6 Ci/GW(e)-yr, primarily by
      pressure-relief venting and purging of the containment air. Venting of gas decay
      tanks accounted for about 7% of the total released. The chemical species were 26%
      14CO2, 74% 14CH4 and other hydrocarbon gases. For the J. A. FitzPatrick BWR, the
      discharge rate was 12.4 Ci/GW(e)-yr. Approximately 97% of the release was via off
      gas discharge, which was about 95% 14CO2. For all 3 reactors the quantity of 14C
      released with liquid and solid wastes was less than 5% of the gaseous release.

PMID- 4008262
TI  - Population doses, excess deaths and loss of life expectancy from mass chest x-ray
      examinations in Japan--1980.
AB  - The number of mass chest x-ray examinations in Japan in 1980 was 26.6 million and
      the average effective dose equivalent was 26 mrem per examination. The
      genetically significant dose was .017 mrem per person per year, the per caput
      mean marrow dose was 5.9 mrem, the leukemia significant dose was 5.2 mrem and the
      malignancy significant dose was 2.8 mrem. The excess deaths were calculated to be
      70-280 depending on the risk model used. Those would be in excess to the 3.7
      million cancer deaths normally expected among the examined population. The loss
      of life expectancy calculated with a relative risk model was 38 yr for males and
      43 yr for females due to leukemia with a latent period of 2 yr and an expression
      period of 25 yr, and 12 yr for males and 14 yr for females due to other cancers
      with a latent period of 10 yr and an expression period of lifetime in the 20-24
      age group.

PMID- 4008263
TI  - Optimizing the performance of direct-reading dosimeters.
AB  - The direct-reading dosimeter has often been criticized for its lack of precision
      and accuracy and its tendency to produce false readings. This study investigates
      that contention and discusses the limitations of these instruments and the
      consequent effects on personnel monitoring. The precautions which must be
      observed to eliminate or minimize these limitations in the data are explained.
      Data are presented to support the statement that direct-reading dosimeters, when
      properly used, are accurate and precise instruments whose small size, ruggedness,
      resistance to severe environments, hermeticity and self-reading capabilities can
      be a decided advantage over transfer standards for some applications.

PMID- 4008264
TI  - Experimental evaluation of a method for performing personnel beta dosimetry using
      multi-element thermoluminescent dosimeters.
AB  - Two multi-element thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeter designs were calibrated in a
      gamma field and then exposed to beta sources emitting different beta spectra. The
      TL readouts from the dosimeters were analyzed using an algorithm designed to
      enable calculation of the beta doses from the dosimeter readings without
      performing any beta calibrations. The results suggest that the method is
      promising for application in personnel beta dosimetry.

PMID- 4008266
TI  - Contamination from therapeutic 131I capsules.

PMID- 4008265
TI  - Field and laboratory tests of etched track detectors for 222Rn: summer-vs-winter
      variations and tightness effects in Maine houses.
AB  - Effects of tightness of homes and of bedrock character on indoor 222Rn
      concentrations were sought in 70 homes in the state of Maine by means of four 6-
      to 8-month-long surveys over a 1.5-yr period. Laboratory experiments were also
      performed that document the reliability of the track etching system used for the
      measurements. In this survey the Rn in tight homes was on the average 3.5 times
      that in drafty ones, and areas with granitic bedrock led to homes having 2.3
      times the Rn as for homes on chlorite-biotite-rich bedrock. Winter-to-summer
      ratios ranged from 0.5-7, and averaged 1.5, implying that surveys of individual
      homes require a full year of monitoring.

PMID- 4008267
TI  - Excretion of 35S from two contaminated workers.

PMID- 4008268
TI  - Digital monitoring system for a radioisotope laboratory using a personal
      computer.

PMID- 4008269
TI  - Pattern of scattered exposure from portable radiographs.

PMID- 4008270
TI  - Comparison of experimental and theoretical depth doses in the ICRU sphere using
      137Cs.

PMID- 4008271
TI  - Clinical profiles of hospital discharge rates in local communities.
AB  - Using comprehensive 1980 data for hospitalization of the 9 million citizens of
      Michigan's lower peninsula, the authors have previously demonstrated that the
      discharge rates of local communities differ by a range of 2 to 1. This article
      seeks to identify differences in the clinical profile of high-use compared to low
      use communities. Population-based rates and percentages of total discharges were
      studied for major clinical activity groups, such as cardiovascular disease,
      frequent diagnoses, rarely occurring diagnoses, short- and long-stay diagnoses,
      certain surgical procedures, and major organ groups of the diagnostic
      classification system. Although high-use communities tend to admit
      proportionately fewer surgical cases and proportionately more nonsurgical cases,
      few other such patterns could be demonstrated.

PMID- 4008272
TI  - Pricing objectives in nonprofit hospitals.
AB  - This article reports on a survey of 60 financial managers of nonprofit hospitals
      in the eastern United States relating to the importance of a number of factors
      which influence their pricing decisions and the pricing objectives which they
      pursue. Among the results uncovered by the responses: that trustees are the
      single most important body in the price-setting process (doctors play a
      relatively unimportant role); that hospital pricing goals are more related to
      target net revenue than profit maximizing; and that regional factors seem to play
      an important role in management differences.

PMID- 4008273
TI  - Sex ratio equilibrium under partial sib mating.
AB  - A general equation for equilibrium sex allocation is provided which models
      asymmetries between son and daughter in the costs of offspring production, the
      genetic relatedness to the controlling genotype and the amount of competition for
      mating opportunities and reproductive resources. A genetic proof is given which
      is valid for diploid and haplodiploid systems with a variety of modes of sex
      allocation control, provided sib mating is the only source of inbreeding. By way
      of example, some variations of Hamilton's (1967) model are discussed.

PMID- 4008274
TI  - Enzymatic and quantitative variation in European and African populations of
      Drosophila simulans.
AB  - Allozyme polymorphism at 15 loci of D. simulans was studied in 7 natural
      populations from Europe, North and tropical Africa. Morphological traits were
      studied in nine European and eleven Afrotropical strains. Within a population,
      the biochemical polymorphisms of Drosophila simulans and its sibling Drosophila
      melanogaster are not very different, although D. simulans has a lower
      heterozygosity. Between-populations genetic differentiation is however much lower
      in D. simulans than in D. melanogaster. Several loci of D. simulans do exhibit
      latitudinal trends but these are relatively weak. For morphological traits, both
      species show an increase of size with latitude, but geographic variation is again
      less pronounced in D. simulans. Both species are native to tropical Africa and
      have colonised the rest of the world. During this process, D. simulans has
      undergone much less geographic differentiation than has D. melanogaster, so that
      the ecological success of the two species is not correlated with similarities in
      their genetic properties.

PMID- 4008275
TI  - Heterozygosity and developmental stability in gynogenetic diploid and triploid
      rainbow trout.
AB  - We have previously reported that rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) more
      heterozygous at enzyme loci generally show increased developmental stability, as
      measured by reduced fluctuating asymmetry. We experimentally produced gynogenetic
      diploid and triploid individuals to test the effect of extreme heterozygosities
      on developmental stability. Gynogenetic diploids are identical by descent at an
      estimated 34 per cent of all loci and show a 50 per cent increase in the mean
      proportion of traits asymmetric per individual compared to normal rainbow trout.
      Triploids from two different strains have an estimated 30 per cent increase in
      genomic heterozygosity and a 14 per cent decrease in the mean proportion of
      traits asymmetric per individual compared to normal diploids. These changes in
      asymmetry induced by gynogenesis and triploidy are not as great as we expected
      based on the association between heterozygosity and fluctuating asymmetry in
      random mating populations. The narrow range of mean asymmetry in rainbow trout
      may result from an upper limit restricted by directional selection for
      developmental stability and a lower limit determined by inherent randomness in
      the developmental process.

PMID- 4008276
TI  - Microfluorometric estimates of proteins associated with murine hepatocyte and
      thymocyte nuclei, residual structures, and nuclear matrix derivatives.
AB  - Isolated diploid hepatocyte and thymocyte nuclei and their derivatives ("residual
      structures" and nuclear matrices, as defined by Kaufmann et al. 1981) were
      evaluated by microfluorometry following reaction with the following
      fluorochromes: brilliant sulfaflavine (BSF) used at pH 2.8 for the demonstration
      of total protein; acridine orange (AO) used at pH 9.0 to reveal acidic groups of
      proteins; and 3-(4-maleimidylphenyl)-7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (CPM) used
      under conditions required to demonstrate the sum of sulfhydryl (SH) and disulfide
      (SS) groups of proteins. The results suggested that the proteins reacting with AO
      and CPM differed from each other and from those revealed by fluorochroming with
      BSF. In every comparison, hepatocyte nuclei and their derivatives were more
      fluorescent than the respective populations of thymocyte nuclei and their
      derivatives. In material fluorochromed with BSF and AO, nuclear matrices were
      less fluorescent than residual structures, which, in turn, were less fluorescent
      than intact nuclei. In contrast, nuclear matrices fluorochromed with CPM were
      less fluorescent than intact nuclei but more fluorescent (paradoxically) than
      residual structures. The ratios of the total fluorescence values of hepatocyte
      and thymocyte nuclei fluorochromed with BSF changed significantly during
      extractions required to produce residual structures and nuclear matrices, while
      comparable ratios in material fluorochromed with AO or CPM did not change
      significantly. Comparisons of the ratios of the fluorescence values of intact
      nuclei and their derivatives in a variety of combinations yielded complex and
      variable results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008277
TI  - Subcellular localization of serotonin immunoreactivity in rat enterochromaffin
      cells.
AB  - Serotonin immunoreactive material was localized to rat enterochromaffin cells (EC
      cells) at the subcellular level using antibodies to serotonin (5-HT) raised in
      rabbits. Ultrathin sections from paraformaldehyde fixed plastic embedded tissues
      were directly labelled with the 5-HT antiserum, using the protein A-gold
      technique to visualize the immunoreaction. The 5-HT immunoreactivity (5-HT-IR) in
      the rat gastrointestinal mucosa was exclusively localized to epithelial EC cells
      with a low background over other epithelial non-enterochromaffin cells.
      Quantitative evaluation of the immunoreaction revealed that most of the 5-HT-IR
      in the cytoplasm of EC cells (60%) was located over the dense cores of the
      secretory granules. However, a significant part of the cytoplasmic 5-HT-IR (40%)
      was located outside the dense cores of the secretory granules which suggests that
      different forms of 5-HT storage may exist.

PMID- 4008278
TI  - [Measurements of respiratory resistance in tracheal stenosis patients. A
      comparison of pressure changes with total-body plethysmography].
AB  - In this study, the airway resistance of 67 patients who suffered tracheal
      stenosis was measured by body plethysmography and by the pressure change method.
      These comparative measurements were carried out in order to assess the value of
      the pressure change method. There was significant linear correlation between the
      results for the two methods. The pressure change method is uncomplicated and
      mobile, and promises to have many practical applications.

PMID- 4008279
TI  - [Laryngomicrosurgical treatment of synechias in the area of the glottis].
AB  - Initial clinical experiences of a new method for the treatment of glottic
      synechiae developed in animal experiments are reported. Adhesions were divided by
      a microsurgical technique without opening the larynx. A plastic keel was fixed by
      stitching it from inside out between the separated cicatrial membranes. The keel
      was removed after 5 to 6 weeks. The adhesions were successfully relieved.

PMID- 4008280
TI  - [Voice rehabilitation following laryngectomy by the Gronigen prosthesis].
AB  - The Groningen voice prosthesis is a self-retaining silicone device, placed in the
      tracheooesophageal wall as a primary procedure during laryngectomy or some time
      after surgery. Prosthetic vocal rehabilitation was successful in 80% of the
      patients. Indications, contra-indications, advantages, disadvantages and
      complications are discussed.

PMID- 4008281
TI  - [Rehabilitation following laryngectomy from the viewpoint of the affected
      patients].
AB  - This study is based on a questionaire sent to members of the German laryngectomee
      association. The analyses of the answers provide important positive and negative
      information concerning the rehabilitation: Generally the patient was reintegrated
      into the family without incident. 59.2% learned oesophageal voice, but 28%
      acquired no effective substitute voice. 39% of patients and 51% of their
      relatives did not become acquainted with first-aid for neck-breathers (mouth to
      neck resuscitation). 19.5% resumed their former work. During the preoperative
      course, 36% of the patients waited 3 to 6 months from the beginning of their
      complaints to the first medical consultation. In 51% of the cases the interval
      from first complaints to the surgical treatment was more than three months. These
      results demonstrate shortcomings in rehabilitation which require attention.

PMID- 4008282
TI  - [Operative therapy of dysphagia caused by cervical spondylophytes].
AB  - This study reports two cases of anterior osteophytes that caused dysphagia
      leading to loss of weight and finally cachexia. The successful ablation of these
      osteophytes and clearance of the intravertebral spaces with ventral fusion of the
      cervical spine completely relieved these two patients of their swallowing
      difficulties.

PMID- 4008283
TI  - [Diagnosis of esophageal wall perforation and its sequelae].
AB  - Based on the symptoms of oesophageal wall perforation and its sequelae the
      significance of immediate examination and clinical observation are emphasised.
      This disease is difficult to diagnose by modern technology in the early stages.
      Advice is given on the main diagnostic symptoms and the appropriate sequence of
      examination.

PMID- 4008284
TI  - Association between giant cell (temporal) arteritis and HLA-Cw3.
AB  - Thirty-five Caucasian patients with giant cell (temporal) arteritis were typed
      for HLA class I and II antigens. A significant increase was found for A31, B40,
      Cw3, and DR4. HLA-Cw3 was the most frequent antigen observed (57%) and had the
      highest relative risk (5.65), suggesting that Cw3 may be the primary HLA risk
      factor for this disease. The increased occurrence of A31, B40, and DR4 is
      probably secondary to their association with Cw3.

PMID- 4008285
TI  - ASTRO 1984 Presidential Address. Optimizing the radiation treatment and outcome
      of prostate cancer.

PMID- 4008286
TI  - The emergence of radiation oncology as a distinct medical specialty.

PMID- 4008287
TI  - Breast relapse following primary radiation therapy for early breast cancer. I.
      Classification, frequency and salvage.
AB  - Primary radiation therapy has become an accepted alternative to mastectomy for
      patients with early breast cancer. In order to improve the results of this
      treatment, we performed an analysis of failure on 366 clinical Stage I or II
      invasive breast carcinomas treated with primary radiation therapy. With a median
      follow-up of 52 months, there have been 30 recurrences in the treated breast, for
      a 5 year actuarial local recurrence rate of 9%. The recurrence rate was much
      higher for patients having less-than-excisional biopsy than for those undergoing
      excisional biopsy (35% vs. 7%, p less than 0.0001). Failures in the treated
      breast have been categorized as: true recurrence (TR), directly at the site of
      the primary; marginal miss (MM), at the edge of the boosted volume; and elsewhere
      in the breast (E). For patients having excisional biopsy, the actuarial
      probability of a true recurrence at 5 years was 4%. The risk of a true recurrence
      was related to the dose given to the primary site with rare true recurrences seen
      with doses greater than 6000 rad. The probability of a marginal miss at 5 years
      was 4%, and was not related to the dose or volume of the boost used. The
      probability of a recurrence elsewhere in the breast at 5 years was 1%. In
      patients treated with excisional biopsy and a total primary dose over 6000 rad,
      the probability of a local recurrence at 5 years was 4 and 10% for clinical Stage
      I and II patients respectively. These results indicate that primary radiation
      therapy provides a high likelihood of local tumor control and our analysis of
      failure suggests methods for decreasing each type of local recurrence.

PMID- 4008288
TI  - Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the uterine cervix in Singapore, 1973-1975.
AB  - The results of 322 patients with uterine cervix carcinoma treated by radiotherapy
      at the Singapore General Hospital in the 3-year period from 1973 to 75 are
      presented. Two hundred seventy-nine patients were treated with a combination of
      intracavitary radium, using Fletcher-Suit applicators and cobalt teletherapy; the
      remaining 43 patients received only cobalt teletherapy. One hundred thirty-four
      patients (41.6%) presented with FIGO Stage III disease. Only 46 patients (14.3%)
      presented with Stage I disease, showing that patients tended to present late in
      the disease course. Five-year actuarial (uncorrected) survival rates of 86.7% for
      Stage I, 65.0% for Stage II, 41.4% for Stage III and 4.9% for Stage IV were
      obtained with corresponding 10 year rates of 79.6%, 60.2%, 35.2% and 0%. The
      overall 5 and 10 year survival rates were 54.0% and 48.2%, respectively. The
      survival rates "flattened off" at about 7-8 years, reflecting late deaths after
      the fifth anniversary of treatment. Non-severe complications consisted mainly of
      chronic proctitis (41.3%) and vaginal stenosis (20.8%). Major complications were
      intestinal stricture (1.2%) and fistula formation (1.6%).

PMID- 4008289
TI  - Dosimetric comparison of the Fletcher family of gynecologic colpostats 1950-1980.
AB  - The Fletcher gynecologic applicator was developed for irradiation of carcinoma of
      the uterine cervix in the early 1950's. Since that time, numerous modifications
      and changes have been made in the colpostat construction and in the location of
      the shields that provide a reduced dose to the bladder trigone anteriorly and to
      the rectal wall posteriorly. The original applicators include the preload radium
      double colpostat and the preload radium single colpostat. In the 1960's,
      afterloading colpostats were manufactured as the Fletcher-Suit and the Fletcher
      Green devices. With the introduction of the Delclos mini-colpostat, a new
      generation of applicators followed in the 1970's. The Fletcher-Suit-Delclos
      colpostat recently manufactured by two companies can be used as a mini-colpostat.
      By adding a shield-containing cap, these applicators function as the original
      Fletcher colpostat. With the development of new applicators over the past 30
      years, numerous changes in the position of the shields and, therefore, the dose
      transmitted to the surrounding tissues have been made. This paper describes
      dosimetric evaluation of all of these applicators and the various changes that
      have occurred through the generations of Fletcher colpostats in an attempt to
      provide information for radiation therapists and gynecologists who are using
      these instruments in their clinical practice.

PMID- 4008290
TI  - Precision, high dose radiotherapy. II. Helium ion treatment of tumors adjacent to
      critical central nervous system structures.
AB  - In this paper we present a technique for treating relatively small, low grade
      tumors located very close to critical, radiation sensitive central nervous system
      structures such as the spinal cord and the brain stem. A beam of helium ions is
      used to irradiate the tumor. The nearby normal tissues are protected by
      exploiting the superb dose localization properties of this beam, particularly its
      well defined and controllable range in tissue, the increased dose deposited near
      the end of this range (i.e., the Bragg peak), the sharp decrease in dose beyond
      the Bragg peak, and the sharp penumbra of the beam. To execute this type of
      treatment, extreme care must be taken in localization of the tumor and normal
      tissues, as well as in treatment planning and dosimetry, patient immobilization,
      and verification of treatment delivery. To illustrate the technique, we present a
      group of 19 patients treated for chordomas, meningiomas and low grade
      chondrosarcomas in the base of the skull or spinal column. We have been able to
      deliver high, uniform doses to the target volumes (doses equivalent to 60 to 80
      Gy of cobalt-60) while keeping the doses to the nearby critical tissues below the
      threshold for radiation damage. Follow-up on this group of patients is short,
      averaging 22 months (2 to 75 months). Currently, 15 patients have local control
      of their tumor. Two major complications, a spinal cord transection and optic
      tract damage, are discussed in detail. Our treatment policies have been modified
      to minimize the risk of these complications in the future, and we are continuing
      to use this method to treat such patients. We are enthusiastic about this
      technique, since we believe there is no other potentially curative treatment for
      these patients.

PMID- 4008291
TI  - Changes in misonidazole binding with hypoxic fraction in mouse tumors.
AB  - Binding of misonidazole (MISO) or a derivative to hypoxic cells in tumors has
      been proposed as a method for identifying tumors and measuring their level of
      hypoxia. We have recently shown that the hypoxic fraction of tumor cells can be
      altered over a wide range in vivo by acutely changing the hematocrit of the host
      animal by transfusion. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in
      binding by 14C MISO that accompanied this procedure. Tumor bearing mice were
      injected with 14C MISO, irradiated with a single dose of X rays (20 Gy) and their
      tumor excised and bisected. One half of each tumor was used to determine cell
      survival in vitro, the other was used for 14C scintillation counting. As
      previously described, tumor cell survival was dramatically increased in acutely
      anemic mice and this was accompanied by an increase in 14C MISO binding to the
      tumors. The relationship between clonogenic cell survival and binding was found
      to be linear on a log-log plot for each of the tumor lines studied, but the
      slopes of the lines were different tumor lines and generally steeper than the
      value of 1.0 expected for a 1:1 correspondence between cells binding
      radioactivity and radiobiological resistance. We attribute these differences to
      MISO binding to cells in the tumor which were not clonogenic.

PMID- 4008293
TI  - The variation of OER with dose rate.
AB  - The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) has been measured as a function of dose rate
      from 276 Gy/hr to 0.89 Gy/hr for V-79 cells irradiated at 23 degrees C or 37
      degrees C. As dose rate is decreased, the OER initially increases, from a value
      of 3.0, to a maximum value of 3.7 to 4.0, at a dose rate between 20 and 60 Gy/hr.
      The OER subsequently decreases with further dose rate reduction to a minimum
      value of 2.4 at the lowest dose rate. Similar experiments conducted with cells in
      nutrient deprived conditions exhibited a monotonic decrease in OER from 3.0 to
      1.7 with dose rate reduction. These experimental findings can be understood in
      terms of the sublethal damage repair capability of cells under different pO2 and
      nutrient conditions.

PMID- 4008292
TI  - Selective drug-induced reduction of blood flow in tumor transplants.
AB  - The effect of a calcium antagonist and a physiologic amine on tumor and muscle
      perfusion was investigated with the aim of improving the preconditions for
      external hyperthermia treatment of cancer. Nisoldipine (0.04-4.0 mg/kg) and 5
      hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) (0.2-8.0 mg/kg) were administered i.p. in Sprague
      Dawley rats bearing Walker 256 carcinoma, Yoshida sarcoma, or a homologous tumor
      transplant derived from a spontaneous leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. At the
      maximum dosage used, nisoldipine injection caused a decrease of the regional
      washout rate of Xenon-133 of 63 +/- 8% (SEM) in the Walker carcinoma and an
      increase of 80 +/- 41% in the muscle of the hind leg. 5-HT (8 mg/kg) caused a
      drop of 79 +/- 29% in the Walker carcinoma and only a slight fall of the washout
      rate in muscle of 14 +/- 4.8%. Tumor-to-muscle uptake ratios of 11C-butanol fell
      from 5.63 +/- 1.98 to 3.32 +/- 1.21, and from 5.3 +/- 0.56 to 2.98 +/- 0.30,
      after injection of 0.2 mg/kg nisoldipine and 4 mg/kg 5-HT, respectively. Similar
      reaction patterns and percentage changes were observed in different tumor lines
      at constant doses of 0.2 mg/kg nisoldipine and 4 mg/kg 5-HT. Both drugs
      representing two different rationales of vasomotor action were able to reduce
      blood flow specifically in transplanted tumors; nisoldipine increased muscle
      blood flow and decreased arterial blood pressure, whereas 5-HT acted without
      substantial systemic effects.

PMID- 4008294
TI  - Treatment planning for colorectal cancer: radiation and surgical techniques and
      value of small-bowel films.
AB  - For colorectal cancer, the adjuvant radiation dose levels required to achieve a
      high incidence of local control closely parallel the radiation tolerance of small
      bowel (4500-5000 rad), and for patients with partially resected or unresected
      disease, the dose levels exceed tolerance (6000-7000 rad). Therefore, both the
      surgeon and the radiation oncologist should use techniques that localize tumor
      volumes and decrease the amount of small intestine within the irradiation field.
      Surgical options include pelvic reconstruction (reperitonealization, omental
      flaps, retroversion of uterus, etc.) and clip placement. Radiation options
      include the use of radiographs to define small bowel location and mobility
      combined with treatment techniques using multiple fields, bladder distention,
      shrinking or boost fields, and/or patient position changes (prone, decubitus,
      etc.). When both specialties interact in optimum fashion, local control can be
      increased with minimal risks to achieve a suitable therapeutic ratio.

PMID- 4008295
TI  - Interaction between bisantrene and radiation.
AB  - The interaction between Bisantrene, a new anthracene derivative, and radiation
      was studied in vitro. Chinese hamster lung (V-79-171) cells grown as monolayers
      were exposed to three different concentrations (0.4 mcg/ml, 2 mcg/ml, 10 mcg/ml)
      of Bisantrene for 120 min. during their exponential growth phase. Immediately
      after drug exposure, the cells were irradiated with escalating doses of radiation
      (100-1200 rad). Isoeffect curves (99% cell kill) were calculated using dose
      survival curves generated for each modality. Curve I assumed that the agents act
      by independent mechanisms; Curve II assumed that the agents act by a similar
      mechanism. The dose combinations of the two modalities producing a 99% kill were
      plotted against the calculated isoeffect curves. The experimental points were
      found to lie along the calculated lines. Pre-treatment with Bisantrene prior to
      radiation resulted in an additive effect, similar to that reported with
      Adriamycin.

PMID- 4008296
TI  - Correlation of treatment volume with milligram-hours for intracavitary
      applications for carcinoma of the cervix.
AB  - Following the recommendations of the European Curietherapy Group, the three
      dimensional dose distribution corresponding to various milligram-hour volumes has
      been analyzed according to its length, width, and height dimensions. Thus, it is
      possible to state the dimensions of a number of isodose surfaces for a dose
      prescription given in milligram-hours. Problems associated with the exact
      placement of the three-dimensional dose distribution in relation to the patient's
      anatomy are discussed.

PMID- 4008297
TI  - Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles
      and gender.
AB  - Using a computer-generated data base of rankings of 56 breeds of dogs on 13
      behavioral traits, a factor analysis was performed to determine the extent to
      which a few general underlying behavioral tendencies are manifested in specific
      characteristics. Three factors, referred to as reactivity, aggression, and
      trainability, accounted for 81% of the variance in the 13 behavioral traits.
      Subsequently, a cluster analysis was performed to generate 7 clusters of dog
      breeds on the basis of similarity in scores for each of the 3 main factors. The
      clusters reflected to some degree the conventional groupings of dogs into
      working, sporting, hound, and terrier breeds. A quantitative analysis of the
      ranking of male dogs vs female dogs for the 13 characteristics revealed that
      males differed from females on 10 traits. It was concluded that these gender and
      cluster profiles will allow people to select a breed or gender of dog that is
      most likely to match the emotional and physical needs of the person who will
      provide a home for the pet.

PMID- 4008298
TI  - Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and
      metatarsal bones in horses.
AB  - Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and
      metatarsal bones was diagnosed in 8 horses during an 18-month period. Seven of
      the horses were less than or equal to 2 1/2 years old. Synovial distention of the
      affected fetlock joints and a pain response to fetlock flexion were typical
      findings. Lameness predominated in 1 limb at a trot, although fetlock flexion
      frequently elicited lameness in other affected limbs. Radiography revealed bony
      lesions (flattening, erosion, or fragmentation) of the sagittal ridge in at least
      2 fetlock joints in all horses. The onset of signs was not correlated with the
      severity of radiographic changes in all horses.

PMID- 4008299
TI  - Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in
      foals.
AB  - Oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia were diagnosed in 8 foals that had
      laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of immunodeficiency. Two foals suffered
      solely from complete failure of passive transfer of colostal immunoglobulins. Six
      foals had evidence of immune defects but did not meet the criteria for diagnosis
      of any of the currently recognized primary equine immunodeficiency syndromes. All
      six of these foals died or were euthanatized due to bacterial infections. One
      foal with failure of passive transfer recovered and the other died of a
      mesenteric torsion before the effect of treatment could be evaluated.

PMID- 4008300
TI  - Ventrolateral approach for repair of sacroiliac fracture-dislocation in the dog
      and cat.
AB  - A ventrolateral approach to the sacroiliac joint is described as an alternative
      to the dorsolateral approach for the repair of sacroiliac dislocations and sacral
      wing fractures. The technique described here usually is performed blindly with
      digital palpation; however, the approach may be extended craniodorsally, allowing
      direct visualization of the sacroiliac joint. This technique facilitates
      reduction and stable fixation, with good purchase of the implants in the sacrum,
      for the repair of sacroiliac fracture-dislocation. This method of repair was used
      on 20 patients, with good to excellent clinical results.

PMID- 4008301
TI  - Prevalence of equine onchocerciasis in southeastern and midwestern United States.
AB  - Of 664 horses reported to have originated in southeastern and midwestern United
      States, 341 (51.4%) were positive for Onchocerca cervicalis cutaneous
      microfilariasis. The highest prevalence of 68.8% was recorded for horses from
      Virginia. Horses with the highest concentrations of microfilariae (as high as
      19,770 microfilariae/mg in 1 horse) were from the Southeast (Georgia, Florida,
      Tennessee, and Alabama). For horses from South Carolina, the prevalence of
      infection was 57.1%; from the Midwest (Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana),
      54.4%; from North Carolina, 45.5%; from Pennsylvania, 7.7%; and from Minnesota,
      5%. Histories and ages of the horses were not known, but most horses were
      approximately 15 years old. Compared with horses from other states, horses from
      Pennsylvania were younger, which may have accounted for their lower prevalence of
      infection.

PMID- 4008302
TI  - Splinting device for hindlimb fractures in horses.
AB  - A Robert Jones bandage modified to include a steel walking bar frame and, in one
      case, side-supporting bars, was applied as a splinting device in 4 horses with
      hindlimb fractures (3 tarsal and 1 middle phalangeal). The modification was used
      as an adjunct to previous casting therapies or as a means for handling casting
      failures or soft tissue problems encountered during the casting period. This
      means of stabilization is easily adapted to replace a problematic cast in various
      clinical settings, is easily applied in the standing patient, is easily changed
      and adjusted on a regular basis, has minimal complications, is comfortable, and
      can be used for support for a long period.

PMID- 4008303
TI  - Clinical features of spongy degeneration of the central nervous system in two
      Labrador retriever littermates.
AB  - Spongy degeneration of the CNS was diagnosed in 2 female Labrador Retriever
      littermates. The dogs had histories of progressive cerebellar ataxia and episodes
      of extreme extensor rigidity beginning at 4 and 6 months of age. One had a
      history of hearing difficulties. When examined at 9 months of age, both dogs had
      moderate ataxia and dysmetria of the head, trunk, and limbs, hyperreflexia with
      clonus, and extensor rigidity with episodes of exaggerated rigidity and
      opisthotonos. One dog was euthanatized and the other was monitored for 2 months,
      during which time her signs progressed to severe dysmetria, weakness, muscle
      atrophy, and rigidity with marked hyperreflexia. Necropsy of both dogs revealed
      astrocytic abnormalities and spongy degeneration of the white matter of the CNS.
      The clinical signs and postmortem findings were similar to the juvenile form of
      spongy degeneration in man.

PMID- 4008305
TI  - Degenerative myelopathy in an adult miniature poodle.
AB  - Degenerative myelopathy was diagnosed at necropsy of an adult Miniature Poodle
      with a 33-month history of progressive pelvic limb ataxia and proprioceptive
      deficit. Microscopic examination of the cord revealed diffuse degenerative
      myelopathy. Degenerative myelopathy is usually seen in adult, large-breed dogs
      and progresses over a period of months. In this case, the myelopathy progressed
      slowly and the degree of paralysis became more extensive than usually seen.

PMID- 4008304
TI  - Common ventricle with separate pulmonary outflow chamber in a horse.
AB  - On the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations, a ventricular septal defect
      or a variant of the tetralogy of Fallot was suspected in a 3-year-old filly with
      a history of poor growth rate and exercise intolerance. The filly was
      euthanatized and found to have a 3-chambered heart (cor triloculare biatriatum).
      The heart had 2 normally formed atria and a large common ventricle into which the
      right and left atrioventricular orifices opened and from which the aorta arose.
      There was a small separate chamber from which the pulmonary trunk originated.
      This chamber communicated with the common ventricle through a large oval opening
      along the dorsal border of the displaced, interventricular septum.

PMID- 4008306
TI  - Pelvic limb lameness due to malignant melanoma in a horse.
AB  - Malignant melanoma in a 21-year-old, gray, Arabian gelding was manifested by
      rapidly deteriorating lameness of the right pelvic limb. A melanotic, cutaneous
      mass of small dimensions was identified in the left jugular furrow. Exploratory
      laparoscopy revealed widespread infiltration of melanotic masses into the
      structures of the abdominal cavity. Necropsy indicated the lameness to have
      resulted from infiltration of neoplastic cells into the sacral nerves, dorsal
      root ganglia, proximal ischiatic nerve, and gluteal muscle fibers. The primary
      tumor could not be identified.

PMID- 4008307
TI  - Thrombocytopenia associated with vaccination of a dog with a modified-live
      paramyxovirus vaccine.
AB  - Thrombocytopenia (10,000/mm3), with hematochezia and melena, appeared in a dog 8
      days after it was given modified-live canine distemper, virus vaccine and
      persisted for approximately 5 days. Clinical investigation discounted other
      possible causes of thrombocytopenia; the condition was considered to be
      associated with vaccination. The problem spontaneously resolved. The appearance
      of thrombocytopenia after modified-live canine distemper virus vaccination is not
      unknown and may assume a severe form. This condition may be mistaken for
      idiopathic thrombocytopenia of immune origin, and in other instances, it may
      contribute significantly to surgical risk if concurrent coagulation disorders are
      present. Administration of levamisole HCl may alleviate the decrease in platelet
      count in affected animals.

PMID- 4008308
TI  - Ulcerative keratitis associated with Salmonella arizonae infection in a horse.
AB  - Salmonella arizonae 61:1,5, was isolated in pure culture from the eye of a horse
      with unilateral ulcerative keratitis. The eye responded well to treatment with
      atropine sulfate and polymyxin B-bacitracin-neomycin ophthalmic ointments. In
      swab specimens taken after the lesion had healed, Salmonella was not found to be
      a constituent of the bacterial flora of the horse's eyes.

PMID- 4008309
TI  - Anterior capsulotomy with the neodymium: YAG laser: results and opinions.
AB  - Three series and a control group of patients have been analyzed to study the
      early and long-term complications of neodymium: YAG laser anterior capsulotomy.
      In the author's opinion, the results have been favorable, and the procedure is
      recommended. It is important that a limited number of punctures be made,
      especially if there is any delay in surgery.

PMID- 4008310
TI  - Neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.
AB  - Posterior capsule opacification, caused by pearl formation or fibrosis, occurs
      commonly following cataract surgery. This paper presents results of a study of
      367 Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomies and discusses both risks and benefits.
      Specific attention has been given to intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal
      endothelial cell integrity, and visual acuities. The average maximum induced IOP
      rise was 1.4 mm Hg and this occurred within one hour of the capsulotomy. The
      average corneal endothelial cell change was a loss of 7% or 115 cells/mm2. Visual
      acuity improved to better than 20/30 in 87.5% of patients.

PMID- 4008311
TI  - Influence of picosecond and nanosecond YAG laser capsulotomy on intraocular
      pressure.
AB  - To evaluate laser-induced intraocular pressure rise with three YAG lasers, I
      performed posterior capsulotomies on three groups of patients. Each group
      contained 100 nonglaucomatous patients who had extracapsular cataract extraction
      with and without lens implantation. In each group 50 patients were treated with
      prophylactic medications. The three YAG lasers were (1) a picosecond TEMoo, mode
      locked, ten-degree cone angle; (2) a nanosecond TEMoo, Q-switched, 16-degree cone
      angle, delivering the energy in five nanoseconds per pulse; and (3) a Q-switched,
      15-degree cone angle, closer to multimode than TEMoo, delivering energy in 14
      nanoseconds seconds per pulse. The energy delivered per pulse, the thickness of
      the lens material, the shape (mode) of the pulse, the optical delivery system,
      and the width of the shock wave appear to act on intraocular pressure and to be
      factors influencing the possibility of marking the lens.

PMID- 4008312
TI  - Photometric evaluation of YAG-induced polymethylmethacrylate damage in a
      keratoprosthesis.
AB  - The use of the Nd:YAG laser in the photodiscission of retroprosthetic membranes
      represents a new clinical application. However, the potential adverse ophthalmic
      effects of YAG-induced PMMA damage to the keratoprosthesis are unknown.
      Consequently, precise photometric studies were conducted to evaluate image
      quality of the keratoprosthesis following YAG laser irradiation.

PMID- 4008313
TI  - Morphology of pseudophakic precipitates on intraocular lenses removed from human
      patients.
AB  - Cellular precipitates on the surface of 52 intraocular lenses removed from human
      patients for various reasons from one week to five years following implantation
      were studied with cytologic techniques and scanning electron microscopy. A
      variety of cellular responses were characterized: mononuclear precipitates
      composed of lymphocytes and macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and a
      fibroblastic proliferation. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were encountered less
      frequently. Acellular membranous precipitates were also observed. Cellular
      response was related to clinical history to correlate temporal and possible
      etiopathogenic factors in the formulation of these precipitates and their
      possible relationship to implant failure.

PMID- 4008314
TI  - Analysis of intraocular lens power calculation.
AB  - We performed an analysis of ocular biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) power
      calculation on 100 eyes that had anterior chamber IOL implantation during 1981
      and 1982. Various methods of calculating the IOL power were used, including the
      standard lens power, presurgical basic refraction, Fyodorov's formula,
      Colenbrander's formula, Binkhorst's formula, and the SRK formula. In addition, we
      took the median value of these calculated results as the median power in
      selecting an appropriate IOL power. The postoperative refraction and actually
      implanted IOL power were used to determine the IOL power needed for emmetropia.
      Our regression analysis of the predicted IOL power and power actually needed for
      emmetropia showed that the methods of standard power and presurgical basic
      refraction were unreliable while the rest were of satisfactory accuracy. Among
      the latter, all the predicted IOL powers based on the biometric data had almost
      the same coefficient of determination and standard error of estimate. However,
      with the SRK formula and the median power the values of the regression line were
      closest to the ideal value. With the regression analysis, the accuracy of
      predicted IOL power from theoretical formulas was comparable to that of the SRK
      regression formula.

PMID- 4008316
TI  - Other surgeons' experience with the Stableflex lens.

PMID- 4008315
TI  - Choyce's postulate.
AB  - The recently published intraocular lens standards from the American National
      Standards Institute (ANSI Z80.7) contain a reasonable standard for haptic
      diameter in section 3.10.1.2. The exception to this is fixed-length anterior
      chamber tripod lenses, which comprise a distinct category for which no realistic
      or practical standard is feasible. In accordance with the geometric properties of
      triangles, such tripod lenses have incorporeal haptic diameters and present
      special fixation problems that do not exist with either tetrapod or flexible
      lenses, so their continued use should be minimized.

PMID- 4008317
TI  - Frezzotti-Caporossi posterior chamber lens.

PMID- 4008318
TI  - Instrument for dissecting scleral incision flap.

PMID- 4008319
TI  - Ultrasound footpedal offers power and control.

PMID- 4008320
TI  - Flexible anterior chamber intraocular lens expulsion.
AB  - We report a case of presumed traumatic expulsion of an anterior chamber
      intraocular lens two weeks postoperatively. The 59-year-old patient presented
      complaining of foreign-body sensation; we found the intraocular lens in his
      superior conjunctival fornix.

PMID- 4008321
TI  - Goniomegaly associated with a normal cornea, increased axial length, and minimal
      refractive error.
AB  - The association of a large axial length with a small refractive error and a
      normal corneal diameter should alert the lens implant surgeon to the possibility
      that goniomegaly is present. We report a patient whose intraoperative anterior
      chamber diameter was measured as 15 mm. It was necessary to insert a modified
      posterior chamber intraocular lens instead of an anterior chamber lens.

PMID- 4008322
TI  - Anisophoria after implantation of an intraocular lens.
AB  - After extracapsular cataract extraction, a Simcoe-style posterior chamber
      intraocular lens was implanted in the left eye of a 69-year-old patient. The
      visual acuity of the right eye was 20/25 with +3.0 diopter correction. Probably
      as a result of a biometric error, the left eye was rendered myopic (-1.75 -3.00 X
      25 degrees). This anisometropia caused a disturbing diplopia, which could be
      explained by anisophoria rather than by aniseikonia. The problem of anisophoria
      is discussed, along with suggestions for correcting the problem.

PMID- 4008323
TI  - Early clinical experience with a new generation Q-switched neodymium: YAG laser.
AB  - We present early clinical results of Nd:YAG capsulotomy with a new generation
      Nd:YAG laser unit. We conclude that the new systems are as efficient as their
      early counterparts in noninvasive capsulotomy.

PMID- 4008324
TI  - In-the-bag placement of posterior chamber lenses.
AB  - A technique for placing posterior chamber lenses within the capsular bag without
      compressing the loops is described. Technique uses sodium hyaluronate and two
      Sinskey hooks.

PMID- 4008325
TI  - Use of the Ethicon 1713 suture for McCannel suturing.
AB  - The double-arm, straight-needle Ethicon 1713 suture with its STC6 micropoint
      spatula needle offers advantages over previously available needles for fixing
      intraocular lenses. Under certain circumstances, such as securing posterior
      chamber haptics to the iris, the advantage is significant. However, I recommend a
      shorter needle than the one presently available. Intracameral injection of sodium
      hyaluronate (Healon) increases the safety of this procedure.

PMID- 4008326
TI  - Consultation section. Indications for performing an iridectomy during cataract
      intraocular lens surgery.

PMID- 4008327
TI  - Isolation of dealanylalahopcin, a new amino acid, and its biological activity.
AB  - A new amino acid, dealanylalahopcin, was isolated from a culture filtrate of
      Streptomyces albulus subsp. ochragerus; it was also formed by the enzymatic
      hydrolysis of alahopcin using microbial alpha-amino acid ester hydrolase. The
      amino acid was obtained as colorless needles and its molecular formula is
      C6H10N2O5. It showed very weak antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and
      Gram-negative bacteria, and weak inhibitory activity against the collagen
      prolylhydroxylase.

PMID- 4008328
TI  - Microbial phosphorylation of compactin (ML-236B) and related compounds.
AB  - Several fungal strains were found to convert compactin (ML-236B) to 5'
      phosphocompactic acid. The product was isolated by solvent extraction and column
      chromatography, and identified by IR, UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 31P NMR
      spectroscopy. Related structures (monacolin K, L and X) were also transformed to
      their corresponding phosphorylated analogues. The products were re-converted back
      to respective parental compounds by treatment with alkaline phosphatase of calf
      intestine.

PMID- 4008329
TI  - Chemical modification of sulfazecin. Synthesis of 4-(substituted methyl)-2
      azetidinone-1-sulfonic acid derivatives.
AB  - In expectation of improving the antibacterial activity of sulfazecin by chemical
      modification at the 3- and 4-positions, a number of 3-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)
      (Z)-2-(substituted oxyimino)-acetamido]-4-(substituted methyl)-2-azetidinone-1
      sulfonic acids were synthesized. Among various 4-substituents explored, the
      carbamoyloxymethyl group was found to provide a good effect to the antibacterial
      activity of these 2-azetidinone derivatives. An extensive study of structure
      activity relationships led to selecting (3S,4S)-3-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-(Z)-2
      carboxymethoxyiminoace tamido]-4- carbamoyloxymethyl-2-azetidinone-1-sulfonic
      acid, AMA-1080 (Ro 17-2301), which has highly potent antibacterial activity
      against Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for further
      biological and subsequent clinical evaluation.

PMID- 4008331
TI  - Mutual relation of three pock-forming plasmids resident in Streptomyces noursei.
AB  - From Streptomyces noursei B3, two plasmids--designated pSCY5 and pSCY6--were
      isolated in addition to the known plasmid pSCY3. Strains carrying one or more of
      these plasmids generated pocks on a lawn of the plasmid-free strain, S. noursei
      KL3. The pocks elicited by pSCY3 and pSCY5 belonged to the A type; i.e., showed a
      clear inhibition zone, while those produced by pSCY6 were of the B type; i.e.,
      exhibited a turbid inhibition zone. The strains carrying either pSCY3 or pSCY5,
      were also capable of forming pocks on a lawn of S. noursei 6T-11 harboring pSCY6,
      and vice versa. However, pock formation was not observed between strains
      harboring pSCY3 and strains carrying pSCY5. The endonuclease cleavage maps of
      these plasmids revealed that pSCY3 differed clearly from that of pSCY6, whereas
      pSCY5 was found to be a hybrid plasmid consisting of the entire pSCY3 plasmid and
      an 8.4 Md or longer fragment originating from pSCY6. The pocks elicited by pSCY5
      were much smaller than those produced by pSCY3. Transformation experiments showed
      that pSCY6 elicited pocks in Streptomyces lividans as well as in S. noursei,
      whereas the pSCY6 transformants of S. lividans failed to produce pocks on a lawn
      of plasmid-free S. noursei.

PMID- 4008330
TI  - Semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins containing the substituted 6-vinyl
      1,2-dihydro-2-oxo- and 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid side chains.
      Synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AB  - A series of penicillins and cephalosporins containing the substituted 6-vinyl-1,2
      dihydro-2-oxo- and 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid side chains has
      been prepared and compared to piperacillin and cefoperazone. The compounds show
      good activity when tested in vitro against an array of Gram-negative bacteria. In
      vitro activity was also demonstrated against several species of Gram-positive
      bacteria. Two compounds, 14 and 21, show good in vivo activity when tested
      against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and two strains of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 4008332
TI  - Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of 7-N-(p-hydroxyphenyl)mitomycin C in
      human tumor xenografts transplanted into nude mice.
AB  - The effects of 7-N-(p-hydroxyphenyl)mitomycin C (M-83), a derivative of mitomycin
      C, against eight human tumor xenografts serially transplanted into male BALB/c
      nude mice were evaluated. M-83 showed positive antitumor effect against six out
      of eight tumor strains. The antitumor spectrum of this agent was similar to that
      of mitomycin C except for two strains. The serum level of M-83 detected by
      bioassay was biphasic, elimination half-life T1/2 beta was 10.9 minutes and the
      area under curve AUC60(0) was 112.4 micrograms . minute/ml when 15 mg/kg of the
      agent was administered. In the tumor, the peak concentration and AUC60(0)
      detected by radioassay correlated well with the value of drug efficacy TRW/CRW.
      The ratio of the concentrations detected by bioassay to radioassay in the tumor
      was approximately 10%, which was thought to be affected by inactivation of the
      agent in the tumor.

PMID- 4008333
TI  - Nargenicin biosynthesis: late stage oxidations and absolute configuration.

PMID- 4008334
TI  - Antitumor activity of leptomycin B.

PMID- 4008335
TI  - Immunopotentiation with forphenicinol: increased resistance to Pseudomonas
      septicaemia in mice.

PMID- 4008336
TI  - A new destomycin-family antibiotic produced by Saccharopolyspora hirsuta.

PMID- 4008337
TI  - Screening of microbial inhibitors of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase.

PMID- 4008338
TI  - Biosynthesis of ML-236B (compactin) and monacolin K.

PMID- 4008339
TI  - Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 6315-S, a new member of the oxacephem
      antibiotic.
AB  - The synthesis and in vitro activity of 7 beta-difluoromethylthioacetamido-7 alpha
      methoxy-3-[[1-(hydroxyethyl)-1H- tetrazol-5-yl]thiomethyl]-1-oxa-3-cephem-4
      carboxylic acid sodium salt, 6315-S, are described. 6315-S shows good
      antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, being
      especially highly active against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
      resistant to either ampicillin or methicillin. The structure-activity
      relationship of related 1-oxa and 1-thia cephems is also presented.

PMID- 4008340
TI  - N-Substituted derivatives of 23-amino-4',23-dideoxymycaminosyl tylonolide.
      Synthesis and antibacterial activity.
AB  - 23-Amino-4',23-dideoxymycaminosyl tylonolide diethyl acetal (5) has been prepared
      from 4',23-dideoxy-23-iodomycaminosyl tylonolide diethyl acetal (3) by treatment
      with sodium azide followed by selective reduction of the resulting azide (4). 23
      Acylamino-23-deoxy (6 approximately 8) and 23-deoxy-23-urethane-type compounds
      (12 approximately 15) were further prepared. Treatment of the 23-alkylamino-4',23
      dideoxymycaminosyl tylonolides (9, 10) with chloroformates gave 23-N-alkyl-23
      deoxy-23-urethane-type compounds (16 approximately 21, 29, 30). 23-N-Alkyl-23
      deoxy-23-(2-hydroxyethalamino and 2-methoxyethylamino)-4',23-dideoxymycaminosyl
      tylonolides (22 approximately 25, 27, 28) were prepared from 3 and the
      corresponding amines. Antibacterial activities and toxicities (for 23 and 27) of
      these compounds are described. toxicities (for 23 and 27) of these compounds are
      described.

PMID- 4008341
TI  - Separation of the filipin complex by gradient-elution high performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A method has been developed for the separation of the filipin complex components
      by gradient-elution high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The elution
      order for the major filipin components (filipins I approximately IV) was
      established by first isolating the component fractions by thin-layer
      chromatography. Each component fraction was then subjected to gradient HPLC. The
      order of elution for the major filipin components was from first to last: III,
      IV, II and I. The unexpected reversal in the elution order for filipins III and
      IV may be evidence that the two filipins are stereoisomeric at the C-1' position.
      Finally, gradient elution HPLC was used to compare various preparations of
      filipin. In addition, the technique has been applied to other preparations of
      polyene antibiotics which have structures similar to that of filipin.

PMID- 4008342
TI  - Antitumor activity of echinosporin.
AB  - Echinosporin isolated from a Streptomyces culture showed antitumor activity
      against rodent tumor models such as leukemia P388, P388/VCR, and fibrosarcoma
      Meth 1. It was marginally active against melanoma B16 and sarcoma 180. It was not
      active against Lewis lung carcinoma and xenograft MX-1. It inhibited the colony
      formation of HeLa S3 cells with a wide shoulder at low dose ranges. DNA, RNA, and
      protein synthesis were inhibited by echinosporin. It depressed WBC with nadir on
      day 3, but the recovery to the normal level after echinosporin injection was more
      rapid than that after mitomycin C.

PMID- 4008343
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of FK027 in rats and dogs.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of FK027, a new oral cephalosporin, were investigated in
      rats and dogs and compared with those of cefaclor, cephalexin and amoxicillin.
      Upon oral administration to either rats or dogs, FK027 produced higher and more
      sustained serum levels than the reference drugs, hence a longer half-life. After
      both oral and intravenous administration, the half-life of FK027 in dogs was
      approximately three fold that in rats. Although the concentrations of FK027 in
      rat kidney, liver and spleen were lower than those of cephalexin and amoxicillin,
      they were sustained similarly to the serum levels. The 24-hour urinary and
      biliary recovery rates of FK027 in rats after oral dosing with 100 mg/kg were
      34.1 and 21.9%, respectively. The urinary excretion of FK027 was significantly
      lower than that of the reference drugs, however, the biliary excretion was
      higher. In dogs, 23.4 and 0.2% of the given dose of 40 mg/kg of FK027 was
      excreted in the 24-hour urine and bile, respectively. Bioavailability of FK027
      after oral dosing was 38% in rats and 47% in dogs, as calculated from intravenous
      data. Binding of FK027 to serum protein in all species was the highest of the
      test drugs: 63% for human, 93% for dog, 61% for rat serum.

PMID- 4008344
TI  - Cloning of mitochondrially determined oligomycin resistance, oli-1 in yeast.
AB  - An Escherichia coli-yeast shuttle vector pOL 221 is described, which consists of
      pBR 322 and a yeast mitochondrial fragment. The mitochondrial insert in pOL 221
      possessed a mitochondrial autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) and a single
      Sst II site. The ARS function of pOL 221 was demonstrated by insertion of LEU2
      gene into pOL 221 (giving pOL 2211) followed by the transformation of leu- yeast
      cells. By use of this vector, chimeric plasmids pOL 37 and pOL 379 (a derivative
      of pOL 37 inserted with LEU2 gene), carrying the yeast mitochondrial oli-I gene
      were constructed. Marked instability was observed on the maintenance of pOL 37 in
      E. coli under non-selective conditions. pOL 37 can, however, be maintained in E.
      coli in the presence of tetracycline. pOL 2211, pOL 379 and other pOL plasmids
      showed mitotic instability in yeast. Transformants of oligomycin sensitive yeast
      cells with pOL 37 and pOL 379 did not show oligomycin resistance. The absence of
      recombination between the cloned mitochondrial gene and the host mitochondrial
      gene is discussed.

PMID- 4008345
TI  - The structure of streptonigrone, and a comment on the biosynthesis of the
      streptonigrin antibiotics.

PMID- 4008346
TI  - Mycinamicins, new macrolide antibiotics. VIII. Chemical degradation and absolute
      configuration of mycinamicins.

PMID- 4008347
TI  - The biosynthesis of hazimicins: possible origin of isonitrile carbon.

PMID- 4008348
TI  - Biosynthetic studies of leptomycins.

PMID- 4008349
TI  - Studies on the bioavailability of some bacampicillin salts.

PMID- 4008350
TI  - Further studies on bisnorpenicillins.

PMID- 4008351
TI  - Model of d.c. potentials in the cochlea: effects of voltage-dependent cilia
      stiffness.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore possible mechanisms for the generation
      of the summating potential. Computer simulation was used to model the effects of
      potential hair cell nonlinearities on extracellular and intracellular d.c.
      potentials in the cochlea. No one nonlinearity can account for both extracellular
      and intracellular experimental data. However, a model which includes two
      nonlinearities (voltage-dependent cilia stiffness and nonlinear transducer
      channel resistance) produces extracellular and intracellular responses which
      match experimental data very well.

PMID- 4008352
TI  - Ultrasonic electrocochleography in guinea pig.
AB  - In order to obtain information about how ultrasonic stimuli are perceived (USP)
      in man, guinea pig cochleae were stimulated by bone conduction with frequencies
      (98.8 and 143.5 kHz) above the normal auditory field of this animal. The cochlear
      potentials recorded consisted of CM, SP and AP originating from the basal turn of
      the cochlea, and were found to be influenced by asphyxia, administration of
      ethacrynic acid, hypothermia and change of interstimulus interval. In addition,
      in kanamycin-treated animals the mean AP amplitude decreased to about one fourth
      of the normal value, and the mean AP latency increased significantly. These
      findings suggest that there is no special sense organ for the detection of USP
      but that such sounds activate hair cells in the basal turn of the cochlea.

PMID- 4008353
TI  - Temporary threshold shift, adaptation, and recovery characteristics of frog
      auditory nerve fibers.
AB  - While recording from single auditory nerve fibers in a frog, a monaural 3 min
      pure tone stimulus at CF was used to induce temporary threshold shift (TTS). TTS
      magnitude was correlated with the exposure tone intensity relative to the pre
      exposure best threshold of the neuron, but not with exposure tone absolute
      intensity. CF and spontaneous spike rate were also uncorrelated with TTS
      magnitude. Comparison of frequency-threshold curves (FTCs) made before and
      successively after exposure revealed either a maximum sensitivity loss at the tip
      of the FTC or an equal shift at all frequencies. Neurons tended to recover from
      TTS within 3 min post-exposure, regardless of the initial TTS. Thus, recovery
      from TTS was more rapid for larger shifts. Recovery dynamics followed single or a
      double negative exponential functions.

PMID- 4008354
TI  - Origin of latency shift of cochlear nerve potentials with sound intensity.
AB  - Compound action potentials were recorded from the round window in anesthetized
      rats in response to tonebursts and to continuous tones. The responses to
      tonebursts were compared to cross-correlograms of the responses to continuous
      tones that were amplitude modulated by pseudorandom noise. The cross-correlograms
      were similar in shape to the responses to tonebursts, but the latencies of the
      two cross-correlogram peaks decreased less when the sound intensity was increased
      from near threshold values than did the latencies of the peaks in the responses
      to tonebursts. When an unmodulated tone was added to these stimuli, the latencies
      of peaks in the response to tonebursts increased as the intensity of the
      unmodulated tone was increased. However, the effect of an unmodulated tone on the
      latencies of the peaks in the cross-correlograms was more complex: when the
      frequency of the unmodulated tone was below that of the modulated tone, there was
      a decrease in the latency of the peaks in cross-correlograms. This decrease in
      latency was a function of the intensity of the unmodulated tone, and was similar
      to the decrease in latency seen when the intensity of a single modulated tone is
      increased. These results are interpreted as supporting the findings of earlier
      research, which showed that the cross-correlogram of the unit response to
      amplitude-modulated tones has a latency that is nearly independent of the
      stimulus intensity. In addition, the data indicate that the decrease in the
      latency of the peaks in the cross-correlograms of the gross response from the
      round window is a result of nonlinearity of the cochlear frequency analyzer and
      is not directly related to neural excitation in the cochlea.

PMID- 4008355
TI  - A functional organization of binaural responses in the inferior colliculus.
AB  - Binaural responses are segregated within an enlarged isofrequency region of the
      mustache bat's inferior colliculus. In the part of this region containing E-I
      responses, there is an orderly shift in the sensitivity of unit clusters to
      interaural intensity disparities, having implications for the representation of
      auditory space within isofrequency regions of the inferior colliculus.

PMID- 4008356
TI  - Rapid adaptation depends on the characteristic frequency of auditory nerve
      fibers.
AB  - When a tone burst is presented to the ear, the firing rate of single auditory
      nerve fibers is initially high, then rapidly declines toward a smaller value. The
      rate of this decline in gerbil is a complex function of stimulus frequency and
      intensity, and fiber characteristic frequency.

PMID- 4008357
TI  - Comparison of four methods of calf confinement. I. Physiology.
AB  - Holstein bull calves were blocked by birth order and randomly assigned to one of
      three treatments in trial I: stall (N = 7), pen (N = 7) and hutch (N = 7), and to
      one of four treatments in trial II: stall (N = 6), pen (N = 5), hutch (N = 6) and
      yard (N = 8). Stalls were elevated, .56 X 1.2 m, with wooden slatted floors.
      Stalled calves were tethered from the front with a collar and .5-m chain. Pens
      were elevated, 1.2 X 1.5 m, with wooden slatted floors and were located in the
      same open-front building as the stalls. Hutches were 1.2 X 1.2 X 2.4 m long and
      open on one end. Hutch calves were restrained with a dog collar and 2.4-m chain.
      Yard calves were housed as a group in a 3.6 X 7.9 m, outdoor enclosure, of which
      one-half was a covered, three-sided structure. Calves were placed on treatment
      between 12 to 24 h of age, bottle-fed 1.9 liters colostrum twice daily for 2 d
      and then bucket-fed 1.9 liters milk replacer twice daily, with continuous access
      to hay and grain. Jugular blood samples taken at 6 wk were analyzed for blood
      cell counts, blood chemistry profile (13 items), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine
      (T4), basal cortisol and adrenal response (cortisol) to exogenous
      adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Average daily gain from 0 to 42 d was highly
      variable and was not significantly different for different treatments.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008358
TI  - Comparison of four methods of calf confinement. II. Behavior.
AB  - Holstein bull calves (N = 46) were blocked by birth order and randomly assigned
      to be individually reared in stalls, pens or hutches (trials I and II) or as a
      group in a 3.6 X 7.9 m yard (trial II only). Treatments differed by the degree of
      restraint and social isolation imposed, with stalls the most restrictive and yard
      the least. Stalls and pens had wooden slatted floors; hutches and yard were on
      ground. Calves were placed on treatment within 24 h of birth and remained on
      treatment 6.5 wk. Total time standing or lying per 24 h in situ at 5 wk was not
      affected by treatment (P greater than .05), but hutch calves changed position
      between standing and lying more often than others (P less than .05), in order to
      remain in sun or shade. At 6.5 wk, calves (N = 24) in trial II were individually
      open-field tested for 20 min in the presence of alien calves. Stall and pen
      calves performed more actions utilized in locomotion and defense and engaged in
      more social behavior than hutch or yard calves (P less than .05). Only stall and
      pen calves stumbled and fell, but observations were insufficient to allow
      statistical analysis of these incidents. Treatment effects were found with
      respect to vocalizations: stall and pen calves emitted more "baaocks," while yard
      calves emitted more "moos." Results of this study and of a companion
      physiological study of the calves suggest that the intensification of drives
      induced by chronic suppression of their release may be accompanied by
      physiological responses associated with chronic stress.

PMID- 4008359
TI  - Effects of double decking and space allowance on the performance and behavior of
      feeder lambs.
AB  - A 2 X 2 factorial experiment was conducted using growing lambs to compare single
      level vs double-decked pens and high (.32 m2/lamb) vs low (.48 m2/lamb)
      densities. Three replicates of each treatment combination were involved using 30
      lambs/pen. In the double-decked pens, an upper deck located over the rear section
      of the lower level provided one-third of the total floor area. Feed and water
      were provided on the lower level only and lambs could move freely between levels
      by means of a slatted ramp. All floors were of expanded metal. Use of the various
      areas of the pens was determined during a 24-h observation and by a videotape
      recording of the double-decked pens during the daylight hours. Fleece
      contamination was determined by visual observation and standard wool testing
      procedures. Gain was determined over the 8-wk period of each replicate. The high
      density treatment resulted in 1.5 kg/lamb (10%) less gain (P less than .01) and,
      in the case of double-decked pens, different patterns of space utilization
      compared with the low density treatment. Lambs in the low density pens were able
      to move more successfully from resting areas to the feeding area in the afternoon
      (P less than .01). The double-decked system did not significantly affect weight
      gain, but resulted in dirtier fleeces (P less than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008360
TI  - Heterosis retained in advanced generations of crosses among Angus and Hereford
      cattle.
AB  - Data from 1,909 purebred, F1, backcross and F2 and F3 inter se combinations of
      Angus and Hereford were used to estimate average individual, maternal and
      grandmaternal genetic effects, individual and maternal heterosis, dominance and
      epistatic genetic effects. Models for evaluating heterosis and epistatic or
      recombination effects were discussed. Average individual effects indicate that
      Angus, compared with Hereford, had calves that were born earlier, had lighter
      birth weights, lower pre- and postweaning gains and lower pregnancy rates. Angus
      also produced lighter weight carcasses with more fat cover and marbling. Maternal
      effects of Angus were in the direction of reduced birth weight, greater calving
      ease, higher preweaning but lower postweaning growth rate and increased fatness
      when contrasted with Hereford. There was a tendency for opposite direction of
      maternal and grandmaternal effects for traits influenced by preweaning maternal
      environment. When additive X additive effects were ignored, total heterosis was
      significant for earlier day born, heavier birth weight, preweaning and
      postweaning gain, and heavier and fatter carcasses. Heterosis retained in F3
      inter se vs F1 generation crosses indicated that net epistatic effects were
      relatively negligible for date of calving, birth weight, weaning gain and fat
      cover. There was a greater reduction of heterosis effects than expected from
      dominance alone for survival, pregnancy and marbling score. Loss of heterosis in
      F3 was less than expected for postweaning gain, carcass weight and rib eye area.
      Except for survival, pregnancy and marbling, these deviations from dominance
      expectations, or lack of them, are favorable for F3 composite populations.

PMID- 4008361
TI  - Selection for weaning weight and postweaning gain in Hereford cattle. I.
      Population structure and selection applied.
AB  - Single trait selection was practiced in three lines of Hereford cattle derived
      from a common base population. Selection was practiced on males only within sire
      families for increased weaning weight (WW) in the WW line (WWL), for postweaning
      gain (PG) in the PG line (PGL) and at random in the control line (CTL). Females
      were culled on the basis of age or reproductive failure. Progeny of selected
      bulls were produced in two herds from 1970 through 1981. The data consisted of
      records on 2,467 progeny of 125 sires and 922 dams. Generations of selection to
      produce the 1981 calf crop were 1.96, 1.85 and 1.80 for WWL, PGL and CTL,
      respectively. For calves born in 1981, mean cumulative selection differentials
      (CSD) were 54.5 kg in WWL and 37.8 kg in PGL. Corresponding values in standard
      deviation units (SDU) were 2.31 and 1.68, respectively. Secondary selection
      differentials were 25 to 40% as large as selection differentials for the primary
      traits. Unintentional selection in the CTL in 1981 was 16.2 kg or .68 SDU for WW
      and .2 kg or .01 SDU for PG, respectively. Regressions of CSD on year were 4.1 kg
      or .17 SDU in WWL and 3.2 kg or .14 SDU in PGL. Realized selection differentials
      were approximately 88% of the potential selection differentials in both lines.
      Inbreeding coefficients of dam and calves in 1981 were 2.0 and 3.5% in WWL, 2.1
      and 3.5% in PGL and 2.9 and 5.8% in CTL.

PMID- 4008362
TI  - Selection for weaning weight and postweaning gain in Hereford cattle. II.
      Response to selection.
AB  - Single trait selection was practiced in three lines of Hereford cattle at two
      locations. Bulls were selected within sire families for increased weaning weight
      (WW) in the WW line (WWL), for postweaning gain (PG) in the PG line (PGL) and at
      random in the control line (CTL). Data include the performance of 2,467 calves
      produced from 1967 to 1981. Environmental effects were estimated from CTL (method
      I) and from multiple regression procedures (method II). Phenotypic and
      environmental time trends were negative for WW and generally were positive for
      PG. Estimated genetic gains for WW in WWL were 1.07 +/- .51 kg/yr in bulls and
      .62 +/- .36 kg/yr in heifers using method I and .50 +/- .31 kg/yr in bulls and
      .10 +/- .17 kg/yr in heifers using method II. Corresponding values for PG in PGL
      were .85 +/- .40 and 1.03 +/- .24 kg/yr in bulls and .30 +/- .28 and .37 +/- .12
      kg in heifers. Correlated genetic gains for WW in PGL were larger than direct WW
      gains, whereas genetic gains for PG in WWL were smaller than direct PG gains.
      From method I, estimates of realized heritability (h2R) for WW were .31 +/- .18
      in bulls and .22 +/- .13 in heifers. For PG, h2R was .31 +/- .13 in bulls and .06
      +/- .12 in heifers. Using method II, h2R for WW was .09 +/- .08 in bulls and .02
      +/- .07 in heifers. Corresponding values for PG were .29 +/- .10 and .11 +/- .08.
      Joint estimates of the realized genetic correlation between WW and PG were .69 +/
      .18 and .46 +/- .31 for methods I and II, respectively. Variation in selection
      response was evaluated using quasi-replicates. Results of this study indicate
      that selection for PG improved both WW and PG faster than selection for WW.

PMID- 4008363
TI  - Selection for weaning weight and postweaning gain in Hereford cattle. III.
      Correlated responses to selection in milk yield, preweaning and postweaning
      traits.
AB  - Single trait selection was practiced in three lines of Hereford cattle. Bulls
      were selected within sire families for increased weaning weight (WW) in the WW
      line (WWL), for postweaning gain (PG) in the PG line (PGL) and at random in the
      control line (CTL). Correlated responses to selection indicated that predicted
      milk yield in cows and preweaning daily gain and yearling weight in bulls and
      heifers were genetically improved in both WWL and PGL. Larger correlated
      responses were observed in PGL than in WWL. Birth weight in bulls and heifers
      increased in PGL but no genetic change was observed in WWL. Feed efficiency, feed
      intake and fatness were evaluated in bulls on postweaning feedlot test. No
      significant correlated responses in feed efficiency were observed in either line.
      Larger correlated responses in feed intake were observed in PGL bulls than in WWL
      bulls, while fatness was significantly increased in both selection lines.

PMID- 4008364
TI  - Characterization of breeds of Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle for maternal and
      individual traits.
AB  - Angus, Boran and Red Poll sires were mated to Ankole, Boran and small East
      African Zebu (Zebu) females to produce the cows characterized in this study,
      which produced calves by Friesian, Brown Swiss, Simmental, Boran and Red Poll
      sires. Individual traits included cow parturition weight, cow weight at weaning,
      cow mean weight and cow weight change from parturition to weaning; maternal
      traits included calf crop born percentage, preweaning viability percentage,
      overall viability percentage, birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 12, 18 and
      24 mo and calf weight weaned per cow exposed to breeding (productivity index).
      Cows by Angus and Red Poll sires significantly exceeded cows by Boran sires (all
      cows in this comparison had Ankole and Zebu dams) in weaning weight of progeny
      and in cow weight at parturition and at weaning. Cows by Red Poll sires
      significantly exceeded cows by Boran sires in birth weight of progeny. Progeny of
      cows by Boran sires significantly exceeded progeny of cows by Angus and Red Poll
      sires in 24-mo weight. Cows by Angus and Red Poll sires did not differ (P greater
      than .05) in any of the traits analyzed. Cows with Ankole and Boran dams
      significantly exceeded cows with Zebu dams (all cows in this comparison had Angus
      and Red Poll sires) in progeny weight at birth, 18 mo and 24 mo and in cow weight
      at parturition and at weaning. Cows with Boran dams significantly exceeded cows
      with Zebu dams in weaning and 12-mo weight of progeny and significantly exceeded
      cows with Ankole dams in weaning weight of progeny. The significantly heavier
      weaning weight and significantly lighter 24-mo weight of the 3/4 Bos taurus
      progeny of cows with Angus and Red Poll sires relative to the 1/2 Bos taurus
      progeny of cows with Boran sires suggest that cattle that are 1/2 Bos taurus
      breed composition have greater general adaptation than cattle with 3/4 Bos taurus
      breed composition in the postweaning nutritive and climatic environment under
      which this experiment was conducted. Significantly heavier weights of Angus and
      Red Poll crossbred cows relative to Boran crossbred cows (all breeds crossed on
      Ankole and Zebu cows) indicate that the two Bos taurus breeds exceed the Boran
      (Bos indicus) breed in additive direct genetic effects for size when they have
      general adaptation to the environment.

PMID- 4008365
TI  - Heterosis and breed effects on maternal and individual traits of Bos indicus
      breeds of cattle.
AB  - Data were analyzed to estimate the effects of heterosis and breed on a series of
      maternal and individual traits. Crossbred cows were Boran X Ankole and Boran X
      Zebu; straight-bred cows were Ankole, Boran and Small East African Zebu (Zebu).
      Cows of all breed groups were mated to Friesian, Brown Swiss and Simmental sires
      to produce crossbred progeny. While not generally significant, the average
      effects of heterosis of both crosses for the traits analyzed were: calf crop
      born, 7.0%; preweaning viability, 7.2%; overall viability, 7.3%; birth weight,
      6.0%; weaning weight, 5.4%; 12-mo weight, 4.2%; 18-mo weight, 3.7%; 24-mo weight,
      3.6%; calf weight weaned per cow exposed to breeding (cow productivity index),
      24.5%; cow parturition weight, 3.5%; cow weaning weight, 4.2% and cow mean
      weight, 4.0%. Boran cows weaned 31.8 kg (48.0%) more (P less than .05) calf
      weight per cow exposed to breeding than Ankole cows. Boran cows were generally
      superior to Zebu cows in progeny weights at all ages (P less than .01). Boran
      cows weaned 34.5 kg (54.3%) more (P less than .05) calf weight per cow exposed to
      breeding than Zebu cows. Boran cows weighed an average of 70.8 kg more (P less
      than .01) than Zebu cows. Although progeny of Ankole dams were heavier (P less
      than .05) than the progeny of Zebu dams at all ages, the two breeds did not
      differ (P greater than .05) in calf weight weaned per cow exposed to breeding.
      Mean weight of Ankole cows was 75.8 kg heavier (P less than .01) than mean weight
      of Zebu cows.

PMID- 4008366
TI  - Comparison of Bos taurus-Bos indicus breed crosses with straightbred Bos indicus
      breeds of cattle for maternal and individual traits.
AB  - Data were analyzed to compare crossbred females produced by crossing exotic Angus
      and Red Poll males to indigenous Ankole, Boran and Small East African Zebu (Zebu)
      females with straightbred females of the Ankole, Boran and Zebu breeds at the
      Ruhengere Field Station in the Ankole District of Southwestern Uganda. Progeny of
      the straightbred and crossbred dams were by Friesian, Brown Swiss and Simmental
      sires. Crossbred exotic X indigenous dams were favored over straightbred
      indigenous dams by 13.7% (P less than .01) in calf birth weight and by 14.8% (P
      less than .01) in calf weaning weight. Cross-bred cows exceeded (P less than .01)
      straightbred cows by 61.9% (48.5 kg) in calf weight weaned per cow exposed to
      breeding. Crossbred cows weighed 37, 46 and 42 kg more (P less than .01) than
      straightbred cows at parturition, weaning and cow mean weight, respectively.
      Angus X Boran and Red Poll X Boran crossbred dams were compared specifically with
      straightbred Boran dams. Exotic (Angus, Red Poll) X Boran crossbred dams exceeded
      straightbred Boran dams by 27.0% (P less than .05) in calf crop born, by 8.3% (P
      less than .05) in progeny birth weight and by 14.7% (P less than .01) in progeny
      weaning weight. Weight of calf weaned per cow exposed to breeding favored (P less
      than .01) the Angus X Boran and Red Poll X Boran crossbred dams over the
      straightbred Boran dams by 50.5% (50 kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008367
TI  - Influence of dietary alfalfa:orchardgrass hay and lasalocid on in vitro estimates
      of dry matter digestibility and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal
      contents and rate of digesta passage in sows.
AB  - Four mature crossbred sows were fistulated in the cecum, with two sows fed a corn
      alfalfa:orchardgrass hay (46%) diet (CH) and two fed a corn-soybean meal diet
      (CS). Four experiments were conducted to evaluate buffers, incubation times,
      buffer pH and substrate and inocula sources in an in vitro, anaerobic, mixed
      culture system. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and substrate
      solubility in buffer (SS) were determined. In Exp. 1, substrates were CH and CS
      diets with cecal inocula obtained from CH- and CS-fed sows. The bicarbonate (B)
      buffer resulted in lower (P less than .01) and less variable SS for all
      treatments. In vitro dry matter digestibility was higher (P less than .01) for
      the CS diet at both 24 and 48 h incubation. Use of the B buffer also resulted in
      higher (P less than .001) IVDMD values. In Exp. 2, substrates were either as in
      Exp. 1 or were freeze-dried cecal contents (CC) from CH- or CS-fed sows. In vitro
      dry matter digestibility of CC was lower (P less than .006) than IVDMD of diet,
      while IVDMD was higher (P less than .02) with cecal inocula than fecal inocula.
      In Exp. 3, substrate-inocula treatments were CH-CH, CH-CS, CS-CH and CS-CS.
      Substrate solubility was lower (P less than .05) at pH 5.8 than at pH 6.8. In
      vitro dry matter digestibility was higher when substrate and inocula were from
      the same source and at pH 5.8. In Exp. 4, CC and inocula were from sows fed CH
      and CS diets with or without lasalocid. In vitro dry matter digestibility was
      higher with CC from lasalocid-fed sows and inocula from sows fed no lasalocid.
      The CH diet resulted in higher acetate (Ac) and lower propionate (Pr) molar
      proportions than did the CS diet, while lasalocid increased molar proportion Pr
      and decreased molar proportion Ac in cecal contents from sows fed either diet.
      Corn-alfalfa:orchardgrass hay-fed sows had a faster rate of digesta passage and
      shorter cecal retention time than did CS-fed sows.

PMID- 4008368
TI  - Effect of male accessory gland secretions on sensitivity of porcine sperm
      acrosomes to cold shock, initiation of motility and loss of cytoplasmic droplets.
AB  - Hyaluronidase release was used as an index of acrosomal membrane damage during
      cold shock of epididymal boar sperm and ejaculated sperm from intact and
      vesiculectomized boars. Sperm were also incubated with seminal plasma from intact
      and vasectomized boars to examine the contributions of male accessory gland
      secretions. Acrosomal membranes of epididymal sperm were more resistant to cold
      shock than those of ejaculated sperm. Only 36% of the hyaluronidase released by
      ejaculated sperm was released by the epididymal sperm in spite of similar
      hyaluronidase content of the sperm. Preincubation of epididymal sperm in seminal
      plasma from both intact and vasectomized boars increased resistance to cold shock
      by 60 to 80%. Initial dilution of epididymal sperm with seminal plasma, rather
      than Ringer-fructose buffer, was associated with low progressive motility and
      with retention of cytoplasmic droplets. In contrast, acrosomal membranes of
      ejaculated sperm from intact and vesiculectomized boars exhibited similar
      sensitivity to cold shock, releasing hyaluronidase capable of forming .20 and .19
      mumol N-acetylglucosamine from hyaluronic acid/10(8) sperm in 8 min. Moreover,
      seminal plasma from vasectomized boars had no effect on acrosomal sensitivity to
      cold shock of ejaculated sperm from vesiculectomized boars.

PMID- 4008369
TI  - Influence of protein degradability in range supplements on abomasal nitrogen
      flow, nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility.
AB  - Two metabolism trials were conducted with yearling steers fed mature native
      forage to measure the effect of supplemental protein degradability on selected
      metabolic variables. Supplements contained 40% crude protein equivalence. In
      Trial 1, four abomasal-cannulated steers weighing 290 to 379 kg were fed
      supplements containing the following N sources: (1) 15% corn, 85% urea (U); (2)
      100% soybean meal (SBM); (3) 10% corn, 40% soybean meal, 50% urea (SBM-U) and (4)
      14% corn, 36% blood meal, 50% urea (BM-U). Equal portions of the daily diet (2.2%
      of body weight) were fed every 2 h. Treatment differences were not significant
      for organic matter digestibility, abomasal organic matter flow, nonammonia N
      flow, feed N flow, bacterial N flow and efficiency of microbial protein
      synthesis. There was a positive (P less than .05) relationship between quantity
      of slowly degraded protein fed and nonammonia N flow (r = .97) or feed N flow (r
      = .98). Escape N was determined to be 21.5, 16.5 and 54.2% in SBM, SBM-U and BM-U
      supplements, respectively. In the second trial, no supplement, SBM, SBM-U and BM
      U were fed in a N balance trial. Dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent
      fiber digestibilities were higher (P less than .05) for steers fed supplemented
      diets. Acid detergent fiber digestibility was higher (P less than .05) for steers
      supplemented with SBM than steers fed the unsupplemented diets. Nitrogen
      retention was greater (P less than .05) for cattle fed SBM and BM-U than for
      cattle fed SBM-U or no supplement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008370
TI  - Effect of salinomycin level on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics
      of sheep and feedlot performance of cattle.
AB  - A sheep digestion trial and two feedlot trials with cattle were conducted to
      study effects of an ionophore, salinomycin, on nutrient digestibility, ruminal
      metabolism and cattle performance. In trial 1, addition of salinomycin at 5.5, 11
      or 22 ppm to 60% concentrate diets fed to ruminal-cannulated rams had no effect
      (P greater than .05) on apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter
      (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) or starch in
      comparison with control diets. Apparent nitrogen (N) digestibility was increased
      (P less than .05) in animals fed salinomycin. Salinomycin did not affect total
      volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the rumen, but resulted in a linear
      (P less than .05) increase in molar proportion of propionate and a linear (P less
      than .05) decrease in molar proportions of acetate and butyrate and in
      acetate:propionate ratios. Shifts in VFA proportions were fully expressed within
      4 d after salinomycin was added to the diet. In trial 2, salinomycin was added at
      5.5, 11, 22 or 33 ppm to 85% concentrate diets fed to finishing steers.
      Salinomycin level had a quadratic effect (P less than .05) on daily weight gain
      and resulted in a quadratic (P less than .05) decrease in feed intake with a
      resultant average improvement of 10.3% in feed efficiency. Salinomycin (5.5, 11,
      16.5 or 22 ppm) and monensin (22 ppm) were added to 90% concentrate diets in
      trial 3 and produced increased rates of gain without affecting feed
      intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008372
TI  - A note on legionellas in whirlpools.
AB  - Water samples from 52 whirlpools (jacuzzi), water temperature 35-40 degrees C,
      and from 50 swimming pools, water temperature 8-30 degrees C, were investigated
      for the presence of Legionella pneumophila. This was isolated from 11 of 28
      whirlpools with free available chlorine less than 0.3 mg/l. No legionellas were
      detected in 23 whirlpools with free available chlorine over 0.3 mg/l. Legionella
      pneumophila was found in two swimming pools. The results indicate that 0.3 mg/l
      of free available chlorine is sufficient to eliminate legionellas from
      whirlpools.

PMID- 4008371
TI  - A note on microbial spoilage of sheep meat at ambient temperature.
AB  - Shelf-life and microbial spoilage of sheep carcass meat at ambient temperature
      under commercial conditions were studied. The initial bacterial count of
      carcasses ranged 5.6-5.8 log/cm2. Staphylococcus spp. (48%) predominated in the
      initial microflora of carcasses followed by Micrococcus spp. (19%) and
      Escherichia spp. (12%). Microbial spoilage of carcasses occurred around 20 h when
      the bacterial count reached 8.0-9.0 log/cm2. Thus the shelf life of carcasses at
      ambient temperature was 19 h. The predominant micro-organisms at the time of
      spoilage were Escherichia and 'Acinetobacter-like' organisms. It was also
      observed that Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp. could form a
      major part of the final flora. The presence of Escherichia and Staphylococcus
      spp. in higher percentages on the surface of carcasses at the time of spoilage
      presents the scope for health hazards.

PMID- 4008373
TI  - A note on a code for the identification of the 'viridans' streptococci.
AB  - A simple numerical code for the identification of 'viridans' streptococci was
      devised with Facklam's system of classification. This is based on biochemical
      criteria and consists of nine tests, with an additional five for the
      identification of closely related species and the subspecies or biotype of
      Streptococcus mutans. The 'viridans' streptococci can be divided into 10 species
      with the aid of this scheme while five subspecies and an additional biotype of
      Streptococcus mutans can be recognized. Advantages of this scheme are that the
      numerical code differentiates between isolates of the same species, distinguishes
      between biochemically active and non-active species and indicates similarities
      between species.

PMID- 4008374
TI  - Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with animals and their importance to
      man.

PMID- 4008375
TI  - Inhibition of hyphal development in Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthroconidia by
      ketoconazole and miconazole.
AB  - In the presence of 0.5 mg/l ketoconazole and miconazole, arthroconidia from three
      isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes produced germ tubes, which continued to
      grow for 12 h before further elongation ceased. Lower concentrations reduced the
      rate of elongation, but did not halt the process. Higher concentrations had no
      greater effect than 0.5 mg/l. The inhibitory effect of ketoconazole was
      independent of time of addition of drug during the first six hours of
      germination. Ketoconazole inhibition was reversible after 12 h contact, whereas
      miconazole inhibition was not. Morphological effects of drug treatment were
      investigated by scanning electron microscopy. In the absence of imidazoles,
      hyphae were straight and regular; ketoconazole treated hyphae were short,
      irregular and branching; miconazole treatment produced extensive debris and
      spores forming within the hyphae were visible.

PMID- 4008376
TI  - Distribution of plasmid-borne resistance to nucleic acid binding compounds in
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which are epidemic in
      Australian hospitals have been found to be genetically different from strains
      previously isolated in Australia and in Europe. A characteristic feature of the
      recent Australian isolates is a plasmid which encodes resistance to nucleic acid
      binding compounds (NAB) such as propamidine isethionate. Of 753 MRSA strains
      isolated from around the world in 1980-1983, c. 60% were NAB resistant. The
      determinant for this resistance could be transferred from 90% of strains to a
      recipient strain in mixed culture. A plasmid analysis revealed that, in general,
      the largest plasmid of MRSA isolates coded for NAB resistance and may carry other
      determinants for penicillinase production and resistance to gentamicin,
      trimethoprim, neomycin, tetracycline, cadmium and mercury. Some plasmids
      exhibited unusual behaviour with the appearance of deletion mutants after
      transfer and, in one case, a high-frequency alteration in the expression of
      gentamicin resistance from high-level to low-level resistance, correlated to a
      deletion of c. 0.5 megadalton of plasmid DNA. These results demonstrate that
      these NAB-resistance plasmids are not unique to Australian MRSA strains but are
      widely distributed throughout the world.

PMID- 4008377
TI  - In-vitro and in-vivo activities of antimicrobial agents against Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus.
AB  - The virulence of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp.
      anitratus was studied in mice, and in-vitro and in-vivo activities of several
      antimicrobial agents were evaluated. In in-vitro susceptibility testings,
      tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and peptide were highly sensitive, and
      minocycline and doxycycline were the most active of 21 antibiotics tested against
      84 clinical isolates of Acin. calcoaceticus. Virulence tests for mice revealed
      that some strains exhibited high virulence with LD50 values between 10(3) and
      10(4) viable cells/mouse. Against lethal and urinary tract infections produced by
      Acin. calcoaceticus Ac-54 strain in mice, minocycline, doxycycline, gentamicin,
      and dibekacin, which were highly active in vitro, were effective.

PMID- 4008378
TI  - Satranidazole: experimental evaluation of activity against anaerobic bacteria in
      vitro and in animal models of anaerobic infection.
AB  - Satranidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole derivative, was tested for its activity against
      reference strains and clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria in vitro and in two
      murine models of anaerobic infection in comparison with metronidazole,
      tinidazole, ornidazole and clindamycin. The MIC90 of satranidazole against 50
      clinical isolates of anaerobes was 0.25 mg/l which was four-fold lower than the
      MIC90 of metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole (MIC90 = 1.0 mg/l). In a fatal
      murine infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum, ATCC 27852, the ED50 of
      satranidazole was 2.1 +/- 0.62 mg/kg while for metronidazole, ornidazole,
      tinidazole and clindamycin, the values were 11.31 +/- 1.99, 8.70 +/- 2.21, 13.19
      +/- 2.39 and 7.10 +/- 1.73 respectively. In a subcutaneous Bacteroides fragilis
      abscess in mice, satranidazole alone produced a three log reduction in cfu of the
      infecting organism at 10 mg/kg, the lowest dose tested. At 100 mg/kg, only
      satranidazole and clindamycin effected a complete sterilization of abscesses.

PMID- 4008379
TI  - Resistance in oral streptococci after repeated three-dose erythromycin
      prophylaxis.
AB  - Ten healthy volunteers, from whom no erythromycin-resistant oral streptococci
      could be isolated initially, received three doses of erythromycin stearate (1.0,
      0.5 and 0.5 g) on two separate occasions with a one-week interval between them.
      After the second administration all volunteers yielded moderately resistant
      strains (MIC 1-4 mg/l) and four harboured highly resistant streptococci (MIC 16-
      greater than 256 mg; MBC 128- greater than 256 mg/l). Erythromycin-resistant
      strains persisted in eight of the volunteers at 23 weeks and in five of eight
      volunteers at 43 weeks. Species included Streptococcus sanguis, Str. mitior and
      unclassified streptococci, and dextran-positive strains were encountered.
      Erythromycin-resistant streptococci are thus readily selected by two
      administrations of the three-dose regimen. Until the time of emergence of the
      resistant strains is further clarified a full assessment of the antibiotic
      sensitivity of the flora of the gingival sulcus is advisable before erythromycin
      prophylaxis is repeated.

PMID- 4008380
TI  - Interaction of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of clindamycin and gram
      negative aerobic organisms: effects on adhesion and polymorphonuclear leukocyte
      function.
AB  - The effect of pre-incubation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and
      Proteus mirabilis with sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub MICs) of clindamycin on
      the adherence of these organisms was studied. Culturing these organisms in the
      presence of clindamycin (4 mg/l) resulted in significant enhancement of adherence
      for Ps. aeruginosa and Pr. mirabilis and decreased adherence for K. pneumoniae.
      Furthermore, the effect of pre-exposure to clindamycin on polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte (PMNLs) function against these organisms was determined. Filtrates of
      Pr. mirabilis pre-exposed to clindamycin promoted PMNL chemotaxis. No effect on
      chemotaxis was noted with the filtrates of clindamycin treated Ps. aeruginosa and
      K. pneumoniae. PMNL phagocytosis for all the organisms was increased after they
      were pre-exposed to clindamycin.

PMID- 4008381
TI  - The monitoring of serum chloramphenicol levels in children with severe
      infections.
AB  - Serum chloramphenicol levels were evaluated in 52 children with severe infection
      treated intravenously with chloramphenicol succinate and orally with
      chloramphenicol palmitate, chloramphenicol monostearoylglycolate or
      chloramphenicol in capsules. Effective serum levels were recorded with all
      chloramphenicol preparations. The variability was largest with chloramphenicol
      monostearoylglycolate. In a case of neonatal Escherichia coli meningitis good
      serum levels of chloramphenicol were achieved with chloramphenicol palmitate
      orally, supporting the view that oral chloramphenicol palmitate can be used to
      treat serious infections in this age group. Our data and those in the literature
      show that monitoring of serum chloramphenicol levels in neonates is necessary.
      After the neonatal period monitoring of serum chloramphenicol levels is useful in
      avoiding too high concentrations. On the other hand, toxic effects of high
      concentrations can be recognized from reticulocyte and haemoglobin, neutrophil
      and platelet counts, which should be performed every three to four days.

PMID- 4008382
TI  - Paradoxical effect of penicillin in-vivo.

PMID- 4008383
TI  - Sensitivity and resistance to antifungals.

PMID- 4008385
TI  - Bacterial kinetic studies in infection.

PMID- 4008384
TI  - Penetration of antibiotics into bone.

PMID- 4008386
TI  - An in-vitro investigation of synergy and antagonism between antimicrobials
      against Chlamydia trachomatis.
AB  - Chequerboard titrations of antimicrobials were carried out against Chlamydia
      trachomatis in vitro to assess possible synergy or antagonism. None of the
      antimicrobial pairs produced any detectable antagonism. Penicillin and
      ciprofloxacin showed independent activity. Tetracycline and penicillin,
      tetracycline and erythromycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, erythromycin and
      penicillin, and erythromycin and chloramphenicol showed additive inhibitory
      activity and limited synergy. Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole was the only
      combination to produce clear synergistic activity against Chlam. trachomatis in
      vitro.

PMID- 4008387
TI  - Comparative pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activity of mezlocillin,
      ticarcillin and piperacillin, with and without gentamicin.
AB  - We compared the serum levels, pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activity
      after intravenous infusions of 5 g of each of three anti-pseudomonal penicillins-
      ticarcillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin alone and in combination with 80 mg
      gentamicin in normal volunteers. Gentamicin levels were significantly lower when
      administered with ticarcillin than when administered with mezlocillin or
      piperacillin. Serum levels of ticarcillin and piperacillin immediately after the
      infusion were similar (approximately 450 mg/l) and were higher than mezlocillin
      at 350 mg/l, but by 6 h, levels of all three penicillins were less than 10 mg/l.
      Overall, the geometric mean bactericidal titres produced in the serum against
      organisms which commonly infect cancer patients with granulocytopenia were
      highest with the piperacillin-gentamicin combination. However, except for the
      mezlocillin-gentamicin combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, serum
      bactericidal titres of all three penicillin-gentamicin regimes were greater than
      1:8 at zero and 2 h after the infusion against the organisms tested. It is
      unlikely that these differences in the three penicillin-gentamicin combinations
      will be apparent in the outcome of clinical trials for empiric therapy of fever
      in the cancer patient with granulocytopenia.

PMID- 4008389
TI  - Catheter sepsis: the fourth mechanism.

PMID- 4008388
TI  - Hypomagnesaemia: an underdiagnosed interaction between gentamicin and cytotoxic
      chemotherapy for acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AB  - Hypomagnesaemia occurred in 6 of 11 leukaemic patients who received gentamicin.
      This problem has been reported relatively infrequently when gentamicin is used
      alone. Our hypomagnesaemic patients received concurrent courses of gentamicin
      with cytotoxic therapy significantly more often but it is not clear whether this
      represents a true drug interaction or an interaction between gentamicin and the
      products of cell lysis produced by cytotoxic treatment. The incidence of this
      problem has been underestimated previously because hypocalcaemia was used as an
      indicator. Renal wasting of magnesium is well documented as the mechanism by
      which the hypomagnesaemia is sustained but further investigation is required to
      see whether other factors are involved in its initiation.

PMID- 4008390
TI  - pH and incubation atmosphere influence erythromycin activity against Branhamella
      catarrhalis.

PMID- 4008391
TI  - Vancomycin in the treatment of CAPD peritonitis.

PMID- 4008392
TI  - Phagocytosis and killing of mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

PMID- 4008393
TI  - Renaturation of soluble and immobilized ribonuclease: are the polypeptide folding
      pathways for structure formation the same for soluble proteins and for proteins
      associated with a surface?
AB  - During the refolding and oxidation of reductively denatured ribonuclease A in
      solution, there is a marked lag in appearance of enzymatic activity as compared
      to the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, whether such oxidation is spontaneous or
      is catalyzed by sulfhydryl oxidase. However, if ribonuclease is covalently
      attached to a derivatized glass surface, a lag period is not observed during the
      reformation of native structure from the completely reduced, denatured state.
      These results suggest that, in solution, intermolecular interactions alter the
      pathway of polypeptide chain folding and disulfide bond formation, leading to
      nonnative disulfides which do not rapidly interchange to form native pairings.
      The isolation of refolding polypeptide chains by covalent immobilization prevents
      such interactions. Presumably, such intermolecular interactions would be
      similarly prevented by "isolation" of nascent polypeptide chains during protein
      synthesis on ribosomes.

PMID- 4008394
TI  - Regression analysis of total fatty acids from human whole brain according to age
      and sex.
AB  - Total fatty acids processed from whole brain samples removed at autopsy from men
      and women, 26-87 years of age, were esterified, the methyl esters analyzed by gas
      chromatography, and the respective profiles deduced. In the study of the effect
      of age and sex in relation to the fatty acid levels, regression analysis was
      applied to smoothened data to take care of extraneous effects or variables.
      Toward this end, five age groupings were formed and the regression relationships
      explored for each group per sex. Generally, the saturated homologs occurred in
      higher amounts among males of advancing age but decreased with age among females.
      This effect stemmed from the even-carbon acids. For the unsaturated fatty acids,
      the reverse behavior appeared evident. For the prominent acids, 16:0 and 18:0,
      the differences were moderately significant for cases 50 years and older, for
      18:2, significance based on either sex was noted with all age groups.

PMID- 4008395
TI  - Some kinetic characteristics of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase phenotypes.
AB  - The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) phenotypes was determined in 148
      hemolysates of the Serbian population. The highest activity was obtained for
      phenotype ALT 1 (0.614 U/g Hb), intermediate for ALT 2-1 (0.475 U/g Hb), and the
      lowest for ALT 2 (0.395 U/g Hb). To explain the differences in catalytic activity
      between the ALT phenotypes, some kinetic characteristics were investigated. No
      difference in heat stability and calculated activation energies for ALT
      phenotypes could be detected. Addition of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to the reaction
      system did not increase the catalytic activity. For the catalytic activity of all
      three phenotypes, a broad pH optimum in the range 7.1 to 7.6 was found. The
      Tris/HCl buffer concentration of 140 mmol/liter was optimal. The Michaelis-Menten
      constants for L-alanine as substrate were 2.462 mmol/liter for ALT 1, 1.965
      mmol/liter for ALT 2-1, and 2.698 mmol/liter for ALT 2. For another substrate, 2
      oxoglutarate, Km values were 0.299, 0.208, and 0.202 mmol/liter, respectively.

PMID- 4008396
TI  - Difference in susceptibility to injury by linoleic acid hydroperoxide between
      endothelial and smooth muscle cells of arteries.
AB  - Electron microscopic examination of the effect of linoleic acid hydroperoxide on
      cultured smooth muscle cells from human umbilical artery revealed that incubation
      of the cells with 5.0 nmol/ml (in terms of malondialdehyde) of the hydroperoxide
      for 3 h caused a decrease in the electron density of the mitochondrial matrix and
      that dilatation of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum occurred when the
      cells were incubated with 10 nmol/ml of the hydroperoxide. These concentrations
      are higher by one order of magnitude than those required for the same effects on
      cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical vein. A similar difference in
      susceptibility to injury by linoleic acid hydroperoxide was found between
      cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells from fetal calf aorta. The effects
      of the hydroperoxide on the respiration of these cells paralleled the observed
      morphological changes.

PMID- 4008397
TI  - Altered breathing pattern elicited by stimulation of abdominal visceral
      afferents.
AB  - The effect of stimulation of afferent mesenteric nerves on tidal volume (VT),
      phrenic nerve, and external intercostal muscle activities was studied in
      anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. Both mechanical distension of the
      small intestine and electrical stimulation of the mesenteric nerves resulted in
      an initial inspiratory inhibition of VT followed by a gradual recovery above the
      prestimulus controls. Changes in VT were accompanied by a depression of phrenic
      nerve activity and an excitation of external intercostal muscle activity. During
      the recovery phase of VT, the amplitude of phrenic nerve activity returned only
      partially, whereas the activity of the external intercostal muscle was greater
      than the prestimulus controls. In a second group of experiments, brief tetanic
      stimulation at the beginning of inspiration led to a complete and maintained
      inhibition of phrenic nerve activity but with a simultaneous excitation of
      external intercostal muscle activity and without any change in VT; whereas
      expiratory stimulation caused a decrease in expiratory abdominal muscle activity,
      without changing the peak amplitude of phrenic nerve activity. The respiratory
      changes observed with distension of the small intestine were abolished after
      denervation of the mesenteric plexus. It is concluded that activation of the
      visceral afferents of the mesenteric region reflexly changes diaphragmatic
      breathing to intercostal breathing. It is assumed that such a type of breathing
      pattern may occur in pregnancy and in pathophysiological situations involving
      splanchnic viscera.

PMID- 4008398
TI  - Effects of chronic right-to-left cardiac shunt on hypoxic sensitivity of mongrel
      dogs.
AB  - Resting ventilation (VI), blood gases, hypoxic sensitivity, and the ventilatory
      responses to intravenous sodium cyanide (NaCN, 100 micrograms/kg), doxapram (DOX,
      500 micrograms/kg), and dopamine (DOPA, 20 micrograms/kg) were analyzed in four
      normal mongrel dogs (group I-N) and seven mongrel dogs with chronic (5-11 yr)
      right-to-left cardiac shunt (group II). The group I-N animals were also studied
      during steady-state isocapnic hypoxia (group I-H). The shunt procedure used for
      these studies produced a model for ventilatory studies during chronic shunt
      hypoxemia. The increases in VI per percent decrease in O2 saturation, which
      occurred during a four-breath N2 test, were 30, 43, and 13 ml X kg-1 X min-1 in
      groups I-N, I-H, and II, respectively. The decrease in hypoxic sensitivity of the
      group II animals, compared with groups I-N and I-H, occurred in the presence of
      an increase in PaCO2 from 21.9 to 26.0 Torr during the four-breath N2 test. A
      decrease in PaCO2 from 34.7 to 30.0 and from 33.6 to 30.4 Torr was observed in
      groups I-N and I-H. The response to DOX, a general analeptic agent, was greatest
      in group II and least in group I-N. However, the ventilatory responses to NaCN
      and DOPA were not sufficiently different among the three groups to suggest a
      difference in carotid body function as assessed by these drugs.

PMID- 4008399
TI  - Clearance of mucus by simulated cough.
AB  - We examined the relationship between mucus rheology, depth of mucus layer, and
      clearance by simulated cough. A model trachea was constructed of rigid Plexiglas
      of rectangular cross section (1 X 2 X 35 cm). The bottom of the trachea was lined
      with mucus simulants, gels prepared from locust bean gum cross-linked with sodium
      borate. Cough was simulated by opening a solenoid valve connecting the model
      trachea to a pressurized tank. An upstream flow-constrictive element was used to
      shape the flow profile of the simulated cough to approximate the pattern seen in
      a normal adult. Clearance of mucus was quantitated by observing the movement of
      contrasting marker particles floating in the mucus layer. The median particle
      displacement per cough maneuver was defined as the clearance index (CI). We found
      that CI for any initial depth of mucus increased with the driving pressure in the
      tank. For a given driving pressure, CI increased linearly with increasing mucus
      depth. For a given driving pressure and depth, CI decreased with increasing mucus
      cross-link density. For mucus samples with comparable levels of dynamic
      viscosity, samples with higher elasticity cleared less well. Mucus clearance was
      associated with transient wave formation in the lining layer.

PMID- 4008400
TI  - Pulmonary response to threshold levels of sulfur dioxide (1.0 ppm) and ozone (0.3
      ppm).
AB  - We exposed 22 healthy adult nonsmoking male subjects for 2 h to filtered air, 1.0
      ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2), 0.3 ppm ozone (O3), or the combination of 1.0 ppm SO2 +
      0.3 ppm O3. We hypothesized that exposure to near-threshold concentrations of
      these pollutants would allow us to observe any interaction between the two
      pollutants that might have been masked by the more obvious response to the higher
      concentrations of O3 used in previous studies. Each subject alternated 30-min
      treadmill exercise with 10-min rest periods for the 2 h. The average exercise
      ventilation measured during the last 5 min of exercise was 38 1/min (BTPS).
      Forced expiratory maneuvers were performed before exposure and 5 min after each
      of the three exercise periods. Maximum voluntary ventilation, He dilution
      functional residual capacity, thoracic gas volume, and airway resistance were
      measured before and after the exposure. After O3 exposure alone, forced
      expiratory measurements (FVC, FEV1.0, and FEF25-75%) were significantly
      decreased. The combined exposure to SO2 + O3 produced similar but smaller
      decreases in these measures. There were small but significant differences between
      the O3 and the O3 + SO2 exposure for FVC, FEV1.0, FEV2.0, FEV3.0, and FEF25-75%
      at the end of the 2-h exposure. We conclude that, with these pollutant
      concentrations, there is no additive or synergistic effect of the two pollutants
      on pulmonary function.

PMID- 4008401
TI  - Forced expiration and HeO2 response in canine peripheral airway obstruction.
AB  - We examined the effect of peripheral airway obstruction on parameters of maximum
      expiratory flow (Vmax) in a canine model of bronchiolitis obliterans (B). B was
      produced by the repeated intrabronchial instillations of a 1% nitric acid
      solution in seven dogs (group B). In seven control dogs (group C), a normal
      saline solution was used. During forced vital capacity deflation, Vmax on air,
      the relative increase in Vmax on 80% He-20% O2 (delta Vmax), and airway sites of
      flow limitation "choke points" (CP) were determined at multiple lung volumes
      (VL). The findings were interpreted in terms of the wave-speed theory of flow
      limitation. Wave-speed parameters were identified with a pressure-measuring
      device positioned in the airway. Compared with the findings for group C, Vmax
      decreased substantially at the lower VL (less than 50% vital capacity) in group
      B, whereas there were no changes in delta Vmax at any VL. CP were identified in
      central airways in both groups but were slightly more upstream in group B. Our
      analysis indicated that the reduction in Vmax in group B was due to an increase
      in upstream frictional pressure losses (Pfr) that caused a relative reduction in
      the pressure head, so that choking occurred in slightly upstream airways. delta
      Vmax did not change in group B because with CP identified in central airways, Pfr
      were density dependent, and significant differences in head loss on the two gas
      mixtures did not occur. Choking therefore occurred with similar wave-speed
      variables on the two gas mixtures, and delta Vmax was maintained.

PMID- 4008402
TI  - Physiological effects of high-P50 erythrocyte transfusion on piglets.
AB  - Rightward shifts of the O2 dissociation curve (ODC) were experimentally obtained
      in lysed and resealed erythrocytes following encapsulation of inositol
      hexaphosphate (IHP). This continuous lysing and resealing procedure led to in
      vitro P50 (Po2 at 50% hemoglobin saturation) increases up to 80 Torr (pH, 7.40;
      Pco2, 40 Torr; temp, 37 degrees C) for both human and pig erythrocytes. The Hill
      number of the transformed blood decreased when IHP was fixed on the hemoglobin,
      but the sigmoid shape of the ODC was maintained. The O2 hemoglobin binding
      capacity and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin content were found unchanged by the
      experimental procedure in human and pig erythrocytes. Isovolumic exchange
      transfusion of high-P50 erythrocytes in anesthetized and ambient air-ventilated
      piglets (n = 6) led to substantial in vivo P50 increases (range, 8-19 Torr). The
      rightward shift of the ODC was concomitant with an increase of the arterial Po2
      and of the arteriovenous O2 content difference, 19 and 59% respectively above
      their control values. The mixed-venous Po2 (PVO2) remained unchanged. The cardiac
      output was shown to be inversely related to the P50 value. In spite of the O2
      transport reduction (37%), O2 consumption was maintained due to enhanced O2
      extraction.

PMID- 4008403
TI  - Ascending spinal pathways for somatoautonomic reflexes in the anesthetized dog.
AB  - The ascending spinal pathways mediating pressor and heart rate responses to
      somatic afferent stimulation and induced exercise were studied in pentobarbital-
      and alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Bilateral sciatic nerve stimulation and
      induced exercise, via lumbosacral ventral root stimulation, produced pressor and
      heart rate responses that were blocked by bilateral dorsolateral sulcus (DLS)
      lesions of the lumbar spinal cord (L1-L3). Baroreceptor-mediated bradycardia were
      attenuated by sciatic stimulation but not by induced exercise. This attenuation
      was blocked by combined dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) and DLS lesions. Induced
      exercise with vascular occlusion to the muscle augmented the pressor and heart
      rate responses to exercise. These responses were blocked by combined DLS and DLF
      lesions. Such lesions did not influence responses to bilateral carotid occlusion,
      indicating that descending autonomic pathways were intact. Therefore, ascending
      spinal pathways mediating somatocardiovascular reflexes in anesthetized dogs are
      located in the lateral funiculus, extending from the dorsal root entry zone to a
      position somewhat ventral to the dentate ligament.

PMID- 4008404
TI  - Analysis of the behavior of the respiratory system with constant inspiratory
      flow.
AB  - For a respiratory system with constant compliance and resistance a constant flow
      can occur during part or all of inspiration in two situations: when the flow is
      constrained to be constant throughout inspiration, such as is the case with some
      mechanical ventilators, and when the applied pressure is a ramp (i.e., increasing
      constantly with time), which may occur during mechanical ventilation and
      spontaneous breathing. After initial transients in pressure and flow,
      respectively, have decayed away both situations result in linear volume-time and
      pressure-time relationships. The slope of the corresponding pressure-volume line
      then yields an estimate of the total compliance of the respiratory system, and
      the intercept, divided by the constant flow, provides the total resistance. We
      have shown theoretically that, for a model composed of two compartments in
      parallel, the total compliance is the same as the static compliance and equals
      the sum of the compliances of the two compartments. Furthermore, this compliance
      is independent of the breathing frequency. However, the total resistance is, in
      general, a function of both the resistances and the compliances. When the time
      constants of the two compartments are equal the total resistance assumes its
      minimum value and becomes independent of the compliances. This minimum value of
      resistance can be obtained, regardless of the time constants, by dividing the
      immediate drop in airway opening pressure, obtained after occluding during steady
      state inspiration, by the inspiratory flow.

PMID- 4008405
TI  - Respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients with respiratory
      failure.
AB  - In 11 mechanically ventilated patients, respiratory mechanics were measured 1)
      during constant flow inflation and 2) following end-inflation airway occlusion,
      as proposed in model analysis (J. Appl. Physiol. 58: 1840-1848, 1985. During the
      latter part of inflation, the relationship between driving pressure and lung
      volume change was linear, allowing determination of static respiratory elastance
      (Ers) and resistance (RT). The latter represents in each patient the maximum
      resistance value that can obtain with the prevailing time constant inhomogeneity.
      Following occlusion, Ers and RT were also obtained along with RT (min) which
      represents a minimum, i.e., resistance value that would obtain in the absence of
      time constant inhomogeneity. A discrepancy between inflation and occlusion Ers
      and RT was found only in the three patients without positive end-expiratory
      pressure, and could be attributed to recruitment of lung units during inflation.
      In all instances Ers and RT were higher than normal. RT(min) was lower in all
      patients than the corresponding values of RT, indicating that resistance was
      frequency dependent due to time constant inequalities. Changes in inflation rate
      did not affect Ers, while RT increased with increasing flow.

PMID- 4008406
TI  - Decay of inspiratory muscle pressure during expiration in conscious humans.
AB  - In eight conscious spontaneously breathing adults we studied the decay of
      pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles during expiration (PmusI). PmusI
      was obtained according to the following equation: PmusI(t) = Ers X V(t) - Rrs X
      V(t), where V is volume and V is flow at any instant t during spontaneous
      expiration, and Ers and Rrs are, respectively, the passive elastance and
      resistance of the total respiratory system. Ers was determined with the
      relaxation method, and resistance with the interrupter method. All subjects
      showed marked braking of expiratory flow by PmusI. The mean time for PmusI to
      reduce to 50 and 0% amounted, respectively, to 23 and 79% of expiratory time.
      During expiration, 24-55% of the elastic energy stored during inspiration was
      used as resistive work and the remainder (45-76%) as negative work.

PMID- 4008407
TI  - Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia is not dependent on arterial hypoxemia.
AB  - Goats were prepared so that one carotid body (CB) could be perfused with blood in
      which the gas tensions could be controlled independently from the blood perfusing
      the systemic arterial system, including the brain. Since one CB is functionally
      adequate, the nonperfused CB was excised. To determine whether systemic arterial
      hypoxemia is necessary for ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH), the CB
      was perfused with hypoxic normocapnic blood for 6 h [means +/- SE: partial
      pressure of carotid body O2 (PcbO2), 40.6 +/- 0.3 Torr; partial pressure of
      carotid body CO2 (PcbCO2), 38.8 +/- 0.2 Torr] while the awake goat breathed room
      air to maintain systemic arterial normoxia. In control periods before and after
      CB hypoxia the CB was perfused with hyperoxic normocapnic blood. Changes in
      arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) were used as an index of changes in ventilation. Acute
      hypoxia (0.5 h of hypoxic perfusion) resulted in hyperventilation sufficient to
      reduce average PaCO2 by 6.7 Torr from control (P less than 0.05). Over the
      subsequent 5.5 h of hypoxic perfusion, average PaCO2 decreased further, reaching
      4.8 Torr below that observed acutely (P less than 0.05). Acute CB hyperoxic
      perfusion (20 min) following 6 h of hypoxia resulted in only partial restoration
      of PaCO2 toward control values; PaCO2 remained 7.9 Torr below control (P less
      than 0.05). The progressive hyperventilation that occurred during and after 6 h
      of CB hypoxia with concomitant systemic normoxia is similar to that occurring
      with total body hypoxia. We conclude that systemic (and probably brain) hypoxia
      is not a necessary requisite for VAH.

PMID- 4008408
TI  - Effect of the rebreathing pattern on pulmonary tissue volume and capillary blood
      flow.
AB  - Noninvasive rebreathing measurements of pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) and
      pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) theoretically and experimentally vary with
      the rebreathing maneuver. To determine the cause of these variations and identify
      ways to minimize them, we examined the consequences of varying the volume
      inspired (VI), rebreathing rate (f), volume rebreathed (Vreb), and alveolar
      volume (VA) on the observed Vt and Qc in six normal sitting subjects. When VA was
      increased by progressively larger VI and Vreb, Vt increased 50 ml/l of VA.
      Increasing VA while keeping VI and Vreb constant did not significantly alter Vt.
      Diminishing Vreb while VA and VI constant caused Vt to fall 108 ml/l decrease in
      Vreb. Therefore the observed Vt is not simply a function of VA but increased with
      greater penetration of the inspired gas into the lungs. Diminishing f from 40 to
      12 breaths/min caused the observed Vt to rise 27%, indicating time allowed for
      alveolar mixing is an important determinant of Vt. The observed Qc, in contrast,
      was essentially independent of the same variations in rebreathing. The above
      findings were similar regardless of solubility of the tracer gas (dimethyl ether
      instead of acetylene) or changing to the supine position. A two-compartment
      series lung model derived from the anatomy and rates of gas mixing in normal
      human pulmonary lobules produced similar changes in Vt. Thus the degree of uneven
      distribution between ventilation, VA, Vt, and Qc within the normal lung lobule
      can account for variations in the observed Vt with different ventilatory
      maneuvers. Slow deep breathing maneuvers tended to reduce variations in Vt.
      Unlike Qc, the observed value of Vt can be expected to vary substantially with
      pathological processes that alter pulmonary gas distribution.

PMID- 4008409
TI  - Differential costal and crural diaphragm compensation for posture changes.
AB  - The electromyographic (EMG) activities of the costal and crural diaphragm were
      recorded from bipolar fine-wire electrodes placed in the costal fibers adjacent
      to the central tendon and in the anterior portions of the crural fibers in 12
      anesthetized cats. The EMG activities of costal and crural recordings were
      compared during posture changes from supine to head up and during progressive
      hyperoxic hypercapnia in both positions. The activity of both portions of the
      diaphragm was greater in the head up compared with supine posture at all levels
      of CO2; and increases in crural activity were greater than those in costal
      activity both as a result of changes in posture and with increasing CO2 stimuli.
      These results are consistent with the concept that diaphragm activation is
      modulated in response to changes in resting muscle length, and further, that
      neural control mechanisms allow separate regulation of costal and crural
      diaphragm activation.

PMID- 4008410
TI  - Peripheral chemoreceptors in respiratory oscillations.
AB  - The hypothesis that instability of cardiorespiratory control may depend on the
      response and sensitivity of carotid body chemoreceptors to arterial blood gases
      was studied in anesthetized cats under three different experimental conditions.
      1) Following administration of the peripheral dopamine receptor blocker
      [domperidone (0.6-0.8 mg X kg-1, iv)], carotid chemoreceptor activity and its
      sensitivity to CO2 during hypoxia increased, leading to cardiorespiratory
      oscillations at low arterial PO2 in four of eight cats. Inhalation of 100% O2
      promptly decreased chemoreceptor activity and eliminated the oscillations.
      Inhalation of CO2 stimulated the chemoreceptor activity and ventilation but did
      not eliminate the oscillations. Bilateral section of carotid sinus nerves
      abolished the cardiorespiratory oscillations. The implication is that the
      dopaminergic system in the carotid body keeps chemoreceptor responses to blood
      gas stimuli suppressed and hence cardiorespiratory oscillations damped. 2)
      Hypotension and circulatory delay induced by the partial occlusion of venous
      return led to cardiorespiratory oscillations at low but not at high arterial PO2.
      3) A few cats developed cardiorespiratory oscillations without any particular
      experimental intervention. These oscillations were independent of arterial PO2
      and chemoreceptor activity. Thus it is reasonable to conclude that the peripheral
      chemoreflex can play a critical role in developing cardiorespiratory oscillations
      in certain instances.

PMID- 4008411
TI  - Effects of exhaustive submaximal exercise on cardiovascular function during
      sleep.
AB  - The influence of an afternoon bout of exhaustive submaximal exercise on
      cardiovascular function and catecholamine excretion during sleep was examined in
      five female and four male subjects. Subjects walked on a treadmill for successive
      50-min periods at 50, 60, and 70% maximal O2 consumption, separated by 10-min
      rest periods. Exercise terminated with volitional exhaustion. Following an
      adaptation night, electroencephalographic and impedance cardiographic measures
      were obtained during three successive nights of sleep, with exercise preceding
      night 3. Relative to the base-line night (night 2), exhaustive exercise resulted
      in a sustained elevation of heart rate and cardiac output throughout the entire
      night's sleep. The magnitude of these elevations was unaffected by sleep stage
      but decreased over the night. The typical pattern of circadian decline in cardiac
      output was unaltered. However, the decline in heart rate with sleep onset was
      greater on the exercise night. Changes in impedance dZ/dt and R-Z interval
      suggested an enhanced myocardial contractility during the first 3 h of sleep
      postexercise. Analysis of morning urine samples revealed that in seven of nine
      subjects norepinephrine excretion increased, epinephrine excretion decreased, and
      dopamine excretion was unchanged during sleep on the exercise night. It is
      suggested that these cardiac changes reflect a sustained increase in myocardial
      beta-receptor activity.

PMID- 4008412
TI  - Nonhomogeneity of lung response to inhaled histamine assessed with alveolar
      capsules.
AB  - To assess the homogeneity of airway responses to inhaled histamine we examined
      regional alveolar pressure excursions (PA) arising from small-amplitude
      oscillations applied at the airway opening (Pao). In five anesthetized and
      vagotomized dogs the sternum was split and the anterior right lung field exposed.
      PA was sampled using four capsules affixed to the right apical and middle lobes
      while lung impedance (ZL) and airway impedances (Zaw) were measured during
      conventional tidal breathing and during forced oscillations (2-60 HZ at 10 cmH2O
      distending pressure). During tidal breathing after exposure to aerosol histamine
      regional PA's could be separated into three groups by plotting Lissajous figures
      of PA vs. Pao: PA in phase with Pao (no looping), PA lagging Pao (moderate
      looping), and PA decreasing while Pao was increasing and vice versa (paradoxical
      looping), suggesting unresponsive, responsive, and closed pathways, respectively,
      between the airway opening and specific alveolar zones. During high-frequency
      oscillation the corresponding PA spectra were markedly different from control
      spectra and revealed resonant amplification, overdamped resonance, and marked
      attenuation, respectively. With induced bronchospasm resonant amplification of PA
      was damped on average. However, the more obstructed and closed pathways were
      protected from resonant amplification, and the more open (nonlooping) pathways
      were subjected to resonant amplification greater than in the control state. In
      spite of this markedly nonhomogeneous behavior, frequency dependence of ZL was
      consistent with the model by Mead (J. Appl. Physiol. 26: 670-673, 1969), which
      ignores nonhomogeneity of peripheral compartments. These data demonstrate that
      the response of airways to inhaled histamine is nonhomogeneous but that frequency
      dependence of ZL above 2 Hz is not sufficient to characterize this
      nonhomogeneity.

PMID- 4008413
TI  - Heat acclimation: role of norepinephrine in the anterior hypothalamus.
AB  - The hypothesis that anterior hypothalamic (AH) sensitivity to norepinephrine (NE)
      is altered by chronic exercise in the heat was tested in male Sprague-Dawley
      rats. Treadmill exercise 6 days/wk for 3 wk at 21 m/min was performed at 23
      degrees C (control; C) or at 35 degrees C (heat acclimated; HA), progressing from
      20 to 50 min/day in 2 wk. Time for core temperature (Tco) to rise from 39.5 to
      40.5 degrees C during a heat-tolerance test after conditioning increased (P less
      than 0.05) in the HA group. To test for a change in AH sensitivity, the change in
      Tco to 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-micrograms doses of NE injected bilaterally into
      the AH was determined after conditioning. Dose-response regression lines showed
      that exercise in the heat increased the slope and shifted the Tco-NE dose
      relation to the left. In a separate series of experiments on 6 sedentary(s), 10
      C, and 10 HA animals, the amounts of NE, dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
      (DOPEG) were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in the AH, median
      preoptic area (PO), cortex, and cerebellum after 9 wk of conditioning. Results
      showed that in the PO there was a significant increase in NE and DOPEG in the HA
      vs. C group and a trend of increasing NE from the S to C to HA groups. The data
      indicate that exercise in the heat increases NE-induced peripheral heat
      dissipating capacity and increases catecholamine storage in the PO.

PMID- 4008414
TI  - Albumin attenuation of oleic acid edema in dog lung depleted of blood components.
AB  - Circulating fatty acids are normally transported principally bound to serum
      albumin. We examined whether administering oleic acid (OA) in a concentrated
      albumin solution would attenuate its edemogenic potential in the isolated dog
      lung lobe perfused with a solution nearly depleted of blood cellular and protein
      components. The isolated ventilated lower left lobe (LLL) was perfused (7.3 +/-
      0.6 ml X min-1 X g LLL-1) with a balanced salt solution containing 6% dextran and
      approximately 10% serum (vol/vol). Hourly weight gain, net LLL weight gain, and
      wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) were used as indices of extravascular lung fluid
      changes. Group I lobes (n = 5) were given saline, whereas both group II (n = 5)
      and III (n = 5) lobes were administered 1 microliter OA/kg body wt. The OA was
      incubated with 5 ml of albumin solution containing approximately 640 mg of bovine
      fatty acid-free albumin before infusion into group III lobes. Group I gained
      weight at rate of 10.8 +/- 0.5 g X h-1 X 100 g LLL-1 after saline, whereas group
      II exhibited a greater (P less than 0.005) rate of weight gain of 42 +/- 13 after
      OA. Group III weight gain of 8.4 +/- 0.5 g X h-1 X 100 g LLL-1 was not different
      (P greater than 0.05) from group I but was lower (P less than 0.005) than group
      II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008415
TI  - Model of gas transport during high-frequency ventilation.
AB  - We analyze gas exchange during high-frequency ventilation (HFV) by a stochastic
      model that divides the dead space into N compartments in series where each
      compartment has a volume equal to tidal volume (V). We then divide each of these
      compartments into alpha subcompartments in series, where each subcompartment
      receives a well-mixed concentration from one compartment and passes a well-mixed
      concentration to another in the direction of flow. The number of subcompartments
      is chosen on the basis that 1/alpha = (sigma t/-t)2, where -t is mean transit
      time across a compartment of volume, and sigma t is standard deviation of transit
      times. If (sigma t/-t)D applies to the transit times of the entire dead space,
      the magnitude of gas exchange is proportional to (sigma t/-t)D, frequency, and V
      raised to some power greater than unity in the range where V is close to VD. When
      V is very small in relation to VD, gas exchange is proportional to (sigma t/
      t)2D, frequency, and V raised to a power equal to either one or two depending on
      whether the flow is turbulent or streamline, respectively. (sigma t/-t)D can be
      determined by the relation between the concentration of alveolar gas at the air
      outlet and volume expired as in a Fowler measurement of the volume of the dead
      space.

PMID- 4008416
TI  - Dynamics of respiratory drive and pressure during NREM sleep in patients with
      occlusive apneas.
AB  - To study the dynamics of respiratory drive and pressure in patients with
      occlusive apneas, diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMGdi), esophageal pressure
      (Pes), and genioglossal electromyogram (EMGge) were monitored during nocturnal
      sleep in five patients. Both EMGs were analyzed as peak moving time average, and
      Pes was quantitated as the peak inspiratory change from base line. During the
      ventilatory phase both EMGs decreased proportionally. The decrease in Pes was
      less than the decrease observed in EMGdi, and Pes generated for a given EMGdi
      increased during the preapneic phase in spite of the proportional decrease in
      EMGdi and EMGge during this period. We conclude that negative inspiratory
      pressures which lead to the passive collapse of oropharyngeal walls are dependent
      on both respiratory and upper airway muscle activity and that occlusive apneas of
      non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep do occur in spite of proportional changes
      observed in the activity of both muscle groups. The preapneic increase in
      negative inspiratory pressures generated for a given respiratory muscle activity
      is most likely due to the decrease in upper airway muscle activity that is
      associated with an increase in oropharyngeal resistance.

PMID- 4008417
TI  - Immediate effects of cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to
      exercise.
AB  - To determine the acute action of cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory function
      under stress, the immediate effects of cigarette smoking on the ventilatory, gas
      exchange, and cardiovascular responses to exercise were studied in nine healthy
      male subjects. Each subject performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion
      on two separate days, one without smoking (control) and one after smoking 3
      cigarettes/h for 5 h. The order of the two tests was randomized. Arterial blood
      gases and pH were measured during rest and all levels of exercise; CO blood
      levels confirmed the absorption of cigarette smoke. In addition, minute
      ventilation (VE), end-tidal PCO2 and PO2, O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 production,
      directly measured blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate (HR) were
      recorded every 30 s. The dead space-to-tidal volume ratio (VD/VT), maximal
      aerobic capacity (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold (AT) were determined from the
      gas exchange data. Cigarette smoking resulted in a significantly lower VO2max,
      AT, and VO2/HR (O2 pulse) and a significantly higher HR, pulse-pressure product,
      and pulse pressure (P less than 0.05) compared with the control. Additionally, a
      trend toward a higher VD/VT and arterial-end-tidal PCO2 difference was found
      during exercise after smoking. We conclude that cigarette smoking causes
      immediate detrimental effects on cardiovascular function during exercise,
      including tachycardia, increased pulse-pressure product, and impaired O2
      delivery. The acute effects on respiratory function were less striking and
      primarily limited to abnormalities reflecting ventilation-perfusion
      mismatching.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008418
TI  - Pulmonary blood flow vs. gas volume at various perfusion pressures in rabbit
      lung.
AB  - To obtain a detailed description of the dependence of pulmonary blood flow on
      changes in lung volume, we perfused isolated rabbit lungs with homologous blood
      at 37 degrees C while controlling vascular pressures during lung deflation. We
      set pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and pulmonary venous pressure (Ppv) to
      constant values relative to alveolar pressure (Palv) to keep the effective
      driving pressure for flow constant during lung deflation from total lung capacity
      (TLC) to 25% TLC. The shapes of the flow vs. lung volume curves were dependent on
      the levels of Ppa-Palv and Ppv-Palv at which they were obtained. When Ppv greater
      than Palv throughout the lung (zone 3 conditions), flow increased as the lungs
      were deflated from TLC, independent of the level of Ppa-Palv. When Ppv less than
      Palv (zone 2 conditions) and Ppa-Palv was moderately high, flow increased as the
      lungs were deflated from 100 to approximately 50% TLC, then decreased at lower
      lung volumes. When Ppa - Palv was less than 10 cmH2O in zone 2 conditions, flow
      decreased monotonically during deflation from TLC. We concluded that the
      dependence of blood flow on lung volume is complex, which may be a reflection of
      the nonlinear pressure-diameter properties of pulmonary vessels.

PMID- 4008419
TI  - A hemodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise.
AB  - This study assessed the hemodynamic responses to exercise of master athletes (56
      +/- 5 yr of age) who placed in the top 10% of their age groups in local 10-km
      competitive events, competitive young runners (26 +/- 3 yr), young runners
      matched in training and performance to the master athletes (25 +/- 3 yr), and
      healthy older sedentary subjects (58 +/- 5 yr). The maximal O2 consumption
      (VO2max) of the master athletes was 9 and 19% lower than that of the matched
      young and competitive young runners, respectively. When compared at the same
      relative submaximal work rates, these three groups had similar stroke volumes and
      arteriovenous O2 (aVO2) differences, though the master athletes had lower VO2,
      cardiac output, and heart rate, and higher vascular resistance. The older
      sedentary group had a lower stroke volume, aVO2 difference, and higher vascular
      resistance than the master athletes. Maximal stroke volume and estimated aVO2
      difference were the same in the three groups of athletes; the lower maximal heart
      rate of the master athletes appears to account for their lower VO2max. The older
      sedentary subjects' VO2max was 47% lower than that of the master athletes; this
      difference was almost equally the result of a lower stroke volume and a lower a
      VO2 difference. Thus these older athletes did not exhibit the decline in maximum
      stroke volume and aVO2 difference that occurs with aging in sedentary
      individuals; they also appear to have retained a greater peripheral vasodilatory
      response than their sedentary peers.

PMID- 4008421
TI  - Regional protein absorption rates from the pleural cavity in dogs.
AB  - In five supine spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs we injected into the
      pleural space 0.5-1 ml of saline solution containing 2 mg/ml albumin labeled with
      technetium-99m. By use of a gamma camera placed horizontally over the chest, we
      followed, up to 120 min, the activity over the whole lung and over the
      preferential accumulation areas of the label (regions of interest, ROI) that
      corresponded to the apical, mediastinal, and laterodiaphragmatic regions.
      Activities were corrected for the decay rate of the isotope used. On the average,
      the activity over the whole lung decreased by 27% up to 120 min. The overall
      activity over the ROI amounted to 44.3% after the injection and decreased to 24%
      of total at 120 min, thus accounting for 75% of the total decrease in activity.
      At 10 min, the activity per unit surface of the gamma camera image (As) was from
      2.2- to 5.7-fold higher over the ROI than for the rest of the lung image. The
      decrease of As at 120 min was 18-, 13-, and 5-fold greater for mediastinal,
      diaphragmatic, and apical regions, respectively, compared with the rest of the
      lung image. The time course of the changes in As are discussed in terms of
      regional albumin egress rate based on the functional interaction between the
      Starling and the lymphatic mechanisms.

PMID- 4008420
TI  - Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
      compared.
AB  - We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal
      exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3)
      infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19
      micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1).
      Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic
      blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and
      heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three
      interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption,
      however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood
      flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to
      skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the
      combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar
      increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to
      the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes
      in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal
      glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three
      interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and
      infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a
      given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in
      cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes
      in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow,
      and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three
      interventions are different.

PMID- 4008422
TI  - Blood flow distribution in dog gastrocnemius muscle at rest and during
      stimulation.
AB  - The distribution of blood flow within the isolated perfused dog gastrocnemius
      muscle (weight 100-240 g) was studied by intra-arterial injection of
      radioactively labeled microspheres (diameter 15 micron) at rest and during
      supramaximal stimulation to rhythmic isotonic tetanic contractions of varied
      frequency against varied loads. After the experiment the muscle was cut into 180
      250 pieces of approximately 0.75 g each, and the blood flow to each muscle piece
      was determined from its radioactivity. The inhomogeneity of blood flow was
      represented as the frequency distribution of the ratios of regional specific
      blood flow, i.e., blood flow per unit tissue weight of the piece, QR, to the
      overall specific blood flow of the muscle, Q. The QR/Q values for the individual
      pieces of a muscle were found to vary widely both at rest and during stimulation.
      With rising work load the frequency distribution had a tendency to broaden and
      flatten, indicating increasing perfusion inhomogeneity. On the average of the
      experiments, there was no significant difference in specific blood flow between
      the three anatomic components of the gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads of
      gastrocnemius and flexor digitorum superficialis) nor between the superficial and
      deep portions within these anatomic components, only the distal third of the
      muscle was relatively less perfused compared with the proximal two-thirds. The
      considerable inhomogeneity of blood flow as revealed by microsphere embolization
      and by other methods is expected to exert important limiting effects on local O2
      supply, particularly during exercise. Its neglect would lead to serious errors in
      the analysis of O2 supply to muscle tissue.

PMID- 4008423
TI  - Photoelectric caliper for noncontact measurement of vascular dynamic strain in
      vitro.
AB  - A photoelectric device is described for in vitro semicontinuous contact-free
      measurement of vascular dynamic strain. The vessel's optical image is projected
      onto a pair of linear photodiode arrays by use of a projection lens and a set of
      mirrors. Each array's video signal indicates a focused image of the vessel edge
      as a steep change of the light intensity. Edge location is defined as the
      midpoint of the intensity drop across the edge. Knowing the interdiode distance
      (16 micron), the location of the edge can be determined by counting the number of
      diodes up to the midpoint. Given both edge locations and the distance between
      arrays, diameter can be electronically computed. The output voltage is calibrated
      with a metric grid in place of the vessel and is linearly related to diameter.
      Resolution varies with magnification and may be on the order of 1 micron,
      depending on the strain amplitude and the initial unstressed vessel caliber.
      Frequency response is determined by the array scanning rate and is uniform well
      beyond the range of physiological considerations.

PMID- 4008424
TI  - Gas exchange and lactate anaerobic thresholds: inter- and intraevaluator
      agreement.
AB  - Twenty-four coded graph sets of gas exchange variables and blood lactate
      concentration (LA) plotted against time at 15-s intervals were analyzed by nine
      evaluators who determined the gas exchange (ATGE) and LA (ATLA) anaerobic
      thresholds. In addition, ATGE and ATLA were determined by a linear regression
      computer program. Agreement between ATGE and ATLA was poor; the median intraclass
      correlation coefficient (ri) was 0.53. Among evaluators, ATLA agreement (median
      ri = 0.81) was better than ATGE agreement (median ri = 0.70). In general, the
      ability of any evaluator to choose similar values from duplicate plots for either
      ATGE (median ri = 0.97) or ATLA (median ri = 0.995) was good. There was better
      agreement between the mean ATLA of the evaluators and the computer ATLA (ComLA)
      (ri = 0.88) than between the mean ATGE of the evaluators and the computer ATGE
      (ComVE), (ri = 0.58). Agreement between ComVE and ComLA was poor (ri = 0.29).
      These results suggest that ATGE does not accurately predict ATLA and that
      different evaluators choose different thresholds from the same data. Further
      assessment of the validity and precision of ATGE based on breath-by-breath and
      minute-by-minute data is needed.

PMID- 4008426
TI  - Two methods for computing specific airway conductance and resistance.

PMID- 4008425
TI  - Water vapor pressure calculation.
AB  - Accurate calculation of water vapor pressure for systems saturated with water
      vapor can be performed using the Goff-Gratch equation. A form of the equation
      that can be adapted for computer programming and for use in electronic databases
      is provided.

PMID- 4008427
TI  - Mass isolation and culture of sea urchin micromeres.
AB  - A procedure is described for large-scale isolation of micromeres from 16-cell
      stage sea urchin embryos. One to two grams of greater than 99% pure, viable
      micromeres (2.3 to 4.6 X 10(8) cells) are routinely isolated in a single
      preparation. In culture, these cells uniformly proceed through their normal
      development, in synchrony with micromeres in whole embryos, ultimately
      differentiating typical larval skeletal structures. The attributes of this
      procedure are: (a) the very early time of isolation of the cells, directly after
      the division that establishes the cell line; (b) the large yield of cells; (c)
      the purity of the preparation of cell; and (d) their synchronous development in
      culture through skeletogenesis. The procedure greatly aids in making sea urchin
      micromeres a favorable material for molecular analysis of development.

PMID- 4008428
TI  - Substrate influences human epidermal melanocyte attachment and spreading in
      vitro.
AB  - Previous culture systems for melanocytes have employed serum-supplemented medium
      and uncoated plastic dishes, prohibiting examination of possible substrate
      influences on cellular morphology and function. We now report, using a sensitive
      serum-free system and a quantitative procedure for evaluating cellular
      morphology, that modification of the plating surface affects human epidermal
      melanocyte attachment rate and subsequent morphology in vitro. Melanocytes attach
      and spread more rapidly on surfaces coated with fibronectin or Type I/III
      collagen or on surfaces previously conditioned by human keratinocytes, dermal
      fibroblasts, melanocytes, or melanoma cells than do melanocytes on untreated
      control surfaces. Type IV collagen and laminin, although minimally beneficial for
      cell attachment, do support a characteristic melanocyte morphology that differs
      from that seen either on the other coated surfaces or on uncoated plastic
      controls. Addition of fetal bovine serum at the time of inoculation has no
      appreciable effect on attachment but markedly improves cell spreading on
      untreated surfaces, while addition of nerve growth factor with or without serum
      to this system fails to affect cell attachment or spreading. Our data establish
      that human epidermal melanocytes are indeed capable of responding morphologically
      to substrate signals. The ability of several biochemically unrelated surfaces to
      enhance melanocyte attachment rate and spreading suggests that melanocytes have
      surface receptors with a variety of specificities. This work is relevant to the
      development of improved culture systems for melanocytes in vitro and to
      understanding melanocyte behavior in vivo.

PMID- 4008429
TI  - An in vitro model of acetaldehyde metabolism by rodent conceptuses.
AB  - A culture model is described for the study of acetaldehyde (AcH) metabolism by
      explanted postimplantation rat and mouse conceptuses. The ability of 12-d rat and
      10-d mouse embryos to metabolise AcH was demonstrated. The elimination rate for
      the 12-d rat conceptus using an initial AcH concentration of 1 mM in the medium
      was found to be 1.8 nmol/mg per minute. When the conceptus was divided into
      embryonic and extraembryonic tissue, the rates were 1.6 and 2.2 nmol/mg per
      minute, respectively. When the AcH concentration was reduced to 50 microM the
      rate was 0.095 nmol/mg per minute. The results provide further evidence for a
      functional barrier that prevents AcH entry to the embryo. A comparative
      experiment using CBA/beige mouse conceptuses showed that AcH elimination
      characteristics may be qualitatively similar to those in rat embryos, but that
      the estimated elimination rate of 0.8 nmol/mg per minute was less than half that
      of the rat. Thus the "metabolic barrier" may be less efficient in the mouse. This
      may be important in view of the greater sensitivity of the mouse to ethanol
      embryotoxicity.

PMID- 4008430
TI  - HEPES may stimulate cultured endothelial cells to make growth-retarding oxygen
      metabolites.
AB  - Zwitterion buffers are often used to modulate the pH of cell culture medium but
      their effect on cultured cells is controversial. We found that addition of 4-(2
      hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) caused superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) inhibitable increases in nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction and SOD and
      catalase inhibitable decreases in the growth of cultured bovine pulmonary artery
      endothelial cells. The findings suggest that HEPES stimulates endothelial cells
      to make toxic oxygen metabolites that contribute to decreased cell growth.

PMID- 4008431
TI  - Isolation and culture of hepatocytes from human liver of immediate autopsy.
AB  - Human livers were removed at immediate autopsy (IA) from brain death patients
      within 1 h after cessation of cardiac function. Viable hepatocytes were isolated
      successfully from these IA livers by perfusion of an intact lobe with collagenase
      or by digestion of a small tissue wedge with collagenase-dispase. The yields of
      hepatocytes ranged from 1 to 3 X 10(6) cells/g liver in the five cases studied.
      Approximately 70 to 90% of the cells excluded trypan blue dye. In the isolated
      hepatocytes, 632 pmol/mg protein of cytochrome p450 and 536 pmol/mg protein
      cytochrome b5 were measured. The cells attached to the dishes in 4 h and produced
      monolayer cultures with a high success rate. The cells maintained in primary
      cultures for several days and developed ultrastructural features characteristic
      of human hepatocytes in vivo. The cultured hepatocytes can hydroxylate
      benzo[a]pyrene, conjugate the metabolites, and have a benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase
      activity of 48.7 pmol/mg DNA per h, which is comparable to that of rat
      hepatocytes. The liver cells repaired DNA damage caused by exposures to
      aminofluorene and acetylaminofluorene in culture.

PMID- 4008432
TI  - Selective growth of normal adult human urothelial cells in serum-free medium.
AB  - A serum-free medium (HMRI-2) has been developed for the outgrowth and subculture
      of epithelial cells from normal adult human ureter and bladder. Medium HMRI-2
      consists of Ham's MCDB 152 with double the amounts of the essential amino acids
      in Stock 1, low Ca2+ (0.06 mM) and is supplemented with epithelial growth factor,
      5 ng/ml; transferrin, 5 micrograms/ml; insulin, 5 micrograms/ml; ethanolamine and
      phosphoethanolamine, 0.1 mM each; hydrocortisone, 2.8 X 10(-6) M; and bovine
      pituitary extract, 126 micrograms protein/ml. The cultured cells showed
      ultrastructural markers of epithelial cells (prekeratin fibers, tonofilaments,
      surface microvilli with glycocalyx), exhibited ABO antigens, and had a normal
      human diploid karyotype. Primary cultures could be subcultured and also
      cryopreserved in HMRI-2 in liquid nitrogen. Cells in mass cultures showed a
      population doubling time of 40.5 +/- 4.5 h and had a maximum in vitro life span
      of 20 to 25 population doublings. It was observed that primary outgrowths,
      secondary cultures, and even cryopreserved cells all retained the capacity to
      respond to high Ca2+ and serum by differentiation and desquamation. This study
      has resulted in the availability of easily obtainable serum-free epithelial
      cultures from normal adult human ureter and bladder. The useful in vitro life
      span of these cultures may be important in future studies of carcinogenesis.

PMID- 4008433
TI  - Human renal cell carcinoma: establishment and characterization of a new cell line
      (OS-RC-2).
AB  - A cell line, designated as OS-RC-2, has been established from a renal cell
      carcinoma in a 52-yr-old Japanese male patient and maintained for 23 mo. through
      60 in vitro passages. The OS-RC-2 formed monolayers of polygonal epithelial cells
      and lacked contact inhibition. Doubling time of cells was about 60 h at the 30th
      passage. Electron microscopic findings indicated numerous long microvilli on the
      cell surface and many glycogen granules in the cytoplasm of this cell line, which
      are characteristic structures of renal cell carcinoma. Chromosomal analysis
      revealed that a small portion of this cell line had a hypodiploid modal number of
      40 and a large portion had a hypotetraploid modal number of 75. The
      characteristics of the karyotype were one detected marker chromosome and the
      translocation between the Chromosomes 2 and 13. Cell line OS-RC-2 was serially
      transplantable into nude mice, and histopathological findings of
      heterotransplanted tumor showed a close similarity to those of the original
      tumor. Histocompatibility antigens of OS-RC-2 were HLA-A9, Bw52, which were
      identical to those of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patient.

PMID- 4008434
TI  - The effects of proteins secreted by fibroblasts from patients with cystic
      fibrosis on hamster tracheal explants.
AB  - Hamster tracheal explants have been used to assay for mucosecretory activity in
      media taken from cultures of fibroblasts isolated from patients with cystic
      fibrosis (CF). Cystic fibrosis and normal sera were first used to establish
      optimal conditions for mucus release in the hamster tracheal ring assay. Unless
      protein levels were maintained at 5% serum concentration or greater there was
      loss of cilia, nonspecific mucus accumulation, and extensive epithelial damage to
      the luminal surface. Likewise, it was shown that exposure of the explants to
      unconcentrated conditioned media from CF (GM 770, 768, 1348, 142) or normal (GM
      3349, 38) cultured fibroblasts for 1, 6, or 12 h resulted in the same type of
      damage and this was due to low protein levels. When the protein concentration of
      the conditioned media was increased with fetal bovine serum, the morphological
      integrity of the explants was maintained, demonstrating that there was no
      apparent difference between CF and normal fibroblast-secreted proteins in ability
      to induce mucus release. The ciliary inhibitory capacity of CF serum-derived or
      fibroblast-derived factor had been reported to require IgG for activity. However,
      addition of IgG to high molecular weight (VoP10) or low molecular weight (VeP10)
      secreted proteins had no apparent effect on stimulating secretion. In conclusion,
      it is possible that CF fibroblasts do not secrete a protein that has the
      mucostimulatory effect and thus these cells may not be suitable for studying the
      CF-related activity.

PMID- 4008435
TI  - Long-term culture and passage of human fetal liver cells that synthesize albumin.
AB  - Long-term cultures of hepatocytes were established from livers of human fetuses
      obtained by abortion at 18 to 23 wk of gestation. Cells obtained by collagenase
      dissociation of liver were maintained in defined serum-free medium on a
      substratum of positively charged plastic. Under these conditions, the cells
      divide and form a confluent monolayer. After multiple passages over a period of 3
      mo., the cells retained an epithelioid morphology and continued to synthesize and
      secrete albumin.

PMID- 4008436
TI  - Trout hepatocyte culture: isolation and primary culture.
AB  - Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) hepatocytes were isolated using a two-step
      perfusion through the portal vein. A typical perfusion yielded 2.92 X 10(6) liver
      cells with a mean viability of 96.3%. Hepatocytes comprised 93.4% of the total
      cell isolate. Survival of hepatocytes in suspension culture was dependent on
      fetal bovine serum concentration and temperature of incubation. Serum
      concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% produced the highest survival during primary
      culture. Hepatocyte survival was in inverse proportion to the incubation
      temperature. Trout hepatocyte DNA synthesis and mitosis decreased during the
      culture period. Cytochrome p450 activity decreased rapidly during the first 2 d
      of culture and then remained low but measurable during the remaining 8 d of
      culture. Culture temperature also influenced the p450 activity with lower
      temperatures producing greater activity. Morphologic changes occurred in the
      cells during culture. Isolated hepatocytes self-aggregated, forming strands and
      clumps that increased in size with time in culture. Junctional complexes between
      cells were evident within the aggregates. Nuclear atypia, increases in size and
      number of autophagic vacuoles, and the appearance of bundles of intermediate
      filaments also were observed with increased time in culture.

PMID- 4008437
TI  - Growth of seminal vesicle epithelial cells in serum-free collagen gel culture.
AB  - Epithelial cells from mouse seminal vesicles were enzymatically dissociated,
      enriched by gradient centrifugation, and maintained in collagen gel cultures with
      defined (serum-free) media. The epithelial origin of the cells was determined
      morphologically, immunocytochemically, and biochemically. Cells formed three
      dimensional colonies with a lumen in collagen gels. Cell number was increased
      eight-fold within a 8 to 12-d culture period in a medium supplemented with
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 ng/ml), insulin (10 micrograms/ml), transferrin
      (10 micrograms/ml), cholera toxin (10 ng/ml), and hydrocortisone (0.1
      microgram/ml). The cells required EGF and insulin; the growth-promoting effects
      of these two peptide hormones were optimized by transferrin, cholera toxin, and
      hydrocortisone. Fetal bovine serum did not support growth; rather, it suppressed
      the stimulated growth observed in serum-free media. A time-course study revealed
      that a lag period preceded rapid growth. The collagen gel, serum-free culture
      provides a powerful tool to study the effects of hormones on proliferation and
      differentiation of androgen sensitive cells.

PMID- 4008438
TI  - Molecular and immunological comparison of membrane-bound, H2-oxidizing
      hydrogenases of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes
      latus, and Azotobacter vinelandii.
AB  - The membrane-bound hydrogenases of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Alcaligenes
      eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, and Azotobacter vinelandii were purified
      extensively and compared. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of each hydrogenase revealed two prominent protein bands, one
      near 60 kilodaltons and the other near 30 kilodaltons. The migration distances
      during nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were similar for all
      except A. vinelandii hydrogenase, which migrated further than the other three.
      The amino acid composition of each hydrogenase was determined, revealing
      substantial similarity among these enzymes. This was confirmed by calculation of
      S delta Q values, which ranged from 8.0 to 26.7 S delta Q units. S delta Q is
      defined as sigma j(Xi,j-Xk,j)2, where i and k identify the proteins compared and
      Xj is the content (residues per 100) of a given amino acid of type j. The
      hydrogenases of this study were also compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. Antibody raised against B. japonicum hydrogenase cross-reacted with all
      four hydrogenases, but to various degrees and in the order B. japonicum greater
      than A. latus greater than A. eutrophus greater than A. vinelandii. Antibody
      raised against A. eutrophus hydrogenase also cross-reacted with all four
      hydrogenases, following the pattern of cross-reaction A. eutrophus greater than
      A. latus = B. japonicum greater than A. vinelandii. Antibody raised against B.
      japonicum hydrogenase inhibited B. japonicum hydrogenase activity to a greater
      extent than the A. eutrophus and A. latus activities; no inhibition of A.
      vinelandii hydrogenase activity was detected. The results of these experiments
      indicated remarkable homology of the hydrogenases from these four microorganisms.

PMID- 4008439
TI  - Organization and nucleotide sequence analysis of an rRNA and tRNA gene cluster
      from Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - rRNA genes of Caulobacter crescentus CB13 were isolated and shown to be present
      in two gene clusters in the genome. The organization of each rRNA gene cluster
      was found to be 5'-16S-tRNA spacer-23S-5S-3'. The DNA sequence of 40% of the 16S
      rRNA gene, the entire 16S/23S intergenic spacer region, and portions of the 23S
      rRNA gene were determined. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence in the 16S-23S
      intergenic spacer region revealed the presence of tRNAIle and tRNAAla genes.
      Large invert repeat sequences were found surrounding the 16S rRNA gene. These
      inverted repeat sequences are analogous to the RNase III-processing sites in the
      E. coli rRNA precursor. Small invert repeat sequences were also found flanking
      the individual tRNA genes. RNA polymerase-binding studies with restriction
      fragments of the rRNA gene cluster revealed three regions which bound enzyme, and
      these regions were shown to contain transcription initiation sites. One of these
      sites was located within the 16S gene near its 3' end, and the other two were
      found at the 5' end of the 23S gene.

PMID- 4008441
TI  - Conservation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation gene sequences in Rhizobium japonicum
      and Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
AB  - Southern hybridization with nif (nitrogen fixation) and nod (nodulation) DNA
      probes from Rhizobium meliloti against intact plasmid DNA of Rhizobium japonicum
      and Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains indicated that both nif and nod sequences
      are on plasmid DNA in most R. japonicum strains. An exception is found with R.
      japonicum strain USDA194 and all B. japonicum strains where nif and nod sequences
      are on the chromosome. In R. japonicum strains, with the exception of strain
      USDA205, both nif and nod sequences are on the same plasmid. In strain USDA205,
      the nif genes are on a 112-megadalton plasmid, and nod genes are on a 195
      megadalton plasmid. Hybridization to EcoRI digests of total DNA to nif and nod
      probes from R. meliloti show that the nif and nod sequences are conserved in both
      R. japonicum and B. japonicum strains regardless of the plasmid or chromosomal
      location of these genes. In addition, nif DNA hybridization patterns were
      identical among all R. japonicum strains and with most of the B. japonicum
      strains examined. Similarly, many of the bands that hybridize to the nodulation
      probe isolated from R. meliloti were found to be common among R. japonicum
      strains. Under reduced hybridization stringency conditions, strong conservation
      of nodulation sequences was observed in strains of B. japonicum. We have also
      found that the plasmid pRjaUSDA193, which possess nif and nod sequences, does not
      possess sequence homology with any plasmid of USDA194, but is homologous to parts
      of the chromosome of USDA194. Strain USDA194 is unique, since nif and nod
      sequences are present on the chromosome instead of on a plasmid as observed with
      all other strains examined.

PMID- 4008440
TI  - Efficient plasmid transformation of Streptomyces ambofaciens and Streptomyces
      fradiae protoplasts.
AB  - A procedure for efficient transformation of Streptomyces ambofaciens and
      Streptomyces fradiae protoplasts with plasmid DNA was developed. Transformation
      frequencies with S. fradiae protoplasts were strongly influenced by the
      temperatures for cell growth, protoplast formation, and protoplast regeneration.
      Transformation frequencies for both species were also influenced by the culture
      age before protoplast formation, the source and concentration of polyethylene
      glycol, the transformation-inducing agent, the concentration of protoplasts used
      in the transformation procedure, and the number of protoplasts added to
      regeneration plates. Transformation frequencies were substantially higher for
      both species when calf thymus DNA and protamine sulfate were added to the
      transformation mix. With S. fradiae, transformation frequencies were much lower
      with plasmid DNA prepared from other species than with the same plasmids prepared
      from S. fradiae, suggesting that S. fradiae expresses restriction and
      modification. With the modified transformation procedures using DNA prepared from
      homologous hosts, S. ambofaciens and S. fradiae are now transformed routinely at
      frequencies of 10(6) to 10(7) transformants per micrograms of plasmid DNA.

PMID- 4008442
TI  - Bacteriocin-resistant mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi: possible involvement of
      iron acquisition in phytopathogenicity.
AB  - A series of bacteriocin-resistant mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937JRH were
      unable to elicit soft-rot symptoms on saintpaulia plants. The loss of
      pathogenicity was correlated with the disappearance of one to three outer
      membrane polypeptides (molecular weights, about 80,000 to 90,000) whose
      production in wild-type strains was greatly enhanced under iron-limited growth
      conditions. The mutants did not exhibit altered extracellular pectinolytic or
      cellulolytic activities.

PMID- 4008443
TI  - TOL plasmid pWW15 contains two nonhomologous, independently regulated catechol
      2,3-oxygenase genes.
AB  - Pseudomonas putida MT15 contains a 250-kilobase-pair (kbp) TOL plasmid pWW15,
      encoding toluene and xylene catabolism, which undergoes large spontaneous
      deletions to give two classes of mutants with altered catabolic phenotypes (H.
      Keil and P. A. Williams, J. Gen. Microbiol, 131:1023-1033, 1985). Two structural
      genes for catechol 2,3-oxygenase (C23O) were cloned from pWW15. The gene for
      C23OI was located on the 2.1-kbp XhoI fragment Xh, whereas that for C23OII was
      found on the 11.5-kbp BamHI fragment BJ. The two restriction fragments and the
      subcloned regions of them showed no similarity in the pattern of restriction
      digestion, nor did they hybridize with each other. The substrate specificities of
      the two enzymes were also substantially different. The two structural genes were
      separated on pWW15 by about 100 kbp. In plasmid pWW15-510 of a B5 mutant, the 90
      kbp deletion in the plasmid removed most of the intervening DNA, but it also
      deleted 80% of the gene for C23OI from its 3' end. Thus, only C23OII was
      expressed in the host MT15-510. Conversely, in RP4::pWW15 cointegrate plasmid
      pWW15-1003, only the C23OI gene was present. The expression of C23O activity from
      these two derivative plasmids and from the wild-type pWW15 showed that only C23OI
      was induced by growth in the presence of m-toluate, whereas both activities were
      induced in the only C23OI was induced by growth in the presence of m-toluate,
      whereas both activities were induced in the presence of m-xylene. These findings
      cast doubt on the earlier hypothesis that the deletions in B3 and B5 mutants
      remove a regulatory gene by which m-toluate induces the enzymes necessary for its
      own catabolism.

PMID- 4008444
TI  - Growth substrate effects on acetate and methanol catabolism in Methanosarcina sp.
      strain TM-1.
AB  - When Methanosarcina sp. strain TM-1 is grown in medium in which both methanol and
      acetate are present, growth is biphasic, with methanol used as the primary
      catabolic substrate during the first phase. To better understand this phenomenon,
      we grew cells on methanol or on acetate or on both and examined the abilities of
      anaerobically washed cells to catabolize these substrates. Washed acetate-grown
      cells incubated with 10 mM acetate, 10 mM methanol, or both substrates together
      produced methane at initial rates of 325, 3, and 315 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1,
      respectively. Although the initial rate of methanogenesis from both substrates
      was nearly identical to the rate for acetate alone, after several hours of
      incubation the rate was greater for cells provided with both substrates. Studies
      with 14C-labeled methanol indicated that methanol was catabolized to methane at
      increasing rates by acetate-grown cells in a manner reminiscent of an induction
      curve, but only when cells were provided with acetate as a cosubstrate. Acetate
      was presumably providing energy and carbon for induction of methanol-catabolic
      enzymes. Methanol-grown cells showed a pattern of substrate utilization
      significantly different from that of acetate-grown cells, producing methane from
      10 mM acetate, 10 mM methanol, or both substrates at initial rates of 10, 280,
      and 450 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1, respectively. There was significant oxidation
      of the methyl group of acetate during metabolism of both substrates. Cells grown
      on methanol-acetate and harvested before methanol depletion (methanol phase)
      showed catabolic patterns nearly identical to those of methanol-grown cells,
      including a low rate of methanogenesis from acetate. Cells harvested from
      methanol-acetate cultures in the acetate phase were capable of significant
      methanogenesis from either methanol or acetate alone, and the rate from both
      substrates together was nearly equal to the sum of the rates for the single
      substrates. When both 10 mM methanol and 10 mM acetate were presented to the
      acetate-phase cells, there was a preference for the methanol. These results are
      consistent with a model for regulation in Methanosarcina sp. strain TM-1 in which
      methanol represses acetate catabolism while methanol catabolism is inducible.

PMID- 4008445
TI  - Limited-host-range plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: molecular and genetic
      analyses of transferred DNA.
AB  - A tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid from a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that
      induces tumors on only a limited range of plants was characterized and compared
      with the Ti plasmids from strains that induce tumors on a wide range of plants.
      Whereas all wide-host-range Ti plasmids characterized to date contain closely
      linked oncogenic loci within a single transferred DNA (T-DNA) region, homology to
      these loci is divided into two widely separated T-DNA regions on the limited-host
      range plasmid. These two plasmid regions, TA-DNA and TB-DNA, are separated by
      approximately 25 kilobases of DNA which is not maintained in the tumor. The TA
      DNA region resembles a deleted form of the wide-host-range TL-DNA and contains a
      region homologous to the cytokinin biosynthetic gene. However, a region
      homologous to the two auxin biosynthetic loci of the wide-host-range plasmid
      mapped within the TB-DNA region. These latter genes play an important role in
      tumor formation because mutations in these loci result in a loss of virulence on
      Nicotiana plants. Furthermore, the TB-DNA region alone conferred tumorigenicity
      onto strains with an intact set of vir genes. Our results suggest that factors
      within both the T-DNA and the vir regions contribute to the expression of host
      range in Agrobacterium species. There was a tremendous variation among plants in
      susceptibility to tumor formation by various A. tumefaciens strains. This
      variation occurred not only among different plant species, but also among
      different varieties of plants within the same genus.

PMID- 4008446
TI  - Generation of purpura-producing principle from pneumococcal cell walls.
AB  - The in vitro kinetics of muramic acid-alanine bond hydrolysis and pneumococcal
      purpura-producing principle generation by incubation of Streptococcus pneumoniae
      cell wall preparations with the bacterial autolysin N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine
      amidase were similar. The generated purpura-producing principle preparation had a
      weight-average molecular weight of ca. 2.6 X 10(7) and possessed the glycan and
      teichoic acid constituents of the pneumococcal cell wall. The results support the
      idea that the pneumococcal purpura-producing principle is a high-molecular
      weight, glycan-teichoic acid fragment released by hydrolysis of the muramic acid
      alanine bonds in the bacterial cell wall.

PMID- 4008447
TI  - Peptidoglycan cross-linking and teichoic acid attachment in Streptococcus
      pneumoniae.
AB  - Autolysin-defective pneumococci continue to synthesize both peptidoglycan and
      teichoic acid polymers (Fischer and Tomasz, J. Bacteriol. 157:507-513, 1984).
      Most of these peptidoglycan polymers are released into the surrounding medium,
      and a smaller portion becomes attached to the preexisting cell wall. We report
      here studies on the degree of cross-linking, teichoic acid substitution, and
      chemical composition of these peptidoglycan polymers and compare them with normal
      cell walls. peptidoglycan chains released from the penicillin-treated pneumococci
      contained no attached teichoic acids. The released peptidoglycan was hydrolyzed
      by M1 muramidase; over 90% of this material adsorbed to vancomycin-Sepharose and
      behaved like disaccharide-peptide monomers during chromatography, indicating that
      the released peptidoglycan contained un-cross-linked stem peptides, most of which
      carried the carboxy-terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine. The N-terminal residue of the
      released peptidoglycan was alanine, with only a minor contribution from lysine.
      In addition to the usual stem peptide components of pneumococcal cell walls
      (alanine, lysine, and glutamic acid), chemical analysis revealed the presence of
      significant amounts of serine, aspartate, and glycine and a high amount of
      alanine and glutamate as well. We suggest that these latter amino acids and the
      excess alanine and glutamate are present as interpeptide bridges. Heterogeneity
      of these was suggested by the observation that digestion of the released
      peptidoglycan with the pneumococcal murein hydrolase (amidase) produced peptides
      that were resolved by ion-exchange chromatography into two distinct peaks; the
      more highly mobile of these was enriched with glycine and aspartate. The
      peptidoglycan chains that became attached to the preexisting cell wall in the
      presence of penicillin contained fewer peptide cross-links and proportionally
      fewer attached teichoic acids than did their normal counterparts. The normal cell
      wall was heavily cross-linked, and the cross-linked peptides were distributed
      equally between the teichoic acid-linked and teichoic acid-free fragments.

PMID- 4008449
TI  - ECT: an assessment of mental health professionals' knowledge and attitudes.
AB  - The attitudes of four groups of mental health professionals (psychiatrists,
      nurses, psychologists, and social workers) toward ECT were compared to their
      levels of clinical experience, knowledge about ECT, and professional background.
      In each of these four groups a more positive attitude about ECT correlated with
      increased levels of clinical experience and knowledge.

PMID- 4008448
TI  - Sleep apnea in Alzheimer's dementia: correlation with mental deterioration.
AB  - In a prospective study of sleep-disordered breathing among healthy elderly
      controls (N = 23), major depressives (N = 17), and demented patients with
      probable Alzheimer's disease (N = 21), sleep apnea (defined as an apnea index of
      5 or more) was found in 42.9% of demented patients, 17.6% of depressives, and
      4.3% of controls (chi 2 = 9.90, p less than .01). A significant association
      between sleep apnea and dementia of the Alzheimer type was found in women but not
      in men. Moreover, severity of dementia was significantly correlated with apnea
      index. Possible neuropathologic and clinical implications of these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 4008450
TI  - Disability and welfare--who wants it?
AB  - Over 4 million people under the age of 65 currently receive Social Security
      Disability Insurance (DI) benefits or Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
      Research on these groups is limited. The charts of 284 patients referred for
      psychiatric evaluation by Disability Determination were examined. Of this group,
      148 (52%) were psychotic: 61 (41%) had schizophrenia, 37 (25%) depression, 27
      (18%) undiagnosed psychosis, and 23 (16%) mania. Chronic medical illness was
      present in 27 (73%) of the depressives, but only 9 (8%) of the other three
      groups. Implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 4008451
TI  - Plasma levels of amitriptyline: effect of age and sex.
AB  - Routine doses of amitriptyline were given to 110 inpatients who were examined for
      clinical predictors of variability in steady-state total tricyclic antidepressant
      plasma levels. Increasing age (p less than .01) and female sex (p less than .05)
      were associated with higher plasma levels.

PMID- 4008452
TI  - Theophylline-lithium interaction.
AB  - The effect of steady state therapeutic theophylline serum levels on lithium renal
      clearance was investigated. Group mean lithium renal clearances and serum lithium
      levels varied in predicted fashion. Individual variability in these parameters
      was significant. Clinical implications are considered and management suggestions
      made.

PMID- 4008453
TI  - Antidepressants and myoclonus: case report.
AB  - Myoclonus is a movement disorder of various etiologies. An alteration in CNS
      serotonin activity is hypothesized to be the underlying mechanism for several
      myoclonic syndromes. Myoclonus has been reported as a side effect of
      antidepressants, and the serotonin hypothesis has been advanced to include this
      syndrome. A case is reported of myoclonus induced by an antidepressant purported
      to have no effect on serotonin activity.

PMID- 4008454
TI  - Catatonia associated with phenylpropanolamine overdose and fluphenazine
      treatment: case report.
AB  - A case is reported in which catatonia and autonomic abnormalities occurred in a
      patient on long-term fluphenazine decanoate following overdose with an oral
      anorectic agent containing phenylpropanolamine and caffeine. The catatonic
      symptoms showed a rapid and complete resolution following intramuscular
      benztropine. A possible mechanism to explain the catatonic symptoms is discussed.

PMID- 4008455
TI  - Psychotropic drugs and long QT syndromes: case reports.
AB  - Two depressed patients with long QT syndrome who experienced torsade de pointes
      ventricular tachycardia when treated with psychotropic drugs are discussed. These
      cases emphasize the significance of electrocardiographic evaluation of depressed
      patients, particularly in patients who show evidence of a long QT interval.

PMID- 4008457
TI  - Concurrence of Turner's syndrome, anorexia nervosa, and mood disorders: case
      report.
AB  - A patient with Turner's syndrome developed childhood depression at age 11 and
      exhibited symptoms of anorexia nervosa at age 17. Although this patient's eating
      habits normalized with treatment, the depressive symptoms persisted at 1-year
      follow-up. The possibility that anorexia nervosa may be secondary to a mood
      disorder in patients with Turner's syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 4008456
TI  - Erythema multiforme associated with trazodone therapy: case report.
AB  - A 63-year-old woman with treatment-resistant depression was started on trazodone
      and subsequently developed erythema multiforme (EM), with lesions predominant on
      the distal parts of the limbs and involvement of the hands and feet, as well as
      her palms and soles. The patient's treatment course and subsequent remission are
      described. It is suggested that trazodone therapy be discontinued immediately
      upon notice of EM. This patient was also taking lithium, which has not been
      implicated in erythema multiforme.

PMID- 4008458
TI  - Lithium-induced neurotoxicity and irreversible brain damage: a possible mechanism
      and antidote.

PMID- 4008459
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 4008460
TI  - Limitations of self-rating depression scales.

PMID- 4008461
TI  - The morphology of L-fucose, D-mannose specific lectin (SFL 100-2) produced by
      Streptomyces No. 100-2.
AB  - The morphology of an L-fucose specific lectin, SEL 100-2, from a Streptomyces sp.
      was studied. Electron microscopic observation showed that purified SFL 100-2
      preparation consisted of particles homogeneous in size. The diameter was 25 nm.
      The digitized images of these particles had 2-fold rotation symmetry. The
      sedimentation coefficient (s020,w) was determined to be 20.6S. The particle
      weight and the Stokes radius were calculated to be 8.0 X 10(5) daltons and 94 A,
      respectively, by three independent methods, i.e., gel filtration, sedimentation
      equilibrium and velocity measurements. The frictional ratio (f/fmin) was
      estimated to be 1.53. These values are quite similar to those of human alpha 2
      macroglobulin. 125I-Labeled peptide mapping indicated that these particles were
      built up of about twelve identical subunits (Mr = 68,000). The size of SFL 100-2
      in culture broth was found to be the same as that of the particles in the
      purified preparations. The shape and other properties of SFL 100-2 are discussed
      and compared with those of the tail of lambda phage and type 1 pili of
      Escherichia coli, whose amino acid compositions were quite similar to that of SFL
      100-2 and also those of L-fucose specific plant lectins.

PMID- 4008462
TI  - Secondary ion mass spectrometry for sulfoglycolipids: application of negative ion
      detection.
AB  - A series of underivatized sulfoglycolipids (SM4g, lyso-SM4g, SM4s, SM3, SM2, SB2,
      and SB1a) from various tissues were analyzed by both positive (POS-SI-MS) and
      negative (NEG-SI-MS) secondary ion mass spectrometry. By POS-SI-MS were detected
      the molecular ions of sulfoglycolipids in the form with sodium or potassium
      together with some fragment ions useful for the carbohydrate sequence
      determination. The analysis of monosulfogangliotriaosyl- or
      monosulfogangliotetraosylceramide and bis-sulfoglycolipid was difficult due to
      noise in the high mass region. On the other hand, NEG-SI-MS of sulfoglycolipids
      gave more intense signals from molecular ion of (M-H)- for monosulfoglycolipids
      and [M-H+Na)-H)- for bis-sulfoglycolipid. Many fragment ions useful for the
      elucidation of the carbohydrate sequences were also obtained with significant
      intensities. The fragmentation was assessed to occur at the glycosidic linkages
      to form ions of the oligosaccharides with or without ceramide. These ions were
      useful for sugar sequencing and also for distinguishing the differences in the
      position of the sulfate group. The intensities of saccharide ions without sulfate
      were lower than those with sulfates. In the case of SB2 and SB1a, containing 2
      mol of sulfate ester groups, the molecular ion was detected as [M-H+Na)-H)-.
      Also, fragment ions with 2 mol of sulfate were detected as the sodium-additive
      form. It was concluded that NEG-SI-MS is a very useful technique for the
      structural elucidation of higher sulfoglycolipids.

PMID- 4008463
TI  - Improved procedures for automated liquid phase sequence analyses of protein and
      peptide.
AB  - For the sequence analysis of histones rich in lysine, we modified the subprograms
      for two reagents of a JEOL JAS-47KS protein sequence analyzer. Together with this
      modification, the use of a synthetic carrier, Polybrene, the minimization of
      aldehyde contamination in Quadrol buffer, and the introduction of hydrophilic
      groups into epsilon-N-amino groups of lysine residues, markedly increased the
      repetitive yield of PTH-amino acids. Tetrahymena histones H3 and H4 were thus
      sequenced up to residues 104 and 92, respectively, in each consecutive analysis
      (Hayashi, T., Hayashi, H., Fusauchi, Y., & Iwai, K. (1984) J. Biochem. 95, 1741
      1749; Hayashi, H., Nomoto, M., & Iwai, K. (1984) J. Biochem. 96, 1449-1456). The
      details for these improved procedures and results are described here.

PMID- 4008464
TI  - Deuteration kinetics of deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and their polynucleotides
      by means of ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
AB  - The kinetics of the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions of deoxyguanosine (dG),
      deoxycytidine (dC), double-helical poly[d(G-C)] X poly[d(G-C], and double-helical
      poly(dG) X poly(dC) have been examined at 20 degrees C, pH 7.0, and in low-salt
      (0.15 M NaCl) medium by stopped-flow ultraviolet spectrophotometry, in the
      spectral region of 260 to 320 nm. The rate constant was found to be 78.9 s-1 for
      dG-NH, 2.2 s-1 for dG-NH2, 39.3 s-1 for dC-NH2, 2.4 s-1 (fast) and 0.94 s-1
      (slow) for poly[d(G-C)] X poly[d(G-C)], and 2.2 s-1 (fast) and 0.92 s-1 (slow)
      for poly(dG) X poly(dC). From these values, the probability of base-pair opening
      of the G X C containing B-form double helix is estimated to be (3 +/- 1) X 10(
      3). This is much greater than what is expected from an extrapolation of the van't
      Hoff plot at the helix-coil transition region, i.e. at about 110 degrees C. The
      mechanism of these base-pair openings at 20 degrees C (as well as the mechanism
      of base-pair reformation) is suggested to be totally different from those in the
      melting temperature range.

PMID- 4008465
TI  - Characterization of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from the liver of
      pyridoxine-deficient rats.
AB  - The properties of crude and purified mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase
      preparations from pyridoxine-deficient and control rat livers were compared. The
      preparations from the two sources showed very similar behaviors on heat
      treatment, electrophoresis and chromatofocusing, and had similar molecular
      weights, but their visible absorption spectra and circular dichroism properties
      were different. These results suggest that mitochondrial aspartate
      aminotransferase from pyridoxine-deficient and control rat livers have very
      similar properties, but differ somewhat in conformation in the region of the
      pyridoxal phosphate binding site.

PMID- 4008466
TI  - Characterization of 2,7-anhydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid in human wet cerumen.
AB  - A molecular species of sialic acid was isolated in a free form from cerumen of
      the wet type, but not of the dry type, by an ion-exchange column chromatography
      and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural analysis of
      this sialic acid was performed by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
      with chemical ionization (CI) and electron ionization (EI). In the CI mass
      spectra, the protonated molecular ion of the trimethylsilyl derivative was
      observed at m/z 580. and that of the methyl ester-trimethylsilyl derivative was
      at m/z 522. In the EI mass spectrum, the methyl ester-trimethylsilyl derivative
      gave characteristic ions at m/z 506, 462, 418, 416, 328, 316, 238, 228, 205, 186,
      and 173. This mass spectrum was identical with that of 2,7-anhydro-N
      acetylneuraminic acid, which was reported by Lifely and Cottee (Carbohydr. Res.
      107, 187-197, 1982) as the mass spectrum of a by-product prepared from N
      acetylneuraminic acid by methanolysis. These results indicate that the compound
      in the wet cerumen is 2,7-anhydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. Since this sialic acid
      species could not be detected in cerumens of the dry type, its formation in the
      wet type may be controlled by an autosomal dominant gene.

PMID- 4008467
TI  - Amino acid sequences of the two kinds of regulatory light chains of adductor
      smooth muscle myosin from Patinopecten yessoensis.
AB  - Smooth muscle myosin from scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) adductor muscle
      contains two kinds of regulatory light chains (regulatory light chains a and b),
      and myosin having regulatory light chain a is suggested to be suitable for
      inducing "catch contraction" rather than myosin having regulatory light chain b
      (Kondo, S. & Morita, F. (1981) J. Biochem. 90, 673-681). The amino acid sequences
      of these two light chains were determined and compared. Regulatory light chain a
      consists of 161 amino acid residues, while regulatory light chain b consist of
      156 amino acid residues. Amino acid substitutions and insertions were found only
      in the N-terminal regions of the sequences. The structural difference between the
      two light chains may contribute to the functional difference between myosins
      having regulatory light chains a and b.

PMID- 4008468
TI  - Calcium binding and conformation of regulatory light chains of smooth muscle
      myosin of scallop.
AB  - Calcium binding was studied with two regulatory light chains (RLC-a and RLC-b) of
      smooth muscle myosin of scallop. With the equilibrium dialysis method, the
      binding of 0.98 mol Ca2+ per mol of RLC-b was observed with a dissociation
      constant of 2.3 X 10(-5) M. Similar values for RLC-b, 1.9 X 10(-5) M, and RLC-a,
      1.5 X 10(-5) M, were obtained by measuring the difference absorption spectrum
      induced by Ca2+. The difference molar absorption coefficient at 288 nm was 159
      and 209 M-1 X cm-1 for RLC-a and RLC-b, respectively, while it was -34 M-1 X cm-1
      for the regulatory light chain of striated muscle myosin of scallop (RLC-st).
      Proton NMR spectra of the three light chains were very similar to each other and
      were broader than those of other Ca2+ binding proteins, parvalbumin and
      calmodulin. The regulatory light chains may be more rigid than in these Ca2+
      binding proteins. CD spectra were measured for the three light chains, and the
      estimated helix contents were 27, 29, and 24%, respectively, for RLC-a, RLC-b,
      and RLC-st. All these results in comparison with the primary structures led us to
      suppose that the polypeptide of regulatory light chains is folded in such a way
      that domain 4 becomes near to the calcium binding site of domain 1. The decrease
      in intact light chains on trypsin digestion was determined for the gel
      electrophoretic patterns. RLC-a was 6 times more susceptible to the tryptic
      digestion than RLC-b.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008469
TI  - Purification of cofilin, a 21,000 molecular weight actin-binding protein, from
      porcine kidney and identification of the cofilin-binding site in the actin
      sequence.
AB  - Cofilin, a 21,000 molecular weight protein originally purified from porcine brain
      that is capable of binding to actin filaments in a molar ratio of the protein to
      actin monomer of 1:1 in the filament (Nishida et al. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 5307
      5313), was purified from porcine kidney in the present study. The two cofilins
      from brain and kidney were indistinguishable from each other with respect to the
      mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl
      sulfate, the one-dimensional peptide map, and the mode of interaction with actin.
      Treatment of the actin-cofilin complex with a zero-length cross-linker, 1-ethyl-3
      [3-dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC), generated a cross-linked product with
      an apparent molecular weight of 63,000. Analysis of this product by peptide
      mapping (Sutoh (1982) Biochemistry 21, 3654-3661) showed that cofilin was cross
      linked with the N-terminal segment of actin containing residues 1-12.

PMID- 4008470
TI  - Subunit compositions of trypsin inhibitors from tubers of taro, Colocasia
      antiquorum var. nymphaifolia?
AB  - Several trypsin inhibitors with different mobilities on polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis occur in the tubers of taro (Colocasia antiquorum), and they each
      have a dimeric molecular weight of 40,000. Of all the constituent subunits,
      molecular weight 20,000, of the taro trypsin inhibitor (TTI), three major subunit
      components were separated by chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-25 in 8 M urea, and
      they were named protomers alpha, beta, and gamma in the order of their elution
      from the SP-Sephadex column. After removal or dilution of the urea, the three
      protomers could be either reassociated individually or hybridized with each other
      to form dimeric inhibitors. All of the reassociated dimers were powerful
      inhibitors of trypsin. Among them, each dimer derived from protomers alpha and
      gamma was a weak inhibitor of chymotrypsin, whereas the dimer of protomer beta
      did not inhibit the enzyme. Therefore TTI is presumed to be a mixture of
      heterogeneous and homogenous dimers whose properties reflect those of their
      constituent protomers. It was also proved that the major three trypsin inhibitors
      (TTI-I, TTI-II, and TTI-III) previously isolated from taro tubers are composed of
      protomers alpha and gamma, i.e., TTI-II is a heterogeneous dimer of protomers
      alpha and gamma, and TTI-I and TTI-III are homogeneous dimers of protomers alpha
      and gamma, respectively. The molecular weight of a trypsin-TTI complex saturated
      with trypsin was found to be 79,000, suggesting the formation of a tetrameric
      complex.

PMID- 4008471
TI  - Kinetics of hydrolysis of amide and anilide substrates of p-guanidino-L
      phenylalanine by bovine and porcine trypsins.
AB  - The rates of hydrolysis of N alpha-benzoyl-p-guanidino-L-phenylalaninamide (Bz
      GPA-NH2) and N alpha-substituted p-nitroanilides (pNA) of GPA
      (benzyloxycarbonyl(Z)-GPA-pNA, benzoyl(Bz)-GPA-pNA and acetyl(Ac)-GPA-pNA) by
      bovine and porcine trypsins were compared with those of arginine (Arg)
      substrates. The amide type substrates of GPA were hydrolyzed as fast as those of
      Arg by the two enzymes with much the same kcat/Km values, though significant
      differences were found between the kcat and Km values of GPA derivatives and
      those of Arg derivatives. The kinetic behavior of porcine trypsin toward GPA
      substrates was almost the same as that of the bovine enzyme. The ratio of the
      kcat value for Bz-GPA-OEt to that for Bz-GPA-NH2 was much larger than that for
      the ester to amide substrates of arginine, suggesting that the conformational
      change of the active site of trypsin induced by a benzene ring in the side chain
      of Bz-GPA-OEt specifically increases the velocity of the deacylation process of
      the ester substrate. Remarkably low values of both kcat and Km were found for the
      tryptic hydrolysis of Z-GPA-pNA and Ac-GPA-pNA, as well as on that of Bz-GPA-pNA
      (Tsunematsu, H., et al. (1983) J. Biochem. 94, 123-128). Z-GPA-pNA is the best
      substrate for the two trypsins among the three N alpha-substituted anilide
      substrates of GPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008472
TI  - Activation of influenza virus-associated RNA polymerase by cap-1 structure
      (m7GpppNm).
AB  - During the generation of primer for transcription initiation by endonucleolytic
      cleavage of capped RNA, the influenza virus-associated RNA-dependent RNA
      polymerase recognizes three signals of capped RNA, i.e., cap-1 structure at 5'
      termini, RNA sequences at the cleavage sites, and distance between these two
      signals (Plotch, S.J., Bouloy, M., & Krug, R.M. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
      U.S. 76, 1618-1622; Kawakami, K., Mizumoto, K., & Ishihama, A. (1983) Nucl. Acids
      Res. 11, 3637-3649). The free cap-1 structure, i.e., m7GpppNm not associated with
      polynucleotides, stimulates the RNA synthesis as well, irrespective of the
      presence or absence of dinucleotide primers. Since the stimulation by m7GpppNm
      and ApG is additive and the free cap-1 structure is not incorporated into 5'
      termini of product RNA, we propose that the cap-1 structure stimulates the RNA
      polymerase by allosteric modulation rather than by priming the transcription
      initiation.

PMID- 4008473
TI  - Multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 in rabbit colon microsomes.
AB  - Three cytochrome P-450 preparations, designated as cytochrome P-450ca, cytochrome
      P-450cb, and cytochrome P-448c fraction, were separated and purified about 23-,
      50-, and 29-fold, respectively, from the cholate extracts of rabbit colon mucosa
      microsomes. Their specific contents were 1.2, 2.6, and 1.5 nmol of cytochrome P
      450 per mg of protein, respectively. Cytochrome P-450ca and cytochrome P-450cb
      migrated as heme-containing polypeptide bands with molecular weights of about
      53,000 and 57,000, respectively, on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      CO-reduced difference spectra of cytochrome P-450ca, cytochrome P-450cb, and
      cytochrome P-448c fraction showed maxima at 451, 450, and 449 nm, respectively.
      Cytochrome P-450ca efficiently catalyzed the omega-hydroxylation of prostaglandin
      A1 (PGA1) and the omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of caprate, laurate, and
      myristate in the reconstituted system containing cytochrome P-450ca, NADPH
      cytochrome P-450 reductase, cytochrome b5, and phosphatidylcholine. In contrast,
      cytochrome P-450cb and cytochrome P-448c fraction had no detectable activity
      toward PGA1 and fatty acids. Both catalyzed aminopyrine and benzphetamine N
      demethylation. Cytochrome P-448c fraction also hydroxylated benzo(a)pyrene, and
      phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylserine exhibited a stimulatory effect on this
      activity. The results show that rabbit colon microsomes contain catalytically
      different cytochrome P-450, one of which is specialized for the omega-oxidation
      prostaglandins, the others being involved in the metabolism of exogenous
      compounds such as drugs and polycyclic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 4008474
TI  - A new simple method of preparing actin from chicken gizzard.
AB  - A simple method for preparing actin from chicken gizzard was described. This
      method takes advantage of a property of gizzard tropomyosin, that is, that it
      does not form Mg paracrystals readily.

PMID- 4008475
TI  - Isocratic separation of PTH-amino acids at picomole level by reverse-phase HPLC
      in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate.
AB  - The phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatives of protein amino acids have been
      separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a
      fully end-capped C18 column using an isocratic solvent system. The developing
      solvent was 0.01 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing 39.5% acetonitrile
      and 0.02% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). With an automated liquid chromatography
      equipped with a dual-channel detector, operating at 254 and 313 nm, the present
      isocratic separation system was quite useful for routine microanalysis of PTH
      amino acids released with a "gas-phase" sequencer. The time for one run was
      approximately 23 min and the limit of analysis approximately 2.5 pmol of a PTH
      amino acid.

PMID- 4008476
TI  - A coupled amidolytic assay for thromboplastin (tissue factor) using a fluogenic
      substrate: its application to monkey leukocyte tissue factor.
AB  - A sensitive and quantitative amidolytic assay for thromboplastin (tissue factor)
      coupled to thrombin formation was established. A fluogenic peptide substrate, Boc
      Val-Pro-Arg-MCA, was found to be suitable for the coupled amidolytic assay. The
      amidolytic assay was applied to measure TF activity of endotoxin-stimulated
      mononuclear leukocytes and monocytes. The amidolytic assay showed good
      correlation of 0.97 with the currently used clotting assay upon measuring TF
      activity of the cellular samples.

PMID- 4008477
TI  - Model for the electrolytic environment and electrostatic properties of
      biomembranes.
AB  - Physical and chemical interactions of ions with biomembranes are described by a
      model originating from the Stern theory. Equations of the model have analytical
      solutions only for very simple, often unrealistic situations. The numerical
      resolution adopted permits a much wider application of the model: Potentials and
      concentrations can be calculated anywhere from the surface and in any
      electrolytic environment. The model is applied to biomembranes. Simulations are
      presented in three-dimensional figures which allow one to use the model as a
      practical research tool. In particular, the simulations reveal that, in practice,
      it is possible to induce an increase of the surface charge density simultaneously
      with a decrease of the surface potential, and, theoretically, that the potential
      at the exclusion distance (which estimates the diffuse layer thickness) exhibits
      a remarkably constant value as the composition of the free solution is varied.

PMID- 4008478
TI  - Identification of a novel ganglioside on erythrocytes with blood group Cad
      specificity.
AB  - The blood group Cad antigen is a carbohydrate structure well characterized on the
      sialoglycoproteins of the red cell membrane from some rare individuals
      (Blanchard, D., Cartron, J. P., Fournet, B., Montreuil, J., Van Halbeck, H., and
      Vliegenthart, J.F.G. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 7691-7695). However, protease
      treatment of whole cells did not destroy their antigenic activity which indicated
      that glycolipid might also be involved in the antigenic reaction. A crude
      ganglioside fraction was prepared from Cad cells and found to inhibit the
      hemagglutination reaction, whereas neutral glycolipids were inactive. Further
      analysis of the ganglioside extract from Cad erythrocytes by thin layer
      chromatography revealed an unusual profile characterized by a lower content of
      sialosylparagloboside and the presence of a novel ganglioside of slower mobility.
      Immunochemical studies demonstrate that this ganglioside binds Helix pomatia
      lectin and inhibits human anti-Sda antibody. In addition, a ganglioside with
      identical chromatographic mobility can be obtained by the enzymatic transfer of
      GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc to sialosylparagloboside using a microsomal preparation
      from human kidney. These results together with cell surface labeling experiments
      suggest that the major ganglioside of Cad erythrocytes might be derived from
      sialosylparagloboside by substitution with an additional N-acetylgalactosamine
      residue.

PMID- 4008479
TI  - Cytosolic free calcium levels in monolayers of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle
      cells. Effects of angiotensin II and vasopressin.
AB  - A rise in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) is thought to be the principal
      mediator in vascular smooth muscle contraction. Quantitative changes of [Ca2+]i
      in response to two vasoconstrictor peptide hormones, angiotensin II and
      vasopressin, were directly measured in monolayers of adherent cultured rat aortic
      smooth muscle cells loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator Quin 2.
      Angiotensin II induced rapid, concentration-dependent rises in [Ca2+]i from 1.53
      +/- 0.27 X 10(-7) (n = 16) up to 1.2 X 10(-6) M, with ED50 of 0.45 X 10(-9) M, an
      effect which was blocked by the antagonist analogue [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II.
      Vasopressin also elicited transient rises in [Ca2+]i to peak levels of about 8 X
      10(-7) M, with ED50 of 1.05 X 10(-9) M, and this response was completely
      abolished by a vasopressor antagonist. In calcium-free medium, basal [Ca2+]i
      levels fell to 0.92 +/- 0.24 X 10(-7) M (n = 4), and both hormones were still
      able to raise [Ca2+]i, although to a lesser extent. Readdition of extracellular
      calcium following the [Ca2+]i transient induced a second, slower [Ca2+]i rise. In
      calcium-containing medium, lanthanum ion (2 X 10(-5) M) reduced peptide-evoked
      [Ca2+]i rises to the values observed in calcium-free medium. Stimulation with
      each peptide completely desensitized the smooth muscle cells to a subsequent
      identical challenge, with little crosstachyphylaxis. Potassium ion (50 mM) only
      minimally affected [Ca2+]i levels. The calcium channel blocker nifedipine (10(-6)
      M) did not prevent the [Ca2+]i rises induced by angiotensin II, vasopressin, or
      potassium. These findings indicate that the two physiologically important
      vasoconstrictor hormones angiotensin II and vasopressin rapidly raise [Ca2+]i in
      cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, in part by mobilizing calcium from
      intracellular pools and in part through activation of receptor-operated calcium
      channels.

PMID- 4008480
TI  - pH-induced hysteretic transitions of ovoperoxidase.
AB  - Ovoperoxidase, the enzyme that catalyzes the dityrosine cross-linking of
      fertilization membranes of eggs from the sea urchin Stronglyocentrotus
      purpuratus, exhibits slow changes in catalytic activity upon alterations of pH,
      with attendant changes in spectral properties. For ovoperoxidase pre
      equilibratated at pH 8, abrupt decreases in pH are accompanied by a slow loss in
      activity that is temporally associated with a change in absorbance at the Soret
      band. With enzyme pre-equilibrated at pH 4.5 and then shifted to higher pH, there
      was a slow increase in catalytic activity following a rapid change in the Soret
      band absorbance. These changes were reversible and led to the same equilibrium
      state, regardless of the direction of pH shift. The rate of approach to the
      equilibrium state of ovoperoxidase was independent of enzyme concentration, the
      presence of substrates, or temperature (from 6.5 to 39.7 degrees C). The pH
      induced interconversions of catalytic and spectral properties indicate that
      ovoperoxidase undergoes hysteretic transitions, in which alterations in the heme
      environment accompany, but are not sufficient for, the expression of catalytic
      activity. We present a kinetic mechanism for the hysteretic relaxations and
      suggest how these transitions may have relevance to the assembly of the
      fertilization membrane in vivo.

PMID- 4008481
TI  - Acylation of lysophospholipids by rabbit alveolar macrophages. Specificities of
      CoA-dependent and CoA-independent reactions.
AB  - Intact alveolar macrophages were found to acylate alkyl- and
      acyllysophospholipids with a high selectivity for arachidonate. A specific
      mechanism appears responsible for the incorporation of arachidonate into
      lysophospholipids in intact cells since the kinetic pattern for the formation of
      the 20:4 species was different from all other species. This specificity was
      investigated in more detail by examining the enzymatic acylation of 1-alkyl-2
      lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by macrophage membranes; in the absence of CoA,
      ATP, and Mg2+, this lysophospholipid was acylated with a high preference for
      arachidonate that was independent of added free fatty acids. The addition of CoA
      alone increased the rate of acylation of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine, mainly due to an increase in the formation of species other than
      those containing arachidonate. When CoA, ATP, and Mg2+ were present, the
      macrophage membranes catalyzed the acylation of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine without preference for arachidonate. A different apparent Km and
      Vmax was observed for reactions involving each cofactor condition. We conclude
      that the acylation of alkyl- and acyllysophospholipids by rabbit alveolar
      macrophages occurs by three separate mechanisms: a CoA-independent
      transacylation, a CoA-dependent transacylation (reverse reaction catalyzed by
      acyl-CoA acyltransferase), and an acyl-CoA-dependent acylation. The CoA
      independent transacylation reaction is unique in that it is specific for
      arachidonate and accounts for the selective acylation of alkyl- and
      acyllysophospholipids by arachidonate in membrane preparations of alveolar
      macrophages. This reaction appears to be extremely important in the remodeling of
      phospholipid molecular species and the mobilization of arachidonate into ether
      linked lipids. The transfer of arachidonate to 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine also is of importance in the final inactivation step for platelet
      activating factor (1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), whereby 1-alkyl
      2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (a stored precursor of both platelet
      activating factor and arachidonic acid metabolites) is formed.

PMID- 4008482
TI  - Purification of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from porcine brain.
AB  - The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of porcine cerebrum has been purified to
      apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography, with conjugated 3-(2'
      aminobenzhydryloxy)tropane (ABT) as described previously (Haga, K., and Haga, T.
      (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13575-13579). In a single step purification using 900
      ml of digitonin/cholate-solubilized preparations and 300 ml of the ABT-agarose
      gel, we obtained, in a yield of 10-15%, more than 250 pmol of muscarinic
      receptors which bind [3H]N-methylscopolamine with a specific activity of 1,000
      5,000 pmol/mg of protein (1,000-5,000-fold purification). The muscarinic
      receptors eluted from the ABT-agarose gel with 0.1 mM atropine were adsorbed to
      hydroxylapatite and then recovered as a concentrated solution. Muscarinic
      receptors were further purified by rechromatography with the same gel or by gel
      permeation high pressure liquid chromatography. The amino acid composition of the
      purified receptor was determined, and the specific activity of the purified
      preparation was estimated to be 13,100 pmol/mg of protein on the basis of amino
      acid composition. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of
      the purified receptors with or without radioiodination revealed a single, major
      band with an apparent Mr of 70,000 either by silver staining or radioautogram.
      The major band corresponded to the band which specifically bound
      [3H]propylbenzylcholine mustard (irreversible muscarinic ligand). The purified
      receptor showed essentially the same specificity for muscarinic ligands as
      unpurified receptors.

PMID- 4008483
TI  - Mechanism and stereospecificity of the parabactin-mediated iron-transport system
      in Paracoccus denitrificans.
AB  - The mechanism by which Paracoccus denitrificans utilizes parabactin in its iron
      transport apparatus is examined. The cellular uptake of 55Fe-parabactin, its
      enantiomer, as well as a large number of its homologues and analogues are
      measured. Furthermore, the ability of these catecholamide ligands to stimulate
      microbial growth is also determined. The results of these studies point out
      several structural boundary conditions which the microorganism sets when
      utilizing iron chelates.

PMID- 4008484
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a rat liver enzyme with both cysteine conjugate
      beta-lyase and kynureninase activity.
AB  - Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase is a name applied to enzymes which cleave the S
      cysteine conjugates of some xenobiotics to pyruvate, ammonia, and a thiol.
      Recently, several laboratories have characterized these enzymes from kidney,
      liver, and bacterial sources in an effort to understand their role in the genesis
      of novel sulfur-containing metabolites of xenobiotics and in the toxicity of some
      S-cysteine conjugates. Kynureninase is an enzyme which plays a key role in the
      biosynthesis of nicotinamide ribonucleotides. This investigation demonstrates
      that rat hepatic cysteine conjugate beta-lyase is the same enzyme as
      kynureninase. Both activities copurify on ion exchange, hydroxylapatite, and
      molecular exclusion chromatography. The subunit composition of enzyme prepared by
      two different methods is identical, Mr = 55,000. The Km values for 3-OH
      kynurenine and kynurenine are 13 and 400 microM, respectively. Kynurenine and 3
      hydroxykynurenine inhibit cysteine conjugate beta-lyase activity. Inactivation of
      the enzyme by substrates which undergo beta-elimination results in loss of
      kynureninase activity, but kynurenine does not inactivate the enzyme. Both enzyme
      activities react with anti-cysteine conjugate beta-lyase antibody. Product
      inhibitors of kynureninase, anthranilate, and 3-hydroxyanthranilate are also
      inhibitors of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. Heat inactivation at 70 degrees C
      produced coincident loss of both activities. The enzyme has an absorption maximum
      at 432 nm suggesting a bound pyridoxal phosphate. These data show that at least
      one cysteine conjugate beta-lyase is a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme with a
      biological function other than xenobiotic metabolism. The enzyme can catalyze two
      distinct types of reactions, i.e. beta-elimination and the kynureninase reaction.

PMID- 4008485
TI  - Neutral and acidic species of human intestinal mucin. Evidence for different core
      peptides.
AB  - Highly purified human mucins from postmortem intestinal tissue were fractionated
      on anion exchange columns to generate separate neutral and acidic species. The
      neutral mucin (less than 1.0 mol % sialic acid) was the major species (greater
      than 80% by weight) and contained a higher molar proportion of fucose, galactose,
      and N-acetylglucosamine, and a lower proportion of sialic acid and N
      acetylgalactosamine than the acidic species (greater than 10 mol % sialic acid).
      Amino acid analyses revealed a highly significant enrichment in serine,
      aspartate, and alanine in the neutral species and proline, threonine, and glycine
      in the acidic species. Thiol reduction of each species to remove their integral
      118,000-dalton component did not alter the essential interspecies differences.
      Differences in threonine, proline, and serine also remained after removal of all
      "naked" or pronase-susceptible peptide regions from each species. These results
      indicate that neutral and acidic mucins contain glycopeptide segments exclusive
      of their 118,000-dalton and naked peptide components, which differ in amino acid
      composition. The key amino acid markers are similar to those observed for fuco-
      and sialoglycopeptides obtained after proteolytic digestion of human colonic
      mucin by Gold et al. (Gold, D.V., Schochat, D., and Miller, F. (1981) J. Biol.
      Chem. 256, 6354-6358). The oligosaccharide composition of small intestinal and
      colonic mucin may therefore depend upon transcriptional control of the synthesis
      of specific mucin peptides as well as the post-translational activity of
      glycosyltransferases. These findings may have significance for the quality and
      functions of mucus produced in a variety of pathological states.

PMID- 4008486
TI  - Detection of an advanced glycosylation product bound to protein in situ.
AB  - Protein amino groups can react with glucose without the aid of enzymes to form
      stable Amadori products containing 1-amino-1-deoxyketose residues. These adducts
      can undergo subsequent rearrangements and dehydrations to form various brown and
      fluorescent pigments. Recently, a chromophore, 2-(2-furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1H
      imidazole (FFI), was isolated from acid hydrolysates of bovine serum albumin
      (BSA) and poly-L-lysine which had been incubated with glucose. To confirm the
      presence of FFI in situ, a radioimmunoassay was developed. A derivative of FFI, 4
      furanyl-2-furoyl-1H-imidazole-1-hexanoic acid, was coupled to BSA and used to
      immunize rabbits. A radioactive FFI derivative was synthesized by reaction of 2
      furyl-glyoxal with gamma-amino-[2,3-3H]butyric acid to form FFI-[3H]butyric acid.
      The resultant antiserum showed binding affinity to FFI and cross-reactivity for
      related compounds. FFI bound to proteins was liberated by acid hydrolysis or
      digestion by proteinase K prior to measurement. A linear relationship was seen
      between the amount of FFI equivalent detected and the amount of acid hydrolysate
      or enzymatic digest assayed. Poly-L-lysine and BSA incubated with glucose showed
      a time-dependent increase in the amounts of fluorescence and FFI equivalence. The
      detection of a time-related increase in the amount of FFI or a closely related
      structure in enzymatically digested proteins implicates it as an in situ product
      on proteins which have undergone the Maillard reaction with glucose. Of
      physiological significance is that FFI could also be detected in human globin and
      serum albumin from normal individuals. Thus, proteins exposed to glucose in vitro
      and in vivo form FFI as an in situ glycosylation product.

PMID- 4008487
TI  - Effect of complement proteins C5b-9 on blood platelets. Evidence for reversible
      depolarization of membrane potential.
AB  - The carbocyanine dye 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide has been used to
      investigate changes in membrane potential (Em) which occur upon binding of
      complement proteins C5b-9 to the plasma membrane of blood platelets. Gel-filtered
      platelets exposed to C5b6 and C7 in serum-free medium show no change in Em from
      that of controls, as indicated by either 3,3,'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide
      fluorescence or by the distribution of [14C]tetraphenylphosphonium bromide.
      Addition of complement proteins C8 and C9 to the C5b67 platelets results in
      partial depolarization of Em, which spontaneously repolarizes to basal levels
      within 15-20 min at 37 degrees C. Under these conditions, C5b-9-treated platelets
      show no increase in lysis over complement-free controls. Isotonic replacement of
      external sodium by either potassium or choline alters both the rate and extent of
      membrane depolarization and inhibits the platelets' capacity to repolarize after
      C5b-9 assembly. Repolarization of Em to basal levels is also completely blocked
      by addition of ouabain, confirming that this recovery is mediated by the plasma
      membrane Na+/K+ pump. These results demonstrate that membrane binding of the C5b
      9 proteins can induce a transient change in Em when bound to the plasma membrane
      at a sublytic concentration, providing a mechanism for target cell activation by
      these potentially cytolytic proteins.

PMID- 4008488
TI  - Modulating effect of thiol-disulfide status on [14C]aminopyrine accumulation in
      the isolated parietal cell.
AB  - Thiol-oxidizing agents were found to stimulate [14C] aminopyrine accumulation, a
      reliable index of acid secretory function of isolated canine parietal cells.
      Glutathione is the predominant intracellular free thiol; thus, its oxidation
      status largely determines the thiol-disulfide status of the cell by thiol
      disulfide interchange reactions. Three agents which alter glutathione oxidation
      status by different mechanisms were applied to parietal cells in vitro to
      investigate whether enhanced formation of GSSG alters acid secretory function.
      The agents studied were diamide (which nonenzymatically oxidizes GSH to GSSG),
      tert-butyl hydroperoxide (an organic peroxide specifically reduced by glutathione
      peroxidase, thereby generating GSSG for GSH), and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1
      nitrosourea (an inhibitor of NADPH:GSSG reductase, which presumably allows the
      accumulation of GSSG). Each of these agents stimulated aminopyrine accumulation
      in a dose-dependent fashion. Simple depletion of GSH by diethyl maleate or 2
      cyclohexene-1-one did not stimulate aminopyrine accumulation. Likewise, enhanced
      aminopyrine accumulation occurred at diamide concentrations which did not cause
      significant depletion of total cellular glutathione. The thiol-reducing agent,
      dithiothreitol, prevented enhanced aminopyrine accumulation by 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. These observations
      support the hypothesis that thiol-disulfide interchange reactions involving GSSG
      modulate the acid secretory function of the isolated parietal cell.

PMID- 4008489
TI  - Effects of androgen and polyamines on the phosphorylation of nucleolar proteins
      from rat ventral prostates with particular reference to 110-kDa phosphoprotein.
AB  - The effects of testosterone (in vivo) and polyamines (in vitro) on the
      phosphorylation of nucleolar proteins of rat ventral prostates were studied.
      Phosphorylation of nucleolar proteins was accomplished by incubation of isolated
      nucleoli with [gamma-32P]ATP at 37 degrees C for 10 min followed by
      electrophoretic separation and autoradiographic demonstration of phosphorylated
      proteins. Of several nucleolar phosphoproteins observed in ventral prostates of
      castrated rats, the incorporation of 32P into 110-kDa protein was remarkably
      augmented by the testosterone treatment. The stimulation became evident as early
      as 4 h after the injection of the hormones, reaching 3-4-fold of the control
      level and was efficiently prevented by cycloheximide injection 3 h before
      killing. 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone gave similar results to testosterone, but
      estradiol-17 beta failed to stimulate the phosphorylation of 110-kDa protein.
      Polyamines and cyclic nucleotides did not affect the phosphorylation, but, when
      phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride was omitted from the standard medium, spermine and
      spermidine showed a distinct effect: 110-kDa phosphoprotein was completely
      abolished with a concomitant increase of 59-kDa phosphoprotein in both cases of
      castrated and testosterone-primed rats. The effect of polyamines seems to be due
      to the stimulation of degradation of the protein which is presumably catalyzed by
      a serine protease.

PMID- 4008490
TI  - Oligosaccharide structures of human colonic mucin.
AB  - Purified human colonic mucin was separated into six distinct components by DEAE
      cellulose chromatography, and the structures of oligosaccharide side chains from
      the three most abundant species were determined. Oligosaccharide side chains were
      isolated from colonic mucin species III, IV, and V after alkaline borohydride
      reductive cleavage in the presence of sodium borotritide. After initial
      separation of acidic and neutral oligosaccharides by ion exchange chromatography,
      individual oligosaccharides were isolated by sequential chromatography on Bio-Gel
      P-4 and Bio-Gel P-2 resins followed by preparative normal phase high performance
      liquid chromatography. Composition and structure of individual oligosaccharides
      were determined by combination of gas chromatography, methylation analysis, and
      sequential glycosidase digestion. Collectively, 21 discrete oligosaccharide
      structures were identified in the major human colonic mucin species including 10
      acidic oligosaccharides and 11 neutral structures which ranged in size from 2 to
      12 sugar residues. Although detailed structures were defined for each
      oligosaccharide, the majority of the structures identified were variations of a
      relatively small number of "basic" structures, and several generalizations
      pertained. First, many oligosaccharides represented variations of a biantennary
      structure in which branch chains arise in N-acetylglucosaminyl residues linked to
      C3 and C6 of a galactosyl residue linked in turn to a GlcNAc beta (1-3)GalNAc
      core; second, non-branched oligosaccharides appeared to be linear chain
      derivatives of the same core structure; third, all acidic oligosaccharides could
      be derived from neutral structures present in the mucin species; fourth, sialic
      acid substitution was limited to few sites and always included substitution in
      alpha 2-6 linkage to the reducing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine, and finally
      several structures contained both sialic acid and fucose residues. Individually,
      mucin species III, IV, and V were found to contain unique mixtures of 13, 14, and
      10 oligosaccharide structures, respectively. These data demonstrate that human
      colonic mucin contain a wide range of oligosaccharides reflecting variations of
      common core oligosaccharide structures. The major chromatographically defined
      constituents of normal colonic mucin appear to possess characteristic and
      distinguishable combinations of oligosaccharide structures. These findings
      support the concept that colonic mucin contains structurally and functionally
      distinct subpopulations.

PMID- 4008491
TI  - Refined crystal structure of deoxyhemoglobin S. I. Restrained least-squares
      refinement at 3.0-A resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of deoxyhemoglobin S has been refined at 3.0-A resolution
      using the Hendrickson-Konnert restrained least-squares method. Comparison with
      the structure of deoxyhemoglobin A reveals a hingelike movement of the beta-chain
      A helices, which are involved in molecular contacts, toward the EF corners of
      their respective subunits. This movement brings the amino termini of the beta
      chains closer to the molecular dyad. The A helices remain alpha-helical
      throughout their entire lengths. No other major structural difference is found
      between deoxyhemoglobin A and deoxyhemoglobin S.

PMID- 4008492
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin isolated from Desulfovibrio
      desulfuricans Norway.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of the [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Desulfovibrio
      desulfuricans Norway was determined by repetitive Edman degradation of the whole
      protein and peptides derived from tryptic digestion. The protein has 59 residues.
      Four of the six cysteine residues are involved in the binding of the [4Fe-4S]
      cluster in the same arrangement as in clostridial ferredoxins. This sequence is
      compared to various Desulfovibrio ferredoxin sequences and to the sequence and
      three-dimensional structure of Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxin. Evidence of gene
      duplication is indicated. The requirement of some sequence features in the
      ferredoxin for an interaction process with its electron transfer partner,
      cytochrome c3, is postulated in the discussion.

PMID- 4008493
TI  - Alterations in early adenovirus transcription and mRNA abundance induced by
      translational inhibitors.
AB  - At least six viral genes are activated early after adenovirus 2 infection of HeLa
      cells. In an effort to define more clearly the effects of protein synthesis
      inhibition on early viral gene expression, the rate of transcription and the
      cytoplasmic abundance of viral mRNA from each transcription unit were studied in
      infected cells treated with translational inhibitors added at different times
      during infection and at concentrations known to inhibit 95 to 99% of protein
      synthesis. Tritiated uridine-labeled nuclear and cytoplasmic viral RNA molecules
      synthesized in infected HeLa cells in both the presence and absence of inhibitors
      were analyzed and compared by hybridization using specific DNA probes.
      Translational inhibitors (25 micrograms/ml of cycloheximide or 10 microM
      anisomycin) added 30 min to 1 h after infection stimulated the over-accumulation
      of cytoplasmic viral mRNA from 3- to 20-fold, early regions E1A, E2, and E4 being
      affected most. This overproduction of viral mRNA was found to result from
      enhanced transcription of the respective early genes. Treatment of cells with 100
      microM anisomycin 1 h prior to and during infection did not prevent the
      accumulation of early viral mRNA molecules; however, total cellular RNA synthesis
      was drastically inhibited in 100 microM anisomycin-treated cells. These results
      support the hypothesis that a cellular factor may function in the regulation of
      early viral gene expression at a transcriptional level.

PMID- 4008494
TI  - Resonance Raman studies of CO and O2 binding to elephant myoglobin (distal
      His(E7)----Gln).
AB  - Carbon monoxide and dioxygen were employed as resonance Raman-visible ligands for
      probing the nature of the heme-binding site in elephant myoglobin, which has
      glutamine in the distal position (E7) instead of the usual histidine. The distal
      histidine (E7) residue has been thought to be responsible for weakening carbon
      monoxide binding to hemoproteins. It is of interest to see how the His(E7)----Gln
      replacement affects such parameters as nu(Fe-N epsilon), nu(Fe-CO), delta(Fe-C
      O), nu(C-O), delta(Fe-O-O), and nu(O-O) vibrational frequencies and relative
      intensities. Elephant myoglobin has a CO affinity approximately 6 times higher
      than that for human/sperm whale myoglobin (Mb). If this enhanced affinity were
      solely due to the removal of some of the steric hindrance that normally tilts the
      CO off the heme axis, one would expect the nu(Fe-CO) frequency to decrease and
      the nu(C-O) frequency to increase relative to the corresponding values in sperm
      whale Mb. However, the opposite was found. In addition, strong enhancement of the
      Fe-C-O bending mode was observed. These results suggest that the Fe-C-O linkage
      remains distorted. In elephant Mb, new interactions resulting from the
      conformational change accompanying ligand binding may be responsible for the
      increased CO binding. Similar spectra were obtained for elephant and sperm whale
      oxymyoglobin. This suggests that the interactions of bound O2 are not markedly
      affected by the glutamine replacement.

PMID- 4008495
TI  - Resonance Raman evidence for the activation of dioxygen in horseradish
      oxyperoxidase.
AB  - Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the molecular bases
      for the markedly different properties of horseradish oxyperoxidase and
      oxymyoglobin. The porphyrin core of oxyperoxidase is slightly more expanded with
      the iron atom closer to the porphyrin plane, and there is greater iron d pi-to
      oxygen pi backbonding compared to oxymyoglobin. The iron-oxygen (stretching or
      bending) bands are observed at 570 and 562 cm-1, respectively, for oxymyoglobin
      and oxyperoxidase, and the iron-His stretching bands have been tentatively
      identified at 276 and 289 cm-1, respectively. It is suggested that the stronger
      iron-His bond in oxyperoxidase facilitates greater iron d pi-to-oxygen pi
      backdonation by raising the energy of the iron d pi orbitals closer to the energy
      of the oxygen pi orbitals. This weakens the O-O bond and activates dioxygen for
      use as an electron acceptor in the peroxidase-oxidase reaction.

PMID- 4008496
TI  - Inhibition of lipid synthesis by beta beta'-tetramethyl-substituted, C14-C22,
      alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in the rat in vivo.
AB  - beta beta'-Methyl-substituted alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids (MEDICA) of C14-C18
      chain length were found to inhibit liver lipid synthesis in the rat in vivo.
      Maximum inhibition was observed with MEDICA 16 amounting to a 50% decrease in
      fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis in the presence of 0.07 and 0.015% (w/w)
      of the drug in the diet, respectively. Inhibition of lipid biosynthesis by MEDICA
      16 involved a reduction in cytosolic acetyl-CoA content, while the carbon flux
      from glucose to glycogen, protein, and carbon dioxide remained unaffected.
      Inhibition of lipogenesis by MEDICA 16 resulted in a 50% decrease in liver and
      carcass (but not brain) neutral lipid ester content at 0.25% (w/w) of the drug in
      the diet, as well as in a dose-dependent hypotriglyceridemic effect, with an up
      to 3-fold reduction in serum triacylglycerols. Inhibition of cholesterogenesis by
      MEDICA 16 resulted in a hypocholesterolemic effect, with 60 and 45% reductions in
      (very low density + low density lipoprotein) cholesterol and high density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively.

PMID- 4008497
TI  - Inhibition of lipid synthesis by beta beta'-tetramethyl-substituted, C14-C22,
      alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - beta beta'-Methyl-substituted, C14-C18, alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids (MEDICA
      14-18) were found to inhibit fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis in cultured
      rat hepatocytes. Maximum inhibition was observed with MEDICA 16, amounting to a
      50% decrease in 3H2O and acetate incorporation into fatty acids and cholesterol
      in the presence of 0.08 mM of the drug added to the culture medium. Inhibition of
      lipogenesis was not accompanied by inhibition of palmitate or glycerol
      esterification into neutral lipids and phospholipids. The respective capacities
      of MEDICA homologues of varying acyl chain length as inhibitors of fatty acid and
      cholesterol synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes and in vivo (Bar-Tana, J., Rose
      Kahn, G., and Srebnik, M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 8404-8410) correlated well
      with their respective inhibitory effect on liver ATP-citrate lyase. Thus, MEDICA
      16 inhibited liver ATP-citrate lyase competitively to citrate with a Ki of 16
      microM as compared to a Km of 0.8 mM for the citrate substrate.

PMID- 4008498
TI  - Luminescence studies of lanthanide ion binding to parvalbumin.
AB  - Luminescence methods were used to examine the interaction of Eu(III) and Tb(III)
      with parvalbumin isozyme III from pike (Esox lucius). The bound lanthanide ions
      were excited both directly, via laser irradiation, and indirectly, via
      fluorescence energy transfer from adjacent phenylalanine residues. At high (175
      microM) protein concentrations, the lanthanide titration curves exhibited
      pronounced quenching of luminescence at Ln3+:parvalbumin ratios above 2:1, in
      agreement with earlier reports (Donato, H., Jr., and Martin, R. B. (1974)
      Biochemistry 13, 4575-4579). However, in experiments performed with lower
      concentrations (10 microM), the titrations were well behaved and indicated a
      lanthanide:protein stoichiometry of 2:1. Equilibrium dialysis measurements
      performed with Eu(III) ruled out the existence of a third strong binding site
      which could cause the quenching of the luminescence at high protein
      concentrations. Similarly, careful analysis of the spectrum that results from
      direct excitation of the 7F0----5D0 transition of parvalbumin-bound Eu3+ ion
      revealed no peak attributable to a third Ln3+-binding site. The peak which has
      been construed by others (Rhee, M.-J., Sudnick, D. R., Arkle, V. K., and
      Horrocks, W. DeW., Jr. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 3328-3334) as evidence for a third
      site was shown to result from a pH-dependent spectral transition involving the
      europium ions bound at the CD and EF sites. Luminescent lifetime measurements
      performed on Tb(III)/parvalbumin solutions follow Stern-Volmer quenching kinetics
      at terbium:protein ratios in excess of 2:1, suggesting that the quenching results
      from collisional deactivation of the tightly bound ions by excess terbium ion
      free in solution.

PMID- 4008499
TI  - Molecular properties of the oxytocin/bovine neurophysin biosynthetic precursor.
      Studies using a semisynthetic precursor.
AB  - An oxytocin/bovine neurophysin I biosynthetic precursor, [N epsilon-diacetimidyl
      30,71, des-His106]pro-OT/BNPI, was synthesized from a synthetic oxytocinyl
      peptide, 1/2Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-1/2Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Gly-Lys-Arg, and native
      neurophysin by chemical semisynthesis. The semisynthetic precursor contains the
      entire sequence of the biosynthetic precursor deduced from the complementary DNA
      structure except for omission of the carboxyl-terminal histidine residue. The
      covalent structure of the semisynthetic product was verified by amino acid
      analysis and amino-terminal analysis. Analytical affinity chromatography was
      employed to evaluate noncovalent binding properties of the precursor. The
      precursor does not bind significantly to immobilized Met-Tyr-Phe, a hormone
      binding site ligand. In contrast, the acetimidated precursor binds to immobilized
      bovine neurophysin II, with a 13-fold higher affinity than does acetimidated
      neurophysin itself. When a hormonal ligand, [Lys8]vasopressin, was added to the
      elution buffer at the concentration of 0.1 mM so that a major portion of the
      immobilized BNPII was liganded, the affinity between the immobilized liganded
      BNPII and the precursor was enhanced 8-fold and approached the affinity for the
      liganded (bovine neurophysin I-immobilized BNPII) interaction. The data imply
      that the precursor can self-associate and that this self-association is closely
      related to that of liganded neurophysin. The tripeptide affinity matrix data
      argue that, in the precursor, the ligand binding site of the neurophysin domain
      is occupied intramolecularly by the hormone domain. The data verify the view that
      both the self-association surface and hormone binding site are established upon
      precursor folding. A disulfide stability analysis showed the resistance, to
      disulfide interchange by dithiothreitol, of semisynthetic precursor but not of
      neurophysin, as judged by protein association and peptide ligand binding
      activities, respectively. The results argue that the molecular structure of the
      precursor is established upon precursor folding and before enzymatic processing
      that produces mature hormone and neurophysin.

PMID- 4008501
TI  - Knee flexor moments during propulsion in cycling--a creative solution to
      Lombard's Paradox.
AB  - The function of two joint muscles in the human lower extremity was studied during
      a cycling task with efficiency of their action discussed in light of Lombard's
      Paradox. Special pedals were designed to monitor reaction forces parallel to the
      sagittal plane of the body. Net moments of force about the hip, knee and ankle
      and EMG patterns in selected lower extremity muscles were recorded in five
      subjects pedalling against a constant load. The most original aspect of this
      study was the clear difference in hip and knee action during the propulsive phase
      of the pedalling cycle. A knee flexor moment was consistently observed in all
      subjects starting approximately half way through the propulsive phase of crank
      rotation (0-180 degrees) and presented as a creative solution to Lombard's
      Paradox.

PMID- 4008500
TI  - Mechanical properties of actin.
AB  - We used a cone and plate rheometer to evaluate the mechanical properties of actin
      over a wide range of oscillation frequencies and shear rates. Remarkably, both
      filamentous and nonfilamentous actin behaved as viscoelastic solids in both
      oscillatory and shear type experiments, providing that they were given ample time
      to equilibrate. Actin was purified by gel filtration from rabbit skeletal muscle
      and Acanthamoeba. Nonfilamentous actin in 2 different buffers had similar
      properties. In a low ionic strength buffer the absence of filaments was confirmed
      by electron microscopy, ultracentrifugation, and the fluorescence of pyrene
      labeled actin. In 0.6 M KI, actin was monomeric by gel filtration. Filamentous
      actin had similar properties in 2 mM MgCl2 with either 50 mM KC1 or 500 mM KC1.
      Under all 4 of these conditions, actin required about 1000 min at 25 degrees C
      for the rheological properties to equilibrate. Under conditions where the
      oscillation of the rheometer did not affect the mechanical properties, all of the
      actin preparations had dynamic viscosities that were inverse functions of the
      frequency and dynamic elasticites that leveled off at low frequencies as expected
      for viscoelastic solids. For filamentous actin, the values of these parameters
      were about 2 times higher than for nonfilamentous actin. In shear experiments,
      both filamentous and nonfilamentous actin exhibited shear rate-dependent yield
      stresses. When filamentous and nonfilamentous actin structures were disrupted by
      transient shearing, the dynamic elasticity recovered to 90% in 30 min. Ovalbumin
      in the low ionic strength buffer also behaved as a viscoelastic material with
      elasticity and viscosity about 10 times lower than nonfilamentous actin, while
      cytochrome c behaved as a Newtonian fluid with a viscosity of 0.02 poise.

PMID- 4008502
TI  - The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone.
AB  - Cancellous bone has a cellular structure: it is made up of a connected network of
      rods and plates. Because of this, its mechanical behaviour is similar to that of
      other cellular materials such as polymeric foams. A recent study on the
      mechanisms of deformation in such materials has led to an understanding of how
      their mechanical properties depend on their relative density, cell wall
      properties and cell geometry. In this paper, the results of this previous study
      are applied to cancellous bone in an attempt to further understand its mechanical
      behaviour. The results of the analysis agree reasonably well with experimental
      data available in the literature.

PMID- 4008503
TI  - Elbow joint contact study: comparison of techniques.
AB  - Elucidation of the contact areas between joint surfaces is important to both
      prosthetic design and the understanding of degeneration of articular cartilage.
      Numerous experimental methods are available to study joint contact, including
      cartilage staining, joint space casting, and pressure sensitive film techniques.
      This study attempts to compare the ability of each experimental technique to
      determine elbow joint contact. The silicone casting technique appears to be the
      best method to study joint contact area. The effects of magnitude and orientation
      of applied forces on the elbow joint contact patterns are studied.

PMID- 4008504
TI  - A mathematical theory of running, based on the first law of thermodynamics, and
      its application to the performance of world-class athletes.
AB  - Following a survey of existing mathematical models of running, a new analysis is
      developed, based on the first law of thermodynamics. The method properly accounts
      for each term in the energy balance, and avoids the use of mechanical efficiency
      factors. A relationship is derived between race distance and the time taken to
      run that distance. An excellent correlation of results from recent Olympic Games
      is established for events over distances from 100 m to 10,000 m. The velocity
      time relationship for a sprinter running 100 m at maximum available power is
      obtained by numerical integration of the power equation. It is shown that the
      peak velocity is achieved in the middle stages of the race, a result which is
      consistent with practice, but which previous calculations based on Newton's laws
      have failed to predict. Further applications of the analysis are indicated.

PMID- 4008505
TI  - A mathematical analysis of the influence of adverse and favourable winds on
      sprinting.
AB  - A mathematical analysis of running performance, based on the first law of
      thermodynamics and originally derived for still air conditions, is extended to
      account for the effects of favourable and adverse winds. Solutions to the full
      theory have been obtained by numerical integration of the governing equations.
      Simplifications to the full calculation procedure have also been investigated.
      Calculations for races over a distance of 100 m show that the advantage to an
      athlete of a following wind increases progressively with increasing wind speed. A
      favourable wind of 2 ms-1 provides a benefit of about 0.18 s on running time.

PMID- 4008506
TI  - A general Newtonian simulation of an n-segment open chain model.
AB  - This paper presents a set of general Newtonian equations which govern the
      simulation of movement of a body represented by n open chain links. The input for
      the simulation consisted of the joint moment of force histories, lengths, masses
      and moments of inertia, the initial absolute angular displacements and velocities
      and, for the fixed or constrained axis of the nth segment, the acceleration
      history. Angular accelerations were then determined by solving n linear equations
      simultaneously, and angular velocities and displacements determined by
      integrating forwards. The final output was in the form of a graphical display of
      the linked figure. Applications of the simulation were demonstrated using three
      segment representations of movements of the upper and lower extremities and a
      five-segment representation of a jump. Good agreement was achieved between the
      displayed angular displacements for the original and simulated movements. The
      potential for varying the input data has been examined and the implications of
      anticipating the effects of changed torques, inertial characteristics including
      attached prosthetic or sports implements and/or the initial conditions for a
      movement are discussed.

PMID- 4008507
TI  - Improvements in measuring vertebral rotation from the projections of the
      pedicles.
AB  - In radiological assessment of scoliosis, some prognostic value is given to
      vertebral rotation. An improved method for measuring vertebral rotation is
      introduced. It differs from the known methods by a specific selection of
      vertebral model parameters describing location of pedicles relative to the
      vertebral body. Vertebral model parameters have been determined from 150 axial X
      rays of vertebral specimens. Application of measured parameters yields accuracy
      of about +/- 5 degrees in assessing vertebral rotation. Good agreement is found
      with parameters of six scoliotic vertebrae, investigated by CT-scans. A method
      for clinical presentation of measurement results is proposed.

PMID- 4008508
TI  - Finite centroid and helical axis estimation from noisy landmark measurements in
      the study of human joint kinematics.
AB  - Recent work on joint kinematics indicates that the finite centroid (centre of
      rotation) and the finite helical axis (axis of rotation, screw axis, twist axis)
      are highly susceptible to measurement errors when they are experimentally
      determined from landmark position data. This paper presents an analytical model
      to describe these effects, under isotropic conditions for the measurement errors
      and for the spatial landmark distribution. It appears that the position and
      direction errors are inversely proportional to the rotation magnitude, and that
      they are much more error-prone than the relatively well-determined rotation and
      translation magnitudes. Furthermore, the direction and rotation magnitude errors
      are inversely proportional to the landmark distribution radius, and the position
      and translation magnitude errors are minimal if the mean position of the
      landmarks coincides with the centroid or helical axis. For the planar centroid,
      the use of rigid-body constraints results in considerable precision improvement
      relative to the classical, finite Reuleaux method for centroid reconstruction.
      These analytical results can be used to define suitable measurement
      configurations, and they are used in this paper to explain experimental results
      on Rontgenphotogrammetrically acquired in vitro wrist joint movement.

PMID- 4008509
TI  - Mechanical hysteresis loops from single osteons: technical devices and
      preliminary results.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe an original apparatus for recording
      hysteresis loops from single osteons and a special microgrinding lathe for
      preparing osteonic samples for testing. The results obtained by testing isolated
      osteons, and composite bone samples ground to the same size as an osteon sample
      justify one to draw the following main conclusions: at an equal degree of
      calcification, longitudinal osteons show larger hysteresis loops under
      compression and alternate osteons show larger hysteresis loops under tension;
      there seems to be little chance of acquiring detailed information on the
      mechanical effects of osteon calcification recording hysteresis loops; collagen
      orientation in lamellae is the main factor determining the kind of hysteresis
      loops displayed by a composite bone sample.

PMID- 4008510
TI  - A mechanical approach to the longitudinal dispersion of gas flowing in human
      airways.
AB  - The aim of this work is to contribute to elucidating the mechanism underlying gas
      mixing in the human pulmonary airways. For this purpose, a particular attempt is
      made to analyse the fluid mechanical aspects of gaseous dispersion using bolus
      response methods. The experiments were performed on five normal subjects by
      injection of 10 cm3 bolus of He, Ar and SF6 into the latter part of the inspired
      airstream, in such a way that the whole bolus entered the inspiratory flow and
      was recovered during the following expiration. The results, presented in a
      logarithmic plot of dimensionless variance (dispersion of the output bolus)
      against the Peclet number, show that gaseous dispersion is only slightly
      dependent on the nature of the tracer gas but is strongly related to flow
      velocity. This is in agreement with the theory of turbulent or disturbed
      dispersion; however, it seems that Taylor laminar dispersion does not play a
      significant role in the airways.

PMID- 4008511
TI  - Organ-specific carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in F344 and ACI/N rats.
AB  - Male and female F344 rats were continuously administered N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
      (MNU) in their drinking water at concentrations of 200 or 100 ppm, and both sexes
      of ACI/N rats were given MNU at a concentration of 200 ppm. By the 42nd week of
      the experiment, high incidences of brain/spinal cord tumors were observed in both
      strains of rats. Histologically, many of them were astrocytomas or anaplastic
      astrocytomas. In addition, malignant neurinomas were also detected in the spinal
      nerve roots and trigeminal nerves, although their incidences were rather low.
      There was no difference in the type and incidence of these neurogenic tumors
      between the two strains of rats. Tumors of the tongue and esophagus were mainly
      observed in the high-dose group of F344 rats and those of the glandular stomach
      were observed in the low-dose group of F344 rats. In ACI/N rats, tumors of the
      heart and renal pelvis were detected. The organ-specific carcinogenicity of MNU
      in these two strains of rats was compared with that of MNU in Donryu rats. It was
      demonstrated that organ specificity of MNU given orally was influenced not only
      by the strain of rats but also by the dose level.

PMID- 4008512
TI  - Comparative study on the carcinogenicity of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in
      the European hamster.
AB  - The effect of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (NDMM), a pancreatic carcinogen
      for the Syrian golden hamster, was examined in the European hamster (EH) for
      comparative reasons. The compound was administered by subcutaneous (SC) injection
      or intragastric gavage (IG) at a dose level corresponding to 0.1 of LD50. In
      terms of carcinogenicity the main target was the respiratory epithelium (nasal
      cavity, lung, trachea, larynx); other benign and malignant tumors originated in
      the liver (bile duct epithelium and endothelium) and renal pelvis (transitional
      epithelium). The occurrence of neoplasms seen at other sites was difficult to
      attribute to treatment. Reduced metabolism as found during hibernation did not
      change the organ distribution of neoplastic growths. Differences in the
      carcinogenic potency (tumor incidence and latency, affected organs and cell
      types) did not depend significantly on the route of administration. The data were
      compared to those obtained using other nitroso compounds in this species.

PMID- 4008513
TI  - Radiation therapy of rat brain tumor using misonidazole as hypoxic cell
      sensitizer.
AB  - Rat brain tumor was used as a model to evaluate radiation therapy with and
      without misonidazole. BD-IX rats were implanted intracerebrally with an
      ethylnitrosourea-induced glioma. Three series of experiments were performed, with
      radiation given 14 days after inoculation of the glioma clone. In each series,
      the following radiation doses were given: 500 rads once, 1,000 rads once; and
      1,000 rads twice, every time with or without two different doses of misonidazole.
      Radiation therapy significantly prolonged survival when compared to the longevity
      of the control group. The dose of 1,000 rads given twice was highly effective and
      the life-span of tumor-bearing rats increased from 72% to 121%. Misonidazole plus
      irradiation negated the prolongation of survival, achieved with radiation therapy
      alone.

PMID- 4008514
TI  - Nitrite: a co-carcinogen?
AB  - The concurrent administration of N-nitroso-N-methylbenzylamine (NMBA) (10 mg/l
      drinking water) and sodium nitrite (5 g or 1 g/kg basic diet) induces enhanced
      progression of esophageal tumors. Pathologic changes of the respiratory system,
      which do not occur with administration of NMBA alone, are also observed. These
      findings call for re-evaluation of the toxicological significance of nitrite.

PMID- 4008516
TI  - Studies on high-dose chemotherapy of amygdalin in murine P388 lymphocytic
      leukaemia and P815 mast cell leukaemia.
AB  - The anti-tumor activity of amygdalin (NSC 251222), commercially known as
      Laetrile, was investigated using P388 lymphocytic leukaemia and P815 mast-cell
      leukaemia in BDF1 mice. Doses varying from 200 mg/kg to 2,000 mg/kg were used
      following the days 1 and 5 and days 1, 5 and 9 schedules. Despite treatment with
      high doses of amygdalin there was no prolongation in the life-span of mice
      bearing either P388 or P815 tumor.

PMID- 4008515
TI  - Experimental studies on mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of tobacco chewing.
AB  - The alcoholic extract of the chewing (Pandharpuri) variety of tobacco (Nicotiana
      tabacum) was subjected to mutagenicity and tumorigenicity studies. The extract
      was found to be mutagenic in strain TA 98 of Salmonella typhimurium in the
      presence of S 9 mixture. It also induced 8 AZG-resistant mutation in V 79 Chinese
      hamster cells. Administration of tobacco extract to male Swiss mice by gavage or
      mixed with diet resulted in an increased incidence of lung/liver tumors. Further,
      an additive effect of tobacco extract and hexachlorocyclohexane on liver tumor
      induction was observed.

PMID- 4008517
TI  - Individual chemosensitivity of in vitro proliferating mammary and ovarian
      carcinoma cells in comparison to clinical results of chemotherapy.
AB  - Cell lines established from advanced mammary and ovarian carcinomas were assayed
      for the inhibition of in vitro proliferation by various antineoplastic drugs. The
      assays were performed with multiple experimental cultures derived from stock
      cultures of the tumor cell lines in early passages of the cultivation. As
      determined by comparison of the 50% inhibition of in vitro growth, differential
      sensitivity of the individual cell lines was observed. Based on the 2-h plasma
      level of the drugs as discriminatory threshold between resistance and
      sensitivity, the in vitro effectiveness of each drug on the individual cell lines
      was compared with the clinical results of chemotherapy applied to the
      corresponding patients. In total, positive in vitro/in vivo correlations were
      observed in 39 of 42 cases. The 17 cell lines evaluated retrospectively were
      resistant to those drugs which had been tried unsuccessfully during chemotherapy.
      Among the 25 cases tried prospectively 11 cases showed sensitivity in vitro and
      in vivo, and furthermore 11 prospective cases were resistant in vitro and in
      vivo.

PMID- 4008518
TI  - Effectiveness of antineoplastic drugs on the proliferation of human mammary and
      ovarian carcinoma cells in monolayer culture.
AB  - Procedures for the in vitro determination of the drug-induced inhibition of
      mammary and ovarian carcinoma cell growth were established. In monolayer cultures
      derived from advanced tumors, separation of epithelial carcinoma cells from
      concomitant cells of fibroblast-like or mesothelial appearance was achieved by
      differential trypsinization. The carcinoma cell character of the stock cultures
      was verified by chromosome analyses showing a high degree of aneuploidy for the
      epitheloid cell lines and euploidy for cells of apparently mesenchymal origin.
      When cultured carcinoma cells were injected in nu/nu mice, the tissue and cell
      cultures obtained from the heterotransplantation tumors closely resembled the
      original tumors and cell cultures in morphology, karyotype, and expression of
      tumor markers. The action of carcinostatic drugs in the logarithmic phase of the
      carcinoma cell proliferation was tested by kinetics experiments in multiple
      experimental cultures. In cell proliferation assays based on cell counts the 50%
      inhibition dose (ID50) of the drug effects was determined from the dose-response
      curves. Comparison of the ID50s revealed highly differential effectiveness of the
      drugs examined. The inhibitory effects were reproducible, rendering the
      procedures used suitable for testing the chemosensitivity of newly explanted
      gynecological carcinoma cells by proliferation assays.

PMID- 4008519
TI  - Xeroderma pigmentosum patients from the Federal Republic of Germany: decrease in
      post-UV colony-forming ability in 30 xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblast strains is
      quantitatively correlated with a decrease in DNA-incising capacity.
AB  - A total of 16 normal and 46 XP fibroblast strains from the Mannheim Collection
      were investigated for colony-forming ability following exposure to both UV light
      and the "UV-like" carcinogen (Ac)2ONFln. The dose-response experiments included
      up to 13 dose levels. The exponential segments of the curves were analysed by
      linear regression and the negative reciprocal of the regression coefficient (D0)
      was calculated for each cell strain. For quantitating the DNA-incising capacity,
      DNA elution curves were determined at several UV dose levels. Plotting the
      initial velocities of the elution curves versus the UV dose yielded a regression
      line, the slope of which was used to obtain the characteristic value E0.
      Comparing D0 with E0 values showed that cell strains in which colony-forming
      ability was reduced suffered a reduction of DNA-incising capacity of the same
      magnitude. There were only 3 exceptional strains in which reduction of DNA
      incising capacity was less pronounced than reduction of colony-forming ability.
      We have previously shown (Fischer et al. 1982) that D0 values from 27 XP strains
      of the Mannheim Collection were correlated with clinical symptoms. This
      correlation is now being extended by relating colony-forming ability to the
      magnitude of the DNA incision defect. From our data we conclude that the best
      quantitative biochemical denominator to explain the sun sensitivity of XP is that
      of a defective incision of UV-damaged DNA. A considerable similarity in
      sensitivity towards both UV light and (Ac)2ONFln was found in 16 normal and 46 XP
      strains. This seems to indicate that UV- and (Ac)2ONFln-induced DNA damage are
      removed to a large extent by the same pathways in human fibroblasts.

PMID- 4008520
TI  - Determining the nuclear area in normal breast epithelia and in the nuclei of
      mammary carcinomas.
AB  - In view of the great variation in the size of epithelial cell nuclei in benign
      changes in the mammary gland, the cytologist is often faced with diagnostic
      difficulties. Clear differences in the size of the nuclei in aspiration biopsies
      from the mammary glands of pregnant women and those from the mammary glands of
      post-menopausal women seem to indicate that even in normal, unchanged mammary
      gland epithelia, the cell nuclei size varies in accordance with the hormonal
      situation and any functional changes that might have occurred. To test these
      findings, the nuclear area of the mammary gland epithelia was compared in four
      groups consisting of 20 post-menopausal women, 20 sexually mature women, 20
      gravid women and 20 women taking ovulation inhibitors. In addition, we measured
      the nuclear area of tumour cell nuclei from solidly growing mammary carcinomas
      and their hybrid forms. The 40 patients with mammary carcinomas included 20
      sexually mature women and 20 post-menopausal women. A comparison of the size of
      the nuclei of normal epithelial cells revealed distinct differences in each
      group. The only exceptions were the sexually mature women and the women taking
      ovulation inhibitors, between whom there was no significant difference. The
      average nuclear area in post-menopausal women was 48 micron 2, in sexually mature
      women 75 micron 2, in pregnant women 118 micron 2, and in women taking ovulation
      inhibitors 79 micron 2. The difference between the size of the nuclei in the
      tumour cells and those in normal mammary gland epithelia was significant in all
      groups. The average size of the tumour cell nuclei in sexually mature women was
      185 micron 2, and in post-menopausal women 170 micron 2. A major difference
      between the two tumour groups was the noticeably larger range in the size of the
      nuclear area in the sexually mature women.

PMID- 4008521
TI  - The use of lectins to study normal differentiation and malignant transformation.
AB  - Lectins are polypeptides that specifically recognize carbohydrate residues of
      glycoproteins and glycolipids. They can be extracted from plants, invertebrates
      and vertebrates. The binding between lectins and carbohydrate moieties can be
      blocked by the inhibitory sugar for which the lectin is specific. In analogy to
      antibodies, lectins can be used to analyse cell surface determinants. Thus,
      differentiation of cells, in particular of immunocytes, has been studied and
      lectin receptors are now important markers for distinguishing different
      developmental stages of T-lymphocytes. In consequence, premature, but already
      committed, T-cells can be eliminated from human bone marrow by means of lectins
      prior to transplantation in order to avoid graft-versus-host reactions. Moreover,
      it has been shown that malignant cells can be distinguished from their non
      malignant counterparts by the profile of lectin receptors on their surface. This
      had led to the use of lectin binding sites as tumour markers in lymphomas and
      carcinomas.

PMID- 4008522
TI  - Computer-based cytophotometric classification of thyroid tumors in imprints.
AB  - This study of 14 follicular adenomas, 10 papillary carcinomas and 11 follicular
      carcinomas of the human thyroid gland demonstrates the possibility of a
      cytological tumor classification using digital picture processing. Routinely
      prepared, HE-stained imprints of surgical specimens were scanned under a light
      microscope at high resolution with a colour TV camera. The cell nuclei were
      segmented and analysed with an image processing system. The computer-aided
      cytophotometric methods detected the most significant differences in the
      chromatin texture with a criteria variance of texture line distances and texture
      points per texture knots. Using these criteria benign and malignant tumor types
      could be successfully differentiated.

PMID- 4008523
TI  - Critical remarks on the validity of promoting effects in human carcinogenesis.

PMID- 4008524
TI  - Insertion and internalization of acetylcholine receptors at clustered and diffuse
      domains on cultured myotubes.
AB  - Two populations of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are present in cultured
      myotubes. One forms large aggregates or clusters and the other has a much lower
      density of AChRs, which are diffusely distributed. Both clustered and diffuse
      AChRs are inserted and removed (internalized) from the sarcolemma. To determine
      the insertion and removal rates of AChRs in these two plasma membrane domains, we
      used a double label technique to distinguish and quantitate newly inserted and
      "old" AChRs. Application of our method revealed that the rate of AChR
      internalization is the same at the clustered and diffuse regions of the plasma
      membrane, whereas the rate of insertion is threefold greater at the clusters than
      elsewhere in the plasma membrane. Thus, the increase in AChR number at the
      clusters is not due to an increase in their half-life, but to an increase in
      their rate of insertion.

PMID- 4008525
TI  - Human erythrocytes adhering to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni lyse and fail
      to transfer membrane components to the parasite.
AB  - We studied the adherence of human erythrocytes to larvae of the intravascular
      parasite Schistosoma mansoni by transmission microscopy, freeze fracture, and
      fluorescence techniques. In addition, we used the adherent cells to investigate
      the problem of host antigen acquisition. Schistosomula were cultured for from 24
      to 48 h after transformation in order to clear the remnants of the cercarial
      glycocalyx. In some cases, the worms were preincubated with wheat germ agglutinin
      to promote adherence of the erythrocytes. The results were similar with and
      without the lectin except that more cells attached to the lectin-coated
      parasites. Erythrocytes adhered within a few hours and, unlike neutrophils, did
      not fuse with the parasite. A layer of 10-20-nm electron dense material separated
      the outer leaflets of the tegumental and plasma membranes. In addition, many
      deformed and lysed cells were seen on the parasite surface. The ability of the
      worm to acquire erythrocyte membrane constituents was tested with carbocyanine
      dyes, fluorescein covalently conjugated to glycophorin, monoclonal antibodies
      against B and H blood group glycolipids, and rabbit alpha-human erythrocyte IgG.
      In summary, glycophorin, erythrocyte proteins, and glycolipids were not
      transferred to the parasite membrane within 48 h. Carbocyanine dyes were rapidly
      transferred to the parasite with or without lectin preincubation. Thus, the dye
      in the worm membrane came from both adherent and nonadherent cells. These studies
      suggest that, in the absence of membrane fusion, the parasite may acquire some
      lipid molecules similar in structure to host membrane glycolipids by simple
      transfer through the medium but that B and H glycolipids and erythrocyte membrane
      proteins are not transferred from adhering cells to the worm.

PMID- 4008526
TI  - Changes in the H-1 histone complement during myogenesis. I. Establishment by
      differential coupling of H-1 species synthesis to DNA replication.
AB  - Proportions of the four major chicken H-1 histones (referred to as H-1's a-d)
      change during in vitro skeletal myogenesis. As myoblasts fuse and differentiate
      into myotubes, the relative amount of H-1c increases dramatically. The change
      occurs primarily because synthesis of the H-1 species is coupled to DNA synthesis
      to different extents. H-1c synthesis is least tightly coupled to DNA replication
      in precursor myoblasts and in differentiated myotubes. Thus H-1c synthesis
      predominates after dividing myoblasts fuse into postmitotic myotubes. This
      results in the replacement of pre-existing H-1 and therefore increases the
      relative amount of H-1c. Differences in the stability of the H-1's are also
      involved in changing H-1 proportions. The results show that changes in H-1
      proportions during myogenesis are a consequence of withdrawal from the cell
      cycle. The data provides a general mechanistic explanation of how tissue-specific
      H-1 proportions are established.

PMID- 4008527
TI  - Changes in the H-1 histone complement during myogenesis. II. Regulation by
      differential coupling of H-1 variant mRNA accumulation to DNA replication.
AB  - We have shown that changes in proportions of the four chicken H-1's during in
      vitro myogenesis are primarily the result of differential coupling of their
      synthesis to DNA replication (see the previous paper). We show here that the four
      major chicken H-1's are encoded by distinct mRNAs which specify primary amino
      acid sequence variants. Accumulation of the H-1-variant mRNAs is coupled to DNA
      replication to different extents. The level of mRNA encoding H-1c (the H-1
      variant that increases relative to the other H-1's in nondividing muscle cells)
      is completely uncoupled. In contrast, the level of mRNAs encoding H-1's a, b, and
      d (which have levels that decrease in nondividing muscle cells) are more tightly
      coupled. Polyadenylation is not involved in uncoupling H-1c mRNA accumulation
      from DNA replication.

PMID- 4008528
TI  - SERGE, the subcellular site of initial hepatic glycogen deposition in the rat: a
      radioautographic and cytochemical study.
AB  - Hormonal control of hepatic glycogen and blood glucose levels is one of the major
      homeostatic mechanisms in mammals: glycogen is synthesized when portal glucose
      concentration is sufficiently elevated and degraded when glucose levels are low.
      We have studied initial events of hepatic glycogen synthesis by injecting the
      synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) into adrenalectomized rats fasted
      overnight. Hepatic glycogen levels are very low in adrenalectomized rats, and DEX
      causes rapid deposition of the complex carbohydrate. Investigation of the process
      of glycogen deposition was performed by light and electron microscopic (EM)
      radioautography using [3H]galactose as a glycogen precursor. Rats injected with
      DEX for 2-3 h and [3H]galactose one hour before being killed displayed an
      increasing number of intensely labeled hepatocytes. EM radioautography revealed
      silver grains over small (+/- 1 micron) ovoid or round areas of the cytosome that
      were rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and contained a high
      concentration of small dense particles. These distinct areas or foci of SER and
      presumptive glycogen (SERGE) were most numerous during initial periods of
      glycogen synthesis. After longer exposure to DEX (4-5 h) more typical deposits of
      cytoplasmic glycogen were evident in the SERGE regions. Several criteria
      indicated that the SERGE foci contained glycogen or presumptive glycogen:
      resemblance of the largest dense particles to beta-glycogen particles in EM;
      association of 3H-carbohydrate with the foci; removal of particles and label with
      alpha-amylase; and positive reaction with periodic acid-chromic acid-silver
      methenamine. The concentration of SER in the small foci and the association of
      newly formed glycogen particles with elements of SER suggest a role for this
      organelle in the initial synthesis of glycogen.

PMID- 4008530
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of calsequestrin in adult rat atrial and ventricular
      muscle cells.
AB  - The distribution of calsequestrin in rat atrial and ventricular myocardial cells
      was determined by indirect immunocolloidal gold labeling of ultrathin frozen
      sections. The results presented show that calsequestrin is confined to the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum where it is localized in the lumen of the peripheral and
      the interior junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as in the lumen of the
      corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum, but absent from the lumen of the network
      sarcoplasmic reticulum. Comparison of these results with our previous studies on
      the distribution of the Ca2+ + Mg2+-dependent ATPase of the cardiac sarcoplasmic
      reticulum show directly that the Ca2+ + Mg2+-dependent ATPase and calsequestrin
      are confined to distinct regions within the continuous sarcoplasmic reticulum
      membrane. Assuming that calsequestrin provides the major site of Ca2+
      sequestration in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the results presented
      support the idea that both junctional (interior and peripheral) and specialized
      nonjunctional (corbular) regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are involved in
      Ca2+ storage and possibly release. Furthermore, the structural differences
      between the junctional and the corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum support the
      possibility that Ca2+ storage and/or release from the lumen of the junctional and
      the corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum are regulated by different physiological
      signals.

PMID- 4008529
TI  - Rapid changes in synaptic vesicle cytochemistry after depolarization of cultured
      cholinergic sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture
      acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic
      sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including
      the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and the storage of
      measurable amounts of NE. These neurons also retain a high affinity uptake system
      for NE; despite this, the majority of the synaptic vesicles remain clear even
      after incubation in catecholamines. The present study shows, however, that if
      these neurons are depolarized before incubation in catecholamine, the synaptic
      vesicles acquire dense cores indicative of amine storage. These manipulations are
      successful when cholinergic function is induced with either a medium that
      contains human placental serum and embryo extract or with heart-conditioned
      medium, and when the catecholamine is either NE or 5-hydroxydopamine. In some
      experiments, neurons are grown at low densities and shown to have cholinergic
      function by electrophysiological criteria. After incubation in NE, only 6% of the
      synaptic vesicles have dense cores. In contrast, similar neurons depolarized (80
      mM K+) before incubation in catecholamine contain 82% dense-cored vesicles. These
      results are confirmed in network cultures where the percentage of dense-cored
      vesicles is increased 2.5 to 6.5 times by depolarizing the neurons before
      incubation with catecholamine. In both single neurons and in network cultures,
      the vesicle reloading is inhibited by reducing vesicle release during
      depolarization with an increased Mg++/Ca++ ratio or by blocking NE uptake either
      at the plasma membrane (desipramine) or at the vesicle membrane (reserpine). In
      addition, choline appears to play a competitive role because its presence during
      incubation in NE or after reloading results in decreased numbers of dense-cored
      vesicles. We conclude that the depolarization step preceding catecholamine
      incubation acts to empty the vesicles of acetylcholine, thus allowing them to
      reload with catecholamine. These data also suggest that the same vesicles may
      contain both neurotransmitters simultaneously.

PMID- 4008531
TI  - Type X collagen synthesis by chick sternal cartilage and its relationship to
      endochondral development.
AB  - Our morphological studies have demonstrated that the appearance of localized,
      paired zones of primary calcification on either side of the midline of the 19-d
      embryonic chick sternum is heralded by the development of paired, translucent
      zones 2 d previously. Histological studies demonstrated that the majority of
      chondrocytes within these translucent zones are hypertrophic, and that the zones
      are surrounded by a margin of flattened nonhypertrophic cells. The discrete
      localization of these paired areas of hypertrophic chondrocytes and subsequent
      endochondral bone development allows for the direct correlation of the
      histological and biochemical characteristics of the zones sequentially during
      development and makes it possible to precisely match the synthetic activity to
      the cellular morphology, thereby eliminating possible minor but critical
      variations in developmental staging that could otherwise arise. Our studies have
      demonstrated that there is a direct spatial and temporal correlation between the
      degree of cellular maturation and the synthesis of type X collagen, and that the
      sudden and profound initiation of type X collagen synthesis on days 16-17 of
      development occurs concurrently with the attainment of hypertrophic
      characteristics by the majority of cells within the translucent zone. Before
      acquisition of these hypertrophic characteristics, the cells of this
      precalcification zone synthesize only type II and the minor cartilage collagens.
      Chondrocytes isolated from these regions in more immature sternae (i.e., 11+ d
      embryos) were found to synthesize high levels of type X collagen within 4 d of
      culture within collagen gels even though hypertrophic development and type X
      collagen synthesis by cells within this region would not normally have been
      apparent in ovo for several more days. These data indicate that there is a direct
      correlation between the development of hypertrophic characteristics and the
      synthesis of type X collagen, and that the maturation of chondrocytes in
      precalcification zones may be regulated by matrix components and/or stimulated by
      culture within collagen gels.

PMID- 4008532
TI  - Meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes: a link between the cessation of protein
      secretion and the polarized disappearance of Golgi apparati.
AB  - We have studied the relationship between the timing of the late meiotic events
      that occur during progesterone-induced oocyte maturation, and intracellular
      protein transport. We have monitored the secretion of chick oviduct proteins from
      Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with polyadenylated mRNA and found that
      chick ovalbumin and lysozyme are not secreted during the second meiotic
      metaphase, in contrast to the earlier prophase stage. Maturation had no
      detectable effect on the glycosylation of ovalbumin, whereas it affected the
      glycosylation of chick ovomucoid. As maturation proceeded, the Golgi apparati
      disappeared in a polarized fashion, beginning in the vegetal half. This
      disappearance coincided temporally and spatially with that of the nuclear
      envelope. We speculate that Golgi apparatus disappearance and the block in
      secretion are causally related.

PMID- 4008533
TI  - Microtubule nucleating sites in higher plant cells identified by an auto-antibody
      against pericentriolar material.
AB  - Human scleroderma serum 5051, which is known to recognize the amorphous
      pericentriolar microtubule organizing center material of a variety of vertebrate
      cells, was found to immunostain spindle poles of meristematic higher plants from
      pre-prophase to late anaphase. Subsequently, during cytokinesis, staining was
      redistributed around the reforming telophase nuclei, but was not evident in the
      cytokinetic phragmoplast. At the transition between telophase and interphase,
      before the typical cortical interphase microtubule array was established, short
      microtubules radiated from the nucleus and in such cells the material recognized
      by 5051 was located around the daughter nuclei and not the cortex. These
      observations have led us to propose that the perinuclear region, or the nuclear
      surface, may function as a nucleation center for both spindle and interphase
      microtubules in higher plant cells.

PMID- 4008534
TI  - Individual neural cell types express immunologically distinct N-CAM forms.
AB  - The neural cell adhesion molecules, or N-CAMs, are a group of structurally and
      immunologically related glycoproteins found in vertebrate neural tissues. Adult
      brain N-CAMs have apparent molecular weights of 180,000, 140,000, and 120,000. In
      this article we identify, using monoclonal antibody (Mab) 3G6.41, an
      immunologically distinct adult rat N-CAM form and show that this form is
      selectively expressed by some clonal neural cell lines. Consecutive
      immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that rabbit anti-N-CAM can remove from
      solubilized cerebellar neuron primary cultures all 180,000- and 140,000-mol-wt N
      CAM molecules that react with Mab 3G6.41. However Mab 3G6.41 cannot remove all N
      CAM molecules that react with rabbit anti-N-CAM. Rabbit anti-N-CAM binds to and
      immunoprecipitates N-CAM forms from the rat neuronal cell lines B35, B65, and
      B104, the glial lines B12 and C6, and L6 myoblasts. Mab 3G6.41 does not bind to
      or immunoprecipitate N-CAM from the B12 and B65 lines but does react with the
      other four lines by both criteria. Many cells in primary cultures of postnatal
      rat that express glial fibrillary acidic protein also bind Mab 3G6.41. Thus a
      unique form of rat N-CAM recognized by Mab 3G6.41 is found on some but not all
      neuronal, glial, and muscle cells.

PMID- 4008535
TI  - Mild proteolytic digestion restores exocytotic activity to N-ethylmaleimide
      inactivated cell surface complex from sea urchin eggs.
AB  - The Ca2+-stimulated release of cortical vesicle (cortical granule) contents from
      the cell surface complex (CSC) of the sea urchin egg is an in vitro model for
      exocytosis. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of exocytosis we
      investigated the sensitivity of this model to sulfhydryl modification and
      proteolytic digestion. Our findings include the following: (a) Proteolytic
      treatment with trypsin or pronase of CSC prepared from the eggs of
      Strongylocentrotus purpuratus increased the free Ca2+ concentration required to
      elicit exocytosis. Although a small increase in the Ca2+ threshold was detected
      after mild proteolysis, high concentrations of trypsin (0.5 mg/ml) and prolonged
      incubation (3 h) were required to render the CSC unresponsive to high
      concentrations of Ca2+ (0.5 mM). Despite the severity of the proteolytic
      digestions required to inactivate the CSC, the individual cortical vesicles
      remained intact, as gauged by the latency of ovoperoxidase, a cortical vesicle
      enzyme. (b) As previously shown (Haggerty, J. C., and R. C. Jackson, 1983, J.
      Biol. Chem. 258:1819-1825), cortical exocytosis can be blocked by sulfhydryl
      modifying reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). In this report we demonstrate
      that NEM inhibits by increasing the Ca2+ threshold required for exocytosis. When
      CSC that had been completely inactivated by NEM modification was briefly
      digested, on ice, with a low concentration of trypsin (or several other
      proteases), exocytotic activity was restored. Although the Ca2+ threshold of the
      reactivated CSC was slightly higher than that of untreated CSC, it was nearly
      identical to that of control CSC, which was trypsinized but not treated with NEM.
      We discuss the significance of these results with regard to the molecular
      mechanism of exocytosis.

PMID- 4008536
TI  - Location of a fibronectin domain involved in newt epidermal cell migration.
AB  - The interaction of migrating newt epidermal cells with the extracellular matrix
      protein, fibronectin, was studied. Pieces of nitrocellulose coated with intact
      human plasma fibronectin or proteolytically derived fragments were implanted into
      wounded limbs so that the coated nitrocellulose served as wound bed for migrating
      epidermal cells as they attempted to form a wound epithelium. Epidermal cells
      migrated very poorly on nitrocellulose pieces coated with (a) a 27-kD amino
      terminal heparin-binding fragment, (b) a 46-kD gelatin-binding fragment, (c) a
      combined 33- and 66-kD carboxy-terminal heparin-binding preparation representing
      peptide sequences in the A and B chains, respectively, or (d) a 31-kD carboxy
      terminal fragment from the A chain, containing a free sulfhydryl group. In
      contrast, epidermal cells readily migrated onto nitrocellulose coated with a
      mixture of fragments from the middle of the molecule (80-125kD) that bind neither
      heparin nor gelatin. Attempts to block migration on fibronectin-coated
      nitrocellulose using IB10, a monoclonal antibody that blocks Chinese hamster
      ovary cell attachment to fibronectin, were unsuccessful despite saturation of the
      epitope against which IB10 is directed. In contrast, a polyclonal anti
      fibronectin antibody did inhibit migration. These results show that the ability
      of fibronectin to support newt epidermal cell migration is not shared equally by
      all regions of the molecule, but is restricted to a domain in the middle third.
      They also suggest that the site supporting migration is separate and distinct
      from the site mediating Chinese hamster ovary cell attachment.

PMID- 4008537
TI  - Method for estimating the human and environmental exposure potential of chemicals
      having designated uses.
AB  - This paper describes a methodology that was designed to assist the Environmental
      Protection Agency in setting priorities for regulating chemicals in accordance
      with requirements of the Toxic Substances Control Act by indicating the extent of
      exposure potentially associated with a particular use of a chemical. Development
      and application of the methodology to actual chemical uses proceeded in four
      stages: (1) development of an exposure classification scheme, (2) development of
      a chemical use list, (3) assignment of exposure category scores to chemical uses,
      and (4) merging of exposure scores into ranked groups, creating the Index of
      Exposure. The purpose of the Index was to identify those chemical uses having the
      greatest potential for human and environmental exposure. Theoretically, the
      objectivity of the scoring methodology is such that, given the same data for a
      chemical use, different scorers will be able to arrive at the same exposure score
      for that use.

PMID- 4008538
TI  - NAPRALERT: computer handling of natural product research data.
AB  - Research in natural products, not unlike many other fields of investigation,
      requires access to large amounts of prior experimental data relevant to specific
      projects. The most efficient method of identifying and analyzing these data
      currently employs computer handling of the information. The NAPRALERT database
      has been designed to meet this need relevant to the development of natural
      products. It has also been designed, through analysis of existing literature and
      its contained data, to provide a means to predictively identify taxonomic sources
      most promising from specific biological activities.

PMID- 4008539
TI  - The management of truancy.

PMID- 4008540
TI  - Psychology and the health of children.
AB  - Inappropriate behaviour and adverse social circumstances in childhood are
      responsible for a high proportion of physical morbidity and mortality not only in
      childhood itself but also in later life. Evidence is provided to support this
      statement, and the processes whereby social adversity in childhood lead to later
      ill health are considered. Recent evidence suggesting that, contrary to popular
      belief, health promotion in childhood could substantially reduce the prevalence
      of physical morbidity is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the part played by
      techniques based on cognitive-behavioural approaches in the recent more
      successful examples of health promotion.

PMID- 4008541
TI  - Family and school influences on behavioural development.
AB  - Research findings are reviewed with respect to possible family and school
      influences on behavioural development, but with special reference to socially
      disapproved conduct. The hypothesis that statistical associations between
      environmental variables and children's disorders represent causal connections is
      considered in terms of the three main alternatives--hereditary influences, the
      effect of children on their parents, and the operation of some third variable. It
      is concluded that each has some validity but that nevertheless there are true
      environmental effects. The mechanisms underlying their operation are discussed
      with respect to parental criminality, family discord, weak family relationships,
      ineffective discipline, and peer group influences. Individual differences in
      response to adversity are discussed in terms of age, sex, temperament, genetic
      factors, coping processes, patterning of stressors, compensatory good experiences
      and catalytic factors. The various ways in which environmental effects may
      persist over time are considered in terms of linkages within the environment as
      well as within the child. It is concluded that long-term effects are far from
      independent from intervening circumstances.

PMID- 4008542
TI  - Clinical judgement in context: a review of situational factors in person
      perception during clinical interviews.
AB  - The literature on the clinical interview and clinical judgement has generally
      tended to ignore relevant research in social psychology. It is argued that the
      basic psychological processes involved in clinical judgement can be compared with
      those involved in everyday social judgement. This review summarises evidence on
      the sophistication and complexity of clinical judgement and on the likely impact
      on it of a number of factors: the judge's personality, the stimulus background,
      institutional norms, objectives in the interview, and the interaction process as
      influenced by situational factors. It is suggested that a model of clinical
      judgement is required that can encompass, interpret and find value in the
      artifacts of the clinician's situation.

PMID- 4008543
TI  - Parents teaching their young mentally handicapped children.
AB  - This paper reports a fine-grained analysis of interaction between 21 mothers and
      fathers and their young mentally handicapped children. Parent-child dyads were
      videotaped at home on two occasions with a 'roundabout' toy. The sessions were
      analysed by means of a detailed coding system which reflected the reciprocal
      nature of interaction and which attended to sequences of behaviour. Results are
      reported on short-term stability of various features of communication and
      comparisons of dyads involving mothers and fathers. Implications of the results
      are outlined for interventions designed to help parents to teach their young
      mentally handicapped children.

PMID- 4008545
TI  - Inspection time and intelligence in dyslexic children.
AB  - Dyslexics and normal readers aged 9-11 were compared on an inspection time task.
      Results indicated that dyslexics required significantly longer inspection times.
      The findings suggested, however, that there was greater individual variation
      among dyslexics than among normal readers and that the dyslexics benefited from
      practice to a considerable extent. Inspection times were not significantly
      related to IQ as measured by a non-verbal test.

PMID- 4008544
TI  - Some characteristics of 9-year-old boys with general reading backwardness or
      specific reading retardation.
AB  - In 1975 Rutter and Yule distinguished between 'specific reading retardation' and
      'general reading backwardness'. In a sample of 952 9-year-olds from Dunedin, New
      Zealand, 4.2% were identified as specific reading retarded and 4.1% as having
      general reading backwardness. Boys from each problem group were compared with
      boys without reading delay. General reading backwardness was associated with a
      history of long-term cognitive and motor delay. Specific reading retardation was
      only associated with lower verbal IQ and poor speech articulation. A number of
      differences between the findings of Rutter and Yule and the present results were
      noted.

PMID- 4008546
TI  - An investigation of two self-report measures of obsessional phenomena in
      obsessive-compulsive adolescents: research note.
AB  - A number of studies have recently demonstrated the clinical utility of objective
      self-report inventories in the assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorders in
      adults. To date, the usefulness of these instruments has not been demonstrated
      with obsessive-compulsive adolescents. In the present study the Leyton
      Obsessional Inventory and the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory were
      administered to 11 obsessive-compulsive adolescents and a group of 10 anxious non
      obsessional patients. The obsessional adolescents scored significantly higher
      than the controls on the Maudsley total score and checking factors alone.
      Possible explanations of the results are discussed.

PMID- 4008547
TI  - Hyperactive and normal girls and boys: mother-child interaction, parent
      psychiatric status and child psychopathology.
AB  - This study compared hyperactive and normal girls and boys on their mother-child
      interactions, family psychiatric status and ratings on the Personality Inventory
      for Children (PIC). Hyperactive children were less compliant and more negative,
      and their mothers responded more negatively to their compliance than mothers of
      normal children. Mothers of hyperactive children reported more depression,
      marital discord and psychiatric problems in their relatives, and rated their
      children more deviant on 15 of 16 PIC scales than normal children. Hyperactive
      boys received more direction and praise, and had greater maternal concern about
      their adjustment than hyperactive girls or normal children.

PMID- 4008548
TI  - Children's perception of death in humans and animals as a function of age,
      anxiety and cognitive ability.
AB  - This study investigated the impact of age, cognitive level and anxiety level on
      children's conception of death in humans and animals. Children from three age
      groups (6-7; 8-9; 10-11) were divided into high and low anxiety levels and high
      and low cognitive abilities. Then, the children were administered two
      questionnaires on human and animal death. The findings show that there was a main
      effect of age, anxiety and cognition on the conception of both animal and human
      death. Human death scores were higher than animal death scores. The interactions
      indicate that anxiety has a stronger impact on cognitively high subjects than on
      cognitively low subjects and that cognition affects the animal death concept more
      than the human death concept.

PMID- 4008549
TI  - Developmental aspects of adolescent problem disclosure in England and Ireland.
AB  - Adolescents in England and Ireland completed a problem checklist and results
      showed that problem experience varied systematically with age, sex and culture.
      Boys were less mature than girls in their problem experience, and were more
      concerned with authority, self-image and behavioural problems. Girls showed more
      worries in personal and emotional areas. In both sexes concern about unemployment
      and feelings of self inadequacy increased with age, while concerns in in other
      areas showed a general decrease. Irish adolescents had a less mature problem
      pattern than English, and they admitted to more worries. Cultural differences
      were specifically reflected in the adolescents' problem experience.

PMID- 4008550
TI  - A honeymoon effect in child psychiatric hospitalization: a research note.
AB  - This study assessed the changes in the intensity of behavior problems over the
      course of 12-week hospitalization in 28 children hospitalized on a child
      psychiatry inpatient service. The results indicated that the symptoms of
      uncontrolled aggression, misbehavior and excessive dependency were more vivid 60
      days post-admission than they had been after 14 days of hospitalization. The
      results provide some empirical support for the 'honeymoon' effect.

PMID- 4008551
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative analysis of ranitidine and its metabolites by high
      performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography systems for the separation
      of ranitidine and its metabolites ranitidine-N-oxide, ranitidine-S-oxide, and
      desmethylranitidine have been developed for use in high-performance liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. A direct liquid introduction-high-performance
      liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system to analyse qualitatively and
      quantitatively solutions containing ranitidine and its metabolites by reversed
      phase chromatography is described. A sample of urine collected from a subject
      given an oral dose of 75 mg of ranitidine and 75 mg of tris-deuterated ranitidine
      was analysed by this system. Ranitidine and its metabolites were identified by
      the ion doublets in the mass spectra which were 3 a.m.u. apart.

PMID- 4008552
TI  - Use of a urea and guanidine-HCl-propanol solvent system to purify a growth
      inhibitory glycopeptide by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to purify an
      inhibitory glycopeptide where resolution and recovery were enhanced by using urea
      or guanidine-HCl-isopropanol-water as a solvent system. Isopropanol alone or
      other solvent systems that have been proposed for such purification steps were
      not effective in eluting hydrophobic proteins from the reversed-phase column. The
      application of the urea or guanidine-HCl solvent systems in the separation and
      purification of membrane proteins, and other hydrophobic macromolecules, could
      greatly enhance recovery and efficiency of purification.

PMID- 4008553
TI  - Evaluation of the mass detector for quantitative detection of triglycerides and
      fatty acid methyl esters.
AB  - The mass detector, a light scattering detector for use with high-performance
      liquid chromatography systems, was studied in order to determine which factors
      might affect sensitivity and quantification in the determination of triglycerides
      and other lipid materials. The detector response was found to be non-linear for
      triglycerides. The sensitivity was not only affected by evaporation temperatures
      and atomiser inlet air pressures within the detector, but also by the mobile
      phase flow-rate, and its composition. Detection limits of less than 1 microgram
      were achieved for non-volatile, saturated triglycerides, by direct injection, and
      the reproducibility of responses was about +/- 6% with isocratic elution
      (excluding tributyrin which was too volatile to be quantified accurately), but
      somewhat greater (+/- 16%) with gradient elution.

PMID- 4008554
TI  - Post-column reaction detection system for the determination of organophosphorus
      compounds by liquid chromatography.
AB  - The development and application of a post-column reaction detection system for
      organophosphorus compounds based upon their photodegradation to ortho-phosphate
      followed by the formation of reduced heteropolymolybdate is reported.
      Photodegradation occurs in a fused-silica tube coiled about a 450-W xenon lamp in
      the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate. Photodegradation yields were
      practically quantitative for the organophosphates, -phosphonates, and 
      phosphorodithioates tested. Factors affecting the rate of the chromogenic
      reaction were optimized so that its contribution to the total band-broadening was
      negligible. The effect of interfering organic modifiers in the mobile phase was
      studied using the acetate ion as a model. Separations were developed using no
      organic solvents in the mobile phases. The determination of dialkylphosphates in
      urine and organophosphorus pesticides in tomatoes illustrate the potential of the
      methodology.

PMID- 4008555
TI  - Comparison by gel filtration chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography of the immunoreactive growth hormone composition of a human
      pituitary extract.
AB  - The immunoreactive growth hormone composition of a pituitary extract has been
      compared by conventional gel filtration chromatography (pH 8), and reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography (pH 2) on a wide-pore (300 A) short-chain
      column. By gel filtration chromatography, four peaks of immunoreactivity were
      obtained, labelled "monomer", "dimer", "aggregate" and "void". However, by high
      performance liquid chromatography all of these fractions were themselves shown to
      be multicomponent mixtures. The "monomer" peak contained at least two forms (M1
      and M2). The "dimer" fraction contained three peaks, two of which co-eluted with
      M1 and M2, and a third component, D. Similarly, the aggregate fraction contained
      M1, M2, D and a fourth component, A. The "void", in contrast, contained mostly M1
      and M2 with very little D. One interpretation of these results is that M1 (the
      22K molecular weight monomeric form) and M2 (a chemically modified form of M1)
      are present in all molecular weight fractions in loosely bound aggregates which
      break up under acidic conditions. D and A are probably oligomeric forms of growth
      hormone (possibly a dimer and higher molecular weight species, respectively).

PMID- 4008556
TI  - Electrophoretic studies of blood globin preparations.
AB  - Isoelectric focusing (IEF) across an urea gradient, and titration curves obtained
      by IEF-electrophoresis with and without urea, were used to characterize porcine
      and bovine haemoglobin and globins prepared either by the cold-acetone method
      (native globin) or by a new method based on haem precipitation with a dilute
      carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution at acidic pH. CMC-treated bovine globins
      dissociated at moderately low urea concentration into alpha and beta subunits. In
      native bovine globin and in CMC-treated porcine globin, one intense band
      consisting of both alpha and beta subunits was stable to urea at the isoelectric
      point (pI), but was dissociated into subunits below the pI. Common to all
      titration curves of the globins was a marked reduction in mobility at pH below
      5.0 in the case of bovine globin and below 6.0 in the case of porcine globin
      because of the formation of an aggregate. In all globin samples except spray
      dried bovine globin the main band remained stable between the pI and the pH of
      aggregation.

PMID- 4008557
TI  - Application of high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phases
      to pharmaceutical analysis. Resolution of enantiomeric barbiturates, succinimides
      and related molecules on four commercially available chiral stationary phases.

PMID- 4008558
TI  - Gas chromatographic determination and mass spectrometric confirmation of traces
      of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) in pig back fat.

PMID- 4008559
TI  - Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of azintamide (Ora-gallin) in
      pharmaceutical formulations.

PMID- 4008560
TI  - Improved fluorometric method for quantitative high-performance liquid
      chromatographic analysis of methylated guanine derivatives in DNA.

PMID- 4008561
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic behaviour of some pharmaceutically
      important thiazide, loop and potassium-sparing diuretics.
AB  - This paper deals with the specific identification of several thiazide, potassium
      sparing and loop diuretics. The liquid chromatographic behaviour of these
      compounds is studied. Different organic modifiers (methanol, acetonitrile and
      tetrahydrofuran) are compared in terms of selectivity for the thiazide diuretics.
      An acetonitrile-water (40:60) eluent can be used to identify the thiazide
      diuretics. The loop and potassium-sparing diuretics are well chromatographed at
      an acidic pH in the presence of propylamine hydrochloride. This study enables us
      to select the right mobile phase composition for any given selectivity or
      resolution. The determination of the dead volume in different chromatographic
      systems is also discussed. A mixture of organic solvent and deuterium oxide in
      the same volume ratio as the eluent is used as dead volume marker. The signal is
      monitored with a UV detector at low wavelength.

PMID- 4008562
TI  - New high-performance liquid chromatography system for the separation of biogenic
      amines as their Dns derivatives.

PMID- 4008563
TI  - Separation of enkephalins from their metabolites and precursor by a single pump
      gradient high-performance liquid chromatographic method.

PMID- 4008564
TI  - Separation of molecular species of phosphatidylcholine by high-performance liquid
      chromatography on a PLRP-S column.

PMID- 4008565
TI  - Mass fragmentographic identification of polyamine metabolites in the urine of
      normal persons and cancer patients, and its relevance to the use of polyamines as
      tumour markers.
AB  - The mass fragmentographic identification of N-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-amino-n-butyric
      acid, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N1-(2-carboxyethyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, N,N1-bis(2
      carboxyethyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, and delta-aminovaleric acid in acid-hydrolysed
      urines of a normal person and two cancer patients is described. A previous study,
      in which the metabolic fate of intraperitoneally injected polyamines in rats was
      investigated, revealed that these compounds should be considered as non-alpha
      amino acid metabolites of the naturally occurring polyamines. Quantification of
      polyamines and their non-alpha-amino acid metabolites by gas chromatography with
      nitrogen--phosphorus detection showed that, relative to the parent polyamines,
      humans normally excrete higher quantities of polyamine catabolites in urine than
      rats, suggesting that humans catabolize polyamines more efficiently. As
      illustrated by the follow-up of the concentrations of polyamines and their
      catabolites in the urine of a patient with high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma during
      chemotherapy, the catabolic pressure on polyamines may be considerably increased
      during neoplastic diseases, since an even higher proportion of oxidized polyamine
      metabolites was observed. It is therefore suggested that the additional
      measurement of the circulating concentrations of polyamine-degrading enzymes is
      of importance for the correct interpretation of polyamine (metabolite)
      determinations for oncological purposes.

PMID- 4008566
TI  - Frequency-pulsed electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic studies of chemical
      changes in sera of patients with schistosomiasis.
AB  - Sera from well documented cases of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium
      infections as well as controls, were studied by frequency-pulsed electron-capture
      gas--liquid chromatography (FPEL-GLC) and mass spectrometry for detection of
      carboxylic acids and amines. Many carboxylic acids and unidentified peaks were
      detected. In a few serum specimens from infected patients, putrescine and
      cadaverine were detected. Indications are that in these few patients with high
      egg counts enough diamines were present to possibly produce amine toxicity.
      Following the initial investigation, the basic chloroform extractions, which
      contained amines, were further studied by FPEC-GLC with the aid of splitless
      injection and a capillary column. Several amines were detected which seemed to be
      related to schistosomiasis. Mass spectra were obtained on an unidentified
      schistosamine peak. The possible significance of the data is discussed.

PMID- 4008567
TI  - Rapid and accurate reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic
      determination of conjugated bile acids in human bile for routine clinical
      applications. Therapeutic control during gallstone dissolution therapy.
AB  - This paper introduces a new method to detect the taurine and glycine conjugates
      of five different bile acids (cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic
      acid, ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid) in human bile. Advantages of
      this method are sufficient separation of compounds within a short period of time
      and a high rate of reproducibility. Using a mobile phase gradient of acetonitrile
      and water, modified with tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate (0.0075 mol/l), we
      were able to maximize the differentiation between ursodeoxycholic acid and
      lithocholic acid, which is of primary interest during conservative gallstone
      dissolution therapy. Use of this gradient reduced analysis time to less than 0.5
      h. Recovery rates for this modified method ranged from 94% to 100%, and
      reproducibility was 98%, sufficient for routine clinical applications.

PMID- 4008568
TI  - Serum and plasma beta-carotene levels measured with an improved method of high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method specifically
      developed to allow simple and rapid determination of beta-carotene concentrations
      in serum and plasma is reported. Using a method modified from a previously
      published technique, serum and plasma proteins are denatured by exposure to
      perchloric acid, and beta-carotene is subsequently extracted into an organic
      matrix consisting of ethyl acetate-tetrahydrofuran (1:1); no evaporation step is
      required. Separation is achieved using isocratic elution from a reversed-phase
      C18 column with UV detection at 436 nm. Recovery of beta-carotene from water and
      plasma was greater than 98.1%; beta-carotene was stable in the extraction matrix
      for at least 4 h. Three anticoagulants (oxalate, citrate, and EDTA) caused losses
      of beta-carotene; perchloric acid and tetrahydrofuran could also destroy beta
      carotene under certain conditions. Each run required less than 15 min; within-day
      coefficient of variation for identical samples averaged 2.3%, between-day
      coefficient of variation was 4.4% and sensitivity was better than 10 ng/ml.
      Stability of beta-carotene in plasma was also examined. This method permits a
      simple, rapid, sensitive, precise, and accurate determination of beta-carotene
      using 0.5 ml of serum or heparinized plasma.

PMID- 4008569
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of free hydroxyproline and
      proline in blood plasma and of free and peptide-bound hydroxyproline in urine.
AB  - A rapid, accurate and sensitive method for the determination of free
      hydroxyproline and proline in plasma and of total hydroxyproline in urine has
      been developed. Free imino acids and internal standard are extracted from plasma
      by trichloroacetic acid precipitation of protein and they are selectively
      derivatized with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, after reaction of the acid extract
      with o-phthalaldehyde. The highly fluorescent adducts of imino acids are
      separated on a Spherisorb ODS 2 reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-0.1 M
      sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 (9:91, v/v) as mobile phase, followed by
      fluorometric detection. Total hydroxyproline determination in urine hydrolysates
      is carried out by reaction of the imino acid with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
      after clean-up on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge of the o-phthalaldehyde-treated sample,
      high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and fluorometric quantitation
      of the derivative.

PMID- 4008570
TI  - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for trazodone and a deuterated
      analogue in plasma.
AB  - A plasma assay method for trazodone and a 2H4 analogue is described which uses
      gas chromatography--electron-impact selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry.
      Etoperidone is used as an internal standard. The analytes are extracted from
      basic medium into n-butyl chloride, then back extracted into aqueous 0.1 M
      hydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer is made basic and re-extracted with n-butyl
      chloride. The solvent is reduced under nitrogen at 35 degrees C and the residue
      is redissolved in toluene for gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis.
      The ions monitored are m/z 231, 235, and 225 for trazodone, [2H4] trazodone and
      etoperidone, respectively. Quantitation is in the range 40-1000 ng/ml with
      acceptable precision and accuracy. The method is suitable for biopharmaceutical
      studies.

PMID- 4008571
TI  - Determination of acetyltrimoprostil and its metabolite trimoprostil in human or
      dog plasma by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - A sensitive and specific procedure is described for the determination of the
      antisecretory prostaglandin acetyltrimoprostil and its metabolite trimoprostil in
      human or dog plasma using gas chromatography--negative-ion chemical ionization
      mass spectrometry (GC--NICI-MS). Trideuterated analogues of both compounds are
      added to plasma as the internal standards. The plasma is extracted at pH 7.3 with
      benzene--dichloromethane (9:1), and the residue of the organic extract is reacted
      at room temperature with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in the presence of 18-crown-6
      ether and potassium acetate. The derivatives are reconstituted in heptane, and
      appropriate aliquots are analyzed by GC--NICI-MS with selected-ion monitoring of
      the intense (M--C6F5CH2)- fragment ions of acetyltrimoprostil (m/z 419),
      trimoprostil (m/z 377), and their respective trideuterated analogues (m/z 422 and
      m/z 380, respectively). Quantitation of an experimental plasma sample is based on
      a comparison of the m/z 419 versus m/z 422 and m/z 377 versus m/z 380 ion ratios
      in each sample to that obtained from the analysis of drug-free plasma fortified
      with various amounts of both protio compounds, and a fixed amount of each
      trideuterated internal standard. The limit of quantitation of the assay for human
      plasma is 0.2 ng ml-1 with mean relative standard deviations at this
      concentration of 15.5% and 9.7% for acetyltrimoprostil and trimoprostil,
      respectively.

PMID- 4008572
TI  - Gas chromatographic determination of m- and p-hydroxyphenytoin in the urine of
      epileptic patients.
AB  - An analytical method for determining phenytoin and its metabolites in the urine
      of epileptic patients is described. The analysis was performed for the m- and p
      isomers of hydroxyphenytoin, the oxidative products of phenytoin, using gas
      chromatography. As an internal standard, 5-(4-methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin was
      chosen; the extraction solvent from human urine was ether-chloroform (3:7).
      Phenytoin and its hydroxy isomers were satisfactorily determined by the modified
      on-column methylation technique on a 2% OV-17 column using temperature
      programming from 180 degrees C to 240 degrees C at 5 degrees C/min.

PMID- 4008573
TI  - Determination of the enantiomers of indoprofen in blood plasma by high
      performance liquid chromatography after rapid derivatization by means of ethyl
      chloroformate.
AB  - A rapid method for the determination of (+)- and (-)-indoprofen in blood plasma
      has been developed and applied to pharmacokinetic work. By means of ethyl
      chloroformate, indoprofen is coupled to leucinamide, a reaction which is complete
      in less than 3 min at room temperature. The diastereoisomeric derivatives are
      then separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. In two
      surgical patients given racemic indoprofen intravenously, the pharmacologically
      active (+)-enantiomer had a lower clearance and a lower distribution volume than
      the (-)-enantiomer, which gave it a slightly longer half-life.

PMID- 4008574
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cefonicid in human
      plasma and urine.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for determination of cefonicid
      concentrations in human plasma and urine samples has been developed using
      cefazolin as an internal standard. For the analysis of plasma samples two
      calibration curves were utilized covering the cefonicid concentration ranges of
      0.05-1.0 microgram/ml and 1.0-50.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. Coefficients of
      variation of 7.4% or less were obtained for cefonicid concentrations of 0.05-50.0
      micrograms/ml. Mean bias was +6.0% at 0.05 micrograms/ml cefonicid and between 
      2.1% and +1.6% for 1.0-50.0 micrograms/ml cefonicid. Plasma samples containing 30
      ng/ml cefonicid could be well distinguished from blank plasma samples. Urine
      samples were analysed by using a calibration curve for cefonicid concentrations
      between 1.0 and 50.0 micrograms/ml. ranged from 8.6% at a cefonicid concentration
      of 1.0 microgram/ml to 0.5% at 50.0 micrograms/ml with a mean bias between -3.0%
      and +0.3%.

PMID- 4008575
TI  - Plasma amino acid analysis by gas chromatography. Removal of glucose
      interference.

PMID- 4008576
TI  - Electron-capture gas chromatography of taurine as its N-pentafluorobenzoyl di-n
      butylamide derivative.

PMID- 4008577
TI  - Simple and rapid method for the quantitation of plasma phytanic acid by gas
      chromatography.

PMID- 4008578
TI  - Separation of somatomedins and somatomedin inhibitors by size exclusion high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 4008579
TI  - Simultaneous determination of metoprolol and deuterium-labelled metoprolol in
      human plasma by gas chromatography-negative-ion mass spectrometry.

PMID- 4008580
TI  - Gas chromatographic determination of pentacaine in rat serum.

PMID- 4008581
TI  - Determination of cyclobenzaprine in plasma and urine using capillary gas
      chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection.

PMID- 4008582
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of etoposide in plasma and urine.

PMID- 4008583
TI  - Determination of 4-amino-3-(p-chlorophenyl)butyric acid (baclofen) in plasma by
      high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 4008584
TI  - Simple and rapid analysis of atenolol and metoprolol in plasma using solid-phase
      extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 4008585
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of melphalan in plasma, brain
      and peripheral tissue by o-phthalaldehyde derivatization and fluorescence
      detection.

PMID- 4008586
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for trilostane and its major
      metabolite, 17-ketotrilostane, in human plasma.

PMID- 4008587
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 2-[3'
      (methoxycarbonylamino)-phenyl]-3-phenyl-6-methoxycarbon ylamino-4-(3H)
      quinazolone (NSC-251635) in human serum.

PMID- 4008588
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantification of
      cyproheptadine in serum or plasma.

PMID- 4008589
TI  - Cigarette smoking and mortality rates.

PMID- 4008590
TI  - Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease: Demographic and socioeconomic
      characteristics of patients and families with sickle cell disease.
AB  - Socioeconomic data on 3538 black patients enrolled in the Cooperative Study of
      Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) from 1979 to 1981 are summarized and compared with
      the U.S. black population (USBP) where appropriate. The following contrasts
      between the patients and families with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and the USBP
      were found: family structure differed, with fewer two-parent families (40 vs 54%)
      and more single female heads-of-household (53 vs 42%) within the SCD population;
      of those employed, twice as many of the SCD patients of both sexes worked in
      white collar positions; a higher percentage of patients were unemployed and
      disabled; and male SCD patients had a lower median personal income than USBP
      males. Several similarities were also noted: the percentage of high school
      graduates was 71% for SCD patients and 75% for the USBP; female heads-of
      household employed full time earned approximately the same salary as USBP
      females. These data will help health professionals who counsel SCD patients and
      their families.

PMID- 4008591
TI  - Loss weighting and the human cost of experimentation.
AB  - This paper analyzes the dilemma faced by clinicians who must determine a proper
      sample size for a clinical trial. A large sample size may be used to ensure
      significant results. In so doing, many patients may be randomized to the wrong
      arm of a clinical trial. Alternatively, fewer patients may be used in a clinical
      trial, however, the resulting conclusions will be less certain, and future
      patients may be harmed by false conclusions. This study introduces a ratio of
      relative human cost or loss associated with a single present patient receiving
      incorrect therapy during the clinical trial to a single future patient given
      incorrect therapy after the trial is over. This "loss weighting" ratio can be
      estimated, the trade-off between present and future loss can be evaluated and the
      total loss from a clinical trial can be minimized. The resulting method, based on
      the loss weighting ratio, suggests an inverse relationship between the number of
      future patients potentially affected by a clinical trial and the size of desired
      type I and type II error. The conclusions derived from this paper can be
      incorporated easily into the current process of sample size determination. This
      is illustrated with examples from two well-known clinical trials.

PMID- 4008592
TI  - How should we measure function in patients with chronic heart and lung disease?
AB  - To elucidate the characteristics of measures of function in patients with chronic
      heart failure and chronic lung disease we administered four functional status
      questionnaires, a 6-min walk test and a cycle ergometer exercise test, to 43
      patients limited in their day to day activities as a result of their underlying
      heart or lung disease. Correlations between these measures were calculated using
      Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient. The walk test correlated well with
      the cycle ergometer (r = 0.579), and almost as well with the four functional
      status questionnaires (r = 0.473-0.590) as the questionnaires did with one
      another (0.423-0.729). On the other hand, correlations between cycle ergometer
      results and the questionnaires was in each case 0.295 or lower, and none of these
      correlations reached statistical significance. These results suggest that
      exercise capacity in the laboratory can be differentiated from functional
      exercise capacity (the ability to undertake physically demanding activities of
      daily living) and that the walk test provides a good measure of function in
      patients with heart and lung disease.

PMID- 4008593
TI  - Psychiatry's "crisis".

PMID- 4008594
TI  - Ideas and words: two dimensions for debates on case controlling.

PMID- 4008595
TI  - The "case-control" study: valid selection of subjects.
AB  - For valid selection of subjects in "case-control" (case-referent) studies it is
      critical to understand that these studies do not represent an alternative to
      cohort studies but, rather, to census-ascertainment of the facts about the study
      base. Specifically, in these studies, the fact-finding scheme is to obtain a
      census of the study base with respect to outcome, and then a census of the cases
      together with a sample of the base to gather information on the determinant(s) as
      well as modifiers and confounders. If the base is defined a priori (primary
      base), then the challenge is to devise a scheme to obtain a census of the cases
      in it and a sample of the base itself ("control" or reference series) that is
      representative of it, conditional on the covariates that will be controlled in
      the analysis of the data. On the other hand, if the definition of the base is
      secondary, a corollary of the way the cases are selected, then the case series is
      best viewed as the totality of the cases in the base as a matter of definition.
      The corresponding secondary base is the population experience in which each
      potential case, had it occurred, would have been included in the case series.
      Representative sampling of a secondary base tends to call for the use of subjects
      coming to the source of cases because of other conditions--conditions whose
      occurrence is known to be unrelated to the determinant under study and whose
      diagnosis and referral to the source are known to have the same relation to the
      determinant as those of the illness under study. With both types of base, primary
      and secondary, the accuracy of the information on the determinant should be
      comparable between the case and reference series, and this requirement of
      comparability, just as that of representativeness, can have important
      implications for the selection of the study subjects.

PMID- 4008596
TI  - Valid selection of subjects in case-control studies.

PMID- 4008597
TI  - The case-control study: valid selection of subjects.

PMID- 4008598
TI  - Sample size determination in case-control studies: the influence of the
      distribution of exposure.
AB  - In the design of case-control studies, the determination of the required number
      of cases and controls is based on consideration of the strength of the
      relationship between the disease and exposure to the putative cause, the
      variability in exposure within the population under study, and the desired size
      and power of the statistical test. This paper derives sample size equations for
      studies with a continuous exposure which allow the investigator to specify the
      strength of the relationship between disease and exposure in terms of relative
      risk, etiologic fraction or the slope of an exposure response relationship. With
      these formulations it becomes apparent that the size of the sample increases with
      decreasing variability in exposure in the population under study, a finding not
      apparent in the use of conventional methods of sample size determination for
      continuous data. The ability of a case-control study to detect a significant
      association between disease and exposure therefore depends critically on the
      distribution of exposure which exists in the community to be studied.
      Implications of these findings for studies of diet and cancer are discussed.

PMID- 4008599
TI  - The efficiency of matching in case-control studies of risk-factor interactions.
AB  - We have examined the relative efficiency of matching vs not matching on a binary
      exposure variable in a case-control study of its interaction with another binary
      exposure variable. Interaction is treated as a parameter measuring departure from
      multiplicativity. Efficiency is considered both in the presence and absence of
      other matching variables, the former case requiring use of matched-pair
      estimators. In most circumstances examined, matching on one variable led to a
      less efficient estimator of the interaction parameter. If both variables were
      related to disease, the only circumstance in which matching always improved
      efficiency was when the high-risk level of the matching variable was uncommon and
      not positively associated with the high-risk level of the other variable.
      Matching always appeared to harm efficiency when the high risk level of the
      matching variable was common. Other disadvantages of matching are that it
      precludes estimation of the main effect of the matching variable and fitting of
      non-multiplicative models, and increases the difficulty of control selection.

PMID- 4008600
TI  - Familial aggregation of blood pressure, weight and height among sibling pairs at
      school entry.
AB  - Aggregation of blood pressure among sibling pairs of the same age and sex was
      studied. The children were of a restricted age group, 6-7 year olds, who entered
      school between 1976 and 1980 in a Western Neighborhood of Jerusalem. The mean
      systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 98.8 mmHg (SD 10.2), for the first sib of the
      pair and 97.3 mmHg (SD 9.7), for the second sib of the pair and the mean
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 63.0 mmHg (SD 9.6) and 60.1 mmHg (SD 9.2),
      respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient for SBP was 0.18 (p less than
      0.05) and for DBP 0.12 (p less than 0.05), for weight 0.46 (p = 0.001) and for
      height 0.46 (p = 0.001). Pearson's and intraclass correlations and regression
      coefficients were calculated. Comparison with other studies was made. The degree
      of the correlation was found to differ among the various studies. The lowest
      correlations were those of the present study. The factors affecting the strength
      of the correlations are discussed.

PMID- 4008601
TI  - Cardiovascular and other diseases in smokers of low yield cigarettes.
AB  - The association of smoking low yield cigarettes with the risk of cancer,
      cardiovascular disease, and other disease associated previously with smoking is
      controversial. In 1979 we began a prospective epidemiologic study of this
      subject. We here report on the first 4 years of follow-up in the 16,270 current,
      regular cigarette smokers and the 42,113 subjects who never used any form of
      tobacco enrolled in the study. In multivariate analyses that included age, sex,
      race, number of cigarettes smoked per day and other factors related to
      cardiovascular disease, the risk of cardiovascular diseases was consistently
      higher in smokers of higher than in smokers of lower yield cigarettes, although
      the magnitude of the difference in risk was very small. The risks of cancer of
      the trachea, bronchus and lung, of all smoking-related cancers as a group, of
      diseases of the respiratory system, and of peptic ulcer diseases were not
      significantly associated with yield in smokers. The incidence rates of
      cardiovascular diseases considered as a group, cancer of the trachea, bronchus,
      and lung and all smoking-related cancers were higher in smokers of low yield
      cigarettes than in never users of any form of tobacco. We conclude that the
      smoking of low yield cigarettes is not without associated hazard. On the other
      hand, the results suggest that smokers who cannot quit might best use the least
      number of the lowest yield cigarette.

PMID- 4008602
TI  - Hypothesis testing and sample size for bivariate binomial response in the
      comparison of two groups.
AB  - A test of hypothesis is proposed for the comparison of two groups with respect to
      two binary outcomes. In addition, sample size requirements are determined. The
      methods are generalized for an arbitrary number of independent binary outcomes.

PMID- 4008603
TI  - The effect of partial gastrectomy on lipoproteins and other characteristics.
AB  - Among 6860 50-77 year old men of Japanese ancestry examined in Honolulu 291 were
      known to have had a gastrectomy for benign gastric (189) or duodenal (102) ulcer,
      and 132 had documented peptic ulcer disease treated medically. Total serum
      cholesterol averaged 12 mg% lower in the surgical group than in the general
      population (p less than 0.01) while the medically treated men had intermediate
      values. Fasting lipoprotein determinations done in a sub-sample showed that the
      lower total cholesterol in the surgical group was due to depressed LDL, while HDL
      was higher in the operated men than in either the general population or the
      medically treated patients (p less than 0.01). The surgical patients were heavier
      users of cigarettes, beer and coffee and averaged about 10 lb. lighter than
      either the medically treated patients or the rest of the population. However, in
      multivariate analysis these differences did not not account for the differences
      in lipoproteins. A small decrement in blood pressure in the surgical patients as
      compared to the rest of the population became non-significant when weight and
      others factors were taken into account.

PMID- 4008604
TI  - Leydig cell desensitization by human chorionic gonadotropin does not occur in the
      human fetal testis.
AB  - In vivo data concerning human fetal testicular testosterone production as well as
      in vitro findings in fetal and neonatal rats suggest that fetal Leydig cells may
      be capable of responding to gonadotropins and secreting testosterone at high
      levels for prolonged periods, in contrast to adult testes which reportedly become
      desensitized after high dose gonadotropin administration. To evaluate fetal
      testicular testosterone production during long term, high dose gonadotropic
      stimulation, we cultured human, rhesus monkey, and rabbit fetal testes in organ
      and cell cultures. After 24 h of culture with different concentrations of hCG (0
      100 ng/ml, physiological fetal concentrations during human gestation), the fetal
      testes were still able to respond to a second hCG stimulus (no desensitization).
      The 24-h incubation with hCG (0-100 ng/ml) also increased the capacity of the
      cultures to secrete testosterone during a second incubation in a dose-dependent
      manner even in the absence of hCG (steroidogenic enzyme induction). Furthermore,
      hCG increased thymidine incorporation into DNA by the human fetal testis. The
      results of this study substantiate the role of hCG in the regulation of fetal
      Leydig cells. They suggest that long term effects via nuclear mechanisms (RNA and
      DNA synthesis) may be important aspects of this regulation, and that fetal Leydig
      cells are able to respond to sustained concentrations of gonadotropin without
      being desensitized.

PMID- 4008605
TI  - The effect of glucose deprivation or 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the monodeiodination of
      thyroxine in human fibroblasts in culture.
AB  - The effect of glucose deprivation or 2-deoxy-D-glucose on monodeiodination of T4
      to T3 and rT3 was examined in human skin fibroblasts in culture. When the
      cultured cells were exposed to glucose-free medium containing 1 X 10(-7) M T4 for
      48 h, the cellular T4 level was similar to that of cells incubated in medium
      containing 1 mg/ml glucose. The intracellular T3 level significantly decreased
      and, in contrast, the intracellular rT3 level markedly increased compared to
      those levels in control cells. The intracellular T3 to T4 ratio was significantly
      lower, while the intracellular rT3 to T4 and rT3 to T3 ratios were significantly
      higher in cells exposed to glucose-free medium than in control cells. Similar
      results were obtained with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Exposure of the cells to medium
      containing varying concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2 X 10(-7) M T4 for 24
      h significantly reduced cellular accumulation of T4 compared with that in the
      control medium. The cellular rT3 to T4 and rT3 to T3 ratios were significantly
      greater in the cells incubated in medium with increasing concentrations of 2
      deoxy-D-glucose. However, the cellular T3 to T4 ratio did not decrease in the
      test groups. These results, therefore, indicate that either glucose deprivation
      or the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose markedly altered the monodeiodination of T4
      in cultured human fibroblasts, i.e. they caused a decrease in T3 production and,
      conversely, an increase in rT3 production by the cells.

PMID- 4008606
TI  - Characterization of a large molecular weight prolactin in women with idiopathic
      hyperprolactinemia and normal menses.
AB  - This study reports the presence of a large molecular sized PRL as the major form
      of circulating immunoactive PRL in five women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia
      and normal menses. Gel filtration patterns of serum from these patients revealed
      98-100% predominance of a 150,000- to 160,000-dalton PRL in contrast to the
      predominance of the 22,000-dalton species in other hyperprolactinemic patients.
      This 150,000- to 160,000-dalton PRL was immunologically similar to the 22,000
      dalton PRL, and its size on gel filtration was not altered using denaturing
      conditions. With reduction of disulfide bonds, there was a shift of the peak I
      PRL to smaller mol wt peptides. In addition, studies of one woman with idiopathic
      hyperprolactinemia and normal menses revealed preservation of 98% peak I
      predominance during physiological and pharmacological perturbations of PRL
      secretion. Finally, assay of the bioactivity of the large molecular sized PRL in
      the Nb2 rat lymphoma line revealed diminished activity compared to the 22,000
      dalton species. This latter finding may help explain the maintenance of normal
      menses and relative lack of clinical signs in patients with this form of
      hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 4008607
TI  - Reversible abnormalities of myocardial relaxation in hypothyroidism.
AB  - Fifteen selected hypothyroid patients without symptoms or signs of cardiovascular
      disease and an equal number of matched control subjects underwent simultaneous
      recording of electrocardiogram and phono-, apex-, and echocardiography to assess
      dynamic systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. Both the systolic
      preejection period and the isovolumic relaxation period were significantly
      increased in the hypothyroid group. However, whereas the rate of myocardial
      contraction, assessed from the echocardiograph of the left ventricular posterior
      wall, was identical in patients and control subjects, the diastolic thinning rate
      of the muscle was markedly slowed in the hypothyroid individuals. The
      abnormalities demonstrated were in the main completely reversed after 3 months of
      T4 therapy. These results demonstrate a relatively selective and readily
      reversible disturbance of the rate of myocardial relaxation in hypothyroidism,
      suggesting an intrinsic abnormality of cardiac muscle. This allows an intriguing
      parallel to be drawn with the delayed relaxation phase of voluntary muscle
      contraction, long recognized as a direct measure of tissue thyroid function in
      hypothyroidism. The abnormality of diastolic function we have described is of
      similar character to that found in patients with other cardiomyopathies and which
      has been shown to be a major cause of disturbance of global cardiac action.

PMID- 4008608
TI  - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to nutrients in Caucasians and American
      Indians with obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Serum gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), insulin, and glucose responses to
      either a 75-g oral glucose challenge or a 500-cal liquid test meal were
      determined in 141 Caucasians and American Indians. The Caucasians were normal
      weight, averaging 101 +/- 3% (+/-SEM) ideal BW (IBW), or were obese (168 +/- 21%
      IBW) and had normal glucose tolerance (n = 77), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT;
      n = 12), or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM; n = 19). The American
      Indians were all obese (144 +/- 6% IBW) and had either normal glucose tolerance
      (n = 22) or NIDDM (n = 11). In all study subjects, including obese individuals
      with and without glucose intolerance, diabetic patients both thin and obese, and
      lean subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, fasting serum insulin and GIP, and
      incremental glucose, insulin, and GIP were greater than they were in normal lean
      subjects, especially during the first hour of the tests. Obese subjects and
      diabetic patients exceeded lean normal subjects by up to 620% for glucose, up to
      640% for insulin, and up to 360% for GIP during the first hour after glucose
      ingestion or the test meal. Exceptions were two groups with the most severe
      diabetes in whom incremental insulin values after oral glucose were only 70%
      (thin Caucasians) and 110% (obese Indians) that of lean normal subjects. The
      smallest differences in GIP responses occurred between lean normal subjects and
      obese nondiabetic Caucasians tested with either a meal or oral glucose, whereas
      American Indians consistently had the greatest insulin and GIP responses to the
      tests. High fasting GIP and exaggerated GIP increments in response to nutrients
      could be attributed to neither obesity nor diabetes alone nor to the type of
      nutrient used to stimulate its release, but, instead, may be genetic or dietary
      in origin or may be due to other as yet unidentified factors. High basal GIP and
      exaggerated nutrient-stimulated GIP release were associated with
      hyperinsulinemia, except in the most severe diabetic patients. These observations
      suggest that exaggerated GIP release, along with a greater rise in serum glucose
      in response to nutrients, may play a role in the pathogenesis of the
      hyperinsulinemia of obesity and early NIDDM.

PMID- 4008609
TI  - Examination of circulating parathyroid hormone in pseudohypoparathyroidism.
AB  - We examined characteristics of circulating PTH in three patients with
      pseudohypoparathyroidism type I. All patients were normocalcemic while receiving
      vitamin D therapy at the time of study. In all three, immunoreactive PTH levels
      were elevated, whereas bioactive levels were low or low normal. Analysis of
      plasma immunoreactivity by high performance liquid chromatography revealed a
      relative increase in hydrophobic moieties compared to patterns in patients with
      other hyperparathyroid states. Plasma or serum from these patients inhibited the
      stimulatory action of exogenous bovine PTH in an in vitro renal cytochemical
      bioassay and an in vitro renal adenylate cyclase assay. Such inhibition persisted
      after partial reduction, in one patient, of circulating immunoreactive PTH levels
      by an acute calcium challenge. Patient plasma did not bind bioactive 125I-labeled
      PTH in vitro. The results demonstrate abnormal persistence of elevated
      immunoreactive PTH levels in normocalcemic patients with
      pseudohypoparathyroidism, indicate that this circulating hormone may be altered,
      and suggest that a defect in PTH release and/or metabolism may accompany the
      other biochemical abnormalities known to occur in this disorder.

PMID- 4008610
TI  - Effects of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on the uptake of very low
      density lipoproteins by thioglycolate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - The lipid-laden foam cells from atherosclerotic lesions appear to be derived from
      macrophages which have accumulated lipids from plasma lipoproteins. When examined
      in vitro, thioglycolate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages do not accumulate
      lipids when exposed to normal low density lipoproteins (LDL), but take up very
      low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or chemically modified LDL with resultant lipid
      accumulation. Patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have
      an increased incidence of atherosclerosis, due in part to disturbances in
      lipoprotein metabolism. We investigated the possibility that VLDL isolated from
      patients with NIDDM are taken up by mouse peritoneal macrophages more avidly than
      normal. Two groups of patients with NIDDM were studied; one group was
      normotriglyceridemic and the other group was hypertriglyceridemic. The VLDL from
      both normotriglyceridemic and hypertriglyceridemic patients were enriched in
      cholesterol and triglyceride compared to that from normal subjects. Thioglycolate
      elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages bound and degraded greater amounts of VLDL
      isolated from patients with NIDDM (both normo- and hypertriglyceridemic) than of
      VLDL from normal subjects. While normal VLDL caused a marked increase in cellular
      triglyceride and cholesteryl ester contents in macrophages, VLDL isolated from
      patients with NIDDM resulted in an even greater cellular accumulation of lipids.
      These results suggest that the VLDL of patients with NIDDM have alterations in
      their composition and metabolic behavior. The increased uptake of VLDL by
      macrophages may contribute to the enhanced atherosclerosis present in NIDDM.

PMID- 4008611
TI  - Postmenopausal osteoporosis as a manifestation of renal hypercalciuria with
      secondary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - An apparently unique presentation of osteoporosis was encountered in eight
      postmenopausal women (mean age, 56.8 yr). They had renal hypercalciuria, since
      they had fasting hypercalciuria [0.17 +/- 0.04 (+/- SD) mg/100 ml glomerular
      filtrate (GF)] in the setting of normocalcemia and parathyroid stimulation (high
      serum immunoreactive PTH and/or urinary cAMP). Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was
      not significantly different (28 +/- 7 vs. 34 +/- 2 pg/ml) from that in a
      nonelderly control group, but fractional intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption was
      significantly lower (0.382 +/- 0.123 vs. 0.49 +/- 0.06; P less than 0.025). Thus,
      the patients did not have compensatory intestinal hyperabsorption of Ca despite
      PTH excess. Treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/day) produced a decline in
      fasting urinary Ca (to 0.07 +/- 0.02 mg/100 ml GF; P less than 0.01), serum PTH
      (from 39 +/- 19 to 21 +/- 1 microliters eq/ml; P less than 0.05), and urinary
      cAMP excretion (from 5.30 +/- 0.57 to 3.57 +/- 0.59 nmol/100 ml GF; P less than
      0.0025). The results suggested that hyperparathyroidism was secondary.
      Histomorphometric analysis of bone showed reduced trabecular bone volume without
      mineralization defect, compatible with osteoporosis. Four of eight patients had
      high or high normal fractional resorption surfaces, fractional formation
      surfaces, and fractional osteoid volumes. That these abnormalities may reflect
      PTH-dependent osteoclastic resorption and bone turnover was supported by the
      reduction of these indices after correction of secondary hyperparathyroidism with
      hydrochlorothiazide therapy. The remaining four patients, however, had normal
      histomorphometric results. In summary, postmenopausal osteoporosis may occur
      sometimes with renal hypercalciuria and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The lack
      of compensatory intestinal hyperabsorption of Ca predisposes to negative Ca
      balance, and the hyperparathyroid state may be manifested by stimulated
      osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities.

PMID- 4008612
TI  - Benserazide effects on growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotropin in normal and
      acromegalic man.
AB  - The effect of benserazide administration on the secretion of GH, PRL, and TSH has
      been considered as an index of dopamine regulatory actions. Nine acromegalic
      patients and nine normal subjects were given a single 125 mg oral dose of
      benserazide, and serum GH, PRL, and TSH were determined by RIA methods every 30
      min for 4 h. Benserazide did not alter GH values either in normal subjects or in
      acromegalic patients. A significant increase of serum PRL was found in both
      groups, and the increase was similar in normoprolactinemic and in
      hyperprolactinemic acromegalic patients. A significant increase in TSH levels was
      found only in acromegalic patients. Thus, a decrease in dopamine outside the
      blood-brain barrier did not affect GH secretion, whereas PRL secretion was
      changed in the acromegalic as well as in the control group.

PMID- 4008613
TI  - Circadian rhythms in serum melatonin from infancy to adolescence.
AB  - The circadian rhythm of circulating melatonin was determined in 38 children, aged
      1-18 yr. Serum melatonin concentrations at 2400 and 0300 h in children aged 1-5
      yr were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those in older children [6
      10 yr, puberty stage 1 (P1)]. Nocturnal melatonin levels also were significantly
      (P less than 0.01) higher in P1 subjects than in P2 subjects aged 9-12 yr. A
      further small decline was found from P2 to P4/P5 (P less than 0.05). Thus, the
      decline in the nocturnal melatonin surge is not exclusively related to pubertal
      development, but begins in infancy.

PMID- 4008614
TI  - Calcium bioavailability from calcium carbonate and calcium citrate.
AB  - Fourteen normal subjects took 1000 mg calcium orally as calcium citrate or
      calcium carbonate. The amount of calcium absorbed was estimated from the rise in
      urinary calcium. The urinary calcium following calcium citrate load significantly
      higher (by 20-66%), whether expressed as the total amount or as the increment
      above basal (fasting) excretion. Thus, calcium citrate provides a more optimum
      calcium bioavailability than calcium carbonate.

PMID- 4008616
TI  - The effect of intravenously administered salbutamol on serum potassium in
      asthmatic and nonasthmatic atopic subjects.
AB  - The role of adrenergic mechanism in the pathogenesis of allergic disease is
      controversial. Recent experimental and clinical reports have suggested that beta
      adrenergic blockade impairs and beta stimulation enhances extrarenal potassium
      uptake in humans. This led us to study the effect of the intravenous
      administration of salbutamol, a specific beta-2-adrenergic agonist, on serum
      potassium in 9 healthy subjects and in 23 patients with allergic asthma and/or
      rhinitis. Serum potassium fell significantly and reached a peak decline at the
      end of venous infusion in all the normal subjects. Seventeen atopic subjects
      showed a lower or absent serum K+ decrement: there was no difference between
      asthmatic and rhinitic patients. There was no relation among the salbutamol
      induced serum potassium decrement, serum glucose increment, blood pressure and
      heart-rate changes, and nonspecific bronchial reactivity. These findings suggest
      that beta-2-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness is present only in some allergic
      patients.

PMID- 4008615
TI  - Females' isoimmunity to sperm is associated with sperm autoimmunity in their
      husbands.
AB  - One hundred twenty-five fertile couples and 334 infertile couples were tested for
      the presence of cytotoxic and hemagglutinating antibodies to sperm. Elevated
      titers of sperm antibodies were absent in both partners of fertile couples. Of 79
      infertile males with levels of sperm antibodies in the previously established
      negative range, 97% had wives who also had low titers of sperm antibodies. Of 255
      infertile males positive for serum hemagglutinating antibodies, 56% had wives
      whose serum contained significant circulating hemagglutinating antibodies, while
      93 of 202 (46%) males with significant cytotoxic antibody titers had wives whose
      serum contained elevated cytotoxic antibody titers. The females developed
      elevated titers of sperm antibodies in the serum and cervical mucus if their
      husbands had significant titers of hemagglutinating and cytotoxic sperm
      antibodies in the serum and seminal plasma samples. Females' isoimmunity to sperm
      was significantly associated with their husbands' autoimmunity to sperm and
      infertility.

PMID- 4008617
TI  - Detection of endotoxin in the plasma of patients with gram-negative bacterial
      sepsis by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay.
AB  - A total of 120 Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) determinations were made on plasma
      obtained from normal, healthy human blood donors. Results demonstrated a mean
      endotoxin level in blood of 0.02 to 1.57 pg/ml. The amount of Escherichia coli
      endotoxin added to human plasma samples can be quantitated by both nephelometry
      and turbidimetry. Endotoxin-spiked samples were shown to be significantly
      different from unspiked samples. When plasma samples were collected from 45
      patients hospitalized at three centers, a strong association was demonstrated
      between a positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay and a septic condition.
      Sensitivity, specificity, and false-positive and false-negative rates for the
      Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay as a diagnostic test for gram-negative bacteremia
      were estimated.

PMID- 4008618
TI  - In vitro and in vivo cholera toxin production by classical and El Tor isolates of
      Vibrio cholerae.
AB  - A comparative study was carried out on the in vitro production of cholera toxin
      by 19 Vibrio cholerae El Tor isolates from patients with cholera in South Africa,
      one El Tor isolate from a patient in Malawi (a country approximately 1000 km
      north-northeast of South Africa), 6 El Tor and 12 classical type isolates from
      patients in Bangladesh, and 5 culture collection classical strains. Identical
      phage types and indistinguishable toxigenicities among the South African and
      Malawi V. cholerae, representing isolations obtained over a 10-year period,
      indicated that essentially a single strain was involved in the cholera of these
      regions. Similarly, phage typing and toxin profiles indicated that the 12
      classical and 6 El Tor V. cholerae cultures in Bangladesh, all isolated in
      November 1983, represented just two strains. As assessed by titrations in Y-1
      mouse adrenal and Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, the general order of
      toxigenicities was Bangladesh and culture collection classical greater than
      Bangladesh El Tor greater than southern African El Tor. The African isolates
      consistently gave rise to very low titers. Their relative reluctance to produce
      the toxin in vitro compared with the culture collection classical strains,
      particularly strain 569B, was confirmed by rocket electrophoresis. In somewhat of
      a contrast, maximum in vivo titers in rice water stools from cholera patients in
      South Africa and from both classical and El Tor type cholera patients in
      Bangladesh were essentially equal. It is postulated that under the continuous
      culture conditions that occur in vivo, cholera toxin concentrations can
      accumulate to a maximum level, depending on the rate of purging by the diarrheal
      fluid rather than the toxigenicity of the infecting stain. The relevance of these
      findings to the relative severities of classical and El Tor types of cholera is
      discussed.

PMID- 4008619
TI  - Accuracy and reproducibility of a four-hour method for anaerobe identification.
AB  - In this study, we evaluated the ability of a 4-h enzyme assay kit system, the
      RapID ANA method (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) to
      accurately and reproducibly identify a spectrum of clinically significant
      anaerobic bacteria in two separate institutions. Additional tests were performed
      as required. Of a total of 188 organisms tested at Hershey Medical Center (HMC),
      86.2% were correctly identified to species level without additional tests, 5.9%
      required extra tests for correct identification, and 8.0% were misidentified. Of
      53 strains tested at Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), 52.8% were correctly
      identified without extra tests, 28.3% required extra tests for correct
      identification, and 18.9% were misidentified. Of 21 organisms tested at both
      institutions, those tested at JHH required additional tests for correct
      identification in 38.1% of cases, compared with 9.5% at HMC. Misidentification
      rates were identical (9.5%) in both centers. Of strains tested at HMC only, 86.8%
      were correctly identified without extra tests, 5.4% were identified with
      additional tests, and 7.8% were misidentified: corresponding data for JHH were
      53.1, 21.9, and 25.0%, respectively. Of 53 strains tested in triplicate at JHH,
      56.7% yielded the same result on each occasion, 37.7% were identical in two of
      three tests, and 5.7% gave different results on each of three occasions.
      Discrepancies between identification rates at HMC and JHH may be explained by
      differences in species tested (more commonly encountered species were tested at
      HMC) and interpretation of reactions by the two different readers. The RapID ANA
      method has the potential for rapid identification of clinically isolated
      anaerobes; however, accuracy and reproducibility may vary as a function of the
      specific laboratory setting.

PMID- 4008620
TI  - Culture of the surfaces of urinary catheters to sample urethral flora and study
      the effect of antimicrobial therapy.
AB  - At the time indwelling urinary catheters were removed, the urethral flora was
      sampled by rolling the catheters onto culture plates. Cultures were obtained from
      398 patients with sterile urine. Catheter surfaces were colonized less often in
      males than in females (16.8 and 67.0%, respectively) and yielded correspondingly
      fewer bacterial species per catheter. In both sexes, gram-positive species were
      isolated more frequently than gram-negative species (428 and 131 isolates,
      respectively). The bacteria most commonly isolated were Staphylococcus
      epidermidis and Streptococcus faecalis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not
      recovered despite the large proportion of young, sexually active women in the
      study population. Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli, gradually
      colonized the catheters over time but at all times were recovered in lower
      amounts the gram-positive organisms and less often in males than in females.
      Slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci did not relate to the
      density of organisms recovered from the catheters or influence the presence of
      gram-negative bacteria. Despite frequent use of antibiotics in this population,
      the urethral flora remained highly susceptible to these drugs. Antibacterial
      activity was not detected on the catheters despite high concentrations in the
      urine. This suggests that systemic antibiotics have a very limited effect on
      resident urethral flora. Despite relatively small numbers in the urethra, gram
      negative bacteria readily produce urinary tract infections in catheterized
      patients.

PMID- 4008621
TI  - Clinical and microbiological features of Aeromonas hydrophila-associated
      diarrhea.
AB  - The prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila in stool specimens from patients with
      diarrhea was studied during 18 months. A. hydrophila was found in 1.1% of
      patients with diarrhea and in none of 533 control patients (P less than 0.02).
      Cases were detected 1.5 times more often during the summer months than the winter
      months, and most occurred in children less than 2 years of age. Clinical features
      included fever greater than 38 degrees C (55%), abdominal cramps (35%), vomiting
      (25%), and duration of illness greater than 10 days (50%). Detection of A.
      hydrophila in stools was facilitated by the use of sheep blood agar with 15
      micrograms of ampicillin per ml which was flooded with oxidase reagent after
      growth. A cytotoxin was produced by 62% of the isolates, and the cytotoxic
      strains showed positive results in a hemolysin assay and a lysine decarboxylase
      reaction.

PMID- 4008622
TI  - Rapid microbiochemical method for presumptive identification of gastroenteritis
      associated members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - A method for rapid screening of isolates of pathogenic members of the family
      Enterobacteriaceae is described. Flow charts are used in conjunction with triple
      sugar iron agar, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-phenylalanine-motility
      sulfate screening media, oxidase test, and six rapid biochemical tests, namely,
      lysine decarboxylase, urease, indole, esculin hydrolysis, malonate, and xylose.
      This scheme is used to provide an inexpensive but rapid presumptive
      identification of Salmonella, Shigella, Edwardsiella, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas,
      Vibrio, and Yersinia isolates from stool cultures.

PMID- 4008623
TI  - Radioimmunoassays for the detection of antibodies to treponemal polypeptide
      antigens in serum.
AB  - Cross-reacting treponemal antigens are potentially important candidates for
      serodiagnostic assays in syphilitic infections. Based on the idea that the
      organelles for locomotion in virulent and avirulent treponemes might be composed
      of similar subunits, we attempted to purify the flagellar antigens of Treponema
      phagedenis biotype Reiter and Treponema refringens for use in radioimmunoassays.
      With a combination of physical and chemical methods, the major protein subunit of
      purified flagellar preparations exhibited a mass of approximately 37 kilodaltons
      (kd) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. These 37-kd materials, with
      weight estimates comparable to those of other flagellin molecules, were further
      purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and electroelution. Human and rabbit sera, alone or subjected to DEAE Affi-Gel
      blue chromatography, were subsequently tested in radioimmunoassays employing each
      of the purified preparations. Even though sera from patients with secondary
      syphilis and from experimentally infected animals at 3 to 4 weeks postinfection
      were reactive in radioimmunoassays employing the 37-kd flagellar antigens, the
      assays were relatively insensitive for detection of immunoglobulin G responses in
      the early stages of human infection. Detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies in
      sera obtained early in the course of natural or experimental infection was
      possible with electroeluted 33- to 64-kd materials from both avirulent and
      virulent treponemes.

PMID- 4008624
TI  - Biochemical and genetic characteristics of atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp.
      fetus strains isolated from humans in the United States.
AB  - During a 2-year period, 14 biochemically atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp.
      fetus-like strains were received by the Campylobacter Reference Laboratory at the
      Centers for Disease Control. Sources of the isolates were blood, nine strains;
      stools, two strains; amniotic fluid, one strain; and abscesses, two strains.
      Atypical phenotypic characteristics exhibited by one or more strains were growth
      at 42 degrees C, 10 strains; no H2S by lead acetate paper, 3 strains; resistance
      to a 30-micrograms cephalothin disk, 2 strains; and nonmotility, 1 strain. By DNA
      DNA hybridization, all 14 isolates and the type strain of C. fetus subsp. fetus
      (ATCC 27374) were 94 to 100% related in reassociation reactions at 50 degrees C,
      with 0.0 to 0.5% divergence, and were 86 to 100% related in reassociation
      reactions at 65 degrees C. Thus, all of these atypical strains were C. fetus
      subsp. fetus. MICs of 11 antimicrobial agents for these 14 strains were variable.
      All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and
      tetracycline, and most were susceptible to ampicillin, clindamycin, and
      penicillin. Eleven strains were resistant to cephalothin (MIC greater than or
      equal to 16 micrograms/ml), nine were resistant to rifampin (MIC greater than or
      equal to 8 micrograms/ml), and all were resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC greater
      than 32 micrograms/ml) and vancomycin (MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml). One
      can expect to see biochemical variability in C. fetus subsp. fetus strains and to
      encounter such strains from a variety of human sources, the most important of
      which appears to be blood.

PMID- 4008625
TI  - Comparison of the Cathra Repliscan II, the AutoMicrobic system Gram-Negative
      General Susceptibility-Plus Card, and the Micro-Media System Fox Panel for
      dilution susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli.
AB  - A comparative evaluation was done to test the accuracy of the Cathra Repliscan II
      agar dilution system (Diagnostic Equipment, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.), the
      AutoMicrobic system with Gram-Negative General Susceptibility-Plus Card (Vitek
      Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.), and the Micro-Media Fox Panel micro broth
      dilution system (Micro-Media Systems, Inc., San Jose, Calif.) in determining MICs
      of 12 antibiotics for 200 gram-negative bacilli. Of the 200 strains tested, 12
      isolates did not grow in one of the three systems. The 188 remaining organisms
      included 158 members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, 20 Pseudomonas spp., 5
      Acinetobacter sp., 3 Aeromonas spp., and 2 Vibrio spp. A total of 2,256 organism
      antibiotic combinations were analyzed for each system. An MIC was considered
      correct if two of the three systems were in agreement. When disagreements
      occurred, correct MICs were determined by the standard agar dilution method. With
      this criterion, overall agreements of the Cathra Repliscan II system,
      AutoMicrobic system, and Micro-Media Fox Panel system were 94.7, 94.9, and 95.5%,
      respectively. Tetracycline (20%), nitrofurantoin (20%), and ampicillin (16%)
      accounted for 56% of the discrepancies observed. These results indicate that all
      three systems perform with a high degree of accuracy for susceptibility testing
      of gram-negative bacilli.

PMID- 4008626
TI  - Pyrazinamidase activity in Yersinia enterocolitica and related organisms.
AB  - Pyrazinamidase activity was tested in 381 Yersinia strains from various
      ecological and geographical origins and belonging to the following species: Y.
      enterocolitica (five biogroups), Y. intermedia, Y. frederiksenii, Y.
      kristensenii, Y. aldovae, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis. The
      pyrazinamidase test was negative (Pyz-) in all bioserogroups of Y.
      enterocolitica, in which is usually harbored the virulence plasmid, and was
      involved in human or animal diseases. Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis were
      also Pyz-. The more ubiquitous bioserogroups of Y. enterocolitica, without
      naturally occurring virulence plasmid, and related species were all Pyz+.
      Pyrazinamidase activity allowed the separation of the pathogenic North American
      Y. enterocolitica isolates from other nonpathogenic strains within biogroup 1.
      Similarly, environmental biogroups 3A and 3B were clearly distinguished from
      pathogenic biogroup 3. However, the pyrazinamidase test was not linked to the
      presence of the virulence plasmid itself and should not replace the pathogenicity
      tests to assess the actual virulence of an individual strain. This test proved to
      be a valuable tool to distinguish potential pathogenic from nonpathogenic strains
      of Y. enterocolitica in epidemiological surveillance programs.

PMID- 4008627
TI  - Bactericidal activity of antiseptics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus.
AB  - Various commonly used antiseptics were tested against three strains of
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at stock strength and in
      serial 10-fold dilutions. The stock solutions of 4% chlorhexidine gluconate
      alcohol (Hibiclens), 1% p-chloro-m-xylenol (Acute-Kare), and 3% hexachlorophene
      (Phisohex) produced 2-log reductions of MRSA after a 15-s exposure, but even
      after 240 s, these solutions failed to kill all the MRSA. Povidone-iodine
      (Betadine) solution was maximally effective at the 1:100 dilution, killing all
      the MRSA within 15 s; other dilutions were less effective, though each killed the
      MRSA within 120 s. Similar results were obtained with three different strains of
      methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Thus, of the four most commonly used
      antiseptics, povidone-iodine, when diluted 1:100, was the most rapidly
      bactericidal against both MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus.

PMID- 4008628
TI  - Thermonuclease test for same-day identification of Staphylococcus aureus in blood
      cultures.
AB  - We used a thermonuclease test to presumptively identify Staphylococcus aureus
      directly in blood cultures on the same day that a smear of the broth showed gram
      positive cocci in clusters. There were no discrepancies between the
      identification of S. aureus directly from 250 blood cultures and identification
      by the tube coagulase test which was performed on the 18- to 24-h subculture
      isolates. These rapid results were clinically relevant and enabled physicians to
      make more timely and cost-effective decisions about antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 4008629
TI  - Response of seronegative and seropositive adult volunteers to live attenuated
      cold-adapted reassortant influenza A virus vaccine.
AB  - The infectivity and immunogenicity of live attenuated A/Washington/897/80 cold
      adapted reassortant virus vaccine was evaluated in seronegative (hemagglutination
      inhibition titer, less than or equal to 1:4) and seropositive (hemagglutination
      inhibition titer, greater than 1:4) adult volunteers. The vaccine was efficient
      in infecting seronegative volunteers (94%). Moreover, 51% of seropositive
      vaccinees were infected by the virus. After live virus vaccination, greater than
      83% of both seronegative and seropositive vaccinees achieved a level of nasal
      wash antibody previously associated with resistance to infection with influenza A
      virus. These findings indicate that both seronegative and seropositive vaccinees
      can benefit from live virus vaccination.

PMID- 4008630
TI  - Angle of active site of myosin heads in contracting muscle during sudden length
      changes.
AB  - The change in orientation of myosin crossbridges in contracting muscle during
      sudden length changes was examined by fluorescence polarization. This study used
      a fluorescent ATP analogue, 1,N6-etheno-2-aza-ATP(epsilon-2-aza-ATP) as a probe.
      Its fluorescence is considerably enhanced upon binding with myosin and is
      dependent on the chemical state of the myosin-nucleotide complex in muscle. The
      results showed that nucleotides bound to crossbridges in the intermediate
      attached state (presumably AM-epsilon-2-aza-ADP-Pi) during isometric contraction
      are highly oriented at the same angle as that of AM in rigor with bound epsilon-2
      aza-ADP. Furthermore the orientation of nucleotides bound to crossbridges in the
      attached state is not altered during sudden changes in length of isometrically
      contracting muscle. The results of this time-resolved measurement support the
      conclusion obtained from a previous steady-state experiment that change in axial
      orientation of the active site of the myosin head is not involved in force
      generation.

PMID- 4008631
TI  - Abstracts of the Thirteenth European Conference on Muscle and Motility. Gwatt, 23
      28 September 1984.

PMID- 4008632
TI  - Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Its biology, ubiquity and usefulness in
      neuroimmunology.

PMID- 4008633
TI  - Quantification of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in human body fluids by
      means of ELISA employing a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Soluble glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was quantified in human
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and amniotic fluid. A normal value in lumbar CSF of 4.3
      +/- 0.7 ng GFAP/ml (mean +/- SEM) was obtained from 18 non-neurological patients.
      Increased GFAP concentrations in CSF were found in patients with intracranial
      tumours or with normal pressure hydrocephalus, while normal values were found in
      multiple sclerosis patients and in patients with degenerative dementia. In
      addition, a concentration gradient between ventricular and lumbar CSF was
      demonstrated, the GFAP content being significantly higher in ventricular than in
      lumbar samples. Amniotic fluids from normal pregnancies contained 13 +/- 5.5 ng
      GFAP/ml (N = 117). Increased GFAP concentrations were observed in amniotic fluid
      from some but not all pregnancies with fetal anencephaly or encephalocele, but
      not from pregnancies with fetal spina bifida or any of the other fetal
      malformations investigated. The quantification method was an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay employing a monoclonal antibody specific for GFAP.

PMID- 4008634
TI  - Theiler's virus encephalomyelitis is unaffected by treatment with myelin
      components.
AB  - Treatment of SJL/J mice with myelin components prior to infection with Theiler's
      picornavirus did not effect the development of inflammatory demyelinating lesions
      characteristic of Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis. These results suggest that
      the pathogenesis of this disease differs from experimental autoimmune
      encephalomyelitis, which can be suppressed by such a treatment.

PMID- 4008635
TI  - Effect of immune complex-forming reactants on catecholamine-modulated behaviors
      in the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Injection of immune complex-forming reactants via implanted cannulae to the
      perifornical hypothalamus stimulated eating in sated rats and increased the
      eating response to exogenous norepinephrine (NE). Immune complex-induced eating
      was not seen after carbamyl choline injection, and immune complex treatment had
      no effect on water intake under any of the test conditions. The effects of immune
      complex activity occurred only 6 hours after administration, a time associated
      with heavy polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cannula site. Immune
      complex activity mimics that following NE injection of this site. Because the
      immune complex-forming reactants are not specific to any neural antigen, we
      propose that their effects are indirectly mediated by anaphylatoxins produced by
      activation of the complement cascade.

PMID- 4008636
TI  - Anti-idiotypic antibodies, acetylcholine receptor antibodies and disturbed
      neuromuscular function in healthy relatives to patients with myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Fifty-eight first-degree relatives to 40 patients with myasthenia gravis were
      investigated regarding presence of acetylcholine receptor antibodies, anti
      idiotypic antibodies against the receptor antibodies and clinical and
      electrophysiological signs of disturbed neuromuscular function. No relative had
      clinical signs of muscle weakness. The prevalence of low concentrations of
      receptor antibodies was 54%, of anti-idiotypic antibodies 37% and of pathological
      and borderline single fibre EMG 45%. No sibling, only 2/11 children and 3/14
      parents were normal in all three tests. A combination of receptor antibodies and
      anti-idiotypic antibodies was the most common finding and was especially frequent
      in children. In female siblings and children there was a positive correlation
      between the presence of HLA-antigen A1 and/or B8 and that of receptor antibodies
      and anti-idiotypic antibodies. Male siblings and children showed no such
      correlation but had a higher frequency of pathological single fibre EMG than
      females.

PMID- 4008637
TI  - A monoclonal antibody that binds to both astrocytes and myelin sheaths.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody designated III 5H8 was shown to bind both to astrocytes and
      to myelin sheaths as studied with immunocytochemical techniques on brain sections
      and cell cultures. Binding to astrocytes was confirmed by double
      immunofluorescent labelling of frozen sections and cell cultures with anti-GFAP,
      and appeared to be sensitive to formalin treatment. Binding to myelin sheaths was
      confirmed by comparing sections labelled with III 5H8 with sections labelled with
      antibodies against axons and myelin basic protein as well as by staining of
      sections of hypomyelinated spinal cord with III 5H8. On immunoblots of separated
      white matter III 5H8 revealed two bands, while on immunoblots of purified myelin
      only one band was seen. The findings are discussed with respect to the function
      of astrocytes in white matter and shared antigenic determinants between
      astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

PMID- 4008638
TI  - Complement-dependent toxicity of serum from myasthenic patients to muscle cells
      in culture.
AB  - The toxicity of myasthenic sera to rat myotubes in monolayer culture was examined
      by measuring the release of [Me-3H]carnitine from pre-loaded cells. In the
      presence of guinea pig complement, heat-inactivated serum samples from 9 out of
      13 myasthenic patients showed clear myotoxicity, in contrast to 0 out of 11
      normal controls and 0 out of 6 polymyositis patients. Neither heat-inactivated
      sera alone nor guinea pig complement sera alone showed myotoxicity. Removal of
      anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibodies from a myasthenic serum sample
      by affinity absorption led to loss of myotoxicity. Myotoxicity of myasthenic sera
      could, in most cases, be confirmed by light microscopy. These results support the
      idea that complement-mediated cell damage, initiated by anti-AChR antibodies,
      contributes to post-synaptic membrane degeneration in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 4008639
TI  - Different effects of psychotropic drugs on delayed hypersensitivity responses in
      mice.
AB  - The influence of certain psychotropic drugs on the delayed-type hypersensitivity
      (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells in BALB/c mice was studied. The effects
      on the overall response and the induction and elicitation phases were evaluated,
      using two alternative dosage schedules for each agent. It was found that diazepam
      had no effect on the DTH reaction but the administration of imipramine,
      haloperidol, chlorpromazine or meprobramate all resulted in depression of the
      response, impairing both the induction or elicitation phases. The results
      indicate that psychotropic drugs may produce in vivo depression of cell-mediated
      immunity by different mechanisms.

PMID- 4008640
TI  - Defective metabolism of hypertriglyceridemic low density lipoprotein in cultured
      human skin fibroblasts. Normalization with bezafibrate therapy.
AB  - The metabolism of hypertriglyceridemic low density lipoprotein (HTG-LDL) was
      investigated in upregulated cultured human skin fibroblasts. Low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) was isolated by zonal centrifugation from the plasma of seven
      HTG subjects, before and 2 wk after the initiation of bezafibrate (BZ) therapy.
      HTG-LDL is a cholesterol-poor, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein of smaller diameter
      than BZ-LDL or normal LDL (N-LDL). Binding, cell association, and proteolytic
      degradation of HTG-LDL were compared with that of BZ-LDL and N-LDL and were found
      to be significantly lower by a paired t test analysis (P less than 0.001). After
      6 h preincubation with unlabeled HTG-LDL, the incorporation of [14C]acetate to
      sterols was significantly higher than with BZ-LDL or N-LDL (577 +/- 43.7; 330 +/-
      41.5; 262 +/- 47, mean +/- SE, picomoles sterols per milligram cell protein per 2
      h, respectively; P less than 0.001 by paired t test). To determine the
      effectiveness of HTG-LDL and BZ-LDL on the down-regulation of LDL receptor
      activity, up-regulated cells were incubated for 48 h with HTG-LDL and BZ-LDL. LDL
      receptor activity was significantly higher after preincubation with HTG-LDL
      compared with BZ-LDL, and the rates of sterol synthesis were similarly increased.
      These results demonstrate that HTG-LDL does not down-regulate the LDL receptor
      activity as efficiently as BZ-LDL and that its cholesterol content is not enough
      to adequately suppress cellular sterol synthesis. Significant correlation between
      LDL composition and cholesterol synthesis by cultured cells was found with all
      LDL preparations over a wide range of cholesteryl ester to protein ratio (0.8
      2.2). This correlation indicates that the compositional and structural
      abnormalities of HTG-LDL, and especially the low cholesterol content of the
      lipoprotein, alter LDL metabolism and cellular cholesterol formation.

PMID- 4008641
TI  - Influence of naloxone on the total capacitance vasculature of the dog.
AB  - The opiate antagonist, naloxone, which is associated with prolonged survival in
      animal models of shock, has been demonstrated to increase arterial pressure and
      cardiac output. It is possible that the increase in cardiac output is due to a
      decrease in volume in the total capacitance vasculature and a subsequent increase
      in venous return. Because the influence of naloxone on the capacitance
      vasculature is unknown, the present study was undertaken to determine the
      influence of naloxone on intravascular volume in the total capacitance
      circulation. In 31 anesthetized dogs, blood from the vena cavae was drained into
      an extracorporeal reservoir and returned to the right atrium at a constant rate
      so that changes in total intravascular volume could be measured as reciprocal
      changes in reservoir volume. In five animals, naloxone infusion (2 mg/ml X min
      for 20 min) was associated with a decrease in total capacitance volume of 121 +/-
      30 ml (P less than 0.05). To determine regional volume effects, naloxone was
      infused in 11 animals in which the splanchnic and extrasplanchnic vasculatures
      were separately perfused and drained: total and splanchnic volume decreased 64 +/
      13 ml (P less than 0.05) and 126 +/- 17 ml (P less than 0.0001), respectively,
      and extrasplanchnic volume increased 62 +/- 13 ml (P less than 0.001). After
      ganglionic blockade with mecamylamine (n = 3), total volume decreased 89 +/- 16
      ml (P less than 0.05), splanchnic volume did not change, and extrasplanchnic
      volume decreased 91 +/- 32 ml (P less than 0.05). In another five animals,
      naloxone was infused during diversion of the splanchnic venous outflow to a
      nonrecirculating extracorporeal reservoir: total volume decreased 122 +/- 33 ml
      (P less than 0.05), splanchnic volume did not change, and extrasplanchnic volume
      decreased 101 +/- 16 ml (P less than 0.01). When the splanchnic venous effluent
      was reinfused without naloxone administration (n = 4), total volume decreased 43
      +/- 5 ml (P less than 0.05), splanchnic volume decreased 113 +/- 14 ml (P less
      than 0.05), and extrasplanchnic volume increased 68 +/- 10 ml (P less than 0.05).
      Thus, naloxone is associated with a decrease in total capacitance volume, which
      is due entirely to a decrease in splanchnic volume. The splanchnic volume
      decrement would appear to be mediated through neurogenic and hormonal influences.
      In an animal not on bypass, it would be expected that naloxone would be
      associated with a decrease in total capacitance volume and subsequent increases
      in venous return and cardiac output.

PMID- 4008642
TI  - Passive transfer of diabetes from BB/W to Wistar-Furth rats.
AB  - Autoimmune diabetes can be transferred to young, diabetes prone BB/W rats by
      injecting them intravenously with concanavalin A (Con A)-treated spleen cells
      from acute diabetic BB/W donors. This study describes the transfer of diabetes to
      the normal Wistar-Furth strain of rats using a similar procedure. For the
      successful transfer of diabetes it was necessary to immunosuppress recipient
      animals with a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide 24-48 h
      before administering Con A-stimulated spleen cells from acute diabetic BB/W rats.
      Of 68 Wistar-Furth rats in immunosuppressed with a dose of 100-150 mg
      cyclophosphamide/kg body wt, 10 (15%) became diabetic. None of the control rats
      receiving either Con A-stimulated Wistar-Furth spleen cells (n = 28), freshly
      isolated BB/W spleen cells (n = 14), or fresh RPMI medium (n = 11) became
      diabetic. These data indicate that diabetes can be transferred from BB/W to
      Wistar-Furth rats. In addition, they support the hypothesis that cell-mediated
      immune processes are involved in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes
      and rule out any absolute requirement for BB-derived genes in the target
      pancreatic beta cells.

PMID- 4008643
TI  - Low doses of interferon alpha result in more effective clinical natural killer
      cell activation.
AB  - To define critical parameters concerning interferon (IFN) effects upon natural
      killer (NK) cells in vivo, we gave cancer patients serial weekly intramuscular
      injections of purified lymphoblastoid IFN in six doses ranging from 10(5) to 3 X
      10(7) U. Dose sequences were determined by randomly allocating patients to one of
      six levels in a latin square ordering scheme. NK cell stimulation, a threefold
      peak increase above preinjection levels of cytolysis (P = 0.022), occurred in
      peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC) sampled 24 h postinjection, of 3 X 10(6) U,
      but was not detectable at any dose in PMC sampled 7 d postinjection. No blunting
      occurred in NK cell responsiveness to repeated injection of IFN dosages a second
      time at or several weeks after study completion. At IFN doses of 3 X 10(6),
      10(7), and 3 X 10(7) U, a negative correlation existed between the amount of IFN
      injected and the average extent of NK cell activation (r = -0.423, P less than
      0.05). This contrasted with the progressively increasing response of NK cells to
      in vitro incubation with increasing concentration of up to 3,000 U/ml of IFN.
      Overnight culturing of PMC sampled before IFN injections resulted in a mean 1.9
      fold increase in cytolytic activity (P = 0.0005) and a mean 53% decrease in
      variance (P = 0.024) between serial preinjection NK cell activity determinations.
      Cell separation procedures may, therefore, have resulted in NK cell inactivation,
      from which overnight culturing permitted recovery. We found that maximal NK cell
      activation at a low IFN dose, decreasing NK cell responsiveness at higher doses,
      and the need to culture PMC to efficiently detect NK cell boosting may account
      for disparities in reported effects of IFN on NK cell function.

PMID- 4008644
TI  - Evidence for a functional role of endogenously produced somatomedinlike peptides
      in the regulation of DNA synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts and porcine
      smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Cultured porcine aortic smooth muscle cells and human fibroblasts produce
      somatomedinlike peptides and secrete them into the surrounding microenvironment.
      This production has been linked to their ability to replicate. The objective of
      this study was to determine if a specific anti-somatomedin-C (Sm-C) monoclonal
      antibody that binds the somatomedinlike peptides could inhibit replication by
      porcine aortic smooth muscle cells and human fibroblasts. To determine if the
      antibody could inhibit the effect of endogenously produced somatomedinlike
      peptide, increasing concentrations of antibody were co-incubated with platelet
      derived growth factor, a known stimulant of somatomedinlike peptide secretion,
      and Sm-C-deficient platelet-poor plasma. Addition of the antibody reduced
      fibroblast [3H]thymidine incorporation from 35,100 +/- 500 to 10,600 +/- 700 cpm
      (P less than 0.001), and in smooth muscle cells from 29,600 +/- 1,800 to 10,800
      +/- 1,100 cpm (P less than 0.001). Co-incubation of exogenously added Sm-C (20
      ng/ml) with maximally inhibitory dilutions of antibody increased [3H]thymidine
      incorporation in fibroblasts from 7,800 +/- 1,000 to 18,900 +/- 800 cpm (P less
      than 0.01), and in smooth muscle cells from 9,800 +/- 1,200 to 17,200 +/- 1,100
      cpm (P less than 0.01). Insulin, which can substitute for Sm-C as a mitogen and
      does not bind to the antibody, stimulated DNA synthesis when co-incubated with
      the antibody, thereby excluding the possibility of nonspecific cytotoxicity.
      These results strengthen the hypothesis that the rate of DNA synthesis of these
      two cell types in vitro is directly linked to their capacity to produce
      somatomedinlike peptides. They further support the cellular production of
      somatomedinlike peptides as examples of the autocrine model of growth regulation.

PMID- 4008645
TI  - Erythrocyte membrane rigidity induced by glycophorin A-ligand interaction.
      Evidence for a ligand-induced association between glycophorin A and skeletal
      proteins.
AB  - Erythrocyte skeletal proteins are known to play an important role in determining
      membrane deformability. In order to see whether transmembrane proteins also
      influence deformability and, if so, whether this influence is mediated by an
      interaction with the membrane skeleton, we examined the effect on deformability
      of ligands specific for transmembrane proteins. We found membrane deformability
      markedly reduced in erythrocytes that were pretreated with glycophorin A-specific
      ligands. In contrast, ligands specific for band 3 and A and B blood group
      antigens had no effect. The increase in membrane rigidity appeared to depend upon
      a transmembrane event and not upon a rigidity-inducing lattice on the outside
      surface of the cell in that a monovalent Fab of antiglycophorin IgG caused
      decreased deformability. We therefore looked for a ligand-induced association of
      glycophorin and the skeletal proteins and found, in Triton X-100-insoluble
      residues, a partitioning of glycophorin with the skeletal proteins only after
      preincubation with a ligand specific for glycophorin. We then studied cells and
      resealed membranes with skeletal protein abnormalities. In spectrin-deficient and
      protein 4.1-deficient erythrocytes and in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate-treated resealed
      membranes, the antiglycophorin IgG was only one-third as effective in decreasing
      deformability as it was in normal cells. Thus, normal skeletal proteins appear to
      be essential for liganded glycophorin to affect membrane deformability maximally.
      Taken together, these observations indicate that there is a ligand-induced
      interaction between glycophorin A and skeletal proteins and that this interaction
      can directly influence membrane deformability.

PMID- 4008646
TI  - Primate mammary development. Effects of hypophysectomy, prolactin inhibition, and
      growth hormone administration.
AB  - The pituitary gland has been found to be an important factor in mammary
      development in primates. Hypophysectomy in 12 sexually immature monkeys caused
      significant inhibition of estradiol (E2)-induced mammary growth and development.
      A histological index of mammary development in sexually immature
      hypophysectomized animals was lower (0.82) than in intact E2-treated controls
      (3.4; P less than 0.008). Hypophysectomy also inhibited growth of the mammary
      gland as judged by a size index. Despite the hypophysectomy, E2 stimulated some,
      albeit blunted, mammary growth and development, which may have been due to
      incomplete hypophysectomy. Selective inhibition of prolactin by ergot drugs in
      intact animals did not prevent full mammary development, suggesting that there
      may be pituitary mammogens other than prolactin, or that very low or unmeasurable
      concentrations of prolactin were sufficient to synergize with E2 to cause full
      acinar development. The mean histological index was 3.08 in E2-treated animals
      and 3.16 in animals treated with E2 plus pergolide. There was also no difference
      in the size of the glands. We evaluated the effect of growth hormone on mammary
      development by treating three hypophysectomized animals with pure 22,000 mol wt
      human growth hormone (hGH) (Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA). We found
      that physiological or slightly supraphysiological concentrations of hGH in
      animals with unmeasurable prolactin were incapable of restoring the capacity of
      E2 to induce full mammary growth. These findings suggest that, if growth hormone
      is a mammary mitogen, that physiological concentrations are insufficient to
      synergize with E2 to induce full mammary growth or that other forms of hGH are
      mammogenic. Our studies suggest that the role of the pituitary gland in mammary
      mitogenesis in primates is more complicated than previously thought. They also
      raise the possibility that heretofore unidentified pituitary substances may be
      mammogenic.

PMID- 4008647
TI  - Electron microprobe analysis of human labial gland secretory granules in cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried labial gland cryosections revealed that Na
      concentration was doubled and the Ca/S concentration ratio was decreased in
      secretory granules of labial glands from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) when
      compared with glands from normal subjects. Other results suggested that the
      decrease in the Ca/S concentration ratio resulted from an increase in S
      concentration. These findings imply that mucous granules in labial saliva showed
      a CF-related increase in Na and S content, and such changes would be expected to
      affect the rheology of the mucus after exocytosis. In contrast with a previous
      study in human parotid glands, no evidence was found for CF-related changes in
      cytoplasmic or nuclear Na, K, and Ca concentrations. Significant elemental
      differences were found between secretory granules and nuclei and cytoplasm of
      control cells.

PMID- 4008649
TI  - Fat cell metabolism in different regions in women. Effect of menstrual cycle,
      pregnancy, and lactation.
AB  - Adipose tissue lipolysis and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were studied in
      biopsies from the femoral and abdominal depots in healthy women during early or
      late menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and the lactation period. When the differences
      in cell size were taken into account, basal lipolysis was similar in both regions
      in nonpregnant women. During lactation, however, lipolysis was significantly
      higher in the femoral region. The lipolytic effect of noradrenaline (10(-6) M)
      was significantly less in the femoral region in the nonpregnant women and during
      early pregnancy. However, the lipolytic response was the same in both regions in
      lactating women. LPL activity was higher in the femoral than in the abdominal
      region except during lactation when a marked decrease in the LPL activity was
      seen in the femoral region. The LPL activity in the abdominal region remained
      unchanged in all patient groups. The results imply that in both nonpregnant and
      pregnant women lipid assimilation is favored in the femoral depot. During
      lactation, however, the metabolic pattern changes; the LPL activity decreases and
      lipid mobilization increases in this depot. These changes are much less
      pronounced in the abdominal region. Thus, fat cells from different regions show a
      differential response during pregnancy and lactation. These results suggest that
      the adipose tissue in different regions may have specialized functions.

PMID- 4008648
TI  - Increased adherence of sickled and phosphatidylserine-enriched human erythrocytes
      to cultured human peripheral blood monocytes.
AB  - The precise mechanism by which sickle erythrocytes (RBC) are removed from the
      circulation is controversial, although it is possible that enhanced recognition
      of these cells by circulating mononuclear phagocytes could contribute to this
      process. We investigated this possibility by interacting sickle cells with
      cultured human peripheral blood monocytes. Our results show that both
      irreversibly sickled cells (ISC) and deoxygenated reversibly sickled cells (RSC)
      had a higher avidity for adherence to monocytes than did oxygenated sickle and
      normal RBC. ISC were the most adherent cell type. Adherence of RSC to monocytes
      was found to be reversible; reoxygenation of deoxygenated RSC resulted in a
      significant decrease in RSC--monocyte adherence. Concomitant with alterations in
      sickle RBC adherence were alterations in the organization and bilayer
      distribution of membrane phospholipids in these cells. Specifically, enhanced
      adherence was associated with increased exposure of RBC membrane outer leaflet
      phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas lack of adherence
      was associated with normal patterns of membrane phospholipid distribution. To
      investigate the possibility of whether the exposure of PS in the outer membrane
      leaflet of these cells might be responsible for their recognition by monocytes,
      the membranes of normal RBC were enriched with the fluorescent PS analogue 1-acyl
      2[(N-4-nitro-benzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)aminocaproyl]-phosphatidy lse rine (NBD-PS)
      via transfer of the exogenous lipid from a population of donor phospholipid
      vesicles (liposomes). RBC enriched with NBD-PS exhibited enhanced adherence to
      monocytes, whereas adherence of RBC enriched with similar amounts of NBD
      phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC) was not increased. Furthermore, preincubation of
      monocytes with PS liposomes resulted in a approximately 60% inhibition of ISC
      adherence to monocytes, whereas no inhibition occurred when monocytes were
      preincubated with PC liposomes. These findings strongly suggest that erythrocyte
      surface PS may be a ligand recognized by receptors on human peripheral blood
      monocytes and that abnormal exposure of PS in the outer leaflet of the RBC
      membrane, as found in sickle RBC, might serve to trigger their recognition by
      circulating monocytes. Our results further suggest that abnormalities in the
      organization of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids may have significant
      pathophysiologic implications, possibly including shortened cell survival.

PMID- 4008650
TI  - Abnormal sodium transport in synaptosomes from brain of uremic rats.
AB  - The causes of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction in uremia are not well
      known and are not completely reversed by dialysis. This problem was investigated
      in synaptosomes, which are membrane vesicles from synaptic junctions in the
      brain. We measured Na uptake under conditions of control, veratridine
      stimulation, and tetrodotoxin inhibition, in synaptosomes from normal and acutely
      uremic (blood urea nitrogen, 250 mg/dl) rats. In the control state, maximal Na
      uptake was 2.2 +/- 0.2 and 1.9 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg of protein in normal and uremic
      synaptosomes, respectively. With veratridine stimulation, Na uptake was increased
      by 1.9 and 3.6 nmol/mg of protein in normal vs. uremic rats (P less than 0.001).
      The increased veratridine-stimulated Na uptake observed in uremia could be due
      either to increased membrane permeability to Na or decrease in the Na-K ATPase
      pump activity. To investigate this, we studied the Na-K ATPase pump function by
      evaluating uptake of K (using rubidium as a tracer), uptake of Na during ATP
      stimulation, and inhibition of Rb and Na uptake by ouabain. In uremic rats both
      Rb uptake and ATP-stimulated Na uptake were significantly less than in normals (P
      less than 0.005). This suggests a defect in the Na-K ATPase pump. Membrane
      permeability for Na was then evaluated both by measuring initial Na uptake, and
      with addition of valinomycin. No change in Na uptake pattern was observed with
      valinomycin, and initial Na uptake was not significantly different in normal
      versus uremic synaptosomes. These data show that (a) in uremic rats veratridine
      stimulated Na accumulation is significantly greater than normal; (b) the
      increased Na accumulation observed in uremia appears to be due to alterations in
      Na-K ATPase pump activity; and (c) the altered Na accumulation observed is
      probably not due to a uremic environment, but may be secondary to a physiologic
      alteration in synaptosomal function due to the uremic state. These abnormalities
      may affect neurotransmission and may be associated with the CNS alterations
      observed in uremia.

PMID- 4008651
TI  - Human alveolar macrophages synthesize factor VII in vitro. Possible role in
      interstitial lung disease.
AB  - Both fibrin and tissue macrophages are prominent in the histopathology of chronic
      inflammatory pulmonary disease. We therefore examined the procoagulant activity
      of freshly lavaged human alveolar macrophages in vitro. Intact macrophages (5 X
      10(5) cells) from 13 healthy volunteers promoted clotting of whole plasma in a
      mean of 65 s. Macrophage procoagulant activity was at least partially independent
      of exogenous Factor VII as judged by a mean clotting time of 99 s in Factor VII
      deficient plasma and by neutralization of procoagulant activity by an antibody to
      Factor VII. Immunoprecipitation of extracts of macrophages metabolically labeled
      with [35S]methionine by Factor VII antibody and analyzed by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a labeled protein consistent
      in size with the known molecular weight of blood Factor VII, 48,000. The addition
      of 50 micrograms of unlabeled, purified Factor VII blocked recovery of the 48,000
      mol wt protein. In addition, supernatants of cultured macrophages from six normal
      volunteers had Factor X-activating activity that was suppressed an average of 71%
      after culture in the presence of 50 microM coumadin or entirely by the Factor VII
      antibody indicating that Factor VII synthesized by the cell was biologically
      active. Endotoxin in vitro induced increases in cellular tissue factor but had no
      consistent effect on macrophage Factor VII activity. We also examined the tissue
      factor and Factor VII activities of freshly lavaged alveolar cells from nine
      subjects with clinical and/or histologic evidence of sarcoidosis. Four of the
      nine subjects expressed increased tissue factor and seven of nine had increased
      Factor VII activity over the normal range (P less than 0.01). We estimate the
      mean Factor VII associated with the cells of sarcoid patients to be 4.7 ng/10(6)
      cells (range 0.4-20) as compared to a mean of 0.74 ng/10(6) cells (range 0.2-2)
      for that of normal subjects. Along with previous data showing synthesis of
      plasminogen activator, these findings indicate that human alveolar macrophages
      normally synthesize and express measurable amounts of the initial enzymes of
      proteolytic reactions regulating both fibrin deposition and fibrin resorption.
      Abnormalities in Factor VII activity in a small group of patients with
      sarcoidosis raise the possibility that modulation of fibrin turnover by
      macrophages may contribute to the pathology of this and perhaps other
      interstitial lung diseases.

PMID- 4008652
TI  - Platelet thrombospondin forms a trimolecular complex with plasminogen and
      histidine-rich glycoprotein.
AB  - Thrombospondin (TSP), a multifunctional alpha-granule glycoprotein of human
      platelets binds fibrinogen, fibronectin, heparin, histidine-rich glycoprotein
      (HRGP), and plasminogen (Plg), and thus, may play an important role in regulating
      thrombotic influences at vessel surfaces. In this study we have demonstrated that
      purified human platelet TSP formed a trimolecular complex with human Plg and
      HRGP. Complex formation was detected by a specific binding enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which demonstrated simultaneous binding of fluid
      phase Plg and HRGP to TSP adsorbed to microtitration wells. While neither ligand
      inhibited complex formation of the other with TSP, 10 mM epsilon-amino-n-caproic
      acid selectively blocked incorporation of Plg into the complex, suggesting that
      TSP contains independent binding sites for Plg and HRGP. Comparable extent of
      trimolecular complex formation was also detected when TSP monomer was substituted
      for whole TSP in the ELISA. HRGP covalently cross-linked to Sepharose 4B
      simultaneously bound both 125I-TSP and 131I-Plg, confirming trimolecular complex
      formation. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis of mixtures of the purified radiolabeled
      proteins into anti-Plg containing agarose also confirmed trimolecular complex
      formation. The TSP-HRGP-Plg complex bound a similar amount of heparin as the TSP
      HRGP complex, demonstrating that the HRGP within the trimolecular complex
      maintained functional capability. Similarly, using a fluorometric plasmin
      substrate, the trimolecular complex was shown to be an effective substrate for
      tissue plasminogen activator. Significant amounts of plasmin were generated from
      the TSP-HRGP-Plg complex (equivalent to that from the TSP-Plg complex), but the
      rate of plasmin generation from the trimolecular complex was greater than from
      the bimolecular complex, suggesting an important interaction of HRGP with Plg
      when both are complexed to TSP. The macromolecular assembly of these three
      proteins on cellular surfaces, such as the platelet, may serve important
      regulatory functions, both prothrombotic at sites of active fibrin deposition and
      proteolytic in nonfibrin-containing microenvironments.

PMID- 4008654
TI  - Extracellular matrix promotes the growth and differentiation of murine
      hematopoietic cells in vitro.
AB  - We have developed a long-term culture system in which murine marrow cells are
      cultured on a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) that is derived from marrow and
      extracted with guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitol. Marrow cultures were
      established with fresh murine marrow cells and recharged at 2 wk (week 0). Phase
      microscopy showed a dramatically increased adherent cell layer development on ECM
      compared with controls within a week after recharge. By electron microscopy, this
      adherent layer was composed of numerous reticular cells apparently attached to
      the ECM which extended cytoplasmic projections to the surrounding hematopoietic
      cells. Adherent cellularity on ECM-coated dishes increased to 30 times the
      control values by week 2. Cumulative suspension cells on ECM dishes were eight
      times controls. ECM influenced both hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation
      and differentiation. Adherent colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage and
      colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte were greater than 30 and 15 times the control
      values, respectively, by week 2 (P less than or equal to 0.05). There were more
      mature granulocytic and megakaryocytic cells in ECM-coated dishes than in
      controls at all time points. This new culture system directly demonstrates that
      ECM is an important component of the hematopoietic microenvironment.

PMID- 4008655
TI  - Looking out from the isolator: David's perception of the world.
AB  - David, who from September 1971 to February 1984 actively lived his life in a
      sterile isolator, was severely deprived of experience of the physical world. His
      difficulty with the concepts of space, depth, and size related clearly to his
      limited experience rather than to cognitive or visual-motor-perceptual deficits.

PMID- 4008653
TI  - Characterization of the complement sensitivity of paroxysmal nocturnal
      hemoglobinuria erythrocytes.
AB  - The affected erythrocytes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH II and PNH
      III cells) are abnormally sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. Normal human
      erythrocytes chemically modified by treatment with 2-amino-ethylisothiouronium
      bromide (AET) have been used as models for PNH cells inasmuch as they also
      exhibit an enhanced susceptibility to complement. To investigate the bases for
      the greater sensitivity of these abnormal cells to complement-mediated lysis, we
      compared binding of C3 and constituents of the membrane attack complex to normal,
      PNH II, PNH III, and AET-treated cells after classical pathway activation by
      antibody and fluid-phase activation by cobra venom factor complexes. When whole
      serum complement was activated by antibody, there was increased binding of C3 and
      C9 to PNH II, PNH III, and AET-treated cells, although the binding of these
      complement components to PNH II and PNH III cells was considerably greater than
      their binding to the AET-treated cells. In addition, all of the abnormal cell
      types showed a greater degree of lysis per C9 bound than did the normal
      erythrocytes. PNH III and AET-treated cells were readily lysed by fluid-phase
      activation of complement, whereas normal and PNH II erythrocytes were not
      susceptible to bystander lysis. The greater hemolysis of PNH III and AET-treated
      cells in this reactive lysis system was due to a quantitative increase in binding
      of constituents of the membrane attack complex. This more efficient binding of
      the terminal components after fluid-phase activation of whole serum complement
      was not mediated by cell-bound C3 fragments. These investigations demonstrate
      that the molecular events that characterize the enhanced susceptibility of PNH
      II, PNH III, and AET-treated erythrocytes to complement-mediated lysis are
      heterogeneous.

PMID- 4008656
TI  - Parent interview findings regarding the impact of cystic fibrosis on families.
AB  - An assessment of the impact of cystic fibrosis (CF) was conducted with 43
      families. Semistructured parental interviews on family functioning, parent-child
      interactions, sibling and peer relationships, and medical issues were coded by
      two independent raters to identify "major," "minor", or "no" problems. Of the 62
      questions presented, only 8 were viewed by more than 10% of parents as "major
      problems." The impact of hospitalization upon parents was the most prevalent
      "major problem." Parental communication was a "major problem" for 28% of the
      mothers but for only one father. Ten to 15% of the parents described "major
      problems" related to: their marital relationship, accepting the illness, feeling
      they should do more for their child with CF, feeling their other children had
      been deprived or complained about inattention, or their relationship with the ill
      child's grandparents. While most families were generally coping successfully,
      health care professionals should be alert to specific areas of potential
      problems.

PMID- 4008657
TI  - Temperament and increased weight gain in infants.
AB  - The role of temperamental characteristics in accelerated and decelerated weight
      gain in normal infants has not been investigated previously except for
      differences in activity. The present study drew a random sample of 200 normal
      infants from a largely middle-class private practice. It found 24 infants who
      gained 30 or more percentile points in weight for length determinations between 6
      and 12 months of age and 25 who lost 20 percentile points or more. These growth
      data were compared with contemporaneous findings on the Infant Temperament
      Questionnaire. Those gaining the most had significantly more difficult
      temperament ratings (p less than 0.05) and were perceived by their mothers as
      "more difficult than average" (p less than 0.001). Infants with the most
      decelerated growth were not temperamentally different from the general sample.
      Negative mood rather than low activity was the specific characteristic
      distinguishing the infants gaining the most (p = 0.006). Clinical experience
      would suggest that fussy infants are fed more to quiet them.

PMID- 4008658
TI  - Clinical use of temperament data in pediatrics.
AB  - Temperament data can aid the clinician in fostering parent-child relationships on
      three levels. First, general educational discussions about temperament between
      the clinician and parents provide background information, which increases
      parents' awareness and understanding of individual differences. Second,
      identification of the temperament profile of the particular child provides the
      parents with a more organized picture of the child's behavioral style and of
      possible distortions in their perceptions of it. This is primarily useful to the
      clinician when the child is rather difficult or when, for example the mother's
      perception of the child makes the child seem more difficult than her own ratings
      suggest. This clarification process may provide parents with enough insight for
      them to make their own shifts in interaction patterns. Third, the clinician may
      attempt to influence the temperament-environment interaction, when its dissonance
      is leading to reactive symptoms, by suggesting alternative methods of parental
      management. If this is successful, the stress of the interaction should diminish
      and the reactive symptoms disappear. At the same time parents and teachers must
      learn to live in a more tolerant and flexible manner with the child's relatively
      less changeable temperament.

PMID- 4008659
TI  - A survey of parental opinions on corporal punishment in schools.
AB  - Forty-three states permit corporal punishment in schools. This practice continues
      despite the universal opposition of professional organizations, including the
      American Academy of Pediatrics. This study determines parental attitudes
      concerning the use of physical punishment in schools. The surveyed sample is
      drawn from parents of military dependents who brought their children to this
      clinic for routine physical examinations. One hundred and twenty-nine of 132
      questionnaires were returned for a 98% response rate. Fifty-one percent of the
      parents supported the use of corporal punishment in schools, 37% disagreed (77%
      of these strongly), 11% had no opinion, and 1% did not respond to the question.
      Analysis of the responses displayed a relationship between parental attitudes on
      the use of corporal punishment and opinion of the positive effects of physical
      punishment on children's behavior (p less than 0.0001). No relationship was found
      between position on corporal punishment and the respondent (mother, father, or
      both), the age of parents, the military rank of the sponsor (the individual whose
      military service makes the child eligible for military medical care, i.e.,
      father, mother, guardian, etc.), the sex of the children, the marital status of
      the parents, or the schools attended by the children (public or private). Thirty
      four percent of parents believed corporal punishment would improve behavior, and
      20% of parents felt that physical punishment would improve their child's academic
      performance.

PMID- 4008660
TI  - Effects of grade, gender, and hospitalization on children's medical fears.
AB  - First, fourth, and seventh graders completed a specially designed medical fears
      questionnaire. The effects of grade, gender, and previous hospitalization on the
      children's medical fears were analyzed. Gender was found to be significantly
      related to both the frequency and intensity of medical fears, with girls
      expressing more and stronger fears than boys. Fourth and seventh graders reported
      more medical fears than first graders. Previous hospitalization experience had no
      effect on the frequency or intensity of medical fears.

PMID- 4008661
TI  - Neuropsychological functioning in children with immunodeficiency disorders.
AB  - A small group of children with various types of immunodeficiency disorders,
      examined on a battery of neuropsychological and intellectual tests, was found to
      be impaired on perceptual speed, visuospatial sequencing, and visual attention
      span capacities when compared to a control group of closest aged siblings and
      normal children matched for age, education, and IQ. The results suggest that
      cerebral dysfunction may be associated with immunodeficiency disorders in
      children, although these findings are tentative since other factors, such as the
      effects of chronic illness, could not be excluded in this small cohort of
      patients.

PMID- 4008662
TI  - Pediatrics and psychology: a collaboration that works.
AB  - The growing relationship between pediatrics and psychology is described.
      Differences and similarities in training and orientation between psychologists
      and pediatricians are discussed, as well as three different models of
      collaboration. Pediatrician-psychologist collaboration can result in significant
      improvements in: comprehensive primary health care, treatment of psychosomatic
      disorders, and management of children suffering from a combination of medical,
      family, and adjustment problems. Research and health care legislation are two
      additional areas where collaboration between pediatrics and psychology is proving
      to be valuable.

PMID- 4008663
TI  - Recent findings in adolescent depression and suicide.
AB  - Adolescent depression and suicide are currently the focus of lively
      investigation. While diagnostic terminology and prevalence of depression remain
      unresolved, promising clarification is likely from the new assessment techniques
      readily available. These range from vigorous history taking and the use of
      questionnaires to biological tests. Associated depressive spectrum conditions are
      being defined. Like depression itself, they often respond to the new biological
      and psychological treatment methods of demonstrated effectiveness. Compounds are
      under development which may lessen side effects, and plasma antidepressant
      measurements are of proven value. Even with respect to adolescent suicidal
      behavior, where similar biological and psychological approaches have yielded less
      impressive results to date, energetic diagnosis and intervention can be
      lifesaving.

PMID- 4008664
TI  - Morphological range of hyperplastic polyps and carcinomas arising in hyperplastic
      polyps of the stomach.
AB  - A morphological range of 67 hyperplastic polyps was studied. They included polyps
      removed endoscopically and polyps found incidentally in resected stomachs with
      gastric ulcers and cancer. The hyperplastic polyps were essentially composed of
      cystic foveolae and pyloric type glands, lined by cells identical to those of the
      normal gastric mucosa. Thirty one polyps contained other cytological elements. In
      18, intestinal metaplasia was seen; the tubules were mostly composed of columnar
      and goblet cells and lacked Paneth cells. In 11 polyps, nine cases of gastric
      dysplasia and two cases of intestinal dysplasia, dysplastic changes were found.
      The former consisted of a proliferation of irregularly shaped pits with
      pleomorphic cuboidal/columnar cells with relatively basophilic cytoplasm. They
      contained mucigen granules of a gastric type. The latter consisted of atypical
      pits composed of closely packed, tall columnar and small goblet cells, both
      resembling adenomatous cells of the colon. In three polyps carcinomas were seen,
      one of which was an intestinal type adenocarcinoma. In the other two, the cancer
      cells closely resembled the normal foveolar cells, containing gastric type
      mucigen granules. They were gastric type adenocarcinomas.

PMID- 4008665
TI  - Quantitation in inflammatory bowel disease using computerised interactive image
      analysis.
AB  - Objective measurements of various histological features in rectal biopsy material
      were made using computerised interactive image analysis. Analysis of the
      resulting data by forward stepwise discriminant analysis showed that biopsies
      from patients with ulcerative colitis and infective diarrhoea could be
      distinguished from each other and from normal biopsies; they could not, however,
      be distinguished from biopsies of patients with Crohn's disease, which behaves as
      a heterogeneous entity rather than a single disease. The measurements showed that
      the crypt atrophy described in active ulcerative colitis may be a misnomer, the
      appearances being due to an increase in mucosal depth and alteration in crypt
      configuration rather than a true atrophy. Unexpectedly, the ratio of crypt cell
      height to surface cell height gave the best separation of Crohn's disease from
      ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 4008666
TI  - Vascular occlusion and infarction in sickle cell crisis and the sickle chest
      syndrome.
AB  - A young adult with homozygous sickle cell anaemia (Hb SS) suffered a fatal sickle
      cell crisis complicated by the sickle chest syndrome. At necropsy multiple large
      infarcts of the lung, bone marrow, and pituitary gland were found. The large
      majority of pulmonary infarcts were not associated with either gross or
      microscopic vaso-occlusion. These findings are discussed and correlated with past
      and current opinions of sickle cell crisis and the sickle chest syndrome.

PMID- 4008667
TI  - Evaluation of gas-liquid chromatography for the rapid diagnosis of Clostridium
      difficile associated disease.
AB  - Direct gas-liquid chromatography of faecal specimens with isocaproic acid as a
      marker was used for the rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile associated
      diarrhoeal diseases. Ninety stools were examined and results were compared with
      conventional culture on selective medium and cytotoxin assay in tissue culture.
      Using a combined analysis of isocaproic acid and butyric acid peak heights we
      defined three categories: positive, negative, and indeterminate. When the
      indeterminate group was excluded, the positive and negative predictive values of
      gas-liquid chromatography analysis were 86.9% and 85% respectively compared with
      culture and 71.4% and 95% respectively compared with cytotoxin assay.

PMID- 4008668
TI  - Acute placentitis and spontaneous abortion caused by chlamydia psittaci of sheep
      origin: a histological and ultrastructural study.
AB  - A sheep farmer's wife who had been assisting with lambing developed an influenza
      like illness in the 28th week of pregnancy. After five days of malaise she
      spontaneously delivered a stillborn infant; she became acutely ill during the
      immediate postpartum period with septicaemic shock, acute renal failure, and
      disseminated intravascular coagulation. The diagnosis was made by isolation and
      identification of Chlamydia psittaci from the placenta, fetal heart blood, and
      fetal lung, together with maternal serological evidence. The prominent
      histological and ultrastructural appearances of the chlamydial placentitis are
      described.

PMID- 4008669
TI  - Streptococcus milleri found in pulmonary empyemas and abscesses.

PMID- 4008670
TI  - The pharmacokinetization of psychiatry.

PMID- 4008671
TI  - Objectively measured hyperactivity--I. Comparison with normal controls.
AB  - Seventy-five normal (control) children were compared to 15 hyperactive children
      on a Continuous Performance Test over an eight-week period. The control children
      were observed to have a relatively constant number of correct responses, chair
      movements, and reaction times throughout the testing period. However, when the
      hyperactive children were differentiated according to their scores on the
      Conner's Abbreviated Parent Questionnaire, those children scoring one standard
      deviation above the normative mean were later revealed to have more errors of
      commission and omission, chair movements, and a longer reaction time than did the
      normal control children.

PMID- 4008672
TI  - Objectively measured hyperactivity--II. Caffeine and amphetamine effects.
AB  - Errors of commission and omission, chair movements, and reaction times were
      assessed in fifteen previously diagnosed hyperactive children on a Continuous
      Performance Test after four drug regimens: amphetamine at doses of 1.6 and 5.0 mg
      twice a day, as well as 300 mg caffeine administered alone and with 1.6 mg
      amphetamine twice a day, produced significant reductions in errors of commission
      and increased reaction times in those children scoring 24 or more on the Conner's
      Abbreviated Parent Questionnaire. In addition, subjective symptoms on this
      questionnaire were significantly reduced by all drug treatments. The high (600
      mg) daily dose of caffeine was observed to significantly control hyperactive
      symptoms, however, it also produced a number of side effects as well.

PMID- 4008673
TI  - Prediction of thiopental induction dose based on caffeine volume of distribution.
AB  - Similarities in the physicochemical properties of caffeine and thiopental would
      suggest that the apparent volume of distribution of caffeine (aVd) may be
      comparable to the initial volume of distribution of thiopental. It is the initial
      volume of distribution of thiopental that is critical in the early minutes of
      anesthetic induction. A comparison of the aVd of caffeine and thiopental
      induction dose was made in 21 male New Zealand white rabbits. The aVd of caffeine
      was determined from serial saliva determinations following intravenous injection
      of caffeine (7.5 mg/kg). The loss of the pupillary light reflex was used as the
      end point for induction with thiopental. A statistically significant correlation
      (r = .722, P less than .0001) was found between the aVd of caffeine and
      thiopental induction dose. Also, both thiopental induction dose and caffeine aVd
      decreased significantly with age in these animals. These findings provide a basis
      for development of an uninvasive test for predicting thiopental dose in humans.

PMID- 4008674
TI  - Mood alteration following oral and intravenous haloperidol and relationship to
      drug concentration in normal subjects.
AB  - Haloperidol was administered to 12 subjects intravenously (0.125 mg/kg) and to
      nine subjects orally (0.5 mg/kg). These doses produced sedation in most subjects.
      A minimal decrease in orthostatic blood pressure was observed. Administration of
      the Profile of Mood States to these subjects revealed effects on factor 4, vigor
      activity, and factor 6, confusion-bewilderment, but many subjects could not
      complete testing due to excessive sedation. Haloperidol concentrations were
      obtained during testing and correlated moderately with scores of these subscales.
      Correlation was also noted between haloperidol concentration and chlorpromazine
      effect as measured by the Addiction Research Center Inventory. Extrapyramidal
      reactions, mainly acute dystonic reactions and akathisia, were common. Dystonia
      occurred in four subjects after intravenous, and three subjects, after oral
      administration. Akathisia occurred in eight subjects after intravenous, and three
      subjects after oral administration. Extrapyramidal reactions tended to occur
      relatively early or relatively late, at times when drug concentrations were far
      less than peak values.

PMID- 4008675
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of oral pramiracetam in normal volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of pramiracetam, a new, investigational, cognition
      activator, were assessed in normal male volunteers as part of a clinical
      tolerance study. In a double-blind, randomized design, two groups of six subjects
      each received alternating placebo and single 400, 800, 1,200, and 1,600 mg oral
      doses of pramiracetam after an overnight fast. Mean (+/- SD) peak plasma
      concentrations of the four dose groups (2.71 +/- 0.54, 5.40 +/- 1.34, 6.13 +/-
      0.71, 8.98 +/- 0.71 micrograms/mL) were attained between two to three hours
      following drug administration. The harmonic mean elimination half-life (4.5-6.5
      hours), the mean total body clearance (4.45-4.85 mL/min/kg), the mean renal
      clearance (1.83-3.00 mL/min/kg), and the mean apparent volume of distribution
      (1.82-2.94 L/kg) were independent of dose, whereas the peak plasma concentrations
      and area under the curves increased as a linear function of dose. No significant
      side effects were observed at any dose level.

PMID- 4008676
TI  - Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of tomoxetine in normal subjects.
AB  - A pharmacokinetic profile of tomoxetine, a selective norepinephrine uptake
      inhibitor, was developed in human volunteers following single and multiple oral
      administrations. Following the administration of a single 90-mg oral dose of
      tomoxetine to four normal volunteers, the plasma half-life was 4.3 +/- 0.5 hours.
      Mean plasma clearance was 0.60 +/- 0.14 L/Kg/hr, and the mean volume of
      distribution was 3.7 +/- 0.9 L/kg. Multiple doses of tomoxetine (20 mg bid and 40
      mg bid) for seven days were administered to an additional seven subjects. The
      data appeared to have a bimodal distribution. The mean plasma half-life
      determined following the last dose was 4.6 +/- 0.5 hours in five subjects. The
      other two subjects, one at each dose level, demonstrated accumulation of
      tomoxetine occurring from the first to last dose where tomoxetine disappeared
      from plasma with a mean half-life of 19 hours.

PMID- 4008677
TI  - Phenytoin pharmacokinetics in therapeutic plasmapheresis.

PMID- 4008679
TI  - Elective mutism associated with selective inactivity.
AB  - In this short case report, elective mutism was only one aspect of a young boy's
      general pattern of selective non-responding. Behavior management procedures were
      successfully applied to his inactive nonverbal behavior, as well as his
      infrequent speech. Nonverbal responses were the easiest to train because they
      could be physically prompted if he did not respond on his own. Several of the
      successful treatment techniques were being employed by the mother prior to any
      intervention.

PMID- 4008678
TI  - Staggered stable isotope administration technique for study of drug distribution.
AB  - By infusing intravenously a series of different stable isotope labeled forms of a
      drug at different times prior to performing a single collection of a body fluid
      via puncture (or tissue via biopsy), one can obtain the same information about a
      drug's distribution as would be obtained by infusing a single dose of drug and
      performing serial collections of fluid (or tissue). Application of this technique
      of "staggered stable isotope administration" is illustrated with a study of entry
      of phenobarbital into the cerebrospinal fluid of a dog. Advantages and
      disadvantages of this technique are discussed.

PMID- 4008680
TI  - Message disruptions during syntactic processing in schizophrenia.
AB  - Twenty-four schizophrenics and 24 nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients were
      given the Hunt test, which requires the subject to use syntactic strategies to
      synthesize an extended multisentence text on the basis of a controlled set of
      input propositions. This syntactic processing task induced many more meaning
      misrepresentations of input propositions in the schizophrenic group compared to
      the control group. These group differences could not be accounted for by
      confounding variables such as level of psychopathology, medication, and verbal
      skills. An error analysis indicated that schizophrenics were highly likely to
      produce meaning errors when the rewritten proposition assumed a passive syntactic
      form. Conceptually complex sequences of propositions also resulted in a high
      frequency of message errors among schizophrenics; this second factor did not
      account, however, for the high association of errors and passive rewrites. These
      data are interpreted as indicating that schizophrenics suffer from a multilevel
      language-production disturbance that includes higher-level message errors that
      are reflexively induced by lower-level syntactic processing disturbances.

PMID- 4008681
TI  - The role of context in facilitating syntactic decoding in aphasia.
AB  - This study assessed the ability of aphasic listeners to use linguistic context to
      facilitate the comprehension of complex syntactic structures. Fourteen aphasic
      subjects were presented with reversible active and reversible passive sentences
      in each of three conditions: isolation; a semantically neutral prior-sentence
      context; and a semantically supportive prior-sentence context. Following
      presentation of the contextual and target sentences the subjects were asked a
      question that assessed their appreciation of the subject/object relationship in
      the target sentence. A forced-choice-response paradigm was employed. The results
      indicated that those subjects who had the most difficulty comprehending
      reversible passive sentences in isolation were able to benefit from the
      supportive contexts. The comprehension of active sentences was not facilitated by
      the contexts. These results were interpreted with respect to the comprehension
      strategies used by aphasic listeners to integrate information from different
      sources.

PMID- 4008682
TI  - Assessment of sensitivity to interpersonal stress in stutterers and
      nonstutterers.
AB  - The Revised Willoughby Personality Schedule (WPS-R) was used to determine its
      applicability for assessing social sensitivity in stutterers. Forty-one adult
      stutterers and 41 nonstutterers completed the WPS-R. Confirmatory factor analysis
      revealed three dimensions differentiating stutterers from nonstutterers. The
      dimensions--labeled social isolation, social confidence, and social sensitivity-
      were similar to dimensions of the WPS-R labeled as sensitivity to interpersonal
      stress by other investigators. The results suggest that the WPS-R may be useful
      for evaluating general anxiety and for monitoring changes in emotional reactivity
      as clinical intervention progresses.

PMID- 4008683
TI  - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. A clinicopathologic study of 116
      patients.
AB  - The clinicopathologic spectrum of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia
      (ALHE) is reported through a study of 116 cases (67 male and 49 female) submitted
      to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The lesions are most common in the
      head-neck region and are characterized by single or multiple smooth-top papules
      or plaques of varying color. Microscopically, ALHE consists of anomalous vascular
      proliferations and varying degrees of nodular and diffuse lymphocytic infiltrates
      with eosinophils at all levels of the corium and subcutaneous tissue. In fifty
      three cases an arterial structure, confirmed by the presence of an internal
      elastic lamina, was observed in close association with venular structures or was
      the site of endothelial cell proliferation. ALHE comprises a spectrum of unusual
      vascular proliferation with inflammation, encompassing such entities as
      inflammatory angiomatous nodules, pseudo or atypical pyogenic granuloma,
      histiocytoid hemangioma, epithelioid hemangioma, and Kimura's disease. The
      existence of arterial structures among venules and endothelial cell
      proliferations suggests the presence of arteriovenous (AV) shunts, which may help
      explain the pathogenesis and biologic behavior of this condition.

PMID- 4008684
TI  - Histologic and temperature alterations induced by skin refrigerants.
AB  - The histologic alterations induced by spray refrigerants independent of and in
      combination with dermabrasion were studied with the use of the domestic pig as a
      model. Tissue injury was found to be a function of spray duration and freeze
      intensity. Both preabrasion freezing and postabrasion refreezing could produce
      damage additive to that of mechanical planing. Skin surface and intradermal
      temperature variations during refrigeration were recorded. The possible
      implications of these findings as they pertain to clinical dermabrasion are
      discussed.

PMID- 4008685
TI  - Acquired (digital) fibrokeratoma.
AB  - Histologic examination of fifty cases of acquired digital fibrokeratoma discloses
      three histologic variants of these lesions, viz: a tumor composed of thick dense
      and closely packed collagen bundles, a variant with an increased number of
      fibroblasts in the cutis, and a type with an edematous and poorly cellular
      structure. The acquired digital fibrokeratoma is considered as resulting from a
      neoformation of collagen by the fibroblasts. The acanthosis of the epidermis is
      probably secondary to the dermal alteration.

PMID- 4008686
TI  - Standardizing 8-methoxypsoralen plasma profiles by using an emulsion form.
AB  - Uniform 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is
      necessary to avoid day-to-day variations in 8-MOP plasma levels when treating
      patients with psoriasis by photochemotherapy. Because of its low water
      solubility, particle size and crystal form of the 8-MOP can significantly
      influence its bioavailability. The presentation form is also important, as is
      shown by the present study in which 8-MOP plasma levels were compared in thirty
      patients after oral administration in three different forms: formulation A
      consisted of gelatin capsules containing 8-MOP with a mean particle size of 200
      mu; formulation B consisted of gelatin capsules containing 8-MOP in
      microcrystalline form with particle size between 20 mu and 30 mu; formulation C
      contained the same microcrystalline 8-MOP but in an emulsion base. Significantly
      higher plasma levels were found with formulations B and C than with formulation
      A. Furthermore, the individual differences in plasma profiles were markedly less
      with the emulsion base than with the capsule forms. Therefore, the clinical use
      of 8-MOP in emulsion form would constitute a major step in 8-MOP dose
      standardization and could lead to better control of subjective side effects and
      better therapeutic results.

PMID- 4008687
TI  - Cicatricial junctional epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Six types of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) have been described
      previously. Each of these types may develop atrophy after recurrent blistering
      but healing with scar formation does not occur. We describe three cases with a
      new type of JEB that we have designated as cicatricial junctional epidermolysis
      bullosa (CJEB). This type is characterized clinically by blisters that heal with
      scarring and may result in syndactyly and contractures and by stenosis of the
      anterior nares. These cases were all believed to represent a dystrophic type of
      epidermolysis bullosa (EB) clinically and emphasize the necessity for electron
      microscopy of the skin in all EB patients with dystrophic features in order to
      make a definite diagnosis as to type. Electron microscopy revealed junctional
      bullae associated with rudimentary hemidesmosomes. Breaks in the basement
      membrane were noted in addition to active fibroblastic proliferation and laying
      down of new collagen.

PMID- 4008688
TI  - Coexistence of lichen sclerosus, morphea, and lichen planus. Report of four cases
      and review of the literature.
AB  - A 39-year-old woman with coexistent lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, and
      generalized morphea with ulcerations is described. Three additional cases were
      found in the files of the Mayo Clinic from 1950 to 1983, and these are
      summarized. Eight cases reviewed in the literature are also summarized.
      Coexistent lichenoid and sclerodermatous eruptions in graft-versus-host disease
      after bone marrow transplantation are noted as a model for this combined
      inflammatory and sclerotic dermatosis.

PMID- 4008689
TI  - Toxic psychosis: a complication of antimalarial therapy.
AB  - A case is reported of toxic psychosis in a patient with a diagnosis of discoid
      lupus erythematosus treated with hydroxychloroquine. The dose slightly exceeded
      the maximum recommended dose for 10 days because of a pharmacy error. Since more
      antimalarials are being used for various diseases, attention is called to this
      possible complication with a subtle onset.

PMID- 4008690
TI  - Hypersensitivity to mercury from dental amalgams.

PMID- 4008691
TI  - Pemphigus erythematosus, primary biliary cirrhosis, and D-penicillamine: report
      of a case.

PMID- 4008692
TI  - Umbilical metastasis of an endometrial carcinoma: a case report.

PMID- 4008693
TI  - Clinical experience with 0.05% clobetasol propionate creams.

PMID- 4008694
TI  - Biologic effectiveness of black light fluorescent lamps for PUVA.

PMID- 4008695
TI  - Death from malignant melanoma.

PMID- 4008696
TI  - Alopecia areata and pemphigus foliaceus.

PMID- 4008697
TI  - Short-term etretinate for pustular psoriasis.

PMID- 4008699
TI  - The real literature: a reading list for dermatologists.

PMID- 4008698
TI  - Special qualification in dermatologic immunology/diagnostic and laboratory
      immunology (DI/DLI).

PMID- 4008701
TI  - Cutaneous reactions secondary to heparin injections.
AB  - Ten to 20 days after starting prophylactic doses of heparin in six patients,
      large, indurated, erythematous plaques appeared at the sites of the subcutaneous
      injections. Pruritus, local tenderness, and burning sensation or pain were
      present. No skin necrosis developed. Heparin was discontinued and topical
      corticosteroids were applied to the involved areas. Five to 9 days later the
      lesions had resolved completely. The reaction seen in the six patients is similar
      to the early erythematous phase of the so-called heparin necrosis. There is a
      spectrum of cutaneous changes ranging from mild erythematous pruritic areas to
      large symptomatic plaques and to heparin necrosis, following subcutaneous
      injections of heparin.

PMID- 4008700
TI  - Fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis: unusual histopathology following intralesional
      corticosteroid administration.
AB  - The fixed cutaneous type of sporotrichosis is difficult to diagnose because
      clinical lesions are variable in appearance and the cells of Sporothrix schenckii
      are usually scarce in skin biopsy specimens. We have described two patients with
      lesions of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis that resembled other inflammatory skin
      conditions and were treated with intralesional corticosteroids. Subsequent skin
      biopsies from these lesions demonstrated an unusually large number of yeast
      cells.

PMID- 4008702
TI  - Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: appearance associated with
      photochemotherapy for psoriasis.
AB  - A patient with chronic psoriasis treated with psoralens plus ultraviolet A (PUVA)
      developed characteristic lesions of disseminated superficial actinic
      porokeratosis (DSAP). Since other processes associated with ultraviolet
      irradiation, including epidermal dysplasia, actinic keratoses, squamous cell
      carcinomas, and keratoacanthomas, have been reported to result from PUVA, it is
      possible that her DSAP lesions were induced by this therapy.

PMID- 4008703
TI  - Textile dye dermatitis. A review.
AB  - The occurrence of dermatologic problems caused by consumer exposure to dyes on
      clothing is reviewed. Thirty-one dyes, mainly disperse with anthraquinone or azo
      structures, have caused allergic contact dermatitis. Phototoxic dye dermatitis is
      rare.

PMID- 4008704
TI  - Medicine and the marketplace.

PMID- 4008705
TI  - Papulonecrotic tuberculid of the glans penis.

PMID- 4008706
TI  - Hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita associated with multiple malignancies.

PMID- 4008707
TI  - Curettage and shave excision.

PMID- 4008708
TI  - Defective cytoplasmic transport of cell surface carbohydrates in psoriasis.

PMID- 4008710
TI  - Clinical aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Texas.
AB  - Five patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis are described. Four of these patients
      acquired leishmaniasis in Texas. Four cases represent acute cutaneous
      leishmaniasis, and one case probably represents chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis.
      The classification and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis are reviewed. One
      patient in this report was successfully treated with topical antimony cream.
      Cutaneous leishmaniasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      nonhealing ulcerated papules and nodules even in patients who do not have a
      foreign travel history.

PMID- 4008709
TI  - Hyperpigmentation due to topical application of silver sulfadiazine cream.

PMID- 4008711
TI  - Lymph node involvement in leishmaniasis.
AB  - Two U.S. Army soldiers acquired skin lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis and
      enlarged lymph nodes while stationed in Panama. In the first case, parasites were
      histologically identified and cultured from the skin lesion and a contralateral
      lymph node. In the second case, parasites were cultured from an enlarged lymph
      node in a nodal group draining the lesion. These findings suggest that metastasis
      of cutaneous leishmanial infection may be more common than is generally
      appreciated.

PMID- 4008712
TI  - Mammary uptake of amino acids and glucose throughout lactation in Friesland
      sheep.
AB  - Changes in mammary blood flow, arterial and venous plasma concentrations of
      glucose and individual amino acids, udder volume, and milk yield and composition
      were measured at intervals throughout lactation in four Friesland ewes. Milk
      yields peaked 50-80 d post partum and declined by 40% within 3 months. Neither
      mammary blood flow (43.3 +/- 5.8 (s.e.m.) ml/100 cm3 X min) nor udder volume
      changed significantly throughout the period of study, but for three ewes the
      'mammary blood flow: milk yield' ratio increased from 300 (peak yield) to 570
      (late lactation). Mammary glucose uptake remained essentially constant throughout
      lactation despite a 50% decline in lactose output. Arterial concentrations of
      glucose were much lower at peak yield than in late lactation. Mammary amino acid
      uptake conformed quite closely to 'essential' and 'non essential' categories
      previously defined for goats and cows, the degree of balance with output in milk
      protein being similar at all stages of lactation. For several amino acids
      arterial concentrations and arteriovenous differences were significantly
      positively correlated: the changes in arterial concentrations with lactation
      stage were also correlated for some amino acids. Apart from the intrinsic value
      of such studies on a breed of ewe increasingly used for dairy purposes, the
      Friesland ewe appears well suited for use in quantitative metabolic studies on
      lactation.

PMID- 4008713
TI  - Does beta-lactoglobulin occur in human milk?
AB  - Although beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg) has been considered to be absent from human
      milk, recent results of other workers, based on immunological reactions between
      human milk and rabbit antiserum to bovine beta-lg, suggest that this protein may
      be present. Although our results show similar immunological reactions, we
      consider that lactoferrin is responsible for these, as it was the only reactive
      protein species which could be prepared to homogeneity. Indeed two types of
      antibodies were found by ELISA test in the antisera to bovine beta-lg. One of
      them would be able to bind loosely to human lactoferrin, but its binding sites
      would not be antigenic in the rabbit.

PMID- 4008714
TI  - Effectiveness of single therapists versus cotherapy teams in sex therapy.

PMID- 4008715
TI  - Gender dysphoria, gender reorientation, and the clinical management of
      transsexualism.

PMID- 4008716
TI  - Psychosocial processes of remission in unipolar depression: comparing depressed
      patients with matched community controls.

PMID- 4008717
TI  - Outpatient group treatment of chronic pain: effects of spouse involvement.

PMID- 4008718
TI  - Abusing, neglectful, and comparison mothers' responses to child-related and non
      child-related stressors.

PMID- 4008720
TI  - Transgenerational effects of the holocaust: externalization of aggression in
      second generation of holocaust survivors.

PMID- 4008719
TI  - Situational approach to the assessment of social competence in children.

PMID- 4008721
TI  - Aggression and psychopathology in childhood firesetters: parent and child
      reports.

PMID- 4008722
TI  - Cognitions of test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions.

PMID- 4008723
TI  - WAIS-R factor structure in psychiatric and general medical patients.

PMID- 4008724
TI  - Catecholamine secretion as a function of perceived coping self-efficacy.

PMID- 4008725
TI  - Comparison of the validities of the Beck, Zung, and MMPI Depression Scales.

PMID- 4008726
TI  - Interspousal reliability of reports of marital violence.

PMID- 4008727
TI  - Children's depression inventory: sex and grade norms for normal children.

PMID- 4008728
TI  - Principles of photoprotection in sunburn and suntanning, and topical and systemic
      photoprotection in health and diseases.

PMID- 4008729
TI  - Tumor Conference #56. Localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis. [ clinical
      conference ].

PMID- 4008730
TI  - Stump the experts. Skin neoplasms.

PMID- 4008731
TI  - The modified skin hook: a new instrument in cutaneous surgery.

PMID- 4008732
TI  - Chemosurgical reports: cryostat update.

PMID- 4008733
TI  - Laser vermilion ablation for actinic cheilitis.
AB  - A new surgical procedure employing a carbon dioxide laser for treating actinic
      cheilitis is described. Eight patients having biopsy-proven actinic cheilitis and
      one patient having clinically evident actinic cheilitis but biopsy-proven
      superficial basal cell carcinoma were treated by vermilion ablation using the
      carbon dioxide laser. After an average follow-up period of 34 months (27 to 38
      months), no patient has had a recurrence of cheilitis. Normal contour of the
      treated lip has been preserved in all patients, while none has had significant
      post-treatment scarring.

PMID- 4008734
TI  - The lack of effect of nifedipine on failing skin flaps.
AB  - The calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, was administered to 16 pigs in
      randomized blinded fashion in an unsuccessful attempt to salvage failing random
      pattern flaps. Despite the moderate dose of drug used, nifedipine caused
      significant hypotension that may have countered any beneficial effect on small
      vessel flow. Further studies are needed before nifedipine is abandoned as a
      potential agent for the pharmacologic manipulation of failing skin flaps.

PMID- 4008735
TI  - How to avoid the principal complication of scalp reduction in the management of
      extensive alopecia.
AB  - Instead of risking the esthetic complication sometimes observed with the
      development of a vertical alopecic strip crossing the posterior aspect of the
      scalp, another method can be used to replace this. A small, round alopecic area
      similar to a small developing bald spot is created and eventually grafted later.

PMID- 4008736
TI  - In praise of 30-gauge needles.

PMID- 4008737
TI  - Good results after shave excision of benign moles.

PMID- 4008738
TI  - Techniques of sclerotherapy for sunburst venous blemishes.
AB  - Sunburst varicosities of the lower extremities are unattractive and objectionable
      to many women. The treatment and eradication by sclerotherapy is simple,
      effective, and safe. The sclerosing agent of my choice is hypertonic saline since
      it is easily available, nonallergenic, inexpensive, and very effective.

PMID- 4008739
TI  - Adjunctive surgical management of cutaneous Mycobacterium fortuitum infection.
AB  - Atypical mycobacteria of the fortuitum-chelonei complex are being identified with
      increasing frequency as causes of resistant, cutaneous infection. We report a
      case of Mycobacterium fortuitum infection of the face, unresponsive to
      conventional antimicrobial therapy, which resolved following adjunctive surgical
      resection. We believe that prompt surgical debridement of affected tissue in such
      infections, combined with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, will shorten both
      the duration and morbidity often associated with this disease.

PMID- 4008740
TI  - Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma masquerading as congenital pigmented nevus.
AB  - Smooth muscle hamartomas are rare benign tumors of the skin, characterized by
      proliferation of large interlacing bundles of nonstriated muscle within the
      reticular dermis. The lesions may masquerade as one of several clinical entities.
      In this report, we describe two patients with congenital smooth muscle hamartomas
      masquerading as congenital pigmented nevi. Review of the literature indicates
      that these cases represent the ninth and tenth reported cases of congenital
      smooth muscle hamartoma. Our second case represents the largest lesion reported
      to date.

PMID- 4008741
TI  - The dynamics of dog-ear formation and correction.
AB  - Dog-ears are tissue redundancies secondary to length inequalities, rotation or
      contour changes. An understanding of the mechanics of dog-ear formation provides
      a logical foundation for approaching treatment.

PMID- 4008742
TI  - Integrated control program for German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in
      multiple-unit dwellings.

PMID- 4008743
TI  - Synthesis and structure-activity studies on aliphatic carbamates and
      thiocarbamates toxic to scabies mites, Psoroptes spp. (Acari: Psoroptidae).

PMID- 4008744
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of an exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni
      to horn fly larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) and mice.

PMID- 4008745
TI  - Dispersal of adult Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from known
      immature developmental areas.

PMID- 4008746
TI  - Sampling efficiency of three dragging techniques for the collection of
      nonparasitic Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) larvae in Puerto Rico.

PMID- 4008747
TI  - Comparing residue exposure and topical application techniques for assessing
      permethrin resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

PMID- 4008748
TI  - Health effects data.

PMID- 4008749
TI  - The air toxics problem in the United States: an analysis of cancer risks posed by
      selected air pollutants.

PMID- 4008750
TI  - Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in New York City by multiple linear
      regression.

PMID- 4008751
TI  - Comparisons of behavior transactions between conduct-disordered children and
      their mothers in the clinic and at home.
AB  - The effects of various degrees of structure during clinic observations and the
      location of the observation (home or clinic) on the behaviors of mothers and
      children were examined. Forty families with conduct-problem children between the
      ages of 3 and 8 years participated. Correlations indicated little relationship
      between behavior in structured and in unstructured clinic conditions. There was
      also a lack of correlation between the structured clinic and the home
      observations. However, there were high correlations between mothers' and
      children's behaviors in the unstructured clinic observation and the home
      observations. ANOVA further indicated that there were significant differences
      between the actual rates of behaviors observed in the home and clinic locations.
      Results are discussed in relation to the potential of structured clinic
      observations to provide more relevant and efficient information about mothers and
      conduct-problem children.

PMID- 4008752
TI  - Main and interaction effects of metallic toxins on classroom behavior.
AB  - This study investigated the relationships of metal levels and metal combinations
      to children's classroom behavior. Hair-metal concentrations of lead, arsenic,
      mercury, cadmium, and aluminum were determined in 80 randomly selected elementary
      age children, who were also rated by their classroom teacher on the Walker
      Problem Behavior Identification Checklist (WPBIC). Parents were interviewed to
      control for confounding variables that may have affected behavioral development.
      Regression analysis indicated that the set of metals was significantly related to
      increased scores on four of the five WPBIC subscales and on the total scale, with
      lead being a major contributor to four of the six dependent measures. Metal
      combinations were significantly related to increased scores on the WPBIC
      subscales measuring acting-out, disturbed peer relations, and immaturity, and on
      the total scale. A continuing reexamination of metal poisoning concentrations is
      needed because metal levels and metal combinations previously thought harmless
      may be associated with nonadaptive classroom behavior.

PMID- 4008753
TI  - Correlates of child abuse potential.
AB  - Coercion theory provided the theoretical rationale for the present study. The
      hypothesis was that mothers' reports of child behavior problems and mothers'
      reports of external locus of control would be related to abuse potential. A total
      of 95 mother-child pairs were screened for child abuse potential during visits to
      a hospital-based pediatric clinic. Following brief interviews, mothers completed
      three measures: Milner's Child Abuse Potential Inventory, Levenson's Locus of
      Control Scales, and the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Perceptions of
      control by powerful others and by chance were related to abuse potential for
      mothers of both sexes. Mothers' reports of their sons' anxiety-withdrawal and
      conduct-disorder behavior problems were related to abuse potential. There was a
      significant association among lie scores, internality, and abuse potential for
      mothers of female children. Mothers with high abuse potential reported
      significantly more behavior problems in their children. The findings were
      discussed in relation to coercion theory.

PMID- 4008754
TI  - Sexual, body-image, and personality attitudes in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Assessment of adolescent females with anorexia nervosa was carried out at the
      time of hospitalization and again at discharge. Findings were compared to those
      from a normal weight control group. The anorexic subjects at the start of
      treatment indicated significantly negative attitudes about sexual issues. They
      also reported a significantly poorer self-evaluation of their body, personality,
      and social skills than was evident in the comparison group. An improvement in
      attitude regarding these issues was demonstrated by the end of treatment. The
      function of weight loss in dealing with these problem areas was discussed.

PMID- 4008755
TI  - Dominance hierarchies in normal and conduct-disordered children.
AB  - Two groups of conduct-disordered children in day treatment and two groups of
      normal matched controls were observed over eight sessions in a free-play
      situation. The purpose of the study was to examine whether disturbed children
      formed dominance hierarchies, and to compare the power relations among disturbed
      children to those of normal peers. Results indicated that the hospitalized
      children did form dominance hierarchies, although their hierarchies were not as
      stable as those of their normal peers. Moreover, an inverse relation was noted
      between intragroup conflict and the hierarchy's stability. In addition, the
      pattern of targeting differed between the normal and disturbed youngsters.
      Conflict among the children in both control groups tended to be concentrated
      among members of adjacent ranks. The disturbed children, on the other hand, were
      less discriminating as to their target's rank, exhibited greater intragroup
      conflict, and lost more frequently in their agonistic encounters.

PMID- 4008756
TI  - Changes in self-stimulatory behaviors with treatment.
AB  - For four of six autistic children who underwent intensive behavioral treatment,
      the nature of their self-stimulatory behavior changed from initial "low-level"
      motor behaviors (such as rocking, spinning, twirling) to differing kinds of
      "higher-level" behaviors (such as lining of objects, echolalic speech, and
      preoccupation with spelling and numerical values). The children who changed to
      the highest levels of self-stimulatory behavior also showed the largest gains in
      treatment (as determined by IQ scores, school placement, etc.). The changes in
      self-stimulatory behaviors were attributed to the intense teaching of appropriate
      social behaviors and the explicit therapeutic suppression of low-level, self
      stimulatory behaviors. The long-term therapeutic effects of changing from lower-
      to higher-level forms of self-stimulatory behavior were discussed.

PMID- 4008757
TI  - Reliability and concurrent relations between the teacher version of the Child
      Behavior Profile and the Conners Revised Teacher Rating Scale.
AB  - A total of 104 disturbed boys aged 6-11 were assessed with the teacher version of
      the Child Behavior Profile and the Conners Revised Teacher Rating Scale (TRS). A
      subsample of 55 boys were reassessed with both measures at an interval of 1 week.
      For the teacher Profile, test-retest correlations averaged r = .87 for eight
      behavior problem scales and r = .91 for four adaptive functioning scales.
      Reliabilities were slightly higher for Externalizing scales (average r = .91)
      than for Internalizing scales (r = .80). Reliabilities averaged .94 for the
      Revised TRS. Correlations between the two measures indicated a strong
      correspondence between the three Externalizing scales of the Profile and the
      factor-based TRS scales. Specifically, Profile scales labeled Inattentive,
      Nervous-Overactive, and Aggressive correlated highly (p less than .001) with TRS
      scales labeled Inattentive-Passive, Hyperactivity, and Conduct Problem,
      respectively. The Conners Hyperkinesis Index correlated highly with all three
      Externalizing scales of the Profile, particularly Aggressive (r = .82). Overall,
      these results support the reliability and concurrent validity of both measures.

PMID- 4008758
TI  - Cognitive problem-solving and life event correlates of depressive symptoms in
      children.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between a number of cognitive problem
      solving and life event variables and depressive symptoms in a sample of non
      referred grade school children. The results indicated that higher levels of
      depressive symptoms were associated with an external locus of control, increased
      levels of objective and subjective life stress, and lower performance levels on
      an impersonal problem-solving task. Level of depressive symptoms was also found
      to be inversely related to socioeconomic status as measured by father's
      occupation. Contrary to prediction, no consistent relationship was found between
      depression and interpersonal problem-solving ability.

PMID- 4008759
TI  - The utility of differentiating between mixed and pure forms of antisocial child
      behavior.
AB  - This study examined the utility of classifying boys on the basis of a typology of
      antisocial behavior. A group of 195 boys, aged 10-17, was divided into four
      mutually exclusive groups based on their pattern of antisocial behavior. Stealing
      and fighting were chosen as criteria to define the four groups: boys who fought
      but did not steal (Exclusive Fighter Group), boys who stole but did not fight
      (Exclusive Theft Group), boys who stole and fought (Versatile Antisocial Group),
      and boys who did neither (Remaining Group). A multimethod-multirespondent study
      of these boys showed that the Exclusive Fighter Group tended to score high on a
      range of overt antisocial behaviors and were relatively little involved in
      delinquency; the Exclusive Theft Group tended to score high on some overt
      antisocial behaviors and were much involved in delinquency; Versatile Antisocial
      youths scored highest among all groups on almost all overt and covert antisocial
      behaviors, and in terms of delinquent acts. The Versatile boys came from families
      with the most disturbed child-rearing practices.

PMID- 4008760
TI  - Empirical evidence for overt and covert patterns of antisocial conduct problems:
      a metaanalysis.
AB  - Twenty-eight factor- and cluster-analytic studies of child psychopathology were
      examined for patterns in antisocial behavior. A multidimensional scaling analysis
      yielded one dimension that was labeled overt-covert antisocial behavior. One end
      of this dimension consisted of overt or confrontive antisocial behaviors such as
      arguing, temper tantrums, and fighting. The other end consisted of covert or
      concealed antisocial behaviors such as stealing, truancy, and fire setting.
      Implications derived from the present findings are discussed as they apply to the
      diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of antisocial behaviors in children.

PMID- 4008761
TI  - Female circumcision: perceptions of clients and caregivers.

PMID- 4008762
TI  - College time: implications for student mental health services.

PMID- 4008764
TI  - Biofeedback: is it for you?

PMID- 4008763
TI  - A national survey of college health education/health promotion evaluation
      activities.

PMID- 4008765
TI  - Attitudes, knowledge, and behavior before and after an undergraduate health and
      lifestyle course.

PMID- 4008766
TI  - Relation between left ventricular global and regional function and extent of
      myocardial ischemia in the canine heart.
AB  - To develop a quantitative relation between the overall severity of acute ischemia
      and left ventricular global and regional function, two minor axis internal
      diameters and myocardial wall thickness were determined using ultrasonic crystals
      in 10 open chest dogs with carotid-left anterior descending artery cannulation.
      The overall extent of ischemia produced by graded stenosis of the cannulation
      system was estimated by total myocardial blood flow deficit, calculated using
      radioactive microspheres and a balloon-reservoir perfusion technique permitting
      precise separation of ischemic from nonischemic tissue. Although cardiac output
      and left ventricular stroke work were maintained through chamber enlargement
      until total myocardial blood flow deficit was about 10%, ejection indexes of left
      ventricular function decreased progressively with increasing ischemia and
      correlated inversely with total myocardial blood flow deficit (r = -0.55 to 
      0.73). Ejection indexes of left ventricular global function correlated directly
      with regional function in the ischemic zone (r = 0.67 to 0.83), although global
      function decreased at a far slower rate than regional contraction during
      progressive coronary stenosis with an ischemic region comprising about 25% of
      total left ventricular weight. During myocardial ischemia, regional dysfunction
      resulted in progressive global contractile dysfunction; left ventricular
      hemodynamic status was maintained until ischemia was severe.

PMID- 4008767
TI  - Importance of the duration of inadequate coronary perfusion pressure on
      resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
AB  - The effect of the duration of inadequate coronary perfusion pressure on
      resuscitation from cardiac arrest was examined in 32 mongrel dogs with a mean
      weight of 22 +/- 5 kg. In all dogs, the heart was electrically fibrillated and
      closed chest compression with assisted ventilation was performed for 15 minutes.
      At this time, all dogs had an inadequate coronary perfusion pressure (mean 7 +/-
      9 mm Hg) and were randomized to a control group (group 1) with continued closed
      chest compression or to one of the three groups with open chest cardiac massage.
      These three groups differed only in the duration of continued closed chest
      compression before initiation of open chest massage (15, 20 and 25 minutes,
      respectively, in groups 2, 3 and 4). The control group (group 1) had no
      significant increase in coronary perfusion pressure, and only one of the eight
      dogs could be resuscitated. The three groups with open chest cardiac massage had
      a significant increase in coronary perfusion pressure (from 5 +/- 9 to 51 +/- 26
      mm Hg, p less than 0.05), but the rate of successful resuscitation depended on
      the duration of inadequate coronary perfusion pressure before cardiac open chest
      massage. In group 2, six of eight dogs were resuscitated (p less than 0.05
      compared with the control group); in group 3, three of eight dogs were
      resuscitated and in group 4 none of the eight dogs was resuscitated. The
      resuscitation rate was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater in group 2 than
      in group 4. These findings indicate that techniques that improve coronary
      perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation must be applied before
      extensive myocardial cellular dysfunction occurs if the probability of successful
      resuscitation is to be improved.

PMID- 4008768
TI  - Independent and interactive effects of digoxin and quinidine on the atrial
      fibrillation threshold in dogs.
AB  - To assess the effects of digoxin as single therapy and in combination with
      quinidine in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, the atrial fibrillation
      threshold was determined from the right atrial appendage and Bachmann's bundle in
      11 open chest dogs. In group 1 (six dogs), the atrial fibrillation threshold was
      determined at baseline, post-quinidine (10 mg/kg intravenously) and then post
      digoxin (50 micrograms/kg intravenously). In group 2 (five dogs), the order of
      drug administration was reversed. The results of this study were: 1) Digoxin had
      no significant effect on the atrial fibrillation threshold when given alone. 2)
      Quinidine significantly increased the atrial fibrillation threshold (p less than
      0.002) and the addition of digoxin resulted in a further increase in threshold (p
      less than 0.002). 3) Quinidine produced greater suppression of atrial
      fibrillation induction at the right atrial site than at the Bachmann's bundle
      site, suggesting differential effects of quinidine on atrial fibers.

PMID- 4008769
TI  - Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 12.
      Spontaneous versus induced reentry and intramural versus epicardial circuits.
AB  - One to 5 days after one-stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary
      artery in dogs, reentrant excitation can be induced by programmed premature
      stimulation in the surviving electrophysiologically abnormal, thin epicardial
      layer overlying the infarct. In experiments in four dogs, reentrant excitation
      occurred "spontaneously" during a regular sinus or atrial rhythm. A tachycardia
      dependent Wenckebach conduction sequence in a potentially reentrant pathway was
      the initiating mechanism for spontaneous reentrant tachycardias and was the basis
      for both manifest and concealed reentrant extrasystolic rhythms. In all dogs
      showing spontaneous reentry, reentrant excitation could also be induced by
      premature stimulation at cycle lengths much shorter than those associated with
      spontaneous reentry, and induced reentrant circuits were always different from
      those during spontaneous reentry. In two dogs, the reentrant circuit was located
      intramurally in close proximity to a patchy septal infarction. The study
      illustrates that irrespective of the anatomic localization of reentrant circuits
      (epicardial or intramural), their dimension (large or small) or their mechanism
      of initiation (programmed premature stimulation or "spontaneous"), reentrant
      excitation always occurred in a figure 8 configuration (or a modification
      thereof). The figure 8 model, rather than the ring model or the leading circle
      model, may be the common model of reentry in the mammalian heart.

PMID- 4008770
TI  - Inhibition of premature ventricular extrastimuli by subthreshold conditioning
      stimuli.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether trains of subthreshold high
      frequency conditioning stimuli (333 Hz, 1 ms duration, 2 ms interval) delivered
      to the canine ventricle inhibited the response to a premature stimulus (S2) more
      effectively than did a single subthreshold conditioning stimulus. It was found
      that trains of conditioning stimuli (mean 1.21 mA) inhibited the response to S2
      152 ms beyond expiration of the ventricular effective refractory period, whereas
      a single conditioning stimulus inhibited S2 only 20 ms or less beyond the
      ventricular effective refractory period. In late diastole, trains of conditioning
      stimuli failed to inhibit S2 when the train of stimuli caused ventricular
      depolarization or the latter occurred in response to the next sinus impulse.
      Trains of conditioning stimuli did not induce ventricular arrhythmias. Lidocaine
      or autonomic blockade did not alter the response to trains of conditioning
      stimuli. Trains of conditioning stimuli or a single conditioning stimulus
      inhibited the response to S2 only when they were delivered at the same electrode
      site. By lengthening the ventricular effective refractory period, trains of
      conditioning stimuli could prevent or terminate tachycardias, but this
      possibility is constrained, at present, by the spatial limitations of the
      technique.

PMID- 4008771
TI  - Failure of a slow channel calcium antagonist, verapamil, to retard
      atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit: an animal model
      of familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Verapamil and other slow channel calcium antagonists have been reported to retard
      atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet. Because atherosclerosis
      in such a model may differ significantly from human atherosclerosis, experiments
      were conducted to prevent atherosclerosis with verapamil in the Watanabe
      heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit, which is a genetic, metabolic and
      pathologic model of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. At 2 months of age,
      23 WHHL rabbits were divided into two groups since earlier studies showed no
      macroscopic atherosclerosis at 2 months. Group A (n = 11) was fed standard rabbit
      chow for 6 months. Group B (n = 12) received oral verapamil (46 mg/kg per day)
      absorbed in the identical chow as fed to Group A and subcutaneous verapamil (0.25
      mg/kg twice daily 6 days a week). In Group B, mean serum verapamil concentrations
      (+/- SEM) averaged 16.9 +/- 1.9 ng/ml at 3 hours after subcutaneous injection.
      Sex ratios and serum cholesterol concentrations were the same in both groups. The
      percent of aortic surface area with visible plaque in Group A versus B was 49 +/-
      7 versus 43 +/- 7%, respectively, of the entire aorta, and 61 +/- 5 versus 65 +/-
      5%, respectively, of the proximal 3 cm of aorta (p = NS). Thus, verapamil did not
      suppress atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits at serum drug levels greater than those
      reported to be effective in other models.

PMID- 4008772
TI  - Rate-dependent effects of intravenous lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone on
      intraventricular conduction.
AB  - In this study, the duration of the QRS complex during ventricular pacing was used
      as an index of intraventricular conduction to quantitate the rate-dependent
      effects of intravenous lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone. Right ventricular
      apical pacing (15 to 20 beats) was performed at cycle lengths of 600, 500, 400,
      350, 300, 275 and 250 ms, before and 5 minutes after the intravenous
      administration of lidocaine in 11 patients (serum level 3.2 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml
      [mean +/- SD] ), procainamide in 14 patients (serum level 8.2 +/- 1.9
      micrograms/ml) and amiodarone in 12 patients (serum level 3.9 +/- 1.2
      micrograms/ml). Electrocardiographic recordings were made at a paper speed of 150
      mm/s. QRS duration was measured in a blinded fashion, with reproducibility within
      5%. In the control state, QRS duration was the same at all paced cycle lengths.
      After lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone administration, the shortest paced
      cycle length with complete ventricular capture was 250 +/- 0, 275 +/- 38 and 264
      +/- 20 ms, respectively. At a paced cycle length of 600 ms, the increase in QRS
      duration compared with the control state was 1 +/- 2% with lidocaine (p greater
      than 0.05), 21 +/- 7% with procainamide (p less than 0.001) and 6 +/- 6% with
      amiodarone (p less than 0.05). At the shortest paced cycle length with complete
      capture, the increase in QRS duration compared with the control state was 20 +/-
      6% with lidocaine (p less than 0.001), 42 +/- 11% with procainamide (p less than
      0.001) and 26 +/- 4% with amiodarone (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008773
TI  - Use of clinical data in predicting improvement in exercise capacity after cardiac
      rehabilitation.
AB  - Fifty-nine men with coronary heart disease underwent 1 year of supervised aerobic
      exercise. They performed exercise tests for maximal oxygen uptake, ST segment
      analysis, thallium scintigraphy and radionuclide ventriculography before and
      after the year of exercise. A computerized data base that included clinical
      descriptors and exercise test results was retrospectively reviewed to determine
      whether initial features could predict the patient's response to the exercise
      intervention. Poor correlations were found between the initial measurements and
      change in maximal oxygen consumption and other indexes of training effect.
      Patients who initially were in the poorest state of fitness showed the most
      improvement with training. None of the initial features from the history and
      physical examination, treadmill study or radionuclide studies was a good
      predictor of a beneficial result from the exercise program. The usual
      measurements of work intensity during training were poor predictors of outcome. A
      significant decrease in the amount of ischemia measured by thallium perfusion
      scintigraphy was demonstrated after training.

PMID- 4008774
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of pacemaker hemodynamics by Doppler echocardiography:
      importance of left atrial size.
AB  - The relative decrease in cardiac output with ventricular pacing versus
      "physiologic" modes was measured noninvasively using Doppler echocardiography in
      26 patients. Standard echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular size
      (diastolic diameter), left ventricular function (shortening fraction) and left
      atrial size were examined to determine which of these variables might best
      identify patients more likely to benefit from maintenance of atrioventricular
      (AV) synchrony. Decreases in relative cardiac output, expressed as reduction in
      the Doppler-derived flow velocity integral, with loss of AV synchrony ranged from
      0 to 43% (mean decrease 21%). There was no correlation between left ventricular
      size or function and effect of pacing mode on relative cardiac output. There was,
      however, correlation between left atrial size and sensitivity to pacing mode.
      Patients with normal left atrial size were significantly more sensitive to loss
      of AV synchrony. In this subgroup, the decrease in flow velocity integral with
      ventricular pacing was 32 +/- 11% compared with only 11 +/- 13% in patients with
      left atrial enlargement. Thus, Doppler echocardiography is useful in assessing
      optimal pacing mode in the individual patient. Echocardiographically measured
      left atrial size may identify patients in whom physiologic pacing may be major
      benefit.

PMID- 4008775
TI  - Automatic pacemaker termination of two different types of supraventricular
      tachycardia.
AB  - A new antitachycardia pacemaker system was used in a 58 year old woman to
      terminate two different types of supraventricular tachycardia by a single
      automatic pacing mode. During the invasive electrophysiologic study before
      pacemaker implantation (in the absence of medication), sustained episodes of
      atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia and two short-lasting episodes
      of nonsustained atrial tachycardia were induced. After implantation, sustained
      episodes of both AV nodal tachycardia and atrial tachycardia were initiated. Both
      arrhythmias could be terminated reproducibly by a single pacing mode.

PMID- 4008776
TI  - Prevention of sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: treatment of
      ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - The majority of sudden deaths after repair of tetralogy of Fallot have been
      presumed to be due to ventricular arrhythmia; however, it remains to be
      demonstrated that antiarrhythmic medication reduces the incidence of sudden
      death. Since 1978, ventricular arrhythmias have been treated aggressively; these
      include any ventricular arrhythmia on routine electrocardiogram and more than 10
      uniform premature ventricular complexes per hour on 24 hour electrocardiogram. A
      review was undertaken of 488 patients followed up for more than 1 month after
      repair of tetralogy of Fallot (mean follow-up time 6.1 years); 13.5% had
      ventricular arrhythmia on routine electrocardiogram. Ventricular arrhythmia
      appeared from 2 months to 21 years postoperatively (mean 7.3 years). Ventricular
      arrhythmias were significantly (p less than 0.01) related to: longer follow-up
      duration, older age at follow-up, older age at operation and higher postoperative
      right ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures. Ventricular arrhythmia on
      routine electrocardiogram occurred in 100% of those who later died suddenly
      compared with 12% of those who did not die (p less than 0.01). Treatment for
      ventricular arrhythmia was given to 46 patients and considered "successful" if
      there were fewer than 10 uniform premature ventricular complexes per hour on 24
      hour electrocardiogram. A successful drug was found in 44 of the 46: 30 of 34
      given phenytoin, 6 of 9 given propranolol, 1 of 7 given quinidine, 1 of 2 given
      disopyramide, 8 of 9 given mexiletine and 4 of 5 given amiodarone.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008777
TI  - Results of the modified Fontan operation for congenital heart lesions in patients
      without preoperative sinus rhythm.
AB  - Preoperative sinus rhythm has been a criterion for the Fontan operation. However,
      of 297 patients who underwent the Fontan operation between October 1973 and
      February 1984, 12 (4%) did not have sinus rhythm. The age at operation ranged
      from 4 to 34 years (median 15). Nine patients had a univentricular heart, two had
      tricuspid atresia and one had a complex form of transposition. In all 12
      patients, 3 to 8 of the 10 proposed criteria for operability were not met. An
      atrioventricular (AV) conduction abnormality was present in seven patients, six
      with complete AV block and one with AV dissociation. The patient with complex
      transposition had complete AV block and atrial fibrillation. Postoperatively, all
      seven patients continued to have an AV conduction abnormality, and those with
      complete AV block had a permanent pacemaker implanted. Six of the 12 study
      patients had atrial flutter or fibrillation refractory to antiarrhythmic
      medications. Postoperatively, four of the six patients had sinus rhythm. Two of
      the six patients had complete AV block (including the patient with complex
      transposition) and both had a permanent pacemaker implanted. Three of the 12
      patients died (mortality rate 25%). The nine survivors were followed up for 6 to
      55 months; no late deaths occurred. All had marked clinical improvement. This
      study demonstrates that 1) complete AV block is not a contraindication to the
      Fontan operation, 2) some patients may not require AV synchrony postoperatively
      for survival, and 3) postoperative atrial flutter or fibrillation may cease or be
      easier to control after the Fontan operation.

PMID- 4008778
TI  - Ductus arteriosus aneurysm presenting as pulmonary artery obstruction: diagnosis
      and management.
AB  - The occurrence of pulmonary artery obstruction in an 8 day old infant as a
      complication of an aneurysm of a nonpatent ductus arteriosus is reported,
      together with the echocardiographic and angiographic findings. To relieve the
      obstruction, the aneurysm and an intrapulmonary thrombus were successfully
      removed with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass when the infant was 3 months old.

PMID- 4008779
TI  - Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: significance of
      associated intracardiac defects.
AB  - Two patients with anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the
      pulmonary artery had an associated defect (one, critical pulmonary stenosis; the
      other, ventricular septal defect). They presented with signs and symptoms of the
      associated defect and the coronary anomaly was unrecognized. Both cases at
      autopsy lacked the usual large right coronary artery seen with this anomaly. The
      pathophysiologic features of the combined defects are described, their
      differences from the isolated anomaly are noted and their relation to surgery is
      discussed.

PMID- 4008780
TI  - Extracardiac left to right shunt in a patient with biventricular postinfarction
      rupture and pseudoaneurysm.
AB  - A 68 year old man had a diaphragmatic myocardial infarction and 9 months later
      was admitted with severe congestive heart failure (functional class IV). Cardiac
      catheterization demonstrated a postinfarction pseudoaneurysm. Because of a
      massive left to right shunt (pulmonary to systemic flow ratio = 2.7), concomitant
      rupture of the ventricular septum was suspected. At surgery the pseudoaneurysm
      communicated with the right ventricle through two different orifices and with the
      left ventricle through another ostium. The ventricular septum was intact.
      Therefore, the shunt was extracardiac through the pseudoaneurysm (left ventricle-
      --pseudoaneurysm----right ventricle). The unique combination of lesions allowed
      the patient to survive. The false aneurysm was excised and primary repair was
      performed in the orifices of the right and left ventricular walls. The
      postoperative course was uneventful and 10 months later the patient was in
      functional class I.

PMID- 4008781
TI  - Right coronary spasm complicating electrode catheter ablation of a right lateral
      accessory pathway.
AB  - Severe focal right coronary artery spasm, demonstrated on angiography, occurred
      in a 12 year old girl undergoing attempted electrode catheter ablation of a right
      atrial-right ventricular free wall accessory pathway.

PMID- 4008782
TI  - Ventricular tachycardia and sudden death in myotonic dystrophy: clinical,
      electrophysiologic and pathologic features.
AB  - A 37 year old man who presented with a cardiomyopathy, conduction defects and
      atrial and ventricular arrhythmias was found to have the neuromuscular
      manifestations of myotonic dystrophy. Despite implantation of a permanent cardiac
      pacemaker, antiarrhythmic drug therapy and antiarrhythmic surgery, sudden death
      occurred. The results of electrophysiologic studies, coronary arteriography and
      pathologic findings are described. This case confirms previous observations that
      ventricular arrhythmias, in addition to atrial arrhythmias and conduction
      disturbances, are cardiac manifestations of myotonic dystrophy and can lead to
      sudden death.

PMID- 4008783
TI  - Verapamil-induced polymorphous ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - A 31 year old woman who developed an atypical ventricular tachycardia after
      administration of intravenous verapamil for control of a recurrent
      supraventricular tachycardia is presented. Possible explanations for the observed
      arrhythmia, polymorphous ventricular tachycardia, are discussed. Verapamil must
      be considered one of the pharmacologic agents that can cause this arrhythmia.

PMID- 4008784
TI  - Inotropic effect of methylxanthines.

PMID- 4008785
TI  - Precordial ST segment deviations during acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4008786
TI  - Electrophysiologic testing in patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death. I.
      Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and abnormal ventricular function.
AB  - Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, although usually asymptomatic, is
      associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with depressed
      left ventricular function. To test the vulnerability of such patients to
      symptomatic and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias, complete
      electrophysiologic studies were performed in 58 patients with clinically
      documented nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (greater than or equal to three
      complexes but less than 15 seconds of self-terminating ventricular tachycardia by
      24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic [Holter] or telemetric monitoring) and
      abnormal left ventricular function (ejection fraction less than 50% by
      radionuclide angiography). All patients had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
      in the absence of antiarrhythmic drugs, acute ischemia, long QT syndrome, recent
      infarction or electrolyte abnormalities. The stimulation protocol for each
      patient included the introduction of single, double and triple ventricular
      extrastimuli at three cycle lengths (sinus, 600 and 450 ms) and two right
      ventricular sites (apex and outflow tract). A sustained ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia was induced in 23 patients (40%) and a nonsustained ventricular
      tachycardia in 14 patients (24%). Induction of sustained tachycardia correlated
      with the presence of akinesia or aneurysm, or both, by radionuclide angiography,
      but not with ejection fraction or presence or absence of coronary artery disease.
      These results indicate that: 1) patients with clinical nonsustained ventricular
      tachycardia and chronic left ventricular dysfunction have a high incidence of
      inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation; and 2)
      electrophysiologic testing may allow further substratification of risk of sudden
      cardiac death in high risk patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 4008787
TI  - Surgical repair of uncomplicated atrial septal defect without "routine"
      preoperative cardiac catheterization.
AB  - Whether all patients with atrial septal defect should undergo cardiac
      catheterization before surgical correction is controversial. Of 152 patients of
      all ages with surgically documented isolated atrial septal defect (ostium
      secundum, ostium primum and sinus venosus types) who underwent preoperative two
      dimensional echocardiography between January 1978 and December 1983, there were
      55 (36%) (group 1) who did not have preoperative cardiac catheterization. These
      55 patients are compared with the 97 patients (64%) who did have preoperative
      catheterization studies (group 2). Group 1 patients were younger (mean age 22
      versus 36 years) and did not have clinical evidence of other associated cardiac
      disorders. Forty-four (80%) of the group 1 patients had typical findings for
      atrial septal defect on cardiac examination, chest radiograph and
      electrocardiogram compared with 16 (16%) of group 2 patients (p less than 0.001).
      The most frequent reasons for cardiac catheterization in group 2 patients were
      documentation of diagnosis, usually because of atypical clinical findings, and
      exclusion of associated cardiac abnormalities. Contrast echocardiography,
      radionuclide shunt studies and Doppler echocardiography were used as additional
      confirmatory tests in 36 patients (65%). In 19 patients (35%), two-dimensional
      echocardiography was the only confirmatory test. There were no false positive two
      dimensional echocardiographic studies. There were no operative deaths or
      significant perioperative complications in any of the patients. At a mean follow
      up of 28 months (range 6 to 64), there was one late death (3 1/2 years
      postoperatively) in a 61 year old man with chronic congestive heart
      failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008788
TI  - Evaluation of aortic stenosis by spectral analysis of the murmur.
AB  - A relation between the peak transaortic pressure gradient and the frequency
      content of the murmur (r = 0.79) was demonstrated in a prospective "test" set of
      50 patients with the clinical diagnosis of aortic stenosis. After heart sounds
      were recorded and digitized, three segments of the systolic murmur were isolated
      and analyzed by fast Fourier transform technique. An average frequency spectrum
      was quantitated by a previously described empiric spectral estimator. Clinical
      data and spectral ratio were correlated with the transaortic pressure gradient
      and aortic valve area was calculated from cardiac catheterization data. The best
      prediction of the transaortic pressure gradient was obtained when a 170 ms murmur
      segment was analyzed and when the predictive algorithm also included the aortic
      dimension (r = 0.87). The aortic valve area was poorly predicted (r = -0.48)
      unless estimates of blood flow and valvular calcification were included in the
      algorithm (r = 0.84). Further refinement of this technique may provide a non
      invasive and clinically useful method for the estimation of aortic valve
      stenosis.

PMID- 4008789
TI  - Superiority of two-dimensional measurement of aortic vessel diameter in Doppler
      echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular stroke volume.
AB  - Attempts to measure left ventricular stroke volume utilizing the Doppler aortic
      flow method have found varying correlations between invasive thermodilution and
      non-invasive Doppler methods. Because stroke volume is the product of the Doppler
      flow velocity integral (that is, the area under the flow velocity curve) and the
      cross-sectional area of the vessel through which blood flows, both variables are
      potential sources of error. Previous studies have shown that the Doppler flow
      velocity integral can be measured with acceptable reproducibility in the
      ascending aorta. Consequently, in this study an attempt was made to determine
      empirically the optimal method for measuring aortic diameter and area. The
      diameter of the ascending aorta was measured utilizing four M-mode and seven two
      dimensional echocardiographic conventions. Doppler aortic flow velocity patterns
      were recorded with a 2.25 MHz M-mode echocardiographic transducer from the
      suprasternal notch by mapping the ascending aorta until aortic peak flow velocity
      was recorded. In 19 adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for
      clinical indications, Doppler stroke volume estimates utilizing the various
      echocardiographic conventions for measuring aortic root diameter and area were
      compared with simultaneous measurements of stroke volume by the thermodilution
      technique. The best correlation (r = 0.87) with thermodilution stroke volume was
      obtained by estimating aortic area from the two-dimensional parasternal long-axis
      images with the aortic dimension measured distal to the aortic sinuses from the
      inner to inner wall. The data were related by the equation: Thermodilution stroke
      volume = (0.73) X (two-dimensional Doppler stroke volume) + 17 cc.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008790
TI  - Assessment of single vessel coronary artery disease: results of exercise
      electrocardiography, thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging and radionuclide
      angiography.
AB  - The sensitivity of the commonly used stress tests for the diagnosis of coronary
      artery disease was analyzed in 46 patients with significant occlusion (greater
      than or equal to 70% luminal diameter obstruction) of only one major coronary
      artery and no prior myocardial infarction. In all patients, thallium-201
      perfusion imaging (both planar and seven-pinhole tomographic) and 12 lead
      electrocardiography were performed during the same graded treadmill exercise test
      and radionuclide angiography was performed during upright bicycle exercise.
      Exercise rate-pressure (double) product was 22,307 +/- 6,750 on the treadmill
      compared with 22,995 +/- 5,622 on the bicycle (p = NS). Exercise
      electrocardiograms were unequivocally abnormal in 24 patients (52%). Qualitative
      planar thallium images were abnormal in 42 patients (91%). Quantitative analysis
      of the tomographic thallium images were abnormal in 41 patients (89%). An
      exercise ejection fraction of less than 0.56 or a new wall motion abnormality was
      seen in 30 patients (65%). Results were similar for the right (n = 11) and left
      anterior descending (n = 28) coronary arteries while all tests but the planar
      thallium imaging showed a lower sensitivity for isolated circumflex artery
      disease (n = 7). The specificity of the tests was 72, 83, 89 and 72% for
      electrocardiography, planar thallium imaging, tomographic thallium imaging and
      radionuclide angiography, respectively. The results suggest that exercise
      thallium-201 perfusion imaging is the most sensitive noninvasive stress test for
      the diagnosis of single vessel coronary artery disease.

PMID- 4008791
TI  - Coronary angioscopy during cardiac catheterization.
AB  - Coronary angioscopy should permit direct inspection of the luminal cross section
      and identification of disease. The feasibility of introducing a 5F Olympus
      Ultrathin fiberscope into the obstructed right coronary artery in five patients
      after routine cardiac catheterization by the brachial approach was therefore
      tested. An 8.3F USCI woven Dacron angioplasty guiding catheter was modified to
      enlarge its lumen. After engaging the right coronary ostium with the catheter, an
      attempt was made to pass the angioscope coaxially to the tip of the catheter.
      Visualization of the coronary lumen was then achieved in three patients by
      manually injecting 5 to 10 cc of normal saline solution through the guiding
      catheter at 2 to 3 cc/s. White atheromatous plaque could be seen near the site of
      obstruction in each case. In two patients, a lack of sufficient flexibility in
      the distal 2 cm of the angioscope prevented passage to the catheter tip.
      Preliminary experience with a videoendoscopic system suggests that this
      monitoring technique is essential for the adequate performance of angioscopy and
      for recording dynamic changes during blood displacement. Geometric distortion of
      the image and nonlinearities in magnification and light reflex with a decreasing
      lens to object distance make quantitative evaluation of the lumen difficult. Lack
      of an angulation system further contributes to this problem and, more
      importantly, restricts passage of the angioscope to the proximal 1 to 2 cm
      segments of coronary arteries. Although coronary angioscopy may have research and
      clinical applications in the future, these technical problems should first be
      addressed.

PMID- 4008792
TI  - Importance of the pacing mode in the initiation of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in
      a canine model of chronic myocardial infarction.
AB  - The use of unipolar anodal or bipolar pacing, as compared with unipolar cathodal
      pacing, purportedly increases the likelihood of inducing inadvertent ventricular
      fibrillation in susceptible patients. In this study, the ability to initiate
      sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation with unipolar cathodal,
      unipolar anodal and bipolar pacing modes was compared using programmed
      ventricular stimulation at 82 subendocardial periinfarction sites in 11 dogs with
      chronic myocardial infarction. The late diastolic excitability threshold was
      significantly higher and the ventricular refractory period was significantly
      shorter (p less than 0.001) with anodal pacing (mean 0.62 mA, 156 ms,
      respectively) than with pacing in either the cathodal (0.12 mA, 174 ms) or the
      bipolar (0.13 mA, 173 ms) mode. At a current intensity twice that of the
      excitability threshold, the introduction of one or two extrastimuli induced
      ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation comparably among the three
      pacing modes. However, when three extrastimuli were used, ventricular
      fibrillation was induced with anodal pacing twice as frequently (50 [61%] of 82
      sites) as with either of the other two pacing modes (each 23 [28%] of 82 sites, p
      less than 0.001), whereas the induction of ventricular tachycardia remained
      comparable with anodal pacing (15 [18%] of 82 sites) and cathodal and bipolar
      pacing (each 14 [17%] of 82 sites). Furthermore, a similarly high incidence of
      inducibility of ventricular fibrillation was observed with both cathodal pacing
      (56 [68%] of 82 sites) and bipolar pacing (40 [49%] of 82 sites) when an
      increased current equal to twice the anodal excitability threshold (1.23 mA) was
      used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008793
TI  - Acquired deficiency of the inhibitor of the first component of complement: report
      of five additional cases with commentary on the syndrome.
AB  - The association of late onset recurrent angioedema with a deficiency of the
      inhibitor of the first component of complement (C1INH) and of the binding subunit
      of the first component, Clq, defines the syndrome of acquired C1INH deficiency.
      The description of five new cases, along with the original two and the 18 others
      in the literature, brings the total reported cases to 25 and highlights the
      associated B cell abnormalities that are present in 23 and are of a malignant
      nature in 19 cases. In three of the five newly reported cases, the occurrence of
      angioedema, which prompted recognition of the acquired deficiency of C1INH, C1q,
      and C4, preceded the delineation of the underlying B cell malignancy by 2 to 3 yr
      despite efforts to recognize neoplastic disease in two of these patients
      throughout the interval. Because the acquired C1INH deficiency reflects increased
      catabolism rather than impaired biosynthesis, only high-dose attenuated androgens
      elicit a measurable increment in serum C1INH. The occurrence of the syndrome with
      multiple myeloma is noted for the first time.

PMID- 4008795
TI  - Detection of IgE-mediated respiratory sensitization in workers exposed to
      hexahydrophthalic anhydride.
AB  - Twenty-seven workers with occupational exposure to hexahydrophthalic anhydride
      (HHPA) from an epoxy resin molding system were studied to evaluate the nature of
      their reported respiratory complaints. The workers were evaluated by
      questionnaire, pulmonary function tests, and serologic investigations. The
      presence of serum-specific IgE and IgG to an HHPA-human serum albumin (HSA)
      conjugate was measured by use of RAST and ELISA assays. Estimates of exposure to
      HHPA were made for each worker on the basis of job description and environmental
      sampling. Seven workers reported symptoms of asthma and rhinitis; four workers
      had symptoms consistent with occupational asthma. Fourteen of the remaining 20
      workers reported nasal or ocular symptoms while they were at work. No worker
      demonstrated a significant (greater than 20%) pre-to postshift decrement in FEV1.
      Twelve workers had significant levels of specific IgE to HHPA-HSA; 11 had
      elevated levels of specific IgG to HHPA-HSA. A group of workers estimated to have
      higher exposures to HHPA had a significantly higher mean total IgE level (p less
      than 0.05) and significant titers of HHPA-HSA-specific IgE or IgG, or both (p =
      0.048) as compared to a group with lower exposure to the anhydride. All four
      workers with occupational asthma/rhinitis had significant levels of specific IgE
      to HHPA-HSA (ranging from 8.7% to 23.4% RAST binding); three workers did not work
      directly in the HHPA area but were located in nearby sections of the plant with
      lower exposures to HHPA. Three workers with symptoms of asthma not clearly
      associated with the workplace did not have significantly elevated specific IgE
      levels. Another radioimmunoassay with the use of beads coated with mouse
      monoclonal antihuman IgE was used to quantitate the amount of specific anti-HHPA
      HSA binding (range 1.0 ng to 32.6 ng/ml) present in workers' sera. The solid
      phase bead radioimmunoassay was inhibited by the homologous HHPA-HSA conjugate
      but not by HHPA hapten alone in two workers, suggesting that these workers were
      sensitized to new antigenic determinants. We conclude that HHPA is a potent
      industrial sensitizer and is capable of inducing IgE-mediated disease.
      Prospective investigations are required to define the incidence and severity of
      clinical sensitivity.

PMID- 4008794
TI  - Levels of immunoglobulin G, M, A, and E at various ages in allergic and
      nonallergic black and white individuals.
AB  - Studies were conducted to detect major differences in immunoglobulin levels
      between allergic and nonallergic individuals. Immunoglobulins G, M, A, and E were
      quantitated in members of 63 families selected for the presence of children with
      asthma or allergic rhinitis and compared with a larger group of healthy
      individuals and families. Mean IgE levels were significantly higher in healthy
      black than in white individuals. No significant difference was found in IgE
      levels between healthy parents with and without allergic children. Mean IgE
      levels were significantly higher in asthmatic children than in healthy children
      and also much higher in asthmatic children than in their healthy siblings. Asthma
      occurred more frequently in boys than in girls. IgE levels in healthy children
      increased rapidly early in childhood, reached a peak before 10 yr of age, and
      decreased during the teens. This decrease in IgE during the teens may provide the
      immunologic mechanism by which some children can "outgrow" certain childhood
      allergies. IgA levels were very low in young children and not significantly
      different between allergic and healthy individuals. The low IgA level in young
      children may be of importance in the development of childhood allergies.

PMID- 4008796
TI  - A collaborative study on the first international standard of Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus (house dust mite) extract.
AB  - A collaborative study was carried out to assess the suitability of a preparation
      to serve as the International Standard for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house
      dust mite) extract. The proposed international standard of D. pteronyssinus, two
      additional freeze-dried extracts, and a commercially available skin testing
      solution were tested in the study. Nineteen laboratories in 11 different
      countries participated. The assay methods used included RAST inhibition, crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis/crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing,
      quantitative skin testing, and various other methods for assessing total
      allergenic activity. In addition, six laboratories measured the quantity of
      antigen P1, and three laboratories measured antigen DpX in each of the
      preparations. On the basis of the results from this study, the World Health
      Organization established the preparation as the International Standard for D.
      pteronyssinus extract with an assigned unitage of 100,000 IU per ampule. The
      units refer both to the total allergenic activity of the ampule and to that of
      the individual allergens, such as P1 and DpX.

PMID- 4008797
TI  - Allergens of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae--immunochemical studies
      of four allergenic fractions.
AB  - Analysis of the allergenic components of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides
      farinae was performed. Four different types of proteins reactive with human anti
      mite IgE antibodies were identified as four distinct radioprecipitins in
      radioimmunoelectrophoresis. These were designated as mite allergen reactive with
      human IgE antibodies (Me) Me 1, Me 2, Me 3, and Me 4 according to their
      electrophoretic mobility from the slower to the faster. Me 1 and Me 2 were the
      first and the second prevailing allergens, respectively, in 133 atopic patients
      subjected to the study. Me 1, on purification by gel filtration and anion
      exchange chromatography, elicited a single radioprecipitin by
      radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Me 1 also elicited a single band in sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a single peak in high-performance
      liquid chromatography. Both methods elicited identical values of 17,000 daltons
      for the molecular weight of Me 1. The isoelectric point of Me 1 was suggested to
      be 8.0. Me 1 elicited higher skin reactions compared to that obtained by the
      crude mite extract when it was assessed in seven atopic patients by serial
      titration intradermal skin testing.

PMID- 4008798
TI  - Toxic oxygen products alter calcium homeostasis in an asthma model.
AB  - After anaphylactic or synthetic leukotriene C4 contractions in guinea pig
      trachealis muscle, an accelerated initial rate and greater total myorelaxation
      are induced in these muscle preparations when they are immersed in calcium-free
      medium, O(Ca++)E. Inhibition of the late phase of anaphylaxis (ANA) by FPL 55712
      (10(-5) mol/L) eliminated the post-ANA O(Ca++)E-augmented myorelaxation,
      suggesting a causal role for SRS-A products. Hypoxia or superoxide
      dismutase/catalase pretreatment also abolished the post-ANA or leukotriene C4
      O(Ca++)E-augmented myorelaxation. The data support the hypothesis that toxic
      oxygen products generated with SRS-A and/or LTC4 induce an alteration in Ca++
      homeostasis in airway smooth muscle. In this model of allergic asthma, airway
      smooth muscle alteration after ANA may contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma
      and/or airway hypersensitivity associated with allergic asthma.

PMID- 4008799
TI  - The occurrence of multiple physical allergies in the same patient: report of
      three cases.
AB  - The syndromes of idiopathic anaphylaxis, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and other
      physical allergies are well described as separate entities. This article
      describes the combination of these problems in the same patient. Two patients
      with idiopathic anaphylaxis are described. One also has exercise-induced
      anaphylaxis, and one also has exercise-induced bronchospasm and exercise-induced
      urticaria and angioedema. A third patient with exercise-induced anaphylaxis,
      idiopathic urticaria, angioedema, cholinergic urticaria, and dermatographism is
      described.

PMID- 4008800
TI  - Theophylline and fibrocystic breast disease.
AB  - After literature reports linking fibrocystic breast disease (FBD) to
      methylxanthine ingestion, a pilot study was undertaken to investigate the
      possible contribution of theophylline to this effect. The major goal of this
      project was to measure the effect of theophylline therapy on FBD in asthmatic
      women. All women attending an allergy clinic or an obstetrics/gynecology clinic
      over a 9-month period were examined to clinically assess FBD and were asked to
      complete a detailed questionnaire covering health history, other risk factors,
      and drug and dietary methylxanthines. The sample included 62 asthmatic women, 66
      allergic but not asthmatic women, and 72 nonallergic and nonasthmatic women. By
      use of the FBD clinical taxonomy with its 19-point scale going from 0 to 18 that
      was developed for this study, the three groups did not differ significantly in
      terms of mean severity of FBD. On analyzing the effect of each of the
      methylxanthines on FBD severity, there is clear evidence that total
      methylxanthines was a contributing factor in FBD severity with or without
      adjustment for relevant variables, such as age, menopause, pregnancies, and
      groups. Theophylline was significant only when adjustments were made for age,
      pregnancy, and menopause in contrast to caffeine that was only significant with
      no adjustments.

PMID- 4008801
TI  - The effect of phenobarbital on theophylline disposition in children with asthma.
AB  - The disposition of theophylline was examined in seven children with asthma on two
      occasions before and on one occasion after chronic phenobarbital dosing (2
      mg/kg/day). There was little intrapatient variability in apparent theophylline
      clearance between the two baseline assessments (0.081 versus 0.073 L/hr/kg).
      After 19 days of phenobarbital therapy, there was a significant increase in
      apparent theophylline clearance (0.104 versus 0.077 L/hr/kg), accompanied by a
      30% decrease in the mean steady-state serum theophylline concentration (12.0
      versus 8.4 micrograms/ml). The inducing effect of phenobarbital on theophylline
      metabolism may require theophylline dosage adjustment in patients with asthma who
      receive both drugs concurrently to maintain a given average steady-state
      theophylline concentration.

PMID- 4008802
TI  - The relationship of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma theophylline concentrations in
      children and adolescents taking theophylline.
AB  - Ten ambulatory subjects with asthma experienced a seizure while they were
      receiving oral theophylline preparations and were evaluated prospectively
      according to a set protocol. The protocol included a lumbar puncture that
      permitted the simultaneous determination of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      theophylline concentrations. A constant relationship was observed between the
      plasma theophylline concentration and that of the CSF. It was found that the
      theophylline concentrations in these two biologic fluids could be characterized
      by the regression equation y = 0.41 X + 0.7 where y is the CSF theophylline
      concentration and X is the plasma theophylline concentration. Two infants with
      hydrocephalus treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt were also simultaneously
      evaluated for plasma and CSF theophylline concentrations. These infants
      demonstrated greater than expected entry of theophylline into the CSF. Some
      central nervous system abnormalities may be characterized by increased
      theophylline entry into the CSF.

PMID- 4008803
TI  - Stinging insect allergy: natural history and modification with venom
      immunotherapy.
AB  - The natural history of stinging insect allergy and its modification by venom
      immunotherapy was investigated by follow-up observations of patients with
      histories of venom anaphylaxis and detectable venom-specific IgE. The patients
      were divided into three categories: (1) receiving venom immunotherapy, (2)
      declined venom immunotherapy, and (3) terminated venom immunotherapy. One hundred
      twenty-seven patients were evaluated after 6 mo to 9 yr of venom immunotherapy.
      Most received top venom doses of 50 micrograms of yellow jacket and/or honeybee
      venoms every 4 wk. There were 87 restings in 48 patients resulting in two
      systemic reactions, only one of which could be considered a treatment failure
      (1%). Fifty-six patients never received venom immunotherapy. In this group there
      were 40 restings in 28 patients with 14 systemic reactions (35%). In 88 patients
      who stopped venom immunotherapy, 61 restings in 41 patients led to 11 systemic
      reactions (17%). Patients with cardiovascular/or respiratory symptoms with
      initial sting anaphylaxis were at risk for subsequent reactions. With one
      exception, patients with hives and edema only as the initial reaction either had
      a similar or no reaction when they were restung. These results confirm the
      efficacy of venom immunotherapy but also suggest that there are factors other
      than the presence of venom-specific IgE modulating the occurrence of clinical
      anaphylaxis.

PMID- 4008804
TI  - Factitious sneezing.
AB  - We report a case of hysterical, intractable paroxysmal sneezing in an adolescent
      girl. The patient had been observed by two pediatricians, an allergist, an
      emergency room physician, and a chiropractor. She had been treated with
      antihistamines, epinephrine, corticosteroid nasal spray, and a 1-week course of
      an oral corticosteroid without improvement. She was referred for evaluation of an
      allergic etiology before continuing her workup with a computed tomographic head
      scan. The patient had been sneezing almost daily for 3 mo up to 2000 times a day.
      The patient did not sneeze at night. She had nasal congestion but no rhinorrhea
      or eye symptoms. She did not sneeze during the interview. The results of a
      physical examination were normal except for mild obesity. No organic cause was
      found. Most cases of intractable paroxysmal sneezing reported in the literature
      occur in adolescents and appear to have a psychogenic etiology. The problem was
      discussed with the child and parents, and psychologic therapy was recommended.
      Considerable decrease in sneezing subsequently occurred, but the parents credited
      this is further chiropractic therapy.

PMID- 4008805
TI  - The natural history of large local reactions from stinging insects.

PMID- 4008806
TI  - The pharmacology and therapeutic use of theophylline.

PMID- 4008807
TI  - The development of subsensitivity to chlorpheniramine.
AB  - To assess the development of subsensitivity to antihistamines, titrated prick
      skin test (PSTs) were performed to seven fivefold dilutions of histamine and
      either morphine or antigen at specific intervals during therapy. Ten subjects
      received chlorpheniramine, 24 mg per day, and placebo in a double-blind crossover
      study. Total wheal area was measured at baseline and after 1, 3, 7, 21, and 24
      days. The dose of chlorpheniramine (or placebo) was doubled from days 22 to 24 to
      assess the response to dosage increase. Serum levels of chlorpheniramine were
      measured at days 3 and 21 in six patients. Maximal skin test suppression was
      observed on days 3 or 7. On day 21 there was significantly less (p less than
      0.01) suppression of all PSTs than on days 3 or 7. Mean serum chlorpheniramine
      was 48.7 ng/ml on day 3 and 36.1 ng/ml on day 21 (not significant). There was no
      significant correlation between changes in serum chlorpheniramine levels and
      changes in PST suppression. Doubling the dose of chlorpheniramine did not achieve
      the maximal suppression observed at days 3 or 7. We conclude that subsensitivity
      to antihistamines develops between 7 and 21 days of therapy and cannot be
      completely overcome by doubling the dose. The decreased effect does not appear to
      be due to induced metabolism but may be related to increased H1 receptor number.

PMID- 4008808
TI  - Sensitization to house dust mites in different climatic areas.
AB  - With the use of local meteorologic data, the mean monthly indoor relative
      humidity (RH) was calculated for the area of residence of each of 774 children
      with respiratory symptoms who were referred to our allergy clinic. Seven hundred
      fourteen children lived in areas in which the mean indoor RH was 50% or more for
      4 or more mo per year ("humid" areas), and 60 children lived where this RH was
      present for no more than 2 mo per year ("dry" areas). Of those children from the
      "humid" areas, the skin prick test was positive to Dermatophagoides farinae in
      31% and D. pteronyssinus in 40%, whereas in those children from "dry" areas,
      tests were positive in 3% and 2%, respectively, (p less than 0.001). There was
      also a marked difference in the degree of sensitivity. In those children with a
      positive RAST (more than 12% of binding relative to allergen-specific pooled
      reference sera), the mean level of binding was 51% +/- 3.5% for D. farinae and
      62% +/- 4.4% for D. pteronyssinus in children from "humid" areas but never
      exceeded 14% for either species in those children from "dry" areas (p less than
      0.001). Sensitivity to D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus is frequent in "humid"
      areas and seldom, if it is ever, occurs in areas that are "dry," either as a
      result of a semiarid climate or a prolonged heating season. These findings have
      implications for the etiologic diagnosis and specific treatment of atopic
      patients living in different climatic regions.

PMID- 4008809
TI  - Skin test suppression by antihistamines and the development of subsensitivity.
AB  - The suppression of skin test reactivity by single doses of six antihistamines was
      measured before and after a period of daily antihistamine ingestion in 18
      subjects. Single doses of hydroxyzine, 50 mg; chlorpheniramine, 16 mg; and
      promethazine, 50 mg; induced significant suppression of skin test reactivity at 2
      hr, whereas the suppression produced by tripelennamine, 100 mg; diphenhydramine,
      50 mg; and cyproheptadine, 16 mg; did not differ significantly from that produced
      by placebo. After 3 wk of treatment with hydroxyzine, 75 mg per day, the
      suppressive effect of hydroxyzine as well as the five clinically unrelated
      antihistamines was significantly reduced. Although the response to
      chlorpheniramine was also reduced after chronic treatment with chlorpheniramine,
      24 mg per day, the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that
      antihistamines in the doses used differ greatly in their suppressive effect on
      skin test reactivity. The antihistamine producing the most skin test suppression,
      hydroxyzine, when it was taken daily for 3 wk, caused the development of partial
      tolerance not only to its own effect but to those of clinically unrelated
      antihistamines.

PMID- 4008811
TI  - Bronchospastic responses to aerosolized metabisulfite in asthmatic subjects.

PMID- 4008810
TI  - Brief report: evaluation of polymerized ragweed extracts by intradermal end point
      titration, RAST inhibition, and parallel line bioassay.
AB  - We have evaluated six polymerized ragweed extracts on the basis of RAST
      inhibition, parallel line bioassay, and intradermal end point titration. The
      results of the parallel line bioassay and intradermal end point titration are
      highly correlated (r = 0.995, df = 2, p less than 0.01). Both intradermal end
      point titration (r = 0.973, df = 4, p less than 0.01) and parallel line bioassay
      (r = 0.985, df = 2, p less than 0.05) are highly correlated with RAST inhibition.
      We have evaluated the utility of intradermal end point titration as a
      quantitative assay of relative allergenicity of polymerized extracts. The between
      assay reproducibility was derived by comparing a reference polymerized ragweed
      extract against itself. The 99% confidence limits of relative allergenicity were
      53% to 188% when four assays were used. This compares favorably to the published
      99% confidence limits of the parallel line bioassay 60% to 166% when three assays
      were used. Intradermal end point titration is highly reproducible, is highly
      correlated with RAST inhibition or parallel line bioassay, and thus is an
      appropriate bioassay of allergenic activity.

PMID- 4008812
TI  - The primary immune response in bronchial asthma. I. A kinetic study of Helix
      pomatia hemocyanin-specific IgE, IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody responses in patients
      with asthma and in matched controls.
AB  - Eleven asthmatic patients with allergy and 10 age- and sex-matched controls were
      immunized subcutaneously with 1 mg of the primary test immunogen Helix pomatia
      hemocyanin (HPH). The HPH-specific IgE, IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody response was
      measured by ELISA. After immunization, not only the IgE but also the IgG antibody
      response of the patients exceeded that of the controls (p less than 0.01). IgA
      antibody response also tended to be higher in the asthmatic group (NS). Except
      for an earlier rise after immunization in the asthmatic group (p less than 0.05),
      IgM peak responses did not differ significantly between the two groups. There was
      a high correlation (r = 0.9) between the magnitude of the IgE and the IgG
      antibody responses. IgM antibody response did not correlate with the response in
      any of the other antibody classes measured. The total serum immunoglobulin
      concentration was determined before immunization. Only the IgE level was
      significantly higher in the asthmatic group (p less than 0.01). No correlation
      was found between serum immunoglobulin concentrations and the magnitude of the
      HPH-specific antibody response in the same class. We conclude that the increased
      humoral responsiveness of asthmatic patients with allergy is not restricted to
      the IgE class nor to a limited number of commonly encountered antigens
      (allergens).

PMID- 4008813
TI  - The IgE and IgG subclass antibody response in patients allergic to yellow jacket
      venom undergoing different regimens of venom immunotherapy.
AB  - We developed a three-layer immunoradiometric assay for quantitation of IgG
      antibodies of all four subclasses to YJV. We studied the IgE and IgG subclass
      antibody response to YJV in 31 patients allergic to YJV who were undergoing three
      different kinds of venom immunotherapy. Group A received weekly single injections
      with alum-adsorbed venom, group B received weekly clustered injections with
      aqueous venom, and group C received fortnightly clustered injections with aqueous
      venom during the increasing dose phase of our study. All patients received alum
      adsorbed venom during maintenance therapy. Results from the first 6 months of
      observation are reported. After 6 months of therapy the IgE antibody level rose
      significantly in group A, was unchanged in group B, and tended to fall in group
      C. The fall in IgE antibody level in group C correlated significantly to the
      pretreatment IgE antibody level. The IgG subclass antibody assays measured IgG
      antibodies of different subclasses in comparable units. No IgG2 or IgG3
      antibodies to YJV were found. Before the start of immunotherapy, 23 patients had
      significant concentrations of IgG1 antibodies to YJV, and 14 had significant
      concentrations of IgG4 antibodies. In group A the IgG1 antibody level rose
      significantly after 6 months, and the IgG4 antibody level rose significantly
      after 3 months. In group B the IgG1 antibody level rose after 2 weeks and the
      IgG4 antibody level rose after 3 weeks. In group C the IgG1 antibody level rose
      after 2 weeks and the IgG4 antibody concentration rose after 8 weeks. When the
      maintenance dose was reached, the IgG1 antibody level in group C was
      significantly higher than that in group A. The possibility that IgG1 antibodies
      formed during venom immunotherapy take part in a feedback inhibition of the IgE
      antibody production is discussed.

PMID- 4008814
TI  - A familial occurrence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a probable
      environmental source.
AB  - This is the first article of a familial occurrence of allergic bronchopulmonary
      aspergillosis in a father and daughter. Serologic studies revealed serum
      precipitins and elevated IgG or IgE antibody activity against certain Aspergillus
      species. Investigation of the home revealed an environmental source of exposure.
      Another family member demonstrated serum precipitins and an IgG antibody response
      to the isolated Aspergillus species without evidence of allergic bronchopulmonary
      aspergillosis.

PMID- 4008816
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test in infantile autism.

PMID- 4008815
TI  - Inhaled lodoxamide tromethamine in the treatment of perennial asthma: a double
      blind placebo-controlled study.
AB  - The efficacy of lodoxamide tromethamine in the treatment of asthma was studied in
      a 16-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 68 perennial allergic
      subjects with asthma. Patients received either lodoxamide tromethamine, 0.25 mg
      four times daily, or placebo, administered by metered-dose inhaler. Response to
      treatment was assessed by analyzing changes in asthma symptoms, inhaled
      bronchodilator requirements, and pulmonary function when compared to a 2-week
      baseline period. Patients treated with lodoxamide tromethamine demonstrated an
      improvement in daytime breathing difficulty, cough, sputum production, and sleep
      (p less than 0.01 to 0.05), but improvement was not significantly different from
      that demonstrated by placebo-treated patients. Patients from both treatment
      groups were able to reduce their inhaled bronchodilators (p less than 0.01), but
      again no significant difference was apparent between lodoxamide tromethamine and
      placebo treatment, nor were there any differences in peak expiratory flow rate or
      FEV1 between the two groups. Seven patients who received lodoxamide tromethamine
      withdrew because of a sensation of heat and gastrointestinal symptoms. Thus,
      although lodoxamide tromethamine possesses potent mast cell-stabilizing activity
      in vitro, we have failed to demonstrate any useful long-term effect in the
      treatment of mild allergic asthma.

PMID- 4008817
TI  - Reliability of DSM-III vs. DSM-II in child psychopathology.

PMID- 4008818
TI  - Perceived suitability and usefulness of DSM-III vs. DSM-II in child
      psychopathology.

PMID- 4008819
TI  - Assessment of infant-caregiver interaction using cardiac, respiratory, and
      behavioral monitoring: conceptual and technical issues in a new methodology.

PMID- 4008820
TI  - Childhood and adolescent depression: child-report versus parent-report
      information.

PMID- 4008821
TI  - Nonverbal behavior and childhood depression.

PMID- 4008822
TI  - Is juvenile delinquency related to an abnormal EEG? A study of EEG abnormalities
      in juvenile delinquents and adolescent psychiatric inpatients.

PMID- 4008823
TI  - The characteristics of dropouts from a child psychiatry clinic.

PMID- 4008824
TI  - Personality, psychopathology, and developmental issues in male adolescent video
      game use.

PMID- 4008825
TI  - Parents' beliefs about children's reactions to divorce: the development of an
      assessment instrument.

PMID- 4008826
TI  - The aftermath of abuse and abandonment: a treatment approach for ego disturbance
      in female adolescence.

PMID- 4008827
TI  - Hypnogenic paroxysmal dystonia.

PMID- 4008828
TI  - Pseudocyesis in a 6-year-old girl: follow-up report at 23.

PMID- 4008829
TI  - Is nonreligious circumcision necessary?

PMID- 4008830
TI  - The effect of organizational level and practice area on managerial work in
      hospital dietetic services.
AB  - All areas of practice in hospital dietetic services include a management
      component; however, the nature of the managerial role in various areas of
      dietetic practice has not been identified clearly. The definition of dietetic
      practice in the Conceptual Framework for the Profession of Dietetics supports the
      importance of managerial skills. The effect of organizational level and practice
      area on managerial activities and roles of professional staff in hospital
      dietetic services was examined in this study. The nationwide sample included
      professionals in hospitals with 300+ beds. A total of 3,280 dietetic
      professionals participated. Five groups were defined: low administrative, low
      clinical, middle administrative, middle clinical, and upper administrative.
      Mintzberg identified 10 managerial roles and categorized them as interpersonal,
      informational, or decisional. The 10 roles were used as the basis for developing
      an 80-item instrument on which respondents rated each item for importance and
      time demand. Perceived importance of managerial activities tended to be greater
      at higher organizational levels. The managerial aspects of the lower clinical and
      upper administrative position were the most clearly defined. The lower clinical
      group tended to rate all of the managerial roles as significantly less important
      than did those in other positions; however, the middle clinical position included
      a substantial managerial responsibility.

PMID- 4008831
TI  - Dimensions of managerial work in hospital dietetic services.
AB  - The objective of this study was to identify underlying dimensions of the
      managerial work of hospital dietetic services professional staff. A survey
      instrument was developed on the basis of Mintzberg's role theory of management.
      Respondents were asked to rate 80 activity statements on the relative importance
      and time demand of each. Principal component analysis was used to determine
      whether items could be conceptualized meaningfully by a smaller number of
      components capable of accounting for interrelationships. Reliabilities and
      correlations were computed for the resulting managerial factor scores. Six
      factors were identified from the importance ratings: Upper Management,
      Interaction with Subordinates, Outside Activities, Quality Assurance,
      Communication Activities, and Personnel Activities. Similar dimensions were
      identified from the time-demand ratings. Findings from this analysis suggest that
      managers in different functional specialties and at various organizational levels
      tend to vary in their allocation of time and to stress different roles. As a
      person rises on the administrative ladder of responsibility, concentration on
      extramural affairs and involvement in planning are greater, and concern with
      specific operational problems decreases. The importance of conceptual skills was
      especially evident in upper administrative positions, as was the critical need
      for intergroup skills.

PMID- 4008832
TI  - Dietary sodium reduction among students: feasibility and acceptance.
AB  - Modifications in the preparation of food served in a boarding high school during
      a 5-week period were successful in decreasing the sodium content of a variety of
      food products by an average of 51%. Such food was, in general, well accepted. The
      ratings of specific reduced-sodium food products equaled those of similar
      products containing "usual" amounts of sodium. Food diaries kept by students gave
      estimates of total sodium intake comparable with those measured by laboratory
      analysis of 24-hour food collections. Food diaries collected from an average of
      70 volunteers per week indicated that during the reduced-sodium period, the total
      sodium intake of students, including that from dining hall food, snack food, and
      food consumed outside the school, decreased from 136 mEq (3 gm sodium, 8 gm salt)
      to 88 mEq (2 gm sodium, 5 gm salt), a reduction of 35% (p less than .0001). The
      impact of salt added at the table was very small; the choice and the quantity of
      foods consumed were the main determinants of sodium intake. The results indicate
      that foods can be prepared with appreciably less sodium and still be highly
      acceptable to young people.

PMID- 4008833
TI  - Energy and nutrient consumption of patients with dysgeusia.
AB  - To evaluate the effects of dysgeusia (taste distortion) on nutritional status, 3
      day diet records, taste and smell function, and indexes of nutritional risk were
      measured in 65 patients with dysgeusia and in 37 normal volunteers. The patients
      with dysgeusia were categorized with the use of a semiquantitative scale into
      four types (I to IV) on the basis of the number and types of foods or beverages
      perceived as distorted. Energy intake decreased significantly as the severity of
      dysgeusia increased, but energy intake was unaffected by hypogeusia and/or
      hyposmia. In patients with dysgeusia, nutrient intake was correlated with energy
      intake. Intake of vitamins A and C and calcium was significantly less than the
      RDAs. Fifty-two percent of all patients with dysgeusia had at least one index of
      nutritional risk, and 11 percent exhibited more than three indexes.

PMID- 4008834
TI  - Nutrient intake in the United States during the first 12 months of life.
AB  - Nutrient intakes of 463 infants ranging in age from 1 week to 12 months from the
      Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-78 were evaluated according to different
      foods (milk and milk products, noniron-fortified formula, iron-fortified formula,
      infant cereal, commercial baby foods, and table foods). Breast-fed infants and
      infants fed a combination of cow's milk and formula were excluded. Results
      indicated that iron was the nutrient most often consumed in amounts less than the
      RDA. Infants fed a diet that included either cow's milk or noniron-fortified
      formula had a median iron intake less than the recommended allowance. In
      comparison, infants who were fed an iron-fortified formula had a median iron
      intake well above the RDA. The relative proportion of iron derived from different
      foods is discussed.

PMID- 4008835
TI  - Diet diversity and nutrient intake.
AB  - Variety is espoused as a key to dietary adequacy, yet data from new shortcut
      dietary measures suggest that intakes of relatively few foods can accurately
      classify individuals according to nutrient intake. This study examines diet
      diversity, caloric intake, and nutrient density values as contributors to the
      level of selected nutrients in the diets of 1,747 white men and 1,898 white
      women, 18 to 34 years old, completing the 24-hour recall in NHANES II. Nutrient
      intake was directly related to both number of foods eaten and total calories
      consumed, as well as to nutrient density values. For fat, saturated fat, and
      potassium, higher caloric consumption alone may account for substantial
      differences in nutrient intakes between the lowest and highest quartiles. For
      cholesterol, calcium, and vitamin A, differences in dietary density were more
      important in explaining nutrient intake differences. Both caloric intake and
      nutrient density influence sodium intake from food sources. For some nutrients,
      an overall measure of diversity may be useful for estimating intakes. For others,
      nutrient-specific diversity indexes would likely be needed. Knowledge of specific
      foods in diets with high levels of nutrients could aid the construction of food
      frequency instruments.

PMID- 4008836
TI  - Acid/alkaline ash diets: time for assessment and change.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to review critically the assumptions made to
      predict the effects of different diets on the pH of urine by calculations from
      food tables and lists of acid or alkaline ash in foods. Acid/alkaline ash
      calculations were completed for 7 days' worth of omnivore, lacto-ovo, and vegan
      diets. The vegetarian diets were significantly more alkaline than the omnivore
      diets, and the vegan diets were more alkaline than lacto-ovo vegetarian diets.
      The article discusses the history of the acid/alkaline ash concept, assumptions
      underlying it, mechanisms by which urine is acidified, how the acid/alkaline ash
      content of diets is calculated from food tables, difficulties arising in acid/ash
      calculations, and their validity in predicting urine pH. The authors conclude
      that while diet does influence the pH of urine, present calculation methods are
      time consuming, imprecise, and do not permit quantitative prediction of urine pH.
      Better methods for calculating the effects of diet on acid-base balance are
      needed.

PMID- 4008838
TI  - General guidelines vs. actual determination of square footage requirements.

PMID- 4008837
TI  - The key to your professional success is you: networking, mentor-mentee
      relationships, and negotiation.
AB  - Professionals can use networking, mentor-mentee relationships, and negotiation
      both as individuals and within a formal organizational structure. Networking is a
      method of initiating and maintaining contacts. Mentor-mentee relationships are
      one-to-one learning relationships, and negotiation is a process of effectively
      dealing with conflict.

PMID- 4008839
TI  - Offer vs. serve foodservice in lower elementary school lunchrooms.
AB  - The study indicated that neither method of serving was superior to the other in
      terms of food consumption, thus supporting the theory that food consumption was
      not adversely affected when offer vs. serve was implemented. Although the study
      did not include an analysis of nutrients consumed, it can be assumed that the
      vitamin, mineral, and protein intakes of the students in the offer vs. serve
      programs would be higher, as the foods eaten in greater portions (bread,
      vegetables, and combination dish) are good sources of those nutrients. Within the
      limitations of this study of food consumption by young children, it appears that
      offer vs. serve is worthy of careful consideration as a means of cutting
      lunchroom costs without producing a negative impact on nutrition.

PMID- 4008841
TI  - Increased attention to dementia.

PMID- 4008840
TI  - Attitudinal and demographic correlates of food supplementation practices.
AB  - Attitudinal and demographic correlates to food supplement use were ascertained
      for 689 adults residing in seven Western states. Of the 689, 372 (54%) were food
      supplement users and 317 (46%) were non-users. The only attitudinal variable
      significantly (p less than .001) related to the practice of food supplementation
      was the belief that vitamin C could cure and prevent a cold. More users than non
      users agreed with the statement that "vitamin C can both prevent and cure a
      cold." Demographic variables found to be significantly (p less than .05) related
      to food supplement use included education, marital status, home type, employment
      status, and population of town/city in which the respondent resided. Food
      supplement users tended to be living together without marriage, never married, or
      divorced and living in town houses or "other" types of dwellings. More users than
      non-users resided in communities with populations of 2,500 or in communities with
      populations of 10,000 to 49,999.

PMID- 4008842
TI  - Mental status tests in geriatrics.

PMID- 4008844
TI  - Assessment of cognitive deficit in geriatric patients. A study of physician
      behavior.
AB  - A crucial factor in promoting a vigorous quality of life in the aging population
      is assessment and treatment of cognitive deficits. A very high percentage of
      delirium and at least 20% of dementia is eminently treatable. This study of
      patients over 65 years of age admitted to a university general hospital reveals
      that 79% of cognitive deficits were missed by the examining physicians.
      Furthermore, in 394 examinations of 165 patients, only four mental status
      examinations were recorded. A clear-cut cognitive deficit on admission was
      predictive of later acute episodes of confusion. The global techniques of
      evaluation deserve remediable action by medical schools and hospital training
      programs if the medical care of the elderly is to be improved.

PMID- 4008843
TI  - Use of influenza vaccine in nursing homes.
AB  - The organization and outcome of influenza immunization programs were studied in
      67 randomly or systematically selected nursing homes (8354 residents) in six
      states during the autumn of 1982 and/or 1983. In each home, influenza vaccine was
      usually offered to all residents on a voluntary basis, independent of their age,
      level of required nursing care, or underlying medical conditions. However, the
      proportion of residents who were vaccinated ranged from 8 to 98% (mean, 62%
      overall), with significantly lower rates in homes that also required consent from
      relatives (usually by return mail) than in homes that did not (P less than
      .00001; median, 57 versus 90%, respectively). These observations suggest that
      distribution of educational materials about the risks and benefits of influenza
      vaccine and systematic follow-up of relatives who fail to return the consent form
      may be useful strategies to further increase the number of nursing home residents
      who are immunized.

PMID- 4008845
TI  - Academic affiliation with a nursing home. Impact on patient outcome.
AB  - In a prospective study, 46 patients discharged from a teaching hospital to a
      "teaching unit" nursing home, where primary medical care was provided by faculty
      geriatricians, medical students, and medical housestaff, were compared with 78
      similar patients discharged to one of five community nursing homes without a
      teaching affiliation. At the time of hospital discharge, patients were determined
      to have a terminal, rehabilitative, or long stay prognosis based on a review of
      hospital discharge summaries using specific criteria. Among 34 study and 55
      control patients with a long stay prognosis, ten of the study group compared with
      seven of the control group returned home (P = .03). Seven of 34 long stay
      patients in the study group were rehospitalized, while 15 of a matched control
      group of 34 required hospitalization (P = .04). There was no increase in
      mortality or emergency service use in the study population. Patients considered
      to be terminal or rehabilitative showed no difference in ultimate outcome or
      hospital use. In the study group patients experienced an average reduction in
      total medications prescribed from 6.2 to 5.3, while patients in the control group
      had an increase from 5.4 medications prescribed to 7.6 (P less than .001). Of 16
      study patients discharged from the teaching unit nursing home, all remained home
      at least three months after discharge; only 12 of 18 control group patients
      discharged from the nursing home remained at home at three months (P less than
      .01). Long-term care by geriatric faculty, students, and housestaff appeared to
      have favorably influenced patient outcomes.

PMID- 4008846
TI  - Evaluation of urinary catheterization and urinary incontinence in a general
      nursing home population.
AB  - The medical records of 412 residents of three southeastern Massachusetts nursing
      homes were reviewed to examine the frequency and medical management of urinary
      incontinence and the indications for chronic urinary catheterization. The mean
      age of the patients was 84.1 years. In this study 9.7% of the patients were
      managed with a urinary catheter, while an indication for catheterization was
      recorded in the medical records of only 27.5% of these patients. Half of the
      noncatheterized nursing home patients were transiently or permanently incontinent
      of urine, but were not catheterized. Incontinent patients without catheters were
      more likely to require assistance in toileting (75.5 v 26.1%) or to have
      bacteriuria (60.1 v 26.1%) than continent patients. Despite the frequency of
      urinary incontinence, this problem was included in the medical problem list of
      less than 5% of the incontinent nursing home patients. The authors conclude that
      urinary incontinence is a frequent medical problem in the nursing home
      population, but it is rarely recorded and evaluated as a medical problem.
      Furthermore, indications for urinary catheterization frequently are also not
      recorded. An explanation for this practice was not determined, but possibilities
      include a lack of physician knowledge of the evaluation and management of
      incontinence and a nonaggressive approach to such patients, given their other
      medical problems.

PMID- 4008847
TI  - Diagnosing dementia. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the mental status
      examination.
AB  - Investigators have reported poor recognition of dementia by primary physicians.
      For this reason, mental status examinations were performed on 72 demented and 144
      nondemented medical inpatients to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and
      predictive value of components of this examination in the diagnosis of dementia.
      Sensitivity of individual level-of-orientation items was low (15.3 to 56.9%),
      though specificity was high (91.7 to 100%). Sensitivity of several nonorientation
      items was high (80.6 to 100%), though specificity was low. A multivariate
      discriminant equation using both orientation and nonorientation items achieved
      high sensitivity (89.6% test cases, 87.5% validation cases) and specificity
      (78.1% test cases, 87.5% validation cases). Adding the easily obtained patient
      characteristic of age to the equation further increased sensitivity (95.8%,
      91.3%), while maintaining specificity (82.3%, 85.4%). From these results, it is
      concluded that the level-of-orientation screening examination used by clinicians
      to detect dementia is unacceptably insensitive. In contrast, a composite decision
      rule including nonorientation items achieves high sensitivity with relatively
      high specificity.

PMID- 4008848
TI  - Crohn's disease in the elderly. Prolonged delay in diagnosis.

PMID- 4008849
TI  - Infections in the aging population.

PMID- 4008850
TI  - Quinidine-induced organic mental disorders.

PMID- 4008851
TI  - Hydatid disease presenting with a bronchobiliary fistula.

PMID- 4008853
TI  - 1984 hospital and nursing home strike.

PMID- 4008852
TI  - The aging of populations: clinical care of the elderly.

PMID- 4008854
TI  - Preventive vision care.

PMID- 4008855
TI  - Selected perceptual norms and their relationship to reading in kindergarten and
      the primary grades.
AB  - This study provides standardized procedures and norms for four perceptual-motor
      tests and their correlations with readiness/reading in grades K-2. Theoretical
      constructs and cognitive implications underlying these tasks are discussed. One
      hundred forty-four normal children in grades K-2 were tested with the
      Tachistoscope, Divided Form Board, Grooved Pegboard, and Auditory-Visual
      Integration Test (AVIT), using standardized procedures. Norms including means,
      standard deviations, ranges of scores, and percentiles were established for each
      test at each grade level. Except for the AVIT, the correlations between the
      perceptual tasks and readiness or reading were not only strong in kindergarten,
      but remained significant in grades 1 and 2. The data suggests that as reading
      becomes more dependent upon language skills, cognition gradually becomes more
      dominant. Beyond grade 2, it appears that perception remains a necessary but not
      a sufficient condition for learning.

PMID- 4008856
TI  - Amiodarone keratopathy and lens opacities.
AB  - Amiodarone hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic drug which produces a keratopathy
      and anterior subcapsular lens opacities that are usually asymptomatic. Serial
      observations for eye findings were made in 21 patients on a daily dosage of 200
      600 mg for periods ranging from six months to three years. Corneal deposits
      developed in all 21 patients and anterior lens opacities developed in 12 of 20
      phakic patients. Resolving keratopathy was present in three patients for periods
      of at least seven to 20 months after amiodarone was discontinued.

PMID- 4008857
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis.

PMID- 4008858
TI  - Nearpoint visual stress: clinical implications.
AB  - A physiological model of nearpoint stress, based on autonomic arousal, was
      presented in a companion paper. This paper deals with clinical implications of
      the nearpoint stress model, including clinical manifestations, adaptive responses
      to nearpoint stress, and management of nearpoint stress-induced vision disorders.

PMID- 4008859
TI  - The relation of astigmatism and hyperopia (more effective plus).
AB  - Two-hundred and ninety eight high astigmatic refractive errors are reviewed in
      order to establish the clinical and theoretical relationship of high astigmatism
      to hyperopia. All methods of analysis demonstrated that high astigmatism and
      greater plus power are related.

PMID- 4008861
TI  - Using consultants shows you the forest.

PMID- 4008860
TI  - A current analysis of optometric residency programs.
AB  - Optometric residency programs were introduced into the profession in the 1970's
      and have proliferated markedly since that time. The philosophy of residency
      programs in general is included as well as a summary of currently offered
      residencies in optometry. Additional information including areas of program
      emphasis, the "typical" residency program and compensation levels are provided.
      An assessment of the advantages for the continuance of current programs and
      future expansion of optometric residency opportunities is discussed.

PMID- 4008862
TI  - Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. An epidemiological study of the 1971-1972
      outbreak.
AB  - Following the Iraq methylmercury poisoning epidemic in 1971-72, surveys were
      conducted on selected rural populations to determine the extent of exposure to
      methylmercury. It was calculated that 40% of those receiving treated grain will
      have consumed it. Study of death registries in three provincial capitals and
      their Qada centers reveals that, in the year November 1971 to October 1972, more
      deaths occurred than in the corresponding period of other years. These deaths
      were in addition to the 459 deaths which occurred in hospitals. Deaths for the 1
      10 and 11-20 year age groups during the year 1971-72 were four-fold higher than
      the mean of the two preceding and two following years. However, when adjusted for
      the age distribution of the population, no one age group had a statistically
      significant higher incidence of poisoning. Registered live births decreased in
      1973, the year following the epidemic, but, at the present time, there is not
      sufficient information to know the significance of this decrease.

PMID- 4008863
TI  - The effect of handling techniques on serum ALT activity in mice.
AB  - The effect of handling mice by the tail or by the body on serum alanine
      transaminase (ALT) activity was investigated in normal mice and in mice
      pretreated with a known hepatotoxin. In normal mice, the mean ALT activity 1 h
      after grasping the body was almost four times greater than in the control (not
      handled) and tail-handled groups. However, when ALT analyses were repeated 1 week
      later, all groups were equivalent. In mice given a hepatotoxic dose of 30 mg kg-1
      carbon tetrachloride, the mean ALT activity was approximately three times greater
      in mice handled by the body than in mice grasped by the tail only. Handling mice
      by the body may reduce the usefulness of ALT activity as a measure of
      hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 4008864
TI  - Dermal absorption of pesticides calculated by deconvolution.
AB  - Using published human data on skin-to-urine and blood-to-urine transfer of 12
      pesticides and herbicides, the skin-to-blood transfer rates for each compound
      were estimated by two numerical deconvolution techniques. Regular constrained
      deconvolution produced an estimated upper limit on cumulative dermal absorption
      of the radiolabel, while minimized deconvolution produced an upper bound on
      cumulative dermal absorption of parent compound. Dermal absorption rate was
      largest within 8 h of dosing for all pesticides examined. Only carbaryl showed a
      lag (3.5 h) in penetration. This may indicate a prolonged transit time through
      skin or a chemical transformation in skin has occurred. After onset, absorption
      occurred rapidly with 45% of the 120 h cumulative absorption occurring in 8 h.
      For parathion and dieldrin, over 50% of the 120 h total absorption occurred in
      the first 4 h. The deconvolution technique described here permits the calculation
      of the temporal aspect of dermal absorption for linear systems.

PMID- 4008865
TI  - The effect of Alcide, a new antimicrobial drug, on rat blood glutathione and
      erythrocyte osmotic fragility, in vitro.
AB  - Alcide is an antimicrobial drug which has been demonstrated to kill a variety of
      common pathogenic bacteria as well as fungi, in vitro. This agent is supplied in
      liquid and gel forms and consists of two parts, one of which contains sodium
      chlorite, while the other contains lactic acid as the active ingredients. Mixing
      of the two parts prior to use produces chlorine dioxide (ClO2), a strong
      oxidizing agent. A dose-dependent decrease in glutathione content and erythrocyte
      osmotic fragility occurred after incubation of whole blood with Alcide.
      Glutathione concentration and erythrocyte osmotic fragility approached the
      control values after 240 min of incubation with Alcide containing 1 mM NaClO2.
      The addition of exogenous glutathione (50 mg 100 ml-1) or glutathione reductase
      and NADPH to rat blood in the presence of Alcide returned erythrocyte osmotic
      fragility to control values. Treatment of rat blood with Alcide did not change
      glutathione reductase or glutathione peroxidase activities after 1 h of
      incubation.

PMID- 4008866
TI  - Alveolar permeability to protein in rats differentially susceptible to ozone.
AB  - Sprague-Dawley rats susceptible (DS) to NaCl-induced hypertension suffer higher
      mortality when exposed daily to 2.0 ppm ozone than do hypertension-resistant (DR)
      rats, independent of salt in the diet or systemic blood pressure. To investigate
      one possible contribution to this differential sensitivity to ozone, alveolar
      permeabilities to serum albumin were measured both in ozone-exposed and in
      control DS and DR rats. Female rats aged 5-7 weeks maintained on a low-salt (0.4%
      NaCl) diet were injected intravenously with 125I-bovine serum albumin and were
      then exposed to either 2.0 ppm ozone or air for 5 h. After pentobarbital
      anesthesia, the rats were exsanguinated and their lungs were lavaged in situ with
      saline. Lavage fluids and blood samples were measured for radioactivity using a
      NaI-well gamma counter. The results indicated that while DS and DR control rats
      have similar pulmonary permeabilities to 125I-albumin, the lungs of the ozone
      exposed DS animals were 63% (p less than 0.02) more permeable than those of DR
      rats exposed to ozone. Sloughing of epithelial tissue, mucous formation and an
      accumulation of macrophages in the end-airways were more pronounced among ozone
      exposed DS animals than in DR-ozone-exposed rats. This increased damage among DS
      rats correlated well with the increased protein permeability levels. In similar
      studies, Sprague-Dawley (D) rats were more variable in their response to ozone
      than either inbred strain. However, the results appeared generally more like
      those of the DS animals, suggesting that the trait selected by inbreeding may
      have been resistance rather than sensitivity to ozone-induced lung injury.

PMID- 4008867
TI  - Radioactive methionine: determination, and distribution of radioactivity in the
      sulfur, methyl and 4-carbon moieties.
AB  - A simple and inexpensive method is described for isolation and determination of
      [14C]methionine in the non-protein fraction of tissues extensively labeled with
      14C. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated by isolation of non-protein
      [14C]methionine (as the carboxymethylsulfonium salt) of proven radiopurity from
      the plant Lemna which had been grown for a number of generations on [U
      14C]sucrose and contained a 2000-fold excess of 14C in undefined non-protein
      compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first reported assay for radioactive
      methionine under these demanding conditions. This method also offers an
      attractive alternative to the use of more expensive and sophisticated equipment
      for assay of radioactive methionine under less demanding conditions. An advantage
      is that the isolated methioninecarboxymethylsulfonium salt is readily degraded to
      permit separate determination of radioactivity in the 4-carbon, methyl and sulfur
      moieties of methionine. During this work, a facile labilization of 3H attached to
      the (carboxy)methylene carbon of methioninecarboxymethylsulfonium salt was
      observed. This labilization is ascribed to formation of a sulfur ylid.

PMID- 4008868
TI  - An approach to NMR studies of the metabolism of internal organs using surface
      coils.
AB  - This communication describes a surgical preparation of experimental animals to
      permit NMR spectroscopic studies of the metabolism of internal organs. In the
      procedure developed, the layer of protective muscle directly above the organ is
      removed, but the skin is left intact. NMR studies of the metabolism of the organ
      can then be carried out using surface coils placed externally over the herniated
      area. Modified probe and stack designs for use with the surgically modified
      animals in a conventional NMR spectrometer are described. Phosphorus-31 NMR
      spectra of liver and kidney of the modified animals have been obtained, and data
      corresponding to the hepatic response to a load of fructose are presented.

PMID- 4008869
TI  - Separation and characterisation of light scattering transients from rod outer
      segments of vertebrate photoreceptors: design and performance of a Multi Angle
      Flash Photolysis Apparatus (MAFPA).
AB  - A device was built for the simple computer-controlled routine determination of
      the angular dependence of light scattering transients obtained from biological
      material. It was called Multi Angle Flash Photolysis Apparatus (MAFPA). The MAFPA
      allows the simultaneous registration of rapid, light-induced light scattering
      transients at eight scattering angles between 0 degree and 28 degrees. In typical
      applications changes in scattered light intensity as small as delta I/I = 4 X 10(
      5) can be resolved at scattering angles less than 24 degrees, while at 28 degrees
      the resolution drops to delta I/I = 2 X 10(-4). The time resolution is 32
      microseconds. The MAFPA was designed for high accuracy, ease of use and
      ruggedness. It is made from relatively inexpensive parts and can be copied fairly
      easily by a good machine/electronics shop. In this communication we describe the
      design of the MAFPA and how it was used for the characterisation of four
      structurally distinct light-induced light scattering signals from photoreceptor
      rod outer segments. These signals are known as P (or binding) signal, G- (or
      dissociation) signal, N (or rhodopsin) signal and as the ATP-dependent signal AL.
      The signals have been separated by means of their different angular dependence,
      their different saturation behavior and nucleotide requirement. A great number of
      detailed studies will have to be carried out before one can fully understand the
      physical and biochemical origin of these signals. At this point, however, it can
      be stated that the so-called 'dissociation signal', showing an angular dependence
      indicative of a change in refractive index or scattering mass, is not merely an
      inversion of the preceding 'binding signal', the latter clearly reflecting a
      gross structural change, i.e. a shrinkage of the disks. Moreover, there are
      conditions where P signals are observed to persist even after the completion of
      the subsequent dissociation signals. The two remaining signals N and AL show a
      pronounced angular dependence which is not easily interpreted. The fact that both
      exhibit a maximal amplitude at relatively small angles seems to indicate the
      participation of rather large structural domains.

PMID- 4008871
TI  - An accessory equipment for measuring pH in small vials.

PMID- 4008870
TI  - Modification of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase assay.
AB  - Methods are presented that describe alternative protocols for the isolation of
      rat liver microsomes containing the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and the
      procedure in which the solubilized enzyme is assayed. The method for determining
      the rate of 14CO2 incorporation into low molecular weight, acid soluble
      substrates by the rat liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase has been
      modified in order to optimize safety, accuracy and simplicity. For these studies
      the rat liver microsomes containing the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase were
      isolated by CaCl2 precipitation. These Triton X-100 solubilized microsomes were
      found to be equivalent to the microsomes obtained by high speed
      ultracentrifugation with regard to protein concentration, pentapeptide
      carboxylase activity, carboxylase activity, preprothrombin concentration and
      total carboxylatable endogenous protein substrate. This modified assay procedure
      requires fewer steps and pipetting transfers and is quantitatively equivalent to
      previously employed protocols. The described technique can be adapted for any
      assay where 14CO2 or H14CO3- is incorporated into non-volatile products. This
      newly developed assay procedure was employed to assess conditions necessary for
      optimal vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of the less expensive substrate, N-t
      Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester. The optimal conditions for the
      carboxylation of N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester by the carboxylase
      were found to be 10 mM N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester, 10 mM MgCl2 at
      15-18 degrees C. The rate of N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester
      carboxylation under these optimized conditions was found to be higher (1.5-fold)
      than the rate of carboxylation of 1 mM Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Ile in the presence of the
      cation activator, MgCl2.

PMID- 4008872
TI  - [Simultaneous horizontal and vertical surgery in esotropia].
AB  - The vertical syndrome depends on the triple action of the vertical muscles and
      includes vertical, alphabetical and torsional patterns; this syndrome is of major
      importance in the diagnosis and treatment of esotropia. We advise routine
      simultaneous surgery of the horizontal and vertical components. In congenital and
      early esotropias which occur before one year of age, extensive tests of sensorial
      evaluation cannot be carried out before three years of age and the vertical
      syndrome should therefore upon automatically be operated whatever its severity.
      The advantage of this type of surgery is unquestionable for removal of obstacles
      preventing recovery of a form of binocular vision. In acquired esotropias when
      good sensorial conditions (fusion, N.R.C., stereopsis) may be elicited after
      three years of age and when there is a minor vertical syndrome, vertical surgery
      might be considered as optional, but as vertical surgery is not dangerous, it can
      only be regarded as beneficial. With our surgical technique we obtain successful
      long-term results for horizontal deviation, which improves progressively (83%);
      vertical and alphabetical patterns improve in similar proportions (65 and 64%
      respectively). Surgical results depend on which of the following two forms of
      esotropia is present: in congenital and early esotropias a form of binocular
      vision with an angle of anomaly occurs almost without exception; in acquired
      esotropias a form of binocular vision without an angle of anomaly sometimes
      occurs. Overcorrections require second stage operation, which are simple and
      nonmutilating when the removal of convex glasses or the use of concave glasses
      does not reduce secondary exodeviation. Successful results of post-operative
      fusion confirm the beneficial influence of surgery on the vertical
      syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008873
TI  - [Unusual associations of pattern dystrophies].
AB  - Pattern dystrophies are a group of inherited abnormalities of the macular pigment
      epithelium. They include reticular, macroreticular and butterfly-wing
      dystrophies. Several cases of pattern dystrophies associated with other diseases
      are reported. In one patient with reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment
      epithelium this was combined with congenital hereditary deafness. Both affections
      were probably transmitted by a single pleiotropic gene. Apart from the typical
      reticular pattern in the macula there were atrophic areas that could have
      resulted from progression of the dystrophy. The two other cases were from the
      same family, one member showing macroreticular dystrophy associated with
      vitelliform macular dystrophy, and another a butterfly-wing dystrophy. These
      findings confirm the observation that different pattern dystrophies can occur in
      the same family and prove that such lesions can be associated with vitelliform
      dystrophy. The hypothesis is raised that pattern dystrophies and vitelliform
      dystrophy, although presently described as different clinical entities, are a
      single disease expressed in various manners.

PMID- 4008874
TI  - [Generalities on Chlamydia. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic applications].

PMID- 4008875
TI  - [The Pisa Endocrinology Seminar. Pisa, 31 May-1 June 1985. Abstracts of
      communications].

PMID- 4008876
TI  - Different course of acute hepatitis B in elderly adults.
AB  - A retrospective study on 50 young and 35 aged patients with acute hepatitis B was
      performed. Clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated. The most
      significant results obtained in the aged group when compared with the young were
      longer hospitalization, less elevated serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum
      bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase significantly higher, lower IgM and higher IgA
      levels. The results indicate that acute hepatitis B in elderly adults is
      characterized by a milder liver cell necrosis and a hypercholestatic pattern. The
      possible causes for these features are discussed.

PMID- 4008877
TI  - Sleep apnea and periodic movements in an aging sample.
AB  - Individuals 65 years of age and older were randomly selected, from a primarily
      white upper-class population, to participate in a study of sleep disorders in
      elderly adults. One hundred forty-five volunteers had a brief telephone
      interview, a home interview, and a portable sleep recording using the Medilog and
      Respitrace systems. By research classifications, we found that 18% of the elderly
      participants had sleep apnea (apnea index greater than 5), 34% had periodic
      movements in sleep (myoclonus index greater than 5) (PMS), and 10% had both sleep
      apnea and PMS. These were not clinical diagnoses. The home recording indicated
      that the individuals with PMS slept significantly less than other older adults.

PMID- 4008878
TI  - Living arrangements and dietary patterns of older adults in the United States.
AB  - Living arrangements and dietary patterns were examined for 3,477 adults aged 65
      to 74 from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1971 to
      1974 (NHANES I). Several indicators of dietary variety, diet composition, and
      energy and nutrient intake from both the 24-hour recall, and the dietary
      frequency questionnaires were analyzed. Dietary patterns of older men were
      associated more strongly with type of living arrangement and income compared with
      older women. Men living with a spouse consistently had more favorable dietary
      patterns than either those living alone or those living with someone other than a
      spouse. Low income men who were not living with a spouse were at highest risk of
      poor dietary intake. Income was associated more consistently with the dietary
      indicators than type of living arrangement for women. Income, however, was still
      a less consistent influence on dietary patterns of older women compared to older
      men.

PMID- 4008879
TI  - Tests of the neural noise hypothesis of age-related cognitive change.
AB  - Three predictions were derived from the assumption that with increased age there
      is a decrease in the effective signal-to-noise ratio of neural representations of
      visually presented stimuli. Although the results from manipulations designed to
      examine the internal consistency of the predictions were quite positive, the
      predicted age differences failed to appear in two of the three dependent
      measures. Because the same pattern was found in two independent studies and
      estimates of measurement reliability and statistical power were moderately high,
      it was concluded that at least some versions of the neural-noise hypothesis of
      cognitive changes with age may be untenable and that more effort should be
      devoted to devising experimentally testable implications of the hypothesis.

PMID- 4008880
TI  - Adult age differences in memory elaboration.
AB  - Two experiments tested the hypothesis that elderly adults conduct less
      elaboration of information to be learned than young adults. In Experiment 1,
      young and elderly adults were tested for free and context-cued recall of target
      words embedded in sentences ending in relevant (precise) or irrelevant
      (imprecise) elaborations. In Experiment 2, young and elderly adults were tested
      for recall of words in sentences for which relevant or irrelevant elaborations
      were provided or sentences for which relevant or irrelevant elaborations were
      generated by the participants. They were also tested for memory of the
      elaborations themselves. Elderly adults showed as much benefit from the provision
      of relevant elaborations as young adults but were less likely to generate
      relevant elaborations. The results reflect age-related differences in elaborating
      stimulus words in terms of previous knowledge and in encoding specific attributes
      of sentence contexts.

PMID- 4008881
TI  - Sex differences in the structure of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale
      Scale.
AB  - This research examined sex differences in the factorial structure of the
      Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. In particular, we view the covariance
      structure of the scale items as a function of several parameter matrices. We
      analyzed the factorial invariance by testing hypotheses involving the equivalence
      constraints of one or more parameter matrices in the male and female populations.
      Data for this research came from the 1968 National Senior Citizens Survey.
      Analysis of covariance structures (or LISREL) was used to assess the factorial
      invariance of the scale. We found some statistically significant sex differences
      in the first-order factor loadings and measurement error variances.
      Substantively, however, these differences are less important.

PMID- 4008882
TI  - Social networks, stress, and physical health: a longitudinal study of an inner
      city elderly population.
AB  - Research examining the relationship between social networks, stress, and physical
      symptoms has been limited by rudimentary network measures and the lack of
      longitudinal data. Using 19 network variables, the authors followed 133 elderly
      residents of mid-Manhattan hotels for 1 year. The findings indicated that social
      networks exert a direct effect on reducing subsequent physical symptoms.
      Moreover, social networks also act to reduce symptoms by buffering the effect of
      increased levels of stress. Of clinical relevance was the finding that combining
      knowledge of patients' social networks with their current health status predicts
      their future health status with an exceedingly high degree of certainty.
      Consequently, intervention to reinforce a network can be as clinically
      significant as implementing a medical procedure.

PMID- 4008883
TI  - Loneliness among the elderly: a causal approach.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop and assess a causal model of loneliness
      among a national probability sample of noninstitutionalized elderly adults. Path
      analysis was used to test the causal model. The findings indicated that marital
      status, self-perceived health status, income, social activity levels, and a sense
      of social fulfillment directly predict feelings of loneliness. The social
      fulfillment variable, however, was the most important predictor. An interesting
      finding was that age had no notable direct or indirect effect on feelings of
      loneliness.

PMID- 4008884
TI  - A recursive model of economic well-being in retirement.
AB  - Although investigators have identified some of the social and economic forces
      that influence levels of economic resources among elderly adults, little has been
      done to organize these factors into predictive lifespan models of economic well
      being. Applying path analysis to data on retiring workers from the Panel Study of
      Income Dynamics, the present research offers a beginning recursive model. It
      traces the influences of demographic/family background, human capital, and work
      related characteristics on economic position in retirement. Controlling for
      differences in labor force participation and other human capital measures, race
      and family background lose their direct significance, whereas sex remains
      directly significant in predicting economic resource levels for recently retired
      workers. In addition, the model estimates the direct and indirect effects played
      by industrial sector location and social class position. In total the
      structurally based capital attainment model explains 65% of the variance in a
      measure of economic well-being that includes retirement income and wealth.

PMID- 4008885
TI  - The status of age: preliminary results.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that there is an inverted U curve of status or
      prestige across the lifespan in Western culture. Although several theorists have
      suggested that young and old persons are accorded less status than the middle
      aged, almost no empirical evidence exists on this subject. The factorial survey
      method was used to measure perceptions of the status of ages 5 to 100 for men and
      women. A set of 28 age by sex profiles were rated by 334 students. Ratings were
      made on a 7-point category scale. The data fit the theoretical predictions
      extremely well, with one notable exception. Very high ratings were given to 100
      year-old people by almost half of the respondents. This anomaly was probably due
      to the rarity of centenarians.

PMID- 4008886
TI  - [Cancer of the endometrium and radiotherapy. Review of 280 patients treated at
      the Institut Bordet].
AB  - 280 patients were treated at the Institute Bordet between 1963 and 1977 for
      endometrial carcinoma. 149 patients had radiotherapy alone, 65 patients had
      radiotherapy before operation and 66 patients after operation. Radiation alone
      was reserved for those patients whose operative risk was very serious. Five year
      survival was 49.6% after irradiation alone in Stage I tumours (A "packing"
      technique was used to deliver the radiation therapy). 22.7% of these patients
      died of intercurrent diseases. The majority of the recurrences were in the
      uterus. This series confirms the prognostic importance of the clinical staging,
      of the length of the uterine cavity and the degree of differentiation of the
      tumour. The five year survival rate after postoperative irradiation is 75%, and
      84% after preoperative irradiation. Though the association of surgery with
      irradiation gives better results for those patients who can be operated on, it
      must be pointed out that radiotherapy alone gives a chance of curing an important
      percentage of patients whose surgical risk is in a major category.

PMID- 4008887
TI  - [The composition of connective tissue in the normal and fibrocystic breast].
AB  - A recent immunofluorescent study has tried to define the precise nature of the
      macromolecules present in the connective tissue of normal and fibrocystic
      breasts. Nothing abnormal has been found in the distribution of the different
      types of collagen and of the two glycoproteins, namely fibronectin and laminin. A
      quantitative approach to the research into the composition of the organ has
      brought us to realise that there are different amounts of the constituents of the
      connective tissue to be found in 80 samples which have been taken from 4 specific
      regions of the breast. These have been taken from 16 women aged between 28 and 82
      with a mean age of 57 years. Their breasts could be ascribed to different
      clinical and radiological categories. We have been able to show that there is a
      significant rise in the water content as well as in the collagen content and, to
      a lesser degree, in the total proteins of the body of the breast as compared with
      the fatty layer in front of the breast. This increase is compensated for by a
      significant lessening in the percentage of lipids. It was not possible to
      demonstrate a statistically significant difference between these two regions as
      far as the concentration of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Fibrous types of
      breast have, in the main body of the breast, a significant increase in the
      percentage of water, collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins as compared with
      fatty breasts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008888
TI  - [The morphogenesis of vaginal diaphragms. New data].
AB  - The authors have studied seventeen fetuses which were stillborn as a result of
      late abortion or premature labour due to cervical incompetence. The authors
      examined the theory that suggests that the vagina is developed from the
      urogenital sinus and Mullerian duct. That theory holds that it is failure of
      canalization of the junction of the sinus and the duct that causes transverse
      septum formation in the vagina. According to the authors of this paper this
      theory does not explain how septum are formed at different places in the vagina
      and how it is transverse septa are not formed in the uterus. This study allows
      them to suggest that the vagina itself is formed by a plaque which is entirely
      originally from the sinus, and that it is because of a failure of this plaque to
      break down completely leaving behind vestigial shreds to cause these septa to
      appear in the vagina.

PMID- 4008889
TI  - [Free uterine autograft fragments interposed on the opposite uterine horn in the
      female rat].
AB  - Vascularised grafts of the tubes have practically been given up now that such
      progress has been made by in vitro fertilisation. All the same, the possibility
      of non-vascularised grafts must still exist. We have carried out an experimental
      study on the uterus of rats. A piece of the uterus 1 cm long was taken from each
      cornu. After switching the right to the left and vice versa, the grafts were sewn
      into new sites, either the right way up or the wrong way up, using a
      microsurgical suture technique. Three out of 20 animals that were operated on
      became pregnant after having been serviced by the male, of which one was pregnant
      in both horns. This success was usually associated with putting the graft in the
      right way round and with an absence of intra-peritoneal adhesions. Of those uteri
      that did not become pregnant only one had an almost normal histological
      appearance. All the other had lesions suggestive of more or less severe
      progressive inflammatory changes or of scar tissue formation. Much more work will
      be necessary to improve these results for this type of grafting before they can
      be used in women, whether they be auto or allografts. The main good result from
      this technique would derive from its ease of operation and eventually a reduction
      in immunological problems that arise from allografts.

PMID- 4008890
TI  - [Current anatomo-clinical aspects of genital tuberculosis in women. Apropos of 49
      cases].
AB  - Genital tuberculosis is a rare disease in Anglo-Saxon countries but it is still
      present in our country in spite of a small reduction in the numbers due to the
      advent of anti-tuberculous drugs and of BCG. Our study derived from 49 cases
      histories shows that this is an illness that affects young women who become
      absolutely infertile. Laparoscopy, hysterosalpingography and biopsy of the
      endometrium are the most efficient ways to make the diagnosis quickly. While anti
      tuberculous treatment given routinely is very good at curing the tuberculous
      infection, it does not improve the prognosis for fertility. Finally, very few
      cases are diagnosed on screening and it is important to continue the fight to
      eradicate this disease. The most effective measure among others is vaccination
      with BCG.

PMID- 4008891
TI  - [Extrauterine pregnancy: epidemiologic, diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic
      aspects. Apropos of 117 cases reviewed between April 1976 and September 1976].
AB  - This is a retrospective study carried out on 117 cases of extra-uterine pregnancy
      that occurred between 1976 and 1983. The authors review the different aspects of
      the pathological aetiology, the diagnoses, the treatments and the prognoses for
      this condition. Over all the incidence was 1 in 105 deliveries but this incidence
      had increased greatly to 1 in 68 in the last two years. The most frequent cause
      that was found was pelvic inflammatory disease in 42% of cases. 32% were
      recurrent cases of inflammatory disease and there is a correlation between
      ectopic pregnancy on the right side and previous appendicectomy. About a quarter
      of all the patients could have conservative surgery which the follow-up shows
      does increase the likelihood of fertility but also 37% of these had recurrent
      ectopic pregnancies. The discussion, which is supported by a review of the recent
      literature, points out that there is a recrudescence of extra-uterine pregnancy.
      It also shows how important it is to look out for this condition and what the
      risks are of conservative surgery. The indication for the latter should take into
      account many factors including the age, the general condition, the parity, the
      fertility, the wish for a pregnancy and the state and condition of the tube on
      each side.

PMID- 4008892
TI  - [Pregnancy and lithiasis of the upper urinary tract. Clinical aspects and
      therapeutic management].
AB  - Upper urinary tract calculi can be difficult to diagnose and to treat. One has to
      be aware that there is a risk for the mother which is often not recognized in the
      long term. The authors describe 17 cases of pregnant women aged between 20 and 33
      who were treated for calculi in the Urological Service in Poitiers. They were
      diagnosed at different stages of pregnancy and a few had a previous urological
      history. The women presented in different ways, several of them with urinary
      colic and 10 with urinary colic and fever. Urinary tract infection and
      septicaemia also occurred. Six patients passed the stones spontaneously. The rest
      had to be treated by some form of operation, either during the pregnancy or
      afterwards, including one case of a patient who had to have her kidney and ureter
      removed and another who had to have a kidney removed. One patient had to have an
      emergency caesarean section for fetal distress although she had had stone removed
      at the 20th week of pregnancy. It is not possible to know from this series the
      incidence of stones in the tract. Various theories of the formation of the
      stones, including the anatomical changes that occur in the urinary tract in
      pregnancy, are suggested and these include the hormonal theory of dilatation of
      the ureters as well as the mechanical theory of changes in the course of the
      ureters. There are also likely to be changes in the phosphocalcium metabolism.
      Pain in the lumbar and lower abdominal region is the most frequent symptom
      occurring in 90-100% of cases and urinary tract infection is common.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008893
TI  - [Reflexions on a new generation of oral contraceptives].
AB  - Recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the risk of vascular disease
      in those who have ever used oral contraceptives is lower if their oestrogen and
      progestogen content is reduced. They have also spelled out the importance of
      additional risk factors (age, smoking...) which act synergistically with the
      contraceptive risk. New generation low-dose combined oral contraceptives (OCs)
      are not only characterized by the low content of their steroid components, but
      also by an adaptation of the chemical nature of the progestogen used and a
      carefully chosen oestrogen/progestogen ratio. These new OCs effectively inhibit
      gonadal function and ovulation, and exhibit much fewer untoward metabolic effects
      than higher dose contraceptive preparations. Pertinent recent data on the
      lessened metabolic effects of new combined OCs are reviewed, with an emphasis on
      the effects of low-dose combinations currently available in France and Belgium.

PMID- 4008894
TI  - The rate of production of lung liquid in fetal goats, and the effect of expansion
      of the lungs.
AB  - Fetal goats (95-155 days of gestation), delivered by Caesarian section, under
      chloralose (50 mg/kg), with intact umbilical cords, were monitored for lung fluid
      production by an impermeant tracer method. The average rate of production was
      13.4 +/- 2.3 ml/h, or 6.0 +/- 0.9 ml/h per kg. Production rose exponentially
      towards birth, by both parameters, significant P less than 0.0001 (ml/h), or P
      less than 0.0005 (ml/h per kg). This indicated an increase in lung liquid
      production due to both growth and increased activity of the tissues. However,
      considerable individual variability, even between twins, suggested that this
      general pattern was modulated by physiological requirements. In 14 fetuses (plus
      12 controls), expansion of the lungs with volumes of saline similar to those of
      the first inspirations (saline, 15-40 ml, matched to the optical density of the
      lung fluid; inspiration by spirometer, 20-25 ml), caused reduction of secretion
      or reabsorption of fluid. Secretion changed to reabsorption at about 50%
      expansion, and the probable physiological limit was estimated at 62-68%
      expansion. The logarithm of the % fall in production was linearly related to the
      % expansion (r = 0.88; P less than 0.0001); therefore, small expansions
      (equivalent to intrauterine breathing) would have little effect, but larger
      changes such as first breaths, would produce rapidly escalating effects. Controls
      showed no similar activity. Changes in Na+ and Cl- ions are in parallel to those
      of water. However, K+ ions moved into the lungs after expansion, in the opposite
      direction to Na+ ions, and against their concentration gradient. It is suggested
      that expansion of the lungs activates a Na+/K+ ATP-ase pump to aid reabsorption
      of salt and water at birth.

PMID- 4008895
TI  - The effect of maternal fluid intake on the volume and composition of fetal urine.
AB  - The effects on fetal renal function of restricting maternal water intake to 1
      l/day for 6 days was investigated in 7 chronically-catheterized fetuses
      (gestation age 118-131 days). Restriction of water intake caused a significant
      decrease in maternal urine flow rate and significant increases in maternal plasma
      and urinary osmolality. Fetal renal function was investigated on the third and
      sixth days of the period of restricted maternal intake of water. Urine flow rate
      from the fetus was depressed significantly, and urinary osmolality increased
      significantly. The glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged, and free water
      clearance was decreased. These changes indicate increased water reabsorption in
      the distal parts of the nephron, probably consequent upon increased circulating
      levels of antidiuretic hormone. In 3 fetuses whose mothers subsequently had free
      access to water, these changes in urine flow rate and free water clearance that
      occurred during water restriction were reversed. There was an inverse correlation
      between maternal plasma osmolality and fetal free water clearance corrected for
      glomerular filtration rate. It is concluded that when water intake by a pregnant
      animal is restricted, the availability of water to the fetus is reduced and fetal
      sheep respond by producing a concentrated urine.

PMID- 4008896
TI  - Changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold with stimulation of cardiac
      sympathetic nerves of the developing dog.
AB  - The effect of stimulation of the developing cardiac sympathetic nerves on the
      vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation was investigated in 50 puppies 1 to 6
      weeks of age. Ventricular fibrillation thresholds were obtained before and during
      sympathetic nerve stimulation. Stimulation of either stellate ganglion increased
      ventricular fibrillation threshold, possibly due to diffuse functional
      innervation in pups. The effect of the left stellate increased progressively with
      age, whereas the effect of the right, although initially greater than that of the
      left, did not increase further with age. In contrast, stimulation of the left
      ventrolateral cardiac nerve, which is locally distributed, resulted in decreased
      ventricular fibrillation threshold. This decrease was progressively greater with
      age. The fact that activation of the left stellate ganglion and the left
      ventrolateral cardiac nerve affects ventricular fibrillation threshold in
      opposite directions suggests different sympathetically mediated changes on
      ventricular vulnerability in early life. The differing temporal patterns of
      maturation and the localized nature of the major distal branch distributions
      could provide a mechanism for promotion of arrhythmiogenesis under some
      conditions in early life.

PMID- 4008897
TI  - Lactate uptake by the fetal sheep liver.
AB  - Lactate is produced by the sheep placenta and is an important metabolic substrate
      for fetal sheep. However, lactate uptake and release by the fetal liver have not
      been assessed directly. We measured lactate flux across the liver in 16 fetal
      sheep at 129 (120-138) days gestation that had catheters chronically maintained
      in the fetal descending aorta, inferior vena cava, right or left hepatic vein,
      and umbilical vein. Lactate and hemoglobin concentrations and oxygen saturation
      were measured in blood drawn from all vessels. Umbilical venous, portal venous,
      and hepatic blood flow were measured by injecting radionuclide-labeled
      microspheres into the umbilical vein while obtaining a reference sample from the
      descending aorta. We found net hepatic uptake of lactate (5.0 +/- 4.4 mg/min per
      100 g liver). A large quantity of lactate was delivered to the liver (94.2 +/-
      78.1 mg/min per 100 g), so that the hepatic extraction of lactate was only 7.7 +/
      6.5%. Hepatic oxygen consumption was 3.18 +/- 3.3 ml/min per 100 g, and the
      hepatic lactate/oxygen quotient was 2.07 +/- 1.54. There was no significant
      correlation between hepatic lactate uptake and hepatic lactate or glucose
      delivery, hepatic oxygen consumption, hepatic blood flow, hepatic glucose flux,
      total body oxygen consumption, arterial pH, oxygen content, or oxygen saturation.
      There was, however, a significant correlation between hepatic lactate uptake and
      umbilical lactate uptake (r = 0.74, P less than 0.005) such that net hepatic
      lactate uptake was nearly equivalent to that produced across the umbilical
      placental circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008898
TI  - Gluconeogenesis by the fetal sheep liver in vivo.
AB  - Hepatic gluconeogenesis is an important source of glucose postnatally. Whether
      hepatic gluconeogenesis contributes to fetal glucose supply has not been studied
      directly in vivo. Previous studies of gluconeogenesis in fetal sheep have
      assessed total fetal glucose production, and the results have been controversial.
      To assess the specific role of the liver in gluconeogenesis in fetal sheep, we
      placed catheters in the right or left hepatic vein, umbilical vein and the
      inferior vena cava of six fetal sheep (mean gestational age 134 days) and infused
      a radioactive gluconeogenic substrate (14C-lactate or 14C-alanine) into the fetal
      inferior vena cava. We measured 14C-glucose radioactivity (dpm/ml) in the right
      or left hepatic vein and calculated the arteriovenous difference in 14C-glucose
      radioactivity (dpm/ml) across the right or left liver lobe. We found that only
      0.35% of the 14C substrates perfusing either the right or the left hepatic lobe
      of the fetal liver were converted to 14C-glucose. Even when considerable glucose
      was released by the liver, the percentage of substrates converted to glucose
      remained very low (maximum 1.7%), indicating that gluconeogenesis did not
      contribute significantly to the glucose released. We conclude that
      gluconeogenesis by the fetal liver contributes negligibly to the glucose supply
      in fetal sheep.

PMID- 4008899
TI  - ORT III: a dilemma for policy makers, a confusion for parents.

PMID- 4008900
TI  - The enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio fluvialis isolated from aquatic sources in
      Thailand.

PMID- 4008901
TI  - A study of rotavirus diarrhoea in children in a north Indian community.

PMID- 4008902
TI  - Home-based education of mothers in treatment of diarrhoea with oral rehydration
      solution.

PMID- 4008903
TI  - Common source attack of S. mansoni in a Saudi family.

PMID- 4008904
TI  - The superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The disease that isn't, or is it?
AB  - Intestinal obstruction of the duodenum by entrapment between the aorta and the
      superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is an uncommon cause of megaduodenum. Despite
      many case reports, acceptance of the SMA syndrome as a clinical entity has been
      controversial on account of its confusion with other causes of megaduodenum. We
      therefore report a case of SMA syndrome which sharply exemplifies its clinical
      and anatomic features. The clinical findings are proximal duodenal obstruction
      with an abrupt cutoff and active peristalsis. The anatomic features of this
      entity are a narrow angle between the aorta and the SMA, together with high
      fixation of the duodenum by the ligament of Treitz and/or an anomalous SMA
      crossing directly over the aorta at its intersection with the duodenum. The SMA
      syndrome may occur as an acute self-limited event due to a reversible
      precipitating factor, or as a chronic recurring disorder. The acute form subsides
      with correction of the specific initiating factor; the chronic form responds
      favorably to simple surgical mobilization of the duodenum.

PMID- 4008905
TI  - Patient and physician in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 4008906
TI  - Endoscopic sensitivity in the detection of esophageal strictures.
AB  - Endoscopy was compared in 90 patients with a radiographic diagnosis of peptic
      esophageal stricture. Retrospectively, 78 strictures were classified as valid
      diagnoses giving a positive radiographic predictive value of 87%. Endoscopy
      diagnosed 74 (95%) of the 78 peptic strictures, detecting all 45 strictures under
      10 mm in caliber, but failing to detect four (12%) of 33 broader strictures. Nine
      (75%) of the 12 radiographic false-positive errors involved misinterpretation of
      muscular or mucosal rings of the lower esophagus. We conclude that endoscopy and
      radiology are equally effective and complementary methods for evaluating patients
      with suspected peptic stricture.

PMID- 4008907
TI  - Gastroesophageal scintigraphy: is it a sensitive screening test for
      gastroesophageal reflux disease?
AB  - Dynamic radionuclide imaging potentially offers a convenient, noninvasive
      technique for detecting gastroesophageal (GE) reflux disease. Initial studies
      suggested a high degree of sensitivity, although subsequent reports have been
      less encouraging. We sought to clarify this controversy by assessing the
      sensitivity of GE scintigraphy in 15 patients with severe esophagitis at
      endoscopy and 15 health volunteers. After acid loading, scintigraphy was
      performed in the basal state and after maneuvers (Valsalva, abdominal
      compression) which provoke GE reflux. Computer analysis permitted calculation of
      a reflux index for each maneuver. An index greater than 4% was considered a
      positive test. We found that the mean reflux index for the patients was
      significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than the healthy volunteers; 4.55 +/-
      1.75% versus 0.42 +/- 0.11%, means +/- S.E.M. Only 30% of the patients had a
      reflux greater than 4%. Using data from our healthy volunteers, we redefined an
      abnormal reflux index as greater than 1.7%, but that only improved the test
      sensitivity to 60% and the specificity to 100%. Scintigraphy for reflux is
      primarily limited by the short duration of imaging. We cannot recommend GE
      scintigraphy as a useful screening test for reflux.

PMID- 4008908
TI  - Pitfalls in the diagnosis of recurrent ulceration after surgery for peptic ulcer
      disease.
AB  - We have studied the accuracy of diagnostic methods in achieving a diagnosis in 75
      patients with 81 proven episodes of recurrent ulceration. When the endoscopic
      findings did not permit an accurate diagnosis, radiology usually provided no
      additional information. The sensitivity of a combined diagnostic approach was not
      different from that of endoscopy alone, and so the routine use of upper GI
      radiographs in addition to endoscopy should, therefore, be abandoned. We also
      assessed observer variation among endoscopists prospectively in 38 patients
      investigated for dyspepsia after operation for peptic ulcer. Major observer
      variation in diagnosing suspected recurrent ulceration occurred in 11% of
      patients, with a sensitivity and specificity higher than 77 and 94%,
      respectively. As not all the postoperative gastroduodenojejunal mucosal breaches
      are peptic, we suggest that acid output and enterogastric reflux assessments are
      useful diagnostic adjuncts to endoscopy.

PMID- 4008909
TI  - Outcome of toxic dilatation in ulcerative and Crohn's colitis.
AB  - A review of 1,236 patients admitted to The Mount Sinai Hospital with inflammatory
      bowel disease between 1960 and 1979 yielded 75 cases (6%) with toxic dilatation
      of the colon. There were 61 cases among 613 patients (10%) with ulcerative
      colitis (UC), and 14 of 623 (2.3%) with Crohn's disease (CD). Fifty-nine of the
      75 patients (79%) underwent surgery during their hospitalization with toxic
      dilatation. Twelve of the 75 patients (16%) died. Both UC and CD groups had
      similar mean ages at onset of colitis (32 years and 31 years, respectively) and
      at development of toxic dilatation (37 years); similar durations of overall
      disease (4.8 and 5.9 years) and of toxic dilatation prior to surgery (11 days and
      13 days); and similar anatomic distributions of disease. Both UC and CD also had
      similar mortality rates (16% and 14%). Mean duration of presenting attack up to
      onset of toxic megacolon was longer in CD than in UC (62 days versus 31 days) and
      in unoperated versus operated cases (64 days versus 37 days), but was not
      significantly different between survivors and mortalities (43 days versus 39
      days). Mortality rates were also unaffected by total duration of inflammatory
      bowel disease, first attack versus relapse (14% versus 18%), or medical versus
      surgical therapy (13% versus 17%). Factors which affected mortality included age
      (30% for patients over 40 years old, versus 5% for those younger than 40), sex
      (21% in women versus 13% in men), and especially the occurrence of colonic
      perforation (44% for cases with perforation versus only 2% in those without). Of
      the 12 patients who died, 11 had suffered colonic perforation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4008910
TI  - Extrahepatic portal venous thrombosis: frequent recognition of associated
      diseases.
AB  - Twelve patients with obstruction of the extrahepatic portal venous system were
      seen at the Tufts-New England Medical Center between 1970 and 1979; a cause for
      the portal vein thrombosis was detected in 11. These included pancreatic disease
      (4); hematologic disorders (2); postoperative complications of laparotomy (3);
      transhepatic gelfoam embolization of the portal vein (1); and exchange
      transfusion via the umbilical vein (1). Clinical features included frequent self
      limited episodes of bleeding from esophageal or gastric varices; and no
      characteristic or clinically helpful laboratory findings. The diagnosis was
      usually made in patients by identifying clots in the portal vein on selective
      angiography of the celiac and/or superior mesenteric arteries in which the venous
      phase was examined. Attempts at surgical correction were largely unsuccessful.
      Further thrombotic episodes occurred in three patients, and led to death in one.
      Two patients were given chronic anticoagulation with Coumadin and Persantin for 1
      and 11/2 years, respectively without further thrombosis or gastrointestinal
      bleeding. However, it not yet possible to assess the risks and benefits of such
      therapy.

PMID- 4008912
TI  - The letter of recommendation.
AB  - This month I discuss the dilemma of the department chief who has been asked to
      write a letter of recommendation for a trainee who has a few deficient areas of
      endoscopic ability. I emphasize the basic duty of the author to be honest as I
      describe the contents of the letter. Finally, I discuss the issue of potential
      legal liability for the author of either a favorable or unfavorable letter.

PMID- 4008911
TI  - Intestinal giardiasis associated with ocular inflammation.
AB  - A relationship between intestinal giardiasis and ocular inflammatory conditions
      may result in significant vision loss. The parasitic infestation may not produce
      gastrointestinal symptoms and since early eradication of the parasite may prevent
      permanent visual loss, it is important that gastroenterologists as well as
      ophthalmologists be aware of this association.

PMID- 4008913
TI  - Delayed onset of prolonged jaundice in infectious mononucleosis with a normal
      alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 4008914
TI  - Three more cases of lint (exogenous) peritonitis.

PMID- 4008915
TI  - A quantitative assay for mouse granulocyte (CFU-g) and macrophage (CFU-m)
      precursors using plasma clots.
AB  - Cytochemical procedures were used to identify and quantitate granulocyte and
      macrophage precursors from mouse bone marrow cells in plasma clot cultures.
      Excellent clonal morphology and cellular enzyme activity were obtained when using
      plasma clots as the support matrix and buffered formalin acetone as the fixative.
      For cytochemical identification, naphthol AS acetate esterase staining was used
      for macrophages and peroxidase for granulocytes. These enzyme properties were
      confirmed by inactivation studies with a variety of inhibitors, group specific
      chemical modifications, and pinocytotic affinity for horseradish peroxidase. When
      mouse bone marrow cells (3 X 10(4) cells/dish) were cultured in plasma clots with
      human placental or L-cell-conditioned medium, 70 to 110 colonies were produced.
      Both pure granulocyte (CFU-g) and pure macrophage colonies (CFU-m) were observed,
      but approximately 5% of the total colony number was composed of mixed
      granulocyte/macrophage colonies (CFU-gm). The number of plated cells correlated
      strongly with the colony number (0.990 less than r less than 0.999).

PMID- 4008916
TI  - Distributions of aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase activities
      in rat retinal layers.
AB  - Aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), an enzyme interconverting glutamate and
      aspartate, has been suggested to be a marker for glutamatergic and/or
      aspartatergic neurons. However, AAT, glutamate, and aspartate are also involved
      in cellular metabolism, e.g., the malate-aspartate shuttle. To investigate the
      extent to which AAT might be involved in these several functions in retina, the
      distribution of AAT activity in rat retinal layers was compared to that of malate
      dehydrogenase (MDH), an enzyme of aerobic metabolism proposed to be physically
      complexed with AAT in the malate-aspartate shuttle mechanism. The distribution of
      AAT activity in retinal layers closely paralleled that of MDH (correlation
      coefficient AAT versus MDH = 0.93). AAT activity was proportionately higher than
      MDH in the photoreceptor inner segments, containing a high density of
      mitochondria, and in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), containing photoreceptor
      terminals and bipolar and horizontal cell processes. The amount of total AAT
      activity in the inner segments related to the mitochondrial isoenzyme is almost
      twice that in the other layers tested, including the OPL. The correlation between
      AAT and MDH activities is consistent with AAT involvement in retinal energy
      metabolism, although other functions, such as neurotransmission, are possible.

PMID- 4008917
TI  - Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in
      layers of rat superior colliculus.
AB  - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were
      assayed in samples dissected from sagittal sections through rat superior
      colliculus. The magnitude of ChAT activity was about half to equal that found in
      rat whole brain in all layers except stratum griseum intermediale, where the
      average activity was higher than whole brain. AChE activity was three to four
      times that found in rat whole brain in superficial layers and about the same as
      average brain in deeper layers, except in the statum griseum intermediale, where
      the average activity was about twice whole brain. Rostral-caudal gradients in
      both ChAT and AChE activities occurred in stratum griseum intermediale, with
      activities in the caudal region of some animals as high as four times those in
      the rostral. ChAT activity in samples associated with locations of patches or
      spots of AChE staining product in stratum griseum intermediale was significantly
      higher than in samples from "nonpatch" regions. Results are discussed relative to
      inputs into the colliculus, whose terminations may correlate in location with the
      distributions of the enzyme activities.

PMID- 4008918
TI  - Ultrastructural autometallography: a method for silver amplification of catalytic
      metals.
AB  - The autometallographic technique involves application of a silver bromide
      containing emulsion on the surface of ultrathin sections placed on grids that are
      subsequently exposed to a photographic developer. In tissue sections from animals
      treated intravitally with gold, silver, or mercury compounds, accumulations of
      the metals are visualized by autometallography and can be used for quantitative
      studies. After amplification, sections can be stained with lead citrate and
      uranyl acetate. Using autometallography, particles of colloidal gold dispersed in
      a film of gelatin showed a time-dependent growth and were gradually amplified up
      to 3.5-fold after 15 min of development. Hence the method may prove useful
      tracing colloidal gold particles in sections with low particle density, and be a
      powerful tool for revealing metals in biological tissues.

PMID- 4008919
TI  - Evaluation of coumatetralyl against two predominant murid species.
AB  - Coumatetralyl was evaluated in the laboratory against Bandicota bengalensis and
      Rattus rattus. Feeding tests with 0.0375% coumatetralyl baits produced 100%
      mortality after a single day feeding period in B. bengalensis and after a 10-day
      period in R. rattus. The anticoagulant bait is less palatable in comparison to
      plain bait. In the case of R. rattus, LFP50 and LFP98 and their 95% confidence
      limits were 3.89 (2.62-5.77) days and 11.22 (6.1-20.65) days respectively. Median
      period of survival and its 95% confidence limits of B. bengalensis and R. rattus
      were 4.7 (3.85-5.7) days and 11.2 (9.33-13.44) days respectively.

PMID- 4008920
TI  - Concurrent outbreaks of influenza A and influenza B.
AB  - During the winter of 1982 concurrent outbreaks of influenza A and influenza B
      occurred. The epidemiology and clinical features of 151 cases referred during
      this time are described, and patients are discussed according to age and
      presenting clinical syndrome: croup was the commonest presentation in young
      children, a typical influenza syndrome predominated in young adults, while older
      patients were more likely to have lower respiratory tract infection. There was no
      significant difference between the clinical features of influenza A and influenza
      B. Unusual clinical features include rash, exudative tonsillitis and the need for
      myringotomy during the course of influenza.

PMID- 4008921
TI  - The HI test modified by ether treatment in the sero-epidemiological surveillance
      of influenza B.
AB  - Ether-treated influenza B haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antigen was used in a
      study of serum collections from three different epidemic seasons. For diagnostic
      purposes, ether treatment increased the efficacy of the HI test by about 50% over
      the conventional HI technique, raising it to the same level of sensitivity as the
      complement fixation (CF) test. The treatment reduced the specificity of the HI
      test, but its reliability in the diagnosis of influenza B infections was only
      slightly diminished. With regard to evaluation of the immune status of a given
      population, an HI test using ether-treated antigen from the epidemic influenza B
      strain seems to give more relevant information about the antibody level
      associated with protection than a conventional HI test using untreated virus
      antigen.

PMID- 4008923
TI  - Methods for the production of xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies in murine ascites.

PMID- 4008922
TI  - Age-related changes in the rate of disease transmission: implications for the
      design of vaccination programmes.
AB  - Mathematical models are developed to aid in the investigation of the implications
      of heterogeneity in contact with infection within a community, on the design of
      mass vaccination programmes for the control of childhood viral and bacterial
      infections in developed countries. Analyses are focused on age-dependency in the
      rate at which individuals acquire infection, the question of 'who acquires
      infection from whom', and the implications of genetic variability in
      susceptibility to infection. Throughout, theoretical predictions are based on
      parameter estimates obtained from epidemiological studies and are compared with
      observed temporal trends in disease incidence and age-stratified serological
      profiles. Analysis of case notification records and serological data suggest that
      the rate at which individuals acquire many common infections changes from medium
      to high and then to low levels in the infant, child and teenage plus adult age
      groups respectively. Such apparent age-dependency in attack rate acts to reduce
      slightly the predicted levels of herd immunity required for the eradication of
      infections such as measles, when compared with the predictions of models based on
      age-independent transmission. The action of maternally derived immunity in
      prohibiting vaccination in infants, and the broad span of age classes over which
      vaccination currently takes place in the U.K., however, argue that levels of herd
      immunity of between 90 and 94% would be required to eliminate measles. Problems
      surrounding the interpretation of apparent age-related trends in the acquisition
      of infection and their relevance to the design of vaccination programmes, are
      discussed in relation to the possible role of genetically based variation in
      susceptibility to infection and observations on epidemics in 'virgin'
      populations. Heterogeneous mixing models provide predictions of changes in
      serology and disease incidence under the impact of mass vaccination which well
      mirror observed trends in England and Wales.

PMID- 4008924
TI  - Interaction of DNA with connective tissue matrix proteins reveals preferential
      binding to type V collagen.
AB  - The interaction of DNA with type I to VI collagens and laminin was studied in
      vitro in systems in which the connective tissue components were immobilized, as
      well as when in solution. In studies on immobilized components, significant
      binding of DNA was observed only for type V collagen, and the binding of
      radiolabeled DNA to this component could be effectively inhibited in a
      concentration-dependent manner by the addition of unlabeled DNA. Similar results
      were observed in solution assays in which it was observed that DNA binding to
      type V collagen was dependent on the native triple-helical conformation of the
      collagen. The preferential binding of DNA to native type V collagen may be due to
      the relative basicity of type V collagen chains, as well as the unique spatial
      arrangement of amino acid side chains in the native molecules. The data are of
      potential clinical relevance in that binding of DNA to type V collagen may
      represent at least one component of the mechanism whereby DNA and its immune
      complexes are deposited in connective tissues in certain pathologic conditions.

PMID- 4008925
TI  - Synthesis of C1 inhibitor (C1-INA) by a human monocyte-like cell line, U937.
AB  - Human monocytes are known to synthesize many of the components of complement,
      including C1-INA. In this report we demonstrate that the human monocyte-like cell
      line U937 is also capable of synthesizing functional C1-INA. This was shown in
      several ways, including 1) incorporation of tritiated amino acids into antigenic
      C1-INA, immunoprecipitation, and detection by fluorography; 2) a sensitive ELISA,
      which allowed quantitation of antigenic C1-INA in cell lysates, and 3) a C2
      dependent hemolytic assay in which the functional activity of U937 C1-INA was
      assayed. Data from the ELISA indicate that U937 cells contain between 2.1 to 12.8
      ng of C1-INA per 1 X 10(6) cells. Furthermore, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
      analysis revealed that approximately 16% of U937 cells carry C1-INA as a surface
      bound antigen. Other proteins found to be synthesized by U937 cells include C1r,
      C8, and possibly alpha-2-macroglobulin. These results suggest that the U937 cell
      line could be a convenient and valuable model for the study of monocyte C1-INA
      synthesis and physiology.

PMID- 4008926
TI  - Distribution and fate of free and liposome-encapsulated [3H]nor-muramyl dipeptide
      and [3H]muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine in mice.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of i.v. administered free (unencapsulated) or
      liposome-encapsulated hydrophilic [3H]-labeled nor-muramyl dipeptide (nor-MDP)
      and lipophilic [3H]-labeled muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE)
      were evaluated. In addition we also examined the distribution and fate of these
      immunomodulators subsequent to intranasal (i.n.) administration. Unique patterns
      of circulatory clearance, organ distribution, metabolism, and excretion were
      observed for each of the four preparations. Nor-MDP in saline was rapidly cleared
      from the circulation and excreted in the urine as intact molecules. MTP-PE
      dissolved in saline was cleared from the circulation at a slow rate and found
      within various organs as intact MTP-PE, lyso-MTP-PE, and MDP. Following the i.v.
      administration of nor-MDP or MTP-PE in liposomes, patterns of clearance and organ
      distribution corresponded to that of liposome distribution, i.e., the
      reticuloendothelial system. Extensive dissociation of hydrophilic nor-MDP from
      the carrier liposomes occurred, and the immunomodulator was recovered in the
      urine. In contrast, MTP-PE entrapped in liposomes was retained in target organs
      for the duration of the study. The i.n. instillation of radiolabeled nor-MDP or
      MTP-PE was associated with the accumulation of these immunomodulators in the
      brain. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of targeting hydrophilic and
      lipophilic immunomodulators to cells of the macrophage-histiocyte series.

PMID- 4008927
TI  - Characterization of the interaction of human eosinophils and neutrophils with
      opsonized particles.
AB  - The interaction of human eosinophils with opsonized particles was compared with
      that of human neutrophils. When eosinophils are stimulated with serum-opsonized
      zymosan particles, the lag time in H2O2 production is twice as long as found with
      neutrophils. Moreover, the concentration of these IgG + C3-coated particles
      required for optimal stimulation is about four times as high for eosinophils as
      for neutrophils. Under these conditions, the two cell types generate similar
      amounts of H2O2. However, eosinophils produce twice as much H2O2 as do
      neutrophils when stimulated with the soluble agent phorbol myristate acetate.
      Thus, although the oxidase capacity of eosinophils is larger than that of
      neutrophils, opsonized zymosan is a weak trigger for this activity in
      eosinophils. This phenomenon may be due to differences between the two cell types
      in the plasma membrane receptors or in the receptor oxidase transducing signal.
      The following are indications for the first possibility. i) IgG interacts poorly
      with the Fc gamma receptors on the eosinophil surface compared with those on
      neutrophils. This was shown by the inability of IgG-coated zymosan or IgG-coated
      latex to trigger any substantial H2O2 production by eosinophils unless brought
      into close contact with these cells by centrifugation. In contrast, neutrophils
      are stimulated by these particles both in suspension and in a pellet. The
      dissimilarity of the Fc gamma receptors on eosinophils and neutrophils was also
      shown with respect to antigenicity, determined by the monoclonal antibodies 3G8
      and CLB-FcR-1. ii) Eosinophils contain about half as many receptors for C3b and
      C3bi on their surface as do neutrophils, also detected with monoclonal
      antibodies. The interaction of IgG subclasses with functional Fc gamma receptors
      on eosinophils and neutrophils showed that eosinophils release twice as much H2O2
      as do neutrophils upon interaction with IgG1-, IgG2-, or IgG3-coated Sepharose
      beads, but this difference becomes fivefold with IgG4-coated Sepharose. This
      might be of relevance to the situation of chronic antigenic stimulation, e.g., in
      chronic schistosomiasis, in which eosinophil numbers and IgG4 antibody levels are
      elevated.

PMID- 4008928
TI  - Augmentation of NK cell activity in tissue specific sites by liposomes
      incorporating MTP-PE.
AB  - Liposomes incorporating a variety of immunomodulators have been shown to activate
      macrophages and monocytes for tumoricidal activity both in vivo and in vitro. We
      report that in addition to the activation of macrophages, the i.v. injection of
      liposomes (multilamellar vesicles) that have encapsulated muramyl tripeptide
      phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE) could also augment interstitial natural killer
      (NK) cell activity in the lung and the liver. In contrast, liposomes
      incorporating MTP-PE were unable to augment NK cell activity in the spleen,
      peripheral blood, or peritoneal cavity (after i.p. injection). In addition,
      liposomes did not augment splenic NK cell activity in vitro. This suggests that
      the augmentation of NK cell activity in the lungs and liver was not due to direct
      effects of the liposomes but may have been a secondary effect mediated by a
      monokine. The augmentation of pulmonary NK cell activity was paralleled by the
      nonspecific immunoprophylaxis of experimental pulmonary metastases. The augmented
      NK cell activity, as well as the enhanced nonspecific immunoprophylactic
      activity, was reduced by pretreatment of the mice with anti-asialo GM1 antiserum.
      Thus, the augmentation of organ-associated NK cell activity by liposomes
      incorporating MTP/PE plays a major role in the host's increased resistance to the
      formation of experimental metastases.

PMID- 4008929
TI  - Expression of a laminin-like substance on the surface of murine natural killer
      (NK) lymphocytes and its role in NK recognition of tumor target cells.
AB  - We have identified a structure on the surface of murine NK cells that is
      immunochemically cross-reactive with laminin. Treatment of normal CBA/J spleen
      cells with monospecific anti-laminin serum plus complement completely eliminated
      NK cytolytic activity against YAC-1 or RL male 1 target cells. In the absence of
      added complement, spleen cells preincubated with anti-laminin serum were also
      reduced in their cytolytic activity due to a reduced capacity to bind to the
      target cells. Treatment with anti-asialo GM1 serum plus complement also
      eliminated NK activity, but pretreatment of NK cells with anti-asialo GM1 in the
      absence of complement did not reduce cytolytic activity. Thus, anti-laminin and
      anti-asialo GM1 bind to structures on the surface of NK cells that distinguish
      functional (laminin) from nonfunctional (asialo GM1) sites. Flow cytometric
      analysis revealed that approximately 15% of normal nonadherent splenic
      lymphocytes expressed laminin-like structures, whereas 16% expressed asialo GM1
      and 19% expressed the NK alloantigen NK 2.1. Treatment of alloimmune cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes (CTL) with anti-laminin plus complement did not affect CTL activity.
      Thus, anti-laminin serum appears to detect a cell surface structure present on
      the NK subset of lymphocytes.

PMID- 4008930
TI  - The serologic response to Meth A sarcoma vaccines after cyclophosphamide
      treatment is additionally increased by various adjuvants.
AB  - We have shown previously that the serologic response of BALB/c mice to
      immunization with BALB/c sarcoma Meth A cells can be more effectively augmented
      by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) than by the use of adjuvants. The
      serologic response was directed against a highly restricted cell surface antigen,
      closely related to or identical with the unique transplantation antigen
      characteristic for this tumor. In this paper, we report the results of our
      attempts to obtain additional augmentation by using Cy and adjuvants together.
      For these studies, the optimal Cy dose, interval between Cy and vaccine
      administration, and vaccine cell number were determined. Mice were injected with
      Cy 25 mg/kg i.p., and 3 days later, with viable irradiated (10,000 rad) Meth A
      cells subcutaneously, under conditions in which only few mice produced antibody.
      Sera were tested for antibody with reactivity against Meth A by complement
      dependent cytotoxicity (CDCX), which predominantly detects IgM, and by the
      protein A (PA) and anti-IgG assays, which detect IgG. Of the various adjuvants
      tested, only monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and CP20,961 resulted in significantly
      increased titers of reactivity in both the CDCX and PA assays over that obtained
      when using Cy alone. Although the mean titers observed with CDCX ranged between
      1/160 and 1/320, no titer above 1/40 was observed with the PA assay. The
      specificity of the CDCX reactivity detected by the assay for the Meth A antigen
      was ascertained by absorption analysis of selected sera by using a panel of
      BALB/c spleen and tumor cell lines grown in vitro or in vivo. PA titers were too
      low to permit absorption analysis, and the titers obtained in the anti-IgG assay
      were lower still. Attempts to augment the anti-Meth A IgG response or to convert
      the IgM response to IgG were unsuccessful. The combined approach described here
      (i.e., vaccination with irradiated syngeneic tumor cells plus MPLA in Cy
      pretreated mice) was also shown to be effective in augmenting the serologic
      response against two additional murine leukemia virus-negative sarcomas that are
      known to be less immunogenic, CMS4 and CMS5. It appears, therefore, that this
      combined approach may be applicable to stimulating serologic responses against a
      variety of tumor cell surface antigens.

PMID- 4008932
TI  - Proceedings of a conference on neuromodulation of immunity and hypersensitivity.
      Coconut Grove, Florida, November 12 to 14, 1984.

PMID- 4008931
TI  - Mitogen-like monoclonal anti-actin antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (IgM kappa) have been produced to actin isolated
      electrophoretically from L cell extracts. These monoclonal anti-actin antibodies
      bind to intact L cells and modulate DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, much
      like affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit antibody to the same Mr 42,000 actin. In
      addition, monoclonal antibodies specific for actin from Entamoeba histolytica
      also bound to and modulated the growth of L cells. A monoclonal antibody directed
      against a neuroblastoma surface antigen did not produce stimulation of L cells,
      and the binding activity of anti-actin monoclonal antibody to L cells was removed
      by absorption with actin covalently coupled to Sepharose. These observations
      demonstrate the specificity of interaction between the anti-actin monoclonal
      antibodies and the surface of intact L cells. We conclude that a surface actin
      like molecule on the L cell, when bound by specific monoclonal antibody,
      initiates a stimulatory signal which results in enhanced cellular metabolism.

PMID- 4008933
TI  - Immune-neuroendocrine interactions.
AB  - Concepts and facts concerning immune-neuroendocrine interactions are discussed.
      The immune response elicits endocrine, autonomic, and brain functional changes.
      These changes can be mediated by soluble factors released by activated
      immunologic cells. As a result of these immune-neuroendocrine interactions the
      content of powerful agents such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides
      in the microenvironment of immunologic cells is modified. This leads to external
      immunoregulatory signals imposed upon autoregulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 4008934
TI  - Neural crest interactions in the development of the immune system.
AB  - The thymus is formed by contributions from different sources which must interact
      in a precisely timed sequence for proper development. Pharyngeal pouch epithelium
      interacts with embryonic connective tissue in preparation for migration of blood
      borne lymphoid stem cells into the thymic primordium. The embryonic connective
      tissue in this region is derived from neural crest. Ablation of small portions of
      neural crest prevents or alters the development of the thymus. Other pharyngeal
      pouch derivatives such as thyroids and parathyroids are affected. Furthermore,
      defects in the heart and great vessels are produced. These observations establish
      experimentally the role of neural crest in defective immune development such as
      that seen in the DiGeorge syndrome. It seems likely that various combinations of
      defects will be rendered more understandable through recognition of the
      contributions made from neural crest.

PMID- 4008935
TI  - Neural tissue hypersensitivity in psychiatric disorders with immunologic
      features.
AB  - The study population consisted of 1010 in patients and 81 control subjects.
      Patients suffering from schizophrenia, cerebral atrophy of unknown origin,
      dementia, depression, mental retardation, and ethanol-induced brain deterioration
      (alcoholics) were skin tested with 25 micrograms of S-100 protein and neuron
      specific enolase isolated from fresh human brain. Evaluation of delayed skin
      hypersensitivity reactions at 24 hr revealed a high incidence of positive
      responses to S-100 protein: heavy alcoholism, 96.8%; depression, 94.1%; cerebral
      atrophy, 92.6%; dementia, 91.2%; schizophrenia, 87.7%; and mental retardation,
      69.4%. The incidence of positive reactions to neuron-specific enolase in
      schizophrenics was 91.6%. Of 58 control subjects tested with S-100 protein, 6.8%
      were positive, whereas of 23 normal individuals tested with neuron-specific
      enolase, 6.4% developed mild skin reactions. These data suggest a close
      relationship between delayed hypersensitivity to neural tissue antigens and
      immunopsychiatric diseases, and they imply that cell-mediated immune mechanisms
      are involved in the pathogenesis of certain mental disorders.

PMID- 4008936
TI  - Neuroimmunomodulation of homeostasis and host defense.

PMID- 4008937
TI  - Electroimmunoassay-immunoblotting (EIA-IB) for the utilization of monoclonal
      antibodies in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis: the method and its
      applications.
AB  - Immunoprecipitates formed in conventional electroimmunoassays were solubilized by
      brief immersion of the agarose gels in sodium dodecylsulfate. The proteins were
      then transferred to nitrocellulose sheets by electroblotting. The blotted
      proteins were readily amenable to analyses by non-precipitating monoclonal
      antibodies and the immunoblots were developed with second antibody/biotin
      streptavidin-peroxidase staining. The electroimmunoassay-immunoblot (EIA-IB)
      method is of value in (1) specificity assays of monoclonal antibodies in crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis; (2) analysis of specific molecular interactions between
      proteins; (3) rapid screening and simple identification of monoclonal antibodies
      by line immunoelectrophoresis-immunoblotting.

PMID- 4008939
TI  - The influence of methods of production, purification and storage of monoclonal
      antibodies upon their observed specificities.
AB  - A panel of 38 monoclonal antibodies was exposed to a variety of physical
      conditions commonly used in their purification and storage. Reactivity with the
      homologous (immunising) antigen was reduced in a significant proportion (42%) of
      antibodies following these physical treatments. Sensitivity to particular
      physical treatments correlated with antibody subclass. In 3 cases the relative
      specificity of the antibody (as measured by cross-reactivity with 16 closely
      related antigens) was also altered. Following passage of the cloned hybridomas as
      ascites, 3 antibodies exhibited marked differences in specificity, which
      suggested the selection of different genotypes. The importance of documenting the
      methods of production, purification and storage of particular monoclonal
      antibodies used in comparative assay is stressed.

PMID- 4008938
TI  - Measurement of C9 concentrations using an immunochemiluminometric assay.
AB  - A 2-site immunochemiluminometric assay is described for the measurement of
      complement component C9 concentrations in biological fluids as an aid in the
      diagnosis and management of immune-based diseases. The assay utilises 2
      monoclonal antibodies one of which is labelled with a chemiluminescent acridinium
      ester and one of which is covalently coupled to reprecipitated aminoaryl
      cellulose. The incubation time is 1 h with simultaneous reagent addition. The
      working range of the assay is 10-2500 micrograms/1 at CVs less than or equal to
      10% and the results are in excellent agreement with those of an immunoradiometric
      assay. The assay exhibits superior performance to other immunochemical and
      immunoassay techniques and has the advantage of using stable, non-radioactive
      reagents.

PMID- 4008940
TI  - Ciamexone--a new highly selective immunosuppressive compound.
AB  - A local graft versus host reaction between lymphocytes of Balb-c mice and its F-1
      generation CB6F1 can be induced because of differences in products of the class
      II of the major histocompatibility complex (Ir). In this local mixed lymphocyte
      reaction mainly T-helper cells and B-cells are involved. An induction of a
      delayed type hypersensitivity reaction with oxazolon significantly decreases the
      local graft versus host reaction. Cyclosporin A depresses the local graft versus
      host reaction and the delayed type hypersensitivity in mice whereas Ciamexone, a
      2-cyanaziridine derivative, very selectively only suppresses the local graft
      versus host reaction and increases the delayed type hypersensitivity.

PMID- 4008942
TI  - Multivariate analysis of the factors associated with the yield and purity of
      human monocyte isolation by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE).
AB  - Substantial variability in the purity and yield of human monocytes following
      countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE) has been reported for some time; the
      factors influencing this variability have not been rigorously studied in the
      past. Utilizing 50 normal donors, we examined several dozen preprocedural
      variables possibly influencing 174 separate CCE experiments, and we determined
      the impact of these variables on the yield and purity of monocytes obtained
      following cytapheresis and CCE. Donor age was not correlated with CCE monocyte
      yield or purity; male gender correlated with higher monocyte purity following CCE
      purification. The major correlates of the yield and purity of monocytes obtained
      by CCE were the numbers and concentration of monocytes found in the leukocyte
      population entered into the elutriator apparatus. Fifty-eight percent of all
      donors gave a very consistent yield of monocytes by CCE, with a standard error
      from the mean of less than 15% over the 3 years of this study. All donors
      consistently gave fractions with a high percentage of monocytes, with the
      standard error of the mean CCE monocyte purity being less than 5% over the
      duration of the study. Thus, while the purity of monocytes collected by CCE is
      highly reproducible, the yield of monocytes by this procedure is somewhat less
      so. These monocyte purification endpoints are affected by a number of
      preprocedural variables centering mainly around the percentage, concentration,
      and total numbers of monocytes in the cytapheresis cell population.

PMID- 4008941
TI  - Chemotherapeutic agents and modulation of natural killer cell activity in vitro.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of various clinically used chemotherapeutic
      agents on non-modulated and human alpha Interferon (IFN) modulated natural killer
      cell (NK) activity. The inhibitors of DNA synthesis, Adriamycin, Cis-Platinum, 5
      Fluorouracil and Methotrexate, did not alter NK cell activity at comparable
      clinically used doses. Similarly, Vincristine and Vinblastine, which are
      antimitotic agents, did not affect the NK activity. Only inhibitors of RNA
      synthesis L-Asparaginase and Actinomycin D reduced non-modulated and IFN
      modulated NK cell activity.

PMID- 4008943
TI  - Clinical profile of goitre in Delhi.

PMID- 4008944
TI  - Left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction before and after
      oxyfedrine.

PMID- 4008945
TI  - Giant intrapelvic neurofibroma.

PMID- 4008946
TI  - Presacral dermoid.

PMID- 4008947
TI  - Left crossed renal ectopia with radiating pain on the left side.

PMID- 4008948
TI  - Alimentary involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 4008949
TI  - Ascher's syndrome.

PMID- 4008950
TI  - Laurence-Moon-Biedl-Bardet syndrome.

PMID- 4008951
TI  - A rare accident during extubation.

PMID- 4008952
TI  - Locked twins.

PMID- 4008953
TI  - Basaloid carcinoma.

PMID- 4008954
TI  - Pyocele after appendicectomy.

PMID- 4008955
TI  - Tropical splenomegaly syndrome vis-a-vis portal hypertension syndrome.

PMID- 4008956
TI  - Follow-up of infertile couples.

PMID- 4008957
TI  - The present status of corticosteroids in the management of bronchial asthma.

PMID- 4008958
TI  - Smallpox--a lingering nightmare.

PMID- 4008959
TI  - Serum protein bound hexose in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 4008960
TI  - Mid-trimester pregnancy termination in teenage women.

PMID- 4008961
TI  - Creatine kinase in the serum of patients with acute infections of the central
      nervous system.
AB  - Serum creatine kinase was assessed in 94 consecutive patients without convulsions
      admitted to hospital due to suspicion of infection of the central nervous system.
      No reliable discrimination between patients with aseptic and those with bacterial
      meningitis was obtained. Patients with bacterial meningitis and brain oedema, as
      well as patients with encephalitis, had significantly higher values (P less than
      0.01) than patients with meningism, aseptic meningitis and bacterial meningitis
      without cerebral oedema. Very high values, above 2500 U/1, were encountered in
      only the most severe cases of bacterial meningitis. The highest serum CK value
      found in patients with encephalitis was 725 U/l. Reference values for control
      patients with meningism were 16-269 U/1. In a subset of 9 patients creatine
      kinase isoenzyme analysis was performed. In all cases only muscle type (MM)
      isoenzyme was found.

PMID- 4008962
TI  - Isolation and identification of actinomycetes from women using intrauterine
      contraceptive devices.
AB  - Of 259 women using intrauterine contraceptive devices 80 (31%) had visible
      actinomyces-like filaments in their cervical smears. Actinomycetes were cultured
      from a total of 31 women. Suspicious cultures were identified with the aid of a
      commercially available kit in conjunction with a computer data base. Culture was
      found to be less sensitive than microscopical examination of cervical smears in
      detecting actinomycetes in these women.

PMID- 4008963
TI  - Pneumococcal meningitis: an evaluation of prognostic factors in 164 cases based
      on mortality and on a study of lasting sequelae.
AB  - During the period 1966-76, 164 patients with pneumococcal meningitis were
      admitted to the University Hospital, Copenhagen. Of 111 survivors 94 underwent a
      series of clinical examinations. The findings in each patient were assessed for
      their aetiological relationship to meningitis. Of these patients 54% had
      neurological sequelae, 42% had neuropsychological sequelae, 25% had otological
      sequelae and 16% had sequelae as judged by computer-assisted tomography of the
      brain. On the basis of the general clinical condition, each patient was evaluated
      for the presence of sequelae of meningitis by means of a rating of nil, mild,
      moderate or severe. These ratings and mortality rates were used to evaluate the
      prognostic significance of various features present during the acute illness. A
      fatal outcome was significantly associated with increasing age, concomitant
      pneumonia, altered consciousness on admission, transfer from another hospital and
      development of complications while in hospital. There was a statistically
      significant association between lasting sequelae and the female sex, the age
      group of 16-50 years, patients who had not received any pre-admission antibiotic
      therapy and those with positive bacterial cultures of specimens from sites other
      than blood or cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 4008965
TI  - Eosinophilia due to multiple parasitic infection.
AB  - Eosinophilia is a common feature of many allergic and parasitic diseases. In the
      tropics multiple parasitic infection is often responsible for eosinophilia. The
      following illustrates this problem arising in the U.K. in a patient in whom tests
      for amoebiasis, filariasis, schistosomiasis and fascioliasis were all positive.
      Despite being treated for these conditions, the patient's symptoms did not
      resolve until he was treated for strongyloides infection which was found only
      after the 19th stool examination.

PMID- 4008964
TI  - Neonatal mycoplasmaemia: Mycoplasma hominis as a significant cause of disease?
AB  - A full-term baby boy had respiratory distress, fever and pneumonia within 20 h of
      birth. Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from blood taken after 20 h and 11 days
      was accompanied by an antibody response. Although chlamydial IgM antibody was
      detected, chlamydial infection probably did not cause the pneumonia. Penicillin
      was ineffective but treatment with gentamicin, and particularly tetracycline, was
      associated with slow improvement. Mycoplasma hominis should be considered as a
      cause of respiratory disease and fever in neonates.

PMID- 4008966
TI  - Isolation of Neisseria elongata and of Capnocytophaga ochracea from vaginal
      specimens.

PMID- 4008967
TI  - Urinary tract infection caused by Branhamella catarrhalis.

PMID- 4008968
TI  - Campylobacter enteritis complicated by glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 4008969
TI  - Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea.

PMID- 4008970
TI  - [Structure-function relationship in the development of the fetal urinary tract].

PMID- 4008971
TI  - [Occult urothelial neoplasia: diagnosis].
AB  - The authors report their experience in the diagnosis of the hidden neoplasia
      based on the follow-up of 27 patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
      Urine cytology and mapping histology are the most effective examinations for the
      detection and follow up of an occult urothelial neoplasm.

PMID- 4008972
TI  - [Seminar on pediatric nephrology. INSERM. Hopital des Enfants-Malades 26-27
      March, 1984, Paris].

PMID- 4008973
TI  - Distinguishing cancer and noncancer.

PMID- 4008974
TI  - The Langerhans cell granule is an adsorptive endocytic organelle.
AB  - The role of Langerhans cell granules (LCG) in adsorptive endocytosis was studied
      by using concanavalin A (Con A) and heterologous anti-epidermal cell serum (AES)
      as ligands. Isolated epidermal cells were obtained by trypsinization of guinea
      pig skin fragments and exposed to ferritin-conjugated Con A or AES followed by
      ferritin-conjugated second antibody at 37 degrees C for various times up to 30
      min. Langerhans cells among the treated epidermal cells were observed by electron
      microscopy. Shortly after the incubation, a few LCG in the cell periphery were
      filled with ferritin particles in the bulb portion. After prolonged incubation,
      ferritin-containing LCG increased in number and seemed to move to the
      juxtanuclear area. The granules were derived from plasma membrane invaginations
      that collected ferritin particles in a saclike extension at the end. Some of
      these invaginations were apparently of coated pit origin. The contents in the
      bulb of LCG seemed to be delivered finally to intracellular degradation
      compartments. Our findings clearly demonstrate that LCG are an adsorptive
      endocytic organelle.

PMID- 4008975
TI  - Spectroscopic characteristics of human melanin in vivo.
AB  - In this paper we present the absorption characteristics of human melanin in the
      visible range of wavelengths and specifically in the range 620-720 nm. The
      spectroscopy of melanin is studied by measuring remittance spectra of normal skin
      and vitiligo-involved skin of volunteers-patients. It is assumed that the
      spectral differences between adjacent areas of normally pigmented skin, and to
      some degree amelanotic skin, can only be due to the variations of the melanin
      filter. The ratio of the remittance spectrum of the vitiligo-involved skin with
      the spectrum of the normal skin in the range 620-720 nm can be fitted with a
      straight line for all the volunteers. A very strong correlation is obtained
      between the intercept and the slope for all the volunteers, which leads us to
      conclude that it is indeed melanin that we are measuring in all the volunteers
      and that it is the same substance spectroscopically for all the volunteers.

PMID- 4008976
TI  - Epidermal growth in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus.
AB  - Epidermal growth in two mature female bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus,
      was investigated by following the movement of a cohort of tritiated thymidine
      labeled epidermal cells for 59 days. The majority of the cells migrated in a
      cluster which was estimated to reach the skin surface in 73 days. We calculate
      that the outermost cell layer is sloughed 12 times per day. Turnover time and
      sloughing rate are estimated to be 1.7 times longer and 8.5 times faster than the
      respective values for epidermal cell kinetics in humans. This apparent
      inconsistency of slow transit time and rapid sloughing rate is reconciled by the
      convoluted structure of the stratum germinativum in the dolphin which results in
      a ratio of germinatival to superficial cells of 876:1. The stratum germinativum
      of dolphin epidermis appears to lack morphologically distinct, spatially
      segregated subpopulations of anchoring and stem cells. Dolphin epidermis has a
      large capacity for cell population, relatively long turnover time, and rapid
      sloughing rate. The adaptive advantages of these characteristics are discussed.

PMID- 4008977
TI  - Effects of alpha and beta interferons on cultured human keratinocytes.
AB  - Interferons (IF) are a family of glycoproteins known for their antiviral activity
      and the ability to inhibit growth and alter behavior of various normal and
      transformed cell types, both in vivo and in vitro. Because cultured human
      keratinocytes (HK) produce IF in response to viral infection, we undertook
      studies of alpha-IF and beta-IF effects on HK. Cloned human IF were added at time
      of seeding and at each feeding to paired dishes of keratinocytes maintained in
      serum-free hormone-supplemented medium. At 7 days significant inhibition of
      growth was observed for both alpha-IF and beta-IF, as determined by cell counts,
      total protein, and appearance of stained colonies, and was sustained for at least
      two weeks during continuous IF exposure. The inhibition was substantially blocked
      by prior addition of cholera toxin to the medium, consistent with competition for
      a common cell surface receptor. Growth of a single human epidermal carcinoma cell
      line was much less affected by IF than was growth of the normal keratinocytes. IF
      also promoted terminal differentiation of keratinocytes as assessed by
      desquamation rate of cells from the colony surface and by proportion of total
      cells having cornified envelopes. IF effect on both growth and differentiation
      was completely reversible within days of its removal from medium. These findings
      suggest that IF may function as a physiologic regulator of epidermal growth in
      vivo with properties of a negative growth factor or chalone.

PMID- 4008978
TI  - Cutaneous immunobiology. Proceedings of the 34th annual symposium on the biology
      of the skin.

PMID- 4008980
TI  - Studies addressing the mechanism of anti-asialo GM1 prevention of graft-versus
      host disease due to minor histocompatibility antigenic differences.
AB  - In mice, as in humans, lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with skin
      involvement often occurs in immunoincompetent recipients of donor hematopoietic
      cells in spite of matching at major histocompatibility loci and nonreactivity in
      mixed lymphocyte culture, if donor and recipient are disparate at several minor
      histocompatibility loci. In mice, both death and skin disease can be prevented by
      the use of an antiserum containing antibodies to a cell surface glycolipid,
      asialo GM1 (ASGM1). Because treatment of only the recipients with anti-asialo GM1
      substantially reduces the subsequent proliferation of infused donor lymphoid
      cells, we infer that anti-asialo GM1 interferes with a host minor-antigen
      presenting cell, so that donor lymphocytes fail to see minor host antigens as
      immunogenic. Of the tissues examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, ASGM1 was
      found on the epidermal Thy-1+ dendritic cell, on dendritic cells in the thymus,
      and as has been previously described, on lung and spleen cells. Following the
      intravenous administration of anti-asialo GM1, only the spleen showed an obvious
      change, losing approximately 80% of its ASGM1 + cells. Further analysis of spleen
      cells bearing ASGM1 may better define the phenotype of the inferred minor antigen
      presenting cell and lead to a method of improving the outcome of human bone
      marrow transplantation.

PMID- 4008979
TI  - Circuits and signals of the skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT).
AB  - The existence of a specialized set of skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT) was
      proposed several years ago as a means of accounting for epidermotropism of
      certain malignant lymphocytes, immunocompetent cells within skin, and expression
      of histocompatibility antigens on cutaneous cells derived from hematopoietic
      precursors. The proposal was supported by observations of in vivo and in vitro
      antigen-presenting potential of epidermal Langerhans cells, discovery of novel
      bone marrow-derived cells within epidermis, and epidermotropism as a physiologic
      property of some nonmalignant T lymphocytes. Langerhans cells stand alone among
      epidermal cells in their capacity to process and present antigens of the
      intraepidermal compartment in highly immunogenic fashion. However, not all
      antigens within epidermis lead to hypersensitivity: antigens introduced into
      Langerhans cell-deficient skin are perceived as tolerogens, and the cellular
      source of the tolerogenic signal may be Thy-1-positive epidermal cells. An
      extracutaneous pathway for presentation of epidermally-administered antigen has
      been described, and is independent of Langerhans cells, genetically determined,
      and dominant in the face of epidermally derived tolerogenic signals. Only
      systemic unresponsiveness can mitigate the cutaneous sensitivity produced by the
      second pathway. Thus, both intra- and extracutaneous forces contribute to the
      induction and regulation of cutaneous immunity, forces that are integrated via
      SALT to achieve optimal cutaneous immune protection against pathogens and
      neoplasms.

PMID- 4008981
TI  - Expression of antigens by cultured epithelial cells: comparison of epidermis and
      thymic epithelium.
AB  - We have established long term in vitro cultures of human thymic epithelium and
      human epidermis free of contaminating fibroblasts. The cultured cells were
      examined using a panel of monoclonal antibodies which were raised against human
      thymic stroma and recognize tissue specific differentiation antigens of human
      epidermis and thymic epithelium. A subset of cultured epidermal cells (50%) and
      thymic epithelial cells (18%) expressed the TE-4 antigen characteristic of basal
      keratinocytes in skin and endocrine epithelium found in the subcapsular cortex
      and medulla of the thymus. Subpopulations of the cultured cells expressed the
      antigens detected by antibodies TE-8 and TE-15. In tissue sections antibodies TE
      8 and TE-15 bound to the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum of skin and to
      the Hassall's bodies of thymus, and therefore recognize antigens characteristic
      of late stages of keratinized epithelial differentiation. In addition, a subset
      of thymic epithelial cells expressed the antigen detected by antibody TE-3 which
      is expressed by nonendocrine thymic epithelium found in the thymic cortex. Thus,
      in vitro cultures of both epidermal and thymic epithelial cells expressed the
      entire array of differentiation antigens detected by our panel of monoclonal
      antibodies. This approach can be used to evaluate the role of components of the
      thymic microenvironment at various stages of differentiation on developing T
      lymphocytes. In addition, the cultured epidermal cells can be used to evaluate
      epidermis as a site of extrathymic T cell maturation.

PMID- 4008982
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita of the immunopathological type (dermolytic
      pemphigoid).
AB  - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) of the immunopathological type is a
      distinct disease entity which we propose to name dermolytic pemphigoid. Clinical
      features of this disease are heterogeneous. An inflammatory phase may mimic
      bullous pemphigoid or, less commonly, mucosal pemphigoid or dermatitis
      herpetiformis. The noninflammatory mechanobullous phase equates with classic EBA
      and features marked skin fragility, bullae and/or erosions at sites of trauma,
      which result in scarring and milia. The inflammatory or the noninflammatory phase
      may occur separately or in combination. Transition from inflammatory to
      noninflammatory phases has been seen. Linear basement membrane zone (BMZ) immune
      deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG) are present in the lesional and uninvolved
      skin of affected patients by immunofluorescence and are essential for the
      diagnosis. Many patients also have circulating antibasement membrane zone IgG
      antibodies. Immunoelectron microscopy localizes the immune deposits in the lamina
      densa and sublamina densa zone and serves to distinguish this disease from
      diseases with lamina lucida antibodies, such as bullous pemphigoid and mucosal
      pemphigoid. The EBA antigen has recently been identified and partially
      characterized from human skin using circulating antibasement membrane zone
      antibodies from patients with EBA. The EBA antigen consists of 2 components of Mr
      290,000 and 145,000, and were shown to be distinct from other known basement
      membrane components. Mouse monoclonal antibody, H3a, recognizes the same 290
      kilodaltons (kd) and 145 kd proteins and localizes to the lamina densa and
      sublamina densa zone of human skin. The EBA antigen is a newly recognized
      basement membrane component that is restricted in its distribution to the BMZ of
      stratified squamous epithelium of both keratinizing and nonkeratinizing types.

PMID- 4008983
TI  - Chemical and biologic characterization of a lipopolysaccharide extracted from the
      Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi).
AB  - A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from the Lyme disease spirochete by a
      modification of the hot phenol-water method. The material was composed of 45%
      carbohydrate, 8% protein, 44% lipid A, and 1% 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid and
      accounted for approximately 1.5% of the cellular dry weight. The isolated LPS
      possessed several biologic activities characteristic of endotoxins. The LPS was
      pyrogenic for rabbits, mitogenic for human mononuclear cells and murine
      splenocytes, capable of clotting limulus lysate, and cytotoxic for murine
      macrophages. LPS extracted from Borrelia burgdorferi by the petroleum
      ether:chloroform:liquid-phenol procedure was also characterized. The results show
      that the Lyme disease spirochete contains a hitherto unknown LPS that is
      biologically active in vitro, and the expression of such activities in vivo may
      play an important role in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Some of the clinical
      manifestations of other spirochetal disease may be explained by similar
      endotoxins in those organisms. To our knowledge this is the first report of an
      LPS extracted from a spirochete that is known to be a human pathogen.

PMID- 4008984
TI  - Digoxin disrupts the inflammatory response in experimental pneumococcal
      pneumonia.
AB  - Digoxin was administered to normal CD-1 mice (4 micrograms/kg per 24 hr), and the
      mice were inoculated intratracheally with Streptococcus pneumoniae in order to
      assess the effects of the cardiac glycoside on pulmonary antibacterial
      mechanisms. Digoxin-treated animals experienced a worse survival rate than did
      controls (19 of 50 versus 33 of 50; P less than .01). When challenged with a high
      inoculum (1 X 10(6) cfu), animals given the glycoside demonstrated a significant
      impairment in their capacity to clear viable pneumococci from the lungs; the
      depression in pulmonary clearance was associated with a marked attenuation in the
      ability of digoxin-treated mice to recruit granulocytes and macrophages into the
      bronchoalveolar spaces. Following low inoculum challenge (1 X 10(5) cfu), animals
      treated with the cardiac glycoside exhibited an inefficient pulmonary clearance
      and a blunted macrophage influx. At clinically relevant concentrations, digoxin
      demonstrated no effect on the in vitro pneumococcidal activity of resident murine
      alveolar macrophages. We conclude that digoxin can disrupt host defense against
      pneumococcus by impeding the normal inflammatory response to organisms deposited
      into the lower respiratory tract.

PMID- 4008985
TI  - Prevalence and significance of Legionella pneumophila contamination of
      residential hot-tap water systems.
AB  - A culture survey of hot-tap water systems in 95 apartments and houses in one area
      of Chicago showed that 30 (32%) were contaminated by Legionella pneumophila,
      ranging in concentration from 1 to 10(4) organisms/liter. Culture-positive and 
      negative systems differed significantly only in hot-tap water temperature (P less
      than .005), which was less than 60 C for all positive specimens. A questionnaire
      and serosurvey of a subject at each residence showed no cases of pneumonia while
      he or she lived in the residence and no association of high titers of antibodies
      to L. pneumophila with positive tap water cultures. Virulence of selected tap
      water isolates of L. pneumophila in embryonated eggs was similar to that of
      clinical isolates. In the area studied, residential hot-tap water systems
      maintained at less than 60 C are frequently contaminated by L. pneumophila, but
      systems with low levels of contamination (less than or equal to 10(4)
      organisms/liter) appear not to be an important source of infection of healthy
      individuals.

PMID- 4008986
TI  - Rhesus diploid rabies vaccine (adsorbed): a new rabies vaccine using FRhL-2
      cells.
AB  - The FRhL-2 cell line, a diploid line derived from the lung of a fetal rhesus
      monkey, was used to prepare a potent rabies vaccine by adapting the Kissling
      strain of rabies virus to FRhL-2 cells, growing the virus in quantity,
      inactivating the virus with beta-propiolactone, and concentrating the virus by
      adsorption to aluminum phosphate. High levels of antibody to rabies virus,
      induced by the vaccine in both guinea pigs and humans at 14 days after
      immunization, were determined to be IgG. Data from postexposure protocols with
      guinea pigs and simulated postexposure protocols in humans showed protection and
      antibody response even when rabies immune globulin was administered at the time
      of vaccination.

PMID- 4008987
TI  - The incidence of hepatitis B in Tennessee prisoners.

PMID- 4008988
TI  - Dose response of influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) avian-human reassortant
      virus in adult volunteers.

PMID- 4008989
TI  - Sexual transmission of hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 4008991
TI  - Potential toxicity of ketoconazole.

PMID- 4008990
TI  - Autoantibodies to thymic epithelial cells in hepatitis B virus-associated delta
      infection.

PMID- 4008992
TI  - Capnocytophaga: a pathogen in immunocompetent hosts.

PMID- 4008993
TI  - Conjugative R plasmids in antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus
      causing nosocomial infections.
AB  - Increasing resistance to aminoglycoside antimicrobial agents in clinical isolates
      of Staphylococcus aureus was encountered in one hospital over a three-year
      period. Eleven of 16 isolates, selected to represent different time periods,
      transferred gentamicin resistance on filter membranes with transfer properties
      and restriction-enzyme analyses that were similar to pAM899-1, a self
      transferable gentamicin plasmid previously isolated from Staphylococcus
      epidermidis within the same hospital. Self-transferable gentamicin R plasmids
      were demonstrated in isolates from six other nosocomial environments as early as
      1974 and, though showing different restriction-enzyme digests, were highly
      related to pAM899-1 on the basis of Southern hybridization. These recently
      recognized, self-transferable plasmids seem to share a common evolutionary
      background and are important contributors to the increased resistance encountered
      in nosocomial staphylococci.

PMID- 4008994
TI  - Instability of antibiotic resistance in a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis
      isolated from an outbreak of prosthetic valve endocarditis.
AB  - Plasmid profiles, phage typing, antibiograms, and biotyping were used to
      characterize Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from multiple cultures of blood
      of four patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Epidemiological evidence
      implicated a common source for these infections. Of 20 clinically significant
      isolates, 14 exhibited variations from the prototype pattern of multiple
      resistance to five antibiotics. All isolates tested appeared to be the same
      strain by phage typing. Of 18 isolates available for plasmid analysis, 10
      contained six plasmids of identical size, whereas eight differed from the
      prototype profile in the loss of one to three plasmids. Loss of resistance to
      gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin but not to methicillin
      was associated with the loss of specific plasmids. Because antibiotic resistance
      in this strain of S. epidermidis was unstable, the use of antibiograms alone was
      not a reliable means of evaluating the relatedness of these multiple isolates.

PMID- 4008995
TI  - Inhibition of granulopoiesis in vivo and in vitro by beta-lactam antibiotics.
AB  - beta-Lactam antibiotics can induce severe neutropenia by a hitherto unknown
      mechanism. Fifty cases of beta-lactam antibiotic-induced neutropenia (less than
      1,000 neutrophils/mm3) from 17 hospitals were analyzed and compared with 140
      literature cases. The incidence of neutropenia was 5%-greater than 15% in
      patients treated for greater than or equal to 10 days with large doses of any
      beta-lactam antibiotic but less than 0.1% with shorter duration of therapy. In
      greater than 95% of cases recovery occurred between one to seven days after
      withdrawal of beta-lactam antibiotics. Bone marrow aspirates were characterized
      by a lack of well-differentiated myeloid elements in the presence of numerous
      immature granulocyte precursors. Nine penicillins and eight cephalosporins
      inhibited in vitro granulopoiesis in a dose-dependent manner. There was a good
      correlation between the inhibitory capacity of beta-lactam antibiotics in vitro
      and the doses inducing neutropenia in vivo. These observations may be relevant
      for therapy in the granulocytopenic patient.

PMID- 4008996
TI  - Clonogenic in vitro growth and histologic grading of primary human breast tumors.
AB  - We determined the relationship of clonogenic in vitro growth and histopathologic
      features of 31 primary human breast tumors. Well-differentiated primary tumors
      formed fewer colonies than poorly differentiated tumors, and the clonogenic in
      vitro growth of tumors correlated inversely with patient survival. The potential
      of the clonogenic assay to serve as a predictor of disease course should be
      explored further.

PMID- 4008997
TI  - The amount of mobilizable stem cells in perturbed hemopoiesis.
AB  - The level of mobilizable 9-day colony-forming units (CFU-s), which represents a
      constant fraction of the normal mouse bone marrow CFU-s pool, was assayed in BDF1
      mice with perturbed hemopoiesis (i.e., during increased turnover of CFU-s or
      increased CFU-s traffic after irradiation). After low-level irradiation,
      regeneration of the mobilizable CFU-s fraction was significantly slower than that
      of bone marrow CFU-s. Depletion of the mobilizable CFU-s pool was observed if a
      permanently increased outflow of CFU-s from the bone marrow was induced by
      endotoxin injection. After 40% withdrawal of the blood volume, the mobilizable
      CFU-s pool expanded marginally. Assuming that the level of mobilizable CFU-s is a
      consequence of production and outflow from the bone marrow compartment, changes
      in the pool size of mobilizable CFU-s may be a sensitive indicator of balanced or
      unbalanced hemopoiesis.

PMID- 4008998
TI  - Hairy cell leukemia: kinetics and intercellular relationships of cells in
      leukemic colonies grown in a semisolid medium.
AB  - We examined cellular relationships and cytokinetics of hairy cells in colonies
      formed in an in vitro cloning system. Cells in small colonies and at the
      periphery of larger ones were separated by wide, irregular intercellular spaces.
      Cells in the core of large colonies were elaborately intertwined by their
      cytoplasmic processes and so densely packed that their intercellularity was
      greatly reduced. Cell labeling with 3H-thymidine revealed indices ranging from
      less than 1% to 35%. The combination of autoradiography with a stain for tartrate
      resistant acid phosphatase showed that the enzyme was not expressed by cells in S
      phase. The cellular relationships of hairy cells in colonies grown in this system
      closely mimic those of their in vivo counterparts in the spleen and bone marrow.

PMID- 4008999
TI  - Differential expression of interferon genes in a substrain of Namalwa cells.
AB  - A substrain of Namalwa cells producing a high ratio of beta-interferon (IFN-beta)
      versus alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) was investigated by constructing a cDNA
      library after induction with Sendai virus. The library was screened by two
      synthetic oligonucleotides, one specific for IFN-alpha and one complementary to
      both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Rescreening the library with two full-length cDNAs
      encoding IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, respectively, revealed that the frequency of the
      IFN-alpha and IFN-beta clones reflected the activities of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
      obtained by functional assays. On the cDNA level, the dominating species was
      identical with the type of IFN-alpha A or IFN-alpha 2; however, one new type of
      cDNA also was found that was similar to the previously described IFN-alpha C.
      Only one type of cDNA was found encoding IFN-beta, although several IFN-beta
      proteins have been detected in the analyzed cell line.

PMID- 4009000
TI  - The effects of treatment with human beta-interferon on the stimulation of
      thymidine uptake and DNA synthesis by colchicine in human fibroblasts.
AB  - The marked inhibition by beta-interferon (IFN) of colchicine-induced
      incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA of human fetal lung fibroblasts reflects
      inhibition of uptake of labeled precursor, rather than an effect on DNA synthesis
      per se. The percent of cells in S phase as measured with flow cytometry was
      unchanged by a concentration of IFN that reduced the uptake of labeled thymidine
      by 50% at 30 h after treatment.

PMID- 4009001
TI  - Interferon inhibits marker rescue of vaccinia virus.
AB  - In this investigation we have examined the effect of human interferon (IFN) type
      alpha on the ability of vaccinia virus to recombine within infected African green
      monkey kidney cells (BSC-40). We measured by marker rescue, the extent of
      insertion of cloned 5-kb Hind III-J restriction fragment of wild-type vaccinia
      DNA into the genome of temperature-sensitive mutants. We showed that IFN at doses
      of 100-1000 U/ml inhibited the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
      and polio viruses but not of vaccinia virus. Vaccinia virus adsorption,
      penetration, uncoating, protein synthesis, and yields were not inhibited.
      However, marker rescue of vaccinia virus was inhibited by IFN. This inhibition
      was not related to IFN-mediated changes in uptake of exogenous DNA or enhanced
      degradation of the transfected DNA. These results suggest that IFN affects
      homologous vaccinia DNA recombination.

PMID- 4009002
TI  - Interferon-beta enhances the synthesis of a 20,000-dalton membrane protein: a
      correlation with the cessation of cell growth.
AB  - Interferons (IFNs)-alpha and -beta but not -gamma enhance the synthesis of a
      protein in the membranes of Daudi cells. This protein has an estimated molecular
      weight of 20,000 (20 kD). Furthermore, the 20-kD protein is enhanced only in the
      membranes of cells whose growth can be inhibited by IFN-beta (Daudi, WISH, HL-60,
      diploid fibroblasts) but not in the membranes of cells whose growth is not
      inhibited by IFN-beta (Namalva, Raji). These data suggest a correlation between
      the IFN-beta-enhanced 20-kD membrane protein and the inhibition of cell growth by
      IFN-beta.

PMID- 4009003
TI  - Interferon alters the composition and metabolism of lipids in the liver of
      suckling mice.
AB  - Daily injection of suckling Swiss, C3H, and C57BL/6 mice with potent preparations
      of mouse interferon (IFN) alpha/beta resulted in a decrease in phospholipids and
      a decrease in the phospholipid-to-protein ratio in the liver. This decrease in
      polar lipids was accompanied by a marked accumulation of triglycerides without a
      pronounced change in free cholesterol. In contrast, a similar IFN treatment of
      adult mice did not change the content of liver phospholipids, although there was
      an increase in liver triglycerides. In suckling mice, after 10 days of IFN
      administration there was a marked decrease in the incorporation of 1(3)
      [3H]glycerol into liver phospholipids, which was not observed in IFN-treated
      adult mice. Our findings suggest that IFN treatment results in the inhibition of
      some component of the system of phospholipid biosynthesis during the maturation
      of hepatocytes in suckling mice.

PMID- 4009004
TI  - The antiproliferative effect of murine interferon alpha/beta on early bone marrow
      derived erythroid precursors (BFU/e).
AB  - We have examined the antiproliferative effect of murine interferon (MuIFN)
      alpha/beta on a primitive class of erythroid precursors, the burst-forming units
      (BFUe) which give rise to macroscopic colonies of erythroblasts in plasma clots.
      Cultures were examined respectively on day 9 and on day 15; in both instances
      there was a significant reduction in the number of erythropoietic bursts in
      cultures exposed to IFN. The effect of IFN was more pronounced when the cells
      were cultured in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of erythropoietin and
      it could to a significant extent be reversed by ouabain at 10(-15) M. The latter
      finding is in line with observations made by others that growth factors can act
      as IFN antagonists. A comparison of BFUe derived from mice of two different
      genotypes, BALB/c and C57BL/6, revealed no difference in relative sensitivity to
      the antiproliferative effect of IFN. This is in contrast with the previously
      described fivefold greater sensitivity of the BALB/c genotype when a more
      differentiated class of erythroid precursors, the colony-forming units or CFUe,
      are exposed to IFN. Since the BFUe, studied in the present work, are a more
      primitive class of erythroid precursors than the CFUe, it can be concluded that
      the genes modulating the difference in sensitivity to IFN action on erythroid
      precursors are only expressed after a certain stage of differentiation has been
      reached.

PMID- 4009005
TI  - Effect of interferon tested in a model system for organogenesis.
AB  - The effect of interferon (IFN) on growth and differentiation was examined in a
      model system for organogenesis--the embryonic murine kidney and its components. A
      relatively weak, transient inhibition of thymidine incorporation was recorded
      during the most active period of DNA synthesis in the presence of IFN at a
      concentration of 10(5) U/ml. No interference with cytodifferentiation or
      organogenesis could be shown by the end-point criteria used.

PMID- 4009006
TI  - [The natural course of osteoarthritis of the hip. Indication of conservative
      treatment in relation to osteophyte formation at the acetabular rim].
AB  - One hundred and eighty-five hips from 152 patients with primary or secondary
      osteoarthritis were studied in an attempt to assess the degrees of hip pain in
      contrast to radiological and other clinical findings. In 30.8% and 26.4% of the
      primary and secondary osteoarthritic hips respectively, hip pain showed some
      gradual decrease as time elapsed. Pain relief probably in association with
      osteophyte formation at the craniolateral acetabular rim occurred in 62.5% and
      33.3% of the primary and secondary osteoarthritic hips respectively. Significant
      parameters observed in the primary osteoarthritic cases of the decreasing pain
      group were as follows: A lesser extent of cranial displacement of the femoral
      head, poor capital drop development, well developed floor osteophyte. On the
      other hand significant parameters in the decreasing pain group of secondary
      osteoarthritis were as follows: Well developed floor osteophyte, a small size of
      cyst in both the femoral head and the acetabulum, few "b" or "d" type of bony
      sclerosis in the acetabulum. Careful observation of radiographic changes (cyst
      and sourcil) would be most important, especially in secondary osteoarthritis, to
      decide the indication of surgery. On the basis of histological studies of
      osteophyte at the craniolateral acetabular rim obtained at the operation, it was
      assumed that the osteophyte formation had initiated from metaplasia of the labrum
      or synovial membrane and progressed by a form of chondral ossification after the
      process of fibrous tissue formation. A well developed trabecular density in the
      osteophyte at the craniolateral acetabular rim was determined by the use of Muto
      digigrammer system, Model G-002.

PMID- 4009007
TI  - [Superoxide dismutase and hyperbaric oxygen therapy of the patient with
      rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - Cu, Zn-SOD values were measured by enzyme immunoassay in the synovial fluid,
      leukocytes in the synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and leukocytes in blood of
      the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. SOD activity, lipoperoxide value in
      serum, ESR, and Lansbury's index of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis under
      hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy were also investigated. SOD values of synovial
      fluid and of leukocytes in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis group were
      found to be higher than those from osteoarthritis group. No significant
      difference was found the SOD values in leukocytes of blood and synovial membrane
      between two groups. In the patients with rheumatoid arthritis under HBO therapy
      the SOD activity was increased, whereas lipoperoxide values was decreased.
      Furthermore, ESR and Lansbury's index showed a remarkable recovery. These results
      suggest that HBO therapy may be an effective treatment for the patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4009008
TI  - [Studies on the internal pressure of bone tumors and tumorous conditions. I. Pain
      and internal hypertension of bone lesions].
AB  - Internal pressure of bone tumors and tumorous conditions were measured in twenty
      patients. High pressure were frequently found in the patients with painful bone
      lesions while low pressures were common in the patients with no pain. High
      internal pressure may be a causative factor of aching bone pain at rest. It is
      suggested that venous obstruction without high internal pressure is not a
      causative factor of bone pain in simple bone cyst.

PMID- 4009009
TI  - [A radiological study of the hip in cerebral palsy in relation to pathogenesis of
      dislocations].
AB  - In recent years it has been reported that dislocation of the hip in cerebral
      palsy (CP) occurs most frequently in the non-ambulatory patient. This study
      compares the radiographic anatomy of the hip in CP with normal values and
      suggests the cause of dislocation. The cases of CP were divided into three groups
      according to ambulation and dislocation: group 1 consisted of 111 hips in a total
      of 64 ambulatory children, group 2, 116 hips in 72 non-ambulatory children, and
      group 3, 37 hips including 13 dislocated hips and 24 subluxated hips in 32
      children. Of these 37 hips, patients with a dislocated hip and 3 subluxated hips
      were ambulatory but the beginning of their independent walking was as late as 5
      years of age or even later. The following results were obtained. Femoral
      antetorsion was markedly increased in CP, and the difference was statistically
      very significant for all groups 1, 2 and 3 (p less than 0.001, and p less than
      0.01 between groups 1 and 2). In CP groups there was no regression with age.
      Significant increases in femoral inclination were found in CP groups (p less than
      0.001). There was, however, no significant differences among groups 1, 2 and 3,
      and so the degree to which these were the cause for dislocation was less than
      that of femoral antetorsion. Significant shortness of the femoral neck was noted
      between groups 1 and 3 (p less than 0.01), with significant regression with age
      in all CP groups. The mean value of the acetabular index in group 3 was 34.5 +/-
      5.9, which was significantly higher than in group 1, and group 2 (p less than
      0.001). In groups 2 and 3 there was no regression with age. Thus dislocation and
      subluxation of the hip in CP can be caused by the increase of antetorsion of the
      femur and acetabular dysplasia and depend on the ability of walking.

PMID- 4009010
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of spinal tumors].

PMID- 4009011
TI  - [Comparison of airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine with three methods in
      patients with bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema].

PMID- 4009012
TI  - [Hemodynamic responses, platelet functions, prostaglandin activities and
      catecholamine release during angina induced by stress testing--the comparison of
      changes between treadmill and pacing stress testing].

PMID- 4009013
TI  - [Clinical significance of long-term treatment of L-dopa with bromocriptine in
      parkinsonian patients who showed declining efficacy during L-dopa therapy].

PMID- 4009014
TI  - [Effective plasma exchange for a patient with malignant rheumatoid arthritis
      complicated with polyneuritis: a case report].

PMID- 4009015
TI  - [A case of TSH-producing pituitary tumor].

PMID- 4009016
TI  - [A case of diabetes mellitus with severe autonomic neuropathy and hypoxic
      depression].

PMID- 4009017
TI  - [A case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast origin--marked efficacy of
      radiotherapy in intraparenchymatous brain metastasis].

PMID- 4009018
TI  - [A case of periodic fever].

PMID- 4009019
TI  - [A case of plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy and endocrinopathy
      associated with Castleman lymphoma showing monoclonal proliferation].

PMID- 4009021
TI  - Cell heterogeneity in sickle cell disease: quantitation of the erythrocyte
      density profile.
AB  - An increasing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that intracellular
      hemoglobin concentration and composition is a primary determinant of
      pathophysiology in sickle cell disease. To quantitate more precisely the
      heterogeneous distribution of intracellular hemoglobin concentrations in a given
      individual with this disease, we have calibrated the phthalate ester separation
      technique by using discontinuous Stractan density gradients to isolate
      subpopulations of red cells of relatively uniform corpuscular hemoglobin
      concentration values. We find that blood from individuals with sickle cell anemia
      exhibits a markedly broader distribution of corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
      values, containing both very light and very dense cells, than the red cell
      density profile from normal individuals. This increased breadth of cell densities
      in patients with sickle cell anemia remains even after exclusion of the very
      light and very dense subpopulations. In patients with stable sickle cell anemia,
      there appears to be minimal variation in the distribution of cell densities that
      are unimodal but skewed toward higher density values. The phthalate ester method
      can conveniently be used to follow changes in cell densities during vaso
      occlusive events, to monitor therapy targeted at modifying intracellular
      hemoglobin S concentrations, and in sequential applications in large field trials
      designed to determine the relationship between red cell heterogeneity and
      specific manifestations of the sickle cell syndromes.

PMID- 4009020
TI  - Proximal tubule hydrogen ion transport processes in diuretic-induced metabolic
      alkalosis.
AB  - Transport systems involved in proximal tubule HCO-3 reabsorption were examined in
      disaggregated renal cortical tubules from rabbits with metabolic alkalosis. The
      acid-base disorder was induced by first treating the animals with furosemide, and
      then maintaining them on low Cl--high HCO-3 diets. On this regimen, the rabbits
      had increases in blood pH and total CO2 values and decreases in serum K+
      concentrations. Urine Cl- concentrations were less than 15 mEq/L in all cases.
      Na+-H+ exchange was evaluated by incubating tubules in rotenone in an Na+-free
      medium to deplete them of Na+ and adenosine triphosphate. Then the tubules were
      resuspended in media containing 65 or 12.5 mEq/L Na+ at either pH 7.1 or pH 7.6.
      The rise in cell pH estimated by dimethadione distribution was taken as a measure
      of Na+-H+ exchanger activity. At the high incubation pH, Na+-H+ exchanger
      activity appeared to be the same in tubules taken from alkalotic rabbits compared
      with those prepared from normal rabbits. At the low incubation pH, the activity
      of this transport system appeared to be depressed by 40% to 50% in alkalosis,
      with kinetics that suggested a decreased Vmax for the exchanger. Na+-independent
      H+ transport, presumably reflecting activity of an H+-adenosine triphosphatase,
      was evaluated by preincubating tubules in a Na+-free medium in the presence of
      ouabain, and then sequentially exposing them to and removing them from a solution
      containing 20 mmol/L NH4Cl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009022
TI  - Defect in cholesterol transport in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - A defect in cholesterol transport was detected in patients with uremia who were
      receiving long-term hemodialysis when the rate of cholesterol transfer (RCT) from
      high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to very low-density (VLDL) and low-density
      lipoproteins (LDL) was compared with that in controls. The RCT (mean +/- SD) in
      29 men with uremia (1.85 +/- 1.29 mg/hr/100 ml) and 11 women with uremia (1.84 +/
      1.00 mg/hr/100 ml) was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than values in 55
      healthy men (4.50 +/- 2.61 mg/hr/100 ml) and 23 healthy women (3.72 +/- 1.92
      mg/hr/100 ml), respectively. Six patients, but none of the controls, totally
      lacked the ability for cholesterol transfer. The decreased RCT of the patients
      could not be completely accounted for by their decreased HDL cholesterol levels,
      because patients matched with controls for HDL cholesterol within 1 mg/100 ml
      also had lower RCT (P less than 0.0025). Recombination and crossover of serum
      fractions of patients and controls separated by ultracentrifugation revealed that
      the defect in cholesterol transfer of the patients was in the d greater than
      1.063 gm/ml fraction (containing HDL and other serum proteins), which not only
      contained less HDL cholesterol, but was also qualitatively inferior as donor for
      cholesterol transfer. In one of four patients studied, the d less than 1.063
      gm/ml fraction (VLDL and LDL) also had deficient ability to accept cholesteryl
      esters in the transfer. These in vitro data indicate a defect in cholesterol
      transport in the patients who are undergoing hemodialysis. Whether this defect
      exists in vivo and creates the risk of accelerated atherosclerosis warrants
      further study.

PMID- 4009023
TI  - Adriamycin-induced chronic proteinuria: a structural and functional study.
AB  - Focal, segmental glomerulosclerosis is frequently associated with chronic
      proteinuria and progressively declining renal function in humans as well as in
      experimental models of glomerular disease. Although little is known regarding the
      pathogenesis of this lesion, persistent, massive proteinuria has been associated
      with a poor prognosis. The administration of adriamycin to rats results in
      proteinuria of glomerular origin. We used this model to study the glomerular
      functional and structural alterations associated with proteinuria of 4 to 5 weeks
      duration. Studies of single nephron function revealed a 34% reduction in nephron
      plasma flow and a 50% decline in the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient in
      rats given adriamycin. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate, however, was
      only modestly reduced (27%), because of an 8.0 mm Hg elevation of mean
      transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (P less than 0.05). Morphologically,
      glomeruli of adriamycin-treated rats demonstrated significantly increased
      mesangial matrix and cellularity. In addition, glomerular capillaries frequently
      appeared enlarged, and epithelial cell bleb formation was evident. Focal
      glomerulosclerosis, however, was only rarely seen. The functional and morphologic
      characteristics of chronic adriamycin nephrosis are different from those
      associated with chronic proteinuria induced by repetitive administration of
      aminonucleoside of puromycin. Comparison of the two models suggests that the
      development of focal glomerulosclerosis can be dissociated from proteinuria and
      elevations of intraglomerular hydraulic pressures.

PMID- 4009025
TI  - Monovalent cation changes in sickle erythrocytes: a direct reflection of alpha
      globin gene number.
AB  - It has been suggested that the less severe anemia that exists in patients with
      sickle cell anemia who also have alpha-thalassemia is related to an effect on the
      sickling of erythrocytes. To test this hypothesis, we used as a measure of
      sickling the change in sickle erythrocyte sodium and potassium content that
      occurs during deoxygenation. Sickle cells from individuals with four, three, or
      two alpha-globin genes were deoxygenated, and the change in monovalent cation
      content measured to determine whether a relationship exists between alpha-globin
      gene number and sickling. In samples of cells depleted of irreversibly sickled
      cells, the alpha-globin gene number was directly related to the magnitude of mean
      cation change and inversely related to the ratio of membrane surface area to cell
      volume. These data indicate that alpha-thalassemia is associated with a
      diminished degree of sickling in individuals with sickle cell anemia. They also
      suggest that excess cell membrane may play a role in this protective effect.

PMID- 4009024
TI  - Effects of divalent cations on the interaction of platelets with tumor cells:
      aggregation and perfusion studies with two homologous human systems.
AB  - The effects of chelation of divalent cations in the interaction of platelets and
      tumor cells has been studied in a homologous human system using human platelet
      rich plasma and two tumor cell lines of human origin: SKNMC (neuroblastoma)
      cells, which cause platelet aggregation by an adenosine diphosphate-dependent
      mechanism, and U87MG (glioblastoma) cells, which function by a thrombin-dependent
      mechanism. When added at zero time, citrate 14 mmol/L completely abolished
      aggregation in heparinized (5 U/ml) platelet-rich plasma by either cell line, but
      the degree of inhibition was reduced by later addition of the chelating agent.
      Calcium citrate 8 mmol/L reduced by only 10%, indicating that citrate anion was
      not responsible for the inhibition. Addition of Ca++ or Mg++ alone or in
      combination at concentrations up to 1.5 mmol/L did not reverse the inhibition.
      Addition of higher concentrations of Ca++ (2 mmol/L) caused immediate clotting,
      whereas concentrations of Mg++ up to 6 mmol/L were without effect. Inhibition
      could be reversed by washing the platelets free of citrate and resuspending in
      heparinized platelet-rich plasma. Aggregation by either cell line was inhibited
      by EDTA and EGTA. In the Baumgartner perfusion apparatus, platelet interaction
      with subendothelium was increased about 50-fold in the presence of SKNMC cells,
      but this effect was also abolished after addition of citrate. After addition of
      U87MG cells to heparinized PRP, there was a 400-fold increase in platelet
      interaction with subendothelium, and complex thrombi containing red cells, white
      cells, and fibrin were formed. This stimulation was reduced to control levels by
      addition of citrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009026
TI  - Immunoassay for IgG rheumatoid factor with a murine monoclonal anti-Fd antibody.
AB  - Conventional radioimmunoassays for IgG rheumatoid factors (RF) detect the binding
      of IgG RF (or their F(ab')2 fragments) to solid-phase human IgG Fc fragments or
      rabbit IgG. Binding is detected with a radiolabeled antibody that is IgG-specific
      but is nonreactive with human Fc (i.e., an alpha-Fd reagent) or with rabbit IgG.
      Anti-Fd reagents are quite laborious to produce. We developed a murine monoclonal
      alpha-Fd antibody, confirmed its specificity, and compared it with conventional
      rabbit alpha-Fd in the IgG RF radioimmunoassay. We also adapted the assay to an
      enzyme-linked assay with both human Fc and rabbit IgG as antigen. We compared the
      four assay methods with each other and examined their relationship to certain
      clinical and laboratory features of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4009027
TI  - Canine antibodies against formaldehyde-dog serum albumin conjugates: induction,
      measurement, and specificity.
AB  - Formaldehyde-dog serum albumin (F-DSA) conjugates were prepared as soluble
      haptenized proteins. The F-DSA reacted with rabbit anti-DSA. Change in
      electrophoretic migration of F-DSA as compared with DSA demonstrated conjugation.
      The more rapid migration toward the anode of F-DSA implied deletion of positive
      charges on DSA by conjugation with formaldehyde. F-DSA was antigenic for dogs
      when given intravenously as solution or subcutaneously in Freund's complete
      adjuvant. Intravenously administered formaldehyde resulted in an anti-F-DSA
      response, presumably caused by F-DSA forming in vivo. Canine IgG and IgA
      antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Canine anti-F-DSA
      has specificity for neither formaldehyde nor DSA alone, as determined by
      inhibition analysis, indicating that the antigenic determinant of F-DSA for dogs
      is a combination of formaldehyde and a new antigenic determinant formed on DSA.
      Immediate-type hypersensitivity occurred transiently in dogs immunized
      intravenously with formaldehyde or F-DSA. Finally, exposure of DSA to
      formaldehyde either in vivo or in vitro results in alteration of DSA molecules
      and an immune response to that altered DSA as well as to commercial DSA. Such
      results have previously been seen with formaldehyde in rabbits or with
      glutaraldehyde by other investigators.

PMID- 4009028
TI  - Air pressure changes in the external auditory meatus (the influence on pure tone
      bone conduction thresholds).

PMID- 4009029
TI  - Otomycosis--a continuing problem.
AB  - The microbiology of 12,174 symptomatic ears presenting over an eight-year period
      to one hospital was examined in detail. 1,061 cases of fungal infection were
      found. The incidence and pattern of these fungi and the accompanying bacteria, in
      cases of mixed infection, do not appear to have been affected by the widespread
      use of powerful topically-applied antibiotic/steroid preparations over more than
      two decades. Otomycosis remains an uncommon, often overlooked but important cause
      of morbidity in a temperate climate.

PMID- 4009030
TI  - A clinical comparison of the results of two different methods of closing tympanic
      membrane perforations.
AB  - A series of myringoplasties is presented and those cases that did not heal
      perfect are discussed. In order to evaluate whether some changes in the technique
      could further improve the results, another series incorporating these changes was
      operated after and the results are presented. Differences in healing and post
      operative hearing between the two groups of patients are evaluated.

PMID- 4009032
TI  - Tympanometric variations induced by vidian nerve stimulation in humans.

PMID- 4009031
TI  - Delayed ultrastructural radiation induced changes in the human mesotympanic
      middle ear mucosa.
AB  - The irradiation-induced changes in the middle ear mucosa of six patients were
      described and discussed. The epithelium showed marked reduction of the
      cytoplasmic mass, variable degrees of ciliary loss and widening of the
      intercellular spaces with disruption of some of the maculae adherentes. The
      connective tissue stroma showed increased production of collagenous fibrous
      tissue and increased number of synthetically active fibroblasts. New gland
      formation has been observed and the glands exhibited reduced activity. The
      endothelial cells of some blood capillaries were swollen and the basal lamina was
      duplicated. The lumina of other capillaries were completely obliterated and
      replaced by a cord of fibrous tissue.

PMID- 4009033
TI  - Experimental investigation of temperature gradients in the inner ear following
      argon laser exposure.
AB  - In microsurgery of the middle ear using argon laser, heat is produced on the
      sensorineural structures adjacent to the irradiated bones. Thermal gradients
      following laser applications have been measured by means of special
      thermocouples. The footplate was perforated by a 50 msec. ray applied both at 380
      mWatt and at 460 mWatt. The maximum temperature increase registered in the
      labyrinthine spaces was respectively 2 degrees C. and 3.5 degrees C. Coagulation
      of the promontory mucosa was performed using 100 msec. impulses at 200 mWatt. At
      the end of a series of 12 applications the temperature increase at the level of
      the basal coil was 1.4 degrees C. From the above results the authors conclude
      that no damage is induced during laser microsurgery and that, considering the
      power and time values relative to impulses, the use of laser in routine clinical
      practice should be relatively safe.

PMID- 4009034
TI  - Ultrastructural features of the myelin sheath of Scarpa's ganglion cells in the
      adult guinea pig.

PMID- 4009035
TI  - Facial electroneuronography: action potential amplitude and latency studies in 50
      normal subjects.

PMID- 4009036
TI  - The management of severe recurrent epistaxis due to hereditary hemorrhagic
      telangiectasia using regional facial cutaneous flaps.

PMID- 4009037
TI  - Thornell's approach for arytenoidectomy in the surgical treatment of bilateral
      abductor paralysis; personal experience and results.
AB  - Surgical treatment of bilateral abductor paralysis of the vocal cords is still a
      question for debate, as can be seen by a review of the relevant literature. The
      authors describe their modification of Thornell's technique, as used in 12 cases
      of recurrent paralysis, and they suggest a variant to the basic method which has
      been proved to cause minimal trauma, is simple to carry out and has produced
      excellent results.

PMID- 4009038
TI  - Osteoma of the middle ear.

PMID- 4009039
TI  - Facial palsy following stapedectomy: (a case report).
AB  - A case of peripheral facial palsy which appeared 8 days following ipsilateral
      stapedectomy, was diagnosed as Bell's palsy. We stress the uncommon coincidence
      of the two events and the important implications in the treatment of a palsy
      appearing after middle ear surgery. Bell's palsy is an unusual but real
      possibility which should be borne in mind before deciding on extended surgical
      exploration.

PMID- 4009040
TI  - BIPP allergy causing facial paralysis.
AB  - The present case appears to be the first recorded in which BIPP sensitivity led
      to a delayed post-operative facial palsy.

PMID- 4009041
TI  - Myxoma of the jaw.

PMID- 4009042
TI  - Co-existing tuberculosis and malignancy in the maxillary sinus.

PMID- 4009043
TI  - Use of a nasopharyngeal airway as an aid to easy recovery after nasal surgery.

PMID- 4009044
TI  - Lymphangiectatic fibrous polyp of the palatine tonsil. A report of three cases.
AB  - Three cases of lymphangiectatic fibrous polyp of the palatine tonsil are
      reported. The polyp arose from the upper pole of the tonsil in two cases and from
      the middle-to-lower part in one case. They were all asymptomatic until the polyps
      grew larger. The polyps were removed, with or without the tonsil. The pertinent
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 4009045
TI  - Aggressive fibromatosis of the tonsillar fossa--a case report.

PMID- 4009046
TI  - Lingual claudication and necrosis as a complication of giant cell arteritis.
AB  - A case of lingual claudication and necrosis of the tongue due to giant cell
      arteritis, treated by a high dose of Prednisolone, is reported.

PMID- 4009047
TI  - Two cases of vallecular cyst presenting with acute stridor.
AB  - Acute airway obstruction is a rare presentation of vallecular cysts in adults. In
      the two cases presented this probably reflected infection and responded well to a
      trial of conservative treatment.

PMID- 4009048
TI  - The choice of techniques for the surgery of chronic otitis media with
      cholesteatoma.

PMID- 4009049
TI  - Surgical treatment of cholesteatomatous ear disease.

PMID- 4009050
TI  - The doubtful value of tympanometry in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.
AB  - Many consider that the compliance of the middle ear as measured from the
      tympanogram can be helpful in diagnosing otosclerosis. To test this assertion,
      the compliance in 34 individuals with surgically proven otosclerosis was compared
      with the compliance in 34 age and sex matched, normal controls, randomly selected
      from the population. Though the mean compliance was different in the two groups,
      there was considerable overlap in the range of values which severely limits the
      practical usefulness of tympanometry. If the level of compliance is taken at
      which a false negative diagnosis would be made in 10 per cent of otosclerotic
      ears, a false positive diagnosis of otosclerosis would be made in 88 per cent of
      normal ears. If the level of compliance is taken at which a false positive
      diagnosis of otosclerosis would be made in 10 per cent of normal ears, 72 per
      cent of ears with otosclerosis would be considered normal. It is concluded that
      tympanometry will not help to arrive at a diagnosis of otosclerosis.

PMID- 4009051
TI  - Retropharyngeal abscesses in a children's hospital.

PMID- 4009052
TI  - Tracheostomal stenosis following total laryngectomy.
AB  - Of 36 patients who underwent laryngectomy for cancer of the larynx, 21 patients
      had the stoma created in the incision, while 15 patients had it constructed
      caudal to it in an effort to diminish fistual formation and to keep the stoma
      open. All patients wore the cannula for a comparatively long time. In both groups
      the patients developed post-operative pharyngo-cutaneous fistulae in
      approximately one third of the cases, and we found no obvious difference in the
      stoma's ability to shrink in the two groups. However, by utilizing wide
      peristomal tissue excision combined with bevelling of the stump and a
      transposition flap in the posterior membraneous part of the trachea to widen the
      circumference, we believe that stomal stenosis will occur less frequently.

PMID- 4009053
TI  - Near-total laryngectomy with myo-mucosal valved neoglottis.
AB  - The entire larynx is usually sacrificed in the process of surgical treatment of
      T3 glottic carcinoma, trans-glottic carcinoma and pyriform sinus carcinoma, with
      consequent loss of speech. Most of the uninvolved, cancer-free part of the larynx
      is discarded for no good reason. According to the surgical principles of
      oncology, a tumour should be removed with clear margins, but this does not
      necessarily mean that the whole organ has to be extirpated. In a recently applied
      surgical procedure, the small tumour-free part of the larynx is fashioned into an
      innervated myo-mucosal valved shunt joining trachea and pharynx. This neoglottis
      allows expiration into the pharynx in speech production but it also contracts
      during swallowing to avoid aspiration. The first four consecutive cases in which
      this procedure has been carried out with complete success are presented.

PMID- 4009054
TI  - Middle-ear lipoma presenting as airways obstruction: case report and review of
      literature.
AB  - We report a case of a lipoma arising in the middle ear of a 64-year-old woman and
      extending down the eustachian tube to cause acute airways obstruction. The lipoma
      arose coincidentally after a stapedectomy operation and caused apparent late
      failure of the operation. A review of the literature revealed no similar cases.

PMID- 4009055
TI  - An unusual presentation of acoustic neuroma.
AB  - A case is reported of sudden onset of unilateral fifth, seventh and eighth
      cranial nerve palsies associated with occipital headache due to haemorrhage into
      an ipsilateral acoustic neuroma.

PMID- 4009056
TI  - Orbital apex syndrome due to rhinoscleroma. A case report.
AB  - A case of Rhinoscleroma of the left maxilla and ethmoid with involvement of the
      orbital apex, in a female diabetic, is reported. The significance of the
      associated diabetes is discussed.

PMID- 4009057
TI  - A leiomyosarcoma of the hypopharynx.
AB  - A fourth case of leiomyosarcoma of the hypopharynx is reported. The
      histopathological diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Surgery is still the
      treatment of choice and, in combination with chemotherapy (especially
      Methotrexate) and radiotherapy, the recurrence rate can be reduced. However,
      randomized studies are required.

PMID- 4009058
TI  - Clinical implications of laryngeal amyloidosis.
AB  - Four cases of laryngeal amyloidosis are reported. For the present three of these
      cases have to be considered as primary localized amyloidosis, the type usually
      found in the larynx. Amyloid in the larynx may be a manifestation of the
      generalized or secondary form, which has to be excluded in each case. Diagnosis
      is provided by various histochemical stainings of which Congo red is the most
      specific one. Electron microscopy can be very helpful. Treatment consists of
      local excision. Recurrence may become manifest after several years and long-term
      follow-up is recommended.

PMID- 4009059
TI  - Effects of the degree of saturation of dietary fat on the hepatic production of
      lipoproteins in the African green monkey.
AB  - The cholesteryl ester content of plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) in monkeys
      has previously been shown to be related to the rate of hepatic cholesterol
      secretion and cholesteryl ester content of newly secreted lipoproteins in the
      isolated perfused liver. In the present studies, African green monkeys were fed
      diets containing cholesterol and 40% of calories as either butter or safflower
      oil in order to determine the effects of saturated versus polyunsaturated dietary
      fat on hepatic lipoprotein secretion. The rate of cholesterol accumulation in
      liver perfusates was correlated with the size of the donor's plasma LDL, but for
      any rate, a smaller plasma LDL was found in donor animals of the safflower oil
      group than in those of the butter group. Hepatic very low density lipoproteins
      (VLDL) were smaller in the safflower oil group but contained more cholesteryl
      ester and fewer triglyceride molecules per particle than those from the butter
      group. Livers from the safflower oil group contained more cholesteryl ester and
      less triglyceride than those from the butter group. The cholesteryl ester
      percentage composition of hepatic VLDL resembled that of the liver in each group.
      The data show that dietary polyunsaturated fat decreased plasma LDL size even
      though it increased the cholesteryl ester content of lipoproteins secreted by the
      liver. Therefore, intravascular formation of plasma LDL from hepatic precursor
      lipoproteins appears to include the removal of relatively greater amounts of
      cholesteryl esters from the precursor lipoproteins in polyunsaturated fat-fed
      animals.

PMID- 4009060
TI  - De novo sterologenesis in the skin. II. Regulation by cutaneous barrier
      requirements.
AB  - Recent studies suggest: that the epidermis and pilosebaceous epithelium are
      important sites of de novo sterol synthesis, and that the rate of cutaneous
      cholesterol synthesis does not change with alterations in circulating sterol
      levels. Since cutaneous sterols may be important for permeability barrier
      function, we studied the effect of experimentally altered barrier function on de
      novo sterologenesis in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. Epidermal
      sterologenesis appeared to be modulated by the skin's barrier requirements
      because topical detergent and acetone treatment stimulated de novo synthesis of
      nonsaponifiable lipids in the epidermis, but not in the dermis. Synthetic
      activity paralleled both the return of barrier function toward normal and the
      extent of prior damage to the barrier. Moreover, plastic-wrap occlusion of
      solvent-treated sites simultaneously corrected both the barrier abnormality and
      normalized sterol synthesis, further linking increased epidermal sterologenesis
      to barrier requirements. Whereas topical applications of a variety of other
      topical lipids did not down-regulate synthesis, epicutaneously applied 25
      hydroxycholesterol appeared to diminish synthesis. These results suggest that
      maintenance of barrier function is one purpose of epidermal de novo
      nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis, and demonstrate further that, despite a lack of
      low density lipoprotein receptors, epidermis can regulate its lipid-synthetic
      apparatus in response to certain specific requirements.

PMID- 4009061
TI  - Coassimilation of dietary fat and benzo(a)pyrene in the small intestine: an
      absorption model using the killifish.
AB  - Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was dissolved in dietary fat and fed in a single dose to
      killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Fluorescence microscopic examinations of small
      intestinal content and frozen sections of whole small intestine revealed that
      during fat digestion BP was codispersed in liquid crystalline product phases
      produced during lipolysis (1979. Patton, J. S., and M. C. Carey, Science. 204:
      145-148) and then coabsorbed with dietary lipid followed by its reappearance in
      intracellular fat droplets. During the time that the absorbed fat remained in the
      enterocytes, BP fluorescence was initially concentrated in the intracellular fat
      droplets and then spread throughout the cytosol of the enterocytes. Tissue
      analyses showed that BP was rapidly metabolized in the intestine and transported
      to the gallbladder. These studies show that separation of a dissolved hydrophobic
      carcinogen from dietary fat occurs primarily after the fat has been digested,
      dispersed, absorbed, and reassembled in the enterocyte. The inability of the
      enterocyte to discriminate between dietary fat and dissolved carcinogenic
      compounds may be a partial explanation of the observed link between high fat
      diets and the incidence of some cancers. In vertebrates, the intestine and not
      the liver, appears to be the major site of metabolism of dietary polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

PMID- 4009062
TI  - Abnormal fatty acid composition of erythrocyte glycosphingolipids in congenital
      dyserythropoietic anemia type II.
AB  - Glycosphingolipids were isolated from the erythrocytes of three siblings
      clinically affected with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDA-II) as
      well as from the erythrocytes of their parents and of normal individuals.
      Glycolipids were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography of their native and O
      acetylated form and by high performance liquid chromatography of their O-acetyl-N
      p-nitrobenzoyl derivatives. The glycolipid content of the CDA-II erythrocytes was
      2.5 to 3 times higher than normal. This abnormal concentration resulted from a
      moderate accumulation of all the glycolipids present in normal erythrocytes and
      from a strong increase (at least 10 times over normal level) of lactotriaosyl-
      and lactoneotetraosylceramide. Glycolipids contained higher amounts of long chain
      fatty acids (C22-C24) in CDA-II patients than in controls. Free ceramide content
      of CDA-II erythrocytes was two times greater than the control value and the fatty
      acid composition was also altered.

PMID- 4009063
TI  - Rates of low density lipoprotein uptake and cholesterol synthesis are regulated
      independently in the liver.
AB  - The relationship between rates of hepatic sterol synthesis and rates of hepatic
      low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake (clearance) was studied in animals with high
      (rats), low (female hamsters), and very low (male hamsters) basal rates of
      hepatic sterol synthesis. In rats and female hamsters, rates of hepatic sterol
      synthesis were varied over a 110-fold range by feeding cholesterol or
      cholestyramine; nevertheless, rates of hepatic LDL clearance remained essentially
      unchanged as did plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations. In contrast, in male
      hamsters, which have a very limited capacity to synthesize cholesterol in the
      liver, cholestyramine feeding increased rates of hepatic LDL uptake by 2.5-fold
      and this was associated with a 50% reduction in plasma LDL-cholesterol
      concentrations. The observed increase in LDL uptake was due to an increase in
      receptor-dependent LDL transport while receptor-independent lipoprotein uptake
      remained constant. These studies suggest that rates of hepatic cholesterol
      synthesis and receptor-dependent LDL uptake are regulated independently.
      Furthermore, the primary response of the liver to changes in cholesterol
      availability is regulation of sterol synthesis and only when the capacity of this
      compensatory mechanism is exceeded is the rate of LDL transport altered.

PMID- 4009064
TI  - Inhibition of cerebroside synthesis in the brains of mice treated with L
      cycloserine.
AB  - Subcutaneous injection of L-cycloserine resulted in a 28% reduction in
      cerebroside levels in mouse brain but had no effect on the levels of
      gangliosides. In contrast, intraperitoneal injection results in a reduction of
      ganglioside as well as cerebroside + sulfatide levels. The route of injection
      influenced the degree of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthase inhibition.
      Intraperitoneal injection caused a rapid decrease in synthase activity followed
      by recovery over 48 hr, whereas subcutaneous injection resulted in no inhibition
      over this time; only after daily injection for a week was synthase activity
      reduced 35%. One week following cessation of L-cycloserine administration, enzyme
      activity had recovered, whereas the cerebroside level continued to fall. All
      lipids and enzymes showed normal levels 3 weeks post-cycloserine administration.
      L-[3H]serine incorporation into glycolipids showed that cerebroside synthesis was
      most affected, whereas sulfatide synthesis was less affected. One week after
      cessation of cycloserine treatment, cerebroside synthesis was still severely
      inhibited, whereas sulfatide levels were near normal. Two weeks after cessation
      of L-cycloserine administration, synthesis of these glycolipids was similar to
      that of controls.

PMID- 4009065
TI  - Early effects of dietary orotic acid upon liver lipid synthesis and bile
      cholesterol secretion in rats.
AB  - Dietary orotic acid is known to cause impaired fatty acid synthesis and increased
      cholesterol synthesis in rats. We found that the impaired fatty acid synthesis
      occurs during the first day of orotic acid feeding and, in studies with albumin
      bound [1-14C]palmitic acid, an associated decrease in the rate of esterification
      of this fatty acid into triacylglycerol, phospholipid, and cholesteryl ester was
      observed. These changes may result from the known decreases in liver levels of
      adenine nucleotides or, as reported here, from decreased liver CoASH levels in
      orotic acid-fed rats. The increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis occurred
      during the second day of orotic acid feeding. It was detected by increased
      incorporation of [1,2-14C]acetate into cholesterol by liver slices and by a 7
      fold increase in HMG-CoA reductase activity. At the same time the biliary output
      of cholesterol was increased 2-fold and studies using 3H2O revealed that the
      output of newly synthesized cholesterol in bile was increased 5-fold. The content
      of cholesteryl ester in hepatic microsomes decreased during orotic acid feeding
      but free cholesterol was unchanged. The findings are interpreted to suggest that
      the increased bile cholesterol secretion caused by orotic acid is a result of
      impaired hepatic cholesterol esterification and that the increase in HMG-CoA
      reductase activity is a result of diminished negative feedback due to the
      depleted content of cholesteryl ester in the hepatic microsomes.

PMID- 4009066
TI  - Preferential enrichment of large-sized very low density lipoprotein populations
      with transferred cholesteryl esters.
AB  - The effect of lipid transfer proteins on the exchange and transfer of cholesteryl
      esters from rat plasma HDL2 to human very low (VLDL) and low density (LDL)
      lipoprotein populations was studied. The use of a combination of radiochemical
      and chemical methods allowed separate assessment of [3H]cholesteryl ester
      exchange and of cholesteryl ester transfer. VLDL-I was the preferred acceptor for
      transferred cholesteryl esters, followed by VLDL-II and VLDL-III. LDL did not
      acquire cholesteryl esters. The contribution of exchange of [3H]cholesteryl
      esters to total transfer was highest for LDL and decreased in reverse order along
      the VLDL density range. Inactivation of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase
      (LCAT) and heating the HDL2 for 60 min at 56 degrees C accelerated transfer and
      exchange of [3H]cholesteryl esters. Addition of lipid transfer proteins increased
      cholesterol esterification in all systems. The data demonstrate that large-sized,
      triglyceride-rich VLDL particles are preferred acceptors for transferred
      cholesteryl esters. It is suggested that enrichment of very low density
      lipoproteins with cholesteryl esters reflects the triglyceride content of the
      particles.

PMID- 4009067
TI  - Quantitative analysis of brain gangliosides by high performance liquid
      chromatography of their perbenzoyl derivatives.
AB  - This report describes a convenient, highly sensitive, and reproducible HPLC
      procedure for the quantitative analysis of gangliosides from brain tissues. The
      procedure involves the conversion of gangliosides to their perbenzoyl
      derivatives, isolation of the derivatives on a C18-reversed-phase cartridge,
      separation of the derivatives on a column (3-micron silica) maintained at an
      elevated temperature, and UV detection of the derivatives at 230 nm. The
      convenience of the procedure, its sensitivity, reproducibility, and application
      to the analysis of gangliosides from tissue sources make it the method of choice
      for ganglioside quantification in our laboratories. Three aspects of the
      procedure contribute to its convenience: reaction conditions that lead to single
      products, a convenient isolation procedure for the derivatives, and
      chromatographic conditions that provide resolution of the derivatives.

PMID- 4009068
TI  - Rapid separation and quantification of lipid classes by high performance liquid
      chromatography and mass (light-scattering) detection.
AB  - The major lipid classes in animal tissues, varying in polarity from cholesteryl
      esters to lysophosphatidylcholine, can be separated and accurately quantified by
      high performance liquid chromatography on a short 3-mu silica column and using a
      mass (light-scattering) detector. Sample sizes of 0.2 to 0.4 mg are optimum and
      the analysis is completed in only 20 min. The column is reactivated and ready for
      the next analysis after a further 10 min. After acid treatment, the plasmalogen
      forms of phospholipids can be determined. Applications of the procedure to the
      analysis of rat liver, heart, erythrocytes, and plasma lipids are described.

PMID- 4009069
TI  - Atypical presentation of ankylosing spondylitis: a case study.
AB  - Ankylosing spondylitis (Marie Strumpell's disease) is a chronic inflammatory
      disease which principally affects the axial skeleton. The earliest radiographic
      sign in 90% of the patients with ankylosing spondylitis is a bilateral
      sacroiliitis. Up to 3% of the patients with ankylosing spondylitis will not
      present with the initial sacroiliitis. A case is reported of a patient with an
      atypical presentation. The patient's radiographic presentation consisted of
      syndesmophytosis without sacroiliac involvement. However, due to the patient's
      symptoms, radiographic appearance, and laboratory studies, the diagnosis of an
      atypical ankylosing spondylitis was chosen.

PMID- 4009070
TI  - Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of the upper cervical X-ray marking system.
AB  - This paper investigates the reliability of the upper cervical X-ray marking
      procedure. The measurement chosen to be examined was atlas laterality. Twenty X
      rays were marked by three experienced upper cervical practitioners for the inter
      examiner reliability testing, and two of the doctors marked 10 of the films twice
      for intra-examiner testing. The average measurement for the 60 markings was 1.83
      degrees. The average difference between the 3 doctors was 1.05 degrees. The range
      of error is 57 percent of the average measurement. With interval agreements, it
      is shown that at the point where all 3 doctors agree 80 percent of the time, the
      range of error is 2 degrees, this being over 100 percent of the average
      measurement. The range of error percentages for the 2 intra-examiner tests were
      41 percent and 71 percent. It is concluded that with ranges of error of this
      magnitude any measured differences produced using this system will be just as
      likely to be from marking error as from actual atlas position change. This should
      be considered by practitioners who consider these measurements to be objective
      evidence for demonstrating the results of chiropractic adjustments.

PMID- 4009071
TI  - Nerve root ischemia and pain secondary to spinal stenosis syndrome: technical and
      clinical considerations.
AB  - Spinal stenosis is a loosely used term meaning different things to different
      people. A clinical picture of episodic sciatic pain and a normal physical
      examination usually confronts the physician. Various anatomic lesions can produce
      traction and compression of spinal nerve roots. The pathophysiology of the
      compression and the resultant ischemia of spinal nerve roots is discussed.
      Accurate diagnosis may allow conservative care, including manipulation, to be
      utilized prior to surgical consideration.

PMID- 4009072
TI  - A radiographic anthology of vertebral names.
AB  - There are many conditions of the spine to which various authors have applied
      descriptive names. This paper, an extensive review of the literature, provides
      the first complete source for such named vertebrae. Included are 88 names
      covering all categories of bone disease. A brief description of the radiographic
      appearance and its pathogenesis is provided for each, along with a consideration
      of the disease processes which may produce the appearance.

PMID- 4009073
TI  - "Aging is becoming." Independence for older Georgians.

PMID- 4009074
TI  - MAG's computerized staging of chemical dependence.

PMID- 4009075
TI  - America's march to medical mediocrity or a great and noble profession is dying.

PMID- 4009076
TI  - "An ounce of prevention ..." How one community wellness program has succeeded.

PMID- 4009077
TI  - Revisiting the physician's obligation to comply with requests to produce
      documents.

PMID- 4009078
TI  - Roles and responsibilities: theoretical issues in the definition of consultation
      liaison psychiatry.
AB  - Central to much medical ethical analysis is the concept of the role of the
      physician. While this concept plays an important role in medical ethics, its
      function is largely tacit. The present paper attempts to bring the concept of a
      social role to prominence by focusing on an historically recent and rather richly
      contextured role, namely, that of consultation liaison psychiatry. Since my
      intention is primarily theoretical, I largely ignore the empirical studies which
      purport to develop the detailed functioning of the role. My limited intent is to
      draw attention to the theoretical complexity of the consultation liaison role as
      an example of the general relevance of role concepts to medical ethics. For this
      reason, consultation liaison psychiatry will function as an illustration of
      fundamental concepts of medical ethics rather than as a subject of analysis in
      its own right. Similarly, the concept of the social role will be developed only
      as is necessary to explore the general relationship between the consultation
      liaison role and ethical analysis.

PMID- 4009079
TI  - What is wrong with 'wrongful life' cases?
AB  - 'Wrongful life' torts raise a number of interesting and perplexing philosophical
      issues. In a suit for 'wrongful life', the plaintiff (usually an infant) brings
      an action (usually against a physician) claiming that some negligent action has
      caused the plaintiff's life, say by not informing the parents of the likely
      prospect that their child would be born with severe defects. The most perplexing
      feature of this is that the plaintiff is claiming that he would have been better
      off if he had never been born. A number of arguments have appeared which purport
      to show that "wrongful life' claims should not be allowed, either because it is
      senseless to claim that one would be better off if one had not existed or that it
      is impossible to assess the extent to which someone has been damaged by being
      brought into existence. In our paper we rebut these arguments and suggest a
      procedure for determining damages in 'wrongful life cases'.

PMID- 4009080
TI  - Unsolicited medical opinion.
AB  - By virtue of their professional ethics as healers and because of their
      specialized technical knowledge and clinical experience in assessing and reacting
      to real and potential emergencies, physicians have an obligation to offer an
      unsolicited medical opinion when the following conditions are met: (1) physicians
      assess a high probability of potentially serious disease in a stranger because of
      information presented to them, either in the form of a communication or physical
      signs; (2) physicians judge this information to be latent (not readily
      interpretable as potentially dangerous by the stranger) and likely to remain
      latent prior to the onset of symptoms; (3) the physicians possess the medical
      knowledge appropriate to the professional interpretation of this information.
      Although not a morally risk-free endeavor (invasion of privacy and the potential
      creation of a 'sick role' whether or not the diagnosis is correct), offering an
      unsolicited medical opinion under the above conditions can prevent suffering and
      save lives in unsuspecting strangers.

PMID- 4009081
TI  - Excuse me, but you have a melanoma on your neck! Unsolicited medical opinions.

PMID- 4009082
TI  - A definition for paternalism.
AB  - Several definitions of paternalism from the contemporary literature are examined.
      These are all found to be more or less defective when tested against various
      counterexamples. An alternative definition is subsequently developed using two
      necessary conditions which taken together are considered sufficient to define
      paternalistic actions. Those conditions are (1) the paternalistic action is
      primarily intended to benefit the recipient, and (2) the recipient's consent or
      dissent is not a relevant consideration for the initiator.

PMID- 4009083
TI  - Informed consent: patient's right or patient's duty?
AB  - The rule that a patient should give a free, fully-informed consent to any
      therapeutic intervention is traditionally thought to express merely a right of
      the patient against the physician, and a duty of the physician towards the
      patient. On this view, the patient may waive that right with impunity, a fact
      sometimes expressed in the notion of a right not to know. This paper argues that
      the rule also expresses a duty of the patient towards the physician and a right
      of the physician against the patient. The argument turns, first, on the truism
      that a physician has no obligation to commit a battery, or unauthorized touching,
      and, second, on the thesis that a patient necessarily cannot consent to something
      that is unknown to him. The conclusion is drawn that a patient is not free to
      receive treatment voluntarily without knowledgeably authorizing it.

PMID- 4009084
TI  - Response to Rebecca Dresser's 'Involuntary confinement: legal and psychiatric
      perspectives'.

PMID- 4009085
TI  - Paralytic rabies: some unusual clinical presentations.

PMID- 4009086
TI  - Effects of treatment with aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) for some diseases with
      keratinizing disorders.

PMID- 4009087
TI  - A preliminary study on toxicity of diospyrol and oxidized diospyrol from
      Diospyros mollis Griff. (Maklua) in rabbits eyes.

PMID- 4009088
TI  - The effect of "non-tai-yak" (Stemona curtisii) on the action potential of
      isolated frog sciatic nerve. A preliminary report.

PMID- 4009089
TI  - The role of Daflon in the treatment of acute hemorrhoids.

PMID- 4009090
TI  - Sustained-release theophylline therapy in Thai asthmatic children.

PMID- 4009091
TI  - Acute neuronopathic (type 2) Gaucher disease in siblings in southern Thailand.

PMID- 4009092
TI  - Undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver in childhood: report of two
      cases.

PMID- 4009093
TI  - Structure and expression of two beta genes in a beta thalassemia homozygote.
AB  - Two beta globin gene alleles have been cloned and characterized from a patient
      with beta + thalassemia. Both beta genes have single base mutations in the small
      intervening sequence (IVS 1); one 6 nucleotides and the other 110 nucleotides
      from the 5' end of IVS 1. Both genes lead to abnormal splicing of beta globin
      mRNA precursors when expressed in HeLa cells. Despite the fact that both alleles
      produce some normal beta globin mRNA transcripts, the patient has clinically
      severe beta + thalassemia (Cooley's anemia).

PMID- 4009094
TI  - Visual acuity in a national sample of 10 year old children.
AB  - The prevalence of defects of visual acuity among the 10 year old children in the
      1970 birth cohort was 22.1%, but only in one third of these children was the
      defect more severe than 6/9. Defects were more common among girls. The relation
      of defects to social class was complex. Comparison with data collected on the
      children of the 1958 cohort when they were 11 years old suggests that although
      the prevalence of 6/9 visual acuity has remained constant over the last decade,
      the prevalence of more severe defects has declined from 12.9% to 7.3%. These
      findings have a number of implications for the provision of screening programmes
      and of ophthalmic services for children.

PMID- 4009095
TI  - Introduction of measles into a highly immunised West African community: the role
      of health care institutions.
AB  - In an urban area of Guinea-Bissau, where more than 80% of the children have been
      vaccinated, measles continues to be a major cause of child mortality. Compared
      with the period before the introduction of vaccination, more cases occur outside
      the community, while more cases within the district are now guests and newcomers.
      Half of the new introductions of measles into the community and 30% of the
      measles deaths can be traced back to the paediatric ward. Contact with health
      care institutions plays an important role in the transmission of measles,
      particularly among the youngest children. This consequence of health care may be
      avoidable, however, since several studies suggest that sick children can be
      vaccinated safely and effectively.

PMID- 4009097
TI  - Identification of cases of sudden infant death syndrome from death certificates.
AB  - A method is proposed for identification of cases of sudden infant death syndrome
      (SIDS) from information available on death certificates. Deaths at ages between 7
      days and 2 years, referred to a coroner, having certain specified causes of death
      codes, identified 160 of 169 cases of SIDS confirmed as such by a pathologist.
      The sensitivity of the method was 94% and the specificity was 97%.

PMID- 4009096
TI  - Hepatitis B infection in households of acute cases.
AB  - Seroepidemiological studies conducted in 369 household contacts of 80 acute cases
      of hepatitis B in Singapore showed that asymptomatic chronic carriers of
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) are the main source of acute hepatitis B
      infection. The HBs Ag prevalence rate in asymptomatic household members was 20%
      compared with a 6% prevalence for the general population. The majority of the
      household carriers (60%) were highly infectious with positive hepatitis e antigen
      (HBe Ag). The overall prevalence of HBV infection (with at least one HBV marker)
      of the household contacts was 40.7%. Spouses and parents of acute cases had a
      significantly higher prevalence of HBV infection than other members of the
      families. HBV prevalence rate showed no association with the household size.
      Factors associated with the risk of transmission of HBV infection included
      sharing of various personal and household articles, such as toothbrush, towel,
      handkerchief, clothing, razor, comb, bed and bedding. Sleeping in the same
      bedroom, eating together at meals, and sharing of eating and drinking utensils
      were not associated with an increased risk of transmission of infection. Follow
      up studies six months later showed that 30% of the acute cases became chronic HBs
      Ag carriers (with 46% HBe Ag positive), thus providing an additional source of
      infection in the families, while 8% of the susceptible household members acquired
      asymptomatic HBV infection. Health education on the prevention of HBV
      transmission in the homes of acute cases should be based on sound epidemiological
      information. Household contacts of acute cases of hepatitis B should be routinely
      screened and the susceptible vaccinated against the disease as soon as possible.

PMID- 4009098
TI  - Biosocial factors in the epidemiology of childhood asthma in a British national
      sample.
AB  - The relation between biosocial factors and childhood asthma in a British national
      sample (n = greater than 14 000) is examined. The presence of asthma was found to
      associate with sex of the child, parental age and occupation, housing type, and
      overcrowding as well as eczema and some infectious diseases. Discriminant
      analysis showed that it was possible to differentiate between asthmatics and non
      asthmatics due mainly to allergy related factors.

PMID- 4009099
TI  - Patterns of cigarette smoking and trends in lung cancer mortality in Italy.
AB  - Cigarette consumption has increased steadily throughout this century in Italy.
      There were marked increases in three periods: in the 1920s, in the 1950s possibly
      due to the spread of smoking among young men, and in the 1970s in part due to
      smoking among women. The average number of cigarettes per adult per day sold
      legally in 1980 was 6.9 but, taking smuggling into account, the actual average
      number of cigarettes smoked per day is likely to range between eight and nine.
      Data from a national sample-based survey conducted in 1980 showed that smoking
      prevalence in men was broadly similar within age groups, geographical area,
      education, and socioeconomic groups. Smoking in women, on the other hand, was
      concentrated in younger and more educated women living in larger towns and in
      richer areas of the country. This pattern is typical of a recent rapid spread of
      smoking among women. The average tar yield of Italian cigarettes in 1983-4 was
      about 17 mg. Tar yield was strongly and negatively correlated with price (r = 
      0.55). This abnormality should be urgently reversed by government intervention.
      No material increase in lung cancer mortality in young women was evident up to
      the lat 1970s. Lung cancer death rates in men correlated closely with the
      observed changes in cigarette consumption. The highest mortality rates (about 7,
      20, and 50/100 000 respectively in the age groups 35-39, 40-44, and 45-49) were
      reached by the generation born around 1927-30, and the rates have remained fairly
      constant around these maximum levels for those born up to 1940. As a consequence,
      Italian lung cancer death rates in middle-aged men (45 to 54) are currently the
      highest registered in developed countries, and large upward trends are currently
      detectable in older men.

PMID- 4009100
TI  - Interaction of alcohol and tobacco as risk factors in cancer of the laryngeal
      region.
AB  - The aim of this study is to present risk assessments for the combined effect of
      alcohol and tobacco in cancer of the larynx. The case control study included all
      newly diagnosed laryngeal cancer patients under the age of 75 in Denmark during
      the years 1980-2. Four age and sex matched controls were selected using the
      municipal person registry in which the case was listed. Ninety six per cent of
      all cases and 78% of controls participated in the study, which is based on 326
      cases and 1134 controls. Information on alcohol consumption and tobacco use was
      obtained by means of mailed questionnaires. For all laryngeal cancers as well as
      for the subgroups concerning cancer of the glottis and supraglottis alcohol
      consumption and tobacco use were found to be important risk factors. The effect
      of joint exposure was greater than the effect predicted from the sum of effects
      of each factor acting separately. Thus the combined effect follows a
      multiplicative rather than additive model.

PMID- 4009101
TI  - Relation between parents' and children's smoking behaviour and attitudes.
AB  - In the MRC/Derbyshire Smoking Study, a cohort of about 6000 adolescents was
      surveyed annually about their smoking behaviour, attitudes, and other issues from
      when they entered secondary school at 11-12 until 15-16 years and then again at
      18-19 years. Their parents answered a similar questionnaire when their children
      were aged 11-12 and 15-16 years. In this paper we report the findings of an
      investigation focussed on the relation between parents' and childrens' smoking
      behaviour and attitudes at different stages of adolescence. It reveals
      substantial agreement between children's and parents' reports of parents' smoking
      behaviour and attitudes, that children from one-parent families are more likely
      than their peers to smoke, and that boys are more likely to smoke if their
      fathers smoke and girls if their mothers smoke. In addition, maternal attitudes
      were independently related to the boys' smoking behaviour. The implications of
      these findings for health education are discussed.

PMID- 4009102
TI  - Socioeconomic status and risk of multiple myeloma.
AB  - A case control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that socioeconomic
      status is positively associated with multiple myeloma incidence. One hundred and
      fifty-three myeloma cases and 459 controls were identified at the Duke University
      Medical Center at Durham, North Carolina. Study members were interviewed
      regarding indicators of socioeconomic status. The association of myeloma with
      family income (current and highest), education, occupation, home ownership,
      dwelling size, and an index of crowding in the home was examined by estimating
      relative risks. Among these indicators, only home ownership showed any
      association with multiple myeloma incidence (RR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0-2.6). The
      association of multiple myeloma with socioeconomic status that has been seen in
      earlier studies may have been due to underascertainment of disease in less
      advantaged groups. This association is disappearing as access to health care
      becomes more uniform across socioeconomic groups.

PMID- 4009103
TI  - Do cholecystectomy rates correlate with geographic variations in the prevalence
      of gallstones?
AB  - Two fold variations in the age and sex standardised post mortem prevalence of
      gallstones have been demonstrated between nine British towns by Barker and his
      colleagues. We have examined the rates of cholecystectomy in the Districts
      serving seven of these towns to discover whether the incidence of operation bears
      any relation to this variation in morbidity. The opportunity to compare
      independent measurements of morbidity with the supply of health services and
      their use is rare, and in this example a plausible association is demonstrated.
      Variations in cholecystectomy rates between countries is, however, more difficult
      to explain by variations in relevant morbidity.

PMID- 4009104
TI  - A useless raffle.
AB  - A mailed questionnaire was sent to 2712 subjects asking about respiratory
      symptoms, and a raffle for three prizes of 50 pounds, 30 pounds, and 20 pounds
      was organised. The response rate in the 1762 who were told about the raffle was
      no higher than for 950 subjects who served as controls.

PMID- 4009105
TI  - Economics of an aging population.
AB  - Throughout this century, as in many other countries, the proportion of the
      British population in the older age groups has increased. The effect this has on
      the economy is discussed. Topics covered include the determinants of the economic
      status of old people; the reasons for the choice of retirement ages; the burden
      of the aged on younger generations; the costs of pension schemes; the
      disincentive effects of pensions on savings; and poverty in old age.

PMID- 4009106
TI  - Respiratory and cardiovascular responses of the exercising chicken to spinal cord
      cooling at different ambient temperatures. I. Cardiovascular responses and blood
      gases.
AB  - We measured oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV),
      cardiac output (CO) and mean arterial blood pressure (MBPa) of chickens during 15
      min treadmill exercise at 0.5 ms-1 and 0.8 ms-1 at thermoneutral (23 degrees C),
      low (9 degrees C) and high (34 degrees C) ambient temperature (Ta); the vertebral
      canal was cooled to 34 degrees C during the middle 5 min of each exercise period.
      PO2, PCO2, pH and oxygen content (CO2) of the arterial and mixed venous blood
      were also measured. VO2 during exercise was not significantly affected by Ta.
      Spinal cord cooling produced definite increases in VO2, CO and SV during 0.5 ms-1
      exercise at 9 degrees C; otherwise, effects of spinal cord cooling were not
      significant. HR, SV and CO were all linearly related to VO2; these relationships
      were unaffected by spinal cord cooling or Ta. Blood pressure did not increase
      during exercise. PaCO2 and P-vCO2 did not increase significantly during exercise.
      The arterial-venous CO2 difference was increased by exercise only at 34 degrees
      C. The chickens generally hyperventilated at 34 degrees C Ta compared to the
      other Ta values. No consistent effect on blood gases or on pH and CO2 of the
      blood could be attributed to spinal cord cooling.

PMID- 4009107
TI  - Unilateral ciliary reversal and motor responses during prey capture by the
      ctenophore Pleurobrachia.
AB  - High-speed cinematography of feeding Pleurobrachia revealed a stereo-typed
      sequence of ciliary motor responses underlying the feeding behaviour of this
      ctenophore. Prey capture by a tentacle first elicited high frequency beating in
      all comb rows, propelling the animal forward at a rapid speed for several
      seconds. This was followed by a brief period of inactivity on some or all comb
      rows. Then comb rows adjacent to the catching tentacle beat in the reverse
      direction, causing the ctenophore to spin rapidly toward this side and sweeping
      the prey-catching tentacle to the opened mouth, which bent towards it. After
      engulfing the prey, the animal slowly swam forward to re-set the relaxed
      tentacles as a fishing net. The patterns, timing, onset and coordination of these
      ciliary responses, particularly the unilateral reversal of comb rows on the
      catching side, are analysed with respect to possible conducting pathways
      mediating this behaviour.

PMID- 4009108
TI  - Motor programme switching in the crayfish swimmeret system.
AB  - Intracellular and extracellular recordings have been made from neurones of the
      swimmeret system in the semi-isolated abdominal ganglion of the crayfish during
      rhythmic activity. Extracellular recordings commonly reveal a motor programme
      (MP1) consisting of low-amplitude symmetrical power and return stroke activity
      with phase-constant posterior-to-anterior intersegmental coordination.
      Occasionally a different motor programme (MP2) is expressed. MP2 has higher
      amplitude episodic activity, with return stroke duration greater than power
      stroke, and with latency-constant anterior-to-posterior or near synchronous
      intersegmental coordination. Preparations may switch spontaneously between the
      two motor programmes. Intracellular recordings show that interneurones whose
      membrane potentials oscillate during MP1 and which can reset its rhythm usually
      cease to oscillate during MP2. During production of MP1, current injected into
      any one of a small number of interneurones can induce MP2. The polarity of
      current required is usually such as to drive the membrane potential towards the
      level normally associated with return stroke during MP1. During MP1 many motor
      neurones receive synaptic input with approximately sinusoidal waveform. During
      MP2 they may receive an episodic input with approximately sawtooth waveform,
      and/or input consisting of large, unitary EPSPs. The unitary EPSPs drive a
      'bursty' mode of MP2 activity that is sometimes seen. The bursts of unitary EPSPs
      in MP2 appear to derive from a different source to that of the sinusoidal input
      in MP1. These sources are probably caudally-conducting through-interneurones and
      non-spiking local interneurones respectively. Thus experimental perturbation of a
      single neurone can induce a motor programme switch such as to change the activity
      of some hundreds of neurones in at least three ganglia. Neurones with this
      property would be convenient targets for controlling influences in the intact
      animal.

PMID- 4009109
TI  - Strain gauge measurement of mesokinetic movement in the lizard Varanus
      exanthematicus.
AB  - Single-element strain gauges were placed across the mesokinetic joint of the
      skull of the savanna monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus Bosc, in order to
      document the extent and timing of mesokinetic movement. In addition, rosette
      strain gauges were placed on various points of the palato-maxillary segment.
      Strain recordings and simultaneous cineradiographic films or videotapes were
      taken during normal feeding activities, including the strike, prey manipulation,
      ingestion and pharyngeal compression. Tensile strain, indicating lowering
      (retraction) of the palato-maxillary segment, was observed during all stages of
      feeding. Compressive strain, indicating lifting (protraction) of the palato
      maxillary segment, generally appeared briefly in the strike and during pharyngeal
      compression. Maximum tensile strains were always larger than maximum compressive
      strains within each sequence. The highest levels of tensile strain occurred
      during prey manipulation periods, which were characterized by isometric biting.
      Strain on the palato-maxillary segment revealed a pattern of timing similar to
      the one at the mesokinetic joint, although strain levels were at least an order
      of magnitude lower. These data directly contradict conventional models of the
      function of the kinetic skull in lizards. We conclude that the kinetic apparatus
      in lizards is not a mechanism for actively moving the palato-maxillary unit and
      is therefore not a mechanism for increasing gape or actively controlling upper
      jaw movements.

PMID- 4009110
TI  - The effects of temperature acclimation on the resting membrane of skeletal muscle
      fibres from green sunfish.
AB  - Conductive properties of muscle fibres from green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)
      acclimated to different temperatures were examined. The relative membrane
      permeability to chloride and potassium ions, PCl/PK, measured at acclimation
      temperature, was approximately 7.0 after acclimation at 25 degrees C and 1.3
      after acclimation at 7 degrees C. This difference was due to a six-fold reduction
      in the membrane chloride conductance upon acclimation to 7 degrees C as compared
      to 25 degrees C-acclimated fibres. Mean (+/- S.E.M.) values of the chloride
      conductance were 554 +/- 68 microseconds cm-2 in warm-acclimated sunfish, and 75
      +/- 9 microseconds cm-2 in cold-acclimated sunfish. Membrane capacitance also
      differed significantly between the two acclimation groups. When the temperature
      was varied acutely, the magnitude of the chloride conductance exhibited a maximum
      Q10 of only 1.9, compared with a Q10 of 3.0 associated with acclimation. Upon
      transferring 25 degrees C-acclimated sunfish to holding tanks at 7 degrees C, the
      total membrane resistance exhibited a sigmoidal increase over about 14 days, and
      a steady membrane capacitance was achieved in about 10 days. For 7 degrees C
      acclimated sunfish, transferred to 25 degrees C, resistance showed a sigmoidal
      decrease over 10 days and capacitance was steady after 8 days. The results
      indicate that thermal acclimation of the muscle membrane involves cellular
      regulatory processes which underlie significant changes in the electrical
      properties of the fibre.

PMID- 4009111
TI  - Properties of the chloride conductance associated with temperature acclimation in
      muscle fibres of green sunfish.
AB  - Characteristics of the anion conductance of muscle fibres from green sunfish have
      been determined. The membrane conductance of fibres from sunfish acclimated to 25
      and 7 degrees C was linearly related to the extracellular chloride concentration.
      The chloride conductance exhibited a pH dependence which was adequately described
      by the titration of an acidic site with a pKa of 5.3 in 25 degrees C-acclimated
      fibres and 6.4 in 7 degrees C-acclimated fibres. The anion current-voltage (I-V)
      relationship of warm-acclimated fibres exhibited constant-field rectification,
      while the I-V relationship of cold-acclimated fibres was linear. In Ringer
      solutions containing elevated calcium concentrations (33 and 115 mmol 1(-1)), the
      I-V relationship of warm-acclimated fibres was similar to the control situation.
      However, the I-V relationship of cold-acclimated fibres showed a calcium
      concentration-dependent curvature in the direction expected for constant-field
      rectification. The voltage-dependence of the time constant of chloride current
      inactivation was shifted along the voltage axis by about 40 mV in the negative
      direction in 7 degrees C-acclimated fibres as compared to 25 degrees C-acclimated
      fibres. The results can be adequately described by a model of constant-field
      rectification with the inclusion of a term for the membrane surface potential. A
      simple hypothesis which can qualitatively account for many of these observations
      is that temperature acclimation alters the density of fixed negative surface
      charges in the vicinity of chloride channels.

PMID- 4009112
TI  - An improved chamber for the short-circuiting of epithelia.

PMID- 4009113
TI  - Pattern and reset analysis of the gastric mill rhythm in a spiny lobster,
      Panulirus interruptus.
AB  - The burst pattern of the gastric mill rhythm was studied by varying its cycle
      period in in vitro preparations comprising the stomatogastric (STG), oesophageal
      and (paired) commissural ganglia. Reset tests using intracellular polarization of
      identified STG neurones showed that the CI, LC, GP and GM cells can all strongly
      affect the cycle period, and therefore apparently play a role in generating the
      gastric rhythm. Variation in the cycle period could be obtained by: (i) cutting
      certain input nerves; (ii) relative coordination between the gastric and
      oesophageal rhythms; or (iii) intracellular polarization of identified STG cells,
      especially the LC motoneurone. Variation in the cycle period by any of these
      means showed that the gastric pattern (in such preparations) comprises two basic
      alternating phases: a variable-duration 'powerstroke' and a constant-duration
      'returnstroke'. The powerstroke is taken to include bursts in the LC, GP and GM
      motoneurones (since they evoke closing of the gastric mill teeth and mastication
      of food), along with the interburst intervals of the other cells. The durations
      of all these events co-varies over a large range, as a linear function of the
      cycle period. The activity level of neurones bursting during the powerstroke is
      directly proportional to their burst length, and hence appears to be a basic
      parameter affecting the cycle period. The returnstroke is taken to include bursts
      in the CP, AM and LG motoneurones (since they evoke opening and resetting of the
      gastric mill teeth), along with the interburst intervals of the powerstroke
      cells. All these events tended to assume a fixed duration. The two-part gastric
      mill pattern can be analogized to other two-part rhythms, e.g. for terrestrial
      locomotion, in which the load-bearing phase has a variable duration and accounts
      for most of the variation in the cycle period whereas the unloaded phase tends to
      assume a constant duration.

PMID- 4009114
TI  - Neural basis of teeth coordination during gastric mill rhythms in spiny lobsters,
      Panulirus interruptus.
AB  - Motoneurones that drive the closing of the lateral teeth during gastric mill
      rhythms in spiny lobsters start firing before the motoneurones that drive the
      medial tooth powerstroke. This has the expected behavioural interpretation that
      the lateral teeth must close on a food particle before the medial tooth is pulled
      across it. The neural basis of the teeth coordination was examined. Experiments
      were made during gastric rhythms in in vitro preparations comprising the
      stomatogastric, oesophageal and (paired) commissural ganglia. Identified neurones
      in the stomatogastric ganglion were polarized to study their functional effects
      on the phasing and amplitude of bursts in other cells. Evoked firing of the
      lateral teeth closer motoneurones (especially LC) would evoke a discharge in the
      medial tooth powerstroke (GM) motoneurones, and suppress the firing of the medial
      tooth returnstroke (CP) motoneurone. Therefore the coordination pathway starts
      directly with the lateral teeth closer motoneurones. The CI interneurone was
      found to be an important link in the coordination pathway. It exerted opposite
      effects on the medial tooth motoneurones, suppressing firing of the powerstroke
      GM cells while evoking bursts in the returnstroke CP cell. CI affected other
      features of the pattern as well. Non-spiking inhibition from the lateral teeth
      closer motoneurones (LC and GP) to the lateral teeth opener motoneurones (LGs)
      was found to occur conjointly with spike-mediated IPSPs. Hyperpolarization of the
      LC, GP or CI neurones could temporarily abolish the gastric rhythm, but bursting
      in some or all of the other cells would eventually return, although in some cases
      the phase pattern was altered. It appears that no individual neurone in the
      gastric network is necessary for rhythm production. The coordination system can
      be viewed as several 'levels' of synaptic connections, each level being redundant
      and synergistic with the others.

PMID- 4009115
TI  - Replication of measles virus in human lymphocytes.
AB  - Replication of measles virus was restricted in human peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells (PBMC). However, in in vitro-infected, unstimulated cells, active synthesis
      of viral RNA and proteins occurred, while the release of infectious virus could
      not be detected. Stimulation with PHA caused a productive infection cycle
      comparable to the lytic infection. Replication of viral RNA was demonstrated in
      both T and B cells, and in both OKT4+- and OKT8+-depleted T cell subsets. The
      presence of measles virus RNA was detected in PBMC isolated from measles
      patients, and the production of the immunoreactive hemagglutinin protein was
      defective in these cells.

PMID- 4009116
TI  - Eradication of established human melanoma tumors in nude mice by antibody
      directed effector cells.
AB  - The simultaneous injection of monoclonal antibody 9.2.27, directed against a
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan preferentially expressed on human melanoma
      cells, and 2 X 10(7) mononuclear splenocytes, eradicated established,
      progressively growing human melanoma tumors in nude mice. Neither splenocytes nor
      antibody alone achieved significant tumor regression. The cells responsible for
      tumor elimination are most likely natural killer (NK) cells: they are present in
      splenocytes of T cell-deficient nude mice, and cloned cells with NK activity are
      able to suppress tumor growth. Moreover, splenocytes treated with anti-asialo GM1
      and complement or harvested from NK-deficient C57BL/6 beige mice did not cause
      tumor rejection. Furthermore, treatment of BALB/c nude mice just before injection
      with anti-asialo GM1 antiserum, which is known to eliminate NK activity in vivo,
      resulted in better tumor growth. In addition, evidence is presented that cells
      with NK activity are probably the effectors responsible for melanoma target cell
      lysis in vitro: Antibody-dependent and -independent cell-mediated lysis of M21
      melanoma cells was suppressed when splenocytes were preincubated with complement
      and antibodies specific for cell surface antigens of NK cells, i.e., anti-asialo
      GM1, anti-Qa5, and anti-NK1.1. Moreover, splenocytes of C57BL/6 beige mice were
      not able to lyse M21 cells in vitro. These results strongly support the
      conclusion that cells with NK activity are indeed responsible for the antibody
      dependent destruction of M21 melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 4009117
TI  - C-reactive protein mediates the solubilization of nuclear DNA by complement in
      vitro.
AB  - We have studied the interaction of C-reactive protein (CRP)-chromatin complexes
      with serum. The amount of chromatin solubilized by serum is directly proportional
      to the amount of CRP present. Serum minus C3 did not appreciably solubilize
      chromatin within the time allowed in these experiments regardless of the amount
      of CRP present. This indicates that, in addition to CRP, complement is critical
      to the solubilization process. Studies using genetically C2-deficient serum and
      purified C2 indicate that the classical complement pathway is primarily involved
      in the solubilization, however, there may be minor involvement by the alternative
      pathway. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the amounts of
      CRP in plasma from eight patients with systemic lupus erythematosus; two of the
      eight had levels of CRP far lower than previously reported for normal
      individuals, and an additional sample had antibodies reactive with CRP. Together,
      these results suggest that one of the functions of CRP is to mediate the removal
      of exposed nuclear DNA by complement-dependent solubilization of chromatin. A
      defect in this mechanism could (a) facilitate the production of antibodies
      against chromatin components exposed due to tissue damage or (b) contribute to
      immune complexes containing the chromatin components released from damaged tissue
      because they are not rapidly cleared.

PMID- 4009118
TI  - Liver macrophages in murine listeriosis. Cell-mediated immunity is correlated
      with an influx of macrophages capable of generating reactive oxygen
      intermediates.
AB  - Sublethal infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes was accompanied by an
      influx of immigrant macrophages into the liver and the generation of substantial
      H2O2 by isolated liver macrophages. H2O2 production paralleled the course of
      infection and, after resolution of granulomata, returned to the low levels seen
      in normal livers. To assess the activation status of Kupffer cells and immigrant
      macrophages in listeriosis, a separation protocol was developed based on the
      differential adherence properties of the two macrophage populations. As in the
      steady state, Kupffer cells in listeriosis failed to generate significant levels
      of H2O2 and did support the replication of internalized toxoplasmas. Immigrant
      macrophages produced substantial levels of H2O2 and could quantitatively account
      for H2O2 production by total liver macrophages. Our findings suggest distinct
      functions for Kupffer cells and immigrant macrophages.

PMID- 4009119
TI  - Short-term memory for simultaneously presented visual and auditory signals in the
      pigeon.
AB  - A series of divided-attention experiments in which matching to the visual or
      auditory component of a tone-light compound was compared with matching to visual
      or auditory elements as sample stimuli were carried out. In 0-s delayed and
      simultaneous matching procedures, pigeons were able to match visual signals
      equally well when presented alone or with a tone; tones were matched at a
      substantially lower level of accuracy when presented with light signals than when
      presented as elements. In further experiments, it was demonstrated that the
      interfering effect of a signal light on tone matching was not related to the
      signaling value of the light, and that the prior presentation of light
      proactively interfered with auditory delayed matching. These findings indicate a
      divided attention process in which auditory processing is strongly inhibited in
      the presence of visual signals.

PMID- 4009120
TI  - Comparison of timing and classical conditioning.
AB  - Four experiments with rats investigated if the timing of a stimulus (sound)
      correlated with the strength of a conditioned response (CR) to the stimulus. The
      timing (effective duration) of the stimulus was measured using the peak
      procedure, similar to a discrete-trials fixed-interval procedure. The rats were
      trained so that their response rate reached a maximum about 40 s or 60 s after
      the onset of a light; the time of the maximum measured from the start of the
      light (peak time) was the measure of timing. On some trials, the light was
      preceded by a short (5 s) or long (20 s or 30 s) interval of sound. We assumed
      that the difference in peak time after long and short sounds reflected the timing
      of the sound--if the sound was timed, the longer sound would produce a lower peak
      time; if the sound was not timed, the two durations of sound would produce the
      same peak time. The CR was lever-pressing during the sound. The sound was treated
      in various ways: presented alone (Experiments 1, 3, and 4), followed by food
      (Experiments 1, 3, and 4), preceded by food (Experiment 3), and followed by food
      after 20 s (Experiment 4). Treatments that produced no timing of sound produced
      no CR, and treatments that increased (or diseased) timing also increased (or
      decreased) the CR. The results suggest that there is overlap between the
      mechanisms that produce time discrimination and the mechanisms that produce
      classical conditioning.

PMID- 4009122
TI  - Discrimination of letters and random dot patterns by pigeons and humans.
AB  - In a three-choice discrimination task, pigeons learned to distinguish each letter
      of the alphabet from all the other letters and each of 16 random dot patterns
      from all the others. Discrimination errors were used to generate a matrix of
      interletter and interpattern similarities. Human estimates of letter similarity
      were obtained from the literature, and human subjects rated the similarity of the
      dot patterns. Pigeon and human performances were described and compared through
      correlation, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis. Fits of the data by
      simple-feature and template models were computed and compared. The correlation
      between pigeon and human similarity matrices was .68 for letters and .72 for dot
      patterns. The other analyses revealed broadly similar patterns of results from
      the two species but suggested also that, relative to human data, the best fits to
      the pigeon data required fewer dimensions, fewer features, and fuzzier templates.
      There was some indication that pigeon discriminations depended on relatively
      simple features, and several of these were tentatively identified. The different
      methods employed might have influenced these apparent differences between pigeons
      and humans, but, overall, the results suggest considerable cross-task and cross
      species generality in the processing of these simple forms.

PMID- 4009121
TI  - Effect of classical conditioning on an internal clock.
AB  - Six experiments with rats used a psychophysical choice procedure to study the
      internal clock used to discriminate duration. They investigated if the clock is
      sensitive to the signal value (associative strength) of a stimulus. The
      experiments involved two types of trials. On choice trials, a stimulus lasted a
      short (e.g., 3 s) or long (e.g., 12 s) duration; then the rats chose between two
      levers. The rewarded choice depended on the duration of the stimulus. On
      conditioning trials, the stimulus used on choice trials was presented, but it
      ended without food (extinction trials) or with food (pairing trials) regardless
      of what the rat did. The main stimulus minus accuracy with the long stimulus.
      Experiment 1 showed that extinction trials increased short bias relative to
      training without conditioning trials or to training with pairing trials. The rest
      of the experiments tested explanations of these results. The same results were
      found when extinction trials were the same duration as the short stimulus
      (Experiment 2), when extinction trials were a random duration (Experiment 5), and
      when the signal value of the conditioned stimulus was changed in another way
      (Experiment 6). The effect of conditioning trials was modality specific
      (Experiments 3 and 4). Of the explanations considered, the best one--the only one
      not contradicted at least once--is that changing the signal value of a stimulus
      changes how the clock times the stimulus. Reducing signal value reduces the
      measured duration.

PMID- 4009123
TI  - Observing response acquisition: preference for unpredictable appetitive rewards
      obtained under conditions predicted by DMOD.
AB  - In five E-maze experiments, rats were given a choice between receiving reward and
      nonreward in a situation where stimuli were correlated with reward outcome
      (predictable situation) versus one where the stimuli were uncorrelated with
      reward outcome (unpredictable situation). Preference for the unpredictable
      situation occurred under the following conditions: (a) small (one 37-mg pellet),
      immediate rewards; (b) small, delayed (15 s) rewards, if the cues correlated with
      reward outcome were absent during the delay interval; (c) large (15 pellets),
      immediate rewards if a difficult discrimination was required; and (d) if the
      stimulus predicting nonreward was present at the choice point. Preference for the
      predictable situation was strongest if reinforcement was delayed and large or the
      stimulus predicting reward was present at the choice point. A weaker preference
      for the predictable situation occurred if reinforcement was immediate and large
      and a simple discrimination was required or if reinforcement was large and
      delayed and the cues that correlated with reward outcome were absent during the
      delay interval. The results support the predictions of DMOD (Daly modification of
      the Rescorla-Wagner model), a mathematical model of appetitive learning (Daly &
      Daly, 1982).

PMID- 4009124
TI  - Analysis of the unique cue in configural discriminations.
AB  - Four experiments used an autoshaping procedure with pigeons to investigate the
      basis of configural discriminations. The elements of both a negative patterning
      (A+, B+, AB-) and a conditional discrimination (AC+, BD+, AD-, BC-) were paired,
      in a second-order procedure with two new key lights, X and Y. Responding was then
      tested to X and Y presented in compound with each other and with A and B. The
      pattern of responding to compounds containing X and Y was like the pattern of
      responding to compounds containing their associates, A and B. This suggests that
      A and B can be replaced by their associates without disrupting responding to
      their compounds. Because X and Y are physically different from A and B, this in
      turn suggests that any unique cue controlling responding to their compounds does
      not depend on the physical presence of the component stimuli. Instead the unique
      stimulus appears to arise from the joint activation of memory representations.

PMID- 4009125
TI  - Element pretraining influences the content of appetitive serial compound
      conditioning in rats.
AB  - Four experiments with rat subjects in a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning
      procedure examined the effects of prior pairings of S2 with the unconditioned
      stimulus (US) on the nature of the associations formed in S1----S2----US serial
      compound conditioning. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that prior training of S2
      prevented the acquisition of stimulus-stimulus (S-S) associations between S1 and
      stimulus features of S2, but enhanced the acquisition of stimulus-response (S-R)
      associations between S1 and the emotional conditioned response (CR) evoked by S2.
      Experiments 3 and 4 showed that the effects of S2 pretraining were not due to S2
      training itself, but rather to its endowing S2 with the ability to evoke a strong
      CR during the early stages of serial compound conditioning. In Experiment 3,
      suppression of the CR to a pretrained S2 during serial compound conditioning
      permitted the establishment of S-S associations. In Experiment 4, the induction
      of a CR in the presence of an untrained S2 during serial compound conditioning
      prevented the acquisition of S-S associations. Implications of these data for our
      understanding of compound conditioning are discussed.

PMID- 4009126
TI  - Flexible memory processing by rats: use of prospective and retrospective
      information in the radial maze.
AB  - Four experiments investigated the content of the memory used by rats in mediating
      retention intervals interpolated during performance in a 12-arm radial maze. The
      delay occurred following either the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, or 10th choice. A 15-min
      delay had the greatest disruptive effect when interpolated in the middle of the
      choice sequence and less of an effect when it occurred either earlier or later.
      This pattern of results was obtained when either a free- or forced-choice
      procedure was used prior to the delay and regardless of whether postdelay testing
      consisted of completion of the maze or two-alternative forced-choice tests.
      Assuming that the disruptive effect of a delay is a function of memory load, this
      implies that the rats used information about previously visited arms
      (retrospective memory) following an earlier interpolated delay but information
      about anticipated choices (prospective memory) following a delay interpolated
      late in the choice sequence. There appeared to be a recency effect only in the
      early and middle delay conditions. This provides converging evidence for the dual
      code hypothesis. No evidence for prospective memory was obtained following a 60
      min delay.

PMID- 4009127
TI  - Tamm-Horsfall protein in Balkan endemic nephropathy.
AB  - It is suggested that Tamm-Horsfall protein, a specific renal glycoprotein, may be
      involved in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases. In cadmium nephropathy and
      Fanconi syndrome (primary tubular diseases of the kidney) an increased excretion
      rate of Tamm-Horsfall protein has been observed. Balkan endemic nephropathy is a
      chronic tubulointerstitial disease of unknown etiology, most probably a primary
      disease of the kidney tubules with secondary reaction of the interstitial tissue.
      Investigation of Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria in Balkan endemic nephropathy has
      shown that subjects living in the area where this condition is prevalent have a
      significantly higher Tamm-Horsfall protein /creatinine ratio than those living in
      the control area where the condition has not been observed. Differences in this
      ratio among diseased, suspect and subjects "at risk" were not observed, despite
      differences in their glomerular filtration rates. But excretion of Tamm-Horsfall
      protein per litre of glomerular filtrate was significantly different among
      diseased, suspect and subjects "at risk" and significantly higher compared to
      control subjects. a relatively significant correlation was obtained between Tamm
      Horsfall protein excretion rate and glomerular filtration rate as measured by
      creatinine clearance in both control and subjects living in the area of Balkan
      endemic nephropathy. Determination of Tamm-Horsfall protein in urine together
      with determination of proteinuria by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate
      membranes as a screening procedure, and by SDS -electrophoresis in polyacrylamide
      gell may be useful laboratory tests in detecting this nephropathy.

PMID- 4009128
TI  - Reliability of progesterone measurements in urine.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone in urine is described. After the
      addition of labelled progesterone, morning urine was extracted with n-hexane adn
      the residue was either directly subjected to RIA, or chromatographed on celite
      prior to RIA. The progesterone from celite chromatography was radiochemically
      pure. RIA after chromatography was therefore considered valid. The non
      chromatographed procedure resulted in overestimations, the degree of which was
      inversely proportional to progesterone content. The results obtained by the two
      procedures were well correlated (r = 0.88 and 0.93, for 2 different groups of
      samples.

PMID- 4009130
TI  - Glycated haemoglobin: comparison between methods based upon 5
      hydroxymethylfurfural determination (colorimetric or HPLC) and ion exchange
      chromatography (HbA1).
AB  - A comparison of methods, two based upon 5-hydroxymethylfurfural determination
      (colorimetric using a semi-automated procedure and HPLC) and ion exchange
      chromatography (HbA1 using BioRad method) was performed. The influence of
      variables on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural determination is reported. The dialysis step
      appears to be essential for an accurate determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
      released from glycated haemoglobin. The adjustment of haemoglobin concentration
      to an accurately known level is required for the colorimetric method, in order to
      achieve the same background colour absorbance. For the HPLC method this step is
      not necessary as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural liberation was proved to be
      stoichiometric. The Sep Pak C-18 cartridge purification appears to be an
      improvement for the accurate determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using HPLC.
      When the three methods were compared the overlap between normals and diabetics
      was found to be less, using the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural HPLC method, suggesting
      that this procedure, although more time consuming, seems to be more useful in the
      management of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 4009129
TI  - [The ISE 2020 electrolyte analyzer: results of a multicenter evaluation].
AB  - The ISE 2020 electrolyte analyzer has been investigated within the framework of a
      multicentre evaluation in 5 laboratories. The users quickly learnt how to operate
      the instrument, and changes of personnel in the course of the trial had no
      influence upon the quality of the results. Regardless of the sample material
      (blood, serum, plasma) and the manner of introduction of the sample (manual or
      with the sampler), the in-series precision averaged 0.8% for sodium and 1.0% for
      potassium. The day-to-day precision was only slightly worse, at 1% (Na) and 2%
      (K). The recover, referred to the nominal values of control sera, averaged
      100.3%. Investigations of linearity for potassium in the range from 0 to 12
      mmol/l and for sodium in the range from 80 to 180 mmol/l confirmed a linear
      course of the measurements in the range of electrolyte concentrations of
      diagnostic interest. In extensive investigations by the testers with serum and
      plasma samples, the results showed good comparability with those from flame
      emission photometry. The mean values obtained by the two methods differed from
      one another only minimally in the case of sodium and potassium. The results with
      whole blood and with plasma prepared from it were in very close agreement. The
      ISE 2020 is regarded as highly suitable for routine work and emergency
      investigations in the central laboratory as well as for wards and operating
      rooms.

PMID- 4009132
TI  - Specimen collection time for enzyme analysis in urine.
AB  - Catalytic activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alanine aminopeptidase,
      lactate dehydrogenase, isoenzyme 1 of lactate dehydrogenase, lysozyme, gamma
      glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase in urine specimens collected
      between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. were determined in 25 patients with acute renal
      failure. We found no statistical differences (Wilcoxon's t test) between
      specimens collected at 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. We conclude that, in renal patients, the
      first morning specimen (overnight urine) may be used for enzyme analysis.

PMID- 4009131
TI  - Difficulties in the normalization of aminotransferase measurement with enzyme
      standards.
AB  - Commercial control sera contain varying amounts of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.
      Normalization of aminotransferase activity measurement with enzyme "standards" is
      possible only when pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is added to the reaction medium.
      Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate addition should be compulsory in national recommendations.

PMID- 4009133
TI  - [Analytical and technical reliability of the ELT-8 laser hematologic counter].
AB  - The ELT-8 laser haematological cell counter is a fully mechanized instrument,
      which measures the forward scatter of light from a helium-neon laser caused by
      suspended particles. The apparatus has high practicability, and uses a very small
      sample volume of 100 microliters. The operational procedure is simple and quickly
      learned. In the second year of operation, down time for the instrument was, on
      average, 8 hours/month. Depending on the parameter, the precision of the
      measurements are between 0.5 and 4% in series, and 1-9% day-to-day. The highest
      scatter of results was shown for thrombocyte counting, but this may be due to
      instability of the control samples. There was no carry over between samples
      containing different concentrations of any of the measured parameters. Lipaemia
      and haemolysis of samples can lead to false results or false interpretation of
      results. Cold agglutinins, active against erythrocytes and thrombocytes, can
      cause significant interference, and this influence can be recognized from
      discrepancies between the erythrocyte count and haemoglobin concentration or mean
      corpuscular volume (MCV), and from the presence of thrombopenia in the absence of
      clinical symptoms (pseudothrombopenia). In such cases a histogram is useful. The
      stability of 72 blood samples was investigated during storage for 4 days at 4
      degrees C. The erythrocyte count was very stable, whereas thrombocyte and
      leukocyte counts sometimes showed irregular variations. The apparatus gives a
      linear response up to the following limiting values: leukocytes 85 X 10(9)/l,
      erythrocytes 8 X 10(12)/l, thrombocytes 10(12)/l, haemoglobin 230 g/l.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009134
TI  - Spinal fluid protein revisited: a reappraisal of the biuret procedure.
AB  - In this study our previously described selected method, a biuret procedure with
      deproteinization, for the determination of spinal fluid protein is thoroughly
      discussed against the background of the results found with a number of Lowry
      modifications. The use of various separation techniques, i.e. deproteinization,
      ultrafiltration and chromatography (HPLC), for protein analysis led to the
      question as to whether low molecular weight proteins in cerebrospinal fluid play
      an important role or not with respect to the choice of a selected method for the
      determination of total protein.

PMID- 4009135
TI  - D-galactosamine-induced liver injury: a rat model to study the heterogeneity of
      the oligosaccharide chains of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.
AB  - The effect of D-galactosamine on the structure of the glycan moiety of alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein was studied throughout a nine days experiment. It was shown
      that: D-galactosamine led to an alteration of the Concanavalin A crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis pattern and to a decreased sialic acid content of alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein. The undersialylation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was not
      linked to a change in the relative ratio of various Concanavalin A forms. At the
      end of the experiment (9 days after galactosamine injection), the Concanavalin A
      non-reactive forms of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein remained elevated whereas alanine
      transaminase activity, total protein and alpha-acid glycoprotein had returned to
      a control level. D-galactosamine-treated rats seem to be a suitable model for the
      study of the very fast cyclic modulations of the synthesis of the glycan moiety
      of glycoproteins.

PMID- 4009136
TI  - Carry-over effects from reagent to reagent.

PMID- 4009137
TI  - Restructuring the International Classification of Diseases: need for a new
      paradigm.

PMID- 4009138
TI  - Vasectomy by electrocautery: outcomes in a series of 2,500 patients.
AB  - The effectiveness of the electrocautery technique of vasectomy is compared with
      the more commonly used ligation technique. Twenty-five hundred cases of vasectomy
      by electrocautery are presented. The men were Americans who selected vasectomy
      over a period of 11 years. All cases were performed by one unvarying technique.
      The vas was cut, and the lumen was cauterized. One end was covered, and all
      bleeding sites were cauterized. The failure rate in this series was 0.24 percent.
      A review of the world literature shows that failure rates of the common ligation
      techniques ranged from 1 to 6 percent. It appears that the electrocautery
      technique has about one tenth the failures of the standard ligation technique.

PMID- 4009139
TI  - The family and hypertension in family practice.
AB  - The influence of the family in the care of family practice patients has not been
      studied extensively. This study uses hypertension as an index condition to
      characterize the extent of involvement of family around family practice center
      (FPC) patients and to examine whether the presence of family members influences
      patient outcomes. Records of 366 hypertensive patients were reviewed for
      information about blood pressures, demographic characteristics, associated
      medical conditions, and treatment. Three hundred forty-three of these patients
      responded to questions about family members, including their use of the FPC and
      whether they also had hypertension. Twenty percent of patients lived alone. Of
      the rest, two thirds had some, and one half had all family members enrolled in
      the FPC. Seventy-three listed family with hypertension, and 42 said these
      relatives were treated at the FPC. At the time of the first visit to the FPC for
      hypertension, the mean diastolic blood pressure was 93 mmHg. At their most recent
      visit, the mean was 83 mmHg, and 69 percent were below 90 mmHg. There was no
      association between blood pressure control and family enrollment in the FPC.

PMID- 4009140
TI  - Paternalistic vs egalitarian physician styles: the treatment of patients in
      crisis.
AB  - According to previous reports, the quality of the physician-patient relationship
      plays an important role in medical outcome. A patient's responsiveness to
      suggestions, perceptions of treatment, and physical distress may be affected both
      by the type of interpersonal relationship and by the patient's anxiety. To test
      these hypotheses, 57 women who received elective abortions were treated by the
      physician in either a "paternalistic" or "egalitarian" interpersonal style. Each
      patient was tested for responsiveness to suggestions regarding changes in somatic
      perception such as heat or pain; a measure of psychological dependency on the
      physician was also obtained in addition to ratings of discomfort and signs of
      physiological distress during the medical procedure. Patient anxiety was not
      related to any of these variables, but patients treated in a paternalistic manner
      had higher responsiveness to suggestibility (P less than .001), felt they could
      depend more on the physician and perceived him as warmer and more supportive (P
      less than .01), had less discomfort during the procedure (P less than .05), and
      had a lower incidence of physiological distress compared with patients treated in
      an egalitarian manner. It was concluded that, for patients in crisis,
      paternalistic treatment by a physician may promote positive psychological and
      medical outcome.

PMID- 4009141
TI  - Free-standing emergency centers and the patient population of family physicians.
AB  - To determine whether the patients of free-standing emergency centers are similar
      to the patients seen by family physicians, the age, sex, time of visit,
      diagnoses, laboratory work, and charges for 1,062 patients from two free-standing
      emergency centers were compared with available data on the patients seen by a
      national sample of family physicians. Patients from the emergency centers were
      predominantly in the 20- to 44-year age range (73.8 percent), were male (56.5
      percent), and sought trauma-related treatment or medical examinations (51.7
      percent). Laboratory tests were ordered for 30.2 percent of these patients. In
      contrast, family practice patients were more evenly distributed by age, were more
      often female (57.6 percent), and had a wide variety of diagnoses. Laboratory
      tests were ordered for 40.3 percent of the patients. The median free-standing
      emergency center charge was approximately $10 higher than initial visit fees to
      family physicians in the same area.

PMID- 4009142
TI  - A simple measurement of family care in medical practice.
AB  - This communication proposes a simple measure of the size of the family unit as
      perceived by the family physician. Use of the measure as an index for monitoring
      one's own practice is briefly discussed.

PMID- 4009143
TI  - A theoretical treatment for the estimation of blood alcohol concentration arising
      from inhalation of ethanol vapour.

PMID- 4009144
TI  - Inhalation of ethanol vapour: a case report and experimental test involving the
      spraying of shellac lacquer.

PMID- 4009145
TI  - DUI and petrol consumption.

PMID- 4009146
TI  - Methods and future prospects for forensic identification of hairs by
      electrophoresis.

PMID- 4009147
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides. V. The kinetics of glycoprotein
      synthesis.
AB  - The cell-associated glycoproteins of respiratory syncytial virus included GP1
      (90K), VP70 (70K), VGP48 (48K) and GP26 (26K). The time course of virus protein
      synthesis in HeLa cells revealed that the nucleocapsid protein (VPN41) was the
      first to appear at 11 h post-infection followed by the appearance of the other
      viral proteins at 16 h post-infection. Pulse-chase experiments with [3H]leucine
      or [35S]methionine demonstrated that the precursor for VGP48 and GP26 was an
      uncleaved protein of 70K (VP70) which required at least 30 min to chase into its
      final products, while the precursor for GP1 was a glycoprotein of 46K, and also
      required at least 30 min to chase into GP1. Trypsin treatment of monensin-treated
      infected cells suggested that VP70 can be cleaved intracellularly into its
      products VGP48 and GP26.

PMID- 4009148
TI  - An epidemic of influenza in the population of Niue.
AB  - An epidemic of influenza A occurred in the Niue population during May-June 1983.
      The infection was introduced by two index cases returning from New Zealand to the
      village of Makefu. The epidemic started in this village and then spread rapidly
      around the island. The incidence of infection was calculated to be 41 per 100
      population based on 1981 census figures. There was no predilection for the
      infection to affect any particular age bracket, although the elderly were over
      represented amongst the hospital admissions because of greater severity of
      illness in this age group. Two deaths occurred, and 3.4% of cases received
      treatment in hospital. Apart from generalised symptoms (fever, body pain, and
      headache), respiratory symptoms, particularly cough, were prominent.
      Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in a minority. The average duration of
      illness was 6 days. Virology results indicated that the epidemic was due to
      influenza A/Bangkok/1/79(H3N3). Paired serological studies also revealed five
      cases of dengue fever. Previous records reveal that epidemics of influenza are a
      frequent occurrence in Niue, although not a major cause of mortality since the
      1950s. It is suggested that early treatment of complications is the most
      important measure to decrease the impact of influenza and that measures such as
      isolation of cases, restriction of population movement and quarantine of incoming
      cases may be useful to prevent the propagation of epidemics in a small and
      isolated population.

PMID- 4009150
TI  - Indications for cardiac pacing.

PMID- 4009149
TI  - Relapsing viral hepatitis type A.
AB  - Three patients with a relapsing course of serologically confirmed viral hepatitis
      type A are presented. In addition, one patient had aminotransferase elevations
      for over 6 mo. In all three, hepatitis ultimately resolved. A relapsing or
      protracted course does not appear to alter the benign prognosis of hepatitis A.

PMID- 4009151
TI  - Pacing systems in the 80s.

PMID- 4009152
TI  - The choice of the pacemaker system and benefits of physiologic versus VVI pacing.

PMID- 4009153
TI  - Pacemaker followup.

PMID- 4009154
TI  - New horizons in pacemaker therapy.

PMID- 4009155
TI  - A psychosocial study of early-onset bipolar disorder.
AB  - A 4-year study of 48 bipolar subjects and matched controls looked closely at the
      psychosocial histories of an early-onset subsample. A significant majority of
      these biographies include five distinct features: treatment as the special child
      of the family, high achievement in school, evidence of symptomatology in
      childhood, first episode soon after leaving home, and characteristic content in
      later symptomatology. The authors suggest that the findings provide a replication
      of a well-known study and that they further specify the increasingly evident
      differences between early- and late-onset bipolar patients.

PMID- 4009156
TI  - Selective disturbances of serum mineral profiles by electroconvulsive therapy.
AB  - In nine patients with severe affective illness, the serum profiles of Mn, Zn, Cu,
      Mg, and Ca before and following successful bitemporal electroconvulsive therapy
      (ECT) were investigated. No elemental baseline abnormalities were detected before
      ECT. Both high and low level electric stimulation failed to produce changes in
      the serum concentrations of Mg as a function of time after ECT. Group mean
      concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Ca decreased after ECT, but values did not reach
      statistical significance. In contrast high level, but not low level, stimulation
      was accompanied by significant brief elevation of Mn (65%, p less than .02)
      followed by a progressive drop below basal levels (67%, p less than .001) 2 hours
      post-ECT. Similar patterns were observed during the middle and last ECT. Pre-ECT
      baseline Mn concentrations declined by about 44% (p less than .01) after the last
      ECT administration. The time course of these changes, in conjunction with
      evidence obtained from animal experimentation, suggests that high level ECT,
      irrespective of the onset of antidepressant effects, may alter extracellular Mn
      and consequently its normal intracellular composition as a result of the sudden
      increase in energy expenditure imposed by convulsive activity. Possible
      interactions between this element and other metabolic pathways are discussed.
      These changes may originate from elemental participation in restorative
      homeostatic metabolic processes during and after ECT.

PMID- 4009157
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder. Toward DSM-IV.
AB  - This report raises conceptual issues about the validity of the posttraumatic
      stress disorder diagnosis as described in DSM-III. The helpfulness of DSM-III is
      acknowledged, but gaps in that classification are noted. These are organized into
      three areas: the etiology of the disorder, its natural history, and diagnostic
      specificity. Suggestions are made for conceptualizing these issues and for
      research that needs to be undertaken to help resolve them. The authors urge more
      theoretical and empirical attention to these important issues in the upcoming
      years, so that later diagnostic descriptions and understandings will be more
      precise.

PMID- 4009158
TI  - New data from the Addiction Severity Index. Reliability and validity in three
      centers.
AB  - The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is a clinical/research instrument which has
      been in wide use during the past 6 years to assess the treatment problems found
      in alcohol- and drug-abusing patients. In a study of male veterans, a preliminary
      evaluation of the ASI has indicated reliability and validity. The present report
      presents an expanded examination of these issues; 181 subjects from three
      treatment centers were studied. Results of concurrent reliability studies
      indicate that trained technicians can estimate the severity of patients'
      treatment problems with an average concordance of .89. Test-retest studies show
      that the information obtained from the ASI is consistent over a 3-day interval,
      even with different interviewers. Comparisons of the ASI severity ratings and
      composite measures with a battery of previously validated tests indicate evidence
      of concurrent and discriminant validity. The reliability and validity results
      were consistent across subgroups of patients categorized by age, race, sex,
      primary drug problem, and treatment center. The authors discuss the strengths and
      limitations of the instrument based upon 5 years of use. The overall conclusion
      is that the ASI is a reliable and valid instrument that has a wide range of
      clinical and research applications, and that it may offer advantages in the
      examination of important issues such as the prediction of treatment outcome, the
      comparison of different forms of treatment, and the "matching" of patients to
      treatments.

PMID- 4009159
TI  - Development of a scale for measuring techniques in the psychotherapy of
      borderline patients.
AB  - Studies of psychodynamic psychotherapy require an instrument to measure the
      application of the prescribed therapeutic techniques during ongoing treatment.
      The authors describe the development of such an instrument, the Therapist Verbal
      Intervention Inventory (TVII), designed specifically for use in the study of the
      treatment of patients with borderline personality disorders. The TVII was
      designed, in addition, to test the hypothesis that psychodynamic techniques
      defined at a middle level of inference could be reliably rated by trained
      clinicians. The authors present data on the inter-rater reliabilities and inter
      rater agreements obtainable with the TVII in the hands of highly experienced
      clinicians and in the hands of an independent group of junior clinicians trained
      in its use. The TVII appears to be a potentially useful tool for monitoring
      psychotherapy techniques in ongoing studies of the treatment of patients with
      severe personality disorders. Psychiatrists at the advanced resident level or
      immediate postresidency level have been trained to use the TVII to rate
      videotaped therapy sessions reliably.

PMID- 4009160
TI  - Two cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder with depression responsive to
      trazodone.
AB  - Two patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder with superimposed
      depression, who had failed to respond to a wide variety of antidepressants, were
      treated with trazodone hydrochloride. Both seemed to obtain a rapid and
      impressive improvement in both their depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
      while receiving trazodone. One patient subsequently had a monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor added to his treatment and experienced some additional improvement, but
      most of his improvement had occurred earlier, while he was receiving trazodone
      only.

PMID- 4009161
TI  - Mania resulting from brain stem tumor.
AB  - Mania usually represents one extreme of recurrent affective illness in patients
      with a genetic predisposition. Mania or hypomania is not generally known to
      signal the presence of an occult neoplasm; however, this possibility should be
      considered. The authors describe a 55-year-old man without personal or family
      history of affective disease whose manic behavior precipitated diagnosis of a
      metastatic mesencephalic tumor.

PMID- 4009162
TI  - Hysterical paralysis following status epilepticus: case report and review of the
      concept.
AB  - A unique illness consisting largely of quadriplegia in an 18-year-old woman with
      neurogenic and psychogenic seizures is described and discussed in detail. The
      precise nature of the illness remains obscure, although it was predominantly
      hysterical. The concept of hysteria is reappraised and examined in terms of the
      mind-brain problem of philosophy.

PMID- 4009163
TI  - Neural control of behavioral responses in the nudibranch mollusc Phestilla
      sibogae.
AB  - The tropical aeoliacean nudibranch Phestilla sibogae, has a number of large and
      reidentifiable neurons in its centrally located cerebral-pedal-pleural ganglion
      complex. In studies involving nearly intact animal preparations, neurons were
      identified which control specific movements of the dorsal cerata, the oral veil
      tentacles, and the margins of the foot. Responses of neurons to mechanical
      vibrations in the environment, and responses to light not mediated by the eyes
      are described. Finally, a pair of large cerebral neurons are identified that are
      superficially similar in structure, location, and function to the metacerebral
      giants found in several other opisthobranchs. These neurons are electrically
      coupled and control stereotyped movements of the mouth. These anatomical and
      neurophysiological features, when coupled with the fact that the generation time
      of Phestilla (30 days) is comparable to that of Drosophila suggests that this
      nudibranch may prove useful in combined studies of neurophysiology, behavior and
      genetics.

PMID- 4009164
TI  - Triple innervation of the crayfish opener muscle: the astacuran common inhibitor.
AB  - Part of the much-studied crayfish opener muscle receives a second inhibitory
      input in addition to its well known specific excitatory and inhibitory
      innervation. This second inhibitor, formerly thought to innervate only four of
      the seven peripheral leg muscles, is in fact a common inhibitor of all seven.
      This has significance both for previous findings in this muscle and for the role
      of the common inhibitor in decapods.

PMID- 4009165
TI  - The effect of synovial fluid proteins in the degradation of hyaluronic acid
      induced by ascorbic acid.
AB  - The degradation of hyaluronic acid induced by ascorbic acid and the effect of
      synovial fluid proteins, such as ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and albumin, were
      investigated on the basis of the elution volume and the molecular weight of
      hyaluronic acid using high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Hyaluronic
      acid was degraded to less than one-third of the original molecular weight in the
      range of the physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid. Synovial fluid
      proteins protected against the ascorbate-dependent degradation of hyaluronic acid
      at their physiological concentrations. It is suggested that the inhibitory
      activity of ceruloplasmin mainly depends on the ferroxidase activity and that of
      transferrin is probably due to iron binding property.

PMID- 4009166
TI  - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of myo-inositol in human
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - The concentration of free myo-inositol in CSF was determined with a gas
      chromatographic-mass spectrometric method using deuterated myo-inositol as an
      internal standard after conversion to the hexa-O-acetyl derivative with acetic
      anhydride and pyridine. Twenty microliters of CSF is sufficient for the analysis
      which has a coefficient of variation of 9%. Identical analytical results were
      obtained on two different mass numbers. Schizophrenic patients were compared with
      healthy control persons. In addition, patients with rheumatoid arthritis or with
      neurological illnesses were studied. No consistent differences related to the
      illness could be found. The mean concentration of myo-inositol was about 25
      micrograms/ml. Treatment of schizophrenic patients with chlorpromazine or
      sulpiride had no significant effect on the concentration of myo-inositol in CSF.

PMID- 4009167
TI  - Polymorphism of acetylcholinesterase in discrete regions of the developing human
      fetal brain.
AB  - The molecular forms and membrane association of acetylcholinesterase
      (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) and pseudocholinesterase (acylcholine
      acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) were determined in the presence of protease inhibitors
      in dissected regions of developing human fetal brain, as compared with parallel
      areas from mature brain. All areas contained substantial cholinesterase
      activities, of which acetylcholinesterase accounted for almost all the activity.
      Two major forms of acetylcholinesterase activity, sedimenting at 10-11S and 4-5S,
      respectively, were detected on sucrose gradients and possessed similar catalytic
      properties, as judged by their individual Km values toward [3H]acetylcholine (ca.
      4 X 10(-4) M). The ratio between these forms varied by up to four- to fivefold,
      both between different areas and within particular areas at various developmental
      stages, but reached similar values (about 5:2) in all areas of mature brain.
      Acetylcholinesterase activity was ca. 35-50% low-salt-soluble and 45-65%
      detergent-soluble in various developmental stages and brain areas, with an
      increase during development of the detergent-soluble fraction of the light form.
      In contrast, pseudocholinesterase activity was mostly low-salt-soluble and
      sedimented as one component of 10-11S in all areas and developmental stages. Our
      findings suggest noncoordinate regulation of brain acetylcholinesterase and
      pseudocholinesterase, and indicate that the expression of acetylcholinesterase
      forms within embryonic brain areas depends both on cell type composition and on
      development.

PMID- 4009169
TI  - Assessment of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in intact rat brain.
AB  - A method for the measurement of 3H-monoamine [noradrenaline (NA) and 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] uptake into intact brain following
      intracerebroventricular injection is described. Most of the accumulated monoamine
      was associated with nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Radioactivity in the
      synaptosomal fraction was retained by 0.45-micron filters and was osmotically
      sensitive, features indicative of accumulation within particles rather than
      binding to membranes. [3H]5-HT associated with synaptosomes was reduced in
      animals pretreated with the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, in parallel with
      a reduction in endogenous 5-HT levels. Oral administration of tricyclic
      antidepressants including clomipramine, desipramine, and imipramine inhibited the
      synaptosomal accumulation of 3H-monoamines. Overall, the features of the
      accumulation of 3H-monoamines, after intracerebroventricular administration,
      displayed many of the characteristics expected of a physiological monoamine
      reuptake system.

PMID- 4009168
TI  - In vivo regulation of [3H]acetylcholine recognition sites in brain by nicotinic
      cholinergic drugs.
AB  - The in vivo regulation of [3H]acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh) recognition sites on
      nicotinic receptors in rat brain was examined by administering drugs that
      increase stimulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, either directly or
      indirectly. After 10 days of treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor
      diisopropyl fluorophosphate, [3H]ACh binding in the cortex, thalamus, striatum,
      and hypothalamus was decreased. Scatchard analyses indicated that the decrease in
      binding in the cortex was due to a reduction in the apparent density of [3H]ACh
      recognition sites. In contrast, after repeated administration of nicotine (5-21
      days), the number of [3H]ACh recognition sites was increased in the cortex,
      thalamus, striatum, and hypothalamus. Similar effects were observed in the cortex
      and thalamus following repeated administration of the nicotinic agonist cytisin.
      The nicotinic antagonists mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine did not
      alter [3H]ACh binding following 10-14 days of administration. Further, concurrent
      treatment with these antagonists and nicotine did not prevent the nicotine
      induced increase in these binding sites. The data indicate that [3H]ACh
      recognition sites on nicotinic receptors are subject to up- and down-regulation,
      and that repeated administration of nicotine results in a signal for up
      regulation, probably through protracted desensitization at the recognition site.

PMID- 4009170
TI  - Localization and characterization of tubulin-like proteins associated with brain
      mitochondria: the presence of a membrane-specific isoform.
AB  - A mitochondrial fraction, purified from pig brain, was found to contain
      associated polypeptides with the same electrophoretic migration and isoelectric
      points as the alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits present in brain microtubules.
      When analyzed by Western blotting these polypeptides reacted specifically with
      purified tubulin antibodies. The tubulin-like proteins were then visualized in
      mitochondrial membranes by protein A-gold complexes after the incubation of
      purified mitochondria with tubulin antibodies. When membrane and microtubule
      proteins were compared by isoelectric focussing and two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis, differences were observed in the patterns of tubulin isoforms.
      An additional polypeptide, with the electrophoretic migration of beta-tubulin but
      the isoelectric point of alpha-tubulin, was found to be enriched in the
      mitochondrial fraction. This peptide had several Staphylococcus aureus V8
      protease peptides in common with alpha-tubulin and may result from a
      posttranslational modification of that subunit.

PMID- 4009171
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an enriched Golgi fraction from neurons of
      developing rat brains.
AB  - We report a method for the isolation of enriched fractions of intact Golgi
      apparatus from neurons of 10- to 12-day-old rat brains. Neurons were prepared
      according to a modified method of Farooq and Norton [J. Neurochem. 31, 887-894
      (1978)]. Golgi-enriched fractions were obtained after centrifugation of
      postmitochondrial supernatants in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Golgi
      fractions 1 and 2, recovered at the interfaces of 28-34% and 34-36% sucrose
      densities, respectively, were examined with morphometric and enzymatic methods.
      Morphometric analyses showed that 21-34% of fraction 1 and 11-29% of fraction 2
      consisted of intact Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, and
      rough endoplasmic reticulum contaminated fraction 1 (6-10%) and fraction 2 (14
      26%). Golgi fraction 1 showed a 25- to 65-fold enrichment over neurons of UDP
      Gal:GlcNAc galactosyltransferase, CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide
      sialyltransferase, and PAPS:cerebroside sulfotransferase activities. Golgi
      fraction 2 showed a 8- to 23-fold enrichment over neurons of the activities of
      the above glycolipid- and glycoprotein-synthesizing enzymes. The activities of
      the possible marker enzymes rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase,
      succinate-cytochrome c reductase, and arylsulfatase were low or minimally
      elevated in the Golgi fractions. A sevenfold enrichment of Na+, K+-ATPase
      activities was found in the Golgi fractions. This is consistent either with
      significant plasma membrane contamination or with the presence of this enzyme in
      the neuronal Golgi apparatus.

PMID- 4009172
TI  - Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]indalpine binding sites in the rat brain: II.
      Regional distribution.
AB  - The localization of binding sites for [3H]indalpine to sections of rat brain was
      studied by a quantitative autoradiographic technique. Binding sites for this
      specific neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitor are concentrated in
      areas rich in 5-HT neuronal cell bodies, fibers, and synaptic terminals. One of
      the most interesting features of this regional distribution is the very high
      density of these sites found in the dorsal raphe, substantia nigra, ventral
      tegmental area, and locus ceruleus. Components of the visual system also show
      pronounced labelling with [3H]indalpine. The finding that limbic structures are
      strongly labelled by this drug may be related to the antidepressant activity of
      indalpine. The anatomical distribution of binding sites demonstrated is
      consistent with the specific labelling of 5-HT neurons by [3H]indalpine and
      confirms previous studies carried out with another 5-HT uptake inhibitor,
      [3H]imipramine.

PMID- 4009173
TI  - Species differences in the binding of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine to the
      nucleoside transport system in mammalian central nervous system membranes:
      evidence for interconvertible conformations of the binding site/transporter
      complex.
AB  - The binding of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) to specific sites in CNS
      membranes was investigated using cortical tissue from a variety of mammalian
      species. Mass law analysis of the site-specific binding of NBMPR data revealed
      that rat, mouse, guinea pig, and dog cortical membranes each contained an
      apparent single class of high-affinity (KD 0.11-4.9 nM) binding sites for NBMPR;
      rabbit cortical membranes, however, exhibited two distinct classes of NBMPR
      binding sites with KD values of 0.4 nM and 13.8 nM. Dipyridamole, a potent
      inhibitor of nucleoside transport, produced a biphasic profile of inhibition of
      the binding of NBMPR to guinea pig, rabbit, and dog membranes (IC50 less than 20
      nM and IC50 greater than 6 microM for NBMPR binding sites displaying high and low
      affinity for dipyridamole, respectively). These results are indicative of
      heterogeneity of NBMPR binding sites in mammalian cortical membranes. Rat and
      mouse cortical membranes appear to possess only one type of NBMPR binding site,
      which has low affinity for dipyridamole. Detailed analysis of inhibitor-induced
      dissociation of NBMPR from its sites in each species led to the conclusion that
      these multiple forms of NBMPR binding sites are different conformations of a
      single site associated with the CNS nucleoside transport system, rather than two
      distinct sites. It is also suggested that the affinity of dipyridamole for each
      conformation of NBMPR site indicates the susceptibility of that conformation of
      the nucleoside transport system to inhibition by dipyridamole.

PMID- 4009174
TI  - Cholesterol biosynthesis and its regulation in dissociated cell cultures of fetal
      rat brain: developmental changes and the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A reductase.
AB  - Primary cultures of cells dissociated from fetal rat brain were utilized to
      define the developmental changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and the role of 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the regulation of
      these changes. Cerebral hemispheres of fetal rats of 15-16 days of gestation were
      dissociated mechanically into single cells and grown in the surface-adhering
      system. Cholesterol biosynthesis, studied as the rate of incorporation of
      [14C]acetate into digitonin-precipitable sterols, was shown to exhibit two
      distinct increases in synthetic rates, a prominent increase after 6 days in
      culture and a smaller one after 14 days in culture. Parallel measurements of HMG
      CoA reductase activity also demonstrated two discrete increases in enzymatic
      activity, and the quantitative and temporal aspects of these increases were
      virtually identical to those for cholesterol synthesis. These data indicate that
      cholesterol biosynthesis undergoes prominent alterations with maturation and
      suggest that these alterations are mediated by changes in HMG-CoA reductase
      activity. The timing of the initial prominent peak in both cholesterol
      biosynthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity at 6 days was found to be the same as
      the timing of the peak in DNA synthesis, determined as the rate of incorporation
      of [3H]thymidine into DNA. The second, smaller peak in reductase activity and
      sterol biosynthesis at 14 days occurred at the time of the most rapid rise in
      activity of the oligodendroglial enzyme, 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'
      phosphohydrolase (CNP). These latter observations suggest an intimate
      relationship of the sterol biosynthetic pathway with cellular proliferation and
      with oligodendroglial differentiation in developing mammalian brain.

PMID- 4009175
TI  - Changes of ganglioside pattern during cerebellar development of normal and
      staggerer mice.
AB  - The total amount of gangliosides per cerebellum of a wild-type mouse increased
      126-fold during postnatal development. Although all major gangliosides were
      synthesized, the relative amount of individual ganglioside species changed during
      this period. In the developing wild-type cerebellum a transient accumulation of
      GD3 occurred between birth and postnatal day 20 (P20) with the largest portion
      (23%) of the total ganglioside content at postnatal day 7 (P7). In the adult
      cerebellum GD3 was only a minor component (3.2%) of the ganglioside pattern. As
      demonstrated by immunofluorescence the accumulation of GD3 was predominantly
      associated with premigratory and early postmigratory granule cells. The
      ganglioside GD3 was found in two alkali-stable forms in the young cerebellum,
      whereas the ganglioside species with the higher Rf value (migrating in the same
      position as the upper GD3 band) in the adult cerebellum was alkali labile. The
      cerebellum of the neurological mutant staggerer (sg/sg) was characterized by a
      low amount of GD1a in adult animals, due to the massive death of neurons in the
      postnatal cerebellar cortex. The neonatal loss of sialic acid residues from
      cerebellar cell surfaces in wild-type mice and the maintenance of embryonic
      sialoglycoconjugates in the staggerer cerebellum cannot be explained by the
      alterations of ganglioside patterns observed during postnatal development.

PMID- 4009176
TI  - Metabolic turnover of fatty acids and acylglycerols in rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - To explain the discrepancy between the low level and high metabolic activity of
      endoneurial free fatty acids (FFAs) and triacylglycerol (TG), levels of de novo
      synthesized FFA and acylglycerols were measured in rat sciatic endoneurium at
      various intervals after endoneurial microinjection of [14C]acetate. Soon after
      injection (less than 10 min), the [14C]acetate was metabolized to FFA and
      incorporated into diacylglycerol (DG), TG, sterols, ceramides, and various
      phospholipids. The proportions of 14C-labeled FFA, DG, TG, and ceramides to total
      14C-labeled lipids decreased, whereas those of phospholipids and cerebrosides
      increased with time after injection. These findings suggest that rapid turnover
      of FFA and TG may contribute to their low level in sciatic endoneurium. The de
      novo synthesized fatty acids were largely incorporated into phosphatidylcholine
      (approximately 50% of total 14C-labeled phospholipids), probably via the cytidine
      nucleotide pathway using 1,2-DG as a metabolic intermediate. Hydrolysis of
      [14C]phosphatidylcholine revealed that fatty acids were labeled at both the C-1
      (approximately 43%) and C-2 (approximately 57%) positions. On the other hand, a
      temporal association between decreased amounts of 14C-label in ceramides and
      increased amounts of 14C-label in sphingomyelin and galactocerebrosides supports
      the hypothesis that peripheral nerve galactocerebroside is derived, in vivo, from
      ceramide via acylation of sphingosine. This exclusive labeling of endoneurial
      lipids by endoneurial microinjection of labeled precursor provides a unique model
      for studying synthesis and metabolic turnover of membrane lipids in experimental
      neuropathies.

PMID- 4009177
TI  - Immunoaffinity purification of human choline acetyltransferase: comparison of the
      brain and placental enzymes.
AB  - A rapid and efficient immunoaffinity purification procedure has been developed
      for human placental choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Using this procedure, human
      placental ChAT was purified to homogeneity with high recovery of enzyme activity
      (50-60%). Purified ChAT was used to raise a monospecific anti-human ChAT
      polyclonal antibody in rabbits. A comparison of the physical properties of ChAT
      was made between the enzymes purified from human brain and human placenta. Only
      one form of the enzyme exists in either tissue, having identical molecular
      weights of 68,000 and a single apparent pI of 8.1. A more detailed comparison of
      the two enzymes using peptide mapping and epitope mapping indicates identity
      between the brain and placental enzymes.

PMID- 4009178
TI  - Decrease of choline acetyltransferase activity of rat cortex capillaries with
      aging.
AB  - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was estimated in brain cortex
      capillaries isolated from 3-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month-old rats. Maximum enzymatic
      activity was found at 12 months (55 +/- 0.3 pmol X mg-1 protein X min-1; mean +/-
      SEM) and then it decreased to reach a minimum at 24 months (34 +/- 3.1 pmol X mg
      1 protein X min-1). A less marked decrease of enzymatic activity was also found
      in cortex homogenate and in a synaptosomal fraction obtained from the same groups
      of rats. Loss of ChAT of brain capillaries with aging could be related to a
      general phenomenon of cortical cholinergic deficit in that condition.

PMID- 4009179
TI  - A D-glucose-sensitive cytochalasin B binding component of cerebral microvessels.
AB  - The technique of photoaffinity labelling with [4-3H]cytochalasin B was applied to
      osmotically lysed cerebral microvessels isolated from sheep brain. Cytochalasin B
      was photo-incorporated into a membrane protein of average apparent Mr 53,000.
      Incorporation of cytochalasin B was inhibited by D-glucose, but not by L-glucose,
      which strongly suggests that the labelled protein is, or is a component of, the
      glucose transporter of the blood-brain barrier. Investigation of noncovalent [4
      3H]cytochalasin B binding to cerebral microvessels by equilibrium dialysis
      indicated the presence of a single set of high-affinity binding sites with an
      association constant of 9.8 +/- 1.7 (SE) microM-1. This noncovalent binding was
      inhibited by D-glucose, with a Ki of 23 mM. These results provide preliminary
      identification of the glucose transporter of the ovine blood-brain barrier, and
      reveal both structural and functional similarities to the glucose transport
      protein of the human erythrocyte.

PMID- 4009181
TI  - Possible artefacts in imipramine binding assays.

PMID- 4009180
TI  - Irreversible inhibition of calcium uptake in synaptosomes by quinacrine mustard:
      relationship to labeling sites of quinacrine mustard.
AB  - The sites of interaction of quinacrine with synaptic membranes were labeled with
      quinacrine mustard. Quinacrine mustard had an inhibitory effect on depolarization
      induced calcium uptake by synaptosomes similar to that of quinacrine. The
      inhibition of depolarization-induced calcium uptake by quinacrine was reduced by
      70% after washing, whereas that by quinacrine mustard was not affected.
      Fluorescence electrophoretograms of the quinacrine mustard-treated synaptic
      membranes showed that quinacrine mustard specifically labeled two proteins, with
      corresponding molecular weights of about 37,000 and 32,000.

PMID- 4009182
TI  - Alkaloids and coumarins of Casimiroa edulis.

PMID- 4009183
TI  - Valepotriate production of normal and colchicine-treated cell suspension cultures
      of Valeriana wallichii.
AB  - Colchicine-treated suspension cultures of Valeriana wallichii produce higher
      amounts of valepotriates than did the respective untreated cultures. The ability
      to produce valepotriates in the treated culture remains in the absence of
      colchicine even if the chromosome status returns to normal. When the colchicine
      treatment is repeated, a further increase in valepotriate production can be
      obtained. Besides known valepotriates, a series of fourteen new compounds,
      hitherto not described for the parent plant, were isolated from the cell
      suspension culture. Eight of them are also found in plant parts in minor amounts,
      but six seem to be present only in tissue cultures of V. wallichii.

PMID- 4009185
TI  - The phenyl- and biphenyl-quinolizidines of in-vitro-grown Heimia salicifolia.
AB  - Under the conditions delineated in this paper, alkaloid synthesis was not
      detectable in heterotrophic callus and suspension cultures of Heimia salicifolia.
      However, in vitro-grown shoots are active in alkaloid biosynthesis, yielding the
      biphenylquinolizidine lactones vertine (1), lytrine (5), and lyfoline (7), the
      ester alkaloids demethoxyabresoline (14) and epidemethoxylabresoline (11), the
      phenylquinolizidinols demethyllasubine-I (10) and demethyllasubine-II (12), and
      several minor alkaloids that had not been previously shown to occur in H.
      salicifolia.

PMID- 4009184
TI  - Isoscutellarein-7-O-[allosyl (1----2) glucoside] from Sideritis leucantha.
AB  - In continuation with our work on the flavonoids of Sideritis species, we have now
      isolated and identified from Sideritis leucantha extracts, the novel flavonoid
      compound, isoscutellarein-7-O-[allosyl (1----2) glucoside].

PMID- 4009186
TI  - Terpenoid constituents of Viguiera dentata.

PMID- 4009187
TI  - Sesquiterpene-coumarin ethers of Ferula tingitana.

PMID- 4009188
TI  - Unusual occurrence of fulvoplumierin, an antibacterial pigment, in the marine
      mollusk Nerita albicilla.

PMID- 4009189
TI  - The effect of Parkinson's disease on the ability to maintain a mental set.
AB  - In two experiments with an Odd-Man-Out choice discrimination task, Parkinsonian
      subjects had difficulty in alternating between two rules on successive trials.
      The pattern of errors suggested that the difficulty arises from an instability of
      cognitive set rather than any loss of reasoning ability, perseveration or
      increased distractibility.

PMID- 4009190
TI  - Writing tremor: its relationship to benign essential tremor.
AB  - Nine patients with tremor on writing and one patient with tremor only on swinging
      a golf club were investigated. None of the patients had any other neurological
      symptoms or signs. The frequency of the tremor ranged from 5 to 6 Hz. Rapid
      passive supination or pronation of the forearm by a torque motor evoked a short
      burst of alternating tremor in seven patients. The tremor was improved by alcohol
      or propranolol in six patients. These characteristics of writing tremor (and of
      other isolated action tremors) suggest that it is a variant of benign essential
      tremor.

PMID- 4009191
TI  - The relationship of transient hemiparesis following febrile convulsions in
      infancy to subsequent temporal lobectomy for intractable seizures.
AB  - Nine patients with transient hemiparesis following a febrile convulsion were part
      of a group of 71 patients undergoing temporal lobectomy with mesial temporal
      sclerosis or non-specific changes in the specimen. There was no gross evidence of
      additional brain damage in tests before surgery and their response to surgery was
      as good as the 62 patients without this history.

PMID- 4009193
TI  - Social adjustment after closed head injury: a further follow-up seven years after
      injury.
AB  - A group of severely head injured patients were reassessed 7 years after injury.
      This group was the same as that previously reported 2 years after injury. There
      was no change in their physical or cognitive status; personality problems were
      still commonly reported but the less disabled had made further progress in
      returning to their former level of vocational and social activity.

PMID- 4009192
TI  - Impairment of remote memory after closed head injury.
AB  - Evidence of partial retrograde amnesia for episodic memories of no personal
      salience was found in head injured patients (n = 10) tested during posttraumatic
      amnesia or shortly after its resolution (n = 10), but there was no selective
      preservation of the earliest memories. In contrast, head injured patients tested
      during posttraumatic amnesia exhibited relatively preserved retention of early
      autobiographical memories which they recalled as accurately as oriented head
      injured patients. It is suggested that reminiscence of salient, early events
      increases their resistance to partial retrograde amnesia and contributes to the
      observed temporal gradient.

PMID- 4009194
TI  - Five-year neurological and EEG outcome after open-heart surgery.
AB  - A five-year neurological and EEG follow-up was carried on 55 patients who had
      undergone open-heart surgery for valve replacement in order to investigate the
      long-term results of the treatment. The five-year survival rate was 89%. The
      prevalence of permanent neurological abnormalities after operation was 9%.
      Transient ischaemic attacks occurred in five patients but no more severe
      cerebrovascular accidents were encountered. The rate of embolic events was 2.8
      per 100 patient-years. Various subjective symptoms and complaints showed a highly
      beneficial outcome. Also the five-year EEG outcome was encouraging; the
      prevalence of abnormal EEG had fallen from the value before operation of 45% to
      25%. The harmful influence of long perfusion time (extracorporeal circulation)
      during operation was found to be reflected in the long-term EEG outcome and,
      significantly, not only in the patients who had, but also in those who had not
      developed clinical abnormalities complicating the immediate course after
      operation. Although a valvular surgery patient faces a number of CNS problems
      before, during and after operation, the overall long-term outcome of successful
      surgery seems highly beneficial in neurological terms.

PMID- 4009195
TI  - Sacral sparing with cauda equina compression from central lumbar intervertebral
      disc prolapse.
AB  - Sparing of sensation in sacral dermatomes and of sphincter control was found in
      eight out of fourteen cases of severe cauda equina compression from massive
      central lumbar disc prolapse. Although the triangular shape of the lumbar spinal
      canal may be one factor for this it was found from a necropsy model that the
      increase in linear strain on the stretched roots of the cauda equina is least in
      the more centrally placed lower sacral roots. It is argued that the lower tension
      in these roots is determined by Young's Modulus.

PMID- 4009196
TI  - Levodopa and melanoma: three cases and review of literature.
AB  - Three patients are reported who developed a melanoma while taking levodopa for
      Parkinson's disease. There were two cutaneous melanomas and one metastatic
      melanoma with occult primary. The literature on the association of Parkinson's
      disease, levodopa therapy and melanoma is reviewed. The capacity of levodopa to
      induce melanomas and its alleged adverse effect on the clinical course of the
      disease are questioned.

PMID- 4009197
TI  - Germinoma of the pituitary gland; a report of two cases.
AB  - Intracranial germinomas are usually situated in the pineal, but sometimes they
      arise in the infundibular region of the third ventricle (ectopic pinealoma) and
      may rarely extend down into the pituitary fossa. Two cases of germinoma arising
      within the pituitary gland and presenting with hypopituitarism, are described; no
      report of any similar cases could be found.

PMID- 4009198
TI  - Acute polyneuritis with cranial nerve involvement following Campylobacter jejuni
      infection.

PMID- 4009199
TI  - The response of the apparent receptive speech disorder of Parkinsonism to speech
      therapy.

PMID- 4009200
TI  - Lithium-induced improvement of myotonia: relevance of prostaglandin E1 blockade
      by lithium.

PMID- 4009201
TI  - Neurologic deficit, blood flow and biochemical sequelae of reversible focal
      cerebral ischemia in cats.
AB  - Temporary focal cerebral ischemia was induced in 23 cats by occluding the left
      middle cerebral artery (MCA) for 2 h. Animals then were divided into groups for
      unforced reperfusion of varying duration ranging from 2 to 48 h. Regional blood
      flow (rCBF) at the borders of the ischemic area was measured repeatedly using the
      hydrogen clearance technique, and neurological ratings were obtained, both during
      ischemia and reperfusion. At the scheduled end of reperfusion brains were frozen
      in situ with liquid nitrogen, and regional distributions of biochemical substrate
      contents as well as tissue pH were visualized using bioluminescence and
      fluorescence techniques. During focal ischemia collateral flow in the border zone
      dropped to 55 +/- 20.3% of control level, and all animals developed a neurologic
      deficit with a median of 6 points on a disability scale from 0 to 10, rCBF and
      functional impairment being closely correlated (tau = -0.47, P1 less than 0.005).
      After reopening of the MCA there was an immediate and rather uniform increase in
      border zone flow to 105 +/- 25.7% of control level, while neurologic recovery was
      quite variable. In all but one animal reversible ischemia led to persistent
      disturbances in the energy-producing metabolism as demonstrated by the low
      regional ATP content, which in part was accompanied by a diminished NADH
      fluorescence and an alkaline pH shift at high tissue glucose levels. These
      findings suggest that disturbances in cerebral energy metabolism induced by
      temporary ischemia may be caused by inhibition of the glycolytic pathway that is
      hardly reversed by unforced reperfusion and, therefore, results in permanent
      damage.

PMID- 4009202
TI  - Cytotoxic activity in the plasma of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients
      against normal erythrocytes. Quantitative determinations.
AB  - Erythrocytes from healthy controls were incubated during 5.5 h under
      physiological conditions in own plasma, and plasma from blood type-matched ALS
      patients and diseased controls. Free haemoglobin (Hb) was repeatedly measured
      spectrophotometrically as a measure of haemolysis. Using a standardized
      procedure, the interexperimental variation in Hb release during incubation in own
      control plasma was kept very low in a large series of incubations (n = 77). This
      indicated that the condition of the erythrocytes had been constant. Parallel
      incubations in plasma from ALS patients (n = 20) rendered a clear-cut increase in
      Hb release, which in all cases exceeded the confidence interval of the controls.
      There was no correlation between Hb release in the ALS group and age, sex, type
      of disease or duration of symptoms. The cytotoxic effect of ALS plasma was
      abolished by heating to 56 degrees C. In a material of incubations in plasma of
      diseased controls (traumatic spinal cord disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome), the
      haemolysis was slightly larger than in control plasma, but in all cases smaller
      than in ALS plasma.

PMID- 4009203
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid folate and cobalamin levels in febrile convulsion.
AB  - Folate and cobalamin parameters were studied in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid
      of 40 febrile paediatric patients. Eighteen of these children were in a state of
      febrile convulsion while the remaining 22 were non-convulsing. The serum folate
      concentration of all the patients was higher than that of the control group but
      the highest value was found in the convulsing children. There was no significant
      difference in the CSF folate levels between the two groups of patients. The serum
      cobalamin levels of the patients were significantly lower than those of the
      control children and the lowest mean was observed in the convulsing state. On the
      other hand, there was no difference in the CSF cobalamin between the convulsing
      and non-convulsing children. These results confirm that there is an effective
      blood-brain barrier system for folate even when serum folate levels are higher
      than normal. There is also a definite decrease in serum cobalamin during pyrexia
      but this decrease is more apparent in the convulsing state. The role of cobalamin
      metabolism in convulsion is not clear.

PMID- 4009204
TI  - Lectin blotting of human muscle. Identification of a high molecular weight
      glycoprotein which is absent or altered in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Using a combination of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting, a high molecular weight Ricinus communis I (RCA
      I)-binding glycoprotein (approx. Mr 370000) has been identified in human muscle
      that is consistently altered or absent in muscle from patients with Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy (DMD). In addition, a Mr 54000 RCA I-binding glycoprotein was
      identified in 4 out and 8 DMD muscle samples that was not present in normal
      muscle. The possibility that the Mr 370000 glycoprotein could be a muscle
      membrane glycoprotein which is altered or absent in DMD is discussed.

PMID- 4009205
TI  - Axial apraxia in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Attention is drawn to certain disorders of posture and movement such as kneeling,
      turning around in the recumbent position, arising and walking which form a
      separate group of motor disabilities in Parkinson patients. Levodopa therapy is
      far less effective for these axial motor abnormalities than for hypokinesia,
      tremor, rigidity and manual dexterity. Inappropriate function of the axial
      musculature leads to debilitating situations. It is argued that the disordered
      axial movements are not the result of an akinetic mechanism but share the
      criteria applied to apraxic phenomena and the term axial apraxia is proposed.
      Thus far axial apraxia has resisted conventional physiotherapeutic treatment, but
      some patients overcome their apraxic disability using alternative motor
      strategies.

PMID- 4009206
TI  - Changes of auditory brainstem responses in electrolyte-induced myelinolysis in
      rats. Role of hyponatremia and hypernatremia.
AB  - Electrolyte-induced myelinolysis was produced in rats to evaluate
      electrophysiological derangement in the brainstem. Auditory brainstem responses
      (ABRs) were used to assess the brainstem function. Rats treated with hypertonic
      saline for 2 days had normal interpeak latencies in ABRs. Rats treated with
      vasopressin-induced hyponatremia alone and those with hypertonic saline after 3
      days of hyponatremia had significantly prolonged interpeak latencies between
      waves II-III and III-IV in ABRs. These prolongations indicate
      electrophysiological derangement of the upper pons and mesencephalon in
      hyponatremic rats as well as in rats with hyponatremia followed by hypernatremic
      myelinolysis. In view of these data, hyponatremia may be a prerequisite for
      electrolyte-induced myelinolysis and electrolyte derangements such as
      hyponatremia, and rapidly correcting hypernatremia may be the cause of
      electrolyte-induced myelinolysis in rats.

PMID- 4009208
TI  - Morphologic effects of ammonia on primary astrocyte cultures. I. Light
      microscopic studies.
AB  - To evaluate the astrocytic alterations commonly seen in hepatic encephalopathy
      and other hyperammonemic states, primary astrocyte cultures derived from neonatal
      rats were exposed to varying concentrations of ammonia for one to ten days.
      Ammonia-treated cultures initially showed an increase in basophilia, prominent
      cytoplasmic processes and increased cytoplasmic granularity and vacuolization.
      Nucleoli were increased in size and there was an increase in nucleolar/nuclear
      ratio. Later, fragmentation and loss of cytoplasmic processes, formation of dense
      bodies and frank cellular disintegration were noted. The changes were
      proportional to the concentration and duration of ammonia treatment. Our studies
      show that ammonia is capable of directly causing morphologic alterations in
      astrocytes. We believe that the use of primary cultures provides a means of
      exploring the precise role of astrocytes in hyperammonemic states.

PMID- 4009207
TI  - The cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome: lamellar lipid profiles in
      adrenocortical, hepatic mesenchymal, astrocyte cells and increased levels of very
      long chain fatty acids and phytanic acid in the plasma.
AB  - Clinical, radiological, histological and biochemical aspects of two cases of
      cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome (CHRS) are reported. CT scan disclosed a
      demyelinating process and gyral abnormalities reflecting the observed
      neuropathological findings. Trilamellar and lamellar inclusions were found in
      brain astrocytes, hepatic mesenchymal and adrenal cells. The morphologic features
      of these inclusions are similar to those observed in childhood
      adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum's
      disease. In the two CHRS patients, increased plasma levels of very long chain
      fatty acids (C26:1, C26:0) and phytanic acid were in the same range as those
      observed in seven other instances of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. The presence
      of increased plasma levels of phytanic acid in these disorders suggests that
      phytanate oxidase activity is, at least, partially located in peroxisomes.

PMID- 4009210
TI  - Axonal regeneration after crush injury of rat central nervous system fibres
      innervating peripheral nerve grafts.
AB  - Recent experimental studies in adult rodents indicate that neurons in many
      regions of the brain and spinal cord are capable of extensive axonal growth along
      peripheral nerve grafts inserted into the C.N.S. To explore further the capacity
      of damaged intrinsic C.N.S. neurons to initiate and sustain fibre growth we have
      studied the regenerative response of brain stem and spinal neurons to the
      crushing of their axons after such axons had already grown across peripheral
      nerve 'bridges' linking both these levels of the neuraxis. In adult rats, an
      autologous segment of sciatic nerve approximately 4 cm long was used to connect
      the medulla oblongata and the lower cervical spinal cord. After 6-42 weeks, when
      C.N.S. axons are known to have regenerated across these 'bridges', the nerve
      grafts were crushed near both their rostral and caudal insertions into the C.N.S.
      Axonal regeneration beyond the sites of injury was investigated 4-11 weeks after
      crush by retrogradely labelling C.N.S. neurons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      applied 1 cm away from the injured site, along the assumed course of the C.N.S.
      fibres regrowing across the graft. The number and distribution of HRP-labelled
      neurons was found to be similar to that in rats with uncrushed grafts. To prove
      that such axonal regrowth from spinal and brain stem nerve cells did originate
      from injury of central nerve fibres innervating the graft and not by sprouting
      from undamaged C.N.S. neurons at both ends of the 'bridge', we first labelled
      with the fluorescent dye Fast Blue (FB) the cells whose axons were interrupted by
      the crush and, after two weeks, applied a second dye, Nuclear Yellow (NY) 1 cm
      beyond the site of injury. The presence of FB and NY double-labelled C.N.S.
      neurons in these animals, together with the results of the HRP-labelling
      experiments, suggest that central neurons whose axons innervate peripheral nerve
      grafts are capable of renewed growth after axonal injury. Under such experimental
      conditions these intrinsic C.N.S. neurons respond to axonal interruption in a
      manner that resembles the responses of cells that normally project along
      peripheral nerves. We believe this to be an additional indication of the powerful
      role in regeneration of interactions between neurons and the axonal environment.

PMID- 4009209
TI  - Dorsal-ventral differences in the glia limitans of the spinal cord: an
      ultrastructural study in developing normal and irradiated rats.
AB  - The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the lumbosacral spinal cord were examined in
      normal and irradiated postnatal rats. In normal rats between three and 13 days
      postnatal (DP), the glia limitans (GL) of the ventral surface was a more complex
      structure than the dorsal GL. This greater degree of complexity was manifested in
      a greater number of subpial astrocytes, a greater number of radial glial
      processes and a more advanced state in differentiation of its constituents. In
      rats irradiated at three DP and examined at 13 DP, the ventral GL remained intact
      and relatively unaffected by the radiation. In contrast, the dorsal GL was
      disrupted, and Schwann cells were seen within the dorsal funiculus. The ventral
      GL of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord is a more substantial structure than the
      dorsal GL during normal development. This factor alone may account for the
      integrity of the barrier properties of the ventral GL following radiation.
      However, our observations suggest that subpial astrocytes of the dorsal GL are
      more susceptible to radiation damage at three DP than the subpial astrocytes and
      radial glia of the ventral GL.

PMID- 4009211
TI  - Osmium tetroxide postfixation in relation to the crosslinkage and spatial
      organization of stereocilia in the guinea-pig cochlea.
AB  - Guinea-pig cochleae were fixed in glutaraldehyde, followed by short (30 s),
      intermediate (3 min) or long (24 h) periods of postfixation in 1% osmium
      tetroxide. The hair cells of the organ of Corti were examined by scanning
      electron microscopy. Following short periods of postfixation in osmium tetroxide,
      the preservation of crosslinks between the stereocilia could be enhanced,
      compared to the picture seen without postfixation. Moreover, in many cases the
      stereocilia parted slightly, revealing many lateral links between the
      stereocilia, which were otherwise hidden. The tip of each shorter stereocilium on
      a hair cell gave rise to a single, vertically pointing link, which ran upwards to
      the taller stereocilium of the adjacent row on the hair cell. It is suggested
      that distortion of such links is associated with sensory transduction. An
      extensive array of lateral links, connecting the stereocilia of the same and
      different rows on the hair cell, was also seen. In addition, the surface
      membranes of the stereocilia had a granular appearance. Following intermediate
      and long periods of postfixation in osmium tetroxide, crosslinks were rarely
      seen, and the stereocilia had smooth or wavy rather than granular surface
      membranes. Moreover, the spatial organization of the stereocilia, particularly on
      inner hair cells, was disrupted. In tissue postfixed for short periods, it was
      possible to map the directions of the vertically pointing links, and see the
      three-dimensional arrangement of the stereocilia. It was shown that the V-shape
      of the rows of stereocilia on outer hair cells, and the straight-line arrangement
      of the stereocilia on inner hair cells, were both appropriate for a maximal
      sensitivity of the hair cells to deflection of their stereocilia in a radial
      direction. It is suggested that the differences in the shape of the rows on inner
      and outer hair cells are derived from the different packing of the stereocilia on
      the two types of hair cell.

PMID- 4009212
TI  - Ultrastructure of the primate carotid body: a morphometric study of the glomus
      cells and nerve endings in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
AB  - The carotid body of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied at both the
      light and electron microscopic levels in an effort to provide a detailed
      quantitative characterization of this chemoreceptor organ in the primate.
      Structurally, the monkey carotid body was organized into lobules of from three to
      eight glomus cells (in section) and their ensheathing supporting cells.
      Interspersed among the lobules was abundant connective tissue stroma, fibroblasts
      and mast cells. Fenestrated capillaries, small arterioles and venules also
      permeated the organ. Each supporting cell partially ensheathed about three glomus
      cells and could be easily differentiated from glomus cells by their darker
      cytoplasmic staining, lack of dense-core vesicles and angular nuclear profile.
      Glomus cells exhibited an intense catecholamine histofluorescence and contained
      abundant dense-core vesicles. On the basis of dense-core vesicle size, shape and
      numerical density, four types of glomus cells were identified. The most common
      type (62% of all glomus cells) contained vesicles with an average diameter of 219
      nm and a density of 8 vesicles per micron 2 of cytoplasm. The second type
      possessed larger vesicles (264 nm in diameter) and accounted for about 14% of all
      glomus cells. A third type of glomus cell contained smaller (167 nm) and fewer (5
      vesicles per micron2) dense-core vesicles. The fourth type of glomus cell
      contained pleomorphic-shaped vesicles with a maximal diameter of 232 nm. Each of
      these last two types accounted for about 12% of all glomus cells. All four types
      of glomus cells were innervated, averaging 1.43 nerve endings per glomus cell (in
      sections). Nerve endings were primarily of the bouton-like variety averaging 2
      micron2 in sectional area and containing 34.3 clear-core synaptic vesicles
      (average size 73.5 nm in diameter) per micron2 of cytoplasm. Of the 57 nerve
      endings examined in single sections, 16% displayed junctions typical of synaptic
      specializations and most of these were presynaptic to glomus cells. Glomus cell
      glomus cell synapses were not observed. Based on these quantitative observations
      and on previous studies of carotid body cytoarchitecture in other laboratory
      species, it appears that the primate organ most closely resembles the cat carotid
      body, although several differences exist.

PMID- 4009213
TI  - Membrane ultrastructure of developing axons in glial cell deficient rat spinal
      cord.
AB  - In order to investigate axolemmal development in a glial cell deficient
      environment, normal and irradiated dorsal funiculus in rat lumbosacral spinal
      cord was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. At 3 days of age,
      normal fibres are all unmyelinated and of small (less than 0.5 micron) diameter.
      The unmyelinated axons have a moderate density (approximately 850 microns-2) of
      intramembranous particles (IMPs) on P-fracture faces and a low IMP density
      (approximately 300 microns-2) on E-faces. IMPs are homogeneously distributed
      along both fracture faces. By 19 days of age, the normal dorsal funiculus is well
      populated with myelinated axons and glial cells, as well as a sizable population
      of unmyelinated fibres. Nearly all of the myelinated fibres have a large (greater
      than 1.0 micron) diameter; whereas, most unmyelinated axons are of small (less
      than 0.5 micron) calibre. The axolemma of unmyelinated axons is relatively
      undifferentiated, with an asymmetrical distribution of IMPs (P-face:
      approximately 1100 microns-2; E-face: approximately 450 microns-2). Myelinated
      fibres show nodal and paranodal regions with P-face and E-face ultrastructure
      similar to previous descriptions. Internodal axolemma appears relatively
      homogeneous, with P-faces being highly particulate (approximately 2100 microns-2)
      and a low IMP density (approximately 200 microns-2) on E-faces. Following
      irradiation of the lumbosacral spinal cord at 3 days of age, there is a severe
      reduction in the number of glial cells and myelinated fibres in this region when
      the tissue is examined at 19 days of age. Despite the deficiency of glial cells
      in this tissue, axonal and axolemmal development continue. Numerous large
      (greater than 1.0 micron) diameter axons are present in this irradiated tissue.
      Large diameter axons show a high (approximately 2000 microns-2) density of IMPs
      on P-faces; E-face IMP density remains at approximately 440 micron-2. Small
      calibre axons also have an asymmetrical distribution of particles (P-face:
      approximately 1100 microns-2; E-face: 280 microns-2). The axolemmal E-faces of
      some glial cell deprived fibres exhibit regions with greater than normal
      (approximately 750 microns-2) density of IMPs. These results demonstrate that
      some aspects of axonal and axolemmal development continue in a glial cell
      deficient environment, and it is suggested that axolemmal ultrastructure is, at
      least in part, independent of glial cell association.

PMID- 4009214
TI  - Pathologic stages IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease: results of treatment with
      radiotherapy alone, 1968-1980.

PMID- 4009215
TI  - Pathologic stages IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease: results of treatment with
      radiotherapy alone (1968-1980).
AB  - Between Jan 1, 1968, and Dec 31, 1980, 108 previously untreated patients with
      Hodgkin's disease pathologic stages (PSs) IA (29 patients) and IIA (79 patients)
      initially received radiotherapy alone. One postoperative death (due to pulmonary
      embolus) (0.9%) occurred, with one serious complication (0.9%). Between 1968 and
      1973, patients were randomized to receive either involved field radiation
      treatment (RTIF) or extended field radiation treatment (RTEF). Since 1973 all
      patients have received RTEF, 4,000 cGy in four to five weeks, with a median
      follow-up of 7.4 years. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 102 patients
      (94.4%), with no significant difference according to treatment or stage. Of the
      complete responders, 25 patients relapsed: 5/15 RTIF and 20/87 RTEF (P = .6).
      Twenty-one of 25 relapsing patients achieved a second CR. Disease free survival
      rates at five and ten years constituted: PS IA, 78.6% for both; PS IIA, 74.8% and
      73.1% (P = .6); RTEF, 76.7% for both; RTIF, 73.3% and 66.7% (P = .7). Eighteen
      patients have died: eight of recurrent lymphoma, two of pulmonary embolus, one
      each of myocardial infarction, pulmonary fibrosis, and acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia (ANLL) (following salvage chemotherapy), and one of diffuse histiocytic
      lymphoma (DHL). Four patients died in remission of unrelated causes. Actuarial
      survival rates at five and ten years constituted: PS IA, 95.7% and 72.4%; PS IIA,
      89.6% and 81.4% (P = .3); RTIF, 93.7% for both; RTEF, 90.7% and 71.2% (P = .2).
      Age, sex, number of sites, and mediastinal involvement did not influence the
      outcome. Acute toxicity was modest and more frequent among those receiving RTEF
      (P = .08). Chronic toxicity (onset more than 30 days after completion of
      treatment) was identified in 16 patients: 1/16 RTIF; 15/92 RTEF (P = .5). Three
      patients developed a second malignancy: one carcinoma of the cervix in situ; one
      ANLL (following salvage chemotherapy); and one DHL of the stomach. At least 75%
      of patients with PS IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease were cured by radiation alone,
      with a risk of secondary malignancy following radiation alone of 0.9%. Since the
      majority of relapsing patients were successfully salvaged by chemotherapy,
      radiation alone appears to be the initial treatment of choice in this group of
      patients.

PMID- 4009216
TI  - DNA-RNA measurements in patients with acute leukemia undergoing remission
      induction therapy.
AB  - Prior to therapy, 111 newly diagnosed adult patients with acute leukemia had DNA
      content measured (cell-cycle distributions) and 91 had RNA content measured using
      flow cytometry of acridine orange-stained bone marrow biopsies. The RNA index
      (RI) (ratio of mean RNA in G0/G1 of the sample to the median RNA in G0/G1 of
      normal lymphocytes) distinguished acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) from acute
      lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The mean RI in AML was 2.2 and in ALL 1.5. RI did not
      predict for achievement of complete remission (CR). In AML the mean S-phase
      percent was 11.2 in patients who achieved CR and 13.1 in those who failed to
      respond to therapy, whereas in ALL it was 14.5 in those responding and 8.0 in
      those not responding (P = .02). In the 77 patients with either AML or ALL who
      achieved CR, a low pretreatment S-phase percent and a high RI correlated with a
      long duration of CR. S-phase percent and RI were also measured during remission
      induction and during maintenance therapy. Between days 8 and 18, the RI of
      responders decreased. In both AML and ALL an increase in S-phase percent between
      days 18 and 22, prior to morphological CR, was observed in responders but not in
      nonresponders. The mean S-phase percent at the time of morphological remission
      was 17.3. A high S-phase percent at this time correlated with a longer duration
      of CR. Although neither pretreatment S-phase percent nor RI was found to predict
      for achievement of CR in AML, both predicted for length of CR. Increases in S
      phase percent during therapy indicated recovery of normal hematopoiesis.

PMID- 4009217
TI  - Iodine 125 suture implants in the management of advanced tumors in the neck
      attached to the carotid artery.
AB  - Between 1975 and 1982, 38 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer
      attached to the carotid artery underwent surgical excision followed by iodine 125
      vicryl suture implant in the neck. Most patients had neck masses that were
      greater than 6 cm and stage IV disease without clinically evident distant
      metastases. Twelve patients had received no previous therapy while 26 underwent
      an implant for recurrent disease. The local control rate in the implant volume
      was 79%. The local and regional control rate in all head and neck sites was 53%.
      The mean survival was 11 months. The overall complication rate was 26%. There was
      no significant correlation of local control or complications with the minimum
      total dose, volume implanted, individual 125I seed strength, or total seed
      strength. In patients with large masses attached to the carotid artery, surgical
      resection followed by a 125I implant for residual disease is a viable alternative
      to resection of the carotid artery.

PMID- 4009218
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil during hyperthermic pelvic isolation
      perfusion.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injected into a surgically isolated
      pelvic circuit during hyperthermic perfusion was studied in five patients with
      local recurrence of anorectal cancer. 5-FU doses ranged from 11 to 23 mg/kg. The
      geometric mean ratio of peak plasma 5-FU in the isolated to systemic circuits was
      10, the ratio at the end of the 45-minute perfusion was 12.5. The mean half-life
      of 5-FU in the isolated circuit was 18.5 minutes. Total drug exposure for the
      isolated circuit was 7.8-fold greater than for the systemic compartment. These
      results demonstrate a large pharmacologic advantage for the use of the isolation
      perfusion technique.

PMID- 4009219
TI  - Phase I trial of N-methylformamide (NMF, NSC 3051).
AB  - N-methylformamide (NMF) is a polar-planar solvent with both cytotoxic and
      differentiating activity in preclinical models; it also acts as a
      radiosensitizer. We treated 17 patients with 18 courses of NMF on a schedule of
      six weekly doses, administered on a rapid intravenous infusion, which were
      escalated from 875 to 2,000 mg/m2/wk. The predominant toxicity was a dose-related
      syndrome of fatigue, malaise, nausea, and anorexia, which was reflected by a
      decrease in performance status (Karnofsky) of greater than or equal to 20% in six
      of ten patients who received doses greater than or equal to 1,500 mg/m2/wk. Other
      gastrointestinal toxicities included moderate vomiting and mild diarrhea.
      Reversible increase of liver enzymes occurred in six of ten patients at doses
      greater than or equal to 1,500 mg/m2/wk. The maximum tolerated dose on this
      schedule is 1,500 mg/m2/wk; the dose recommended for phase II studies is 1,125
      mg/m2/wk. Future studies of this regimen in a combined modality setting are
      planned.

PMID- 4009221
TI  - Management of pathologic stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 4009220
TI  - Criteria of tumor response used in clinical trials of chemotherapy.
AB  - We have studied 61 published reports of trials of cancer chemotherapy to evaluate
      the criteria for tumor response that were used and the adequacy of their
      description in the publication. Our sample comprised recent articles published in
      three major journals that addressed the influence of chemotherapy on patients
      with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and
      head and neck cancer. Incomplete information was sought through a questionnaire
      mailed to the senior author of each paper, and 48 of them responded. We conclude
      that: no article contained all of the information required to define precisely
      criteria for tumor responses; criteria for tumor response are variable; and
      differences in response criteria contribute to the wide variation in reported
      rates of tumor response. Meaningful intercomparison of clinical trials will
      require the establishment of uniform criteria for assessing and reporting the
      response of tumors to chemotherapy.

PMID- 4009222
TI  - Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in alpha-motoneurons produced
      during fictive locomotion by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region
      (MLR) activates polysynaptic pathways that project to lumbar spinal motoneurons
      and are involved in the initiation of locomotion. Fictive locomotion was produced
      by MLR stimulation, and intracellular records of evoked postsynaptic potentials
      (PSPs) in alpha-motoneurons were computer analyzed. Stimulation of sites in the
      MLR that were maximally effective for the initiation of locomotion produced
      excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) in all the
      motoneurons examined. The amplitudes of the PSPs increased as locomotion
      commenced. The EPSPs were largest during the depolarized phase of the step cycle,
      and in 17 of our 22 cells the EPSP was replaced by an IPSP of slightly longer
      latency during the hyperpolarized phase. The mean latency of the EPSPs measured
      from the stimulus artifact produced by stimulation of the MLR was 5.1 ms (3.0-7.0
      ms). In all cases, the IPSP occurred 0.6 ms or more after the onset of the EPSP
      in the same cell. Later PSPs were sometimes observed as well. The effects of
      constant current injection on the membrane potential oscillations associated with
      fictive locomotion (locomotor drive potentials) were examined. The results showed
      that the amplitudes of the locomotor drive potentials (LDPs) could be affected by
      depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current injection. The data is consistent with
      the LDP having a predominant inhibitory component, which is more readily altered
      by current injection than is the excitatory component. The effect of constant
      current injections on the MLR-evoked PSPs was also examined, and it was observed
      that both EPSPs and IPSPs could be affected by the injected currents. The EPSPs
      increased in amplitude with constant hyperpolarizing current injection, and this
      fact rules out the possibility that the EPSP is actually a reversed IPSP. The
      IPSP was decreased in amplitude by hyperpolarizing current injection. Combined
      stimulation of the MLR and the ipsilateral high-threshold muscle or cutaneous
      afferents produced facilitation of both short- and long-latency MLR-evoked PSPs,
      suggesting that the two pathways share common interneurons. The possibility that
      the long-latency PSPs are produced by rapid oscillation in the locomotor central
      pattern generator is discussed. We concluded that MLR stimulation that evokes
      fictive locomotion produces both excitation and inhibition of spinal motoneurons.
      Spinal interneuronal systems are implicated and may be those involved in the
      initiation and control of locomotion. The probable relay sites for the descending
      pathway from the MLR to motoneurons are discussed.

PMID- 4009223
TI  - Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in rats. II. Information processing of
      taste quality.
AB  - The present report was designed to investigate neural coding of taste information
      in the cerebral cortical taste area of rats. The magnitude and/or type
      (excitatory, inhibitory, or no-response) of responses of 111 cortical neurons
      evoked by single concentrations of the four basic taste stimuli (sucrose, NaCl,
      HCl, and quinine HCl) were subjected to four types of analyses in the context of
      the four proposed hypotheses of taste-quality coding: across-neuron response
      pattern, labeled-line, matrix-pattern, and across-region response-pattern notions
      (88 histologically located neurons). An across-neuron response-pattern notion
      assumes that taste quality is coded by differential magnitudes of response across
      many neurons. This theory utilizes across-neuron correlation coefficients as a
      metric for the evaluation of taste quality coding. Across-neuron correlations
      between magnitudes of responses to any pairs of the four basic taste stimuli
      across 111 cortical neurons were very high and were similar. However,
      calculations made with net responses (spontaneous rate subtracted) resulted in
      less positive correlations but still similar values among the various pairs of
      taste stimuli. This finding suggests that across-neuron response patterns of
      cortical neurons become less discriminating among taste qualities compared with
      those of the lower-order neurons. A labeled-line notion assumes that there are
      identifiable groups of neurons and that taste quality is coded by activity in
      these particular sets of neurons. Some investigators have classified taste
      responsive neurons into best-stimulus categories, depending on their best
      sensitivity to any one of the four basic stimuli, such as sucrose-best, NaCl
      best, HCl-best, and quinine-best neurons; they have suggested that taste can be
      classified along four qualitative dimensions that correspond to these four neuron
      types (i.e., four labeled lines). The present study shows that responsiveness of
      each of the four best-stimulus neurons had similar profiles between peripheral
      and cortical levels. That is, when the stimuli were arranged along the abscissa
      in the order of sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine, there is a peak response in one
      place, and the responses decreased gradually from the peak. However, such
      response characteristics do not favor the labeled-line theory, since they can be
      explained in the context of the across-neuron pattern theory. A matrix-pattern
      notion assumes that taste quality is coded by a spatially arranged matrix pattern
      of activated neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4009224
TI  - Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in rats. III. Neural and behavioral
      measures compared.
AB  - The responses of 39 cortical neurons to 13 kinds of taste stimuli including the
      four putative basic taste solutions (sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine HCl) applied
      to the anterior portion of the tongue were recorded extracellularly in lightly
      anesthetized rats. The neural responses were analyzed in terms of the four
      hypotheses of quality coding: across-neuron response pattern, labeled-line,
      matrix pattern, and across-region response pattern notions. Animals were given a
      conditioned taste aversion to one of the 11 stimuli by pairing it with a
      gastrointestinal illness caused by intraperitoneal injection of 0.15 M LiCl.
      Behavioral taste profiles were constructed for each stimulus from the suppression
      of rate of drinking, which indicates the extent of generalization of aversion to
      each of the four basic taste stimuli. Neural taste profiles of each taste
      stimulus, which indicate the relation of the taste of a stimulus to each taste of
      the four basic stimuli, differed more or less depending on the kind of quality
      coding notions employed. Among the four analyses, across-region correlation
      coefficients that were derived from an across-region response-pattern theory
      showed the highest correlation with the behavioral suppression rates. Therefore
      we conclude that processing of taste information in the cortex involves
      differences in both response magnitude across neurons and the spatial
      localization of those neurons. Fluid intake per day of each of the 12 taste
      solutions was measured by the single-bottle preference method. When the amount of
      intake was described in terms of an hedonic index (HI), which indicates the
      hedonic aspect of the taste of each solution, HI's for sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and
      quinine were 1.17, 0.43, -0.49, and -0.89, respectively. These values represent
      the degree of deviation of solution intake above (i.e., preferable) or below
      (aversive) the standard water intake. Then, HI's were calculated for each of the
      12 taste stimuli based on the neural taste profiles and actual HI's for each of
      the four basic taste stimuli. The correlations between the calculated and the
      actual (or behaviorally obtained) HI's were very high (ranging from 0.832 to
      0.941). This result suggests that the hedonic dimension of taste can be matched
      well by any one of the four proposed hypotheses.

PMID- 4009225
TI  - Somatotopic distribution of trigeminal nociceptive neurons in ventrobasal complex
      of cat thalamus.
AB  - Recordings were made from single thalamic units in the urethan-chloralose
      anesthetized cat. Altogether 2,905 trigeminal single units having a receptive
      field in the contralateral trigeminal integument were isolated from the
      somatosensory part of nucleus ventralis posteromedialis, or VPM proper. Each
      isolated unit was tested for responses to a series of mechanical stimuli. The
      stimuli included brushing the skin, touch, pressure, noxious pinch, and
      pinpricks. The majority of VPM proper units responded with the greatest discharge
      frequency to gentle mechanical stimulation: either hair movement or light
      pressure to the trigeminal integument, but 341 units were identified as
      trigeminal nociceptive units. They were partitioned into two functionally defined
      subclasses, nociceptive specific (NS) and wide dynamic range (WDR) units, but not
      intermingled with low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM) units. Both NS and WDR
      units were found at or near the margin of the VPM proper but not outside this
      nucleus. This marginal area was referred to as the shell region of the VPM
      proper. A total of 248 NS units was found within the shell region of the caudal
      third of the VPM proper. This part was called the NS zone. These units were
      somatotopically organized. In the rostral part of the NS zone, ophthalmic NS
      units having a receptive field in the contralateral ophthalmic division were
      located dorsolaterally, maxillary NS units occurred dorsomedially, and mandibular
      NS units were found ventromedially. In the caudal part of the NS zone, maxillary
      NS units were encountered in the dorsal shell region, whereas mandibular NS units
      were found in the ventromedial shell region. Ophthalmic NS units were not found
      in this part of the NS zone. Altogether 93 WDR units were encountered in the
      shell region of the VPM proper. They were confined to a narrow band approximately
      300 micron wide just rostral to the NS zone. These units were somatotopically
      organized. Ophthalmic WDR units having a low-threshold center of the receptive
      field in the contralateral ophthalmic division were located dorsolaterally,
      maxillary WDR units were located dorsomedially, and mandibular WDR units were
      located ventromedially. The majority of maxillary as well as mandibular WDR units
      were activated by electrical stimulation of the contralateral maxillary and/or
      mandibular canine tooth pulp afferents. Both NS and WDR zones of the VPM proper
      extended into the shell region of the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis
      (VPL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4009226
TI  - Microstimulation of the primate neostriatum. I. Physiological properties of
      striatal microexcitable zones.
AB  - Microstimulation was carried out at over 1,250 sites in the putamen in four
      unanesthetized rhesus monkeys. At numerous sites, microstimulation resulted in
      movements of individual body parts including leg, arm, and face. Microstimulation
      evoked limb movements were invariably contralateral to the stimulating electrode.
      In nearly all instances, the response at threshold was restricted to or maximal
      about a single joint. A small percentage of stimulation-evoked axial and
      orofacial movements were bilateral. The same motor response was frequently evoked
      over distances of up to 1,200 micron along a single penetration, suggesting that
      a relatively homogeneous motor-response zone underlies the observed micro
      stimulation effects. We have designated these presumptive functional units
      striatal microexcitable zones (SMZ). The boundaries of adjacent SMZ involved in
      different movements frequently appeared to overlap. Amplitude, velocity, and
      acceleration of microstimulation-evoked elbow movements were assessed
      quantitatively. With increasing stimulus current, each of these parameters
      increased monotonically until saturation occurred. The spread of intrastriatal
      microstimulation currents was found to be comparable to that reported for motor
      cortex. The effective radius of 40-microA putamen microstimulation currents was
      estimated to be approximately 150 micron. This effectively rules out the
      possibility of current spread to the internal capsule. Microstimulation effects
      were abolished by fiber-sparing lesions produced by microinjections of the
      neurotoxin ibotenic acid. Moreover, chronaxie measurements in putamen (327 +/- 47
      microseconds) were significantly higher than for capsular stimulation (150 +/- 32
      microseconds). These observations are consistent with the proposal that movements
      evoked by putamen microstimulation resulted from activation of putamen output
      neurons. On the other hand, a possible contribution from the antidromic
      activation of corticostriate afferent terminals or axons cannot be excluded.

PMID- 4009227
TI  - Microstimulation of the primate neostriatum. II. Somatotopic organization of
      striatal microexcitable zones and their relation to neuronal response properties.
AB  - Sensorimotor response properties of neostriatal neurons were characterized in
      conjunction with assessments of the motor effects of intrastriatal
      microstimulation in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys. Neuronal activity and
      microexcitability were assessed at 250- to 500-micron intervals and, in some
      cases, at 25- to 100-micron intervals. The results are based on the functional
      characterization of 878 putamen and 224 caudate neurons and analysis of the
      effects of microstimulation at each of these recording sites.
      Recording/stimulation sites were located between stereotaxic planes A6 and A22 in
      81 microelectrode tracks from three monkeys. A total of 443 (50.4%) putamen
      neurons showed discrete responses to the sensorimotor examination. Of neurons
      with sensorimotor responses, 232 (52.4%) showed increased rates of discharge in
      relation to both active and passive movements of specific body parts. An
      additional 193 (43.6%) cells increased their rates of discharge only during the
      monkey's active movements of specific body parts. The remaining 18 (4.0%) cells
      appeared to respond exclusively to passive somatosensory stimulation. The
      sensorimotor response areas of putamen neurons ranged in size from an entire limb
      to a single joint. Putamen neurons were somatotopically organized throughout the
      rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Neurons with sensorimotor response areas
      involving the leg were located in the dorsolateral putamen, those with orofacial
      representations were located ventromedially, and those with arm representations
      were located in an intermediate position. Microstimulation evoked discrete
      movements of individual body parts at 21.6% of the 878 putamen sites. Over 95%
      (181/190) of the effective sites were located within the central half of the
      rostrocaudal extent of the putamen, between stereotaxic planes A10 and A17. The
      pattern of somatotopic organization revealed by microstimulation was the same as
      that derived from sensorimotor response properties of putamen neurons. Moreover,
      a close correspondence was observed between the movements evoked from a given SMZ
      and the functional properties of local neurons. In contrast to the results
      obtained in the putamen, none of the 224 stimulation sites in the caudate nucleus
      was microexcitable, and only 17 (7.6%) of the caudate neurons had definable
      sensorimotor response properties. This is consistent with the view that the
      primate putamen, by virtue of its anatomic connections with the sensorimotor and
      premotor cortical fields, is more directly involved in motor functions, whereas
      the caudate nucleus, by virtue of its connections with cortical "association"
      areas, is involved in more complex behavioral functions.

PMID- 4009228
TI  - Single-unit responses in the inferior colliculus: different consequences of
      contralateral and ipsilateral auditory stimulation.
AB  - Monaural excitatory responses of 181 single units in the central nucleus of the
      inferior colliculus of 15 anesthetized gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were
      examined quantitatively. Pure-tone stimuli were presented monaurally through
      sealed, calibrated sound-delivery systems. Most units were excited only by
      contralateral stimulation (EO); 23% were bilaterally excitable (EE). The
      threshold frequency tuning curves for contralateral stimulation of EE units were
      significantly broader than those produced by ipsilateral stimulation of EE units
      and those produced by contralateral stimulation of EO units. The frequency at
      which threshold was lowest (best frequency), or BF) was very similar for
      ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation of individual EE units; however,
      ipsilateral BFs were slightly but significantly lower than contralateral BFs. For
      EE units, ipsilateral BF thresholds (mean: 29.2 dB SPL) were significantly higher
      than contralateral BF thresholds (mean: 14.9 dB SPL). Monotonic and nonmonotonic
      relationships between discharge rate and stimulus intensity at BF were observed
      in responses evoked both by contralateral and ipsilateral stimulation.
      Interestingly, for individual EE units it was not uncommon for the rate/intensity
      function for one monaural condition to be monotonic although the relationship for
      stimulation of the other ear was markedly nonmonotonic. There was no qualitative
      difference between rate/intensity functions evoked by contralateral stimulation
      in EO and EE units. Ipsilateral discharge rates were characteristically much
      lower than contralateral rates for a given stimulus intensity. For 50 BF tones of
      100 ms duration, the median peak numbers of discharges for contralateral
      stimulation of EO and EE units were 361 and 339, respectively; the median for
      ipsilateral stimulation of EE units was 102. The dynamic range of each
      rate/intensity function was calculated by measuring the intensity range
      associated with an increase in spike count from 10 to 90% of the peak rate. No
      differences were detected between the distributions of dynamic range for
      contralateral stimulation in EO or EE units, or between contralateral and
      ipsilateral dynamic ranges within individual EE units. For all response types the
      distributions of dynamic range were approximately normal, with means near 20 dB.
      The minimum mean latency to the first spike at BF was generally longer for
      ipsilateral than for contralateral responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4009229
TI  - Single-unit responses in the inferior colliculus: effects of neonatal unilateral
      cochlear ablation.
AB  - Monaural responses of single units isolated in the inferior colliculus of adult
      gerbils that have developed postnatally with one cochlea were compared with
      monaural responses recorded in animals that have developed with both cochleas.
      One cochlea of 2-day-old gerbils was ablated, and at approximately 6 mo of age,
      excitatory responses to stimulation of the nonoperated ear were recorded in the
      ipsilateral inferior colliculus. These responses were compared quantitatively
      with responses evoked by ipsilateral and contralateral monaural stimulation in
      normal gerbils. Responses to ipsilateral stimulation in adult gerbils subjected
      at 2 days of age to ablation of the contralateral cochlea are significantly
      different from ipsilateral responses in nonoperated gerbils. In several respects
      they are very similar to contralateral responses in nonoperated gerbils.
      (Differences between monaural contralateral and ipsilateral responses in control
      animals are documented in the companion paper, Ref. 24.) These conclusions are
      based on analyses of response threshold, peak discharge rate, response pattern,
      and minimum response latency. The mean dynamic range of ipsilateral
      rate/intensity functions obtained in neonatally ablated gerbils is significantly
      larger than the mean ipsilateral and contralateral dynamic ranges in control
      animals. Analyses of threshold tuning curves indicate that the frequency tuning
      of units in the inferior colliculus of neonatally ablated animals does not differ
      significantly from the tuning of units in control animals in response to either
      ipsilateral or contralateral stimulation. These data reveal that in normal
      gerbils responses of single units in the inferior colliculus to stimulation of
      the ipsilateral ear result in part from interactions during postnatal development
      between pathways that convey information from the contralateral ear. The results
      are discussed in terms of the known anatomic consequences of a neonatal cochlear
      ablation and the competition for available synaptic space in the development of
      the retinotectal system.

PMID- 4009230
TI  - Three forms of the scratch reflex in the spinal turtle: movement analyses.
AB  - The scratch reflex is a motor task exhibited by the hindlimb of a turtle after
      complete transection of the spinal cord just posterior to the forelimb
      enlargement. The scratch is elicited by applying gentle tactile stimulation to a
      site innervated by spinal segments caudal to the level of the transection. During
      the scratch response, the ipsilateral hindlimb reaches toward and rubs against
      the stimulated site. Each scratch response consists of either a single rub or a
      rhythmic series of rubs. There are three types or "forms" of the scratch reflex
      in the spinal turtle: rostral scratch (previously termed the scratch reflex in
      Refs. 5, 43, 45), pocket scratch, and caudal scratch. We have characterized each
      scratch form according to which portion of the hindlimb is used to rub against
      the stimulated site. During a rostral scratch, the dorsum of the foot and/or toes
      is used to rub against the stimulated site. During a pocket scratch, the side of
      the thigh, knee, and/or calf is used to rub. During a caudal scratch, the heel or
      side of the foot is used to rub. Each scratch form has a distinct receptive field
      on the turtle shell and skin. A rhythmic scratch response to maintained tactile
      stimulation consists of as many as 10-25 cycles. We have divided each cycle of
      movement into a prerub, rub, and postrub phase. Extension of the knee joint
      occurs during the rub phase of each scratch cycle for all scratch forms. The
      timing of the extension phase of the knee joint movement within the protraction
      retraction (flexion-extension) cycle of the hip joint is different for each form
      of the scratch. During a rostral scratch, extension of the knee joint occurs when
      the hip is protracted. During a pocket scratch, knee extension occurs when the
      hip is retracting. During a caudal scratch, knee extension occurs when the hip is
      retracted. The spinal turtle therefore shifts the timing of movements of a distal
      joint (knee) with respect to the timing of movements of a proximal joint (hip) to
      obtain appropriate scratching movements to different regions of the body. A
      narrow transition zone exists between the receptive field for one form of the
      scratch and the nearby receptive field for another form of the scratch. There is
      a rostral-pocket transition zone and caudal-pocket transition zone in the spinal
      turtle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4009231
TI  - Three forms of the scratch reflex in the spinal turtle: central generation of
      motor patterns.
AB  - A turtle with a complete transection of the spinal cord, termed a spinal turtle,
      exhibits three types or "forms" of the scratch reflex: the rostral scratch,
      pocket scratch, and caudal scratch (21). Each scratch form is elicited by tactile
      stimulation of a site on the body surface innervated by afferents entering the
      spinal cord caudal to the transection. We recorded electromyographic (EMG)
      potentials from the hindlimb during each of the three forms of the scratch in the
      spinal turtle (see Fig. 1). Common to all scratch forms is the rhythmic
      alternation of the activity of the hip protractor muscle (VP-HP) and hip
      retractor muscle (HR-KF). Each form of the scratch displays a characteristic
      timing of the activity of the knee extensor muscle (FT-KE) with respect to the
      cycle of activity of the hip muscles VP-HP and HR-KF. In a rostral scratch,
      activation of FT-KE occurs during the latter portion of VP-HP activation. In a
      pocket scratch, activation of FT-KE occurs during HR-KF activation. In a caudal
      scratch, activation of FT-KE occurs after the cessation of HR-KF activation. The
      timing characteristics of these muscle activity patterns correspond to the timing
      characteristics of changes in the angles of the knee joint and the hip joint
      obtained with movement analyses (21). We recorded electroneurographic (ENG)
      potentials from peripheral nerves of the hindlimb during each of the three forms
      of the "fictive" scratch in the spinal turtle immobilized with neuromuscular
      blockade (see Fig. 4). Common to all forms of the fictive scratch is the rhythmic
      alternation of the activity of hip protractor motor neurons (VP-HP) and hip
      retractor motor neurons (HR-KF). Each form displays a characteristic timing of
      the activity of knee extensor motor neurons (FT-KE) with respect to the cycle of
      VP-HP and HR-KF motor neuron activity. The timing characteristics of these motor
      neuron activity patterns are similar to the timing characteristics of the muscle
      activity patterns obtained in the preparation with movement (cf. Figs. 1 and 4).
      The motor pattern for each scratch form is generated centrally within the spinal
      cord. In the spinal immobilized preparation, neuromuscular blockade prevents both
      limb movement and phasic sensory input, and complete spinal transection isolates
      the cord from supraspinal input.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4009232
TI  - Effects of pattern deprivation on visual cortical cells in the rabbit: a
      reevaluation.
AB  - The response properties of 217 cells recorded from the monocular segment of
      primary visual cortex in rabbits reared with lid suture of the contralateral eye
      (monocular deprivation, MD) were studied. These data were compared with 280 cells
      recorded from normal rabbits. There was no change in the percentage of
      orientation-selective cells, nonorientation-selective cells, or
      unmappable/unresponsive cells in MD animals compared with normals. Among
      orientation selective cells the orientation-tuning range of cells in MD animals
      was normal, and the predominance of cells with horizontal preferred orientation
      was maintained. However, some abnormalities were seen in orientation-selective
      cells of MD animals. These included an increased frequency of SI cells; a change
      in the distribution of preferred orientations; a disruption of the clustered
      organization of the cortex; a decrease in direction selectivity; an increase in
      the percentage of cells preferring slow stimulus movements and having low
      spontaneous activity; an increase in receptive-field size in all cell classes
      except SI. Among nonorientation-selective cells there was an increase in the
      percentage of movement sensitive cells and an increase in receptive-field size in
      MD animals. It is concluded that the effects of MD are much less severe in rabbit
      than in cat. In MD rabbits, many cells develop normally. In cells that do not
      develop normally, many of the changes observed can be interpreted as reflecting
      deficits in inhibitory functions.

PMID- 4009233
TI  - Differential changes in the end-plate architecture of functionally diverse
      muscles during aging.
AB  - Architectural changes at the neuromuscular junctions of three functionally
      diverse muscles, the diaphragm, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and soleus, were
      studied in rats from adulthood (10 mo) through senescence (31 mo). End-plate
      structure was examined using a silver-gold impregnation of the axon and its
      terminal arborization. The mean number of terminal branches per end plate,
      including those that appeared to exhibit signs of sprouting or degeneration, were
      examined as a function of age. Nerve terminal branch length, the number of major
      myelinated axon branches per end plate, and end-plate area were also examined. To
      ascertain trends in the data, smoothing of mean values for time-series analysis
      was performed. Both fast-twitch diaphragm and EDL muscles revealed more
      pronounced fluctuations in nerve terminal branch number during aging than did the
      slow-twitch soleus. Smoothed trends of the mean number of nerve terminal branches
      per end plate show that nerve terminal proliferation increased with age at the
      diaphragm neuromuscular junction but decreased at the hindlimb junctions. Age
      related changes in average terminal branch number progressed gradually in all
      muscles until 25 mo of age, after which we observed a precipitous increase at 28
      mo and subsequent decline at 31 mo. Trends of change indicate that although
      sprouting within the diaphragm was maintained during aging, both EDL and soleus
      experienced a general decline in sprouting. Degeneration generally decreased at
      all nerve-muscle junctions with aging, although the decline began at a later age
      in the diaphragm. Analysis of mean data values indicates that in both the EDL and
      soleus, sprouting and degeneration attained minimum values at 25 mo of age. This
      was followed by a significant increase at 28 mo and then a decline by 31 mo of
      age. In general, sprouting fluctuated more severely than degeneration. We
      conclude that despite the variability from one age to the next, age-related
      trends of change are evident in nerve terminal branch number. The direction of
      these changes appears to be influenced by the degree to which muscle activity is
      maintained during aging. However, regardless of functional status, all three
      muscles experienced dramatic changes in end-plate morphology after 25 mo of age.

PMID- 4009234
TI  - Effects of chronic stress and exercise on age-related changes in end-plate
      architecture.
AB  - The effects of chronic stress (foot shock) or stress coupled with exercise
      (treadmill running) on age-related changes in nerve terminal branch number per
      end plate were examined in three physiologically different muscles, the diaphragm
      and two hindlimb muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and the soleus,
      from 24- to 25-mo rats. End-plate structure was examined by use of a silver-gold
      impregnation of the axon and its terminal arborization and was compared with
      similar data obtained from 10- and 25-mo sedentary control animals. Stress from
      foot shock resulted in decreases of 30 and 23%, which are significant at the 0.05
      level, in the mean number of nerve terminal branches per end plate in the fast
      twitch EDL and diaphragm of 25-mo rats, respectively; a similar, but less
      dramatic decline in branch number was observed in the end plates of the slow
      twitch soleus. Exercise superimposed on foot shock counteracted the decrease in
      branch number resulting from foot shock alone in the hindlimb muscles; in
      contrast, terminal branch number within the diaphragm end plates declined an
      additional 29% in the exercised group. Exercise plus shocking eliminated the
      significant age-related decrease in branch number in the soleus between the 10-
      and 25-mo animals; however, it produced a significant decrease in the diaphragm
      of the 25-mo compared with the 10-mo animals. There was a significant increase in
      the occurrence of sprouting nerve terminals in the EDL and soleus of exercise
      shocked animals compared with 25-mo controls, thus counteracting the age-related
      decrease observed in the 25-mo compared with 10-mo control animals.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009235
TI  - Long-latency spinal reflexes in humans.
AB  - Stretching human muscles with a mechanical device gave rise to multiple peaks in
      the rectified and averaged electromyogram. In the first dorsal interosseous the
      latency of the first peak (M1) was 32.4 +/- 2.4 ms (SD) and the latency of the
      second peak (M2) was 55.1 +/- 11.3 ms, in both cases measured from the time of
      the stimulus to the take-off point of the peak. Often a third peak (M3) was seen,
      having a considerably longer latency. The origin of peak M1 was considered to be
      in the stretch reflex arc because of its latency and its invariable association
      with muscle movement. Peak M2 was due to stimulation of afferent terminals in the
      skin and/or subcutaneous tissues by the mechanical device producing the muscle
      stretch. The conduction velocity of the pathway involved in the generation of the
      M1 component is the same as that for M2. This implies that central processing in
      the spinal cord delays the M2 response. The M2 mechanism does not involve a
      transcortical (long-loop) pathway because in foot muscles the M1-M2 delay remains
      the same as is found for hand muscles, although M1 latency is prolonged (to 39.4
      +/- 6.2 ms for extensor digitorum longus). This indicates that there is not time
      for M2 impulses to traverse a pathway any longer than that passing to and from
      the spinal cord.

PMID- 4009236
TI  - Cholecystokinin-induced excitation in the substantia nigra: evidence for
      peripheral and central components.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK), one of the most common brain peptides, coexists with
      dopamine (DA) in neurons of the medial substantia nigra (SN). CCK has been shown
      to excite these neurons following either direct iontophoretic or systemic
      administration suggesting that peripherally administered CCK may cross the blood
      brain barrier to act directly on nigral DA cells. However, biochemical evidence
      suggests that CCK does not cross the blood brain barrier, and several studies
      have shown that the behavioral and the satiety-inducing effects of peripherally
      administered CCK are abolished by vagotomy. In order to test for vagal mediation
      of the nigral response to systemically administered CCK, we examined the effects
      of a series of lesions to the vagal pathways on CCK-induced excitation in the SN.
      Neither acute thoracic nor chronic subdiaphragmatic vagotomies had any effect on
      the excitatory response of nigral DA neurons to systemically administered CCK.
      High cervical spinal cord transections were similarly without effect. In
      contrast, lesions of either vagal fibers in the medulla or of the efferent
      pathways from the nucleus tractus solitarii, the primary sensory nucleus of the
      vagus, produced significant attenuations of the nigral effects of systemically
      administered CCK. However, neither lesion blocked effects of CCK completely. We
      suggest that peripherally administered CCK has two components to its excitatory
      action in the SN; a component probably mediated through CCK receptors in the
      nucleus tractus solitarii and a direct action on DA neurons.

PMID- 4009237
TI  - Nerve growth cones isolated from fetal rat brain. II. Cyclic adenosine 3':5'
      monophosphate (cAMP)-binding proteins and cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation.
AB  - Cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-binding proteins and cAMP-dependent
      protein phosphorylation were examined in growth cone particles (GCPs) prepared
      from fetal rat brain. Several major proteins which specifically bind a
      photoactivatable analogue of cAMP are observed in GCPs and correspond to
      isoelectric variants of the regulatory subunits of the cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase described in adult brain. We found no evidence for differential
      compartmentalization of specific cAMP-binding proteins in subcellular fractions
      of fetal brain or within GCPs. cAMP-stimulated phosphoproteins of GCPs are
      similar to cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrates characterized in nerve
      terminals (synaptosomes) of adult brain and include the nerve terminal-specific
      protein, synapsin I. However, as shown in the companion paper (Katz, F., L.
      Ellis, and K. H. Pfenninger (1985) J. Neurosci. 5: 1402-1411), this synaptic
      phosphoprotein is not the major kinase substrate in the GCP fraction. The finding
      of synapsin I in a subcellular fraction prepared from fetal brain suggests that
      components of the mature nerve terminal are already present in fetal brain during
      neuronal sprouting and prior to synaptogenesis.

PMID- 4009238
TI  - Nerve growth cones isolated from fetal rat brain. III. Calcium-dependent protein
      phosphorylation.
AB  - Calcium-dependent protein kinase activities have been studied in nerve growth
      cone particles (GCPs) and compared with those of synaptosomes. GCPs contain a set
      of phosphoproteins qualitatively similar to that of synaptic nerve terminals.
      However, major quantitative differences appear to exist: whereas synapsin I
      phosphorylation is relatively weak, the major kinase substrates of GCPs are a
      46,000-dalton membrane protein (calcium/calmodulin dependent) and two acidic
      proteins of 80,000 and 40,000 daltons, phosphorylated by a calcium/phospholipid
      dependent protein kinase. The presence of synaptic kinase activities in GCPs is
      consistent with their neuronal origin. The role of these kinases in GCPs is not
      understood at present. They may be involved in growth-related functions and/or
      may prepare the sprouting neuron for synaptic function.

PMID- 4009239
TI  - Changes from enkephalin-like to gastrin/cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in
      snail neurons.
AB  - Coexistence of regulatory peptides is reported with increasing frequency in the
      mammalian neuroendocrine system. We have investigated the possible presence of
      such coexistence in the invertebrate Lymnaea stagnalis and have found evidence
      for concurrence of enkephalin- and gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-like peptides in
      identified neurosecretory neurons. Our immunocytochemical studies reveal,
      however, that some of these neurons show variations in their content of
      immunoreactive peptides depending upon season or age. Thus, the light green cells
      of the Lymnaea cerebral ganglion, known to produce a body growth-stimulating
      hormone, contain enkephalin-like immunoreactivity during spring and gastrin/CCK
      like immunoreactivity during fall. During winter, these cells contain both
      enkephalin-like and gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivities. In another group of
      neurosecretory neurons, the caudodorsal cells, known to produce an ovulation
      hormone, age-dependent changes were noted. Thus, in young animals, these cells
      contain enkephalin-like immunoreactivity; in animals of intermediate age, they
      contain both enkephalin- and gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity and, in older
      animals, only gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity can be detected in these cells.
      Interestingly, the mediodorsal bodies, which are endocrine organs also implicated
      in regulating sexual function of Lymnaea, show age-dependent variations in
      immunocytochemically detectable enkephalin- and gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity
      which parallels that found in the caudodorsal cells. The changes noted in the
      light green cells and the caudodorsal cells are detected both in the cell bodies
      and in the terminals of these cells, suggesting that the immunoreactivity
      represents secretory material. The relation, if any, between the
      immunoreactivities detected and the growth and reproduction of Lymnaea remains to
      be established, as do the factors responsible for the observed age- and season
      dependent variations.

PMID- 4009240
TI  - Conjugate and disjunctive saccades in two avian species with contrasting
      oculomotor strategies.
AB  - We have recorded with the magnetic search coil method the spontaneous saccades of
      two species of predatory birds, which differ in the relative importance of
      panoramic and foveal vision. The little eagle (Haliaetus morphnoides) hunts from
      great heights and has no predators, whereas the tawny frogmouth (Podargus
      strigoides) hunts from perches near the ground, is preyed upon, and frequently
      adopts an immobile camouflage posture. We find that both birds spend most of the
      time with their eyes confined to a small region of gaze, the primary position of
      gaze; in this position, the visual axes are much more diverged in the frogmouth
      than in the eagle, thereby giving it a larger total field of view at the expense
      of its binocular field. Both species, however, can align their visual axes,
      thereby gaining a binocular view of targets in the frontal visual field. The
      eagle makes saccades 10 times as frequently as the frogmouth, and in most of its
      saccades the eyes move in the same direction, although the eye movements are
      generally not conjugate; in most frogmouth saccades, on the other hand, the eyes
      move in opposite directions. We discuss these phenomena in terms of their
      saccadic mechanisms and their possible adaptiveness. We also report two
      incidental observations: in certain circumstances, the frogmouth shows no sign of
      having a vestibulo-ocular reflex, and the eagle, although the quintessential
      foveate animal, shows extreme directional asymmetries of monocularly evoked
      optokinetic nystagmus.

PMID- 4009241
TI  - Afferent perturbations during "monopodal" swimming movements in the turtle: phase
      dependent cutaneous modulation and proprioceptive resetting of the locomotor
      rhythm.
AB  - Locomotion consists of a repeating series of movement cycles (locomotor rhythm)
      with an orderly activation of musculature during each movement cycle (intracycle
      motor pattern). The effects of sensory stimulation, on both the intracycle motor
      pattern and the locomotor rhythm, were examined during electrically elicited
      swimming movements of a single turtle hindlimb. The resulting "monopodal"
      swimming was not subject to movement-related reflexes from other limbs or
      postural constraints, and provided a sensitive system for analyzing the effects
      of transient sensory perturbations. During "monopodal" swimming, cutaneous and
      extensor muscle-nerve stimulation (single 0.1- to 0.3-msec electrical pulse) had
      similar phase-dependent effects on the swim cycle in progress. Stimuli delivered
      during the powerstroke (limb retracting) shortened the period of the cycle.
      Stimulation during the returnstroke prolonged the cycle. Changes in cycle period
      were accompanied by in-phase adjustments of the EMG burst duration or interburst
      interval which was being expressed at the time of stimulus delivery. The in-phase
      adjustment of each muscle served to maintain the timing relationships between
      muscles, and resulted in the preservation of the intracycle motor pattern.
      Cutaneous and muscle-nerve stimulation had dramatically different effects on the
      locomotor rhythm. Cutaneous nerve stimulation produced period changes in
      poststimulus cycles which led to a temporary phase shift of the swimming rhythm.
      This temporary modulation suggests that cutaneous afferents do not have direct
      access to the timing circuitry of the central nervous system locomotor network.
      Muscle-nerve stimulation only altered the period of the cycle in progress at the
      time of stimulus delivery, and thus permanently reset the locomotor rhythm. This
      permanent phase shift suggests that muscle afferents have direct access to a
      central timing network which controls the locomotor rhythm.

PMID- 4009242
TI  - Thalamic projections to areas 5a and 5b of the parietal cortex in the cat: a
      retrograde horseradish peroxidase study.
AB  - The cytoarchitecture of areas 5a and 5b of the cat's parietal cortex was re
      examined and the afferent connections from the thalamus were investigated using
      the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport technique. Single or
      multiple small injections of the enzyme were made in different points of these
      areas in the rostral sectors of the lateral and middle suprasylvian gyri. The
      cytoarchitecture of the cortical region affected by the injections was carefully
      assessed in each case, and the labeled neurons found in the thalamus were plotted
      on projection drawings of each histological section. A prominent projection to
      area 5a arises from the posterior (Po) and ventral lateral (VL) complexes; less
      substantial projections originate in the ventral anterior nucleus (VA), the
      lateral intermediate complex (LI), and the central lateral nucleus (CL).
      Projections to area 5b (and to the laterally adjacent area suprasylviana
      anterior) mainly arise from LI, the dorsal part of VL, and the caudodorsal part
      of VA and CL; a moderate projection was also found from Po, the pulvinar, and the
      lateral dorsal complex. The main conclusions of this study are as follows. The
      shape and extent of areas 5a and 5b show notable variations when only their
      projection on the convoluted cortical surface is considered; however, they are
      relatively constant when plotted on unfolded cortical maps. The thalamic neurons
      projecting to areas 5a and 5b are organized according to a loose topographic
      plan, particularly noticeable in Po, VL and LI. In general, the rostral portion
      of this cortex (5a) receives projections from more ventral regions of the
      thalamus (mainly Po and VL), whereas the caudal part (5b) has connections from
      more dorsal regions (mainly LI and VA-VL). Moreover, the medial portions of these
      areas receive projections from lateral and ventral parts of the thalamic nuclei,
      whereas more dorsal and medial sectors of the thalamus project to the lateral
      portions of areas 5a and 5b. When labeled thalamic cell populations resulting
      from cases with single injections in neighboring cortical loci were compared, no
      abrupt changes of labeling were observed; rather, we generally observed gradual
      transitions and overlaps, even across nuclear boundaries. When only layers I and
      II of the cortex received the HRP, the number of labeled neurons and the
      intensity of their labeling decreased, their location in the thalamus was more
      restricted, and the mean size of the labeled cells was significantly smaller than
      that of the neurons labeled in the same regions after deep HRP injections.

PMID- 4009243
TI  - Differential visualization of dopamine and norepinephrine uptake sites in rat
      brain using [3H]mazindol autoradiography.
AB  - Mazindol is a potent inhibitor of neuronal dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)
      uptake. DA and NE uptake sites in rat brain have been differentially visualized
      using [3H]mazindol autoradiography. At appropriate concentrations, desipramine
      (DMI) selectively inhibits [3H]mazindol binding to NE uptake sites without
      significantly affecting binding to DA uptake sites. The localization of DMI
      insensitive specific [3H] mazindol binding, reflecting DA uptake sites, is
      densest in the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens, the olfactory tubercle,
      the subthalamic nucleus, the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra (SN)
      pars compacta, and the anterior olfactory nuclei. In contrast, the localization
      of DMI-sensitive specific [3H]mazindol binding, representing NE uptake sites, is
      densest in the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the bed
      nucleus of the stria terminalis, the paraventricular and periventricular nuclei
      of the hypothalamus, and the anteroventral thalamus. The distribution of DMI
      insensitive specific [3H]mazindol binding closely parallels that of dopaminergic
      terminal and somatodendritic regions, while the distribution of DMI-sensitive
      specific [3H]mazindol binding correlates well with the regional localization of
      noradrenergic terminals and cell bodies. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, ibotenic
      acid, or colchicine into the SN decreases [3H]mazindol binding to DA uptake sites
      in the ipsilateral caudate-putamen by 85%. In contrast, ibotenic acid lesions of
      the caudate-putamen do not reduce [3H]mazindol binding to either the ipsilateral
      or contralateral caudate-putamen. Thus, the DA uptake sites in the caudate
      putamen are located on the presynaptic terminals of dopaminergic axons
      originating from the SN.

PMID- 4009244
TI  - Recurrent inhibition of cat phrenic motoneurons.
AB  - These experiments were performed to re-examine the presence of a recurrent
      inhibitory pathway to phrenic motoneurons in cats. Following intracellular
      staining of 49 phrenic motoneurons with horseradish peroxidase, initial axon
      collaterals were demonstrated in six axons (12%). Intracellular recording and
      averaging of the synaptic responses evoked by stimulation of the phrenic roots
      with an intensity subthreshold for axons of the examined motoneurons revealed (in
      spinalized cats with dorsal roots cut) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
      (i.p.s.p.s) in 11/28 (40%) motoneurons (amplitude, 115 +/- 69 (SD) microV;
      latency, 3.0 +/- 0.6 msec; duration from 12 to 25 msec). In the vicinity of the
      phrenic nucleus, Renshaw-like units were extracellularly recorded, which fired
      high-frequency bursts of action potentials following the stimulation of the
      phrenic roots (burst duration, 8 to 21 msec). Antidromic activation of the C5
      phrenic root reduced the firing probability of fibers in the C6 root. The
      duration of the reduced firing probability corresponded to the duration of both
      the i.p.s.p.s and the Renshaw units' firing period. It is concluded that Renshaw
      inhibition is present in phrenic motoneurons. The inhibitory effects of this
      recurrent pathway may be greater than judged from the small amplitude of the
      i.p.s.p.s recorded in individual motoneurons, particularly when the whole phrenic
      pool is activated and when motoneurons are near threshold. It is suggested that
      one of the functions of the pathway is to control phrenic motoneurons supplying
      the dorsal part of the diaphragm through the C6 root when the more ventral part
      of the diaphragm is strongly activated.

PMID- 4009245
TI  - Ontogeny of brain nuclei controlling song learning and behavior in zebra finches.
AB  - An anatomically discrete system of interconnected brain nuclei controls
      production of learned song patterns in adult male zebra finches (Poephila
      guttata). The corresponding nuclei in females, who do not sing, are greatly
      reduced in volume. Cells in some telencephalic song-control nuclei accumulate
      androgens, and male nuclei contain a much higher proportion of hormone
      concentrating cells than do female nuclei. The main purpose of this experiment
      was to examine the normal ontogeny of the total volume of various telencephalic
      nuclei that have been directly or indirectly implicated in song learning and
      behavior in male zebra finches. In addition, the corresponding nuclei of age
      matched females were examined. The major findings were as follows: the volumes of
      the caudal nucleus of the ventral hyperstriatum (HVc), the robust nucleus of the
      archistriatum (RA), and area X increased sharply in males between 12 and 53 days
      of age, whereas brain regions not involved with song control increased much less.
      Increases in the size of HVc occurred prior to those in RA and area X. Previous
      studies have shown that males are learning the auditory and motor characteristics
      of song during this time. In contrast, the volume of the magnocellular nucleus of
      the anterior neostriatum (MAN) decreased precipitously in males between 25 and 53
      days. Measurements of neuron density and soma size demonstrated that this
      decreased volume is attributable to a loss of greater than 50% of the neurons in
      MAN. We have previously shown that lesions of MAN during this time completely
      disrupt song development. The volumes of HVc and RA were smaller in females than
      in males at all ages studied. Between 12 and 25 days the volumes of female HVc
      and RA increased less than brain regions not involved with song control. Female
      HVc and RA decreased slightly in volume between 25 and 53 days.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009246
TI  - Myelination determines the caliber of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture.
AB  - In order to understand the relationship of supporting cells to the
      differentiation of neurons in culture, we have used morphometry to study
      myelination of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons by central or peripheral
      supporting cells. Dissociated DRG cultures from 15-day rat embryos, free of
      Schwann cells and fibroblasts, were prepared, and supporting cells were added
      from spinal cord or DRG; myelination commenced after 2 weeks. Control cultures
      received no supporting cells. At 7, 14, and 24 days, a total of 22 cultures were
      processed for electron microscopy. Three fascicles from defined points were
      sampled from each culture. In cultures containing glial cells, smaller fibers (p
      less than 0.001) were myelinated (mean of median diameter, 1.13 +/- 0.13 (SD)
      micron) than in cultures containing Schwann cells (1.67 +/- 0.17 micron),
      although there was no difference (p greater than 0.1) in the degree of
      myelination expressed as number of myelin lamellae/fiber. A new finding concerned
      the relationship of axonal diameter to the presence or absence of myelinating
      cells. In control cultures without supporting cells or in areas where supporting
      cells were absent, the range of neurite diameter (0.05 to 1.25 micron) and the
      median diameter (mean of median, 0.24 +/- 0.03 micron) were similar at different
      times (7, 14, and 24 days), demonstrating a stable population of neurite
      diameters throughout the period. In myelinated fascicles, a different
      distribution of neurite diameters was present. Myelinated neurites had a greater
      median diameter (measured to inner border of myelin) and a different range of
      fiber diameters compared to bare neurites. For Schwann cells, this range was 0.7
      to 3.4 micron, and the mean of median diameters was 1.67 +/- 0.17 micron; for
      glial cells, the range was 0.6 to 2.4 micron, and the mean of median diameters
      1.13 +/- 0.13 micron. Differences between myelinated and bare fibers were all
      highly significant (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009247
TI  - High-affinity binding of [3H]acetylcholine to muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
AB  - High-affinity binding of [3H]acetylcholine to muscarinic cholinergic sites in rat
      CNS and peripheral tissues was measured in the presence of cytisin, which
      occupies nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The muscarinic sites were characterized
      with regard to binding kinetics, pharmacology, anatomical distribution, and
      regulation by guanyl nucleotides. These binding sites have characteristics of
      high-affinity muscarinic cholinergic receptors with a Kd of approximately 30 nM.
      Most of the muscarinic agonist and antagonist drugs tested have high affinity for
      the [3H]acetylcholine binding site, but pirenzepine, an antagonist which is
      selective for M-1 receptors, has relatively low affinity. The ratio of high
      affinity [3H]acetylcholine binding sites to total muscarinic binding sites
      labeled by [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate varies from 9 to 90% in different tissues,
      with the highest ratios in the pons, medulla, and heart atrium. In the presence
      of guanyl nucleotides, [3H] acetylcholine binding is decreased, but the extent of
      decrease varies from 40 to 90% in different tissues, with the largest decreases
      being found in the pons, medulla, cerebellum, and heart atrium. The results
      indicate that [3H]acetylcholine binds to high-affinity M-1 and M-2 muscarinic
      receptors, and they suggest that most M-2 sites have high affinity for
      acetylcholine but that only a small fraction of M-1 sites have such high
      affinity.

PMID- 4009248
TI  - Response characteristics of mammalian cochlear hair cells.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from the low frequency region (third turn) of
      the guinea pig cochlea. Response characteristics are compared to gross potentials
      obtained from the organ of Corti fluid space. Inner hair cells (IHCs) possess
      relatively low (median, -32 mV) initial membrane potentials, whereas that of
      outer hair cells (OHCs) is higher (median, -53.5 mV). In response to tone burst
      stimuli, both cell types produce a combination of AC and DC responses. The latter
      are depolarizing for IHCs but may be of either polarity for OHCs. In terms of
      their AC responses, IHCs are about 12 dB more sensitive than OHCs. At low sound
      levels these cells are more linear than high frequency hair cells (Russell, I.
      J., and P. M. Sellick (1978) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 284: 261-290), judging from the
      relation between AC and DC response components. At high sound levels pronounced
      response saturation is seen. The overall tuning properties of the two hair cell
      types are rather similar, even though IHCs exhibit low frequency velocity
      dependence, whereas OHCs are displacement sensitive and the cell membrane time
      constant is larger for IHCs. In order to fit IHC experimental data it is
      necessary to assume the presence of an underdamped complex pole above the best
      frequency. The electrical behavior of the OHC does not disqualify it as a
      conveyor of auditory information to the central nervous system, even though its
      primary function may be that of a mechanical effector (evidence summarized by
      Dallos, P. (1985) in Contemporary Sensory Neurobiology, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New
      York, pp. 207-230).

PMID- 4009249
TI  - Membrane potential and response changes in mammalian cochlear hair cells during
      intracellular recording.
AB  - In the preceding paper (Dallos, P. (1985) J. Neurosci. 5: 1591-1608) some
      fundamental properties of cochlear inner and outer hair cells were considered. On
      the basis of intracellular recording from the low frequency region of the guinea
      pig cochlea, such measures as membrane potentials, the dependence of AC and DC
      receptor potential magnitude on stimulus level and frequency, and tuning
      characteristics relative to gross responses were discussed. During prolonged
      recording various changes in membrane and receptor potentials were observed. In
      the present paper the relationship between these variations is described and
      evaluated in the context of a simple hair cell model.

PMID- 4009250
TI  - Injured neurons in the olfactory bulb of the adult rat grow axons along grafts of
      peripheral nerve.
AB  - Certain neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals extend axons
      for several cm along peripheral nerve grafts inserted into the brain or spinal
      cord. It is not clear, however, if these nerve cells constitute a special
      population or are examples of a general capacity of the injured mammalian CNS to
      regrow processes under these experimental conditions. Furthermore, because the
      new axons could originate by collateral sprouting from uninjured neurons, it is
      important to prove that the interruption of a central axonal projection can be
      followed by extensive fiber regrowth from the damaged neurons. In this anatomical
      study, we examined whether: (1) nerve cell type; and (2) axotomy, influence CNS
      axon regrowth along peripheral nerve grafts. For this purpose, we grafted
      segments of sciatic nerve into the olfactory bulb (OB) of adult rats and used
      combinations of neuroanatomical tracers (horseradish peroxidase and the
      fluorescent dyes True Blue and Nuclear Yellow) to investigate axonal regrowth
      from the different neurons that normally populate the OB. We demonstrate that OB
      axons extending along peripheral nerve grafts originate from mitral and tufted
      cells near the graft tip, rather than from the smaller OB neurons
      (periglomerular, short axon, and granule cells). Most of the mitral and tufted
      cells that extend new axons in grafted peripheral nerve segments lose their
      normal projections through the lateral olfactory tract because of axotomy at the
      time of grafting. Neuronal type, damage, and proximity to the graft appear to be
      prerequisites of this regenerative response from the OB.

PMID- 4009251
TI  - Calcium dependence of membrane sealing at the cut end of the cockroach giant
      axon.
AB  - Following transection of a nerve fiber, the ruptured membrane must be resealed
      before regeneration from the proximal cut end. However, it is not certain how
      fast the cut end is resealed or how it is resealed. We have examined the membrane
      sealing process following transection of the cockroach giant axon, using recovery
      of decreased membrane potential and input resistance as criteria. The cable
      analysis and the injury current profile measured under voltage clamp suggested
      that the injured site is resealed by a structure with high electrical resistances
      5 to 30 min after the transection. This recovery of membrane properties roughly
      coincided in time with the appearance of a partition-like structure formed near
      the cut end. The membrane resealing process was highly dependent upon temperature
      and extracellular Ca2+. Substitution of Ca2+ by equimolar Mg2+, Mn2+, or Sr2+
      failed to induce the membrane sealing following transection. However, even in a
      Ca2+-free solution, the membrane resealing occurred if Ca2+ was injected into the
      axoplasm near the cut end. Thus, the membrane resealing appears to require Ca2+
      entry into the axoplasm. The resealing process was not affected by colchicine or
      cytochalasin. However, the resealing was prevented by the application of
      phospholipase A2 inhibitors. These results suggest that the membrane resealing is
      triggered by phospholipase A2, which is activated by excess Ca2+ entering the
      axoplasm at the injured site.

PMID- 4009252
TI  - Properties of visual inputs that initiate horizontal smooth pursuit eye movements
      in monkeys.
AB  - Smooth pursuit eye movements allow primates to fixate and track small, slowly
      moving objects. Pursuit usually requires visual targets; our aim was to determine
      the properties of the visual signals transmitted to the pursuit motor system.
      Rhesus monkeys were rewarded for tracking spots of light that underwent discreet
      changes in velocity under a variety of visual conditions. We measured the
      resulting smooth eye acceleration in a 100-msec interval that began with the
      initiation of pursuit and ended before there had been time for visual feedback.
      This approach allowed us to vary the parameters of visual stimulation and measure
      eye movement responses in a way that provides estimates of the properties of
      signals transmitted by visual pathways. The initiation of pursuit showed
      different properties early and late in the interval we studied. In the first 20
      msec of pursuit, eye acceleration was in the correct direction, but was
      independent of the initial position of the moving images, the velocity of the
      stimulus, or the presence or absence of background illumination. Thereafter, the
      initiation of pursuit depended strongly on all of the above parameters. Eye
      acceleration was highest when the moving images fell close to the fovea and
      decreased sharply as eccentricity was increased up to 21 degrees. When the
      background was diffusely illuminated, eye acceleration showed velocity
      selectivity; it was highest for a middle range of velocities (30 to 60
      degrees/sec) and decreased for higher velocities. When the background was dark,
      eye acceleration increased as a function of target velocity up to 150
      degrees/sec. We conclude that the initiation of pursuit has at least 2 visual
      components. The two components have different latencies and show quite different
      relationships to the visual properties of the stimulus, suggesting two cell
      populations that could provide the visual inputs for pursuit.

PMID- 4009253
TI  - Vertebral haemangioma: CT and arteriographic features in three cases.

PMID- 4009254
TI  - Morphological and functional anatomy of spinal cord veins.

PMID- 4009255
TI  - Treatment of spontaneous intraparotid direct arteriovenous fistulae using a
      detachable balloon technique.

PMID- 4009256
TI  - Computerized tomography in intracranial manifestations of malignant blood
      diseases.

PMID- 4009257
TI  - Electrophysiology-CT correlations in exploration for acoustic neurinoma.

PMID- 4009258
TI  - Neonatal cerebral ischaemia: early ultrasound/CT correlation.

PMID- 4009259
TI  - Suprasellar peri-infundibular ectopic adenohypophysis in fetal and adult brains.
AB  - Ectopic anterior pituitary cells, identified by histological, electron
      microscopic, and immunohistochemical methods, were consistently found in the
      leptomeninges of the suprasellar peri-infundibular region of fetal brains. The
      cell groups were not in continuity with the pars tuberalis of the
      adenohypophysis. Suprasellar peri-infundibular ectopic pituitary cells, which
      showed no neoplastic character, were found in 15 of 20 "normal" adult brains that
      were similarly examined. This finding sheds new light on the possible origin of
      intracranial ectopic pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 4009260
TI  - Blood flow and autoregulation in rat pituitary gland.
AB  - The authors describe an experimental model that allows dynamic studies of blood
      flow in the pituitary gland. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were anesthetized and
      the pituitary gland was exposed using a parapharyngeal approach. Teflon-coated
      platinum wire electrodes were placed in the adenohypophysis near the midline and
      laterally as well as in the parietal cortex and the white matter. Blood flows
      were measured by the hydrogen clearance method. Baseline values were as follows:
      89.9 +/- 22 ml/100 gm/min in the medial adenohypophysis, 55.9 +/- 8 ml/100 gm/min
      in the lateral adenohypophysis, 59.2 +/- 14 ml/100 gm/min in the parietal cortex,
      and 28.1 +/- 8.9 ml/100 gm/min in the white matter. Effective autoregulation was
      demonstrated by altering the blood pressure with metaraminol infusion or blood
      withdrawal. The range of autoregulation was wider in the adenohypophysis than in
      the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 4009261
TI  - Reduction of blood flow in the adenohypophysis of rats by bromocriptine.
AB  - The possibility that bromocriptine has a selective effect on blood flow in the
      adenohypophysis was examined in rats. Twenty-four anesthetized male Wistar rats
      underwent measurement of blood flow using the hydrogen clearance method.
      Intravenous injection of 50 micrograms/kg bromocriptine reduced the blood flow in
      both the medial and lateral parts of the adenohypophysis to about 70% of the
      baseline value. Simultaneously measured cerebral cortical and white matter flows
      were unchanged. Similar results were obtained following administration of a
      higher dose (500 micrograms/kg) of bromocriptine. This phenomenon cannot be
      attributed to the decrease in blood pressure. The course of change in blood flow
      in the medial and lateral adenohypophysis did not follow that of the mean
      arterial blood pressure, and the alteration of blood pressure remained within the
      limits of autoregulation in the adenohypophysis. The results indicate that
      bromocriptine is capable of reducing blood flow selectively in the pituitary
      region. This mechanism may contribute to the clinical usefulness of this drug.

PMID- 4009263
TI  - Actinomycosis of the brain. Case report.
AB  - A rare case of actinomycosis of the brain is reported. The patient recovered
      after surgical excision of the lesion and a prolonged course of antibiotic
      therapy. At follow-up examination 25 months later, the patient was in excellent
      health. Different types of actinomycotic infections of the central nervous system
      are reviewed and the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are discussed.

PMID- 4009262
TI  - Intrathecal phenol and glycerin in metrizamide for treatment of intractable
      spasms in paraplegia. Case report.
AB  - Intractable lower extremity spasms after spinal cord injury is a significant
      source of morbidity. A case of refractory spasticity in paraplegia was
      successfully converted to flaccid paraplegia by intrathecal injection of phenol
      and glycerin in metrizamide. This chemical rhizolysis is simple and effective,
      and the presence of metrizamide allows both fluoroscopic guidance for accurate
      intrathecal phenol placement and good miscibility with cerebrospinal fluid. A
      brief comparative review of alternative therapeutic modalities is presented.

PMID- 4009264
TI  - Unilateral subdural-peritoneal shunting for bilateral chronic subdural hematomas
      in infancy. Report of three cases.
AB  - The authors present the cases of three infants with bilateral chronic subdural
      hematomas (SDH's) (effusions). Communication between the hematoma cavities was
      confirmed by an injection of air or metrizamide into one of the cavities. In all
      three cases, both SDH's (effusions) were successfully treated by placement of a
      unilateral subdural-peritoneal shunt without any untoward consequences. It is
      stressed that the cavities of bilateral chronic SDH's (effusions) may
      communicate, and that in such cases unilateral subdural-peritoneal shunting is
      sufficient to eradicate the SDH's on both sides. In addition, subdural fluid,
      even with a high protein concentration, may be successfully eliminated by an
      internal shunt using a shunt tube with a large internal caliber and a low
      pressure valve.

PMID- 4009266
TI  - Bayonette curettes for anterior cervical spine procedures. Technical note.

PMID- 4009265
TI  - Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator and visual evoked potential monitoring for
      chiasmal gliomas in children. Report of two cases.
AB  - The Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) and intraoperative visual
      evoked potentials (VEP's) were found to be helpful in treating two children with
      difficult chiasmal gliomas. Approximately 60% of one tumor and 85% of the other
      was resected without change in the intraoperative VEP's and with no change in
      postoperative visual fields or acuity. The CUSA-VEP technique is useful in the
      infant to "buy time" for brain maturation, delaying or obviating subsequent
      radiotherapy. This approach may be helpful in the older child to reduce the tumor
      burden for subsequent chemotherapy. Chiasmal gliomas can be subtotally resected
      with the CUSA while visual function is monitored by intraoperative VEP's.

PMID- 4009267
TI  - Report of the Research Subcommittee of the Joint Committee on Education of the
      American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological
      Surgeons.

PMID- 4009268
TI  - Discography and vertebral venography before chemonucleolysis.

PMID- 4009269
TI  - Loss of auditory function in microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm.
      Results in 143 consecutive cases.
AB  - Auditory function was studied before and after surgery in 143 consecutive
      patients who were operated on for hemifacial spasm by microvascular decompression
      of the intracranial portion of the facial nerve. The acoustic middle ear reflex
      was abnormal preoperatively in 41% of the patients, indicating that the vascular
      abnormalities that caused the hemifacial spasm also affected the auditory nerve.
      Three patients suffered a profound hearing loss in the ear on the operated side,
      and one lost hearing function totally. In addition, 24 patients had a moderate
      elevation in the pure-tone threshold at one or more octave frequencies. Of these,
      16 patients experienced a hearing loss at only one frequency (8000 Hz), while
      eight had a threshold evaluation of no more than 20 dB in the speech frequency
      range (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz). Two patients were deaf on the side of the spasm
      before the operation. Three patients were not tested postoperatively, and one
      patient was tested only after surgery. Thus, in this series of 143 patients, only
      2.8% suffered a significant hearing loss as a complication of facial nerve
      decompression to relieve hemifacial spasm.

PMID- 4009270
TI  - Cerebral revascularization to a main limb of the middle cerebral artery in the
      Sylvian fissure. An alternative approach to conventional anastomosis.
AB  - Thirteen patients underwent an anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery
      (STA) or a saphenous vein graft to one of the secondary trunks of the middle
      cerebral artery (MCA). They included five patients with giant MCA trifurcation
      aneurysms, four patients in whom an earlier conventional STA-MCA anastomosis had
      become occluded, two patients who had stenosis of one of the secondary limbs of
      the MCA, and one patient who had a carotid-cavernous fistula. One patient had a
      saphenous vein graft from the common carotid artery to a secondary trunk of the
      MCA to bypass an occluded internal carotid artery and severely stenosed external
      carotid artery. The primary advantages of this procedure are that a large-caliber
      anastomosis to one of the secondary limbs of the MCA immediately restores flow
      into the MCA tree with a larger amount of vessel filling than with a standard
      cortical bypass, and large vessels can be used for the anastomosis. The
      disadvantages are that one of the secondary branches of the MCA must be occluded,
      the cerebral hemisphere around the Sylvian fissure must be retracted, a lumbar
      subarachnoid drain is needed, and the anastomosis must be performed deep within
      the Sylvian fissure. The procedure is a satisfactory alternative in cases in
      which a conventional STA-MCA anastomosis has either failed or would be less
      likely to succeed.

PMID- 4009271
TI  - Delayed onset of traumatic extradural hematoma.
AB  - During a 4 1/2-year period, seven patients with delayed onset of an extradural
      hematoma were seen among 80 consecutively treated cases of extradural hematoma
      for a frequency of 8.75%. The hematomas were insignificant or not present on
      initial computerized tomography (CT) scanning. Repeat CT scans within 24 hours of
      admission showed sizeable hemorrhages. Six hematomas were evacuated, and one was
      reabsorbed spontaneously. In only one patient did neurological deterioration
      herald the onset of the extradural hematoma, four patients remained unchanged,
      and two improved before diagnosis. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in
      five patients, four of whom showed intermittent rise in pressure despite
      preventive treatment. Intracranial hypotension and rapid recovery from peripheral
      vascular collapse seemed to be contributory factors in the delayed onset of an
      extradural hematoma. Awareness of this entity, a high degree of vigilance, ICP
      monitoring, and repeat CT scanning within 24 hours of injury are strongly
      recommended in these cases, especially after decompression by either surgical or
      medical means, recovery from shock, or whenever there is evidence of even minimal
      bleeding under a skull fracture on the initial CT scan.

PMID- 4009272
TI  - The pathogenesis of acromegaly. Clinical and immunocytochemical analysis in 75
      patients.
AB  - A series of 75 patients with acromegaly and immunocytochemically characterized
      pituitary adenomas has been analyzed. Tumors secreting growth hormone (GH) only
      were found in 21% of cases. The remainder had tumors immunoreactive for more than
      one pituitary hormone: GH and prolactin in 31%; GH, prolactin, and glycoprotein
      in 40%; and GH and glycoprotein in 8%. Microadenomas were surgically treated in
      17 patients with a success rate of 82%. Overall, normalization of basal GH
      secretion (to less than or equal to 5 ng/ml) was achieved in 54% of cases. The
      implications of these findings for the pathogenesis and neurosurgical management
      of acromegaly are discussed.

PMID- 4009273
TI  - Pituitary enlargement mimicking pituitary tumor.
AB  - Primary hypothyroidism can result in reactive enlargement of the pituitary gland
      which is indistinguishable from primary pituitary lesions on computerized
      tomography (CT) scans. The presenting symptoms may be due to pituitary gland
      enlargement, as in two of the three cases reported here. Therefore, the diagnosis
      of pituitary hypertrophy or hyperplasia secondary to hypothyroidism must be based
      on the endocrinological work-up. Following treatment of primary hypothyroidism,
      the diminution in size of the pituitary gland can be demonstrated with CT.

PMID- 4009275
TI  - Human neonatal hydrocephalus. An electron microscopic study of the
      periventricular tissue.
AB  - An infant of 43 weeks gestational age with severe congenital hydrocephalus was
      operated on for removal of a subependymal astrocytoma in the region of the
      foramen of Monro. A biopsy of periventricular tissue was taken from the lateral
      ventricle for examination by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The
      ependyma was largely denuded, with glial cell processes forming most of the
      ventricular lining. Many of the attenuated ependymal cells, however, had intact
      junctional complexes at areas of contact with other ependymal cells. Club-shaped
      unipolar cells, believed to be a previously undescribed form of immature
      ependymal cells, were found in the ventricular lining. Cerebrospinal fluid edema
      was present in the neuropil up to 60 microns from the ventricular lumen, but
      there was no obvious axonal pathology in the tissues examined.

PMID- 4009274
TI  - Incidence of multiple intracranial aneurysms. Influence of arterial hypertension
      and gender.
AB  - Theoretically, if arterial hypertension plays a role in aneurysm formation, it
      might also be associated with a higher incidence of multiple aneurysms as
      compared to their occurrence in normotensive patients. In an unselected series of
      737 aneurysm patients, the structure of dependence between 1) number of
      aneurysms, 2) patients' sex, 3) patients' age, and 4) the presence or absence of
      hypertension was analyzed using contingency-table analysis. Evidence of arterial
      hypertension was determined by means of three complementary criteria of
      hypertension. A significant mutual state of dependence was demonstrated between
      the presence or absence of hypertension and the number of aneurysms, and between
      number of aneurysms and sex of the patient. In addition, for patients with a
      given number of aneurysms, the action of gender was independent of the blood
      pressure level. No interaction between the age of the patient and the number of
      aneurysms could be demonstrated. In order to quantify the relative contribution
      of the patients' sex, the patients' age, and the presence of hypertension to
      multiplicity of aneurysms, a probability model for multiplicity of aneurysms was
      estimated by logistic-regression analysis. It was demonstrated that the most
      important factor explaining multiplicity was the presence of hypertension,
      whereas the age of the patient had no influence. A "pure" effect of gender was
      revealed, indicating that females are significantly more susceptible to aneurysm
      formation, even in cases without arterial hypertension.

PMID- 4009276
TI  - Brain specific gravity and CT scan density measurements after human head injury.
AB  - White matter specific gravity was measured using the microgravimetric method in
      20 comatose patients with diffuse head injury who were undergoing intracranial
      pressure (ICP) monitoring, and in 19 patients with focal injuries who were
      undergoing evacuation of contusions or intracerebral hematomas. Computerized
      tomography (CT) density readings were obtained for each site of white matter
      sampling by locating the sampling site on the preoperative CT scan. A significant
      correlation was found between the specific gravity values and the CT density
      numbers (r = 0.775; p less than 0.001). Patients with focal injuries demonstrated
      reduced perifocal specific gravity, suggesting brain edema. The mean specific
      gravity in patients with diffuse injury was within the normal range. In 10 of 12
      patients in whom the specific gravity was above the normal range, the CT density
      was also above the normal range. These data suggest that cerebral vascular
      engorgement is the cause of the high specific gravity. Six (60%) of this small
      subgroup of 10 patients also demonstrated a high ICP.

PMID- 4009277
TI  - Biomechanical and hydrodynamic characterization of the hydrocephalic infant.
AB  - The pressure-volume index (PVI) technique of bolus manipulation of cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) was used to measure neural axis volume-buffering capacity and
      resistance to the absorption of CSF in 16 hydrocephalic infants prior to
      shunting. The mean steady-state intracranial pressure (ICP) was 11.7 +/- 5.7 mm
      Hg (+/- standard deviation (SD], representing a modest elevation of ICP in
      infants. The mean measured PVI was 28.1 +/- 1.5 ml (+/- standard error of the
      mean (SEM] compared to the predicted normal level for these infants of 12.1 +/-
      2.7 ml (+/- SD) (p less than 0.001). This resulted from an enhanced volume
      storage capacity in the hydrocephalic infants. The PVI was not related to
      ventricular size in these hydrocephalic infants. Although absorption of the
      additional bolus of fluid did not occur at steady-state ICP, it was readily
      absorbed once ICP was raised above a mean threshold pressure of 16.0 +/- 5.0 mm
      Hg (+/- SD) in 13 of the 16 infants. Above this pressure, the mean CSF absorption
      resistance was 7.2 +/- 1.3 mm Hg/ml/min (+/- SEM) which is twice the normal
      values as measured by the bolus injection technique. The biomechanical profile of
      infantile hydrocephalus described in this study indicates that two factors are
      required for progression of ventricular volume. While an absorptive defect may
      initiate the hydrocephalic process, progressive volume storage requires an
      alteration in the mechanical properties of the intracranial compartment.

PMID- 4009278
TI  - Effect of the skull and dura on neural axis pressure-volume relationships and CSF
      hydrodynamics.
AB  - The pressure-volume index (PVI) technique of bolus manipulation of cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) was used to measure changes of neural axis volume buffering-capacity
      and CSF dynamics produced by different conditions of the skull and dura. Twenty
      eight cats were studied in the intact state, after bilateral craniectomy, and
      with the dura opened. At each stage of altering the container of the brain, the
      following parameters were obtained: steady-state intracranial pressure (ICP),
      sagittal sinus venous pressure, PVI, and the resistance to the absorption of CSF.
      The resistance to absorption of CSF was determined using both the bolus injection
      and the continuous infusion of fluid. After craniectomy, PVI increased from 0.76
      +/- 0.04 to 1.3 +/- 0.07 ml (+/- standard error of the mean) (p less than 0.001)
      and increased further to 3.6 +/- 0.17 ml (p less than 0.001) after opening the
      dura. The resistance to absorption of CSF (Ro), determined by bolus injection,
      decreased after craniectomy from 91.3 +/- 7.5 to 56.3 +/- 6.2 mm Hg/ml/min (p
      less than 0.001) and decreased further to 8.9 +/- 0.66 mm Hg/ml/min (p less than
      0.001) after opening the dura. Although resistance determined by constant
      infusion was similar, results were dependent on the rate of infusion. Despite
      these changes of resistance and PVI, steady-state ICP and sagittal sinus venous
      pressure were similar in all three conditions of the skull and dura. These
      studies indicate that changes of the container of the brain affect pressure
      volume relationships within the neural axis. However, the changes of resistance
      to absorption of CSF are in a direction that preserves a steady-state
      hydrodynamic equilibrium.

PMID- 4009279
TI  - Experimental feline hydrocephalus. The role of biomechanical changes in
      ventricular enlargement in cats.
AB  - In a craniectomy-durectomy model of kaolin-induced feline hydrocephalus, the
      pressure-volume index (PVI) technique of bolus manipulations of cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) was used to study the biomechanical changes associated with
      hydrocephalus. Steady-state intracranial pressure (ICP), PVI, and the resistance
      to the absorption of CSF were determined acutely and 3 to 5 weeks later in
      hydrocephalic cats and time-matched control cats. Steady-state ICP was 11.0 +/-
      2.1 mm Hg (+/- standard deviation) in the hydrocephalic cats, compared to 10.8 +/
      2.2 mm Hg in the chronic control group (p greater than 0.1). The ICP in both the
      chronic hydrocephalic and chronic control groups was significantly higher (p less
      than 0.001) than after acute durectomy (mean ICP 8.5 +/- 1.2 mm Hg). Immediately
      after dural opening, the mean PVI was 3.6 +/- 0.2 ml (+/- standard error of the
      mean); over time, it decreased to 1.3 +/- 0.1 ml in the chronic control group (p
      less than 0.001), but remained elevated in the hydrocephalic group at 3.5 +/- 0.4
      ml (p less than 0.001). Resistance to CSF absorption was 9.1 +/- 1.4 mm Hg/ml/min
      immediately after dural opening and increased to 28.8 +/- 4.5 mm Hg/ml/min (p
      less than 0.001) in the hydrocephalic cats; it increased even further in the
      chronic measurements in control cats, to 82.3 +/- 9.2 mm Hg/ml/min (p less than
      0.001). Ventricular size was moderate to severely enlarged in all hydrocephalic
      cats, and normal in the control group. These results indicate that the
      biomechanical profile of the altered brain container model of kaolin-induced
      feline hydrocephalus resembles that described in hydrocephalic infants. As shown
      in the control subjects, an absorptive defect alone is not sufficient to cause
      progressive ventricular enlargement. Increased volume-buffering capacity coupled
      with a moderate increase of CSF absorption resistance facilitates volume storage
      in the ventricles.

PMID- 4009280
TI  - Acute changes in regional cerebral metabolite values following experimental blunt
      head trauma.
AB  - A Remington humane stunner was used to deliver a blow to the left side of the
      surgically-exposed skull in ketamine-anesthetized cats. At 15 minutes after the
      trauma, brain tissue was frozen in situ. In animals without visible tissue
      hemorrhage (Grade 0) and in those with unilateral cerebral contusions involving
      the cerebral cortex and white matter (Grade 2), regional cerebral metabolite
      concentrations were measured by enzymatic-fluorometric techniques and edema was
      tested with an organic gradient. No substantial changes in cerebral metabolite
      concentrations were observed in head-injured animals without cerebral contusions.
      In animals with unilateral contusions, the white matter neighboring the tissue
      hemorrhage had an increase in lactic acid and a decrease in phosphocreatine as
      compared to values from corresponding areas on the contralateral side, and in
      control and Grade 0 animals. The cerebral cortex adjacent to tissue hemorrhage
      had a variable response that ranged from metabolite concentrations within normal
      ranges to marked decreases in high-energy phosphates and increases in lactic
      acid. Metabolites of the cortex and white matter contralateral as well as distant
      to contusion were not statistically different from values of control animals.
      Changes in several metabolites correlated well with the magnitude of edema. It is
      concluded that focal metabolic alterations can occur shortly after severe blunt
      head injury, and that these events may contribute to acute traumatic cerebral
      edema.

PMID- 4009281
TI  - Reverse redistribution phenomenon in thallium-201 stress tests: angiographic
      correlation and clinical significance.
AB  - The reverse redistribution phenomenon (RR) with the apparent worsening of a
      stress-induced defect or appearance of a new area of relative hypoperfusion does
      not always indicate coronary artery disease as previously suggested. RR does not
      correlate closely with the degree of coronary artery disease, nor with the
      location of the stenosis. Multiple mechanisms are hypothesized wherein the
      "defect" may be located in the best or worst perfused area.

PMID- 4009282
TI  - Indium-111 chloride imaging in the detection of infected prostheses.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with painful joint prostheses and a suspicion of infection
      were imaged with [111In]chloride. A final diagnosis was established by culture in
      19. Of these, 12 were categorized as true positives and three as true negatives.
      There were two false-positive studies, occurring in patients with knee
      prostheses. In both, the culture was obtained by aspiration. Two false negatives
      were in patients with hip prostheses, one of whom had been on long-term
      antibiotic suppressive therapy. The sensitivity was 86%, specificity 60%, and
      accuracy 79%. Seventeen of the proven cases had bone imaging prior to
      [111In]chloride imaging. All 17 static images were positive and were not helpful
      in differentiating loosening from infection. Using increased uptake on the blood
      pool image as a criteria for infection, the sensitivity was 89%, but the
      specificity was 0. Adding flow studies made little difference in interpreting the
      blood-pool images. This study shows that [111In]chloride accurate in evaluating
      infection in prosthesis than bone imaging.

PMID- 4009283
TI  - Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for the location of
      neuroblastoma: preliminary experience in ten cases.
AB  - Ten patients with histologically proven neuroblastoma were studied by [131I]MIBG
      scintigraphy. Tumor uptake of the radiopharmaceutical showed a spectrum varying
      from no uptake in one case, to slight uptake in two, moderate uptake in two and
      intense uptake in five cases. Iodine-131 MIBG scintigraphy was more effective in
      demonstrating the extent of neuroblastoma spread than were conventional bone scan
      and CT in one patient, equal to these modalities in four cases, almost equal in
      two cases and significantly inferior in three cases. These preliminary results
      suggest that [131I]MIBG scintigraphy is useful in detecting the presence and
      delineating the distribution of neuroblastoma and may, in certain cases, have
      therapeutic potential.

PMID- 4009285
TI  - Pancreas accumulation of radioiodinated HIPDM in mice and rats.
AB  - High pancreatic affinity for 131I-labeled HIPDM was observed in mice and rats.
      Although the brain uptake of [131I]HIPDM is very fast, the pancreatic uptake is
      rather slow. The pancreas to liver ratios (per gram) were 5.08 +/- 0.52 in mice
      and 5.15 +/- 0.65 in rats at 2 hr and 7.05 +/- 0.53 in mice and 8.06 +/- 1.14 in
      rats at 5 hr after administration. These ratios are higher than those obtained
      with routinely used pancreatic agent [75Se]selenomethionine. An increase in liver
      uptake and decrease in pancreatic uptake was observed at higher dose of carrier
      HIPDM, which resulted in lower pancreas to liver ratios. HIPDM is a new type of
      compound which shows predilection for pancreas. Our results suggest that
      [123I]HIPDM might be a useful agent for pancreas imaging.

PMID- 4009284
TI  - Delineation of a transplanted malignant melanoma with indium-111-labeled
      porphyrin.
AB  - An indium complex of a cationic, water-soluble, synthetic porphyrin, tetra-4-N
      methylpyridyl porphyrin tosylate, has been prepared and evaluated for its
      selective localization in tumors in Syrian Golden hamsters with flank
      transplanted malignant melanoma (Fortner MMI). Tumor-to-blood ratios of the
      compound increase from 42:1 at 6 hr postinjection, at which time activity levels
      in the tumor exceed those in all other tissues, to 162.1 at 72 hr. Images in one
      hamster at three time periods clearly delineated the tumor from nontarget
      background and also demarcated the viable and necrotic zones within the tumor
      itself.

PMID- 4009286
TI  - Integration of database capabilities into a patient reporting system.
AB  - A database design is described which automatically archives computer-generated
      patient imaging and radioassay reports. Selected phrases are condensed so that
      data storage will be efficient without sacrificing a prose style of report. An
      indexed file structure has been used to facilitate rapid record retrieval even
      when several hundred thousand records are stored. Personnel time is considerably
      reduced for recalling patient records, preparing periodic summaries of studies
      completed, and performing administrative functions such as billing and keeping
      track of checked out images. Complex queries, such as "list all the patients
      between the ages of 50 and 60 on digitalis referred for a stress cardiac study,
      with left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40% and apical dyskinesis,"
      become feasible. A system for data backup is described to protect against
      catastrophic data loss.

PMID- 4009287
TI  - Performance evaluation of xenon-133 inhalation rebreathing systems for regional
      blood flow measurements.
AB  - A quality-control phantom is described which is capable of testing the
      performance of inhalation rebreathing systems for measurements of regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The phantom is designed so that data similar to those
      from a patient study are obtained. The standard rCBF data-processing algorithm is
      used for the calculation of phantom study results. Malfunctions were induced to
      simulate instrument malfunction, and their effects on detector and air curves
      were evaluated. The use of this phantom is recommended prior to a patient study
      if the rCBF instrument is used infrequently or after service for routine
      maintenance or malfunction.

PMID- 4009288
TI  - A racial difference in serum vitamin B12 levels.
AB  - Measurements of the serum Vitamin B12 concentrations of 49 black and 49 white
      healthy adults demonstrate a significantly higher mean serum Vitamin B12 level in
      blacks when compared to whites (p less than 0.001). The reason for this
      difference appears to be genetic, although environmental factors may also be
      involved. It is suggested that clinical laboratories should establish their own
      separate reference values of serum Vitamin B12 for blacks and whites in order to
      prevent misinterpretation of test results.

PMID- 4009289
TI  - Determination of clinical efficacy: nuclear medicine as applied to lung scanning.
AB  - This paper describes a Society of Nuclear Medicine sponsored study of 2,023
      patients which compares two methods, logistic regression (LR) and entropy minimax
      pattern detection (EMPD), to evaluate efficacy. Lung scans, used in determining
      or excluding a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), were utilized to create the
      data set. The LR analysis, presented here, shows that lung scan findings have
      significant influence on the referring physician's diagnostic thinking. Models
      were developed for the probability of a signout diagnosis of PE, and equal
      patient groups tested the validity of these regression equations. Individual
      models developed on each patient group yielded similar results. This analysis
      shows that the lung scan results affect the therapeutic management of the
      patients in a beneficial direction. A comparison of the sensitivity, specificity,
      and predictive values of EMPD and LR was done. EMPD predicts a signout diagnosis
      on only 41% of cases before lung scan and 71% after lung scan; LR provides a
      prediction of the signout diagnosis on 100% of cases. An advantage of EMPD is
      that it does not require prior probability estimates. However, LR uses this
      estimate, thus incorporating intuitive knowledge not evaluated by EMPD.

PMID- 4009291
TI  - The efficacy of lung scans: the emperor had clothes all along.

PMID- 4009290
TI  - Application of an information-theoretic method for efficacy assessment.
AB  - An information-theoretic pattern recognition method was used to construct
      descriptive models of data related to 1,674 radioisotope lung scan referrals for
      the purpose of assessing lung scan influence on diagnosis and management of
      pulmonary embolism. It was observed that, relative to other clinical information
      available prior to the scan, the lung scan significantly improved the ability of
      the models to predict diagnostic and management outcomes, implying that the lung
      scan has significant influence on these clinical decisions.

PMID- 4009292
TI  - FDA letter to radioactive drug research chairpersons.

PMID- 4009293
TI  - Sialadenitis following iodine-131 therapy for thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 4009294
TI  - Nuclear medicine procedures in nuclear power plant employees.

PMID- 4009295
TI  - Effect of protein mass on the pharmacokinetics of murine monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 4009296
TI  - Distribution of carnitine and acylcarnitine in small intestine of carnitine
      supplemented and fasted rats.
AB  - Distribution of carnitine and acylcarnitine in lumen flush and tissue of the
      small intestine was examined in four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats fed
      either a nonpurified diet (groups 1, 2) or the same supplemented with 1% DL
      carnitine (groups 3, 4). One group of animals under each dietary regimen (groups
      2, 4) was fasted for 24 h prior to killing. Carnitine and acylcarnitines were
      present in higher concentrations in tissue of the small intestine than in the
      lumen flush. Even though the diets contained only traces of acid-soluble
      acylcarnitine, it was present in high concentrations both in tissue of the small
      intestine and lumen flush. Proximal segments of small intestine tended to
      concentrate carnitine and acylcarnitines under all conditions of treatment.
      Carnitine supplementation increased the amounts of carnitines in tissue; however,
      there was only a minor alteration in the pattern of distribution of carnitine and
      acylcarnitines.

PMID- 4009297
TI  - Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in developing
      rats: effect of manganese deficiency.
AB  - The activities of two liver gluconeogenic enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) as well as plasma glucose were measured
      in manganese-sufficient and manganese-deficient rats from birth to 30 d of age.
      Initial (d 0) PC activity was similar in the two groups. PC activity increased
      1.5-fold in control pups and 2.4-fold in manganese-deficient pups from d 0 to 3
      postnatally. PEPCK activity increased 1.5-fold in control pups and 2.2-fold in
      manganese-deficient pups from d 0 to 3. By d 8, the activity of PEPCK in
      manganese-deficient pups was 60% of control levels. Compared to control pups,
      plasma glucose concentration was lower in manganese-deficient pups on d 1 and 2,
      coinciding with a period of high neonatal mortality. These findings suggest that
      glucose homeostasis in the newborn may be compromised by manganese deficiency and
      may support the concept that changes in cellular manganese concentration may be
      important in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

PMID- 4009298
TI  - Dietary fat dependence of intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG
      CoA) reductase activity in rats.
AB  - The effects of dietary fats on intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
      (HMG-CoA) reductase activity were studied in rats. Animals were fed experimental
      diets ad libitum for 7-13 d then killed in the morning for the determination of
      the reductase activity in an epithelial cell homogenate. When corn oil was the
      source of dietary fat, the specific activity of jejunal reductase depicted a
      biphasic pattern in response to dietary fat level with a peak activity when the
      diet contained 10% fat (by weight) whereas the specific activity of ileal
      reductase was independent of the fat level. Reductase activities were apparently
      independent of the degree of saturation of dietary fat (safflower oil, olive oil,
      lard and tallow) when each was fed as 10% of the diet. Both jejunal and ileal
      reductase activities were higher when trilaurin was fed than when other saturated
      fats (tricaprylin, trimyristin, tripalmitin and tristearin) were fed. The jejunum
      synthesized more cholesterol than the ileum. There was no significant correlation
      among the reductase activity, cholesterol content of the epithelial cells and the
      rate of fat absorption, suggesting a complex regulatory mechanism.

PMID- 4009299
TI  - Metabolic effects of dietary manganese supplementation in ob/ob mice.
AB  - When fed a manganese-sufficient (20 ppm) diet, obese (ob/ob) mice have reduced
      levels of Mn in liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT), and depressed activities of
      succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and manganese-containing superoxide dismutase
      (MnSOD) in BAT, compared to lean mice. Dietary Mn supplementation (200 ppm Mn)
      increased the Mn concentration in BAT in lean and obese mice and the Mn content
      of liver in the ob/ob mouse. Mn supplementation also led to an increase in the
      specific activities of SDH and MnSOD in BAT of lean and obese mice. In the obese
      mouse, these changes were paralleled by changes in the histological appearance of
      the tissue. The results indicate that the metabolism of Mn is altered in the
      liver and BAT of ob/ob mice, and that these alterations are responsive to dietary
      Mn supplementation.

PMID- 4009300
TI  - The interaction of dietary vitamin A and vitamin D related to skeletal
      development in the turkey poult.
AB  - Large white male turkey poults were fed diets with different levels of vitamins A
      and D to study the interaction of these vitamins with regard to skeletal
      development. Poults fed a basal diet deficient in both vitamins A and D developed
      severe lameness, growth depression, mortality and lesions consistent with
      rickets. Birds fed a diet containing the required level of vitamin D (900 ICU/kg,
      NRC estimated requirement) and a high level of vitamin A (400,000 IU/kg) also
      developed severe lameness, growth depression and a rachiticlike condition,
      characterized by thicker than normal proximal tibial epiphyseal plates and lower
      than normal bone mineral content. When fed a diet containing the required level
      of vitamin A (4,000 IU/kg, NRC estimated requirement) and a high level of vitamin
      D (900,000 ICU/kg), poults developed hypervitaminosis D as evidenced by mild
      growth depression and renal tubular mineralization. When poults were fed a diet
      containing high levels of both vitamins A and D growth rate and bone mineral
      content were similar to control poults fed a diet containing the required levels
      of vitamins A and D. In addition, lameness and renal tubular mineralization were
      not apparent in the poults fed a diet containing high levels of both vitamins A
      and D. It was concluded that there is an antagonistic interaction between
      vitamins A and D.

PMID- 4009301
TI  - Relationship between vitamin A and iron in the liver.

PMID- 4009302
TI  - Thyroid function and lead.

PMID- 4009303
TI  - Evaluation of respiratory variables in smelter and control workers before and
      during a shutdown period.
AB  - Thirty-six smelter workers examined in this pilot study were found to have a
      higher prevalence of cough and dyspnea and lower baseline lung function than did
      31 controls. They also experienced decreases in forced vital capacity (FVC) and
      forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) over the workweek while the controls did
      not. Baseline airflow rates and change in FVC and FEV1 over the workweek varied
      with levels of sulfur dioxide and particulates. Twenty-three smelter workers and
      21 controls were seen on a second occasion, six months into an extended shutdown.
      The smelter workers continued to have a higher prevalence of cough and dyspnea
      and lower baseline lung function than the controls. There was, however, a slight
      increase in lung function in both the exposed workers and the controls during the
      shutdown. The results suggest that smelter workers may develop both acute and
      chronic work-related pulmonary effects and that the chronic effects may be
      nonreversible.

PMID- 4009304
TI  - Silicosis in women. Experience from the Swedish Pneumoconiosis Register.
AB  - Among approximately 4,700 cases reported to the Swedish Pneumoconiosis Registry
      in the period 1931 through 1980 were 53 cases of women with silicosis, 42 of whom
      had worked in the ceramic industry. In a follow-up investigation, the women who
      had contracted silicosis in pottery-forming shops were compared with silicotic
      men whose occupational history was similar. Age, stage of silicosis at the time
      of diagnosis, and mortality rates, were by and large the same for men and women,
      as was tuberculosis incidence. The prediagnosis duration of exposure to dust,
      however, was significantly shorter for the women, (20.5 +/- 8.6 yr) than for the
      men (28 +/- 10.1 yr) (p less than .001), and roentgenographic evidence of
      progression of the lesions was more pronounced in the women. No conclusive
      explanation of this difference was demonstrable.

PMID- 4009305
TI  - Can glycosylated hemoglobin be a job stress parameter?
AB  - Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels are evaluated as a possible integrated
      measure parameter of chronic job stress. HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels
      in 100 healthy male printing workers (pressmen) exposed to noise, rotating
      shifts, and overwork were compared with levels measured in 200 healthy male
      clerical workers not exposed to those stressors. While blood glucose levels and
      their variability were found to be approximately the same in both groups, HbA1c
      levels were found to be 8.64% higher among the pressmen and this difference was
      significant at p less than .001. These findings support the hypothesis, and
      further research to confirm the test is suggested.

PMID- 4009306
TI  - A retrospective mortality study of workers in three major U.S. refineries and
      chemical plants. Part II: Internal comparisons by geographic site, occupation,
      and smoking history.
AB  - A cohort of 21,698 U.S. refinery and chemical plant workers was observed for
      eight years to determine if there were interplant or other variations in causes
      of mortality. Plant populations in three geographic locations were combined to
      develop an internal standard for comparing subgroups within the total cohort. At
      no one geographic site were consistently different rates for all major causes of
      death observed. The adjusted mortality rates for potentially exposed workers were
      slightly greater than those for nonexposed workers for most causes examined.
      Smokers incurred a higher risk of mortality from many causes of death when
      compared with nonsmokers, regardless of occupational category. After controlling
      for smoking, there remained a slight excess in mortality for potentially exposed
      as compared with nonexposed workers.

PMID- 4009307
TI  - Isometric occupational exercise and the incidence of hypertension.
AB  - The effect on blood pressure of regular exposure to isometric exercise was
      studied by measuring the incidence of hypertension among 4,273 men classified
      according to occupational isometric activity. Incidence of hypertension was lower
      among men in jobs with moderate or heavy isometric activity. This difference
      persisted after statistical adjustment for age, social class, obesity, and use of
      alcohol.

PMID- 4009308
TI  - Mortality of paint and coatings industry workers. A follow-up study.
AB  - Extensive follow-up of production workers in the paint and coatings industry
      failed to indicate any important hazard that was previously unsuspected. The
      authors are more confident of the results of their original study since studying
      a subsample of persons lost to follow-up in the original study. Some efforts to
      investigate certain diseases (skin and liver cancer) more vigorously met with
      failure, which illustrates the problem of attempting retrospective studies by
      using death certificates for case ascertainment. Of the successful studies, the
      leukemia case-control analysis showed a possible relationship to lacquer
      production, which probably included benzene exposure. For lung cancer, no
      exposure category was associated with increased risk. The bowel cancer excesses,
      concentrated in three plants, are probably not job related and in any case do not
      represent an industry-wide problem. Cerebrovascular accidents showed a mild
      elevation of risk for vehicle workers. Although strong statements concerning the
      safety of this industry probably await more studies or further follow-up of this
      cohort, there is every indication that it is an industry without a major excess
      of any job-related disease. In drawing this conclusion, however, one must be
      aware that an individual job or individual plant could harbor health problems
      that would not be detected by a study of this type.

PMID- 4009309
TI  - Retinal inhomogeneity. III. Circular-retina theory.
AB  - By introducing a local contrast-sensitivity function, defined as the Fourier
      transform of the local point-spread function, we have constructed a model of
      retinal inhomogeneity that predicts the contrast sensitivity for circular
      homogeneous or inhomogeneous sinusoidal targets up to 16 degrees in diameter.
      This model assumes that (1) contrast sensitivity is mediated by a standard,
      receptive-field-type filter function (one that fits our data somewhat better than
      available receptive-field models); (2) retinal inhomogeneity is circularly
      symmetric; i.e., receptive-field size varies only with eccentricity; (3) this
      size variation is governed by a linear scaling factor out to at least 8 degrees
      eccentricity; and (4) the local contrast sensitivities at different parts of the
      retina combine in accord with a fourth-power probability-summation rule. The
      parameters of the model were determined by fitting contrast-sensitivity data for
      a new class of stimulus patterns: locally sinusoidal, circularly symmetric
      targets with radially varying spatial frequency (but constant amplitude). The
      model also fits contrast thresholds for circular cosine disks and annuli of
      various sizes and eccentricities. (Predictions for noncircular patterns require a
      minor extension.) The results suggest that the uniform, homogeneous sinusoidal
      patterns used throughout the literature provide surprisingly little information
      about the form of receptive fields.

PMID- 4009310
TI  - Effect of large spatial uncertainty on foveal luminance increment detectability.
AB  - In principle, the ability to detect a luminance increment is lowered when there
      is uncertainty for its spatial location. Frequency-of-seeing curves were
      generated for small foveal targets. When fixed in space the target's
      detectability was more than 10 times higher than when it could occur at one of
      140 locations.

PMID- 4009311
TI  - Oral anticoagulant-induced femoral nerve entrapment.

PMID- 4009312
TI  - Keeping in touch. Notes from the OFPR.

PMID- 4009313
TI  - [Swelling of the neck--clinical survey and processing of patients at our clinic].

PMID- 4009314
TI  - [Study of gaze stabilization during walking and running--observation using a
      vertically oscillating platform].

PMID- 4009315
TI  - [The recent progress in reconstruction of defects of the tongue--a clinical
      review for the past 22 years].

PMID- 4009316
TI  - [A report of malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity--followed for fourteen
      years].

PMID- 4009317
TI  - [Experience in tympanoplasty with allograft tympanic membrane].

PMID- 4009318
TI  - [Facial palsy of a short duration induced by compressing the extratemporal facial
      nerve].

PMID- 4009319
TI  - [An experimental study on auditory dysfunction associated with
      hyperlipoproteinemia].

PMID- 4009320
TI  - [A histogenetic study of the inner ear in the human embryo and fetus--innervation
      and differentiation of the sensory epithelium].

PMID- 4009321
TI  - Salivary gland tumours. A review of 2410 cases with particular reference to
      histological types, site, age and sex distribution.
AB  - To date the British Salivary Gland Tumour Panel has accumulated 2569 salivary
      gland tumours. Of these, 2410 were primary epithelial salivary gland tumours and
      these formed the basis of the present study. The diagnosis of individual tumours
      was based on the World Health Organisation classification. Tumours were analysed
      according to histological type, site, age and sex. The principal site was the
      parotid and the combined minor (oropharyngeal) glands formed the second largest
      group. Pleomorphic adenomas formed the largest group of tumours in most sites,
      but were particularly common in the parotid. The frequency of malignant tumours
      increased with age after the third decade and was maximal in the eighth decade.
      Malignant tumours were more common in the submandibular and the minor glands than
      in the parotid. In the sublingual gland six out of seven tumours were malignant.

PMID- 4009322
TI  - Adrenal corticomedullary hyperplasia in hypobaric hypoxia.
AB  - Continuous exposure of adult male Wistar albino rats to a barometric pressure of
      380 mm Hg (equivalent to an altitude of 5500 m) for 28 days causes a marked
      increase in adrenal gland weight due to hyperplasia of both adrenal cortex and
      medulla. The size of the cortical and medullary components of the gland relative
      to each other is unaffected; in both hypoxic and control animals the cortex
      occupies approximately 85 per cent of the overall volume of the gland. Cortical
      hyperplasia is consistent with the elevated levels of ACTH which have previously
      been shown to occur during hypoxia. Medullary hyperplasia under such conditions
      presumably reflects a continuing increased requirement for catecholamines in an
      hypoxic environment. The morphology of these adrenal medullae bears a striking
      structural resemblance to some phaeochromocytomata. Adrenal medullary hyperplasia
      does not appear to have been described previously under such conditions and may
      be an important effect of prolonged severe hypoxia.

PMID- 4009324
TI  - Quantitation of the axillary lymphoid tissue in women without cancer.
AB  - The number and distribution of nodes in the axilla of non-cancer autopsy patients
      was similar in women over and under 75 years of age, but the total area of nodal
      tissue was greater in the latter, suggesting a possible decrease in immune
      reactivity with age. Fewer nodes were found than have been reported in breast
      cancer patients examined by the same method. This is probably due to increase in
      size of sub-macroscopic nodelets on stimulation.

PMID- 4009323
TI  - Histogenesis of pancreatic carcinomas: a study based on 248 cases.
AB  - Primary pancreatic carcinomas were studied histologically and histochemically, to
      assess the frequency of ductal hyperplasia in tissue adjacent to malignant
      neoplasms. Hyperplasia was divided into four types: simple, papillary, atypical
      and ductular, affecting large, medium and small ducts (ductules). All types of
      hyperplasia were frequently seen in areas adjacent to carcinomas, including
      ductal, pleomorphic, mucinous, adenosquamous, small and spindle cell and
      cystadenocarcinomas. In contrast, acinar cell carcinoma and microadenocarcinoma
      were less frequently associated with ductal hyperplasia. Mucin histochemistry
      revealed differences in types of mucin between the normal ducts and hyperplastic
      pancreatic ducts and carcinomas. The former group contained small amounts of
      sulphated mucin while the latter showed a marked increase in neutral and
      sialomucins. Our study also suggests that both papillary and atypical hyperplasia
      are precancerous lesions, supporting an hypothesis of ductal origin of pancreatic
      carcinomas.

PMID- 4009325
TI  - Clinical differences in chronic granulomatous disease in patients with cytochrome
      b-negative or cytochrome b-positive neutrophils.

PMID- 4009326
TI  - Infant determinants of childhood weight and adiposity.

PMID- 4009327
TI  - Cardiac output in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to quantitate left ventricular outflow obstruction
      in the infant of the diabetic mother (IDM) through estimation of cardiac output
      by pulsed Doppler ultrasound. We evaluated 42 IDMs (White class B, C, or D) and
      compared them with two control groups, one similar in birth weight and the other
      similar in gestational age. Ventricular septal hypertrophy was found in 18 (43%)
      of 42 of the IDMs, but in none of the control infants. Morbidity increased with
      advancing septal thickness. None had hyaline membrane disease. Twenty-nine IDMs
      were asymptomatic, 11 of whom had septal hypertrophy. Thirteen IDMs developed
      congestive heart failure, seven of whom had septal hypertrophy. Cardiac output
      per kilogram diminished linearly with increasing septal thickness (r = -0.78, P
      less than 0.001) secondary to reduced stroke volumes at comparable heart rates.
      The IDMs had higher left atrial/aortic ratios and greater right ventricular
      systolic time intervals than the control infants. We conclude that cardiac output
      is significantly reduced in IDMs with septal hypertrophy. This reduction is
      secondary to reduced stroke volume and is directly related to the degree of
      septal hypertrophy.

PMID- 4009328
TI  - Effect of spectral distribution on isomerization of bilirubin in vivo.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to compare the effects of narrow-spectrum blue light
      and broad-spectrum white light on the production of bilirubin photo-isomers in
      human infants with jaundice. Twelve preterm infants were studied under both white
      and blue light. Irradiance at 450 nm was controlled at 12 microW/cm2/nm for both
      light sources. Each light condition (white or blue) was administered for 12
      hours. Bilirubin isomers (4Z,15E-bilirubin and lumirubin) were measured before
      therapy and after 12 hours of each sequential light condition. The percentage of
      4Z,15E-bilirubin was greater under blue light than under white light (P less than
      0.01) phototherapy. There was no significant difference in percentage lumirubin
      under white or blue light therapy. Our data indicate that blue light is more
      effective than white light in producing 4Z,15E-bilirubin in vivo. Our study
      demonstrates that when irradiance in the bilirubin absorbance spectrum is
      constant, the color of light (spectral distribution) will determine the relative
      concentrations of photo-isomers produced.

PMID- 4009329
TI  - Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between chloramphenicol and
      acetaminophen in children.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol (CAP; administered intravenously as
      chloramphenicol succinate, CAPS) was studied in 26 acutely ill febrile children 3
      to 58 months of age who either did (n = 18) or did not (n = 8) receive
      acetaminophen (APAP) for antipyresis. CAP pharmacokinetics were evaluated after
      the first dose and at steady state. CAP serum levels were quantitated by high
      performance liquid chromatography. There were no significant differences between
      groups (APAP vs non-APAP) or between first dose and steady-state evaluations for
      the elimination rate constant, serum half-life, apparent volume of distribution,
      and serum clearance of CAP. Likewise, there were no statistically significant
      differences when the APAP group was evaluated according to the presence or
      absence of APAP in serum before the first dose of CAP. Elimination of CAP in
      subjects with serum CAPS level less than 1 microgram/ml was similar in the first
      dose and steady-state evaluations and in the APAP and non-APAP groups. The
      presence or absence of CAPS or APAP did not affect the estimation of CAP
      elimination. Thus a pharmacokinetic interaction between CAP and APAP was not
      demonstrated in acutely ill febrile children during concomitant therapy.

PMID- 4009331
TI  - Maintenance digoxin dosage and steady-state plasma concentration in infants and
      children.
AB  - To define the relationship between digoxin dose and plasma concentration and the
      changes in body growth, 1181 plasma digoxin levels were measured in 644 infants
      and children receiving maintenance digoxin therapy. The drug was given
      intravenously to 166 patients and orally to 478. A significant linear correlation
      between dose and plasma concentration was observed (r 0.346 to 0.767 in the
      intravenous and 0.264 to 0.664 in the oral groups). Dosage differences explained
      7% to 60% of the variability in digoxin plasma concentrations in various age and
      weight groups. The linear regression slope was greater in younger age groups,
      especially preterm infants weighing less than 1500 gm, and tended to decrease
      with age. The data (1) allow an approximate prediction of plasma concentrations
      of digoxin and their variability associated with changes in dosages in various
      pediatric age and weight groups, (2) permit an estimate of other pharmacokinetic
      determinants of digoxin plasma concentration and their changes with age, and (3)
      suggest that larger changes in digoxin doses in older children are necessary to
      achieve the same change in serum concentration that is achieved with smaller dose
      changes in the young infant. As a result, premature infants are more sensitive to
      and require smaller digoxin doses.

PMID- 4009330
TI  - Oral rehydration of infants in a large urban U.S. medical center.
AB  - A prospective randomized study of 100 well-nourished infants with acute
      gastroenteritis resulting in dehydration and acidosis was carried out at the
      Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami from 1981 to 1983. Patients were randomly
      assigned to receive either standard intravenous therapy or oral rehydration.
      Infants in the latter group first received solution A containing 75 mEq/L sodium,
      30 mEq/L potassium, 75 mEq/L chloride [corrected], 30 mEq/L bicarbonate, and 2
      gm/dL glucose [corrected]. After ad libitum feeding for six hours, solution B
      containing 50 mEq/L sodium, 30 mEq/L potassium, 50 mEq/L chlorine, 30 mEq/L
      bicarbonate, and 3 gm/dL [corrected] glucose was given. With three exceptions
      (6%), oral rehydration was comparable to the intravenous regimen in clinical
      estimates of improvement, although the oral group had more stools in the first
      day. The oral group had faster correction of acidosis and a sustained rise in
      serum potassium concentration, whereas in the intravenous group the potassium
      concentration showed first a drop with a later increase, but levels were at all
      times below those in the oral group. Although potassium was given from the
      beginning of oral rehydration, and at a higher concentration than recommended by
      the World Health Organization, no hyperkalemia occurred. We concluded that oral
      therapy is safe, less expensive for patients, and more convenient for the medical
      and nursing staffs.

PMID- 4009332
TI  - Urine cotinine excretion in neonates exposed to tobacco smoke products in utero.

PMID- 4009334
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis.

PMID- 4009333
TI  - Failure to thrive presenting with an unusual skin rash.

PMID- 4009335
TI  - Congenital nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 4009337
TI  - Microbiology of neonatal conjunctivitis: the role of anaerobes.

PMID- 4009336
TI  - Chorioretinal coloboma and Joubert syndrome.

PMID- 4009338
TI  - Management of hydrocephalus in infancy: use of acetazolamide and furosemide to
      avoid cerebrospinal fluid shunts.
AB  - Despite its effectiveness, cerebrospinal shunting for hydrocephalus continues to
      be accompanied by considerable complications and morbidity. Medical therapy with
      acetazolamide 100 mg/kg/day and furosemide 1 mg/kg/day can be an effective
      alternative to shunting by halting progression of hydrocephalus until such time
      as sutures can become fibrosed and spontaneous arrest can occur. In an
      appropriately selected population older than 2 weeks with hydrocephalus of varied
      origin, our success rate in avoiding shunting is greater than 50%. The dramatic
      difference between the number of hospitalizations of patients with shunts and
      those treated medically, and the potential to avoid shunt dependence would appear
      to make an initial trial with medical therapy worthwhile.

PMID- 4009339
TI  - Behcet syndrome.
AB  - Behcet syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by ocular, mucocutaneous,
      articular, vascular, gastrointestinal, and neurologic abnormalities, is described
      in six pediatric patients. The patients ranged in age from 2 months to 11 years
      at time of onset. Several years were usually required before additional
      manifestations of the disease occurred. Aphthous ulceration was present in all
      six patients, arthritis in three, erythema nodosum in four, sterile cellulitis in
      three, gastrointestinal manifestations in five, neurologic manifestations in two,
      and genital or perianal ulcerations in three; ocular involvement was present in
      only one. There were no diagnostic laboratory studies, and, as in the adult
      population, no cause for Behcet syndrome was found. Patients had a variable
      response to corticosteroid therapy. Two patients who had significant morbidity
      and who responded poorly to corticosteroid therapy also received chlorambucil
      therapy, which appeared to provide improved control of signs and symptoms. Based
      on the prolonged interval between onset and the appearance of complete
      manifestations, Behcet syndrome may be more common in children than previously
      reported.

PMID- 4009340
TI  - Normal pulmonary function measurements and airway reactivity in childhood after
      mild bronchiolitis.
AB  - Concern about the long-term sequelae of bronchiolitis has been raised through
      studies of children hospitalized for bronchiolitis, but the long-term sequelae of
      mild bronchiolitis have not been studied. We assessed the hypothesis that 25
      children with mild bronchiolitis (index subjects) were at greater risk for
      abnormalities of pulmonary function or airway reactivity to cold air between the
      ages of 8 and 12 years than were randomly selected, matched controls. There were
      no consistent differences in pulmonary function or airway reactivity between
      index and control groups. Airway hyperreactivity was found in five control
      subjects and three index subjects, and all children with symptomatic asthma were
      identified by cold air challenge. Our data suggest that children with a history
      of mild bronchiolitis are not at increased risk between ages 8 and 12 years for
      airway hyperreactivity or for abnormalities in pulmonary function.

PMID- 4009341
TI  - Hereditary renal hypouricemia in children.
AB  - The renal handling of urate was investigated in four children with hereditary
      renal hypouricemia and in their parents. The urate/creatinine clearance ratios in
      the four patients were 1.02 +/- 0.28, 0.93 +/- 0.11, 1.03 +/- 0.24, and 1.46 +/-
      0.26, markedly higher than those in control subjects. Except for a partial
      response to pyrazinamide (change in clearance ratio from 1.46 to 1.07) in one
      patient, pyrazinamide and benzbromarone did not affect the clearance ratios in
      our patients. In the parents, the urate/creatinine clearance ratios were
      intermediate between those of the patients and control subjects, but responses to
      pyrazinamide and benzbromarone were normal. These data indicate that our patients
      have a combined defect in renal urate reabsorption, and that one of them might be
      subclassified as having the hypersecretion of defect. Results also show that
      heterozygotes can be identified by testing their urate/creatinine clearance
      ratio.

PMID- 4009342
TI  - Iron malabsorption in giardiasis.
AB  - Among 10 children with giardiasis, eight had iron deficiency; iron deficiency
      anemia was the main complaint in three. Evaluation of iron absorption by the oral
      iron load test demonstrated a subnormal response (i.e., increase in serum iron
      levels of less than 100 micrograms/dl) in all eight patients with iron
      deficiency. In contrast, in two iron-sufficient patients with giardiasis the
      response to an oral iron load was normal. Xylose absorption was abnormal in five
      of the 10 patients. After metronidazole dosing, iron absorption became normal in
      seven patients but remained abnormal in one patient, who also had IgA deficiency.
      Xylose absorption became normal in all five patients who underwent a second test,
      but remained abnormal in the patient with IgA deficiency. Concomitant morphologic
      studies of jejunal biopsy material from these patients revealed moderate changes
      in the intestinal mucosa of two patients. We conclude that malabsorption of iron
      is a complication of giardiasis.

PMID- 4009343
TI  - Urinary dicarboxylic acids in Reye syndrome.
AB  - Urine from 12 patients with Reye syndrome was examined by gas-liquid
      chromatography for identification of organic acids. Large amounts of lactic acid,
      dicarboxylic acids (adipic, suberic, and sebacic), and 3-OH butyric acid were
      noted. The mean (+/- SD) total dicarboxylic acid concentration was 0.98 +/- 0.24
      mg/mg creatinine, compared with 0.006 +/- 0.010 mg/mg creatinine in controls, n =
      140; the mean in patients with Reye syndrome was higher (1.40 +/- 0.26 mg/mg
      creatinine, n = 8) when the samples were obtained prior to initiation of therapy,
      but declined rapidly after administration of hypertonic glucose, exchange
      transfusion, and osmotic diuretics. The total urine excretion of dicarboxylic
      acids plus urine ketones at the time of presentation correlated well with the
      plasma lactate (r2 = 0.9676) and peak blood ammonia (r2 = 0.9216) levels. Our
      results document the occurrence of significant dicarboxylic aciduria in Reye
      syndrome and indicate that fatty acid metabolism is more impaired in this
      disorder than previously appreciated.

PMID- 4009345
TI  - Immunity of dogs against Babesia canis, its vector tick Dermacentor reticulatus,
      and Ixodes ricinus in endemic area.
AB  - Previous epidemiological studies allowed us to accurately define endemic areas of
      canine babesiosis and tick distribution in southeastern France (Martinod, 1983).
      Using a micro-ELISA test 100 dogs sera were tested with 3 antigens: Babesia
      canis, Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus. Antibodies against B. canis
      and its vector D. reticulatus were detected in an endemic area, sometimes with
      high levels (optical density 1.38 and 0.80 respectively). A correlation factor
      and regression lines were found between ELISA activity of B. canis and vector
      tick antigens, even for dogs which never showed any babesiosis symptoms. These
      results were compared with those of an area without any babesiosis. Furthermore
      I. ricinus antigens detected ELISA activity in sera of dogs; some cross reactions
      were observed between I. ricinus and D. reticulatus antigen.

PMID- 4009344
TI  - Splinting of oral commissure electrical burns in children.

PMID- 4009346
TI  - The effect of colchicine on translocation of incorporated [3H] proline in
      Hymenolepis diminuta.
AB  - Portions of adult Hymenolepis diminuta were exposed to a fixed concentration of
      colchicine (5 X 10(-4) M) in order to determine its effect upon incorporation of
      [3H] L-proline. Additional studies of the effect of colchicine upon tegumental
      morphology were performed. Autoradiographs showed a significant decrease in
      amount of incorporated label in the distal tegument of colchicine tissue and a
      heavy accumulation of label in the parenchyma. Radioassays indicated that the
      effect of colchicine on proline-incorporated protein was qualitative rather than
      quantitative suggesting that colchicine inhibits translocation in the tegument.
      It was hypothesized that microtubules within the internuncial processes
      facilitate movement of cell products from tegumentary cytons to the body surface.

PMID- 4009347
TI  - The lymphatic system.

PMID- 4009348
TI  - Evidence for host-induced selection in Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - A population of Schistosoma mansoni from Kenya was isolated in 1968 and
      subsequently passaged simultaneously through 2 different vertebrate hosts:
      baboons and mice. Recent electrophoretic studies demonstrated that genetic
      differences in the degree of polymorphism and in allele frequencies of
      polymorphic loci existed between S. mansoni populations from the 2 hosts. The
      present study was undertaken to assess the importance of vertebrate host-induced
      selection against particular alleles as mechanism to account for the observed
      differences. A population of S. mansoni which had originally been passaged
      through baboons and subsequently passaged through murine hosts for 4 generations
      was studied. At least 20 infected snails served as the source of parasite for
      each mouse passage. Allele frequencies of 4 polymorphic loci were assessed for
      each generation using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. All 4 polymorphic
      loci (PGM-2, MDH-2, MDH-1, PGI) showed a selective trend towards allele
      frequencies identical with that of a strain (from the same isolate) maintained in
      mice for 12 yr. These data suggest that vertebrate host-induced selection results
      in a decrease in parasite variability due to loss of alleles as field isolates of
      S. mansoni are passaged in murine hosts. The use of non-human primate hosts, on
      the other hand, maintains a higher level of parasite variability.

PMID- 4009349
TI  - Ultrastructure of the melanization response of Aedes trivittatus against
      inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae.
AB  - Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that intrathoracically
      inoculated microfilariae (mff) of Dirofilaria immitis elicited a rapid and
      effective immune response in the hemocoel of Aedes trivittatus mosquitoes.
      Hemocyte lysis and melanization of inoculated mff began immediately following
      exposure to the hemolymph environment. Initial melanin accumulation occurred at
      any site along the surface of mff and rapidly increased in thickness. Hemocyte
      encapsulation generally described for insects did not occur, but hemocytes might
      be necessary for activation of the melanization response. Although intact
      hemocytes were never abundant, those that were present seemed to show an active
      secretion of membrane-bound vacuoles directed toward mff. Activated hemocytes
      were in close association, but never in direct contact with the parasite, and
      were most commonly seen in various stages of lysis. Numerous cell remnants were
      noted throughout the developing melanin capsule. Parasites were completely
      melanized by 24 hr postinoculation (PI). By about 3 days PI, a membrane began to
      form around deposited melanin and hemocyte remnants. This developed into a double
      membrane-like structure of 25-30 nm thickness and resulted in the enclosure and
      isolation of the mff, melanin deposits, and cellular remnants from hemolymph
      components. It is suggested that this membrane functions as a boundary to isolate
      the melanized parasite and prevents additional hemocyte involvement.

PMID- 4009350
TI  - Diethylcarbamazine: in vitro inhibitory effect on microfilarial production by
      Dirofilaria immitis.

PMID- 4009351
TI  - The effect of temperature on the survival of infective larvae of nematodes.

PMID- 4009352
TI  - The solubilization of a SHAM sensitive, cyanide insensitive ubiquinol oxidase
      from Trypanosoma brucei.

PMID- 4009354
TI  - Enhancement of infectivity of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by serial mouse
      passages.

PMID- 4009353
TI  - A unique case of human ophthalmic acariasis caused by Orthohalarachne attenuata
      (Banks, 1910) (Acari: Halarachnidae).

PMID- 4009355
TI  - Mouse-to-mouse transmission of Caryospora simplex (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae).

PMID- 4009356
TI  - The diagnosis of airway obstruction in children.
AB  - Airway obstruction in children has many causes. Although vascular rings may have
      early onset of symptoms there was considerable delay in establishing the correct
      diagnosis. Barium swallow is diagnostic. Other tests, such as angiocardiography,
      bronchoscopy, bronchography, and lung scan are usually unnecessary. Pulmonary
      sling is a less common cause of vascular obstruction. Barium swallow showing
      anterior indentation at the level of the pulmonary hilum is diagnostic. Cysts and
      tumors are other causes of severe airway obstruction. The diagnostic and
      operative problems in three patients are discussed as examples. It is concluded
      that barium swallow is the most important single investigation in the evaluation
      of airway obstruction.

PMID- 4009357
TI  - Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver responsive to cyclophosphamide therapy:
      therapeutic approach.
AB  - A newborn infant is described with a highly vascular hepatic mesenchymal
      hamartoma causing hydrops fetalis, congestive heart failure, and consumption
      coagulopathy. There was a remarkable response of this life-threatening condition
      to cyclophosphamide therapy. A review of the various alternative therapeutic
      modalities is presented.

PMID- 4009358
TI  - Linear growth following surgery in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease:
      relationship to pubertal status.
AB  - Studies of the effect of surgery on growth failure in adolescents with Crohn's
      disease have revealed conflicting data. To better determine the role of surgery
      for growth delay, growth data from 26 patients with Crohn's disease with
      intestinal resections and/or ileostomies were reviewed, 3 of whom had surgery
      twice. Operations were performed on 14 Tanner Stage I, 1 Tanner II, 1 Tanner III,
      and 13 Tanner IV or V patients. In the prepubertal group, 13 of the 14 had growth
      impairment, only one of whom had surgery primarily for that growth failure. One
      year after operation, 11 of 13 Tanner I growth failure patients experienced an
      increase in height velocity of 5.38 +/- 1.18 cm/yr (mean +/- SE;P less than
      0.01); 9/11 achieved normal height velocity for Tanner I. Two attained their
      preillness height percentiles at one year follow-up, while 5 patients attained
      their preillness height percentiles 2.5 to 10 years following surgery. Of the
      four who failed to achieve normal height velocity, 3 had early recurrence of
      active disease. The Tanner Stage II and III patients both had growth failure, and
      both had a growth spurt following surgery. Of those who were Tanner Stage IV or V
      at the time of surgery, 5 of 13 had growth failure. Following surgery, none had
      an increase in height velocity. These data suggest that when patients with
      Crohn's disease and growth failure are prepubertal and surgery is performed
      primarily because of failure of medical therapy and/or other complications, a
      postoperative growth spurt may be expected within one year.

PMID- 4009359
TI  - Anal sphincter substitute using autologous smooth muscle in a fold-over, half
      cylinder, double plasty (SMFD-plasty): a new method of treatment of anorectal
      incontinence.
AB  - A new operative procedure for improving continence is presented. It is used in
      patients with intermediate and high types of anorectal anomalies. A smooth muscle
      fold-over half-cylinder double plasty (SMFD-Plasty) is performed in infants
      immediately following the pull-through which must be done exactly through the
      puborectal sling. Results in six neonates and 4 older children so far are
      excellent. This method is a suitable replacement, particularly for the function
      of the internal sphincter. Further modifications of this new method are
      presented. They are recommended for secondary surgery (second pull-through,
      levator plasty, secondary megacolon, and post pull-through anal prolapse) as well
      as a primary procedure for continence improvement in patients treated according
      to the posterior method of Pena and de Vries.

PMID- 4009360
TI  - Pure calcium carbonate gallstones in a two year old in association with prenatal
      calcium supplementation.
AB  - A two-year-old female presented with cholelithiasis. Preoperative work-up
      revealed no etiology. Analysis of the stones revealed the content to be pure
      calcium carbonate. The mother had taken a calcium carbonate supplement during the
      last four months of the pregnancy. This represents the first report of such an
      occurrence.

PMID- 4009361
TI  - New operative technique for Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - A new technique for definitive surgery in Hirschsprung's disease is described.
      After transection of the rectum at 2 cm above the peritoneal reflection, the
      distal rectum is incised laterally on both sides in a longitudinal direction half
      way to the anus. The mucosal lining of the anterior rectum is partially removed.
      The posterior portion of the rectum is divided into two flaps by sagittal
      incision up to the mucocutaneous junction of the anus, which are then reflected
      and everted through the anus. The proximal colon is then pulled through,
      exteriorizing 5 cm of ganglionic colon. The exteriorized colon is resected two
      weeks later. Nine cases were operated upon by this technique. The postoperative
      results were satisfactory in all cases.

PMID- 4009362
TI  - A new type of laryngotracheoesophageal cleft with extended bronchoesophageal
      cleft.
AB  - A case of total laryngotracheoesophageal cleft with extended fronchoesophageal
      cleft is reported. The baby had a long cleft not only on the whole length of the
      laryngotracheoesophagus but it also extended to the right lower bronchus and
      esophagus. It was associated with right upper bronchial stenosis, sequestration
      of right lower lobe, and a complex cardiovascular anomaly. There have been no
      reports of this extended type of cleft in the 59 reported cases.

PMID- 4009363
TI  - Esophageal and duodenal atresia with preduodenal common bile duct and portal vein
      in a newborn.
AB  - The presence of a preduodenal portal vein is an extremely rare event. Even rarer
      is its association with a preduodenal position of the common bile duct. In the
      case reported both these abnormalities were simultaneously associated with an
      esophageal atresia without fistula and atresia of the second duodenal portion.

PMID- 4009364
TI  - Bilateral megaureters presenting as an inguinal hernia.
AB  - A 4-week-old male presented with a swelling in the right groin. At herniotomy a
      megaureter was discovered and a subsequent IVU demonstrated bilateral
      megaureters.

PMID- 4009365
TI  - Chylous effusions due to neuroblastoma resolved by intrapleural chlorambucil
      coupled to father's antibodies.
AB  - A 2-year-old boy presented with a stage IV neuroblastoma and, despite surgical
      reduction of the tumor mass followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, he
      developed bilateral chylous pleural effusions. These proved resistant to
      traditional methods of treatment but were resolved with minimal discomfort to the
      child by intrapleural injections of chlorambucil chemically bound to antibodies
      raised by immunizing his father with irradiated tumor cells.

PMID- 4009366
TI  - Uterine torsion in a child.
AB  - This paper describes the apparent first reported case of torsion of the uterus in
      a 3-year-old child, its management, and discussion of the anatomy.

PMID- 4009367
TI  - Obstructive jaundice secondary to pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a seven-year-old
      male.
AB  - Pancreatic carcinoma in childhood is a rare cause of obstructive jaundice. This
      report deals with such a case in a seven-year-old boy, which was successfully
      treated with a pancreatoduodenectomy. A brief review of the literature reveals
      that children will tolerate radical pancreatic resections, including
      pancreatoduodenectomy, better than adults. The only hope of long-term survival
      rests with aggressive surgical treatment. Pancreatoduodenectomy in infants and
      children can be done with a low mortality (9%) and for a mean survival of greater
      than four years (median two years).

PMID- 4009368
TI  - Recent experience with a modified Sawaguchi procedure for biliary atresia.
AB  - The treatment of biliary atresia by variations of the original Kasai
      hepatoportoenterostomy has shown early success with good bile flow and the
      elimination of jaundice in 50% to 70% of cases in many series. Long-term follow
      up in many of these patients shows continued problems with ascending cholangitis
      and progressive liver disease leading to death. Our recent experience with a
      modified Sawaguchi hepatoportoenterostomy is encouraging. Twelve patients were
      operated on before two months of age. All but one became jaundice free within 2
      to 4 months and had biliary intestinal continuity reestablished within 3 to 6
      months. These 11 patients have remained jaundice free with normal growth and
      development 1 to 8 years postoperatively. Two patients had one and two episodes
      of cholangitis, respectively. All have continued mild elevations of
      hepatocellular enzymes but no patient has obvious signs of liver failure. Serial
      liver biopsies have shown clearing of bile stasis and continued periportal
      fibrosis. Size and number of ductules in the excised biliary remnant did not
      correlate with clinical outcome. One patient remained jaundiced after
      hepatoportoenterostomy and reoperation, and eventually expired. In contrast, two
      patients operated at 4 and 9 months of age never drained bile and eventually died
      of bleeding varices and hepatic failure, respectively. The atypical success and
      relative lack of cholangitis in this series is not readily explained, but may be
      related to specific technical modifications of the original Sawaguchi procedure.

PMID- 4009369
TI  - Revision of porto-enterostomy in congenital biliary atresia.
AB  - For the patients with insufficient bile flow following porto-enterostomy for
      congenital biliary atresia, removal or resection of granulation or scar tissue at
      the porta hepatis has been performed. Of 11 reoperations, constant bile excretion
      was obtained in four. Sufficient resection of scar tissue at the porta hepatis
      was most important for revision of porto-enterostomy. For resection of scar
      tissue, a special scissors devised by us was used.

PMID- 4009370
TI  - Solitary congenital fibromatosis of the scalp: a case report.

PMID- 4009371
TI  - Experimental study on the growth and proliferation kinetics of residual tumor
      after surgery in mouse neuroblastoma.
AB  - In order to elucidate the proliferation kinetics of residual tumors after
      surgery, experimental studies were performed, using C-1300NB and A/J mice, tumor
      host system. Mice were inoculated with C-1300NB cells in the chest and leg
      simultaneously, and then divided into three groups. Growth curves of chest tumors
      (residual tumors) in Group B after amputation of the tumor-bearing leg were
      significantly steeper than those of both Group A, whose tumor-bearing legs were
      not amputated, and Group C, whose normal legs were amputated, at the same tumor
      age. 3H-TdR labeling indices of chest tumors of Group B were significantly higher
      than those of Group A (P less than 0.05). DNA histograms of the chest tumors of
      Group A uniformly showed a unimodal distribution with a peak in the 2c range. On
      the other hand, in Group B the peak of nuclear DNA distribution shifted from the
      2c range to the 4c range after amputation of tumor-bearing leg. The results
      indicated that an increase in cells in the DNA synthetic phase occurred in the
      remaining neuroblastoma after reducing the volume of tumor in host by amputation
      of tumor-bearing legs.

PMID- 4009372
TI  - Pyloric function five to eleven years after Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy.
AB  - Pyloric function after Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy was assessed in seven patients
      aged five to eleven years and compared to that in sixteen normal children.
      Gastric emptying (T 1/2) of liquid, as measured by the double sampling test, was
      faster in patients than in normal children. Duodenal reflux was calculated from
      the sodium content in gastric aspirates. At rest, it was greater in patients than
      in normal children. In the poststimulatory state, there was no difference.
      Gastric acid secretion was similar in both groups. Rapid gastric emptying might
      explain the high incidence of peptic ulcer reported in several series of long
      term follow-up patients. Increased duodenal reflux at rest might account for a
      similar increased incidence in gastritis and dyspepsia.

PMID- 4009373
TI  - Segmental bronchomalacia: successful surgical correction in an infant.
AB  - Bronchomalacia is a rare cause of recurrent pneumonia, atelectasis, and in
      advanced cases, respiratory failure. It is generally treated symptomatically, but
      in end-stage cases with respiratory failure, bronchial resection can be performed
      with significant clinical benefit. This paper described the second reported case
      of successful bronchial resection for bronchomalacia.

PMID- 4009374
TI  - Supraclavicular approach to cervical esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal
      fistula.
AB  - This is a report of a patient with esophageal atresia with a blind upper pouch
      and a lower pouch fistula, both in the neck. The preoperative radiologic
      appearance of an air-filled esophagus behind the trachea suggested a higher than
      normal fistula. Preoperative bronchoscopy confirmed the cervical position of the
      fistula and, as a result, a supraclavicular incision was used to approach both
      the atresia and fistula.

PMID- 4009375
TI  - Evaluation of the role of surgery in 130 patients with neuroblastoma.
AB  - The role of surgery for children with neuroblastoma was evaluated by using a
      recently proposed TNM staging system. One-hundred thirty patients were
      retrospectively assigned a TNM clinical stage (CS) preoperatively and a
      pathologic stage (PS) postoperatively. Patients with CS 4 were separated into CS
      4A and CS 4B according to their age and pattern of metastases. Patient survival
      was analyzed according to CS, age, location of primary, and PS. Actuarial
      survival of patients was as follows: CS 1, 100%; CS 2, 82%; CS 3, 63%; CS 4A,
      50%; and CS 4B, 5%. For all stages, patients younger than 1 year old survived
      longer than those older than 1 year (72% v 32%). Prognosis for CS 1 was the same
      regardless of age. For CS 2 and CS 3, patients younger than 1 year old lived
      longer. CS 4A had better survival than CS 4B. Survival by site was 100% for
      cervical, 62% for mediastinal, 45% for pelvic, and 36% for retroperitoneal
      primaries. The role of surgery was evaluated by analyzing survival according to
      the postoperative PS. PS 1-2-3 A were regarded as satisfactory resections since
      all macroscopic tumor was removed. PS 3B as a debulking procedure, and PS 3C as
      an unresectable lesion which was biopsied. Patients with nonmetastatic disease
      (CS 1-3) with PS 1 and PS 2 disease had a 100% survival rate; PS 3A, 93%; PS 3B,
      58%; and PS 3C, 21%. This proves the value of total resection in nonmetastatic
      disease. The role of surgery could also be proven in metastatic disease.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009376
TI  - Magnetic removal of alkaline batteries from the stomach.
AB  - Twenty-eight cases of alkaline battery ingestion were treated in a 10-month
      period. In 16 cases, the batteries were in the stomach. They were all
      successfully removed using a magnet. This method has been shown to be easy and
      safe.

PMID- 4009377
TI  - A study of patients with long-term bile flow after hepatic portoenterostomy for
      biliary atresia.
AB  - Thirty-five cases of biliary atresia that demonstrated the creation of internal
      fistula between intrahepatic bile ducts at the portahepatis and intestine and
      showed long-term bile flow after our hepatic portoenterostomy were investigated
      from various aspects. These 35 cases were divided into Group A cases, in which
      jaundice disappeared within three months after surgery, and Group B cases, in
      which persistent jaundice was seen more than three months after surgery. (1)
      Severe liver fibrosis and degeneration of intrahepatic bile ducts were more often
      seen in Group B cases than in Group A cases. (2) The age at the time of surgery
      and the size of intrahepatic bile ducts at the portahepatis did not have much
      influence on the operative results in those 35 cases. (3) Measurement of the
      amount of bile flow and bile acid excretion obtained from Suruga II enterostomy
      is useful for evaluating the postoperative results of biliary atresia patients.
      (4) Reoperation that includes curettage and rehepatic portoenterostomy, and
      serious postoperative ascending cholangitis were each closely related to
      postoperative persistent jaundice.

PMID- 4009378
TI  - Reoperation in patients with biliary atresia.
AB  - Twenty-seven reoperations were done on 23 patients among 100 infants with biliary
      atresia who have been treated at Tohoku University Hospital between 1971 and
      1981. Nineteen patients had a single reoperation and 4 patients had 2
      reoperations. We present the results and the role of reoperation in biliary
      atresia patients in our institution. Excellent bile drainage after reoperation
      was obtained in 13 of 15 patients with good bile flow after the initial
      operation. On the contrary, good bile drainage was not obtained by reoperation in
      8 of 12 cases without active bile flow after the initial operation. Cessation of
      bile flow after successful initial operation is an absolute indication for
      reoperation. Aggressive reoperations under proper indications improve the
      surgical results in biliary atresia patients.

PMID- 4009379
TI  - The association of imperforate anus and Hirschsprung's disease in siblings.
AB  - The recognition of Hirschsprung's disease is often delayed in children with
      imperforate anus. Two siblings with imperforate anus who were born of
      consanguineous parents had persistent constipation after the repair of the
      anorectal malformation. Subsequently colon biopsy confirmed that each had long
      segment aganglionosis beginning at the splenic flexure. A suspicion that these
      two disorders may coexist is mandatory for early correct diagnosis.

PMID- 4009380
TI  - Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma in children: description of two cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) in children has been rarely described in
      the literature. During the last 10 years we have seen 2 cases. The first was a 2
      year-old boy who died 3 months after surgery. The second is now alive two and a
      half years after the mesothelioma was found, has undergone 3 laparotomies for
      recurrent tumor, and is now receiving chemotherapy and is apparently free of
      tumor.

PMID- 4009381
TI  - Presacral myxopapillary ependymoma presenting as an abdominal mass in a child.
AB  - Ependymomas of the sacrococcygeal region almost always arise on the posterior
      aspect of the sacrum in the soft tissues and subcutaneous tissues of this region.
      The predominant histologic type of ependymoma in the sacrococcygeal area is
      myxopapillary. We report a case of myxopapillary ependymoma arising in the
      presacral area and presenting clinically as an abdominal mass. Ependymomas
      arising on the ventral aspect of the sacrum are exceedingly rare, and only 24
      previous cases have been reported in the English literature. While dorsal
      myxopapillary ependymomas occasionally metastasize, there have been no reports of
      metastasis in the presacral tumors of this type.

PMID- 4009382
TI  - Catecholamines in arterial and venous umbilical blood: placental extraction,
      correlation with fetal hypoxia, and transcutaneous partial oxygen tension.
AB  - In 34 parturient women the levels of free epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE),
      and dopamine (D) were determined by a radioenzymatic method using maternal venous
      and umbilical arterial and venous blood. The study was conducted to investigate
      the relationship between fetal catecholamines and hypoxia, fetal heart rate
      (FHR), and transcutaneous pO2 (tcpO2). The placental catecholamine extraction
      rates were also calculated. Results The NE concentrations (10,200 pg/ml) and the
      E concentrations (1,120 pg/ml) in the fetal arterial blood were highly elevated
      with mean values increased 4-fold over umbilical vein values. Compared with the
      maternal venous blood, NE values were increased 20-fold, and E values 10-fold.
      Free D concentrations in fetal arterial blood (130 pg/ml) had risen 2.5-fold over
      maternal levels. These results suggest that the catecholamines measured in cord
      blood are of fetal origin and that the placenta has a high capacity for
      inactivation of free catecholamines. The placental extraction rate is 77 +/- 14%
      for NE, 76 +/- 16% for E, and 33 +/- 25% for D. The placental extraction rates
      for E and NE were virtually identical; in agreement with morphological studies
      they demonstrated absence of sympathetic innervation on the fetal side of the
      placenta. Highly significant correlations were found between fetal arterial NE
      concentrations and the 1-minute APGAR score, pH and base deficit in the umbilical
      artery and alterations of the FHR (deceleration area, baseline FHR). Further
      analysis of FHR alterations reveals that an increase in deceleration area without
      tachycardia is not correlated with an increase of fetal arterial NE
      concentration. A significant rise in NE was only found with additional
      tachycardia which is often associated with a loss of oscillation amplitude. Fetal
      arterial E concentrations were found to correlate with the fetal parameters
      indicating increased adrenal secretion of the hormone during fetal stress.
      However, correlation coefficients were lower than those obtained for NE. A
      significant effect of fetal hypoxia on arterial and venous D levels could not be
      demonstrated. Fetal tcpO2 varies between 0-25 mm Hg during the last two hours
      before delivery. In most cases tcpO2 was lower than the arterial pO2. Besides
      epidermal thickness and artifacts, skin perfusion is a major factor influencing
      the tcpO2 (transcutaneous arterial pO2 difference). Vasoconstriction of the
      cutaneous vessels induced by increased NE secretion during hypoxia may obviously
      produce a fall in tcpO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4009383
TI  - The concentration of hypoxanthine and lactate in the blood of healthy and hypoxic
      newborns.
AB  - This work examines the correlation between the concentration of hypoxanthine and
      lactate, the clinical course, and the parameters of the acid-base metabolism in
      newborns. In order to obtain normal values in mature, healthy newborns (Group A)
      136 determinations of hypoxanthine and 126 determinations of lactate in blood
      were performed in the first five postnatal days. In well prematures (Group B)
      hypoxanthine was determined 18 times and lactate 16 times. In newborns requiring
      oxygen therapy including ventilator support (Group C) hypoxanthine and lactate
      were determined 36 and 31 times respectively. Hypoxanthine levels in the blood of
      mature healthy newborns decreased with increasing age. A similar course is known
      for lactate levels. In the group of well prematures (Group B), hypoxanthine and
      lactate levels have an age dependent course similar to that in group A.
      Correlations between hypoxanthine and lactate concentrations were observed in all
      three groups but were not noted to be as well defined as has been seen
      experimentally (e.g., by SAUGSTAD) and thus confirm the clinical results of other
      authors. Among the newborns requiring oxygen therapy (Group C) 7 of 36
      hypoxanthine values were more than two standard deviations above those in the
      normal group. For lactate group C infants were in 12 of 31 cases above the two
      standard deviation range. The hypoxanthine and lactate concentrations of group C
      newborns were correlated with clinical and biochemical indicators of hypoxia.
      Infants with unequivocal signs of hypoxia showed elevated as well as normal
      hypoxanthine and lactate levels. Conversely, infants without clinical,
      pathological or biochemical hypoxia indicators showed in some cases elevated
      hypoxanthine and lactate values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009384
TI  - HPL as indicator of intrauterine malnutrition.

PMID- 4009385
TI  - Serum and red blood cell folate levels in parturients, in the intervillous space
      of the placenta and in full-term newborns.
AB  - Folates, essential nutrients for man, are especially important during gestation.
      Serum and red blood cell folate levels were measured in 51 parturients and in
      their respective placentas and concepts, with the objective to further elucidate
      the mechanisms of folate transfer from mother to fetus. The interrelationships
      between the three compartments with respect to folate levels were also studied
      (Tab. I). Serum and red blood cell folates were measured by radioimmunoassay in
      samples of venous blood from the mother, from the intervillous space of the
      placenta, and from the umbilical cord. Higher folate levels were detected in
      newborns than in their mothers both in serum (3.9 times) and red blood cells (2.3
      times). Serum folate levels were higher in the intervillous space of the placenta
      than in newborns (1.3 times) or mothers (4.5 times) Fig. 1, 2). These data
      suggest that the placenta concentrates folates, thus offering high concentrations
      of this vitamin to the fetus. It is possible that folate-binding proteins
      existing in the placenta participate in the mechanism of folate concentration in
      this organ. However, despite the existence of a transfer mechanism that benefits
      the fetus, a significant positive correlation was observed between serum folate
      levels of mothers, newborns and placentas.

PMID- 4009386
TI  - Influence of glucocorticoid and betamimetic therapy on milk secretory IgA
      concentration produced by mothers delivering preterm infants.
AB  - A prospective study was performed to find the possible difference in secretory
      IgA concentration in milk of mothers with term pregnancy labors and those
      delivering at earlier gestational ages. Since tocolytic drugs and/or
      glucocorticoid agents are usually given in cases of threatened premature labor,
      the pre-term group was divided into mothers with or without medication. Thirty
      two mothers were distributed in three groups: Group I, mothers with preterm
      labors without any medication; Group II, preterm labors with previous treatment
      with betamimetics and glucocorticoids; Group III, term labors (see Tab. I). In
      each of the three groups, three periods were studied: colostral (4 to 5 days
      postpartum), transitional (8 to 10 days), and mature (14 to 15 days). All mothers
      were healthy, with good nutritional state, without local inflammation and
      membranes had been ruptured 12 hours or less before labor. There was no
      significant difference in the proportion of primiparas and multiparas in both
      groups. The gestational age was evaluated by amenorrhea and neonatal examination.
      In all mothers milk was extracted with a vacuum pump to empty the mammary gland.
      The determinations were made using a specific antibody against the secretory
      component. The concentration of free secretory component in these milks was
      practically insignificant. No differences were found in the concentration of
      secretory IgA among the three groups (Tab. II, Fig. 1) in the periods that were
      studied, colostral, transitional or mature. The farther away from labor that milk
      extraction was made, in the periods considered in our study, there is a
      progressive decrease in the concentration of secretory IgA (Fig. 2).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009387
TI  - Placental transfer of metronidazole.

PMID- 4009388
TI  - Side effects of indomethacin.

PMID- 4009389
TI  - Separation and determination of sulphonamides in a pharmaceutical dosage form by
      HPLC using optimisation procedures.

PMID- 4009390
TI  - [Cyclosporin].

PMID- 4009391
TI  - [The role of excipients in dermatology].

PMID- 4009392
TI  - [The establishment of relative guaranties of quality of certain primary materials
      used in the fabrication of medico-surgical materials made of polyvinyl chloride].

PMID- 4009394
TI  - Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on roles of metals in biological reactions,
      biology and medicine. Kyoto. Abstracts.

PMID- 4009393
TI  - New platinum (II) and platinum (IV) complexes with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane.
      Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antitumour evaluation.

PMID- 4009395
TI  - Anti-arrhythmic effect of nadolol in experimental arrhythmias: comparison with
      propranolol and alprenolol.
AB  - The effects of nadolol on experimental arrhythmias were investigated and compared
      with those of propranolol and alprenolol. The arrhythmias were induced by either
      ouabain, holothane plus adrenaline or acute coronary occlusion in anesthetized
      dogs. All three beta-blocking drugs in a dose range of 10 to 200 micrograms/kg
      inhibited halothane plus adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. These drugs also
      attenuated coronary occlusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias as well as other
      electrical abnormalities such as electrical alternation and conduction delay.
      Among the three drugs, nadolol was the most potent in suppressing both types of
      arrhythmias. Contrary to the potent effects on these arrhythmias, nadolol was
      ineffective against ouabain-induced arrhythmias even in a dose of 3 mg kg, while
      propranolol and alprenolol were significantly effective in a dose of 100
      micrograms/kg. It is probable that the anti-arrhythmic effect of nadolol is
      exclusively due to its beta-blocking activity.

PMID- 4009396
TI  - Effect of dicyclomine on intestinal absorption, disposition and biliary excretion
      of dexamethasone.
AB  - The effect of dicyclomine, a cholinergic blocking agent, on the in situ
      intestinal absorption, plasma clearance, biliary excretion of dexamethasone was
      examined in rats. The plasma concentrations and area under the plasma
      concentration-time curve (AUC) of dexamethasone after both a single and repeated
      oral coadministration with dexamethasone phosphate (4 mg/kg) and dicyclomine (4
      mg/kg) were significantly reduced compared with those after dexamethasone alone,
      without the alteration of elimination rate. The in situ absorption study also
      indicated that the absorption of dexamethasone was reduced to about a half after
      repeated coadministration of the two drugs. The renal plasma flow (RPF) in
      coadministration group was significantly enhanced compared with that of
      dexamethasone alone. The biliary excretion of dexamethasone was reduced, in
      proportion to the plasma concentrations, by dicyclomine. Therefore, dicyclomine
      should be administered taking much care in the corticosteroid treatment, because
      of producing the decrease in absorption.

PMID- 4009397
TI  - Effects of morphine and indomethacin on evoked neuronal responses of ventrobasal
      thalamic neurones: site of action of analgesic drugs in non-adjuvant arthritic
      rats.
AB  - Single neuronal activity was recorded extracellularly in the ventrobasal (VB)
      nucleus of the thalamus in non-adjuvant arthritic rats under urethane (1200
      mg/kg, i.p.) anesthesia. The effects of morphine and indomethacin on the evoked
      responses elicited by noxious stimuli such as transcutaneous electrical
      stimulation (TES) or tibial nerve electrical stimulation (TNES), or non-noxious
      stimulation such as repetitive brushing were examined. Intravenous administered
      morphine (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) depressed the evoked responses elicited by either
      TES or TNES without affecting any background activities. In contrast, intravenous
      administered indomethacin (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) depressed the evoked responses
      induced by TES, but failed to depress the evoked responses induced by TNES. At
      doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg, indomethacin slightly depressed the background
      activities of the nociceptive neurones. Depressant effects of morphine were
      restored by intravenous naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) administration, but not observed in
      case of indomethacin. The evoked responses induced by non-noxious stimulation
      failed to depress either indomethacin or morphine administration. These results
      suggest that the site of action of indomethacin in non-adjuvant arthritic rats is
      mainly in the periphery. In contrast, morphine produced an antinociceptic action
      due to the central mechanism.

PMID- 4009398
TI  - A simple and rapid method for preparation of 203Hg-labeled methylmercury from
      203HgCl2 and methylcobalamin.
AB  - A rapid and simple method for preparation of 203Hg-labeled methylmercuric
      chloride (CH3(203)HgCl) from 203HgCl2 and methylcobalamin is described. More than
      99% of 203Hg was methylated with methylcobalaminin 0.01 N HCl during 1 h.
      CH3(203)HgCl formed during the reaction was rapidly and completely separated from
      cobalamins and unreacted 203HgCl2 by CM-Sephadex C-25 minicolumn. The low cost
      procedure for preparation of CH3(203)HgCl can be completed within 2 h and yields
      an inorganic 203Hg-free CH3(203)HgCl which is useful in methylmercury toxicology.

PMID- 4009399
TI  - Saturable transport of cimetidine from cerebrospinal fluid to blood in rats.
AB  - Cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, is known to have some effects on
      central nervous system, and is reported to emerge in the cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF). We evaluated the elimination of cimetidine from CSF by the method of
      ventriculo-cisternal perfusion in rats. The extraction ratio of cimetidine at the
      low perfusate concentration (14 nM) was 0.190 +/- 0.023 (n = 3), while that
      significantly (p less than 0.02) decreased to 0.0916 +/- 0.081 (n = 3) at the
      high concentration (4 mM). No significant difference was observed in the
      production rate of CSF between these two concentrations. These findings suggest
      that cimetidine is excreted from CSF to blood by a saturable transport system.

PMID- 4009400
TI  - Proceedings of the 7th symposium on microbial sciences. Okayama.

PMID- 4009401
TI  - Toxicity of local anaesthetics on myogenic cells in culture.
AB  - Toxicity of local anaesthetics on chick myogenic cells (mononucleated myoblasts
      and multinucleated myotubes) in culture was examined. Following treatment with
      the drugs, myogenic cells showed some morphological changes and finally detached
      from the culture dishes. In most cases, the toxic effect was estimated by the
      amount of cells detached quantitatively. The indices used to show the amount of
      cells were the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and creatine kinase activity content
      of mono- and multinucleated cells remaining on the dishes, respectively.
      Dibucaine was more toxic than bupivacaine, mepivacaine, tetracaine and procaine,
      and was examined in detail. The toxicity was dependent on its concentration, pH
      and temperature of the reaction medium in both mono- and multinucleated cells,
      and paralleled the concentration of uncharged form of the drug, suggesting that
      this form in external medium was actually toxic.

PMID- 4009402
TI  - Intestinal absorption of ursodeoxycholic, glycoursodeoxycholic and
      tauroursodeoxycholic acids in rats.
AB  - We examined the intestinal absorption of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDC),
      glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDC) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDC) using an
      everted gut sac technique. UDC was absorbed throughout rat small intestine almost
      to the same extent. Absorption of both GUDC and TUDC, however, varied between
      jejunum and ileum. Absorption of these conjugated bile acids in the jejunal
      segments was less than that of UDC. While, absorption of GUDC and TUDC in the
      terminal ileum was more efficient than UDC. Although 2,4-dinitrophenol had no
      effect on the jejunal uptake, ileal uptake of these three bile acids was
      inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol.

PMID- 4009403
TI  - Platelet activating factor analogues: lack of correlation between their
      activities to produce hypotension and endothelium-mediated vasodilation.
AB  - Hypotensive activities of 11 synthetic derivatives of platelet activating factor
      (PAF) were examined and compared with their activities to produce endothelium
      related relaxation of isolated rat thoracic aorta. The derivatives showed variety
      of hypotensive activities; some of the derivatives were more potent than natural
      PAF and some were virtually inactive compared to PAF. However, all of the
      compounds tested exhibited exactly the same activities to produce endothelium
      related vasodilation. These results confirmed our previous view that the PAF
      induced hypotension is not solely due to the endothelium-related vascular
      relaxation observed in vitro.

PMID- 4009404
TI  - The effect of albumin on the uptake of bromosulfophthalein by isolated rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The initial rate of uptake of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) by isolated rat
      hepatocytes analyzed as a function of the unbound concentration of BSP was
      greater in the presence of albumin than in its absence, though the presence of
      albumin in the medium apparently decreased the uptake of BSP by hepatocytes
      analyzed as a function of the total concentration of BSP. This suggests that the
      uptake of BSP by isolated rat hepatocytes in the presence of albumin is not only
      dependent on the unbound concentration of BSP, but also is driven by the bound
      fraction of BSP.

PMID- 4009406
TI  - Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on the Development and Application of Naturally
      Occurring Drug Materials, Hiroshima.

PMID- 4009405
TI  - Metabolism and nephrotoxicity of phenacetin and sulfanilamide.
AB  - The mechanisms of renal damage produced by sulfanilamide and phenacetin were
      studied. N-Hydroxyphenacetin, 4-hydroxylaminobenzenesulfonamide (4-HABSA) and p
      aminophenol were established to be nephrotoxic metabolites. As well as N
      hydroxylase activity of sulfanilamide, that of phenacetin in kidney microsomes of
      rats was increased about 4 times by pretreatment with 3, 4, 5, 3', 4'
      pentachlorobiphenyl (PenCB) which is a potent inducer of cytochrome P-448.
      Parallel to this enzyme induction, pretreatment with PenCB enhanced the
      nephrotoxicity of phenacetin and sulfanilamide in rats. On the other hand, the
      formation of p-aminophenol from phenacetin was also confirmed in rat kidney in
      vitro. These results suggested that 4-HABSA, N-hydroxyphenacetin and p
      aminophenol formed in kidney play an important role in the renal damage produced
      by sulfanilamide and phenacetin.

PMID- 4009407
TI  - The effect of caffeine ingestion on pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its
      metabolites after a single administration in pregnant rats.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites were studied in pregnant
      rats in order to clarify the effects of maternal caffeine ingestion on the
      caffeine disposition. On gestational day 18 the single intravenous or oral 10
      mg/kg dose of caffeine was administered to pregnant rats who had received
      drinking water containing 0.04% caffeine or water ad lib during the premating
      and/or pregnant periods. Concentrations of caffeine and its dimethylxanthines
      were simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The
      caffeine plasma concentration-time curves were analyzed by assumption of a one
      compartment model. The apparent volume of distribution of caffeine in rats given
      caffeine only during pregnancy was decreased. The elimination rate constant (kel)
      of caffeine in most of the rats taking caffeine during pregnancy was increased.
      The rats which had received caffeine throughout the premating and pregnant
      periods had a relatively high total body plasma clearance (CL) of caffeine. The
      kel and the CL widely varied in the rats taking caffeine during pregnancy. The
      individual values of kel or CL in pregnant rats were significantly correlated
      with the molar concentration ratios of the metabolites to caffeine in plasma at 8
      h after administration of caffeine. It is concluded that the caffeine disposition
      is influenced by the different modes of maternal caffeine ingestion during the
      premating and/or pregnant periods.

PMID- 4009408
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of spironolactone and potassium canrenoate in humans.
AB  - Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of canrenone (III), canrenoic acid
      (IV) and canrenoic acid glucuronide (V) were determined by means of high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorometry after oral
      administration of spironolactone (I) and potassium canrenoate (II) to human
      subjects. Comparison of both assays for III in plasma as well as in urine after
      administration of I showed marked differences. Plasma concentrations of III were
      significantly higher after administration of II than I, Cmax and AUC from II
      being 3--5 times larger than those from I by means of HPLC assay, while the
      fluorometrically determined values for III in plasma after administration of I
      and II did not differ as much from each other. On the other hand, in contrast to
      plasma, the amount of III excreted in urine after administration of I was much
      larger than that after II, i.e. 3--4 times greater by means of HPLC and over 10
      times greater by means of fluorometry. These results strongly suggest that
      precursors of III are formed which have a higher renal clearance than that for
      III alone after oral administration of I. Considering the relative biological
      potency ratio of I and II, it is presumed that their pharmacological activities
      may relate to the urinary excretion of III. Plasma concentrations of IV were
      definitely higher after administration of II compared to those after I. Canrenoic
      acid (IV) was excreted mainly as glucuronide (V) in urine.

PMID- 4009409
TI  - Effect of extracellular water volume on the distribution kinetics of beta-lactam
      antibiotics as a function of age.
AB  - The distribution kinetics of cefazolin in rats has been examined at four
      different ages (1, 7, 50 and 100 weeks). The steady state distribution volume of
      cefazolin, estimated from the plasma time course after i.v. injection of 20
      mg/kg, varied between 136 ml/kg (50-week-old rats) and 297 ml/kg (1-week-old
      rats). The extracellular fluid volume, obtained from the steady state
      distribution volume of inulin, varied between 126 ml/kg (50-week-old rats) and
      370 ml/kg (1-week-old rats). There was a good correlation between the steady
      state distribution volume of cefazolin and extracellular fluid volume (r =
      0.977). The influence of changes on the value of the plasma unbound fraction and
      extracellular fluid volume on the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient of beta
      lactam antibiotics was simulated by using a physiological pharmacokinetic model.
      The results of the simulation showed that extracellular fluid volume is an
      important factor affecting the distribution volume of beta-lactam antibiotics and
      that plasma binding plays a minor role on it. The experimental and simulation
      results suggested that the change in the interstitial fluid volume is a
      determinant factor in the age-related changes in the distribution volume of beta
      lactam antibiotics.

PMID- 4009410
TI  - Alteration of histamine, serotonin and primary prostaglandin in case of diarrhea
      induced by endotoxin and gastrointestinal absorption of drug.
AB  - Effects of endotoxin on the motility, the permeability of mesenteric blood vessel
      and endogenous substances (electrolyte (Na, K), histamine, serotonin and primary
      prostaglandin) in the small intestine of mice were investigated. Diarrhea was
      induced by intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin in mice. It
      is suggested that the diarrheal action of endotoxin is due to the acceleration of
      intestinal motility and/or the facilitation of mesenteric blood vessel
      permeability. On the other hand, from the observation of blood concentration of
      acetaminophen and sulfisoxazole, inhibition of drug absorption was suggested in
      cases of diarrhea induced by endotoxin. This inhibition of gastrointestinal
      absorption is due to the delay of the gastric emptying rate, the increase of
      intestinal transit time of drug in the absorption site and the acceleration of
      mesenteric blood vessel permeability. Then it is conceivable that these actions
      may be mediated by biogenic amines (serotonin and histamine) and primary
      prostaglandins.

PMID- 4009411
TI  - Product inhibition of aminopyrine N-demethylation in isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - The product inhibition of aminopyrine (AM) N-demethylation by 4
      monomethylaminoantipyrine (MAA) was examined in vitro in preparations of isolated
      rat hepatocytes using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The kinetic
      study for AM N-demethylation, which was determined by MAA formation, was studied
      at concentrations from 0.2 to 4.0 mM with or without various concentrations of D3
      MAA. D3-MAA inhibited AM N-demethylation non-competitively at concentrations of
      0.2 to 1.0 mM of AM (Ki = 0.81 mM), though it did competitively at concentrations
      of 1.0 to 4.0 mM of AM (Ki = 0.81 mM). From the present observation, it was
      suggested that the inhibition type of AM N-demethylation by D3-MAA was dependent
      on the substrate (AM) concentration.

PMID- 4009412
TI  - Comparison of disappearance from blood and lymphatic delivery of human fibroblast
      interferon in rat by different administration routes.
AB  - Disappearance from the blood and lymphatic delivery of human fibroblast
      interferon (HuIFN-beta) in rats by the various administration routes were
      studied. Intravenous injection showed a rapid disappearance of HuIFN-beta from
      the blood circulation, however, the clearance rate was greatly decreased after 2
      h and the half-lives were 15 min and 2.0 h. Intramuscular, subcutaneous and
      intraperitoneal injections maintained readily detectable levels in the blood for
      12 h, and the half-lives were 2.3, 1.7 and 1.2 h, respectively. Lipid-surfactant
      mixed micelles greatly promoted the absorption of HuIFN-beta from the large
      intestine with extremely high selective lymphatic delivery, whereas intravenous
      and intramuscular injections showed no selective transfer into the lymphatics.

PMID- 4009413
TI  - Promoting mechanism by bile salt related to water absorption in drug rectal
      absorption.
AB  - The promoting mechanism by bile salts in rat rectal absorption of antipyrine was
      studied by the in situ recirculating perfusion. The significant correlation
      between rectal absorption clearance (CLAP) of antipyrine (AP) and apparent water
      influx (influx') was found in the control without promoters, indicating the
      existence of solvent drag in the AP rectal absorption. Sieving coefficient of AP
      (bAP), i.e. the slope of the regression line between CLAP and influx', was 0.6
      approximately equal to that in small intestine reported previously. The relation
      between the promoting effects and solvent drag was further studied, resulting
      that both CLAP and influx' were significantly enhanced by sodium taurocholate (TC
      Na), sodium glycocholate (GC-Na) and sodium cholate (C-Na). Accordingly the
      promoting effects of bile salts might be due to the increase in solvent drag.
      However TC-Na did not produce the significant change in bAP. From these results,
      the enhancing mechanism in the epithelial cell membrane transport was discussed.

PMID- 4009414
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of bencyclane in human serum.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay of bencyclane in human serum was developed. Male rabbits were
      immunized with p-(3-carboxy-propoxy)bencyclane-bovine serum albumin conjugate,
      giving antisera with high titers. 125I-p-Hydroxybencyclane with a high specific
      activity was prepared as a labelled antigen by a chloramine-T method. In the
      radioimmunoassay procedure, a mixture of serum sample, diluted antiserum and 125I
      antigen solution were incubated at 4 degrees C for 18 h, and bound-free
      separation was carried out by a dextran-coated charcoal method. The detection
      limit of bencyclane in human serum was 1.0 ng/ml, and the cross-reactivity of the
      antiserum with metabolites was found to be very low. Serum samples from healthy
      volunteers dosed orally with bencyclane fumarate were analyzed by both of the
      radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric methods. An excellent
      correlation was observed between the values obtained by both methods.

PMID- 4009415
TI  - [Studies on moutan cortex. IX. On the phagocytosis activity of the mouse
      reticuloendothelial system. (1)].

PMID- 4009416
TI  - [High performance liquid chromatographic determination of pheophorbide a in
      chlorella tablets].

PMID- 4009417
TI  - [Determination of vitamin K3 in plasma by differential pulse polarography].

PMID- 4009418
TI  - [Partial purification and characterization of hyaluronidase from pig testis].

PMID- 4009419
TI  - [Crystal forms of cianidanol].

PMID- 4009420
TI  - [Biological fate of N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine].

PMID- 4009421
TI  - [Studies of mechanisms of diarrhea induced by fusarenon-X, a trichothecene
      mycotoxin from Fusarium species; the effects of fusarenon-X and various
      cathartics on the digestion and the absorption of the mouse intestine].

PMID- 4009422
TI  - [Steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase (cytochrome P-450) from porcine
      adrenocortical microsomes: inhibition of lyase activity by progesterone and
      inhibition of hydroxylase activity by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone].

PMID- 4009423
TI  - [Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species. VI. On the flavonoid
      constituents of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (5). Quantitative
      analysis of flavonoids in Scutellaria roots by high-performance liquid
      chromatography].

PMID- 4009424
TI  - [Pharmacological studies of sodium alginate. V. Effect of sodium alginate on
      platelet aggregation].

PMID- 4009425
TI  - [Pharmacological properties of quaternary atropinium derivatives].

PMID- 4009426
TI  - [Studies on an antitumor polysaccharide RBS derived from rice bran. I.
      Preparation, physico-chemical properties, and biological activities of RBS].

PMID- 4009427
TI  - [Animal lectin-dependent bone marrow cell-mediated cytolysis].

PMID- 4009428
TI  - Degradation of phenolic compounds by the yeast Candida tropicalis HP 15. I.
      Physiology of growth and substrate utilization.
AB  - The yeast Candida tropicalis HP 15 was able to utilize phenol up to
      concentrations of 2.5 g/l as a sole carbon and energy source. Phenol was
      metabolized via the beta-ketoadipate pathway by an inducible enzyme system.
      Besides phenol, resorcinol, quinol, hydroxyquinol, catechol, and to a lesser
      extend 4-chlorocatechol, protocatechuate, p-cresol, m-chlorophenol, and p
      chlorophenol were metabolized by the yeast. A total of 30 aromatic compounds were
      tested as substrates.

PMID- 4009429
TI  - A radioimmunoassay for (p)ppGpp and its application to Streptomyces
      hygroscopicus.
AB  - Aradioimmunoassay for (p)ppGpp was set up and applied to Streptomyces
      hygroscopicus. The (p)ppGpp specific antibodies obtained from rabbits immunized
      with ppGpp-human serum albumin could not distinguish between guanosine-5'
      triphosphate-3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) and guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate
      (ppGpp) whereas the cross reacitivity against structurally related nucleotides
      was negligible. Therefore, the antibodies were used for determination of
      (p)ppGpp, i.e. the sum of pppGpp and ppGpp. The pretreatment of biological
      samples for quantification of (p)ppGpp included formic acid extraction of cell
      pool followed by step gradient elution on DEAE-Sephadex A25 (Cl-) column for
      separation of (p)ppGpp from nucleotides with three or less phosphate groups. The
      very sensitive radioimmunoassay allowed determination of very low amounts: 1--50
      pmoles (p)ppGpp per assay tube. The application of the RIA to S. hygroscopicus
      revealed a basal level in exponentially growing mycelium of about 2 pmoles
      (p)ppGpp per mg dry weight. The equilibrated pool size after induction of
      stringent response with serine hydroxamate was found to be about 30 pmoles
      (p)ppGpp per mg dry weight.

PMID- 4009430
TI  - Improved delivery through biological membranes XIX: Novel redox carriers for
      brain-specific chemical delivery systems.
AB  - New dihydropyridine in equilibrium pyridinium salt-type redox carrier systems
      were developed in which the drug is linked via the ring nitrogen atom of
      nicotinamide. The rate of oxidation of the dihydropyridine forms, and thus the
      overall and brain-specific distribution of the corresponding 3-carbamoyl-1
      carbamoylalkyl-drug quaternary salts, depends on the number of methylene groups
      separating the ring nitrogen and the carbamoyl function linked to the drug.

PMID- 4009431
TI  - Conformational polymorphism VI: the crystal and molecular structures of form II,
      form III, and form V of 4-amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide (sulfapyridine).
AB  - The crystal structures of three crystalline forms of 4-amino-N
      pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide (sulfapyridine) have been determined by X-ray single
      crystal structure analysis. Form II crystallizes in space group P2(1)/c with four
      molecules in the unit cell: a = 0.6722(1) nm, b = 2.0593(5) nm, c = 0.8505(1) nm,
      beta = 101.14(1) degrees; Form III crystallizes in space group C2/c with eight
      molecules in the unit cell: a = 1.2830(2) nm, b = 1.1714(3) nm, c = 1.5400(3) nm,
      beta = 94.12(1) degrees; Form V crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca
      with 16 molecules in the unit cell: a = 2.4722(10) nm, b = 1.5710(15) nm, c =
      1.2147(7) nm. The three structures were solved by direct methods and refined
      anisotropically to R factors of 0.045, 0.052, and 0.063, respectively. Bond
      lengths and bond angles agree well among the molecules in these structures;
      however, the system exhibits conformational polymorphism since the molecular
      conformation, as measured by torsion angles, differs significantly among the
      three forms. Sulfapyridine exhibits the imide configuration in all three
      structures rather than the amide form present in other sulfonamide compounds.
      Using the structural data, the powder patterns of the three forms have been
      computer generated to provide standard diffraction patterns for comparison with
      the variety of polymorphic forms reported in the literature.

PMID- 4009432
TI  - Novel method for the preparation of controlled-release theophylline granules
      coated with a polyelectrolyte complex of sodium polyphosphate-chitosan.
AB  - A novel method for the preparation of theophylline granules coated with a
      polyelectrolyte complex of sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan was developed.
      The theophylline granules containing sodium tripolyphosphate were stirred in an
      HCl solution of chitosan. During the mixing, the dissolved sodium
      tripolyphosphate in the granule moved to the surface and reacted with the
      chitosan, resulting in the formation of the polyelectrolyte complex film. The
      factors affecting the drug content, the particle size, and the coating-film
      thickness of the resultant coated granules were determined. The theophylline
      content in the coated granule decreased with increasing content ratio of sodium
      tripolyphosphate to theophylline in the original granule and with increasing
      chitosan concentration in the coating solution. The coated granule size increased
      with increasing chitosan concentration in the coating solution and with
      decreasing agitation speed. The coating-film thickness increased with an increase
      in the chitosan concentration, the pH of the coating solution, and the sodium
      tripolyphosphate to theophylline content ratio in the original granule. The drug
      release pattern of the coated granules followed zero-order kinetics and the
      release rates were significantly reduced compared with that of the original
      granule.

PMID- 4009433
TI  - Surfactant effect on the dissolution of sulfanilamide granules.
AB  - Polysorbate 80 incorporated in sulfanilamide granules was found to depress the
      dissolution of sulfanilamide. The largest decrease corresponded to the lowest
      concentration of surfactant used. Sulfanilamide granules formulated with either
      starch or microcrystalline cellulose also decreased the release of the drug. The
      effect of starch depressing sulfanilamide dissolution was greater with higher
      starch content in the granules. However, addition of polysorbate 80 improved the
      dissolution of sulfanilamide granules containing starch but not those with
      microcrystalline cellulose. This difference was found to be related to the
      ability of starch to swell and cause granule disintegration. The inclusion of
      polysorbate 80 in starch-containing granules produced softer and more densely
      packed granules which were more responsive to the swelling effect of starch.

PMID- 4009434
TI  - Kinetics and mechanisms of thioamide rotational isomerism: N-thionaphthoyl-N
      methyl glycine derivative.
AB  - Thioamide, 1, is shown to exist as two rotameric forms in solution, rotamer A and
      B. Conformations of the rotamers are defined to be trans for rotamer A and cis
      for rotamer B. Energy barriers restricting rotation about the C--N bond of the
      thioamide group are examined as a function of pH, temperature, buffer
      concentration, ionic strength, and dielectric constant. Kinetic parameters, kobs,
      k1, k2, Ea, delta S not equal to, delta H not equal to, and Keq are obtained. No
      significant buffer effect is observed. Ionic strength (0.2-0.8) does not markedly
      affect the rate of interconversion. The extent of reaction (Keq) is related to
      dissociation of the carboxylic acid function. The reaction rate decreases with
      increasing polarity of solvent which retards interconversion. The energy barriers
      (Ea = 25-26 kcal/mol) are almost invariant with changing pH values. When
      protected from light, rotamer A is thermodynamically more stable than rotamer B.
      The rotamer ratio is dependent on pH and temperature. Under 500 foot-candle light
      exposure, the ratio of rotamer A to B is close to one at 30 degrees C.

PMID- 4009435
TI  - Extended Hildebrand solubility approach: sulfonamides in binary and ternary
      solvents.
AB  - The extended Hildebrand solubility approach is used to estimate the solubility of
      sulfonamides in binary and ternary solvent systems. The solubility of
      sulfisomidine in the binary solvent, dioxane-water, shows a bell-shaped profile
      with a solubility maximum well above the ideal solubility of the drug. This is
      attributed to solvation of the drug with the dioxane-water solvent, and indicates
      that the solute-solvent interaction energy (W) is larger than the geometric mean
      (delta 1 delta 2) of regular solution theory. The solubilities of sulfadiazine,
      sulfisomidine, sulfathiazole, and sulfamethoxazole were determined in mixtures of
      dimethylacetamide, glycerol, and water, and the solubility profiles were well
      reproduced by use of the extended Hildebrand solubility approach. Since the
      solubility parameter (delta 1 = 11) of the solvent (dimethylacetamide) was
      approximately equal to the solubility parameters of the sulfonamides, and because
      of the powerful solvating power of dimethylacetamide, the solubility profiles did
      not exhibit peaks as observed for sulfisomidine in dioxane-water. When
      sulfisomidine was dissolved in a ternary mixture, i.e., butyl acetate (delta 1 =
      8.5), dimethylacetamide (delta 1 congruent to 11), and methanol (delta 1 = 14.5),
      a spike was produced in the solubility profile at the solubility parameter of
      dimethylacetamide. This sharply peaked profile suggests that the two branches be
      treated as separate solubility curves, which are then independently well
      reproduced by the extended Hildebrand solubility approach. None of the four
      sulfonamides yielded log-linear relationships in the ternary mixtures.

PMID- 4009436
TI  - Characterization of the shear sensitivity property of petrolatum.
AB  - The effects of temperature and mechanical shear on the microcrystalline structure
      of petrolatum are examined; syneresis determinations and rheological methods are
      utilized as indicators of the integrity of this structure. Two simple and
      practical methods for determining the shear sensitivity of petrolatum are
      presented. The rheological technique of spring relaxation is evaluated and shown
      to be more valuable than the continuous rheogram data in predicting the
      microcrystalline structure of petrolatum.

PMID- 4009437
TI  - Disposition of etofibrate, clofibric and nicotinic acid esters, and their
      products in dogs.
AB  - Etofibrate, the ethylene glycol diester of clofibric and nicotinic acids, on
      intravenous infusion into dogs, has a terminal half-life of 2 min. The
      intermediate half-esters, the nicotinate and the clofibrate, have respective
      terminal half-lives of 4.6 and 1.7 min and appear fleetingly when etofibrate is
      administered. In contrast to the 42-h terminal half-life of clofibric acid, the
      other final transformation product, nicotinic acid, shows saturable or dose
      dependent pharmacokinetics in dogs that conform to the Michaelis-Menten equation
      with a terminal half-life of 4.4 min at low concentrations (less than 6.9
      microM/kg). Three distinct metabolites of nicotinic acid can be identified and
      assayed chromatographically in the urine. The partition properties were similar
      to nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid is excreted 30% unchanged into urine with a
      renal clearance of 70 mL/min in 27-kg dogs.

PMID- 4009438
TI  - Quantitative liquid chromatographic determination of bromadoline and its N
      demethylated metabolites in blood, plasma, serum, and urine samples.
AB  - Bromadoline and its two N-demethylated metabolites were extracted into
      ether:butyl chloride after the addition of internal standard and basification of
      the various biological fluids (blood, plasma, serum, and urine). These compounds
      were then extracted into dilute phosphoric acid from the organic phase and
      separated on a reversed-phase chromatographic system using a mobile phase
      containing acetonitrile and a buffer of 1,4-dimethylpiperazine and perchloric
      acid. The overall absolute extraction recoveries of these compounds were
      approximately 50-80%. The background interferences from the biological fluids
      were negligible and allowed quantitative determination of bromadoline and the
      metabolites at levels as low as 2-5 ng/mL. At mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min,
      the sample components and the internal standard were eluted at the retention
      times within approximately 7-12 min. The drug- and metabolite-to-internal
      standard peak height ratios showed excellent linear relationships with their
      corresponding concentrations. The analytical method showed satisfactory within-
      and between-run assay precision and accuracy, and has been utilized in the
      simultaneous determination of bromadoline and its two N-demethylated metabolites
      in biological fluids collected from humans and from dogs after administration of
      bromadoline maleate.

PMID- 4009439
TI  - Liquid chromatographic assay for fluoxymesterone in human serum with application
      to a preliminary bioavailability study.
AB  - Fluoxymesterone was extracted from serum with a liquid-liquid extraction
      procedure. Serum containing both drug and internal standard, 6 alpha
      methylprednisolone, was extracted with methylene chloride. The extract was washed
      with 0.1 M NaOH and water, evaporated, and reconstituted with mobile phase.
      Chromatography was performed on a Zorbax Sil column, preceded by a guard column,
      with a mobile phase composed of 50% water-saturated butyl
      chloride:tetrahydrofuran:methanol:phosphoric acid (880:100:15:0.5).
      Fluoxymesterone and methylprednisolone were detected by UV absorption at 236 nm.
      Overall recovery was 80%. Calibration curves were linear for fluoxymesterone
      concentrations from 5 to 100 ng/mL. The assay is accurate and precise (RSD values
      less than or equal to 7%); endogenous steroids did not interfere with the assay.
      Assay suitability was assessed in a bioavailability study in which six subjects
      each received two treatments of 10-mg fluoxymesterone tablets in a Latin-square
      crossover study. The two treatments were a tablet administered either buccally or
      orally. Cmax values ranged from 40 to 150 ng/mL with tmax values of 1-2 h. The
      harmonic mean half-life of fluoxymesterone was 2.0 h. Less than 8% of the AUC was
      extrapolated. Mean Cmax and AUC values from the oral treatment were 80 and 76%,
      respectively, of the mean values from the buccal treatment.

PMID- 4009440
TI  - Segmental difference and effect of glucose on drug exsorption across the small
      intestine of rats.
AB  - An exsorption technique which can assess the transport of a drug from blood to
      the intestinal lumen was used to study the effects of glucose and to determine
      the presence of segmental differences in drug transport across the rat small
      intestinal membrane following intravenous drug administration. The drugs used in
      the study were un-ionized (sulfanilamide) or ionized (metoclopramide and
      sulfisoxazole) at the physiological pH (6.5) of rat small intestine. An
      intestinal segment of 20 cm from the ligament of Treitz to the distal part was
      used as the jejunum and the same length from the ileocecal junction to the
      proximal part was regarded as the ileal segment. Isotonic NaCl or glucose was
      used as the intraluminal perfusate. In the case of sulfanilamide, the exsorption
      rate remained almost constant during the perfusion of NaCl or glucose and no
      segmental differences in the exsorption rates were observed. For the weakly basic
      drug (metoclopramide) the exsorption rate in the jejunum was significantly
      decreased by glucose. Conversely, for the weakly acidic drug (sulfisoxazole), the
      exsorption rate in the jejunum was increased during glucose perfusion. In
      contrast to the effects observed in the jejunum, glucose did not have any
      significant effect on the exsorption rate of drugs studied in the ileum. These
      observations might be explained by the intraluminal pH in the respective segments
      and changes in the pH mediated by glucose perfusion.

PMID- 4009441
TI  - Kinetics of drug action in disease states XII: Effect of experimental liver
      diseases on the pharmacodynamics of phenobarbital and ethanol in rats.
AB  - This investigation was designed to determine if liver diseases can modify the
      pharmacodynamics of the central nervous system depressants phenobarbital and
      ethanol. Two experimental models of liver diseases in rats were used:
      extrahepatic cholestasis produced by bile duct ligation and hepatic necrosis
      induced by carbon tetrachloride administration. Phenobarbital (both models) or
      ethanol (cholestasis model only) was infused slowly intravenously until the rats
      lost their righting reflex. Drug concentrations in serum, brain, and
      cerebrospinal fluid at that time were determined in the diseased animals as well
      as in sham-operated or solvent-treated controls. Phenobarbital concentrations at
      the onset of action were not significantly different between controls and either
      5-d or 12-d cholestatic rats, except for total serum concentrations which were
      lower in the cholestatic groups due to reduced protein binding. Ethanol
      concentrations were slightly but statistically significantly lower in 12-d
      cholestatic rats as compared with controls. Neither 5-d nor 12-d carbon
      tetrachloride-induced hepatic dysfunction had any significant effect on
      phenobarbital concentrations at the onset of loss of righting reflex, except for
      a marginal decrease in the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of rats that had
      been treated for 5 d with the hepatotoxin. It was concluded that, under the
      experimental conditions, the hepatic diseases investigated did not have
      appreciable effects on the central nervous system response to the hypnotic action
      of phenobarbital and ethanol.

PMID- 4009443
TI  - Polymeric dyes: useful nonabsorbable reference markers for intestinal perfusion
      studies in animals.
AB  - The properties of two polymeric dyes were examined to determine their suitability
      as nonabsorbable reference markers for intestinal perfusion studies. The first
      dye was a violet anthroquinone dye, R-478, named polyporphyre; the second was a
      blue anthroquinone dye, R-411, named polycyanine. The dyes could be determined
      spectrophotometrically over a concentration range of 0.03-5 microM (1-200
      micrograms/mL) and had no appreciable osmotic effect. They were light stable and
      their absorption spectra did not change in solution over a pH range of 1-11. The
      dyes had a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 by gel permeation
      chromatography; they did not appear to have hydrophobic binding sites because
      they did not bind added dihydroxy bile acid or fatty acid anions. Determination
      of the dyes was not influenced by the presence of bilirubin when the latter was
      present at concentrations reported to occur in small intestinal content during
      digestion. The dyes did not interfere with an endpoint enzymatic determination of
      bile acids. The dyes caused little quenching of 3H- or 14C-radioactivity in a
      toluene-based liquid scintillation cocktail. Dyes were easily removed from
      aqueous solution by passage over a large-pore anion exchange column or by a
      BaCl2:ZnSO4 protein precipitation procedure. When tested in a rat jejunal
      perfusion model, changes in dye concentration evoked by hypotonic or hypertonic
      perfusates were identical to those of polyethylene glycol 4000, a commonly used
      reference marker. The dyes did not influence the rate of glucose absorption and
      did not bind to mucus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009442
TI  - Impact of dilution on the pharmacokinetic behavior of acetaminophen in rabbits
      after oral administration.
AB  - Seven rabbits received two different acetaminophen solutions by gavage in a
      randomized crossover fashion. In one administration the dose was given in a
      concentrated small volume of an ethanol-glycerol-water mixture (preparation I).
      In another administration an identical dose was given in a 10-fold water-diluted
      volume of the same mixture (preparation II). Three rabbits also received the same
      dose in a 10-fold original mixture volume (preparation III). The acetaminophen
      concentrations were measured by HPLC in plasma samples collected for 3.5 h after
      gavage. The lag times ranged from 2.5 to 23 min for preparation I and from 2.2 to
      29 min for preparation II. The mean peak plasma concentrations (12.38
      micrograms/mL for preparation I and 9.14 micrograms/mL for preparation II) and
      the mean time-to-peak concentrations (26.57 min for preparation I and 36.57 min
      for preparation II) were significantly different. The total area under the plasma
      concentration curve and the absorption and elimination half-lives did not,
      however, differ significantly. For the three rabbits receiving the acetaminophen
      doses in the 10-fold ethanol-glycerol-water mixture volumes (preparation III),
      the total area under the plasma concentration curve obviously was increased.

PMID- 4009444
TI  - Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on the plasma and urinary levels of (-)
      alpha-acetylmethadol and its metabolites.
AB  - The effect of phenobarbital (PB), an inducer of the hepatic microsomal enzyme
      system, on the plasma levels and urinary elimination of (-)-alpha-acetylmethadol
      1 and its metabolites have been examined in the rat. [3H]1 was administered to
      saline control and PB-pretreated rats at doses of 5 mg/kg ip (55 muCi/kg). The
      concentration of 1 and its metabolites noracetylmethadol 2, dinoracetylmethadol
      3, methadol 4, normethadol 5, and N-acetylnormethadol 6 were quantitated in
      plasma and urine over 48 h by TLC and liquid scintillation counting. PB
      pretreatment significantly decreased the plasma total radioactivity and the
      levels of 1 and its five metabolites over the 48-h period investigated. Urinary
      total radioactivity and elimination of 1 and its five metabolites were also
      reduced in PB-pretreated rats. The results indicated that PB pretreatment
      markedly affects the in vivo transformation and elimination of 1 and its
      metabolites. The decrease in the levels observed for 1 and its metabolites in the
      plasma and urine can be due either to an increase in the metabolism of 1 via a
      different pathway than the formation of the biologically active metabolites 2, 3,
      4, and 5, or it may be that PB is enhancing the further metabolism of these
      compounds to more polar water-soluble products which are mainly excreted through
      the bile.

PMID- 4009445
TI  - Bioavailability of dyphylline and dyphylline-guaifenesin tablets in humans.
AB  - A six-way-crossover bioavailability study was conducted with twelve healthy male
      volunteers to evaluate the relative bioavailability of three tablet formulations
      containing dyphylline and three tablet formulations containing dyphylline
      guaifenesin. Each subject was administered two tablets of each product with
      greater than or equal to 3 d separating each dose. Blood samples were obtained
      just prior to each dose and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0,
      8.0, and 10.0 h following each dose. An HPLC method was used to assay dyphylline
      in the serum. The mean tmax ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 h for the six products. The
      mean values for Cmax differed by 29%, and the AUC values differed by less than
      8%. It was noted that the dyphylline-guaifenesin products exhibited a lower
      bioavailability than the products which only contained dyphylline. It was
      concluded that the three combination products were bioequivalent, as were the
      three dyphylline products.

PMID- 4009446
TI  - Influence of short-term water deprivation on antipyrine disposition.
AB  - The effects of acute (96 h) water deprivation on the disposition kinetics of
      antipyrine and hepatic cytochrome P-450 content were investigated in male rats.
      The disposition kinetics of antipyrine in rats deprived of water for 96 h was
      altered significantly: the total body clearance and steady-state volume of
      distribution decreased by 27.1 and 22.4%, respectively, as compared to control
      rats. There was no significant change in the disposition rate constant as a
      result of simultaneous changes in the volume of distribution and clearance. There
      was a 51.4% decrease in the hepatic cytochrome P-450 content in water-deprived
      rats. These results suggest that the pharmacokinetic changes observed in acute
      water deprivation with a model drug, antipyrine, are related to a decrease in
      total body water and to a reduced amount and/or activity of the hepatic
      microsomal oxidative enzymes.

PMID- 4009447
TI  - Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of trimethadione and its metabolite in rats.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to examine the dose-independent kinetics of
      trimethadione (1) and its only metabolite dimethadione, 5,5-dimethyl-2,4
      oxazolidinedione (2), after oral administration of 1-, 2-, and 4-mg/kg doses of 1
      to rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined after oral administration of these
      doses showed that the half-life (t 1/2), metabolic clearance (CL), and apparent
      volume of distribution (Vd) were not significantly changed by increasing or
      decreasing the dose of 1, whereas there was a linear relationship between the
      dose of 1 and the area under the curve (AUC) (1, r = 0.912; 2, r = 0.976) or the
      maximum serum concentration (Cmax) (1, r = 0.990; 2, r = 0.980). The ratios of 2
      to 1 at 1 and 2 h after oral administration of 1 were not significantly
      different. These experiments indicate that serum pharmacokinetic behavior of 1
      and 2 1 or 2 h after oral administration of 1 to the rat is independent of the
      dose of 1 in the 1-4 mg/kg range.

PMID- 4009448
TI  - Preparation of serum albumin microcapsules.
AB  - Simple coacervation of bovine serum albumin was studied to prepare biodegradable
      microcapsules. Three types of microcapsules, which differed in shape, were
      obtained by changing either core size or the bovine serum albumin concentrations
      of the coacervating systems. Mononuclear microcapsules were prepared by using
      spherical poly(acrylonitrile) beads as a core material.

PMID- 4009449
TI  - High molecular weight derivative of salmon calcitonin with prolonged hypocalcemic
      activity.
AB  - A new method preparing a long-acting formula of salmon calcitonin, which
      possesses high specific activity, has been developed. This method consists of two
      processes: (a) preparation of a high molecular weight derivative of salmon
      calcitonin and (b) preparation of a zinc suspension of the derivative. The
      derivative was prepared by the incubation of reduced salmon calcitonin with
      bovine serum albumin. Although it retained almost the same biological activity as
      the original calcitonin, it was not longer acting. Addition of zinc to the
      solution of the derivative resulted in a suspension with biological activity
      significantly longer than the original calcitonin. This procedure is described
      for obtaining a sustained-release preparation of salmon calcitonin, which might
      be useful for other peptide drugs.

PMID- 4009450
TI  - Stability of melphalan solutions during preparation and storage.
AB  - A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay has been
      used to investigate the stability of solutions of melphalan under conditions that
      pertain to setting up in vitro chemosensitivity assays. Melphalan (1 and 20
      micrograms/mL) was found to be 30% more stable in 150 mM NaCl solution (normal
      saline) than in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline. The drug stored at 20
      micrograms/mL in normal saline at room temperature (21.5 degrees C) lost 5% of
      its activity (t0.95) in 1.5 h; at 5 degrees C the t0.95 was 20 h. From an
      Arrhenius plot of the results, the activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction
      in normal saline was 100.2 kJ/mol. Less than 5% of drug activity was lost when
      solutions of melphalan were (a) stored at -20 degrees C and -35 degrees C for 7
      months, (b) frozen and thawed up to four times, or (c) filtered through various
      membranes. Drug degradation was not affected by storage-container material. The
      half-life of melphalan in a Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium containing 10%
      fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C was 1.13 +/- 0.10 h; the presence of 0.3% agar
      had no effect. It is suggested that melphalan be handled at temperatures greater
      than 5 degrees C for a minimum of time, but solutions of the drug can be stored
      for at least 6 and possibly up to 12 months at -20 degrees C without significant
      deterioration taking place.

PMID- 4009451
TI  - Evaluation of drug absorption by nonlinear regression, statistical moments, and
      Loo-Riegelman methods.

PMID- 4009452
TI  - The etiology of hallux abducto valgus. A review of the literature.

PMID- 4009453
TI  - Subluxing peroneal tendons. Treatment with the use of an autogenous sliding bone
      graft.

PMID- 4009454
TI  - Component first metatarsophalangeal joint replacement. A new approach.

PMID- 4009455
TI  - Chronic plasma cell osteomyelitis.

PMID- 4009456
TI  - Outpatient treatment of osteomyelitis.

PMID- 4009457
TI  - Dimethyl sulfoxide dehydration of the foot. A case history.

PMID- 4009458
TI  - Control of Osgood-Schlatter disease with Open Patellar Full Knee Splint.

PMID- 4009459
TI  - Fractures of the calcaneus secondary to heel spur surgery. An analysis and case
      report.

PMID- 4009460
TI  - Biplane Posting Elevator. A new method of rearfoot post application.

PMID- 4009461
TI  - Implant arthroplasty of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A follow-up study.

PMID- 4009462
TI  - Digital fractures in children.

PMID- 4009463
TI  - Use of the Herbert scaphoid bone screw system in podiatric surgery.

PMID- 4009464
TI  - Physiologic changes in the foot during pregnancy.

PMID- 4009465
TI  - Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma of the foot. A rare case history.

PMID- 4009466
TI  - Post-surgical effect of pulsed shortwave therapy.

PMID- 4009467
TI  - Benign schwannoma. Clinical and histopathologic findings.

PMID- 4009468
TI  - Six cases of tarsal coalition in children aged 4 to 12 years.

PMID- 4009469
TI  - Calcification of an accessory peroneal tendon in an athlete. A case presentation.

PMID- 4009470
TI  - Tungiasis.

PMID- 4009471
TI  - The metatarsal sesamoid articulation and first metatarsophalangeal joint
      function.

PMID- 4009473
TI  - Osseous changes in the second ray of classical ballet dancers.

PMID- 4009472
TI  - Biomechanical study of bunion deformity and stress produced in classical ballet.

PMID- 4009474
TI  - A preliminary study on asymmetrical forces at the foot to ground interphase.

PMID- 4009475
TI  - Functional foot orthoses for athletic injuries. A retrospective study.

PMID- 4009476
TI  - Tarsal navicular stress fractures.

PMID- 4009477
TI  - Arthroscopic anatomy of the anterior aspect of the ankle.

PMID- 4009478
TI  - Arthroscopic lateral ankle stabilization.

PMID- 4009479
TI  - Plicae syndrome of the knee.

PMID- 4009480
TI  - Analysis of 100 knees in high school runners.

PMID- 4009481
TI  - Bilateral stress fractures in a long-distance runner.

PMID- 4009482
TI  - Chronic stress, aging and morphine analgesia: chronic stress affects the
      reactivity to morphine in young mature but not old rats.
AB  - The effect of chronic stress on analgesic responsiveness to morphine was studied
      in mature rats of different ages. Chronic stress consisted of eighteen 10-sec
      exposures (three/min) in 2 degrees C water for 54 consecutive days. From day 20,
      at 4-day intervals, the rats were not stressed but instead given i.p. injections
      of, sequentially: 10, 0 (saline), 5, (2 mg/kg of naltrexone) + 10, 2.5, 1, 20 and
      10 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. On these days, tail-flick latencies were measured
      before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after morphine injection. The
      responsiveness to morphine was significantly altered by exposure to chronic
      stress in young, mature rats (4 months) as compared to control rats. A dose of 10
      mg/kg of morphine induced a diphasic response. Initial increased tail-flick
      reflexes (at 5 min after injection) were followed by slight but nonsignificant
      decreased responses to the tail-flick test. At 30 min, the dose-response curve
      was shifted to the right. No alteration of the response to morphine was observed
      in older rats (15-17 months) exposed to chronic stress, unless they had been
      submitted to chronic stress at 4 months of age. In addition, the response after a
      second exposure to chronic stress to morphine was highly dependent on, and
      similar to, the age-dependent response after a first exposure. These results
      demonstrate that the endogenous opiate system can be altered by exposure to
      chronic stress even after maturation has occurred and that this alteration has
      long-term effects on the reactivity to morphine.

PMID- 4009483
TI  - Modification of sympathetic neuronal function in the rat tail artery by dietary
      lipid treatment.
AB  - The effect of dietary lipid treatment on sympathetic neuronal function was
      examined in isolated perfused tail arteries of adult rats. The hypothesis that
      dietary manipulations alter the lipid environment of receptor proteins which may
      result in the perturbation of specific membrane-associated processes that
      regulate peripheral adrenergic neurotransmission in the vasculature was the basis
      for this investigation. In the present study, rats were fed semisynthetic diets
      enriched in either 16% coconut oil (saturated fat) or 16% sunflower oil
      (unsaturated fat). The field stimulation-evoked release of endogenous
      norepinephrine and total 3H was decreased significantly in rats receiving the
      coconut oil diet when compared to either sunflower oil- or standard lab chow-fed
      rats. Norepinephrine content in artery segments from coconut oil-treated rats was
      significantly higher compared to either sunflower oil- or standard lab chow-fed
      rats. Tail arteries from rats receiving the coconut oil diet displayed
      significantly lower perfusion pressure responses to nerve stimulation at all
      frequencies tested when compared to the sunflower oil- or standard lab chow-fed
      rats. Vasoconstrictor responses of perfused tail arteries exposed to exogenous
      norepinephrine resulted in an EC50 for norepinephrine that was not changed by the
      dietary treatment, but adult rats receiving the sunflower oil diet displayed a
      significantly greater maximum response to exogenous norepinephrine (10(-5) M)
      compared to arteries from either coconut oil- or standard lab chow-fed rats. The
      major findings of this study demonstrate that exposure to saturated fatty acids
      throughout development and adulthood leads to impairment of the sympathetic
      neuronal processes of norepinephrine storage and release in rats fed altered
      dietary lipids.

PMID- 4009484
TI  - Alcohol effects on luteinizing hormone and testosterone in male macaque monkeys.
AB  - The effects of alcohol (2.5 and 3.5 g/kg) on luteinizing hormone (LH) and
      testosterone were studied in adult male macaque monkeys under both basal and
      naloxone-stimulated conditions. Integrated plasma samples were collected at 30
      min intervals for 90 min before nasogastric intubation of alcohol (2.5 and 3.5
      g/kg) or a sucrose control solution, isocalorically equivalent to 2.5 g/kg of
      alcohol. Under basal (non-naloxone-stimulated) conditions, alcohol (2.5 or 3.5
      g/kg) did not change LH levels significantly from prealcohol control levels. When
      basal testosterone levels were normal (600-1300 ng/dl), alcohol significantly
      suppressed testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner. Testosterone levels
      decreased by 52% (P less than .05) within 30 min after a 3.5 g/kg dose of
      alcohol. As average blood alcohol levels increased to 400 mg/dl and above,
      testosterone levels fell monotonically and remained over 70% below base-line
      levels (P less than .01). After administration of 2.5 g/kg alcohol, testosterone
      levels were significantly suppressed within 90 min (P less than .05) and remained
      52 to 63% below control levels (P less than .02-.05) as average blood alcohol
      levels increased to 300 mg/dl. However, when basal testosterone levels were
      abnormally low (100-200 ng/dl), alcohol had no effect on testosterone or LH.
      Naloxone stimulation was used to circumvent the high incidence of abnormally low
      testosterone levels observed. Naloxone (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) administration 90 min
      after alcohol (2.5 and 3.5 g/kg) or sucrose control administration significantly
      increased LH levels in comparison to base line (P less than .02-.001). LH reached
      peak values within 60 min after naloxone administration. A significant increase
      in testosterone (P less than .001) was observed 90 min after naloxone
      administration as LH levels began to decline. Alcohol (2.5 and 3.5 g/kg) did not
      attenuate or delay naloxone-stimulated increases in LH and testosterone in
      comparison to sucrose control conditions.

PMID- 4009485
TI  - Relaxant and contractile responses to prostaglandins in premature, newborn and
      adult baboon cerebral arteries.
AB  - Dose-dependent actions of prostaglandins (PGs) were investigated on cerebral
      arterial strips isolated from premature, newborn and adult baboons. PGE1 an PGE2
      in low concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) elicited significant relaxation in
      both premature and newborn baboon cerebral arteries. Arteries from adult baboons
      showed slight or small relaxation in response to these PGs. PGE1 and PGE2 in
      higher concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) caused no contraction in premature and
      newborn arteries, but significant contraction in adult arteries. PGF2 alpha (10(
      9) to 10(-7) M) elicited relaxations in arteries from baboons of every age group,
      being greater in prematures and newborns than in adults. PGF2 alpha (3 X 10(-7)
      to 10(-5) M) produced a slight or small contraction in prematures and newborns,
      respectively, whereas larger contraction was induced in the adult artery. PGI2
      (prostacyclin) (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) produced dose-dependent relaxation in
      arteries from baboons of all age groups with no significant difference in the
      relaxant effect among the three age groups. Effective concentration (EC25) values
      for relaxant effect of PGE1 and PGE2 were much less than those of PGF2 alpha and
      PGI2 in premature and newborn arteries. In adult cerebral arteries, only PGF2
      alpha and PGI2 were effective in causing a significant relaxation. In premature
      and newborn arteries, PGE1 and PGE2 were not effective in causing a significant
      contraction, whereas in adult arteries EC25 values for contractile effects of
      PGE1 and PGE2 were less than those for PGF2 alpha.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4009486
TI  - GABAergic inhibition of hypertonic saline-induced vasopressin-dependent
      hypertension.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that hypotension produced by drugs facilitating gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission was caused by a decrease in sympathetic
      nervous system outflow. We attempted to determine if GABA agonists and GABA
      uptake inhibitors could also lower arterial pressure that was elevated by
      increasing the secretion of endogenous vasopressin. GABA and nipecotic acid, an
      uptake inhibitor of GABA, were administered intraventricularly to determine the
      cardiovascular effects of these agents in nephrectomized rats made acutely
      hypertensive with hypertonic saline. A 2-hr i.v. infusion of hypertonic saline
      (3.0 mEq/ml) increased arterial pressure from 119 +/- 2 to 157 +/- 2 mm Hg.
      Intraventricular administration of artificial cerebrospinal fluid, 100 micrograms
      of GABA and 175 micrograms of nipecotic acid produced a peak decrease in blood
      pressure of 0 +/- 0, 30 +/- 4 and 22 +/- 3 mm Hg, respectively. In nephrectomized
      rats receiving an equal volume of isotonic saline (0.15 mEq/ml), infused i.v.
      arterial pressure did not change. In these animals, central infusions of
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid, 100 micrograms of GABA and 175 micrograms of
      nipecotic acid decreased blood pressure only 1 +/- 1, 13 +/- 2 and 8 +/- 3 mm Hg,
      respectively. Further experiments utilizing nephrectomized rats infused with
      hypertonic saline were designed to determine the mechanism for the augmented
      depressor response produced by these agents. Elimination of the contribution of
      vasopressin to arterial pressure with a vascular vasopressin antagonist reduced
      the depressor responses produced by 100 micrograms of GABA and 175 micrograms of
      nipecotic acid to 10 +/- 3 and 8 +/- 3 mm Hg, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009487
TI  - Pharmacological differences between the D-2 autoreceptor and the D-1 dopamine
      receptor in rabbit retina.
AB  - The effect of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists was studied on the
      calcium-dependent release of [3H]dopamine elicited by field stimulation at 3 Hz
      for a duration of 1 min (20 mA, 2 msec) from the rabbit retina in vitro and on
      adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of rabbit retina. The relative order of
      potency of dopamine receptor agonists to inhibit the stimulation-evoked
      [3H]dopamine release was pergolide greater than bromocriptine greater than
      apomorphine greater than LY 141865 greater than N,N-di-n-propyldopamine greater
      than or equal to dopamine. The relative order of potencies of dopamine receptor
      antagonists to increase [3H]dopamine release was: S-sulpiride greater than or
      equal to domperidone greater than or equal to spiroperidol greater than
      metoclopramide greater than fluphenazine greater than or equal to R-sulpiride.
      alpha-Flupenthixol (0.01-1 microM) and (+)-butaclamol (0.01-1 microM) did not
      increase [3H]dopamine overflow when added alone, but they antagonized the
      concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of apomorphine (0.1-10 microM). These
      results suggest that the dopamine inhibitory autoreceptor involved in the
      modulation of dopamine release from the rabbit retina possesses the
      pharmacological characteristics of a D-2 dopamine receptor. Maximal stimulation
      by 30 microM dopamine resulted in a 3-fold increase in adenylate cyclase activity
      with half-maximal stimulation occurring at a concentration of 2.46 microM.
      Apomorphine and pergolide elicited a partial stimulation of adenylate cyclase
      activity. However, at low concentrations both compounds were more potent than
      dopamine. N,N-di-n-Propyl-dopamine was 30 times less potent than dopamine, and
      bromocriptine was unable to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009488
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor in isolated rabbit aorta: characterization with
      tryptamine analogs.
AB  - The 5-HT2 receptor in isolated rabbit thoracic aorta was characterized by
      examining the relationships between structure and activity of nine tryptamine
      analogs. All assays were conducted after blockade of the alpha adrenergic
      receptor and inactivation of the neuronal uptake-1 system and monoamine oxidase.
      Seven of the analogs tested were agonists. 6-Hydroxytryptamine and 7
      hydroxytryptamine showed little or no agonist activity in this preparation. The
      pA2 of spiperone was independent of the agonist assayed and defined the receptor
      activated by each agonist as the 5-HT2 receptor. The dissociation constant (KA)
      and relative intrinsic efficacy were determined for each agonist. The KA and
      relative intrinsic efficacy values for 5-hydroxytryptamine were 0.25 microM and
      1, respectively. The KA and relative intrinsic efficacy values for 5
      methoxytryptamine were 0.14 microM and 0.86, respectively, and were not
      significantly different from those for 5-hydroxytryptamine. The other five
      analogs were partial agonists. N-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine and bufotenine had
      relative intrinsic efficacies of about 0.3 and KA values not statistically
      different from the KA value for 5-hydroxytryptamine. Tryptamine, 5
      methyltryptamine and alpha-methyl-tryptamine had KA values of about 1 microM and
      relative intrinsic efficacies of 0.6, 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. These results
      revealed the differential effects of structural changes on drug affinity and
      intrinsic efficacy. This information will be applicable in the design of
      selective agonists or antagonists for the classification of less well defined 5
      hydroxytryptamine receptors.

PMID- 4009489
TI  - Correlation between antipyrine metabolite formation and theophylline metabolism
      in humans after simultaneous single-dose administration and at steady state.
AB  - To nine healthy male volunteers two model substrates for oxidative drug
      metabolizing enzyme activity, viz, antipyrine (A) and theophylline (T) were
      administered simultaneously by the p.o. route. To six of them, the same two drugs
      were also administered simultaneously at zero-order rate with an osmotic rectal
      drug delivery system in order to obtain steady-state plasma concentrations.
      Plasma A and T concentrations were measured simultaneously by a high-performance
      liquid chromatographic method and urinary excretions of the major metabolites
      arising from A (4-hydroxyantipyrine, norantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine)
      and from T (3-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid and 1,3-methyluric acid) were
      also measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Correlations between
      total plasma clearance and metabolic clearances of A and T and clearances for
      production of the various metabolites were investigated in order to determine
      whether the metabolic pathways of A and T are mediated by the same or closely
      related forms of the cytochrome P-450 system. Total plasma clearances of the two
      drugs were found to correlate reasonably well (r = 0.72) but not well enough to
      be of useful predictive value. The strongest correlations (r = 0.91) were found
      between the clearance for production of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and both total and
      metabolic clearances of T. The clearances for production of all metabolites of T
      also correlated better with the clearance for production of 4-hydroxyantipyrine
      (r ranging from 0.79-0.86) than with the clearance of norantipyrine and 3
      hydroxymethylantipyrine (r ranging from 0.42-0.58).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4009490
TI  - A comparison of two radioimmunoassays for 7-hydroxychlorpromazine: rabbit
      polyclonal antibodies vs. mouse monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two radioimmunoassays (RIAs) were developed for 7-hydroxychlorpromazine (7
      OHCPZ), which is a pharmacologically active chlorpromazine (CPZ) metabolite. One
      of the RIAs used polyclonal antibodies produced in rabbits immunized with a 7
      OHCPZ-protein conjugate, which was prepared by coupling 7-hydroxy-N-(2
      carboxyethyl)desmethylchlorpromazine to bovine serum albumin by a mixed anhydride
      method (90% yield). The other RIA was based on mouse monoclonal antibodies
      produced by hybridomas against the same conjugate. The mouse monoclonal
      antibodies were considerably more specific than the rabbit polyclonal antibodies.
      There was little interference with the measurement of 7-OHCPZ by RIA based on
      mouse monoclonal antibodies even when the samples were spiked with 7-OHCPZ in the
      presence of five times excess of CPZ and two major metabolites, CPZ sulfoxide and
      CPZ-N-oxide. By contrast, there was a significant increase in the apparent
      concentration of 7-OHCPZ when the same samples were assayed by RIA based on
      polyclonal antibodies. The RIA based on mouse monoclonal antibodies was applied,
      together with an RIA for CPZ to determine the concentrations of 7-OHCPZ and CPZ
      in plasma samples from two healthy volunteers after they had received a single 50
      mg p.o. dose of CPZ. To our knowledge, this is the first time that plasma 7-OHCPZ
      concentrations, measured up to 24 hr after a single dose of CPZ, are reported in
      humans.

PMID- 4009491
TI  - Do D 600 and diltiazem interact with serotonin receptors in rabbit vascular
      tissues?
AB  - This study investigates the interactive effects of Ca antagonists and responses
      to serotonin (5-HT) in isolated rabbit aorta and basilar artery. Isolated strips
      of rabbit aorta and of basilar artery were studied in organ baths containing 20
      ml of Krebs-buffer solution. D 600 or diltiazem caused parallel rightward shifts
      of concentration-response curves for 5-HT in isolated rabbit aorta, but each
      reduced the 5-HT-induced maximum response in basilar artery. The slope values
      from Schild plot analyses in aorta were 1.11 +/- 0.05 and 1.22 +/- 0.37 in D 600
      and diltiazem, respectively. Dibenamine pretreatment caused reduction of maximum
      response to 5-HT in both tissues. Such reduction was diminished markedly by the
      presence of D 600, diltiazem or 5-HT in aorta but not in basilar artery. Also,
      the antagonistic effects of D 600 and diltiazem were diminished by elevation of
      bath Ca in basilar artery but not in aorta. These results strongly suggest that
      the two Ca entry blockers used in this study might compete with 5-HT at 5-HT
      receptors in rabbit aorta and that the pharmacomechanical property of 5-HT
      receptors in rabbit aorta might be distinct from that in rabbit basilar artery.

PMID- 4009493
TI  - Neurotoxic and antihypertensive effects of phenytoin in turkeys.
AB  - Broad-Breasted White male turkeys were fed a control diet until 4 weeks of age,
      at which time they were randomized into a control group and two treatment groups
      which received 0.06% (38.7 mg/kg) and 0.09% (58.2 mg/kg) phenytoin, respectively,
      until termination of the experiment at 12 weeks of age. Plasma concentrations of
      phenytoin on the two dosages were 8.0 +/- 0.8 and 15.7 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml.
      Systemic arterial blood pressure in the control turkeys was 214 +/- 5/171 +/- mm
      Hg and was reduced in a dose-related fashion to 185 +/- 8/143 +/- 11 and 156 +/-
      5/125 +/- 4 mm Hg in the two treatment groups; likewise, the rate of systolic
      ejection (dp/dt maximum) was less in the phenytoin-treated turkeys. Heart rate
      also dropped significantly with drug administration but the difference between
      the two treatment groups was not significant. Evidence of neurotoxicity developed
      in 25% of the turkeys on the lower drug schedule; these birds had mean plasma
      phenytoin levels of 12.8 micrograms/ml as contrasted to the concentration of 8.0
      micrograms/ml for the entire group. On 0.09% phenytoin 50% of the birds had
      abnormal signs and a mean phenytoin concentration of 20.5 micrograms/ml, whereas
      the mean drug level for the entire group on this drug level was 15.7
      micrograms/ml. Early signs of neurotoxicity developed within 2 to 3 days of
      initiation of phenytoin and consisted of extensor rigidity of the neck and
      hyperactivity; at the higher drug concentrations, back pedaling and somersaulting
      appeared. General health and weight gain were not affected. No qualitative or
      quantitative changes were found in the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the
      affected turkeys.

PMID- 4009492
TI  - Effects of nifedipine on coronary vasculature in canine models of dynamic and
      fixed coronary stenoses.
AB  - The effects of nifedipine were examined in dogs with flow-limiting dynamic and
      fixed coronary stenoses. During dynamic coronary stenosis, produced by an
      intraluminal microballoon occluder which preserved active vasomotion in a
      stenosed segment of a proximal left circumflex coronary artery, intracoronary
      infusion of nifedipine (0.01 and 0.1 microgram/kg/min) increased coronary blood
      flow (CBF) by 15 +/- 5.0% (P less than .05) and 50 +/- 11.6% (P less than .01),
      respectively (mean +/- S.E.) and reduced stenosis resistance (SR) resulting in
      the alleviation of myocardial ischemia due to preferential vasodilation of large
      coronary arteries. In contrast, nifedipine (1.0 microgram/kg/min) did not
      increase CBF and reduced distal coronary pressure associated with intensified SR
      mainly due to arteriolar vasodilation. During fixed coronary stenosis created by
      external application of an occluder device, all doses of nifedipine failed to
      affect CBF and SR. Intravenous nifedipine (3 micrograms/kg) caused a biphasic
      response during dynamic coronary stenosis; an initial transient decrease and a
      late sustained increase in CBF concomitant with a transient augmentation and a
      subsequent prominent reduction of SR. These results suggest that nifedipine is
      capable of preferentially dilating large epicardial coronary arteries and
      reducing stenosis severity resulting in the relief of myocardial ischemia during
      pliable coronary stenosis, and this mechanism may contribute to the beneficial
      effects of nifedipine in clinical ischemic syndrome.

PMID- 4009494
TI  - Abuse liability and pharmacodynamic characteristics of intravenous and inhaled
      nicotine.
AB  - The potential role of nicotine in tobacco dependence was investigated using the
      strategies of abuse liability assessment. Eight male volunteer cigarette smokers
      with histories of drug abuse resided on a research ward for the duration of the
      study. Each subject was tested with three doses of i.v. nicotine (0.75, 1.5 and
      3.0 mg/10-sec infusion) and placebo each test day, and with three doses of
      inhaled nicotine, in the form of research cigarette smoke (0.4, 1.4 and 2.9 mg
      estimated yield) and placebo (sham-smoking), given on alternate test days. Each
      subject was tested on 4 days with both routes of administration, according to
      identical experimental protocols. Physiologic, subjective and observer data were
      collected at intervals ranging from 15 sec to 10 min beginning 10 min before drug
      administration and continuing for 30 min after administration. Both i.v. and
      inhaled nicotine produced dose-related increases in heart rate and blood
      pressure, and i.v. nicotine produced a transient bradycardia in four subjects
      during the first 30 sec after drug administration. Skin temperature was decreased
      by nicotine and pupil diameter was not consistently changed. Ratings of drug dose
      "strength" and drug "liking" were directly related to dose level whereas "desire
      to smoke cigarettes" was inversely related. Scores on the Morphine-Benzedrine
      Group (or Euphoria) scale of the Addiction Research Center Inventory were
      elevated by nicotine, and i.v. doses were identified frequently as cocaine. Signs
      and symptoms were similar for nicotine across the two routes of administration
      and included coughing, dizziness, nausea and relaxed feelings. Nicotine shared
      the pharmacologic profile of prototypic drugs of abuse. The study supports the
      hypothesis that the role of nicotine in tobacco dependence is equivalent to the
      role of other psychoactive drugs in substance abuse, e.g., to the role of cocaine
      in coca leaf use.

PMID- 4009495
TI  - Effects of serotonin receptor antagonists on punished responding maintained by
      stimulus-shock termination or food presentation in squirrel monkeys.
AB  - The behavioral effects of a series of serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists were
      examined on punished performances maintained by termination of a stimulus
      correlated with shock (stimulus-shock termination) or by food presentation in
      squirrel monkeys. Intramuscular administration of metergoline (0.03-0.3 mg/kg),
      methysergide (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), mianserin (0.1-10
      mg/kg) and cinanserin (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) increased punished responding under the
      stimulus-shock termination and food schedules. The 5-HT2-selective receptor
      antagonist pirenperone (0.001-0.3 mg/kg) and the 5-HT2 receptor ligand spiperone
      (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) did not increase punished responding maintained by either
      event. In contrast, the prototype 5-HT2 ligand ketanserin increased punished
      responding maintained by food at doses (i.e., 0.1-3.0 mg/kg) that only decreased
      behavior maintained by stimulus-shock termination. Highly significant
      correlations were found between the peak rate-increasing effects of the 5-HT
      antagonists on punished responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination and
      their reported affinities at 5-HT1 (r = 0.99) and 5-HT2 (r = 0.95) binding sites.
      In contrast, under the food schedule a significant correlation was found only
      between the peak rate-increasing effects of the 5-HT antagonists and their
      reported affinities for the 5-HT1 site (r = 0.87). These findings confirm the
      involvement of serotonergic pathways in punishment-suppressed operant behavior
      and suggest that different populations of 5-HT receptors modulate punished
      behavior maintained by different types of consequent events (i.e., stimulus-shock
      termination or food).

PMID- 4009496
TI  - Effects of nicotine, cocaine and some of their metabolites on schedule-controlled
      responding by beagle dogs and squirrel monkeys.
AB  - The behavioral effects of nicotine were compared with those of its metabolites,
      nornicotine and cotinine, in beagle dogs and squirrel monkeys. Subjects responded
      under a multiple fixed-interval (FI) 300-sec, fixed-ratio (FR) 30 response
      schedule of food presentation. Nicotine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg i.m.) and nornicotine
      (0.03-3.0 mg/kg i.m.) produced qualitatively similar effects in both dogs and
      monkeys. Nicotine produced dose-related increases, then decreases in rates of
      responding during FI components; rates of responding during FR components were
      only decreased. Nornicotine produced only dose-dependent decreases in responding
      during both FI and FR components. In the dogs, cotinine (0.01-10.0 mg/kg i.m.)
      produced only dose-dependent decreases in rates of responding during both FI and
      FR components. In the squirrel monkeys, however, cotinine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg i.m.)
      increased responding during FI components; a high dose of 30.0 mg/kg decreased
      responding during both FI and FR components. The behavioral effects of cocaine
      (0.03-3.0 mg/kg i.m.) and its metabolite norcocaine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg i.m.) were
      compared in the dogs. FI rates of responding first increased and then decreased
      with increasing doses of each drug, whereas FR rates of responding only decreased
      in a dose-related manner. Norcocaine was slightly more potent than cocaine in
      producing these effects on schedule-controlled responding in dogs. These
      experiments indicate the metabolites of nicotine and cocaine are behaviorally
      active and may contribute to the pharmacological profile of the parent compounds.

PMID- 4009497
TI  - Nicotine renal excretion rate influences nicotine intake during cigarette
      smoking.
AB  - We examined the hypothesis that rate of elimination of nicotine affects nicotine
      intake during cigarette smoking. Elimination rate was altered by administering
      ammonium chloride or sodium bicarbonate throughout the day. Nicotine intake
      during unrestricted cigarette smoking was measured using metabolic clearance data
      obtained after i.v. nicotine infusion together with blood and urinary nicotine
      concentrations measured during 24-hr periods of cigarette smoking. Compared with
      placebo treatment (urine pH 5.6), urinary acidification (pH 4.5) increased (208%)
      renal clearance and, to a lesser extent (41%), total clearance and increased (by
      7.2 mg) daily urinary excretion of nicotine. Urinary alkalinization (pH 6.7)
      resulted in a decrease (78%) in renal clearance with a small decrease (3.7 mg) in
      daily nicotine excretion. Average blood nicotine concentrations were similar in
      placebo and bicarbonate treatment conditions, but were 15% lower during acid
      loading. Daily intake of nicotine was 18% greater during acid loading. The
      compensatory increase in nicotine consumption was only partial, replacing about
      half the excess urinary nicotine loss. This is the first direct demonstration
      that rate of elimination can influence self-determined drug consumption in
      humans.

PMID- 4009498
TI  - Effect of L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid
      on urinary excretion of methylmercury in the mouse.
AB  - The gamma-GTP inhibitor L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloror-4,5-dihydro-5
      isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125) was administered to CBA/J mice pretreated with
      203Hg-methylmercury (MM) (0.5 mg/kg) to determine whether increasing urinary GS
      in this strain would result in a simultaneously increased urinary elimination of
      MM. Doses at AT-125 ranging from 3.0 to 30 mg/kg increased urinary GS in a dose
      related fashion. The peak effect was attained at 2 hr after injection. AT-125
      (7.5 mg/kg) increased urinary GS to peak value of 450 microM. When this dose was
      administered to mice 24 hr after MM, neither the rate of decline in body burden
      of 203Hg nor the rate of 203Hg output into urine or feces varied significantly
      from control values. A dose of 15 mg of AT-125 per kg increased urinary GS to 1.0
      mM and caused a significant increase in urinary excretion of 203Hg when compared
      to the 7.5-mg dose group. The greatest effect was seen at the 30-mg AT-125/kg
      dose which produced a 1.9 mM concentration of total GS in urine and a 2-fold
      increase in the urinary 203Hg excretion rate. The dose-dependent changes in
      urinary excretion elicited by AT-125 were paralleled by increased rates of
      decline of 203Hg body burden and decreased rates of excretion in the feces. The
      results suggest that urinary GS must approach the millimolar range before
      affecting a redistribution of MM across the luminal membrane.

PMID- 4009499
TI  - Reversal of caffeine-induced calcium overload in cardiac Purkinje fibers.
AB  - In cardiac Purkinje fibers, caffeine initially increases and then decreases
      contractile force. The possible role of calcium overload in the negative
      inotropic effect of caffeine was studied in vitro under conditions that have been
      demonstrated to increase or decrease cellular calcium. The following results were
      obtained. Increasing [K]0 increased the initial positive and decreased the
      subsequent negative inotropic effect of 1 mM caffeine. At higher concentrations
      (2 and 4 mM), caffeine induced a larger negative inotropic effect which was
      reversed by high [K]0. Similarly, the positive inotropic effect was increased and
      the negative decreased by lowering [Ca]0. In high [Ca]0 or low [Na]0, caffeine
      had a predominantly negative inotropic effect which also was reversed by adding
      tetrodotoxin or by high [K]0. Reciprocally, in high [K]0, increasing [Ca]0
      restored the negative inotropic effect of caffeine. During a brief exposure to
      zero [Ca]0, the force fell in the absence but less or not at all in the presence
      of caffeine. It is concluded that caffeine decreases contractile force in cardiac
      Purkinje fibers mostly by causing calcium overload.

PMID- 4009501
TI  - Effect of spironolactone on the renal clearance of digoxin in dogs.
AB  - The acute effect of i.v. spironolactone dissolved in ethanol on renal digoxin
      clearance was studied in 10 dogs. All dogs received i.v. digoxin (0.02
      micrograms/kg/min) and 0.9% saline (30 ml/kg of bolus and 0.1 ml/kg/min for
      maintenance) throughout the study. After 2 hr of equilibration, four 15-min urine
      collections were made. The dogs then received, over 1 hr, a loading infusion of 4
      mg/kg of spironolactone in ethanol (group 1, N = 6) or ethanol alone (group 2, N
      = 4). Thereafter the infusion was maintained at one-tenth the initial rate for
      eight 15-min periods. Three additional control dogs received ethanol plus
      spironolactone without digoxin. Digoxin radioimmunoassay of plasma and urine from
      these control animals did not reveal any significant cross-reactivity between
      spironolactone and the antibody of the digoxin radioimmunoassay. The digoxin
      clearance (CDIG) and ratio of CDIG to inulin clearance (CDIG/CIN) increased
      insignificantly with ethanol alone, but were respectively reduced by 21 and 28%
      with spironolactone (P less than .05). The reductions of CDIG and CDIG/CIN were
      observed immediately after the spironolactone loading infusion and were
      associated with a sudden rise in plasma digoxin. The changes in digoxin handling
      with spironolactone appeared to be temporally dissociated from the
      antimineralocorticoid activity of spironolactone. We conclude that spironolactone
      inhibits renal CDIG by a mechanism that may be independent of its
      antimineralocorticoid activity.

PMID- 4009500
TI  - Nonintracellular, cell-associated O-methylation of isoproterenol in the isolated
      rabbit thoracic aorta.
AB  - The present study examines the subcellular site of catecholamine O-methylation in
      extraneuronal tissue. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine, a methyl donor that does not
      diffuse across biological membranes, was used to assess the participation of
      plasma membrane bound catechol-O-methyltransferase vs. cytoplasmic catechol-O
      methyltransferase in the catecholamine O-methylating process. Segments of rabbit
      thoracic aorta incubated with [methyl-3H]-S-adenosyl-l-methionine and
      isoproterenol generate [3H]methoxy-isoproterenol. The formation of [3H]methoxy
      isoproterenol from [methyl-3H]-S-adenosyl-l-methionine was proportional to the
      isoproterenol concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 microM. There was a
      marked preference for the O-methylation of the (+)- rather than the (-)-isomer of
      isoproterenol. The O-methylation of isoproterenol in the presence of [methyl-3H]
      S-adenosyl-l-methionine was stimulated as much as 8-fold by the removal of
      calcium ions from the incubation solutions. In contrast, the O-methylation of (+)
      [3H]isoproterenol by endogenous, intracellular S-adenosyl-l-methionine was only
      slightly inhibited by the removal of calcium ions from incubation solutions. The
      formation of [3H]methoxy-isoproterenol from [methyl-3H]-S-adenosyl-l-methionine
      and isoproterenol was not inhibited by pretreatment of tissues with
      phenoxybenzamine (32 microM) or treatment with metanephrine (27 mumol 1(-1] or
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (27 microM), i.e., drug treatments that inhibit the
      extraneuronal uptake and O-methylation of [3H]-isoproterenol by endogenous
      intracellular S-adenosyl-l-methionine. The results of this study provide evidence
      for a nonintracellular, cell-associated site of O-methylation of isoproterenol in
      the rabbit aorta.

PMID- 4009502
TI  - Regional differences in the responses of guinea-pig cardiac tissue to carbachol
      and their potentiation by hypothermia.
AB  - The responses of guinea-pig isolated cardiac tissues to carbachol were examined.
      Tension responses of paced left atria and right ventricular papillary muscles,
      rate responses of spontaneously beating right atria and working hearts and
      contractility (+dP/dt) of paced and unpaced working hearts were obtained at 38
      degrees C. Carbachol induced negative inotropic and chronotropic responses of
      atria, abolishing tension and rate at the maxima. The spontaneously beating heart
      also exhibited negative chronotropy. The papillary muscles displayed partial
      inhibition of tension but, in tissues from reserpine-pretreated animals, negative
      inotropy was absent. Similarly, no reduction of contractility of paced working
      hearts was obtained. It was concluded that muscarinic receptors mediating a
      direct inhibition of ventricular muscle are virtually absent and that the small
      response obtained in untreated tissue may be due either to inhibition of
      endogenous catecholamine release via presynaptic receptors or to antagonism of
      released norepinephrine. Lowering the temperature to 30 or 25 degrees C affected
      resting tension, rate and contractility and the magnitude of carbachol responses.
      The concentration-response curves, when plotted as a percentage of the maximum,
      were displaced to the left by cooling of the atria and papillary muscles. The
      papillary muscles now exhibited a response after reserpine pretreatment. In
      working hearts, the concentration-response curves for the fall in spontaneous
      rate were also shifted to the left, but this was not significant, probably
      because the temperature could be reduced to only 30 degrees C, below which
      contractions ceased. Cooling of guinea-pig isolated cardiac preparations
      therefore induced supersensitivity to the muscarinic effects of carbachol.

PMID- 4009503
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of lysergic acid diethylamide in the monkey.
AB  - Four monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were trained to discriminate 0.06 mg/kg of
      lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) from saline in a two-key task in which correct
      responding was reinforced with food under a fixed ratio 32 schedule. The ED50 of
      LSD was 0.011 mg/kg. The nonhallucinogenic ergot, lisuride, and the hallucinogen,
      5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, substituted completely for LSD (ED50 values
      were 0.0098 and 0.45 mg/kg, respectively). Mescaline (1-40 mg/kg), d-amphetamine
      (0.1-0.625 mg/kg) and apomorphine (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) did not substitute for LSD. In
      antagonism testing with ketanserin (1-10 mg/kg) or pirenperone (0.025 and 0.05
      mg/kg), only the highest dose of pirenperone attenuated the LSD stimulus effect
      (to 55%). A 0.1-mg/kg dose of pirenperone produced nonresponding in three of four
      animals. The LSD cue was unaffected by clozapine (1 and 2 mg/kg), haloperidol
      (0.1 mg/kg) and pizotifen (0.6-1.8 mg/kg). The fact that lisuride does not
      readily cause hallucinations in humans, but yet substituted for LSD in primates,
      indicates that the LSD cue may not reflect the hallucinogenic properties of LSD.
      It is suggested that the LSD stimulus effect may depend on receptors (e.g.,
      serotonergic) that, at the moment, are only poorly characterized.

PMID- 4009505
TI  - Alteration of bone marrow cell cycle kinetics by diphenylhydantoin: relationship
      to folate utilization and immune function.
AB  - Female B6C3F1 mice were administered the anticonvulsant drug diphenylhydantoin
      (DPH) for 1 to 4 weeks by gavage at doses of 25 to 200 mg/kg. None of the dosing
      regimens caused toxicological manifestations other than hepatomegaly. Evaluation
      of the immune status of the drug-treated mice revealed no alteration of cellular
      immunity, measured by delayed hypersensitivity response and lymphocyte
      responsiveness to mitogens or allogeneic leukocytes. Humoral immunity, as
      measured by serum immunoglobulin quantitation and plaque-forming cell response to
      sheep erythrocytes, was depressed by DPH at 100 mg/kg after 2 weeks, as was host
      resistance to infection with the parasite Plasmodium yoelii. The bone marrow was
      the most sensitive target organ with loss of the multipotent stem cell colony
      forming unit-spleen occurring within 1 week at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The colony
      forming unit-spleen suppression was the result of a selective loss of stem cells
      in S phase. Committed granulocyte macrophage progenitor cells, colony-forming
      unit-granulocyte macrophage, were also inhibited by DPH in vivo, as well as in
      vitro at concentrations as low as 0.2 microM. Bone marrow cells from DPH-treated
      mice were folate deficient, as determined by the inability of these cells to
      convert deoxyuridine to thymidine. However, these mice had normal serum folate
      levels, even after 4 weeks of treatment. Folic acid protected bone marrow stem
      cells after both in vivo and in vitro treatment with DPH. It is suggested that
      DPH inhibits folate utilization or metabolism at the cellular level, selectively
      affecting bone marrow stem cells and resulting in altered stem cell kinetics.
      This lesion ultimately results in altered humoral immunity and impaired host
      resistance.

PMID- 4009504
TI  - Surgical sympathectomy of the heart in rodents and its effect on sensitivity to
      agonists.
AB  - A new procedure for sympathetic denervation of the hearts of rats and guinea pigs
      is described. Bilateral removal of the inferior and medial cervical ganglia
      results in almost complete loss of catecholamines from atria and ventricles,
      disappearance of catecholamine-associated histofluorescence from the region of
      the sinoatrial node and marked depression of the chronotropic concentration
      response curve for tyramine in right atria of both species. Seven days after
      bilateral sympathectomy, the chronotropic concentration-response curve for
      isoproterenol is shifted to the left by a factor of 3.3 in the rat and 1.7 in
      guinea-pig right atria. The chronotropic concentration-response curve for
      histamine was not shifted by sympathectomy in the guinea-pig right atrium.
      Inasmuch as the rat atrium does not respond to histamine, similar experiments
      could not be done in the rat. The inotropic concentration-response curve for
      isoproterenol in electrically driven left atria was not affected by 7 days of
      sympathectomy in either species. These results indicate that chronic surgical
      sympathectomy of the heart can be successfully accomplished in the rat and guinea
      pig. Such sympathectomy induces a postjunctional supersensitivity in guinea-pig
      right atria which is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that described
      previously for chronic treatment with reserpine. Bilateral surgical sympathectomy
      provides a valuable tool for future investigations of the cellular basis of
      supersensitivity in the myocardium.

PMID- 4009506
TI  - Opiate agonist-antagonist interactions: application of a three-key drug
      discrimination procedure.
AB  - Pigeons were trained to discriminate among i.m. injections of morphine (5.6
      mg/kg), saline and naltrexone (10.0 mg/kg) in a three-key operant procedure with
      food reinforcement. Animals acquired the discrimination; each training condition
      occasioned responding on the injection-appropriate key, and the effects of
      morphine and naltrexone were dose-dependent. The opiate agonists ethylketazocine,
      buprenorphine and pentazocine substituted completely for morphine, and the opiate
      antagonist naloxone substituted completely for naltrexone. Meperidine,
      dextrorphan, beta-funaltrexamine, diprenorphine and nalorphine produced
      responding predominantly on the saline key, indicating that these compounds do
      not share completely discriminative properties with naltrexone or morphine in the
      pigeon. Small doses of naltrexone (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) shifted the morphine
      discrimination dose-effect curve in parallel to the right, without producing
      naltrexone-appropriate responding. Larger doses of naltrexone (1.0-10.0 mg/kg)
      prevented the discriminative effect of morphine and generated dose-dependent
      naltrexone-appropriate responding. The prior administration of small doses of
      morphine (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) enhanced the discriminative effects of naltrexone.
      Some dose combinations of naltrexone and morphine produced responding on all
      three keys, up to doses that suppressed behavior. The study of agonist-antagonist
      interactions may be aided by the use of these procedures, as descriptions of
      insurmountable antagonism may be complemented by the identification of stimulus
      conditions associated with the antagonist, as well as those conditions that
      represent novel stimulus states.

PMID- 4009507
TI  - Decreased fractional renal excretion of gentamicin in subtotal nephrectomized
      dogs.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of subtotal
      surgical nephrectomy (three-quarters removal of renal mass) on the renal handling
      of gentamicin in the dog. Three and one-half months after surgery, dogs were
      anesthetized and steady-state clearances of gentamicin, creatinine, inulin and p
      aminohippurate were determined. Subtotal nephrectomy proportionately decreased
      creatinine, inulin and p-aminohippurate clearances, but resulted in a
      significantly (P less than .05) decreased fractional excretion of gentamicin
      (0.97 +/- 0.24) (mean +/- S.D.) compared to intact dogs (1.22 +/- 0.08).
      Gentamicin serum protein binding by equilibrium dialysis was approximately 15% in
      both groups. In vitro canine cortical tissue slices accumulated drug as the
      slice/medium ratio was greater than one (1.77 +/- 0.47). This study indicates
      that the renal handling of gentamicin is altered in this disease model. This
      decreased fractional excretion of gentamicin implies that the quantity of drug
      excreted by the diseased kidney cannot be precisely predicted on the basis of
      glomerular filtration rate alone when drug dosage regimens are designed for
      patients with renal disease.

PMID- 4009508
TI  - Effects of single and repeated daily injections of morphine, clonidine and l
      nantradol on responding of squirrel monkeys under escape titration.
AB  - Lever pressing of monkeys was maintained under a titration schedule in which
      responses decreased shock intensity which otherwise was increased at a fixed
      rate. The opioid morphine, the antihypertensive clonidine and the cannabinoid l
      nantradol each resulted in a dose-related increase in shock intensity, although l
      nantradol and clonidine were 10 to 30 times more potent than morphine. Morphine
      and l-nantradol resulted in markedly higher shock intensities only at doses that
      severely disrupted responding, whereas clonidine resulted in higher shock
      intensities over a broader dose range without disrupting responding. Marked
      tolerance developed for the shock-increasing effects of morphine (3.0 mg/kg) and
      l-nantradol (0.3 mg/kg) within 10 to 15 sessions, but only partial tolerance
      developed for shock-increasing effects of clonidine (0.3 mg/kg) after up to 35
      sessions. The shock-increasing effects of chronically administered clonidine were
      antagonized by the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine but not by the alpha
      1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. When effects of acute injections were
      redetermined after 1 month without drug, the effects of clonidine, but not
      morphine or l-nantradol, were the same as before chronically administered drug.
      The influence of behavioral processes on the long-lasting effects of drugs seemed
      greater for morphine and l-nantradol than for clonidine.

PMID- 4009509
TI  - External knee joint design based on normal motion.
AB  - There are several advantages to accurate reproduction of knee motion in an
      external joint assembly such as a knee brace: reduction of pistoning forces,
      better ligament protection, kinematic compatability. The geometry and kinematics
      of the normal human knee were studied and the results applied to external joint
      design. Geometrically, the posterior portions of the femoral condyles were found
      to be spherical in shape. These spherical surfaces are projected in sagittal
      plane radiographs as circles with center points coincident with those of the
      spheres. A line connecting these centers defines an axis system and enables three
      dimensional orientation of the femur on the tibia to be determined using sagittal
      plane radiographs. Knee kinematics was determined as a function of flexion angle
      for 14 fresh cadavers and 8 volunteers. Results were in the form of eulerian
      rotations and displacements. The data were normalized to the size of the average
      knee and the results from the 22 trials were averaged. The most obvious motion
      was internal rotation of the tibia with flexion; however, varus rotation and
      posterior translation of the origin were also evident. An external joint system
      was then designed to mimic "average" knee motion during flexion. The joints have
      been incorporated into a knee brace, and clinical evaluation has begun. Other
      applications include cast bracing and hinge distraction.

PMID- 4009510
TI  - Occurrence of a new microsporidan: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n.g., n. sp., in the
      enterocytes of a human patient with AIDS.
AB  - A new microsporidium is reported infesting the enterocytes of a Haitian patients
      with AIDS. The stages observed were diplokaryotic cells, sporogonial plasmodia,
      unikaryotic sporoblasts, and spores. Neither a sporophorous vesicle
      (pansporoblastic membrane) nor parasitophorous vacuole were differentiated around
      the developmental stages, which were in direct contact with the host cell
      cytoplasm. The polar tube (5-6 coils) was differentiated before fission of the
      sporogonial plasmodium. The mature spores measured 1.5 micron X 0.5 micron. The
      spore wall was very thin as the endospore was absent or poorly differentiated.
      The organism is named Enterocytozoon bieneusi n. g., n. sp. and is assigned to
      the suborder Apansporoblastina.

PMID- 4009511
TI  - PKX, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in Pacific
      salmonid fishes and its affinities with the Myxozoa.
AB  - Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by an unclassified protozoan (PKX), is
      reported from Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) and O. kisutch
      (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, held at the Mad River
      Hatchery in California, USA. The cumulative mortality attributed to the disease
      was 95, 13, and 18% respectively. The mortalities were greatest at mean water
      temperatures of 12-14 degrees C during July 1983. The ultrastructure of the PKX
      organism and its associated pathology during clinical disease in all three
      species were consistent with those of the parasite in rainbow trout (Salmo
      gairdneri) as described in European outbreaks. Significant mortalities did not
      occur after August, at which time the parasite could no longer be detected in the
      salmon species. The steelhead continued to exhibit parasites in the kidney
      interstitium and epithelium and lumens of the tubules. Myxosporidan trophozoites
      and developing spores were also observed in the lumens of the kidney tubules of
      these fish. Although a mixed infection with another parasite may have occurred,
      evidence suggests that the myxosporidans are later stages of PKX. They were only
      observed in fish exposed to water with the infective stage and were particularly
      prominent in recovering fish. The PKX organism is similar to UBO, an unclassified
      protozoan of carp suspected to be an early stage of Sphaerospora renicola Dykova
      & Lom. Both parasites infect the blood and kidney, divide by endogeny, and are
      released by disintegration of the primary mother cell. The intraluminal
      myxosporean forms show similarities to Sphaerospora spp. in that they are
      monosporous and sporoblasts are formed within pseudoplasmodia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009513
TI  - Life events and physical illness.
AB  - This paper reviews research on the role of stressful life events in the aetiology
      of physical illness. Particular attention is given to the methodological problems
      involved in the identification and measurement of life events. There has been
      insufficient sound research for firm conclusions to be drawn but prospective
      studies make it clear that assessment of life events will lead to a more complete
      understanding of how psychosocial factors interact with bodily functioning.
      Future research studies will need to be based on an interactional model.

PMID- 4009512
TI  - Lipid and lipopolysaccharide-like antigens of Leishmania promastigotes.
AB  - Extraction of whole promastigotes of Leishmania tropica major and L. donovani
      with a mixture of hexane and isopropanol (3:2) yielded three fractions containing
      immunological activity: lipids, where the activity was determined by
      radioimmunoassay; a lipopolysaccharide-like (LPS-like), water-soluble
      precipitate, where activity was determined both by radioimmunoassay and double
      gel diffusion, and the phenol: water extract of the lipid-free promastigotes,
      where activity was followed by double gel diffusion. The use of a solid state,
      lipid-based radioimmunoassay for detection of leishmanial antigens provided a
      sensitive measure of their activity with a considerable degree of species and
      serotype specificity. We found antibodies to leishmanial lipids in sera from
      immunized rabbits, convalescent mice, and human patients with confirmed cases of
      cutaneous leishmaniasis or kala azar. There was very little activity in normal
      human or animal sera. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of
      fractions from promastigotes surface-labeled with galactose oxidase and sodium
      borotritiate and preliminary immunochemical characterization of the LPS-like
      antigen showed that it contained galactose, but otherwise differed
      immunologically and chemically from excreted factor (EF), the best characterized
      leishmanial antigen.

PMID- 4009514
TI  - Depression and anxiety in cancer patients: evidence for different causes.
AB  - Fifty-seven cancer patients currently receiving treatment were classified into
      three groups: (1) those who stated they were depressed/anxious for reasons other
      than cancer at any time in the past, including the interview day, (2) those who
      stated they were depressed/anxious solely related to cancer during the past or
      currently, (3) those who stated they were not depressed/anxious at anytime either
      in the past or currently, or had only 'normal' symptoms. Patients who were
      depressed for reasons other than cancer scored higher on self-rated anxiety,
      depression, and somatization. Patients who were depressed solely due to cancer
      were not significantly different from those with 'normal' symptoms. The findings
      suggest the importance of adequate differential diagnosis. The use of anti
      depressant treatment with a subset of depressed cancer patients is also
      suggested.

PMID- 4009515
TI  - The relationship of psychosocial factors to prognostic indicators in cutaneous
      malignant melanoma.
AB  - This study investigated the relationship between prognosis (estimated by
      histopathologic indicators) in cutaneous malignant melanoma and a comprehensive
      set of physical risk, demographic, psychosocial, and situational variables. These
      variables were derived from the medical examination, the pathology report,
      psychosocial self-report measures, and an hour-long videotaped interview with 59
      patients from two melanoma clinics in San Francisco. Variables significantly
      correlated with tumor thickness were: darker skin/hair/eye coloring, longer
      patient delay in seeking medical attention, two correlated dimensions within an
      operationally defined 'Type C' constellation of characteristics, two character
      style measures, and less previous knowledge of melanoma and understanding of its
      treatment. Of these variables, delay was the most significant in a hierarchical
      multiple regression analysis in which tumor thickness was the dependent variable.
      Associations between tumor thickness and psychosocial measures of Type C were
      considerably stronger and more significant for subjects less than age 55,
      suggesting that the role of behavioral and psychosocial factors in the course of
      malignant melanoma is more potent for younger than for older subjects.

PMID- 4009516
TI  - Gynaecological symptoms and psychological distress in potential hysterectomy
      patients.
AB  - The association between psychological and gynaecological problems has long been
      recognised and has recently received empirical support. The association of
      gynaecological symptoms with anxiety and depression was investigated. One hundred
      and two women referred to a gynaecology clinic, for non-malignant problems likely
      to result in hysterectomy, were assessed. A scale of gynaecological symptoms was
      constructed using principal component analysis. The Kellner-Sheffield Self-Rating
      Scale of Distress and the Zung Self-Rating Scale of Depression were also used.
      The depression measure correlated with complaints of heavy bleeding, flooding and
      clotting. The anxiety measure correlated with the complaint of long-standing
      painful menstruation. Anxiety and depression levels were significantly greater in
      this group than in an age-related population sample of women taken from the same
      city. It is argued that the use of such a scale of gynaecological symptoms might
      aid prediction of psychological difficulty in those presenting with certain
      gynaecological complaints.

PMID- 4009517
TI  - Psychosocial factors as strong predictors of mortality from cancer, ischaemic
      heart disease and stroke: the Yugoslav prospective study.
AB  - We investigated the relation of psychosocial risk factors to mortality in a
      prospective study of 1353 inhabitants of Crvenka, 619 of whom died between 1966
      and 1976. All 38 lung cancer deaths occurred in those with high scores for
      rationality and antiemotionality (R/A), a factor related to suppression of
      aggression. Compared with lower R/A, high R/A was also associated with a relative
      risk of mortality of 29 for other cancer, 4.3 for ischaemic heart disease and 6.5
      for stroke. Standardising for R/A reduced the smoking/lung cancer association,
      virtually eliminated the smoking/other cancer and smoking/heart disease
      relationships and reduced the association of heart disease with blood
      cholesterol, blood sugar and hypertension. Long lasting hopelessness was also
      independently associated with cancer as was anger with heart disease, though not
      so strongly as for R/A. Psychosocial variables are important predictors of
      mortality and decisively modify the effect of physical risk factors such as
      smoking.

PMID- 4009518
TI  - Differences in personality between parents of asthmatic children and parents of
      non-asthmatic children.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine whether there are any personality
      differences between the parents of asthmatic children and parents of children not
      subject to asthma. Using the CMPS personality test, 11 families with asthmatic
      children and 10 matched control families were investigated. The results indicate
      that the parents of asthmatic children are significantly more aggressive (p =
      0.02) and significantly less exhibitionist (p = 0.003) than parents of non
      asthmatic children. There were no intra-parental differences due to sex.

PMID- 4009519
TI  - An investigation of psychosocial factors in patients with upper abdominal pain: a
      comparison with other groups of surgical outpatients.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the personality patterns, levels of
      anxiety and the importance of life events in patients with upper abdominal pain
      and to compare these patients with other groups of patients attending a general
      surgical outpatient clinic. The relevance of age, sex and social class was also
      studied. The patient groups were compared on each of the psychological measures
      and no differences were found between the groups. In addition the data were
      subjected to principal component and discriminant analyses in order to determine
      whether the U.A.P. patients could be distinguished on the basis of a combination
      of indices. Both analyses failed to produce any distinguishing criteria for the
      U.A.P. patients. A number of other observations on these patients are also
      discussed but the overall results are more consistent with a non-specific model
      of stress and disease than with the idea of specific psychological factors being
      involved in the development of upper abdominal pain.

PMID- 4009520
TI  - Efficacy of Nijmegen Questionnaire in recognition of the hyperventilation
      syndrome.
AB  - The pattern of complaints of patients with the hyperventilation syndrome (HVS)
      was studied on the basis of the Nijmegen HVS Questionnaire (van Doorn, Colla,
      Folgering). This list was completed by 75 patients with the clinical diagnosis
      HVS. Non-metric principal components analysis (NMPCA) showed that the structure
      was three-dimensional, the dimensions being labelled: Shortness of breath (HVS
      1), Peripheral tetany (HVS-II), Central tetany (HVS-III). The questionnaire's
      differentiating ability was investigated by comparing HVS patients with non-HVS
      persons (80 persons employed in health care). All three components had an
      unequivocally high ability to differentiate between HVS and non-HVS. Application
      of linear analysis of discriminance to HVS-I, HVS-II and HVS-III together yielded
      93% correct classifications. Statistical double cross-validation resulted in 90
      and 94% correct classifications. The sensitivity of the Nijmegen Questionnaire in
      relation to the clinical diagnosis was 91% and the specificity 95%. It is
      concluded that the questionnaire is suitable as a screening instrument for early
      detection of HVS, and also as an aid in diagnosis and therapy planning.

PMID- 4009521
TI  - Assessment of coping strategies associated with syncope in blood donors.
AB  - Characteristics associated with vasovagal syncope in blood donors were
      investigated in two studies. An initial goal was to examine the potential role of
      physical and health variables. The primary goal was to assess coping strategies
      that might be related to the second phase (i.e., bradycardia; hypotension) of the
      vasovagal reaction pattern. Findings in both studies revealed that physical
      characteristics and health variables were unrelated to syncope. Donors who
      experienced reactions were characterized, however, by fewer prior blood donations
      and a greater likelihood of previous syncope. Multivariate analysis also
      indicated that in the context of the variables just noted, reacting donors
      reported less awareness of anxiety-related physiological cues. Other findings
      suggested that Suppression, a coping strategy that has been previously associated
      with heart rate decrease in blood donors, may be linked to syncope. Prospective
      assessment of coping is suggested for future studies of psychological factors
      involved in syncope.

PMID- 4009522
TI  - A test of a common assumption regarding the use of antenatal training during
      labour.
AB  - The nature and purpose of antenatal classes are reviewed briefly, together with
      the common assumption that women given antenatal training to cope with their
      labour pains do all in fact make use of the breathing and postural techniques
      which have been taught in the classes when they come to labour itself. This
      assumption was tested by obtaining reports of the use of such techniques from
      sixty primiparous mothers after their labours. The results showed that the
      majority of these women did use their coping techniques at the onset of
      contractions, but as labour progressed toward delivery fewer and fewer mothers
      did so, less than a third practising any kind of coping techniques by the time
      they were in the second stage of labour. Of the more than two thirds remaining, a
      very substantial number could be accounted for by the mothers who had epidural
      analgesia, but, even allowing for this, more than half of the 'non-epidural'
      mothers failed to make use of their postural and breathing techniques during the
      second stage of labour. These findings suggest that it should no longer be
      assumed that all women taught to cope with labour pains by learning postural and
      breathing techniques in antenatal classes will necessarily be able to use them
      throughout labour itself.

PMID- 4009523
TI  - Comparison of tritium metabolism in rat following single or continuous ingestion
      of tritium labeled wheat versus tritiated water.

PMID- 4009524
TI  - Relative biological effectiveness of 252Cf radiation as estimated by thymus
      weight loss.

PMID- 4009525
TI  - Incorporation of tritiated water (HTO) or organically bound tritium (OBT) into
      amino acids of rat brain proteins.

PMID- 4009526
TI  - [Vertebral and spinal cord hydatidosis. Contribution of radiology and x-ray
      computed tomography. Apropos of 36 cases].
AB  - A study of 36 cases of vertebral and spinal cord hydatidosis seen between 1970
      and 1984 allowed their division into three groups: those with purely
      intravertebral lesions, vertebral hydatid osteopathy, and hydatid pseudo-Pott's
      affections. The contribution of conventional radiology is reviewed at length and
      the importance of computed tomography emphasized for screening of extension and
      surveillance of "white cancer", a term applied by Deve to bone hydatidosis. Use
      of the scanner for CT imaging makes screening for residual or recurrent lesions a
      radiologic exploration.

PMID- 4009527
TI  - [Opacity of the pterygo-palatine fossa].
AB  - The pterygo-palatine fossa can be opacified because the invasion by pathologic
      tissue. This opacification, due to the loss of normal fatty content, has been
      found in 19 patients on 40 subjects affected by different maxillofacial
      pathology. The opacification of the pterygo-palatine fossa is a non specific sign
      and is generally associated with signs of bony involvement. This sign appears
      particularly usefull when the bony involvement is very slight and of in certain
      evaluation.

PMID- 4009528
TI  - [False mass of the thoracic wall in obese adolescent girls].
AB  - Each of four obese adolescent females were thought to have pre-sternal anterior
      chest wall "masses" when evaluated by lateral chest radiograph. All had normal
      physical examinations. The apparent chest wall masses were found to be an
      artifact created by partial midline contact of both, large breasts, surrounded by
      a partial midline air space adding contrast to the adjacent soft tissue. Manual
      abduction of the breasts was followed by disappearance of the apparent
      radiographic abnormality.

PMID- 4009529
TI  - [Dosimetric study of radiographs produced in the neonatal intensive care unit in
      newborn infants from 1 to 30 days of age].
AB  - This work is part of general program of the diagnostic radiation dosage
      monitoring in the C.H.U. of Brest. The aim of these measurements is to precise
      the doses delivered to the sensitive organs in infants from one to thirty days of
      age in the intensive care pediatric Department. We present in this paper the
      technology used and the results of these controls. We complete this experimental
      work with a statistical study of the number of radiographies made in the
      intensive care pediatric Department on 623 children. We insist on the use of
      leaded protection in the radiodiagnostic practice, as often as it is possible.

PMID- 4009530
TI  - [Effects of the argon laser on atheromas. Preliminary study on post-mortem
      arterial samples].
AB  - The effects of argon laser radiation of human atheroma were studied in vitro.
      Lesions produced were craters from total tissue volatilization surrounded by a
      thin zone of coagulation. The degree of tissue destruction was related to the
      energy used and the direction of the laser beam in relation to the atheromatous
      stenotic lesion. These findings confirm that it is possible to destroy the
      atheroma under controlled conditions, but at the non-negligible risk of
      perforation. By allowing visual control, the angioscope should ensure increased
      safety in use and provide hope for future applications of this method by the
      percutaneous route in the treatment of established atheromatous disease.

PMID- 4009531
TI  - [Subperiosteal (juxtacortical) chondroma of the hand. Apropos of 2 cases. Review
      of the literature].
AB  - Subperiosteal chondroma (juxta-cortical) is unusual benign cartilaginous neoplasm
      with characteristic radiographic features. We report two cases occurring in
      uncommon location: the hand. Radiologic differential diagnosis with others bone
      tumors is easy but it could be difficult with some soft-tissue tumors, especially
      chondrosarcoma and extraarticular chondromatosis.

PMID- 4009532
TI  - [National survey on radiodiagnosis. Personnel and equipment (2)].
AB  - The total projected number of units (including tables and potters) has been
      estimated at 16 325 in 1982, at the exclusion of radiological dental systems and
      unit exclusively devoted to mass X-Ray examinations. Almost half of this total
      equipment is located in public hospitals (including University hospitals), where
      the departments have a mean size which is markedly greater than the private
      sector (clinics and physicians' offices). One of the main feature of the French
      equipment is the high rate of remote controlled machines (almost 40%). The total
      labor forces involved directly in this activity has been estimated to 46 000; of
      which 14 580 are physicians (radiologists or not) and 18 680 are radiographers.
      The mean productivity, computed in annual mean number of examinations per person
      (medical and para-medical) is estimated at 1 000. These results are examined and
      compared throughout the different sectors (public and private; hospital, clinic
      and ambulatory care).

PMID- 4009533
TI  - Psychiatric morbidity in a military general practice.
AB  - The General Health Questionnaire of Goldberg was used as an indicator of
      morbidity in three groups of a Military General Practice in British Army of the
      Rhine. Group 1 consisted of 299 service and civilian consecutive new attenders at
      the General Practice. Group 2 of 80 attenders for routine medical examination and
      Group 3 of a community sample of 446 soldiers from units in the practice area.
      Patients presenting for consultation at the practice were shown to have higher
      GHQ scores and percentage positive scores than the community sample, which in
      turn showed higher mean scores than those referred to the practice as non
      complainants for routine medical examination. Service personnel showed lower mean
      scores than dependants or civilians. There were significant differences in scores
      between groups by rank in soldier attenders, those of junior non-commissioned
      officer rank having lower mean scores and lower percentage high scores than
      others.

PMID- 4009534
TI  - Renal trauma in a South African hospital: a two year study.
AB  - A study was made of renal trauma in a South African hospital during the period
      1977-1979. The diagnosis and treatment of the 119 patients admitted to the
      Surgical Unit with moderate to severe renal injury are described. The 21 patients
      with penetrating wounds were treated by surgical intervention. The remainder were
      successfully managed conservatively. In all cases every effort was made to
      salvage viable renal tissue.

PMID- 4009535
TI  - Exercised induced asthma in young male asthmatics with symptoms, and in
      remission.
AB  - A treadmill exercise test was carried out on 154 male subjects aged 15-25 years
      who gave a history of mild asthma in childhood, and on 31 similarly aged control
      subjects. The results were expressed as an exercise lability index, (ELI), based
      on measurement of FEV. The mean ELI of the control group was 7.6%, range 2.9
      12.2% and a positive result in the asthma subjects was an ELI greater than 15%.
      Seventy five of the asthma subjects were found to have been asymptomatic for a
      year or more (group 1) and, in 15 of them (20%) the test was positive. The
      remaining 79 were currently symptomatic, or had been symptomatic within a year
      (group 2), and in 52 of these (66%), the test was positive. The difference
      between the two results was significant, p greater than or equal to 0.001. We
      believe this observation suggests that exercise induced asthma (EIA) cannot be
      demonstrated in the majority of asthmatics who are in remission.

PMID- 4009536
TI  - A new Salmonella serotype isolated from Saudi Arabia.
AB  - The isolation and identification of a new sub-genus I Salmonella is described.
      The complete antigenic formula is 3,10:z29:enx; the serotype has been named
      Salmonella everleigh. The strain is atypical in that it ferments salicin,
      produces indole, and fails to produce acid in tartrate media.

PMID- 4009537
TI  - The investigation of haematuria in the young military population.
AB  - The presentation of haematuria in the otherwise fit young adult is common in
      military practice. Controversy still exists as to how fully such patients should
      be investigated. The findings in 90 military patients under 40 are reported and a
      scheme to rationalise the investigation of haematuria is put forward.

PMID- 4009538
TI  - Medical aspects of a military exercise in Kenya.

PMID- 4009539
TI  - Coronary risk profile of young soldiers with coronary heart disease.
AB  - In a retrospective study of coronary risk factors in young soldiers with coronary
      heart disease (CHD), designed to explain why junior ranks in the British Army
      have a higher mortality rate from CHD than comparable British civilians, high
      prevalence of heavy cigarette smoking was found to be the major discriminant. In
      general, young men with CHD have higher prevalence of cigarette smoking, and a
      higher per capita consumption than older men with CHD. They also have higher
      cholesterol levels, perhaps resulting from more symptomatic cases of familial
      hypercholesterolaemia in the younger age group. Young affected soldiers are more
      obese than young affected civilians and smoke more cigarettes (24% smoke 40 or
      more per day). This may be related to the reduced cost of cigarettes to soldiers
      in some parts of the world. In the British Army, the expected protective effect
      of physical fitness is overwhelmed by the deleterious effect of high cigarette
      consumption.

PMID- 4009540
TI  - Sudden death in sport before and after introduction of the Basic Fitness Test.
AB  - This study examines sudden unexpected deaths in relation to strenuous exercise in
      the five years following the introduction of the Basic Fitness Test viz: 1978-82
      and, by comparison with an identical study of the years 1968-77, shows that the
      annual exercise associated mortality rate rose from 3.5 per 100,000 before the
      Basic Fitness Test to 4.75 per 100,000 after its introduction. Sudden unexpected
      death in relation to strenuous exercise is rare, and its incidence has not
      importantly changed since the introduction of the Basic Fitness Test.

PMID- 4009542
TI  - Acupuncture: a military medical use?

PMID- 4009541
TI  - Pack palsy.
AB  - A case of 'Pack Palsy' in a previously fit soldier caused by incorrect adjustment
      of the strapping of his pack is described. The resulting disability was severe
      and recovery, although complete, was prolonged. Realization of the potential for
      brachial plexus injury, particularly in the combat situation, when the duration
      of march and the rough terrain cannot be varied is strongly emphasised. The
      mechanics as well as the two different sites of injury are described.

PMID- 4009543
TI  - Medical training for peace and war.

PMID- 4009544
TI  - Oxygen supply and fetal growth.

PMID- 4009545
TI  - Safety margin of fetal oxygenation.
AB  - The supply of O2 to fetal tissues depends upon a balance between factors that
      favor and hinder fetal oxygenation. Experiments in sheep have demonstrated that
      high rates of placental perfusion, high O2 affinity of fetal red cells and high
      rates of perfusion in fetal tissues compensate for an ineffective placental
      exchange system and for the circulatory arrangement by which fetal arterial blood
      is formed by mixing oxygenated umbilical venous blood with deoxygenated systemic
      venous blood. Under normal physiologic conditions the balance of the factors that
      influence fetal oxygenation provides the fetal lamb with an oxygen supply
      approximately twice the minimum level necessary to sustain fetal life.

PMID- 4009546
TI  - What we have learned about placental circulation.
AB  - Progress in our knowledge of placental structure and function commenced with the
      Hunterian establishment of the independence of the maternal and fetal circulation
      and of the existence of spiral arteries traversing the uterine wall. Among the
      19th-and early-20th-century landmarks were the development and progressive
      modification of the Grosser classification of placental types, recognition of
      cyclic uterine changes and demonstration of the architecture and histology of the
      uteroplacental vasculature. Recently attention has focused on the trophoblast,
      making use of the current technology of electron microscopy, radiology,
      ultrasound, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence. New information on
      trophoblastic types, origin, and erosive and secretory activity has come to
      light.

PMID- 4009547
TI  - Energy metabolism of the developing brain.
AB  - Cerebral metabolism in utero and in the neonatal period remains incompletely
      understood. A major investigative technique uses 14C deoxyglucose. Species
      differences, behavioral states and gestational age all have an impact. Hormonal
      and sensory stimuli have potential influences. The use of this new investigative
      technique in the human will allow detailed study of the effects of a variety of
      pathophysiologic events and possibly of drug therapy on cerebral glucose
      metabolism.

PMID- 4009548
TI  - Vasopressin levels during pregnancy and labor.
AB  - Baseline plasma vasopressin concentrations were measured in 10 healthy women
      during a normal menstrual cycle, 97 normal women during pregnancy and 43 pregnant
      women hospitalized during the third trimester because of pregnancy-induced
      hypertension (PIH). Plasma vasopressin levels were also measured in 44 normal
      pregnant women in early labor and in 30 parturients at delivery. The random
      plasma vasopressin concentrations did not vary significantly between the
      nonpregnant women during the follicular phase (2.3 +/- 0.2 microU/ml) and luteal
      phase (2.2 +/- 0.3 microU/ml) or during the third trimester in normal pregnant
      women (2.0 +/- 0.2 microU/ml) or those with PIH (2.0 +/- 0.1 microU/ml). There
      was a significant reduction (p less than 0.01) in plasma vasopressin levels in
      the pregnant women during the first trimester (1.5 +/- 0.1 microU/ml) and second
      trimester (1.5 +/- 0.1 microU/ml) as compared to levels in nonpregnant and
      pregnant women in the third trimester. The mean plasma vasopressin levels in the
      pregnant women complaining of nausea were similar to those in the pregnant women
      without nausea. Plasma vasopressin levels in women during labor did not increase
      significantly over third-trimester-pregnancy concentrations during the first
      stage of labor (1.9 +/- 0.1 microU/ml) or at delivery (1.8 +/- 0.1 microU/ml).
      These cross-sectional measurements of maternal plasma vasopressin levels do not
      support a role for vasopressin in the development of PIH or in the initiation or
      maintenance of labor.

PMID- 4009549
TI  - Value of umbilical blood acid-base studies in fetal assessment.
AB  - Determining umbilical vessel blood gas and acid-base values at delivery is a
      useful, noninvasive means of assessing the condition of the fetus and of
      reconstructing intrapartum events. These measurements provide a means of auditing
      the incidence and severity of fetal acidemia and of evaluating the efficacy of
      clinical measures of detection and treatment. In addition, these parameters may
      be useful in differentiating the various causes of fetal acidemia.

PMID- 4009550
TI  - Effects of unanswered questions about modern obstetric practice.
AB  - Many of our everyday obstetric technologies and practices are backed by weak or
      confusing basic scientific information or the erroneous interpretation of such
      information.

PMID- 4009551
TI  - Psychologic aspects of vaginal agenesis.
AB  - An assessment of the psychologic aspects of total vaginal agenesis was done on 54
      patients. Emotional reactions to the diagnosis and treatment varied with the age
      of the patient and her relationship with her parents. Some were initially
      depressed, questioning themselves as females and their futures as wives and
      mothers. Sterility was the most difficult aspect to accept. Postoperative
      compliance with dilator use varied with the extent of the preparation for surgery
      and the extent of the open, supportive relationships with the staff and family.
      Prolonged counseling, with monitoring of emotional reactions and reinforcement
      with factual information, was a vital part of the medical management and had an
      impact on the final result.

PMID- 4009552
TI  - Contraceptive use before tubal sterilization.
AB  - A woman's decision to undergo tubal sterilization may be affected by her
      experience with temporary contraception. To examine this issue we analyzed data
      from the Collaborative Review of Sterilization, a multicenter, prospective study
      of the health effects of sterilization operations on women aged 15-44 years. Data
      on contraceptive use by a comparison group of nonsterilized women were drawn from
      a random, population-based sample of women aged 20-44 years who were controls in
      a large study of cancer and steroid hormone use. Sterilized women reported ever
      using a higher average number of contraceptive methods than did nonsterilized
      women. As compared with nonsterilized women, a higher percentage of sterilized
      women reported ever using contraceptives (99% versus 91%), especially two types,
      barrier and rhythm or withdrawal. Prior to selecting sterilization as a permanent
      contraceptive method, the sterilized women had more extensive experience with
      temporary contraceptives, particularly the less effective ones, than did the
      comparable nonsterilized women.

PMID- 4009553
TI  - Outpatient management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. A summary of 279
      cases.
AB  - Two hundred seventy-nine patients with cervical condylomas or cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were treated as outpatients with cryotherapy.
      Every patient followed received a Papanicolaou smear, colposcopic evaluation,
      cervical biopsy and endocervical curettage four months following treatment. The
      treatment failure rates for CIN 1/condyloma, CIN 2 and CIN 3 were 2.9%, 5.7% and
      4.3%, respectively. The percentage of patients eventually requiring conization
      was 0.7, 1.6 and 2.7, respectively. No patient who had a negative clinical and
      histologic examination at four months subsequently had a recurrence. The mean
      follow-up was 23.1, 26.0 and 35.0 months for CIN 1/condyloma, CIN 2 and CIN 3,
      respectively. Proper triage is important with CIN 3, and a complete colposcopic
      examination at the initial follow-up visit is valuable for predicting outcome.

PMID- 4009554
TI  - Pregnant women's absorption of iron from prenatal supplements.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, crossover study was carried out on iron absorption
      from three prenatal supplements by women in the first trimester of pregnancy. The
      supplements were given to fasting subjects as a single pill early in the morning,
      and iron absorption was determined from measurements of serum iron performed
      during the course of the day. Iron absorption from two of the supplements was
      substantially less than the 3.5 mg recommended for the prevention of iron
      deficiency during pregnancy. The third supplement, containing reduced amounts of
      calcium and magnesium, provided on the average 3.6 mg of absorbed iron to the
      subjects. These results support previous findings in nonpregnant subjects that
      the availability of iron in a prenatal supplement is affected by the overall
      composition of the supplement.

PMID- 4009555
TI  - Uncomplicated, spontaneous expulsion of a uterine leiomyoma postpartum. A case
      report.
AB  - The second reported case of a puerperal, sloughing fibroid occurred. Expulsion of
      the tumor on the first postpartum day was spontaneous and uncomplicated.

PMID- 4009556
TI  - Perforation of angular pregnancy during elective pregnancy termination. A case
      report.
AB  - A perforated angular pregnancy, unsuspected and asymptomatic, was diagnosed in a
      35-year-old woman during elective pregnancy termination in the first trimester.
      The pregnancy, along with free blood in the abdomen, was found when laparoscopy
      and then laparotomy were performed for suspected uterine perforation during
      suction and curettage. Cornual resection and salpingectomy were performed.

PMID- 4009557
TI  - The value of endocervical curettage as part of the standard colposcopic
      evaluation.
AB  - Whether to perform endocervical curettage (ECC) as part of a routine colposcopic
      examination in patients with an abnormal Papanicolaou smear remains
      controversial. Some studies consider ECC an essential part of a colposcopic
      examination regardless of the level of the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ); others
      consider it superfluous in cases where the SCJ can be visualized. Between January
      1980 and December 1982, 278 new patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears
      underwent colposcopy. Directed biopsies established the degree of cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and ruled out invasive disease. ECC was done on
      every patient. A total of 51 patients (18%) had a positive ECC. Seven patients
      could not be evaluated because their records were incomplete. Of the 44 evaluable
      patients, 32 (73%) had satisfactory colposcopy. In the remaining 12 (27%) the
      upper limit of the transformation zone could not be seen clearly; in that group
      the degrees of CIN on colposcopic biopsy and ECC were in agreement in two cases;
      ECC revealed the degree to be less severe in four cases and more severe in six
      (50%). In the group with satisfactory examinations, 15 had the same degree of CIN
      on colposcopic biopsy and ECC; ten had less severe and seven (22%), more severe
      degrees of CIN on ECC. Of greatest clinical importance was that, overall, 11.5%
      had a positive ECC despite a satisfactory colposcopic examination. This study
      indicated that ECC provides unique and important information, justifying its
      inclusion as part of the standard evaluation of every patient undergoing
      colposcopy for abnormal cervical cytology.

PMID- 4009558
TI  - RO-TAGE biopsy. An improved method of endocervical evaluation.
AB  - The colposcopic management of patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears relies
      on correlating the examination findings with the cytology and biopsy results.
      Failure to adequately sample the endocervical canal introduces a possible source
      of error and could allow an invasive lesion to be missed. In 300 patients
      subjected to both endocervical curettage and RO-TAGE biopsy (Proto Med
      Incorporated, Boulder, Colorado), significantly fewer inadequate samples were
      obtained with RO-TAGE biopsy (1%) or the use of both methods (0.3%) than with
      curettage alone (4.3%). Therefore, we conclude that RO-TAGE biopsy should be
      added to every colposcopic examination.

PMID- 4009559
TI  - Endocervical curettage after cryotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - Two hundred forty-five patients were studied prospectively to determine the value
      of endocervical curettage (ECC) in the follow-up of patients having undergone
      cryotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Patients at high risk
      of treatment failure were divided into three groups: (I) CIN grade 3 lesions
      confined strictly to the ectocervix (86 patients), (II) CIN grade 1-3 lesions
      involving the endocervix to a depth of up to 5 mm and a negative ECC prior to
      cryotherapy (64 patients), and (III) CIN grade 1-3 lesions confined to the
      ectocervix or extending into the endocervix to a depth of up to 5 mm and a
      positive ECC (27 patients). A fourth group, 68 patients with CIN grade 1 and 2
      lesions confined to the ectocervix, was considered to be at low risk of treatment
      failure and served as controls. All the patients had satisfactory colposcopy. ECC
      was performed at 6 and 12 months after cryotherapy. Recurrent or persistent CIN
      was diagnosed in 19 of 245 patients (8%) and was found in group I (6 of 86, or
      8%), II (6 of 64, or 9%), III (3 of 27, or 11%) and IV (4 of 68, or 6%). The
      rates of treatment failure did not differ significantly between the various
      groups (p greater than 0.1). ECC was positive in 4 of 19 (21%) of the cryotherapy
      failures (group I, 1 of 6; II, 2 of 6; III, 1 of 3; IV, 0 of 4). In two cases of
      a positive follow-up ECC, cervical cytology was also positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009560
TI  - Colposcopic screening of women with atypical Papanicolaou smears.
AB  - A retrospective study was done on 575 patients with atypical Papanicolaou smears
      obtained during a ten-year period (1974-83) at Bellevue Hospital-New York
      University Medical Center. The smears were classified into three categories. The
      first consisted of 463 patients (81%) with inflammatory atypia specifically
      treated for Trichomonas, Monilia, Chlamydia, Gardnerella and atrophic vaginitis.
      Of them, 162 patients (35% of the group) had persistent inflammatory atypia 90
      days after the beginning of therapy and were subjected to colposcopic
      examination. The second group consisted of 86 patients (15%) with squamous
      atypia. That group underwent colposcopic examination. The third group, 26
      patients (4%), had endocervical atypia and underwent colposcopy and endocervical
      curettage. Overall, of 162 patients with persistent inflammatory atypia, 36 (22%)
      were found to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); of 86 with squamous
      atypia, 60 (70%) had CIN; and of 26 with endocervical atypia, 15 (58%) had CIN.
      Fifty-eight (28%) of all the patients with CIN had lesions of severity greater
      than CIN 1. It appears that all patients with persistent inflammation or squamous
      or endocervical atypia would benefit from colposcopic screening.

PMID- 4009561
TI  - Conization of the cervix with the CO2 laser as an office procedure.
AB  - Conization of the cervix is usually done under general anesthesia in an operating
      room. The use of the CO2 laser has been shown to reduce the high morbidity
      associated with cervical conization, but, like cold-knife conization, laser
      excisional procedures are still usually done in an operating room under general
      anesthesia. Forty-one patients underwent conization of the cervix with the CO2
      laser in an office setting. The procedure was well tolerated, and intraoperative
      bleeding was not a problem. Two cases of delayed postoperative bleeding were
      treated on an outpatient basis. The ability to perform cervical conization in an
      office setting offers significant advantages.

PMID- 4009562
TI  - Regression of cervicovaginal abnormalities in DES-exposed women. A comparison of
      changes in sexually inactive women and the effects of the onset of sexual
      activity.
AB  - Sequential colpophotographs were reviewed from a group of 1,139 female progeny
      exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero and who were not yet sexually active
      on initial examination. Forty had ectopy. For 27 the normalized yearly rate of
      squamous metaplasia (replacement of columnar epithelium) was 28.8 +/- 3.7% (SEM).
      For the 18 who became sexually active the normalized yearly rate of squamous
      metaplasia was 54.6 +/- 6.2%. Thus, the sexually active women demonstrated a more
      rapid rate of squamous metaplasia; that rate was statistically significant (T =
      3.8, p less than 0.001). The cervicovaginal hood was observed to regress slowly,
      and no effect of sexual activity could be demonstrated. Cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia 2 was found in three patients. It occurred only in those who became
      sexually active, and the incidence was significantly different from that in the
      group that remained sexually inactive. The development of a small cervical os was
      found in two of the sexually active women without any local therapy.

PMID- 4009563
TI  - Central hemodynamic findings associated with cortical blindness in severe
      preeclampsia. A case report.
AB  - Amaurosis, or cortical blindness, is a rare complication of preeclampsia. Recent
      technologic advances have permitted a more accurate assessment of the affected
      cortical regions using computerized tomography (CT). A better understanding of
      the hemodynamic events in this illness has been afforded by central monitoring
      techniques, such as Swan-Ganz flow-directed arterial catheters. A patient with
      severe preeclampsia and amaurosis documented by CT scan was followed with
      invasive hemodynamic monitoring.

PMID- 4009564
TI  - Where is psychoanalysis going?

PMID- 4009565
TI  - Caring or curing: conflicts of choice.

PMID- 4009566
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors in American and Japanese executives. Telecom Health
      Research Group.
AB  - A standardized cardiovascular risk factor examination was given to executives in
      the headquarters of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and the Nippon
      Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation. As expected from the national
      mortality data, evidence of ischaemic heart disease was more common among
      American than Japanese executives. The frequency of some but not all risk factors
      was consistent with the observed differences in ischaemic heart disease.
      Americans were fatter than their Japanese counterparts, obtained a higher
      proportion of their caloric intake from animal fats, had higher serum cholesterol
      levels, and more of them felt that their lives were highly stressful. On the
      other hand, Japanese executives were much more likely to be cigarette smokers and
      showed a greater increase in blood pressure with age. Serum high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty
      acids in the serum were similar in the two groups.

PMID- 4009567
TI  - Total knee replacement in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Between 1974 and 1983, 187 total knee replacements were performed in 163 patients
      at four East Kent district general hospitals. With few exceptions pain was the
      most common indication for the operation and it produced complete or almost
      complete relief in 90% of cases. The most frequently used prostheses were the
      Attenborough, Stanmore and Geomedic.

PMID- 4009568
TI  - Assessing the needs of the elderly using unsolicited visits by health visitors.
AB  - Thirty-five percent of patients over 70 years old who received an unsolicited
      visit by a health visitor were found to have previously unidentified needs. In
      all, 71% of the 110 patients surveyed were found to have problems involving
      mobility, communication or caring for themselves. Most of their needs were social
      ones. It was concluded that unsolicited visiting by health visitors was efficient
      use of time by members of the primary health care team. Changes in practice
      administration are suggested to improve access to medical care for elderly
      patients.

PMID- 4009569
TI  - Isotope phallogram: preliminary communication.
AB  - The isotope phallogram is an investigation which uses radioisotope-labelled red
      cells in the imaging of penile arterial blood flow. In a preliminary series of 12
      impotent patients undergoing both internal iliac arteriography and isotope
      phallography, the penogram index described by Fannous et al. (1982) has been
      modified to derive an accurate indicator of vascular disease.

PMID- 4009570
TI  - Scientific status of psychodynamic theory--some conceptual problems: discussion
      paper.

PMID- 4009572
TI  - Cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis: presenting feature of Crohn's disease.

PMID- 4009571
TI  - Erroneous diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma in hypertensive patient on labetalol.

PMID- 4009573
TI  - Bilateral pelviureteric junction obstruction: the case for endoscopic management.

PMID- 4009574
TI  - Hypnosis in terminal care.

PMID- 4009575
TI  - Low-dose heparin in prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 4009576
TI  - Retinopathy after irradiation and hyperbaric oxygen.

PMID- 4009577
TI  - Treatment of respiratory failure.

PMID- 4009578
TI  - Thorotrast granuloma of the neck.

PMID- 4009579
TI  - The family life-cycle.

PMID- 4009580
TI  - The family in society.

PMID- 4009581
TI  - 'Some ailment in the spiritual part'.

PMID- 4009583
TI  - What is family therapy?

PMID- 4009582
TI  - The stepfamily: an introduction to its problems.

PMID- 4009584
TI  - Gingerbread: self-help for one-parent families.

PMID- 4009585
TI  - Genograms in general practice.

PMID- 4009586
TI  - Family circles.

PMID- 4009587
TI  - Working with families.

PMID- 4009588
TI  - The family as a system.

PMID- 4009589
TI  - Synthesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids indicine, intermedine, lycopsamine, and
      analogues and their N-oxides. Potential antitumor agents.
AB  - (-)- and (+)-trachelanthic and (-)- and (+)-viridifloric acids were synthesized
      and their isopropylidene derivatives were regiospecifically coupled, at C-9, with
      (-)-retronecine obtained by hydrolysis of monocrotaline, isolated from Crotalaria
      spectabilis. Hydrolysis, followed by oxidation, led to the N-oxides of indicine,
      intermedine, lycopsamine, and the new nonnatural product, respectively. Each of
      these analogues was screened in the P388 lymphocytic leukemia system at the same
      time as indicine N-oxide, and the results were compared. Other related analogues
      were prepared and similarly screened and the results compared with those from
      indicine N-oxide.

PMID- 4009590
TI  - Synthesis and antidepressant profiles of phenyl-substituted 2-amino- and 2
      [(alkoxycarbonyl)amino]-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines.
AB  - A series of 4(6)- and 5-phenyl-substituted 2-amino- and 2-[(alkoxycarbonyl)amino]
      1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines were prepared and evaluated for central nervous
      system (CNS) effects in animal models. Several 5-phenyl-substituted compounds
      possessed potent antidepressant activity and all compounds in this series were
      devoid of significant activity in any of the other CNS (anticonvulsant, muscle
      relaxant, and depressant) assays. The most active compound in the in vivo screen
      for antidepressant activity (reversal of reserpine-induced hypothermia), 2
      [(methoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-phenyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine was considerably
      more potent than tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) standards. The 2-amino parent
      compound on the other hand was greater than 100-fold as effective as TCA's in in
      vitro inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine uptake.

PMID- 4009591
TI  - Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of hydroxylated derivatives of olivacine in
      relation with their biotransformation.
AB  - The chemical synthesis of 9-hydroxyolivacine and 7-hydroxyolivacine based on a
      biomimetic approach is described. These two hydroxylated derivatives have been
      found as main in vitro metabolites of olivacine after incubation with rat hepatic
      microsomes. The pretreatment of animals with benzo[a]pyrene caused a large
      increase in both microsomal hydroxylations, whereas the pretreatment with
      phenobarbital caused a weak increase, with a preservation of 9-hydroxylation/7
      hydroxylation ratio greater than 1 in both cases. The two hydroxyolivacines have
      been also found as principal in vivo metabolites of olivacine in rat bile as
      glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. The pretreatment of animals with
      benzo[a]pyrene reverses the 9-hydroxyolivacine/7-hydroxyolivacine ratio excretion
      in bile to a value that is less than 1. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments,
      the free metabolites were identified by HPLC and UV-visible, MS, and 1H NMR
      spectra. Hydroxylation at position 9 increases the in vitro cytotoxicity against
      leukemia L1210 cells (ID50 = 0.06 microM compared to 2.03 microM for olivacine)
      and an opposite effect is observed for hydroxylation at position 7 (ID50 = 12.8
      microM). On the other hand, hydroxylation at position 9 has no effect on the in
      vivo antitumor activity against L1210. This might be related to the oxidative and
      conjugative metabolic pathways that play an important role in antitumor activity
      and deactivation of olivacine and its hydroxy metabolites.

PMID- 4009592
TI  - New antiarrhythmic agents. N-aryl-8-pyrrolizidinealkanamides.
AB  - The synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of N-aryl-8-pyrrolizidinealkanamides
      are described. The target compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect
      against chloroform-induced fibrillation in mice. Many of them were found to have
      antifibrillatory activity comparable to that of lidocaine; several are more
      potent than lidocaine. N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-8-pyrrolizidineacetamide which was
      found to be more potent and less toxic (LD50) than lidocaine, also showed a long
      duration of action in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias after oral
      administration.

PMID- 4009593
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of arylimidazopyridine cardiotonics: discovery
      and inotropic activity of 2-[2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5
      c]pyridine.
AB  - Recently several noncatecholamine, nonglycoside cardiotonic drugs have been
      discovered that possess both inotropic and vasodilator activities in experimental
      animals and man. Prototypical compounds include amrinone, sulmazole, and
      fenoximone. We investigated the structural requirements necessary for optimal
      inotropic activity in a series of molecules containing a heterocyclic ring fused
      to 2-phenylimidazole and discovered that 2-phenylimidazo[4,5-c]pyridines were
      generally 5-10-fold more potent than analogous 2-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridines
      (e.g., sulmazole) or 8-phenylpurines. Furthermore, all imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine
      analogues we tested were orally active; in contrast, only one of the imidazo[4,5
      b]pyridine derivatives, sulmazole, was significantly active. One of several
      highly active compounds in the [4,5-c] series was 50 (LY175326, 2-[2-methoxy-4
      (methylsulfinyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine hydrochloride). The structure
      activity relationship of this series is presented and compared to that of the
      imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and purine series.

PMID- 4009594
TI  - Synthesis and antinociceptive activity of 4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3,4,5,6
      tetrahydro-2H-1,5-methano-1, 4-benzodiazocin-9-amine and congeners.
AB  - The synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazocines has been extended to include the 9-amines.
      The title compound, 6, was prepared from the known nor-base by N-acylation with
      cyclopropanecarboxylic acid anhydride, followed by nitration of the aromatic ring
      and sequential reduction of the resulting nitroamide. Standard in vivo bioassays
      for antinociceptive and opiate antagonist activities indicated that 6 is an
      analgesic agonist mixed narcotic antagonist whose oral to parenteral activity
      ratio approaches unity. Resolution of 6 established that the activity of the
      racemate resides in the dextrorotatory antipode. Several congeners were also
      prepared and tested. Their synthesis and structure-activity relationships are
      given in this paper.

PMID- 4009595
TI  - Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of bicyclomycin analogues.
AB  - The synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel bicyclomycin analogues are
      described. The series of analogues were prepared from the basic 8,10-diaza-2
      oxabicyclo[4.2.2]decane-7,9-dione, 7,9-diaza-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane-6,8-dione
      8,10-diaza-5-methylene-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.2]decane-7,9-dione and 7,9-diaza-4
      methylene-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane-6,8-dione nuclei. For compounds where R1 = p
      methoxybenzyl, deprotection of the lipophilic amides with ceric ammonium nitrate
      affords the corresponding lipophobic free amides. The basic bicyclic nucleus of
      bicyclomycin (8h, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = H) has been synthesized for the first time
      as well as increasingly more complex congeners bearing the C-6 OH, 5-methylene; C
      1'-C-3' trihydroxyisobutyl group. In general, it has been found that the bicyclic
      nucleus of bicyclomycin is devoid of antimicrobial activity, the entire structure
      of bicyclomycin being generally obligate for activity. In one instance, the
      racemic analogue 10c (R1 = CH2Ph, R2 = OH, R3 = H) showed interesting
      antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive organisms; the minimum
      inhibitory concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as bicyclomycin
      displays toward Gram-negative organisms. Totally synthetic (+/-)-bicyclomycin was
      half as active as the natural antibiotic. The design, synthesis, and
      antimicrobial activity (and/or lack thereof) of bicyclomycin and the analogues
      are discussed in the context of a proposed chemical mechanism of action.

PMID- 4009596
TI  - Nucleosides. 133. Synthesis of 5-alkenyl-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyl)cytosines and related pyrimidine nucleosides as potential
      antiviral agents.
AB  - The synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosines with a
      halovinyl or vinyl substituent at C-5 was accomplished from the corresponding 5
      iodo (FIAC, 1) and/or 5-chloromercuri nucleoside analogues with use of Li2PdCl4-
      and Pd(OAc)2-mediated coupling reactions. Thiation of the benzoylated derivative
      of the 5-ethyluracil nucleoside 3 followed by S-methylation and then ammonolysis
      provided 5-ethyl-2'-fluoro-ara-C. 5-Ethynyl-2'-fluoro-ara-C (19a) and 5-ethynyl
      2'-fluoro-ara-U (19b) were also obtained from the persilylated 5-iodo nucleosides
      1 and 16, respectively, by PdII/CuI catalyzed coupling with
      (trimethylsilyl)acetylene. With use of selective sugar deprotection of the
      initial coupling products with H2O/Me2SO, the corresponding 5-[2
      (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl] derivatives 18a and 18b could be isolated. Most of the
      new compounds showed activity in vitro against both HSV-1 and HSV-2, as did the
      known corresponding 5-alkenyluracil nucleosides synthesized earlier. The 5
      vinylcytosine and -uracil nucleosides 10 and 24, respectively, were highly
      effective against HSV-1 (ED90 = 0.40 and 0.043 microM, respectively) and HSV-2
      (ED90 = 0.59 and 0.56 microM, respectively). Unlike BVDU, the 2'-fluoroarabinosyl
      derivatives of 5-(halovinyl)cytosine and -uracil showed activity against both
      types of herpes simplex virus. The therapeutic indices of these compounds are in
      some cases superior to those of 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-ara-U (FMAU, 2). Moderate
      antileukemic activity was observed in vitro for the 5-alkynyl and 5-vinyl
      compounds. The competition of these compounds with thymidine for viral-induced
      thymidine kinases was also studied.

PMID- 4009597
TI  - Ellipticine derivatives with an affinity to the estrogen receptor, an approach to
      develop intercalating drugs with a specific effect on the hormone-dependent
      breast cancer.
AB  - In order to obtain breast tumor directed agents, we have prepared mixed compounds
      using estradiol or (E)-clomiphene as specific vectors of the breast tissue and a
      DNA intercalator from the ellipticine series as the cytotoxic agent. Among the
      newly synthesized ellipticine derivatives, only the 2-[3-aza-5-(3,17 beta
      dihydroxy-1,3,5-estratrien-17 alpha-yl)-4-oxopentamethylene]ellipticinium bromide
      shows the desired properties, DNA intercalation and affinity for estrogen
      receptor. Competition experiments with estradiol on the hormone-dependent human
      MCF-7 breast cancer cell line demonstrate that a transport by the estrogen
      receptor system is not involved in the antitumor activity of derivative 24.

PMID- 4009598
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological activity of partially modified retro-inverso
      dermorphin tetrapeptides.
AB  - We studied the effect of partial retro-inverso modification of selected peptide
      bonds of N-terminal tetrapeptide analogues of dermorphin (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr
      Pro-Ser-NH2). Among the 14 compounds synthesized and tested for opioid activity,
      some tetrapeptides have the C-terminus carrying different amide moieties;
      retromodifications concern the Phe-Gly bond (Ia-f) and/or the C-terminal
      carboxamide function (IIIa-d, IIa-d). All pseudotetrapeptide derivatives showed
      opioid activity in vitro and in vivo. The most potent compounds (II) have a
      biological potency comparable with that of the original tetrapeptides in the
      guinea pig ileum preparation and in the mouse tail-flick test after intracerebral
      or subcutaneous administration.

PMID- 4009599
TI  - Thiol-containing androgens as suicide substrates of aromatase.
AB  - The thiol-containing androgens 17 beta-hydroxy-10 beta-mercaptoestr-4-en-3-one
      and 19-mercaptoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione were synthesized and tested in human
      placental microsomes for their ability to suicide inhibit aromatase. Both
      compounds showed time-dependent, pseudo-first-order rates of inactivation of
      aromatase with Ki's of 106 and 34 nM and kcat's of 3.2 X 10(-3) and 1.2 X 10(-3)
      s-1 respectively for 1 and 2 at 30 degrees C. Diffusion dialysis failed to
      reactivate aromatase previously inactivated by either compound, and both
      compounds required that NADPH and O2 be present for the time-dependent
      inactivation of the enzyme. The presence of the substrate, androst-4-ene-3,17
      dione (5.0 microM), protected the enzyme from inactivation while cysteine (1.0
      mM) failed to protect aromatase from inactivation by either compound. The above
      evidence demonstrates that both compounds are potent suicide inhibitors of
      aromatase.

PMID- 4009600
TI  - Synthesis and biological activities of analogues of angiotensins II and III
      containing O-methyltyrosine and D-tryptophan.
AB  - Analogues of angiotensin II and III (ANG II and ANG III) in which the tyrosine
      and/or phenylalanine residues were substituted have been synthesized by the solid
      phase method and purified by (carboxymethyl)cellulose chromatography and reversed
      phase HPLC. The antagonist and agonist potencies of these peptides were
      determined in the rat isolated uterus assay. [Sar1,Tyr(Me)4]ANG II, [Tyr(Me)3]ANG
      III, [Sar1,D-Trp4]ANG II, [D-Trp3]ANG III, [Sar1,D-Trp8]ANG II, [D-Trp7]ANG III,
      [Sar1,Tyr(Me)4,Ile8]ANG II, [Tyr(Me)3,Ile7]ANG III, [Sar1,D-Trp4,Ile8]ANG II, [D
      Trp3,Ile7]ANG III, [Sar1,Tyr(Me)4,D-Trp8]ANG II, and [Tyr(Me)3,D-Trp7]ANG III had
      antagonist activities (pA2) respectively of 8.1, less than 6, less than 6, less
      than 6, (7.7), (6.7), 7.2, less than 6, less than 6, less than 6, 7.1, and less
      than 6. The agonist activity of each peptide was less than 0.1% of that of ANG
      II. Analogues in which only the Phe residue was substituted were not readily
      reversible in the bioassay, whereas analogues in which only the Tyr residue or
      both the Tyr and Phe residues were substituted were reversible antagonists.
      Peptides that were twice substituted had lower antagonist activities than
      peptides having a single aromatic residue substitution. Substitution of the Tyr
      residue in ANG II, but not ANG III, provides a new route for the synthesis of
      potent and competitive angiotensin antagonists. Differences in the biological
      properties of ANG II and ANG III analogues substituted at the Tyr residue suggest
      different binding/conformation requirements for the two endogenous ligands at
      angiotensin receptors in smooth muscle.

PMID- 4009601
TI  - Aromatase inhibitors. Synthesis and biological activity of androstenedione
      derivatives.
AB  - The synthesis and biological evaluation of androstenedione derivatives as
      inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis are described. The results show that 4
      hydroxy analogues are among the most potent in vitro inhibitors of the series.
      Esterification of the 4-hydroxy steroids generally reduced activity. Further
      conjugation of the 3-keto 4-ene system to give 4-hydroxy-4,6-androstadiene-3,17
      dione caused more rapid inactivation of aromatase in rat ovarian microsomes than
      4-hydroxyandrostenedione. Some compounds exhibited differences in activity when
      tested for inhibition of human placental microsomes vs. rat ovarian microsomes.
      The 4-hydroxyandrostenedione derivatives and their nonbulky esters were generally
      more potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitors than other substituted steroids in
      the series. Several of the synthesized compounds markedly reduce (50-81%)
      estrogen levels in rats on proestrus and/or had antifertility action. To date,
      none of the compounds surpassed the in vivo inhibitory action of 4-hydroxy-4
      androstene-3,17-dione or its 4-acetate derivative.

PMID- 4009602
TI  - Synthesis and antifertility activity of zoapatanol analogues.
AB  - The synthesis of and guinea pig contragestational screening data for several
      oxepane and 3,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane analogues of zoapatanol (1) are
      described and their structure-activity relationships discussed. Conversion of the
      5-keto group on the nonenyl side chain of 1 into a hydroxyl function enhanced the
      potency. Further significant enhancement in the potency was realized with the
      transformation of several oxepanes into the 3,8-dioxabicyclo-[3.2.1]octane-1
      acetic acid derivatives. Detailed, comparative contragestational evaluation of
      the three most potent compounds 9, 33, and 37 is presented, which led to the
      selection of 33 (ORF 13811) for further biological evaluation.

PMID- 4009603
TI  - 7 alpha-substituted derivatives of androstenedione as inhibitors of estrogen
      biosynthesis.
AB  - In an effort to obtain more information on the structure-activity relationship
      among the 7 alpha-(phenylthio)androstenedione inhibitors of the enzyme aromatase,
      a series of compounds containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing
      ring substituents was synthesized and tested for aromatase inhibitory activity.
      No linear correlation between substituent electronic effects and inhibitory
      activity was observed. The halogen-containing compounds, particularly 8, appeared
      to be quite potent inhibitors. The 125I analogue of 8 was synthesized in order to
      evaluate the possibility of side-chain elimination under the assay conditions.
      Approximately 90% of [125I]-8 remained intact for up to 1 h under assay
      conditions.

PMID- 4009604
TI  - Design, synthesis, and evaluation of omega-iodovinyl- and omega-iodoalkyl
      substituted methyl-branched long-chain fatty acids.
AB  - The synthesis of a new methyl-branched fatty acid, (E)-19-iodo-3(RS)-methyl-18
      nonadecenoic acid (19), is described. Methyl branching has been introduced at the
      3-position to inhibit beta-oxidation and radioiodide has been attached as a trans
      vinyl iodide. Preparation of 19 involved a 15-step sequence of reactions
      climaxing with formation of the methyl ester 18 by iododestannylation of methyl
      (E)-19-(tri-n-butylstannyl)-3(RS)-methyl-18-nonadecenoate (17) resulting from the
      reaction of n-Bu3SnH with methyl 3(RS)-methyl-18-nonadecynoate (16). Methyl
      branching was introduced at an early stage by Friedel-Crafts acylation of
      thiophene with 3(RS)-methyl-4-carbomethoxybutanoyl chloride (3) generated from 3
      methylglutaric anhydride. The new agent, [125I]-19, showed high myocardial uptake
      (5 min, 4.89% dose/g; 30 min, 3.32% dose/g), good heart/blood (H/B) ratios (5
      min, 5.4/1; 30 min, 4.3/1), and significantly greater myocardial retention in
      fasted rats than the corresponding straight-chain analogue 19-[125I]-iodo-18
      nonadecenoic acid (5 min, 3.52% dose/g, H/B = 4.8/1; 30 min, 1.19% dose/g, H/B =
      1.6/1). Excellent myocardial images were obtained in rats after administration of
      [123I]-19 and confirmed the slow myocardial washout over a 60-min period. These
      data suggest that 19 is a good candidate for evaluation of heart disease
      involving aberrations in fatty acid metabolism by use of imaging techniques such
      as single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) where redistribution or
      washout should be minimized.

PMID- 4009606
TI  - S-(nitrocarbobenzoxy)glutathiones: potent competitive inhibitors of mammalian
      glyoxalase II.
AB  - Three potent competitive inhibitors of mammalian liver glyoxalase II, the S-(o-,
      m-, and p-nitrocarbobenzoxy)-glutathiones, have been synthesized and studied. The
      Ki values of the ortho, meta, and para isomers, as inhibitors of rat liver
      glyoxalase II, were 15, 9, and 6.5 microM, respectively. While showing marked
      competitive inhibition of glyoxalase II, the glutathione derivatives were almost
      inactive as inhibitors of glyoxalase I. For example, with the para isomer, [I]0.5
      values for rat liver glyoxalase I and II were 925 and 12 microM, respectively.
      This is in marked contrast to other glyoxalase II competitive inhibitors, which
      in general are even more effective against glyoxalase I. The S-(o-, m-, and p
      nitrocarbobenzoxy)glutathiones have found utility as affinity ligands for the
      purification of rat liver glyoxalase II and may well have use in the study of the
      glyoxalase enzymes in vivo.

PMID- 4009605
TI  - N-phenylpiperazine derivatives with hypocholesterolemic activity.
AB  - A series of new 4-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(acyloxy)-1
      butanones and 4-aryl-5-[omega-(4-aryl-1-piperazinyl)alkyl]-1,3-dioxol-2-ones were
      synthesized and tested preliminarily for hypolipemic activity. Plasma cholesterol
      lowering activity in normal rats was found especially in several dioxolones, two
      of the most active compounds (6 and 8) being more potent than clofibrate. 4-(4
      Chlorophenyl)-5-[2-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl]-1,3-dioxol- 2-one (8, LR
      19,731) has been selected for clinical trials.

PMID- 4009607
TI  - Preparation of 20-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-4-aza-2-oxa-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one as
      an inhibitor of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase.
AB  - 20-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-4-aza-2-oxa-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one and the
      corresponding 3-thione were synthesized with use of 20-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-4
      aza-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one as the starting material. The compounds were tested in
      vitro for inhibition of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase and found to be weak
      inhibitors with Ki's in the 10(-7) range.

PMID- 4009608
TI  - Comparative computer graphics and solution studies of the DNA interaction of
      substituted anthraquinones based on doxorubicin and mitoxantrone.
AB  - 1-[[(Diethylamino)ethyl]amino]- and 1,4-, 1,5-, and 1,8
      bis[[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino]anthraquinones are shown to intercalate into DNA.
      Computer graphics modelling of their intercalation into the self-complementary
      deoxydinucleoside d(CpG) showed differences in binding properties. While the 1
      substituted compound can bind from either groove, the 1,8-disubstituted compound
      binds with both substituents in the major groove. In the low-energy state of the
      complex with the 1,5-disubstituted compound, this ligand "straddles" the site
      with a substituent in each groove--to do this, the compound must bind to a non
      base-paired region, so inducing base pairing. The 1,4-compound binds from the
      major groove; "straddling" is also possible if full minimization of
      deoxydinucleoside geometry is performed. The differences in binding mode and
      interaction energies are reflected in the affinities of interaction (1,5- greater
      than 1,4- much greater than 1,8- greater than 1-); also the antiproliferative
      effects in vitro are in general agreement with this ranking.

PMID- 4009609
TI  - Solubility properties in polymers and biological media. 2. The correlation and
      prediction of the solubilities of nonelectrolytes in biological tissues and
      fluids.
AB  - Solubilities of a range of nonelectrolyte solutes in biological systems, such as
      blood, plasma, brain, lung, liver, kidney, muscle tissue, and human fat, are
      correlated and predicted through an equation that takes the form log Ltissue = c
      + w log Lwater + o log Loil, where L is the Ostwald solubility coefficient (or
      gas/liquid partition coefficient). The ratio of the constants o and w gives a
      measure of the "oiliness" of a given biological tissue or fluid. The strong
      possibility exists that, for many types of nonelectrolyte solutes, simple
      measurements of solubilities in water and oil (gas/liquid partition coefficients)
      will allow accurate predictions of solubilities in the above biological solvents,
      as well as tissue/blood partition coefficients. The solubility of rare gases and
      the inorganic gases H2, N2, CO, and O2 may be correlated through the simpler
      equation log Ltissue = l'RG + d', where l' and d' are constants that characterize
      the phase, and RG is a known parameter, obtained by normalizing and averaging
      solubilities over a range of solvent systems, that characterizes the solute. Both
      of the above equations allow prediction of L in biological solvents to within
      about 20%, which compares well with the precision of the experimental
      measurements.

PMID- 4009610
TI  - Tetracyclic pyridazines as potential psychopharmacological agents.
AB  - Since the Z isomer of chlorprothixene (1) is far more active than its E
      counterpart, it was of interest to develop a stereoselective synthesis for this
      class of compounds. Insertion of a benzenesulfonamido group at the peri position
      of a chlorprothixene precursor did affect the stereochemistry of side-chain
      olefin formation, but after hydrolysis attempted removal of the resulting amine
      led to a Widman-Stoermer cyclization to afford the corresponding tetracyclic
      pyridazine-containing compound (4). Since this material displayed encouraging
      activity in neurotransmitter uptake inhibition studies, compounds in which the
      sulfur bridge was replaced with an ethano bridge similar to that found in
      imipramine (8) and with sulfur removed (7) were also prepared. These, together
      with the corresponding peri amino compounds (3, 5, and 6), were tested as
      neurotransmitter-uptake The two bridged arylamines 3 and 6 displayed potent and
      selective inhibition of norepinephrine uptake both when tested in vitro and after
      in vivo administration. The pyridazine-containing compounds exhibited reasonable
      activity in vitro, but the activity was lost when they were administered in vivo.
      None of the compounds displayed significant ability to interfere with
      spiroperidol binding.

PMID- 4009611
TI  - Antiulcer agents. 1. Gastric antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of
      substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
AB  - A novel class of antiulcer agents, the substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, is
      described. The present compounds are not histamine (H2) receptor antagonists nor
      are they prostaglandin analogues, yet they exhibit both gastric antisecretory and
      cytoprotective properties. The mechanism of gastric antisecretory activity may
      involve inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme. Structure-activity studies led to
      the identification of 3-(cyanomethyl)-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2
      a]pyridine, SCH 28080 (27), which was selected for further development and
      clinical evaluation.

PMID- 4009612
TI  - Psychotomimetic N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamines. Effects of variation of aromatic
      oxygen substituents.
AB  - Eight N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamines (MIPTs) possessing various aromatic oxygen
      substituents were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for hallucinogenic
      activity in man. In at least two instances (the Ar H and the Ar 5-OCH3, 1 and 4)
      the unsymmetrical nitrogen substitution led to a substantial increase in potency
      as well as oral activity when compared to the symmetrical dimethyl homologues.
      Qualitatively, 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (2) was the most
      interesting in overall effect, producing a classic hallucinogenic profile. The 5
      methoxy congener 4 resulted in a state characterized by heightened conceptual
      stimulation lacking in visual phenomena. Other members of the series exhibited
      diminished effects.

PMID- 4009613
TI  - Effects of alkyl and aryl substitution on the myocardial specificity of
      radioiodinated phosphonium, arsonium, and ammonium cations.
AB  - Several radioiodinated iodopentenyl-trisubstituted phosphonium, arsonium, and
      ammonium iodides have been prepared and evaluated in rats to determine the
      effects of structural variations of the cations on myocardial uptake and
      retention. The synthesis of (E)-(1-iodo-1-penten-5-yl)-trisubstituted
      phosphonium, arsonium, and ammonium iodides via the condensation of
      trisubstituted phosphine, arsine, and amine precursors, respectively, with (E)
      1,5-diiodopentene is described. In some cases a second route involved
      condensation with (E)-1-borono-5-iodo-1-pentene followed by iodination. In the
      phosphonium series, the compounds triphenyl 1, dicyclohexylphenyl 5,
      tricyclohexyl 6, and dimethyl-n-octyl 8 were prepared. The triphenylarsonium 10
      and triethylammonium 11 compounds were also prepared. The corresponding
      radioiodinated analogues were prepared and tissue distribution studies performed
      in rats. The results (percent dose/gram, 30 min) demonstrate that replacement of
      phosphorus with arsenic (1, 3.99%; 10, 3.17%) or the replacement of the phenyl
      ring with the cyclohexyl ring system (6, 2.67%) has no apparent effect on heart
      uptake. In the series of compounds studied, replacement of the cyclic ring system
      with alkyl groups, however, significantly decreased heart uptake with both the
      phosphorus (8, 1.95%) and nitrogen agents (11, 1.11%). Gamma camera imaging
      studies with [123I]-5 and [123I]-8 further substantiated the decreased heart
      uptake with alkyl substitution and the apparent hepatobiliary clearance of 8.

PMID- 4009614
TI  - N-[[(Mercaptoacetyl)amino]benzoyl]glycines as mucolytic agents.
AB  - m- and p-aminobenzoic acids were converted to the title compounds by sequential
      use of ClCH2COCl, SOCl2, glycine methyl or ethyl ester, AcSK, and hydrolysis. The
      title compounds and a number of salts were compared for mucolytic activity,
      toxicity, stability, and hygroscopicity. When compared to N-acetyl-L-cysteine
      (NAC), the compounds exhibit several times the in vitro mucolytic activity of NAC
      on a molar basis. The most promising candidate appears to be the sodium salt
      3.5H2O 2 of the meta series.

PMID- 4009615
TI  - Synthesis of the antileukemic agents 5,10-dideazaaminopterin and 5,10-dideaza
      5,6,7,8-tetrahydroaminopterin.
AB  - Total syntheses from pyridine precursors of 5,10-dideazaaminopterin (1) and 5,10
      dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroaminopterin (2) are described. These compounds exhibit
      significant in vivo activity against L1210 leukemia that is comparable to that
      observed with methotrexate.

PMID- 4009616
TI  - The intercalation of 6-chloro-substituted-9-[[3
      (dimethylamino)propyl]amino]acridines with DNA.
AB  - A series of 6-chloro-2-substituted-9-[[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino]acridines
      has been prepared. The binding affinities and the unwinding angles for the
      acridine derivatives, relative to ethidium, were determined from viscometric
      titrations with ccs-DNA. The binding affinities were the same, within
      experimental error, ca. 2.0 X 10(-5). Similarly, with the exception of 11, the
      unwinding angles were close to 17 degrees. For 11 the unwinding angle (12
      degrees) was smaller than the other derivatives. The general insensitivity of the
      apparent binding constants to substituent effects is attributable to a masking
      effect of the formal charge on the ring. The smaller unwinding angle for 11 is
      believed to arise from its relative dissymmetry, resulting in a "wedge" effect
      upon intercalation.

PMID- 4009617
TI  - Bioactive conformation of 1-arylpiperazines at central serotonin receptors.
AB  - A number of 1-arylpiperazines have been characterized as direct-acting serotonin
      agonists. Conformational parameters of this class that may affect receptor
      recognition and binding have been examined through the analysis of X-ray data and
      synthesis of rigid analogues. Radioligand binding studies indicate that
      2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-9-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazino[1,2-a]quinoline, an
      arylpiperazine that mimics the X-ray conformation of the serotonin agonist 1-(6
      chloropyrazin-2-yl)piperazine, exhibits high affinity for serotonin receptors,
      suggesting that the two rings of 1-arylpiperazines are relatively coplanar in the
      bioactive conformation.

PMID- 4009618
TI  - Reductive amination of 3-ketoanguidin and antitumor activity of the products.
AB  - Amine-containing trichothecanes were prepared by reductive aminations of 3
      ketoanguidin. In in vivo tests against P388 leukemia, most of them showed an
      improved activity compared to anguidin though their potency was decreased. 3
      Ketoanguidin also produced some unexpected structures: oxazoline 5, dioxalane 7,
      and alpha-amino nitrile 13.

PMID- 4009619
TI  - 4-Deoxypyrido[1',2':1,2]imidazo[5,4-c]rifamycin SV derivatives. A new series of
      semisynthetic rifamycins with high antibacterial activity and low gastroenteric
      absorption.
AB  - A series of 4-deoxypyrido[1',2':1,2]imidazo[5,4-c]rifamycin SV derivatives (6-11)
      were prepared that demonstrated high antibacterial activity suitable for an
      intestinal disinfectant. These compounds are zwitterionic in nature and are
      poorly absorbed through the gastroenteric tract but maintain the ability to cross
      the bacterial cell wall. X-ray crystallographic data are presented to demonstrate
      the zwitterionic nature of these compounds. The structure-activity relationship
      of this novel series of antibiotics is discussed and the derivative with the
      highest ratio between subcutaneous and oral activity (6) was selected for
      clinical development. At the outset of this work several 3-(quaternary ammonium
      bromides) (1-5) were prepared and tested for antibacterial activity. These
      compounds were demonstrated to be too polar to even cross the bacterial cell wall
      but led to the synthesis of 6-11.

PMID- 4009620
TI  - Synthesis of 1-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy] methyl]-5-benzyluracil and
      its amino analogue, new potent uridine phosphorylase inhibitors with high water
      solubility.
AB  - Acyclic nucleosides 1-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy] methyl]-5-benzyluracil
      (DHPBU) (1) and 1-[[2-hydroxy-1-(aminomethyl)ethoxy]methyl]-5-benzyluracil
      (AHPBU) (2) have been synthesized by direct coupling of bis(trimethylsilyl)-5
      benzyluracil with the corresponding chloromethyl ether, followed by removal of
      the blocking groups. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be very potent inhibitors of
      uridine phosphorylase isolated from Sarcoma 180 cells, with a Ki value of 0.098
      and 0.020 microM, respectively, and exhibited no apparent cytotoxicity against
      Sarcoma 180 host cells. Furthermore, 1 and 2 have shown excellent water
      solubility (270 and greater than 300 mg/mL at 25 degrees C, respectively), which
      is a factor critical for the formulation that often limits the usefulness of a
      particular compound as a chemotherapeutic agent.

PMID- 4009621
TI  - Density estimators for populations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum
      (Acari: Ixodidae), on pastured beef cattle.

PMID- 4009622
TI  - Failure to detect natural transovarial transmission of dengue viruses by Aedes
      aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

PMID- 4009623
TI  - Seasonal occurrence of fleas (Siphonaptera) on rodents in a foothills habitat in
      Larimer County, Colorado, USA.

PMID- 4009624
TI  - Laboratory testing of repellents against the tsetse Glossina morsitans (Diptera:
      Glossinidae).

PMID- 4009625
TI  - Response of domestic and peridomestic strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera:
      Culicidae) in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, to organophosphate, organochlorine,
      and pyrethroid insecticides.

PMID- 4009626
TI  - Feeding-site selection and blood-feeding behavior of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera:
      Culicidae) on rodent (Sciuridae) hosts.

PMID- 4009627
TI  - Description of the hitherto unknown female of Phlebotomus langeroni (Diptera:
      Psychodidae).

PMID- 4009628
TI  - Discriminant analysis of vegetational and topographical factors associated with
      the focal distribution of Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni
      (Acari: Ixodidae), on cattle range.

PMID- 4009629
TI  - Characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis (Acari: Sarcoptidae) antigens
      and induced antibodies in rabbits.

PMID- 4009630
TI  - Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) morbidity and mortality associated with Rift
      Valley fever virus infection.

PMID- 4009631
TI  - A comparison of five house-fly (Diptera: Muscidae) population monitoring
      techniques.

PMID- 4009632
TI  - Mum's the word: confidentiality and incest.

PMID- 4009633
TI  - Medicine, profession and society.

PMID- 4009634
TI  - Contracts to bear children.
AB  - In the surrogate mother procreation can be divorced both from sex as well as any
      anticipation of child rearing. Often the risks of surrogate motherhood are
      presented in terms of alternative family structures and economic exploitation of
      women. Such possibilities must invite critical reflection in order for there to
      be legal reform. Of paramount importance is the child's best interest and until
      the full psychological is the child's best interest and until the full
      psychological ramifications for the child, adoptive parents and natural mother
      are determined then the law's role must be ambivalent. In this impasse the
      minority view of the Warnock Report has much to commend itself.

PMID- 4009635
TI  - Striking responsibilities.
AB  - It is commonly held that National Health Service (NHS) workers are under a moral
      obligation not to go on strike, because doing so might well result in people's
      dying. Unless sainthood is demanded, however, this position is untenable: indeed,
      those most vociferously pursuing it are often those who bear the greatest
      responsibility, on their own grounds, for needless death and suffering.

PMID- 4009636
TI  - Ethical dilemmas of the doctors' strike in Israel.

PMID- 4009637
TI  - Ethics, advertising and the definition of a profession.
AB  - In the climate of concern about high medical costs, the relationship between the
      trade and professional aspects of medical practice is receiving close scrutiny.
      In the United Kingdom there is talk of increasing privatisation of health
      services, and in the United States the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has
      attempted to define medicine as a trade for the purposes of commercial
      regulation. The Supreme Court recently upheld the FTC charge that the American
      Medical Association (AMA) has been in restraint of trade because of ethical
      strictures against advertising. The concept of profession, as it has been
      analyzed in sociological, legal, philosophical, and historical perspectives,
      reveals the importance of an ethic of service as well as technical expertise as
      defining characteristics of professions. It is suggested that the medical
      profession should pay more attention to its service ideal at this time when
      doctors are widely perceived to be technically preoccupied.

PMID- 4009638
TI  - The moral significance of spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Spontaneous abortion is rarely addressed in moral evaluations of abortion.
      Indeed, 'abortion' is virtually always taken to mean only induced abortion. After
      a brief review of medical aspects of spontaneous abortion, I attempt to
      articulate the moral implications of spontaneous abortion for the two poles of
      the abortion debate, the strong pro-abortion and the strong anti-abortion
      positions. I claim that spontaneous abortion has no moral relevance for strict
      pro-abortion positions but that the high incidence of spontaneous abortion is not
      (as some claim) eo ipso any sort of justification for voluntarily induced
      abortion. Secondly, I show that if the strict anti-abortionist position is to be
      taken seriously in its insistence that prenatal life has a right to be protected
      by virtue of its being conceived, then it seems necessary to take measures to
      prevent spontaneous abortion and its presumptive causes, and this as a matter of
      moral obligation.

PMID- 4009639
TI  - Dignity and death: a reply.
AB  - Some form of utilitarian approach can be discerned as underlying much current
      medical ethical decision-making. Criticisms of the practical effects of such an
      approach are not parried by asserting the fundamental strengths of utilitarianism
      as theory.

PMID- 4009640
TI  - Plato's moral theory.

PMID- 4009641
TI  - Trust.

PMID- 4009643
TI  - A new brachydactyly syndrome with similarities to Julia Bell types B and E.
AB  - We report a family with some of the features of both types B and E Julia Bell
      brachydactyly. We feel therefore that this family may constitute a new syndrome
      and we would like to name this after the family involved, the Ballard syndrome.

PMID- 4009642
TI  - An hypothesis regarding the origin of aneuploidy in man: indirect evidence from
      an experimental model.
AB  - Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that aneuploidy may be induced in about
      10 to 20% of oocytes and recently ovulated eggs when female mice are given an
      intragastric injection of a dilute solution of ethanol. Similar rates of
      aneuploidy have also been observed when recently ovulated eggs are briefly
      exposed in vitro to a dilute solution of ethanol in tissue culture medium. These
      findings are briefly reviewed, and observations made on the possible underlying
      mechanism of induction of chromosome malsegregation in the ethanol exposed
      groups. Attention is drawn to evidence from a wide range of studies on the effect
      of ethanol, acetaldehyde (its primary metabolite), and anaesthetics on cell
      division and chromosome segregation in an attempt to substantiate an hypothesis
      regarding the mode of action of these agents. In the light of this information,
      it is hypothesised that exposure to ethanol probably interferes with the normal
      functioning of the cytoskeletal elements of the spindle apparatus, or its
      precursor elements, during the first or second meiotic divisions. An attempt is
      also made to account for the very high incidence of aneuploid conceptuses in man,
      a high proportion of which are spontaneously aborted. It is hypothesised that
      exposure to ethanol and other spindle active agents during appropriate stages of
      oogenesis (in particular during the first meiotic division), and possibly also
      during spermatogenesis, may be important aetiological factors in a proportion of
      those cases of spontaneous abortion with a numerical chromosome anomaly for which
      no other obvious cause is recognised. If it is valid to extrapolate from these
      experimental findings to the clinical situation in man, it is suggested that
      attention should also be drawn to the potentially greater hazard to the conceptus
      which could result from maternal alcohol consumption at and shortly before
      conception.

PMID- 4009644
TI  - Extra Yq and partial monosomy 12p due to a Y;12 translocation in a boy with
      features of the 12p deletion syndrome.
AB  - A Y;12 translocation, resulting in extra Yq material and partial monosomy 12p,
      was found in a 7 1/2 year old boy. He showed growth and mental retardation and
      several of the congenital anomalies seen in the 12p deletion syndrome. LDHB
      activity, the gene for which is located at 12p12, was normal in serum, in
      accordance with the suspected 12p13 deletion in the patient.

PMID- 4009645
TI  - Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11.
AB  - A girl with an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11 is
      described. The patient was mildly mentally retarded and showed some facial
      dysmorphic features, including hypertelorism, ptosis, and cleft palate.

PMID- 4009646
TI  - Interstitial deletion 2q24.3: case report with high resolution banding.
AB  - Interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 2, involving band 2q24, have
      been described on three occasions. We report our findings in a further case, in
      which we mapped the deletion to band 2q24.3.

PMID- 4009648
TI  - Performance on NBME Part I examination in relation to policies regarding use of
      test.
AB  - From 1971 to 1983, a number of administrative decisions were made at the
      University of Oklahoma College of Medicine regarding the National Board of
      Medical Examiners (NBME) Part I examination. Students' performance on this
      examination was found to be associated with administrative decisions that
      required (a) a passing score for promotion, (b) the student to take the
      examination, and (c) the student to take an integrated basic sciences review
      course. A modest improvement in student performance was noted when passage of the
      examination was made mandatory. The introduction of a review course into the
      curriculum effected a major upward change in scores that has persisted despite
      the removal of all requirements to pass, or even take, the Part I NBME
      examination.

PMID- 4009647
TI  - Complex cardiac malformation in a case of trisomy 9.
AB  - A case of trisomy 9 showing a complex cardiac malformation is presented with a
      review of other published cases. A distinct trisomy 9 syndrome can be recognised
      with intrauterine growth retardation, short survival, consistent facial
      dysmorphism, congenital heart disease, and abnormalities of the skeletal,
      genital, and renal systems. There is no evidence for a maternal age effect.

PMID- 4009649
TI  - Office procedural skills in family medicine.
AB  - In a study of 131 residents, 34 faculty members, and 236 graduates at nine family
      practice residency programs in Iowa, 29 office and outpatient procedural skills
      (for example, repair of lacerations) were identified as representing the ideal
      core content for family practice residency training, and another 11 procedures
      (for example, endometrial biopsy) were identified as elective procedures. The
      faculty members' responses that residents were taught these 40 procedures by
      direct supervision were much higher than third-year residents' reports of having
      been supervised while performing them. There was a positive relationship between
      the percentage of residents who reported having been supervised and the
      percentage who felt competent to perform the procedures. There was strong
      agreement among faculty members, residency graduates, and the residents that
      residents should be evaluated by direct observation of their performance of both
      core and noncore procedures. Therefore, the view that evaluation by direct
      observation would be resisted by residents is not supported by this study. As a
      result of these findings, the authors encourage programs to establish processes
      for assessing and documenting residents' performances of office and outpatient
      procedures.

PMID- 4009650
TI  - Development of a campus-based satellite medicine clinic.
AB  - The clinical facilities of many American medical schools are geographically
      separate from the main campuses of their parent universities. Traditionally,
      medical schools and teaching hospitals have made little effort to attract
      university faculty and staff members as patients. Academic medical centers have
      tried various strategies to maintain, expand, and broaden the patient population
      necessary for medical education, clinical research, and fiscal solvency. The
      University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine has established a campus
      based ambulatory clinic to encourage university faculty and staff members to seek
      care from medical school physicians and to use its teaching hospital several
      miles away. This approach may be applicable to other institutions where the
      hospital and the major university campus are located at different sites.

PMID- 4009651
TI  - Assessment of knowledge and clinical judgment in the pediatric residency.
AB  - Multiple-choice examinations were given three times each year in a pediatric
      residency training program. The test scores correlated highly with subsequent
      scores on the intraining examination of the American Board of Pediatrics. The
      results were replicated and cross-validated in another study the following year.
      Use of the local tests and the board examination to evaluate the residents makes
      it possible to provide continual feedback to the residents regarding the adequacy
      of their performance and feedback to faculty members regarding the effectiveness
      of the program. Local test scores can be used to predict the residents' standing
      on the national examination, and they provide a sound basis for counseling
      individual residents and for improving specific components of the training
      program.

PMID- 4009653
TI  - Relationships among the MCAT reading subtest, Nelson-Denny Reading Test, and
      medical school achievement.

PMID- 4009652
TI  - Clinical oncology assistantship program for medical students.
AB  - The Clinical Oncology Assistantship Program has been offered to approximately 16
      sophomore medical students each year at the University of Arkansas for Medical
      Sciences since 1975. This is an elective, 10-week program given during the summer
      recess. In the first week of the program, core lectures are given by a
      multidisciplinary team of cancer educators affiliated with the University of
      Arkansas. Following this, students spend nine weeks rotating through medical,
      surgical, and pediatric oncology services of the University of Arkansas for
      Medical Sciences. In addition, they spend several hours during the program
      participating in self-directed learning activities at the university's Cancer
      Teaching Center. The program has been well received by the students, and each
      year all of the available positions have been filled. Responses on a follow-up
      questionnaire sent in July 1983 to past participants showed that they continued
      to rate the program highly. Moreover, 78 percent of the respondents felt the
      program had influenced positively their attitude toward cancer patients.

PMID- 4009654
TI  - Survey on views and knowledge of house officers on medical-legal issues.

PMID- 4009655
TI  - Cost containment education in British medical schools: implications for American
      medical schools.

PMID- 4009656
TI  - Relationship between quality of CME instruction and changes in physicians'
      patient-management plans.

PMID- 4009657
TI  - Further support for changing multiple-choice answers.

PMID- 4009658
TI  - The effect of counseling cancer patients on attitudes of medical students.

PMID- 4009659
TI  - Teaching cultural aspects of medicine.

PMID- 4009660
TI  - The pediatrician is the child's advocate.

PMID- 4009662
TI  - Female physicians.

PMID- 4009661
TI  - Results of the National Resident Matching Program for 1985.

PMID- 4009663
TI  - Further use of drug lists.

PMID- 4009664
TI  - Statements on career intentions as predictors of career choices.
AB  - In the study reported here, the author examined the relevance of students'
      statements on career intentions to predictions of career choices. Similar career
      intentions questionnaires were administered to the members of the 1973 University
      of Toronto Faculty of Medicine graduating class at the end of their first
      undergraduate year and three years later at graduation. Ten years after
      graduation, the professional activities and geographic locations of the class
      members were determined using available directories and registers. The study
      provided evidence of considerable congruence between the early statements on
      career intentions and the actual career dispositions 10 years after graduation.

PMID- 4009665
TI  - Availability of mental health resources for residents in academic medical
      centers.
AB  - In a survey on the availability of mental health resources for medical students
      and residents in academic medical centers, the author found that most centers
      offer some mental health assistance to medical students but few centers provide
      any formal mental health assistance to house officers. The structures and
      limitations of the programs for residents are described in this paper. Therapists
      lacking comprehensive training are frequently employed in these programs. The
      author concludes that the emotional needs of residents are not being adequately
      addressed.

PMID- 4009666
TI  - The role of the student ward in the medical clerkships.
AB  - The authors describe the structure and the development of an internal medicine
      clerkship designed to promote proficiency in the process of clinical reasoning.
      The clerkship is centered around a "student ward" in which the student assumes
      the role of primary physician. The environment provides not only close
      supervision and counsel but also allows a great deal of autonomy as students
      embark on their first clinical medicine rotation. The student ward offers a
      structured environment where the emphasis is on in-depth clinical exposure and
      the acquisition of clinical knowledge in a manner consistent with the principles
      of problem-based learning. Breadth of clinical exposure is accomplished through a
      variety of educational approaches.

PMID- 4009668
TI  - An appraisal of goals for residency training in internal medicine.
AB  - The goals for residency training in internal medicine were assessed by faculty
      and house staff members at one university-based program using a 38-item
      questionnaire based largely upon American Board of Internal Medicine criteria.
      The respondents rated each item according to its ideal importance, its actual
      emphasis in training, and the respondents' degree of satisfaction with their own
      level of accomplishment for that item. Faculty and house staff members shared
      similar perceptions of ideal goals and actual emphases of training, with both
      groups rating clinical judgment, gathering data, and formulating problems as the
      most important. Both groups also tended to rate highly as ideal goals those items
      that they considered to be their own professional strengths and that reflected
      their current respective roles in medical training. This trend was the most
      apparent for faculty members in ratings of academic skills and for house staff
      members in ratings of technical proficiency and patient management skills. The
      tendency to idealize one's own professional role and strengths may inhibit needed
      changes in residency training.

PMID- 4009667
TI  - Sleep and nutritional deprivation and performance of house officers.
AB  - A study was conducted by the authors to compare cognitive functioning in acutely
      and chronically sleep-deprived house officers. A multivariate analysis of
      variance revealed significant deficits in primary mental tasks involving basic
      rote memory, language, and numeric skills as well as in tasks requiring high
      order cognitive functioning and traditional intellective abilities. These
      deficits existed only for the acutely sleep-deprived group. The finding of
      deficits in individuals who reported five hours or less of sleep in a 24-hour
      period suggests that the minimum standard of four hours that has been considered
      by some to be adequate for satisfactory performance may be insufficient for more
      complex cognitive functioning.

PMID- 4009669
TI  - A comparison of four empathy instruments in simulated patient-medical student
      interactions.
AB  - Prior investigations of empathy in medicine have used several available
      instruments for assessment, including a scale developed by Hornblow, Hogan's
      empathy scale, the Carkhuff-Truax empathic understanding scale, and the Barrett
      Lennard relationship inventory. The purpose of the study reported in this article
      was to investigate the intercorrelations of the scores on these four instruments
      when used in a medical student-simulated patient interaction. The results showed
      that measures of empathy based on observed behavior of the students were highly
      intercorrelated but that empathy self-assessed by the students themselves as
      having that trait did not correlate significantly with any of the behavior-based
      measures. No significant effect on these findings was attributable to the timing
      of the instrument administration, to the students' interpersonal skills training
      or experience in taking histories and performing physical examinations, or to the
      sex of the students and the observers.

PMID- 4009670
TI  - Skills of medical students and house officers in prescribing narcotic
      medications.
AB  - Eighty-eight medical students and house officers were given patient management
      questions to assess their ability to convert from one narcotic regimen to an
      approximately equal analgesic dose of a second regimen. Only 8 percent of their
      answers were within the correct range, even though commonly used reference
      material was supplied to assist them in answering the questions. There were no
      significant differences in the responses of house officers from different medical
      specialties or among all the individuals at different educational levels. Correct
      answers to the patient management questions markedly increased after instruction
      on the use of a narcotic equivalency table. More emphasis on the importance of
      adequate pain control, better teaching of the pharmacology of narcotic analgesic
      drugs, and additional instruction on the use of narcotic equivalency tables are
      needed in medical school and house staff training programs.

PMID- 4009672
TI  - Deferred matriculation in medical school.

PMID- 4009671
TI  - Physician specialist growth into the 21st century.

PMID- 4009673
TI  - Views of medical students and residents on education in alcohol and drug abuse.

PMID- 4009674
TI  - Stress and coping mechanisms in a group of family practice residents.

PMID- 4009675
TI  - Diagnosing technique problems in interviewing patients.

PMID- 4009676
TI  - The significance of the admission interview in predicting students' performance
      in dental school.

PMID- 4009677
TI  - Changing the physician supply by magic numbers and words.

PMID- 4009678
TI  - Faculty perceptions of current clinical evaluation systems.

PMID- 4009679
TI  - Evaluating students.

PMID- 4009680
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 4009681
TI  - Rechargeable batteries--cause for concern.

PMID- 4009682
TI  - Current electrosurgical practice: hazards.
AB  - The beneficial aspects of electrosurgical cutting and coagulating techniques are
      nearly too numerous to list. The major contribution and electrosurgery has been
      to drastically reduce both blood loss and operative time resulting in reduced
      morbidity and mortality. There are, as well, procedures which would not be
      possible without electrosurgery. Nonetheless, as a source of high energy in the
      operating theatre, there are hazards attendant to the use of electrosurgery.
      Moreover, since high frequency signals are involved, the nature of the machine
      patient interactions creating a potentially hazardous situation many not be
      easily identifiable. The significant hazards of electrosurgery in use are:
      explosions of combustible mixtures including anaesthesia gas and bowel gas;
      interference with instruments and pacemakers; stimulation of excitable tissues
      which on occasion has apparently caused ventricular fibrillation; and accidental
      radio frequency burns. Though the rate of incidents is low--in terms of the
      number per 100 000 procedures--individual accidents tend to be fairly
      catastrophic and traumatic to both the patient and surgical team. Frequently,
      litigation results from these accidents. Though the hazards cannot be eliminated,
      the probability of an incident can be minimized by careful technique.

PMID- 4009683
TI  - Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)--current state of the art.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging has progressed rapidly from laboratory
      curiosity to commercial exploitation and clinical application in the space of
      only three years. The physical principles underlying the technique are described
      and the equipment requirements outlined. The question of optimal magnetic field
      strength is discussed.

PMID- 4009684
TI  - The European Concerted Research Project on identification and characterization of
      biological tissues by nuclear magnetic resonance.

PMID- 4009685
TI  - An instrument to monitor the luminance of pattern visual evoked potential
      stimuli.
AB  - When recording pattern visual evoked potentials it is important that the overall
      luminance of the pattern and the relative luminance of the pattern elements (for
      example checks or bars) are maintained at a constant level. This paper describes
      a low-cost battery-powered instrument designed and constructed to measure the
      luminance of specific areas of the screen on which the pattern is projected.

PMID- 4009686
TI  - HEI 134--evaluation of patient monitors.

PMID- 4009687
TI  - The pathogenesis of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in gnotobiotic piglets.
AB  - Yersinia enterocolitica is an important cause of enteritis and mesenteric
      adenitis in many countries. However the pathogenesis of the disease caused by
      this organism has not been fully elucidated. Most isolates from clinical material
      possess two independent properties associated with virulence whose relative
      contribution to the development of disease is not known. These are the ability to
      penetrate the intestinal wall, which is thought to be controlled by a plasmid
      gene, and the production of heat-stable enterotoxin, which is controlled by a
      chromosomal gene. In this study, we infected neonatal gnotobiotic piglets with
      strains of Y. enterocolitica expressing these two properties in various
      combinations. The suitability of the piglet model was shown in experiments in
      which piglets fed virulent Y. enterocolitica serogroup O3 developed a clinical
      illness related to the size of the inoculum, which was accompanied by intestinal
      lesions similar to those reported in naturally and experimentally infected people
      and animals. The results confirmed the key role of a 47 X 10(6)-mol. wt plasmid
      in the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica, but suggested that penetration of the
      intestinal wall may be governed by chromosomal rather than plasmid-borne genes.
      No role for enterotoxin in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis was shown, although
      there was evidence that enterotoxin may promote intra-intestinal proliferation of
      Y. enterocolitica, thus favouring increased shedding of bacteria and encouraging
      their spread between hosts.

PMID- 4009688
TI  - Chemiluminescence of human leukocytes stimulated by clinical isolates of
      Klebsiella.
AB  - Chemiluminescence (CL) of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was determined after
      stimulation with 89 clinical isolates of Klebsiella which differed in serotype
      and in their virulence for mice. With K1, K2, K4 and K5 strains, a significantly
      lower CL response was observed than with K3, K6 and K greater than 6 strains.
      These results correlated well with virulence: greater virulence could be
      explained by greater resistance to phagocytosis.

PMID- 4009690
TI  - Lesions produced by Clostridium butyricum strain CB 1002 in ligated intestinal
      loops in guinea pigs.
AB  - Heated spores (80 degrees C, 10 min) of Clostridium butyricum strain CB 1002
      isolated from a fatal case of necrotising enterocolitis in a human neonate were
      inoculated into ligated intestinal loops prepared in young conventional guinea
      pigs. Necropsy findings 18 h later included congestion, patchy haemorrhage of the
      intestinal mucosa and bacteraemia. No abnormalities were observed in control
      loops given inocula of inactivated spores (heated at 100 degrees C for 10 min) or
      TYG 6 medium. The results suggest that vascular lesions are produced by C.
      butyricum in the intestine of young conventional guinea pigs.

PMID- 4009689
TI  - Protection of hamsters against Clostridium difficile ileocaecitis by prior
      colonisation with non-pathogenic strains.
AB  - Prior colonisation of clindamycin-treated hamsters with non-toxigenic strains of
      C. difficile protected them from subsequent colonisation with a toxigenic
      pathogenic strain. In total, 13 of 18 'protected' hamsters survived for up to 27
      days whereas all 27 animals challenged with the toxigenic strain alone died
      within 48 h. Protection was not evident if a heat-killed suspension was used or
      if the colonising non-toxigenic strain was first removed with vancomycin. No
      antitoxic activity could be detected in the faeces of animals colonised with the
      non-toxigenic strains. Other species of clostridia did not protect against the
      lethal effects of subsequent exposure to the toxigenic strain. Conversely, non
      toxigenic strains would not protect the animals from the lethal effects of a
      different clostridial pathogen, C. spiroforme. In most cases, even in the
      protected animals, the toxigenic strain eventually became dominant and caused
      disease, with translocation across the gut wall occurring early in the disease
      process. It was also shown that a non-toxigenic strain of C. difficile can adhere
      to gut mucosa. It is proposed that the protection afforded by the non-toxigenic
      strains may be due to competition for ecological niches.

PMID- 4009691
TI  - Morphological response and growth characteristics of Legionella pneumophila
      exposed to ampicillin and erythromycin.
AB  - The morphological response of two strains of Legionella pneumophila to ampicillin
      10 micrograms/ml and erythromycin 10 micrograms/ml in vitro was studied by
      electronmicroscopy, MIC estimations and viable counts. In the presence of
      ampicillin, discrete lesions appeared in the bacterial cell walls through which
      cytoplasmic contents extruded and lysis occurred. A few spheroplasts, together
      with minicells of 0.15-micron diameter, and apparently normal cells were present
      after exposure to ampicillin for several hours. Conversely, erythromycin
      initially resulted in inhibition of division and the formation of filamentous
      organisms. The cell walls of these filaments were eventually disrupted with
      numerous small membranous vesicles appearing on their surfaces. On further
      erythromycin treatment, breakage of the cell wall at a restricted number of sites
      occurred, leading to cell lysis. In the presence of erythromycin, a few
      morphologically normal cells were present but no spheroplasts or minicells were
      observed. Viable counts demonstrated that ampicillin killed the bacteria faster
      than erythromycin. Regrowth did not occur in the continued presence of either
      antibiotic, but after their removal regrowth was observed.

PMID- 4009692
TI  - A case of acardiac anomaly in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): a
      complication of monozygotic monochorial twinning.
AB  - A case of acardius acephalus in a Macaca fascicularis is reported. This
      congenital anomaly occurs only in multiple-birth gestations (most commonly
      monozygotic twins). Artery-to-artery and vein-to-vein anastomoses appear to be a
      constant feature. This condition is very rare in man and probably even more so in
      monkeys. Classification and theories on etiology are discussed.

PMID- 4009693
TI  - Fetal blood sampling through ultrasound-guided puncture of the umbilical vein in
      rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Fetal blood was obtained through puncture of the umbilical vein in Rhesus
      monkeys. The puncture needle was introduced during direct visual control through
      ultrasound. This method offers a possibility to obtain fetal blood without
      opening the uterine cavity. Injection into the fetal circulation is also
      possible.

PMID- 4009694
TI  - Liver wedge biopsy in nonhuman primates.

PMID- 4009695
TI  - Reconstitution of carrier-mediated choline transport in proteoliposomes prepared
      from presynaptic membranes of Torpedo electric organ, and its internal and
      external ionic requirements.
AB  - Proteoliposomes made by a butanol-sonication technique from electric organ
      presynaptic membranes showed choline transport activity. In contrast to intact
      nerve terminals, the uptake of choline was dissociated from its conversion to
      acetylcholine in this preparation. The kinetics of choline uptake by
      proteoliposomes was best described by two Michaelis-Menten components. At a low
      concentration of choline, uptake was inhibited by hemicholinium-3 and required
      external Na+ and, thus, closely resembled high-affinity choline uptake by intact
      cholinergic nerve terminals. Choline transport could be driven by the Na+
      gradient and by the transmembrane potential (inside negative) but did not
      directly require ATP. External Cl-, but not a Cl- gradient, was needed for
      choline transport activity. It is suggested that internal K+ plays a role in the
      retention of choline inside the proteoliposome. Proteoliposomes should prove a
      useful tool for both biochemical and functional studies of the high-affinity
      choline carrier.

PMID- 4009697
TI  - Optical and electrical properties of thin monoolein lipid bilayers.
AB  - Monoolein lipid bilayers were formed using a monolayer transfer technique and
      from dispersions of monoolein in squalene, triolein, 1-chlorodecane and 1
      bromodecane. Measurements of optical reflectance and electrical capacitance were
      used to determine the thickness and dielectric constant of the bilayers. The
      thickness of the hydrocarbon region of the five bilayer systems ranged from 2.5
      to 3.0 nm. Two of the bilayer systems (made from 1-chlorodecane and 1-bromodecane
      solvents) had a high dielectric constant (2.8 to 2.9) whereas the other bilayer
      systems had dielectric constants close to that of pure hydrocarbons (2.2). The
      charge-pulse technique was used to study the transport kinetics of three
      lipophilic ions and two ion carrier complexes in the bilayers. For the low
      dielectric constant bilayers, the transport of the lipophilic ions
      tetraphenylborate, tetraphenylarsonium and dipicrylamine was governed mainly by
      the thickness of the hydrocarbon region of the bilayer whereas the transport of
      the ion-carrier complexes proline valinomycin-K+ and valinomycin-Rb+ was nearly
      independent of thickness. This is consistent with previous studies on thicker
      monoolein bilayers. The transport of lipophilic anions across bilayers with a
      high dielectric constant was 20 to 50 times greater than expected on the basis of
      thickness alone. This agrees qualitatively with predictions based on Born
      charging energy calculations. High dielectric constant bilayers were three times
      more permeable to the proline valinomycin-K+ complex than were low dielectric
      constant bilayers but were just as permeable as low dielectric constant bilayers
      to the valinomycin-Rb+ complex.

PMID- 4009696
TI  - Proteolysis of cardiac gap junctions during their isolation from rat hearts.
AB  - Gap junctions (GJ) isolated from rat hearts in presence of the protease inhibitor
      phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) contain a Mr 44,000 to 47,000 major
      polypeptide and have a urea-resistant layer of fuzz on their cytoplasmic
      surfaces, whereas junctions isolated without PMSF are proteolyzed to a Mr 29,500
      polypeptide by a serine protease and have smooth cytoplasmic surfaces (C.K.
      Manjunath, G.E. Goings & E. Page Am. J. Physiol. 246:H865-H875, 1984). Rat liver
      GJ isolated with or without PMSF contain a Mr 28,000 polypeptide and have smooth
      cytoplasmic surfaces. Here we examine the origin, type and inhibitor sensitivity
      of the heart protease; why similar proteolysis is absent during isolation of rat
      liver gap junctions; and whether the Mr 44,000 to 47,000 cardiac GJ polypeptide
      is the precursor of the Mr 29,500 subunit. We show that the Mr 44,000 to 47,000
      polypeptide corresponds to the unproteolyzed connexon subunit; that proteolysis
      of this polypeptide occurs predominantly during exposure to high ionic strength
      solution (0.6 M KI) which releases serine protease from mast cell granules; that
      this protease is inhibitable with PMSF and (less completely) soybean trypsin
      inhibitor and chymostatin; and that in vivo degranulation of mast cells by
      injecting rats with compound 48/80 fails to prevent breakdown of cardiac GJ
      during isolation. The results support the concept that GJ from rat heart and
      liver differ in protein composition.

PMID- 4009699
TI  - Type and strength of food preferences of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.
AB  - The results of these experiments indicate that, contrary to popular belief,
      individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome demonstrate definite food preferences.
      These data are consistent with and extend recent findings of Caldwell & Taylor
      (1983). The general conclusions are that the foods preferred by most individuals
      with Prader-Willi syndrome are sweet, and that the strength of the food
      preference is related to the level of cognitive ability (the higher the cognitive
      level, the stronger the preference). A comparison of the food preferences of an
      obese, non-Prader-Willi group with similar cognitive deficiencies would be worthy
      of empirical investigation.

PMID- 4009698
TI  - Determination of retinal chromophore structure in bacteriorhodopsin with
      resonance Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - The analysis of the vibrational spectrum of the retinal chromophore in
      bacteriorhodopsin with isotopic derivatives provides a powerful "structural
      dictionary" for the translation of vibrational frequencies and intensities into
      structural information. Of importance for the proton-pumping mechanism is the
      unambiguous determination of the configuration about the C13=C14 and C=N bonds,
      and the protonation state of the Schiff base nitrogen. Vibrational studies have
      shown that in light-adapted BR568 the Schiff base nitrogen is protonated and both
      the C13=C14 and C=N bonds are in a trans geometry. The formation of K625 involves
      the photochemical isomerization about only the C13=C14 bond which displaces the
      Schiff base proton into a different protein environment. Subsequent Schiff base
      deprotonation produces the M412 intermediate. Thermal reisomerization of the
      C13=C14 bond and reprotonation of the Schiff base occur in the M412------O640
      transition, resetting the proton-pumping mechanism. The vibrational spectra can
      also be used to examine the conformation about the C--C single bonds. The
      frequency of the C14--C15 stretching vibration in BR568, K625, L550 and O640
      argues that the C14--C15 conformation in these intermediates is s-trans.
      Conformational distortions of the chromophore have been identified in K625 and
      O640 through the observation of intense hydrogen out-of-plane wagging vibrations
      in the Raman spectra (see Fig. 2). These two intermediates are the direct
      products of chromophore isomerization. Thus it appears that following
      isomerization in a tight protein binding pocket, the chromophore cannot easily
      relax to a planar geometry. The analogous observation of intense hydrogen out-of
      plane modes in the primary photoproduct in vision (Eyring et al., 1982) suggests
      that this may be a general phenomenon in protein-bound isomerizations. Future
      resonance Raman studies should provide even more details on how bacterio-opsin
      and retinal act in concert to produce an efficient light-energy convertor.
      Important unresolved questions involve the mechanism by which the protein
      catalyzes deprotonation of the L550 intermediate and the mechanism of the thermal
      conversion of M412 back to BR568. Also, it has been shown that under conditions
      of high ionic strength and/or low light intensity two protons are pumped per
      photocycle (Kuschmitz & Hess, 1981). How might this be accomplished?(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4009700
TI  - Trace element concentrations in hair from autistic children.
AB  - The concentrations of 14 elements were determined in scalp hair samples from
      control, autistic and autistic-like children. Significant differences were noted
      between normal males and females for calcium, magnesium and mercury. The autistic
      population had significantly lower levels of calcium, magnesium, copper,
      manganese and chromium and higher levels of lithium as compared to sex- and age
      matched controls. Children with autistic features (autistic-like), classified as
      having childhood-onset pervasive disorder, had lower levels of magnesium,
      cadmium, cobalt and manganese as compared to controls. Discriminant function
      analysis using the 14 trace elements correctly classified 90.5% of the normal and
      100% of the autistic population. Using a stepwise procedure, the five elements
      with the greatest discriminatory power were calcium, copper, zinc, chromium and
      lithium. Analysis based on these five trace elements led to the correct
      classification of 85.7% of the normal and 91.7% of the autistic group. Results
      indicate that the concentrations of trace elements in hair from normal children
      differ from patterns observed in both autistic and autistic-like children.
      Furthermore, evidence suggests that hair analysis may have potential use as a
      diagnostic tool for autism.

PMID- 4009701
TI  - Sleep disturbance in patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: a new
      application of the SCSB-method.
AB  - Five patients (3 male, 2 female, mean age 20.4 years, range 14-28) with juvenile
      neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis were studied using the Static Charge-Sensitive Bed
      method. Three distinct patterns of respiration (calm, periodic and restless) were
      differentiated in an automatic analysis. The amount of restless respiration was
      found to increase with duration of the disease. The result is discussed in terms
      of methodology and the clinical picture of JNCL.

PMID- 4009702
TI  - Electrical blink reflex habituation in mentally retarded adults.
AB  - Electrophysiological methods of studying the habituation of the blink reflex have
      been used, to document by objective means the lack of habituation of the blink
      reflex in mentally retarded adults. Habituation of the blink reflex to sets of
      stimuli with decreasing interstimulus duration, which is fixed in each set of
      stimuli, has been studied in normal human volunteers and mentally retarded
      subjects. Habituation of direct and indirect R2 has been poor or absent in the
      mentally retarded subjects. The habituation indices of mentally retarded subjects
      do not overlap the habituation indices of the normal volunteers. In significant
      numbers of retarded subjects no habituation of the indirect R2 (P less than
      0.00001) and of direct R2 (P less than 0.0005) was noted. No significant
      difference in habituation of the direct R2 and indirect R2 is noted in normal
      volunteers.

PMID- 4009703
TI  - The mentally handicapped adult's concepts of good and bad acts.
AB  - As a component of a pretraining investigation of the moral knowledge of 100
      mentally handicapped adults (56 females, 44 males), the spontaneous definitions
      of 'good' and 'bad' acts were acquired. The results suggest that these concepts
      are predominantly consequence oriented and that mentally handicapped adults
      experience confusion in the use of these two terms.

PMID- 4009704
TI  - The Marden-Walker syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of Marden-Walker syndrome with its typical facies, blepharophimosis,
      congenital joint contractures, mental handicap and other anomalies is reported in
      a 29-year-old female and the literature reviewed. There is a history of mental
      handicap on the paternal side and cancer on the maternal side of the family tree.

PMID- 4009705
TI  - Reduction of stereotypic behaviours using differential reinforcement procedures
      and momentary restraint.
AB  - This study explored the effectiveness and classroom applicability of a
      combination of DRO and momentary restraint procedures to reduce the stereotypic
      responding of four severely or profoundly mentally retarded, multihandicapped
      students aged 6-16 years. Modifications were made in the application of both of
      the procedures in order for them to be usable by classroom staff; (a) whole
      interval DRO was used with no interval reset contingent upon inappropriate
      responding; and (b) the momentary restraint procedures were very short in
      duration (i.e. 3, 5 or 10 s). The results indicate that the combination of these
      two procedures could be readily implemented by classroom staff without a
      disruption in educational programming. In addition, in each of the four subjects
      substantial and relatively rapid results occurred. These results are particularly
      interesting in that the stereotypic behaviours to which they were applied were
      topographically very different.

PMID- 4009706
TI  - Establishing pre-language signalling behaviour with profoundly mentally
      handicapped students: a preliminary investigation.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the effectiveness of a
      specific pre-language communication programming technique on the development of
      pre-language communication signalling behaviour in a group of profoundly mentally
      handicapped students. Results indicate that the procedure produced desired
      effects. Problems related to defining pre-language communication behaviours and
      communicative stimuli for this population, as well as issues pertaining to
      generalization, were discussed. Concluding comments stress the preliminary nature
      of the results and the need for future research in the validation of pre-language
      communication programming techniques.

PMID- 4009707
TI  - Surgical therapy of esophageal strictures.

PMID- 4009708
TI  - Cystic fibrosis in adults.

PMID- 4009709
TI  - Screening colorectal cancer--rational guidelines.

PMID- 4009710
TI  - Medical computing: the remote database.

PMID- 4009711
TI  - Protein structure by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance. Residues 40 to 45 of
      bacteriophage fd coat protein.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of part of the coat protein in the filamentous
      bacteriophage fd is described by nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.). Residues 40
      to 45 are in a somewhat distorted alpha-helix. This n.m.r. approach for
      determining protein structure relies on the spectral manifestations of chemical
      shift and heteronuclear dipolar couplings in a symmetrical assembly of protein
      subunits oriented parallel to the applied magnetic field. The angles between
      individual peptide linkages and the filament axis of the virion constitute the
      basic source of structural information. These angles are directly related to x,
      y, z co-ordinates for describing the protein structure.

PMID- 4009713
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of unstained, frozen-hydrated extended tails of
      bacteriophage T4.
AB  - Unsupported, unstained frozen-hydrated extended tails of bacteriophage T4 have
      been studied by cryo-electron microscopy. Their three-dimensional structure has
      been reconstructed after correlation and averaging of the information from
      different particles. While the reconstructions of hydrated tails show all the
      features found by conventional electron microscopy, they are characterized by an
      open structure. Individual subunits constituting the axial repeat cannot be
      outlined unambiguously, as the density connectivity is sensitive to the phase
      contrast transfer function effects. In order to minimize these effects, we found
      that the best data set for three-dimensional reconstruction is composed of layer
      lines corrected for the phase-contrast transfer function and an uncorrected
      equator.

PMID- 4009712
TI  - Trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein genes expressed early in infection.
AB  - We have studied further the genes for trypanosomal variant surface glycoproteins
      expressed during a chronic infection of rabbits with Trypanosoma brucei, strain
      427. We show that there are three closely related chromosomal-internal isogenes
      for VSG 121; expression of one of these genes is accompanied by the duplicate
      transposition of the gene to a telomeric expression site, also used by other
      chromosome-internal VSG genes. The 3' end of the 121 gene is replaced during
      transposition with another sequence, also found in the VSG mRNAs of two other
      variants. We infer that an incoming VSG gene duplicate recombines with the
      resident gene in the expression site and may exchange ends in this process. The
      extra expression-linked copy of the 121 gene is lost when another gene enters the
      expression site. However, when the telomeric VSG gene 221 is activated without
      duplication the extra 121 gene copy is inactivated without detectable alterations
      in or around the gene. We have also analysed the VSG genes expressed very early
      when trypanosomes are introduced into rats or tissue culture. The five genes
      identified in 24 independent switching events were all found to be telomeric
      genes and we calculate that the telomeric 1.8 gene has a 50% chance of being
      activated in this trypanosome strain when the trypanosome switches the VSG that
      is synthesized. We argue that the preferential expression of telomeric VSG genes
      is due to two factors: first, some telomeric genes reside in an inactive
      expression site, that can be reactivated; second, telomeric genes can enter an
      active expression site by a duplicative telomere conversion and this process
      occurs more frequently than the duplicative transposition of chromosome-internal
      genes to an expression site.

PMID- 4009714
TI  - Structure determination of histidine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a at 3.0
      A resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of histidine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a has been
      determined by X-ray diffraction methods to a resolution of 3.0 A. This protein is
      a pyruvoyl-dependent enzyme that is formed by an unusual self-activation process.
      The structure was determined from an electron density map calculated using
      multiple isomorphous replacement phases from two heavy-atom derivatives and
      included contributions from anomalous scattering measurements. The final mean
      figure of merit was 0.79, based on 28,805 independent reflections. The molecule
      has an (alpha beta)6 subunit composition and crystallizes in the space group
      14122 with a = b = 221.7 A and c = 107.1 A. There is one (alpha beta)3 half
      molecule per asymmetric unit. The (alpha beta)6 particle is dumbbell-shaped, with
      each (alpha beta)3 unit being approximately spherical, with a diameter of about
      65 A. There is a large central cavity approximately 30 A deep around the
      molecular 3-fold axis of the (alpha beta)3 unit. The 3-fold related active site
      pockets are located around the bottom of this cavity and are separated from each
      other by a distance of approximately 23 A. The inner portion of each (alpha beta)
      unit, which lies near the interface between the two (alpha beta)3 particles,
      consists mainly of random coil with several small helical and sheet regions. The
      outer region of each (alpha beta) unit has an unusual structure consisting of two
      overlapping, predominantly antiparallel beta-pleated sheets, lined on each side
      by an alpha-helix. The walls of the central cavity are formed by the 3-fold
      repeat of two strands from this beta-sandwich structure and one of the helices.

PMID- 4009716
TI  - Thermodynamics of the reaction of ferric myoglobin from Aplysia limacina with
      azide and fluoride. Dependence of enthalpy changes on pH.
AB  - The effect of pH on the enthalpy changes for binding of azide and fluoride to
      ferric myoglobin from Aplysia limacina, which lacks the distal histidine, has
      been investigated. Over the whole pH range explored (3.8 to 9.5), -delta H
      degrees values for the formation of the hemoprotein-ligand complexes are: (1)
      much greater than the variations in -delta G degrees; (2) always negative; and
      (3) show a dependence upon pH characterized by a maximum for azide and a minimum
      for fluoride binding, centered at pH 4.55 (identical to pHch). This value agrees
      well with that expected from the linear correlation between pHch and the simple
      function "Lys+Arg-Glu-Asp-2" proposed by Beetlestone and others. Data reported
      here greatly extend the pH range for which the linear correlation between the net
      charge of the macromolecule and pHch has been found to hold, and indicate
      unequivocally that the pH dependence of -delta H degree for the binding of
      anionic ligands does not uniquely require the presence of the histidyl residue at
      the distal position.

PMID- 4009715
TI  - Stress-induced molecular rearrangement in tendon collagen.
AB  - Tension-induced molecular rearrangements in wet native fibres of rat-tail tendons
      and human finger flexor tendons are registered with the help of time-resolved
      diffraction spectra using synchrotron radiation. The tension-induced increase of
      the 67 nm D period is combined with changes in the intensities of some orders of
      the meridional small angle reflection. Both effects are reversible when unloading
      the fibre, but are preserved when the load is held constant until the fibre
      tears. The increase in the D period is partly due to a sliding of the triple
      helices relative to each other and partly due to a stretching of the triple
      helices themselves. The sliding of the triple helices results in an alteration of
      the D stagger, leading to a change in the length of the gap and overlap regions,
      and to a stretching of the cross-linked telopeptides. This interpretation is
      supported by comparison with the relative intensities derived from a model with
      varying length of gap and overlap regions, as well as by comparison with model
      calculations that include the telopeptides.

PMID- 4009717
TI  - Crystallization studies of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Crystals of catalytic
      subunit diffract to 3.5 A resolution.
AB  - The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase from porcine heart has
      been crystallized in several different crystal forms. One of these forms
      diffracts to 3.5 A resolution. It is in monoclinic space group P2(1) with a =
      64.24 A, b = 143.58 A, c = 48.40 A, alpha = gamma = 90 degrees and beta = 106.9
      degrees.

PMID- 4009718
TI  - Synthetic oligonucleotide probes deduced from amino acid sequence data.
      Theoretical and practical considerations.
AB  - Synthetic probes deduced from amino acid sequence data are widely used to detect
      cognate coding sequences in libraries of cloned DNA segments. The redundancy of
      the genetic code dictates that a choice must be made between (1) a mixture of
      probes reflecting all codon combinations, and (2) a single longer "optimal"
      probe. The second strategy is examined in detail. The frequency of sequences
      matching a given probe by chance alone can be determined and also the frequency
      of sequences closely resembling the probe and contributing to the hybridization
      background. Gene banks cannot be treated as random associations of the four
      nucleotides, and probe sequences deduced from amino acid sequence data occur more
      often than predicted by chance alone. Probe lengths must be increased to confer
      the necessary specificity. Examination of hybrids formed between unique
      homologous probes and their cognate targets reveals that short stretches of
      perfect homology occurring by chance make a significant contribution to the
      hybridization background. Statistical methods for improving homology are
      examined, taking human coding sequences as an example, and considerations of
      codon utilization and dinucleotide frequencies yield an overall homology of
      greater than 82%. Recommendations for probe design and hybridization are
      presented, and the choice between using multiple probes reflecting all codon
      possibilities and a unique optimal probe is discussed.

PMID- 4009719
TI  - Functional and subunit assembly properties of hemoglobin Alberta (alpha 2 beta
      2(101) Glu----Gly).
AB  - Hemoglobin Alberta has an amino acid substitution at position 101 (Glu----Gly), a
      residue involved in the alpha 1 beta 2 contact region of both the deoxy and oxy
      conformers of normal adult hemoglobin. Oxygen equilibrium measurements of
      stripped hemoglobin Alberta at 20 degrees C in the absence of phosphate revealed
      a high affinity (P50 = 0.75 mm Hg at pH 7), co-operative hemoglobin variant (n =
      2.3 at pH 7) with a normal Bohr effect (- delta log P50/delta pH(7-8) = 0.65).
      The addition of inositol hexaphosphate resulted in a decrease in oxygen affinity
      (P50 = 8.2 mm Hg at pH 7), a slight increase in the value of n and an enhanced
      Bohr effect. Rapid mixing experiments reflected the equilibrium results. A rapid
      rate of carbon monoxide binding (l' = 7.0 X 10(5) M-1 S-1) and a slow rate of
      overall oxygen dissociation (k = 15 s-1) was seen at pH7 and 20 degrees C in the
      absence of phosphate. Under these experimental conditions the tetramer stability
      of liganded and unliganded hemoglobin Alberta was investigated by
      spectrophotometric kinetic techniques. The 4K4 value (the liganded tetramer-dimer
      equilibrium dissociation constant) for hemoglobin Alberta was found to be 0.83 X
      10(-6) M compared to a 4K4 value for hemoglobin A of 2.3 X 10(-6) M, indicating
      that the Alberta tetramer was less dissociated into dimers than the tetramer of
      hemoglobin A. The values of 0K4 (the unliganded tetramer-dimer equilibrium
      dissociation constant) for hemoglobin Alberta and hemoglobin A were also measured
      and found to be 2.5 X 10(-8) M and 1.5 X 10(-10) M, respectively, demonstrating a
      greatly destabilized deoxyhemoglobin tetramer for hemoglobin Alberta compared to
      deoxyhemoglobin A. The functional and subunit dissociation properties of
      hemoglobin Alberta appear to be directly related to the dual role of the beta 101
      residue in stabilizing the tetrameric form of the liganded structure, while
      concurrently destabilizing the unliganded tetramer molecule.

PMID- 4009720
TI  - Crystal structure of ferric Aplysia limacina myoglobin at 2 X 0 A resolution.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of ferric myoglobin from the mollusc Aplysia
      limacina has been refined at 2 X 0 A resolution. The crystallographic R factor,
      calculated at this stage, is 0 X 194. Despite its high content of apolar residues
      (both aromatic and aliphatic), Aplysia limacina myoglobin, which contains only
      one histidine residue (at the proximal position), has a structure that conforms
      to the common eight-helices globin fold observed in other phyla.

PMID- 4009721
TI  - Rapid induction of specific mRNAs by auxin in pea epicotyl tissue.
AB  - DNA sequences complementary to three indoleacetic acid (IAA)-inducible mRNAs in
      pea epicotyl tissue were isolated by differential plaque filter hybridization of
      cDNA libraries constructed in the vector lambda gt10. Clone pIAA6 hybridized to
      an mRNA encoding the previously identified translational product polypeptide 6
      (Mr 22,000), and clone pIAA4/5 hybridized to one or two mRNAs, encoding
      polypeptides 4 and 5 (Mr 23,000 and 25,000, respectively). The cDNA clones were
      subsequently used to characterize the hormonally mediated mRNA accumulation. The
      induction of the mRNAs was rapid, within 15 minutes of exposure to the IAA, and
      specific to auxins. Anaerobiosis, heat and cold stress did not induce the mRNAs.
      Other plant hormones, such as gibberellic acid, kinetin, abscisic acid and
      ethylene were also unable to cause or interfere with the IAA-induced mRNA
      accumulation. The hormonally regulated mRNAs were induced at least 50 to 100-fold
      above control levels after two hours of treatment with IAA and the accumulation
      was (1) independent of protein synthesis, (2) completely abolished by alpha
      amanitin, (3) not due to polyadenylylation of pre-existing RNAs, and (4)
      independent of IAA and fusicoccin-induced H+ secretion. The IAA-induced mRNAs
      returned to control levels within three hours after removal of IAA, and the
      hormonally regulated genes were primarily expressed in the third and second
      internode of the seven-day-old etiolated pea seedling. The data indicate that IAA
      increases the amount of specific mRNAs rather than alters the translatability of
      pre-existing mRNAs. Auxin-induced H+ secretion appears not to have a potential
      role in mediating the induction and perhaps is a consequence of the enhanced
      biosynthetic activity induced by the hormone. The IAA-mediated mRNA induction is
      the fastest known for any plant growth regulator and may represent a primary
      hormonal response to auxin.

PMID- 4009722
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of bacteriophage phi 29 neck particles at 2 X 2
      nm resolution.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of the head-to-tail connecting region of
      bacteriophage phi 29 has been studied by analysing two-dimensional, hexagonal
      ordered aggregates of negatively stained viral necks to a resolution of 2 X 2 nm.
      These necks are composed of two proteins, p10 and p11; p10 being the connector
      protein. A 12-folded and a 6-folded axially symmetric domain are present in the
      specimen. The 12-folded domain is the larger part of the structure; it consists
      of 12 subunits associated in pairs. These subunits appear to be more closely
      paired towards the centre, where only six subunits are resolved forming the 6
      folded domain. The pairs of subunits present an important twist between the 12
      folded and the 6-folded areas. A conical hole is formed at the centre of the
      structure. This hole is more open at the 12-folded domain than at the level of
      the possible zone of interaction between p10 and p11, where it is almost closed.
      Protein p11 is very poorly represented in the reconstruction, probably due to
      lack of staining. The structure described for the phi 29 neck has many of the
      attributes expected for an active device involved in bacteriophage DNA
      encapsidation.

PMID- 4009723
TI  - Effects of butyric acid on cell cycle regulation and induction of histone H1(0)
      in mouse cells and tissue culture. Inducibility of H1 (0)in the late S-G2 phase
      of the cell cycle.
AB  - We have examined the regulation of the synthesis of histone H1(0) in cultured
      mammalian cells treated with butyric acid. Treatment of cells with the inducer
      results in the arrest of synthesis of DNA and the other histones, while
      increasing the synthesis of H1(0) by a factor of 11. The induction of H1(0) by
      butyric acid occurs in a pulse with a peak at six hours, followed by a decrease
      to negligible levels. This pulse-like induction appears to be due to the fact
      that the cells are inducible for H1(0) only in the late S or G2 phases of the
      cell cycle. This, coupled with the fact that butyric acid blocks cells in G1,
      results in the burst of H1(0) synthesis after addition of the inducer. The G1
      block provoked by butyric acid does not appear to result from the accumulation of
      H1(0). Removal of butyric acid from G1-blocked cells resulted in the resumption
      of cellular proliferation without prior loss of H1(0), demonstrating that the
      presence of this histone is not sufficient to prevent cellular proliferation.

PMID- 4009724
TI  - Trans- and cis-acting elements for the replication of P1 miniplasmids.
AB  - Replication-deficient mutants of the unit-copy miniplasmid lambda-P1:5R were
      isolated after hydroxylamine mutagenesis. Complementation tests showed that the
      majority of these mutants are defective in the production of the repA protein
      product. Two of these mutants have suppressible nonsense (amber) mutations. The
      DNA sequence of one of these, repA103, has been determined. The lesion lies
      within the repA open reading frame, showing that the repA product is essential
      for plasmid replication. Complementation of deletion mutants of lambda-P1:5R by
      repA protein showed that the origin of replication lies to the left of repA and
      that this 300-base-pair origin region is the only portion of the DNA essential
      for plasmid replication if repA protein is supplied in trans. Six of the 21
      hydroxylamine-induced mutants were not complemented by repA. Replication of three
      of these could be restored by introduction into the plasmid of a wild-type origin
      region, suggesting that they were origin-defective. The DNA sequence of two
      mutants was determined. Mutant rep-11 has a 43-base-pair deletion within the incC
      sequence (incC is a series of five direct repeats of a 19-base-pair sequence
      known to be involved in the regulation of plasmid replication). The deletion
      appears to have been generated by homologous recombination between two repeats.
      Mutant rep-30 has a single base substitution in a region just to the left of incC
      that destroys one of five G-A-T-C (dam methylation) sites in this region. As
      lambda-P1:5R is unable to establish itself as a plasmid in a methylase-defective
      (dam-) strain, it seems probable that methylation of the G-A-T-C sequences is
      important for origin function. The incC region and the sequences to its left
      appear to constitute an essential part of the origin of replication.

PMID- 4009725
TI  - Chromatin structure of the potential Z-forming sequence (dT-dG)n X (dC-dA)n.
      Evidence for an "alternating-B" conformation.
AB  - The sequence (dT-dG)n X (dC-dA)n is the most abundant purine-pyrimidine
      dinucleotide repeat in eukaryotic genomes. This sequence and certain others that
      contain alternating purine-pyrimidine residues have been shown to adopt the left
      handed, Z-DNA conformation in vitro when subjected to negative torsional stress
      or elevated ionic strengths. We have asked whether (dT-dG)n X (dC-dA)n tracts
      exist in topologically constrained Z-form structures in vivo by examining the
      chromatin organization of these sequences in cultured mouse cell nuclei. We find
      that these elements are quantitatively packaged into typical core particles which
      are embedded in canonical polynucleosomal arrays. In addition, these sequences
      neither flank nor reside within regions of chromatin that are preferentially
      sensitive to S1 nuclease. These characteristics suggest that these tracts do not
      exist predominantly in the Z-form in vivo. Furthermore, employing techniques that
      permit prominent hybridization to DNA fragments as short as 18 bases, we provide
      evidence that in vivo, most (dT-dG)n X (dC-dA)n elements instead adopt an
      "alternating-B" conformation on the nucleosomal surface.

PMID- 4009726
TI  - Haemoglobin: the surface buried between the alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 2
      dimers in the deoxy and oxy structures.
AB  - Using the newly available refined co-ordinates of deoxy and oxyhaemoglobin, we
      have re-examined and compared the interfaces between the dimers alpha 1 beta 1
      and alpha 2 beta 2. The most extensive monomer-monomer contacts are between alpha
      1 and beta 2, and, symmetrically, alpha 2 and beta 1. In oxyhaemoglobin these
      interfaces bury 700 A2 less protein surface than in deoxyhaemoglobin. The alpha 1
      alpha 2 interface involves similar salt bridges in both forms, but in
      oxyhaemoglobin buries 240 A2 more surface than in deoxyhaemoglobin. There is a
      loosely packed beta 1 beta 2 interface burying 320 A2 of surface in
      oxyhaemoglobin; there is no beta 1 beta 2 interface in deoxyhaemoglobin. The
      greater stability of the deoxy form, in the absence of ligands, can be attributed
      to a combination of hydrophobic, van der Waals' and electrostatic interactions.

PMID- 4009727
TI  - Electron microscopy of cross-linked scallop myosin.
AB  - The N-terminal regions of the regulatory light chains on the two heads of scallop
      myosin can be cross-linked to one another. Electron microscopy of cross-linked
      myosin molecules, and of dimers of myosin subfragment-1 produced by digesting
      them with papain, shows that the site of cross-linking is very close to the head
      rod junction.

PMID- 4009728
TI  - Behavioral cohabitation: increasing satisfaction among nonmarried dyads?
AB  - The present study reports upon a standard behavior therapy treatment package
      applied to three clinically referred cohabitating couples. Multidimensional
      assessment measures included reports by self, partner, and external observers of
      couples' interactions. Moreover, a multiple-baseline design across couples was
      employed as a means of evaluating treatment efficacy. Therapy involved the weekly
      administration of bibliotherapy and exercise material, with therapist contact
      purposely minimized. An analysis of results indicates modest treatment success
      with considerable between-subject variability. These findings are discussed with
      regard to gender differences, ceiling effects, and utilization of standardized
      therapy packages. Recommendations are made for future behavioral cohabitation
      research.

PMID- 4009729
TI  - Compulsive sexual behavior: definition of a problem and an approach to treatment.
AB  - Sexual compulsivity is defined as a lack of control over one's sexual behavior.
      Data were collected on 30 gay and bisexual men in New York City who defined
      themselves as sexually compulsive and who sought treatment for the problem, in
      order to determine: 1) whether they differed in psychological profile and sexual
      behavior from a matched control group of men seeking general psychotherapy; and
      2) what the effect is of group psychotherapy for sexual compulsivity on the
      sexual behavior of group participants. It was found that men who are sexually
      compulsive differ from controls primarily in terms of the frequency and type of
      their sexual behavior. They do not display more neurotic symptoms. Further, it
      was found that group psychotherapy helps participants reduce the frequency of
      their sexual encounters with different partners. An objective measure of the
      sense of control one has over his/her sexual behavior is needed for further
      research on this subject.

PMID- 4009730
TI  - Gender: history, theory and usage of the term in sexology and its relationship to
      nature/nurture.
AB  - A person's sexual status is conventionally defined on the criterion of the
      external sex organs, and this criterion is presumed to be concordant with the
      other criteria of sex. When the sex organs are deformed, as in hermaphroditism,
      or mutilated, their sex role is to some extent affected, whereas all the other
      manifestations of the person's masculinity or femininity may be intact. Gender,
      not sex, is the umbrella term which refers to the totality of
      masculinity/femininity, genital sex included. Gender role and gender identity are
      two sides of the same coin, gender-identity/role (G-I/R). G-I/R may differentiate
      to be discordant with one or more of the basic sex variables which are now listed
      in the definition of sex in Dorland's Medical Dictionary. G-I/R is the product
      not of either nature or nurture acting alone, but of both in interaction at
      crucial periods of developmental differentiation. The new paradigm is
      nature/crucial-period/nurture, not nature/nurture. Social scientists and
      sexologists are among those who, for the most part, have not made the paradigm
      shift.

PMID- 4009731
TI  - Treatment of sexual dysfunctions in male-only groups: predicting outcome.
AB  - Forty men complaining of sexual dysfunctions were treated in male-only groups,
      using RET, masturbation exercises and social skills training. Sexual functioning
      improved and social anxiety decreased. Combining these data with previously
      reported data on 21 men, we tried to predict treatment outcome. Sexual
      functioning of men with a steady partner and men with varying partners improved;
      in men without partner(s) no effect could be demonstrated, probably due to a
      methodological artifact. Inhibited sexual desire was associated with a poor
      outcome. Several other variables (among them type of dysfunction, social anxiety,
      age, educational level) did not predict improvement of sexual functioning. This
      method seems to provide adequate treatment for various complaints of men with
      quite different backgrounds.

PMID- 4009732
TI  - Sexual fantasy and activity patterns of males with inhibited sexual desire and
      males with erectile dysfunction versus normal controls.
AB  - The fantasy patterns of patients with sexual difficulties have only recently
      received attention. Research has shown that females with inhibited sexual desire
      fantasize less than normal controls during foreplay and coitus, masturbation, and
      general daydreaming. This study is a continuation of the investigation of sexual
      fantasy and activity patterns and specific sexual dysfunctions. A fantasy
      questionnaire was completed by 37 men reporting a satisfying sex life and 35
      males who came to a sexual dysfunction clinic complaining of either erectile
      dysfunction or inhibited sexual desire. This study indicates the frequency of
      sexual fantasy during foreplay and/or coitus, during general daydreaming and
      during masturbation is significantly less in the inhibited sexual desire males
      than in the control group and/or the erectile dysfunction group. The erectile
      dysfunction group and the control group were virtually identical in their
      frequency of fantasy during foreplay and/or coitus. The content of fantasies in
      all three groups is similar. The frequency of fantasy during masturbation was
      greatest in the erectile dysfunction group. The frequency of masturbation was
      greatest in the inhibited sexual desire males.

PMID- 4009733
TI  - Extramarital sex: impact on depression and commitment in couples seeking marital
      therapy.
AB  - The effects of extramarital sex on depression and commitment were examined in
      couples seeking marital therapy. One hundred and twenty couples completed a
      standard assessment battery which assessed level of depression, level of
      commitment and demographic variables. Couples presenting extramarital sex as an
      issue reported higher rates of depression and lower levels of commitment to their
      marriages. In fact, all couples presenting extramarital sex indicated either
      lowered commitment, elevated depression, or both. Interestingly, it was the
      spouse engaging in extramarital sex who was most likely to show higher levels of
      depression and/or lower levels of commitment than other same sex spouses
      presenting for marital therapy. The need for individual sessions with the spouse
      engaging in extramarital sex as a preliminary step in marital therapy is
      discussed.

PMID- 4009734
TI  - Assessment of the chloracnegenic response induced by 3,4,3',4'
      tetrachloroazoxybenzene in mice.
AB  - Chloracne is a follicular hyperkeratosis produced by exposure to certain
      halogenated aromatic compounds. The rabbit ear bioassay has been used
      successfully for testing the acnegenic activity of compounds, but the lack of
      reference data in this species limits its usefulness in correlating chloracne to
      other toxic effects such as skin carcinogenesis. In this study, a prototype
      chloracnegen, 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB), was used. Five strains
      of mice (hairless, rhino, rhino+, DBA/2J, and C57BL/6) were treated topically
      with 100 microliters of 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1% TCAOB daily for 3-9 wk. Skin and
      liver histology were performed and hepatic enzyme activities measured. At the
      0.001% TCAOB level, induction of hepatic aniline hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450
      occurred in the C57BL/6 mice and induction of cytochrome c reductase occurred in
      the rhino mice. Dose-dependent gross and histologic skin lesions, characteristic
      of follicular hyperkeratosis, were observed in the rhino and hairless strains at
      the 0.01% and 0.1% levels. These two strains also had induction of hepatic
      cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome P-450, and aniline hydroxylase at TCAOB
      concentrations of 0.01 or 0.1%. These results suggest that the rhino and hairless
      strains of mice may be useful in the study of chloracne.

PMID- 4009735
TI  - An improved method for calculating labeling indices of lung epithelial and
      interstitial cells.
AB  - The sampling method was developed as an improvement in calculating labeling
      indices (LIs) of epithelial and interstitial cells in the airways and alveolar
      region of the lungs of rats. This method is more accurate and requires less time
      than the traditional cytokinetic methods, which involve counting all labeled and
      unlabeled cells. In the sampling method, all labeled cells are counted, but the
      total number of cells is estimated based on a representative sample count of
      airway and alveolar cells in each animal. The LIs as calculated by the two
      methods correlated very well (r greater than 0.97). The small amount of error
      introduced by estimating the total number of cells was more than compensated for
      by the increased accuracy associated with a larger sample size.

PMID- 4009736
TI  - Development of tolerance to a pneumotoxic impurity of malathion.
AB  - O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-Me) is a pneumotoxic impurity present in
      various organophosphorus insecticides. OOS-Me produces morphological alteration
      of bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells accompanied by an increase in pulmonary
      lavage lactate dehydrogenase activity and severe weight loss in rats. Tolerance
      to the pneumotoxicity of OOS-Me was induced rapidly by oral pretreatments with
      small doses of OOS-Me itself. O,O-Dimethyl-S-ethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-Et), a
      pneumotoxic trialkyl phosphorothioate that is closely related in structure to OOS
      Me, also produced a tolerance by oral pretreatment with small doses of OOS-Et
      itself. Pretreatment of rats with OOS-Me produced tolerance to OOS-Et,
      pretreatment did not produce tolerance to OOS-Me. Pretreatment of rats with
      tolerance-inducing doses of OOS-Me or OOS-Et had no effect on pulmonary or
      hepatic monooxygenase activities. Malathion and phenthoate carboxylesterases in
      pulmonary and hepatic microsomes were inhibited by these pretreatments. Activity
      of superoxide dismutase in lung or glutathione content in lung or liver was not
      affected by these pretreatments. Although the mechanism(s) remains unknown, the
      present study demonstrated the tolerance development to the chemical-induced
      pneumotoxicity.

PMID- 4009738
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of coal fly ash: analysis by gas-liquid
      chromatography using nematic liquid crystals.
AB  - The seasonal variations over a period of 12 m in the amounts of polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in fly-ash samples collected from the electrostatic
      precipitator of a thermal power plant have been studied. PAH generally did not
      show much seasonal variation. The gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of
      benzene extract of fly ash showed the presence of 28 polyaromatic hydrocarbons,
      of which only phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and
      benzo[a]pyrene could be identified.

PMID- 4009737
TI  - Effects of chlorine dioxide on thyroid function in neonatal rats.
AB  - Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an alternative to chlorine for drinking water
      disinfection, has been implicated as a potential antithyroid agent (Bercz et al.,
      1982). Because antithyroid compounds are known to alter neurobehavioral
      development, the present study was designed to determine if perinatal exposure to
      ClO2 affects behavioral activity in rat pups. The activity cage system was
      designed to monitor the development of locomotor activity of a litter of pups
      between ages 14-21 d. Pups were exposed to ClO2 either directly, by gavaging 14
      mg/kg . from age 5 to 20 d, or indirectly via their dams' drinking water in
      concentrations of 2, 20, or 100 mg/l from gestation to weaning (21 d postpartum).
      Although the activity of the indirectly exposed group was not different from
      controls, the gavaged group showed significantly depressed activity for d 18 and
      19 postpartum. The T4 levels of the 21-d-old pups was significantly depressed in
      the 100-mg/l ClO2 group. The gavaged pups showed an even greater T4 depression,
      which correlates with their activity levels. These data support the hypothesis
      that ClO2 affects thyroid function and suggests that a slight depression in T4
      can result in developmental delays.

PMID- 4009739
TI  - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, monoamine
      oxidase, malondialdehyde, and acid phosphatase in rat brain capillaries and
      kidney glomeruli in experimental hypertension.
AB  - Some metabolic consequences of experimental hypertension on rat brain capillaries
      and kidney glomeruli have been studied in rats made hypertensive by a combination
      of deoxycorticosterone acetate injection and elevated salt intake (DOCA-salt
      hypertension) and isoproterenol injection. Enzyme activities were studied in
      vitro to ascertain directly or indirectly any changes in the metabolism of
      catecholamines and prostaglandins, and lysosomal integrity under conditions of
      experimental hypertension. Experimental hypertension was accompanied by an
      elevation in the activities of aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase, dopamine beta
      hydroxylase, and malondialdehyde concentration, both in the brain capillaries and
      kidney glomeruli of rats. On the other hand, monoamine oxidase activity increased
      in brain capillaries but decreased in kidney glomeruli. Acid phosphatase activity
      increased marginally in kidney glomeruli but decreased significantly in brain
      capillaries. The catecholamine-synthesizing potential appears to have been
      augmented in both the tissue capillaries with a compensatory increase in the
      degrading enzyme activity in the brain capillaries of hypertensive rats. The
      absence of such an increase and an actual decrease in the monoamine oxidase
      activity in the kidney glomeruli may be responsible for the sustained maintenance
      of the hypertensive state. Increased malondialdehyde concentration may be due to
      the stimulation of the prostaglandin metabolism by the augmented catecholamine
      metabolism.

PMID- 4009740
TI  - Metabolically derived aspartate--elevated extracellular levels in vivo in
      lodoacetate poisoning.
AB  - Glycolysis was blocked in the hippocampus of the otherwise unaffected rabbit by
      perfusion of a previously implanted thin dialysis tube with a medium containing
      0.1 mM iodoacetate. The perfusate from the dialysis tube was analyzed for free
      amino acids with liquid chromatographic separation of ortophthaldialdehyde
      derivatives. The data were used to calculate approximate levels of extracellular
      amino acids. Within 15 min after the beginning of iodoacetate perfusion,
      extracellular aspartate increased measurably, and the increase was tenfold within
      less than 2 hr. Although most other amino acids were unaffected, an elevation of
      taurine, phosphoethanolamine, and ethanolamine was observed with a delay of 30-40
      min after the effect on aspartate.

PMID- 4009741
TI  - Modulation of anterior pituitary dopamine receptors by estradiol 17-beta: dose
      response relationship.
AB  - Exposure of ovariectomized rats to estradiol-17-beta for 48-96 hr resulted in a
      dose-dependent reduction in the number but not the Kd of D-2 dopamine receptors
      of the anterior pituitary. No influence of estrogen was observed on dopamine or
      muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of caudate or hypothalamus. The dose-response
      relationship observed suggested that the influence of estrogen is directly on the
      pituitary, not secondary to the alteration of dopaminergic systems in the
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 4009742
TI  - False positiveness in a choline acetyltransferase assay caused by nonionic
      reducing reagents.
AB  - Dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol have been frequently used as protective
      agents of choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) during its purification. We
      found that those reagents reacted with acetyl-CoA to form products that were co
      extracted with acetylcholine into organic scintillation liquid to be erroneously
      detected as high enzyme activity. An anionic reducing reagent, such as sodium
      thioglycolate, does not cause the above problem and can be an alternative
      protective agent.

PMID- 4009743
TI  - Nuclear uptake and retention of 3H-dihydrotestosterone or one of its metabolites
      in the lower brainstem of the baboon.
AB  - The nuclear uptake and retention of androgen in the lower brainstem of the baboon
      was examined after the injection of 3H-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. A specific
      topographical pattern of localization was observed in both motor systems and
      somatosensory systems. The pattern was similar to that reported in the rhesus
      monkey. The localization found in the primate differs from that of the rat in
      that the localization demonstrated in the rat is primarily restricted to motor
      systems.

PMID- 4009744
TI  - Quantitation of the in vitro neuroblastoma response to exogenous, purified
      gangliosides.
AB  - Individual ganglioside species (possessing the gangliotetrose oligosaccharide)
      were purified from bovine brain gray matter and applied in varying concentrations
      to the culture medium of mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2A) in vitro. After 48 hr of
      incubation, the cells were stained, and the neuritogenic response quantitated
      with a video analysis system, employing a program to measure three parameters of
      neuroblastoma differentiation: neurites per cell (sprouting), neurite length
      (extension), and degree of neurite branching (arborization). All the individual
      gangliosides tested promoted neurite extension in a dose-dependent fashion.
      Asialogangliosides ("neutral" glycosphingolipids) were without effect, which
      suggests that sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) is necessary to elicit this
      cellular response. With increasing concentrations of GM1 (5 to 500
      micrograms/ml), the average cellular neurite length increased significantly,
      whereas the number of neurites per cell decreased. With the trisialoganglioside
      GT1b, neurite length did not increase to the extent seen with GM1, but an
      increase in the number of neurites per cell (sprouting) and branch points per
      neurite (arborization) was observed. These results suggest that the in vitro
      neuronal response to exogenous gangliosides may combine specific responses to
      individual species making up the total.

PMID- 4009746
TI  - Ganglioside patterns during cerebral development in the normal and reeler mouse.
AB  - Gangliosides were extracted from cerebral tissue of reeler and normal mice, and
      analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography at embryonic and postnatal
      ages. The ganglioside pattern changed substantially as development proceeded in
      the telencephalon of both reeler and normal mice, but was the same at any given
      age for both conditions, despite the marked histological differences between
      reeler and normal samples. These results indicate that abnormal ganglioside
      patterns do not result from the reeler mutation at early stages of brain
      development, and that the cell misalignment characteristic of the reeler
      phenotype involves molecules other than gangliosides.

PMID- 4009745
TI  - The effect of inhibiting brain thromboxane biosynthesis on pentylenetetrazole
      induced seizure threshold.
AB  - The effect of inhibiting endogenous brain thromboxane (TXB2) on
      pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures was studied using the thromboxane synthetase
      inhibitors OKY-1581 (20 mg/kg) and UK 38,485 (50 mg/kg). Both compounds
      selectively decreased (greater than 90%) TXB2 production in brain measured after
      2 min of convulsive activity but had no effect on brain PGE2, PGF2 alpha, or 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha. No effect of these agents on the tonic seizure threshold was
      observed, whereas 10 mg/kg ip indomethacin, an agent which inhibits both TXB2 and
      prostaglandin production, reduced the tonic seizure threshold from 78 +/- 2.6
      mg/kg in controls to 62 +/- 3.7 mg/kg. Thus, this study concludes that the
      availability of TXB2 with convulsant activity is unlikely to be a factor in
      altering tonic seizure activity observed with indomethacin.

PMID- 4009747
TI  - Efficacy of burned surface area estimates calculated from charts--the need for a
      computer-based model.
AB  - An accurate estimation of burn surface area is needed to correctly calculate
      initial fluid resuscitation, nutritional requirements, prognosis, and comparisons
      of treatment protocols among burn centers. The following experiment was conducted
      to test the accuracy of physicians compared to a computer-assisted method. Twenty
      seven physicians were asked to estimate the per cent of burned surface area from
      an adult patient diagram. Physicians were found to consistently overestimate the
      percentage of burned surface area. The average physician estimate was 42%
      compared to 29.6% calculated by a computer-assisted program. The degree of error
      between physician estimates and actual TBSA burned is significant and may
      critically affect patient management. Additional benefits of computer assistance
      include a permanent record of injury, burn wound trend analysis, and meaningful
      statistics involving morbidity, mortality, and comparative treatment protocols
      among burn centers.

PMID- 4009749
TI  - Influence of velocity and forced compression on the severity of abdominal injury
      in blunt, nonpenetrating lateral impact.
AB  - Lateral impacts of automobiles frequently result in abdominal injury to the
      occupants. While there have been important advances in the clinical management of
      this lateral impact trauma, the abdominal tolerance to injury from lateral
      impacts remains uncertain. The present report describes a series of 117
      experiments in which the effect of changing the impact velocity and the forced
      abdominal compression upon the abdominal injuries sustained was monitored. The
      impact velocity was varied from 3 to 15 m/s, and the abdominal compression was
      varied from 10 to 50%. Serious injuries (AIS greater than or equal to 3) occurred
      in the following proportions of the total number of serious injuries: renal
      (54%), hepatic (44%), and splenic (1%). Impact side was a significant factor in
      hepatic and splenic tolerance, but not in renal tolerance. An abdominal injury
      criterion (AIC) is proposed which is a function of the impact velocity times the
      forced abdominal compression, but more work is necessary before it can be applied
      to human beings.

PMID- 4009748
TI  - Empirical development and evaluation of prehospital trauma triage instruments.
AB  - The field identification of the patients who should be taken to trauma centers is
      a major problem of trauma care. This study appears to be the first to use
      multivariate analysis to systematically design a field triage instrument and to
      evaluate its performance in terms of a meaningful and plausible criterion for
      which patients ought to be treated at trauma centers. Four new triage instruments
      were created and their performance compared to that of two existing measures, the
      Trauma Score and the CRAMS scale. The new measures appear to perform better than
      the best of existing instruments tested, although independent validation is
      necessary. The one purely physiologic instrument tested appeared to be inferior
      to instruments that included anatomic and historic as well as physiologic
      indices. Simple checklists performed approximately as well as weighted scales. No
      instrument was found to be high in both sensitivity and positive accuracy.

PMID- 4009751
TI  - The wound profile: a visual method for quantifying gunshot wound components.
AB  - A wound profile method is reported for predicting the wounding potential of
      ordnance in living animal tissue by shooting projectiles into 10% gelatin blocks
      kept at a temperature of 4 degrees C. Blocks (25 X 25 X 50 cm) were placed end to
      end so that the entire missile-gelatin interaction was captured. The penetration
      and fragmentation pattern in these blocks previously was found comparable to
      wounds in living swine leg muscle. The extent of the radial cracks in the gelatin
      approximated the temporary cavity size in swine muscle. Measurements from
      longitudinal sections of the blocks indicated the depth of penetration and the
      sizes of both the permanent and temporary cavities, and fragmentation patterns
      were mapped from biplanar X-rays of the blocks. The four wound components,
      penetration, fragmentation, permanent cavitation, and temporary cavitation, were
      diagrammed in what was termed a 'wound profile.' This profile should help
      characterize wounds caused by different missiles.

PMID- 4009750
TI  - A rat model for evaluating leucine oxidation after skeletal trauma.
AB  - The oxidation of branched-chain amino acids following skeletal trauma or sepsis
      is considered a crucial event in the protein wastage that accompanies these
      stresses. This investigation undertook to monitor changes in leucine oxidation
      following bilateral femoral fracture to the rat to determine if this model is
      appropriate for monitoring specific amino acid oxidation after trauma. Thirty
      five rats had hindlimb fractures and were fed an oral liquid diet ad libitum; 35
      healthy rats were pair-fed with the trauma group. Food intake, body weight, and
      urinary nitrogens were monitored daily for all rats, and leucine oxidation was
      measured for five rats from each group on days 1 through 7 post-trauma. Leucine
      oxidation was qualitatively compared between the groups (from the percentage of
      isotope respired in 4 hours following a single injection of L-[l-14C] leucine).
      Skeletal fracture resulted in increased urinary nitrogen excretions on days 2
      through 5 when compared to pair-fed animals. The traumatized rats compared to
      pair-fed controls had elevated leucine oxidation on days 2 through 4, and a
      tendency towards elevation on day 5. The peak in elevation occurred on day 3 when
      leucine oxidation was increased 49% above pair-fed rats. The data suggest an
      association between leucine oxidation and urinary excretion of nitrogen in this
      trauma model, and when the results are compared to our previous studies of
      leucine oxidation in traumatized patients, traumatized rats appear to respond
      similarly to injured patients in the acceleration of leucine oxidation.

PMID- 4009752
TI  - Thromboembolism following hip fracture.
AB  - Two hundred forty-eight patients following hip fracture were studied for deep
      venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. Ventilation-perfusion lung scans and
      contrast ascending venography were performed on the sixth to eighth postoperative
      days. Low-dose intravenous heparin (3,000-5,000 units every 6 hours) was followed
      by a decreased incidence of pulmonary embolism more than twofold. Although
      heparin administration was not associated with a significantly decreased
      incidence of deep venous thrombosis as assessed by venographic studies, thrombi
      in the nonheparin-treated patients were more likely to occur above the knee and
      were at higher risk for pulmonary embolus. Pneumatic and mechanical compression
      devices alone did not protect patients from deep venous thrombosis above the
      knee, but were associated with a decreased incidence of pulmonary embolus
      compared to control.

PMID- 4009753
TI  - Aspiration and obstructed airways as the cause of death in 158 consecutive
      traffic fatalities.
AB  - In order to assess the number of road deaths caused by aspiration, 158
      consecutive traffic fatalities were retrospectively analyzed. Approximately 20%
      of the victims dead at the scene or within 24 hours after the accident had any
      significant amount of blood in the airways. However, this aspiration did not
      alter the final fatal outcome, as all victims except one had virtually
      unsurvivable injuries. We conclude that aspiration is very rare as the cause of
      death among traffic fatalities.

PMID- 4009754
TI  - Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute spinal cord
      injury: a comparison with nonparalyzed patients immobilized due to spinal
      fractures.
AB  - The occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was studied in the series of 23
      consecutive patients with acute spinal cord injury and 14 immobilized patients
      with spinal fractures without paralysis. The incidence of DVT in paralyzed
      patients was 100% as detected by the 125I-labeled fibrinogen test and confirmed
      by contrast venography, and 64% as detected by repeated clinical examinations and
      confirmed by contrast venography. The respective incidence of DVT in nonparalyzed
      patients with spinal fractures was 0%. The diagnosis of DVT was reached earlier
      with the radiofibrinogen test than with the clinical followup (5 days vs. 25
      days). Two of the 23 paralyzed patients (9%) developed nonfatal clinical
      pulmonary embolism (PE). There were no differences in the values of routine
      coagulation tests. The result justifies prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in all
      cases of spinal cord injury during the acute post-traumatic phase.

PMID- 4009755
TI  - Surgical staff recognition of psychopathology in trauma patients.
AB  - This study investigated the recognition of psychopathology by the surgical team
      in 56 trauma patients independently evaluated by the authors for current
      psychiatric diagnosis using research criteria. Thirty-four per cent of patients
      (N = 19) met criteria for one or more psychiatric disorder, with alcohol
      abuse/dependence the most frequent diagnosis (N = 16). Examination of medical
      records showed no mention of psychopathology or related treatment plan for 13 of
      19 patients (68%). Three patients' charts had brief comments related to the
      psychopathologic diagnosis, and three charts documented requested psychiatric
      consultation. This study demonstrates that substantial treatable psychopathology
      was undocumented and untreated in a trauma surgery patient population.

PMID- 4009756
TI  - Vaginal injuries in patients with pelvic fractures.
AB  - Of 114 females with pelvic fracture encountered over the past 10 years, four
      (3.5%) had vaginal laceration. Detection of open fracture was immediate in three;
      two were repaired and recovered uneventfully. The third was recognized to have a
      laceration that was repaired but she died of other complications after 2 days.
      Diagnosis of laceration was delayed 72 hours in the fourth patient who developed
      extensive pelvic abscess requiring multiple drainage procedures. Our experience
      confirms the importance of early detection and repair of vaginal laceration in
      females with pelvic fracture to prevent pelvic abscess.

PMID- 4009757
TI  - High-pressure acid injection: case report with recommended initial management and
      therapy.
AB  - This report represents a case of high-pressure hydrochloric acid injection of the
      shoulder girdle, with the resultant need for aggressive debridement in the form
      of extended forequarter amputation. The accelerated destructive activity of such
      reducing agents and the need for neutralization or removal of these agents is
      emphasized. Debridement, copious saline irrigation, and careful periodic
      monitoring are recommended.

PMID- 4009758
TI  - Craniofacial lesions by grindstone wheels.
AB  - The authors report two new cases of craniofacial lesions due to the explosion of
      grindstone wheels and consider, after a short technological introduction, the
      specific features of these lesions diagnostically and therapeutically. These
      wheels are subject to mechanical shocks, may be run too fast for their
      capabilities, and may become overheated during use. In explosions, fragments may
      penetrate deeply, and are frequently small and difficult to see on X-rays because
      they are not very radio-opaque. Prevention of these injuries is most important:
      when they happen, surgeons must search carefully for all fragments.

PMID- 4009759
TI  - Traumatic rupture of splenosis.
AB  - We believe this report represents the first of traumatic hemorrhage from
      splenosis which necessitated operation. We discuss previous reports of
      complications as a result of splenosis. With the increased interest in
      autotransplantation of splenic remnants following splenectomy, we expect that
      this complication may be reported with increasing frequency.

PMID- 4009760
TI  - Isolated anterior inguinal dislocation of the hip joint.
AB  - Anterior dislocation of the hip joint is rare, accompanied usually by a fracture
      of adjacent bony structures. A case of isolated anterior inguinal dislocation of
      the hip joint is hereby presented with 22 months of followup. The mechanism of
      this rare injury is usually forcible abduction and extension of the hip joint.
      Early diagnosis and reduction, with immediate post-reduction roentgenograms to
      discover any fragments in the joint space, should be done. In this patient, X
      rays 11 and 22 months after reduction appeared normal.

PMID- 4009761
TI  - Bilateral first rib fractures induced by integral crash helmets.
AB  - Bilateral first rib fractures can be caused by integral crash helmets in
      motorcyclists involved in an accident. Such an injury was sustained by two
      patients. A mechanical basis for such fractures is described.

PMID- 4009762
TI  - Impact of improved emergency medical services and emergency trauma care on the
      reduction in mortality from trauma.
AB  - From 1972 to 1982 there was a 23.9% decline in the number of deaths due to trauma
      in Nebraska. During this time, an improved emergency medical services (EMS)
      system was being implemented, including training of EMT's and paramedics,
      physician education in advanced trauma life support (ATLS), establishment of
      three helicopter transport services, and designation of trauma centers in the two
      most populous (of six) EMS regions. Highway safety programs alone could not
      account for the decline in trauma deaths, since there was almost as great a fall
      in nonvehicular (21.4%) as vehicular (26.4%) trauma deaths. The much larger
      decline in prehospital (28.3%) than in-hospital (17.3%) trauma deaths suggested a
      relationship between the improving EMS system and decreased mortality from
      trauma. We found that growth of the EMS system, as measured by the cumulative
      number of EMT's trained, correlated strongly with the decline in prehospital (r =
      0.95; p less than 0.001), in-hospital (r = 0.84; p less than 0.001), total (r =
      0.95; p less than 0.001), vehicular (r = 0.86; p less than 0.001), and
      nonvehicular (r = 0.93; p less than 0.001) trauma deaths. Our findings suggest
      that improvements in the statewide EMS system along with better hospital care
      have caused a significant decline in the number of trauma deaths over a 14-year
      period.

PMID- 4009763
TI  - The impact of an air ambulance system on an established trauma center.
AB  - Hospital competition for air ambulance business has resulted in implementation of
      a helicopter service before the medical staff can prepare for the increased
      patient load. We reviewed the effect of an air ambulance on an already
      established trauma center (TC) by analyzing the impact of the helicopter trauma
      patient load during the initial year of operation. The helicopter carried a three
      member flight crew consisting of a pilot, paramedic, and critical care nurse.
      Admission data of all flights from February 1982 through February 1983 were
      reviewed. Of the 325 air missions launched, 192 (59%) were for the transport of
      trauma victims. One hundred forty (73.6%) patients were transported from local
      hospitals, the remaining 52 (26.4%) from the accident scene. Ninety per cent of
      the injuries were due to motor vehicle accidents. Forty-nine per cent of the
      flights occurred on weekends and 68.8% were launched between 7:00 P.M. and 3:00
      A.M. The average flight times from hospital and accident scenes were 37 min 30
      sec and 13 min 30 sec, respectively. Of all trauma missions flown, 126 (65.8%)
      were considered new or 'captured' by the air ambulance system and brought to the
      TC. Thirty-seven (19.3%) patients died in flight, were DOA, or died within 1 hour
      of TC arrival. Eighty per cent of the deaths were from massive head injuries. The
      average injury severity score was 35.58 (all patients), 32.9 (survivors), and
      45.80 (deaths).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009764
TI  - Operative indications in penetrating renal trauma.
AB  - In a review of 53 patients with penetrating renal injuries treated between 1978
      and 1983 at San Francisco General Hospital, we correlated several factors with
      the extent of renal damage to determine whether major and minor injuries could be
      differentiated preoperatively, thereby avoiding unnecessary surgical exploration.
      Of 56 injured kidneys (three patients had bilateral injuries), 35 sustained major
      injuries, 17 minor, and four vascular pedicle injuries. The presence of shock,
      the degree of hematuria, the location of the entry site, and the type of injury
      did not permit reliable discrimination among these categories. Intravenous
      urography was most often nondiagnostic, and only the presence of extravasation or
      nonfunction was specific for major injury. Computed tomography provided accurate
      preoperative assessment in 11 cases, however, allowing nonoperative management in
      eight renal injuries.

PMID- 4009766
TI  - Influences of fasting and water intake on plasma refill during hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - The hyperglycemic response to hypovolemia has been regarded as an essential
      osmotic force for promoting the early phase of the internal restoration of plasma
      volume. Our previous studies of rats fasted 24 hours revealed that they did not
      develop the hyperglycemic response to hemorrhage observed in fed animals but they
      had a similar hyperosmotic response. The solutes responsible for the
      hyperosmolality in the fasted animals were primarily products of anaerobic
      glycolysis, rather than glucose which accounted for most of the hyperosmolality
      in fed animals. Plasma refill as reflected by a fall in the hematocrit (Hct) and
      survival time was significantly reduced in the fasted animals. This study was
      undertaken to test the hypothesis that the failure of fasted rats to exhibit a
      normal restoration of plasma volume after hemorrhage may reflect the detrimental
      effects of fasting on the state of hydration and on the plasma oncotic pressure
      of the fasted animals rather than the absence of a hyperglycemic response. Four
      groups of anesthetized rats (280-380 gm) were bled acutely and maintained at an
      arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. Before hemorrhage animals in Group A were well
      fed, those in Groups B, C, and D were fasted for 24 hours. Rats in Group B were
      induced to drink by addition of sodium chloride in their water, rats in Group C
      spontaneously had a normal fluid intake, and rats in Group D had a significant
      reduction in their 24-hour fluid intake. The results demonstrated that 24 hours
      of fasting led to a loss of body weight of 7 to 10% and a fall in the
      concentration of plasma total protein of 12 to 17% in all rats.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009765
TI  - The beneficial role of calcium supplementation during resuscitation from shock.
AB  - The role of calcium (Ca) in resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is controversial
      and in the present report three regimens were compared: supplementation (Ca-S),
      avoidance (No-Ca), and Ca channel blockade (Ca-B). This was studied in 40
      splenectomized dogs subjected to reservoir shock (MAP 60 torr/90 min, then 40
      torr/30 min) and treated with: a) 20 ml/kg balanced electrolyte solution (BES);
      b) shed blood; c) 30 ml/kg BES; and d) 250 ml autologous bank blood. Three groups
      of six dogs received Ca-S (0.5 mEq/kg), No-Ca, or Ca-B (verapamil 0.15 mg/kg) in
      BES. Postoperative therapy of 50 ml/kg/d BES with Ca-S, No-Ca, or Ca-B was given
      for 3 days. The effects of parathyroidectomy (P) via wide thyroidectomy in 22
      dogs treated with calphosan (20 ml/d) and L-thyroxin (0.02 mg/kg) preceding shock
      was also studied as above: Ca-S/P, No-Ca/P, and Ca-B/P; four sham dogs had
      anesthesia but no shock (Anes/P). Studies done before, during, and after shock
      and on day three included systemic pressures (MAP), central pressures (CFP),
      cardiac output (CO), resistance (SVR), heart work (LVW), and outcome. Post
      resuscitation Ca was significantly less in all groups (1.6-3.7 mg%) compared to
      Ca-S (4.8 mg%). Compared to Ca-S dogs, the post-resuscitation studies in the No
      Ca and Ca-B dogs showed lower MAP, CO, and LVW in both intact and hypoparathyroid
      animals. Post-resuscitation CFP was also lower in the Ca-S and Ca-S/P dogs
      compared to the other euparathyroid and hypoparathyroid dogs. Death after the
      initiation of resuscitation occurred in two No-Ca/P and three Ca-B/P dogs. These
      data suggest that calcium supplementation plus an intact calcium-parathyroid axis
      enhance the resuscitation effort.

PMID- 4009767
TI  - Effect of burn injury on granulocyte and macrophage production.
AB  - Using a model of uncomplicated burn injury in mice, we assayed the bone marrow
      and splenic production of granulocytes and macrophages after burn injury. The
      effects of burn size and burn wound excision and closure were studied. Using an
      in vitro quantitative clonal culture technique for granulocyte/macrophage
      progenitor cells (GM-CFC), myeloid precursors were directly assayed. Burns of a
      10% body surface area were equal to burns of larger magnitude for effects on
      marrow and splenic granulocyte/macrophage production. The total peripheral blood
      leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were depressed at days 1 and 4 postburn but were
      elevated at days 8 and 12. Granulocytes, however, remained significantly
      increased at days 8 and 12. The bone marrow response to burning showed an initial
      depression in marrow cellularity on day 1 with return to normal values by days 8
      and 12. The numbers of GM-CFC were significantly elevated on days 4-12 with a
      near threefold increase in the number of GM-CFC 12 days following burn injury.
      The splenic response to burn injury was characterized by a decrease in the
      splenic index on day 1 but then a persistent increase at days 8 and 12. Total
      splenic cellularity was depressed on day 1 but significantly increased at days 8
      and 12. The total number of splenic GM-CFC was increased on days 4-12 with a 100
      fold increase on day 8. The immediate or delayed excision of the burn wound did
      not alter marrow or splenic response to burning. We conclude that following a
      cutaneous injury there is a marked alteration in the generation of the phagocytic
      cells of the granulocyte and macrophage series and that this response is
      secondary to the wounding process.

PMID- 4009768
TI  - Effect of severe injury and critical illness on high-energy phosphates in human
      liver and muscle.
AB  - Changes in hepatic and muscle high-energy phosphates in varying degrees of
      resting hypermetabolism were studied. Fourteen severely injured and five
      critically ill patients with normal blood pressure were investigated: the results
      were compared with 14 normal controls. ATP and ADP levels in the muscle were
      significantly changed in acutely severe injury: lactate and pyruvate levels in
      the liver and muscle increased; glycogen level in the liver decreased. Meanwhile,
      high-energy phosphates in both liver and muscle were not significantly changed in
      ongoing severe injury. Lactate level increased and glycogen level decreased in
      both tissues. In critical illness, hepatic and muscle ATP and ADP decreased
      significantly. The energy charge potential dropped. AMP, lactate, and the lactate
      to-pyruvate ratio increased. Hepatic, but not muscle, glycogen dropped markedly.
      The correlation coefficient between hepatic and muscle ATP was 0.61; between
      hepatic ATP and hepatic glycogen was 0.60. Alteration in the ATP-ADP-AMP system
      in the liver and muscle suggests a low-energy charge in acute, severe injury and
      critical illness. This indicates a decreased capacity for biosynthetic reactions
      and production of storage compounds. The changes in high-energy phosphate in the
      liver always paralleled similar changes in muscle.

PMID- 4009769
TI  - Nonoperative management of traumatic facial nerve palsy.
AB  - Forty-five patients with facial nerve palsy resulting from head injury were
      treated nonoperatively between 1975 and 1981. Of 31 patients who had
      polytomography, temporal bone fractures were demonstrated in 29. In 44 of 45
      injuries, satisfactory clinical improvement in motor function was noted,
      including 65% (overall) who showed complete recovery. Fracture direction on
      polytomography, results of electromyography (performed in ten cases), and time of
      onset of paralysis were not correlated with outcome. The present findings suggest
      a limited role for early surgery in closed traumatic facial nerve palsy.

PMID- 4009770
TI  - A comparison of methods of cervical immobilization used in patient extrication
      and transport.
AB  - We radiographically studied the efficacy of seven methods of cervical
      immobilization used in the prehospital setting. The methods were: Philadelphia
      collar, Hare extrication collar, rigid plastic collar, Philadelphia collar +
      short board, Hare extrication collar + short board, rigid plastic collar + short
      board, and the short board used alone. Ninety-seven normal volunteers were
      randomized to one of these seven methods and each volunteer served as his or her
      own control. Efficacy was expressed as per cent reduction of baseline movement in
      the sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes. The short-board technique appeared
      to be superior to all the three collars studied. The collars provided no
      augmentation of immobilization over that provided by the short board alone. We
      believe that the short-board technique described herein, which is commonly used
      in the prehospital setting, can be used as the standard of comparison against
      which newer prehospital devices can be objectively compared.

PMID- 4009771
TI  - Tetanus following a major thermal injury.
AB  - A case of tetanus in an unimmunized burned patient is presented. This foreign
      national sustained a 32% total body surface area burn, received inadequate
      prophylaxis initially, and subsequently developed tetanus 11 days postburn.

PMID- 4009773
TI  - Severe hypoxemia revealing traumatic tricuspid regurgitation with right-to-left
      intracardiac shunt.
AB  - A case of traumatic tricuspid regurgitation immediately following chest trauma in
      an 18-year-old man is reported. The cardiac lesion was revealed by right-to-left
      shunt due to the reopening of the foramen ovale leading to hypoxemia exacerbated
      by controlled ventilation. Early surgical repair led to hypoxemia correction.

PMID- 4009772
TI  - Pseudoaneurysm of anterior tibial artery after occlusion from blunt trauma:
      nonoperative management.
AB  - The angiographic finding of occluded isolated tibial artery after blunt trauma to
      the leg generally is ignored. A case of pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula
      that evolved from an occluded anterior tibial artery is presented. The pathology
      was treated successfully by percutaneous transfemoral placement of Gianturco
      coils in the tibial artery proximal and distal to the aneurysm. The nonsurgical
      approach in this patient avoided the risks of anesthesia, blood loss associated
      with a surgical procedure, the dilemma of the surgical approach in the presence
      of medial and lateral fasciotomy wounds, and of contamination and destabilization
      of the comminuted tibia-fibular fractures. This report raises the question of the
      proper management and followup procedures of occlusions of noncritical arteries
      found on angiography immediately after trauma.

PMID- 4009774
TI  - Diabetes insipidus after carbon monoxide poisoning and smoke inhalation.
AB  - Diabetes insipidus was encountered in a 58-year-old woman after injury in an
      closed space fire. Carboxyhemoglobin measured 26% after 30 minutes of assisted
      ventilation with an FIO2 of 1.0. The failure of antidiuretic hormone was a sign
      of a diffuse cerebral insult caused by carbon monoxide poisoning. The hormonal
      deficit was easily corrected by exogenous vasopressin. Mortality was related to
      the cerebral lesion.

PMID- 4009775
TI  - Blunt trauma: combined anterior urethral and bladder ruptures in one patient.
AB  - The combined injuries of bladder rupture and anterior urethral tear without
      evidence of pelvic fracture or perineal injury are described. The injuries, the
      result of blunt trauma, were successfully repaired surgically. This combination
      has not previously been noted at the Shock Trauma Center of the Maryland
      Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS), a major regional
      center for blunt trauma.

PMID- 4009776
TI  - Beliefs and therapeutic preferences of mothers in management of acute diarrhoeal
      disease in children.

PMID- 4009777
TI  - A study of food habits of mothers and children attending rural and urban health
      centres in Minya, Egypt.

PMID- 4009778
TI  - The 'Road to Health' card in tuberculous meningitis.

PMID- 4009779
TI  - Neonatal anthropometry in relation to ethnic distribution of birthweight in
      Singapore.

PMID- 4009780
TI  - Breastfeeding and immunity: adaptable defence in depth.

PMID- 4009781
TI  - Astrovirus gastroenteritis.

PMID- 4009782
TI  - Childhood nephrotic syndrome in Northern Nigeria: management and follow-up of 40
      patients.

PMID- 4009783
TI  - Factors affecting child health in a traditional West African society 1.

PMID- 4009784
TI  - Neonatal jaundice in Eastern Nigeria.

PMID- 4009785
TI  - Coxsackie B virus infection in Singapore children.

PMID- 4009786
TI  - Giant right atrium secondary to tricuspid valve dysplasia in infancy.

PMID- 4009787
TI  - Spontaneous intrauterine resolution of intraventricular cystic masses.

PMID- 4009788
TI  - Positive and negative control sequences within the distal domain of the
      adenovirus IVa2 promoter overlap with the major late promoter.
AB  - The RNA initiation sites of the adenovirus IVa2 and major late promoters (MLP)
      are separated by 210 base pairs and transcribed from opposite DNA strands. We had
      previously shown that they contained overlapping promoter sequences (V.
      Natarajan, M. J. Madden, and N. P. Salzman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:6290
      6294, 1984). The transcription efficiencies of these two promoters were studied
      in vitro with templates of covalently closed circular DNAs that contained various
      deletion and point mutants. The distal control region of the IVa2 promoter that
      is located at nucleotide position (np) -152 to -242 from the RNA initiation site
      consists of at least two domains. The first distal domain, present between np 
      152 and -179, is necessary for efficient transcription of the IVa2 promoter, and
      it overlaps with sequences that have been shown to be necessary for efficient
      transcription of MLP. This region may serve as the entry site for the
      transcription machinery. The second distal domain consists of sequences present
      between np -211 and -242. These sequences are contained at the 5' end in the MLP
      transcript, and they inhibit transcription from the IVa2 promoter. However, these
      sequences are not necessary for transcription of the MLP with a covalently closed
      template but are needed for transcription with a linear template. The TATA box
      that is located at np -180 to -186 between these two domains has a critical role
      for efficient transcription of the MLP. A point mutation that reduces
      transcription from MLP by more than 80% stimulates transcription from IVa2
      promoter by 10-fold. This finding is consistent with the proposal that MLP and
      IVa2 promoters share an entry site for transcription machinery and compete for
      its use.

PMID- 4009789
TI  - mRNA sequence of three respiratory syncytial virus genes encoding two
      nonstructural proteins and a 22K structural protein.
AB  - An mRNA sequence of two human respiratory syncytial viral nonstructural protein
      genes and of a gene for a 22,000-molecular-weight (22K) protein was obtained by
      cDNA cloning and DNA sequencing. Sequences corresponding to the 5' ends of the
      respective transcripts were deduced directly by primer extension and dideoxy
      nucleotide sequencing of the mRNAs. The availability of a bicistronic clone
      (pRSC6) confirmed the gene order for this portion of the genome. Contrary to
      other unsegmented negative-stranded RNA viruses, a 19-nucleotide intercistronic
      sequence was present between the NS1 and NS2 genes. The translation of cloned
      viral sequences in the bicistronic and monocistronic clones (pRSNS1 and pRSNS2)
      revealed two moderately hydrophobic proteins of 15,568 and 14,703 daltons. Their
      similarity in molecular size explained our earlier inability to resolve these
      proteins. A DNA sequence of an additional recombinant plasmid (pRSA2) revealed a
      long open reading frame encoding a 22,156-dalton protein containing 194 amino
      acids. It was relatively basic and moderately hydrophobic. A protein of this size
      was readily translated in vitro from a viral mRNA hybrid selected by this plasmid
      and corresponded to an unglycosylated 22K protein seen in purified extracellular
      virus but not associated with detergent- and salt-resistant cores. A second open
      reading frame of 90 amino acids partially overlapping with the C terminus of the
      22K protein was also present within this sequence. This was reminiscent of the
      viral matrix protein gene which was previously shown by us to contain two
      overlapping reading frames. The finding of three additional viral transcripts
      encoding at least three identifiable proteins in human respiratory syncytial
      virus was a novel departure from the usual genetic organization of
      paramyxoviruses. The 5' ends of all three transcripts had a 5'NGGGCAAAU sequence
      that is common to all viral transcripts analyzed so far. Although there was no
      obvious homology immediately upstream of the polyadenylate tail, an AGUUA (AGUAA
      in the case of NS2) was present between 1 and 4 nucleotides upstream of the
      polyadenylate end of NS1 and 22K protein mRNAs.

PMID- 4009790
TI  - Increased infectivity of extracellular adenovirus type 12.
AB  - Human adenovirus type 12 was propagated on human embryonic kidney cells, and the
      specific infectivities of intra- and extracellular virus particles were compared
      between 48 and 104 h after infection. Released virions exhibited a specific
      infectivity of up to 10 times higher than that of intracellular particles. The
      increased infectivity was apparently not due to enhanced rates of adsorption or
      penetration of extracellular virus. There may be a delay in the onset of viral
      DNA replication in intracellular virus-infected cells. Differences in the
      composition of intra- and extracellular virions were not recognized. Differences
      might also be sought in late expression or assembly of progeny virions or both.
      The data indicated that the virions released from the infected cells differed
      from those retained in the nucleus with respect to their specific infectivities.
      Active mechanisms of virus release have not yet been investigated.

PMID- 4009791
TI  - Sequence of events in natural infection of Pekin duck embryos with duck hepatitis
      B virus.
AB  - The major mode of natural infection of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) in Pekin
      ducks is vertical transmission, with 95 to 100% of the embryos from DHBV-infected
      dams eventually becoming infected. Maternally transmitted virus is present in
      large quantities in the yolk of unincubated eggs and is taken up by the embryo
      during early development. Synthesis of DHBV DNA in the embryo begins at about 6
      days of incubation and coincides with the formation of the liver. DHBV DNA
      synthesis is incomplete, however, until 8 to 10 days of incubation, as shown by
      comparing the electrophoretic patterns of DHBV-specific nucleic acid species from
      embryonic livers at successive stages of development. From 8 days of incubation
      and continuing throughout embryonic development, subviral particles, which
      resemble viral replication intermediates isolated from infected livers of post
      hatch ducklings, appear in the circulation. These particles contain a polymerase
      activity that utilizes an RNA template to synthesize viral DNA. Our results
      suggest that certain host functions, which appear during embryonic development,
      may be required for DHBV replication and assembly. It is possible that in mammals
      a similar developmental process occurs. The failure to find human hepatitis B
      virus in the circulation of most babies, born to hepatitis B virus carrier women,
      in the first few weeks after birth may reflect such a process.

PMID- 4009792
TI  - Chemotherapy and vaccination: a possible strategy for the control of highly
      virulent influenza virus.
AB  - The influenza A virus [A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (H5N2)] that caused up to
      80% mortality among chickens provided a model system for testing the efficacy of
      chemotherapeutic agents against highly virulent influenza virus. Amantadine and
      rimantadine administered in drinking water were efficacious both prophylactically
      and therapeutically. However, under conditions simulating natural transmission of
      virus, amantadine- and rimantadine-resistant viruses arose and were transmitted
      to other birds in contact with the infected chickens, causing mortality.
      Simultaneous administration of inactivated H5N2 vaccine and amantadine provided
      protection. Thus, chemotherapy may be useful in the treatment of a highly
      pathogenic influenza virus outbreak in humans or other animals when used in
      combination with vaccine.

PMID- 4009793
TI  - Envelope gene and long terminal repeat determine the different biological
      properties of Rauscher, Friend, and Moloney mink cell focus-inducing viruses.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the envelope (env) gene and the long terminal repeat
      (LTR) of an infectious clone of Rauscher mink cell focus-inducing (R-MCF) virus
      has been determined and compared with the published env gene and LTR sequences of
      Friend (F)- and Moloney (M)-MCF viruses. The sequence shows that R-MCF virus,
      like other MCF viruses, is a recombinant virus. Its env gene contains sequences
      which were acquired from an env gene in the mouse genome and which confer on the
      MCF virus its dualtropic host range. Unlike F-MCF and M-MCF viruses, R-MCF virus
      will not replicate in NIH 3T3 cells. The deduced amino acid sequence for the gp70
      of R-MCF differs from that of F- and M-MCF viruses by 15 amino acids between
      residues 49 and 138 of gp70. These differences in amino acid sequences may be
      responsible for the inability of R-MCF virus to replicate in NIH 3T3 cells. The
      host range of two hybrid viruses constructed in vitro is consistent with this
      hypothesis. R-MCF virus and Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MLV) show 98%
      identity in their env gene 3' from the acquired env sequences. This contrasts
      with 82% identity between the env gene of R-MCF virus and M-MLV. The LTR of R-MCF
      shows 98% identity with the LTR of F-MCF as compared to 88% identity with the LTR
      of M-MCF. This striking similarity between the sequences of R-MCF, F-MCF, and F
      MLV is surprising since the Rauscher virus and the Friend virus are thought to
      have originated independently. The high degree of similarity suggests that
      Rauscher and Friend viruses have a common origin. In contrast to M-MLV, which
      induces predominantly a lymphoid disease, R- and F-MCF viruses induce an
      erythroproliferative disease in NIH Swiss mice. A hybrid R-MCF virus with a
      genome derived primarily from R-MCF virus and a 3' end including the U3 region
      derived from M-MLV induces a lymphoid disease instead of an erythroid disease.
      This result indicates that it is the U3 region which determines the tissue
      specificity of the MCF virus-induced disease. It is suggested that the putative
      viral enhancers in the U3 region play two roles in the process of leukemogenesis:
      in the Friend and Rauscher disease, the viral enhancers act by increasing the
      transcription of the MCF env gene; in the thymic lymphoma, the enhancers activate
      mainly the expression of cellular genes.

PMID- 4009795
TI  - Heterogeneity of the procapsid of bacteriophage T3.
AB  - Like other double-stranded DNA bacteriophages, bacteriophage T3 assembles a DNA
      free procapsid that subsequently packages the bacteriophage DNA. By agarose gel
      electrophoresis, it has been found that the T3 procapsid has a negative
      electrophoretic mobility (mu) that progressively increases in magnitude by as
      much as 3% after assembly of the procapsid. This increase is (i) caused by an
      increase in the solid support-free mu (muo) of the procapsid, not a decrease in
      its radius, and (ii) not prevented by either genetically or chemically (use of
      proflavine) blocking DNA packaging. However, inhibition of the formation of high
      energy compounds with a mixture of cyanide and fluoride ions does block the time
      dependent increase in the magnitude of muo. This increase appears to be
      accompanied by addition of an unidentified T3 protein to the procapsid.

PMID- 4009794
TI  - Rapid induction of hemopoietic neoplasms in newborn mice by a raf(mil)/myc
      recombinant murine retrovirus.
AB  - 3611 MSV, a raf oncogene-transducing murine retrovirus, induced fibrosarcomas in
      newborn mice after a latency of 4 to 8 weeks. In contrast, newly constructed
      recombinant murine retroviruses carrying the myc oncogene did not induce tumors
      before greater than or equal to 9 weeks. A combination of both oncogenes in an
      infectious murine retrovirus induced hematopoietic neoplasms in addition to less
      prominent fibrosarcomas and pancreatic acinar dysplasia 1 to 3 weeks after
      inoculation. The hematological neoplasms consisted of immunoblastic lymphomas of
      T- and B-lineage cells and erythroblastosis. Cell lines from these tumors could
      be readily established in culture in regular medium, whereas culture of cells
      from raf oncogene-induced tumors required the addition of interleukin 3. In
      parallel to the synergistic action of both oncogenes on hematopoietic cells in
      vivo, we found that raf oncogene-induced transformation of fibroblast cell lines
      in culture was enhanced by the addition of myc, which by itself did not
      morphologically transform these permanent cell lines. We conclude that
      concomitant expression of raf and myc oncogenes in hematopoietic cells and
      fibroblastic cell lines enhances their respective transforming activities.

PMID- 4009796
TI  - Assessment of urinary stream after repair of anterior hypospadias by meatoplasty
      and glanuloplasty.
AB  - Voiding function was studied after repair of anterior hypospadias in 44 boys
      using Duckett's technique of meatoplasty and glanuloplasty. Assessment of the
      urinary stream was done in 2 ways. At least 6 weeks postoperatively a uroflow
      measurement using a DISA rotating disk machine was done. Peak flow was compared
      to previously prepared normal values in a large group of normal boys. Then, a
      high speed picture of the stream was taken using electronic video photography at
      the time of peak flow. Of the boys 42 had normal flow rates and 40 had acceptable
      stream patterns. The only complication was meatal stenosis in 2 cases. There were
      no fistulas. Although the primary indication for correction of anterior
      hypospadias is cosmetic, it is essential that function not be sacrificed to
      achieve this end. This study indicates that voiding function is maintained after
      hypospadias repair with meatoplasty and glanuloplasty.

PMID- 4009797
TI  - A comparison of the Mustarde and Horton-Devine flip-flap techniques of
      hypospadias repair.
AB  - We compared the results and complications of the Horton-Devine flip-flap and
      Mustarde techniques for 1-stage repair of distal hypospadias. Followup has been
      for at least 1 year so that long-term complications could be included. Urethral
      fistulas occurred in 6 of 20 patients treated with the Horton-Devine flip-flap
      and 3 of 20 who underwent the Mustarde repair. No strictures were noted with
      either procedure. In our opinion the meatus had a better configuration after the
      Mustarde repair. We conclude that the Mustarde procedure provides a more
      satisfying cosmetic and clinical result.

PMID- 4009798
TI  - A new method of identifying pheochromocytoma and proving that a "mass" is a
      "pheo".

PMID- 4009799
TI  - Citrate, shock waves and stones: must everything always change?

PMID- 4009800
TI  - Usefulness of scintigraphic imaging using 131iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine in
      localization of asymptomatic pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Localization of either multiple, metastatic and/or asymptomatic pheochromocytomas
      sometimes is elusive because all imaging methods to date have been nonspecific in
      character. We report 2 cases in which scintigraphy was used with a new
      radiopharmaceutical agent, 131iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine, for the accurate
      localization of pheochromocytoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      report of asymptomatic pheochromocytoma imaged by 131iodine
      metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy.

PMID- 4009801
TI  - The posterolateral and the retrorenal colon: implication in percutaneous stone
      extraction.
AB  - Increasing experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy has fostered an
      aggressive approach to most renal calculi. We report a case of a stone in a
      horseshoe kidney. Computerized tomography before anticipated percutaneous stone
      extraction revealed the colon to be positioned posterior to the left portion of
      the horseshoe kidney. The posterior position of the colon prevented percutaneous
      access to the kidney. Computerized tomography should be performed in patients
      with stones in horseshoe kidneys and other fusion anomalies before elective
      percutaneous stone extraction is done.

PMID- 4009802
TI  - Renal capsular lipoma.
AB  - Renal capsular lesions are rare. Selective angiography remains the best means to
      identify a suspected capsular mass. We report a case of renal capsular lipoma and
      review the radiographical findings.

PMID- 4009803
TI  - Primary chondrosarcoma of the kidney.
AB  - Primary chondrosarcoma of the extraskeletal soft tissue is rare, usually
      occurring in the upper and lower extremities. We report the first case of this
      neoplasm arising in the kidney.

PMID- 4009804
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma invading the inferior vena cava: the use of the Greenfield
      filter to prevent tumor emboli during nephrectomy.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension into the inferior vena cava
      occurs in approximately 5 per cent of the cases. Despite invasion of the inferior
      vena cava an aggressive surgical approach for these neoplasms is recommended but
      prevention of a tumor thrombus pulmonary embolus during operation is necessary.
      Placement of a suprarenal Greenfield filter, with its ease of insertion,
      excellent late patency rates and minimal morbidity, has made it the procedure of
      choice today. Preoperative venacavography with radiopaque marking of the tumor
      thrombus will prevent filter displacement, malpositioning and the awkward use of
      intraoperative venography, while shortening operative time and minimizing patient
      risk.

PMID- 4009805
TI  - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as an intrasellar mass on computerized
      tomography.
AB  - We report a case of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the pituitary gland. A
      review of the literature indicated breast carcinoma to be the most frequent
      primary tumor metastatic to this site, while renal cell carcinoma metastasis has
      not been reported previously. This case emphasizes the capricious nature of renal
      cell carcinoma, particularly in a patient presenting with no evidence of
      disseminated disease.

PMID- 4009806
TI  - Ectopic ureter presenting with epididymitis in childhood: report of 5 cases.
AB  - We report 5 cases of an ectopic ureter opening into the seminal tract. All of the
      patients presented with the clinical features of acute or chronic epididymitis.
      Our experience has shown that the rare occurrence of epididymitis in prepubertal
      children necessitates a complete urological evaluation and that an underlying
      urological problem, including an ectopic ureter, should be sought.

PMID- 4009807
TI  - Condyloma acuminatum of the bladder and associated urothelial malignancy.
AB  - The extension of condylomata acuminata into the bladder is rare. Several reports
      have indicated an association of this disease with carcinoma of the penis and of
      the female genital tract. We report the first association of condyloma acuminatum
      with urothelial carcinoma in a man.

PMID- 4009808
TI  - Percutaneous antegrade ablation of posterior urethral valves in premature or
      underweight term neonates: an alternative to primary vesicostomy.
AB  - We describe a new technique for posterior urethral valve ablation that was
      performed easily and successfully in 2 male newborns. Convalescence was
      uneventful and both patients have thrived postoperatively. The technical details
      and advantages of this approach are outlined and discussed.

PMID- 4009809
TI  - Urological complications secondary to a contraceptive diaphragm.
AB  - Severe urinary tract complications secondary to a chronic indwelling
      contraceptive diaphragm are described in a patient who presented with urinary
      incontinence.

PMID- 4009810
TI  - Scrotal fat necrosis.
AB  - A case of scrotal fat necrosis is presented. The clinical presentation usually is
      characteristic and the condition can be managed nonoperatively.

PMID- 4009811
TI  - The sex reversal syndrome (the XX male patient).
AB  - Prenatal amniocentesis performed for advanced maternal age demonstrated a 46XX
      female karyotype. At birth, however, the infant was noted to be a phenotypic male
      with descended testes and severe chordee without hypospadias. Chromosomal
      analysis confirmed a female karyotype, while later surgical exploration revealed
      normal internal wolffian duct structures.

PMID- 4009812
TI  - Re: Urodynamic studies in enuresis and the nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder.

PMID- 4009813
TI  - Re: Ability of the inflatable penile prosthesis to withstand rapid changes in
      altitude.

PMID- 4009814
TI  - Re: Radiation therapy in carcinoma of the prostate: a contributing cause of
      urinary incontinence.

PMID- 4009815
TI  - The effect of saline bladder washings on calcium oxalate crystal growth and
      aggregation.
AB  - Saline bladder washouts were obtained from 31 normal patients undergoing routine
      cystoscopy. A urine control was prepared by diluting a urine sample to the same
      creatinine concentration as the bladder washout. The inhibitory activities of the
      samples were then measured in a calcium oxalate seeded crystallization system.
      Washouts from the first 9 patients inhibited crystal aggregation more strongly
      than did the controls. This was attributable to microscopic blood contamination,
      since in the following 22 subjects, in whom contamination was excluded by the use
      of sensitive haemoglobin test strips, no increase in inhibition of aggregation
      was seen. The inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth by the washouts was
      consistently greater than that by the urine controls (p less than 0.05). This
      suggests that the bladder mucosa is a source of inhibitor(s) of crystal growth
      but not crystal aggregation.

PMID- 4009816
TI  - Nicotinic acid: treatment for the hyperchloremic acidosis following urinary
      diversion through intestinal segments.
AB  - The syndrome of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis following urinary diversion
      through intestinal segments has posed a problem for urologists for more than 50
      years. Recent work demonstrates that chlorpromazine, an intestinal cyclic-AMP
      inhibitor, partially corrects the metabolic derangements associated with this
      syndrome. Nicotinic acid has also been shown to be a potent inhibitor of
      intestinal cyclic-AMP. The present investigation employs nicotinic acid in a rat
      vesico-cecostomy model to examine its efficacy in the management of this
      syndrome. Rats with vesico-cecostomies treated with nicotinic acid are compared
      to untreated rats, rats with intestinal but not urinary diversions and non
      operative controls. Nicotinic acid in a dose of 50 mg./kg./day corrects the
      hyperchloremia (p less than 0.02), elevated serum osmolality (p less than
      0.0001), hyperammoniumemia (p less than 0.05) and acidosis (p less than 0.001).
      Results compare favorably to those obtained in an identical model with the use of
      chlorpromazine.

PMID- 4009817
TI  - Transplantation of human renal cell carcinoma into NMRI nu/nu mice. III. Effect
      of irradiation on tumor acceptance and tumor growth.
AB  - Irradiation of human renal cell carcinoma before radical tumor nephrectomy
      resulted in a significantly lower acceptance rate (1 of 7) in nude mice than for
      nonirradiated tumors (all of 13). The tumor tissue was transplanted into NMRI
      nu/nu mice immediately after nephrectomy. In this experimental system we
      demonstrated the reduced vitality of human tumor cells after irradiation. In a
      second series of experiments, 3 morphologically different human renal cell
      carcinomas were irradiated at various doses after establishment in nude mice. The
      irradiated tumor tissue was transplanted to the next passage. The morphology,
      proliferation rate and growth of these tumors were compared with those of
      nonirradiated controls. Radiation effect was dose dependent in the responding
      tumor types. The characteristics correlated with radiosensitivity were high
      proliferation rate (measured by flow cytometry), low cytologic grading and fast
      growth rate in the nude mice.

PMID- 4009818
TI  - Dynamics of the ureterovesical junction: its fluid transport mechanism in the
      pig.
AB  - The peristaltic fluid transport mechanism of the ureterovesical junction was
      investigated with distal and juxtavesical ureteral perfusion pressure
      measurements. Elimination of the activity of the juxtavesical ureteral segment,
      juxtavesical or intravesical partial resection of the ureteral sheaths, and
      impediment of shortening of the muscular layers of the ureterovesical junction
      ureter segment, all reduced the effectiveness of ureterovesical junction
      peristalsis. From these findings and from the anatomy of the ureterovesical
      junction we concluded that peristaltic urine transport through the ureterovesical
      junction is effectuated by shortening and telescoping of the muscular layers of
      the ureterovesical junction ureter segment and its sheaths into each other and
      into the ureteric hiatus.

PMID- 4009819
TI  - Down regulation of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor of the rat prostate
      following castration.
AB  - Prostatic secretion is dependent upon the integrity of the endocrine and
      autonomic nervous systems and is dramatically influenced by muscarinic
      cholinergic analogs. In this study, we have used radioligand receptor binding
      methods on whole tissue homogenates and slide mounted tissue sections of rat
      prostate to determine whether androgens regulate the density of muscarinic
      cholinergic receptors in the prostate. The muscarinic cholinergic receptor
      binding affinities (Kd) of [3H] N-methylscopolamine in prostatic homogenates
      obtained from intact, castrate, and castrate rats receiving testosterone
      replacement (castrate + T) were similar (0.07 to 0.10 nM). The muscarinic
      cholinergic receptor binding capacity decreased 73 per cent following castration.
      Testosterone administration restored the density of muscarinic cholinergic
      receptors in castrate rats to intact levels. In order to ensure that the loss of
      receptor density was not due to a decrease in the epithelial: stromal cell ratio,
      the number of muscarinic cholinergic receptors per unit area of epithelium was
      determined in the 3 treatment groups using autoradiography on slide mounted
      tissue sections. The density of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in a unit area
      of epithelium was decreased 91 per cent following castration. Testosterone
      administration restored the density of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the
      castrate rats to intact levels. The modulation of neurotransmitter receptors by
      steroid hormones may be a mechanism by which sex steroids regulate biological
      responsiveness of target tissues.

PMID- 4009820
TI  - The use of the AMS-AS800 artificial sphincter for continent urinary diversion. I.
      Investigations, including pressure-flow studies, using rabbit intestinal loops.
AB  - The AS 800 genitourinary artificial sphincter was implanted in 40 New Zealand
      rabbits to evaluate its possible use for continent urinary diversion. This
      evaluation included the effects of varying closing pressures of the cuff
      implanted around isolated bowel loops. Six-weeks postoperative investigations
      included pressure/flow studies, autopsies, microangiographies and histologic
      evaluations. The sphincter was able to achieve continence during perfusion of the
      intestinal loop, maximum pressures being dependent on cuff pressures. Consistent
      changes were: 1) the formation of a thin fibrous capsule around the
      subcutaneously implanted pump, 2) the development of a fibrous sheath around the
      bowel beneath the cuff, and 3) fibrous and peritoneal reactions at the cuff site.
      In uncomplicated cases, the bowel wall tolerated the cuff pressure well, without
      macroscopic signs of atrophy. However, sphincter-related complications (1.
      infection, 2. erosion, 3. reduction of bowel circumference beneath the cuff) were
      pressure dependent and seen mainly in high pressure groups. Based on these
      results, the application of the sphincter for continent urinary diversion should
      include: low pressure urinary reservoirs, low pressure cuffs and most
      essentially, strict avoidance of infection.

PMID- 4009821
TI  - The radiation sensitivities of R3327-H and R3327-AT rat prostate adenocarcinomas.
AB  - Dunning R3327-H and R3327-AT tumors growing subcutaneously in the flanks of
      Fischer X Copenhagen rats were irradiated with 137Cs gamma-rays at volumes of
      approximately 300 mm. The effects of various doses of radiation were estimated by
      measurements of subsequent tumor growth as well as by histological evaluation.
      The well-differentiated, hormonally-responsive R3327-H tumor was more
      radiosensitive than the anaplastic R3327-AT tumor. The reasons for this increased
      radiation sensitivity of the R3327-H tumor include a greater "apparent" radiation
      sensitivity of tumor cells and the absence of tumor hypoxia. The presence of
      hypoxic tumor stem cells was inferred from significant radiosensitization of
      tumor growth delay by 0.5 mg./gm. misonidazole and by a technique which utilizes
      radioactively-labelled misonidazole as a marker for hypoxic cells. The
      persistence of a mass of R3327-H tumor tissue after aggressive radiotherapy was
      not indicative of tumor cells. Furthermore, the rapid increase in volume of R3327
      AT cells after aggressive radiotherapy was attributed to limited proliferation of
      tumor cells which were destined to ultimately die. Possible implications of these
      findings for the management of human prostatic adenocarcinoma are discussed.

PMID- 4009822
TI  - Prevention of recurrent calcium stone formation with potassium citrate therapy in
      patients with distal renal tubular acidosis.
AB  - Distal renal tubular acidosis is a common cause of intractable calcium
      nephrolithiasis. We examined the effect of oral potassium citrate therapy in 9
      patients with incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis diagnosed on the basis of
      an abnormal response to an oral ammonium chloride load. Patients were studied
      during a control phase and after 3 months of potassium citrate treatment (60 to
      80 mEq. daily). Potassium citrate caused a significant increase in urinary pH and
      urinary citrate, and a decrease in urinary calcium. The urinary relative
      saturation ratio of calcium oxalate significantly decreased during treatment,
      while that of brushite did not change. Potassium citrate also was shown to
      inhibit new stone formation. During a mean treatment period of 34 months none of
      the 9 patients had new stones, although 39.3 plus or minus 79.7 (standard
      deviation) stones per patient formed during the 3 years preceding treatment. The
      results support the potential clinical advantage of potassium citrate therapy in
      patients with distal renal tubular acidosis and recurrent calcium
      nephrolithiasis.

PMID- 4009824
TI  - Vaginal recurrence after cystectomy for bladder cancer.
AB  - The records of 14 patients with vaginal recurrence following cystectomy were
      reviewed in an attempt to find factors responsible for the local failure.
      Comparison was made with female patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder
      cancer during the same period but who did not have vaginal recurrence. Patients
      with previous surgery and radiation to the pelvic organs appear to be at risk for
      local recurrence, probably because of the difficulties associated with surgical
      removal of the bladder. Patients with tumors other than transitional cell
      carcinoma, especially those located at the bladder neck and urethra, also appear
      to be at high risk. Proper surgical technique with en bloc cystourethrectomy,
      including excision of the anterior vaginal wall, is of paramount importance to
      avoid local recurrence.

PMID- 4009823
TI  - Intravesical instillation of doxorubicin hydrochloride and its incorporation into
      bladder tumors.
AB  - We studied single dose intravesical doxorubicin instillation (50 mg. dissolved in
      30 ml. saline) in 29 patients with bladder tumor and 2 with dysplasia of the
      bladder. The results demonstrated that 1) the levels of doxorubicin hydrochloride
      in extracts of tumors were significantly higher than those of histologically
      normal bladder tissues in all regions examined except the dome, 2) the
      incorporation concentration of the drug into the smallest tumor was 3-fold
      greater than that of larger tumors, 3) tissue concentration of the drug in
      histologically normal bladder tissues was 2.4-fold greater in patients with
      recurrent than with primary bladder tumors, and 4) a high concentration of the
      agent was noted in unifocal, multifocal and primary tumors classified as
      papillary noninvasive or invasive transitional cell carcinoma. These findings
      indicate that intravesical installation of doxorubicin hydrochloride can be
      incorporated to a high degree by relatively small papillary noninvasive or
      invasive transitional cell carcinoma located in almost all regions except the
      bladder dome.

PMID- 4009825
TI  - The current role of medical treatment of nephrolithiasis: the impact of improved
      techniques of stone removal.
AB  - To document more clearly the effect of selective medical treatment on the course
      of nephrolithiasis, we surveyed 103 consecutive patients being followed in our
      stone clinic. Of the patients who initially had existing stones within the
      kidneys 69 per cent experienced no symptoms while undergoing medical therapy,
      compared to 96 per cent of those who had no existing stones. In all subjects
      studied new stone formation was reduced in more than 95 per cent and no new
      stones were formed in more than 75 per cent. An operation for newly formed
      calculi was necessary in only 2 per cent of the patients on medical therapy,
      whereas 58 to 69 per cent of the patients required an operation for new stones
      before beginning medical treatment. We believe that selective medical treatment
      has an important role in the over-all management of nephrolithiasis. Appropriate
      medical therapy may decrease significantly the number of new stones formed and
      may obviate the need for a repeat stone operation. Therefore, medical treatment
      should be an important adjunct to percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

PMID- 4009826
TI  - Early problems encountered with the Mentor inflatable penile prosthesis.
AB  - We present 9 consecutive patients who underwent insertion of the Mentor
      inflatable penile prosthesis. Of these patients 3 had successful results after
      repeated problems with the Scott inflatable penile prosthesis. Complications
      included spontaneous inflation of the prosthesis, a tubing kink, aneurysmal
      cylinder ballooning and cylinder disruption. Slow deflation seems to be an
      inherent problem with the Mentor system. Although penile squeezing may be used to
      help deflation, traumatic urethritis may occur. However, concealment may not be
      possible without such squeezing. Interim use of a noninflatable prosthesis to
      treat a damaged corpus cavernosum is recommended. Although ingenious technology
      has enabled successful implant surgery, no penile prosthesis yet devised has
      proven to be ideal. Further refinements are being made. Ultimate evaluation will
      require years of followup in the spirit of the pre-700 series of Scott inflatable
      penile prostheses.

PMID- 4009827
TI  - Microspike approximator for vasovasostomy.
AB  - Stabilization of the ends of the vas deferens facilitates accurate microsurgical
      vasovasostomy. Commercially available approximating clamps are prone to slippage.
      We have modified our approximating clamps by folding stainless steel wire over
      the tips of the clamp blades and soldering them in place. The wire is trimmed to
      allow a short length to protrude into the grasping surface of the clamp, which
      provides microspikes that grasp securely only the adventitia of the vas deferens.
      We have used this clamp for more than 200 anastomoses without slippage. Its use
      often has obviated the necessity for inguinal extension of the scrotal incision.
      The microspike approximator provides a permanent solution to a vexing problem.
      This modification may be applied to approximating clamps of any design.

PMID- 4009828
TI  - Transient fertility after vasovasostomy in 892 patients.
AB  - We report on the low incidence of transient fertility in 892 patients who
      underwent microsurgical vasovasostomy. Of the 892 patients in whom fertile sperm
      concentrations (as defined by us) developed 2 to 8 months postoperatively 28
      later suffered azoospermia or severe oligospermia. The wives of 5 of the 28
      patients with such transient postoperative fertility became pregnant before the
      patients became azoospermic or severely oligospermic again.

PMID- 4009829
TI  - Improved continuous flow transurethral prostatectomy.
AB  - We compared 2 continuous flow resectoscopes for transurethral resection of the
      prostate--a new intrinsic bladder pressure-controlled drainage system and the
      suction drainage system. In 31 patients undergoing transurethral prostatic
      resection who were assigned randomly to a pressure-controlled (17) or suction
      drainage (14) resectoscope group the required irrigant volume and operative blood
      loss (milliliter per gram resected tissue) were appreciably less with pressure
      controlled drainage, while the resection rate (gram per minute) was significantly
      greater. Irrigant absorption, as evidenced by weight gain and changes in
      hematocrit, serum osmolality and serum sodium, was minimal in either group, with
      no significant difference between the 2 methods. In addition, there was no
      significant difference in intraoperative intravesical pressure between the 2
      groups. The suction drainage system led to pump drainage failure in certain
      rotational positions, resulting in diminished visibility and increased resection
      time. The pressure-controlled drainage system required no suction devices or
      adjustments, thus, allowing constant improved visibility and uninterrupted
      resection. These results suggest that the efficiency and ease of transurethral
      prostatic resection are superior with the pressure-controlled continuous flow
      drainage system than with the suction drainage system.

PMID- 4009831
TI  - The role of excretory urography in patients with hypospadias.
AB  - The routine use of excretory urography in asymptomatic patients with hypospadias
      is still a subject of controversy. In 169 patients with hypospadias we reviewed
      the indications for urographic evaluation and the radiographic results. Of the
      boys 67 had signs or symptoms of urological disorders, and 102 were asymptomatic
      and screened prospectively. Abnormalities in those patients with symptoms were
      significant, which supports the need to continue evaluating patients in this
      group radiographically. In those boys screened prospectively the incidence of
      upper tract abnormalities was low. Reflux was discovered in 10 per cent of these
      patients, although in the majority it was mild and of no surgical consequence.
      Over-all, reflux remains the single most common urographic abnormality in boys
      with hypospadias with or without symptoms.

PMID- 4009830
TI  - Blood transfusion and anesthetic practices in radical retropubic prostatectomy.
AB  - We have attempted to lessen blood transfusion requirements during radical
      retropubic prostatectomy. The influence of temporary occlusion of the hypogastric
      arteries, anesthetic techniques and autologous blood transfusions were studied in
      93 men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy with pelvic lymph node
      dissection. Operations performed with the patient under general or regional
      anesthesia with hypogastric artery clamping required significantly less blood
      replacement than those performed without hypogastric artery clamping (1.8 plus or
      minus 0.3 versus 3.5 plus or minus 0.3 units, respectively, mean plus or minus
      standard error). Preoperative autologous banking of blood eliminated the need for
      heterologous transfusions in 10 of 15 patients in whom any autologous blood was
      banked (2 to 4 units per person). We conclude that temporary hypogastric artery
      clamping can reduce significantly the need for blood product replacement in
      radical retropubic prostatectomies during the perioperative period. We also are
      encouraging the preoperative banking of autologous blood to lessen further
      exposure to heterologous blood products with their attendant risks.

PMID- 4009833
TI  - Viscous factors in peripheral tissue perfusion.
AB  - To ascertain the relative importance of the factors that influence blood
      viscosity (VIS), we measured hematocrit (HCT), filterability index, fibrinogen
      level (FIB), and Ektacytometer indices at osmolarities of both 290 (EI 290) and
      200 (EI 200) in 21 diabetic patients with peripheral vascular disease (DPVDs) and
      11 healthy volunteers (HVs). Stepwise multiple regression analyses generated a
      formula based on three of the independent variables (FIB, HCT, EI 200) that
      accurately predicted VIS (r = 0.79, p less than 0.01). Based on the beta
      coefficients and F statistics, HCT and FIB were the most important elements in
      the linear regression equation. Compared with HVs the total group of DPVDs had
      lower HCT (36.5% vs. 42.4%) and higher FIB (661 vs. 276 mg/dl, p less than 0.01)
      values. When all HVs were compared with a subgroup of DPVDs with similar HCT (n =
      10), both FIB and VIS were higher (p less than 0.001) in the DPVD than in the HV
      group. We conclude that the most important of the multiple factors that influence
      VIS are HCT and FIB. The finding of increased FIB in DPVDs could have important
      implications for drug and surgical therapy in this group of patients.

PMID- 4009832
TI  - Aneurysm formation in human umbilical vein grafts used as arterial substitutes.
AB  - A series of 257 human umbilical vein grafts for femoropopliteal bypass in 203
      patients, inserted between 1978 and 1984, is presented. The 6-year cumulative
      patency rate is 74% for above-knee and 44% for below-knee cases. Late
      complications, such as formation of aneurysms in the human umbilical vein graft,
      occurred in nine grafts, 21/2 to 6 years after implantation. This corresponds to
      3.5% of the total number of 257 human umbilical vein grafts. Three of the grafts
      developed a second aneurysm at a later time, making a total of 12 aneurysms. The
      aneurysms were evident as a painful, pulsating mass. All patients were operated
      on, primarily by resection and interposition grafting. All aneurysms were
      saccular and false. Macroscopic and microscopic examination revealed that all
      aneurysms except four originated from a gap in the umbilical vein wall and the
      Dacron mesh. The adjacent graft wall had a completely normal architecture without
      biodegradation. The cause of the origin of the gap in the wall remains obscure.
      Four aneurysms were anastomotic and were located at the site of the suture line,
      placed at the factory, joining the two components of a composite human umbilical
      vein graft; these anastomotic aneurysms were caused by breaking of the Prolene
      suture.

PMID- 4009834
TI  - Skin perfusion pressure in the prediction of healing in diabetic patients with
      ulcers or gangrene of the foot.
AB  - The measurement of skin perfusion blood pressure (SPP) estimated by an isotope
      clearance technique has been used to predict the healing of ulcers or gangrene of
      the foot in 61 diabetic subjects. Healing followed conservative treatment or
      local surgery in 1 of 21 cases if the SPP was less than 40 mm Hg but in 35 of 40
      with higher values for SPP. Healing was unlikely if the toe blood pressure was
      less than 40 mm Hg or the ankle systolic pressure was less than 80 mm Hg. It is
      recommended that the SPP be measured in patients in whom confident predictions of
      healing cannot be made on the basis of ankle pressure or other measurements.

PMID- 4009835
TI  - Late mortality and morbidity after arterial reconstruction: the influence of
      arteriosclerosis in popliteal artery trifurcation.
AB  - Mortality and the incidence of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular lesion
      have been retrospectively analyzed in patients who have survived 30 days after
      lower limb vascular reconstruction. These events have been related to the extent
      of arteriosclerotic lesions in the trifurcation of the popliteal artery
      (trifurcational disease, TFD) in 368 patients treated consecutively. One hundred
      fifty-five patients underwent aortoiliac reconstruction, 229 had femorodistal
      bypass, and 16 underwent both procedures. The median follow-up period was 4.4
      years. The mortality rate in male and female patients was increased compared with
      the expected mortality. This increase was found both in patients with and without
      TFD. In patients having TFD the mortality was 2.0 times higher than in patients
      who did not have TFD (p less than 0.001). The difference in the mortality rate
      persisted after correction for the influence of age, sex, and diabetes mellitus.
      The higher mortality rate in patients who had TFD was most marked early in the
      postoperative period and was mainly caused by myocardial infarction. The
      incidence of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events was significantly
      increased in patients who had TFD compared with those who did not, particularly
      in the early postoperative period.

PMID- 4009836
TI  - Splenorenal bypass in the treatment of renal artery stenosis: experience with
      sixty-nine cases.
AB  - From 1962 to 1984 splenorenal bypass was performed in 69 patients with renal
      artery disease caused by either atherosclerosis (n = 54) or fibrous dysplasia (n
      = 15). Renal revascularization was performed to control hypertension in 27
      patients, to preserve renal function in nine patients, and for both of these
      reasons in 33 patients. The mean follow-up interval is 5.4 years. Postoperatively
      hypertension was cured or improved in 52 of 60 patients (87%); the serum creatine
      level was improved or stable in 37 of 42 patients (88%) who underwent
      revascularization to preserve renal function. Postoperative graft thrombosis (n =
      2) or stenosis (n = 3) occurred in five patients (7%). Splenorenal bypass is an
      excellent method of revascularization of the left renal artery, particularly for
      patients with a troublesome aorta that precludes performance of an aortorenal
      bypass.

PMID- 4009837
TI  - Tibiotibial vein bypass grafts: a new operation for limb salvage.
AB  - Tibiotibial bypasses were performed with short (8 to 33 cm) segments of reversed
      autologous vein in 14 patients who did not have longer segments of usable vein.
      All patients faced imminent amputation unless they had an effective
      revascularization. Two patients died, one within 1 month of operation. One
      patient required below-knee amputation despite a patent bypass. Eleven patients
      (79%) have a patent bypass and a functional limb 6 to 50 months after operation.
      These good patency results even with several grafts inserted into isolated
      segments of tibial arteries, some with incomplete plantar arches, suggest that
      these short vein grafts may be superior to other vein grafts. Tibiotibial
      bypasses may improve limb salvage results in otherwise difficult circumstances.

PMID- 4009838
TI  - Factors affecting survival after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - To identify the factors affecting the high mortality rates associated with
      ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a review was made of the records of 81
      patients treated surgically between 1972 and 1983. Correlation of data with
      survival and predictive value of preoperative findings were studied. The
      mortality rate was 43.2%; there was a 29.2% mortality rate among those surviving
      the day of surgery. Patient-determined variables associated with deaths included
      age more than 76 years, hematocrit less than 30% and acute abnormality detected
      by ECG at admission, and suprarenal extension or free rupture of the AAA.
      Survival could be predicted with only 70% accuracy with a computerized
      discriminant function based on age and hematocrit and blood pressure values
      determined at admission. Events following admission associated with death were
      precipitous fall or persistently low level of preoperative blood pressure,
      technical complications, and postoperative organ failure. Although the patient's
      ultimate outcome after ruptured AAA is partly determined before intervention of
      the physician, efforts to address events resulting in death after admission by
      improving rapid diagnosis, early resuscitation, and prompt flawless surgery can
      increase survival.

PMID- 4009839
TI  - Axillo-internal carotid artery bypass in the treatment of neck metastases.
AB  - The initial surgical management of neck metastases from head and neck cancer may
      be complicated if the tumor mass invades the carotid vessels. Acute carotid
      ligation is associated with a high stroke rate. Consequently preservation of flow
      to the internal carotid artery is desirable. We will describe two patients in
      whom preservation of flow was accomplished with the use of a saphenous vein
      bypass from the axillary artery to the internal carotid artery. The technique is
      described and has several advantages. First, it preserves flow to the internal
      carotid artery; second, it allows radical excision of tumor without compromising
      the margins of resection; and finally, at least one suture line and most of the
      graft are outside the field of radiation and remote from the wound closure. We
      believe that this technique is useful in the management of patients with disease
      that has metastasized to the neck.

PMID- 4009840
TI  - Martorell's hypertensive ischemic leg ulcers are secondary to an increase in the
      local vascular resistance.
AB  - In 1945 Martorell described ischemic leg ulcers in patients with hypertension and
      suggested that the ischemic necrosis was secondary to hypertensive arteriolar
      disease. The aim of the study was to examine the minimum vascular resistance in
      the skin of patients with these ulcers. Twelve control subjects (median age 52
      years), eight patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (median age 73
      years), and six patients with hypertensive ulcers (median age 74 years) were
      studied. The minimum vascular resistance (MVR) and skin perfusion pressure (SPP)
      were determined by an isotope clearance method. Presence and severity of PVD were
      assessed by ankle/arm pressure ratios. The ulcer patients had a higher ankle/arm
      pressure ratio than the PVD group (p = 0.026) but had similar SPP (p = 0.47).
      When compared with the control group they had a similar pressure ratio (p = 0.09)
      but lower SPP (p = 0.001). The MVR was higher in the ulcer patients than the
      control subjects (p = 0.005) and the PVD group (p = 0.01). The study shows that
      patients with hypertensive ulcers have a high vascular resistance. This increase
      in resistance may interfere with the compensatory relaxation that normally occurs
      distal to an arterial narrowing, resulting in poor tissue perfusion and
      subsequent ulcer development.

PMID- 4009841
TI  - Isolated profundaplasty for limb salvage.
AB  - Fifty-four patients underwent 56 profundaplasties for limb salvage. All had
      stenosis greater than 50% in diameter of the deep femoral artery and associated
      superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. After profundaplasty, ischemic
      ulcers healed in 9 of 17 (53%) patients. Rest pain was relieved in 6 of 19 (32%)
      and areas of ischemic necrosis healed in 7 of 20 (35%). Cumulative patency of the
      deep femoral artery was 49% at 3 years but fell to 21% at 5 years, whereas
      cumulative limb salvage was 49% and 36%, respectively. Eleven of the required 28
      amputations were performed in the immediate postoperative period. Profundaplasty
      was used to lower the amputation level and preserve the knee joint in six
      patients. The other five early amputations occurred in severely ischemic limbs
      without distal vessels suitable for bypass. The profundaplasty remained patent in
      all 19 patients who underwent below-knee amputation and 16 (84%) became
      ambulatory with a prosthesis. Hemodynamic data provided by determination of the
      profundapopliteal collateral index predicted limb salvage in 10 of 11 (91%) of
      limbs when the index value was less than or equal to 0.19. Other clinical
      criteria, such as preoperative ankle-brachial index and the presence of diabetes
      mellitus, had no predictive value. Isolated profundaplasty for limb salvage is an
      effective first procedure for selected patients and provides a reasonable
      alternative to primary amputation or high-risk distal bypass. When amputation is
      inevitable, effective perfusion of the profunda femoris artery is essential for
      preservation of the knee joint and results in a high degree of functional
      rehabilitation.

PMID- 4009842
TI  - Acute thrombosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm subsequent to Heimlich maneuver: a
      case report.
AB  - We report a case of acute thrombosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm secondary to
      a correctly applied and successful Heimlich maneuver. Although the Heimlich
      maneuver is generally safe and effective, this possible catastrophic consequence
      needs to be recognized.

PMID- 4009843
TI  - Infected aortic aneurysms.
AB  - Salmonella organisms have been responsible for half of the reported cases of
      infected aortic aneurysms, although other bacteria have been incriminated. This
      is the second reported case in which Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus
      apparently infected an inflammatory aortic aneurysm. In this 70-year-old man the
      organism was isolated and treated prior to resection of the aneurysm and inline
      grafting. Specific antibiotic therapy was continued for 8 weeks postoperatively.
      Examination and CT scans obtained after 9 months of follow-up reveal no evidence
      of recurrent infection.

PMID- 4009845
TI  - Safer shunt insertion during carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - The use of shunts during carotid surgery may decrease the risk of perioperative
      stroke by allowing continued perfusion during the procedure. However, there are
      risks inherent with shunt usage that occur mainly during insertion. A brief
      clinical study illustrates the risk of shunt-induced emboli and a technique is
      described for safer shunt insertion.

PMID- 4009844
TI  - Omental protection of autogenous arterial reconstruction following femoral
      prosthetic graft infection.
AB  - Vascular graft infections in the femoral region that require synchronous
      revascularization are generally reconstructed with prosthetic grafts via extra
      anatomic routes. If in situ revascularization is required, then autologous tissue
      provides optimal results. A particular challenge in this circumstance is
      achieving soft tissue coverage of the reconstruction where wide and radical
      debridement has removed the tissues ordinarily used for this purpose. If muscle
      flaps are not available or possible, the use of omentum is advocated. The omentum
      can be easily reached from behind the inguinal ligament and transposed on its
      bipedicled vascular base for coverage of vital structures in the femoral
      triangle, thereby obliterating dead space and providing a surface for both
      temporary and permanent skin coverage. The procedure is quite simple, can be
      performed rapidly, and should be considered for use in the dire situation that
      requires soft tissue coverage of exposed vessels in extraperitoneal locations.

PMID- 4009846
TI  - Salvage of exposed arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas.
AB  - Arteriovenous fistulas constructed with an interposed segment of expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have been used successfully for long-term
      hemodialysis, but ultimately these fistulas may fail because of graft thrombosis,
      infection, or pseudoaneurysm. A PTFE graft may become exposed from skin necrosis
      at an area of repeated puncture for hemodialysis or from wound breakdown at a
      site of thrombectomy. Removal of an exposed PTFE graft has heretofore been
      considered inevitable, especially if a suture line is involved, because of the
      risk of hemorrhage and infection. We describe coverage of an exposed graft by a
      simple full-thickness skin flap that is locally rotated and report the successful
      salvage of five fistulas by this technique. Thus the concept that an exposed
      graft is infected and must be removed may not always be correct.

PMID- 4009847
TI  - Distal vertebral artery bypass: technique, the "occipital connection," and
      potential uses.

PMID- 4009848
TI  - Vertebral arterial reconstruction: a nineteen-year experience.
AB  - Between January 1964 and December 1983, 109 operations were performed directly on
      the vertebral arteries whereas a total of 1727 carotid operations were done,
      resulting in an incidence of vertebral operations of 5.6%. Unilateral vertebral
      operations only were performed in the treatment of bilateral flow-restricting
      lesions with cerebral hemispheric or brain stem symptoms present or persisting
      despite widely patent carotid arteries or in the presence of inoperable totally
      occluded internal carotid vessels. The average follow-up period (9.9 years; the
      longest was 19 years) revealed an overall survival rate of 71% with a stroke rate
      of 1.5% per average year of follow-up. Specific operative procedures performed
      were subclavian-vertebral roof-patch angioplasty with plication of associated
      vertebral kinks in 102 patients, reimplantation of the end of the proximal
      vertebral artery into the side of the ipsilateral carotid artery in four
      patients, carotid-vertebral vein bypass in two patients, and decompression of
      herniated vertebral arteries between segments of foramina transversaria by
      unroofing the bony canal. The overall operative mortality rate was 3%. The most
      common neurologic complications were transient phrenic nerve paralysis and
      usually mild Horner's syndrome.

PMID- 4009850
TI  - Etiology of abdominal aortic "inflammatory" aneurysms: hypothesis.

PMID- 4009849
TI  - The surgical reconstruction of the proximal subclavian and vertebral artery.
AB  - Endarterectomy, bypass, or direct arterial anastomosis are used to restore flow
      in a compromised vertebral or subclavian artery. During 20 years of experience in
      surgical relief of stenosis of the proximal vertebral and subclavian arteries, we
      now prefer an anastomosis between the involved vertebral or subclavian artery. We
      have performed 411 such procedures. There has been one death (0.2%), with
      reoperation necessary in three patients (0.0%). No neurologic morbidity has been
      associated with this procedure.

PMID- 4009851
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Smallpox vaccine.

PMID- 4009852
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Investigation of smallpox rumor.

PMID- 4009853
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Legionellosis--Staffordshire, England, and Wayne County,
      Michigan.

PMID- 4009855
TI  - Primacy among the primates: killing chimpanzees to help humans.

PMID- 4009854
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Reproduction function observations among oil refinery
      workers.

PMID- 4009856
TI  - Diet and ovarian cancer.

PMID- 4009858
TI  - Irritable bowel, mitral valve prolapse, and associated conditions.

PMID- 4009857
TI  - Re: Causes of anal carcinoma.

PMID- 4009859
TI  - Excess mortality among psychiatric patients.

PMID- 4009860
TI  - Cervicitis in college students.

PMID- 4009861
TI  - Nerve root compression and night cramps.

PMID- 4009863
TI  - The expert witness.

PMID- 4009862
TI  - Restless legs and nocturnal myoclonus.

PMID- 4009864
TI  - Report on variation in rates of utilization of surgical services in the
      Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
AB  - This article presents an analysis of over 140,000 selected surgical procedures
      performed in Massachusetts in 1980, giving the per capita rates of 14 common
      procedures and of four less frequently performed procedures. The analysis defines
      172 geographic areas for the commonly performed procedures and 45 for the less
      frequently performed procedures. Per capita surgical rates among the defined
      areas are significantly different from both a statistical and a clinical point of
      view. Twofold and threefold variations occur frequently across geographic areas.
      In certain areas, some surgical services appear to be provided at rates
      substantially different from the statewide rate. We discuss the importance of
      these data for physicians as well as the implications for the distribution and
      quality of clinical care and for containment of medical care costs.

PMID- 4009865
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in New York City. Evaluation of an active
      surveillance system.
AB  - In January 1983, the New York City Department of Health initiated an active
      surveillance program for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 19
      hospitals and a modified-active surveillance program in the remaining 69
      hospitals. We reviewed hospital laboratory and autopsy records in 12 active
      surveillance hospitals and three modified-active surveillance hospitals six
      months later. Patients who had opportunistic diseases characteristic of AIDS
      diagnosed in 1982 (before active surveillance) and 1983 (after implementation of
      active surveillance) were matched against health department AIDS surveillance
      reports. For the 16 months we evaluated, 96% of patients identified with AIDS in
      the 12 active surveillance hospitals and 100% of those in the three modified
      active surveillance hospitals had been reported to the health department. The
      delay between diagnosing a case and reporting it to the health department
      significantly decreased between 1981 and the first six months of 1983 in all
      hospitals. The proportion of cases reported within one month of diagnosis
      increased from 45% to 69% during this period. We conclude that the current
      surveillance program for AIDS in New York City is effective and that case
      reporting is sufficiently complete for accurate analysis of disease trends.

PMID- 4009866
TI  - Diffuse thymic enlargement in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 4009868
TI  - Competition and the teaching hospital.

PMID- 4009867
TI  - Regional variations in the use of medical services and the accountability of the
      profession.

PMID- 4009869
TI  - Gestational diabetes: panelists set guidelines for detection, control.

PMID- 4009870
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Listeriosis outbreak associated with Mexican-style cheese-
      California.

PMID- 4009871
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Suicide--United States, 1970-1980.

PMID- 4009872
TI  - Slowing the return of hypertension after stopping medication.

PMID- 4009873
TI  - Alcohol, nutrient intake, and hypertension.

PMID- 4009874
TI  - Salt content of kosher meat.

PMID- 4009875
TI  - Extending the New York Heart Association classification system.

PMID- 4009877
TI  - Rumpel-Leede sign associated with a noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure
      monitor.

PMID- 4009876
TI  - Blood lead and blood pressure.

PMID- 4009878
TI  - Vincristine neurotoxicity.

PMID- 4009879
TI  - Autologous transfusion endorsed.

PMID- 4009881
TI  - Orders to limit emergency treatment for an ambulance service in a large
      metropolitan area.
AB  - We describe a policy allowing paramedics and emergency physicians to honor orders
      from nursing home records not to perform resuscitation or endotracheal
      intubation. The policy was adopted by the regional body coordinating emergency
      medical care and endorsed by the county medical society. The policy establishes
      community-wide definitions for "do not resuscitate" and "do not intubate" orders.
      It requires physicians to write such directives in patient's medical records and
      to update them every two years. It urges long-term care facilities to adopt
      policies to help ensure good decision-making practices in the formulation of
      these directives. The policy intends to partially address the unnecessary loss of
      patient autonomy that occurs when emergency care is administered according to
      routine orders.

PMID- 4009880
TI  - Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease. Epidemiologic demonstration of cooling towers
      as a source.
AB  - Investigation of a recent outbreak of nosocomial legionnaires' disease--initially
      thought to be due to the documented presence of Legionella pneumophila in the
      hospital potable water--showed that aerosols from one or more cooling towers were
      the actual source of infection. From June 27 to Aug 25, 1983, nosocomial
      legionnaires' disease developed in 15 persons at a hospital in Rhode Island.
      Twelve (80%) of 15 case-patients occupied rooms in building 1, unit B, compared
      with eight (28%) of 29 control patients (odds ratio = 10.8; 95% confidence
      interval = 1.4 to 85.6). Subsequent investigation demonstrated that water in a
      cooling tower located 100 ft upwind of unit B was heavily contaminated with L
      pneumophila, serogroup 1, subgroup 1, 2, 4, 5. The same strain was isolated from
      nine of the patients and from the make-up water for the tower. Active
      surveillance during the ten months following decontamination of the cooling tower
      identified no additional cases of nosocomial legionnaires' disease, although the
      hospital potable water had not been treated. While recommendations have been made
      for controlling nosocomial legionnaires' disease by heating or hyperchlorination
      of hospital potable water, this outbreak demonstrates the importance of an
      adequate epidemiologic-environmental investigation in choosing the appropriate
      control strategy.

PMID- 4009882
TI  - Ether cystitis.

PMID- 4009883
TI  - Postcoital urticaria in a penicillin-sensitive patient. Possible seminal transfer
      of penicillin.

PMID- 4009884
TI  - Letting go: DNR orders in prehospital care.

PMID- 4009885
TI  - And now a Yugoslav JAMA.

PMID- 4009886
TI  - Physicians' antinuclear war group expanding to include child health.

PMID- 4009887
TI  - Physicians' group seeks nuclear arms ban.

PMID- 4009889
TI  - The nuclear arms race and the Third World.

PMID- 4009888
TI  - No extra cancer deaths noted from atomic studies.

PMID- 4009890
TI  - Parental knowledge of their own immunization to poliomyelitis.

PMID- 4009891
TI  - Vietnam veterans risk for fathering children with birth defects.

PMID- 4009892
TI  - Re: Regionalization of perinatal services.

PMID- 4009893
TI  - Cesarean section.

PMID- 4009894
TI  - Hematin therapy in acute porphyria.

PMID- 4009895
TI  - Leukostasis thrombi.

PMID- 4009897
TI  - Perivenular fibrosis as precursor lesion of cirrhosis.
AB  - Thirty-four male alcoholics underwent sequential liver biopsies as part of their
      evaluation. Of 19 subjects with simple fatty livers, only three showed
      progression of liver disease: one developed perivenular fibrosis after two years;
      a second showed no progression after three years, but developed perivenular
      fibrosis after four years; the third subject likewise showed no progression after
      one year, but developed incomplete cirrhosis after six years. In contrast, of 15
      subjects with perivenular fibrosis at the time of the initial biopsy, 13
      progressed to more severe stages of liver disease during a one- to four-year
      follow-up interval. Nine developed fibrosis, one developed incomplete cirrhosis
      and three developed cirrhosis. Thus, patients with perivenular fibrosis at the
      fatty liver stage are likely to progress to more severe stages of alcoholic liver
      disease if they continue to consume alcohol.

PMID- 4009896
TI  - Association of leukemia with radium groundwater contamination.
AB  - Radiation exposure, including the ingestion of radium, has been causally
      associated with leukemia in man. Groundwater samples from 27 counties on or near
      Florida phosphate lands were found to exceed 5 pCi/L total radium in 12.4% of
      measurements. The incidence of leukemia was greater in those counties with high
      levels of radium contamination (greater than 10% of the samples contaminated)
      than in those with low levels of contamination. Rank correlation coefficients of
      .56 and .45 were observed between the radium contamination level and the
      incidence of total leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, respectively. The
      standardized incidence density ratio for those in high-contamination counties was
      1.5 for total leukemia and 2.0 for acute myeloid leukemia. Further investigation
      is necessary, however, before a causal relationship between groundwater radium
      content and human leukemia can be established.

PMID- 4009898
TI  - The physician's oath and the prevention of nuclear war.

PMID- 4009899
TI  - Cooperation not confrontation: the imperative of a nuclear age. The message from
      Budapest.

PMID- 4009900
TI  - The nuclear weapons freeze and a cancer metaphor. A physician's view.

PMID- 4009901
TI  - The logic of a university student USSR-US exchange program.

PMID- 4009903
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Drug-resistant tuberculosis among the homeless--Boston.

PMID- 4009902
TI  - Homicide, suicide, other violence gain increasing medical attention.

PMID- 4009904
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Update: Lyme disease and cases occurring during pregnancy.

PMID- 4009906
TI  - The incidence of AIDS.

PMID- 4009905
TI  - First case of AIDS in Hong Kong.

PMID- 4009907
TI  - Hepatitis and diaphragm fitting.

PMID- 4009908
TI  - The low risk of hepatitis B in rural hospitals.

PMID- 4009909
TI  - Danazol in hemophilia.

PMID- 4009910
TI  - Ocular effects of gravity inversion.

PMID- 4009911
TI  - Probable efficacy of high-dose salicylates in reducing coronary involvement in
      Kawasaki disease.
AB  - The efficacy of high-dose salicylates in reducing the coronary artery involvement
      of Kawasaki disease was compared in 36 children who received acetylsalicylic
      acid, 80 to 180 mg/kg/day, and in 18 who did not receive high-dose salicylates
      during the febrile phase of the disease and whose fever was controlled mainly
      with acetaminophen. The two groups were comparable with respect to age and body
      weight. In the acetylsalicylic acid-treated group, the dose was adjusted to meet
      the therapeutic serum concentration range (greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL).
      There were significantly more cases of coronary involvement in the nontreated
      group (50%) than in the salicylate-treated group (16.6%) and of coronary
      aneurysms (39% vs 3%). During the febrile phase of the disease, salicylate serum
      concentrations achieved with a given dose were on the average twofold lower than
      during the nonfebrile phase, owing to impaired absorption of acetylsalicylic
      acid. It is suggested that despite the difficulty in achieving therapeutic serum
      concentrations of salicylate during the febrile phase of Kawasaki disease with a
      dose as high as 100 mg/kg/day, this dose is potentially capable of preventing the
      associated coronary disease.

PMID- 4009912
TI  - Correlates of midlife career achievement among women physicians.
AB  - In the context of a longitudinal study, we explored factors contributing to
      midlife career achievement among 108 women physicians. Three groups were formed,
      based on medical specialty, specialty board certification, and professorial
      appointment. Using analysis of variance procedures, the career groups were
      compared on measures obtained during medical school and on marital status, family
      size, and three health measures in midlife. Of the youthful measures, academic
      standing, father's socioeconomic status, and early family (specifically father
      daughter) relationships were found to be associated with midlife achievement.
      Furthermore, a clear association was observed between success and good health in
      midlife. Married women formed the majority in all groups; no differences in
      family size were found. We conclude that career achievement among women
      physicians is influenced less by marriage and family size than by motivational
      and personality factors shaped in early life.

PMID- 4009913
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse. An update.

PMID- 4009914
TI  - AMA diagnostic and treatment guidelines concerning child abuse and neglect.
      Council on Scientific Affairs.
AB  - Child maltreatment is a serious and pervasive problem. Every year, more than a
      million children in the United States are abused, and between 2,000 and 5,000 die
      as a result of their injuries. Physicians are in a unique position to detect
      child abuse and neglect and are mandated by law to report such cases. These
      guidelines were developed to assist primary care physicians in the identification
      and management of the various forms of child maltreatment. A brief historical
      introduction and specific information about vulnerable families and children are
      presented. The physical and behavioral diagnostic signs of physical abuse,
      physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment are delineated.
      Information about specific techniques for interviewing the abused child and
      family, case management objectives, reporting requirements, and trends in
      treatment and prevention are also provided.

PMID- 4009916
TI  - Helping the abused child.

PMID- 4009915
TI  - Kawasaki syndrome: still a mystery after 20 years.

PMID- 4009917
TI  - Hyperkeratosis in Flegel's disease.

PMID- 4009918
TI  - Nutrition support teams--a 1983 survey.
AB  - Nutrition support teams (NST) in a variety of public and private US hospitals
      were surveyed in the spring of 1983. A mailed questionnaire elicited information
      from 521 previously identified teams. The intent was to survey the
      characteristics of hospitals with NST, the structure and function of NST and the
      attitudes of coworkers regarding NST. The questionnaire was designed to
      facilitate individual team communication of successes and admonitions regarding
      team initiation and function. Nutrition support teams from 267 of 521 (51.6%)
      hospitals responded. Teams, multidisciplinary in composition, were located most
      frequently in 200 to 500-bed private, nonprofit hospitals. Financial arrangements
      and the scope of service rendered varied. Attitudes about NST reflected some
      problems with attending physicians' skepticism, rivalry, and ignorance. Other
      hospital professionals' attitudes were reported as supportive with reservations.
      Comments, penned by 90% of respondents, indicated a solid, positive concern for
      developing nutritional expertise, productive teamwork, and support from fellow
      care-givers. Generally, NST were found to be in a period of growth and
      essentially healthy.

PMID- 4009919
TI  - Peripheral vein infusion of dextrose/amino acid solutions +/- 20% fat emulsion.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of phlebitis occurring
      during peripheral infusion of nutrient solutions with and without 20% fat
      emulsions. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1)
      dextrose/amino acids-630 mOsmol/liter; (2) dextrose/amino acids/fat emulsion-706
      mOsmol/liter; (3) dextrose/amino acids-882 mOsmol/liter and; (4) dextrose/amino
      acids/fat emulsion-983 mOsmol/liter. The peripheral infusion site was examined
      daily and the number of changes in infusion sites were recorded and the degree of
      phlebitis encountered was graded. The four groups were similar in the mean number
      of iv site changes per patient and per day. The average grade of phlebitis was
      similar (0.23-0.27 events/day) among the four groups. Infiltration occurred more
      frequently with butterfly needle while phlebitis occurred more frequently with
      plastic angiocatheters. Patients appeared to tolerate peripheral infusion with
      high osmolar solutions just as well as lower osmolar solutions. Concurrent
      infusion with a 20% fat emulsion did not alter the number of iv site changes or
      the incidence or degree of phlebitis reported and thus, did not appear to have a
      protective effect on the vein when infused with dextrose/amino acid solutions.

PMID- 4009920
TI  - Significance of hypoalbuminemia in pediatric oncology patients--malnutrition or
      infection?
AB  - Nutritional status was evaluated on 210 occasions in 90 pediatric oncology
      inpatients during a 7-month period; 39 had solid tumors and 51 leukemia. Ages
      ranged from 3 months to 20 yr. Nutritional parameters were defined as normal, "at
      risk," or "probably malnourished." Fifty-seven and 29% of assessments revealed at
      least one parameter "at risk" or "probably malnourished," respectively. Prognosis
      was negatively related to the number of abnormal nutritional parameters. Serum
      albumin was most frequently abnormal. However, on most occasions, hypoalbuminemia
      was associated with weight/height, arm muscle area, and triceps skinfold
      measurements in the normal range. In order to further identify determinants of
      serum albumin, we analyzed dietary, chemotherapy, and temperature data in 10
      prospectively studied leukemia patients, half of whom received parenteral
      nutrition. In these patients there was little relationship of serum albumin to
      chemotherapy or dietary intake. In all of these patients, especially those
      receiving total parenteral nutrition, low serum albumin was highly associated
      with fever (p less than 0.0005). We concluded that febrile illness is an
      important determinant of abnormal serum albumin concentrations. In pediatric
      cancer patients, abnormal serum albumin may more often reflect the acute
      metabolic response to fever and infection than depletion of body mass.

PMID- 4009922
TI  - Beneficial effects of fasting and low carbohydrate diet in D-lactic acidosis
      associated with short-bowel syndrome.
AB  - A case of D-lactic acidosis in an 18-yr-old man with a short bowel is reported.
      The diagnosis, suspected on clinical grounds, was confirmed by serum and urine
      levels of D-lactate. Our studies revealed that an ad libitum diet was associated
      with elevated D-lactate levels and "nothing per oral" and 10% carbohydrate diet
      regimens caused a drop in D-lactate levels. We recommend npo and low carbohydrate
      diet as preferred alternatives to antibiotics in some patients with D-lactic
      acidosis. The literature is reviewed.

PMID- 4009921
TI  - Correlation between electroencephalogram, hepatic encephalopathy grade, and
      biochemical indices in beagles with portacaval anastomosis.
AB  - The EEG, grades of hepatic encephalopathy, and biochemical indices of 16 beagles
      with portacaval anastomosis were recorded throughout their lives and correlations
      between these parameters were investigated. The degree of deterioration of some
      biochemical indices, such as the ammonia concentration, glutamate oxaloacetate
      transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the plasma, and percentage
      loss of body weight showed a progressive increase parallel to the severity of the
      hepatic encephalopathy (HE) grade (grading scale O-IV), but other biochemical
      indices such as the concentrations of aromatic or branched-chain amino acids, the
      molar ratio of branched-chain to aromatic amino acids, or the total protein
      concentration in the plasma did not show such relationship. The SW ratio, an
      index of the incidence of slow-waves in the EEG, was calculated from frequency
      distribution histograms which were obtained by frequency analyses of EEG
      recordings. A slight but significant correlation was found between the SW ratio
      and the plasma ammonia concentration. In addition, the SW ratio consistently
      increased with increase in the HE grade, although the SW ratio in HE grade IV was
      below the normal range for beagles. These results show that only the ammonia
      concentration in the plasma correlates with deterioration of the HE grade and of
      the SW ratio, suggesting that changes in ammonia concentration in the plasma
      should be of diagnostic value in assessing changes in mental state and the EEG in
      patients with liver cirrhosis. The importance of ammonia in pathogenesis of HE is
      stressed.

PMID- 4009923
TI  - Zinc deficiency in surgical patients: a clinical study.
AB  - Four stressed surgical patients who had different diseases are presented. They
      had dermatitis associated with low serum zinc levels but were not on total
      parenteral nutrition. The range of serum zinc varied between 25 and 56 mu/dl when
      first seen. All but one had hypoalbuminemia and anemia; one patient had diarrhea.
      When measured, other microelements were normal. These patients were thought to
      have zinc deficiency and all their symptoms responded favorably to oral zinc and
      nutritional support. A highlight of previous reported cases of zinc deficiency is
      presented along with a brief review of the subject. Acute stress including major
      operations will decrease the serum zinc level temporarily. Zinc deficiency may be
      the result of chronic zinc depletion caused by other conditions. Chronic leg
      ulcers are associated with low serum zinc levels and might precipitate zinc
      selectively. A zinc supplement will help in the healing of these ulcers and
      wounds in general. The possibility of an interrelationship of zinc and other
      microelements is raised but is not clear.

PMID- 4009924
TI  - Flushing of spigotted silicone central venous feeding catheters--how often?
AB  - Fourteen patients no longer requiring parenteral feeding but retaining the
      central venous feeding catheter while being assessed for adequate oral intake of
      nutrients, were included in a study to determine how long these catheters could
      be left without flushing and without becoming occluded. The catheters were left
      for between 2 and 6 days without flushing and none was occluded when tested. All
      the catheters were sterile on final withdrawal.

PMID- 4009925
TI  - An evaluation of peripheral essential amino acid infusion following major
      surgery.

PMID- 4009926
TI  - The complication rate of elective subclavian vein puncture by the novice.

PMID- 4009927
TI  - Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume and stress-strain relationship in
      children.
AB  - Diastolic pressure and volume (P-V) curves were approximately exponential and
      fitted the equation, dP/dV = aP + b, where a was left ventricular volume elastic
      constant. Stress and strain (sigma-epsilon) curves were expressed by the
      equation, d sigma/d epsilon = k sigma + c, where k was wall stiffness constant.
      These exponential curves have been fitted over the whole diastole, but
      theoretically, the mid-diastole should reflect diastolic elastic properties best.
      In the present study, therefore, special attention was paid to the mid-diastole
      in each patient, and both P-V and sigma-epsilon relationships were analyzed by
      fitting the data to the above mentioned curves during this period of time. This
      analysis was made in two separate groups of patients. One was the control group
      consisting of 2 patients with normal hearts, 2 patients with mild pulmonary
      stenosis, and 25 patients with post mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. The other
      group consisted of patients with postoperative congenital heart disease, that is,
      8 patients with atrial septal defect and 5 patients with tetralogy of Fallot. The
      elastic constant (a) could not be compared if the size of the hearts differed.
      The results of the present study, however, demonstrated that the size of the
      heart was closely related to the constant, a. In the control group, the constant
      (a) was exponentially related to the size of the heart, and expressed as follows:
      a = 0.30e-0.037EDV + 0.045 (r = 0.94, p less than 0.01) In contrast, the wall
      stiffness constant (k) was not related to the size of the heart. After surgical
      repair of congenital heart disease, the stiffness constant in the left ventricle
      was normal in patients with postoperative atrial septal defect, while it was
      significantly increased in patients with postoperative tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 4009928
TI  - Effects of nifedipine and diltiazem on hemodynamic responses at rest and during
      exercise in hypertensive patients.
AB  - Twelve patients with uncomplicated systemic hypertension were treated with
      nifedipine (30 mg/day) and diltiazem (180 mg/day) for 1 month each, and performed
      two stage (50 watt and 100 watt) of bicycle ergometer exercise before and after
      each period of administration. Both drugs produced significant reduction in
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and during exercise, while the mean
      values of systolic blood pressure tended to be less with nifedipine than with
      diltiazem. Nifedipine caused a nonsignificant increase in heart rate at rest and
      during exercise, but diltiazem significantly decreased it at rest and during
      exercise. Cardiac output was significantly increased at rest and during mild
      exercise (50 watt), but not during more strenuous exercise (100 watt) with both
      drugs. Thus, different actions in arterial vasodilation and chronotropism between
      nifedipine and diltiazem in usual clinical doses were noted. However, nifedipine
      and diltiazem may be effective in hypertensive patients, probably with left
      ventricular dysfunction, because both drugs reduced systemic blood pressure even
      during exercise with simultaneous increase in cardiac output at rest and during
      mild exercise.

PMID- 4009929
TI  - Comparison of coronary hemodynamic and cardiac metabolic alterations during
      coronary artery spasm associated with ST segment elevation or depression.
AB  - Coronary vasospasms are usually indicated by ST elevation or depression in the
      electrocardiogram (ECG). To test the hypothesis that ST elevation represents more
      severe myocardial ischemia than does ST depression, we determined the coronary
      sinus blood flow (CSBF) and the transcardiac lactate extraction ratio (LER) in 19
      selected patients who had focal vasospasms in the left anterior descending
      artery. In 10 patients, ergonovine (0.11 +/- 0.02 mg, mean +/- SEM) provoked
      severe (total or subtotal) coronary vasospasm with ST elevation. Under these
      conditions, CSBF significantly decreased (from 97 +/- 8 ml/min to 79 +/- 5
      ml/min, p less than 0.01) with a marked reduction in LER (from 29 +/- 5% to -14
      +/- 6%, p less than 0.01). In contrast, 10 vasospastic events with ST depression
      after ergonovine (0.15 +/- 0.04 mg, NS) were recognized as mild spastic narrowing
      or severe spasms with well developed collateral circulation. Alteration of CSBF
      was significant in only a few patients and the overall CSBF response was non
      significant (from 106 +/- 12 ml/min to 103 +/- 13 ml/min). The reduction in LER
      in this group was less pronounced than those in patients with ST elevation (p
      less than 0.05). These results indicate that coronary vasospasm with ST elevation
      may be related to the more pronounced reduction in coronary blood flow
      accompanied by more severe myocardial ischemia. Such observations may support the
      contention that some ischemic events associated with ST elevation or depression
      can be interpreted as a continuous spectrum of vasospastic disorders.

PMID- 4009930
TI  - Changes in hemodynamics with advancing age in conscious spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The changes of hemodynamics were measured in spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR) of increasing ages. Male SHR and Wistar rats of the Kyoto strain (WKY) at
      4, 12, 24 and 48 weeks of age were used. The right jugular vein and the left
      femoral artery were cannulated and a thermistor was placed in the ascending
      aorta. After 24-hour rest, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and
      cardiac output (CO) were measured. The ratio of left ventricular weight (LVMI) of
      4 week-old SHR had already increased significantly when compared to WKY. The HR
      in 4-week-old SHR was significantly higher than WKY. The increased HR in young
      SHR indicates the hypersensitivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Increased
      CO in 4 week-old SHR was due to high HR. The ratio of heart work to left
      ventricular mass (HW/LVM) of SHR at all age groups was not different from that of
      WKY, although the ratio of heart work to body weight (HWI) had a tendency to rise
      in SHR as compared to that in WKY. Our conclusion is that the development of LVM
      adapts to HW.

PMID- 4009931
TI  - Septal myocardial abscess and infectious pericarditis in a case of bacterial
      endocarditis.
AB  - A case of acute aortic valve endocarditis is reported, in which the complications
      of pericarditis and myocardial abscess were diagnosed clinically. Two dimensional
      and M-mode echocardiography showed large echo-free spaces and a marked thickening
      of the interventricular septum which had not been detected previously, suggesting
      pericardial effusion and myocardial abscess. This is the first case in Japan to
      our knowledge, in which the pericarditis and myocardial abscess were detected
      preoperatively and successfully treated surgically.

PMID- 4009932
TI  - Recurrent ectopic junctional tachycardia in Ebstein's anomaly. Case report of a
      67-year-old man.
AB  - We reported the case of a 67-year-old man with Ebstein's anomaly, the oldest
      patient with this disease in Japan as far as we know. His condition was often
      accompanied by ectopic junctional tachycardia with isorhythmic AV dissociation,
      which made him complain of palpitation by elevating right intra-atrial pressure.
      Although enhanced automaticity was the most likely mechanism of this tachycardia,
      it was abruptly initiated and terminated by a single premature contraction.
      Because this interesting character can not be explained solely by the usual ideas
      of automaticity, we suggest that ectopic junctional tachycardia in the present
      case may somewhat resemble the phenomenon of triggered automaticity.

PMID- 4009933
TI  - [Concentrations of catecholamines in CSF and plasma, and cardiovascular effects
      following epidural administration of 2 mg epinephrine].

PMID- 4009934
TI  - [Permeability of the cerebral blood vessels of the rat with posthypoxic brain
      edema].

PMID- 4009935
TI  - [Effect of electrical acupuncture on thyroid function during neuroleptic
      anesthesia in man].

PMID- 4009936
TI  - [Effect of varying FIO2 on pulmonary oxygenation indices--a computer simulation
      applied to well-known lung models].

PMID- 4009937
TI  - [Pneumonia during long term mechanical ventilation].

PMID- 4009938
TI  - [Changes of serum immunoglobulin and complement levels during and after open
      heart surgery].

PMID- 4009939
TI  - [The effects of verapamil on the neuromuscular transmission in rats].

PMID- 4009940
TI  - [R-R interval variations and autonomic nervous function under general
      anesthesia].

PMID- 4009941
TI  - [Effects of rapid infusion on renal excretion--comparisons between maintenance
      salt solution and lactated Ringer's solution and between racemic lactated
      solution and L-lactated one].

PMID- 4009942
TI  - [Emergency anesthesia of a patient with acute myocardial infarction complicated
      with perforation of the ventricular septum].

PMID- 4009943
TI  - [High-dose fentanyl anesthesia in a pregnant patient with Eisenmenger's
      syndrome].

PMID- 4009944
TI  - [The present state of manpower in anesthesiology (1) ].

PMID- 4009945
TI  - [Clinical studies on cefoxitin in the field of obstetrics and gynecology].
AB  - Clinical studies were done on cefoxitin (CFX), the first cephamycin antibiotic,
      in the field of obstetrics and gynecology and following results were obtained.
      CFX was administrated by intravenous drip infusion for average 6.9 days at a
      daily dose of 2--6 g to 58 patients; 15 with intrauterine infections, 5 with
      intrapelvic infections, 11 with adnexitis, 3 with mastitis, 5 with urinary tract
      infections, 2 with other infections and 17 for prophylaxis of postoperative
      infections. The clinical results were excellent in 8 cases, good in 39 cases,
      fair in 4 cases, poor in 6 cases and unknown in 1 case, with the efficacy of
      82.5%. Total bacteriological effective rate was 88.9%. As to side effects,
      eruption was observed only in 1 case. From the results of the present study, the
      usefulness of CFX was demonstrated in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.

PMID- 4009946
TI  - [Study on the transfer of cefroxadine to human tears].
AB  - A comparative study to determine the transfer of cefroxadine (CXD), an oral
      cephem antibiotic, to the human tears was undertaken using cephalexin (CEX) as
      the control drug. The mean tear levels of 250 mg each of CXD and CEX after oral
      administration in 6 volunteers were equally peaked at 0.26 micrograms/ml with CXD
      after 1 to 2 hours and with CEX after 2 hours. The changes of tear levels were
      also equal for both drugs. The ratios between the tear and the blood levels at 2
      hours after oral administration were almost equal with 4.1% for CXD and 3.7% for
      CEX. From the above evidence it has been confirmed that the both drugs were
      equivalent with regard to the concentration profiles in human tears after oral
      medication.

PMID- 4009947
TI  - [Laboratory and clinical studies on BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid -amoxicillin)
      granules in the pediatric field].
AB  - Laboratory and clinical studies on BRL 25000 granules (containing clavulanic acid
      (CVA) 1 part plus amoxicillin (AMPC) 2 parts) were performed in infections in the
      pediatric field. Following oral administration of BRL 25000 granules at a dose of
      15 mg/kg body weight, the maximum serum levels of AMPC and CVA achieved
      approximately 1 hour after dosing were 8.68 micrograms/ml and 4.09 micrograms/ml
      and declined thereafter with half-lives of 1.39 and 0.80 hours, respectively. The
      6-hour urinary recovery rates for AMPC and CVA were 55.81% and 26.08%,
      respectively. Following oral administration of BRL 25000 granules at a dose of
      22.5 and 24.3 mg/kg body weight, the serum levels of AMPC and CVA peaked at 7.37
      micrograms/ml and 2.98 micrograms/ml after 1 hour and declined with half-lives of
      2.52 and 0.99 hours, respectively. The 6-hour urinary recovery rates for AMPC and
      CVA were 40.02% and 13.95%, respectively. The clinical efficacy of BRL 25000
      granules was evaluated in 23 patients with upper respiratory tract infections,
      skin infections, etc. Overall the clinical efficacy was good to excellent in
      21/23 (91.3%). The bacteriological and clinical efficacy rates for beta-lactamase
      producing bacteria and non-producing bacteria were 50% (1/2) and 100% (12/12),
      respectively. Side effects were observed in 1 patient, who experienced mild
      diarrhea and abdominal pain but not of a severe nature.

PMID- 4009948
TI  - [Clinical experience with BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin) granules in
      pediatric infections].
AB  - BRL 25000 granules containing amoxicillin 2 parts and clavulanic acid 1 part,
      were administered to 14 patients with pediatric infections. The overall efficacy
      rate was 71.4% (10/14). An adverse reaction was observed in 1 case with diarrhea,
      but there were no other side effects or abnormal laboratory findings noted.

PMID- 4009949
TI  - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of the BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid
      amoxicillin) granules in the pediatric field].
AB  - BRL 25000 granules containing 2 parts amoxicillin and 1 part potassium
      clavulanate were administered to children suffering from acute infections at a
      daily dose of 50 mg/kg in 3 or 4 divided doses for at least 3 days. Infections
      included acute airway infections (81), scarlet fever and suspected scarlet fever
      (4), urinary tract infections (4), impetigo contagiosa (1) and acute colitis (1).
      Bacteria were eradicated in 91.3% (63/69) of cases treated with the BRL 25000
      granules, with only 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 2 of Escherichia coli, 1
      of Haemophilus influenzae and 1 of Streptococcus pneumoniae remaining. Eight beta
      lactamase producing strains were detected amongst the 49 clinical isolates
      studied and of these, 6 were eradicated after administration of the BRL 25000
      granules. Good clinical efficacy was obtained in 97.8% of cases (89/91), with 1
      case of acute tonsillitis and 1 of acute colitis showing no improvement. Adverse
      reactions were limited to 1 case of vomiting and 3 of diarrhea, and no abnormal
      laboratory findings were detected.

PMID- 4009950
TI  - [Experimental and clinical studies of BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin)
      granules in the field of pediatrics].
AB  - BRL 25000 granules, a formulation consisting of amoxicillin (AMPC) and clavulanic
      acid (CVA), was evaluated in the field of pediatrics. In a pharmacokinetic study,
      serum concentrations were determined in a patient after oral administration of
      BRL 25000 granules in the non-fasting state at a dose of 11.76 mg/kg. The serum
      levels of amoxicillin (AMPC) and clavulanic acid (CVA) 1 hour after
      administration were 7.76 micrograms/ml and 6.64 micrograms/ml, with biological
      half-lives of 0.86 hour and 0.88 hour respectively. The serum concentration
      profile at a dose of 31.58 mg/kg showed almost the same tendency as at 11.76
      mg/kg, although the peak level and biological half-life of the serum
      concentrations were not obtained. These serum levels and their peak levels were
      considered reasonable compared with those obtained in adults at similar dose
      levels. In clinical studies, 34 patients were evaluated including 8 patients with
      acute pharyngitis or acute tonsillitis, 1 patient with acute bronchitis, 1
      patient with bronchopneumonia, 23 patients with scarlet fever and 1 patient with
      pertussis. BRL 25000 granules were administered orally 3-4 times per day for 4-8
      days to 2 patients at doses of 20 approximately less than 30 mg/kg/day, to 18
      patients at doses of 30 approximately less than 40 mg/kg/day, to 11 patients at
      doses of 40 less than approximately 50 mg/kg/day, and to 3 patients at doses of
      50-60 mg/kg/day. The clinical response was assessed excellent in 13 cases and
      good in 21 cases giving an overall clinical efficacy rate of 100% (34/34). The
      causative organisms were isolated in 17 cases and included 12 strains of
      Streptococcus group A, 2 S. pneumoniae, 3 H. influenzae and 1 H.
      parainfluenzae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4009951
TI  - [Experimental and clinical studies on BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin)
      granules in the pediatric field].
AB  - Fundamental and clinical studies on BRL 25000 granules, containing 2 parts
      amoxicillin (AMPC) and 1 part clavulanic acid (CVA) (a beta-lactamase inhibitor)
      were carried out in the pediatric field. Serum concentrations and urinary
      excretion rates were determined after oral administration of BRL 25000 granules
      at a dose of 20 mg/kg to 2 children. The mean peak serum concentrations of AMPC
      and CVA were 4.89 and 2.85 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after administration, with
      serum half-lives (T 1/2) of 1.15 and 0.89 hours respectively. Mean cumulative
      urinary excretion rates of AMPC and CVA in the 6 hours after administration were
      24.91% and 10.19%, respectively. BRL 25000 granules were also administered at
      daily doses of 25.1-60.4 mg/kg in 3 divided doses, to 20 pediatric patients with
      bacterial infections (4 acute tonsillitis, 2 acute pharyngitis, 3 suspected
      scarlet fever, 3 acute bronchitis, 8 urinary tract infection). The efficacy rate
      was 100% clinically and 70% bacteriologically. No adverse reactions were
      observed, however, abnormal laboratory findings were observed in 4 cases (slight
      elevation of GOT in 2, GPT in 1, eosinophilia in 1).

PMID- 4009952
TI  - [Laboratory and clinical studies of BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin)
      granules in the pediatric field].
AB  - The authors have carried out laboratory and clinical studies on the BRL 25000
      granule (containing 2 parts amoxicillin and 1 part clavulanic acid). The
      antibacterial activity of BRL 25000 against 29 clinically isolated strains of S.
      aureus, 30 E. coli and 30 K. pneumoniae were measured by the agar dilution method
      using an inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. beta-Lactamase production was detected
      by the Nitrocefin method. The MICs of BRL 25000 against S. aureus ranged from 0.2
      approximately 12.5 micrograms/ml, with the majority of strains being inhibited by
      1.56 micrograms/ml or less. Seven beta-lactamase producing strains of S. aureus
      were all inhibited by less than 12.5 micrograms/ml. The range against E. coli was
      1.56 approximately 100 micrograms/ml, with the majority inhibited by 6.25
      micrograms/ml or less. Fifteen beta-lactamase producing strains of E. coli were
      inhibited by 6.25 approximately 100 micrograms/ml and the majority by 25
      micrograms/ml or less. All strains of K. pneumoniae were beta-lactamase producers
      and the MIC distribution against K. pneumoniae was 1.56 approximately 50
      micrograms/ml, with a majority inhibited by 3.13 micrograms/ml or less, 96% of
      strains, were inhibited by less than 6.25 micrograms/ml. Against K. pneumoniae,
      BRL 25000 showed a 8 to 16-fold superiority when compared with AMPC. In a
      pharmacokinetic study, BRL 25000 granules were orally administered to children in
      the fasting state at single doses of 7.5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg. The peak serum
      levels of AMPC were 6.13 and 6.94 micrograms/ml approximately 1 hour after
      administration and decreased with half-lives of 1.08 and 0.97 hours,
      respectively. The corresponding serum levels of CVA were 1.16 and 1.90
      micrograms/ml at 1 hour after administration, with half-lives of 0.99 and 0.87
      hour, respectively. In clinical studies, the BRL 25000 granule was effective in
      39 cases of bacterial infection out of a total of 41 treated. Side effects were
      limited to 2 cases of diarrhea and minor changes in laboratory findings were
      elevation of serum GOT (1 case), elevation of serum GPT (1 case), and
      eosinophilia (2 cases).

PMID- 4009953
TI  - A new method for assessing ventriculoatrial conduction in the human heart.
AB  - The presence or absence of ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction in the human heart is
      assessed by investigating whether 1:1 retrograde atrial capture is observed
      during constant cycle length ventricular pacing. In this study, a new pacing
      protocol for assessing VA conduction was designed in which the ventricular
      extrastimulus was delivered during basic ventricular and atrial simultaneous
      pacing (VE-VASP method). The effect of this pacing protocol on VA conduction was
      investigated in 12 patients who showed no evidence of VA conduction with the
      constant cycle length ventricular pacing method. In 5 of 12 patients, intact VA
      conduction was demonstrated with the VE-VASP method, while VA conduction was not
      observed in the remaining 7 patients. These results suggest that VE-VASP method
      sometimes demonstrates the presence of intact VA conduction in patients who show
      no evidence of VA conduction during constant cycle length ventricular pacing.

PMID- 4009954
TI  - A comparative study of sinoatrial conduction time with therapeutic doses of
      antiarrhythmic agents in isolated cross-perfused canine atria.
AB  - The effects of therapeutic doses of antiarrhythmic drugs (12 mg/Kg of
      procainamide, 2 mg/Kg of disopyramide and 0.2 mg/Kg of propranolol) on sinus
      cycle length (SCL), sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) estimated by a constant
      atrial pacing technique, and atrial developed tension (DT) were measured in
      isolated canine atria cross-perfused with heparinized arterial blood from donor
      dogs as well as on mean systemic blood pressure (SBP) and on heart rate (HR) in
      those dogs. Procainamide, which produced hypotension and bradycardia in the donor
      dog, did not change SACT significantly, although it increased SCL and decreased
      DT in the isolated atrium. However, disopyramide raising SBP slightly (but not
      significantly) and decreasing HR in the donor dog produced a significant
      prolongation of SACT and SCL and reduction of DT in the isolated atrium.
      Propranolol caused slight but insignificant hypotension and long-lasting
      bradycardia in the donor dog, accompanied by a significant increase in SCL and
      SACT, and decrease in DT in the isolated canine atrium. We concluded that SACT
      was significantly increased by a therapeutic dose of propranolol and disopyramide
      but was not altered by that of procainamide.

PMID- 4009955
TI  - Hemothorax due to rupture of a benign thymoma.
AB  - Non-traumatic hemothorax is rare and in the case we report was due to rupture of
      a benign thymoma. The clinical course of the patient suggested rapid
      intrathoracic bleeding and emergency surgery was required to make the correct
      diagnosis.

PMID- 4009956
TI  - An adult case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
AB  - A forty-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of dizziness,
      palpitations and an oppressive feeling in the precordium. Physical examination
      was normal. A chest roentgenogram revealed mild cardiomegaly and the
      electrocardiogram showed ventricular tachycardia of a left bundle branch block
      configuration which was terminated by the intravenous injection of procainamide.
      During sinus rhythm the electrocardiogram showed incomplete right bundle branch
      block, PQ prolongation and inverted T waves in leads V1 through V3. Two
      dimensional echocardiography revealed only moderate right ventricular dilatation.
      Right ventricular angiography showed severe right ventricular dilatation and
      hypokinesis of the right ventricular apex and pulmonary artery infundibulum. From
      these characteristics signs we concluded that this adult patient had
      arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), suggesting that this condition
      is not confined to children but may occur in adults as well.

PMID- 4009957
TI  - Ambulatory electrocardiograms obtained by Holter monitoring system in patients
      with permanent demand pacemakers.
AB  - Ventricular inhibited demand pacemakers (VVI) were implanted in 27 patients with
      complete A-V block and pacemaker arrhythmias were analyzed by Holter system
      ambulatory electrocardiograms and conventional electrocardiograms. With Holter
      ECG, 13 patients showed myopotential inhibition, 5 patients had sensing failure
      and premature ventricular contractions (PVC) were observed in all patients. On
      the contrary, myopotential inhibition and sensing failure were not detected by
      conventional ECG and the detection rate of PVC was only 30%. The transient
      recovery of A-V conduction was observed in 14 of 27 patients with Holter ECG, but
      was not detected by conventional ECG. The Holter system ambulatory
      electrocardiogram clearly demonstrated the complex cardiac arrhythmias.
      Therefore, it is useful for monitoring arrhythmias caused by VVI pacemakers.

PMID- 4009958
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous adenosine triphosphate disodium on the
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias.
AB  - We studied the electrophysiologic effects of intravenous adenosine triphosphate
      disodium (ATP-2Na) on 15 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias
      (PSVTs). One patient had sinus node (SN) reentry and 2 patients had intraatrial
      (IA) reentry. Five patients had AV nodal reentry and 7 patients had
      atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias (AVRTs) with accessory pathways (APs).
      ATP-2Na was injected during ventricular pacing (VP) in patients with AVRTs with
      APs. A bolus injection of ATP-2Na terminated all the PSVTs within 40 sec except
      in one case of IA reentry. The sites of block at the termination were the atrium
      in SN reentry and IA reentry, between A and H (AH) block or between H and A (HA)
      block in AV nodal reentry and AH block in all the AVRTs with APs. ATP-2Na during
      VP in patients with AVRTs with APs produced the changes of atrial activation
      sequences in 3 patients, induction of PSVT in 2 patients and a Mobitz type II VA
      block in 2 patients. The former two phenomena suggested a retrograde AV nodal
      block and raised the possibility of a simple test for retrograde atrial fusion
      during VP in patients with WPW syndrome. Chest discomfort of short duration was
      most commonly noted after ATP-2Na. Inosine pretreatment potentiated the effects
      of ATP-2Na. This combination may further alleviate the side effects of ATP-2Na,
      while preserving the effective action of ATP-2Na for rapid termination of PSVTs.

PMID- 4009959
TI  - Exercise capacity correlating to exercise hemodynamics in coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Forty-seven patients with coronary artery disease characterized by angina
      pectoris and/or old myocardial infarction underwent two maximal exercise tests,
      the supine ergometer test and the upright treadmill test, to study the
      relationship between exercise capacity and exercise hemodynamics. Subjects were
      divided into 3 groups: Group I (n = 19) achieved 25 or 50 watts, Group II (n =
      15) achieved 75 watts and Group III (n = 13) achieved 100 or 125 watts. During
      ergometer exercise, the mean pulmonary capillary pressure elevated by 25.3 +/-
      8.3 mmHg in Group I, 20.8 +/- 8.8 mmHg in Group II and 12.0 +/- 8.4 mmHg in Group
      III; the Group III value was significantly smaller than the other groups. The
      stroke volume index decreased by 3.6 +/- 8.8 ml/m2 in Group I, and increased by
      10.9 +/- 8.7 ml/m2 in Group II and 10.7 +/- 14.7 ml/m2 in Group III. Thus, the
      impaired exercise capacity correlated with the abnormal exercise hemodynamics and
      its severity. In addition, the exercise capacity in the treadmill test was
      comparable to that in the ergometer test. It was concluded that the impaired
      exercise capacity in the both supine and upright exercise tests was well related
      to the development of abnormal exercise hemodynamics in patients with coronary
      artery disease.

PMID- 4009960
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of digoxin on congestive heart failure in old myocardial
      infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, acute myocardial infarction and mitral
      stenosis.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of digoxin (0.01 mg/Kg) on congestive heart failure were
      compared in 32 patients with old myocardial infarction (OMI) (n = 9), dilated
      cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n = 10), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (n = 5) and
      mitral stenosis (MS) (n = 8). The responses of heart rate (HR) and pulmonary
      capillary pressure (PCP) to digoxin in OMI, DCM and MS were marked but different
      in each of these groups and no significant changes were found in patients with
      AMI. The responses of cardiac index (CI) to digoxin in patients with OMI and DCM
      in whom left ventricular myocardial contractile force was impaired were divided
      into 2 groups (Group 1: CI increased more than 15% and Group 2: less than 15%).
      In Group 1, both CI and percent fractional shortening (%FS) before digoxin
      administration were lower than in Group 2, i.e., 1.97 +/- 0.27 vs 2.80 +/- 0.48
      L/min/m2 (p less than 0.001) and 10.9 +/- 8.0 vs 19.5 +/- 11.9% (p less than
      0.05), respectively. In MS, CI increased after digoxin administration only in the
      2 patients with low CI and rapid HR in the control state. These results indicate
      that the mode of hemodynamic response to digoxin is considerably different in
      various diseases. They further suggest that digoxin should not be used in the
      early phase of AMI, although digoxin was of great clinical benefit in patients
      with OMI and DCM through such mechanisms as its positive inotropic and negative
      chronotropic effects and lowering of PCP.

PMID- 4009961
TI  - The giant R wave of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The common clinical electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of acute
      transmural myocardial infarction include ST segment elevation and tall, upright T
      waves, but do not include changes in QRS morphology. The purpose of this study
      was to show that development of a 50% or greater increase in R wave amplitude,
      the giant R wave, in patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction occurs,
      and also to characterize changes in QRS morphology which may aid the ECG
      diagnosis of acute transmural myocardial infarction. Over the past 6 years, 36
      patients with an increase in R wave amplitude during acute transmural myocardial
      infarction were identified at the Strong Memorial Hospital Coronary Care Unit. A
      significant increase in R wave height (0.33 +/- 0.10 to 0.97 +/- 0.08 mV, p less
      than 0.05), width (0.03 +/- 0.00 to 0.08 +/- 0.01, p less than 0.05) and area
      (0.01 +/- 0.00 to 0.05 +/- 0.01 mV-msec, p less than 0.05) appeared in the same
      ECG lead demonstrating ST segment elevation and tall T waves during the acute
      phase of transmural myocardial infarction. Patients with diaphragmatic myocardial
      infarction showed a significant (p less than 0.05) rightward QRS frontal plane
      axis shift and patients with anterior wall myocardial infarctions developed an
      anterior QRS axis shift in the horizontal plane during occurrence of the giant R
      wave. We conclude from this preliminary study that the giant R wave may be
      observed during acute transmural myocardial infarction and may in part be caused
      by local intramyocardial conduction delay in acutely ischemic tissue as supported
      by an increase in the R wave width along with shifts in the frontal and
      horizontal plane QRS axis toward the area of acute ischemia. The giant R wave
      occurs in conjunction with ST segment elevation and tall T waves and may aid the
      ECG diagnosis of acute transmural myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4009962
TI  - Alterations in myocardial perfusion during painless ST-segment depression in
      patients with angina pectoris.
AB  - In order to determine whether painless ST changes represent myocardial ischemia,
      we studied regional myocardial perfusion in patients with angina pectoris who
      showed painless ST-segment depression during a treadmill exercise test. Twenty
      one patients were evaluated by myocardial imaging using thallium-201 injected
      intravenously during exercise when painless ST-segment depression was evident.
      The same examination was repeated in 5 of the above patients when they showed ST
      segment depression with chest pain. Myocardial images obtained during painless ST
      segment depression revealed perfusion defects in 15 of 21 patients (71%). Images
      obtained during ST-segment depression with chest pain showed perfusion defects in
      all 5 patients (100%) including 3 patients who demonstrated no defects during
      painless ST-segment depression. In these 5 patients, the ST-segment depression
      associated with pain was significantly greater than that without pain (3.4 +/-
      1.1 vs 2.1 +/- 1.1 mm, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that the majority
      of episodes of painless ST-segment depression occurring during exercise are
      accompanied by regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities and that transient
      painless ST-segment depression in patients with angina pectoris might represent
      less severe myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 4009963
TI  - Coronary spasm and allergy. Retrospective study of the incidence of allergic
      history in patients with variant angina.
AB  - Despite a large number of papers concerning coronary spasm, its mechanism still
      remains unsolved. Several cases have been reported in which coronary spasm was
      triggered by allergy. Since histamine is one of the causative substances released
      in allergic reactions, we speculated on some involvement of an allergic mechanism
      in the pathogenesis of coronary spasm. We retrospectively examined by
      questionnaire the incidence of allergic history in patients with variant angina
      (n = 47) and compared it with that in patients with non-ischemic heart diseases
      (n = 83). We could not find any relationship between coronary spasm and allergy.
      Furthermore, we have not experienced any case in which myocardial ischemia was
      provoked by an allergic reaction. Accordingly, allergy could not be a major cause
      of coronary spasm in our present experience.

PMID- 4009964
TI  - An impedance cardiographic study of the mechanism of blood pressure fall after
      moderate dietary sodium restriction.
AB  - Impedance cardiography was performed on 13 free-living subjects to determine the
      mechanism which ties modest sodium restriction to a reduction in blood pressure.
      During salt restriction intervention, significant decreases in systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure (6 and 7 mmHg) were observed associated with mild
      reduction in urinary sodium excretion from 176 to 85 mmol/day. The impedance
      cardiogram demonstrated a significant decrease in stroke volume (12 ml), which
      was related to a fall in diastolic pressure (r = 0.59, p less than 0.05). In the
      further analysis of individual parameters in Kubicek's formula calculating stroke
      volume, thoracic impedance (Zo/L) showed a significant increase during salt
      restriction and a change (delta) in ln L/Zo related significantly to delta ln
      diastolic pressure in linear multiple regression analysis. As thoracic impedance
      has been reported to reflect intrathoracic fluid content, a decrease in
      extracellular fluid volume was suggested as a possible mechanism of the fall in
      blood pressure even with modest sodium restriction.

PMID- 4009966
TI  - Origin of Aschoff nodule. An ultrastructural, light microscopic and histochemical
      evaluation.
AB  - Excised left atrial appendages were subjected to light and electron microscopy
      and histochemical analysis. Aschoff nodules (AN) showed strong acid phosphatase
      and nonspecific esterase activity. Ultrastructurally, the Aschoff cells had
      several features of fibroblasts and epithelioid cells. Rough endoplasmic
      reticulum (RER) was striking in most cells. Dilated cisterns of RER containing
      homogeneous material were also frequent. Mitochondria and ribosomes were present.
      AN thus seem to arise from mesenchymal tissues of the heart. It is likely that
      cross-reactivity between streptococcal antigen and myocardial connective tissue
      causes the cardiac histocyte/macrophage to transform to cells having features of
      epithelioid cells and/or fibroblasts.

PMID- 4009965
TI  - Slow-release nifedipine versus placebo in the treatment of arterial hypertension.
      A double blind ergometric evaluation of cardiac workload.
AB  - The effects of slow-release nifedipine on blood pressure and cardiac workload
      have been studied during bicycle exercise testing in a randomized, double blind
      trial in 20 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. After a fortnight's wash
      out, patients were allocated to either slow-release nifedipine (20 mg twice
      daily) or placebo for a 2-month period. At baseline and at the end of treatment
      blood pressure and heart rate were measured at rest and during ergometric
      exercise; cardiac workload was calculated as the product of systolic blood
      pressure by heart rate. Significant decreases in blood pressure at rest and in
      cardiac workload on exercise were demonstrated at the end of nifedipine
      treatment. The reduction of cardiac workload was mainly due to the lower baseline
      values of resting blood pressure. Heart rate showed a reduction of its increase
      during ergometric exercise at the end of nifedipine treatment as compared to
      baseline, likely due to an improvement in stroke volume.

PMID- 4009967
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of renal vascular lesions in hypertensive patients.
AB  - This study examined the immunohistochemical findings in renal arterioles from
      biopsy specimens, and related the findings to those of light and electron
      microscopy. The renal biopsy specimens were obtained from 57 normotensive
      patients with primary glomerular diseases or idiopathic hematuria, 14
      hypertensive patients with associated primary glomerular diseases, 4 patients
      with essential hypertension and 1 with primary aldosteronism. The tissue slices
      for the immunohistochemical study were processed with FITC-labelled rabbit
      antihuman immunoglobulin antisera. Deposits of IgM were detected on the renal
      arterioles in 16 of the hypertensive patients (84%), but in only 7 of the
      normotensive patients (12%). The difference in incidence was significant (p less
      than 0.005). C3 was almost always deposited in the renal arterioles regardless of
      whether the patient was hypertensive or normotensive. IgG, IgA or fibrinogen were
      demonstrated only in a few cases, and albumin in no cases. When sections stained
      with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-IgM antibody were compared under a
      light microscope with the adjacent PAS-stained sections, it was demonstrated that
      IgM was deposited only in the portions of the arteriolar walls which showed
      hyalinotic changes. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that electron
      dense deposits in the subendothelial or intercellular spaces of arteriolar walls
      were more frequent in the hypertensive patients (11 of 14 cases, 79%) than in the
      normotensive patients (5 of 18 cases, 28%, p less than 0.05). The deposits
      appeared to be similar to those which are often found in the glomeruli of
      patients with glomerulonephritis and which are considered to be immune complexes.
      These findings suggest that some immunologic mechanism mediated by IgM antibody
      might be a factor in the development of hypertensive vascular lesions.

PMID- 4009968
TI  - The effects of myocardial perfusion with perfluorochemical substances.
AB  - The effects of coronary arterial perfusion with a perfluorochemical substance
      (perfluorotributylamine) on the segmental myocardium of the beating heart were
      studied in 12 open chest anesthetized dogs. Following 10 min of left anterior
      descending coronary artery occlusion, perfusion of the coronary artery with the
      perfluorochemical returned myocardial function and metabolism toward control
      states, although myocardial diastolic properties as well as coronary venous PCO2
      and lactate were not restored completely within 7 min after reperfusion.
      Perfluorochemicals may be of clinical importance in protecting the ischemic
      myocardium because of their oxygen carrying capacity together with favorable
      physiochemical properties for protection of the microcirculation.

PMID- 4009969
TI  - The effects of mexiletine on action potential duration and its restitution in
      guinea pig ventricular muscles.
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of mexiletine-induced changes in action potential
      duration (APD), we studied the effects of mexiletine (2 micrograms/ml) on APD at
      0 mV (APD0mV) and 90% (APD90%) repolarization and on restitution of premature
      responses in guinea pig ventricular muscle at three extracellular potassium
      concentrations [( K]0) and three stimulation rates using standard microelectrode
      techniques. The rates at which APD0mV and APD90% were shortened by mexiletine (S
      APD0mV and S-APD90%) expressed as percent change from control were most
      pronounced at [K]0 = 5.4 mM. The percent changes at the three concentrations were
      5.0 +/- 2.1% at a [K]0 of 2.7 mM, 6.0 +/- 3.2% at 5.4 mM and 1.8 +/- 1.2% at 10.0
      mM for S-APD0mV and 2.0 +/- 1.9%, 4.7 +/- 2.0% and 1.3 +/- 1.5% for S-APD90% at
      the same concentrations, respectively. S-APD0mV and S-APD90% were more markedly
      affected when stimulated at a frequency of 1 Hz than when stimulated at 0.2 or
      0.5 Hz. Mexiletine failed to produce any additional APD shortening beyond that
      produced by the introduction of tetrodotoxin (2.5 X 10(-6) M). Mexiletine and
      tetrodotoxin did not influence APD restitution that fitted a single exponential
      curve. We conclude that the shortening of APD by mexiletine results from
      inhibition of a tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current.

PMID- 4009970
TI  - Effects of pantethine on action potential of canine papillary muscle during
      hypoxic perfusion.
AB  - Pantethine, which is known to be converted to coenzyme A, has been reported to
      have antiarrhythmic action on experimental cardiac arrhythmias. Using standard
      microelectrode techniques, the electrophysiological effects of pantethine under
      hypoxic (95% N2 + 5% CO2) perfusion were studied. Hypoxia decreased resting
      membrane potential, action potential amplitude and maximum velocity of phase 0
      and shortened action potential duration and effective refractory period.
      Application of pantethine 5 X 10(-3) Gm/ml under hypoxic perfusion prolonged
      action potential duration and effective refractory period significantly.
      Prolongation of action potential duration by pantethine might be caused by an
      increase in intracellular ATP. The findings in this study could be an explanation
      of the possible antiarrhythmic effects of pantethine.

PMID- 4009971
TI  - [Radiation therapy for primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck].
AB  - Thirty-seven previously untreated cases of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the
      head and neck were treated at our department from September 1977 through January
      1983. The survival rate at three years by stage was 84% in stage I, 44% in stage
      II and 0% in stage III and IV. Stage, T- and B-cell markers, initial primary
      site, the level of lymph node involvement (UICC, 1978) and number were important
      prognostic factors. Chemotherapy in the pre- or post-radiation period was
      essential, especially in stage II. It was proved that adequacy of radiation
      portals with special reference to anatomical considerations was necessary.

PMID- 4009972
TI  - [Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix].
AB  - During the period between 1972 and 1978, 226 patients were operated on for
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix at Hiroshima University, and 91 patients were
      treated by postoperative external irradiation. Patients with lymph node
      metastasis showed markedly lower five-year survival rates stage I: 44.4%; stage
      II: 45.0%) than those without lymph node metastasis (99.3% and 84.0%,
      respectively). In view of benefits of postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment
      of cervical cancer, only to the node positive and tumor rest patients is
      recommended.

PMID- 4009973
TI  - [Familial occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma].
AB  - The occurrence of familial medullary carcinoma in the thyroid is a well-known
      entity, but cases of familial papillary carcinoma have been rarely reported. A
      case of thyroid papillary carcinoma which occurred almost synchronously in a
      mother and her two daughters is presented. No significant difference between
      familial and nonfamilial papillary carcinoma was noted in clinical,
      histopathological and chemical findings. The pedigree of our case is considered
      to show autosomal dominant inheritance.

PMID- 4009974
TI  - [A case report of tubular adenoma of the breast].
AB  - Pure adenoma of the breast was seen in a 34-year-old Japanese woman. On
      examination, there was a firm, movable, nontender mass, 2.0 cm in diameter, in
      the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. The xeromammographic and
      macroscopical diagnosis was fibroadenoma. Histological examination, however,
      identified pure tubular adenoma of the breast. This was reported herein because
      of its extreme rarity.

PMID- 4009975
TI  - [An extremely rare autopsy case of cardiac liposarcoma and Brenner tumor].
AB  - A 79-year-old woman with primary liposarcoma of the heart, an extremely rare
      malignancy, coexistent with Brenner tumor was reported. The histological features
      of the sarcoma on the routine histological slides were so varied that it was
      necessary to differentiate the histology from that of malignant fibrous
      histiocytoma or pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. Most of the tumor cells including
      fibroblastic and bizarre giant cells, however, were stained intensely with
      histochemical methods for lipids and consequently diagnosed as pleomorphic
      liposarcoma originated from the epicardium. Electron microscopically, lipid
      droplets were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, supporting the
      histological diagnosis. No distant or nodal metastases were noted.

PMID- 4009977
TI  - [Prostaglandins and related substances].

PMID- 4009976
TI  - [An autopsy case of primary malignant melanoma of the ovary].
AB  - This report presents the first patient in Japan with primary malignant melanoma
      of the ovary. The patient was a 62-year-old woman with the complaint of
      progressive left hemiparesis due to metastatic brain tumor. She died in the
      course of two months. At autopsy, there was a large tumor containing brownish
      fluid at the right ovary. The inner lining of the tumor was covered with a black
      friable mass with hairs. Histologically, the tumor was composed of polygonal,
      melanotic or amelanotic cells. Metastases were found in the cerebrum, uterine
      cervix, etc. In conclusion, the tumor was thought to be malignant melanoma
      arising in a dermoid cyst. This is an extremely rare condition, reported in only
      12 cases throughout the world. The histological findings and histogenesis are
      presented and discussed.

PMID- 4009978
TI  - [Analogs of prostaglandin-related substances and inhibitors of their generation
      and metabolism: development of new drugs].

PMID- 4009979
TI  - [Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia and pancytopenia].

PMID- 4009980
TI  - Second primary cancers in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.
AB  - The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms in 9,191 consecutive cases
      of primary gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer from 1962 to 1981 at the National
      Cancer Center was analyzed. The person-years of the cases totaled 28,399.4: 185
      second cancers were diagnosed clinically and 85 were first diagnosed at autopsy.
      The overall frequency was 2.01% for clinically recognizable cancers and 2.94%
      including those discovered at autopsy. The overall observed/expected ratio was
      0.96 for clinical cancers and 1.33 including autopsy cases. However, a
      significant association between the first and second cancers was present in the
      oro-pharynx and esophagus; esophagus, stomach and colon; stomach and all other
      parts of the GI tract; and the colon and rectum. The mode of appearance was also
      analyzed to clarify the organ relationship.

PMID- 4009981
TI  - Multiple primary cancers in the stomach and another organ: frequency and the
      effects on prognosis.
AB  - Cases of multiple primary cancer (MPC) with gastric cancer were collected from 66
      hospitals by questionnaires sent to 114 hospitals and institutions in Japan. Four
      hundred forty-five out of 22,163 gastric cancer patients who were operated on
      between 1966 and 1970 and had at least 10-year follow-up data were registered as
      having more than one cancer. The overall frequency was 2.0%. In 137 patients the
      MPCs were synchronous in 125 the MPC appeared after gastrectomy and 186 patients
      had a previous cancer before the diagnosis of gastric cancer. The most frequent
      association was cancer in the alimentary tract (53%), followed by uterus, breast
      and others in that order. In the patients with gastric cancer, the relative risk
      of a second cancer seemed to be twice as high as the incidence of cancer in the
      general population, especially in alimentary organs (four times as high) and in
      thyroid (nine times). Second malignancies were the first cause of death, except
      for recurrence or metastasis of the initial gastric cancer, and the importance of
      a follow-up system for cancer patients was indicated.

PMID- 4009982
TI  - Multiple primary cancers (MPC) associated with bladder cancer: an analysis of the
      clinical and autopsy cases in Japan.
AB  - Three hundred seventy-two clinical cases of multiple primary cancers (MPCs)
      involving bladder cancer (reported in the Japanese literature and including 36 of
      our own cases) and 376 autopsy cases (collected from the tables of the Annuals of
      Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan from 1974 to 1981), were analyzed. Of the
      clinical cases studied, 299 patients were males and 73 females, and their average
      age was 65.7 years. In the 342 cases having only two primary cancers (PC), the
      two most common cancers associated with bladder cancer were cancer of the stomach
      (27.4%) and of the prostate (15.3%) in the males, and cancer of the cervix
      (27.9%) and of the stomach (16.2%) in the females. In the 119 cases in which the
      interval was known, the two PC were synchronous in 58 cases and metachronous in
      61. In most cases of bladder cancer associated with other urological cancers
      (85.2%) the two were synchronous. In the females with metachronous cancers,
      bladder cancer frequently occurred as the second cancer after treatment of
      cervical or breast cancer. In autopsy cases, the ratio of MPC cases to the total
      number of cancer cases was 5.2%, and the ratios of MPC cases including bladder
      cancer to the total number of MPC cases and bladder cancer cases were 5.7% and
      15.9%, respectively. The results of a study on organ association between cancer
      of the urinary bladder and of other organs were almost the same as those in the
      clinical study except for a lower frequency in other urogenital organs. In an
      epidemiological analysis of our own cases, the risk of MPC associated with
      bladder cancer was found to be highest in the stomach, the prostate, the larynx,
      and the liver. A significant value for the relative risk of a second cancer in
      another organ following bladder cancer was observed only for the prostate.

PMID- 4009983
TI  - Multiple primary cancers associated with hematological malignancies.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty-six cases of multiple primary cancer associated with
      hematological malignancies, collected from 35 medical institutions in Japan, are
      reported. Based on the time interval between the first cancer and the second
      cancer, they were divided into three groups: synchronous cancer (94 cases),
      metachronous cancer subsequent to hematological malignancy (61 cases) and
      metachronous hematological malignancy subsequent to carcinoma (76 cases). The
      most common initial cancers were acute leukemia (including atypical leukemia and
      erythroleukemia), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma and chronic
      myelogenous leukemia of the hematological malignancies, and gastric cancer of the
      carcinomas. Patients with cancer of the uterus and breast in the metachronous
      cancer group metachronously developed hematological malignancies more frequently
      than those in the synchronous cancer group. Multiple primary cancer was observed
      more frequently in men than in women both in the synchronous cancer group and in
      the group with metachronous cancer subsequent to hematological malignancies.
      Acute leukemia was the most frequent disease type in incidence among the
      metachronous hematological malignancies. This secondary acute leukemia was
      characterized by a mostly granulocytic nature, poor response to chemotherapy and
      poor prognosis.

PMID- 4009984
TI  - Multiple primary malignancies in childhood cancer.
AB  - A total of 2,609 cases of childhood cancer (9,012 person-years), among which
      there were nine cases of second primary malignant neoplasms, were collected from
      six institutions. The expected number of second primary cancers was 0.88, and the
      observed/expected (O/E) ratio was 10.22. The estimated incidence of multiple
      primary cancers in children with primary cancers was 99.9 per 100,000. The tumor
      registry of Kanagawa Prefecture had 1,317 cases of childhood cancer with 3,326.4
      person-years, among which six multiple primary cancer cases were reported. The
      O/E ratio was 18.4 with 180.3/100,000 person-years at risk in this series. A
      total of 51 cases of multiple primary cancer, including 20 synchronous cases,
      were reported by four major registries of childhood cancers. Frequent association
      with nervous tissue tumors was noted. In 17 cases the second tumor followed
      retinoblastoma, and most second tumors were related to radiation therapy. In the
      remaining 14 cases the second tumors varied; hematopoietic neoplasms in seven,
      thyroid carcinoma in three, and bone and connective tissue tumors in four.

PMID- 4009985
TI  - Multiple primary cancers subsequent to gastric cancer in Hokkaido Cancer Center.
AB  - The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms in 607 patients with
      gastric cancer (404 males and 203 females) and 166 patients with peptic ulcer
      (136 males and 30 females) was examined by follow-up study. All patients were
      gastrectomized and had follow-up data from 2 to 13 years. The observed number of
      multiple primary cancer cases was compared with the expected number calculated
      from person-years of cases multiplied by the sex/age-specific incidence in
      Hokkaido. The frequency of a second primary cancer, including synchronous cancer,
      in gastric cancer patients was higher than that in peptic ulcer patients, and
      this tendency was also confirmed by the standardized incidence in the UICC
      standardized population. However, this difference disappeared after subtraction
      of synchronous cases. Therefore, the chance of a second cancer in gastric cancer
      patients seemed to be the same as that in the general population at least one
      year after the operation.

PMID- 4009986
TI  - Multiple primary cancers, with special reference to occupational exposure.
AB  - Multiple primary cancer (MPC) relating to occupational exposure was studied. The
      study consisted of a literature survey, survey of on-going research and our
      project on the frequency and nature of MPC in an occupational cohort of Japanese
      dyestuff workers followed from 1962 through 1983. From the review of the
      literature and on-going research there is little information on MPC and existing
      findings are mostly incomplete. However, a few occupational agents known to be
      carcinogenic to more than two organs, i.e. arsenic or radium, have been reported
      to cause MPC. In our follow-up of occupational bladder cancer cases, increased
      MPCs compared with a matched control group of nonoccupational cases were
      observed, but further investigation is necessary for a final conclusion. Finally,
      epidemiologic problems inherent to the study of MPC, including occupational
      studies, are discussed.

PMID- 4009987
TI  - Multiple primary cancer and its risk factors in the Aichi Cancer Registry.
AB  - To elucidate the risk factors of multiple primary cancer a case-control analysis
      was performed on 265 cases of multiple primary cancer (a total of 490 cancers)
      and 1,412 cases of single cancer which were matched for sex, age, year of
      diagnosis and site of cancer using the data of the Aichi Cancer Registry from
      1962 to 1983. As to the family history of cancer three characteristics of
      multiple primary cancer were revealed, a larger percentage of cancer history in
      two or more members of their family (8.3% vs 3.6%), a larger percentage of a
      cancer history in sisters (11.2% vs 5.2%), and a larger percentage of family
      history of colorectal cancer (4.4% vs 1.6%). These differences were statistically
      significant and more pronounced in females. In male heavy smokers (30 or more
      cigarettes per day) the relative risk was elevated to 2.17, in particular for
      multiple primary cancers including lung cancer. In females the relative risk for
      drinkers and daily drinkers was 2.02 and 4.22 respectively. As to the kind of
      alcoholic beverage, the relative risk was highest for beer drinkers. Some kinds
      of occupations were related to increased or decreased risk of multiple primary
      cancers, especially in males. The data on family history suggest both genetic
      predisposition and environmental similarity among family members. Smoking,
      especially heavy smoking, could be a risk factor of multiple primary cancers
      which involve smoking-related cancers, but drinking seems to influence the
      multiplicity of cancer either directly or indirectly.

PMID- 4009988
TI  - Association of second primary leukemias with the method of treatment of the first
      primary cancer.
AB  - A case-control study of the association between chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy
      for the first primary cancer and the second primary leukemia was made. All
      leukemia cases were collected from the cancer patients' file of the Osaka Cancer
      Registry which listed more than 220,000 cases during the 1965-82 period. Among
      the 2,765 leukemia patients, 46 had other (first) cancers. Two controls were
      selected from the cancer patients' file for each of the first primary cancers of
      46 cases, with which they were matched in age, sex, cancer site, date of
      diagnosis, size of the treating hospital and survival period. Comparing the
      method of treatment of the first primary cancer in the cases and the controls,
      the proportion of patients treated by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was
      significantly higher among the cases than among the controls when the interval of
      the two primary cancers was 5 years or more.

PMID- 4009989
TI  - Multiple primary cancers in autopsy cases of Tokyo University Hospital (1883
      1982) and in Japan Autopsy Annuals (1974-1982).
AB  - Multiple primary cancers in 30,386 consecutive autopsy cases from 1883 to 1982 in
      Tokyo University Hospital and 273,796 registered autopsy cases from 1974 to 1982
      in Japan were examined. The frequency of multiple primary cancers among all
      cancers at Tokyo University Hospital was less than 0.5% until 1940. From 1960, it
      gradually increased, reaching 6.9% (1970-1982). The average age of patients with
      a single cancer was around 45 years until 1960. Thereafter, it became high,
      averaging 54.2 years in 1970-1982. The average age of patients with two and three
      or more primaries in 1970-1982 was 62.1 and 68.5, respectively. As the autopsy
      rate of cancers in Japan is 11.1% in 1974-1982, the statistics from the Autopsy
      Registry are highly representative of those in Japan. The frequency of multiple
      primaries was 5.5% in the Registry and increased year by year (3.6% in 1974 to
      7.1% in 1982). The average age of patients with one, two and three or more
      primaries was 58.9, 66.7 and 69.8. In these two series, the older the patients,
      the larger was the number of primaries. In multiple cancers, the frequent
      combination consisted of the stomach, lung, colon, liver, prostate and thyroid.
      The stomach, lung, colon and liver were frequent primary sites when they occurred
      singly. The thyroid and prostate were frequent primary sites found at autopsy.
      Senescence of the Japanese population is suggested as one of the factors for an
      increase of multiple primaries in the last 20 years.

PMID- 4009990
TI  - Genetic and familial factors in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Of the patients with colorectal cancer, there are some with hereditary disorders
      such as familial polyposis coli, Gardner's syndrome, Turcot's syndrome, and
      cancer family syndrome in which colorectal adenocarcinoma develops at a
      significantly high frequency, and these hereditary diseases are very important
      and interesting from the viewpoint of carcinogenesis as well as tumorigenesis. On
      the other hand, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and juvenile polyposis which likewise are
      hereditary diseases are often considered to be accompanied with colorectal
      cancer. On these grounds, 49 cases of familial polyposis coli (including
      Gardner's syndrome), 12 cases of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, one case of juvenile
      polyposis, six pedigrees of cancer family syndrome, experienced at the National
      Cancer Center Hospital from 1962 to 1984 were reviewed with particular emphasis
      placed on the recent progress and the natural history of these diseases.
      Furthermore, a comparative study between single colorectal cancers (1,034 cases)
      and multiple ones (89 cases) was carried out from the standpoint of familial
      aggregation and cumulative age incidence. A high association with genetic factors
      was found in multiple primary colorectal cancer with a family history of
      colorectal cancer as well as in the well-known hereditary diseases mentioned
      above. The author presented a conception of the relationship between the human
      body and tumors from the viewpoint of a comparison among infantile and childhood
      tumors, hereditary tumors, familial aggregative tumors and the usual tumors
      observed in old age.

PMID- 4009991
TI  - DNA repair and its possible involvement in the origin of multiple cancer.
AB  - Multiple skin cancers and other cancers in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum
      (XP) were investigated in relation to DNA repair defects in the cells of the
      patients. Multiple skin cancers of the same or different histopathological types
      were found in many patients and six patients had cancers, one each, in organs
      other than the skin. The frequency of basal cell carcinoma was higher than that
      of squamous cell carcinoma in XP patients, while the two types were reported to
      be approximately equal in frequency in all skin cancers in Japanese. Defect in
      the excision-resynthesis type of repair presumably enhances the error-prone type
      of repair of DNA damage in XP patients and may lead to the development of cancer.
      Although a similar DNA repair defect of damage caused by ionizing radiation has
      been suspected in ataxia telangiectasia (AT), induction of mutation by gamma-rays
      in AT cells was lower than that in normal cells at the same survival levels. The
      high incidence of malignancy in AT patients could be due to factors not
      associated with DNA repair.

PMID- 4009992
TI  - Malignant neoplasms in registered cases of primary immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The occurrence of malignant neoplasms among registered cases of primary
      immunodeficiency syndrome was studied. A total of 17 malignant tumors occurred in
      596 (2.9%) infant patients; two in eight (25%) patients with Chediak-Higashi
      syndrome, seven in 49 (14.3%) with ataxia-telangiectasia and one in 12 (8.3%)
      patients with immunodeficiency with hyper-immunoglobulin-M-emia. The overall
      incidence of malignant tumors in these cases was 200-300 times that in the
      general population. The incidence in Japan was compared with that in the U.S.A.
      and in Italy.

PMID- 4009993
TI  - Estimation of the prevalence of occult cancer and its application to the
      epidemiology of multiple primary cancer.
AB  - This paper focused on methodological issues in the epidemiology of multiple
      primary cancer, especially on methods to evaluate the frequency of a second
      cancer. The incidence density is the most widely used measure in cancer
      epidemiology. However, the measure of incidence might be biased to some extent,
      because it might be affected by extraneous factors which are related to the
      detection of the second cancer. A better alternative is the measure of the
      prevalence of occult cancer. The authors have formulated the functional
      relationship between the prevalence of occult cancer and some variables which can
      be obtained from ordinary epidemiologic observations, such as the incidence
      density, the growth function, and the distribution of the diameters of the
      cancers which were clinically diagnosed. The formula was then applied to an
      epidemiologic study of multiple primary cancer in the digestive system. All the
      patients with cancer of the digestive system except the stomach treated in the
      National Cancer Center Hospital between 1962 and 1981 constituted the study
      group. Among 1,561 male and 714 female patients, gastric cancers were found as
      the second primary cancer in nine males and one female within 2 months after the
      first cancers were detected. All the first cancers in these 10 cases were
      esophageal cancers. The expected numbers of second gastric cancers were
      calculated as 4.55 in males and 1.20 in females by using the formula. The
      observed number exceeded significantly the expected number in males (p value =
      0.042), which suggested that esophageal and gastric cancers might share some risk
      factor.

PMID- 4009994
TI  - The age distribution of human adult cancer and an initiation-manifestation model
      for carcinogenesis.
AB  - The many studies of cancer made in recent years have revealed that the
      preclinical period of cancer--the period from carcinogenic transformation of a
      cell to growth of an overt tumor when the diagnosis of "cancer" is made--is
      longer and has a larger variance than considered formerly. Based on these
      results, the existing multistage theory of carcinogenesis has been reviewed and
      modified in this paper. In the newly obtained model, which is designated
      "initiation-manifestation model," it is assumed that carcinogenesis is a
      combination of two different processes, i.e., carcinogenic transformation of one
      cell and the subsequent manifestation of cancer. Further, we assumed that the
      lengths of these two periods are stochastic variables having gamma distributions,
      and that they are mutually independent. Applying this model, the actual morbidity
      of various types of human adult cancer was analyzed.

PMID- 4009996
TI  - [Analysis of bone marrow blood pictures in miscellaneous hematological and non
      hematological diseases, with reference to other laboratory data].

PMID- 4009995
TI  - [Clinicopathological analysis of hormone receptor levels in human breast cancer.
      Its relationship to other miscellaneous parameters].

PMID- 4009997
TI  - [A search for substrate-specificity of chemical reagents].

PMID- 4009998
TI  - [Management of inflammation. Lipid peroxide and proamidase as parameters for
      better understanding of inflammatory processes].

PMID- 4010000
TI  - [The application of the automated fluorometric system to the measurement of
      lymphocyte transformation with ethidium bromide].

PMID- 4009999
TI  - [Acid soluble proteins (ASP) in the serum from patients with acute gouty
      attacks].

PMID- 4010001
TI  - [Identification of abnormal hemoglobins. VII. Isoelectric focusing on the thin
      layer polyacrylamide gel].

PMID- 4010002
TI  - [Identification of abnormal hemoglobins. VIII. Separation of abnormal globins by
      reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].

PMID- 4010003
TI  - [Morphological features of red blood cells in urinary sediment from patients with
      glomerular diseases].

PMID- 4010005
TI  - [Hepatic function related to the ICG test--evaluation by using principle
      component analysis and multiple regression analysis].

PMID- 4010004
TI  - [Clinical significance of erythropoietin].

PMID- 4010006
TI  - [Effects on the heart and lung after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for
      esophageal varices].

PMID- 4010007
TI  - [The defensive effect of gastric mucus against carcinogenesis. Quantitative
      measurement of incorporation of N-[methyl-3H]-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine into
      gastric mucosal DNA].

PMID- 4010008
TI  - [Studies on pathophysiology of peptic ulcer. Neutralization by pancreatic juice
      secretion into the duodenal lumen after HCL loading].

PMID- 4010009
TI  - [Analysis of anticolon antibody and lymphocytophilic antibody in sera from
      patients with ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 4010010
TI  - [A study on a low serum zinc level in Crohn's disease].

PMID- 4010011
TI  - [A follow-up study on the prognosis of liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 4010012
TI  - [Possible participation of a cholestatic factor in the pathogenesis of
      intrahepatic cholestasis in alcoholic liver disease].

PMID- 4010014
TI  - [Clinical study on relationship between an anomalous pancreatico-biliary ductal
      union and carcinoma of the gallbladder].

PMID- 4010013
TI  - [A study of splenic hemodynamics in patients with portal hypertension by
      measuring the blood flow of the splenic vein].

PMID- 4010015
TI  - [Postsecretory changes of pancreatic juice trypsinogen in the duodenum. I.
      Partial activation and effect of bile (in vitro study)].

PMID- 4010016
TI  - [Evaluation of severity by whole body CT in acute pancreatitis--findings in early
      CT scanning and their enumeration].

PMID- 4010017
TI  - [A case of common variable immunodeficiency associated with nodular lymphoid
      hyperplasia of the small intestine and intestinal lymphangiectasia].

PMID- 4010019
TI  - [Esophageal mucosal blood flow in patients with liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 4010018
TI  - [A case of liver fibrosarcoma associated with hypoglycemia].

PMID- 4010020
TI  - [Simultaneous analysis of bile lipid by the internal standard].

PMID- 4010021
TI  - [Influence of drying times on the smeared blood in fluorescence microscopic
      detection of basophilic stippled erythrocytes and its application to a
      provocation method].

PMID- 4010022
TI  - Body movements during sleep as an indicator of comfort.

PMID- 4010023
TI  - Intraparticle diffusivity of methylene blue into pores of pyrolysis ashes reduced
      in volume by the press from sewage sludge.

PMID- 4010024
TI  - [Respiratory response to sulfuric acid and sulfate salts mist].

PMID- 4010025
TI  - Relationships between blood selenium concentrations and grasping power, blood
      pressure, hematcrit, and hemoglobin concentrations in Japanese rural residents.

PMID- 4010026
TI  - [Serum lysozyme activity in workers with ceramic pneumoconiosis].

PMID- 4010027
TI  - [An epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus in the coastal area of the
      Yatsushiro Sea--sequential changes in the epidemiological characteristics of the
      disease].

PMID- 4010028
TI  - [Effects of age and hypertension on autonomic nervous regulation of circulatory
      system].

PMID- 4010029
TI  - [Platelet function, blood lipid, coagulation and fibrinolysis in diabetic and
      nondiabetic patients with arteriosclerosis].

PMID- 4010030
TI  - [Congenital heart disease in patients aged 40 and over].

PMID- 4010031
TI  - [Chromosomes in Alzheimer disease].

PMID- 4010032
TI  - [Changes of locus ceruleus observed in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type].

PMID- 4010033
TI  - [Age-related infra-tentorial brain atrophy on CT scan].

PMID- 4010034
TI  - [Stroke and/or cerebral dysfunction in geriatric patients with DIC].

PMID- 4010035
TI  - [Amyloid angiopathy].

PMID- 4010036
TI  - [Vasculitis as a cause of cerebrovascular disease among the elderly].

PMID- 4010037
TI  - [Metabolic encephalopathy].

PMID- 4010038
TI  - [Cerebral thrombosis due to rare causes].

PMID- 4010039
TI  - [Neoplastic angioendotheliosis].

PMID- 4010040
TI  - [Cholesterol embolism in the brain: a clinicopathological analysis of 13 autopsy
      cases].

PMID- 4010041
TI  - [Incidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in autopsy cases in Hisayama, Japan].

PMID- 4010042
TI  - [The serum lipid changes in the aged subjects by ursodeoxycholic acid
      administration].

PMID- 4010043
TI  - [Cerebrovascular disease in aged patients with polycythemia or thrombocythemia].

PMID- 4010044
TI  - Incidence of malformation syndromes and chromosomal abnormalities in 22,063
      newborn infants in Tokyo.

PMID- 4010045
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of transferrin in Egyptians: analysis by two electrofocusing
      methods with description of unusual B variant.

PMID- 4010047
TI  - [Three-dimensional reconstruction and display of left ventricle from two
      dimensional echocardiograms].

PMID- 4010046
TI  - Congenital lymphedema in two siblings.

PMID- 4010048
TI  - [On the identity of several variability indices for fetal heart beats].

PMID- 4010049
TI  - [Mechanical behavior of vascular wall--analysis based on finite deformation
      theory and strain energy density function].

PMID- 4010050
TI  - [Dipole localization of somato-sensory evoked potentials in the brain].

PMID- 4010051
TI  - [Nonlinear characteristics of the oscillators generating alpha rhythm].

PMID- 4010052
TI  - Effect of heating on methemoglobin content in the blood.

PMID- 4010053
TI  - Identification of a human hemoglobin tryptic peptide (alpha-T4) from a bloodstain
      by fast protein liquid chromatography--determination of human origin.

PMID- 4010054
TI  - An unusual case of fatal poisoning by phenobarbital overdosage.

PMID- 4010055
TI  - [Estimation of stature from somatometry of vertebral column in Japanese].

PMID- 4010056
TI  - [Tracheal ciliary movement as a supravital reaction].

PMID- 4010057
TI  - Quantitative determination of carboxyhemoglobin in tissues.

PMID- 4010058
TI  - [Study of urinary tract stone--correlation of urinary tract stones analyzed at
      Tsukuba University with clinical manifestations].

PMID- 4010059
TI  - [Clinico-pathological study of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 4010060
TI  - [Electron microscopic observation of immune deposit in membranous nephropathy--on
      the localization of IgG deposit in the glomeruli and its significance].

PMID- 4010061
TI  - [An electron microscopic study of the glomerular epithelial detachment].

PMID- 4010062
TI  - [Immunological analysis of the primary renal diseases and lupus nephritis].

PMID- 4010063
TI  - [The importance of tubulo-interstitial changes in renal biopsy specimen].

PMID- 4010064
TI  - [Kinetic studies of Na+ dependent phosphate transport in renal brush border
      membrane vesicles].

PMID- 4010065
TI  - [Studies on the K-cell population in patients with various renal glomerular
      diseases and on its clinical significance].

PMID- 4010066
TI  - [Localization of aldosterone-producing tumor: comparative study of computed
      tomography, adrenal scintigraphy, and venous sampling].

PMID- 4010067
TI  - [Analysis of global and regional left ventricular functions in coronary artery
      disease by multigated forward and backward data collection].

PMID- 4010068
TI  - [The trial of the kinetic study for the renal function, using NMR-CT by
      gadolinium-DTPA].

PMID- 4010069
TI  - [Basic and clinical studies on the simultaneous measurement of serum and red
      blood cell folate and serum vitamin B12 concentrations using Corning vitamin B12
      [57Co]/folate [125I] radioassay kit].

PMID- 4010070
TI  - [Measurement of serum free T3 concentration by using Amerlex Free T3 RIA Kit].

PMID- 4010071
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical evaluations of magnetic ferritin RIA kit (Corning)].

PMID- 4010072
TI  - [Quantitative assessment of left-sided valvular regurgitation using the Fourier
      amplitude ratio--comparison with the stroke count ratio].

PMID- 4010073
TI  - [Enhanced detection of myocardial ischemia by stress thallium scan: assessment by
      washout rate analysis and lung thallium uptake in addition to transient defect
      analysis].

PMID- 4010074
TI  - [Fourier analysis of multi-gated cardiac blood-pool data in patients with
      congenital heart diseases--[II] Assessment of diseases with complex cardiac
      anomalies, especially tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 4010075
TI  - [Evaluation of free thyroxine radioimmunoassays for assessing thyroid function in
      hypoproteinemia].

PMID- 4010076
TI  - [Evaluation of left atrial function in patients with an artificial pacemaker:
      estimation with Fourier analysis of left ventricular volume curves obtained by
      forward and backward data acquisitions].

PMID- 4010077
TI  - [Basic and clinical studies of measurement of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) by
      radioimmunoassay].

PMID- 4010078
TI  - [The sixth report on survey of the adverse reaction to radiopharmaceuticals (the
      9th survey in 1983)].

PMID- 4010079
TI  - Treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma by argon laser iridotomy: a long-term
      follow-up.
AB  - Argon laser iridotomy was performed in a total of 140 eyes of 104 patients with
      primary angle-closure glaucoma. A total of 69 eyes were treated by the long-burn
      technique and followed for an average period of 2.7 years; 71 eyes were treated
      by the short-burn technique and followed for an average period of 1.7 years. The
      effects on the IOP control and various factors of glaucoma were similar between
      both techniques, and the results of iridotomy were analyzed for all eyes. The IOP
      was controlled at or lower than 20 mmHg in 29% without medication, in 52% with
      reduced or the same medication as the preoperative treatments, and in 13% with
      increased medication. However, in 6% the IOP could not be controlled. The
      incidence of IOP control by iridotomy alone was significantly higher in eyes with
      peripheral anterior synechia (PAS) less than half the angle circumference than in
      eyes with more extensive PAS. Visual acuity loss occurred in 51%, and the loss by
      more than three lines of the acuity chart was seen in 19%; the visual loss was
      thought to be due to cataract progression or development. No significant
      differences were found in the visual field, cup-disk ratio, the extent of PAS or
      tonographic C-value before and after iridotomy. The IOP control and visual acuity
      loss were comparable with those seen after surgical iridectomy. Because of the
      absence of significant complications and ease of performance, iridotomy may
      replace surgical iridectomy in the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma.

PMID- 4010080
TI  - The finite element method--a new approach to determination of heat flow in the
      eye shown in an example of cryotherapy--preliminary report.
AB  - The finite element algorithm is presented for the determination of heat flow
      within the partially frozen cornea during cryotherapy. The latent heat involved
      in phase change was taken into account by virtue of the enthalpy defined as the
      integral of heat capacity with respect to temperature. The numerical method is
      used to analyze the freezing process within the cornea in cryotherapy. This
      method determines the temperature in an arbitrary point in the cornea at an
      arbitrary time of the cryoapplication with different temperatures of the
      cryoapplicator without the necessity of actual temperature measurement. The
      relationship between the morphological layers and the temperature distribution in
      the cornea and the results of numerical analyses for different parameters are
      presented.

PMID- 4010081
TI  - Microtubules in neutrophils of patients with Behcet's disease.
AB  - With an electron microscope, we examined the peripheral blood neutrophils of 6
      patients with Behcet's disease at the exacerbation stage and those of 3 healthy
      controls. We counted the number of microtubules on enlarged electron micrographs
      of the neutrophils. Each electron micrograph was photographed at a direct
      magnification of 15,000, so that at least one centriole was contained in the
      photograph. It was enlarged twice the size of the negative and printed. The
      average number of microtubules in the neutrophils of the 6 patients with Behcet's
      disease was 4.96 +/- 2.76 (SD). It was 2.36 +/- 1.88 in the neutrophils of the 3
      control subjects. This difference was statistically highly significant (P less
      than 0.0005). These results suggest that microtubules may play a significant role
      in the pathophysiology of Behcet's disease.

PMID- 4010082
TI  - Effects of melanin on lysosomal enzymes in bovine ciliary body and iris in vitro.
AB  - We studied biochemically the effects of melanin on activities of lysosomal
      enzymes prepared from the bovine ciliary body and iris in vitro. Melanin was
      prepared from the bovine ciliary body and iris by acid treatment. Acid
      phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-L
      fucosidase, and beta-D-glucuronidase in the ammonium sulfate fraction were used
      as lysosomal marker enzymes. After the enzyme solution was incubated with
      melanin, enzyme activity was reduced and protein content in the supernatant was
      decreased. Each enzyme showed a different activity. The data suggested that 1)
      the decreased activity may depend on the affinity of lysosomal enzyme protein for
      melanin and 2) each enzyme may have a different affinity for melanin. These
      findings were discussed with respect to biochemical interaction between melanin
      and lysosomal enzymes in the ocular tissue in vivo.

PMID- 4010083
TI  - Cortical and subcortical pathways for pupillary reactions in rabbits.
AB  - Recordings of the unitary discharges from the ciliary nerves of rabbits indicated
      the presence of "ON" and "OFF" units, respectively exhibiting excitation or
      inhibition in response to ipsilateral diffuse light stimuli. The degree of both
      responses depended on the intensities of the light stimuli. The responses of both
      units were not evoked by electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic
      nerve, nor did they disappear when the sympathetic nerve was blocked. Thus, both
      units were thought to belong to the parasympathetic nerves originating from the
      oculomotor nerve. The spike discharges were recorded from both "ON" and "OFF"
      units of the ciliary nerves after electrical stimulation of the contralateral
      pretectal region. The latency of the responses ranged from 18 to 37 msec with a
      mean of 25 msec in the "ON" units, and 18 to 39 msec with a mean of 27 msec in
      the "OFF" units. The spike discharges were also evoked in both "ON" and "OFF"
      units by electrical stimulation of a defined area of the contralateral visual
      cortex; electrical stimulation of this area induced a pupil constriction in the
      contralateral eye, hence the area was called the cortical pupilloconstrictor
      area. The latency of the discharges was longer by 5 to 15 msec than the latency
      after the pretectal stimulation. It was thought that the impulses from the
      cortical pupilloconstrictor area are conducted via the pretectal region to the
      ciliary nerves, and that the pupillary light reflex and cortical pupillary
      response share a common pathway in the ciliary nerve.

PMID- 4010084
TI  - Junction scotoma and involvement of the optochiasmal junction.
AB  - In two patients, ipsilateral central scotoma and contralateral superior temporal
      hemianopic field defect indicated involvement of the junction of the optic nerve
      and chiasm, the optochiasmal junction. In both cases, computed tomography and
      carotid angiography confirmed mass lesions at this location. After surgical
      removal of a parasellar tumor in one case, we found that the optic nerve and the
      anterior part of the optic chiasm were compressed upwards. The previously
      reported examples of these perimetric findings are reviewed and compared with
      those of our cases. We concluded through this study that the characteristic
      combination of visual field defects, namely central or paracentral scotoma on the
      involved side and superior temporal field defect on the uninvolved side, should
      be termed junction scotoma.

PMID- 4010085
TI  - Angioarchitecture of intraorbital part of human optic nerve.
AB  - The distribution of blood vessels in the intraorbital part of the human optic
      nerve was examined after injecting silicone rubber into the ophthalmic artery of
      eyes obtained after autopsy. Particular attention was focused on the possible
      existence of an end artery which might play an important role in ischemic optic
      neuropathy. In the anterior part of the optic nerve, the vascular architecture
      consisted of axial and peripheral vascular systems. The axial system was
      constituted of intraneural branches of the central retinal artery. The peripheral
      system was mostly branches derived from the intravaginal part of the central
      retinal artery. Few branches of the posterior ciliary arteries extending to the
      optic nerve were observed in this part. In the posterior part of the optic nerve,
      the vascular architecture was formed mostly by the peripheral system which
      consisted of the extravaginal and recurrent intravaginal branches of the central
      retinal artery and branches of the ophthalmic artery. These branches forming the
      peripheral system anastomosed with each other on the surface of the optic nerve.
      Within the anterior part of the optic nerve, intraneural branches of the central
      retinal artery and centripetal branches of the pial plexus anastomosed and formed
      a fine vascular network. The density of the intraneural vascular meshwork was
      sparse in the lamina cribrosa and the posterior part of the optic nerve. On the
      surface of the optic nerve and in its inner part, blood vessels anastomosed and
      formed a network: no end arteries appeared to exist.

PMID- 4010086
TI  - The effects of piperidine and its related substances on blood vessels.
AB  - Piperidine is an endogenous active amine. Intravenous or intra-arterial
      administration of piperidine produced vasodilation in anesthetized dogs. The
      vasodilative effect of piperidine was inhibited by atropine (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.). In
      the hind limb perfusion experiment in anesthetized dogs, piperidine produced
      vasodilation, while it showed no vasorelaxing action in various isolated canine
      arterial strip preparations. These results suggest that the vasodilation caused
      by piperidine may be produced through activation of muscarinic receptors and that
      piperidine may act on smaller resistance blood vessels but not on large
      conductance vessels. In addition, pipecolic acid and N-methyl piperidine, the
      respective precursor amino acid and metabolite of piperidine, were almost
      inactive, but nipecotic acid was 1/4 to 1/10 times as active as piperidine as
      vasodilators. It is suggested that the non-substituted amine moiety of piperidine
      is very important for the manifestation of vasodilative activity and that
      piperidine might play a role in regulation of peripheral vascular circulation.

PMID- 4010087
TI  - Effect of external potassium and acetylstrophanthidin on conduction velocity of
      isolated canine Purkinje fibers.
AB  - Isolated long Purkinje fibers were perfused in oxygenated Tyrode's solution. The
      conduction velocity of action potentials driven from one end of a fiber at cycle
      lengths of 300 and 1000 msec was measured using silver wire surface electrodes.
      Action potentials were recorded using glass microelectrodes. Tyrode's solutions
      of different potassium concentrations were used, and preparations were
      equilibrated for 10 min. Prior to acetylstrophanthidin, maximum conduction
      velocities reaching 2.3 m/sec were recorded at (K)o = 6 mM. The conduction
      velocity was not directly proportional to maximum dV/dt or action potential
      amplitude at (K)o between 2 and 6 mM; maximum dV/dt and action potential
      amplitude were greater although conduction velocity was decreased. In this range
      of (K)o, membrane excitability may be an important factor. Acetylstrophanthidin
      (10(-7) and 5 X 10(-8) g/ml for slowly and rapidly driven preparations,
      respectively) diastolic depolarization and slowed conduction at (K)o less than 6
      mM, but it did not increase automaticity or decrease conduction at (K)o over 6
      mM. The added effect of high potassium on digitalis-induced slowing of
      conduction, reported in whole animal experiments, was not observed.

PMID- 4010088
TI  - Alteration of lipid peroxide and endogenous antioxidant contents in retina of
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effect of vitamin A administration.
AB  - Possible involvement of lipid peroxide (LPO) in the occurrence of diabetic
      retinal lesion was investigated using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Young
      male Wistar rats weighing 100-150 g were made diabetic by daily intraperitoneal
      injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for 5 days. Five weeks after the
      termination of STZ-treatment, when animals maintained typical hyperglycemia, the
      tissue level of LPO, estimated by the thiobarbituric acid method in the presence
      of 0.5 mM EDTA, was found to be augmented in the kidney. At 7 to 9 weeks after
      the STZ-treatment, the content of LPO in the retina also exhibited a significant
      increase, while those in the serum, brain and peripheral nerves showed no
      alteration. This increment of LPO in the kidney and retina was accompanied by the
      concomitant reduction of fat-soluble antioxidants determined by the ferric
      chloride-bipyridyl reaction, and insulin treatment (10 u/rat/day, s.c.)
      completely eliminated the increased formation of LPO in these organs. When
      diabetic rats were treated with retinol acetate, which had an inhibitory effect
      on LPO formation in retinal homogenate, the increase in LPO content was found to
      be significantly suppressed, especially in the retina. These results suggest that
      the STZ-induced diabetic state may elicit an increased formation of LPO in the
      retina and kidney, both of which are known to be main organs having typical
      diabetic lesions.

PMID- 4010089
TI  - Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking action induced by electropharmacological
      coupling in the combined effect of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin.
AB  - Twitch tensions of indirectly stimulated diaphragm muscles of mice were blocked
      by a combination of paeoniflorin (PF) and glycyrrhizin (GLR). The mechanism of
      this effect was studied electropharmacologically. When twitch responses were
      completely prevented, miniature end-plate, end-plate, and muscle action
      potentials were still observed when PF and GLR were combined, suggesting that the
      mechanism is postsynaptic. Potential amplitudes induced by acetylcholine (ACh),
      which was injected iontophoretically, were inhibited by about 70% by PF (25
      micrograms/ml) plus GLR (75 micrograms/ml), although neither agent alone caused
      an inhibition. The combined ratio (PF:GLR = 1:3) by concentrations (g/ml)
      potentiated both the inhibition of ACh potential amplitudes and the
      depolarization of resting membrane potentials. These results indicate that the
      effect of combined PF and GLR is to depolarize the muscle membrane and to block
      ACh-receptor-linked processes. In chemically skinned (saponin-treated) muscles,
      the tension induced by 0.39 microM of free calcium was inhibited by PF (300
      micrograms/ml), but it tended to be increased by GLR (300 micrograms/ml).
      Caffeine-induced contractures in the skinned muscles was not influenced by PF,
      and they tended to be decreased with GLR treatment. Thus, in muscles with
      sustained depolarization, these combined compounds seem to block intracellular
      Ca2+ movement.

PMID- 4010090
TI  - Healing-promoting action of dried aluminium hydroxide gel evaluated by the method
      of histological measurements in acetic acid ulcer of rats.
AB  - The effects of dried aluminium hydroxide gel on the healing of rat acetic acid
      ulcer were studied in comparison to those of propantheline bromide by the method
      of histological measurements. Dried aluminium hydroxide gel not only decreased
      the macroscopic ulcer index and the defective area in the ulcerated region but
      also increased the decreasing index of exposed ulcer floor and the mucosal
      regeneration index without affecting the thickness of the ulcer base and the
      development index of collagen fibers. However, propantheline bromide did not have
      any beneficial effects.

PMID- 4010091
TI  - Open mitral commissurotomy for recurrent mitral stenosis after closed
      commissurotomy.
AB  - We evaluated the long-term results in 43 patients who had undergone open mitral
      commissurotomy for recurrent mitral stenosis after closed commissurotomy. There
      was one operative death (2.3 percent) and one case of reoperation (2.3 percent).
      Twenty patients (42 percent) were in NYHA Class I and 22 patients (51 percent) in
      Class II. In 12 randomly selected patients subjected to postoperative cardiac
      catheterization, the pulmonary arterial mean pressure remained high at rest and
      increased to 48 mmHg (mean) during exercise with significant differences in
      patients who underwent open mitral commissurotomy in the first operation (control
      group). The left atrial mean pressure was significantly high at rest and rose to
      27 mmHg (mean) during exercise. The pulmonary vascular resistance also increased
      during exercise, with significant differences for the control group. We conclude
      from these studies that the less satisfactory clinical improvement in patients
      undergoing reoperation apparently was related to advanced pathology of the mitral
      valve and development of pulmonary vascular disease.

PMID- 4010092
TI  - Single stranded DNA binding antibodies in patients with obstructive jaundice.
AB  - An elevation of single stranded (ss) DNA binding antibodies was present in
      patients with biliary tract stones and/or tumor of the biliary tract or of the
      pancreas. The incidence of the appearance of ssDNA binding antibodies was 22
      percent in cases of non-obstructive jaundice and 50 percent in those with
      obstructive jaundice. The incidence was particularly high (70 percent) in
      patients with obstructive jaundice of over 50 days duration. No significant
      correlation was seen between the levels of ssDNA binding antibodies and the serum
      total bilirubin. However, a significant correlation was observed between the
      levels of ssDNA binding antibodies and the serum IgM.

PMID- 4010093
TI  - Alteration of adenosine deaminase levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes of
      patients with gastric cancer.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the adenosine deaminase (ADA)
      activity of peripheral lymphocytes in patients with gastric cancer, with respect
      to the cancer progression, the effect of surgery and/or immunotherapy. The
      gastric cancer patients showed lower lymphocyte ADA activity than did the normal
      control. The lymphocyte ADA activity did not decrease with the cancer
      progression. There was a significant correlation between lymphocyte ADA activity
      and blastogenesis of lymphocyte by phytohemaglutinin or concanavalin A. Six
      months following gastrectomy, the lymphocyte ADA activity was increased, as
      compared with the preoperative value. The ADA activity of patients on post
      operative OK-432 showed a greater increase, as compared to that of patients not
      given this treatment. In conclusion, decreased lymphocyte ADA activity in gastric
      cancer patients might be due to either the cancer bearing status or to the
      immunological suppression.

PMID- 4010094
TI  - Hyperdynamic circulation in the left gastric venous area in patients with portal
      hypertension: angiological assessment.
AB  - The time of appearance of the left gastric vein on serial celiac arteriograms in
      patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices was compared with that
      of the portal vein to assess regional hemodynamics in the left venous portion of
      the stomach, an area located in close proximity to the varices. In two thirds of
      all the patients with cirrhosis or non-cirrhotic idiopathic portal hypertension
      (IPH), the left gastric vein was visualized earlier or simultaneously than or
      with the portal vein, while in all but one patient with prehepatic portal
      obstruction, there was a delayed opacification of the left gastric vein. These
      results suggest the presence of a hyperdynamic circulatory state which promotes
      venous hypertension in the left gastric venous area of the stomach of a
      considerable number of patients with cirrhosis or IPH. In such a hemodynamic
      state, selective decompression of varices can be achieved by a left gastric
      venous caval shunt.

PMID- 4010095
TI  - Amniotic membrane is an effective burn dressing material.
AB  - Human amniotic membrane is a readily available biological dressing material used
      to treat burns. It not only prevents oozing of plasma from burn wounds but also
      relieves pain and controls sepsis. We used human amniotic membrane to treat
      fifteen burn patients, and this material was effective. The application of this
      cost-free dressing material warrants further study as it can be made use of in
      areas where expensive and specialized equipment is not available.

PMID- 4010097
TI  - [Electron microscopic observations on the human thymus in normal and pathological
      states].

PMID- 4010096
TI  - Significance of the Tritiated Thymidine Labeling Index in breast cancers.
AB  - We carried out studies to determine whether the Tritiated Thymidine Labeling
      Index (TLI) would correlate with hormone receptors as well as with clinical and
      histological data. Sixty-four patients with breast cancer were the subjects
      studied. TLI showed no relationship to age, menopausal status, T-factor, n
      factor, stage, or histological type. However, compared to tubule formation,
      nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic activity, TLI showed a positive correlation
      with each and accordingly there was a positive correlation between TLI and
      Bloom's histological grading. The cumulative disease-free rate at three years was
      higher in case of a TLI below 4.0 (median TLI value). TLI significantly
      correlated inversely with the binding sites not only of cytoplasmic estrogen
      receptors (ERC), but also of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors (PRC) and nuclear
      estrogen receptors (ERN). Cancers negative for all three receptors indicated the
      highest TLI, while cancers positive for all three receptors showed the lowest
      TLI. The results suggest that breast cancers positive for hormone receptors were
      of low malignancy because lower TLI related to a lower proliferative activity.
      Thus, TLI is an useful parameter for assessing the clinical status of breast
      cancers.

PMID- 4010098
TI  - [A case report of congenital lymphedema with chylothorax].

PMID- 4010099
TI  - [A case of pseudolymphoma originating in the thymic region].

PMID- 4010100
TI  - [The thymus and autoimmune disorders].

PMID- 4010101
TI  - [Thymic abnormalities and significance of thymectomy in cases of myasthenia
      gravis and other autoimmune diseases].

PMID- 4010102
TI  - [Analyses of antitumor effects of mononuclear cells and the future prospects of
      immunotherapy].

PMID- 4010103
TI  - [Assessment of prognosis of lung cancer in relation to immunocompetence].

PMID- 4010104
TI  - [Effect of histamine and leukotriene on the regulatory mechanism of chemical
      mediator release from passively sensitized guinea pig lung tissue].

PMID- 4010105
TI  - [Fungal pneumonia in hematologic disorders--with special reference to diagnosis
      of aspergillus pneumonia].

PMID- 4010106
TI  - [Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with bronchial
      asthma].

PMID- 4010107
TI  - [The 25th congress of the Japan Society of Chest Diseases. Nagoya, April 9-11,
      1985. Abstracts].

PMID- 4010108
TI  - [A case of malignant Gartner's duct tumor presenting urinary symptoms].

PMID- 4010109
TI  - [Coagulation and fibrinolysis system in bladder tumor. 1. Urinary FDP and fibrin
      deposition around the tumor].

PMID- 4010110
TI  - [Coagulation and fibrinolysis system in bladder tumor. 2. Effect of fibrinolytic
      and anti-fibrinolytic agents on BBN-induced rat bladder tumor].

PMID- 4010111
TI  - [A study on catecholamine contents of the canine upper urinary tract].

PMID- 4010112
TI  - [A study on the effect of the treatment for idiopathic calcium urolithiasis on
      the prevention of recurrences. Estimation of stone episodes and clinical
      effects].

PMID- 4010113
TI  - [Studies on male sexual impotence. Report XVII: An attempt to evaluate
      therapeutic effect on psychogenic impotence by a logarithmic scoring system].

PMID- 4010114
TI  - [Flow cytometry in urinary tract malignancies. III. Quantitative analysis of DNA
      histogram and application to bladder cancer detection, evaluation of the
      treatment and follow-up examination].

PMID- 4010115
TI  - [Flow cytometry in urinary tract malignancies. IV. Effect of antineoplastic
      agents on cell cycle progression of cultured cell line].

PMID- 4010116
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of prostate-specific antigens (gamma-seminoprotein: gamma
      Sm)--gamma-seminoprotein in serum measured by gamma-Sm monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 4010117
TI  - [Study on focusing of underwater shock waves for extracorporeal stone
      disintegration].

PMID- 4010118
TI  - [Catecholamine content in the human adrenal gland].

PMID- 4010119
TI  - [A case of malignant pheochromocytoma recurring 12 years after initial surgery].

PMID- 4010120
TI  - [A case report of renal cell carcinoma developing in a sole functioning kidney].

PMID- 4010121
TI  - The serial biopsy technique for estimation of drug residue in calf kidney using
      gentamicin as a model drug.

PMID- 4010122
TI  - Efficacy of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae vaccine in pigs.

PMID- 4010123
TI  - Light and electron microscopic observations of choroid plexus in N-methyl
      nitrosourea-induced dysgenetic hydromicrocephalic rat offsprings.

PMID- 4010124
TI  - Preventive effect of Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA) on fatal infection with
      mouse Piroplasma.

PMID- 4010125
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic studies on the microvascular system of the spleen
      in the rat, cat, dog, pig, horse and cow.

PMID- 4010127
TI  - Campylobacter species isolated from swine with lesions of proliferative
      enteritis.

PMID- 4010126
TI  - Development of an experimental animal model for the protection test of
      Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae vaccine.

PMID- 4010128
TI  - Efficacy of naphthoquinones and imidocarb dipropionate on Theileria sergenti
      infections in splenectomized calves.

PMID- 4010129
TI  - Biliary epithelial abnormality induced in mice by repeated intraperitoneal
      injections of swine serum.

PMID- 4010130
TI  - Plasmid in Fusobacterium necrophorum.

PMID- 4010131
TI  - Identification and quantification of monocytes in bovine mononuclear cells.

PMID- 4010132
TI  - A case report of canine disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

PMID- 4010134
TI  - "The past is prologue...".

PMID- 4010133
TI  - Transformation of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes in the perinatal period.

PMID- 4010135
TI  - Geriatrics: the new challenge.

PMID- 4010136
TI  - [Tuberculosis in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis].

PMID- 4010137
TI  - [A clinical study of cervical lymph node tuberculosis].

PMID- 4010138
TI  - [A case of severe laryngo-tracheo-bronchial tuberculosis associated with
      obstruction of left main bronchus and stenosis of trachea during treatment, with
      special emphasis on its pathogenesis and management against stenosis of trachea].

PMID- 4010139
TI  - [The 59th annual meeting symposium. Japanese Society for Tuberculosis. Recent
      extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Abstracts].

PMID- 4010140
TI  - [Amiodarone as an anti-arrhythmia agent].

PMID- 4010142
TI  - [Concentrations of various elements in the myocardium of persons who died of
      myocardial infarction and other arteriosclerosis-related conditions in localities
      supplied with drinking water of various degrees of hardness].

PMID- 4010141
TI  - [Trace metals in the blood during non-transmural myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4010143
TI  - [Use of selected pharmacological tests in the diagnosis of sinoatrial node
      insufficiency].

PMID- 4010144
TI  - [Clinical value of the intracardiac recording of sinoatrial node potentials].

PMID- 4010145
TI  - [Complex invasive diagnosis of Fallot's syndrome].

PMID- 4010146
TI  - [Use of magnesium for prevention of pain in vasospastic angina in a patient with
      recurrent myocardial infarction; pathogenesis of vasospasm].

PMID- 4010147
TI  - [Atypical case of stenosis of the left venous outlet].

PMID- 4010148
TI  - [Protective effect of trifluoperazine on the isolated hypoxic rabbit heart].

PMID- 4010149
TI  - Origin of positive transepithelial potential difference in early distal segments
      of rat kidney.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratory indicate that early distal segments of the
      rat kidney have a positive transepithelial potential difference (PD). The present
      study investigates the origin of the positive PD. PDs were measured in early
      distal segments using a technique which allowed simultaneous microperfusion and
      PD measurement through a single pipette (3 to 6 micron O.D.). Microperfusion with
      artificial plasma ultrafiltrate resulted in a significantly negative mean PD of 
      4.9 +/- 0.7 mV (N = 17), in contrast to a positive free-flow PD of +5.7 +/- 1.1
      mV (N = 174) (P less than 0.001). Addition of amiloride 10(-4) M to plasma
      ultrafiltrate changed the PD to +1.7 +/- 0.2 mV (N = 25, P less than 0.001). In
      contrast, furosemide 10(-4) M had no effect on the perfusion PD. Removal of
      sodium from the luminal perfusate abolished any effect of amiloride on the
      perfusion PD. Perfusion with artificial early distal fluid yielded a positive PD
      of +4.2 +/- 0.2 mV (N = 19). Amiloride increased this PD to +8.3 +/- 0.7 mV (N =
      21, P less than 0.001). Subsequent experiments in which the sodium and potassium
      concentrations of the perfusates were varied indicated that concentration
      gradients for these ions across the early distal tubule could generate
      substantial diffusion PDs and that potassium was much more permeant than
      sodium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010150
TI  - Structural adaptation in initial collecting tubule following reduction in renal
      mass.
AB  - Tubular function studies have shown that nephrectomy leads to a sharp increase in
      potassium secretion by initial collecting tubules. The aim of this study was to
      examine the relationship between potassium transport and the cellular morphology
      of the distal nephron. Clearance and ultrastructural studies were conducted in
      rats 10 days after 75% nephrectomy. Fractional urinary potassium excretion
      increased from 23.4 +/- 3.8% in controls to 63.9 +/- 10.1% in nephrectomized
      animals. Stereological analysis of principal cells in the initial collecting
      tubule revealed that following nephrectomy the surface density of the basolateral
      membrane increased from 2.32 +/- 0.12 to 4.11 +/- 0.20 micron2/micron3. While the
      basolateral membrane surface density of intercalated cells in this segment was
      not affected by nephrectomy, the luminal membrane surface density increased from
      0.29 +/- 0.03 to 0.54 +/- 0.08 micron2/micron3. Ultrastructural changes were not
      observed in cells of the distal convoluted tubule. These observations demonstrate
      that cell type specific changes in membrane surface density accompany the
      adaptive increase in ion transport that occurs with a reduction in renal mass.
      The enhanced potassium excretion associated with nephrectomy may be partly
      mediated by a specific increase in the basolateral membrane of principal cells.
      The increase in luminal membrane of intercalated cells may be related to the
      increase in acid transport per surviving nephron following nephrectomy.

PMID- 4010151
TI  - Role of terminal complement pathway in the heterologous phase of antiglomerular
      basement membrane nephritis.
AB  - Terminal complement components, including the membrane attack complex, have been
      demonstrated in glomeruli of patients with immune complex and anti-GBM nephritis.
      We recently demonstrated the functional significance of C6 in the mediation of
      experimental membranous nephropathy in rabbits. In the present study, the role of
      C6 was examined in the heterologous phase of rabbit anti-GBM nephritis by
      studying normal and C6-deficient (C6D) rabbits. In C6D rabbits, C6 hemolytic
      activity was less than 0.01% of control. All control rabbits became heavily
      proteinuric in the first 24 hr following injection of a standard dose of sheep
      anti-rabbit GBM antibody (mean, 42.0 +/- 26.3; range, 18.4 to 83.5 mg protein/mg
      creatinine, N = 5). In contrast, C6D rabbits excreted a mean of only 5.1 +/- 5.5
      mg/mg creatinine (range, 0.06 to 14.4, N = 6, P = 0.002). Protein excretion in
      normal rabbits was less than 0.06 mg/mg creatinine. Both control and C6D rabbits
      had similar deposits of sheep anti-rabbit GBM IgG in glomeruli when measured by
      radiolabeling techniques (control 15.8 +/- 2.71, N = 5; C6D 18.7 +/- 1.99
      micrograms of sheep IgG/10(4) glomeruli, N = 6, P greater than 0.05). Control
      rabbits had a greater rise in serum creatinine in the first 24 hr (1.74 +/- 1.15
      vs. 0.53 +/- 0.44 mg/dl, P less than 0.05). Both groups had similar deposits of
      sheep IgG and rabbit C3 by IF. By light microscopy at 4 and 24 hr, both groups
      had qualitatively similar proliferative changes and similar numbers of
      neutrophils infiltrating glomeruli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010152
TI  - Effect of cortical-medullary gradient for ammonia on urinary excretion of
      ammonia.
AB  - Previous studies suggested that a portion of ammonia secreted into the proximal
      tubule may diffuse directly from Henle's loop into the medullary collecting duct.
      Since water is absorbed along the course of the descending portion of the loop,
      it was proposed that the concentration of ammonia increased in loop fluid, and
      that rapid diffusibility of the free base would facilitate the delivery of
      ammonia into medullary interstitium where a high level could be maintained by the
      countercurrent exchange process. In this schema it was proposed that there was an
      ammonia concentration gradient between medullary structures and cortex, and
      recovery of ammonia by the medullary collecting duct due to the low pH in tubule
      fluid at that site. The present study was designed to evaluate this hypothesis by
      estimating ammonia concentrations in medullary and cortical tissue, and by
      correlating medullary levels with secretion rate into the inner medullary
      collecting duct. In control animals the concentration of total ammonia (NH4+ +
      NH3+) in inner medullary vasa recta was 9.2 +/- 1.5 mumoles/ml, a level 100-fold
      higher than the cortical level of 0.10 +/- 0.01. During acute acidosis the
      medullary level rose to 22.5 +/- 2.7 mumoles/ml, but in acute acidosis during
      mannitol infusion the level fell to 8.0 +/- 1.2. The rate of ammonia secretion
      into inner medullary collecting duct fluid correlated directly with medullary
      vasa recta ammonia concentration. These data provide evidence for a steep ammonia
      concentration gradient between the medulla and cortex, and suggest that the
      diffusion gradient across collecting duct epithelium governs the rate of the
      addition of ammonia to collecting duct fluid.

PMID- 4010153
TI  - Genetic heterogeneity of Alport syndrome.
AB  - Forty-one families have been studied with stringent diagnostic criteria of Alport
      syndrome: proven renal disease with hematuria affecting at least two relatives,
      neural hearing loss in at least one affected individual, and evolution to renal
      failure in at least one affected individual. The proportion of affected
      offsprings of affected females does not significantly differ from the ratio
      expected for a dominant trait. The descendance of affected males shows a lack of
      affected males. In four families, with parental consanguinity and nonaffected
      parents, the findings agree with an autosomal recessive inheritance. Study of
      quantitative traits such as death or renal death among brothers, uncle-nephew
      pairs and whole families shows evident intra-familial resemblances. We conclude
      that Alport syndrome seems to be a heterogeneous state composed of a number of
      genetically distinct syndromes, with an autosomal dominant, an X-linked dominant,
      and an autosomal recessive form.

PMID- 4010154
TI  - [Malabsorption syndrome--a review of its definition, pathogenesis and diagnosis-
      1].

PMID- 4010155
TI  - [Allergy and preventive vaccinations].

PMID- 4010156
TI  - [Calculation of the effect of phototherapy with reference to different
      irradiation variants. I. Effect of therapy mode on the photoeffect].

PMID- 4010157
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of giardiasis].

PMID- 4010158
TI  - [Marfan syndrome--a case report].

PMID- 4010159
TI  - [Theophylline therapy in bronchial asthma in childhood with control of blood
      levels].

PMID- 4010160
TI  - [Lipid and lipoprotein studies in nephrotic syndrome cases in childhood].

PMID- 4010161
TI  - [Acute appendicitis (clinical data)].

PMID- 4010162
TI  - [Various clinical and hematological indicators in different forms of acute
      appendicitis].

PMID- 4010163
TI  - [Appendectomy as an additional operation].

PMID- 4010164
TI  - [Current methods of diagnosis and surgical treatment of acute gastrointestinal
      ulcers complicated by hemorrhage and perforation].

PMID- 4010165
TI  - [In defense of the early surgical treatment of cholecystitis in middle-aged and
      elderly patients].

PMID- 4010166
TI  - [Mortality and methods of decreasing it in middle-aged and aged patients with
      acute pathology of the extrahepatic bile ducts].

PMID- 4010167
TI  - [Treatment of an appendiceal infiltrate].

PMID- 4010168
TI  - [Experience in the treatment of patients with acute appendicitis in an emergency
      surgical unit].

PMID- 4010169
TI  - [Clinico-morphological substantiation of appendectomy in patients with ovarian
      apoplexy].

PMID- 4010170
TI  - [Roentgen diagnosis of postoperative intrathoracic complications of acute
      appendicitis].

PMID- 4010171
TI  - [Role of emergency endoscopy in determining treatment tactics for patients with
      acute gastroduodenal ulcer hemorrhage].

PMID- 4010172
TI  - [Methods of improving the results of the surgical treatment of acute calculous
      cholecystitis in elderly patients].

PMID- 4010173
TI  - [Surgical tactics in acute cholecystitis in middle-aged and elderly patients].

PMID- 4010174
TI  - [Use of intravascular laser irradiation of the blood in the complex treatment of
      patients with obstructive jaundice and suppurative cholangitis].

PMID- 4010175
TI  - [Surgical treatment of appendicular infiltrates and periappendicular abscesses].

PMID- 4010176
TI  - [Injuries of major blood vessels in abdominal trauma].

PMID- 4010177
TI  - [Use of antimicrobial polymers in emergency vascular surgery].

PMID- 4010178
TI  - [Organizational and tactical aspects of replantation of large segments of the
      limbs].

PMID- 4010179
TI  - [Improving the intensive treatment of patients with acute surgical diseases].

PMID- 4010180
TI  - [Errors in the diagnosis of early adhesive intestinal obstruction after emergency
      appendectomy].

PMID- 4010181
TI  - [Early intraperitoneal hemorrhage and hematoma after appendectomy].

PMID- 4010182
TI  - [Effect of various genotypic characteristics of the body on the clinical
      manifestations of acute appendicitis].

PMID- 4010183
TI  - [Surgical treatment of intracavitary tumors of the heart].

PMID- 4010184
TI  - [Use of extracorporeal hemosorption in surgical hepatology].

PMID- 4010185
TI  - [Necrotizing fasciitis].

PMID- 4010186
TI  - [Extracorporeal connection of donor's spleen for detoxication of the body].

PMID- 4010187
TI  - [Classification of colostomies].

PMID- 4010188
TI  - [Treatment of recurrent varicose veins of the lower limbs].

PMID- 4010189
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of late post-mastectomy edema of the upper limbs].

PMID- 4010191
TI  - [Surgical treatment of thrombosis of vascular prostheses and venous transplants].

PMID- 4010190
TI  - [Graded papillosphincteroplasty using contact operative cholangiography with a
      coordinated grid].

PMID- 4010192
TI  - [Partial denervation of the lungs in bronchial asthma].

PMID- 4010193
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of early stomach cancer].

PMID- 4010194
TI  - [Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of adenoma of the major duodenal papilla].

PMID- 4010195
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of suppurative-destructive diseases and cancer of the
      lungs].

PMID- 4010196
TI  - [Parasternal lymphadenectomy in the treatment of patients with breast cancer].

PMID- 4010197
TI  - [Role of anaerobic non-clostridial microflora in peritonitis].

PMID- 4010198
TI  - [Endoscopic and morphofunctional characteristics of the ileocecal segment of the
      intestines in children with surgical diseases].

PMID- 4010199
TI  - [N-acetyltransferase and the process of adhesion formation in the abdominal
      cavity under experimental conditions].

PMID- 4010200
TI  - [Roentgeno-intrabiliary interventions in cholestasis].

PMID- 4010202
TI  - [Remote results of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy].

PMID- 4010201
TI  - [Laser papillosphincterotomy].

PMID- 4010203
TI  - [Stimulation of restorative processes in the liver after its massive lesions and
      resection (experimental study)].

PMID- 4010204
TI  - [Evaluation of methods of diagnosis and surgical treatment of pancreatic cysts].

PMID- 4010205
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of injuries of the pancreas and extrahepatic
      bile ducts].

PMID- 4010206
TI  - [Tasks and outlook of Bulgarian angiology].

PMID- 4010207
TI  - [Organ-preserving surgical interventions in bronchial adenomas].

PMID- 4010208
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of rare lung tumors].

PMID- 4010209
TI  - [Diseases of the neck simulating goiter].

PMID- 4010210
TI  - [Etiology of femoral hernia].

PMID- 4010211
TI  - [Isolated open heart wound].

PMID- 4010212
TI  - [Long-term dialysis treatment of the ascites in a liver cirrhosis patient].

PMID- 4010213
TI  - [Primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid].

PMID- 4010214
TI  - [Case report on the surgical treatment of portal hypertension in liver
      cirrhosis].

PMID- 4010215
TI  - [Case of mesenteric thrombosis successfully treated by extensive resection of the
      small intestine].

PMID- 4010216
TI  - [Psychosocial care of children with cancer and their families: requirements and
      reality].

PMID- 4010217
TI  - [Areas of psychosocial care of children with cancer and their families.
      Evaluation of a model of comprehensive care].
AB  - 98 children with cancer and 7 children with other serious hematologic or
      oncologic illnesses and their families are counselled by psychologists in close
      teamwork with pediatric oncologists within the framework of a clinical pilot
      study in 1982. The problems and questions of interest posed on the psychologists
      in 646 such contacts are classified and presented according to frequency of
      problems and contacts. The resulting large number and variety of concerns
      demonstrates that in addition to the direct illness- and treatment-related coping
      strategies (52 %) and related social/economic questions (30 %), a considerable
      portion of the problems can be classified within the realm of the clinical
      psychologist: behavioral disorders (37 %), family problems (33 %), late effects
      (26 %).

PMID- 4010218
TI  - [Neurologic and psychosocial disorders in children with brain tumors].
AB  - We studied 15 tumor-free patients, that had already finished treatment at the
      university-hospital Essen. Beside from a neurological check-up our complete
      assessment included the following tests: CMM (Columbia Mental Maturity Scale), BM
      and CM (Raven Test), PPVT (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test), BA (Following
      Directions), KP (Dotting), d2, HAWIK-Test (Mathematical part), LOS (Lincoln
      Oseretzky Motor Development Scale) and GFT (Gottinger Formreproduktionstest). A
      half structured interview of parents was performed, too. All, but two patients,
      had neurological disorders of different degrees. All these 13 patients had signs
      of ataxia. For the intelligence- and development-tests (CMM, BA, BM, CM and PPVT)
      the results for all patients were better than the 50th percentile, for the KP and
      LOS-test worse (40-47%). A diminished ability for concentration and slowness
      shows the d2-reached only a rate of 22 percent. The results of the HAWIK-test
      shows a test-age-equivalent, which is 3,4 years above the actual age. From the
      results of the GFT you can conclude, that these disorders are caused by brain
      damage. Parents mentioned during the interviews abnormalities in behaviour,
      interaction-problems between siblings and inadequate emotional reactions. For all
      these reasons we want to point out, that for an overall assessment of these
      patients and there families a well-planed therapeutical procedure including
      rehabilitive measures is necessary for diminishing the described disturbances as
      far as possible.

PMID- 4010219
TI  - [Philadelphia translocation and the human c-abl oncogene--relations in the light
      of molecular genetics].
AB  - Application of recombinant DNA techniques led to the characterization of a
      heterogenous group of evolutionary conserved genes with potential transforming
      activity, called oncogenes. Regularly they seem to be involved in normal cell
      proliferation and differentiation. Various mechanisms including an increased
      dosage of gene product as well as subtile point mutations activate these
      sequences to oncogenes sensu strictu. Molecular analysis of the Philadelphia
      translocation in leukemic cells of CML-patients revealed a consistent
      translocation of the human c-abl-oncogene from chromosome 9 to the Ph1
      chromosome, regardless of the cytogenetic subtype. Moreover we could demonstrate
      individual breakpoints for every patient investigated so far. However, these
      breakpoints are clustered on chromosome 22 within sequences of the bcr-gene. In
      leukemic cells containing the rearranged-c-abl/bcr sequences a new transcript is
      detected which is possibly the mRNA for an altered c-abl-protein that unmasks
      associated tyrosine specific kinase activity. These gene rearrangements were not
      detected in Ph1-negative CML-patients. Another human oncogene, c-sis, is located
      on chromosome 22, but seems not to play a crucial role in the generation of CML.
      These results are discussed in the context of recent advances in oncogene
      research.

PMID- 4010220
TI  - [Familial adenomatosis coli--a precancerous condition].
AB  - The presented paper includes the medical records of five children with familial
      adenomatous polyposis coli on the one hand and the detailed description of the
      pathologic findings of the disease on the other hand. Particular emphasis is
      given to the morphologic criteria of the disorder predisposing the affected
      individuals to development of colorectal cancer at unusually early ages. In the
      current cases there was a so-called classical presentation of diffuse polyposis
      in the early and late childhood respectively. The diagnosis was established in
      supposedly unaffected siblings due to colonoscopy and radiologic procedures.
      Prophylactic total colectomy was performed in all proven cases. The association
      with extracolonic tumours has proved to be a remarkable feature of the disease.
      This fact is especially stressed.

PMID- 4010221
TI  - [Long-term survival following neuroblastoma stage IV--a case report].
AB  - A 12 1/2 months old girl with stage IV-neuroblastoma presented with a
      retroperitoneal primary and tumor infiltrations of the urinary bladder. She had
      multiple osseous metastases, unilateral orbital infiltrations and medullary tumor
      cell seeds. Treatment was exclusively chemotherapeutic. The primary tumour and
      the metastases regressed completely. Extensive calcifications resulted, and they
      slowly disappeared over a period of three years. The girl remains free of tumour
      6 1/2 years after diagnosis and initiation of therapy and 4 1/2 years after its
      completion.

PMID- 4010223
TI  - Mesangial fenestrations, sieving, filtration, and flow.
AB  - Small tracers in the circulation enter the rat mesangium rapidly and in large
      amounts that indicate a sizable plasma flow into the mesangium. Entrance is
      effected through mesangial fenestrations with a mean width in scanning electron
      microscopy of 376 A, a size similar to fenestrations in peripheral glomerular
      capillary walls. This is considerably smaller than the mean size of 678 A found
      with transmission electron microscopy, but the difference is probably due largely
      to the anionic surface coat on endothelial cells. Measurements of asymmetric
      thorium dioxide particles show that smaller ones with a mean length of 315 A
      enter the mesangium preferentially and that larger particles with a mean length
      of 405 A are partially restricted, supporting the idea that the measured width in
      scanning electron microscopy is close to the actual width in vivo. Fluid flow
      into the mesangium requires fluid flow out. The appearance time and accumulation
      of tracers suggest the following exit paths of flow from the mesangium: through
      the overlying epithelium into the urinary space contributing to glomerular
      filtration and concentrating large tracers beneath the basement membrane in the
      paramesangial region, into the efferent glomerular capillaries after tracers have
      been filtered out by the fibrillar matrix, and through the hilus into the
      juxtaglomerular apparatus (quantitatively small).

PMID- 4010222
TI  - Kinetics of serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB after intracoronary
      thrombolysis.
AB  - The kinetics of the activity of total creatine kinase (CK) and creatine
      phosphokinase isoenzyme muscle-brain were investigated in 48 patients with acute
      myocardial infarction after successful intracoronary thrombolysis, and compared
      to the enzyme activities in 17 patients in whom thrombolysis failed. CK activity
      peaked significantly earlier after a successful thrombolysis than after an
      unsuccessful attempt: in patients with successful thrombolysis, CKmax = 10.5 +/-
      3.7 h and in patients with an unsuccessful attempt, CKmax = 19.3 +/- 5.9 h; p
      less than or equal to 0.05. The area under the activity time curve after
      successful thrombolysis was significantly smaller than after unsuccessful
      thrombolysis: in patients with successful thrombolysis, CK area = 25,255 U/l per
      day and in patients with an unsuccessful attempt, CK area = 32,602 U/l per day; p
      = 0.015. There was a negative correlation between the area under the CK serum
      curve after successful thrombolysis, and the change of regional wall motion at
      the site of the acute infarct (p less than or equal to 0.05). From the smaller
      area under the CK curve in patients after successful thrombolysis, and the
      significant negative correlation of this measurement with regional left
      ventricular wall motion, we conclude that myocardial salvage after intracoronary
      thrombolysis can be assessed by serial CK measurements.

PMID- 4010224
TI  - Relationship among altered glomerular barrier permselectivity, angiotensin II,
      and mesangial uptake of macromolecules.
AB  - Clinical and experimental studies suggest that accumulation of phlogogenic
      macromolecules in the glomerular mesangium may lead to mesangial expansion and
      eventual glomerulosclerosis. In focal glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome
      entrapment of macromolecules is observed in areas of glomerulosclerosis. To
      determine whether mesangial uptake of radiolabeled, heat-aggregated IgG (AG125I),
      a biologically active macromolecular protein, is influenced by increased
      glomerular filtration barrier permeability, we evaluated the glomerular uptake of
      AG125I in three models of proteinuria: aminonucleoside of puromycin nephropathy
      (PAN), adriamycin nephropathy, and Heyman's nephropathy. Rats were studied
      approximately 1 week after onset of proteinuria. AG125I was measured in
      preparations of isolated glomeruli and compared to simultaneous blood, liver, and
      spleen levels. Only rats with PAN had a marked increase in glomerular AG125I
      compared to control rats, 7.8 versus 2.6 micrograms/mg of glomeruli,
      respectively. We then evaluated whether a continuous infusion of a competitive
      inhibitor of angiotensin II, saralasin (300 micrograms/kg of body weight/minute),
      influenced mesangial uptake of AG125I in PAN rats. Strikingly, glomerular AG125I
      in rats with PAN was reduced to levels comparable to that observed in control
      rats infused with only saralasin, 2.8 versus 3.0 micrograms/mg of glomeruli,
      respectively. This effect on glomerular AG125I content was independent of any
      significant effect of saralasin on blood, hepatic, or splenic levels of AG125I.
      Moreover, these changes in glomerular AG125I in saralasin-infused rats with PAN
      did not appear to directly correlate with changes in whole kidney function. These
      studies also demonstrated that proteinuria per se did not influence mesangial
      uptake of macromolecules. Thus, these data indicated that angiotensin II had an
      important effect on intraglomerular factors that modulate mesangial localization
      of phlogogenic macromolecules.

PMID- 4010225
TI  - Occurrence of cell death (apoptosis) during the involution of liver hyperplasia.
AB  - A single intravenous injection of lead nitrate at a dose of 10 mumoles/100 gm of
      body weight caused liver enlargement associated with hepatic cell proliferation.
      In the present study the involution of liver hyperplasia which follows the
      withdrawal of lead was studied in male Wistar rats. Histologic examination of
      liver sections from rats killed during the regression of the liver did not show
      any sign of massive lytic cell necrosis; no variation in the levels of serum
      glutamate pyruvate transaminase could be observed during the same time period;
      however, light microscopic observation of sections from the involuting liver
      showed the presence of several apoptotic bodies; the occurrence of apoptotic
      bodies was also confirmed by ultrastructural examination. Their incidence was
      found to be markedly increased at 5 days after treatment, a time period when the
      liver is already regressing; very few apoptotic bodies were observed in control
      animals or in treated rats 2 days after lead injection, a time point when mitotic
      index reached its maximum, or at 15 days, when the liver had returned to control
      values. These findings suggest that removal of excess liver which follows the
      initial hyperplasia caused by lead is due to a controlled mode of cell death,
      namely, apoptosis.

PMID- 4010226
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans: mortar, matrix, mentor.

PMID- 4010227
TI  - Total corrinoid, cobalamin (vitamin B12), and cobalamin analogue levels may be
      normal in serum despite cobalamin in liver depletion in patients with alcoholism.
AB  - Serum, erythrocyte, and liver levels of total corrinoids, cobalamin (vitamin
      B12), and cobalamin analogues were determined by differential radioassay in 27
      patients with alcoholism. Compared with normal subjects, liver content of total
      corrinoids and cobalamin in alcoholics was low. Conversely, serum total
      corrinoids and cobalamin were high. Compared with normal, levels of erythrocyte
      cobalamin analogue in alcoholics were elevated, but levels of cobalamin were not.
      Analogues in liver represented a similar percentage of total corrinoids in
      alcoholics as in normals. The data confirm prior work suggesting that, in
      alcoholism and in liver disease, cobalamin depletion in tissues may be masked by
      normal to high serum cobalamin and analogue levels. The failure of damaged liver
      to take up from the serum cobalamin and analogues, compounded by release of these
      compounds and their binders from damaged liver into the serum, can account for
      these findings.

PMID- 4010228
TI  - Colchicine-binding properties of hepatic tubulin. The role of "time-decay".
AB  - Determination of total and polymerized tubulin in the liver by the [3H]colchicine
      binding assay is hampered by rapid loss of binding sites. One solution, which has
      been proposed to overcome this problem, is the use of a "time-decay" corrected
      assay that extrapolates to an initial binding capacity based on the results of
      testing multiple aliquots of liver supernatants over time. If such an approach is
      valid, it follows that the extrapolated initial value should be independent of
      the rate of time-decay. To test this relationship, we modulated the half-life
      (T1/2) for time-decay of a fixed amount of hepatic microtubule-derived tubulin
      using various concentrations of organic acids, sodium glutamate and glucose-1
      phosphate. We found that the initial binding capacity based on simple first order
      decay did vary with the T1/2. Similar results were also obtained with bovine
      brain tubulin added to hepatic supernatants. These results indicate that the
      quantification of hepatic tubulin derived by extrapolated time-decay values is
      inaccurate and may overestimate the actual amount of tubulin present, especially
      when time-decay is rapid.

PMID- 4010229
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans and the substrate attachment of murine myeloma, 3T3, and
      cutaneous fibrosarcoma cells.
AB  - The attachment of murine myeloma, 3T3, and cutaneous fibrosarcoma cells to
      substrates of either fibronectin, type I collagen, or two types of tissue culture
      plastic was examined in the presence and absence of specific exogenous
      glycosaminoglycans. Fibrosarcoma and 3T3 cells were found to be nondiscriminatory
      with respect to their avidity of attachment to substrates of either of the
      proteins or of conventional tissue culture plastic, whereas the myeloma cells
      attached significantly less well to a substrate of collagen than to the other two
      matrices. On tissue culture plastic and collagen the fibrosarcoma cells attached
      more rapidly than did the other two cell types. Selective and partial inhibition
      of cell attachment to type I collagen, and, to a lesser extent, fibronectin,
      occurred upon preincubating these substrates with the sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans, heparin and heparan sulfate, at concentrations of 1 to 100
      micrograms/ml; for 3T3 cells heparin was significantly more inhibitory (mean
      maximal inhibition of approximately 40%) than were two heparan sulfate fractions.
      Attachment of fibrosarcoma and 3T3 cells to a nitrogenated tissue culture plastic
      surface with a net positive charge (Primaria) was nearly 50% inhibited by heparin
      at the higher concentration and to a lesser extent by the two heparin sulfate
      fractions. Myeloma cell attachment to this same substrate was inhibited, to a
      lesser degree, by all three sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Hyaluronic acid,
      dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin 6-sulfate were inactive in our attachment
      assays. We suggest that the functional role of glycosaminoglycans in substrate
      attachment may vary depending on the cell type and the matrix involved in the
      specific interaction. In particular, the net charge of the substrate appears to
      be an important factor, and on positively charged surfaces these substances may
      serve a greater function. However, since nearly complete abrogation of cell
      attachment should have been achievable by some of the exogenous preparations if
      cell surface sulfated glycosaminoglycans were to comprise the major cellular
      binding sites for matrices, we conclude that it is unlikely that these complex
      polysaccharides function as the principal determinant of simple cell attachment.

PMID- 4010230
TI  - Human tumor cells in culture stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis by human skin
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The human tumor cell lines, MM-96, FME, HCT-8, HT-29, MCF-7 and T-47D, in culture
      produced a factor or factors able to stimulate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis
      in human skin fibroblasts (HF). Conditioned growth media from the melanoma MM-96
      and the colon carcinoma HT-29 produced a 10- and 8-fold stimulation of HF GAG
      synthesis, respectively, with an even larger stimulation of hyaluronic acid.
      Conditioned media from the melanoma FME and the breast carcinomas MCF-7 and T-47D
      stimulated GAG synthesis 2-fold, whereas media from the colon carcinoma HCT-8
      gave a variable response often with no effect on GAG levels. Conditioned media
      from HF cultures had no effect on tumor cell GAG synthesis. Coculture of tumor
      cells and HF also resulted in increased GAG synthesis, and the degree of
      stimulation was similar to that with the conditioned media. Tumor cell
      conditioned media were also effective in stimulating GAG synthesis by porcine
      smooth muscle cells and by chick embryo fibroblasts in culture, although the
      increase in GAG synthesis was much less than with HF cultures. These findings
      support the concept that the stromal desmoplasia characteristic of many growing
      and invasive tumors in vivo arises by tumor cell modulation of GAG synthesis by
      surrounding normal connective tissue cells.

PMID- 4010231
TI  - Ultrastructure of human basophils developing in vitro. Evidence for the
      acquisition of peroxidase by basophils and for different effects of human and
      murine growth factors on human basophil and eosinophil maturation.
AB  - We examined the ultrastructure of human fetal cord blood mononuclear cells
      cultured in medium supplemented with supernatants of human T lymphocytes
      (basophil growth factor, BGF), in medium supplemented with supernatants of cloned
      mouse leukocytes (mast cell growth factor, MCGF) or in MCGF followed by BGF.
      These cultures provided the first opportunity to perform detailed morphologic and
      cytochemical studies of human basophilopoiesis in a nonleukemic setting. Cultures
      of human fetal cord blood mononuclear cells in BGF contained numerous mature
      basophils, which underwent a sequence of maturation similar in ultrastructure to
      that previously described in guinea pigs and mice. The cultures also contained
      variable but often substantial numbers of eosinophils. Eosinophils exhibited
      peroxidase activity in secretory structures (Golgi, rough endoplasmic reticulum)
      and cytoplasmic granules, and peroxidase-positive eosinophil granules were
      released into the medium by dead eosinophils. By contrast, basophils never
      exhibited peroxidase-positive Golgi structures or rough endoplasmic reticulum but
      frequently contained variable numbers of peroxidase-positive granules and
      occasional small cytoplasmic vesicles. Taken together, these findings suggest
      that basophils do not synthesize peroxidase but acquire the enzyme by the
      vesicular uptake of peroxidase released from eosinophils. In medium supplemented
      with MCGF, cells in the basophil lineage proliferated, but their maturation
      generally did not progress beyond the early basophilic myelocyte stage. The
      replacement of MCGF by BGF permitted the basophils (and eosinophils) to complete
      maturation, as judged by a reduction in overall cell size, increased nuclear
      segmentation and chromatin condensation, and cytoplasmic granule maturation.
      Mouse MCGF did not promote the development of mast cells in cultures of human
      fetal cord blood mononuclear cells, when used either alone or in series with BGF.
      Indeed, no mast cells were observed in any of the cultures examined in this
      study. Nor did we find cells with ultrastructural features intermediate between
      those of basophils and mast cells or with features intermediate between those of
      basophils and eosinophils.

PMID- 4010232
TI  - Effects of ionizing irradiation on formation and resorbing activity of
      osteoclasts in vitro.
AB  - The effects of ionizing irradiation on the differentiation and activity of the
      osteoclast were investigated. Embryonic mouse metatarsal bones of different ages
      (14, 15, 16, 17 days) in which no osteoclasts had as yet been formed were
      irradiated with various x-ray doses and cultured until a marrow cavity became
      visible in the nonirradiated paired control bones. Bone growth and calcification
      were followed microscopically during culture. Irradiation caused a dose-dependent
      stunting of the longitudinal growth. Calcification was inhibited by high
      radiation doses (10 to 20 Gray (Gy), whereas a dose of 2.5 Gy stimulated the
      process in the early stages of long bone development. Histologic examination
      revealed complete inhibition of osteoclast formation in the 14- and 15-day-old
      bones after irradiation with 2.5 Gy or more. The number of osteoclasts in
      cultured older bones (16 days) was significantly reduced by irradiation, but
      osteoclast formation could not be completely prevented even by high dosages.
      Irradiation of explanted bone rudiments which were in a stage 1 day prior to the
      appearance of osteoclasts in vivo (17 days) did not significantly influence the
      formation of osteoclasts. Autoradiographic experiments using young bones showed
      that differentiation of osteoclast precursors into multinucleated osteoclasts is
      preceded by one or more divisions of the precursors in the periosteum.
      Furthermore, it was established from continuous 3H-thymidine-labeling experiments
      that in older bones (16 days) a part of the osteoclast nuclei originated from
      postmitotic osteoclast precursors. Irradiation mainly inhibited the appearance of
      labeled osteoclast nuclei in these bones. The results indicate that the
      osteoclast precursor, already present in the periosteum at an early stage of
      embryonic development, first proliferates and then differentiates into a
      mononuclear postmitotic preosteoclast. The proliferation is probably highly
      radiosensitive. Subsequently, the preosteoclasts fuse into multinucleated
      osteoclasts and invade the calcified hypertrophic cartilage zone. The resorbing
      activity of the osteoclast is less radiosensitive but can be inhibited by 5.0 Gy
      or more, as was established by morphometric and biochemical methods.

PMID- 4010233
TI  - Differentiation and proliferation of adrenocortical cells during the early stages
      of regeneration.
AB  - Changes in the adrenal cortex of the rat were studied by stereologic and
      autoradiographic techniques during the early phases of regeneration. The adrenal
      cortex was enucleated on the left side, the right kidney and adrenal gland were
      removed, and rats were given 1% sodium chloride as drinking solution according to
      the procedure for inducing adrenal regeneration hypertension. The growth of
      adrenocortical cells during early stages of regeneration can be divided into two
      phases. During the first stage (0 to day 3), the cells remaining attached to the
      capsule recovered from trauma and began to differentiate from zona glomerulosa
      like to those characteristic of the zona fasciculata. Mitochondria also divided,
      and there was increased surface area per cell of total mitochondrial membranes.
      The number of cells decreased in this initial phase, although the average cell
      volume increased, in preparation for mitotic division. This conclusion is
      supported by an increase in the percentage of cells labeled with 3H-thymidine at
      day 3. The second period (end of day 3 to day 7) was a proliferative phase
      reflected in a large number of labeled cells and a maximal number of grains per
      volume (reflecting activity of 3H-thymidine incorporation) followed by a blunting
      of the wave of proliferation at day 7. As cells divided, the total mitochondrial
      membranes and cristae per cell decreased. The first week after enucleation is
      characterized first by preparation for cell division, and in the second phase of
      the first week a wave of proliferation occurs. At the end of the first week,
      fewer labeled cells were seen, and there was a decrease in cristae membranes.

PMID- 4010234
TI  - The extraction and analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in biological
      material by GC and GC/MS.
AB  - An injection port pyrolysis method for the analysis of quaternary ammonium
      compounds is reported. Identification and confirmation of the analyte was
      accomplished by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. With minor modifications to
      pH used and solvent composition, a common ion-pair method of extraction of
      quaternary ammonium compounds from biological matrices with an iodide counter ion
      is described. Although the combined extraction-identification methodology was
      limited to neostigmine, succinylcholine, and paraquat, it should easily be
      applicable to any of the other compounds examined in this study.

PMID- 4010235
TI  - Iodide determination in blood by gas chromatography.
AB  - A gas chromatographic method suitable for determination of blood iodide in
      concentrations reported for burn patients treated with iodophors is described.
      The iodide is reacted with methyl isobutyl ketone to form an iodoketone,
      extracted into hexane containing an internal standard, and analyzed by gas
      chromatography using a packed column and an electron capture detector.

PMID- 4010236
TI  - Drug population in one thousand geographically distributed urine specimens.
AB  - Hundreds of drugs and other substances are excreted in urine. In a comprehensive
      drug screen, it is impossible to identify every detectable substance. In order to
      delineate the most commonly detected drugs, approximately 1000 urine specimens
      from geographically distributed clinical laboratories were analyzed for drug
      substances. Twenty-nine (29) clinical laboratories submitted up to 76 consecutive
      urine specimens found to be positive for substances other than nicotine and
      caffeine. Specimens were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and special
      procedures for salicylates, benzoylecgonine, PCP, benzodiazepines, and
      cannabinoid metabolites. Every specimen was also tested for opiates, PCP, and
      cannabinoid metabolites by an enzyme immunoassay procedure. The total number of
      drugs detected in 1000 specimens was 3014, an average of three drugs per
      specimen; and 110 different drugs were identified. Of these, 50 drugs accounted
      for 95% of the total detected; 21% of the specimens contained cannabinoid
      metabolites, and 4% of the specimens contained cocaine and/or benzoylecgonine.
      Most of the specimens were routine, and only 4% originated from comatose
      patients.

PMID- 4010237
TI  - Extraction, separation, and detections of 14C-diazepam and 14C-metabolites from
      brain tissue of mature and old rats.
AB  - A rapid method for simultaneous determination of brain concentrations of diazepam
      and each of its three major metabolites in brain tissue by a reverse isotope
      dilution procedure is presented. Radiolabeled diazepam and metabolites were
      extracted from brain tissue of mature and senescent rats with ethyl ether. After
      the ether was evaporated the benzodiazepines were separated from the residue by
      passing the water soluble portion through C-18 bonded-phase extraction columns.
      High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate the
      benzodiazepines from each other. Reverse isotope dilution analysis was used to
      quantify diazepam and its metabolites. The percent recovery of diazepam and its
      metabolites from the brain of mature or senescent rats did not vary
      significantly.

PMID- 4010238
TI  - Erratic data in thin layer chromatography due to anomalous behavior of correction
      standards.
AB  - Correction of crude thin layer chromatographic data usually enables a reliable
      comparison with reference data bases. However, when the correction standards are
      not spotted in the right positions, the calculation may produce false results if
      anomalous migration occurs. This was observed in the case of acidic and neutral
      drugs developed in the chloroform-methanol (9:1) system.

PMID- 4010239
TI  - Five cases of fatal overdose from caffeine-containing "look-alike" drugs.
AB  - Five cases of death from ingestion of "look-alike" dose forms are reported. "Look
      alikes" are widely used non-prescription drugs sold as appetite suppressants or
      stimulants. Three of the cases had taken caffeine/ephedrine combinations, and two
      had taken caffeine only. All had lethal concentrations of caffeine detected in
      the blood (130 to 344 mg/L), and three had high ephedrine concentrations from 3.5
      to 20.5 mg/L. Caffeine and ephedrine were measured in body fluids and tissues
      (when available) by SIM gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after
      extraction with diethyl ether.

PMID- 4010240
TI  - Monitoring of aluminum in whole blood, plasma, serum, and water by a single
      procedure using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AB  - A simple, time-saving procedure to measure aluminum (AI) in whole blood, plasma,
      and water samples of low ionic strength by flameless atomic absorption
      spectrometry is presented. With this procedure, an analagous pretreatment is
      given to all samples. Moreover, the pretreated samples are analyzed using an
      identical program of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The detection limit
      is 1.3 micrograms/L for aqueous solutions and 1.9 micrograms/L, 1.8 micrograms/L,
      and 2.3 microL for serum, plasma, and blood samples respectively. The precision
      of the method varies between 2.8% and 4.2% of all analyses. Using this method, a
      comparison was made between Al levels in whole blood (AlB) and plasma (AlP) in
      rats and AlB and AlP in renal patients. The AlB and AlP were strongly correlated.
      It is concluded that the monitoring of AlB may have a similar prognostic value
      for toxicity as the monitoring of AlP, but more experimental advantages.

PMID- 4010241
TI  - Off the reserves' bench.

PMID- 4010242
TI  - Noise-induced hearing loss sustained during land operations in the Falkland
      Islands Campaign, 1982.

PMID- 4010244
TI  - The introduction of the computer to an occupational health department in the
      chemical industry.

PMID- 4010243
TI  - The health of British trawlermen on the Arctic fishing grounds.

PMID- 4010245
TI  - Microcomputers in occupational medicine: are they of any value?

PMID- 4010246
TI  - Quantitative spectral evaluation of shimmer and jitter.
AB  - A vowel [a]-like, synthesized speech wave was perturbated by defined and
      comparable jitter and shimmer levels. The signal-to-noise ratio was calculated
      from the speech wave spectra. Noise emerges in those spectral regions in which
      the harmonics have high amplitudes, that is, at low frequencies and in the
      formant regions. Jitter created noise levels significantly higher than shimmer.
      To verify the theoretical findings, the voices of 32 women with functional voice
      disorders were analyzed for shimmer and jitter. It was found that only jitter is
      relevant for differentiating between hypo- and hyperfunctional voice disorders.
      Jitter was reduced in hyperfunctional voice disorder. This is presumed to be an
      effect of the high vocal fold tension found in the disorder.

PMID- 4010247
TI  - Constructive comprehension abilities exhibited by language-disordered children.
AB  - Constructive comprehension abilities were compared in a group of 12 language
      disordered children (second graders) and two groups of children acquiring
      language normally (12 second graders matched to the language-disordered subjects
      on nonverbal cognitive skills and 12 kindergartners matched on language
      comprehension). Differences were examined in proficiency of the children in
      constructing spatial and causal inferences associated with short stories
      presented in a Verbal Task and Picture Task. The language-disordered group scored
      significantly lower on inference items than the cognitively matched control group
      of second graders on both tasks. A conditional analysis indicated that even when
      the language-disordered subjects appropriately answered the relevant premise
      items, they were significantly less likely than the second-grade controls to
      correctly respond to inference items on both tasks. There was no significant
      difference between the language-disordered and kindergarten children for either
      the overall or conditional analysis. The finding that language-disordered
      children evidenced difficulty in inference construction for both verbal and
      pictorial material was interpreted as being indicative of a cognitive deficit.

PMID- 4010248
TI  - Evaluation of speech production of the hearing impaired: some benefits of forced
      choice testing.
AB  - The speech production performance of 16 hearing-impaired subjects (thresholds 82
      110 dB HL) was measured using both experienced and inexperienced listeners. Four
      types of measure were obtained: score on a forced-choice test requiring the
      production of eight segmental contrasts, recognition probability for phonemes
      produced in consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words, recognition probability for
      CVC words produced in a simple carrier phrase, and recognition probability for
      words produced in sentence context. The experienced listeners gave higher scores
      than did the inexperienced listeners, but the magnitude of the effect decreased
      with decreasing linguistic redundancy in the test material, falling to only 1.3
      percentage points for the forced-choice test. The pattern of performance across
      the eight contrasts of the forced-choice test changed significantly from subject
      to subject. Performance on the contrast test accounted for 70% of the variance in
      the scores on the sentence test. The results demonstrate that forced-choice tests
      can be used to provide speech production measures that are virtually independent
      of listener experience, that provide analytic detail about an individual's
      production of phonetic contrasts, and that are reasonably predictive of the
      intelligibility of speech produced in more natural communicative settings.

PMID- 4010249
TI  - Frequency selectivity and consonant intelligibility in sensorineural hearing
      loss.
AB  - The relations between frequency selectivity and consonant intelligibility were
      investigated in subjects with sensorineural hearing loss in an attempt to derive
      predictive indices. Three matched pairs of subjects with similar audiometric
      configurations (high-frequency, flat or low-frequency hearing loss) but
      significantly different word-intelligibility scores were tested. Characteristics
      of psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) for high- and low-frequency probes were
      compared with speech-intelligibility performance for high- and low-frequency
      consonant-vowel syllables. Frequency-specific relations between PTC
      characteristics and consonant-intelligibility performance were observed in the
      subject pairs with high-frequency and flat sensorineural hearing loss.
      Corresponding results for the subject pair with low-frequency sensorineural
      hearing loss were equivocal.

PMID- 4010250
TI  - Generation and dissipation of heat in vocal fold tissue.
AB  - The power dissipated in the vocal folds during phonation results from viscous
      loss in the fold tissues and can be estimated on the basis of a simplified
      representation of the geometry and movement of the folds. Assuming this power is
      converted into heat, it combines with the effects of muscle contraction, blood
      perfusion, and thermal conduction to the surface of the folds to determine fold
      temperature. To isolate the thermomechanical source of heat, the vocal folds of
      excised larynges were vibrated vertically over a range of frequencies and
      amplitudes, while the temperature rise in them was measured by inserted fine-wire
      thermocouples. The temperature rise observed was somewhat smaller than that
      predicted. This may be partly accounted for by convective and evaporative cooling
      of the vocal fold as it moved relative to the ambient air. Future studies should
      consider the time course of heating and vocal fold geometry in more detail.

PMID- 4010251
TI  - Homonymy and the voiced-voiceless distinction in the speech of children with
      specific language impairment.
AB  - Two studies are reported in which homonymy in the speech of children with
      specific language impairment (SLI) was examined. In the first study, the degree
      of homonymy reflected in the speech of 14 SLI children was found to resemble that
      seen in the speech of a group of language-matched children with normal language
      (NL). Within each group there was considerable variation in the degree of
      homonymy observed. An examination of the sound changes that contributed to the
      children's use of homonymy suggested that homonyms arising from prevocalic
      voicing were more frequent in the speech of the NL children. The second study
      represented a more systematic examination of prevocalic voicing differences
      between NL and SLI children. Minimal pairs differing only in the voicing feature
      of the initial consonant were produced by four SLI and four language-matched NL
      children. The SLI children showed greater ability to distinguish the minimal
      pairs by means of a voiced-voiceless initial consonant contrast, as measured by
      voice onset time as well as by phonetic transcription. The linguistic and
      neuromotor factors contributing to the findings are discussed.

PMID- 4010252
TI  - Role of inversion in children's question development.
AB  - Current developmental descriptions of children's Wh-question production are
      contradictory. One account posits a stage in which the auxiliary verb and subject
      noun phrase are uninverted, whereas another view offers no empirical support for
      such a stage. The purpose of the present investigation was to test these
      divergent developmental descriptions by analyzing children's spontaneously
      produced questions. Six children at each of three linguistic stages, defined by
      mean utterance length in morphemes and ranging from 2.50 to 3.99, were selected
      for study. The children were between 25 and 47 months of age and evidenced no
      speech, language, or hearing disorders. Although the results replicated the
      proposed semantic ordering of question types, a stage characterized by uninverted
      forms was not supported.

PMID- 4010253
TI  - Laryngeal behavior during stuttering: a further study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to provide detailed, objective descriptions of
      stutterers' laryngeal behavior during instances of stuttering within
      conversational speech. Subjects were 11 adult stutterers who produced stutterings
      (sound prolongations and sound/syllable repetitions) while their laryngeal
      behaviors were observed by means of a flexible fiber-optic nasolaryngoscope
      (fiberscope). Laryngeal behaviors during 86 of the 11 stutterers' stutterings
      were categorized as adducted, intermediate, or abducted. Results indicate that
      during sound prolongations the vocal folds were more likely to be adducted and
      less variable in their movement than during sound/syllable repetitions. Results
      further indicated that the voicing characteristics of the stuttered sound
      (voiceless vs. voiced) and the type of stuttering (sound prolongation vs.
      sound/syllable repetition) interactively influenced laryngeal behavior. It is
      hypothesized that a complex interaction among the laryngeal, articulatory, and
      respiratory systems contribute to the occurrence of the inappropriate abductory
      and/or adductory laryngeal behavior which characterizes prolonged or repeated
      (stuttered) speech segments.

PMID- 4010254
TI  - The midbrain periaqueductal gray: a brainstem structure involved in vocalization.
AB  - Experiments were performed on one Macaca fascicularis and three Macaca mulatta
      monkeys. Electrical stimulation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG)
      elicited phonation closely resembling that naturally produced by such animals.
      Electromyographic (EMG) recordings from laryngeal, thoracic, tongue, and facial
      muscles showed increased levels of activity following PAG stimulation. Recordings
      were made from single neurons located within the PAG in one monkey. These neurons
      increased their firing rates prior to the onset of laryngeal electromyographic
      activity or vocalization. Spike-triggered averaging and microstimulation
      indicated that some of the PAG neurons may project to the laryngeal system. The
      function of the PAG is discussed with regard to vocal initiation, voice
      intensity, coordination of different muscle systems during vocalization, and for
      emotional vocalizations.

PMID- 4010255
TI  - Dissociations between vowel durations and formant frequency characteristics.
AB  - Disagreement exists on the degree to which rate of speech and segmental duration
      affect the formant frequency characteristics of vowels. Post hoc analysis of the
      vowel characteristics of words uttered by women in conversational speech with
      both adult and child addressees indicates that there is no simple relationship
      between the length of vowels and the degree to which their formant frequency
      characteristics resemble those seen in citation forms of speech. In the case of
      women addressing children, it was possible for content and function words to
      share formant frequency characteristics that maximally differentiated their
      embedded vowels, despite the relatively shorter duration of function word vowels.
      Implications for the elicitation of "clear speech" are discussed.

PMID- 4010256
TI  - Tympanometric and acoustic-reflex studies in neonates.
AB  - Tympanograms and acoustic reflexes for a broadband noise and for a 1000-Hz tone
      were measured in normal neonates. Notched tympanograms were typical of neonatal
      ears for a 220-Hz probe tone. A single-peaked tympanogram was most characteristic
      for a probe frequency of 660 Hz. Ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic reflexes
      were present more frequently for a 660-Hz probe tone compared to a 220-Hz probe
      tone, but acoustic-reflex thresholds were not significantly different between
      probe tones. As with adults, acoustic-reflex thresholds for the noise were
      significantly lower than for the tone, and ipsilateral reflex thresholds were
      lower than contralateral reflex thresholds. Reliability of acoustic-reflex and
      tympanometric measures was high. Age change from 2 to 4 days had no significant
      effect on tympanometric or acoustic-reflex characteristics. There was no apparent
      relation between tympanometric pattern and acoustic-reflex characteristics.

PMID- 4010257
TI  - Correspondence between an accelerometric nasal/voice amplitude ratio and
      listeners' direct magnitude estimations of hypernasality.
AB  - Miniature accelerometers were used to transduce nasal and anterior-neck tissue
      vibrations of 12 hypernasal and 3 normal children. The accelerometric voltages
      provided an analog implementation of Horii's (1980) nasal/voice ratio.
      Simultaneous audio recordings were later evaluated for hypernasality by
      listeners. Listeners' direct magnitude estimations (DME) of hypernasality were
      highly correlated with the accelerometric nasal/voice ratio when the stimulus
      sentences contained obstruents, nonnasal semivowels, and vowels. No correlation
      existed between DME and accelerometric values when the stimulus sentences
      contained primarily nasal semivowels and vowels.

PMID- 4010258
TI  - Increasing the frequency of stuttering.
AB  - Information about the conditions under which stuttering varies should include
      variables that both increase as well as decrease stuttering. Most investigations
      in which the research factors have been under experimental control have focused
      on decreasing rather than increasing stuttering. This literature review of
      conditions that might be expected to increase stuttering reveals that most
      investigators have not been able to raise stuttering frequency above control or
      base levels. Although some variables may increase stuttering, the research is too
      meager to speculate about underlying factors.

PMID- 4010259
TI  - Electrolaryngeal speech produced by laryngectomized subjects: perceptual
      characteristics.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptual confusions
      individuals experience while listening to the speech of laryngectomized persons
      who used electrolarynges. Six talkers generated speech samples using two
      different models of electrolarynges. Intelligibility was evaluated from phonetic
      transcriptions of the speech samples. Confusion matrices were generated from the
      transcriptions. Talkers varied considerably in their intelligibility, but there
      was little difference in intelligibility for a given talker using either model of
      electrolarynx. The perceptual confusions revealed that most errors occurred on
      the voicing feature.

PMID- 4010261
TI  - Earphone-coupling technique for measuring the temporal characteristics of aural
      acoustic-immittance devices.
AB  - This research note describes an earphone-coupling technique that can be used to
      measure the temporal characteristics of acoustic-immittance instruments. The
      primary advantage of the earphone-coupling procedure in comparison with the
      procedure described by Popelka and Dubno (1978) is that the temporal measures are
      not contaminated by delays and irregularities in the coupler sound-pressure level
      associated with the pressure system. The latencies of two instruments (Grason
      Stadler, Model 1723) were compared using this earphone-coupling procedure and the
      Popelka-Dubno procedure. The latency measures were in good agreement following a
      correction for the delay associated with the pressure tubing in the latter
      procedure. The technique described is offered as an alternative to the Popelka
      Dubno procedure in the absence of a modified 2-cm3 coupler, particularly for
      instruments with complex pressure systems.

PMID- 4010260
TI  - Effects of aerosol corticosteroids on the voice: triamcinolone acetonide and
      beclomethasone dipropionate.
AB  - The present investigation compared the effects of triamcinolone acetonide
      (Aristocort Aerosol) and beclomethasone dipropionate (Vanceril Inhaler) on the
      vocal functioning of 11 chronic asthmatics. Using conventional aero-acoustic
      techniques, subjects' vocal fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time, and
      oral air volume velocity were sampled at baseline (oral corticosteroid use) and
      at the end of the first and second year of aerosol triamcinolone acetonide use.
      At the end of the second year of aerosol triamcinolone acetonide use, all
      subjects discontinued use of this compound and began use of aerosol
      beclomethasone dipropionate. Subjects' vocal performance then was sampled after 1
      year of aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate use. Results of this study suggest
      that aerosol triamcinolone acetonide reduced the vocal dysfunction observed
      during the baseline period. When aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate was used,
      however, subjects' vocal performance was similar to that observed during the
      baseline period (oral steroid use).

PMID- 4010262
TI  - Older listeners' ability to comprehend speaker-generated rate alteration of
      passages.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of speaker
      generated (natural) rate alteration on passage comprehension performance by
      healthy older listeners. Fourteen men and 14 women between 65 and 74 years of age
      were tested. The passages were recorded at 60% time compression, 0% alteration
      (normal rate), and at time expansion values of 140% and 180%. Comprehension was
      measured by scoring the responses made by subjects to questions that were
      pertinent to each passage. The data were analyzed for comprehension performance
      differences among the four rate alteration conditions and between the men and
      women. The group performed significantly more poorly only at 60% time compression
      when compared with normal rate; there were no differences among the three slower
      rates. The findings are compared with prior studies of rate-altered stimuli with
      older listeners and are discussed relative to potential differences in the
      responses of older persons to electronically altered as opposed to naturally
      altered speech rate.

PMID- 4010264
TI  - Do infants perceive similarity within feature classes? A critique of Hillenbrand.

PMID- 4010263
TI  - Stuttering Indians: a reply to Zimmermann et al.

PMID- 4010265
TI  - Failure of cyclosporine to prevent small bowel allograft rejection in pigs.
AB  - The effect of cyclosporine (CyS) on survival and function of 250 cm
      intraabdominal heterotopic small bowel allografts was studied in outbred pigs.
      Experimental animals received oral CyS alone (25 mg/kg/day), or oral CyS, donor
      bowel radiation, and recipient splenectomy; controls were untreated. Excluding
      technical failures, no significant differences in graft survival were observed,
      although one relatively long-term survivor occurred in each treated group.
      Rejection was not related to cyclosporine levels. These data show that CyS as a
      single agent as well as when used with supplemental therapy does not uniformly
      prevent rejection of small bowel allografts in pigs, although an occasional long
      term survivor will occur. The failure to achieve consistently successful
      engraftment may reflect the large quantity of lymphoid tissue in small bowel.
      Further experimentation is required before human transplantation is again
      attempted.

PMID- 4010266
TI  - Effect of pneumonectomy on extravascular lung water in dogs.
AB  - The effect of pneumonectomy in dogs on extravascular lung water (EVLW) was
      studied using a double-indicator (iced indocyanine green dye) dilution technique.
      The EVLW was measured in five dogs before and after a left pneumonectomy while
      left atrial pressure was increased in 5-mm Hg increments from 10 to 25 mm Hg by
      serially inflating a left atrial Foley balloon. There were no significant
      differences in hematocrit, total protein, or plasma oncotic pressure before or
      after pneumonectomy. Prepneumonectomy EVLW was adjusted to reflect right lung
      EVLW alone. Both before and after pneumonectomy there was a significant increase
      in EVLW when left atrial pressure was increased to 25 mm Hg. However, EVLW values
      were similar before and after pneumonectomy at each level of left atrial
      pressure. We conclude that pneumonectomy does not acutely increase susceptibility
      to EVLW formation caused by a hemodynamic challenge. This implies that following
      pneumonectomy, if left heart filling pressures are normal, there is no clinical
      benefit to excessive fluid restriction.

PMID- 4010267
TI  - Adverse effect of splenectomy in experimental peritonitis.
AB  - Patients undergoing splenectomy have increased operative morbidity and mortality,
      especially when associated with gastrointestinal surgery or injury. This present
      study was designed to assess the effect of splenectomy on mortality in a
      polymicrobial fecal peritonitis model and evaluate therapy with antibiotic
      (cefoxitin) or immunomodulation (glucan). Human stool-barium (0.15 cc) was placed
      in the peritoneum of Sprague-Dawley rats at the time of splenectomy or sham
      surgery. Splenectomy animals were then treated with 5% dextrose, cefoxitin (60 mg
      im q 6 hr), glucan (7.5 mg ip prior to surgery), or cefoxitin plus glucan.
      Splenectomy resulted in decreased survival (5% vs 30%, P less than 0.05).
      Treatment with cefoxitin (90%) or glucan (47%) significantly improved survival.
      Combined glucan-cefoxitin therapy had no improvement over cefoxitin alone.
      Peritoneal and blood cultures were performed 12 hr postoperatively. There were no
      significant differences in growth of bacteria between sham and splenectomy
      animals. Cefoxitin treatment resulted in lower growth of bacteria from both blood
      and peritoneum (P less than 0.05). Glucan treatment caused a significant decrease
      in the number of bloodborne bacteria (P less than 0.05). Intravascular colloidal
      carbon clearance and leucocyte counts were performed at 12 hr postoperatively.
      Presence of peritonitis significantly enhanced intravascular clearance, while
      splenectomy had no effect. Addition of glucan or cefoxitin therapy to splenectomy
      animals did not enhance intravascular clearance. Leucocyte counts were
      significantly lower (P less than 0.05) when splenectomy was added to peritonitis
      animals. Glucan and cefoxitin therapy did not increase leucocyte counts. Based on
      these studies we conclude that (1) splenectomy increases mortality in fecal
      peritonitis, (2) antibiotic and immunomodulator afford some protection, and (3)
      exact mechanism of protection remains unclear.

PMID- 4010268
TI  - The acute effects of intralipid on lung function.
AB  - To determine whether the oleic acid contained in intralipid injures the lung, we
      measured fractional lobar perfusion, lobar shunt, and edema (wet to dry weight
      ratios, W/D) in 20 open-chested mechanically ventilated dogs. Five dogs received
      oleic acid 0.03 g/kg injected into a lower lobe pulmonary artery. Ten received
      0.5 cc/kg of 20% intralipid which contains the equivalent amount of oleic acid,
      five of these animals being heparinized. The same dose of oleic acid was also
      suspended in intralipid and administered to five heparinized dogs. Shunt and
      edema were measured in another five heparinized closed-chested dogs receiving 2
      g/kg of intralipid IV over 1 hr. Half hour after intralipid or oleic acid, shunts
      did not change. At 2 1/2 hr, oleic acid alone increased lobar shunt from 4.6 +/-
      1.4 to 40.8 +/- 24.9% while intralipid shunt remained unchanged with and without
      heparin. Lobar perfusion fell significantly with oleic acid from 29.3 +/- 2.3 to
      17.8 +/- 5.6% while showing no change in the lobes not receiving oleic acid. When
      oleic acid was suspended in intralipid, shunt and perfusion changed less than
      with oleic acid alone. Mean W/D of the oleic acid lower lobe exceeded (P less
      than 0.05) W/D of the other lobes, including the lobe receiving oleic acid
      suspended in intralipid which had a W/D greater than the lobes receiving
      intralipid only. We conclude that intralipid has no acute deleterious effects on
      pulmonary gas exchange, blood flow distribution, or edema. Our data suggest that
      intralipid may protect the lung from the deleterious effects of fatty acids.

PMID- 4010269
TI  - Enhancement of small intestine function by gastrin.
AB  - Frequently, congenital or acquired small intestine (SI) abnormalities in infants
      lead to inadequate absorption. Gastrin has been suggested as a trophic hormone
      for SI epithelial cells. We chose to evaluate the effect of gastrin on the
      function and maturation of developing SI using a rat fetal intestine transplant
      model. Jejunoileal segments (7-8 cm) obtained from 19 to 20 days gestation fetal
      rats were implanted subcutaneously in syngeneic adult rats. Two weeks following
      transplantation the control group (N = 10) was continuously infused with saline
      and the study group (N = 9) was continuously infused with gastrin-17 (13.5
      nM/kg/day) for 14 days. Following the infusion, intestinal maturation and
      function were evaluated by mucosal DNA concentration, disaccharidase activity,
      and absorption of [14C]galactose and [14C]glycine. Absorption (microM/cm2 SI) by
      the control and study groups for galactose was 1.10 +/- 0.18 vs 2.73 +/- 0.25,
      and for glycine was 1.68 +/- 0.23 vs 2.22 +/- 0.26, respectively. DNA
      concentration (microgram/mg SI) of the control and study groups was 410 +/- 43 vs
      1031 +/- 158, respectively. Lactase and sucrase activity were similar in both
      groups. Although maltase (microM substrate hydrolyzed/min/g SI) was 13.5 +/- 2.7
      for the gastrin group vs 7.9 +/- .9 for the control group, statistical
      significance was not achieved. Thus, gastrin produced a statistically significant
      increase in DNA concentration (cell mass) (P less than 0.01). More importantly,
      to our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that exogenously administered
      gastrin can increase absorption of carbohydrate (galactose; P less than 0.01) and
      protein (glycine; P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010270
TI  - Blood and peritoneal neutrophil (PMN) adherence in rabbits: the effects of
      hemoglobin, peritoneal fluid, and infection.
AB  - Neutrophil (PMN) adherence is an important first step in PMN migration.
      Peritoneal fluid and hemoglobin have been implicated as inhibitors of blood PMN
      function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of peritoneal
      fluid and hemoglobin on PMN adherence in both blood and peritoneal PMNs.
      Adherence was measured by nylon fiber filtration. Control blood PMNs were
      obtained from rabbit heparinized blood. Control peritoneal PMNs were obtained by
      saline lavage 18 hr after the intraperitoneal instillation of hypertonic saline.
      Infected blood and peritoneal PMNs were similarly obtained from rabbits which had
      undergone appendiceal devascularization 18 hr earlier. Blood and peritoneal PMNs
      were tested in normal saline, serum, hemoglobin, and peritoneal fluid from
      infected and noninfected rabbits. Cell adhesiveness of blood and peritoneal
      neutrophils from infected and noninfected rabbits was similar in all groups. In
      normal saline and serum, cell adhesiveness was approximately 70%. In hemoglobin
      and peritoneal fluid, all groups of neutrophils showed a statistically
      significant decrease in cell adhesiveness. Based on these data we conclude: (1)
      Blood and peritoneal PMNs with and without infection have similar adherence. (2)
      Both hemoglobin and peritoneal fluid inhibit PMN adherence.

PMID- 4010271
TI  - Improved endothelial cell seeding with cultured cells and fibronectin-coated
      grafts.
AB  - A possible approach to the low seeding efficiency of endothelial cells into
      prosthetic grafts is to increase the number of cells to be seeded in cell culture
      and improve seeding efficiency by graft precoating with fibronectin. The effect
      of cell culture on cell adhesion is unknown, however, and fibronectin also binds
      fibrin, which may increase the thrombogenicity of the graft luminal surface. To
      investigate these questions, freshly harvested canine jugular vein endothelial
      cells from six animals and similar cells harvested from six primary and eight
      secondary cell cultures were labeled with 111Indium and seeded into 5 cm, 4 mm
      PTFE grafts coated with fibronectin, using similar uncoated PTFE grafts as
      controls. Platelet accumulation and distribution on six similar coated and
      uncoated grafts placed in canine carotid, external jugular arterial venous shunts
      for 2 hr were also determined using autogenous 111Indium-labeled platelets.
      Significant differences between group means were determined using the paired
      Student's t test. Results reveal that seeding efficiency is significantly better
      in all groups of coated grafts compared to uncoated grafts (P less than 0.01).
      Cells derived from cell culture also had significantly higher seeding
      efficiencies than freshly harvested cells when seeded into coated grafts (P less
      than 0.05) and tended to have higher seeding efficiencies than harvested cells
      when seeded into uncoated grafts (P = 0.53). Fibronectin coating increased mean
      platelet accumulation on the entire graft luminal surface, but not to a
      statistically significant degree (P greater than 0.1). Whether this increased
      seeding efficiency will improve graft endothelialization remains to be
      investigated.

PMID- 4010272
TI  - The identification of experimentally induced appendicitis using in vitro nuclear
      magnetic resonance.
AB  - Appendicitis was induced in six New Zealand white rabbits. The appendices from
      these animals had significantly higher spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, as
      determined in vitro by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (10 controls vs 6
      experimentals, 413 +/- 23 vs 455 +/- 41, X +/- SD, P less than (0.02). T1
      correlated significantly with the water content of the appendiceal tissue (P less
      than 0.001). These findings suggest that in vivo NMR imaging techniques weighted
      on T1 might be able to identify human appendicitis noninvasively by detecting
      localized edema.

PMID- 4010273
TI  - In vitro detection of fatty liver infiltration in protein-depleted rats using
      proton nuclear magnetic resonance.
AB  - To determine if NMR techniques might be used to detect hepatic steatosis
      secondary to protein malnutrition, the T1 and T2 relaxation times of liver tissue
      from rats subjected to long-term protein malnutrition were measured in vitro. The
      liver tissue from rats fed a protein-deficient rat chow (PD) for 37 days (N = 9)
      was characterized by increased proportion of fat (P less than 0.001) but
      decreased water and nitrogen contents (P less than 0.001) relative to controls (N
      = 9). Mean T1 times were significantly shorter and T2 times significantly longer
      in liver tissue from protein-depleted animals (P less than 0.001). There was no
      overlap of T2 times between the protein-depleted and control animals. The
      consistent changes in T2 that occur with fatty infiltration of the liver should
      be detectable by current NMR imagers.

PMID- 4010274
TI  - Experimental arteriosclerosis treated by conventional and laser endarterectomy.
AB  - Open laser endarterectomy was compared to standard surgical endarterectomy in the
      rabbit arteriosclerosis model. The aorta was exposed by a thoracoabdominal
      exploration in 16 rabbits. In Group I (8 rabbits), a conventional endarterectomy
      (CE) was performed with standard vascular instruments. In Group II (8 rabbits),
      laser endarterectomy (LE) was performed with an argon ion laser (488 nm and 514.5
      nm) at a power of 1.0 W. Aortas were fixed, serially sectioned (6 micron) and
      stained (H +/- E) following each procedure. Gross and light microscopic
      examination revealed identical results for the endarterectomy surfaces of CE and
      LE. The proper cleavage plane within the media was developed with both techniques
      and the remaining arterial wall was not damaged with either procedure. The end
      points of LE were consistently superior to those of CE because of phototherapy
      fusion. The LE end points were tapered and the intima was fused. Intimal flaps
      were seen in 2/8 CE experiments and the remaining end points exhibited an uneven
      transition. LE required an average energy density of 124 +/- 9 J/cm2. We conclude
      that LE provides a satisfactory method for the in vivo evaluation of laser
      radiation upon arteriosclerotic arteries. LE may be the way to begin clinical
      laser trials.

PMID- 4010275
TI  - Methylprednisolone impairs the bactericidal activity of alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Corticosteroid treatment of patients following acid aspiration has been reported
      to increase the incidence of bacterial pneumonia, with Staphylococcus aureus
      being a common isolate. We hypothesized that administration of methylprednisolone
      (MP) to mice with acid-injured lungs would impair pulmonary clearance of S.
      aureus by compromising the bactericidal oxidative metabolism of pulmonary
      phagocytes. Using an inhalational bacterial challenge, we established that MP
      decreased pulmonary clearance of S. aureus. In mice with normal lungs and without
      MP treatment 14 +/- 2% of all initially deposited Staphylococci remained at 4 hr
      compared to 28 +/- 2% remaining in the lungs of mice with MP treatment. In mice
      with acid-injured lungs, MP caused a greater impairment of S. aureus clearance at
      4 hr with 44 +/- 10% of all initially deposited bacteria remaining in the lungs
      of control mice and 210 +/- 24% remaining in the lungs of MP-treated mice. After
      it was demonstrated that there was no difference in the numbers of phagocytic
      cells obtained by lung lavage from mice with or without MP treatment, the
      bactericidal oxidative metabolism of these cells was quantitated using luminol
      amplified chemiluminescence. Phagocytic cells from mice not exposed to S. aureus
      displayed minimal chemiluminescence whether they were treated with saline (22 +/-
      14 mV) or MP (14 +/- 8 mV). In contrast, phagocytes from saline-treated mice
      exposed to S. aureus showed a significant increase in chemiluminescence (159 +/-
      22 mV). Pretreatment with MP, however, prevented this response to S. aureus (21
      +/- 13 mV), indicating that bactericidal oxidative metabolism of these phagocytic
      cells had been suppressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010276
TI  - Response to immunization after partial and total splenectomy.
AB  - Survival after infection from Streptococcus pneumoniae in both animals and man is
      influenced by the amount of splenic tissue. We investigated the effect of
      differences in splenic weight upon the antibody response to immunization and the
      effect of immunization upon survival after pneumococcal challenge. Young Sprague
      Dawley rats had either sham operation, hemisplenectomy, splenectomy with splenic
      autotransplantation, or total splenectomy. Nine weeks later, rats were immunized
      with a heat- and formalin-killed type-specific pneumococcal vaccine. Antibody
      response measured by radioimmunoassay was similar in all operative groups and was
      significantly higher than in nonimmune rats (P less than 0.01). Splenic weight
      was less after hemisplenectomy or autotransplantation than in sham-operated
      animals (P less than 0.01). Immunization improved survival after live
      pneumococcal challenge in rats that had autotransplantation and total splenectomy
      (P less than 0.001). Our results demonstrate that splenic weight does not affect
      the antibody response to pneumococcal immunization in rats. Immunization improves
      survival after bacterial challenge in susceptible animals and minimizes the
      detrimental effect of reduction in splenic mass.

PMID- 4010277
TI  - Effects of tissue acidosis on skeletal muscle microcirculatory responses to
      hemorrhagic shock in unanesthetized rats.
AB  - Arteriolar dilatation, loss of venous tone, and uptake of shed blood characterize
      decompensated hemorrhagic shock. The loss of compensatory constrictor responses
      to hemorrhage mainly occurs in the skeletal muscle microcirculation. Tissue
      acidosis may be an important mediator of this phenomenon. Using a decerebrate in
      vivo rat cremaster muscle preparation, we observed the microcirculatory responses
      to hemorrhagic hypotension with cremaster bath conditions of pH 7.4 and pH 7.0.
      Our data indicate that tissue acidosis attenuates constrictor responses of larger
      arterioles (100-170 micron) and venules to hemorrhagic hypotension but has no
      effect on the dilator responses of small arterioles (10-30 micron). We conclude
      that tissue acidosis contributes significantly to loss of arteriolar resistance
      and to decreased venous return in the decompensatory phase of hemorrhagic shock.

PMID- 4010278
TI  - Effect of intestinal location on growth and function of neomucosa.
AB  - Growing intestinal neomucosa in patched intestinal defects has been investigated
      as a means of permanently increasing the absorptive capacity in the short bowel
      syndrome. Several factors, including luminal contents, appear to affect the
      growth and function of the neomucosa. The purpose of this study was to compare
      function and rate of growth of neomucosa in patched defects of the jejunum and
      ileum. In both the jejunum and ileum of 11 New Zealand white male rabbits 2 X 5
      cm patched intestinal defects were created using the serosal surface of adjacent
      colon. The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks (n = 6) and 8 weeks (n = 5) after
      operation. Grossly there was more complete coverage of the defect by neomucosa in
      the ileum at both 4 and 8 weeks (99.1 +/- 1.1% vs 92.6 +/- 6.3% overall P less
      than 0.005). Villous height of the ileal neomucosa was similar to normal mucosa
      at 8 weeks (209 +/- 21 vs 244 +/- 18 m) but was significantly less in the jejunum
      (209 +/- 16 vs 273 +/- 16 m, P less than 0.005). Glucose uptake by neomucosa was
      greater in the ileum than the jejunum (3.34 +/- .84 vs 2.39 +/- .46 nmole/min/mg,
      P less than 0.05) but was similar to normal mucosa at both sites. Disaccharidase
      activity (lactase, sucrase, and maltase) was similar in both jejunum and ileum
      but was significantly less in ileal neomucosa than in normal mucosa (P less than
      0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010279
TI  - Health information services provided by Tennessee consultants.

PMID- 4010280
TI  - Use of wick catheter compartment measurements in the vascular trauma patient.

PMID- 4010281
TI  - Health care for older citizens: overcoming barriers.

PMID- 4010282
TI  - Responsibilities of prescribing.

PMID- 4010283
TI  - Hypertension--a public health problem.

PMID- 4010284
TI  - Facile geometric isomerization of phenolic non-steroidal estrogens and
      antiestrogens: limitations to the interpretation of experiments characterizing
      the activity of individual isomers.
AB  - In many estrogen responsive systems the isomers of tamoxifen are known to have
      different biological character-the trans isomer is generally an antagonist and
      the cis isomer an agonist. Attempts to similarly characterize the isomers of
      hydroxytamoxifen (which differ greatly in their affinity for the estrogen
      receptor) are shown to be complicated by their facile isomerization. This
      isomerization was studied in cultures of estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 human
      breast cancer cells and monitored by HPLC under reversed phase conditions.
      Hydroxytamoxifen isomers that are initially 99% pure, undergo a time and
      temperature dependent isomerization, so that after 2 days in tissue culture
      medium at 37 degrees C they have isomerized to the extent of 20%. This
      isomerization occurs in the cell-free medium alone and cannot be attributed to a
      metabolic conversion by the cells. The isomerization occurs much more slowly at 4
      than at 37 degrees C and can be reduced considerably by various antioxidants
      (butylated hydroxytoluene, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, retinoic acid and
      retinal); however, at concentrations that block isomerization, these antioxidants
      are toxic to the cells. Although the medium contains both the cis and trans
      isomers of hydroxytamoxifen, the MCF-7 cells preferentially accumulate the trans
      isomer and the material associated with the nuclear estrogen receptor is, in all
      cases, mainly the higher affinity trans isomer. A similar preference of the
      estrogen receptor for the trans isomer is seen with diethylstilbestrol, resulting
      again in almost exclusive accumulation of the trans isomer in the receptor
      binding site. These experiments indicate the importance of verifying the isomer
      compositions of easily isomerizable non-steroidal estrogens and antiestrogens,
      such as diethylstilbestrol and hydroxytamoxifen, both in stock solutions and in
      experimental samples (especially those derived from receptor-associated
      material), so as to ascertain that the activity of the individual isomers is
      being correctly assigned.

PMID- 4010285
TI  - Stereochemistry of 1,2-hydrogen loss during aromatization in the brain.
AB  - The stereochemistry of hydrogen loss from C-1 and C-2 during aromatization in rat
      brain was studied using androstenedione containing a known distribution of
      isotopic label. Comparison of the tritium content of the estrone obtained from
      the aromatization of androstenedione labeled predominantly in the 1 alpha,2 alpha
      positions with that in estrone obtained from a parallel incubation using
      substrate with label in the 1 beta,2 beta orientation gave an estrone alpha/beta
      ratio of 3.6. This ratio compares with a calculated value of 4.3 for an
      aromatization mechanism involving loss of the 1 beta,2 beta-hydrogens. The
      distortion from the predicted value is due to the loss of tritium from the alpha
      substrate which is unrelated to aromatization. The ratio determined
      experimentally is compatible with 2 beta-tritium loss since random or alpha
      elimination from C-2 would yield alpha/beta ratios of 2.2 and 1.3 respectively.
      In an analogous manner the stereochemistry of tritium loss at C-1 was determined
      using [1 alpha-3H] and [1 beta-3H]androstenedione. The alpha/beta ratio of the
      isolated estrone was 3.6 which is in good agreement with the calculated value of
      3.3 for 1 beta-tritium elimination. Our results therefore show that estrogen
      formation in the brain occurs with the same stereospecificity of hydrogen loss at
      C-1 and C-2 as in placental microsomes.

PMID- 4010286
TI  - Resolution of non-activated and activated androgen receptors based on differences
      in their hydrodynamic properties.
AB  - This study shows that cytosolic androgen receptor of rat ventral prostate
      sediments at 10-11 S on conventional low salt sucrose density gradients (SDG),
      and at 4.6 S on high salt SDG, whether it is activated or not; inclusion of 10 mM
      Na2MoO4 in all buffers does not alter these sedimentation coefficients. In the
      presence of 50 mM Na2MoO4 non-activated and activated androgen receptors sediment
      in high salt SDG at 7-8 S and 4.6 S, respectively. Thus the presence of high
      concentrations of molybdate during centrifugation inhibits the KCl induced
      disaggregation of receptor into subunits. Similar effects are observed on
      Sephacryl-S200 gel filtration; in 50 mM MoO2-4 and 0.4 M KCl non-activated
      receptor has an estimated Stokes radius of 67 A; this value decreases to 52 A
      upon activation in the presence of proteolysis inhibitors; omission of molybdate
      during chromatography yielded 52 A and 27 A entities. Estimated mol. wts are
      198,000 Daltons for the non-activated 67 A form and 98,000 Daltons for the
      activated 52 A receptor. Sodium molybdate (50 mM) prevents temperature (18
      degrees C) and high ionic strength (0.4 M KCl) induced receptor activation. This
      inhibition was overcome by removing molybdate by centrifugal gel filtration, or
      by increasing the KCl concentration to 0.8 M. The inhibitory effects of molybdate
      on salt induced receptor disaggregation into activated subunits are no longer
      observed at pH greater than 7.4 or after chemical modification of sulfhydryl
      groups. Once androgen receptor has been disaggregated into its activated subunits
      the activated state is maintained even upon reassociation to 10-11 S aggregates
      in low salt. The relative concentrations of KCl and molybdate are critical; thus,
      10 mM Na2MoO4/0.4 M KCl and 50 mM Na2MoO4/0.8-1.2 M KCl did not differentiate
      activated from non-activated androgen receptor based on their hydrodynamic
      properties. In the presence of 0.4 M KCl and 50 mM molybdate, however, the
      hydrodynamic properties of androgen receptor can be correlated with receptor
      activation.

PMID- 4010287
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of 19-nortestosterone esters in normal men.
AB  - A reliable method for the isolation of 19-nortestosterone (NT), testosterone (T)
      and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      and quantitation of the individual steroids by radioimmunoassays is described.
      The method was used to measure serum concentrations of NT, T and DHT in a
      pharmacokinetic study and in a clinical trial for male fertility control.
      Following intramuscular injection of either 50 mg 19-nortestosterone-3-(p
      hexoxyphenyl)-propionate (NP) or 50 mg 19-nortestosterone-decanoate (ND) serum NT
      increased rapidly to maximal concentrations of 4.6 +/- 3.2 and 2.0 +/- 1.3 nmol/l
      (+/-SD), respectively, in the 6 volunteers. The half-life time was 8 days for ND
      and 21 days for NP. Based on these findings a clinical trial with NP was
      performed. NP was given to 5 healthy men in doses of 100 mg/week for the first 3
      weeks followed by 200 mg/week for 10 further weeks. Serum NT levels increased
      gradually and maximal concentrations were reached in the 13th treatment week
      (20.2 +/- 3.4 nmol/l). Measurable amounts of NT were detectable for 19 weeks
      after the last injection. The study shows that NT accumulates under this
      treatment regime and wider spacing of the injection intervals may be possible in
      future trials.

PMID- 4010288
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for plasma testosterone.
AB  - A rapid, single extraction ELISA for testosterone in plasma is described, using a
      standard 96 well microtitre plate. Testosterone is covalently bonded to bovine
      thyroglobulin and passively adsorbed in guanidine hydrochloride to the ELISA
      plate, giving an immobilised antigen approach which simplifies subsequent assay
      standardisation for steroid hormone assays. The addition of standard, sample and
      first antibody (rabbit anti-testosterone), which is unique for each different
      assay, is followed by a general procedure which includes washing, addition of
      peroxidase labelled goat antirabbit IgG, further washing and finally, addition of
      o-phenylenediamine substrate with colour development and reading of the plate at
      492 nm on an automatic ELISA processor. The ELISA assay is compared to a
      testosterone RIA with 125I-label and has similar specificity and precision to the
      latter with a quicker processing time, and is more cost effective. The added
      advantages that ELISA assays confer over RIAs in terms of isotope purchase and
      disposal make this an ideal procedure for use in a routine steroid laboratory.

PMID- 4010289
TI  - 6-Oxygenation of 3-oxo-4-ene-steroids in high yields after 3-imine-formation.
AB  - 3-Imine formation between primary amines and 3-oxo-4-ene-steroids, followed by
      hydrolysis of the imines (either spontaneously during work up or induced by
      acetic acid) has been shown to cause 6-oxygenation of the steroids tested (17
      beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 4-pregnene-3,20-dione
      and 4-cholesten-3-one). The main products are the 6 beta-hydroxy- and the 6-oxo
      derivatives of the respective steroid. These derivatives were identified by
      chromatographic mobilities and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The
      formation of 6 beta-hydroperoxy-derivatives is suggested and these derivatives
      were tentatively identified. The highest yields of 6-oxygenated products (30-50%)
      were found when cadaverine and spermine were reacted with the steroids. The
      addition of reduced glutathione during hydrolysis of the steroid 3-imines of
      cadaverine, hexylamine and ethanolamine as well as addition of ascorbic acid
      during the hydrolysis of the steroid 3-imines of cadaverine substantially reduced
      the 6-oxygenation. Steroid 3-imine formation and hydrolysis which yields 6
      oxygenated derivatives has also been shown to occur during work up (evaporation)
      of organic solvent extracts of rat liver microsomes (105,000 g sediments) to
      which 17 beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 4-pregnene-3,20
      dione or 4-cholesten-3-one respectively had been added. It is concluded that
      there is a risk that these organic reactions are mistaken for enzymatic
      conversions during in vitro investigations of 3-oxo-4-ene-steroids.

PMID- 4010290
TI  - Eighteen-deoxyaldosterone and other less polar forms of 18-hydroxycorticosterone
      as aldosterone precursors in rat adrenals.
AB  - Samples containing as precursors either 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B) in its
      M form, or this converted to less polar forms at pH 2 (ACM), or M or ACM enclosed
      in liposomes from adrenal lipids were incubated at pH 7.4, 4.8 or 3.3 in the
      presence or absence of quartered rat adrenals for 1 and 2 h. Optimal (10%) yields
      of aldosterone were obtained when (a) ACM was incubated at pH 4.8 and (b) M
      enclosed in liposomes was suspended in buffer and shaken without enzyme at pH
      3.3. When conditions (a) were supplemented with malate and NADP, 16% of ACM was
      converted to aldosterone. ACM contained 80% of a fraction which, according to 13C
      NMR spectroscopy, was identical to 18-deoxyaldosterone (18-DAL). Experiments in
      which radioactivity from corticosterone (B) or M was trapped by radioinert M or
      18-DAL disclosed a pathway comprising sequentially B, 18-OH-B, 18-DAL and
      aldosterone, and the combined evidence of this work, an enzymatic hydroxylation
      of 18-DAL to aldosterone.

PMID- 4010291
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for plasma cortisol.
AB  - A direct ELISA for plasma cortisol is described which is carried out in a
      standard 96 well microtitre plate. In this ELISA cortisol-thyroglobulin conjugate
      is immobilised to the microtitre plate and competes with cortisol in the standard
      or plasma sample for antibody binding sites. Following washing the rabbit
      cortisol antibody bound to immobilised cortisol is incubated with peroxidase
      labelled goat antirabbit IgG. Following further washing o-phenylenediamine is
      added, colour developed, and the plate read at 492 nm on a standard ELISA plate
      reader. This ELISA shows good agreement with RIA and its sensitivity, specificity
      and precision allow its use in the routine steroid laboratory.

PMID- 4010292
TI  - A later follow-up of a classic case series: D. L. Davies's 1962 report and its
      significance for the present.
AB  - In 1962, D. L. Davies published a classic study reporting that seven men "alcohol
      addicts" had returned to sustained "normal drinking" over a follow-up period of 7
      11 yr. His findings are summarized and his methodology is reviewed. An account is
      given of a later follow-up of the same subjects, extending the total observation
      period to approximately 29-34 yr. Multiple information sources were used whenever
      possible. Evidence suggests that five subjects experienced significant drinking
      problems both during Davies's original follow-up period and subsequently, that
      three of these five at some time also used psychotropic drugs heavily, and that
      the two remaining subjects (one of whom was never severely dependent on alcohol)
      engaged in trouble-free drinking over the total period. Davies's pioneering work
      is seen today as pointing to a set of crucial but still largely unresolved
      questions in this research area, and these issues are briefly discussed. A plea
      is made for an open scientific climate within which the possibility of a "return
      to normal drinking" for alcoholics can be further and dispassionately explored
      without partisanship.

PMID- 4010293
TI  - A one-year follow-up of men alcoholics given disulfiram.
AB  - A total of 348 consecutive primary alcoholics entering an alcoholism treatment
      program comprised Group 1 (172 men who were offered disulfiram and agreed to take
      it) and Group 2 (176 who were eligible to take the drug but refused). Information
      was gathered at the time of intake into the program through personal interviews
      with patients and two resource persons. The clinical course in the 12 months
      after discharge was determined by follow-up interviews with patients and one
      resource person. The two groups were demographically similar at intake and there
      were no significant differences in outcome. However, at intake those men who
      agreed to take disulfiram and subsequently did well were more affluent, more
      likely to be married and less likely to have spent time in jail prior to
      treatment, and drank less often than those men who refused. Thus, although
      agreeing to take disulfiram was not associated with an improved outcome overall,
      men with more social stability and less pervasive problems may be the ones most
      likely to benefit from the drug.

PMID- 4010294
TI  - Alcohol-induced facial flushing and drinking behavior in Japanese men.
AB  - The drinking behavior and alcohol-induced facial flushing of 1646 Japanese men
      (50.9% flushers and 48.0% nonflushers) were analyzed from questionnaires
      completed by their wives. The results indicate a relationship between flushing
      and various indices of sensitivity to alcohol and low rates of alcohol-related
      problems. It is proposed that alcohol-induced flushing acts as an inhibitory
      factor against excessive alcohol use and consequent problems due to drinking.

PMID- 4010295
TI  - Depressives with secondary alcoholism: psychiatric disorders in offspring.
AB  - The risk of psychiatric illness among the offspring of probands with major
      depression and secondary alcoholism was examined. The offspring aged 6-17 (N =
      107) and 18 + (N = 171) of probands with major depression (114 with depression
      only and 19 with secondary alcoholism) were compared with the offspring aged 6-17
      (N = 87) and 18 + (N = 103) of controls (N = 82). Offspring of probands with
      secondary alcoholism had a threefold greater risk of alcoholism and a fivefold
      greater risk of antisocial personality-conduct disorder compared with offspring
      of probands with depression only, and a threefold greater risk of alcoholism and
      a 20-fold greater risk of antisocial personality-conduct disorder compared with
      offspring of controls. Familial aggregation of alcoholism was observed only among
      probands with secondary alcoholism. The presence of secondary alcoholism in
      depressed probands did not convey additional increase in risk of either major
      depression or anxiety disorders to offspring beyond that observed among offspring
      of probands with depression only. This suggests that depression and alcoholism
      are not alternate forms of expression of the same underlying illness. Assortative
      mating for alcoholism among parents was related to increased risk of both
      alcoholism and antisocial personality-conduct disorder but not of major
      depression among offspring. A linear effect on rates of these disorders according
      to the number of parents with alcoholism was observed.

PMID- 4010296
TI  - Derivation and validation of neuropsychological clusters among men alcoholics.
AB  - Scores from 13 cognitive-neuropsychological tests administered to 245 men
      alcoholics were subjected to an average linkage cluster analysis. Six subtypes
      were derived but three were eliminated from further analyses because they had
      samples of less than 10. The remaining clusters appeared to reflect differing
      levels and patterns of neuropsychological functioning. Subsequent analyses
      indicated that the clusters were related to age but were independent of most
      other demographic and pretreatment alcohol-related variables. Significant
      associations were found between cluster membership and the likelihood of
      abstinence, completion of aftercare therapy and employment status over a 9-month
      follow-up period. Although this relationship to outcome is encouraging,
      neuropsychological status accounted for only a limited amount of the variance.
      The findings suggest the need to broaden the base of assessment, using multiple
      domains, in future attempts to derive meaningful subtypes within an alcoholic
      population.

PMID- 4010297
TI  - Psychosocial correlates of alcohol use at two age levels during adolescence.
AB  - The correlations between self-reported alcohol use by adolescents and peer and
      parental alcohol use, tolerance of deviance, emotional maladjustment and self
      derogation were studied in two independent samples--172 seventh-grade boys, 221
      seventh-grade girls, 131 tenth-grade boys and 164 tenth-grade girls in Sample 1,
      and 166 seventh-grade boys, 149 seventh-grade girls, 120 tenth-grade boys and 129
      tenth-grade girls in Sample 2. Regression analyses were performed to identify the
      relative contribution of each correlate in a prediction formula for alcohol use
      at the two grade levels and to determine whether the predictors differed at the
      two grade levels. The results were cross-validated in the two samples and showed
      that the predictors were similar at the two grade levels, despite the much
      greater alcohol use by tenth-graders. The major predictors for both grade levels
      and for both boys and girls were peer and parental alcohol use. Tolerance of
      deviance contributed to a much lesser degree and emotional maladjustment did not
      contribute to the prediction equations.

PMID- 4010298
TI  - Nature of questionnaire options affects estimates of alcohol intake.
AB  - To estimate the degree of underreporting of alcohol consumption caused by
      questionnaire options for the frequency and quantity of drinking, two
      questionnaires (one oriented toward light alcohol consumption and the other
      toward heavy consumption) were administered to each of 86 patients (13 women)
      admitted for withdrawal treatment. The estimated mean daily alcohol intake was
      137 g of absolute alcohol as measured by the "light" questionnaire and 302 g as
      measured by the "heavy" one. The Spearman correlation coefficient between
      individual mean intakes recorded by the two questionnaires was .58, indicating
      some influence on the rank ordering of drinkers. The intake estimate based on the
      heavy questionnaire correlated better with the number of drinks needed to
      overcome the subjective feelings of hangover than did the estimate based on the
      light questionnaire. A good deal of the underreporting commonly found in general
      population surveys might be related to the nature of questionnaire options. More
      detailed options for heavy intake might reveal previously unnoticed correlations
      between alcohol intake and various health hazards.

PMID- 4010299
TI  - Reliability of self-reported alcohol consumption in a general population survey.
AB  - Reliability estimates for the measures of alcohol consumption used in a household
      survey were examined. Respondents who had not consumed any alcohol within the
      previous year and those under age 18 were excluded from the survey, yielding a
      sample of 1395 (48% men). With one survey that involved a 2-week recall period
      and another that involved a 4-week period, three methods for estimating
      reliability were employed: alternate forms, test-retest and a combined method.
      Validity was also examined using a 30-day drinking diary as a criterion. The
      findings indicate high levels of reliability, averaging .91 for the consumption
      measures of beer, wine and distilled spirits. Validity estimates were also fairly
      substantial but not uniformly so across the different beverage types. In general,
      the results suggest that these consumption measures can be used with considerable
      confidence.

PMID- 4010300
TI  - Age, alcohol and violent death: a postmortem study.
AB  - A detailed examination of the files of the medical examiner's office of Erie
      County, New York, for 1973-1983 inclusive was conducted with respect to cause of
      death, age of victim and presence of alcohol in the blood at time of death. In
      48.6% of the traffic accidents the victim had been drinking compared with 38.9%
      miscellaneous accidents (e.g., drowning, falling), 45.2% homicides and 35.4%
      suicides. Among those aged 15-19, 42.7% of these violent deaths were alcohol
      related compared with 51.1% of those aged 20-24, 48.6% of those 25-34, 49.1% of
      those 35-44 and 47.2% of those 45-54. The data indicate that alcohol is involved
      to a considerable extent in all major categories of violent death for all age
      cohorts, especially for traffic accident victims aged 35 and under.

PMID- 4010301
TI  - Alcoholic beverage preferences of drinking-driving violators.
AB  - Relationships between the preferred type of alcoholic beverage and various
      drinking-driving behaviors and attitudes were examined in a representative sample
      of 1000 licensed U.S. drivers interviewed in a national telephone survey.
      Substantial differences were found between subjects who preferred beer and those
      who preferred wine or distilled spirits. Those who preferred beer typically drank
      to higher levels of intoxication, were more likely to drive after drinking and
      tended to consider driving while intoxicated to be less serious. With few
      exceptions, these findings were true regardless of sex, age, education, income
      and marital status. These data contradict the popular perception of beer as a
      relatively harmless drink of moderation, and challenge policies of special
      concessions for the legal purchasing age and advertising of beer.

PMID- 4010302
TI  - Risk for alcohol-related accidents in divorced and separated women.
AB  - The relationship between marital status and risk for alcohol-related automobile
      accidents was examined in 10,544 subjects (12% women) who entered 28 driver
      alcohol education programs over a 6-month period in 1983. Women were more likely
      than men to be divorced or separated (28 vs 16%). In their marital category,
      women were younger than men and were more likely to be living alone with their
      children. The findings implicate the role of lifestyle factors in the development
      and maintenance of alcohol-related problems, and suggest that women in driver
      alcohol education programs may require more help than men because they have less
      social support.

PMID- 4010303
TI  - Is there acute tolerance to alcohol at steady state?
AB  - Although acute tolerance to the psychomotor impairment caused by alcohol has been
      documented in single-dose studies, the pharmacodynamic effects of continued
      alcohol administration in humans have not been well studied. Six nonalcoholic men
      received alcohol to achieve and maintain breath alcohol levels of 80-100 mg/dl
      for 6 hr. The men suffered an initial impairment in word recall but improved over
      the next 6 hr. Measures of standing steadiness and manual tracking did not show
      evidence of the development of tolerance. This lack of tolerance was reflected in
      subjects' self-assessments of sedation and intoxication.

PMID- 4010304
TI  - Relationship between familial alcoholism and head injury.
AB  - In 76 alcoholic men who were Veterans Administration inpatients, the presence of
      familial alcoholism was ascertained by means of an investigator-expanded version
      of the family history section of the Renard Diagnostic Interview. Subjects who
      had experienced 5 min of unconsciousness resulting from trauma, or at least two
      periods of unconsciousness or hospitalization as a result of injury were
      categorized as head injured. Of the familial alcoholics, 60.4% were found to be
      head injured, as contrasted with 34.8% of nonfamilial alcoholics, a statistically
      significant group difference. The possible etiological origins of this difference
      and its behavioral and treatment implications are discussed.

PMID- 4010305
TI  - Hyperactivity in sons of alcoholics.
AB  - In a group of delinquent adolescent boys, the sons of alcoholic fathers (N = 16)
      did not differ from the sons of nonalcoholic fathers (N = 25) on either the
      number or pattern of features characterizing hyperactivity-minimal brain
      dysfunction. The findings suggest that childhood hyperactivity cis not a risk
      factor specific to alcoholism.

PMID- 4010306
TI  - The correlation between theoretical and experimental biotransformation of 2
      chloro-1-(2',4' dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethylphosphate (chlorfenvinphos) in the
      dog and rat.

PMID- 4010307
TI  - Genetics of Darwinian fitness. II. Pleiotropic selection on fertility and
      survival.
AB  - A non-overlapping generation model is proposed which links Wright's adaptive
      topography concept to the rather inexact notion of Darwinian fitness as survival
      and reproduction. In general, evolution is seen to weight proportionate increases
      in survival twice as greatly as proportionate increases in fertility. Certain
      special cases are also delineated in which measurements of survival and fertility
      receive equal weight in the fitness equations. In addition, some implications of
      the present study for Wright's shifting balance theory and models based on
      Fisher's reproductive value are discussed.

PMID- 4010308
TI  - A role for metabolite enantiomers in the evolution and integration of enzyme
      driven systems.

PMID- 4010309
TI  - Order and disorder in biophysical systems: a study of the correlation between
      structure and function of DNA.
AB  - The concept of order and disorder as complementary in the quantum-mechanical
      sense is presented. Negative entropy is introduced as a measure of the order of
      the system under study--namely, the DNA chain--and temperature as a measure of
      its disorder. A Heisenberg-like uncertainty relationship for order and disorder
      phenomena is derived. The concept of quasi-equilibrium is introduced because
      living matter is peculiar in that under physiological conditions there is no
      equilibrium in the strict sense. A new approach for DNA activity is suggested in
      terms of local or general disorder of the chain.

PMID- 4010310
TI  - Heat balance of the human body: influence of variations of locally distributed
      parameters.
AB  - Human body temperature control is characterized by a local dependence of system
      variables and parameters. Essential properties regarding inhomogeneity of the
      passive system have been investigated using mathematical methods. The general
      diffusion-equation has been solved using implicit finite difference methods with
      nonlinear boundary conditions. In order to allow comparison with experimental
      results, a simple ideal controller has been defined. On the basis of an
      inhomogeneous cylinder model with four concentric layers, influences of
      variations due to differences between tissues and individuals or measurements of
      parameters such as basal metabolism and conductivity have been studied.
      Stationary temperature profiles calculated for homogeneous and inhomogeneous
      conditions have been compared. Finally, the influence of blood flow has been
      discussed, as well as the stationary behaviour of profiles due to blood flow and
      blood flow control. The change of sign of curvature of temperature profile is
      possible only if blood flow mechanisms and the local distribution of metabolism
      are taken into account.

PMID- 4010312
TI  - The Sangreal.

PMID- 4010311
TI  - Computer simulation of the P31 NMR equations governing the creatine kinase
      reaction.
AB  - A method for solving the Bloch equations that govern magnetization transfer NMR
      experiments is presented. It requires the numerical evaluation of a matrix
      exponential and lends itself to computer simulation. It is a simple, versatile
      method for evaluating P31-NMR magnetization transfer experiments designed to
      measure biochemical exchange rates. We apply the method to the saturation and
      inversion transfer experiments and find that the "initial slope" method of
      determining flux is subject to at least two interpretations. This verifies the
      accepted concept that biochemical models representing compartmentation and
      competing reaction hypotheses cannot be reliably distinguished by simply
      selecting values for NMR and biochemical parameters that give a "best fit" to
      experimental data. However, our results do indicate that a controlled
      manipulation of biochemical exchange rate may distinguish between these two
      models.

PMID- 4010313
TI  - Improved intraoperative evaluation of mitral valve operations utilizing two
      dimensional contrast echocardiography.
AB  - Whenever possible, precise mitral valve repair is preferable to valve
      replacement. Present methods for intraoperative detection of mitral
      regurgitation, primarily hemodynamic measurements and direct palpation, may
      underestimate or not detect the presence and severity of regurgitation. We have
      investigated two-dimensional contrast echocardiography as a means of improving
      our intraoperative assessment of mitral valve function both before and after
      repair or replacement. After exposure of the heart, a baseline two-dimensional
      echocardiogram (in modified long- and short-axis planes) is performed using a
      hand-held 5 mHz mechanical transducer. Five milliliters of agitated 5% dextrose
      in water is injected into the left ventricle through a transseptal needle to
      generate detectable microbubbles. In the absence of mitral regurgitation,
      virtually all microbubbles exit through the aorta; in the presence of
      regurgitation, a mass of microbubbles reflux into the left atrium. After repair
      of the mitral valve and immediately after bypass, the contrast echocardiogram is
      repeated and hemodynamic measurements are obtained. Forty-three patients (37 with
      mitral valve disease and six additional patients without mitral disease)
      undergoing cardiac operations were evaluated. Experience with intraoperative two
      dimensional contrast echocardiography has accurately demonstrated relatively
      small degrees of mitral regurgitation when conventional techniques failed to do
      so and has allowed more precise repair of the residual regurgitation. Two
      commissurotomy and two annuloplasty patients who were thought to have
      satisfactory repairs underwent immediate second procedures because of significant
      residual mitral regurgitation demonstrated solely by this echocardiographic
      microbubble technique. No complications associated with this technique have
      developed. We conclude that intraoperative two-dimensional contrast
      echocardiography is a sensitive and safe technique that allows intraoperative
      detection of even small degrees of mitral regurgitation and provides a basis for
      precise repair of mitral valve lesions.

PMID- 4010314
TI  - Adequacy of ascending aorta-descending aorta shunt during cross-clamping of the
      thoracic aorta for prevention of spinal cord injury.
AB  - The effectiveness of various sized shunts placed between the ascending and the
      descending aorta to prevent paraplegia in dogs with the thoracic aorta cross
      clamped for 1 hour was tested. Three tapered shunts sizes were used with tip
      dimensions of 3.8, 5.2, and 6.3 mm inner diameter, with cross-sectional areas of
      11.34, 21.23, and 33.18 mm2, respectively, and with an equal midportion diameter
      of 10 mm (3/8 inch). These shunts carried 40%, 60%, and 72% respectively, of
      baseline descending aortic flow during the cross-clamping period. Flow
      distribution was measured with radioactive microspheres in the spinal cord (gray
      and white matter) and kidneys. All dogs without shunts (Group I) developed
      paraplegia, severe proximal circulatory embarrassment, and severe ischemia of the
      spinal cord (mainly gray matter) that was followed by marked hyperemia persisting
      up to 24 hours following the experiment. Mortality was 33%. Only animals treated
      with large shunts (Groups III and IV) avoided paraplegia and postischemic injury.
      An effective shunt was characterized as carrying 60% or more of baseline
      descending aortic flow, having a cross-sectional area at its tip equal to or
      larger than 29% of the descending aorta, and equaling at least 54% of its
      diameter. Porportionately, the size of the tridodecylmethylamonium-heparin shunts
      being used in human beings (even the largest 9 mm inner diameter) is
      significantly inadequate to maintain distal flows and pressures for the
      prevention of spinal cord injury. Four clinical options are discussed.

PMID- 4010315
TI  - Successful repair of concomitant tear of the interventricular septum and right
      ventricular free wall after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Early repair of acute rupture of the ventricular septum after myocardial
      infarction is now the procedure of choice accepted by most centers. Rupture of
      the right ventricular free wall is rare and usually is accompanied by tamponade.
      The finding of coincidental right ventricular free wall rupture and acute
      ventricular septal defect following myocardial infarction and their successful
      repair are discussed in the following report.

PMID- 4010316
TI  - Hemitruncal sling: a newly recognized anomaly and its surgical correction.
AB  - A new type of vascular ring formed by a hemitruncal pulmonary artery is
      described. Early reimplantation of the hemitruncal pulmonary artery resulted in
      resolution of the respiratory distress, protection of the pulmonary arterial bed
      from obstructive vascular disease, and preparation of the pulmonary artery for
      future surgical correction.

PMID- 4010317
TI  - Repair of transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and
      left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

PMID- 4010318
TI  - Effect of intra-aortic balloon pump on right ventricular function.

PMID- 4010319
TI  - Administration of protamine through left atrium.

PMID- 4010320
TI  - Transcarinal mediastinal needle biopsy compared with mediastinoscopy.
AB  - A total of 183 patients with abnormalities on the chest roentgenogram were
      examined by bronchoscopy in conjunction with transcarinal mediastinal needle
      biopsy and mediastinoscopy to investigate the agreement between these methods
      regarding possible metastases. In 37 of the 159 patients with malignant pulmonary
      lesions, needle biopsy demonstrated metastases in the subcarinal lymph nodes.
      Mediastinoscopy had the same percentage of positive findings in the subcarinal
      nodes, but there was only agreement between the two methods in 20 cases.
      Transcarinal mediastinal needle biopsy as a supplement to conventional
      bronchoscopy is applicable in the outpatient evaluation of patients with
      malignant bronchial lesions as a screening for further examination. The method
      does not carry complications of any kind. Positive biopsy results, combined with
      other clinical findings, can at times spare the patient a mediastinoscopy. On the
      other hand, an adequately indicated needle biopsy which yields negative findings
      should always be followed by mediastinoscopy. In the planning of treatment for
      patients with malignant lesions of the lungs, it is of decisive importance to
      evaluate the dissemination of the tumor to the mediastinal structures, primarily
      to the subcarinal and the contralateral lymph nodes.

PMID- 4010321
TI  - Truncus arteriosus. Surgical approach.
AB  - Between mid-1979 and December, 1983, 23 patients with various types of truncus
      arteriosus underwent total surgical correction at Royal Children's Hospital,
      Melbourne, Australia. Nineteen patients had primary total repair and four had
      secondary repair, three having survived banding done prior to 1978. Sixteen
      patients were less than 1 year of age. Repair was performed with circulatory
      arrest in infants and cardiopulmonary bypass with core cooling in older patients.
      Patients were electively ventilated preoperatively. In the postoperative period,
      pulmonary artery pressure was monitored very closely and any rise was treated
      with hyperventilation and vasodilators. Two patients under 1 month of age, who
      were severely acidotic and anuric preoperatively, died of low output syndrome.
      Among the rest of the infants there was only one death, probably because of
      pulmonary hypertensive crisis that might have been prevented. From our
      experience, we think that patients with truncus arteriosus should have total
      correction during infancy, preferably at 2 to 3 months of age, as it can be
      performed with a very low risk and also avoids the development of pulmonary
      vascular disease, which occurs very rapidly in these infants.

PMID- 4010322
TI  - Improved right ventricular function following late pulmonary valve replacement
      for residual pulmonary insufficiency or stenosis.
AB  - Residual severe pulmonary insufficiency or stenosis may result in significant
      myocardial dysfunction late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Although
      pulmonary valve replacement has been advocated for selected patients, objective
      improvement in right ventricular function has been difficult to demonstrate. We
      undertook pulmonary valve replacement in 11 patients to treat residual
      insufficiency (n = 8) or stenosis (n = 3) and evaluated them before and after
      operation by radionuclide ventriculography and M-mode echocardiography. Patients'
      age at the original repair was 6.6 +/- 0.6 years (range 2 to 8 years) and at
      subsequent valve replacement was 14.6 +/- 1.5 years (range 5 to 20 years).
      Indications for pulmonary valve replacement were conduit stenosis indicated by a
      gradient greater than or equal to 75 mm Hg (n = 3), symptoms (n = 2), progressive
      cardiomegaly (n = 3), and new onset of tricuspid insufficiency (n = 3). Prior to
      pulmonary valve replacement, right ventricular ejection fraction was 0.29 +/-
      0.12 (range 0.12 to 0.48) and rose to 0.35 +/- 0.10 (range 0.19 to 0.48) at a
      mean of 10.5 +/- 2.3 months after operation (p less than 0.05). Improvement
      (defined as an increase in ejection fraction greater than 0.05) was noted in
      seven patients whereas four demonstrated no change. Left ventricular ejection
      fraction before operation (0.55 +/- 0.12) was unchanged after pulmonary valve
      replacement (0.54 +/- 0.06). M-mode echocardiography demonstrated significant
      reduction in right ventricular dilatation. Right ventricular/left ventricular end
      diastolic dimension fell from 1.03 +/- 0.30 to 0.73 +/- 0.13 after operation (p
      less than 0.01). Cardiothoracic ratio fell from 0.59 +/- 0.02 to 0.55 +/- 0.02 at
      a mean of 12 months after pulmonary valve replacement (p less than 0.01).
      Subjective improvement in exercise tolerance was noted in all seven patients who
      showed an increase in right ventricular ejection fraction. Of the remaining four
      patients, two had no improvement, one felt symptomatically improved, and one was
      too young for evaluation. These data demonstrate objective improvement in right
      ventricular function following pulmonary valve replacement and confirm the
      usefulness of this procedure in patients with significant right ventricular
      dysfunction secondary to residual pulmonary insufficiency and stenosis.

PMID- 4010323
TI  - Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titer with extended thymectomy in myasthenia
      gravis.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with myasthenia gravis of Osserman's generalized type
      underwent extended thymectomy through a sternal-splitting approach. Their
      clinical responses to thymectomy and postoperative changes in anti-acetylcholine
      receptor antibody titers were evaluated. The follow-up time ranged from 1 month
      to 7 years and 7 months (average, 36 months). Six patients (25%) had remissions
      and 17 patients (71%) were improved after operation. The preoperative anti
      acetylcholine receptor antibody titers dropped significantly after operation (p
      less than 0.001). The postoperative reduction in these titers correlated with the
      time course after operation (p less than 0.05). Their postoperative reduction was
      significantly greater in the six patients having remissions than in the 15 having
      marked (p less than 0.02) and the six having moderate improvement (p less than
      0.005). This study has revealed that anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titer
      in plasma declines progressively after thymectomy, and the postoperative
      reduction of this titer correlates with the clinical effect of thymectomy.

PMID- 4010324
TI  - Adjunctive left ventricular unloading during myocardial reperfusion plays a major
      role in minimizing myocardial infarct size.
AB  - Although prompt institution of reperfusion following coronary artery occlusion
      has been shown to limit myocardial infarct size, significant "reperfusion injury"
      may result. We investigated in a canine model whether maintenance of the left
      ventricle in an unloaded state during the initial reperfusion period following
      acute myocardial ischemia would result in greater limitation of infarct size or
      modify the development of reperfusion injury. Group I (control, n = 6) underwent
      6 hours of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery without
      further intervention. In both Group II (n = 6) and Group III (n = 6), the snare
      was released after 2 hours and hearts were reperfused for 4 hours. In Group III
      only, the left ventricle was maintained in an unloaded state throughout the
      entire reperfusion interval via pulsatile left atrial-femoral artery bypass. The
      results showed that reperfusion of the left ventricle in an unloaded state
      resulted in significantly improved limitation of both infarct size (area of
      infarct/area at risk = 16.6% for Group III versus 72.0% for Group I and 55.4% for
      Group II, p less than 0.001) and area of microvascular damage (area of
      microvascular damage/area at risk = 4.8% for Group III versus 30.6% for Group II,
      p less than 0.001). These results indicate that although myocardial reperfusion
      of the type provided by thrombolysis and/or angioplasty techniques does result in
      limitation of infarct size when compared to no reperfusion, this limitation is
      not optimal unless the left ventricle is unloaded during the initial reperfusion
      period.

PMID- 4010325
TI  - CFU-C abnormalities and cytochemical defects in bone marrow of adult patients
      during remission of acute leukemia.
AB  - Twenty-three adult patients in complete remission (CR) from acute leukemia were
      investigated for the steady-state bone marrow (BM) CFU-C concentration and the
      cytochemical findings of neutrophils and monocytes. There was considerable
      variation in CFU-C concentrations among patients. Patients with abnormality high
      or low values tended to relapse earlier. Repeated assays revealed constant CFU-C
      values in individual long-term cases of remission (4 cases). One case of M4
      (myelomonocytic) and the case of M5b (monocytic) leukemia revealed a complete
      lack of nonspecific esterase activity in CR monocytes as well as initial leukemic
      promonocytes; they also showed abnormally high or low concentrations of CFU-C and
      relapsed early. This finding suggests that hematopoiesis in CR bone marrow occurs
      from abnormal stem cells common to initial, acute leukemic clones in such cases.

PMID- 4010326
TI  - Epidemiology of leukaemia and lymphoma. Report of the Leukaemia Research Fund
      international workshop. Oxford, 25-27 September 1984.

PMID- 4010327
TI  - Searching for clusters and associations in cancer epidemiology.

PMID- 4010328
TI  - Epidemiology of leukaemias in the People's Republic of China.

PMID- 4010329
TI  - Leukaemias and lymphomas at Lucknow, India.

PMID- 4010330
TI  - Immunological phenotype of leukaemias and lymphomas in Argentina.

PMID- 4010331
TI  - A new method of monitoring membrane potential in rat hippocampal slices using
      cyanine voltage-sensitive dyes.
AB  - A novel application of voltage-sensitive dyes is described. Hippocampal slices in
      vitro accumulated voltage-sensitive cyanine dyes under conditions presumed to
      cause depolarization and hyperpolarization. Increasing extracellular potassium
      caused a depression of dye uptake that correlated linearly with the membrane
      potential calculated from the Goldman equation. Veratrine depressed dye uptake,
      and this effect was blocked by addition of tetrodotoxin or removal of
      extracellular sodium. Ouabain also depressed dye uptake. Conversely,
      hyperpolarizing conditions using reduced extracellular sodium caused increased
      dye uptake. These results support a voltage-dependent mechanism for the uptake of
      cyanine dyes in hippocampal slices. Application of this phenomenon as an
      alternative to 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography for mapping neuronal activity will
      be presented.

PMID- 4010332
TI  - A chronically implanted delivery system of drugs to a nerve-end neuroma: effects
      on a behavioural chronic pain model.
AB  - Autotomy has been suggested as an animal model of chronic pain. It starts about a
      week or two postoperatively and develops until 10 weeks after nerve section. This
      behaviour is thought to be triggered by activity of sensory fibres ending in a
      neuroma. Here we suggest to utilize it in combination with a novel drug delivery
      system which enables a direct and exclusive access of the drug to the neuroma.
      Alteration in the autotomy behaviour can then be related to the exclusive topical
      action on the sensory fibres within the neuroma. The sciatic nerve is transsected
      and its proximal end inserted into a PE tube sealed distally. A second, smaller
      tube originates in a wound exit in the back of the animal and subcutaneously
      leads into the large tube, where it is fixed by glue to the inner wall. Thus, the
      end of the smaller tube is juxtaposed to the nerve end. During the following
      weeks a neuroma develops within the tube. The resulting autotomy scores are then
      examined weekly. At various times after the operation, under light anaesthesia,
      drugs can be injected into the tube and the effect on the autotomy behaviour is
      monitored. An example is given, describing the autotomy suppressive effects of
      glycerol and alcohol, injected to different groups of rats immediately after the
      operation and compared to an injection 14 days postoperatively. This method is
      suggested as a pharmaco-behavioural assay for the assessment of the analgetic
      efficacy of drugs for chronic pain.

PMID- 4010333
TI  - An improved technique for extracting catecholamines from body fluids.
AB  - This paper describes a technique for selectively extracting catecholamines from
      body fluids prior to quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography
      with electrochemical detection. The technique is a two-stage process, the first
      stage involves the extraction of cations from the sample whilst the second stage
      is a liquid-liquid extraction involving the complexation of the cationic
      catecholamines with diphenylborate. This technique provides a very specific
      extraction procedure which results in chromatograms with no interfering
      compounds, and gives absolute recoveries of 70-80% for noradrenaline (NA),
      adrenaline (A) and dihydroxybenzylamine (internal standard), with similar
      relative recoveries of the 3 compounds. The intra-assay coefficients of variation
      for the measurement of catecholamines in venous plasma taken from resting
      subjects, are 8-9% for both NA and A, whilst the inter-assay values are 8% for NA
      and 20% for A.

PMID- 4010334
TI  - Direct fluorometric assay of catecholamine secretion from isolated bovine adrenal
      chromaffin cells.
AB  - The intrinsic fluorescence of catecholamines can be exploited for a simple and
      speedy fluorescence assay of secretion from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
      Catecholamines are separated from concomitantly secreted proteins by
      centrifugation in 0.4 M perchloric acid, and their fluorescence is measured
      directly in a conventional spectrofluorometer without chemical derivatization.
      Catecholamine release, assayed by this technique, is virtually identical to data
      obtained in parallel by the classical trihydroxyindole method. Intrinsic
      catecholamine fluorescence does not differentiate between epinephrine and
      norepinephrine. Interferences from small molecular weight compounds not
      precipitated in perchloric acid are rare, and can be accounted for using
      appropriate calibration curves.

PMID- 4010335
TI  - A specific and sensitive determination of gamma aminobutyric acid in CSF and
      brain tissue by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - The determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in cerebrospinal fluid and
      brain extracts is described. Its heptafluorobutyryl-isobutanol derivative was
      measured both by electron impact and chemical ionization mass fragmentography
      using GABA-d6 as internal standard. The derivatization product is stable for
      several days. The method is sensitive (1 ng absolute in cerebrospinal fluid and
      30 pg in standard GABA solutions) and specific, when chemical ionization mode is
      applied. Normal values of GABA are in rat brain extracts (1.40 +/- 0.32 mumol/g
      fresh weight) and human CSF (18.3 +/- 10.0 ng/ml).

PMID- 4010336
TI  - An indwelling cannula system for the primate eye.
AB  - An indwelling cannula system was designed as an instrument for chronic drug
      infusion into the vitreous cavity and tested in the cynomolgus monkey eye with
      repeated injections or continuous infusion using a pumping device. The cannula
      was passed through the pars plana and its tip situated in the vitreous cavity
      close to the macular area. Clinical observations up to 18 months did not reveal
      any adverse effects due to implantation. Histopathological observations from 1
      week to 18 months after surgery revealed tissue proliferation around the cannula
      was minimal and localized only at the wound site, where proliferative tissue
      originated from the episclera and ciliary epithelium. Retina and choroid at the
      posterior pole showed normal morphology. Light microscopic autoradiograms
      demonstrated the function of this system. Injections of tritiated leucine through
      the cannula resulted in narrow bands of radioactive labelling of the
      photoreceptor outer segments corresponding to each injection. In contrast,
      chronic delivery using the pumping device resulted in a diffuse and wide band of
      labelling. These results strongly suggest that this system did not adversely
      affect the eye and that repeated intravitreal injections or chronic drug delivery
      into the vitreous are feasible using this system. Furthermore, autoradiographic
      results suggest that the drugs infused into the vitreous cavity spread readily
      into the retina.

PMID- 4010337
TI  - On the existence of renal medullary lymphatics.

PMID- 4010338
TI  - Lymphangioma circumscriptum.

PMID- 4010339
TI  - Renal medullary lymphatics: microradiographic, light, and electron microscopic
      studies in pigs.
AB  - Although renal cortical lymphatics have been extensively studied, the existence
      of renal medullary lymphatics has not been well documented. We studied renal
      microlymphatics in pig kidneys by retrograde ureteral injection of barium-sulfate
      gelatin-saline mixture. Lymphatics filled as a result of forniceal rupture and
      interstitial extravasation. Microradiographs were correlated with histology and
      electron microscopy. We traced renal microlymphatic vessels from the arcuate
      level not only into the cortex but also into the pyramidal region, and therefore
      concluded that medullary lymphatics existed.

PMID- 4010340
TI  - Retroperitoneal nodal aplasia, asplenia, chylous effusion and lymphatic
      dysplasia: an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?
AB  - Two adult patients (one in Italy and the other in the USA) are described with
      similar findings of paraaortic nodal aplasia, asplenism, multiple serous and
      chylous effusions, and retroperitoneal lymphatic dysplasia. Although the clinical
      courses are incomplete, this unusual constellation of signs in the setting of
      normal peripheral lymph trunks suggest an acquired rather than inborn anomaly and
      possibly a variant acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 4010341
TI  - The effects of calcium dobesilate on acute lymphedema (with and without
      macrophages), and on burn edema.
AB  - Calcium dobesilate ("Doxium", O.M. Laboratories, Geneva) was tested in two high
      protein edemas. While at a high dose level it had no effect on burn edema of the
      ratfoot, it did at a low dose. It greatly reduced (to 26%) acute lymphedema in
      the rat thigh (although not in the foot). Electron microscopy confirmed these
      findings, and showed that the drug increased the number of macrophages in the
      tissues and reduced the protein concentrations. If, however, the macrophages were
      destroyed (by silica) this effect on acute lymphedema was lost (as with benzo
      pyrones). Calcium dobesilate also reduces high-protein edemas in other models,
      and in many ways its actions resemble those of benzo-pyrones. Hence it is
      suggested that this substituted benzene ring may be the basic structure
      responsible for this action in high-protein edema, and that the pyrone ring (and
      any side-chains) in the benzo-pyrones are not essential to their enhancement of
      proteolytic activity by macrophages.

PMID- 4010342
TI  - Risk of development of gastric carcinoma in patients with pernicious anemia: a
      population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota.
AB  - To determine the long-term risk of the development of gastric cancer among
      patients with pernicious anemia, we identified the 152 residents of Rochester,
      Minnesota, who had well-documented pernicious anemia during the 30-year period
      1950 through 1979. These patients were subsequently followed up for more than
      1,550 person-years of observation. The observed risk of the development of a
      gastric cancer in this cohort was compared with that expected on the basis of
      incidence rates of gastric cancer for the local population. We found one case of
      gastric carcinoma among our 152 patients with pernicious anemia as compared with
      an expected incidence of 1.02 (relative risk, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.02
      through 5.5). We conclude that no strong indication exists for either
      radiographic or endoscopic surveillance in asymptomatic patients with pernicious
      anemia.

PMID- 4010343
TI  - Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity.
AB  - Hypersensitivity myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium usually
      related to a drug allergy. The clinical manifestations may be nonspecific, and
      the diagnosis is seldom suspected or established during life. We report a case
      that demonstrates both typical and atypical features of this disease and review
      the clinicopathologic correlations. This case illustrates the potential
      occurrence of both electrical conduction block and ventricular tachyarrhythmias,
      either of which may account for the mechanism of sudden death in these patients.
      When cardiac symptoms or electrocardiographic abnormalities (or both) occur in a
      setting consistent with drug allergy, hypersensitivity myocarditis should be
      considered. Treatment consists of discontinuation of use of the drug responsible
      for the reaction and, possibly, administration of corticosteroids and
      immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 4010345
TI  - HSR 84: Planning for the third decade of health services research. Savannah,
      Georgia, October 1984.

PMID- 4010344
TI  - Animal models of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 4010346
TI  - Organization and financing of medical care.

PMID- 4010347
TI  - Patterns of utilization. The patient perspective.

PMID- 4010348
TI  - On patient need, equity, supplier-induced demand, and the need to assess the
      outcome of common medical practices.

PMID- 4010349
TI  - Problems and prospects for health services research on provider-patient
      communication.

PMID- 4010350
TI  - Patient adherence to prescribed therapies.

PMID- 4010351
TI  - The role of theory in the study of adherence to treatment and doctor-patient
      interactions.

PMID- 4010352
TI  - Trends in utilization of mental health services. Perspectives for health services
      research.

PMID- 4010353
TI  - How can epidemiology contribute to the planning of health services research? A
      discussion of the role of psychosocial and psychiatric epidemiology.

PMID- 4010354
TI  - Technology assessment. Motivation, capability, and future directions.

PMID- 4010355
TI  - Health information systems.

PMID- 4010356
TI  - Measurement of health status.

PMID- 4010357
TI  - Monitoring and evaluating health services.

PMID- 4010358
TI  - Monitoring and evaluating health services.

PMID- 4010359
TI  - Health services research, 1984.

PMID- 4010360
TI  - The relationship of attitude changes to compliance with influenza immunization. A
      prospective study.
AB  - In a longitudinal, prospective study of patient's decisions about influenza
      vaccination, the stability of attitudes about the flu and flu shots, the
      stability of flu shot decisions, and the relationship of attitude shifts to
      compliance were studied. In both 1981 and 1982 for 216 patients at high risk for
      complications of influenza, attitudes about 15 issues in the decision to obtain a
      flu shot were measured and each patient's behavioral intention and flu shot
      behavior ascertained. From one year to the other, 53% of patients had at least
      two substantial attitude shifts, yet 91% of patients expressed the same
      behavioral intention, and 85% of patients had the same flu shot behavior.
      Reversals in flu shot decisions were closely related to shifts in attitudes
      concerning side effects of the flu shot, an association that was supported by
      other findings, including a marked difference in prevalence of previous side
      effects in shot takers (11%) versus nontakers (60%). The results suggest:
      intention reversals were less frequent than attitude shifts because only specific
      attitude changes about flu shots were associated with reversals, and
      interventions that induce positive attitude changes, especially about the side
      effects of flu shots, should be effective in improving flu shot compliance.

PMID- 4010361
TI  - Use of medical care by children during a physicians' strike.
AB  - From March through June 1983 the almost 8,000 physicians in the public sector in
      Israel were on strike. While emergency hospital care was assured, primary care
      options were severely limited, and the Alternative Medical Service set up by the
      Israel Medical Association involved a significant payment at the time of visit.
      This constituted a radical change from the no-charge physician care regularly
      provided to the insured population in the community clinics. A study was
      conducted in the third month of the strike to assess the utilization of care for
      children. The results of interviews with 253 families registered in eight Sick
      Fund clinics showed that the majority of parents who reported a child's illness
      did not defer seeking care. The first sources of care were the nurses in the
      community clinic and the hospital emergency room, while care from physicians
      working privately was used to the same extent as the Alternative Medical Centers.
      These results indicate that the relatively high utilization patterns of this
      population were not significantly changed. Differences in the first source of
      care by clinic suggest that socioeconomic factors and the availability of the
      various options are related to use in each area. These factors, as well as the
      threshold for seeking care and the influence of selection, should be examined in
      more detail to develop appropriate utilization patterns and a more rational use
      of resources.

PMID- 4010362
TI  - Factors affecting physicians' choice to practice in a fee-for-service setting
      versus an individual practice association.
AB  - Individual Practice Associations (IPAs) must be able to recruit physicians from
      the community to compete in the future. This article reports the results of a
      study to assess the factors that influenced physicians in the Research Triangle
      area of North Carolina to join a primary care network type of IPA. Results
      indicate that physicians with lower incomes and fewer physician visits and those
      who were newly established in the community were more likely to join. Peers had a
      strong influence on their decisions, while Blue Cross/Blue Shield marketing
      representatives did not.

PMID- 4010363
TI  - Comparing ambulatory care practices of primary care and traditional medicine
      residents.
AB  - Although special residency programs preparing internists for primary care have
      been in existence for a decade, little is known about whether these tracks have
      achieved their goals. As part of a multicenter evaluation of ambulatory care at
      four university hospitals, 1,040 patient care encounters were reviewed for 16
      primary-care and 41 traditional medicine residents. Using a chart-based audit,
      the authors examined 16 discrete items of patient care to assess resident
      management in the following areas: screening for colorectal carcinoma, management
      of hypertension, benzodiazepine drug prescribing, and management of chronic lung
      disease. Their hypothesis that primary care residents would score higher than
      traditional medicine residents in the areas of screening, prevention, and
      prescribing of drugs was not supported. There was no association between type of
      training and performance of a task with the following exception: second-year
      primary care residents screened for colorectal carcinoma in 86% (126) of patients
      whose charts were audited, while second-year traditional medicine residents did
      so in 77% (160) (P less than 0.025). This difference was not maintained when the
      residents were reaudited 1 year later. Both groups of residents scored high in
      all areas with the following exceptions: documentation of the amount of sedative
      dispensed and immunization of susceptible patients against pneumococcus and
      influenza. The ambulatory practices of both groups of residents exceeded
      expectations, probably because of the wider influence of primary care training.

PMID- 4010364
TI  - Health insurance coverage of the unemployed.
AB  - Of 1,332 unemployed individuals in the Detroit area interviewed in late 1983, 51%
      did not have health insurance. Lack of insurance was directly related to length
      of unemployment. Of those unemployed 3 months or less, 31% had no insurance, as
      compared with 56% of those unemployed more than 3 years. For the most part, these
      were not the chronically uninsured: 78% of them were insured when they were
      employed. Three fourths of those without insurance were not covered by Medicaid
      either. These findings suggest that during the latest economic recession, the
      problem of health insurance loss due to losing one's job was more severe than had
      been assumed by most policymakers.

PMID- 4010365
TI  - Impact of environment on state university hospital performance. An explanatory
      model.
AB  - This article, by means of a path model, shows the impact of environment on state
      university hospital performance. The state environment is shown to affect
      systematically the intensity of local competition, the reputation of the medical
      school, the financial independence of the parent university, the allocation of
      indigent care dollars, the nature of governance and management, and the
      performance of the hospital. Results show that while certain environments are
      predictably more supportive of universities and university hospitals, these
      environments tend also to attract health care competition. Competition is shown
      to pressure hospitals into greater efficiency, but competition is shown also to
      hurt viability. But a hospital management that pays attention to the hospital
      environment is shown to help both efficiency and viability. The model explains
      respectively 37% and 46% of the variance in hospital efficiency and viability.

PMID- 4010367
TI  - Toward an empirical classification of hospitals in multihospital systems.
AB  - Inconsistency and lack of utility in multihospital systems research is often
      attributable to misspecification of the unit of analysis and lack of
      generalizability of research findings. The typical, system-level focus takes an
      "organizations are all alike" approach that masks potentially important variation
      among constituent hospitals in systems. This article develops and validates a
      multivariate, empirical typology of hospitals affiliated with multihospital
      systems. The objective of the typology is to identify prevalent types of system
      hospitals that share similar organizational and operational characteristics.
      Three hundred and sixty-six hospitals affiliated with secular, not-for-profit
      multihospital systems were subjected to cluster analysis within and across
      affiliation categories (owned, leased, and contract managed). Findings indicate
      that the population of hospitals in not-for-profit systems is organizationally
      heterogeneous but that distinct groupings of hospitals, based largely on size and
      affiliation status, occur within this population. Homogeneous groupings of
      hospitals were tested for differences in governance and performance
      characteristics. Although these clusters differ only slightly in their governance
      characteristics, they do manifest several differences in performance
      characteristics. Implications and applications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 4010368
TI  - Dependability of medical encounter diagnostic information.

PMID- 4010366
TI  - Satisfaction with children's medical care in six different ambulatory settings.
AB  - This article compares mothers' satisfaction with children's medical care in six
      widely varying settings: fee-for-service solo and group practices, prepaid group
      practice, public clinics, hospital outpatient departments, and emergency rooms.
      Data are from a household survey representing 700 children in Washington, D.C.
      Satisfaction with the physician's friendliness, competence, and personal care, as
      well as waiting time, atmosphere, and cost were examined, comparing how
      satisfaction levels varied in relation to patient attributes and also among
      medical settings. Findings revealed significant differences across settings, even
      controlling statistically for multiple patient characteristics. Satisfaction with
      interpersonal items was highest in fee-for-service settings, especially solo
      practice, whereas satisfaction with cost was highest in the public clinics,
      followed by the prepaid group practice. Previously published comparisons of
      utilization and health outcomes in the same settings revealed entirely different
      rankings. Together, these findings illustrate the multifaceted and paradoxical
      nature of health system performance.

PMID- 4010369
TI  - Breast Cancer Informed Consent Law.

PMID- 4010370
TI  - [Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection: comparative study among different
      areas of a general hospital].

PMID- 4010371
TI  - [Plasma lipoproteins in young adults with alcohol and tobacco habits].

PMID- 4010372
TI  - [Resistant pneumococci].

PMID- 4010373
TI  - [The patient with a terminal illness. The medical untouchables].

PMID- 4010374
TI  - [Pneumococcal meningitis resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol and
      tetracycline].

PMID- 4010375
TI  - [Duration of the immunoprophylaxis produced by hepatitis B vaccine].

PMID- 4010376
TI  - [Datura stramonium: an old hallucinogen making a come-back?].

PMID- 4010378
TI  - Symposium on clinical immunology I.

PMID- 4010377
TI  - [Toxic oil syndrome and autoimmunity?].

PMID- 4010379
TI  - [Selected properties of Salmonella agona bacteriophages].

PMID- 4010380
TI  - [Gram-negative nonfermenting bacteria in respiratory tract infections].

PMID- 4010381
TI  - [Evaluation of the sensitivity of lipophilic fungi of the genus Pityrosporum to
      antifungal drugs].

PMID- 4010382
TI  - [Bacteriophage types of Salmonella agona strains isolated from humans in Poland
      1972-1982].

PMID- 4010383
TI  - Mutagenic potential of anticonvulsant diphyenylhydantoin (DPH) on human
      lymphocytes in vitro.
AB  - Diphenylhydantoin (DPH)-treated human peripheral blood cultures were examined for
      sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency and mitotic index. A significantly
      enhanced SCE frequency in DPH-treated cultures was observed at a 15 micrograms/ml
      concentration (10-20 micrograms/ml DPH therapeutic range) and above. These
      results suggest an enhanced SCE response of lymphocytes in the therapeutic blood
      level of DPH. A significant linear fall in mitotic index was observed with
      increasing DPH concentrations. It is postulated that even in therapeutic doses
      DPH possibly affects nucleic acid metabolism.

PMID- 4010384
TI  - The influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on myocardial contractile
      performance in vitro.
AB  - The influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes has been studied on rabbit
      isolated cardiac muscle responses to noradrenaline and calcium. Seven weeks after
      treatment with streptozotocin (70 mg/kg i.v.), right atrial contractile rate was
      found to be depressed, whereas left ventricular papillary muscle function was
      markedly enhanced. Neither the atrial nor the ventricular (papillary) muscle
      strip exhibited a remarkable alteration in sensitivity to noradrenaline. Although
      sensitivity to calcium was not altered in the atrial muscle, papillary muscle
      strips obtained from diabetic rabbits were supersensitive to calcium. These
      results suggest that in diabetic animals, right atrial pacemaker function is
      depressed, while ventricular muscle activity is enhanced. In the diabetic state,
      this enhanced ventricular muscle function is likely to be associated with an
      alteration in calcium utilization.

PMID- 4010385
TI  - Gastric cytoprotection by hyperosmotic solutions in the rat: role of endogenous
      prostaglandins.
AB  - Hyperosmotic solutions of xylitol exhibited significant antiulcer activity in the
      rat at osmotic concentrations (1000 mOs/1) which were devoid of antisecretory
      effect. The same solutions also protected the rat gastric mucosa against
      indomethacin and stress-induced erosions, and the protection was unaffected by
      the addition of 0.15 N HCl. Moreover, hyperosmotic solutions by xylitol, sorbitol
      or NaCl were protective against the necrotizing effect of NaOH (0.2 N) in a
      concentration-dependent manner. The cytoprotective action exerted by hyperosmotic
      solutions of xylitol against the NaOH-induced erosions was abolished, in a dose
      dependent fashion, by pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor
      indomethacin. It is concluded that in experimental ulcer models, in which the
      capacity of the mucosa to synthetize PG is unimpaired, the increased biosynthesis
      of prostaglandins resulting from exposure to hyperosmotic solutions may be
      crucial in the cytoprotective effect of the latter.

PMID- 4010386
TI  - Biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic aspects of vincamine HCl.
AB  - Vincamine HCl was biopharmaceutically and pharmacokinetically evaluated. For
      biopharmaceutical characterization of the drug the apparent lipoid/water
      partition coefficient (APC), pKa, extent of protein (bovine) binding and the
      erythrocyte (human) uptake were determined. Vincamine has an APC of 2.05, a pKa
      of 6.17, is 64% bound to plasma proteins, and is about 6% bound to erythrocytes.
      Because the gerbil was used as model in pharmacodynamic studies, the
      pharmacokinetic drug disposition was determined in this species and compared to
      parameters reported in the literature for other species. The terminal half-life
      is about 1 hour, the apparent volume of distribution 2.9 L/kg, and the total
      clearance is about 33.3 ml/min/kg. The parameters are comparable to other species
      including man. The brain concentration is about 5-fold that in plasma. A
      therapeutic steady state concentration for effectiveness in gerbils has been
      estimated to be 0.02 mcg/ml.

PMID- 4010387
TI  - On acute and chronic CNS effects of antidepressants in normals:
      neurophysiological, behavioral and pharmacokinetic studies with pirlindol.
AB  - In a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study the pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic properties of acutely and chronically administered prilindol--a
      new antidepressant possessing both catecholamine-uptake and MAO-inhibitory
      properties--were investigated in ten normal healthy volunteers. Each subject had
      a treatment period of two weeks with 3 X 75 mg pirlindol daily and another period
      of two weeks with placebo. A treatment-free inverval of one week was introduced
      in between. For comparison purposes a single dosis of 300 mg pirlindol was given
      as well. Blood level determination, quantitative EEG recordings, psychometric
      analyses and evaluation of pulse, blood pressure and side effects were carried
      out at hrs 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 after the administration of one single dosis of 75 mg
      and 300 mg pirlindol, after one week's and two week's chronic administration of 3
      X 75 mg pirlindol, as well as after one additional superimposed dosage of 75 mg
      and 225 mg on days 8 and 15 of chronic treatment, respectively. Pharmacokinetic
      analyses by HPLC method with fluorescence detection demonstrated a dose-dependent
      rapid rise in plasma concentrations peaking in the 1st hr and declining rapidly
      thereafter (t1/2 TERM = 3 hrs). Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG
      demonstrated after single doses of 75 mg pirlindol only slight and after 300 mg
      marked changes in brain activity characterized after the latter by an increase of
      slow, a decrease of alpha and an increase of beta activity (imipramine-type
      profile). After one week treatment with 3 X 75 pirlindol, and more so after a
      superimposed dosage of 75 mg, a significant decrease of delta and increase of
      alpha activity and slow beta activity occurred (desipramine-type profile).
      Surprisingly, after two weeks of pirlindol treatment CNS changes were again less
      marked, suggesting adaptive phenomena. Psychometric analysis demonstrated
      significant changes after both acute and chronic pirlindol with the latter
      somewhat superior to the former, as on day 15 a significant improvement of
      concentration, cognitive function and complex reaction was noted along with a
      decrease in critical flicker frequency, increase of the total score of the
      affectivity polarity profile and increase of skin conductance. Time-efficacy
      calculations demonstrated the pharmacodynamic peak effect in the 4th-6th hr. The
      time lag between kinetic and dynamic data is discussed. Evaluation of blood
      pressure, pulse rate and side effects demonstrated good tolerability of
      pirlindol.

PMID- 4010388
TI  - Human platelet adhesion to subendothelium under controlled hemodynamic
      conditions: a methodological approach.
AB  - A rotating probe device was used to quantitate platelet adhesion to rat aorta
      subendothelial surface. Platelet adhesion increased in relation to the time of
      exposure to the subendothelial surface, the shear rate, the percentage of
      hematocrit and the number of platelets in the suspending media. Human umbilical
      arteries or collagen-coated glass can be used as adhesion surfaces with results
      similar to those obtained with rat aorta subendothelium. Platelet-rich plasma or
      washed platelets can be used in this system with comparable results. The test is
      sensitive to a series of antiaggregating agents and could be used in clinical
      studies of platelet adhesion defect.

PMID- 4010389
TI  - Modern techniques to measure pain in healthy man.
AB  - This paper describes a series of experimental prerequisites in assessments to
      measure the efficacy of analgesic drugs in healthy man. Of course, there is no
      doubt that an analgesic has to prove its validity exactly where it ought to help;
      i.e. in the patient suffering from pain. But to objectify the mode of action, or
      to measure dose-response functions, to evaluate the optimal therapeutic dosage,
      or to compare the relative efficacy of the drug tested with known substances--all
      these investigations can best be performed in a sample of healthy, informed,
      intelligent and cooperative volunteers, as homogenous as possible. Various kinds
      of stimuli used in the experimental pain laboratory will be compared with respect
      to their usefulness in algesimetry; for example the CO2 laser stimulus and the
      intracutaneous electrical shock. New examples in the analysis of cerebral
      potentials evoked by painful stimuli will be presented, such as the principal
      component analysis, the maximum entropy method, and procedures of cerebral
      potential mappings. It will be shown that frequency transformation of stimulus
      induced changes in the electroencephalogram can result in a powerful tool to
      verify effects even of the so-called weak analgesics, such as acetyl salicylic
      acid (Aspirin).

PMID- 4010390
TI  - [456,000 Swedes may have urinary incontinence. Only every fourth person seeks
      help for the disorder].

PMID- 4010391
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the determination of biological
      structure].

PMID- 4010392
TI  - [Arthrosis with an unusual localization as a cause of severe thoracic pain].

PMID- 4010393
TI  - [Thicker clothing of long-distance runners protects against molluscum
      contagiosum].

PMID- 4010394
TI  - [The health insurance study: No increased risk for fetal abnormalities in women
      working with video display terminals].

PMID- 4010395
TI  - [Residential characteristics and psychological disorders--the need for social
      diagnosis].

PMID- 4010396
TI  - [Climacteric problems in 52- and 54-year-old women in the municipality of
      Linkoping].

PMID- 4010397
TI  - [Malaria in adopted children despite a negative routine check-up].

PMID- 4010398
TI  - [Paranoia erotica as a cause of persecution and abuse].

PMID- 4010399
TI  - [How do draw a statistical chart].

PMID- 4010400
TI  - [Surgical treatment of sciatica].

PMID- 4010401
TI  - [Mycobacteriosis in AIDS: easy to miss the correct diagnosis].

PMID- 4010402
TI  - [The contact man--a new personnel category within institutional psychiatric
      care].

PMID- 4010403
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography in otorhinolaryngology. II. Diagnostic
      possibilities].
AB  - The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging, in particular its
      significance for diagnosis and therapy of advanced head and neck tumours, is
      demonstrated by means of selected cases, and discussed.

PMID- 4010404
TI  - [Diagnostic value of cervical lymph node biopsy in suspected nasopharyngeal
      cancer].
AB  - More than 90% of nasopharyngeal malignancies are carcinomas. Early symptoms are
      rare and usually ignored by the patients. The most common symptoms present are
      enlarged cervical nodes. More than half of all patients with nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma (58%) treated in the ENT-Clinic of the University of Munich had been
      admitted for further investigation because of cervical lymph node enlargement.
      Enlarged cervical lymph nodes can be removed easily. Thus the value of a lymph
      node biopsy for early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was examined. Forty
      five cases of occult nasopharyngeal carcinomas have been reviewed. In all cases a
      cervical lymph node had been removed as a first diagnostic procedure. The
      histological findings were compared to nasopharyngeal biopsies taken after
      different time intervals. Our clinico-pathological review has shown that,
      especially in undifferentiated carcinoma, the histological features of cervical
      metastases is always identical to the very characteristic primary lesions in the
      nasopharynx. Thus, the characteristic feature of this tumour type in a jugulo
      digastric lymph node strongly suggests the presence of a primary nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 4010405
TI  - [Rhinorheomanometry in the self care of allergic patients].
AB  - Some pulmonary flow and pressure meters of low price and pocket shape are
      constructed particularly for self use and are prescripted by pulmologists. The
      use of these measuring instruments for rhinology was also attempted. None of the
      methodes also suggested supplied comparable results with rhinorheomanometry. If
      the already purchasable pulmonary measuring instrument INSPIRx is combined with a
      suitable sloping tube manometer we got results with a correlation coefficient of
      0.9 in comparison to active anterior rhinorheomanometry. Moreover a completely
      new developed instrument of simple use is presented consisting only of cheap
      clinical one way articles. The measuring instrument suits the use in the
      allergologic consulting hour especially in patients away from hospital being
      under allergologic control because of repeated operations of the nasal sinus,
      allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis or accompaniing bronchial asthma. By these
      patients the catarrh and therefore also the disabled nasal air passage are
      leading symptoms.

PMID- 4010406
TI  - [Klein-Waardenburg syndrome. Report of 3 cases in a family with a review of the
      literature].
AB  - On account of a recently developed tinnitus, a young woman with the
      characteristic features of Klein-Waardenburg's syndrome (impairment of hearing,
      partial albinism, telecanthus) was hospitalised. The mother and the sister of the
      patient were also affected by the syndrome, albeit to a lesser degree. The
      otological aspects of the disease are described. Additionally, the possible
      association of this genetically determined disorder with certain other diseases,
      such as achalasia, Hirschsprung's disease or immunodeficiency, is discussed.

PMID- 4010407
TI  - [Intranasal extradural meningiomas. Case report and review of the literature].
AB  - Report on an extradural meningioma of the left nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus
      with secondary extension into the subfrontal region in an 18-year old male.
      Review of 37 similar cases reported in literature. These slowly growing non
      infiltrating tumours cause nasal obstruction and sinusitis but have no
      characteristical clinical symptoms. The origins of these tumours are obviously
      arachnoideal meningocytes which accompany the olfactory filaments through the
      lamina cribrosa to the extradural site.

PMID- 4010408
TI  - [Inflammatory granulation tissue polyp of the submandibular gland].
AB  - Case report on a pedunculated granulation tissue formation in a duct of the
      salivary gland with consecutive obstructive sialadenitis, clinically imposing as
      submandibular tumour. The morphologically particular and rare form of such a
      repair process in a salivary gland can be explained by the continuous chronic
      irritation of a foreign body. The significance of such a benign lesion is
      primarily given by clinical differential diagnosis to a tumorous process, where
      the histological verification permits the exclusion of a tumour.

PMID- 4010409
TI  - [Morphologic findings of the secretory epithelium of the ampulla following
      ethacrynic acid].
AB  - The effect of ethacrynic acid (dose 60 mg./kg. and 100 mg./kg.) on the secretory
      epithelium of guinea pig ampulla and semicircular epithelium was investigated.
      With high doses of ethacrynic acid and after long periods (3-4 hours) only,
      discrete electron microscopic alterations were seen. These consisted mainly in
      swelling of mitochondria, increase of vesicles, and movement or destruction of
      melanocytes. Interstitial oedema, well-documented in stria vascularis, was not
      observed.

PMID- 4010410
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopy study of cell growth on mechanically produced
      biovitroceramic and carbon glass in vitro and in vivo].
AB  - New machinable glass ceramics were tested for the application in middle ear
      surgery in vitro and in vivo. This ceramic consists of a glass phase and a
      glimmer phase. Fibroblasts and epitheloid cells seated on the test material
      attach to it, spread and form a confluent monolayer. From our findings on the
      behaviour of cell populations in vitro we can conclude that the implanted
      material is biocompatible. After implantation into the middle ear of rabbits,
      irritation-free settling was verified by the existence of a thin epithelium layer
      and a direct connection between bone and implant. Glass carbon did not yield
      equally satisfactory results.

PMID- 4010411
TI  - [Errors and dangers in rib cartilage and rib removal].

PMID- 4010412
TI  - Schwannomas of the jugular foramen.
AB  - Schwannomas of the jugular foramen are relatively uncommon tumors. The growth and
      initial presentation of these tumors are variable and may not be associated with
      neuropathies of cranial nerves IX, X and XI. Seven patients with jugular fossa
      schwannomas are presented. Auditory brain stem response, electronystagmogram,
      computed cranial tomography, and carotid angiography are helpful in diagnosis and
      preoperative evaluation. The surgical approach should be individualized to the
      lesion and may include transmastoid with extended facial recess,
      translabyrinthine, retrolabyrinthine, and infratemporal/cervical approaches.

PMID- 4010413
TI  - Conservative management of acoustic neuroma in the elderly patient.
AB  - A subtotal resection through the translabyrinthine approach should be used in the
      treatment of large symptomatic acoustic neuromas in patients over the age of 65.
      This approach will consistently relieve the patient's symptoms of brain stem
      compression, reduce postoperative morbidity and complications, and preserve
      facial nerve function. In the elderly, after subtotal resection, the remaining
      tumor in 80% of cases appears to remain dormant during the average six year
      follow-up (1-16 year range). Eighty percent of acoustic neuromas not operated
      upon, appear to grow at a slow rate (0.2 cm/yr) while 20% grow at a fast rate (1
      cm/yr). Patients over the age of 65 with small acoustic neuromas do not need
      surgical intervention. Yearly CT scanning is recommended to determine the growth
      rate of the acoustic neuroma. A conservative approach should be used in the
      treatment of all acoustic neuromas in the elderly.

PMID- 4010414
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma in the immunosuppressed patient: Fanconi's anemia.
AB  - The association of immunosuppression and head and neck cancer is supported by
      numerous reports demonstrating impaired cell-mediated immunity, depressed T-cell
      function, decreased lymphocyte responsiveness, and elevated circulating immune
      complexes. Fanconi's anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome
      characterized by progressive pancytopenia, skeletal abnormalities,
      hyperpigmentation, and other congenital anomalies. Increased chromosomal
      instability and defective DNA repair have been uniform findings. Several reports
      suggest associated immune deficiencies. There is an increased frequency of
      leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), including
      six cases of head and neck SCC. We reported a young girl with FA who developed
      SCC of the tongue. Initial studies suggest low lymphocyte counts, but normal
      lymphocyte responsiveness. More precise characterization of the immune system
      defects in malignancy prone, genetically determined syndromes may provide clues
      for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with the more usual but more variable
      risk factors for SCC of the head and neck.

PMID- 4010415
TI  - Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinuses in otherwise healthy patients.
AB  - There is an increasing number of reports of fungal infections of the nose and
      paranasal sinuses, due in part to increasing recognition of this condition in
      both healthy and immunologically depressed patients. Three cases of aspergillosis
      of the maxillary sinus are presented, one of which demonstrates bone destruction
      in an otherwise healthy individual. In diagnosing aspergillosis sinusitis it is
      important to submit material for microscopic examination, as cultures are often
      negative for fungus. Treatment consists of surgery to establish good aeration and
      drainage with the addition of antifungal drugs in selected cases.

PMID- 4010416
TI  - Management of nonperitonsillar abscesses of the head and neck with needle
      aspiration.
AB  - Ten patients in a three-year period with various abscesses of the head and neck
      (nonperitonsillar) were treated with needle aspiration as the primary surgical
      modality. Eight were successfully managed with antibiotics and needle aspiration
      alone. Two required incision and drainage. Three patients had large volume
      abscesses (greater than 10 cc). Two of these resolved with multiple needle
      aspirations. These data suggest that certain nonperitonsillar abscesses of the
      head and neck may be successfully managed with needle aspiration and antibiotics.

PMID- 4010417
TI  - Management of carotid artery transection resulting from a stab wound to the ear.
AB  - Emergency treatment of penetrating injury to the internal carotid artery at the
      skull base and within the temporal bone is difficult due to problems of exposure
      and control of this vessel. A successful method of management of a patient whose
      carotid artery was completely transected by a stab wound to the ear is presented.
      This involved gaining proximal vascular control in the neck and distal control
      intracranially. Indications for extracranial-intracranial vascular bypass
      procedures are discussed.

PMID- 4010418
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx in young adults.
AB  - Thirty-nine adults (34 male, 5 female) age 40 or under with squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck (excluding nasopharyngeal carcinoma) were seen at
      the Baylor College of Medicine affiliated hospitals from 1964 to 1983. The
      average age of the patients was 36.3 years and they were nearly uniformly heavy
      smokers and drinkers. Twenty-six of the 39 patients were black. Lesions of the
      oral cavity and oropharynx were most frequent, followed by laryngeal lesions.
      Four patients presented with second primary tumors, and one patient had three
      separate lesions. Of the 39 patients, only 8 had cancers small enough to be
      considered curable by radiotherapy or organ-sparing surgery. The remainder of the
      patients required radical surgery (26), were considered incurable at the time of
      presentation (8), or refused treatment (3). Also noted was a relatively high
      incidence of prior trauma (gunshot wounds, laparotomies for trauma). Of 30
      patients available for follow-up more than one year after treatment, 19 have died
      of their tumors. Only one patient had a documented immune disorder (systemic
      lupus). In contrast to previous authors, we conclude that the development of
      squamous cell carcinoma at a young age can be related to heavy smoking and
      drinking and that the poor survival in many patients is due to self-neglect and
      failure to seek medical care early in the course of the disease.

PMID- 4010419
TI  - Complications of laser surgery for laryngeal papillomatosis.
AB  - Carbon dioxide laser surgery has become the treatment of choice for laryngeal
      papillomatosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the type, incidence,
      and severity of complications that occur with laser microlaryngoscopy for a
      disease that often requires multiple operations. Forty patients with laryngeal
      papillomatosis underwent a total of 222 carbon dioxide laser laryngoscopies over
      the 6 1/2-year period from June 1977 through December 1983. The results showed
      that 13 patients sustained a total of 23 separate complications. Intraoperative
      complications consisted of one episode of bilateral pneumothorax and one episode
      of cervical subcutaneous emphysema, both associated with the use of jet
      ventilation anesthesia, and one episode of a loosened tooth in a child with
      carious teeth. The delayed complications consisted of 10 patients with anterior
      laryngeal webbing, 2 patients with posterior webbing, 6 patients with laryngeal
      edema or fibrosis, and one episode each of prolonged dysphagia and tracheal
      foreign body. No airway fires occurred. Only 2 of 28 patients who had 5 or fewer
      laser laryngoscopies developed complications, but 11 or 12 patients undergoing 6
      or more laser operations had complications. In summary, although the incidence of
      life threatening complications was low, the occurrence of minor complications
      such as small anterior glottic webs and persistent edema was relatively high,
      especially in those patients who required multiple laser laryngoscopies.

PMID- 4010420
TI  - Crib-O-Gram vs. auditory brain stem response for infant hearing screening.
AB  - As a part of the longitudinal evaluation of a cluster of neonatal hearing
      screening procedures in a single high risk population, Crib-O-Gram (COG) and
      auditory brain stem response (ABR) screening have been administered to 190
      infants in the NICU. Multiple COG screening showed inconsistent results in 25% of
      the infants. The COG failure rate was 27.9% with 2 out of 3 pass criterion. In
      the two-intensity ABR screening (70 dB and 30 dB), 17.9% failed at 30 dB
      bilaterally and 30.0% failed unilaterally. The repeated ABR screening and
      behavioral observation audiometry at age 6 months identified one infant with a
      significant hearing loss in 78 infants. Two thirds of the COG failures and a
      little more than half of the ABR failures had a problem mainly with the middle
      ear. Advantages and disadvantages of each procedure are presented.

PMID- 4010421
TI  - Acoustic reflex abnormalities in behaviorally disturbed and language delayed
      children.
AB  - Contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were measured in 62
      subjects referred for suspected delays in development of language, learning
      disabilities, or disorders of auditory processing, with normal peripheral hearing
      thresholds and normal tympanometry. Thirty-two percent of the subjects in this
      study showed abnormal contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds.
      Both contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were involved when
      subjects showed abnormal reflex thresholds. Although a high percentage of
      abnormal acoustic reflexes occurred in this population, no strong correlation
      could be found with specific areas of language delay. A slight positive
      correlation was found between abnormal acoustic reflexes and delayed psychomotor
      development. Increased or absent acoustic reflex thresholds are usually
      associated with peripheral or low brain stem pathologies. While not conclusive,
      these results suggest brain stem involvement in this population.

PMID- 4010422
TI  - Delayed effects of ionizing radiation on the ear.
AB  - The question of damage to the ear from exposure to ionizing radiation was
      addressed by exposing groups of chinchillas to fractioned doses of radiation (2
      Gy per day) for total doses ranging from 40 to 90 Gy. In order to allow any
      delayed effects of radiation to become manifest, the animals were sacrificed two
      years after completion of treatment and their temporal bones were prepared for
      microscopic examination. The most pronounced effect of treatment was degeneration
      of sensory and supporting cells and loss of eighth nerve fibers in the organ of
      Corti. Damage increased with increasing dose of radiation. The degree of damage
      found in many of these ears was of sufficient magnitude to produce a permanent
      sensorineural hearing loss.

PMID- 4010423
TI  - Arteriovenous malformations and vascular anatomy of the upper lip and soft
      palate.
AB  - Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are a difficult clinical problem. These lesions
      may be extensive and diffuse and frequently prove refractory to the usual
      surgical methods of treatment. This paper presents three unusual AVMs of the
      orofacial region. Two were acquired AVMs of the upper lip, one involving
      columella; the third was a congential AVM of the soft palate. Complete surgical
      excision, following embolization, is the most successful therapy of traumatic AVM
      of the upper lip at this time. In addition, the blood supply of the upper lip and
      columella is presented, as it was found in ten cadaver dissections.

PMID- 4010424
TI  - Supraglottic laryngectomy: series report and analysis of results.
AB  - Forty-one consecutive patients who underwent supraglottic laryngectomy at UCLA
      were reviewed. All of the operations were performed by or under the direct
      supervision of the same surgeon (T.C.). The majority (68%) had advanced squamous
      cell carcinoma (Stage III-IV). Approximately one half received radiation therapy
      as part of planned combined therapy. The overall tumor-free survival, with a two
      year minimum follow-up period, was 90%. The most common site of tumor recurrence
      was neck metastasis. There were four laryngeal recurrences, three of which were
      salvaged with completion laryngectomy. There was only one completion laryngectomy
      for severe aspiration. The favorable results in this series are attributed to
      frozen section control of surgical margins, surgical or radiation therapy
      treatment of cervical lymph nodes at risk for metastatic disease, and the
      employment of surgical techniques designed to minimize aspiration.

PMID- 4010425
TI  - Some acoustic evidence for vocal abuse in adult speakers with repaired cleft
      palate.
AB  - Acoustic evidence for vocal abuse in adult speakers with cleft palate and
      hypernasality has not been reported. This study was undertaken to determine if
      there was acoustic evidence of inappropriate vocal fold adduction during stop
      consonant production in this population. The results indicated that spectrograms
      of speakers without cleft palate and severe hypernasality exhibited acoustic
      characteristics different from spectrograms of speakers without cleft palate and
      speakers with cleft palate and mild hypernasality. Specifically, voiceless stop
      productions of severe hypernasal speakers resembled voiced stop productions.
      Their vocal folds were inappropriately adducted to provide a constriction
      inferior to the inadequately functioning velopharyngeal port to minimize the
      nasal air leak. The acoustic evidence supports the hypothesis that a cause of
      vocal abuse in the cleft palate population is due to compensatory laryngeal
      valving activities secondary to severe hypernasality.

PMID- 4010426
TI  - External auditory canal dysplasia: CT evaluation.
AB  - Dysplasias of the external auditory canal can be evaluated with high resolution
      CT using proper technique. Images are studied to determine the type of atresia
      (membranous or bony) and the thickness of the associated atretic plate (if
      present). Other findings sought include the degree of pneumatization, the status
      of the fenestrae, the size of the tympanic cavity, and the location of both the
      mandibular condyle and the facial nerve canal.

PMID- 4010427
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis of the cricoarytenoid joints: a case of laryngeal
      obstruction due to acute and chronic joint changes.
AB  - A 63-year-old female with severe rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory obstruction
      with stridor due to cricoarytenoid (c.a.) arthritis is described. Low voltage
      radiography of the neck revealed erosive changes in the c.a. joints. At
      laryngoscopy the arytenoids were fixed in adduction, and there were signs of
      active arthritis. Corticosteroid therapy was instituted with remarkable effect on
      the obstruction. After the active arthritis had subsided, there remained limited
      arytenoid mobility with a glottic chink of about 5 mm, but no laryngeal symptoms.

PMID- 4010428
TI  - Sudden airway obstruction due to a benign hemangioendothelioma of the larynx.
AB  - Sudden airway obstruction can be caused by laryngeal impaction of pedunculated
      tumors in the upper aerodigestive tract. We experienced a case of sudden airway
      obstruction due to a rare benign hemangioendothelioma of the larynx in a 13-year
      old male. Emergency tracheotomy was performed and the tumor was removed using
      direct laryngoscopy. Pathologically, the reticulum stain showed that the
      proliferating cells were inside the capillary sheaths. The usefulness of the
      reticulum stain was stressed for pathological diagnosis of hemangioendothelioma.

PMID- 4010429
TI  - Correlation between nasal ciliary beat frequency and mucus transport rate in
      volunteers.
AB  - The correlation between mucus transport time (MTT) and nasal ciliary beat
      frequency (CBF) in human volunteers was investigated. Mucus transport was
      measured with the indigo carmine/saccharin sodium test. The test can be performed
      easily, with no need for sophisticated equipment. CBF was measured
      photometrically in biopsies from the ciliated epithelium of the nose. After
      statistical analysis with the Shapiro-Wilk test, it appeared that the logarithms
      of the MTTs were distributed normally. The correlation between the CBF and the
      log-MTT was tested with the least-square method. Correlation coefficients are r =
      -0.55 and r = -0.51 (n = 31) for the log-MTTs as measured with saccharin sodium
      and indigo carmine respectively. The results are significant at a level alpha =
      0.005. The highly significant correlation between CBF and log-MTT suggests that
      CBF is the main factor in the nasal mucociliary clearance in healthy volunteers.
      The indigo carmine/saccharin sodium test appears to be useful in testing the in
      vivo effects of nasal drugs on mucociliary clearance.

PMID- 4010430
TI  - Snare applying the Ti-Ni shape memory alloy for nasal polypotomy and
      tonsillectomy.

PMID- 4010431
TI  - The effects of radiation therapy in microvascular anastomoses.
AB  - The otolaryngologist, as a head and neck surgeon, commonly cares for patients
      with upper aerodigestive tract malignancies. Therapy of these neoplasms often
      requires wide excision. One standard reconstructive procedure utilizes pedicled
      regional flaps, both dermal and myodermal which have some disadvantages. The
      shortcomings of these pedicled regional flaps have led to the use of the
      vascularized free flap in certain cases. The occasional case may lead to
      catastrophe if microanastomoses fail when combined with radiation.
      Notwithstanding, many surgical series have reported success when radiation has
      been given. The present investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of
      radiation therapy on microvascular anastomoses when radiation is administered pre
      or postoperatively or when nonradiated tissue is transferred to an irradiated
      recipient site. These effects were observed serially in an experimental rat model
      using a tubed superficial epigastric flap that adequately reflected tissue
      viability and vascular patency. The histologic changes were then noted over a
      three month period after completion of both radiation and surgery. This study
      adds credence to the observation of the lack of deleterious effects of radiation
      on experimental microvascular anastomotic patency whether the radiation is given
      before or after surgery or if radiated tissue is approximated to nonradiated
      vessels.

PMID- 4010432
TI  - Laser surgery in enclosed spaces: a review.
AB  - We describe the results of experiments carried out in the arteries of dogs,
      rabbits, guinea pigs, and humans, normal or atheromatous, calcified, or not, with
      the application of the argon and CO2 laser, in vitro or in vivo, directly or
      indirectly. Similarly, we present the results of laser effects when radiation is
      delivered through a special catheter with the purpose of producing aortic
      insufficiency, opening pulmonary valvular stenosis, desobstructing carotid and
      coronary obstruction induced in dogs as well as atheromatous obstructions in
      human amputated legs. Arterial wall perforation was present in 50% of all cases.
      We suggest four options in order to diminish this adverse result: (1) the use of
      coherent optical bundles which will allow the proper guiding of the laser beam,
      (2) the construction of a special catheter for proper handling of the laser
      carrying fiber, (3) a combination of optical and computer programs which will aid
      to identify calcified regions, and (4) the use of dyes which will be strongly and
      selectively absorbed by the atheromas and which will thus allow their destruction
      at low laser powers.

PMID- 4010433
TI  - Modeling of (coronary) laser-angioplasty.
AB  - A first attempt to describe (coronary) laser angioplasty is presented using
      simplified but standard optical and thermal modeling of tissue in interaction
      with a laser. Ablation behavior of blood thrombi and plaque has been approximated
      from numerical computations for various wavelengths representing the Ar, Nd-YAG,
      and CO2 lasers. The overall results, in terms of calculated depth of ablation
      versus laser irradiation time, show a relatively fast initial process followed by
      a very slow one. The analysis suggests that a sequence of laser pulse-catheter
      tip flushing should substantially increase the overall ablation velocity. The
      physics of threshold laser power and influence of laser beam diameter is
      discussed. A comparison between experimental results is made when possible.
      Suggestions for further test experiments are made.

PMID- 4010434
TI  - Optical properties of human blood vessel wall and plaque.
AB  - Optical properties of blood vessel wall and plaque from human cadaver material
      are presented for the argon laser (514.5 nm), He-Ne laser (633 nm), and the Nd
      YAG laser (1,060 nm) wavelengths. Measurements were performed with an integrating
      sphere arrangement and analyzed in terms of Kubelka-Munk absorption and
      scattering coefficients.

PMID- 4010435
TI  - Continuous wave (CW) and pulsed laser effects on vascular tissues and occlusive
      disease in vitro.
AB  - Human arterial segments with occlusive defects and acute dog hearts were exposed,
      in vitro, to high-energy pulsed and continuous wave (CW) laser beams at argon
      (514 nm) and Nd-YAG (1,064 nm) wavelengths, using various pulse powers, durations
      and pulse repetition rates. The laser effects included vaporization of plaques in
      the arterial segments and penetration of the pericardial sac, evaporation of
      pericardial fluid, and discoloration of tissue with crater-like lesions in the
      impact zone, all as a result of vaporization of heart muscle tissues. The areas
      affected and depth of penetration depended on the wavelength, power, pulse
      duration, and mode of energy deposition. Focused nanosecond Nd-YAG laser pulses
      at repetition rates of 40-50 Hz caused ablation or vaporization of hard plaques
      and kidney stones in air and saline. Picosecond (mode-locked) argon laser pulses
      at repetition rates of 3.8 MHz--average power 6.5 W, peak power of 230 W--caused
      effective vaporization of hard plaques and kidney stones in air and saline.
      Picosecond argon laser pulses--average power 1 W, peak power 250 W--were not
      effective in vaporization. Transmission characteristics of the various types of
      laser pulses through fiber optic waveguides were determined. The energy and power
      density required to vaporize fatty and hard plaques and kidney stones were
      tabulated as a function of laser wavelength, pulse energy, duration, and
      repetition rates.

PMID- 4010436
TI  - Effect of laser radiation on tissue during laser angioplasty.
AB  - The thermal properties of adipose and ceramic atherosclerotic plaque deposits and
      normal arterial vessel wall were measured in the temperature range of 25-95
      degrees C. In general, the data indicate that fatty plaques exhibit the lowest
      thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the three types, whereas
      calcified plaques seem to have the highest values. By using a video scanning
      thermograph, temperature rise was recorded in normal vessel wall and plaque
      during ablation of tissue. Theoretical analysis suggested that realistic modeling
      of laser angioplasty should account for scattering of light, water content, and
      ablation. This paper is a preliminary report of these results.

PMID- 4010437
TI  - Laser endarterectomy.
AB  - Laser radiation can be applied directly at a diseased artery to dissect the
      plaque away from the media and perform an open endarterectomy. The appropriate
      cleavage plane within the media can be achieved with the laser beam for precise
      reconstruction of the artery. Laser endarterectomy offers a technique for the
      study of laser radiation upon arteriosclerosis and may become a new modification
      of a standard surgical technique.

PMID- 4010438
TI  - Vascular recanalization with the argon laser: the role of blood in the
      transmission of laser energy.
AB  - Successful revascularization of stenosed arteries with the argon laser optical
      fiber catheter requires delivery of high-power-density energy to the lesion.
      Because of the high energy absorption by hemoglobin at the argon laser
      wavelengths, which would attenuate transmission of laser energy to the
      obstruction, we measured argon laser transmission through blood at different
      concentrations. We found that no transmission occurred through 1 mm of whole
      blood with hematocrit of 42 and that blood must be diluted to a hematocrit below
      1 for laser energy to be delivered. Successful use of the intravascular argon
      laser is dependent on the creation of a transmission medium by displacement of
      blood by saline or other non-absorbing substance.

PMID- 4010439
TI  - Absence of distal emboli during in vivo laser recanalization.
AB  - We used an argon laser to recanalize occluded arteries in vivo and to determine
      the extent of any particulate matter resulting from the procedure that might
      cause embolization. Thrombosis was achieved by balloon de-endothelialization and
      thrombin injection in 12 canine femoral or carotid arteries in six dogs. The
      resulting totally occlusive thrombi (2.5-8.5 cm in length) were laser treated in
      situ 2-29 days after formation, using laser tip power outputs of 0.8-3.4 W. The
      treated arterial segment was perfused before, during, and after the
      recanalization procedure with 1,000 ml of heparinized saline. All saline passing
      through the artery was collected and studied by filtration through 20-micron pore
      filter paper; 50-ml unfiltered aliquots were studied by automated, calibrated
      cell counting and microscopically after centrifugation and staining. All vessels
      except one were completely recanalized. Filtration yielded a thin reddish, dust
      like residue. No large fragments were found in 11 of 12 effluents. The residue
      after centrifugation was almost entirely composed of erythrocytes plus one to
      four 20-30-micron strands of amorphous cellular material per high-power field.
      Cell counting showed that 99.1% of the material in the effluents was smaller than
      9.37 micron. These results demonstrate the presence of some filterable debris
      following laser recanalization of intraarterial thrombi, but it probably lacks
      any physiologic significance. Further study of this effect of laser
      recanalization is needed.

PMID- 4010440
TI  - Complete patency in thrombus-occluded arteries two weeks after laser
      recanalization.
AB  - The potential problem of rethrombosis after laser recanalization was studied in
      16 thrombus-occluded canine femoral arteries. Balloon de-endothelialization and
      thrombin-human blood injection produced adherent, completely occlusive thrombi
      4.13 +/- 1.54 cm in length; laser exposure of the thrombi occurred at 18.35 +/-
      22.1 hours. The argon laser catheter was introduced via a proximal arteriotomy
      and a power of 3.83 +/- 0.58 W delivered for 411.3 +/- 296.87 seconds. Follow-up
      period was 14 days. All arteries were patent immediately after and 14 days
      following lasing, as demonstrated by angiography. There was no vessel
      perforation. Seven of the dogs were maintained on aspirin and dipyridamole 4 days
      before and throughout the study, but there were no differences in thrombus
      length, laser power, or duration of laser exposure between these dogs and those
      receiving no anti-platelet therapy. Control thrombosed arteries (without laser
      energy application) showed no autolysis within 14 days in all dogs and up to 95
      days in three dogs followed for this period of time. These data show that
      rethrombosis of totally occluded, thrombosed arteries is not present up to 2
      weeks later after laser recanalization, with or without the aid of anti-platelet
      therapy.

PMID- 4010441
TI  - Embolization and vessel wall perforation in argon laser recanalization.
AB  - The primary concerns in the development of a laser catheter for intravascular use
      are the potential hazards of vessel wall perforation and distal embolization. We
      present evidence, using technetium 99-labeled thrombi in two rabbit aortas and
      one human cadaver coronary artery, that distal embolization does not occur after
      argon laser recanalization. Also, no vessel wall perforation was observed during
      recanalization of 15 thrombosed rabbit aortas and 1 inferior vena cava, used
      because of their extremely thin walls. Laser recanalization of three peripheral
      arteries with atherosclerotic plaque obstruction, in amputated human legs, showed
      no evidence of vessel wall perforation. The incidence of vessel wall perforation
      can be minimized by preferential use of the argon laser, strict maintainance of a
      coaxial relationship between the laser catheter and the vessel, and exercising
      care during the actual lasing process. Distal embolization does not appear to be
      an important consideration.

PMID- 4010442
TI  - Laser applications to arteriosclerosis: angioplasty, angioscopy, and open
      endarterectomy.
AB  - We have studied laser radiation of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease to
      determine the best technique for evaluation. Rabbits with arteriosclerosis were
      treated by intraluminal laser angioplasty (N = 8), laser angioscopy (N = 2), and
      open laser endarterectomy (N = 5). All studies were performed with an argon ion
      laser delivering energy through a 400-microns quartz fiber. Power delivered was
      varied in order to determine the best value for this animal model. Following
      angioplasty, perforation was seen in three rabbits (in one case, it was due to
      mechanical trauma from the fiber optic), and early thrombosis occurred in two
      rabbits. Plaques were vaporized by angioscopy, but the depth of laser beam
      penetration or angle of incidence could not be controlled. Open laser
      endarterectomy gave consistently good results with removal of an arteriosclerotic
      plaque within the media. The optimum power was found to be 1.0-2.0 W.
      Endarterectomy required an energy density of 100-140 J/cm2. We conclude that open
      laser endarterectomy can be a standardized technique for the in vivo evaluation
      of laser radiation upon arteriosclerotic lesions.

PMID- 4010443
TI  - Responses of atherosclerotic aorta to argon laser.
AB  - Lasers have been advocated to resect atherosclerotic plaques in the
      cardiovascular system, yet little information is available regarding the effects
      of laser on the range of occlusive lesions seen in the peripheral arterial tree.
      This study was conducted to assess the risk of perforation in human cadaveric
      aorta involved with variable degrees of atherosclerosis. Ten fresh segments of
      atherosclerotic human aorta were graded for extent of atherosclerosis, then
      subjected to argon laser energy within 48 hours. Using air as the conduction
      medium and with the fiber tip 2 or 5 mm from the vessel wall, the argon laser was
      applied to matched calcified and non-calcified arteries at 3.0-7.0 W and 10.0
      13.5 W with energy density identical for matched pairs. Results were compared
      among segments which were normal in appearance or had only fatty streaks grossly
      with those with gross regional wall calcification. The mean penetration time (T)
      for calcified and non-calcified lesions at low and high power outputs was
      compared. (table; see text) Mean time to perforation and range of time necessary
      to produce perforation were greater in calcified than non-calcified segments at
      all power levels employed. These data suggest that atherosclerotic lesions vary
      in their response to argon laser. The presence of calcium may preclude resection
      of some plaques and protect against wall perforation.

PMID- 4010444
TI  - "Hot tip": another method of laser vascular recanalization.
AB  - This study is a preliminary report evaluating the use of laser radiation to heat
      a metal-capped fiber for arterial recanalization. The method was compared to the
      currently used bare-ended fiber for recanalization of occluded vessels. The model
      used was a human coronary artery xenograft transplanted in the femoral artery of
      the dog. At 4 weeks following the transplantation, laser recanalization was
      attempted using the heated metal probe ("hot tip") in five arteries and the bare
      fiber in another five arteries. RESULTS: 1) Angiography demonstrated
      recanalization in all five arteries treated with the "hot tip" and three of the
      five arteries treated with the bare fiber. 2) Only one perforation occurred with
      the "hot tip," whereas three perforations occurred with the bare fiber. 3) The
      larger metal cap was capable of creating a wider channel in the occluded arterial
      segment. Although the trend favored the heated metal cap in terms of
      recanalization and less perforation than the bare fiber, the total number of
      experiments were not adequate to demonstrate statistical significance.
      Microscopic examination of the vessels recanalized by either technique was
      similar. Characteristic charring at the recanalization site was seen regardless
      of the technique used. These observations suggest that the effect of direct laser
      radiation on plaques is predominantly a thermal effect. Although these results
      would suggest utilization of a metal-capped fiber for vascular recanalization,
      more studies need to be done to confirm these preliminary findings.

PMID- 4010445
TI  - [Early stuttering and cognitive abilities].

PMID- 4010446
TI  - [Anamnestic immune response in patients with breast cancer].

PMID- 4010447
TI  - [Physical inactivity as a risk factor in the development of arterial occlusive
      diseases].

PMID- 4010448
TI  - [Characteristics of Q fever in patients treated in 1982 at the Clinic for
      Infectious Diseases in Zagreb].

PMID- 4010449
TI  - [HBeAg/anti-HBe system in acute viral hepatitis B].

PMID- 4010450
TI  - [Risks in stress tests].

PMID- 4010451
TI  - [Comparative study of cardiac function using ergometry and radionuclide
      cardioventriculography].

PMID- 4010452
TI  - [Comparative study of the release of rubella virus at 33 and 30 degrees
      centigrade].

PMID- 4010454
TI  - [Sociodrama in large therapeutic groups].

PMID- 4010453
TI  - [Transfusion of thrombocytes: a review of the preparation of the concentrate and
      its use].

PMID- 4010455
TI  - [Use of antihypertensives in advanced renal insufficiency].

PMID- 4010456
TI  - [The rights and responsibilities of patients].

PMID- 4010457
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans in the bronchial mucus of patients with chronic bronchitis and
      mucoid impaction of the bronchus.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from mucus of patients with chronic bronchitis
      and mucoid impaction of the bronchus, whose contents were approximately 56
      mumoles and 80 mumoles of hexosamine per g of dry weight of mucus respectively.
      Electrophoretic and chemical characterization and enzymatic susceptibility
      demonstrated that the glycosaminoglycans in mucus from both groups of the
      patients contained hyaluronic acid as the main constituent, with undersulphated
      chondroitin as a minor component. In addition, in mucus from the patient with
      mucoid impaction of the bronchus chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate or
      heparan sulphate-like substance were identified.

PMID- 4010458
TI  - Comparison of the effects of fenfluramine and other anorectic agents in different
      feeding and drinking paradigms in rats.
AB  - Fenfluramine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the food intake of rats
      following food deprivation, administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), and during
      tail pressure. This suggests that fenfluramine has relatively general anorectic
      potency. Other "serotonergic" anorectics were studied for comparison. In a second
      experiment we determined that norfenfluramine and quipazine greatly suppressed
      food intake following food deprivation but, at the same doses, had relatively
      small effects on water intake following water deprivation. This was true for
      intraperitoneal and cerebroventricular routes of administration. The data have
      relevance for specificity of action of these agents and for the possible
      contribution of dopamine antagonist properties.

PMID- 4010459
TI  - Calmodulin abolishes the changes in Ca2+ binding and transport by heart
      sarcolemmal membranes of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Both Ca2+ transport and binding properties of heart sarcolemmal membranes are
      altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) when compared to their
      normotensive controls (WKY). The effects of calmodulin on these two processes
      were studied at free calcium concentrations presumed to be the physiological
      levels in the cytosol. At a calcium concentration of 2.10(-8)M, calmodulin did
      not significantly modify either binding or ATP-dependent accumulation of calcium
      by membranes of both origins. In contrast, at a free calcium concentration of
      4.10(-7)M, calmodulin enhanced the calcium binding to SHR membranes and the ATP
      dependent calcium transport by SHR and WKY membranes. Differences in calcium
      binding and ATP-dependent accumulation between the two substrains were suppressed
      in presence of calmodulin. These data demonstrate that modifications in calcium
      handling by SHR cardiac plasma membranes might be due to altered intracellular
      content or function of calmodulin in SHR.

PMID- 4010460
TI  - Myocardial infarction in the guinea pig: cellular electrophysiology.
AB  - The cellular electrophysiology of left ventricular preparations from guinea pig
      hearts was studied 1 hour, 24 hours, and 4-6 weeks after myocardial infarction
      produced by 6-8 single ties of the distal left coronary artery system or after
      sham operation. Microelectrode recordings were used to monitor cells from the
      endocardial surface of each preparation in tissue bath. All coronary ligated
      preparations displayed accelerated spontaneous activity compared to normal and
      sham operated preparations. Single and multiple premature ventricular
      depolarizations occurred frequently in coronary ligated and rarely in normal and
      sham operated preparations. Premature stimuli delivered to areas overlying and
      bordering the area of infarction, induced short bursts of self-terminating rapid
      repetitive ventricular activity in 4 of 8 (50%) acute (1-hour), 5 of 9 (55%)
      subacute (24-hour), and 14 of 20 (70%) healed (4-6-week) infarcted preparations.
      Such activity could not be induced in normal and sham operated preparations. The
      preparations with healed infarction were unique in that they demonstrated runs of
      self-terminating repetitive ventricular activity which occurred spontaneously or
      was inducible with premature stimulation. Recordings from multiple sites in
      acute, subacute, and healed preparations revealed a variety of transmembrane
      action potential abnormalities (i.e., reduced action potential amplitude and
      resting potential, decreased and increased action potential duration, and
      depressed maximum rates of phase 0 depolarization) in cells overlying and
      bordering areas of infarction. Only Purkinje fiber action potentials were
      recorded over the healed infarcts. These data demonstrate that a spectrum of
      electrophysiological alterations occur in response to ischemic injury and persist
      after healing of the injury in this new model of myocardial infarction utilizing
      the guinea pig.

PMID- 4010461
TI  - Subsensitive pituitary cyclic AMP response to stress following adrenalectomy is
      not caused by loss of adrenal epinephrine.
AB  - We have previously reported that various stressors acutely elevate levels of
      pituitary cyclic AMP in vivo and that this stress response is not seen in animals
      tested 7 or 30 days post-adrenalectomy. In this report we present data that
      demonstrate that the loss of the pituitary cyclic AMP stress response following
      adrenalectomy is not the result of the loss of stress-induced adrenal epinephrine
      release. These data show that (1) although administration of epinephrine to
      intact rats does not elevate levels of pituitary cyclic AMP, administration of
      epinephrine to adrenalectomized animals does not elevate pituitary cyclic AMP
      levels in vivo; (2) splanchnic denervation prevents stress-induced adrenal
      epinephrine release but does not abolish stress-induced increases in pituitary
      cyclic AMP; and (3) the time course of the developing subsensitive pituitary
      cyclic AMP response to stress following adrenalectomy is much slower (2 to 3
      days) than the loss of circulating epinephrine.

PMID- 4010462
TI  - Bombesin evoked acetylcholine release from the guinea pig antrum.
AB  - Bombesin induced contraction and acetylcholine (ACh) release of the longitudinal
      muscle strip of the guinea pig antrum were examined using the standard organ bath
      technique and the superfusion system. Bombesin increased frequency and tonus of
      rhythmic contraction in a dose dependent manner (10(-10)M - 10(-7)M). The effects
      of bombesin on frequency of contraction were not affected by atropine,
      propranolol, phentolamine, hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin. The effects on tonus,
      on the other hand, were significantly reduced by atropine, and the dose response
      curve to bombesin was shifted to the right. There was a remarkable increase of 3H
      ACh release by the superfusion of bombesin (10(-8)M), which was almost completely
      abolished in Ca-free medium, but not affected by hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin.
      These results suggest that mechanism of bombesin effects on frequency is
      different from that on tonus; frequency response to bombesin is not dependent on
      autonomic nervous system but due to a direct effect on smooth muscle cells,
      whereas tonic response to the peptide is partly mediated by ACh release via a
      mechanism independent of sodium spike.

PMID- 4010463
TI  - Development of selective tolerance to the serotonin behavioral syndrome and
      suppression of locomotor activity after repeated administration of either 5
      MeODMT or mCPP.
AB  - Repeated administration to rats of the 5-HT1A-selective agonist 5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) produced tolerance to the ability of a test dose of
      5-MeODMT to produce the serotonin behavioral syndrome, but not to the ability of
      a test dose of the 5-HT1B-selective agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) to
      decrease locomotor activity. Conversely, repeated administration of mCPP produced
      tolerance to the ability of a test dose of mCPP to decrease locomotor activity,
      but not to the ability of a test dose of 5-MeODMT to elicit the serotonin
      behavioral syndrome. The lack of cross-tolerance between these two selective
      agonists is consistent with the idea that the serotonin behavioral syndrome and
      suppression of locomotor activity are mediated by different subtypes of the 5-HT1
      receptor.

PMID- 4010464
TI  - Gastric acid and vagus nerve response to GABA agonist baclofen.
AB  - Baclofen [beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid], a lipophilic derivative
      of GABA, was studied for its effect upon the efferent activity of the left
      cervical vagus in urethane-anesthetized rats. Baclofen (4 mg/kg, s.c.) produces
      neural discharges in the multifiber vagus preparation. The time course of vagal
      activation is well correlated with the profile of stimulation of gastric acid
      secretion recorded every 2 min. Atropine pretreatment (1 mg/kg) did not modify
      baclofen stimulation of vagal activity. These results demonstrated that a GABAB
      receptor agonist stimulates the parasympathetic outflow through mechanisms
      independent of interaction with muscarinic receptors leading to stimulation of
      gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 4010465
TI  - The effects of severe zinc deficiency on intestinal amino acid losses in the rat.
AB  - To determine whether intestinal amino acid losses might occur during zinc
      deficiency, labeled aminoisobutyric acid was given parenterally to zinc deficient
      rats and to appropriate zinc-sufficient controls. After 24 hours, the
      aminoisobutyric acid loss into the intestinal lumen was measured by in situ
      perfusion of isolated intestinal segments under conditions of either net water
      absorption or water secretion. Net amino acid losses were larger in the jejunum
      of the zinc deficient rats and losses were exacerbated during net water secretion
      in the jejunum and colon segments. The contribution of amino acid losses to fecal
      nitrogen, particularly during osmotic diarrhea, may be important in the growth
      retardation of zinc deficiency. Further, these alterations may indicate defective
      enterocyte transport functions during severe deficiency.

PMID- 4010466
TI  - Substrate preference in aminophylline-stimulated thermogenesis.
AB  - The present study investigated the suitability of different substrates on
      aminophylline (AMPY)-induced thermogenesis in rats during cold exposure. Feeding
      of distilled water 60 min prior to cold exposure in two-day fasted rats resulted
      in the lowest total heat production and final body temperature in both saline-
      and AMPY-treated groups. Feeding of 5 ml Intralipid (2 Kcal/ml), a triglyceride
      mixture, did not improve thermogenesis beyond the control levels. However,
      feeding of isocaloric substitutes of sucrose elevated significantly the total
      thermogenesis by 7.9% and 7.4% and final body temperature by 2.23 and 1.61
      degrees C, respectively, in saline- and AMPY-treated groups. The increase in
      thermogenesis by sucrose is not due to its thermic effect. It is concluded that
      sucrose, in combination with AMPY, may be of value in improving resistance to
      cold.

PMID- 4010467
TI  - Reserpine-induced hypothermia and its reversal by dopamine agonists.
AB  - Prior treatments with reserpine altered the thermic response of mice to
      subsequently administered apomorphine and amphetamine. Thus, normal mice
      exhibited hypo- and hyper-thermic responses to apomorphine and (+)-amphetamine,
      respectively but did not respond to (-)-amphetamine. These responses were each
      readily attenuated by haloperidol. Reserpinized mice, on the other hand,
      exhibited hyperthermic responses to all three agonists and these responses were
      not attenuated by haloperidol. In addition to its hypothermic action, reserpine
      also produced hypoactivity which was reversed by (+)-amphetamine. This reversal
      of hypoactivity was attenuated by haloperidol. These data suggest that reversal
      of reserpine-induced hypothermia by dopamine agonists results through activation
      of mechanisms which are separate from those normally associated with agonist
      induced thermic responses. Reversal of hypoactivity, on the other hand, appears
      to be due to reactivation of those systems which normally regulate locomotor
      activity.

PMID- 4010468
TI  - Gossypol in female fertility control: ovum implantation and early pregnancy
      inhibited in rats.
AB  - Intramuscular administration of gossypol to normally cycling female rats induced
      an irregularity of the cyclic pattern for as long as the treatment was continued.
      Furthermore, administration of gossypol from days 0 (day of sperm-positive
      vaginal smear) to 8 of pregnancy prevented the normal maintenance of pregnancy.
      Serum values of progesterone and estradiol 17 beta in gossypol-treated normally
      cycling and pregnant rats were significantly lower than the control levels. The
      supplement of a combination of exogenous progesterone and estradiol 17 beta
      eliminated the inhibitory effects of gossypol on ovum implantation and the
      maintenance of pregnancy. Our results indicate that gossypol may have some
      usefulness in female fertility control.

PMID- 4010469
TI  - Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the gut inhibits schedule-controlled
      behavior in the rat.
AB  - Rats were trained to press a lever under a multiple Fixed-Ratio 25 Fixed-Interval
      50-second schedule of food reinforcement. Subcutaneous injection of soman, 80
      micrograms/kg, suppressed responding under both schedules and inhibited
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. AChE activity in the gastrointestinal
      tract was not significantly inhibited. In contrast, i.p. injection of either
      soman (10-40 micrograms/kg), neostigmine (75 micrograms/kg) or DFP (350
      micrograms/kg) caused marked suppression of behavior and AChE activity of the
      gut, without affecting brain AChE. These doses caused marked increases in
      peristaltic activity and likely caused gastrointestinal spasm. Injection of DFP,
      500 micrograms/kg, s.c., inhibited AChE in both the brain and gut. The results
      indicate that inhibition of AChE in the gastrointestinal tract by certain
      anticholinesterase agents may be involved in the behavioral effects attributed to
      these drugs.

PMID- 4010470
TI  - Mechanism of cell damage in brain ischemia: a hypothesis.
AB  - Mitochondria are known to develop a series of abnormalities as a result of
      ischemia. The inability of mitochondria to resume normal function following
      reperfusion has been implicated as an important factor in irreversible cell
      damage. However, the mechanism of mitochondrial injury after ischemic brain
      insult is poorly understood. In this paper a hypothesis is proposed which
      concentrates on the interrelated roles of phosphate, calcium, and electron
      transport on ischemic brain cell injury.

PMID- 4010471
TI  - Relationship between nicotine-induced seizures and hippocampal nicotinic
      receptors.
AB  - A controversy has existed for several years concerning the physiological
      relevance of the nicotinic receptor measured by alpha-bungarotoxin binding. Using
      mice derived from a classical F2 and backcross genetic design, a relationship
      between nicotine-induced seizures and alpha-bungarotoxin nicotinic receptor
      concentration was found. Mice sensitive to the convulsant effects of nicotine had
      greater alpha-bungarotoxin binding in the hippocampus than seizure insensitive
      mice. The binding sites from seizure sensitive and resistant mice were equally
      affected by treatment with dithiothreitol, trypsin or heat. Thus it appears that
      the difference between seizure sensitive and insensitive animals may be due to a
      difference in hippocampal nicotinic receptor concentration as measured with alpha
      bungarotoxin binding.

PMID- 4010472
TI  - Effect of bombesin on feeding behavior.
AB  - Peripherally-administered bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide produce potent,
      dose-related, and specific reductions of food intake at test meals in rats.
      Similar effects on meal size are observed after intraperitoneal injections in
      mice and after intravenous infusions in baboons and humans. The mechanism for
      this effect is unknown, but the action of bombesin is not blocked by complete
      subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, by a variety of peripheral endocrine and neural
      ablations, or by lesions of the area postrema or hypothalamus. Hypothalamic
      injections of bombesin produce small but specific reductions of food intake; the
      relationship of this central effect to the peripheral effect of the peptide is
      unknown. Bombesin and bombesin-like peptides may play roles in the regulation of
      meal size.

PMID- 4010473
TI  - Evidence for the mode of antischistosomal action of hycanthone.
AB  - Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis that the mode of action, or a
      slight variant thereof, suggested by Hartman and Hulbert (11) to account for the
      mutagenic effects of hycanthone (HC) is the mechanism whereby HC exerts its
      antischistosomal activity. HC is metabolically activated to a reactive ester
      which, upon dissociation, alkylates DNA. If resistant schistosomes are unaffected
      because they cannot convert HC to a reactive ester they should be killed upon
      direct exposure to an appropriately esterified drug. Hycanthone N-methylcarbamate
      (HNMC) was synthesized and shown to bind to DNA and also alkylate 4-(p
      nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. When tested with schistosomes kept in vitro, HNMC caused
      an irreversible inhibition of 3H-uridine incorporation not only in sensitive S.
      mansoni (as HC does) but also in HC-resistant and immature S. mansoni worms and
      S. japonicum worms which are only transiently inhibited by HC. After in vitro
      contact with HNMC for 1 h both sensitive and resistant schistosomes died in three
      weeks if either kept in culture or re-transplanted into the host animal. Mice
      infected with HC-resistant schistosomes showed a drastic worm reduction after in
      vivo HNMC administration.

PMID- 4010474
TI  - Apolar ecdysteroid esters in adult female crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus.
AB  - Six hours after injection of 0.5 microCi 3H-ecdysone into the hemocoele of adult
      female crickets, several labelled compounds could be separated from hemolymph and
      tissues by silicic acid column chromatography, TLC, and HPLC. The amount of
      conjugated, polar ecdysteroids was low in all tissues, whereas apolar metabolites
      were predominant in all tissues. The apolar compound A2, which is the most
      abundant in quantity, could be hydrolyzed by porcine liver esterase, yielding
      ecdysone and various long chain fatty acids. This represents a new class of
      apolar ecdysteroid conjugates not yet found in other insects.

PMID- 4010475
TI  - Interaction of choline and scopolamine in human memory.
AB  - In a previous study (1), 8 gm. of oral choline given in a single dose were found
      to partially reverse the amnestic and subjective effects of 0.43 mg of
      scopolamine. The present study determined whether similar effects could be
      produced by 14 gm of choline given in 4 divided doses over 24 hrs and whether
      choline's effects in either study were related to plasma choline concentration.
      Ten normal subjects were given memory tests on three separate days, once after
      receiving 14 gm choline and 0.35 mg scopolamine (Ch-Sc), once following placebo
      and scopolamine (Pl-Sc), and once following placebo and placebo (Pl-Pl).
      Scopolamine markedly impaired memory performance but there was no difference
      between the Ch-Sc and Pl-Sc conditions. Plasma choline levels were significantly
      elevated in the Ch-Sc condition of both the single dose and divided dose studies.
      There was no difference in levels between studies nor were differences in memory
      performance correlated with elevations in plasma choline. These results indicate
      that any enhancement of cholinergic activity due to increased dietary choline is
      transient and of small magnitude.

PMID- 4010476
TI  - The use of 3H-gamma-aminobutyric acid for transport studies with isolated nerve
      terminals from rat brain.
AB  - Isolated synaptosomes were used to study the problem of net accumulation of
      neurotransmitters. The time-course and the kinetics of exogenous and endogenous
      GABA transport were studied by liquid-scintillation counting and HPLC-amino acid
      analysis respectively. Different pools of GABA were suggested by a 6-fold
      difference in tissue-to-medium-ratio of endogenous vs. exogenous GABA. Net
      accumulation, exchange and net efflux of GABA was found to be a function of the
      GABA concentration in the incubation medium. The Kms for net accumulation and for
      3H-GABA accumulation were 2.68 +/- 1.16 and 6.19 +/- 1.26 microM respectively,
      whereas the Vmaxs were 5.9 +/- 4.9 and 134 +/- 13 pmol/mg w.w. min respectively.
      This means that the transport studies which use exogenous substances (e.g. 3H
      GABA) considerably overestimate the transport by overlooking the magnitude of the
      counter transport.

PMID- 4010477
TI  - Increased gluconeogenesis in rats exposed to hyper-G stress.
AB  - The role of gluconeogenesis on the increase in plasma glucose and liver glycogen
      of rats exposed to hyper-G (radial acceleration) stress was determined. Overnight
      fasted, male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were injected i.p. with uniformly
      labeled 1 4C lactate, alanine, or glycerol (5 microCi/rat) and immediately
      exposed to 3.1G for 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 hr. 1 4C incorporation of the labeled
      substrates into plasma glucose and liver glycogen was measured and compared to
      uncentrifuged control rats injected in a similar manner. Significant increases in
      1 4C incorporation of all three labeled substrates into plasma glucose were
      observed in centrifuged rats at all exposure periods; 1 4C incorporation into
      liver glycogen was significantly increased only at 0.50 and 1.0 hr. The i.p.
      administration (5 mg/100-g body wt) of 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a
      potent gluconeogenesis inhibitor, prior to centrifugation blocked the increase in
      plasma glucose and liver glycogen during the first hour of centrifugation. The
      increase in plasma glucose and liver glycogen was also abolished in adreno
      demedullated rats exposed to centrifugation for 1.0 hr. Propranolol, a beta
      adrenergic blocker, suppressed the increase in plasma glucose of rats exposed to
      centrifugation for 0.25 hr. From the results of this study, it is concluded that
      the initial, rapid rise in plasma glucose as well as the increase in liver
      glycogen of rats exposed to hyper-G stress can be attributed to an increased rate
      of gluconeogenesis, and that epinephrine plays a dominant role during the early
      stages of exposure to centrifugation.

PMID- 4010478
TI  - Inhibition of intestinal smooth muscle function by tamoxifen and clomiphene.
AB  - The acute in vitro effects of the oestrogen antagonists clomiphene (a racemic
      mixture) and tamoxifen were examined upon spasmogen induced contractions of the
      guinea pig ileum. Both oestrogen antagonists inhibited the contractions produced
      by acetylcholine, the muscarinic agonist beta-methylcholine, histamine and
      bradykinin in a manner which suggests non competitive antagonism. Concentration
      effect curves to each of the spasmogens were unaffected using 0.1 mumoles/litre
      of either of the oestrogen antagonists. Clomiphene at 1 mumole/litre reduced the
      maximum response to the spasmogens by 20 to 50%. Tamoxifen at the same
      concentration also inhibited the contractions but to a much smaller extent.
      Clomiphene at the highest concentration tested 10 mumoles/litre completely
      suppressed contractions to all the spasmogens. Tamoxifen at 10 mumoles/litre
      completely suppressed contractions to beta-methylcholine and bradykinin. A
      residue of a response to acetylcholine and histamine remained and this was
      abolished by raising the concentration to 100 mumoles/litre. The data indicated
      that clomiphene was more potent than tamoxifen upon the inhibition of the
      contractions of the ileum. The results demonstrate a non specific effect of the
      oestrogen antagonists upon smooth muscle function and do not substantiate early
      reports of specific anticholinergic activity. The possibility of these effects
      contributing to both the side effects and the antitumor activity of the oestrogen
      antagonists is discussed.

PMID- 4010479
TI  - Effects of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet activating
      factor) on cardiac function in perfused guinea-pig heart.
AB  - The direct cardiac action of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF)
      was studied in isolated perfused guinea-pig heart preparations. PAF produced a
      fall in left ventricular pressure, decreases in the rate of rise of the left
      ventricular pressure (dp/dt) and coronary flow, but had no effect on heart rate.
      These results indicate that PAF is a cardiodepressant with inotropic selectivity
      and this effect on heart is blocked by CV-3988, a specific PAF antagonist.

PMID- 4010480
TI  - Estrogenic effect of tamoxifen and its derivatives on the proliferation of MCF7
      human breast tumor cells.
AB  - Cloned human MCF-7 breast tumor cells were prevented from proliferating when
      grown in charcoal-dextran stripped human female serum (CDFHS)-supplemented media
      (40% and 10%); this inhibition was maximally cancelled by estradiol-17,
      cisTamoxifen, and Metabolite E, whereas Tamoxifen, N-desmethylTamoxifen and
      Metabolite Y only partially blocked the inhibitory effect of CDFHS. The
      efficiency of this reversing effect was estradiol-17 greater than Metabolite E
      greater than cisTAM greater than OHTAM greater than TAM = Metabolite Y. CDFHS at
      2% allowed for near maximal cell yield; estradiol-17 at concentrations above 3 X
      10(-10) M inhibited cell proliferation whereas at lower concentrations was
      ineffective. All the triphenylethylenes tested at 2% CDFHS were toxic above 3 X
      10(-7) M; beyond these concentrations, these drugs did not significantly affect
      the cell yield. The proliferative properties of E2 and these triphenylethylenes
      do not directly correlate with their binding affinities to the intracellular
      estrophilins. Finally, the control of the proliferation of C7MCF7-173 cells
      appears to be affected by the interaction among a) estradiol-17 or the
      triphenylethylenes, b) a specific blood-borne inhibitor of the proliferation of
      estrogen-sensitive cells (estrocolyones), and c) an inhibitor "receptor"-like
      structure in these target cells.

PMID- 4010481
TI  - Intestinal absorption studies with glycyl-proline, glycine and ethanol in rats
      infected with Eimeria nieschulzi.
AB  - The absorption of glycyl-proline, glycine, and ethanol through the intestinal
      wall was studied in vitro by an everted sac technique in rats infected with the
      coccidial parasite Eimeria nieschulzi which causes damage and atrophy to the
      intestinal villi. The absorption of the dipeptide and of the amino-acid was
      reduced through tissue from infected animals but the transport of ethanol was
      similar in both infected and uninfected rats. The replacement of sodium by
      potassium in the mucosal bathing fluid as well as the separate addition of the
      metabolic inhibitors, potassium cyanide and dinitrophenol, reduced the amount of
      amino-acids transferred in both the infected and uninfected tissue in a similar
      proportion. The results support the conclusion that infection by the parasite
      affects several different elements of transport across the ileal wall but does
      not selectively reduce any single one.

PMID- 4010482
TI  - Adipocyte fatty acid mobilization in vivo: effects of age and anatomical
      location.
AB  - The objectives of the present study were to determine if adipocyte triglyceride
      fatty acid (TGFA) mobilization in vivo varied among the different adipose tissue
      depots and whether these rates were affected by age. In order to accomplish these
      objectives, two groups of rats were studied. The first group initially weighed 84
      +/- 1 and the second group 333 +/- 2. Both groups were placed on a semisynthetic
      diet containing 6% corn oil (w/w) and 14% triundecanoin (w/w) for a period of 4
      wk. Triundecanoin contains an 11-carbon (C-11) fatty acid (undecanoic acid) that
      was used to label the adipocyte TGFA. At the end of the 4-wk feeding period,
      triundecanoin was removed from the diet and replaced with an equivalent amount of
      corn oil. At this time and at weekly intervals for the next 4 wk, 5 rats from
      each age group were killed for the determination of TGFA composition in isolated
      adipocytes from the epididymal (Epi), perirenal (PR), subcutaneous (SC) and
      mesenteric (M) adipose tissue depots. When the content of C-11 was expressed as
      mole percent of the total fatty acids, mobilization was significantly more rapid
      from the PR and M depots than in the other two depots in the young rats. In the
      older rats mobilization was significantly slower in all depots compared to the
      younger group. The rates of mobilization were not different between the depots in
      the older animals. Since fat cell size continued to increase throughout the
      duration of the study, part of the decrease in C-11 content can be accounted for
      by dilution by newly acquired TGFA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010484
TI  - The effect of a non-absorbable fat on the turnover of plasma cholesterol in the
      rat.
AB  - Rats were injected with [4-14C]-cholesterol and then fed diets that contained
      sucrose polyester (SPE) at levels of 0 and 8% of the diet. 14C was measured in
      neutral and acidic steroid fractions of the feces collected during days 35-39
      post i.v. injection. Periodic blood samples were used to measure the specific
      activity of the plasma cholesterol. The plasma data were consistent with a two
      pool model for the decay of the plasma specific activity. The slow component of
      the decay curve decreased more rapidly in animals that received SPE. The half
      life corresponding to this component was approximately 20% shorter in the SPE-fed
      animals compared to the control group. The mass of cholesterol calculated for the
      first pool was similar for all groups of animals. The 14C found in the feces was
      consistent with the more rapid removal of cholesterol from the body in the SPE
      fed animals. The mass of excreted steroid was equal to the calculated rate of
      cholesterol production in each group of animals.

PMID- 4010483
TI  - Dietary fats containing concentrates of cis or trans octadecenoates and the
      patterns of polyunsaturated fatty acids of liver phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - The effects of the mixed cis- 18:1 isomers and mixed trans- 18:1 isomers present
      in partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) upon the patterns of polyunsaturated
      fatty acids (PUFA) in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine
      (PE) were studied in rats fed concentrates of cis- 18:1 or trans- 18:1 isomers
      isolated as triacylglycerides from PHSO. The cis- 18:1 and trans- 18:1
      concentrates were fed at levels equal to those present in PHSO fed at 17.9% of
      the diet. All diets contained the required amounts of both linoleic and linolenic
      acids. The trans- 18:1 concentrate was found to suppress the levels of 20:4 omega
      6 and 20:3 omega 9, and to increase the levels of 18:2 omega 6 and 20:5 omega 3
      in PC and PE. The cis- 18:1 concentrate suppressed 20:4 omega 6 in PC, 20:5 omega
      3 in PC and PE, and 18:2 omega 6 in PC, but increased the levels of 20:4 omega 6
      in PE, and 20:3 omega 9 in PC and PE. The cis- 18:1 concentrate was more
      effective than the trans concentrate in suppressing 22:6 omega 3. The trans- 18:1
      concentrate was more effective in suppressing 20:4 omega 6. The trans- 18:1
      isomers appear to modify PUFA metabolism by inhibition of PUFA synthesis, whereas
      the cis- 18:1 isomers appear to complete with 2-position fatty acyl transfer and
      to inhibit omega 3 PUFA acylation.

PMID- 4010486
TI  - Analysis of deuterium labeled blood lipids by chemical ionization mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - A quantitative analytical method has been developed to analyze methyl esters of
      blood fatty acids derived from human subjects fed deuterium-labeled fats. The
      GCMS computer method provides for the analysis of the fed deuterium-labeled fatty
      acids, the naturally occurring blood fatty acids and new fatty acids formed by
      chain elongation or shortening of the fed labeled fats. Approximately 20 fatty
      acids including 16, 17, 18 and 20 carbon chain acids were analyzed with a
      relative standard deviation of 0.02 at the microgram level and a sensitivity of
      less than one nanogram. The method uses capillary GC to separate the fatty acid
      esters and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry with multiple ion
      detection to determine the isotopic constituents of the GC peaks. The technique
      provides for the determination of overlapping GC peaks labeled with 2, 4 and 6
      deuterium atoms and makes extensive use of computers both for data acquisition
      and processing.

PMID- 4010485
TI  - Influence of dietary partially hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils on membrane
      composition and function of liver microsomes and platelets in the rat.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of partially
      hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils on membrane composition and function of
      liver microsomes and platelets with particular reference to the metabolism of
      linoleic acid and the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. Four groups of
      male weanling rats were fed linoleic acid supplemented diets containing 20% (w/w)
      of partially hydrogenated low erucic acid rapeseed oil (HLRSO), partially
      hydrogenated herring oil (HHO), olive oil (OO) and trierucin + triolein (TE) for
      10 weeks. An additional two groups were fed partially hydrogenated low erucic
      acid rapeseed oil and partially hydrogenated herring oil without linoleic acid
      supplementation (HLRSO- and HHO-, respectively). Substantial amounts of trans
      fatty acids were incorporated into liver microsomes (12.6% in group HLRSO) and
      platelets (7.0% in group HLRSO-). This incorporation was not dependent on the
      dietary linoleic acid level. Hepatic microsomal delta5 -desaturase activity was
      significantly increased after HLRSO feeding compared to 00 feeding. Delta6 
      Desaturase activity did not vary in the linoleic acid supplemented groups. Both
      delta5 -and delta6 -desaturase activities were significantly increased in groups
      without linoleic acid supplementation. Docosenoic acid was incorporated into
      platelet phospholipids in contrast to liver microsomes. In the platelet,
      docosenoic acid seemed to have a special preference for phosphatidylserine. Very
      small amounts were incorporated into platelet phosphatidylinositol. Feeding diets
      HLRSO, HHO and 00 did not influence rat platelet cyclooxygenase or 12
      lipoxygenase activity. Platelets from rats fed TE, however, produced
      significantly less 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) than
      platelets from rats fed OO. Feeding of HLRSO- and HHO- resulted in a
      significantly diminished production of the arachidonic acid metabolites 12-HETE,
      12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha
      in stimulated platelets and aorta. Thus, high dietary levels of trans isomers of
      monoenoic acids do not interfere with platelet cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase
      activity provided sufficient amounts of linoleic acid are available.

PMID- 4010487
TI  - Preparation of hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives of rat liver
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - A convenient method for the preparation of hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives of
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is described. PC and
      PE obtained from rat liver were oxidized with singlet oxygen by using methylene
      blue as the photosensitizer, and their hydroperoxides were isolated with the aid
      of reverse phase liquid chromatography. The hydroxy derivatives were obtained by
      reducing the hydroperoxides with sodium borohydride. The results of gas
      chromatography mass spectrometry revealed that hydroxy fatty acid components of
      the hydroxy derivatives were derived from isomeric hydroperoxides of oleic acid,
      linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid. Normal phase high
      performance liquid chromatography did not separate the hydroperoxy and hydroxy
      derivatives from the respective unoxidized phospholipids, although unoxidized PC
      and PE were separated from each other. However, the hydroperoxy and hydroxy
      derivatives could be distinguished from unoxidized phospholipid species on
      reversed phase thin layer chromatography.

PMID- 4010489
TI  - Compulsory medical psychiatric hospitalization: a critical review of the Israeli
      law and a proposal for changes.

PMID- 4010488
TI  - Increased arachidonate incorporation in perfused heart phospholipids from vitamin
      E-deficient rats.
AB  - When perfused with exogenous arachidonic acid (AA), the rat heart incorporates
      this eicosanoid precursor into the phospholipids. The incorporation of AA into
      phosphatidylcholine was 6-fold higher than the incorporation of AA into
      phosphatidylethanolamine. When vitamin E-deficient rat hearts were perfused with
      AA, there was a marked increase in incorporation of AA into both
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine compared to rats fed with a
      vitamin E supplemented diet. The result of this study suggests that vitamin E has
      a regulatory role in phospholipid biosynthesis in the mammalian heart.

PMID- 4010490
TI  - A proposal for a patient compensation plan: an Israeli outlook.

PMID- 4010491
TI  - Medical-legal considerations of endoscopy.

PMID- 4010492
TI  - Comparative negligence. When a patient contributes to his medical malpractice
      relatively.

PMID- 4010493
TI  - Prison-psychiatry: medical or correctional discipline?

PMID- 4010494
TI  - Law and the treatment of alcohol- and drug-dependent persons in South-East Asia.

PMID- 4010495
TI  - Two Dutch surveys on problem drinking. Some general results.

PMID- 4010496
TI  - Origins of paternalism.

PMID- 4010497
TI  - Medical policy in the management of a mass casualty situation with special regard
      to sorting.

PMID- 4010498
TI  - Expanding physician duties and patients rights in wrongful life: Harbeson v.
      Parke-Davis, Inc.

PMID- 4010499
TI  - Parpalaix et al. v. C.E.C.O.S. Right of the widow of a sperm donor to have the
      sperm of her late husband handed over to her.

PMID- 4010501
TI  - The complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity.
AB  - Of 40 patients (16 males and 24 females), 29 had cardiac myxoma(s), 14 had skin
      pigmentation (lentigo and several types of nevi) which also commonly affected the
      lips, 6 had skin myxoma(s), and 12 had both pigmentation and myxoma(s); 18 had
      primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (Cushing syndrome was present in
      11); 10 had myxoid mammary fibroadenomas; 9 had testicular tumor(s) (large-cell
      calcifying Sertoli cell tumor, Leydig cell tumor, or adrenocortical rest tumor,
      or a combination); and 4 had pituitary adenoma with gigantism or acromegaly. The
      maximum number of conditions present together was five, occurring in two
      patients; each of the remaining patients had at least two of the conditions. The
      overlap, in this sizeable number of patients, of various combinations of the same
      rare or very rare conditions unlikely to occur together by chance with any degree
      of frequency is striking evidence for a unique syndrome. The patients were young
      (mean age at diagnosis of the first component, 18 years). Pathologic involvement
      tended to be multicentric (heart and skin) and bilateral in paired organs
      (adrenal, breast, and testis). Thirteen patients (32%) are alive and well. Twelve
      patients are alive but with complications of cardiac myxoma (in 8), testicular
      tumors (in 2), residual Cushing syndrome (in 1), or bilateral pulmonary nodules
      (in 1). Twelve patients are dead: 9 of cardiac myxoma, 1 of intracranial
      (nonpituitary) tumor, and 2 postoperatively. The status of three is unknown.

PMID- 4010500
TI  - Immunotactoid glomerulopathy.
AB  - We present 11 patients with immunotactoid glomerulopathy, a new syndrome
      characterized clinically by proteinuria (11/11), microscopic hematuria (9/11) and
      hypertension (9/11). The patients consisted of six females and five males, aged
      25 to 59 years (mean, 44.6). Proteinuria was the presenting feature and the
      reason for renal biopsy in all patients. The diagnosis of immunotactoid
      glomerulopathy was established at renal biopsy by the presence of glomerular
      extracellular microtubules composed of immune reactants. All the biopsies studied
      by immunofluorescence (10 cases) had glomerular deposits of IgG and C3. In three
      biopsies studied with IgG subclass specific antisera, only one patient had
      monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits (IgG3 kappa). In six cases the glomerular
      deposits were analyzed for light chains. In three the deposits contained kappa
      only, and three consisted of both kappa and lambda. In two cases the immune
      aggregates were confined to the mesangium, and in the remaining eight cases, the
      deposits were present in the mesangium and the glomerular basement membranes.
      Electron-dense deposits composed of microtubules were present in the same
      distribution within the glomerulus as the immune reactants. The microtubules had
      a uniform diameter in each biopsy, but they varied in size from case to case.
      They were approximately the same size in eight cases (mean, 22.3 +/- 3 [SD] nm).
      Three cases had much larger microtubules: 34.2 nm, 35.4 nm, and 48.9 nm in
      diameter. Although the 22.3-nm microtubules resembled amyloid in their
      appearance, glomerular distribution and random orientation in the tissue, they
      were more than twice the diameter of amyloid (8.9 nm), and Congo red and
      thioflavin T stains for amyloid were negative. Similar microtubular structures
      have been described in patients with cryoglobulinemia, SLE and paraproteinemia,
      but these diseases were excluded in our patients on clinical, serologic and in
      some cases histologic grounds. More important, none of our patients had clinical
      or histochemical evidence of amyloidosis, an entity which may be confused with
      immunotactoid glomerulopathy on a morphologic basis. Follow-up, from 22 to 94
      months (mean, 52.6) was obtained in all 11 patients, and 2 clinical courses were
      noted. Six patients had progressive deterioration of renal function, with five
      requiring dialysis. This group had severe hypertension (4/6) and nephrotic-range
      proteinuria (5/6) at some point in their course. The remaining five patients with
      stable renal function had proteinuria of less than 2.0 g/24 hr in most cases
      (4/5), and none had severe hypertension. This dichotomy correlated with the
      distribution of immunotactoids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4010502
TI  - [Duration of conscious reactions in persons exposed to an electric field of 50 Hz
      frequency].
AB  - Thirty five volunteers had their conscious reaction to sound and light stimuli
      measured at an experiment under the conditions approximating those near overhead
      high voltage lines. The short-term electrical field of 50 Hz frequency and
      intensity exceeding the 10 kW/m value was found to prolong the reaction for both
      types of stimuli applied. The electrical field of 4.4 kW/m intensity did not
      evoke any significant changes. The pathomechanism of those disturbances is being
      discussed.

PMID- 4010503
TI  - [Immunoelectrophoretic data and serum immunoglobulin G, A and M levels in workers
      engaged in the production of organophosphate pesticides].
AB  - Immunoelectrophoresis of serum proteins and concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in
      serum were estimated in 83 workers employed at the production of organic
      phosphorus insecticides. In 56.6% of immunoelectrophorograms deviations from
      normal were found, most frequently a rise of acute phase proteins and IgG.
      Quantitative determinations showed a rise of serum IgG and IgA and a fall of IgM
      concentrations as compared to a control group of nonexposed persons.

PMID- 4010504
TI  - [State of the nervous system of workers engaged in painting with bituminous
      lacquers].
AB  - The neurological and electroencephalographic examinations involved a group of 82
      workers dealing with the protection of railway carriage assemblies against
      corrosion. For anamnesis "The Hock and Hess ailments questionnaire" was used to
      evaluate the neurotic syndrome. The results have been compared in varnishing
      workers under better and worse toxicological conditions. The evaluation of the
      varnishing workers' nervous system did not reveal any specific clinical picture.
      More frequent neurotic ailments and EEG deviations in those working under worse
      toxicological conditions may be indicative of enhanced neurotoxic effects of
      organic solvents, used for lacquers dilution, upon the brain disfunction.

PMID- 4010505
TI  - [Duration and course of pregnancy in women living in the region of the Police
      Chemical Plant (clinical data)].
AB  - In view of expected detrimental effects of fluorine and its compounds on pregnant
      women's organism, the duration and course of pregnancies have been compared in
      the "Police" Chemical Plant and control group. Immature deliveries and necrosed
      pregnancies in the "Police" Chemical Plant women were observed, though with no
      statistical characterisation. Perhaps the analysis of more ample material would
      indicate characteristic differences.

PMID- 4010506
TI  - [Changes in absenteeism trends in selected disease groups (data based on a 10
      year observation)].
AB  - Sickness absenteeism has been exhibiting, for many years now, constantly
      increasing trends. A particularly rapid increase in absenteeism has been that due
      to diseases of the circulatory and musculoskeletal systems. The object was to
      follow the changes in absenteeism parameters due to those two groups of diseases.
      The analysis was based on absenteeism data from two precision industry plants
      collected over 10 years. Study I involved 6509 persons, whereas study II--11 068.
      In groups homogeneous in respect to sex, age, and occupational exposure changes
      in the following absenteeism parameters were compared: (1) % of those absent for
      some cause, (2) average number of days per 1 absenteeism case, (3) average number
      of cases per 1 patient, (4) average number of days per 1 patient annually. It has
      been demonstrated that the increase in absenteeism rates in the groups of
      diseases concerned resulted mainly from prolongation of an average duration of
      absenteeism case.

PMID- 4010507
TI  - [Various problems in the utilization of resources of occupational health
      services].
AB  - A theoretical starting point of the analysis is a hypothesis of the decreased use
      of OIHS's resources. This hypothesis is being verified in relation to 39 OIHCSes.
      The data specyifying the magnitude of resources-confined to the paid time of
      physicians' work--and their use comes from Lp-8 cards collected and processed at
      the Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz. The results confirmed the
      hypothesis in relation to all forms of services except those rendered by
      specialist physicians and--preventive examinations rendered by physicians of
      gynaecological dispensaries and industrial physicians of local out-patient
      departments. The least effective use of resources is that of the dental care and-
      of therapeutic activities carried on by other physicians. The conclusions
      emphasize the tentative nature of analysis, resulting from the confinement of the
      notion of effective use of resources to that related to the physicians' working
      time.

PMID- 4010508
TI  - [Models and health objectives of the occupational health service in Poland-
      theory and practice].

PMID- 4010509
TI  - Recall criterion does not affect recall level or hypermnesia: a puzzle for
      generate/recognize theories.

PMID- 4010510
TI  - Long-term retention of information about presentation modality by children and
      adults.

PMID- 4010511
TI  - Selective search in short-term memory under ideal conditions of test stimulus
      categorization.

PMID- 4010512
TI  - Lexical access for low- and high-frequency words in Hebrew.

PMID- 4010513
TI  - Memory for faces: are caricatures better than photographs?

PMID- 4010514
TI  - Two types of word superiority effects in a speeded matching task.

PMID- 4010515
TI  - Repetition effects in directed forgetting: evidence for retrieval inhibition.

PMID- 4010516
TI  - The base-rate fallacy in the context of sequential categories.

PMID- 4010517
TI  - Further investigations of inhibitory mechanisms in attention.

PMID- 4010519
TI  - Proactive interference in sentence recall: topic-similarity effects and
      individual differences.

PMID- 4010518
TI  - The mirror effect in recognition memory.

PMID- 4010520
TI  - The interaction of pronunciation rules and lexical representations in reading
      aloud.

PMID- 4010521
TI  - Cimetidine increases HDL-cholesterol, particularly in the HDL3 subfraction.
AB  - Changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were monitored in
      five patients treated with cimetidine for gastrointestinal disturbances. A
      progressive rise of HDL cholesterolemia, statistically significant after four
      weeks of treatment and highly so after eight weeks (+ 25.4%) was noted. The
      composition of HDL2 varied insignificantly, whereas a marked rise of HDL3
      cholesterol (+ 23.4%) and protein (+ 13.9%) was observed at the end of eight
      weeks. Cimetidine seems to act in a similar way as microsomal enzyme inducers, in
      spite of the described inhibition of specific pathways in drug metabolism; recent
      evidence shows that cytochrome P-450 turnover is delayed after cimetidine.
      Whatever the mechanism(s), H2 receptors may play a role in the cholesterol
      removal from tissues.

PMID- 4010522
TI  - Metabolic utilization and renal handling of D-lactate in men.
AB  - This study was carried out to investigate the renal handling of d- and l-lactate
      and the extent of their metabolism in men. Ten healthy male subjects were given
      an intravenous (IV) infusion of a racemic mixture of d- and l-lactate. At an
      infusion rate of 1.0 to 1.3 meq/kg body weight of each isomer, d-lactate achieved
      a concentration in plasma of 1.7 to 3.0 meq/L, and l-lactate 2.8 to 4.2 meq/L. At
      these levels, fractional excretion of d-lactate ranged from 40% to 65%, while
      fractional excretion of l-lactate was always less than 5%. At a higher infusion
      rate, 1.8 to 2.0 meq/kg/h, plasma concentrations of d- and l-lactate reached 4.5
      to 6.0 meq/L, and 4.0 to 6.7 meq/L, respectively. Fractional excretion of d
      lactate then ranged from 61% to 100%, while that of l-lactate ranged from 9% to
      30%. At plasma concentrations of d-lactate less than 3.0 meq/L, reabsorption of l
      lactate was nearly complete, but when plasma d-lactate exceeded 3.0 meq/L,
      reabsorption of l-lactate was considerably impaired. Similarly, for a given
      concentration of plasma d-lactate, its reabsorption was more efficient when the
      plasma l-lactate concentration and fractional excretion of l-lactate were low
      than when they were high. At an infusion rate of d-lactate of 1.0 to 1.3 meq/L,
      about 90% of the infused lactate was metabolized, and at a higher infusion rate,
      still more than 75% of the infused lactate was metabolized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010523
TI  - Defective thermoregulatory thermogenesis in monosodium glutamate-induced obesity
      in mice.
AB  - We have studied thermoregulatory thermogenesis in mice rendered obese by neonatal
      administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and in saline treated controls. At
      12 weeks of age MSG-treated mice maintained on a chow diet and housed at 24
      degrees C, exhibited hypertrophy of brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared to
      controls (65% increase in wet weight and lipid content, no difference in DNA
      content). Acute cold exposure (4 degrees C for two hours) resulted in a
      significantly greater fall in core temperature in MSG-treated than control mice.
      After cold exposure to 4 degrees C for six hours, control animals mobilized BAT
      lipid whereas MSG-treated animals did not. Both groups showed comparable
      increments in oxygen consumption in response to exogenous norepinephrine. The
      above changes were qualitatively the same for both male and female animals. The
      following conclusions were reached: (1) MSG-treated mice have defective cold
      induced thermogenesis, indirect evidence suggests this results from impaired
      activation of thermogenic mechanisms in BAT; (2) the defect responsible for this
      lies extrinsic to BAT; and (3) the quantitative significance of defective
      thermoregulatory thermogenesis for the development of obesity in these mice is
      uncertain.

PMID- 4010524
TI  - Nonthyroidal control of metabolism after burn injury: possible role of glucagon.
AB  - The endocrine basis for control of metabolism in nonthyroidal illness is not yet
      understood. Burn injury is associated with reduced serum concentrations of
      thyroid hormones and with resting hypermetabolism. One index of severity is total
      burn size (TBS, % body surface). After overnight fasting and recumbency, resting
      metabolic rate (MR, O2 consumption) was measured weekly and plasma was sampled
      for determination of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin,
      glucagon, somatostatin, growth hormone, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol
      in 28 burned men, 17-23 years old, TBS 2%-85%, including 8 controls with minimal
      injury (TBS less than or equal to 7.5%). MR was elevated in proportion to burn
      size mainly in the first week then declined toward normal. Growth hormone was not
      changed. Two multiple regression analyses (validated by random partitioning of
      data) determined which plasma variables independently reflected residual
      variation in MR: without TBS entered as a variable, high MR was associated with
      elevated glucose, cortisol, and glucagon, and low cholesterol (cumulative r2 =
      0.79); with TBS entered, high MR was associated with greater TBS, elevated
      norepinephrine, and again high glucagon and low cholesterol (r2 = 0.81). Resting
      metabolism after burn injury is controlled not by the thyroid but may be
      controlled by a set of antiinsulin hormones that does not include growth hormone,
      but possibly includes glucagon.

PMID- 4010525
TI  - Size distribution of ribosomes in biopsy specimens of human skeletal muscle
      during starvation.
AB  - The changes in the poly- and monoribosome distribution and in the total ribosome
      concentration in muscle during short term starvation were investigated.
      Transcutaneous muscle biopsies of 50 mg wet wt were taken from healthy human
      subjects, nonstarved and after one, two, and three days of total starvation. The
      percentage amount of polyribosomes was significantly lower (P less than 0.02) on
      days 2 and 3 of starvation than on day 0 (nonstarved). No significant sex
      dependent differences were observed between the group of five females and six
      males. Ribosome concentration per g wet wt of muscle tissue was significantly
      lower on day 3 than on each preceding day (P less than 0.05). The reproducibility
      of the polyribosome analyses, together with the changes observed, suggest a
      future application of this method for evaluation of the effects of nutritional
      support in patients with posttraumatic and septic conditions.

PMID- 4010526
TI  - In vitro synthesis of the gene coding for the glycoprotein E1 of Sindbis virus.
AB  - Ds cDNA of the 42S virionic RNA of Sindbis Virus has been synthesized and cloned
      in the plasmid pBR 322. Restriction map analysis and hybridization studies show
      that two clones cover the 3' end non coding region of the RNA, the whole membrane
      glycoprotein E1 and a peptide of MW 6,000 daltons. The use of these clones in
      experiments of gene expression in mammalian cell is discussed.

PMID- 4010527
TI  - Biological characterization of FPV, Ulster 73, replicative cycle.
AB  - The replication of an avian influenza A, Fowl plague virus (FPV), Ulster 73
      strain, was studied in chick embryo fibroblasts, assumed to be the natural host,
      and in cells of different origin such as LLC-MK2, Hep-2, Vero, KB and Mc Coy. In
      the natural host, FPV shows a characteristic pattern of polypeptide synthesis
      suggesting a transcriptional and/or translational mediated control mechanism,
      specific for this strain of influenza A. FPV was able to give a productive
      infection in all the above mentioned cells releasing mature viral particles. This
      behaviour is very interesting if one compares FPV, Ulster strain to FPV, Rostock
      strain. These viruses, belonging to the same antigenic subtype (H7 N1 group)
      recognize the same cellular determinants but Rostock strain undergoes an abortive
      replication whereas Ulster strain gives productive infection in all cellular
      lines tested. These observations lead to postulate a viral genetic mechanism
      controlling host range both at early and late steps in infection. This genetic
      mechanism controls the interaction between viral and cell molecules affecting
      synthesis of virus specific polypeptides.

PMID- 4010528
TI  - Chemoresistances among 80 Campylobacter strains isolated from childhood
      gastroenteritis cases.
AB  - The antimicrobial susceptibility of 80 thermophilic Campylobacter strains, 61 C.
      jejuni and 19 C. coli, isolated from childhood gastroenteritis cases has been
      studied. Gentamicin and chloramphenicol were effective against all strains; beta
      lactams, except carbenicillin and ticarcillin, had on the whole little activity.
      26.2% of strains proved to be resistant to tetracycline and 7.5% to erythromycin;
      erythromycin-resistance was found significantly more often in the species C. coli
      and always associated to clindamycin-resistance. The high prevalence of strains
      resistant to erythromycin suggests chloramphenicol and gentamicin as possible
      alternative drugs in the treatment of life-threatening Campylobacter infections.

PMID- 4010529
TI  - Verapamil and malignant hyperthermia--case reports.

PMID- 4010530
TI  - External defibrillation during thoracotomy.

PMID- 4010531
TI  - Hospital bed utilization: an enigma in desperate need of a solution.

PMID- 4010532
TI  - Arbitration: physicians' offer/patients' choice.

PMID- 4010533
TI  - Board of Directors instructs MSMS to support arbitration as means of setting
      liability disputes.

PMID- 4010534
TI  - Medical malpractice arbitration: a procedural overview.

PMID- 4010535
TI  - New rules offer redress against frivolous lawsuits.

PMID- 4010536
TI  - Representative Hertel hopes to fill medical care gaps in underserved rural
      Michigan.

PMID- 4010537
TI  - Medical malpractice: the distrust between the medical and legal professions.

PMID- 4010538
TI  - Isolation of a new drug-resistance plasmid from a strain of Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus.
AB  - A new R plasmid, pSA55, with a molecular weight of 112 megadaltons (Md), was
      isolated from a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with multiple drug resistance.
      The pSA55 plasmid conferred on its host resistance to chloramphenicol,
      tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim and 2,4-diamino
      6,7-diisopropyl pteridine, and belongs to incompatibility group C. The plasmid
      was transferable to Escherichia coli, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus and
      NAG bivrio at a frequency of 10(-3) approximately -7, and was stably inherited by
      the transconjugants of these species. The conjugal transfer of pSA55 plasmid was
      significantly affected by the growth culture phase. The resistance pattern and
      resistance levels of transconjugants were the same as those of the donor strain.
      We did not observe fluctuations in minimal inhibitory concentrations with
      transfer, unlike the case of V. cholerae. The relationship between the pSA55
      plasmid and the Kanagawa phenomenon was not clarified in the present study.

PMID- 4010539
TI  - Germinability and heat resistance of spores of Clostridium difficile strains.
AB  - Out of 111 Clostridium difficile strains, 108 produced spores in numbers of more
      than 10(5)/ml and the remaining three did not produce any spores in brain heart
      infusion medium. The germination frequency in the medium without lysozyme varied
      widely from strain to strain, ranging from less than 10(-8) to 10(0), and in 77
      of the 108 strains the germination frequency was 10(-5) or less. The spores, when
      treated with sodium thioglycollate and then inoculated into the medium containing
      lysozyme, germinated in all of the 108 strains at a frequency of 10(-0.5) or
      more. The spores of two strains germinated at a frequency of more than 10(-0.5)
      in all methods. Spores of C. difficile strains were fairly highly heat-resistant;
      D100C values ranged from 2.5 to 33.5 min.

PMID- 4010540
TI  - Bactericidal effect of fatty acids on mycobacteria, with particular reference to
      the suggested mechanism of intracellular killing.
AB  - The effect of fatty acids on Mycobacterium smegmatis was examined in vitro at pH
      5.0 to 7.0 to determine the role of fatty acids in the intracellular killing of
      mycobacteria. Unsaturated fatty acids showed strong bactericidal activity in low
      concentrations (0.005 to 0.02 mM), whereas saturated fatty acids, except for
      lauric and myristic acids, were not very effective even at a concentration of 0.2
      mM. Addition of a saturated fatty acid (palmitic or stearic acid) to an
      unsaturated fatty acid (oleic or linoleic acid) did not strongly interfere with
      the bactericidal effect of the unsaturated fatty acid at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Ca2+
      (3.0 mM), Mg2+ (1.0 mM), and gamma-globulin (0.4%) showed weak reversal effects
      on the bactericidal activity of unsaturated fatty acids at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Serum
      albumin and serum showed strong reversal effects. The concentrations of each
      fatty acid in a mixture (molar ratio, 1:1:1:1) of oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and
      stearic acids required for the killing of M. smegmatis in the presence of 2%
      serum (bovine, rabbit, or human) were 0.05 to 0.10 mM at pH 5.0 and 6.0 and 0.05
      to 0.20 mM at pH 7.0, depending on the serum used. The susceptibilities of M.
      kansasii, M. bovis strain BCG, and M. tuberculosis to the mixture of the four
      fatty acids in the presence of 2% bovine serum were similar to that of M.
      smegmatis, although M. fortuitum was more resistant.

PMID- 4010541
TI  - Resistance of a mutant with an extremely low catalase production from
      Staphylococcus aureus Cowan-I strain to the bactericidal activity of human
      leukocytes.

PMID- 4010542
TI  - Protein composition of rice transitory yellowing virus.

PMID- 4010543
TI  - Lateral flagellar antigen of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi: existence
      of serovars common to the two species.
AB  - The antigenicity of lateral (L-) flagella of two marine vibrios, Vibrio
      alginolyticus and V. harveyi, was studied, and the two species were found to have
      common antigenicity of their flagella. Antisera against L-flagella were prepared
      by immunizing rabbits with highly purified L-flagellar filaments. H-Agglutination
      tests with the anti-L-flagella antisera showed that four H-serovars existed in
      these species and that two of them were shared by the two species. Cross
      reactivity between H-serovars of these two species and other vibrios having
      lateral flagella, such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. campbellii, V. proteus, or V.
      fluvialis, was not observed in the H-agglutination test, although partial common
      antigenicity was observed in the gel diffusion test with flagellin monomers.
      These observations suggest that surface antigenic determinants of the lateral
      flagella of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi are specific to these two species but
      internal antigenic determinants buried in the flagellar filaments are partially
      shared with other vibrio species.

PMID- 4010544
TI  - Adjuvant activity of Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide: inhibition of the adjuvant
      activity by concanavalin A.
AB  - Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) was found to exhibit extraordinarily
      strong adjuvant activity in augmenting antibody responses and delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) to protein antigens in mice. The O-specific polysaccharide
      chain of KO3 LPS consists of alpha-mannoside. We investigated the effect of
      concanavalin A (Con A) or succinyl Con A, which is known to bind to alpha
      mannoside, on the adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS in augmenting DTH to ovalbumin.
      When KO3 LPS was mixed with Con A prior to injection, the strong adjuvant
      activity of KO3 LPS in augmenting DTH was inhibited and the degree of inhibition
      depended upon the dose of Con A. An equal amount of Con A elicited nearly
      complete inhibition of the adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS, Con A at 1/10 the amount
      of LPS elicited partial inhibition, and Con A at 1/100 the amount of LPS showed
      no inhibition. An equal amount of succinyl Con A, which induced less marked
      aggregation of KO3 LPS than Con A, elicited inhibition of the adjuvant activity
      of KO3 LPS to an extent similar to that by Con A. On the other hand, Con A or
      succinyl Con A bound to KO3 LPS did not impair in any way the lethal toxicity of
      KO3 LPS for mice which is known to be due to the lipid A moiety. From these
      findings it is concluded that the strong adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS does not
      solely depend upon the lipid A moiety but the O-specific polysaccharide moiety
      plays an important role in expression of the adjuvant activity.

PMID- 4010545
TI  - The intestinal microflora of infants: fecal flora of infants with vitamin K
      deficiency.
AB  - The fecal flora of 10 infants with vitamin K deficiency (VKD) and 10 healthy
      infants was examined. All the infants were breast-fed. In the infants with VKD,
      the total counts (P less than 0.01) and the numbers of bifidobacteria (P less
      than 0.001) were lower than in the healthy infants, whereas bacteroides,
      veillonella and enterococci were present in greater numbers in the feces of
      infants with VKD. The incidence of the Bacteroides fragilis group was higher (P
      less than 0.05) in the infants with VKD than in the healthy infants. A
      significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in Bifidobacterium breve was shown in
      the infants with VKD. The data emphasize the abnormal flora in infants with VKD.

PMID- 4010546
TI  - [Nature of factors stimulating cobalamin production by Achromobacter cobalamini].
AB  - The object of this work was to study the nature of factors contained in molasses
      and maize extract and stimulating cobalaminogenesis in Achromobacter cobalamini.
      The activity of substrate fractions was analyzed to show that the stimulating
      substance was precipitated on the cation exchanger and eluted from it with HCl.
      The factor was found to be an organic nitrogen base readily soluble in water and
      ethanol but insoluble in ether, chloroform and methanol. It was stable upon
      heating in concentrated HCl. Betaine in the composition of molasses and choline
      in the composition of maize extract had similar properties. Their addition to the
      growth medium produced the same effect as that of molasses and maize extract. It
      is concluded therefore that cobalaminogenesis is stimulated in A. cobalamini by
      betaine in molasses and by choline in maize extract.

PMID- 4010547
TI  - [Kinetic principles of the process of formaldehyde biodegradation].
AB  - The kinetics of formaldehyde biodegradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens was
      studied under the conditions of batch cultivation. The process was shown to
      depend on the substrate, biomass and metabolites concentrations. Their combined
      action is satisfactorily described by the equation (formula; see text) where Vmax
      = 3.23 g/g/h, Ks = 2.52 g/l and Kx = 10.2 g/l. The equation is adequate as was
      demonstrated in experiments in which the organism was cultivated under the
      continuous conditions on the formaldehyde-containing sewage from the production
      of antibiotics.

PMID- 4010549
TI  - [Solubilizing effect of anionic detergents on cobalamin-protein compounds in
      Propionibacterium shermanii cells].
AB  - The effect of some anionic detergents on Propionibacterium shermanii cells was
      studied. The correlation was investigated between detergent concentrations and
      the content of solubilized protein in cell-free extracts. Sodium dodecyl sulfate,
      sodium deoxycholate and sodium cholate were shown to be capable of extracting
      cobalamin-protein and flavin-protein compounds from P. shermanii cells.

PMID- 4010548
TI  - [Radial growth rate of soil Micromycetes colonies under different conditions of
      nitrogen nutrition].
AB  - The radial growth rate of soil micromycetes colonies as a function of mineral
      nitrogen concentrations in the medium is expressed by a bell-shaped curve. Low
      nitrogen concentrations are growth-limiting whereas its high concentrations
      inhibit the growth. Soil micromycetes differ in the absolute values of growth
      rates and in the ranges of tolerance.

PMID- 4010550
TI  - [Age structure of methanol-assimilating Candida boidinii cells].
AB  - A population of Candida boidinii was grown under the chemostat conditions at a
      dilution rate of 0.14-0.20 h-1 in a mineral medium with methanol as a sole source
      of carbon and energy. Its age structure was analysed taking account of the
      reproductive age (the number of cycles) and the cyclic age of the cells (the
      phase of a cell cycle). Four morphological phases of the cycle, namely, one phase
      of preparation for budding and three successive budding phases, were compared
      with the phases G1, S, G2 and M. In terms of their reproductive age, the cells
      can be arranged as follows: (1) cells that formed no buds at all, 43 +/- 5%; (2)
      cells after one cycle of budding, 28 +/- 4%; (3) cells from which two and more
      daughter cells have separated, 29 +/- 4%. The age structure of an yeast
      population must be analysed when it is necessary to estimate its physiological
      heterogeneity or to elaborate the cultivation of microorganisms involving the
      control over the age structure of the population.

PMID- 4010551
TI  - [Search for actinomycetes producing phospholipase C inhibitors].
AB  - The inhibiting activity of the cultural broth filtrate against phospholipase C
      was studied in 2920 actinomycetes. The inhibitor which did not bind to blood
      proteins was produced by 12 cultures. Streptomyces saraceticus, strain 0845, had
      the highest antiphospholipase activity. The activity was detected in the cultural
      broth of S. saraceticus by the first day of its growth and reached the maximum by
      the third day. Soybean flour and sucrose were shown to be the best sources of
      nitrogen and carbon for the manifestation of the inhibiting activity against
      phospholipase C. The culture responded to the level of aeration in the medium and
      the most intensive inhibitor synthesis was found at the oxygen solution rate of
      0.84 to 1.32 g O2 per litre per hour. The inhibiting activity was preserved when
      the cultural broth filtrate was kept at room temperature and pH from 4.0 to 11.5
      for 3 hours.

PMID- 4010552
TI  - [Chemical nature of the autoregulating factor d1 in Pseudomonas carboxydoflava].
AB  - A chromatographically individual fraction with the biological activity of factor
      d1 was isolated from Pseudomonas carboxydoflava by the techniques of column and
      thin-layer chromatography. Alkyl hydroxybenzoles were shown to be the active
      principle of factor d1 inducing the transition of P. carboxydoflava vegetative
      cells into the hypometabolic or anabiotic state. As was found from the data of
      PMR, UV and IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography in combination with mass
      spectrometry, the active principle of factor d1 included alkylresorcins: 5-n
      nonadecylresorcin and 5-n-heneicosylresorcin at a ratio of 1:3.

PMID- 4010553
TI  - [Utilization of 3-chlorobenzoic acid by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus].
AB  - A strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus assimilating 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3-CBA)
      as a sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from soil near Moscow. When 3
      CBA is utilized, 2-chloro-cis, cis-muconic acid is accumulated in the medium. The
      liberation of chlorine atoms is 50--60% of the theoretically possible value. The
      oxidation of 3-CBA yields 3-chloropyrocatechol (3-CPC) and 4-chloropyrocatechol
      (4-CPC). 4-CPC serves as a source of nutrition for A. calcoaceticus. The
      oxidation of 3-CPC yields 2-chloro-cis, cis-muconic acid which is accumulated in
      the cultural broth without further utilization. The enzyme system of 3-CBA is
      inducible.

PMID- 4010554
TI  - [Density and age of cells in the population of the methanol-assimilating yeast
      Candida boidinii].
AB  - A population of the yeast Candida boidinii growing in the chemostat in a medium
      with methanol was separated in dextran solutions of different density. The
      density of cells was found to vary from 1.04 to 1.11 g/cm3, being 1.08 g/cm3 on
      the average. Changes in the cell density correlated with variations in the
      content of water and dry matter in the cells and its density. Cell fractions of
      different density contained cells which mainly belonged to a certain phase in the
      cell cycle. However, the fractions were not homogeneous. The authors propose a
      scheme to account for changes in the cell density during the cell cycle.
      According to this scheme, within the cycle, the density of the cell rises twice
      (when the cell prepares for the budding and in the budding phase II) and drops
      down twice (in the budding phases I and III).

PMID- 4010555
TI  - [Actinomycetes producing trypsin inhibitors].
AB  - The ability to produce inhibitors of trypsin-like proteases was tested in 300
      cultures of actinomycetes freshly isolated from different soils of the USSR. A
      high antitrypsin activity was found in seven cultures which had not been known
      before as those producing trypsin inhibitors: Streptomyces sporoclivatus 28 (1),
      S. lavendulae 29 (4), S. diastatochromogenes 20 (4), S. violascens 52 (8), S.
      bikiniensis 17 (5), S. filamentosus 32 (11), and Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum
      86 (8). The morphological and cultural characteristics of the strains were
      studied as well as their production of trypsin inhibitors.

PMID- 4010557
TI  - [Use of molecular sulfur as an agent oxidizing H2 by a facultative anaerobic
      Pseudomonas strain].
AB  - Pseudomonas Z-731, subspecies P. mendocina, was grown under anaerobic conditions
      in the atmosphere of hydrogen. Apart from hydrogen nitrate reduction and Fe3+
      reduction, the organism was able to reduce S0, S2O3 and SO3 with the formation of
      H2S. The reduction of S0 with hydrogen was shown to be typical of certain
      facultative anaerobic microorganisms.

PMID- 4010556
TI  - [Superoxide dismutase in Clostridium butyricum spores].
AB  - Superoxide dismutase was found for the first time in the spores of the anaerobic
      bacterium Clostridium butyricum. The prosthetic group of the enzyme was shown to
      contain iron. The enzyme was demonstrated to be highly thermostable.

PMID- 4010558
TI  - [Multiple skin abscesses caused by Nocardia carnea].
AB  - Nocardia carnea was isolated from the subdermal abscesses on the leg and
      supraclavicular region of a kidney transplanted female patient.

PMID- 4010559
TI  - [A case of cervico-facial actinomycosis].
AB  - A 23-year old pregnant women was admitted to the hospital because of a lesion on
      her face simulating an ulcerated tumoral mass, The lesion had appeared after a
      dental extraction. Although in several anaerobic cultures actinomyces did not
      grow, the sulfur granules were observed under microscope and the biopsy specimen
      suggested actinomycosis. Penicillin therapy for 2 months provided no healing.
      Excision was performed.

PMID- 4010560
TI  - [The role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated enteritis].

PMID- 4010561
TI  - [Evaluation of penicillin alone and penicillin combined with anti-anthrax serum
      in experimental anthrax in mice].
AB  - In this study penicillin alone versus penicillin combined with anti-anthrax serum
      were compared in the treatment of experimental anthrax of mice. Three groups of
      mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the same suspension of Bacillus
      anthracis. Ten hours after the onset of infection the control group received no
      treatment, to the second group penicillin-G was injected every day, and the 3 rd
      group received penicillin-G plus anti-anthrax serum. The survival rate of the
      latter two groups was significantly higher than that of the control group. But,
      there was no difference in the survival of mice and the distribution of the
      bacilli in various tissues between the penicillin treated mice and the penicillin
      plus anti-anthrax serum treated group of mice.

PMID- 4010563
TI  - Primary health care in European medical education: a survey.

PMID- 4010562
TI  - [Transplacental rabies in humans].
AB  - A nine-month pregnant woman entered the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Numune
      Hospital-Ankara (10.5.1981). She was bitten 34 days ago by a baby dog. On the
      second day, the birth of a boy was realized by induction. The baby was taken to
      the Sami Ulus Children Hospital-Ankara, where he was normally fed. After 40 hours
      and 30 minutes, the baby died suddenly. The autopsy, macroscopic and microscopic
      examinations confirmed the diagnosis of rabies in both the mother and the baby.
      To our knowledge this is the first case reported of human Rabies acquired by
      placental transmission.

PMID- 4010564
TI  - The use as a learning resource of the community in which the medical school is
      situated: the Medical School, Southampton.
AB  - Southampton University Medical School was established in 1971 and now takes 130
      students each year for the 5-year course, and fifteen students for the premedical
      year. The school uses facilities within the whole Wessex region, population 2.5
      million, for teaching. During the first year of the course, community-based
      learning is a feature of the 'Man, Medicine and Society' course and of Early
      Medical Contact (EMC). Each student has four half-day EMC visits to patients in
      their homes and these visits are followed by discussion with medical staff.
      Sociology, or the social context of health care, together with an epidemiology
      course are the main contacts with the community in the second year. In the third
      year, all students visit a general practice surgery for half a day per week for
      40 weeks; this enables them to appreciate the natural history of common
      conditions in primary care and their management. There is also a course in
      occupational medicine in the third year. At the beginning of the fourth year,
      many students spend an elective in an underdeveloped country, but much of the
      year is concerned with a study in depth, in some cases involving the community.
      The fifth year of the course is a major clinical year, often spent in regional
      hospitals away from Southampton. Three weeks are spent in general practice
      somewhere in the Wessex region.

PMID- 4010565
TI  - The effects of Southampton's community experiences on student learning.

PMID- 4010567
TI  - Population studies: an integrated course in epidemiology and sociology for
      medical students.
AB  - At the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, an integrated course in
      epidemiology and sociology for preclinical students was introduced in 1979. The
      course--Population Studies--is taken by the 100 second-year medical students in
      the summer term before they enter their clinical years. It occupies one full day
      and one half day each week for 8 weeks--approximately 80 hours of tuition.
      Population Studies is unusual in two respects. Firstly, it introduces a
      substantial amount of epidemiology into the preclinical curriculum. And,
      secondly, this is the only London medical school to integrate the teaching of
      sociology and epidemiology into the one course.

PMID- 4010566
TI  - Community-oriented medical education: comparison of tracks in Mexico and New
      Mexico.
AB  - Most major innovations in medical education have occurred in a small number of
      new schools. Attempts to create change in traditional schools are far more
      complex. Relevant models for such change are few and there is an urgent need for
      institutions pioneering such changes to learn from each other's experiences. Two
      conventional medical schools described in this paper have attempted to create
      community-oriented institutional change by establishing experimental
      undergraduate curricular tracks. One is in a developing country, Mexico, the
      other in a technically developed country, the United States. These new tracks in
      medical education evolved independently of one another, yet they have many
      similarities and have experienced common problems. A formal exchange between the
      two schools has led to new insights in medical education and improvements to both
      programmes. Exchange agreements like the one reported here would be valuable for
      other medical schools in both developing and technically developed countries.

PMID- 4010568
TI  - Information-gathering and attentional strategies: individual differences in
      medical students.
AB  - Information-gathering in medical students was investigated by means of a new
      system for classifying the questions asked in the clinical interview. The
      students interviewed two patients of the same age and sex at a clinic for a
      chronic condition. Analysis of video tapes of these interviews revealed wide
      variation among the students in their use of five types of questions. It was
      hypothesized that this variation could be traced to individual differences in
      four attentional strategies. This hypothesis was confirmed, suggesting that some
      attentional factors in the interviewer play a role in how the patient is
      interrogated.

PMID- 4010569
TI  - 'Condition diagramming': a new approach to teaching clinical integration.
AB  - Integration of clinical material appears to involve three major steps:
      identification of the pertinent information; organization of that information in
      some logical sequence; and determination of its meaning to specific applications.
      The concept of 'Condition Diagramming' has been developed to help students to
      integrate the large volumes of clinical data that they are expected to learn. It
      utilizes a defined format to establish what information is needed and where it
      fits in relation to the patient's current status. Data organized in this manner
      may be easier to comprehend and use in medical decision-making. Several potential
      applications of this approach are presented.

PMID- 4010570
TI  - An exploration of the attitudes, personality and performance of dental students.
AB  - This study investigates (1) the behavioural patterns, performance and attitudes
      to dentistry and (2) the personality traits, in male and female dental students
      (n = 219) studying at Cardiff Dental School. The first part deals with the
      results of a questionnaire investigating aspects of the students' training
      course, interests in various fields of dentistry, the level of frustration,
      anxiety and fatigue felt, the overall feelings of satisfaction and
      dissatisfaction produced in their dental course, their reasons for entering
      dentistry and their hopes for a future career, as well as their various leisure
      and spare-time activities. The second part examines the personality traits of
      clinical stage students (n = 123) based on Cattell's personality questionnaire,
      the 16 PFQ form C. The results were correlated with students' 'A' level grades,
      interview grades, clinical examination results and responses to some items of the
      general questionnaire. It was possible to identify certain characteristics in
      dental students which implied likely success in their dental examinations. This
      may have a useful implication for the initial selection of those wishing to
      practise dentistry.

PMID- 4010571
TI  - Reliability, validity and efficiency of multiple choice question and patient
      management problem item formats in assessment of clinical competence.
AB  - Despite a lack of face validity, there continues to be heavy reliance on
      objective paper-and-pencil measures of clinical competence. Among these measures,
      the most common item formats are patient management problems (PMPs) and three
      types of multiple choice questions (MCQs): one-best-answer (A-types); matching
      questions (M-types); and multiple true/false questions (X-types). The purpose of
      this study is to compare the reliability, validity and efficiency of these item
      formats with particular focus on whether MCQs and PMPs measure different aspects
      of clinical competence. Analyses revealed reliabilities of 0.72 or better for all
      item formats; the MCQ formats were most reliable. Similarly, efficiency analyses
      (reliability per unit of testing time) demonstrated the superiority of MCQs.
      Evidence for validity obtained through correlations of both programme directors'
      ratings and criterion group membership with item format scores also favoured
      MCQs. More important, however, is whether MCQs and PMPs measure the same or
      different aspects of clinical competence. Regression analyses of the scores on
      the validity measures (programme directors' ratings and criterion group
      membership) indicated that MCQs and PMPs seem to be measuring predominantly the
      same thing. MCQs contribute a small unique variance component over and above
      PMPs, while PMPs make the smallest unique contribution. As a whole, these results
      indicate that MCQs are more efficient, reliable and valid than PMPs.

PMID- 4010572
TI  - The statistical content of published medical research: some implications for
      biomedical education.
AB  - Medical students and doctors need training in biostatistics. The use of analytic
      statistics in a leading general medical journal is reported. Of 760 consecutive
      research and review articles, 42% use statistical methods beyond elementary
      descriptive statistics. Critical reading of the medical literature requires an
      understanding of many statistical methods. The frequency of use of such methods
      may help identify those which should receive greater attention in instructional
      programmes within the medical curriculum. Based on the frequencies and our
      understanding of the importance of broad statistical concepts, recommendations
      are developed for the basic course in biostatistics. The integration of several
      more advanced statistics modules into clinical training is also suggested. The
      use is recommended of clinically oriented textbooks in biostatistics and current
      journal articles to help make instruction in statistics more relevant for
      preclinical students, and to help clinicians appreciate the applications of
      statistics to their work.

PMID- 4010573
TI  - Raphe nucleus encephalopathy (myalgic encephalomyelitis, epidemic
      neuromyasthenia).
AB  - An injury to the dorsal raphe nucleus by Coxsackie B viruses is suggested as the
      cause of the disease sometimes called myalgic encephalomyelitis. The signs and
      symptoms are consistent with a serotonin deficiency in the dorsal raphe nucleus
      and the disease has a predisposition for women in nursing. Stress and underlying
      tryptophan deficiencies are considered as contributory factors.

PMID- 4010575
TI  - A molecular hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.
AB  - The purine enzyme, adenosine deaminase, is essential for the maturation of
      lymphocytes, cell growth and normal immune function. Since adenosine deaminase
      has the highest activity in the thymus and in T lymphocytes, it is hypothesized
      that a defective or altered enzyme may be a cause of myasthenia gravis, a
      lymphoid dyscrasia. It is proposed that the alteration is on the non-catalytic
      portion of adenosine deaminase concerned with the normal immune function of T
      lymphocytes. Lymphocytes, particularly suppressor T lymphocytes containing a
      defective adenosine deaminase will function improperly. They will lose their
      normal immune regulatory function, allowing immunoglobulin-producing B
      lymphocytes to produce autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor, with resultant induction and perpetuation of the autoimmune state. In
      an attempt to compensate for the defect, there may be hypertrophy of the thymus
      and lymphoid system, with overproduction of a defective adenosine deaminase.
      Since many of the functions of thymosin, the alleged active principle in thymus
      are identical to those of adenosine deaminase, it is postulated that thymosin may
      be a subunit of adenosine deaminase.

PMID- 4010574
TI  - Is Reye's syndrome a disorder of the locus ceruleus?
AB  - Non-cytopathic injury by non-adapted viruses to the neurons of the locus ceruleus
      is suggested as the etiology of Reye's syndrome. Disruption of the blood brain
      barrier due to abnormal physiology of the locus ceruleus with decreased
      production of norepinephrine and increased alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
      activity is presented as the cause of cerebral edema. The fatty liver is
      suggested to be due to the lipolytic activity of alpha-melanocyte stimulating
      hormone.

PMID- 4010576
TI  - Alcoholic brain damage and neurological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal-
      manifestations of overhydration.
AB  - Central nervous system damage is a major complication of alcohol abuse. Vitamin
      deficiency, particularly thiamine deficiency, has a role in producing
      pathological and psychological changes of alcoholic brain damage, but it is
      likely that alcohol has a direct toxic effect on the brain. It is proposed that
      neuropathological abnormalities seen in alcoholics, and also neurological
      symptoms during alcohol withdrawal, may reflect cerebral edema caused by alcohol.
      The neurological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal show a similarity to those seen
      in hyponatremia or water intoxication. It is suggested that alcoholics show
      overhydration particularly during withdrawal and that pathological changes in the
      alcoholic brain are related to cerebral edema. Cerebral edema in withdrawing
      alcoholics may be caused by inappropriate section of vasopressin (antidiuretic
      hormone).

PMID- 4010577
TI  - The identity of lacunar dementia and Binswanger disease.
AB  - It is postulated here that the dementia occurring in patients with lacunar
      strokes is due to an ischemic leukoencephalopathy. Severity of the dementia
      correlates, not with the volume of brain tissue lost from large-artery
      infarctions, but rather, with the extent of cortex disconnection resulting from
      demyelination. The term Lacunar Dementia is proposed, instead of the poorly known
      eponym "Binswanger disease" or the cumbersome descriptive name "subcortical
      arteriosclerotic encephalopathy." Clinically, Lacunar Dementia presents with gait
      difficulties, urinary incontinence, parkinsonian features, pseudobulbar palsy,
      emotional incontinence and dementia. High-resolution CT scan shows decrease
      density of frontal and periventricular white matter, without contrast
      enhancement; ventricular dilation, and lacunar infarcts. Small-artery disease
      lipohyalinosis is the cause of the lacunes and the leukoencephalopathy. Since the
      advent of the high-resolution CT scan, the frequency of lacunar dementia seems to
      be increasing, in contrast with the number of cases of multi-infarct dementia.

PMID- 4010578
TI  - Auto-tolerance to the endogenous opioids and sleep.

PMID- 4010579
TI  - Fluoride hypersensitivity in mains tap water demonstrated by skin potential
      changes in guinea-pigs.
AB  - Changes in skin electric potential following immune challenge provide a sensitive
      measure of the intensity of the allergic challenge. In guinea-pigs sensitised to
      Sodium Fluoride, Fluoridated Mains Tap Water, or Ovalbumen with Sodium Fluoride,
      and then challenged with one part in one million Sodium Fluoride, significant
      allergic responses were produced. Ovalbumen alone caused an allergic response
      only after a second challenge. Purified Water did not result in any immune
      response. It is concluded that Fluoridated Mains Tap Water is capable of causing
      an allergic response similar to that produced by Sodium Fluoride alone, and that
      Ovalbumen potentiates the immune response to Sodium Fluoride.

PMID- 4010580
TI  - An extended hypothetical theory of the dose-response relations in pharmacology.
AB  - The authors present an extended version of Clark's and Ariens's classical theory
      that enables the interpretation and quantitative characterization of dose
      response curves which are not in accordance with classical theory. Being
      supported by the chemical receptor theory, the new model expands its
      applicability to two or multi-receptor and multi-effect systems. Mathematical
      interpretation of the model is given in this paper.

PMID- 4010581
TI  - Theoretical involvement of vitamin B6 in tumour initiation.
AB  - Vitamin B6 is a co-enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of thymidine. Thymidine
      deficiency has been reported to increase DNA replication errors and hence
      increase mutagenesis. Carcinogenic stimulae increase the rate of DNA repair, and
      increase cell multiplication, both of which increase the requirement for
      thymidine. Vitamin B6 deficiency occurring at the same time as contact with
      carcinogens could well lead to tumour initiation and subsequent cancer
      development.

PMID- 4010582
TI  - May a lymphocytic infiltration have a pathogenic role in an aldosterone-producing
      adrenal tumor?
AB  - A 38-year-old woman is described to have a primary hyperaldosteronism due to an
      aldosteronoma with foci of lymphocytic infiltration. The finding suggests: a
      concomitant lymphoid adrenalitis; or, an immunological attack to neoplastic
      cells. The hypothesis is that there may be a relationship in the association. The
      lymphocytic infiltrates could have a pathogenic role in the development of the
      aldosterone-producing adrenocortical neoplasm by interrupting some inhibitory
      mechanism(s) of the cells that secrete aldosterone.

PMID- 4010583
TI  - New trend in medicine in the developed countries.

PMID- 4010585
TI  - Will the AMA survive?

PMID- 4010584
TI  - Recurrent cardiac arrest.

PMID- 4010586
TI  - Cardiac arrest: a follow-up study.
AB  - Seventy-five patients, who, between January and December 1979, were resuscitated
      after an out-of-hospital episode of ventricular fibrillation, were followed up
      for a mean period of 30 months after their initial admissions to hospital. There
      was a high occurrence rate (26%) of unexpected "sudden" death at the end of the
      three-year follow-up period. Intracardiac electrophysiological studies, or stress
      electrocardiographic and Holter electrocardiographic monitoring to determine the
      effectiveness of antiarrhythmic prophylaxis, were carried out in only nine
      patients. Only eight of the 63 patients (13%) who left hospital had acquaintances
      who were trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The findings suggest the need
      for some determination of the efficacy of antiarrhythmic prophylaxis in these
      patients, and for the education of the friends and relatives of such patients in
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 4010587
TI  - Response of the lung to inhaled particles.

PMID- 4010588
TI  - Occupational asthma.
AB  - A brief review of the definition, prevalence, predisposing factors, clinical
      features and possible causes of occupational asthma is presented, together with
      an overview of the appropriate steps in the management of this condition. In
      terms of the prognosis, the need for effective prevention and early detection of
      sufferers is emphasized.

PMID- 4010589
TI  - Occupation and lung cancer.

PMID- 4010590
TI  - Medical experimentation: a behavioural science perspective.
AB  - Recent advances in medical experimentation have evoked wide-ranging responses
      from the medical profession and the wider community. This article argues against
      the medical profession assessing experimentation issues by reference to a narrow
      utilitarian model and promotes, by way of a behavioural science perspective, an
      emphasis on process issues.

PMID- 4010591
TI  - Strikebound: a dispute involving hospital linen.
AB  - On September 6, 1984, industrial bans were placed on the movement of linen within
      The Royal Melbourne Hospital. Initially, linen was stored in ward areas and,
      later, on hospital balconies. The dispute was not settled for 14 days; by this
      time, 25 beds and the Emergency Department had been closed. Stockpiled "soiled"
      and "infectious" linen bags posed a major safety risk. Once the bans were lifted,
      linen was removed and laundered under supervision, according to a carefully
      planned programme, in order to minimize the exposure of patients and staff
      members to potential cross-infection. Recommendations are made to cover infection
      control aspects associated with industrial disputes of this nature.

PMID- 4010593
TI  - Nervous dyspepsia.

PMID- 4010592
TI  - Food does not affect the bioavailability of baclofen.
AB  - It is recommended that baclofen, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, be
      administered with food or milk to minimize its gastrointestinal side-effects.
      However, there are no published data on the influence of food on the
      bioavailability of the drug. The extent and rate of absorption of baclofen were
      investigated after the oral administration of single 20-mg doses to five healthy
      volunteers. The drug was administered either under fasting conditions or with a
      standard meal, according to a crossover design. Food did not significantly
      influence either the rate or the relative extent of absorption of baclofen.
      Therefore, it is unlikely that the administration of baclofen with food to reduce
      the likelihood of gastrointestinal toxicity will adversely affect the clinical
      response to the drug.

PMID- 4010594
TI  - Informed consent.

PMID- 4010595
TI  - Combined microwave therapy.

PMID- 4010596
TI  - Adrenaline and anaphylaxis.

PMID- 4010597
TI  - Elective surgery for peptic ulcer: a five-year review.
AB  - A prospective study of surgery for peptic ulcer was undertaken to assess the
      current results of surgery in the so-called "post-cimetidine" era. Over a five
      year period, 125 patients had undergone surgery; 82 parietal cell vagotomies, 10
      vagotomy and drainage procedures, 10 Billroth I gastrectomies, 7 Billroth II
      gastrectomies, and 15 vagotomy and antrectomy procedures were performed. There
      were no postoperative deaths. Overall, the outcome was satisfactory in 92
      patients, less than satisfactory in 13, and was considered a failure in 14,
      either because of recurrent ulceration (8%) or because of postoperative sequelae.
      The recurrence rate after parietal cell vagotomy was 5%. There was no difference
      in the recurrence rate after parietal cell vagotomy between women and men, but,
      overall, the results were less satisfactory in women after this operation. No
      significant difference in recurrence rate could be demonstrated between patients
      whose ulcers healed quickly after medical therapy and those whose ulcers did not
      heal.

PMID- 4010598
TI  - Cimetidine and ulcer surgery. Some results for Queensland men and women by ulcer
      type.
AB  - Although numerous clinical trials have demonstrated that cimetidine is
      efficacious in the treatment of peptic ulcer, fewer studies have examined whether
      cimetidine reduces the need for surgical therapy when it is prescribed in the
      noncontrolled environment of clinical medicine. This study reports on the
      surgical experience in the State of Queensland which has an excellent data set
      for investigating this matter. The results suggest that cimetidine therapy has
      led to a reduction in the rates of surgical interventions for gastric ulcers, but
      has had no effect on the rates of surgery for duodenal ulcers. This conclusion
      holds both for male and for female patients.

PMID- 4010599
TI  - Hypertension in pregnancy. A study of 142 women presenting before 32 weeks'
      gestation.
AB  - This study evaluates the outcome of 142 consecutive pregnancies in women in whom
      hypertension was diagnosed before 32 weeks' gestation and who were managed by a
      team comprising obstetricians, physicians and perinatologists. Arterial pressure
      was lowered to 140/90 mmHg or lower with clonidine hydrochloride or methyldopa
      therapy to which, in most cases, a vasodilator, hydralazine or diazoxide was
      added. The outcome of patients who were managed by the multidisciplinary team
      from the clinical onset of their disease was compared to the outcome of those who
      were transferred after the onset of hypertension from other centres. A greater
      perinatal mortality rate was found among the infants of patients with pre
      eclampsia and patients with essential hypertension in pregnancy when the mothers
      were referred late for management. Reasons for the difference in pregnancy
      outcome are not clear. Possible explanations are discussed which emphasize the
      need for further study to establish optimal management of this common
      complication of pregnancy.

PMID- 4010600
TI  - AIDS--misplaced and better-placed hysteria.

PMID- 4010601
TI  - The seizure of medical records.

PMID- 4010602
TI  - Managing hypertension in pregnancy.

PMID- 4010603
TI  - To kill or let die?

PMID- 4010605
TI  - Echoflow and carotid artery disease.

PMID- 4010604
TI  - Three Mile Island--the next time.

PMID- 4010606
TI  - Enigma of bone loss and osteoporosis.

PMID- 4010607
TI  - Gastrointestinal morbidity among World War II prisoners of war: 40 years on.
AB  - A study of Australian male World War II veterans was conducted to assess
      clinically the gastrointestinal ill-effects which were present 40 years after the
      stress of internment as prisoners of war of the Japanese. A random sample of 170
      surviving members of the captured Eighth Army Division resident in Sydney in 1983
      (ex-POW) was compared with a similar sample of veterans who fought in Southeast
      Asia during the War, but were not imprisoned (non-POW). Duodenal ulcers and
      strongyloidiasis were more prevalent in the ex-POW group than in the non-POW
      group. The increased rate of duodenal ulcer (24.7%, compared with 10.5%; P =
      0.0005) was confirmed by a higher proportion of ex-POWs currently taking
      cimetidine (9.0%, compared with 2.3%; P = 0.008). Strongyloidiasis had been found
      in 9.7% of all veterans, but in 15% of ex-POWs and in 19% of those who had worked
      on the Burma-Thailand railway. No other significant differences in
      gastrointestinal disease were found.

PMID- 4010608
TI  - [New diagnostic methods in occupational lung diseases: bronchoalveolar lavage.
      Experience at the Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Milan].

PMID- 4010610
TI  - [New diagnostic methods in occupational lung diseases].

PMID- 4010609
TI  - [Gallium-67 scintigraphy in pneumoconiosis].

PMID- 4010611
TI  - Excretion of urinary catecholamines and plasma cortisol levels in female nurses
      on short-rotating shift.

PMID- 4010612
TI  - [2,5-hexanedione in biological monitoring of occupational exposure to n-hexane].

PMID- 4010614
TI  - [Bronchoalveolar lavage: results in pneumoconiosis].

PMID- 4010613
TI  - [Significance of urinary elimination of toluene as an indicator of exposure. I.
      Results obtained during experimental exposure].

PMID- 4010615
TI  - [Significance of urinary elimination of toluene as an indicator of exposure. II.
      Results obtained in occupationally exposed subjects].

PMID- 4010616
TI  - [Coma caused by probably accidental ingestion of xylene: treatment with
      hemoperfusion using activated charcoal].

PMID- 4010617
TI  - Legislative report. 1985 Virginia General Assembly.

PMID- 4010618
TI  - Insect repellents.

PMID- 4010619
TI  - Psychosocial problems in families of a child with cancer.
AB  - Eighty-one children with malignancies and their families were investigated for
      the psychosocial changes that take place during the course of the disease.
      Seventeen patients were in the initial phase of treatment, 24 were in first
      remission, 14 were long-term survivors already off therapy, 11 were in relapse,
      and 15 children died 1-5 years before this study. Detailed personal interviews
      with the parents showed profound changes in the families' life and severe
      problems in adapting to the new situation. Marital problems, neglecting the
      healthy siblings, and a loss of interest in work occurred in the majority of
      parents, especially in mothers. Younger siblings suffered more from the strains
      imposed on the family than did elder ones. Psychosocial care is felt to be
      helpful for all families in adjusting to the altered circumstances and emotional
      upheavals.

PMID- 4010620
TI  - Neuroblastomas treated at the four major child oncologic clinics in Denmark 1943
      1980: an evaluation of 180 cases.
AB  - One hundred and eighty cases of neuroblastomas from the four child oncology
      clinics are reviewed. The overall cure rate was 24%. During the 38-year period,
      there was a significant increase in survival from 0% during the period of 1943
      1950 to 32% during the period of 1971-1980. This improved survival rate is most
      likely a result of adjuvant chemotherapy. Forty percent of the patients appear
      chronically ill, which reflects the fact that nearly 60% have metastases when
      they are first seen. In localized disease (stages I-II), the prognosis was
      favourable (cure rate 69%), while the prognosis for disseminated disease (stage
      III-IV) was poor (cure rate 5%). A favourable outcome was seen in patients under
      1 year (survival rate 46%), and in patients with primary tumours located in the
      neck or mediastinum (survival rate 48%). When related to stage, however, the
      survival rates for the former tumours were not significantly better in patients
      below 1 year or in patients with cervical or thoracic tumours. As is the case in
      other studies, we found that survival is significantly poorer in males.

PMID- 4010621
TI  - Stage IV-N: a favorable subset of children with metastatic neuroblastoma.
AB  - Among children over 1 year of age with Evans Stage IV neuroblastoma, there
      appears to be a small group with a relatively favorable prognosis. These patients
      have extensive lymph node metastases
      (cervical/axillary/thoracic/abdominal/pelvic), but no extranodal metastases.
      Three of six such patients (50%) are long-term disease-free survivors, compared
      with none of 40 patients with extranodal metastatic disease (p less than 0.0002).
      Patients with only lymph node metastases (Stage "IV-N") may have a biologically
      more favorable tumor that is curable with conventional, intensive multimodality
      therapy.

PMID- 4010623
TI  - Interstitial therapy in the management of soft-tissue sarcomas in childhood.

PMID- 4010622
TI  - Response of therapy-associated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia to intensive
      induction chemotherapy.
AB  - Among 31 consecutive patients who developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
      following treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, 17 were treated with
      intensive chemotherapy aimed at inducing a complete remission. Seven of these 17
      patients (41%) obtained a complete remission that ranged in duration from 2 to 11
      (median 3) months. Two additional patients who failed to develop normal
      peripheral blood counts despite postinduction bone marrows that were
      normocellular and free of leukemia were classified as nonresponders. The median
      time to complete remission and median duration of leukopenia (WBC less than
      1,000/mu 1) were 34 days and 23 days, respectively. Induction chemotherapy was
      complicated by fever in all patients, documented infection in six patients, and
      death secondary to sepsis in three. Survival of the 17 patients ranged from less
      than 1 to 39 (median 4) months. Patients achieving a complete remission had a
      median survival time of 10 months compared to 2 months for the nonresponders. The
      other 14 patients received only supportive care and had a median survival of 2
      months. These findings indicate that therapy-associated acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia (t-ANLL) can frequently respond to chemotherapy and that achieving a
      complete remission is associated with longer survival. Although these results are
      encouraging, patients with t-ANLL still have a relatively poor prognosis and
      efforts directed at improving treatment outcome need to be continued.

PMID- 4010624
TI  - [Additional hosts of tapeworms and factors in the transmission of
      diphyllobothriasis in the Lower Priamur region].

PMID- 4010626
TI  - [Malaria in Southern Asia. 4. Population migration in India and its role in the
      epidemiology of malaria].

PMID- 4010625
TI  - [Epidemiological basis of helminthiasis control].

PMID- 4010627
TI  - [Toxoplasmosis, an important zoonosis].

PMID- 4010628
TI  - [Use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of amebiasis].

PMID- 4010629
TI  - [Changes in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Krasnoyarsk region
      over many years].

PMID- 4010630
TI  - [The opisthorchiasis situation and its control in the Sumy district of the
      Ukraine].

PMID- 4010631
TI  - [Activities of the Ivano-Frankovsk district sanitary and epidemiological center
      with regard to advanced training of specialists in medical parasitology].

PMID- 4010632
TI  - Removal of image intensifier veiling glare by mathematical deconvolution
      techniques.
AB  - X-ray images acquired with an image intensifier detector system suffer from
      veiling glare, a low-frequency degradation described by a point spread function
      (PSF). The PSF has two experimentally determined parameters unique to a given
      image intensifier. This information is utilized to deconvolve the degradation
      from digitally acquired images. Results demonstrate a significant increase in
      contrast ratio of high-contrast objects after deconvolution and image
      restoration.

PMID- 4010633
TI  - Theoretical optimization of dual-energy x-ray imaging with application to
      mammography.
AB  - Detection of a target object in a radiological image is often impeded by an
      obscuring background "clutter" resulting from the contrast between various
      materials in the neighborhood of the target. Dual-energy techniques can reduce or
      remove this clutter. In order for the target to be detectable in the image after
      dual-energy processing, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), defined as the
      difference between the target and the background divided by the photon noise in
      the difference, must exceed some threshold. A given SNR may be obtained for a
      wide range of the energies of the two x-ray beams and the ratio of their
      fluences. A theoretical model is developed which permits the choice of beams to
      be optimized with respect to some critical parameter--in this case, patient dose.
      The analysis is applied to the detection of calcifications in mammography. For an
      ideal imaging system, we predict that the optimum beam energies are 19 and 68
      keV. A dose of 0.42 cGy is required to obtain an SNR of 5 for detection of a 0.02
      cm cubic calcification in the resulting clutter-free image. This can be reduced
      to 0.16 cGy if the higher energy image is smoothed, prior to dual-energy
      processing, such that its variance is reduced to one-fourth of its unsmoothed
      value.

PMID- 4010634
TI  - Dual-energy mammography: initial experimental results.
AB  - Dual-energy x-ray techniques may be able to enhance the detectability of
      calcifications in mammographic examinations by removing the background "clutter"
      caused by contrast between adipose and glandular tissue. This hypothesis is
      examined experimentally by implementation of dual-energy imaging on a prototype
      digital scanned projection radiography system developed in our laboratory. A
      model of the propagation of signal and noise in dual-energy processing for a
      given radiation dose is validated by measurements from phantom images. The
      experimental imaging system has low spatial resolution and cannot be operated at
      dose-optimum energies; however, since both the single- and dual-energy images are
      subject to the same technical limitations, a comparison of such images allows an
      assessment of the benefits of dual energy. Experimental images of breast tissue
      specimens, showing improved detectability of calcifications when obscuring
      background clutter is removed, are presented. The dose required for a given
      signal-to-noise ratio can be reduced by smoothing the higher energy image prior
      to dual-energy processing. For practical implementation, it is reasonable to
      smooth the higher energy image such that its variance is reduced fourfold.

PMID- 4010635
TI  - Scatter rejection by air gaps: an empirical model.
AB  - Scatter rejection by air gaps was analyzed in the context of a model in which
      scattered radiation was treated as if it originated from an "effective scatter
      point source" (ESPS), located between the focal spot of the x-ray tube and the
      exit surface of the phantom or patient. Excellent agreement was found between the
      ESPS model and scatter measurements performed on phantoms for a variety of
      experimental conditions. Values for Xs (distance from phantom exit surface to
      effective scatter point source) were consistently in the range 15-20 cm.
      Applications of the model for predictions of scatter rejection by air gaps and
      comparisons to other scatter rejection methods are presented.

PMID- 4010636
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance of convective dispersive flow.
AB  - Presented is a solution to a differential equation governing the transverse
      magnetization of a fluid whose flow is governed by the process of convective
      dispersion. The solution describes the case of flow parallel to an applied
      magnetic field gradient with boundary conditions and velocity profiles consistent
      with those likely to be encountered in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of
      arterial or venous blood flow.

PMID- 4010637
TI  - A large-angle coherent/Compton scattering method for measurement in vitro of
      trabecular bone mineral concentration.
AB  - In this paper, experiments and related theoretical deductions on coherent/Compton
      scattering of 59.5-keV Am241 gamma line by bonelike materials are described. In
      particular, we demonstrate that a photon scattering mineralometer (PSM) can
      attain the best working conditions when it operates in a backscattering geometry
      mode. In fact, the large scattering angle we chose, theta = 135 degrees, allowed
      us to assemble a very compact source-detector device. Further, the relative
      sensitivity at 135 degrees turns out to be congruent to 1.7 and congruent to 6
      times bigger than at 90 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively. The performances of
      the theta = 135 degrees PSM we assembled were experimentally investigated; i.e.,
      in a measuring time of 10(3) s, a congruent to 5% statistical precision for
      bonelike materials, such as K2HPO4-water solutions, was obtained. The large-angle
      PSM device seems therefore to be very promising for trabecular bone mineral
      density measurements in vivo in peripheral anatomic sites.

PMID- 4010638
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function using computed tomography.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) provides a noninvasive technique with high resolution
      cross-sectional tomographic images which allow volume measurements of an object,
      independent of its geometric configuration. A phantom of known volume with
      controllable periodic motion was used to validate the CT method of volume
      determination. A good correlation (P less than 0.05) was achieved. Missing angle
      reconstruction algorithms for gating were applied to estimate left ventricular
      volumes and ejection fraction in an experimental animal, and the results compared
      with a standard angiographic method. Left ventricular volumes correlated poorly,
      whereas the ejection fraction obtained correlated well (r = 0.9). The
      discrepancies may be attributed in part to the CT method in which difficulties
      were recognized in defining the left ventricular borders at the base of the heart
      and partial volume effect, and in part to inaccuracies in the standard
      angiographic method. Once validated, this method has been applied to the animal
      model in the form of a pilot study.

PMID- 4010639
TI  - Kinestatic charge detection.
AB  - A new technique for detecting ionizing radiation in two dimensions, called
      "kinestatic charge detection," is proposed and analyzed. This technique is useful
      when the signal photons must be integrated, as in computed tomography and digital
      radiography, rather than counted, as in nuclear medicine imaging. A generic
      treatment of the technique with gas-, liquid-, or solid-state radiation detectors
      is presented. A theoretical analysis is given of the fundamental physical
      parameters required for kinestatic charge detection to be successful.

PMID- 4010640
TI  - A thermoregulated enclosure for controlling thermal drift in a radiation
      calorimeter.
AB  - The ability to control thermal drifts is essential in operating a calorimeter. We
      investigated a thermal enclosure, which envelops the calorimeter with temperature
      regulated air, thus thermally isolating the calorimeter from the room. The
      desired temperature in the enclosure is controlled by a control circuit and a
      thermoelectric device, which works as a Peltier effect heat pump. In this report,
      the details of the enclosure design and construction are presented with actual
      performance evaluations.

PMID- 4010641
TI  - Minimum entrance exposure estimates for information recording in diagnostic
      radiology.
AB  - Based upon previously derived expressions, a procedure is given for estimating
      the minimum entrance exposure necessary to record a desired information set for
      use in any diagnostic radiological situation. By separating the different
      variables contributing to the final image and making suitable approximations, a
      simple relationship of four separable components is obtained. Some typical
      examples are given to illustrate the relative importance of each component, and
      to obtain numerical estimates of exposure values. These examples show that the
      theoretical entrance exposure range for most diagnostic situations, where a
      realistic information set is desired, lies between 2.5 X 10(-3) and 1.2 X 10(-2)
      mC/kg (10-50 mR). It is also concluded that a 75-kVp x-ray source, filtered to
      remove the low-energy photons and with a mean photon energy of 40 keV, should be
      sufficiently close to optimum in most diagnostic situations to record the desired
      information in the above entrance exposure range.

PMID- 4010642
TI  - The response of thermometer probes inserted into catheters.
AB  - The time constants of three commercially available thermometer probes were
      measured when inserted into catheters commonly used in hyperthermia. The catheter
      typically increases the time constant by a factor of 3. Following the transition
      from a constant to continuously changing temperature, the rate of change of
      temperature indicated by such a probe is initially incorrect, but it attains the
      true rate of change of temperature after an elapsed time that depends on the rate
      of change of temperature and the time constant of the probe. This elapsed time
      varies from 3.5 to 8 time constants, as the rate of change of temperature
      increases from 0.05 to 10 degrees C/min. The specific absorption rate determined
      from a least-squares fit to temperatures recorded during the first 30 s following
      such a transition, are typically in error by 1%, 3%, and 6% when thermometer
      probes having time constants of 1, 2, and 3 s are used. These errors can be
      reduced to less than 0.1% by excluding the data recorded during an initial period
      of the first 3 time constants following the transition. Errors of similar
      magnitude result when blood flow is determined from the first 30 s of thermal
      clearance. These errors are similarly reduced to typically less than 1% by
      excluding the data recorded during the first 3 time constants from the
      determination.

PMID- 4010643
TI  - Can the AAPM Task Group 21 protocol lead to optimum ion chamber designs?
AB  - The recently published AAPM Task Group 21 protocol for high-energy dosimetry is
      complicated in that it requires the physicist to obtain the values of about a
      dozen different physical variables by looking them up in tables or graphs. This
      should be compared with the procedure of earlier protocols using the concept of a
      single multiplier C lambda. We have investigated how the physical principles
      outlined in the improved AAPM protocol could be utilized for the redesign of the
      therapy-level ion chambers in such a way that one can reduce the number of
      factors that need to be looked up in tables or graphs for the calibration of high
      energy teletherapy photon beams. In our analysis presented in this paper we found
      that one such design could be for an ion chamber having a wall acrylic or
      Bakelite of a thickness not exceeding 0.1 g/cm2 and having an inner diameter of 6
      mm, and used in conjunction with a cobalt-60 buildup cap of thickness 0.35 g/cm2
      made of acrylic, Bakelite, or Tufnol. If a chamber of such a design is used in a
      water phantom, the dosimetry practically reduces to the simplicity of the former
      protocols of depending on a single value of energy-dependent multiplier to be
      obtained from a table. With the above design parameters, it becomes possible to
      eliminate the explicit need to incorporate the factors Pwall, Prepl, Awall, beta
      wall, and the variable alpha, representing the fraction of ionization due to
      electrons from the wall material of the chamber.

PMID- 4010644
TI  - Detection of a leak in a "sealed" monitor chamber.
AB  - A suspected leak in a "sealed" monitor chamber in the Siemens Mevatron 74 linear
      accelerator is investigated experimentally and results are given.

PMID- 4010645
TI  - Sulfur-containing amino acids are a major determinant of urinary calcium.
AB  - Epidemiological evidence suggests a relation between dietary protein intake and
      nephrolithiasis. In addition, generation of acid equivalents from dietary protein
      increases urinary calcium excretion. To further evaluate the usefulness of
      epidemiological or clinical tools to study the relation between dietary protein
      and urinary calcium, the correlation between urinary urea and sulfate excretion
      on the one hand and calcium excretion on the other hand was examined in 42
      healthy individuals. Only a modest correlation was found between urea and calcium
      excretion (r = 0.33); in contrast, the correlation between sulfate and calcium
      excretion was marked (r = 0.73) and highly significant (p less than 0.01). It
      remained significant when the influences of urea, sodium, hydroxyproline, and
      oxalate excretion were taken into account using partial regression analysis. In 9
      healthy male probands, addition of 6 g L-methionine (40 mmol) to their usual diet
      caused an increase of urinary sulfate (+ 3,795 mg/24 h) and urinary calcium (+
      86.4 mg/24 h). The variable methionine/cysteine-cystine content of dietary
      proteins may explain why urinary calcium is correlated better with urinary
      sulfate than urinary urea.

PMID- 4010646
TI  - Relationship of phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity to ammonia excretion in
      potassium deficiency and acidosis.
AB  - Ammonia production and excretion are elevated in potassium depletion alkalosis,
      although normally they are reduced in alkalosis and elevated in acidosis. Studies
      were conducted with or without acute acid loading in normokalemic rats or rats
      made chronically hypokalemic with deoxycorticosterone acetate and a potassium
      deficient diet to examine the role of phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) in
      regulating ammonia excretion. Renal cortical PDG rose fourfold, and urinary
      ammonia excretion (UAE) doubled in potassium depletion compared to potassium
      repleted controls. Following acid challenge PDG and urinary ammonia increased
      four- to sevenfold in both normokalemic and hypokalemic animals, but the rise in
      UAE did not correspond to the increase in PDG. Thus, PDG levels in acidotic
      normokalemic rats were one half those seen in potassium-depleted rats, but UAE in
      the acidotic rats was six times greater. These results could not be explained
      solely by changes in blood pH. The poor correlation between PDG and UAE also
      could not be explained by limited substrate availability, since blood glutamine
      levels were unaffected by potassium depletion. The disparity between UAE and PDG
      in potassium depletion was studied further during 9 days of potassium repletion
      of depleted rats. UAE was again increased by depletion but, after only 3 days of
      potassium repletion, UAE fell to levels found in normokalemic rats. The renal PDG
      activity, however, remained three times normal. Indeed, PDG remained
      significantly elevated even after 9 days of potassium replacement. Other enzymes
      involved in renal ammoniagenesis, including delta glutamyl transferase, glutamine
      transferase and omega deamidase, were assayed, and alterations in their
      activities could not account for the changes in UAE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4010647
TI  - Potassium-aldosterone response in dogs with chronic renal insufficiency.
AB  - To evaluate the potassium-aldosterone axis in chronic renal insufficiency, the
      plasma concentration of aldosterone was measured before and after a 50-mEq
      potassium challenge in dogs with intact kidneys (glomerular filtration rate 52 +/
      3.1 ml/min) and in dogs with one remnant kidney (glomerular filtration rate 16.1
      +/- 2.1 ml/min). Fasting concentrations of circulating potassium and aldosterone
      and urinary potassium excretion rates were similar in both groups. In the 5 h
      following potassium chloride administration, less of the potassium load was
      excreted by dogs with one remnant kidney (30.2 +/- 3.3%) than by normal dogs
      (55.6 +/- 7.3%; p less than 0.01); serum potassium rose significantly more in
      dogs with chronic renal insufficiency than in normal animals. After potassium
      chloride, plasma aldosterone increased in both groups, but the increments in dogs
      with one remnant kidney were twice the increases in normal dogs (p less than
      0.01). The increases in plasma aldosterone per unit increment in serum potassium,
      however, were similar in both groups (14.5 vs. 13.8 ng X dl-1/mEq X l-1). Thus,
      the hyperkalemia that follows a potassium load in dogs with chronic renal
      insufficiency is not due to a failure to secrete aldosterone but to a decrease in
      potassium excretion in the setting of decreased renal mass.

PMID- 4010648
TI  - Peroral xylitol increases intestinal calcium absorption in the rat independently
      of vitamin D action.
AB  - The absorption of 45Ca from the diet in the presence of xylitol was investigated
      with 28 adult male rats. The supplementation of the diet with 10% xylitol for 3
      weeks augmented the urinary excretion of 45Ca 2.5-fold p less than 0.001), but
      did not affect the urinary excretion of sodium. The concentration of calcium in
      the serum remained unchanged. The serum levels of vitamin D metabolites [1,25
      (OH)2D; 24,25-(OH)2D, and 25-(OH)D] did not correlate with the augmentation of Ca
      absorption. The diuretic effect of xylitol and the complex formation between
      polyols and calcium in rat intestine were considered responsible for the changes
      in calcium metabolism.

PMID- 4010650
TI  - Perceptions and realities in cancer quackery.

PMID- 4010649
TI  - Relationship of renal prostaglandins to distal transport of sodium chloride in
      normokalemic and hypokalemic man.
AB  - The relationship between renal prostaglandins (PG) and electrolyte transport in
      the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) was examined in 8 normal subjects
      and in 7 patients with hypokalemia, the latter including 4 cases of Bartter's
      syndrome. Distal fractional delivery and distal reabsorption of chloride and
      sodium were determined using clearance techniques under maximal volume expansion,
      and urinary excretion rates of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were measured. In the normal
      subjects, suppression of PG synthesis by indomethacin decreased distal delivery
      without changing distal reabsorption, suggesting that PG may influence solute
      transport at a site proximal to the diluting segment. In the subjects with
      Bartter's syndrome, however, distal reabsorption was impaired, this defect being
      apparently independent of PG as it was unaffected by inhibition of PG synthesis.
      In the patients with hypokalemia due to non-renal causes, distal reabsorption of
      chloride was increased, resulting in a decreased chloride clearance. These
      results suggest a link between renal PG and solute transport in normal man and
      also provide evidence that Bartter's syndrome is characterized by a prostaglandin
      independent defect in distal reabsorption which is not found in hypokalemia due
      to other causes.

PMID- 4010652
TI  - Respiratory infection as a trigger for sudden infant death syndrome.

PMID- 4010651
TI  - Acetaminophen overdose.

PMID- 4010653
TI  - Factors favoring certain complications of acute myocardial infarction. Rupture,
      aneurysm and false aneurysm of left ventricle.

PMID- 4010654
TI  - 1985: children still can't fly.

PMID- 4010655
TI  - Epidemiology of post-traumatic encephalopathy in boxers.

PMID- 4010656
TI  - Where do we go from here?

PMID- 4010657
TI  - Evaluation of the hypotonic or floppy infant.

PMID- 4010658
TI  - V/Q scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli. Current status.

PMID- 4010659
TI  - Intramedullary nailing and diaphyseal blood supply.

PMID- 4010660
TI  - Minnesota plan for nonsmoking and health: ideas for statewide action.

PMID- 4010661
TI  - MMIE malpractice claim review. Orthopedic surgery.

PMID- 4010662
TI  - Society, medicine, and the rural poor. "What shall we do about the Selways?".

PMID- 4010663
TI  - Cimetidine and the elderly patient.

PMID- 4010664
TI  - Five-aminosalicylic acid enemas in treatment of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 4010665
TI  - Acute mastoiditis complicated by bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 4010666
TI  - Endocrine treatment for metastatic breast cancer.

PMID- 4010667
TI  - [Physiology of hemostasis in newborn infants. I].
AB  - Ever since neonatal hemostasis has been studied systematically, a great number of
      single data und laboratory parameters have been collected which all differ more
      or less distinctly from results gained in adults. This has been leading
      repeatedly to the conclusion that the hemostasis in newborns is still immature or
      somehow insufficient. At least in healthy and term infants this does not apply;
      each pre- and postnatal stage of development has its own optimally functioning
      hemostasis changing with age due to respective physiological peculiarities which
      nevertheless may gain considerable pathogenetic significance for preterm or sick
      newborns. A good example are for instance the vascular structures of the
      periventricular germinal matrix in prematures born during the critical period
      around the 24th and 34th week of gestation. This assumption being in agreement
      with an important principle of developmental physiology is proven in this paper
      particularly for platelets and plasmatic coagulation.

PMID- 4010668
TI  - [Pathology of hemostasis in newborn infants. II].
AB  - Already in newborns almost all congenital and acquired disorders of hemostasis
      can be encountered. Especially gestational age and developmental peculiarities of
      hemostasis influence the incidence of the different causes for hemorrhages. Due
      to laboratory progress the well-known question of vitamin K deficiency and
      related bleeding has again become a point of interest and can be answered more
      clearly now than some years ago. Other significant disturbances of neonatal
      hemostasis are disseminated intravascular coagulation, intracranial hemorrhages,
      and the thrombocytopenias of the newborn. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
      is a pathogenetically important and frequent complication of numerous diseases in
      term as well as particularly in preterm infants. Ultrasonography gave new
      information about frequency and prognosis of intracranial hemorrhages in affected
      newborns. Finally, qualitative and quantitative disorders of the platelets
      present always a true challenge for the neonatologist in terms of differential
      diagnosis and differential therapy.

PMID- 4010669
TI  - [Echocardiographic studies in children with chronic kidney insufficiency and
      intermittent hemodialysis treatment].
AB  - Cardiac function was measured in 10 children (mean age 12 years) undergoing
      chronic intermittent hemodialysis. Blood pressure, heart rate and body weight
      were checked three times before and after hemodialysis. Echocardiographic studies
      were performed according to the references of the American society of
      echocardiography. 6 patients were normotensive, 4 patients hypertensive. Cardiac
      function was normal before and after hemodialysis in all patients.
      Ultrafiltration reduced body weight on average by 1.2 kg. The mean systolic blood
      pressure remained unchanged, the mean diastolic blood pressure declined in
      normotensive patients from 66 mm Hg to 53 mm Hg and in hypertensive patients from
      100 to 85 mm Hg on average; the systolic leftventricular diameter (LVES) was
      reduced by dialysis from 2.7 to 2.3 cm, the enddiastolic leftventricular diameter
      (LVED) from 4.42 to 4.02. Cardiac output declined from 62.04 ml to 56.68 ml/min,
      whereas heart rate, shortening fraction and mean circumferential fiber-shortening
      time increased. In normotensive patients LVED shortened more (4.4 to 3.86 cm)
      than in hypertensive children (4.44 to cardiac output 4.18 cm), but there were no
      significant differences. Significantly decreased only in the normotensive
      children. In hypertensive children the shortening fraction increased
      significantly (35.54 to 42.48%) in contrast to normotensive children (40.84 to
      38.44%). Cardiac preload (LVES) and (LVED) and afterload (diastolic pressure) was
      reduced significantly after volume elimination. These changes in cardiac function
      suggest, that cardiac alterations found before hemodialysis are only functional
      and not structural.

PMID- 4010670
TI  - [The treatment of arrhythmias in infants and children using propafenone].
AB  - Antiarrhythmic treatment was required in 35 patients aged one day to 11 8/12
      years (average 5 7/12 years) for one or several of the following arrhythmias:
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (17), ventricular extrasystole (16),
      ventricular tachycardia (17), ventricular extrasystole (16), ventricular
      tachycardia (4), junctional tachycardia (4), and atrial flutter (3). 300
      mg/m2/day oral propafenone was administered in 3 to 4 divided doses. The
      arrhythmia in 21 of the 35 patients had been unsuccessfully treated by digoxin
      (6), verapamil (5), ajmalin (4), propranolol (3), spartein (1), phenytoin (1),
      and lidocain (1) prior to the propafenone therapy. However, the arrhythmias could
      be abolished or reduced in 30 patients (85.7%) by Propafenone. In 5 patients with
      supraventricular tachycardia (2), junctional tachycardia (2), or ventricular
      extrasystole (1), propafenone therapy had no effect. In two other patients
      propafenone led to atrioventricular conduction disturbances and had to be
      discontinued. Propafenone is an effective well tolerated antiarrhythmic drug
      without major side effects in pediatric patients.

PMID- 4010671
TI  - [Appendicitis in childhood].
AB  - Appendectomy was performed on 1,059 children at the University Clinic of
      Paediatric Surgery in Mainz from 1. 1. 1975 to 31. 6. 1983. For the retrospective
      examination of the indication for appendectomy histopathological and
      intraoperative findings were analysed and evaluated. Histologically five types of
      appendicitis were differentiated: 1. acute appendicitis (two forms: acute ulcero
      phlegmonous appendicitis with or without perforation and acute superficial
      appendicitis), 2. chronic appendicitis, 3. lymphatic hyperplasia, 4. submucosal
      fibrosis, 5. rare diseases. In 618 cases (= 58.3%) acute appendicitis was
      diagnosed histologically. In another 203 cases (= 19.2%) intraoperative findings
      (e.g. Lymphadenitis mesenterialis, Meckel's diverticulum) were retrospectively
      collected; they caused symptoms similar to those of appendicitis. However, there
      remain retrospectively 22% of all appendectomised children with no indication for
      laparotomy. The statistical analysis of postoperative complications showed a
      significant dependance from the histopathological findings. The highest rate of
      complications was seen in cases with perforated (34%) or non-perforated (10%)
      ulcero-phlegmonous appendicitis. Children with acute superficial appendicitis had
      a complication-rate of 5%; those with lymphatic hyperplasia and submucosal
      fibrosis of 6% each. Relaparotomies were almost exclusively necessary in cases
      with acute appendicitis; septic and pulmonary complications were mostly seen
      either in infants with malformations or other perinatal risks, or in children
      with additional severe diseases. Therefore non-acute appendicitis justifies a
      wide indication for appendectomy because of a low complication-rate; this,
      however, is not valid for high-risk children (e.g. malformations). In these cases
      sonography might be useful for preoperative diagnosis.

PMID- 4010672
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis and therapy of hemolytic disease of the newborn].
AB  - From 1966 to 1983 a total of 586 intra-uterine fetal transfusions on 268 fetuses
      suffering from severe Rh-erythroblastosis were performed at the Hamburg
      university hospital. 149 (56%) fetuses survived. 29% of 268 fetuses exhibited
      ascitic fluid at the beginning of therapy. The survival rate improved to 63% in
      the last five years. The diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are explained in
      detail. The amniotic fluid analysis has been improved. In addition to Rh
      antibodies, it is important to detect other blood group antibodies such as anti
      Jk(a) and anti-Fy(a), that can diminish the survival rate of the donor
      erythrocytes in the fetus.

PMID- 4010673
TI  - [Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (S. minnesota R 595) on the luminol
      dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophilic granulocytes in cord blood].
AB  - The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (S. minnesota R 595) (LPS) on the
      luminol dependent chemiluminescence (LUM-CL) of resting and phagocytosing
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in cord blood or healthy adults has been
      investigated. The inhibitory effect of LPS on the LUM-CL of phagocytosing cord
      blood PMN has been much more pronounced than on the LUM-CL of adult PMN. The
      emission curves showed a delayed reaction in cord blood PMN and in contrast to
      this finding an accelerated reaction in adult PMN. LPS stimulated the photone
      emission of resting PMN of both groups in comparable intensity.

PMID- 4010674
TI  - [Transient unilateral oculomotor paralysis].
AB  - A three-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital one day after the acute onset
      of drooping of the left eyelid, associated with oculomotor external
      ophthalmoplegia. General neurological and physical examination was unremarkable.
      Results of serological tests as well as the clinical course of the disease
      (spontaneous recovery) show that the unilateral oculomotor neuropathy was most
      likely due to a self-limited enteroviral infection. The virus could not be
      cultured in the CSF. Echovirus type 11 as well as Coxsackie B4 virus might have
      caused the disease. During treatment with prednisone for 3 weeks in decreasing
      doses the girl recovered, by the seventh day she was able to raise her eyelid. 3
      1/2 months later she had no evidence of residual ptosis and full range of ocular
      movements.

PMID- 4010675
TI  - [Traumatic pancreatitis with peripheral osteolysis suggesting child abuse].
AB  - In a nine year old girl pancreatitis was suspected after roentgenologic
      demonstration of osteolytic lesions in the short bones of her hands and feet.
      Similar to the 18 cases found in the literature she had upper abdominal trauma in
      her history, and as in 6 other cases there was a history of child abuse and
      battering. There was complete remission of the lesions following operation of the
      pancreatic pseudocyst. In this disease pseudocysts develop very often, they were
      found in 12 of the 18 cases reported. There is no valid explanation of the
      pathogenetic mechanism leading to osteolytic lesions. Intracapillary coagulation
      might contribute to the development of necrotic areas in the bone. It is
      concluded that especially in patients with only slight upper abdominal pain
      roentgenologic examination of part of the skeleton might be helpful in
      establishing the diagnosis.

PMID- 4010676
TI  - [An unusual case of multiple membranous stenoses in the large bowel].
AB  - A infant with stenoses of the colon transversum and the sigmoid colon was
      successfully treated by transverse colotomy on the 31st day of life. A resection
      of the stenotic bowel with anastomosis was performed 8 months later.

PMID- 4010677
TI  - [Urolithiasis in childhood].
AB  - Principally the formation of urinary calculi in children is not very different
      from that of grown-ups. For children some factors, however, are of special
      relevance namely recurrent urinary tract infections and malformations in the area
      of the urinary tract. In western countries nowadays the incidence rate of urinary
      stones in children is 3-5% of all patients suffering from this disease, in the
      underdeveloped countries we have rates of about 30%. A clear sex preference in
      children wasn't found, the age distribution shows that for half of the children
      suffering from calculi, diagnosis has been made until they've reached school age.
      Stone localisation is shifting towards the upper urinary tract, in the past we
      had mainly urinary bladder stones. Concrements containing oxalate are being found
      more often today. For children we have a high proportion of mixed concrements.
      The rate of recurrence for children is 15-25%. Diagnostically we have to search
      out especially for malformations respectively obstructions of the urine flow,
      disturbances in metabolism in consideration of metaphylaxis possibilities,
      however, must not be taken out of account either. Promotory and inhibitory
      factors of stone formation are presented and their significance is explained by
      means of selected cases of our own patients. Modern techniques of operative resp.
      instrumental removal of urinary calculi are presented, especially the relevance
      of modern strategies as e.g. the extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy,
      percutaneous litholapaxy and ureterorenoscopy are discussed. Adequate
      metaphylaxis (general, dietetic, medicamentous) can lower the rate of recurrence
      of stone formation. This is only possible, however, on condition of a consequent
      diagnosis to find possible causes of stone formation to be able to choose the
      right measures of metaphylaxis.

PMID- 4010678
TI  - [Significance of family studies and kidney biopsies in children with renal
      hematuria].
AB  - In children with renal hematuria the Alport syndrome could be diagnosed more
      frequently, if electronmicroscopic examination of the patients renal biopsy and a
      positive family history were obtained. In 16 children with renal hematuria,
      Alport syndrome was suspected by renal biopsy, physical examination or family
      history. Electronmicroscopic examination of the biopsy specimens of all 16
      children revealed thinning together with a thickening and lamellation of the
      glomerular basement membrane (GBM), considered to be characteristic for Alport
      syndrome. In 11 of the children nephropathy, inner ear deafness or ocular changes
      were identified in 31 family members. In these families genetic information on
      the risk for other children is possible; furthermore ineffective medications such
      as steroids and cytotoxic drugs can be avoided, once the diagnosis has been
      established. In 5 children with characteristic renal lesions family history
      revealed no further support of Alport syndrome. In these cases with presence of
      characteristic lesions of GMB without positive family history the diagnosis
      Alport syndrome cannot be established with certainty, further examinations are
      necessary.

PMID- 4010679
TI  - [Pancreas head tumor in childhood].
AB  - In a 13 1/2-year-old girl free of symptoms and clinically healthy until the time
      of diagnosis a tumor in the head of the pancreas located paraduodenally, was
      removed using the Whipple technique. Histology revealed an apudome or carcinoid
      with endocrine activity. Because pancreatic tumors are rarely seen during
      childhood, and especially apudome and carcinoids are almost never diagnosed, this
      case presents the unique problems involved in diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 4010680
TI  - [Determination by 15N tracer kinetics of the half-life of total body protein in
      premature and mature infants].
AB  - Based on 15N-tracer techniques important data of the intermediary protein
      metabolism can be assessed by compartment analysis. We calculated the half-life
      of whole body proteins in five preterm and five full term infants in addition to
      commonly used parameters of the protein metabolism e.g. protein synthesis rate,
      protein breakdown rate, N-turnover rate, size of metabolic pool, half-life and
      reutilization of aminoacid-N and the rate of endogenous urinary-N. The infants
      were aged 27 +/- 4 and 31 +/- 13 days resp. The half-life of whole body proteins
      were found to be 7.5 +/- 1.8 days in the premature infants and thus significantly
      shorter than the 16.0 +/- 3.8 days for the full term infants. The differences in
      the half-life of protein as well as protein synthesis rate and protein breakdown
      rate reflect the rapid proteinturnover in premature infants in comparison to full
      term infants.

PMID- 4010681
TI  - [A case of sacral chordoma].

PMID- 4010682
TI  - [Effect of hypoxia and hypokinesia on skeletal muscle].

PMID- 4010683
TI  - [Asynchronous centromere disjunction].

PMID- 4010684
TI  - [Experience with the Duffy blood group system].

PMID- 4010685
TI  - [Psychodynamic and criminal-legal implications of pyromania].

PMID- 4010686
TI  - [Chondropathy of the patella].

PMID- 4010687
TI  - [The role of transmural permeability defects in the pathomechanism of
      arteriosclerosis. I. Theories on arteriosclerosis and transmural permeability].

PMID- 4010688
TI  - Repair of indirectly induced DNA damage in human skin fibroblasts treated with N
      hydroxy-2-naphthylamine.
AB  - The DNA lesions induced by active oxygen species generated from N-hydroxy-2
      naphthylamine were quantitated by the alkaline elution technique as single-strand
      breaks using cultured human-skin fibroblasts. When cells were treated at 20
      degrees C for 2 h with 0-25 microM carcinogen, the lesions increased biphasically
      with the concentration; the increase was slight below 10 microM while it was much
      larger and dose-dependent above this concentration. The dose response was similar
      for normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts of complementation group A.
      There was no difference in the repair rate of single-strand breaks formed in
      these fibroblasts. The rates of repair of single strand breaks induced by N
      hydroxy-2-naphthylamine and hydrogen peroxide were similar but slower than that
      of the repair of gamma-ray-induced single-strand breaks.

PMID- 4010689
TI  - (6-4)Photoproducts are removed from the DNA of UV-irradiated mammalian cells more
      efficiently than cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers.
AB  - A polyclonal antiserum raised against UV-irradiated DNA can be used to assay
      cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and Pyr(6-4)Pyo photoproducts specifically by
      changing the nature of the 32P-labelled antigen. Pyr(6-4)Pyo photoproducts were
      removed faster than cyclobutane dimers in UV-irradiated human, hamster and mouse
      cells. Xeroderma pigmentosum cells from complementation groups A, C and D were
      deficient in the repair of both lesions.

PMID- 4010690
TI  - 3-Aminobenzamide does not affect radiation-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in
      human cells.
AB  - 3-Aminobenzamide (3AB), a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, does
      not affect the dose response for ionizing radiation-induced inhibition of DNA
      synthesis in human fibroblasts. If the radioresistant DNA synthesis observed in
      fibroblasts from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) were due to reduced
      poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis after irradiation, as has been proposed, the response
      in normal cells incubated with 3AB would have been similar to that observed in A
      T cells. Therefore, altered poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in A-T cells is not solely
      responsible for their radioresistant DNA synthesis.

PMID- 4010691
TI  - Structural chromosomal aberration rates and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies
      in females with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.

PMID- 4010692
TI  - Diallyl sulfide. A naturally occurring thioether that inhibits carcinogen-induced
      nuclear damage to colon epithelial cells in vivo.

PMID- 4010693
TI  - Differential enhancement of sister-chromatid exchange frequencies by alpha
      naphthoflavone in cultured lymphocytes from smokers and non-smokers.
AB  - The sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency was assessed in peripheral
      lymphocytes from 4 smokers and 8 non-smokers in the absence or presence of alpha
      naphthoflavone (ANF) in the culture media. ANF produced a concentration-dependent
      increase in the frequency of SCEs in smoking individuals. At an ANF concentration
      of 11 micrograms/ml, average SCE levels were 54% and 13% above the baseline
      levels in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. The ANF-enhanced increase in the
      SCE frequency ranged from 3.12 to 5.72 among smokers, and from 0 to 1.96 among
      the non-smokers. No significant difference in the mean SCE baseline levels
      between smokers and non-smokers was detected. The mechanism responsible for the
      enhanced frequency of SCEs in smokers following in vitro exposure to ANF is not
      clear, but may reflect changes in metabolic activation/deactivation or increased
      sensitivity to genetic effects of ANF.

PMID- 4010694
TI  - Aristolochic acid induces 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in an extrahepatic
      tissue in rats after oral application.
AB  - The mutagenic activity of the natural plant product aristolochic acid (AA) was
      tested in the Granuloma Pouch Assay, which detects gene mutations induced in a
      subcutaneous granuloma tissue of rats. After direct exposure of the target
      tissue, AA induced high frequencies of mutants at a relatively low
      cytostatic/cytotoxic level. AA was more potent that N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) at equimolar doses. After oral application of AA, a dose
      dependent mutagenic activity was seen. In contrast a very weak and inconsistent
      mutagenic effect was seen after systemic application of MNNG. These observations
      suggest that after oral application AA is not detoxified efficiently and can
      exert its mutagenic activity in extrahepatic tissues whereas MNNG is detoxified
      to a large extent at the site of administration.

PMID- 4010696
TI  - Screening human populations for chromosome aberrations.
AB  - In order to determine the usefulness of micronuclear counts (MNC) for identifying
      people with relatively high frequencies of chromosome aberrations we have
      examined factors that influence the MNC in a learning set of blood samples
      obtained from 28 adults. The presence of cells with chromosome aberrations among
      approximately 170 metaphase cells per sample was the most important factor.
      Controlling for the effect of chromosome aberrations we found that age had a
      significant effect on MNC, but that donor sex, the mitotic index, the per cent of
      metaphase cells in the second or third division or the frequency of abnormal
      anaphase cells did not. Using logistic regression analysis we found that MNC was
      an excellent predictor of the presence of cells with chromosome aberrations among
      both the learning set and a test set of 17 additional blood samples.

PMID- 4010695
TI  - Toxicity and mutagenicity tests of 4 anti-cancer drugs in cultured Chinese
      hamster cells.

PMID- 4010697
TI  - Naphthofurans induced chromosomal aberrations detected in metaphase, anaphase and
      telophase V79 Chinese hamster cells.
AB  - The mutagenic activities of 5 newly synthesized naphthofurans were analysed in
      two in vitro cytogenetic assays: the metaphase chromosomal aberration assay and
      the anaphase telophase bridge-fragment assay. Both assays were conducted using
      V79 Chinese hamster cells. The compounds included: 2-nitro-7-methoxynaphtho[2,1
      b]furan (A), 2-nitro-8-methoxynaphtho[2,1-b]furan (B), 2-nitro-naphtho[2,1
      b]furan (C), 2-nitro-7-bromonaphtho[2,1-b]furan (D) and 7-methoxynaphtho[2,1
      b]furan (E). The cells were treated with 3 concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4
      microgram/ml) of each compound, in the dose range already tested in studies on
      the mutagenic properties of the same compounds realised with other systems. The
      highest concentration, only, was used in the anaphase-telophase assay. In the
      first approach, compounds A, B and C were active while compounds D and E did not
      increase significantly the aberration frequency above that of the DMSO controls.
      The results were confirmed in the second approach. They demonstrated that the two
      studies were complementary. Based on their genotoxic activities, the 5 compounds
      were ranked in the following decreasing order of potency: A congruent to B much
      greater than C greater than D congruent to E congruent to DMSO; which is
      comparable to the ranking order obtained in different in vitro mutagenic and
      carcinogenic assays. All these activities are closely related to the highly
      specific molecular structure of each compound, particularly to the nature and
      position of the different substituents introduced on the skeleton.

PMID- 4010698
TI  - Hepatotoxic doses of dioxin do not damage mouse bone marrow chromosomes.
AB  - We report on a study of the cytogenetic and hepatotoxic effects of 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Mice of the C57B1/6J (with high-affinity TCDD
      receptor) or DBA/2J (with low-affinity TCDD receptor) strains were given single
      intraperitoneal injections of 50, 100 or 150 micrograms of TCDD/kg body weight.
      At various times (8-48 h) after injection, we examined bone marrow cells for
      cytogenetic effects by performing structural aberration, sister-chromatid
      exchange, and micronucleus tests. 1 month after exposure, liver sections were
      studied for hepatotoxic effects. We found no evidence of chromosome damage by
      TCDD given in doses that cause liver damage in both strains of mice.

PMID- 4010699
TI  - A human cell line sensitive to mutation by particle-borne chemicals.
AB  - A human lymphoblastoid cell line with ability to perform oxidative metabolism of
      various chemicals is mutated by the direct addition of an intact particulate
      soot. This experiment demonstrates that materials associated with combustion
      generated particulates are biologically available and able to cause genetic
      changes in metabolically competent human cells.

PMID- 4010700
TI  - [Report of a case of Yarrowia lipolytica (Wickerman et al.) van der Walt & von
      Arx isolated from a blood culture].

PMID- 4010701
TI  - Fungi isolated from chronic external ear disorders.

PMID- 4010702
TI  - Uptake and incorporation of choline by Schistosoma mansoni adults.
AB  - Choline uptake and incorporation into Schistosoma mansoni is used as a model for
      investigating transport across and formation of a double bilayer surface of a
      syncytial transporting epithelium. Choline uptake reached a maximal rate during
      the first 2 min (Vmax = 0.27 mumol mg-1 protein min-1; Km = 36 microM). Choline
      uptake during a 30 min incubation was similar to that of single bilayer transport
      systems described in the literature. Choline incorporation into
      phosphatidylcholine was saturated above 40 microM external choline concentration
      (Vmax = 3.7 pmol mg-1 protein min-1; Km = 7 microM). The low rate of choline
      efflux and the half life of the tissue choline pool (T 1/2 = 3 h), suggests that
      free choline pools available for efflux in S. mansoni are small. This model
      allows the determination of whether a proposed effector of membrane
      phosphatidylcholine synthesis and turnover alters surface bilayer formation
      through changes in transport of the precursor across the apical surface.

PMID- 4010703
TI  - Identification of Schistosoma mansoni antigens by means of biologically active
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies of the IgE class (54.10) and of the IgG1 class (27.21),
      that were shown previously to possess biological activity against Schistosoma
      mansoni larvae, were used for identification of surface antigens of the cercariae
      and schistosomula. This was performed by immunoprecipitation, immunoaffinity
      chromatography and immunoblotting. The epitope reactive with 27.21 mcIgG1 is
      present on four polypeptides (60, 50, 27 and 19 kDa) derived from the parasite.
      The 60 kDa is specific to cercariae, whereas the 50 kDa is a glycoprotein shared
      both by cercariae and schistosomula. The antigen reactive with the 54.10 mcIgE
      was isolated by affinity chromatography on 54.10 column, and contained three
      major peptides of 125, 94 and 30 kDa. The 125 and 94 kDa band probably originate
      from the same protein, since they yield almost identical peptide maps. The
      isolated antigen retained its biological activity as demonstrated in the
      basophils degranulation assay.

PMID- 4010704
TI  - Characterization of sterols of three digenetic trematodes of buffalo.
AB  - Sterols of three digenetic trematodes were isolated and characterized by infrared
      and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and gas-liquid chromatography
      and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sterols identified were cholesterol,
      cholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethyl-22
      dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol and 24
      ethylcholestanol.

PMID- 4010705
TI  - Translation of Schistosoma mansoni antigens in Xenopus oocytes microinjected with
      mRNA from adult worms.
AB  - Oocytes from Xenopus laevis microinjected with RNA isolated from Schistosoma
      mansoni adult worms translated antigens recognized by sera from infected rats,
      humans, and from immunized rabbits. The pattern of immunoprecipitated proteins
      analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was species specific in rats.
      Serum from infected Fischer rats recognized antigens of 20, 27 and several bands
      in the 50-60 kDa range whereas serum from infected Brown Norway rats also
      immunoprecipitated major bands at 29, 43 and 100 kDa. Human infection sera gave a
      very variable pattern of immunoprecipitation not apparently dependent on the
      patients' age. At least 20 different antigenic species could be identified
      ranging from 14 to 150 kDa. Some S. mansoni antigenic proteins could be isolated
      from the membrane fraction of the oocytes whereas notably the 29 kDa band was
      present mainly in the soluble fraction. N-Glycosylation of S. mansoni antigens
      occurred as evidenced by the effects of tunicamycin treatment and concanavalin A
      binding. A multiple series of bands between 50 and 60 kDa, present in the
      membrane fraction, were glycosylated and secreted from the oocytes. Monoclonal
      antibodies to larval stage surface antigens failed to immunoprecipitate oocyte
      translation products, but sera absorbed with live schistosomula identified at
      least three putative surface antigens of 100, 43 and 29 kDa. However, the 29 kDa
      molecule was neither synthesized into membranes, nor secreted from oocytes.

PMID- 4010706
TI  - Surface antigens of a filarial nematode: analysis of adult Brugia pahangi surface
      components and their use in monoclonal antibody production.
AB  - The surface antigens of adult worms of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi have
      been investigated further by surface radioiodination and detergent solubilisation
      techniques. In addition to yielding new information on the distribution of
      antigenic components of this stage, detergent-solubilised molecules were used in
      both radiometric and enzyme-linked assays for human and mouse antibody. These
      assays were subsequently used in screening for monoclonal antibodies from hybrid
      cells derived from animals infected with living parasites and boosted with
      detergent-extracted antigen. Three monoclonal antibody-producing cell lines were
      isolated, with differing antigenic specificities: Bp-1, which binds a non
      iodinatable antigen with high ELISA activity; Bp-2, which reacts with a
      determinant found on but not unique to the major surface Iodogen-labelled 29 kDa
      antigen; and Bp-3, which is specific for a minor antigen of 20 kDa revealed by
      Iodogen labelling.

PMID- 4010707
TI  - Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes in Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - The organization of the rRNA genes of Schistosoma mansoni has been determined by
      Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA digested with restriction enzymes, by
      isolation of the entire repeat on a single fragment of about 11 kilobase pairs
      from a genomic DNA library constructed in bacteriophage lambda and by
      characterization of three cloned EcoRI fragments which span the entire repeat.
      The segments encoding both the large and small rRNA subunits have been identified
      using specific cloned yeast rDNA fragments as probes and EcoRI, HindIII and BamHI
      restriction enzyme maps of the rRNA genes were constructed. The ends of the RNAs
      have been precisely mapped on the genomic DNA by S1 protection experiments. Our
      data indicate that the rRNA genes are present as a tight cluster. The total
      length of the rDNA repeat is about 10 kilobase pairs. There appears to be no
      variation in the size of transcribed and non-transcribed spacer DNA. At the RNA
      level we have characterized and mapped a small gap in the 28S RNA molecule. The
      interruption causes the RNA to dissociate into two equal sized fragments when
      analyzed under denaturing conditions.

PMID- 4010708
TI  - Malignant lymphoma of the small bowel associated with diffuse nodular lymphoid
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 4010709
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 29-1985. Congestive heart failure and cyanosis 31 years after an
      operation for cyanotic congenital heart disease.

PMID- 4010710
TI  - The hospital trustees' dilemma. To sell or not to sell?

PMID- 4010711
TI  - Heterosexual promiscuity among African patients with AIDS.

PMID- 4010712
TI  - Malignant melanoma in a husband and wife.

PMID- 4010713
TI  - Cyclosporine timing and kidney damage.

PMID- 4010714
TI  - Familial IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 4010715
TI  - Possible mitochondrial inheritance of congenital cardiac septal defects.

PMID- 4010716
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism associated with pancytosis.

PMID- 4010717
TI  - Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata: another peroxisomal disorder.

PMID- 4010718
TI  - Centenarian hand syndrome.

PMID- 4010719
TI  - Body slam is no sham.

PMID- 4010721
TI  - Involvement of proprietary chains in academic health centers.

PMID- 4010720
TI  - Untied shoelaces.

PMID- 4010722
TI  - Investor-owned or nonprofit? Issues and implications for academic and ethical
      values in a Catholic teaching hospital.

PMID- 4010723
TI  - Investor-owned chains and teaching hospitals. The implications of acquisition.

PMID- 4010724
TI  - A mysterious cluster of deaths and cardiopulmonary arrests in a pediatric
      intensive care unit.
AB  - In the period April 1981 through June 1982, there was an unusual increase in the
      number of deaths and cardiopulmonary arrests in the pediatric intensive care unit
      at a large medical center hospital in San Antonio, Texas. During this period, 34
      of 42 deaths (81 per cent) occurred in the evening work shift, as compared with
      36 of 106 (34 per cent) during the previous four years (P less than 0.0001).
      Reviews of records of patients revealed no association between death in this 15
      month epidemic period and a variety of demographic, historical, medical, and
      admission characteristics; medical or surgical procedures; or the severity of
      illness. The findings of a blinded clinical consultant support the conclusion
      that the increase in deaths and cardiopulmonary arrests could not be explained on
      the basis of the clinical status of the patients, and the consultant concluded
      that during the epidemic period, there were more deaths and cardiopulmonary
      arrests that were either unexpected in timing or inconsistent with the previous
      clinical course. The presence of one nurse was associated with the increased
      numbers of deaths (relative risk, 10.7; 95 per cent confidence limits, 6.4 to
      17.9), cardiopulmonary arrests (relative risk = 25.5, confidence limits = 16.8 to
      38.6), and unexpected clinical events, (relative risk, infinite; confidence
      limits, 33.7 to infinity). Although the cause of the epidemic remains unclear,
      the findings illustrate that surveillance of deaths and cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation may allow early recognition of similar problems in other hospitals.

PMID- 4010725
TI  - Unexplained deaths in a children's hospital. An epidemiologic assessment.
AB  - During a nine-month period, July 1980 through March 1981, the mortality rate for
      patients on the cardiology ward of a children's hospital was 43.1 deaths per
      10,000 patient-days, as compared with 11.0 deaths per 10,000 patient-days during
      the preceding 54 months. Twenty-five (76 per cent) of 33 infant deaths during
      this nine-month period occurred between midnight and 6:00 a.m., as compared with
      1 of 10 infant deaths during a separate 27-month period (P less than 0.001).
      Although nearly all deaths occurred in patients with serious congenital heart
      disease, epidemic-period deaths were more likely to have an unexpected timing and
      a clinical pattern consistent with digoxin toxicity. In four patients, forensic
      and clinical digoxin measurements suggested that an intravenous overdose of
      digoxin had been administered shortly before death. Although a review of nursing
      schedules revealed a strong association (relative risk, 64.6) between infant
      deaths and the duty times of a particular nurse, the cause of the epidemic
      remains unclear. The study led to suggestions that the hospital strengthen
      central control over procedures for dispensing medicines and implement a system
      for monitoring the occurrence of deaths by time and place within the hospital.

PMID- 4010726
TI  - Evidence that the human Y chromosome does not contain clustered DNA sequences
      (BKM) associated with heterogametic sex determination in other vertebrates.

PMID- 4010728
TI  - Sleuthing in hospitals.

PMID- 4010727
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 30-1985. A 52-year-old woman with a progressive neurologic
      disorder and a pelvic mass.

PMID- 4010729
TI  - The search for the ultimate cause of maleness.

PMID- 4010730
TI  - Genetic host factors: determinants of drug response.

PMID- 4010731
TI  - The impact of routine admission chest X-ray films on patient care.

PMID- 4010732
TI  - Inoculation of cryptococcosis without transmission of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 4010733
TI  - Tyramine-induced cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 4010734
TI  - Measles in colleges.

PMID- 4010736
TI  - Reviewer status and review quality.

PMID- 4010735
TI  - Factitious elevation of thyrotopin in euthyroid patients.

PMID- 4010737
TI  - One drug company's sales techniques.

PMID- 4010738
TI  - Seasons of survival: reflections of a physician with cancer.

PMID- 4010739
TI  - Influence of age on secretion of cholesterol and synthesis of bile acids by the
      liver.
AB  - Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol predisposes to the development of
      cholesterol gallstones. To identify the factors determining cholesterol
      saturation of bile, we analyzed the lipid composition of stimulated duodenal bile
      in 60 healthy subjects of various ages (31 men and 29 women) who were not obese
      and were free of gallstones. A positive correlation between age and cholesterol
      saturation of bile was found (P less than 0.001). To analyze the relation between
      age and cholesterol saturation, we studied the rates of hepatic secretion of
      biliary lipids and the kinetics of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in 22
      and 18 of the subjects, respectively. Age was positively correlated with the
      cholesterol secretion rate (r = 0.48) and negatively correlated with bile acid
      synthesis (r = -0.60) and the size of the cholic acid pool (r = -0.54). We
      conclude that cholesterol saturation of bile increases with age as a consequence
      of enhanced hepatic secretion of cholesterol and decreased bile acid synthesis.
      These findings may explain why age is a risk factor for the development of
      cholesterol gallstones.

PMID- 4010740
TI  - Heavy phenacetin use and bladder cancer in women aged 20 to 49 years.
AB  - We investigated the use of analgesics containing phenacetin or acetaminophen in
      173 young women with urinary bladder cancer and 173 matched controls. The cases,
      who were 20 to 49 years old at the time of diagnosis of cancer, were 6.5 times
      more likely to report regular use of analgesics containing phenacetin at least
      one year before diagnosis than were their matched controls (odds ratio, 6.5; 95
      per cent confidence interval, 1.5 to 59.2). Among the 15 women (13 cases and 2
      controls) reporting regular use of phenacetin-containing drugs, 8 of the cases
      and 1 of the controls reported daily use for over one year (P = 0.04). Excessive
      use of analgesics containing acetaminophen was not reported. The increased risk
      of bladder cancer in young women who regularly used phenacetin-containing
      products remained present after adjustments for all other identified risk
      factors.

PMID- 4010742
TI  - Care of the elderly.

PMID- 4010741
TI  - Psychosocial and ethical implications of organ retrieval.

PMID- 4010743
TI  - Osteopenia in women with anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 4010744
TI  - Effect of clonidine on serum potassium changes during exercise.

PMID- 4010745
TI  - Retardation of fetal growth in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 4010747
TI  - Diagnostic potential of melatonin analysis in pineal tumors.

PMID- 4010746
TI  - Nosocomial hypernatremia.

PMID- 4010748
TI  - "Aural" intoxicants.

PMID- 4010749
TI  - Aphthous ulcers of the mouth.

PMID- 4010750
TI  - Influx of new cephalosporins.

PMID- 4010752
TI  - Racial and socioeconomic disparities in childhood mortality in Boston.
AB  - We examined racial and income-related patterns of mortality from birth through
      adolescence in Boston, where residents have high access to tertiary medical care.
      Childhood mortality was significantly higher among black children (odds ratio,
      1.24; P less than 0.05) and low-income children (odds ratio, 1.47; P less than
      0.001). Socioeconomic effects varied for different age groups and causes of
      death. The largest relative disparity occurred in the neonatal and postneonatal
      periods, and the smallest in adolescence. Of the total racial differential in
      neonatal mortality (6.88 deaths per 1000 live births), 51.2 per cent occurred in
      premature infants, 13.4 per cent in term infants who were small for their
      gestational age, and 25.9 per cent in neonates who were both premature and small
      for their age. Black neonatal mortality was elevated at all income levels. Beyond
      the neonatal period, mortality from respiratory disease, fire, and homicide had
      strong inverse relationships with income, and mortality from injuries to the
      occupants of motor vehicles was directly related to income. These data suggest
      that despite access to tertiary medical services, substantial social
      differentiation in mortality may exist throughout childhood. Equity in childhood
      survival will probably require policies that emphasize preventive goals.

PMID- 4010751
TI  - Congenital heart disease in relation to maternal use of Bendectin and other drugs
      in early pregnancy.
AB  - To clarify the association of Bendectin and other drugs used in early pregnancy
      with the occurrence of congenital heart disease, we interviewed 298 mothers of
      children with congenital heart disease and 738 mothers of healthy controls.
      Differential recall of drug use by mothers of affected children and mothers of
      controls was evaluated by comparison of information collected by interview with
      that recorded in the prenatal record. Data derived from maternal interviews were
      generally consistent with the record data. Reported Bendectin use was minimally
      associated with congenital heart disease (prevalence odds ratio, 1.1; 90 per cent
      confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.5). The data from this study were consistent with
      previously reported associations of other drugs with congenital heart disease. In
      particular, aspirin use in early pregnancy was associated with about a twofold
      increase in the frequency of defects in septation of the truncus arteriosus
      (prevalence odds ratio, 2.1; 90 per cent confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.9).

PMID- 4010754
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 32-1985. Recurrent pneumothorax, hemoptysis, and multiple lung
      cysts.

PMID- 4010753
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects in thoracoabdominally conjoined
      twins.

PMID- 4010755
TI  - The limits of medical care.

PMID- 4010757
TI  - Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with a nocturnal airway-patency appliance.

PMID- 4010756
TI  - Dissolution of gallstones by methyl tert-butyl ether.

PMID- 4010758
TI  - Hyponatremia and hypovolemia.

PMID- 4010759
TI  - Focal signs and brain CT scan in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 4010760
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: does neuron plasticity predispose to axonal neurofibrillary
      degeneration?

PMID- 4010761
TI  - The ethics of professional regulation by the state boards.

PMID- 4010762
TI  - The use of animals in research.

PMID- 4010763
TI  - [Coenzyme Q of various species of the genus Pichia: qualitative and quantitative
      determinations].
AB  - The qualitative determination by paper chromatography and the quantitative
      determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the Coenzyme Q
      system have been investigated for in 23 species of the genus Pichia. We have
      adapted HPLC to the quantitative analysis of the Coenzyme Q system. We have found
      the presence of 2,3 or 4 ubiquinones in the same Coenzyme Q extract.

PMID- 4010765
TI  - Epidemiological trends of dermatophytoses and dermatophytes in Jerusalem between
      1954 and 1981.
AB  - Data for dermatophyte infections analysed for five 3-year periods between 1954 to
      1981 led to the following conclusions: Tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea manuum
      showed an increase in the 50's and 60's and declined in the 70's; Tinea unguium
      and tinea corporis showed an increase during the whole period; At all these
      sites, the percentage of Trichophyton rubrum, the main etiologic agent, increased
      steadily over the periods while the percentage of Trichophyton mentagrophytes,
      the secondary etiological agent, decreased. Epidermophyton floccosum, the third
      etiological agent in these sites, showed no sharp fluctuations; These three
      dermatophytes which show similar microclimatic requirements and favour the same
      microecological niches, were called 'glabrohydrophilic'. In tinea corporis they
      form a definite subset, their percentage being similar to that at other glabrous
      sites; Tinea capitis was at its peak in the 50's, decreased sharply until the
      second half of the 70's, its main etiological agent being Trichophyton violaceum.
      Since 1979, an increase of tinea capitis occurred due to the newly introduced
      Microsporum canis; Dermatophytes favouring scalp hair were called 'trichophilic'.
      In tinea corporis they form a definite subset, their percentage being similar to
      that of tinea capitis; A comparison with other studies from this country shows
      that macroclimate (i.e. humid warm coastal climate compared with dry cooler
      inland-mountain climate) is not an important factor in the etiology of tinea.

PMID- 4010764
TI  - Studies of the effects of spherulin from Coccidioides immitis on human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - The effects of spherule lysate (spherulin) on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte
      (PMN) function was examined. PMN adherence to glass and capping was increased by
      spherulin, findings which may account for spherulin's interference with
      complement-mediated migration through cellulose ester filters. In contrast, PMN
      attachment to yeast, killing of bacteria, and effects on spherules were virtually
      unaffected by spherulin, suggesting that it does not directly inhibit PMN
      antimicrobial function.

PMID- 4010767
TI  - US medical research: Hughes tops league of US charities.

PMID- 4010766
TI  - Conversion of Coccidioides immitis from a mycelial form to spherules using the
      'agar-implantation method'.
AB  - The morphological conversion of Coccidioides immitis in vivo was observed using
      the agar-implantation method. Short hyphae implanted into the peritoneal cavity
      of mice swelled gradually and many septa appeared in them after 48 hours. As the
      implantation period advanced, these arthroconidia swelled and then broke up into
      spherical cells at the 72nd hour. On the other hand, arthroconidia implanted into
      the peritoneal cavity of mice also swelled and became immature spherules within
      72 hours. During the 96th hour a few of the spherules reached a stage of
      maturity. They were filled with numerous endospores. The agar-implantation method
      is therefore a useful for the demonstration of spherules of C. immitis.

PMID- 4010768
TI  - US veterans: leukaemia figures in doubt.

PMID- 4010769
TI  - Chromosome libraries: ploughshares from swords?

PMID- 4010770
TI  - UK embryo research: embryo protection bill resurfaces.

PMID- 4010771
TI  - Oncogene activation by fusion of chromosomes in leukaemia.

PMID- 4010772
TI  - Aggregates of acetylcholinesterase induced by acetylcholine receptor-aggregating
      factor.
AB  - Basal lamina-rich extracts of Torpedo californica electric organ contain a factor
      that causes acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on cultured myotubes to aggregate
      into patches. Our previous studies have indicated that the active component of
      these extracts is similar to the molecules in the basal lamina which direct the
      aggregation of AChRs in the muscle fibre plasma membrane at regenerating
      neuromuscular junctions in vivo. Because it can be obtained in large amounts and
      assayed in controlled conditions in cell culture, the AChR-aggregating factor
      from electric organ may be especially useful for examining in detail how the
      postsynaptic apparatus of regenerating muscle is assembled. Here we demonstrate
      that the electric organ factor causes not only the formation of AChR aggregates
      on cultured myotubes, but also the formation of patches of acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE). This finding, together with the observation that basal lamina directs the
      formation of both AChR and AChE aggregates at regenerating neuromuscular
      junctions in vivo, leads us to hypothesize that a single component of the
      synaptic basal lamina causes the formation of both these synaptic specializations
      on regenerating myofibres.

PMID- 4010773
TI  - Compartmentalization of sickle-cell calcium in endocytic inside-out vesicles.
AB  - Much recent interest in the mechanism of dehydration of the dense subpopulation
      of sickle-cell anaemia (SS) red cells, including the 'irreversibly sickled cells'
      (ISCs), stems from the view that these relatively rigid cells have a major role
      in the two main clinical features of the disease, namely haemolytic anaemia and
      microvascular occlusion. The discovery that SS red cells have an elevated calcium
      content and accumulate Ca2+ during deoxygenation-induced sickling suggested a
      working hypothesis of wide appeal for the mechanism of cell dehydration: retained
      calcium would activate the red cell Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels, causing
      progressive net loss of KCl and water. However, retained calcium, which seemed as
      weakly bound to cytoplasmic buffers as in normal red cells, failed to show any
      measurable activation of K+ channels or Ca2+ pumps in metabolically normal SS
      cells, despite the apparent functional normality or near-normality of these
      transport systems. We now offer a possible explanation for this failure. We show
      that, contrary to the traditional views, SS cells, and to a lesser extent normal
      human red cells, possess intracellular vesicles with ATP-dependent Ca2+
      accumulating capacity, and that nearly all the measurable calcium of fresh SS
      cells is contained within such vesicles, probably in the form of precipitates
      with inorganic or organic phosphates.

PMID- 4010774
TI  - High-resolution structure of a DNA helix containing mismatched base pairs.
AB  - The concept of complementary base pairing, integral to the double-helical
      structure of DNA, provides an effective and elegant mechanism for the faithful
      transmission of genetic information. Implicit in this model, however, is the
      potential for incorporating non-complementary base pairs (mismatches) during
      replication or subsequently, for example, during genetic recombination. As such
      errors are usually damaging to the organism, they are generally detected and
      repaired. Occasionally, however, the propagation of erroneous copies of the
      genome confers a selective advantage, leading to genetic variation and
      evolutionary change. An understanding of the nature of base-pair mismatches at a
      molecular level, and the effect of incorporation of such errors on the secondary
      structure of DNA is thus of fundamental importance. We now report the first
      single-crystal X-ray analysis of a DNA fragment, d(GGGGCTCC), which contains two
      non-complementary G X T base pairs, and discuss the implications of the results
      for the in vivo recognition of base-pair mismatches.

PMID- 4010775
TI  - Battle joined on animal lib.

PMID- 4010776
TI  - Physiological role of Ca2+ transport by mitochondria.

PMID- 4010777
TI  - Outer hair cells in the mammalian cochlea and noise-induced hearing loss.
AB  - Hair cells in the mammalian cochlea transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical
      signals leading to excitation of auditory nerve fibres. Because of their
      important role in hearing, these cells are a possible site for the loss of
      cochlear sensitivity that follows acoustic overstimulation. We have recorded from
      inner and outer hair cells (IHC, OHC) in the guinea pig cochlea during and after
      exposure to intense tones. Our results show functional changes in the hair cells
      that may explain the origin of noise-induced hearing loss. Both populations of
      hair cells show a reduction in amplitude and an increase in the symmetry of their
      acoustically evoked receptor potentials. In addition, the OHCs also suffer a
      sustained depolarization of the membrane potential. Significantly, the membrane
      and receptor potentials of the OHCs recover in parallel with cochlear sensitivity
      as measured by the IHC receptor potential amplitude and the auditory nerve
      threshold. Current theories of acoustic transduction suggest that the mechanical
      input to IHCs may be regulated by the OHCs. Consequently, the modified function
      of OHCs after acoustic overstimulation may determine the extent of the hearing
      loss following loud sound.

PMID- 4010778
TI  - Novel preparation for studying excitation-secretion coupling in the isolated
      single cell.
AB  - Cellular mechanisms of secretion in exocrine and endocrine glands are technically
      difficult to study. We present here a model which offers fundamental advantages
      for studying excitation-secretion coupling at the level of the isolated single
      cell. The salivary gland of the leech Haementeria ghilianii possesses a unique
      combination of unusual properties which greatly facilitate research in this area.
      Its cells are exceptionally large (up to 1 mm in diameter), clearly visible and
      easy to penetrate with microelectrodes. They do not form a homogeneous population
      but consist of five distinct histochemical types, secreting a number of
      identified products such as the fibrinolytic enzyme hementin (for which there is
      a sensitive assay). The cells generate overshooting calcium-dependent action
      potentials up to 90 mV in amplitude and with a duration of 200-1,000 ms. One of
      their most useful and unusual features is a lack of electrical coupling which
      means that individual cells can be studied in an intact gland without
      interference from neighbouring cells.

PMID- 4010779
TI  - Laminin for axonal guidance?

PMID- 4010780
TI  - Osmotic stress mimics effects of vasopressin on learned behaviour.
AB  - It has been suggested that arginine vasopressin (AVP) is involved in the
      retention of learned responses, in addition to its classical physiological
      functions of water retention and modulation of blood pressure. AVP administered
      subcutaneously (s.c.), intraventricularly or intracerebrally can prolong
      extinction of active avoidance behaviour and can enhance retention in inhibitory
      (passive) avoidance. These effects have been interpreted as a direct action of
      AVP on the central nervous system to facilitate memory consolidation. AVP also
      has facilitatory effects on cognitive function in humans, and marked deficits in
      AVP function have been associated with certain types of psychopathology.
      Alternative hypotheses for the behavioural actions of AVP have involved
      motivational constructs such as arousal, and our recent work has focused on the
      role of arousal resulting from the activation of peripheral visceral signals in
      the behavioural effects of peripherally administered AVP. The development of a
      specific antagonist for AVP, 1-deaminopenicillamine-2-O-methyl tyrosine arginine
      vasopressin (dPTyr(Me)AVP), which can reverse the behavioural effects of
      exogenously administered AVP, has provided a powerful tool for examining the role
      of AVP in the behavioural responses produced by physiological challenges known to
      release vasopressin. However, the relationship between the behavioural effects of
      exogenously administered AVP and the behavioural function of endogenously
      released AVP has not been evaluated. We report here that a potent peripheral
      osmotic stimulus, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of hypertonic saline, at
      doses known to release AVP both centrally and peripherally, will produce
      behavioural effects similar to those of exogenously administered AVP.
      Furthermore, the prolongation of active avoidance induced by this osmotic
      stimulus is reversed by pretreatment with dPTyr(Me)AVP, suggesting that
      endogenously released AVP may also produce behavioural effects.

PMID- 4010781
TI  - Expression of genes of the T-cell antigen receptor complex in precursor
      thymocytes.
AB  - The antigen receptor on T lymphocytes has recently been characterized as a
      heterodimeric, transmembrane glycoprotein consisting of disulphide-linked alpha
      (acidic) and beta (basic) subunits of relative molecular mass (Mr) 40,000-45,000
      each. The genes encoding these proteins have been cloned and shown to resemble
      immunoglobulin genes in both overall structure and the requirement for DNA
      rearrangement before expression. In humans, three additional proteins, termed the
      T3 complex, are found associated with the clonotypic receptor, and a role for T3
      in receptor expression has been proposed. Despite these recent advances in
      characterizing the antigen receptor complex, there is as yet little understanding
      of T-cell maturation, particularly the stage of T-cell ontogeny at which the
      genes encoding the antigen receptor and its associated structures are expressed
      and assembled. In the adult, stem cells destined to differentiate into T cells
      arise in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where T-cell precursors
      proliferate, develop a preference for recognizing antigens in the context of self
      MHC molecules and are released to the periphery. Recently, cells that have the
      properties of immature murine thymocytes have been isolated and described. We
      have now analysed these cells with a series of molecular probes and we describe
      three distinct patterns of T-cell antigen receptor gene rearrangements in
      developing thymocytes.

PMID- 4010782
TI  - Female mimicry in garter snakes.
AB  - In many diverse taxa, males of the same species often exhibit multiple mating
      strategies. One well-documented alternative male reproductive pattern is 'female
      mimicry', whereby males assume a female-like morphology or mimic female behaviour
      patterns. In some species males mimic both female morphology and behaviour. We
      report here female mimicry in a reptile, the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis
      sirtalis parietalis). This form of mimicry is unique in that it is expressed as a
      physiological feminization. Courting male red-sided garter snakes detect a female
      specific pheromone and normally avoid courting other males. However, a small
      proportion of males release a pheromone that attracts other males, as though they
      were females. In the field, mating aggregations of 5-17 males were observed
      formed around these individual attractive males, which we have termed 'she
      males'. In competitive mating trails, she-males mated with females significantly
      more often than did normal males, demonstrating not only reproductive competence
      but also a possible selective advantage to males with this female-like pheromone.

PMID- 4010783
TI  - Defective ability to self-renew in vitro of highly purified primitive
      haematopoietic cells.
AB  - Stromal cells play a critical role in haematopoiesis, both in a permissive and,
      probably, in a directive manner. Study of the interactions between stromal cells
      and haematopoietic stem cells, however, is difficult to perform using whole bone
      marrow, in which stem cells are indistinguishable from precursor cells and
      maturing haematopoietic cells, and where stromal and haematopoietic cells co
      exist in a heterogeneous mixture. We have purified primitive haematopoietic
      spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-S) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting
      (FACS) and produced CFU-S populations which approach 100% purity (ref. 6 and
      B.I.L. and E.S., in preparation). This cell population is devoid of significant
      stromal cells and mature haematopoietic cells. Here, we report that when purified
      CFU-S are seeded onto a stromal adherent layer in vitro, foci of haematopoietic
      cells develop within the stroma followed by production of a wave of maturing and
      mature progeny. However, self-renewal of CFU-S does not occur and haematopoietic
      activity rapidly declines, indicating that caution should be applied in the use
      of highly purified stem cells for human bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 4010784
TI  - An anti-idiotype vaccine against experimental schistosomiasis.
AB  - Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection of man which is widespread in tropical
      countries, and which so far has resisted attempts at control. We have been
      approaching the problem from an immunological angle. We have previously reported
      the production of a rat monoclonal IgG2a antibody against Schistosoma mansoni
      which exhibits marked cytoxicity for schistosomula in the presence of eosinophils
      and a high degree of protection by passive transfer in naive rats. This antibody,
      IPLSm1, was shown to bind specifically to a schistosomulum membrane target
      antigen defined as a glycoprotein of relative molecular mass 38,000 (38K), which
      is strongly immunogenic in schistosome infection of various animal species
      including man. Although theoretically the 38K protein represents an excellent
      candidate for a potential vaccine against schistosomiasis, the glycanic nature of
      the epitope recognized by IPLSm1 limits its production by DNA recombinant
      technology. It was, moreover, shown that, together with protective antibodies,
      the 38K molecule was able to induce the production of blocking IgG2c antibodies
      that inhibit the functional properties of IPLSm1 both in vitro and in vivo.
      Therefore, following Jerne's network theory, we considered an alternative
      approach, the possibility of immunization using anti-idiotype antibodies. In the
      present study, rat monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies were produced against
      IPLSm1 (AB1). Anti-idiotype antibodies (AB2) were selected by their capacity to
      inhibit the binding of radioiodinated AB1 to its 38K target antigen. Sera from
      naive LOU rats immunized with a purified AB2 preparation contained specific anti
      schistosome antibodies (AB3) which bound to 38K. AB3 antibodies were strongly
      cytotoxic for schistosomula in the presence of rat eosinophils and conferred
      highly significant protection by passive transfer. Most importantly, rats
      immunized with AB2 demonstrated marked protection (50-80%) to a challenge
      infection.

PMID- 4010786
TI  - Activated human eosinophils generate SRS-A leukotrienes following IgG-dependent
      stimulation.
AB  - Eosinophils, a class of granular leukocytes, are prominent in many inflammatory
      processes, particularly in asthma, certain allergic diseases and during
      infections with helminthic parasites. Following incubation with the Ca ionophore
      A23187 (refs 1-4) (a non-physiological agent which circumvents membrane calcium
      gating mechanisms), eosinophils generate large amounts of sulphidopeptide
      leukotrienes, potent inducers of smooth muscle constriction and mucus production.
      These are now known to represent the activity previously termed 'slow-reacting
      substance of anaphylaxis' (SRS-A) but attempts to identify a physiological
      stimulus for SRS-A production by eosinophils have so far been unsuccessful. The
      cells contain recognized receptors for IgG (Fc) and it is known that they adhere
      to, and can be activated by, contact with the surface of large organisms such as
      helminthic larvae. We show here that eosinophils, particularly when activated,
      produce sulphidopeptide leukotrienes after contact with large particles coated
      with IgG.

PMID- 4010785
TI  - Are offspring at risk from their father's exposure to toxins?

PMID- 4010787
TI  - In vitro reactivation of anaphase spindle elongation using isolated diatom
      spindles.
AB  - A key step for analysing the mechanochemistry of mitosis would be the isolation
      of a functional spindle capable of anaphase chromosome movement in vitro.
      Although Mazia and Dan first isolated spindles in 1952, with one or two possible
      exceptions, isolated spindles are non-functional. An alternative approach has
      used permeabilized cells to study anaphase chromosome movement, but these
      preparations are biochemically and morphologically complex, and hence difficult
      to analyse. We describe here a simple procedure for isolating diatom spindles
      which are capable of anaphase spindle elongation in vitro. With addition of ATP,
      the two half-spindles slide completely apart, with concomitant decrease in the
      zone of overlap. Electron microscopy reveals decreased numbers of microtubules
      throughout the spindle after ATP addition and confirms the complete absence of
      structures beyond the spindle poles. These results are inconsistent with
      theoretical models of mitosis which suggest that spindle poles are pushed apart
      by microtubule growth, are pulled apart by external forces applied to the poles,
      or are released from tension generated during spindle formation. The results are
      consitent with models that postulate mechanical interactions in the zone of
      microtubule overlap as a factor in spindle elongation.

PMID- 4010788
TI  - Beta-hairpin families in globular proteins.
AB  - Beta-hairpins, one of the simplest supersecondary structures, are widespread in
      globular proteins, and have often been suggested as possible sites for
      nucleation. Here we consider the conformation and sequences of the loop regions
      of beta-hairpins by analysing proteins of known structure. We find that the
      'tight' beta-hairpins, classified by the length and conformations of their loop
      regions, form distinct families and that the loop regions of the family members
      have sequences which are characteristic of that family. The two-residue hairpin
      loops include almost entirely I' or II' beta-turns, in contrast to the general
      preference for type I and type II turns. These findings are being used to help
      define templates or consensus sequences to be incorporated into our existing
      supersecondary structure prediction algorithm. This information can also be used
      in model-building homologous proteins.

PMID- 4010789
TI  - [Natural selection].
AB  - Much of the resistance against Darwin's theory of natural selection has been due
      to misunderstandings. It is shown that natural selection is not a tautology and
      that it is a two-step process. The first step, the production of variation, is
      under the control of chance; the second step, selection proper, is an anti-chance
      process, but subject to many constraints. The target of selection is the
      individual as a whole, and many neutral mutations can be retained as hitchhikers
      of successful genotypes. Sexual selection results from selection for pure
      reproductive success.

PMID- 4010790
TI  - [Hygienic aspects of agricultural land applications of wastewater and sewage
      sludge].
AB  - Wastewater can be removed either by introducing it into rivers or by land
      application. Both methods are burdened with different hygienic risks. Generally,
      the danger of disease infections associated with agricultural land application of
      wastewater is overestimated. On the other hand, the potential health hazard
      caused by the introduction of wastewater into rivers or coastal waters are
      underevaluated. Reasons of hygiene are given, however, the main cause of the
      hygiene risk is due to cultural and social aspects.

PMID- 4010791
TI  - Amphetamine induced release of endogenous dopamine in vitro is not reduced
      following pretreatment with reserpine.
AB  - The release of endogenous dopamine evoked by electrical stimulation or by
      exposure to (+)-amphetamine (10 microM) was determined in superfused striatal
      slices of the rat. The spontaneous and the electrically-evoked release of
      dopamine were significantly increased in the presence of nomifensine (10 microM).
      After reserpine pretreatment (5 mg/kg, s.c., 24 h), the striatal dopamine content
      was reduced by about 90%. Exposure to 10 microM (+)-amphetamine during 2 min
      released similar amounts of dopamine from striatal slices of untreated or
      reserpine pretreated rats. Similar results were obtained when monoamine oxidase
      activity was inhibited in vivo with pargyline. Pretreatment with reserpine does
      not modify the (+)-amphetamine-induced release of dopamine, in spite of the
      marked reduction of the striatal dopamine content. These results provide direct
      evidence for the view that (+)-amphetamine releases dopamine from a special,
      reserpine-resistant pool of newly synthetized transmitter.

PMID- 4010792
TI  - Evidence for selective serotonergic receptor involvement in p-chloroamphetamine
      induced antinociception.
AB  - Administration of the serotonin (5-HT) releasing compound p-chloroamphetamine
      (PCA; 2.5 mg/kg) induced potent analgesia in rats tested with the hot plate
      method. The analgesia was prevented by pretreatment with either of the 5-HT
      uptake inhibitors alaproclate (20 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg). Taking into
      account that the noradrenergic uptake inhibitor desipramine in previous
      experiments failed to interfere with the effect of PCA, these results demonstrate
      that PCA selectively acts on 5-HT terminals. The analgesia was attenuated by
      administration of the 5-HT antagonists methiothepin (0.125-0.5 mg/kg) and
      danitracen (0.25-2.5 mg/kg) but not by a series of other 5-HT receptor
      antagonists or antagonists acting on noradrenergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic,
      histaminergic or muscarinic receptors. It is concluded that the analgesic effect
      of PCA is mediated via stimulation of a type of 5-HT receptors possibly belonging
      to the 5-HT-1 class. Further studies are, however, needed in order to firmly
      establish the relationship to any particular sub-type of 5-HT receptor as
      characterized in in vitro binding studies.

PMID- 4010793
TI  - Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and pergolide on neurogenic vasoconstriction in
      the hindquarters of the rat.
AB  - The effects of locally administered apomorphine and pergolide were studied in the
      isolated autoperfused hindquarters of the rat, in an attempt to assess the
      possible role of presynaptic dopamine receptors at that level in the hypotensive
      effect of these dopamine agonists. Local infusion of apomorphine (1 micrograms .
      kg-1 . min-1 for 5 min) or pergolide (1 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 for 5 min)
      [into the hindquarters] did not alter perfusion pressure per se, but reduced the
      pressor response to electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chains for
      the whole frequency range used during a cumulative frequency-response curve (0.25
      16 Hz, 1 ms, supramaximal voltage). Apomorphine and pergolide reduced the pressor
      response elicited by 4 Hz electrical stimulation (applied until maximum response
      was reached) to 54.8 +/- 7.1% and 53.9 +/- 1.7% respectively, but they did not
      modify similar increases of perfusion pressure produced by locally administered
      noradrenaline. The inhibition by apomorphine and pergolide of the 4 Hz
      stimulation-evoked pressor response was completely antagonized by local
      administration of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (1 microgram . kg-1), but
      was not influenced by the alpha 2-antagonist rauwolscine (100 micrograms . kg-1).
      This dose of rauwolscine antagonized the inhibitory effect of the alpha 2-agonist
      UK-14,304, which was not influenced by haloperidol. Local administration of
      rauwolscine increased the pressor response to stimulation at 4 Hz by 37.4-46.2%.
      In contrast, local administration of haloperidol did not influence the 4 Hz
      stimulation-evoked pressor response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010794
TI  - Interaction of the neuromuscular blocking drugs alcuronium, decamethonium,
      gallamine, pancuronium, ritebronium, tercuronium and d-tubocurarine with
      muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the heart and ileum.
AB  - Neuromuscular blocking drugs have a high affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine
      receptors in the heart atria and ileal smooth muscle. In experiments on
      homogenates, alcuronium, gallamine, pancuronium, tercuronium and ritebronium
      inhibited the binding of the muscarinic antagonist (3H)quinuclidinyl benzilate
      (QNB) to rat heart atria with IC50 values of 0.15-0.53 mumol X 1(-1) and to ileal
      longitudinal muscles with IC50 values of 0.12-0.45 mumol X 1(-1). d-Tubocurarine
      and decamethonium inhibited (3H)QNB binding to these tissues with IC50 values of
      6.2-8.5 mumol X 1(-1). For each neuromuscular blocking drug, the IC50 values were
      virtually identical for (3H)QNB displacement in the homogenates of the atria and
      of the ileal muscle. Alcuronium and gallamine differed from the other blocking
      agents in that they produced less steep (3H)QNB displacement curves both in the
      atria and the ileal muscle; Hill coefficients for the binding of alcuronium and
      gallamine to atrial and ileal homogenates were lower than unity. On isolated
      atria, gallamine, pancuronium, ritebronium and tercuronium antagonized the
      inhibition of tension development caused by the muscarinic agonist,
      methylfurmethide, with Kd values which were of the same order of magnitude as the
      IC50 values for the displacement of (3H)QNB binding to homogenates; the Kd of
      alcuronium was 12.5 times higher. d-Tubocurarine and decamethonium did not
      antagonize the effects of methylfurmethide at concentrations up to 100 mumol X 1(
      1). On isolated ileal longitudinal muscle, gallamine and pancuronium antagonized
      the effects of methylfurmethide with Kd values that were 53 times and 100 times
      higher than their respective Kd values in the atria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4010795
TI  - Biphasic effect of a gradual rise in plasma calcium concentration on
      vulnerability to fibrillation.
AB  - The possible potentiation by a rise in plasma calcium concentration of the
      effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on the atrial myocardium was investigated, mainly
      with a view to define the increase in vulnerability to fibrillation by
      hypercalcaemia. The effective refractory period (ERP) of the atrial myocardium,
      the atrial fibrillation threshold (AFT) and the atrial fibrillation rate (AFR)
      were measured repeatedly before and during the intravenous infusion of calcium at
      the rates of 0.025, 0.050 and 0.100 mmol . kg-1 . min-1 in dogs whose heart was,
      in addition, submitted to a cholinergic influence. 1. As long as the rise in
      plasma calcium concentration did not reach 100% approximately, this influence was
      enhanced considerably: in particular, ACh shortened ERP and raised AFR to a much
      larger extent, so that it resulted in fibrillation with a minor electrical
      stimulation. 2. When the rise in plasma calcium concentration exceeded 100%,
      hypercalcaemia became inhibitory of the effects of ACh, with a reversal in the
      modification of all the parameters, AFT especially, and, finally, prevention or
      even conversion to sinus rhythm of fibrillation.

PMID- 4010797
TI  - [Stoma care].

PMID- 4010798
TI  - [Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda and stapes surgery].

PMID- 4010796
TI  - Effect of Ni2+ on the multiphasic positive inotropic responses to histamine
      mediated by H1-receptors in left atria of guinea pigs.
AB  - Effects of calcium antagonists and Ni2+ on the positive inotropic responses to
      histamine mediated by H1-receptors were investigated in left atria of guinea
      pigs. The preparations were electrically driven at 0.5 Hz in Krebs-Henseleit
      solution at a temperature of 30 degrees C unless stated otherwise. Histamine in
      low concentrations of 10 and 100 nmol/1 produced a monophasic positive inotropic
      effect, whereas in concentrations higher than 1 mumol/1 it exerted a multiphasic
      inotropic response composed of an initial increasing phase (initial component)
      and a second and late developing, greater positive inotropic phase (second
      component). These two components were sometimes separated by a transient decrease
      in developed tension. Both positive inotropic components caused by 3 mumol/1
      histamine were inhibited by the H1-antagonists mepyramine, D-chlorpheniramine and
      diphenhydramine in a concentration-dependent manner, but not by the H2-antagonist
      cimetidine. Pretreatment with Ni2+ in concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 mmol/1
      preferentially suppressed the second component of the inotropic effect produced
      by 3 mumol/1 histamine without significantly affecting the initial component. On
      the other hand, the monophasic positive inotropic effect of 30 nmol/1 histamine
      was almost unaffected by this cation. The concentration-response curves for the
      positive inotropic effect of histamine were hardly influenced by Ni2+ in the
      range of lower concentrations of histamine, but significantly suppressed in the
      range of higher concentrations of the agonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010799
TI  - [The somatic specialist and conversion].

PMID- 4010800
TI  - [Primary aortoduodenal fistula, a rare cause of gastrointestinal blood loss].

PMID- 4010801
TI  - [Legionnaires' disease among Dutch tourists in a hotel in Pineda de Mar, Spain].

PMID- 4010802
TI  - [Children and young adults with hydrocephalus (a follow-up study)].

PMID- 4010803
TI  - [Tuberculosis control in the eastern coal mining district 1981-1982].

PMID- 4010804
TI  - [Nontraumatic gas gangrene in a patient with several malignant diseases].

PMID- 4010805
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of heroin addiction in the general hospital].

PMID- 4010806
TI  - [Minimal brain dysfunction, a panorama; a recommendation of the Public Health
      Council].

PMID- 4010808
TI  - [Nonspecific vaginitis].

PMID- 4010807
TI  - [Yes doctor, I understand that you know nothing about it, but what do you think
      about it?].

PMID- 4010809
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment of hemorrhoids].

PMID- 4010810
TI  - [Respiratory insufficiency in myasthenia gravis].

PMID- 4010811
TI  - [Collagenous colitis].

PMID- 4010812
TI  - [Epidemiology of acute sports injuries].

PMID- 4010813
TI  - [Pre or posthysterectomy syndrome?].

PMID- 4010814
TI  - [Transaxillary thoracic sympathectomy for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis
      and rubeosis].

PMID- 4010815
TI  - [Disseminated lupus erythematosus in childhood].

PMID- 4010816
TI  - [The washboard phenomenon of the shoulder-blade].

PMID- 4010817
TI  - [Epidemiology of acute sports injuries].

PMID- 4010818
TI  - [Lymphangiosarcoma of the lyphedematous arm following breast amputation (Stewart
      Treves syndrome)].

PMID- 4010819
TI  - [Sex disorders and chlorthalidone; an unexpected and little-known side effect of
      thiazide diuretics].

PMID- 4010820
TI  - The need for chemical disclosure legislation.

PMID- 4010821
TI  - Heat stroke, stress, and malignant hyperthermia.

PMID- 4010822
TI  - Superiority of standing orders to start an iv during cardiac arrest over base
      station orders.

PMID- 4010823
TI  - Posterior tibial arterio-venous fistula and false aneurysm.

PMID- 4010824
TI  - Torus fracture of the distal radius producing growth arrest.

PMID- 4010825
TI  - [The hypochondriacal syndrome].

PMID- 4010826
TI  - [Clinical aspects and development of psychogenic pain syndromes].

PMID- 4010827
TI  - [Significance of bonding and separation in the development of disease].

PMID- 4010828
TI  - [Adjustment and personal loss. A contribution to the psychopathology of childhood
      and adolescence].

PMID- 4010829
TI  - [Uncharacteristic "basic" symptoms in the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire and
      their relation to psychopathologic syndromes].

PMID- 4010830
TI  - [Substrate near-basic disorder or nosologically ambiguous subjective cognitive
      disorder? Critical analysis of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire by
      Sullwold].

PMID- 4010831
TI  - [Body image of young girls and females in comparison with anorectic patients:
      evaluation of a measuring instrument].

PMID- 4010832
TI  - [Predictive value of multiaxial diagnosis for the latter social adjustment of
      childhood encopresis patients].

PMID- 4010833
TI  - Low-dose subcutaneous heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis in non
      surgical patients.

PMID- 4010834
TI  - A solution to the reflux problem?

PMID- 4010835
TI  - Bacterial drug resistance in the community and in hospitals.

PMID- 4010836
TI  - Complications from long-term indwelling central venous catheters, with special
      reference to infections.

PMID- 4010837
TI  - Prednisone-induced hypercalcaemia in a patient with sarcoidosis and primary
      hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 4010838
TI  - Absence of hyperpigmentation causes delay in the diagnosis of Addison's disease.

PMID- 4010839
TI  - Controversies in pharmacotherapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A
      pathophysiological approach.

PMID- 4010840
TI  - Effect of blood transfusions on survival after cancer surgery.

PMID- 4010841
TI  - Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in pregnancy.

PMID- 4010842
TI  - Adverse effect of exercise on immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.
AB  - To assess the effect of strenuous daily exercise on immune complex-mediated
      glomerulonephritis (GN), rabbits were randomly assigned to one of three
      experimental groups: Group I (n = 12): treadmill exercise for 28 days plus twice
      weekly intravenous injections of saline. Group II (n = 10): treadmill exercise
      for 28 days plus twice weekly intravenous bovine serum albumin (BSA) injection.
      Group III (n = 9): intravenous doses of BSA, as in group II, but no exercise.
      Blood and urine samples were collected from each animal periodically during the
      28-day experimental period. On the 29th day of the study all animals were
      sacrificed and tissue taken for renal histopathologic studies. We found that in
      group II (exercise + GN) abnormal albuminuria was more frequent (p less than
      0.001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels rose significantly with time (p less
      than 0.02) and hematuria (blood in renal tubules) was more common (p less than
      0.05), compared to group III (GN only). The differences between groups II and III
      could not be explained by the effect of exercise alone since group I (exercise
      only) developed no abnormal albuminuria, BUN levels or hematuria during the
      course of the study. These findings suggest that strenuous exercise superimposed
      on active immune complex-mediated GN results in worsening of the abnormal
      glomerular function.

PMID- 4010843
TI  - Digoxin-like immunoreacting substance(s) in the serum of patients with chronic
      uremia.
AB  - In patients with chronic uremia we have previously demonstrated a significant
      inhibition of the Na-K-ATPase enzyme which represents the specific receptor
      protein for cardiac glycosides. Since an endogenous inhibitor of this enzyme was
      previously shown to react with a digoxin antibody, in the present study we
      determined digoxin-like immunoreacting activity(ies) (DLIA) by a radioimmunoassay
      in 15 nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. In native serum, DLIA
      ranged from 0 to 1.70 ng/ml and was unrelated to the degree of renal failure.
      After gel filtration of serum, DLIA exclusively eluted in the small molecular
      weight salt (FIII) and post-salt (FIV) fractions and averaged 0.22 +/- 0.04 and
      0.20 +/- 0.05 ng/ml in fractions III and IV, respectively. Total activities
      ranged from 0.11 to 0.88 ng/ml with a mean of 0.42 +/- 0.06 ng/ml and closely
      correlated with the degree of renal impairment (p less than 0.001). The results
      confirm the presence of small molecular weight digoxin-like immunoreacting
      substance(s) in uremic serum. The variable activities in native serum and the
      lack of correlation between the degree of renal failure and DLIA in serum
      fraction IV previously shown to possess the Na-K-ATPase-inhibiting activity,
      however, indicate that DLIA may not reflect specifically the endogenous sodium
      pump inhibitor and that unspecific binding to this digoxin antibody of uremic
      toxins or other endogenous compounds, such as steroids other than aldosterone,
      may have occurred.

PMID- 4010844
TI  - Kidney and cancer: results of immunofluorescence microscopy.
AB  - Kidneys obtained at autopsy were studied by immunofluorescence in order to detect
      the presence of glomerular deposits in 129 patients who had presented with solid
      tumors, and in 55 patients without carcinoma utilized as controls. Deposits were
      observed in 22 of the neoplastic patients (17%), but only in 3 of the others
      (5.4%) (p less than 0.05). Among all solid tumors, glomerular deposits were most
      often observed in digestive carcinoma (p less than 0.02). These deposits were
      usually mesangial and they were never subepithelial. IgG and/or IgM and/or C3
      deposits were demonstrated in 14 of 22 patients, IgA deposits were present in the
      8 others (36%). Thus malignant neoplastic diseases should be taken into account
      as a possible etiologic factor in IgA nephropathy and they should be looked for
      in older patients with Berger's disease.

PMID- 4010845
TI  - Low-pressure receptor activity and exaggerated natriuresis in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Urinary sodium excretion, central hemodynamics, and mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      were studied in 7 normal subjects and 19 hypertensive patients during both
      central hypervolemia by water immersion to the neck (NI) and extracellular volume
      expansion by i.v. saline infusion. During 2-hour NI, 12 out of the 19
      hypertensives exhibited a significant fall in MAP (p less than 0.001).
      Exaggerated natriuresis did not occur in these patients (ns). In the remaining 7
      hypertensive patients in whom, during NI, MAP was unchanged, exaggerated
      natriuresis was found (p less than 0.001). During saline infusion, MAP was either
      unchanged or increased and exaggerated natriuresis was found in all hypertensive
      patients (p less than 0.001) previously submitted to NI. Our findings suggest
      that a high MAP is a major determinant of exaggerated natriuresis in arterial
      hypertension.

PMID- 4010846
TI  - Cutaneous abnormalities in uremic patients.
AB  - 94 uremic patients, 68 on regular hemodialysis treatment (RHT) and 26 on chronic
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), were followed for up to 20 months in
      search of dermatological manifestations. 79% of RHT and 76% of CAPD patients had
      some kind of cutaneous lesion. The most characteristic features of cutaneous
      involvement in RHT and CAPD patients were: cutaneous xerosis, pruritus,
      infectious manifestations and disorders of pigmentation. In 4 RHT patients,
      precancerous and cancerous manifestations were also observed.

PMID- 4010847
TI  - Tubular proteinuria in children without other defects of renal function.
AB  - 3 patients are described in whom proteinuria was detected on routine urine
      analysis and subsequently shown to be predominantly tubular in origin. Renal
      biopsies showed only minor changes. Hypercalciuria was also noted in 1 of the 3
      patients but no other tubular abnormalities were demonstrated. The precise
      diagnosis remains uncertain, but an unusual presentation of idiopathic
      hypercalciuria or of the adult Fanconi syndrome must be considered. These
      patients may alternatively have a previously undescribed disorder.

PMID- 4010848
TI  - Vascular architecture modifications in the steroid-induced polycystic kidney.
AB  - This paper presents a study of the renal vascular architecture in polycystic
      kidneys induced in newborn rabbits by a single injection of methylprednisolone
      acetate. Ink perfusion and polyester resin corrosion casts were utilized, and the
      vasculature was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Vascular
      alterations were observed in the two main evolutive stages of the renal
      polycystosis: the stage of tubular cysts and the stage of glomerular cysts. These
      alterations were compared with the normal vascular pattern of control kidneys. At
      the tubular cyst stage the sinusoidal vascular cortical plexus persisted for a
      long period of time and the superficial cortical glomerular tufts were poorly
      developed. At the glomerular cyst stage, the vascular architecture of the
      superficial cortex showed numerous alterations. The glomerular tufts were small
      and their structural pattern was affected. Frequently the hilum was very wide and
      the afferent and efferent arterioles were on opposite sides of the glomerular
      tufts. The afferent arterioles were variable in size and length. Sometimes the
      glomeruli showed several afferent arterioles. There were numerous cases of double
      efferent arterioles in the superficial glomeruli of the polycystic kidneys.
      Various types of aglomerular shunts were observed regardless of the cystic stage
      or age. These data indicate that, in addition to the cysts, the corticoid-induced
      polycystic kidneys showed alterations of the renal vascular architecture which
      are interpreted as a malformation. We suggest, on the basis of these morphologic
      observations, that the pathogenesis of the polycystic kidneys is not related to
      the vascular alterations.

PMID- 4010849
TI  - Effect of chlorpromazine on peritoneal clearances.
AB  - Chlorpromazine added to the dialysate improved the ultrafiltration and increased
      peritoneal clearances of urea and inulin. These results were postulated to be due
      to the narrowed stagnant dialysate fluid layer by the surface-active property of
      chlorpromazine. The study suggested another way to improve large solute (possibly
      uremic toxin) transport by using substances that facilitate convective transport.
      Intraperitoneal chlorpromazine increased the peritoneal dialysis efficiency.

PMID- 4010850
TI  - Induction of chronic renal failure in the mouse: a new model.
AB  - An animal model with experimental uremia is an important research tool for the
      study of the sequence of pathophysiological events taking place in the uremic
      syndrome. An appreciable number of animal models and methods for the induction of
      chronic uremia have been published. It is surprising that no such method has been
      reported in the mouse, which is an important laboratory animal. A new method for
      the induction of chronic uremia in the mouse is described. It consists of
      unilateral destruction of most of the renal cortex by burns combined with
      contralateral nephrectomy. This method can be carried out in one or two stages.
      Follow-up of the experimental animals reveals that significant uremia developed
      within 4 weeks and remained constant for the rest of the study period, i.e. 10
      weeks.

PMID- 4010851
TI  - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and scleroderma.
AB  - A patient with scleroderma has been maintained on continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for the past 18 months after having developed
      associated renal failure. Peritoneal clearances, pulmonary function tests, and
      hand studies have shown seasonal changes from summer to winter with ambient
      temperature variations. Rehabilitation and quality of life have been acceptable,
      blood pressure has been well controlled off all medications, and there has been
      relatively little disease progression. Attempts have been made to maintain low
      dose captopril therapy to suppress plasma renin activity. This case suggests that
      CAPD is an acceptable and, perhaps, indicated treatment modality for renal
      failure associated with scleroderma.

PMID- 4010852
TI  - Focal glomerulosclerosis associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - This report describes a new case of the rare association of focal
      glomerulosclerosis with a peroneal muscular atrophy of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth
      type. The young patient was admitted with a nephrotic syndrome. A terminal renal
      failure rapidly developed. Numerous chronic nephropathies were known in the
      patient's family. The ultrastructural study of the renal biopsy revealed a focal
      fusion of the epithelial foot processes, thickened and pleated mesangial basal
      laminae, vacuolated podocytes and small intranuclear clear inclusions. The
      Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was of the hypertrophic type. According to a review
      of the literature and to further information concerning the follow-up of the 5
      previously reported cases, the prognosis of the nephropathy is guarded with
      progression to end-stage renal disease in a few years. This case represents the
      6th reported case of focal glomerulosclerosis associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth
      disease.

PMID- 4010853
TI  - Radioimmunoassay for serum and urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in the rat.
AB  - Rat Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THG) was isolated from urine and disaggregated by
      gel filtration. Purity was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Antibodies were raised and used in the
      development of a specific radioimmunoassay for rat THG. Parallelism could be
      demonstrated between the standard preparation and urine (diluted to 1:320 with
      distilled water) and serum (at all dilutions) samples. Recovery of standard added
      to urine or serum was on average 93% and inter- and intra-assay variation were
      both below 7%. There was a positive correlation between the mean urinary
      excretory rate of THG (microgram/24h) and body weight in female rats (p less than
      0.001) but not in male rats. Serum THG levels were similar in both sexes and
      showed a positive correlation with body weight (p less than 0.001; range 43-240
      ng/ml). It is concluded that the rat urinary THG excretion rate is similar to
      that in man and that rat serum also contains a THG-like protein.

PMID- 4010854
TI  - Perforation of the esophagus (Boerhaave's syndrome) during hemodialysis.
AB  - The first case of spontaneous perforation of the esophagus during hemodialysis is
      reported. This occurred in a 73-year-old patient, following vomiting, which he
      frequently experienced during dialysis.

PMID- 4010855
TI  - Renal aspergillosis--case report.
AB  - A well controlled diabetic presented with recurrent attacks of renal colic and
      passage of soft masses per urethra, which were identified as aspergillus fungus
      balls; he was treated with amphotericin B, subsequent to which he was free of
      renal colic and urine cultures were negative for aspergillus.

PMID- 4010856
TI  - Is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis really decreasing? A multicentre
      study of 1,548 cases of primary glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 4010857
TI  - Is zinc status a problem in the dietary treatment of chronic renal failure?

PMID- 4010858
TI  - Plasma potassium and blood pH following physical exercise in dialysis patients.

PMID- 4010859
TI  - [Disease picture of neural intermittent claudication in lumbar spinal stenosis].
AB  - The article reports on 56 patients on whom operation was performed for neurogenic
      intermittent claudication up to the end of 1983. The diagnostic, operative, and
      post-operative results are described in detail.

PMID- 4010860
TI  - [Gunshot wounds of the skull during peacetime].
AB  - 66 patients with gunshot wounds were treated at the Department of Neurosurgery of
      Hanover University up to May 1982. These included wounds inflicted by bolt guns
      of the type used in slaughter houses, and by bolt-setting or nail-setting tools
      used in building construction work. The total mortality was 50%. Seventeen
      patients died directly after admission or within the first 24 hours. Operation
      was not indicated in cases which appeared hopeless. In patients with mild
      neurological deficits, only the superficial skin wounds were treated to avoid
      additional damage to the brain. CT scans performed in approximately one-half of
      the patients yielded valuable information on the path of the bullet and on
      haematomas. Postoperatively, there were several complications, mainly pneumonia
      and cerebrospinal fluid fistulas; in fact, pneumonia was responsible for the
      death of some patients. The mortality is compared with the findings by other
      authors. No patients remained in need of care after rehabilitation.

PMID- 4010861
TI  - Infantile calcified cerebral aneurysm.
AB  - A case of a calcified aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery is reported.
      Frequency, aetiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of these aneurysms are
      discussed.

PMID- 4010862
TI  - Chronic extradural haematoma: a late complication of head injury.
AB  - Three cases of chronic extradural haematoma are presented. The patients who were
      admitted with neurological signs, were fully conscious at the time of diagnosis.
      They were operated on 9, 14 and 29 days after the initial trauma. The necessity
      for adopting a generally accepted chronological criterion of chronicity for
      extradural haematoma is emphasized. A distinction between conscious and comatose
      patients with chronic extradural haematoma is made.

PMID- 4010863
TI  - [Septic brain abscess following closed craniocerebral trauma with steroid
      therapy].
AB  - In a 19-year old man a loculated brain abscess developed in a contusional lesion
      subsequent to head injury. He remained an inpatient at the hospital during the
      entire time from trauma to operation. The patient had received dexamethasone
      because of elevated intracranial pressure, and he was supervised via computerised
      tomography. Besides pre-operative differential diagnosis, the pathogenesis of
      this septic complication caused by steroids without antibiotics is discussed in
      the light of recent literature.

PMID- 4010864
TI  - Treatment of cerebral vasospasm following severe head injury with the calcium
      influx blocker nimodipine.
AB  - 8 patients suffering from severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3-5)
      were treated with the calcium influx blocker nimodipine (2-3 mg/h) for a
      traumatic cerebral vasospasm. In every case the spasm involved the frontal region
      of the circle of Willis with the first two segments of the anterior and middle
      cerebral artery. Control angiograms, recorded in 6 patients, revealed a dilated
      or normalized lumen of the vessels that the first angiography had revealed to be
      spastic. The intracranial and the mean arterial pressure were not altered by
      nimodipine during simultaneous neurosurgical intensive care therapy
      (dexamethasone, mannitol, relaxation, and controlled respiration for 2-3 days).
      Monitoring of the somato-sensory evoked potentials (SEP) showed a distinct
      improvement of the cortical response within 7 days. One patient died of sepsis 8
      days after the accident and one remained in a vegetative state. The remaining
      patients reached Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 13.0 +/- 1.1. within 8.6 +/- 2.2
      days, the initial scores having been 4.1 +/- 0.8. One year after their accident
      all the patients were once again fully able to work. The survival quality was
      therefore better than that reported in the literature for patients in similar
      conditions. We conclude from these preliminary results that calcium influx
      blockers can be used successfully in the therapy of traumatic vasospasm and of
      severe head injuries. A study involving a larger number of patients is currently
      in progress.

PMID- 4010865
TI  - Clinical experience with nimodipine in the prophylaxis of neurological deficits
      after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist
      nimodipine (BAY e 9736) in the prophylaxis of ischemic neurological deficits
      after subarachnoid hemorrhage were investigated in 171 patients in an open,
      prospective, multicenter study. 68 of the patients had to be excluded from the
      efficacy assessment as they had failed to satisfy important inclusion criteria.
      The efficacy assessment was based on 104 patients of Hunt and Hess grades I-III.
      In 86 patients the ruptured aneurysm was clipped before or during the nimodipine
      therapy, while 18 patients did not undergo surgery owing to failure to detect an
      aneurysm, continuous deterioration of the clinical condition, or for other
      reasons. At the end of the nimodipine treatment 74 of the patients (71%) were
      completely free from symptoms or had only very slight neurological deficits.
      There were 10 patients (10%) with moderate and 10 with a severe disablement, 4
      patients were apallic, and 6 (6%) died during the nimodipine treatment. In 4
      patients (3.8%) cerebral vasospasm was the sole cause of severe neurological
      deficits or death, while in a further 3 patients (2.7%) vasospasm and other
      serious complications were responsible for poor outcome. 22 of the 171 patients
      (12.9%) died during or shortly after nimodipine therapy. Rebleeding occurred
      during nimodipine therapy in 7 of the 143 preoperatively treated cases (4.9%).

PMID- 4010866
TI  - Nimodipine treatment of ischemic neurological deficits due to cerebral vasospasm
      after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clinical results of a multicenter study.
AB  - Intravenous Nimodipine was administered to 109 patients (65 female and 44 male)
      with either pre- or post-operative progressive neurological deterioration from
      cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm. In
      91 of the patients the efficacy of Nimodipine in relieving ischemic symptoms was
      assessed and in all of the 109 patients the tolerance was evaluated. The
      aneurysms were related to following arteries: anterior communicating artery
      (41%), middle cerebral artery (24%), internal carotid artery (10%), vertebro
      basilar arteries (4%) and others (5.5%); 11% of the patients had multiple
      aneurysms. On 16 of the 91 patients no surgery was performed. On 16% of the
      remaining 75 patients surgery was performed within 72 hours after the hemorrhage,
      57% were operated between day 4 and day 15 and 29% after day 16. The ischemic
      neurological deficits occurred preoperatively in 67% of the patients and post
      operatively in 23%. At the beginning of treatment 84% of the patients were graded
      III-V according to the Hunt and Hess grading system. Most of the patients
      received doses of 24-48 mg Nimodipine daily as constant i.v. infusion for 7-10
      days. The grade of neurological deficit at the end of the treatment was evaluated
      according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale. 59 (65%) of the patients showed complete
      recovery or marked improvement of the ischemic symptoms while 22% remained
      unchanged and 11% died due to severe vasospasm. Administration of Nimodipine
      seemed to be more efficient in cases where treatment was started within 24 hours.
      In the patient group which was treated pre-operatively, recurrent hemorrhage was
      recorded in 8% of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010867
TI  - Immediate postangiographic intraarterial treatment of cerebral vasospasm after
      subarachnoid hemorrhage with nimodipine. Report on 3 cases.
AB  - Three cases of symptomatic vasospasm after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage
      are reported. Vasospasm occurred preoperatively in two instances and
      postoperatively in another. All three cases received an intraarterial perfusion
      with 0.2 mg nimodipine (BAY e 9736) per hour for 90 minutes. Resolution of the
      spasms was demonstrated by angiography. As there were no side effects
      attributable to this form of treatment, new possibilities for neuroradiological
      intervention may arise in selected cases.

PMID- 4010868
TI  - Pharmacology of nimodipine, a calcium antagonist with preferential
      cerebrovascular activity.
AB  - In isolated vessels in vitro nimodipine inhibits spasms induced by depolarization
      independently of the vessel's origin. The spasms induced by spasmogenic agonists
      such as serotonin, catecholamines, histamine, thromboxane, or whole blood are
      inhibited only in the cerebral vessels and not in the peripheral vessels. In
      vivo, nimodipine inhibits cerebrovascular spasms and brain damage in acute and
      chronic animal experiments. In chronic studies on stroke-prone, spontaneously
      hypertensive rats, nimodipine prevents cerebral tissue damage and prolongs the
      survival time without affecting the high blood pressure. Nimodipine inhibits the
      transmembraneous calcium influx in the smooth muscle cells of the cerebral
      vessels and thus prevents cerebral hypoperfusion after spasmogenic stimulation.
      In chronic cerebrovascular stress nimodipine prevents harmful calcium overloading
      and thus ensures the integrity of the cerebral parenchyma.

PMID- 4010870
TI  - Influence of nimodipine on cardiovascular parameters during coronary surgery.
AB  - A total of 78 patients about to undergo open-heart surgery (ACVB) were given
      nimodipine, a new calcium antagonist, in different doses (0.5 or 1.0 microgram/kg
      body weight min or 0.03/0.06 mg/kg h) before and during extracorporeal
      circulation. During infusion (10 to 40 min), the hemodynamic parameters were
      recorded, including intrapulmonary pressures, the cardiac output and the left
      ventricular contractility parameters LVP and dp/dtmax. The administration of
      nimodipine resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of the pulmonary and peripheral
      vascular resistance with a subsequent decrease of the mean arterial pressure or
      perfusion pressure (during extracorporeal circulation). The left ventricular
      pressure (LVP) was reduced, whereas sometimes the cardiac output increased
      considerably. The contractility (dp/dtmax) was not impaired even by the high
      nimodipine dose. The heart rate, too, remained unaffected. The nimodipine dose of
      0.5 microgram/kg min used in neurosurgery for therapy did not cause any
      clinically relevant decrease in blood pressure; at higher doses (greater than or
      equal to 1.0 microgram/kg min) an excessive fall of the diastolic pressure must
      be avoided in patients with severe (coronary) sclerosis, because a reduced
      perfusion of poorly vascularized myocardial regions can occur despite improved
      global perfusion.

PMID- 4010869
TI  - Overview on pharmacokinetics of nimodipine in healthy volunteers and in patients
      with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of Nimodipine were studied in healthy volunteers and in
      patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) following cerebral aneurysm rupture.
      Nimodipine was absorbed rapidly. After an oral dose of 120 mg an average maximal
      plasma concentration 106 micrograms/l was recorded 45 to 60 minutes later. During
      a 7-day oral therapy with 40 mg t.i.d. no accumulation or change in the
      absorption or elimination kinetics occurred. After i.v. administration a biphasic
      elimination with half lives of 7 min and 1 hour was observed. In patients with
      subarachnoid hemorrhage receiving a continuous infusion of 2 mg/hour the mean
      nimodipine plasma concentrations ranged between 36 and 72 micrograms/l.
      Subsequent oral dose of 60 mg q.i.d. to the same patients resulted in
      concentrations ranging between 17 to 42 micrograms/l on the average one hour
      after the dosage. Mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels amounted to 0.3 +/- 0.2
      microgram/l in patients whose mean plasma concentrations were 76.9 +/- 34.0
      micrograms/l.

PMID- 4010871
TI  - Blood pressure and heart rate during treatment with nimodipine in patients with
      subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - Careful observation of blood pressure and heart rate in patients with
      subarachnoid hemorrhage during therapy with nimodipine showed that blood pressure
      decreases mainly in hypertensive patients during the first hours of therapy or
      when treatment is started immediately with 2 mg per hour instead of the
      recommended initial dose of 1 mg per hour. Predominantly mild or moderate
      reversible falls in blood pressure were reported as side effects in 21/421
      patients (5%). Electrocardiographic abnormalities such as tachycardia,
      bradycardia, arrhythmia or extrasystoles were reported as side effects during
      treatment with nimodipine in 18 patients (4,3%). Since the association of ECG
      abnormalities with subarachnoid hemorrhage has been known for many years it is
      likely that these abnormalities are not typical side effects of nimodipine but
      belong to the natural course of the disease.

PMID- 4010872
TI  - Acute effects of nimodipine on the cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure.
AB  - The effects of nimodipine, a calcium antagonist with preferential cerebrovascular
      activity, on the global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF and rCBF), the
      intracranial pressure (ICP), and the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), were
      investigated in an acute study. The rCBF of 54 patients was measured by the Xe133
      inhalation method under identical conditions before and 60 min after oral
      administration of nimodipine. 12 patients with focal cerebral circulation
      disturbances of arteriosclerotic origin, who had suffered a cerebral accident
      (TIA, PRIND, minor stroke) no more than 3 weeks previously, were given a placebo
      (test-retest controls) and 25 patients of the same diagnosis and age group were
      given 40-80 mg nimodipine orally. 11 patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage
      (SAH) from ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms and clinical and
      angiographic signs of vasospasm (Hunt- and Hess grade 3) were likewise treated
      with nimodipine by the oral route. 6 patients with cerebral vasospasm received
      nimodipine in i.v. doses of 0.5-2 mg/h. The cerebral blood flow, assessed on the
      basis of the initial slope index (ISI), before and after the medication, was
      compared by statistical methods. 12 patients with head injury were given
      nimodipine intravenously in a dose of 0.5-2 mg with continuous monitoring of the
      ICP and the blood pressure. The pressure values were evaluated continuously by
      computer, with calculation of the perfusion pressure, and tested for statistical
      significance. Oral nimodipine therapy resulted in a significant (14%) increased
      of the CBF (taking account of the arterial pCO2), the improvement of blood flow
      being even more pronounced in the hypoperfused regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4010873
TI  - Ontogenetic studies on tryptophan transport into plasma membrane vesicles derived
      from rat brain synaptosomes: effect of thyroid hormones.
AB  - The uptake of tryptophan at various stages of development was examined in plasma
      membrane vesicles derived from rat brain. The total uptake has two components Na+
      dependent and Na+-independent respectively. The Na+-dependent component of the
      transport system appears around the 5th postnatal day and increases with the age.
      The Km value of the system does not vary during development. The Vmax increases
      five-fold between 14 and 35 day of postnatal life. Plasma membrane vesicles
      derived from T3-treated rats are able to accumulate nearly three-fold more
      tryptophan than nontreated rats. The results support the idea that thyroid
      hormones at the earlier stages of life, promote the establishment of
      neurotransmission in the developing nervous system.

PMID- 4010874
TI  - The uptake of serotonin and dopamine by homogenates of frozen rat and human brain
      tissue.
AB  - A recently described procedure of freezing and thawing, which allows retention of
      metabolic and functional integrity, has been applied in the study of serotonin
      and dopamine uptake into frozen rat and post mortem human frozen tissue. The Km
      and Vmax for the serotonin uptake into human hypothalamus were estimated to be
      0.12 microM and 0.03 nmol/g/min respectively. The Km and Vmax for the dopamine
      uptake into human putamen were estimated to be 0.28 microM and 0.13 nmol/g/min
      respectively. The results indicate that the freezing procedure does not affect
      the uptake sites for these transmitters. The storage time before freezing is
      however of importance for the Vmax value. The Km value for the uptake, on the
      other hand, seems to be rather resistant to storage time before freezing.

PMID- 4010875
TI  - Identification and characterization of pipecolic acid binding sites in mouse
      brain.
AB  - Pipecolic acid (PA, piperidine-2-carboxylic acid) is the major product of lysine
      metabolism in the mammalian brain (Giacobini et al., 1980). In this study we have
      characterized the binding of [3H]PA to P2 fraction membranes and its distribution
      in the mouse brain. The binding was found to be saturable (70 nM), temperature
      and Na+ and Cl- dependent. A high affinity binding site with an apparent KD of
      33.2 nM and a Bmax of 0.2 pmol/mg protein was demonstrated. The regional
      distribution of [3H]PA specific binding in mouse brain showed the highest
      concentration in cerebral cortex, thalamus and olfactory bulb. Unlabeled PA (10(
      3)-10(-11) M) displaced specific binding of [3H]PA in a concentration dependent
      manner. Out of several substances tested, only proline showed a similar pattern
      of displacement. Pre-incubation of the membrane preparation with GABA (10(-3)-10(
      11) M) resulted in either an increase or decrease of [3H]PA binding depending on
      the concentrations of GABA and PA. These results suggest a modulatory action of
      GABA on PA binding sites. The postnatal development of [3H]PA specific binding
      was studied in the whole brain of the mouse. [3H]Pipecolic acid binding increased
      progressively (8-fold) from one day after birth to 16 days. Following this
      developmental peak, the binding decreased gradually to 30 days at which age,
      adult values were attained.

PMID- 4010878
TI  - [Angiographic analysis of the middle cerebral artery in cerebral aneurysms--its
      branching pattern and so-called vascular anomalies].
AB  - Branching patterns of middle cerebral artery (MCA) were angiographically analyzed
      in 704 cases with cerebral aneurysms. The mean age was 53 years old and the men
      to-women ratio was 1.1. In addition, 13 vascular anomalies of MCA were reported
      and their correlation with the occurrence of cerebral aneurysm was studied.
      RESULTS: MCA branching patterns were classified in 6 types. Each type was further
      studied by dividing into 2 subgroups, namely one with MCA aneurysms at their side
      and the other without MCA aneurysms. There were no differences statistically
      between each two groups. Vascular anomalies were consisted of 5 duplications of
      MCA, 4 fenestrations, 3 accessories and one case of combination of duplication
      and accessory in the same side. Duplications and accessories did not have any
      evidence of developing aneurysm more frequently at their bifurcation than any one
      of normal MCA branching patterns. So we concluded that duplications and
      accessories should be thought to have similar meanings with the ordinary
      branching patterns of MCA in the occurrence of aneurysms. A postmortem case of
      accessory MCA without aneurysm revealed that the origin of the anomaly was
      pathologically normal. We suggested that the origin of accessory MCA could both
      be an enlarged Heubner artery and a rare branching pattern of MCA. The
      fenestration should be a true anomaly but at this point we do not have any
      suggestive clue for that. Finally, we thought that the combination of duplication
      and accessory in a single MCA was very rare morphologically, and worthwhile to
      report.

PMID- 4010876
TI  - Glutathione peroxidase activity in surgical and autopsied human brains.
AB  - Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was assayed in normal cerebral gray and
      white matter samples obtained from frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal
      lobes during surgical approach to an underlying lesion, and also in normal
      autopsied human frontal gray and white matter. GSHPx was assayed by a 2 step
      enzyme reaction which was monitored by following the oxidation of NADPH at 340
      nm. It was found that all the brain samples studied contained GSHPx activity.
      Parietal lobe appeared to have the lowest GSHPx activity compared to temporal,
      occipital or frontal lobes. Mean enzyme activity in autopsied samples was
      comparable to that in surgical material. However, considerable loss of activity
      was observed after 10 years of tissue storage at -80 degrees C.

PMID- 4010877
TI  - [Glycerol injection method for trigeminal neuralgia].
AB  - Twenty nine patients with trigeminal neuralgia were treated by retrogasserian
      glycerol injection method. Two of 29 were postherpetic and 27 were idiopathic
      trigeminal neuralgia. The mean age of these 27 was 65.2 years old ranging from 35
      to 83 and the mean duration of symptoms was 7.6 years ranging from 6 months to 25
      years. As previous surgical treatment there were 9 alcohol block, 5
      thermorhizotomy of the Gasserian ganglion and one microvascular decompression.
      Twenty-two gauge needle was introduced into the trigeminal cistern via foramen
      ovale under the fluoroscopic control. Before injection of glycerol trigeminal
      cisternography using metrizamide of 300 mgI/dl was done to ascertain whether or
      not the needle tip was properly placed in the cistern. Patients' neck being
      flexed anteriorly, pure glycerol, amounting from 0.15 to 0.6 ml, was injected
      into the cistern with small increments through the needle. If the needle was
      inserted too deeply in the cistern, it is more probable that glycerol should
      escape from the cistern into the posterior fossa. So it was advisable that needle
      tip should be placed in the bottom of the cistern. When there was no pain relief,
      second injection was performed usually 7 days after the first injection.
      Complications were as follows; dysesthesia (81%), hypertension (70%), hypalgesia
      and hypesthesia (48%) headache (22%), ocular dysesthesia (11%), masseter weakness
      (7%), hyperalgesia (7%), attack of paroxysmal pain (7%). Most of these
      complications subsided within 8 weeks. Dysesthesia and hypalgesia that had
      persisted over 8 weeks were recognized in 30% of the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010879
TI  - [Evaluation of anticonvulsant-induced bone changes by a microdensitometric
      method].
AB  - The effect of long-term anticonvulsants on bone change was evaluated by
      microdensitometric method (MD method) in 221 outpatients of Neurological
      Institute Tokyo Women's Medical College. Laboratory findings including serum Ca,
      P, Al-p were compared with severity of bone change. Following results were
      obtained; In 221 patients, 159 cases (72%) were normal, 31 cases (14%) were in
      the initial stage of abnormality, 23 cases (10%) in grade I, 7 cases (3%) in
      grade II and one case (1%) in grade III of abnormality. Incidence of abnormality
      was high in the age of 26-35 years old and in the age over 56 years old. Total
      dose, serum concentration of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) as well as phenobarbital
      (PB) and also duration of administration of PB correlated positively with
      severity of bone change. Duration of administration of DPH and valproic acid
      (VPA), total dose and serum concentration of VPA did not correlate with severity
      of bone change. Serum Ca correlated with severity of bone change, but P and Al-p
      did not correlate with severity of bone change. Pattern of bone change was
      estimated by two parameters of MD method (MCI and GSmax). Results showed that
      most of the osteopathy (grade I-III by MD method) fell into osteoporotic type.
      Based on these results, it is suggested that roentgenologic and biochemical
      supervision of the patients is required during long-term anticonvulsant therapy.

PMID- 4010880
TI  - [Pituitary apoplexy with an unruptured carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm].
AB  - The association of pituitary adenoma and adjacent cerebral aneurysm is not
      uncommon and acute hemorrhage into a pituitary adenoma is also a well recognized
      condition. However, the simultaneous occurrence of pituitary apoplexy with
      intracranial aneurysm is very rare. Such a case demonstrates the diagnostic
      difficulty in distinguishing between pituitary apoplexy and rupture of an
      aneurysm. We reported a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom a hemorrhage
      into the pituitary adenoma and a carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm was proven, and
      discussed the differential diagnosis and treatment. A 41-year-old man, who
      developed sudden severe headache with nausea and vomiting, was admitted to our
      hospital. Examination disclosed a mildly stuporous man with bilateral defects of
      upper lateral visual fields and lumbar puncture revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage.
      Plain radiographs of the skull showed an enlarged and eroded sella turcica.
      Carotid angiography revealed a left carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm. A plain CT scan
      demonstrated an acute suprasellar hematoma. A transsphenoidal operation was
      performed and postoperative course was uneventful.

PMID- 4010881
TI  - [A case of basal encephalomeningocele (a transethmoidal type) containing the
      olfactory nerve].
AB  - An experience of operative case of basal (transethmoidal type)
      encephalomeningocele is reported. A 3-year-old boy complained of continuous,
      spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and right intranasal mass lesion. The
      rhinorrhea began when one year old. He suffered from meningitis at the age of
      two. When he was three years old, the intranasal mass and CSF rhinorrhea were
      perceived. On admission he had normal general status and no abnormality in
      neurological examination. The usual axial computed tomography showed a small mass
      in the intranasal cavity. But the continuity between the mass and brain
      parenchyma was not detected in this study. Metrizamide CT cisternography
      demonstrated it. Coronal CT scan visualized it more directly. We performed
      operation using bifrontal craniotomy and subfrontal approach. Brain parenchyma
      did not protrude into the frontal cranial base and expanding right olfactory
      nerve penetrated into the small defect at the right cribriform plate. The
      olfactory nerve was extracted as much as possible. The defect was filled with a
      few piece of muscle and coating with the adhesive agent was performed.
      Histological findings of operative specimen were abnormal olfactory nerve, normal
      brain tissue and arachnoid membrane. Post-operative state was uneventful. CSF
      rhinorrhea disappeared. Post-operative direct sagittal computed tomography
      visualized the encephalomeningocele extremely. Biopsy of the intranasal mass
      revealed brain tissue covered by normal nasal epithelium. Basal encephalocele is
      rare in Japan. We found 10 cases in the literature. It is important that we do
      not forget basal encephalocele in the difference of intranasal tumors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010882
TI  - [Adult Chiari malformation--five operative cases].
AB  - Recently, the diagnosis of adult Chiari malformation seems to have easy, because
      of the development of high resolution CT. During the last two years, we
      experienced with five cases of adult Chiari malformation diagnosed by CT
      metrizamide myelography. There were two males and three females aged from 15 to
      55 years. Three cases had both foramen magnum compression and cerebellar
      symptoms. One of them had lower cranial nerve symptoms too. Another case had
      central cord symptoms, and the rest of them complained only of headache and
      vertigo. All cases underwent suboccipital craniectomy and upper cervical
      laminectomy. After operation, the cerebellar symptoms improved remarkably. Some
      of the central cord symptoms improved too. In one case with headache and vertigo,
      the result was unsuccessful. All cases were followed up in the outpatient clinic
      more than one year after operation. One case unchanged. Another case deteriorated
      seven months after surgery. The other three cases were in good condition.
      Operated cases of adult Chiari malformation are relatively rare in Japan.
      However, this type of malformation can be found easily by CT metrizamide
      myelography. A good many patients should be operated on carefully in
      consideration of their symptoms and severities.

PMID- 4010883
TI  - [A case of childhood primary malignant intracranial lymphoma showing a meningeal
      spread].
AB  - We found malignant tumor cells in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of a 6-year-old
      girl, whose initial symptoms were raised intracranial pressure and we tried to
      seek the origin in and out the central nervous system but we failed. After
      putting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, we injected anticancer drugs intrathecally,
      then the patient got better for several months, but 6 months later, she got worse
      and the contrast-enhanced CT showed a conspicuous pattern of meningeal spread
      which was a diffuse enhancement of the subarachnoid space from the upper cervical
      area to the cerebellar folia, basal cistern and the cerebral surface. By surgical
      management, we diagnosed this to be an undifferentiated type of malignant
      lymphoma, immunohistologically, Null-cell type, and then we added radiation
      therapy combined with chemotherapy but there were no improvement of quadriplegia
      and dyspnea and she expired 10 months later. We reported a case of childhood
      primary intracranial malignant lymphoma, which proved to be an undifferentiated
      type and a Null-cell type and whose CT showed characteristic meningeal spread.

PMID- 4010884
TI  - [Hematoma of the pineal region: a case report].
AB  - A 44-year-old man came to our clinic, complaining of slowly progressive
      disturbance of visual acuity and of ocular movement. This patient suffered from
      headache, narrowing of visual field and polyuria about 20 years ago, and received
      surgical and radiation therapy under the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. Clinical
      symptoms and signs of this patient, except for bitemporal hemianopsia, almost
      completely disappeared after these treatment. The detailed information about the
      histology and radiation dose are not available at the present time. CT scan in
      our clinic revealed a round low-density area at the suprasellar region and a high
      density area at the left quadrigeminal cistern. Pineal calcification was
      compressed to the right about 2-3 mm from midline. This high density mass were
      not enhanced with contrast medium. Vertebral angiography showed a slight lateral
      displacement of the left medial posterior choroidal artery. Specimen of tissue
      removed 20 years ago was reexamined but definitive diagnosis could not be
      established. Presumptive diagnosis of an ectopic pinealoma in the suprasellar
      region treated successfully 20 years ago, and its recurrence in the pineal region
      was made. On May 24, the patient underwent a posterior fossa craniectomy and the
      pineal region was explored via the infratentorial supracerebellar approach. On
      sectioning the precentral cerebellar vein, yellowish mass was seen in the
      quadrigeminal cistern. Aspiration of this mass yielded dark red liquid hematoma.
      Incising into the capsule, a dark brownish mass of about 4g was removed en
      bloc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4010885
TI  - [A case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with spontaneous bilateral
      epidural hematomas].
AB  - The authors reported a case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with
      bilateral epidural hematomas which had developed without any recent trauma. A 34
      year-old male suddenly suffered from a severe headache and vomited several times.
      He had no neurological deficits on admission, but CT scans of the head revealed
      abnormal high density areas over the parieto-occipital regions beneath the
      calvarium bilaterally. At the operation, fresh epidural clots were removed. There
      were neither evidence of trauma nor abnormal structures which might have led to
      the development of the clots. He was discharged a month later, being free from
      any signs and symptoms. One year later, arthralgia progressed and cutaneous
      ulceration appeared on his feet. On the second admission, butterfly rash on the
      face, alopecia, polyarthritis and arthralgia, photosensitivity, systemic purpura
      and proteinuria were noted. With detailed immunological examinations and renal
      biopsy, he was diagnosed as SLE. SLE is often associated with neurologic and
      psychic disorders and there are some cases of intracranial hemorrhage among them.
      However, the association with epidural hematoma has not been reported to date. We
      think the degeneration of the dural vessels caused by underlying SLE resulted in
      the development of these epidural hematomas. We also reviewed the literature
      about spontaneous epidural hematoma and about bilateral epidural hematomas.

PMID- 4010886
TI  - The antiestrogen LY117018 blocks effects of estradiol on pituitary glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase specific activity and on serum LH.
AB  - Neuroendocrine effects of the antiestrogen LY117018 were investigated in C57BL/6J
      mice. A series of subcutaneous injections of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) into
      ovariectomized mice increased pituitary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)
      specific activity, increased uterine wet weight, and suppressed the
      postovariectomy rise in serum LH. Simultaneous administration of LY117018
      completely reversed the effects of E2 on G6PDH activity and uterine weight, and
      partially reversed the negative feedback of E2 on luteinizing hormone (LH). When
      administered in the absence of E2, LY117018 had no effect on G6PDH activity or
      serum LH, but increased uterine weight by 70%. Thus, LY117018 effectively
      antagonizes the effects of E2 at both uterine and pituitary levels, but acts as a
      partial agonist only in the uterus.

PMID- 4010887
TI  - Presence of a neural mechanism for the expression of female sexual behaviors in
      the male rat brain.
AB  - Facilitatory and inhibitory neural mechanisms involved in the expression of
      female sexual behaviors in male rats were examined with a dual operation
      technique. Male rats were castrated and the preoptic area was dorsally
      deafferented (anterior roof deafferentation, ARD) in order to remove the
      forebrain lordosis-inhibitory system. Male rats with ARD displayed not only
      lordosis but also soliciting behaviors in response to 2 micrograms estradiol
      benzoate (EB) and 0.5 mg progesterone (P). The ARD male rat then received a
      second operation involving the hypothalamus or lower brain stem, i.e., the
      ventromedial nucleus and the adjacent area (ventromedial hypothalamus, VMH) were
      damaged by a radiofrequency lesion generator; the hypothalamus de-efferented
      anterolaterally by means of a Halasz knife cut posterior to the suprachiasmatic
      nucleus (ADC) or lesions of the pontine periventricular gray and the adjacent
      area (dorsomedial tegmental lesion, DMTL). The DMTL effectively suppressed
      lordosis in EB-P-primed male rats with ARD. Only 1 of 14 ARD-DMTL males showed
      lordosis. In contrast, the VMH lesions or the ADC failed to interfere with the
      facilitatory effect of ARD on female sexual behaviors in male rats tested with
      the same dose of EB-P. Thus, the pontine periventricular gray plays a critical
      role for lordosis regulation in males. These results suggest that the male rat
      brain possesses the minimal neural mechanism for the expression of female sexual
      behaviors associated with the development of the strong forebrain lordosis
      inhibiting system.

PMID- 4010888
TI  - The effects of acute and chronic treatment with triiodothyronine and thyroxine on
      the hypothalamic and telencephalic catecholamine nerve terminal systems of the
      hypophysectomized male rat. Chronic treatment modulates catecholamine utilization
      in discrete catecholamine nerve terminal systems.
AB  - Using catecholamine (CA) fluorescence histochemistry in combination with
      quantitative microfluorimetry, it has been shown that chronic treatment with
      triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4; 2 X 10 and 2 X 36 micrograms/kg i.p.,
      respectively, twice daily for 10 days), but not acute treatment (1 and 3.6 mg/kg
      i.p., respectively, 2 h before killing), increases CA utilization in the medial
      and lateral palisade zones of the median eminence and reduces noradrenaline (NA)
      utilization in the parvocellular part and magnocellular part of the
      paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the hypophysectomized male rat. Following
      chronic T4 treatment it could also be shown that the CA levels in the medial and
      lateral palisade zones of the median eminence were increased, while the NA levels
      were reduced in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular hypothalamic
      nucleus. Chronic T3 treatment induced similar changes - increased CA levels in
      the medial palisade zone and reduced NA levels in the magnocellular part of the
      paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Within the telencephalon, chronic but not
      acute treatment with T3 or T4 selectively increased dopamine (DA) utilization
      within the diffuse type of DA nerve terminal systems of the nucleus accumbens.
      This action of chronic treatment of T3 or T4 was highly selective and no changes
      in DA levels could be demonstrated in any DA nerve terminals analyzed in the
      nucleus caudatus putamen; nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium. In all
      the experiments the TSH levels remained undetectable and the low basal serum
      prolactin levels were not modulated in any experimental group in spite of the
      treatment with a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor in the CA utilization
      experiments. Following 2-3 weeks after hypophysectomy, serum T3 and T4 were
      decreased by 30-50%. In the acute experiments with T3 or T4, serum T3 levels and
      T3 as well as T4 levels were markedly elevated after the respective treatments.
      In the chronic experiments, the T4 treatment resulted in significant increases in
      the serum levels of both T3 and T4. The present results indicate that discrete DA
      and NA nerve terminal systems within the median eminence (DA), nucleus accumbens
      (DA) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (NA) can slowly respond to chronic
      treatment with T3 or T4. This effect is the result of a direct action of the
      thyroid hormones on the brain since TSH is absent in the hypophysectomized
      rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4010889
TI  - Dopamine-induced physical barrier to inhibit prolactin release in mammotrophs
      disappears during resumption of prolactin secretion.
AB  - After finding that dopamine can cause extensive changes in mammotroph
      ultrastructure within 2 min of administration, we further examined mammotrophs 20
      and 40 min after dopamine injection when prolactin secretion had resumed.
      Dopamine (1,000 micrograms/kg) was injected into the right atrium of estradiol
      primed male rats through indwelling cannulae. Rats were killed by decapitation 2,
      20 and 40 min after dopamine treatment and their pituitaries were processed for
      electron microscopy. Within 2 min of administration, dopamine completely stopped
      prolactin release and significant changes in mammotroph ultrastructure were
      observed: peripheral relocation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) ('dopamine
      barrier'); fewer secretory granules in close proximity to the cell membrane;
      fewer exocytoses, and increased numbers of 'intracellular bodies' associated with
      secretory granules (putative granule disposal system). 20 min following dopamine
      administration, when prolactin secretion had resumed, there appeared to be a
      breaking up of the 'RER barrier' in that more vesicular elements were seen and
      the amount of peripheral RER was reduced; more granules were adjacent to the cell
      membrane and exocytotic figures were more numerous. 'Intracellular bodies'
      decreased in number. By 40 min, mammotrophs appeared to resemble those of
      estradiol-primed controls with the RER stacked to one side of the cell and small
      numbers of 'intracellular bodies'. The correlation between ultrastructural
      changes in mammotrophs and prolactin release implies that the 'RER barrier' is
      part of a mechanism by which prolactin release is inhibited.

PMID- 4010890
TI  - Intravertebral angiotensin II inhibits cardiac vagal efferent activity in dogs.
AB  - The effect of intravertebral infusion of angiotensin II on cardiac vagal efferent
      activity was studied in anesthetized mongrel dogs. Unilateral infusion of doses
      of angiotensin II as low as 5 ng/kg/min inhibited basal vagal tone and also
      decreased the slope of the relationship between cardiac vagal efferent activity
      and systolic blood pressure. Intravenous and intracarotid infusion of similar
      doses of angiotensin II produced little or no inhibition of vagal tone. These
      results demonstrate directly that angiotensin II can act centrally to inhibit
      cardiac vagal efferent activity and provide additional evidence that the increase
      in blood pressure produced by intravertebral angiotensin II results, at least in
      part, from decreased vagal tone to the heart.

PMID- 4010891
TI  - Possible role for endogenous oxytocin in estrogen-facilitated maternal behavior
      in rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of oxytocin (OXY) induce short-latency
      maternal behavior in estrogen-primed virgin rats. To investigate if brain OXY
      might have a role in the onset of maternal behavior at parturition, we have used
      both antisera to OXY and an analog antagonist of OXY, d(CH2)5-8-ornithine
      vasotocin, to reduce the activity of endogenous OXY in a pregnancy-terminated
      preparation which yields reliable short-latency maternal behavior. Sprague-Dawley
      rats with lateral ventricle cannulae were ovariectomized and hysterectomized on
      day 16 of gestation; maternal behavior was stimulated by a s.c. injection of
      estradiol benzoate (EB). Effects of the i.c.v. infusion of antisera to OXY or of
      the i.c.v. infusion of d(CH2)5-8-ornithine-vasotocin on the latency to respond to
      pups were tested by presenting pups 48 h after surgery and EB treatment.
      Behavioral observations were made for the next 5 h and periodically over the next
      5 days. Groups receiving either the antisera to OXY or the analog antagonist had
      significantly longer latencies to respond to pups than did control groups. In a
      separate experiment, i.c.v. infusion of d(CH2)5-8-ornithine-vasotocin was shown
      to have no effect on the performance of maternal behavior in lactating rats 5
      days postpartum. These results suggest that OXY may have a role in promoting
      short-latency maternal behavior in steroid-primed female rats, but that it is
      probably not involved in sustaining this behavior during lactation.

PMID- 4010892
TI  - Inhibitory influences of FMRFamide on morphine- and deprivation-induced feeding.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular administration of 0.01-1.0 microgram of the peptide
      FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) to mice reduced morphine-induced feeding.
      Administration of FMRFamide also inhibited feeding induced by a 24-hour period of
      food deprivation. These results suggest that FMRFamide or FMRFamide-like
      neuropeptides play an important role in the control of opioid-mediated feeding.

PMID- 4010893
TI  - Familial lysosomal storage disease with generalized vacuolization and sialic
      aciduria. Sporadic Salla disease.
AB  - Two eight- and sixteen-year-old children with severe progressive neurologic
      disease revealed an ultrastructural finding of lysosomal vacuolization in
      mesenchymal or parenchymal cells of different organ biopsies (skin, muscle, nerve
      and liver), which may be very suggestive of mucolipidosis. However, in our
      patients biochemical tests available for these diseases yielded negative results,
      except for increased excretion of free sialic acid in urine and sialic acid
      storage in cultured fibroblasts. The clinical picture and the ultrastructural and
      biochemical findings were compatible with Salla disease, a rare lysosomal storage
      disease originally observed in Finland.

PMID- 4010894
TI  - Neuronal development in the medullary reticular formation in sudden infant death
      syndrome and premature infants.
AB  - Morphological and morphometrical development of the neurons in the medullary
      reticular formation was observed in control, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
      and prematurely born infants, using Golgi stains. With increasing gestational
      age, in controls dendrites became long, spines increased and the distribution of
      spines assumed a mature pattern. The number of spines reached a peak at 34 to 36
      weeks gestation and after birth it decreased rapidly. Term and prematurely born
      SIDS infants showed a persistence of reticular dendritic spines. On the other
      hand, ventilator-dependent prematurely born infants had decreased numbers of
      dendritic spines with thin dendrites and long, thin spines. Persistence of
      reticular dendritic spines in SIDS infants may suggest incomplete development to
      the mature, higher level of respiratory control. Spine abnormalities in the
      ventilator-dependent prematurely born infants may indicate secondary neuronal
      changes in the reticular formation.

PMID- 4010895
TI  - Genetics of migraine and migraine accompagnee: a study of eighty-one children and
      their families.
AB  - Eighty-one patients suffering from childhood onset migraine and their families
      were investigated for familial prevalences of epileptic seizures and migraine.
      The incidence of epileptic seizures was not increased above the epidemiological
      risk. - In all, migraine is largely inherited from maternal ascendents,
      irrespective of the sex of the index case. Clinical subtypes of migraine ("non
      focal migraine" and migraine accompagnee) are not accompanied by respectively
      increased familial prevalences. - Onset of migraine is earlier in patients with a
      higher familial impact. These findings are discussed in context with a proposed
      multifactorial pathogenesis of migraine.

PMID- 4010896
TI  - Termination of strict diet therapy in phenylketonuria. A study on EEG sleep
      patterns and computer spectral analysis.
AB  - For several years and under various aspects we have studied diet termination in
      twenty-two early and late treated patients with phenylketonuria. Time of diet
      termination was the completed eighth year. For evaluation of possible functional
      CNS deficits, we applied psychometric tests, methods for testing psychomotor
      behavior and, in addition, neurophysiological parameters and registrations of
      sleep EEG. EEG morphology was studied visually and the rhythms of the different
      phases of sleep were quantified by computerized spectral analysis. EEG was
      studied during diet therapy when phenylalanine levels in blood were low and after
      a relatively short period of four months with elevated phenylalanine blood
      levels. At least two years after diet termination with correspondingly elevated
      phenylalanine blood levels the EEG was studied once more. Compared to the
      respective findings before diet termination in these patients there were no
      significant changes of the sleep EEG seen, neither on visual nor on spectral
      analysis. We have seen in this study minor EEG changes in early treated children
      and overtly pathological EEG changes in late treated PKU patients with cerebral
      damage, both before and after diet termination. Ultrastructural CNS defects may
      be the cause of these anomalies which do not respond to the actual biochemical
      situation at the age of eight to ten years. The morphology of such defects may
      include altered synaptic maturation and may occur already in an early phase
      before the diet therapy is implemented.

PMID- 4010897
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic neuromas.
AB  - Ten patients with neurosensory hearing loss and computed tomographic (CT)
      evidence of acoustic neuromas were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). Tumors ranged in size from 0.8 to 3.7 cm. With the use of spin echo pulse
      sequences, all tumors were identified by MRI and appeared as masses with signal
      intensities greater than that of cerebrospinal fluid and equal to or greater than
      that of brain stem. Two patients who previously had undergone operation for
      acoustic neuromas were evaluated with MRI. In one patient with CT evidence of
      tumor recurrence, the lesion could not be identified by MRI. MRI holds promise of
      becoming a primary diagnostic modality for the evaluation of acoustic neuromas.

PMID- 4010898
TI  - Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts located entirely in the suprasellar region:
      review of diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis.
AB  - Three cases of an entirely suprasellar symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst, two of
      which were associated with normal sella turcicas, are reported. In all cases, the
      cysts caused compression of the optic chiasm, and two produced hypothalamic
      dysfunction. The diagnosis of these entirely suprasellar masses was enhanced by
      metrizamide cisternography. Two cases were treated by frontal craniotomy and one
      was treated transsphenoidally, with good results in all cases. The radiology,
      pathology, and surgical treatment of these unusual cases is presented. An
      embryological pathogenesis for the occurrence of an entirely suprasellar Rathke's
      cleft cyst is discussed.

PMID- 4010899
TI  - Time course of thrombotic changes after microsurgical carotid endarterectomy in
      the rat.
AB  - An experimental model of microsurgical carotid endarterectomy in rats developed
      recently in our laboratory was used in the present study. Our adult Sprague
      Dawley rats were killed by in vivo perfusion-fixation at 5 minutes, 15 minutes,
      30 minutes, 3 hours, 1 day, and 3 days after the completion of carotid
      endarterectomy, and vessels were studied by scanning electron microscopy, light
      microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy for evaluation of thrombotic
      changes at the level of arterial injury. Although no postoperative carotid
      occlusion was observed, thrombus formation was noted as early as 15 minutes after
      recirculation. Thrombus formation reached its peak at 3 hours and was no longer
      detected 3 days after the procedure. Microsurgical carotid endarterectomy in rats
      may be a useful experimental model for the evaluation of antithrombotic drugs.

PMID- 4010900
TI  - Anatomical study of the superficial temporal artery.
AB  - Fifty consecutive human autopsy specimens were studied to determine the
      suitability of the superficial temporal artery (STA) for use in microvascular
      anastomoses. Ten variations of the STA were found. The STA at the zygoma averaged
      2.2 mm in outside diameter. The STA averaged 31.7 mm from the zygoma to its
      bifurcation, where the average outside diameter was 1.9 mm. Eight per cent of the
      specimens had no bifurcation, and 92% had at least one branch in a frontal or
      parietal distribution that was greater than or equal to 1 mm. A suitable frontal
      branch (i.e., greater than or equal to 1 mm in diameter and greater than or equal
      to 70 mm in length) was found in 90% of the specimens, and a suitable parietal
      branch was found in 71%. Six specimens (12%) had an additional branch, all of
      which were of suitable length and diameter. Eight per cent of the specimens
      lacked a vessel suitable for microvascular anastomosis.

PMID- 4010901
TI  - Direct spinal cord stimulation and recording in hemorrhagic stock.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) have been used extensively to evaluate
      the central nervous system. A limitation of using SSEPs is that the peripheral
      nervous system is intrinsically linked to the production of these potentials.
      Peripheral nerve ischemia and neuropathies have been shown to result in changes
      in SSEPs that may be misinterpreted as showing a pathological condition in the
      central nervous system. Our experimental paradigm was designed to study the
      practicality and possible benefits of obtaining spinal evoked potentials (SEPs)
      by direct cord stimulation and recording. Twelve lambs underwent laminectomies at
      C-7 and L-1. Epidural electrodes were placed at each level. Each lamb was then
      bled to produce mean arterial pressures of 80, 60, 40, and less than or equal to
      30 mm Hg. At each of these designated pressures, SEPs were obtained by direct
      cord stimulation and recording. At the same time, spinal cord blood flow was
      measured using the radioactive microsphere technique. The spinal cord blood flow
      remained constant down to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg, whereas blood
      flow to the peripheral nerve and renal cortex decreased with the mean arterial
      pressure. SEPs produced by this method did not vary in terms of latency or
      amplitude over mean arterial pressures ranging from 100 to 30 mm Hg. We conclude
      that SEPs produced by direct cord recording and stimulation constitute a method
      of assessing cord viability free of the variables attributable to the peripheral
      nervous system.

PMID- 4010902
TI  - Nonsurgical management of small and intracanalicular acoustic tumors.
AB  - Although surgical removal is generally regarded as the management strategy of
      choice for acoustic tumors, there remains a small group of patients usually with
      small or intracanalicular tumors in whom nonoperative management may be a
      desirable alternative to operation. The authors present a series of six such
      cases and discuss criteria that may aid in the selection of patients suitable for
      initial nonoperative management.

PMID- 4010903
TI  - Tuberous sclerosis with an atypical radiological skull change: case report.
AB  - The authors describe a case of tuberous sclerosis with atypical radiological
      skull change in a 8-year-old Japanese child. A plain roentgenogram showed
      thinning and convolution of the left occipital bone, and a cortical tuber
      adjacent to the thinned bone was shown by computed tomography. This kind of skull
      change may suggest the existence of a cortical tuber in patients with tuberous
      sclerosis, although this finding has not been reported previously. The mechanism
      of this skull change is discussed.

PMID- 4010904
TI  - Ruptured intracranial aneurysms in cases of sickle cell anemia.
AB  - The authors present two cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients with
      sickle cell anemia. Only three previous cases with similar presentations have
      been reported. The various complications of sickle cell anemia and ruptured
      aneurysms are reviewed. The importance of early aggressive adjunctive medical
      management, including the use of partial exchange transfusions and surgical
      intervention, is emphasized.

PMID- 4010905
TI  - Limitations of brain stem auditory evoked potentials for intraoperative
      monitoring during a posterior fossa operation: case report and technical note.
AB  - We have encountered an example of the insensitivity of brain stem auditory evoked
      potentials (BAEPs) for monitoring the brain stem during a posterior fossa
      operation. The addition of somatosensory evoked potential recording to
      conventional BAEP protocols is readily accomplished and is likely to improve the
      sensitivity of intraoperative electrophysiological assessment of brain stem
      function.

PMID- 4010906
TI  - Bifrontal osteoplastic craniotomy utilizing the anterior wall of the frontal
      sinus: technical note.
AB  - There are various flaps for bifrontal exposure of the anterior fossa classically
      described in the neurosurgical literature. This article describes a bifrontal
      split osteoplastic flap that is characterized by removal of the anterior wall of
      the frontal sinus without the placement of burr holes on the external surface of
      the frontal bone. The procedure is safe and rapid, gives the same exposure as
      other techniques, and allows a superior cosmetic result.

PMID- 4010907
TI  - Aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery: experience with
      three cases and review of the literature.
AB  - We report 3 surgically treated aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior
      cerebellar artery (PICA) and review 36 cases in the literature. More than half of
      the distal PICA aneurysms arose distal to the choroidal arch. These lesions often
      arose at a turning point (i.e., a hairpin curve) of an artery instead of at a
      junction of vessels. Distal PICA aneurysms are likely to be missed and it is
      necessary to investigate carefully with four-vessel angiography even if computed
      tomography is done. Eighty-two per cent of the surgically treated 39 patients had
      good recoveries and 8% had fair results. The mortality rate was 10%. Although
      clipping of the aneurysm neck is preferable, trapping is useful when neck
      clipping is impossible in segments distal to the choroidal arch.

PMID- 4010908
TI  - Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma during infancy: case report.
AB  - Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma is a rare condition. Only four cases
      have been reported. The cause of this condition is unclear. A case of chronic
      encapsulated intracerebral hematoma in an 1-year-old infant is reported, and the
      characteristic findings and their causes are discussed with a literature survey.

PMID- 4010909
TI  - Cranial asymmetry and lambdoid synostosis in a sibship.
AB  - In craniosynostosis, as in all congenital diseases, the interaction of hereditary
      and neonatal environmental factors can be separated only in rare cases. Four
      siblings with an asymmetry of the posterior right portion of the skull are
      presented. The youngest of the four suffered from severe cyanotic congenital
      heart diseases and secondarily suffered from ischemic/hypoxic cerebral injury.
      This child had complete synostosis of the right lambdoid and posterior sagittal
      sutures by the age of 5 1/2 months. The cranial asymmetry was less pronounced in
      each of the older children and was nearly undetectable in the oldest, a 7 1/2
      year-old girl. True synostosis was not present in any of the older siblings. It
      is suggested that an autosomal-dominant hereditary condition caused a hypotrophic
      mesenchymal relationship of occipitotemporal ontogenesis. This condition was
      compensated for through childhood by the molding effect of the brain in the older
      three siblings. The systemic disease and delayed cerebral growth in the youngest
      probably led to the complete picture of craniosynostosis.

PMID- 4010910
TI  - Sacral fracture with pseudomeningocele and cerebrospinal fluid fistula: case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - A patient who sustained an isolated transverse sacral fracture is presented. A
      large ventral sacral pseudomeningocele with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula
      developed. Eighteen previous cases of traumatic pseudomeningocele have been
      documented. A review of those cases leads these authors to conclude that:
      transverse sacral fractures are rare and have not been reported in association
      with a pseudomeningocele formation; at the 4th sacral vertebra, this is the
      lowest reported pseudomeningocele; and CSF fistula with sacral fracture is
      distinctly uncommon, reported in only one previous case. The presenting symptoms,
      diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and prognosis are discussed.

PMID- 4010911
TI  - Intraventricular primary cerebral neuroblastoma in adults: report of three cases.
AB  - Primary cerebral neuroblastoma most often occurs in the cerebral parenchyma in
      children. When it occurs in adults, it is also described as an intraparenchymal
      neoplasm. We report three cases of primary cerebral neuroblastoma in adults
      presenting as an intraventricular mass.

PMID- 4010912
TI  - Synovial cyst of a cervical facet joint: case report.
AB  - Intraspinal synovial cysts are rare. Those reported have occurred in the lumbar
      region. We report a case of an extradural true synovial cyst of the cervical
      spine causing spastic paraparesis. The cyst occurred after a cervical spine
      fracture and, hence, was probably related to trauma. Surgical therapy resulted in
      a satisfactory recovery.

PMID- 4010913
TI  - Professional liability and potential liability.
AB  - Operations on the nervous system continue to result in claims that rank among the
      most costly. A retrospective review of 300 cases of alleged or potential
      liability referred for opinion over an 11-year period is reported to catalog
      areas of vulnerability for the neurosurgeon and to alert younger practitioners in
      particular. Spinal surgery produced the largest single group of neurosurgical
      malpractice cases, 136 of the 300; among these, 71 came from operations on the
      lumbar spine. Cerebral and spinal trauma accounted for 54 cases, the next largest
      group. Subgroups were studied in detail and provide individual features of some
      importance. Other conclusions are that 37% of all cases reviewed were found to
      have some merit in favor of the claimant; plaintiffs and their attorneys can be
      dissuaded from legal pursuit if the deficit is not serious; many defensible cases
      are settled or lost on the basis of disability rather than merit; and some type
      of reform of the present system is clearly needed.

PMID- 4010914
TI  - Perspectives in international neurosurgery: neurosurgery in Great Britain.

PMID- 4010915
TI  - Hydrocephalus shunt efficacy.

PMID- 4010916
TI  - Neoplastic cord compression.

PMID- 4010917
TI  - Hydatid cysts.

PMID- 4010918
TI  - CT of the paranasal sinuses.
AB  - CT scanning has allowed the radiologist to image paranasal sinus disease with an
      accuracy and detail never before attainable. This information has made the imager
      an important member of the physician team that evaluates the operability and
      treatment planning of these patients. The protocol of the CT examination is
      discussed, the normal CT anatomy is reviewed and an approach to evaluating both
      inflammatory and malignant disease is presented.

PMID- 4010920
TI  - A case of spinal paraganglioma.
AB  - The neuroradiologic finding of a paraganglioma in the vertebral canal is
      described here for the first time. These tumors occur more frequently than was
      previously presumed. Similarities with paragangliomas in the craniocervical
      region are apparent on angiograms. We consider angiography to be indicated when,
      in association with a spinal tumor, urinary biogenic amine levels are elevated.
      When necessary, embolization can be performed after angiography.

PMID- 4010919
TI  - Routine bed rest is unnecessary after cervical myelography.
AB  - After undergoing myelography with iopamidol by either direct puncture (n = 120)
      or lumbar puncture and run up of the contrast medium (n = 232), the patients were
      randomly allocated into one of two groups, one group being confined to bed for
      24h and the other allowed to be fully ambulant. Questionnaires recording the
      occurrence and severity of side effects were completed at specific intervals
      after the myelogram. Adverse reactions experienced were significantly fewer than
      in our previous direct puncture study using metrizamide. Neither in the direct
      puncture nor in the run up group were side effects adversely affected by allowing
      the patients to remain ambulant after the examination. There is, therefore, no
      necessity to confine patients to bed following cervical myelography.

PMID- 4010921
TI  - Functional cervical myelography with iohexol.
AB  - Thirty patients underwent functional cervical myelography, i.e. radiographs in
      the lateral view were obtained in extension as well as in flexion of the neck.
      Sagittal tomography was performed in both positions. Widening of the subarachnoid
      space and decreased sagittal diameter of the spinal cord due to shortening were
      demonstrated in the lateral view in flexion. In some cases with advanced
      narrowing or spinal block in extension, such widening in flexion resulted in
      better diagnostic images by providing passage of the contrast medium caudally.
      Although iohexol (Omnipaque, Nyegaard & Co., Oslo) was regularly forced into the
      posterior cranial fossa by the movements, the frequency of side effects was
      approximately the same as in our former trials with iohexol in conventional
      cervical myelography. EEG changes occurred in two patients (7%). A sitting
      position for 3-4 min after the examination followed by an elevated head end of
      the bed was probably important for preventing side effects from the contrast
      medium. Specific questioning revealed twice as many subjective side effects as
      reported after general questions alone.

PMID- 4010922
TI  - Hypoplasia of the basi-occipital bone and persistence of the spheno-occipital
      synchondrosis in a patient with transitory supplementary fissure of the basi
      occipital.
AB  - The author had the opportunity to observe the progressive development of a
      special form of basilar impression characterized by transitory supplementary
      fissure of the basi-occipital bone, persistence of the spheno-occipital
      synchondrosis and hypoplasia of the basi-occipital. He proposes to dissociate the
      general concept of basilar impression and to consider anatomo-clinical entities
      such as the example described in this paper.

PMID- 4010923
TI  - Sacral meningeal arteriovenous fistula fed by branches of the hypogastric
      arteries and drained through medullary veins.
AB  - The authors report a new case of intraspinal extra-medullary meningeal
      arteriovenous fistula draining through medullary veins. Discovered in a 33-year
      old black man suffering from a cauda equina syndrome, this malformation suspected
      in myelography was confirmed by a selective angiographic procedure of both
      internal iliac arteries. This investigation specified the sacral site of the
      fistula as well as its feeding arteries from several branches of the left and
      right internal iliac arteries and its posterior and intra-meningeal venous
      medullary drainage. An embolization procedure followed by a surgical approach and
      a second embolization session brought a fair improvement to this young patient
      who could walk again. The acquired traumatic origin of the fistula is discussed
      for this patient who had been previously operated at his L5-S1 level.

PMID- 4010925
TI  - Acute capsular infarction. Location of the lesions and the clinical features.
AB  - Sixty-three patients with lacunar-type of acute capsular infarction were treated
      in our service during the last 2 years. Their lesions were identified by computed
      tomography (CT) and classified into six types according to their locations:
      anterior, lateral, posterior, superior, inferior and multiple. The lesions were
      thought to be in the watershed areas of the regional arterial supplies, and the
      areas were considered to be prone to ischemia. The clinical course of each type
      showed characteristic features of ischemic strokes. In the majority of the
      patients with the lateral type, reversible ischemic neurological deficit (RIND)
      was seen as the predominant symptom, transient ischemic attack (TIA) was noted in
      the patients with the superior type, and major completed stroke was observed in
      those with posterior type.

PMID- 4010924
TI  - Cerebro-retinal ischemia after bilateral occlusion of internal carotid artery. A
      study with prospective follow-up.
AB  - Seven patients with occlusion of internal carotid arteries (ICAs) were
      prospectively followed during a mean period of 14 months. Prior to demonstration
      of occlusions, four patients suffered a mild stroke, and three isolated transient
      ischemic attacks (TIAs) or amaurosis fugax. All patients remained alive and with
      an unchanged functional ability. During follow-up, one patient suffered amaurosis
      fugax and TIAs followed by a mild stroke, three suffered isolated TIAs or
      amaurosis fugax, two suffered reversible cerebro-retinal ischemia of more than 24
      hours, and one remained symptom free. In three cases, delayed cerebro-retinal
      ischemia distal to one of the occluded ICAs was systematically triggered by
      orthostatic, cardiogenic or iatrogenic hypotension, and resolved after adequate
      medical treatment or restoration of a functional collateral circulation by
      endarterectomy of a tightly stenosed ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA),
      suggesting hemodynamic phenomena. In three cases, micro-emboli originating from a
      stump or an ulcerated ipsilateral common carotid artery and migrating through
      well-developed ECA collateral channels explained delayed episodes of ipsilateral
      TIAs or amaurosis fugax, which disappeared in two cases after adequate
      anticoagulant therapy was introduced. Bilateral occlusion of ICA may be a
      relatively benign condition, if the patients are carefully controlled and
      treated.

PMID- 4010926
TI  - Intraventricular blood without parenchymal clot following spontaneous
      subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - The position of an intracerebral haematoma shown on computerised tomography (CT)
      of patients who have suffered a recent spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage is a
      powerful indicator of the source of the bleed. In the absence of such a
      parenchymal clot, does the distribution of intraventricular blood have similar
      predictive value? The scans of 22 patients showing intraventricular blood without
      parenchymal clot were compared with subsequent angiographic appearances. The
      distribution of intraventricular blood does not appear to correlate with either
      the clinical status of the patient, or the nature, site or size of the bleeding
      lesion.

PMID- 4010927
TI  - Bilateral pericallosal arterial ectasia.
AB  - We report a rare case of ectasia of both pericallosal arteries in a non
      hypertensive 37-year-old female, whose internal carotid arteries and
      vertebrobasilar arteries were normal. The computed tomography (CT) showed
      irregular calcifications in the midline in the frontal region extending to the
      corpus callosum, which became partially enhanced along the course of the
      pericallosal artery following intravenous contrast administration. The diagnosis
      of arterial ectasia was established by angiography.

PMID- 4010928
TI  - Pre-optic origin of the anterior cerebral artery.
AB  - Division of the internal carotid artery immediately after the siphon at the level
      of the ophthalmic artery is described in a 55-year-old woman. Because of the
      early division, the anterior cerebral artery lay between the optic nerves. This
      anomaly was combined with agenesis of the horizontal part of the opposite
      anterior cerebral artery. The problems concerning ligation of a ruptured anterior
      communicating artery aneurysm are discussed.

PMID- 4010929
TI  - Pneumocephalus in a drug-addict patient.

PMID- 4010930
TI  - Depolarizing afterpotentials in myelinated axons of mammalian spinal cord.
AB  - Microelectrode recordings were made from 5-10 micron dia axons of adult rat
      spinal cord in vitro. Action potentials in response to electrical stimulation
      were recorded intracellularly and electrical characteristics of the axons were
      examined by injecting current pulses through a bridge circuit. All action
      potentials larger in amplitude than 80 mV were followed by depolarizing
      afterpotentials, similar to those recorded in peripheral axons [Barrett and
      Barrett (1982) J. Physiol., Lond. 323, 117-144]. The afterpotential could be
      described as the sum of three exponential components, the time constants of which
      (tau 1, tau 2 and tau 3) were 25.2 +/- 5.6, 3.1 +/- 0.8 and 0.8 +/0 0.3 ms,
      respectively, at 25 degrees C and a membrane potential of -80 mV. The maximal
      amplitudes of the afterpotential components, obtained by extrapolating to the
      peak of the action potential, were 3.8 +/- 1.0, 6.4 +/- 5.2 and 21.7 +/- 9.8 mV,
      for action potential amplitudes of 102 +/- 11 mV. The amplitude of the longest
      component of the afterpotential decreased with depolarization and increased with
      hyperpolarization at the recording site. The amplitude decreased markedly with
      increase of temperature to physiological levels, in conjunction with the expected
      decrease in action potential duration. Similar afterpotential components were
      present in the response of the axon to injected hyperpolarizing current pulses.
      The observations are consistent with the suggestion [Barrett and Barrett (1982)
      J. Physiol., Lond. 323, 117-144] that the afterpotential results from charging of
      the axolemmal capacitance by current passing through the myelin sheath during the
      action potential. They are inconsistent with a number of calculations of
      electrical characteristics of peripheral axons derived from voltage clamp
      experiments in isolated fibers. It is argued that the electrical resistance of
      the myelin lamellae is relatively low, though within the range calculated for
      other glial membranes. This suggestion is found more compatible with the
      available morphological data than the alternative proposal that a leakage pathway
      under the myelin sheath might be responsible for the afterpotential [Barrett and
      Barrett (1982) J. Physiol., Lond. 323, 117-144]. The significance of this
      organization for the function of myelinated axons and the electrical basis of the
      afterpotential are examined further in the accompanying paper [Blight (1985)
      Neuroscience 15, 13-31].

PMID- 4010931
TI  - Afferent connections of the zona incerta: a horseradish peroxidase study in the
      rat.
AB  - Restricted microelectrophoretic injections either of free horseradish peroxidase
      or of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin were given to
      albino rats in order to study the afferent connections of structures of the
      subthalamic region. The results suggest that the zona incerta receives its main
      input from several territories of the cerebral cortex, the mesencephalic
      reticular formation, deep cerebellar nuclei, regions of the sensory trigeminal
      nuclear complex and the dorsal column nuclei. Substantial input to the zona
      incerta appears to come from the superior colliculus, the anterior pretectal
      nucleus and the periaqueductal gray substance, whereas many other structures,
      among which hypothalamic nuclei, the locus coeruleus, the raphe complex, the
      parabrachial area and medial districts of the pontomedullary reticular formation,
      seem to represent relatively modest but consistent additional input sources. The
      afferentation of neurons in Forel's fields H1 and H2 appears to conform to the
      general pattern outlined above. As pointed out in the Discussion, the present
      results provide hodological support for the classic concept according to which
      the zona incerta can be regarded as a rostral extent of the midbrain reticular
      core. Some of the possible physiological correlates of the fiber connections of
      the zona incerta in the context of the sleep-waking cycle, ingestive behaviors,
      somatic motor mechanisms, visual functions and nociceptive behavior are briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 4010932
TI  - Extra-hypothalamic afferent inputs to the supraoptic nucleus area of the rat as
      determined by retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques.
AB  - To detect neuronal cell bodies whose axon projects to the hypothalamic supraoptic
      nucleus, small volumes (10-50 nl) of 30% horseradish peroxidase or 2% fast blue
      solutions were pressure-injected into the area of one supraoptic nucleus of rats.
      Both dorsal and ventral approaches to the nucleus were used. In animals where the
      injection site extended beyond the limits of the supraoptic nucleus, retrogradely
      labelled cell bodies were found in many areas of the brain, mainly in the septum,
      the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and ventral subiculum in the limbic
      system; the dorsal raphe nucleus, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the dorsal
      tegmentum, the dorsal parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and
      the catecholaminergic A1 region in the brain stem; in the subfornical organ and
      the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, as well as in the median
      preoptic nucleus. In contrast, when the site of injection was apparently
      restricted to the supraoptic nucleus, labelling was only clearcut in the two
      circumventricular organs, the median preoptic nucleus, the nucleus of the
      solitary tract and the A1 region. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin coupled
      with horseradish peroxidase (60-80 nl of a 2.5% solution) made in the septum and
      in the ventral subiculum anterogradely labelled fibers coursing in an area
      immediately adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus but not within it. In contrast,
      labelling within the nucleus was found following anterograde transport of tracer
      deposited in the A1 region and in an area that includes the nucleus of the
      solitary tract. Neurones located in the perinuclear area were densely labelled by
      small injections into the supraoptic nucleus; they may represent a relay station
      for some afferent inputs to the supraoptic nucleus. These results suggest that
      the supraoptic nucleus is influenced by the same brain areas which project to its
      companion within the magnocellular system, the paraventricular nucleus.

PMID- 4010933
TI  - A quantitative study of structural features, synapses and nearest-neighbour
      relationships of small, granule-containing cells in the rat superior cervical
      sympathetic ganglion at various adult stages.
AB  - Groups and sub-groups (clusters) of small granule-containing cells ("small
      cells") were analysed at 3 and 6 micron intervals and in serial sections, in rats
      aged 2-13 months. Fully intraganglionic clusters of small cells were all found to
      receive an incoming ("afferent") innervation, of the order of 3-6 afferent
      terminals per cell, derived from axons of preganglionic type via multifocal,
      symmetrical, mainly axosomatic synapses. No evidence was obtained of sharing of
      preganglionic inputs between small cells and principal neurones. Intraganglionic
      clusters also regularly gave outgoing ("efferent") synapses of the asymmetrical
      type, of the order of 2-6 per cell, to intraganglionic nerve elements; 30-50% of
      these synapses were given from somata, 50-70% from processes of the small cells.
      Whenever the postsynaptic structure was identifiable these synapses were all
      found to be given to postganglionic neurones or their dendrites, principally to
      spine-like processes or slender twigs. In some ganglia a few efferent synapses to
      other small cells were observed; these were of the symmetrical type. Efferent
      synapses to nerve profiles resembling chemosensory axon terminals, also of the
      symmetrical type, were extremely infrequent (fewer than 1% of all efferent
      synapses) in intraganglionic small cell groups and appeared virtually restricted
      to glomus-like clusters of small cell, which lay intracapsularly, or in and near
      the bases of nerves entering or leaving the ganglion. Almost all groups and
      clusters of small cells were located near to fenestrated capillary vessels, which
      are not found elsewhere in the ganglion. The implications of possible non
      synaptic release of material from small cells via membrane regions not covered by
      satellite cell cytoplasm, were explored in a nearest-neighbour analysis. These
      "exposed" regions comprised 1-3% of the small cell surface, a proportion
      comparable with those engaged in receiving afferent synapses or in giving
      efferent synapses. The majority of such regions faced toward other nerve profiles
      (axons and dendrites) ensheathed in satellite cytoplasm (mean 30%),
      intraganglionic tissue spaces wider than 3 micron (mean, 30%) or other small
      cells (mean, 14%); 25% faced toward blood vessels, but of these vascularly
      directed regions, only one fifth (or 5% of the total) on average faced directly
      toward fenestrated endothelium, the rest being non-fenestrated and/or separated
      by pericyte processes from the exposed regions of small cell membrane. Thirty
      three percent of the small cells in a sample of 242 lay within 2 micron of the
      nearest blood vessel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4010934
TI  - An electrophysiological study of neurones in the rat median raphe and their
      projections to septum and hippocampus.
AB  - Extracellular single unit recordings were made in the median raphe nucleus from
      rats anaesthetized with urethane. Spontaneous firing as well as orthodromic and
      antidromic responses to stimulation of the fornix and the medial septum were
      studied. One hundred and twelve units (out of a total of 355) with a regular
      spontaneous firing rate of 0.2-3 spikes/s were classified as serotonin-containing
      neurons. Fifty nine of them were antidromically invaded from either the fornix or
      the medial septum (conduction velocity, 0.8 m/s) and 7 additional neurones from
      both the fornix and the medial septum. Antidromic action potentials were followed
      by a period of decreased probability of firing, that was already present below
      threshold for antidromic invasion, were proportional to the stimulation intensity
      and had a latency similar to orthodromic inhibition. No preferential
      topographical distribution within the median raphe nucleus was observed for the
      serotonin neurones, even those invaded antidromically. Twenty six neurones with a
      clear-cut anatomical location around the borders of the median raphe nucleus
      showed a spontaneous rhythmic activity (4-20 spikes/s) characterized by the
      presence of extremely prolonged silent periods (up to 5 min). Only one of these
      neurones was invaded antidromically from the medial septum and none from the
      fornix. Of the remaining non-serotonin neurones, 28 showed a very low firing rate
      consisting of single action potentials every 10-60 s while 189 had a spontaneous
      activity of 6-30 spikes/s. Regardless of their firing rate they were all
      antidromically invaded from the fornix and/or the medial septum and had a
      conduction velocity of 5 m/s. These experiments demonstrate the
      electrophysiological heterogeneity of the neuronal population of the median raphe
      nucleus, the presence of strong projections of both putative serotonin and non
      serotonin neurones to the medial septum and, via the fornix, to the hippocampus,
      and the existence of axonal branching in both types of neurones.

PMID- 4010935
TI  - Thirst and vasopressin secretion following central administration of angiotensin
      II in rats with lesions of the septal area and subfornical organ.
AB  - Various dipsogenic stimuli, including peripheral and central administration of
      angiotensin II, have been shown to be capable of releasing vasopressin from the
      neurohypophyseal system. Studies were carried out in the rat to investigate
      whether the septal area, which contains a high concentration of angiotensin
      sensitive cells and has neural connections with hypothalamic vasopressin
      secreting neurons, mediated the stimulatory effect produced by angiotensin II on
      vasopressin release. Rats with electrolytic lesions in the region of the septal
      area had increased daily water consumption and urine output when these lesions
      included the medioventral or lateral nuclei of the septal forebrain, but not when
      the lesion involved the subfornical organ. No difference was observed in drinking
      responses following water deprivation or intracerebroventricular injection of
      angiotensin II in all experimental groups. In addition, the impaired ability to
      maintain water homeostasis (polyuro-polydipsic syndrome) of septal-lesioned rats
      was associated septal-lesioned rats was associated with decreased levels of
      circulating radioimmunoassayable vasopressin. Furthermore, the vasopressin
      release which occurred in response to intracerebroventricular angiotensin II in
      normal controls, sham-lesioned and subfornical organ-lesioned rats was
      significantly attenuated in rats with electrolytic lesion of the medioventral or
      lateral septal area. Since cells in the lateral septal area are excited by
      iontophoretic application of angiotensin II, the present data might be consistent
      with the hypothesis that the stimulatory effect produced by central
      administration of angiotensin II on vasopressin release rests upon the integrity
      of the lateral septal area.

PMID- 4010936
TI  - Bilateral corticosubthalamic nucleus projections: an electrophysiological study
      in rats with chronic cerebral lesions.
AB  - The present study sought to determine the distribution of the cortical areas
      giving rise to the corticosubthalamic nucleus projections, using extracellular
      stimulating and recording techniques in rats with and without chronic lesions. In
      acute rats, cortical stimulation induced a powerful excitation in 87% of the
      subthalamic nucleus cells recorded. This response was obtained from stimulation
      over a large extent of the cortex since nearly all the ipsilateral cortex and the
      rostral two-thirds of the contralateral side was found to influence the activity
      of the subthalamic nucleus neurones. An excitatory response quite similar to that
      induced by cortical stimulation was recorded in the subthalamic nucleus after
      striatal or internal capsule stimulations. Therefore in order to eliminate the
      possibility of recording a polysynaptic excitation, similar experiments were
      performed in rats bearing various chronic lesions. With either ipsilateral or
      contralateral cortical stimulations, there was no major consequence of these
      lesions on the type or characteristics of the response recorded or on the
      percentage of responding cells. The cortical origin of the excitation of the
      subthalamic neurones was further supported by the results of experiments
      performed in chronically decorticated rats. It is concluded that (1) the
      subthalamic nucleus receives an excitatory cortical input, (2) this control comes
      from ipsilateral and contralateral cortical areas and (3) it only involves direct
      corticosubthalamic nucleus fibres. The subthalamic nucleus is, together with the
      striatum, the only basal ganglia nucleus known to receive afferents from
      extensive regions of the cortex. By its two main afferents (cortex and external
      segment of the pallidum), the subthalamic nucleus is in a position to compare
      direct cortical informations with cortical informations processed at the
      striatopallidal complex level.

PMID- 4010937
TI  - The laminar distribution of cortical connections with the tecto- and cortico
      recipient zones in the cat's lateral posterior nucleus.
AB  - The anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin congugated to
      horseradish peroxidase was used to examine the laminar organization of cortical
      connections with the two visual zones that comprise the cat's lateral posterior
      nucleus. Microelectrophoretic deposits of the tracer into the principal tecto
      recipient zone in the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus revealed
      reciprocal connections with the following cortical fields: areas 19 and 21a, the
      medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus, and the dorsal and
      ventral banks of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus, which correspond to the dorsal
      lateral suprasylvian and ventral lateral suprasylvian visual areas of Palmer et
      al. [(1978) Brain Res. 177, 237-256] and an area in the fundus of the posterior
      suprasylvian sulcus. In each of these cortical areas two distinct populations of
      cells were labeled, small pyramidal neurons in layer VI and large pyramidal cells
      in layer V. Overlying these backfilled cells were two bands of anterograde label,
      a narrow strip in layer I and a wide band centered in layer IV. Deposits of wheat
      germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase confined to the striate
      recipient zone in the lateral portion of the lateral posterior nucleus resulted
      in cortical label in areas 17, 18, 19, 20a and b, 21a, the medial and lateral
      banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus, the posterior suprasylvian sulcus and in
      the fundus of the splenial sulcus. In all cortical areas other than 17 and 18,
      the laminar distribution of label was the same as that found after deposits of
      the tracer into the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus. In
      contrast, areas 17 and 18 contained backfilled cells that were confined to layer
      V and anterograde label that was restricted to layer I. These findings indicate
      that the cortical areas that receive a direct projection from the A laminae of
      the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus maintain a distinct laminar organization of
      reciprocal connections with the extrageniculate visual thalamus. Conversely, all
      other visual areas of the cortex share a common pattern of reciprocal connections
      with both the tecto- and striate-recipient zones of the lateral posterior
      nucleus.

PMID- 4010938
TI  - Horizontal optokinetic ocular nystagmus in the pigmented rat.
AB  - Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was elicited in rats by rotation of a pattern of
      bright dots projected onto a cylinder surrounding the animal. Eye position was
      measured with the electromagnetic search coil technique. Optokinetic stimuli
      consisted either of velocity steps of pattern rotation or sinusoidal
      oscillations. Closed-loop gain (slow phase eye velocity/pattern velocity) of
      steady-stage step responses in binocular vision ranged between 0.8 and 1.0 for
      pattern velocities up to 20-40 degrees/s and decreased thereafter. Open-loop gain
      (steady-state slow phase velocity/retinal slip velocity) was dependent on retinal
      slip velocity and decreased linearly in double logarithmic plot from about 30 (at
      0.5 degree/s) to about 9 (at 5 degrees/s). For retinal slip velocities larger
      than 5 degrees/s open-loop gain decayed faster and reached about 1 at 30
      degrees/s. Step response profiles showed a gradual increase in slow phase eye
      velocity reaching steady-state after a time period roughly proportional to
      stimulus velocity. Initial slow phase velocity measured within 500 ms after
      stimulus onset reached between 2 and 4 degrees/s and was largely independent of
      stimulus amplitudes above 10 degrees/s. Occasionally rats showed fast rises in
      slow phase eye velocity at the onset of the step response profiles. Primary and
      secondary optokinetic afternystagmus were present. Duration of primary
      afternystagmus was largely independent of stimulus amplitude and lasted 8.0 +/- 4
      s. Closed-loop gain of steady-state step responses in monocular vision was, for
      temporonasal stimuli, similar to that measured in binocular condition while for
      nasotemporal stimulation gain was much smaller even at low stimulus velocities.
      Sinusoidal modulation of slow phase velocity was linearly dependent on stimulus
      velocity; the linear range decreased as frequency of stimulation increased. Slow
      phase velocity gain was relatively constant (ca 0.8) between 0.05 and 0.3 Hz and
      showed only a small tendency to decrease at larger stimulus frequencies. Phase
      lag increased strongly with stimulus frequency and could be fitted by assuming a
      response time delay of 100 ms. The results show that the rat's optokinetic system
      is qualitatively similar to that found in another lateral-eyed species, namely
      the rabbit. At a quantitative level, however, both fast and slow optokinetic
      response dynamics appear to be better developed in the rat than in the
      rabbit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4010939
TI  - Two visual systems in mental imagery: dissociation of "what" and "where" in
      imagery disorders due to bilateral posterior cerebral lesions.
AB  - We studied two patients with impaired visual perception and imagery caused by
      bilateral posterior cerebral lesions. The first had prosopagnosia and
      achromatopsia, and the imagery disorder involved the description of objects from
      memory, especially faces and animals, and colors of objects. The second had
      visual disorientation; the imagery problem involved the description of spatial
      relations from memory. Impairments of visual imagery, like disorders of visual
      perception, can be dissociated. Object and color imagery may be dissociated from
      imagery for spatial relations. A given imagery deficit tends to be associated
      with the corresponding type of perceptual deficit.

PMID- 4010940
TI  - Caloric stimulation and unilateral visual neglect.
AB  - We studied performance on tests of visual neglect and left lateral gaze after
      caloric stimulation in 18 patients with left-sided visual neglect after strokes.
      Except for one patient with absent vestibulo-ocular responses, all improved
      during caloric stimulation on the left by cold (LC) or on the right by warm water
      (RW). Improvement seemed to depend on the facilitation of left lateral gaze and
      on past-pointing to the left. During LC and RW caloric stimulation, patients
      worked from left to right instead of their usual right to left. Caloric
      stimulation may be of use in training patients with hemispatial neglect to orient
      toward the affected hemispatial field.

PMID- 4010941
TI  - Prevalence of severe dementia in Finland.
AB  - A sample of 8,000 subjects to represent the population of Finland aged 30 years
      and over was used to identify patients with severe dementia; 141 cases were
      found. The prevalence of all types of severe dementia was 1.8% in the whole study
      population and 6.7% in the population aged 65 years and over. The prevalence
      increased with advancing age to 17.3% in the age group 85 years and over. Primary
      degenerative dementia constituted 50% of all cases; multi-infarct and combined
      dementia, 39%; and secondary dementia, 11%. Fifty-seven percent of the patients
      lived in institutions.

PMID- 4010942
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy: effect of testosterone on total body potassium and on
      creatinine excretion.
AB  - Muscle wasting in myotonic dystrophy appears to reflect impaired anabolism rather
      than accelerated catabolism. We therefore investigated the effects of
      testosterone, an anabolic hormone, on muscle mass as estimated by creatinine
      excretion and total body potassium in nine patients with myotonic dystrophy.
      Weekly injections of testosterone for 10 to 13 weeks increased both creatinine
      excretion (19%) and total body potassium (16%) in all patients. Metabolic balance
      data showed a confirmatory accretion of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus.
      Because testosterone increases indirect measures of muscle mass, it may deserve a
      therapeutic trial in myotonic dystrophy.

PMID- 4010943
TI  - Hypothalamic oxytocin: a cerebrovascular modulator in man?
AB  - Immunocytochemical studies in normal rats show an association between oxytocin
      (OT) neurons and cerebral blood vessels. This is supported by the finding of
      neurophysin (NP) immunoreactivity in blood vessels and pia-arachnoid tissue of
      rats with hereditary vasopressin (VP) and VP-NP deficiency. OT and OT-NP fibers
      were visualized in pia-arachnoid and blood vessels at the base of the brain and,
      to a lesser extent, over the dorsal surface. OT constricts human basilar artery
      with a threshold response in the 10(-10) M range, and an ED50 of 4.8 X 10(-9) M.
      These observations suggest that extrahypothalamic projections of OT neurons may
      modulate cerebrovascular function.

PMID- 4010944
TI  - Thymectomy in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year follow-up.
AB  - We studied 34 MS patients who were treated experimentally by thymectomy with or
      without 1 year of azathioprine therapy. After 3 years, there was no evidence of
      benefit. Relapsing-remitting patients had done as well or better clinically than
      controls, and the chronic progressive group did less well statistically than
      controls.

PMID- 4010946
TI  - Episodic catatonia, hypertension, and tachycardia: elevated plasma
      catecholamines.
AB  - We studied autonomic function in a 34-year-old woman who had episodes of
      catatonia, hypertension, and tachycardia. In one of these episodes, epinephrine
      and norepinephrine levels were extremely high. Catecholamine clearance was
      normal. Platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors were normal in number and affinity.
      Results of the phenylephrine infusion test suggested that these episodes were due
      to central activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 4010945
TI  - Plasmalogen analysis in erythrocyte membranes of adrenoleukodystrophy.
AB  - Very long-chain fatty acids accumulate in both adrenoleukodystrophy and
      Zellweger's syndrome. Plasmalogen content is decreased in Zellweger's syndrome.
      We therefore analyzed plasmalogen in erythrocyte membrane glycerophospholipids of
      three patients with adrenoleukodystrophy and eight normal controls. There was no
      significant difference in the ratio of plasmalogen and diacyl forms in the
      phosphatidylethanolamine class of the patients and controls. This observation
      suggests that plasmalogen metabolism differs in adrenoleukodystrophy and
      Zellweger's syndrome.

PMID- 4010947
TI  - Fatal myoglobinuric renal failure in a patient with tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - A patient with severe tardive dyskinesia developed fatal myoglobinuric renal
      failure. Myoglobinuria has followed other forms of extreme muscular exertion, but
      has not been previously reported consequent to tardive dyskinesia. Antipsychotic
      medication should be used to treat severe tardive dyskinesia when alternative
      forms of therapy are ineffective and discontinuing therapy might otherwise lead
      to an exacerbation of symptoms with life-threatening complications.

PMID- 4010948
TI  - Mirror movement asymmetries in congenital hemiparesis: the inhibition hypothesis
      revisited.
AB  - Mirror movements are seen in normal children in the first decade. The movements
      persist after age 10 in patients with congenital hemiparesis. At first, mirror
      movements are more prominent in the good hand (when the impaired hand attempts a
      unimanual task), but after age 10, mirroring diminishes in the good hand, and
      these movements are equally prominent in good and impaired hands. Maturational
      changes in callosally mediated inhibition of uncrossed motor pathways and
      reorganizational changes of the pyramidal motor system after early unilateral
      brain injury explain these age-dependent changes in asymmetries of mirror
      movements.

PMID- 4010949
TI  - Levamisole is ineffective in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Fifty-nine patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis participated in a 12
      month, double-blind crossover trial. The patients were given either levamisole
      150 mg or placebo in identical tablets once a week orally, and a rating of
      neurologic signs and symptoms was recorded on monthly visits. The patients were
      crossed over at 6 months. Levamisole had no effect on the rate of score decline
      in the 20 patients who completed the trial.

PMID- 4010951
TI  - Computed tomography in benign intracranial hypertension.
AB  - In 28 patients with benign intracranial hypertension, CT showed an abnormality in
      36% of cases. The abnormalities included small ventricles, empty sella, enlarged
      cisterna magna, and dilated optic nerve sheaths. The only reversible changes were
      small-sized ventricles and basal cisterns, which returned to normal size after
      CSF pressure returned to normal. One patient with visual loss and one with normal
      acuity had enlarged optic nerve sheaths.

PMID- 4010950
TI  - Serum trihexyphenidyl levels in the treatment of torsion dystonia.
AB  - Using a radioreceptor technique, we assayed serum trihexyphenidyl levels in
      patients with dystonia being treated chronically with high dosage. We found a
      significant correlation between total daily dose and the daily lowest (trough)
      serum levels. There was no relationship between serum levels and therapeutic
      response or toxicity. Toxicity was more closely related to patient age than to
      serum level. Although levels may be useful to monitor patient compliance, they
      cannot be used to judge adequacy of therapy.

PMID- 4010953
TI  - Unusual spontaneous movements in brain-dead patients.

PMID- 4010954
TI  - Walker-Warburg syndrome.

PMID- 4010952
TI  - Lightning streaks of Moore: a cause of recurrent stereotypic visual disturbance.
AB  - Lightning streaks of Moore are recurrent stereotypic vertical visual phenomena
      that must be distinguished from similar symptoms due to retinal ischemia, optic
      disk abnormalities, or mechanical retinal or optic nerve stimulation. These brief
      flashes are oriented vertically and are perceived in the temporal visual field
      after eye movement. Senescent posterior vitreous changes induce collapse and
      detachment with persistent vitreoretinal adhesions through which mechanical
      forces exert traction on the macula and retina, inducing photopsias. Clinical
      recognition of these symptoms avoids unnecessary diagnostic interventions.

PMID- 4010955
TI  - Munchausen or Ahasuerus?

PMID- 4010956
TI  - A comment on the "comprehension of affective and nonaffective prosody".

PMID- 4010957
TI  - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and Sinemet in Shy-Drager syndrome.

PMID- 4010959
TI  - Diabetes insipidus with brain death.

PMID- 4010958
TI  - Amitriptyline-induced abnormal movements.

PMID- 4010960
TI  - Testing dichotic listening.

PMID- 4010961
TI  - Anticoagulant-related intracerebral hemorrhage.
AB  - Twenty-four patients had intracerebral hemorrhage while they were being treated
      with anticoagulants. Hypertension was present in 67% of the cases, head trauma
      was an uncommon preceding event, and simultaneous bleeding in other organs
      occurred in only one instance. Neurologic abnormalities progressed for several
      hours in 58%. Seizures occurred at onset in 12.5%. The location of the hemorrhage
      was as follows: cerebellum (nine cases), lobar white matter (six), basal ganglia
      (five), thalamus (two), and hemisphere, unspecified (two). In 61%, the
      hemorrhages occurred within 6 months of therapy. In 75%, the prothrombin time was
      beyond 1 1/2 times the control value. Mortality was 62.5%. Survivors had smaller
      hematomas than did patients with fatal hemorrhage.

PMID- 4010962
TI  - Left hemisphere pathways in reading: inferences from pure alexia without
      hemianopia.
AB  - In pure alexia, reading is impaired despite almost normal speech, spelling, and
      writing. We studied a right-handed man with pure alexia, but no hemianopia. He
      had more difficulty reading longer words (word-length effect), but had no
      selective reading impairment in phonologic or semantic analysis. Clinical-CT
      correlation suggests that (1) left hemisphere visual pathways crucial for reading
      arise from or pass close to the left occipitotemporal or inferior temporal gyrus,
      and (2) relevant transcallosal fibers from the right hemisphere course inferior
      to the posterior horn of the left lateral ventricle before ascending to left
      hemisphere language areas.

PMID- 4010963
TI  - Hemifacial spasm: results of electrophysiologic recording during microvascular
      decompression operations.
AB  - Electrophysiologic recordings were made from patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS)
      during microvascular decompression (MVD) operations to see if spasm and
      synkinesis are caused by ephaptic transmission at the site of lesion (root entry
      zone [REZ] of the facial nerve). The response from the orbicularis oculi muscle
      to electrical stimulation of the marginal mandibular nerve had a 2.2-msec longer
      latency (average of 16 patients) than the sum of the conduction times of the
      parts of the facial nerve that would be involved if the response was the result
      of ephaptic transmission at the REZ of the seventh cranial nerve. Similar results
      were obtained when the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve was stimulated. These
      results indicate that the facial motonucleus is involved in HFS.

PMID- 4010964
TI  - Occlusive disease of the middle cerebral artery.
AB  - We studied 20 patients with severe occlusive disease of the mainstem middle
      cerebral artery (MCA) or its major division branches, and 25 patients with
      internal carotid artery (ICA) disease. MCA disease patients were more often
      black, female, younger, and had fewer TIAs than the ICA disease patients.
      Neurologic signs in patients with MCA disease evolved progressively during days
      to weeks, whereas ICA disease patients more often had an acute onset of
      nonprogressive deficits. CT commonly showed restricted subcortical or wedge
      shaped infarcts in MCA disease patients. All MCA disease patients had stroke, but
      40% of ICA disease patients had no infarction. MCA lesions usually affected the
      mainstem MCA or its major superior division. Patients with MCA disease seldom had
      recurrent ischemia in the same vascular territory as the stroke and had a low
      incidence of subsequent cardiac death.

PMID- 4010965
TI  - Release from central auditory competition in the split-brain patient.
AB  - We used dichotic digits (DD), staggered spondaic words (SSW), and frequency
      patterns (PATT) to study central auditory function before and after two-stage
      callosotomy. Preoperatively, the patient demonstrated reduced scores bilaterally
      on all these tests, consistent with documented bilateral hemisphere lesions.
      After the first operation (sectioning the posterior half of the corpus callosum),
      the dichotic tests (DD and SSW) revealed the expected decrease in left-ear
      scores, but there was improvement on the right, perhaps because there was release
      from central auditory competition. Our findings also suggest that the "auditory"
      portion of the corpus callosum may be in the posterior half of this structure.

PMID- 4010966
TI  - Dissecting aneurysms of head and neck.
AB  - We analyzed four personal cases and 51 reported cases of dissecting aneurysms of
      the arteries of the head and neck. Subintimal dissection more commonly affects
      the intracranial vessels before age 40. In contrast, medial dissection tends to
      affect extracranial vessels after age 30. Vertebrobasilar dissection more
      variably affects either arterial plane. The reasons for these differing patterns
      of dissection are still not clear. In young subjects, the subintimal layer
      appears to be more susceptible; in contrast, the media becomes increasingly
      vulnerable with age, particularly in the presence of acquired medial disease.

PMID- 4010967
TI  - The syndrome of posterior thalamic hemorrhage.
AB  - In six patients with CT evidence of posterior thalamic hemorrhage, we found the
      following signs: saccadic hypometria away from the lesion; defective pursuit
      toward the lesion with corresponding opticokinetic abnormalities; mild
      ipsilateral ptosis; ipsilateral miosis; unilateral sensory neglect; and
      sensorimotor hemiparesis. This distinct syndrome has a benign course and
      satisfactory recovery. It differs from the classic picture of thalamic
      hemorrhage, and can be called "the syndrome of posterior thalamic hemorrhage."

PMID- 4010968
TI  - [Behavior during exertion of various cardiocirculatory parameters. Reference
      values for normal subjects].

PMID- 4010970
TI  - [Heart palpitation. Interpretation of a symptom by dynamic electrocardiography].

PMID- 4010969
TI  - [Non-invasive diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis].

PMID- 4010971
TI  - [Thrombocytopenia and mexiletine. Description of a case and analysis of the
      possible pathogenetic relations].

PMID- 4010972
TI  - [Arterial pressure in 6 to 13-year-old children: study of 1,600 Roman students
      from elementary schools. 1) Distribution of arterial pressure and detection of
      hypertensive subjects].

PMID- 4010973
TI  - [Arterial pressure in 6 to 13-year-old children: study of 1,600 Roman students
      from elementary schools. II. Analysis of the dependence of blood pressure on the
      sex, age, body height, body weight, familial hypertension and menarche].

PMID- 4010974
TI  - [Antihypertensive therapy in the aged with low doses atenolol-chlorthalidone
      fixed combination].

PMID- 4010975
TI  - [A new guanabenz-mefruside drug in the treatment of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 4010976
TI  - [Alcoholic cardiotoxicity. Experiences in an internal medicine ward].

PMID- 4010977
TI  - [Thrombosis of the vena cava: disobstruction with ukidan in 2 neonates].

PMID- 4010978
TI  - [Variations in CPK-MB during extracorporeal circulation].

PMID- 4010979
TI  - [Short-term effects of a training program on the plasma level of HDL-cholesterol
      in infarct patients].

PMID- 4010980
TI  - [Ventricular fibrillation caused by myocardial infarction refractory to electric
      shock and xylocaine. Positive response to intravenous mexiletine].

PMID- 4010981
TI  - [CDP choline and cerebrovascular insufficiency in the elderly. Clinical study of
      40 patients undergoing prolonged treatment].

PMID- 4010982
TI  - [Extracorporeal bypass in emergency vascular surgery].

PMID- 4010983
TI  - [Suture materials].

PMID- 4010984
TI  - [Use of a disposable automatic metallic-clip instrument in gastrointestinal
      surgery].

PMID- 4010985
TI  - [Severe abdominal sepsis].

PMID- 4010986
TI  - [Immediate closure of the pelvic cavity after the Miles' intervention for
      tumors].

PMID- 4010987
TI  - [New frontiers in surgery of the rectum. Is low anterior resection an
      oncologically acceptable intervention?].

PMID- 4010989
TI  - [The transacral and combined abdominal-transacral approach in the surgery of
      neoplasms of the rectum].

PMID- 4010988
TI  - [Modern directions in surgery of cancer of the rectum].

PMID- 4010990
TI  - [Local treatment of minimal cancer of the rectum (preordained treatment)].

PMID- 4010991
TI  - [Pathology of reflux of the non-operated stomach. Current possibilities of
      surgical correction].

PMID- 4010992
TI  - [Gastroesophageal reflux and cancer of the gastric stump].

PMID- 4010993
TI  - [The surgical tactic in gastritis caused by alkaline reflux in the operated
      stomach].

PMID- 4010994
TI  - [Benign and malignant stenosis of the hilus hepatis].

PMID- 4010995
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cancers of the hilus hepatis].

PMID- 4010996
TI  - [Endoscopic treatment of 83 cases of post-cholecystectomy choledochal lithiasis].

PMID- 4010997
TI  - [Transcutaneous treatment of residual/recurrent calculosis of the bile ducts].

PMID- 4010998
TI  - [Non-surgical treatment of recurrent and/or residual calculosis of the bile
      ducts].

PMID- 4010999
TI  - [Monooctanoin dissolving of post-cholecystectomy residual biliary calculi].

PMID- 4011000
TI  - [Local dissolving of residual and/or recurrent choledochal calculi. Criteria for
      selecting the patient].

PMID- 4011001
TI  - [Chronic pancreatitis, today].

PMID- 4011002
TI  - [Role of the pain specialist in the treatment of pancreatic pain].

PMID- 4011003
TI  - [Wirsung-jejunostomy in the surgical therapy of chronic recurrent pancreatitis].

PMID- 4011004
TI  - [Hypereosinophilia of the blood. II. Classification. Benign essential
      hypereosinophilia. Eosinophilia caused by systemic eosinophilic hemopathies].
AB  - Following a previous note on the latest development in the study of eosinophilic
      granulocytes, a nosographic classification scheme is proposed for the problematic
      group of haematic eosinophilias. The scheme is based on the division of
      hypereosinophilias into three basic groups: benign idiopathic hypereosinophilias,
      hypereosinophiliasis caused by systemic eosinophilic blood diseases and
      symptomatic hypereosinophilias. Two rare events, hereditary familial eosinophilia
      and bening, non-familial idiopathic eosinophilia may be added to the benign
      idiopathic hypereosinophilias group. The group of hypereosinophilias caused by
      systemic eosinophilic blood diseases is still controversial and difficult to
      interpret. Particular attention is paid to the so-called "idiopathic
      hypereosinophilic syndrome" (HES), an umbrella term under which there is a
      current tendency to group a heterogeneous series of disorders characterised by
      long-lasting hypereosinophilia where there is no known reason for the increased
      eosinophilic granulocyte rate. Clinical and physiopathological features are then
      described to decide whether a given condition lies within the scope of this still
      little known syndrome.

PMID- 4011005
TI  - [Surgical and immunological treatment protocol for primary cancer of the liver.
      Personal experience at the Viet-Duc Hospital, Hanoi, 1981].
AB  - The treatment protocols used in cases of primary liver cancer at Viet-Duc
      Hospital, Hanoi are examined. The efficacy of combined surgery and immunological
      stimulation is demonstrated, especially when resection of the liver is
      accompanied by immunological stimulation with a synthetic product, tested for the
      first time by Hanoi research workers.

PMID- 4011006
TI  - [Experience with hepatic hydatidosis. Review of 100 cases].
AB  - 201 cases of hydatid cysts observed in 1964-1984 are analysed. This is followed
      by a report on 100 cases of hepatic cysts with details of the patients' sex, age,
      symptoms and occupation. Finally the surgical treatment adopted in response to
      the site and dimensions of the cysts is described in detail.

PMID- 4011007
TI  - [Behavior of blood composition in chronic liver diseases].
AB  - On the basis of data from hospitalised patients with chronic liver pathology, the
      relationship between the type and severity of the disease and the nature and
      extent of changes in blood composition was studied. It is concluded that a direct
      relationship exists between liver pathology and haemopathy which can be
      attributed to various aetiopathogenetic factors. The severity of the liver
      pathology is the main factor, independently of its aetiology.

PMID- 4011008
TI  - [Value and use of endoscopic pH measurement in gastroduodenal pathology].
AB  - The pH values in 203 patients with various gastroduodenal pathologies were
      measured by means of a glass electrode inserted into the bioptic channel of the
      gastroscope. Analysis of the results confirms what we know of pH variations in
      gastric or duodenal ulcer cases and shows where perendoscopic pH measurements may
      be used beneficially. In particular it was found that mucous pH is not affected
      by H2 antagonists if these are taken more that 12 hours before the examination.
      Perendoscopic pH measurement appears to be a valuable tool in screening stomach
      lesions at risk in cases of chronic gastritis, since it facilitates the
      identification of atrophic or metaplastic lesions.

PMID- 4011009
TI  - [Blood hypereosinophilias. III. Symptomatic hypereosinophilias: allergic,
      cutaneous, parasitic, infective, pulmonary and gastro- intestinal diseases].
AB  - The most frequently observed of the symptomatic hypereosinophilias are those
      caused by allergic, cutaneous, parasitic, infectious, pulmonary and gastroenteric
      conditions. Among the allergic conditions, particular attention is paid to the
      hypereosinophilias caused by allergic asthma, gastroenteritis and reactions to
      drugs. The most common skin conditions linked to hypereosinophilias such as
      bullous dermatites and angio-oedema are considered. Turning to the parasitic
      conditions, the various types of parasite that may produce hypereosinophilias by
      infesting the organs are examined. The aetiology of tropical eosinophilias and
      the pathogenetic mechanism that may trigger hypereosinophilias are discussed. It
      has been thought advisable to group the lung pathologies associated with
      hypereosinophilias under a separate heading, despite the indubitable importance
      of the allergic element in these events. Among gastroenteric conditions, the one
      considered is eosinophilic gastroenteritis whose clinical, anatomopathological
      and aetiopathogenic features are still not quite clear. Examples of certain forms
      of secondary hypereosinophilias are given in the form of four unusual personal
      cases of bronchial asthma, filariasis, an exceptional infestation by Hypoderma
      bovis and eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

PMID- 4011010
TI  - [Evaluation of the diagnostic role of the carcinoembryonic antigen in ascitic
      fluid].
AB  - The diagnostic role of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in ascitic fluid was
      evaluated in order to assess whether or not ascitic haemorrhage is related to
      cancer. A total of 30 patients with ascitic haemorrhage were analysed (17 had
      cirrhosis, 5 non-metastasised cancers and 8 metastasised cancers). CEA
      radioimmunoassay was performed in serum and ascitic fluid. The results showed
      that CEA in the ascitic fluid highlighted a clear distinction between the average
      values of the 3 groups examined serum assay did not. Results were respectively:
      cirrhotic patients 6.11, non-metastasised cancers 38 and metastasised cancers
      204.12. Ascitic fluid measurement revealed considerable variation, especially
      between the first and third groups examined (p = .00000004). Although CEA must be
      regarded as an aspecific laboratory test for malignancy, these results suggest
      that CEA determination in the ascitic fluid may be useful for screening patients
      with ascitic haemorrhage.

PMID- 4011011
TI  - [Arteriosclerosis, lipid pattern and physical activity. Effect of functional
      rehabilitation on blood lipid values in a group of patients with neuromotor
      lesions].
AB  - The effects of a kinesitherapy cycle (i.e. active and passive light physical
      activity) on the plasmatic cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides contents
      and on beta/alpha lipoproteins ratio as well in a group of 62 patients (39 males
      and 23 females) with neuromotor lesions are reported. The best results were found
      in the males group, where cholesterol HDL increased and triglycerides and
      beta/alpha ratio decreased. In the females the only good result was represented
      by the increase of HDL-cholesterol, while the other values did not change. The
      implications concerning such results and the possible etiological differences are
      discussed.

PMID- 4011012
TI  - [Diuretic and antihypertensive activity of azosemide].
AB  - The results of a study conducted using a new loop diuretic, Azosemide, on a group
      of 45 patients suffering from hypertension and oedema are reported. Thirty
      patients were studied in an open trial and in association with other drugs. The
      remaining 15 exclusively hypertensive patients, were studied in a controlled
      trial against Indapamide. The patient's standing and recumbent arterial pressure
      was monitored and all were given periodic weight checks. In the 1st group,
      Azosemide brought about a significant reduction in arterial pressure, without
      modifying body weight, but caused considerable weight loss (from 71 to 64 kg) (P
      less than 0,01) in the oedema patients without altering arterial pressure. In the
      2nd group of hypertensive patients, a significant fall in arterial pressure (from
      166 to 138 mmHg) was observed, most notably after Azosemide treatment. None of
      the patients revealed side effects, or alterations in laboratory parameters. It
      is therefore suggested that Azosemide--given its effectiveness and ease of
      application--is particularly useful for the diuretic treatment of hypertensive
      and oedematous patients.

PMID- 4011013
TI  - [Lipid cell carcinoma of the breast].
AB  - A review of cases treated in 1978-82 revealed 1 case of lipid cell carcinoma of
      the breast out of 310 mammary carcinomas. Given the rarity of this histological
      type and the generally poorer than average prognosis, it seems likely that it
      should be considered separately from the other cases.

PMID- 4011014
TI  - [Thoughts on the relationship between physician and patient].

PMID- 4011015
TI  - [Percussion auscultation of transient ischemic attacks. Role of cerebral evoked
      potentials].
AB  - The auscultatory percussion signs present during so called transitory ischaemic
      attacks are described. Long experience has revealed the identification of
      cerebral evoked potentials to be particularly valuable, both in confirming
      diagnosis and monitoring treatment. "Bed-side" identification of cerebral evoked
      potentials is an extension of physical symptomatology as applied to diseases of
      the nervous system. Finally, differential diagnosis with cerebral tumours often
      associated with enigmatic phenomena is discussed.

PMID- 4011016
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma: on its frequent association with lymphoreticular neoplasms and
      diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Kaposi's sarcoma (K.S.) is associated relatively frequently with diabetes
      mellitus and with a second often lymphoreticular neoplasia. On the basis of the
      three cases reported, which presented an association of diabetes mellitus,
      chronic lymphatic leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and K.S., the relationship
      between neoplastic diseases, immunological and lymphoproliferative disorders and
      virus infections is considered.

PMID- 4011017
TI  - [Medical ethics: an open problem (with a suggestion)].

PMID- 4011018
TI  - [Cardiovascular manifestations of dermatopolymyositis].
AB  - The cardiovascular symptoms of six patients suffering from polymyositis were
      considered with reference to Pearson's classification. Transmural ischaemia type
      ventricular repolarisation anomalies were noted in two patients while clinica
      signis of cardiopathy were not present. A progressive disturbance in
      intraventricular condition was noted in one case. In another patient signs of
      atrial tachycardial type paroxysms with a variable A-V block were noted.
      Dilatative cardiomyopathy with progressive congestive decompensation and
      hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias were noted in two patients. These conditions
      responded partially to medical treatment. ECGraphic signs of pseudonecrosis and
      clinicoechographic signs of mitral valve prolapse were noted in another patient.
      These signs were not accompanied by either coronary or valvular clinical
      involvement equivalents.

PMID- 4011019
TI  - [Strain gauge plethysmography of venous circulation in aged patients with deep
      vein thrombosis and post-phlebitis syndrome].
AB  - Deep-seated venous thrombosis (DVT) is more common in subjects over 40 and is
      most frequently found in subjects between 60 and 70 years of age. It is thought
      that the complaint is brought about by paraphysiological factors connected with
      aging or conditions frequently encountered in the elderly which are
      interconnected to varying extents. The flow parameters of 30 female subjects with
      diagnosed DVT, of which 18 were over 60, and 24 female subjects with a
      phlebographic diagnosis of Post-phlebocytic syndrome (PPS), of which 14 were over
      60, were evaluated using the plethysmographic strain gauge technique. Women over
      60 with DVT have longer maximum emptying times and higher venous pressures. For
      this group, maximum emptying time is slightly lower (although not by a
      statistically significant amount) than for the younger group. Subjects of
      advanced age with DVT display significantly higher levels of venous obstruction
      and patients with PPS display higher levels of venous ectasia. These effects are
      probably caused by venous circulation miopragia due to aging.

PMID- 4011020
TI  - [Daily secretion of parathyroid hormone in adult subjects].
AB  - Data reported in the literature on the existence of a circadian rhythm in PTH
      secretion are contradictory. In order to assess whether haematic PTH levels vary
      over a 24 hour period, the plasma levels of the hormone were evaluated at 6
      different times during the day (12, 19, 24, 2, 4, 6 hours) in a group of 10
      healthy adults (5 males, 5 females), aged from 24.8 to 48.7 years. PTH values
      were determined by the double antibody radioimmunological method using
      commercially available kits (PTH-K Sorin-Saluggia), whose antiserum reacts with C
      terminal fraction of the hormone. No statistically significant differences were
      observed, either between the sexes or among the samples collected during the 24
      hour period. The results therefore seem to preclude the existence of a circadian
      rhythm in PTH secretion. However, further studies and more data - based on RIA
      methods, whose antiserum reacts with the N terminal of the hormone - would be
      necessary to preclude the existence of rapid circadian variations in PTH over the
      24 hour period.

PMID- 4011021
TI  - [Muscle and nerve biopsy in ambulatory surgical practice].
AB  - The diagnostic value of nerve and muscle biopsy in detecting several neurological
      diseases is discussed. A bioptic technique for current surgical practice is
      proposed.

PMID- 4011022
TI  - [Apropos of a case of cluster headache and a space-occupying lesion in the
      brain].
AB  - Reference is made to a patient with an approximately 20-yr history of cluster
      headache and crises refractory to medical prophylaxis for 2 years prior to
      admission. Over the last 30 days, the picture had been complicated by resistance
      to ergotamine and motor deficiency in the right leg. Neuroradiological
      investigation revealed a lesion occupying the left parieto-occipital space. This
      remained undiagnosed. Its aetiology and clinical relations are discussed in the
      light of other cases of cluster headache associated with a demonstrated organic
      lesion described in the literature.

PMID- 4011023
TI  - [Acquired systemic amyloidosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy].
AB  - A case of acquired systemic amyloidosis with monoclonal gammopathy in a woman
      aged 67 years is reported. Clinical features included macroglossia, restrictive
      cardiomyopathy, cutaneous purpura and carpal-tunnel syndrome. A short review on
      amyloidosis appears in the case discussion.

PMID- 4011024
TI  - [Hysterosalpingography in the anatomo-physiological study of the female genital
      system. Considerations on 11,000 cases].

PMID- 4011025
TI  - [Bone marrow toxicity of the chemotherapy of gynecological tumors].

PMID- 4011027
TI  - [Cervical pregnancy: review of the literature and considerations on a clinical
      case].

PMID- 4011026
TI  - [Aspecific pelvic immunotherapy with BCG injected into the portio uteri of women
      with uterine cancer].

PMID- 4011029
TI  - [Cavernous fibroangioma of the umbilical cord associated with pseudohematoma of
      the cord].

PMID- 4011028
TI  - [Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord not associated with vasa praevia].

PMID- 4011030
TI  - [Computerized evaluation of the profile and area in telethermomammography].

PMID- 4011031
TI  - A direct magnocellular-preopticospinal pathway in goldfish: implications for
      control of sex behavior.
AB  - Neurons in the pars magnocellularis and gigantocellularis of the goldfish
      magnocellular preoptic nucleus concentrate horseradish peroxidase by retrograde
      transport following its placement into sectioned spinal cord. Implants at rostral
      levels labeled the greatest number of preoptic cells. The pathway demonstrated is
      primarily ipsilateral and appears equivalent to the paraventricular-spinal system
      of tetrapods. In goldfish it may control sperm release and other stereotyped
      reproductive responses.

PMID- 4011032
TI  - Effect of histamine infusion on circulating methionine-enkephalin and
      catecholamine concentrations.
AB  - In 5 normal adult men, histamine was infused i.v. for 5 min at 20 micrograms/kg/h
      and at 80 micrograms/kg/h on two occasions one week apart. Diastolic blood
      pressure fell and heart rate, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline all rose in a
      dose-dependent manner, but plasma methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) concentrations
      were unchanged. These results indicate that while Met-Enk may be co-stored with
      catecholamines (CAs) in the adrenal medulla in at least this paradigm,
      circulating concentrations of CAs may be altered without similar changes in
      plasma Met-Enk immunoreactivity.

PMID- 4011033
TI  - Hesitation vowels: a motor speech respiration hypothesis.
AB  - In spontaneous speech the relation of hesitation vowels 'ah' and 'mh' (filled
      pauses) and respiration was studied in 16 healthy native speakers of German.
      Hesitation vowels did not occur randomly in expiration during speech. When
      expiratory duration was divided into four segments of equal length, the highest
      incidence of hesitation vowels was to be found at early loci during expiration.
      As speech respiration is reset to vegetative breathing as soon as speech
      production stops, hesitation vowels act as phonomotoric subroutines during
      halting speech production to prevent the respiratory system from uneconomic air
      loss and to keep it in the speech respiration mode.

PMID- 4011034
TI  - The postural reaction to the drop of a hindlimb support in the standing cat
      remains following sensorimotor cortical ablation.
AB  - The postural response to an unexpected drop of either hindlimb platform was
      studied in the freely standing cat. The vertical forces, the forelimb
      electromyographic (EMG) activities and the movement of the trunk were analysed. A
      stereotyped diagonal pattern of support was observed. The imposed unloading of
      one hindlimb was followed by unloading of the diagonally opposite forelimb and
      loading of the two other limbs. In the ipsilateral loaded forelimb, the force
      increase is preceded by an activation of the biceps and is concomitant with a
      triceps coactivation. In the contralateral unloaded forelimb, reciprocal changes
      of biceps (activation) and triceps (inhibition) were observed and preceded the
      force decrease. Lateral or vertical displacement or rotation of the vertebral
      column at the high thoracic level, as evidenced by movie recording, began no
      earlier than 100 ms after the hindlimb drop and thus followed the EMG changes.
      Unilateral sensorimotor cortex ablation had no effect on this pattern or on the
      latencies of forelimb myographic responses. These results suggest that the
      hindlimb drop triggers stereotyped forelimb EMG responses which are organized
      centrally and that these responses are not mediated via a sensorimotor cortical
      loop.

PMID- 4011035
TI  - In vivo electrochemical monitoring of apomorphine penetration into the rat brain.
AB  - Differential normal pulse voltammetry was used together with electrochemically
      treated carbon-fibre electrodes to monitor apomorphine (APO) penetration into the
      cortex of anaesthetized rats after a peripheral administration of this drug. In
      vivo cortical APO extracellular concentration and post-mortem APO levels both
      measured by means of this technique were estimated to be, respectively, 105 +/- 8
      nM and 14.6 +/- 1.1 nmol/g of tissue. The maximal extracellular concentration was
      reached 16 min after a s.c. injection and reached a plateau beyond a dose of 4
      mg/kg (s.c.). This suggests that APO is mainly trapped within brain cells.

PMID- 4011036
TI  - Dopamine hyperpolarizes and reduces the light responses of rod ON-centre bipolar
      cells in the retina of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were obtained from horizontal cells and bipolar cells of
      the dark-adapted, virtually all-rod retina of the dogfish. Eyecups were
      superfused with Ringer's solution containing micromolar concentrations of
      dopamine (DA). It was found that 10 microM DA hyperpolarized rod ON-centre
      bipolar cells and reduced their responses to light flashes. Detectable effects
      could be obtained with DA concentrations as low as 1 microM. A decrease in the
      light responses of bipolar cells due to the effects of DA was concomitant with a
      decrease in the amplitude of the b-wave of the electroretinogram. DA had no
      effect on the membrane potential or the light response of rod horizontal cells.
      These results demonstrate a selective action on rod ON-centre bipolar cells and
      suggest the existence of a dopaminergic pathway which affects the sensitivity of
      the rod visual system at the retinal level.

PMID- 4011037
TI  - Multipolar neurons and axodendritic synapses in the mesencephalic trigeminal
      nucleus of the cat.
AB  - In the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) of the adult cat, multipolar
      neurons with 1-9 smooth dendritic processes were labeled with horseradish
      peroxidase which was applied to central cut ends of the masseter, deep temporal,
      medial pterygoid, superior alveolar and inferior alveolar nerves. These
      constituted 40% of the total population of MTN neurons; most of them were jaw
      closing muscle afferent neurons and located mainly at the levels of the superior
      colliculus. Axon terminals were found electron microscopically to make synaptic
      contacts upon horseradish peroxidase-labeled dendritic profiles of MTN neurons.

PMID- 4011038
TI  - Non-muscarinic effects of atropine on calcium conductances in cultured mouse
      spinal cord neurons.
AB  - Cultured neurons derived from mouse spinal cord were studied using intracellular
      recording techniques. Effects of muscarinic cholinergic antagonists (atropine) on
      voltage-dependent membrane events, which could not be related to muscarinic
      receptors are described. Atropine (in nanomolar to micromolar concentrations)
      blocks calcium conductances in a manner which is not blocked by carbachol (100
      microM). A direct effect of atropine on membrane Ca2+ conductances is suggested.

PMID- 4011039
TI  - Long-latency responses in human thenar muscles mediated by fast conducting muscle
      and cutaneous afferents.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of median nerve at the wrist near motor threshold evokes
      two distinct reflexes in voluntarily innervated thenar muscles. The first is the
      Hoffmann reflex (HR) and the second is the long-latency reflex (LLR). Stimulation
      of the motor branch of the median nerve at the thenar sub-threshold for motor
      fibers evokes the same pattern suggesting that group IA muscle afferents are
      mediating the LLR. Stimulation of pure cutaneous afferents evokes a LLR of
      similar latency without a preceding HR. Statistical analyses of the reflex
      latencies of HR and LLR are in favor of a fast conduction velocity for the
      cutaneous afferents involved. Hence for muscular and cutaneous LLR a long-lasting
      central conduction time has to be assumed.

PMID- 4011040
TI  - Specialization of astrocytic membrane at glia limitans in rat optic nerve: freeze
      fracture observations.
AB  - The ultrastructure of astrocytic foot processes at the glia limitans in rat optic
      nerve was studied by freeze-fracture. Two classes of astrocytic end-foot
      processes were observed. Most astrocytic foot processes in this region show a
      high density of orthogonal arrays of P-face particles (assemblies) that are
      randomly oriented. However, astrocytic foot processes with highly organized
      columns of assemblies are also observed. These columns are 1-4 assemblies wide
      (approximately 0.1 micron), with the center-to-center distance between the
      columns being relatively constant (approximately 0.17 micron). Columns of at
      least 4 micron length have been observed. The regional specialization of the
      astrocyte membrane and the differentiation of subpial astrocytes into two
      structural classes may have important functional implications.

PMID- 4011041
TI  - How rare are dichotomizing sensory fibres in peripheral nerves of warm blooded
      animals?

PMID- 4011042
TI  - Rare until proven otherwise.

PMID- 4011044
TI  - A substantial number of asymmetric axosomatic synapses is a characteristic of the
      granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
AB  - The types of axosomatic synapses for pyramidal neurons of the Ammon's horn and
      granule cells of the dentate gyrus were investigated in the rat hippocampus.
      Local circuit neurons in both of these regions were also included. The mean
      number of axosomatic synapses was higher for pyramidal neurons than granule
      cells. Practically all of these synaptic contacts were symmetric for the
      pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area, whereas the percentage of asymmetric
      axosomatic synapses for granule cells and local circuit neurons was 21% and 26%,
      respectively. This finding is interesting because granule cells appear to be the
      only known projection neuron type to possess such a high percentage of asymmetric
      axosomatic synapses.

PMID- 4011043
TI  - Autoradiographic distribution of [3H]dexoxadrol (a phencyclidine-related ligand)
      binding sites in rat and human brain.
AB  - [3H]dexoxadrol, a dissociative anesthetic, binds with high affinity to specific
      sites in rat brain (membrane binding and light microscopic autoradiography).
      Various phencyclidine (PCP) analogues compete for [3H]dexoxadrol sites in a
      slightly different manner than against [3H]PCP binding sites. As for [3H]PCP
      binding, [3H]dexoxadrol binding sites are highly concentrated in brain regions
      such as the cortex and the hippocampus. However, other areas such as the
      hypothalamus are enriched only in [3H]dexoxadrol binding sites. This suggests
      that [3H]dexoxadrol binds to PCP-related sites in certain brain regions but not
      in others. In the human forebrain, [3H]dexoxadrol binding sites are distributed
      as in the rat brain and mainly found in the caudate, putamen and cortex.

PMID- 4011045
TI  - Sensitivity of inbred mice to methylxanthines is not determined by plasma
      xanthine concentration.
AB  - Male CBA/J and SWR/J mice were tested with doses of caffeine, theophylline and 8
      p-sulfophenyltheophylline (xanthine). Caffeine produced dose-related decreases in
      locomotor activity and colonic temperatures in SWR/J mice. However, caffeine
      produced increases in locomotor activity and failed to lower the body temperature
      of CBA/J mice. Theophylline produced a decrease in body temperature of SWR/J
      mice. Comparison of brain caffeine levels demonstrated no difference in brain
      pharmacokinetics. The peripherally active xanthine failed to alter body
      temperature at the same molar dose as that of theophylline. These data clearly
      demonstrate that genetic differences in the effects of methylxanthine are due to
      inherent differences in the central nervous system sensitivity of the two
      strains. The data further indicate that while differences in xanthine metabolism
      may occur in inbred mice, these differences are not a major factor in the acute,
      peak plasma level, effects of xanthines.

PMID- 4011046
TI  - Comparison of pineal melatonin rhythms in young adult and old Djungarian hamsters
      (Phodopus sungorus) under long and short photoperiods.
AB  - The pattern of the pineal melatonin rhythm was studied in 3-6- and 17-22-month
      old female Djungarian hamsters under light-dark (LD) schedules, LD 16:8 and LD
      8:16. Under both photoperiods, the amplitude of the melatonin rhythm was 2.5
      times higher in young adult hamsters than in old ones. Two weeks after the change
      from LD 16:8 to LD 8:16, the period of elevated nocturnal melatonin levels
      lengthened by about 3 h in both age groups. It is suggested that old Djungarian
      hamsters, as well as young adults, might be able to recognize the length of a
      photoperiod and its change.

PMID- 4011047
TI  - The ventromedial nucleus as thalamic relay for fastigial projections to the cat
      insular cortex.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the thalamic ventromedial nucleus (VM) produced surface
      negative field potentials in the insular cortex of the cat. Laminar field
      potential analysis revealed that the VM-evoked potentials showed the same depth
      profile as the potentials evoked by stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial
      nucleus (FN). The active synaptic site for both evoked potentials is indicated to
      be located in layer I of the insular cortex. These results suggest that the VM
      mediates the FN projections onto layer I of the insular cortex.

PMID- 4011048
TI  - Correlation between senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle counts in cerebral
      cortex and neuronal counts in cortex and subcortical structures in Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - The quantitative relationship between the numbers of senile plaques and
      neurofibrillary tangles in the temporal cortex and the degree of atrophy and loss
      of nerve cells from this region and from cortically projecting areas such as the
      nucleus basalis of Meynert, locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus was investigated in
      32 patients with Alzheimer's disease. Strong correlations were noted between
      cortical plaque and tangle counts and nerve cell atrophy and loss in all 4 areas,
      suggesting that the formation of plaques and tangles may be of primary pathogenic
      importance to the cortical and subcortical cell loss.

PMID- 4011049
TI  - Lack of effect of intranigral administration of a dopamine analogue, (+/-)-3-(3
      hydroxyphenyl)-N,n-propylpiperidine [(+/-)-3-PPP], on nigrostriatal dopamine
      neurones.
AB  - Bilateral injection of apomorphine into the zona reticulata of substantia nigra
      in rats reduced locomotor activity and striatal dopamine (DA) turnover. In
      contrast, bilateral injection of (+/-)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N,n-propylpiperidine
      [(+/-)-3-PPP] into the zona reticulata (ZR) did not reduce locomotor activity and
      did not affect striatal DA turnover. A high dose of (+/-)-3-PPP increased
      locomotor activity. Unilateral injection of (+/-)-3-PPP, but not of apomorphine,
      into the ZR induced a brief period of contraversive rotation. (+/-)-3-PPP may not
      alter nigral DA autoreceptor function but may interact with DA receptors located
      on non-dopaminergic nigral neurones.

PMID- 4011050
TI  - Depolarizing responses to capsaicin in a subpopulation of rat dorsal root
      ganglion cells.
AB  - Microelectrode recordings from the somata of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells
      were used to correlate their electrophysiological characteristics with
      sensitivity to locally applied capsaicin. Of the 80 cells tested, 17 responded to
      capsaicin by a rapid depolarization. These cells had low axonal conduction
      velocities (less than 1.4 m/s) and long duration action potentials,
      characteristic of C-cells. Some C-cells did not respond to capsaicin, and no A
      cells, which had high conduction velocities and brief action potentials, did so.
      The effect of capsaicin on the current-voltage curve of C-cells suggested that it
      produced a conductance increase as well as a change in delayed rectification.

PMID- 4011051
TI  - The motor innervation of the single-bellied digastric muscle in the rabbit: a
      retrograde horseradish peroxidase study.
AB  - The digastric muscle of the rabbit consists of a single anterior belly which
      inserts onto the lower jaw. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the muscle
      and into subcutaneous regions overlying the lower jaw to determine the sites of
      origin of the motor innervation to both the digastric muscle and the platysma
      muscles. After digastric muscle injection, labelled cells were found in the
      ipsilateral retrotrigeminal nucleus as well as in the intermediate subnucleus of
      the main facial nucleus on both sides. Subcutaneous injections produced labelling
      which was found bilaterally in the intermediate subnucleus and in the
      ventromedial portion of the medial subnucleus. These results are interpreted in
      relation to the common embryological origin of these two muscles and their
      innervation.

PMID- 4011052
TI  - Reflex changes in sympatho-adrenal medullary functions in response to various
      thermal cutaneous stimulations in anesthetized rats.
AB  - The effects of various thermal stimulations of restricted skin areas with a
      thermal probe on the adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve activity and
      catecholamine (CA) secretion rates from the adrenal medulla were studied in alpha
      chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats. Both cold and warm stimulations of
      abdominal skin either below 10 degrees C or above 43 degrees C produced reflex
      increases in nerve activity as well as CA secretion rates, whereas stimulations
      between 13 degrees C and 40 degrees C were ineffective in producing significant
      changes in these variables. The stimulation of chest and abdominal skin areas was
      more effective in producing adrenal sympathetic nerve responses than that of the
      shoulder, thigh or scrotum skin.

PMID- 4011053
TI  - Comparative toxic effect of sumithion on rat and pigeon at the level of myelin.
AB  - Both rats and pigeons treated with sumithion, an organophosphorous pesticide, at
      a daily oral dose of one-tenth of the LD50, die after the 6th exposure. In spinal
      cord myelin of pigeon cerebroside, sulphatide and total protein contents decrease
      by 30, 15.7 and 40.8%, respectively, and cholesterol increases by 30% after 5
      days of treatment; that of the rat shows none of these changes. Densitometric
      scannings of sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gels of myelin proteins show a
      decrease in Wolfgram and proteolipid protein in rats and in pigeons up to 3 days;
      after 5 days this change continues only in pigeons, whereas rats show a normal
      pattern. The proteolipid protein and basic protein of both the species show
      increased mobility towards the anode up to 3 days, whereas after 5 days this
      trend continues in pigeons but not in rats.

PMID- 4011055
TI  - Supraspinal loops that mediate visceral inputs to thoracic spinal cord neurones
      in the cat: involvement of descending pathways from raphe and reticular
      formation.
AB  - Single unit electrical activity has been recorded from 29 viscero-somatic
      neurones in the T11 spinal cord segment of chloralose anaesthetized cats. Twenty
      six of these neurones showed changes in their responses to electrical stimulation
      of the splanchnic nerve after reversible spinalization of the animals by cold
      block: 14 showed increased responses whereas 12 presented reduced or abolished
      responses during the spinal block. The majority of neurones in the first group
      were located in laminae IV, V and VII and were inhibited by electrical
      stimulation of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the reticular formation
      (Ret.F). Most neurones of the second type were located in the ventral horn, and
      the majority were excited by electrical stimulation of the NRM and the Ret.F.
      This second type of neurone may play a role in the maintenance of the excitation
      in the central nervous system which follows visceral noxious stimulation.

PMID- 4011054
TI  - Electrogenic Na-K pump in denervated mouse soleus muscles: prolonged activation
      by briefly applied acetylcholine.
AB  - Thin preparations of mouse soleus muscles denervated for 3-11 days were bathed in
      Cl-free solutions. The membrane potential (microelectrode technique) was an
      average of -65.6 mV. On application of 10 microM acetylcholine (ACh) the membrane
      potential fell to -2 to -8 mV. Following the washout of ACh it returned to values
      9-24 mV more negative than before ACh. The membrane potential gradually returned
      toward the initial level during the ensuing 40-60 min. No hyperpolarization
      occurred when Na ions were absent during the application and washout of ACh or in
      the presence of 0.1 mM ouabain. The hyperpolarization was enhanced by replacing
      the Na ions by Li or Tris ions following an application of ACh in the presence of
      Na+. The hyperpolarization was suppressed by ouabain irrespective of whether the
      drug was applied in the presence or absence of Na+. The membrane potential was
      diminished by reducing [K+] from 4 to 1 mM in the absence of Na+ before ACh, but
      it was increased by the same procedure by up to 20 mV following the application
      of ACh. This indicates that the hyperpolarization was not entirely due to a K
      depleting action of the Na-K pump at the membrane surface.

PMID- 4011056
TI  - Fusiform nerve cells of the granular layer in the cerebellar cortex of the
      baboon.
AB  - The granular layer of the cerebellar cortex of the baboon contains a
      heterogeneous population of large nerve cells. Besides the well known Golgi cells
      there is a fusiform type of nerve cell which is mostly encountered immediately
      underneath the Purkinje cell layer. The fusiform nerve cells can be distinguished
      from Golgi cells not only in Golgi-impregnated material but also in Nissl-stained
      preparations. The fusiform nerve cells are evenly distributed throughout the
      superficial portions of the granular layer. The ratio of the Purkinje cells
      versus fusiform nerve cells is 4:1.

PMID- 4011057
TI  - Lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation persists in rats after destruction of
      lateral hypothalamic neurons by kainic acid or ibotenic acid.
AB  - Bilateral injections of 1 microgram/microliter of kainic or ibotenic acid into
      the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of rats destroyed most of the cells in the LH. This
      treatment did not prevent electrical self-stimulation from electrodes placed in
      the LH, indicating that intrinsic neurons of the LH alone are not crucial
      elements of the neural system that mediates reinforcing hypothalamic stimulation.

PMID- 4011058
TI  - Axon terminals of the projection from the superior colliculus to the olivary
      pretectal nucleus in the rat.
AB  - The terminals of axons projecting to the olivary pretectal nucleus have been
      identified by electron microscopy following injections of horseradish peroxidase
      into the superior colliculus of adult albino rats. The labelled terminals were
      equated with RD-terminals described in previous studies of this nucleus. They
      were 0.3-1.3 micron in diameter and contained round synaptic vesicles. Most also
      contained small dark mitochondria. They established Gray type 1 synaptic contacts
      with the dendrites of presumptive projection cells. Most terminated within non
      glomerular neuropil, chiefly in the peripheral 'shell' of the nucleus; a few
      terminated in regions of glomerular neuropil.

PMID- 4011059
TI  - Effects of baroreceptor activation on single unit activity of the anteroventral
      third ventricle region of the rat.
AB  - The anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) region, part of the preoptic area, is
      involved in neurohumoral regulation of the cardiovascular system and in the
      development of experimental hypertension. Single unit activity within the AV3V
      region of the rat was recorded in response to the activation of arterial
      baroreceptors produced by intravenous phenylephrine or by aortic occlusion. Both
      inhibition and excitation of units was observed in response to an increase in
      arterial pressure with the highest incidence of responses in the median and
      periventricular subnuclei of the preoptic area. These data provide functional
      evidence for the neural projections from medullary baroreceptor fiber
      terminations to the AV3V region and preoptic area.

PMID- 4011060
TI  - Oral contraceptives and nonfatal vascular disease.
AB  - A follow-up study of more than 65,000 healthy women aged 15 to 44 was conducted
      to assess the association between oral contraceptive use and thromboembolism,
      stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction from 1980 through 1982 at Group Health
      Cooperative of Puget Sound. A positive association existed between current oral
      contraceptive use and venous thromboembolism (rate ratio equals 2.8), but there
      was no positive association between current oral contraceptive use and stroke or
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4011062
TI  - Fetal risk associated with rubella vaccine: implications for vaccination of
      susceptible women.
AB  - The Centers for Disease Control has maintained a register of women who received
      rubella vaccine within three months before or three months after conception to
      follow prospectively the outcome of pregnancy and to quantitate the risks to the
      fetus from the vaccine virus. The data indicate that rubella vaccine can cross
      the placenta and rarely can infect the fetus. However, no abnormalities
      consistent with congenital rubella syndrome have been noted in 144 infants whose
      susceptible mothers received the RA 27/3 rubella vaccine, the only vaccine
      available in the United States since 1979. Although the observed risk of defects
      consistent with congenital rubella syndrome is zero, there is a statistical
      theoretic risk of a congenital rubella syndrome-like defect; the maximum
      theoretic risk is 2.6%. These findings indicate that vaccination of nonpregnant
      postpubertal women who lack either serologic proof of immunity or a written
      record of vaccination on or after the first birthday can be done safely and
      effectively. Whereas congenital rubella infection will disappear from the United
      States as vaccinated children enter the childbearing years, if these practices
      are followed elimination of congenital rubella infection will be hastened.

PMID- 4011061
TI  - Effects of progestational agents in treatment of endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Progestational agents induced an objective response in 11.2% of 155 patients with
      advanced primary or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Response rates decreased
      with decreasing tumor differentiation from 40% with Broders grade 1 lesions to
      17.5, 2.4, and 0%, respectively, with grades 2, 3, and 4. 17 alpha
      Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Delalutin), 6,17 alpha-dimethyl-6
      dehydroprogesterone (Colprone), and 6-methyl-6-dehydroprogesterone acetate
      (Megace) were the progestogens used; there was no significant advantage for any
      one agent. Overall, survival after initiation of hormone therapy was 40% at one
      year, 19% at two years, and 8% at five years. Survival was highly dependent on
      the degree of tissue differentiation (P less than .001) and was influenced
      significantly by the estimated tumor volume at the start of therapy (P less than
      .01) and by the time interval from primary treatment to the beginning of hormone
      therapy (P less than .01).

PMID- 4011063
TI  - Hemoglobin E and pregnancy.
AB  - Hemoglobin E occurs in 30 million people, primarily Southeast Asians. Their
      resettlement within the US has dramatically increased the incidence of E
      hemoglobinopathies. A gravid Vietnamese woman with thalassemia major is reported
      herein. Her pregnancy was complicated by severe anemia, intrauterine growth
      retardation, and a paraspinal mass representing extramedullary hematopoiesis. The
      diagnosis of hemoglobin E/beta o-thalassemia was established when analysis of her
      hemoglobin showed 60% F, 40% E, and 0% A. The patient was transfused with packed
      red blood cells to maintain the maternal hematocrit at 30%. A term growth
      retarded infant was delivered who had severe thrombocytopenia and an imperforate
      anus. The infant's thrombocytopenia responded only to infusion of maternal
      platelets. The differential diagnosis and expected hematologic manifestations of
      the various E hemoglobinopathies are detailed. Hematologic and obstetric
      guidelines for management during pregnancy are offered.

PMID- 4011064
TI  - Introital adenosis associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
AB  - A 23-year-old woman presented with vulvar pain and dyspareunia 1.5 years after a
      Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A red friable lesion was identified at the vestibule
      and lower third of the vagina. The histologic diagnosis was adenosis with a tubal
      glandular epithelium. The possible histogenesis of this lesion is discussed with
      a review of the embryology of the lower genital tract.

PMID- 4011065
TI  - Relationship between follicular fluid steroid concentrations and in vitro
      fertilization.
AB  - Steroid concentrations were measured in follicular fluid obtained from patients
      fertilized in vitro. Progesterone and estradiol-17 beta concentrations showed
      positive correlations with the growth of follicles, whereas the testosterone
      concentration had negative correlations not only with follicle growth but also
      with progesterone and estradiol-17 beta concentrations. The testosterone
      concentration was significantly lower in follicles with cleaved oocytes than in
      those with uncleaved oocytes or those with cleaved but degenerated oocytes. After
      the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, the fluid contained significantly higher
      progesterone and lower testosterone concentrations than after human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) injection. These results indicate that steroid concentrations
      vary with the growth of follicles, and that the oocyte that can cleave well tends
      to be associated with a low testosterone concentration. Furthermore, the LH surge
      seems to provide a better hormonal condition for cleavage than does hCG
      injection.

PMID- 4011066
TI  - Long-term prognosis of infertile couples with normal basic investigations: a life
      table analysis.
AB  - The long-term prognosis of 58 untreated infertile couples with normal medical
      histories and physical examinations, and normal basic infertility investigations,
      including biphasic basal body temperature, hysterosalpingogram, postcoital test,
      and semen analysis, was studied using life-table analysis. Of these women, 34%
      were pregnant by six months, 76% by two years, and 87% by five years. These rates
      of conception were found to be significantly higher than those found in a large
      infertile population (P = .001). However, compared with the ideal fertile
      population, the study group for the first two years had a significantly lower
      conception rate (P = .001). It required two years for the study group to achieve
      a 74% fertility rate, whereas only nine months were required for the fertile
      group to achieve the same rate. The individualized approach for investigating the
      infertile couple is stressed.

PMID- 4011067
TI  - Premature ovarian failure: its relationship to autoimmune disease.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with the diagnosis of chromosomally competent premature
      ovarian failure were reviewed for evidence of autoimmune disease. Thirty-nine
      percent of subjects had an associated autoimmune disorder, of which thyroid
      disease was the most common. One patient had vitiligo and one had adrenal
      insufficiency. A family history of autoimmune disease was elicited from 18% of
      subjects, all of whom proved to have an autoimmune disease themselves. From these
      findings, and a review of other studies, the authors conclude that an associated
      autoimmune disease, or other evidence of autoimmunity, is present in 30 to 50% of
      patients with premature ovarian failure.

PMID- 4011068
TI  - The potential of digitally inserted tampons to induce vaginal lesions.
AB  - To determine the incidence of vaginal mucosal alterations associated with the use
      of digitally inserted tampons, 100 women were prospectively evaluated
      colposcopically for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Three groups of 20 women
      each used the regular, super, and super-plus sizes of a digitally inserted rayon
      and cotton tampon; two additional groups of 20 each used external sanitary
      protection or an applicator-inserted rayon polyacrylate tampon. Vaginal mucosal
      drying and layering were significantly more common in all tampon users than in
      pad users; vaginal mucosal ulceration was a more rare event, seen only in tampon
      users, and statistically more commonly in the rayon polyacrylate group. The
      incidence of these alterations was not related to the presence of Staphylococcus
      aureus. All ulcerations healed without treatment. The common occurrence and
      relatively benign nature of these changes are discussed in view of the concern
      that these changes might predispose a woman to developing toxic shock syndrome.

PMID- 4011069
TI  - Relaxinlike bioactivity in pooled human pregnancy serum.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the immunoreactive
      relaxin contained in human pregnancy serum is biologically active. Relaxin was
      extracted from pooled serum of women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The
      extraction also was performed on pooled male serum and pooled serum from women in
      the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The extraction process began with
      delipidation of the serum followed by extraction of relaxin using 0.1% HCl per
      50% acetone. Dialysis then was performed to remove low molecular weight
      substances (less than 3500 daltons). The partially purified extracts were applied
      individually to a muscle segment in the in vitro rat uterine horn bioassay for
      relaxin. The extracts of both male serum and female follicular-phase serum,
      containing no immunoreactive relaxin, resulted in tetanic contractions of the
      muscle segment. The extract of pregnancy serum, containing immunoreactive
      relaxin, produced inhibition of rat uterine horn contractility. This represents
      the first demonstration of relaxinlike bioactivity in human serum.

PMID- 4011070
TI  - Comparison of bone density in amenorrheic women due to athletics, weight loss,
      and premature menopause.
AB  - Studied was the peripheral bone density of 39 women (ages 18 to 43) with the
      diagnosis of secondary amenorrhea in an effort to define the population of
      amenorrheic women at risk for osteoporosis. Eight women had exercise-induced
      amenorrhea (athletes), 20 women had amenorrhea associated with weight loss, and
      11 women had premature menopause. These diagnoses were made on the basis of
      history, physical examination, and luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating
      hormone (FSH), and prolactin levels, and failure to have withdrawal bleeding
      after the administration of progestin. Twenty-five nonathletic, normally
      menstruating women served as control subjects. The peripheral bone density of the
      amenorrheic athletes (0.738 g/cm2 +/- 0.047) was not significantly different from
      that of the controls (0.726 g/cm2 +/- 0.044). The average bone density of the
      group with weight loss-associated amenorrhea (0.672 g/cm2 +/- 0.066) was
      significantly less than controls (P less than .005) as was that of the women with
      premature menopause (0.616 g/cm2 +/- 0.048, P less than .001). There was a
      significant correlation between months of amenorrhea and decrease in bone density
      (r = 0.506, P less than .001). From this study it was concluded that women with
      exercise-associated amenorrhea are not at significant risk for cortical bone loss
      as measured by direct photon absorptiometry. Women with weight loss-associated
      amenorrhea and women with premature menopause are at significant risk for bone
      loss when compared with normal controls.

PMID- 4011072
TI  - Term maternal and neonatal complications of acute chorioamnionitis.
AB  - One hundred and three women who developed acute chorioamnionitis at 37 weeks'
      gestation or beyond were studied retrospectively. Clinical findings included
      fever (99.2%), fetal (82%) and maternal (19.4%) tachycardia, uterine tenderness
      (16.5%), and foul-smelling amniotic fluid (8.7%). Three of the 46 women who
      underwent cesarean section subsequently required addition of a second or third
      antibiotic for serious pelvic infection, whereas two had a subcutaneous wound
      infection requiring open drainage. Importantly, between zero and ten hours of the
      diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, a critical time interval where delivery impacted
      on neonatal infectious morbidity was not identified. Additionally, in the initial
      24 hours after rupture of the fetal membranes there was no association between
      fetal, neonatal, or maternal complications versus duration of membrane rupture.
      These data suggest that immediate operative delivery of term gestations
      complicated by acute chorioamnionitis will not reduce neonatal morbidity.

PMID- 4011071
TI  - Premature rupture of membranes: a prospective, randomized evaluation of steroids,
      latent phase, and expectant management.
AB  - A prospective, randomized study was conducted comparing the use of betamethasone
      and early delivery, early delivery alone, and expectant management in patients in
      the 28th to 34th week of pregnancy with premature rupture of the membranes
      (PROM). Tocolytic drugs were used to delay delivery until 24 hours had elapsed
      after the first dose of steroid or 24 to 48 hours of latent period had elapsed in
      the second group. There were no significant differences in maternal age,
      gestation at PROM, maximum maternal temperature, birth weights, maternal hospital
      days, respiratory distress, maternal sepsis, or delivery routes in the three
      groups. Comparisons with one other similar prospective, randomized study support
      the concept that expectant management offers less risk from tocolytic side
      effects.

PMID- 4011073
TI  - Prospective randomized study of x-ray pelvimetry in the primigravida.
AB  - A prospective randomized study was performed to determine the usefulness of x-ray
      pelvimetry before oxytocin induction or augmentation. Two hundred primiparous
      women were entered into this study. Agreement on pelvic size by the clinical and
      radiologic assessment occurred in 76.5% of the cases. When the total groups were
      compared, there were no differences in pregnancy outcome. In the induction of
      labor subgroups there were less forcep deliveries and lower five-minute Apgar
      scores in the pelvimetry group. In the augmentation subgroups there were no
      differences. The subgroup of patients diagnosed clinically to have a borderline
      pelvis, had a higher incidence of cesarean section (P less than .05) if they had
      x-ray pelvimetry. These results suggest that the elimination of x-ray pelvimetry
      in primigravida women does not lead to a compromise in infant outcome when
      electronic fetal monitoring is used.

PMID- 4011074
TI  - Antepartum nonstress test and the postmature pregnancy.
AB  - A review of 4320 consecutive term deliveries identified 258 women (6%) delivered
      at a gestational age of 42 weeks or longer. The group accounted for 30% of all
      cesarean sections for fetal distress, 30% of all infants with a low five-minute
      Apgar score, 40% of neonatal intensive care admissions, 60% of neonatal deaths,
      and 30% of all stillbirths. Nonstress tests were performed on 228 women with a
      postmature pregnancy. Results were defined as normal (score 7 to 10) in 83.4%,
      inconclusive (score 5 to 6) in 12.2%, and abnormal (score 1 to 4) in 4.4% of
      these cases. Monitored patients did significantly better than patients in the
      nonmonitored group, and so did those with normal nonstress test scores when
      compared with the abnormal scores. Whereas perinatal mortality in the monitored
      group was similar to that in the nonpostmature population, the perinatal
      morbidity was significantly higher.

PMID- 4011075
TI  - Placenta previa/accreta and prior cesarean section.
AB  - To assess the relationship between increasing numbers of previous cesarean
      sections and the subsequent development of placenta previa and placenta accreta,
      the records of all patients presenting to labor and delivery with the diagnosis
      of placenta previa between 1977 and 1983 were examined. Of a total of 97,799
      patients, 292 (0.3%) had a placenta previa. The risk of placenta previa was 0.26%
      with an unscarred uterus and increased almost linearly with the number of prior
      cesarean sections to 10% in patients with four or more. The effect of advancing
      age and parity on the incidence of placenta previa was much less dramatic.
      Patients presenting with a placenta previa and an unscarred uterus had a 5% risk
      of clinical placenta accreta. With a placenta previa and one previous cesarean
      section, the risk of placenta accreta was 24%; this risk continued to increase to
      67% (two of three) with a placenta previa and four or more cesarean sections.
      Possible mechanisms and clinical implications are discussed.

PMID- 4011076
TI  - Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of cervical epinephrine infiltration.
AB  - Ventricular arrhythmia may follow the infiltration of dilute, epinephrine
      containing solutions to achieve hemostasis during surgery. The objective of this
      study was to determine the cardiovascular and metabolic changes associated with
      the infiltration of 1.5 micrograms/kg epinephrine 1:200,000 in 0.5% lidocaine
      into the cervix of patients having a cervical cone biopsy under epidural
      anesthesia. These observations were compared with a control group who were
      infiltrated with 0.5% plain lidocaine under similar epidural anesthesia during
      cone biopsy. In the epinephrine-treated group, marked heart rate, rhythm, and
      systolic/diastolic blood pressure changes from baseline values were observed as
      well as significant glycogenolysis, lactic acidosis, and hypokalemia. Based on
      these observations, the total dose of injected epinephrine should be less than 1
      microgram/kg; the solution should be diluted to 1:400,000 concentration, and the
      injection, after careful aspiration, should be performed over at least five
      minutes into the less vascular anterior and posterior cervix sites.

PMID- 4011077
TI  - Maternal deaths in Washington state.
AB  - The completeness of maternal death reporting in Washington state was determined
      by comparing death certificates to the birth and fetal death records for women,
      age 15 to 45, dying from selected causes. From 1977 to 1981 there was 112%
      underreporting of maternal deaths. Only 17 of 36 maternal deaths were able to be
      identified on death certificates as being pregnancy related. Of the 36 deaths,
      two major causes of death were identified: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
      (13 deaths) and pulmonary embolism (six deaths).

PMID- 4011078
TI  - OMERF--our response to growing concerns.

PMID- 4011079
TI  - An overview of computers in medical care.

PMID- 4011080
TI  - [Allergic retinovasculitis in patients with occupational pathology caused by
      antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin)].

PMID- 4011081
TI  - [Ocular accommodation in healthy preschool children].

PMID- 4011082
TI  - [Development of astigmatism and convergence insufficiency in children after the
      surgical correction of strabismus].

PMID- 4011084
TI  - [Various calculation errors in elastotonometry].

PMID- 4011083
TI  - [Surgical treatment of bilateral cicatricial ectropion caused by burns].

PMID- 4011085
TI  - [Hemodynamics in the anterior eye segment in experimental contusion].

PMID- 4011086
TI  - [Dielectric and pathohistological parallels in experimental chemical burns of the
      cornea].

PMID- 4011087
TI  - [Surgical treatment of congenital paralytic and pseudoparalytic strabismus and
      nystagmus in children].

PMID- 4011088
TI  - [Remote results of the surgical treatment of paralytic strabismus in children].

PMID- 4011089
TI  - [Restoration of binocular function after surgical correction of vertical
      strabismus].

PMID- 4011090
TI  - [Surgical treatment of paralytic strabismus using dura mater transplants].

PMID- 4011091
TI  - [Our experience with the diagnosis and treatment of nystagmus in children].

PMID- 4011092
TI  - [Use of "Occelon", a new Soviet-made synthetic soluble suture material in the
      surgical treatment of strabismus and nystagmus in children].

PMID- 4011093
TI  - [Significance of fundus oculi changes in the diagnosis of optochiasmic
      leptomeningitis].

PMID- 4011095
TI  - [Surgical results in traumatic hemophthalmos].

PMID- 4011094
TI  - [Possible role of the antioxidant system of the vitreous body in delaying the
      development of diabetic retinopathy].

PMID- 4011096
TI  - [Experience in treating intraocular hemorrhage using immobilized streptokinase].

PMID- 4011097
TI  - [Effect of alloscleroplastic operations on the visual functions in persons with
      high myopia at different stages of the manifestation of chorioretinal dystrophy].

PMID- 4011098
TI  - [Effectiveness of the local use of komplamin and ATP in treating patients with
      primary and secondary optic atrophy].

PMID- 4011099
TI  - [Dark adaptation with eyeglasses and contact lens correction in patients with
      high myopia].

PMID- 4011100
TI  - [Effect of enucleation of the 1 eye on the visual work capacity of the paired
      eye].

PMID- 4011101
TI  - [Physiological tonus and the spasm of accommodation].

PMID- 4011102
TI  - [Restorative treatment during the dispensary observation of workers in the main
      branches of the national economy who have suffered an eye injury].

PMID- 4011103
TI  - [Status of functional scotomas in corneal forms of ophthalmic herpes].

PMID- 4011104
TI  - [Correlations of the blood circulation in the conjunctival vessels and the
      central hemodynamic indices of adolescents with arterial hypertension].

PMID- 4011105
TI  - [Diseases of the adnexa oculi in immigrant and native inhabitants of the Chukchi
      Peninsula].

PMID- 4011106
TI  - Chemotherapy in metastatic male breast cancer.
AB  - 14 male patients with metastatic breast cancer received a total of 20
      chemotherapeutic trials with 2 basic combination regimens, namely, variants of
      the Cooper's regimen CMFVP and adriamycin-containing combinations. Overall, a 35%
      response rate was observed. Our data suggest that cancer of the breast in the
      male is responsive to the same combinations used in the female, with regimens
      including adriamycin being probably superior to regimens without it.

PMID- 4011107
TI  - Time-dependent changes in the axillary nodes in breast cancer: nodal area.
AB  - This paper reports a difference in the lymphoid tissue area in the axilla of node
      negative breast cancer patients in the first versus the second half of the year,
      the area being greater in the latter. This observations is new. It is based on
      data from 72 patients derived over 25 consecutive months and is in keeping with
      previous reports of a proliferative histological picture in the nodes at this
      time. The findings were less marked in the node-positive cases (23), and were not
      accompanied by an increase in nodal number. No such difference was seen in 80
      specimens from noncancer autopsy controls. A total of 1,868 nodes were evaluated.
      The possibility that light-mediated reactions may be involved is discussed
      briefly, as is the role of this proliferative reaction and its probable mediation
      relative to the parallel histological changes reported in primary breast
      carcinomas at this time.

PMID- 4011108
TI  - New steps in the intra-arterial chemotherapy of head and neck tumors.
AB  - Regional and general chemotherapy were employed in more than 370 cases. Various
      examinations (patent blue staining, eye fundus, xeroangiography and
      angioscintigraphy) were carried out in an effort to understand and explain the
      successes or failures of regional chemotherapy. Intra-arterial chemotherapy is
      recommended for preoperative, postoperative and palliative purposes, mainly for
      tumors situated in the parotid, maxillary, retromaxillary and soft palatal
      regions. It is not recommended in cases of radically operable carcinomas of the
      tongue, floor of the mouth and lip.

PMID- 4011109
TI  - Early adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia.
AB  - The relationships of gross and histologic types of early gastric cancer in the
      upper portion of the stomach, the extent of the normal oxyntic gland area and the
      grade of intestinal metaplasia in the mucosa surrounding the tumor, to the
      distance of the tumor from the squamocolumnar junction were examined in 29
      specimens obtained at total gastrectomy. There were significant correlations
      between gross type of early cancer, extent of the normal oxyntic gland areas or
      the grade of intestinal metaplasia in the surrounding mucosa, and the distance of
      the tumor from the squamocolumnar junction. Cancers located within 2 cm from the
      squamocolumnar junction were more frequently polypoid, more frequently associated
      with a large oxyntic gland area, and less commonly surrounded by profuse
      intestinal metaplasia. The above differences suggest that cancers located within
      2 cm from the squamocolumnar junction differ from those in other regions of the
      upper portion of the stomach.

PMID- 4011110
TI  - Phase-I clinical trial of sodium cyanate in patients with advanced colorectal
      carcinoma.
AB  - Sodium cyanate, a drug that selectively suppresses amino acid incorporation for
      protein synthesis in tumor tissue, was given to patients with advanced colorectal
      carcinoma who had failed to conventional therapy, with the purpose of assessing a
      maximum tolerable oral dose. At 35 mg/kg p.o. daily, the drug had to be stopped
      in approximately half (4) of the patients because of gastrointestinal toxicity
      (nausea, vomiting) and neurologic toxicity (hallucinations, disorientation).
      However, in 5 other patients, at the same dose, the drug was well tolerated for
      up to 147 days and for a total cumulative dose of 308 g. In this group of
      patients, sodium cyanate was stopped because of evidence of tumor progression. No
      hematologic toxicity was observed. We observed no therapeutic effects. We
      therefore recommend a starting dose of 30 mg/kg p.o. if a phase-II study is
      considered.

PMID- 4011112
TI  - Studies on the lingual dorsal epithelium of the guinea pig by scanning electron
      microscopy.

PMID- 4011111
TI  - Comparative studies between liposomes containing muramyl dipeptide and various
      immunomodulators on activation of mouse peritoneal macrophages and NK cells.
AB  - We compared the effects among muramyl dipeptide (MDP), liposome-encapsulated MDP
      (liposome MDP), bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and OK-432 on cytotoxic activity
      of mouse peritoneal macrophages (PM) and natural killer (NK) cells in vitro and
      in vivo, and their tumor-inhibitory effects against MH134 ascitic tumors in
      C3H/He mice. The cytotoxicity of PM induced by free MDP was lower than that
      induced by BCG, but a significantly higher cytotoxicity was induced by liposomes
      containing MDP and OK-432. The peritoneal NK cells were not activated by MDP,
      liposome MDP or BCG, but OK-432 profoundly augmented peritoneal NK activity.
      Growth inhibition of ascitic tumor was not observed in free MDP and BCG
      intraperitoneally treated mice, but moderate growth inhibition was noted in
      liposome-MDP-treated mice; and in OK-432-treated mice, marked tumor growth
      inhibition and prolongation of survival time were observed. These results
      suggested that OK-432 is more advantageous in controlling malignant tumor growth
      in vivo than free MDP, liposome MDP or BCG because of its ability to activate
      both macrophages and NK cells.

PMID- 4011113
TI  - Fetal capillaries of the villous stroma in the full-term diabetic human placenta:
      an electron microscopic study on the White's Class A.

PMID- 4011114
TI  - A case of the left-sided inferior vena cava with the single column type of azygos
      venous system.

PMID- 4011115
TI  - Emergency orbital decompression.
AB  - Blindness from orbital hemorrhage following surgery, direct trauma, and remote
      trauma is not common. Compression cyanosis is a rare condition which may cause
      blindness. Non-ocular injuries may direct attention elsewhere and emergency
      surgical procedures may be necessary to save life. Orbital decompression can be
      carried out simultaneously with the other surgery. One case of blindness from
      abdominal compression and another with orbital, chest, and arm trauma are
      presented of patients who had emergency orbital decompression along with their
      other surgical procedures.

PMID- 4011116
TI  - Pseudallescheria boydii (Petriellidium boydii) infection of the orbit.
AB  - A 10-year-old male developed a chronic orbital infection following penetrating
      trauma and retention of an orbital foreign body. Diagnosis of infection with
      Pseudallescheria boydii (Petriellidium boydii) was made by fungal smear and
      culture. Sensitivity tests indicated the organism was resistant to amphotericin
      B. Surgical debridement of the inferior orbit and removal of the foreign body was
      followed by a six-week course of intravenous miconazole. The patient has shown no
      signs of recurrence in a two-year follow-up period. To our knowledge, this is the
      first reported case of orbital infection with Pseudallescheria boydii, although
      the organism has been reported in cornea, ocular, and peri-orbital sinus
      infections.

PMID- 4011117
TI  - Lacrimal gland duct cysts.
AB  - Lacrimal gland duct cysts develop insidiously in the superotemporal cul de sac.
      They may be preceded by trauma, infection, or inflammation of the conjunctiva.
      They are often asymptomatic but may induce discomfort, a sensation of fullness, a
      visible mass, lid distortion or ectropion. Fluctuation in size with weeping or
      environmental stimuli is seen. Histopathology is variable. Six cases are
      described to demonstrate the features. Complete excision of each cyst by
      meticulous dissection through a conjunctival approach was performed. Total
      resection is the optimal technique to prevent recurrence.

PMID- 4011118
TI  - Gentle, technically simple repositioning of displaced lacrimal tubing.
AB  - Lateral displacement at the medial canthus is the most common complication
      following lacrimal intubation. Current procedures for dealing with this situation
      involve the removal of the tubing, and are either technically difficult or else
      involve retrograde passage of the knotted silicone through one of the canaliculi.
      By passing both probes of a second intubation set through the same punctum, the
      loop of the displaced tubing can be captured and gently repositioned without
      removal. This is particularly useful with early displacement of the tubing
      following microsurgical repair of a canalicular laceration.

PMID- 4011119
TI  - Modification of the Kestenbaum operation for correction of nystagmic torticollis
      and improvement of visual acuity with the use of convergence.
AB  - In five patients with congenital nystagmus and compensatory head turn we
      performed a modified Kestenbaum operation intended to correct the compensatory
      head turn and to improve visual acuity. All patients had nystagmus without
      strabismus and fully developed binocular function. The nystagmus decreased but
      did not cease completely during the lateral gaze, and the patients adopted
      compensatory head turn positions to improve their visual acuity. The near acuity
      was better than the distance and the head turn decreased on near fixation. In
      such cases the original Kestenbaum procedure transfers the neutral zone to the
      primary position and corrects the head turn, but does not improve the visual
      acuity because a considerable amount of nystagmus is still present. Our aim was
      to perform an asymmetric Kestenbaum operation with a greater amount of surgery to
      the eye that turns out and a lesser amount to the eye that turns in, thus
      creating a postoperative divergence of the eyes. The result of compensating for
      this divergence (through stimulation of the fusional reserve) blocks the residual
      nystagmus of the neutral zone and, consequently, improves visual acuity. The
      results obtained from performing this modified Kestenbaum operation in five
      patients were very satisfactory. The compensatory head turn was corrected in all
      patients and remained so during the follow-up period. In four cases, the
      postoperative visual acuity in the neutral zone was better than before. There was
      no improvement in one case.

PMID- 4011120
TI  - The slipped rectus muscle.
AB  - A slipped rectus muscle may occur as a result of ophthalmic surgery or ocular
      trauma. We reviewed seven cases of slipped rectus muscles following retinal
      detachment surgery, strabismus surgery, or trauma. Diagnosis, etiology,
      treatment, and prevention are discussed.

PMID- 4011121
TI  - Design of new contact lens for YAG laser filtering procedures.
AB  - A contact goniolens has been developed specifically for YAG laser filtering
      procedures both for use in unblocking failed surgical filtering procedures and
      for performing two-stage or one-stage YAG filtering procedures. The design
      concentrates the YAG energy and maintains a constant small angle with the cornea.

PMID- 4011122
TI  - A new lens for argon laser trabeculoplasty.
AB  - Most ophthalmologists perform laser trabeculoplasty with a Goldmann three-mirror
      lens with an anti-reflective coating. The view of the superior angle, which is
      frequently narrower than the inferior angle, often presents difficulties in
      treatment. A lens has been devised which gives improved views of the superior
      portion of the angle. Plano-convex buttons provide magnification and increase
      resolution for difficult situations.

PMID- 4011124
TI  - Brechner and Whalen's unusual field test adequate?

PMID- 4011123
TI  - Coaxial radio frequency (RF) diathermy in anterior segment surgery.
AB  - Modern ophthalmic microsurgery, particularly cataract extraction, trabeculectomy,
      and other forms of glaucoma filtration surgery, has been characterized by ever
      increasing precision. The use of radio frequency (RF) currents for cautery of
      blood vessels in anterior segment microsurgery has several advantages over other
      methods widely employed, including the bipolar cautery. A coaxial monopolar
      underwater diathermy probe, which operates with RF current has been specifically
      developed for anterior segment microsurgery and has proved vastly superior in
      cataract surgery, trabeculectomy, and full thickness glaucoma filtration
      procedures.

PMID- 4011125
TI  - Light and electron microscopic studies of the rat hyalocyte after perfusion
      fixation.
AB  - The characteristic morphology of a not intentionally stimulated hyalocyte is
      described, using TEM and perfusion fixation. The best results were obtained by
      retrograde perfusion via the abdominal aorta with a glutaraldehyde- and
      formaldehyde-containing fixative. The cells, situated in the cortical area of the
      vitreous body, show mostly an indented nucleus, primary and secondary lysosomes,
      mitochondria, cisterna, clusters of free ribosomes and a Golgi apparatus. Bristle
      coated micropinocytotic vesicles can also be distinguished and in some cells a
      centriole is visible. Sometimes the cells show many cytoplasmic protuberances.
      Morphologically the majority of those cells can be considered as resting
      macrophages.

PMID- 4011126
TI  - Treatment of blood hyperviscosity with calcium dobesilate in patients with
      diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - This double-blind randomized trial was carried out on 37 patients with diabetic
      retinopathy and blood hyperviscosity. 19 patients received calcium dobesilate in
      capsules of 500 mg 3 times daily for 3 months and 18 patients took 3 placebo
      capsules daily during the same period. Calcium dobesilate was found to reduce
      whole-blood viscosity in a statistically significant manner which was accompanied
      by a diminution of the albumin/globulin ratio and a significant reduction of
      fibrinogen and cholesterol levels. A statistically significant diminution of
      capillary fragility was also observed in the calcium dobesilate-treated group.
      These results indicate that calcium dobesilate, by restoring the integrity of the
      microvessels, and by lowering blood viscosity, could act favorably on the
      evolution of diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 4011128
TI  - Exocytosis by retinal pigment epithelial cells.
AB  - We observed cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells as they responded to the
      introduction of latex particles. The cells showed phagocytosis of particles 1 h
      after administration of latex and were filled with particles after 24 h. After 7
      days, exocytosis of latex from basal plasma membrane was documented. Observation
      was repeated using a two-layer culture. 7 days after putting the retinal pigment
      epithelial layer containing latex particles on another layer without particles,
      we observed the appearance of latex particles in the lower layer that originally
      contained no particles. This demonstrated that cultured retinal pigment
      epithelial cells exocytose latex particles from basal cell membrane.

PMID- 4011127
TI  - Induction and down-regulation of conjunctival type-I hypersensitivity reactions
      in guinea pigs sensitized topically with fluoresceinyl ovalbumin.
AB  - Type-I hypersensitivity reactions were induced in guinea pigs by repeated
      topical/conjunctival application of fluoresceinyl ovalbumin (FL-OA). The ocular
      reactivity in early responding animals was maximal between 16 and 25 days and
      decreased exponentially thereafter. Desensitized eyes responded minimally to
      compound 48/80 but maximally to histamine. Unilateral sensitization and challenge
      with FL-OA produced desensitization of the immunized eye, but the reactivity of
      the contralateral eye persisted. A significant reduction in conjunctival stained
      mast cells was found in repeatedly challenged eyes. The desensitization therefore
      was due to a loss of reactive mast cells. Systemic infection with Ascaris suum,
      after repeated topical challenge with FL-OA had led to desensitization, produced
      a reappearance of type-I hypersensitivity reactions toward both FL-OA and ascarid
      antigens.

PMID- 4011129
TI  - Identification of type II procollagen in rabbit vitreous.
AB  - A procollagen in the soluble fraction of rabbit vitreous was isolated by dialysis
      against dilute acetic acid and partially purified by Bio-Gel A 5M gel filtration.
      The molecule was identified to be type II procollagen by comparing its segment
      long-spacing (SLS) banding pattern with that of standard type II collagen
      isolated from rabbit articular cartilage. Electron microscopy of the SLS of this
      type II procollagen revealed a fuzzy propeptide extension at the N-terminal end
      of the molecule. Pepsin digestion of the procollagen removed this extension, thus
      converting the molecule into a collagen which had mobility similar to that of
      pepsin-soluble cartilage type II collagen in SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. No inter-chain disulfide bond was found in the propeptide
      extension when the procollagen samples were electrophoresized with or without
      mercaptoethanol. Comparison of the cyanogen bromide peptide map of the type II
      procollagen with that of the pepsin-soluble type II collagen indicated that two
      extra peptides were present in the digest of procollagen. All of this evidence
      suggested that the procollagen in the soluble vitreous body of the rabbit eye was
      a novel type II procollagen with a propeptide extension only at the N-terminus.

PMID- 4011130
TI  - Direct in vivo measurement of corneal epithelial metabolic activity using a
      polarographic oxygen sensor.
AB  - The component oxygen fluxes that constitute a single recording of corneal oxygen
      uptake when a polarographic oxygen sensor (POS) is placed in contact with the
      cornea were determined in the in vivo rabbit eye by removing the epithelium and
      injecting an air bubble into the anterior chamber. The relative contribution of
      epithelial oxygen consumption, stromal oxygen consumption and diffusion were
      approximately 55, 5 and 40%, respectively. It is demonstrated that differences in
      corneal oxygen uptake rates recorded with a POS primarily indicate differences in
      epithelial metabolic activity. Changes in epithelial metabolism can be determined
      by measuring both corneal oxygen uptake and corneal thickness. For example, if
      corneal thickness is constant, differences in epithelial oxygen flux (a) between
      two eyes of one person, or (b) before and after a procedure in the same eye, can
      be calculated by multiplying the difference in oxygen consumption measured with a
      POS by a factor of 1.8.

PMID- 4011131
TI  - Lactate transport through the blood-retinal and the blood-brain barrier in rats.
AB  - The retinal and brain uptake index method was utilized in a study on rats to
      evaluate the existence of transport systems for lactate in the blood-retinal and
      the blood-brain barrier, respectively. For both retina and brain a saturable, pH
      dependent uptake of L-lactate was observed. The uptake could also be inhibited by
      pyruvate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. It is concluded that lactate is transported
      through the blood-retinal and the blood-brain barriers by similar carrier
      mediated transport systems with affinity also to other monocarboxylic acids, such
      as pyruvate, and to the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate. The pH-dependence of the
      lactate transport suggests that co-transport of H+ ions or counter-transport of
      OH- ions takes place.

PMID- 4011132
TI  - Secondary Fuchs's heterochromic cyclitis: a new approach to an old disease.
AB  - A study of 17 cases of Fuchs's heterochromia. Among these patients 10 had
      chorioretinal scar. In 3 cases the disease was seen after chronic cyclitis in a
      case after traumatism. Fuchs's heterochromia seems be in almost all cases a
      secondary disease. We do not know how a primary ocular disease can lead to
      Fuchs's syndrome. it is possible that this mechanism is autoimmune.

PMID- 4011133
TI  - [Modification of retinal hemodynamics by induced changes in intraocular pressure:
      a videoangiographic study].
AB  - This study used videoangiography to observe the effect of artificially produced
      rises in pressures in the eye on the haemodynamics of the retinal vessels. The
      intraocular pressure was increased with Muller's ophthalmodynamometer in stages
      of 10 mm Hg. A demonstrable effect upon the arterial and early venous times as
      well as the arm-retina time appeared. A constant rise in pressure appeared in the
      acute experiment: here the circulatory times more than doubled when intraocular
      pressure rose from under 20 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg. Above 50 mm Hg a further,
      statistically highly significant increase in the circulatory times of the eye
      became evident. The retinal vessels were obliterated in the rule at intraocular
      pressures above 50 mm Hg. When the data on changes in retinal circulation
      acquired by videoangiography are compared with the data on blood volume flow
      through reached with microspheres, both methods reveal a good correlation. This
      shows that the determination of circulatory times in the eye is also a source of
      information on blood volume flow.

PMID- 4011134
TI  - Fluorescein angiography in inflammation of the peripheral fundus: involvement of
      the pars plana corporis ciliaris. III.
AB  - Two types of cyclitis posterior had to be differentiated owing to the fluorescein
      angiographic pattern observed. At first, a diffuse, belt-shaped staining of the
      whole pars plana, and secondly, a circumscribed staining of the inflammatory
      foci. Both types were combined with the permeation of dye into the cystoid spaces
      as well as with a high incidence of macular and papillary edema.

PMID- 4011135
TI  - Orbital pseudotumor: histopathological classification and treatment.
AB  - 43 cases of orbital pseudotumor have been studied clinicopathologically during
      the past 20 years. Orbital pseudotumor might be histopathologically divided into
      three principal types: lymphoid, granulomatous and sclerosing types. Lymphoid and
      granulomatous types might be transformed into sclerosing type in the end stage,
      respectively. Lymphoid type showed good response to radiotherapy and poor or
      temporary response to steroid therapy. Granulomatous type indicated frequently
      good response to steroid and poor response to radiotherapy. Sclerosing type
      demonstrated poor response to steroid and radiation therapy. Therefore, orbital
      pseudotumor must be treated at an early stage.

PMID- 4011136
TI  - Filaria conjunctivae.
AB  - A conjunctival neoformation, excised in a 44-year-old healthy Italian man, was
      histologically diagnosed as Dirofilaria conjunctivae, which is probably
      Dirofilaria repens, a natural parasite found in dogs of European countries. This
      parasite rarely infests man in subcutaneous tissues, palpebral, orbital or
      conjunctival regions. In this case, as in those described by others, the vector
      remained unknown.

PMID- 4011137
TI  - Iris sphincterotomy, iridotomy, and synechiotomy by linear incision with the
      argon laser.
AB  - Linear cuts can be made across the iris fibers by multiple 0.01- to 0.05-second
      duration argon laser burns delivered through an Abraham iridectomy lens.
      Intrinsic iris tension will then cause the linear cuts to spread apart. This
      allows enlargement, reshaping, or repositioning of the pupil and large laser
      iridotomies with minimal burn energies and a very high percentage of success. The
      technique minimizes risk to the retina and eliminates the need for stretch burns
      in laser iridotomy. It requires the use of the Abraham lens and an argon laser,
      which generates a small spot of high power density. Posterior synechiae can be
      incised by using a line of low-power 0.01- or 0.02-second burns applied to the
      adherent pigment epithelium along the iris margin.

PMID- 4011139
TI  - Perfluorocarbon gases in vitreous surgery.
AB  - Fifty-six patients with complicated retinal detachments were managed with
      vitreous surgery and one of two perfluorocarbon gases. These gases are capable of
      greater expansion and greater longevity compared to sulfur hexafluoride. Forty
      five patients received perfluoropropane (C3F8), eleven received perfluoroethane
      (C2F6). The retinas of 31 patients (55.4%) were attached at six months after the
      disappearance of the gas. In many instances, operations performed with air-sulfur
      hexafluoride mixtures had failed and the retina was subsequently reattached with
      the use of the perfluorocarbon gases. The major complications were increased
      intraocular pressure, which was usually transient, and gas-induced lens
      opacities.

PMID- 4011138
TI  - Tear diluents in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
AB  - To determine the optimum solution concentration for lowering elevated tear film
      osmolarity in keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), tear osmolarity was measured in
      four KCS patients before and after instillation of either an isotonic saline
      solution or one of four hypotonic saline solutions (range, 75-225 mOsm/L).
      Average tear osmolarity one minute after instillation was significantly lower
      with the hypotonic solutions than with the isotonic saline (mean +/- SEM, 290 +/-
      3 mOsm/L vs. 317 +/- 1 mOsm/L, P less than 0.0005). Solutions 150 mOsm/L or less
      were most effective in lowering osmolarity; the 75 mOsm/L solution was
      occasionally associated with irritation. In 16 KCS patients, we then compared the
      therapeutic efficacy of the 150 mOsm/L solution with that of an otherwise
      identical isotonic solution in a two-week, double-masked, crossover study. The
      150 mOsm/L solution was superior for symptom relief by nearly 2:1 (P = 0.01).

PMID- 4011140
TI  - Inaccuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of orbital tumors has been recently
      advocated as a reliable diagnostic modality. An accuracy rate of 92% has been
      claimed by some authors. This figure remains unproven as most patients have not
      undergone simultaneous pathologic examination. We recently performed FNAB on 34
      patients at the time of surgical biopsy. The procedure was performed with direct
      visualization and the tissue was obtained and prepared as described by
      Kennerdell. A definitive surgical biopsy was then obtained and submitted for
      routine pathologic examination. Cytologic diagnosis has been accurate in less
      than half of the cases biopsied. Reliance on fine needle aspiration biopsy alone
      in some patients would have resulted in inappropriate therapy. Fine needle
      aspiration biopsy should be limited to strongly suspected cases of orbital
      metastases or secondary tumors.

PMID- 4011141
TI  - Exposure of tantalum mesh orbital implants.
AB  - This retrospective study of 195 enucleations with tantalum mesh implants reviews
      the role of demographic, preoperative, and operative factors in subsequent
      implant exposure or extrusion. Fourteen implants (7.2%) became exposed, two of
      which subsequently extruded. Significant associations were found between implant
      exposure and history of prior orbital infection, and suturing of the inferior
      oblique to the lateral rectus muscle. The average age at enucleation was 20.4
      years for those whose implant became exposed, which was significantly less than
      the average age of 38.7 years for those without exposure of the implant. No
      association was found between implant exposure and gender, preoperative
      diagnosis, proptosis, chemosis, sharp trauma to the orbit, orbital fracture,
      previous orbital surgery, implant size, closing of posterior Tenon's capsule, or
      muscles sutured to the implant. Because of the high exposure rate, it is
      recommended that the use of tantalum mesh implants be discontinued.

PMID- 4011142
TI  - Botulinum toxin injection in the management of lateral rectus paresis.
AB  - Seventeen patients with lateral rectus paresis (3 bilateral) were treated by
      injection of botulinum toxin to the antagonist medial rectus to eliminate its
      unopposed action or to eliminate its contracture. This allowed maintenance of
      single binocular vision in most patients while waiting for the palsy to heal,
      especially important in two children. It allowed avoidance of surgery in some
      cases, and a reduction or elimination of medial rectus surgery when later
      intervention was needed for persistent paralysis. The release of medial rectus
      shortening and stiffness (contracture) after just a few days of denervation was
      unexpected. This implies an internal muscular mechanism of contracture, perhaps
      sarcomere overlap, different from the fibrotic changes found in muscles after
      inflammation or trauma. These results also provide a rationale for experimental
      denervation treatment of contracture in limb muscle disorders.

PMID- 4011143
TI  - Ophthalmic prisms. Deviant behavior at near.
AB  - Unpredictability in strabismus surgery results may be due in part to errors in
      the measurement of strabismic deviations. Whenever measuring strabismic
      deviations with a fixation target at near, the distance from the eye to the prism
      must be taken into account to measure the true deviation. For example, when a
      prism is held 4 cm from the cornea of an eye deviating 50 prism diopters from a
      fixation target at 33 cm, the measured deviation is 62 prism diopters. The
      required prism power needed to neutralize a deviation with fixation at near will
      be increased, the further the prism is held from the cornea. This may lead to
      surgical overcorrections if the surgery is based on the near measurement. The
      deviation neutralized by a prism held in any angular position, the effect of
      prism measurements at near, and the measurement of deviations over Fresnel prisms
      can be calculated and the appropriate corrections made.

PMID- 4011144
TI  - Development of acuity and stereopsis in infants with esotropia.
AB  - Visual acuity and stereopsis of 19 esotropic infants and toddlers, 36 normal
      infants and 7 children with refractive anomalies were measured during the first
      three years of life using newly developed preferential looking procedures.
      Children with infantile esotropia corrected with prisms equal in size to the
      deviation show some degree of binocularity up to at least 21/2 years, as measured
      by a polaroid bar stereogram procedure with a 1800 seconds of arc disparity. A
      few children, who did not receive any therapeutic intervention, failed this test
      during the first and second year. However, all older subjects (over 6 years of
      age) with a history of infantile esotropia failed the test.

PMID- 4011146
TI  - Retinal vascular autoregulation in conditions of hyperoxia and hypoxia using the
      blue field entoptic phenomenon.
AB  - Autoregulation of retinal blood flow was studied in seven normal volunteers. The
      stimuli to autoregulation used were hyperoxia and hypoxia under controlled
      conditions of isocapnia. Macular blood flow was measured using the blue field
      entoptic phenomenon, and retinal artery and vein diameters were measured using a
      computerized digitising system. Results under conditions of isocapnic hypoxia
      showed a 38% average increase in blood flow and an increase in diameter of 8.2%
      and 7.4% in retinal arteries and veins, respectively. In hyperoxia, blood flow
      fell by an average of 36% and retinal artery and vein diameter decreased by 5.6%
      and 10%, respectively.

PMID- 4011145
TI  - Effects of cyclopentolate eyedrops on gastric secretory function in pre-term
      infants.
AB  - Because of a report of necrotizing enterocolitis and death of a neonate from
      cyclopentolate eyedrops, we prospectively studied the effects of cyclopentolate
      0.5% and 0.25% ophthalmic solutions and of a placebo on gastric volume and acid
      secretions in 20 pre-term infants. Placebo and cyclopentolate 0.25% eyedrops had
      no significant effect on the tested gastric functions. However, cyclopentolate
      0.5% eyedrops significantly decreased gastric acid secretion and volume. Since
      this effect may predispose to the development of gastroenteritis, we recommend
      that cyclopentolate 0.5% be avoided in preterm infants; a weaker concentration of
      cyclopentolate eyedrops, however, can be used for mydriasis.

PMID- 4011147
TI  - Maxillary ameloblastoma with orbital invasion. A clinicopathologic study.
AB  - A 72-year-old white man presented to Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary with
      proptosis of the right eye. Computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed a mass
      which filled the right maxillary sinus and invaded the orbital and middle cranial
      cavities. Six years earlier, the patient had excision of an ameloblastoma of the
      right maxillary antrum. The tumor recurred, requiring maxillectomy, local
      radiotherapy and finally exenteration. Ameloblastoma is a relatively rare
      epithelial tumor arising from embryonal tooth elements. It is locally invasive
      and recurrent but rarely metastasizes and extension to the orbit is extremely
      unusual. The clinical features, histopathologic findings and treatment of this
      tumor are discussed. Differential diagnosis of jaw tumors, which may invade the
      orbit, is reviewed.

PMID- 4011148
TI  - Corneal endothelial decompensation following intraocular surgery.

PMID- 4011149
TI  - Retinal burns occurring at cataract extraction.

PMID- 4011150
TI  - The treatment of myopia with atropine and bifocals: a long-term prospective
      study.

PMID- 4011152
TI  - Heartwater in Angora goats. II. A pathological study of artificially infected,
      treated and untreated goats.
AB  - Pathological lesions in untreated Angora goats infected with the Ball3 strain of
      Cowdria ruminantium corresponded with those previously reported. A severe
      nephrosis was the most prominent pathological lesion in the animals treated after
      the 1st day of the febrile reaction. Renal ischaemia appears to be central to the
      pathogenesis of the kidney lesions.

PMID- 4011151
TI  - Arthropods and helminths in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) at Benfontein,
      Kimberley.
AB  - From July 1979-December 1980, 48 springbok were culled for a parasite survey at
      Benfontein. Lice were the dominant parasites and reached a peak in September.
      Damalinia antidorcus, Linognathus antidorcitis, Linognathus armatus and
      Linognathus euchore were the most prevalent species, nymphs in most cases
      outnumbering adults. During the winter months, 2nd and 3rd instar Rhinoestrus
      antidorcitis and R. vanzyli (nasal botflies) were present. The number of
      helminths reached a peak in January and then fell, secondary peaks being recorded
      through autumn, winter and spring, but a rise in numbers occurred the following
      December. Paracooperia serrata, Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp.,
      Cooperioides antidorca and Longistrongylus sabie adults were dominant. Fourth
      stage larvae (L4) of Ostertagia outnumbered adult Ostertagia hamata, but L4 of
      Trichostrongylus spp. were less plentiful than adults of this genus. Good spring
      and summer rains (414,6 mm from October-March) were probably responsible for mean
      total burdens exceeding 10 000 in January and April.

PMID- 4011154
TI  - An investigation into the emission sites of the volatile pheromone produced by
      females of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae.
AB  - By leaving open in turn the genital orifice, coxal apertures and anus, the
      present study has shown that engorged female Argas walkerae release at least 1
      volatile pheromone mainly, or maybe exclusively, from the genital aperture.
      Although this aggregation-inducing pheromone is perceived by all post-larval
      stages, engorged males of A. walkerae react most strongly. A possible, but only
      slight, emission through the anus and the coxal aperatures is also indicated.
      Most probably, this airborne biosubstance is the primary directing and orienting
      pheromone in the interrelations between members of this tick species.

PMID- 4011153
TI  - Isolation and characterization of and some observations on poisoning by
      bufadienolides from Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. orbiculata.
AB  - The approximate LD50 and cumulative effect of 4 bufadienolides, isolated from
      Cotyledon orbiculata, were determined in guinea-pigs. Two of the bufadienolides
      proved to be mildly cumulative. One of the mildly cumulative bufadienolides
      induced subacute intoxication with some signs of krimpsiekte when injected
      intravenously into a sheep over 13 days. In the sheep, the paralysis was
      accompanied by signs of malaise, such as electrocardiographic changes and ruminal
      stasis.

PMID- 4011155
TI  - Induction of diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis, in domestic ruminants with
      cultures of indigenous and exotic isolates of Diplodia maydis.
AB  - Diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis, principally of cattle, which is characterized
      by ataxia, paresis and paralysis, was induced in 13 cattle, 16 sheep and 3 goats,
      by dosing them with Diplodia maydis [= D. zeae (Schw.) Lev.] cultured on
      sterilized maize seeds. The results of these experiments confirmed the findings
      of earlier workers that diplodiosis is a mycotoxicosis caused by D. maydis. The
      intoxication was induced with cultures of South African isolates of D. maydis
      obtained from local maize, one of which was associated with a suspected field
      outbreak, and with cultures of isolates from maize imported from the United
      States of America and Argentina. Other findings emerging from the experiments
      were, inter alia, that cultures incubated for less than 8 weeks were seemingly
      non-toxic, that there was little individual variation in response of cattle to
      cultures of the different toxic isolates or batches of the isolates, that
      apparent relapses of clinical signs can occur several weeks after dosing had
      ceased and that a small percentage of animals can show permanent locomotory
      disturbance. Light microscopical examination revealed no lesions in acutely
      affected animals, but an extensive laminar subcortical status spongiosis was
      evident in the cerebrum and cerebellum of a sheep that had been long paralysed
      and a steer that had permanent locomotory disturbance.

PMID- 4011156
TI  - The distribution and hosts of Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum.
AB  - Three domestic and 12 wild species of ungulate have been recorded as hosts of
      Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum. The major site of attachment for larvae, nymphs and
      adults is around the hooves and on the lower legs. This tick is virtually
      confined to the eastern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Classed as an
      obligative xerophile it inhabits non-coastal areas of low rainfall characterized
      by Karoo and Karoid vegetation.

PMID- 4011157
TI  - Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo associated with bovine abortion in South
      Africa.
AB  - Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was isolated from urine from dairy cattle
      in the Onderstepoort area. This was the first successful isolation of this
      serovar as sole agent causing an abortion storm in the Republic of South Africa.
      Abortions occurred as early as at 4 months' gestation.

PMID- 4011158
TI  - Addition of rabbit serum to EMJH medium improves isolation of Leptospira
      interrogans serovar hardjo.
AB  - The addition of 2% pooled rabbit serum to semi-solid commercial EMJH medium with
      EMJH enrichment and 0,5 mg of 5-fluorouracil per ml was found to enhance the
      growth rate and success of isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo
      from bovine urine. Cultures made on media without serum had to be kept for more
      than 130 days before being discarded as negative.

PMID- 4011159
TI  - Symposium on computed tomography.

PMID- 4011160
TI  - High-resolution, cross-sectional computed tomography of the normal spine.
AB  - CT has proved to be an excellent method of studying the spine in cross section.
      The osseous axial skeleton may be imaged without the need for contrast media.
      Analysis of the contents of the spinal canal requires administration of
      intrathecal contrast material, except in the lumbar region, where epidural fat
      serves as a natural contrast agent. This article illustrates and discusses normal
      axial CT anatomy of the spine.

PMID- 4011161
TI  - Applications of computed tomographic scanning of the cervical spine.
AB  - Computed tomography is an extremely valuable adjunct to the evaluation of the
      cervical spine and spinal cord. When combined with intrathecal metrizamide
      enhancement and with computer reformatted images in sagittal and coronal planes,
      CT is a thorough diagnostic modality that can be applied to
      congenital/developmental, degenerative, and trauma-induced abnormalities. Its
      major deficiency is the potential to miss defects that are oriented in the
      transverse plane because of partial volume averaging of adjacent surrounding
      bone. CT scanning of the cervical spine has been used sparingly to date, probably
      because available scanners are used for higher-priority demands. However,
      anecdotal information in the literature document the value of CT in evaluations
      of the cervical spine, intervertebral disks, neural foramina, and spinal cord. In
      the future, magnetic resonance scanners may shift some of the imaging burden away
      from x-ray CT. More widespread use of CT for evaluation of cervical
      radiculopathies and myelopathy may then occur.

PMID- 4011162
TI  - Characteristic CT manifestations of uncommon spinal disorders.
AB  - This article identifies many disorders seen on CT scans of the spine that should
      be recognized to avoid submitting the patient to additional diagnostic tests or
      even surgery. These disorders are not easily categorized, however, and could best
      be described as normal variants and pitfalls in CT diagnosis of the spine.

PMID- 4011163
TI  - Computed tomography of orthopedic neoplasms.
AB  - CT facilitates diagnosis of orthopedic neoplasms by recognition of both the
      internal contents of the lesion and its borders with surrounding soft tissues.
      Involvement of adjacent vital organs and spread within the medullary canal are
      important for planning resection or amputation. Changes in the size of the lesion
      may be seen on CT scans following radiation therapy, and metastatic lesions to
      bone and lungs may be detected with high sensitivity. Biopsy performed with CT
      guidance is both safe and effective.

PMID- 4011164
TI  - CT in pelvic trauma.
AB  - The use of computed tomography is extremely important in the care of patients
      with pelvic trauma. We believe that it should be performed on all patients with
      severe pelvic injury. It depicts the pelvic anatomy in exquisite detail, enabling
      one to plan therapy on the basis of pathologic anatomy rather than the presumed
      mechanism of injury. CT is more expensive than tomography but gives considerably
      more information at a lower radiation dose. It is also of considerable value in
      postoperative follow-up for determination of the adequacy of reduction and
      fracture healing.

PMID- 4011165
TI  - Computed tomography of the glenohumeral and sternoclavicular joints.
AB  - Cross-sectional image display and high contrast resolution of computed tomography
      underscore the importance of this modality in the evaluation of a wide variety of
      abnormalities involving the glenohumeral articulation. Computerized
      arthrotomography provides a more comprehensive examination of the glenohumeral
      joint when compared with conventional arthrotomography. Furthermore, it requires
      less technical expertise to perform and is better tolerated by symptomatic
      patients. Computerized arthrotomography appears to be an ideal imaging method for
      evaluation of the Hill-Sachs defect and may prove to be the best imaging
      technique in the assessment of abnormalities of the bicipital tendon and sheath.
      In addition, the cross-sectional image display and wide contrast resolution of CT
      are well suited to the evaluation of the sternoclavicular joint.

PMID- 4011166
TI  - CT evaluation of pediatric hip disorders.
AB  - CT plays an important role in the management of children with congenital
      dislocation of the hip and torsional abnormalities of the femur. In addition, CT
      is also useful in evaluating children with inflammatory, neoplastic, and
      traumatic abnormalities of the pelvis.

PMID- 4011167
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system.
AB  - MRI is a complementary technique to CT in the examination of the spine, the hip,
      and musculoskeletal tumors. In some cases, it provides diagnostic information not
      available with any other modality, including CT. MRI has the potential to be very
      useful in the assessment of various marrow-based disorders and may someday
      obviate the need for contrast-aided studies of ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.

PMID- 4011168
TI  - [Methods of preventing the degeneration of intervertebral disks in preserved
      kyphotic deformity].

PMID- 4011169
TI  - [Characteristics of orthopedic sequelae of childhood tuberculous spondylitis].

PMID- 4011170
TI  - [Intervertebral osteochondritis in elderly persons].

PMID- 4011171
TI  - [Changes in intervertebral disks and vertebral bodies in experimental disorders
      of segmental blood flow and additional acute trauma].

PMID- 4011172
TI  - [Bilateral fenestration at one or two levels in the treatment of median lumbar
      intervertebral hernias].

PMID- 4011173
TI  - [Roentgenometric analysis of vertebral displacement in degenerative
      spondylolisthesis].

PMID- 4011174
TI  - [Step-by-step conduction of therapeutic procedures in cervical osteochondrosis].

PMID- 4011175
TI  - [Manual therapy in the management of neurologic syndromes in cervical
      osteochondrosis].

PMID- 4011176
TI  - [Mechanism of trauma and the localization and types of injury of the thoracic and
      lumbar spine in children and adolescents].

PMID- 4011177
TI  - [Roentgen diagnosis of closed injuries of the thoracic and lumbar spine in
      children].

PMID- 4011178
TI  - [Mathematical method of prognosis of the duration of treatment in uncomplicated
      compression fractures of the spine].

PMID- 4011179
TI  - [Prognosis of the course of dysplastic scoliosis].

PMID- 4011180
TI  - [Current status and means of decreasing trauma in the Ukrainian SSR].

PMID- 4011181
TI  - [Complications, errors and hazards of the surgical correction of the spine and
      thorax in severe forms of scoliosis].

PMID- 4011182
TI  - [Computerized tomography and methods of surgical treatment of post-traumatic
      cervical osteochondrosis].

PMID- 4011183
TI  - [Surgical first aid in open injuries of the limbs].

PMID- 4011184
TI  - [Classification of sequelae of multiple injuries of the locomotor system].

PMID- 4011185
TI  - [Leg length inequality as a cause of the high incidence of lateral scoliosis].

PMID- 4011186
TI  - [Soviet medicine during World War II and current principles of step-by-step
      treatment of gunshot wounds of the limbs].

PMID- 4011187
TI  - [Specialized orthopedic services for the invalids of World War II].

PMID- 4011188
TI  - [Theoretical substantiation of early load and clinical experience with the
      treatment of crural bone fractures with functional bandages].

PMID- 4011189
TI  - [Outcome of the surgical treatment of habitual shoulder dislocation].

PMID- 4011190
TI  - [Closed osteosynthesis of diaphyseal humeral and forearm bone fractures with
      internal construction].

PMID- 4011191
TI  - [Calculation of stress in the region of Colles' fracture at a typical location
      during handgrip].

PMID- 4011192
TI  - [Treatment of supra- and transcondylar fractures of the humerus in children].

PMID- 4011193
TI  - [Fractures of the head of the humeral condyle associated with elbow joint
      dislocation in children].

PMID- 4011194
TI  - [A system of orthopedic-surgical treatment for children with cerebral palsy].

PMID- 4011196
TI  - [Treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the humerus with a functional immobilizing
      bandage].

PMID- 4011195
TI  - [State of the tonus and reactivity of the autonomic nervous system in children
      with cerebral spastic palsy after orthopedic treatment].

PMID- 4011197
TI  - [Primary orthosis in the treatment of closed diaphyseal fractures of the
      humerus].

PMID- 4011198
TI  - [Osteosynthesis using spiral rods in clavicular fractures].

PMID- 4011199
TI  - [Rehabilitation treatment after transosseous osteosynthesis of the distal end of
      the humerus in children].

PMID- 4011200
TI  - [Surgical treatment of lower limb deformities in adults with spastic paralysis].

PMID- 4011201
TI  - [Surgical treatment of congenital defects of both clavicles].

PMID- 4011202
TI  - [Treatment of habitual shoulder dislocation].

PMID- 4011203
TI  - [A method of compression osteosynthesis of the humerus in subtuberal fractures].

PMID- 4011204
TI  - [A fixing collar].

PMID- 4011205
TI  - [Anaerobic infection. (Reminiscences. Facts. Retrospective analysis)].

PMID- 4011206
TI  - [A sanitary stretcher for immobilization and transportation].

PMID- 4011207
TI  - [A device for roentgenological examination of the longitudinal arch of the foot
      under mechanical stress].

PMID- 4011208
TI  - [A device for the reduction and fixation of bone fragments].

PMID- 4011209
TI  - [A stand for the application of surgical casts].

PMID- 4011210
TI  - [A device for removing metallic rods].

PMID- 4011211
TI  - [Inveterate fracture-dislocations of the ankle joint and their treatment].

PMID- 4011212
TI  - [Various problems of terminology in traumatology and orthopedics].

PMID- 4011213
TI  - [Various problems of osteosynthesis].

PMID- 4011214
TI  - [Effect of an enkephalin analog on the endocrine system in man].

PMID- 4011215
TI  - [Acute myocardial infarct in patients under 40 years of age].

PMID- 4011217
TI  - [Anarchy in orthography in Hungarian literature].

PMID- 4011216
TI  - [Magnesium therapy of torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia].

PMID- 4011218
TI  - [Why do children cry less in hospitals and clinics in France?].

PMID- 4011219
TI  - [Pathological, prognostic, statistical and ethical aspects of extreme
      immaturity].

PMID- 4011220
TI  - [Experience with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis].

PMID- 4011221
TI  - [Residual and recurrent choledocholithiasis].

PMID- 4011222
TI  - [Clinico-pathological analysis of brain complications of congenital heart
      defects].

PMID- 4011223
TI  - [Effect of proximal selective vagotomy on gastric acidity production].

PMID- 4011225
TI  - [Difficulties in the diagnosis of benign tumors of the small intestine].

PMID- 4011224
TI  - [Association between cumulative familial incidence of type I diabetes and
      rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 4011226
TI  - [The time for the introduction of cow milk protein and gluten into the diet of
      infants in two Hungarian villages].

PMID- 4011227
TI  - [Proposal concerning the function of genetic counseling centers].

PMID- 4011228
TI  - [Value of certain non-invasive methods in the diagnosis of left ventricular
      aneurysm].

PMID- 4011229
TI  - [Why is there no decrease in the incidence of infantile hypoglycemia?].

PMID- 4011230
TI  - [Perinatal subependymal cerebral hemorrhages (pathomorphological
      characteristics)].

PMID- 4011231
TI  - [Eosinophilic granuloma of the bone].

PMID- 4011232
TI  - [Acupuncture--the end of an argument, for the time being].

PMID- 4011233
TI  - [Changes in the plasma cell population of the small intestine in celiac disease].

PMID- 4011234
TI  - [Gastroesophageal reflux in infancy and childhood (pH measurements in the
      esophagus].

PMID- 4011235
TI  - [Simultaneous incidence of celiac disease and diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 4011236
TI  - [Experience with peritoneal dialysis using a replaceable intra-abdominal catheter
      (Repl-a-cath)].

PMID- 4011237
TI  - [Family childbirth--the husband in the delivery room. Psychosocial and medical
      experience with family childbirth].

PMID- 4011238
TI  - [Dissolution of a cystine stone by antegrade electric flow].

PMID- 4011239
TI  - [Correlation between the morphology of erythrocytes excreted in the urine and the
      etiology of hematuria].

PMID- 4011240
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria of cardiac manifestations of sarcoidosis].

PMID- 4011241
TI  - [Ethical implications of scientific human experiments].

PMID- 4011242
TI  - [Reiter syndrome].

PMID- 4011243
TI  - [Unusual foreign body causing ileus of the small intestine].

PMID- 4011244
TI  - [The significance of atypical mycobacteria in phthisiology].

PMID- 4011245
TI  - [Salvaging the healthy fetus in twin pregnancies discordant for developmental
      anomalies].

PMID- 4011246
TI  - [Cases of gastric xanthelasma verified by biopsy].

PMID- 4011247
TI  - [Minor developmental anomalies in newborn infants, school-age children and in
      aged].

PMID- 4011248
TI  - [Diabetic care in 3 districts of North Buda].

PMID- 4011249
TI  - [The world of physicians, nurses and patients].

PMID- 4011250
TI  - Symposium on central auditory disorders.

PMID- 4011251
TI  - Otologic evaluation of a patient with a suspected lesion of the central auditory
      system.
AB  - Patients with a lesion of the central auditory system often present with vague
      and ill-defined symptoms that require a high degree of suspicion on the part of
      the physician to institute the proper steps in diagnosis. This article
      establishes guidelines that can be followed by the otolaryngologist using
      equipment that is readily accessible in most community settings.

PMID- 4011252
TI  - A neurologist's approach to a patient with hearing impairment.
AB  - This article is a review of the central auditory pathways from an anatomic and
      clinical perspective. An approach to the assessment of patients with hearing
      impairment of central origin is provided. The review of the patient's history,
      physical examination, and laboratory assessment are dealt with in detail.

PMID- 4011253
TI  - The use of subjective and objective audiologic test procedures in the diagnosis
      of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The necessity of using a test battery approach in the diagnosis of the MS patient
      is described. The objective and subjective audiologic test procedures complement
      each other by implicating different CNS sites influenced by the demyelinating
      process. Since two or more central lesions must be demonstrated to confirm a
      diagnosis of MS, different audiometric test procedures, sensitive to dysfunction
      at various CNS levels, are vital. The multi-sensory evoked-response procedures
      have been particularly helpful in revealing subclinical abnormalities.
      Researchers do advocate, however, inclusion of other neuro-otologic test
      procedures, such as detailed auditory and vestibular testing, interaural time
      discrimination, and localization testing as part of the diagnostician's test
      battery.

PMID- 4011255
TI  - Anatomical basis of learning disabilities. Brain specialization.
AB  - The brains of all three patients with developmental dyslexia studied thus far
      have shown scattered small malformations primarily in the cerebral cortex of the
      left cerebral hemisphere. The available evidence on the pathogenesis of these
      lesions suggests that they are the result of a destructive process occurring
      during the latter part of the first half of pregnancy.

PMID- 4011254
TI  - Auditory Brainstem Response audiometry. Applications in central disorders.
AB  - ABR is the most sensitive and specific test in the audiology battery for
      detecting disorders that affect the brainstem. When combined with central speech
      audiometry, ABR can detect most intra- and extra-axial tumors, demyelinating
      lesions, and polyneuropathies that affect brainstem auditory structures. Alone,
      it is a promising tool for monitoring neural maturation, tumor growth, coma, and
      neurologic or vascular therapies. The test can be severely compromised by
      peripheral hearing loss and knowledge of the audiogram is a prerequisite for any
      central testing application of ABR. Six cases of intra- or extra-axial brainstem
      pathology are described here. ABR results were abnormal in all but one case,
      based on response latency measurements. In two cases, ABR was the only audiologic
      test that detected the abnormality. In general, ABR was sensitive to and
      conventional tests were insensitive to central lesions involving the eighth
      nerve. ABR abnormalities were not in themselves sufficient to define the precise
      site of the lesion, nor could they determine the kind of lesion present. However,
      they were indicative of the level and extent of direct involvement by the disease
      process or of the pressure and distortion effects of the lesion on the brainstem.
      In one case where ABR failed to detect the lesion, central speech testing was
      abnormal. The potential usefulness of ABR to monitor brainstem status is
      emphasized. A case is described where ABR provided valuable information on the
      effects of an experimental embolic therapy for AVM. Special precautions are
      described for monitoring ABR in neonates. ABR is an important screening test for
      the detection of brainstem disorders, especially those that cannot be detected
      radiographically. Its greatest use, however, may prove to be as inexpensive and
      noninvasive monitor of brainstem status in patients with confirmed or suspected
      brainstem disorders.

PMID- 4011256
TI  - Language and linguistic development.
AB  - This article presents a stage process framework for describing the normal
      acquisition of language based on developmental research. The synergistic
      relationship of its components as each contributes to the increasingly complex
      behavior we call communication is stressed.

PMID- 4011257
TI  - Central auditory processing disorders in children.
AB  - Central auditory processing disorders in children are introduced and defined. The
      article explains who should be evaluated and for what reasons. The evaluation
      process, test stimuli, and use of assessment findings are presented.

PMID- 4011258
TI  - Educational evaluation. The first step toward understanding and remediation of
      central auditory disorders.
AB  - Of all the problems experienced by children with learning disabilities, a
      language disorder may be the most detrimental to school performance. Because the
      problems of a child with a language disorder are frequently not recognized until
      he begins school, it is important that the educational clinician, teacher,
      related professional, and parents understand what a central auditory disorder is,
      that it may manifest itself as language disorder, and the way it can academically
      and emotionally affect a child. Evaluation and identification of a child with a
      central auditory disorder is vital at an early stage of development; however,
      testing, while it appears simple, is an extremely complex process and is not
      always exact. Therefore, the educational clinician must be skilled and understand
      the frailties which exist in the test instrument and the testing situation. It
      must be remembered, also, that testing in only part of the diagnostic procedure.
      Organized, perceptive classroom observations are essential. These must be
      followed by multidisciplinary meetings that generate remedial procedures and
      directions to be taken by parents and teachers. Finally, parents must be accepted
      by professionals as reasonable, concerned, and able to offer knowledgeable
      insight into their child's learning problems. If a language disorder is
      suspected, professional help should be sought immediately. Truth is better than
      fiction or fantasy in helping a child become a happy, adjusted, productive human
      being.

PMID- 4011259
TI  - Psychological evaluation of the child with a suspected central auditory
      dysfunction.
AB  - I have attempted to summarize the role of the psychologist and psychological
      evaluation in assessing a child with a suspected central auditory dysfunction.
      The reasons why a child may be referred for a psychological evaluation along with
      some of the exhibiting behaviors were discussed. The role of the psychological
      evaluation was examined. The indications for psychological evaluation in central
      auditory dysfunction were presented and alternative types of education were
      discussed.

PMID- 4011260
TI  - [Otologic complications of head injuries].

PMID- 4011261
TI  - [Tympanoplasty and postoperative damage of the receptor system of the ear].

PMID- 4011262
TI  - [Cytology of healthy nasal mucosa].

PMID- 4011263
TI  - [Effect of operations on the maxillary sinuses in children on the development of
      facial soft tissue and bone].

PMID- 4011264
TI  - [Clinical and histological studies of pharyngeal tonsils in children].

PMID- 4011265
TI  - [Actinomycosis of the maxillary sinus with optic nerve atrophy].

PMID- 4011266
TI  - [Fibrous degeneration of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone].

PMID- 4011267
TI  - [Ossifying fibroma of the ethmoid labyrinth and nasal cavity].

PMID- 4011269
TI  - [Nasal polyp in an infant].

PMID- 4011268
TI  - [Otogenic intracranial complications--an ever-present problem].

PMID- 4011270
TI  - [Case of lipoma of the base of the tongue and hypopharynx].

PMID- 4011271
TI  - Marketing medical practice begins internally.

PMID- 4011272
TI  - Coordinate your pension program with your estate.

PMID- 4011274
TI  - Eligibility for clinical privileges and staff membership in Pennsylvania
      hospitals.

PMID- 4011273
TI  - Thyroid cancer and TMI.

PMID- 4011275
TI  - [Electrophoresis studies of mixed saliva concentrates in mucoviscidosis].

PMID- 4011276
TI  - Contrast echocardiography in paediatric cardiology.

PMID- 4011277
TI  - [Experiences and problems in the complex care of children and adolescents
      suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy].

PMID- 4011278
TI  - [Age dynamics of intelligence deficits in relation to biologic and psychosocial
      risk factors].

PMID- 4011279
TI  - [Connatal cystic kidneys].

PMID- 4011280
TI  - [Syndrome of paroxysmal sleep states and their treatment].

PMID- 4011281
TI  - [Cephalgias--is the Karen syndrome a special form of cephalgia in childhood?].

PMID- 4011282
TI  - Pain measurement: an overview.
AB  - The practice and theoretical basis of pain measurement is reviewed and critically
      examined in the areas of animal research, human subjects laboratory investigation
      and clinical study. The advantages and limitations of both physiological and
      behavioral methods are discussed in each area, and subjective report procedures
      are evaluated in human laboratory and clinical areas. The need for procedures
      that bridge these areas is emphasized and specific issues are identified.
      Progress in the technology of pain measurement over recent decades is reviewed
      and directions for future work are suggested.

PMID- 4011284
TI  - The McGill Pain Questionnaire in the assessment of phasic and tonic experimental
      pain: behavioral evaluation of the 'pain inhibiting pain' effect.
AB  - The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), supplemented with a German version, was
      administered to 10 healthy subjects to evaluate two laboratory pain models.
      Ischemia pain was induced as a tonic pain model and electrical intracutaneous
      stimuli were applied as a model of phasic pain. In addition, both pain models
      were employed simultaneously in order to evaluate their mutual influence. Tonic
      pain was rated higher than phasic pain on the affective, evaluative and
      miscellaneous MPQ subscales. Furthermore, the sensory descriptor choices for the
      two pain models were dissimilar, although the number of words chosen as well as
      the intensity represented by these words were of equal magnitude. These findings
      indicate that the sensory quality of the pain models is different and that the
      aversive component is much greater for the tonic pain than for the phasic pain.
      When applied simultaneously, tonic pain was able to inhibit phasic pain
      perception. This modulation could be demonstrated on visual analog scales of
      intensity (-44%) and aversiveness (-49%), on a 10-point category scale (-27%),
      and on the MPQ scores present pain intensity (PPI) (-29%), number of words chosen
      (NWC) (-25%) and pain rating intensity (PRI) (-28%). Differences were significant
      on the 5% level for the visual analog scales, the category scale and PPI.
      Evaluation of the MPQ subscales revealed that mainly the affective dimension of
      phasic pain was reduced under concurrent tonic pain. It is concluded that the MPQ
      is as well-suited to characterize differential analgesic effects as it is to
      differentiate properties of pain models.

PMID- 4011283
TI  - A study of intracerebroventricular self-administration of leucine or methionine
      enkephalin by rats in response to intermittent electric shocks.
AB  - Rats were taught to self-administer Leu-E (10, 25 and 100 micrograms/microliters)
      or Met-E (0.5, 10 and 100 micrograms/microliters) through a cannula implanted in
      the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.). Their self-injection behaviour was
      studied before, during and after nociceptive stimulation. In the course of the
      control period of the experiment, the rats rapidly learned lever pressing for
      self-injection of enkephalin but they did not increase their self-administration
      of Leu-E or Met-E during the nociceptive electrical stimulation period. Also
      studied were the acute effect of i.c.v. enkephalin and morphine on tail-flick
      latency (sec) and electrical threshold vocalization (mA). The analgesic effect of
      Leu-E and Met-E was of short duration (less than 2-6 min). The mean rise (i.e.,
      analgesia) of the tail-flick threshold showed a significant difference after
      i.c.v. Met-E only. The acute i.c.v. effect of 20 or 30 micrograms of morphine
      induced a long-lasting analgesia, greater than 40 min. These results show that
      Leu-E and Met-E are not rewarding during a nociceptive stimulus. This may be due
      to the short and inconstant analgesic action of i.c.v. enkephalins.

PMID- 4011285
TI  - Labor pain assessment: validity of a behavioral index.
AB  - There is a need for adequate and convenient measures for assessing obstetric
      pain. The present investigation was designed to develop a non-verbal objective
      measurement of labor pain based on the continuous observation of behavior.
      Validity and sensitivity of the instrument designed to assess pain throughout
      labor using standardized observational ratings were tested on a sample of 100
      primiparae who were asked periodically to rate pain on a 5-point numerical scale.
      The use of a behavioral method of observation associated with a self-rating
      procedure comprises various advantages, especially because they may appreciate
      different factors of the pain experience. Behavioral and self-rating indices were
      satisfactorily correlated. The behavioral index correlates with the pre-partum
      anxiety score but the self-rating index does not. The positive results obtained
      in this preliminary study lead us to consider this behavioral index as a valid
      instrument.

PMID- 4011286
TI  - The use of structured group therapy sessions in the treatment of chronic pain
      patients.
AB  - Although group therapy is used in a number of multidisciplinary pain treatment
      centres, few published accounts of procedures are available. The present report
      describes the use of a moderately directive group therapy method, integrating
      psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioural models of therapy. Content of sessions
      was structured to address problems specific to chronic pain patients. The
      therapist provided interpretations and confronted patients when appropriate.
      Problems encountered are described, and two examples are presented. Ideas for
      improved approaches to group therapy are discussed, with special emphasis on a
      method integrating physical and psychological therapy.

PMID- 4011287
TI  - Role of initial pain intensity in placebo-induced analgesia in ureteral colic.

PMID- 4011288
TI  - The changing face of urology.

PMID- 4011289
TI  - Complications that may occur in those with spinal cord injuries who participate
      in sport.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing complications
      in paraplegics taking part in sport. It is a retrospective study of patients with
      complete spinal cord injury at the spinal level of C7--cauda equina/conus injury,
      and consists of 61 patients admitted to the Beitostolen Healthsportcenter,
      Norway. All of them had achieved satisfactory bladder/bowel function. The
      wheelchair dependents were all skilled in the use of the wheelchair. They
      participated in a training programme with an average duration of 25 days.
      Different activities were tried, such as weight-lifting, pulking, swimming,
      volleyball, calisthenics in a group, horseback-riding, archery, tabletennis,
      canoeing, totalling 11 955 training hours. During the training period the
      following complications were observed: urinary tract infections, pressure sores,
      and sprains and strains. There were 30 complications, most of them only of minor
      type. The incidence of complications, expressed as number of complications/1000
      training-hours was, for urinary tract infections--0,50, pressure sores 0,42,
      sprains/strains 1,33, others 0,25: in all 2,51. Sprains and strains were the most
      common complications, accounting for about 55 per cent of the total, all of which
      were successfully treated before discharge. Sport activities are an important
      part of the rehabilitation of the spinal cord injured and the risk of serious
      complications appears to be low.

PMID- 4011290
TI  - The care of paraplegics and tetraplegics in Singapore.
AB  - A brief description of the evolution of the spinal injury unit in Singapore is
      given. Based on statistics gathered between 1973 and 1983 on all of the 713
      traumatic cases treated at this unit, the causes, pattern and effect of spinal
      cord injury in Singapore are analysed, and highlights on the other supporting
      services available in Singapore for paraplegics and tetraplegics, from long term
      institutional care and hostel accommodation to vocational assessment, training
      and placement are given.

PMID- 4011291
TI  - Chronic prostatitis in spinal cord injury patients.
AB  - Six spinal cord injury patients with chronic prostatitis were reviewed, all of
      whom had been treated with an indwelling Foley catheter during the phase of
      spinal shock. The 3 glass urine specimen test, the bladder wash-out test, a study
      of antibody coated bacteria and urethrography had limited diagnostic value. A
      specific diagnostic 5 glass specimen test proved to be useful and reliable.
      Longterm antibiotic treatment was successful in only one patient. Injection of
      antibiotics into the prostate gland was ineffective in the five patients in whom
      it was carried out. During a follow up from 1 to 5 years urological complications
      were rare in all five patients who remained infected.

PMID- 4011292
TI  - Survey of wheelchair athletic injuries: common patterns and prevention.
AB  - Twelve hundred wheelchair athletes were surveyed to determine commonly
      experienced athletic injuries, sports participation and training patterns
      associated with injuries. Soft tissue trauma, blisters, lacerations, decubiti and
      joint disorders were the most commonly reported injuries of the 128 respondents.
      Over 70 per cent of all reported injuries occurred during wheelchair track, road
      racing and basketball. Common mechanisms of injury were also identified. A
      significantly higher number of reported injuries were associated with increased
      sports participation (p less than 001), with the 21-30 year-old age group (p less
      than .01), and with a high number of training hours per week (p less than .05).
      There was no significant relationship between number of reported injuries and
      disability type, National Wheelchair Athletic Association classification, or sex.
      Decubitus ulcers and temperature regulation disorders were identified as
      particular risks for the spinal cord injury population. Educating the athlete and
      coach in means to prevent injury is necessary to promote optimal performance and
      safe participation.

PMID- 4011293
TI  - Ingrowing toenails and tetraplegia.
AB  - Nearly half the tetraplegic patients examined in a spinal injuries clinic had
      suffered ingrowing of the great toenail only after the injury to their spinal
      cord. This article describes the features of this common condition.

PMID- 4011294
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome in paraplegic patients.
AB  - Median nerve compression at the wrist (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome) is commonly
      associated with local trauma around the flexor retinaculum. Repeated manual
      activity also exacerbates the disease severity. We undertook a prospective study
      of the incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) in 47 paraplegic patients who
      have used their hands extensively for daily activity. Since surgical
      decompression generally provides excellent relief of symptoms, early detection of
      CTS will be particularly important in these patients. Of the 47 patients studied,
      19 had clinical CTS (40%). A total of 91 hands (nerves) were tested with motor
      and sensory nerve conduction of the median and ulnar nerves. Electrophysiological
      evidence of CTS was noted in 57 hands (63%). The incidence of CTS appears to be
      related to the duration of Spinal Cord Injury. Concurrent ulnar neuropathy at the
      elbow was noted in 19 patients (40%). There was no predisposing factor such as
      diabetes mellitus in any of these patients, and the compressive neuropathy
      appears to be purely mechanical.

PMID- 4011295
TI  - Conservative treatment of paraplegia following acute trauma in a patient with
      tuberculous kyphosis: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - This is the third known reported case in the medical literature of complete
      paraplegia following acute trauma in a patient with tuberculous kyphosis. Early
      clinical evidence of neurological recovery and the absence of a radiological
      fresh lesion are important indications for conservative treatment. The patient
      made a complete recovery. The mechanism of injury is probably both mechanical and
      vascular.

PMID- 4011296
TI  - Torque pull-out load characteristics of skull traction calipers of 'ice tong'
      type (with particular reference to the cone type of caliper). Technical note.
AB  - The relationship between the applied torque and the load required to pull off the
      calipers was established on cadavers. Torques of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 Newton-metres
      were applied to a specially adapted skull traction caliper whilst attached to the
      skull in the normal position when used clinically, and loads were applied in
      steps of 2 lb up to a maximum of 60 lb. It was found that at a torque of 0.7
      Newton-metres, the caliper became detached at the maximum load, but still held
      during traction at torques above this value. Taking into account the fall in load
      with time that may occur clinically and the limiting torque for pull-out with a
      traction load of 60 lb, it is suggested for complete clinical safety that a
      torque of 0.9 Newton-metres should be applied. An open-ended torque release
      spanner was set for 0.9 Newton-metres for clinical use such that the compressive
      load is sufficient to prevent pull-out even in the unlikely event of 60 lb being
      applied for up to 21 days.

PMID- 4011297
TI  - Further studies on genetic variation of hepatosplenic disease and modulation in
      murine schistosomiasis mansoni.
AB  - The influence of genetic factors on the modulation of hepatosplenomegaly, portal
      venous pressure and granuloma size in chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni was
      studied. Experiments with congenic mice confirmed previous observations that
      after 8 weeks of infection these disease manifestations are influenced by non-H-2
      genes. During chronic infection (20 weeks compared to 8 weeks of infection),
      hepatosplenomegaly was minimally altered. Portal venous pressure was found to
      increase in 129/J and BALB/cJ mice, did not change in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J and
      decreased in CBA/CaJ mice. Simultaneous measurements of granuloma size delineated
      two groups: decrease of greater than 40%--C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and CBA/CaJ strains
      and decrease of less than or equal to 20%--129/J, BALB/cJ and C3H/HeJ mice. There
      was no consistent correlation between the magnitude or direction of alterations
      in portal pressure and granuloma size among the various strains studied.
      Furthermore, these alterations were independent of changes in parasite burden
      (adult worms or hepatic eggs). This amelioration of disease (modulation) was
      found to be influenced by a small number of non-H-2 genes.

PMID- 4011298
TI  - Modulation of host response by Trichinella pseudospiralis.
AB  - Measurement of myeloperoxidase activity in the muscles of mice infected with
      Trichinella pseudospiralis, T. spiralis or both helminths allowed quantitation of
      host inflammatory response to the parasite. Infection of the host with T.
      pseudospiralis alone was accompanied by less inflammation in host diaphragm
      muscle than was the case in hosts infected with T. spiralis alone. A dramatic
      reduction in inflammation around s.c. implanted cotton string was observed in
      mice infected with T. pseudospiralis alone below that seen in uninfected mice.
      Concurrent infection of the host with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis resulted
      in a lowering of myositis below that seen in the diaphragm muscles of mice
      infected with T. spiralis alone.

PMID- 4011299
TI  - Genetic control of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius: a 9-day anthelmintic
      abbreviated immunizing regime which separates weak and strong responder strains
      of mice.
AB  - Experiments were designed to re-examine the variables which influence the ability
      of single primary infections to elicit acquired immunity to Nematospiroides
      dubius, in particular the importance of the presence or absence of adult worms,
      as these are known to exert immunomodulatory effects. Briefly, anthelmintic
      abbreviated infections were considerably more effective at eliciting acquired
      immunity than longer infections in which adult worms were allowed to reside in
      the intestine. A 9-day anthelmintic abbreviated infection was extremely effective
      at stimulation of acquired immunity in NIH mice and very few immunising infection
      larvae were required. Immunity to subsequent reinfection developed rapidly after
      the primary infection worms had been eliminated; by day 21 post-infection, the
      mice were almost totally immune. Abbreviated infections were used to examine the
      capacity of a number of mouse strains to develop immunity to reinfection. Strains
      of mice were chosen to allow the effects of MHC linked and non-MHC linked
      (background) genes to be identified. CBA and C3H strains (both H-2k) were found
      to be weak responders to N. dubius. B10G (H-2q) mice responded better than
      C57Bl/10 (H-2b), although these strains have identical background genes. DBA/2
      mice were stronger responders compared to BALB/c mice, both strains sharing a
      common MHC haplotype (H-2d). (NIH X B10G) F1 mice (H-2q) were better responders
      than either of the parental strains. Several mouse strains all sharing the H-2q
      haplotype were particularly effective at developing immunity to N. dubius, as
      were also SJL mice which were the sole representatives of the H-2s haplotype, in
      the present study. The results established that the response phenotype is
      influenced by both background and MHC genes and demonstrated gene complementation
      in the capacity of mice to acquire immunity to N. dubius.

PMID- 4011300
TI  - Induction of a marked eosinophilia by cyclophosphamide in Toxocara canis infected
      SJL mice.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide (Cy) is known to produce a marked eosinophilia in mice after
      antigen challenge. In this study, we studied the effect of Cy on eosinophilia in
      helminthic infection. Peripheral blood eosinophils were counted in SJL mice
      following a large dose of Cy injection, infection with Toxocara canis, and both
      Cy injection and T. canis infection simultaneously. Following the injection with
      Cy (150 mg/kg), the eosinophil counts fell sharply, then rose abruptly to six
      times the normal level followed by a decrease. Infection with T. canis induced
      eosinophilia in mice. However, when mice were both infected with T. canis and
      given Cy injection, the eosinophilia was markedly enhanced. The results suggest
      that the marked eosinophilia in mice induced by Cy is not only observed in
      antigen challenge but also in helminthic infection.

PMID- 4011301
TI  - Impaired macrophage leishmanicidal activity at cutaneous temperature.
AB  - Temperature is one of the primary influences upon the pathogenesis of cutaneous
      leishmaniasis. In this study, we measured the temperature of murine leishmanial
      lesions and determined the ability of lymphokine (LK) activated macrophages to
      kill Leishmania major at these temperatures. The temperature of leishmanial
      lesions in BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice ranged from 27 degrees C to 32 degrees C. We
      found that LK activated resident or inflammatory macrophages exhibited
      significantly less leishmanicidal activity in vitro at temperatures closer to
      those measured in vivo. The decrease in microbicidal activity was not due to the
      enhanced growth of the parasites at lower temperatures, since impaired killing
      was also observed against non-replicating radiation attenuated amastigotes.
      Finally, the tumoricidal activity of macrophages was found to be significantly
      depressed at temperatures below 37 degrees C, indicating a generalized impairment
      of macrophage function at these temperatures. These findings suggest that
      impaired macrophage microbicidal activity at cutaneous temperatures may
      contribute to parasite survival, and imply that healing of leishmanial lesions,
      as well as other cutaneous infections, may require an exceptionally potent local
      LK response.

PMID- 4011302
TI  - Maternally derived immunity in young mice to infection with Trypanosoma brucei
      and its potentiation by Berenil chemotherapy.
AB  - Young mice which were allowed to suckle, from birth, a mother infected with
      Trypanosoma brucei, or a mother whose infection had been cured before parturition
      with Berenil chemotherapy, were themselves immune to homologous trypanosome
      challenge. This immunity extended until approximately 25 days of age, and was
      transmitted in the colostrum/milk of the mother. Mice born of infected mothers,
      but transferred at birth to normal foster mothers, were susceptible to
      trypanosome infection. Drug prophylaxis in normal newborn mice was also effective
      for approximately 25 days, but in mice which, in addition, received colostral
      antibody from the mother, combined immunochemoprophylaxis protected the offspring
      for 40-50 days. Since the combination of protective strategies continued to
      resist challenge beyond the stage when, on its own, each component's efficacy had
      decayed, it may be of practical value as an approach to improved disease control
      under certain field conditions where trypanosomiasis prevails.

PMID- 4011303
TI  - Immunochemical comparison between worm extracts of Onchocerca volvulus from
      savanna and rain forest.
AB  - Crude phosphate-buffered extracts of adult Onchocerca volvulus from savanna
      (Mali) and rain forest (Cameroon) areas were comparatively analysed using
      biochemical and immunological methods. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE) and isoelectric focusing revealed only minor differences between the
      two extracts. Out of 42 bands detectable by SDS-PAGE at least 21 were identified
      as glycoproteins by their affinity to concanavalin A. High resolution analysis
      using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-G) showed marked differences in the
      polypeptide patterns of the two extracts. Some of the over 100 polypeptides
      demonstrable by Coomassie blue staining (especially at pIs between 4.3 and 5.6
      and mol. wts over 64kD) were clearly different when the two extracts were
      compared. Antigenic differences between the two extracts could be detected by
      crossed immunoelectrophoresis using a rabbit anti-O. volvulus hyperimmune serum.
      The comparison by tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated clearly the
      existence of at least three antigenic differences, four partial identities and 13
      antigenic identities between the extracts. For the identification of O. volvulus
      antigens serologically recognized by infected patients, we combined the 2D-G with
      an immunoblotting technique using a pool of highly reactive onchocerciasis sera
      from Mali. IgG binding antigens were then identified by incubating the blot
      membrane with this serum pool and with 125I-labelled protein A followed by
      autoradiography. IgE binding antigens were detected using a 125I-labelled anti
      human IgE antiserum. Whilst the overall antigenic patterns were similar, there
      were, however, clear differences between the antigen preparations which gives
      further evidence for antigenic diversity of O. volvulus from savanna and rain
      forest areas.

PMID- 4011304
TI  - [Evolution of the basic types of life cycle in ixodid ticks (Ixodidae)].
AB  - The burrow-nest life scheme of ixodid ticks, which was formed at the beginning of
      the Chalk, gave rise to the subsequent types of parasitism: pasture (end of the
      Chalk), pasture-burrow (end of Paleogene) and pasture-stall one (late Neogene).
      Changes in the climate in different geological epochs and regions together with
      the hosts' evolution, natural selection in the aggregate of variability and
      heredity of ixodids in their populations were the cause of the evolution.

PMID- 4011305
TI  - [Cytochemical characteristics of the myxosporidian Henneguya cerebralis
      (Myxosporidia, Myxobolidae) and pathohistological changes in the Kosogol grayling
      in myxosporidiasis].
AB  - Content and distribution of RNA, protein, DNA, glycogen and carbohydrate
      components in spores and vegetative sporeforming stages plasmodium of Henneguya
      cerebralis were described. Pathohistological changes in head tissus of Thymallus
      arcticus nigrescens are discussed. The conclusion on the relative youth of
      parasite system "H. cerebralis--Thymallus arcticus nigrescens" is made.

PMID- 4011306
TI  - [A new method of studying the actual fertility of blood-sucking midges of the
      genus Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae)].
AB  - A new method is suggested for studying actual fecundity in bloodsucking midges of
      the genus Culicoides. Females fixed in alcohol and preserved in it within several
      years were dissected.

PMID- 4011307
TI  - [Possibility of using old collection material for determining the fertility of
      biting midges (Ceratopogonidae)].
AB  - Possibility of determination of the actual fecundity of midges on females with
      mature eggs preserved in the collection (dry or in alcohol) for decades has been
      studied. The procedure of work is described. A list of species is given, in which
      the fecundity was determined in this way.

PMID- 4011308
TI  - [Trial of the action of synthetic juvenile hormone analogs on fleas].
AB  - H-chlorphenyl ether of geraniol (1.5 to 0.05 %) caused the mortality of all
      preimaginal stages of fleas of the species C. anisus. 0.025 % dose of the
      preparation broke the normal course of metamorphosis that resulted in the delay
      of moulting periods of larvae, the formation of cocoons and hatching of imagos.
      All these deviations reduced the emergence of adults by to 90 %.

PMID- 4011309
TI  - [Effect of cestodes on the tissue lipid composition of the burbot and
      stickleback].
AB  - The effect of cestodes of the genus Diphyllobothrium on the lipoid contents of
      tissues of freshwater fishes has been studied. The level of general lipids in the
      liver of burbot and stickleback infected with plerocercoids of D. latum and D.
      vogeli, respectively, decreases. It occurs in general on account of decrease in
      contents of structural lipids, phospholipids, while the contents of
      triacylglycerines, cholesterol and its ethers change but negligibly. Simultaneous
      parasitism of plerocercoids of D. latum and Triaenophorus nodulosus in the liver
      of burbot causes especially great changes in the lipoid metabolism. Certain
      changes in the ratio of some phospholipid fractions take place in infected
      tissues: the decrease in the level of phosphatidylcholine and the parallel rise
      in the fraction of lysophosphatidylcholine. The ratio between other phospholipids
      virtually does not change.

PMID- 4011310
TI  - [Helminths in an Askaniia-Nova herd of eland and experiences in eradicating
      Strongylata infestation].
AB  - Parasitological complex studies of the available eland stock (60 individuals)
      were first carried out. As a result 100 % infection rate of the herd and the age
      dynamics of strongylatoses were revealed. The autopsy of animals have shown that
      five species of six species of nematodes and one species of cestodes are common
      parasites of ruminants of the Ukraine steppe zone and two species are specific
      parasites of eland. For sanitation of the herd an anthelminthic preparation
      produced in Hungary was used. The preparation decreased the initial infection
      rate to 7.3%.

PMID- 4011311
TI  - [Mechanism of distribution of Strongyloidea larvae among ungulate animals at
      pasture].
AB  - The problem of dissimilation of larvae of strongylates of ruminants in pasture
      biocoenosis is discussed. A new form of their migration in horizontal direction
      on the basis of negative geotaxis is suggested. As a result of alternation of
      vertical migration of larvae on the tilting leaves of the grass and their
      subsequent washing off with rain or dew down on the ground proceeds their
      distribution on the pasture. The description of corresponding experiments is
      given.

PMID- 4011312
TI  - [Crithidia oncopelti (Kinetoplastmonada) strains resistant to cycloheximide and
      chloramphenicol].
AB  - By gradual (during several months) increase of the concentrations of
      cycloheximide (C) and chloramphenicol (Ch) in cultural medium there were obtained
      strains of C. oncopelti resistant to the effect of 20, 50, 100 mkg/ml and 2.5
      mg/ml Ch. During 38, 28, 19 and 12 subculturings (that corresponds to 160, 120,
      80 and 50 cell generations, respectively) on media without inhibitors parasites
      preserve their resistance to corresponding concentrations of C and Ch without
      essential changes. Cross resistance between obtained strains of Crithidia was
      missing. Therefore, the characters of resistance to C and Ch are rather specific,
      genetically specified and can be used as genetical markers.

PMID- 4011313
TI  - [Block formation capacity in fleas infected with a plague agent after their
      feeding with blood substitutes].
AB  - By feeding plague infected Xenopsylla cheopis fleas with blood substitutes free
      of blood formed elements blocked fleas were obtained. These fleas are able to
      transmit plague agent to white mice and cause their mortality.

PMID- 4011314
TI  - [Pathogenic effect of the trematode Cyclocoeloidea on its hosts].
AB  - A study of the ecology of Cyclocoeloidea has shown that true pathogenicity of
      this group of trematodes is much higher than the known one. In addition to the
      mechanical damage done by marites of cyclocoeloids to the host, migrations of
      cyclocoeloid larvae in the definitive host's body are a great threat to the
      latter as well as processes connected with the removal of sexual production by
      adult worms outside that results usually in a serious damage to the host's organs
      and tissues.

PMID- 4011315
TI  - Food intake and body weight changes in mice infected with metacestodes of Taenia
      crassiceps.
AB  - General nutritional effects on female CFLP mice harbouring larval Taenia
      crassiceps were investigated using groups of mice fed ad libitum on purified
      diets containing 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% (w/w) protein respectively. When uninfected
      and infected mice were compared over an experimental period of 20 weeks, it was
      established that a significantly higher proportion of uninfected mice survived
      the course of the experiment than infected mice. There was no evidence of the
      presence of the parasites having any effect on the overall food intake of the
      mice. Infected mice, however, were found to be significantly heavier, on a fresh
      weight basis, than their uninfected partners, but the pattern was reversed when
      the dry weights of mouse carcasses were compared following the removal of
      parasites. In general, more parasite tissue was recovered from mice feeding on
      the higher protein diets (8% and 16%).

PMID- 4011316
TI  - Sodium azide preservation of faecal specimens for Kato analysis.
AB  - The modified Kato technique has the advantages of reproducibility, simplicity and
      economy: the disadvantage is that it cannot be used in conjunction with
      traditional faecal preservatives. Sodium azide has been evaluated as a
      preservative for human faeces for subsequent Kato analysis. More than 400 faecal
      samples (from normal and malnourished children, and from mixed-age participants
      in a field survey of the Turks and Caicos Islands) were each mixed with 2-5 mg of
      sodium azide powder and stored in 2 or 4 ml autoanalyser cups at ambient tropical
      temperature. At intervals up to 30 weeks, aliquots were prepared for Kato
      analysis. Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus eggs
      were well preserved without degenerative or developmental changes in morphology.
      Quantitative analyses of 18 samples indicated that the mean egg count/sample did
      not change significantly after storage for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks in
      preservative. The use of azide preservative extends the applications of the Kato
      technique to field and clinical studies in which delays may occur between
      specimen collection and examination. The direct costs of azide preservation are
      substantially lower than for traditional methods and the preserved specimens are
      more compact and resistant to leakage.

PMID- 4011317
TI  - The schistosomulum surface antigens of Schistosoma haematobium.
AB  - Surface antigens of Schistosoma haematobium were identified by 125I-surface
      labelling of schistosomula followed by immunoprecipitation of the solubilized,
      labelled surfaces. The major antigens, after electrophoresis, formed a continuous
      smear corresponding to a molecular weight in the range 35-24 000; in addition, a
      17 000 antigen was also identified. These surface antigens, in contrast to
      somatic antigens, were species-specific, as judged by immunoprecipitation with
      human anti-S. mansoni serum and serum from mice vaccinated with highly irradiated
      S. mansoni cercariae. S. haematobium surface antigens, however, were recognized
      to some extent by serum from mice chronically infected with S. mansoni. It is
      suggested that this cross-reactivity may reflect the heterologous immunity
      demonstrated experimentally between these two species, whilst the species
      specificity of vaccine sera to surface antigens may mirror the highly specific
      immunity induced by vaccination.

PMID- 4011318
TI  - Induction of resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in mice by chemotherapy: migration
      of schistosomula in primary and challenge infections.
AB  - The fate of 75Se-labelled schistosomula in mice treated at 24 h post-infection
      with either Ro 11-3128 or oxamniquine, compared to untreated controls, was
      followed by compressed organ autoradiography. No difference in the total
      percentage of schistosomula detected as foci was found between the three groups
      at each sampling time. However, the distribution of schistosomula was altered. In
      oxamniquine-treated mice there was a delayed migration from the skin relative to
      controls and fewer parasites in total appeared to reach the lungs. In Ro 11-3128
      treated mice very few parasites left the skin. Ro 11-3128 treatment induces
      resistance to challenge whereas oxamniquine does not. The fate of challenge
      schistosomula in previously infected Ro 11-3128 treated mice was also compared to
      that in control mice. There was evidence for delayed or reduced migration from
      the skin of Ro 11-3128 treated mice. Significant death of challenge parasites
      occurred in the lungs, or post-lung sites in both control and treated mice. It
      was not possible to conclude that any of the late attrition was immune-dependent
      in the treated mice and the results appeared to indicate that a significant
      fraction of parasite death occurred at the skin stage.

PMID- 4011319
TI  - Host specificity in eimerian coccidia: development of Eimeria vermiformis of the
      mouse, Mus musculus, in Rattus norvegicus.
AB  - The ability of Eimeria vermiformis, a coccidium which normally parasitizes the
      mouse, to develop in rats was investigated. The Rowett strain (Lac: RNU) rats
      were euthymic (rnu/+), treated or untreated with cortisone acetate, and athymic
      (rnu/rnu). E. vermiformis completed its development only in rnu/rnu rats, which
      passed small numbers of oocysts capable of sporulating and infecting C57BL/6
      mice. In the rnu/+ rats, irrespective of cortisone treatment, development
      appeared to terminate with the completion of the asexual (schizogonic) stages
      since no gametocytes were recognized in the tissues and no oocysts were detected
      in the faeces. The findings are discussed with reference to the factors which
      govern host specificity.

PMID- 4011320
TI  - Lethality of intestinal tissue extracts from Eimeria-infected chickens.
AB  - Evidence exists that lethal activity is associated with extracts from Eimeria
      tenella-infected caecal tissues. We examined tissues of the small intestine
      infected with other species of Eimeria for a similar lethal activity. Extracts
      were prepared from intestinal tissues of chickens infected with either E.
      acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis or E. necatrix. Appropriate control
      extracts from tissues of non-infected chickens were also prepared. Intravenous
      injection of the extracts into healthy chickens showed that lethality of infected
      tissue extracts was higher than control extracts and was independent of the site
      of infection within the intestine. Comparison of the lethality of caecal extracts
      from chickens infected with embryo-adapted or parent lines of E. tenella showed
      that lethality was independent of the recognized pathogenic characteristics of
      the lines. Also, it was demonstrated that lethal activity is associated with
      extracts of tissues containing massive numbers of arrested and non-arrested
      sporozoites and early trophozoites.

PMID- 4011321
TI  - Ingestion of erythrocytic stroma by Plasmodium chabaudi trophozoites:
      ultrastructural study by serial sectioning and 3-dimensional reconstruction.
AB  - An ultrastructural study of numerous serial sections of Plasmodium chabaudi
      trophozoites at various growth stages, followed by 3-dimensional reconstruction,
      allowed us to describe more precisely the internalization process of the
      erythrocytic stroma, both in space and in time. Two endocytotic processes are
      apparent. (1) Pinocytosis--as soon as the merozoite has become a young
      trophozoite (ring stage), small double membrane-bound vesicles can be seen
      budding off around the whole periphery of the parasite. After the inner membrane
      of the vesicle has disappeared, the contents alter and a pigment crystal appears.
      (2) Cytostomal system--this phenomenon coexists with, and eventually replaces,
      pinocytosis. It consists of invagination of the membrane of the parasitophorous
      vacuole and of the plasmalemma, through a typical cytostome, in order to form a
      cytostomal vacuole. This extends into a long tube, the cytostomal tube, which
      eventually digitates. When the tube reaches its maximal size, the cytostome
      disappears and the tube remains open to the erythrocytic stroma by a simple
      aperture. A new cytostome can form elsewhere on the parasite surface and another
      tube can extend. Two or three such tubes can coexist in a trophozoite although
      only one cytostome is functional at one time. At the end of the tubes vesicles
      bud off, the contents of which become modified as described previously. The
      residual product of haemoglobin degradation is the malarial pigment.

PMID- 4011322
TI  - Gaps in our armoury against parasites of man.

PMID- 4011323
TI  - How anthelmintics help us to understand helminths.
AB  - Study of the mode of action of the anti-parasitic 'hydrogenophore', closantel,
      revealed that mitochondria isolated from livers of untreated rats, 13 weeks after
      infection with Fasciola hepatica metacercariae, were uncoupled. This uncoupling
      of mitochondria might be induced by a product(s) excreted by the liver fluke. The
      lipid extractable product(s) binds to albumin and has a molecular weight between
      500 and 1000 Daltons. A second unexpected finding indicates that closantel
      affects the motility of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro by interfering with
      mitochondrial ATP synthesis. The results obtained are suggestive of a role for
      aerobic metabolism in the generation of energy required for motility.

PMID- 4011324
TI  - Problems arising after a new compound has shown proven activity in the
      laboratory.

PMID- 4011325
TI  - Changes in the pattern of drugs detected in a toxicology screen in an Upstate New
      York Hospital.
AB  - We analyzed the results from our clinical toxicology service over two consecutive
      24-month periods from 1980 to 1983. The frequencies of drug or drugs detected,
      tabulated by patient and type of specimen submitted to the laboratory were
      studied. A toxicology screen or the identification of one drug was requested on
      3328 patients in the 48 months of the study. Alcohol was the most frequently
      requested test--1221 requests in 1980 to 1981, and 627 in 1982 to 1983. Seventy
      five percent of these requests were positive. Ethanol, in fact, accounted for 53
      percent of all drugs detected in all specimens received. There were 989 requests
      for a drug screen (530 in 1980 to 1981, and 459 in 1982 to 1983) for which 1734
      serum, urine, or gastric specimens were received. Serum or serum and urine were
      the most frequently submitted specimens. Gastric contents with or without a urine
      sample were sent least often. After alcohol, the most frequently detected drug
      classification was analgesic/antipyretic. The most dramatic change in prevalence
      was seen in over-the-counter stimulants which accounted for almost 11 percent of
      all drugs in 1982 to 1983, an increase from only 4 percent in 1980 to 1981. More
      than one drug per patient was found in 24 percent of the requests in 1982 to
      1983; an increase from 18 percent in 1980 to 1981. We identified 81 different
      drug combinations in 1982 to 1983, up from 71 combinations in the first half of
      the study. Toxicology data may have significantly affected immediate therapy-
      either through the administration of an antidote or by initiation of aggressive
      intervention--in 7 percent of the patients whose specimens were analyzed in our
      laboratory. The laboratory technologist and the clinician should be cognizant of
      changing patterns of drug use to increase and maintain their effectiveness in the
      detection or treatment of drug intoxication. We have demonstrated that changes
      did occur in our facility over a 4-year period, and also when our data were
      compared to previous reports. Retrospective studies of this type are essential to
      meet those objectives.

PMID- 4011326
TI  - Papillary peritoneal neoplasms in females.

PMID- 4011327
TI  - X-ray microanalysis. Problem solving in surgical pathology.

PMID- 4011328
TI  - Sorting out the cephems: the role of new cephalosporins in pediatric
      therapeutics.

PMID- 4011329
TI  - Update on oral rehydration: its place in treatment of acute gastroenteritis.

PMID- 4011330
TI  - Therapeutic approach to the failing heart.
AB  - Currently recommended dosages for the more commonly prescribed drugs discussed
      above are given in Table 3. The approach to the failing heart in the pediatric
      patient requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure and an
      understanding of the mechanisms, effects and clinical pharmacology of several
      classes of therapeutic agents. The pediatric patient differs in many respects
      from his adult counterpart in the manifestations of heart failure and in his
      response to drug therapy to treat heart failure.

PMID- 4011331
TI  - Pharmacologic approach to cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children.

PMID- 4011332
TI  - Effective and efficient use of drug level measurements to guide medication
      dosing.
AB  - Proper administration of dose (particularly in the case of IV medications),
      proper timing of samples, knowledge of pharmacokinetics of the drug, and
      knowledge of the patient's condition, are as important to clinical application of
      drug levels as is accurate laboratory analysis, and are frequently the difference
      between a drug level being clinically useful or irrelevant.

PMID- 4011333
TI  - Ventilatory interaction between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the preterm primate.
AB  - The steady state ventilatory response to inhaled CO2 was measured in eleven
      unanesthetized premature Macaca nemestrina during the first 3 wk of life in
      different steady state background O2 mixtures hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.08 or 0.12),
      normoxia (FIO2 = 0.21) and hyperoxia (FIO2 = 0.96). Hyperoxic delta VI/delta
      PACO2 and delta P0.2/ delta PACO2 were significantly greater than hypoxic delta
      VI/ delta PACO2 and delta P0.2/delta PACO2, respectively, at both 2 and 21 days
      postnatal age by the Mann Whitney test of nonparametric ranking (2 days: 89.. and
      80.2 degrees versus 88.7 and 56.4 degrees, respectively; 21 days: 89.3 and 76.6
      degrees versus 50.2 and 57.1 degrees, respectively; p less than 0.05). Hypoxic
      delta VI/delta PACO2 was significantly depressed compared to normoxic delta VI/
      delta PACO2 only at 21 days of age (50.2 versus 89.4 degrees, respectively; p
      less than 0.05); hyperoxic CO2 sensitivity and normoxic CO2 sensitivity did not
      differ at either age. The ventilatory interaction between O2-CO2 in the neonatal
      primate appears to be the inverse of the typical adult ventilatory interaction.
      It is hypothesized that differential changes in brain stem blood flow between
      neonates and adults might explain this difference in O2-CO2 ventilatory
      interaction.

PMID- 4011335
TI  - Growth hormone secretion in the stunted head-irradiated rat.
AB  - Pulsatile secretion profiles of pituitary growth hormone (GH) and size and number
      of cells of brain, heart ventricles, liver, kidney, and gastrocnemius muscle were
      determined in male Long-Evans rats which received 600 rad x-irradiation to the
      head only at 2 days of age. Controls consisted of sham-irradiated littermates.
      The irradiated rats showed significant stunting of body weight and tail length
      beginning prior to weaning and lasting throughout the period (64 days) of
      observation. In irradiated rats at 20-21 days of age, just prior to weaning,
      organ weight was significantly reduced in all organs studied. Brain showed a
      decrease in organ/body ratio (p less than 0.0005) and in total DNA content (p
      less than 0.0005), but these values were not significantly changed in the other
      organs. DNA/organ ratio was increased significantly in heart (p less than 0.025)
      and gastrocnemius muscle (p less than 0.025); brain, liver, and kidney had
      nonsignificant increases. Protein/DNA ratios were decreased significantly in
      brain (p less than 0.005), heart (p less than 0.01), and gastrocnemius muscle (p
      less than 0.05); liver and kidney had nonsignificant decreases. Blood samples
      were removed for GH determination from cannulated undisturbed irradiated and
      control rats at 15-min intervals for 18-h periods (9 h light and 9 h dark) at 47
      64 days of age. Irradiated rats had normal periodicity of bursts of GH secretion.
      The area under the curve of GH concentration versus time of the irradiated rat
      was decreased in light (p less than 0.025) and in dark (p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011334
TI  - Brain bilirubin deposition and brain blood flow during acute urea-induced
      hyperosmolality in newborn piglets.
AB  - Acute hyperosmolality-induced blood brain barrier breakdown has been demonstrated
      to increase the permeability of sucrose, which is similar in molecular weight to
      bilirubin, independently of changes in regional brain blood flow. We studied
      three groups of piglets given continuous bilirubin infusions to maintain serum
      bilirubin concentrations at approximately 8 mg/dl. Normal serum osmolality was
      maintained throughout the study in control animals. Two experimental groups were
      made hyperosmolar (330 and 375 mosmol/liter) with bolus urea infusions during the
      last hour of the study. Regional brain bilirubin concentrations were elevated in
      the 375 mosmol/liter hyperosmolal experimental group, but not in the 330
      mosmol/liter group. Regional brain albumin concentrations also were increased
      over the control group in the 375 mosmol/liter animals. There were no differences
      in regional brain blood flows to account for the increases in brain bilirubin
      concentrations. Our results show that brain bilirubin deposition occurs following
      breakdown of the blood brain barrier by acute, severe hyperosmolality (375
      mosmol/liter) and that the deposited bilirubin is derived from both bound and
      unbound fractions. The bilirubin deposition occurs independently of changes in
      regional brain blood flow; however, regional differences in the blood brain
      barrier permeability to albumin also occur.

PMID- 4011336
TI  - Alterations in gas exchange associated with lobar atelectasis in young piglets.
AB  - Lobar atelectasis is common among infants and children with obstructive lung
      diseases. However, the effect of lobar collapse in the presence of diffuse lung
      disease on gas exchange in the pediatric age group has not been described. We
      developed an infant model of lobar atelectasis using piglets and tested the
      hypothesis that diffuse alveolar hypoxia increases shunt fraction (Qs/QT)
      associated with lobar atelectasis by redirecting pulmonary blood from the well
      ventilated portion of the lung into the collapsed region. Shunt fraction was
      determined using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. The proportion of
      pulmonary blood flow perfusing the left lower lobe was measured with
      microspheres. Qs/QT increased significantly but by a variable amount to an
      average value (+/- SD) of 5.9 +/- 4.2% following lobar collapse. The percentage
      of cardiac output perfusing the left lower lobe fell by an average of 70 +/- 17%
      in response to lobar collapse. When animals were ventilated with 12% oxygen,
      shunt fraction increased to 18.7 +/- 7.1% and blood flow to the collapsed left
      lower lobe increased from 9 +/- 3 to 22 +/- 3% of cardiac output. Lobar
      atelectasis in conditions where diffuse alveolar hypoxia is present may be
      associated with a significantly greater intrapulmonary shunt than lobar
      atelectasis in children with otherwise normal lungs.

PMID- 4011337
TI  - Effect of bilirubin on brainstem auditory evoked potentials in the asphyxiated
      rat.
AB  - We measured brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in four groups of
      paralyzed, ventilated, adult rats. Group A (n = 2) received intravenous albumin;
      group B (n = 5) received bilirubin in albumin; group C (n = 7) was asphyxiated
      and then received albumin; and group D (n = 19) was asphyxiated and received
      bilirubin in albumin. When compared with control values, no changes in BAER
      occurred in groups A or B and only slight changes were found in group C. In group
      D, seven rats died and seven suffered a marked secondary deterioration of the
      BAER following recovery, a phenomenon that did not occur in group C (p = 0.02).
      Bilirubin toxicity appears to be responsible for the changes in BAER but prior
      asphyxia was necessary for this effect to occur. Because the changes that
      occurred in group D involved all four major waves, it is not possible to separate
      out a toxic effect of bilirubin, localized to the auditory nerve and the auditory
      pathway, from a generalized systemic effect which could cause attenuation of the
      entire response. The BAER may be useful, however, as a noninvasive means of
      identifying bilirubin toxicity in the newborn.

PMID- 4011338
TI  - Effect of taurine supplements on fat absorption in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Patients with cystic fibrosis have an increased proportion of glycine conjugated
      bile acids with diminished tauroconjugates which could contribute to fat
      malabsorption. Twenty-two CF children with documented steatorrhea were
      supplemented with taurine capsules (30 mg/kg/day) and placebo during separate 6
      month treatment periods. Alteration of the glycine/taurine conjugation pattern
      was verified in two patients who showed a predominance of tauroconjugates as a
      result of taurine supplementation. On taurine, steatorrhea was reduced (p less
      than 0.05) by 17.6 +/- 9.7% in 19 patients who completed the study as was the
      excretion of long-chain saturated fatty acids. There was no change in linoleic
      acid (C 18:2) excretion. In the 10 patients with a more severe degree of
      steatorrhea the decrease in fat loss approached 20% and a close relationship was
      found (r = 0.84, p less than 0.01) between the extent of the fatty acid loss on
      placebo and the decrease of this loss on taurine. A linear relationship was found
      between the percentage decrease of individual fatty acids and their log
      solubility in water. No change was found in the daily excretion of bile acids,
      neutral sterols, and nitrogen. Fasting plasma fatty acids, cholesterol, and
      triglycerides were also unchanged. Monitoring of growth over the two 6-month
      periods revealed a marginal (p less than 0.1) increase of weight velocity
      expressed as a percentage expected for age (83.4 +/- 11.3----117.1 +/- 16.5). The
      increase in height velocity in response to taurine showed a more modest trend
      (95.3 +/- 7.8----110.7 +/- 10.6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011339
TI  - Unsuccessful attempts to induce peroxisomes in two cases of Zellweger disease by
      treatment with clofibrate.
AB  - The cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger is a fatal hereditary disease and
      most of the affected infants die before the age of 6 months. Most probably the
      fatal outcome of the disease is due to an apparent complete lack of peroxisomes
      in the liver, kidneys, and brain. Treatment with clofibrate is known to increase
      drastically the number of peroxisomes in mammalian liver. We therefore treated
      two infants with the Zellweger syndrome with clofibrate (30 and 45 mg/kg body
      weight, respectively) for 3-4 wk. No clinical effect of the treatment was
      observed in any of the two cases, and the pattern of abnormal bile acids in serum
      did not change. No peroxisomes could be detected by electron microscopy of liver
      biopsies taken immediately after the treatment. Our failure to induce peroxisomes
      in the two Zellweger patients is in accord with the hypothesis that the protein
      missing in this autosomal recessive disease is absolutely essential for the
      formation of peroxisomes.

PMID- 4011340
TI  - Growth and development of pediatric research.
AB  - Pediatric research may be entering a period of failure to thrive. This is despite
      impressive scientific achievements, significant financial benefits, intriguing
      unanswered questions and a rewarding life for the pediatric researcher. Many of
      the difficulties are financial and situational, including small departments and
      divisions, few pediatric research mentors, impecunious pediatric hospitals and
      services, ethical constraints on pediatric research and competing
      responsibilities. Grants to pediatric departments represent about 3% of the total
      NIH research project support. The two largest federal programs supporting
      Pediatric Research are the Clinical Research Center (CRC) program (20% of an
      +28,000,000/yr budget) and the National Institutes of Child Health and Human
      Development (17% of a +123,000,000/yr budget). There are 75 CRCs of which 60
      admit children; 10 CRCs are in children's hospital and 6 other CRCs have a clear
      pediatric focus. Pediatric Departments receive 3% of NIH funds; this represents
      10% of funds to clinical departments. By contrast medicine departments receive
      17% of NIH funds (47% of funds to clinical departments). NIH research support to
      pediatrics (+82,000,000/yr) is centered in a few large departments; 14 pediatric
      departments receive 343 of the 572 NIH grants (60%). By contrast, 66 of 120
      pediatric departments have no (45) or 1 (21) NIH grants. Obstacles are identified
      and suggestions are offered for future (students and residents), beginning
      (fellows and assistant professors), established (associate and full professors)
      and women pediatric researchers.

PMID- 4011341
TI  - Transcutaneous bilirubinometry: a comparison of old and new methods.
AB  - Two devices for hyperbilirubinemia screening were compared: the Minolta jaundice
      meter and the 30-year-old Ingram icterometer. Serum bilirubin values were
      obtained from a population of 106 healthy newborns with jaundice. A linear
      correlation existed between serum bilirubin values and the readings on the
      jaundice meter (y = 0.91x + 9.25, r = .74, standard error of the estimate (sy X
      x) = 2.02). The device classified hyperbilirubinemia with a sensitivity of 94%
      and specificity of 77.5%. A linear correlation existed between serum bilirubin
      values and the readings on the icterometer (y = 0.17x + 1.74, r = .63, sy X x =
      0.38). The device classified hyperbilirubinemia with a sensitivity of 82% and
      specificity of 74%. The population studied was preselected for the presence of
      jaundice and each data point obtained was from a different patient. As a result,
      the correlation coefficient obtained from the jaundice meter is lower than others
      reported, but is more representative of the value that should be obtained under
      routine nursery situations. Both devices perform well as screening devices; at
      optimal cutpoints, no statistically significant difference in their efficacy can
      be demonstrated. Despite the availability of more complex and expensive devices,
      the icterometer continues to serve as a cost-effective screening device for
      hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 4011342
TI  - Successful and unsuccessful experiences in combating the antifluoridationists.
AB  - Local physicians and dentists can support community water fluoridation programs
      by responding effectively to the polemic of antifluoridationists. Written and
      audiovisual materials are available to assist in this effort. Four case histories
      and discussion illustrate how health care professionals can play an important
      role in the prevention of dental caries by working on behalf of community water
      fluoridation.

PMID- 4011343
TI  - Role of national organizations in the education and evaluation of professionals
      who care for children.

PMID- 4011344
TI  - A pediatrician attends the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference on
      Lowering Blood Cholesterol.

PMID- 4011345
TI  - Self-examination by adolescents.

PMID- 4011346
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Prolonged Infantile Apnea.
      Prolonged infantile apnea: 1985.

PMID- 4011347
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Manpower needs in
      neonatal pediatrics.

PMID- 4011348
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Home
      phototherapy.

PMID- 4011349
TI  - Epilepsy and swimming.

PMID- 4011350
TI  - Pediatricians, antibiotics, and office practice.

PMID- 4011352
TI  - Roentgenology and malabsorption syndromes.

PMID- 4011351
TI  - Gallbladder disease terminology.

PMID- 4011353
TI  - E-ferol.

PMID- 4011354
TI  - Cardiovocal syndrome in infancy.
AB  - Chronic hoarseness is a rare presenting or accompanying sign of congestive heart
      failure in infancy. Two infants had a paralyzed left vocal cord, secondary to
      traction on their left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Both had significant underlying
      congenital heart disease (type 2 aortopulmonary window, ventricular septal
      defect, patent ductus arteriosus; large ventricular septal defect). After
      surgical repair of their congenital heart defect, both infants had normal vocal
      cord function. Direct laryngoscopy is necessary to diagnose the cause of
      persistent hoarseness in infancy. If a paralyzed left vocal cord is found, a
      comprehensive cardiovascular diagnostic work-up is warranted.

PMID- 4011355
TI  - Prevalence of hepatitis B antibodies in personnel at a children's hospital.
AB  - Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen
      were measured in serum samples from 825 personnel at St Louis Children's Hospital
      (702 were possibly at high risk of occupational hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure
      and 123 were office personnel); 5.6% had positive findings for both antibodies,
      5.6% had findings for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigens alone, and 1.3%
      had positive findings for antibody to hepatitis B core antigens alone. The group
      with positive findings for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigens alone did not
      have traditional risk factors for HBV infection, suggesting that this serologic
      finding may not be a reliable indicator of past HBV infection. After accounting
      for the effects of age, sex, and ethnicity, it was found that no occupational
      group had a significantly increased prevalence of HBV antibodies compared with
      prevalence in other personnel. In comparison with volunteer blood donors, only
      physicians older than 40 years of age had an increased HBV antibody prevalence.
      It is concluded that St Louis Children's Hospital has not been a high-risk
      environment for HBV exposure in recent years. However, caution is advised in
      generalizing these conclusions because other children's hospitals may serve a
      patient population at higher risk of HBV infection. Decisions regarding HBV
      immunization policy should take into consideration the fact that personnel at
      different hospitals may face markedly different risks of HBV exposure.

PMID- 4011356
TI  - Evaluation of two comprehensive infant car seat loaner programs with 1-year
      follow-up.
AB  - Since the American Academy of Pediatrics instituted the "First Ride-Safe Ride"
      campaign, many child passenger safety programs have reported that they have
      achieved less than optimal results. The present study compared two comprehensive
      programs for encouraging new parents to use child restraint devices consistently
      and correctly and compared the present results with the results of a previous
      program that was conducted at the same hospital. A total of 129 mother-newborn
      pairs were randomly assigned to two groups. All of the participants had their
      babies at a hospital that had an established car seat loaner program with strong
      support from the medical staff, the nursing staff, and the hospital
      administration; the hospital was in a state that had a law mandating child
      restraint seat usage. One group was exposed to the regular hospital program and
      the other group had, in addition: a mock-up demonstration for the mothers on the
      correct method of fastening the baby into the car seat and the car seat into the
      automobile seat; written handouts of how to use a car seat with an infant; a
      physician's order for the mock-up demonstration; and a physician's order to be
      discharged in a car seat. Although there was no significant difference between
      the two groups, both groups had correct usage rates above 90% at hospital
      discharge and maintained usage at better than 80% for one full year. A comparison
      with an earlier study at the same hospital suggested that the duration and
      comprehensiveness of the programs accounted for the significant increase in the
      usage rates. The task now is to adapt the program for use with less motivated
      parents.

PMID- 4011358
TI  - Stability in waking-sleep states in neonates as a predictor of long-term
      neurologic outcome.
AB  - Thirty-three full-term neonates were ranked blindly on a scale ranging from the
      least to the highest "risk" for future neurologic complications on the basis of
      available perinatal biographies, tests, and examinations performed during the
      newborn period. Four prolonged polygraphic-behavioral recordings were obtained
      one week apart beginning at ten days after birth. Five waking and sleep states
      were scored in each session as percentages of total observation time, giving a
      total of 20 scores for each baby to be subjected to analysis of variance. These
      measures also provided individual profile consistency or variability in
      maintaining waking-sleep states over the selected period of postnatal time. The
      whole cohort, except three infants who could not be followed adequately, was then
      reexamined periodically over a period ranging from 3 to 4 years (+/- 6 months)
      for neurologic and developmental assessments. Except for two scores that produced
      a low level of statistical significance (P less than .05), the other 18 scores
      were found to be not associated with long-term outcomes. Even the first two
      scores were not satisfactory discriminators for the outcome of the individual
      babies. However, when coefficients of concordance (W) were computed from each
      individual baby profile, significant statistics (P less than .001) emerged to
      indicate good correlations between high or low W values in the newborn period and
      long-term outcomes. All 17 newborns who had W scores greater than 0.9 were found
      to be normal at follow-up regardless of the poor ranking given several of them
      during the newborn period. Among the 13 newborns who had W scores less than 0.9,
      11 had a poor clinical outcome at follow-up, though several had been ranked
      initially as falling within the least "risk" group.

PMID- 4011357
TI  - Facial port-wine stains and Sturge-Weber syndrome.
AB  - A retrospective study was made of 106 cases of facial port-wine stains. It was
      concluded that only patients with lesions located in the ophthalmic (or V1
      trigeminal) cutaneous area are at risk for associated neuro-ocular symptoms. It
      is proposed that Sturge-Weber syndrome results from a dysmorphogenesis of
      cephalic neuroectoderm.

PMID- 4011359
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of lesions of the posterior fossa and upper cervical
      cord in childhood.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) promises to be an effective, noninvasive means
      of visualizing intracranial pathology. It should be especially useful in the
      evaluation of posterior fossa and cervical spinal cord disease of childhood;
      computed tomographic (CT) evaluation is frequently suboptimal in this region. MRI
      results are reported for 46 consecutively seen children with posterior fossa
      and/or cervical spinal cord disease (28 had brain malignancies; seven had
      congenital anomalies; three had cerebrovascular accidents). MRI was performed
      primarily by the partial saturation on a .12 Tesla resistive proton unit. All
      patients underwent concurrent CT evaluation. MRI demonstrated abnormalities in
      96% of scans in patients with structural CNS disease (48 of 50). CNS malignancies
      were visualized in 100% (28 of 28) of children studied. MRI was especially useful
      in demonstrating the full extent of infiltrating gliomas and the anatomic
      location of other mass lesions. MRI frequently demonstrated disease to be more
      extensive than seen on CT. MRI was more sensitive than CT in documenting response
      to treatment and disease relapse in patients with infiltrating tumors. Cystic
      regions within tumors were poorly seen on MRI. Congenital anomalies were
      demonstrated in all patients evaluated and were better delineated using MRI than
      CT. MRI is sensitive in the evaluation of posterior fossa and cervical spinal
      cord disease of childhood and it has obvious advantages over CT; however, its
      specificity in such evaluations has yet to be proven.

PMID- 4011360
TI  - Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula after multiple arterial punctures.
AB  - Multiple arterial punctures in the neonate can result in iatrogenic arteriovenous
      fistula formation. In one case, a 3-month-old infant who had been born
      prematurely was noted to have physical findings consistent with arteriovenous
      malformation following approximately 90 arterial blood gas determinations over a
      13-week period. The area was explored and the lesion was treated surgically with
      good results.

PMID- 4011361
TI  - Digital ischemia in the neonate following intravenous therapy.
AB  - Ischemia and gangrene in the hand can result from attempted intravenous
      cannulation in the neonate. This disastrous complication can be avoided with an
      understanding of the blood supply of the hand. Once ischemia occurs, amputation
      is the usual end result, but it may be averted by early diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 4011362
TI  - The valuation of the apparent density of a filter on a bicolored background.

PMID- 4011363
TI  - Blur-modulated orientation perception in the rod-and-frame task.

PMID- 4011364
TI  - The precedence of binocular fusion over binocular rivalry.

PMID- 4011365
TI  - Orientational anisotropy in the human visual system.

PMID- 4011366
TI  - Two-pulse measures of temporal integration in the fovea and peripheral retina.

PMID- 4011368
TI  - Hue naming: a test of the validity of Werner and Wooten's average observer.

PMID- 4011367
TI  - Temporal integration in global stereopsis.

PMID- 4011369
TI  - Judging the location of features of naturalistic and geometric shapes.

PMID- 4011371
TI  - Stimulus duration and partial report performance.

PMID- 4011370
TI  - Colored aftereffects contingent on patterns generated by Lie transformation
      groups.

PMID- 4011372
TI  - On the direct estimation of mood change.

PMID- 4011373
TI  - A note on estimation in the power law.

PMID- 4011374
TI  - The computation of retinal disparity.

PMID- 4011375
TI  - Topological perception: holes in an experiment.

PMID- 4011376
TI  - Perceptual classification of information in vowel-consonant syllables.

PMID- 4011377
TI  - Science, humanism, and the nature of medical practice: a phenomenological view.

PMID- 4011379
TI  - Poetry and medicine.

PMID- 4011378
TI  - Vasa vasorum and coronary atherosclerosis.

PMID- 4011381
TI  - Humanities in medical education: a career experience.

PMID- 4011380
TI  - Holy dogs and the laboratory: some Canadian experiences with animal research.

PMID- 4011382
TI  - Case reports and medical progress.

PMID- 4011383
TI  - "Therefore choose life": reconciling medical and environmental bioethics.

PMID- 4011384
TI  - Medicine and society in 1984.

PMID- 4011386
TI  - Sleep and the maintenance of memory.

PMID- 4011385
TI  - Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Health Care, by James F. Childress.

PMID- 4011387
TI  - What diving animals might tell us about blood flow regulation.

PMID- 4011388
TI  - Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in dog plasma.
AB  - Using a pH stat method, we measured the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) from
      dog erythrocytes in the presence of various amounts of dog plasma. A plasma
      factor appeared to be able to inhibit about 86% of the total CA activity,
      corresponding to the relative activity of CA II. Naiodoacetate was shown to
      inhibit the total CA activity up to about 13%, corresponding to the relative
      activity of CA I. C1- inhibited the total CA activity up to about 20%, presumably
      mainly through its strong influence on Ca I. It is concluded that with a degree
      of haemolysis of up to 3%, no appreciable plasma CA activity will occur.

PMID- 4011389
TI  - Influences of endurance training on the ultrastructural composition of the
      different muscle fiber types in humans.
AB  - To investigate changes in the ultrastructure of the different muscle fiber types
      induced by endurance training ten sedentary subjects (five women and five men)
      were exercised on bicycle ergometers 5 times a week for 30 min. After 6 weeks of
      training there were significant changes in VO2max (+14%), in the percentage of
      type I (+12%) and type IIB fibers (-24%) as well as in the volume densities of
      mitochondria. The latter increased 35% in type I, 55% in type IIA and 35% in type
      IIB fibers. The relative increase in subsarcolemmal mitochondria was larger than
      in interfibrillar mitochondria in all fiber types. There was also a significant
      increase in the volume density of intracellular lipid in type II fibres. It is
      concluded that high intensity endurance training leads to an enhancement of the
      oxidative capacity in all muscle fiber types.

PMID- 4011390
TI  - Amiloride inhibition of Na+-entry into corneal endothelium.
AB  - Amiloride in 10(-3) M concentration inhibits incompletely the short circuit
      current and active potential difference across the bovine corneal endothelium in
      vitro. The drug effect is reversible and unilateral, e.g. the drug is effective
      only from the aqueous side. The amiloride effect is compared to the effect of
      ouabain, nystatin and vasopressin on the same electrical parameters. The effect
      of these drugs support a model for active Na+ transport across the corneal
      endothelium with two separate pathways for Na+ transport - one for extrusion and
      one for reentry.

PMID- 4011391
TI  - Is the voltage divider ratio a reliable estimate of the resistance ratio of the
      cell membranes in tubular epithelia?
AB  - The length dependence of the voltage divider ratio (VDR) was investigated in a
      double cable model of tubular epithelia with point source current injection into
      the tubular lumen in order to find out, whether there is a region, in which the
      VDR - as in flat sheet epithelia - is an appropriate measure of the relative
      magnitude of the apical (ra) and basal (rb) cell membrane resistances.
      Irrespective of the choice of the cable parameters, we find that VDR, defined as
      luminal over cellular voltage deflection, overestimates the resistance ratio (ra
      + rb):rb near the origin, but underestimates it at distances (chi) greater than 1
      luminal length constant (beta). In the region chi less than beta there is a
      crossover point, where VDR is an accurate estimate of the resistance ratio. If
      the difference between VDR at the origin and at large distances (chi greater than
      beta) is small, then VDR is a good estimate of the resistance ratio. This is also
      true, if VDR is constant between chi approximately 0.5 beta and chi greater than
      beta, (with the exception of some cases, in which the longitudinal resistance in
      the cell column is exceedingly high). If the latter conditions do not apply, we
      find that VDR, as measured at chi = beta, underestimates the resistance ratio at
      worst only by 8.8%, provided the cable properties are such that the luminal
      voltage attenuation exhibits only one single exponential (with maximum tolerable
      amplitude deviation of 5% at the origin).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011392
TI  - Analysis of the effects of measured white blood cell entrance times on
      hemodynamics in a computer model of a microvascular bed.
AB  - To quantify the interdependence of capillary leukocyte plugging and microvascular
      hemodynamics, experimental measurements were made of the time required for
      lymphocytes and granulocytes to enter a micropipette. Using standard micropipette
      deformation techniques, entrance times were found to be a function of both cell
      diameter and pipette diameter, with no significant dependence on aspiration
      pressure over the differential pressure range of 200-400 Pa. Experimental results
      were combined with a computer network model to describe changes in red cell
      distribution and flow rate resulting from the delayed entrance of leukocytes
      (WBC) into capillaries. The network model is based on geometrical measurements
      from the capillary bed of a hamster cremaster muscle (Sarelius et al. 1981) and
      utilizes previous work describing: 1. preferential cell distribution at a
      bifurcation, 2. increased apparent viscosity due to the presence of red and white
      cells, and 3. increased velocities of red and white cells relative to blood. Red
      and white cell positions within the network were computed at discrete time
      increments, and WBC plugging was simulated by a temporary cessation of flow in
      vessels of smaller diameter than the white cell. In contrast with previous
      studies, the increased viscosity due to the presence of WBCs was found to have an
      insignificant effect on overall network flow rate. Instead, a major flow
      reduction occurs only when capillaries are plugged by the white cells. At normal
      physiological concentrations (1,000 RBC/WBC), time-averaged overall network flow
      is reduced by 4.4%, based on averaged experimentally measured entrance times, and
      up to 14.8% if maximal entrance times are used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011393
TI  - Electrical stimulation of arterial and central chemosensory afferents at
      different times in the respiratory cycle of the cat: I. Ventilatory responses.
AB  - Ventilatory responses to stimulation of chemoreceptor afferents were studied in
      the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cat. Short bursts of electrical stimuli
      were applied, at various times in the inspiratory or expiratory phase of
      consecutive breaths, to the carotid sinus (CSN) and aortic nerves (AN) and to the
      ventral medulla (VM), and effects on tidal volume (VT), inspiratory, expiratory
      and cycle durations (tI, tE, ttot) and in ventilation (VE) were measured. The
      responses evoked by stimulating CSN, AN and VM were qualitatively the same,
      although there were quantitative differences. It was found that effects of
      stimulation in expiration were restricted to the expiratory phase, and vice versa
      for inspiration. Stimulation during both inspiration and expiration resulted in
      increased VT, by increasing end-inspiratory or decreasing end-expiratory lung
      volume, respectively, and also increased ventilation, VE. These effects were most
      marked in response to stimulation in inspiration. During both phases there was an
      increasing effect with increasing delay of the stimulus, tSt, from onset of
      inspiration or expiration, respectively. There was a continuous increase in tI,
      from below control to above control values, with increasing tSt during
      inspiration and similarly for tE during expiration. Hence, the total respiratory
      cycle duration was shortened when a stimulus was applied early in either phase,
      and was prolonged, when it was applied late. The results show that stimulation of
      peripheral and of central chemoafferents exerts qualitatively similar effects on
      respiration. The central neuronal mechanisms generating both inspiration and
      expiration show the same changes in reactivity in the respiratory cycle.

PMID- 4011394
TI  - Submandibular salivary secretion in the cat and associated potassium movements:
      dependence on temperature and perfusate flow rate.
AB  - Cat submandibular glands were perfused with Locke solution in a thermostated
      chamber and intermittently stimulated with 10(-5)M acetylcholine (ACh). In one
      series of experiments the perfusion pressure was varied within the range 90-60 mm
      Hg, and secretory flow rate, active K+-reuptake, passive K+-release, and resting
      and ACh-induced venous flow rates were measured. The ACh-induced secretory flow
      rate and the maximal K+-fluxes were related to the simultaneous ACh-induced
      venous flow rates. A proportionality was found between the maximal rate of ACh
      induced K+-release and ACh-induced venous flow rates below 8 ml/min, while at
      higher flow rates the K+-release leveled off. The maximal rate of the post
      stimulatory K+-reuptake increased proportionally to the ACh-induced perfusate
      flow rate throughout the range studied. The secretory flow rate was much less
      affected by changes in ACh-induced perfusate flow rate. In another series of
      experiments the gland temperature was varied within the range 12-37 degrees C,
      and the same parameters were measured. All parameters decreased with cooling
      being reduced to 50% of their 37 degrees C values at: 24 degrees C for secretion,
      19 degrees C for K+-reuptake, and 14 degrees C for K+-release. It is concluded:
      that the rate of ACh-induced K+-release is limited by the ACh-induced perfusate
      flow rate (within the physiological range), the capacity of the K+-reuptake
      mechanism is at least one order of magnitude larger than the maximal rate of K+
      reuptake in vivo, the marked temperature sensitivity of the secretory flow rate
      reflects the high complexity of the mechanisms involved.

PMID- 4011396
TI  - Comparative responsiveness of the rapidly acting arterial pressure control system
      to quick mild hemorrhage and infusion in conscious rabbits.
AB  - The responsiveness of the rapidly acting arterial pressure control system to
      hemorrhage and infusion was investigated. Two catheters, one for pressure
      measurement and the other for inducing hemorrhage and infusion, were chronically
      implanted in 19 rabbits. A few days after the operation, each animal was quickly
      bled and transfused (2 ml/kg body weight) at intervals of 5 min while it was
      conscious. The hemorrhage-infusion experiment was repeated 16 times in each
      animal. The 16 strings of data were pooled for each animal. The overall open-loop
      gains (G) of the rapidly acting arterial pressure control system were estimated
      from the individually pooled responses to hemorrhage and infusion. There was no
      significant difference between the G-values, i.e., 7.2 +/- 1.2 by hemorrhage and
      7.1 +/- 1.2 by infusion (mean +/- SD), as evaluated by the paired t-test (p
      greater than 0.5). Thus, the responsiveness of the rapidly acting arterial
      pressure control system to quick mild hemorrhage and to infusion appears to be
      similar.

PMID- 4011395
TI  - Biochemical and ultrastructural changes of skeletal muscle mitochondria after
      chronic electrical stimulation in rabbits.
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to follow and correlate changes of
      structural and biochemical markers of energy metabolism during chronic electrical
      stimulation of tibialis anterior muscle in rabbits. In the superficial portion of
      the muscle, 5 to 6-fold increases occurred in enzyme activities of the citric
      acid cycle and of fatty acid oxidation after 28 days of stimulation. Enzyme
      activity changes in the deep, more oxidative part of the muscle were relatively
      smaller. Consequently, levels of the citric acid cycle enzymes became similar in
      superficial and deep parts of the muscle after the longest stimulation periods.
      With the exception of hexokinase, which increased in parallel with the citric
      acid cycle enzymes, glycolytic enzymes decreased 2 to 3-fold. Muscle mass and
      fibre size remained unchanged, while capillary density and capillary to fiber
      ratio increased 2-fold. The volume density of total mitochondria increased in a
      fashion similar to the changes of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle (7-fold in
      superficial and 3.5-fold in deep parts of the muscle) and, thus, approached
      values found in heart muscle. Disproportionate changes in enzyme activities of
      ketone body utilisation and of mitochondrial glycerolphosphate oxidase indicated
      qualitative changes within the mitochondrial population. However, the proportion
      of subsarcolemmal to interfibrillar mitochondria, as well as the area of inner
      mitochondrial membrane per unit volume of mitochondrion remained unchanged.
      Similarly, intracellular lipid deposits remained unchanged with stimulation. It
      is concluded that there is an excellent agreement between morphometric and
      biochemical measurements of tissue oxidative capacity.

PMID- 4011398
TI  - Unequal depolarization of the membrane of the rat diaphragm muscle fibres caused
      by veratrine.
AB  - The effect produced by veratrine on transmembrane potential was investigated in
      five distinct regions of the isolated rat diaphragm blocked with either d
      tubocurarine or alpha-bungarotoxin. It was found that small (0.4 micrograms/ml)
      and large (2.0 micrograms/ml) doses of veratrine depolarize only two or three of
      these regions. With the use of a very large (10.0 micrograms/ml) dose
      depolarization occurred in all five regions of the diaphragm but the effect was
      much larger in those areas of the muscle fibre membrane which were selectively
      depolarized by the smaller ones. These results clearly indicate either an unequal
      distribution of sodium channels activated by veratrine or differences in sodium
      channel density in distinct areas of the muscle fibre membrane. Supersensitivity
      of veratrinized muscles to potassium was confirmed. However, the sensitiveness to
      the depolarizing action of potassium was only increased in the regions of the
      diaphragm partially depolarized by veratrine. This suggests that partial
      depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane was actually the cause of the
      supersensitivity. The possible involvement of potassium and of the unequal
      depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane in the veratrine response is
      considered.

PMID- 4011399
TI  - Force and membrane potential in acetylcholine and potassium contractures of
      denervated mouse muscles.
AB  - Depolarization and contracture force (P) provoked by acetylcholine (ACh) and by K
      ions were studied in bundles dissected from mouse soleus muscles that had been
      denervated for 4-7 days. Cl-free solutions were used. The muscle fibres were
      depolarized by solutions containing 150 mM K or 10 microM ACh to nearly zero mV
      resulting in maximum P (Pmax). Threshold P was produced when the membrane was
      depolarized to more than about -60 mV by both agents. 50% Pmax was produced by
      [K] causing the membrane to depolarize to -42 mV, whereas a potential more
      positive than -20 mV was required for 50% Pmax to be produced when ACh was used.
      The rate of depolarization was always higher for ACh than for K. Pretreatment by
      0.05 microM ACh (about threshold for P) did not affect the P-[K] relation
      appreciably showing that ACh did not "stabilize" the membrane. Nearly equal P was
      provoked by successive applications of just suprathreshold agent concentrations
      when the order of application was ACh----K but not with the reverse order.
      Hypertonicity (by addition of 300 mM sucrose to all solutions) caused PACh to
      decrease and PK to increase. It was concluded that the ACh receptors are located
      in the surface membrane of the muscle fibres, not in the T-system membranes.

PMID- 4011397
TI  - Pace-maker current changes during intracellular pH transients in sheep cardiac
      Purkinje fibres.
AB  - Intracellular acidosis, at constant extracellular pH, hyperpolarizes the resting
      potential and reduces the diastolic depolarization rate of cardiac Purkinje
      fibres. With alkaline pHi, the fibre depolarizes and spontaneous firing is
      observed. Intracellular pH transients induced either by superfusion with Tyrode
      buffered with 5% CO2/23 mM HCO3- or 16% CO2/61 mM HCO3-, or with solutions
      containing weak undissociated acids, transiently shifted the half-maximum
      activation potential E0.5 of the pace-maker current. Similar transients were
      observed when NH4Cl was added and subsequently withdrawn from the solution.
      Simultaneous pHi measurements demonstrate a close relation between the time
      course of the pHi and E0.5 variations. Acid pHi shifts E0.5 to more negative and
      alkaline pHi's to less negative potentials. These pace-maker current activation
      voltage shifts are interpreted as the direct consequence of fixed charges
      titration at the inside of the sarcolemma. Other effects, like the slowing-down
      and reduction of the pace-maker current by acid pHi, presumably result from other
      interactions of protons with the pace-maker channel.

PMID- 4011400
TI  - Water handling by the sabra hypertension prone (SBH) and resistant (SBN) rats.
AB  - The renal handling of water by SBH and SBN rats was evaluated under basal
      conditions and following various intervention procedures. During 17 weeks of
      unrestricted water intake, SBH rats drank less water and excreted less urine with
      a higher osmolality than SBN. The differences in urine volume and osmolality
      persisted during 2 weeks of paired water intake. Acute water loading elicited
      comparable dilution of the urine in the two strains. Water deprivation for 48 h
      resulted in a marked rise in urine osmolality, which tended to be higher in SBN.
      Administration of exogenous vasopressin in water loaded animals caused a similar
      rise in urine osmolality. Papillary solute and urea content was higher in SBH
      than in SBN, but comparable in water loaded animals. The results show that
      although SBH differ from SBN rats in the handling of water under basal
      conditions, their renal diluting and concentrating capacity is comparable at
      extreme conditions. GFR and RBF were equal in both strains. The data suggest that
      SBH rats have increased renal water reabsorption as compared to SBN, which may be
      mediated by ADH, PG or other mechanisms. This characteristic may be related to
      their propensity to develop hypertension.

PMID- 4011402
TI  - Plasma extravasation in the cat knee-joint induced by antidromic articular nerve
      stimulation.
AB  - Antidromic electrical stimulation of C fibres in the cat knee-joint resulted in
      significant plasma extravasation into the synovial cavity in six out of seven
      cats. Preliminary findings suggest that this effect is mediated by Substance P.
      It is concluded that joint C fibre afferents could provide a neurogenic mechanism
      contributing towards the initiation or maintenance of inflammatory joint disease.

PMID- 4011401
TI  - Changes in soleus muscle capillarity, oxidative capacity and fiber composition in
      rats recovering from hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Soleus muscle oxidative capacity, fiber composition and capillarity were studied
      in rats that were injected with 300-400 micrograms/kg of triiodothyronine (T3)
      every other day for 28 days and then left to recover for 4, 8, 14, 21 or 28 days.
      The activities of cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase and the capacity to
      oxidize pyruvate plus malate of muscle homogenates were 40, 53 and 21% higher
      than control values at the end of T3 administration. The activity of citrate
      synthase and the capacity to oxidize pyruvate plus malate decreased rapidly after
      discontinuing T3 administration, reaching values below those of base line
      controls in 14 days, but were not different than controls at 21 days. The
      activity of cytochrome c oxidase decreased more slowly, reaching base line values
      28 days after discontinuing treatment with T3. Fiber composition was studied in
      cross-sections treated to demonstrate ATPase activity after acid pre-incubation.
      Three fiber types were present in the soleus of control animals: Type 1 with a
      strong ATPase reaction (86%), type II a with a weak ATPase reaction (12%) and a
      small proportion of type IIc with intermediate ATPase reaction (2%). After 28
      days of T3 administration the proportion of type I fibers was significantly
      reduced (74%) while that of IIc was higher (18%). Fiber composition returned to
      normal between 21 and 28 days after T3 treatment was discontinued. Muscle
      capillarity was increased by T3 administration. Values of capillary density or
      capillary to fiber ratio at a given fiber cross sectional area were approximately
      30% higher than controls at the end of T3 treatment and remained high until 21
      days after discontinuing T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011403
TI  - Stimulation of phospholipid turnover by angiotensin II and phenylephrine in
      proximal convoluted tubules microdissected from mouse nephron.
AB  - Angiotensin II and phenylephrine significantly increased phospholipid turnover in
      cortical tubule suspensions. To further localize this effect we studied the 32P
      incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) in
      single dissected proximal convoluted tubules of mouse nephron. Both hormones
      significantly stimulated 32P labeling of PC and PI indicating that the proximal
      tubule is a target site of angiotensin II and phenylephrine action.

PMID- 4011404
TI  - Influence of Renshaw cells on the response gain of hindlimb extensor muscles to
      sinusoidal labyrinth stimulation.
AB  - The contraction of limb extensor muscles during side-down roll tilt of the animal
      depends upon an increased discharge of excitatory vestibulospinal (VS) neurons
      (alpha-response) and a reduced discharge of inhibitory reticulospinal (RS)
      neurons of the medulla (beta-response), both acting on ipsilateral limb extensor
      motoneurons. In the decerebrate cat, a modulation of the multiunit EMG activity
      was clearly present in forelimb extensors, but was extremely weak or absent in
      hindlimb extensors. Experiments performed in decerebrate cats with the
      deefferented GS muscle fixed at a constant length have shown that Renshaw (R)
      cells, monosynaptically coupled with gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) motoneurons, were
      either unresponsive or displayed only very weak, small amplitude alpha-responses
      to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors elicited during slow head
      rotation after bilateral neck deafferentation. This effect was attributed to
      excitatory VS volleys acting on GS motoneurons and, through their recurrent
      collaterals, on the related R-cells. In these instances the recurrent inhibition
      of the GS motoneurons contributed to the very low gain of the EMG response of the
      corresponding muscles to labyrinth stimulation. Intravenous injection of an
      anticholinesterase (eserine sulphate, 0.05-0.1 mg/kg) at a dose that in previous
      experiments increased the firing rate of medullary RS neurons, while decreasing
      the decerebrate rigidity, slightly increased the discharge rate of R-cells linked
      with the GS motoneurons in the animal at rest; these findings suggest that the RS
      system inhibits the extensor motoneurons by exciting the related R-cells. All the
      R-cells, which prior to the injection were either unresponsive or showed an alpha
      response to head rotation (at 0.026-0.15 Hz, +/- 10 degrees), after eserine
      sulphate showed a beta-response for the same parameters of labyrinth stimulation.
      In particular, a reduced discharge of the R-cells linked with the GS motoneurons
      occurred during side-down head rotation as shown for the majority of the RS
      neurons. It appears therefore that the same R-cells, which in the normal
      decerebrate cat responded to the excitatory VS volleys acting through the GS
      motoneurons, were now decoupled from their input motoneurons during head
      rotation, thus behaving as if they underwent the most efficient direct excitatory
      control of the RS system. The reduced discharge of the R-cells linked with the GS
      motoneurons during side-down head rotation would lead to disinhibition of these
      motoneurons, thus enhancing the response gain of the corresponding muscle to
      labyrinth stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4011405
TI  - Acoustic phenomena in the latent period of skeletal muscle: a simple method for
      in-vivo measurement of the electro-mechanic latency (EML).
AB  - An in-vivo method for the assessment of the latency of muscular contraction is
      presented. It is based on acoustic registration of muscular thickening by a
      microphone. It was found that the recorded sound wave is often preceded by a
      small wave of opposite polarity (flattening of the muscle belly) which is an
      acoustic correlate of the latency relaxation. Strong direct stimulation produced
      another small sound wave at the beginning of the latent period. The physiological
      significance of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 4011406
TI  - Suppression of cellular injury during the calcium paradox in rat heart by factors
      which reduce calcium uptake by mitochondria.
AB  - Isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts were used to study changes in the Ca, Na
      and K content, contractile force and the loss of cellular material during the Ca
      paradox. Five minutes perfusion with Ca-free solution containing 1 mM EGTA,
      followed by 10 min of reperfusion in 1.8 mM Ca causes irreversible contracture, K
      loss, increase in Na and Ca and a massive release of myoglobin and other cellular
      material into the perfusate (the calcium paradox). During the Ca-free perfusion
      the ventricles gain Na but the K content decreases slightly. The size of the Na
      gain appears to depend upon the buffer used and is larger in bicarbonate than in
      Tris. When HCO3- or H2PO4- ions are omitted from the bathing solution (in Tris,
      HEPES, or TES buffered salines) the adverse effects of Ca readmission are
      reduced. Tris buffer gives the best protection. Metabolic inhibition with FCCP (5
      X 10(-7) M), or with CN-(2 X 10(-3) M) together with iodoacetic acid (2 X 10(-3)
      M), decreases Ca uptake during the Ca paradox and inhibits the release of
      cellular material. In both cases a contracture is observed. Ruthenium red (10(-4)
      M) does not inhibit the Ca readmission contracture but reduces the release of
      cellular material and the gain of Ca and Na. The results suggest that the loss of
      cellular constituents during the calcium paradox, is related to an active uptake
      of Ca by the mitochondria and may lead to massive changes in the cellular ion
      concentration, during Ca-repletion.

PMID- 4011407
TI  - PTH independent sex difference in renal handling of inorganic phosphate in the
      rat: effect of oophorectomy.
AB  - In order to evaluate the sex difference in the renal handling of inorganic
      phosphate (Pi) in the rat we performed clearance experiments using intact,
      thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX), oophorectomized (OophX) and orchiectomized
      (OrchX) rats. During stepwise elevation of the Pi concentration in plasma (Pi
      titration) to about 6 mmol/l the reabsorptive mechanism of Pi was saturated. The
      ratio Pi-reabs./GFR in intact males was higher than in females. A significant
      difference in this parameter was also observed in thyroparathyroidectomized rats:
      in females this value was 3.47 +/- 0.13, and in males it was 4.54 +/- 0.37
      mumol/ml (P less than 0.001). Oophorectomy in the absence of parathyroid hormone
      (PTH) increased Pi-reabs./GFR from 3.18 +/- 0.36 to 4.12 +/- 0.24 mumol/ml (P
      less than 0.001); however, orchiectomy did not significantly change the
      reabsorption of Pi. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate a PTH
      independent sex difference in the renal handling of inorganic phosphate and are
      consistent with the hypothesis that estrogens may play a dominant role in this
      differentiation.

PMID- 4011408
TI  - Nomograms of the Goldman equation.
AB  - Solutions of the Goldman equations for sodium and potassium ions are displayed in
      nomograms which allow one to determine which values of the variables in the
      equation (including the activity of the Na/K pump) are compatible with possible
      steady states of a cell. The nomograms are particularly suited for the study of
      relative changes of the cell parameters when one or more of them are altered and
      the cell undergoes a transition from one steady state to another. Special
      diagrams are presented for finding the changes of the slope conductance
      (determined at a clamp potential of -80 mV) associated with such transitions.
      Separate diagrams are given for the cationic component conductance, (gNa + gK),
      and the anionic component conductance, gCl. The application of the nomograms is
      illustrated by the exemplary solution of a problem taken from muscle physiology.
      Further applications of the nomograms are indicated and the limitations of the
      method are described. The effects of differing activity coefficients in the intra
      and extracellular spaces, as well as the contribution of the electrogenic Na/K
      pump current to the resting potential are discussed.

PMID- 4011409
TI  - Acetylcholine-sensitivity in fast and slow twitch muscle of normal and dystrophic
      (C57 BL/6J dy2J/dy2J) mice.
AB  - Small bundles of muscle fibres were isolated from diaphragm, extensor digitorum
      longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles of normal and dystrophic (C57 BL/6J
      dy2J/dy2J) mice, and their isometric tension developed in response to
      acetylcholine (ACh) was recorded. For each type of muscle the relationship
      between the maximum amplitude of the ACh-contracture and log [ACh] was similar in
      normal and dystrophic animals. However, this relationship was steeper for normal
      and dystrophic SOL than for EDL and diaphragm muscles. Dystrophy did not induce
      changes in the time course of the ACh-contractures, except a significant
      'speeding' of dystrophic SOL that appeared in the time to peak of the contractile
      response. The amplitude of ACh-contractures of both normal and dystrophic
      diaphragm preparations increased by about 50% after perfusion for 80-90 min in
      physiological solution containing phospholipase C 5 mU/ml. ACh-sensitivity was
      measured in normal and dystrophic diaphragm preparations by iontophoretic
      application of ACh from high resistance pipettes. ACh-potentials were similar in
      time course in the two types of muscle fibres, and there was also no significant
      difference in the length of sensitive fibre segments and maximum sensitivity
      values. Extrajunctional ACh-sensitivity was absent in normal as well as in
      dystrophic fibres. It is concluded that the absence in dystrophic muscles of
      stronger ACh-contractures and of extrajunctional sensitivity can be considered as
      evidence against a primary neuronal involvement in murine dystrophy of the dy2J
      strain.

PMID- 4011410
TI  - [Radiotherapy of pineal tumors and ectopic pinealomas].

PMID- 4011411
TI  - [Recurrence on base of the skull in carcinoma of the oropharynx--clinical
      usefulness of computed tomography and conformation radiotherapy].

PMID- 4011412
TI  - [A new mold of foam rubber for radiotherapy of penis cancer].

PMID- 4011413
TI  - 131I-labelled tumour-specific antibodies: trial to concentrate radioisotopes
      specifically in tumours. 3. Improved radioimaging and tumour localization in nude
      mice with a monoclonal anti-CEA antibody by preincubation of labelled antibody
      with syngeneic spleen cells. (A rapid communication).

PMID- 4011414
TI  - [Flow cytometric analysis of cell-kinetics after fractionated irradiation. I. A
      study on cultured mammalian cells].

PMID- 4011415
TI  - [Flow cytometric analysis of cell-kinetics after fractionated irradiation. II. A
      study on transplanted solid tumor after single dose irradiation].

PMID- 4011416
TI  - [Immunologic capacity of tumour patients. I. Leukocyte migration inhibition with
      ppD in patients at different tumour stages].

PMID- 4011417
TI  - [Analysis of lymphocytes infiltrated in cancer tissues of patients during
      radiation therapy by the method of monoclonal antibodies of lymphocyte subsets].

PMID- 4011418
TI  - [Capillary permeability in experimental brain tumors].

PMID- 4011419
TI  - Hepatic osteodystrophy in congenital biliary atresia.

PMID- 4011420
TI  - [Experimental and clinical studies on the effect of absolute ethanol in renal
      arterial embolization].

PMID- 4011421
TI  - [A case of Sjogren's syndrome associated with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia].

PMID- 4011422
TI  - [Increases of the perirectal and perivesical fat tissue in chronic urethral
      obstructive diseases; evaluations by CT scan].

PMID- 4011423
TI  - [Simplification of selective abdominal angiography and superselective hepatic
      angiography by using the newly designed catheter].

PMID- 4011424
TI  - [The feasibility of large field irradiation in early Hodgkin's disease].

PMID- 4011425
TI  - [Interstitial irradiation by after-loading technic with 192Ir seed-assemblies for
      deep-seated malignant tumors. 2. Clinical application in lung and esophageal
      cancers after incomplete resections].

PMID- 4011426
TI  - [Radioiodine therapy for lung and bone metastasis of differentiated thyroid
      cancer].

PMID- 4011428
TI  - [National Congress of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Bordeaux 1985.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 4011427
TI  - [Transbronchial mediastinal lymphography using water-soluble and non-ionic
      contrast medium].

PMID- 4011429
TI  - Analysis of the promoter region and the N-propeptide domain of the human pro
      alpha 2(I) collagen gene.
AB  - We have located the exon coding for the start site of transcription of the human
      pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene. Comparison with the homologous region of other
      fibrillar collagen genes has confirmed the existence of a consensus sequence
      (CATGTCTA-n-TAGACATG) capable of forming a hairpin secondary structure possibly
      involved in the regulation of collagen biosynthesis. Sequence comparison of the
      chromosomal regions at the 5' end of the pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I)
      collagen genes failed to identify unique DNA elements potentially mediating
      common regulatory signals. Sequencing of four exons coding for the N-terminal
      propeptide has determined most of its structure and it has implied the existence
      of smaller coding units similar to the 11 and 18 bp exons originally described in
      the avian gene.

PMID- 4011430
TI  - Primary organization of nucleosomal core particles is invariable in repressed and
      active nuclei from animal, plant and yeast cells.
AB  - A refined map for the linear arrangement of histones along DNA in nucleosomal
      core particles has been determined by DNA-protein crosslinking. On one strand of
      145-bp core DNA, histones are aligned in the following order: (5') H2B25,35
      H455,65-H375,85,95/H488-H2B105,11 5-H2A118-H3135,145/H2A145 (3') (the subscripts
      give approximate distance in nucleotides of the main histone contacts from the 5'
      end). Hence, the histone tetramer (H3,H4)2 and two dimers (H2A-H2B) are arranged
      on double-stranded core DNA in a symmetrical and rather autonomous way: H2A/H3
      (H2A-H2B)-(H3,H4)2-(H2B-H2A)-H3/H2A. The primary organization was found to be
      very similar in core particles isolated from repressed nuclei of sea urchin sperm
      and chicken erythrocytes, from active in replication and transcription nuclei of
      Drosophila embryos and yeast and from somatic cells of lily. These data show that
      (i) the core structure is highly conserved in evolution and (ii) the overall
      inactivation of chromatin does not affect the arrangement of histones along DNA
      and thus does not seem to be regulated on this level of the core structure.

PMID- 4011431
TI  - Structure and genomic organization of a new family of murine retrovirus-related
      DNA sequences (MuRRS).
AB  - A new class of murine retrovirus-related sequences (MuRRS) is described. These
      5.7 kb long transposon-like DNA-elements start and end with approximately 600 bp
      long repeats identical to previously identified solitary LTR-like elements (LTR
      IS). There are about 50 - 100 5.7 kb elements and about 500 - 1000 solo LTR-IS
      elements per mouse haploid genome. Sequence analysis of one cloned MuRRS element
      revealed several possible open reading frames with partial sequence homologies to
      retroviral gag, pol and env genes.

PMID- 4011432
TI  - DNA methylation of viruses infecting a eukaryotic Chlorella-like green alga.
AB  - The genomic DNAs of the eukaryotic Chlorella-like green alga, strain NC64A, and
      eleven of its viruses all contain significant levels of 5-methyldeoxycytidine. In
      addition, the host DNA as well as six of the viral DNAs also contain N6
      methyldeoxyadenosine. At least some of the methylated bases in the host reside in
      different base sequences than the methylated bases in the viruses as shown by
      differential susceptibility to restriction endonuclease enzymes. This suggests
      that the viruses encode for DNA methyltransferases with sequence specificities
      different from that of the host enzyme.

PMID- 4011433
TI  - DNA methylation: sequences flanking C-G pairs modulate the specificity of the
      human DNA methylase.
AB  - Synthetic single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides of known sequence have been used
      as in vitro substrates for a partially purified HeLa cell DNA methylase. Although
      most oligonucleotides tested cannot be used by the HeLa DNA methylase in vitro,
      we have found a unique 27mer, containing 2 C-G pairs, that is an excellent
      substrate for the enzyme. Analysis of the methylation of the 27mer, its
      derivatives and other oligomer substrates reveal that the HeLa DNA methylase does
      not significantly methylate an oligomer which contains just one C-G pair. In
      addition, only one of the two C-G pairs in the 27mer is methylated and this
      methylation is abolished if the other C-G pair is converted to a C-A pair.
      Furthermore, the HeLa enzyme apparently cannot methylate C-G pairs located in
      compounds containing a high A + T content. The most efficient methylation occurs
      with multiple separated C-G pairs in a compound with a high G + C content
      (greater than 65%). The results suggest that clustering of C-G pairs in regions
      of the DNA high in G + C content may be the preferred site for DNA methylation in
      vivo.

PMID- 4011435
TI  - Isolated HeLa cell nuclei synthesize meaningful DNA.
AB  - DNA replicated at the beginning of S phase was labelled by incubating nuclei
      isolated from cells arrested at the G/S border with radioactive
      deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in a reaction mixture sustaining DNA synthesis.
      By hybridization against ribosomal RNA bound to nitrocellulose, the fraction of
      the labelled DNA which was complementary to rRNA could be quantified, and the
      stability of the RNA-DNA hybrids could be estimated by sequential elution of DNA
      at increasing temperatures. The results obtained indicate that the isolated
      nuclei make "meaningful" DNA, as judged by the melting characteristics of the
      hybrids between rRNA and the in vitro replicated DNA. Hybridization of the
      labelled DNA against rRNA fractionated by electrophoresis and blotted onto
      nitrocellulose verified the presence of sequences complementary to 18 S and 28 S
      rRNA.

PMID- 4011434
TI  - The 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene of Trypanosoma brucei: structural and transcriptional
      studies.
AB  - To further investigate the process of discontinuous transcription in
      trypanosomes, the 5.8S rRNA gene, present in the trypanosome genome as part of
      the multicopy rRNA gene cluster, has been cloned, sequenced, chromosomally
      mapped, and used in transcriptional studies. The gene's sequence confirms its
      identity and indicates that it is less conserved evolutionarily than the
      trypanosome 5S rRNA gene previously described by our laboratory (6). Examination
      of the chromosomal locations of the gene by pulsed-field gradient gel
      electrophoresis shows that the 5.8S rRNA genes occur on at least four differently
      sized chromosomes in T. b. rhodesiense and at least three differently-sized
      chromosomes in T. b. brucei. The 5.8S transcript was analyzed by a run-off
      transcription assay using isolated nuclei. These studies strongly suggest that
      the 5.8S rRNA gene is transcribed spliced leader RNA and by a different RNA
      polymerase than either the spliced leader or 5S rRNA transcripts. Transcription
      of the trypanosome 5.8S rRNA is insensitive to very high levels of alpha
      amanitin, a feature of the 5.8S rRNA in higher eukaryotes.

PMID- 4011437
TI  - Synthesis of riboguanosine pentaphosphate ppprGpp (Magic Spot II) via a
      phosphotriester approach.
AB  - The bifunctional phosphorylating reagent O,O-bis[1
      benzotriazolyl]phosphoromorpholidate was used to introduce a 5'-O-triphosphate
      and a 3'-O-diphosphate function in a partially protected riboguanosine. Pilot
      studies indicated that protection of the 2'-OH of ribonucleosides with the acid
      labile tetrahydropyranyl group, instead of the more labile 4
      methoxytetrahydropyran-4-yl group, was most satisfactory for the preparation of
      the Magic Spot II.

PMID- 4011436
TI  - The effect of salt extraction on the structure of transcriptionally active genes;
      evidence for a DNAseI-sensitive structure which could be dependent on chromatin
      structure at levels higher than the 30 nm fibre.
AB  - The procedure developed by Lawson and Cole (Biochemistry, 1979, 18 2161-2166) for
      removing lysine-rich histones from nuclei at low pH also quantitatively extracts
      proteins HMG14 and 17. The effect of this low pH extraction on the DNAseI
      sensitive structures of active genes in avian red blood cells has been
      investigated. No major perturbation of a developmentally regulated DNAseI
      hypersensitive site in the beta-globin domain and at the 5' end of the alpha D
      gene was seen. The overall DNAseI-sensitive conformation of the beta A-globin
      gene (relative to the ovalbumin gene) is minimally affected by pH3 salt
      extraction, but there is some loss of sensitivity of the alpha D gene. Removal of
      HMG proteins at neutral pH had no effect on the sensitivity of active genes in
      erythroid or fibroblast nuclei. These results, together with those carried out on
      DNAseI sensitivity and HMG binding to monomer nucleosomes, indicate that there is
      a major structural feature of active genes responsible for DNAseI-sensitivity
      which is independent of HMG proteins or nucleosome core particle structure but
      may be dependent on higher order chromatin structures.

PMID- 4011438
TI  - Improved rapid phosphotriester synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using
      oxygen-nucleophilic catalysts.
AB  - The use of different condensing and phosphorylating agents in conjunction with
      oxygen-nucleophilic catalysts, such as 4-substituted derivatives of pyridine N
      oxide and quinoline N-oxide, leads to a dramatic increase of the rate of the
      phosphotriester bond formation and minimizes the amount of by-products caused by
      the modification of heterocyclic bases. The application of these catalysts to the
      solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis allows to reduce the time needed for the
      performance of one elongation cycle on a polymer support to 10 min.

PMID- 4011439
TI  - Mechanism of codon recognition by transfer RNA studied with oligonucleotides
      larger than triplets.
AB  - The binding of yeast tRNAPhe to UUCA, UUCC, UUCCC, UUCUUCU, U4, U5, U6 and U7 was
      analysed by fluorescence temperature jump and equilibrium sedimentation
      measurements. In all cases the two observed relaxation processes can be assigned
      to alpha) an intramolecular conformation change of the anticodon loop and beta)
      preferential binding of the oligonucleotides to one of the anticodon
      conformations. The anticodon loop transition is associated with inner sphere
      complexation of Mg2+ and proceeds with rate constants of about 10(3) s-1. The
      rate constants of oligonucleotide binding are between 4 and 10 X 10(6) M-1s-1 and
      reflect an increase of the association rate with the number of binding sites
      compensated to some degree by electrostatic repulsion in the preequilibrium
      complex. Neither temperature jump nor equilibrium sedimentation experiments
      provided evidence for UUCA or UUCC induced tRNA dimerisation, although UUC
      binding leads to strong tRNA dimerisation under equivalent conditions. The
      results obtained for the longer oligonucleotides are similar. In the case of
      UUCUUCU with its two potential binding sites for tRNAPhe there was no evidence
      for the formation of 'ternary' complexes. Apparently tRNAPhe binds preferentially
      to the second UUC of this 'messenger' and forms additional contacts with residues
      on either side of the codon. Some evidence for the formation of ternary complexes
      is obtained for U6 and U7, although the extent of this reaction remains very
      small. Our results demonstrate that the mode of tRNA binding to a codon is
      strongly influenced by residues next to the codon. The formation of cooperative
      contacts between tRNA molecules at adjacent codons apparently requires support by
      a catalyst adjusting an appropriate conformation of messenger and tRNA molecules.

PMID- 4011440
TI  - Highly conserved sequences in the 3' untranslated region of mRNAs coding for
      homologous proteins in distantly related species.
AB  - Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of mRNAs coding for several vertebrate
      actins revealed a high degree of sequence homology in the 3' untranslated region
      (3' UTR) between those mRNAs coding for homologous (isotypic) actins in different
      organisms but not between mRNAs coding for very similar isoforms differing in
      their function or tissue specificity. A similar pattern of sequence conservation
      in the 3' UTR is also found in several other genes. Furthermore, while there is a
      great variation in the size of the 3' UTR of mRNAs coding for different proteins,
      mRNA coding for isotypic proteins in distantly related organisms often have 3'
      UTR of similar size. The data suggest that the 3' UTR may play an important role
      in the regulation of expression of at least some genes at the transcriptional or
      posttranscriptional level.

PMID- 4011441
TI  - Duplex-hairpin transitions in DNA: NMR studies on CGCGTATACGCG.
AB  - Two dimensional NMR methods have been used to assign proton resonances in the
      high salt (greater than or equal to 100mM Na+), low temperature duplex form of
      the self-complementary DNA dodecamer d(CGCGTATACGCG). At low salt (less than or
      equal to 10mM Na+) and higher temperature marked changes in the two-dimensional
      spectrum, and in the one-dimensional spectrum reported by others, indicate that
      the molecule converts to an alternate conformation. Using saturation transfer
      methods, many of the resonances of this new conformation have been assigned, and
      the kinetics of the interconversion of the two forms has been studied. The
      linewidth, correlation time, and concentration dependence of the formation of
      this alternate conformation support the idea that it is a unimolecular hairpin.
      Observation of chemical shifts and NOEs in the hairpin conformation allow some
      preliminary structural characterization. Examination of the energetics of the
      interconversion suggests that the exchange between forms does not proceed through
      a single stranded intermediate, but rather through another pathway, probably
      involving a cruciform structure.

PMID- 4011442
TI  - Effect of B-Z transition and nucleic acid structure on the conformational
      dynamics of bound ethidium dimer measured by hydrogen deuterium exchange
      kinetics.
AB  - Ethidium dimer is shown to bind by intercalation, almost equally well, to the B
      and Z form of poly[(dG-m5dC)].poly[(dG-m5dC)], whereas the ethidium monomer shows
      a strong preference for the B form. The hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange
      kinetics of the ethidium dimer bound to the B and Z form of poly [(dG
      m5dC)].poly[(dG-m5dC)] could then be compared. The kinetics of the H-D exchange
      were strikingly slower when the dye was bound to Z DNA as compared to B DNA. The
      exchange kinetics were also modified when ethidium dimer was bound to tRNA and to
      a triple stranded structure. It is proposed that a dynamic fluctuation at the
      level of the nucleic acid could modulate the dynamic fluctuation at the level of
      the bound ligand.

PMID- 4011443
TI  - Eukaryotic ternary transcription complexes: transcription complexes of RNA
      polymerase II are associated with histone-containing, nucleosome-like particles
      in vivo.
AB  - Using a psoralen crosslinking, radioactive labelling technique, we have
      previously been able to study ternary transcription complexes containing DNA
      dependent RNA polymerases I and II which are released from rat liver nuclei by
      endogenous nuclease digestion [Sargan and Butterworth, refs 1 and 2]. Although
      the DNA component of these complexes was found to have a 'nucleosome-like' size
      profile and although the experimental conditions for autodigestion were designed
      to minimise histone rearrangement, it is necessary to provide further evidence
      that the periodicity of nuclease cutting around these transcription complexes is
      conferred by histones. Studies using secondary nuclease digestion of the released
      transcription complexes now show a digestion barrier characteristic of that
      conferred by nucleosomal histones which is lost if histones are removed from the
      complexes. Furthermore, antibodies raised against histones are effective in
      precipitating transcription complexes of RNA polymerase II and, to a lesser
      extent, of RNA polymerase I. The data suggest that, in rat hepatic tissue,
      transcription complexes are in very close proximity (within a few hundred base
      pairs) of histone-containing, nucleosome-like particles in vivo.

PMID- 4011444
TI  - New DNA polymorphism: evidence for a low salt, left-handed form of poly(dG-m5dC).
AB  - Spectroscopic studies on solutions of poly(dG-m5dC) over a wide range of salt
      concentration are presented. Low salt solutions [( Na+]) less than 2 mM) of
      poly(dG-m5dC) produce circular dichroism (CD) spectra typical of the left-handed,
      Z form at high salt [( Na+] = 1.75 M). Solutions of poly(dG-m5dC) at intermediate
      salt concentrations, e.g., 142 mM, yield CD spectra characteristic of the right
      handed, B conformation. 31p NMR spectra of the low salt form of poly(dG-m5dC)
      reveal two well separated peaks, split by 1.4 ppm, consistent with a dinucleotide
      repeat. Kinetic studies show that the transition from the low salt form to teh
      right-handed B form is slow, as expected for a major conformational change. These
      results suggest that the Z conformation in poly(dG-m5dC) can be stabilized at
      very low salt as well as at high salt.

PMID- 4011445
TI  - The molecular karyotype of Leishmania major and mapping of alpha and beta tubulin
      gene families to multiple unlinked chromosomal loci.
AB  - The arrangement of tubulin genes in the genome of the protozoan parasite
      Leishmania major was studied by genomic Southern blot analysis and mapping of
      genes to chromosomes fractionated by pulsed field gradient gel (PFG)
      electrophoresis. alpha-tubulin genes exist as a tandem array of 2.4 kb PstI
      fragments. beta-tubulin genes are found as a tandem array of 3.9 kb AvaI or PvuI
      fragments, but additional genes are also found on other genomic DNA fragments.
      Chromosome-sized DNA molecules released from promastigotes of L. major were
      fractionated into at least 17 chromosome bands of approximate size 400-4000 kb by
      PFG gel electrophoresis. Some bands may be present in non-equimolar amounts
      suggesting that there may be more than 17 chromosomes. All alpha-tubulin genes
      were localized to a single band (chromosome 7). beta-tubulin genes were localized
      to four bands (chromosomes 6, 10, 16 and 17). This shows that the alpha- and beta
      tubulin gene families are unlinked in L. major. There is a single chromosomal
      locus for the alpha-tubulin tandem array whereas beta-tubulin genes exist both as
      a tandem array and as dispersed genes at four chromosomal loci.

PMID- 4011447
TI  - Right-handed and left-handed helices of poly(dA-dC) X (dG-dT).
AB  - The secondary structures of poly(dA-dC) X (dG-dT) were studied using CD and IR
      spectroscopies. We give spectroscopic evidence of secondary structure transitions
      of poly(dA-dC) X (dG-dT) from a B to a Z-like helix, induced by transition metal
      ions (Ni2+) in presence of high concentrations of Cs+ and Na+. In the presence of
      Na+, the B in equilibrium Z transition occurs at any temperature, whereas
      premelting conditions are required in presence of Cs+. For these two alkali ions
      the Z-like form is only induced by Ni2+ ions through their specific interactions
      at N7 of purines, under conditions of low water activity due to the high alkali
      salt concentration. We also show that the CD spectrum obtained in presence of Cs+
      ions and characterized by a negative band at 275 nm, cannot be interpreted in
      terms of Z-like left-handed helix but reflects a modified B right-handed helix.

PMID- 4011446
TI  - Transition of a cloned d(AT)n-d(AT)n tract to a cruciform in vivo.
AB  - A 34 base pair tract of the simple repeating dinucleotide d(AT)n-d(AT)n cloned
      into a 2.4 kb polylinker plasmid vector undergoes a structural transition in
      response to negative superhelical coiling. The transition has been characterized
      by 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis, mapping of S1, P1 and T7 endonuclease 1
      sensitive sites, and mapping of sites that are sensitive to modification by
      bromoacetaldehyde. After S1 nuclease treatment it is possible to trap supercoiled
      species that are nicked on one or both strands near the center of the palindrome.
      These data show that the alternate state adopted by the d(AT)n-dAT)n insert is a
      cruciform rather than a Z conformation. Unlike other B-cruciform transitions the
      transition in d(AT)n-d(AT)n has a low activation energy and the transition is
      facilitated by the presence of magnesium ions. Evidence from in-vivo topoisomer
      distributions is presented which shows that under conditions of blocked protein
      synthesis the d(AT)n-d(AT)n insert will spontaneously adopt the cruciform state
      in-vivo in E. coli.

PMID- 4011448
TI  - Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides containing a free sulphydryl group and
      subsequent attachment of thiol specific probes.
AB  - Oligonucleotides containing a free sulphydryl group at their 5'-termini have been
      synthesised and further derivatised with thiol specific probes. The nucleotide
      sequence required is prepared using standard solid phase phosphoramidite
      techniques and an extra round of synthesis is then performed using the S
      triphenylmethyl O-methoxymorpholinophosphite derivatives of 2-mercaptoethanol, 3
      mercaptopropan (1) ol or 6-mercaptohexan (1) ol. After cleavage from the resin
      and removal of the phosphate and base protecting groups, this yields an
      oligonucleotide containing an S-triphenylmethyl group attached to the 5'
      phosphate group via a two, three or six carbon chain. The triphenylmethyl group
      can be readily removed with silver nitrate to give the free thiol. With the three
      and six carbon chain oligonucleotides, this thiol can be used, at pH 8, for the
      attachment of thiol specific probes as illustrated by the reaction with
      fluorescent conjugates of iodoacetates and maleiimides. However, oligonucleotides
      containing a thiol attached to the 5'-phosphate group via a two carbon chain are
      unstable at pH 8 decomposing to the free 5'-phosphate and so are unsuitable for
      further derivatisation.

PMID- 4011449
TI  - An RFLP associated with the human type III collagen gene (COL3A1).

PMID- 4011450
TI  - RFLP for a human cytochrome P-450 gene at 19q13.1-qter (HGM8 provisional
      designation CYPI).

PMID- 4011451
TI  - [Chemotherapy of renal tuberculosis].

PMID- 4011452
TI  - [Effect of atenolol on bronchial patency in patients with diffuse bronchial
      stenosis].

PMID- 4011453
TI  - [Pulmonary fibrosis of the upper lobe resembling tuberculosis in patients without
      ankylosing spondylitis].

PMID- 4011454
TI  - [Effect of patient cooperation and muscular physique on maximal expiratory flow
      rate].

PMID- 4011455
TI  - [Extralaboratory control of tuberculosis microbiology laboratories with regard to
      the quality of diagnostic media].

PMID- 4011457
TI  - [Pulmonary thromboembolism (data of the Pulmonological Clinic of the Institute of
      Internal Diseases, Cracow Medical Academy 1977-1981)].

PMID- 4011456
TI  - [A case of cancer with 2 different histological structures].

PMID- 4011458
TI  - [Phagocytic response of granulocytes in bronchopneumonia].

PMID- 4011459
TI  - [Effect of Zaditen on plasma immunoglobulin levels in patients with bronchial
      asthma].

PMID- 4011460
TI  - [A case of acquired pulmonary toxoplasmosis].

PMID- 4011461
TI  - [A case of listerial pneumonia].

PMID- 4011462
TI  - Coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease: follow-up observation by two-dimensional
      echocardiography.
AB  - The development and regression of the coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease was
      studied with serial two-dimensional echocardiographic (2D echo) examinations. The
      diameter of the aneurysms at the proximal portions of the left coronary artery
      was measured on the 2D echo images in ten patients with Kawasaki disease, in whom
      left coronary aneurysms were found at the acute stage of the illness, and
      followed by 2D echo for longer than eight months. It was found that coronary
      aneurysms usually developed during the second week of the illness, reached
      maximal size at 3-8 weeks, and regressed gradually thereafter. Small aneurysms
      disappeared in several months, and those of intermediate size regressed in one to
      two years. Large aneurysms may remain for many years. Mural thrombi within the
      aneurysms were detected with 2D echo in three patients. They decreased in
      echodensity and eventually disappeared echographically.

PMID- 4011464
TI  - Intravenous KCl supplementation in pediatric cardiac surgical patients.
AB  - A total of 31 pediatric cardiac patients (mean age 19 1/2 months) who required
      surgery for repair of various congenital heart defects were prospectively studied
      in the postoperative period to determine potassium (K) dose-response
      characteristics. All patients received supplementary K when the serum K was less
      than 4.0 meq/liter. A total of 100 administrations of intravenous potassium
      chloride (KCl) were evaluated. KCl, 0.5 meq/kg, was infused over 2 h by syringe
      pump. This infusion was repeated as necessary to achieve a serum K greater than
      or equal to 4.0 meq/liter. The KCl was administered in addition to the K in the
      patients' maintenance solution. Blood samples for serum K determination were
      collected 15-30 min before and after the KCl infusion. The mean K dose
      administered was 0.72 +/- 0.23 meq/kg. This produced a mean rise in serum K of
      0.61 +/- 0.48 meq/liter. Of 100 administrations, 11 resulted in no change or a
      decrease in serum K. Four of 100 administrations resulted in serum K greater than
      5.0 meq/liter. Intravenous KCl supplementation in a dose of 0.5 meq/kg
      administered over 2 h is safe and effective for pediatric postoperative cardiac
      patients. Serum K should be measured to monitor therapy, due to variable
      response.

PMID- 4011463
TI  - Hemodynamically significant PDA: an echocardiographic and clinical assessment of
      incidence, natural history, and outcome in very low birth weight infants
      maintained in negative fluid balance.
AB  - Fifty very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (750-1500 g, 27-33 weeks gestational
      age) were assigned at random to one of two groups of negative fluid balance and
      underwent prospective clinical and echocardiographic examinations during the
      first month of life. The purpose was to determine: the effect of fluid
      restriction on the incidence of ductal shunting, the reliability of the physical
      examination in diagnosing significant ductal shunting, and the relationship
      between significant ductal shunting and outcome in such infants. None of the
      infants had manipulations to close the ductus during the first week of life.
      Using routine structural and functional echocardiographic indices as criteria for
      the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant ductal shunting (hsPDA), we found
      that the two fluid-balance groups (8%-10% weight loss vs 13%-15% weight loss) did
      not significantly differ in incidence of hsPDA, duration of ventilation, or
      development of BPD. These two groups were then combined for further analysis: 32
      (64%) of 50 VLBW infants had hsPDA during the first week of life. The group of
      infants with hsPDA did not differ significantly from that without hsPDA in birth
      weight or gestational age, but had a significantly lower Apgar score (P less than
      0.04) and was significantly more likely to require ventilator support for RDS (P
      less than 0.01). Although when present a typical ductal murmur was specific for
      the development of significant ductal shunting, no murmur was heard in 21 (66%)
      of 32 infants with early hsPDA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011465
TI  - Study of the conduction system in a population of patients with sudden infant
      death syndrome.
AB  - The conduction system of 23 infant hearts, 15 of sudden infant death syndrome
      (SIDS) and eight of those dying from known cause, was serially sectioned. A left
      sided His bundle was found more commonly in (SIDS) (eight of 15) than in the
      controls (two of eight). Taking into account a previous study in which a left
      sided His bundle was found in only four of 32 hearts from all age groups, this is
      statistically significant and may be a factor promoting SIDS.

PMID- 4011466
TI  - Aortic diameters in infants and young children: normative angiographic data.
AB  - Cineangiographic measurements, in the left anterior oblique view, of the diameter
      of the ascending aorta, arch, isthmus, postisthmic region, and descending aorta
      were made in 18 infants and children with no detectable cardiac anomaly and in 47
      with congenital heart disease that did not involve the aorta. Results are
      tabulated according to age and body surface area. They provide normative data
      from which variations from usual can be judged.

PMID- 4011467
TI  - Partial replacement of the left ventricular wall for a large intramural fibroma.
AB  - A case of successful operative treatment of an intramural fibroma of the left
      ventricular posterior wall is presented. Symptomatology, diagnosis, and a
      surgical procedure based on ventricular replacement using a doubled Dacron patch,
      fixed in "sandwich" technique, are discussed. It is possible to resect and
      replace large parts of the ventricular wall because of the well-developed
      compensatory capacity of the remaining unaffected myocardium in children.

PMID- 4011468
TI  - Anomalous origin of right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta with right
      ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis.
AB  - A case of aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery with right ventricular
      endocardial fibroelastosis is reported. Its diagnostic features, surgical
      aspects, and postmortem findings are discussed. This is a rare combination. The
      relevant literature is reviewed.

PMID- 4011469
TI  - Digitalis toxicity in infants and plasma digoxin levels.

PMID- 4011470
TI  - Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries in situs ambiguus with
      polysplenia.

PMID- 4011472
TI  - Pediatric infectious disease annual update. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual
      National Pediatric Infectious Disease Seminar. Las Vegas, NV, March 14-16, 1985.

PMID- 4011471
TI  - Left-axis deviation in otherwise healthy children.
AB  - Eighteen children with left-axis deviation on the electrocardiogram but no other
      detected abnormalities are reported. The implications of this finding are
      discussed. No untoward cardiovascular events occurred during the period of follow
      up and the electrocardiographic findings remained unchanged. This, therefore,
      appears to be a benign entity in the short term but longer follow-up is required
      before the ultimate prognosis can be determined.

PMID- 4011473
TI  - Evaluation of patients with acute infectious diarrhea.

PMID- 4011474
TI  - Superficial fungal and mycobacterial infections of the skin.

PMID- 4011475
TI  - Cervical adenitis.

PMID- 4011476
TI  - External otitis due to infection.

PMID- 4011478
TI  - Controlling infections in the nursery.

PMID- 4011477
TI  - Pleural empyema.

PMID- 4011480
TI  - Enteroviral infections.

PMID- 4011479
TI  - Management problems in bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 4011481
TI  - [Circulating immune complexes in the serum of patients with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 4011482
TI  - [Specific desensitization of patients with allergic rhinitis and susceptibility
      to bronchial asthma].

PMID- 4011483
TI  - [Clinical value of skin tests using bacterial extracts].

PMID- 4011484
TI  - [Immunoglobulins A, M, G and E in the serum and nasal discharge in hay fever].

PMID- 4011485
TI  - [Food allergens as a causative factor in chronic urticaria and Quincke's edema
      and in gastrointestinal disorders].

PMID- 4011486
TI  - [Epidemiological study of malignant neoplasms in Poland 1952-1982].

PMID- 4011488
TI  - [Unfavorable prognostic factors for patients operated on for breast cancer].

PMID- 4011487
TI  - [Is a delay in diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer still a problem?].

PMID- 4011489
TI  - [Various parameters of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with
      inoperable breast cancer].

PMID- 4011490
TI  - [Toxic and psychogenic causes of nausea and vomiting associated with cytostatic
      treatment].

PMID- 4011491
TI  - [A case of epithelioid leiomyoma of the stomach].

PMID- 4011492
TI  - [Neurofibroma of the submandibular gland complicated by iatrogenic transient
      central facial nerve paralysis].

PMID- 4011493
TI  - [Pseudotumor cerebri in children].

PMID- 4011494
TI  - [Problems of the philosophy of medicine: who is responsible for health?].

PMID- 4011495
TI  - [Echocardiographic evaluation of the circulatory system in pregnant women].

PMID- 4011497
TI  - [Effect of preanesthetic medication in general anesthesia on hemodynamics in
      surgically treated patients with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4011496
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of angina pectoris in the light of post-exertion
      changes in R wave amplitude and current criteria].

PMID- 4011498
TI  - [Familial occurrence of Addison's disease].

PMID- 4011499
TI  - [Ankle/arm pressure index at rest in vascular diseases of the lower limbs].

PMID- 4011500
TI  - [Effect of adrenergic beta receptor blockaders on blood viscosity after their
      short-term use in patients with arteriosclerosis].

PMID- 4011502
TI  - [Neurogenic circulatory disorders in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot syndrome].

PMID- 4011501
TI  - [Morphometric evaluation of the walls of renal arterioles in patients with
      diabetes mellitus type 2].

PMID- 4011503
TI  - Practical aspects of bacterial skin infections in children.
AB  - Bacterial skin infections are a common reason for children to be examined by a
      pediatrician. Streptococci and staphylococci are responsible for the great
      majority of the infections. Because of the variety of lesions produced by these
      bacteria, there is support for dividing impetigo into "traditional" crusted and
      bullous forms. Two important forms of cellulitis--facial and periorbital--have
      potential for serious systemic consequences. The bacterial etiology and treatment
      of cellulitis, animal bites, and puncture wounds of the foot require special
      attention for successful outcome.

PMID- 4011504
TI  - Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme disease.
AB  - Lyme disease is an inflammatory disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical
      manifestations that involve the skin, joints, heart, and nervous system (1-4).
      Initially described in 1977 and named after the rural town in Connecticut where
      the first cases were detected in 1975, Lyme disease has now been recognized in at
      least 24 states (5-7), Canada (8), Australia (9), France (10), Switzerland (11),
      and Germany (12), and in individuals who travel to or spend time in areas known
      to be endemic for this disorder (13).

PMID- 4011505
TI  - Prognosis in juvenile dermatopolymyositis: a cooperative retrospective study of
      70 cases.
AB  - A retrospective multicenter study was conducted with 70 patients with juvenile
      dermatopolymyositis. Among survivors with sufficient follow-up (at least two
      years), a good prognosis subgroup was characterized by significantly better (P
      less than 0.001) initial response to steroids and less frequent pharyngeal
      involvement when compared to other patients in a poor prognosis subgroup with
      significant sequelae or still active disease. Patients who died had more severe
      pharyngeal involvement than those who survived (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 4011506
TI  - Acquired cutis laxa: case report and review of disorders of elastolysis.
AB  - A 10-year-old boy developed cutis laxa while receiving isoniazid therapy; no
      systemic manifestations occurred. There are several well-documented cases of
      acquired cutis laxa. We propose a classification of the elastolysis syndromes,
      including inherited, neonatal, and acquired forms of cutis laxa.

PMID- 4011507
TI  - The cutaneous evolution of nevi in a patient with familial, atypical, multiple
      mole melanoma syndrome.
AB  - For almost two decades we have followed a kindred with the familial, atypical,
      multiple-mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome. We first evaluated the proband's 14-year
      old daughter when she was age 5 years. We documented the evolution, both
      clinically and histologically, of the FAMMM phenotype in this girl for eight
      years.

PMID- 4011508
TI  - Transient zinc deficiency in a full-term breast-fed infant of normal birth
      weight.
AB  - A full-term male infant was seen at age 5 months with symptomatic zinc
      deficiency. He was breast fed and the mother's milk zinc levels were low. The
      infant responded to oral zinc supplements and has continued to be asymptomatic
      for 12 months after their withdrawal. This is the first report of transient zinc
      deficiency in an otherwise healthy, breast-fed, full-term infant of normal birth
      weight.

PMID- 4011509
TI  - Inflammatory linear epidermal nevus caused by branchial cleft sinuses in a woman
      with numerous congenital anomalies.
AB  - A patient was seen with several congenital anomalies and bilateral branchial
      cleft sinuses that clinically resembled inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal
      nevi. This unusual condition most likely represented a cutaneous reaction to
      residual branchial remnants and prior surgical therapy.

PMID- 4011510
TI  - Is eczema herpeticum associated with the use of hot tubs?
AB  - Cutaneous bacterial infections, most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
      have been clearly linked to use of hot tubs. A 10-year-old female with atopic
      eczema developed eczema herpeticum after hot tub use with a friend who had "fever
      blisters"; herpes simplex virus was recovered from cutaneous vesicles. Since
      herpesvirus has been shown to survive in the hot tub environment, herpes simplex
      should be considered as another potential cause of disease in the spa setting.

PMID- 4011511
TI  - Pili trianguli canaliculi: uncombable hair syndrome in a family with apparent
      autosomal dominant inheritance.
AB  - Pili trianguli canaliculi, a recently described dysmorphic disorder of the hair,
      occurred with variable severity in three related members of a family. The
      diagnosis was suspected from the complaint of "uncombable hair" and was confirmed
      by identifying the defect by scanning electron microscopy. The pedigree provides
      evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance.

PMID- 4011512
TI  - Subdural hematoma. A retrospective study of the 'great neurologic imitator'.
AB  - A retrospective survey of 88 patients with subdural hematoma was carried out.
      Typical patients were men over 60 years of age with a history of head injury.
      Patients presented with a variety of nonspecific signs and symptoms. Modern,
      noninvasive investigative techniques with a high degree of reliability, such as
      computed tomography and radioactive technetium brain scanning, were used. Skull
      films were rarely helpful. The majority of patients improved or recovered with
      appropriate therapy, usually burr hole evacuation. Patients under 60 years of age
      were more likely to recover than older patients. Similarly, patients who
      presented chronically or subacutely were more likely to recover than those who
      presented acutely.

PMID- 4011513
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome induced by salicylate toxicity.
AB  - Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema induced by salicylate toxicity is becoming a well
      recognized entity. However, the diagnosis can be easily missed early in the
      disease course. We report here adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a 54
      year-old man found to have salicylate toxicity one day after admission to the
      alcohol detoxification service at a community hospital. He had been taking one
      enteric-coated aspirin tablet twice a day for more than one year. He also had a
      40 pack-year history of cigarette smoking. The list in any standard medical text
      of factors triggering ARDS is quite lengthy. Over the past few years, salicylate
      toxicity has been added to this list. As the case reported here illustrates, it
      is most important that salicylate toxicity be considered in the differential
      diagnosis for any patient with acute onset of pulmonary edema and normal cardiac
      function.

PMID- 4011514
TI  - Physician-patient relationships. The dawn of a new era.

PMID- 4011515
TI  - Coping in adolescence.

PMID- 4011516
TI  - Early adolescence. A time of transition and stress.

PMID- 4011517
TI  - Stress in school. A physician's call for innovative programs on sexuality.

PMID- 4011518
TI  - The seriously ill or dying adolescent. Special needs and challenges.

PMID- 4011519
TI  - Early Alzheimer's disease or dementia from another cause?
AB  - It is unusual for Alzheimer's disease to present with focal neurologic
      abnormalities. Most patients have generalized and progressive dementia without
      signs of systemic disease. Perhaps the most characteristic feature is the absence
      of significant medical or focal neurologic abnormalities in the presence of
      severe dementia.

PMID- 4011520
TI  - Norwegian-type scabies mimicking contact dermatitis in an immunosuppressed
      patient.
AB  - Patients taking immunosuppressive drugs are susceptible to various forms of
      infection, including dermatologic disease. Recently, atypical manifestations of
      scabies have been reported in such patients. In the case reported here, a 26-year
      old woman who had had a renal transplant and was taking immunosuppressive drugs
      had a pruritic rash on the back that closely resembled contact dermatitis.
      However, skin scrapings from the involved areas and punch biopsy specimen of the
      back showed live scabies mites. The pruritus was relieved and the skin lesions
      disappeared within ten days of treatment with scabicides. We believe that current
      widespread use of immunosuppressive agents may result in more cases of atypical
      forms of scabies. Therefore, physicians who deal with immunosuppressed patients
      should be aware of this possibility.

PMID- 4011521
TI  - Risk factor control in coronary heart disease. Who needs it?
AB  - Most patients seen in the offices of primary care physicians in the United States
      have habits that put them at needlessly high risk of coronary heart disease.
      These patients usually report that they would like help from their physician in
      changing their habits. Peer group pressure, however, tends to discourage change.
      In comparison with making large changes in selected individuals, making small
      changes in the expectations and behaviors of an entire peer group is easier and
      will lead to greater changes in disease rates. All patients seen by a physician
      should have a periodic nutritional assessment, smoking assessment, and blood
      pressure measurement. Those patients who do not smoke, are normotensive, and have
      optimal dietary patterns should be vigorously praised. Those who have less than
      optimal risk factor behaviors should receive further intervention.

PMID- 4011522
TI  - The hidden cost of medical school.

PMID- 4011523
TI  - Medical recommendations for wilderness travel. 2. Field management of illness and
      injury.
AB  - Knowledge of basic treatment of several illnesses and injuries common in
      wilderness travel can save time and discomfort on the trail. In some cases
      evacuation and medical attention will be necessary, but proper initial measures
      can be crucial to a successful outcome.

PMID- 4011525
TI  - Give him a Nytol.

PMID- 4011524
TI  - Sports injuries in children. Necessary consequence of competition?
AB  - Evaluation of the benefits and risks of organized children's sports is difficult,
      but even play activities carry risks. The benefits of participation--eg, physical
      conditioning, accomplishment, and enjoyment--need to be weighed against the
      physical and/or psychological disadvantages. Social consciousness has been
      raised, studies are under way, and statistics are accumulating. Physicians,
      school and legislative advisers, and concerned parents all have a responsibility
      to promote safety, to provide appropriate care, and to prevent psychological
      harm.

PMID- 4011527
TI  - Comments on hypertension symposium.

PMID- 4011526
TI  - Evidence supports estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy.

PMID- 4011528
TI  - Percutaneous drainage techniques. Alternatives to surgical therapy.
AB  - Percutaneous drainage techniques are widely used to relieve biliary and urinary
      obstructions as well as to evacuate abdominal abscesses. These drainage
      techniques are less expensive, safer, and in many cases more effective than
      comparable surgical procedures. Proper follow-up care of catheters is essential,
      however, to achieve maximum effectiveness.

PMID- 4011529
TI  - Productivity in medicine. The Japanese connection.

PMID- 4011530
TI  - The problem of viral heart disease. How often do we miss it?

PMID- 4011531
TI  - Myocardial infarction and the normal arteriogram--possible role of viral
      myocarditis.
AB  - In a prospective study we identified a group of 12 patients diagnosed as having
      acute myocardial infarction but with electrocardiographic features of non
      transmural infarction and serological evidence of recent Coxsackie B infection
      favouring the possibility of myocarditis. The group included 9 females and 3
      males, aged from 38-60 y. Coronary arteriography was carried out in 11 patients.
      Eight of the 11 patients showed no significant (greater than or equal to 50%)
      coronary arterial obstruction. We suggest that coronary artery disease did not
      contribute to the clinical presentation in the majority of these patients and
      that the likely diagnosis was viral myocarditis in at least 6 of them. We
      conclude that viral myocarditis may simulate myocardial infarction and contribute
      to the uncommon but controversial syndrome of myocardial infarction with a normal
      coronary arteriogram.

PMID- 4011532
TI  - Amiodarone and chronic lung fibrosis.
AB  - A covariate analysis was performed on the major lung function indices that are
      affected by pulmonary fibrosis in 29 patients who had recently started amiodarone
      therapy and compared with those of a group of 41 patients who had been treated
      for a mean of 19.6 months. Patients with other factors which affect gas transfer
      were excluded. A trend towards reduction in transfer factor, transfer coefficient
      and membrane diffusion was detected but did not reach statistical significance. A
      lower than expected incidence of acute pulmonary fibrosis was observed. In the
      treated group, there was no deterioration of transfer factor, transfer
      coefficient or membrane diffusion with either increasing duration of therapy or
      total dose taken.

PMID- 4011533
TI  - Steroid sensitive systemic disease with anaemia in the elderly: a manifestation
      of giant cell arteritis?
AB  - Nine elderly patients presented with features of a multisystem disorder thought
      to be either a connective tissue disease of undefined type or disseminated
      malignancy. Associated features were a normochromic anaemia, raised erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR) (or plasma viscosity) and raised serum alkaline
      phosphatase levels. None had symptoms to suggest either giant cell arteritis or
      polymyalgia rheumatica. Temporal artery biopsy was performed before trial of
      corticosteroid therapy in four, and two showed giant cell arteritis. All nine
      responded dramatically to corticosteroids and the anaemias resolved. One died
      after 6 y, and the rest are well after 1 to 7 y.

PMID- 4011534
TI  - The value of screening for autoantibodies in patients with non-specific symptoms.
AB  - An autoantibody screen is often requested in patients with non-specific symptoms
      such as pyrexia of unknown origin. However, in a survey of 100 consecutive
      requests for this investigation in such patients only one patient was encountered
      in whom the investigation led to a positive diagnosis at an estimated cost of
      pound 2500. These requests accounted for 5% of the total workload. These
      observations reaffirm that this should remain a second line investigation and
      should be deferred until more likely diagnoses have been excluded.

PMID- 4011535
TI  - Gallstone ileus.

PMID- 4011536
TI  - Pituitary function with a solitary intrasellar plasmacytoma.
AB  - A solitary intrasellar plasmacytoma with marked pituitary fossa destruction and
      yet near normal pituitary gland function is described. We suggest that a minimal
      disturbance of endocrine function together with a radiologically abnormal
      pituitary fossa indicates that the primary lesion may lie outside the pituitary
      fossa.

PMID- 4011538
TI  - Status epilepticus and near hanging.
AB  - We report a case of status epilepticus lasting 5 h provoked by attempted self
      hanging in a patient with no previous history of epilepsy. We are unable to find
      any published reports of status epilepticus being provoked in this manner.

PMID- 4011537
TI  - Retinal artery occlusion in migraine.
AB  - Retinal artery occlusion is a rare complication of migraine. The following case
      report highlights the importance of early diagnosis in this condition. The long
      term management of patients with this and other forms of complicated migraine is
      discussed.

PMID- 4011539
TI  - Breast lumps and lymphoma.
AB  - We report two cases of young women in whom a breast lump was the first symptom of
      disseminated lymphoma. They were managed by wide excision of the affected
      segments of breast. Histological diagnosis was aided by immunoperoxidase stains
      for immunoglobulin chains. Further investigations demonstrated the wide spread
      nature of the disease, with involvement of bone marrow, bone cortex, lymph nodes
      and lung. Both patients received systemic chemotherapy, which achieved complete
      remission in one.

PMID- 4011540
TI  - Hypogammaglobulinaemia associated with long term, low dose steroid therapy.
AB  - Repeated pneumonia and hypogammaglobulinaemia was associated with long term low
      dose steroid therapy. Clinical improvement with restoration of antibody levels
      followed substitution of aerosol for oral therapy.

PMID- 4011541
TI  - Fatal varicella in a healthy young adult.
AB  - A healthy adult presented with severe neurological disturbance 4 d after
      developing chicken-pox. Although pneumonic and renal problems were also present
      the neurological state dominated the clinical picture. After the patient's sudden
      death an autopsy revealed that renal and cerebral problems were secondary to
      myocardial involvement. This was of an unusual type for varicella with features
      of dilated cardiomyopathy resembling that previously related to Coxsackie
      infections. We conclude that cardiac problems in this patient produced anoxic
      brain damage and subsequently death.

PMID- 4011542
TI  - Intramural gas in the small bowel followed by chronic obstruction.
AB  - A 63 year old male presented with recurring abdominal pain dating from an acute
      episode 3 months previously. Abdominal X-rays in the acute phase demonstrated
      small intestinal intramural gas. A jejunal stricture with panmural necrosis was
      resected.

PMID- 4011543
TI  - Massive ascites due to omental endometriosis.
AB  - Endometriosis associated with massive ascites is an unusual combination. Only 12
      cases have been reported since its first description by Brews in 1954. The
      authors report the first case where radical surgery was avoided because of
      successful hormonal therapy.

PMID- 4011544
TI  - Arthritis as the main or only symptom of hepatitis B infection.
AB  - The clinical features of three patients who presented in different ways with
      inflammatory polyarthritis secondary to acute hepatitis B virus infection are
      discussed. The importance of early recognition of this condition is stressed.

PMID- 4011545
TI  - An unusual complication of stenosis of a colostomy.
AB  - A patient is reported in whom stenosis of the colostomy was responsible for
      perforation of the colostomy by a bone. Necrotizing gangrene of the abdominal
      wall developed. The management of the resulting full thickness defect of the
      abdominal wall is described.

PMID- 4011546
TI  - Genetic parameters and cellularity of adiposity in layer-type chickens.
AB  - Genetic parameters concerning weight of abdominal fat pads were determined for a
      randombred layer-type population. Progeny by the upper (U) and lower (L) 10% of
      the sires with respect to weights of fat pads were compared. Cellularity measures
      were made of the fat pads from random samples of the two groups of progeny.
      Progeny of U sires had fat pads numerically heavier than those of progeny by all
      sires. However, progeny of L sires had fat pad weights similar to those of all
      sires. Heritability estimates of abdominal fat pad weight, as calculated from
      half-sib correlation and regression of offspring on sires, were .29 +/- .36 and
      .27 +/- .06, respectively. Genetic estimates indicated fat pad weight to be
      highly correlated with growth but essentially uncorrelated with egg production.
      Progeny of the L and U sires had the same number of adipocytes, but progeny by U
      sires had larger adipocytes than progeny by L sires.

PMID- 4011547
TI  - Effects of early maturation of brown egg-type pullets, flock uniformity, layer
      protein level, and cage design on egg production, egg size, and egg quality.
AB  - Eight-week-old Harco Sex-Link pullets were assigned to four growing regimens.
      Feed was restricted to Group 1. The birds reached an average weight of 1.52 kg at
      20 weeks of age and were then light stimulated. Group 2 received the same ration
      ad lib and reached an average weight of 1.64 kg at 16 weeks. At this age they
      were light stimulated. Birds in Groups 3 and 4 were separated into two weight
      classes at 8 weeks of age. Those below the median weight received an 18% protein
      grower ration and those above the median weight a 16% ration. Group 3 birds were
      grown similarly to Group 1; Group 4 birds were grown similarly to Group 2. At
      housing, each group was equally divided and given either a 17 or 19% protein
      layer ration. Two cage designs (standard and reverse) were used and each
      treatment combination was equally represented. Ad lib-fed, early-housed pullets
      reached 1.64 kg at 16 weeks of age, but they did not come into production until
      19.4 weeks of age. Hen-day percent production (HDP) was significantly less than
      for the late-housed pullets. Feed per dozen eggs was not affected by the early
      housing, but early-housed pullets laid significantly smaller eggs and feed per
      gram egg was significantly increased. Hens in reverse cages on a 19% protein
      layer ration laid the largest eggs in weight and size. Although early housing had
      a detrimental effect on average egg weight, it appeared possible to manipulate
      egg weight and size distribution through a combination of cage design and layer
      protein. Birds grouped by body weight at 8 weeks had higher uniformity, but this
      trait was not correlated with egg numbers or size. Moreover, housing body weights
      were not significantly correlated with egg size, suggesting factors other than
      body weight were responsible for the smaller eggs from early-housed pullets.

PMID- 4011549
TI  - Aflatoxin effects in white Leghorn chickens selected for response to sheep
      erythrocyte antigen. 2. Serological and organ characteristics.
AB  - Aflatoxin was fed to chickens from lines selected for high and low antibody
      response to sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen and reciprocal crosses between the
      two lines. Differences were found among populations for liver, bursa, and thymus
      weight and antibody production to SRBC but not for spleen weight or heterophil:
      lymphocyte ratios. Dietary aflatoxin depressed absolute and relative weights of
      bursae and thymi and absolute weights of livers and spleens. Relative to body
      weight, however, liver and spleen weights increased. There was a large decrease
      in liver metabolism and a dramatic increase in heterophil: lymphocyte ratios when
      5700 ppb of aflatoxin was fed, but no alteration in antibody production to SRBC
      antigen was detected. Population by response to aflatoxin interactions were not
      significant for any of the traits measured except bursa and spleen weights,
      suggesting a general response to this mycotoxin among lines of chickens known to
      be immunologically different.

PMID- 4011548
TI  - Aflatoxin effects in white Leghorn chickens selected for response to sheep
      erythrocyte antigen. 1. Body weight, feed conversion, and temperature responses.
AB  - Chickens from lines selectively bred for high and low antibody response to sheep
      red blood cell antigen and reciprocal crosses between them were fed diets
      containing 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 micrograms of total aflatoxin/g diet from 2 to 42
      days of age. Low-line birds, although larger, did not differ from the high-line
      birds in feed consumption, feed conversion, surface, or cloacal temperatures.
      Differences between crosses and parental lines varied according to the particular
      trait. Responses to dietary aflatoxin were similar regardless of population.
      Aflatoxin depressed body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion at 14 days
      and subsequent ages with the effect on body weight and feed consumption occurring
      at lower levels than that noted for feed conversion. Although aflatoxin did not
      alter cloacal temperatures, there were progressive decreases in surface
      temperatures at 2 micrograms/g and higher.

PMID- 4011550
TI  - The effect of a purified water-soluble fraction of a Fusarium roseum
      'Graminearum' culture on reproduction of white Leghorn females.
AB  - White Leghorn females (36 weeks old) in egg production were individually fed a
      purified water-soluble fraction residue remaining from the water extract and a
      crude culture of Fusarium roseum 'Graminearium'. Each fraction was fed at 3% of
      the diet for 6 weeks followed by 2 weeks with a control diet. Hens were
      inseminated weekly with .05 ml of pooled semen from males given control diets.
      The purified water-soluble fraction increased feed consumption during the test
      periods. During the posttest period, hens fed test diets consumed less feed than
      those fed a control diet. All test diets did not affect body weight change during
      the test periods. There was a significant increase in body weight of hens on the
      diet containing 3% crude culture and a marked decrease in body weight of hens fed
      the purified water-soluble fraction during the posttest period. Egg production
      and egg weight were not affected by treatments during the test and posttest
      periods. Fertility was reduced by the crude culture of F. roseum 'Graminearum'
      during the 6-week test. Hatchability of fertile eggs was significantly reduced by
      the purified water-soluble fraction and the crude culture of F. roseum
      'Graminearum'. Hatchability rapidly increased when these toxic diets were
      replaced with control diets. The majority of embryo mortality occurred during 5
      days of incubation. The major mycotoxins responsible for reduced hatchability of
      fertile eggs appeared to be water soluble components of F. roseum 'Graminearum'
      and not trichothecenes or zearalenone.

PMID- 4011551
TI  - Effect of levamisole on the response of broilers to coccidiosis vaccination.
AB  - The effect of levamisole on the response of commercial broilers to coccidiosis
      vaccination was assessed. The concentration, frequency, and timing of levamisole
      were varied in three separate experiments to determine optimum conditions for
      potentiating the response of broilers to a single oral dose of commercial
      coccidiosis vaccine at 7 days of age. In all instances, levamisole was found to
      improve development of immunity to coccidiosis. Birds that received levamisole by
      intraperitoneal (IP) injection had better weight gains for 3 weeks following
      coccidiosis vaccination and improved resistance to challenge with Eimeria tenella
      when compared with vaccinated chickens that did not receive levamisole. However,
      levamisole given at .25 mg/kg body weight by IP injection 3 days prior to the
      coccidiosis vaccine resulted in the greatest potentiation of the immune response.
      Performance parameters following challenge included weight gain, oocyst
      production, fecal droppings, and livability. Findings confirm and extend
      observations regarding the ability of levamisole to potentiate vaccination
      responses in chickens.

PMID- 4011553
TI  - Digestive parameters in young turkeys fed yucca saponin.
AB  - Yucca saponin fed in a concentration of 63 ppm to turkey poults at 6 to 14 weeks
      of age did not significantly improve weight gains, feed conversion, or digestive
      coefficients. Compared with nonstressed control groups, saponin-fed poults did
      not have significantly greater average weight gains or feed intakes when stressed
      by crowding (3 poults per cage) or by adding ammonia to the atmosphere (30 to 35
      ppm).

PMID- 4011552
TI  - Sudden death syndrome in broilers: dietary fat supplementation and its effect on
      tissue composition.
AB  - The effects of dietary fat sources on the general performance of broiler chickens
      and the incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) were investigated in two
      experiments. In Experiment 1, a wheat-soy diet supplemented with sunflower oil
      was found to improve significantly (P less than .05) performance characteristics
      and reduce the mortality attributed to SDS as compared with the same diet
      supplemented with tallow. The blood lipid parameters--total lipids,
      triglycerides, and cholesterol at 4 and 7 weeks of age--were not affected (P
      greater than .05) by the type of fat used in the diet. In Experiment 2, wheat-soy
      diets were supplemented with either tallow or sunflower oil at the same dietary
      levels and two stocking densities (.09 m2/bird or .08 m2/bird). The sunflower oil
      diet significantly (P less than .05) improved the general performance of the
      birds and reduced mortality from SDS. Bird density had no significant effect.
      Fatty acid composition of the heart and liver tissues from SDS birds showed
      differences when compared with culled birds (leg problems) from the same
      experimental period. In the heart tissue, increased palmitic (16:0) and oleic
      (18:1) acids were observed, while linoleic (18:2) and arachidonic (20:4) acids
      were lower. Liver tissue showed increased 18:1 and lower 18:2 and 20:4. Analysis
      for copper and zinc in heart tissue did not indicate significant (P greater than
      .05) treatment effects, but calcium concentration was significantly (P greater
      than .05) higher in SDS than culled birds. Analysis performed on the liver tissue
      showed significant (P lesser than .05) differences in copper and zinc between
      these two groups of birds.

PMID- 4011554
TI  - The effect of autoclaving and enzyme supplementation of guar meal on the
      performance of chicks and laying hens.
AB  - Four experiments with broilers and one with laying hens were conducted to study
      the effects of processing and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal (37.0%
      protein) on growth, feed efficiency, and egg production. Guar meal at 0, 10, and
      15%, either in raw form or autoclaved at 100, 102, or 132 C for 3, 15, or 30 min,
      was fed alone or in the presence of 0 to 250 ppm hemicellulase. In an experiment
      utilizing full-term broilers, 10 and 15% autoclaved guar meal was fed in the
      presence of lincomycin (3.3 ppm) or in combination with lincomycin and
      hemicellulase (25 ppm). The laying hen experiment was conducted with 36-week-old
      hens for 8 weeks. They were fed the raw or autoclaved meal (102 C, 15 min) alone
      and in combination with 30 ppm hemicellulase. The raw guar meal depressed growth
      and the depression was dose-related. Autoclaving at 102 C for 15 min increased
      growth and feed efficiency. A higher temperature or a longer time of autoclaving
      failed to give any further increase in growth or feed efficiency. The lowest
      (16.5 ppm) hemicellulase was as effective as the highest (250 ppm) in increasing
      growth and feed efficiency of chicks when added to guar meal diets. Penicillin
      had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added to the diet containing
      autoclaved guar meal in the presence of hemicellulase. Dry heating at 150 C for 6
      hr or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or
      feed efficiency. Guar meal also increased stickiness of droppings; autoclaving
      enhanced the effect, whereas hemicellulase prevented the sticky
      droppings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011555
TI  - The effect of different totals and ratios of dietary calcium and phosphorus on
      the performance and incidence of leg abnormalities of male and female broiler
      chickens.
AB  - A factorial experiment involving 1,404 day-old Shaver broiler chicks (702 of each
      sex) assessed the effects of total calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (AP) and
      their ratio (Ca: AP) during the starter (0 to 21 days) and finisher (22 to 42
      days) periods on general performance, tibia strength, tibia ash, Ca and P content
      of tibia ash, tibia dyschondroplasia, twisted legs, and total leg abnormalities.
      Nine starter and nine finisher diets were used with the percentage Ca and AP
      ranging from .98 to 1.47 and .39 to .67, respectively, for the starters and from
      1.00 to 1.40 and .32 to .51, respectively, for finishers. In general, optimum
      weight gain, live body weight, feed conversion, tibia strength, tibia dry weight,
      and tibia ash were obtained when the highest Ca + P was fed, but lower Ca:AP
      ratios were also effective for some traits. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) and
      total leg abnormalities, however, were highest when these diets were fed. The
      results indicate that the ratio of Ca:AP in the diet is a determining factor in
      causing TD in broiler chickens. As the ratio of Ca:AP in the diets widened in
      response to increased Ca or decreased P, the incidence of TD and total leg
      abnormalities decreased (P less than .05).

PMID- 4011556
TI  - Effect of dietary fat and environment on lipogenesis by large white breeder
      turkeys.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of either a low-fat (8% of
      total calories) or high-fat (47% of total calories) diet on Large White breeder
      females maintained at a constant (21 C) or a cyclic temperature regimen (12 to 27
      C). Each diet was fed to 32 hens individually caged in the cyclic condition and
      46 in the constant condition. Energy consumption, reproductive performance, and
      in vitro lipogenesis were monitored for hens subjected to both temperature and
      dietary treatments. Hens consumed more (P less than .05) dietary energy when
      maintained at a constant temperature or when fed the low-fat diet. Hens also
      produced more (P less than .05) eggs when maintained under cyclic temperature
      conditions, although this observation was tempered by the fact that fewer hens
      were broody. More (P less than .05) of the fertile eggs from hens held at the
      cyclic temperature resulted in live poults. The high-fat diet decreased (P less
      than .05) in vitro lipogenesis in hens and may also decrease the maintenance
      energy requirement by providing a preformed fatty acid pool for egg lipids. The
      high-fat also decreased (P less than .05) liver lipid and the activities of fatty
      acid synthetase and malic enzyme.

PMID- 4011557
TI  - The influence of ascorbic acid on the occurrence of tibial dyschondroplasia in
      young broiler chickens.
AB  - Two distinctly different basal diets were used to test the influence of
      supplementary ascorbic acid on the occurrence of tibial dyschondroplasia.
      Addition of either .1 or .25% ascorbic acid to these diets did not alter the
      occurrence of tibial dyschondroplasia in 25-day-old broiler chickens. However,
      supplementary ascorbic acid did increase the amounts of ascorbic acid present in
      blood plasma. Also, individual differences in circulating ascorbic acid were not
      associated with this disease. Furthermore, two strains of chickens selected for
      high or low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia had similar amounts of this
      vitamin in blood plasma. In contrast to the results reported for the Willow
      Ptarmigan, ascorbic acid does not appear to be involved in the development of
      tibial dyschondroplasia in the young broiler chicken.

PMID- 4011558
TI  - Interaction of dietary fat with levels of vitamins A and E in broiler chicks.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to study the effect of
      different levels of choice animal tallow on absorption of vitamins A and E. The
      first experiment involved 9 dietary treatments in a 3 X 3 factorial arrangement,
      consisting of 3 levels of vitamin A (2,000, 10,000, and 18,000 IU/kg) and 3
      levels of animal fat (0, 3, and 6%). Liver vitamin A concentration significantly
      increased linearly (P less than .01) with increasing dietary vitamin A. The
      effect of dietary fat on liver vitamin A concentration was not significant. The
      highest liver vitamin A concentration occurred with 3% added fat (5.2% total
      dietary fat). The second experiment consisted of 7 levels of dietary fat (0, 1,
      2, 3, 4, 5 and 10%), each fed with a constant vitamin A (14,500 IU/kg).
      Increasing fat significantly (P less than .05) increased liver vitamin A
      concentration in a quadratic manner at 4 and 6 weeks of age (P less than .01).
      The highest liver vitamin A concentration corresponded to 5% added fat (5.3%
      total fat). The third experiment involved 9 treatments in a 3 x 3 factorial
      arrangement with supplemental vitamin E at 0, 10, and 100 IU/kg and animal fat at
      0, 3, and 6% of the diet. Plasma vitamin E significantly increased in a quadratic
      manner (P less than .01) with increasing vitamin E and increased linearly (P less
      than .01) with increasing fat. Plasma vitamin A concentration also increased (P
      less than .01) with increasing fat. The fat x vitamin E interaction was
      significant (P less than .01).

PMID- 4011559
TI  - Lipogenesis and body fat in chicks: effects of calorie-protein ratio and dietary
      fat.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted with battery-reared, broiler chicks from day-old
      through 19 or 20 days of age. In each experiment, body weight, feed consumption,
      liver weight, liver fat, body fat, in vivo lipogenesis, and the hepatic
      activities of the lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and
      fatty acid synthetase (FAS), were measured. In Experiment 1, four diets having
      calorie-protein (C/P) ratios expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy
      per kilogram of diet per percent crude protein of 120, 139, 158, or 177 were
      used. Growth was decreased with ratios above 139. The C/P ratio had no
      significant effect on feed conversion, liver weight, liver fat, or FAS activity.
      In vivo lipogenesis and ACC activity were increased by C/P ratios above 120. Body
      fat increased with increasing C/P ratios, but only the C/P 177 diet produced
      significantly fatter chicks. In Experiment 2, four diets containing total fat
      2.0, 4.1, 6.3, or 8.6% at a constant C/P ratio of 139 were used. All fat levels
      above 2.0% improved growth and feed conversion. Fat levels had no effect on liver
      weight, liver fat, or body fat. In vivo lipogenesis and ACC and FAS activities
      decreased with increasing dietary fat. The data indicate that C/P ratio affects
      body fat by increasing lipogenic activity as the ratio is increased. Although
      dietary fat depressed lipogenesis, the depression appears to be offset by
      increased availability of fatty acids from the diet for deposition in adipose
      tissue. Hence, added dietary fat does not change body fat content.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011560
TI  - Some effects of photoperiod on the pituitary/thyroid axis of castrated cockerels.
AB  - Pituitary cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK)
      activity ratios of castrated cockerels on a short photoperiod are highest 2 weeks
      after testosterone removal in castrated birds and remain high through a 3rd week.
      Castrated cockerels on long photoperiods have a decline in cAMP-PK activity
      ratios after an elevation at 1 week following testosterone removal. This is
      interpreted to mean that the pituitaries of cockerels on short photoperiods are
      sensitive to testosterone inhibition but that this sensitivity disappears in long
      photoperiod-stimulated birds. Long daylengths also appear to enhance thyroid
      activity in castrated cockerels, although thyroid cAMP-PK activity ratios
      increase in the thyroid of all cockerels following the removal of testosterone
      (castration). These results suggest that testosterone has an inhibitory effect on
      both the pituitary and thyroid glands.

PMID- 4011561
TI  - Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in male and female chickens.
AB  - Hydroxyproline was measured in 24-hr urine samples at 60 and 120 days of age in
      male and female broiler chickens that were prepared by the "anus
      praeternaturalis" technique. Twenty-four-hour urine output did not differ between
      females and males (32.82 +/- 1.02 ml and 33.98 +/- .54 ml, average +/- SD,
      respectively), whereas 24-hr urinary hydroxyproline excretion was greater in
      females than in males after 60 days of age. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion
      tended to decrease with age in males and increase with age in females. Because
      most of the hydroxyproline is probably derived from bone collagen, the results
      suggest that there are differences between mineral exchange processes in female
      and male chickens.

PMID- 4011562
TI  - Volume, sperm concentration, and fertilizing capacity of turkey ejaculates
      obtained from successive cloacal strokes during semen collection.
AB  - Ejaculate fractions (EF), obtained as the ejaculate from each of four successive
      cloacal strokes (EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4, respectively), were collected manually
      by abdominal massage from Large White breeder turkeys. Semen volume and sperm
      concentration were the greatest for EF 1 and decreased with each successive
      fraction. Ejaculate Fraction 1 and EF (1 + 2) represented 50 and 79% of the total
      sperm collected, respectively. Approximately 6, 9, 10, and 11 hens could each be
      inseminated with 200 X 10(6) sperm from semen collected from each male using EF1,
      EF (1 + 2), EF (1 + 2 + 3), and EF (1 + 2 + 3 + 4), respectively. There were no
      differences in duration of fertility, percentage fertility, or percentage
      hatchability of eggs from hens inseminated with semen from EF1, EF3, and pooled
      control semen samples.

PMID- 4011563
TI  - In vivo and in vitro inhibition of human chorionic gonadotropin-induced
      testosterone production in rat testis by bursa of fabricius extract.
AB  - A bursa of Fabricius homogenate extract (BHE) was used to investigate the
      endocrine regulation function of this avian organ. In vivo and in vitro results
      indicated that BHE inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-induced
      testosterone production by rat testes. Leydig cells from collagenase-dispersed
      rat testes, when treated with BHE, showed a dose-response related depression of
      testosterone production under HCG stimulation. Young male rats, injected
      simultaneously with BHE and HCG, failed to show the marked testosterone
      production peak observed in rats injected with HCG only. However, in vivo
      treatments with BHE, in the absence of HCG stimulation, did not inhibit basal
      testosterone production. These results indicate that the bursa of Fabricius
      produces an endocrine regulation factor that inhibits HCG-induced testosterone
      production both in vivo and in vitro. Further investigation is necessary to
      isolate the active factor and determine its mechanism of action.

PMID- 4011564
TI  - Comparative effects of antifungal compounds on the nutritional value of diets
      containing moldy corn for broiler chicks.
AB  - Propionic acid (.3%), sorbic acid (.3%), and Agrosil (.6%) were equally effective
      in preventing the decrease in fat in diets containing moldy corn (the fat content
      of which was restored by soybean oil) during 25 days of storage and in completely
      maintaining the nutritional value of the diets as evaluated by chick performance.
      Lower levels of either sorbic acid (.05%) or Agrosil (.1 and .3%) were not
      effective. None of the fungistats were able to prevent the decrease in dietary
      fat after storage periods longer than 50 days, but this decrease was consistently
      and significantly (P less than .05) slower in the propionic acid-supplemented
      diet.

PMID- 4011565
TI  - The effect of pelleting the layer ration on egg size in early-housed brown-egg
      type layers.
AB  - Harco Sex-Link pullets (n = 360) were reared in cages and given a 15% protein
      grower ration. At 17 weeks of age, half the birds were transferred to laying
      cages and the photoperiod was increased to 13 hr for the first week and to 15 hr
      thereafter. The remaining birds were continued in the growing facility on 8 hr of
      light until 19 weeks when lights were increased to 13 hr daily. These birds were
      transferred to the laying cages at 20 weeks of age where they received 15 hr of
      light. At 2% production, all birds were fed a 17% protein layer diet in either a
      mash or pelleted form. Neither egg production nor feed efficiency was affected by
      age at housing or the physical form of the ration. Early-lighted pullets produced
      a greater percentage of small and medium-sized eggs. Egg size distribution was
      not affected by the physical form of the ration

PMID- 4011566
TI  - Avitaminosis K and the lack of heart lesions in poultry.
AB  - Poultry susceptibility to avitaminosis K-induced granulomatous endocardial
      lesions was studied in broiler and layer chicks. They were fed either a practical
      corn-soybean meal diet with and without added vitamin K (vit K), or a 61% raw
      sugar-isolated soybean protein diet (RS-IS) with no added vit K for 10 weeks.
      Heart lesions were not found in birds fed any of the experimental diets.
      Mortality, body weight gain, and prothrombin time did not differ significantly
      between birds fed the practical diet regardless of vit K supplementation. In
      contrast, the RS-IS diet significantly increased mortality, prothrombin time, and
      markedly decreased growth. Furthermore, more than a third of the birds fed the
      high sugar diet had subcutaneous edema, which resembled exudative diathesis.
      Compared with swine, poultry are apparently less susceptible to granulomatous
      endocardial lesions induced by a vit K deficiency.

PMID- 4011567
TI  - Family planning: the global challenge.

PMID- 4011568
TI  - Hormonal contraceptive methods.

PMID- 4011569
TI  - Post-coital contraception.

PMID- 4011570
TI  - Intra-uterine contraceptive devices.

PMID- 4011571
TI  - Barrier methods of contraception.

PMID- 4011572
TI  - Sterilisation.

PMID- 4011573
TI  - Psychosexual problems.

PMID- 4011574
TI  - Prescribing contraceptives for under-age girls--the doctor's legal position.

PMID- 4011575
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease and carcinoma.

PMID- 4011576
TI  - [Possibilities and limits of day clinic treatment in child and adolescent
      psychiatry].

PMID- 4011577
TI  - [Family dynamics and learning disorders].

PMID- 4011578
TI  - [Family therapy with divorce families: a review].

PMID- 4011579
TI  - [Premalignant changes in the mouth mucosa. Proposals for nomenclature by an
      international expert commission].

PMID- 4011580
TI  - [Changes of the central nervous system in scleroderma (progressive systemic
      sclerosis)].

PMID- 4011581
TI  - [Lipolytic liver tissue necrosis in pancreatitis].

PMID- 4011582
TI  - [Vaginal involvement in a case of bilharziasis].

PMID- 4011583
TI  - [Current aspects of disseminated hematogenic tuberculosis].

PMID- 4011584
TI  - [Various problems of diagnosis, clinical course and treatment of disseminated
      forms of pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4011585
TI  - [Transbronchial biopsy of the lungs in the diagnosis of disseminated processes].

PMID- 4011586
TI  - [Recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis among rural and urban populations].

PMID- 4011587
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of tuberculosis in adolescents].

PMID- 4011588
TI  - [Nature and dynamics of residual changes in the lungs of clinically cured
      tuberculosis patients working in the engineering industry].

PMID- 4011589
TI  - [Possibilities of reducing the hospital-stage chemotherapy of patients with fibro
      cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4011590
TI  - [Clinico-electrocardiographic characteristics of pericardial lesions in
      tuberculosis].

PMID- 4011592
TI  - [Various indicators of nonspecific body resistance in tuberculosis and chronic
      nonspecific lung diseases].

PMID- 4011591
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of diagnostic methods in spinal cord
      compression in patients with tuberculous spondylitis].

PMID- 4011593
TI  - [Results of treatment of patients with recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4011594
TI  - [Various aspects of antibacterial therapy of patients with coniotuberculosis].

PMID- 4011595
TI  - [Side effects of ethambutol in alcoholics with tuberculosis].

PMID- 4011597
TI  - [Functional rehabilitation and successful labor in a patient in the remote period
      after extensive resection of lung tissue].

PMID- 4011596
TI  - [Chylangioma simulating tuberculous peritonitis].

PMID- 4011599
TI  - Medical genetics: past, present, future. Inaugural statement.

PMID- 4011598
TI  - [Early detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in young persons].

PMID- 4011600
TI  - Medical genetics. Past, present, future.

PMID- 4011601
TI  - Maternal PKU.

PMID- 4011602
TI  - Role of chorion villi biopsy in prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.

PMID- 4011603
TI  - Diagnosis and studies of metabolic disorders using a multicomponent analytical
      system.

PMID- 4011604
TI  - New information on the effect of genes on the variation in birth weight.

PMID- 4011605
TI  - An approach to malformation syndromes.

PMID- 4011606
TI  - The study of heterogeneity and natural history--the importance of this type of
      research with chondrodystrophies as an example.

PMID- 4011607
TI  - Phenotypic deviations in heterozygotes of phenylketonuria (PKU).
AB  - There are reports in the literature that suggest slightly impaired average
      intellectual ability, slightly increased signs of brain irritability, and
      possibly, a slightly increased susceptibility to late-onset schizophrenia with
      depressive signs, reproductive anomalies, and varicose veins in heterozygotes for
      phenylketonuria (PKU). The possible significance of such results for our
      understanding of genetic liabilities for common disease, or of genetic
      variability influencing mental performance in the normal range is discussed.

PMID- 4011608
TI  - Computer algorithms for the detection of mutational events affecting the
      polypeptides visualized with 2-D polyacrylamide gels.

PMID- 4011609
TI  - The significance of genetic factors in psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 4011610
TI  - Ethical aspects of medical genetics. A proposal for guidelines in genetic
      counseling, prenatal diagnosis and screening.

PMID- 4011612
TI  - Vector research with the orbiviruses.

PMID- 4011611
TI  - Differential diagnosis and treatment of hyperphenylalaninaemia.

PMID- 4011613
TI  - The taxonomic complex, Culicoides variipennis.
AB  - The morphological and biological characteristics of the 5 subspecies of
      Culicoides variipennis as proposed by Wirth and Jones are reviewed in the light
      of research performed since 1957. Proposals have been made to recognize the
      eastern and western populations as distinct species; others prefer to consider
      the population as 1 species with extensive and complex variation resulting from
      the interplay of ecological and genetic factors. The authors recommend the use of
      the term "variipennis complex" rather than a haphazard selection of 1 of the 5
      names in reporting the results of research on this insect, until such time as the
      necessary biosystematic studies have been made to determine the genetic nature of
      the population structure over the entire geographic range of the species. If it
      is considered desirable to recognize the western form as a distinct entity,
      reasons are given for preference to the name sonorensis rather than occidentalis.
      The use of gas chromatography to study population differences in the makeup of
      cuticular paraffins is suggested as a promising new biochemical approach to the
      study of the genetic and physiological differences between populations of
      variipennis.

PMID- 4011614
TI  - Sampling bias and the problem of age and survivorship determination in
      Culicoides.

PMID- 4011615
TI  - Spatial distribution of immature Culicoides variipennis (Coq.).
AB  - Circadian fluctuation in the spatial distribution of immature Culicoides
      variipennis (Coq.) was studied in Saltville, Virginia, USA during the summer of
      1983. Pupae and early instar larvae (1st and 2nd) were localized above the
      shoreline in the top cm of mud and displayed little migration from this region
      during the 24 hr sampling period, however, later instar larvae (3rd and 4th)
      showed marked migration patterns. Most larval movement was horizontal rather than
      vertical and was confined to the top cm of mud. Late instar larvae moved towards
      the water during the day but migrated up above shoreline during the night.
      Seasonal fluctuation in larval spatial distribution was also studied. Larvae
      appeared to move progressively downward into the mud during the autumn. However,
      when the site became frozen the majority of larvae occupied a narrow liquid
      interface between the ice cover and the frozen mud beneath.

PMID- 4011616
TI  - Rearing Culicoides obsoletus (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) on agar cultures of
      nematodes.
AB  - Culicoides obsoletus midges were reared on a culture of nematodes in small Petri
      dishes on an agar-based medium. At 25 C pupae were formed from 12 to 71 days
      after the eggs hatched. The efficiency of the method was low but, if improved,
      could be useful for investigating relationships between members of the Avaritia
      subgenus. An unexplained feature was the almost total absence of females among
      these laboratory-reared midges.

PMID- 4011617
TI  - Molecular structure of bluetongue and related orbiviruses.

PMID- 4011618
TI  - An overview of Culicoides control.
AB  - Although most of the research on ceratopogonid control has been directed at these
      biting flies as human pests, sufficient information is available to indicate the
      value of certain techniques in the suppression or control of bluetongue (BT)
      through Culicoides control. In areas where there is a limited number of larval
      development sites, larviciding or sanitation can be practiced by individual
      farmers or ranchers or by a small group of contiguous landowners. Where larval
      sites are more numerous or where large areas and many landowners are involved,
      vector control would need to be coordinated by a central agent or agency and
      would have to be coupled with other techniques aimed at the host animals or the
      virus into a totally integrated system of disease management.

PMID- 4011619
TI  - Recent trends in veterinary vaccines.
AB  - Recent developments in the fields of molecular biology and immunology have made
      possible the synthesis of proteins and peptides that closely mimic antigenic
      sites. The potential for developing vaccines from this technology is reviewed.

PMID- 4011620
TI  - Competitive binding of quinidine, propranolol, and 4-OH-propranolol to human
      plasma very low-density (VLDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins.

PMID- 4011621
TI  - Analysis of Fickian and non-Fickian drug release from polymers.

PMID- 4011622
TI  - Formation of a complex between the analgesic, 6-benzoyl-benzoxazolidinone (CERM
      10194), and beta-cyclodextrin.

PMID- 4011623
TI  - Different mode of prednisolone within alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins in
      aqueous solution and in solid state.

PMID- 4011624
TI  - Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of unsaturated esters of 1,3
      dihydroxybutane.

PMID- 4011625
TI  - [Determination of the effect of formulation on the bioavailability of topical
      corticoids by non-contact reflectometry].

PMID- 4011626
TI  - [Adsorption of cationic amphiphilic drugs to antacids and adsorbents. 5. The
      desorption behavior of cationic amphiphilic drugs].

PMID- 4011628
TI  - [Droplet countercurrent chromatography and related methods].

PMID- 4011627
TI  - [Ayahuasca--liana of the spirits].

PMID- 4011629
TI  - [Stereoelectronic effects in organic and bio-organic chemistry. 2. Examples from
      bio-organic chemistry].

PMID- 4011630
TI  - Haloperidol and nonreinforcement produce different patterns of response slowing
      in a food reinforced runway task.
AB  - Rats were trained to traverse a runway for food reward and speeds were measured
      in the start, run and goal segments of the alley. After eight days of acquisition
      training, subjects were tested for four days under conditions of either
      extinction or haloperidol pretreatment. Although both haloperidol and extinction
      produced a suppression of the running response, the pattern of this suppression
      in the three alley segments was quite different for the two conditions.
      Haloperidol tended to be more effective than extinction in slowing start speeds
      but less effective than extinction in reducing run and goal speeds. This
      differential effect of haloperidol and extinction on speeds in different alley
      segments provides further evidence that haloperidol-induced impairments in
      performance cannot result entirely from a blunting of primary reinforcement.

PMID- 4011631
TI  - Comparison of anorexia and motor disruption by cyclazocine and quipazine.
AB  - The mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist cyclazocine and the 5-HT agonist quipazine
      disrupt food-rewarded fixed ratio-40 (FR-40) operant behavior in rats as a dose
      dependent decrease in the number of reinforcers obtained and a reciprocal
      increase in the number of 10-second intervals between responding ("pausing").
      This disruption has been shown to result in part from interaction with 5-HT
      neuronal systems, and may be a consequence of: (1) disruption of cognitive
      processes, (2) motivational impairment, or (3) motor deficits. To identify which
      of these components is (are) involved in the disruption of operant responding,
      female Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for food consumption, spontaneous
      locomotor activity, or rotarod performance following intraperitoneal injection of
      cyclazocine, quipazine, or both. Cyclazocine decreased food consumption at doses
      larger than those required to disrupt operant behavior, while quipazine decreased
      consumption at doses disruptive to operant responding. Little effect was exerted
      by either drug on spontaneous locomotor activity, while rotarod performance was
      disrupted only by very large doses of either drug relative to effects of FR-40
      behavior. These data indicate that neither drug appears to disrupt operant
      behavior by causing gross motor deficits. Thus, cyclazocine may disrupt operant
      responding by impairing cognition, while quipazine may act through food satiation
      mechanisms.

PMID- 4011632
TI  - Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on intrastriatal dopamine
      elicited postural deviation.
AB  - The effects of ovariectomy, sham ovariectomy, and estradiol benzoate replacement
      on unilateral intrastriatal dopamine-induced postural deviation were studied in
      rats. Animals were tested prior to surgery, and at both two and seven days after
      surgery. Relative to the pre-surgery test, ovariectomized rats greatly increased
      this behavioral response two days after surgery while sham ovariectomy resulted
      in no significant change. Estradiol benzoate treatment in ovariectomized animals
      not only prevented this increase but significantly suppressed it at both two and
      seven days after surgery relative to pre-surgery levels. Thus, removal of
      endogenous estrogen in female rats resulted in an acute increase in a striatal DA
      mediated behavior which could be prevented by hormone replacement. These results
      are consistent with the hypothesis that estrogen suppresses some striatal DA
      mediated behaviors.

PMID- 4011633
TI  - Continuous infusion of aldosterone: correlates of body weight gain.
AB  - Aldosterone stimulated body weight gain in adrenalectomized male rats across all
      but the highest of seven doses delivered by continuous infusion. Gains were
      especially strong in the latter part of the 12-day infusion period peaking at
      values twice those of adrenalectomized rats given only glucocorticoid replacement
      or sham infusions. The gains were not related to skeletal growth, and hematocrit
      and percent tissue water were only modestly and inversely related to weight gain
      (rs = -.24). In contrast, epididymal fat pad mass correlated strongly (r = .72),
      indicating that the gains were partly or wholly attributal to adipose tissue
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 4011634
TI  - Sensitivity changes to dopaminergic agents in fine motor control of rhesus
      monkeys after repeated methamphetamine administration.
AB  - Long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of repeated methamphetamine (MA)
      administration were investigated in rhesus monkeys trained to perform a fine
      motor task requiring control of exerted force for a specified time. Rhesus
      monkeys were trained to extend their arms into a tube to press a lever with a
      force between 25 and 40 g for 5 sec in order to receive 1.5 ml of water. The
      effects of intramuscular administration of MA, apomorphine (APO) and haloperidol
      (HAL) on responding were compared before and after a 2-week period of repeated MA
      administration. During this period, MA was given in 4 divided doses starting at a
      total daily dose of 4 mg/kg/day and increasing to 40 mg/kg/day. Tolerance to MA,
      increased sensitivity to HAL and no consistent sensitivity change to APO were
      observed when dose-response functions were redetermined starting 1 month after
      the repeated MA administration. One month after these determinations were
      completed, the brains of the monkeys were analyzed for changes in monoamines.
      Significant depletions of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and serotonin in the
      frontal cortex were seen. It is hypothesized that the sensitivity changes to the
      drugs on performance were related to the dopamine depletion.

PMID- 4011635
TI  - Effects of aniracetam on delayed matching-to-sample performance of monkeys and
      pigeons.
AB  - A 3-choice, variable-delay, matching-to-sample procedure was used to evaluate
      drugs in both pigeons and monkeys while tested under nearly-identical conditions.
      Aniracetam (Roche 13-5057) improved accuracy of matching at all retention
      intervals following oral administration (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) to macaque
      monkeys, with a maximal effect at 25 mg/kg. Aniracetam also antagonized
      scopolamine-induced impairment of the monkey's performance. Intramuscular
      administration of these same doses of aniracetam produced a similar, but not
      significant trend toward improved matching accuracy in pigeons.

PMID- 4011636
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced deficits in operant responding for temperature reinforcement.
AB  - The hypothesis that neuroleptic drugs interfere with operant behaviors by
      attenuating the rewarding properties of positive reinforcers, was examined in
      rats trained to lever-press for external heat in a cold environment. Unlike
      traditional reinforcers, such as food and water, reducing the reward magnitude of
      heat (by reducing the intensity or duration of the stimulus) results in
      compensatory increases in operant responding. Neuroleptic pretreatment (0.1, 0.2,
      0,4 mg/kg of alpha-flupenthixol) produced only dose-dependent decreases in
      responding thereby interfering with the animals' ability to behaviorally maintain
      their internal core temperature. In a temperature-gradient test paradigm
      (requiring less physical effort on the part of the subjects) alpha-flupenthixol
      did not alter the animals' preferred environmental temperature, nor did it
      disrupt behavioral thermoregulatory ability. These data suggest that at least
      part of the behavioral deficit observed during neuroleptic treatment is due to a
      disruption in the performance capabilities of the subjects.

PMID- 4011637
TI  - Synergism between caffeine and dl-phenylpropanolamine on brown adipose tissue
      thermogenesis in the adult rat.
AB  - Caffeine produces enhanced oxygen consumption, an effect that may reflect an
      action of caffeine on brown adipose thermogenesis. In Experiment 1, adult male
      rats were anesthetized with 1.2 g/kg urethane and treated (IP) with either 0.9%
      saline or 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg caffeine (n = 4 each group). Interscapular BAT
      (IBAT) and rectal temperatures were recorded every minute for 10 minutes prior to
      and 30 minutes following drug injection. Stable IBAT and rectal temperatures were
      observed prior to and after saline injection whereas rats treated with 20 and 40
      mg/kg caffeine exhibited moderate increases in IBAT, but not rectal, temperature.
      In Experiment 2, adult male rats were treated with either 0.9% saline or 10 mg/kg
      caffeine, anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg) and treated (30 minutes after
      pretreatment injections) with either 0.9% saline or 10 mg/kg dl
      phenylpropanolamine (dl-PPA). A combination of caffeine and dl-PPA produced
      significantly greater BAT thermogenesis than just dl-PPA alone. The implications
      of these data for the inclusion of caffeine in over-the-counter diet-pills are
      discussed.

PMID- 4011638
TI  - Effects of toluene, halothane and ethanol vapor on fixed-ratio performance in
      mice.
AB  - The behavioral effects of inhalation of the vapors of volatile compounds
      representative of different chemical groups were studied in mice under conditions
      where behavior and exposure concentrations could be concurrently monitored. The
      magnitude and time course of the effects of toluene, halothane and ethanol
      inhalation on fixed-ratio (FR) responding were compared. The subjects were
      trained to lever-press under a FR-100 schedule of water reinforcement. Daily
      operant sessions took place in the exposure chambers, and solvent exposures were
      conducted once a week. The test exposures lasted for 20 min, and the sessions
      continued until the subjects resumed baseline rates of responding to give a
      measure of recovery. All solvents produced concentration-dependent response rate
      decreases, and only halothane showed any evidence of response rate increases at
      low concentrations. Halothane quickly produced maximal response rate-decreasing
      effects and recovery was rapid, while the effects of toluene became progressively
      greater during the exposure and recovery was prolonged. Ethanol displayed the
      most rapid onset and recovery of effects. Thus, these solvents produced somewhat
      similar effects on FR responding but displayed potency and time course
      differences.

PMID- 4011639
TI  - Stress produces opioid-like effects on investigatory behavior.
AB  - Stimulation of opioid systems with opiate agonists produce characteristic
      alterations in the investigatory behavior exhibited by rats in a novel
      environment. As numerous reports now indicate that opioid systems can be
      activated by exposure to stress, the following study examined whether exposure to
      stressors could produce opiate-like alterations of investigatory behavior. Naive
      rats were exposed to one of three stressors (restraint, tailpinch pressure, high
      intensity white noise) or to control procedures, and were observed in a novel
      environment. The frequency and duration of a wide range of behavioral activities
      were recorded. All three stressors were found to produce morphine-like
      alterations of investigatory behavior. The average time an animal spent per
      contact with stimuli in the environment was decreased significantly by stress,
      with greater reductions being associated with locomotor hypoactivity. The stress
      induced reductions of investigatory behavior were blocked by very low doses of
      the opiate antagonist naloxone (0.1-0.25 mg/kg). These results are consistent
      with an activation of opioid systems underlying some of the changes in
      investigatory behavior produced by exposure to stress.

PMID- 4011640
TI  - Acute alcohol intoxication and body composition in women and men.
AB  - The present study was a direct experimental comparison of administering
      equivalent alcohol doses based on body weight and estimated total body water to
      12 women and 12 men. Each subject participated in two experimental sessions
      separated by at least three days. Two doses of 95% ethanol were administered in a
      randomized, counterbalanced order: 0.66 ml/kg of body weight, and 1.2 ml/l of
      total body water. Women were tested during the midfollicular phase of their
      menstrual cycle when plasma concentrations of estrogen and progesterone have been
      found to be lower than other phases of the cycle. When given doses equated for
      body weight, women reached significantly higher peak blood alcohol concentrations
      than men. No sex differences were found when equivalent doses based on total body
      water were administered. This differential effect of dose determination was not
      reflected in self-reported levels of alcohol intoxication. The anthropometric
      equations used to estimate total body water provided a practical, reliable method
      for equating alcohol doses.

PMID- 4011641
TI  - Effects of clonidine and yohimbine on the social play of juvenile rats.
AB  - The social play of juvenile rats was observed following administration of either
      the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 50
      micrograms/kg) or antagonist yohimbine (0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg). Using pins (one
      animal on its back with the other on top) as the dependent measure, we found that
      clonidine reliably reduced the amount of play at all but the lowest dose tested,
      while yohimbine had no effect at any but the highest dose. In addition, we tested
      a clonidine-yohimbine interaction to assess neurospecificity of the results.
      While yohimbine alone (0.5 mg/kg) had no effect on play, it partially reversed
      the clonidine-induced suppression, indicating that the effect may be mediated to
      some degree through an alpha-2-adrenergic mechanism.

PMID- 4011642
TI  - p-Chloroamphetamine: effect on sleep and respiration in the rat.
AB  - Rats, fitted with chronic EEG and EMG electrodes and a thoracic pneumograph, were
      monitored electrophysiologically for three successive days before and after an IP
      injection of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) (2 mg/kg). During the 12 hours post PCA
      treatment, sleep onset was delayed, the percentage of Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
      sleep was decreased and the breathing rate during both the Non-REM (NREM) and REM
      sleep states was reduced. By 24 and 48 hours after the PCA injection, the sleep
      pattern and NREM respiratory rate had returned to control values; however,
      respiratory rate during REM sleep still tended to be decreased. The results
      suggest that PCA, at this dose, is capable of inducing insomnia and reducing REM
      sleep acutely without chronically altering the sleep pattern. The data also
      suggest that respiratory rate during sleep may decrease following PCA treatment.

PMID- 4011643
TI  - Cholecystokinin and bombesin suppress operant responding for food reward.
AB  - The effects of intraperitoneal injections of cholecystokinin (CCK) and bombesin
      (BBS) on food-rewarded operant responding were investigated. Response rates were
      significantly suppressed following administrations of CCK (0.7, 1.4, and 2.9
      micrograms/kg). The effects appeared to be dose dependent. Responding was also
      suppressed following injections of BBS (6 and 16 micrograms/kg). These results
      confirm and extend previous findings concerning the possible function of these
      peptides.

PMID- 4011645
TI  - Relationships between hypocalcaemic and anorectic effect of calcitonin in the
      rat.
AB  - Salmon calcitonin (sCT, 2 and 20 U/kg), porcine calcitonin (pCT, 20 and 40 U/kg)
      and human calcitonin (hCT, 20 and 40 U/kg) were injected subcutaneously to rats
      trained to eat their food during two hours each day. Food intake and serum Ca++
      concentrations were determined at the end of 2h-feeding period. A long lasting
      anorectic effect was observed for 20 U/kg of sCT with a parallelism between
      hypocalcaemia and anorexia in the first 8 hours after treatment; on the contrary,
      rats continued to eat less than controls in the following hours when their serum
      Ca++ concentrations had risen to normal or even higher levels. As regards pCT and
      hCT, it was shown that these peptides reduced significantly meal size only for 1
      2 hours when serum Ca++ levels were at their lowest levels for these peptides.

PMID- 4011644
TI  - Effects of chronically administered nicotine and saline on motor activity in
      rats.
AB  - This study investigated the differential effects of chronically administered
      nicotine and saline on motor activity in the rat. Nicotine was administered via a
      subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump to effect an 8 hour off, 16 hour on,
      flow. Subjects were 48 male and 48 female albino rats, each about 165 days old.
      Activity was monitored every hour for 192 consecutive hours. Results indicated
      that the female animals were more active than the males, and that animals
      receiving nicotine were significantly more active on the first two days of drug
      administration than control animals; however, by the fourth day there were no
      significant differences between the activity levels of animals that received
      nicotine and those of control animals.

PMID- 4011646
TI  - Beneficial effects of a neutral protease inhibitor in traumatic shock.
AB  - Eglin C is a polypeptide inhibitor of the neutral proteases elastase and
      cathepsin G. We have investigated its action in traumatic shock in rats. Eglin C
      (2 mg/kg) given following trauma prolonged survival time from 2.3 +/- 0.5 h to
      3.6 +/- 0.4 h (p less than 0.05) in traumatized rats. Although eglin C treatment
      had no significant effect on the increase in plasma cathepsin D activity, eglin C
      administration significantly blunted plasma myocardial depressant factor (MDF)
      accumulation, 54 +/- 3 vs 79 +/- 8 U/ml (p less than 0.02). Our findings indicate
      a potential role for neutral proteases in toxic factor formation.

PMID- 4011647
TI  - Influence of acute ethanol administration on hepatic glutathione peroxidase and
      glutathione transferase activities in the rat.
AB  - Acute ethanol administration to rats fasted overnight resulted in increased lipid
      peroxide levels and decreased glutathione content in the liver. In this
      condition, hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity remained unchanged, whereas
      glutathione transferase activity was decreased.

PMID- 4011648
TI  - The hypotensive effect of intracarotid injections of adenosine triphosphate
      depends on its hydrolysis to adenosine.
AB  - The effects of intra-carotid injections of adenosine, adenosine triphosphate
      (ATP) and alpha-beta-methylene ATP were studied on arterial blood pressure of
      anaesthetized cats. Adenosine and ATP decreased arterial blood pressure, whilst
      the ATP stable analogue, alpha-beta-methylene ATP caused a dose-dependent
      increase in arterial blood pressure. These results suggest that the hypotensive
      action of ATP might depend on its previous hydrolysis into adenosine.

PMID- 4011649
TI  - Possible involvement of central adrenergic and histaminergic systems in clonidine
      induced inhibition of pinna reflex.
AB  - Clonidine produced dose-dependent inhibition of pinna reflex in rats, the ED50
      being 1.20 +/- 0.28 mg/kg. The effect of agents affecting adrenergic,
      tryptaminergic and histaminergic systems were evaluated on clonidine-induced
      inhibition of pinna reflex. All these agents had no effect on pinna reflex.
      Phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, prazosin, propranolol, haloperidol,
      cyproheptadine and mepyramine did not affect significantly the action of
      clonidine. However, reserpine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, alpha-methyldopa,
      diethyldithiocarbamate, 6-hydroxydopamine, yohimbine and cimetidine significantly
      blocked clonidine-induced inhibition of pinna reflex, indicating the involvement
      of central adrenergic-histaminergic systems.

PMID- 4011650
TI  - Effect of clonidine on stress-induced cortisol release in man during surgery.
AB  - The effect of clonidine on stress-induced cortisol secretion was studied in 10
      patients undergoing general anesthesia for surgery; six other patients served as
      a control group and none of them was given clonidine. Central and peripheral
      alpha 2 stimulation by clonidine (average dose:0.45 mg over 60 minutes) was able
      to completely suppress cortisol release during surgery.

PMID- 4011651
TI  - Sulphinpyrazone dose schedule in hyperuricemic patients with cardiovascular
      diseases: tolerability assessment.
AB  - Renal tolerability of four different dose schedule of sulphinpyrazone (S) was
      evaluated in a bi-centre, 2-week long open study performed in fifty-six
      cardiovascular patients of both sexes (47 males, 9 females; mean age 64 yrs) at
      different risk as regards serum uric acid levels. Each patient was allocated,
      according to his/her baseline values of serum uric acid or serum creatinine to
      four different sulphinpyrazone incremental dosage schedules. Renal function and
      other biochemical assessments (liver function; blood lipids; blood glucose) were
      assessed at the entry, after the 1st and the 2nd week. Reported signs and
      symptoms were collected at the 1st and the 2nd week, too. Renal function did not
      show any statistically and clinically significant impairment during the whole
      trial. General tolerability, both objective and subjective was particularly good.
      Only one patient was withdrawn because of reasons unrelated to the ongoing
      treatment. Sulphinpyrazone can be safely administered also in patients at risk as
      regards uric acid levels if the proposed therapeutic program is adopted.

PMID- 4011652
TI  - Development of tolerance to the effect of dermorphin on gastric emptying in the
      rat.
AB  - The development of tolerance to the effect of dermorphin on gastric emptying
      (G.E.) induced by repeated subcutaneous (s.c.), intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)
      injections or by i.c.v. infusion of this peptide, was studied in rats. Dermorphin
      produced a delay in G.E. when it was injected i.c.v. or s.c., but when for 5 days
      rats were injected twice daily with the same dose of peptide, the acute i.c.v.
      injection of dermorphin no longer produced a significant delay in G.E.
      demonstrating an establishment of tolerance to this effect. However, 10 days were
      necessary to establish tolerance to s.c. injection of the peptide. When
      dermorphin was i.c.v. infused by a minipump, tolerance to delay of G.E. was
      inversely proportional to infusion time and it took 2 days to establish tolerance
      to this peripheral effect. These data suggest the possibility that different
      development mechanisms: of dermorphin-induced tolerance seem to exists for
      gastrointestinal responses as compared to other effects of dermorphin, analgesia
      and catalepsy.

PMID- 4011653
TI  - The effect of morphine on monoamine release and content in guinea-pig brain
      slices.
AB  - The effect of morphine on the efflux of (3H) monoamines as well as the endogenous
      monoamine contents in electrically stimulated brain slices was investigated. Only
      at a concentration at high as 30 microM did the drug reduce the tritium efflux
      and counteracted the monoamine depletion caused by prolonged electrical
      stimulation. This effect was antagonized by Naloxone 10 microM. Besides the good
      agreement between the two methods used to evaluate drug effects the discrepancy
      between morphine concentrations active on the neurosecretory process and those
      effective in the whole animal is stressed. The opioids may act in vivo either by
      modulating the firing rate of the monaminergic neurons or by affecting other
      related neuronal pools.

PMID- 4011654
TI  - Effects of morphine and their antagonism by dexamethasone on body temperature in
      restrained and unrestrained guinea-pigs.
AB  - Morphine (M) was administered in different doses intraperitoneally (i.p.) or 50
      micrograms intraventriculary (i.c.v.) to restrained and unrestrained guinea-pigs.
      The systemic administration of M induces a fall in body temperature which is more
      evident in restrained than in unrestrained guinea-pig. The intraventriculary
      administration of M produces a fall in body temperature in unrestrained animals,
      however no significant hypothermic effect was observed in restrained guinea-pig.
      Dexamethasone antagonized the hypothermic effect observed after the highest dose
      of M given i.p. The hypothermia observed after the highest dose of M was
      antagonized by naloxone in all conditions. These findings reemphasize the
      importance of restraint in determinating the action of M on body temperature and
      suggest that this effect probably results from stress-related hormone release
      from the anterior pituitary.

PMID- 4011655
TI  - Novel carbostyril anchored heterocycles.
AB  - The behaviour of 3-acetylcarbostyril derivative 1, towards the Mannich reaction
      and the reactivity of the products formed in their reactions with aniline,
      phenylhydrazine and benzenesulphonyl chloride were studied. Furthermore, the
      reaction of 1 with thioglycolic acid was also investigated.

PMID- 4011656
TI  - [Estimation of partition coefficients using membrane electrodes].
AB  - The applicability of liquid membrane electrodes for estimation of partition
      coefficients is demonstrated. The correlation of selectivity coefficients of
      electrodes based on tricaprylmethylammonium-ion pairs with the octanol/water
      partition coefficients is demonstrated for several barbiturates. It is
      statistically significant and allows a simple estimation of partition
      coefficients.

PMID- 4011657
TI  - [The chemical composition of "zymosans" from yeasts].
AB  - The chemical composition of "Zymosanes" (complex cell-wall-polysaccharides),
      prepared by different methods from Baker's yeast, were analyzed by classical and
      modern techniques, e.g. GLC and TLC. They are very complex natural products
      consisting of a basic structure of polysaccharides, which proteins and different
      lipids are bound to. Higher purified zymosanes seem to be free from nucleic acids
      and do not contain sialic acid.

PMID- 4011658
TI  - [The pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the intermittent treatment of patients
      with pulmonary tuberculosis. 1. Excretion of rifampicin in the urine].
AB  - With a rifampicin (RMP) range of 600 to 1800 mg, 12.5% of the administered dose
      are on an average secreted in urine. In spite of this minimal portion the course
      of pharmacokinetic processes can distinctly be learned from its alterations.
      Analyses in 84 patients revealed that the age will influence the induction and
      the sex-specific differences of the pharmacokinetics. Compared to male subjects,
      an increased RMP secretion in urine can be recorded in young female subjects,
      whereas in older male ones an induction-reduced RMP elimination in urine becomes
      more obviously. Considering these multiform processes, the determination of the
      bioavailability of RMP preparations by means of the RMP secretion in urine is
      taken to be manipulatable and uncertainly. More evident results can be gained by
      the determination of the RMP concentration in serum or by the calculation of the
      AUC.

PMID- 4011659
TI  - [Comparative study of the relative bioavailabilities of two prazosin preparations
      in patients with essential hypertension].
AB  - The relative bioavailability of two different Prazosine preparations (Adversuten,
      VEB Arzneimittelwerk Dresden, GDR and Minipress, Pfizer GmbH, Karlsruhe, FRG) has
      been determined in 10 patients suffering from an essential hypertension by the
      cross-over test following a single oral application. The plasma concentrations
      determined on the same conditions revealed with both the preparations an almost
      equal blood level course. The pharmacokinetic parameters had been determined to
      the one-compartment system, demonstrating not any significant differences.
      Compared to the Minipress, the relative bioavailability of the preparation
      Adversuten was calculated to 102%. The discussion enters into a possible
      influence on the distribution parameters by alterations of the kidney function.

PMID- 4011660
TI  - [The pharmacokinetics of cephalothin following single and repeated administration
      in man].
AB  - The repeated administration of substances, which are mainly excreted by tubular
      secretion, can cause an increase of its own elimination. Because cephalothin is
      tubularly transported, it was of interest to prove, whether or not the repeated
      administration of therapeutic doses for 5 d produces an increases of renal
      elimination. Pharmacokinetic parameters show only small differences between the
      single and repeated dosing, caused by changes of volume of distribution. No
      stimulation of the carrier transport system was found. On the contrary, the renal
      elimination was reduced slightly after therapy for 5 d. Our results show that the
      present dosage recommendations are valid also for repeated administrations.

PMID- 4011661
TI  - [Circadian rhythm of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid and 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the urine].
AB  - The excretion of the catecholamine-metabolites 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid
      and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid shows circadian variation. In applying
      the cosinoranalysis, we tested the normal process of the variation over 3 d and
      found partly significant circadian rhythms of the excretions with the maxima
      occurring in the second part of the day to the evening hours and the minima
      occurring at night. By prescribing the course of the day (fixed time of food
      intake as well as of sleeping) effects of synchronisation could be found from d 1
      to 3. The possible importance of these circadian oscillations for an early or
      differential diagnosis and the question of the reduction and optimization of the
      time necessary for collecting urine are discussed.

PMID- 4011662
TI  - Newer dopamine quinazolones as anti-parkinsonian agents.

PMID- 4011663
TI  - Simple radiochemical procedure for quantitative and selective determination of
      carbisocaine in biological material.

PMID- 4011664
TI  - [Improvement of the dissolution behavior of problem drugs. 4. Differential
      thermal analysis of iomeglamic acid-succinic acid embedding].

PMID- 4011665
TI  - [The anticonvulsant action of propranolol in pentylenetetrazole-induced
      convulsions].

PMID- 4011666
TI  - [Acute toxicity of quaternary ammonium compounds].

PMID- 4011667
TI  - [The pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the intermittent treatment of patients
      with pulmonary tuberculosis. 2. The effect of rifampicin on the course of therapy
      for mycobacteriosis and non-tubercular infectious diseases].

PMID- 4011669
TI  - Effects of hypoventilation on the cardiovascular responses of rats to adrenaline
      and acetylcholine.
AB  - Blood pressure and pulse rate in response to administered adrenaline and
      acetylcholine during hypoventilation were studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats.
      Hypoventilation was induced by decreasing the stroke volume of artificial
      ventilation from 1 ml/100 g to 0.3 ml/100 g. There was a significant rise in
      pulse rate accompanied by minimal changes in blood pressure during
      hypoventilation. The blood pressure and pulse rate in response to adrenaline were
      significantly reduced. The depressant effect of acetylcholine on pulse rate was
      intensified, but that on blood pressure was not significantly affected. These
      findings suggest that the compensatory cardiovascular reflexes may be impaired
      during hypoventilation.

PMID- 4011668
TI  - Alteration of the rat exocrine pancreas after chronic scopolamine administration.
AB  - N-Methyl scopolamine (NMS) 25 mg kg-1 was given to rats for 14 days as a single
      daily intraperitoneal injection or by constant infusion through osmotic minipumps
      placed in the abdominal cavity. The anticholinergic drug reduced significantly
      body and pancreatic weights, and total pancreatic DNA contents, an indication of
      tissue growth inhibition. Total enzyme and protein contents were however
      significantly increased with the drug infusion more efficiently than by the daily
      injection. It is suggested that pancreatic hypertrophy observed after NMS
      treatment can be ascribed partially to inhibition of enzyme release elicited by
      blocking the enteropancreatic reflex causing over a long period enzyme
      accumulation in the gland. In conclusion, chronic anticholinergic treatment
      resulted in pancreatic aplasia and hypertrophy and could serve as a good model to
      study muscarinic receptor modulation in the pancreas.

PMID- 4011670
TI  - How does the patient prefer his lithium treatment?

PMID- 4011671
TI  - Femoxetine and eye function. A study of possible anticholinergic side effects.
AB  - A pilot study of the possible anticholinergic side effects of femoxetine
      comprised eight depressive patients (age 42-65), followed up for a month, and
      five healthy volunteers (age 26-39), who received medication for a week. As
      judged primarily from ophthalmic parameters (accomodation, lacrimation, pupil
      size, intraocular pressure, exe motility, visual acuity and visual fields, slit
      lamp examination and ophthalmoscopy), there was no indication of anticholinergic
      side effects of the drug. According to Schirmer-1-test (tear wetting), the rather
      dry eyes of depressive patients even improved somewhat during medication.

PMID- 4011672
TI  - Double-blind comparison of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate
      effectiveness, side-effects, dosage and serum levels during a six months'
      treatment for relapse prevention.
AB  - In this present study 31 schizophrenic patients were treated for six months for
      relapse prevention under double-blind conditions with either haloperidol
      decanoate (22) or fluphenazine decanoate (9). In respect of the prophylactic
      action, both depot neuroleptics proved to be equal during the comparatively short
      period of observation. In both groups a psychotic relapse occurred that could not
      be managed by increasing the depot dosage. No side-effects worth mentioning
      appeared in either group of patients; patients under haloperidol decanoate,
      however, only required half the quantity of anti-parkinson medication as compared
      with patients treated with fluphenazine decanoate, and also displayed
      extrapyramidal motor symptoms (EPMS) to a lesser degree. Patients received a mean
      monthly injection of 80 mg of Haloperidol, reaching steady-state serum levels of
      about 3 ng/ml in the third injection interval. Fluphenazine serum levels known so
      far for seven patients amount to 0.8 ng/ml after fluphenazine injections of 21 mg
      every 14 days.

PMID- 4011673
TI  - The lateralization of occipital alpha-power under resting conditions in the EEG
      of healthy volunteers. A state- and a trait-variable.
AB  - Using a structural analysis of lateralization of occipital alpha-power in 20
      healthy volunteers under resting conditions, a clear vigilance-dependence could
      be shown for the great majority. In contrast the state of four subjects showed
      almost no dependence on vigilance. Additional findings according to which these
      two subgroups also differ in a characteristic manner with regard to various other
      aspects, especially occipital alpha-quantity and vigilance dynamics, point to a
      maturational dimension.

PMID- 4011674
TI  - Serum and cerebrospinal fluid prolactin patterns during neuroleptic treatment in
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Serum and CSF prolactin (PRL) concentrations were determined during eight weeks
      of fluphenazine medication in 28 patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia.
      In both sexes a good correlation between the serum and CSF PRL values was found
      (r = 0.57, p less than 0.01). Throughout the entire study, first admission (FA)
      patients had significantly higher levels of serum and CSF PRL than the re-entry
      (RE) schizophrenics (0.05 greater than p less than 0.001). In addition, in FA
      patients, a gradual increase of the serum and CSF PRL concentrations was
      observed, whereas in the RE group an adaptive secretion pattern of PRL could be
      detected. In both patient groups, female patients exhibited significantly higher
      PRL serum and CSF levels than the male patients (0.05 greater than p less than
      0.001). The tolerance phenomenon in the RE groups was more marked in the female
      than in the male patients. No correlation between clinical outcome and PRL
      response to fluphenazine treatment was observed. The prognostic significance of
      the differences in the PRL secretion pattern is discussed.

PMID- 4011675
TI  - Coherent-Compton scattering for the assessment of bone mineral content using
      heavily filtered x-ray beams.
AB  - The feasibility of using heavily filtered x-ray beams to assess trabecular bone
      mineral content has been investigated by measuring the ratio of coherent to
      incoherent scattered x-rays with a high purity Ge detector. The technique uses
      the strong dependence of coherent scattering on the effective atomic number of
      the scattering medium. With an x-ray beam filtered with a high-atomic-number
      filter, a spectrum characterised by a sharp discontinuity at the K-absorption
      edge is produced. Analysis of the spectral shape after scattering allows the
      coherent to Compton scattering ratio to be obtained. Theoretical and experimental
      results from phantom studies are presented and a comparison made between the
      results obtained with x-ray beams and radionuclide sources respectively. The
      influence of overlying tissue thickness on the sensitivity of the measurements is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 4011676
TI  - Analysis of human lung morphometric data for stochastic aerosol deposition
      calculations.
AB  - A stochastic lung model is proposed for aerosol deposition calculations. Airway
      geometry is selected randomly to reflect intrasubject variations in the human
      airway system. This may also be adjusted to take intersubject variations into
      account. The statistical analysis of the human airway geometry used is based on
      morphometric data measured at the Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research
      Institute. Average values and distributions of airway diameters and lengths,
      distributions of branching angles and criteria for termination of the pathway
      (when the alveolar region is reached) are presented. Correlations between the
      cross sections of tubes of succeeding generations and those between diameters and
      lengths of the same generation are also given.

PMID- 4011677
TI  - Transient heat clearance method for regional blood flow measurements.
AB  - A method for assessing regional blood flow by transient heat clearance is
      described. A probe at room temperature is attached to the tissue which is to be
      investigated and the temperature of the probe is thereby decreased. The time
      constants which describe the increases in tissue temperature as the temperature
      approaches equilibrium temperature are related to blood flow. Regional blood flow
      can be determined by the method of transient heat clearance without calibration.

PMID- 4011678
TI  - Optical properties of the sclera.
AB  - A relationship between the structure of the sclera and its light scattering
      properties is proposed. The relative optical density as a function of wavelength
      in the infrared was measured for three sclera and a good correlation with the
      predicted function was found. The angular distribution of the scattered light at
      632.8 nm as well as the degree of polarisation of the scattered light at zero
      angle was measured for three sclera; from these results the total transmission of
      the sclera was determined.

PMID- 4011679
TI  - Effects of vapocoolants on passive hip flexion in healthy subjects.
AB  - Vapocoolants have been documented clinically to increase range of motion limited
      by pain, but only one research study has been undertaken to investigate these
      observations. The purposes of this study were twofold: to replicate one existing
      quantitative study on Fluori-Methane Spray and to examine the effects of other
      brief, cold stimuli (ethyl chloride and isopropyl alcohol) to increase passive
      hip flexion in healthy adults. Three experimental groups and a control group were
      used; each subject served as his own control. Pretest and posttest measurements
      of passive hip flexion were measured in a gravity-minimized position. A specially
      designed table to ensure trunk stabilization was used. Brief, cold stimuli
      applied to the posterior region of the thigh were found ineffective in increasing
      passive hip flexion in healthy adults. The rationale for the findings is
      described in terms of the effects of brief, cold stimuli on a quiescent CNS as
      opposed to a CNS demonstrating heightened excitability in the pain-spasm-pain
      cycle.

PMID- 4011680
TI  - Selective criteria for successful long-term prosthetic use.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify criteria contributing to successful
      long-term prosthetic use in patients with an amputation secondary to vascular
      disease. All elderly patients with a unilateral below-knee amputation or an above
      knee amputation, secondary to vascular disease, seen in our clinic between 1977
      and 1982 were included in this telephone survey. Of those contacted, 37 of 38
      below-knee amputees (BKAs) and 7 of 18 above-knee amputees (AKAs) still wore
      their prostheses at least part of every day (success). We used a two-tailed chi
      square to compare the success of the BKAs with the success of the AKAs. The BKAs
      were successful more often (X2 = 24.81, df = 1, p less than .001). All AKAs also
      were characterized according to age, time from prescription, obesity, ambulatory
      status, strength, range of motion, sex, general compliance, and medical problems
      after prosthetic prescription. Of these criteria, only compliance and medical
      problems after prescription showed a significant difference between successful
      and nonsuccessful long-term AKA prosthetic users (X2 = 5.76, df = 1, p less than
      .05 for each criterion). As the demands of quality assurance and diagnostic
      related groupings increase, these results can assist the physical therapy
      clinician in setting realistic goals for the geriatric amputee and help predict
      if the patient will be a successful prosthetic user.

PMID- 4011681
TI  - Electromyography results of exercise overflow in hemiplegic patients.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise overflow in
      hemiplegic patients. Eleven subjects with a diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident
      (CVA) performed active exercises with their uninvolved extremities while their
      involved extremities were monitored with EMG. The muscles monitored were the
      biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris. Active exercise of the
      comparable uninvolved muscles was performed under three different weight lifting
      conditions: 1) maximal weight, 2) 50% of the maximal weight, and 3) no weight.
      Significant (p less than .05) overflow to the involved nonexercised extremities
      was found in all of the exercise conditions. Overflow was frequently found in all
      three muscle groups when only one muscle group was being exercised. Overflow
      always occurred in the contralateral homologous muscle. Exercise overflow appears
      to be an effective therapeutic technique to facilitate muscle activity in paretic
      muscles. This muscle activity may cause desired or undesired muscular effects
      during therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with CVAs.

PMID- 4011682
TI  - Perceived role responsibilities of physical therapists and adapted physical
      educators in the public school setting.
AB  - Right to Education legislation has brought physical therapists and adapted
      physical educators together in the public school setting to serve the child with
      special needs. Investigation of the role responsibilities of these professionals
      would facilitate not only communication between the groups, but also
      understanding of their functions by other school personnel and administrators. We
      analyzed questionnaires returned by 79 physical therapists and 30 adapted
      physical educators to determine areas of uniqueness or similarity in 18
      identified role responsibilities performed by these two groups. Each subject
      rated the appropriateness of each role to physical therapists and to adapted
      physical educators. On 10 of the 18 items, a statistically significant
      interaction indicated disagreement with regard to the relative contributions of
      the two professions. On the other 8 items, the two groups agreed that the role
      responsibility tends to belong to one profession or agreed that either profession
      could assume the responsibility. These data should provide information to help
      further delineate the role definitions for each of these professionals. In
      addition, the most efficient use of available resources may be used to meet the
      educational needs of these children.

PMID- 4011683
TI  - Knee extension torque during repeated knee extension-flexion reversals and
      separated knee extension-flexion dyads.
AB  - I measured the knee extension torque, produced by eight hemiparetic patients
      during repeated knee extension-flexion reversals and during separated knee
      extension-flexion dyads, to determine the effect of "reversal of antagonists" on
      knee extension torque. The hemiparesis in these eight patients was secondary to
      intracranial lesions. I tested their involved lower extremity on an isokinetic
      dynamometer at 60 degrees/sec. Using a sequential medical-trials design, I found
      knee extension torque to be significantly greater during repeated knee extension
      flexion reversals than during separated knee extension-flexion dyads (p less than
      .05). I, therefore, concluded that reversal of antagonists may facilitate knee
      extension torque production in the type of patients tested, under the specific
      conditions of their testing.

PMID- 4011684
TI  - Rate and range of knee motion during ambulation in healthy and arthritic
      subjects.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between gait velocity
      and rate and range of knee motion, during ambulation, for healthy and arthritic
      subjects. The arthritic subjects had either rheumatoid arthritis or
      osteoarthritis, and all were tested before and after total knee replacement.
      Healthy subjects ambulated at an average velocity of 80 m/min and demonstrated
      knee flexion and extension rates of 344 degrees/sec and a range of knee motion of
      60 degrees. Gait velocity correlated with rates of knee flexion and extension and
      range of knee motion. Arthritic subjects ambulated at velocities less than those
      of healthy subjects ambulating at free speed. Arthritic subjects accordingly
      demonstrated reduced knee flexion and extension rates and range of knee motion.
      When compared with healthy subjects ambulating over a comparable gait-velocity
      range, the arthritic subjects demonstrated reduced rates and range of motion in
      most instances. We discuss implications for therapeutic intervention to increase
      gait velocity for arthritic subjects.

PMID- 4011686
TI  - Identifying problems in clinical problem solving. Perceptions and interventions
      with nonproblem-solving clinical behaviors.
AB  - Students and practicing physical therapists are expected to be clinical problem
      solvers. The absence of clinical problem solving may result in decreased
      individuality of patient services. The purpose of this article is to assist
      clinical supervisors in identifying specific difficulties in clinical problem
      solving and to clarify confusions in the supervisor's perception of the problem
      solving behaviors of students and therapists. I present a model by comparing the
      behaviors of the problem solver with the behaviors of the nonproblem solver at
      each step in the problem-solving process and then discuss sources of confusion in
      the perception of problem solving. I provide examples and suggest applications of
      the model for improving clinical problem-solving abilities.

PMID- 4011685
TI  - Psychobiological adaptation model for physical therapy practice.
AB  - This article describes the Psychobiological Adaptation Model for the practice of
      physical therapy. The focus of the model is optimal treatment outcome. Treatment
      outcome is a function of both psychobiological factors associated with the
      patient and clinical professional factors associated with the therapist. A second
      order of factors exerts its effect on treatment outcome indirectly. Psychosocial
      factors influence the psychobiological factors relating to the patient. Education
      and research professional factors influence the clinical professional factors and
      the quality of the clinical skills provided by the therapist. Unlike some other
      health professions, physical therapy does not have a well-developed conceptual
      model of practice. This discussion of the advantages of a model of practice
      focuses on the development of an integrated, programmatic approach to the
      advancement of physical therapy in the following three areas: service, education,
      and research.

PMID- 4011687
TI  - Modified essay question.
AB  - This article examines the reliability and validity of the modified essay
      question. An 18-item modified essay question was developed and pretested on a
      group of clinical experts. After the pretest, the modified essay question was
      administered to a group of 25 physical therapy students immediately before their
      second level orthopedic placement. A reliability index of .39 (coefficient alpha)
      was calculated for the test. In addition, measures of validity were obtained by
      correlating the modified essay question scores with multiple-choice question
      scores and the students' in-clinic reasoning scores. The results suggest that the
      reliability coefficient found in this study is comparable to the medical
      literature. Also, the results showed that the modified essay question
      demonstrated a greater correlation with the in-clinic clinical reasoning score
      compared with the parallel content multiple-choice examination. Furthermore,
      preliminary evidence suggests that the modified essay question may be a useful
      paper and pencil tool in evaluating clinical reasoning. Finally, several
      shortcomings of this study are discussed in conjunction with a direction for
      further study.

PMID- 4011688
TI  - New motor assessment scale examined.

PMID- 4011689
TI  - Twenty tips for conquering writing anxiety.

PMID- 4011690
TI  - Absorption of methylbacteriopheophorbide alpha single crystals: spectral shifts
      due to pi-pi interactions.

PMID- 4011691
TI  - Urocanic acid photobiology. Photochemical binding to calf thymus DNA.

PMID- 4011692
TI  - Prooxidant and antioxidant effects of ascorbate on photosensitized peroxidation
      of lipids in erythrocyte membranes.

PMID- 4011693
TI  - Induction of DNA-protein crosslinks in human cells by ultraviolet and visible
      radiations: action spectrum.

PMID- 4011694
TI  - Action spectra for phototropic balance in Phycomyces blakesleeanus: dependence on
      reference wavelength and intensity range.

PMID- 4011695
TI  - Modified action spectra of photogeotropic equilibrium in Phycomyces blakesleeanus
      mutants with defects in genes madA, madB, madC, and madH.

PMID- 4011696
TI  - Long wavelength UV radiation affects chemiluminescence of human polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes.

PMID- 4011697
TI  - Enhancement of intrinsic antitumor activity in spore-endotoxin mixtures of
      Bacillus thuringiensis by exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

PMID- 4011698
TI  - Configurational photoisomerization of bilirubin in vitro--II. A comparative study
      of phototherapy fluorescent lamps and lasers.

PMID- 4011700
TI  - The repair of DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes exposed to near UV-radiation
      (UVA) and far UV-radiation (UVC).

PMID- 4011699
TI  - Dye laser intracavity absorption as an optical probe in condensed phase and
      biological systems.

PMID- 4011701
TI  - Circadian phase of sparrows: control by light and dark.

PMID- 4011702
TI  - Energy storage in the primary photoreaction of bovine rhodopsin. A photoacoustic
      study.

PMID- 4011703
TI  - A detailed resonance Raman study of the M412 intermediate in the
      bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.

PMID- 4011704
TI  - On the mechanism of wavelength regulation in visual pigments.

PMID- 4011705
TI  - Picosecond fluorescence study of photosynthetic mutants of Chlamydomonas
      reinhardii: origin of the fluorescence decay kinetics of chloroplasts.

PMID- 4011706
TI  - Excimer formation of N-(1-pyrenesulfonyl)-dipalmitoyl-L-alpha
      phosphatidylethanolamine at the lipid-water interface of fat cell plasma
      membranes.

PMID- 4011707
TI  - Photodynamic release of protoporphyrin from intact erythrocytes in erythropoietic
      protoporphyria: the effect of small repetitive light doses.

PMID- 4011708
TI  - Inhibition of DNA synthesis by psoralen-induced lesions in xeroderma pigmentosum
      and Fanconi's anemia fibroblasts.

PMID- 4011709
TI  - Resonance Raman studies of bacteriorhodopsin analogues.

PMID- 4011710
TI  - The photomovement of Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode which lacks ocelli. Proof
      that the response is to light not radiant heating.

PMID- 4011711
TI  - Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in ICR 2A frog cells exposed to 254 nm
      and solar UV wavelengths.

PMID- 4011712
TI  - Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group F: more assignments and repair
      characteristics.

PMID- 4011713
TI  - 13th annual meeting of the American Society for Photobiology. Abstracts of
      papers. New Orleans, Louisiana, 23-27 June 1985.

PMID- 4011714
TI  - Effect of pinealectomy and circadian rhythm on avoidance behavior in the male
      rat.
AB  - Male adult albino rats were divided into six groups: two pinealectomized (Px);
      two sham-operated (Sh) and two serving as controls (C). Half of these groups were
      studied in daylight and the other half at night. The animals were open-field
      tested and then conditioned by the avoidance behavior test in the appropriate
      light period. No differences were observed among the groups when they were
      conditioned in the dark; however, the Px were conditioned significantly more
      rapidly than Sh or C in daylight. Intragroup comparisons between night/day
      conditioning showed them to be similar in Px but more rapid at night in both Sh
      and C. The Sh group is unique and not comparable to controls.

PMID- 4011715
TI  - Dietary administration of nickel: effects on behavior and metallothionein levels.
AB  - Adult male rats were fed either 0, 10, or 20 mg Ni/kg body weight (as NiCl2) via
      a 10 g daily food ration. Following 14 days of exposure, animals were trained
      over a period of 61 days to lever press for food on a VI-2 operant training
      schedule while continuing to experience the indicated daily doses. Those rats
      treated with 20 mg/kg Ni lever pressed at a significantly lower rate than
      controls. Group 10 mg/kg subjects were not significantly different on this
      behavioral measure than control subjects. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric
      analysis revealed a dose/response accumulation of Ni in the kidney, but analyses
      of blood, bone, brain, hair, small intestine, liver, and testes did not show
      differential agent accumulations. Neither hepatic nor renal metallothionein
      levels were increased above control levels. These findings were discussed within
      the framework of other recent behavioral and biochemical studies of heavy metal
      toxicity.

PMID- 4011716
TI  - An electrochemical approach to sleep metabolism: a pO2 paradoxical sleep system.
AB  - Oxygen cathodes chronically implanted in the cat brain recorded changes of local
      oxygen concentration during paradoxical sleep. Phasic high amplitude pO2 changes
      were consistently observed in some regions and were characterized by a dramatic
      increase in the amplitude of the oscillations. The regions displaying these
      responses included part of the reticular formation, hypothalamus, amygdala and
      cerebellum which we refer to as the "pO2 paradoxical sleep system." This pO2
      pattern was not observed in white matter, in the neocortex or in specific
      thalamic nuclei. It is postulated that the phasic response is due to a local
      increase of neuronal activity requiring increased oxygen availability and
      augmented protein synthesis during paradoxical sleep and may form part of a
      system related to "plastic" phenomena.

PMID- 4011717
TI  - Individual marking activities not reflected by respective testosterone levels in
      male gerbils.
AB  - The hormonal regulation of scent marking behavior in the male Mongolian gerbil
      was studied. Experiment 1 investigated the developmental patterns of testosterone
      concentration and scent marking. Concurrent serum samples were repeatedly
      obtained, by venipuncture, from the same individuals that were used for behavior
      testing. Experiment 2 studied the relationship between testosterone and marking
      behavior in individual males before and during castration and after testosterone
      replacement. Repeated blood sampling did not influence body weight and marking
      activity as compared to the controls. Despite a high correlation between weekly
      mean measures of testosterone and marking activity during development no such
      correlation was observed on the individual level. That means that individual
      testosterone concentrations did not reflect individual differences in marking
      activity. After castration scent marking activities decreased. Testosterone
      treatment restored marking activities to the individual maximum levels observed
      during puberty; however, even high doses of testosterone did not equalize
      individually different marking activities. It is suggested that the individual
      levels of behavioral activity are fixed during perinatal development, possibly
      through the action of testosterone or its metabolites.

PMID- 4011718
TI  - Sensory evaluation of soft drinks with various sweeteners.
AB  - Forty subjects participated in each of two experiments in which both lemon-line
      and cola-flavored beverages containing one of six sweeteners--sucrose, sodium
      saccharin, aspartame, acesulfam-K, and two calcium cyclamate/sodium saccharin
      blends (10:1 and 3.5:1)--were evaluated on similarity and adjective scales. The
      similarity data suggest that drinks containing sucrose and aspartame cannot be
      discriminated from one another in either a lemon-line or cola medium in this
      experimental design. Sucrose and aspartame were also statistically equivalent on
      every adjective scale for both lemon-line and cola drinks. On both similarity
      judgments and adjective scales, acesulfam-K and sodium saccharin were most
      different from sucrose. The calcium cyclamate/sodium saccharin blends tended to
      be less similar than aspartame but not as different from sucrose as the acesulfam
      K or sodium saccharin sweetened beverages.

PMID- 4011719
TI  - Age, sex and strain differences in activity and habituation in SHR and WKY rats.
AB  - The highly inbred strain of Wistar-Kyoto spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and
      its normotensive, genetic control (WKY) were examined with respect to strain
      differences in spontaneous activity scores in a novel environment (small activity
      cage) and in ability to habituate to that environment. These behaviors were
      examined in experimentally naive rats, 197 SHR and WKY, males and females, at
      varying ages from 4 to 56 weeks, in order to determine whether there are sex and
      age differences in addition to the well-known strain differences in these
      behaviors. Total activity scores, determined in a 15 min test in the activity
      cage, were higher in SHR than WKY rats; females were significantly more active
      than males in either strain, and activity scores varied significantly with age
      both within strains and between strains. Ability to habituate to the test cage
      was determined by repeating the 15 min activity test at hourly intervals for
      three additional trials on the same day. The results indicate that the SHR, males
      and females and at all ages tested, habituate poorly if at all to the test cage
      as compared with WKY rats. Moreover, despite the variability of baseline activity
      scores (first trial) observed across ages, sexes and strains, the habituation
      patterns of either strain remained relatively fixed throughout the first year of
      life.

PMID- 4011720
TI  - Depression of rat feeding in familiar and novel environment by sulfated and
      nonsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide.
AB  - The effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate ester (CCK-8-SE) and
      nonsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8-NS) were tested on feeding by rats
      in familiar and novel environment. In a familiar environment only
      intraperitoneally (IP) administered CCK-8-SE (0.8-24 nmole/kg) could inhibit 30
      min food intake of 24 hr food-deprived rats, while the same doses of CCK-8-NS IP
      and both octapeptides (0.8-8000 pmole/rat) intracerebroventricularly (ICV) were
      totally ineffective. The effects of CCK-8-SE and CCK-8-NS on feeding were also
      tested in a novel environment, i.e., in an open field. The parameters of
      exploratory activity and food intake of 24-hr food-deprived rats were recorded
      simultaneously during a 15-min session. After IP injection, CCK-8-SE dose
      dependently depressed the food intake, and the higher doses (8.0 or 24 nmole/kg)
      also decreased the open field parameters, including number of approaches to food.
      In the novel environment, 8.0 or 24 nmole/kg IP injected CCK-8-NS also depressed
      the food intake, whereas the incidence of grooming was enhanced after 8.0
      nmole/kg CCK-8-NS. The most effective doses of both octapeptides increased the
      latency to first bite. For the open field test ICV treatment was also carried out
      with 8, 80 or 800 pmole doses of the octapeptides, and after 80 pmole CCK-8-SE
      ICV the food intake was decreased, and after 80 or 800 pmole CCK-8-SE and 800
      pmole CCK-8-NS the food intake/approach parameter was depressed.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011721
TI  - Acquisition of dietary self-selection in rats with normal and impaired oral
      sensation.
AB  - To study the mechanisms of dietary self-selection, the dietary choice behavior of
      rats was observed for up to 5 weeks, beginning on the first day of exposure to
      two nutritionally different diets, a high-protein diet (44% protein) and a
      protein-free carbohydrate diet. In Experiment 1 normal rats selected equal
      amounts of the two selection diets at first and over a 7-day period gradually
      modified the choice ratio until a stable protein intake of 14.6% (SE,0.4) of
      total intake was reached. In Experiment 2 rats were subjected to partial
      trigeminal deafferentation, which impairs oral somatosensory input (touch,
      temperature, pain), before the two selection diets were introduced. The
      deafferented animals did not develop a stable selection pattern; their protein
      ratio varied over the entire possible range (0-44%) throughout the experiment. It
      is hypothesized that quantitative protein/carbohydrate selection involves an
      associative learning process in which somatosensory inputs from the feeding
      activity and/or from the properties of the food link dietary choice behavior to
      later metabolic consequences.

PMID- 4011722
TI  - Sensitivity to satiating and taste qualities of glucose in obese Zucker rats.
AB  - A general "glucoreceptor" defect, demonstrable in pancreatic islet and taste
      cells, may contribute to the metabolic and taste abnormalities of adult onset
      diabetes and possibly, if present at the level of the hypothalamus, could produce
      hyperphagia and the obesity seen in diabetics. To determine if a glucoreceptor
      defect generally accompanies obesity and glucose intolerance, behavioral
      responsiveness to glucose was examined in nine obese and nine lean female Zucker
      rats. Daily food and fluid intake were measured during three two-bottle
      preference tests, in which rats chose between water and one of several glucose
      solutions (1%, 3%, and 12%). Taste responsiveness to glucose of obese rats
      appeared normal; however, increased satiating effects of glucose were found in
      obese rats, possibly due to an enhanced delivery of glucose to neurons that
      inhibit feeding, caused by glucose intolerance. Also, obese rats had (a)
      increased brain weights, and (b) increased volumes of ventromedial and
      paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. These findings, perhaps explainable by an
      increased delivery of nutrients to the developing brain, indicate that the
      hyperphagia of Zucker rats is due neither to an overt hypothalamic lesion nor to
      insensitivity to glucose.

PMID- 4011723
TI  - Daily feeding schedule and housing on incidence of activity-stress ulcer.
AB  - In Experiment 1 the number and size of ulcers resulting from exposure to an
      activity-stress procedure were inversely related to the length of the pre-stress
      experience with either 1 hr or 2 hr daily feeding schedules. In Experiment 2,
      rats housed in group cages during the pre-stress period were more vulnerable to
      the ulcerogenic effects of the activity-stress procedure. A pellet food or
      powdered food treatment condition failed to provide significant group
      differences. Vulnerability to stress-ulcer is discussed in terms of the disparity
      of the environmental conditions between the acclimation period and the activity
      stress period.

PMID- 4011724
TI  - Facilitative effects of maternal environmental enrichment on maze learning in rat
      offspring.
AB  - Pregnant rats were differentially reared in enriched (EC), impoverished (IC), and
      standard colony conditions (SC) through the pregnancy. Half of the male offspring
      were reared by their biological mothers and the remaining half were reared by
      foster-mothers. After weaning male offspring were tested in the Hebb-Williams
      maze apparatus. The effect of environment was significant for the total error
      scores; the EC group had less errors than the IC group. In a second experiment
      all male offspring (EC, SC and IC) were reared by foster-mothers. The effect of
      environment was significant for initial, repetitive, and total error scores.
      Further analysis revealed that the EC-SC and EC-IC differences were significant,
      whereas the IC-SC difference was not. Thus, the results obtained were the first
      to reveal that maternal environmental enrichment during pregnancy can exert a
      facilitatory influence on the postnatal maze learning abilities of the offspring.

PMID- 4011725
TI  - Behavioral and physiological responses of female house mice to foraging
      variation.
AB  - Peripubertal female house mice were required to work for their food at either 23
      degrees C or 9 degrees C. We used a special caging system in which animals had to
      emerge from a thermally-buffered burrow and run a programmable number of running
      wheel revolutions to obtain a pellet of food. Of concern here were the behavioral
      and physiological adjustments necessary to accommodate growth and reproductive
      development when faced with the need to forage for different lengths of time at
      different temperatures. When female house mice are confronted with poor foraging
      at cool temperatures they allot their highest priorities to maintaining energy
      balance; body growth is next, and reproductive development and nonforaging
      activity have the lowest priorities. Our results also demonstrate that the time
      spent foraging while exposed to low ambient temperature is critical for this
      species. This relationship probably determines whether or not house mice will
      breed continuously or seasonally in a particular habitat.

PMID- 4011726
TI  - Odor signatures and kin recognition.
AB  - The basis of olfactory signatures mediating human kin recognition was
      investigated in two experiments. The odors of mothers and offspring were
      correctly matched (by subjects unfamiliar with the stimulus individuals) at a
      greater than chance frequency. In contrast, subjects were not able reliably to
      match the odors of husbands and wives. These data support the hypotheses that
      characteristic individuals odors are genetically mediated and that kin
      recognition should be facilitated by the similarity of such familiar odors among
      close relatives.

PMID- 4011727
TI  - A new stabilimeter for small laboratory animals.
AB  - A stabilimeter is described in which a loudspeaker is used both as platform and
      transducer. This design provides good reproductibility, high sensitivity and wide
      range of utilization (rats, mice).

PMID- 4011728
TI  - Some behavioral effects of microinjections of noradrenaline and serotonin into
      the amygdaloid body of the rat brain.
AB  - The effects of microinjections of noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT) into the
      basomedial part of the amygdaloid body (BM AB) on various forms of behavior were
      studied in rats. NA as well as 5HT administered to the BM AB had dose-related and
      general inhibitory influence on the rats' behavior in the open field test. The
      reactivity of rats to pain (tail compression) was attenuated by 5HT injections.
      The effect of NA in this test was less clear, though some inhibitory tendency was
      also present. Pretrial injections of NA (40 micrograms) and 5HT (40 micrograms)
      significantly impaired the retention of a passive avoidance reaction. NA
      injections also produced some disinhibitory effects on shock-suppressed drinking
      in the conflict test. The effects of intra-amygdalar administration of NA and 5HT
      on open field behavior were potentiated by pretreatment of rats with nialamide, a
      monoaminooxidase inhibitor. The results are discussed in terms of an involvement
      of the amydalar NA and 5HT in the regulation of animal behavior.

PMID- 4011729
TI  - Social and environmental factors influencing mother-infant separation-reunion in
      squirrel monkeys.
AB  - Sixteen squirrel monkey mother and infant dyads were housed in groups of two.
      They were separated and then immediately reunited in their familiar home cage or
      in a novel environment, either in conjunction with the second mother-infant dyad,
      or as a single manipulated pair. Behavioral observations of both dyads were made
      during the 30-min period following these manipulations; blood samples were then
      taken for cortisol assay. Mothers' locomotor activity increased when a single
      dyad was manipulated in the home cage and decreased in the novel environment
      where proximity between the pairs increased. Cortisol levels varied significantly
      across conditions, with mothers and infants responding to different stimuli.
      Mothers responded primarily to social disruption, including separation from the
      other dyad, and infants responded most clearly to novelty and separation from the
      other dyad. No significant differences were observed over base levels when both
      mother and infant pairs were reunited in the home cage, indicating that changes
      were not due to the disturbance involved in the separation procedure.

PMID- 4011730
TI  - Opioid antagonist-induced regulation of organ development.
AB  - Naltrexone, a potent opioid antagonist, was given to preweaning rats in order to
      explore the influence of endogenous opioid systems on organogenesis. Sprague
      Dawley rats were injected (SC) daily with either 1 or 50 mg/kg naltrexone to
      invoke a temporary or complete blockade, respectively, of opioid receptors;
      animals injected with sterile water served as controls. At weaning (Day 21), wet
      and dry weights, relative organ weight, and tissue water content were determined
      in 10 organ systems. Naltrexone's effects on growth depended on dosage, sex, and
      the organ system examined. In general, dosages of 1 and 50 mg/kg naltrexone
      caused significant decreases and increases, respectively, in organ weight. These
      changes in wet weight were not due to the state of hydration, but rather to dry
      weight, indicating that the content of cellular matter was altered. The changes
      in wet weight were similar to those for body weight, suggesting that a
      proportional increase or decrease in animal growth took place. Although the same
      organs in males and females within a dosage group were influenced by naltrexone,
      and usually to a similar degree, a dosage of 1 mg/kg naltrexone often affected
      different organ systems than the 50 mg/kg dosage. These results serve as the
      foundation for subsequent investigations directed towards delineating the role of
      endogenous opioid systems in developmental biology.

PMID- 4011731
TI  - Circadian rhythms of drinking and body temperature of the owl monkey (Aotus
      trivirgatus).
AB  - The rhythms of drinking and body temperature of 4 male owl monkeys (Aotus
      trivirgatus) were examined under conditions of LD 12:12 (L = 100 lx, D = 0.1 lx),
      DD (0.1 lx) and LL (100 lx). For all 4 monkeys, the circadian pattern expressed
      in LD 12:12 continued in DD, with a free-running period averaging 23.6 hr. In LL
      the circadian component of both rhythms decayed and, in one monkey, a low
      frequency pattern arose. In at least two aspects, masking and persistence, the
      owl monkey circadian timing system appears to be unlike that of its diurnal
      relative, the squirrel monkey. Circadian rhythms of owl monkeys also differ in
      some respects from those of other nocturnal mammals.

PMID- 4011732
TI  - Development of mouse activity, stimulus reactivity, habituation, and response to
      amphetamine and scopolamine.
AB  - Twenty-four litters of non-inbred Swiss-derived mice were used to study the
      development of locomotion and tendency to approach a novel object in an open
      field, as well as the effects of dl-amphetamine sulfate and scopolamine
      hydrochloride (1 or 2 mg/kg IP). Brief (7 min) tests repeated for three
      consecutive days were preferred in order to obtain information on between-session
      habituation. Animals tested on days 14-16 showed low levels of activity without
      changes in successive sessions. In contrast, an adult-like pattern with a high
      initial activity and marked between-session decrements prevailed on days 21-23
      and 28-30. Dl-amphetamine elevated activity only on days 14-16, while scopolamine
      produced hyperactivity and impaired habituation only on days 21-23 and 28-30.
      Latency to approach a novel object by untreated animals showed a substantial
      reduction between the end of the second week and subsequent developmental stages.
      This went hand in hand with an appearance of latency increases after dl
      amphetamine treatments, while an opposite trend in the scopolamine data failed to
      reach statistical significance. Activity tests in a photocell apparatus at 61-72
      days (without prior treatment) showed a reduction of locomotion relative to the
      level measured in animals from other litters raised in parallel and not subjected
      to early testing. Overall, the present data and those of the literature indicate
      that some developmental phenomena in small rodents are relatively insensitive to
      a variety of organismic, environmental, and test factors, while others (e.g.,
      inverted U-shaped activity trends and successive modifications of the amphetamine
      profile) depend on complex interactions between several variables.

PMID- 4011733
TI  - Interhemispheric changes in alpha rhythm related to time perception.
AB  - Each cerebral hemisphere processes environmental information in a different but
      complementary manner. Structures located in the left hemisphere are assumed to
      participate in symbolic-logic thinking. Time perception may be considered among
      such thinking processes. The present study evaluates bilateral occipito-central
      EEG activity in healthy, right-handed subjects which was produced while they
      performed a visuomotor monitoring task. The task consisted of two stages. The
      first stage involved the subject's learning a fixed time interval (10 sec) and
      the measurement of their reaction time. Subjects responded to an isolated light
      stimulus by pressing a button with the dominant hand. In the second stage, the
      subjects accuracy in estimating interval-length was evaluated. Two forms of EEG
      analysis were used, frequency and alpha ratio, each of which was measured both
      prior to and subsequent to the motor response. A reversal group was used to carry
      out a complementary test. Subjects responded in the first block of experiments
      with the non-dominant (left) hand and with the dominant hand in the second.
      Results showed that left hemisphere activity was continuous during the interval
      learning stage and with optimal reaction times and remained continuous when
      estimation values approximated the real interval. In addition, in optimal
      reaction time and near to optimal time estimation responses, the left side showed
      lower frequency and alpha ratio than did the right. Finally a progressive
      enhancement in both parameters from the right hemisphere was related to
      deterioration in test performance. Results from the reversal group did not differ
      from those of the first group. As evaluated by gross measurements of the EEG, a
      predominant participation of the left hemisphere in time processing is concluded.

PMID- 4011734
TI  - Gustatory effectiveness of amino acids in mice: behavioral and neurophysiological
      studies.
AB  - Neural responses to L- and D-amino acids were recorded from the chorda tympani in
      the ddy mouse and their preferences were measured using the two-bottle choice
      technique. Most of the D- and L-amino acids elicited neural responses above 10-30
      mM, but amino acids with basic side chains and their HCl derivatives produced
      responses at much lower concentrations. Among 19 amino acids examined, 3 D- and 7
      L-amino acids were preferred, 5 L-amino acids were avoided and 4 were neutral to
      mice. The behavioral threshold to initiate either preference or aversion was
      negatively correlated with the hedonic intensity produced in mice, but not with
      the neural response threshold. The preference magnitude for L-amino acids at 0.1
      M was negatively correlated with both MW and hydrophobicity of side chains. A
      high positive correlation was noted between preference magnitude in mice and
      hedonic intensity in humans. The role of molecular properties of amino acids in
      eliciting sweetness and bitterness is discussed.

PMID- 4011735
TI  - Role of heat loss and heat production in generation of the circadian temperature
      rhythm of the squirrel monkey.
AB  - To study heat production and heat loss in determination of the daily body
      temperature rhythm, we examined colonic temperature, skin (tail, foot and
      abdomen) temperatures and oxygen consumption in chair-restrained squirrel monkeys
      maintained in isolation in an environmental chamber with a 24-hr light-dark cycle
      (LD 12:12), maintained at a constant thermoneutral temperature (26 degrees C). In
      all experiments repeated high amplitude (2 degrees C) diurnal rhythms in colonic
      temperature were observed. Heat loss, estimated from changes in skin temperature,
      also displayed a circadian rhythm, although there was considerable variation in
      waveform. On average, a rhythm in heat production, indicated by changes in the
      rate of oxygen consumption, was also present. However, a large degree of
      variability was seen in oxygen consumption, and in several cycles from various
      animals there were no observable 24-hr rhythms. The circadian body temperature
      rhythm is thus not simply a consequence of daily changes in metabolism, but
      rather a regulated response that involves both heat production and heat loss.

PMID- 4011736
TI  - Sharply timed and lateralised events at time of establishment of long term
      memory.
AB  - In the chick long term memory is known suddenly to become more resistant to
      disturbance 25 minutes after training. This was investigated using two bead
      pecking tasks: training involved either presentation of an ill-tasting bead
      (causing inhibition of spontaneous pecking) or habituation by prolonged
      presentation. Retention tests revealed two brief periods of improved recall,
      centred at 25 and at 30-32 minutes after learning. The first appeared to be
      associated with systems fed by the left eye and the second with right eye
      systems. In a final experiment memory formation in right or left hemisphere was
      directly disturbed by intracranial injection of the amnesic beta-antagonist
      sotalol. The first (and perhaps also second) period of improved recall was
      associated with interaction between the hemispheres. Right- and left-eyed birds
      differed markedly, both in the character of such interaction and in the outcome
      of learning.

PMID- 4011737
TI  - Effects of single cortical spreading depression on metabolic heat production in
      the rat.
AB  - The effect of a single cortical spreading depression (CSD), elicited unilaterally
      by 10% KCI injection at the occipital cortex, was observed on the metabolic heat
      production in the rat with unilateral lesions in the preoptic and anterior
      hypothalamus (PO/AH). The metabolic rate increased by maximally 20% above its pre
      CSD level for 7 min with a rise in rectal temperature when CSD entered the
      frontal cortex contralateral to the PO/AH lesion. By contrast, with the same
      onset, the increase in metabolic rate was lower (maximum 12%) and of shorter
      duration (3 min) in the ipsilateral CSD trial. Non-CSD trial with 0.9% NaCl
      injection had no effect on metabolic rate. The results provide further evidence
      to support the view that the frontal cortex of the rat is involved in the central
      thermoregulation.

PMID- 4011738
TI  - Lateralization of visually controlled behavior in pigeons.
AB  - Pigeons were trained binocularly on two different successive pattern
      discrimination tasks. After reaching criterion they performed the tasks with
      either the left or the right eye occluded or with both eyes unobstructed. The
      number of responses emitted was greater when the right rather than the left eye
      was uncovered. Also the percent correct discrimination scores were better when
      seeing with the right eye than with the left one. Some pigeons originally
      acquired the discrimination monocularly, generally using the right eye, although
      both eyes were uncovered. The results are discussed in relation to brain
      structures that may mediate this performance.

PMID- 4011739
TI  - Ketone kinetics and D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate-induced inhibition of feeding in
      rats.
AB  - For further investigation of the mechanism involved in D,L-3 hydroxybutyrate
      (DL3HB)-induced inhibition of feeding [5], we measured cumulative food intake
      following subcutaneous injections of DL3HB or D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (D3HB), and
      plasma ketone levels following subcutaneous injections of D3HB or acetoacetate
      (ACAC) in rats. Subcutaneously injected DL3HB (10 mmoles/kg body weight) and D3HB
      (5 mmoles/kg body weight) reduced food intake a similar amount. After injection
      of D3HB or ACAC (5 mmoles/kg body weight) plasma concentrations of the injected
      ketone bodies reached a similar high level at 20 min and then decreased with time
      (40 and 60 min). Even though ACAC failed to reduce food intake, injected ACAC
      disappeared faster from the circulation than injected D3HB. The data are
      consistent with the idea that oxidation of injected D3HB to ACAC reduces food
      intake in rats.

PMID- 4011740
TI  - Comparative biochemical responses of rats to different stressful stimuli.
AB  - Adult male rats were exposed to single applications of one of three stressful
      stimuli (low environmental temperature, immobilization, random footshock) for
      periods up to 4 hours and plasma levels of corticosterone (PCS), fatty acids
      (PFA), and glucose (PGL) were determined at various points during the stress
      exposure and 1 and 2 hours post-exposure. The levels of PCS were increased by all
      3 stressful stimuli in a similar temporal pattern, with the greatest magnitude of
      effect seen for immobilization and the least for cold exposure. The time courses
      of increased PFA levels were similar for immobilization and cold exposure; the
      response to foot shock was delayed in onset by 2 hours. The PGL response was
      minimal for cold exposure and foot shock, but showed a marked elevation during
      the first 2 hours of immobilization. The results suggest that the response
      pattern obtained is characteristic of the stressful stimulus employed, with PCS
      showing the least degree of specificity.

PMID- 4011741
TI  - Interactions between nocturnal feeding and wheel running patterns in the rat.
AB  - The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between daily
      patterns of wheel running activity and feeding behavior. Wheel running and bar
      pressing for food were continuously recorded from rats which had concurrent
      access to both wheels and food. In a second condition, wheel running and (non
      reinforced) bar pressing were recorded during food deprivation. In a third
      condition, bar pressing for food was recorded while wheel running was prevented.
      During ad lib access to wheels and food, both behaviors occurred primarily during
      the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. However, the nocturnal distribution of
      these responses differed: the early dark hours were primarily devoted to running,
      while feeding occurred in small, frequent meals. Maximal food intake occurred
      during the late dark hours, when meals were larger and less frequent, and there
      was little running. During three days of complete food deprivation, both wheel
      running and meal initiation attempts (as indicated by nonreinforced bar pressing)
      maintained their normal daily patterns. However, during wheel deprivation,
      changes occurred in the temporal distribution of meals which equalized early and
      late dark food intake. These results show that the availability of an alternative
      activity, like wheel running, can be an important determinant of daily feeding
      patterns. However, the daily pattern of wheel running is not influenced by food
      availability. Different behaviors may show differential plasticity in the
      coordination of an overall daily behavioral program.

PMID- 4011742
TI  - Effects of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine on sleep-waking parameters in rats.
AB  - Effects of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), an irreversible inhibitor of
      histidine decarboxylase, on the sleep-waking parameters were studied in rats for
      24 hours. Intraperitoneal administration of FMH (100 mg/kg) at 11:30 hr resulted
      in a longer sleep latency compared with the control values. Hour-to-hour analyses
      revealed that wakefulness (W) time decreased (from 20:00 to 07:00 hr) and slow
      wave sleep (SS) time increased (from 19:00 to 06:00 hr) in the night. Paradoxical
      sleep (PS) time did not parallel the SS changes; it was increased significantly
      from 07:00 to 11:00 hr in the next morning. The influence of FMH seemed to be
      divided into direct, immediate action (increase of W) and late, prolonged action
      (decrease of W), and the results obtained support the histamine arousal
      hypothesis.

PMID- 4011743
TI  - Taste preferences in a free-choice situation following electrical stimulation and
      lesion of septal area in rats.
AB  - In the present study, electrical stimulation of medical or laternal septal areas
      and total or restricted lesions of these were conducted to observe the effect on
      ingestion of primary taste solutions in a free-choice situation. Stimulation
      induced a specific decrease in the intake of NaCl solution and had no effect on
      saccharin, acetic acid and quinine solutions and water. Total septal lesion or
      restricted lesions of medial or lateral septal areas induced hyperdipsia in rats.
      The lesioned rats, in a free-choice situation preferred NaCl, saccharin, as well
      as acetic acid solutions. This increase in acetic acid intake after lesion
      suggests that sour taste is also affected. Furthermore, there was no consumption
      of quinine solution before and after the lesion. This might be due to the
      presence of sweet tasting saccharin solution in this free-choice situation. These
      results indicate that the septal area causes aversion to NaCl intake, probably by
      inhibiting lateral hypothalamic neurons responsible for NaCl ingestion. The
      consumption of large quantities of saccharin, NaCl and acetic acid after the
      septal lesion suggests that the rats become overresponsive to taste factors in a
      free-choice situation.

PMID- 4011744
TI  - Scopolamine impairs the response-to-change following observation of the
      environment but not after its exploration by the rat.
AB  - The tendency to select the T-maze arm that has been changed in brightness between
      two successive trials (response-to-change) was investigated in rats injected with
      scopolamine (Sc) or saline (NaCl) 20 min before the test. In the "passive"
      version of the test, when in trial 1 rats could inspect the white-black arms
      through clear partitions blocking the entrance to the arms, a dose of when in
      trial 1 rats could inspect the white-black arms through clear partitions blocking
      the entrance to the arms, a dose of 1.0 mg/kg Sc decreased significantly the
      number of changed arm choices in trial 2, as compared to saline controls. A lower
      dose of Sc (0.5 mg/kg) was ineffective. In the "active" test version, when in
      trial 1 the rats were allowed to explore the white-black arms, doses of 1.0 and
      2.0 mg/kg Sc did not affect the preference for the changed arm in trial 2. NaCl
      rats showed a significant preference for the changed arm choices in both tests.
      The scopolamine effects on response-to-change, i.e., impairment of performance in
      the passive but not in the active version, were essentially the same as those
      found by us previously in hippocampal rats.

PMID- 4011745
TI  - The effect of constant light on maternal physiology and behavior.
AB  - In contrast to previous findings in nonlactating rats, constant light does not
      disrupt maternal water or food intake. Mothers and pups in constant light,
      however, gained less weight than their counterparts in the light-dark cycle.
      While mothers did not differ in their total daily contact time or daily bout
      frequency, the distribution of the contact time was shifted in constant light.
      These data may be consistent with the idea that mothers maintain a free-running
      rhythm under such conditions.

PMID- 4011746
TI  - Naloxone induced suppression of feeding in tigers.
AB  - Naloxone suppresses, but does not eliminate feeding in Siberian tigers. Naloxone
      administration paired with novel foods appeared to induce emesis.

PMID- 4011747
TI  - Investigation of the nature of the "stretch response" in suckling rats.
AB  - The "stretch response" in suckling rats has commonly been used as an index of
      milk ejection and milk intake. In the current study, we have compared the
      behavior of pups suckling on dams with either full, empty or ligated mammary
      glands. In response to an IV bolus of oxytocin, pups suckling on both full and
      empty nipples displayed the characteristic stretch behavior. Lack of milk release
      from the latter nipples was confirmed by lack of weight gain by the pups. In
      contrast to pups suckling on intact nipples, those suckling on ligated nipples
      did not display the stretch response. It is concluded that this behavior occurs
      in response to erection of the nipple and is not necessarily associated with milk
      release.

PMID- 4011748
TI  - An in vitro study on the effect of Momordica charantia on glucose uptake and
      glucose metabolism in rats.

PMID- 4011749
TI  - Effect of Chinese herbal medicine "saiko-keishi-to' on intracellular calcium and
      protein behavior during pentylenetetrazole-induced bursting activity in snail
      neurons.

PMID- 4011750
TI  - Central nervous depressant activity of valerenic acid in the mouse.

PMID- 4011751
TI  - Sesquiterpene lactones in the molluscidal extract of Eremanthus glomerulatus.

PMID- 4011752
TI  - Phytoecdysteroids of Diploclisia glaucescens seed.

PMID- 4011753
TI  - Assay methods for antihepatotoxic activity using peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in
      primary cultured hepatocytes.

PMID- 4011754
TI  - Antiinflammatory compounds from Plagiorhegma dubium cell culture.

PMID- 4011755
TI  - Isolation of (-)-epicatechin from Pterocarpus marsupium and its pharmacological
      actions.

PMID- 4011756
TI  - [Spasmolytic effect of isoasaron free calamus].

PMID- 4011757
TI  - Effect of Chinese herbal medicine "saiko-keishi-to" on transmembrane ionic
      current of snail neurons.

PMID- 4011758
TI  - Antihepatotoxic actions of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng roots.

PMID- 4011760
TI  - The effects of combined cooling and perfusion on experimental free-flap survival
      in rabbits.
AB  - The viability of the rabbit epigastric flap was investigated after a period of
      cold ischemia of 3, 4, or 5 days. Groups of flaps were either perfused with
      Ross's solution before ischemia (early perfusion), after ischemia (late
      perfusion), or not at all (control). Significantly more flap necrosis was formed
      at exploration 7 days after revascularization in the early perfusion group than
      in the control group (p less than 0.01). Late perfusion was not significantly
      detrimental to flap survival as compared with cold storage alone (0.1 less than p
      less than 0.5). It is concluded that early perfusion is detrimental to the
      ultimate fate of the cold ischemic flap, whereas late perfusion offers no
      advantage over cold storage alone.

PMID- 4011759
TI  - A new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from a Peruvian curare.

PMID- 4011761
TI  - In search of excellence.

PMID- 4011762
TI  - Posttraumatic unilateral blepharospasm treated by selective facial neurectomy.
AB  - A patient who presented with posttraumatic ptosis of the right upper eyelid
      proved to be a case of unilateral blepharospasm with facial palsy of the
      forehead. He was successfully treated with selective facial neurectomy.

PMID- 4011764
TI  - Hair strangulation of the glans penis.
AB  - This uncommon case of a partial penis amputation is presented to call attention
      to human hair as a potential source of injury in children and to demonstrate a
      successful two-stage repair for this interesting deformity.

PMID- 4011763
TI  - Extensive sebaceous nevus.
AB  - An unusual patient with extensive sebaceous nevus lesions is presented. The
      lesions were found on the scalp and face and extended into the mouth and anal
      region. They were associated with premature eruption of three teeth, a cleft in
      the secondary palate, and a deformation of the upper third of the right auricle.
      Skeletal deformities were not found. Neurologic defects were not present during
      first months. The definitive treatment was postponed because of the patient's
      young age and the magnitude of the lesions.

PMID- 4011765
TI  - Contact dermatitis to Biobrane.
AB  - Contact dermatitis to Biobrane has not been reported previously. We report a
      patient who developed a bullous skin reaction directly related to a second
      exposure to Biobrane. The second exposure occurred 18 days after initial use of
      Biobrane, and the bullous reaction developed within 48 hours of repeat exposure.
      Sensitivity was confirmed by patch testing. Clinicians should be aware of the
      possibility of contact dermatitis to Biobrane.

PMID- 4011766
TI  - Inverted-U parascapular flap for the treatment of axillary burn scar contracture.
AB  - In this paper we report the technique of using an inverted-U parascapular flap
      for treating axillary scar contracture. The advantages of using this inverted-U
      flap are that it is possible to close the donor site by primary suturing, it is
      possible to cover a large skin defect, and it is possible to construct either a
      cavity or a swelling in the skin-defect region.

PMID- 4011767
TI  - Oromandibular limb hypogenesis syndromes.
AB  - The oromandibular limb hypogenesis syndrome is a group of anomalies affecting the
      mandible, tongue, and maxilla with or without reductive limb anomalies. Their
      genetic origin is uncertain, and no drug-induced teratogen has been clearly
      identified. Although many similarities exist on both an embryologic and clinical
      level, distinction between these entities is appropriate. A new classification
      system with these principles in mind is presented. Two cases are presented of
      glossopalatine ankylosis with hypodactyly representing the thirteenth and
      fourteenth cited in the world literature. One patient presented with a fatal
      pulmonary hypoplasia not previously reported in association with this syndrome.
      Three of the 14 cases with reductive limb anomalies reported have had fatal
      outcomes.

PMID- 4011768
TI  - Mammaplasty: large reduction with short inframammary scars.
AB  - We present a technique for reduction mammaplasty that produces small inframammary
      scars measuring a maximum of 8 cm in large reductions and practically eliminates
      the difficulty in the mobility of the nipple-areola complex. We believe that the
      greatest contribution of the technique presented here is that good aesthetic
      results were obtained together with small inframammary scars.

PMID- 4011769
TI  - The diamond-tip rasp.
AB  - A new nasal rasp has been developed from tungsten-carbide steel and is available
      in eight different cutting grits. One-hundred rhinoplasties were completed using
      a single tungsten-carbide steel rasp without evidence of dulling or loss of
      cutting effectiveness. Both a conventional stainless steel Fomon rasp and the
      diamond-tip tungsten-carbide steel rasp were wear tested on an accelerator for
      comparison. The testing involving the conventional stainless steel rasp was
      discontinued after the removal of 20 mm of bone. At this time, there was severe
      loading of the instrument with bony debris and there was an apparently complete
      lack of cutting ability. The test involving the diamond-tip tungsten-carbide
      steel rasp was electively discontinued after the removal of 300 mm of bone, at
      which time there was no evidence of either debris loading or diminished cutting
      effectiveness. The scanning electron microscope photographs of the two
      instruments support our conclusions regarding the clinical and laboratory
      studies.

PMID- 4011770
TI  - The use of hypnosis as a tool in plastic surgery.
AB  - Clinical hypnosis can be valuable tool for the plastic surgeon. Techniques can be
      rapidly learned at workshops that are held frequently at convenient locations
      throughout the country. Once misconceptions are dispelled, use of hypnosis is
      appropriate, safe, and effective.

PMID- 4011772
TI  - Transfusing plastic surgery patients.

PMID- 4011771
TI  - Subepineural pacinian corpuscle.

PMID- 4011773
TI  - Inappropriate geometric surgical application.

PMID- 4011774
TI  - Aesthetic scalp flap surgery.

PMID- 4011775
TI  - Cottonoid strips for background, support, and drainage during microvascular
      anastomosis.

PMID- 4011776
TI  - Traction, prenatal development, and the labioseptopremaxillary region.
AB  - Twenty-nine human fetuses ranging in age from 8 to 22 weeks were coronally
      sectioned for gross light microscope analysis of the labioseptopremaxillary
      region. In "normal" fetuses from 8 to 15 weeks, the septopremaxillary ligament
      was present. The horizontal and oblique fibers of the orbicularis oris muscle
      were poorly developed initially and increased in density with age. The anterior
      nasal spine and the alveolar process of the maxillae were present and in the same
      coronal plane. From 15 to 22 weeks, the horizontal and oblique fibers were well
      developed and inserted into the perichondrium of both alar and nasal cartilages.
      The septopremaxillary ligament was thus obliterated or more difficult to define,
      and the anterior nasal spine was located anterior to the alveolar process. In the
      cleft fetuses from 8 to 15 weeks, the nasal septum was absent or horizontally
      rotated. No septopremaxillary ligament or orbicularis oris fibers were noted, and
      the anterior nasal spine was not distinguishable. From weeks 15 to 20, the fibers
      of the orbicularis oris muscle were poorly differentiated, inserting
      asymmetrically into the perichondrium of the lateral alar cartilage on the
      noncleft side, the septopremaxillary ligament was absent, and the anterior nasal
      spine and the premaxillae were in the same coronal plane. These results suggest
      that the midfacial deficiencies seen in some cleft patients might have an origin
      in prenatal dysmorphology.

PMID- 4011777
TI  - An analysis of 12 years of craniomaxillofacial surgery in Toronto.
AB  - Over 12 years, 1092 patients underwent 2019 craniomaxillofacial procedures in
      Toronto. Overall mortality was 0.64 percent, and that directly related to surgery
      was 0.18 percent. Major complications developed in 14.3 percent of patients, but
      not all had permanent sequelae. Infection was the greatest problem, occurring in
      5.3 percent of the major operations. The annual incidence of complications
      dropped to 5.4 percent as our experience increased. Certain types of deformity,
      particularly those in patients with orbital hypertelorism, Treacher-Collins
      syndrome, or Crouzon's or Apert's syndrome, require more than one operation to
      achieve maximum correction. Our procedures have undergone many changes, the main
      one being a reduced operating time.

PMID- 4011778
TI  - The residual unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: a three-phase correction
      technique.
AB  - The author presents a three-phase correction technique for the residual
      unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. This procedure involves a sculpting
      excision of the alar rim, use of this alar rim as an interpositional flap in
      lengthening the columella, and augmentation of the nasal tip and perialar sulcus
      with a free ear conchal cartilage graft. The concept has been incorporated in the
      revisionary surgery program of 74 patients over a period of 5 years with a
      minimal follow-up of 2 years. The majority of the patients are operated on
      between the ages of 5 and 7 years based on the concept of a need for a "tidy
      appearance" by first grade.

PMID- 4011779
TI  - The use of free revascularized grafts in the amelioration of hemifacial atrophy.
AB  - Nine female and three male patients, 5 to 47 years old, were treated by free
      revascularized grafts for Romberg's disease. Greater omentum was transferred in
      nine, de-epithelialized skin flaps in three. Follow-up ranges from several months
      to 7 years. Microvascular failures or donor site complications did not occur. To
      further trim transferred tissue, overcome gravitational sag, or both, all but one
      patient required a secondary procedure. The only facial complication included
      partial loss of the transferred omentum and spotty necrosis of the overlying
      skin. The choice of omentum or de-epithelialized skin and subcutaneous fat is
      dictated by the extent of the facial defect. Generalized defects are corrected
      with omentum and localized segmental defects with de-epithelialized flaps.
      Because of observed late complications, including chronic inflammation,
      induration, and sinus tracts, we no longer recommend medical-grade liquid
      silicone as a therapeutic option in the palliation of Romberg's disease.

PMID- 4011780
TI  - Acquired ptosis: a reexamination of etiology and treatment.
AB  - The etiology of acquired ptosis is almost always disinsertion of the levator
      aponeurosis from the tarsal plate. As opposed to congenital ptosis, where levator
      resection is required to compensate for muscle weakness, acquired ptosis can be
      consistently treated with simple levator reattachment. This study examines both
      the diagnostic and anatomic etiology of acquired ptosis in 80 consecutive
      patients. Although dermatochalasis, trauma with orbital hematoma, orbital
      swelling, anophthalmos, and multiple other diverse clinical etiologies were
      responsible for this condition, the anatomic etiology was identical in 79 of the
      patients--levator disinsertion. Cadaver studies demonstrate that the levator
      aponeurosis inserts into the tarsal plate through multiple flimsy, fibrous
      attachments. Any condition that results in either excess weight to the eyelids or
      excess muscular pull can disrupt these fibers. A modification of the external
      approach is described that allows rapid identification of the levator aponeurosis
      and permits accurate repair. Complete repair was achieved in the majority of the
      cases, and there were no instances of overcorrection.

PMID- 4011781
TI  - Suction lipectomy: complications and results by survey.
AB  - In October of 1983, we sent a questionnaire on suction lipectomy to 2524 U.S. and
      Canadian members of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons.
      Six-hundred and twelve plastic surgeons returned questionnaires (24.2 percent
      response rate). One-hundred and seven responding surgeons reported 1573
      operations in which suction lipectomy with or without skin excision was used for
      2685 procedures on various parts of the body. In the subset of 1249 operations in
      which suction lipectomy only was used to treat 2261 anatomic areas, surgeons
      reported greater than 80 percent good or excellent aesthetic results. The overall
      complication rate was 9.3 percent. The most frequent complications were
      persistent hypesthesia (2.6 percent), seroma (1.6 percent), and persistent edema
      (1.4 percent). Skin pigmentation, pain, hematoma, infection, and slough each
      occurred with an incidence of 1.0 percent or less. Based on the results of this
      survey, suction lipectomy is a valuable new modality for surgical improvement of
      body contour.

PMID- 4011783
TI  - Hemisoleus and reversed hemisoleus flaps.
AB  - This paper reports an anatomic study of the soleus muscle and clinical
      applications of the findings derived from the study. Soleus neurovascular anatomy
      was studied in 86 limbs by dissection and specimen angiography. A consistently
      present bipenniform muscle morphology was found with medial and lateral subunits
      that had independent distal neurovascular supplies. This anatomic feature allows
      surgically splitting the muscle for transfer of one-half the muscle as a flap
      (hemisoleus muscle flaps). A series of 33 patients using both medial and lateral
      hemisoleus flaps in both proximally and distally based transfer is analyzed and
      illustrative examples are presented. The primary value of this technique is the
      ability to retain one-half the innervated soleus muscle in situ to preserve foot
      plantar flexion power in ambulatory patients. In addition, hemisoleus flaps have
      an extended arc of rotation as compared with that of conventional soleus muscle
      flaps.

PMID- 4011782
TI  - Refinements in reconstruction of congenital breast deformities.
AB  - The use of tissue-expansion prostheses offers significant advantages in the
      reconstruction of congenital breast deformities, including Poland's syndrome. In
      the patient who has completed normal breast development, expansion on the
      abnormal side allows the development of adequate overlying skin and enlargement
      of the nipple-areola complex. It further allows transposition of the nipple
      areola complex to a more normal location. In young patients who have not
      completed full breast development, tissue expanders have been placed beneath the
      hypoplastic breast and remain in place for many years. Periodic inflation of
      saline allows symmetry to be maintained as the opposite breast matures.

PMID- 4011784
TI  - Psychological reactions and processes following replantation surgery: a study of
      50 patients.
AB  - Fifty consecutive patients admitted for replantation surgery received a
      psychiatric evaluation. In 28 percent of the patients there was evidence of
      preaccident psychopathology. Fifty-four percent of the patients reported a recent
      stressful life event predating the accident. Fifty-four percent of the patients
      were assessed as having an adverse postoperative emotional reaction. The presence
      of preaccident psychopathology, evidence of family dysfunction, and a history of
      a recent stressful life event were positively linked with an adverse
      postoperative emotional reaction. In addition, patients with hand or arm replants
      were significantly less likely to require a psychiatric intervention than
      patients with leg replants. The psychological processes pertaining to the
      replantation journey are described in five stages: the preaccident period, the
      initial response, the stage of uncertainty, the recognition of loss, and
      acceptance and reintegration. Finally, the role of a liaison psychiatrist on a
      replantation unit is outlined and further research is strongly urged.

PMID- 4011786
TI  - [Crises in medical economics and psychiatric care].

PMID- 4011785
TI  - [Psychiatric medicine in crisis: legal and ethical views].

PMID- 4011787
TI  - [Psychiatry at a crossroad: a direction for improvement. A practitioner's view].

PMID- 4011788
TI  - [Case study of ten families of schizophrenics: the patients and their siblings in
      the family history].

PMID- 4011789
TI  - [Psychiatry at a crossroad: a direction for improvement. A view of a private
      psychiatric hospital].

PMID- 4011790
TI  - [Several aspects of play in the psychotherapy of the child].

PMID- 4011791
TI  - [Mental functioning and psychological testing. Case report].

PMID- 4011792
TI  - [Battered parents and their children].

PMID- 4011793
TI  - [Is it necessary to be normal to have "normal" children?].

PMID- 4011794
TI  - [Lost childhood of a schizophrenic].

PMID- 4011795
TI  - Heart rate and oxygen consumption during mental arithmetic, a video game, and
      graded exercise: further evidence of metabolically-exaggerated cardiac
      adjustments?

PMID- 4011796
TI  - Effects of UCS probability on the contingent negative variation and electrodermal
      response during long ISI conditioning.

PMID- 4011797
TI  - Effects of prolonged sleep deprivation, with and without chronic physical
      exercise, on mood and performance.

PMID- 4011798
TI  - Activation patterns to aversive stimulation in man: passive exposure versus
      effort to control.

PMID- 4011799
TI  - Standardization within individuals: a simple method to neutralize individual
      differences in skin conductance.

PMID- 4011800
TI  - The effects of discrimination training on voluntary control of cephalic vasomotor
      activity.

PMID- 4011801
TI  - The asymmetry of facial actions is inconsistent with models of hemispheric
      specialization.

PMID- 4011802
TI  - Response initiation, not completion, seems to alter cardiac cycle length.

PMID- 4011803
TI  - Relationship between stimulus intensity and the P300.

PMID- 4011804
TI  - Detectability in the card test as a function of the subject's verbal response.

PMID- 4011805
TI  - The interpretation of the component structure of event-related brain potentials:
      an analysis of expert judgments.

PMID- 4011806
TI  - Individual differences in phasic cardiac reactivity to psychological stress and
      the law of initial value.

PMID- 4011807
TI  - P300 and S-R compatibility: a reply to Magliero et al.

PMID- 4011808
TI  - Effects of lateralized presentations of faces on self-reports of emotion and EEG
      asymmetry in depressed and non-depressed subjects.

PMID- 4011809
TI  - Skin conductance recordings and the NaCl concentration of the electrolyte.

PMID- 4011810
TI  - [Psychoanalysis, age and chronic disease].

PMID- 4011811
TI  - [Alexithymia--results and methods of a research field of psychosomatic medicine].

PMID- 4011812
TI  - [Specificity of "pensee operatoire" in psychosomatic disorders].

PMID- 4011813
TI  - [Critical comments on body-related therapy forms].

PMID- 4011814
TI  - Thyroid disease, behavior, and psychopharmacology.

PMID- 4011815
TI  - Factors in the persistence of unresolved grief among psychiatric outpatients.

PMID- 4011817
TI  - Psychological and cognitive characteristics of vegetarians.

PMID- 4011816
TI  - Psychobiology and treatment of anniversary reactions.

PMID- 4011818
TI  - ECT risk in cardiac patients.

PMID- 4011819
TI  - Head trauma, affective syndrome in a patient with MS.

PMID- 4011820
TI  - 'Pseudo-allergy': treatment with an MAO inhibitor.

PMID- 4011821
TI  - Use of clonidine for dysmenorrhea in four patients.

PMID- 4011822
TI  - Psychiatric symptoms in Behcet's syndrome.

PMID- 4011823
TI  - Vascularly perfused frog lung: effects of metabolic conditions on adenine
      nucleotides and inorganic ions.
AB  - The metabolic activity of frog lung perfused through its vascular bed has been
      assessed by determining changes in metabolites in the perfusion medium and by
      measuring the adenine nucleotides, ions and water in the tissue after perfusion
      under a variety of conditions. The addition of respiratory inhibitors, CN- or
      antimycin A, reduced the adenylate energy charge when a glucose-free perfusate
      was used but not when glucose was present. CN- and anaerobiosis stimulated
      lactate production while iodoacetate reduced lactate production and the adenylate
      energy charge. The addition of fatty acids, glutamine or lactate to the perfusate
      had no effect on the adenylate energy charge or ionic contents. With plasma
      albumin depleted of fatty acids in the perfusate, there was an increased
      production of NH4+; this could be partially suppressed by the addition of
      butyrate or octanoate. Glutamine increased NH4+ production and lactate was
      consumed by the lung, indicating that both of these substrates are metabolized.
      The tissue levels of Na+ and K+ were remarkably resistant to ouabain, a
      concentration of 2 mmol X 1(-1) being required to produce significant reduction
      of K+ and increase in the tissue Na+; the contents of adenine nucleotides, Ca2+
      and Mg2+ were unaffected. During April-June, the tissue ATP and adenylate energy
      charge appeared to be particularly sensitive to PO2 in the perfusate.

PMID- 4011824
TI  - The effects of low-voltage electric shock on respiration in the anaesthetized
      cat.
AB  - Airflow (v), expired ventilation (VE), oxygen usage (VO2), carbon dioxide
      production (VCO2), blood pressure (B.P.) and the electrocardiogram (e.c.g.) were
      measured before and after applying low-voltage electric shocks (15-110 V a.c., 8
      45 mA, 50 Hz) from the forelimb to the opposite hind limb of cats anaesthetized
      with pentobarbitone. Periods of shock application were either short (0.5-1.5 s)
      or more prolonged (10-30 s). Respiratory arrest from tetanic contractions of the
      respiratory muscles was always present throughout the period of shock
      application. Following the shocks, even those of the shortest duration, marked
      increases in v, respiratory rate, VE, VO2 and VCO2 were recorded. Some of these
      measurements were still elevated relative to pre-shock levels 60 min in to the
      post-shock period. During shocks lasting 10-30 s B.P. usually increased markedly
      in association with elevated pulse pressure but hypotension with absent pulses
      was also recorded. Following shocks of these durations both hypertensive and
      hypotensive phases were distinguished sometimes lasting for up to 30 min.
      Occasionally, the e.c.g. showed ventricular arrhythmias or cardiac standstill in
      the immediate post-shock period but it was usual for these abnormalities to
      revert rapidly to normal sinus rhythm. Hypotension invariably followed short
      duration shocks. This study indicates that low-voltage shocks, even those applied
      for short periods, can induce marked respiratory, circulatory and metabolic
      reactions. Possible mechanisms to account for these reactions are discussed.

PMID- 4011825
TI  - Influence of intraduodenal glucose on meal size and its modification by 2-deoxy-D
      glucose or vagotomy in hungry pigs.
AB  - Young growing pigs which had been trained to press a panel in order to obtain
      small deliveries of food and adapted to eating all their food in one meal per day
      were surgically fitted with an exteriorized cannula connected to the duodenum. An
      infusion of 250 ml 15% (w/v) glucose solution 10 min before the meal did not
      influence meal size, whereas a similar infusion shortly after beginning a meal
      significantly reduced meal size. When the membrane transport and metabolism of
      glucose was reduced by infusing the antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, before the
      glucose infusion, the suppression of appetite was attenuated. Intrathoracic
      truncal vagotomy abolished the effects of intraduodenal glucose. The possibility
      that a receptor sensitive to transport and metabolism of glucose exists in the
      duodenum is discussed.

PMID- 4011827
TI  - The effects of cortisol on the concentration of glycogen in different tissues in
      the chronically catheterized fetal pig.
AB  - The effect of exogenous cortisol on glycogen deposition in a number of fetal
      tissues was investigated in chronically catheterized fetal pigs between 80 and 95
      d of gestation (term 114 d). Intravascular infusion of cortisol for 48 h
      increased the fetal plasma concentration of cortisol 4-fold to a value similar to
      that observed in piglets near to term. After infusion of cortisol, the
      concentration of glycogen in the lung was lower while the levels in skeletal
      muscle and liver were higher than those found in unoperated fetuses. There were
      no detectable changes in either skin or cardiac muscle glycogen after cortisol
      infusion. High endogenous cortisol concentrations were observed in some of the
      catheterized control fetuses and in two unoperated fetuses adjacent to the site
      of cortisol infusion. These fetuses also had detectable changes in lung, liver
      and skeletal muscle glycogen. When the data from all the fetuses, whether
      infused, control catheterized or unoperated, were combined there was a
      significant positive correlation between both liver and skeletal muscle glycogen
      concentrations and log plasma cortisol (r = 0.70 and 0.72 respectively, P less
      than 0.01). Lung glycogen levels were inversely related to log plasma cortisol (r
      = -0.67, P less than 0.01). No relation between either cardiac or skin glycogen
      concentration and fetal plasma cortisol could be detected. These observations
      demonstrate that cortisol has a marked effect on tissue glycogen levels in the
      immature fetal pig and suggest that the changes in glycogen concentrations
      observed in the liver, lung and skeletal muscle before term may be due to the pre
      partum surge in fetal cortisol.

PMID- 4011826
TI  - Mechanical properties of the rat colon: the effect of age, sex and different
      conditions of storage.
AB  - The mechanical properties of the rat colon were studied in old and young Sprague
      Dawley rats which were also grouped by sex. Different storage media were used.
      Rings of colonic tissue were submitted to pulls on an Instron 1026 tensiometer.
      Gender did not affect the properties of the young rat colon. The rat colon has a
      tensile strength of around 50 g/mm2 (which places it between the dog and the
      cat). It increased in strength from proximal to distal, though the rectum was
      weaker than the colon. The pre-strain of the rat colon was 10% and it was capable
      of stretching to 200% of its original dimensions. The strength and ability to
      stretch fell with age, although it initially increased, in the first year of
      life. Physiological saline at 4 degrees C preserved the burst strength,
      percentage elongation, hysteresis and Young's modulus between 25 and 100 g stress
      for up to 1 week. Young's modulus between 125 and 200 g fell progressively with
      each day of storage. Stress relaxation rose in the first 24 h and thereafter
      remained constant. Salt appeared to be a good long-term storage medium.
      Irradiation of the colons before storage did not affect the mechanical
      properties.

PMID- 4011828
TI  - The blood rheology of man and various animal species.
AB  - A comparative study has been made of the blood rheology, and its component
      factors, in horse, sheep, cattle, goat, camel, pig, dog, rabbit and man. The
      erythrocyte flexibility of horse red cells is high relative to man, that of pig,
      dog, camel and rabbit comparable, but less flexible, and sheep, cattle and goat
      relatively inflexible. The erythrocyte flexibility of horse, sheep, cattle and
      goats does not vary with the plasma fibrinogen level, as occurs with human and
      rabbit cells. Washing erythrocytes and then suspending them in isotonic saline
      makes the erythrocytes of all species relatively inflexible. There is a factor in
      horse plasma, which is not fibrinogen, that makes horse and human erythrocytes
      suspended in it very flexible. The blood viscosity of all species is comparable
      at high shear rates (230 s-1) due to the shape of the cells compensating for
      their flexibility. The variations of blood viscosity at low shear rates (11.5 s
      1) were also found to depend on the erythrocyte flexibility, and only influenced
      indirectly by the fibrinogen concentration. There is no significant effect of
      temperature on the erythrocyte flexibility of horse, sheep, cattle, goat and a
      small number of human subjects. This is reflected in the way the viscosity of
      these bloods varies with temperature.

PMID- 4011829
TI  - Control of stomach motility in the llama (Lama guanacoe f. glama).
AB  - Manometric and electromyographic recordings of stomach motility were made in five
      conscious llamas to investigate the influence of distension of the stomach
      compartments, of temporary cervical vagal blockade and the influence of atropine,
      acetylcholine and adrenaline. The frequency of A-contractions was slowed by
      distension of the canal joining compartment 2 (C2) and compartment 3 (C3), or of
      the proximal region of C3, and either increased and/or reduced by distension of
      the distal region of C3 or the hind stomach. The number of B-contractions in a
      cycle was increased according to the degree of distension of the cranial sac of
      compartment 1 (C1). B-contractions were also induced by distension of the canal
      or proximal region of C3 and were inhibited by distension of the distal region of
      C3 or the hind stomach. Contractions of C3 were not influenced by distension of
      C1 or C2 but were inhibited by distension of the canal, while distension within
      C3 caused a local excitation and an inhibition both proximal and distal to the
      point of stimulation. The hind stomach was only affected by local stimuli.
      Temporary vagal blockade abolished all contractions of C1, C2, and the canal and
      C3, but had little effect on the motility of the hind stomach. Infusion of
      atropine (0.01 mg/kg), acetylcholine (7-33 micrograms/kg . min) and adrenaline
      (0.3 micrograms/kg . min) inhibited motility in all stomach compartments except
      the hind stomach where acetylcholine was stimulatory. It is concluded that while
      the hind stomach may have intrinsic motility, the contractions of C1, C2, the
      canal and C3 of the llama stomach are dependent upon a vagal motor nerve supply
      and that the pattern of contractions observed is regulated at least partially
      according to the individual degree of distension of each of the stomach
      compartments.

PMID- 4011830
TI  - Effects of botulinum toxin on synapse formation and acetylcholine sensitivity in
      skeletal muscle in the newt.
AB  - A sublethal dose of botulinum toxin (type E) was injected into the biceps muscle
      of the forelimb of adult newts, Triturus cristatus, causing local paralysis for
      up to 3 weeks and impaired transmission for about 3 months. The paralysed muscles
      became supersensitive to the acetylcholine analogue, carbachol, and also accepted
      innervation from an implanted foreign nerve. These results suggest that in the
      newt activity is important in the control of muscle sensitivity to acetylcholine
      and synapse formation. During the first 2 months after botulinum toxin,
      stimulation of the implanted nerve caused contraction in every muscle examined (n
      = 13). In muscles examined between 3 and 14 months after toxin injection there
      was no contraction in response to stimulation of the implanted nerve in eight out
      of nineteen cases, suggesting that regression of the foreign innervation might
      have occurred. Further evidence for regression of foreign innervation was
      obtained by intracellular recordings from those muscles which contracted in
      response to stimulation of both nerves. The proportion of muscle fibres
      responding to stimulation of the implanted nerve fell significantly (P less than
      0.05) from 65.7 +/- 7.1% (+/- S.E.M., n = 239) in thirteen muscles examined
      during the first 4 months to 39.5 +/- 5.5% (+/- S.E.M., n = 188) in nine muscles
      examined between 9 and 14 months after toxin injection. There was a strong
      negative correlation (r = 0.81; P less than 0.001) between the proportion of
      muscle fibres responding to stimulation of the original and implanted nerves in
      individual muscles.

PMID- 4011831
TI  - Actions of GABA and ethylenediamine on CA1 pyramidal neurones of the rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - The effects of locally applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ethylenediamine
      were examined and compared on CA1 pyramidal neurones in slice preparations of rat
      hippocampus using intracellular voltage recording techniques. Each substance
      produced both depolarization and hyperpolarization of the dendrites; the cell
      body responded with hyperpolarization alone. Ion substitution experiments suggest
      that the depolarizing responses of the dendrites were Cl- dependent and the
      hyperpolarizing responses of the cell body were dependent on Cl-, which suggests
      that the Cl- potential (EC1) is different in the dendrites compared with the cell
      body. The hyperpolarizing responses of the dendrites were dependent on K+.
      Dendritic depolarizing responses to GABA and ethylenediamine were antagonized by
      bicuculline and picrotoxin whereas the dendritic hyperpolarizing response was
      unaffected. The hyperpolarizing responses of the cell body were more difficult to
      study but it appeared that they were reduced by both bicuculline and picrotoxin.
      The benzodiazepines flurazepam and diazepam potentiated the dendritic
      depolarizing responses to GABA and ethylenediamine. It also had this effect on
      the hyperpolarizing response of the cell body but not on the hyperpolarizing
      response of the dendrites.

PMID- 4011832
TI  - The effect of maternal water deprivation on ovine fetal blood volume.
AB  - Fetal blood volume was measured in pregnant ewes bearing chronically cannulated
      fetuses in the last third of gestation. The increase in fetal blood volume
      secondary to growth was established from serial measurements in four control
      animals. The effect of maternal dehydration was assessed by measuring the change
      in fetal blood volume during twelve episodes of maternal water deprivation in
      another six ewes. Fetal blood volume increased during each episode of maternal
      dehydration. In five experiments the rate of increase was greater than controls
      and in seven experiments the rate of increase was less than controls. Thus, fetal
      hypovolaemia does not occur during maternal dehydration in the ovine fetus in the
      last third of gestation.

PMID- 4011833
TI  - Phosphate excretion and reabsorption in the conscious dog.
AB  - When normal conscious dogs were given small doses of (NH4)2HPO4 by stomach tube
      to increase their plasma PO4, the rate of excretion of PO4 increased without
      change in creatinine clearance. After eating meat, increased PO4 excretion was
      accompanied by increase in both creatinine clearance and plasma PO4. The
      calculated rate of tubular reabsorption of PO4 did not change significantly after
      (NH4)2HPO4 administration, but there was a significant increase in PO4
      reabsorption after meat; in comparison there was no change in SO4 reabsorption.
      Similarly, administration of certain amino acids, which caused an increase in
      creatinine clearance, also caused a significant increase in PO4 reabsorption.
      Administration of SO4 with PO4 had no significant effect on PO4 reabsorption. It
      appears from the results, that PO4 has an apparent tubular maximum rate of
      reabsorption (Tm) when plasma PO4 alone is varied; but this Tm is not a real
      maximum because PO4 reabsorption increases above this value after the
      administration of meat or amino acids, both of which cause an increase in
      glomerular filtration rate. There is no evidence to suggest that there is any
      inhibition of PO4 reabsorption by SO4 or amino acids.

PMID- 4011834
TI  - Contribution of internal and external carotid beds to common carotid artery input
      impedance in the dog.
AB  - The input impedance of the canine common carotid artery has been obtained using
      high fidelity pressure and flow recordings at the level of the superior thyroid
      artery. From the impedance spectra initially, and following internal and external
      carotid artery occlusion, separate estimations of internal carotid, external
      carotid and external/internal collateral bed impedances were derived by the use
      of network theory. Studies were carried out on six dogs. The common carotid input
      resistance was 10.98 +/- 1.42 (S.E.M.) X 10(6) kN.m-5.s, while those for the
      internal, external and collateral beds were 48.80 +/- 7.12, 14.94 +/- 2.37 and
      171.42 +/- 46.83 X 10(6) kN.m-5.s respectively. The impedance spectrum of the
      common carotid, external carotid and collateral beds were of a high impedance
      type with major reflexions, while that for the internal carotid bed was of low
      impedance type with much less reflexion. On standardization of impedance for
      tissue mass the resistance levels became 17.44 +/- 2.91 X 10(6) kN.m-5.s. 100 g-1
      for internal and 85.41 +/- 4.75 X 10(6) kN.m-5.s. 100 g-1 for external carotid
      beds. Thus, common carotid input impedance differences between dog and man are
      due to differences in relative mass of tissue perfused by internal and external
      carotid arteries, rather than to different peripheral-bed characteristics in the
      two species.

PMID- 4011835
TI  - An intracellular study of dentate, CA1 and CA3 neurones in the mouse hippocampal
      slice.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells and from
      dentate granule cells of the mouse hippocampal slice preparation. The passive
      electrical properties of the cells and their responses to electrical stimulation
      of the major antidromic and orthodromic pathways were explored. The majority of
      cells were impaled between 60 and 100 micron from the surface of the slice. Mean
      resting potentials were about -66 mV for dentate and CA1 cells and -61 mV for CA3
      cells. Mean input resistances were 87, 78 and 73 M omega respectively, with a
      range of 30-160 M omega for all three populations. Action potential amplitudes
      ranged from 70 to 110 mV and were typically about 90 mV. Current-voltage (I-V)
      plots for all three populations were ohmic within a range 10-20 mV negative to
      the resting potentials. The chord resistance of the I-V relation was lower at
      more negative potentials and higher at more positive potentials than at the
      resting potential. Antidromic stimulation at intensities subthreshold for action
      potential invasion of the impaled cell gave rise to inhibitory post-synaptic
      potentials (i.p.s.p.s) in CA1 and CA3 cells. The reversal potential of the
      i.p.s.p.s lay between -65 and -75 mV. They were chloride dependent and could be
      attenuated by application of bicuculline methiodide. No recurrent i.p.s.p. was
      seen in dentate cells when using potassium-acetate-filled electrodes. If
      potassium-chloride-filled intracellular electrodes were used, thus raising the
      intracellular chloride ion concentration, an antidromically evoked, bicuculline
      sensitive depolarizing post-synaptic potential (p.s.p.) could be evoked. Thus, a
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated recurrent inhibitory pathway was present
      in the slice in all three cell populations but appeared to be difficult to evoke
      reliably in the dentate gyrus. Orthodromic excitation of CA1 and CA3 cells evoked
      an excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) followed by a biphasic
      hyperpolarization. The early hyperpolarization, lasting about 50 ms, reversed at
      about -65 mV and was chloride dependent. The later hyperpolarization lasted up to
      400 ms, reversed at about -85 mV, and was chloride independent. The e.p.s.p.
      evoked in dentate cells by stimulation of the perforant path was biphasic and was
      followed by a hyperpolarization lasting 300-600 ms. The hyperpolarization
      resembled the late hyperpolarization described above. The two components of the
      e.p.s.p. may have been produced by the combined activation of the medial and
      lateral components of the perforant path. Small-amplitude regenerative potentials
      have been seen in all three cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4011836
TI  - Airway responses to low concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in normal
      subjects.
AB  - Airway, cardiovascular and metabolic responses were measured in six normal
      subjects during separate infusions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Four
      incremental infusion rates of the catecholamines (4, 10, 25 and 62.5 ng X kg-1 X
      min-1) produced circulating levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline within the
      physiological range. Maximal expiratory flow rates at 25% of vital capacity
      measured from partial flow-volume curves increased sequentially with increasing
      adrenaline concentration. Increases in maximal expiratory flow rates at 25% and
      50% of vital capacity measured from complete flow-volume curves were not
      statistically significant, nor were the changes in specific conductance. Small
      but insignificant changes were observed in heart rate and blood pressure during
      adrenaline infusion. Plasma glucose increased and serum potassium fell during
      adrenaline infusion. No significant airway, cardiovascular or metabolic responses
      were seen during noradrenaline infusion. These results suggest that adrenaline,
      at concentrations found in physiological circumstances, influences flow rates in
      small airways. Circulating noradrenaline does not appear to be important in the
      control of airway calibre in normal subjects.

PMID- 4011837
TI  - An analysis of some behavioural effects of the vibration and noise components of
      transport in pigs.
AB  - The reactions of pigs to the vibration and noise components of transport were
      examined with the use of an apparatus which simulated these factors. The pigs
      were trained to switch off the apparatus by pressing a switch panel with their
      snouts. It was found that vibration was aversive but that noise was not. The pigs
      switched off the apparatus more frequently when the vibration was fast and when
      they had been fed a large meal before the test. Although the sedative
      tranquillizing drug azaperone decreased the number of times the apparatus was
      switched off, the effect appeared to be non-specific because azaperone also
      reduced the number of responses that pigs would make in order to receive food.

PMID- 4011838
TI  - The origins and characteristics of cross-correlated activity between gamma
      motoneurones in the cat.
AB  - Cross-correlation analysis of the naturally occurring discharges of gamma
      motoneurones to gastrocnemius and soleus muscles has revealed a tendency towards
      synchronized firing in the decerebrated, spinal cat. The primary feature of the
      cross-correlation between two gamma-motoneurones is a symmetrical peak centred at
      time zero with reference to discharges at the level of the cell bodies in the
      ventral horn of the spinal cord. The peak has a half-width in the range 3-10 ms.
      Secondary features of the correlograms are frequently present, especially when
      the primary peak is large. They consist of dips to either side of the peak and
      are mirrored in the respective autocorrelation functions of the two contributory
      neurones. This suggests that they arise as a result of periodicity in firing
      patterns of the neurones. The degree of synchrony has been measured as the ratio
      (k') of the total counts contributing to the peak over the number expected by
      chance. The value of k' was found to be dependent upon the firing frequencies of
      the neurones. Plots of k' against the geometric mean frequency of discharge
      showed a falling curvilinear relation as frequency increased. There was a weak
      inverse relation between the width of the cross-correlation peak and firing
      frequency. These relations had to be acknowledged before any assessment of change
      in the degree of synchrony could be made. The correlation between discharges is
      absent or weak in the decerebrated cat with an intact spinal cord and in intact
      cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone or chloralose. Anaesthetics administered
      to a spinal animal did not suppress synchrony. The synchrony between gamma
      motoneurones is characteristic of the short-term synchrony (Sears & Stagg, 1976)
      which arises from activity in shared presynaptic axons. In a few instances a
      stronger, more-tightly coupled synchrony was observed. The cross-correlogram peak
      had a half-width of 0.5-1.0 ms and was superimposed upon the usual wider-based
      peak. We presume that this intense form of synchrony has a different origin. The
      properties of the short-term synchrony are discussed with respect to (a) the
      mechanism of supraspinal control, and (b) a plausible model of the membrane
      properties of gamma-motoneurones which could account for the dependency of k' on
      frequency of firing. Experiments to determine the afferent source of synchronous
      firing and its distribution are presented in the following paper (Ellaway &
      Murthy, 1985).

PMID- 4011839
TI  - The source and distribution of short-term synchrony between gamma-motoneurones in
      the cat.
AB  - The naturally occurring background discharges of gamma-motoneurones to
      gastrocnemius and soleus in the decerebrated, spinal cat show a degree of short
      term synchrony which is absent when the spinal cord is intact. The
      characteristics of this synchrony and the mechanism producing it have been
      examined in the preceeding paper (Ellaway & Murthy, 1985). Short-term synchrony
      in the background discharge is removed by cutting the ipsilateral dorsal root (S1
      or L7) at the segment of origin of the gamma-efferents. It persists on cutting
      other ipsilateral or any contralateral dorsal roots between L6 and S3. The source
      is not the homonymous or synergist muscle group. Neither is the skin which lies
      around the insertion of gastrocnemius-soleus on the heel the afferent source of
      this synchrony. However, stimulation of the heel by light stroking or pressure
      raises the frequency of gamma-efferent discharge and increases the degree of
      synchrony. Such stimulation does not produce synchrony in the decerebrated cat
      with an intact spinal cord. Synchrony between gamma-motoneurones is as strong
      between different fascicles of a muscle (gastrocnemius medialis), or different
      heads (gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis), as it is within one fascicle of a
      muscle. The timing of the peak incidence of correlated discharges always
      indicated synchrony at the level of the spinal cord irrespective of differences
      in peripheral conduction time or the destination of the axons. Hamstring and
      pretibial flexors show a lower incidence or weaker degree of short-term synchrony
      between homonymous gamma-efferents compared with gastrocnemius. Short-term
      synchrony is either weak or absent between gamma-motoneurones to heteronymous
      muscles. gamma-Efferents from homologous muscles on either side of the cord lack
      synchrony of discharge. The results go some way to establishing the source and
      connectivity to the motoneurone pool of afferents capable of synchronizing the
      discharge of gamma-efferents.

PMID- 4011840
TI  - Infections in compromised hosts.

PMID- 4011841
TI  - Thiamine deficiency at a district general hospital: report of five cases.
AB  - Five biochemically severe cases of thiamine deficiency presented to one medical
      firm within an 11-month period at a district general hospital in Wales. In two
      patients the presenting feature was oliguric functional renal failure, with frank
      cardiovascular beri-beri. In one of these renal failure developed over a period
      of seven days, the cause being recognised after 20 days of continuous high
      calorie intravenous feeding including daily vitamin supplements. Three further
      cases illustrate how early recognition and adequate treatment of the renal and
      cardiovascular components of thiamine deficiency may be life-saving.

PMID- 4011842
TI  - Syncope in an elderly, institutionalised population: prevalence, incidence, and
      associated risk.
AB  - Although syncope is common in the elderly, little is known of its epidemiology
      and prognosis. A retrospective analysis of syncope in 711 very old (mean age 87
      years) institutionalised patients revealed a 10 year prevalence of 23 per cent
      and one year incidence of 7 per cent. A two-year prospective follow-up of this
      population revealed a yearly incidence of 6 per cent and recurrence rate of 30
      per cent. Of 67 patients who developed syncope during follow-up, a cause was
      established in 46; 14 (21 per cent) had cardiac and 32 (48 per cent) had non
      cardiac aetiologies. Twenty-one cases (31 per cent) remained unexplained.
      Patients who developed syncope were initially more functionally disabled (p =
      0.003) and subsequently changed function more frequently (p = 0.03) than those
      without the development of syncope, but two year rates of hospitalisation and
      death were not different between the two groups. Life-table survival analysis
      showed no difference in the mortality of subgroups with cardiac, non-cardiac, and
      unknown aetiologies of syncope. Syncope is common in multiply impaired elders and
      is likely a manifestation of co-morbid disease rather than an independent
      contributor to mortality.

PMID- 4011843
TI  - Infection in immunocompromised patients.
AB  - Infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised
      patients for whom diagnosis and management require scrupulous attention to detail
      and a continuing awareness of the micro-organisms causing infection in a
      particular environment in different groups of patients. Although uncommon and
      relatively non-pathogenic organisms may be the cause of infection in these
      patients most are caused by recognised pathogens. The present review concentrates
      on infection in the immunocompromised as seen in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 4011844
TI  - The clinical spectrum of acute glomerulonephritis and lung haemorrhage
      (Goodpasture's syndrome).
AB  - The aetiology, clinical features and outcome of 40 patients presenting with
      Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis with haemoptysis and pulmonary
      infiltrates) are reviewed. The diseases of the patients studied could be divided
      into three groups: antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody-induced
      disease (7/40); systemic vasculitis (22/40) and idiopathic Goodpasture's syndrome
      (i.e. no systemic disease or anti-GBM antibody detected) (11/40). Overall
      mortality was 57.5 per cent (anti-GBM disease 4/7; systemic vasculitis 15/22; and
      idiopathic Goodpasture's syndrome 4/11). Most patients died of disease
      progression or infection. End-stage renal failure developed in 26 patients (anti
      GBM (7), vasculitis (14) and idiopathic Goodpasture's syndrome (5). End-stage
      renal failure developed in 23 of 24 patients presenting with a creatinine of
      greater than 600 microM/l regardless of the aetiology of Goodpasture's syndrome
      or treatment used. Review of renal histology showed that all had proliferative
      nephritis, with 80 per cent of patients having more than 30 per cent crescents.
      Thus Goodpasture's syndrome was associated with a wide variety of underlying
      disease. It had a poor prognosis, with the degree of renal impairment at
      presentation, the extent of crescent formation and the nature of the underlying
      disease being the major determinants of outcome.

PMID- 4011845
TI  - Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: the bimodal pattern revisited.
AB  - A review of 51 patients who died while enrolled in a long-term prospective study
      of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) revealed that active SLE may persist or
      reappear late in the course of the disease. Vascular events, especially
      atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, occurred frequently. Moderate to severe
      atherosclerosis was seen in patients who had died of any cause after a prolonged
      duration of the disease and often contributed significantly to death. Diffuse
      proliferative glomerulonephritis, CNS lupus and major infections were indications
      of poor prognosis particularly early in its course.

PMID- 4011846
TI  - Expression of assayable residual stem cell damage in erythroid differentiation.
AB  - In rodents, residual damage is inducible in hematopoietic stem cells by exposure
      to ionizing radiation or alkylating agents. This damage can be assayed in mice by
      transferring bone marrow into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients and
      subsequently measuring the incremental increase of 5-(125I)iodo-2'-deoxyuridine
      incorporation in spleens. In this study, bone marrow from mice treated 3 weeks
      previously with Methylnitrosourea (50 mg/kg) or 450 rad was injected into
      recipients in order to determine possible residual effects of treatment on
      erythroid cell differentiation following stem cell seeding. Such effects were
      detected by a reduced amount of 59Fe incorporation into spleens, thus indicating
      transfer of residual stem cell damage to differentiating cells.

PMID- 4011847
TI  - Transfer and distribution of niobium-95 in adult, fetal, and newborn rats after
      injection during pregnancy.
AB  - Following i.v. injection of Nb-95 into pregnant rats, fetuses and newborns were
      dissected and measured for radioactivity after several time intervals. At any
      time only a small quantity of the administered radioactivity was transferred to
      fetus and newborn and the fetal tissue concentrations were always lower than the
      maternal ones. The highest ratio (0.6) between fetal and maternal tissue
      concentrations was found in bone.

PMID- 4011848
TI  - Cellular inactivation by heat and shear.
AB  - Inactivation of Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro by a temperature elevation to
      43 degrees C and with Couette shear flow was investigated. The shear stresses
      were chosen to mimic those produced by ultrasound of approximately 3 MHz and 3
      W/cm2 within the chambers employed by earlier investigators studying ultrasonic
      inactivation of cellular processes. The combined shear and thermal stresses
      produced survival curves exhibiting a summating effect among these two stresses
      and remarkably similar to the ultrasound/thermal survival curves.

PMID- 4011849
TI  - Photochemical reactivity of the homologous proteins alpha-lactalbumin and
      lysozyme.
AB  - The fluorescent behaviour and the photodynamic effect was studied in native and
      structurally modified lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin. The Tyr residues in
      lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin show different sensitivities to the photodynamic
      effect. The effect is zero in the case of Tyr from native lysozyme. In contrast,
      the Tyr residues in alpha-lactalbumin are susceptible to photooxidation, which
      indicates a greater degree of exposure to the solvent. The three His residues of
      alpha-lactalbumin have different degrees of exposure and show two different
      kinetics of photooxidation whereas the His residue of lysozyme is photooxidized
      with a single kinetic. Two photooxidation kinetics were obtained for the Trp
      residues of both native proteins, an indication that in both cases there are Trp
      residues that are differently exposed to the solvent. The wavelengths of maximum
      fluorescent emission of the Trp residues were different for the two proteins, an
      effect which can also be explained in terms of a difference in the environment of
      these residues. The modified form of these proteins emit at wavelengths longer
      than those of the native forms. When modified the proteins photooxidize with
      noticeably greater quantum yields.

PMID- 4011850
TI  - Extracellular calcium and microwave enhancement of membrane conductance in snail
      neurons.
AB  - Microwave irradiation has been shown to decrease the input resistance of snail
      neurons. In this study, we examined the role of extracellular calcium in
      triggering the microwave-induced enhancement of membrane conductance. Two sets of
      experiments were conducted. In the first set, nerve cells were superfused using
      Ringer solution with added Cd2+ (0.9 mM) which is a known blocker of calcium
      channels. In the second set, cells were superfused with low Ca2+ (0.7 mM) Ringer
      solution. Microwave irradiation was conducted at 2,450 MHz for 30 min with a
      specific absorption rate of 13 mW/g. It was found that 7 mM to 0.7 mM lowering of
      Ca2+ in bathing solution as well as blocking of calcium channels in neuronal
      membrane by means of Cd2+ did not influence the fall in membrane resistance
      induced by microwave radiation. In fact, the observed changed in membrane
      resistance in these experiments were nearly equal to those observed for neurons
      superfused by normal Ringer's. Thus, these results rule out the possible
      contribution of external Ca2+ in the observed microwave effect. Experiments with
      high Ca2+ solution also support this conclusion.

PMID- 4011851
TI  - Inhibition of recovery from potentially lethal damage by chemicals in Chinese
      hamster V79 A cells.
AB  - The inhibition of recovery from potentially lethal damage and the influence of
      mutation induction by lactate, pyruvate, novobiocin, and nalidixic acid was
      studied in the stationary phase of Chinese hamster V79 A cells. Lactate and
      pyruvate were selected to elucidate their possible involvement in the inhibition
      of recovery from PLD since high levels of lactate and pyruvate accumulate due to
      increased aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis in tumours. Effects of novobiocin and
      nalidixic acid were also studied to elucidate the possible role of an enzyme
      similar to DNA gyrase in the potentially lethal damage recovery of V79 cells. The
      inhibition of recovery depends on drug concentration and is complete with 20 mM
      of lactate and pyruvate and 20 microM of nalidixic acid and novobiocin. The
      chemicals seem to interfere with an early step in the recovery process.
      Incubation with novobiocin in a post-irradiation period does not change the
      mutation frequency significantly whereas lactate and pyruvate demonstrate a
      slight increase. Cells incubated with nalidixic acid showed a significant
      increase in mutation frequency at 24 h post-irradiation recovery time.

PMID- 4011852
TI  - Post-irradiation inactivation, protection, and repair of the sulfhydryl enzyme
      malate synthase. Effects of formate, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and
      dithiothreitol.
AB  - Malate synthase from baker's yeast, a trimeric sulfhydryl enzyme with one
      essential sulfhydryl group per subunit, was inactivated by 2 kGy X-irradiation in
      air-saturated aqueous solution (enzyme concentration: 0.5 mg/ml). The radiation
      induced changes of enzymic activity were registered at about 0, 30, 60 h after
      irradiation. To elucidate the role of OH., O-.2, and H2O2 in the X-ray
      inactivation of the enzyme, experiments were performed in the absence or presence
      of different concentrations of specific additives (formate, superoxide dismutase,
      catalase). These additives were added to malate synthase solutions before or
      after X-irradiation. Moreover, repairs of inactivated malate synthase were
      initiated at about 0 or 30 h after irradiation by means of the sulfhydryl agent
      dithiothreitol. Experiments yielded the following results: Irradiation of malate
      synthase in the absence of additives inactivated the enzyme immediately to a
      residual activity Ar = 3% (corresponding to a D37 = 0.6 kGy), and led to further
      slow inactivation in the post-irradiation phase. Repairs, initiated at different
      times after irradiation, restored enzymic activity considerably. The repair
      initiated at t = 0 led to Ar = 21%; repairs started later on resulted in somewhat
      lower activities. The decay of repairability, however, was found to progress more
      slowly than post-irradiation inactivation itself. After completion of repair the
      activities of repaired samples did not decrease significantly. The presence of
      specific additives during irradiation caused significant protective effects
      against primary inactivation. The protection by formate was very pronounced
      (e.g., Ar = 72% and D37 = 6 kGy for 100 mM formate). The presence of catalytic
      amounts of superoxide dismutase and/or catalase exhibited only minor effects,
      depending on the presence and concentration of formate. Both the presence of
      specific additives during irradiation and the addition of additives after
      irradiation may alter the post-irradiation inactivation. Catalase turned out to
      be the most potent inhibitor of post-irradiation inactivation; superoxide
      dismutase showed an ambivalent behaviour, it accelerated or impeded post
      irradiation inactivation; formate, when added after irradiation, exhibited a
      moderate protective effect. The presence of specific additives, added before
      and/or after irradiation, influenced the repair behaviour to some extent. The
      highest activity achieved by repair amounted to about 90% of the activity of the
      corresponding unirradiated sample. The percentual gain of activity was found to
      be the greater the lower the residual activity of the enzyme was before
      initiation of repair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4011853
TI  - The integrated syllabus.
AB  - A detailed programme of DCR Course objectives subsectioned and examined according
      to a student radiographer's learning progress, rather than strict, subject matter
      boundaries. Taking the above definition as its model, this paper describes and
      discusses historical, educational and practical views of the qualifying Diploma
      of the College of Radiographers and outlines proposals, based on a questionnaire
      survey, for its restructuring.

PMID- 4011854
TI  - What is a 'good' radiographer?
AB  - This article outlines the findings of a recent analysis of assessment forms used
      within Schools of Radiography throughout the United Kingdom. The forms were
      analysed in an attempt to develop a taxonomy of affective skills a radiographer
      should possess if he or she is to present the desired professional image and be
      'good with the patient'. With the exception of technical skills the most common
      feature for assessment on the forms was the students' 'attitude to and care of
      the patient'. From an analysis of this section a list of desirable attitudes the
      student should display was drawn up. In conclusion the limitations of this list
      are looked into and work presently being carried out as a result of these
      findings is outlined.

PMID- 4011855
TI  - The control of phototimers.

PMID- 4011856
TI  - Resolution in diagnostic radiography: how to measure it.

PMID- 4011857
TI  - Quality assurance in radiography. The College's contribution. Report from the
      Quality Assurance Working Party.

PMID- 4011858
TI  - Quality assurance in radiography. Quality assurance in the developing countries.

PMID- 4011859
TI  - Quality and benefit weighed against expenses in a radiotherapy department.

PMID- 4011860
TI  - Oncology changes and the therapy radiographer.

PMID- 4011861
TI  - Building up a budget.

PMID- 4011862
TI  - Competence to practise.

PMID- 4011863
TI  - Variations in measured computed tomography number values.
AB  - Computed Tomography (CT) scans of a water phantom have been performed on a number
      of different CT scanners, and variations in the measured mean pixel value for a
      central region have been observed. In addition, a positional variation of mean CT
      number was noted. In particular, the head rest on an EMI CT1010 scanner had a
      significant effect on the pixel values. To stimulate head scanning, a phantom
      with a Teflon annulus surrounding a water bath was used. This annulus affected
      both the mean and standard deviation of the pixels in a central area of the scan.
      Both an mAS and beam width dependence on CT numbers was noted. The effect of
      calibration on the measured CT numbers for each reconstruction filter was
      examined on one machine. The variation of CT number with reconstruction matrix
      and compensation filter was also investigated. These measurements suggest caution
      must be exercised when interpreting actual CT number values. This will be
      particularly relevant when the numbers are used to differentiate between tissue
      types for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

PMID- 4011864
TI  - The World Health Organization-Basic Radiological System.

PMID- 4011865
TI  - [Computed tomographic arthrography of the cruciate ligaments of the knee].

PMID- 4011866
TI  - [Value of computed tomography in posttraumatic changes in the thorax, abdomen and
      retroperitoneal space].

PMID- 4011867
TI  - [Computed tomography in mediastinal widening].

PMID- 4011868
TI  - [X-ray findings in urogenital bilharziosis].

PMID- 4011869
TI  - [X-ray picture of pulmonary and pleural lymphogranulomatosis and its
      characteristics].

PMID- 4011870
TI  - [Diagnostic efficacy of "routine" thoracic radiography preparatory to abortion].

PMID- 4011871
TI  - [Diagnostic efficacy of pictures of neck soft tissues as "routine" x-rays in
      thyroid diagnosis].

PMID- 4011872
TI  - [X-ray diagnosis of diverticular disease].

PMID- 4011873
TI  - [Septic osteochondritis of the synchondrosis ischiopubica].

PMID- 4011874
TI  - Thermographic changes in healthy persons produced by a simulator of vibrating
      tools.

PMID- 4011875
TI  - [Preoperative phlebography of the internal spermatic vein as a preventive measure
      against the recurrence of varicoceles in children and adolescents].

PMID- 4011876
TI  - [Experiences with a new hyperosmolar contrast medium Iopamiro, Bracco in
      peripheral arteriography].

PMID- 4011877
TI  - [Diagnostic possibilities of the contrast medium verografin in liposomes (animal
      experiments)].

PMID- 4011878
TI  - [Specialty standards--x-ray diagnosis--mammography].

PMID- 4011879
TI  - [Comment on the paper: "A simplified classification algorithm for overall chest
      views of surgical lung patients" by R. Herlbauer].

PMID- 4011880
TI  - [Improving the value of x-ray pictures using optical filters].

PMID- 4011881
TI  - [Formulation and application of guidelines for manpower requirements for x-ray
      diagnostic departments in hospitals and ambulatory care facilities].

PMID- 4011882
TI  - [Normal lymph node cross sections in different anatomic regions and their
      significance for computed tomographic diagnosis].
AB  - In 102 patients, lymph node cross section measurements in different anatomic
      regions were taken from standard bipedal lymphograms without evidence of
      lymphatic disease. Corrections were made for geometric magnification due to
      anatomic changes in lymph node: film distances. In each region, the arithmetic
      mean, standard deviation, median value, Gaussian distribution, and 95% confidence
      limits were calculated. In 51 male patients (age range: 15 to 78 years) and 51
      female patients (age range: 20 to 76 years), the following upper limits of normal
      lymph node cross section measurements were found: Retrocrural nodes - 7 mm,
      lumbar nodes - 10 mm, iliac lymph nodes - 12 mm, inguinal lymph nodes - up to 18
      mm. The values obtained showed no statistically significant differences between
      male and female patients and between the right and left sides of the body. The
      problem of size as the only criterion of malignancy in computed tomography as
      well as in sonography of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes is discussed.

PMID- 4011883
TI  - [Malignant lymphomas of the orbit, facial bones and the parapharyngeal space].
AB  - The evaluation of 21 patients with non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma and primary extranodal
      manifestations involving the orbits, the paranasal sinuses, and the
      parapharyngeal spaces shows no typical features in malignant lymphoma. The
      analysis of the morphological features in computed tomography allows no
      classification of the tumor type. The most important differential diagnoses
      within the region of the facial skeleton are discussed.

PMID- 4011884
TI  - [Nuclear spin resonance tomography and its anatomic-pathological correlates].
AB  - NMR examination of a preserved head was performed using different Inversion
      Recovery and Spin Echo sequences. Correlations were made between the MR and the
      macroscopic pathological and later, the histological appearances of the specimen
      at corresponding slices. Normal anatomical structures and the multiple
      pathological lesions were all clearly demonstrated by MRI.

PMID- 4011885
TI  - [Evaluation of spontaneous renal extravasation of contrast media in the excretory
      urogram].
AB  - Spontaneous renal extravasation is the term used to refer to the radiological
      demonstration of contrast medium outside the collecting system without previous
      trauma, ureter catheterization, operation on the kidney or its vicinity, and
      without external compression during urography. In a review of 1300 intravenous
      urograms, 13 cases of extravasation of contrast medium were found to satisfy the
      above criteria. Differences in the radiological appearance may cause problems
      with regard to evaluation and classification. From a therapeutic point of view it
      is important to distinguish between two forms: transient sinus extravasation due
      to minute tears in the calyceal fornix after an increase in intrapelvic pressure
      and persisting rupture of the previously impaired renal pelvis, which may require
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 4011886
TI  - [X-ray findings in deliberately incorporated foreign bodies].
AB  - Observations of 181 foreign body introductions in 99 patients are reported. It is
      possible to differentiate between an oral, transanal, transcutaneous,
      transurethral, transvenous, transaural way and exceptional cases. Orally
      introduced foreign bodies up to a length of 12-15 cm usually pass spontaneously:
      longer foreign bodies must be removed endoscopically or surgically. A special
      problem is connected with foreign bodies which are swallowed together in a
      parallel position and form a cross in the stomach. Intravenously introduced
      foreign bodies like metallic mercury and copper wire were well tolerated by the
      patients. - Individual observations concern a patient who swallowed a screw
      driver (about 10 cm in length) and water intoxication in 3 patients (one of whom
      died) who drank 9-17 liters during 1-2 hours.

PMID- 4011887
TI  - Primary hydatid disease of the infratemporal fossa and the parotid gland.
AB  - Hydatid disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions
      causing swelling of the parotid area or exophthalmos in patients originating from
      countries where the incidence of the disease is high. An unusual case of hydatid
      disease located in the infratemporal fossa and the anterior parotid region is
      presented. Computed Tomography is a valuable tool for establishment of the
      diagnosis, before any surgical approach to the lesion is initiated and for
      postoperative follow-up and evaluation.

PMID- 4011888
TI  - Equilibrium of medical and radiology services in Manitoba.
AB  - Diagnostic imaging policy for the one million people of Manitoba was reviewed.
      Four complete data collections of diagnostic imaging activity, physician claims,
      vital statistics, and disease incidence from existing registries were assembled.
      Mammography, Hodgkin disease, and regional enteritis were analyzed briefly.
      Studies of protocols for patient access to computed tomography, imaging in head
      injury, and actions by society indicated that new technology and procedures can
      be accommodated at manageable public expense. To overcome emerging problems,
      several initiatives have been considered, including a proposed Canadian Health
      Council to moderate policy, a personal health identification number to link
      information, and imaging investigation directed by radiologists.

PMID- 4011890
TI  - Lead arthropathy: arthritis caused by retained intra-articular bullets.
AB  - The cases of 14 patients seen 6 weeks to 7 years after gunshot wounds with
      painful, restrictive joint disease and retained intra-articular bullets were
      reviewed. Twelve patients had radiographic findings characteristic of lead
      synovitis. The earliest finding was a fine, punctate deposition of radiopaque
      lead on the articular cartilage that resembled chondrocalcinosis but was of
      greater density. This was followed by more discrete lead speckling of
      hypertrophied synovium. The opacities became larger, coarser, and more confluent
      over time, ultimately outlining the synovium, articular cartilage, and joint
      capsule. Synovial hypertrophy and diffuse chronic inflammation and fibrosis were
      seen in seven patients on gross pathologic examination. The lead was deposited
      extracellularly in the subsynovial layer and within the marrow spaces of
      subarticular and periarticular bone. Electron-microscopic study suggests that
      lead is initially incorporated within cells and secondarily deposited
      extracellularly after cell death. Bullets in joints are not physiologically inert
      and should be removed when encountered.

PMID- 4011889
TI  - Oblique hilar tomography, computed tomography, and mediastinoscopy for
      prethoracotomy staging of bronchogenic carcinoma.
AB  - Preoperative oblique hilar tomography was used to evaluate hilar lymph nodes in
      150 patients with clinically resectable bronchogenic carcinoma. CT was also used
      in the evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes in 50 of these patients.
      Subsequently, all patients underwent mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy. Hilar
      and mediastinal nodes were evaluated for the presence of metastasis, and these
      findings were then correlated with the radiographic findings of oblique hilar
      tomography and CT. CT was found to be a reliable method for prethoracotomy
      staging of bronchogenic carcinoma and for selecting patients for mediastinoscopy.
      The sensitivity of CT for evaluation of mediastinal nodal metastasis was 83% and
      the specificity was 90%. Thus patients with negative mediastinal CT need not
      undergo mediastinoscopy prior to thoracotomy, while mediastinoscopy and biopsy
      should be done in patients with enlarged mediastinal nodes on CT. Oblique hilar
      tomography is an accurate method for evaluation of hilar adenopathy and for
      predicting mediastinal involvement by extrapolation.

PMID- 4011891
TI  - Bursae and abscess cavities communicating with the hip. Diagnosis using
      arthrography and CT.
AB  - Bursae or abscess cavities communicating with the hip joint were demonstrated by
      hip arthrography or by computed tomography (CT) in 40 cases. The bursae or
      abscess cavities were associated with underlying abnormalities in the hip,
      including painful hip prostheses, infection, and inflammatory or degenerative
      arthritis. Structures communicating with the joint capsule included iliopsoas
      bursae (13 cases), bursae associated with the greater trochanter (21 cases),
      ischiotrochanteric bursae created by abnormal articulation between the ischium
      and lesser trochanter (two cases), and abscess cavities not associated with a
      bursa (four cases). Symptoms may be produced directly as a result of infection or
      indirectly as a result of inflammation or pressure on adjacent structures. In
      cases of suspected infection, direct puncture and aspiration of the bursa or
      abscess cavity, in addition to joint aspiration, may be necessary to obtain
      organisms for culture as joint aspiration may not yield fluid. Hip arthrography
      can confirm a diagnosis of bursae and abscess cavities communicating with the hip
      joint in patients with hip pain or soft-tissue masses around the groin.
      Differentiation of enlarged bursae from other abnormalities is important to avoid
      unnecessary or incorrect surgery.

PMID- 4011892
TI  - Erosive arthritis in Cronkhite-Canada syndrome.
AB  - A patient with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome and an erosive arthritis whose course
      correlated with the activity of his bowel disease is described. We found no
      previous description of articular manifestations in any patients with this
      syndrome. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome should be added to the differential diagnosis
      of erosive arthritis in the appropriate clinical setting.

PMID- 4011893
TI  - Inhibition of platelet function by contrast media: iopamidol and ioxaglate versus
      iothalamate. Work in progress.
AB  - The effects of an ionic contrast agent, meglumine iothalamate (Conray-60), and
      two newer low-osmolality radiographic contrast media, sodium meglumine ioxaglate
      (Hexabrix) and iopamidol (B-15,000), on platelet aggregation and secretion
      responses were studied. All three agents inhibited platelet responses during
      stimulation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, and collagen. Platelet
      function was inhibited by iothalamate at concentrations of 11 mg iodine/ml and
      above, and by the newer agents at concentrations above 30 mg iodine/ml. Addition
      of exogenous calcium decreased the iothalamate-induced inhibition of aggregation
      but did not improve dense granule secretion. There was no consistent effect of
      exogenous calcium on platelet inhibition by iopamidol and ioxaglate. These
      studies indicate that the newer agents inhibit platelet function less than
      iothalamate does, and that chelation of Ca2+ may not be the major mechanism of
      platelet inhibition by contrast agents.

PMID- 4011894
TI  - Vena caval filter to prevent pulmonary embolism: experimental study. Work in
      progress.
AB  - A new inferior vena caval filter was tested in an experimental series of 23 dogs
      and in an in vitro study. The filter consists of a pliable basket and anchoring
      legs made of stainless steel. It can be inserted percutaneously in an antegrade
      or retrograde fashion through a 10-F Teflon catheter and can be retrieved with a
      snare or forceps. The filter is self-orienting in the inferior vena cava, becomes
      securely the inferior vena cava, becomes securely fixed to the wall, and has
      exhibited no tendency to migrate. It is highly effective in capturing small and
      large emboli. There was no significant elevation in upstream hydrostatic pressure
      following entrapment of emboli. Spontaneous thrombus formation within the basket
      was observed in two of six dogs who had short-term follow-up. In dogs who had
      long-term follow-up, the filter remained patent. Microscopically, the filter
      caused sclerosis of the intima where the wire was in contact with the vessel
      wall. Breakage of an anchor leg and separation at the fusion between anchor and
      basket were seen in the study. They were eliminated by improvement of the
      prototype, which is now ready for clinical application.

PMID- 4011895
TI  - Percutaneous removal of ureteral calculi: clinical and experimental results.
AB  - Between May 1983 and October 1984, 51 patients who had 68 ureteral stones
      underwent treatment at the University of Minnesota. All 68 stones were removed
      successfully using percutaneous techniques. The 100% success rate is a great
      improvement over previous results at our institution. The primary factors appear
      to be the development of the retrograde-flush technique, familiarity with and
      access to a wider range of methods, and the increasing use of the retrograde
      ureterorenoscope to see stones in the lower ureter. The average patient was a 45
      year-old man who had no other medical problems. The average hospital stay was 6.8
      days. Experimental studies with dogs indicate that injection rates of up to 30
      ml/sec of contrast material through a retrograde catheter in the ureter are safe
      if a vent is present in the upper collecting system.

PMID- 4011896
TI  - US anatomy of the posterior fossa in children: correlation with brain sections.
AB  - Improvements in ultrasound (US) equipment now permit display of anatomic
      structures not previously shown. Correlation of US images of the posterior fossa
      with gross and myelin-stained sections of the human brain illuminates the nature
      of the structures displayed sonographically.

PMID- 4011897
TI  - Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome: association with osteoporosis and recurrent
      fractures.
AB  - Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (Job or Buckley) syndrome is an immunodeficiency
      disease associated with recurrent pyogenic infections, chronic eczematoid
      dermatitis, and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Association of this condition with
      osteoporosis and recurrent fractures is presented by a case report and by review
      of other reports describing similar findings. Other immunodeficiency syndromes
      with associated skeletal abnormalities are discussed.

PMID- 4011898
TI  - The calcar avis: demonstration with cranial US.
AB  - The calcar avis indents the medial wall of the occipital horn of the lateral
      ventricle and, when prominent, may be seen on an ultrasonogram (especially one
      obtained through the posterior fontanel). It should be recognized as a normal
      variant and not be mistaken for an abnormal mass or resolving blood clot.

PMID- 4011899
TI  - Osteolysis in cat-scratch fever.
AB  - The osteolysis associated with cat-scratch fever resembles more ominous
      conditions. The combination of osteolysis and unilateral regional adenopathy in a
      child or adolescent should suggest cat-scratch disease.

PMID- 4011900
TI  - Intracranial vascular malformations: MR and CT imaging.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with 29 cerebrovascular malformations were evaluated with a
      combination of computed tomography (CT), angiography, and magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging. Characteristics of the malformations on MR images were reviewed
      retrospectively, and a comparative evaluation of MR and CT images was made. Of 14
      angiographically evident malformations, 13 intra-axial lesions were detected on
      both CT and MR images, and one dural malformation gave false-negative results on
      both modalities. The appearance of parenchymal lesions on MR images closely
      mirrored characteristic CT findings. Calcific foci were difficult to separate
      from vessels on both images. Clot was more easily identified on MR images. In the
      detection of 15 angiographically occult malformations, CT proved more sensitive
      when focal calcification was the only evidence of their presence. MR study failed
      to detect two small supratentorial lesions evidenced by faint calcifications on
      CT scans. In two patients, MR images showed small hemorrhages not detectable by
      CT, and MR provided strong evidence for the diagnosis of hematoma for 12 lesions.
      Angiographically evident malformations have a highly characteristic appearance on
      MR images. MR may be more sensitive than CT in the detection of small hemorrhagic
      foci associated with cryptic arteriovenous malformations and may add specificity
      in the diagnosis of occult malformations in some cases, but MR is less sensitive
      than CT for the detection of small calcified malformations.

PMID- 4011901
TI  - Cerebral venous angiomas: MR imaging.
AB  - Seven patients with angiographically proved cerebral venous angiomas were imaged
      by magnetic resonance. The venous angioma was identified in all cases. The most
      characteristic feature was an enlarged transcerebral draining vein (86%),
      followed by increased signal on T2-weighted images (57%) and decreased signal on
      T1-weighted images (40%) in adjacent parenchyma. Mass effect was absent in all
      cases. T2 imaging was more successful in showing the lesions than was T1 imaging.

PMID- 4011902
TI  - Malignant uveal melanoma and similar lesions studied by computed tomography.
AB  - Forty-four patients with intraocular disease were studied by computed tomography
      (CT); in 19 cases malignant uveal melanoma was considered the likely diagnosis.
      CT proved to be accurate in determining the location and size of uveal melanomas,
      demonstrating scleral invasion, and differentiating melanoma from choroidal
      detachment or angioma, toxocariasis, and senile macular degeneration. Astrocytic
      retinal hamartoma and medulloepithelioma could not be distinguished from melanoma
      with CT. On CT, uveal melanomas appeared as hyperdense lesions with slight to
      moderate contrast enhancement. Tumors thinner than 2 mm could not be seen. Using
      dynamic CT, we noted moderate peak amplitude, normal or delayed tissue transit
      time, and persistently elevated washout phase (downslope), indicating increased
      permeability as the result of an impaired tumor blood barrier. Histological types
      of uveal melanoma could not be differentiated on the basis of circulatory
      patterns. Dynamic CT may be useful in distinguishing uveal melanoma from
      choroidal hemangioma or hematoma.

PMID- 4011903
TI  - Emergency skull radiography: the effect of restrictive criteria on skull
      radiography and CT use.
AB  - A prospective study was performed to determine the effect of restrictive criteria
      on the use of emergency skull radiography and computed tomography (CT) of the
      head. Emergency skull radiography required the completion of a special
      requisition form. Emergency CT of the head was done at the request of senior
      consultants and was available on a full-time basis. Over 1 year, 2,758 skull
      studies were performed, a decrease of 39.1% when compared with the year before
      restrictive criteria were instituted, during which 4,587 skull examinations were
      done. In the same period, the number of emergency CT scans of the head increased
      by 45.7%, from 471 in the control year to 686 in the experimental year. With the
      use of restrictive criteria, a net savings of +164,000 was achieved. Our results
      suggest that the use of restrictive criteria is a cost-effective means of
      limiting skull radiography when CT of the head is readily available.

PMID- 4011904
TI  - Abdominal venous system: assessment using MR.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with known or suspected evidence of venous disease based on
      results of computed tomography, angiography, or ultrasound were imaged with
      magnetic resonance (MR) to determine the MR characterization of venous
      abnormalities. MR findings were proved by laparotomy or autopsy in 18 of 25
      cases. In seven of 25 patients in whom only biopsy was performed, the MR findings
      were correlated with findings from other radiologic tests. On MR, the inferior
      vena cava (IVC), portal vein, and their major tributaries were seen in all but
      two cases. In those two, identification of collaterals led to the correct
      diagnosis of splenic vein thrombosis in one case and left renal vein thrombosis
      in another. MR imaging helped identify intraluminal thrombi in the IVC (12 of 12
      cases), portal vein (two of two cases), renal veins (seven of seven cases),
      superior mesenteric vein (one case), and iliac veins (seven of seven cases).
      Intraluminal signal intensity secondary to slow blood flow seen in five patients
      was always differentiated from the thrombus. MR imaging helped identify correctly
      the nature of the thrombus in 11 of 16 patients. In five patients, the
      differentiation between tumor thrombus and blood clot thrombus was not possible.
      Involvement of the IVC wall by tumor was seen in four cases. MR imaging also
      accurately depicted slow flow in obstructed or constricted veins; encasement,
      compression, or displacement of veins without intraluminal occlusions; and the
      presence of venous collaterals. The MR imaging evaluation of venous abnormalities
      is accurate, easily performed, and will probably become an important application.

PMID- 4011905
TI  - Hepatic metastases studied with MR and CT.
AB  - Examinations of the liver using magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography
      (CT) were performed on 50 patients with hepatic metastases. MR and CT were
      comparable in their ability to detect metastases, which generally appeared
      hypointense compared with normal liver parenchyma on T1-weighted MR images and
      hyperintense on T2-weighted images. The MR imaging techniques that were most
      reliable in detecting metastases were inversion recovery and a relatively T2
      weighted, spin-echo technique (TR = 1,500 msec, TE = 60 msec). We conclude that
      CT, because of its shorter imaging time, greater spatial resolution, and lower
      cost, should remain the preferred screening test for hepatic metastases. MR
      imaging should be reserved for patients with equivocal CT findings and for
      patients in whom there is persistent clinical suspicion of hepatic metastases
      despite a negative CT examination.

PMID- 4011906
TI  - Iliopsoas muscles: MR study of normal anatomy and disease.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on 15 healthy subjects to define
      the appearance of the iliopsoas muscle and on 15 patients with iliopsoas disease.
      Seven patients had tumorous involvement of the muscles, five had inflammatory
      disease, one had retroperitoneal hemorrhage, one had iliopsoas bursitis, and one
      had bilateral hypertrophy. MR imaging permitted delineation of the muscles and
      depiction of the disease condition. Transverse MR images alone almost always
      provided the necessary data to determine the origin and extent of disease.
      Sagittal images were occasionally useful in defining the extension of disease
      into the spine. T1-weighted images provided optimal contrast between the muscles
      and adjacent tissues, while T2-weighted images were more useful for depicting
      disease within the muscles themselves.

PMID- 4011907
TI  - Chemical shift selective MR imaging using a whole-body magnet.
AB  - We have applied a new method for separating water and fat resonances in proton
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to human studies using a whole-body MR imaging
      system at 2.0 T. Chemical shift selective (CHESS) MR imaging provides either a
      water or fat image in a single experimental run within the same time needed for a
      conventional composite image. Although the technique requires a spectral
      resolution of about 1 ppm over the entire imaging region, first images of the
      human head and hip indicated that CHESS MR imaging is extremely promising for use
      in clinical investigations. Moreover, CHESS MR imaging can be combined
      arbitrarily with other imaging modalities and is easy to implement in any high
      field MR imaging system.

PMID- 4011908
TI  - Gated MR imaging of left atrial myxomas.
AB  - Two cases of left atrial myxoma were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging. In both cases, the myxoma was clearly defined as to its location,
      origin, and size. In one case, the myxoma prolapsed through the mitral valve. Our
      study indicates that MR imaging is valuable in the diagnosis of myxomas.

PMID- 4011909
TI  - Bochdalek hernia: prevalence and CT characteristics.
AB  - The chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans of 940 patients were
      reviewed to determine the prevalence of Bochdalek hernias and to evaluate the
      widely held concept that left-sided hernias occur more than nine times as often
      as right-sided hernias. Sixty Bochdalek hernias were identified in 52 patients, a
      prevalence of 6%, which is more than 100 times more frequent than previously
      reported. Left-sided hernias were found approximately twice as often as right
      sided hernias. The Bochdalek hernia is a much more common congenital anomaly in
      the asymptomatic adult than previously thought and frequently can be identified
      on routine chest and abdominal CT images.

PMID- 4011910
TI  - The portacaval space: CT with MR correlation.
AB  - Between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava lies a small space that may be
      occupied by multiple anatomic structures including the caudate and papillary
      processes of the caudate lobe of the liver, portacaval lymph nodes, replaced or
      accessory right hepatic arteries, posterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal vessels,
      the cystic duct, and the epiploic foramen to the lesser sac. The sectional
      anatomy of these structures is illustrated in this paper with particular emphasis
      on the portacaval nodes. Unlike the adjacent celiac lymph nodes, portacaval nodes
      appear rectangular or elliptical on transverse sections and may measure up to 1.3
      cm in anteroposterior dimension. They may mimic portions of the pancreas, liver,
      or biliary tract on sectional images.

PMID- 4011912
TI  - Decreased splenic enhancement on CT in traumatized hypotensive patients.
AB  - Three patients with transient episodes of hypotension following blunt abdominal
      trauma incurred in motor vehicle accidents were examined by computed tomography
      within 6 hours of injury. The examinations were done using a contrast material
      injection technique that ordinarily leads to greater splenic than hepatic
      attenuation. None of the patients had splenic injury evident on autopsy, surgery,
      or clinical follow-up study (one case each), nor did they have other
      characteristic features of splenic infarction. However, in each case the spleen
      was less enhanced than the liver, leading to an erroneous impression in one
      patient that the splenic artery had been disrupted. Physiologic studies have
      shown that splenic perfusion decreases with sympathetic stimulation; this may
      have been the cause of the diminished enhancement. Decreased splenic enhancement
      should be interpreted cautiously in traumatized hypotensive patients.

PMID- 4011911
TI  - Posterior peritoneal recesses: assessment using CT.
AB  - Intraperitoneal compartments may extend posteriorly to the level of known
      retroperitoneal structures at several locations within the abdomen. These
      locations include the posterior subhepatic or hepatorenal space, the splenorenal
      space, the retropancreatic recess, the paracolic gutters, and the pararectal
      fossae. Because of their posterior location, fluid collections within these
      compartments may be mistaken radiologically for retroperitoneal masses. The
      sectional anatomy of these spaces, and particularly their appearance on computed
      tomographic scans, are illustrated in this paper.

PMID- 4011913
TI  - CT appearance of omental packs.
AB  - Liver lacerations may be surgically treated by using the omentum as packing. A
      radiologist can differentiate potential postoperative complications, such as
      abscess, hematoma, and biloma, from these packs on computed tomographic scans by
      noting attenuation values.

PMID- 4011914
TI  - "Low-probability" ventilation-perfusion scintigrams: clinical outcomes in 99
      patients.
AB  - To evaluate the reliability of "low probability" ventilation-perfusion (V-P)
      scintigrams in excluding pulmonary embolism (PE), we reviewed the clinical
      records of 99 consecutive patients (74 in-patients and 25 outpatients) whose V-P
      studies had been interpreted as indicative of a low probability of PE. None of
      the 99 patients were referred for pulmonary angiography. Venography was performed
      in four patients and was positive in three. No patients were treated specifically
      for pulmonary embolism, but five received full treatment with anticoagulants for
      other reasons (three for venous thrombosis, one for a history of venous
      thrombosis, and one for a ventricular aneurysm). Seven of the hospitalized
      patients died during the index admission and seven additional hospitalized
      patients (including one treated with anticoagulants) died 1-5 months after
      discharge from the hospital. None were thought clinically to have died as a
      result of PE, and autopsy disclosed no PE in two. Follow-up information was
      obtained for 69 surviving patients (49 inpatients and 20 outpatients) not treated
      with anticoagulants. None of these patients were thought clinically to have had
      PE during follow-up of at least 2 weeks duration (greater than 2 months in 93%
      and greater than 6 months in 75%). Our results suggest that major short-term
      morbidity or death attributable to PE are quite infrequent in patients with low
      probability V-P scintigrams.

PMID- 4011916
TI  - Radioimmunoimaging of venous thrombi using iodine-131 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibody (Mab) specific for the NH2-terminal region of human
      fibrin, but not cross-reactive with fibrinogen, was used in radioimmuno-imaging
      of fresh, induced venous thrombi in three dogs. Iodine-131-labeled Mab was
      injected intravenously, with iodine 125-labeled polyclonal murine gamma-G
      globulin (IgG) simultaneously injected as a control. Images were strongly
      positive at 24 and 48 hours in all three animals, with thrombus-to-blood and
      thrombus-to-muscle ratios of 8.4 and 228.0, respectively, for I-131-labeled Mab;
      these ratios for control IgG were 1.2 and 13.0. Radioimmunodetection of thrombi
      in vivo is feasible in dogs and may have clinical application since Mab is
      specific to human fibrin.

PMID- 4011915
TI  - Fragment E1 labeled with I-123 in the detection of venous thrombosis.
AB  - Fragment E1, which has been shown to have specific binding affinity for thrombi
      in an animal model, was investigated in humans for its safety and ability to bind
      to venous thrombi. Human Fragment E1 was labeled with I-123 and administered
      intravenously to patients with proved or suspected deep vein thrombosis. The
      vascular distribution of radioactivity was documented by obtaining gamma camera
      images of the patients' legs for 30 minutes following administration of I-123
      Fragment E1. All patients (n = 5) with documented venous thrombi had rapid
      localization of labeled Fragment E1 in the area of thrombus. Patients without
      evidence of thrombi (n = 5) showed no focal localization, although two of these
      patients showed diffuse uptake along the length of the veins, due to superficial
      phlebitis. Analysis of blood samples in four patients indicated that
      disappearance of Fragment E1 from the circulation was more rapid in individuals
      with thrombosis (t 1/2 = 20 min) than in individuals without thrombosis (t 1/2 =
      90 min), and a radiolabeled species of high molecular weight was found in
      patients with thrombosis but was absent from patients without thrombosis. These
      early results suggest that radiolabeled Fragment E1 is a safe and potentially
      valuable agent for the rapid detection of venous thrombosis.

PMID- 4011917
TI  - Early esophageal carcinoma treated with intracavitary irradiation.
AB  - Five patients with early esophageal carcinoma were treated by 6-12 Gy of
      intracavitary irradiation following 50-60 Gy of external irradiation as a boost
      therapy. Surgery was not performed in these cases. None of the patients had local
      recurrence after radiation therapy, as demonstrated by esophagography and
      endoscopy. Three patients have been alive for 1-3 years 10 months. Esophageal
      ulceration induced by intracavitary irradiation has occurred in three of the five
      patients; however, intracavitary irradiation is still a beneficial treatment
      because of its efficacy in controlling local lesions and because radiation
      ulceration can eventually be cured. Intracavitary irradiation is recommended to
      follow external irradiation as a boost therapy for the treatment of early
      esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 4011918
TI  - Backscattering from dental restorations and splint materials during therapeutic
      radiation.
AB  - Models were constructed to simulate as closely as possible the human oral cavity.
      Radiation absorbed doses were determined for controls and various test situations
      involving the presence of dental restorative and splint materials during cobalt
      60 irradiation of the models. Adjacent gold full crowns and adjacent solid dental
      silver amalgam cores both increased the dose to the interproximal gingivae by
      20%. Use of orthodontic full bands for splinting the jaws increased the dose to
      the buccal tissues by an average of 10%. Augmentation of dose through backscatter
      radiation was determined to be only slight for intracoronal amalgam fillings and
      stainless steel or plastic bracket splints.

PMID- 4011919
TI  - Sphincter preservation in patients with low rectal cancer treated with radiation
      therapy with or without local excision or fulguration.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with small cancers limited to the lower two-thirds of the
      rectum were treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy (XRT). The
      selection factors for this approach were age, refusal of a permanent colostomy,
      or the high risk of local recurrence because of inadequate surgical margin or
      palpable residual tumor after local surgical treatment alone. In patients treated
      with local excision or fulguration followed by XRT, there was a 6% local failure
      rate (one in 17); in 16 of 17 patients receiving radiation doses above 4,500 cGy,
      the local control was complete for follow-up periods of 6 months to 7 years. In
      nine patients treated with XRT for residual tumor, local failure occurred in five
      (56%). The disease-free survival for those without residual tumor versus those
      with residual tumor was 88% and 44%, with median follow-up periods of 20 and 23
      months, respectively. Serious late complications occurred only if total doses
      were greater than 6,300 cGy. Local excision combined with XRT proved to be a safe
      alternative to radical surgery in selected patients and resulted in excellent
      local control while allowing preservation of anal sphincter function.

PMID- 4011920
TI  - Chest radiography: a survey of techniques and exposure levels currently used.
AB  - In diagnostic radiology, the routine measurement of exposure levels for a
      reference patient is an important part of an effective quality assurance program.
      In the United States, chest radiography is the most frequent examination and has
      the lowest exposure level of all radiologic examinations. We estimated the amount
      of exposure an average patient received from both manual and automatic exposure
      controlled radiographic techniques by using a "patient-equivalent" chest phantom
      during measurements. A densitometric procedure was used to assess processor
      performance. The mean exposure from 194 chest systems was 20 mR (5.16 X 10(-5)
      C/kg); the mean film density, 1.38; and the mean processing speed, 108. It is
      interesting to note that a wide range of radiographic techniques, processing
      conditions, and screen-film speeds are currently being used. With the information
      given in our study, investigators can begin to identify the problems that lead to
      unusual exposure levels and, perhaps, poor image quality.

PMID- 4011921
TI  - Detector for dual-energy digital radiography.
AB  - A detection scheme is described that allows one to accomplish dual-energy scanned
      projection digital radiography without switching the x-ray tube voltage. The
      method employs a high/low atomic number detector sandwich that simultaneously
      separates the x-ray beam transmitted by the patient into low and high energy
      components. To test the method, the response of a scanning linear array of energy
      sensitive detectors was simulated, and bone and soft tissue images of an
      anthropomorphic chest phantom were obtained at 140 kVp. These were compared with
      similar images obtained by switching the x-ray tube voltage from 80 kVp to a
      heavily filtered 140 kVp. For comparable entrance skin exposures, the dual-energy
      detector images required a lower tube load and resulted in higher noise levels.
      The latter is attributable to the fact that the separation in energy between the
      high and low energy components is smaller with the dual-energy detector than with
      the voltage switching technique, and to misregistration problems associated with
      the simulation methodology. A detector design is also discussed that would result
      in improved energy separation and lower noise levels. In view of this possibility
      and the tube loading advantage, the method looks promising for digital scanned
      projection radiography.

PMID- 4011923
TI  - Percutaneous retrieval of Kimray-Greenfield vena caval filter.
AB  - The retrieval of a misplaced Kimray-Greenfield filter with a simple snare
      catheter is reported. The filter was moved from the right renal vein to the
      correct position in the vena cava.

PMID- 4011922
TI  - Mammography using an ultrahigh-strip-density, stationary, focused grid.
AB  - A 1-mm-thick, stationary, ultrahigh-strip-density, focused grid was evaluated
      with respect to patient radiation dose and mammographic image quality as it
      affected the resolution of microcalcifications and masses. Radiographic technique
      was varied to determine the most useful alteration to improve image quality with
      the grid. Results from 89 patients demonstrated that no improvement in diagnostic
      ability was found in women with fatty breasts. As breast density increased, the
      advantage of the grid technique became more apparent. Grid mammography also often
      solved the problem of questionable microcalcifications with improved
      visualization of their number and geometry.

PMID- 4011924
TI  - Fiber-optic pressure transducer for use near MR magnetic fields.
AB  - Measurement of physiologic pressures in the vicinity of magnetic fields has been
      difficult because present pressure transducers contain conductive elements. A
      fiber-optic pressure transducer was developed that contains no conductive parts
      and is useful for making continuous pressure measurements within magnetic
      resonance magnetic fields.

PMID- 4011925
TI  - Re: Role of CT in assessing mediastinal involvement in lung cancer.

PMID- 4011926
TI  - Re: Glomerular filtration rate determined in conjunction with routine renal
      scanning.

PMID- 4011927
TI  - Modulation of leukotriene synthesis and actions by synthetic derivatives of
      arachidonic acid.
AB  - Seven analogs of arachidonic acid were tested for their coronary vasoactivity and
      their ability to inhibit LTC4 and LTD4 synthesis by lung tissue and to antagonize
      LTD4 induced coronary constriction. None of the seven arachidonic acid analogs
      significantly altered peptide leukotriene production by minced cat lung. Two of
      the analogs (i.e., 7, 13-diethanoarachidonic acid and 7, 10, 13
      triethanoarachidonic acid) exerted modest but significant coronary vasodilation
      in isolated cat coronary arteries, and significantly antagonized the coronary
      vasoconstrictor response to LTD4. These analogs may be of interest in modulating
      leukotriene actions.

PMID- 4011928
TI  - Isolation and identification of two isomeric trihydroxy octadecenoic acids with
      prostaglandin E-like activity from onion bulbs (Allium cepa).
AB  - Two fractions with prostaglandin E-like activity were isolated from onion (Allium
      cepa) by using XAD-2 adsorption, silicic acid column chromatography and thin
      layer chromatography. The fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry and were characterized as isomeric mixtures of 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11
      octadecenoic and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid, which are lipoxygenase
      metabolites of linoleic acid. Bio-assay, for which cascade superfusion was used
      and the rabbit coeliac and mesenteric arteries and the rat fundus strip were
      employed as assay organs, was utilized to monitor the bio-active profile
      throughout the isolation procedures. The activity of 1 microgram of the
      pharmacologically active fractions T1 and T2 was found to be equivalent to that
      of respectively 1.33 and 0.63 ng of prostaglandin E2.

PMID- 4011929
TI  - [Clinical value of immunopathological studies in dermatitis herpetiformis].

PMID- 4011930
TI  - [Allergens causing skin changes in dogs and humans. I. Food allergens].

PMID- 4011931
TI  - [Allergens causing skin changes in dogs and humans. II. Inhaled allergens].

PMID- 4011932
TI  - [Allergy to chromium, nickel and cobalt in patients with contact dermatitis in
      the Gdansk district 1979-1983].

PMID- 4011933
TI  - [Epidemiology of non-gonococcal urethritis in the light of our observations].

PMID- 4011934
TI  - [Is the Nelson-Mayer test obsolete? I. Analysis of material sent from the Lower
      Silesia region for the TPI test 1976-1982].

PMID- 4011935
TI  - [Biologically false results of serological tests for syphilis in persons with
      skin diseases treated at the Dermatological Clinic of the Medical Academy in
      Cracow 1979-1983].

PMID- 4011936
TI  - [Presence of lipophilic fungi of the genus Pityrosporum in patients with
      pityriasis versicolor and their pathogenicity in experimental animals].

PMID- 4011937
TI  - [Psychoanalytic socialization--a road to autonomy?].

PMID- 4011938
TI  - [Concepts of countertransference in Freud].

PMID- 4011939
TI  - [The psychoanalytic consultation exemplified by unmotivated (e.g., psychosomatic)
      patients].

PMID- 4011940
TI  - [Psychoanalytic study of functionally sterile couples. Case histories and
      critical review].

PMID- 4011941
TI  - [Psychoanalysis in homosexuality].

PMID- 4011942
TI  - [Monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and their
      determinants: "Pol-Monica" longitudinal study. I. Methodological principles of
      the study].

PMID- 4011943
TI  - [Monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and their
      determinants: "Pol-Monica" longitudinal study. II. Materials and methods].

PMID- 4011944
TI  - [Monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and their
      determinants: "Pol-Monica" longitudinal study. III. Principles of standardization
      and quality control].

PMID- 4011945
TI  - [Monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and their
      determinants: "Pol-Monica" longitudinal study. IV. Myocardial infarction register
      -methodology and application].

PMID- 4011946
TI  - [Monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and their
      determinants: "Pol-Monica" longitudinal study. V. Stroke register--methodology
      and application].

PMID- 4011947
TI  - Hyperstriatal lesions and short-term retention of non-visual information in
      pigeons.

PMID- 4011948
TI  - Spatial behaviour of cats in cue-controlled environments.

PMID- 4011949
TI  - Cue location does not account for all selective associations in food aversion
      learning.

PMID- 4011950
TI  - Retroactive interference in rats: independent effects of time and similarity of
      the intervening event with respect to acquisition.

PMID- 4011951
TI  - Waldeyer's ring (WR) involvement in Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Of 750 patients with stage I, II or III Hodgkin's disease, admitted to the
      University and Hospital Radiotherapy Divisions, Florence, between 1960 and 1981,
      28 (3.7%) had involvement of Waldeyer's ring (WR). In 25 patients there was
      associated involvement of upper cervical nodes. Other factors associated with WR
      involvement were age over 55 years, lymphocyte predominant histological sub-type,
      uninvolved mediastinum, and size of involved upper cervical nodes greater than
      that of involved lower cervical nodes. These factors help to define indications
      for prophylactic irradiation of WR.

PMID- 4011952
TI  - Hypopharyngeal cancer: results of treatment with radiotherapy alone and
      combinations of surgery and radiotherapy.
AB  - From 1962 to 1977, 90 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer were seen in the
      Academic Hospital in Leuven. Radiotherapy was the primary treatment in 66
      patients, actuarial survival was 18% at 5 years and local control 22%. In 22
      patients treated with a laryngopharyngectomy and pre- or postoperative
      radiotherapy, survival was also 18%, but local control was obtained in 51%. No
      differences in prognosis were demonstrated according to the tumoral stage or
      nodal status. Metastases were found in 10.5% of irradiated patients and in 14% of
      patients treated with combined therapy. The frequency of postoperative
      complications was not increased after surgery for preoperatively irradiated
      patients. Treatment results in hypopharyngeal cancer remain unfavorable, even
      with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy. Alternative approaches should be
      actively investigated to improve local control rates such as the modalities
      currently under study (high LET, new fractionations, combinations with drugs).

PMID- 4011953
TI  - Effects of single doses of radiation on cardiac function in the rat.
AB  - The hearts of rats were irradiated locally to single doses of X-ray in the range
      of 20-50 Gy. The mean latency period between treatment and death ranged from 550
      +/- 12 days to 260 +/- 13 days for animals irradiated with doses of 20 and 50 Gy.
      The growth rate and cardiac output was followed for a period of 10 months after
      treatment. In irradiated animals, there was a delay in growth and the rate of
      growth plateaued at approximately 6 months after treatment. Cardiac output was
      measured by an external counting technique. There was a general decline in
      cardiac output at time intervals from 4 to 10 months after irradiation. This
      reduction in cardiac output was dose-dependent. A single dose of 30 Gy reduced
      the cardiac output to approximately 70% of the control value, 6 months after
      irradiation.

PMID- 4011954
TI  - Characterization of two novel forms of cholecystokinin isolated from bovine upper
      intestine.
AB  - The primary structures of two novel forms of cholecystokinin, isolated from
      bovine upper intestine are reported. The two peptides are composed of 33 and 39
      amino acid residues, respectively, the larger being an N-terminally extended form
      of the shorter peptide. The primary structure of the 39 amino acid peptide is:
      (Formula: see text) This amino acid sequence differs from the porcine hormone at
      positions 13 and 15, which are Val and Met, respectively, in pig, the same amino
      acid substitutions have previously been found to occur also in dog.

PMID- 4011955
TI  - Evidence that bombesin releases extragastric gastrin in man.
AB  - Bombesin-induced gastrin release from extragastric sources has been investigated
      in two groups of patients without gastric antrum: 11 patients with total
      gastrectomy and 11 patients with subtotal (Billroth II) gastrectomy. A 30-min
      bombesin infusion (5 ng . kg-1 . min-1) caused a prompt significant gastrin
      increase (P less than 0.05) in both groups of patients. The gastrin response to
      bombesin was significantly (P less than 0.005) lower in patients without antral
      tissue than in the control group (n = 7). The individual peak gastrin responses,
      in totally (TG) and subtotally (SG) gastrectomized patients, were significantly
      over basal levels (TG: peak 100.3 +/- 12 vs. basal 62.8 +/- 9.1, P less than
      0.005; SG: peak 96.9 +/- 9.4 vs. basal 72.4 +/- 6.8, P less than 0.001; pg/ml,
      mean +/- S.E.M.). These data indicate that bombesin acts not only on antral G
      cells, but on all gastrin cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 4011956
TI  - Effects of peripherally injected vasopressin and des-glycinamide vasopressin on
      the extinction of a spatial learning task in rats.
AB  - An elevated eight-arm radial maze was employed to study the effects of
      neuropeptide administration on the spatial learning abilities of food-deprived
      rats. Following 18 days of reinforced training, each animal was briefly exposed
      to the maze with no food available in any of the eight food-cups. Immediately
      after this preliminary trial, animals were injected with a single subcutaneous
      dose of either saline, arginine vasopressin (AVP: 1.0 or 5.0 micrograms/kg), or
      an AVP analog with only weak endocrinological activity, des-gly-arginine
      vasopressin (DG-AVP: 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 micrograms/kg). Additional extinction
      trials were conducted at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h post-injection. These tests consisted of
      individually placing an animal on the empty maze and recording the number of arms
      chosen in a 5-min period. In this situation, animals learn that food is no longer
      present in the maze and, consequently, extinguish responding. Vasopressin
      potentiated this radial maze extinction behavior while DG-AVP produced behavioral
      results directionally opposite to those predicted by a memory facilitation
      hypothesis. In a subsequent experiment, vasopressin had no effects on
      unconditioned locomotor activity measured 2 and 4 h post-injection. These results
      suggest that: vasopressin improved the learning that occurred during extinction
      of conditioned appetitive behaviors, these vasopressin effects on conditioned
      behavior were independent of any unconditioned, sedative or non-specific actions
      of the peptide, and peripheral endocrinological responses may be necessary to
      demonstrate memory-enhancing effects following peripherally administered AVP.

PMID- 4011958
TI  - [Gamma ray spectrum smoothing by one-pass method].
AB  - One-pass method with a piecewise cubic polynomial was used as a smoothing
      technique in gamma ray spectrum analysis. By this method, smoothed results of
      spectrum region is represented to several divided intervals each of which are
      fitted with a cubic polynomial calculated by least square technique,
      respectively. From the smoothing procedure of simulated photoelectric peaks and
      actual gamma ray spectra, following results were obtained. Photoelectric peaks
      which had more than 10 channels of FWHM (full width at half maximum) were fitted
      correctly and low count spectra of about 100 counts per channel could also be
      fitted smoothly. These smooth results can not easily be obtained by Savitzky's
      convolution technique. In conclusion, this one-pass method was found to be
      effective for gamma ray spectra, especially for photoelectric peaks of large FWHM
      and Compton region.

PMID- 4011957
TI  - Effect of medium-chain triglycerides and long-chain triglycerides on plasma
      pancreatic polypeptide secretion in man.
AB  - Since it has been shown that stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion by
      triglycerides is dependent on the chain length of the fatty acids, we have
      studied whether the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in response to
      triglycerides is also related to the chain length of the fatty acids. Therefore,
      the effect of equimolar amounts (60 mmol) of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and
      long-chain triglycerides (LCT) on plasma PP was studied in 6 normal subjects. In
      the control study the subjects ingested 60 ml of 0.15 mol/l saline. Ingestion of
      LCT resulted in significant increases in plasma PP from 33 +/- 7 to 55 +/- 7
      pmol/l (P less than 0.01), whereas both MCT and saline did not significantly
      increase plasma PP concentrations. Similarly, the integrated plasma PP secretion
      after LCT (1022 +/- 392 pmol/l per 90 min) was significantly greater than that
      after MCT (-690 +/- 358 pmol/l per 90 min; P less than 0.001) and that after
      saline (-462 +/- 205 pmol/l per 90 min; P less than 0.01). It is concluded that
      the secretion of PP in response to triglycerides is dependent on the chain length
      of the fatty acids.

PMID- 4011959
TI  - Energy response of a thermoluminescent lithium fluoride disc dosimeter to beta
      rays.
AB  - In order to eliminate some drawbacks of thin detector with suitable window for
      measuring radiations of low penetrating power, the thermoluminescent LiF disc
      dosimeter was fabricated from phosphor of LiF with activators of magnesium and
      copper and inorganic binder of silica and alumina. The energy response of the LiF
      disc dosimeters to beta-rays was investigated by comparing with theoretical
      calculations and measurements with a parallel-plate ionization chamber. From the
      results obtained, the LiF disc dosimeter significantly underestimated the doses
      for low beta-ray energy (below 0.3 MeV), while its reading agreed well with the
      calculated ones for high energy (above 0.8 MeV). Nevertheless, it is suggested
      that the fabricated LiF disc dosimeter is useful to evaluate the skin dose from
      the practical point of view, since beta-ray less than 0.6 MeV is completely
      absorbed before reaching the skin covered with clothing.

PMID- 4011960
TI  - [Blood volume measurement of newborn using stable isotope 50Cr].
AB  - A technique for the blood volume measurement of newborns was established in which
      nonradioactive 50Cr was used in patients for whom radioactive labels were not
      advisable. The red blood cells (RBC) in the newborn's blood withdrawn from
      umbilical cord after birth were tagged with enriched stable isotope 50Cr (96%,
      normal abundance 4.3%) and reinjected into the newborn. Blood samples (0.5 ml)
      were withdrawn at 30 min and thereafter at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours old.
      Samples were centrifugalized and portion of RBC was then freeze-dried, weighed
      and sealed into polyethylene sheet bag together with 50Cr standard. Neutron
      irradiation was performed in the reactors of the JAERI with thermal neutron flux
      5 X 10(13), 2 X 10(13), 8 X 10(13) cm-2s-1 at JRR-2, -3 and -4 respectively for
      20 min and samples were left for about two weeks after irradiation. Induced
      radioactivity (51Cr, 59Fe) of the sample was measured with a Ge(Li) gamma-ray
      detector system and 4096 channels pulse height analyzer. Analysis of activity
      data was carried out by BOB-76 code. The RBC and total blood volume of the
      newborn was calculated using an isotopic dilution technique. We have investigated
      on tagging efficiency of 50Cr to RBC, washing effect and dilution rate by 50Cr
      content or 51Cr/59Fe ratio. Significant difference was observed in the total
      blood volume of newborns depending on the delivery style and in addition, it
      changed dynamically along the time elapsed after birth.

PMID- 4011961
TI  - [Inspection of inner structure of sealed 60Co sources by the autoradiography with
      radcolor film].
AB  - In studies using 60Co gamma-ray irradiation, an extremely high dose rate is often
      required and samples must be placed very near a 60Co source. The dose rate in the
      vicinity of the source depends on the inner structure of the source. Therefore,
      it is necessary to examine the distribution of source activity. As a method of
      the examination an autoradiographic technique using several coloring materials
      for irradiation was tried. The materials used were "Radcolor film" developed by
      our center, besides a glass, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and a blue cellophane.
      Results showed that the autoradiography with Radcolor film is very useful to
      examine the position, the size and the activity difference of 60Co pieces by the
      change of color.

PMID- 4011962
TI  - [Errors in 131I assay by band integral counting with a mock iodine standard
      source].

PMID- 4011963
TI  - [Score judgment method of B type hepatitis associated antigen and antibody by
      radioimmunoassay kit--HBs antigen and antiHBs antibody].

PMID- 4011964
TI  - [Surgical and orthopedic treatment of juvenile chronic arthritis].

PMID- 4011965
TI  - [2 cases of habitual bilateral posterior dislocation of the shoulder treated with
      glenoid osteotomy].
AB  - In two cases of bilateral spontaneous posterior dislocation of the shoulder, the
      authors have detected an anomaly of orientation of the glenoid cavity. A
      technique of radiological examination which allows a study of the position of the
      joint surface relative to the acromion and the coracoid process is described.
      Osteotomy of the glenoid was completed by a posterior graft taken from the end of
      the acromion with satisfactory results in the two cases.

PMID- 4011967
TI  - [Vertebral osteoid osteoma. Diagnostic problems apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - One osteoblastoma and two osteoid osteomata were seen in cervical, dorsal and
      lumbar spines. In the three cases, the diagnosis was made by scintigraphy. In one
      case, a tomodensitometric (C.A.T.) scan was negative. In two cases the patients
      had been previously referred to Psychiatrists and in one case there was a painful
      scoliosis. A review of the literature was made. The value of scintigraphy is
      considerable and tomodensitometry allows a better localisation of the lesion.
      Complete excision has led to a complete cure in all cases. In one case, resection
      of the isthmus led to hypertrophy of the opposite isthmus.

PMID- 4011966
TI  - [Osteochondritis dissecans of the hip in Legg-Perthes-Calve disease].
AB  - Osteochondritis dissecans in a few cases may complicate Perthes' disease. A
      review of the literature shows 27 published cases. The authors have personally
      observed 6 cases. The age of the patient was older than in most Perthes' disease.
      All were male. This condition is diagnosed by the presence of a persisting
      irregularity of the femoral head with abnormal texture. The clinical signs are
      not obvious except in cases of recurrent locking where there is a loose body. The
      avascular fragment is visible on standard radiographs and is best recognised by
      arthrography. Conservative treatment should be given when the disability is
      moderate. The loose body should be removed surgically when it is mobile, when it
      bulges into the joint space or when there are signs of early arthrosis.

PMID- 4011968
TI  - [Chiari's osteotomy in the treatment of coxarthrosis in adults. Apropos of 39
      cases].
AB  - The authors have reviewed 39 Chiari pelvic osteotomies for hip arthrosis in
      adults. The surgical technique was found to be difficult and several
      modifications have been made during the last ten years. The complication rate was
      high initially but improved later thanks to technical improvements. However, the
      overall results were very satisfactory as regards both function and radiological
      appearances. Improved coverage of the femoral head was usually obtained when the
      operation was performed correctly and pain was diminished in two-thirds of the
      patients. The results were less satisfactory as regards gait, hip movement and
      the radiological joint space. In 13 cases a femoral osteotomy was made in
      association with Chiari pelvic osteotomy without any special complications.

PMID- 4011969
TI  - [The Armstrong procedure in scoliosis surgery. Clinical, biomechanical and
      tridimensional study].
AB  - The Armstrong procedure combines the use of a conventional Harrington rod in the
      concavity of a curve, together with a distracting force on the convex side, this
      force being applied one vertebra lower. Workers have used this procedure in 35
      cases. It is concluded that there are three advantages: A better horizontal
      disposition of the lower vertebra. Greatly diminished stress on the two rods
      shown by a biomechanical study. Derotation is more easily obtained and the spine
      is better balanced as a whole, as shown by a three-dimensional study comparing
      this method and conventional Harrington rodding.

PMID- 4011970
TI  - [Late post-traumatic syringomyelia. Discussion apropos an atypical case].
AB  - Late post-traumatic syringomyelia is uncommon, the clinical signs appearing
      several years after severe trauma to the cervical spinal cord. It is due to
      progressive cavitation in the spinal cord. In the case reported here progress was
      atypical because there were no immediate neurological signs and the symptoms of
      syringomyelia developed only 3 weeks after injury. Several possibilities are open
      to discussion. Was the trauma responsible for the syringomyelia? Did it cause an
      aggravation of a pre-existing hydromyelia or were both lesions purely
      coincidental? A silicon tube draining the cavity in the cord to the subarachnoid
      space resulted in a real improvement in the neurological condition.

PMID- 4011971
TI  - [An unusual case of clear-cell chondrosarcoma with intrasynovial tumoral
      localization].
AB  - A case of a clear-celled chondrosarcoma of the femoral condyle extending into the
      knee joint is reported. At operation, many nodules looking like benign
      osteochondromata were found. They were found to be due to dissemination of the
      chondrosarcoma. An electron-microscopic study showed that the matrix was
      different in the osseous tumour from that in the synovial nodules. The result was
      satisfactory five years after resection followed by arthrodesis.

PMID- 4011972
TI  - [Association of Ewing's sarcoma with fibrous dysplasia of the tibia. Apropos of a
      case report].
AB  - The authors have observed a child of 14 presenting fibrous dysplasia localised to
      the right femur and right tibia and complicated by an Ewing's sarcoma of the
      right tibia. The complication was marked only by pain and the radiographs were
      not typical. It was diagnosed only by microscopic examination after biopsy.
      Scintigraphy did not reveal any other site of fibrous dysplasia. The tibia was
      treated by a reinforcing nail followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. After a
      4 year follow-up there was neither recurrence nor metastasis. After a review of
      the literature it is concluded that this combination was purely accidental and
      that there is no known relationship between Ewing's sarcoma and Jaffe
      Lichtenstein type of fibrous dysplasia. It is remarkable that the sarcoma was not
      typical clinically and that the satisfactory result was probably related to very
      early treatment.

PMID- 4011973
TI  - [Conservative treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis of the elbow].
AB  - Thirty-six cases of tuberculosis of the elbow have been treated by chemotherapy
      and plaster cast immobilisation followed by rehabilitation. The overall results
      were satisfactory with restoration of useful mobility and flexion in 26 cases.
      The ranges of movement in pronation and supination were less satisfactory.

PMID- 4011974
TI  - [Osteogenesis induced by the addition of demineralized bone matrix to plaster
      pellets with antibiotics. Animal experiment].
AB  - The authors have previously shown the role of antibiotic loaded plaster-of-Paris
      pellets in the treatment of bone loss. In the present paper, a study has been
      made of the effects of osteogenesis of added decalcified bone matrix in powder.
      The experiment was made by the implantation of pellets in the muscles of rabbits.
      It was shown that bone induction by pellets of bone matrix was slightly lower
      when Rifamycin was added and was not modified by the addition of Fucidin or
      Gentamycin. The exudation of antibiotics was not diminished by the addition of
      bone matrix to plaster-of-Paris pellets. The double action, on infection and on
      bone induction, of composite pellets of plaster-of-Paris with antibiotics and
      bone matrix may lead to their use in the treatment of septic bone cavities since
      the pellets are absorbable.

PMID- 4011975
TI  - [Preventive antibiotic therapy and postoperative infection in orthopedic surgery.
      1983 total hip prostheses].
AB  - In a previous paper the authors studied the role of aerobio-contamination in the
      rate of post-operative infections. In the present study, the results of 1,172
      total hip prostheses performed between 1979/1982 with prophylactic antibiotics
      were compared with those obtained in 811 cases performed before 1979 without
      antibiotics. In the 1979/1982 series, there was 0,5 p. 100 of post-operative
      infection and in the pre- 1979 series, 3,3 p. 100. During the two periods the
      peri-operative environment was identical and the surgical technique was the same.
      The rate of infection in more than 8,000 other surgical procedures performed in
      the same hospital remained the same. The use of prophylactic antibiotics appears
      to be a valid approach. They should be used only in high-risk procedures to avoid
      the selective production of resistant organisms.

PMID- 4011976
TI  - [Hip arthrodeses for septic arthritis. Critical study].
AB  - Twenty-eight cases of septic arthritis of the hip were treated by arthrodesis and
      reviewed after 2 years. Fusion of the hip was obtained in only 11 cases, four of
      which were still draining but healed after removal of metallic devices and
      curettage. Five cases had an acceptable result without drainage despite
      incomplete fusion. Of the 12 remaining cases, 3 were lost to follow-up and 9 had
      to be operated on again. Four became fused and dry, 4 were still mobile but dry
      and the last was a complete failure, being both mobile and draining. One case of
      dry incomplete fusion was successfully treated by a total prosthesis. These
      results show that fusion is difficult to obtain and that it is neither a
      necessary nor an adequate means of obtaining a good result in infection. The
      possibility of preserving the joint motion should be discussed.

PMID- 4011977
TI  - [Swanson silastic implant arthroplasty in pathology of the metatarsophalangeal
      joint of the great toe].
AB  - Fifty-one disorders of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the Great Toe have been
      treated by implantation of a Swanson silastic prosthesis. A finger-joint device
      was used in 29 cases and a Great Toe device in 22 cases. The pathological lesions
      were degenerative arthrosis, rheumatoid arthritis or failure of preceding
      procedures. The mean follow-up was 3 years. In more than 2 cases out of 3 pain
      was abolished. Joint movement was only slightly improved but there was a better
      range of dorsiflexion and an improved gait. The axis of the Great Toe was
      generally satisfactory and pre-existing deformity was corrected in 3 cases out of
      4. These results are satisfactory in the short term and were better with the
      Great Toe device. Osteophytic reaction may be the cause of long-term failures.

PMID- 4011978
TI  - [Clinico-epidemiological study of 164 cases of boutonneuse fever].

PMID- 4011979
TI  - [Benign intracranial hypertension. Analysis of a series of 26 cases].

PMID- 4011980
TI  - [Radiologic manifestations of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 4011981
TI  - [Neurobrucellosis].

PMID- 4011982
TI  - [Articular manifestations in systemic progressive sclerosis].

PMID- 4011983
TI  - [Pseudotumor cerebri associated with iron-deficiency anemia].

PMID- 4011984
TI  - [Sarcoidosis clinically restricted to the nervous system. Diagnostic
      difficulties].

PMID- 4011985
TI  - [Subdural pneumoencephalos caused by post-traumatic pressure. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 4011986
TI  - [Alveolar microlithiasis].

PMID- 4011987
TI  - [Male pseudohermaphroditism].

PMID- 4011988
TI  - [Giant-cell arteritis arising in the occipital region].

PMID- 4011989
TI  - [Cholesterol pleural effusion].

PMID- 4011991
TI  - [Analysis of the attraction of an obstetrical service. Analysis of preferences
      according to geographic distance, sociocultural level and previous medical
      experiences].
AB  - This study analyses selected characteristics of 13,676 women, all single
      pregnancies, attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaeocology of the A.
      Beclere Maternity Hospital in Clamart (in the greater Paris region of France).
      The characteristics analysed for each women were: sociocultural level,
      occupation, place of residence (i.e. distance from the hospital), frequency and
      time of prenatal visits, and selected aspects of obstetric history (treatment for
      infertility, previous preterm birth, perinatal mortality). A comparison was made
      between the patients living near the institution and the patients living far from
      the hospital; this revealed four separate groups: Women living near by the
      hospital followed-up early by the department, and whose social class distribution
      is similar to that of the parisian population as a whole. Women living near the
      hospital, followed-up late or not at all by the department, most have a low
      sociocultural level, and are referred to the hospital by local homes for single
      mothers. Women living far from the hospital, followed-up early and often having a
      high socio-cultural level. In this group, a higher level of information about
      pregnancy, obstetrics, and medical services are observed. However this group also
      shows a high frequency of previous obstetric incidents: previous contact with a
      medical institution appears to be an important factor in the choice made by these
      women, independent of their sociocultural level. Women living far from the
      hospital and followed-up late by the department. These patients have a high
      sociocultural level, and show a high frequency of previous obstetric incidents:
      they tend to present as emergencies requiring the department's technical
      services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4011990
TI  - [Quadrennial report of the National Salmonella Center on the origin and
      distribution by serotypes of strains isolated in continental France during the
      years 1980 to 1983].
AB  - This work summarizes the informations regarding 67,767 Salmonella strains
      isolated in continental France from 1981 to 1983. The frequencies of O groups, of
      subspecies, of the 62 serotypes most frequently isolated among the 376 identified
      are reported. The graphs representing the annual occurrence of some serotypes
      show that some serotypes are considerably expanding, some disappeared after being
      quite frequent, and some show marked fluctuations by successive waves.

PMID- 4011992
TI  - [A discrete-events computer model of fox rabies].
AB  - A technique of discrete events simulation is used to construct a model of an epi
      enzootic disease of vulpine rabies. Because this technique is easy to use, it
      makes it possible to take into account different spatial and temporal
      characteristics of the dynamics of vulpine populations and transmission of
      rabies. Thereby, the model simulates satisfactorily the epi-enzootic disease of
      rabies presently observed in France.

PMID- 4011993
TI  - [Cancer on the Island of Reunion: results of a survey preliminary to the creation
      of a tumor registry].
AB  - Before the organization of a cancer registration in "l'Ile de la Reunion" a
      retrospective survey about cases notified by public and private physicians was
      setted in 1981. 1128 cases were notified and 618 were new cases. The estimation
      of the total incidence of cancer is 1.2 cases by 1000 inhabitants in "l'Ile de la
      Reunion".

PMID- 4011995
TI  - [Strategy in health for all by the year 2000].

PMID- 4011994
TI  - [Incidence of cancer in Martinique 1981-1982].
AB  - A systematic registration of morbidity from cancers was started in 1981 and 1982
      in the french department of Martinique. In the course of two years 1081 new cases
      of cancers were recorded for a population of 320 000. The survey gives
      information on topography, differences for sex and ages. The morbidity survey
      allows comparison with the incidence rate of cancers in other departments of
      France or other countries.

PMID- 4011996
TI  - [Voluntary interruptions of pregnancy in metropolitan France in 1981].

PMID- 4011997
TI  - [The activity of WHO in Europe].

PMID- 4011998
TI  - [Study of a brucellosis epidemic in a horticultural school].
AB  - An epidemiological survey was conducted after the observation of 4 cases of acute
      brucellosis in an horticultural school. Of a total number of 215 attendants,
      eventually exposed to a single contamination, 65 cases of brucellosis were thus
      identified. The source of contamination was probably a practical lesson where the
      pupils studied a bovine gravid uterus. More stringent regulations are needed in
      order to avoid further similar epidemics.

PMID- 4011999
TI  - [Effect of the calcium antagonists nifedipine and nimodipine on the cerebral
      circulation].

PMID- 4012001
TI  - [Acute myocardial infarction in young persons. Risk factors and coronariographic
      study].

PMID- 4012000
TI  - [Serum ferritin in acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4012002
TI  - [Automatic implantable defibrillator-cardioverter. A therapeutic alternative for
      patients with potentially fatal ventricular tachyarrythmias].

PMID- 4012003
TI  - [Electrophysiological studies in patients with syncope of unknown origin].

PMID- 4012004
TI  - [Electrophysiological effects of intravenous and oral propafenone in patients
      with supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias: correlation with drug blood
      levels].

PMID- 4012005
TI  - [The Carpentier-Edwards xenograft: 13-year follow-up].

PMID- 4012006
TI  - [Short-term results on myocardial revascularization using internal mammary
      artery].

PMID- 4012007
TI  - [Acute rupture of the free wall of the left ventricle. Presentation of a case
      treated successfully by surgery].

PMID- 4012008
TI  - [Endomyocardial fibrosis. Presentation of 2 cases].

PMID- 4012009
TI  - [A fatal case of farmer's lung: a study of specific classes of antibodies in the
      serum and broncho-alveolar lavage].
AB  - A 61 year old agricultural worker, without any respiratory past history,
      presented with a pulmonary fibrosis of rapid and fatal outcome. This was due to
      an extrinsic allergic fibrosing alveolitis of the Farmer's lung type. A search
      for precipitins "vis-a-vis" Micropolyspora faeni was strongly positive in the
      serum and broncho-alveolar lavage. Specific IgA antibodies to M. faeni, as well
      as specific antigenic fractions of M. faeni were demonstrated in the broncho
      alveolar lavage. This IgA was almost certainly produced locally.

PMID- 4012010
TI  - [Pulmonary metastasis of an ameloblastoma].
AB  - We report the observation of a 78 year old patient who had a plexiform
      ameloblastoma since the age of 38. A systematic pulmonary radiographic
      examination revealed multiple dense nodules like "cannon ball secondaries".
      However the histology of these pulmonary nodules, obtained by open lung biopsy,
      was identical with the primary tumour and showed no evidence of malignancy. The
      dispersion to the lungs was probably explained by inhalation of tumour cells,
      itself favoured by 8 surgical curettages. The progress of these pulmonary lesions
      was as slow as the primary tumour. No therapeutic trial was attempted on the
      grounds of age, perfect clinical tolerance and the absence of any known
      therapeutic protocol which would be active.

PMID- 4012011
TI  - [The treatment of tracheobronchial amyloidosis using a bronchial laser. Apropos
      of a series of 13 cases].
AB  - We have encountered and successfully treated thirteen cases of tracheobronchial
      amyloidosis using a laser. The clinical data, radiology, endoscopic and
      histological appearance of these patients were similar to that described in the
      literature (48 published cases). A YAG laser was used, introduced through a rigid
      bronchoscope. The principal difficulties of this type of resection were related
      to the oozing of blood which they caused. Only lesions in the trachea, main and
      lobar bronchi could be destroyed. 8 of the 9 patients followed for sufficiently
      long were clearly improved but a patient whose lesions were very diffuse did not
      experience any benefit. The laser seems to us above all to be indicated when
      there is considerable obstruction by amyloid, limited to the trachea and/or
      several of the major bronchi.

PMID- 4012012
TI  - [Pleural talc administration under thoracoscopy in the treatment of pneumothorax.
      Study of a series of 109 cases treated over a 3-year period].
AB  - There has recently been renewed interest in thoracoscopy. Among its indications
      we consider talc therapy for a pneumothorax particularly worthy of interest. We
      report the three year results obtained on a series of 109 pneumothoraces. The
      indication for thoracoscopy were considered either for a chronic pneumothorax
      (failure of drainage after 8 days) or for a recurrent pneumothorax. We perform
      this technique under local anaesthetic with talc therapy given direct vision on
      the macroscopic lesions encountered. Patients were in hospital for a mean of five
      days. The results were as follows: Lung appearance. Normal 19%-Dystrophic bullae
      and giant bullae 41%. blebs: 13%-a visible breach 14%-Diverse anomalies 13%. The
      immediate failures with talc numbered 6 (5%) each time from the chronic
      pneumothorax group. They were treated surgically. There were 7 recurrences after
      talc therapy, 5 were partial recurrences requiring no further treatment and two
      total relapses were surgically treated. The radiological sequelae appeared
      minimal. On 5 occasions pleural discomfort hindered the diaphragmatic movement,
      in the other cases the radiological sequelae consisted of discrete pleural
      thickening. 42 patients had respiratory function testing and no abnormalities
      were noted. The failures or recurrences in the talc treated patients were all in
      the recurrent pneumothorax and were only 13 cases (12%). Thus thoracoscopy is a
      treatment of choice in the treatment of recurrent pneumothorax, and often
      replaces surgery. In certain cases (pneumothorax in respiratory failure) it is
      only possible treatment.

PMID- 4012014
TI  - [An economical procedure for one-stage bronchofibroscopy and bronchography].
AB  - A fibreoptic bronchoscope is now commonplace as equipment for the respiratory
      physician. It can be used to facilitate and improve bronchography by certain
      technical modifications. First a fibreoptic bronchoscopy is performed by the
      nasal route. In this way bronchial lesions and anatomical variants can be seen. A
      careful aspiration of the bronchi to be examined as well as local anaesthesia
      bronchus by bronchus is performed. The fibreoptic scope is then withdrawn to the
      oropharynx, enabling a superior view of the larynx. A Metras catheter, whose
      angle is modified by the biopsy forceps is introduced into the free nostril and
      the catheter is easily passed between the vocal cords under the direct view of
      the fibreoptic scope. Thus, except for the Metras catheter which remains
      indispensable, one can pass all the long standing material that has been used in
      this examination. In addition the achievement of fiberoscopy and bronchography at
      the same time seems to us both a better technique and an appreciable saving of
      time. Since 1980, 40 bronchographies have been performed with this technique,
      with no failures.

PMID- 4012013
TI  - [Computerized tomography of pleuropulmonary pathology due to asbestos].
AB  - 28 patients presenting with proven pleuro-pulmonary pathology due to asbestos
      underwent conventional radiography and also computed tomography (TDM). It is
      evident that TDM was more sensitive in detecting the presence of pleural plaques
      which were either hidden or invisible on standard radiographs. False parietal
      images were often eliminated. With a mesothelioma it can guide the biopsy
      approach and by visualising contra-lateral plaques that the origin is asbestos.
      It should enable irregular plaques to be monitored more easily.

PMID- 4012015
TI  - [Clinico-statistical observations in hepatic cirrhosis].

PMID- 4012016
TI  - [Chronic polyglobulia in the adult and vascular injuries].

PMID- 4012017
TI  - [Scintigraphy with 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine in the differential diagnosis of
      pheochromocytoma].

PMID- 4012018
TI  - [Effects of the in vitro addition of IgG for therapeutic use to cryoglobulinemic
      sera].

PMID- 4012019
TI  - [The cellular concept in internal medicine].

PMID- 4012020
TI  - [Anti-pertussis vaccination: a controversial public health problem].

PMID- 4012021
TI  - [Hepatic biopsy in alcoholic hepatopathy].

PMID- 4012022
TI  - [Mesalt--a new possibility for wound treatment in decubitus ulcer].

PMID- 4012024
TI  - [Clinical perception and recovery in myocardial infarct patients at a
      rehabilitation clinic].
AB  - The relationships between various indicators of (1) subjective perception of
      clinic environment, (2) subjective state of health and perceived health changes
      during rehabilitation, (3) clinical ratings (physician's ratings of health status
      and its changes), (4) medical-diagnostic laboratory data, and (5) patient
      history, were studied in a sample of 144 myocardial infarction patients who
      participated in a four- to six-week early rehabilitation programme. Canonical
      correlation analyses point to intricate, statistically significant
      interrelationships among subjective perceptions of treatment environment and
      subjective health status changes, physician's ratings and laboratory findings, as
      well as subjective perceptions of treatment environment and patient history. All
      other combinations of variables did not reveal statistically significant
      canonical correlations. The findings show that subjective perception of the
      treatment environment is an important psychosocial variable relevant to
      subjective well-being of myocardial infarction patients and their subjective
      recovery during rehabilitation.

PMID- 4012023
TI  - [Inpatient rehabilitation of diabetic patients--immediate metabolic effects].
AB  - In 1981 the Rehabilitation Centre Laab (A-2381 Laab im Walde, Austria) had
      admitted a total of 1149 patients. These included 968 patients with diabetes
      mellitus (431 male, 537 female), of whom 428 (44.21 percent) had been insulin
      dependent (IDDM) and 540 (55.79 percent) non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM). The mean
      blood glucose (MBG) levels present at the time of admission indicated that
      glycemic control was better in patients with IDDM than those with NIDDM. The
      poorest glycemic control was encountered in NIDDM of (A) age 31-40 (MBG = 187
      mg/dl) and (B) over age 70 (MBG = 194 mg/dl); it had been possible in these
      patients to lower MBG to (A) 138 mg/dl and (B) 147 mg/dl. Juvenile IDDM patients
      (under age 30) had poorer glycemic control (MBG = 190 mg/dl) than the older IDDM
      patients (MBG = 181 mg/dl), and therapeutic success was greater in the latter
      group. Concluding from the glycohaemoglobin changes found, improvements in
      glycemic control were achieved in 35.32 percent (IDDM: 15.39 percent; NIDDM:
      19.93 percent); in 62.08 percent (IDDM: 26.65 percent; NIDDM: 35.43 percent) it
      had remained unchanged, and had deteriorated in 2.16 percent (IDDM: 1.75 percent;
      NIDDM: 0.41 percent). For 13 patients treated so far by diet alone, oral
      medication had to be started; 2 patients (0.2 percent) required immediate
      introduction of insulin. In 126 patients (12.9 percent) on oral medication,
      insulin therapy had to be initiated, whereas in 32 cases (3.3 percent) oral
      medication was discontinued in favour of purely dietetic control.

PMID- 4012025
TI  - [The need and actually successful work-related rehabilitation measures for first
      admission psychiatric patients].
AB  - Presented are the findings of a follow-up study of 258 psychiatric patients who
      had for the first time been admitted to inpatient psychiatric treatment in 1979.
      Using standardized forecasting instruments, the patients themselves, their
      treating physician, and a member of the care staff were asked to give their views
      of the patient's occupational outlook, his chances for resettlement, and the need
      for vocational rehabilitation services following discharge. The needs statements
      made at discharge are contrasted with the vocational and job-related
      rehabilitation measures actually initiated and carried out in the year following
      discharge; additionally, the patients' vocational situation at discharge is
      compared with their situation twelve months later, and the course of the
      rehabilitation measures provided is described. Along with the discrepancies
      between needs statements and amount of vocational rehabilitation services
      actually initiated and carried out, the empirical findings point to a non
      specific, dispersive approach to providing rehabilitation services. The possible
      causes for this discrepancy between needs and service provision, with its rather
      serious implications, as well as the doubtful effectiveness of the rehabilitation
      services provided are discussed, practice-related consequences are outlined.

PMID- 4012026
TI  - [A paraplegic skipper of his own sailing yacht].
AB  - Drawing on personal experience, the author points out that paraplegics too are
      capable of independent sailing. Physical restrictions relative to on-board
      mobility, sail manoeuvring and change of sides can be made up for by structural
      adaptions and special techniques. Certain safety precautions are indispensable.
      The sailing performance of paraplegics compares with that of ablebodied sailors,
      and cruising under a paraplegic skipper's responsibility is certainly possible.

PMID- 4012028
TI  - The special knowledge of geriatric medicine.

PMID- 4012027
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: from benign neglect to community living.

PMID- 4012029
TI  - Electrocardiogram of the racing pigeon (Columba livia domestica).
AB  - Using standard limb leads electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in 60 pigeons.
      The greatest amplitude of the P wave was observed in lead II in the majority of
      ECGs. The predominant pattern of the P wave was positive in leads I and II,
      biphasic (-/+) in lead III, negative in aVR, biphasic (+/-) in aVL and positive
      in aVF. A Ta wave was observed in 50 out of 60 tracings. Wenckebach's phenomenon
      was observed in three different pigeons. In lead I the QRS pattern was rs or qs.
      In leads II, III and aVF the waveform was rS or QS. In leads aVR and aVL this
      pattern was R or qR. The highest voltage was observed in lead II. ST elevation
      and ST slurring were common findings. The T wave was always discordant, except
      for lead I, where the T wave was isoelectric. Reference values for
      electrocardiographic parameters were established.

PMID- 4012030
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of immunoglobulin G
      concentrations in porcine plasma and colostrum.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is described for the estimation of porcine
      immunoglobulin G in either colostrum or plasma samples. The inter-assay
      coefficient of variation was 9.1 per cent and the intraassay coefficient of
      variation was 7.2 per cent. The repeatability or intra-class correlation
      coefficient of the assay was 0.9. The assay proved to be a sensitive, inexpensive
      and rapid method for assessing the immune status of pigs.

PMID- 4012031
TI  - Effect of experimental Ostertagia circumcincta infection on the performance of
      grazing lambs.
AB  - Groups of 10 three-and-a-half-month-old Suffolkcross lambs were infected daily,
      five times a week, for 12 weeks with either zero, 500, 1500, 3000 or 5000 larvae
      of Ostertagia circumcincta and grazed together on a series of 'clean' paddocks.
      All the lambs were moved at seven to 10 day intervals to a fresh paddock to
      prevent autoinfection and were killed after 14 weeks. Another group was killed at
      the outset as a control for carcase analysis. Mean O circumcincta populations
      were 34 (grazing control) and 1224, 473, 1092 and 4331 for the groups receiving
      500, 1500, 3000 and 5000 larvae per day respectively. The percentage of fourth
      stage larvae increased with increasing larval intake. Extensive abomasal damage
      with mucosal hypertrophy and depletion of parietal cells occurred in the lambs
      receiving 3000 and 5000 O circumcincta larvae per day. Intakes of 1500 larvae per
      day and above depressed growth rate by 24 to 37 per cent, reduced the deposition
      of protein in the carcase by 34 to 52 per cent and lowered calcium/phosphorus
      deposition by 23 to 48 per cent. Plasma pepsinogen concentrations were
      consistently elevated in lambs receiving 3000 or 5000 larvae per day and may be a
      useful aid to recognising abomasal damage sufficient to affect productivity.

PMID- 4012032
TI  - Experimental cholecystitis in goats caused by mature Fasciola gigantica.
AB  - Mature Fasciola gigantica obtained from naturally infected cattle were surgically
      transferred into the gallbladders of six fluke-free goats. Two of the goats died
      at two and 19 weeks and the remaining four were slaughtered at 12, 48, 48 and 80
      weeks after the transfer. Nine of 20 transferred F gigantica were recovered from
      the gallbladder and common hepatic duct of the experimental goats. The walls of
      gallbladders and bile ducts were thickened by epithelial proliferation, fibrosis
      and mononuclear cell infiltration. Large numbers of globule leucocytes were
      present in the epithelium of gallbladders and common hepatic ducts as well as in
      minute intrahepatic bile ducts. Very few mast cells were observed in these
      locations. Globule leucocytes in two goats were positive for argentaffin reaction
      with Gomori hexamine silver stain. The proliferative cholecystitis in
      experimental goats was similar to adenomatous cholecystitis in cattle naturally
      infected with fascioliasis. Globule leucocytes had no obvious deleterious effects
      on the parasites.

PMID- 4012033
TI  - Endocrine changes in the fowl during infection with Eimeria maxima.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), prolactin, growth
      hormone and corticosterone were measured in immature domestic fowl which were
      infected with Eimeria maxima, uninfected but given the same amount of food as
      those infected (pair-fed) or fed ad libitum. Infection with E maxima caused a
      decrease in plasma T4 concentration whereas pair feeding caused an increase when
      food intake was minimal. Plasma T3 concentrations were decreased similarly in
      both infected and pair-fed birds. Infection caused an increase in plasma
      prolactin concentration, whereas pair-feeding did not. The plasma concentration
      of growth hormone was not affected by any of the treatments. Plasma
      corticosterone concentration was markedly increased on days 5 and 6 in pair-fed
      birds but was not affected by infection with E maxima.

PMID- 4012034
TI  - Unusual compound of small molecular weight in the serum of horses with acute
      grass sickness.
AB  - An unusual compound of small molecular weight has been detected in serum from
      horses with acute grass sickness by solvent extractions and thin-layer
      chromatography. The substance has not been detected in the serum of normal horses
      or cases of equine colic and apparently disappears from grass sickness serum
      after two to three days of clinical illness. Although this compound is found in
      sera which are known to possess in vivo neurotoxicity, this property could not be
      demonstrated in either the total chloroform extract which contains the compound
      or in the hydrophilic serum components remaining after extraction. These findings
      suggest that, although the compound may be related to the neurotoxin present in
      the original serum, the toxicity is inactivated during the extraction procedure
      or that the emulsion necessary for administration precludes absorption of an
      active toxin.

PMID- 4012035
TI  - Comparison of a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with complement
      fixation and neutralisation tests for serology of bovine respiratory syncytial
      virus infections.
AB  - An indirect double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      was developed for the detection and titration of serum antibodies to bovine
      respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The ELISA was compared with a complement
      fixation (CF) test and a test for virus neutralising antibody in serum (virus
      neutralisation [VN] test). Testing sera collected in dairy herds revealed the
      closest correlation between the results of the ELISA and the CF test with respect
      to BRSV antibody titres. The VN test detected BRSV antibodies in a higher
      percentage of acute phase sera compared to the other two tests in field samples
      and in early bleedings of experimentally infected calves. However, the VN test
      was less effective in making a diagnosis of BRSV infections on the basis of a
      significant titre increase in paired sera. For this purpose the ELISA was found
      to be the most sensitive test.

PMID- 4012036
TI  - Incorporation in vitro of 14C fatty acids into bovine sebaceous gland and dermal
      lipids.
AB  - A study has been made of the incorporation in vitro of 14C palmitic, oleic and
      linoleic acids into the skin lipids of cattle. Linoleic acid was incorporated
      into the triglyceride (triacylglycerol) fraction of the sebaceous gland lipid at
      a greater rate than palmitic and oleic acids. Its incorporation was much greater
      when presented as a free acid than when presented either as cholesteryl linoleate
      or linoleoyl lecithin. However, the ability of cholesteryl ester and phospholipid
      to make a substantial indirect contribution of linoleic acid to sebum
      triglyceride synthesis by hydrolytic release of fatty acid was indicated. The
      association between the observed preferential incorporation of linoleic acid into
      the sebum triglycerides and the uniquely unsaturated triglycerides found on the
      skin surface of cattle is discussed.

PMID- 4012037
TI  - Breed and species comparison of amino acid transport variation in equine
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The amino acid permeability of red blood cells from Equus caballus (thoroughbred,
      Arab, shire and pony), E przewalskii (Przewalski's horse), E asinus (donkey and
      mule) and E burchelli (common or plains zebra) was measured. Individual animals
      exhibited stable but widely differing rates of L-[U-14C]alanine uptake in the
      range 5 to 1554 mumol (litre cells)-1 h-1 (0.2 mM extracellular L-alanine, 37
      degrees C). Of the thoroughbreds tested, 30 per cent had red blood cells which
      were essentially impermeable to L-alanine (5 to 10 mumol (litre cells)-1 h-1,
      giving transport rates similar to those found previously in amino acid transport
      deficient sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, only 3 per cent of the ponies tested
      had red blood cells impermeable to L-alanine. No cases of erythrocyte amino acid
      transport deficiency were found in the other horse breeds and species tested.

PMID- 4012038
TI  - Nuclear lobe index in avian eosinophilia.
AB  - The nuclear lobe index was calculated for eosinophils from adult fowl, ducks and
      quail with spontaneous or experimentally induced eosinophilia. Appropriate
      control birds were also examined. The nuclear lobe index in normal fowl was 1.95
      compared with 1.91 in birds with eosinophilia. Although these results (in the
      fowl) are almost identical, further analysis revealed a distinct 'shift to the
      right' in those birds with counts greater than 20 per cent eosinophils (P less
      than 0.01). The normal nuclear lobe index in ducks was 2.68 compared with 2.60 in
      those with eosinophilia and thus no 'shift' was recognised. The quail, on the
      other hand, demonstrated a slight 'shift to the left' in which the normal nuclear
      lobe index was 2.46 compared with 2.20 lobes per cell in eosinophilic quail.

PMID- 4012040
TI  - Investigations into the possible role of Mycoplasma arginini in ovine respiratory
      disease.
AB  - The inoculation of eight five- to seven-month-old sheep by the respiratory route
      with a culture of Mycoplasma arginini, administered simultaneously with or two
      days before a culture of Pasteurella haemolytica A2, did not lead to the
      pulmonary establishment of either organism. Minor lung changes found at slaughter
      seven days later were therefore considered not to have been induced by the
      inocula. Two other groups of seven sheep each were initially inoculated
      intratracheally with an ampicillin-treated lung lesion homogenate in which only M
      ovipneumoniae was detectable. After seven days one group was inoculated
      intranasally and intratracheally with mixed cultures of M arginini and P
      haemolytica A2, and one with P haemolytica A2 alone. In the M arginini-treated
      group pyrexia peaked earlier and one animal died, but no macroscopic or
      microscopic differences were apparent between the two groups at necropsy 10 to 11
      days later; six sheep from each group had lung lesions indistinguishable from
      ovine atypical pneumonia. M arginini was isolated in high titre from the
      respiratory tract of two animals in the M arginini-treated group, including the
      sole fatality. However, an adventitious parainfluenza type 3 virus infection,
      identified in four animals from the M arginini-treated group and one from the
      other, may have been responsible for the inter-group clinical differences. It was
      concluded that the strain of M arginini used was capable neither of predisposing
      the lung to secondary invasion by P haemolytica A2, nor of exacerbating the
      pneumonia and effects elicited with M ovipneumoniae and P haemolytica.

PMID- 4012039
TI  - Winter survival of trichostrongyle larvae: a study using tracer lambs.
AB  - Six groups of tracer lambs grazed from April to August on a pasture ungrazed
      since the previous November. A gradual decrease was observed in the worm burdens
      until July when a marked increase both in the number of worms and in egg counts
      was recorded. Haemonchus species were solely responsible for this sudden increase
      and it seems most likely that infection originated from larvae of the previous
      year rather than from overwintering eggs. Survival of Haemonchus species larvae
      in soil is suggested.

PMID- 4012041
TI  - Experimental pneumonia in conventionally reared and gnotobiotic calves by dual
      infection with Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica.
AB  - Mild clinical disease was produced in conventionally reared calves by the
      intranasal inoculation of 18-hour cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica
      simultaneously with Mycoplasma bovis; at necropsy seven days later moderate
      pneumonic consolidation was observed in two of four calves. Additional
      intratracheal injection of these organisms did not increase the severity of
      disease. In contrast, inoculation of six-hour cultures of P haemolytica with M
      bovis produced more severe disease and more extensive pneumonic consolidation.
      The most severe disease and greatest degree of pneumonic consolidation was
      induced by intranasal and intratracheal inoculation of six-hour cultures of P
      haemolytica one day after the intranasal inoculation of M bovis. Omitting the
      intranasal injection of P haemolytica reduced the severity and consolidation only
      slightly. Studies in gnotobiotic calves revealed that more severe disease and
      more extensive pneumonic consolidation resulted when M bovis was inoculated
      before P haemolytic rather than vice versa.

PMID- 4012042
TI  - Attempted infection of calves with Taenia crocutae cysticerci and their
      subsequent serological response.
AB  - The susceptibility of naive cattle to infection with cysticerci of Taenia
      crocutae was tested using three six- to nine-month-old Ayrshire bull calves,
      previously unexposed to infection with taeniid eggs. One calf was given 10,000 T
      crocutae eggs orally, another 5000 hatched unactivated oncospheres orally and the
      third 5000 hatched and activated oncospheres by intravenous injection. None of
      the calves contained viable cysticerci at post mortem examination 15 to 17 weeks
      later. All three calves contained small numbers of lesions in the liver and
      lesions were also present in the lungs of the calf which received oncospheres
      intravenously. All the calves developed an antibody response which was most
      pronounced in the calf given hatched unactivated oncospheres orally.

PMID- 4012043
TI  - Comparison of indices used to detect hypoventilation during sleep.
AB  - Because there is no uniform method of measuring the severity of sleep apnea, we
      compared respiratory indices calculated from airflow and oxyhemoglobin saturation
      (SaO2) signals in 16 subjects during a night's sleep. Airflow was measured with a
      loosely fitting pneumotachograph or thermister and the following indices
      calculated manually: total apneas (A) and hypopneas (H); A and H per hour of
      sleep; total A H time; average duration of A H episodes, and A H index (the
      product of 2 and 4). SaO2 was measured with a Hewlett-Packard ear oximeter and
      the following indices calculated with a microcomputer; total number of
      desaturation (D) episodes; D episodes per hour of sleep; average maximum D; D
      index (the product of 7 and 8); SaO2 50 (1), and SaO2 10(1). There was a
      significant correlation among all indices; the highest correlation was between
      total A and H and total D (r = 0.97). We conclude that SaO2 indices calculated
      with a microcomputer correlate well with flow indices.

PMID- 4012044
TI  - Increased serum copper in primary pulmonary hypertension: a possible pathogenic
      link?
AB  - In conscious sheep, we showed that intravenous infusion of copper sulfate
      produced a marked increase in pulmonary vascular resistance which was prevented
      by alpha-adrenergic blockade or catecholamine depletion. Because of these
      observations, we measured serum copper in 7 patients with primary pulmonary
      hypertension, and in 6 normal women. The 5 female patients had taken
      contraceptive and appetite-suppressant medication in the past. The mean serum
      copper level was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension,
      indicating that increased serum copper may be a cause or a marker of this entity.

PMID- 4012045
TI  - Effects of cold stimulus of the chest wall on bronchial resistance.
AB  - We studied the possibility of inducing a bronchospasm by a cold stimulus (0
      degrees C) on the chest wall of normal subjects and those with bronchial
      lability. The stimulus is applied on areas in metameric connection with the
      bronchial tree. Modifications of MEF25, MEF50 and FEV1.0 before and after
      stimulation are surveyed. Positive bronchospasm indexes are pointed out in a
      large number of subjects with bronchial lability, while no obstructive bronchial
      response is found in normal subjects. The cold stimulus on the chest wall can
      therefore be considered as an aspecific stimulus producing bronchospasm. Some
      physiopathogenetic interpretations are suggested.

PMID- 4012047
TI  - Sleeve resection.
AB  - Between 1972 and 1982, 43 patients underwent sleeve resection for different types
      of bronchial tumors. A 5-year survival could be calculated for 23 patients (48%),
      which is in the range of simple lobectomy. In the patients with lymph-gland
      involvement, the 5-year survival was 40%, in those not radically resected, it was
      25%. All of the latter received irradiation after resection. All patients who
      died 5 or more years after the first operation had second primary bronchial
      carcinoma. In 27 patients we were able to compare lung function before and after
      the operation. Only in 3 patients lung function tests after resection were worse
      than expected, due to greater asthmatic bronchial obstruction. Ventilation
      perfusion scanning was also performed in 22 patients. Only 3 scans showed
      diminished perfusion, probably as a result of postoperative irradiation.

PMID- 4012046
TI  - Paradoxical functions of alveolar macrophages from Calmette-Guerin bacillus
      immunized rats.
AB  - The effect of autologous alveolar macrophages on the lymphoproliferative response
      to mitogens was investigated using Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG)-immunized rats.
      The proliferation of lymphocytes obtained from normal rats was suppressed when
      the lymphocytes were cultured with alveolar macrophages at any proportion, but
      there was an enhancement in the lymphoproliferative response when the lymphocytes
      from BCG-immunized rats were incubated with alveolar macrophages at the ratio of
      100:1. The supernatant of alveolar macrophage cultures from both normal and BCG
      immunized rats showed a suppressive effect on lymphocytes while the supernatant
      of lymphocyte-alveolar macrophage cultures from BCG-immunized rats enhanced the
      lymphoproliferation. The results indicate that there are soluble factors
      elaborated by alveolar macrophages which have opposite effects on
      lymphoproliferation, and that these factors may be involved in the development of
      the hyperimmune state of the lung in tuberculosis.

PMID- 4012048
TI  - Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in the middle-aged.
AB  - Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVO) is an uncommon cause of pulmonary
      hypertension which is difficult to diagnose without histology. We report 3 cases
      of histologically confirmed PVO. Our patients were all middle-aged or older, and
      1 had spontaneous improvement in his symptoms suggesting that PVO may occur more
      commonly among older adults than previously believed and that indolent forms of
      the disease may exist. As new therapeutic approaches to the various entities
      causing pulmonary hypertension are developed, it is increasingly important to
      determine precisely which condition is present in a given patient.

PMID- 4012049
TI  - [Usefulness of glucocorticoids in the treatment of congestive heart failure].

PMID- 4012050
TI  - [Should systolic hypertension in the elderly be treated?].

PMID- 4012051
TI  - [Can the results of treatment of deep venous thrombosis be improved by surgical
      thrombectomy?].

PMID- 4012052
TI  - [Mesh wrapping repair for aneurysms of the aortic arch].

PMID- 4012053
TI  - [Correlation of electrophysiological data to pathological findings of the right
      atrium in supraventricular arrhythmia].

PMID- 4012054
TI  - [Left ventricular functional capacity in patients with chronic ischemic heart
      disease, with special reference to severity and extent of coronary artery
      lesions].

PMID- 4012055
TI  - [Electrophysiological study of cases with bilateral bundle branch block].

PMID- 4012056
TI  - [Rales in the experimentally induced edematous lung in dogs].

PMID- 4012057
TI  - [Evaluation of the mitral valve and subvalvular structures in pure mitral
      stenosis by cross-sectional echocardiography].

PMID- 4012058
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of sodium nitroprusside in infants and children with
      congenital heart diseases].

PMID- 4012059
TI  - [Right ventricular performance in patients with valvular heart diseases following
      surgery].

PMID- 4012060
TI  - [The pattern of angina prior to acute myocardial infarction in relation to acute
      complication, prognosis and the finding of coronary angiography].

PMID- 4012061
TI  - [Investigation of the relationship between R-wave amplitude and left ventricular
      volume by exercise echocardiography].

PMID- 4012062
TI  - [Study of the left ventricular contraction pattern with aneurysm using ECG-gated
      equilibrium scintigraphy].

PMID- 4012063
TI  - [Studies of the configuration of QRS wave of ventricular arrhythmia in coronary
      spasm].

PMID- 4012064
TI  - [Studies on hemoglobin oxygen dissociation in patients with congestive heart
      failure].

PMID- 4012065
TI  - [Studies on uneven ventilation in chronic obstructive lung disease].

PMID- 4012066
TI  - [Retrograde concealed conduction as a manifestation of unidirectional block in
      complete A-V block].

PMID- 4012067
TI  - [Interrelation between plasma norepinephrine and cardiovascular response to
      exercise in healthy young adults, the aged and patients with ischemic heart
      disease].

PMID- 4012068
TI  - [Coronary heart diseases in infancy--studies on various heart diseases requiring
      selective coronary arteriography in infants and children].

PMID- 4012069
TI  - [Use of a perfluorochemical blood substitute in myocardial preservation].

PMID- 4012070
TI  - [Electrophysiological findings in patients with idiopathic ventricular
      tachycardia].

PMID- 4012071
TI  - [Peripheral hemodynamics and changes of the heart rate caused by cardiac pacing].

PMID- 4012072
TI  - [Comparative effects of ionic and nonionic contrast materials on the chronic
      ischemic myocardium in dogs].

PMID- 4012073
TI  - [Clinical efficacy and plasma levels of oral aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic
      drug].

PMID- 4012074
TI  - [The development of pulmonary hypertension in lung fibrosis: a morphometric
      analysis of pulmonary arteries in 21 cases of paraquat intoxication].

PMID- 4012075
TI  - [A case of PIE syndrome (pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia) preceded by
      watery diarrhea and generalized urticaria].

PMID- 4012076
TI  - [A case of prenylamine syncope (torsades de pointes)].

PMID- 4012077
TI  - [A case of a runaway pacemaker six years after implantation].

PMID- 4012078
TI  - [A case of idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery].

PMID- 4012079
TI  - [A case of hypereosinophilic endomyocarditis with a benign clinical course: a
      case report and review of 25 cases with the syndrome in Japan].

PMID- 4012080
TI  - [A case of bronchogenic cyst showing cardiac abnormalities diagnosed by
      reconstruction CT prior to surgery].

PMID- 4012081
TI  - [Pulmonary function in pregnancy].

PMID- 4012082
TI  - [Further study on "phase V" in the single-breath washout curve].

PMID- 4012083
TI  - [An experimental animal model study on the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs for the
      prophylaxis of supraventricular tachycardia].

PMID- 4012084
TI  - [Effects of intravenous trapidil on patients with acute heart failure].

PMID- 4012085
TI  - [Effects of coronary collateral circulation in evolving myocardial infarction: a
      major determinant in preserving myocardial function after intracoronary
      thrombolysis].

PMID- 4012086
TI  - [Correlation of left ventricular diastolic property and peak creatine kinase MB
      isoenzyme activity in myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4012087
TI  - [A case of unruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva producing a right
      ventricular outflow obstruction].

PMID- 4012088
TI  - [Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of a case with congenital absence of
      the right superior vena cava associated with tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 4012089
TI  - The effect of low density gas breathing on vesicular lung sounds.
AB  - Turbulent airflow (largely gas density dependent) in larger airways is believed
      by many lung sound researchers to be the mechanism responsible for the generation
      of vesicular lung sounds. To test the validity of this concept, we measured the
      amplitude of lung and tracheal sounds of 6 subjects alternately breathing air and
      a low density gas mixture (80% helium, 20% oxygen: He-O2). Lung sounds were
      recorded from 3 chest wall sites: Anterior right upper lobe (RUL), posterior and
      posterolateral right lower lobe (RLL), and a site over the proximal trachea below
      the larynx. The subjects rebreathed into an electronic spirometer filled with the
      test gas, and achieved a peak inspiratory and expiratory airflow of 2-2.5 L/sec.
      Lung sound amplitude was determined by an automated, flow-corrected measurement
      procedure. The mean decrease in sound amplitude when breathing He-O2 compared to
      air was: trachea, inspiration 44%; trachea, expiration 45%; RUL, inspiration 13%;
      RUL, expiration 25%; RLL, inspiration 15% (expiration at the RLL was too quiet to
      record). Cross-correlation and frequency analyses of the sounds recorded at the
      two RLL sites on both test gases revealed no consistent change in frequency or
      time relationships, indicating absence of effect of gas density on sound
      transmission between the sound generating airways and chest wall. These data
      suggest that the mechanism of production of the inspiratory vesicular lung sound
      is not simply turbulent airflow but some other relatively gas density independent
      mechanism. The tracheal and expiratory lung sounds do appear to be produced by a
      more density dependent turbulent mechanism.

PMID- 4012090
TI  - Effect of acute pulmonary hypertension on pressure/flow in the canine pulmonary
      vascular bed.
AB  - The relationship of pulmonary blood flow and vascular resistance to pulmonary
      artery pressure was examined in pentobarbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs. The
      pulmonary artery perfusion pressure was varied in the range 0-100 mm Hg. This was
      achieved by perfusion of the lobar artery supplying the left upper lobe of the
      lung from the subclavian artery. Perfusion pressure was varied by a clamp on the
      external shunt. The relationship was rectilinear in the lower pressure range,
      from zero flow at 5 mm Hg, to 45-55 mm Hg. Above this, curvilinearity developed,
      concave toward the pressure axis. Possible participation of the autonomic nervous
      system (ANS) in the P/F relationship was examined by treatment with the
      ganglionic blocking agent, hexamethonium. Although the drug was successful in
      lowering systemic arterial pressure, it had no effect on the pulmonary P/F
      relationship. Possibly, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tone to pulmonary
      vessels was low or absent in our preparation. Changes in compliance of the
      pulmonary arterial supply, resulting from changes in transmural pressure, may
      explain the results. A myogenic type of response is favored.

PMID- 4012091
TI  - Changes in upper airway muscle activity related to head position in awake cats.
AB  - The influence of head position on the respiratory activity of the diaphragm
      (DIA), posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and genioglossus (GG) muscles was studied
      in conscious cats with chronically implanted electromyographic electrodes.
      Tracheal pressure was also recorded through a small implanted catheter.
      Spontaneous or passive downward movements of the head resulted in sustained
      increases in the respiratory excursions of tracheal pressure and in PCA and GG
      activities. Conversely, these variables all decreased when the head was raised.
      Activity of the DIA was little affected. In animals with chronic tracheostomies,
      which greatly diminished tracheal pressure excursions and their changes with head
      movements, the postural responses of PCA and GG activities persisted, but were
      attenuated. The responses also persisted after bilateral superior laryngeal nerve
      section. These findings demonstrate responses that act to maintain the patency of
      the upper respiratory tract, probably by reflex mechanisms. Receptors in the
      upper airway contribute to the responses, but other afferents - possibly from
      vestibular or joint receptors - are also involved.

PMID- 4012092
TI  - Non-vagal reflex effects on medullary inspiratory neurons during inspiratory
      loading.
AB  - Studies were conducted to compare the first-breath responses of medullary Dorsal
      and Ventral Respiratory Group inspiratory (I) neurons to the mechanical loading
      (tracheal occlusion, TO) of inspiration in unanesthetized (decerebrate) and
      anesthetized (Dial) vagotomized cats, and to determine the sources of the sensory
      activity causing the changes in I-neuron activity. In decerebrate cats, TO
      resulted in a prolongation of the firing duration in 49% of the I-neurons. There
      was a delayed onset of firing in 7% of the I-neurons. The responses of I-neurons
      to TO in anesthetized cats were similar to the responses in decerebrate cats.
      Changes in I-neuron activity with TO were still present in cats with their
      cervical (C3-7) or thoracic (T1-9) dorsal roots cut, and absent when both
      cervical and thoracic dorsal roots were cut. The most probable sources of the
      cervical and thoracic afferent information altering medullary I-neuron activity
      during loading are the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles.

PMID- 4012093
TI  - Effect of hypoxic, hyperoxic or hypercapnic ventilation on inspiratory
      termination in the cat.
AB  - Intercostal nerve stimulation was used to examine the effects of altered
      concentrations of inspired oxygen or carbon dioxide on the termination of
      inspiration. Experiments were performed in decerebrate cats which were paralyzed,
      artificially ventilated and bilaterally vagotomized. The threshold current at
      which electrical stimulation of the T6 intercostal nerve terminated phrenic
      neural activity was determined at 10 different delays from the onset of phrenic
      nerve discharge. Ventilation with either hypercapnic normoxic gas (4% CO2) or
      hypoxic gas (17% O2) increased the threshold current required for inspiratory
      termination. Hyperoxic ventilation (45% O2), however, decreased the threshold for
      inspiratory termination. Bilateral section of the carotid sinus nerve abolished
      the response to hyperoxic ventilation, but did not alter the response to normoxic
      hypercapnia. These results demonstrate that an oxygen-related stimulus transduced
      by the peripheral chemoreceptors can influence the mechanism(s) responsible for
      inspiratory termination.

PMID- 4012094
TI  - Ventilatory control in normal man following five minutes' exposure to hypoxia.
AB  - Ventilatory control was studied in normal subjects following brief (5 min)
      exposure to hypoxia (inhalation 7-8% O2). The ventilatory response to rebreathing
      CO2 (hyperoxic) was assessed 20 min before and after 5 min exposure to (a) 7-8%
      O2, (b) 7-8% O2 rebreathing CO2, (c) rebreathing CO2 during hyperoxia, and (d)
      10% O2, normocapnic. The slope of the V-PCO2 response (S) was increased for up to
      40 min following (a) and (b) by 25-34%, but was unchanged following (c) and (d).
      Resting ventilation was unchanged throughout. The ventilatory response to
      normocapnic progressive hypoxia was measured as the slope of the V-Hb% SaO2
      relationship (H); this was increased by 26%. The mechanism underlying this change
      in ventilatory control in man is unknown; it may relate to the process of
      acclimatization to hypoxia whereby chronic hypoxia is a greater stimulus to
      ventilation than acute hypoxia.

PMID- 4012096
TI  - [Ultrastructural study of Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni].

PMID- 4012095
TI  - Effect of bias flow rate on gas transport during high-frequency oscillatory
      ventilation.
AB  - Ventilatory support with low tidal volume, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation
      (HFOV) usually uses a bias flow system to provide fresh gas. Although the bias
      flow rates (Vbf) used previously have varied widely among experimental
      configurations, the precise role of the bias flow in HFOV-mediated gas transport
      has not been defined. We assessed the effect of bias flow rate on gas transport
      during HFOV by measuring CO2 removal rate (MCO2) in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs,
      using a wide range of bias flow rates (0.7-28.9 L X min-1). When a fixed tidal
      volume of 40 ml was applied at HFOV frequencies of 2-12 Hz, MCO2 was proportional
      to the time-averaged alveolar-bias flow CO2 concentration difference. Thus, when
      Vbf was reduced below a value which resulted in a substantial increase in bias
      flow CO2 concentration, MCO2 was reduced. These findings are consistent with a
      simple framework in which the relative magnitudes of the resistances to gas
      transport of the airways and of the bias flow (1/Vbf) determine the contribution
      of the bias flow rate to overall gas transport during HFOV. This relationship may
      be employed to assess the intra-airway contribution to HFOV-mediated gas
      transport at any bias flow rate, and may therefore allow comparison of results
      from experiments utilizing various bias flow rates.

PMID- 4012098
TI  - The Fourth UOEH International Symposium. Occupational health in aviation and
      space work. October 21-23, 1984, University of Occupational and Environmental
      Health, Japan.

PMID- 4012097
TI  - [Occurrence of the genus Salmonella in wild animals of the order Edentata in the
      Amazon Region, north of the state of Para, Brazil].

PMID- 4012099
TI  - Directional asymmetry of phase shift following transmeridian flight.

PMID- 4012101
TI  - Significance of circadian rhythms for aviation and space operations.

PMID- 4012100
TI  - Circadian rhythmicity and fatigue in flight operations.

PMID- 4012102
TI  - Disturbances of the circadian sleep-wake rhythm after time zone changes.
AB  - Studies on the changes in circadian rhythms due to time zone changes were
      described with emphasis placed on sleep. The results were summarized as follows.
      Eastward flights; Decrease of total sleep time, or increase of TST, Disturbances
      of intra-sleep cycles, Increase of slow wave sleep, Decrease of REM sleep in the
      amount, Prolonged REM sleep latency. Westward flights; Shortened sleep latency,
      Shortened REM sleep latency, Increase of percentage REM sleep, Unusual temporal
      distributions of REM sleep periods. Southward flight; No significant change. From
      all above mentioned it becomes evident that after transmeridian flight sleep
      rhythm is clearly disturbed. In this time we emphasized the changes in particular
      sleep stages rather than the overall changes in sleep-wake cycles. The changes in
      sleep pattern followed by time zone changes, however, are thought to result from
      a complicated summation of effects, such as sleep deprivation, sleep reversal,
      naps, shift in sleep onset time, and circadian rhythm alternation. The possible
      factors about the changes in sleep will be presented by Dr. Endo in the next
      lecture.

PMID- 4012103
TI  - Health care of JASDF pilots.

PMID- 4012104
TI  - The possible mechanisms of the disturbed circadian sleep-wake rhythm after time
      zone changes.
AB  - Changes in sleep after eastward flight; To go to bed at 2300 hr in SFO, which
      corresponds to 1600 hr in TYO, means that a traveller from TYO starts his sleep
      from evening nap in TYO. In evening naps, Slow Wave Sleep(SWS) is increased and
      REM sleep is decreased. In the flight from West to East, however, the subjects
      experienced one night total sleep deprivation. Consequently, it is necessary to
      do research on naps after total sleep deprivation. REM sleep is clearly increased
      in the morning and decreased in the evening in spite of one night total sleep
      deprivation. These findings indicate that the distribution of REM sleep is not
      affected by total sleep deprivation, but REM sleep has a clear circadian rhythm.
      By contrast, SWS is increased in the morning, afternoon and evening naps after
      total sleep deprivation. Thus, SWS is more independent of circadian effects and
      responsive to the length of prior wakefulness. From the findings mentioned above,
      it is assumed that the decrease of REM sleep and the increase of SWS in the first
      part of the sleep in SFO may be caused by effects of one night total sleep
      deprivation and circadian rhythm of REM sleep. Changes in sleep after westward
      flight; The sleep after returning home from east and after the flight from TYO to
      LDN was different from that in baseline nights in TYO, with decreased REM sleep
      latency, appearance of SOREMs and increased REM sleep. Since the sleep after
      westward flight corresponds to that in the early morning to forenoon in the place
      before the flight, it is necessary to investigate the effect of sleep reversal
      and naps in daytime. In naps after one night total sleep deprivation, morning
      naps had shortened REM sleep latency, increased REM sleep and frequent SOREMs.
      From the findings mentioned above, it is suggested that the nocturnal sleep after
      returning home from east and in LDN may reflect the circadian rhythm of sleep in
      the place before the start of the flight.

PMID- 4012105
TI  - Effect of visual illusion, circularvection, in flight simulator on posture
      control.
AB  - Occurrence of circularvection and the disturbance of postural control in the
      fighter flight simulator were studied. The sensation of self-motion,
      circularvection, in the fighter flight simulator flying in a low-altitude and
      high-speed (but motionless base) was positive in all of four healthy male adult
      volunteers. Marked body staggering in the standing test was noted at post-flight.
      Square Drawing Test (hand writing test) showed some tendency of prolongation of
      lines, suggesting mis-calibration of fine hand-arm motor control. Nystagmic eye
      movement, optokinetic, was recorded on ENG during this motionless flight
      simulator, which increased on banking.

PMID- 4012106
TI  - Otitic barotrauma and methods of prevention.

PMID- 4012107
TI  - Sensory factors in space flight.

PMID- 4012108
TI  - Cardio-renal responses to a stimulated gravity-free state induced by water
      immersion.
AB  - HOI induces a significant increase in the cardiac output, which is accompanied by
      increases in the urinary excretion of water, Na and K. However, the renal
      responses are not always associated with the cardiac response, suggesting a
      possible dissociation of two events. Although the urinary excretion of both ADH
      and aldosterone decreases during HOI, the mechanism for these changes is not
      clearly understood. The renal responses to HOI, especially the natriuresis, is
      considerably attenuated in endurance-trained athletes, which may be related to
      the more moderate inhibition of both ADH and renin-aldosterone systems. The exact
      role of the cardiac receptors in inducing the renal responses to HOI is still not
      defined, although the latter receptors are involved in inducing the natriuresis.
      Finally, important diurnal variations have been demonstrated for the renal
      responses to HOI, and elucidation of the mechanism for this interesting
      phenomenon may help understand the overall mechanisms for the development of
      cardiorenal-endocrine responses to HOI.

PMID- 4012109
TI  - After the dust has settled--proposition for health care on the part of airlines.

PMID- 4012110
TI  - Hazards to the health of commercial aircrew.

PMID- 4012111
TI  - Aeromedical standards, aircrew health care and aerospace medicine education.

PMID- 4012112
TI  - Mental aberration in flight.

PMID- 4012113
TI  - Controlling the risk in pilot incapacitation.

PMID- 4012114
TI  - Aviation safety--physical and mental incapacitation.

PMID- 4012115
TI  - Effects of moderate doses of alcohol on human responses at simulated altitude.

PMID- 4012116
TI  - Cognitive problems in aviation psychological studies.

PMID- 4012117
TI  - [Thoracic outlet syndrome. Our experience apropos of 20 observations].

PMID- 4012119
TI  - [Usefulness of a decision with serious consequences].

PMID- 4012118
TI  - [Polycythemia associated with a hemoglobinopathy: apropos of a case of hemoglobin
      San Diego].

PMID- 4012120
TI  - [Value of and indications for electromyography].

PMID- 4012121
TI  - [Results of percutaneous surgery renal lithiasis].

PMID- 4012122
TI  - [What would holistic medicine want?].

PMID- 4012123
TI  - [Free flaps in plastic surgery].

PMID- 4012124
TI  - [Drug dosage and therapeutic monitoring].

PMID- 4012125
TI  - [Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: an often unrecognized disease].

PMID- 4012126
TI  - [Tuberculosis today. A positive Mantoux reaction: what should be done? A
      fortuitous discovery: should it be treated? A symptomatic attack: what
      treatment?].

PMID- 4012127
TI  - [The Nebuhaler in the treatment of children with bronchial asthma: comparison of
      its efficacy with that of 2 other forms of administration].

PMID- 4012128
TI  - [Apoplectiform course of meningiomas: experience with 226 cases].

PMID- 4012129
TI  - [Alcohol and hypertension in a general practice].

PMID- 4012130
TI  - [Calcium antagonists in hypertension therapy].

PMID- 4012131
TI  - [The hypertensive emergency and severe hypertension: experiences with
      nifedipine].

PMID- 4012132
TI  - [Nifedipine in the hypertensive crisis--effect of intravenous administration].

PMID- 4012133
TI  - [Nifedipine in therapy-resistant hypertension].

PMID- 4012134
TI  - [Verapamil 240 mg--effective blood pressure reduction by a single dose?].

PMID- 4012135
TI  - [Drug interactions with calcium antagonists].

PMID- 4012136
TI  - [Synovial folds in the human knee joint].

PMID- 4012137
TI  - [False-positive porphobilinogen determination test (Hoesch test) after
      administration of pirprofen].

PMID- 4012138
TI  - [Skin manifestations associated with digestive tract diseases].

PMID- 4012139
TI  - [Drug-induced ulcerations of the esophagus].

PMID- 4012140
TI  - [Physiopathologic approach to the diagnosis of malabsorption syndromes].

PMID- 4012141
TI  - [How to evaluate hepatic function: pharmacokinetic approach].

PMID- 4012142
TI  - [Cervical pain].

PMID- 4012143
TI  - [Significance of early auditory and somatesthetic evoked potentials in coma].

PMID- 4012144
TI  - [Current therapy of myasthenia].

PMID- 4012145
TI  - [Acute transient Korsakoff's syndrome caused by hematoma of the floor of the 3rd
      ventricle].
AB  - A forty four year-old woman had had an amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome for 3
      months when a Korsakoff's syndrome with headache suddenly appeared.
      Neuroradiological investigations revealed a hematoma involving the anterior part
      of the IIIrd ventricle. After a short period of neurogenic hypernatremia the
      lesion disappeared with the development of a spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy.
      Simultaneously, the Korsakoff's syndrome decreased until it went off almost
      completely, but a diabetes insipidus appeared and the hyperprolactinemia remained
      unchanged. Four years later, those are the only symptoms which are still present.
      This case, particular by its aetiology and evolution, illustrates well the
      possibility of functional Korsakoff's syndromes.

PMID- 4012146
TI  - [Isolated sensory deficiency caused by infarction in the region of the anterior
      choroidal artery].
AB  - A patient presented with a pure left sensory deficit of sudden onset. CT scan
      showed a small capsular infarct in the anterior choroidal artery territory
      involving the superior thalamic peduncle in the posterior limb of the internal
      capsule.

PMID- 4012147
TI  - [Chiasmatic radionecrosis after multifractionated radiotherapy of a temporal
      glioma].
AB  - A 45-year-old male received split course multiple daily fractionated radiotherapy
      for an anaplastic left parieto-temporal astrocytoma. A total dose of 60 grays was
      delivered by 15 fractions of 2 grays given in 5 days and repeated after a rest
      period of 15 days. Forty grays were delivered to the whole brain and 20 grays to
      the tumor area. No surgery or radiosensitizer or chemotherapy were used at any
      time. The patient noted progressive loss of vision in both eyes and became blind
      9 months after irradiation. Post-mortem study revealed 2 areas of radionecrosis
      in the chiasma and corpus callosum, corresponding to the dose of 57-60 grays. The
      necrotic area were at a distance of the tumor remnants. The high Daily Dose
      Multifractionation schedule may be responsible for the radionecrosis.

PMID- 4012148
TI  - [Recurrent multiple paralysis of cranial nerves. Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome].
AB  - A 53 year-old woman presented with 6 episodes of recurrent cranial nerve palsies
      over seven years, each episode lasting several weeks. She had three episodes of
      diplopia, one of difficulty with swallowing, a left facial paralysis and two
      episodes of trigeminal sensory neuropathy. Sjogren's syndrome was diagnosed when
      the patient developed dryness of the eyes and mouth, 7 years after the first
      episode. The diagnosis was proved by biopsy of the accessory salivary glands, the
      presence of a hypergammaglobulinaemia and anti-tissue antibodies.

PMID- 4012149
TI  - [Atypical forms of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].
AB  - Familial cases of A.L.S. are more frequent in young people. The course is short.
      There are some alterations of sensory pathways. However some atypical cases are
      known. Three patients had such clinical features: in the first case there was a
      progressive weakness of scapular girdle with neck muscles involvement. The second
      case was a progressive spinal amyotrophy. The last was a bulbar form. In all 3
      cases there was an autosomal dominant inheritance, but the course was slow.

PMID- 4012150
TI  - [Late hemorrhagic transformation of cerebellar infarction under anticoagulant
      treatment].
AB  - Anticoagulant treatment after cerebral infarcts is still debated due to the
      imperfectly evaluated risk of hemorrhagic transformation. In the case reported
      here the hemorrhage developed during anticoagulant treatment instituted 18 days
      after the onset of the infarct. The role of previously administered aspirin is
      discussed.

PMID- 4012151
TI  - [Conference at the Salpetriere. 7 March 1984. Paralysis of cranial nerves,
      paresthesia and motor disorders of the limbs developing by regressive outbreaks
      over 19 years].

PMID- 4012152
TI  - Napping in shift work.
AB  - Two hundred eighty-two three-shift workers on rotating schedules filled out a
      questionnaire on napping behavior. Fifty-one percent were habitual nappers, but
      these workers rarely napped when working the afternoon shift or on days off. Four
      patterns were seen: non-napping (49%), morning shift napping (18%), night shift
      napping (18%), and both night- and morning shift napping (15%). The napping
      behavior was closely related to the length of the major sleep episode, which
      depended on the shift worked and on diurnal type; for example, morning shift
      nappers rated lower on a morningness/eveningness scale and night shift nappers
      higher. A study repeated 1.5 years later revealed that non-napping was a very
      stable behavior, whereas napping in many cases had disappeared, particularly
      among those who had been transferred to day work. The results indicate that for
      most shift workers napping compensates for sleep loss caused by the temporal
      displacement of sleep and modified by diurnal type.

PMID- 4012153
TI  - Relationship between sleep efficiency and urinary excretion of catecholamines in
      bed-rested humans.
AB  - The relationship between urinary excretion of catecholamines during sleep and
      sleep disturbance was examined in four healthy subjects who were confined to bed
      for approximately 1 week under an entrained condition. Polysomnographic
      recordings were made throughout the period of continuous bed rest. Free
      epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion were measured. Sleep efficiency, i.e.,
      percentage of total sleep time over an allotted sleep period, was an indicator of
      sleep disturbance. All subjects showed a negative correlation between sleep
      efficiency and epinephrine excretion (average correlation coefficient -0.79, p
      less than 0.004). Norepinephrine excretion correlated negatively with sleep
      efficiency in only one subject, and the group average correlation coefficient of 
      0.28 was not significant. Circadian variations were observed in sleep efficiency
      and catecholamine excretion. Although epinephrine excretion was influenced by
      psychophysiological stress arising from the experimental conditions of forced bed
      rest, the correlation between sleep efficiency and epinephrine excretion remained
      stable and negative. The urinary excretion of epinephrine could be an effective
      indicator of sleep disturbance.

PMID- 4012154
TI  - Reappearance of electroencephalogram slow waves in extended sleep with delayed
      bedtime.
AB  - A three-part study using prolonged nights of sleep was undertaken to verify
      Broughton's hypothesis of an approximate 12-h ultradrian rhythm of human slow
      wave sleep (SWS). Part I consisted of 2 8-h adaptation nights followed by a
      prolonged 15-h night of sleep with bedtime at midnight. A significant return of
      SWS occurred 12 h and 32 min after the first appearance of SWS. In part II, after
      1 adaptation night, subjects were asked to sleep for 15 h but bedtime was delayed
      until 0400 h. A two-peak return of SWS was observed with a first significant
      return at 1228 h and a second significant return at 1745 h (i.e., 13 h and 32 min
      after the first appearance of SWS). In part III, bedtime was again delayed to
      0400 h; but subjects were given 3 nights to adapt before the 15 h extended sleep.
      A single significant return of SWS was then observed at 1656 h, i.e., 12 h and 24
      min after the first appearance with no peaks around 1200 h, thus exhibiting the
      same pattern as in part I. These results suggest that the return of SWS seen
      normally between 1200 and 1500 h is relatively well entrenched since it remained
      present in the extended night following sudden bedtime delay. It appears,
      moreover, that SWS does follow a bimodal 12-h rhythm, which is seen immediately
      upon extended delayed sleep and can be fully phase-shifted with habituation.

PMID- 4012155
TI  - Recovery sleep at different times of the night following loss of the last four
      hours of sleep.
AB  - The sleep of 8 women was restricted to the first half of the night for 1 night on
      two separate occasions. On each occasion, heavy loss of REM (64%) and stage 2
      (60%) with only a relatively light loss (20%) of slow wave sleep resulted. The
      purpose of the present study was to investigate whether or not the circadian
      timing of recovery sleep, particularly the second 4 h, would affect the response
      of the sleep system to the differential loss of the sleep stages. Recovery sleep
      commenced at 2000 h (i.e., after a normal daily span of 16 h of wakefulness) and
      was either continuous or interrupted after 4 h with 4 h of enforced wakefulness.
      Thus, the second 4 h of recovery sleep occurred between either 0000-0400 h or
      0400-0800 h, two periods of the night normally associated with low and high
      levels of REM, respectively. The composition of recovery sleep, particularly the
      level of REM sleep, was found to be relatively unaffected by circadian factors.
      Instead, the response of the sleep system was mainly determined by stage 4 debt.
      It was suggested that obtaining a daily stage 4 quota acts as the primary drive
      mechanism of the sleep system.

PMID- 4012156
TI  - The cyclic alternating pattern as a physiologic component of normal NREM sleep.
AB  - The cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) is a long-lasting periodic activity
      consisting of two alternate electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. This variation
      in EEG is closely related to fluctuations in the level of arousal that
      characterize two different functional states in the arousal control mechanism. We
      studied 20 sleep records of 10 healthy subjects to see if CAP appears under
      physiologic conditions. During NREM sleep, CAP corresponded to a periodic
      succession of spontaneous phasic phenomena recurring within every stage, i.e.,
      intermittent alpha rhythm, K-complex sequences, and reactive slow wave sequences.
      The following analyses were performed. Each EEG specific alternating pattern,
      defined as a cycle, was subdivided into two phases depending on the arousal
      response to stimulation. Average cycle length, average duration of each phase,
      and average ratio phase/cycle were calculated. CAP rate defined as (CAP
      time/Sleep time) was calculated for total sleep time (TST), (Cap time/TST); for
      NREM sleep, (CAP time/Total NREM); and for each NREM sleep stage. CAP is the EEG
      translation of the reorganization of the sleeping brain challenged by the
      modification of environmental conditions.

PMID- 4012157
TI  - Psychological correlates of electrodermal activity during REM sleep.
AB  - Eight subjects each spent 2 nights in the sleep laboratory during which
      electrodermal activity (EDA) was recorded in addition to standard sleep
      monitoring. On the experimental night, following an adaptation night, subjects
      were awakened four times from REM sleep: in the presence of phasic EDA and eye
      movements; in the presence of phasic EDA without eye movements; in the presence
      of eye movements without phasic EDA; and in the absence of both eye movements and
      phasic EDA. Detailed mentation reports were obtained, coded, and rated on scales
      of emotionality and bizarreness. EDA was found to be associated with bizarre
      mentation. Implications for the study of nocturnal phasic activity in general and
      for the study of EDA are discussed. An improved circuit for the long-term
      recording of EDA is described in sufficient detail to allow its duplication.

PMID- 4012158
TI  - Slow wave sleep in elderly depressed, demented, and healthy subjects.
AB  - The application of automated analysis in the measurement of sleep
      electroencephalogram delta activity allows a more precise temporal description of
      slow wave sleep changes in normal and pathological aging than do standard, all
      night, slow wave sleep measures. Thus, with a baseline crossing technique,
      elderly depressives were shown to have a higher delta count per minute during the
      second NREM sleep period than did controls or demented subjects. This difference
      reflected greater activity per minute in the 2-3 Hz frequency band (75-200
      microV).

PMID- 4012159
TI  - Sleep position training as treatment for sleep apnea syndrome: a preliminary
      study.
AB  - Ten male patients selected as having sleep apnea predominantly of the obstructive
      type associated with the supine sleep position on their evaluation night were
      trained for 1 additional night to avoid the back sleep position by wearing a
      gravity-activated position monitor/alarm on the chest. This device emitted an
      auditory signal if the patient remained supine for more than 15 s. The number of
      apneic events was significantly reduced, as were the number of episodes of
      significant O2 desaturation. While wearing the alarm, the apnea index of seven
      patients remained within or near normal limits. On a follow-up night, with only
      instructions to maintain the lateral decubitus posture, five patients remained
      significantly improved. Sleep position training may be appropriate as a single or
      interim treatment for a significant number of sleep apnea patients who have
      position-related obstruction.

PMID- 4012160
TI  - International Symposium on Yaws and Other Endemic Treponematoses. Washington,
      D.C., April 16-18, 1984.

PMID- 4012162
TI  - Surveillance and control of resurgent yaws in the African region.
AB  - Yaws, once one of the most common infections in Africa, was expected to be
      eliminated in some countries and controlled in others after the mass treatment
      campaigns sponsored by the World Health Organization and the United Nations
      Children's Fund during the 1950s and 1960s and the implementation of improvements
      in education, sanitation, and other health-promoting activities. However, the
      curtailment of yaws control activity allowed the reservoir of untreated yaws to
      grow unchecked, and the number of reported cases of active yaws has increased in
      certain parts of Africa, especially in West Africa. In the Central African
      Republic, the prevalence of yaws is notably high among the Pygmies. Renewed
      programs for yaws control are under consideration. Mass campaigns are still
      necessary in some developing countries for the control of certain diseases but
      should be complementary to the development of general health services and should
      not be limited to the administrative borders of a given country.

PMID- 4012161
TI  - The control of endemic treponematoses.
AB  - In the 1950s and 1960s, following a decision by the Second World Health Assembly
      in 1949, mass treatment campaigns against the endemic treponematoses were
      undertaken with the support of the World Health Organization and the United
      Nations Children's Fund. The control policy was based on recognition of the
      importance of screening at least 90% of the target population; of conducting
      periodic resurveys and treating missed, new, and imported cases; of treating the
      entire treponemal reservoir (including latent cases and contacts); and of using
      adequate dosages of long-acting penicillin (minimal dosages were recommended).
      Later, policies on the extent of contact treatment at different levels of
      endemicity were established. During these mass campaigns, approximately 50
      million clinical and latent cases and contacts were treated; prevalence of
      endemic treponematoses was reduced dramatically. The major reasons for resurgence
      of yaws and endemic syphilis in some areas are discussed. One important factor
      has been the failure of many countries to integrate active control measures into
      local health services after the mass campaigns. Yaws and pinta are continuing to
      decline to very low levels in the Americas. In West Africa, especially, incidence
      of yaws and endemic syphilis have returned to high levels. Few significant
      endemic areas remain in Asia except in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 4012163
TI  - Yaws in Ghana.
AB  - The final results of a three-year campaign against yaws in the Republic of Ghana,
      which was introduced in an attempt to reduce an unusually high prevalence, are
      summarized. The campaign started in January 1981 and officially ended in December
      1983. Serious economic and technical constraints slowed the progress of work
      after the first year and reduced the total population covered. In spite of the
      shortcomings, the program provided penicillin treatment to 77,818 patients with
      active yaws (4.04% of those examined during the campaign) as well as
      chemoprophylaxis for an additional 1,556,360 contacts. The campaign staff
      compiled detailed information on the epidemiology of yaws in Ghana. A second
      attack phase using simple equipment and vehicles such as motorcycles and bicycles
      could be implemented with greater efficiency and could reduce costs.

PMID- 4012164
TI  - Endemic treponematoses in the Sudan.
AB  - Sudan is surrounded by eight countries and has marked movement of population
      across its borders. At one time yaws and syphilis were important public health
      problems in the Sudan. Following the wide use of penicillin, both diseases were
      much reduced in prevalence and were no longer public health problems. However,
      the extensive population movement and particularly the huge influx of refugees
      across the border pose important potential hazards. The rapid urbanization and
      the social and cultural changes that followed economic development affected
      family ties and community behavior and resulted in a marked increase in the
      prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, including syphilis. It is difficult
      to know the true magnitude of the problem because of the poor health information
      system and coverage. Improvement of the surveillance system is urgently needed,
      and more attention needs to be paid to treponemal infections. This entails
      improvement in health services and training of health personnel.

PMID- 4012165
TI  - Endemic treponematoses in Togo and other west African states.
AB  - In 1970 an alarming increase in the number of cases of treponematoses in general
      and yaws in particular began to be apparent in sub-Saharan Africa, yet official
      reports usually underestimate the extent of these diseases. Thus, a clinical and
      serologic investigation of the prevalence of yaws was conducted in May 1981 in
      Togo. The proportion of examined persons found to have clinical yaws lesions
      varied from 1% to 3.9%; all of the four cantons with a prevalence of greater than
      or equal to 3% are located near Ghana, where the disease is endemic. Children one
      to 14 years old (and especially those five to 14) were most frequently affected
      by yaws. The results confirm that yaws is underreported and that it persists and
      is even resurgent in many areas of Togo and in other French-speaking countries in
      West Africa. Because of the prevalence of migration and nomadism, a regional (as
      opposed to national) effort to combat the treponematoses is essential.

PMID- 4012166
TI  - Yaws in Southeast Asia: an overview.
AB  - A summary is presented of yaws control programs, from their initiation up to the
      present, in India, Indonesia, and Thailand. In all three countries, the
      prevalence was spectacularly reduced. From 1950 to 1961, in Java and Bali the
      rates fell from 11.34% to 0.72%, and comparable results were achieved in India
      and Thailand. In all programs, resurveys were carried out after the original mass
      treatment campaigns, and quite successful efforts were made to integrate the yaws
      control activities into more general health services. Although a small number of
      active cases of yaws in localized foci are still found, with the rapid expansion
      of primary health services and continuing surveillance for yaws and the
      appropriate use of selective or juvenile mass treatment approaches, it should be
      possible to achieve eradication in the foreseeable future.

PMID- 4012167
TI  - Yaws in Malaysia.
AB  - In 1954, with the assistance of the World Health Organization and the United
      Nations Children's Fund, a campaign against yaws was initiated in Malaysia with
      the formation of a yaws elimination unit in the Ministry of Health. Between 1954
      and 1975, the reported annual incidence of yaws fell from 140.85 to 1.25 per
      100,000 population. When rates dropped to less than two per 100,000, the program
      was merged with the general health services. Currently when cases are reported,
      contacts are traced, school and village surveys are carried out, and appropriate
      treatment is given. The major problems facing the control program today are a
      loss of interest in control activities; a smaller number of health workers
      experienced in the diagnosis, management, and control of the disease; and a
      growing reluctance to treat asymptomatic contacts with penicillin for fear of
      anaphylactoid reactions. Despite these problems, it is not an unreasonable
      expectation that, with continued stimulation from the individuals responsible for
      infectious disease control, yaws will eventually be eliminated.

PMID- 4012168
TI  - Yaws in Papua New Guinea: extent of the problem and status of control programs.
AB  - Yaws was a significant health problem in Papua New Guinea until the nationwide
      total mass treatment campaign, which took place from 1953 to 1958. The number of
      cases reported annually fell to less than 300 during the 1960s. In the early
      1970s outbreaks occurred in East New Britain and Bougainville but were
      effectively controlled. A larger outbreak in 1977-1978 on Karkar Island was more
      difficult to bring under control despite the clinical appearance of the cases,
      which were less florid than those seen in the 1950s. The latter outbreak raised
      questions about decreased response to penicillin, lack of ability to develop
      effective immunity, and increased susceptibility to yaws. Smaller outbreaks were
      reported in 1983 and 1984 in remote areas, but the current extent of yaws in
      Papua New Guinea is not fully known. Action is being taken to rectify this
      situation and to ensure that reports of yaws are fully investigated and that
      cases are properly managed.

PMID- 4012169
TI  - Endemic nonvenereal treponematosis (bejel) in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - A total of 2,515 individuals attending a large military hospital in Saudi Arabia
      who had appropriate radiologic evidence of treponematosis were studied clinically
      and serologically. The indications are that nonvenereal treponematosis (bejel)
      exists in considerable numbers among the nomadic communities living in rural
      areas. In contrast, venereal syphilis is less common in this population and is
      found almost exclusively in urban populations. Some of the high-risk regions for
      bejel have been identified. Many individuals from nomadic communities complained
      of persistent pain in the lower limbs, which was often associated with radiologic
      evidence of osteoperiostitis of the long bones. It also appears that within the
      last 30 years bejel has become clinically attenuated, with the majority of
      seropositive individuals having latent disease. A hypothesis is put forward that
      persistent lesions are sustained by superinfection and that improvements in
      hygiene have resulted in a decrease in the incidence of reexposure. Measures to
      control the infection are outlined.

PMID- 4012170
TI  - Yaws in the Americas.
AB  - Until the middle of this century, yaws was a major public health problem in the
      Americas Region of the World Health Organization. All countries located between
      the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn reported cases of yaws. From 1950 to 1957,
      major programs for the eradication of yaws were implemented throughout the
      region, and yaws rapidly ceased to be a threat. As of 1983, sporadic cases
      continued to occur in limited geographic areas of Colombia, French Guyana,
      Guyana, and Suriname.

PMID- 4012171
TI  - Yaws in Suriname.
AB  - Frambesia tropica, or yaws, is still prevalent in the urban population of some of
      the districts in Suriname. In 1911 a campaign against yaws, probably the first
      such campaign in the world involving treatment with salvarsan, was organized. It
      resulted in the rapid cure of all hospitalized patients. As a consequence of this
      success, the disease became less important to the medical authorities in the
      country. After introduction of penicillin (1945) for the treatment of yaws, the
      disease almost disappeared in Suriname. After 1970 new cases were diagnosed, and
      the resurgence of yaws in Suriname became apparent. The symptoms in these cases
      were attenuated in comparison to those described in standard handbooks. A survey
      of yaws in the different districts of Suriname was undertaken to determine the
      prevalence of the disease and its spread through the country in order to plan a
      new treatment campaign.

PMID- 4012172
TI  - Yaws in Colombia.
AB  - By the beginning of this century, yaws was a well-known endemic disease in
      Colombia. Colombian authorities estimated that by early 1930 there were 70,000
      active cases of yaws, most of which were located in the Pacific coastal regions.
      With the advent of penicillin therapy, Colombia organized an anti-yaws campaign,
      which began in 1950. The campaign relied on the use of penicillin and house-to
      house case finding. From 1950 to 1953 more than 111,000 persons with active cases
      of yaws and 125,000 of their contacts were treated with penicillin. The reported
      incidence of yaws declined dramatically, and by 1973 only 573 cases were reported
      in the endemic areas. By 1983 this number had fallen to 31. Because of the
      persistence of small foci of yaws activity, the anti-yaws campaign has been
      reorganized to provide a firm basis for the final eradication of the disease in
      Colombia.

PMID- 4012174
TI  - Integration of yaws control and primary health care.
AB  - Where a primary health care (PHC) system (e.g., a community health worker and a
      health center as the first referral level) is fully operational, control
      activities for yaws should be part of PHC. Where the whole population is
      adequately covered, the PHC system is responsible for early detection of cases of
      active clinical yaws, treatment and follow-up of these cases, treatment and
      follow-up of contacts, and health education related to yaws control. In
      circumstances where PHC is not as yet fully implemented, the structure for a yaws
      control program must be different. In areas with adequately functioning static
      health services or with a nascent PHC system, yaws control could be started as a
      vertical program--initial treatment survey and resurvey by a yaws team working in
      close collaboration with a health worker selected by the community. Subsequently,
      active yaws surveillance is taken over by that worker who also assumes the other
      functions of primary health care. In areas with nonexisting or poorly functioning
      static health services, a program for yaws control should not be implemented
      because control and effectiveness are likely to be poor.

PMID- 4012173
TI  - Mass treatment campaigns against the endemic treponematoses.
AB  - In pre-antibiotic times, mass campaigns against the endemic treponematoses
      required multiple injections of arsenicals and bismuth. The essentiality of a
      population census, an examination of the total population, and the treatment of
      clinical and latent cases were all appreciated, as was the value of a
      multipurpose approach. It was also recognized that, in combination with the
      anticipated slow correction of economic circumstances and attitudes, chemotherapy
      was the chief weapon against disease but that this weapon, even if successful in
      a particular area, could not prevent later reintroduction of infection. With the
      introduction of single-dose penicillin therapy and the impetus of worldwide,
      internationally assisted mass campaigns came a dramatic reduction in incidence.
      However, in some areas continued surveillance by the local health services did
      not materialize. Thus, there has been not just a low-level continuum of disease
      but a resurgence, particularly in Africa, where a return to mass therapy has once
      again proved necessary--this time combined with multipurpose immunization.

PMID- 4012175
TI  - Prospects for improved laboratory diagnoses of treponemal infections and species
      differentiation.
AB  - The serologic diagnosis of treponemal infections has depended in the past on a
      variety of tests in which specificity was defined on an epidemiologic rather than
      on an immunologic basis. The lipoidal antigen tests possess no immunologic
      specificity. Tests based on whole treponemal antigens, although they do have some
      immunologic specificity, react with antibodies other then those generated in the
      course of syphilis and yaws infections. Recent developments in biotechnology now
      permit the identification of immunologically specific antigens in Treponema
      pallidum, and cloning of appropriate genetic information in Escherichia coli has
      led to the production of pure specific reagents. These developments will finally
      place the serologic diagnosis of treponemal infections on a sound immunologic
      basis.

PMID- 4012176
TI  - Therapy for nonvenereal treponematoses: review of the efficacy of penicillin and
      consideration of alternatives.
AB  - Penicillin therapy has been a crucial element in public health programs for
      control of nonvenereal treponematoses. The recommendations made by the World
      Health Organization on penicillin therapy and the literature substantiating the
      effectiveness of penicillin therapy are reviewed. In mass public health programs,
      the recommended penicillin regimen can confidently be used. Although penicillin
      is the drug of choice for all treponemal infections, some individuals will be
      allergic to this drug. For these persons tetracyclines are the most thoroughly
      evaluated alternative antimicrobial agent and seem highly effective. However,
      further comparative evaluations of various tetracycline regimens are needed if
      tetracyclines are required by more than the occasional individual. The long
      acting tetracyclines may be particularly appropriate in minimizing problems of
      compliance.

PMID- 4012177
TI  - Clinical diagnosis and changing manifestations of treponemal infection.
AB  - The symptomatology of the papillomas of yaws as described in the literature
      pertains to the disease in highly endemic areas only. Yaws with milder symptoms -
      attenuated yaws - occurs in areas that, possibly because of climatic influences,
      have a low endemicity of yaws. Receding yaws that follows mass treatment in
      previously highly endemic areas also has the features of attenuated yaws. Yaws
      symptomatology during the early papillomatous stage may assume any variation
      within two extreme clinical syndromes: holoendemic yaws, which is characterized
      by innumerable large, elevated, exuding papillomas of long duration (up to three
      years), relatively short latent periods, and high reagin levels; and attenuated
      yaws, which is characterized by scanty - or only one - small, dry papilloma(s) of
      short duration (only a few weeks), a dominance of latency, and low reagin levels.
      The public health importance of attenuated receding yaws lies in its potential to
      revert to classic yaws with high rates of transmission.

PMID- 4012178
TI  - Impact of the control of endemic treponemal diseases in Ghana on other diseases.
AB  - A program for control of yaws and yellow fever in the Republic of Ghana was
      initiated with the aims of reducing the sharp increase in the prevalence of yaws
      and preventing epidemics of yellow fever. In addition, the program included
      health education and mass immunization with single doses of measles, tetanus, and
      tuberculosis vaccines. An evaluation of the first three years of the program
      indicates that the multidisciplinary approach has benefited a large segment of
      the population, which previously has had little or no access to medical care.
      This control program has also had an impact on other diseases and conditions.

PMID- 4012179
TI  - Feasibility of eradicating yaws.
AB  - The elimination of yaws from large geographic areas provides evidence that global
      elimination of person-to-person yaws transmission is feasible. The failure to
      reach that goal to date is the result of managerial rather than technical
      deficiencies. If the eradication of yaws can be accomplished, it should be done
      to reduce the suffering that is associated with the disease. In addition, a
      positive benefit-cost ratio is likely to be realized within a period of decades,
      and in areas endemic for yaws, its elimination could well provide a basis for the
      development of a strong system of primary health care. The decision to eliminate
      yaws must be made deliberately by the World Health Assembly with full knowledge
      of the implication of not making such a decision. A positive decision would
      result in enriched lives for countless potential victims of yaws and save the
      world money in the long term.

PMID- 4012180
TI  - Control of yaws and other endemic treponematoses: implementation of vertical
      and/or integrated programs.
AB  - Previous mass campaigns against the endemic treponematoses have taught
      investigators several lessons that, along with current constraints and altered
      circumstances, must be considered in the formulation of a contemporary strategy
      for the control or eradication of yaws, endemic syphilis, or pinta. A time
      limited, vertical approach is necessary in highly endemic areas initially to
      reduce the level of transmission. Elsewhere, control activities should be
      integrated into other primary health care interventions, especially health
      education, water and sanitation programs, maternal and child health care, and
      provision of essential drugs. Control of the endemic treponematoses is an ideal
      means of strengthening primary health care in endemic areas.

PMID- 4012181
TI  - [Anomalies of the basal-distal relationship. III].

PMID- 4012182
TI  - [Relationships between orthodontics and periodontics in the developing child].

PMID- 4012183
TI  - [Changes in buccal exfoliative cytology during the menstrual cycle in the fertile
      woman. An experimental study].

PMID- 4012184
TI  - Polyarthritis in MRL lpr/lpr mice.
AB  - Mice of the inbred strain MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr are affected by a systemic autoimmune
      disease and a spontaneously occurring polyarthritis. To characterize the
      arthritis a histopathological study was performed on the joints of the four limbs
      and of the spinal column of 7, 16, 22 and 28-week-old animals of both sexes.
      Polyarthritis, the severity of which increased with age was detected in all mice.
      Proliferation of the synovial lining cells, already evident in 7-week-old
      animals, was the initial lesion. In the majority of cases infiltrates containing
      lymphocytes with a few plasmocytes, histiocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils
      and eosinophils were detected later on. The most pronounced changes were observed
      in the hind-paws, the fore-paws, the knee and hip joints, paired articulations
      being symmetrically involved. A pannus was seen at the most in 10% of the joints
      leading to limited and superficial destruction of the cartilage. Rheumatoid
      nodules were not seen. From 16 weeks of age deposits of unknown nature, often
      surrounded by phagocytosing macrophages and/or neutrophils, were observed in the
      articular and/or extra-articular connective tissue and in the vessels. There was
      a positive correlation between their presence and the intensity of the arthritis.
      The articular lesions in our study differ from those in rheumatoid arthritis
      because they lacked the specific and characteristic histological features of the
      human disease.

PMID- 4012185
TI  - Toxicity and teratogenic effects of carbon disulphide in frog embryo.

PMID- 4012186
TI  - [The concept of law in biology. 1. Laws, principles and rules].

PMID- 4012187
TI  - The visual system of insects. Processing of optical information.

PMID- 4012188
TI  - [Ticlopidine and amaurosis fugax: results of treatment in a case with very
      frequent and typical attacks].
AB  - In a 59 years old patient suffering from a non stenotic atheroma of the internal
      right carotid artery, 12 attacks of "amaurosis fugax" (a.m.) affecting the right
      eye occurred over a period of 36 days. Ticlopidine at doses of 500 mg and
      subsequently of 250 mg per day was administered and the attacks of "amaurosis
      fugax" briskly stopped. In the 8 month period following the occurrence of the
      last episode of monocular blindness, the patient continued the therapy with
      ticlopidine and no visual disturbances were more reported. The most likely
      pathogenetic hypotheses of "amaurosis fugax" in the present case are discussed as
      well as the possibility that the relation between the attacks of a.m. and the
      beginning of the treatment with ticlopidine might be fortuitous.

PMID- 4012190
TI  - [Neuropsychological syndrome of hemorrhage into the right caudate nucleus].
AB  - The authors describe the symptomatology following the haemorrhage of the caudate
      nucleus. They think the right caudate nucleus have a part in the regulation of
      the memory, the attention and the emotion.

PMID- 4012189
TI  - [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dementia: a rare association. Case report].
AB  - It has been reported a case of a young man with a rare syndrome: amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis with dementia. The case is discussed with reference to some
      pathogenetic ipothesis.

PMID- 4012191
TI  - [Double-blind clinical study: flunarizine versus pizotifen in a single nightly
      dose in hemicrania patients].
AB  - In this double-blind clinical trial we compared the prophylactic efficacy of the
      calcium-entry blocker flunarizine (15 mg nocte) with that of pizotifen (1,5 mg
      nocte). In 30 patients affected by classical and common migraine. During a two
      months treatment both drugs showed a good efficacy. Flunarizine tended to more
      markedly suppress severity of pain and duration of attacks than pizotifen.
      Daytime drowsiness and weight gain occurred with both drugs; the first side
      effect was more evident in the group treated with flunarizine, the second one in
      the group treated with pizotifen.

PMID- 4012192
TI  - [Smoking and Parkinson's disease].
AB  - Reports that tobacco smokers are at a lower risk of incurring Parkinson's disease
      (PD) than are non smokers and that a high percentage of Parkinsonians stop
      smoking before the onset of the disease, were reinvestigated by study of 110
      hospital patients with PD and 110 other patients. In contrast to controls, fewer
      patients ever smoked cigarettes (39.1% versus 7.3%); moreover, many Parkinsonians
      (82%) stopped smoking before the onset of the disease. The high percentage of
      patients with PD who stopped smoking might by explained by premorbid behavioural
      modifications related to the biochemical cerebral changes already present in the
      preclinical stage of the disease.

PMID- 4012193
TI  - [Smoking and acute cerebrovascular disorders of the ischemic type].
AB  - In order to define the relationships between cigarette smoking and occurrence of
      cerebrovascular disease, a retrospective study was undertaken regarding smoking
      habits of 187 patients (129 men and 58 women) with cerebral infarct of non
      embolic origin and 85 patients (40 men and 45 women) with TIA (transient ischemic
      attacks). Each patient was matched with a control subject, of the same sex and
      age group, who showed no signs or symptoms of cerebrovascular disease. Results
      show a statistically significant association between smoking habits and cerebral
      infarcts only in male subjects who smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day.

PMID- 4012195
TI  - [Normal anatomy of the brain in the nuclear spin tomogram as a basis for
      therapeutic intervention].
AB  - Anatomical relationships interesting for diagnosis and therapy are demonstrated
      in clinical NMR-tomograms of the normal brain of a 30 year old woman. Critical
      structures of the brainstem and of the periventricular region are better
      visualised with NMR than with any previous system. It is planned to introduce
      this excellent diagnostic system which is practically innocuous and non
      aggressive, in the patient's therapy planning.

PMID- 4012194
TI  - [Use of ticlopidine in patients with acute non-embolic cerebral infarcts].
AB  - Different dosages, varying from 250 to 500 mg/die, of ticlopidine per os have
      been employed in 46 patients (32 men and 14 women), average age 66, who had been
      admitted for acute non-embolic cerebral infarction. In the two clinical
      examinations, effected on average 5.4 and 18.3 days after the admission,
      significant alterations in 9 among the considered items have been noticed, i.e.:
      central deficit of the VIIth cranial nerve, motor function and gait impairment,
      Babinski's sign, loss of sensibility, dysarthria, visual field defect, cerebellar
      signs, motor and/or receptive dysphasia. A global improvement of these clinical
      signs has been noticed on average in 48.2% of the patients, while an exacerbation
      has occurred in 2.1% of the cases. None of the patients who have been considered
      in this study has decreased or has shown relapses of ischemic cerebral attacks
      during the observation. The treatment with ticlopidine has been discontinued in 3
      cases (6.5%) for the occurrence of temporary adverse side-effects.

PMID- 4012197
TI  - [Present status and developmental trends in NMR tomography of the CNS].
AB  - The image quality of MR tomography, which is of particular value in diagnosis, is
      due to the possibility offered by MR of presenting a maximum of intrinsic
      biological information via suitable configuration of equipment and adjustment of
      parameters. Contrast resolution and spatial resolution are closely linked in this
      presentation. In the near future we may expect to be able to quantify the MR
      parameters rho, T1 and T2. Unconventional and newly developed impulse sequences
      will reduce the time required for an examination, which is at present still
      rather high at more than an hour. Hence, standardisation of data acquisition will
      be developed further, together with subsequent weighting of the MR parameters
      specifically according to findings. This will be achieved via computer-assisted
      evaluation and assessment.

PMID- 4012196
TI  - [Computed tomographic and nuclear spin tomographic diagnosis of brain tumors
      using conventional and paramagnetic contrast media].
AB  - 52 patients with cerebral tumours were examined by both CT and MR. Contrast media
      containing iodine were used in CT, whereas in MR a paramagnetic contrast medium
      (gadolinium-DTPA) was applied by IV injection. A comparison of CT and MR findings
      showed that with both methods it was often not possible to achieve sufficient
      visualization and delineation of tumour tissue without employing a contrast
      medium. After application of the contrast medium, the shape and size contrast
      enhancement in the tumour tissue in both CT and MR was practically identical.
      This enables direct visualization of the tumour, superior delineation from the
      adjacent tissue, and differentiation between oedema and tumour, resulting in
      effective treatment planning which would otherwise not be possible.

PMID- 4012198
TI  - [Scintigraphic imaging of benign and malignant tumors of the sympathetic nervous
      system with meta-iodobenzylguanidine].
AB  - The authors report on their experiences with metaiodine-benzylguanidine (MIBG)
      scintiscanning in a total of 36 patients. 7 of these patients had a benign
      pheochromocytoma, 4 a malignant one; neuroblastoma was seen in 10 patients.
      Scintiscan diagnosis was supplemented by measurements of irradiation exposure and
      attainable tumour dose. It was also shown that it is possible to mark
      neuroblastoma cells in cultures. The results of these studies are discussed and
      compared with those of other working groups. If the physiological pattern of
      distribution is taken into consideration, and if the proper imaging technique is
      adopted, MIBG scintiscan is a sensitive and highly specific method in diagnosing
      pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas.

PMID- 4012199
TI  - [Computed tomography in follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma].
AB  - The importance of computed tomography in follow-up aftercare and therapy planning
      in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid is examined on the basis of the
      authors' experiences in a group of about 600 patients. The individual indication
      ranges are discussed and demonstrated by means of examples.

PMID- 4012200
TI  - [Chronic pyelonephritis as a false interpretation in the excretory urogram].
AB  - Chronic pyelonephritis, which is largely diagnosed via imaging procedures, is
      characterised by defined parenchymal scars that become manifest in the excretory
      urogram as contour recessions of the kidney and result in deformations of the
      calyces and papillae. The authors describe other renal diseases, dysplasias,
      variations from the standard, and artifacts resulting in similar signs on x-ray
      film, thus leading to the wrong diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis. The
      essential differential diagnostic criteria are explained.

PMID- 4012201
TI  - [Results of transvenous digital subtraction angiography with a 57 cm image
      intensifier in circulatory disorders of the lower extremities].
AB  - The size of conventional image intensifiers is a limiting factor in performing
      transvenous digital subtraction angiography of the lower extremities. The results
      of transvenous digital subtraction angiography using a 57 cm image intensifier on
      205 patients with vasoocclusive disease of the legs are presented. Two exposed
      fields sufficed in most cases for demonstration of all arteries, from the aortic
      bifurcation to the trifurcation at the lower leg. The principal advantages were
      the reduction of the contrast medium volume and the decrease in examination time.
      The reduced resolving power was a limiting factor in evaluating discrete wall
      lesions and of small vessels, but this did not induce diagnostic difficulties.
      The studies were evaluated retrospectively by an experienced vascular surgeon and
      in 85% of the cases were considered to be of diagnostic value.

PMID- 4012202
TI  - [Forceps, spatulas and vacuum extractors: should indications for instrumental
      assistance in delivery be extended?].

PMID- 4012203
TI  - [Cesarean section. Technics, indications, complications].

PMID- 4012204
TI  - [Premature separation of the placenta in the 3d trimester].

PMID- 4012205
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of maternal body damage due to pregnancy].

PMID- 4012206
TI  - [Irradiation and pregnancy].

PMID- 4012207
TI  - [Advances in antenatal detection of blood diseases].

PMID- 4012208
TI  - [Low molecular weight heparin].

PMID- 4012209
TI  - [Emergency transfusion of blood and blood products in adults].

PMID- 4012210
TI  - [Hypoglycemia in infants and children].

PMID- 4012211
TI  - [Functional hypoglycemia].

PMID- 4012212
TI  - [Diffusion of aspirin and its metabolites through the synovial membrane].

PMID- 4012213
TI  - [Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome with autoimmune thrombopenia treated with cortisone
      shocks].

PMID- 4012214
TI  - [Brachial pain disclosing dissection of the thoraco-abdominal aorta].

PMID- 4012215
TI  - Determination of porphyrins by high performance liquid chromatography:
      fluorescence detection compared to absorbance detection.
AB  - A comparison is made between determination of porphyrin methyl esters by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with absorbance detection and with
      fluorimetric detection. Detection limits with absorbance detection vary from 0.8
      pmol for 2-COOH-porphyrins to 5 pmol for 8-COOH-porphyrins. With fluorometric
      detection the corresponding figures are 0.04 pmol and 0.4 pmol. Fluorimetric
      detection also has a better reproducibility, and it is more specific than
      absorbance detection. The use of HPLC with fluorimetric detection thus permits
      rapid, highly efficient and specific quantitative detection and identification of
      porphyrins in complex biological samples.

PMID- 4012216
TI  - A method for determination of the capacity of urea synthesis in the rat.
AB  - The relationship between total blood alpha-amino nitrogen concentration and urea
      synthesis rate was investigated with alanine as nitrogen source in 24 rats.
      Alanine was given as prime-continuous doses for 70 min so that constant amino
      acid concentration was attained between 5.5 and 34 mmol/l. Urea synthesis rate
      was assessed as accumulation in body water, corrected for intestinal hydrolysis.
      There was a positive correlation between nitrogen balance and alpha-amino
      nitrogen concentration. Urea synthesis rate in relation to amino acid
      concentration suggested barrier-limited substrate inhibition kinetics and data
      were examined accordingly by non-linear regression analysis. The estimated
      kinetic constants (mean +/- standard deviation) were: Vmax: 19.2 +/- 3.3 mumol
      (min X 100 g BW)-1, Km: 1.74 +/- 0.5 mmol/l, Ki: 6.84 +/- 1.9 mmol/l, and the
      barrier: 5.4 +/- 0.13 mmol/l. Because of the substrate inhibition, saturation
      cannot be attained, but the maximum synthesis rate, i.e. the capacity of urea
      nitrogen synthesis (CUNS), can be measured within 95% of the theoretical maximum
      in the concentration interval 7.3-11.6 mmol/l. CUNS was 9.16 +/- 0.81 mumol (min
      X 100 g BW)-1 (mean +/- standard deviation). Substrate-independent regulation of
      urea synthesis, e.g. by changes in liver mass or hormonal concentration, can be
      studied by this measure.

PMID- 4012217
TI  - Cell-released substances interfere with low density lipoprotein receptor
      determination in fibroblasts.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity in fibroblasts decreases with
      increasing cell concentration. This was found for radioligand assays at 4 degrees
      C and 37 degrees C. Thus, it seems that it is the binding of 125I-LDL to the LDL
      receptor which is the step in the LDL receptor pathway that is influenced by
      differences in cell concentration. The reduced binding of 125I-LDL with
      increasing cell concentration seems to result from a modification of 125I-LDL by
      fibroblasts. Binding of 125I-LDL to cell-free plastic tubes was used to study
      this modification of 125I-LDL. Such studies indicated that direct cell contact
      was not required for the modification to occur. The rapid modification of 125I
      LDL (within 10 min) took place even at 4 degrees C. These findings suggest that
      substances released from the cell membrane interact with LDL and decrease its
      binding to the LDL receptor. The higher the cell concentration is, the more
      modification of LDL takes place. Fibroblast modified LDL has reduced
      electrophoretic mobility. We conclude that differences in cell concentration
      influence LDL receptor activity by interfering with the binding of 125I-LDL to
      the LDL receptors, rather than affecting the receptor number on the cells'
      surfaces.

PMID- 4012218
TI  - Kinetics of 111In-labelled platelets in healthy subjects.
AB  - 25 healthy subjects underwent platelet kinetic and scintigraphic studies
      following injection of 111In-labelled platelets. Using the multiple hit model,
      platelet mean lifetime averaged 185.3 hours (range 141.2-225.6), and platelet in
      vivo recovery averaged 56% (range 42-89). The platelet disappearance pattern was
      almost linear. However, in comparison with simultaneously injected 51Cr-labelled
      platelets (7 subjects studied), the 111In-platelet survival curves were slightly
      more curved. Our results indicate that this may be ascribed to a slight degree of
      elution of 111In from the circulating platelets. The plateau or even slight
      increase in circulating activity following the initial steep decline in activity
      appears mainly to reflect reversible sequestration of platelets in the spleen and
      maybe in the liver. Using a semiquantitative scintigraphic approach, we estimated
      45%, 25% and 30% platelet destruction to occur in the spleen, liver and bone
      marrow, respectively. Our results indicate that the discrepancy between the
      course of circulating platelet-bound activity and of chest wall activity reflects
      platelet destruction in the bone marrow.

PMID- 4012221
TI  - Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency: 2 new cases.
AB  - 2 new cases of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency associated with severe
      haemolytic anaemia in 2 unrelated Italian families are described. Only 1 case was
      extensively investigated. TPI deficiency was detectable in erythrocytes,
      leucocytes, platelets and plasma. The mutant enzyme showed normal Km for GAP and
      increased Km for DHAP, with an higher than normal equilibrium constant, decreased
      thermostability, and abnormal electrophoretic pattern due to the lack of the
      fastest moving component. The immunological characterization revealed a lower
      than normal inactivation by specific antiserum, while the double immunodiffusion
      pattern and the precipitin curve were normal. Lymphocyte, granulocyte and
      platelet functions were impaired.

PMID- 4012219
TI  - Lack of efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune haemolytic
      anaemia: a clue to its mechanism.
AB  - 5 patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) of warm type (4 idiopathic,
      1 associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombocytopenia) were treated
      with high doses of i.v. immunoglobulin (IgG; Sandoglobulin; 2.0 g/kg body
      weight). IgG therapy was ineffective in all 5 cases as indicated by a lack of
      clinical improvement, continuous signs of accelerated red blood cell (RBC)
      destruction, and an unchanged survival rate of 51Cr-labelled autologous RBC in 4
      patients studied. IgG infused at equivalent doses into 5 healthy volunteers led
      to an increase of IgG coating of autologous RBC (irrespective of the ABO blood
      groups) without concomitant changes of haemoglobin, haematocrit or reticulocytes,
      increase of serum IgM in 3/5, a decrease of serum C4 in 5/5, and a decrease of
      serum haptoglobin in 2/5 individuals. We conclude that IgG at a dose of 2.0 g/kg
      body weight is ineffective in AIHA. This may be caused by an increased, though
      clinically inapparent, interaction of IgG-coated autologous RBC with the
      mononuclear phagocyte system.

PMID- 4012220
TI  - A Swedish family with abnormal antithrombin III.
AB  - An abnormal variant of antithrombin III is reported in a young male with deep
      vein thrombosis. The heparin cofactor, progressive thrombin inhibition, and
      factor Xa inactivation are decreased. The abnormality seems to be a mutation
      which is transmitted in an autosomaldominant way. The half-life and fractional
      catabolic rate of 125I antithrombin III concentrate is the same in this patient
      as in patients with the classic type of antithrombin III deficiency and in a
      control.

PMID- 4012222
TI  - Influence of splenectomy and the functional hyposplenism of coeliac disease on
      platelet count and volume.
AB  - Platelet count and volume were measured in 84 splenectomised subjects, 142
      patients with coeliac disease and 77 healthy subjects. An inverse, non-linear
      correlation between platelet count and volume was found in healthy subjects and
      coeliac patients, but was not present in splenectomised subjects who had higher
      platelet counts (P = 0.0001) and mean platelet volumes (P = 0.0001) than healthy
      subjects. Platelet counts correlated with splenic function in patients with
      coeliac disease and were higher in patients with severe hyposplenism than in
      normosplenic coeliacs (P = 0.0001). Splenic function did not influence the mean
      platelet volume (MPV) in coeliac disease but normosplenic coeliacs had higher MPV
      than normal subjects (P = 0.05). Serum iron and red cell folate were not
      correlated to MPV in coeliac disease. We conclude that splenic function effects
      platelet count and volume in non-coeliac subjects and platelet count in coeliac
      disease. However, other unidentified factor(s) influence the MPV in coeliac
      disease.

PMID- 4012223
TI  - Chylomicronaemia in multiple myeloma.
AB  - A patient with multiple myeloma presented with an accumulation of chylomicron
      like particles. This rare finding resembled that of the type V
      hyperlipoproteinaemia phenotype. The lipid and lipoprotein concentration and
      composition were compared with values obtained from other patients with multiple
      myeloma, patients with the type V hyperlipoproteinaemia phenotype (accumulation
      of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins), and normal subjects. An
      immunoglobulin-lipid complex was demonstrated in our patient. This complex was
      found not to be associated with the chylomicrons and was detected only in the
      lipoprotein-deficient plasma. Lipid and lipoprotein concentration and composition
      differed from the other groups. Very low density lipoprotein concentration was
      reduced, and there was thus a marked difference from the type V phenotype. The
      chylomicrons derived from this patient were also richer in apolipoprotein C
      compared to chylomicrons derived from the patients with type V
      hypolipoproteinaemia. It appears that the abnormal composition of the
      triglyceride-rich lipoproteins observed in this patient renders her refractory to
      the normal pathways of metabolism.

PMID- 4012224
TI  - Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - A case of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in a 43-year-old man with
      Hodgkin's disease is presented. 17 similar cases from the literature are
      reviewed. Clinical implications of sex-ratio, age-distribution, diagnostic
      procedures and clinical course are discussed. Special attention is paid to the
      distribution of cases correlated to the lapse of time between diagnosis of
      Hodgkin's disease and symptoms of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy,
      indicating progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy to be either a dormant
      infection, activated by Hodgkin's disease, or a haphazard complication. Both
      possibilities could be due to an impaired cell-mediated immune response.

PMID- 4012225
TI  - Commentary on tardive dysmentia.

PMID- 4012226
TI  - Neural plasticity in schizophrenia.
AB  - No current biological hypothesis can assimilate the genetic, environmental, and
      clinical features of schizophrenia. If, as some authors contend, environmental
      factors have important effects on the course of schizophrenia, then a fruitful
      research concern may be the adaptation of neuronal circuitry to environmental
      changes. The plasticity of neuronal connections has been studied by subjecting
      animals to neurosurgical lesions, brain electro-stimulation, and a variety of
      rearing environments. The present article approaches the schizophrenia research
      literature from a theoretical perspective which takes into account the plasticity
      of neuronal connections. In a speculative manner, it demonstrates how neural
      plasticity concepts can be invoked to explain the following seemingly disparate
      features of schizophrenia: the pharmacological support for the dopamine
      hypothesis, the delayed onset and offset of neuroleptic antipsychotic action,
      genetic and environmental influences in schizophrenia, the regional alterations
      in brain structure and function seen in chronic schizophrenic patients, and the
      various types of behavioral symptoms exhibited by schizophrenic patients. In view
      of the explanatory potential of neural plasticity concepts, a research program
      that focuses on these concepts seems warranted.

PMID- 4012228
TI  - The need to relate cognitive deficits to specific behavioral referents of
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The implicit rationale for many cognitive studies of schizophrenia hinges on the
      recognition that verbal communication generated by patients with this disorder is
      often elusive or difficult to comprehend. This observation has led to the
      inference that a cognitive dysfunction, which mediates the production of
      discourse failure, is characteristic of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, most
      investigators have chosen to examine this type of hypothesis by comparing
      heterogeneous groups of schizophrenic patients (without regard to whether they
      exhibit verbal communication impairment) with various control samples; they have
      not studied the association between cognitive processes and specific
      schizophrenic symptoms. Data are presented from two studies indicating that such
      relationships, even when highly plausible, cannot simply be presumed. In both
      studies, one with adults suffering from schizophrenia and the other with children
      at risk, a laboratory measure of referential communication failed to be strongly
      related to language disorder. These data suggest that future investigators should
      specify the features of schizophrenia that are expected to correlate with their
      laboratory measures and empirically evaluate these relations.

PMID- 4012227
TI  - Cognition and symptomatology in schizophrenia.
AB  - The experimental work on cognitive processes in schizophrenia is critically
      reviewed with respect to its relevance in understanding schizophrenic
      symptomatology. Several logical and empirical issues that complicate any
      comprehensive attempt to relate schizophrenic symptoms and information processing
      are discussed. Studies germane to schizophrenic sensory/perceptual, cognitive,
      affective, and motor anomalies are examined, and it is concluded that the
      cognitive approach to these areas is promising, but further research and theory
      elaboration will be required in order to provide a firm basis for cognitively
      oriented intervention attempts.

PMID- 4012229
TI  - Rating verbal communication impairment in schizophrenia and affective disorders.
AB  - Audio recordings of interviews with 42 psychiatric patients (10 schizophrenic, 11
      manic, 11 schizoaffective, and 10 depressive patients) and 10 hospitalized
      orthopedic patients were rated for the presence of verbal communication
      impairment using the system developed by Andreasen. The definitions of some
      categories required additional qualifying statements before agreement could be
      reached on their meaning and applicability in specific circumstances.
      Nevertheless, the results indicate that the scales can be used reliably by
      carefully trained, nonprofessional raters. Significant differences were found
      between diagnostic groups with regard to the frequency and severity of some
      categories of communication impairment, but the general pattern of results
      supports previous suggestions that these problems are not pathognomonic of
      schizophrenia. Based on our experience, we suggest a few changes that might be
      helpful to other investigators, both in the procedures used for obtaining samples
      of speech and the definitions of subcategories of verbal communication
      impairment.

PMID- 4012230
TI  - First person account: the pain of parenthood of the mentally ill.

PMID- 4012231
TI  - Survival rates among Seventh Day Adventists compared with the general population
      in Poland.
AB  - The purpose of the work was to test the hypothesis that the survival rate is
      higher among the Seventh Day Adventists (SDA) than in the general population of
      Poland, because of the strictly respected customs adhered to by members of this
      church community, such as abstinence from smoking and from alcohol. The data on
      life expectancy in the SDA community covered a total of 236 members of this
      denomination in Krakow (86 males and 150 females). The survival probability rates
      were estimated by the life table method, for both men and women separately, and
      were subsequently compared with the corresponding parameters of the Polish Life
      Tables. Over a period of 10 years, in which these data were studied, there were
      11 deaths in males and 24 deaths in females. Mean age at death was 71.9 years
      among men and 75.1 among women. The survival curves traced over the age groups of
      both sexes of SDA members were fairly similar, but they were markedly higher than
      in the general population of Poland. In the general population the survival rates
      for people over 40 years old were higher in females than in males, whereas no
      corresponding sex differences in rates concerning SDA members were observed. The
      greater benefit in life expectancy is gained in the SDA group in comparison with
      men in the general population. This is attributable to their abstinence from very
      harmful habits, otherwise more widespread in this sex group.

PMID- 4012232
TI  - Participants and non-participants of different categories in a health survey. A
      cross-sectional register study.
AB  - Participants and non-participants in a health survey of asbestos cement workers
      were compared, using data from public registers, i.e. variables of socio-medical
      relevance. The plant closed down in 1976 and 3 years later all living subjects,
      985 persons, were offered a health examination. The participation rate was 57%.
      The non-participants were divided into four categories: I, those who answered the
      invitation but refused to participate; II, those who did not answer even after
      three invitations; III, those who answered and accepted but did not participate;
      and IV, those who participated partly. A very consistent pattern of differences
      between participants and non-participants was observed, the latter being
      significantly more often registered for Public Assistance, for heavy drinking
      habits or criminal offences, and had significantly lower incomes and occupational
      status. The sickness absence, however, was not significantly shorter among the
      participants. The non-participating categories II and III differed most from the
      participants. Category I was more similar to the participants than to the other
      non-participating categories. This heterogeneity of the non-response/non
      participation concept should be considered when health survey data are
      interpreted.

PMID- 4012233
TI  - Disability among home-nursed patients and home-help clients.
AB  - 218 chronically ill or elderly (65 years or over) home-nursed patients and home
      help clients were studied to obtain information about the degree of disability,
      factors associated with disability, and predictors of disability. About 9% of the
      patients and clients needed help to a moderate extent in daily and self-care
      activities, but none was totally dependent. Poorly self-perceived health status,
      dementia and neurological disease were associated with serious disability. Male
      sex and living alone were correlated with high functional capacities. Only one
      tenth of the patients and clients alive after a follow-up period of 28 months
      were more disabled at the end of the period than at the beginning. Previously
      measured disability, dementia, neurological disease, restrictions in mobility,
      and female sex were all predictive of disability after 28 months.

PMID- 4012235
TI  - Metallurgic and design development in response to mechanical dysfunction of Bjork
      Shiley heart valves.
AB  - In 16 years' experience with the Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve, the failures
      encountered have been disc-related. A. Obstruction of the disc movement in the
      aortic area has been due to faulty implantation technique, i.e. a suture cut too
      long and caught between the disc and the valve ring. Immediate reexploration,
      with cutting of the suture, has restored function. Disc obstruction in the mitral
      area has also been attributable to technique--leaving chordae tendineae too long.
      The author utilizes the universal sewing ring, which prevents the suture from
      encroaching on the disc. B. Disc escape by strut dislocation or strut fracture is
      a risk which can be reduced by care during valve implantation, always using only
      the valve holder to orient the valve. Forceful use of forceps, or use of the disc
      itself as a handle, may produce a crack in the weld which can propagate a strut
      fracture in the course of a year. When a patient's condition suddenly
      deteriorates, with dyspnea and tachycardia, immediate referral to the heart
      surgeon can be life-saving. Stethoscopy and chest X-ray suffice to reveal disc
      location and/or outflow strut fracture. Other investigations waste crucial time,
      as only reoperation with ex-change of the valve can save the patient. To
      strengthen the valve and avoid a weld, a mono-outflow strut has now been used for
      three years at the Karolinska Hospital, with no mechanical dysfunction and with
      excellent hemodynamic results.

PMID- 4012234
TI  - A five-year follow-up of 305 men with chronic alcoholism.

PMID- 4012236
TI  - Bronchial carcinoid tumours. A clinicopathologic study of 82 cases.
AB  - A clinical and "blind" histologic review of 82 cases of bronchial carcinoid
      tumour is presented. The malignant potential of the tumours was only partly
      predictable from their histologic appearance. Histologically 65 of the tumours
      were typical benign carcinoids. Regional metastases were found at operation in
      two of these patients. Fatal carcinoid syndrome with regional and distant
      metastases appeared in two patients about 1 and 3 years postoperatively. One of
      the patients with regional metastases at operation is clinically free from
      carcinoid 12 years later. Malignancy was histologically suspected in 17 cases, in
      ten of which regional metastases were found at operation. Three of these ten
      patients are alive 6 to 16 years postoperatively, but two without regional
      metastases at operation died of local recurrence and distant metastases after 3
      to 4 years. Carcinoid syndrome was not seen in these 17 patients. There was one
      peroperative death. Altogether ten patients (12%) died of recurrence. Among the
      cases judged at the "blind" histologic review to be suspectedly malignant, the
      corresponding figure was 50%. For typical carcinoids, conservative resection,
      including lymph-node metastases, is the treatment of choice. Wedge or sleeve
      resection with or without pulmonary resection were employed in ten cases.
      Suspectedly malignant carcinoid tumours may require more extensive surgery.

PMID- 4012237
TI  - The monostrut strength.
AB  - The fatigue endurance limit for Haynes 25 from which the Bjork-Shiley (B-S) valve
      is made is 4900 kg per square centimeter (70000 pounds per square inch). A welded
      strut may have a variation of fatigue endurance limit from 4900 kg per square
      centimeter (70000 pounds per square inch) in an incomplete weld with phase
      segregation. To avoid a weld with this variation, the monostrut has been
      developed, where the valve is made by electrochemical machining from one piece of
      Haynes 25. The homogenous outflow monostrut will then have a stable fatigue
      endurance limit of 4900 kg per square centimeter (70000 pounds per square inch).
      In a pulse duplicator at a pulse rate of 120 and a peak ventricular pressure of
      200 mmHg, the maximum inservice tensile stresses for the 29 mm valve outflow
      strut do not exceed 700 kg per square centimeter (9800 pounds per square inch).
      Therefore, a seven times safety limit is present for the monostrut under maximal
      physiological stress conditions. The struts in the B-S monostrut valve cannot be
      fractured even under extreme experimental conditions and never under peak
      physiological conditions.

PMID- 4012238
TI  - Repair of ventricular septal defect in adults.
AB  - To evaluate the outcome of ventricular septal defect (VSD) with long duration of
      haemodynamic derangement, a retrospective study was made of 42 consecutive
      patients who underwent closure of VSD as adults (age range 15-48, mean 27 years).
      The mean systolic pulmonary arterial pressure was 53 mmHg, mean pulmonary
      vascular resistance 2.5 Wood units and mean pulmonary/systemic flow ratio 2.4.
      VSD was complicated by aortic regurgitation in 12 cases, mitral regurgitation in
      4, and sinus of Valsalva fistula in 6 cases. There were 15 supracristal, 24
      infracristal and 3 muscular VSDs. In addition to VSD closure, surgery included
      aortic valve replacement (7 cases), mitral valve replacement (2), valve repair by
      suture (7) and repair of Valsalva sinus fistula (6 cases). Two patients died in
      the early postoperative period and two during follow-up (1-10, mean 4.5 years).
      The early and the late mortality were related to large infracristal VSD,
      pulmonary hypertension and irreversible pulmonary vascular changes which could
      not be anticipated on the basis of high calculated shunt flow at preoperative
      catheterization. No patient with supracristal VSD died. Recurrent VSD was
      diagnosed in five patients, three of whom needed reoperation and recovered
      uneventfully. Reduction of heart size and improved exercise tolerance were the
      most pertinent follow-up findings. The results suggest that large supracristal
      VSD with aortic valve involvement can be successfully closed in adults, but that
      the prospect for large infracristal VSD is less favourable if correction is
      postponed until adulthood.

PMID- 4012239
TI  - Combined multiple-valve procedures. Factors influencing the early and late
      results.
AB  - The early and late results were retrospectively evaluated in 57 cases of double
      or triple valve replacement or repair performed in 1970-1983. The causes of the
      valvular lesions were rheumatic fever (43 cases), bacterial endocarditis (6),
      syphilis (1) and unknown (7 cases). The preoperative NYHA classification was III
      in 29 patients and IV in 28, due mainly to dyspnea of effort. Cardiomegaly (mean
      radiologic volume 880 cm3/m2) and atrial fibrillation were the dominant clinical
      findings. Surgery was on emergency indications in five cases. Cold cardioplegia
      combined with external cardiac cooling has been used for myocardial protection
      since 1977. The valve replacements were 56 aortic, 50 mitral and 2 tricuspid. In
      addition there were three closed and two open mitral commissurotomies, two mitral
      plastic repairs, three tricuspid valve anuloplasties (DeVega) and one aortic
      anuloplasty. Follow-up (0.3-13, mean 3.5 years) was supplemented with a check-up
      including two-dimensional echophonocardiography and hematologic tests. The
      operative mortality (10/57 patients) fell from 26% in 1970-1976 to 12% in 1977
      1983. The causes of death were low cardiac output in preoperatively ill patients
      (5), myocardial infarction (2), technical failure (2) and sepsis (1 case). There
      were 11 late deaths (6.7/100 patient-years of observation), the commonest cause
      (5 patients) being congestive heart failure. The respective incidences of
      thromboembolism, paravalvular leak and postoperative endocarditis were 2.1, 4.2
      and 2.1 episodes/100 patient-years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4012241
TI  - Penetration of penicillins into cardiac valves and auricles of patients
      undergoing open-heart surgery.
AB  - Prophylactic use of antibiotics in open-heart surgery for insertion of prosthetic
      valves is common, because of the serious consequences of postoperative
      staphylococcal infections, most notably prosthetic valve endocarditis. To ensure
      effective antibiotic cover during surgery, the penetration of cloxacillin and
      benzylpenicillin into the heart muscle and valves was studied intraoperatively.
      Both antibiotics were given intravenously (respective initial doses 2 g and 6 g)
      at induction of anesthesia to ten patients undergoing replacement of aortic or
      mitral valve, and the same doses were repeated after 4 hours. Serial serum
      samples and tissue samples from the right atrial auricle and the excised heart
      valve were analyzed for antibiotic concentrations. The mean serum concentrations
      of cloxacillin were 204 +/- 93 mg/l 10 min after the initial dose and less than
      or equal to 26 mg/l 30 min before the second dose. The corresponding values for
      benzylpenicillin were 323 +/- 145 and 43 +/- 24 mg/l. The cloxacillin
      concentrations in the auricle just before the start of extracorporeal circulation
      ranged from 4.5 to 80 mg/kg and (later) in the excised heart valves they were 8.5
      to 45 mg/kg. The benzylpenicillin range was 16 to 153 mg/kg in auricle and 13 to
      87 mg/kg in valve tissue. The authors conclude that the employed doses of the
      penicillins are adequate cover against the staphylococci which may be implicated
      in postoperative infections.

PMID- 4012242
TI  - Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Surgical considerations.
AB  - A 29-hour-old male infant underwent first-stage surgical palliation for
      hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The procedure comprised reconstruction of the
      ascending aorta and controlled pulmonary flow through an aortopulmonary shunt.
      Surgical principles and guidelines in management of these very sick neonates are
      discussed.

PMID- 4012240
TI  - Effect of high-dose ampicillin and cloxacillin on bleeding time and bleeding in
      open-heart surgery.
AB  - To determine if platelet dysfunction caused by high doses of penicillin compounds
      is of practical importance in patients with additional haemostatic defects
      perioperatively, a study was made of patients undergoing open-heart surgery. They
      were randomly assigned to prophylactic treatment with ampicillin 8 g plus
      cloxacillin 4 g daily for three days, or with cephalothin 8 g daily for three
      days. Fifty patients in each group were evaluated. The median bleeding time
      preoperatively and on days 1 and 4 postoperatively did not differ between the
      groups. The bleeding time was prolonged beyond the normal range in eight patients
      of the ampicillin/cloxacillin group and in three of the cephalothin group (p less
      than 0.05). Prolonged bleeding time was not associated with lower platelet count
      or greater blood loss. The total blood loss and the amounts of transfused blood,
      platelets and cryoprecipitate were all greater in the ampicillin/cloxacillin
      group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Combined use of
      ampicillin and cloxacillin in open-heart surgery is associated with increased
      bleeding, but the increase is without practical importance.

PMID- 4012244
TI  - Modification of the technique of radical intrapericardial pneumonectomy.
AB  - Since radical intrapericardial pneumonectomy was introduced by Allison in 1945,
      complications of several serious types have been reported secondary to this
      technique. The authors have seen fatal cardiac herniation, as well as severe
      paradoxical respiration after sacrifice of the phrenic nerve. Simple technical
      steps can eliminate these dangers, and after introduction of the required changes
      we have not seen the former complications. The authors' techniques are described
      and a small series of animal experiments supporting their use is presented.

PMID- 4012243
TI  - Myocardial pyruvate, lactate, and orthophosphate contents under different
      postischemic conditions. A study in a paracorporeal rat heart model.
AB  - The myocardial contents of pyruvate, lactate and orthophosphate after ischemia
      were investigated in a paracorporeal rat heart model under different conditions.
      The arterial blood was supplemented with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and adenosine
      triphosphate early during reperfusion of excised hearts subjected to 15 min of
      complete global ischemia at 37 degrees C. The increase in myocardial pyruvate was
      significant after 4 min of reperfusion compared with the content in non
      supplemented hearts subjected to the same ischemic trauma. Such dynamic changes
      were not observed for lactate and orthophosphate under corresponding conditions.
      The distinct increase in myocardial pyruvate content on supplementation with PEP
      and adenosine triphosphate was most probably due to an adenosine triphosphate
      mediated PEP translocation into myocardial cells, with rapid metabolization of
      translocated PEP into adenosine triphosphate (in the presence of cellular
      adenosine diphosphate) and pyruvate. The pyruvate and lactate relationship
      varied, depending on the postischemic conditions. The postischemic myocardial
      orthophosphate content was stable, with only minor fluctuations. This possibility
      to supply the postischemic myocardium with substrate for immediate intracellular
      energy production is of clinical interest and merits further studies.

PMID- 4012245
TI  - Lower-extremity ischemia in aortic dissection. Report of three cases.
AB  - Reports are presented of three hypertensive men with aortic dissection and signs
      of peripheral (leg) ischemia. The dissection was of type III b in two cases and
      type I in one case. Hypotensive medication was given in all cases, but in two of
      them peripheral vascular surgery became necessary to re-establish the
      circulation, while in the third case the hypotensive treatment sufficed for
      improvement of the leg circulation. Collaboration between thoracic and vascular
      surgeons can be of value in cases of aortic dissection with peripheral ischemia.

PMID- 4012246
TI  - Tumours and pseudotumours of the chest wall.
AB  - In 78 patients a total of 89 chest wall tumours were considered for surgery
      between 1960 and 1982. There were 63 neoplasms (12 benign, 51 malignant) and 26
      pseudotumours (1 chest wall deformity, 6 inflammatory tumours and 19 hydatid
      cysts of the chest wall). Radical resection of some kind was possible for 67
      tumours and 2 patients underwent palliative resection. Exploratory thoracotomy
      and biopsy were performed in 9 patients and thoracoscopy and biopsy in 10. One
      hydatid cyst was managed with mebendazole. There were 11 postoperative
      complications and three hospital deaths. Chest wall prostheses were used in 13
      patients. There was no operative mortality. The mean survival time for the
      patients with malignant tumour was 12.3 months in pleural mesothelioma and in
      metastatic pleural tumours, 15.2 months in primary rib tumours and 6.4 months in
      metastatic rib tumours. There was one death in the benign tumour group and one in
      the pseudotumour group.

PMID- 4012247
TI  - [Severe symptomatic valve defects in elderly patients. Spontaneous prognosis and
      surgical results].
AB  - Between 1970 and 1982 125 patients aged, 65 to 79 years with severe symptomatic
      valvular heart disease. Aortic valve disease (72 with aortic stenosis) was
      encountered in 76 cases, mitral valve disease (22 with mitral regurgitation) in
      32 and combined aortic and mitral lesions in 17. Additional severe coronary
      artery disease (narrowing greater than 70%) was present in 25% of the patients.
      80% of the patients were in NYHA class III and IV, and 42% had experienced an
      episode of congestive heart failure. 28 patients did not undergo surgery; 10 died
      before surgery and 18 were not accepted or refused the operation. After 2 years
      only 1 of 18 patients with aortic stenosis was alive; in mitral valve disease 5
      of 6 patients were alive. Among the 97 surgical patients, aortic valve
      replacement was performed in 58 cases, mitral valve surgery in 26 and combined
      aortic and mitral valve surgery in 13. Additional aorto-coronary bypass grafting
      was performed in 23 patients. Early mortality was 5% and 5-year survival rate
      69%. NYHA class declined from 2.9 preoperatively to 1.6 postoperatively. In the
      elderly patient with severe symptomatic valvular heart disease surgery can be
      performed with acceptable operative risk and good late results. Surgical
      treatment is particularly indicated in aortic stenosis, due to the poor
      spontaneous prognosis. Coronary artery disease is frequent in this age group but
      is not a contraindication for surgery, in view of the good postoperative results
      of additional aorto-coronary bypass grafting.

PMID- 4012248
TI  - [Indications and limitations of the exertion ECG in the diagnosis of left
      ventricular aneurysms].
AB  - By retrospective analysis of 1415 bicycle ergometer exercise stress tests, 108
      patients were selected for coronary angiography and left ventriculograms at least
      3 months after acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. The ECG of 55/108
      showed elevation of the ST-segment of 1 mm or more during exercise. 82% displayed
      an aneurysm defined by diastolic and/or systolic bulge (dyskinesis) of the
      anterior ventricular wall: sensitivity 82%, specificity 96%, positive predictive
      value 97%. The bicycle exercise stress test is a strong, noninvasive predictor of
      left ventricular aneurysm.

PMID- 4012249
TI  - [Clinical significance of asymptomatic hypercalcemia].
AB  - Since automated multichannel analyzers have been introduced in the clinical
      laboratory the diagnosis of hypercalcemia is frequently accidental. The clinical
      significance of asymptomatic hypercalcemia is discussed on the basis of the
      differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. In no disease, and especially not in
      malignancy and primary hyperparathyroidism, which are the two most frequent
      causes, is asymptomatic hypercalcemia clinically relevant, and further diagnostic
      tests should be avoided. Up to now it has not been demonstrated that patients
      with asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism benefit from surgery. Instead of routine
      estimations of serum calcium concentration, the aim should be to detect
      symptomatic hypercalcemia on the basis of a thorough knowledge of the
      hypercalcemia syndrome with all its variants.

PMID- 4012251
TI  - [Chronic pulmonary hypertension of vascular etiology, plexogenic pulmonary
      arteriopathy and the appetite depressant Aminorex: lessons from an epidemic].

PMID- 4012250
TI  - [Nature, chemistry and modern medicine].

PMID- 4012252
TI  - [Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia: clinical observations and therapeutic results].
AB  - Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia is a rare disease. A family with four affected
      newborns is described in which the course of the disease aggravated from the
      first to the third child. The third child died from generalized infection. In the
      mother's serum specific antibodies against neutrophils (anti-NA 1) were detected
      which reacted with cell suspensions from the father and the other children. In
      the fourth child no neutrophils were present even immediately after birth. In
      this child the diaplacental transferred antibodies were detectable in falling
      concentrations over 8 weeks. The number of neutrophils normalized when the
      antibodies disappeared. Infection in the newborn was prevented by care in an
      environment poor in bacteria and by antimicrobial prophylaxis. Repeated exchange
      transfusions with NA 1-free blood only lowered the antibody titer. Transfusions
      of white blood cell concentrates had only shortlived effects on the neutropenia.

PMID- 4012254
TI  - [Origin, course and distribution of the lumbar arteries in the dog].

PMID- 4012253
TI  - [New aspects of lymphedema].
AB  - Present knowledge on primary and secondary lymphedema of the extremities is
      reviewed. Conventional lymphography with contrast media requires surgical
      cannulation of pedal lymphatics and is indicated only in a few specific
      situations. Clinical findings, results of the patent blue test and possibly
      fluorescence microlymphography with fluorescent dextrans, indirect lymphography
      with iotasul, or isotope studies, suffice for correct diagnosis. In hereditary
      lymphedema present at birth (Milroy's disease) the lymphatic capillaries and
      precollectors are aplastic, whereas in sporadic lymphedema with postpubertal
      onset the large collectors are hypoplastic or aplastic. Conventional lymphography
      still yields the best results in differentiating between primary lymphedema with
      aplasia of the aorto-iliac collectors and a secondary form due to neoplastic
      disease. Combined physical therapy with tight bandages and stockings, massage and
      use of pneumatic devices for intermittent compression considerably reduces the
      edema and renders surgery unnecessary in most patients. Diuretics have a
      beneficial effect during early management, and benzopyrones for longterm
      treatment.

PMID- 4012255
TI  - [Cardiovascular study of the horse: relation between the vascular and tissue
      changes in the myocardium. III. Results].

PMID- 4012256
TI  - [What is your diagnosis?--What treatment do you propose? Testicular infarction in
      a dog].

PMID- 4012257
TI  - [A model for synaptic plasticity in the brain].

PMID- 4012258
TI  - [Intercellular connection and communication in cardiac muscle].

PMID- 4012259
TI  - [Effect of AICAriboside on the protection of the ischemic myocardium and its
      mechanism of action].

PMID- 4012260
TI  - X-ray photoelectron spectra study on the derivatives of N-beta-phenethyl amine
      and N-beta-phenethyl glycine.
AB  - The X-ray photoelectron spectra of sixteen derivatives of N-beta-phenethyl amine
      and N-beta-phenethyl glycine have been studied. The effect of different
      structures on N1s binding energy and that of their Pauling's atomic charge
      density on the nitrogen atoms are investigated. The experimental binding energy
      of N1s is proportional to the calculated Pauling's atomic charge density. It
      shows that the phosphoryl group is the strongest nitrogen lone pair electron
      localizing group as compared with the corresponding sulfonyl and acyl
      derivatives. The XPS results agree with the data that there is no decarbonylation
      during the synthesis of N-dialkylphosphoryl-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-1-one. In
      addition, since the N1s in P-N bond is smaller than that in S-N and C-N bonds,
      the phosphoryl group can be removed under much milder conditions. These results
      provide a semi-empirical evidence for the synthesis of the skeleton of the
      cephalotaxine. It also differentiates the reaction paths for these three
      different amino protecting groups.

PMID- 4012261
TI  - Preliminary studies on a lectin on the surface of adipocytes.
AB  - A lectin-like component on the surface of porcine adipocytes was identified,
      chiefly by means of the cell adhesion and hemagglutination assays. This
      component, named porcine adipocyte lectin (PAL), was isolated with Triton X-100
      solubilization followed by affinity chromatography. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, two hands of PAL stained with Coomassie blue were revealed with
      the apparent molecular weights of 112,000 and 89,000. Moreover, the glycoprotein
      nature of PAL, was demonstrated by periodic-Schiff reagent staining. PAL was able
      to recognize maltose, mannose and mannan and glycoproteins with analogous sugar
      structure in the presence of Ca. By the finding that adipocytes in suspension
      could be aggregated by adding PAL, the hypothesis was advanced that PAL may be
      involved in the recognition and adhesion of adipocytes in vivo.

PMID- 4012263
TI  - The study of human transfer factor.
AB  - In this paper, the study of human transfer factor is reported. We established a
      negative pressure dialysis method instead of ordinary dialysis for treatment of
      the crude leukocyte extract. Dialysate is rapidly obtained in only 5 h so that a
      large volume of preparation is easier to handle and the chance of contamination
      avoided. When human TF was incubated with human cord blood T-lymphocytes and pig
      lymphocytes, a very high biological activity on SRBC rosette enhancement and an
      increase in electrophoresis rate appeared. It suggests that these assays may be
      used as in vitro method of evaluation of TF activity. In our clinic, TF has been
      in clinical trials for 5 years and has now been administered to a large number of
      patients with a variety of diseases, in which cell-mediated immune responses have
      been compromised. We observe that TF has served an efficient immunopotentiating
      or immunomodulation agent.

PMID- 4012262
TI  - Quantitative structure-carcinogenic activity relationship of methyl, alkyl,
      cyclopentano, cyclohexano polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cholanthrene
      series.
AB  - By applying the di-region theory, in this paper, the quantitative structure
      carcinogenic activity relationship of methyl, alkyl, cyclopentano, cyclohexano
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and cholanthrene series totalling 187
      alkyl-substituted PAH compounds is established reasonably and systematically for
      the first time. The consistent ratio between calculation and experiment is more
      than 95%. In the metabolic course of methyl PAH, which one is the so-called
      "ultimate carcinogen", the bay-region carbonium ion situated on the angular ring
      or methylene carbonium ion produced from the methyl group, is still in dispute at
      present. Now, the afore-mentioned disputable viewpoints have been successfully
      integrated by the di-region theory.

PMID- 4012264
TI  - Effect of gossypol on the potential difference of rat seminiferous tubules.
AB  - The p.d. of the rat seminiferous tubules was 4.75 +/- 1.39 mV (lumen negative) at
      35 degrees C and varied linearly with temperatures from 26 to 40 degrees C. A
      depolarization of the seminiferous tubules was found in the rats administered
      with gossypol at the dosage of 30 mg/kg body weight for 3 weeks, the p.d. lowered
      to 3.63 +/- 0.79 mV at 35 degrees C and was independent of the changes of
      seminiferous tubules temperature. In the 5-week-gossypol-treatment group, the
      tracer penetrated not only the myoid cell layer, but also went beyond the tight
      junction complexes between Sertoli cells. The lanthanum appeared in the cleft
      surrounding spermatogonia. In the 8-week-gossypol-treatment group, the lanthanum
      was found in the adluminal compartment. It indicates that gossypol can cause a
      dysfunction of the Sertoli cells and blood-testis barrier and disturb a good
      physiological environment for the developing spermatocytes.

PMID- 4012265
TI  - Acute chylous ascites with carcinoid of the pancreas.
AB  - Acute chylous ascites is of idiopathic origin in 50 per cent of cases, the
      remainder being accounted for by trauma and intestinal obstruction. It usually
      presents with acute abdominal pain. Neoplastic disease is much more common in
      chronic cases, and lymphomas comprise about half of these. Chronic chylous
      ascites usually presents without pain but with inanition and hypoproteinaemia.
      This report describes acute chylous ascites following trauma in a patient who was
      subsequently found to have a pancreatic carcinoid, the lymphangiographic findings
      being of particular interest.

PMID- 4012266
TI  - Gastric outlet obstruction secondary to a distal duodenal stenosis.
AB  - A case is presented where gastric outlet obstruction was found to be secondary to
      carcinoma of the distal duodenum in a patient with acute on chronic duodenal
      ulceration. The fallibility of barium studies in this condition is discussed.

PMID- 4012268
TI  - Raynaud's phenomenon. Glasgow, 9 November 1984. Abstracts.

PMID- 4012267
TI  - Myocardial infarction in pregnancy.
AB  - A young women presented with an anterior myocardial infarction in the first
      trimester of pregnancy. Her subsequent clinical course was uneventful. Such
      patients appear to have a good prognosis.

PMID- 4012269
TI  - Receptor assays and the clinical management of breast cancer.

PMID- 4012270
TI  - Diabetic cardiomyopathy: the available evidence.

PMID- 4012272
TI  - Trace elements, human health and hair analysis. Proceedings of the Second
      International Symposium. Amsterdam, 18-19 May, 1984.

PMID- 4012271
TI  - Clinical studies in adults presenting with giardiasis to a gastro-intestinal
      unit.
AB  - Eight adults presenting with giardiasis to a gastrointestinal unit during a two
      year period were studied in detail. Symptoms were varied, diarrhoea occurring in
      only five patients. Four of the eight gave a history of travel to endemic zones,
      and three of those who gave no such history had possible predisposing conditions
      (gastric surgery (2), and borderline IgA deficiency (1]. Most patients exhibited
      mild malabsorption of fat and vitamin B12, and some abnormality of jejunal
      disaccharidases was usual. Jejunal histology varied from normal to partial
      villous atrophy, and the intraepithelial lymphocyte count was raised in those
      patients with the most marked histological abnormality. Treatment with
      metronidazole was uniformly successful, and most of the above abnormalities
      reverted to normal within a month of treatment.

PMID- 4012273
TI  - Trace elements and alcohol.
AB  - In our study alcoholic patients with and without cirrhosis have a decreased serum
      zinc. They also have increased serum copper and iron with an increase in the
      serum ferritin. There is no evidence of selenium deficiency in either alcoholic
      group. Alcohol when given with zinc in a single dose to normal volunteers
      increases the serum zinc and therefore appears to increase the absorption of
      zinc.

PMID- 4012274
TI  - Trace elements in hair in the UK: results and interpretation in the preconception
      situation.
AB  - The paper examines the high incidence of birth defects that still occur in the UK
      and suggests that it might be possible to reduce this by preparing prospective
      mothers for parenthood prior to conception. One test in particular is suggested
      as having a part to play in this preconception screening-that being the hair
      metals analysis. Such a screening test is useful in identifying both excesses of
      toxic metals and deficiencies of essential metals. The results from our studies
      seem to indicate a high proportion of potential mothers as having low levels of
      manganese, iron and possibly zinc in their hair. The significance of these
      findings is discussed in relation to the possible effect on birth defects and the
      possible routine use of hair metal testing in the pre-conception situation is
      suggested.

PMID- 4012275
TI  - Sex and age related differences in trace element concentrations in hair.
AB  - The effects of age and sex on hair trace element levels for five essential
      minerals and trace elements and five toxic trace elements are reported. Recent
      studies in the field of hair tissue chemistry are discussed.

PMID- 4012276
TI  - Hair zinc in infancy and childhood.

PMID- 4012278
TI  - Copper and zinc metabolism in aspartylglycosaminuria and Salla disease.
AB  - Changes in the metabolism of copper and zinc are described in
      aspartylglycosaminuria (AGU) patients. AGU patients had significantly reduced
      serum zinc concentrations. However, hair zinc levels were normal, and
      hyperzincuria could not be demonstrated. The copper content in the hair of AGU
      patients was highly elevated. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations were
      within normal range. In AGU, small-molecular-weight glycoasparagine storage
      products accumulate in tissues and are excreted in urine in large amounts. They
      may interfere with the transport mechanisms of trace elements, and thus alter
      their distribution and availability for tissues. The changes in copper and zinc
      levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of some of the clinical signs of AGU
      and Salla disease.

PMID- 4012277
TI  - Incorporation routes of elements into human hair; implications for hair analysis
      used for monitoring.
AB  - A study has been made on the incorporation of some trace elements and minerals
      into human hair by measuring their distributions across hair diameters. For this
      study the Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique using the proton
      microbeam of the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam has been applied. Results of
      measurements on single hair strands at different positions in the root and
      outside the skin provide evidence that the elements not only can enter the cortex
      via the matrix but also via the hair root sheaths. Moreover, there are
      indications that the distribution of an endogenous element is not always
      homogeneously spread over a cross section of the hair. Endogenous Fe and Pb seem
      to be peaked on the periphery of the hair by natural means, while the elements
      S,Zn and Cu of the samples measured are found to be distributed homogeneously
      across the hair diameter. The consequences for hair analysis in use for
      monitoring the trace elements status of an individual are discussed.

PMID- 4012279
TI  - Light microscopic aspects of the rat placenta after chronic cadmium
      administration.
AB  - Female Wistar rats were injected daily with different doses of CdCl2 during the
      first 19 days of pregnancy. The placentas of highly exposed animals showed
      reduced weights as well as some light microscopic changes with respect to the
      amount of collagen in the basal membranes around fetal blood vessels and to the
      relative volume densities of the fetal blood vessels. These results are in
      accordance with changes, found in the placentas of smoking mothers, probably due
      to cadmium in cigarette smoke.

PMID- 4012280
TI  - Selenium in the anterior pituitary.
AB  - Selenium accumulated in the anterior pituitary of the rat after intraperitoneal
      injection of NA2Se03. Selenium is bound to a cation (most likely Zn++) and is
      ultrastructurally located in lysosomes and secretory granules.

PMID- 4012281
TI  - Serum zinc and venous occlusion.
AB  - Serum zinc was measured with and without venous occlusion in 100 subjects. During
      venous occlusion serum zinc was 0.79 ug/ml and without venous occlusion it was
      0.75 ug/ml (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 4012283
TI  - Preclinical toxic effects of manganese in workers from a Mn salts and oxides
      producing plant.
AB  - The results of the present epidemiological study among 141 workers (mean age: 34
      years) from a Mn salts and oxides producing plant in Belgium suggest that
      preclinical perturbations (lung function, CNS, biological parameters) may occur
      in subjects exposed to airborne Mn levels (7 years on the average) usually lower
      (total dust, geometric mean about 1 mg/m3, 95th percentile 3.3 mg/m3) than the
      levels actually (5 mg/m3) tolerated.

PMID- 4012282
TI  - Plasma cholesterol and the plasma copper/zinc ratio in young children.

PMID- 4012284
TI  - Adsorption of cadmium onto human hair.
AB  - Arguments about whether or not scalp hair should be washed prior to an analysis
      have not reached any suitable conclusion. The following work was intended to
      resolve this argument and indicate a suitable procedure with regard to washing.
      Cigarettes spiked with cadmium were used to contaminate hair in an attempt to
      show whether or not the cadmium in hair was exogeneous (unbound) or endogeneous
      (bound).

PMID- 4012285
TI  - Hair analysis using proton induced X-ray emission techniques.
AB  - A reliable and non-destructive technique for determination of the absolute
      elemental concentrations, as well as their distributions along the length and
      across the diameter of a single hair strand is described.

PMID- 4012286
TI  - Elemental analysis of hair fibres using PIXE--a population study of sulphur and
      zinc content.

PMID- 4012287
TI  - Copper malabsorption in coeliac disease.
AB  - Copper uptake during three hours from an oral test dose of copper sulphate
      solution giving three mg Cu++, close to the recommended daily dietary intake, was
      significantly reduced in patients with proximal intestinal disease, compared with
      normal subjects. Three out of ten patients had abnormal and otherwise unexplained
      blood counts compatible with the known haematological effects of copper
      deficiency and were restored to normal levels on a gluten-free diet. Copper
      deficiency and proximal intestinal disease should be suspected in patients with
      otherwise unexplained anaemia, especially neutropenia.

PMID- 4012288
TI  - Copper responsive anemia, induced by oral zinc therapy in a patient with
      acrodermatitis enteropathica.
AB  - Normocytic anemia with granulocytopenia occurred in a 23 year old man with
      acrodermatitis enteropathica who received high doses of zinc sulphate orally for
      12 months. Copper deficiency was suspected to be the cause of this anemia when
      extreme hypocupremia and hypoceruloplasminemia were found. Oral zinc therapy was
      stopped and intravenous supplements of copper were followed by reticulocytosis
      and complete correction of the anemia and granulocytopenia. Plasma copper and
      ceruloplasmin levels normalized. Up to now copper deficiency has never been
      reported during zinc treatment in acrodermatitis enteropathica. We conclude that
      the copper status should be monitored during oral zinc therapy in this condition.

PMID- 4012289
TI  - Effects of oral zinc supplementation on serum, hair and sweat zinc levels in 7
      subjects.
AB  - Preliminary evidence is presented on the basis of pre- and post- zinc
      supplementation zinc studies of seven patients, that suggests that sweat zinc
      measurements may be a useful adjunct in the clinical assessment of zinc status
      and may be a more sensitive index than either serum or hair zinc levels.

PMID- 4012290
TI  - Measurements of magnesium in mononuclear cells.
AB  - In this study analysis of magnesium in mononuclear cells was compared to that in
      muscle in patients and healthy controls. Mononuclear cell concentrations of
      magnesium expressed as nmol/mg cell protein correlated significantly with muscle
      biopsy concentrations of magnesium (r = 0,68; p less than 0,001). Hence, we
      suggest that analyzing of magnesium in mononuclear cells could be an easy and
      convenient way to estimate tissue magnesium.

PMID- 4012291
TI  - On zinc deficiency.

PMID- 4012292
TI  - Heavy metals in human and animal bones from ancient and contemporary France.
AB  - The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Ba, Mg and Ca have been determined in 180 human
      bones from the last five millenia, and in 22 contemporary and 20000-50000-year
      old animal bones. The original concentrations of Cd and Zn in the ancient human
      bones were not changed by fossilization processes, whereas Pb and Mg tended to
      migrate out of the bones, and Ba and Ca concentrations increased with the age of
      the bones. The distribution of metals in the structure of both the ancient and
      contemporary bones is not uniform, and neglecting this may render it difficult to
      compare results obtained from different studies. In Europe and Peru in the late
      Middle Ages the concentration of Pb in human bones increased by one order of
      magnitude. The high level of Pb persisted in Europe for several centuries and
      only recently decreased by an order of magnitude. The concentration of Cd has
      increased in human bones in the 20th century, to about ten times above the pre
      industrial level. The concentration of Pb in contemporary cow bones from France
      is below analytical detection limits, probably due to competition of Pb with Ca
      and P which are added to cow fodder as mineral additives.

PMID- 4012294
TI  - Mercury distribution in a polluted marine area. Concentrations of methyl mercury
      in sediments and some marine organisms.
AB  - Methyl mercury concentrations were measured in various parts of Kastela Bay in
      the Central Adriatic, which is polluted with inorganic mercury. The values
      obtained, on a wet weight basis, for sediments were from 2 to 20 micrograms
      methyl mercury kg-1; for the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from 10 to 110
      micrograms kg-1; and for various species of fish from 102 to 1448 micrograms kg
      1. The methyl mercury content increases by three orders of magnitude going from
      sediment to fish. The distribution of methyl mercury in relation to the depth of
      the sediment and the different organs of the mussel is presented. On the basis of
      the results obtained, it may be concluded that non-migratory species of fish are
      more suitable for methyl mercury monitoring in the marine environment than are
      sediment and mussels.

PMID- 4012293
TI  - A preliminary investigation of the lead level in whole blood of normal and
      occupationally exposed populations in Damascus City.
AB  - A preliminary investigation of whole blood lead levels of workers in a paint
      factory and workers of the Official Government Press in Damascus City was carried
      out. For comparison, the blood lead level of a group of donors from the same city
      was also determined. A graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer was used
      for blood analysis. Elevated levels of lead were found in the blood of some
      workers, mainly those who were exposed to large amounts of lead compounds in
      dust. Lead levels in whole blood of donors ranged from 6 to 51 micrograms/-100
      ml.

PMID- 4012297
TI  - Atmospheric pollution in the Venice area I. Sulphur dioxide, suspended particles
      and sulphates.
AB  - The results of 2 years monitoring of sulphur dioxide, suspended particles and
      sulphates at three different sites (an industrial zone on the mainland, an urban
      zone on the mainland and an urban insular zone) in the Venice area are presented.
      The 24-h mean concentrations of the three pollutants fit a lognormal
      distribution, the parameters of which are estimated. The zero-order correlation
      coefficients between the concentrations of the three pollutants are determined:
      they are very high in the insular zone of Venice and lower in the industrial and
      urban zones of the mainland.

PMID- 4012295
TI  - The occurrence of organic chemicals in the atmosphere of The Netherlands.
AB  - In this paper concentration levels of various classes of organic chemicals in The
      Netherlands are reported for the base year 1980. From these levels the average
      intake of the Dutch population by inhalation was calculated to be approximately
      1.5 g year-1. This gives reason for concern because many of the compounds either
      seem to exhibit carcinogenic properties or are suspected human carcinogens. Apart
      from (photo)chemical reactions, dry deposition seems to be an important way by
      which these chemicals are removed from the atmosphere. Although the deposition
      velocity of many organic chemicals is not well established or is completely
      unknown we have estimated the yearly deposition in The Netherlands to be
      approximately 89 000 t.

PMID- 4012296
TI  - Organotin compounds and international treaties on the pollution of water by
      dangerous substances: black or grey list substances?
AB  - A brief review is given of international agreements governing water pollution by
      hazardous organotin compounds. Emphasis is placed on the Rhine Chemical
      Convention (1976) and the Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464/EEC. Organotin
      pesticides first appeared in 1974 on the grey list. In 1976, however, the whole
      group of organotin compounds was placed on the black list. Although priorities
      have recently been set for the Rhine and the European Community (EC), no
      scientific arguments have apparently been put forward to date either in support
      of these priorities or to explain the need to move this group of substances to
      the black list.

PMID- 4012298
TI  - Relationships between trace elements and atherosclerosis.
AB  - The possible relationship between trace element (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg,
      Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn) concentrations in various human tissues (heart,
      liver, kidney, aorta, rib and head hair) and cardiovascular diseases was studied
      on the basis of indications in the literature that trace elements may be directly
      or indirectly involved in cardiovascular disease processes. The underlying theme
      was that (slightly) reduced, as well as (slightly) elevated, concentrations
      compared with optimum values could, in the long term, lead to atherosclerotic
      lesions. In this project the tissues were obtained by autopsy involving 200
      individuals (hospitalised patients and victims of traffic accidents). The
      seriousness of cardiovascular disease was quantitatively expressed by the degree
      of atherosclerosis of the descending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD) and
      of the abdominal aorta, for which a special measurement method was developed.
      Correlations were evaluated by two different methods, i.e. by a comparison of
      patients with extremely high or extremely low degrees of atherosclerosis and by
      means of stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) analysis. Corrections were
      made for the influence of age. The element Cd was found to be positively, and the
      elements Cu, Co, Se and Zn negatively, correlated with the degree of
      atherosclerosis. The inclusion of risk factors (diabetes mellitus,
      hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, obesity and smoking) did not improve the
      explained variance.

PMID- 4012299
TI  - NRC finds few risks for atomic vets.

PMID- 4012300
TI  - An omnifarious data bank for biology?

PMID- 4012301
TI  - Heat shock genes: regulatory role for differentiation in parasitic protozoa.
AB  - The parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major are transmitted by
      insect vectors to their mammalian hosts. The temperature difference between the
      hosts (25 degrees and 37 degrees C) may induce a heat shock response in the
      parasite. Transcripts of heat shock genes (homologous to Hsp70 and Hsp83) were 25
      to 100 times more abundant in Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms
      (trypomastigotes) than in insect (procyclic) stages. In Leishmania major the
      patterns of heat shock gene expression in promastigotes (insect-adapted) and
      amastigotes (mammal-adapted) were different. A temperature shift in vitro induced
      differentiation of Leishmania major from promastigotes to amastigotes. Therefore,
      heat shock genes may be responsible for differentiation of these vector-borne
      parasites.

PMID- 4012302
TI  - Selective inhibition of fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion by monoclonal
      antibodies to a cell-surface glycoprotein.
AB  - Fibroblasts possess several distinct mechanisms that control cellular adhesion to
      extracellular matrix macromolecules. Monoclonal antibodies to a 140-kilodalton
      (kD) cell surface glycoprotein inhibited the adhesion of fibroblastic Chinese
      hamster ovary cells to fibronectin-coated substrata but did not inhibit adhesion
      to substrata coated with vitronectin, laminin, serum, or other adhesive
      macromolecules. Thus the 140-kD glycoprotein appears to be involved in the
      fibronectin-mediated adhesion mechanism but not in other adhesion processes.

PMID- 4012303
TI  - Knowledge without awareness: an autonomic index of facial recognition by
      prosopagnosics.
AB  - Prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize visually the faces of familiar persons
      who continue to be normally recognized through other sensory channels, is caused
      by bilateral cerebral lesions involving the visual system. Two patients with
      prosopagnosia generated frequent and large electrodermal skin conductance
      responses to faces of persons they had previously known but were now unable to
      recognize. They did not generate such responses to unfamiliar faces. The results
      suggest that an early step of the physiological process of recognition is still
      taking place in these patients, without their awareness but with an autonomic
      index.

PMID- 4012304
TI  - A guarded endorsement for shock therapy.

PMID- 4012305
TI  - Making mutant mice by gene transfer.

PMID- 4012306
TI  - How do proteins find mitochondria?

PMID- 4012307
TI  - Predisposition to hookworm infection in humans.
AB  - Frequency distributions of parasitic helminths within human communities are
      invariably highly aggregated, the majority of worms occurring in relatively small
      fractions of the host populations. It has been suggested that the heavily
      infected individuals are predisposed to this state, not by chance, but by as yet
      undefined genetic, ecological, behavioral, or social factors. Analyses of
      individual post-treatment patterns of hookworm reinfection among 112 villagers in
      an endemic area of West Bengal provide quantitative evidence of predisposition to
      heavy infection. This observation has implications for the design of control
      programs based on chemotherapy because of the potential economic advantage of
      selective or targeted treatment as opposed to mass or blanket treatment.

PMID- 4012308
TI  - Dissociation of antitumor potency from anthracycline cardiotoxicity in a
      doxorubicin analog.
AB  - The search for new congeners of the leading anticancer drug doxorubicin has led
      to an analog that is approximately 1000 times more potent, noncardiotoxic at
      therapeutic dose levels, and non-cross-resistant with doxorubicin. The new
      anthracycline, 3'-deamino-3'-(3-cyano-4-morpholinyl)doxorubicin (MRA-CN), is
      produced by incorporation of the 3' amino group of doxorubicin in a new
      cyanomorpholinyl ring. The marked increase in potency was observed against human
      ovarian and breast carcinomas in vitro; it was not accompanied by an increase in
      cardiotoxicity in fetal mouse heart cultures. Doxorubicin and MRA-CN both
      produced typical cardiac ultrastructural and biochemical changes, but at
      equimolar concentrations. In addition, MRA-CN was not cross-resistant with
      doxorubicin in a variant of the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA selected for
      resistance to doxorubicin. Thus antitumor efficacy was dissociated from both
      cardiotoxicity and cross-resistance by this modification of anthracycline
      structure.

PMID- 4012309
TI  - NIH bills moving through Congress.

PMID- 4012310
TI  - Dominance in physiological phenotypes and fitness at an enzyme locus.
AB  - Aminopeptidase-I allozymes, which are products of the Lap locus in the marine
      mussel, Mytilus edulis, differ in their catalytic efficiencies. These biochemical
      differences result in genotype-specific rates of change in the free amino acid
      pool, that is, cell volume regulation, when mussels are subjected to changes in
      salinity. A high degree of dominance was found among genotypes for these
      biochemical and physiological phenotypes. Selection models that incorporate
      dominance adequately predict observed genotypic properties at the Lap locus among
      natural populations that exhibit clinical allele frequency. This suggests that a
      high degree of dominance for fitness must also occur at this locus in natural
      populations. These results provide additional evidence that the maintenance of an
      allele frequency cline is operating by natural selection at the Lap locus.

PMID- 4012311
TI  - Steroid-dependent survival of identifiable neurons in cultured ganglia of the
      moth Manduca sexta.
AB  - Adult emergence at the end of metamorphosis in the moth Manduca sexta is followed
      by the death of abdominal interneurons and motoneurons. Abdominal ganglia removed
      from insects before this period of naturally occurring cell death and maintained
      in vitro showed neuronal death confined to the same cells that normally die in
      vivo. Addition of physiological levels of the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone to the
      culture system prevented the selective death of these motoneurons.

PMID- 4012312
TI  - Regional brain dopamine metabolism: a marker for the speed, direction, and
      posture of moving animals.
AB  - Brain dopamine is necessary for normal movement. To determine whether there is a
      precise relation between the intensity of movement and changes in brain dopamine
      metabolism, the investigators ran rats on straight and circular treadmills at
      different speeds and with different body postures. Concentrations of dopamine and
      its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid increased in the caudate and
      accumbens nuclei in direct relation to the speed and angular posture of the
      animals. Dopamine metabolism in the nucleus accumbens was more strongly linked to
      the speed and direction of movement, while in the caudate nucleus dopamine and
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were affected most by posture and direction.

PMID- 4012313
TI  - Ribonuclease P catalysis differs from ribosomal RNA self-splicing.
AB  - Two RNA-catalyzed reactions have been described, the Tetrahymena self-splicing
      ribosomal RNA and ribonuclease P. The Tetrahymena self-splicing reaction proceeds
      through a transesterification cascade that is dependent upon nucleophilic attacks
      by ribose 3'-OH groups. Periodate oxidation of the catalytic (or substrate) RNA,
      which destroys the nucleophilicity of RNA 3' termini, did not inhibit
      ribonuclease P activity. Thus, catalysis by ribonuclease P differs from the self
      splicing reaction.

PMID- 4012314
TI  - AIDS repository.
AB  - In the article "Spotlight falls on science policy" (News and Comment, 10 May, p.
      691) by Mark H. Crawford, the findings of a General Accounting Office report on
      the operating costs of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF)
      were overstated. The report found that the Department of Energy's operating costs
      would rise by $80 million if both CEBAF and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
      are constructed. CEBAF's operating cost is estimated to be $30 million. The
      report also found problems in accommodating the operating costs of the proposed
      Superconducting Super Collider in the department's budget.

PMID- 4012315
TI  - NIH role in biotechnology debated.

PMID- 4012317
TI  - Androgens and prenatal alcohol exposure.

PMID- 4012319
TI  - Modest proposals for the granting system.

PMID- 4012316
TI  - Localized control of ligand binding in hemoglobin: effect of tertiary structure
      on picosecond geminate recombination.
AB  - The picosecond geminate rebinding of molecular oxygen was monitored in a variety
      of different human, reptilian, and fish hemoglobins. The fast (100 to 200
      picoseconds) component of the rebinding is highly sensitive to protein structure.
      Both proximal and distal perturbations of the heme affect this rebinding process.
      The rebinding yield for the fast process correlates with the frequency of the
      stretching motion of the iron-proximal histidine mode (VFe-His) observed in the
      transient Raman spectra of photodissociated ligated hemoglobins. The high
      affinity R-state species exhibit the highest values for VFe-His and the highest
      yields for fast rebinding, whereas low affinity R-state species and T-state
      species exhibit lower values of VFe-His and correspondingly reduced yields for
      this geminate process. These findings link protein control of ligand binding with
      events at the heme.

PMID- 4012320
TI  - Rifkin versus gene splicing: NIH wins a round.

PMID- 4012318
TI  - Ultrasound effects.
AB  - In a listing of the new foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
      (News and Comment, 17 May, p. 826), the name of Pierre Chambon, Biochemistry,
      Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculte de Medecine, Strasbourg, France, was
      inadvertently omitted.

PMID- 4012321
TI  - Auditory responses in avian vocal motor neurons: a motor theory for song
      perception in birds.
AB  - The hypoglossal motor neurons that innervate the vocal organ (syrinx) of the male
      zebra finch show a selective, long-latency (50-millisecond) response to sound.
      This response is eliminated by lesions to forebrain song-control nuclei.
      Different song syllables elicit a response from different syringeal motor
      neurons. Conspecific vocalizations may therefore be perceived as members of a set
      of vocal gestures and thus distinct from other environmental sounds. This
      hypothesis is an avian parallel to the motor theory of speech perception in
      humans.

PMID- 4012323
TI  - Generic Valiums clear another hurdle at FDA.

PMID- 4012322
TI  - Rate theories and puzzles of hemeprotein kinetics.
AB  - The binding of dioxygen and carbon monoxide to heme proteins such as myoglobin
      and hemoglobin has been studied with flash photolysis. At temperatures below 200
      K, binding occurs from within the heme pocket and, contrary to expectation, with
      nearly equal rates for both ligands. This observation has led to a reexamination
      of the theory of the association reaction taking into account friction, protein
      structure, and the nature of electronic transitions. The rate coefficients for
      the limiting cases of large and small friction are found with simple arguments
      that use characteristic lengths and times. The arguments indicate how transition
      state theory as well as calculations based on nonadiabatic perturbation theory,
      which is called the Golden Rule, may fail. For ligand-binding reactions the data
      suggest the existence of intermediate states not directly observed so far. The
      general considerations may also apply to other biomolecular processes such as
      electron transport.

PMID- 4012325
TI  - Antibodies made to order.

PMID- 4012326
TI  - Molecular resolution electron micrographs of monolamellar paraffin crystals.
AB  - A liquid helium-cooled cryoelectron microscope, operated to expose the specimen
      to only a very low electron dose, was used to obtain structural images of
      monolamellar n-tetratetracontane (n-C44H90) crystals at 0.25-nanometer
      resolution. These results are in contrast to earlier predictions that such
      extremely beam-sensitive materials could not be studied directly at this level of
      detail. Analysis of the resultant lattice images gives direct evidence for
      crystal bending as well as direct visualization of edge dislocations in this
      material.

PMID- 4012328
TI  - [Surgical stabilization of cervical vertebrae fractures in Bechterew's disease].

PMID- 4012324
TI  - HHS halts animal experiment.

PMID- 4012327
TI  - trans-4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal: a reactive metabolite from the macrocyclic
      pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine.
AB  - The toxicity of macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the livers of man and
      animals has been attributed to the formation of reactive pyrroles from
      dihydropyrrolizines. Now a novel metabolite, trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, has been
      isolated from the macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine, in an in vitro
      hepatic microsomal system. Other alkenals such as trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal have
      previously been isolated from microsomal systems when treated with halogenated
      hydrocarbons or subjected to lipid peroxidation. The in vivo pathology caused by
      trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal appears to be identical to that previously attributed
      to reactive pyrroles. There are similarities between the toxic effects of this
      alkenal and those of centrilobular hepatotoxins such as CCl4 and other alkenals
      formed during lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 4012330
TI  - [Results of treatment and follow-up of lower leg comminuted fractures treated
      either conservatively or with minimal osteosynthesis].

PMID- 4012329
TI  - [Periosteal flap reconstruction of the external ankle ligaments. Results of a
      follow-up study].

PMID- 4012331
TI  - [Case report on the partial replacement of the clavicle using a polyacetal resin
      prosthesis].

PMID- 4012332
TI  - [Late sequelae following a supination injury of the juvenile ankle joint].

PMID- 4012333
TI  - [Biomechanical analysis of a rare metal crack in an interlocking nail].

PMID- 4012334
TI  - [Polymyalgia arteritica following severe chest wall trauma. Viewpoint for
      accident assessment].

PMID- 4012335
TI  - [Anatomy and roentgen diagnosis of the fibular ligaments of the ankle joint].

PMID- 4012337
TI  - Treatment of leukemia with low-dose ara-C: a study of 160 cases.

PMID- 4012339
TI  - Low-dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
      and myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 4012338
TI  - Pharmacologically directed ara-C therapy for refractory leukemia.
AB  - During a two-year experience treating patients with refractory acute leukemia
      with a fixed 12-hour schedule of high-dose ara-C, cellular ara-CTP
      pharmacodynamics were ascertained in circulating blasts of these patients. A
      strong correlation was found between achievement of complete remission and
      cellular ara-CTP levels. We therefore, attempted to improve the complete
      remission rate in patients with low ara-CTP levels by decreasing the intermittent
      ara-C dosing interval, thereby raising the minimum ara-CTP level in leukemic
      cells between doses. This initial attempt at pharmacologic direction of
      chemotherapy was successful in elevating minimum ara-CTP levels but did not
      produce an increase in response rate, probably because the total duration of ara
      CTP exposure was decreased when the dose intervals were shortened. Currently we
      are engaged in a new approach based on the knowledge accumulated over the past
      three years. Patients receive a test ara-C dose from which data on ara-CTP
      cellular metabolism is derived, followed by a CI of ara-C at a dose calculated
      individually for each patient. Preliminary results of this approach thus far
      indicate an increased response rate and a different spectrum of toxicity than
      that observed with intermittent dose ara-C. Further clinical trials will
      determine the true effectiveness of this approach.

PMID- 4012336
TI  - High-dose cytosine arabinoside and daunomycin as primary therapy for adults with
      acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia: a pilot study.

PMID- 4012340
TI  - Treatment of diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with an intensive multi
      drug regimen including high-dose cytosine arabinoside (F-MACHOP).

PMID- 4012341
TI  - The use of high-dose cytosine arabinoside for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 4012342
TI  - Drug sensitivity test for patients with acute leukemia on high-dose ara-C
      therapy.

PMID- 4012343
TI  - Intensive postremission therapy in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with
      ara-C by continuous infusion or bolus administration: preliminary results of a
      CALGB phase I study.

PMID- 4012344
TI  - The treatment of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in remission.

PMID- 4012345
TI  - Social and cultural factors in the etiology of low birthweight among
      disadvantaged blacks.
AB  - This report gives results from eight intensive, exploratory interviews with Black
      women who suffered infant deaths within one year after delivery. Interviews were
      conducted as a final step in a research project to discover the correlates of
      very low birthweight among disadvantaged women in a city which maintains among
      the highest low birthweight and infant mortality rates in the United States.
      Qualitative results are presented within the context of a case/control study
      based on an in-depth medical record review. Statistical results showed that
      prenatal care, alcoholism, migrant status, smoking, hypertension history and
      previous poor pregnancy outcome distinguished women with very low birthweight
      infants. The medical record review also implicated violence, weak social support
      systems, poor social and psychological adjustments and ineffective contraception.
      Interview results further explore the social and psychological context of
      pregnancy for the disadvantaged inner city Black woman. Three-quarters of all
      women are unmarried at the time of delivery, and interviewed women expressed
      bitterness and resentment toward the men in their livers for non-support. They
      received the most help from 'girlfriends', and not consistent support--as
      expected--from mothers and female kin. Answers to open-ended questions and
      responses to a specially designed interview section on attitudes and beliefs
      suggest that these women conceptually dissociate three important areas of
      cultural focus: relationships with men, pregnancy and childbirth; and, that they
      value the 'gestator' role as separate from the role of 'mother'. They espouse
      contradictory beliefs about men: they believe that men are predatory and not
      trustworthy, but also more mainstream beliefs that call for reliance on the
      opposite sex. Because of their unstable relationships with men and their long
      histories of poor pregnancy outcome and termination, they face frequent
      disappointment. Responses to items in the attitudes and beliefs section suggest
      that these women feel powerless, hopeless and that life is somewhat meaningless.
      However, items designed to test Lewis' 'culture of poverty' do not support the
      concept of a consistent intergenerational poverty lifestyle. The report closes
      with a section on program and policy development in several areas: public health
      recordkeeping, health style education programs, special training programs for
      physicians and other health personnel, and some type of program to combat the
      social alienation and psychological distress of inner city women during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 4012346
TI  - A health economist on medical sociology: reflections by an unreconstructed
      reductionist.
AB  - Eleven papers in medical sociology, recommended as representative by the Medical
      Sociology Group of the British Sociology Association, are evaluated by a health
      economist using five criteria: appeal of intellectual content, insights into
      political philosophy, explanatory power, predictive power and opportunities for
      social improvements. The paper concludes that the medical sociology literature is
      quite weak when judged by these criteria, though stronger on some than others.
      Sociologists often seem to confuse issues that involve value judgements with ones
      that do not, and generally seem to display a disconcerting obsession with
      methodological issues of the most fundamental kind that has inhibited medical
      sociology from developing interesting analyses of many issues on which, in
      principle, it ought to have much to offer.

PMID- 4012347
TI  - The nature, meaning and measurement of health and illness: an economic viewpoint.
AB  - Health can be seen as a capital asset, subject to depreciation due both to the
      passage of time (ageing) and to 'wear and tear'. It is valued for the flow of
      pain-free time and energy it offers us, and we can increase the quantity and
      quality of this 'flow' by appropriate care and maintenance, which may take the
      form of adopting a healthy life style or in seeking health care. The valuation of
      health (as a capital stock) can then be seen as the valuation of the time profile
      of the stream of pain-free time and energy we expect to get out of it. This in
      turn depends on the uses to which this time and energy can be put. Its use in
      paid work is relatively easily valued but unpaid work (especially work in the
      home) continues to be a source of difficulty, both in principle and in practice,
      in the search for appropriate money values. Leisure time is still more difficult,
      though for those in paid work whose remuneration is sensitive to the work/leisure
      balance, foregone net earnings at that margin may be used in the marginal value
      of leisure time. But the appropriateness of any valuation depends on the use to
      which it is to be put, and it is important to distinguish whether it is to
      reflect 'individual' or 'group' values, and whether it is for ex post
      compensation associated with some particular event, or for use in ex ante
      decision making where it is not known who the particular gainers and losers will
      be.

PMID- 4012348
TI  - Menstrual symptoms, attitudes and consulting behaviour.
AB  - Menstrual symptoms are extremely common and yet consultation rates for menstrual
      symptoms are low. This paper examines the prevalence, nature and severity of the
      menstrual symptoms reported by a community sample of 79 women aged 16-44. A
      typology of women's attitudes towards menstruation is constructed. Level of
      menstrual symptom distress and attitudes towards menstruation are then
      incorporated into a typology of non-consulters for menstrual problems. Finally,
      some of the principal issues raised by this typology are discussed.

PMID- 4012349
TI  - Local politicization of Primary Health Care as an instrument for development: a
      case study of community health workers in Zambia.
AB  - The integrated approach of the Primary Health Care Concept has obvious
      implications for development. In view of Zambia's commitment to Primary Health
      Care it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of present institutional
      frameworks and the problems that may arise in shifting towards community
      responsibility for the provision of health. It is often assumed that the Primary
      Health Care approach of working through the community should be free of serious
      implementation problems. However, experience from community participation
      projects in a wide variety fields carried out in many countries, including Zambia
      has shown that failure to account for local institutional arrangements and
      political interests has hindered success. This article presents the theoretical
      issues involved in community participation research, reviews relevant literature
      and presents a case study of a community health worker in Western Province,
      Zambia. The case study derives from an on-going UNICEF/Government of Zambia
      sponsored project which is monitoring and evaluating the impact of child health
      and nutrition services in rural areas. The study illustrates some of the problems
      encountered by a CHW because of clashes with local political interests. An
      alternative model is proposed which if implemented can help alleviate and/or
      avoid these types of conflicts.

PMID- 4012352
TI  - Space and time in British general practice.
AB  - From the novel geography of the health centre to the meticulous concerns of
      appointment systems and patient records, British general practice, as this paper
      documents, has reordered its traditional activities over the last 30 years. These
      changes however suggest a more profound reorganisation of the spatial and
      temporal features of practice activity and a commensurate reassessment of the
      nature of illness.

PMID- 4012350
TI  - Computers and clinical judgment: the role of physician networks.
AB  - In order to study the relationship between physician networks and utilization of
      a computer-based hospital information system (HIS), blockmodel analysis and
      multidimensional scaling were used to analyze and spatially represent the network
      of professional relations among 24 physicians in a private group practice. A
      blockmodel analysis of patient referrals, consultations, discussions, and on-call
      coverage identified four groups of physicians who share common locations and
      perform similar roles within the network. Investigation of the shared attributes
      of these groups supports this relational structure. The results suggest that the
      center-periphery model of diffusion of new ideas among professionals may be too
      simplistic. Instead, the communication network may involve multiple central
      cohesive subgroups of physicians who differentially initiate patient referrals
      and consultations with physicians in other subgroups. Network location was found
      to have a significant effect on the adoption and utilization of the HIS
      independently of background and practice characteristics of physicians. The
      results also suggest that adoption of an innovation and its implementation or
      utilization may involve separate processes that need to be differentiated in
      future research.

PMID- 4012351
TI  - Choice or chance: further evidence on ideas of illness and responsibility for
      health.
AB  - A study of 204 Welsh mothers using well validated research methods has
      demonstrated that better understanding of the antecedents to health behaviours
      contributes to a reorientation of stereotyped ideas about working class health
      beliefs and behaviour. Fatalism and an orientation to life-style choices for
      health are not necessarily contradictory concepts and this has important
      implications for those who are involved in education for health. The development
      of a Salience of Lifestyle Index (SLI) is described and studied in relation to
      concepts of blame for illness, education, house tenure, religious commitment,
      employment, health behaviours and social background.

PMID- 4012353
TI  - Psychosocial predictors of sudden death: a review and critique.
AB  - Research and selected case studies concerning psychosocial prediction of sudden
      death are evaluated under three categories: sudden cardiac, sudden infant and
      sudden traumatic death. The psychosocial predictors reviewed include novelty-pre
      exposure, control-helplessness, restraint, Type A behavior, life change,
      bereavement, denial, social support and contact, voodoo, psychiatric illness,
      mother infant separation, submission-defeat, housing, handling and environmental
      enrichment. Four of these predictors, controllability-helplessness, pre-exposure
      novelty, depressive affect and physical restraint are repeatedly cited in both
      human and animal studies and their importance is critically evaluated.
      Methodological and substantive recommendations for future research are made and a
      discussion of possible mechanisms is presented.

PMID- 4012354
TI  - [Generation and evaluation of etiologic hypotheses in epidemiology].
AB  - So far the problems of the generation and evaluation of etiologic hypotheses have
      been of too little concern to epidemiologists. Epidemiologic research usually
      deals with two fundamental etiologic questions: the first is 'why' an
      epidemiological phenomenon occurs; the second is 'how', and the question relates
      to the mediating mechanism. After having defined the nature of a valuable working
      hypothesis, we identify several ways by which hypotheses might be merged, and
      discuss for each of them the corresponding problems of evaluation. It is
      advocated that 'biological' (clinical) induction is a promising way of gaining
      insight into the etiology of disease. 'Statistical' induction, on the other hand,
      may be a useful though precarious way of generating hypotheses, mainly because of
      evaluation problems. As to deductive thinking, sometimes based on the process of
      analogy, its use is confined to rather well developed fields of knowledge.
      Furthermore, deductive thinking may be plagued by logical errors if the
      biological model of the studied disease is inadequate. Finally, Popperian
      deduction is also showed to be subjected to logical flaws if the causal model of
      relationships is poorly grounded into the biology of disease; specifically, the
      point is made that the refutation or confirmation of hypotheses is not
      straightforward and may be prevented in cases of complex biological situations.
      We conclude that epidemiologic analysis may be furthered by contacts with
      clinicians who would be of invaluable help in formulating and the testing of
      hypotheses, by study designs devised to reject specific models of disease, and by
      the rooting of putative causes of disease beyond simple risk markers.

PMID- 4012355
TI  - Alexithymia and affective verbal behaviour of three groups of patients.
AB  - The study described in this article was designed to investigate patients'
      response to affective stimuli on two levels of measurement: one was designed to
      yield information about cognitive attribution processes whereas the second level
      was aimed at uncovering deeper, more unconscious responses to the given stimuli.
      These were displayed as part of an experimental setting, in which three groups
      were compared: psychosomatic (duodenal ulcer), somatic and psychoneurotic
      patients. Systematic variation was introduced by showing either of two versions
      of a short film which differed in the degree of friendliness displayed by the
      main character. The results show differential effects on the two levels of
      measurement: in the case of the first level, an interpretation within the
      framework of current conceptualizations of alexithymia would have been possible,
      but results for the second level of measurement (utilizing Gottschalk-Gleser
      content analysis of speech) indicate that psychosomatic patients show the same
      kind of sensitive response to affective stimuli as patients from the other two
      groups.

PMID- 4012356
TI  - Investigation of a model for the initiation of breastfeeding in primigravida
      women.
AB  - Primigravida women are faced with the decision about how they will feed their
      infants. Many will decide to breastfeed but the motivation for this choice is
      unclear. While certain beliefs and worries about breastfeeding appear to predict
      women who will choose to breastfeed, such concepts are influenced by a
      combination of other values, support resources and socioeconomic background. The
      main goal of this research was to demonstrate how multivariate analysis can be
      applied to the infant-feeding decision and how it can lend a theoretical
      interpretation to social issues such as the initiation of breastfeeding. One
      hundred completely breastfeeding and 57 bottle feeding primigravida women were
      enrolled in the study and completed a pretested Likert-type questionnaire. Three
      primary predictors for the initiation of breastfeeding were identified: positive
      maternal beliefs about breastfeeding; the absence of maternal worries about
      breastfeeding; and higher levels of maternal education. Secondary psychosocial
      predictors significantly associated with maternal breastfeeding beliefs included
      maternal beliefs in increased personal satisfaction from breastfeeding and
      maternal beliefs in preventive health measures. Secondary psychosocial predictors
      significantly related to maternal worries about breastfeeding before
      breastfeeding began. Over half of the strength of the direct psychosocial
      predictors for breastfeeding initiation could be attributed to their respective
      groups of indirect predictors. Thus, the main contribution of this research has
      been to shift the emphasis of past research away from differences between groups
      of bottle feeders and breastfeeders to focus more precisely on the decision
      making process involved in the infant feeding choice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 4012357
TI  - Infant formula samples and breast feeding among Philippine urban poor.
AB  - An experiment was performed on the maternity wards of three public hospitals in
      Cebu City, Philippines to determine whether the distribution of free samples of
      infant formula reduced the likelihood that mothers would breast feed or caused
      mothers to terminate nursing early. Samples were given or withheld alternately
      for 2 week intervals to mothers as they left maternity wards. They were followed
      for 8 months in the first experiment (N = 273) and for 2 months in a replication
      (N = 284). We found that there were no statistically significant differences
      between those who received samples and those who did not in initiation or
      maintenance of breast feeding. Mothers in both groups frequently turned to mixed
      schedules, but these varied from day to day depending on money to buy other forms
      of milk, or on the mother's health, or her plan to be away from the baby for one
      or more feeding periods. After the baby reached an age of 2-3 months, mothers,
      with few exceptions, used diluted sweetened condensed milk as a supplement and/or
      substitute for their own milk. It was found that, while mothers recognize the
      nutritional, economic and health benefits of breast feeding, they may terminate
      early on the basis of folk beliefs. Receiving formula samples, however, had no
      measured effect on their breast feeding practices.

PMID- 4012358
TI  - The dominant firm in health insurance.
AB  - Blue Cross, the largest insurer of hospital costs in most parts of the U.S., has
      a varying market share by area. This paper examines the factors affecting the
      market share of Blue Cross by state. The regression analysis finds that the Blue
      Cross discount has an important impact upon market structure and that certain
      regulatory factors have had an impact while others, such as the premium tax, have
      not. Hypotheses related to the effects of consumer demand and the structure of
      the industry on Blue Cross market share are also tested and largely rejected.

PMID- 4012359
TI  - Anorexia nervosa as a culture-bound syndrome.
AB  - Current psychological theories on anorexia nervosa share a common assumption that
      symptoms of the condition are related to cultural factors. The present article
      argues that the disorder can be fruitfully understood in the context of one
      definition of culture-bound syndromes. By way of introduction two contrasting
      models of the cross-cultural study of psycho-pathology are outlined in order to
      contextualize the argument in a particular paradigm. Anorexia nervosa is shown to
      fit the criteria of the Cassidy/Ritenbaugh definition of culture-bound syndromes,
      and the definition is shown to have some use in elucidating issues. Implications
      for a more flexible approach to theory development and therapeutic practice are
      discussed, and suggestions are made for further work demonstrating the negotiated
      nature of the disorder.

PMID- 4012360
TI  - Behavioural and endocrine reactions in boys scoring high on Sennton neurotic
      scale viewing an exciting and partly violent movie and the importance of social
      support.
AB  - Psychoendocrine and behavioural effects elicited by viewing an exciting and
      partly violent movie were studied in 12-year-old boys (n = 42). The boys were
      divided into three groups. Group A (n = 13) consisted of boys scoring below the
      median value on the Sennton neurotic scale for vegetative and anxiety symptoms.
      Group B (n = 13) consisted of boys scoring above the median value on the Sennton
      neurotic scale. None of these boys had ever visited a psychiatric treatment
      centre, and they all came from the same school. A third group, Group C (n = 16),
      consisted of boys who, at least once, had visited an out-patient clinic at a
      child psychiatric treatment centre for neurotic problems. These boys attended
      different schools in the hospital catchment area. Group C had the same mean score
      on the Sennton neurotic scale as did Group B. By having two groups of boys
      scoring both high on the Sennton neurotic scale, one of which knew the other boys
      and one that did not, we were able to study possible effects of social support on
      psychobiologic reactions in neurotic boys. The boys' reactions to the movie were
      assessed by: self-ratings; direct observations of the boys by a team of trained
      child psychologists; and by analysis of urinary output of adrenaline,
      noradrenaline and cortisol. Group B rated their experience the strongest, viewing
      the movie, while Groups A and C rated themselves as rather unaffected by it.
      Group C was rated less verbally active, both during the control and the film
      periods, than were the other two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4012362
TI  - The contribution of ethics and psychology to medicine.

PMID- 4012361
TI  - Evaluation of an interview training course for general practitioners.
AB  - This article describes the evaluation of an experimental training in doctor
      patient communication for general practitioners. The training was based on
      Rogerian theory and accommodated to the specific situation of the general
      practitioner. The main concept of this theory is the notion of 'unconditional
      positive regard'. It was expected that doctors would change their communication
      behaviour and that as a result patients would talk more about their psychosocial
      problems. The training was restricted to the diagnostic process, no therapeutic
      interventions were taught. The effects of this training have been measured by
      comparing video-tapes of live doctor-patient consultations, before and 3 months
      after the training. The most important result of this evaluation study turned out
      to be the change of the doctor's behaviour in the expected direction, but
      surprisingly the outcome of the consultation did not change at all: the doctors
      were empathically listening, but the patients did not talk more about their
      problems. Creating room for patients is not sufficient to induce them to discuss
      their personal problems with their doctors. Perhaps they do not feel like
      discussing their personal problems with them at all.

PMID- 4012363
TI  - Terminal cancer care services: recent changes in regional inequalities in Great
      Britain.
AB  - Hospice care has expanded rapidly in the last 20 years. A wide range of services
      now exist in Britain, North America and elsewhere, providing specialist care for
      terminally ill people (usually with cancer), and following practices based on
      hospice principles and philosophy. These services include hospices, continuing
      care units or palliative care units; hospital-based support teams or symptom
      control teams; and home care teams. This paper reviews the development of these
      services in Great Britain and presents the results of a survey showing recent
      changes in the scale and regional distribution of home care teams (HCTs) and
      hospital support teams (HSTs). A previous study in 1980 showed considerable
      regional inequalities in the provision of these services, with the south east
      generally much better off than the rest of the country. The survey presented here
      shows that this imbalance in provision of HCTs and HSTs between the south east
      and the rest of the country has been reduced. There are still large differences
      between NHS regions, but with no clear geographical trend. The total number of
      HCTs and HSTs has grown from 33 in 1980 to 87 in 1983. Of the new services, 78%
      have been funded by one charity--the National Society for Cancer Relief (NSCR).
      NSCR was almost solely responsible for the levelling out of the regional
      imbalance. New HCTs and HSTs funded by other sources were more common in the
      regions already better provided. The role played by the 1980 survey in this
      reversal of regional imbalance is discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4012365
TI  - The psycho-social consequences of intermittent husband absence: an
      epidemiological study.
AB  - This paper examines the psycho-social effects on wives of their husbands'
      intermittent absence on off-shore oil rigs. It is based on data gathered from a
      random sample of wives living in the Aberdeen area, and it proceeds in three
      stages. The analysis begins with a comparison between wives whose husbands work
      on- and off-shore, it goes on to examine differential reaction to husband absence
      in the off-shore group and concludes with an attempt to estimate prevalence of
      the 'intermittent husband syndrome'. All the available evidence suggests that the
      psycho-social effects of intermittent husband absence have been exaggerated. The
      mental and physical health of wives of men working off-shore was similar in most
      respects to the health of wives whose husbands work on-shore. Within the sample
      of wives whose husbands worked off-shore those most affected by intermittent
      husband absence were 'Novices' (newly married wives with preschool children and
      no previous experience of husband absence), those with outside employment and
      those experiencing irregular absences. But even among such groups with fairly
      pronounced mood and behaviour changes there was little evidence of raised levels
      of morbidity. When defined in terms of specified levels of reactivity, marital
      conflict and morbidity prevalence of the 'intermittent husband syndrome' was
      found to be around 10%.

PMID- 4012364
TI  - Triggers of symptoms and health care.
AB  - This article studies triggers of physical symptoms and health care on a daily
      basis. The data used are health diaries kept for 6 weeks by 589 adults in
      metropolitan Detroit. The results show that bad moods consistently trigger
      physical problems and health actions (medical drug use, medical care, lay
      consultation, restricted activity) for men and women of all ages. Negative events
      have small effects on these outcomes, sometimes acting as triggers, but sometimes
      as dampers. Physical malaise (feeling bad overall) is an especially strong
      trigger for symptomatic people to take health actions. Troubles of all kinds--bad
      moods, physical malaise, symptoms, negative events--tend to repeat from one day
      to the next. Yesterday's troubles help trigger symptoms and health care today,
      but they have less influence than today's troubles do. When troubles continue for
      2 days in a row, this spurs people especially to seek professional help. Women
      tend to respond more predictably and simply to triggers than men do, and older
      people appear to be more sensitive and responsive to triggers. The results
      indicate that the social stress and health model, which typically considers the
      longrun of major life events and chronic mental and physical conditions, is also
      apt for the shortrun of daily negative events, bad moods and physical discomfort
      and symptoms.

PMID- 4012366
TI  - Social functions of medical licensing: a case study of Soviet immigrant
      physicians in Israel.

PMID- 4012367
TI  - The role of the receptionist in general practice: a 'dragon behind the desk'?
AB  - The power and influence of receptionists in general practice has been the subject
      of little research. We argue that the structural position of receptionists and
      the nature of primary medical care give receptionists a potential discretionary
      role in determining access to the general practitioner. A major criterion for
      access is the imputed urgency of the patient's condition, which frequently
      involves the receptionist making a medical assessment based on only a brief
      verbal exchange. The paper draws on interviews with a sample of over 1000 adults
      about their experiences of the reception process in general practice. The
      receptionist's role in the following areas is examined; delay in obtaining
      appointments, asking the reason for surgery consultations and home visits,
      reducing the number of home visits by suggesting patients attend the surgery,
      putting patients through to speak to the doctor on the telephone and giving
      health advice. Patients who have experienced receptionists as an active
      intermediary are more likely to report interaction difficulties with
      receptionists. The survey data lend support to two major findings: (1) that as
      practices become larger and more complex receptionists operate with more rigid
      rules, leading to greater hostility expressed by patients towards reception
      staff; and (2) parents with dependent children and young adults express more
      antagonism, because they are more likely to experience the receptionist as a
      'gatekeeper' with whom they need to negotiate to see a doctor for acute care for
      themselves or for their children.

PMID- 4012368
TI  - Communication in primary care: the role of patient and practitioner explanatory
      models.

PMID- 4012369
TI  - Railways, disease and health in South Africa.
AB  - The role of South African Railways and Harbours in spreading disease and health
      care is examined. Attention is focused on the Railways' campaigns against
      malaria, plague and infectious diseases. A case study of the 1918 'Spanish
      Influenza' epidemic illustrates how the Railways diffuse disease and health care,
      and also demonstrates the disruption of services caused by the influenza.

PMID- 4012370
TI  - The lengthening hour: time and the demise of psychoanalysis as therapy.
AB  - Time is an under-researched area in the social sciences. Rationales concerning
      its use govern all forms of work activity. The case of psychoanalysis is
      considered as an example of a therapeutic enterprise that has foundered on its
      temporal recipes. The demand for shorter, sharper, faster therapeutic procedures
      is making analysis increasingly marginal as therapy. The writings of
      psychoanalysts from Freud to Lacan on time and analysis are considered and
      contrasted with more recent concepts of appropriate therapeutic temporal formats.
      It is suggested that the concept of faith as well as the unsuccessful search for
      an effective therapy need to be considered as explanations of psychoanalysis's
      inexorable lengthening.

PMID- 4012371
TI  - Stressful episodes reported by first-year student nurses: a descriptive account.
AB  - This article examines stressful episodes reported by student nurses (N = 150)
      interviewed during the early stages of their training at two general hospitals.
      The approach is qualitative rather than empirical, and the paper focuses on how
      students perceive and interpret the day-to-day demands and frustrations they
      encounter in the course of their work in the wards. The episodes were classified
      into six major content areas. Three of these (the care of dying patients;
      interpersonal conflicts with other nurses; and insecurity about professional
      skills and competence) were found to account for two-thirds of the total episodes
      reported. The types of episodes are discussed in the context of literature
      findings relating to nursing stress. Underlying factors common to many episodes
      were the inadequate support and guidance given by senior nurses and clinical
      tutors, coupled with the students' lack of experience and the demanding nature of
      the ward environment. Ways in which adverse effects of stress among student
      nurses might be alleviated, including improving communication skills, enhancing
      social support, and the use of stress management techniques, are discussed in the
      light of this material.

PMID- 4012373
TI  - Exercise, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and cardiorespiratory function in
      climacteric women.
AB  - Fifty healthy women between the ages of 40 and 65 participated in a 12-week
      program of exercise, discussion sessions, or both. Levels of serum cholesterol,
      triglycerides, total high-density lipoprotein (HDL), HDL-cholesterol, and HDL-2b
      were monitored at baseline and at six and 12 weeks. Cardiorespiratory function
      was assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Women participating in the exercise groups
      had smaller increases in serum cholesterol (P less than .05) and greater
      increases in maximal oxygen consumption, time spent on a treadmill, and time
      required to attain 90% of maximal oxygen consumption (P less than .01) than the
      nonexercising women. No statistically significant differences were observed in
      levels of serum triglycerides, total HDL, or HDL-cholesterol fractions between
      nonexercising and exercising groups at either six or 12 weeks.

PMID- 4012372
TI  - Attendance for cervical screening--whose problem?
AB  - Despite the existence of an effective screening technique for cancer of the
      cervix, incidence and mortality from this disease have not declined in the United
      Kingdom. The basic problem is that women most at risk of the disease are under
      represented in the screened population. The evidence for two different points of
      view to explain this situation is examined. These viewpoints are the failure of
      the women to attend, and the failure of the service to meet the needs of women.
      This paper argues that the evidence supports the view that the organisation of
      the existing screening service impedes the maximum participation of at-risk
      women. We discuss the features that an effective service needs to incorporate,
      and put forward principles for the development of a more effective screening
      system, namely, that it should be provider-initiated and user-oriented.

PMID- 4012375
TI  - Pulmonary hemodynamics in systemic hypertension.
AB  - We reviewed cardiac catheterization data and the medical records of 30 patients
      with systemic hypertension to establish their pulmonary hemodynamic profiles and
      the relationship between certain clinical and demographic variables and increased
      pulmonary vascular resistance. Mean systemic arterial pressure ranged from 110 to
      210 mm Hg, and systemic vascular resistance ranged from 17.6 to 47.0 units. Seven
      patients had normal pulmonary wedge pressure and normal pulmonary vascular
      resistance, one had elevated pulmonary wedge pressure and normal pulmonary
      vascular resistance, five had elevated pulmonary wedge pressure and increased
      pulmonary vascular resistance, and 17 had normal pulmonary wedge pressure and
      increased pulmonary vascular resistance. There were significant positive
      correlations between systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular
      resistance and between mean systemic arterial pressure and mean pulmonary artery
      pressure, but there was no correlation between mean pulmonary wedge pressure and
      pulmonary vascular resistance. Of the 17 patients with normal pulmonary wedge
      pressure and increased pulmonary vascular resistance, seven had clinical or
      radiologic evidence of prior left ventricular failure. We conclude that increased
      pulmonary vascular resistance occurs commonly in patients with systemic
      hypertension. Although some cases of increased pulmonary vascular resistance
      relate to active or preexistent left ventricular failure, the majority remain
      unexplained, suggesting that neurohumoral or other factors may produce a
      hypertensive response in both the systemic and pulmonary arterial circuit.

PMID- 4012374
TI  - Penetrating wounds of the pelvis.
AB  - While penetrating wounds of the abdomen may selectively be managed conservatively
      in the absence of clinical signs or symptoms, we believe that in similar injuries
      of the pelvic area, exploration is mandatory. Regardless of their clinical
      presentation, 38 consecutive patients with penetrating injury to the pelvis had
      exploration, which yielded positive findings in 37 (97%). Furthermore, the
      incidence of vascular injuries, especially in the presence of shock, was 82%
      (nine patients), with an associated mortality of 63% (seven patients). These data
      indicate that, in some cases, undue delay may be life-threatening.

PMID- 4012377
TI  - Maintaining body temperature during anesthesia with a servo-controlled heated
      humidifier.
AB  - The Conchatherm III is a servo-controlled, easily assembled heated humidifier. We
      studied its effectiveness in preventing intraoperative fall in temperature in
      both pediatric and adult surgical patients. Despite operating room temperatures
      lower than 69.8 F (21 C), rectal temperature was well maintained at normal in
      both adults and children. Normal esophageal temperature was well maintained only
      in adults under these conditions. Skin temperatures showed no statistically or
      clinically significant difference among the four groups.

PMID- 4012376
TI  - 24-hour ambulatory manometry in diagnosis of esophageal motor disorders causing
      chest pain.
AB  - The clinical diagnosis of motor disorders of the esophagus leading to chest pain
      usually lacks documentation by manometry despite the use of sophisticated
      equipment as well as pharmacologic manipulation. We have developed an ambulatory
      manometry system that allows us to monitor motility in the esophagus on an
      outpatient basis for 24 hours. This method seems well tolerated, and tracings
      obtained are of excellent quality, allowing careful inspection and evaluation of
      details. Simultaneous 24-hour esophageal pH and surface ECG recordings were also
      obtained. We believe the technique, when perfected, will significantly enhance
      the understanding and documentation of the cause of chest pain in patients with
      motor dysfunction of the esophagus.

PMID- 4012378
TI  - Evaluation of ranitidine as an oral antacid in outpatient anesthesia.
AB  - We studied the effects of preanesthetic ranitidine on gastric contents in 60
      outpatients scheduled for elective surgery, with random allocation into three
      groups of 20 patients each. Patients in group 1 did not receive ranitidine and
      served as controls. Patients in groups 2 and 3 received ranitidine orally, 150
      and 300 mg, respectively, one to five hours before induction of anesthesia. In
      the control group, mean pH and volume of gastric contents were 1.90 and 27.7 ml
      respectively. Ninety percent of the control subjects had gastric pH less than or
      equal to 2.5, and 65% of the patients had pH less than or equal to 1.8; 65% of
      the patients had gastric volumes of 20 ml or greater. Ranitidine in 150 and 300
      mg doses markedly raised mean gastric pH to 6.40 and 5.87 respectively and
      reduced the proportion of patients with gastric pH less than or equal to 2.5 to
      10% in group 2 and 0% in group 3. Mean gastric volume and proportion of patients
      with volume greater than or equal to 20 ml were significantly reduced in both
      treatment groups. Proportions of patients with combination of pH less than or
      equal to 2.5 and volume greater than or equal to 20 ml were significantly low in
      both treatment groups, as there was only one patient in group 2 and none in group
      3 with both low pH and high volume. With respect to reduction of gastric acidity
      and volume, 300 mg of ranitidine had no advantage over 150 mg.

PMID- 4012379
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy: obstetric and neonatal complications.
AB  - Myotonic dystrophy is a relatively common disorder. Since the clinical expression
      is highly variable, diagnosis is often made only after the birth of an infant
      with severe congenital myotonic dystrophy. Seven such cases are described. A
      history of obstetric complications was present in the six multiparous mothers.
      Neither the neonatal features nor the pregnancy complications are specific, but
      their combinations should suggest the diagnosis, which can be confirmed by
      neurologic evaluation of the infant's mother.

PMID- 4012380
TI  - Inappropriate admissions to psychiatric wards.
AB  - Our seven clinical vignettes illustrate different mechanisms of inappropriate
      admissions to psychiatric wards and the circumstances and outcome of such
      admissions, with emphasis on the shared responsibility of psychiatric and
      nonpsychiatric physicians, the financial consequences, and the implications of
      such admissions on the profession's public image. Inappropriate admissions create
      undue tensions and demands on an already overworked psychiatric staff, and raise
      legitimate issues of quality of care, the need for clinical and administrative
      guidelines for consultation and transfer, the degree of communication between
      psychiatry and other specialties, and a host of psychodynamic considerations,
      somehow overlooked in recent years. The main issue in most cases is the level of
      communication between the psychiatric and nonpsychiatric camps. Clinical,
      epidemiologic, and actuarial studies are needed in this area.

PMID- 4012381
TI  - Preparation for barium enema: comparison of a commercial formula diet and low
      residue, clear-liquid diets in inpatients.
AB  - The barium enema examination is the most frequently done initial diagnostic
      evaluation for disease of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Adequate preparation
      of the colon is essential because inadequate preparation necessitates repetition,
      with patient discomfort, decreased caloric intake, and increased cost. A formula
      diet (Ensure) has been reported as superior to the usual low-residue, clear
      liquid diet for bowel preparation. We evaluated the feasibility of using this
      formula diet in a general medical inpatient population. We found no significant
      difference in the quality of preparation (72% and 76% optimal or adequate
      preparation, respectively) for our inpatient population. The formula diet has
      several theoretical advantages, including a greater number of calories, lower
      cost, and better patient acceptance.

PMID- 4012382
TI  - Effects of a raw food diet on hypertension and obesity.
AB  - We examined responses to cooked and uncooked food in 32 outpatients with
      essential hypertension; 28 were also overweight. By varying cooked and uncooked
      food percentages and salt intake, patients acted as their own control subjects in
      this unblinded study. After a mean duration of 6.7 months, average intake of
      uncooked food comprised 62% of calories ingested. Mean weight loss was 3.8 kg and
      mean diastolic pressure reduction 17.8 mm Hg, both statistically significant (P
      less than .00001). Eighty percent of those who smoked or drank alcohol abstained
      spontaneously.

PMID- 4012383
TI  - Probable death: perspective of the elderly.

PMID- 4012385
TI  - Leiomyoma of the placenta.

PMID- 4012384
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome due to malignant histiocytosis.
AB  - While a 23-year-old man was being evaluated for a two-month history of night
      sweats, fever, and weight loss, he had the typical clinical, radiologic, and
      laboratory findings of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). After a
      diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis (MH) was established by lymph node biopsy,
      review of an earlier lung biopsy initially interpreted as nonspecific revealed
      malignant histiocytes. He failed to respond to combination chemotherapy and died
      as a result of progressive respiratory failure.

PMID- 4012386
TI  - Mycobacterium fortuitum endocarditis after mitral valve replacement with a bovine
      prosthesis.
AB  - We have described a patient who had mitral valve replacement with a bovine
      prosthesis, followed by infectious endocarditis caused by Mycobacterium
      fortuitum. We found no previous reports of endocarditis caused by this organism
      involving a biologic heart prosthesis.

PMID- 4012387
TI  - Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in an adult, with lymph node biopsy
      correlation.
AB  - We have described a 34-year-old woman with an acute illness that meets the
      clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node
      syndrome). Striking histopathologic changes found in an anterior cervical lymph
      node were multifocal acute necrosis and fibrin thrombi occluding small blood
      vessels. Biopsy of a cervical lymph node can be helpful in ruling out certain
      disease entities with similar clinical features.

PMID- 4012388
TI  - Renal failure and other serious sequelae of epinephrine toxicity in neonates.
AB  - Epinephrine has numerous potent pharmacologic actions with protean
      manifestations. We have described a patient in whom inadvertent intra-aortic
      administration of a large dose of racemic epinephrine produced serious adverse
      effects, including hypertension, acidemia, tachycardia, and protracted but
      reversible renal failure. In view of the ubiquitous use of epinephrine in
      neonatal intensive care, we hope that this report heightens awareness of its more
      serious and potentially fatal toxic effects.

PMID- 4012389
TI  - Colonic lipomas: clinical significance and management.
AB  - Colonic lipomas are uncommon tumors but do constitute the most common
      nonepithelial tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. They tend to occur in an older
      population and rarely cause symptoms. However, if a lipoma discovered by barium
      enema or colonoscopy is causing symptoms of obstruction or bleeding, the tumors
      may require surgical removal. Rarely, as in our patient, the bleeding lipoma may
      be sufficiently pedunculated to allow safe colonoscopic removal. In general,
      lipomas of the colon are curiosities that must be distinguished from adenomatous
      polyps.

PMID- 4012390
TI  - Visual difficulties from video display terminals.

PMID- 4012391
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation
      in a man with sickle cell trait.
AB  - We have described a patient with sickle cell trait who, after severe exertion,
      had rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular
      coagulation secondary to sickling. Autopsy showed the characteristic
      histopathology of sickle cell crisis and not terminal sicklemia.

PMID- 4012392
TI  - Streptococcus milleri endocarditis complicated by myocardial abscess.
AB  - A patient with Streptococcus milleri endocarditis and myocardial abscess was
      bacteriologically cured after surgical intervention and six weeks of parenteral
      penicillin therapy plus two weeks of gentamicin therapy. Studies of the bacterial
      isolate suggest that gentamicin added no therapeutic advantage to the
      antimicrobial regimen. This case demonstrates that local cardiac suppurative
      complications can occur during endocarditis caused by S milleri, and suggests
      that speciation of alpha-hemolytic streptococci may in some instances complement
      antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

PMID- 4012393
TI  - Diving accident network (DAN)

PMID- 4012394
TI  - Significance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in traumatic lumbar punctures.

PMID- 4012396
TI  - [Improving the quality of maternal and child health services].

PMID- 4012395
TI  - Intussusception and glucagon.

PMID- 4012397
TI  - [Objectives of pediatric outpatient clinics with regard to enhancing the role of
      the family in rearing a healthy child].

PMID- 4012398
TI  - [Methods of mass screening of an organized population].

PMID- 4012399
TI  - [Role of the medical director of the outpatient therapeutic department in the
      preparation of the total population for annual screening].

PMID- 4012400
TI  - [Organization of mass preventive examinations for the detection of arterial
      hypertension].

PMID- 4012401
TI  - [Organization of the activities of departments of emergency and referral
      services].

PMID- 4012403
TI  - [Organization of the professional practice of students].

PMID- 4012402
TI  - [Educational and occupational collectives in students' summer professional
      practice].

PMID- 4012404
TI  - [New trends in teaching social hygiene in medical schools in Czechoslovakia].

PMID- 4012405
TI  - [Measles in adults].

PMID- 4012406
TI  - [Immunologic shifts in male infertility and their correction].

PMID- 4012407
TI  - [Duodenal neoplasms].

PMID- 4012408
TI  - [Mental disorders in acute poisoning by tranquilizers].

PMID- 4012409
TI  - [Immunological aspects of acute and chronic bronchitis].

PMID- 4012410
TI  - [Neurological and EEG changes in acute amitriptyline poisoning].

PMID- 4012411
TI  - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of liver tumors using an intravenous
      contrast medium].

PMID- 4012412
TI  - [Middle molecule levels in patients with psoriasis after hemosorption].

PMID- 4012413
TI  - [Chronic pancreatitis].

PMID- 4012414
TI  - [Organization of subinternship and internship training of internists].

PMID- 4012415
TI  - [Development of rural health services in the Yaroslav district].

PMID- 4012416
TI  - [Myocardial infarction in persons over 70 years of age].

PMID- 4012417
TI  - [Functional state of the cardiovascular system in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 4012418
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of asphyxia attacks].

PMID- 4012419
TI  - [Effect of physical training in ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4012420
TI  - [Endogenous toxemia in acute peritonitis].

PMID- 4012421
TI  - [Bacteriophages in the treatment of postoperative complications in cancer
      patients].

PMID- 4012422
TI  - [Treatment of recurrent basal-cell skin cancer with laser irradiation].

PMID- 4012423
TI  - [Treatment of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome].

PMID- 4012424
TI  - [Utilization of mortality data for health service planning: the case of Mexico].

PMID- 4012425
TI  - [Clinical indicators of psychiatric change in general medical practice].

PMID- 4012426
TI  - [Current anthelmintics in the massive treatment of helminthiasis transmitted by
      soil].

PMID- 4012427
TI  - [Life tables for the affiliated populations at the Mexican Institute of Social
      Security, state delegation in Jalisco. 1983].

PMID- 4012428
TI  - [Current advances in information systems of the Mexican Institute of Social
      Security].

PMID- 4012429
TI  - [Incidence of yeasts in the lower extremities of diabetic patients].

PMID- 4012431
TI  - [Anatomy and computed tomography of the lumbar spinal canal].

PMID- 4012432
TI  - [Physical principles of high-resolution computed tomography].

PMID- 4012430
TI  - [Another outbreak of trichinosis in the city of Zacatecas and observations on
      eosinophilia in this disease].

PMID- 4012433
TI  - [High-resolution CT in spinal and spinal cord diagnosis].

PMID- 4012434
TI  - [Imaging technics in the diagnosis of intracranial tumors].

PMID- 4012435
TI  - [What is the contribution of computed tomography to the staging of bronchial
      carcinoma?].

PMID- 4012436
TI  - [An uncommon mechanism of burns in school-age boys].

PMID- 4012437
TI  - [Liberation of flexor tendons and risks leading to rupture (preliminary report)].

PMID- 4012438
TI  - [A net bed for burn patients].

PMID- 4012439
TI  - [Surgery of secondary deformities of the nose in unilateral clefts].

PMID- 4012440
TI  - [Cryodestruction of keloids].

PMID- 4012441
TI  - [Reciprocal equilibrium in cleft defects].

PMID- 4012443
TI  - [Rehabilitation of burn patients].

PMID- 4012442
TI  - [Injuries of the hand due to hot rollers].

PMID- 4012444
TI  - [Ankyloses of the elbow joint after burns].

PMID- 4012445
TI  - [Use of Synkryt--prevention of epidermal loss and protection during
      reepithelialization in partial dermal burns].

PMID- 4012447
TI  - [Anesthesia and homeostasis in microsurgical procedures].

PMID- 4012446
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of Marjolin's ulcer after burns].

PMID- 4012448
TI  - [Modern trends in the treatment of malignant melanoma].

PMID- 4012449
TI  - [Possible use of tendon transposition in the restoration of hand function].

PMID- 4012450
TI  - [Pulmonary artery sling causing tracheal obstruction].

PMID- 4012451
TI  - [Unusual cases of ureteral ectopia in girls].

PMID- 4012452
TI  - [Aggressive fibromatosis as a surgical problem].

PMID- 4012453
TI  - [Fractures of the articular process of the mandible in children, associated with
      soft tissue injuries of the chin].

PMID- 4012454
TI  - [Blunt injuries of the kidney in children].

PMID- 4012456
TI  - [25 years' experience with burns in young children].

PMID- 4012455
TI  - [Splenic injury in a child].

PMID- 4012457
TI  - [Annular pancreas in newborn infants].

PMID- 4012458
TI  - [The effect of intraperitoneal infections on postoperative complications].

PMID- 4012459
TI  - [Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's lymphoma].

PMID- 4012460
TI  - [Manometric examination of children with chronic constipation].

PMID- 4012461
TI  - [The importance of assistance given by Czech physicians during the beginnings of
      pediatric surgery in Bratislava].

PMID- 4012463
TI  - Prevalence of primary papillary peritoneal neoplasia in patients with ovarian
      carcinoma.
AB  - Primary papillary peritoneal neoplasia (PPPN) is a recently recognized disease
      entity. Macroscopically it resembles ovarian carcinoma. On microscopic
      examination it also superficially resembles serous ovarian adenocarcinoma, but in
      PPPN the epithelial cells are single-layered and well differentiated with very
      rare mitoses, and numerous psammoma bodies are found. In a retrospective review
      of 61 consecutive patients with serous or papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma seen
      over a 7-year period, 4 patients with PPPN were found (6,5%). One of these
      patients was in clinical stage 1, 2 were in stage II and 1 was in stage III. All
      had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
      Two of these patients received additional chemotherapy and 1 radiotherapy. After
      3, 3, 8 and 4 years there were no recurrences in these patients, in contrast to a
      29,1% 5-year survival rate for the other patients with serous carcinoma.
      Cytological examination of ascitic fluid specimens performed in 3 of the 4
      patients with PPPN demonstrated the presence of highly differentiated serous
      tufted cells.

PMID- 4012462
TI  - Lipid and lipoprotein aberrations in Indian patients with non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes in the young.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to examine the lipid and lipoprotein status of
      85 Indian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes in the young (NIDDY) and
      85 matched Indian controls. There were no significant differences between
      patients and controls with regard to total serum cholesterol, low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or apoprotein A-I (apo A-I) levels. However, serum
      triglyceride and apo-protein B (apo B) levels (females only) were significantly
      higher and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels significantly
      lower in the NIDDY patients than in the controls. Serum triglyceride values
      correlated significantly with glycosylated haemoglobin levels (r = 0,23), HDL
      cholesterol (r = -0,37) and apo B levels (r = 0,42). The hypertriglyceridaemia
      and increased apo B levels appeared to emanate from the very-low-density
      lipoprotein class. Since HDL cholesterol levels were decreased and apo A-I levels
      were normal, these findings could be interpreted as reflecting an abnormal HDL
      composition. Obesity did not appear to have a significant influence on the lipid
      and lipoprotein abnormalities manifested by the patients in this study.

PMID- 4012465
TI  - Some paediatric fables, foibles and sheer bad habits.

PMID- 4012464
TI  - A comparison of the effects of tobramycin and netilmycin on the functions of
      human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The effects of the antimicrobial agents tobramycin and netilmycin on the
      functions of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) and on the mitogen
      induced transformation of lymphocytes have been investigated both in vitro and in
      vivo before and 1 hour after a single intramuscular injection of the antibiotics.
      Neither antibiotic affected the migratory, phagocytic or antimicrobial capacities
      of PMNLs or the proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogens, at
      therapeutic concentrations or at 10-100-fold greater than therapeutic
      concentrations. Likewise, no alterations in these leucocyte functions accompanied
      the intramuscular injection of either antibiotic. neither tobramycin nor
      netilmycin therefore interferes with host immunodefence mechanisms.

PMID- 4012466
TI  - The upper limb-cardiovascular syndrome (Holt-Oram syndrome) in a South African
      family.
AB  - The upper limb-cardiovascular syndrome is reported for the first time in a South
      African family. There were 6 affected members in 3 generations.
      Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, with obstruction,
      was found in 1 child. This rare cardiac abnormality, which constitutes only 8,5%
      of all cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, itself an unusual
      abnormality, has not previously been reported in association with the Holt-Oram
      syndrome.

PMID- 4012467
TI  - Immature teratoma of the ovary with gliomatosis peritonei. A case report.
AB  - Gliomatosis peritonei is a rare complication of immature teratoma of the ovary
      and should not be confused with metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Treatment depends
      on the histological grading of the gliomatous lesions. All grades, except grade
      0, qualify for adjuvant chemotherapy. Repeated laparotomies for cytological
      sampling and the removal of tumour are essential. A 16-year-old Ovambo
      nulligravida presenting with gliomatosis peritonei was apparently cured after 5
      laparotomies for removal of tumour and 13 courses of combination chemotherapy.

PMID- 4012468
TI  - Adrenal carcinoma. A case report.
AB  - A case of primary adrenocortical carcinoma presenting as Cushing's syndrome is
      described. The tumour, situated in the left adrenal gland, was surgically removed
      and the clinical features of the syndrome regressed. Local experience with
      adrenal carcinoma is discussed.

PMID- 4012469
TI  - Allergic reactions to intravenous anaesthetic induction agents and muscle
      relaxants. Case reports and a clinical review.
AB  - Allergic reactions to the intravenous drugs used in anaesthesia pose a major
      problem for the anaesthetist, since they represent an unpredictable and
      occasionally life-threatening event. Reports of 2 such cases are presented, and
      the incidence, assessment and prophylaxis of such reactions are discussed.

PMID- 4012470
TI  - Bolus obstruction of the intestine. Case reports.
AB  - Two cases of intestinal obstruction caused by peaches are reported. In the first
      case steamed dried peaches were eaten by a 56-year-old woman who had undergone a
      Billroth I gastrectomy 18 years previously, while in the second case canned peach
      halves were swallowed whole by a 75-year-old edentulous man. The cases both
      typify the usual clinical setting of bolus obstruction, certain aspects of which
      are discussed. The responsibility of the attending practitioner to advise his
      high-risk patients with regard to their diets is emphasized.

PMID- 4012471
TI  - Anaphylaxis caused by pipemidic acid.

PMID- 4012472
TI  - Hypercalcaemia--sarcoidosis, primary hyperparathyroidism or both?

PMID- 4012473
TI  - Erythromycin-carbamazepine interaction.

PMID- 4012474
TI  - Diagnostic arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery.

PMID- 4012476
TI  - Metronidazole in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 4012475
TI  - Posterior communicating artery aneurism caused by meningovascular syphilis.

PMID- 4012477
TI  - Vitamin D status in hospitalized black children under 2 years of age.
AB  - The apparent decline over the last decade of vitamin D deficiency rickets among
      black infants in South Africa has suggested a significant improvement in their
      vitamin D status. Levels of serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus and
      alkaline phosphatase, together with a radiograph of the left wrist, were obtained
      in 114 hospitalized black infants under the age of 2 years in order to establish
      the frequency of infants with or at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Mean 25
      hydroxyvitamin D levels were found to be in the low normal range and showed no
      correlation with either age or season. Vitamin D stores were depleted in 7% and
      relatively deficient in 20,7% with suggestive radiological features of rickets in
      only 2 patients. The high prevalence of malnutrition and infection made a
      biochemical assessment of rickets impossible. The significance of these
      suboptimal vitamin D levels is uncertain, but the available literature would
      suggest that these infants are at increased risk of developing vitamin D
      deficiency rickets.

PMID- 4012478
TI  - Hypertension in the aged--psychosocial and psychiatric concomitants in a coloured
      community.
AB  - In a comprehensive social, psychiatric and medical survey of a random sample of
      aged coloured people in Cape Town, 82% were found to be hypertensive.
      Hypertensive subjects were compared with non-hypertensive subjects in terms of
      various psychosocial and psychiatric factors. A significant association between
      hypertension and symptoms indicative of nervous tension was found. The roles of
      sex distribution, class and ethnicity as contributing factors are discussed.

PMID- 4012479
TI  - The management of cervical incompetence in late pregnancy. Report of 2 cases.
AB  - Surgical treatment of cervical incompetence to prevent early abortion or
      premature labour has been accepted since Shirodkar introduced his operation in
      1955. Two cases are presented to illustrate problems of management when cervical
      incompetence is diagnosed late in pregnancy.

PMID- 4012480
TI  - Vaginismus. A case report.

PMID- 4012481
TI  - Hypo-osmolar intravascular volume overload during anaesthesia for transurethral
      prostatectomy. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two cases are reported in which absorption of surgical irrigant into the vascular
      system during transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TUR) resulted in
      life-threatening complications due to hypo-osmolar volume overload (also known as
      water intoxication or the TUR syndrome). Manifestations common to both cases were
      haemolysis of red cells, cardiac arrhythmias, a drop in the serum sodium level,
      and an elevated central venous pressure. In addition, one patient developed acute
      pulmonary oedema and the other hypokalaemia, confusion and visual disturbances
      due to cerebral oedema. Water as an irrigant for TUR should be superseded by
      glycine 1,5%, which is safer.

PMID- 4012482
TI  - Beta-blocker toxicity--the role of glucagon. Report of 2 cases.
AB  - We describe 2 cases of acute overdosage with beta-adrenergic receptor blocking
      agents. Both patients presented with profound bradycardia and cardiogenic shock.
      The effectiveness of intravenous glucagon administration is demonstrated in the
      first case. We suggest that glucagon should be used more readily in cases of
      circulatory failure due to beta-blocker poisoning than has hitherto been the
      case.

PMID- 4012483
TI  - Vocal cord paralysis associated with subacute thyroiditis. A case report.
AB  - A 44-year-old man was treated for subacute de Quervain's thyroiditis. This was
      complicated by the development of vocal cord paralysis, which persisted after
      recovery from the thyroiditis.

PMID- 4012484
TI  - Neurocysticercosis--a comprehensive approach to medical treatment.
AB  - The incidence of cysticercosis in South Africa may well be alarming.
      Cysticercosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is almost exclusively confined
      to the parenchyma of the brain. Before the introduction of computed tomography
      (CT), invasion of the CNS by the parasite could only be suspected on the basis of
      evidence of previous infestation. The use of praziquantel in the treatment of
      cysticercosis is a major step towards eradicating the disease, but to be
      effective treatment must take cognizance of reinfection, the allergic reaction
      caused by the dying parasites, and the possible need for repeated courses of
      treatment. The therapeutic regimen is outlined and the efficacy of the treatment
      as monitored by CT evaluated.

PMID- 4012485
TI  - Fish, fish oils and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 4012486
TI  - Coronary blood flow during variation in coronary perfusion pressure.
AB  - It is demonstrated that severe dysfunction occurs in the myocardial segment
      supplied by a critically stenosed coronary artery during hypotension, while in
      contrast an increase in coronary perfusion pressure (to the extent used in this
      experimental model) is not detrimental to regional myocardial function. If the
      results of these experiments are applied to clinical practice, it appears to be
      of primary importance to maintain normal blood pressure in patients with
      ischaemic heart disease, and it may even be preferable to increase the blood
      pressure slightly during the peri-operative period.

PMID- 4012487
TI  - [Epidural block pain relief in labor by obstetricians at Paarl Hospital].
AB  - The experience of obstetricians at Paarl Hospital with 2 251 epidural blocks for
      pain relief in labour is recorded. The incidence of 10,93% among the 20 590
      mothers delivered can only be justified if adequate after-care is possible. The
      one maternal death recorded was avoidable and related to the performance of a
      procedure when adequate supervision was impossible. An epidural block should be
      performed only when such supervision is available for a minimum of 30 minutes.

PMID- 4012488
TI  - [Transmission electron microscopy as an aid in the management of infertile men].
AB  - Light microscopic evaluation of the semen of infertile men with sperm motility
      and morphological problems and Kartagener's syndrome does not always provide
      sufficient evidence for the cause of infertility. Transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) was performed on selected primary and secondary male infertility
      patients to determine the specific causes (ultrastructural) of infertility. A
      final diagnosis could be given to patients who had had over the years (average 8
      years) several evaluations of their semen without any definite reason being given
      for their infertility. With TEM of the semen, ultrastructural abnormalities of
      the spermatozoa as causes of infertility could be demonstrated which were
      undetectable with standard routine light microscopy.

PMID- 4012489
TI  - Pineal tumours at Groote Schuur Hospital, 1976-1984.
AB  - Since 1976, surgical approaches to the pineal region have been undertaken at
      Groote Schuur Hospital. Thirty cases presenting with a clinical and investigative
      diagnosis of pineal tumour have been reviewed with respect to epidemiology,
      surgery, histological subtypes and metastatic pattern. The postoperative
      management with radiotherapy in the different histological subtypes is discussed.
      The prognosis for germ cell and benign tumours is good, with 100% control, but
      pineal parenchymal tumours and astrocytomas have not fared as well.

PMID- 4012490
TI  - Obstruction-strangulation of post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia--delayed
      diagnosis and fatal outcome.
AB  - The radiological and clinical features of 9 cases of obstructed post-traumatic
      diaphragmatic hernia are reviewed. In none of these patients was the diagnosis of
      a diaphragmatic hernia considered before radiography, all cases being clinically
      diagnosed as 'acute abdomen', most frequently pancreatitis or perforated peptic
      ulcer. Even after radiographs had shown opacity at the left base in all 9 cases,
      together with a distended proximal bowel in 6, the correct diagnosis was made in
      only 4. Through lack of correct radiological diagnosis, there was a delay of at
      least 1 day between admission and operation in 6 patients, and 3 of the 4 deaths
      occurred in this group. Obstruction-strangulation of diaphragmatic hernia should
      be considered as a possible cause of 'acute abdomen' in the presence of a left
      basal abnormality, especially in patients from areas with a high incidence of
      assault. Confirmatory contrast studies should be done only if they can be done
      immediately and quickly. Pregnancy can cause hernias to become obstructed and
      strangulated, but this can be averted by obtaining a history of previous trauma
      early in the pregnancy.

PMID- 4012491
TI  - Proboscis lateralis--a rare congenital anomaly. A case report.
AB  - Proboscis lateralis is a very rare abnormality, for which no established cause
      has been found. Besides the serious social and psychological problems afflicting
      the victim and his family, there is associated apparent excessive lacrimation on
      the affected side. The clinical findings and treatment of a patient with
      proboscis lateralis are described.

PMID- 4012492
TI  - Solitary abscess of the spleen. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two cases of solitary abscess of the spleen are presented and illustrate the
      clinical setting and management of this potentially fatal condition. Both
      patients had presumed bacterial endocarditis with positive blood cultures yet
      failed to respond to appropriate antibiotic therapy. The clue to diagnosis was
      elevation of the left hemidaphragm. Outcome in each case was favourable after
      splenectomy.

PMID- 4012493
TI  - Volvulus of the stomach. A case report.
AB  - A case of gastric volvulus with atypical clinical features is reported. The
      predisposing aetiological factors and the mechanism of genesis of this very rare
      condition are discussed. The diagnosis was established by barium meal examination
      after an unsuccessful gastroscopy. The patient was successfully treated by
      emergency surgery.

PMID- 4012494
TI  - Pelvic symptoms in children and sexual abuse.

PMID- 4012495
TI  - Symptomatic ascariasis and co-infestation with other parasites.

PMID- 4012496
TI  - Safety of the contraceptive pill--a 24 year trial.

PMID- 4012497
TI  - Electron microscopic evidence of herpesvirus in association with oesophageal
      carcinoma.
AB  - It is now accepted that the herpesvirus group is an aetiological agent in
      oesophagitis, and it is known to play a role in various neoplasias. This is the
      first report of the finding by electron microscopy of herpesvirus in biopsy
      material from a clinically diagnosed case of oesophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 4012498
TI  - Protection of computerized medical data--a problem?
AB  - The rules of South African and international law and practice in respect of the
      medical practitioner's duty to preserve confidential information are briefly
      analysed and the consequences of breaches of this duty discussed. The impact of
      computer technology on medical practice and the attendant risks of 'information
      leaks' from medical data banks are reviewed. A call is made for a
      multidisciplinary approach to the problem of computerization and confidentiality
      involving the medical, legal and data-processing professions.

PMID- 4012499
TI  - Typhoid fever and haemolytic anaemia in a black patient with glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase deficiency. A case report.
AB  - A young Zulu man was admitted for investigation of anaemia, jaundice and fever.
      He had a haemolytic anaemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
      and typhoid fever. Reports on haemolysis as a complication of typhoid fever in
      patients with G6PD deficiency are exceedingly rare in countries where the gene
      frequency of G6PD deficiency is low.

PMID- 4012500
TI  - Etomidate infusion for neuro-anaesthesia. A case report.
AB  - The successful administration of an etomidate infusion as a supplement to
      droperidol, fentanyl, muscle relaxant, air and oxygen anaesthesia in an 8-hour
      neurosurgical procedure is described. The merits of this technique are discussed,
      with particular emphasis on the conduct of anaesthesia in a patient with raised
      intracranial pressure.

PMID- 4012501
TI  - Dysphagia and dystrophia myotonica. A case report.
AB  - A 26-year-old Indian man who presented with a long history of vomiting, upper
      abdominal pain and dysphagia is described. The dysphagia had been largely
      overlooked and investigation delayed. The diagnosis of dystrophia myotonica (DM)
      was apparent on clinical examination and his symptoms responded well to phenytoin
      therapy. The cause of his symptoms is discussed and the importance of recognizing
      dysphagia and other gastro-intestinal manifestations of DM is emphasized.

PMID- 4012502
TI  - Compliance and comfort in exertional electrocardiography.

PMID- 4012503
TI  - Delta-6-desaturase enzyme co-factors and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 4012504
TI  - Patterns of cancer mortality in South Africa.

PMID- 4012505
TI  - The hypertensive response to naloxone.

PMID- 4012507
TI  - Is Mycoplasma pneumoniae a precipitating factor in acute severe asthma in
      children?
AB  - A randomized prospective trial in 39 children with acute severe asthma admitted
      to the emergency ward of the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and a
      matched comparative group showed that Mycoplasma pneumoniae was not a
      precipitating factor.

PMID- 4012506
TI  - Tuberculous meningitis in children in the Western Cape. Epidemiology and outcome.
AB  - The incidence of tuberculous meningitis in children was determined using hospital
      records as well as local authority notifications. One hundred and eighty-five
      cases occurred over a 3-year period. The age-specific incidence in the 0-14-year
      old group was 7,5/100 000. In only 28 cases was the disease at an early stage
      when treatment was commenced. Young age and late-stage disease at presentation
      were associated with a poor outcome. The associated morbidity and mortality rates
      were high; the mortality rate was 24%, and nearly 50% of patients were left with
      a residual disability.

PMID- 4012508
TI  - The microflora of chronic pleural empyema. An analysis of 89 patients.
AB  - Bacteriological cultures from 89 patients with chronic pleural empyema were
      studied. Seventy-nine patients had positive and 10 negative culture results.
      Forty-eight patients had a single isolate--pyogenic cocci in 32 and Gram-negative
      enteric bacilli in 16--and multiple organisms were grown in 31 patients.
      Anaerobic organisms were recovered in 6,2%. Our negative culture rate of 11,2%
      may reflect failure to recover anaerobes, but could represent sterilization of
      the empyema by prior use of antibiotics. The results of antibiotic sensitivity
      tests and the pathogenicity of the organisms recovered suggest that the choice of
      antibiotic combinations for chronic pleural empyema requires careful
      consideration.

PMID- 4012509
TI  - Persistent ST-segment elevation in patients with anterior myocardial infarctions.
      Evaluation by exercise electrocardiography, echocardiography and Holter
      monitoring.
AB  - One hundred and seventy patients who suffered an acute myocardial infarction (MI)
      were followed up at 3-monthly intervals by a full clinical evaluation, exercise
      electrocardiography and ambulatory Holter monitoring. Fifty-eight patients (34%)
      had anterior MIs, and of these 23 (40%) had persistent ST-segment elevation over
      the infarct zone, reflected by leads presenting with Q-S configuration. Fifteen
      (65,2%) of the latter demonstrated further ST-segment elevation during exercise.
      They were further investigated by cross-sectional echocardiography. Left
      ventricular (LV) dysfunction was diagnosed in 87% of patients with persistent ST
      segment elevation, and in 93% of the patients with additional exercise-induced ST
      segment elevation. Organized thrombi occurred in 2 patients (8,7%) and 1
      experienced a transient ischaemic attack. Ventricular arrhythmias occurred
      frequently (ventricular ectopy--91,3%, ventricular tachycardia--17,4%, and
      couplets--47,8%). Death occurred in 3 patients (13,1%) and 1 patient (4,3%) had a
      second MI over a mean follow-up period of 83,6 months. This study suggests that
      persistent ST-segment elevation on the resting ECG of patients with anterior MIs
      is a reliable indicator of LV wall motion abnormalities, and that this
      correlation further increases if it is associated with exercise-induced ST
      segment elevation. Furthermore, the role of echocardiography as a diagnostic tool
      in evaluating LV function is stressed. The prognosis of patients with post
      infarction LV dysfunction is notably poor and may be the result of frequent
      complex ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 4012510
TI  - Histochemical localization of succinate dehydrogenase in the mitochondria of
      Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
AB  - The succinate dehydrogenase activity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was
      investigated histochemically by electron microscopy. The reaction product of this
      enzyme was demonstrated in some membranous structures of organelles interpreted
      as mitochondria. This enzyme shows very active oxido-reduction in
      Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mitochondria during, 3, 6, and and 9 days of
      culture.

PMID- 4012511
TI  - Phaeosclera dematioides, a new etiologic agent of phaeohyphomycosis in cattle.

PMID- 4012512
TI  - Laboratory identification of Saksenaea vasiformis: a rare cause of zygomycosis in
      Australia.
AB  - Saksenaea vasiformis was identified as the causative agent in three cases of sub
      cutaneous zygomycosis in Australia. The laboratory techniques for inducing
      clinical isolates of S. vasiformis to produce sporangia, necessary for the
      precise identification of the fungus, are described and compared.

PMID- 4012513
TI  - Epidermophyton floccosum infection in a dog from the United States.
AB  - Epidermophyton floccosum was isolated from a lesion of dermatophytosis on a dog
      with hyperadrenocorticism. This report is, to our knowledge, the first
      unequivocally documented case of canine infection in the United States.

PMID- 4012514
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar fluid cytology from six progressive pulmonary
      paracoccidioidomycotic patients showed an alveolitis of neutrophilic pattern
      which was independent of the of the duration of the chronic fungal disease. The
      percentage of neutrophils in paracoccidioidomycotic alveolitis was higher than in
      other neutrophilic alveolitis conditions.

PMID- 4012515
TI  - Nutritional studies on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: the role of organic sulfur
      in dimorphism.
AB  - The nutritional requirements of the mycelial and yeast-like phases of the
      dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a human pathogen, were
      investigated. For all nine isolates tested, mycelial cells were prototrophic,
      whereas yeast-like cells required a sulfur-containing amino acid for growth.
      Moreover, changing the source of nitrogen greatly affected the morphology of the
      yeast-like cells.

PMID- 4012516
TI  - [Effect of splenectomy on lymphocyte populations in thalassemia major].

PMID- 4012517
TI  - [Detection of strain-specific antigens on normal myeloid stem cells and on
      leukemic blasts using cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies and complement].

PMID- 4012518
TI  - [Current status of the study of hemoglobinopathies in Costa Rica].

PMID- 4012519
TI  - [Disease caused by sickle cell anemia and hemoglobin D-Punjab. 3d case found in
      Venezuela].

PMID- 4012520
TI  - [Alpha-naphthyl acetate acid esterase activity in lymphocytes from patients with
      sickle cell anemia].

PMID- 4012521
TI  - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome with an anomalous response to treatment with
      corticoids].

PMID- 4012523
TI  - The Retirement Equity AcT of 1984: a review.

PMID- 4012522
TI  - Relationship between the retirement, disability, and unemployment insurance
      programs: the U.S. experience.
AB  - This article was prepared initially for an international conference of social
      security program administrators and researchers. They examined the reasons for,
      and implications of, a recent trend in several European countries toward making
      it easier to qualify for retirement or disability benefits as a way of
      alleviating long-term unemployment. The article notes that the United States has
      not followed this trend. Instead, this country has continued to use temporary
      extensions of unemployment insurance benefits as a way to help the long-term
      unemployed during recessionary periods. Since the mid-1970's, the emphasis in
      retirement and disability insurance programs has been to strengthen the financial
      integrity of these programs rather than to expand eligibility. Described here are
      the progression of extended benefit provisions of unemployment insurance through
      the most recent recession, the historical development of early retirement
      features in the social security program, and the more recent attention that has
      been paid to the financing issues that have played a central role in legislation
      during the late 1970's and early 1980's. Unemployment experience and trends
      toward early retirement are examined, along with the role of public and private
      employee pension plans that supplement social security retirement benefits.
      Preliminary data from the Social Security Administration's New Beneficiary Survey
      show the prevalence of such pension coverage for recent retirees and the extent
      to which these pension benefits were claimed before normal retirement age.

PMID- 4012524
TI  - Income of new retired workers by social security benefit levels: findings from
      the New Beneficiary Survey.
AB  - This article, based on New Beneficiary Survey (NBS) data, examines the sources
      and amounts of income available to newly retired workers by the level of their
      primary insurance amount (PIA). For this analysis, the PIA distribution was
      divided into quartiles. Retired workers with high PIA's were found to be more
      likely to have private pensions or asset income and thus to have the highest
      total income. When a spouse's income is taken into account, married retired
      workers at all PIA levels have higher total income than do the unmarried
      retirees. The difference between the income of married and unmarried retirees is
      greatest for those with PIA's in the lowest quartile, where the median total
      income of the married retirees is roughly three times as high as that of the
      unmarried group. New retirees with PIA's in the lowest quartile were a mixed
      group: Many had additional important sources of income; others did not and had
      income that was quite low. About 21 percent of those with PIA's in the lowest
      quartile had pensions and their median total income was about $19,100. An
      additional 55 percent were married women without pensions of their own who,
      together with their husbands, had a median total income of $15,900. The remaining
      24 percent were married men and unmarried retirees without a pension and with
      much lower median income--$7,100 for the married men and their wives, and $5,000
      for the unmarried men and women.

PMID- 4012525
TI  - Symposium on surgical practices at the Lahey Clinic II.

PMID- 4012526
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - A review of hyperparathyroidism and current controversies in diagnosis and
      management is presented. Accurate diagnosis by the endocrinologist and an
      experienced surgeon remain the standards for good surgical results.
      Hyperparathyroidism is a heterogeneous disease, and therapy must be
      individualized to each patient. Conservative surgical removal of parathyroid
      tissue is preferred in most patients.

PMID- 4012527
TI  - Malignancies of the thyroid gland. The Lahey Clinic experience.
AB  - The management of patients with thyroid carcinoma remains controversial. Review
      of the Lahey Clinic's experience with 964 patients treated for thyroid malignancy
      and followed up for a period of 15 to 40 years assisted in the formulation of our
      current guidelines for management of this disease.

PMID- 4012528
TI  - Pyloric preservation with the Whipple procedure.
AB  - The pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy simplifies resection, allows a
      satisfactory postoperative weight gain, prevents postgastrectomy symptoms, is
      followed by a low rate of jejunal ulceration, and can be performed with an
      extremely low postoperative mortality rate, providing that the pancreatic and
      biliary anastomoses are constructed so that no leakage occurs. Preliminary data
      indicate a satisfactory survival rate when this procedure is used for
      periampullary cancer, and reasonable relief of pain is achieved when the
      procedure is used in chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 4012529
TI  - Abdominal lymphoma. Role of surgery.
AB  - Although patients with localized gastrointestinal lymphoma have reasonable 5-year
      survival rates after resection and these rates seem improved with radiotherapy
      and chemotherapy, long-term survival rates in patients with advanced disease
      remain poor. The future of therapy for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of
      the gastrointestinal tract lies with the multidisciplinary approach combining
      resection, debulking, radiotherapy, and multidrug chemotherapy.

PMID- 4012530
TI  - Open heart surgery in patients with cold-reactive proteins.
AB  - The presence of cold-reactive proteins may pose special hazards to the patient
      about to undergo hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, topical myocardial cooling,
      and cold potassium cardioplegic arrest. The detection and characterization of
      such proteins, their potential adverse effects, and a proposed management
      protocol are discussed.

PMID- 4012531
TI  - Diverticular disease of the colon. Current concepts and management.
AB  - Diverticular disease of the colon is being seen with increasing frequency. An
      acute complicated presentation of the disease occurs in a minority of patients.
      In contrast to a previous study in which we found that 70 per cent of patients
      had had prior episodes, our most recent study revealed that for nearly 50 per
      cent of the patients with acute diverticular disease a complicated attack was the
      initial manifestation of the disease. Because these patients are more likely to
      have concomitant medical problems, aggressive elective surgical management is
      appropriate. This approach is now associated with a mortality rate of less than 1
      per cent in patients with uncomplicated disease. Even in patients with
      complicated active disease, a mortality rate of less than 4 per cent can be
      anticipated when bowel preparation can be achieved. In patients below the age of
      55 resection is advocated after a single attack because the rate of recurrence in
      this group may be as high as 50 per cent. In the setting of stage I or stage II
      disease primary resection with anastomosis is safe and should be performed.
      Proximal colostomy formation may be carried out at the discretion of the surgeon
      if warranted by such local circumstances as contiguous inflammation or
      macroscopic contamination. For patients with stage III and stage IV disease end
      colostomy with Hartmann closure of the rectum is the procedure of choice,
      although anastomosis with proximal stoma may prove to be an acceptable
      alternative. The morbidity and mortality rates associated with the classic three
      stage approach are similar to those with two-stage management, but the latter is
      associated with a substantially shorter duration of hospitalization and
      disability. The best form of management of diverticular disease is prevention. It
      is appealing to embrace high-bulk dietary management as a prophylaxis based on
      current knowledge of pathophysiologic principles, but good prospective randomized
      data are not yet forthcoming.

PMID- 4012532
TI  - Subcutaneous mastectomy. Promises and pitfalls.
AB  - The subcutaneous mastectomy is constantly being reevaluated and its place in the
      treatment of breast dysplasias debated. Our indications for the procedure and the
      techniques, which we believe provide a thorough, safe, and cosmetically
      satisfactory result, are presented.

PMID- 4012533
TI  - Soft-tissue expander for delayed and immediate breast reconstruction.
AB  - The soft-tissue expander is a new and clinically useful method for delayed and
      immediate reconstruction of the breast. Our experience and reported experience to
      date using submuscular implantation have resulted in an aesthetically
      satisfactory reconstructed breast without concomitant donor site morbidity.

PMID- 4012534
TI  - Selection of patients for lumbar sympathectomy.
AB  - We successfully predicted that patients presenting with critical ischemia of a
      limb and Doppler ratios greater than or equal to 0.3 would benefit from lumbar
      sympathectomy alone. However, we found that the procedure failed in 14 per cent
      of limbs whose ratios were greater than or equal to 0.3. In retrospect, all these
      patients were found to have deep infection. Had we known this fact prospectively,
      our predictions for success would have been close to 100 per cent. We were less
      than 50 per cent successful in predicting failure of the procedure, but the
      number of patients in this group is too small to draw reliable conclusions. We
      believe that patients with arm-ankle Doppler ratios greater than or equal to 0.3
      whose manifestations of ischemia are limited to the skin will have a greater than
      95 per cent chance of receiving a good result from lumbar sympathectomy alone and
      that this result will be maintained for many years.

PMID- 4012535
TI  - The natural history of total occlusion of the internal carotid artery.
AB  - We believe that total occlusion of the internal carotid artery is not a hallmark
      of end-stage atherosclerosis. We were unable to identify any factor that would
      place patients at particular high risk for the development of further problems.
      The status of the opposite carotid artery or a history of previous operation did
      not predict which patients would experience further neurologic episodes. New
      disease seems to be the most important factor influencing the incidence of new
      neurologic events. We therefore recommend that these patients be followed closely
      with serial noninvasive testing to identify such new disease. On the basis of
      these data we have adopted the policy that patients in whom new symptoms or
      severe new disease or both develop are considered candidates for operation.

PMID- 4012536
TI  - Management of burns in pregnant women.
AB  - Although few women sustain thermal injuries during pregnancy, when pregnancy is
      complicated by thermal injury a clear management scheme plus a team approach is
      needed to provide optimal care to both the fetus and mother. The clinical courses
      of 11 pregnant women treated at the Louisiana State University Medical Center
      after sustaining thermal injuries were reviewed and combined with 29 other
      instances from the literature. Fetal survival before 28 weeks of gestation
      appears to be dependent upon maternal survival. After 32 weeks of gestational
      age, fetal survival becomes increasingly independent of maternal survival if
      fetal distress can be minimized. Although in general, optimal care of the fetus
      coincides with the care of the mother, occasionally the medical needs of the
      mother and fetus are different. Therefore, we have developed maternal and fetal
      medical care schemes to serve as general guidelines for the care of the pregnant
      patients with burns.

PMID- 4012537
TI  - Effect of suture material and construction on frictional properties of sutures.
AB  - The results overwhelmingly support the view that the coefficient of friction is
      not a material constant of the sutures but a function of several variables,
      including applied tension, suture construction and suture material. The
      coefficient of friction decreased with an increase in applied tension with the
      rate of change depending upon the suture material. Prolene and Ethilon had the
      highest frictional values among all sutures at low tension, but dropped to a
      position of lowest values at high tension. On an average, braided sutures gave
      higher frictional values than did the monofilament sutures. Sutures with special
      surface coatings (silicone or Teflon) generally gave lower values than did the
      sutures without any such coatings. Similar results were reported in other studies
      on coated materials. The differences in frictional profiles are governed by the
      differences in the viscoelastic nature of the suture materials. The unusual
      traces produced by Prolene were considered as being due to its high degree of
      stretch and elasticity. Others similarly found that Prolene behaved peculiarly
      due to a high degree of stretch. Finally, coefficient of friction is an important
      property of suture materials as it is expected to have a direct bearing on the
      security of knots. A careful study of this parameter under a variety of clinical
      conditions is essential to gain an understanding of the behavior of surgical
      knots in clinical practice. The present study gives detailed information on the
      frictional behavior of various types of surgical suture materials.

PMID- 4012538
TI  - Use of the artificial urinary sphincter in the management of severe incontinence
      in females.
AB  - AS 792 and AS 800 sphincters were implanted in 31 female patients with
      incontinence due to various causes including neurologic dysfunction, recurrent
      stress incontinence, spinal cord trauma and pelvic trauma. Continued continence
      has been achieved in 21 of these patients. Erosions required removal of the
      device in the ten other patients. The AS 800 model has significant modifications
      that allow activation and deactivation without additional operative procedures.
      Satisfactory continence can be achieved in properly selected patients. The
      integrity of the vesicovaginal surgical plane is the key to success. Patients
      with multiple operations are the most difficult to manage and delayed activation
      is mandatory. Intermittent catheterization can be safely done and mechanical
      reliability is good.

PMID- 4012540
TI  - A critical appraisal of impedance plethysmography in the diagnosis of acute deep
      venous thrombosis.
AB  - Compulsive performance of the test is paramount to obtaining good results.
      Sequential multiple tests with prolongation of the filling time to maximize
      venous filling and ultimately reaching a plateau is essential. Increase in venous
      filling by increasing the cuff pressure in the proximal lower thigh occluding
      cuff to 60 instead of 45 centimeters of water is helpful in obtaining optimum
      venous filling. Unrecognized patient apprehension or muscle contraction may be a
      reason for false-positive IPGs. Patient relaxation, local heat application or
      even electromyography attachment may be helpful. The IPG can be repeated after a
      few hours if a false-positive test result is suspected. If a test falls above the
      stop line, the NPV is so high that no repetition of the test is necessary and the
      limb is read out as showing no proximal venous thrombosis. If a test is normal or
      borderline, the test may be repeated with sequential testing until the test
      points seem to group together or a clear divergence of either normal or abnormal
      is achieved. If the contralateral limb is clearly normal and an abnormal test
      result is obtained in the suspected limb, the test is likely to be reliable.
      Bilateral abnormal IPGs, especially in the presence of congestive heart failure
      or severe edema, may indicate a false-positive test finding. Increased edema in
      the extremity decreases electrical resistivity and balancing the machine may
      become a technical problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4012539
TI  - Recurrent appendiceal colic.
AB  - From 1962 through 1983, 1,869 appendectomies were performed at our institution.
      Careful review disclosed 11 patients (0.6 per cent) who had an appendectomy for
      recurrent pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant not associated with other
      classical symptoms of appendicitis. Seven patients had an urgent diagnostic
      barium enema during the course of the episode of pain for which they had an
      appendectomy and six of the seven were abnormal. All of the patients exhibited
      gross abnormality of the appendix, such as fecalith (four), torsion or kinking of
      the appendix (three), narrowed lumen (three) and purulent material in the lumen
      (one). However, three specimens were thought to be histologically normal. In a
      follow-up study of ten of 11 patients for two weeks to 20 years, there has been
      no recurrence of the abdominal pain in all but one patient.

PMID- 4012541
TI  - Radiation induced carcinoma of the larynx.
AB  - A squamous cell carcinoma presented in a 20 year old female nonsmoker three years
      after receiving a high dosage of radiation therapy to the base of the skull, face
      and entire neuroaxis and intense combination chemotherapy for a parameningeal
      rhabdomyosarcoma of the paranasal sinuses is reported. The larynx received a dose
      of about 3,500 rads over an eight week period. This dosage in conjunction with
      the associated intense chemotherapy regimen given to the patient may explain the
      appearance of a radiation induced tumor in an unusually short latent period. This
      certainly represents a risk in young patients in whom an aggressive combined
      approach is taken and the physician should be aware of.

PMID- 4012542
TI  - Acute and chronic effects of truncal vagotomy upon glucose absorption, water and
      electrolyte fluxes in the small intestine of the rabbit.
AB  - Acute truncal vagotomy causes increased net secretion of water, sodium and
      potassium from the proximal portion of the jejunum. This is presumed to occur
      because of the sudden loss of vagal cholinergic tone. Glucose absorption from the
      proximal part of the jejunum was not affected by acute vagotomy despite the large
      changes in net water and electrolyte fluxes. Adaptation after vagotomy and
      pyloroplasty was associated with a significant increase in jejunal absorptive
      capacity for glucose, water, sodium and potassium. These findings contribute
      another dimension to the understanding of the rapid rises in postprandial blood
      sugar observed in patients after vagotomy to help explain the abnormal glucose
      tolerance in the presence of glucose malabsorption. The increased jejunal
      absorptive capacity observed in the chronic vagotomy group is believed to occur
      in compensation for malabsorption resulting from rapid intestinal transit.

PMID- 4012543
TI  - Opisthorchiatic solitary intrahepatic cyst.
AB  - Eleven patients were documented as having opisthorchiatic solitary intrahepatic
      cyst by roentgenography--P.T.C., identification of opisthorchis ova in the bile
      during P.T.C. and operation. This clinical entity should be differentiated from
      other forms of intrahepatic cyst. We believe that it is an acquired form. The
      formation of opisthorchiatic solitary intrahepatic cyst is related to lower
      biliary tract obstruction and high pressure in the biliary system. Fever, pain in
      the right upper quadrant and jaundice are the major manifestations of
      opisthorchiatic solitary intrahepatic cyst. Surgical intervention is the
      therapeutic method.

PMID- 4012544
TI  - A technique for removal of difficult stones of the common duct using the
      choledochoscope and biliary Fogarty catheter.
AB  - In our experience with several difficult instances, stones have been successfully
      retrieved where traditional methods had failed. The importance of this technique
      lies not only in less perioperative morbidity and frustration than when blind
      instrumentation is used, but also obviates the need for duodenotomy and
      sphincteroplasty.

PMID- 4012545
TI  - Advantageous use of Salem sump nasogastric tube for intraoperative decompression
      of distended intestine.

PMID- 4012546
TI  - The eyes as a portal of entry for hepatitis and other infectious diseases.
AB  - Surgeons who are exposed to cardiac, vascular and dialysis access, as well as the
      operating room staff, are at high risk for becoming infected with hepatitis. The
      virulence of this disease warrants maximum protection for these individuals. The
      eye is an exposed and documented portal of entry for blood and other potentially
      infectious debris. We strongly recommend the use of optically clear glasses or
      goggles in the operating room in order to minimize the danger of contacting a
      disabling and potentially lethal illness.

PMID- 4012547
TI  - A new method for nonsurgical cholecystolithotomy.
AB  - A new method of nonsurgical removal of gallbladder stones is presented herein.
      The method consists of two parts: a, ultrasonically guided percutaneous
      transhepatic gallbladder drainage, and b, extraction of gallbladder stones using
      a choledochofiberscopic maneuver. The procedure is safe, less stressful than a
      surgical procedure and easy to perform. The method is useful for extremely ill or
      elderly patients and those who prefer not to undergo surgical treatment.

PMID- 4012548
TI  - Prolapse of the vagina after hysterectomy.
AB  - Twenty-two patients were operated upon for posthysterectomy vaginal prolapse. The
      original operation had been abdominal hysterectomy in 11 patients and vaginal
      hysterectomy in an additional 11 patients. All of the corrective operations were
      performed abdominally. Vaginal sacropexy was performed upon eight patients with
      our own modified method using a fascial strip taken from the rectum sheath. Dexon
      sutures were used in the attachment of the strip to the apex of the vagina and to
      the periosteum of the sacrum. The fascial strip was peritonealized. A high
      resection of the enterocele sac was performed. Excellent permanent vaginal
      support was achieved in all of these patients. Other methods of operation used
      included direct fixation of the vaginal apex to the presacral fascia, fixation of
      the vagina with round ligaments and the method according to Williams and
      Richardson. More than one-half of the patients had recurrences.

PMID- 4012549
TI  - Acid ingestion in an experimental model.
AB  - Following acid ingestion, the mortality of operative intervention is clearly
      related to late recognition of perforation. Experimentally, fiber-optic endoscopy
      can be used to accurately predict the depth of gastric injury. Operative
      intervention can be undertaken before gross perforation. Flexible endoscopy
      should be performed upon admission and repeated at intervals of 12 to 24 hours
      until one is satisfied that the injury is stable, reversible and will not
      progress. The risk of gastric perforation is minimal if the endoscopic procedure
      is performed by a competent individual. Continued careful medical follow-up
      examination and nutritional support is indicated when major damage to the stomach
      occurs to ensure that the patient will tolerate anticipated operative
      reconstruction.

PMID- 4012550
TI  - Multiple giant fusiform aneurysms with hydrocephalus.
AB  - Multiple giant fusiform aneurysms are uncommon. We report such a case of multiple
      giant fusiform aneurysms involving both internal carotid arteries and the basilar
      artery associated with hydrocephalus. The neurological deficits presented in this
      case were due to pontine infarction, which was suspected to be produced by
      thrombosis from the aneurysm, and a hydrocephalus might have been caused by a
      "water-hammering" effect of the elongated basilar artery.

PMID- 4012551
TI  - Ciliated craniopharyngioma.
AB  - A tumor of Rathke's cleft origin was studied, which showed some histologic
      features consistent with craniopharyngioma, but also had ciliated and mucin
      containing cells more commonly observed in Rathke's cleft cysts. The combination
      of features provides further evidence that craniopharyngiomas and Rathke's cleft
      cysts have a common embryonic origin.

PMID- 4012552
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in traumatic intracerebral pneumocephalus evaluated
      with computed tomographic cisternography.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in a case of traumatic intracerebral pneumocephalus
      are evaluated with metrizamide computed tomographic cisternography. Accumulation
      of metrizamide into the air cyst through the ventricular system is due to
      transependymal penetration, which can be explained by the mechanism of the
      pressure gradient from the ventricle towards the air cyst.

PMID- 4012553
TI  - Computed tomographic cisternography with iopamidol in the diagnosis of primary
      empty sella.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with primary empty sella were studied with computed
      tomography iopamidol cisternography. Ten milliliters of iopamidol at a
      concentration of 200 mg I/mL was administered intrathecally via the lumbar route.
      Eleven patients had a partial and 10 a complete empty sella. In six cases the
      third ventricle had prolapsed to the level of the interclinoid plane. There was
      no relationship between the clinical presentation and the grade of empty sella.
      The quality of the images obtained was always good or excellent. Cisternographies
      were performed in all of the patients although in 13 of them the correct
      diagnosis could have been achieved with a standard contrast-medium-enhanced
      computed tomography scan. The overall complication rate was 29%. Four patients
      (19%) had mild headaches and nausea; two patients (10%) had more severe side
      effects: vomiting, discomfort, and meningism. Computed tomographic cisternography
      with low-concentration iopamidol is a safe diagnostic procedure that allows a
      definite visualization of the anatomic alterations that occur in patients with
      empty sella. We think that this procedure should always be employed in
      symptomatic patients.

PMID- 4012554
TI  - Unilateral hydrocephalus combined with occlusion of the ipsilateral internal
      carotid artery.
AB  - The authors encountered a rare case of a patient who developed a mild hemiparesis
      on the right side at age 8 months with marked enlargement of the left lateral
      ventricle and occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. In computed
      tomography scans and nuclear magnetic resonance scans 8 years after an operation
      to install a ventricular shunt, there was marked enlargement of the left lateral
      ventricle and almost no left basal ganglion. In this case, the differentiation
      between hydranencephaly and severe hydrocephalus presented a problem because no
      biopsy had been performed. Diagnosis was difficult, but it appeared that
      occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery played a major role.

PMID- 4012555
TI  - Angiographic classification of aneurysms of the horizontal segment of the
      anterior cerebral artery.
AB  - Ten aneurysms of the horizontal portion of the anterior cerebral artery (A1) were
      analyzed. These 10 aneurysms were classified into three types according to the
      mode of the origin of the neck of the aneurysm from the A1 segment: (a) an
      aneurysm originating from the junction of the A1 segment and the lenticulostriate
      artery, (b) one from the proximal end of the fenestration of the A1, and (c) one
      from the top of the A1 loop (elongation and kinking of the A1 segment). In these
      aneurysms, their size, the side of the A1 segment with an aneurysm, the
      multiplicity of aneurysms, the coexistence of hypertension, the grade of the
      patients, the laterality of the subarachnoid blood clots (as seen on computed
      tomography scans) and surgical outcome were analyzed.

PMID- 4012556
TI  - Meningioma and occlusive vasculopathy: coexisting complications of past
      extracranial radiation.
AB  - We present two cases in which a meningioma and occlusion of the internal carotid
      artery with development of transdural collateral circulation coexisted following
      extracranial radiation in childhood.

PMID- 4012557
TI  - Spontaneous transection of Raimondi peritoneal catheter.
AB  - Three cases of spontaneous transection of a Raimondi peritoneal catheter are
      reported. Two cases were in infants aged 14 and 10 months, respectively, with
      communicating hydrocephalus, and the other was in a 10-year-old boy with
      noncommunicating hydrocephalus associated with a pinealoma. The mechanism of this
      complication is discussed.

PMID- 4012558
TI  - Cervical myelopathy with ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine.
AB  - We report the case of a man with ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine who
      developed spastic quadriparesis due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal
      ligament. The related literature is discussed.

PMID- 4012559
TI  - Pure cortical ischemia versus striatal ischemia. Circulatory, metabolic, and
      neuropathologic consequences.
AB  - Selective ischemic damage was produced either involving only the cortex or
      together with the striatum by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery proximal or
      distal to the lenticulostriate artery in the rat. The consequences in local
      cerebral blood flow, local cerebral glucose utilization, and neuropathology were
      investigated in the acute stage of ischemia. Caudate damage produced by proximal
      occlusion resulted in such secondary alterations as enhanced blood flow and
      metabolism in areas remote from the main lesion, such as in the globus pallidus
      and substantia nigra ipsilateral to occlusion. After distal occlusion, however,
      there were two patterns distinctly different from each other in the appearance of
      the autoradiograms. One was ipsilateral and the other was contralateral
      enhancement of blood flow and metabolism involving the striato-pallido-nigral
      axis without any striatal damage. We therefore suggest that these secondary
      alterations in circulation and metabolism contribute to a varied neurological
      dysfunction after focal cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, our currently introduced
      model of selective ischemic lesioning is important in studying the roles of
      cortical and striatal influences in ischemic pathophysiology.

PMID- 4012560
TI  - Middle cerebral artery reconstruction.
AB  - The authors have conducted an experimental study of the microanatomic features of
      the middle cerebral artery in unfixed human brains to assess the feasibility of
      reconstructive procedures within the Sylvian fissure. It was found that
      reconstructive procedures within the Sylvian fissure such as end-to-end, end-to
      side, side-to-side, and grafting procedures were possible according to the
      anatomic data provided by our study. Possible surgical solutions to theoretical
      pathologic situations involving the middle cerebral artery vascular tree are
      highlighted and their feasibility is discussed.

PMID- 4012561
TI  - Benign chondroblastoma of the occipital bone.
AB  - We report the case of a 14-year-old boy with benign chondroblastoma in the
      occipital bone associated with a cerebellar hemorrhage. The clinical features,
      radiologic and histologic appearances, and histogenesis in this case are
      described. Other reports of benign chondroblastomas of the cranial bones are also
      discussed.

PMID- 4012562
TI  - Symptomatic choroidal epithelial cyst in the fourth ventricle.
AB  - A case of choroidal epithelial cyst in the fourth ventricle is described. The
      cyst occupied the fourth ventricle almost completely, and produced an
      intermittent hemiparesis and hemisensory disturbance. After removal of the cyst
      wall, the patient recovered completely. On light microscopy, a single epithelial
      layer with a basement membrane lining the cyst wall was observed. An electron
      microscopic study was also made.

PMID- 4012563
TI  - Sudden death due to massive intraventricular hemorrhage into an unsuspected
      ependymoma.
AB  - Intracranial neoplasms may be quiescent asymptomatically while growing
      insidiously until they impinge on vital structures or, because of their
      vascularity, lead to massive intracranial hemorrhage. We present such a case in a
      4-year-old, previously asymptomatic child, who bled into an ependymoma and died
      in less than 36 hours.

PMID- 4012564
TI  - Quantitative electron microscopic study of calcium accumulation in cerebral
      ischemia mitochondria.
AB  - Formation of calcium deposits in mitochondria is a consistent feature of
      irreversible injury in ischemic myocardium. We studied calcium accumulation in
      nerve cell mitochondria in a cat model 30 and 60 minutes after cerebral ischemia
      localized in the anterior part of the caudate nucleus and adjacent internal
      capsule. In control animals, calcium deposits were visible in synaptic vesicles,
      Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and in glial and neuronal nuclei. After
      cerebral ischemia, findings included astrocytic swelling and degeneration of
      neurons, with an increase in calcium pyroantimoniate mitochondrial deposits.
      Content of intramitochondrial calcium deposits is related to duration of ischemia
      as well as the amount of cellular lesions.

PMID- 4012565
TI  - Giant meningioma in a fourteen-month-old infant.

PMID- 4012566
TI  - Spinal cysticercosis.
AB  - A case with cysticercosis cysts in the spinal subarachnoid space with unique
      myelographic features is discussed. One of the cysts moved within the spinal
      subarachnoid space during the myelographic examination. Recognition of the
      possibility that mobility of the cyst may occur between the time of the
      myelographic study and laminectomy is important for the surgeon.

PMID- 4012567
TI  - Stabilization of acrylic vertebral body replacement.
AB  - A simple technique of internal vertebral body screw fixation for stabilization of
      acrylic vertebral body replacements is described. The screw fixation prevents
      subluxation and rostrocaudal dislocation of the acrylic prosthesis. A case report
      is presented of a patient who underwent replacement of the second cervical body
      and odontoid with an intraoperatively molded methylmethacrylate prosthesis with
      rapid neurological recovery and good stabilization.

PMID- 4012568
TI  - Foramen magnum syndrome caused by a dolichoodontoid process.
AB  - A 21-year-old Japanese man with basilar impression with an anomalous
      configuration of the odontoid process and many other vertebral anomalies is
      reported. We thought that posterior decompression alone would be hazardous;
      therefore, in one session, the odontoid tip and anterior arch of the atlas were
      removed transorally, and posterior fixation between the occipital squama and the
      lamina of C-3 using acrylic plastic was performed. This treatment resulted in
      marked clinical improvement and required only a short hospital stay.

PMID- 4012569
TI  - Contrast enhancement of cerebellar infarction on computed tomography.
AB  - The author analyzed the appearance on computed tomography after infusion of
      contrast medium of cerebellar infarction in three patients, whose diagnosis was
      made on the basis of clinical presentation, cerebral angiography, and sequential
      computed tomographic scans. Their computed tomographic appearance was not always
      the same as seen in the supratentorial counterpart, in showing reminiscence of an
      arteriovenous malformation, a leptomeningeal dissemination of a tumor or
      meningitis, or a neoplasm, respectively. For these reasons, it was concluded that
      it is important to notice the contrast-enhanced computed tomographic appearance
      in cerebellar infarction, when making a differential diagnosis between various
      pathologies in the posterior fossa.

PMID- 4012570
TI  - Symptoms of clinically silent intracranial mass lesions precipitated by treatment
      with nifedipine.
AB  - The case of a patient who manifested signs and symptoms of previously unsuspected
      intracranial mass lesions after initiation of nifedipine therapy for control of
      reflex sympathetic dystrophy is presented. We speculate that the cerebral
      vasodilatory effects of nifedipine led to increased intracranial pressure.

PMID- 4012571
TI  - Intraluminal thrombus and neointimal hyperplasia after microvascular surgery.
AB  - Despite advances in instrumentation, suture materials, and techniques, thrombosis
      and intimal hyperplasia due to myointimal cell proliferation are still problems
      in microvascular anastomosis. Platelet factors stimulate smooth-muscle cell
      proliferation and migration, but little is known about platelet-vessel wall
      interaction in microvascular surgery. This study evaluates the effect of the
      disposition of platelet or luminal thrombus, or both, in intimal evolution in
      autologous venous micrografts interposed in the common carotid artery of 30 rats.
      Three hours postoperatively, venous graft and suture line endothelium was
      completely denuded, and the host artery exhibited focal de-endothelialization.
      Thrombus deposition was observed on suture line and venous graft luminal
      surfaces, whereas host artery-denuded areas exhibited platelet adhesion. Two
      weeks postoperatively, intimal thickenings developed in venous graft and suture
      line, becoming narrower toward the venous graft. The distribution and size of
      intimal thickening did not change significantly at later observation periods (3-8
      months). Intimal thrombus deposition and intimal hyperplasia, appearing in later
      stages of evolution, show a similar pattern of distribution.

PMID- 4012572
TI  - Sudden appearance of occipital-vertebral arterial anastomoses during therapeutic
      embolization.
AB  - A 66-year-old woman with a dural arteriovenous malformation in the posterior
      fossa, who developed a vertebrobasilar stroke during therapeutic embolization of
      the occipital artery, is reported. Postembolization arteriograms demonstrated
      previously invisible anastomoses of the occipital-vertebral artery. The
      literature is reviewed with respect to the complications and risks of therapeutic
      embolization of the external carotid artery, and the possible mechanism
      underlying the opening of these anastomoses is discussed.

PMID- 4012573
TI  - The growth rate of intracranial meningiomas and its relation to histology. An
      analysis of 43 patients.
AB  - The growth rate of intracranial meningiomas was studied in 43 patients against a
      histologic grading based on the degree of anaplasia. The mean time for doubling
      of the tumor volume was 415 days (138-1045) in grade I (benign), 178 days (34
      551) in grade II (atypical), and 205 days (30-472) in grade III (anaplastic). The
      difference between grade I and the combined grades II-III was highly significant.
      Both the mitotic index and the absence of calcification on the computed
      tomography scan correlated strongly with the doubling time. The growth rate
      should be carefully considered in planning therapy and timing computed tomography
      studies for patients with meningioma.

PMID- 4012574
TI  - "De novo" aneurysms. A clinical review.
AB  - The authors present seven cases drawn from 620 consecutive cases over 30 years,
      in which previously undemonstrated (hence "de novo") intracranial aneurysms
      formed and ruptured at intervals of 3-20 years, after clipping of an initial
      aneurysm. Six patients were treated for rupture of a second aneurysm. All six had
      undergone successful treatment of a previous aneurysm; pre- and postoperative
      angiography showed not only successful clipping of the first aneurysm but also no
      incidence of multiple aneurysms. In no case was a major artery occluded at the
      time of the initial surgery. The implications as to natural history and the
      advisability of repeated arteriography in some patients with aneurysms are
      discussed.

PMID- 4012575
TI  - Spontaneous disappearance of a large middle fossa arachnoid cyst.
AB  - A case of a large middle fossa arachnoid cyst that spontaneously disappeared is
      reported. The possible mechanisms involved in the "natural cure" of this lesion
      and the indications for surgical versus conservative treatment of middle fossa
      arachnoid cysts are discussed.

PMID- 4012576
TI  - Percutaneous ventriculocisternal shunt. Technical note.
AB  - A modification of the Torkildsen ventriculocisternal shunting procedure, used
      successfully in a patient with bilateral obstruction of the foramina of Monro, is
      described. Through bilateral occipital burr holes, a "U-tube" system
      interconnected the two lateral ventricles. Spinal fluid was then drained with a
      separate Spetzler catheter passed from one lateral ventricle into the cisterna
      magna. A posterior percutaneous insertion technique (standard puncture of the
      cisterna magna) was used to place the catheter into this subarachnoid space.

PMID- 4012577
TI  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a spinal neurinoma.
AB  - A rare observation of spinal neurinoma associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage is
      reported and the other 12 cases in the literature are reviewed. The
      extramedullary location of the tumor and the feeble arachnoidal attachments to
      the spinal cord favor subarachnoidal bleeding in these cases. When the meningeal
      signs are evident and signs of spinal cord impairment are still unclear, an
      intracranial origin of the bleeding must be excluded. In doubtful cases,
      selective spinal angiography is useful in the differential diagnosis between a
      bleeding spinal tumor and an arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord.

PMID- 4012578
TI  - Brain and lungs at risk after cervical spinal cord transection: intracranial
      pressure, brain water, blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow, and
      extravascular lung water changes.
AB  - The early physiopathologic responses to transection of the cervical spinal cord
      (C-4) were studied in the experimental animal. After transection, increases were
      seen in the mean arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure,
      intracranial pressure, brain water, blood--brain barrier permeability, and
      extravascular lung water with a marked decrease occurring in cerebral blood flow.
      Pretreatment with an alpha-adrenergic blocker, phentolamine (Regitine Ciba-Geigy
      Corp.), followed by transection blocked the rise in mean arterial blood pressure
      and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure but did not affect the increases in
      intracranial pressure, brain water, blood--brain barrier permeability, and
      extravascular lung water and decreases in cerebral blood flow. Transection of the
      cervical spinal cord initiates a complex series of events involving intracranial
      compliance and pulmonary permeability, placing both brain and lungs at risk.

PMID- 4012579
TI  - Videodensitometric estimation of the protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen in
      the ischemic gerbil brain.
AB  - To verify its protective effect on the ischemic mammalian brain, hyperbaric
      oxygen was administered to six groups of carotid-ligated gerbils. The outcome was
      evaluated clinically and by a colorimetric videodensitometry technique by
      comparing differences in the interhemispheric color density through the
      translucent intact cranium. It was found that there was a graded decrease in
      interhemispheric differences with increasing exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (the
      appearance of the ischemic hemisphere increasingly approached that of normal
      brain). This correlated with the incidence of ischemia in each group.

PMID- 4012580
TI  - Cerebral blood flow in minor cerebral contusion.
AB  - Seventeen patients with minor cerebral contusion were selected from a series of
      patients with head injuries of various severity, who had undergone repeat
      evaluations of the regional cerebral blood flow. The mean global flow (expressed
      as mean global initial slope index) on early examination was found to be
      significantly lower, compared with that recorded in healthy volunteers. A
      tendency towards the recovery of higher flow values was apparent in repeat
      evaluations that were performed several weeks after the injury. Interhemispheric
      asymmetries of flow were a common occurrence, with lower perfusion and reduced
      attenuation values on computed tomography scans being, however, in good agreement
      only in approximately half of the cases.

PMID- 4012581
TI  - Astroblastoma of pure type.
AB  - A rare case of astroblastoma of the pure type occurring in the left occipital
      lobe of a 54-year-old female is reported. The predominant histologic feature was
      that of perivascular pseudorosettes. The tumor tissues were not stained by the
      Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin, but the perikarya of some tumor cells
      were positively stained for the glial fibrillary acidic protein.

PMID- 4012582
TI  - Cerebellar infarction: analysis of twenty-one cases.
AB  - Review of 3000 cranial computed tomography scans performed in the past 7 years at
      North Carolina Memorial Hospital revealed 21 patients who showed evidence of
      cerebellar infarction. The presenting symptoms and signs closely resembled benign
      labyrinthine disease. Five of the patients presented for seemingly unrelated
      medical problems and had no history suggestive of recent cerebellar insult.
      Hypertension and cardiovascular disease were common in these patients, and in the
      majority of instances, the cerebellar deficits were mild and showed progressive
      resolution. Angiograms demonstrated numerous, often diffuse abnormalities.
      Computed tomography scanning is mandatory for patients with sudden onset of
      labyrinthine or cerebellar signs or symptoms. Cerebral angiography is recommended
      to detect potentially treatable vascular lesions.

PMID- 4012583
TI  - [Immunization of BALB/c mice with cultured amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana
      amazonensis: protection by gamma-irradiated parasites].

PMID- 4012584
TI  - [Selection of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against Leptospira
      icterohemorrhagiae serovar Lai strain 017].

PMID- 4012585
TI  - [Successful induction of transformation of NIH/3T3 cells in vitro by low energy
      level He-Ne laser].

PMID- 4012586
TI  - [Studies on the ion pair extraction--spectrophotometric method for quantitative
      determination of aconite alkaloids].

PMID- 4012587
TI  - [Relationship between the number of leptospires in blood, livers and lungs of
      guinea pigs and the pulmonary diffuse hemorrhage of leptospirosis].

PMID- 4012588
TI  - [Electron microscopy of the freeze-fracture study of pulmonary microvessels of
      guinea pigs in pulmonary diffuse haemorrhage due to leptospirosis].

PMID- 4012589
TI  - [Comparative study of the residual rates of microencapsulated and
      unmicroencapsulated compound megestrol acetate injection in animal muscle].

PMID- 4012590
TI  - [Relationship between the stability and pH value of 25% ascorbic acid aqueous
      solution].

PMID- 4012591
TI  - [Effects of stable continuous high-frequency noise on the cardiovascular system
      of workers].

PMID- 4012592
TI  - [Cryosurgery in the treatment of disseminated lung cancer. A primary report of
      twenty-five cases].

PMID- 4012593
TI  - [Radiation technique for the YD-I photo-electro-controllable positioner for
      intraocular foreign bodies].

PMID- 4012594
TI  - [An evaluation of the preservation of the ovary during surgery for myomata].

PMID- 4012595
TI  - [An investigation of intelligence in 105 normal elderly people in Chengdu].

PMID- 4012596
TI  - [Bilateral dislocation of mandibular joints induced by haloperidol therapy--a
      case report].

PMID- 4012598
TI  - Lid retraction or no lid retraction in optic neuropathy with proptosis.

PMID- 4012597
TI  - Iris melanoma. Nevus or malignancy?
AB  - Although iris melanomas have an excellent prognosis when diagnosed and treated
      early, they should not be considered benign lesions. The authors report the
      orbital recurrence of a melanoma in a patient whose eye had been enucleated 30
      years earlier because of an iris melanoma. The clinical, epidemiological and
      pathological characteristics of iris melanomas are summarized and compared to
      those of other uveal melanomas. The similarities suggest that iris melanomas are
      not by nature more benign than other uveal melanomas and that their better
      prognosis is due to the earlier detection allowed by their more obvious location.

PMID- 4012599
TI  - New approach to wounds of the aortic bifurcation and inferior vena cava.
AB  - An approach to the repair of injuries of the bifurcation of the inferior vena
      cava and aorta is presented. This method involves division of the right common
      iliac artery with mobilization of the aorta for exposure of wounds to the
      confluence of the common iliac arteries as well as of the posterior wall of the
      distal aorta. Wide exposure of this area allows for more rapid control of
      bleeding vessels in addition to more precise vascular repair.

PMID- 4012600
TI  - A new technique of loop ileostomy closure after endorectal ileoanal anastomosis.

PMID- 4012601
TI  - Hepatic subcapsular hemorrhage associated with pregnancy.
AB  - A case of subcapsular hematoma with hemorrhage from the left lobe of the liver in
      a 37-year-old multiparous patient with toxemia is reported. Approximately 120
      cases have been reported in the past, mostly in obstetric and gynecologic
      journals. The great majority of hematomas were in the right lobe. A triad of
      toxemia of pregnancy, right upper quadrant pain, and sudden hypotension has been
      described in these cases. The etiology of subcapsular hemorrhage in patients with
      toxemia is likely due to fibrin thrombi in hepatic arterioles and sinusoids with
      periportal hemorrhagic necrosis, since this has been observed in fatal cases.
      Presumably, subcapsular hemorrhage, once initiated, perpetuates itself to involve
      an entire lobe. The overall mortality rate in these patients remains at about
      75%. Failure to recognize the syndrome and intervene surgically almost always
      results in death. The only hope for survival is laparotomy with prompt control of
      hemorrhage. Hepatic artery ligation to control hemorrhage should probably be
      avoided it is clear that toxemia is a generalized process that adversely affects
      hepatic reserve and that further compromise may not be tolerated.

PMID- 4012602
TI  - Triplication of the esophagus with gastric duplication.
AB  - A 2 1/2-year-old girl was seen with an upper abdominal mass. Evaluation by
      abdominal ultrasonography, esophagography, upper gastrointestinal series, and
      computerized axial tomography suggested the possibility of duplication of the
      esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Surgery revealed a triplication of the
      esophagus with a gastric duplication, which was resected. The patient recovered
      and greatly increased her weight-for-age percentile. Of the theories proposed to
      explain gastrointestinal duplications, the split notochord hypothesis most
      closely fits this patient's anomalies. It is unusual for a patient with a
      gastrointestinal duplication to develop symptoms after the first year of life.
      This is the first report of a triplication of the esophagus with a gastric
      duplication.

PMID- 4012603
TI  - Necrotizing soft-tissue infections caused by marine vibrios.
AB  - Halophilic, noncholera marine Vibrio bacteria can cause septicemia,
      gastroenteritis, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. We describe six patients
      with necrotizing fasciitis and review 12 cases described previously. The 18
      patients included 14 men and four women. Their ages ranged from 32 to 79 years
      (average 58.1 years). Eleven patients were older than 55 years. Nine infections
      were caused by V. vulnificus, three by V. parahaemolyticus, and one by V.
      alginolyticus. In five cases the Vibrio species was not identified. Twelve
      patients had associated conditions that might have made them more susceptible to
      these infections, such as cirrhosis, steroid therapy, hemochromatosis, and
      multiple myeloma. These infections usually occur in apparently insignificant
      wounds (puncture wounds, insect bites) exposed to sea water or fish. Treatment is
      by debridement and antibiotic therapy. Three patients required amputation to
      control the infection. Six (33.3%) of the 18 patients died.

PMID- 4012604
TI  - Inhibition of povidone-iodine's bactericidal activity by common organic
      substances: an experimental study.
AB  - An in vitro study demonstrated that some organic substances commonly present in
      the surgical field inhibit the bactericidal activity of dilute povidone-iodine
      solutions. The degree of inhibition was inversely proportional to the
      concentration of the povidone-iodine solutions and it was greatest by blood,
      followed by pus, fat, and glove powder. The pattern of bacterial kill was
      virtually identical for all the strains tested. The most likely explanation for
      this phenomenon is that iodine is bound by the organic substances, decreasing the
      iodine available for bacterial kill. To obtain an optimal benefit, we suggest
      eliminating these substances from the operative site or wound when possible
      before the use of povidone-iodine solution.

PMID- 4012605
TI  - Isolated total lung perfusion as a means to deliver organ-specific chemotherapy:
      long-term studies in animals.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to develop a surgical procedure that would
      allow for bilateral isolated lung perfusion in vivo as a means of delivering
      organ-specific chemotherapy and to evaluate the influence of the procedure on
      certain pulmonary physiologic parameters. The sterile surgical procedure that was
      carried out in dogs involved the setting up of two separate perfusion circuits.
      Once standard systemic cardiopulmonary bypass was established, a second circuit
      was devised to perfuse the lungs by placing an inflow cannula into the main
      pulmonary artery and collecting venous effluent in the left atrium. Cross
      contamination between perfusion circuits was determined in acute studies with
      labeled plasma protein or red blood cells and was found to be in an acceptable
      range if the aorta was cross-clamped and the heart arrested. Only about 0.4
      ml/min of pulmonary perfusate leaked into the systemic circulation, indicating
      that systemic toxicity should not be a major concern when chemotherapy agents are
      added to the pulmonary perfusate. Chronic studies demonstrated that hemodynamic
      parameters, lung water, pulmonary endothelial serotonin extraction, and
      histologic findings all showed minimal changes after 50 minutes of isolated lung
      perfusion. Five days after perfusion, lung dynamic compliance and peak serotonin
      extraction showed significant decreases. However, all of the measured parameters
      had returned toward baseline levels by the end of the 8-week postoperative study
      period. The procedure offers significant advantages over the previously described
      single lung perfusion and may provide a method of delivering immediate high
      concentration adjuvant chemotherapy to coincide with resection of primary or
      metastatic lung tumors.

PMID- 4012606
TI  - Budd-Chiari syndrome with obstruction of the inferior caval vein: successful
      treatment by cavosplenoatrial shunt.
AB  - A 27-year-old man had a 10-month history of recurrent ascites, massive edema, and
      extreme fatigue. The diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome with severe stenosis of
      the retrohepatic part of the inferior caval vein had been established. Medical
      treatment had failed to prevent further deterioration. A single 14 mm Gore-Tex
      graft (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. Elkton, Md.) was used to establish a
      cavosplenoatrial shunt. The postoperative recovery was uneventful. All signs of
      ascites and edema disappeared within 8 weeks after surgery. In connection with
      repair of a ventral hernia 8 months later, a liver biopsy specimen revealed
      partial normalization of liver histology and an angiography demonstrated a patent
      shunt. Two and a half years after the initial operation he developed a bleeding
      peptic ulcer demanding emergency surgery. The shunt was again found patent. Three
      years after the first operation the patient is free of symptoms and working full
      time.

PMID- 4012607
TI  - Gastritis after gastric bypass surgery.
AB  - To determine the preferable reconstruction of gastrointestinal continuity after
      gastric bypass, we studied by endoscopic, chemical, and histologic analyses 28
      randomly selected patients with a loop gastroenterostomy, a loop
      gastroenterostomy plus enteroenterostomy between the afferent and efferent loops,
      and a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. Total bile acid levels for the three groups were:
      5092 +/- 1673 mumol/L, 1638 +/- 581 mumol/L, and 404 +/- 384 mumol/L,
      respectively. The incidence of gastritis by endoscopy was 71% in the standard
      loop bypass, 45% in the enteroenterostomy group, and 13% in the Roux-en-Y group.
      Histologic abnormalities were present in 86% of the patients who underwent
      standard loop bypass, in 91% of those with an additional enteroenterostomy, and
      in 63% of the Roux-en-Y group. There was poor correlation of symptoms and
      objective findings. In our study Roux-en-Y reconstruction after gastric bypass,
      in comparison with loop gastroenterostomy or loop gastroenterostomy with an
      additional enteroenterostomy, is less likely to result in bile in the stomach,
      endoscopic changes, and histologic abnormalities.

PMID- 4012608
TI  - Prediction of operative cholangiography in patients undergoing elective
      cholecystectomy with routine liver function chemistries.
AB  - A retrospective reviews of 195 consecutive patients who underwent elective
      cholecystectomy and operative cystic duct cholangiography (OCDC) were reviewed to
      establish criteria to correlate the preoperative laboratory data of liver
      chemistry tests and the actual biliary tract disease found in each patients.
      Patients who had a history of jaundice or other clinical indication for common
      bile duct exploration were excluded from this study. The patients were divided
      into four groups based on the results of the OCDC: I negative, II false positive,
      III false negative, and IV positive for choledocholithiasis. The results of the
      preoperative liver chemistry studies of the patients in each of the four groups
      were analyzed by the chi 2 method. The four liver chemistry tests were lactate
      dehydrogenase, SGOT, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase. When results of all
      preoperative liver chemistry tests were normal, there was no incidence of
      choledocholithiasis. As the number of chemistry test result elevations increased
      from one to four, the incidence of choledocholithiasis increased from 17% to 50%
      (p less than 0.001). Preoperative liver chemistry tests in selected patients
      undergoing elective cholecystectomy may provide a valuable indicator to the
      surgeon as to whether an OCDC should be performed at the time of surgery.

PMID- 4012609
TI  - Assessment of an implantable ileostomy sphincter.
AB  - A totally implanted, intermittently inflatable, silicone rubber cuff, reservoir,
      and control mechanism were evaluated for use as an artificial sphincter in 18
      female beagle dogs that had undergone ileostomy. The dogs were divided into daily
      8-hour occlusion, test, and always open, control, groups. Animals were evaluated
      daily for continence and peristomal irritation. Quantitative aerobic and
      anaerobic cultures, measurements of ileal accommodation, net fluxes of H2O, Na,
      K, and taurocholate, fecal fat loss, and urinary excretion of oral 58Co X B12
      plus mucosal suction biopsies were done at 4, 12, 24, and 36 weeks. Eight hours
      of daily occlusion caused dependable continence without causing damage to the
      underlying or upstream mucosa and significantly reduced the incidence of
      peristomal erosion (6.8 +/- 0.8 days/dog-days X 100 versus 50.7 +/- 7 days/dog
      days X 100 [+/- SEM] [p less than 0.001]). Occlusion also promoted anaerobic
      bacterial growth (9.00 +/- 0.41 logs versus 6.70 +/- 0.58 logs [p less than
      0.001]). Test animals showed significant capacitance accommodation of the
      terminal ileum without incurring defects in ileal absorptive or secretory
      function. Gangrenous herniation of small bowel through an aperture formed by an
      intestinal loop adhering to the capsule surrounding the cuff, device failure, and
      fibrotic obstruction occurred sporadically as late as 29 weeks after
      implantation. The artifical sphincter was effective and was physiologically well
      tolerated, but its specific liabilities require further address.

PMID- 4012610
TI  - Vascular graft infection: an analysis of sixty-two graft infections in 2411
      consecutively implanted synthetic vascular grafts.
AB  - Among 2411 consecutive arterial reconstructions performed with synthetic
      prosthetic material in Denmark during a 4-year period, 62 patients (2.6%)
      developed graft infection. Graft infection occurred only when the groin had been
      incised. The incidence of infection and the spread of infection along the graft
      did not relate to the graft material used (Dacron velour, Dacron woven,
      polytetrafluoroethylene, and umbilical vein). Retrospective analysis disclosed
      predisposing or precipitating factors in 50 of the 62 cases; the most important
      seemed to be unsatisfactory surgical technique. Fifty-three percent of the graft
      infections occurred within 30 days. Gram-positive cocci were the most common
      pathogen. The 62 patients had been in the hospital for a mean of 90 days and had
      undergone an average of 1.4 operations for graft infections. Of the patients,
      25.8% died and 30.6% underwent amputations. Vascular graft infection is still one
      of the major problems in vascular surgery; greater care should be taken to
      improve antiseptics, improve surgical technique, and establish a rational
      prophylactic antibiotic regimen. A prophylactic antibiotic regimen of a
      combination of cephalosporin and ampicillin is recommended.

PMID- 4012611
TI  - Prognostic features of pediatric soft-tissue sarcomas.
AB  - Eight hundred ninety-two patients under 20 years of age with soft-tissue sarcomas
      histologically diagnosed between 1955 and 1971 (before the era of combined
      modality therapy) were reviewed to delineate important prognostic variables.
      Differing histologic findings, extent of disease at initial presentation, and
      site of the primary tumor correlated with prognosis; age, sex, and race did not
      affect survival significantly. Patients with fibrosarcomas, liposarcomas, and
      leiomyosarcomas had improved survival rates when compared with adults with the
      same histologic findings; patients with localized tumors and extremity primary
      sites had the best prognosis. Patients with rhabdomyosarcomas, disseminated
      disease, or retroperitoneal primary sites had the worst prognosis. These data
      suggest that some childhood sarcomas are not as aggressive as adult sarcomas or
      childhood rhabdomyosarcomas. Therefore they may not require the adjuvant therapy
      shown to be beneficial in childhood rhabdomyosarcomas.

PMID- 4012613
TI  - [The course of ischemic heart disease in rheumatic defects in persons over 45].
AB  - Coronary heart disease (CHD) was followed up in 239 patients with rheumatic heart
      disease. According to the clinical data 40 (16.73%) patients had myocardial
      infarction (MI), 100 (41.84%) cardiosclerosis (CS), 185 (77.4%) angina pectoris
      (AP). AP (44.35%) prevailed among the isolated (66.1%) forms of valvular disease,
      associated AP and CS (23%) among the combined (33.9%) forms. In the majority of
      patients, AP originated and ran its course as stable throughout many years; in
      one-fifth of patients, the disease occurred as unstable. The incidence of AP was
      significantly higher in the senior age group, in women with aortic valvular
      disease, in men with stage III circulatory failure, and in cardiomegaly, AP
      aggravated the disease and life prognosis. MI was manifested by a moderately
      pronounced painful attack; it was frequently complicated by acute or incremental
      chronic circulatory failure. Small-focal MI was seen more frequently while the
      electrocardiographic changes associated with the disease resembled those seen in
      rheumatic carditis. Postinfarction CS stimulated the onset and progress of
      chronic congestive heart failure in 93.02% of patients.

PMID- 4012612
TI  - [X-ray cardiometric indices in ischemic heart disease and their prognostic
      significance].

PMID- 4012614
TI  - [Myocardial infarct in rheumatic mitral valve defects].
AB  - Analysis of the clinical and autopsy findings has shown that rheumatic heart
      disease (RHD) in persons who died from myocardial infarction is an extreme rarity
      (0.8%). It has been discovered that extensive transmural myocardial infarction in
      RHD only occurs in association with coronary heart disease (CHD) because of
      coronary atherosclerosis and that it is conditioned by CHD rather than by
      rheumatic process. For that reason myocardial infarction is characterized by the
      common clinico-electrocardiographic picture.

PMID- 4012615
TI  - [Quantitative evaluation of disorders of total and regional contractile function
      in patients with left ventricular postinfarct aneurysm using computed 2
      dimensional echocardiography].

PMID- 4012617
TI  - [Hereditary angioneurotic edema (its pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnosis,
      treatment)].

PMID- 4012616
TI  - [Use of a physical exertion test for the diagnosis of the sick sinus syndrome].
AB  - Forty-three patients with the sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and 74 normal persons
      were examined. All the patients were subjected to bicycle ergometry. The lower
      limits of normal for the heart rate (HR) (in men and women separately) were
      established during exercise of varying intensity. In 66.7% of patients with the
      SSS, the HR during exercise was under normal. In a significant part of SSS
      patients, the reduction of the HR after exercise proceeded more rapidly than in
      normal subjects. The authors suggest a heart rate retardation index (HRRI) for
      recognizing the SSS, the diagnostic importance of which rises with an increase in
      the exercise intensity. The total sensitivity of both indices (the HR at the end
      of exercise and the HRRI) reaches 100%. It is concluded that the exercise test
      can be used for preliminary screening of patients with the SSS.

PMID- 4012618
TI  - [Ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs during physical exertion in patients
      following the correction of mitral stenosis].
AB  - During rehabilitation of 40 patients after correction of mitral stenosis, a study
      was made of ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs under spirometric bicycle
      ergometry according to the "standard protocol" until the maximal oxygen
      consumption (MOC) was attained. The patients were examined 20-30 days, 3 and 6
      months after operation. In accordance with the magnitude of the MOC expressed in
      metabolic equivalents (MET), all the patients were divided into 3 functional
      classes which corresponded roughly to the NYHA classification. It was revealed
      that with the same magnitude of the MOC the patients of the worst functional
      class had a lower production of CO2, a greater volume of the dead space and a
      higher level of minute ventilation. It is supposed that the described respiratory
      abnormalities are connected with enhanced ventilation of the poorly perfused
      alveoli, apparently because of venous congestion in the pulmonary capillaries.
      The characteristics of gas exchange and ventilation in the lungs investigated
      under the conditions of the "standard protocol" of spirometric bicycle ergometry
      objectively mark pump function of the heart and respiratory potentialities of the
      cardiorespiratory system, which might be the basis for the functional
      classification of the patients after cardiosurgical interventions.

PMID- 4012619
TI  - [Effect of industrial noise on the prevalence of arterial hypertension].
AB  - Women exposed to industrial noise were subjected to a one-stage overall
      examination. The levels and character of industrial noise, microclimate, labour
      tension and the scope of physical activity had been evaluated before. Altogether
      1584 women aged 17-55 years were examined to form 4 groups to be compared. The
      prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) was found to be slightly higher in women
      exposed to the noise 90-100 dBA. It was shown by the method of the purposeful
      pair matching that the probability of an increase in the incidence of AH under
      exposure to industrial noise in the absence of other risk factors is 1.1--=1.9%;
      when combined with one of the factors such as overweight, aggravated heredity or
      aggravated obstetrical-gynecological anamnesis it rises up to 15%.

PMID- 4012620
TI  - [Case of suppuration of myocardial infarct in the subacute period].

PMID- 4012621
TI  - [Prolapse of the tricuspid valve in a patient with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4012622
TI  - [Romano-Ward syndrome].

PMID- 4012623
TI  - [Marfan's syndrome: polymorphism of its clinical manifestations].

PMID- 4012624
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis].

PMID- 4012626
TI  - [Diagnostic problems of congestive (dilated) cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 4012625
TI  - [Specificity of the morphological signs of alcoholic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The morphological signs of alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACMP) found on examination
      of over 500 autopsies for sudden death were compared with those in rats with
      experimental cardiomyopathy. It was established that they were completely
      identical. Each of the alterations found was non-specific. However, the fact that
      the same alterations always combined allowed the conclusion to be made about the
      existence of a complex of alterations characteristic of ACMP. The given
      differential-diagnostic complex formed the basis of the morphological diagnosis
      of ACMP in 2 groups of patients. Group I included patients suffering from chronic
      alcoholism, stages II-III, with a clinical diagnosis of ACMP, group II patients
      consisted of patients with a clinical diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy. In
      the latter group, the morphological signs of ACMP were recognized in 6 out of 14
      cases. The failure to demonstrate the morphological signs of ACMP in all the
      patients confirms the hypothesis that ACMP cannot be caused by long-term alcohol
      abuse alone. It is probable that a definite predisposition to the disease, which
      is likely to be of genetic character, may play the leading part in the disease
      development.

PMID- 4012627
TI  - [Function of the right heart based on 2-dimensional contrast echocardiography
      data in primary pulmonary hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The authors provide the results obtained during studies of the function of the
      right atrium and right ventricle in 15 patients with primary pulmonary
      hypertension (PPH) and 28 patients with dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy
      (DCMP). The studies were based on comparison of the sectional areas during
      systole and diastole measured by means of two-dimensional contrast
      echocardiography. Ultrasonic location was performed from the apical position in
      the four-chamber cross section projection. A study was also made of the effect of
      the development of relative insufficiency of the tricuspid valve and atrial
      fibrillation on the function of the right heart. In both the diseases, there was
      a decrease in the parameters which mirror the function of both right atrium and
      right ventricle. However, in patients with DCMP, that decrease was coupled with a
      relatively greater reduction in the function of the right atrium than in patients
      with PPH. It is possible that such a functional interrelationship between the
      right atrium and right ventricle presents one of the mechanisms of compensation
      in the development of circulatory failure in patients with PPH and DCMP.

PMID- 4012628
TI  - [Clinico-electrocardiographic characteristics of congestive (dilated)
      cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 4012629
TI  - [Electrocardiographic methods in the diagnosis of focal cicatricial lesions of
      the myocardium in dilated cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The authors compare the pathomorphological and electrocardiographic data in 38
      cases of dilated cardiomyopathy. Autopsy revealed the signs of myocardial
      hypertrophy associated with dilatation, myocardial fibrosis of varying degree was
      found despite otherwise normal coronary arteries. Myocardial fibrosis influences
      the ECG changes, thus reducing the informative value of the method in the
      diagnosis of myocardial hypertrophy and often causes abnormalities of
      intraventricular conduction as well as focal-cicatricial myocardial lesions.

PMID- 4012630
TI  - [Echocardiographic study of patients with alcoholic heart lesions].
AB  - The authors provide data obtained during echocardiographic examination of 16
      patients with different patterns of alcoholic heart injury primarily at the early
      stages of alcoholism. The group of patients without heart rhythm abnormality
      showed a decrease in myocardial contractile function, moderate dilatation of the
      left ventricle and its hypertrophy. In patients with heart rhythm abnormalities,
      the progress of myocardial lesions, dilatation of the left ventricle, left atrium
      and right ventricle prevailed over hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Hypertrophy
      and dilatation of the left ventricle were most pronounced in patients with
      permanent atrial fibrillation. The disease was discovered to run its course in
      stages with gradual superimposition on left ventricle hypertrophy and dilatation
      followed by a decrease in myocardial contractile function.

PMID- 4012631
TI  - [Chordal rupture syndrome of the mitral valve].
AB  - Fifty-eight patients with chordal ruptures of the mitral valve were examined. The
      main echocardiographic signs of chordal ruptures of the anterior and posterior
      mitral cusp were described. The authors provide the results of the use of two
      dimensional echocardiography for diagnosing chordal ruptures of the mitral valve
      depending on the etiological factor of chordal pathology (mesenchymal
      abnormalities, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, coronary heart disease).

PMID- 4012632
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of myxoma of the heart].
AB  - The authors describe 3 cases of left atrial myxoma confirmed by two-dimensional
      echocardiography and at operation. One patient had the symptoms of embolisms to
      the cerebral and renal vessels in the absence of heart disease, 2 patients
      presented with the symptoms of congestive heart failure. In one patient, loud
      first sound as well as systolic and diastolic murmur at the heart apex were
      documented. The nonspecific manifestations (weight loss, fever, high ESR,
      dysproteinemia, and rheumatoid factor) were observed in all the cases. The
      difficulties encountered in the clinical diagnosis of heart myxoma are discussed.
      The differential diagnosis is made between valvular heart disease and infective
      endocarditis, systemic vasculitis, cardiomyopathy, etc. Echocardiography to
      exclude myxoma should be performed in patients with thromboembolism, rheumatic
      valvular disease, subacute endocarditis (particularly in the absence of the
      classical symptoms) and in those with fever of unknown origin.

PMID- 4012633
TI  - [Myxomatosis of the right ventricle complicated by infectious endocarditis].

PMID- 4012634
TI  - [Space-occupying masses in the right atrial cavity. Findings in segmental echo
      scanning].
AB  - A total of 1665 patients were examined with the aid of two-dimensional
      echocardiography scanning. Of these, 3 patients had sizable formations in the
      right atrium. During scanning, the sizable formations were recorded within the
      planes of echolocation, whereas the use of one-dimensional echocardiography
      enabled a sizable formation to be detected but in one patient. In two patients,
      the sizable formations were mobile and shifted during diastole to the right
      ventricle. In one patient, the sizable formation was immobile and was detectable
      only in the right atrium. The mobile formations are likely to be myxomas, whereas
      the immobile ones are formed by thrombotic masses.

PMID- 4012635
TI  - [Difficulties in the diagnosis of protracted septic endocarditis].

PMID- 4012637
TI  - [Cardiomyopathies].

PMID- 4012636
TI  - [Isolated ultrafiltration in treating chronic heart failure].
AB  - Twenty-five patients with chronic heart failure resistant to drug therapy were
      subjected to isolated ultrafiltration (IUF) as part of the complex of therapeutic
      measures. Altogether 76 IUF sessions were made. The results of the use of IUF
      were controlled by the clinical observation, laboratory studies and ultrasonic
      exploration of the internal organs. It has been shown that IUF should be included
      into the complex of therapeutic measures for chronic heart failure.

PMID- 4012639
TI  - [Spasm of organically altered coronary arteries].
AB  - The paper is concerned with 11 patients with an angiographically recorded spasm
      at the site of the coronary artery stenosis. In the 2 patients, the spasm was
      spontaneous, whereas in the 9, it was provoked by ergometrine. None of the
      patients had a typical clinical picture of Prinzmetal's angina pectoris, but all
      the cases were characterized by exacerbation of coronary heart disease, which was
      manifested by repetition and increase of the intensity of attacks of angina
      pectoris at rest. The data of the repeated ergometrine tests, during which the
      ECG was recorded indicate that in the majority of the patients, the ability to
      respond by spasms toward ergometrine administration disappeared as the clinical
      condition was stabilized, but some of the patients preserved this ability despite
      therapy with calcium antagonists. If 2 or 3 coronary vessels were involved, spasm
      developed but in one of the vessels. This is indirect evidence for the fact that
      during multiple stenosing of the coronary arteries, the reactivity of one of the
      stenoses plays the leading part in the genesis of the disease exacerbation.

PMID- 4012638
TI  - [Role of certain factors in thrombus formation in patients with myocardial
      infarct complicated by an acute aneurysm].
AB  - A total of 240 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) were examined over
      time with the use of two-dimensional echocardiography. The influence of such
      factors as the scope of involvement of the left ventricle myocardium, changes of
      its contractility and hemostasis on thrombus formation in the left ventricle was
      investigated. It was established that thrombus is formed primarily during
      anterior myocardial infarction with an extensive injury to the apical segment-
      formation of a large aneurysm. Thrombus formation is associated with a
      significantly large scope of the involvement and reduced (both total and
      segmental) left ventricle myocardial contractility, which may favour the
      development of hemostasis in the area of the aneurysm. It was discovered that two
      dimensional echocardiography coupled with doppler cardiography is a highly
      sensitive technique, the use of which during MI enables recognizing patients
      predisposed to thrombus formation.

PMID- 4012640
TI  - [Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of spontaneous stenocardia attacks].
AB  - Study of changes in the electrocardiogram during spontaneous attacks of angina
      pectoris has shown that out of 80 patients examined, 78 (98.6%) patients with
      angina pectoris at rest manifested ischemic-type changes in the end part of the
      ventricular complex of the ECG, whereas in 81% of the patients, rhythm and
      conduction abnormalities were recorded in addition. It has been established that
      during a spontaneous angina pectoris attack, the degree of an increase in the
      double product was lower while the degree of the ischemic depression of the ST
      segment was greater than during threshold load. Apparently, the reduction of the
      coronary blood flow rather than a dramatic increase in myocardial oxygen
      requirement plays the leading part in the pathogenesis of spontaneous attacks of
      angina pectoris.

PMID- 4012641
TI  - [Classification of ventricular fibrillation].
AB  - The authors analyse the most common classifications of ventricular fibrillation.
      Indicate that agonal fibrillation should not be distinguished. Suggest a modified
      classification and explain the necessity of introducing some changes into the
      classification.

PMID- 4012642
TI  - The Teratology Society, twenty-fifth annual meeting. July 7-11, 1985, Pine
      Mountain, Georgia. Program, abstracts.

PMID- 4012643
TI  - Pathologic features of the CHARGE association: support for involvement of the
      neural crest.
AB  - Defects associated with choanal atresia include coloboma, cardiac anomalies
      (usually involving the conotruncal region), physical or mental retardation,
      genital hypoplasia, and abnormalities of the ear. This constellation of defects
      is known as the "CHARGE" association and may be accompanied by other anomalies.
      Many of these defects seem to result from abnormalities in the development,
      migration, or interaction of cells of the cephalic neural crest. The range of
      variation in neural crest development is substantial, as indicated by the rather
      large number of malformation complexes and syndromes that are related
      phenotypically to the CHARGE association. The increasingly unwieldy nature of
      this collection of malformations demonstrates the need for an expanded
      classification of the "neurocrestopathies."

PMID- 4012644
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the neural tube of 10-day-old mouse embryos exposed to
      colchicine and hydroxyurea.
AB  - The ultrastructural changes in the neural tube of 10-day-old mouse embryos were
      investigated between 1.5 hr and 4 hr after application of either 1 mg/kg
      colchicine (Col) or 500 mg/kg hydroxyurea (HU) or simultaneous application of
      both substances. During the investigated period, the shape of the nuclei of the
      neuroepithelial cells had changed from elongated to round after Col application.
      The chromatin in the nuclei was condensed and arranged in clusters. A breakdown
      of polysomes into ribosomes and an enlargement of the rough ER was observed in
      the cytoplasm. At the luminal surface, bleb-like cytoplasmic processes of the
      neuroepithelial cells containing monoribosomes protruded into the lumen. No cell
      necroses were visible in the neural tube after Col application. A condensation of
      chromatin in the nuclei of some neuroepithelial cells was visible 1.5 hr after HU
      application. Shortly thereafter, cell necroses appeared in the neural tube and 4
      hr after HU application the entire spinal cord was strongly damaged. After
      simultaneous application of Col and HU, the ultrastructural changes in the
      neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube did not differ from the results obtained
      after Col application alone. In contrast to the results obtained after HU
      application alone, no necroses occurred after simultaneous application of Col and
      HU.

PMID- 4012645
TI  - Critical periods during development as assessed by thallium-induced inhibition of
      growth of embryonic chick tibiae in vitro.
AB  - In ovo application of thallium sulfate has been shown to produce a characteristic
      shortening and angulation of the tibia of the embryonic chick. The critical
      period for susceptibility to thallium-induced inhibition of tibial growth ends at
      8 2/3 days of incubation, a time when the growth rate of the embryo declines by
      55%. The aim of the present study was to expose tibiae to thallium in vitro to
      determine whether this response was intrinsic to the tibia. A 4-hour exposure to
      400 micrograms thallium was found to be most effective. Growth of tibiae from 8
      day-old embryos was inhibited, growth of tibiae from 9-day-old embryos was not,
      and the response of tibiae isolated from embryos of 8 2/3 days of incubation was
      intermediate. Therefore, the response of the tibia to thallium represents an
      intrinsic property and is not secondary to inhibited nerve growth as has been
      suggested. The critical period and its termination is also an intrinsic property
      of the tibia. Tibiae were exposed to thallium for 4 hours at various times after
      the tibiae had been established in vitro. Susceptibility to growth inhibition was
      shown to decline as tibiae developed beyond the critical period, a decline that
      could be correlated with a declining growth rate. Emphasis is placed upon
      critical events during development as a more useful concept than critical periods
      for explaining susceptibility to teratogens.

PMID- 4012646
TI  - Uptake and binding of tritium from [chloroethyl 3H] cyclophosphamide by rat
      embryos in vitro.
AB  - Day 10 rat embryos were exposed in vitro to [chloroethyl 3H] cyclophosphamide (3H
      CP) at 4 micrograms/ml over a 24-hour period and the uptake and binding of
      labeled drug were monitored autoradiographically and biochemically.
      Autoradiographic analysis revealed that embryos exposed to 3H-CP and a complete
      activating system exhibited radioactivity distributed throughout the embryo.
      Subsequent analysis indicated that the distribution of autoradiographic grains on
      a per cell basis ranged from 7.7 in surface ectoderm to 13.4 in the
      neuroepithelium. No correlation was found between the sensitivity of various
      embryonic tissues to the cytotoxic effects of CP and the number of grains per
      cell. Direct radiochemical analysis of the amount of tritium taken up and bound
      by embryos under bioactivating conditions (3H-CP + S-9 + cofactors) confirmed the
      autoradiographic analysis. Autoradiographic and radiochemical analyses
      demonstrate that embryos exposed under bioactivating conditions take up and bind
      approximately three times more tritium than embryos exposed under nonactivating
      conditions (3H-CP + S-9 without cofactors). Additional studies have demonstrated
      that uptake and binding of tritium from bioactivated 3H-CP only are linear over
      the first 10 hours of incubation with no detectable increases thereafter.

PMID- 4012648
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of trypan blue teratogenicity in the rat developing in
      vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Trypan blue is a potent teratogen in vivo and in vitro in the rat. Many of the
      abnormalities produced by trypan blue--including swollen neural tube and
      pericardium, subectodermal blisters, hematomas, and generalized edema--may result
      from altered fluid balance in and around the embryo. The present study
      demonstrates relationships between changes in the fluid environment around the
      embryo and appearance of anomalies. Rat embryos were exposed in utero or in vitro
      to trypan blue during the early period of organogenesis. Both exposures resulted
      in defects that are typical of trypan blue treatment. Osmolality of exocoelomic
      fluid (ECF) was measured on gestation day 10 in vivo and day 12 in vitro, both
      after 48 hr of exposure to trypan blue. In both cases ECF osmolality was
      significantly lower than controls. This was correlated with the presence of edema
      related anomalies in the embryo. On gestation day 11 in vivo, three days after
      maternal injection of trypan blue, ECF osmolalities were significantly higher
      than controls; however, there was tremendous variability in this parameter in day
      11 treated embryos, and some had ECF osmolalities below the control range.
      Increased frequency of abnormalities was correlated with abnormal ECF osmolality,
      below and above the control range. Trypan blue probably exerts its teratogenic
      effects by disturbing the function of the visceral yolk sac. The movements of an
      amino acid and a monosaccharide across the visceral yolk sac were measured on
      gestation day 12 embryos in vitro. This aspect of yolk sac function was not
      altered by trypan blue exposure. Ultrastructure of the visceral yolk sac was
      observed after trypan blue exposure in vivo and in vitro. Endodermal cells in
      trypan blue-treated yolk sacs contained fewer large, electron dense lysosomes
      than controls. These were replaced by numerous small vacuoles, which may contain
      trypan blue. Trypan blue causes osmotic changes in the rat embryo in vivo and in
      vitro. These changes are correlated with embryonic malformations. Alterations in
      yolk sac ultrastructure indicate that trypan blue affects the function of this
      membrane.

PMID- 4012647
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in the Kaiser-Permanente Birth Defects Study, with
      special reference to contraceptive use around the time of conception.
AB  - Chromosomal abnormalities were studied in 33,551 abortions and births to women
      whose contraceptive histories had been recorded at their first antenatal visit in
      1975-1977. Chromosome examinations were performed exclusively on clinical
      grounds. There were 45 de novo abnormalities detected (1.34/1,000); three of them
      were detected at amniocentesis. Trisomy 21 was observed in 27 cases (0.80/1,000),
      trisomy 18 in nine (0.27), other trisomies in three (0.09), and translocations or
      deletions in five (0.15). One case of triploidy and six cases of inherited
      abnormalities were detected. There were no significant racial variations. No
      increase in risk for chromosomal abnormalities was found among women who had used
      oral contraceptives prior to becoming pregnant or among women who experienced
      oral contraceptive breakthrough pregnancies. Two cases of trisomy 18 were
      observed among the 814 deliveries following oral contraceptive breakthrough
      conceptions (2.46/1,000), two cases of trisomy 21 occurred in 338 births
      following failures of rhythm contraception (5.92/1,000), and no cases of trisomy
      21 or 18 among the 1,569 women using spermicides at the time of conception.

PMID- 4012649
TI  - Sex difference in susceptibility to teratogenic effect of maternal biotin
      deficiency in mouse embryos.
AB  - When pregnant mice were fed biotin-deficient diets, cleft palate occurred more
      frequently in male fetuses than in female fetuses. Possible underlying mechanisms
      are speculated on, and some methodological problems in the analysis of sex
      related differences in multiparous animals are discussed.

PMID- 4012650
TI  - Editorial comment on comments on "Teratogen update: Bendectin".

PMID- 4012651
TI  - Code of ethics for the University of Texas System Cancer Center M.D. Anderson
      Hospital and Tumor Institute.

PMID- 4012652
TI  - Heimlich maneuver in children.

PMID- 4012653
TI  - Risk management: one way to fight malpractice suits.

PMID- 4012654
TI  - Medicine and the law. Peer review of fees--1985 update.

PMID- 4012655
TI  - [Sources and behavior of the principal atmospheric pollutants].

PMID- 4012656
TI  - [Secondary effect of pesticides on flora and fauna].

PMID- 4012657
TI  - [The adverse effects of air pollution on lung function].

PMID- 4012658
TI  - [The effect of air pollution on respiratory disease in children].

PMID- 4012660
TI  - [Adverse effects of air pollution on health].

PMID- 4012659
TI  - [An overview of environment-related lung diseases in domestic animals].

PMID- 4012661
TI  - [Clinical pharmacokinetics of furosemide during continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis].

PMID- 4012662
TI  - [Estroprogestational minipills: breast diseases and functional cysts of the
      ovary. Apropos of 87 cases].

PMID- 4012663
TI  - [Double-blind study of progabide in spasticity].

PMID- 4012665
TI  - [Hyperthermia caused by nomifensine. The problem of diagnosing drug-induced
      fever].

PMID- 4012664
TI  - [Amoxapine. An antidepressant responsible for extrapyramidal side effects?].

PMID- 4012666
TI  - [Side effects of azathioprine (Imurel). Apropos of 313 patients treated for
      multiple sclerosis. Review of the literature].

PMID- 4012667
TI  - [Drug-induced fever. Physiopathology. Imputability criteria].

PMID- 4012668
TI  - Thrombopoietin production in a patient with chronic thrombocytopenia after plasma
      infusion.
AB  - A thrombocytopoiesis-stimulating factor (TSF or thrombopoietin) was found to be
      significantly elevated in sera of a patient with chronic thrombocytopenia at one
      hour after infusion with fresh-frozen plasma (FFP). No detectable levels of TSF
      were found in the pre-infusion sera or in the infusate. At 2 hours post-infusion,
      TSF levels were decreased, and by 24 hrs the TSF titers were undetectable. Not
      only did FFP elevate TSF levels, but 6 days later significant increases in
      platelet counts were observed. This work confirms a previous finding of increased
      TSF levels following plasma infusion in a patient with similar clinical features
      and suggests that these patients lack a plasma factor that plays a critical role
      in TSF production.

PMID- 4012669
TI  - Comparative effects of heparin and PK 10169, a low molecular weight fraction, in
      a canine model of arterial thrombosis.
AB  - The comparative properties of heparin and PK 10169, a low molecular weight
      fraction, were studied using an antithrombotic test in anaesthetized dogs. The
      antithrombotic properties of the two compounds were evaluated by measuring
      inhibition of thrombus formation following transluminar stimulation of coronary
      artery with anodal current and by measuring anticoagulant properties, anti Xa and
      anti IIa activities. The results show that PK 10169 displayed significant
      antithrombotic activities above 0.625 mg/kg and was equipotent at 2.5 mg/kg s.c.
      with heparin 10 mg/kg s.c. No correlation could be observed between
      antithrombotic/anti Xa ratio of both compounds. Moreover it was shown that,
      unlike heparin, PK 10169 s.c. was devoid of obvious anticoagulant properties and
      induced a negligible anti IIa activity contrasting with a high anti Xa level. A
      similar dissociation between anti Xa and anti IIa activities was observed
      following i.v. administration of 2.5 mg/kg of PK 10169 but not with heparin. This
      low molecular weight heparin fraction might thus be regarded as a potential
      arterial antithrombotic agent devoid of appreciable anticoagulant effect.

PMID- 4012670
TI  - A simple purification of human factor X using a high affinity monoclonal antibody
      immunoadsorbant.

PMID- 4012671
TI  - Thrombin-induced aggregation of lymphocytes: non-enzymic induction by an hirudin
      blocked thrombin exosite.

PMID- 4012672
TI  - Platelet volume and count after severe prolonged physical effort.

PMID- 4012673
TI  - The fibrinolytic action of flufenamate and its influence on plasminogen binding
      to fibrin.
AB  - The effects of the synthetic fibrinolytic agent flufenamate were investigated in
      a purified system made up of bovine fibrin and human plasminogen. The lysis of
      the fibrin clots was observed after a 12-hour incubation for flufenamate
      concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 3 mM. Below 0.25 mM and above 3 mM, no lysis
      occurred, even after a longer incubation. An increase in plasminogen adsorption
      on the fibrin clot was also observed in the presence of flufenamate. The amount
      of plasminogen bound was estimated using 125I labelled Glu-plasminogen or Lys
      plasminogen, in the presence of a protease inhibitor to avoid the fibrinolysis
      induced at lytic concentrations of flufenamate. Maximum binding was observed with
      both types of plasminogen at a flufenamate concentration of 2.5 mM. The binding,
      relatively fast at the start of incubation, slowed down progressively, but a real
      plateau was not reached, even after a 6-day incubation. Plasminogen binding was
      not saturable, suggesting a non-specific binding type. Although Lys-plasminogen
      binding was always greater than that of Glu-plasminogen, the effect of
      flufenamate was more pronounced on Glu-plasminogen binding.

PMID- 4012674
TI  - Fluorescent Ca2+-indicator quin 2 as an intracellular Ca2+ antagonist in platelet
      reaction.
AB  - Preincubation of fluorescent Ca2+-indicator quin 2 resulted in inhibition on
      platelet aggregation and secretion in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. And the
      mechanism of the inhibition was studied. The inhibition by quin 2 of thrombin
      stimulated aggregation and ATP secretion of human platelets was dose and
      incubation time dependent and the inhibition was overcome by an addition of CaCl2
      to the suspending buffer. Combination of quin 2 and Ca2+-blockers exerted the
      complete inhibition of the reaction in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The
      inhibitory effect was observed when the intracellular concentration of quin 2
      exceeds 3 mM, regardless of the initial dose or the preincubation time. The
      cellular content of ATP was not reduced by loading platelets with quin 2 in the
      concentration which exerted an inhibitory effect on the platelet reaction. From
      these observations, it was postulated that the inhibition is due to chelation of
      intracellular Ca2+ by quin 2 and the application of this agent as an
      intracellular Ca2+ antagonist was proposed. Also, we discussed the limitations in
      the use of quin 2 system as an intracellular Ca2+ indicator.

PMID- 4012675
TI  - The effect of physiological levels of fibrinogen on platelet aggregation.
AB  - Results from the Northwick Park Heart Study (NPHS) suggest that physiological
      levels of plasma fibrinogen may influence platelet aggregability. This
      possibility has been further studied by the addition of purified fibrinogen to
      the blood of 17 study participants with low plasma fibrinogen levels. The
      results, which were highly consistent between different individuals, showed that
      fibrinogen increases aggregability as measured by the ADP ED50, the dose of
      adenosine diphosphate at which aggregation proceeds at half its maximum velocity.
      However, an increasing plasma fibrinogen level was associated with decreasing
      aggregability measured by another parameter, the ADP EMR (estimated maximum
      response). Although the balance of evidence is that the plasma fibrinogen level
      enhances aggregability, these conflicting results emphasize the limitation of any
      simple concept of "platelet aggregability".

PMID- 4012676
TI  - Argon laser radiation of human clots: differential photoabsorption in red cell
      rich and red cell poor clots.
AB  - Since argon laser radiation (454-514 nm) can vaporize human clots, we determined
      whether the absorption of laser energies can differ among different types of
      blood clots. Thus we performed spectrophotometric studies and examined the
      ability of this laser to penetrate red cell rich and red cell poor clots. Fifty
      four red cell rich and red cell poor clot samples, varying in depth from 1.8 to
      5.0 mm, were subjected to 3, 5 and 7 watts from an argon laser beam. At a given
      power intensity, the deeper the red cell rich clot, the longer was the time
      needed to penetrate the clot. The higher the power used, the shorter was the red
      clot penetration time. In contrast, all power levels used up to 5 minutes did not
      penetrate any of the varying depths of red cell poor clots.
      Spectrophotometrically, the red cell rich clot had an absorption curve typical of
      hemoglobin pigment while the red cell poor clot, in the absence of hemoglobin,
      had poor absorption between 350 and 600 nm and was unable to absorb argon laser
      energies. Thus, the argon laser provides a therapeutic modality for human red
      cell rich clot dissolution but the present approach does not appear to be
      effective against red cell poor clots.

PMID- 4012677
TI  - [Gastrointestinal diseases in general practice. A general practice register].

PMID- 4012678
TI  - [Replantation of the forearm].

PMID- 4012679
TI  - [Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy secondary to benign fibrous mesothelioma].

PMID- 4012680
TI  - [Treatment of brain metastases].

PMID- 4012681
TI  - [Entrapment of the radial nerve in the elbow region. Differential diagnosis in
      radial epicondylitis].

PMID- 4012682
TI  - [Reconstruction of the breast after surgery for breast cancer].

PMID- 4012683
TI  - [Confusion on gastroenterological terms].

PMID- 4012684
TI  - [Hearing aids. The distribution system in Hordaland and an analysis of needs].

PMID- 4012685
TI  - [Epidural pain relief in labor].

PMID- 4012686
TI  - [The movable kidney. Restrictive surgical treatment].

PMID- 4012687
TI  - [Should streptococcal tonsillitis be treated with penicillin? A review of the
      literature].

PMID- 4012688
TI  - [Acute meningitis after metrizamide myelography. Unnecessary use of
      disinfectants].

PMID- 4012689
TI  - [Geographically equal access to medical knowledge].

PMID- 4012690
TI  - [Biological rhythms. Some basic and clinical aspects].

PMID- 4012691
TI  - [Chronotherapeutic principles in cancer treatment. Theory and practice].

PMID- 4012692
TI  - [Panner's disease].

PMID- 4012693
TI  - [Gilbert-Meulengracht disease].

PMID- 4012694
TI  - [Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 4012695
TI  - [Freetext retrieval. A powerful ADP-tool even within medicine].

PMID- 4012696
TI  - [ADP-based drug information. The Felles catalog in a freetext system].

PMID- 4012697
TI  - [The microcomputer. A tool in clinical and experimental research].

PMID- 4012698
TI  - [Equal access to hospital care? Regional variations in hospital utilization].

PMID- 4012699
TI  - [Varicose veins in the lower limbs. Clinical material on 266 patients].

PMID- 4012700
TI  - [Spinal anesthesia. Still an alternative?].

PMID- 4012701
TI  - [Battered women. Do battered women need psychiatric help?].

PMID- 4012702
TI  - [Symptomatic retroflexion of the uterus. A 5-year surgical material].

PMID- 4012703
TI  - [Intestinal rotation and fixation abnormalities in children].

PMID- 4012704
TI  - [Selenium research. Results and problems of selenium metabolism and its
      biological role].

PMID- 4012705
TI  - [Alcohol and drug abuse in the military forces].

PMID- 4012706
TI  - [Pericardiectomy in constrictive pericarditis].

PMID- 4012707
TI  - [An unusual cardiac rupture after infarction].

PMID- 4012709
TI  - [Bronchoalveolar lavage. A new diagnostic method in lung diseases].

PMID- 4012708
TI  - [Hibernoma. A rare soft tissue tumor].

PMID- 4012710
TI  - [Carotid endarterectomy under local anesthesia].

PMID- 4012711
TI  - [Transfusion service. Self sufficiency and utilization of resources--experiences
      from Health Region 1].

PMID- 4012713
TI  - [Pregnancy wastage and prenatal diagnosis].

PMID- 4012712
TI  - [Symptomatic gallstone disease. Utilization of resources and incidence of surgery
      at somatic hospitals].

PMID- 4012714
TI  - [Neonatal mortality at a Norwegian county hospital 1972-1983].

PMID- 4012715
TI  - [Epilepsy and physical fitness].

PMID- 4012716
TI  - [Central venous catheters. A prospective study of complications].

PMID- 4012717
TI  - [Lipid deposits in the ventricle].

PMID- 4012718
TI  - [Bone scintigraphy in fractures of the scaphoid].

PMID- 4012719
TI  - [Lymphogranulomatosis. Current views].

PMID- 4012720
TI  - [Donor insemination. The patients' view on anonymity].

PMID- 4012721
TI  - [Use of hypnotics in nursing homes in Troms before and after information to the
      staff and written directions].

PMID- 4012722
TI  - [Surgical day-time patients at Sandefjord hospital].

PMID- 4012723
TI  - [Antiepileptics and zinc deficiency].

PMID- 4012724
TI  - [Disaster drills in hospitals].

PMID- 4012725
TI  - [Disaster preparedness among surgeons].

PMID- 4012726
TI  - [The critically ill and injured. A descriptive study of patients treated and
      transported by a physician-staffed ambulance helicopter].

PMID- 4012727
TI  - [Somatoform disorders. A hidden disease among the populace].

PMID- 4012728
TI  - [Use of nail guns. Side effects of a preventive measure].

PMID- 4012729
TI  - [7 postural reactions suggested by Vojta. An aid in the examination of neonatal
      motor activity at maternal and pediatric clinics].

PMID- 4012730
TI  - [Routine urinary examinations. Can test-strip examination substitute for
      microscopy in routine urinary examinations in internal medicine departments?].

PMID- 4012731
TI  - [Therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy].

PMID- 4012732
TI  - [Health screening of 70-year-olds. A survey of elderly people without regular
      contact with a physician in a city district of Oslo].

PMID- 4012733
TI  - [The geriatric outpatient team. Experiences from a year's activity in the Aker
      section, Oslo].

PMID- 4012734
TI  - [Quality assurance and quality control of health care services].

PMID- 4012735
TI  - [Patient insurance in Norway?].

PMID- 4012736
TI  - [The Norwegian Drug and Therapeutic Formulary. The results of a questionnaire
      inquiry].

PMID- 4012737
TI  - [Occupation and cancer epidemiology in Norway 1973-1983].

PMID- 4012738
TI  - [Influenza vaccination. Measurement of antibodies in blood samples before and
      after vaccination].

PMID- 4012739
TI  - [Congenital liver cysts].

PMID- 4012740
TI  - [Non-penetrating abdominal injuries. Early assessment and therapy].

PMID- 4012742
TI  - [Angioma serpiginosum. A diagnostic problem].

PMID- 4012741
TI  - [Primary peritonitis].

PMID- 4012743
TI  - [Automatic implantable defibrillator. A method for the treatment of life
      threatening arrhythmias].

PMID- 4012745
TI  - [The institutes' place within the general medicine].

PMID- 4012744
TI  - [Insect allergy. The role of various insects].

PMID- 4012746
TI  - [Institutes of general medicine--the views and wishes of the primary health care
      physicians].

PMID- 4012747
TI  - [Chediak-Higashi syndrome].
AB  - As the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is rare in various species of mammal and
      occurs almost only in very young to young animals, it is virtually unknown and
      may therefore pass unnoticed. For this reason, the symptoms as reported for
      example in man, cattle, cats and mink are brought together and compared in the
      present paper. The most important symptoms are dilution of the pigment of skin
      and fur and increased susceptibility to infection. Enlarged granules are found in
      leukocytes and various other types of cell. The basis for this defect should be
      sought at the level of the microtubules. Moreover this report is concerned with
      genetic features of this type of defect. The criteria to be applied in the
      diagnosis of the CHS are discussed.

PMID- 4012748
TI  - [Progesterone in mare's milk: suitable for early pregnancy detection?].
AB  - The concentrations of progesterone in milk were determined in twenty-one mares to
      establish a diagnosis of pregnancy in an early stage (15-19 days). Progesterone
      levels varied from 0.0 to 4.2 ng/ml in nine non-pregnant mares and from 6.7 to
      30.0 ng/ml in twelve pregnant mares. Progesterone levels were determined by an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

PMID- 4012749
TI  - [Why still using chloramphenicol?].
AB  - The use of chloramphenicol (CAP) is discussed in the light of the potential
      residues that may occur when CAP is not used correctly in veterinary therapy. A
      description of CAP and of the regulations in force is followed by suggestions of
      methods by which chloramphenicol residues may be prevented.

PMID- 4012750
TI  - [A case of copper poisoning in calves].

PMID- 4012751
TI  - [Microbiological reference values for food products].
AB  - This article describes the procedure recommended for setting up the ranges of
      microbiological reference values for foodstuffs, to be used in the
      microbiological inspection procedures of the integrated quality guarantee system.
      Such reference values should be based on 'Good Management Practices' (GMP)
      programmes. Strategic intervention, through control of the production line, in
      order to correct the contraventions evident in the GMP programme, is the first
      necessity in guaranteeing microbiological quality. Also, the
      hygienic/microbiological supervision of end products remains indispensible, so
      that the effectiveness of prevention procedures can be verified. In this way,
      errors which may have previously escaped detection can be found and eliminated.
      It is emphatically pointed out that only through cooperation between experts of
      various disciplines involved directly in animal health, working under one
      'umbrella' organisation, can the best guarantee of efficacious protection be
      offered to the consumer.

PMID- 4012752
TI  - [Not on thin ice...].

PMID- 4012753
TI  - [Anabolic steroid residues in administration sites in slaughtering cattle.
      October 1983 - January 1985].
AB  - Samples from 573 sites of injection or implantation in carcasses of slaughtered
      cattle and veal calves in the Netherlands were studied by high performance liquid
      chromatography associated with on-line detection of the total UV spectrum (diode
      array detector). Anabolic substances were identified in 462 (100%) out of 573
      samples. Nortestosterone was most frequently detected (84%) during the period
      from October 1983 to January 1985. Other xenobiotic steroids observed were
      medroxyprogesterone (14%), methyltestosterone (2%) and trenbolone (2%). The
      'natural' steroids testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone were found in 29%,
      66% and 3% of the samples respectively. The stilbene derivatives
      diethylstilboestrol (DES), dienestrol and hexoestrol were found in 2%, 3% and 0%
      of the samples. After re-introduction of DES control in the urine of cattle early
      in 1984, DES residues were no longer detected in the samples from sites of
      administration. Zeranol was not observed at all. If applicable, all anabolic
      agents were found to be present in a variety of esterified dosage forms.

PMID- 4012754
TI  - Presentation and statistical examination of three-factor association in the HLA
      system.
AB  - Three-factor associations in the HLA system are frequently tested statistically
      by well-known procedures using 2 X 2 X 2 contingency table analysis. The coupling
      index DABC given in many publications is suitable for none of these procedures. A
      more meaningful statistical test for the index DABC is described.

PMID- 4012755
TI  - Immunoglobulin allotypes in families with pauciarticular-onset juvenile chronic
      arthritis.
AB  - Immunoglobulin allotypes have been studied in the families of 17 pauciarticular
      onset juvenile chronic arthritis patients included in the 9th Histocompatibility
      Workshop. There is no evidence of an association of these genetic factors with
      the disease, nor with the HLA and complement C4 disease markers.

PMID- 4012756
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of neurons isolated from the pedal disk and body
      column of Hydra.
AB  - Segments of pedal disk and body column were cut from specimens of Hydra
      littoralis and separated into epidermis and gastrodermis, then macerated to
      isolate neurons for scanning electron microscopy. Bipolar and multipolar ganglion
      cells were present in both tissue layers, whereas sensory cells were found only
      in the gastrodermis. A single cilium projected from the perikaryon of some
      bipolar and multipolar ganglion cells; the cilium was long in the pedal disk
      ganglion cells and short in those from the body column. Ganglion cells from the
      pedal disk had short, thick processes, whereas those from the body column had
      long, thin neurites. Gastrodermal sensory cells were characterized as unipolar by
      the presence of an apical cilium near the perikaryon or as asymmetrical bipolar
      by the presence of a narrow neck region between the perikaryon and cilium. The
      axon was short in pedal disk sensory cells and long in those from the body
      column.

PMID- 4012757
TI  - Filipin-cholesterol complexes in plasma membranes and cell junctions of Tenebrio
      molitor epidermis.
AB  - The polyene antibiotic filipin combines with cholesterol in membranes to form
      complexes that are readily identifiable in the electron microscope. The
      distribution of filipin-cholesterol (FC) complexes is most easily studied by
      freeze-fracture. Larval epidermis of Tenebrio molitor (Insecta, Coleoptera) was
      maintained in vitro for 48 hr, since the electrophysiological properties of the
      cells are best characterized under these conditions. The cells were fixed in
      buffered 3.0% glutaraldehyde at RT for 15 min, transferred to fresh fixative
      containing 1% DMSO and filipin (final concentration; 0.5 mg/ml) for 3 hr RT.
      Control cells were treated in fixative containing 1% DMSO only. In freeze
      fracture replicas, FC complexes appear on the plasma membrane as large circular
      protrusions measuring 26.5 +/- 6.8 nm (x +/- s.d.) n = 50, in diameter and 17.1
      +/- 2.8 nm, n = 50, in height and 11.7 +/- 2.6 nm, n = 25, in depth. Protrusions
      are about two times more frequent on the E face while pits are several times more
      frequent on the P face. FC complexes are most abundant (greater than 50/mu m2) on
      the basal membrane surface of the cells but are excluded from regions of
      hemidesmosomal plaques that anchor the cells to the basal lamina. FC complexes
      are also abundant on the apical surfaces of the cells where cuticle secretion
      occurs. In the lateral regions below the junctional belt, FC complexes are less
      numerous but often appear to increase in frequency in a graded fashion away from
      the junctional region. The septate junctions are relatively free of FC complexes
      except in regions where they open to form islands. These islands often contain
      gap junctions but the FC complexes rarely invade the particle domains of the gap
      junctions. Single FC complexes were seen in three out of a total of 97 gap
      junctions. Exposure of the epidermis to 20-hydroxyecdysone for 24 hr in vitro did
      not induce the appearance of FC complexes within the cell junctions.

PMID- 4012758
TI  - A freeze-fracture study of the digestive tract of the parasitic nematode
      Trichinella.
AB  - Freeze-fracture preparations of the esophagus and intestine of larvae and adults
      of the nematode Trichinella spiralis illustrate the distribution of
      intramembranous particles in membranes of a number of cell types, and several
      specializations were found. Esophageal glands are prominently linked by gap
      junctions, but gap junctions were not found between intestinal cells. Muscle
      cells of the esophagus have rectilinear arrays of particles, thought to be points
      of adherence of the muscles to the esophageal epithelium. Clusters of particles
      are associated with these arrays and particle-free areas (probably Z bodies) also
      occur. Intestinal cells have small particles in their microvilli, large particles
      in the cells' apical membranes, and intermediate size particles, similar to
      membranes of other cells, in the lateral and basal membranes. Apical smooth
      septate junctions and tricellular junctions occur between intestinal cells.

PMID- 4012759
TI  - The male copulatory apparatus in an opisthobranch mollusc, Runcina.
AB  - The copulatory apparatus of a primitive opisthobranch, Runcina, is described. The
      apparatus is comprised of the following organs: the spermatic bulb, the
      prostrate, the penis and the penial sac. The spermatic bulb wall consists of
      cuboidal epithelium with forked microvilli and densely arranged cilia. Prior to
      copulation the interior is tightly packed with sperm. The prostate is lined with
      alternating glandular and supporting cells, the latter being compressed but with
      a mushroom-shaped apex bearing a few forked microvilli and many cilia. The
      glandular cells produce differing secretions, each cell producing a single type.
      Large paracrystalline structures enclosed in cells close to the penial area are
      particularly striking. Considerable amounts of the secretory products are
      accumulated in the protruding cell apices. One type of inclusion is found at a
      later stage, packed around the sperm mass within the spermatophore; its function,
      and the fate of the other secretions is not yet clear. The epithelium of the
      penis is of more columnar structure, covered with forked microvilli and extremely
      long cilia which are anchored by long rootlets in the cells. Some of the cells
      contain large electron-dense secretory granules, others hold accumulations of
      small secretory vesicles in their apices. It seems likely that these contribute
      towards the outer layer of spermatophore. The wall of the penial sac is lined by
      one to two rows of flat-cuboidal cells bearing sparse forked microvilli and
      cilia.

PMID- 4012760
TI  - Cuticular cavities: storage chambers for cyanoglucoside-containing defensive
      secretions in larvae of a Zygaenid moth.
AB  - As a defensive reaction against predators the larvae of Zygaena trifolii Esper.
      1783, release highly viscous fluid droplets out of cuticular cavities. The fluid
      appears on the cuticular surface upon contraction of the irritated segments, with
      no specialized muscles being involved. Two morphologically different types of
      cavities have been found: the larger ones are located beneath pigment spots, the
      smaller ones occupy the remaining surface except in the ventral region. Both
      types have complicated cuticular opening structures. The defensive fluid contains
      the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin, the amino acid beta-cyano-L
      alanine, proteins and water. Although a considerable amount of fluid (3-6
      microliter per sixth-instar larva) is stored in the cuticle, fine structural
      examinations of the epidermis do not show any specific cells or cell areas with
      morphological adaptations for secretion. Further, there do not exist any major
      cytological differences between the cells below the cavities and in the ventral
      region, where those cavities are absent.

PMID- 4012761
TI  - A possible new mode of dictyosome duplication in plant cells.
AB  - Dictyosomes are found in a large number in the glandular scales of Origanum
      dictamnus during the early developmental stages. Later they significantly
      diminish when essential oil secretion starts. Phases of dictyosome duplication
      are frequently observed at the stage of growth of the Golgi apparatus. The
      process of dictyosome division starts in the middle region of the stack where a
      Golgi cisterna undergoes a central dilation. An analogous dilation is
      progressively formed in the adjacent cisternae. Finally, by membrane fusion the
      stack separates into two daughter stacks which organize into normal dictyosomes.

PMID- 4012762
TI  - A new technique for the isolation and purification of the basal lamina from
      insect tissues.
AB  - A new technique for the isolation and purification of basal lamina from insect
      tissues using cell dissociation at pH 2 is described. Tissue incubation in these
      solutions results in the spontaneous detachment of cells from the basal lamina
      which can be collected free of any significant contamination by cellular
      components. Short lengths of plasma membrane which remain attached to the basal
      lamina can be removed by subsequent sonication or detergent treatment. Using
      Malpighian tubules as the primary test tissue, we have found that the procedure
      only requires a few minutes, works equally well on pooled tissue samples,
      individual tissue pieces or tissue subregions and involves no loss of basal
      lamina from the starting material.

PMID- 4012763
TI  - Morphometric analysis of hepatocytes from rats subjected to compound 48/80
      induced anaphylactic shock.
AB  - Morphometric and biochemical techniques were used to analyze hepatic glycogen,
      endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial matrix granules in rats treated with
      compound 48/80 to induce an anaphylactic-like state of shock. Thirty minutes
      after insult there was a significant decrease in glycogen and mitochondrial
      matrix granules, an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and no change
      in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Less glycogen in experimental rats
      substantiated a previously described glycogenolytic response to compound 48/80.
      The decrease in matrix granules implies a loss and/or shift in intramitochondrial
      calcium as occurs in epinephrine-induced glycogenolysis in the rat. Since other
      glycogenolytic agents, e.g. glucagon, and starvation stimulate an increase in SER
      presumably from RER, the present morphological data suggest the increase in RER
      may precede proliferation of SER from RER.

PMID- 4012764
TI  - Cilia in the fetal and neonatal canine retina.
AB  - Cilia in the canine retina were examined at 40, 46 and 50 days of gestation and
      at birth by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and
      by the freeze-fracture technique. Cilia were similar in all age groups examined.
      Scanning electron micrographs showed them to be smooth-surfaced conical to
      tubular extensions arising from putative photoreceptor inner segments. Cilia when
      freeze-fractured contained variable numbers of circumferential rows of 10 nm P
      face particles: these constitute the ciliary necklace. Transmission electron
      micrographs showed the ciliary membrane to contain electron-dense beads which
      corresponded to the ciliary necklace seen in freeze-fracture replicas. The
      ciliary necklace identified in the developing canine retina was similar to those
      found in other types of motile and sensory cilia.

PMID- 4012765
TI  - Ultrastructural correlates of anaerobic stress in corn roots.
AB  - Cytological events in Zea mays root meristem were followed during 26 hr of
      anaerobic treatment. From 8 to 14 hr, mitochondria swelled drastically, Golgi
      apparatus actively produced vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum proliferated, and
      chromatin strongly condensed. Plastids appeared normal. By 26 hr, however, Golgi
      activity receded, mitochondria assumed long, polymorphic shapes, chromatin partly
      dispersed, and plastids swelled. ER remained prominent, and the cytoplasm
      contained long fibrous inclusions. This preliminary study emphasizes the need to
      examine quantitatively all cellular organelles periodically for longer periods
      when following events of stress or pathology. Our observations corroborate
      scattered reports in the literature for single organelles under anaerobic stress
      and represent the first set of correlated observations on the entire spectrum of
      cellular events.

PMID- 4012766
TI  - Nucleolar cycles during the fifth stadium in Manduca epidermis.
AB  - The changing pattern of nucleolar structure in the epidermal cells of Manduca
      sexta has been correlated with hormonal changes taking place during the fifth
      stadium. The epidermal nucleoli show three cycles of development, the first and
      third of which occur at the beginnings of the intermoult and moult phases
      respectively and are related to larval and pupal syntheses. The second phase
      occurs in the middle of the stadium but prior to the onset of wandering and
      commitment to pupation. A phase of mitosis separates the second and third cycles.
      The three cycles thus correspond in time to those found in Calpodes. The three
      cycles of nucleolar change are superimposed over nuclear changes relating to the
      degree of ploidy. Each phase begins with an expansion of the condensed nucleoli
      to form lobed rings and then necklaces. In the first phase (day 0-3), the rings
      and necklaces progress to form threaded networks. Both rings and networks have
      many ribosomal precursor granules that are lacking in condensed nucleoli. The
      rings and networks are therefore presumed to be more active in rRNA synthesis
      than the condensed state. The first and third phases of nucleolar change occur
      after elevated titres of haemolymph ecdysteroid. Post-thoracic ligation of
      animals at ecdysis blocks nucleolar changes as well as the appearance of
      polyploid nuclei. Nucleolar changes may be a primary response of the epidermis to
      stimulation by ecdysone.

PMID- 4012767
TI  - Lens fiber organization in four avian species: a scanning electron microscopic
      study.
AB  - The three-dimensional organization of the eye lenses of the chicken, the canary,
      the song-thrush and the kestrel was studied using light and scanning electron
      microscopy. The lenses of birds are characterized by the presence of two distinct
      compartments: the annular pad and the main lens body, separated by a cavum
      lenticuli. The annular pad fibers had a hexagonal circumference all contained a
      round nucleus and except for the canary were smooth-surfaced and lacking
      anchoring devices. In the canary, however, the annular pad fibers were studded
      with edge protrusions and ball-and-socket junctions. The semicircular main lens
      body fibers of all four species were studded with ball-and-socket junctions and
      edge protrusions. In contrast with mammals these anchoring devices were present
      throughout the lens up to the embryonal nucleus. Superficially the main lens body
      fibers were extremely flat. Additionally membrane elevations and depressions and
      globular elements were found on these central fibers in three species, the
      kestrel being the exception. At the transition between annular pad and main lens
      body the fibers turned their course and the nuclei became oval and disappeared in
      the deeper aspect of the main lens body. The cavum lenticuli was filled with
      globules tied off from the annular pad fibers. It seems attractive to assume that
      the presence of a separated annular pad, a cavum lenticuli filled with globular
      elements, the extreme flatness of the superficial central fibers and the studding
      of these central fibers with anchoring devices up to the embryonal nucleus are
      morphological expressions of the mouldability of the bird's eye lenses and
      consequently would explain their efficient accommodative mechanism including
      formation of a lenticonus. The presence of nuclei in the annular pad fibers and
      their typical change at the transitional zone between annular pad and main lens
      body are suggestive for a two-phased differentiation in bird's lens fibers:
      differentiation of the germinative epithelial cells to annular pad fibers which
      migrate to the main lens body after which they differentiate further to main lens
      body fibers.

PMID- 4012768
TI  - Effect of sublethal Bacillus thuringiensis crystal endotoxin treatment on the
      larval midgut of a moth, Manduca: SEM study.
AB  - The effect of a single, sublethal dose of B. thuringiensis crystal endotoxin on
      the midgut of the moth Manduca sexta larvae was monitored during acute and
      recovery stages. Initially both goblet and columnar cells swelled. Many columnar
      cells produced membrane extrusions. In some cases the affected cells ruptured,
      extruding cellular debris into the midgut lumen. Following the acute stage, the
      midgut tissue recovered, the damaged cells being extruded into the midgut lumen
      apparently as newly regenerated cells rose to take their place. The insects
      appeared to recover completely and continue normal development.

PMID- 4012769
TI  - The colon of Leucophaea maderae: fine structure and physiological features.
AB  - The colon of L. maderae consists of a single columnar epithelium covered with a
      cuticle and of a musculo-connective sheath. The apical plasma membranes form a
      system of leaflets with numerous mitochondria inserted in association with
      microfilaments. Lateral plasma membranes are linked together by junctional
      complexes consisting of a zonula adherens and a long convoluted septate junction
      of the pleated type. In the basal region of the cell, numerous membrane infolds
      and scattered scalariform junctions with associated mitochondria are present.
      These cell specializations are typical of arthropod transporting organs, being
      distinctive features of ion and fluid transporting epithelia. The isolated colon
      exhibited a transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) of about 100 mV,
      lumen side positive with respect to the haemolymph side. The PD was almost
      abolished by metabolic inhibitors, it was reduced by acetazolamide and SITS, and
      it was unaffected by ouabain. These effects suggest that HCO3- and Cl- are
      involved in the genesis of the PD, whereas Na+ is not directly responsible of the
      PD. Measurements of Na+ and Cl- fluxes across the colon wall confirm that Na+
      moves following the PD across the tissue, while Cl- movement occurs against an
      electrochemical potential difference. The electrical profile of the epithelial
      cells is of the well type and it suggests that the primary or secondary active
      step for Cl- transport across the epithelium should be located at the mucosal
      border of the cell.

PMID- 4012770
TI  - Ultrastructure and distribution of identified neurosecretory terminals in the
      sinus gland of the terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus.
AB  - An ultrastructural study of the sinus gland of the terrestrial isopod, Oniscus
      asellus, reveals that this structure consists of two regions: the bulb, which is
      attached by a narrow stalk to the optic lobe, and the lateral extension, which
      extends from the bulb along the optic tract to the compound eye. The bulb has a
      distal region containing only neurosecretory terminals, and a proximal region
      containing terminals, glial cells, and axons that give rise to the distally
      located terminals. In total, the sinus gland contains five types of terminals
      which can be distinguished by their location and the appearance of their
      neurosecretory granules. Three terminal types are located in the bulb and two in
      the lateral extension. The size of the terminals in the bulb varies among the
      three types, but the number of terminals is approximately the same for each type.
      Conversely, the two terminal types in the lateral extension are similar in size,
      but differ in number. Axons of two terminal types in the bulb can be traced to
      the central region of the protocerebrum; axons of one terminal type in the bulb
      and of terminals in the lateral extension can be traced to the optic lobe.

PMID- 4012771
TI  - [Esophageal obstipation in the horse].
AB  - Etiology and therapy of equine esophageal obstipation are described in 79 cases
      seen at the Veterinary Surgery Clinic of the University of Munich.

PMID- 4012772
TI  - [The diagnosis of primary olfactory mucosa neoplasms demonstrated by an
      esthesioneuroepthelioma in the dog].
AB  - In context with the first light and electron microscopic description of a
      spontaneous esthesioneuroepithelioma in a dog (10 year old female Labrador)
      general morpho- and etiopathogenetic problems concerning olfactory neoplasias
      were discussed. Because of its specific location and growth pattern, especially
      the development of true rosettes and pseudo-rosettes, the tumor was evaluated
      light microscopically as an esthesioneurogeneic one. The final classification was
      based upon ultrastructural peculiarities, as occurrence of ciliar structures,
      characteristic intercellular junctions, and the - although rare - appearance of
      dense cored vesicles.

PMID- 4012773
TI  - [Comparative studies of short-term anesthesia with alfentanil/etomidate and
      alphaxalone/alphadolone in cats].
AB  - In a clinical study alfentanil/etomidat-short-active anaesthesia was used in 150
      cats. The anaesthesia progress was compared to usual steroid anaesthesia by using
      clinical parameters as respiratory and pulse frequency as well as reflexes.
      Surgical tolerance in both anaesthesia was 6 minutes without and 7 minutes with
      azaperon premedication. In both anaesthesia excitations occur during waking time.
      They can be prevented by using a calm waking room or by premedication with
      azaperon (in subclinical dose of 0.25 mg/kg BW) or diazepam (in the usual dose of
      0,2-1 mg/kg BW). Premedication with diazepam is preferred because it has no
      influence on respiration and circulation and does not intensify the anaesthesia.
      Indications for alfentanil/etomidat short-active anaesthesia are minor surgery,
      diagnostic measures and teeth treatment. In addition, alfentanil/etomidat was
      shown to be suitable for introducing inhalation anaesthesia particularly in old
      and sick animals.

PMID- 4012774
TI  - [Proximal femoral fractures in cats and dogs].
AB  - Fractures of the femoral head, neck and greater trochanter including physeal
      separations are common in the growing dog and cat. These lesions are discussed
      and illustrated from the standpoints of the anatomy and pathophysiology,
      etiology, diagnosis and surgical therapy. The prognosis is favorable under the
      conditions of early anatomical reduction, gentle tissue handling to preserve the
      blood supply and stable internal fixation. Persistent avascular necrosis of the
      femoral head as seen in human patients does not appear as a complication in small
      animals. This review is based on 235 internal fixations out of which 145 are
      reevaluated clinically as well as radiographically.

PMID- 4012775
TI  - [Dysostoses and postural limb abnormalities in rapidly growing dogs].
AB  - Congenital and acquired dysostosis was studied on two litters of Great Danes. One
      litter of puppies were descendants of dogs with normal hips, the other of
      dysplastic animals. Both litters were fed according to NCR standards, the second
      however ad libitum. One puppy of parents with normal hips demonstrated already
      with 6 weeks epi- and metaphyseal dysostosis and severe angular deformities of
      the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Hip dysplasia was diagnosed in three of five
      puppies from dysplastic dogs. In addition, one puppy showed Wobbler symptoms. The
      extent and frequency of the alterations were, in comparison to earlier
      investigations, unexpectedly high. It can be assumed that the examined dogs were
      genetically predisposed for dysostosis. Our therapeutic procedures are presented.

PMID- 4012776
TI  - [Contribution to the x-ray diagnosis in fishes with special reference to the
      finest fish-bone structures].
AB  - The examination of fish bones by roentgenograms is a practical method in
      veterinary medicine, also in the determination of very fine structures and
      without extensive preparations. Besides, the described procedure gives
      information about form and size of the airbladder and the function of the
      digestive duct.

PMID- 4012777
TI  - [Use of the standard goniometer for measuring joints and recording joint
      movements in animals].
AB  - In human orthopedics the standard goniometer is used as an instrument to
      standardize joint measurements internationally. If some special rules are
      observed it can also be helpful in measuring and noting joint motions of animals.
      First of all one should know the specific "standing angles" and the definition of
      the basic planes for all joint motions and positions and one should also know
      that it is only possible to investigate passive mobility.

PMID- 4012778
TI  - [Used motor oil poisoning in cattle. Report of a clinical case].
AB  - The clinical signs observed in a cow after oral ingestion of used motor oil
      (tractor crankcase oil) are described. The treatment consisted of rumentomy with
      removal of all the ingesta, establishing a temporary rumen fistula, and
      administration of rumen fluid and sodium sulphate. Isotonic saline, dextrose,
      sorbitol and amino acid solutions were administered parenterally for
      stabilisation of the circulatory and metabolic system. The factors coming into
      question for the toxic effect of used motor oil are discussed.

PMID- 4012779
TI  - [Production of chimeras by embryo microsurgery and their possible application in
      cattle breeding].
AB  - An important contribution to genetic and embryonic engineering in mammalian
      embryos is the production of chimeric mammals. Chimeras can be produced by
      aggregating the blastomeres of two different embryos to make a single individual.
      A method is described to produce bovine chimeras by aggregating non-surgically
      collected embryos of different breeds and transferring the aggregated embryos
      nonsurgically to synchronised recipients. An overt chimeric bull calf (Holstein
      Friesian and Brown-Swiss) was born on March 31st, 1984. Chimeras have many uses
      in research, but one practical use is to rescue defective embryos that would not
      develop to term on their own. Such embryos can be aggregated with normal
      blastomeres to produce a chimera. Some of the initially defective cells can even
      become part of the germ line in the chimera and give rise to perfectly normal
      eggs or sperm. Two models for using this technique in cattle research are
      described. The lethal disorder arachnomelie has a rather high frequency in some
      German Brown-Swiss populations. Chimeric calves developing from embryos
      descending of carrier matings could help to find out the genetic and
      developmental background of this disorder. Chimeras produced of transgenic
      teratocarcinoma cell lines and normal embryos offer one possibility to produce
      transgenic cattle. The advantages and disadvantages of these possibilities are
      discussed.

PMID- 4012780
TI  - [The Munich obstetric instruments for cattle. Use during the birth of calves in
      VEL].
AB  - The consequent use of the Munich obstetrics instruments can lower the dystochia
      rate of cows. Based upon the measured traction energy, it is possible to give an
      objective prognosis of the further process of parturition. By the aid of the
      traction energy, measured during one labour, the decision to the C. section at
      the time can get easier. Beside the better survival changes of the calf, injuries
      of the cow, happened during the delivery, will be extensively avoidable.

PMID- 4012781
TI  - [Fractures of the carpal joint in thoroughbred horses. Review and clinical
      experiences].

PMID- 4012782
TI  - [Postoperative wound infection in the horse].
AB  - A systemic investigation of wound infection in the horse after operative
      treatment of large wounds reveals that the age of the wound is of critical
      importance. The limit for an uncomplicated healing process lies around four
      hours. The duration of the operation itself is of little significance, the
      location of the lesion on the body of the horse, however, plays a major role. The
      pattern of isolated bacterial organisms is discussed in relation to the duration
      of hospital treatment. It is concluded that a systemic antibiotic therapy is of
      no value and that a local antibiotic therapy is only indicated in rare instances.
      Such a treatment undoubtedly favours the resistance of bacteria against various
      chemotherapeuticals, which unfavourably influences wound healing.

PMID- 4012783
TI  - [Problems of liability in the treatment of colic].

PMID- 4012784
TI  - [Fusarium toxins in feed. Detection and occurrence of trichothecenes].
AB  - Mycotoxicoses have been recognized worldwide to cause problems in animal
      production. Trichothecene mycotoxins, for the most part produced by Fusarium
      spp., have obtained particular importance. Between 1982 and 1984, 295 samples of
      feedstuffs (cereals and mixed feeds) have been analyzed on natural occurrence of
      type-A trichothecenes. The skin toxicity test with guinea pigs was used as a
      screening method. Analysis of trichothecenes by capillary gaschromatography with
      flame ionization detection was complicated by interfering substances from the
      complex matrix of the sample-material. Definite results were only obtained by the
      use of gaschromatography-mass spectrometry. In comparison to the electron impact
      ionization the chemical ionization technique showed to be advantageous. Forty-two
      of the 295 samples analyzed were found to be positive in the biological assay.
      Nine of these positive samples contained trichothecenes as determined by mass
      spectrometry: T-2 toxin in mixed feed (65 micrograms/kg); oats (80 and 86
      micrograms/kg) and wheat (100 micrograms/kg); diacetoxyscirpenol in mixed feed
      (125 micrograms/kg) and wheat (50 micrograms/kg); neosolaniol in oats (310 and
      350 micrograms/kg); HT-2 toxin in oats (700 micrograms/kg). Oats proved to be
      contaminated more frequently as compared to the other cereals and the analyzed
      mixed feeds.

PMID- 4012785
TI  - [Enzootic calcinosis in the horse].
AB  - Cases of enzootic calcinosis in breeding mares in a Southwest German highland
      area are reported. The symptoms increased in the latter part of summer and
      existed in disturbances of movement, moderate kyphosis, sensitivity to palpation
      in the flexor tendons and, especially, the suspensory ligament, weight loss in
      spite of good food intake during summer-time and painful costal percussion; less
      clinical signs of renal and cardiac disorders were established. The sickness was
      caused by a high percentage of Trisetum flavescens in the feeding plants.

PMID- 4012786
TI  - [Thrombectomy of the descending aorta in the horse].
AB  - Thrombosis of the aorta as the cause of intermittent claudication in the horse
      appears to be rare. Two cases out of about 10 000 horses 1973-1984 are discussed.
      There are various views on its aetiology, whereby haemodynamic factors and
      disturbances of coagulation have been mentioned as well as parasites. For
      treatment surgical methods should be explored in addition to medical procedures.
      History, diagnosis and the attempt of an aortic thrombectomy in a 12 year old
      thoroughbred mare are described in this paper. A standardbred stallion was left
      untreated on owners wish.

PMID- 4012787
TI  - Impact of strategic financial planning in the health care industry.

PMID- 4012788
TI  - Program planning in relation to strategic and financial goals.

PMID- 4012789
TI  - Restrictive covenants in hospital bond financing.

PMID- 4012790
TI  - Master planning: the integration of facilities planning and design with long
      range clinical and financial objectives.

PMID- 4012791
TI  - Process for integrating market strategies and financial strategies.

PMID- 4012792
TI  - Strategic financial planning: hospital case study.

PMID- 4012793
TI  - Unique dimensions of financial analysis service ratios.

PMID- 4012794
TI  - Allylamine cardiovascular toxicity: V. Tissue distribution and toxicokinetics
      after oral administration.
AB  - We studied the uptake, tissue distribution, toxicokinetics, and excretion of
      allylamine by giving rats [14C]allylamine (1.5 microCi/kg; 150 mg/kg) by gavage.
      Rats were killed at intervals up to 2 h, and multiple tissues were sampled. Aorta
      showed the highest counts of 14C-label at most times (5-10-fold higher than most
      other organs, 100-fold higher than blood), although a minority of aortas had very
      low counts. Coronary arteries dissected from the hearts showed consistently
      higher 14C-label than myocardium. Liver counts, which were high at 5 min,
      decreased rapidly; kidney counts slowly increased until 45 min, then decreased
      rapidly, consistent with an excretory function for this organ. Counts of 14C
      label were lower in all other organs, including lung, skeletal muscle, brain,
      testes, pancreas, adrenal, spleen, fat, and blood. Toxicokinetic study showed a
      very rapid absorption rate and short half-lives (less than 1 h) for those organs
      which reasonably fit a toxicokinetic one-compartment model. 14C-label was rapidly
      excreted in the urine; approximately 60% of the dose given was recovered by 24 h.
      No counts were found in feces. These studies indicate that allylamine--or its
      metabolite(s)--has a unique predilection for elastic and muscular arteries, such
      as aorta and coronary arteries. This relatively specific cardiovascular toxin
      acts as a highly polar, highly water soluble substance, which is rapidly absorbed
      from the gastrointestinal tract, has a short half-life in most tissues, and is
      rapidly excreted in the urine. The actual mechanisms by which allylamine injures
      tissue, especially in view of its rapid sequestration in vascular tissue, remain
      to be uncovered.

PMID- 4012795
TI  - The role of glutathione and changes in thiol homeostasis in cultured lung cells
      exposed to ozone.
AB  - Cells of an alveolar type II cell-line (A549) were exposed to ozone, using an in
      vitro exposure model. In this study, attention was focused on the cellular
      glutathione system. It was demonstrated that cellular levels of both reduced
      (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were significantly reduced after exposure
      of the cells to ozone. When A549 cells were incubated with methionine sulfoximine
      and diethylmaleate, glutathione levels were depleted, and the cells showed a
      marked increase in sensitivity towards ozone. Some of the possible mechanisms by
      which the observed effects might be explained were investigated. It was shown
      that glutathione lost from the cells was not incorporated into "mixed
      disulfides", but could be detected in the surrounding medium. Furthermore, it was
      shown that A549 cells do not contain any detectable glutathione peroxidase
      activity. Therefore it was concluded that glutathione peroxidase-catalysed
      reduction of lipid peroxides could not be responsible for the observed protective
      role of glutathione. Finally some other mechanisms by which glutathione might
      accomplish its antioxidant effect are discussed.

PMID- 4012796
TI  - The structure of certain newly synthesized non-bridged and bridged
      cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes and their insecticidal activity.
AB  - Three bridged and non-bridged cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes, synthesized in
      our laboratory, were tested for their insecticidal activity against Trogoderma
      granarium (Everts), the Khapra beetle, and show moderate toxicity towards this
      product pest. The non-bridged derivatives have been observed to be slightly more
      active than the bridged ones.

PMID- 4012798
TI  - Foetal and neonatal development of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-448
      catalysed mixed function oxidases in the rat: induction by 3-methylcholanthrene.
AB  - Benzphetamine N-demethylase (cytochrome P-450) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase
      activities (cytochrome P-448) were determined in the growing neonate and foetus
      of control and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase
      activity was highest in the 1-2-week-old animals and then decreased with age. The
      inducibility of this activity by 3-methylcholanthrene was low in the young
      animals, but increased with age. In contrast, benzphetamine N-demethylase
      activity in the control animals was low at birth and increased with age, and was
      not induced by 3-methylcholanthrene. In the foetal liver, ethoxyresorufin O
      deethylase was the only activity present at higher levels than in the maternal
      liver. Transplacental administration of 3-methylcholanthrene failed to induce the
      foetal activities while the maternal liver showed the expected response. These
      observations demonstrate that cytochrome P-448 may be a predominant hepatic form
      in the foetus and neonate but cytochrome P-450 becomes a major form as the animal
      grows. The implications of these findings in chemical toxicity are discussed.

PMID- 4012797
TI  - Inhibition of cephaloridine-induced lipid peroxidation.
AB  - The present study was designed to elucidate whether cephaloridine-induced lipid
      peroxidation is inhibited by probenecid, cobalt chloride and antioxidants such as
      alpha-tocopherol and N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD). Kidney slices
      obtained from the renal cortex of male Wistar rats were incubated for 1 h in a
      cephaloridine or cefotaxime (1.25-10 mg/ml) containing medium. In another series
      of experiments, kidney slices were incubated with cephaloridine or cefotaxime (5
      mg/ml) for different periods of time (30-120 min). Lipid peroxidation was
      monitored by measuring the production of malondialdehyde (MDA). Subsequently,
      kidney slices were incubated in both series of experiments, in a cephalosporin
      free medium containing tetraethylammonium (TEA). Accumulation of TEA in renal
      cortical slices, expressed as slice to medium ratio (S/M), was used to measure
      changes in the transport capacity of the kidney cells. While cefotaxime had only
      a slight effect, cephaloridine induced a significant time- and concentration
      dependent increase of MDA production and a significant time- and concentration
      dependent decrease of TEA accumulation. Inhibition of the renal uptake of
      cephaloridine by probenecid induced a decrease in MDA production and complete
      recovery of TEA accumulation. The antioxidants DPPD and alpha-tocopherol
      inhibited cephaloridine-induced lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent
      manner. Recovery of TEA accumulation accompanied the decrease in lipid
      peroxidation. DPPD was a more potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation than alpha
      tocopherol. Cobalt chloride, known for its ability to decrease cellular
      concentration of cytochrome P-450, effectively decreased cephaloridine-induced
      lipid peroxidation. Thus, these findings support the concept that lipid
      peroxidation has an important role in the development of cephaloridine-induced
      nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 4012799
TI  - Studies on pentane evolution by rats treated with nifurtimox or benznidazole.
AB  - Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with either 100 mg/kg Nifurtimox or
      Benznidazole p.o. and pentane evolution was measured at different periods of
      time. No significant increase in pentane evolution was observed in animals
      treated with Benznidazole during periods of time up to 10 h. In animals treated
      with Nifurtimox, a significant increase in pentane evolution was observed at 10 h
      but not at 3 or 6 h. The pentane evolution effect of Nifurtimox was compared to
      that of carbon tetrachloride. The latter was very intense up to 1 h and ceased
      thereafter. The possible participation of lipid peroxidation in the unwanted
      toxic side effects of Nifurtimox and Benznidazole is discussed.

PMID- 4012800
TI  - Pulmonary retention of [14C]benzo[a]pyrene in rats as influenced by the amount
      instilled.
AB  - Studies on the pulmonary retention of benzo[a]pyrene after inhalation have shown
      that clearance is biphasic, with one component clearing with a half-time greater
      than 1 day and another with a half-time less than 1 day. In the work reported
      here we demonstrated that the amount of benzo[a]pyrene instilled in the lungs can
      affect the rate at which the benzo[a]pyrene is cleared into the blood. Fischer
      344 rats were given 16, 90 or 6400 ng of [14C]benzo[a]-pyrene/rat by
      intratracheal instillation. Rats were sacrificed at various times up to 7 days
      after instillation. Individual lung lobes and trachea were removed, digested, and
      analyzed by liquid scintillation spectrometry. At 24 h after instillation the
      amount of 14C covalently bound to lung macromolecules was determined in some
      rats. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents remaining in the lungs was expressed as a
      percentage of the instilled dose as a function of time. A two-component negative
      exponential function was fit to the data. With increasing dose (16-6400 ng/rat),
      an increasing percent (89-99.76%) was cleared with a half-time less than 1 day
      and a decreasing percent (11.3-0.24%) was cleared with a half-time greater than 1
      day, suggesting that the mechanism by which the slower clearances occurred had
      been saturated at higher doses. At 24 h after instillation, from 1 to 2 pmol of
      [14C]benzo[a]-pyrene equivalents/lung were covalently bound to lung
      macromolecules. There was no difference in the amount of covalently bound 14C
      over the range of instillation doses used, suggesting that a small amount of
      benzo[a]-pyrene equivalents was bound in the lungs regardless of the amount
      instilled. These results suggested that linear extrapolation from high dose
      studies to environmental concentrations might underestimate lung burdens of
      benzo[a]pyrene.

PMID- 4012801
TI  - Subchronic toxicity study of sodium o-phenylphenate in mice.
AB  - A 13-week subchronic oral toxicity study of sodium o-phenylphenate (SOPP) was
      conducted in B6C3F1 mice. Body weight gain was significantly depressed in 1.0 and
      2.0% SOPP-treated males and in both sexes treated with 4.0%. Urinalysis showed an
      increase in pH and a decrease of specific gravity in the 4.0% group of both
      sexes. Relative liver weights of both sexes receiving 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0% SOPP were
      significantly greater than those of the controls. No treatment-related
      histopathologic findings were noted. On scanning electron microscopic (SEM)
      examination, the bladder epithelium of mice given 2.0% SOPP appeared normal at
      any time periods investigated. This study showed that while 4.0% SOPP was very
      toxic to both sexes, 2.0% SOPP did not cause statistically significant changes in
      organ weights.

PMID- 4012802
TI  - Delayed wasting syndrome and alterations of liver gluconeogenic enzymes in rats
      exposed to the TCDD congener 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene.
AB  - A delayed wasting syndrome similar to that induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo
      p-dioxin (TCDD) was observed in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 3,3', 4,4'
      tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB). After
      a slow growth period, all treatment animals (25 mg/kg, i.p., 2 doses per week)
      exhibited a starvation-like syndrome characterized by reduced food intake,
      dramatic loss of body weight and subsequent death. Although the growth of all
      major organs in the treatment animals was affected, the thymus appeared severely
      atrophied. The growth kinetics during the earlier phase were further analyzed
      using serially-killed rats receiving TCAOB. In addition, TCAOB was found to
      markedly depress the specific activity (mumol/min/g wet liver) of glucose-6
      phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and
      pyruvate kinase in the liver. Significant changes in the levels of cytochrome P
      450, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and malic enzyme in the liver were also
      observed.

PMID- 4012803
TI  - Micronucleus formation in bone marrow of mice treated with nifurtimox or
      benznidazole.
AB  - A single nifurtimox administration to male mice orally (p.o.) (600 - 2000 mg/kg)
      but not intraperitoneally (i.p.) was able to increase micronucleus formation in
      bone marrow significantly. No significant increase in micronucleus formation in
      the bone marrow of mice treated with benznidazole at dosages up to 2000 mg/kg,
      either p.o. or i.p., was observed. The potential mutagenic risk of nifurtimox
      treatment in patients suffering from Chagas' disease is analyzed.

PMID- 4012804
TI  - Mutagenicity in Salmonella assays of cyclohexane epoxide derivatives.
AB  - 15 Cyclohexane epoxide derivatives were synthesized and compared for direct
      mutagenicity and bacterial toxicity using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 in
      the liquid suspension and spot-test version of the Ames procedure. While no
      general correlations could be established for position and stereochemistry of the
      hydroxylated derivatives, an increase in mutagenicity was noted for the presence
      of electron-withdrawing groups and unsaturation in conjugation with the oxirane
      groups.

PMID- 4012805
TI  - The effect of carbon black ingestion on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon
      carcinogenesis in rats and mice.
AB  - The possible co-carcinogenic effect of ingestion of industrial carbon black was
      examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats and female CF1 mice treated with 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to induce adenocarcinomas of the colon. Carbon black was
      added to the diet at 2.05 g/kg feed and fed for 52 weeks. No differences (P
      greater than 0.05) in tumor incidences were seen in rats or mice. Simultaneous 2
      year feeding experiments with carbon black alone showed no increase in the
      development of spontaneous tumors. These findings are consistent with the belief
      that carbon blacks are ineffective as carcinogens because of their adsorptive
      properties.

PMID- 4012806
TI  - Chemical modifications of metallothionein, II. Metabolic fate of cadmium bound to
      metallothionein polymers.
AB  - The factors which determine the deposition of cadmium (Cd) were investigated.
      While intravenously administered Cd2+ salts result in Cd2+ binding loosely to
      plasma proteins, and subsequently being deposited in the liver, Cd complexed with
      metallothionein remains tightly bound during glomerular filtration, and most of
      the dose of Cd is deposited in the kidney. 2 Different chemically crosslinked
      polymers of MT have been prepared. Cadmium bound to these polymers remains in
      circulation longer than any other known form of the metal, and the
      reticuloendothelial system plays a part in its clearance. Using these species,
      mechanisms of distribution and metabolism of Cd-protein complexes are discussed.

PMID- 4012807
TI  - Effects of rifampicin and phenobarbital on the fate of isoniazid and hydrazine in
      vivo in rats.
AB  - After the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of isoniazid (INH) to male Wistar
      rats, the liver and plasma levels of hydrazine (Hz) and acetylhydrazine (AcHz),
      which are hazardous metabolites of INH and well known as mutagens, carcinogens
      and hepatotoxins, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC
      MS). The levels of Hz in rifampicin (RMP)- or phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated
      groups were lower than those in the control group, while the amount of AcHz was
      scarcely altered. In each of the pretreated groups a pronounced increase in the
      oxidative elimination rate of Hz was observed. These results are of important
      toxicological significance in INH therapy with RMP, since an active intermediate
      of Hz seems to be a hepatotoxin.

PMID- 4012808
TI  - Effects of cadmium and calcium on the fluidity of plasma membranes.
AB  - The fluidity of plasma membranes was assessed by steady-state fluorescence
      polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), a fluorescent probe. The
      presence of increasing concentrations of calcium (Ca) (0.5-4 mM), cadmium (Cd)
      (50-500 microM), or both decreased the motional freedom of the fluorescent probe
      molecules in plasma membranes derived from both human erythrocytes and rat
      hepatocytes. The effects of Cd were 3-10 times greater than those of Ca.
      Increasing concentrations of Cd in the presence of Ca increased the anisotropy
      parameter, which plateaued at lower Cd concentrations. The presence of Ca
      diminished the overall effects of Cd on these membranes.

PMID- 4012809
TI  - A removable polar embedding medium for light microscopy.
AB  - A new plastic embedding medium for light microscopy is described. The monomer
      mixture consists of equal proportions by volume of acrylonitrile, dimethyl
      acrylamide and methyl methacrylate, and may be polymerized by exposure to
      ultraviolet light in the presence of benzoin methyl ether as catalyst.
      Dithiothreitol may also be added to the monomer mix to limit the degree of
      polymerization. The resulting polymer is soluble in dimethyl formamide.

PMID- 4012810
TI  - Purification of oil red O using preparative paper chromatography.

PMID- 4012811
TI  - [Clinical results of afterloading short-term therapy compared to radium therapy].
AB  - Intracavitary brachytherapy will continue to play an important role in primary
      radiotherapy of gynecologic tumors. However, afterloading methods with remote
      control will more and more replace the classical radium therapy. The authors
      discuss the radiophysical and radiobiological differences between radium therapy
      and afterloading therapy with remote control and present a comparison of both
      methods based on their own clinical results.

PMID- 4012812
TI  - [Plate method in gynecologic afterloading procedures. A: Physical requirements
      and introduction to radio-oncology].
AB  - A brachytherapy by afterloading technique which would be adequate to the method
      of Stockholm, Munich, or Hamburg met with difficulties until the year of 1977,
      because there were no practicable afterloading probes in the form of plates. As
      for the charge of a radium plate in which radium tubes are joined together in
      different arrangements according to the technique applied, the probes of multiple
      probe units can be arranged in a parallel order, so that the effect of a
      radiation shield is produced. Plates made of plexiglas or of synthetic material
      in which the probes with the sources are inserted by corresponding boreholes
      serve as carriers for the afterloading probes. The dose to the points P, A and B,
      R and V is calculated taking into consideration the distance between the probe
      plate and the target volume, and the dose distribution is optimized by means of
      CT and of an irradiation computer. The irradiation of large tumor volumes can now
      be performed under the same conditions as for radium therapy. In our Department,
      the high dose-rate method is applied for this irradiation for colpostatic
      reasons. Between October 1, 1976 and December 31, 1983, 1272 patients were
      submitted to this treatment. A plate applicator which has satisfied all
      requirements was developed in 1981 in collaboration with the companies Buchler,
      Braunschweig and Chemomedica, Vienna.

PMID- 4012813
TI  - [Hysterography with afterloading-applicator in place. A simple method for
      improving the treatment planning of uterine cancer].
AB  - Anatomical configurations often are an obstacle to a convenient dose-distribution
      in intracavitary afterloading irradiation. Multiple applicators (splay
      applicators, twin applicators) cannot be introduced in all cases because of the
      necessary cervix dilatation. In several cases can be demonstrated, that a defined
      intracavitary irradiation is possible only by hysterographic control of the
      intrauterine position of the applicator. By this control generally a mono
      applicator is sufficient, which can be placed according the anatomy of the
      uterine cavity in each session. For this purpose a simple hysterographic method
      with applicator in position is demonstrated, which requires only few additional
      effort during intracavitary irradiation.

PMID- 4012814
TI  - Rectal complication after remote afterloading intracavitary therapy for carcinoma
      of the uterine cervix.
AB  - From August 1978 through December 1980, 119 patients of previously untreated
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated using RALS, remote afterloading high
      dose rate intracavitary therapy at our department. The data from 92 out of 119
      patients were available for analysis of rectal complication. The incidence of
      major rectal complications was only 2% (2/92). Uni- and multivariate analyses
      were used based on the external criterion variable of rectal complication which
      included even minor injuries. By using these methods, it was clearly indicated
      that these factors such as TDF of rectum, Z-coordinate of weighted geometric
      center (WGC-Z), the dose of whole pelvic irradiation, history of chemotherapy and
      Treponema pallidum hemoagglutination test (TPHA) were important for occurrence of
      rectal complication. According to discriminant score, 71 out of 92 cases (77%)
      could be correctly discriminated.

PMID- 4012815
TI  - [Chronic radiation sequelae in the rat rectum following intracavitary irradiation
      with different doses].
AB  - The dependence of chronic radiation damage of the rectosigmoid on dose, dose rate
      and irradiated volume after intracavitary irradiation with an oscillating iridium
      source was studied in rats. The incidence of large bowel stenosis increased with
      increasing dose, dose rate and volume. The nominal dose leading to 50% incidence
      of stenosis was 27 Gy at 2 Gy/min, 32.5 Gy at 0.2 Gy/min and 51 Gy at 0.05
      Gy/min.

PMID- 4012816
TI  - [Polyurethane positioning devices for radiotherapy].
AB  - A simple and cheap method is described for the manufacturing of individual
      positioning aids made of foamed polyurethane. Some examples are given to
      demonstrate the applicability of these positioning aids for the irradiation of
      different body regions. The reproducibility of the radiation field in the head
      and neck area was investigated with and without positioning aid. It was proved
      that the field is adjusted more exactly when positioning aids are applied. The
      dosimetric investigations performed showed a negligible influence of foamed
      polyurethane on the radiation quality. So the positioning aids could be left
      within the radiation field when drawing the field borders.

PMID- 4012817
TI  - [Positioning for postoperative irradiation of patients nephrectomized for cancer-
      prone or supine position?].
AB  - Twelve nephrectomized patients were examined by computed tomography in prone and
      supine position. The distances necessary for irradiation planning were measured
      in order to estimate which position is more favorable for irradiation. The
      advantages of prone position in comparison to supine position seem uncertain and
      do not outweigh its disadvantages.

PMID- 4012818
TI  - Contraceptive prevalence: the influence of organized family planning programs.
AB  - Estimates of contraceptive prevalence for the period 1977-1983 are presented for
      73 less developed countries. Socioeconomic conditions are associated with much of
      the variance in prevalence, but organized family planning programs strengthened
      this association significantly. The average percent of couples in the
      reproductive ages practicing fertility regulation is 26, with the range from 4 to
      55 percent between the low and high socioeconomic groups of countries, and from 7
      to 59 percent between groups of countries with very weak (if any) to strong
      family planning program effort.

PMID- 4012819
TI  - Breastfeeding, contraception, and birth intervals in developing countries.
AB  - Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between breastfeeding and
      the duration of amenorrhea and between breastfeeding and the birth interval at
      the individual level. In the present study, both these correlations are shown to
      hold at the national level, in developing countries. In countries where the
      median durations of breastfeeding are relatively long or the rates of
      contraceptive use are relatively high, median birth intervals are longer than in
      countries where the median breastfeeding durations are shorter and contraceptive
      use is less widespread. In countries where fertility is moderate or high,
      however, the incidence of very short birth intervals is higher when median
      breastfeeding durations are relatively short. The findings suggest that
      contraception as it is presently practiced is an inadequate substitute for
      breastfeeding.

PMID- 4012820
TI  - How the number of living sons influences contraceptive use in Menoufia
      Governorate, Egypt.
AB  - Couples in rural areas of many Arab societies, including Egypt, have consistently
      reported strong preferences for having sons. However, these reported preferences
      are not always reflected in reproductive behavior. In 38 rural villages in
      Menoufia Governorate in Egypt, women's responses to a community-based
      contraceptive distribution program were examined, taking into consideration both
      the number of living children and the number of living sons each women reported
      having. Controlling for number of living children, women with more sons were more
      likely to be using contraception before the distribution program began. Among
      women not using contraception before the program, those with more sons were more
      likely to initiate contraceptive use and were more likely to continue use for a
      nine-month period following the distribution. These findings imply that in
      addition to obstacles related to contraceptive availability, there are several
      cultural, social, and economic factors that influence fertility behavior and
      exert considerable pressure on married couples to have large families, including
      several sons. Unless the pressure exerted by these factors is changed or reduced,
      the impact of family planning programs is likely to reach a plateau at a
      relatively low prevalence level.

PMID- 4012821
TI  - Legalized abortion: the Singapore experience.
AB  - Abortion has been legal since 1970 in Singapore. This report traces the events
      leading to the liberalization of abortion laws and examines women's changing
      attitudes toward abortion, in Singapore. The method of abortion practiced by
      obstetricians, postabortal sterilization, and the effect of legalized abortion on
      the incidence of illegal abortion in the country are also examined.

PMID- 4012822
TI  - Effect of histamine-receptor blocking on human natural and lectin-dependent cell
      mediated cytotoxicity against adherent HEP-2 cells.
AB  - The effect of histamine (H) and H1-, H2-receptor blocking agents was studied on
      natural (NCMC) and lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (LDCC) of
      peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from eight healthy subjects on HEP-2 adherent
      human epipharynx carcinoma target cells. Cytotoxicity was measured by detachment
      from the monolayer of 3H-TdR-prelabelled HEp-2 cells. LDCC was evaluated in a 24
      h assay with a Concanavalin A (Con A) dose of 25 micrograms/ml at 50:1 effector
      target cell ratio. Under these conditions, but without Con A, considerable NCMC
      was not elicited by normal lymphocytes. The presence of histamine and the H2
      receptor blocker cimetidine resulted in a significant NCMC to HEp-2 cells. On the
      contrary, histamine and cimetidine reduced LDCC. The H1-receptor blocker
      clemastine had no significant effect on either NCMC or LDCC to HEp-2 targets. The
      possible involvement of H2-receptor bearing cells in the regulation of
      cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells is suggested.

PMID- 4012823
TI  - The incidence of extracellular thymic cysts in intact and gonadectomized Syrian
      hamsters, untreated and treated with diethylstilbestrol and steroidal hormones.
AB  - Syrian hamsters differ from other experimental animals in many of their responses
      to the chronic administration of unphysiological amounts of certain steroidal
      hormones. It is of interest that this is not true of the hamster thymus gland.
      Thymic cysts are commonly absent or inconspicuous in untreated, gonadectomized or
      hypophysectomized male and female hamsters prior to 450 days of age. This
      cystogenicity is rendered markedly precocious following estrogen and androgen
      administration, given separately or in combination. Progesterone and adrenal
      cortical hormones have little or no effect. These observations are based upon the
      study of serial sections of 402 untreated and 1215 steroid-treated hamsters. The
      results are recorded in detail in one table and seven bar graphs; statistical
      constants are included.

PMID- 4012824
TI  - Management of congenital esotropia with large bimedial rectus recessions.

PMID- 4012825
TI  - Use of botulinum toxin for treatment of strabismus, a preliminary report.

PMID- 4012826
TI  - "Let there be light". A study of phototoxicity.

PMID- 4012827
TI  - Results of intraocular lens implantation in children with monocular cataracts
      (1974-1983).

PMID- 4012828
TI  - Trichloroacetic acid treatment of adnexal sudoriferous cyst.

PMID- 4012829
TI  - Kenalog injection of chalazia.

PMID- 4012830
TI  - Cystoid macular edema diagnosis, prognosis, and management.

PMID- 4012831
TI  - Retinal pigment epithelial hamartoma.

PMID- 4012832
TI  - Epistaxis secondary to Crest syndrome: a case report.

PMID- 4012833
TI  - The hypotympanum.

PMID- 4012834
TI  - Significance of loudness recruitment.

PMID- 4012835
TI  - The divergent second opinion: eventual outcome of physician-changing.

PMID- 4012836
TI  - Cervical meningioma: report of a case and review of the literature.

PMID- 4012837
TI  - Large squamous papilloma of the nasal septum.

PMID- 4012838
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of twenty-three frontal sinus fractures.

PMID- 4012839
TI  - Pseudomonas nasal septal abscess.

PMID- 4012840
TI  - Malignant carotid body tumors.

PMID- 4012841
TI  - Hearing preservation in surgery for acoustic neuroma.

PMID- 4012842
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the larynx.

PMID- 4012843
TI  - Evidence that cyclosporine-incubated platelets retain function and release
      cyclosporine.

PMID- 4012844
TI  - Correlation of intrathymic tolerance with intrathymic chimerism in neonatally
      tolerized mice.
AB  - T cell tolerance to alloantigens can be induced in neonatal mice by the injection
      of semiallogeneic adult spleen cells. The thymus of neonatally injected mice
      rapidly becomes specifically unresponsive to the alloantigens expressed by the
      injected cells, even though the level of chimerism in the thymus of such mice is
      reportedly marginal compared with that of the periphery. In this report, we have
      studied the immune reactivity and degree of chimerism in the thymuses of 24
      neonatally injected mice. In 13 older mice, the proliferative response of the
      thymocytes from individual mice to the injected alloantigen varied from strong
      reactivity to complete tolerance. Interestingly, analysis by flow
      microfluorometry of the same thymocytes for the presence of the inoculated
      alloantigen revealed an inverse correlation. That is, the thymuses which had a
      greater degree of chimerism were tolerant and those with fewer or no detectable
      cells were partially or totally reactive. The thymuses of 11 younger neonatally
      injected mice were invariably tolerant to both the MHC and Mls alloantigens of
      the F1 inocula. Analysis by flow microfluorometry of the thymocytes of these mice
      revealed that significant numbers of F1 cells reside in the thymuses of mice
      injected as neonates with semiallogeneic cells. These cells represent a possible
      source of specific tolerogen for thymocytes during their intrathymic
      differentiation.

PMID- 4012845
TI  - Alterations in the generalized Shwartzman reaction induced by cyclosporine.

PMID- 4012846
TI  - Palm oil and pyrantel as child nutrition mass interventions in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - Two mass interventions in the local low energy-density diet were evaluated for
      safety, acceptability and nutritional efficacy in a four-group matched study of
      896 Papua New Guinea children aged 12-54 months. A single dose of 125 mg of
      pyrantel pamoate and an 800 mg supply of red palm oil were given monthly at the
      regular child health clinics. Both were safe and highly accepted. Children given
      palm oil gained more weight than controls (P less than .05) in the first three
      study months, confirming a pilot study. However, weight gain after one year was
      94% of standard, with no differences in anthropometry, morbidity or mortality
      between groups. The lack of demonstrable differences at one year is attributed to
      secular improvement in control group nutrition and to diffusion of palm oil
      supplies within the family. While pyrantel was an effective antihelminthic,
      further study is needed to define the nutritional role of mass worm treatment.
      Palm oil was economical and culturally popular; thus it should be an ideal import
      substitution. It is clinically useful where diets are of low energy-density.
      However, any simultaneous demonstration of its nutritional safety, acceptability
      as a sustained mass intervention must be carried out in an area where major child
      growth deficits remain and expropriation of the oil by other household members
      can be controlled.

PMID- 4012847
TI  - A new focus of endemic goitre in the Sudan.
AB  - The prevalence of goitre in the town of Kosti, Central Sudan and the city of
      Khartoum was investigated on account of the increasing number of goitrous
      patients in the wards and out-patient clinics of Khartoum Hospital coming from
      the county of Kosti. The frequency of goitre among 7173 school children from
      Kosti was 74.8%, and was higher in girls (82.1%) than in boys (67.3%). The
      frequency among 7075 school-children of Khartoum was 17.5%. The mean urinary
      iodine excretion in subjects from Kosti was significantly lower (41.8
      micrograms/g creatinine) than in those from Khartoum (83.6 micrograms/g
      creatinine) (p less than 0.001). The water content of iodine in Kosti was low
      (0.1 micrograms/1). There were no significant differences in the mean serum
      concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone
      (TSH) between goitrous and non-goitrous subjects from Kosti. The mean serum level
      of TSH was higher in goitrous subjects from Kosti (5.2 +/- 1.4 mU/1) than in non
      goitrous subjects from Khartoum. These data indicate a high prevalence of goitre
      in Central Sudan, mainly attributable to iodine deficiency, a fact which has not
      previously been recognized. Recent environmental goitrogenic factors might have
      modified the adaptation of the thyroid gland and promoted the occurrence of
      goitre.

PMID- 4012848
TI  - Intestinal parasitosis in the population of the Yemen Arab Republic.
AB  - The present work is a report on the various parasitic infections in the Yemeni
      population during the period 1980-1982. Specimens were received and examined in
      the Parasitology Department of the Central Public Health Laboratory at Sana'a.
      Over 37.000 stool specimens and 25.000 urine specimens formed the subject of this
      study. 53% of the stool specimens were positive for intestinal parasites. T.
      trichiura, A. lumbricoides and G. lamblia had the highest prevalence. Fasciola
      ova were found in 0.5% of specimens. N. americanus and A. duodenale were both
      identified. S. mansoni was detected in 6% of stool specimens and S. haematobium
      in 2% of urine specimens.

PMID- 4012849
TI  - Acquired resistance to Giardia lamblia infection in mice.
AB  - The course of Giardia lamblia infection in primary and secondary infection and
      early and late treated Swiss albino mice was studied. Animals treated after 3
      days of infection did not show any resistance to a second challenge, whereas
      those treated after 9 days did show resistance to reinfection. Reinfected animals
      eliminated the parasites faster than the other groups. The maximum antibody
      levels in primary, reinfected, early and late treated groups were observed on the
      20th, 10th, 20th and 15th post infection days respectively.

PMID- 4012850
TI  - Thyroglossal cysts and sinuses in Ilesa, Nigeria--a 20 year experience.
AB  - The English literature is scarce on lesions of thyroglossal duct remnants in the
      tropics. This prompted the study of cases seen in our hospital over a 20 year
      period (1961 to 1980). Our findings showed that these lesions are not as rare in
      the tropics, as current literature would seem to suggest. The presentations of
      cases and results of surgery are similar to reports dealing with Caucasian
      populations.

PMID- 4012851
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma in Nigerian children.
AB  - A review of eight cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood seen at the Ahmadu Bello
      University Hospitals in Kaduna and Zaria (Nigeria) over five years is presented.
      The cases were equally divided between the head region and the urogenital system.
      Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and sarcoma botryoides were the only histologic types
      seen. Although the clinical presentations were not different from those reported
      in other series, the correct diagnosis was not suspected clinically in most of
      the patients, so the institution of rational management was delayed. Certain
      aspects of the disease and its therapy in this part of the world are discussed.

PMID- 4012852
TI  - Studies of basal and stimulated gastric acid output in Jordanian male and female
      patients and controls.
AB  - To further elucidate geographic variations in acid secretion, basal and maximal
      acid output, corrected for body weight, was studied in age-matched groups of 86
      patients with duodenal ulcer, 26 patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and 31 normal
      controls in Jordan. The acid output was significantly higher in duodenal ulcer
      subjects, but in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia it was the same as in
      controls. There were important sex differences: males secreted significantly more
      acid than females in all groups; and increased acid secretion in duodenal ulcer
      patients was due to hypersecretion in male patients only, there being no
      significant difference in acid secretion in females of any study group. Twenty
      six percent of the duodenal ulcer subjects in the age-matched groups were acid
      hypersecretors, and these were all males. Weight had no effect on acid output.
      When compared to most studies from other parts of the world, it is apparent that
      females with duodenal ulcer in Jordan have less increase in acid secretion.
      Impaired mucosal resistance is probably more important than acid hypersecretion
      in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer in Jordan.

PMID- 4012854
TI  - Persistent proteinuria in asymptomatic individuals: renal biopsy studies.
AB  - The usefulness of renal biopsy in investigating persistent asymptomatic
      proteinuria was assessed by a study of 87 out 1245 adults referred for pre
      employment medical examination and individuals proposing to take life insurance
      policies. Out of these 87 persons with initial proteinuria on dipstik test, 25
      were found to have persistent asymptomatic proteinuria. Unequivocal abnormalities
      were seen on light microscopy in 15 of the 25 specimens of renal tissues
      examined. Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis was the commonest abnormality,
      being present in 7 out of 15 renal tissues. Overall, 12 persons subsequently
      developed hypertension. Glomerulonephritis as a cause of asymptomatic proteinuria
      in the tropics has not been studied in detail; this study suggests that it may be
      an important cause of renal hypertension. Renal biopsy is an important procedure
      in evaluating glomerular disease in asymptomatic proteinuria which may
      subsequently cause hypertensive renal disease.

PMID- 4012853
TI  - Neuropathy in Ethiopian diabetics: a correlation of clinical and nerve conduction
      studies.
AB  - A clinical and electrophysiological study of neuropathy in 215 unselected
      Ethiopian diabetics and 100 healthy controls was carried out at the Tikur Ambassa
      Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa. The prevalence in diabetics was 54%, in controls
      8%. The prevalence was significantly related to the duration of diabetes: 42%,
      60% and 80% for a duration of respectively less than 5 years, 5 to 14 years, and
      15 years and longer. There was no relationship of the prevalence to age.
      Diabetics with retinopathy (15%), nephropathy (12%) and liver cirrhosis (13%) had
      prevalences of respectively 70%, 76% and 71%; much higher figures than in
      patients without these complications. A higher prevalence of neuropathy was
      detected by nerve conduction studies than by clinical methods. The mean
      conduction velocity diminished in direct relation to the duration of the
      diabetes. The prevalence of neuropathy in our patients is similar to the
      prevalence reported from other countries in Africa. Poor nutritional background,
      inadequate control of the diabetes and the high prevalence of associated diseases
      such as liver cirrhosis may be partly responsible for the high prevalences of
      neuropathy in African diabetics.

PMID- 4012855
TI  - Ear, nose and throat diseases in Saudi Arabia. Microbiology and clinical
      observations.
AB  - Clinical specimens from 243 patients attending the ENT clinics at King Abdul Aziz
      University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were investigated for the pathogens
      attributing to otitis media and tonsillitis. In children as well as in adults
      with otitis media, the main bacterial causative organisms were Staph, aureus and
      Ps. aeruginosa; Asp. flavus was detected in 1% and 4% of adult and children cases
      of otitis media. In tonsillitis H. influenzae, Strept. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus,
      Strept. gr. A were isolated in only 18% of the children and Strept. pneumoniae,
      Strept. gr A in 16% of adults. A possible involvement of viruses in tonsillitis
      is indicated.

PMID- 4012856
TI  - Factors relating to the presence and use of sanitary facilities in rural
      Swaziland.
AB  - Findings related to latrine construction and use in a sample of rural homesteads
      in Swaziland are summarized from a larger, unpublished sample survey.
      Anthropological research techniques were also used to gain information on
      attitudes and beliefs. Pit latrines were found in 21% of the sampled homesteads.
      The most significant variables in predicting the presence of a latrine were
      respondent's education and the highest level of education achieved by anyone in
      the residential unit. Older people and small children were least likely to use a
      latrine; people with less education were least likely to even have a latrine.

PMID- 4012857
TI  - Dirofilariasis of the breast.
AB  - Sections of an adult filarial worm, probably Dirofilaria tenuis or related
      species were found within the breast tissue. This is the first human dirofilarial
      infection reported from Trinidad.

PMID- 4012858
TI  - Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses.

PMID- 4012859
TI  - [Electron microscopic research on the mechanism of intestinal secretion].
AB  - Electron microscopic investigation of the rat small intestine revealed a great
      number of vesicles 50-75 nm in diameter with enterocyte microvilli. The number of
      vesicles increased with the increase of digestive activity in the small
      intestine. Vesicles were formed by gemmation of enterocyte microvilli from the
      lateral membrane in contraction of microvillous actin skeleton. Simultaneously
      with the production of exocytotic vesicles, the formation of pinocytotic vesicles
      in the base of microvilli was observed. There is a supposition that the vesicle
      gemmation is a natural process of the intestinal secretion to fulfil numerous
      important function: it promotes the penetration of enterocyte hydrolases into the
      parietal layer; equilibrates an increase in the enterocyte volume during
      absorption. This is a possible way of translocation of synthesized enzymes into
      the cytoplasm and of transport proteins on the apical surface of epithelial
      cells.

PMID- 4012860
TI  - [Flow fluorimetry of the cellular DNA of the bone marrow in normal mice and after
      exposure to extreme factors].
AB  - The distribution of murine bone marrow cells in regard to cell cycle was examined
      using flow cytometry technique. In normal NIH mice the percentage of cells being
      into phases G1/0, S and G2 + M constitutes 78, 15 and 7%, respectively. In mice
      subjected to X-irradiation (2, 12 Gy), the thermal burn, and X-irradiation plus
      the burn the proportion of G2 + M-cells increased, which may be presumably due to
      their delay on stage G2 of the cell cycle. The start and duration of the delay in
      the G2 phase depend upon the kind of damage applied.

PMID- 4012861
TI  - [Repair of DNA damaged by methylmethane sulfonate in normal human lymphocytes and
      in xeroderma pigmentosum].
AB  - Methylmethanesulphonate has been shown to stimulate an intensive unscheduled DNA
      synthesis in lymphocytes derived from normal donors as well as in those from
      patients with xeroderma pigmentosum of the classical form. Somewhat less
      intensive unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in cells of a patient suffering
      from xeroderma pigmentosum. In the case of XPII unscheduled DNA synthesis was
      greatly reduced which supports the peculiarity of this form of xeroderma
      pigmentosum.

PMID- 4012863
TI  - [Residual DNA damages in irradiated HeLa cells].
AB  - A possibility to detect the low level residual DNA damages was undertaken in HeLa
      cells during a long time after irradiation. The mixture of two inhibitors of
      replicative and reparative syntheses (hydroxyurea and beta-arabinosylcytosine)
      was added to the HeLa monolayer culture cells 6--24 hours after irradiation, when
      the potentially lethal damages was removed. A decrease in cell survival was
      shown. These data suggest that a certain amount of damages may still remain in
      DNA of irradiated cells.

PMID- 4012862
TI  - [Occurrence and elimination of single- and double-stranded DNA breaks in the
      fibroblasts of xeroderma pigmentosum patients exposed to gamma radiation].
AB  - A defect in ability to rejoin gamma-induced single-strand DNA breaks, earlier
      found in the lymphocytes of a patient with form II of xeroderma pigmentosum, has
      been also shown for cultured skin fibroblasts. In successive subcultivation the
      ability to rejoin DNA breaks gradually increases. Elimination of double-strand
      DNA breaks occurs with the same fullness and rate as in the cells of patients
      with classic form of XP and healthy donors. The subcultivation does not influence
      this process. Possible causes of the phenomena discovered are discussed.

PMID- 4012864
TI  - [14th Maghreb Medical Congress. School of Pharmacy. Monastir 6-8 May 1985.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 4012865
TI  - [Syphilis among homosexual men attending 2 sauna clubs in Copenhagen].

PMID- 4012866
TI  - [Acute myocardial infarction and respirator treatment. A retrospective prognostic
      assessment].

PMID- 4012867
TI  - [CAT-scans and disseminated sclerosis].

PMID- 4012869
TI  - [Life-threatening stridor due to a congenital laryngeal cyst].

PMID- 4012868
TI  - [The value of internal urethrotomy in the prevention of stricture in
      transurethral resection of the prostate].

PMID- 4012870
TI  - [The subject of LSD].

PMID- 4012871
TI  - [Absorption of estradiol from estradiol tablets].

PMID- 4012872
TI  - [Vibration-induced white fingers in the automobile industry. A questionnaire
      study].

PMID- 4012873
TI  - [The oxygen content of arterial blood measured at the skin surface].

PMID- 4012874
TI  - [Determination of left ventricular volume and cardiac output by radionuclide
      cardiography].

PMID- 4012875
TI  - [The side-effects of coils are dependent on the duration of use].

PMID- 4012877
TI  - [Tunnelled epidural catheter and infection].

PMID- 4012876
TI  - [Verapamil-induced digoxin poisoning in uremia].

PMID- 4012878
TI  - [Sebaceous carcinoma with visceral metastasis].

PMID- 4012879
TI  - [Bone scintigraphy in suspected stress fractures].

PMID- 4012880
TI  - [Violence to women in their partnerships. I. Occurrence, mechanisms of injury,
      types of injury and treatment].

PMID- 4012881
TI  - [Injuries during the carnival].

PMID- 4012882
TI  - [Costs of drugs in connection with rheumatoid arthritis. Consequences of the new
      Danish cuts in subsidies].

PMID- 4012883
TI  - [Hepatitis A in a day-care center for infants].

PMID- 4012884
TI  - [A test-strip method for the determination of blood glucose visually and by
      reflex photometry].

PMID- 4012885
TI  - [Evaluation of a new reagent, strip Visidex II, for home monitoring of blood
      glucose].

PMID- 4012886
TI  - [The prognostic value of screening for serum estradiol in the 32d week of normal
      pregnancy. A retrospective review of 1000 pregnancy records].

PMID- 4012888
TI  - [Transient paralysis of the upper limb following metrizamide myelography].

PMID- 4012887
TI  - [Postoperative respiratory depression after the administration of epidural
      morphine].

PMID- 4012889
TI  - [Cephalosporins and coagulation disorders].

PMID- 4012890
TI  - [Acceptance of deviant behavior in somatic nursing homes in the County of
      Aarhus].

PMID- 4012891
TI  - [Psychiatric practice--10 years' statistics. II. Utilization of resources].

PMID- 4012892
TI  - [Violence to women in their partnerships. II. Demographic conditions (age,
      marital status and children)].

PMID- 4012893
TI  - Interaction of therapeutic ultrasound with purified enzymes in vitro.
AB  - The effects of ultrasound on the rates of the catalytic reactions of four
      purified enzymes in vitro have been extensively investigated under a wide range
      of biochemical and physical exposure conditions. In general, it can be concluded
      that therapeutic intensities of continuous wave 0.88 MHz ultrasound had no
      detectable direct effects on the rates of the reactions catalysed by creatine
      kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. Some minor effects
      were noted. These were: an indirect effect resulting from mixing within the
      sample chamber caused by quartz wind streaming; an effect on partially-hydrated
      cross-linked enzyme systems which appears to be the result of increased fluid
      penetration of the solid matrix in the presence of ultrasound; and an increase in
      the rate of spontaneous dissociation of a multimeric enzyme system. It is,
      therefore, concluded that a direct interaction between ultrasound and the
      catalytic functioning of individual enzyme molecules is unlikely to be the
      primary step in any acousto-biological interaction, and that this primary
      interaction appears to be occurring at a higher level of organizational
      complexity.

PMID- 4012894
TI  - Effect of intensity of 1.2 MHz ultrasound on change in DNA synthesis of
      irradiated mouse L cells.
AB  - Cultured mouse L cells attached to circular plates were exposed to continuous
      wave 1.2 MHz ultrasound and the amount of 14C-thymidine (TdR) incorporated into
      cellular DNA was measured. Enhanced 14C-TdR incorporation per cell in attached
      cells was observed at ultrasonic intensities above 0.5, ISATA (0.8, ISPTA) W/cm2,
      although the total amount of incorporated 14C-TdR per sample decreased with
      increasing exposure energy at intensities above 1.5 (2.8) W/cm2. The presence of
      cavitation was evidenced by three kinds of physicochemical dosimeters; the
      liberation of iodine from KI-starch solution, a decrease in DNA molecular weight
      and sucrose hydrolysis. Collapse cavitation was detected at intensities above 1.5
      (2.8) W/cm2 and stable cavitation was observed at 0.5 (0.8) W/cm2. These results
      suggest that the change in DNA synthesis of irradiated mouse L cells takes place
      independently of collapse cavitation, and may be due to stable cavitation.

PMID- 4012895
TI  - A theoretical study of nonlinear effects with focused ultrasound in tissues: an
      "acoustic bragg peak".
AB  - This is a theoretical study of the absorbed power density that arises when a
      focused ultrasound beam is absorbed in a tissue-like medium. The specific
      application is selective tissue heating for cancer hyperthermia. Results are
      expressed in terms of an enhancement ratio which describes the fractional gain in
      absorbed power density when nonlinear effects are taken into account relative to
      the absorbed power density that results when only linear effects are considered.
      Starting from a standard configuration in which the transducer has a (Gaussian)
      diameter of 0.12 m, a radius of curvature of 0.16 m and an operating frequency of
      1 MHz a numerical sensitivity analysis is performed in which transducer and
      tissue parameters are varied one at a time. Enhancement ratios are invariably
      greater than unity, often being in the range of 1.5-2 for regions near the focus
      of the beam. The prediction is that nonlinear effects will probably be useful in
      selectively increasing the temperature rise in the focal region of a focused
      applicator.

PMID- 4012897
TI  - [Trust in a conscience].

PMID- 4012896
TI  - A search for ultrasonic cavitation within the canine cardiovascular system.
AB  - Resonant bubble detectors (RBD) were used to search for both pre-existing bubbles
      and bubbles created by cavitation within the cardiovascular system of 22 dogs. No
      pre-existing bubbles of 3.8 micron diam or larger were found, nor were any
      created by exposing the left ventricle to 0.51-1.61 MHz ultrasound of up to 16
      W/cm2 spatial-peak intensity. Bubbles introduced into the arterial system by high
      speed injection were readily detected and could be held in the heart by 1 MHz
      ultrasound at 1-2 W/cm2 or above. A surprising observation was that gas bubbles
      of resonant size injected into the left ventricle and held by ultrasound did not
      multiply continuously as happens in saline or water in vitro. This in vivo system
      was designed to assess the potential for cavitation bioeffects and the
      essentially negative results obtained may limit the expected or potential risk of
      this mechanism in regard to medical applications of ultrasound.

PMID- 4012898
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of the short Nissen fundoplicature (1 cm) with or
      without gastroplasty].

PMID- 4012899
TI  - [Pulmonary sequestration: a retrospective study of 27 cases in pediatric and
      adult hospital centers questioning surgery as an immediate therapeutic approach].

PMID- 4012900
TI  - [Are the "nutritional " and "hormonal" status of vitamin D disturbed in the
      chronic alcoholic?].

PMID- 4012901
TI  - [Facial tics and spasms].

PMID- 4012902
TI  - [Iatronic section of the spinal nerve in cervical lymph node biopsies].

PMID- 4012903
TI  - [Use of the laser in neurosurgery].

PMID- 4012904
TI  - [Acute porphyria, acute psychosis and psychotropic drugs. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 4012906
TI  - [Promoting health and the habit of physical activity].

PMID- 4012905
TI  - [Leukemias secondary to cytotoxic therapy. Study of 29 cases in Quebec and
      Montreal].

PMID- 4012907
TI  - [Femoro-popliteal and femoro-tibial reconstruction with the Dardik umbilical
      vein].

PMID- 4012908
TI  - Traumatic rupture of corpus cavernosum.
AB  - Fracture of the corpus cavernosum occurs when one or both corpora are ruptured
      usually during sexual intercourse and less often owing to blunt trauma. The
      injury may be associated with an urethral lesion and is easy to recognize; the
      treatment, however, remains controversial. 7/8 patients had primary or secondary
      surgical therapy, 1/8 was treated by conservative measures. The results after
      surgery were very satisfactory, with no immediate perioperative or postoperative
      complications. The success rate of the surgical management corresponds to a high
      degree with reports from the literature (complication rate is less than 10%).
      Based on literature review, conservative treatment is associated with a 25-30%
      complication rate. Early surgical repair might be the treatment of choice for
      rupture of the corpus cavernosum with and/or without concomitant lesion of the
      urethra.

PMID- 4012909
TI  - The value of morphological prognostic criteria in the assessment of renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - In this study, we examined some of the morphological values from the large number
      of prognostic parameters indicated in the literature by establishing survival
      statistics. Primary distant metastasis formation was confirmed to be a
      prognostically unfavorable factor. Regional metastasis formation takes an
      intermediate position between the primarily distantly metastasized and the
      primary non-metastasized renal cell carcinoma. In the primarily non-metastasized
      renal cell carcinoma, tumor invasion into the renal vein is associated with
      prognostic deterioration, obviously due to a linkage to other unfavorable tumor
      characteristics. The histological degree of malignancy as a single prognostic
      parameter seems to be of little informational value if no other tumor data are
      taken into consideration. The classification of renal tumors according to Robson
      proves to be of great clinical relevance, especially when it is combined with the
      histological degree of malignancy. The prognostic scheme by Hermanek 'combined
      staging and grading' must be recommended as the prognostic scheme of choice.
      Apart from special histological types of the renal cell carcinoma, such as the
      papillary or sarcomatous variant, and with reservation as to the tendency to
      unpredictable secondary metastasis formation that is peculiar to the renal cell
      carcinoma, a prediction of the prognosis according to the morphological criteria
      mentioned above is possible to a satisfactory degree within certain limits.

PMID- 4012910
TI  - Steroid receptor status of human testicular tumors.
AB  - Biopsies of 9 testicular tumors were examined for the presence of cytoplasmic
      receptor proteins for estrogens, progestins, androgens, and glucocorticoids.
      Using an arbitrary threshold value of 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein for a postive
      assay, only 1 of 9 tumors was estrogen-receptor positive. However, no receptor
      specific 8S binding could be detected by low salt sucrose gradient
      centrifugation. 1 tumor was progesterone-receptor positive. No androgen receptors
      could be demonstrated. In contrast, 8 of 9 neoplasms contained significant
      quantities of glucocorticoid receptors exclusively sedimenting at 8S. Our
      findings suggest that androgens, estrogens, and progestins are unlikely to play a
      major role in the natural history of testicular tumors. The presence of
      glucocorticoid receptors might offer a chance for endocrine manipulation of the
      development and growth of these neoplasms by glucocorticoids.

PMID- 4012911
TI  - Hypercalcemia associated with transitional cell carcinoma without bone
      metastases: description of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of hypercalcemia associated with transitional cell carcinoma and
      negative bone scan are described. In both cases hypercalcemia appeared while
      there was evidence of tumor spread. Although hypercalcemia was controlled, both
      patients died shortly thereafter. Hypercalcemia rarely occurs in transitional
      cell carcinoma and its appearance may suggest spreading of the tumor and poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 4012912
TI  - Simultaneous bilateral testicular torsion in the adolescent.
AB  - A rare case of simultaneous bilateral testicular torsion in a 12-year-old boy is
      reported. Although an acute scrotal emergency of unilateral testicular torsion is
      not uncommon, bilateral testicular torsion, synchronous or asynchronous, is rare.

PMID- 4012913
TI  - [Dispensary observation of patients with solitary kidney after nephrectomy].

PMID- 4012914
TI  - [Inferior ureteroureteroanastomosis with unilateral nephrostomy].

PMID- 4012915
TI  - [Preparation of the physician and the patient for transurethral operations].

PMID- 4012916
TI  - [Diagnostic possibilities of cystomanometry].

PMID- 4012917
TI  - [Treatment of patients with acute inflammatory diseases of the scrotal organs].

PMID- 4012918
TI  - [The role of hereditary factors in the development of nephrogenic hypertension in
      children].

PMID- 4012919
TI  - [Surgical treatment of vasorenal hypertension in patients with a solitary
      functioning kidney].

PMID- 4012920
TI  - [Splenorenal arterial anastomosis in the treatment of vasorenal hypertension].

PMID- 4012921
TI  - [Characteristics of various surgical technics in vasorenal arterial
      hypertension].

PMID- 4012922
TI  - [Periodic catheterization in the treatment of neurogenic bladder in children].

PMID- 4012923
TI  - [Dermoid cyst of the retroperitoneal space].

PMID- 4012924
TI  - [Intra-sinus lipoma].

PMID- 4012925
TI  - [Complications of gunshot wounds of the urogenital organs].

PMID- 4012926
TI  - Dynamic CT diagnosis of primary dissecting aneurysm of the renal artery.
AB  - Incremental dynamic CT clearly demonstrated primary dissecting aneurysm of the
      renal artery in a 36-year-old man presenting with loin pain. A sustained dense
      bolus in abdominal dynamic CT is vital if branch artery abnormalities are to be
      diagnosed.

PMID- 4012927
TI  - Ureterocolic fistula diagnosed by antegrade pyelography.
AB  - A case of ureterocolic fistula as a result of an impacted lower ureteric stone is
      reported in which the diagnosis was made on antegrade pyelography.

PMID- 4012928
TI  - CT diagnosis of renal pedicle injury.
AB  - The CT findings in 6 renal vascular injuries were reviewed. The most specific
      observations in traumatic renal arterial thrombosis were nonexcretion, "rim"
      enhancement, and abrupt termination of an enhanced renal artery. Other signs of a
      disrupted renal vascular pedicle included central retroperitoneal hematoma
      associated with limited perinephric hematoma causing lateral displacement of the
      kidney. We conclude that CT allows differentiation of the causes of the absent or
      poor urographic nephrogram after trauma and may obviate the need for time
      consuming angiography. CT should replace excretory urography for the evaluation
      of polytrauma, especially when the mechanism of injury is compatible with pedicle
      disruption.

PMID- 4012929
TI  - Normal excretory urography in patients with primary kidney neoplasms.
AB  - The records of 65 consecutive patients discharged from the hospital with a
      diagnosis of primary parenchymal neoplasm of the kidney were reviewed. Four of
      the 65 patients had neoplasms which were not detected by excretory urography. The
      4 undetected lesions included 3 renal cell carcinomas and 1 oncocytoma. All of
      these lesions projected from the anterior or posterior surface of the kidney, and
      all 4 were clearly demonstrated by computed tomography. Normal findings on an
      excretory urogram do not completely exclude a neoplasm of the kidney. When there
      is strong clinical suspicion of a renal neoplasm, computed tomography should be
      the initial examination or should be done even if the urogram has shown normal
      findings.

PMID- 4012930
TI  - Postpartum renal vein thrombosis.
AB  - Renal vein thrombosis in adults is usually a complication of the nephrotic
      syndrome. Rarely, it has been reported in nonnephrotic women postpartum. The
      thrombosis may be a complication of the hypercoagulable state associated with
      both the nephrotic syndrome and pregnancy. Two postpartum patients with renal
      vein thrombosis and no prior history of renal disease are reported here. Neither
      patient had heavy proteinuria. In both cases, pyelonephritis was suspected
      clinically and the diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis was first suggested and
      confirmed by radiologic examination. Renal vein thrombosis should be considered
      in women presenting postpartum with flank pain.

PMID- 4012931
TI  - Significance of paravertebral venous collaterals on excretory urography.
AB  - The visualization of paravertebral venous collateral vessels during excretory
      urography may be normal when a foot vein has been injected. This finding reflects
      the abundant intercommunications between the caval, vertebral, and azygos venous
      systems and should not be mistaken for vena caval occlusion unless strong
      clinical suspicion of deep venous thrombosis exists.

PMID- 4012932
TI  - CT in determining the depth of infiltration of bladder tumors.
AB  - The findings from 141 CT investigations of bladder tumors are compared with
      histopathological staging (103 cases) and clinical staging (36 cases). Twenty
      five tumors could not be seen on CT and 2 tumors could not be staged because of
      artifacts caused by hip prosthesis. When the tumor was visible at CT and there
      was histological confirmation of the depth of the infiltration, we were able to
      differentiate extravesical tumor stages T3b and T4 from each other and from all
      the other stages in 49 of 59 cases (83%). However, CT failed to differentiate
      superficial from intramural tumor stages. The greatest value of CT in staging
      bladder tumors is in cases of deeply infiltrating tumors; examination should be
      made before biopsy or any therapeutic procedures are begun.

PMID- 4012933
TI  - Renal biopsy: localization using computed tomography.
AB  - The percutaneous renal biopsy is a commonly used diagnostic procedure. Computed
      axial tomography (CAT) can assist in precise placement of the biopsy needle into
      the renal parenchyma in clinical situations in which standard imaging techniques
      (fluoroscopy and ultrasound) are not suitable.

PMID- 4012934
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic image texture analysis: reduction of regional
      variability using polar coordinates.
AB  - Factors inherent to the ultrasound imaging system can influence quantitative
      ultrasound image texture and may produce changes that mask or mimic those due to
      alterations in tissue structure. In this study, we assessed the effect of the
      method of image data acquisition and analysis on the variations in quantitative
      texture measures that occurred solely due to the position of a region of interest
      (ROI) within the field of view. When ROI's, which varied in range and azimuth
      within the image of a tissue equivalent phantom (of uniform composition), were
      assessed by conventional analysis of scan-converted (rectangular coordinate)
      data, over 50 percent of all texture measures showed significant differences.
      Pseudo polar analysis reduced the number of texture measures showing regional
      variation by 80 percent (p less than 0.01) and true polar coordinate data
      analysis reduced the number by 74 percent (p less than 0.01). True polar analysis
      completely abolished differences in texture measures between ROI's separated in
      azimuth. Acquisition and analysis of tissue texture data using polar coordinates
      should allow a more definitive identification of abnormal tissue.

PMID- 4012935
TI  - Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in bladder tumors as detected by specific antibody:
      a possible marker of recurrence.
AB  - TUR specimens of non-invasive transitional-cell carcinomas were examined for
      their expression of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen by indirect
      immunofluorescence staining using rabbit IgG antibody which was raised with
      desialated glycophorin. Nine (45%) out of 20 tumors of low grade (Grade I and
      II), and 5 (56%) of 9 tumors of high grade (III) were diffusely stained with anti
      T (T-positive), whereas T-antigen in normal tissue was cryptic and stained only
      after neuraminidase treatment (cryptic T-positive). Of the T-negative tumors, 9
      (45%) of the low grade but only one of the high grade tumors, were stained
      positively for the cryptic T-antigen. The rest of the tumors were devoid of the
      cryptic T-antigen. Eighty percent of both Tumors expressing T-antigen and those
      lacking the cryptic T-antigen recurred within two years. Recurrence was not
      influenced by initial histological grade.

PMID- 4012937
TI  - A comparison of bipolar and monopolar diathermy probes in experimental animals.
AB  - The effects of monopolar and bipolar diathermy were studied in laboratory
      animals. The power required to coagulate transected vessels in air was
      established and the effect of immersion in saline and water during
      electrocoagulation was investigated. Tissue heat conduction from each type of
      probe was measured and compared. Tissue damage was assessed by light microscopy
      of histochemically stained sections. The bipolar system operated at a lower power
      output (13 W) with less heat conduction, and was unaffected by the surrounding
      medium.

PMID- 4012936
TI  - Urinary cytology in workmen engaged in the petrochemical industry with reference
      to non-industrial risk factors.
AB  - Urine cytology was evaluated in 8,406 male workers of 8 petrochemical factories
      in western and northern Germany during the routine medical check-up performed by
      the department of industrial medicine of the respective factory. All relevant
      data referring to possible private and occupational risk factors were registered
      and evaluated. Four percent (n = 358) of the 8,406 workers examined exhibited Pap
      3/4 cytology. Urological examination did not reveal any bladder tumor in those
      workers with either a single Pap 4 or a repeated Pap 3 finding on cytology. Our
      study showed that deterioration of cell differentiation correlated significantly
      with age and cigarette smoking. Furthermore, a risk group (males above 40 years
      of age exposed to occupational chemicals, smokers, and coffee drinkers) differed
      from a non-risk group. Age and cigarette smoking seemed to be the determinant
      factors. No correlation could be adduced between any kind of industrial exposure
      and urine cytology.

PMID- 4012938
TI  - [Complications of percutaneous kidney surgery--prevention and control].
AB  - Possibilities and types of complications, how to avoid and deal with them, are
      outlined in our material of 43 exactly defined cases. Extravasation and
      perforation of the renal calyces, the leaving behind of small concrements,
      perforation of neighbouring organs, hemorrhage, infection and late complications
      are discussed. Other published series, are analyzed (about 4000 patients up to
      now). However, often no information about incidence and type of complications is
      given. One must assume that several complications are not mentioned depending
      upon the way each author judges the complications. In general mild complications
      like extravasation of irrigation water and/or contrast medium and even hemorrhage
      diminish with practise. Inspite of our small material of about 50 percutaneous
      operations on the renal calyces a critical view of the larger series in the
      literature concerning complications is necessary. The most important points are
      avoiding and dealing with the discussed complications. Since percutaneous surgery
      on the kidney does not utilize a natural channel like the other endoscopic
      procedures, but creates its own channel, one should call this method a "half
      open" operation.

PMID- 4012939
TI  - [Causes, prevention and treatment of complications of lymphadenectomy in
      testicular tumor patients].
AB  - In our clinic 483 lymphnode dissections were performed during the last 17 years.
      Different complications were found under operation in 2.7% and postoperatively in
      9.9%. The mortality rate was 0.8%. Three years ago we started a different
      technique for lymph node dissection. The lowest incidence of complications during
      this period was found in the modified unilateral resection technique (8.9%), far
      higher after the bilateral (radical) (24%), the second-look lymphadenectomy (33%)
      and the so-called "salvage-lymphadenectomy" (42.9%). Causes of complications,
      therapy and prevention are discussed.

PMID- 4012940
TI  - [Complications of radical prostatectomy].
AB  - Between 1969 and 1984 a radical prostatectomy was performed in 175 patients for
      localized carcinoma of the prostate. This corresponds to a percentage of 18,2% of
      962 patients with cancer of the prostate admitted to this hospital during the
      same period of time. The intra- and postoperative complications following radical
      prostatectomy in this series of 175 patients are analyzed. In 144 patients a
      retropubic prostatectomy was performed, whereas in 31 patients the perineal
      approach was utilized. There was a mortality rate of 1.1% (2 patients). Rectal
      injuries in 7 patients and ureteral transsection in 2 patients accounted for
      intraoperative complications. In the early postoperative period non-fatal
      pulmonary embolism occurred in 4 and myocardial infarction in 3 patients. In 3
      cases (1,7%) a transitory hemodialysis became necessary because of renal
      insufficiency. Lymphoceles had to be treated in 22 patients (12,6%) and hematomas
      in 9 patients (5,1%). Persistent total urinary incontinence was observed in 8
      patients (5%) and stress incontinence of varying degree in 25% of cases. The
      causes of these complications are analyzed and possible ways of preventing and
      treating them are discussed.

PMID- 4012941
TI  - [Complications in 266 total prostatectomies].

PMID- 4012942
TI  - [Complications and late sequelae following radical cystectomy and supravesicle
      urinary diversion].
AB  - Until recently radical cystectomy combined with urinary diversion was only
      justified by most urologists as a therapeutic measure for the management of
      bladder cancer, when other forms of treatment failed controlling the disease.
      This attitude was mainly based on a high morbidity and mortality rate of up to
      20% of the cases. Improved selection of the patients, progress in improving
      preoperatively the physical conditions of the patients, intra- and post-operative
      intensive care and improvement of the surgical technique have contributed
      considerably to reduce the risks of this procedure. Effective preparation of the
      small and large bowel, early anticoagulation and digitalis medication as well as
      an efficient antibiotic treatment starting intraoperatively, and optimal
      parenteral hyperalimentation are of particular importance. Adjuvant preoperative
      radiation therapy and a simultaneously performed pelvic lymph node dissection do
      not contribute to an increased morbidity or mortality rate. Taking into account
      all available preventive measures, the mortality rate of about 20% 20 years ago
      has been reduced to about 1-5% at present.

PMID- 4012943
TI  - [Classification, histologic and cytologic grading and regression grading of
      prostate cancer].
AB  - The submitted recommendation of the pathologic- urologic team "prostatic
      carcinoma" is the result of several meetings, in order to provide a basis for a
      uniform nomenclature in diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of prostatic carcinoma
      to urologists and pathologists in practice.

PMID- 4012944
TI  - [Penis deviation].
AB  - Penile deviation has been gaining in importance as a symptom of several diseases.
      There are congenital forms (congenital penile deviation, hypo- and epispadias) as
      well as acquired forms (induratio penis plastica, traumatic deviation, urethral
      manipulation syndrome). History and autophotography are the most important
      diagnostic procedures. The therapeutic procedure is corporaplasty according to
      Nesbit-Kelami.

PMID- 4012945
TI  - [Fournier gangrene with involvement of the thigh--radical restoration by
      exarticulation of the femur. Case report].
AB  - We report a case of Fournier's gangrene of the scrotum, involving the right lower
      extremity. Radical surgical intervention (hip joint exatriculation) was
      necessary.

PMID- 4012946
TI  - Reliability of Gleason grading system in comparing prostate biopsies with total
      prostatectomy specimens.
AB  - Prostate biopsy and total prostatectomy specimens from 31 patients with
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate were compared using the Gleason histopathologic
      grading system. The overall accuracy when grouping the scores into three
      categories (2-4, 5-7, and 8-10) was 81 per cent. The incidence of critical
      undergrading was 6 per cent while the incidence of critical overgrading was 13
      per cent. Eighty-seven per cent of the biopsy scores were plus or minus 1 Gleason
      unit of the prostatectomy scores. Intraobserver variation was less than 1 Gleason
      unit. The mean absolute difference between the biopsy and the total prostatectomy
      specimen was 0.77 Gleason units. The Gleason category score of the total prostate
      specimen can be predicted from the biopsy tissue with reasonably good accuracy.
      The limitation of this grading system in predicting the presence or absence of
      pelvic node involvement is discussed.

PMID- 4012947
TI  - Experience with modified Chiba needle in staging of genitourinary tumors.
AB  - The features of a new needle used in the percutaneous pelvic node fine-needle
      aspiration biopsy in 56 patients with urologic neoplasms are described. The side
      openings on either side of the needle walls and the bevel angle lowered to 15
      degrees provide excellent penetration and aspiration ability. Representative
      specimens were obtained from all patients, and the accuracy of aspiration biopsy
      results in determining true stage of disease was 94.64 per cent. These data
      provided sufficient evidence of the efficiency of our needle to recommend it for
      use in TNM classifications of urologic tumors.

PMID- 4012948
TI  - Visual disturbances in TUR reaction.
AB  - Visual disturbances during transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate are
      described and possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed. Awareness of this
      unusual manifestation of the TUR reaction may offer the first clue to excessive
      systemic absorption of irrigation fluid.

PMID- 4012949
TI  - Genitourinary tuberculosis in patients under twenty-five years of age.
AB  - There were 29 patients under the age of twenty-five years in a series of 230
      patients with genitourinary tuberculosis. Younger patients were less likely to
      have had previous tuberculosis but more likely to have a family history of
      tuberculosis. Abdominal or loin pain was a more common presenting feature in
      those under twenty five, and they were less likely to require surgery than older
      patients.

PMID- 4012950
TI  - New surgical treatment for Peyronie disease.
AB  - Five patients with Peyronie disease were treated successfully with a surgical
      technique derived from Nesbit's technique for the treatment of congenital
      curvature of the penis. Excision of ellipses of tunica albuginea from the convex
      side of the penis as described by Nesbit was not done, but instead the tunica was
      reeved with nonresorbable sutures to achieve straightening. The surgical
      technique combined with prior radiotherapy was successfully applied to patients
      with severe forms of Peyronie disease. More experience is necessary to establish
      the value of the proposed treatment concept.

PMID- 4012951
TI  - Influence of indwelling urinary tract stones on twenty-four-hour urine
      chemistries.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with ureteral stones underwent twenty-four-hour urinary
      excretion studies of calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid before and after stone
      elimination from the urinary tract. Comparison of pre- and post-stone elimination
      studies showed no significant differences suggesting that the presence of stones
      in the urinary tract has little influence on the twenty-four-hour urinary
      excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid.

PMID- 4012952
TI  - Bilateral carcinoma in situ of testis in infertile man.
AB  - Abnormal seminiferous epithelium with atypical germ cells was studied in 2
      previous cases. Embryonal carcinoma occurred within four and one-half years of
      testicular biopsy. Herein is reported another case of bilateral carcinoma in situ
      of the testis, presenting abnormal germinal morphology and infertility. The
      abnormal cells differed considerably from normal spermatogonia, presenting an
      increased diameter and dense chromatin masses. Apparently normal tubules were
      also present with normal spermatogenesis. Serum gonadotropins and chromosome
      study were normal. After bilateral biopsy patient was submitted to a right
      orchiectomy and left varicocelectomy.

PMID- 4012953
TI  - Encrustation and stone formation: complication of indwelling ureteral stents.
AB  - Severe encrustation and stone formation on indwelling ureteral stents in 2
      patients with a lithogenic history are reported. In both cases this complication
      occurred in the presence of sterile urine and treatment required pyelolithotomy
      in one and renal pelvic irrigation with urologic G solution in the other.
      Analyses of these stones revealed struvite and apatite, respectively. Dissolution
      of encrustations and stones via renal pelvic irrigation is suggested as a viable
      alternative to surgical intervention for this problem. A review of the literature
      shows a correlation between chronic stone formers and stent encrustation, rather
      than from bacteriuria alone. Long-term antibiotic suppression, more frequent
      followup with abdominal roentgenograms, and shorter periods of internal stenting
      are suggested for patients with a lithogenic history.

PMID- 4012954
TI  - Evaluation of AMS 800 artificial sphincter for continent urinary diversion using
      intestinal loops.
AB  - The AS 800 artificial urinary sphincter was implanted around the isolated
      intestinal bowel loops in 22 New Zealand rabbits. Pressure flow studies,
      microangiography, and histopathology were evaluated. The results demonstrated the
      potential application of the AS 800 in creating continent urinary diversion.

PMID- 4012955
TI  - Hyperkeratotic squamous epithelium of pelvis and ureter in solitary kidney.
AB  - A case of hyperkeratotic squamous epithelium of the distal renal pelvis and
      ureter, clinically identifiable as leukoplakia, is reported in a solitary kidney.
      Because of the need to conserve renal parenchyma in this patient, the lesion was
      treated conservatively at operation after careful exploration and full thickness
      biopsy failed to reveal malignancy. Close monitoring of this potentially
      premalignant lesion has documented no progression at twenty-five months.

PMID- 4012956
TI  - Hypercalcemia in carcinoma of prostate. Its cure by orchiectomy.
AB  - A case report of a patient with carcinoma of the prostate and hypercalcemia is
      presented. We believe this is the first such case documenting ectopic
      parathormone from this tumor. Resolution of the hypercalcemia followed
      orchiectomy.

PMID- 4012957
TI  - Gonococcal epididymitis and pyelonephritis in a male.
AB  - A young man presented with signs and symptoms of epididymitis and pyelonephritis
      after adequate treatment of gonococcal urethritis a week earlier. This is an
      unusual presentation of gonococcal disease.

PMID- 4012958
TI  - Nonfunctioning pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 4012959
TI  - Acute appendicitis presenting as acute left scrotal pain: diagnostic
      considerations.
AB  - To our knowledge this is the first case of acute perforated appendicitis
      presenting as acute left scrotal pain described in the literature. In addition,
      this case involved a unique false positive radionuclide scrotal scan for
      testicular torsion, which is also reported and discussed for the first time.

PMID- 4012960
TI  - Use of percutaneous cystocatheter for tube drainage of pyeloplasties.

PMID- 4012961
TI  - New surgical repair of large ureteroceles.

PMID- 4012962
TI  - New method of drainage in retropubic prostatectomy.

PMID- 4012963
TI  - Primary amyloidosis of ureter.
AB  - Another case of primary isolated amyloidosis of the ureter is reported; we
      believe this is the seventeenth such case reported in the world literature. The
      previous cases are reviewed, and the clinical presentation and treatment are
      discussed. The importance of distinguishing the condition from transitional cell
      carcinoma of the ureter is emphasized and a conservative approach to surgical
      treatment is advocated.

PMID- 4012964
TI  - Adenomatoid tumor of ejaculatory duct.
AB  - Adenomatoid tumors are generally restricted to the epididymal region and
      occasionally the spermatic cord in the male. Herein we report on a case of
      adenomatoid tumor apparently originating from the ejaculatory duct which to our
      knowledge has not been reported previously.

PMID- 4012965
TI  - Case profile: priapism secondary to metastatic adenocarcinoma of rectum.

PMID- 4012966
TI  - Calcification of bladder tumor.
AB  - A bladder cancer presented as a calcified pelvic mass on roentgenograms. The
      frequency and significance of calcified bladder tumors is discussed.

PMID- 4012968
TI  - Radical prostatectomy for stage A2 and B prostatic carcinoma. Operative
      experience.
AB  - We compared the operative experiences and the postoperative and late
      complications of radical prostatectomy in 17 patients with Stage A2 and 64
      patients with Stage B prostatic cancer. The operative time, estimated blood loss,
      incidence of intraoperative complications, frequency of surgical specimen
      fragmentation, and duration of hospitalization were similar for the two groups
      when stratified by surgical approach. Postoperative complications were more
      frequent in the Stage B group. Six per cent of the patients in each group were
      severely incontinent after surgery. In this experience recent partial
      prostatectomy did not appear to increase the risks of radical prostatectomy or
      decrease the likelihood of complete excision of the prostate.

PMID- 4012967
TI  - Perioperative mezlocillin vs cefotaxime to prevent infections after genitourinary
      surgery.
AB  - This is a report of a randomized, comparative, double-blind study of mezlocillin
      and cefotaxime given perioperatively to 100 patients undergoing genitourinary
      surgery. Of 94 evaluable patients, 2 (4.7%) in the mezlocillin group and 2 (3.9%)
      in the cefotaxime group infections developed in the immediate postoperative
      period. The difference in these incidences is not statistically significant. One
      patient with recent bacterial prostatitis and prostatic calculi received
      cefotaxime and bacteriuria and sepsis developed on the first postoperative day.

PMID- 4012969
TI  - Incidence and treatment of bladder perforation following bladder biopsy.
AB  - In 36 per cent of 25 patients who underwent bladder biopsies, post-biopsy
      cystogram revealed extravasation of dye. These patients were treated with twenty
      four-hour catheter drainage and antibiotics without complications developing.

PMID- 4012970
TI  - Self-inflicted foreign bodies involving lower urinary tract and male genitals.
AB  - A great variety of self-inflicted foreign bodies have been removed from the lower
      urinary tract and male external genitalia. These foreign bodies were inserted or
      applied for autoerotic, psychiatric, therapeutic, or no definite reasons by the
      patient. Most patients were too ashamed to admit they had inserted or applied any
      object and usually presented when a complication had occurred from the foreign
      body such as difficulty voiding, hematuria, pain or swelling, extravasation, or
      abscess formation. Inspection and palpation diagnosed foreign bodies involving
      the male external genitalia in 3 patients and anterior urethra in 6. Radiographic
      studies with and without contrast medium and endoscopy were required to diagnose
      foreign bodies in the posterior urethra and bladder in 9 patients, and the exact
      location, shape, and orientation of the foreign bodies in all sites, radiolucent
      objects, and the complications of mucosal laceration and extravasation. All 16
      foreign bodies in the anterior urethra (below urogenital diaphragm) were removed
      by endoscopic manipulation in the 6 patients. Nine foreign bodies in the
      posterior urethra or bladder (above the urogenital diaphragm) were removed by
      endoscopic manipulation in 2 females and 2 males, while suprapubic cystostomy was
      required in 1 female and 4 males. The 3 foreign bodies applied to the external
      genitalia of 3 males were removed carefully to avoid injury to the underlying
      skin. Foreign bodies lying below the urogenital diaphragm were palpable and
      readily removed endoscopically while foreign bodies above the urogenital
      diaphragm required greater endoscopic manipulation or open surgical procedures.

PMID- 4012971
TI  - Cutaneous vasostomy: technique for treatment of chronic and recurrent
      epididymitis.
AB  - We describe a method for treatment of patients with chronic and recurrent
      epididymitis. Six of 7 patients (86%) treated with this procedure between 1977
      and 1980 have had no recurrent episodes of epididymitis to date. We discuss the
      comparative benefits of this procedure as related to other surgical treatments
      for acute, chronic, and recurrent epididymitis.

PMID- 4012973
TI  - Pregnancy following in vitro fertilization using cryopreserved semen from a man
      with testicular teratoma.
AB  - Semen for cryopreservation was collected in a man with a testicular teratoma
      after unilateral orchidectomy but before chemotherapy which rendered him
      azoospermic. After two years artificial insemination using this semen in his wife
      failed repeatedly. The semen quality on thawing was extremely poor in terms of
      sperm motility. A pre-freeze motility of 90 per cent was reduced to 2 per cent,
      and the movement was graded as sluggish. Using the techniques of semen and oocyte
      preparation and in vitro fertilization, a number of cleaving embryos was
      produced. A pregnancy was established after four of these embryos were replaced
      in the wife. The pregnancy aborted spontaneously, but a subsequent course of
      treatment resulted in an on-going twin pregnancy. The potential of in vitro
      fertilization for overcoming the poor quality of semen after storage by
      cryopreservation from men with testicular neoplasms is discussed.

PMID- 4012972
TI  - Oral phosphate load unmasks underlying renal phosphate leak in symptomatic and
      asymptomatic members of family with idiopathic hypercalciuria.
AB  - The effects of a 2 Gm oral phosphorus load in a family with idiopathic
      hypercalciuria (IH) consisting of 3 symptomatic (DT, CS, DS) and 2 asymptomatic
      (MS, PD) members were compared with 12 normal control subjects. Biochemical
      parameters measured included: total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, intact and
      carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone, urinary calcium, phosphorus, and sodium.
      Water loading had no effect on these parameters. After the phosphorus load, serum
      phosphorus rose 1.60 mg/dl in the control subjects but only 1.34 mg/dl in the IH
      family at the end of one hour. Basal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) were
      comparable in the control subjects and the IH family. After the phosphorus load,
      the TRP in the control subjects fell (average 9.2%) accompanied by a significant
      (P less than 0.02) rise in the carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone. Except for
      DT who had been taking hydrochlorothiazide, the TRP fell dramatically in the rest
      of the IH family (DS 25%, CS 12%, PD 26%, MS 50%) in the absence of any
      perturbations in either the intact or carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone. A
      hypocalciuric effect was observed in the IH family but not in the control
      subjects after phosphorus loading. The oral phosphorus challenge unmasked a
      parathyroid hormone independent renal phosphate leak in both symptomatic and
      asymptomatic members in a family with idiopathic hypercalciuria.

PMID- 4012974
TI  - Physical characteristics of percutaneous nephroscopes.
AB  - Flexible and rigid endoscopes are being used in the kidney with increasing
      frequency for endourologic procedures such as stone removal. The available
      instruments have different physical characteristics, a knowledge of which is
      important in proper instrument selection. We compared irrigant flow rates and the
      angles and areas of vision of the Olympus, ACMI, and Pentax flexible endoscopes
      and the Storz, Wolf, and Thackray rigid instruments. These findings and their
      implications for instrument use are described.

PMID- 4012975
TI  - New method for continuous measurement of nocturnal penile tumescence and
      rigidity.
AB  - A new technique for continuous recording of penile rigidity and tumescence has
      been developed. This methodology has been utilized in initial studies to define
      erectile function in both normal and impotent males. Accurate recording of
      tumescence and rigidity have been utilized to document the decline in erectile
      function associated with organic impotence.

PMID- 4012976
TI  - Vascularization of malignant testicular tumors.
AB  - Recent studies of malignant testicular tumors report a correlation between
      vascularization, biologic behavior, radiosensitivity, and chemotherapeutic
      response of the tumor. Postoperative angiographies of malignant testicular tumor
      specimens (seminoma n = 4, nonseminoma n = 12) showed the following results:
      Contrary to the symmetric vascularity pattern of normal testes, seminomas were
      hypovascular, well-defined from normal testicular tissue and not neovascular.
      Nonseminomas showed isovascularity (n = 5) or hypovascularity (n = 7) but with
      focal hypervascular areas in the tumor (n = 10), and pathologic
      neovascularization. Present angiographic studies reveal marked differences in the
      vasculature pattern of malignant testicular tumors. In nonseminomas, focal
      hypervascular or neovascular areas as centers of a high-growth rate correlate
      well with comparable cell kinetic studies. Assuming a similar growth behavior in
      metastases, the vascularization type of these growth centers theoretically favors
      the efficient use of chemotherapeutic agents.

PMID- 4012977
TI  - Prophylactic use of ureteral stent in iatrogenic injuries to ureter.
AB  - Injury to the ureter during pelvic and abdominal surgical procedures is not
      uncommon. We herein present the results of the prophylactic use of ureteral
      stents in iatrogenically traumatized dog ureters.

PMID- 4012978
TI  - Rattlesnake bite of glans penis.
AB  - The envenomation of the glans penis by a western diamondback rattlesnake
      (Crotalus atrox) is presented. Effects of envenomation, first aid, and hospital
      management are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 4012979
TI  - Clinical presentation of metastatic lymphoma to ureter.
AB  - Clinically significant metastatic involvement of the ureter is reported rarely,
      experience with it is limited, and therefore suspicion is low. A case of
      metastatic lymphoma serves to demonstrate the delay in diagnosis. A review of the
      causes of delay is presented.

PMID- 4012980
TI  - Renal xanthine stone in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome treated with allopurinol.
AB  - A rare case of renal xanthine stone in association with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
      is presented. The xanthine stone is thought to be a complication of allopurinol
      therapy.

PMID- 4012981
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure as a complication of urethral surgery.
AB  - Acute renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis is a well-known entity. A case of
      rhabdomyolysis with renal failure secondary to positioning during urethral
      surgery is presented.

PMID- 4012982
TI  - Unilateral hydroureteronephrosis secondary to iliac aneurysm.
AB  - Iliac artery aneurysms may cause ureteral obstruction. We report 1 case of
      isolated external artery aneurysm in childhood. The patient was treated by
      ureterolysis with resection and grafting of the aneurysm.

PMID- 4012983
TI  - Complications of Jonas prosthesis.

PMID- 4012985
TI  - Ureteral involvement complicating eosinophilic cystitis.
AB  - A thirty-three-year-old woman was evaluated for eosinophilia, irritative bladder
      symptoms, and renal insufficiency. Eosinophilic cystitis was documented by
      bladder biopsy and glomerulonephritis by renal biopsy. As the glomerulonephritis
      and other symptoms resolved, unilateral ureteral obstruction developed with
      irreversible loss of right renal function. The distal ureter was found to have
      eosinophilic infiltration. This entity should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction associated with cystitis.

PMID- 4012984
TI  - Incarcerated femoral hernia after radical cystectomy.

PMID- 4012986
TI  - Urinary retention secondary to ovarian dysgerminoma in a girl.
AB  - A thirteen-year-old girl sought medical advice because of a markedly weakened
      urinary stream with severe hesitancy. She was referred to the pediatric clinic
      because of 3 episodes of acute urinary retention during a previous month. Pelvic
      examination showed a retrovesical tumor. An excretory urogram revealed bilateral
      ureterectasis and pyelocalicectasis. Two weeks after left nephrostomy, surgical
      exploration demonstrated a right ovarian mass causing compression of the left
      ureter and obstruction of the bladder neck. Excision of the tumor was performed
      without difficulty, following which the patient resumed normal voiding. The
      resected tumor weighed 815 Gm and pathologic examination showed dysgerminoma.
      Postoperatively the following two and one half years were uneventful.

PMID- 4012988
TI  - Drainage system for filiform and follower catheters.

PMID- 4012987
TI  - Catheter clamping: a novel approach.

PMID- 4012989
TI  - Case profile: penile necklace.

PMID- 4012990
TI  - Lower moiety hydronephrosis in duplicated kidneys.
AB  - Because of the high incidence of lower pole reflux in complete duplications,
      decreased, delayed, or absent function in a hydronephrotic lower pole moiety is
      usually initially attributed to reflux nephropathy. Obstruction occurs commonly
      in the upper pole moiety due to an ectopic ureteral orifice or ureterocele.
      However, obstruction is not uncommon in the lower pole segment. Here, the
      etiologies are more numerous and, on occasion, result in confusing presentations.
      Eleven cases of obstruction involving the lower pole moiety are discussed.
      Pathologic entities involved include ureteropelvic junction obstructions in both
      complete and incomplete duplications, calculi and epithelial tumors obstructing
      the lower system at various levels, and an ectopic upper pole ureterocele
      compressing and obstructing the ureteral orifice to the lower pole.

PMID- 4012991
TI  - Clinical evaluation of new urodynamic catheter.
AB  - A commercially available triple lumen urodynamic catheter has been utilized for
      urodynamic recordings in more than 650 patients. The recordings have been highly
      accurate and reproducible, and we recommend this catheter for those who perform
      liquid perfusion urodynamic studies.

PMID- 4012992
TI  - Modified Pereyra bladder neck suspension.

PMID- 4012993
TI  - Use of the Cavitron in renal surgery.

PMID- 4012994
TI  - Adrenal "incidentilomas".

PMID- 4012995
TI  - Urinary catheters and nosocomial infection.
AB  - Latex catheters appear to be associated with a higher incidence of complications
      than silicone or Silastic tubing. Patients with indwelling catheters in whom
      asymptomatic bacteriuria develop usually do not require treatment until the time
      of catheter removal. In symptomatic patients, however, samples of blood and urine
      should be obtained for culture and sensitivity testing. Empiric therapy with
      parenteral antibiotics--such as an aminoglycoside plus ampicillin or piperacillin
      -should then be initiated. To reduce infectious complications associated with the
      use of urinary catheters, clinicians should always carefully determine whether or
      not a true indication for catheterization exists. In addition, intermittent
      bladder catheterization and suprapubic drainage should be considered whenever
      appropriate. Specific guidelines for preventing infection or superinfection in
      patients with indwelling catheters are provided.

PMID- 4012996
TI  - Antibiotic usage patterns: resistance and other considerations.
AB  - Indications for antibiotic prophylaxis in urologic surgery are reviewed.
      Selection of an appropriate antibiotic agent for treatment or prophylaxis is
      discussed in terms of antimicrobial spectrum, toxicities, and cost.

PMID- 4012997
TI  - Nosocomial infection of urinary tract: changing pathogens, changing patterns.
AB  - Risk factors for the development of nosocomial infection, i.e., diabetes,
      immunosuppressive therapy, etc., are reviewed. In most cases, the patient's own
      fecal flora is the primary reservoir for potentially infecting pathogens, such as
      Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Serratia, and
      enterococcus. Hospitalized patients are likely to have antibiotic-related changes
      in fecal flora. Abnormal urethral flora in men, as well as high rates of vaginal
      and urethral colonization in women, increase the risk of infection associated
      with urinary catheterization or instrumentation. The costs of nosocomial urinary
      tract infections, both in economic and health terms, are briefly discussed. After
      a review of the causes and consequences of bacterial resistance to antibiotics,
      the issue of perioperative prophylaxis is addressed. It is concluded that the
      most important aspects of effective perioperative prophylaxis are achievement of
      suitable drug-tissue levels at the time of surgery and a limited period of
      postoperative antibiotic administration. The problem and probable causes of cross
      contamination are described. Recommendations for reducing nosocomial infections
      are offered.

PMID- 4012998
TI  - Prevention and treatment of postoperative infection.
AB  - Strategies for the prevention, early recognition, and management of postoperative
      infections in urologic patients are described. It is suggested that clinicians
      consider the extent of the patient's exposure to hospital pathogens as well as
      the hospital's unique bacteriology when devising antibiotic strategies for
      postoperative infections.

PMID- 4012999
TI  - How to deal with sepsis and bacteremia.
AB  - Risk factors for the development of septicemia, which are similar to those
      associated with any urinary tract infection, are reviewed. The "ABCs of
      Management" are outlined. Early recognition and effective management including
      selection of an effective antimicrobial agent for empiric therapy can have a
      direct impact on the patient's survival. Potential infecting type of bacteria are
      reviewed, and specific empiric therapies are described. In addition to antibiotic
      administration, rapid resuscitation and surgical drainage or debridement of the
      source of infection are integral parts of immediate treatment for sepsis. The
      importance of locating and draining (or removing) the source of infection is
      emphasized. Since sepsis is a systemic infection, patients must be monitored
      closely for failure of vital physiologic functions. Suggestions are offered for
      dealing with lack of response to antibiotic and supportive measures. Rapid
      diagnosis and effective management can improve the prognosis for septic patients.

PMID- 4013001
TI  - Current challenges in etiology and diagnosis of nosocomial sepsis.
AB  - Diagnostic tests and monitoring techniques for bacteremic patients are reviewed.
      It is concluded that a better understanding of the physiologic mechanisms
      underlying the bacteremic insult would result in more effective methods of
      intervention and treatment. Clinicians are urged to be scrupulous in the use and
      maintenance of urinary catheters, IVs, and respirators.

PMID- 4013000
TI  - The role of antibacterial prophylaxis in urologic surgery.
AB  - The possible origins of post-TUR bacteriuria (urethral flora, prostate, bladder
      tumors, or contaminated irrigating fluids or instruments) are discussed. A review
      of the literature on antibacterial prophylaxis during TUR led to a positive
      assessment of its value. Preferred agents for prophylaxis of urinary tract
      infections include cephalosporins, extended-spectrum penicillins, ampicillin, and
      aminoglycosides. The value of antibacterial prophylaxis in open urologic surgery,
      such as prostatectomy, has not yet been clearly established, but studies have
      demonstrated significant benefit in patients undergoing transrectal needle biopsy
      of the prostate. New techniques of stone removal have not yet been thoroughly
      evaluated with respect to their potential for causing urinary tract infection and
      bacteremia. Since as many as 77 per cent of stones harbor bacteria, however,
      antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended. Nonurologic indications for antibacterial
      prophylaxis are outlined.

PMID- 4013002
TI  - Demonstration of endocytosis during Newcastle disease virus infection of chicken
      embryo cell cultures.

PMID- 4013003
TI  - [Thoracicoabdominal wound with injury to the heart in a child].

PMID- 4013004
TI  - [Gangrene of the gallbladder in a child].

PMID- 4013005
TI  - [Foreign body of the kidney in a child].

PMID- 4013006
TI  - [Blood autotransfusion in the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - Clinical observations in 250 patients with different forms of tuberculosis have
      shown that blood autotransfusion during operations on the lungs is a safe and
      effective curative method allowing to considerably reduce the amount of donor
      blood and to maintain stable indices of central hemodynamics during operation and
      in the postoperative period.

PMID- 4013007
TI  - [Characteristics of the functional properties of a system for hemosorption under
      nonspecialized conditions].

PMID- 4013008
TI  - [Method of determining blood viscosity using an improvised syringe viscosimeter].

PMID- 4013009
TI  - [Means of improving the surgical treatment of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer].
AB  - Based upon the experience with the treatment of 2312 patients with ulcer disease
      of the stomach and duodenum the authors analysed the major tasks which must be
      solved for obtaining better immediate and long-term results of the surgical
      treatment. In 1880 (81,3%) of the patients with a gastric ulcer and a complicated
      ulcer of the duodenum the stomach resection gave favorable outcomes in 98,6%. In
      432 patients (18,7%) organ-preserving operations were made, in 185 of them it was
      vagotomy. The vagotomy was followed by recovery of 99,5% of the patients.
      Longterm results were studied in 1486 patients. Bad outcomes were noted in 34
      patients (2,4%) after stomach resections and in 16 patients (11%) after vagotomy.

PMID- 4013010
TI  - [Erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis in acute gynecological diseases].
AB  - On the basis of an analysis of 84 observations the authors describe special
      features of the clinical course and diagnosis of gynecological diseases
      simulating acute appendicitis (rupture of the ovary, extrauterine pregnancy,
      torsion or rupture of the ovarian cyst, adnexitis).

PMID- 4013011
TI  - [Combined operations in stomach cancer].
AB  - The authors make an analysis of their experience with the combined operations for
      gastric carcinoma in 108 patients. Lethality was 35,2%. Five-year survival was
      19,6%. For such operations they recommend the thoraco-abdominal access or
      extensive transverse laparotomy.

PMID- 4013012
TI  - [Analysis of the results of organ-preserving operations in duodenal ulcer].
AB  - An analysis of 185 vagotomies for chronic duodenal ulcers has been made. It has
      been established that the surgery was an adequate method in 92,1% of the
      patients. Lethal outcomes and complications were given a detailed consideration.
      A conclusion was made that for the improvement of results of organ-preserving
      operations of special significance was analysis of the course of the ulcer
      disease and the anatomical alterations. It facilitates solution of the question
      of expediency of vagotomy and correct selection of its variant.

PMID- 4013013
TI  - [Clinical assessment of pyloric sphincter function in different variants of
      denervation].
AB  - A comparative evaluation of the function of pylorus sphincters was made on the
      basis of clinical examination of 152 patients after operations performed by the
      methods of A. E. Zakharov (in 31 patients), A. A. Shalimov-Maki (in 31 patients)
      and by the author's method (in 90 patients). The variant of the author's
      operation where only the extraorganic nerve connections were preserved proved to
      be better in functional respect since no disturbance of the motor-evacuation
      function took place.

PMID- 4013014
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of postresection reflux gastritis].
AB  - An analysis of 78 patients with postresection reflux-gastritis after resection of
      the stomach for ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum is presented. Of
      special significance for diagnosis is fiber gastroscopy with aimed biopsy. The
      conservative treatment was used in 74 patients, little effect was obtained in 19
      of them. Four patients were operated on with V-shaped anastomosis after Roux.
      Results of the operations were good.

PMID- 4013016
TI  - [Clinico-enzymological aspects of peritonitis as a special form of inflammation].
AB  - The article presents data on the investigation of 15 indices characterizing the
      interrelation of general changes in the organism with the functional state of
      neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes in 866 patients with acute inflammatory
      diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity and peritonitis and in 203 practically
      healthy people. A conclusion is made of the expediency of stabilization of the
      cellular and subcellular membranes, inhibition of activity of proteolytic
      lysosomal enzymes.

PMID- 4013015
TI  - [Characteristics of chronic calculous cholecystitis in young persons and in
      patients of older age groups].
AB  - On the basis of observations of 927 patients operated upon for cholelithiasis the
      authors have established specific features of complicated cholecystitis in young
      patients. In the surgical treatment of such patients restorative operations are
      preferred (primary suture of the common bile duct, papillosphincterotomy).
      Temporary external drainage of bile ducts should be used rarely as well as
      reconstructive (with a collateral bile flow) interventions. The immediate results
      of the treatment of calculosis in young patients showed rare postoperative
      complications (4,8%) and the absence of lethal outcomes.

PMID- 4013017
TI  - [Open lavage of the abdominal cavity in diffuse suppurative peritonitis].
AB  - Experimental investigations (240 rats) and clinical observations (30 patients)
      have shown repeated open lavages to be effective in the postoperative period for
      the treatment of purulent peritonitis.

PMID- 4013018
TI  - [Postoperative ventral hernias].
AB  - An analysis of the observation of 107 patients has shown the etiological factors
      of the appearance of postoperative ventral hernias to be varied: lowered
      resistance of the patient's organism to infection, choice of an irrational
      operative access, insufficient hemostasis, carelessness in handling with tissues
      during operation, severe concomitant diseases, erroneously chosen method of
      anesthesia. Peridural anesthesia is recommended for the operative treatment of
      ventral hernias.

PMID- 4013019
TI  - [Functional potentials of the microcirculatory system in patients with thrombo
      obliterative arterial diseases of the lower extremities].
AB  - Photoangiotensiotonography in the microcirculation system was used in order to
      study hemodynamic indices and its functional potencies in patients with thrombo
      obliterating diseases of the lower extremity arteries. The progress of the
      disease was established to be followed by a considerable decrease of the main
      indices of hemodynamics in microvessels and the functional capacity of the
      microcirculation system.

PMID- 4013020
TI  - [Photosphygmography in obliterative arterial diseases of the lower extremities].
AB  - Photosphygmography with the use of phototransistor sensors and optical
      calibration of signals is an effective method for the investigation of the
      impulse arterial blood flow in different vessels of lower extremities. In
      obliterating diseases of arteries the impulse blood flow coefficients were
      reduced, the arterial blood flow being sometimes transformed into the
      uninterrupted flow. This method is recommended by the authors for diagnosis of
      vascular disorders and control of curative measures.

PMID- 4013021
TI  - [Individual endoprosthesis of the joints and bone defects of the extremities in
      the surgical treatment of patients with skeletal tumors].
AB  - The authors describe results of the individual endoprosthesis of joints and
      defects of extremity bones in 84 patients treated for skeleton tumors. In 80 of
      them positive results were obtained. In three patients the results were
      unfavourable. There were no complications due to the construction of individual
      endoprostheses.

PMID- 4013022
TI  - [Carcinoid of the pancreas].

PMID- 4013023
TI  - [Effect of a flow-frequency alternating magnetic field on the microflora and
      healing of burn wounds].
AB  - Under observation were 77 patients with burned hands. It was shown that the
      application of the alternating low frequency magnetic field resulted in the
      inhibition of the microbial flora of burn wounds, raised the sensitivity of
      staphylococci and blue pus bacillus to a number of reserve antibiotics,
      accelerated the healing of superficial burns and preparation of the wounds for
      autodermoplasty after deep burns. The authors recommend to use magnetotherapy in
      the complex treatment of burned hands.

PMID- 4013025
TI  - [The slipping rib syndrome in athletes].
AB  - The clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of the syndrome of "floating rib"
      are described on the basis of observation of three patients.

PMID- 4013024
TI  - [Causes of complications in penetrating chest wounds].
AB  - The authors have analyzed 110 patients and describe most frequent errors in
      diagnosis and treatment. They are: not complete examination of the victims, non
      radical primary surgical treatment of the wounds, irrational and late drainage of
      the pleural cavity in hemothorax and pneumothorax.

PMID- 4013026
TI  - [Diagnosis of acute and chronic disorders of lymph outflow following injury by
      lymphography].
AB  - Direct "inferior" lymphography of the medial superficial collector was used for
      the examination of 54 patients. It was established that acute and chronic edemas
      of lower extremities were followed by different changes of small lymphatic
      vessels of the skin and subcutaneous fat.

PMID- 4013027
TI  - [Isolated injury to the gallbladder by an awl-shaped metal object].

PMID- 4013028
TI  - [Traumatic excoriation of the skin of the thigh, lumbar region and anterior
      abdominal wall combined with traumatic ventral hernia].

PMID- 4013029
TI  - [Significance of phospholipase activity in assessing the course of the wound
      process in children].
AB  - On the basis of clinico-biochemical and cytological examinations of 90 children
      with clear, purulent and burn wounds the activation of A and C phospholipases was
      found in the blood and wound discharge which was proportional to the activity of
      inflammatory, destructive changes in the wound at the stage of their healing. It
      determined their pathogenetic, diagnostic value for control of the depth of skin
      damage, development of postoperative complications, preparedness of the
      granulating wound for plasty, efficiency of the treatment.

PMID- 4013030
TI  - [Surgical treatment of gastric stenosis in children following chemical burns].

PMID- 4013031
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease and congenital hypothyroidism
      in children].
AB  - The examination of 78 children suspected of Hirschsprung's disease has revealed
      congenital hypothyrosis in 3 out of them. The clinical picture of congenital
      hypothyrosis is described.

PMID- 4013032
TI  - [Testicular torsion in children].
AB  - The observations of 40 children with testicle torsion have shown results of the
      surgical treatment to depend not only on duration of the postoperative period but
      also on the degree of torsion and anatomical peculiarities of the spermatic cord.
      The preserved during operation testicle where non-recognized irreversible lesions
      have already occurred due to torsion can in later period result in the appearance
      of antisperm antibodies and threat of a lesion of the contralateral testicle.

PMID- 4013033
TI  - [Musculotendinous alloplasty in patients with infantile cerebral palsy].
AB  - A special alloplastic material was used in 20 patients aged from 7 to 16 for
      substituting or making up a deficient function of muscles, ligaments and tendons
      after preliminary elimination of all fixed contractures and deformities. A
      conclusion is made of the application of the special alloplastic material not
      only for patients with infantile cerebral paralysis but also in other aspects of
      surgery especially for children.

PMID- 4013034
TI  - [Use of hydrocortisone in treating stenotic tendovaginitis of the fingers in
      children].
AB  - Results of the treatment of stenotic tendovaginitis by hydrocortisone injections
      in 110 children aged from 3 months to 14 years with injuries of 133 fingers are
      described. Good results were obtained in 64 patients aged under 3 years with the
      initial stage of the disease. In children of 3-5 years of age (23.7%)
      satisfactory results were obtained since they had residual effects as
      inconsiderable thickening in the trigger finger area and the symptom of
      intermittent click. In 13 children (12.9%) older than 6 years with persistent
      deformity of fingers and longer duration of the disease the treatment failed to
      give satisfactory results.

PMID- 4013035
TI  - [Gunshot wound of the neck with injury to the major vessels in a child].

PMID- 4013036
TI  - Is salmonellosis still a serious problem in veterinary practice?
AB  - Salmonella infections of food animals are of concern to both the food industry
      and to the public health authorities. Salmonellosis is one of the major zoonotic
      diseases and its impact on veterinary practice may be judged by a number of
      criteria. Some of these are examined to determine the extent of the problem.

PMID- 4013037
TI  - Relationship between overfeeding, metritis and ketosis in high yielding dairy
      cows.
AB  - The association between overfeeding before calving, metritis and ketosis in seven
      dairy herds was investigated. The overall rate of ketonuria in 695 adult cows
      tested routinely between seven and 14 days post partum was 18 per cent and that
      of post parturient uterine diseases was 56.5 per cent. Eighty per cent of all
      cows with ketonuria concurrently suffered from post parturient uterine diseases.
      Ketonuria was found by a retrospective analysis to be independently associated
      with both overfeeding before calving and post parturient uterine diseases. In
      view of the additional risks of both metritis and ketonuria associated with
      overfeeding before calving and the fact that the risk of ketonuria in cows which
      had metritis was also found to be associated with overfeeding, it is argued that
      the term 'complicated' rather than 'secondary' ketosis should be applied to such
      cases, and that appropriate therapeutic measures should be taken accordingly.

PMID- 4013038
TI  - 'Going-light' and psittacosis.

PMID- 4013039
TI  - Control of salmonella by acid disinfection of chicks' food.

PMID- 4013040
TI  - Ovine urolithiasis.

PMID- 4013041
TI  - Attempted venereal transmission of Chlamydia psittaci in sheep.
AB  - Attempts were made to transmit Chlamydia psittaci, the causal agent of enzootic
      abortion of ewes, in three different ways. Ten ewes were inseminated artificially
      with freshly collected semen containing 10(5) CELD50 chlamydia. Serological
      evidence of infection was found two weeks before parturition in nine ewes and the
      organism was recovered from three of them. By six weeks post partum antibody
      titres had fallen and were negative in six ewes. Twenty-four hours after service
      two groups of 10 ewes were infected intravaginally with 10(8) CELD50 and 10(3)
      CELD50 chlamydia respectively. Positive complement fixation titres were present
      in the first half of pregnancy in all the ewes in the high dose group but not the
      low dose group. None of the ewes showed evidence of infection at parturition.
      Fourteen ewes were served by four rams which had been intravenously infected with
      10(8) CELD50 chlamydia four to six days earlier. Following service seroconversion
      occurred but titres became negative again by late pregnancy. No microbiological
      evidence of infection was detected in any of the ewes at parturition but
      complement fixation titres were positive in 12 of 14 ewes sampled six weeks post
      partum. The 14 ewes were sampled during their pregnancies the next year and none
      showed any evidence of chlamydial infection. It is concluded that venereal
      transmission of C psittaci is biologically feasible in sheep, but that under
      normal systems of flock management in Britain it is unlikely to contribute
      greatly to the epidemiology of enzootic abortion of ewes.

PMID- 4013042
TI  - Sex chromosome mosaicism and infertility in mares.
AB  - From the standpoint that cytogenetic screening in mares is seldom necessary as an
      aid to diagnosis of the gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, a series of double-blind
      trials were conducted to test the proposal that present practice failed to
      explore the potential for cytogenetics in clinical practice. It was demonstrated
      that diagnoses of infertility might be made where mares were found to be of
      normal phenotype by clinical examination. Such mares were found to be gonosmic
      mosaics. One stallion had a polymorphism of the X chromosome and had poor
      conception rates. It was demonstrated that the true value of chromosome testing
      in clinical stud practice has previously been misinterpreted and underestimated.

PMID- 4013043
TI  - Successful treatment of traumatic oesophageal rupture with severe cellulitis in a
      mare.
AB  - A five-year-old standardbred mare suffered a cervical oesophageal rupture
      subsequent to a kick. Marked cellulitis and extensive soft tissue damage
      resulted. Treatment consisted of creating an oesophageal fistula, local
      debridement and systemic antibiotics. The mare made a long but successful
      recovery. Treatment of oesophageal rupture in the horse is discussed.

PMID- 4013044
TI  - Acorn poisoning in ruminants.

PMID- 4013045
TI  - Treatment of an hepatic encephalopathic crisis in a dog.

PMID- 4013046
TI  - Elaphostrongylus cervi cervi in the central nervous system of red deer (Cervus
      elaphus) in Scotland.

PMID- 4013047
TI  - Polymelia in a Hereford-cross calf.

PMID- 4013048
TI  - Feather abnormalities associated with paramyxovirus-1 pigeon variant in pigeons
      and chickens.

PMID- 4013049
TI  - Ethics and laboratory animals.

PMID- 4013050
TI  - Cypermethrin concentrations in hair of cattle after application of impregnated
      ear tags.

PMID- 4013051
TI  - Spinal nematodosis in a donkey with posterior paresis.
AB  - Spinal nematodosis in a four-year-old donkey is described. The animal showed
      progressive hindlimb paresis of sudden onset. Necropsy revealed extensive
      degeneration and inflammation in the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord, caused
      by a nematode larva of the suborder Strongylina, probably L4 or L5 of Strongylus
      vulgaris.

PMID- 4013053
TI  - Mortality, morbidity, and external injuries in piglets housed in two different
      housing systems. II. Rearing period of weaned piglets (age 5.5-10 weeks).
AB  - Following an investigation concerning the well-being of piglets in a farrowing
      house, the study was continued in a rearing house. The same parameters were used:
      mortality, morbidity, and external injuries. Two housing systems were involved:
      one with a fully slatted concrete floor and one with a solid concrete floor with
      straw bedding. The investigation was carried out three times in each system, with
      approximately 550 piglets each time. Statistical analyses showed that mortality,
      morbidity, and frequency of external injuries were significantly higher in
      piglets reared in the slatted floor system than in the system with straw. The
      main diseases and causes of death were post-weaning enteritis and bowel oedema.
      Especially in the first examination (in the second week of the rearing period)
      the level of injury was strongly influenced by the housing system in the
      farrowing house. Sex, breed, origin of the piglets, litter size, and parity of
      the sow had no influence on the incidence of disease, but the breed had an
      influence on the frequency of injuries.

PMID- 4013052
TI  - Electroanaesthesia or electroimmobilisation of calves, sheep and pigs by the
      Feenix Stockstill.
AB  - Since the end of the last century many investigations with electroanaesthesia
      have been performed in animals and man. The interest in this method of
      anaesthesia has emerged because anaesthesia is achieved immediately after the
      onset of the current and the recovery is very rapid after cutting off of the
      current. Recently a battery operated apparatus became available (Feenix
      Stockstill) for application of electroanaesthesia and electroimmobilisation under
      field conditions, and an experiment was conducted with 10 calves, 10 sheep, and 9
      pigs, which were equipped with EEG and ECG electrodes, to check the analgesic and
      other practical effects of the apparatus. The duration of current administration
      was 20 minutes. Three animals of each species were used as control animals. In
      all animals, during administration of the current, the breathing movements
      appeared to be somewhat impaired. The rectal body temperature, the plasma
      cortisol level, and the pulse rate were raised during the current administration.
      Moreover, the pulse rate was irregular. The corneal reflex remained positive in
      all animals, and the reaction to painful stimuli was positive in 15 out of 29
      experimental animals. The rectal body temperature, pulse rate, and plasma
      cortisol level remained constant in the control animals. Before and after
      administration of the current the electroencephalogram recordings were similar,
      except in one calf and one sheep, both of which showed patterns suggesting a
      decreased consciousness. The electrocardiogram recordings showed pronounced
      changes in cardiac activity. In one pig the heart activity stopped some minutes
      after the onset of the current. Changes in the electroencephalogram and
      electrocardiogram were not observed in the control animals during their
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013054
TI  - The intravenous administration of johnin in the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in
      practice.
AB  - The diagnostic value of the intravenous injection of 1.6 or 3.2 ml of johnin was
      evaluated in a total of 116 cattle. The sensitivity was 84% with clinically
      suspect cattle. A general reaction occurred frequently as well as elevation of
      body temperature (average 1.47 degrees C). The observance of a general reaction
      was a good additional source of information when evaluating the test. There was
      no significant difference in elevation of temperature between the cattle injected
      with 1.6 ml and those injected with 3.2 ml. A combination of diagnostic
      techniques such as the complement fixation test, intravenous johnin test,
      microscopic examination of the faeces and a biopsy examination of the rectal
      mucosa were necessary, in order to confirm the diagnosis of Johne's disease. In
      this manner a diagnosis can be confirmed with clinically suspect cattle in 96% of
      the cases. The sensitivity of the intravenous johnin test was considerably lower
      in cases of non-clinical Johne's disease.

PMID- 4013055
TI  - Mineralisation in kidney and stomach of beagle dogs.
AB  - Histological examination of 753 Beagle dogs showed renal foci of calcification in
      27.9% of males and 21.5% of females. In contrast, stomach calcification was
      observed in 6.2% of males and 5.2% of females examined. It is suggested that the
      focal calcification seen in both organs was possibly of dietary origin and may
      have been related to the phosphate content.

PMID- 4013056
TI  - An unusual case of lead poisoning in a honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus).
AB  - The diagnosis and treatment of a case of lead poisoning in a honey buzzard
      (Pernis apivorus) are described. Presenting signs were diarrhoea and weakness.
      Lead poisoning was suspected after radiography and confirmed by measuring the
      lead concentration in a venous blood sample. Comparison values of venous lead
      concentrations in healthy racing pigeons (Columba livia) were established. A
      method for the removal of lead shor from the gizzard of birds with a bronchoscope
      and grasping forceps under fluoroscopic control is described.

PMID- 4013057
TI  - Publication of experimental animal research: ethical aspects.

PMID- 4013058
TI  - [Improved method of x-ray examination of the duodenum].

PMID- 4013059
TI  - [Evaluation of the results of a clinical study of the x-ray specific activity of
      the Soviet x-ray contrast medium bilimin, intended for peroral cholecystography
      and cholecystocholangiography].

PMID- 4013060
TI  - [X-ray diagnosis of post-ulcer scarring of the stomach].

PMID- 4013061
TI  - [Anatomo-functional changes in the x-ray picture of the gastric and duodenal
      stumps following pyloro-conserving resection].

PMID- 4013063
TI  - [Roentgenoanatomic architectonics of the hepatic veins].

PMID- 4013062
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenological picture of organic duodenostasis resulting from chronic
      compression of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery].

PMID- 4013064
TI  - [Roentgenologic anatomy of the colon and rectum in children].

PMID- 4013065
TI  - [Roentgenocardiometry in evaluating the contractile function of the left
      ventricular myocardium in patients with isolated lesions of the aortic valve].

PMID- 4013066
TI  - [Angiography in ruptures of abdominal aortic aneurysms].

PMID- 4013067
TI  - [Use of photographic methods of correcting contrast on x-ray pictures].

PMID- 4013068
TI  - [Systems for analyzing and describing x-ray pictures].

PMID- 4013069
TI  - [Roentgenologist or roentgenoendoscopist?].

PMID- 4013070
TI  - [Case of a gastric bezoar].

PMID- 4013071
TI  - [Choice of the degree of dilution of contrast agents for studying the bile
      ducts].

PMID- 4013072
TI  - [Case of duplication of the bladder].

PMID- 4013073
TI  - [Reflexogenic relaxation gastroduodenography by the acupuncture method].

PMID- 4013074
TI  - [Case of acute gaseous cholecystitis].

PMID- 4013075
TI  - [Contrast electroroentgenosialography in the diagnosis of salivary gland
      diseases].

PMID- 4013076
TI  - [6 years of Vestnik Rentgenologii i Radiologii (1978-1983)].

PMID- 4013077
TI  - [Clinical, radiotelemetric and x-ray research on erythematous polyarthritis in
      lambs].
AB  - Experimental investigations were carried out with 6 lambs each infected i/v with
      2 cm3 of a 24-hour broth culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae rated at 10(8)
      microbial cells per cu. cm. The clinical state of the animals was followed up in
      the course of 60 days, the changes in the cardiovascular system and those in the
      movements of the rumen being recorded radiotelemetrically, while the changes
      taking place in the joints were studied roentgenographically. It was found that
      the causative agent of swine erysipelas was strongly pathogenic for the lambs
      following a hematogenic infection, causing polyarthritis with concurrent changes
      in the general state--rise of temperature and higher respiration and pulse rates.
      The electrocardiograms of the affected animals showed sinus tachycardia,
      participation of Q waves, and changes in the R and T waves, while the graphic
      records of the rumen showed a drop in the number of rumen contractions and
      decrease in the amplitude. Roentgenographically, there were periostitis and
      osteoarthritis of the carpal and tarsal joints.

PMID- 4013078
TI  - [Variability of the celiac artery and its branches in sheep].
AB  - Contrast matter was used with a total of 363 sheep fetuses, newborn lambs, and
      adult sheep to study the variability of the coeliac artery and its branches. It
      was found that the artery and some of its branches, such as arteria ruminalis
      sinistra, arteria reticularis, and arteria lienalis often showed variations,
      resp., deviations in their branching and distribution. Others, such as arteria
      ruminalis dextra and arteria hepatica showed no variations whatever. Both the
      coeliac artery and the anterior intestinal artery in the sheep were most often
      shown to branch from the aorta alone (in 71.07 per cent of the cases) as against
      the rarely observed common truncus coeliacomesentericus (in 28.93 per cent of the
      cases). The most commonly observed form of branching of arteria coeliaca seemed
      to be tripus coeliacus, while the branching with the formation of a short truncus
      hepatogastricus was comparatively a rare phenomenon. It was also established that
      the left ruminal artery was much more frequently the branch of truncus
      lienoruminalis than the branch of arteria gastrica sinistra. So far as the place
      in which arteria reticularis arose three variants were observed. Most frequently
      this artery was shown to be the branch of arteria gastrica sinistra.

PMID- 4013079
TI  - [Parasite egg development during methane fermentation].
AB  - Investigations were carried out on the development of the most frequently
      encountered parasitic diseases in farm animals raised under industrial
      conditions. The parasite eggs were obtained from great numbers of animals with
      fascioliasis, dicrocoeliasis, ascaridiasis, and paramphistomum infection, etc.,
      and were mixed with fecal homogenate in a lagoon of a fermentor in the conditions
      of methane fermentation. It was found that the parasite eggs in such conditions
      retained their vitality in a state of anabiosis. After the fermentation procedure
      was over and the manure compost mass was spread in the field the parasite eggs
      could resume their biologic development and become infective. This made it
      necessary to compost the manure liquid and use it after subsidiary thermal
      treatment.

PMID- 4013080
TI  - [Adaptation of the digestive system in sheep to long-term feeding of a fixed
      ration].

PMID- 4013081
TI  - Gene and protein sequence of an influenza neuraminidase with hemagglutinin
      activity.
AB  - An influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) of the N9 subtype also has hemagglutinin
      (HA) activity (W. G. Laver, P. M. Colman, R. G. Webster, V. S. Hinshaw, and G. M.
      Air (1984), Virology 137, 314-323). To determine sequence relationships between
      this NA and other known NA and HA subtype sequences, and as a necessary step
      toward a complete structure determination, we have cloned a full-length copy of
      the coding sequence of the N9 NA of influenza virus A/tern/Australia/G70C/75 into
      the plasmid pUC9 using SalI linkers. The gene was sequenced by directed
      subcloning into the single-stranded phage vectors M13mp19 and M13mp18 and use of
      the dideoxy procedure. Most of the NA sequence was also obtained by direct
      protein sequencing of tryptic peptides. The N9 NA has 43 and 44% homology when
      compared to N1 or N2 sequences, respectively. There is no significant homology to
      any known HA sequence, or to the HN protein of the paramyxovirus SV5. Like the
      other NA molecules, the N9 NA is anchored in the membrane by an N-terminal
      hydrophobic region, from which biologically active heads can be released by
      pronase.

PMID- 4013082
TI  - Comparison of messenger RNAs induced in cells infected with each member of the
      morbillivirus group.
AB  - Virus-specific mRNAs radiolabelled with [32P]orthophosphate in the presence of
      actinomycin D were extracted from the cytoplasm of Vero cells infected with each
      of the known morbilliviruses: measles virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest
      virus, and peste des petits ruminants virus. When analysed on denaturing agarose
      formaldehyde gels the major RNA species from all viruses in the group were
      identical, except for canine distemper virus where one of the virus-specific
      mRNAs (mRNA 5), which probably codes for the virus haemagglutinin (S.E.H.
      Russell, D. K. Clarke, E. M. Hoey, B. K. Rima, S. J. Martin, J. Gen. Virol. 66,
      433-441 (1985], was significantly smaller than the corresponding mRNA induced by
      the other viruses. Plasmid DNA containing a virus-specific insert, representing
      greater than 98% of the gene derived from the P-protein mRNA of canine distemper
      virus, showed significant cross-hybridisation with all the other members of the
      morbillivirus group.

PMID- 4013083
TI  - Growth of the visual system in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni.
      Optics.
AB  - We have measured the chromatic aberration and optical resolution of the lens of
      the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni as a function of growth. We found
      that in H. burtoni, lenses of all sizes have a longitudinal chromatic aberration
      of ca 1.9% of the focal length. The resolution of the lens increases as the lens
      grows larger, presumably because diffraction effects decrease and any
      imperfections in the lens become relatively less significant. We found the lens
      in H. burtoni is very nearly diffraction limited so that a small lens (0.59 mm)
      has a resolution of 289 sec of arc and a large lens (2.90 mm) has a resolution of
      66 sec of arc in red light (604 nm). This resolution is nearly ten times greater
      than can be resolved by the cone matrix.

PMID- 4013084
TI  - Growth of the visual system in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni.
      Accommodation.
AB  - We have both measured directly and computed the amplitude of accommodation as a
      function of fish size to discover how the accommodative process changes during
      growth in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni. We found that
      accommodation is achieved by lens movement in the pupillary plane along the naso
      temporal axis. Accommodative lens movement is thereby directed toward a region of
      retinal specialization characterized by higher density of all cell types (except
      rods) in H. burtoni. When relaxed, the temporal retina is focused for near vision
      and active accommodation through lens movement adjusts the focus in the temporal
      retina for far vision. As the animal grows, the near and far focus points change
      appropriately for the fish size.

PMID- 4013085
TI  - Visual cortical correlates of visible persistence.
AB  - In order to evaluate their possible role in visible persistence, cortical cells
      from area 17 of the cat were investigated with a stationary light bar flashed for
      different durations. Thirteen out of 72 cells with non-overlapping On and Off
      subregions were able to respond to the briefest On stimulus (12.5 msec) for low
      and moderate contrasts. The responses of these cells outlasted brief On stimuli
      and this neural persistence increased as the On duration was shortened, mimicking
      the inverse duration effect of visible persistence. The 30 cells with overlapping
      On and Off subregions were all able to respond to brief stimuli but their neural
      persistence was independent of stimulus duration. At very high contrast levels,
      the inverse duration effect, observed in cells with non-overlapping subregions,
      disappeared since the On responses were followed by Off rebound discharges
      regardless of stimulus duration. It is suggested that the latter responses are a
      possible cortical equivalent of positive afterimages.

PMID- 4013086
TI  - Lower thresholds of motion for gratings as a function of eccentricity and
      contrast.
AB  - We investigated the lower threshold for motion (LTM) of gratings as a function of
      position in the visual field, spatial frequency and contrast and we compared
      motion thresholds for sine wave and square wave luminance profiles. For contrasts
      below 0.05 the lower threshold for motion was raised; the increase in threshold
      being dependent upon spatial frequency. At contrast levels above 0.05, LTM was
      found to be a constant velocity at any given spatial location but increased with
      eccentricity of view. Raised thresholds for motion at eccentric locations could
      be compensated by increasing the size of eccentric gratings in proportion to M-1,
      where M is the cortical magnification factor, a procedure which standardises the
      cortical representation at differing eccentricities. Thus LTM could be expressed
      as a constant cortical velocity for grating contrasts above 0.05 at all stimulus
      locations investigated. We interpret our data as support for a ratio model of
      velocity coding.

PMID- 4013087
TI  - The relationship of displacement thresholds for oscillating gratings to cortical
      magnification, spatiotemporal frequency and contrast.
AB  - The threshold amplitude for detecting square-wave oscillatory motion of a
      sinusoidal grating (contrast 0.3) was approximately 14 sec arc for foveal
      viewing, and was independent of spatial frequency in the range 2-16 c/deg.
      Threshold displacement amplitude (TD) was greater for eccentric stimuli; but when
      these were scaled inversely with the cortical magnification factor (M) it was
      found that TD was equivalent to a constant displacement in cortically-scaled
      units (0.03 mm). As grating contrast was reduced, invariance of TD over spatial
      frequency disappeared and consequently for a contrast of 0.03 TD was minimum at 6
      8 c/deg. TD was systematically elevated at low contrast and low spatial
      frequency. Sensitivity to sinusoidal displacements was maximum at 2-10 Hz; for
      temporal frequencies below 1 Hz, TD was proportional to velocity. The results
      provide evidence that oscillatory displacement thresholds in the hyperacuity
      range depend on motion-detecting mechanisms whose spatial dimensions are
      correlated with M-1.

PMID- 4013088
TI  - Aliasing in human foveal vision.
AB  - An improved laser interferometer allows forced choice contrast sensitivity
      measurements that are relatively unaffected by optical blurring in the eye. At
      spatial frequencies above about 60-70 c/deg, the regular bars of the interference
      fringe are no longer visible; observers report a pattern resembling zebra stripes
      centered on the line of sight. The characteristics of this pattern are consistent
      with the hypothesis that it is a moire pattern resulting from aliasing by the
      foveal cone mosaic. Properties of this moire pattern allow an assessment of the
      regularity of the foveal lattice, the spacing between cones, and the light
      catching area of individual cones.

PMID- 4013089
TI  - The early phase of dark adaptation in human infants.
AB  - Two types of thresholds with 8 degrees circular test fields were measured in 7-
      and 13-week-old human infants and in adults. Increment thresholds were measured
      against adapting fields of 0.50 and 50 cd/m2. All ages showed Weber's Law for
      incremental sensitivity over this 2 log unit range of luminance. Thresholds
      during early dark adaptation were also measured for the 5 sec immediately
      following the offsets of these adapting fields. The reductions in threshold
      during the early phase of dark adaptation were quantitatively similar in all age
      groups at both adapting luminances, despite substantial developmental differences
      in the absolute values of these thresholds. These data do not reject the
      hypothesis that the neural processes underlying early dark adaptation are adult
      like in early infancy.

PMID- 4013090
TI  - Second-site adaptation in the red-green chromatic pathways.
AB  - On different chromatic adapting fields, thresholds were measured with a 1.2 deg
      flash consisting of simultaneous incremental and decremental red and green
      components that stimulate the M and L cones in any desired ratio. Thresholds were
      plotted in normalized coordinates in which the quantal change in the M and L
      cones due to the flash was divided by the quantal catch due to the field.
      Detection contours for a wide range of test flashes provide evidence for
      luminance and chromatic mechanisms that respectively respond to the sum and
      difference of the M and L cone signals. Field color has little influence on the
      luminance mechanism but strongly affects chromatic detection, with sensitivity
      being maximal on yellow fields and declining slightly on green fields and
      declining strongly on red fields. Similar effects were obtained for long (200
      msec) and very brief flashes, although the shape of the contours differed
      considerably. The results provide evidence for a second adaptation site within
      the red-green chromatic pathways, similar to the second-site in the S cone
      pathways. Chromatic fields (green and red) polarize the site and reduce
      sensitivity to chromatic flashes.

PMID- 4013091
TI  - Psychophysics of reading--I. Normal vision.
AB  - This paper is about the visual requirements for reading with normal vision. It is
      the first in a series devoted to the psychophysics of reading with normal and low
      vision. We have measured reading rates for text scanned across the face of a TV
      monitor while varying parameters that are important in current theories of
      pattern vision. Our results provide estimates of the stimulus parameters required
      for optimal reading of scanned text. We have found that maximum reading rates are
      achieved for characters subtending 0.3 degree to 2 degrees. Contrast polarity
      (black-on-white vs white-on-black text) has no effect. Reading rate increases
      with field size, but only up to 4 characters, independent of character size. When
      text is low-pass spatial-frequency filtered, reading rate increases with
      bandwidth, but only up to two cycles/character, independent of character size.
      When text is matrix sampled, reading rate increases with sample density, but only
      up to a critical sample density which depends on character size. The critical
      sample density increases from about 4 X 4 samples/character for 0.1 degree
      characters to more than 20 X 20 samples/character for 24 degrees characters. We
      suggest that one spatial-frequency channel suffices for reading.

PMID- 4013093
TI  - Responses of visual cells in cat superior colliculus to relative pattern
      movement.
AB  - Are there visual cells in the cat superior colliculus, selectively sensitive to
      relative pattern movement? Based on extracellular recordings from paralyzed
      pretrigeminal preparations, a sample of 76 collicular units could be divided into
      two main types according to relative movement sensitivity: those that responded
      optimally and selectively to one specific relative velocity between a small disk
      and a full-field grating; and those that discharged maximally whenever the
      grating shifted relative to a disk moving at one specific "absolute" speed,
      regardless of the precise relative velocity between the two. It was hypothesized
      that the latter group, in conjunction with extraretinal "calibration" cues, may
      be part of a neural mechanism encoding spatial depth in terms of motion parallax.

PMID- 4013092
TI  - Psychophysics of reading--II. Low vision.
AB  - Very little is known about the effects of visual impairment on reading. We used
      psychophysical methods to study reading by 16 low-vision observers. Reading rates
      were measured for text scanned across the face of a TV monitor while varying
      parameters that are likely to be important in low vision: angular character size,
      number of characters in the field, number of dots composing each character,
      contrast polarity (white-on-black vs black-on-white text), and character spacing.
      Despite diverse pathologies and degrees of vision loss in our sample, several
      major generalizations emerged. There is a wide variation in peak reading rates
      among low-vision observers, but 64% of the variance can be accounted for by two
      major distinctions: intact central fields vs central-field loss and cloudy vs
      clear ocular media. Peak reading rates for observers with central-field loss were
      very low (median 25 words/minute), while peak reading rates for observers with
      intact central fields were at least 90 words/minute (median 130 words/minute).
      Most low-vision readers require magnification to obtain characters of optimal
      size. Sloan M acuity was a better predictor of optimal character size than
      Snellen acuity, accounting for 72% of the variance. Low-vision reading is similar
      to normal reading in several respects. For example, both show the same dependence
      on the number of characters in the field. Our results provide estimates of the
      best reading performance to be expected from low-vision observers with
      characteristic forms of vision loss, and the stimulus parameters necessary for
      optimal performance. These results will be useful in the development of clinical
      tests of low vision, and in the design of low-vision reading aids.

PMID- 4013094
TI  - Transposition in backward masking. The case of the travelling gap.
AB  - The transfer of attributes from a test stimulus (TS) to a masking stimulus (MS)
      during backward masking was investigated. Results indicated that a gap inserted
      on a TS transferred to a MS and that the degree of transfer varied as an inverted
      U-shaped function of ISI. Two explanations of the findings were offered. One was
      based on preservation of distinctive features and the second was based on
      "filling in" theory and the decrease in masking which occurs with increased
      spatial separation. The suggestion was made that an explanation of the
      transposition effect should be consistent with theories of backward masking and
      apparent motion.

PMID- 4013095
TI  - Utrocular discrimination is not sufficient for utrocular identification.
AB  - The distinction between reliability and validity is critical in examining
      utrocular identification. Four experiments demonstrated that two cues that lead
      to reliable discrimination do not lead to valid identification. Experiment 1
      showed that, in the condition in which a stimulation of the right eye produced a
      visual direction toward the right and a stimulation of the left eye toward the
      left, there was a preponderance of correct responses. In the condition in which a
      stimulation of the right eye produced a visual direction toward the left and the
      left eye toward the right, there was a preponderance of incorrect responses.
      Experiment 2 showed that covariation of responses with visual direction decreased
      when feedback was provided because subjects sought other cues. Experiment 3,
      which included binocularly deficient subjects, showed that a feeling-in-the-eye
      is associated with the eye stimulated by a greater change in luminance rather
      than the eye stimulated by the target stimulus. When the luminance change was
      greater in the target eye, the feeling led to reliably correct responses, but
      when the luminance change was greater in the nontarget eye, it led to reliably
      incorrect responses. Experiment 4 indicated that the proportion of correct
      responses covaries with the degree of change in the luminance of the nontarget
      eye. The responses varied from reliably incorrect identifications, through
      unreliable identifications, to reliably correct identifications. These findings
      are consistent with the idea that stimulation of either eye is "projected" to the
      cyclopean eye.

PMID- 4013097
TI  - Health characteristics according to family and personal income. United States.

PMID- 4013096
TI  - Approximate visual axis projection for the rhesus monkey using a funduscope and
      alignment laser.
AB  - A technique was designed to align the rhesus monkey visual axis with a
      predetermined fixation point on a visual stimulus screen using a helium-neon
      laser and funduscope.

PMID- 4013098
TI  - [Activities of physician-specialists in the Armed Forces--an effective form of
      rendering military medical service].

PMID- 4013099
TI  - [Endoprosthesis of the carpal bones].

PMID- 4013100
TI  - [Effect of burns on the course of dermatoses].

PMID- 4013101
TI  - [Oxygen therapy in toxic pulmonary edema of various etiologies (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 4013102
TI  - [Hygienic expert analysis of canned food].

PMID- 4013103
TI  - [Psychophysiological aspects of aviation].

PMID- 4013104
TI  - [Toward the further improvement of medical services in the Air Defense Forces].

PMID- 4013105
TI  - [Fortral-trichloroethylene analgesia during surgical procedures in patients with
      stomatological diseases].

PMID- 4013106
TI  - [Treatment of post-thrombophlebitic leg ulcers].

PMID- 4013107
TI  - [A valuable contribution to dietology].

PMID- 4013108
TI  - [Effect of peloids and sodium chloride baths on the immunological reactivity of
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 4013109
TI  - [Clinico-physiological substantiation of using classical and segmental massage in
      the complex treatment of patients with osteoarthrosis deformans].

PMID- 4013110
TI  - [Function of the central nervous system in patients with lesions of the
      peripheral nervous system during complex sanatorium-health resort treatment. II].

PMID- 4013111
TI  - [The role of health resort factors in the rehabilitation treatment of patients in
      the early periods after cholecystectomy].

PMID- 4013112
TI  - [Mechanism of the therapeutic effect of physiotherapeutic factors in duodenal
      ulcer].

PMID- 4013113
TI  - [Components of the complement system and functional activity of neutrophils in
      the evaluation of the effectiveness of step-by-step sanatorium-health resort
      treatment of rheumatic and non-rheumatic tonsillogenic cardiac lesions in
      children].

PMID- 4013114
TI  - [Laser irradiation in chronic inflammatory diseases of the prostate].

PMID- 4013115
TI  - [Low-intensity physical training in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart
      disease].

PMID- 4013116
TI  - [Clinico-functional characteristics of physical work capacity of healthy men of
      different ages and possibilities of using these data for the elaboration of
      physical exercises and differentiated control].

PMID- 4013117
TI  - [Histological study of tissue distribution of cobalt after mud application].

PMID- 4013118
TI  - [Cooperation with scientists of East Germany in health resort science and
      physiotherapy].

PMID- 4013119
TI  - [Low-energy laser irradiation in the complex treatment of patients with ear
      diseases].

PMID- 4013120
TI  - [Changes in lipid metabolism and physical work capacity in students with
      different motor activities].

PMID- 4013121
TI  - [Obtaining lipid concentrate from peloids].

PMID- 4013122
TI  - [Exercise therapy--a branch of clinical medicine].

PMID- 4013123
TI  - [A method and device for measuring radon concentration].

PMID- 4013124
TI  - [An instrument for determining growth and actual and expected body mass with
      regard to age].

PMID- 4013125
TI  - [Effect of mud applications on the hypophyseal-adrenal system of rats of both
      sexes].

PMID- 4013126
TI  - [Microflora of the suppurative inflammatory foci in patients with laryngeal and
      pharyngeal cancer undergoing combined treatment for local postoperative
      complications].
AB  - The paper deals with the problems of treatment for local postoperative
      complications in patients suffering cancer of the larynx and throat. Early
      diagnosis of complications as well as therapy employing modern glass fibre
      equipment are discussed. The first attempt to study the microflora of the newly
      formed throat in the early postoperative period is described. A wide spectrum of
      dormant bacteria was identified. Healing was found to depend upon microorganism
      level and profile of bacterial species in the newly formed throat. Complex
      application of endoscopic and laser procedures proved to be an effective means of
      sanative care.

PMID- 4013127
TI  - [Sensitization of the leukocytes of stomach cancer patients to extracts of the
      tumor].
AB  - The parallel LAI-tests using tumor cell (Tu) and normal mucosa (Muc) extracts
      were run in cases of gastric carcinoma (110), benign lesions of the stomach (46)
      and healthy controls (33). A high incidence (37-43%) of positive reactions in
      mucosa extract series was observed in both groups of patients. Four possible
      types of the response were analysed: Tu + Muc+, Tu--Muc--, Tu+Muc- and Tu--Muc+.
      The peak of Tu--Muc+ type reactivity was observed at stage III of the disease (p
      less than 0.05). Response to Tu extracts only (Tu+Muc--) was registered mainly in
      cancer patients but never occurred in the benign group. The best prognosis was
      observed in cases of Tu+Muc+ type response (p less than 0.02).

PMID- 4013128
TI  - [Postoperative complications in colonic cancer patients].
AB  - The immediate results of radical surgery in 367 cases of colonic cancer were
      analysed. The rate of postoperative complications was found to be in correlation
      with the surgical procedure and certain indexes of homeostasis. Complications
      developed in 50.4% of cases, pyo-inflammatory ones--in 162 cases. 71.2% of cases
      of postoperative peritonitis were due to failure of intestinal anastomosis.

PMID- 4013129
TI  - [Immunomodulating action of ceruloplasmin in tumor growth and the participation
      of cyclic nucleotides].
AB  - The study was concerned with the effect of human ceruloplasmin on blastogenic
      reaction of lymphocytes (BRL) and cyclic nucleotide level in murine organs in the
      course of Lewis lung carcinoma development. Both ceruloplasmin and an
      immunomodulator--zymosan--were found to raise the level of cAMP and to lower that
      of cGMP in the immunocompetent organs (thymus and spleen) of tumor-bearing mice
      at all stages of the investigation. The results point to an immunomodulating
      action of human ceruloplasmin involved in tumor growth and the role played by
      cyclic nucleotides in the process.

PMID- 4013130
TI  - [Antitumor activity and pharmacological properties of furizil].
AB  - The paper discusses the biological properties of 2-(2-furyl)-5-oxymethyl-5-(2,4
      diethyleneimino-1,3,5-triazine- 6-yl) amino-1,3-dioxane (furizil), synthesized by
      substituting ethyleneimine groups for chlorine atoms in individual stereoisomer
      of a dichlorotriazine derivative. Furizil was found to inhibit the growth of
      Ehrlich's tumor, Walker's carcinosarcoma, sarcoma 45 and rat ovarian tumors, the
      inhibition rate ranging 76-100%. Parenterally administered, LD50 appeared to be 6
      mg/kg for rats and 15 mg/kg for mice. Studies of chronic toxicity established
      damaging effects of furizil on hematopoietic, gastrointestinal and reproductive
      organs. Toxic effects subsided 1-2 weeks after the drug withdrawal.

PMID- 4013131
TI  - [Epidemiology and early diagnosis of thyroid cancer (based on data from the
      Oncology Dispensary of the city of Stara Zagora, the People's Republic of
      Bulgaria)].
AB  - An epidemiologic study on thyroid gland cancer in the catchment area of Stara
      Zagora District Oncological Dispensary with a population of 645,000 was conducted
      in 1964-1983. The morbidity rate was 1.62/100,000 population, thyroid cancer
      amounting to 0.83% of all malignancies. Female morbidity was 2.7 times that of
      males. The highest level of morbidity for both sexes was in the age interval of
      31-50 years. Morbidity in urban and rural areas was on the ratio of 1.5:1.

PMID- 4013132
TI  - [Emergency surgical cytological diagnosis of cancer metastases to the lymph
      nodes].
AB  - Breast and lung cancer patients showed certain changes in the cellular patterns
      of intact regional lymph nodes in cases of metastatic involvement of nodes in
      adjacent areas. Such changes suggest further search for metastases in the zone of
      regional metastatic spread.

PMID- 4013133
TI  - [Conservative operations combined with interstitial radiotherapy in the combined
      treatment of early-stage breast cancer patients].
AB  - Combined application of function-saving surgical procedure and intratumoral
      radiotherapy in cases of early breast cancer is of value since it is followed by
      stable remission in the majority of patients and produces a good cosmetic and,
      therefore, psychologic, effect. Function-saving surgery followed by irradiation
      to prevent local dissemination should be performed for early breast cancer at
      specialized oncological establishments. Patients should be followed-up closely.

PMID- 4013134
TI  - [Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (2 cases)].

PMID- 4013135
TI  - [Disorders of catecholamine sorption by the formed elements of the blood in
      cancer patients and restorative therapy].

PMID- 4013136
TI  - A pasteurized antithrombin III concentrate for clinical use.
AB  - A method for large-scale production of a pasteurized antithrombin III (AT III)
      concentrate for therapeutic use has been adapted from published methods. It
      includes the following steps: (1) batchwise adsorption onto heparin-Sepharose
      from plasma depleted of cryoprecipitate and prothrombin complex; (2)
      chromatographic elution at high salt concentration; (3) pasteurization for 10 h
      at 60 degrees C in the presence of added citrate ion; (4) desalting on Sephadex G
      25, and (5) sterile filtration and freeze-drying. Seven batches prepared in this
      manner gave a mean yield of 269 U AT III/kg plasma. The product passed all the
      usual animal safety and pyrogenicity tests and has been used successfully in
      several courses of treatment of congenital deficiencies.

PMID- 4013137
TI  - Transfusion pattern of fresh frozen plasma in a medical school hospital.
AB  - 364 units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) used at the Medical College of Ohio
      Hospital between April and July 1982 were analyzed for their pattern of use.
      According to the criteria developed for the survey, 33% of the units were used
      for blood pressure support, 34% were used for clotting support, 14% were used for
      the combined reasons of blood pressure and clotting support, 11% of the units
      were used during therapeutic pheresis, and the remaining 7% were used for
      unidentified reasons. 39% of the FFP were given with red blood cells. Since FFP
      transfusions carry potentially more serious adverse effects than albumin/plasma
      protein fractions, their use as volume expanders, or to reconstitute whole blood,
      should be discouraged.

PMID- 4013138
TI  - Red cell autoantibodies mimicking anti-Fya specificity.

PMID- 4013139
TI  - Pilot-plant scale preparation of human serum albumin.
AB  - Pilot-plant scale experiments using production scale fractionation equipment have
      been carried out to prepare human serum albumin according to a two-step simple
      method reported previously. Results have indicated that scale-up is feasible and
      the resultant albumin is of at least the same quality but with better yield when
      compared to that obtained by the conventional ethanol fractionation method.
      Filtration to replace centrifugation in one of the steps for liquid-solid
      separation was also attempted. It proved to be superior to centrifugation in
      terms of time and labor savings, but a small percentage of albumin was not
      recoverable. However, because of the simplicity and higher yield of this
      fractionation method the final albumin yield is still higher than that obtained
      by the conventional ethanol method even if the filtration step is introduced.
      Diafiltration and ultrafiltration are used for solvent removal and concentration,
      instead of lyophilization and reconstitution to prepare the final albumin
      solutions.

PMID- 4013140
TI  - Inefficacy of plasma exchange in cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia--a case study.
AB  - A therapeutic trial of plasma exchange was conducted in an 82-year-old woman with
      severe cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia, who was unresponsive to conventional
      treatment. In spite of considerable improvement of pertinent parameters (total
      IgM, cold agglutinin titer and thermal amplitude) this treatment failed to induce
      a clinical remission. This failure may be the result of the ability of the cold
      agglutinin to fix complement to the red cell membrane at temperatures much higher
      than the thermal amplitude. A simple laboratory test to detect this dissociation
      between complement fixing ability and agglutination activity is described.

PMID- 4013141
TI  - Blood donors positive for HBsAg and negative for anti-HBc antibody.
AB  - From January 1980 to December 1983, 989,907 blood donations were screened for
      HBsAg. A total of 1,345 was found HBsAg positive; 33 of whom were negative for
      anti-HBc (2.45%); in 10 cases HBeAg was present at a low level along with HBsAg.
      2 of the 33 subjects were lost to follow-up. Late serum samples were available
      for 28 blood donors, and clinical and biological data only were known for the 3
      others. An evolution of HBV markers was observed in each case; anti-HBc antibody
      became positive in 24 subjects (the 4 remaining subjects had a very short follow
      up); HBeAg was positive at a high titer in 18 subjects and seroconversion to anti
      HBe was observed in 7 individuals; HBsAg concentration increased in 21 subjects
      from 2 to 4,000 times and decreased in the 7 others. Seroconversion to anti-HBs
      was observed in 8 individuals. According to these serological, biological and
      clinical findings, different outcomes were observed: in 6 subjects too short a
      follow-up was available to allow appropriate classification, but there was
      evidence to suggest all probably developed clinical hepatitis; in 6 subjects
      asymptomatic hepatitis with rapid loss of HBsAg occurred; in 2 subjects
      asymptomatic hepatitis with the persistence of HBsAg at a low level and
      seroconversion to anti-HBe occurred; and in 17 subjects clinical hepatitis
      developed. These observations establish that most of the 33 blood donors were
      infectious at the time of their blood donation, and that anti-HBc antibody
      screening must not replace HBsAg screening for blood donations.

PMID- 4013143
TI  - Rapid purification of anti-I and anti-i cold antibodies by affinity
      chromatography.
AB  - A method is described for the rapid purification of serologically active high
      titer anti-I and anti-i cold antibodies from the sera of patients with chronic
      cold agglutinin disease (CCAD). The purification procedure is based on thermal
      affinity chromatography, using desialated orosomucoid (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein)
      Sepharose 4B conjugated beads. The nature of the interaction between the cold
      agglutinins (CA) and the desialated orosomucoid is unknown. Inhibition studies,
      however, revealed that the cold hemagglutinating activities of all the anti-i
      sera were inhibited by desialated orosomucoid while only 1 out of 4 of the anti-I
      sera was similarly affected. Anti-I or anti-i antibodies were separated from
      whole sera in 7 out of 7 samples with a recovery in most cases of 100% of the
      cold hemagglutinating activity. The resultant products were purified monoclonal
      IgM fractions which could react with anti-kappa and anti-mu but not with anti
      lambda sera. The homogeneity, purity and specificity of all preparations were
      confirmed by immunodiffusion analysis against purified I and i blood group
      antigens isolated from human erythrocyte membranes, zonal and right-angle
      electrophoresis and hemagglutination or hemagglutination inhibition studies.

PMID- 4013142
TI  - Relationship between the third component of human complement (C3) bound to stored
      preserved erythrocytes and their viability in vivo.
AB  - In this study we evaluated whether the 4 degrees C storage-induced coating of red
      blood cells (RBC) with molecules of the third component of human complement, C3,
      affects the viability of the preserved RBC. To this end, we determined whether
      the amount of C3 bound to preserved RBC correlated with the 24-hour survival
      value. The % anti-C3c-induced agglutination of stored RBC provided an estimate of
      the amount of RBC-bound C3. In some cases, the number of RBC-bound C3c-containing
      molecules was also quantitated. The 24-hour survival of autologous RBC was
      measured in 114 cases. All units were initially stored at 4 degrees C as RBC
      concentrates followed in 21 cases by frozen storage and in 75 cases by
      biochemical rejuvenation and frozen storage. The data showed a significant
      correlation between % anti-C3c-induced agglutination of the preserved RBC and the
      length of 4 degrees C storage of the RBC concentrates. Neither freezing nor
      rejuvenation cleaved the C3c fragment from stored RBC. The 24-hour survival was
      significantly and negatively correlated with both the storage length of RBC
      concentrates at 4 degrees C and with the amount of RBC-bound C3 but not with RBC
      ATP level. These data suggest that the RBC-bound C3 either contributes to or is a
      marker for the extent of the preservation injury of RBC.

PMID- 4013144
TI  - A comparison between Fc receptors for IgG1 and IgG3 on human monocytes and
      lymphocytes using anti-Rh antibodies.
AB  - In a rosette assay with human erythrocytes equally sensitized with anti-Rh
      antibodies, the Fc receptor-bearing (FcR) cells are much more numerous among
      monocytes than among lymphocytes. FcR monocytes could be detected using IgG1
      and/or IgG3 antibodies although a higher percentage of FcR cells is observed with
      sera containing IgG3. FcR lymphocytes are detectable almost only with sera
      containing IgG3 antibodies. If the anti-Rh antibodies are restricted to IgG1 none
      or single FcR cells could be found. The application of mixed rosette assay with
      fluorescein-stained erythrocytes sensitized with IgG3 and unstained red cells
      sensitized with IgG1 allowed documentation of the presence of receptors for both
      subclasses on monocytes as well as on lymphocytes although some differences
      between these cells were observed. Almost all FcR monocytes bind both IgG
      subclasses, although in different proportions. On the contrary, most FcR
      lymphocytes bind only or mainly IgG3, but receptors for IgG1 can also be
      detected.

PMID- 4013145
TI  - Estimation of the degree of opsonization of homologous erythrocytes by IgG for
      intravenous and intramuscular use.
AB  - In an effort to evaluate the capacity of polyspecific IgG preparations to
      sensitize homologous erythrocytes, immunoglobulin G for intramuscular use and an
      IgG preparation for intravenous use were tested for their tendency to associate
      with and to opsonize homologous erythrocytes. It was found that the amount of IgG
      associated with erythrocytes by far exceeded the opsonic moiety. Erythrocytes
      incubated in IgG in amounts higher than that achieved in vivo after 5 infusions
      of 0.4 g/kg body weight each, were sometimes lightly opsonized when tested on
      rosette formation with and phagocytosis by adherent monocytes. IgG for
      intravenous use was lower than IgG for intramuscular use in its opsonic activity
      and did often not reach the level of significance. Comparison with rosette
      formation and phagocytosis of erythrocytes with known amounts of antibodies
      allowed the prediction that following high-dose infusion of IgG, less than 25
      opsonic molecules per red blood cell are achieved in recipients of blood groups
      A, B, and AB (and probably even less in those of blood group (O). Erythrocytes
      preincubated in polyspecific IgG failed to inhibit phagocytosis of optimally
      sensitized erythrocytes by cultured macrophages.

PMID- 4013146
TI  - [Various indicators of aminergic regulation in various types of immunologic
      disorders in patients with thyrotoxicosis].

PMID- 4013147
TI  - [Current problems of drug therapy in neurogeriatrics].

PMID- 4013148
TI  - [Central electroanalgesia in the treatment of patients with neurosis-like
      conditions].

PMID- 4013150
TI  - [A case of Wilson-Konovalov syndrome].

PMID- 4013149
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of patients with osteoporosis in the post-climacteric
      period].

PMID- 4013151
TI  - [Viral-bacterial associations in patients with acute pneumonia].

PMID- 4013152
TI  - [Effectiveness of antibacterial and surgical treatment of patients with chronic
      fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4013153
TI  - [Current diagnosis of recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis as a method for the
      prevention of chronic cavernous forms of tuberculosis].

PMID- 4013154
TI  - [Use of anabolic steroids in the complex treatment of patients with destructive
      pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 4013155
TI  - [Erythrocytic hemostasis and microcirculation in patients with chronic ischemic
      heart disease].

PMID- 4013156
TI  - [Physical exertion tolerance in middle-aged men in relation to associated risk
      factors of ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4013157
TI  - [Physical work capacity of patients with ischemic heart disease and reduced
      chronotropic reserve].

PMID- 4013158
TI  - [Reversion of ECG T wave as a criterion for the discontinuation of an exercise
      test in patients with myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4013159
TI  - [Pathogenesis and pathomorphology of cardiogenic shock in myocardial infarction
      in middle-aged and elderly patients].

PMID- 4013160
TI  - [Morphofunctional changes in the myocardium after administration of adrenaline
      and phosphodiesterase inhibitors].

PMID- 4013161
TI  - [Case of cerebral infarction in a patient with myxoma of the heart].

PMID- 4013162
TI  - [Free-radical oxidation of lipids and coagulative activity of erythrocytes in
      patients with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4013163
TI  - [Signs of microthrombogenesis in patients with urticaria and Quincke's edema].

PMID- 4013164
TI  - [Indicators of lipid metabolism in patients with podagra].

PMID- 4013165
TI  - [Disease course and prognosis in membranous-proliferative glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 4013166
TI  - [Morphological criteria for predicting the effectiveness of treatment of
      glomerulonephritis with glucocorticoids and cytostatics].

PMID- 4013167
TI  - [Clinical variants of cerebral disorders in chronic renal failure].

PMID- 4013168
TI  - [Total phagocytic-bactericidal activity of the sputum in chronic bronchitis].

PMID- 4013169
TI  - [State of the nervous system in kidney diseases].

PMID- 4013170
TI  - [Morphofunctional changes in large-intestinal mucosa in nonspecific ulcerative
      colitis].

PMID- 4013171
TI  - [Segmental vegetative disorders in patients with peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4013172
TI  - [Relationship between ulcerative lesions of the duodenum and liver function].

PMID- 4013173
TI  - [Cytochemical characteristics of lymphocytes in patients with chronic
      enterocolitis].

PMID- 4013174
TI  - [A case of metastasis of hypernephroid cancer to the duodenum].

PMID- 4013175
TI  - [Interdigestive duodenal motility in chronic duodenal obstruction].

PMID- 4013176
TI  - [Roentgenopneumopolygraphy in primary roentgenological examination].

PMID- 4013177
TI  - [Thrombohemorrhagic complications and disorders of hemostasis in patients with
      mechanical jaundice].

PMID- 4013178
TI  - [Bile secretion in patients with diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 4013179
TI  - [Infectious and immune complexes in patients with hepatitis B].

PMID- 4013180
TI  - [Characteristics of the structure and formation of a Soviet information system
      with regard to documents on patents in medicine].

PMID- 4013181
TI  - [The pain syndrome in patients with a history of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4013182
TI  - [Informative value of indicators of tolerance to physical exertion in patients
      with ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4013183
TI  - [Temporary electric cardiac stimulation at the pre-hospital stage].

PMID- 4013184
TI  - [Optimal method of defecation in acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4013185
TI  - [The blood lipogram in neurocirculatory asthenia of the cardiac type].

PMID- 4013186
TI  - [Role of hypothalamo-hypophyseal dysfunction in the development of hypertension].

PMID- 4013187
TI  - [Tolerance to physical exertion in persons with different degrees of arterial
      blood pressure (veloergometric data)].

PMID- 4013188
TI  - [Effect of hypotensive therapy on central hemodynamics in patients with
      hypertension].

PMID- 4013189
TI  - [Tolerance to physical exertion in patients with hypertension].

PMID- 4013190
TI  - [Functional state of the blood vessels in persons practicing curative running].

PMID- 4013191
TI  - [Myxoma of the left heart atrium].

PMID- 4013192
TI  - [A case of visceral thromboangiitis associated with congenital mitral valve
      defect].

PMID- 4013193
TI  - [A case of thromboangiitis obliterans].

PMID- 4013194
TI  - [The oxygen-transport function of erythrocytes in atelectasis].

PMID- 4013195
TI  - [A case of tuberculous lesion of the myocardium].

PMID- 4013196
TI  - [Influenza in patients with tuberculosis].

PMID- 4013197
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of isolated lesions of the middle lobe].

PMID- 4013198
TI  - [Sexual function in middle-aged and elderly males].

PMID- 4013199
TI  - [Carcinosarcoma of the kidneys].

PMID- 4013200
TI  - [Complex treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis at the Truskavets health
      resort].

PMID- 4013201
TI  - [Radioisotope test of liver function in patients with gastroduodenitis and peptic
      ulcer].

PMID- 4013202
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa in acute erosive-ulcerative
      lesions].

PMID- 4013203
TI  - [Small intestinal leiomyosarcoma complicated by perforation].

PMID- 4013205
TI  - [Pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].

PMID- 4013204
TI  - [Oxygen therapy in the complex treatment of patients with chronic cholecystitis
      associated with reactive hepatitis].

PMID- 4013206
TI  - [Effect of non-ionizing microwave radiation on the indicators of cellular
      immunity (review of the literature)].

PMID- 4013207
TI  - [Cytological characteristics of surgical wound healing in miners].

PMID- 4013208
TI  - [Nutrition of patients from various dispensary groups at industrial plants].

PMID- 4013209
TI  - [Characteristics of the course of viral hepatitis in patients with diabetes
      mellitus and peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4013210
TI  - [Various problems of the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4013211
TI  - [Clinico-pathogenetic significance of changes in energy metabolism in patients
      with erysipelas and their possible correction].

PMID- 4013212
TI  - [A case of generalized pneumococcal infection].

PMID- 4013213
TI  - [Causes of irregularities in measles vaccination schedules and the organization
      of preventive measures].

PMID- 4013214
TI  - [Value of scientific research work of students in the training of medical
      personnel].

PMID- 4013215
TI  - [Changes in the gastric and duodenal mucosa in experimental erosive ulcerative
      gastroduodenitis before and after selective proximal vagotomy].

PMID- 4013216
TI  - [Histological structure of the mucosa and mucus-forming function of the pavement
      cavitary epithelium in stomach ulcer].

PMID- 4013217
TI  - [Effect of decamethoxine on the bile acid content of the blood and bile in
      patients with chronic gastritis and duodenitis associated with biliary tract
      disease].

PMID- 4013219
TI  - [Value of determining bile acids in the blood of patients with chronic
      cholestatic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis].

PMID- 4013218
TI  - [Changes in bile microelements in patients with chronic non-calculous
      cholecystitis].

PMID- 4013220
TI  - [Clinical masks of dolichomegasigmoid].

PMID- 4013221
TI  - [Regional blood flow in the gastric and duodenal mucosa of patients with chronic
      pancreatitis].

PMID- 4013222
TI  - [Prognosis of the early stages of circulatory disorders in patients with chronic
      obstructive bronchitis].

PMID- 4013223
TI  - [Diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysms].

PMID- 4013224
TI  - [Physical loads in the rehabilitative treatment of women with chronic nonspecific
      lung diseases].

PMID- 4013225
TI  - [Clinical value of simultaneous bronchofibroscopic and bronchospirographic
      examinations].

PMID- 4013226
TI  - [Use of the scientific information potential of a multi-profile therapeutic
      prophylactic institution].

PMID- 4013228
TI  - [Degree of thrombophilia and physical exertion tolerance in patients with
      stenocardia with different risk factors for ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 4013227
TI  - [Hemosorption in the complex treatment of patients with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 4013229
TI  - [Changes in the coronary system in middle-aged and elderly persons engaging in
      physical exercises for many years].

PMID- 4013230
TI  - [The blood lipid spectrum and blood coagulation in patients with stenocardia].

PMID- 4013231
TI  - [Disputable problems of correlations between cardialgia and stenocardia].

PMID- 4013232
TI  - [Ventricular pre-excitation syndrome in acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4013233
TI  - [Chronotropic and inotropic heart functions as indicators of myocardial
      insufficiency and physical work capacity of patients with mitral valve defects].

PMID- 4013234
TI  - [Malignant histiocytosis].

PMID- 4013235
TI  - [Experience of the Preventive Services Department of the Central Regional
      Hospital with regard to the preparation and conducting of the annual mass
      screening of the rural population].

PMID- 4013236
TI  - [Glomerulonephritis with a rapidly progressing and malignant course].

PMID- 4013237
TI  - [Use of grandaxin in the complex treatment of patients with initial
      atherosclerotic encephalopathy].

PMID- 4013238
TI  - [Mesonephroma in a male patient].

PMID- 4013239
TI  - Family planning services in the commonwealth Caribbean.

PMID- 4013240
TI  - Blood pressure responses to stimulation of afferent fibres in the renal nerve of
      the rat.

PMID- 4013241
TI  - The incidence and importance of post-suxamethonium pain in Barbadian patients.

PMID- 4013242
TI  - A survey of children with burns in South Trinidad.

PMID- 4013243
TI  - Suicide in Jamaica.

PMID- 4013244
TI  - Thiamine status in Jamaican patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared with
      "normal" adults.

PMID- 4013245
TI  - The obstetric outcome of patients with previous myomectomy or hysterotomy.

PMID- 4013246
TI  - Yaws in Barbados.

PMID- 4013248
TI  - Chemical analyses of some Jamaican preparations of cannabis.

PMID- 4013247
TI  - Oesophagectomy without thoracotomy.

PMID- 4013249
TI  - Amebiasis presenting as pleuropulmonary disease.
AB  - Seven patients with amebic liver abscess presenting as pleuropulmonary disease
      were admitted to hospital initially because of pulmonary symptoms and were found
      to have amebic liver disease. Three categories of pleuropulmonary involvement
      included reactive inflammation of the pleura or lung, rupture of a hepatic
      abscess into the pleural space and rupture of a hepatic abscess into the
      bronchial airways. The preferred medical treatment is with metronidazole, but
      rupture of hepatic amebic abscess into the pleural space requires drainage in
      addition to medical therapy. In contrast, rupture into the bronchus may provide
      spontaneous drainage so that only medical therapy is needed. Recovery from
      amebiasis in all three categories is generally complete. Morbidity and mortality
      increase with failure to correctly identify amebic infection of the liver as the
      underlying cause. Because, in new cases, no findings specifically suggest that
      pleuropulmonary disease is a complication of hepatic amebic abscess, this
      possibility needs to be considered, especially in persons who are at risk of
      having been infected with amebae.

PMID- 4013250
TI  - Influence of perfusion and ventilation scans on therapeutic decision making and
      outcome in cases of possible embolism.
AB  - We examined the influence of perfusion (Q) and ventilation (V) scans on
      therapeutic decision making and outcome among 229 patients referred for lung
      scans because embolism was suggested and found that specific V/Q scan patterns
      strongly influenced postscan decisions regarding initiation, maintenance or
      cessation of heparin therapy. These therapeutic decisions bore a relationship to
      outcome (recurrences and death) and disclosed decision-making deficits that need
      remedy by future investigational and educational efforts.

PMID- 4013251
TI  - Cancer incidence among employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
      1969-1980.
AB  - The cancer incidence from 1969 through 1980 among active members of an
      occupational cohort (the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL] was
      compared with that of the same-age sector of the total population of the San
      Francisco-Oakland Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Excesses were found for
      malignant melanoma of the skin and salivary gland tumors and a deficit for lung
      cancer in men. No excesses were noted for radiosensitive tissue groups. The
      overall incidence of cancer among LLNL employees for this time period is
      approximately that for the general population.

PMID- 4013253
TI  - Computers and the physician.

PMID- 4013252
TI  - Therapeutic strategies in congestive heart failure and the new inotrope
      vasodilator agents.

PMID- 4013254
TI  - Spontaneous colonic drainage. A rare complication of an amebic liver abscess.

PMID- 4013255
TI  - Neisseria sicca endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers.

PMID- 4013256
TI  - An unusual systemic staphylococcal illness with features of the mucocutaneous
      lymph node syndrome.

PMID- 4013258
TI  - Exercise for patients with neuromuscular diseases.

PMID- 4013257
TI  - Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in Navajos--HLA typing.

PMID- 4013259
TI  - Another cause of diarrhea in AIDS.

PMID- 4013260
TI  - Hyperkalemia--consider the possibility of a pseudoabnormality.

PMID- 4013261
TI  - Diabetic foot infections--prevention and treatment.

PMID- 4013263
TI  - Care of uncircumcised children.

PMID- 4013262
TI  - Health screening of physicians. A role for local medical societies.

PMID- 4013264
TI  - Evaluation of impotence in older men.
AB  - Careful evaluation was carried out in 93 men older than 50 with erectile
      dysfunction. Their mean age was 61 years and the disorder had been present for a
      mean of 4.5 years. While 14 men (15%) had psychosocial factors that may have been
      pertinent, only 2 scored poorly on an Affect Balance Scale and 3 were receiving
      psychoactive medications. Results of nocturnal penile tumescence were abnormal in
      91%. In 39% penile-brachial pressure indices were suggestive of pelvic vascular
      disease and in 9% were consistent with a pelvic "steal syndrome." Pelvic or
      peripheral nerve conduction disorders were also commonly seen in 54%.
      Endocrinopathy may have contributed to the dysfunction in 35%. Twenty-one men had
      diabetes mellitus, two new cases of hypothyroidism were discovered and
      hypogonadism was diagnosed definitely in four and considered likely in five
      others. Coexisting medical conditions were found in more than 90% of the men,
      especially hypertension, use of antihypertensive medications and atherosclerotic
      disease. Previous prostatectomies (19%) and vasectomies (30%) were common in the
      surgical histories. Given the wide range of disorders uncovered in older men
      complaining of impotence, diagnostic study of potential causes may lead to a more
      rational approach for the evaluation and management of these men.

PMID- 4013265
TI  - Carinal forceps biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope in the routine staging of
      lung cancer.
AB  - Main carinal biopsy was carried out in 58 consecutive patients with endobronchial
      (endoscopically visible) bronchogenic carcinoma. Overall, the results of the
      biopsy were positive in 8 of 58 patients (13.8%). The biopsy results were
      positive in 6 of 15 (40%) patients whose carina appeared abnormal as compared
      with 2 of 43 (4.7%) whose carina appeared normal (P = .0025). In those patients
      with subtle carinal abnormalities (carinal widening or erythema) but without
      gross tumor involvement, the biopsy findings were positive in 5 of 14 (36%).
      Unlike in previous studies, a significant percentage of positive carinal biopsy
      findings was associated with left upper lobe lesions. There were no complications
      associated with the procedure. Although the yield on blind carinal biopsies
      (visually normal carina) with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is lower than
      that previously reported with the rigid bronchoscope, it remains a low-risk
      procedure that can spare a number of patients the morbidity and expense of more
      invasive surgical staging when applied as a routine part of diagnostic
      bronchoscopy in patients with endoscopically visible bronchogenic carcinoma.

PMID- 4013266
TI  - Clinical management of field worker organophosphate poisoning.
AB  - A group of 16 cauliflower workers poisoned by residues of the organophosphate
      insecticides mevinphos and phosphamidon was followed in weekly clinics with
      interviews and determinations of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase levels.
      None had preexposure baseline values. Although six had initial erythrocyte
      cholinesterase values within the laboratory normal range, subsequent testing
      showed their erythrocyte activity had been significantly inhibited. While the
      most severe symptoms of the 16 subjects resolved after 28 days, their erythrocyte
      cholinesterase levels did not reach a plateau until an average of 66 days after
      exposure, after which most patients continued to report blurred vision, headache,
      weakness or anorexia. These findings support the view that the diagnostic utility
      of single cholinesterase levels is limited in the absence of baseline values.

PMID- 4013267
TI  - Evaluation of treatment of impotence--where are we going?

PMID- 4013268
TI  - Stress and coping in internal medicine residency.

PMID- 4013270
TI  - A case of hyperthyroidism presenting as recurrent pneumonia.

PMID- 4013269
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following the bite of the giant desert
      centipede Scolopendra heros.

PMID- 4013271
TI  - ERCP documentation of pancreatic ascites and cystoenteric fistula.

PMID- 4013272
TI  - Maggot therapy revisited.

PMID- 4013273
TI  - Percent of fat in meat, poultry and seafood.

PMID- 4013274
TI  - Physical and occupational therapy for arthritis.

PMID- 4013275
TI  - Physician knowledge of risks of surgical and invasive diagnostic procedures.
AB  - Knowledge of the rates of major complications of surgical and invasive diagnostic
      procedures is essential to effective clinical decision making. A mail survey of
      128 family or general physicians and general surgeons in Washington state tested
      their knowledge of the rates of death and major complications for ten procedures.
      Overall accuracy of physician knowledge was low, with 27% of responses correct,
      26% underestimates, 27% overestimates and 21% admitting no knowledge. No
      significant differences in accuracy were found between specialty groups. Few
      associations were found between accuracy and physician board certification, years
      in practice or performance of the procedure. For every complication, many
      physicians made underestimation or overestimation errors by several orders of
      magnitude and a few consistently denied existence of any risk. Physicians could
      improve their knowledge of the rates of complications associated with procedures
      they carry out.

PMID- 4013277
TI  - Physician oversupply--the views of 1,900 California physicians.

PMID- 4013276
TI  - Problems experienced by residents in internal medicine training.
AB  - A review of the literature and the experience of a residency program in internal
      medicine indicate that house officers have special problems during training. Some
      are shared by all residents, whereas others are unique to certain groups. These
      problems are caused by historical and cultural factors that have led to the
      current structure of many residency programs and often interfere with the
      parallel development of professional, personal and family growth. Program
      directors and chiefs of service need to be flexible and humane and should
      negotiate clear expectations with house staff to allow efficient functioning of
      the residency program and insightful personal growth.

PMID- 4013278
TI  - Seizures and death on a white river float trip. Report of water hemlock
      poisoning.
AB  - White river rafting is becoming a major summer recreational activity throughout
      the United States. Many people who are ill prepared physically or emotionally to
      survive will find themselves isolated and in extremely dangerous situations
      without access to medical help. In addition to the physical dangers of drowning,
      there are dangers that exist in the concept of "living off the land" and foraging
      for food. Cicuta douglasii is found in all of our western states, is extremely
      toxic and can easily be confused with wild parsnip or carrot. Physicians and
      poison control centers need to be aware of the common poisonous plants in their
      area and be prepared to treat cases of poisoning from these plants.

PMID- 4013279
TI  - Nineteen cases of plague in Arizona. A spectrum including ecthyma gangrenosum due
      to plague and plague in pregnancy.
AB  - We review the cases of 19 successfully treated plague patients, with emphasis on
      the clinical and epidemiologic features of the disease. Proper staining and
      culturing of bubo aspirates; prompt institution of streptomycin, chloramphenicol
      or tetracycline therapy in presumptive cases, and supportive care are the crucial
      factors in the treatment of plague. This disease should be considered in patients
      in a toxic condition who have lymphadenitis, pneumonia or septic shock and who
      have been in endemic areas within the past ten days.

PMID- 4013280
TI  - Report from the California Burn Registry--the causes of major burns.
AB  - In its first four years of operation, the California Burn Registry recorded 3,332
      cases of burns, of which 73.1% were in male and 26.9% were in female patients of
      all ages. The average total body surface area burned was 15.4+/-0.3%. Flame burns
      were the most common (31.4%). Other common sources included scalds (24.5%) and
      flammable liquids (12.9%). Several other causes were cited with less frequency.
      Burns taking place at home occurred more commonly than at all other locations
      combined. In all, 221 deaths (6.6%) were reported, most (66.1%) of which were due
      to flame burns.

PMID- 4013281
TI  - Radiocontrast-induced renal failure.
AB  - Review of the literature concerning contrast-induced renal dysfunction shows that
      the currently used agents are remarkably safe with careful patient selection.
      Clinically apparent kidney failure after their use is essentially nonexistent in
      those without preexistent renal insufficiency. The incidence rises rapidly in
      those with azotemia from any cause, however, and diabetic persons with
      nephropathy are perhaps at special risk. Vigorous volume expansion is possibly
      effective as a preventive measure and may attenuate adverse effects in those in
      whom postcontrast dysfunction occurs. New agents are becoming available. It is
      not yet known if these will prove safer or cost-effective. They have some
      experimentally demonstrated and theoretic advantages over the presently used
      agents.

PMID- 4013282
TI  - Adult Still's disease--recognition of a clinical syndrome and recent experience.

PMID- 4013283
TI  - Should postmenopausal women be given estrogen?

PMID- 4013284
TI  - Phenylpropanolamine and cerebral hemorrhage.

PMID- 4013286
TI  - Therapeutic pelvic examination.

PMID- 4013285
TI  - Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the symphysis pubis (osteitis pubis) from
      intravenous drug use.

PMID- 4013287
TI  - A survey of patient satisfaction, knowledge and compliance.
AB  - A survey was carried out by telephone on 201 patients receiving continuing care
      from internists for commonly occurring chronic conditions. Although 90% of
      patients knew the names and therapeutic purposes of the drugs prescribed for
      them, only 30% could name any side effects to watch for. Almost 90% were
      satisfied with their physicians' explanations but only 58% actually had a good
      understanding of their condition. More than 90% complied with their drug regimen
      but only 39% adhered to the prescribed low-sodium diet and only 55% of diabetic
      patients tested their urines as instructed. Overall, degree of satisfaction and
      knowledge of their own condition did not correlate with degree of compliance.
      Patients need more adequate education regarding their condition and potential
      side effects of drugs. More systematic attention should also be given to methods
      of motivating patients to comply with regimens that require a change in behavior.

PMID- 4013288
TI  - Autopsies by primary practitioners. A solution to the decline in autopsies?

PMID- 4013289
TI  - Thirty-seven miles up highway 70.

PMID- 4013290
TI  - The UCLA School of Medicine.

PMID- 4013291
TI  - The absence of hematuria in patients with symptomatic urinary tract stones.

PMID- 4013292
TI  - [Indicators of exertion metabolism in parturients].

PMID- 4013293
TI  - [Clinical value of contrast enema in surgical practice].

PMID- 4013294
TI  - [Less known indications for the use of clonidine].

PMID- 4013296
TI  - [Werner's syndrome].

PMID- 4013295
TI  - [The value of cytological analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of
      intracranial neoplasms].

PMID- 4013297
TI  - [Ichthyosis congenita gravis in a newborn infant].

PMID- 4013298
TI  - [Case of cough-syncope syndrome].

PMID- 4013299
TI  - [Diagnostic difficulties in primary ureteral tumors].

PMID- 4013300
TI  - [Social aspects of hemophilia].

PMID- 4013301
TI  - [Complications of Meckel's diverticulum in adults].

PMID- 4013302
TI  - [Antibiotic and chemotherapy sensitivity of bacteria isolated from cases of
      urinary tract infections].

PMID- 4013303
TI  - [Acute dystonic reactions after administration of neuroleptics and other drugs].

PMID- 4013304
TI  - [Incidence of trichinosis and its clinical picture in the Bialystok region in the
      last 16 years].

PMID- 4013305
TI  - [Large post-inflammatory pancreatic cyst surgically treated by the Roux-Y
      method].

PMID- 4013306
TI  - [Asymptomatic carcinoid tumor of the small intestine].

PMID- 4013307
TI  - [Surgical treatment of aortic arch syndrome in a young woman].

PMID- 4013308
TI  - [Rare from of Mikulicz' disease].

PMID- 4013309
TI  - [Facial fibro-osteoma].

PMID- 4013310
TI  - [Long-term presence of an esophageal foreign body in a small child].

PMID- 4013311
TI  - [2 cases of post-traumatic arteriovenous fistula of blood vessels supplying the
      brain].

PMID- 4013312
TI  - [Comparison of mortality rates in the early period of myocardial infarction in
      various forms of cardiological care].

PMID- 4013313
TI  - [Elastolytic activity of the blood serum in patients with liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 4013314
TI  - [Gynecological operations in women over 60].

PMID- 4013315
TI  - [Problem of treating the so-called "diabetic foot"].

PMID- 4013316
TI  - [Legionella pneumophila--a new etiological factor in pneumonia].

PMID- 4013317
TI  - [Transesophageal stimulation in the differential diagnosis of supraventricular
      arrhythmia and aberrant conduction].

PMID- 4013318
TI  - [Duodeno-biliary reflux as a cause of hepatic colic].

PMID- 4013319
TI  - [Laryngocele--a cyst of the laryngeal pouch].

PMID- 4013320
TI  - [Onychophagia].

PMID- 4013321
TI  - [Physical fitness of patients with coronary disease during rehabilitation at a
      sanatorium].

PMID- 4013322
TI  - [Clinical analysis of rupture of the free left ventricular wall in recent
      myocardial infarction].

PMID- 4013323
TI  - [Antilipemic effect of bezafibrate in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type
      IV].

PMID- 4013324
TI  - [Microlaryngoscopy and microsurgery of the larynx].

PMID- 4013325
TI  - [Pathogenesis and classification of brain concussion and its late sequelae].

PMID- 4013326
TI  - [Angina pectoris--Prinzmetal's variant].

PMID- 4013327
TI  - [Myocardial infarction complicated by bifascicular block (posterior fascicle of
      the left and right branches of the bundle of His - LPH + RBBB) with disorders of
      atrioventricular conduction].

PMID- 4013328
TI  - [Asymmetry of intervertebral joints of the thoraco-lumbar region and ankylosing
      changes in the spine].

PMID- 4013329
TI  - [Diaphragmatic hernia and respiratory tract diseases in the light of observed
      cases].

PMID- 4013330
TI  - [Health of the first few rulers of the Piast dynasty].

PMID- 4013331
TI  - [Extended electrocardiographic examination from the posterior surface of the
      chest in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction of the posterior left-ventricular
      wall].

PMID- 4013332
TI  - [Psychoprophylaxis in labor--comparative studies].

PMID- 4013333
TI  - [Congenital anomalies in fetuses and newborn infants].

PMID- 4013335
TI  - [Aeroions--their development and physical properties].

PMID- 4013334
TI  - [Late results of combined treatment of retroperitoneal myxoid liposarcoma].

PMID- 4013336
TI  - [Giardia muris infection in rats as a model of giardiasis].

PMID- 4013337
TI  - [Effect of electromagnetic field, monocrotophos and cartap on selected life
      functions of Balantidium coli (Malmsten, 1857). I. Survival and reproduction].

PMID- 4013338
TI  - [Effect of electromagnetic field and the phosphates bromfenvinphos and
      methylbromfenvinphos on selected vital functions of Balantidium coli (Malmsten,
      1857)].

PMID- 4013339
TI  - [Compounds with potential antiparasitic action. V. Imidazole derivatives].

PMID- 4013340
TI  - [Malignant melanoma: early detection and prognosis].

PMID- 4013341
TI  - [Delta virus: now also detected in Austria. A defective virus as a pathogenic
      agent].
AB  - delta-virus, first described by Rizzetto, is a defective virus dependent on
      hepatitis B virus as helper-virus. Superinfection of inactive hepatitis B with
      delta-virus leads to chronic active or even fulminant hepatitis. It can be
      detected by RIA or ELISA and its distribution is world-wide. Also in Austria, 4
      sera with antibodies to delta-virus have been found among 138 HBsAg-positive
      sera. No therapy is known, but vaccination against HB virus also prevents the
      propagation of delta-virus.

PMID- 4013343
TI  - [Significance of hormone receptors of breast cancer cells for the duration of a
      disease-free interval].
AB  - The importance of the presence of hormone receptors of cells derived from breast
      cancer tissue for the duration of the relapse-free interval was evaluated in 41
      patients with stage II breast cancer. After modified radical mastectomy with
      axillary lymphadenectomy the patients received radiotherapy and adjuvant
      polychemotherapy and/or hormone therapy. There was no indication of metastases in
      any patient at the time of operation. There was a significant correlation of the
      relapse-free interval to tumor size (p less than 0.05), to the number of involved
      lymph nodes (p less than 0.0005), and also to the presence of the progesterone
      receptor (PgR), which seemed to play a more important role in this context than
      the oestrogen receptor (ER) (p less than 0.001). We conclude from this study that
      the evaluation of the PgR in breast cancer cells is important for the prognosis
      of the duration of the relapse-free interval.

PMID- 4013342
TI  - [Circulatory behavior of patients with liver insufficiency].
AB  - Haemodynamic data were obtained in 26 patients with hepatic failure admitted to
      the intensive care unit of the First Department of Medicine, Vienna University.
      There was a significant increase in heart rate (101 vs 78 beats/min) and
      decreased diastolic pressure (56 vs 71 mm Hg) as compared with healthy persons.
      The cardiac index was elevated (5.1 vs 3.5 l/m2) and the total peripheral
      resistance was lowered (621 vs 1130 dyn/sec/cm-5). The systolic blood pressure
      was within the normal range except in 8 patients whose illness was complicated by
      sepsis. In those 8 patients the systolic blood pressure (86 vs 128 mm Hg), the
      diastolic blood pressure (42 vs 61 mm Hg) and the total peripheral resistance
      (434 vs 764 dyn. sec. cm-5) were all decreased as compared with patients with
      hepatocellular disease without sepsis. The decreased total peripheral resistance,
      however, was not associated with a further increase in the heart rate or stroke
      volume. On the contrary, in these 8 patients the left ventricular performance was
      lowered. The increase in cardiac output was not associated with an increase in
      oxygen consumption in patients without sepsis. Oxygen consumption was increased
      in patients with hepatocellular insufficiency and sepsis (157 ml/m2 vs 123 ml/m2)
      and this was accompanied by a diminished oxygen extraction rate (16% vs 26% in
      these 8 patients.

PMID- 4013344
TI  - [Early or late cord clamping? A question of optimal time].
AB  - Late cord clamping allows a redistribution of placental blood to the fetus within
      3 minutes. A sufficient difference in hydrostatic pressure between placenta and
      fetus is the prerequisite for placental transfusion. Placental transfusion is
      reduced or diminished if the newborn baby is positioned above the placenta. Blood
      volume and blood pressure of the fetus are elevated after placental transfusion.
      The increased blood volume correlates with the effective renal blood flow. There
      is no difference between cardiovascular parameters 6 hours post partum in infants
      subjected to early or late clamping of the cord. Nevertheless, erythrocyte volume
      and oxygen capacity remain high during the first days of life in infants with
      late cord clamping. CONCLUSION: In normal deliveries the cord should be clamped
      after 1 to 2 minutes. In premature infants, however, placental transfusion is
      advantageous because the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome is lower with
      late clamping. If the fetus is hypoxic in utero, redistribution of the blood and
      placental transfusion takes place already before birth to improve the oxygen
      supply to the fetal tissue and resuscitatory measures can be undertaken
      immediately following birth.

PMID- 4013345
TI  - [Roentgen studies (lateral distance image) for precise determination of tumors of
      the rectum].
AB  - The lateral distant view (LDV) of the rectum is proposed for more precise
      identification of localization of rectal tumors for preoperative planning and to
      increase the number of sphincter saving operations. In a prospective study 129
      patients with rectal tumors were compared with radiologic and rectoscopic
      measurements and with the intraoperative tumor site. Other factors which may
      influence the resectability of tumors have been examined in a part of this
      patients by measuring the width of the presacral space, the anorectal angle and
      the pelvic diameters by radiological pelvimetry. Radiological measurement on the
      lateral distant view showed that tumors usually are located much higher (0.5 to
      12.5 cm) than is suggested by rectoscopy. Unlike the rectoscopy, the lateral
      distant view also can be used for measuring the length of the anal canal. This
      measurement is most important for evaluating the distance between the tumor and
      the inner end of the anal canal and reflects the width of a possibly tumor-free
      margin. Sphincter saving operations could be predicted much better by the lateral
      distant view than by rectoscopy.

PMID- 4013346
TI  - [Morphologic changes in artificial prostheses following para-articular knee
      bypass operations].
AB  - A report is presented on two helically reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene
      vascular prostheses in the femoro-popliteal (below-knee) position which
      thrombosed in the early postoperative period. Lateral angiography in the 45, 90
      and 120 degree position of the knee joint showed short (2 mm) mild stenosis like
      kinking in case 1. At reoperation in case 2 the prosthesis was kinked in the
      longitudinal axis. Femoro-popliteal allografts across the knee joint should
      accomplish the following demands: 1. no kinking on postoperative lateral
      angiography with the knee joint bent and 2. intact prosthesis at reoperation.

PMID- 4013347
TI  - [Open heart surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses].
AB  - Patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses present a special problem when undergoing
      open heart surgery since they refuse blood transfusion. We performed 15 open
      heart operations for both acquired and congenital heart disease using a modified
      version of isovolaemic haemodilution and bloodless prime technique of
      extracorporeal circulation. Two patients died. One death might have been at least
      indirectly related to the regimen which excludes blood substitution. We believe
      that our experience demonstrates the feasibility of open heart procedures in
      Jehovah's Witnesses, although the mortality risk is increased in these patients.

PMID- 4013348
TI  - [Delayed epipleural hematoma as a fatal complication following blunt chest
      injury].
AB  - Delayed epipleural haematoma was found on autopsy of a 92-year-old woman after a
      fall at her home. X-ray performed 3 hours after the blunt thoracic trauma showed
      fractures of 5 ribs on the right side without any indication of intrathoracic
      bleeding or masses. Dressing and moving the patient about one day later caused
      multiple injuries of intercostal arteries and subsequently led to epipleural
      haematoma and unexpected death. Origin and morphology of epipleural haematoma are
      discussed with reference to a pertinent report in the literature.
      Hospitalization, with utmost care in nursing attention, is recommended in the
      treatment of patients presenting with thoracic trauma.

PMID- 4013349
TI  - [Release and bioavailability of a cimetidine retard formula].
AB  - By means of special pharmaceutical preparations, it is possible to sustain the
      release of cimetidine out of hydrocolloid depots. By this sustained-drug-release
      and the longer absorption of the drug, blood levels of cimetidine could be
      obtained with lower maxima and longer lasting therapeutical necessary
      concentration of the active agent.

PMID- 4013350
TI  - [Perinatal mortality of children at the Vienna University Gynecologic Clinic
      between 1981 and 1983].
AB  - All cases (77) of perinatal death between 1981 to 1983 are described and
      discussed. 15 pregnant patients arrived for delivery without any examination
      during the pregnancy. In 11 cases perinatal death happened in spite of regular
      examinations. The distance between the last examination and the date of perinatal
      death was in every case more than 4 weeks. 15 malformations could be registrated.
      5 gravidae delivered at home and there the fetus died. A mistake in our
      management could be found 3 times.

PMID- 4013351
TI  - [Comparative study of 2 diuretic-containing combination preparations in patients
      with edematous heart failure].
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of two combinations, namely 50 mg spironolactone +
      20 mg furosemide (SF) or 50 mg spironolactone + 5 mg butizide (SB), were compared
      in a randomised intraindividual trial in 22 patients with congestive heart
      failure. The parameters used were: weight, ankle- and calf-circumference, blood
      pressure, resting pulse, resting ECG, spirometry and blood chemistry. The
      physicians' judgement of the success of treatment was also recorded. Clinical
      symptoms improved clearly in both groups and in most cases there was significant
      improvement of the various parameters. The trend towards improvement was more
      apparent with SF. The physicians considered SF to be more effective in 12 cases
      compared to one case with SB. In all other cases both treatments were considered
      equally effective. The blood chemistry data showed relevant differences: serum
      potassium levels were less scattered with SF and showed a - desirable - shift
      into the upper normal range. The number of patients with elevated serum-creatinin
      levels increased during SB-treatment whereas the opposite was noted with SF. This
      could be due to furosemide's positive effects on renal functions.

PMID- 4013352
TI  - Splenic artery aneurysms.

PMID- 4013353
TI  - Isolated splenic vein thrombosis.

PMID- 4013354
TI  - Surgery of the traumatized spleen.

PMID- 4013355
TI  - Splenic trauma in children and techniques of splenic salvage.

PMID- 4013356
TI  - Splenectomy for myeloproliferative disorders.

PMID- 4013357
TI  - Splenectomy for splenomegaly and secondary hypersplenism.

PMID- 4013358
TI  - Splenectomy for malignant lymphomas.

PMID- 4013359
TI  - Staging laparotomy with splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease: the Stanford
      experience.

PMID- 4013360
TI  - Postsplenectomy sepsis: historical background and current concepts.

PMID- 4013361
TI  - Is choledochoduodenostomy in the treatment of stones in the common bile duct an
      obsolete technique?

PMID- 4013362
TI  - Total repair of annulo-aortic ectasia with composite graft and reimplantation of
      coronary ostia: a consecutive series of 41 patients.

PMID- 4013364
TI  - Hepaticojejunostomy using the left biliary trunk for iatrogenic biliary lesions:
      the French connection.

PMID- 4013363
TI  - Total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autograft for renal osteodystrophy:
      analysis of the cause of failure.

PMID- 4013365
TI  - Hazards of blood and blood products. Case report of post-transfusion hepatitis-B.

PMID- 4013366
TI  - Leptospirosis in Wisconsin: report of a case associated with direct contact with
      raccoon urine.

PMID- 4013367
TI  - We are in an era of many changes ...

PMID- 4013368
TI  - Outpatient management of chronic pain: long-term results.

PMID- 4013369
TI  - Variable in vitro erythropoiesis in patients with transient erythroblastopenia of
      childhood.
AB  - Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) is a pure red cell aplasia which
      primarily affects children in the infant and toddler age group. The clinical
      syndrome of TEC is well defined and is characterized by moderate to severe anemia
      with reticulocytopenia, selective aplasia of the erythroid bone marrow elements,
      and spontaneous recovery, usually within a month of presentation. We utilized the
      plasma clot tissue culture technique to explore the defect of erythropoiesis in
      seven patients with TEC. Culture of bone marrow at diagnosis in four patients
      revealed an increased erythroid proliferative capacity in one and a decreased
      capacity in three. The former patient plus three additional patients were found
      to have a transient serum inhibitor of erythroid colony formation in autologous
      and allogeneic systems. The three patients with diminished erythroid
      proliferative capacity had no demonstrable serum inhibitor, and in one patient
      studied the erythroid proliferative capacity became supernormal after recovery.
      We conclude that although TEC has a characteristic clinical picture, in vitro
      studies reveal a variable expression of the erythropoietic defect and support the
      hypothesis of a heterogeneous pathogenesis of this disorder.

PMID- 4013371
TI  - Teratogenesis and mutagenesis associated with the exposure of human males to
      lead: a review.
AB  - Major sectors of the lead-related industries have traditionally supported the
      view that the exposure of human males and females to lead is associated with
      significantly different reproductive-related risks. This review examines selected
      data pertaining to teratogenesis and mutagenesis associated with the exposure of
      human males to lead. The existing body of epidemiologic data examining
      reproductive-related effects associated with lead exposure of human males is
      relatively sparse and incomplete. Data findings are also conflicting. On the
      basis of selected available data, however, the exposure of human males to lead
      may be associated with significant reproductive-related harms. Too little
      attention has been directed by the scientific community toward possible
      reproductive-related effects of lead exposure on human males. There is a strong
      need for further good studies.

PMID- 4013370
TI  - The evaluation of contrast-enhancing brain lesions: pitfalls in current practice.
AB  - The definitive diagnosis of space-occupying brain lesions can be established more
      readily since the advent of computerized tomographic (CT) scanning. Some brain
      lesions are more clearly defined when contrast-enhancing agents are utilized;
      however, so-called ring-enhancing lesions are not pathognomonic for specific
      neurological entities. Review of the literature suggests that at least four
      disorders must be considered in the differential diagnosis of contrast-enhancing
      lesions. These include mature brain abscesses of any etiology, cerebrovascular
      accidents, and primary or metastatic brain tumors. Since the medical and surgical
      management of these conditions is quite different, it is critical to establish a
      diagnosis before therapy is instituted. In many instances the combination of
      history, physical examination, laboratory, and radiologic examination will enable
      physicians to correctly diagnose the etiology of such brain lesions. However, we
      present two cases for which the above clinical and non-invasive parameters led to
      incorrect working diagnoses. Brain biopsy was required before appropriate
      management was eventually instituted. Potentially, such delays in diagnosis and
      institution of therapy can result in unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Each
      case illustrates the need to substantiate a presumptive diagnosis based on these
      clinical and radiographic criteria, regardless of how "typical" lesions may
      appear on CT scans.

PMID- 4013373
TI  - [Diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of urologic tumors in the aged].

PMID- 4013372
TI  - [Malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract in the aged].

PMID- 4013374
TI  - Age and the neck's "decollete syndrome".
AB  - Applying non-invasive procedures (inspection, palpation) which do not stress the
      old subjects, the author studies the "decollete syndrome" of 60 old subjects and
      60 middle-aged control subjects. According to the examinations, the generative
      changes in the skin, muscles, fat pads and blood vessels of the neck are the
      first macroscopic signs of old age that are conspicuous to the subjects. The
      elderly subject is the first who detect the wrinkles on the skin of the neck and
      wasting of the neck, becoming panicky as a result. Not without reason, because
      these symptoms are really indicative of approaching old age. In the case of
      middle-aged control subjects, aging of the neck may become manifest as early as
      over 45 years, preceding any other symptom. The aging of the neck is accompanied
      subsequently by other symptoms of old age found by inspection (look, lips and
      regions around thereof, hand, gait). Finally, the psycho-somatic status becomes
      typical of old age. When the pathological "decollete syndrome" of the neck is
      detected in due time, the gerontologist may attempt to adopt a therapy or
      prevention to retard the aging.

PMID- 4013375
TI  - [12 years' analysis of serum fatty acids--final results of the Leipzig
      Longitudinal Gerontologic Study].
AB  - In the Leipzig longitudinal study performed from 1968 to 1980 in 383 test persons
      with healthy metabolism in 2-3 years time intervals gas-chromatographic analyses
      of the serum fatty acid pattern were carried out. In dependence upon age, sex,
      and body-weight the vasoprotective linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid
      increased and the vasoaggressive palmitic and eicosatrienic acid decreased.
      Influences of age as well as the change of the feeding habits are causally
      discussed for this purpose.

PMID- 4013376
TI  - [Needs and expectations of elderly patients in inpatient facilities].

PMID- 4013377
TI  - [Peculiarities of nursing measures in acute diseases from the internal medicine
      viewpoint].

PMID- 4013378
TI  - [Prevention of respiratory virus diseases].

PMID- 4013380
TI  - ["Does acceleration have an end?" An area for discussion].

PMID- 4013379
TI  - [Blood pressure in school children in Berlin-Pankow. Approaches for possible
      prevention of hypertension].

PMID- 4013381
TI  - [Use of peracetic acid].

PMID- 4013383
TI  - [The language of medicine].

PMID- 4013382
TI  - [Recommendations for the evaluation and assessment of the electrocardiogram of
      adolescents and adults. Short programmed course. 15. Partial program IV A:
      Detection and typing of artifacts].

PMID- 4013384
TI  - [Pathologic anatomy of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4013385
TI  - [Progress in the pathophysiology of ulcer disease].

PMID- 4013386
TI  - [Functions of the stomach from the viewpoint of the clinician].

PMID- 4013387
TI  - [Peptic ulcer and psychosocial stress].

PMID- 4013388
TI  - [Progress in the roentgen diagnosis of stomach ulcer].

PMID- 4013389
TI  - [Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in ulcer disease].

PMID- 4013390
TI  - [Long-term control in stomach ulcer].

PMID- 4013392
TI  - [The child with ulcers].

PMID- 4013391
TI  - [Current ulcer therapy in ambulatory practice].

PMID- 4013393
TI  - [Ulcer hemorrhage: diagnosis, risk factors, conservative therapy].

PMID- 4013394
TI  - [Surgical therapy of massive ulcer hemorrhage from the stomach and duodenum].

PMID- 4013395
TI  - [Nutrition and diet therapy of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4013396
TI  - [Indications and results of health resort treatment in ulcer disease and in
      states following stomach resection for peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4013397
TI  - [Evaluation of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 4013398
TI  - [Introduction to principle questions of law for the young physician].

PMID- 4013399
TI  - [Current concepts of the predisposition and pathogenesis of exogenous allergic
      alveolitis].
AB  - The present conceptions about the pathogenesis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis
      (EAA) are summarized in a review. The development of EAA depends on both
      intrinsic (predisposing factors like HLA-groups etc.) and extrinsic components
      (nature of antigen, intensity and duration of the exposure smoking habits). Cell
      mediated immunity plays a decisive role in the recognition of antigen, the
      induction of the pathogenic immune response (imbalance or dysregulation of T
      Helper and T-Suppressor cells), in the realizing of the pathogenic effect in the
      lung tissue (sensitized lymphocytes, synthesis of lymphokins and interleukins
      with the consequent liberation of enzymes, tissue injury, granuloma-formation,
      fibrosis). The production of specific antibodies, the formation of immune
      complexes, the activation of complement system and as well as immediate irritant
      toxic effects by the inhaled agents are also important in the pathogenesis of
      EAA.

PMID- 4013400
TI  - [Are there mucoviscidosis-specific humoral factors? 2: Function, detection
      procedures, conclusions].

PMID- 4013401
TI  - [Interpretation of pneumoconiosis--results of cardiopulmonary function tests in
      dust-exposed patients with and without silicosis].
AB  - The retrospective evaluation of 472 judgements of professional disease in persons
      exposed to dusts showed that all observed restrictions of cardio-pulmonary
      function (obstructive lung disease, increase of residual volume, respiratory
      failure, pulmonary hypertension) occurred almost independently from the presence
      and stage of silicosis, but correlated first of all with the duration of
      exposure. Frequency and degree of functional disorders in exposed persons without
      radiologically demonstrable silicosis indicate that the fraction of nonspecific
      dusts, which is by far larger than the SiO2-fraction, produces chronic
      obstructive lung disease and its sequelae (emphysema, pulmonary hypertension).
      The term "pneumoconiosis" should therefore be used in a much broader sense than
      hitherto. This leads to considerations of the present practice of judgement on
      silicosis which are presented and discussed in detail.

PMID- 4013402
TI  - [Rhythm of lung function during the period of a week, with and without exposure
      to respiratory tract irritants].
AB  - In 10 subjects without inhalative exposure FVC, FEV-1 and Ros were measured at
      the same day-time over three weeks. Influence of the week course on lung function
      could not be proved statistically. On the other hand significant differences of
      FVC and FEV-1 between week-days depending on working conditions could be shown in
      9 workers exposed to heated polyester materials. Likewise lung function values
      measured during the shift departed from the expected circadian rhythm.

PMID- 4013403
TI  - [Indications for the use of a wound adhesive in pneumothorax treatment].
AB  - With the aim to improve the results of treatment of pneumothorax, experience has
      been gathered using tissue glues (Akutol-Spofa, Ankerplast-Spray). Using these
      preparations, it is possible to tighten small defects and porous regions of the
      pleura, and to induce circumscribed obliterations of the pleural fissure. The
      technique is simple (intubation, thoracoscopy, circumscribed application of glue
      to visceral pleura, insufflation of the lung, drainage of the thorax, permanent
      suction if necessary). The method is used only, if spontaneous resolution of
      pneumothorax is failing. Using this method, the relapse rate is significantly
      reduced as compared with the results of pure drainage with suction. Late results
      of pulmonary function are good.

PMID- 4013404
TI  - [Unusual etiology of a mediastinal space-occupying lesion].
AB  - Casuistic report of an uncommon pseudotumorous mass of the posterior mediastinum
      with destruction of thoracic vertebrae following a haematogenous spondylitis
      anterior with paravertebral abscess and spontaneous oesophageal fistula in the
      course of an osteomyelitis of the left tibia undergone 33 years previously. The
      differential - diagnostic possibilities are discussed.

PMID- 4013405
TI  - [Bronchoalveolar lavage].
AB  - The incidence of interstitial lung diseases is increased during the last years. A
      possibility for improvement the diagnosis of these lung diseases is the
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In a critical review the performance of the BAL,
      same properties of the isolated macrophages and the determination of biochemical
      parameters in lavage fluid are described. In this context especially problems of
      diagnosis of sarcoidosis are discussed. There are new fields of application of
      BAL (diagnosis of occupational lung diseases, control of therapy). In order to
      improve the comparability of different results a standardization of BAL is
      necessary.

PMID- 4013406
TI  - [Effects of various forms of hypoxia and physical stress on pulmonary
      circulation].
AB  - In healthy persons, without respiratory abnormalities, by physical exercise and
      hypoxia pulmonary hypertension can be induced. It could be shown that increasing
      physical exercise has a more pronounced influence upon the value of PAP, whereas
      increasing hypoxia has a more pronounced influence upon PO2-V.

PMID- 4013407
TI  - [Prediction of pulmonary hypertension from simple, noninvasive parameters using
      discriminant analysis].
AB  - Based on a large number of males with chronic obstructive bronchitis, the
      usefulness of discriminant analysis for prediction of pulmonary hypertension has
      been investigated. Two groups were formed: 227 men with overt pulmonary
      hypertension; 145 patients without pulmonary hypertension Applying the
      discriminant analysis, 9 variables were selected step by step; 6 out of them were
      measurably contributing to the discrimination of both groups. As relevant turned
      out diameter of the right descending pulmonary artery, FVC% predicted, FEV1% FVC,
      pa2, systolic blood pressure, and RV% TLC. In a procedure of reclassification,
      based upon the calculated discriminant functions, 82,6% of the cases were
      correctly classified (sensitivity 80,6%, specificity 86,2%). A pocket calculator
      programme following the method by Lauter gave identical results. The application
      of the discriminant function to a new group of 147 unselected men with chronic
      obstructive bronchitis corroborated the foregoing results. 79,1% of all patients
      with overt or latent pulmonary hyper-tension were detected. For overt
      hypertension the sensitivity was 88,4%, for latent hypertension 62,5%. Using this
      method, decision-making regarding heart catheterism can be improved. It must be
      stressed, however, that this discriminant function is not valid for women and for
      other diagnosis groups in males.

PMID- 4013408
TI  - [Correlation between average pulmonary artery pressure under rest and stress
      conditions in relation to the stage of silicosis].
AB  - The value of measuring the median pressure of the pulmonary artery for the
      prognosis of silicosis remains undebatable since the development of pulmonary
      heart disease has multifactorial causes and extreme interindividual variations.
      On the other side, during the course of silicosis disease, the increase of
      pressure is relatively small or even absent during years. Thus, measuring of mean
      pulmonary artery pressure is only required at larger intervals.

PMID- 4013409
TI  - [Compact costal islands in the differential diagnosis of small coin lesions in
      chest x-rays].
AB  - The radiological characteristics of 13 costal bone-islands in 12 patients (one
      patient with bilateral bicostal involvement) are described. The bone-island
      manifests itself as a small dense coin-lesion following fluoroscopically the
      respirative movements of the host-rib. X-ray-films and a fluoroscopy confined to
      the interesting area allow an exact diagnosis. Retrospective analyses of X-ray
      films generally reveal an unchanged existence over a long time period. No
      therapeutic consequences are necessary.

PMID- 4013410
TI  - [Biopsy confirmation of clinically suspected heart sarcoidosis].
AB  - Case report from a 57 years old woman with pulmonary and heart sarcoidosis. The
      diagnosis was confirmed by heartcatheterism with myocardial biopsy from the left
      ventricle.

PMID- 4013411
TI  - [Epidemiology of nosocomial wound infection].

PMID- 4013412
TI  - Molecular epidemiology of influenza virus: antigenic and biochemical analysis of
      influenza virus outbreaks in schools.

PMID- 4013414
TI  - [Bronchomotor reactivity of persons without respiratory tract diseases to
      inhalation of nozzle aerosol-applied 0.5% acetylcholine solution].

PMID- 4013413
TI  - [Immunologic reactions following influenza virus vaccination].

PMID- 4013416
TI  - [X-ray demonstration of autopsy-confirmed pleural hyalinoses].

PMID- 4013415
TI  - [Behavior of circulatory and respiratory parameters within maximal and submaximal
      load and endurance limits in men in the 5th and 6th decades of life].

PMID- 4013417
TI  - [Strategy of konimetric sampling of asbestos-containing dusts].

PMID- 4013418
TI  - [Asbestosis in glass blowers].

PMID- 4013419
TI  - [Effect of benzene on lymphocyte rosette formation in vitro and in vivo].

PMID- 4013420
TI  - [Contribution to the development of preventive measures for children from
      industrial areas].

PMID- 4013421
TI  - [Experiences from group visits made within the framework of a sociopsychiatric
      rehabilitation program].

PMID- 4013422
TI  - [Leisure time behavior of mentally deficient juveniles and adults].

PMID- 4013423
TI  - [Organization of hospital infection control as the main concern of hospital
      hygiene in the Czechoslovak SSR].

PMID- 4013424
TI  - [Modification of physiologic functions of the human body by noise of various
      frequencies].

PMID- 4013425
TI  - [Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters by local dynamic muscle work of
      different working frequencies at endurance limits].

PMID- 4013426
TI  - [Comparison of the force-time course in isometric sustained contraction of the
      extensor apparatus of the back and arm flexor musculature at maximal voluntary
      contraction].

PMID- 4013427
TI  - [Detection of health complaints from the occupational psychologic viewpoint-
      experiences with the use of the Complaint Questionnaire in female workers].

PMID- 4013428
TI  - [Accuracy of the determination of az and aw in the speech audiogram according to
      the Trautmann and Oeken graphic evaluation method].

PMID- 4013429
TI  - [Experiences with an ergonomic study].

PMID- 4013430
TI  - [Neurologic syndromes as atypical courses of vaccination following preventive
      influenza A vaccination].

PMID- 4013431
TI  - [Dose dependence and mechanism of the acute effect of methamidophos on the immune
      system of the mouse].

PMID- 4013432
TI  - [Gas chromatrophic determination of nitrate in biologic material].

PMID- 4013433
TI  - [Principles and criteria of a complex program for the control of Taenia saginata
      in the Wittstock district (Potsdam/East Germany region)].

PMID- 4013434
TI  - [Recommendations for the nomenclature of landfills and remarks on landfill
      sealing].

PMID- 4013435
TI  - [Occupational adjustment of non-educable, productive handicapped adolescents].

PMID- 4013436
TI  - [Public health parameters of urban construction in inner city residential
      construction].

PMID- 4013437
TI  - [Behavior of serum acid levels in children in comparison with adults and the
      incidence of purine metabolism disorders and concomitant diseases in children of
      families with gout].
AB  - The result of our examinations was that there is a vast correspondence of the
      medium levels of serum uric acid as well as of the frequency of hyperuricaemia
      between children after the 10th year of age and the adults. In comparison to the
      average population children from families with a gout anamnesis revealed a twice
      as frequent disturbance of the purine metabolism. In a familial appearance of
      gout and/or in unclear renal as well as joint findings the paediatrician should
      think of the presence of a disturbance of the purine metabolism.

PMID- 4013438
TI  - [Relation between glycohemoglobin, hypoxia parameters and diabetic
      microangiopathy].
AB  - In normal persons and in diabetics with and without tissue injuries was tried to
      find out a connection between the glycolyzed haemoglobin and the parameters of
      hypoxia. In a small number of cases no clearly evident correlation between the
      concentrations of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and the lactate to the
      glycohaemoglobins was found. In connection with this investigation
      pathobiochemical considerations of late diabetic injuries are carried out, which
      are the consequence of inconveniences in the usability of glucose of diabetics
      and the connected with this non-enzymatic glycosylation of various proteins.

PMID- 4013439
TI  - [24-hour energy metabolism in the human: circadian rhythm, relation to body
      weight and nutrition].
AB  - In 7 men with normal weight and 9 man with overweight and healthy metabolism the
      resting and fasting energy expenditure was indirectly calorimetrically pursued in
      the open system over 24 hours. The total energy expenditure over 24 hours
      revealed an ascertained dependence on body-weight and nutrition. The persons with
      overweight had a higher absolute energy expenditure, however, the activity of the
      energy metabolism of the body mass free from fat and the active body mass,
      respectively, decreased with increasing overweight. The resting and fasting
      energy expenditure showed in all measured parameters (oxygen consumption,
      respiratory quotient and nitrogen excretion in the urine) an ascertained daily
      periodicity (circadian rhythm), which was widely independent of body weight. Only
      the average daily level C0 (rhythm adjusted level) of the resting and fasting
      energy expenditure was positively correlated with the body weight and the food
      energy intake. A negative energy balance (reduction 1.2 MJ/d over 28 days)
      influenced only the total energy and substrate balance over 24 hours and the
      daily average level, respectively. The circadian conditions remained unchanged
      (Chossat's phenomenon). The variability in daily rhythm of the energy expenditure
      of nearly 25% of the daily average should be taken into consideration in the
      judgment of exogenically stimulated changes in the energy metabolism.

PMID- 4013440
TI  - [Acute alkylphosphate poisoning (trichlorphon) with an intermediate
      polyneuropathy syndrome].
AB  - A case of an acute intoxication with an alkyl phosphate (trichlorphon) with
      neurological complications in the sense of an intermediate
      polyneuroradiculography in the late phase is described. On the basis of the
      literature toxicological peculiarities of trichlorphon are discussed,
      particularly with regard to the effect on the nervous system. The appearance of
      the neurological disturbances after a latency period of several weeks and the
      long phase of restitution of the pareses with in most cases good prognosis are
      emphasized.

PMID- 4013441
TI  - [Documentation in the polyclinic-internal medicine care process].
AB  - In five full-time and part-time specialists for internal medicine, respectively,
      of the district outpatient department the quality of the documentation of the
      ambulatory care has been tested. The documentations proved to be sufficient.
      Obviously this or that specialist sometimes keeps away from establishing a
      tentative diagnosis in the primary consultation. But the making of a preliminary
      diagnosis involves to do with a limited but sufficient examination programme.

PMID- 4013442
TI  - [Functional relations between microcirculation and oxygen supply (physiologic
      peculiarities in polarographic pO2 measurement in tissue)].
AB  - The measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue is a method
      increasingly used in experiment and clinic, the technical prerequisites for this
      having been created by means of the development of polarographic measuring
      techniques (surface or scarifier-electrodes). The pO2-measurement of the tissue
      renders possible independent conclusions to the relations of microcirculation of
      the organs examined and to the effectiveness of the blood supply of the tissue as
      well as its homogeneity and nutritive achievement for the cellular metabolism. On
      the basis of the intravital microscopic findings in connection with perivascular
      pO2-measurement the pathophysiological peculiarities of this measuring method are
      discussed. The physiologically involved temporary and spatial inhomogeneities of
      the peripheral blood supply limit, however, the generalization of locally
      (approximately 200-300 microns3 measuring area) established oxygen values for
      diagnostics and therapy control. For the measurement an intact microcirculation
      and the simultaneous registration in several measuring places is necessary. Then
      the following informations may be obtained, e.g.: control of the exact dosage of
      an inspiratory O2-supply--control of the volume balance--control of the
      haemodynamic effect of drugs on the microcirculation.

PMID- 4013443
TI  - [Computer tomography diagnosis of cardiac and pericardial space-occupying
      lesions].
AB  - Cardial and paracardial space occupations need a rapid, possibly non-invasive
      diagnosis. The echocardiography and the computer tomography are practically
      available. At the instance of 17 intracardial space occupations (4 solid tumours
      and 13 thrombi), which were found in a total number of 600 cardio-computer
      tomographies, and several selected peri- und paracardial space occupations the
      high diagnostic significance of the computer tomography is demonstrated. With the
      computer tomography a standardized method independent of the investigator is
      available which in qualitative respect appears of the same value as to
      echocardiography in the diagnostics of the intracardial space occupations and in
      the peri- and paracardial space occupations the non-invasive method is the method
      of choice.

PMID- 4013444
TI  - [1- and 2-dimensional echocardiographic studies on the evaluation of the severity
      of mitral stenosis based on valve kinetics].
AB  - It is reported on the results of unidimensional and bidimensional
      echocardiographic investigations of the valve kinetics in 64 patients with a pure
      or predominating mitral stenosis (27 patients stage II, 37 patients stage III).
      The authors establish that the decreased amplitude of the opening and the
      diminution of the early diagnostic back stroke movement of the anterior mitral
      valve, the index of the closure of the mitral valve, the evacuation index of the
      atrium and the relation filling index to evacuation index of the atrium allow of
      a subdivision into stages in the group, that, however, they do not permit a
      secure judgment of the degree of severity in the individual case. The
      determination of the opening surface of the mitral valve from the bidimensional
      picture brings a clear enlargement of the findings. Finally the authors adopt a
      definite attitude to the value of echocardiography in the preoperative
      diagnostics.

PMID- 4013445
TI  - [Lipid peroxides and antioxidants in the blood of patients with arteriosclerotic
      circulatory disorders].
AB  - Malondialdehyde, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase and selenium were analysed in
      the blood of 96 male patients with arteriosclerotic obstructive disease in the
      region of the leg. Of these 32 patients additionally had manifestations of a
      coronary or cerebral arteriosclerosis. In the parameters mentioned no significant
      differences were found between patients with general arteriosclerosis and
      isolated arteriosclerosis of the leg. Patients with arteriosclerosis and
      hyperlipoproteinaemia revealed higher values of malondialdehyde than patients
      without hyperlipoproteinaemia. No correlations were found between malondialdehyde
      and total cholesterol, triglycerides, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase as well
      as selenium.

PMID- 4013446
TI  - [Changes in erythrocyte P50 and its effect on O2 transport in intravenous
      tocolysis with fenoterol (Partusisten)].
AB  - Fenoterol (Partusisten), which has a considerable influence on glucose metabolism
      in addition to its well-known cardiac side-effects, does not appear to have any
      direct influence on the P50 of the maternal erythrocytes in in-vitro experiments.
      In incubation experiments with fresh erythrocytes, fluctuations in the P50 with
      an amplitude of 2-5 mmHg were measured at +37 degrees C; these fluctuations
      depend on the storage age of the erythrocytes and the glucose content of the
      incubation medium. Fenoterol has no effect on the amplitude, nor on the frequency
      of this P50 fluctuation. The glycolytic activity of the erythrocytes, relative to
      the 2,3-DPG and ATP content, also remains uninfluenced under Fenoterol. The
      addition of progesterone or cortisone to the incubation medium has no influence
      on the P50 of the maternal erythrocytes. In-vivo studies of the blood of pregnant
      women indicate changes of the P50 with maximal "shift to the left" after 6 hours
      and compensatory "shift to the right" after 20 hours under tokolysis. No
      fluctuations of the pH value were observed in our patients. The intraerythrocytic
      2,3-DPG concentration changes simultaneously with the P50. Venous pO2 increases
      by approx. 12 mmHg in the first 3 hours following the start of tokolysis.
      However, the changes in the venous pO2 are not simultaneous with the changes in
      the P50. It can be stated that the progesterone level has no influence on the
      release of O2 from the maternal blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013447
TI  - [Ultrastructural studies of vacuole formation in arterial chorionic vessels of
      the mature human placenta].
AB  - The so called endothelial vacuoles of the human fetal stem arteries are formed by
      contraction of the tunica muscularis media. The cytoplasm of the smooth muscle
      cells prolapses through gaps of the basal membrane, found in areas of
      myoendothelial junctions, into the intima. Perfusion with fixative immediately
      after delivery prevents the formation of the vacuoles.

PMID- 4013448
TI  - [Comparison of transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurement with computer automatic
      CTG analysis sub partu].
AB  - 514 labors from 20 tcpO2-cardiotocograms with about 10 000 events were
      computerized. By means of tcpO2-measurement we found a higher correlation between
      the fetal condition basing on a discriminant function (DF) than to the
      quantitative solitary parameters (residual-bradycardia, fetal heart frequency,
      dip area, lag time and bradycardia-index). The boundary ranges from the
      quantitative CTG-interpretation: "normal", "praepathological" (warning signs) and
      "pathological" (hypoxie signs) were confirmed for practice. The tcpO2-curve
      basing on quantitative analysis of their parameters (base line, slope of pO2
      referring to labors and the delay time) is good adapted for examination of
      solitary CTG-parameters in relation to clinical practice.

PMID- 4013449
TI  - [Children of diabetic parents--on the question of developmental disorders in
      pregnancy with special reference to the so-called risk child].
AB  - On the basis of 3 different patient collectives the question of the birthweight
      of infants with one diabetic parent is considered, and in particular whether
      paternal diabetes is a causative factor in the birth of macrosomatic children.
      Diabetes in more distant relatives is also discussed. It is confirmed that there
      is a relationship between diabetic metabolism of the mother and macrosomatia of
      the newborn; however, no influence of paternal diabetes on the birthweight of the
      children can be found. According to this study, miscarriages and stillbirths are
      more frequent in women with diabetes mellitus than in the general population. The
      need for intensive monitoring of the metabolism of (pre)diabetic women during
      pregnancy is pointed out.

PMID- 4013450
TI  - [Postpartum bilateral ovarian vein thrombosis and its complications].
AB  - A 27-year-old patient died postpartum from pulmonary embolism. The right ovarian
      vein was found to be the essential source of thrombemboli which could not be
      stopped by the implantation of a Greenfield umbrella into the vena cava inferior.
      The additional ligature of both ovarian veins can eliminate this important source
      of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy and puerperal period.

PMID- 4013452
TI  - [Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis].

PMID- 4013451
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic studies of azlocillin in pregnancy].
AB  - Examining blood level values and urinary concentrations taken from pregnant and
      nonpregnant women, the pharmacokinetic dates of azlocillin have been evaluated.
      We used a computer program based on the two-compartment model. The evaluation of
      azlocillin concentrations in serum and urine has been realized with the two
      following methods: polarography and agar diffusion test. We found nearly equal
      values of serum concentrations when using both methods. There are no statistical
      differences between pharmacokinetic dates of pregnant and nonpregnant women.
      Therefore we state: It is not necessary to change the dosage and the application
      interval of azlocillin during pregnancy.

PMID- 4013454
TI  - [Therapeutic results with the aromatic retinoid (Tigason) in Sharp syndrome and
      progressive scleroderma].
AB  - As experimental findings indicated inhibitory action of aromatic retinoid on
      microtubule polymerisation and collagen metabolism of mesenchymal cells, we
      decided to treat 5 patients suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis as well
      as 3 patients with Sharp's syndrome with aromatic retinoid (Tigason). All 8
      patients of this preliminary study responded positively to this therapy, but
      there were individual differences. The dosage corresponded to that applied in
      psoriasis. There were no severe side effects observed. In our opinion, these
      results justify the application of aromatic retinoid in patients suffering from
      progressive systemic sclerosis or Sharp's syndrome.

PMID- 4013453
TI  - [Development of a squamous cell carcinoma in generalized morphea].
AB  - We report on a 65-year-old woman having suffered from generalized morphea since
      28 years. Chronic leg ulcers within atrophic areas have been known since 1960.
      Since 10 months, the ground of one of these large ulcerated scars has
      increasingly turned to cauliflower-like vegetation with its edge progressively
      heaped up. Biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. We
      discuss possible ways of carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma in generalized
      morphea.

PMID- 4013455
TI  - [Changes in the chemoluminescence behavior of micro- and macrophages in
      psoriasis: more than just an epiphenomenon?].
AB  - Based on previous in vitro examinations, we compared different stimuli eliciting
      a "respiratory burst" in phagocytes of patients with psoriasis and controls. -
      Measurements were performed be chemiluminescence (CL). - The results show similar
      CL in resting phagocytes. Upon stimulation, psoriatic macrophages display
      augmented CL with aggregated immunoglobulin (aggIg), zymosan (Z), and opsonized
      zymosan (C3b), macrophages with aggIg, Z, phorbol myristate acetate, and
      concanavalin A. - The capability for increased phagocytic CL in psoriasis may be
      modulated by different cell membrane receptors. Changes in the metabolism of
      arachidonic acid analogous to those encountered in psoriatic epidermis may be
      responsible for the augmented CL in psoriasis.

PMID- 4013456
TI  - [Nail dyschromia as the leading symptom in chronic mercury poisoning caused by a
      cosmetic bleaching preparation].
AB  - Prolonged use of a cosmetic cream containing mercury induced a greenish black
      nail discoloration in a 56-years-old female patient. Electron microscopy as well
      as energy-dispersive X-ray analysis identified mercury in the cells of the nail
      plate. The patient showed mild symptoms of a chronic mercury intoxication with
      high levels of mercury in serum and urine. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1
      sulfonate was effective and well tolerated.

PMID- 4013457
TI  - [Livedo racemosa generalisata. Clinical aspects and histopathology of
      obliterating arteriolopathy with CNS involvement].
AB  - The histopathology of Sneddon's syndrome (livedo racemosa generalisata and
      cerebrovascular defects) is characterized by a thickened intima with subsequent
      narrowing of the lumen of ascending arterioles in the upper subcutaneous tissue
      and deep dermis. Ultrastructurally, migrating medial smooth muscle cells with
      plenty of intermediate filaments colonize the subendothelial intimal space
      ("intima proliferation").

PMID- 4013458
TI  - [Serum carotene and serum retinol in psoriasis].
AB  - The serum carotene and retinol levels were determined in 25 male psoriatic
      patients and 25 healthy male controls. No difference was observed in carotene
      level, however, retinol level was found lower in psoriatic patients as compared
      to controls.

PMID- 4013459
TI  - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-like pseudolymphoma in syphilis II].
AB  - We report on a patient suffering from early secondary syphilis associated with
      hepatitis and generalized papular rash which clinically and histologically
      appeared as non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the centrocytic-centroblastic type. The
      benign course and the response of the papular rash to penicillin therapy as well
      as repeated histological examination of many plasma cells and epithelioid cells,
      however, revealed pseudolymphoma.

PMID- 4013460
TI  - [The importance of local factors in recurrent erysipelas].
AB  - We report on 366 patients suffering from erysipelas who have been treated in 1977
      to 1981. 263 of them had primary infections, 103 showed relapsing erysipelas. In
      the course of treatment, sex, age, localisation, as well as local terrain factors
      have been evaluated. Therapy consisted of high dosage antibiotic treatment and
      correction of the local predisposing terrain factors. 41 of the 103 patients with
      relapsing erysipelas have been controlled during an observation period between 2
      and 6 years. 27 patients of these 41 (63.9%) did not suffer a relapse within the
      observation period, 14 (34.1%) reported relapses. Local predisposing factors were
      found more frequently in patients with recurrence of the disease. Therefore,
      strict therapeutic control of terrain factors seems to be much more important
      than long-term antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 4013461
TI  - [Effect of propranolol and alcohol on hemodynamics and fatality in the rat].
AB  - In rats, diastolic and systolic pressure-volume correlations of the intact heart
      in situ were recorded under control conditions and after various amounts of
      propranolol and ethanol given intravenously. Besides the cardio-depressant effect
      of propranolol, there is an additional dose-dependent effect caused by ethanol.
      The administration of propranolol or ethanol alone, even in high doses, causes no
      mortality; the combination of both drugs even in low doses is associated with a
      lethality of about 40%. Only few comparable clinical findings have been
      presented.

PMID- 4013462
TI  - [Comparative echocardiographic volume determinations using a dynamic heart
      model].
AB  - Using a dynamic and symmetrical cardiac phantom different echocardiographic
      mathematical models (Simpson 7 slices, area-length method, Simpson 2 slices and
      method according to Teichholz) were compared. 9 different end-diastolic (EDV) and
      end-systolic (ESV) volumes, 9 different stroke volumes (SV) and ejection
      fractions (EF) were used. EDV and ESV varied between 39-298 ml; SV between 29-100
      ml and EF between 14-46%. In addition 10 fixed volumes of the same shape were
      evaluated using the same echocardiographic mathematical models. While symmetrical
      fixed volumes can be assessed correctly (r = 0.97-0.98), apart from the formula
      according to Teichholz (r = 0.89, significant underestimation of volumes), the
      correlation coefficients decrease using a dynamic cardiac phantom. In the
      modification of Simpson with 7 slices the best correlation was found for all
      parameters (EDV: r = 0.93; ESV: r = 0.94; EF: r = 0.87; SV: r = 0.81). The
      biplane area-length method has no advantages over Simpson's rule with 2 slices in
      the short axis; for symmetrical models both methods are comparable, both having
      high correlation coefficients (for volumes r = 0.85 and r = 0.88; for EF 0.78 and
      0.84). Using the method according to Teichholz symmetrical volumes can be well
      assessed (r = 0.90), for the determination of EF the correlation coefficient
      decreases to r = 0.65 and for stroke volume to 0.33, reflecting no significant
      correlation to the actual SV. Possible causes for a poorer correlation are
      discussed for moving objects as opposed to the fixed volumes.

PMID- 4013463
TI  - [Secondary pauses following high frequency atrial stimulation: incidence and
      possible underlying mechanisms].
AB  - Atrial pacing up to 250 bpm was performed in 88 patients with suspected sick
      sinus syndrome or syncopes of unknown origin. Measurements were done on the first
      five return cycles. According to cSNRTmax they were divided in 3 groups (group 1
      less than 525 ms, group 2 greater than or equal to 525 ms less than 1000 ms,
      group 3 greater than or equal to 1000 ms). The return cycle pattern (PSM) was
      calculated (mean + standard deviation of PSI 1-PS15 at each pacing rate). A
      "normal" PSM with long PSI1 and gradual shortening of the subsequent cycles was
      found only at low pacing rates in group 1 and group 2. At higher rates, the PSI1
      shortened and PSI2 lengthened, resulting in frequent secondary pauses (SP).
      Atrial pacing up to 400 bpm was performed in 20 open chest dogs. SP were
      frequently obtained at pacing rates above 300 bpm. Intravenous application of
      propranolol and atropine did not diminish SP, neither did bilateral vagotomy.
      Additional subthreshold stimuli, as well as stimulation with large interpolar
      distance did not influence the PSM of SP at high frequencies. Simultaneous
      stimulation of right atrium and right ventricle had no significant effects on SP.
      Pacemaker shifts occurring frequently after high rate pacing were not necessarily
      accompanied by SP. The velocity of activation spread over the sinoatrial region
      was significantly slower in cases of postpacing beats preceding a SP. It was
      concluded that the PSM of SP provoked by high rate atrial pacing is neither
      caused by local release of neurotransmitters nor by pacing induced changes of the
      autonomic tone nor by pacemaker shifts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013464
TI  - [Excretion of free catecholamines in relation to age, sex and blood pressure].
AB  - The influence of age, sex and hypertension on urinary excretion of free
      catecholamines was evaluated in 190 men (64 hypertensive patients) and 75 women
      (10 hypertensive patients). Noradrenaline correlates positively with age in
      healthy men (r = 0.37, p less than 0.001) and women (r = 0.36, p less than
      0.001). Adrenaline and dopamine do not show any significant correlation with age.
      Noradrenaline excretion is slightly higher in young (less than or equal to 39
      years of age) and significantly higher in old (greater than or equal to 40 years
      of age) hypertensive patients than in age-matched control subjects. Noradrenaline
      (32 +/- 15 micrograms X 24 h-1) and adrenaline excretion (9 +/- 7 micrograms X 24
      h-1) are lower in the group of younger women than in younger men (52 +/- 23 and
      19 +/- 12 micrograms X 24 h-1). We assume that the lower excretion of free
      catecholamines in younger women is significant for a lower sympathetic activity.

PMID- 4013465
TI  - [False chordae tendineae in the left ventricle. Echo and phonocardiographic
      findings].
AB  - In 91 of 1007 children (9%) with and without heart disease who underwent
      echocardiographic exploration we found false chordae tendineae in the left
      ventricle. These bands, usually running from the lateral wall to the
      interventricular septum, showed strong ultrasound reflections and could be seen
      in at least two different views. More than one band was rarely seen in the
      ventricle. All children with false chordae tendineae in the left ventricle had
      innocent heart murmurs. Of these systolic murmurs 91% were, according to their
      sound quality, maximal intensity and frequency, Still's innocent murmurs. On the
      other hand, in 72% of 54 other children with innocent murmurs we found false
      chordae tendineae in the left ventricle by careful 2D-echocardiographic
      exploration.

PMID- 4013466
TI  - Some observations on the biology of five strains of Eimeria necatrix.
AB  - Five laboratory strains of Eimeria necatrix were characterised with regard to the
      size of their oocysts, pathogenicity, reproduction, cross-immunity, ability to
      grow in embryonated eggs, and electrophoretic variation of enzymes. Three strains
      were highly pathogenic whilst two caused only few deaths and milder changes to
      the mean body weight gains of infected chickens. Cross-immunity was incomplete
      judged by scores of lesions after heterologous challenge, and electrophoretic
      variation of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase from
      oocysts of the five strains was also found. All the strains completed their life
      cycle in embryonated eggs but only a few oocysts were recovered.

PMID- 4013467
TI  - Maintenance of in vitro cultures of Babesia divergens and Babesia major at low
      temperatures.
AB  - Cultures of erythrocytes parasitized by Babesia divergens and Babesia major were
      stored in medium cooled to 4 degrees C for up to 8 weeks. There was a marked
      decrease in parasitaemia and an increase in the number of free extra
      erythrocytic, unagglutinated merozoites, during the cooled period. Cultures
      stored in this way and returned to 38 degrees C resumed growth, with or without
      sub-culture. At the low temperature, only one sub-culture is required per week.

PMID- 4013468
TI  - [Morpho-anatomic and functional sectorization of Schistosoma mansoni daughter
      sporocysts].
AB  - During the larval development of S. mansoni in the snail host, morpho-anatomic
      changes occur in the daughter sporocyst by a sectorization of this larval stage.
      Three sectors can be distinguished: an anterior zone with a well-differentiated
      birth pore; dilated zones containing the developing cercariae; constricted zones
      without cercarial embryo. The photonic and electronic microscopical study shows
      variations in the tegumental structure of these sectors. This evolution of the
      daughter sporocysts is discussed in relation with the dynamics of larval stages
      and the replication process of sporocysts.

PMID- 4013469
TI  - Do Toxocara canis larval antigens used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
      visceral larva migrans cross-react with AB isohemagglutinins and give false
      positive results?
AB  - A variety of helminth parasites have A and B blood group antigens on their
      surface. These antigens may cross-react with elevated concentrations of A and B
      isohemagglutinins in some patients and give false-positive results in the
      serologic diagnosis of visceral larva migrans caused by T. canis. To clarify this
      point, serum from patients with visceral larva migrans and elevated T. canis
      antibody titers as determined by ELISA were absorbed with AB blood cells and
      retested by ELISA without a demonstrable decline in T. canis antibody titers.
      Similarly, absorption with T. canis embryonated egg antigens of serum containing
      elevated levels of anti-A or anti-B isohemagglutinins failed to decrease the
      isohemagglutinin titer. This indicates that the ELISA using T. canis embryonated
      egg antigen does not give false positive results with sera containing high
      concentrations of anti-A or anti-B isohemagglutinins.

PMID- 4013470
TI  - Action of diethylcarbamazine citrate on protective immunity in rats infected with
      Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
AB  - Rats made immune to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and treated with
      diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) orally (250 mg/kg X 6) exhibited significant
      suppression of functional immunity. Similarly, administration of compound 48/80
      (100 micrograms/rat i.p.) made the immune rats susceptible to challenge
      infection. Treatment of rats, with 22-day infection with compound 48/80,
      histamine (20 mg/rat, per os), or L-histidine (20 mg/rat, orally s.c.) did not
      accelerate worm expulsion. A massive complement-dependent adherence of peritoneal
      cells (1 X 10(8], isolated from immune DEC-treated and untreated rats, to
      infective larvae (L3) was observed. Likewise, heavy congregation of normal
      peritoneal cells to larvae was noticed when the cells were incubated with sera
      obtained from immune, DEC-treated or untreated rats. The rats receiving
      mesenteric lymph node cells (125 X 10(6) i.v.) or sera (0.5 ml or 1 ml X 3 i.p.),
      obtained from immune DEC-treated rats and challenged with infective larvae
      developed 50% more worms than those which received cells or serum from untreated
      immune donors. DEC appears to cause suppression of functional immunity and worm
      expulsion is not histamine mediated.

PMID- 4013471
TI  - [Evaluation and prognosis of changes in the femur end of the hip in hip
      dislocation].
AB  - Long-term observations proved the necessity of careful control of the development
      of femur head epiphysis in case of dislocated hip joint. The occurrence of femur
      head necroses can be greatly reduced by a sparing functional treatment.
      Endogenously conditioned constructive disturbances, which can be found in 5 to 7
      p.c. of all cases, have to be clearly distinguished from head necroses.

PMID- 4013472
TI  - [Apposition acetabular roof surgery with screw osteosynthesis and use of wedge
      osteotomy in intertrochanteric femur osteotomy].
AB  - After introductory presentation of the different methods of roofplasty of the
      hipsocket (including the osteotomies of the pelvis) relative to indication,
      advantages and disadvantages we describe a new technique of roofplasty for older
      children, adolescents and grownups, in which the wedge of the intertrochanteric
      femur osteotomy--up to now a by-product is used for a roofplasty similar to the
      combined operation with children. We give a presentation of the vertical and
      transverse apposition technique and especially of the advantage of the
      compression screw osteosynthesis. In particular we make a comparative evaluation
      to the concurrent pelvic osteotomy after Chiari. Above all we give a report of
      the experiences with 62 patients with 67 operations within a period of 7 years
      (1976-1982): We report the subjective and objective results. In general we
      achieved very satisfying results with a very low rate of complications.

PMID- 4013473
TI  - [Lateralization of the femur head--its significance for the pathogenesis,
      diagnosis, therapy and course of Perthes' disease].
AB  - Lateral displacement of the femoral head was measured by the radiographs of 71
      patients suffering from Perthes' disease. It is reported to be an early sign of
      the disease. Also it represents subluxation of the head of the femur, which is
      well accepted for a not favourable outcome. At the time of diagnosis average
      widening of the medial joint space was 1.9 mm. During the course of the disease
      the joint space was at its maximum width during fragmentation stage. A relation
      between lateral displacement and the extent of the disease could be shown, what
      suggests an importance in pathogenesis. Swelling of the soft tissues within the
      fossa acetabuli has been related to lateral displacement. On abduction films the
      femoral head could be demonstrated to migrate deeper into the acetabulum in those
      cases, when flattening of the femoral head was present. The consequences for the
      course and therapy of the disease is discussed.

PMID- 4013474
TI  - [Early results in the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease using intra
      articular injections of aqueous propolis extract].
AB  - Authors presented results in conservative treatment of 54 cases of hip joint with
      aseptic necrosis of thigh bone. In 22 hips, excluding the typical conservative
      treatment, EEP injections were given. However, in the remaining 32, different
      forms of relieve were used. The obtained results in the first group (A) confirm
      the purpose of enrichment in conservative treatment by adapting intra- articular
      injections of EEP especially in advanced stages of necrosis (III-IV period of
      illness) and also in those whose parents did not express their consent on surgery
      in the early stage of the illness.

PMID- 4013475
TI  - [Late prognosis of Perthes' disease: which factors determine arthritis risk?].
AB  - In 55 patients with Perthes' Disease the radiographic and clinical results were
      reviewed at the Orthopedic Clinic Balgrist of the University of Zurich
      (Switzerland) an average of 42 years (range: 28-56) after onset of the disease.
      Radiographs were available from the onset of disease to maturity. They were
      systematically evaluated utilizing the following criteria: Catterall grouping,
      "head at risk" signs, Mose's criteria and various indices and quotients for the
      measurement of femoral head deformity. The late results of the affected hips in
      adult life based upon clinical and radiological examination, and especially the
      development of arthrosis, were correlated with the earlier evaluations using
      statistical methods. Our results support the therapeutic concept of "femoral head
      containment" which means a better prognosis for those hips in which the femoral
      head is well contained without lateral subluxation or extrusion. In contrast to
      the negative prognostic significance of lateral calcification, which was found
      more frequently in the older children with poor end results, the amount of
      femoral head involvement according to the Catterall grouping was not found to
      have any influence upon the late outcome. A very important predictor of the
      prognosis was found to be the sphericity of the femoral head evaluated according
      to Mose's criteria, followed by the head-acetabulum quotient, the acetabulum
      quotient and the radius quotient. When severe residual deformity persisted after
      the healing phase arthritis developed in many cases. Age was also a significant
      factor. Fewer good results were found in children who were more than 8 years old
      at the onset of symptoms. The last assessment, based on clinical and radiological
      criteria, showed that 46% of patients had an excellent and 33% a good late
      result. Disabling arthritis requiring surgery developed in only 9 cases. We
      found, as have other authors of long term follow-up studies, that many patients,
      especially those with no or only mild femoral head deformity, do not develop
      significant coxarthrosis in early or middle adult life. More than 50% of the
      patients showed only mild or even no arthrosis an average of four decades after
      the onset of Perthes' Disease.

PMID- 4013476
TI  - [ Prospects of success in hip operations in severely handicapped children with
      cerebral palsy].
AB  - Sixty-eight very severely handicapped children with cerebral paresis, incapable
      of walking unaided, who underwent hip surgery ten years ago and more, were
      followed up. It was found that surgery had been a moderate success only in those
      who still had residual function when prone (ability to crawl). As far as the most
      seriously affected children were concerned the improvement, if there was any, was
      only in the radiological findings; the tendency to increased development of a
      scoliotic pelvis was not affected. The results after bone operations (DV
      osteotomy, hip adjustments, reconstruction of the roof of the acetabulum) are
      better with regard to X-ray findings, but by no means reliable. It is still
      debatable whether surgery brought about any improvement in the condition of these
      patients.

PMID- 4013477
TI  - [Initial results with the AO Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS)].
AB  - The report is based on a follow-up of over 54 osteosyntheses employing the
      Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) of the AO on the proximal femur. The patients, of an
      average age of 72 years, exhibited the following lesions: fractures of 7 femoral
      necks, 43 fractures in the pertrochanteric region, 3 reverse fractures and 1
      subtrochanteric metastasis. An unstable fracture was present on 26 occasions. The
      follow-up, carried out personally, was done from 3 to 26 months postoperatively
      on 38 out of 40 patients still alive. The average age was 68 years. In not a
      single case was an implant failure or a protrusion of the screw into the joint
      observed. Technical faults were present in 4 cases (7.4%) that led in 1 case to
      an infection (1.85%). 37 patients (97%), of which 23 were between 70 and 90 years
      of age, were able to walk during the follow-up. 34 (89%) of the patients showed
      symmetrical, or less than 20 degrees of limited hip movement while 12 (32%)
      sporadically complained of slight pain or weather dependency. 2 of the 7 patients
      with femoral neck fractures and 4 of the remaining 47 patients with trochanteric
      fractures (including 1 subtrochanteric metastasis) had to be reoperated. The DHS
      proved to be a simple and efficient fixation device for proximal femoral
      fractures in the hands of ten different surgeons. The telescopic sliding of the
      screw enables a compulsory sintering of the fracture, without leading to
      penetration of the femoral head or breakage of the implant.

PMID- 4013478
TI  - [Etiology of congenital abnormalities].
AB  - In this work the author presents his own views regarding the etiology of
      congenital deformations. The development has been classified according to three
      phases, taking account of the influence of exogenic and/or endogenous noxae and
      their secondary effects: 1. The phase between the primordial cell and the second
      mature cell division; 2. the phase between the second mature cell division and
      the 12th week of the embryo; 3. the phase following the 12th week of the embryo.
      During the first phase we are confronted with chromosomal and genetic
      disturbances. During the second phase, we see disturbances in the process of
      differentiation and in the third phase anomalies in terms of growth.

PMID- 4013479
TI  - [Reproducibility of surface measurements of the back using the opTRImetric
      method].
AB  - The early detection of scoliosis as well as the supervision of its progress
      without or with a minimal number of X-rays, is the aim of surface measurements by
      the opTRImetric method. The device, the method and the measured variables are
      described. The main aim of the work was the determination of the reproducibility
      of the measured variables. The variation of the measured variables caused by the
      stance and measurement method are given. It appears that the use of a balance for
      equal footloading results in a posture different from the "normal" one, and that
      the reproducibility of this posture seems even less than of the posture adopted
      when equiloading of the legs is subjectively attempted.

PMID- 4013480
TI  - [Roentgen findings of the sternum].
AB  - The x-ray findings of the sternum of 120 patients are analyzed. The difficulties
      to prove fractures, metastasis, inflammation, and degenerative alterations are
      shown, and the differential diagnosis is discussed. The exclusion of pathological
      findings is valuable only after diagnostic with different projections and
      sagittal and transversal tomography.

PMID- 4013481
TI  - [The asymmetry of funnel chest: assessment, incidence, consequences].
AB  - Cross-section profile measurements of 154 primary chest wall deformities showed
      86 percent punctum maximum deviations and 55 percent asymmetries of the
      anterolateral chest wall, influencing the frontal and sagittal heart position.
      Operative consequences of these morphological findings are: Adequate cranial and
      lateral rib mobilisation and the need of metal strut stabilisation.

PMID- 4013482
TI  - [Pre and postoperative computerized tomographic diagnosis in tumors of the
      shoulder girdle].
AB  - 33 CT-investigations of 23 patients with malignancies of the shoulder girdle were
      analyzed. In 80% of the surgically treated bone tumours of 17 patients the
      presence and extend of soft tissue infiltration and of osseous destruction could
      be delineated. The size of the 6 soft tissue tumours was better demonstrated by
      CT than by any other radiologic procedure. As CT is the most reliable noninvasive
      method to visualize the extend of a tumour of the shoulder girdle it is a
      valuable aid in treatment planning. Diagnostic pitfalls and results of follow-up
      studies are discussed.

PMID- 4013483
TI  - [Eosinophilic granuloma of the spine].
AB  - The contribution to the clinical picture of eosinophilic granuloma of the spine.
      This tumor-like, osteolytic bone lesion presents both diagnostic and therapeutic
      problems. Solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the spine is not common. Compared to
      the multiple manifestation of eosinophilic granuloma, which seldom spares the
      spine, vertebral involvement is rare in cases of solitary eosinophilic granuloma
      (about 10 p.c.). Spinal involvement of this disease is mainly characterized by an
      undramatic, uneventful clinical course, even in cases of extensive osteolytic
      bone defects, varying laboratory findings as well as partial or complete collapse
      of a vertebra, mostly in form of a true vertebrae plana. Open biopsy is
      recommended instead of needle aspiration biopsy in solitary eosinophilic
      granuloma of the spine in order to exclude Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma, or
      bony manifestations of leukemia. In cases of solitary eosinophilic granuloma
      various therapeutic methods have been tried. Some authors have registered good
      results by means of prolonged immobilization, similar to fracture treatment.
      Others have used radiation therapy in moderate doses. We suggest operative
      treatment of solitary eosinophilic granuloma. Our procedure comprises open
      biopsy, frozen section examination, and curettage of the affected vertebral body,
      taking care not to destroy the epiphyseal plate or the intervertebral disc.
      Vertebral body replacement is achieved by means of a bone graft, taken from the
      iliac crest. The original height of the vertebra is thus restored and immediate
      stability of the involved area guaranteed. Undisturbed bone growth of the end
      plated of the vertebral body can be observed. This technique is to prevent
      disturbances of spinal growth and permanent deformities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013484
TI  - [Water and electrolyte content of human intervertebral disks under varying load].
AB  - The human intervertebral disc acts as an osmotic system. Water, salt and other
      low-molecular substances penetrate the cartilage plates and anulus fibrosus. The
      content of water, sodium, potassium and ashes in different regions of 69 human
      lumbar intervertebral discs was examined before and after loading them with
      certain weights. Under load the disc looses water - anulus 11%, nucleus 8% - and
      gains sodium and potassium. The higher concentration of electrolytes in the disc
      after a long period of weight-bearing enlarge its osmotic absorptive forces and
      enable the disc to hold the rest-water also against a great amount of pressure.
      After reducing the pressure water is quickly reabsorbed and the disc gains height
      and volume. The pumping mechanism keeps up the nutrition and biomechanical
      function of the intervertebral disc.

PMID- 4013485
TI  - [Results with ceramic-on-ceramic sliding endoprosthesis completely or partially
      fixed without cement].
AB  - 41 patients with ceramic total hip arthroplasty were followed up (on an average
      2.8 years p. op., mean age 49.7 years). 9 prostheses were of type Lindenhof, 32
      were of type Mittelmeier. In 27 cases cementless implantation was performed, 7
      cases were reimplants. Hip scores according to Merle d'Aubigne reached 41 to 18
      in 11 cases, 12 to 14 in 12 cases, and less than 12 in 17 cases. In cementless
      total hip arthroplasty a major problem appears to be associated with the
      anchorage of the femoral stem. Using a screw type fixation of the acetabular
      component seems to guarantee good anchorage, this was found also for reimplants.
      Doubts are raised about the use of ceramic on ceramic combination in
      arthroplasty.

PMID- 4013487
TI  - Skin elasticity in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.

PMID- 4013486
TI  - [Results of scintigraphy with labeled leukocytes for the diagnosis of infectious
      hip prosthesis loosening].
AB  - The present paper reports on the results of a specific scintigraphic examination
      method for diagnosing infections in cases of loosening of hip prostheses by means
      of labeled granulocytes. In 103 patients the result of the examination was
      compared with the result of the bacteriological and/or histological investigation
      following removal or replacement of the implant. Where there was an infectious
      loosening of the prosthesis the findings were in agreement with the results of
      the scintigraphic examination in 83.1% of the cases. It was possible to rule out
      infectious loosening of the prosthesis in 93% of the cases thus investigated.

PMID- 4013488
TI  - Skin elasticity in patients with primary varicose veins.

PMID- 4013489
TI  - [Significance of thrombocytes and plasma for the regulation of hemostasis in type
      II diabetics].

PMID- 4013490
TI  - [Intraoperative detection of irreversible brain ischemia with somatosensory
      evoked potentials].

PMID- 4013491
TI  - Assessment of aorto-iliac disease by intraarterial pressure measurement.

PMID- 4013492
TI  - [Valve destruction by in situ venous bypass].

PMID- 4013493
TI  - Femoropopliteal saphenous vein bypass grafts 8 years later.

PMID- 4013494
TI  - [Varicose veins of the deep perforating veins--a typical phlebologic disease
      picture].

PMID- 4013495
TI  - [Arteriomegaly--a special form of dilated arteriopathy].

PMID- 4013496
TI  - Local bipartition of the femoral portion of the greater saphenous vein.

PMID- 4013497
TI  - [Insufficient perforating vein of the anteromedial tibial surface].

PMID- 4013498
TI  - [CT detection of a splenic artery aneurysm].

PMID- 4013499
TI  - [Continuous heparin treatment with an implanted pump in recurrent leg venous
      thromboses. A case description].

PMID- 4013500
TI  - [Bilateral popliteal compression syndrome in Winiwarter-Buerger disease].

PMID- 4013501
TI  - Arterial occlusions in iron deficiency anemia with thrombocytosis.

PMID- 4013502
TI  - [Vascular tumors IX: Gemmangioma malignum].

PMID- 4013503
TI  - Surgical correction of congenital deformities of the anterior chest wall.

PMID- 4013504
TI  - [Motility disorders of the small intestines].

PMID- 4013505
TI  - [Prevention of ischemia during operations on the aorta under superficial
      hypothermia].

PMID- 4013506
TI  - [Myocardial ischemia and its prevention by coronary perfusion during aortic valve
      prosthesis].

PMID- 4013507
TI  - [Pathogenesis and methods of prevention of ischemic shock during reperfusion of
      prolonged ischemicized limbs].

PMID- 4013508
TI  - [Anti-ischemic protection of the myocardium by cardioplegic solutions].

PMID- 4013509
TI  - [Antihypoxic effect of inosine during operations on the heart under prolonged
      artificial circulation and hypothermia].

PMID- 4013510
TI  - [Possibility of the restoration of kidney function after critical periods of
      thermal ischemia by perfusion].

PMID- 4013511
TI  - [Permissible time of the hypothermic perfusion of the kidneys with albumin-salt
      solutions].

PMID- 4013512
TI  - [Prolongation of safe periods in brain ischemia].

PMID- 4013513
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation products in the blood of patients with acute myocardial
      infarction treated and untreated with the antioxidant dibunol].

PMID- 4013514
TI  - [Two-phase gas chromatography in the diagnosis of surgical infection].

PMID- 4013515
TI  - [Clinico-tomographic comparisons in senile dementia].

PMID- 4013516
TI  - [Hematopoiesis at late periods after radiotherapy (data on the follow-up of
      patients with lymphogranulomatosis)].

PMID- 4013517
TI  - Mental retardation: meeting the challenge.

PMID- 4013518
TI  - Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants.

PMID- 4013519
TI  - Solubilization of fish muscle proteins with buffers containing sodium dodecyl
      sulfate.
AB  - The extraction of fish muscle protein using SDS containing solubilization buffers
      was studied varying the time and the temperature of solubilization, as well as pH
      and SDS concentration of the buffer. At pH less than 6 the myofibrillar proteins
      were incompletely solubilized; temperatures of 80-100 degrees C resulted in
      protein degradation observable in the SDS-PAGE. Samples of fish muscle containing
      high amounts of formaldehyde (50 mmoles FA/kg wet weight) could only be
      solubilised at 100 degrees C; on the other hand it was possible to solubilize
      cooked and/or canned products under mild conditions (2% SDS, 1% 2-ME, pH 8.9,
      shaking for 2 h at 60 degrees C).

PMID- 4013521
TI  - The statistical properties of a stepwise procedure for testing the purity of
      fruit juice.
AB  - In many cases no fixed standards are available and a sample from a target
      population is used to provide the necessary quality-control norms. Furthermore,
      many products possess several correlated attributes that are relevant to the
      authenticity question. This article addresses some issues related to statistical
      tests used in such cases, focussing in particular on a procedure that has been
      lately proposed for differentiating between pure and adulterated fruit juice. The
      quality control of fruit juice is usually performed by comparing the values of
      several characteristics in the tested sample against some prespecified standards.
      In many cases those standards are based on the values found in a sample of a
      presumably pure juice, which is used as a "reference sample" or a "base sample".
      Several detection methods were recently proposed that use universal "base
      samples" and are supposed to be valid when applied to juices from different
      sources or different varieties. We compare the results yielded by the use of
      various "base samples" and show that the application of such a method to Israeli
      citrus juice leads to too many rejections of pure juices. We suggest that the
      main drawbacks of the method is the use of improper "base sample" that is not
      specific to the sample being tested.

PMID- 4013520
TI  - Some nitrosoamino acids in bacon adipose tissue and their contribution to the
      total N-nitroso compound concentration.
AB  - The levels of nitrosoamino acids and apparent total N-nitroso compounds in the
      adipose tissue of raw bacon have been examined. Nitrosoamino acids were detected
      in 80% of the samples in levels of up to 0.2 mg/kg. Apparent total N-nitroso
      compounds were present in all samples in concentrations of between 0.4 and 3.7 mg
      (N-NO)/kg. Nitrosoamino acids accounted for approximately only 1% of the apparent
      total N-nitroso compounds. The majority of the apparent total N-nitroso compounds
      in the adipose tissue were associated with the insoluble connective tissue
      fraction, with the remainder present as chloroform soluble species.

PMID- 4013522
TI  - [The mycotoxin problem: results of food monitoring].
AB  - From more than 67 reports on food analysis of aflatoxin, patulin and ochratoxin,
      the results between 1980-1983 were evaluated and tabulated. The following number
      of samples were investigated: aflatoxin 15 550, patulin 356 and ochratoxin 437.
      The amount of Control samples for aflatoxins has reached such a high number that
      rapid methods for sampling, preparation and analysis are necessary. Out of the
      many foods investigated, only 9-10 might really be jeopardized, whereby the
      tendency of contamination-reduction was observed.

PMID- 4013523
TI  - [Volatile acids in tropical fruits: cherimoya (Annona cherimolia, Mill.), guava
      (psidium guajava, L.), mango (Mangifera indica, L., var. Alphonso), papaya
      (Carica papaya, L.)].
AB  - The volatile acids extracted by pentane/dichloromethane (2 + 1) from tropical
      fruit pulps were identified and determined by capillary gas chromatography (HRGC)
      and combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using EI- and CI mode
      (HRGC-EI/CIMS). In cherimoya (A. cherimolia, Mill.) fruit pulp 47 acids were
      characterized; major compounds were hexanoic (3 mg/kg) and octanoic (1 mg/kg)
      acid. Fifty one acids were identified in guava (P. guajava, L.), 54 in mango (M,
      indica, L., var. Alphonso) and 56 in papaya (C. papaya, L.). (E)-cinnamoic acid
      (0.4 mg/kg) and (Z)-3-hexenoic acid (0.2 mg/kg) were determined as major
      constituents in guava; in mango 5-hydroxy-(Z)-7-decenoic acid (2 mg/kg) and 3
      hydroxyoctanoic acid (1.1 mg/kg) and in papaya pulp butanoic acid (1.2 mg/kg)
      were established as major constituents.

PMID- 4013524
TI  - HPLC determination of caffeine and theophylline in Paullinia cupana Kunth
      (guarana) and Cola spp. samples.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for the
      determination of caffeine and theophylline in commercial guarana samples (drug
      obtained from the seeds of Paulinia cupana Kunth, Sapindaceae of the Amazon
      Region) and in Cola spp. samples is described and discussed. The methodology
      developed is simple and rapid with a minimum of samples preparation required. A
      comparison of five different techniques for the extraction of caffeine and
      theophylline is discussed. Furthermore the quantitative determination of caffeine
      and theophylline in five samples of Brasilian guarana, in two samples of dietetic
      products containing guarana, in two samples of Cola extract and in three of Cola
      seed powder are reported.

PMID- 4013525
TI  - Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids. VI. Kinetics of curcumin degradation in
      aqueous solution.
AB  - The kinetics of the pH-dependent degradation of curcumin has been investigated. A
      plot of the rate constant against pH indicates the pKa values of the acid
      protons. The graph also indicates the complexity of the curcumin degradation.

PMID- 4013526
TI  - Comparison of trace element solubility from food items treated separately and in
      combination.
AB  - Solubility of trace elements from various foods (beef, soya, crab, wholemeal and
      white bread) is assessed with various extractants, at different pH's and after
      enzyme treatment. Simple extractants do not solubilise trace elements to the same
      degree as when they are released after digestive enzyme action. Enzymic action
      can change the nature of the soluble species as well as their amount. Trace
      element solubility from one food can be affected markedly by the presence of
      another food, e.g. soya enhances the solubility of iron from beef but suppresses
      zinc solubility. Trace elements that are bound to the insoluble residue after
      enzymolysis are soluble in saline solution on subsequent extraction in only
      isolated instances.

PMID- 4013527
TI  - [Autoplastic ureter transplant in animal experiments. Preliminary report].
AB  - The ureters give a sufficient possibility of a partial or total autoplastic
      bridging over. The hitherto relatively more vital and more universal
      isoperistaltic portion of substitute gives rise to other experiments whether or
      not better results may be obtained after a longer splinting of the ureter.

PMID- 4013528
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension in patients with a
      single kidney].
AB  - The study is based on an analysis of the results in operative treatment of 55
      patients with vasorenal hypertension, when a functional single kidney is
      existing. The examinations showed that in the majority of patients function of
      the kidneys and renin activity in the peripheral blood were normal. The operation
      performed most frequently in this group of patients were the transaortal
      endarterectomy by means of the turning-up technique and the resection of the
      renal arteries with following reimplantation into the aorta or the end-to-end
      anastomosis. The analysis of the early and late results showed that the surgical
      intervention in patients with functional single kidney renders possible not only
      a normalisation or decrease of the arterial blood pressure but also significantly
      improves the renal function.

PMID- 4013529
TI  - [Preparation and implementation of kidney transplantation in patients with
      terminal renal failure and type I diabetes].
AB  - The newest results of transplantation in diabetic nephropathy (diabetics type I)
      of the world were described according to the data of the EDTA and after the
      symposium in The Hague. Own experience in the field of transplantation carried
      out in diabetics needing insulin with terminal renal failure were critically
      evaluated. The investigations in several centres of the GDR concerning the
      decompensation of diabetic nephropathy show that it is necessary to perform a
      three- to six-month creatinine control in long-term diabetics from the 15th year
      of the disease and from a serum value of 200 mumol/l to carry out in good time a
      common diabetological and nephrological control with test concerning the fitness
      for a kidney transplantation. Only by this means the conditions for an
      improvement of the consequence of transplantation may be achieved.

PMID- 4013530
TI  - Mineral nutrition of Aerobacter aerogenes for valine production in a synthetic
      medium.
AB  - The effect of a number of mineral salts, like dipotassium hydrogen phosphate,
      magnesium sulphate, and sodium chloride, and of some trace elements including
      iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, and calcium, on the production of
      valine by Aerobacter aerogenes in a synthetic medium was investigated. It was
      found that all the mineral salts were necessary for valine formation. Among the
      trace elements, iron and molybdenum were found to be necessary in minute
      concentrations for the optimum yield of the amino acid, while all the others had
      an adverse effect on valine production, even at lower levels.

PMID- 4013531
TI  - Biochemical changes during valine production by Aerobacter aerogenes.
AB  - The typical chemical changes taking place during valine production by A.
      aerogenes in a synthetic medium have been investigated. The principal carbon and
      nitrogen sources, sucrose and urea, respectively, have been found to be almost
      exhausted during an incubation period lasting 90 h. While the carbon compound was
      depleted right from the start of formentation, the disappearance of urea was
      noticeable after 16 h of incubation. The formation of valine in the broth started
      between 24 and 40 h of incubation connected with the rapid utilization of urea.
      The pH value of the broth was found to glide down from an initial value of 7.5 to
      6.4 within 24 h then rising again to 7.5 during 64 h and further to 8.0 in 90 h
      of incubation.

PMID- 4013532
TI  - Salinity-loving fungi in Egyptian soils. II. Preliminary notes on antibiotics
      from halophilic Penicillium spp.
AB  - Two halophilic Penicillium spp., isolated from saline soils, were selected for
      the present study. Their growth was best with 10% NaCl (w/v) in the nutrient
      media, but no antibiotics were produced unless relatively high proportions of
      potassium salts were also available. Conditions for the economic antibiotic
      production without achieving sterilization are specified. An economic biphasic
      process of fermentation in replacement culture for the production of antibiotics
      by halophilic Penicillium species is described.

PMID- 4013533
TI  - [Duodenogastric reflux--a current evaluation].
AB  - 150 years after Beaumont duodenogastric reflux is still under discussion. The
      cytotoxic effect of bile acids and lysolecithin is proved experimentally, its
      clinical role, however is called in question. Whereas a pathogenetic role is
      demonstrated in stress ulcer formation, its role in chronic ulcer is still
      questionable. Whereas its role in secondary alkaline reflux oesophagitis can be
      shown clinically and experimentally, the function of duodenogastric reflux in
      primary reflux oesophagitis still remains to be elucidated. The question of
      duodenogastric reflux in the operated stomach is even more difficult. A
      deleterious effect is discussed by some authors however it is not proved
      clinically. There is no doubt about the effect of intestino-gastric reflux
      against stomal ulceration in gastro-jejunal reconstruction after gastrectomy.

PMID- 4013534
TI  - [Selective proximal vagotomy in stenosing and penetrating duodenal ulcer].
AB  - In duodenal ulcer with complete pyloric stenosis selective proximal vagotomy in
      connection with either pyloric dilatation or duodenoplasty is generally
      indicated. Pyloroplasty may still be considered as an acceptable alternative
      drainage procedure. In high risk patients with pyloric stenosis, especially in
      the very old, truncular vagotomy with an adequate drainage is the operation of
      choice because of its low operative trauma. Penetrating ulcers are treated by
      selective proximal vagotomy only. Postoperative pyloric stenosis occurs rarely
      and should be managed by secondary pyloroplasty or pyloric dilatation.

PMID- 4013535
TI  - [Results of 189 Visotrast studies in the differential diagnosis of acute
      intestinal obstruction].
AB  - In cases of an acute abdomen, bowel obstruction cannot always be excluded. In
      this case the administration of oral water soluble contrast media (Visotrast) is
      helpful. On the basis of their experience with 189 patients who underwent
      gastrointestinal x-ray examination with Visotrast (157 spontaneous mechanical
      obstruction, 32 postoperative ileus) the authors recommend this diagnostic
      procedure in difficult situations.

PMID- 4013536
TI  - [Actinomycotic liver abscess].

PMID- 4013537
TI  - [Malignant gastrinoma].

PMID- 4013538
TI  - [Early operation of sigmoid diverticulitis].

PMID- 4013539
TI  - [Quadruple metachronous large intestine cancer].

PMID- 4013540
TI  - [Revision operations following vagotomy].
AB  - Recurrent duodenal ulceration after highly selective vagotomy is best managed by
      antral gastric resection and gastroduodenostomy (BI). In cases of gastral
      localisation of the recurrent ulcer and in cases with high postoperative acidity
      a 2/3 partial gastrectomy (BI) should be performed. Revagotomy after highly
      selective vagotomy is not feasable in most cases. Pyloric stenosis after highly
      selective vagotomy occurs in about a percentage of 2 and can be easily corrected
      by secondary pyloroplasty or duodenoplasty. In very rare cases of severe
      postvagotomy dumping and postvagotomy diarrhoea the interposition of an
      antiperistaltic jejunal segment can be practised. Persisting postvagotomy
      dysphagia may require pneumatic dilatation of the cardia or operative revision of
      the oesophago-cardiac region. A case of ulcerocancer in a pyloric ulcer primarily
      treated by truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty is reported.

PMID- 4013541
TI  - [Surgical therapy of liver echinococcosis].
AB  - There is still no other therapeutic management for echinococcosis of the liver
      than surgical treatment. Indeed, drug therapy with Mebendazol prevents
      parasitosis from spreading. However, a complete regression has not been observed
      hitherto. Surgical procedure is dependent on expansion, localisation and type of
      echinococcosis. Generally, cystectomy is possible and adequate in case of
      Echinococcus granulosus, in case of Echinococcus multilocularis with its
      infiltrating growth, a complete healing can only be attained by lobectomy. With
      the hilus being invaded and obstructive jaundice proceeding, an improvement can
      be reached by Mebendazol or a palliative endless drainage tube.

PMID- 4013542
TI  - [Prevention of burst abdomen by polyacrylic plates with Redon drainage reinforced
      with polyester suture material].

PMID- 4013543
TI  - [Evaluation of 500 hysterosalpingograms with special reference to tubal
      sterility].
AB  - 457 hysterosalpingograms out of 500 could be analysed which were made from
      sterility patients of the women's clinic, Wilhelm-Pieck-University Rostock, in
      the period from 1973 to 1980. A normal uterine cavity was found in 395 cases
      (86.7%), having a tubal patency on both sides (54%). In 8.7% of the cases only
      the right tube and in 11% only the left tube was patent for contrast medium. In
      48 cases there was a tubal occlusion on either side. Uterus arcuatus was
      diagnosed in 7%, uterus bicornis in 4% and uterus duplex as well as uterine
      fibromyoma in 0.5% of the cases. Intracavitary processes were evident only in 6
      patients. Abnormal long tubes could be found in 79 cases, tubes in high positions
      in 87 cases, and rigid and very short tubes in 95 cases. In 176 cases a
      sactosalpinx could be diagnosed. Ampullar tubal occlusion at one side was
      observed in 105 cases, and the same one in 49 cases on both sides. Following the
      hysterosalpingography 71 from a total of 122 pregnancies occurred within a period
      of 6 months, without any additional treatment being carried out in 32 patients.

PMID- 4013544
TI  - [Clear cells of the endometrium: an indicator of estrogen level].
AB  - We examined 70 cases of curettage (24 in normal proliferative phase and 46 with
      endometrial hyperplasia) and determined the percentage of clear cells among all
      glandular cells. The number of clear cells was increased in endometrium with
      hyperplasia without atypia or with minimal atypia (Grade of the endometrial
      hyperplasia I-IV. Classification of Hendrickson and Kempson 1979). It decreased
      as the hyperplasia became more severe. Besides we noticed an increase of clear
      cells in late proliferative phase. The relation of clear cells to estrogen level
      has been discussed.

PMID- 4013545
TI  - [Leydig cell tumor with pronounced virilization].
AB  - A report is given on the rare case of a hormonactive Leydig cell-tumor in a 52
      year-old patient. In spite of virilization symptoms of many years' standing, it
      was only because of multiple troubles with a great uterus myomatosus that she was
      admitted to the hospital. An ovarian tumor existing at the same time, turned out
      to be histologically a mere hilus cell-tumor with a strong nucleus polymorphy. In
      consideration of the danger of a malignant degeneration (borderline case), the
      patient was included in our tumor follow-up control programme.

PMID- 4013547
TI  - [Significance of bicycle ergometry for the determination of the clinical severity
      of heart disease in pregnancy].
AB  - The staging of pregnant women with heart disease into four groups according to
      the recommendations of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) cannot express
      exactly the danger of sudden cardiac deterioration threatening these patients
      during gestation.--This classification is a subjective one, depending on the
      complaints of the patients only.--About 100 women with different heart diseases
      have been tested by ergometric bicycle work during pregnancy. The results have
      been used for classification according to the NYHA scheme.--The functional
      endurance capacity tested by bicycle work is a rather objective method. It allows
      to differentiate between stage II and III (NYHA) exactly. This decision has to be
      made often in the treatment of pregnant women with heart failure, but it remains
      uncertain, if only complaints and clinical state can be made use of.

PMID- 4013546
TI  - [Care of pregnant diabetic patients--results and problems].
AB  - This is a report on results and problems in taking care of pregnant diabetics in
      the delivering center Leipzig with special regard of women with a gestational
      diabetes. In the period between 1971 and 1983 a total of 314 patients were
      treated with manifest diabetes or a gestational diabetes. We investigated in with
      manifest diabetes or a gestational diabetes. We investigated in non-selected
      cases the morbidity of children and the perinatal mortality. The evaluation took
      into consideration among others the quality of metabolic guidance, the possible
      causes of perinatal mortality and the therapeutical indications in gestational
      diabetes. Depended on the changed concept of the care system we considered
      separately the results of two periods (first period: 1971 until 1978, 136
      deliveries; second period: 1979 until 1983, 178 deliveries). We could demonstrate
      that a complex interdisciplinary care system can reduce the perinatal mortality
      and morbidity. But it is necessary to diagnose patients with a gestational
      diabetes earlier than actually usual.

PMID- 4013548
TI  - [Role of low-density lipoproteins of the blood plasma during labor in heparin
      neutralization].
AB  - It was shown that increased antiheparin activity of the blood plasma of women in
      labour is evoked by increased level of low density lipoproteids (LDL). This
      activity does not depend on changes neither of the level of other compounds
      neutralizing heparin (fibrinogen, acid alpha 1-glycoproteid, globulins, basic
      proteins) nor conditioning its action (antithrombin-III). The intensity of
      antiheparin action of LDL increases in the presence of calcium ions.

PMID- 4013549
TI  - [Abortion following recent myocardial infarct].
AB  - There is reported about a 42 years old woman suffering from a myocardial
      infarction in the 9th weeks of pregnancy. According to her wish the pregnancy was
      interrupted in the 22nd gestational week by hysterotomy and sterilization of
      tube. Probable causes, frequency and prognosis are discussed. References are made
      to the therapeutical action.

PMID- 4013550
TI  - [Effects of various anesthesia procedures used in forceps delivery on the
      cardiopulmonary adaptation of the newborn infant. 1. Modification of cardiac
      adaptation].
AB  - Healthy, spontaneously born infants, delivered at the calculated time shows a
      postnatal tachycardia combined with harrowing of oscillation. But then there is a
      normalisation in heart action. This phenomenon is nearly the same both in
      spontaneous delivery and intubation anesthesia for forceps delivery starting with
      propanidid. Therefore propanidid is of less risk for the neonate. But after
      hexobarbital anesthesia our results reveal a lingering cardial adaption of the
      neonate, which is statistical significant. This points to possible cardiac
      depressive side effects of this drug. Therefore the usage of hexobarbital
      anesthesia should be well considered in obstetrics.

PMID- 4013552
TI  - [Anesthesia in cesarean section].
AB  - 667 cases inclusively 27 twin-births are evaluated in a retrospective study on
      the anesthesias administered in cesarean section (CS) from 1975 to 1983. The
      applied induction anesthetics hexobarbital, ketamine (Ketanest), propanidid
      (Sombrevin), etomidate (Radenarcon) and epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine
      (Marcaine) have been compared with each other concerning the Apgar scores of the
      newborns. Significant more depressed newborns have been found both in the
      hexobarbital group and to a low degree in the ketamine group. This tendency is
      also preserved when only the primary CS are taken into consideration. Besides the
      indications for the single anesthetics and methods of anesthesia, respectively,
      reference is made to the positioning of the mother and the avoidance of
      aspiration in the introduction of the anesthesia.

PMID- 4013551
TI  - [Effects of various anesthesia procedures used in forceps delivery on the
      cardiopulmonary adaptation of the newborn infant. 2. Modification of pulmonary
      adaptation].
AB  - Mature newborns reveal the same pulmonal adaption to extrauterine conditions
      after forceps delivery in general anesthesia for the mother beginning with
      propanidid or hexobarbital as newborns after spontaneous delivery. Intervalls of
      apnoe, being physiological during neonatal adaption up to the fourth life-hour,
      occurred in all three tested groups in the same frequency. Genuine apnoe in
      combination with following bradycardia and cyanosis couldn't be observed.
      Moreover during the whole examination time all mean values of respiration
      frequency were physiological. Therefore we believe that there is no fundamental
      deterioration of newborns respiration, i.e. a depression in nerve-centre, caused
      by propanidid or by hexobarbital, despite of repeatedly contrary description.

PMID- 4013553
TI  - [Effect of cimetidine (Histodil) on stomach secretion and the pH value of gastric
      contents in cesarean section narcosis].
AB  - As to the study of the author cimetidine (Histodil) decreases the quantity of
      gastric content and increases significantly the actual pH value. From the
      administration till intubation there is a period of 30 minutes at least. When
      using Histodil the gastric content decreases and the pH value turns into basic
      direction. These facts (author means) provide greater security for patients
      waiting for caesarean sections even of vomiting or aspiration occurs.

PMID- 4013554
TI  - [Energy metabolism of the myometrium in pregnancy and labor].
AB  - The strips of uterine muscle were taken during the caesarean section and the
      levels of energetic substrates (glycogen and FFA), glycolysis products (pyruvate
      and lactate), highenergetic phosphates were estimated and the activity of
      selected carbohydrate metabolism enzymes was tested--in the homogenates in
      relation to the type of uterine contractility. Further the protein metabolism
      enzymes were estimated also (AspAT, ALAT, GlDH); including CPK. It was
      demonstrated that the energetic metabolism of the uterine muscle is different in
      pregnancy and in labour and depends on the type of uterine contractility.

PMID- 4013555
TI  - Some recent observations on the extraperitoneal cesarean section.
AB  - During the observations period of 30 months extraperitoneal cesarean section was
      applied in 14 cases, i.e. 4,6% of the total number of cesarean sections. The risk
      of the infection was in all the cases serious. Postoperative recovery of the
      patients was satisfactory. This technique can be applied in risk cases as a
      surgical form of infections prophylaxis.

PMID- 4013556
TI  - [Intrauterine retardation in cyanotic heart defect in pregnancy].
AB  - By means of own experiences with intrauterine growth retardation by cyanotic
      heart-failure there will be demanded the completion of the NYHA-classification
      with biochemical parameters of O2-supply and with intensive fetal monitoring.

PMID- 4013557
TI  - [Cardiotocography practice. Case 8].

PMID- 4013558
TI  - Detection of hydrogen peroxide produced by microorganisms on an ABTS peroxidase
      medium.
AB  - Previously published methods to detect the production of hydrogen peroxide by
      microorganisms have been of limited usefulness for routine diagnosis because the
      sensitivity of some of these procedures does not allow the isolation of single
      H2O2-producing colonies. The new medium containing 2,2'-azino-di (3-ethyl
      benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and horseradish peroxidase is more sensitive and
      faster than established methods.

PMID- 4013559
TI  - [Hyalurodinase activity of beta-hemolytic streptococci of the Lancefield group
      C].
AB  - A total of 110 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci, belonging to serogroup C
      (Lancefield), isolated from horses (71 S. zooepidemicus, 27 S. equisimilis and 12
      S. equi) as well as 5 reference strains were tested for their ability to produce
      hyaluronidase. The determinations were carried out in a culture test on agarose
      gel and in a liquid test system (turbidity test according to DiFerrante). The
      results of both methods used showed that the three Streptococcus species could be
      differentiated by the relative quantitative determination of hyaluronidase
      activity. S. equisimilis strains produce 5 to 10 times more hyaluronidase than
      those of S. zooepidemicus. The strains of S. equi did not show enzyme production.
      In addition parallel tests by determination of final N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
      groups and by turbidity test were done to confirm the hyaluronidase activity of
      S. equisimilis strains. The comparison of results (Fig. 3) obtained from these
      tests, showed a good correspondence as demonstrated by a correlation index of
      0,93.

PMID- 4013560
TI  - [Echovirus 11 outbreak among premature newborn infants in a neonatal intensive
      care unit].
AB  - During a period of 3 weeks, 17 premature neonates 4 of them weighing less than
      1000 g at birth became infected with echovirus 11 in a neonatal intensive-care
      unit. Beside 3 inapparent infections, severe 'septicaemic' illness was observed
      among 5 premature neonates combined with meningitis and apnoeic attacks. 4
      neonates presented meningitis as the predominant clinical feature and 3 showed
      gastrointestinal symptoms without neurological involvement. 2 children
      experienced a febrile illness with apnoea and bradycardia. All babies recovered.
      Echovirus 11 could be isolated in 51 of 74 (68.9%) specimens, mainly from stool
      samples. The source of this epidemic outbreak has remained unclear. Virus
      isolations and serological examinations of antibodies of the IgM class showed
      that one mother and her eldest child and 3 staff members of the unit had been
      infected during this epidemic outbreak. The agent was identified as an antigenic
      variant of echovirus 11 resembling other echoviruses of this type which were
      isolated in other children hospitals in Bremen during this outbreak.

PMID- 4013561
TI  - [Giant aneurysm--manifestations, diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - The particularities in the clinical picture, in the diagnostic regimen and in the
      therapeutic schedule of eleven patients with an aneurysm showing a diameter
      larger than 25 mm (giant aneurysm) are presented. These aneurysms become
      clinically manifest as space occupation, as subarachnoid haemorrhage or TIA. 3
      false diagnoses in which the aneurysm was mistaken for a cerebral tumour
      accentuate the necessity of a complete angiographic examination. The computer
      tomogram yields sufficient information permitting the suspicion of an aneurysm.
      In 8 patients, the direct aneurysm clipping could be performed; in 2 of them an
      extra-intra-cranial microanastomosis was established in the same session as a
      preliminary intervention. The establishment of a microanastomosis was carried out
      in 2 other patients. After a certain time interval, a carotid ligature (A.
      carotis interna) in the region of the neck was established in one of these
      patients. As a purely symptomatic measure for the treatment of the supratentorial
      pressure hydrocephalus we established a ventricular-atrial drainage in a case of
      basilar aneurysm. Besides 1 death and 2 severe complications, very good results
      could be achieved in 5 patients.

PMID- 4013562
TI  - Transsylvian approach to the tentorial hiatus--anatomical remarks on the
      microsurgical exposure.
AB  - A. The transsylvian approach: 1. Splitting of the arachnoid frontally to the
      medial superficial cerebral vein. 2. Incision of the arachnoid from laterally to
      medially. 3. Deep dissection frontally to the branches of the middle cerebral
      artery. 4. Cutting of medial and lateral bridging veins. 5. Spreading of the
      sylvian fissure. 6. Depending on the length of the intraarachnoidal part of the
      internal carotid artery and of the posterior communicating artery the
      alternatives are either subfrontal or subtemporal. B. Through this approach,
      access to the rostral half of the tentorial hiatus is possible. Also structures
      which are contralateral to the craniotomy can be reached.

PMID- 4013563
TI  - [Use of visual evoked potentials in neurology--a review. I].
AB  - In 1972, Halliday and co-workers [13] inaugurated the rotary mirror method for
      producing the visually evoked potential (VEP) by means of pattern reversal. The
      so-called pattern reversal VEP (PRVEP) is at present frequently obtained by means
      of a television monitor (TV stimulation) or light-emitting diode system (LED
      system). Independent of its special advantages and disadvantages, the stimulation
      by means of these systems as compared to the simple flash stimulation potentials
      seems to evoke with considerably better reproduceable latency indices, which
      enables a clearer separation of normal and pathological values. This is in
      particular true of the P100 component, which is the most prominent part of the
      VEP. The size of the individual squares of the chess-board pattern, of the whole
      stimulus field, the brightness and the intensity of the contrasts exert an
      influence on amplitudes and latencies of the PRVEP. The hitherto lacking
      standardisation of the recording technique makes it necessary that laboratory
      develops its own standard values. The domain of the PRVEP at the time being is
      the demonstration of demyelinising processes in the region of the optical nerve.
      That is why the PRVEP plays an important role in the diagnosis of multiple
      sclerosis, especially in subclinical processes and seemingly only spinal
      symptoms. Extension of the P100 latency, however, are not specific of multiple
      sclerosis and can also be caused by other lesions of the optical nerve or by a
      delayed maturing of the neuronal systems generating the VEP.

PMID- 4013564
TI  - [Use of visual evoked potentials in neurology--a review. II].
AB  - Visual potentials evoked by whole-field pattern reversal (PRVEP) are most
      frequently used for the diagnosis of damage of the optic nerve. Already in
      monocular whole-field stimulation typical PRVEP findings could also be observed
      in case of a damage of the visual pathway in its further course (chiasm or lesion
      of the optic tract). The application of a hemi-field stimulation led to a
      distinct improvement of the information value with respect to the presence of a
      damage of the optic chiasm. A reduction of the amplitudes at the beginning of the
      disease, the subsequent extension of the P100 latency and the disappearance of a
      response to the stimulus are considered to be typical. In recent time, the
      combined application of whole- and hemi-field stimulation also in the diagnosis
      of lesions of the posterior visual pathway (especially in the region of the
      occipital lobe) has brought about a certain advance. The results still are
      contradictory in some respects and require further clarification. The
      introduction of the VEP into clinical practice as a non-invasive
      neurophysiological method involving hardly any stress has led to a considerable
      enrichment of clinical diagnostics and one can still expect a strengthening of
      this position in conjunction with the increasing perfection of the examination
      technique.

PMID- 4013565
TI  - [Are subcortical signs in the EEG a reliable indication of brain stem
      displacement and impaction processes by intracranial space-occupying processes? A
      comparative computer tomography-electroencephalography study].
AB  - Within the scope of an elektroencephalographic-computertomographic comperative
      study carried out in 430 patients, the concurrence of secondary brain stem damage
      due to mass displacement and herniation processes and parroxysmal generalised
      slow activity in the EEG ("intermittant frontal delta rhythms", "projected
      discharges", "subcortical signs") in intracranial space-occupying processes were
      studied among others. The occurrence of the EEG pattern was independent of the
      presence of brain stem displacements in about 20 and 25 per cent, respectively,
      of the 152 patients with supratentorial space occupations. The absence of the
      characteristics on 80 per cent of the patients with clear CT criteria for a
      secondary brain stem impairment shows that it is not suitable as a warning sign
      of an imminent intracranial decompensation and that in particular from the non
      occurrence in the EEG no contribution to the operative risk and to the choice of
      the time of the operation can be derived. A relation between the occurrence of
      paroxysmal slow activity and the acuity of the course of the disease or the
      degree of malignity of cerebral tumours could not be verified. Possible causes of
      the inconstant occurrence of this EEG pattern in brain stem alterations are
      discussed.

PMID- 4013566
TI  - [Aminotransferase activity in the brain of rats of various ages during
      hypothermia].
AB  - Studies have been made on the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase
      in the brain of 1, 4, 12-14, 16, 22 days, 1, 1 1/2, 3 months and 2 years old rats
      under hypothermic conditions (20-19 degrees C). It was shown that hypothermia
      decreases both total and specific activities of the enzymes in the developing
      brain. Alanine aminotransferase activity in brain homogenates determined at 37
      and 20-19 degrees C, exhibits more significant changes than of aspartate
      aminotransferase.

PMID- 4013567
TI  - [Electrophysiological properties of the membrane of smooth muscle cells from
      bovine lymphatic vessels].
AB  - Using single sucrose gap technique, studies have been made on
      electrophysiological properties of the membrane in myocytes of the lymphatic
      vessels in the ox Bos taurus. It was shown that electrical stimulation does not
      induce tetanic contraction in the myocytes. The results obtained indicate strong
      similarity between electrophysiological properties of the myocytes in the
      lymphatic vessels and those of the myocardial cells in homoiotherms. Refractory
      state which follows the action potential, accounts for a possibility of rhythmic
      activity in the myocytes of the lymphatic vessels. Both single and rhythmic
      stimulation produce in the myocytes the "all-or-none" response. The main factor
      determining the level of excitability in the myocytes is the intravascular
      pressure. The latter exerts its influence on contractile activity via changes in
      the electrical activity (the membrane potential, duration of the plateau phase
      and the number of fast peak potentials on this plateau).

PMID- 4013568
TI  - [Various characteristics of the activity of skeletal muscles in humans and dogs
      during postnatal ontogenesis].
AB  - At normal ambient temperatures, in absence of stress, in babies during first
      months of life (in contrast to less maturely born mammals), the respiratory
      activity of skeletal muscles is not realized, being observed only under stress
      conditions. In 1-1 1/2 months old puppies, after deafferentation of the hindlimb,
      the frequency of movements of a jerk type increases approximating the level
      observed in newborn animals. At normal ambient temperatures, these puppies
      exhibit respiratory activity of skeletal muscles which is not observed at this
      age in control animals.

PMID- 4013569
TI  - [Role of the caudate nucleus head in delayed spatial preference and
      differentiation of trace reflexes in Macaca mulatta].
AB  - Using phase-correlation analysis, electrical stimulation and pharmacological
      treatment (Benactyzine), changes in functional importance of the head of n.
      caudatus have been observed which were related to regulation needs for the
      delayed spatial preference and differentiation of temporal reflexes. Structural
      elements of any morpho-functional system are not determined constantly by one and
      the same functional importance. They may change their functional quality with
      respect to changes in experimental situation.

PMID- 4013570
TI  - [Ultrastructure of the tegmentum vasculosum of the chicken cochlea].
AB  - Ultrastructural studies have been made on the dark and light cells, as well as on
      their interconnections with capillaries in the tegmentum vasculosum of the chick
      cochlea. The dark cells exhibit ultrastructural peculiarities which are typical
      for ion transporting cells: their lower part is presented by a system of numerous
      cytoplasmic projections filled with mitochondria. The role of the light cells is
      less evident. It is suggested that they may control the exchange of ions and
      other metabolites between the dark cells and capillaries. Significant
      ultrastructural differences are described between the tegmentum vasculosum in
      chicks and the stria vascularis in mammals.

PMID- 4013571
TI  - [Changes in the leukocyte capacity for rosette formation as affected by
      actinolysate in actinomycosis patients and healthy donors].
AB  - The action of actinolysate on the capacity of lymphocytes and neutrophils for
      rosette-formation has been studied in patients with actinomycosis of the
      maxillofacial area and with chronic nonspecific inflammatory processes, as well
      as in healthy donors. Actinolysate has been found to have different influence on
      cell activity. In actinomycosis patients with the low capacity of cells for
      spontaneous E-rosette-formation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) actinolysate
      suppresses their activity still greater, while in cases of the high capacity of
      cells for spontaneous epsilon-rosette-formation with SRBC this capacity is
      increased. In chronic nonspecific inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial
      area and in healthy donors the reverse tendency is observed.

PMID- 4013572
TI  - [Comparative study of the phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes by the macrophages
      of inbred mice differing in their sensitivity to immunogenic stimulation by the
      given antigen].
AB  - The phagocytosis of 14C-labeled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by the macrophages
      of isogeneic CBA, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was studied. In the presence of bovine
      serum the macrophages of CBA mice were found to ingest SRBC significantly less
      actively than the macrophages of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. In the presence of
      isologous serum the macrophages of mice belonging to the strains under study
      showed quite comparable characteristics with respect to their capacity of
      ingesting SRBC. The duration of the intracellular digestion of SRBC by the
      macrophages of mice of these strains did not vary in different strains
      irrespective of the type of serum.

PMID- 4013573
TI  - [Use of solid-phase radioimmunological analysis for the serological diagnosis of
      influenza].
AB  - Serum samples from 91 patients with acute respiratory infections were studied in
      different seasons of 1981-1983. The possibility of using the solid-phase
      radioimmunoassay for the serological diagnosis of influenza A was shown. The use
      of this technique made it possible to confirm the diagnosis of influenza A (H3N2)
      in 43.9% of patients under examination, while in the hemagglutination inhibition
      test influenza was diagnosed only in 18.7% of patients. The radioimmunoassay not
      only essentially increases the detection rate of influenza, but also ensures the
      sufficient stability of this characteristic irrespective of the epidemic
      situation and the character of the group under examination.

PMID- 4013575
TI  - [Trial of an erythrocyte antigenic diagnostic agent for detecting antibodies to
      Coxiella burnetii].
AB  - A new method for the preparation of Q-fever erythrocyte antigenic diagnosticum,
      adaptable to large-scale production, has been developed, and the diagnosticum
      thus obtained has been found to be highly specific and sensitive. The combined
      use of the complement fixation and passive hemagglutination tests enhances the
      effectiveness of the serological study, as it not only ensures a more complete
      detection of antibodies to C. burnetii, phase I, in humans and cattle, but also
      gives more precise indications on the time of infection.

PMID- 4013574
TI  - [Detection of HBsAg in the familial environment of children with viral hepatitis
      B].
AB  - A total of 231 persons from the families of 62 children hospitalized in
      connection with viral hepatitis B were examined for the presence of HBsAg in
      their blood over a period of 3 years. Simultaneously with countercurrent
      electrophoresis (CIE) and the gel precipitation (GP) test, the passive
      hemagglutination (PHA) test and the GP test with sandwich treatment were used in
      this work. The presence of HBs-antigenemia in the members of the families of
      children with viral hepatitis confirmed by laboratory methods were found to occur
      6.7 times more frequently than in the families of children with HBsAg-negative
      hepatitis. The use of the PHA test and the GP test with sandwich treatment
      increased the frequency of the detection of HBsAg 2.5 times in comparison with
      CIE and the GP test. The data indicating the possibility of children being
      infected through everyday contacts in families with cases of HBs-antigenemia
      among their members are presented, but further studies are necessary to make the
      final decision on this problem.

PMID- 4013576
TI  - [Fatty acid composition of Leptospira lipids as a taxonomic criterion].
AB  - The fatty-acid composition of microbial cells in 17 pathogenic and saprophytic
      Leptospira strains, comprising 14 serovars and 10 serogroups, has been studied.
      The strains under investigation have proved to fall into 3 groups differing by
      this characteristic. The group of saprophytic strains is characterized by a
      comparatively high level of myristic acid and, consequently, by the ratio of
      saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 14 carbon atoms approaching 1:1;
      besides, it is also characterized by a lower, in comparison with the pathogenic
      Leptospira strains belonging to the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola,
      Ballum has a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids. The second group of
      pathogenic Leptospira strains including the serogroups Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis,
      Pomona, Tarassovi, Pyrogenes, Australia has been found to occupy an intermediate
      position between the first group of pathogenic Leptospira strains and the group
      of saprophytic ones. As the difference in the content of myristic acid in
      pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira strains is a stable characteristic, it can
      be used for the differentiation of these strains. The present investigation has
      revealed that the distribution of the main fatty acids in Leptospira
      phospholipids is similar to their distribution in Leptospira neutral lipids with
      the exception of unsaturated fatty acid with 14 carbon atoms, occurring mainly in
      phospholipids.

PMID- 4013577
TI  - [Agricultural animals as a source of yersiniosis].
AB  - The role of agricultural animals as the sources of infection was studied. 8
      Yersinia strains were isolated from 83 samples taken from cattle. Yersinia were
      isolated from feces, udder washings and milk. In the examination of 63 samples
      obtained from sheep the infective agent was isolated from feces in 6 cases. 6
      Yersinia strains were isolated from 92 fecal samples taken from pigs. Y.
      enterocolitica were isolated from sick animals. The isolated strains were
      classified with serovars 03, 058, 08 and 09. In the foci of animal infection thus
      revealed antibodies to various Yersinia strains were detected in the blood sera
      of the animal-tending personnel, which indicates the professional character of
      the spread of this infection among humans. The infection is probably transferred
      by the contact and alimentary routes.

PMID- 4013578
TI  - [Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of Q fever in the Carpathian region].
AB  - The study of the specific epidemiological and clinical features of Q fever
      revealed the existence of an active focus of infection among humans due to their
      contacts with agricultural animals in one of the districts of the region. The
      focus was manifested by group morbidity among the cattle-tending personnel of a
      dairy farm. The source of this infection was cattle. The infection was
      transferred mainly through the air. The disease took a moderately severe course.
      The study of the rickettsial contamination of humans, animals and ticks suggested
      the presence of the active epidemic process and made it possible to work out
      concrete antiepidemic measures.

PMID- 4013579
TI  - [Toxoplasmosis and the epidemiological status of the population. II. The
      determination of the intensity of toxoplasmosis transmission].
AB  - The possibility of using the primary epidemiological unit, force of infection, as
      a criterion for evaluating the intensity of the transfer of toxoplasmosis among
      the population at the focus of infection has been established. The comparison of
      data obtained in different regions indicates that the level of the force of
      infection is, in general, low, but it can vary within a wide range. The problem
      of the suitability of using the force of infection as a criterion for dividing
      territories into zones with respect to toxoplasmosis is discussed.

PMID- 4013580
TI  - Aorto(ilio)popliteal grafting by the obturator route using the human umbilical
      vein graft.
AB  - Over a 5 year period, the human umbilical vein (HUV) graft has been used for 16
      aorto(ilio)popliteal reconstructions by the obturator foramen route. 69% of the
      operations has been performed for multilevel disease with the femoral arteries
      completely unsuitable for reconstruction. One patient died after operation and
      one early thrombosis could be repaired by thrombectomy and reconstruction of the
      distal anastomosis. With a mean follow-up period of 15 months (range 1 to 54
      months) there were 2 late occlusions (2 years patency rate 73.3%). Another 2
      patients returned with ischemic restpain due to progression of distal disease in
      the presence of a patent graft. It is concluded that the HUV graft represents a
      very satisfactory prosthesis for long aorto popliteal reconstruction and that a
      primary obturator graft is justified in the selected patient with multilevel
      disease and a very poor profunda femoris connection.

PMID- 4013581
TI  - [Preoperative selection for lumbar sympathectomy using a mixed hyperemia test].
AB  - The decision to perform a lumbar sympathectomy in cases of severe distal
      arteritis should be made according to an objective selection method. The mixed
      active hyperemia test meets that condition.

PMID- 4013582
TI  - [Acute abdomen in octogenarians].
AB  - From january 1972 to september 1983, 215 patients of eighty and more (60 M. and
      155 F.) entered for acute abdomen, have undergone a clinical analysis to
      principally define the main factors for morbidity and mortality. The authors
      insist on the poor value of the clinical and biological symptoms which delayed a
      correct diagnosis and therefore the correct treatment. For 30.7% of the cases,
      the treatment was medical and for 69.3% surgical. During the medical treatment,
      the morbidity rated at 12.1% and the mortality at 46.9%. During the first 30
      postoperative days the rate of complications was of 61.7% and the rate of
      mortality of 46.9%. Both are essentially due to associated illnesses: pulmonary,
      cardiac and renal. The figures are compared with those of the literature.
      Besides, a progressively aging population is observed: the rate of patients of
      more than 80 years went from 7.2% in 1972 to 12.4% in 1983. This is probably due
      to the present quality of pre- and post surgical treatments and the improving of
      the medico-surgical reanimation technics.

PMID- 4013583
TI  - [Digestive system surgery in octogenarians].
AB  - Between October 1, 1977 and June 30, 1983, 139 G.I. tract operations were
      performed in patients over 80 years-old. 45,3% were post-operatively admitted to
      the I.C.U.; the criteria for admission were emergency surgical interventions, the
      type and duration of the operation. The operative mortality was 15,8%.
      Contributory factors were the type of the intervention, its curative nature and
      the necessity for post-operative reanimation. The urgent nature of the
      intervention as well as the histology of the lesion had no bearing on the
      mortality. Local complications were noted in 34,5% of the cases and were mainly
      superficial and deep wound infections. General complications, mainly involving
      the cardio-pulmonary and urinary tract systems, occurred in 68,3% of the cases.
      Morbidity was mainly associated with the timing of the intervention.

PMID- 4013584
TI  - [Thoracic empyema. Focus on bacteriology and therapy].
AB  - Treatment of empyema thoracis is a difficult one, especially when it occurs in a
      large residual pleural cavity or with a bronchopleural fistula. Sixty three
      patients have been studied: 39 post-surgical cases (pneumonectomy 21, lobectomy
      14, therapeutic pneumothorax 4) and 24 cases without previous surgical procedure.
      Bacteriologic findings were as follows: 19% of the cultures were negative;
      Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated in 43% of the positive cultures, Gram
      negative bacilli in 40%, anaerobic germs in 21.5% and Streptococcus pneumoniae in
      one case. In 55 patients (87%) initial treatment was pleural drainage and local
      irrigations associated with systemic antibiotherapy. Enzymatic debridement with
      streptokinase was necessary in 25 patients (40%) and intrapleural antibiotherapy
      in 19 patients (30%). Twenty two patients needed subsequent surgical treatment:
      12 pleural debridements, 2 pleuropneumonectomies and 12 open-window
      thoracostomies were performed. Fourty three patients were cured; 11 died (7
      related to the primary disorder) and 8 developed chronic infections. Effective
      pleural drainage must always be the first treatment in empyema thoracis. When
      this fails, surgical treatment is imperative. Pleural debridement is the
      procedure of choice when there is no residual pleural cavity and when the lung
      can be reexpanded. Pleuropneumonectomy must be reserved to extensive pulmonary
      destructions. Open-window thoracostomy is the best technique when large residual
      pleural space or bronchopleural fistula occurs (e.g. after pneumonectomy), and
      after the failure of all other treatments.

PMID- 4013585
TI  - En bloc resection for bronchogenic carcinoma with chest wall invasion.
AB  - The incidence rate of chest wall invasion in operated bronchogenic carcinoma is
      about 3%. From 1973 to 1984, 12 patients in our hospital underwent en bloc lung
      and partial chest wall resection for bronchogenic carcinoma with local invasion
      of the thoracic wall. All were male, between 49 and 74 years of age. Chest wall
      or back pain was the most prominent complaint. The duration of symptoms varied
      from 2 to 20 months. In 10 the tumour was peripherally and in 2 centrally
      located. Mediastinoscopies, selectively performed were negative. In 11 patients
      there was a squamous cell and in 1 an adenocarcinoma. 10 lobectomies and 2
      pneumonectomies were performed. Macroscopic size of the tumour ranged from 3 to
      17 cm, the number of partially resected ribs ranged from 1 to 4. There was 1
      operative death (8%). 3 patients died within 5 months and 3 other patients within
      14 months. 5 patients are still alive, 2 more than 5 years (17%). The survival is
      unfavourably influenced by lymph node involvement. The majority of patients
      became free of pain one month after surgery.

PMID- 4013586
TI  - [Coarctation of the aortic isthmus in the adult].
AB  - Forty four patients over the age of eighteen operated upon for coarctation of the
      aorta from 1962 to 1983 at our institution were followed for one to 21 years
      (mean 13 years 3 months). Hypertension was found in 86% of the patients and 82%
      were preoperatively symptomatic. There were three late deaths. During the follow
      up period, drug resistant hypertension persists in 31% of the patients at rest
      and/or exertion and 18% have functional symptoms. These data emphasize the
      importance of early diagnosis and treatment for patients with coarctation of the
      aorta.

PMID- 4013587
TI  - [Surgery in patients with previous heart surgery. Apropos of 21 patients].
AB  - Authors relate 22 non cardiac operations among 21 patients having previously
      undergone cardiac surgery. Oral anticoagulant therapy was discontinued before non
      cardiac operation while subcutaneous heparine therapy was initiated. There were
      no bleeding or thromboembolic complications during the perioperative period or
      later in the follow-up. In order to prevent bacterial endocarditis, prophylactic
      antibiotherapy was associated with careful surgical asepsis. No case of
      endocarditis was encountered during a mean follow-up of 22 months. Cardiac
      medications such as digitalis and beta adrenergic blockers were maintained as
      long as possible during the perioperative period while their dosage and clinical
      effects were closely monitored. No patient did present cardiac failure,
      significant arrhythmia or blood pressure impairment. No perioperative myocardial
      infarcts occurred in the group of coronary artery bypass graft patients. Those
      patients were managed in order to maintain their myocardial muscle work in
      optimal ranges thanks to selective premedication, brief interruption of beta
      adrenergic blockers, strict control of fluid balance and careful postoperative
      pain relief.

PMID- 4013588
TI  - [Tissue preservation in orthopedics].

PMID- 4013589
TI  - [Subdeltoid approach to the shoulder by the Martini method].

PMID- 4013590
TI  - [Special total endoprostheses of the hip joint in significant changes in the
      trochanteric area and the acetabulum].

PMID- 4013591
TI  - [Injuries of the knee joint stabilizers in clinical practice].

PMID- 4013592
TI  - [Osteoporosis and the localization of fractures].

PMID- 4013593
TI  - [Rickets in premature infants--2 observations].

PMID- 4013594
TI  - [Generalized hemangiomatosis in relation to the synovial membrane].

PMID- 4013596
TI  - [Report on an official trip to Leningrad-Moscow 11-22 May 1983].

PMID- 4013595
TI  - [Use of bioelectric prostheses in childhood].

PMID- 4013597
TI  - [Calcitonin. 1. Chemistry and physiology].

PMID- 4013598
TI  - Effect of propranolol on post-traumatic hypophosphataemia and catecholamine
      secretion.
AB  - Trauma may induce disturbance in the homeostasis and metabolism of phosphate.
      Serum phosphate decreases rapidly after trauma, and this rapid fall is followed
      by more slowly progressing hypophosphataemia, reaching minimum values on post
      trauma days 2-5. The effect of propranolol on post-traumatic hypophosphataemia
      was studied in an experimental model, using anaesthetized pigs. Propranolol
      prevented the initial rapid decrease in serum phosphate. Twelve hours after the
      trauma, however, both the propranolol-treated and the untreated pigs showed
      significant serum phosphate depletion, with progression during the 48-hour
      observation period. The urinary phosphate excretion did not differ between the
      two groups, and after 48 hours the cumulative loss was the same in both groups.
      The adrenergic response to trauma was significantly greater in the propranolol
      treated than in the untreated group. The results suggested that the rapid serum
      phosphate fall immediately after trauma was caused by adrenaline release. The
      second, slower phase was not related to adrenaline or noradrenaline release, but
      showed correlation with the urinary loss of phosphate.

PMID- 4013599
TI  - Long-term results after incisional hernia repair.
AB  - After repair of incisional hernia, 154 patients were followed up for periods
      ranging from 4 to 10 years. An actuarial analysis showed a cumulated recurrence
      rate of 31%, with most recurrences appearing in the first three years. The
      recurrence rate after repair of recurrent incisional hernia was 44%. A cautious
      attitude to surgical treatment of incisional hernia is suggested if the patient
      has only mild discomfort.

PMID- 4013601
TI  - A noninvasive plethysmographic method for evaluation of the musculovenous pump in
      the lower extremities.
AB  - A refinement of plethysmographic musculovenous pump evaluation, with methodologic
      improvements, is presented. By using a double strain-gauge and knee-bendings,
      measurement can be made at malleolus level. Use of knee-bending instead of heel
      lifting reduced the coefficient of variation in day-to-day determinations from
      40% to 12%. A total of 20 knee-bends was found to be ideal for measurements, as a
      steady state was reached and secondary muscular hyperemia was avoided. The
      parameters venous return time and expelled volume increased with distal
      application of strain-gauge, and this must be taken into account in comparisons
      against reference values obtained with other methods. The coefficient of
      variation for duplicate determinations with the present method was c. 12% for
      normal controls and also for patients with varicosity. Reference values derived
      from 40 normal legs and 68 varicose legs are presented. The investigation
      demonstrated improvement of a noninvasive method, increasing its reliability for
      clinical and research purposes.

PMID- 4013600
TI  - Changes in acid-base status, lactate concentration and purine metabolites during
      reconstructive aortic surgery.
AB  - Hypoxanthine has been proposed as a better indicator of hypoxic damage than acid
      base status or lactate. Acid-base status, lactate and purine metabolites were
      therefore measured in 17 patients undergoing aortic surgery. Blood samples were
      taken systemically just before aortic clamping and after declamping, and from the
      femoral vein after declamping. The systemic hypoxanthine levels increased
      threefold after declamping, due to 20 times higher hypoxanthine concentration in
      the femoral vein. The percentage changes in concentration of hypoxanthine
      correlated well (r = 0.85) with the aorta-clamping time. The changes in acid-base
      status and lactate levels were erratic and showed no correlation with the
      duration of the ischemic period.

PMID- 4013602
TI  - Deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and acute surgery in thrombophlebitis
      of the long saphenous vein.
AB  - Twenty-eight consecutive cases of acute superficial thrombophlebitis of the long
      saphenous vein above the knee were reviewed concerning presence of asymptomatic
      deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and early clinical results after
      surgical treatment. Contrast phlebography of the ipsilateral leg revealed
      asymptomatic involvement of major deep veins of the thigh or calf in 4 of 21
      examined patients. Perfusion lung scanning and chest radiography demonstrated
      typical segmental perfusion defects consistent with pulmonary embolism in two of
      ten examined patients. High ligation and stripping of the phlebitic veins gave
      prompt cure in 19 patients, though in two who were simultaneously treated with
      anticoagulants there was troublesome bleeding. Simple high ligation was performed
      in nine patients without complications, but four of them had protracted phlebitic
      pain. The results indicated that preoperative phlebography and lung scanning are
      helpful in detecting associated asymptomatic disorders and for planning therapy
      in patients with clinically isolated, superficial thrombophlebitis of the long
      saphenous vein. The treatment of choice is acute high ligation with removal of
      all phlebitic veins. If anticoagulation is indicated because of concomitant deep
      venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, the initial procedure should preferably
      be limited to high ligation.

PMID- 4013603
TI  - Experience of surgical treatment for chronic pancreatitis during a 10-year
      period.
AB  - Surgical treatment for chronic pancreatitis is performed usually because of
      severe pain and in case of complications like pseudocysts or obstruction of
      common bile duct or duodenum. Operative treatment is either ductal drainage or
      resection. The preoperative evaluation must include determination of operative
      strategy and ERCP seems to give the best information. In the present study the
      results of surgical treatment in 50 patients during a 10-year period were studied
      with a follow-up period with a mean of 76 months (range 6-120 months). Alcoholic
      abuse was the cause of disease in 30 of the 50 operated patients. In 22 patients
      ductal drainage was performed and in our experience a better result was achieved
      with a longitudinal than a distal pancreaticojejunostomy. The best results with
      resectional procedures were achieved when about 80% of the gland was resected.
      Pseudocysts were drained internally with good results. Poor results were noted
      especially in cases with continued alcoholic abuse.

PMID- 4013604
TI  - Ulceration of the small intestine due to slow-release potassium chloride tablets.
AB  - A retrospective study at surgical clinics in Stockholm County disclosed 22 cases
      of small-bowel ulceration in which a connection with use of slow-release
      potassium chloride tablets was probable. Most ulcers had caused stenosis of 1-2
      cm of gut, and in four of these cases there was also perforation of the bowel
      wall. Five patients had perforation without signs of stenosis. The pathology of
      the ulcers was similar to that described after use of enteric-coated potassium
      chloride tablets. Since 1970 the frequency of potassium-induced ulceration has
      been low--3 cases per 100 000 patient-years of slow-release tablet use. On the
      other hand, this complication of drug therapy can be serious--the mortality in
      the present series was 27%. Other types of potassium chloride preparations should
      therefore be tested. Microencapsulated potassium chloride tablets have been
      reported to be less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 4013605
TI  - A prospective manometric study of the effect of anal fistula surgery on anorectal
      function.
AB  - In 31 adults consecutively undergoing surgery for anal fistula (opening of
      fistulous tract), anorectal manometry was performed before and 7 months after the
      operation. The resting pressure was significantly reduced in the distal 3 cm of
      the anal canal postoperatively. Voluntary sphincter contraction was less markedly
      affected. Maximal squeeze pressure and maximal contractile power were
      significantly reduced, however, especially in women and after division of the
      external sphincter muscle. The pressures were significantly lower in women than
      in men, particularly after operation, and defective anal control was associated
      with reduced squeeze pressure. It is therefore suggested that in selected cases,
      primarily women, anal pressure should be measured preoperatively and division of
      the external sphincter muscle avoided if the pressure is low. Constant rectoanal
      inhibitory reflex was elicited by a significantly smaller distending volume and
      lower rectal pressure postoperatively than preoperatively which, like the reduced
      resting pressure, indicated impaired function of the internal sphincter muscle.

PMID- 4013606
TI  - Chronic recurrent abdominal pain in childhood due to mesenterium ileocolicum
      commune. Two cases with normal rotation of the intestine.
AB  - Mesenterium ileocolicum commune with normal rotation of the midgut is described
      in an 11-year-old girl and a 12-year-old boy. Both had had recurrent abdominal
      pain for several years before the diagnosis was made. Barium enema showed the
      entire colon to be located in the middle and left part of the abdomen. Operation
      showed displacement of the right colon due to the mesenterium ileocolicum
      commune. The boy also had congenital bands across the duodenum, which could
      explain previous episodes of vomiting and delayed emptying of the stomach after a
      barium meal. The girl had only rudimentary transduodenal bands. Fixation of the
      right colon, lysis of duodenal bands and appendectomy were performed in both
      cases. Postoperatively both children have been asymptomatic. These two cases,
      with a common ileocolic mesentery and normal midgut rotation, demonstrate a rare
      abnormality of intestinal fixation during the third embryonic stage of
      development. Diagnosis of the cause underlying the chronic recurrent abdominal
      pain was delayed, but the patients were eventually cured by operation.

PMID- 4013607
TI  - Double tumours of the appendix: a rare entity. A case report.
AB  - A 73-year-old man was admitted with the suspicion of appendiceal abscess.
      Emergency appendectomy was done. Histology revealed two tumours, an
      adenocarcinoma and a carcinoid. Tumours of the appendix are seldom diagnosed
      preoperatively and often first at microscopic examination. All specimens should
      therefore be histologically examined.

PMID- 4013608
TI  - Synchronous perforation of the jejunum as presenting feature of Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome.

PMID- 4013609
TI  - Regional ischemia due to compromised collateral circulation after arterial
      reconstruction.
AB  - Two cases of severe regional ischemia following aorto-femoral-popliteal vascular
      reconstruction are presented. Partial necrosis of the gluteal musculature
      occurred in one of the patients. Total necrosis of the proximal part of the thigh
      and the gluteal region developed in the other patient, despite preserved blood
      supply to the distal part of the leg. The available literature contains no
      previous reports of necrosis of musculature and skin from such cause. On the
      basis of these cases, the importance of preserving the pelvic-femoral
      collaterals, viz. rectal artery anastomosis and Hunterian anastomosis, is
      emphasized. Sufficient pelvic-femoral collaterals presumably account for the low
      incidence of gluteal claudication following aortofemoral bypass surgery.

PMID- 4013610
TI  - Catch-up growth following transfer from three times weekly im to daily sc
      administration of hGH in GH deficient patients, monitored by knemometry.
AB  - A novel and non-invasive technique of growth measurement is introduced. By this
      method the length of the human lower leg is measured with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.
      Thus, growth velocities can be estimated within a few weeks. In the present study
      the immediate changes of growth velocity are demonstrated, following the transfer
      of growth hormone administration from three times weekly im to daily sc in 9
      growth hormone deficient children, age 7.4 to 20.5 years. The first observation
      period (3 times weekly im administration) ranged from 32 to 72 days, the second
      observation period (daily sc administration) ranged from 160 to 267 days). During
      the study, the total weekly dosage of growth hormone remained unchanged (12
      IU/m2/week). In all 9 patients growth velocity increased significantly after the
      transfer of application. Mean growth velocity of the lower leg rose from 0.04
      mm/day up to 0.065 mm/day. Mean growth velocity of total body height rose form
      4.8 cm/year up to 6.9 cm/year. In addition, differential lower leg growth rates
      of 3 to 4 week periods were established in all 9 patients, revealing a
      significant catch-up growth spurt immediately following the transfer of
      application. During this spurt mean lower leg growth velocity rose form 0.04
      mm/day up to 0.091 mm/day. This marked increase of lower leg growth rates lasted
      for only a few weeks and was followed by a period of decreased growth velocity.
      On the long run, growth velocity shifted upward in a wave-like pattern,
      stabilizing on a significantly higher level than before the transfer of
      application.

PMID- 4013611
TI  - Thyroid function after resection for non-toxic goitre with special reference to
      thyroid lymphocytic aggregation and circulating thyroid autoantibodies.
AB  - A series of 91 patients operated on for non-toxic goitre was followed
      systematically during 24 months post-operatively with regard to thyroid function.
      A thyroid remnant of at least 5 to 8 g was left in the majority of cases, and
      thyroid replacement was not given. Histopathological grading was performed on
      goitrous specimens with reference to lymphocytic infiltration. Thyroglobulin
      antibodies and thyroid microsomal antibodies were determined pre-operatively.
      Goitre resection provoked a high, but transient increase in serum thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with peak values 3 to 6 months after operation.
      Twenty-four months after surgery serum TSH values had normalized, but were still
      slightly elevated in patients with bilateral surgery and high lymphocytic
      infiltration, 9% of the patients. The concentration of serum free thyroxine index
      (FT4I) and serum total triiodothyronine (TT3) decreased after operation, but
      within reference range. Twenty-four months after surgery, serum FT4I was back to
      baseline values, while serum TT3 was still lowered compared to the pre-operative
      level. None of the patients developed overt hypothyroidism. Occurrence of
      circulating thyroid autoantibodies was not related to post-operative changes in
      thyroid parameters. We conclude that thyroid replacement therapy seems not to be
      indicated routinely following resection for non-toxic goitre, but precaution
      should be taken in case of bilateral resection and high lymphocytic infiltration
      of goitrous specimens.

PMID- 4013612
TI  - The mechanism of hypocalcaemia following thyroidectomy.
AB  - The mechanism of transient hypocalcaemia following thyroidectomy was studied in
      29 consecutive patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Eight of 27 (30%) patients
      who had a partial thyroidectomy developed transient hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia
      was attributable to a reduction in renal tubular reabsorption of calcium (P less
      than 0.05), but was not associated with changes in serum values of
      immunoassayable parathyroid hormone or calcitonin.

PMID- 4013613
TI  - Correlation of oestriol levels in saliva, plasma and urine of pregnant women.
AB  - Unconjugated and total oestriol (E3) have been determined in saliva (S) and
      plasma (P) by radioimmunoassay using a highly specific antiserum against E3.
      Total oestrogens (E = E1 + E2 + E3) in urine were analysed by the Kober-Ittrich
      method. No correlation (P greater than 0.05) was found between unconjugated E3
      (S) and total E (U) as well as total E3 (S) and total E (U). Total E3 (S) and
      unconjugated E3 (P), total E3 (S) and total E3 (P) correlated weakly (P less than
      0.05 and greater than 0.01). The six remaining correlations were highly
      significant (P less than 0.001 or less than 0.0001).

PMID- 4013614
TI  - Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus during pregnancy and lactation in white
      tailed deer.
AB  - The effects of pregnancy and early lactation on blood parameters were studied in
      4 white-tailed does in 1981-82 and 8 in 1982-83. No year or fecundity effects (P
      less than 0.05) were found on plasma calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P),
      calcitonin (CT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), or oestradiol -17 beta (E2). An
      increase (P less than 0.05) in dry matter and metabolic feed intake occurred
      during pregnancy and lactation. Plasma Ca tended to increase during pregnancy and
      peaked 5-7 weeks pre-partum, while hypocalcaemia was observed 1-2 weeks pre
      partum. Elevated concentrations of plasma Ca and P were found during lactation.
      During the last trimester of pregnancy, plasma concentrations of alkaline
      phosphatase (AP), PTH, and E2 but not of CT were higher (P less than 0.05) than
      in the other trimesters. The results indicate a physiological hyperparathyroidism
      in pregnant deer. Plasma concentrations of CT were higher (P less than 0.05)
      during lactation and post-weaning than during pregnancy. Increased AP and PTH
      during late pregnancy may be responsible for Ca absorption and mobilization,
      whereas elevated plasma concentrations of E2 may function to block excessive bone
      resorption. After parturition, lowered E2 may allow bone resorption to proceed,
      relatively high PTH may enhance Ca absorption and mobilization, and elevated CT
      may protect the skeleton against excessive bone resorption.

PMID- 4013615
TI  - Contribution of individual compartments of the genital tract to oestrogen and
      testosterone concentrations in ejaculates of the boar.
AB  - The investigation of steroids in compartments of the genital tract of boars
      revealed that in the tubular fluid a pattern apparently exists which is unique in
      this compartment. It is characterized by high concentrations of unconjugated
      testosterone (35 ng/ml) and even higher amounts of oestradiol-17 beta (42.6
      ng/ml) whereas in other compartments oestrone is the predominant oestrogen. At
      least in the ejaculate half of the total amount of oestrogens is bound to sperms
      and it is concluded that sperms act as a carrier for oestrogens. The accessory
      sex glands contribute to ejaculate concentrations to a varying degree
      (unconjugated testosterone 55%, conjugated testosterone 20%, unconjugated
      oestrogens 22%, conjugated oestrogens 12%) as could mainly be demonstrated by
      vasectomy with and without administration of hCG. Increasing the frequencies of
      ejaculations (up to three times a day) shows that the steroid transfer into the
      ejaculate is a rapid process.

PMID- 4013616
TI  - Oocyte maturation and fertilization in vitro.
AB  - From the time of early follicular growth to some time after ovulation, the oocyte
      undergoes many critical changes in its biochemistry. In this paper the author
      describes different steps in oocytes maturation some of which, during the early
      period, will require support from the follicle cells, while later in development
      endogenous synthetic activity can be maintained in the absence of such support.

PMID- 4013617
TI  - "Hysteroscopy and female sterility: analysis of the results from 213 patients".
AB  - Hysterosalpinogography, laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are three complementary
      examinations in the morphological study of the utero-tubal factor of female
      sterility. The Authors describe their experience with Hamou's microhysteroscopy
      in the sterility diagnosis field: they confirm the advantages and new prospects
      offered by Hamou's microhysteroscopy, encountering uterine pathology in 34
      percent of the studied patients and propose that all patients suffering from
      sterility and infertility problems should be subjected to hysteroscopy.

PMID- 4013618
TI  - Conception and realization of artificial dyed embryos for training in in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF and ET).
AB  - An artificial embryo model is proposed for current training in in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer. It consists in resin microballs of 180 micron
      diameter, stained either with fluoresceinamin or methylene blue. These
      microspheres release, even at the maximum dye concentrations tested, very
      negligible amounts of dye; heat stable they can be sterilized. This model,
      already checked for human embryo transfer, seems to be a useful tool in other
      reproduction studies such as embryo transport.

PMID- 4013619
TI  - Contraceptive potency of Pueraria tuberosa D.C. and its hormonal status.
AB  - A medicinal plant, Pueraria tuberosa D.C. has been thoroughly investigated for
      its contraceptive potency in various animals viz. rats, mice and hamsters. The
      activity has been further confirmed with respect to its habitat and seasonal
      variations. The potent fractions have been studied for their biological
      properties so as to elucidate its exact hormonal status. The observations suggest
      that tubers of P. tuberosa D.C. possess significant antifertility activity. The
      contraceptive efficacy does not alter significantly with respect to the change in
      time and place of collection. Its crude powder, ethanolic aand butanolic extracts
      evoke a significant antifertility activity in rats, mice and hamsters whereas
      hexane, chloroform, methanol, petroleum ether and benzene extracts are
      significantly effective to prevent implantation only in rats and mice. Aqueous
      extract does not show any significant antifertility activity in all these three
      animal species. The studies on its biological properties suggest that all the
      fractions of P. tuberosa D.C. possess significant estrogenic activity. In
      addition to this activity, the crude powder also shows significant progestational
      and mild antiprogestational activity whereas ethanolic and butanolic extracts
      show significant progestational activity. Petroleum ether and benzene extracts
      show only the estrogenic activity. The biological properties and their
      differences in activity have been discussed in relation to antifertility mode of
      action of P. tuberosa.

PMID- 4013620
TI  - [Proceedings of the 47th general meeting of the Japan Hematological Society.
      Tokyo, April 12-14, 1985. Abstracts].

PMID- 4013621
TI  - [Carcinogenic agents in our environment].
AB  - Recent developments in the field of experimental toxicology might lead one to a
      better classification of the environmental chemicals into the groups of
      carcinogens and non-carcinogens. The enhanced sensitivity of the available test
      systems has lead us to obtain an increased number of the chemicals with low
      carcinogenic potencies as well as the doubtful findings that fit within no
      specific class. The widely discussed cancer risk of smokers and the cancer risks
      due to diet enhance possibilities that lead to cancer prevention, as are exampled
      here. In this connection, individual risk factors and the promises in risk
      control by the measures of Biological monitoring are emphasized.

PMID- 4013623
TI  - [Environmental effects on the immune system].
AB  - Functions of humoral and cellular immunity indicate sensitively stimulating and
      suppressing influences from environment, as poisoning agents, stress and
      interactions of human behaviour. Examples are shown.

PMID- 4013622
TI  - [Lipoproteins, post-heparin lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase in
      patients with and without severe hyperlipemia caused by alcoholism].
AB  - Because of the high incidence for development of a secondary hyperlipemia during
      chronic alcohol intake, this study was performed to look for a possible reason,
      why some patients produce severe hyperlipemia and other ones not. 15 male
      patients with chronic alcoholism (group I) who produce under influence of alcohol
      a secondary type-V hyperlipoproteinemia (type-V HLP) were compared with 15 male
      controls. Additionally, 8 male patients with chronic alcoholism (group II) who
      were normolipemic under alcohol abuse, and 7 male patients (group II) who had
      also produced type-V HLP under chronic alcohol abuse, but were teetotal since at
      least 6 months, were investigated. In comparison with controls, patients of group
      I showed significantly (p less than 0.01) increased plasma concentrations of very
      low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and significantly decreased plasma concentrations
      of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins2 (HDL2) and HDL3
      (all p less than 0.01). Furthermore, the activities of postheparin lipoprotein
      lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HTGL) were significantly decreased (both p less
      than 0.01). In patients of group III, the plasma concentrations of lipoproteins
      did not differ significantly from controls, but the activity of LPL was also
      significantly impaired (p less than 0.01), whereas the activity of HTGL was
      distinctly (p less than 0.01) increased. No significant difference between
      patients of group II and controls could be demonstrated. It is concluded that
      severe alcohol intake strongly impairs LPL in patients with chronic alcoholism.
      The pronounced increase of HTGL in patients of group III seems to protect these
      individuals from producing severe hyperlipemia under the influence of alcohol.

PMID- 4013624
TI  - Effect of a small dose of droperidol on nausea, vomiting and recovery after
      outpatient enflurane anaesthesia.
AB  - Young, healthy outpatients (100) undergoing restorative dentistry and/or oral
      surgery under enfluranenitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia were given 0.014 mg/kg of
      droperidol or a saline placebo i.v. in a double-blind random fashion 5 min after
      induction of anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. Overall,
      less patients given droperidol were nauseated (18%) or vomited (7%) in comparison
      with patients given saline (27% and 11%, respectively). During the first
      postoperative hour, 4% of patients given droperidol were nauseated and 2%
      vomited, whereas 16% of patients given saline were nauseated and 6% vomited. Four
      patients given saline were not discharged from the clinic 1 h after anaesthesia
      owing to prolonged nausea and vomiting. The time elapsed until the patients were
      oriented as to time and place after cessation of enflurane and nitrous oxide
      administration was similar in both groups (mean +/- s.d., 13.5 +/- 4.7 min).
      Thirty minutes after anaesthesia, the ability to walk on a straight line was
      significantly (P less than 0.001) worse in patients given droperidol as compared
      to patients given saline. After 60 min, only one patient given droperidol and
      four patients who received saline and vomited took side steps or were unable to
      walk. Psychomotor performance was significantly (P less than 0.05) better in a
      perceptual speed test both 30 and 60 min after anaesthesia in patients receiving
      saline as compared to those given droperidol. It is concluded that although
      droperidol is a less effective antiemetic after outpatient than after inpatient
      enflurane anaesthesia, small doses of droperidol may be used for outpatients
      prone to vomiting to prevent delayed discharge from the clinic due to prolonged
      vomiting.

PMID- 4013625
TI  - Effects of isoflurane on vascular tone and circulatory autoregulation in the
      feline small intestine.
AB  - The vascular response in autoperfused small intestine was studied in ten cats
      during basal chloralose anaesthesia and controlled ventilation with either air,
      nitrous oxide/oxygen (70/30) or 0.7% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane +
      nitrous oxide/oxygen (70/30). Intestinal blood flow was measured by the optical
      drop recording technique, and intestinal perfusion pressure was kept constant at
      either 100, 75 or 50 mmHg (13.30, 9.98 or 6.65 kPa). At perfusion pressures of
      100 and 75 mmHg (13.30 and 9.98 kPa), intestinal blood flow was significantly
      increased and intestinal vascular resistance decreased during isoflurane- +
      nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia, compared with nitrous oxide/oxygen or air.
      According to the equation of closed loop gain (Gf), autoregulation was active in
      the pressure range 100-75 mmHg (13.30-9.98 kPa). In the pressure range 75-50 mmHg
      (9.98-6.65 kPa), the autoregulatory capacity was attenuated during air or nitrous
      oxide/oxygen and absent during isoflurane + nitrous oxide/oxygen. The vasodilator
      responses and the autoregulatory pattern were not changed by post-ganglionic
      intestinal denervation. The intestinal vasodilator effect of isoflurane was
      further investigated in the denervated intestine, perfused at systemic arterial
      pressure by local intra-arterial administration of isoflurane dissolved in a fat
      emulsion. A dose-dependent vasodilator response was hereby observed.

PMID- 4013626
TI  - A new method for calculating total respiratory system compliance. Theory and
      model experiments.
AB  - A new method for calculating total respiratory system compliance is described,
      based on simple modelling of a ventilator-respiratory system circuit that assumes
      linear characteristics of the circuit parameters compliances and resistances. The
      method requires only that flow measurement be conducted continuously to obtain
      compliance, if the internal compliance of the circuit is known beforehand. Model
      experiments showed that the compliance of a child test lung, calculated from the
      flow recording, differed at most by 10% from the compliance obtained by separate
      measurements of pressure and volume under static conditions, over a wide range of
      respiratory flows and airway resistances.

PMID- 4013627
TI  - Respiratory performance after upper abdominal surgery. A comparison of pain
      relief with intercostal blocks and centrally acting analgesics.
AB  - The respiratory capacity was studied during the first 2 days postoperatively in
      94 patients, aged 19 to 75 years and undergoing surgery through an upper
      abdominal incision. Postoperative pain relief was randomly administered, either
      by intercostal block (i.c.b.) and centrally acting analgesics on demand, or by
      centrally acting analgesics alone. Respiratory studies comprising forced vital
      capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory
      flow rate (PEF) and analysis of arterial blood gases were made. Bilateral i.c.b.
      given after surgery performed through a midline incision did not improve the
      respiratory function, whereas unilateral i.c.b. after surgery through a subcostal
      incision had positive effects. Thus postoperative i.c.b. following
      cholecystectomy performed through a subcostal incision resulted in higher FVC,
      FEV1 and PEF values than without i.c.b. at least during the time of effective
      nerve block. I.c.b. after subcostal incision also improved arterial oxygen
      tension. The patients undergoing cholecystectomy and receiving a second i.c.b. 8
      h after the first one had better respiratory function than the patients without
      any block during the first 2 days postoperatively.

PMID- 4013628
TI  - Factors influencing the respiratory capacity after upper abdominal surgery.
AB  - The analgesic requirement and some factors influencing the respiratory capacity
      after upper abdominal surgery were studied during the first 2 days
      postoperatively in 417 patients, aged 17 to 84 years, undergoing surgery in the
      upper part of the abdomen. The operations were cholecystectomy or
      choledocholithotomy through a subcostal incision, partial gastric resection,
      repair of a diaphragmatic hernia or vagotomy through a midline incision. Pain
      relief was achieved in a random order either by intercostal block (i.c.b.) and
      centrally acting analgesics on demand, or by centrally acting analgesics alone.
      The analgesic demand was recorded, and the respiratory capacity was monitored by
      the peak expiratory flow rate (PEF). A smaller analgesic requirement and a
      smaller change in PEF were found after cholecystectomy than after any other kind
      of surgery. The demand for analgesics was age-dependent, and patients under 60
      years of age demanded more than those aged 60 years and older. Bilateral i.c.b.
      given after surgery through a midline incision had few advantages, but unilateral
      i.c.b. following cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy with a subcostal
      incision had positive effects. Thus it decreased the demand for centrally acting
      analgesics and resulted in higher PEF values than without i.c.b. for
      cholecystectomy during the period of effective nerve block and for
      choledocholithotomy for 2 whole days postoperatively. Smokers seemed to benefit
      from i.c.b. for 2 postoperative days. The reduction of PEF after cholecystectomy
      also seemed to be related to the duration of treatment with centrally acting
      analgesics.

PMID- 4013629
TI  - Methylprednisolone reduces vascular resistance in hypoxic and atelectatic lungs.
AB  - The effect of pharmacological doses of methylprednisolone (MP) on the pulmonary
      vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia has been investigated in two groups of
      isolated rat lung preparations, one consisting of ventilated, and the other of
      atelectatic lungs. In both groups, MP reduced the vasoconstrictor response to
      hypoxia in a dose-dependent fashion. At a perfusate concentration of 3 mmol/l of
      MP, the response was reduced by about 80%. On the contrary, the vasoconstrictor
      response to injections of standardized doses of angiotensin II, used as an
      independent vasoconstrictor substance, were not significantly changed by MP, even
      when administered at a concentration which completely abolished the response to
      hypoxia. We suggest that MP inhibits the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to
      hypoxia without influencing the general reactivity of the pulmonary vascular bed.

PMID- 4013630
TI  - Methemoglobinemia associated with a prilocaine-lidocaine cream and trimetoprim
      sulphamethoxazole. A case report.

PMID- 4013631
TI  - A long-term open, clinical and pharmacokinetic assessment of sublingual
      buprenorphine in patients suffering from chronic pain.
AB  - Buprenorphine was administered as sublingual tablets to 70 patients suffering
      from chronic pain of malignant or non-malignant origin. Daily doses ranging from
      0.4 mg to 3.2 mg were administered and good analgesia was reported by the
      majority of patients. The most common unwanted effects were
      drowsiness/sleepiness, nausea and/or vomiting and sweating which appeared to be
      dose related but the incidence of dizziness was not related to daily dose. The
      incidence of all these unwanted effects except drowsiness/sleepiness decreased
      after the first week's treatment. No buprenorphine related changes in vital signs
      or laboratory values were observed and no signs of tolerance or physical
      dependence were seen in the short term period after discontinuation of treatment.
      A significant positive correlation between buprenorphine plasma concentration and
      daily dose was observed but there was no correlation between plasma levels and
      pain relief.

PMID- 4013632
TI  - Penile dorsal nerve block for penile surgery.
AB  - As pain is better prevented than relieved, 46 patients scheduled for phimosis
      operations, had for their pain control a penile dorsal nerve block: 37 children
      with additional inhalation anesthesia intraoperatively and 9 adults without any
      further analgesia. The technique used is described in detail. No untoward effects
      were recorded. It is concluded that penile dorsal nerve block offers such a
      simple, effective and reliable method of analgesia intra- and postoperatively
      that it should be an integral part of the anesthetic management of penile
      surgery.

PMID- 4013633
TI  - Piracetam attenuates the changes in the surface potential of the
      phosphatidylcholine monolayer produced by alcohols.
AB  - The surface potential changes produced by three alcohols on the
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) monolayer, either alone or in combination with piracetam
      were studied. The PC monolayer was formedon 145 mM KCL in a teflon trough and the
      surface change was measured by means of a Kiethley electrometer, with the high
      impedence output connected to an Americium 241 air electrode and the low
      impedence output to a calomel reference electrode. The alcohols produced a
      negative going change in the surface charge of the monolayer, proportional to the
      chain length of carbon atoms and amount of alcohol added. 10 microliter (2 mg) of
      piracetam applied to the PC monolayer before adding the alcohols partially
      inhibited the changes produced by them. It seems that in vitro piracetam opposes
      the action of alcohols on this membrane model.

PMID- 4013634
TI  - Clinical use of continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation during
      and after cardiovascular surgery.
AB  - This paper presents the authors' initial experience with a new technique for
      continuous monitoring of the mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) during and
      after open heart Surgery. The method uses reflectometric measurements of SvO2 via
      a fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheter with the capability for thermodilution
      cardiac output estimates. Changes in SvO2 reflect changes in one or more of the
      three interacting factors of the Fick equation: arterial oxygen content, cardiac
      output, and total body oxygen utilization. Intra-and postoperative examples
      illustrate these various situations. The very short response time of the System
      allows for early diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

PMID- 4013635
TI  - Mesencephalic root fibers of the trigeminal nerve in the cat.
AB  - The trigeminal nerve has three motor roots and one sensory root in the cat. One
      of the motor roots can be divided into two bundles: the larger and the smaller.
      These motor roots form the common root with the sensory root at the exit from the
      pons, sometimes being separated partially by the subarachnoidal space between the
      medial and the ventral part of the common root. The mesencephalic root fibers are
      observed numerously in all the motor roots. Some degenerated fibers are observed
      in the sensory root. The transitional zone of the trigeminal nerve root between
      central and peripheral nervous system is occupied by interlocking processes of
      the fibrous astrocyte.

PMID- 4013636
TI  - The shifting of the aortic origin of the brachial arteries in the metamorphosing
      eel Anguilla anguilla (L.), with remarks on the shifting mechanisms in arterial
      junctions in general.
AB  - In silver eels the arteries supplying the pectoral girdles and fins, arise from a
      common trunk which branches off from the dorsal aspect of the dorsal aorta, while
      the origin of this trunk is found at the ventral aspect of the aorta in the
      leptocephalus larva. The rearrangement of the origin of this trunk is mainly
      accomplished during metamorphosis, and is related to the rearrangement of the
      junction of the epibranchial arteries and the aorta. The processes of remodelling
      the wall of the vessels involved in these rearrangements are discussed against
      the background of data on similar remodelling, accompanying the rearrangement of
      arterial junctions during the development of higher vertebrates.

PMID- 4013637
TI  - Formation of tight and gap junctions in the inner enamel epithelium and
      preameloblasts in human fetal tooth germs.
AB  - Human fetal primary tooth germs in the cap stage were fixed with a glutaraldehyde
      formaldehyde mixture, and formative processes of tight and gap junctions of the
      inner enamel epithelium and preameloblasts were examined by means of freeze
      fracture replication. Chains of small clusters of particles on the plasma
      membrane P-face of the inner enamel epithelium and preameloblasts were the
      initial sign of tight junction formation. After arranging themselves in
      discontinuous, linear arrays in association with preexisting or forming gap
      junctions, these particles later began revealing smooth, continuous tight
      junctional strands on the plasma membrane P-face and corresponding shallow
      grooves of a similar pattern on the E-face. Although they exhibited evident
      meshwork structures of various extents at both the proximal and distal ends of
      cell bodies, they formed no zonulae occludentes. Small assemblies of particles
      resembling gap junctions were noted at points of cross linkage of tight
      junctional strands; but large, mature gap junctions no longer continued into the
      tight junction meshwork structure. Gap junctions first appeared as very small
      particle clusters on the plasma membrane P-face of the inner enamel epithelium.
      Later two types of gap junctions were recognized: one consisted of quite densely
      aggregated particles with occasional particle-free areas, and the other consisted
      of relatively loosely aggregated particles with particle-free areas and aisles.
      Gap junction maturation seemed to consist in an increase of particle numbers.
      Fusion of gap junctions in the forming stage too was recognized. The results of
      this investigation suggest that, from an early stage in their development, human
      fetal ameloblasts possess highly differentiated cell-to-cell interrelations.

PMID- 4013638
TI  - Three-dimensional and surface structures of rat filiform papillae.
AB  - The three-dimensional and surface structures of the simple conical papillae of
      the rat tongue have been demonstrated with scanning electron microscopy. The
      papillary projection was organized into the anterior, posterior and central core
      cell populations, whereas the basal region of the papilla which consisted of
      circularly arranged cells showed no differentiation into three autonomic cell
      populations. It is considered that the anterior and posterior cell populations
      around the central core tend to be mutually attached at the bilateral sides, and
      that the posterior and core cell contacts are rather close than the anterior one.
      The anterior papillary cells showed relatively smooth surface with little
      micropits and without microridges. The reticular microridges on the basal cell
      surface of the posterior papillary cells appear to later develop the micropits
      and linear microridges on the tip cell surface. These suggest that the anterior
      cell surface is more highly keratinized than the posterior one. The microridges
      or micropits on the outer cell surface and the microprojections on the inner cell
      surface organizing filiform papilla are considered to be the structures for the
      purpose of cell adhesion.

PMID- 4013640
TI  - The branches of the celiac trunk.
AB  - 156 abdominal preparations were explored by arteriography, corrosion and
      dissection. Classification of the celiac trunk becomes easy if one considers the
      trunk to be composed of three main stems: the splenic, the hepatic and the left
      gastric artery, other vessels being less important collaterals. Usually, the
      celiac trunk bifurcates into the splenic and the hepatic artery; the left gastric
      artery is a mobile vessel whose origin may slide between the aorta, all over the
      celiac trunk up to a trifurcation. The direction of the celiac trunk is
      influenced by the topography of the pancreatic neck and by the origin of the
      hepatic artery: if the celiac trunk is not the origin of the hepatic artery it is
      not directed to the right but to the left. It is the hepatic artery that pulls
      the celiac trunk to the right. Variations in the origin of the splenic artery are
      exceptional. In contrast to adults, the diameter of the hepatic artery in young
      children is larger than that of the splenic artery.

PMID- 4013639
TI  - The effects of simulated increases in body weight on the developing rat tibia: a
      histologic study.
AB  - Groups of weanling and newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were each subjected to a
      specific 10% simulated increase in body weight to a maximum of a doubling of body
      weight, using constant centrifugation, to study the effects of quantified,
      increased, intermittent, compressive forces on the histomorphology of the
      proximal tibial epiphysial growth plate. The weanling rats were sacrificed after
      30 and 60 days of centrifugation; the newborn rats were sacrificed after 90 days
      of centrifugation. The results demonstrated no prominent changes in
      histomorphology, when compared to the controls, in the weanling rats sacrificed
      at 30 days of centrifugation, or in newborn rats subjected to 90 days of
      centrifugation; however, a prominent thinning of the growth plates was observed
      in the weanling rats sacrificed at 60 days of centrifugation.

PMID- 4013641
TI  - Localization and morphometric analysis of masticatory muscle afferent neurons in
      the nucleus of the mesencephalic root of the trigeminal nerve in the cat.
AB  - Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the ipsilateral
      temporal muscle and contralateral masseter muscle of 10 cats in order to identify
      and characterize neurons in the nucleus of the mesencephalic root of the
      trigeminal nerve that innervate muscle receptors in the orofacial periphery.
      Neurons labelled by HRP injections and unlabelled cells from 5 control cats were
      measured with a computer-based image analyzer, and their position was mapped on a
      stereotaxic graph. Cells that innervate the masseter and temporal muscles were
      identified throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. There was no
      indication of a somatotopic pattern nor of a specific segregation within the
      nucleus for cells innervating muscle receptors. The nucleus contained small,
      rounded unipolar neurons located primarily in the dorsal border of the
      periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter in the rostral part of the nucleus and larger
      oval unipolar neurons which were scattered throughout the nucleus, but were
      predominant in the pontine portion of the nucleus. HRP injections labelled both
      large and small cells, as well as occasional multipolar cells. The last-mentioned
      tended to be located in the lateral margins of the PAG. The mean geometric values
      obtained for the control group were: area 552.7 microns2 perimeter 110.3 microns;
      maximum diameter 36.0 microns. and diameter of an equivalent circle 26.1 microns.
      The mean values of the labelled neurons were: area 606.6 microns2; perimeter
      100.1 microns; maximum diameter 36.0 microns, and diameter of an equivalent
      circle 27.2 microns.

PMID- 4013642
TI  - Regression of the corpus luteum of pregnancy following parturition in the ewe.
AB  - Corpora lutea (CL) of pregnancy from single-lambing ewes were examined by light
      and electron microscopy within 24 h and at 8, 15, 23, 31 and 41 days after
      parturition (2 ewes per stage). Within 24 h of parturition the structure of the
      CL was well preserved and both large and small luteal cells, characteristic of
      this species, were present in substantial numbers. However, both types of luteal
      cell contained numerous cytoplasmic lipid droplets, and smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum and secretory granules in large luteal cells were less prominent than
      in normal functional CL of cyclic ewes. Leucocytic infiltration, and death of
      some luteal and endothelial cells, were also observed at this stage. Further
      regression of the CL progressed slowly, and lipid-rich large luteal cells were
      still readily recognisable 15 days after parturition. The size of the CL declined
      progressively, and the proportion of tissue occupied by intercellular substances
      increased. Corpora albicantia approximately equal to 3-4 mm in diameter were
      still recognisable 41 days after parturition. It was concluded that luteal
      regression post partum progresses much less rapidly than at the end of the
      oestrous cycle.

PMID- 4013643
TI  - Neuronal migration independent of glial guidance: light and electron microscopic
      studies in the cerebellar cortex of neonatal rats.
AB  - Migrating cells from the external germinal layer of the newborn rat cerebellum
      were studied by light and electron microscopy. Each migrating cell possessed a
      single, broad, leading process oriented perpendicular to the pial surface. These
      cell processes were sometimes associated with profiles of other granule cells,
      but were not necessarily associated with the electron-lucent Bergmann fibers
      present at these early developmental stages. Migrating granule cells could be
      observed circumventing both blood vessels and the perikarya/processes of other
      cells present in the developing molecular layer. Thus, during the early stages of
      cerebellar ontogeny, when the migration pathway through the molecular layer is
      sparsely populated with cells and processes, the vertical process of a granule
      cell may seek actively a path of least resistance, utilizing 'contacts' with
      surrounding objects for avoidance, rather than as guideposts imperative for
      directing migration. Cellular associations observed at this stage of cerebellar
      development may thus be more fortuitous than requisite.

PMID- 4013644
TI  - Correlation between number of placental detachments and amount of postpartum
      uterine involution in mice.
AB  - Both the uterine weight and total hydroxyproline content augumented in parallel
      with the number of placental scars on the day of parturition. In the uterus
      having any number of placental scars, the time of half loss of the organ weight
      and the total hydroxyproline content, respectively, was the same. These results
      suggested the amount of postpartum involution increases as the number of
      placental detachment becomes high.

PMID- 4013645
TI  - A study of the development of thoracic vertebrae in the mouse assisted by
      autoradiography.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that the current concept of resegmentation during
      vertebral formation is no longer valid. In order to shed some light on this
      controversial issue, in the present investigation the development of the
      vertebral column was studied in a graded series of mouse embryos by
      conventionally stained serial sections and methyl thymidine 3H autoradiography.
      It was found that the vertebral bodies do not originate from the upper and lower
      halves of sclerotomes but from a continuous central tissue mass surrounding the
      notochord, the perichordal tube. The caudal sclerotome half gives rise to the
      neural arch and the transverse processes, whereas the cranial half forms the
      connective tissue of the interneural arch space. An intrasclerotomic cleft
      supposed to form the intervertebral cleft was not found to exist, in accordance
      with previous studies. The inferred intrasclerotomic cleft is merely the
      interface between the loose tissue of the cranial sclerotome half and the densely
      packed cells of the caudal half.

PMID- 4013646
TI  - The oculomotor nucleus, not the abducent, innervates the muscles which advance
      the nictitating membrane in birds.
AB  - The topographic distribution of the neurones that innervate the muscles that
      advance the nictitating membrane in birds was studied using intra-axonal
      retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The motor neurones are
      distributed in the oculomotor complex of the ipsilateral and contralateral sides.
      In the ipsilateral side, the neurones innervating the pyramidalis muscles were
      located in the dorsolateral, dorsomedial and ventromedial subnuclei, while those
      neurones innervating the quadratus muscle were found in the dorsomedial and
      dorsolateral subnuclei. In the contralateral side the neurones innervating both
      the pyramidalis and quadratus were distributed in the ventromedial and
      ventrolateral subnuclei. The sensory neurones were found in the trigeminal
      ganglion and trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus.

PMID- 4013647
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic studies of the vasa vasorum of thoracic aortas.
AB  - Using hot alkaline solution, the elastic laminae were extracted from aortas and
      observed with scanning electron microscopy. Vascular structures were found in the
      elastin layers of the tunica media in descending thoracic aortas of sheep, dogs,
      and pigs, and these tube-like structures were filled with elastomer which was
      injected through the heart of the animal in vivo. Sub-intimal microvessels were
      also found to be filled with the elastomer and it is concluded that vasa vasorum
      can exist close to the internal elastic lamina in these animals.

PMID- 4013648
TI  - Intercellular junctions between human odontoblasts. A freeze-fracture study after
      demineralization.
AB  - Intercellular junctions in the odontoblastic layer have been studied with a
      freeze-fracture technique. Children's tooth germs were fixed, sliced and
      demineralized. Samples of the pulpodentinal border were routinely prepared for
      freeze-fracture. Three kinds of intercellular junctions were detected between
      human odontoblast cell bodies: gap junctions, desmosomes and tight junctions.
      Numerous gap junctions are responsible for intercellular communication at
      different levels of the cell bodies. Focal tight junctions, parallel to the axis
      of the cell, and desmosomes are sites of cell-to-cell adhesion between lateral
      plasma membranes. At the distal end of the cell bodies, junctional complexes
      consist of zonular tight junctions and gap junctions. These zonular tight
      junctions, never before described between odontoblasts, contribute to the pseudo
      epithelial organization of the odontoblastic layer. They constitute a predentin
      pulp barrier, the permeability of which must be studied to establish their role
      in relation to dentin formation.

PMID- 4013649
TI  - The origin of the ectodermal ring in staged human embryos of the first 5 weeks.
AB  - Seven embryos of stages 10-16 (3-5 weeks) were studied for their external form by
      means of graphic reconstructions. This is the first systematic report on the
      general surface anatomy of the early human embryo. The brain has been described
      and illustrated in a previous publication, and the present article is concerned
      particularly with an important although neglected feature: the ectodermal ring,
      described by Schmitt [Morph. Arb., Jena 8: 236-303, 1898] and named by
      Blechschmidt [Funktionsentwicklung. I. Mechanische Gegenwirkungen. Musterschmidt,
      Gottingen 1948]. Late in stage 10, three longitudinal bands can be seen on the
      surface: somitic, intermediate, and lateral plate. The intermediate band, which
      partly overlies nephrogenic tissue, is the site of the future ectodermal ring,
      which begins as an inverted U at stage 11 and is completed caudally in stage 12.
      The ectodermal ring, which may well be an important example of epithelial
      mesenchymal interaction, comprises six parts: (a) rostral part, containing the
      situs neuroporicus, and olfactory and lens discs; (b) pharyngeal part, the
      covering of the pharyngeal arches; (c) occipital and cervicothoracic parts,
      related at first to the four occipital somites and later to the cervicothoracic
      junction; (d) membral part, represented by a preliminary ectodermal thickening,
      followed within 2 days by the apical ectodermal ridge; (e) intermembral part,
      related at first to the underlying coelom, and mesonephric duct and ridge; (f)
      caudal part, containing the cloacal membrane and a temporary 'caudal ectodermal
      ridge'. It is stressed that the incorrectly named 'Milchstreifen' is merely the
      intermembral part, in which the mammary crest ('Milchlinie' or 'Milchleiste')
      appears 1 week later.

PMID- 4013650
TI  - Arrangement of supramandibular and suprahyoid motoneurons in the rat; a
      fluorescent tracer study.
AB  - The arrangement of the motoneurons innervating the supramandibular and suprahyoid
      muscles was studied in Wistar albino rats using two fluorescent tracers: nuclear
      yellow and true blue. All supramandibular motoneurons were found within the
      trigeminal motor nucleus; they appeared to be somatotopically arranged. The
      suprahyoid motoneurons were located in an accessory trigeminal-facial motor
      complex. No overlap of the motoneuron pools of the supramandibular and suprahyoid
      muscle group was observed. Only motoneurons ipsilateral to the treated muscles
      were labeled. It was shown that a one-to-one relationship always exists between
      motoneuron and muscle.

PMID- 4013651
TI  - Reexamination of the origin and early development of the human larynx.
AB  - The respiratory primordium buds off the primitive foregut and grows caudally, on
      a lengthening stalk; the cephalic end of the stalk develops into the glottis and
      infraglottis, and the rest becomes the trachea. Compression by pharyngeal
      mesoderm cephalic to the respiratory diverticulum obliterates the foregut lumen
      ventrodorsally as far cranially as the 4th pharyngeal pouches, forming an
      epithelial lamina with a narrow pharyngoglottic duct along its dorsal border. The
      mesoderm also raises an epiglottic and two arytenoid swellings in the pharyngeal
      floor at the level of the 4th pouches; the triangular 'cecum', bounded by these
      swellings, grows caudally along the ventral border of the epithelial lamina to
      just above the glottis. Beginning at stage 21, the epithelial lamina separates
      cephalocaudally, bringing the cecal lumen into continuity with the
      pharyngoglottic duct to form the laryngeal vestibule; when the separation is
      complete, the vestibule is continuous with the infraglottic cavity. Meanwhile,
      bilateral pouches arising from the caudal end of the cecum form the ventricles,
      the lower lips of which become the vocal folds, and the pharyngeal mesoderm
      surrounding the laryngeal cavity gives rise to the laryngeal cartilages and
      intrinsic musculature. The cricoid chondrifies bilaterally from a single center
      in the ventral arch of a precartilaginous template that encircles the
      infraglottic cavity, and on meeting forms the dorsal lamina. Each arytenoid
      chondrifies from a single center, and each half of the thyroid cartilage
      chondrifies from two. Anlagen for the intrinsic muscles appear during stage 17,
      sites of individual muscles are recognizable by stage 23, and myofibrils are
      present by the 12th week.

PMID- 4013652
TI  - The attachments of the lateral and medial ends of the extensor retinaculum of the
      human wrist.
AB  - The attachments of the lateral and medial ends of the extensor retinaculum of the
      human wrist were observed in 52 human upper limbs (from 26 cadavers) by
      dissection. In all the specimens used in this study, the lateral end of the
      retinaculum was found to be attached to the distal part of the anterior border of
      the radius and its medial end was attached to the styloid process of the ulna,
      the pisiform and the triquetrum.

PMID- 4013653
TI  - Ultrastructural peculiarities of the inner portion of the circular layer of the
      colon. II. Research on the mouse.
AB  - A layer of muscle cells consisting of 1-3 rows is present on the inner part of
      the circular layer of mouse colon. These muscle cells are thinner, with a denser
      cytoplasm and more caveolae than those of the main portion of the circular layer.
      A connective interstice divides the two parts of the circular layer and is
      occupied by a nerve plexus rich in varicosities. Groups of cells, identified as
      interstitial cells of Cajal, and a nerve plexus rich in varicosities are located
      on the border between the innermost circular layer and the tela submucosa. The
      interstitial cells have many cytological features in common with muscle cells
      (caveolae, basal lamina, thin filaments, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen
      particles) and touch each other and the nerve endings frequently and the muscle
      cells of the innermost layer rarely.

PMID- 4013654
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in acute ischaemic stroke.
AB  - Quantitative and/or qualitative changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology
      were observed in 31.5% of 225 samples, obtained from patients with recent non
      haemorrhagic cerebral infarctions. These changes were variable and did not
      correlate with the stroke pattern or with the topography of the softening. The
      CSF cytological abnormalities were statistically different according to the
      aetiology of the stroke. In those infarctions, due to vasculitis lesions, either
      of infectious or of auto-immune nature, an abnormal cytology pattern was more
      frequently observed than in those of atherosclerotic thrombo-embolic origin.

PMID- 4013655
TI  - [Bilateral infarction of the lateral area of the medulla. Semeiologic and
      pathologic aspects of a rare anatomo-clinical case occurrence].
AB  - The specific characteristics of bilateral infarction of the lateral medullary
      region, a rare anatomo-clinical event, are defined on the basis of a case known
      to the authors and five other cases taken from the literature. Certain
      semiological points specific to the lateral medullary syndrome are also
      discussed.

PMID- 4013656
TI  - Flash evoked cortical and subcortical potentials in neuro-ophthalmology.
AB  - Visual evoked cortical and sub-cortical potentials are complementary to the
      electroretinogram in neuro-ophthalmology. By combining monocular stimulation with
      recordings from over the visual cortex of each cerebral hemisphere it is possible
      to accurately locate lesions which are both pre and post chiasmal. Chiasmal
      lesions can also be correctly identified using these techniques. The visual
      evoked sub-cortical potential, probably arising from a lateral geniculate or
      tectal site allows further post chiasmal variation. Flash and pattern reversal
      stimulation provide different information about the functioning of the visual
      system including the primary visual cortex and the association areas.

PMID- 4013657
TI  - Further observations showing the impact of the probenecid test in movement
      disorders.
AB  - Two patients with movement disorders are described and neurochemically studied.
      The first subject concerns a central anticholinergic syndrome in a 83 years old
      man treated with l-dopa and amantadine for red nucleus tremor. The second one is
      an association of parkinsonism and chorea in a 76 years old woman presenting with
      FAHR's syndrome. In both cases, CSF HVA levels were measured before and after
      oral probenecid load. The observations confirm the usefulness of this
      neurochemical strategy in order to classify aging patients with parkinsonism into
      dopasensitive and doparesistant groups.

PMID- 4013658
TI  - Central nervous system involvement in patients with acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - Central nervous system involvement occurred in 28 of 121 patients with acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The major risk factor in this AIDS population
      was intravenous drug abuse (64%). A neurologic symptom or disability was the
      principal reason for hospitalization in 16 cases (57%). Three patients had
      primary lymphoma of the brain and the remainder had opportunistic infections.
      Patients with focal neurological features usually had toxoplasmosis. Progressive
      headache and meningeal signs occurred with cryptococcosis. A progressive subacute
      dementia was probably due to cytomegalovirus. Other infections included atypical
      mycobacteria, candida, herpes zoster and possible progressive multifocal
      leukoencephalopathy.

PMID- 4013659
TI  - Critical flicker frequencies in MS patients with normal or abnormal pattern VEP.
AB  - Critical flicker frequencies (CFF) were compared with the latencies of visual
      pattern reversal evoked potentials (VEP) in 2 groups of MS patients to evaluate
      the value of CFF in electrophysiological diagnostics of demyelination of the
      optic tract. A microprocessor-based device was constructed to obtain CFF
      thresholds with a 2-alternative forced-choice method. VEP latency was more
      frequently pathological than CFF, but CFF was abnormal in 2 optic neuritis
      patients with normal VEP. The frequency of pathological CFF and VEP was different
      in the patient group with a long history of MS compared with the new cases; in
      the freshly diagnosed group, CFF had a better diagnostic yield compared to the
      patients with a longer history.

PMID- 4013660
TI  - Chronic experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in juvenile guinea pigs:
      immunological comparison with acute EAN in adult guinea pigs.
AB  - In order to approach the mechanism of chronic or relapsing course in human
      chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, we established a
      chronic model of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in juvenile guinea pigs,
      and investigated the underlying cellular immune phenomenon in comparison with
      acute EAN in adult animals of the same strain. Two-week-old Hartley guinea pigs,
      sensitized with bovine peripheral nerve homogenate, developed chronic or
      relapsing EAN, whereas all adult animals developed acute monophasic EAN.
      Morphological examination of both the chronic and acute forms revealed scattered
      demyelination and mononuclear cell infiltrates which were essentially restricted
      to the peripheral nervous system, and indistinguishable from each other. Both the
      in vitro lymphocyte mitogenic response and in vivo skin testing revealed a
      significantly lower response to neuritogenic antigens (P2 protein and peripheral
      nerve myelin) in juvenile chronic EAN than in adult acute EAN throughout their
      respective courses. In addition, we showed, by means of assessing peripheral
      blood lymphocyte number and its subpopulations, that normal 2-week-old Hartley
      guinea pigs have not fully developed immunologically. These observations
      suggested that there was some immunological incompetence especially in cellular
      immunity in 2-week-old juvenile guinea pigs and that this might be one possible
      factor leading to chronic EAN.

PMID- 4013661
TI  - Autonomic function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a study of cardiovascular
      responses.
AB  - Autonomically mediated cardiovascular responses were evaluated in 15 ALS patients
      and compared with 15 healthy subjects. The respiratory sinus arrhythmia, the
      heart rate response to a Valsalva manoeuvre, to isometric handgrip and to a dive
      reflex test was normal, indicating a normal function of vagal nerves. The heart
      rate and blood pressure responses during an orthostatic test were normal,
      indicating a normal function of sympathetic nerves. The increase in blood
      pressure and blood flow in the contralateral forearm which occurs on handgrip in
      healthy subjects was reduced in the ALS patients. The cause of this is unclear,
      but could be related to decreased function of "ergoreceptors" or altered vascular
      reactivity in atrophic muscle.

PMID- 4013662
TI  - Clustering of multiple sclerosis in the county of Hordaland, Western Norway.
AB  - We studied the distribution of MS cases in the county of Hordaland, Western
      Norway. The total MS population comprised 426 patients. The prevalence on January
      1st, 1963, and on January 1st, 1983, and the average annual incidence in the
      period 1963-1982 were all lower in the coastal area compared to the inland area.
      An increase in incidence started in the urban area and was followed some 10 years
      later in the rural area. The Knox method revealed no statistically significant
      evidence of clustering either for time/place of onset or for time/place of birth.
      Indications of clustering according to year of onset were, however, observed in
      the rural area.

PMID- 4013663
TI  - Peripheral white blood cell count in cerebral ischemic infarction.
AB  - Peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count was determined in 95 patients with
      ischemic cerebral infarction 3 days after the onset of the stroke. At this time,
      higher WBC counts were found in patients with more severe neurological impairment
      and larger infarct size. A relationship between increase of WBC count and poor
      clinical outcome was also demonstrated. The elevation of peripheral WBC count
      observed soon after cerebral infarction reflects the degree of the inflammatory
      response in the acute hase and seems to have a direct relationship with the
      extent of the local cerebral damage.

PMID- 4013664
TI  - Electrophysiological studies of myoclonic jerks provoked by photic stimulation.
AB  - A patient with a type of myoclonus produced by somatosensory and photic stimuli
      was studied electrophysiologically. Jerk-locked averaging showed cortical spikes
      in association with the spontaneous myoclonus. High amplitude somatosensory
      evoked potentials and high amplitude visual evoked potentials were observed.
      Somatosensory and photic stimuli produced 2 or 3 successive electromyographic
      (EMG) discharges. The time interval from the onset of the preceding EMG discharge
      to that of the following EMG discharge produced by photic stimulation
      corresponded to the latency of a long-loop reflex. It also corresponded to the
      time interval from the onset of the preceding EMG discharge to that of the
      following EMG discharge produced by somatosensory stimulation. Not only
      somatosensory but also photic stimuli might excite the loop of a long-loop reflex
      and cause myoclonic jerks.

PMID- 4013665
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome caused by oral cyst: a case report.
AB  - A 47-year-old man with a typical obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)
      secondary to a large oral cyst is reported. Although the patient also had a nasal
      septum deviation with narrowed air passage, removal of the cyst resulted in
      complete and lasting relief from clinical symptoms despite persisting sleep apnea
      and unchanged arousal reaction in the EEG. The concurrent mechanisms of OSAS in
      the present case are discussed, and the importance of searching for a curable
      underlying disorder in clinical overt OSAS is emphasized.

PMID- 4013666
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of lectin receptors on cerebral endothelium.
AB  - Oligosaccharide residues on the endothelial luminal plasma membrane of rat
      cerebral cortical vessels were localized using biotinylated lectins. In addition,
      the effect of pretreatment of brain slices with neuraminidase prior to the
      binding of cationized ferritin (CF) and certain lectins was studied. Conjugates
      of biotinylated lectins and avidin-D horseradish peroxidase reaction product were
      evenly distributed on the endothelium of arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
      Lectin binding sites were observed on the plasma membrane of pinocytotic vesicles
      open onto the vascular lumen and at the luminal end of the interendothelial space
      only. The following sugar residues were localized: alpha-D-mannosyl, alpha-D
      glucosyl, beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl, sialyl, D-galactosyl, alpha-L-fucosyl, and
      alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl. Following pretreatment of brain slices with
      neuraminidase beta-D-gal-(1-3)-D-galN-acetyl groups were demonstrated on
      endothelium. In this respect, cerebral endothelium differs from noncerebral
      endothelium which is reported to have peanut agglutinin binding sites without
      neuraminidase pretreatment. Anionic groups on cerebral endothelium were
      demonstrated at the same locations as the lectin binding sites. Following
      neuraminidase pretreatment there was reduction, but not absence, of CF binding
      supporting the observation that surface charge is not wholly due to sialyl
      groups. The role of monosaccharide residues in states of altered cerebrovascular
      permeability remains to be determined.

PMID- 4013667
TI  - Neuronal loss in the basal nucleus of Meynert in a patient with
      olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
AB  - A morphometric study of the basal nucleus of Meynert has been performed in a case
      of familial olivopontocerebellar atrophy with mental deterioration. The
      magnocellular population of the basal nucleus was found to be substantially
      reduced in number (over 60%) as compared with that of three age-matched controls.
      This finding has not been reported previously and might represent one of the
      anatomic substrates of some of the cognitive disturbances exhibited by a
      considerable number of patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA).

PMID- 4013668
TI  - Familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. A neuropathologic study.
AB  - The neuropathologic study of a 7-month-old female patient affected by familial
      erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FEL) reveals three main features: (1) a
      lymphohistiocytic leptomeningitis with erythrophagocytosis; (2) perivascular
      lymphohistiocytic cuffs in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter and, to a
      lesser extent, in the thalamus, the reticular formation of the brain stem and the
      griseum pontis; (3) perifocal gliosis and demyelination, especially in the
      cerebellar white matter. The lesions remind of the perivenous post-infectious
      encephalomyelitides. Perifocal demyelination has been reported in FEL very
      seldom. Although its pathogenesis is not known, immune mechanisms could play a
      role by analogy with perivenous encephalomyelitis.

PMID- 4013669
TI  - Oncocytic variant of choroid plexus papilloma.
AB  - Two cases of oncocytic plexus papilloma are presented which were in the fourth
      ventricle and cerebello-pontine angle in women aged 70 and 63 years,
      respectively. The cytoplasm of the transformed tumor cells was enlarged,
      eosinophilic, and granular; and it was characterized ultrastructurally by
      innumerable mitochondria. Most of them had lamellar cristae, a clear matrix, and
      contained dense granules. These 'oncocytes' are identical with oncocytes of the
      human thyroid, parathyroid, bronchi, kidneys, adrenals, salivary gland and
      myocardium, and non-neoplastic choroid plexus epithelium. As far as we know, this
      is the first report of an oncocytic variant of the choroid plexus papilloma. Two
      unusual cases are described.

PMID- 4013670
TI  - Fine structure of psammoma bodies at the outer aspect of blood vessels in
      meningioma.
AB  - Psammoma bodies at the perivascular area in five cases of meningioma were
      examined with the electron microscope. In general, meningocytic cells invest the
      outer aspect of blood vessels, which are constituted by multilayered basal
      laminae, collagen fibers, microfibrils, and pericytes. Remnants of degenerated
      cells are observed in some areas of the perivascular space. Matrix vesicles and
      matrix giant bodies with or without mineralized deposits are also present in
      those areas. Energy dispersive, X-ray microanalysis evidenced the presence of
      both calcium and phosphorus (probably hydroxyapatite) mineralized precipitates.
      Production of psammoma bodies in the perivascular area may indicate that matrix
      vesicles and matrix giant bodies are derived from degenerated cells, which then
      sequestrate hydroxyapatite crystals to form psammoma bodies.

PMID- 4013671
TI  - Histological and ultrastructural features of dystrophic isocortical axons in
      infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (Seitelberger's disease).
AB  - The histological and ultrastructural features of axonal swellings are described
      in a cerebral biopsy specimen from a 6-year-old girl with infantile neuroaxonal
      dystrophy. In agreement with previous reports, several swellings were identified
      as axonal terminals, and it is postulated that the prevailing axonal swellings in
      cerebral cortex represent dystrophic boutons. Microscopically, dystrophic
      cortical boutons are morphologically different from typical subcortical spheroids
      and can be easily identified in routine histological preparations. Five
      ultrastructural elements were present in most axonal swellings: clusters of
      characteristic membranous bodies, stacks of elongated membranes, mitochondria,
      groups of vesicles, and an amorphous matrix. In spite of widespread axonal
      enlargement, the cerebral cortex was not thickened, and, in fact, the gyri looked
      atrophic in computerized axial tomograms. These findings suggest that some normal
      cortical element must be deficient, but such a structure remains to be
      identified.

PMID- 4013672
TI  - Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of brain and cerebellum. Report of four cases in
      infants: an immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) composed of pure mesenchymal
      derivatives with both embryonal and mature striated muscle cells devoid of
      neuroblastic elements should be considered rhabdomyosarcomas. Some 13 cases have
      been reported, and here we study four additional cases in infancy under 3 years
      of age which represent 0.82% of 483 intracranial tumors studied by us at the
      Children's Hospital in the last 12 years. Two cases were localized in the
      temporal lobes, and two were in the cerebellar vermis. All of them were typical
      embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas at various stages of differentiation including
      undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, embryonal cells, and rhabdomyoblasts. Tumor
      cells achieved a higher degree of differentiation in the cerebellum, as shown by
      readily detectable immature muscle fibers which were consistently absent in
      tumors involving the brain. Myoglobin [peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique]
      was positive throughout in rhabdomyoblasts and in immature muscle cells, whereas
      glial fibrillary acidic protein was negative in all four tumors. In spite of the
      well differentiated appearance of the cerebellar tumors, their behavior was
      highly malignant with extensive infiltration of brainstem leptomeninges in one
      case, and all patients survived for only a short time after surgery. These tumors
      may be observed in the midline structures of the posterior fossa and in the
      brain, but we suspect their true incidence might be higher if immunohistochemical
      techniques were applied.

PMID- 4013673
TI  - Neuron-specific enolase as a marker for intestinal neurons. An immunocytochemical
      study of the human intestinal tract.
AB  - Surgical specimens from various parts of the human intestinal tract as well as
      suction biopsy specimens, including mucosa and submucosa of the rectum, were
      fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin by routine procedures. The
      distribution of immunoreactive areas indicating the presence of neuron-specific
      enolase (NSE) was then determined by using a sheep anti-human-NSE antiserum
      prepared in our laboratory. The immunocytochemical method revealed, in distinct
      contrast to other tissue components, the cell bodies of ganglion cells in the
      submucosa (Meissner's plexus) and in the muscle layers (Auerbach's plexus). The
      nerve bundles of the submucosa, of the muscle layers, and of the subserosal
      connective tissue were also stained, whereas the thin nerve processes of the
      mucosa were identified only rarely. The smooth muscle cells were stained weakly,
      but this reaction did not interfere with the identification of the neurons and
      their processes. Immunocytochemical demonstration of NSE is obviously a valuable
      additional method for visualization of the intrinsic intestinal innervation. It
      might well be that this technique will be of advantage in the diagnosis of
      pathologic processes, such as those occurring in Hirschsprung's disease and
      allied conditions.

PMID- 4013674
TI  - Choroid plexus papilloma and giant cell glioblastoma induced in hamsters with
      bovine adenovirus type 3.
AB  - Newborn hamsters were inoculated with 0.02 ml of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV 3)
      having a titer of 10(4.5)TCID50/0.1 ml. Of 82 hamsters observed over 40 days
      after viral inoculation, 15 developed choroid plexus papilloma after a latency
      period of 41-228 days and six developed giant cell glioblastoma after a latency
      period of 66-214 days. Multiple foci of abnormal cell growth were also observed
      in the meninges and choroid plexus. Choroid plexus papilloma developed in the
      ventricles occupying the ventricular cavity and histologically showed a radiating
      arrangement of spindle-shaped cells forming perivascular pseudorosettes. Giant
      cell glioblastoma developed in the cerebral cortex including the meninges. The
      tumors were reddish in color and soft in consistency. Histologically, the tumor
      cells were short-spindle, oval or, pleomorphic cells with a large vesicular
      nucleus, and were characterized by the appearance of monster cells and
      hypervascularity. The short spindle-shaped cells were positive for glial
      fibrillary acid protein.

PMID- 4013675
TI  - Meningothelial rosettes in the canine subarachnoid space.
AB  - A previously unrecognized type of rosette consisting of meningothelial cells is
      reported. Meningothelial clusters with a formation of numerous rosettes were
      incidentally observed in the canine subarachnoid space after single subarachnoid
      injection of 0.2 mg/kg of epinephrine. Light microscopy revealed that the cell
      clusters with distinct rosettes occurred in the extensive cords and nests,
      surrounding the small subarachnoid arteries or adhering to the arachnoid
      epithelium. There were scattered mast cells adjacent to the cell clusters.
      Electron microscopy revealed that the rosettes usually consisted of four to 12
      tightly packed cells which were arranged like spokes and contained concentrations
      of tonofilaments. The rosette cells were knitted together by numerous junctional
      devices, such as desmosomes and desmosome-like junctions as well as a small
      number of interdigitations at the lateral surfaces toward the central core. The
      latter measured approximately 0.77-12.72 micron in long diameter, containing
      electron-dense, coarsely granular material. Both intracytoplasmic and
      extracellular inclusions with projecting microvilli were reminiscent of hyaline
      inclusions in certain meningiomas.

PMID- 4013676
TI  - The angiogenesis of micrencephalic rat brains caused by methylazoxymethanol
      acetate. I. Superficial venous system. A quantitative analysis.
AB  - The angiogenesis of the rat cerebrum was studied under pathologic conditions
      caused by the administration of the neurotoxin methylazoxymethanol acetate
      (MAMAc) in the time (E14) of neuroblast migration. The sinovenous junction of the
      main superficial cerebral veins and the morphological changes of the veins were
      examined by a quantitative analytic method. The hypoplastic areas of the brains
      showed extremely malformed venous systems with pathologic changes of the
      sinovenous junctions depending on the degree of disturbance of the neuroblast
      migration. These findings suggest the primary role of the neuronal maturation in
      the angioarchitectonic development and the direct dependency of the vascular
      differentiation on the neuroblast migration of the drained territory.

PMID- 4013677
TI  - Ultrastructural observations on the transvascular route of protein removal in
      vasogenic brain edema.
AB  - Micro-blood vessels (MBVs), located in the area of edema, were studied in cat
      brain at various time intervals (1 h, 24 h, 7 days) after cold-lesion injury.
      Both cold-injured and adjacent gyri were examined for blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      permeability to i. v. injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with circulation
      times of 40 min and 24 h. Evans blue (EB) was used as a tracer for gross
      evaluation of the extension of brain edema. Localization of alkaline phosphatase
      (AP) and binding of cationized ferritin (CF), considered as a marker of anionic
      sites, were also studied ultrastructurally. Twenty-four hours after cold injury,
      the extravasated edema fluid, outlined by EB tracer, was observed to be spreading
      through the white matter (WM) into the adjacent gyrus. At this time, numerous,
      larger than capillary MBVs, presumably arterioles and venules located in the
      edematous WM, showed accumulations of HRP injected at the time of the operation,
      in the basement membrane, in abluminal pits, and in numerous pinocytotic vesicles
      and vacuoles of endothelial cells (ECs). The animals killed after 24 h with 40
      min HRP circulation showed extravasation of HRP tracer in a zone underlying the
      necrotic cold injury lesion. On the other hand, there was no evidence of an
      abnormal HRP leakage in the further removed areas of edema in the WM,
      particularly in the adjacent gyrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013678
TI  - Ultrastructural studies on the neuromuscular junctions of Becker's muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - Ultrastructural studies on muscle biopsies from three patients with Becker's
      muscular dystrophy showed that the i.m. nerves presented loss or disarrangement
      of the neurofilaments and an increased number of glycogen granules and/or myelin
      figures not infrequently in the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The
      neuromuscular junctions showed markedly widened sole-plate areas, and several
      terminal axons frequently abutted and formed neuromuscular junctions on the same
      fiber. The secondary synaptic clefts were markedly decreased in number and short
      in length in type I fibers but not in type II fibers. Most terminal axons showed
      no degenerative changes. Therefore, the participation of a neural factor might be
      suggested as the cause of Becker's muscular dystrophy, although it does not mean
      denervation in the conventional sense of an axonal degeneration.

PMID- 4013679
TI  - Encephalomyeloneuropathy in the absence of a detectable neoplasm. Clinical and
      postmortem findings in three cases.
AB  - The clinical and postmortem findings in three cases of encephalomyeloneuropathy
      are reported. Two patients presented with subacute sensory neuropathy and one
      with amnesia and confusion. In none of these cases was a tumour detected
      clinically or at autopsy. Neuropathological examination showed inflammatory
      lesions in the brain, spinal cord and posterior root ganglia indistinguishable
      from encephalomyeloneuropathy occurring as a remote effect of carcinoma.

PMID- 4013680
TI  - Niemann-Pick disease type C. Study on the nature of the cerebral storage process.
AB  - A complex neuropathological study of two cases of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) type
      C (NPDC) revealed some novel features in the chemical pathology of the neuronal
      storage. Lipid histochemistry showed the presence of a lipid which met the
      criteria of a neuronal glycosphingolipid. Sphingomyelin (SM) was not detected in
      the neurones in any of the regions examined. Lipid chemical analysis of total
      extracts and of partially purified lysosomal fraction of the brain cortex showed
      markedly increased levels of neutral ceramide hexosides especially of
      glucosylceramide and ceramide dihexoside (mostly of its slower band).
      Phospholipids were not significantly increased. Monosialogangliosides GM2 and GM3
      were increased only slightly. The storage process displayed the well known fine
      structure and was accompanied by a marked secondary increase in some lysosomal
      enzyme activities. There was neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) of considerable
      intensity and extent. Many spheroids contained masses of degenerated organelles
      and neurofilaments in various proportions and displayed variable activities of
      acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and dehydrogenases. There was marked brain
      atrophy accompanied in one case by severe demyelination. Enzyme studies revealed
      partial decrease of sphingomyelinase (SMase) and beta-glucosidase activities in
      cultured fibroblasts, as well as lack of cathodic SMase activity on isoelectric
      focusing. No defects of these enzymes were found in the brain samples. The
      findings are regarded as significant since they indicate a biochemical defect in
      which SM is not primarily involved and which may thus be fundamentally different
      from that in type A of NPD.

PMID- 4013681
TI  - Cranial fasciitis of childhood.
AB  - A case of the new entity cranial fasciitis of childhood is reported. It should be
      regarded as a special type of nodular (pseudosarcomatous) fasciitis. It is
      characterized by its localization to the cranial bone of young children.
      Knowledge of this apparently malignant, but actually completely benign lesion is
      equally important to both neurosurgeons and neuropathologists.

PMID- 4013682
TI  - Localization of experimental glioma grafts by means of iodinated monoclonal
      antibodies and radionuclide imaging.
AB  - Purified McAbs (14AC1) of IgG2a isotype raised against an experimental rat glioma
      (79FR-G-41) were labeled with Na131I and used for in vivo imaging of glioma
      grafts by external body scintigraphy. Normal mouse 131I-IgG was applied as
      control for non-specific uptake of proteins in the tumor. Nude mice bearing
      glioma grafts were injected i.v. with 15 micrograms of the 131I-McAb or 131I-IgG
      with an activity of approximately 150 microCi. Scans obtained 30 min, 24, 48, 72,
      and 96 h after injecting the intact 131I-14AC1 antibody demonstrated enrichment
      of radioactivity in the tumors. The tumors were clearly visible 48 h after
      injection of 131I-labeled antibody. The time course experiments showed that the
      uptake of 131I-14AC1 antibody in the glioma grafts was the result of specific
      antigen binding. Intact antibody provided adequate tumor visualization in the
      scintigrams without background subtraction. Therefore, this technique appears
      promising for in vivo tumor detection and may offer the possibility of
      improvement in the evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to human
      gliomas.

PMID- 4013683
TI  - Xanthogranulomatous colloid cyst of the third ventricle.
AB  - This is a case report of a xanthogranulomatous colloid cyst of the 3rd ventricle.
      Possible etiologies for this rare entity, along with the clinical problems that
      may be associated with it, and the differential diagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 4013684
TI  - Auditory evoked responses in the human fetus. II. Modifications observed during
      labor.
AB  - The author presents his observations made on the behavior of an auditory evoked
      response of the human fetus during labor, elicited by a standardized sound
      stimulus at 1500 cycles/second. The method was applied to 233 women during labor
      and the pattern of responses evoked by sound stimulation was studied in all
      clinical conditions present in this high-risk population. A fair number of
      observations was made on vigorous/depressed newborns by Apgar rating, in the
      presence of definite cardiotocographic signals of fetal distress, in cases of
      intact or ruptured membranes, in cephalo-pelvic disproportion, in the presence of
      maternal risk factors, in cases of cord entaglement, in cases of meconium present
      in amniotic fluid, in intra-uterine growth retardation, hypertensive disease of
      pregnancy, and in familial and class A diabetes. A significant decrease in the
      response to sound stimulation was observed in cases of fetuses born in a
      depressed condition, after more than 2 hours following membrane rupture, in the
      presence of maternal obstetric risk factors, and in cases of hypertension in
      pregnancy. Women with intra-uterine growth retardation and cephalo-pelvic
      disproportion presented smaller changes and in cases of umbilical cord
      entaglement, presence of meconium in amniotic fluid and with history of familial
      or class A diabetes, no differences in the patterns of responses to sound
      stimulation as compared with normal could be observed. The author observed a good
      correlation between the auditory evoked response and fetal conditions during the
      course of labor and suggests that this method should be further developed as a
      simple method of evaluating the cerebral function of the unborn human fetus. In
      the first published part of this study (19) we described the modifications in the
      auditory evoked response of the human fetus caused by the progress of labor. A
      closer scrutiny of our data revealed the influence of several other factors
      acting upon the pattern of fetal response to sound stimulation. The present paper
      describes studies on those factors influencing the behavior of the human fetus
      following sound stimulation.

PMID- 4013686
TI  - Correlations between PRL and chloride, sodium, potassium and calcium in amniotic
      fluid.
AB  - The concentration of prolactin in amniotic fluid from 91 pregnant women (Group I:
      51 specimens obtained at 15th-20th week of gestation; Group II: 40 specimens at
      term) has been correlated with the amniotic fluid concentrations of calcium, of
      the ions sodium, chloride, and potassium, and with the clinical data. When the
      week of gestation in multiple regression analyses was predetermined for inclusion
      in the first step, the amniotic prolactin concentration was found to be
      significantly correlated with sodium or chloride in both groups and the
      correlation coefficients in the two groups were alike. The correlation
      coefficients of potassium and of calcium differed between the two groups and no
      general pattern could be detected. The results indicate that the amniotic sodium
      and chloride concentrations could be of importance for the regulation of the
      amniotic prolactin concentration.

PMID- 4013685
TI  - Comparison of interval and postabortal/puerperal laparoscopic sterilization with
      the tubal ring procedure.
AB  - During a 5-year period, 344 women underwent laparoscopic sterilization with the
      tubal ring. Complications and failure rates were compared in intervals and
      postabortal/puerperal procedures. Only 9% were lost to follow-up, and 50%
      underwent a hysterosalpingoghraphy (HSG). The comparison of interval and
      postabortal/puerperal procedures showed no significant differences in
      complication rates, but postabortal/puerperal laparoscopy had a significantly
      lower failure rate than interval procedures (p less than 0.01). It was found that
      women whose laparoscopy was carried out despite peroperative complications had a
      significantly higher risk of sterilization failure (p less than 0.005). It is
      concluded that postabortal/puerperal laparoscopic sterilization with the tubal
      ring procedure is as safe as interval sterilization, and it is strongly
      recommended that peroperative complications with tubal ring sterilization should
      result in a reversion of the laparoscopy to a laparotomy and, if not, that the
      women be referred for HSG.

PMID- 4013687
TI  - Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva.
AB  - A clinical and histopathologic study of material from a series of 21 patients
      with basal cell carcinoma treated from 1960 until 1979 are reviewed. In 3
      patients 'mixed' tumor was recorded. The histopathologic diagnosis: basosquamous
      carcinoma and the behavior of this carcinoma are discussed. The mean age of the
      patients was 76 years. Presenting symptomatology consisted primarily of bleeding,
      burning or itching, and ulcerations. No case of pure basal cell carcinoma gave
      metastasis to the regional lymph nodes, in no case could the cause of death be
      attributed directly to this kind of lesion. A conservative approach consisting of
      wide local excision is suggested.

PMID- 4013688
TI  - Colposcopic, cytological and histological evaluation of the cervical stump 3
      years after supravaginal uterine amputation.
AB  - Colposcopic, cytological and histological (endocervical curettage) evaluation of
      the remaining cervical stump was done 3 years after 99 supravaginal uterine
      amputations performed for benign condition. Peroperative electrocoagulation of
      the endocervical mucosa had been done in all the patients and postoperative
      ectocervical electrocoagulation in 39 (39.4%) cases. No active inflammatory,
      premalignant or malignant changes were detected at the 3-year examination of the
      cervix. Furthermore, normal adenomatous epithelium had been wholly or partly
      relaced by squamous epithelium in 89% of the cases.

PMID- 4013689
TI  - Males born by cesarean section examined 18 years after delivery.
AB  - Forty-seven boys born by cesarean section in 1962-63 were re-examined 18 years
      afterwards, at the military medical draft board. No significant increase in
      mortality or morbidity was found. The mean general intelligence was significantly
      lower when placenta praevia had been the reason for abdominal delivery. In these
      cases the infants had had a lower birthweight and placental weight, on average,
      than the other subgroups.

PMID- 4013690
TI  - Increased frequency of carcinoma of the uterine cervix in women married to men
      with a previous gonorrheal infection. An epidemiological study.
AB  - An earlier investigation showed an increased frequency of squamous epithelial
      carcinoma of the cervix in women who had experienced gonorrhea, but that there
      was a long lag between the infection and diagnosis of the cervical malignancy.
      The present work is a retrospective study of cervical malignancy in women married
      to men who had had gonorrhea between 26 and 37 years previously. The women have
      been distributed into three groups: i) those who were married to their spouse at
      the time he had gonorrhea and who themselves became infected, ii) those who were
      married to their spouse at the time of his gonorrhea but who did not themselves
      become infected, iii) those who were not married to the man in question at the
      time of his gonorrhea and who do not recall having had had gonorrhea. The
      incidence rates of cervical neoplasm were found to be: group i, 27.1%, group ii,
      21.7%, and group iii, 13.7%. For all three groups the figures are significantly
      higher than in an age-related control group drawn from the normal population. The
      results of the investigation lead one to suspect that a carcinogenic agent had
      been transferred by sexual intercourse together with the gonorrhea and that the
      man was the bearer of this agent long after he had undergone treatment for his
      gonorrhea, but that not all the women so exposed had developed a cervical
      neoplasm.

PMID- 4013691
TI  - Cardiotocographic distortion of fetal heart rate variability. Theoretical
      considerations and exemplification by computerized simulation.
AB  - The error arising when evaluating FHR variability on CTG curves is demonstrated.
      Visual estimation is based on the appreciation of oscillation amplitude (O.A.)
      which is necessarily dependent on basic heart frequency and the changes therein.
      It reflects variability in a distorted way--the distortion can be as great as 33%
      even when the basic heart frequency remains within the normal range of 120-160
      beats per minute.

PMID- 4013693
TI  - The course of pregnancy following spontaneous abortion.
AB  - With the aim of being able to advise women concerning a recommended interval
      between spontaneous abortion and a new pregnancy, the course of pregnancies
      following spontaneous abortion was studied. Nineteen women conceived within the
      first 12 weeks. There were no abortions, and 18 pregnancies proceeded normally.
      Thirty women conceived between 12 and 26 weeks, 29 pregnancies proceeded
      normally, and none aborted. Forty-two women conceived later than 26 weeks after
      the abortion. Seven pregnancies terminated in abortion, and 30 proceeded
      normally. We found no reason to advise women to postpone a new conception after
      spontaneous abortion.

PMID- 4013692
TI  - Bioconversion of arachidonic acid in human pregnant uterine cervix.
AB  - The in vitro conversion of [14C]arachidonic acid by endocervical mucosa and
      cervical tissue specimens obtained in first trimester (9-12 w) and term pregnant
      patients (37-39 w) was studied in whole-cell homogenates. All radiolabelled
      products of the arachidonic acid cascade were extracted, purified and separated
      utilizing silicic acid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and reversed
      phase partition chromatography and identified with radio-gas chromatography and
      gas chromatography-mass spectometry. Both types of tissue produced PGF2 alpha and
      PGE2, as well as TxB2. In cervical tissue specimens there was a significant
      increase in the production of all these three prostaglandins as the pregnancy
      progressed, whereas no such difference was seen in homogenates of endocervical
      mucosa. In both endocervical mucosa and cervical tissue specimens there was a
      highly significant increase in the production of a so-far unknown compound(s), in
      samples from term patients as compared with samples from first-trimester
      patients. The possible participation of this metabolite of [14C]arachidonic acid
      in the regulation of cervical ripening is discussed.

PMID- 4013694
TI  - Acute urinary retention in first trimester of pregnancy.
AB  - A 34-year old pregnant women with retroverted uterus and suffering from acute
      attacks of urinary retention in the first trimester of pregnancy is described.
      The attacks of retention were caused by the enlarged retroverted uterus
      associated with a 1x1 cm, well differentiated papilliferous carcinoma in the
      right side of the trigone. The urinary symptom disappeared after resection of the
      tumor.

PMID- 4013695
TI  - Severe fetal deformities associated with ingestion of excessive isoniazid in
      early pregnancy.

PMID- 4013696
TI  - Unicompartmental arthroplasty of the knee. Cadaver study of tibial component
      placement.
AB  - In 30 knee preparations the median posterior inclination (tilt) of the medial
      tibial plateau was 10 degrees (5 degrees-15 degrees). Following medial
      compartmental arthroplasty in 20 knees, 10 with horizontal, and 10 with 10
      degrees tilted tibial components, the point of articulation was determined
      radiographically. For the combinations of tibial angle and knee flexion that
      represent the initial 60 per cent of the stance phase, articulation took place
      more posteriorly on the horizontal components; there was a correlation between
      the operation-induced change of the tibial inclination and articulation.
      Articulation took place far posterior on horizontal components inserted in knees
      with a steep posterior tilt. We concluded that both the component placement and
      the preoperative inclination of the tibial plateau determine where on the tibial
      component articulation takes place. An optimal, central articulation with this
      set-up is obtained when the component is inserted with the same posterior tilt as
      that of the original articular surface.

PMID- 4013697
TI  - Unicompartmental arthroplasty of the knee. Cadaver study of the importance of the
      anterior cruciate ligament.
AB  - The tibiofemoral articulation on horizontal and 10 degrees tilted tibial
      components was examined radiographically in 20 cadaver knees after lateral
      arthroplasty, and after cutting the anterior cruciate ligament in 10 knees with
      medial and 10 with lateral arthroplasty. Articulation took place more posteriorly
      on the horizontal components at any degree of flexion examined; a correlation was
      found between the operation-induced change in the inclination of the lateral
      tibial plateau and the point of articulation. Based on the regression equations,
      the expected point of articulation on an arbitrarily chosen component placement
      could be calculated for any degree of flexion provided the preoperative
      inclination was known. Cutting the anterior cruciate ligament caused articulation
      to move posteriorly on the tibial component at both medial and lateral
      arthroplasty. We concluded that it was possible to estimate the tilt of the
      tibial component that was required to avoid marginal articulations when the
      preoperative slope of the tibial plateau was known. Absence of the anterior
      cruciate ligament seems to contraindicate unicompartmental arthroplasty.

PMID- 4013698
TI  - Fracture of the knee endoprosthesis. Report of three cases of tibial component
      failure.
AB  - Three cases of total knee replacement, in which the polyethylene tibial component
      was fractured, are presented. Two were Attenborough prostheses and the third was
      a Townley prosthesis. In all cases there were radiographic signs of loosening
      before the fracture occurred. They were all successfully reoperated with an
      arthrodesis, using the long Kuntscher nail technique.

PMID- 4013699
TI  - Total hip replacement of failed surface arthroplasty.
AB  - Twelve patients who underwent 13 revisions were followed for a mean of 3 years.
      There were no complications. In addition, in all patients, the results of the
      total hip replacements were similar to, or better than, the results of the
      surface replacements prior to their failure. A previous surface replacement does
      not appear to prejudice the outcome of a total hip replacement.

PMID- 4013700
TI  - Occupational capacity after hip replacement.
AB  - Working capacity and dependence on the social welfare system were analyzed in 387
      patients 5 years after hip replacement. Significant pre-operative factors were
      age, etiology of the hip disease and walking ability, and at the follow-up age,
      walking ability, pain and subjective experience of satisfaction with the
      operation. Among patients working pre-operatively, 92 per cent kept on working,
      and 70 per cent of patients on sick-leave went back to work. Only 9 per cent of
      patients working or sick-listed pre-operatively became invalidity pensioners, but
      none who were pensioners pre-operatively went back to work.

PMID- 4013701
TI  - Ender nailing of pertrochanteric fractures. Complications related to technical
      failures and bone quality.
AB  - In a series of 127 consecutive patients with trochanteric femoral fractures
      treated with Ender nailing, bone quality and technical failures were analysed. Of
      the fractures, 35 per cent were stable and 65 per cent unstable according to the
      definitions of Evans. There were no implant failures. Technical failures occurred
      in 16 cases. These could be referred to unsuitable location of the nails in the
      femoral head and/or to an insufficient fixation of the nails in the medullary
      cavity, especially in patients with poor bone quality and unstable fractures.
      Technical failures should therefore be preventable. When a correct surgical
      technique is used with a sufficient number of nails in femurs with low bone
      quality and a wide medullary canal, the method seems to be a simple and safe
      treatment for most pertrochanteric fractures, with elimination of many of the
      problems often associated with this injury.

PMID- 4013702
TI  - Implant-induced trabecular damage in cadaveric femoral necks.
AB  - After insertion of Newman's pins, Smith-Petersen nails and compression hip screws
      into human cadaveric proximal femora, the area of trabecular damage was measured.
      The nail and hip screw caused four times the area of damage seen with Newman's
      pin. The Smith Petersen nail caused significant peripheral damage which was
      undetectable radiographically.

PMID- 4013703
TI  - Acromioplasty for impingement syndrome.
AB  - In 51 patients (27-67 years) with subacromial impingement syndrome, an
      acromioplasty according to Neer was performed. In 11 patients, acromioclavicular
      arthrosis was found, and in these patients the lateral end of the clavicle was
      resected as well. The patients have been followed for an average of 21 (6-42)
      months. The result was excellent or good in 33 patients. In seven patients there
      was no improvement.

PMID- 4013704
TI  - Stability of the shoulder joint. Cadaver study of stabilizing structures.
AB  - In 10 cadaver shoulder joints, the increments in external rotation were measured
      after successive cutting of the anterior stabilizing structures while a constant
      external torque was applied to the humerus, abducted in the scapula plane. The
      subscapularis muscle prevented anterior subluxation in the lower range of
      abduction. As abduction increased, the lower part of the capsule was the most
      important stabilizing structure. The findings suggest that it may be possible to
      perform more selective repairs in the treatment of recurrent anterior
      instability.

PMID- 4013705
TI  - Spinal deformities in tall girls.
AB  - In a prospective study, 62 girls who consulted the paediatric department because
      of tall stature were examined for spinal deformities. Thirteen cases of scoliosis
      measuring 10 degrees or more were found. Eighteen girls had a thoracic kyphosis
      of more than 40 degrees and 11 had additional vertebral abnormalities indicating
      Scheuermann's disease. The incidence of scoliosis and Scheuermann's disease was
      much higher in our material than normal.

PMID- 4013706
TI  - Increasing incidence of forearm fractures. A comparison of epidemiologic patterns
      25 years apart.
AB  - During 1980 and 1981, 1914 fractures of the distal forearm occurred in Malmo,
      Sweden. The age-specific incidence peaked in childhood and there was a large
      increase in women after the age of 50; in men there was a smaller increase after
      the age of 70. In comparison with the Alffram & Bauer (1962) study of the same
      population in 1953-57, the age-specific incidence in elderly women and men has
      almost doubled. There was almost the same incidence of shaft fracture of the ulna
      or radius as 25 years ago.

PMID- 4013707
TI  - Effects of fluoride on bone in Finland. Histomorphometry of cadaver bone from low
      and high fluoride areas.
AB  - In three different areas of Finland, fluoride in bone and its effect on the
      histomorphometry of trabecular bone was studied. Bone samples were taken from
      cadavers from a low-fluoride area (fluoride concentration under 0.3 ppm), an area
      with fluoridated drinking water (1.0-1.2 ppm) and a high-fluoride area (over 1.5
      ppm). The fluoride content in trabecular bone was greatly increased in the high
      fluoride area, and it was also higher in the fluoridated-water area than in the
      low-fluoride area. Histomorphometric bone changes were markedly increased when
      the fluoride content in water exceeded 1.5 ppm.

PMID- 4013708
TI  - Bone circulation and bone metabolism. Symposium organized by the Scandinavian
      Orthopaedic Association. Copenhagen, October 26-27, 1984. Abstracts.

PMID- 4013709
TI  - Proceedings of the Danish Orthopaedic Society. Copenhagen, October 26-27, 1984.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 4013710
TI  - Proceedings of the scientific session of the Collegium Oto-Rhino-Laryngologicum
      Amicitiae Sacrum. Corfu, September 9-12, 1984.

PMID- 4013711
TI  - Experimental studies on carcinogenesis in the nasal mucosa.
AB  - Of 24 Syrian golden hamsters exposed to wood dust in a concentration in the air
      of 30 mg/m3 for 6 h per day, 5 days a week, for a period of 40 weeks, one animal
      got dysplasia and one a malignant tumour in the nasal mucosa. In a group of 24
      animals given 3 mg of diethylnitrosamine subcutaneously once a week for 12 weeks,
      a high frequency of benign and malignant tumours (mainly adenocarcinoma) of the
      nasal mucosa was found, but a group of similar size exposed to both wood dust and
      diethylnitrosamine did not show a higher frequency of nasal tumours than those
      given this latter substance alone.

PMID- 4013712
TI  - Lack of effect of methotrexate on human head and neck tumours transplanted in
      athymic nude mice.
AB  - Human head and neck tumour tissues derived from 16 different patients were
      transplanted in athymic nude mice. Treatment of tumour-bearing animals with
      methotrexate had little or no effect on the doubling time of the xenografts.
      Included were three tumour lines derived from patients in whom methotrexate did
      demonstrate antitumour activity. These results are also in contrast to clinical
      experience with methotrexate, showing remissions in 50% of patients with head and
      neck cancer. It is unlikely that this lack of effect of methotrexate is
      attributed to a difference in drug pharmacokinetics between man and nude mouse,
      since a xenografted rat tumour was found to be sensitive. With regard to possible
      resistance mechanisms underlying methotrexate inactivity, we found no evidence of
      increased dihydrofolate reductase activity in the methotrexate-insensitive human
      xenografts. It is possible that in this model a selection occurs favouring the
      outgrowth of a resistant subpopulation of tumour cells.

PMID- 4013713
TI  - Revascularized iliac bone graft for mandibular reconstruction.
AB  - Revascularized iliac bone has advantages over other revascularized bone grafts
      for the reconstruction of large mandibular defects. This is a detailed anatomical
      study of the blood supply to the iliac bone using microfil and Batson injection
      methods. It confirms and extends Taylor's study. Clinical results are reported
      for six cases of extensive mandibular defects which were reconstructed using this
      method.

PMID- 4013714
TI  - Extent of partial laryngectomies.
AB  - Clinical experience of laryngeal cancer gave a relatively better prognosis
      compared with cancer, in other locations in our field. Histological examinations
      of laryngeal cancer showed that in most of our cases the tumours had an even,
      microscopically localized growth. Serial sections in our cases confirmed this
      observation. In the period 1970-78, 52 combined procedures were made out of the
      frame of vertical or horizontal partial laryngectomy. In the follow-up of 6-14
      years, only 6 patients died directly of the tumour. The analysis of our cases is
      reviewed.

PMID- 4013715
TI  - The possible influence of laryngeal and tracheal size on the running speed of
      mammals.

PMID- 4013716
TI  - The role of scanning electron microscopy in the diagnosis of human laryngeal
      cancer.
AB  - Malignant and non-malignant human laryngeal tissue samples (31 cases) were
      examined first by light microscopy (LM) and then the specimens were reprocessed
      for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of LM and SEM signs of
      malignancy were compared with each other. In all the 22 histologically
      unambiguous cases the LM and SEM results were in accordance with each other. From
      the 9 histologically doubtful cases, 2 were found malignant and 3 benign by
      retrospective SEM. The case histories of these 5 patients have confirmed the SEM
      results. This preliminary study suggests the application of SEM in histologically
      doubtful laryngeal biopsies.

PMID- 4013717
TI  - Pre- and postoperative facial nerve testing in patients with acoustic neuromas.
AB  - Clinical and electrophysiological examination of the facial nerve was performed
      in 49 consecutive patients, from December 1982 to January 1984, before and after
      surgical removal of acoustic neuroma. The electrophysiological examination
      included quantitative electromyography of the facial muscles and facial nerve
      stimulation with registration of amplitude and latency of evoked muscle
      potentials. 17 patients had tumours with an extrameatal size of 5-25 mm, 16 had
      tumours between 26 and 40 mm, and 16 (32%) tumours larger than 40 mm. At
      preoperative clinical examination, 9 patients had decreased facial motor
      function; 7 however, only by meticulous inspection, while 2 had a slight paresis.
      Two patients had hemifacial spasms. 25 patients had prolonged duration of motor
      unit potentials and/or increased incidence of polyphasic potentials by
      electromyography. Only one patient had denervation activity. Three patients had
      decreased amplitude of evoked muscle potentials to supramaximal stimulation of
      the facial nerve. Motor latency was normal. At the most recent examination
      between 3 and 12 months postoperatively, 65% of the patients had no or
      insignificant facial nerve involvement, 10% had slight and 25% significant
      involvement, of whom 6 had paralysis or only slight reinnervation. The
      preoperative clinical facial involvement and the degree of electrophysiological
      abnormality was poorly correlated to the motor function at the time of the most
      recent examination.

PMID- 4013718
TI  - Vomeronasal organs and nerves of Jacobson in the human fetus.
AB  - The vomeronasal organs and nerves of Jacobson were found on both sides of the
      nasal septum in a 28-week human fetus. The vomeronasal organ in the human is a
      tubular structure with an opening into the nasal cavity anteriorly and closed
      posterior end. The vomeronasal nerve is distributed equally to the medial and
      lateral aspects of the organ, courses along the nasal septum and goes through the
      cartilaginous cribriform plate with the olfactory nerve. The cellular
      configuration of the vomeronasal organ is similar to the olfactory
      neuroepithelium. No areas of receptor-free epithelium were found in the
      vomeronasal organs. Intraepithelial blood vessels and mitotic figures were not
      observed in the epithelium of the vomeronasal organs at 28 weeks. The lack of
      intraepithelial blood vessels and mitoses may suggest that the vomeronasal organs
      are undergoing degeneration at 28 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 4013719
TI  - The human respiratory nasal mucosa in nasal syphilis. An ultra-microscopic study.
AB  - The fine structure of the human tertiary syphilitic nasal mucosa was studied in 5
      patients. The epithelium showed variations in thickness, loss of cilia, irregular
      cell contours, widened intercellular spaces, rare goblet cells. The seromucinous
      glands were in three forms. The arterioles and capillaries varied in relation to
      the pathology of the surrounding tissue. The venules were least affected. The
      stroma was infiltrated by macrophages, plasma cells with some areas having
      excessive fibrosis and others partially necrotic. These findings were correlated
      to the histochemical reactions. Scattered Treponema pallidum were seen,
      demonstrating the blood-borne dissemination and the infective nasal secretions.

PMID- 4013720
TI  - Pathology of acoustic nerve Schwannoma in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The ultrastructural pattern of the acoustic nerve Schwannoma was studied on
      surgically excised tumours and on explants cultured in vitro. The typical
      neoplastic cell is elongated, spindle-shaped, coated with basement membrane and
      numerous protruding cellular processes. Cells demonstrating numerous
      microfilaments are also seen, sometimes intermixed with the typical spindle
      shaped cells. Fibroblasts are not uncommon; nor are cells with a round nucleus
      and rich in organelle cytoplasm, resembling endothelial cells. Numerous collagen
      fibres and "Luse bodies" are seen in the extracellular space, especially in areas
      of low cellularity. Round or ovoid cells partially coated with basement membrane
      are not uncommonly seen in various areas of the neoplasm. In culture, several
      cells demonstrate fibrillary cytoplasm and long thin cellular processes are
      frequently seen. Unusual features, such as enwrapping of the cytoplasmic
      processes forming laminated myelin-like figures are occasionally seen in the
      surgical specimens as well as in the in vitro cultured explants.

PMID- 4013721
TI  - A preliminary cytochemical study of mucus in chronic secretory otitis media and
      possible correlations with anatomical evolution tympanum.

PMID- 4013722
TI  - Metachromasia as the key to aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Preliminary report.
AB  - In in-vitro experiments, it was shown that aminoglycosides, in contrast to other
      antibiotics, inhibited the metachromatic reaction using o-toluidine blue as a
      basic dye and heparin-Na as a polysulfate-polysaccharide substrate. The
      inhibitory concentrations were inversely proportional to the free amino groups of
      aminoglycosides tested. Taking into consideration (a) that the aminoglycosides
      antagonize the presence of Ca++ and (b) that mechanisms of ototoxicity involve
      ionic alterations in endolymph, we suggest that: aminoglycoside ototoxicity could
      be the result of the reaction between aminoglycosides and anionic
      polyelectrolytes, of the group of polysulfated polysaccharides, in a
      metachromatic process.

PMID- 4013723
TI  - Results of an ultrastructural study comparing stria vascularis with organ of
      Corti in guinea pigs treated with kanamycin.
AB  - Ultrastructural study of ototoxicity is well documented with two points of
      interest: organ of Corti for aminoglycosides and stria vascularis for loop
      diuretics. As a previous study suggested initial lesions of stria vascularis, an
      attempt of comparison and of chronological study was made between the organ of
      Corti and stria vascularis lesions by kanamycin intoxication. The method was
      devised by J. M. ARAN, with electrophysiological control. We failed to find in
      the stria vascularis a radial or longitudinal pattern of lesions. We could not
      discern a chronological injury between the organ of Corti and stria vascularis
      because both were damaged even in the less deafened animals. Nevertheless, two
      facts were clarified: hair cell lesions are lysosomial as for the kidney lesions,
      while stria vascularis lesions are mitochondrial, melanine granulations play a
      part in drug metabolism (increased number, secretory aspect) and deserve further
      study.

PMID- 4013724
TI  - Influence of stimulus duration and intensity on acoustic reflex parameters.
AB  - Four acoustic reflex parameters (latency, duration, amplitude, recruitment time)
      in response to stimuli lasting 1 000 to 50 msec with an initial intensity of 95
      dB SPL p.e. were studied in four sets of experiments. In each set of experiments,
      each halving of the stimulus duration was accompanied by a 3, 4, 5 and 6 dB SPL
      p.e. increase respectively (exchange rates: 3, 4, 5 and 6 dB SPL p.e.). It was
      found that latency was dependent on the threshold only and unaffected by either
      duration and intensity. Amplitude and recruitment time were mainly determined by
      energy content of the stimulus, whereas duration of contraction was solely
      dependent on the stimulus duration. These experiments also demonstrate that, with
      reference to stimuli employed, an increase of 3 dB SPL p.e. each halving of the
      stimulus duration is unable to maintain unchanged the environmental acoustic
      energy reaching the inner ear.

PMID- 4013725
TI  - Audiometric and electrophysiological correlations in sudden deafness.
AB  - Electrophysiological measures were collected over 3 years in 61 cases of sudden
      deafness. Electrocochleography (ECochG) and Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR)
      using click stimuli were recorded down to threshold and compared with pure-tone
      and speech audiometry data. This study was intended to precise 1) localization of
      the disorder, 2) prognosis, 3) analysis of the contribution of different
      frequencies in click-evoked responses. The following results are: 1) In most
      cases the observations indicated that the inner ear was affected. 2) However, in
      19 cases electrophysiological measures revealed a retrocochlear involvement. Four
      acoustic neuromas were evidenced by CT scan. In 3 of these, audiometric and
      electrophysiological thresholds returned merely to normal levels after medical
      treatment, while brainstem responses remained delayed. Thus in these cases
      recovery would seem to be related to release of vascular compression in the
      auditory internal meatus. 3) When the latencies of the VII nerve potential (N1)
      and wave V (PV) were short, and the therapy undertaken early, a good recovery was
      often obtained. 4) When recovery occurred on low frequencies only, the
      electrophysiological responses to the click showed slight latency increases.

PMID- 4013726
TI  - Central auditory tests and auditory nerve-brainstem evoked responses in multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - In 43 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and an equal number of age- and sex
      matched normal controls, auditory nerve-brainstem evoked responses (ABR),
      audiometric tests, central auditory tests (CAT) and clinical-neurological
      examinations were conducted. The CAT included rapid alternating speech
      perception, masking level differences to tones and to words and lateralization
      based on interaural time and intensity differences. The results in the MS group
      on the ABR and each of the CAT differed significantly from those in the control
      group. The ABR results and the lateralization test results were each abnormal in
      50% of the MS patients. The ABR, CAT and clinical examination results were all
      mutually correlated. These findings are probably related to the fact that the
      demyelination in MS induces a decrease in impulse velocity, to temporal
      dispersion and to desynchrony of impulses in groups of affected axons and to the
      fact that the ABR and the CAT tests chosen are dependent on synchronous impulse
      firing and on the precise timing of the arrival of impulses from each ear at some
      brain centre. These tests may therefore contribute to neurological and to
      audiological diagnosis.

PMID- 4013727
TI  - Frequency specificity of the auditory brainstem responses in the cat.
AB  - The auditory brainstem responses evoked by click, noise-burst and tone-bursts
      have been recorded in the cat, and octave-wide derived bands obtained at 20 and
      50 dB RL intensity levels. At near-threshold intensity both the 2 and 4 kHz tone
      bursts are frequency specific, while the click and noise-burst ABR contain no
      contributions below 2 kHz. The principal contribution to the 1 kHz ABR comes from
      the 2-4 kHz band, while at 0.5 kHz almost the entire response is generated
      basally. Higher stimulus intensity produces a spread of activity into other
      bands. Low frequency cochlear function cannot be assessed by this technique.

PMID- 4013728
TI  - Electrocochleography (ECochG) and brain stem evoked response recordings (BSER) in
      the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.
AB  - Evaluation of the auditory evoked responses has hitherto been the most important
      otoneurological method for early diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. ECochG enables
      to recognize serious damage to the first neurone. Criteria are: increased latency
      of the action potential (N1) and a low amplitude of the action potential relative
      to a high amplitude of the microphonic potential. BSER is a more sensitive
      indicator for functional deficiency in the first neurone, especially by
      evaluating interaural differences of the interpeak intervals (IPI) I-V and I-III.
      Problems arising when wave I cannot be clearly detected can be overcome by
      combining ECochG and BSER and evaluating the latency N1-V or perhaps in a better
      way by applying derivation of BSER between promontory and vertex. In 24 of 25
      patients with indistinctly defined wave I in the standard recording, evaluation
      was possible in promontory BSER.

PMID- 4013729
TI  - Alterations of auditory evoked potentials during the course of chloroquine
      treatment.
AB  - Chloroquine phosphate is now used extensively in the treatment of active
      rheumatoid arthritis and in some collagen diseases. The ototoxic potential of
      this drug during long term use was assessed in 74 patients. At a time when pure
      tone and speech audiometry failed to demonstrate any hearing change, brainstem
      audiometry became abnormal in 13 patients. Abnormalities disappeared if
      chloroquine was withdrawn. Pathogenesis will be discussed on the basis of data
      obtained from animal experiments.

PMID- 4013730
TI  - Auditory potentials in profoundly deaf subjects.
AB  - In 12 healthy volunteers, and 5 prelingually and 5 postlingually profoundly deaf
      subjects, a 500 Hz filtered click stimulus was applied to the mastoid via the
      bone conductor. In all the healthy volunteers, middle latency response (MLR) was
      recorded. Among all profoundly deaf subjects, MLR was recorded only in 2 with
      prelingually deafness; these two subjects were also the only ones with normal
      vestibular function. The possible mechanisms of the MLR appearance in deaf
      subjects are discussed.

PMID- 4013731
TI  - Otoconial mineralization in post-natal development.
AB  - Otoconial mineralization has been studied in the utricle of post-natal rats, i.e.
      from birth to the 20th day. Calcium microanalytically detected is seen to
      decrease progressively until, after 20 days, when the level is rather lower than
      at birth. In the adult animal the calcium value is much higher, which leads us to
      believe that there is an immediate calcium loss that is later recovered. Calcium
      in the peripheral areas of the macula is proportionately less than in the central
      part.

PMID- 4013732
TI  - Communicatory routes connecting the middle ear, the inner ear and the
      subarachnoid space via perineural space.
AB  - Twenty-one rabbits received injection of Indian ink into the stylomastoid
      foramen. Observation of the serial sections of their temporal bones revealed
      Indian ink infiltration into the subarachnoid space, along the facial nerve, the
      auricular branch of the vagus nerve and the tympanic nerve. Along the acoustic
      nerve, the infiltration was found as far as the fundus of the internal auditory
      meatus. In some cases, however, Indian ink reached the subarachnoid space and
      infiltrated into the scala tympani, scala vestibuli and around the saccule by way
      of the cochlear aqueduct. These routes are suspected to be a course of spreading
      infection or tumor cells.

PMID- 4013733
TI  - The cause (multifactorial inheritance) and pathogenesis (endolymphatic
      malabsorption) of Meniere's disease and its symptoms (mechanical and chemical).
AB  - A clinical classification separates Meniere's disease (MD) of known cause (e.g.
      infection, trauma, otosclerosis, syphilis, genetic and others) from MD,
      idiopathic. Atypical forms of MD include vestibular MD and cochlear MD. Temporal
      bone studies from our laboratory and as reviewed in the literature reveal hydrops
      of the pars inferior, sometimes with ruptures, most often seen in Reissner's
      membrane, and sometimes without ruptures, to be the most important pathological
      correlate. Gross anatomical pathological findings include decreased mastoid and
      periaqueductal pneumatization and anterior displacement of the lateral sinus
      which reduces Trautmann's triangle. Such developmental changes most probably
      influence the endolymphatic absorptive system. Any explanation for the mechanisms
      of pathogenesis of clinical symptoms must encompass all aspects of the natural
      history, including vestibular symptoms, auditory symptoms, and aural pressure.
      Both mechanical and chemical factors best explain the clinical symptoms, and both
      may be traceable to multifactorial inheritance.

PMID- 4013734
TI  - Post-labyrinthectomy balance compensation with preplacement of cerebellar vermis
      lesion.
AB  - Post-unilateral labyrinthectomy compensation was compared between squirrel
      monkeys; one group with the pre-placement of posterior vermectomy next group with
      uvulonodulectomy, and the other group without any vermic lesions. The comparison
      was made by characterizing behavioral locomotor imbalance (by squirrel monkey
      platform runway test) and oculomotor imbalance (spontaneous nystagmus). Post
      posterior vermectomy + unilateral labyrinthectomy group showed a much slower
      regainment of locomotor balance function when compared to that after
      uvulonodulectomy + unilateral labyrinthectomy group (which results was almost
      identical to that after unilateral labyrinthectomy alone). In contrast, the
      former group exhibited faster decay in spontaneous nystagmus, whereas the latter
      group showed delayed reduction of slow phase eye velocity. Thus, posterior vermis
      could have more functional linkage to the vestibulo-spinal system, whereas, uvula
      and nodulus, to the vestibulo-oculomotor system.

PMID- 4013735
TI  - Gradients of organic substances between fluid compartments of the cochlea.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated the presence of steep gradients of amino acids
      between cochlear endolymph and perilymph of scala vestibuli. However, only
      recently have we succeeded in developing a sampling technique which is capable of
      providing amino acid levels in scala tympani which are representative of the in
      vivo situation under physiological circumstances. This is achieved by sampling
      perilymph in a closed system, which precludes unphysiological contamination by
      CSF via the cochlear aqueduct. It is also shown that amino acids which exhibit
      very steep gradients between CSF and perilymph, such as glycine and alanine, can
      be used as endogenous markers to assess the degree of artifactual admixture of
      CSF when perilymph is sampled by conventional techniques in the open system.
      Moreover, pilot experiments indicate that net production of perilymph is very low
      when the cochlear aqueduct is blocked.

PMID- 4013736
TI  - Ultrastructural morphology of enzyme-dissociated cochlear sensory cells.
AB  - Enzyme-dissociated chinchilla cochlear sensory cells maintained excellent
      cellular integrity for two hours or more when kept in the tissue culture medium.
      The healthy appearing sensory cells maintained their refractile characteristics.
      Early signs of cell stress were shown by the aggregation of nuclear chromatin,
      clustering of cytoplasmic contents in the central portion of the supranuclear
      region of the outer hair cells, and Brownian motion of the mitochondria. The
      ultrastructural morphology of the enzyme-dissociated outer hair cells was
      generally well maintained, but with such subtle changes as increased vesicle
      formation, condensation of mitochondrial matrix, nuclear chromatin aggregation,
      and vacuole formation. Some of the vesicles present in the infranuclear region
      are interpreted to be neural synaptic vesicles that have accumulated in the cell,
      or they may be dilated microsomes or vesicles formed from the degenerating
      cytoplasmic membrane system (ER system) as a sign of cell stress or degeneration.

PMID- 4013737
TI  - Post mortem measurement of ventricular volumes of the heart. An analysis of
      errors and presentation of a new method.
AB  - A new method to determine ventricular volumes of the heart post mortem was
      developed. Atrioventricular valves are carefully closed with continuous
      monofilament sutures, and the ventricles are filled with liquid paraffin through
      the base of the aorta and pulmonary trunk using a standard filling pressure. The
      effect of various post mortem factors on the volumes of cardiac ventricles was
      studied using this method. Many factors, such as rigor mortis, time of
      measurement, mechanical handling of the heart and filling pressure used in the
      measurement have an effect on the ventricular volume. The volume of ventricles
      after formalin fixation is only about half of that of fresh hearts handled in the
      same way. The contraction caused by rigor mortis keeps the volume low and can be
      relaxed only by manipulation of the heart. The results of measurements are
      comparable only if the hearts have been manipulated in the same way, have been
      preserved for the same length of time and under the same conditions, and the
      volume has been measured using the same filling pressure.

PMID- 4013738
TI  - The effect of strontium and manganese on freshly isolated chondrocytes.
AB  - The effect of Strontium (Sr) and Manganese (Mn) was studied on freshly isolated
      chondrocytes obtained from costal cartilage of young male rats. Cells isolated
      from rats rendered rachitic by oral exposure to Sr or Mn exhibited a decreased
      synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen as judged by incorporation of 35SO4
      and 3H proline. In vitro exposure of chondrocytes from untreated (control)
      animals to Sr or Mn at concentrations comparable to those found in cartilage from
      Sr and Mn rachitic rats, lowered the O2 consumption in both groups, but only Sr
      had any influence on the other parameters studied.

PMID- 4013739
TI  - Parietal cell density in gastric biopsies from patients with and without duodenal
      ulcer disease.
AB  - During gastroscopy biopsy specimens were taken from 4 different areas of gastric
      corpus mucosa in 51 patients with duodenal ulcer disease (DU) and 26 patients
      without ulcer disease and the patients underwent an acid stimulation test by
      injection of 6 micrograms 5-gastrin/kg bodyweight. A parietal cell density study
      was carried out, using a direct counting of cell nuclei in a standardized
      lattice. The method was found fully acceptable when compared with stereological
      analysis of parietal cell density per unit volume (Nv) and was found having a low
      variation in and between observers. There was no significant variation of
      parietal cell density locally or regionally in the oxyntic mucosa. No correlation
      was found in DU group between Basic Acid Output (BAO), Peak Acid Output (PAO) and
      the parietal cell density, but in the non-DU group a rather poor, but
      significantly positive correlation was demonstrated. We conclude that the
      parietal cell mass is not exactly correlated to acid production and that the term
      "Parietal cell mass" have to include acidogenic area and the secretory ability of
      the parietal cells.

PMID- 4013740
TI  - Changes of blood group antigens in premalignant and malignant lesions of the
      human exocervix.
AB  - In this preliminary study the distribution of blood group A- and H-antigens and
      their structural precursor N-acetyllactosamine in normal, pre-malignant and
      malignant squamous epithelium were investigated using the immunofluorescence
      technique. In normal cervical epithelium the basal cells and few parabasal cells
      expressed N-acetyllactosamine. The parabasal and lower spinous cells expressed
      the H-antigen and the upper spinous layer expressed the A-antigen. All pre
      malignant and malignant lesions showed irregular decrease in contents of A- and H
      antigens. N-acetyllactosamine was either completely lost or found to accumulate
      in these lesions, and it is suggested that this antigen could be a valuable tool
      in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.

PMID- 4013741
TI  - Addition of xylitol to the growth medium of Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176--effect
      on the synthesis of extractable glycerol-phosphate polymers.
AB  - Addition of 5% xylitol to growing cultures of Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176
      reduced the amount of extractable glycerol-phosphate polymers in these cells
      compared to S. mutans cultures grown in medium with 5% glucose added. The
      glycerol-phosphate polymers were extracted from the cells by hot phenol-water
      extraction, and separated by column chromatography. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was
      identified by indirect haemagglutination tests and lipid analysis. The amount of
      LTA extracted from the cells or present in the medium was not significantly
      different. It is suggested that the accumulation of intracellular xylitol
      phosphate observed in a previous study causes an effect similar to glucose
      starvation, which is known to affect the composition of the cell wall.

PMID- 4013742
TI  - Comparative thermoresistance of two biological indicators for monitoring steam
      autoclaves. 2. Comparison performed at 134 degrees C in a hospital prevacuum
      steam sterilizer.
AB  - The thermoresistance of various lots of two biological indicators (BIs) for steam
      sterilization control, a Scandinavian BI (SBI) and the Attest BI (ABI), were
      compared during sterilization cycles in a hospital prevacuum (pressure-pulsing)
      steam autoclave at 134 degrees C, saturated steam. ABI No. 1242, ABI No. 1262
      (its replacement) and incremental heat exposure times between 0 s and 180 s were
      used. The intrachamber temperature and pressure were continuously measured and
      monitored throughout the sterilization cycles. The results showed that both of
      the ABIs were more thermoresistant than the SBI, giving 33.1% (ABI No. 1242),
      18.9% (ABI No. 1262), and 0% (SBI) autoclave survivors. Because the time needed
      to reach 134 degrees C (preconditioning time) increased as the day progressed,
      and varied from day to day, correlation between individual incremental heat
      exposure times and the number of surviving BI units was not possible.
      Standardized test conditions are necessary for a true comparison of BIs.

PMID- 4013743
TI  - Successful cultivation of spirochetes from skin lesions of patients with erythema
      chronicum migrans Afzelius and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans.
AB  - Spirochetes could be cultivated from 9 out of 13 skin biopsies from patients with
      erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius (ECMA) and from 2 out of 5 biopsies from
      patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) by using a newly modified
      serumless Kelly's medium. The different spirochete strains grew best at a low
      oxygen tension. Attempts to grow spirochetes from blood and cerebrospinal fluid
      failed. The cultivation of spirochetes from secondary ECMA lesions favours the
      presumption that a spirochetemia may occur in ECMA. The isolation of spirochetes
      from an ACA patient who had a disease duration of greater than 10 years proves
      that the spirochetes may survive in the human body for a considerable time.

PMID- 4013744
TI  - Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from sporadic cases and outbreaks in
      northern Norway.
AB  - In the northern regions of Norway, 123 cases of Campylobacter jejuni
      gastroenteritis were either sporadic infections or due to five separate outbreaks
      during 1980-83. Using a serotyping scheme based on thermostable antigens and the
      passive haemagglutination technique, 92 isolates were serotyped. Excluding
      duplicates from the outbreaks, the serotype distribution based on 79 isolates
      showed that serotypes 6, 7 and 12, 40 were the most frequent in occurrence. Each
      included 11 (13.9%) of the isolates and each serotype was also identified twice
      as the epidemic strain in four different outbreaks. A fifth outbreak strain was
      serotype 13, 16, 50. The number of isolates that reacted in one or more antisera
      of the cross reacting group of serotypes 4, 13, 16, 43 and 50 was 21 (26.6%). The
      other 23 isolates fell into 19 other serotypes and 13 (16.5%) were untypable.

PMID- 4013745
TI  - Serological response to toxic shock syndrome toxin in Staphylococcus aureus
      infected patients and healthy controls.
AB  - The prevalence of antibodies to Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1) in a Swedish
      healthy control population was investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA). 88% of the control group above the age of 10 showed positive
      antibody levels as compared to 31% of those who were under 10 years old. These
      results indicate a very common normal exposure to TSST-1 during early life and
      also identify the small risk-group of potential TSS-patients. Patients with S.
      aureus endocarditis and septicemia showed slightly higher antibody levels as
      compared to the controls (p less than 0.05). The difference was in part due to
      3/4 septicemia patients, infected with TSST-1 producing strains, who showed very
      high antibody levels. None of these 4 patients developed any signs of TSS. 5/5
      menstrual associated TSS-patients were negative in the ELISA in serial serum
      samples as were 3/5 non-menstrual associated TSS-patients. The TSST-1 ELISA is
      proposed for identifying chiefly young women at risk of acquiring menstrual
      related Toxic Shock Syndrome.

PMID- 4013746
TI  - Studies on coagulase-negative staphylococci in patients undergoing cardiac
      surgery. Different hypotheses for the origin of multiply-resistant isolates.
AB  - Hypotheses for the origin of multiply-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci
      from 146 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were tested. All received
      cephalothin per-operatively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, phage-typing, bio
      typing, and test for Tween-80-splitting enzyme were used to characterize 132
      isolates from nose swabs. Seventy-five percent of the pre-operative susceptible
      isolates were of biotype 1, while biotypes 3 and 4 made up 59% of the post
      operative, multiply-resistant isolates. Fifty-three percent of the isolates were
      typable by phage-typing. Typability of isolates of biotype 1 was high (56%) while
      almost 75% of biotype 4 were untypable. Susceptible isolates were more often
      typable than multiply-resistant ones. Of the 146 patients, 105 (72%) carried
      coagulase-negative staphylococci pre-operatively, only two of them carried
      multiply-resistant strains. Fifty-nine patients (41%) were colonized with
      multiply-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci post-operatively. By
      combining the results of bio-typing, phage-typing, and test for Tween-splitting
      enzyme the study made it probable that a maximum of ten patients (6.8%) already
      carried multiply-resistant strains on admission to the hospital or were carriers
      of initially susceptible strains which developed multiple-resistance during
      administration of antibiotics. It therefore seemed likely that most of the
      patients were deprived of their natural bacterial flora by antibiotic treatment
      and subsequently colonized post-operatively with multiply-resistant coagulase
      negative staphylococci from the environment.

PMID- 4013747
TI  - The use of frozen monocytes in phagocytosis studies.
AB  - Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by Lymphoprep density
      gradient centrifugation and adherence to fibronectin. The cells were loosened by
      ethylene-diamino-tetra-acetate (EDTA), frozen by different freezing methods,
      thawed, washed and compared to unfrozen cells. After freezing, thawing and
      washing, cell recovery was calculated and found to vary with the freezing
      procedure. The best result was about 76% cell recovery. No morphological
      differences were observed between unfrozen and frozen cells. The experiments also
      showed that the percentage of cells that attached or phagocytized IgG-opsonized
      erythrocytes (E-IgG) via the Fc-receptor was unaltered after freezing. Neither
      was there any difference between unfrozen and frozen monocytes with respect to
      their ability to phagocytize latex particles. There was no significant difference
      in reactivity between monocytes frozen for one day and those frozen for six
      weeks.

PMID- 4013748
TI  - Complement activation by clumping factor and protein A from Staphylococcus aureus
      strain E 2371.
AB  - Purified surface components from Staphylococcus aureus strain E 2371, which bind
      to human plasma proteins, were tested for their ability in vitro to activate
      complement present in normal human serum. Staphylococcal clumping factor as well
      as protein A both isolated from strain E 2371 were capable of activate
      complement, while the fibronectin-binding protein showed no activity. At
      identical molar concentrations clumping factor was more potent than protein A to
      induce complement consumption. Both clumping factor and protein A were able to
      activate the alternative complement pathway as demonstrated in serum chelated
      with ethylene-glycerol-tetra-acetic acid (10 mM) in the presence of MgCl2 (10
      mM).

PMID- 4013749
TI  - Age-related changes of human serum antibodies to dietary and colonic bacterial
      antigens measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - IgG, IgA and IgM antibody activities in human serum to six dietary and eight gut
      related microbial antigens were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). IgG activities to five of the dietary antigens decreased with age; IgM
      activities to four of them were weaker in old people than in children. Old people
      showed weaker IgM but stronger IgG activities to some of the microbial antigens
      than children did. A decline in IgG and IgM antibody titres to most dietary
      antigens with increasing age is consistent with the development of systemic
      hyporesponsiveness due to continuous antigenic stimulation of the intestinal
      immune system. Persistence of microbial antigens in the gut, moreover, may lead
      to systemic hyporesponsiveness of IgM-producing cells. Concurrently raised IgG
      titres to three of the bacteria might be explained by antigenic stimulation
      outside the intestinal immune system.

PMID- 4013750
TI  - Complexed autoantibodies in patients with juvenile connective tissue diseases,
      isolated by rate-zonal ultracentrifugation.
AB  - Selected sera from one patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, two with mixed
      connective tissue disease, one with dermatomyositis, one with progressive
      systemic sclerosis and one with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were investigated
      for autoantibodies after fractionation by computerized rate-zonal
      ultracentrifugation. Anti-Smith antibodies sedimented in an area from 6-11 S and
      anti-ribonucleoprotein from 6-13 S. IgG anti-IgG and IgG antinuclear antibodies
      (ANA) were present in free or complexed form in the 6-13 S area. IgM ANA occurred
      as 7 S IgM in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective
      tissue disease, whereas IgM ANA sedimented in the 19 S area in patients with
      dermatomyositis and progressive systemic sclerosis. Complexes containing IgG anti
      IgG and ANA, positioned in the 6-13 S area are likely to play a significant role
      in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue
      disease.

PMID- 4013751
TI  - Antigenicity of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter
      coli in passive haemagglutination tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
AB  - Passive haemagglutination tests and ELISA were used to study the serological
      activity of homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera against LPS prepared from
      various strains of C. jejuni/coli. In both test systems the homologous antisera
      exhibited serological activity against LPS. The heterologous antisera showed some
      degree of intra- and inter- species cross-reactivity. The cross-reacting was most
      pronounced in the ELISA. Erythrocytes sensitized with untreated LPS gave higher
      antibody-titres than erythrocytes sensitized with alkali-treated LPS in the
      haemagglutination tests.

PMID- 4013752
TI  - [Ch-141, a new drug with peripheral vasodilator action studied in solution. I.
      Analytic study of the compound with reference to the selectivity of the methods
      for stability tests].

PMID- 4013753
TI  - [Stability tests of a new pyrido (1.2-a) pyrimidine derivative (CH-150). I.
      Thermal decomposition].

PMID- 4013754
TI  - [Gas chromatographic retention behavior of substances of plant origin. I.
      Retention indices of the main components of lavender and lavender oils].

PMID- 4013755
TI  - [Study of the absorption of a new peripheral vasodilator (CH-141) by in vitro and
      in vivo methods. I. In vitro model of liquid transport].

PMID- 4013756
TI  - [Cellulose ether hydrogels studied rheologically. II. Consistency of gels with
      respect to experimental application].

PMID- 4013757
TI  - [Planning and research on the composition of ointment bases usable in tropical
      climate. II. Stability of consistency].

PMID- 4013758
TI  - [New type of peripheral vasodilator, the compound CH-141 studied in solution. II.
      Mechanism of thermal decomposition and identification of decomposition products].

PMID- 4013759
TI  - Modulation of choline transport and acetylcholine synthesis in synaptosomes from
      different brain regions.
AB  - Uptake and biotransformation of radioactive choline (3H-Ch) have been studied in
      P2 fractions from different brain regions of mice treated with different doses of
      sodium pentobarbital (45-120 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or saline. Sodium dependent
      uptake (SDU) has been measured as the difference between results of incubations
      with Na+ in the incubation medium and when the sodium salts were replaced by
      Trisphosphate and sucrose. The uptake of radioactivity increased during the
      incubation with 3H-Ch but the proportion of 3H-ACh was the same at all time
      points. The proportion of 3H-ACh to 3H-Ch in the P2 pellet was 86, 81 and 69 per
      cent in hippocampus, striatum and cortex, respectively. Omission of sodium ions
      in the incubation medium reduced uptake of 3H-Ch by about 90 per cent at 1 microM
      Ch in the incubation medium and the proportion of 3H-ACh to 3H-Ch was only 10 to
      20 per cent while the proportion of 3H-PhCh increased from insignificant amounts
      to between 20 to 30 per cent. There were quantitative regional differences in
      SDU, a two times greater uptake was obtained in the striatum compared with cortex
      and hippocampus. Apparent Km and Vmax were 0.9 X 10(-6)M and 71 pmol/mg,
      respectively, for the cortex of untreated animals. The contribution of endogenous
      Ch from the P2 fraction to the incubation medium gave a final concentration of
      0.5 microM Ch in the standard uptake experiments. The 3H-Ch uptake was
      significantly reduced in P2 fraction from cortex and hippocampus prepared from
      mice anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital while the uptake in P2 fractions
      from the striatum was unaffected. Sodium pentobarbital treatment did not affect
      the proportion of 3H-ACh in the pellets.

PMID- 4013760
TI  - The influence of sustained release theophylline therapy on free fatty acids in
      serum.
AB  - The serum concentrations of theophylline, total free fatty acids (FFA) and
      subgroups were studied in ten healthy volunteers treated with sustained release
      theophylline twice daily during 9 days. Analyses were performed before and on day
      1, 4 and 9 of treatment. Mean theophylline serum levels within the therapeutic
      range were obtained during the study, ranging from 62 +/- 7 to 82 +/- 10 mumol/l.
      The mean serum concentrations of total FFA and subgroups increased significantly
      during treatment, showing the highest levels on day 4. Comparing fasting total
      FFA concentrations, an increase of 123% and 48% from pretreatment levels were
      found on day 4 and 9, respectively. The subgroups were influenced to a different
      degree by theophylline intake. Arachidonic acid (20:4) was not increased, while
      among the others, saturated FFA increased less than the unsaturated.

PMID- 4013761
TI  - Human platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration as a tool in prediction of
      solvent induced neurotoxic effects.
AB  - Many organic solvents are lipophilic and concentrate in lipid rich tissues e.g.
      nervous tissue, where they are known to induce toxic effects in humans,
      especially in the central nervous system. Changes in the presynaptic
      neurotransmitter metabolism may play a role in these effects. The platelet is
      proposed as an alternative human model for this complex in the investigation of
      such changes, especially regarding 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The platelet 5-HT
      concentration was measured in platelets isolated from exposed persons with
      diagnosed neurointoxication caused by exposure to organic solvents and compared
      to controls. No difference in the concentration was found. Instead of using the
      platelet 5-HT concentration in the prediction of neurotoxic effects, the platelet
      5-HT uptake rate may be an alternative parameter. A specific and sensitive double
      isotope derivative technique for 5-HT measurements is described. A solvent
      induced reduction in the number of platelets/ml platelet rich plasma was found
      and is discussed.

PMID- 4013762
TI  - Embryonic survival in mice treated with AET, MEA or 5-HT on the first day of
      pregnancy.
AB  - The embryotoxicity of AET, MEA, and 5-HT was investigated in Porton mice. Female
      mice on the first day of gestation were injected intraperitoneally with 2-amino
      ethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET), cysteamine hydrochloride (MEA) or
      serotonin-creatinine sulphate (5-HT) in a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. Uterine
      contents were examined on the nineteenth day of pregnancy. As compared with
      controls, in mice treated with AET, MEA or 5-HT, a smaller number of live fetuses
      and a greater number of non-implanted embryos, resorptions, and dead fetuses were
      found. Not all females which were injected with these compounds had live fetuses.
      Among the compounds, MEA appeared to be more toxic than AET and 5-HT.

PMID- 4013763
TI  - The effect of anaesthesia on the haemodynamic and sympathoadrenal responses of
      the dog in experimental haemorrhagic shock.
AB  - Studies were carried out to demonstrate the effect of sodium pentobarbital and
      morphine-pentobarbital anaesthesia on the haemodynamic and sympathoadrenal
      responses of dogs in haemorrhagic shock. The results were compared to those of
      conscious dogs and of dogs receiving only morphine. The reactivity of the
      cardiovascular system to exogenous adrenaline was also studied in every group.
      Pentobarbital did not change the resting plasma level of catecholamines but
      reduced the increase of plasma catecholamines in shock. In the pentobarbital
      anaesthetized dogs in which shock was less severe, the reactivity of blood
      vessels to adrenaline was higher than in conscious dogs. In the haemodynamic
      response to shock the increase of heart rate predominated in the conscious dogs
      while the rise of blood pressure was more pronounced in the pentobarbital
      anaesthetized animals. Subcutaneously injected morphine decreased the heart rate
      and increased the plasma catecholamine and histamine levels. Morphine
      pentobarbital anaesthesia decreased the resting arterial pressure and increased
      the plasma histamine level while the plasma catecholamines were near their
      initial levels. Morphine alone increased the plasma catecholamines, and the
      subsequent shock could not induce as high a sympathoadrenal response as in the
      conscious dogs. Pentobarbital administered following morphine decreased the
      plasma level of catecholamines nearly to the conscious level but could not
      inhibit the sympathoadrenal activation induced by shock. Anaesthesia is a
      significant additional factor in the evaluation of shock experiments carried out
      on anaesthetized animals.

PMID- 4013764
TI  - Alterations of dorsal root potential in the course of transganglionic
      degenerative atrophy.
AB  - Alterations in the dorsal root potential (DRP) which was evoked by stimulation of
      the common peroneal nerve of the rat, have been studied in the course of
      transganglionic degenerative atrophy (TDA) of primary sensory terminals in the
      upper dorsal horn. TDA was induced by perineural application of Vinca alkaloids
      around the sciatic nerve. In 9 to 30 days after this treatment, latency of DRP
      increased, whereas its amplitude and duration decreased. In this period, no C
      fibre response could be elicited. As a possible mechanism underlying the
      alterations of DRP, the functional consequences of atrophic changes of primary
      central afferent terminals are being discussed in terms of the close correlation
      between structure and function and the possible inferences of the
      electrophysiological reaction to the therapeutic application of Vinca alkaloids
      in the iontophoretic treatment of chronic intractable pain.

PMID- 4013765
TI  - Sodium-salicylate in contrast with acetylsalicylic acid prevents gastric antral
      and intestinal ulcers produced by indomethacin in the refed rat.
AB  - Indomethacin produced true ulcers; the lesions penetrated into the muscularis
      mucosae of the antrum of refed rats and into the intestine of both refed and
      conventionally fed rats. Sodium-salicylate dose-dependently and simultaneously
      prevented the antral and intestinal ulcers produced by indomethacin in refed
      rats. Acetylsalicylic acid had no preventive effect on small intestinal ulcers
      and markedly increased the indomethacin induced antral ulcers.

PMID- 4013766
TI  - Serum progesterone levels in early imminent abortion.
AB  - Blood progesterone levels of 112 women in 5 to 10 weeks of gestation were
      analyzed. Of them, 58 women were admitted for voluntary surgical abortion
      (control group), while 54 patients showed clinical signs of imminent spontaneous
      abortion (study group). Mean progesterone levels by gestational age (5 to 10
      weeks--control/study) were as follows: 49.4/33.4-54.2/36.5-57.8/39.8-68.2/46.2
      83.4/69.1-99.8/98.9 nmol/l. These values were significantly lower in the 5 to 9
      week spontaneous abortion patients compared to the controls. No significant
      difference was observed in the 10-week group. The authors consider progesterone
      assays as a useful screening method for progesterone deficiency among imminent
      abortion patients and providing basis for better knowledge of the physiological
      background and meaningful therapy of this pathological condition.

PMID- 4013767
TI  - Effect of oxytocin infusion during labor: indocyanin green elimination and serum
      bilirubin levels.
AB  - The elimination of indocyanin green (IGG) in selected mature newborn babies (n =
      50) was investigated on the first postnatal day. The IGG dose was 2 mg/kg body
      weight. The half time (t1/2), the elimination constant (K2), the dye distribution
      volume (ml/kg), as well as the level of serum indirect bilirubin on the third
      postnatal day were measured and calculated. Healthy, mature newborns from
      spontaneous labor served as controls (n = 14): the two study groups consisted of
      either growth-retarded (n = 8) or acidotic (n = 8) neonates. According to the
      management of deliveries, they were spontaneous, assisted by oxytocin drop
      infusion (n = 10) or under lumbal peridural anaesthesia + oxytocin drop infusion
      (n = 8). In the acidotic neonates the elimination constant was significantly
      lower and the half time significantly longer. In the growth retarded newborn
      babies the difference was not significant. The increase of the level of indirect
      bilirubin in serum appearing in the acidotic group on the third postnatal day was
      significantly greater.

PMID- 4013768
TI  - Mechanism of foetal growth retardation caused by smoking during pregnancy.
AB  - In order to clarify the mechanism of retarded foetal growth in smoking pregnant
      women, foeto-placental function and maternal nutritional condition were assessed.
      Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) loading test, measurement of cotinine which
      is a major metabolite of nicotine and pathohistological examination of placental
      villi were also made to know the effect of smoking on utero-placental
      circulation. In heavy smokers, urinary oestriol and serum hPL levels were lower
      than those in non-smokers while the maternal nutritional condition was not
      different from that in non-smokers. In the DHAS loading test, heavy smokers
      showed lower conversion of DHAS to oestradiol. In the non-stress test (NST),
      bradycardia and/or loss of variability of baseline foetal heart rate were noted
      after smoking. Levels of cotinine in maternal blood and umbilical cord blood in
      heavy smokers were markedly higher than those in non-smokers. Microscopic
      examination showed atrophic and hypovascular changes of placental villi obtained
      from smoking mothers. These results suggest that the retarded fetal growth in
      heavy smokers is due to the impairment of utero-placental circulation as a result
      of the vasoconstricting effect of nicotine.

PMID- 4013769
TI  - Oxytocin and cervical connective tissue.
AB  - The effect of oxytocin on collagen synthesis in the pregnant human cervix and
      lower uterine segment was studied in incubation experiments by measuring the
      incorporation of 3H-proline. Oxytocin had a concentration related inhibitory
      effect on the labelling with 3H-proline. Vasopressin in the corresponding
      concentrations had only a weak effect on the incorporation of 3H-proline.
      Addition of indomethacin did not influence the response to oxytocin indicating
      that the effect was probably not mediated by prostaglandins. These results
      suggest that oxytocin under in vitro experimental conditions influences cervical
      connective tissue metabolism which is in contrast to current clinical experience.

PMID- 4013770
TI  - Catecholamines and contractility of the human myometrium at term: a possible role
      for prostaglandins.
AB  - The contractile response of small myometrial specimens from the term pregnant
      human uterus was investigated using a superfusion technique. Adrenaline,
      noradrenaline and dopamine all had a stimulatory effect on the contractility. It
      was also demonstrated that this stimulatory effect was alpha-adrenoceptor
      mediated. If the tissue was pretreated with the prostaglandin synthetase
      inhibitor indomethacin or the arachidonic acid analogue eicosa-5,8,11,14
      tetraenoic acid the effect of catecholamines was significantly reduced. This
      suggests a specific role of prostaglandins in the mechanism of action of
      catecholamines on the human myometrium.

PMID- 4013771
TI  - Effect of progesterone treatment near term on the onset of labour in rats.
AB  - The effect of systematically delayed progesterone treatment on the onset of
      labour was examined in 45 pregnant rats. Measurement of progesterone (P) and
      prostaglandin F (PGF) in uterine vein plasma and uterine tissue before and during
      spontaneous labour or during prolonged pregnancy showed that the control animals
      exhibited the expected P-withdrawal (Pw) prior to spontaneous labour, however,
      properly timed P-treatment predictably prevented Pw and labour. When P was
      administered 11.7 +/- 2.8 hours before spontaneous labour, the animals delivered
      normally, despite increased plasma and tissue P-levels. These observations show
      that P-concentration cannot be equated to P-action.

PMID- 4013772
TI  - Biochemical characterization of substances with myometrium contraction inhibitory
      action, originated from ovaries of pregnant sows.
AB  - In order to understand life itself, we need biotechnology to purify biologically
      active substances as well. One of these processes results peptides with
      myometrium contraction inhibitory effect, originated from the ovaries of pregnant
      sows, but different from relaxin. After collection and acidic-acetone extraction
      of the ovaries (product generation, primary purification) the substance with
      myometrium contraction inhibitory effect was further purified on Sephadex G-25
      (fine), CM-52 and again Sephadex G-25 (fine) gels (secondary purification)
      without loosing the bioactivity of the substance (quality control). Product
      analysis by analytical high performance liquid chromatography and capillary
      isotachophoresis were performed at this stage of the experiments. The analysis
      mentioned above resulted in 2-15 different subfractions in the studied extract.
      This shows that the biologically active ovarian extract needs further
      purification before the planned final amino-acid analysis is performed.

PMID- 4013773
TI  - Biochemical compartmentation of fish tissues VII non-specific
      phosphomonoesterases in vital organs.
AB  - The viscera were compartmentalised in relation to non-specific
      phosphomonoesterase in a major carp, a catfish and a murrel. Activity was highest
      in the middle region of the kidney and lowest in the cephalic region of muscle.
      The observed variations in various regions of the viscera are discussed in
      relation to feeding habits, growth rate and biochemical make-up of the viscera.

PMID- 4013774
TI  - Influence of seasons on circadian rhythm of acid phosphatase and beta-acetyl
      glucosaminidase activity in the mouse salivary gland and liver.
AB  - Influence of seasons on circadian changes in acid phosphatase and beta
      acetylglucosaminidase activity was studied in the liver and submandibular gland
      of sexually mature mice. Seasonal differences in circadian rhythm was found in
      both examined enzymes in both organs. These changes were independent from each
      other and each rhythm was differently subjected to seasonal changes. The lowest
      seasonal influence was observed in acid phosphatase in the salivary gland.
      Activity of the other enzymes changed in different degrees, having their
      acrophases at different times of the day and different rhythm intensity. The
      highest circadian activity changes measured by amplitude and mesor were observed
      in spring and summer whereas in the autumn and winter their activity had much
      weaker rhythms or even they disappeared completely. An attempt was made to
      explain the observed changes by changes in hormonal background and a certain kind
      of genetic memory pertaining to laboratory animals.

PMID- 4013775
TI  - Renal haemodynamics in chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction in the dog.
AB  - Renal blood flow and its intrarenal distribution have been investigated after 7
      and 14 days of unilateral ureteral ligation (UUL) in both the ligated and the
      undisturbed kidney by the radioactive microsphere technique without opening the
      abdomen and the obstructed ureter. It has been found that renal blood flow (RBF)
      decreased to about 26% after 7 days and to about 10% after 14 days of normal
      controls in the obstructed kidney. There was a pronounced inward shifting of the
      much reduced RBF. The slight increase in RBF of the undisturbed kidney was not
      significant and did not compensate the pronounced decrease of RBF in the
      obstructed one.

PMID- 4013776
TI  - Influence of the oral administration of micronized progesterone on plasma and
      tissue levels of steroids in human pregnancy.
AB  - A single dose of micronized progesterone, orally administered to women at
      different stages of pregnancy, induced an immediate increase in the plasma levels
      of progesterone. Progesterone was administered to another group of women just
      before elective cesarean section. Levels of progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta and
      oestrone were determined in plasma, placenta and at different sites of the
      myometrium obtained during the surgical procedure. Results were compared to those
      observed in a control group of women who did not receive progesterone.
      Progesterone levels demonstrated a marked increase in plasma and in the whole
      myometrium 150 min after administration; the levels then decreased rapidly to
      control values within one hour. The concentrations of progesterone in the
      placenta did not show any change. Evident modifications of the oestrogen levels
      appeared in the myometrium and in the placenta after the administration of
      progesterone whereas no change occurred in the plasma. No difference was observed
      in estradiol-17 beta in the myometrium whereas an increase was seen in the
      placenta. Estrone levels decreased in the myometrium and in the placenta. This
      study demonstrates a prompt delivery of an orally administered natural
      progesterone to the myometrial target tissue and subsequent modifications in the
      estrogen pattern. This provides a theoretical mechanism for the clinical use of
      progesterone in the prevention of premature labor.

PMID- 4013777
TI  - The contractile proteins of the human myometrium.
AB  - The contractile proteins of the human myometrium were quantified and
      characterized in order to investigate their possible modifications during
      pregnancy. The myosin concentration was found to be 1 to 5 mg/g of tissue, while
      actin concentration ranged from 16 to 60 mg/g, leading to an actin/myosin ratio
      higher (Mean = 14) than in other smooth muscles. Purified myosin submitted to two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis exhibited two isoelectric forms for the 17 KD
      Light Chain, the more acidic being predominant in the pregnant organ, the more
      basic in the non gravid one. The mobility of myosin of form filaments was studied
      using electron microscopy. Only the myosin purified from gravid uteri in its
      phosphorylated form did aggregate in long bipolar filaments. Actin was
      characterized in crude muscle extracts using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
      It appeared in three forms differing by their isoelectric points. The more basic
      form (gamma) predominates in the pregnant organ, as soon as 17 weeks of
      pregnancy, while in the non-pregnant uterus it is the intermediate (beta) form
      which is predominant.

PMID- 4013778
TI  - Structural and functional studies of myometrial gap junctions.
AB  - Gap junctions are believed to be sites of metabolic and electrical coupling
      between cells. These contacts are present between myometrial cells immediately
      prior to and during parturition. We report the results of studies to investigate
      the control and the function of myometrial gap junctions. Injection of estradiol
      (500 micrograms/day) with or without progesterone into immature and
      ovariectomized mature rats demonstrated that estradiol stimulated whereas
      progesterone suppressed gap junction formation. Indomethacin treatment was also
      shown to potentiate the action of estradiol. Also, pregnant rats treated with
      oestradiol developed numerous myometrial gap junctions and aborted their fetuses.
      These results suggest that the steroid hormones and prostaglandins may control
      myometrial gap junction development. Diffusion studies of 3H-2-deoxyglucose in
      longitudinal myometrial strips revealed a significant increase in the diffusion
      coefficient in delivering versus ante-partum rat tissues. This indicates that
      there is increased metabolic transfer during parturition when gap junctions are
      present. The results of these studies show that steroid hormones and
      prostaglandins may regulate myometrial gap junctions and that metabolic, as well
      as electrical coupling, of uterine smooth muscle cells increase at parturition
      concomitant with the development of gap junctions.

PMID- 4013779
TI  - Peripheral blood concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol during human
      pregnancy and delivery.
AB  - To evaluate the significance of progesterone and estradiol in human uterine
      activity during pregnancy and delivery the blood concentrations of these hormones
      were monitored weekly during the last trimester of pregnancy and at the onset of
      labour in 15 women, and before and 3 hours after the induction of term delivery
      in 83 parturients. Neither plasma concentrations of progesterone or estradiol nor
      the ratio of progesterone to estradiol changed significantly during the last
      trimester of pregnancy or at the onset of delivery. After the induction of
      delivery parturients with initial progesterone dominance (ratio of progesterone
      to estradiol higher than 5 before induction) demonstrated a significant fall in
      serum concentration of progesterone and in the ratio of progesterone to estradiol
      while estradiol concentration rose significantly. In estrogen dominant women
      (progesterone to estradiol ratio equal to or lower than 5) the serum
      concentration of progesterone and the ratio of progesterone to estradiol rose
      significantly during the 3 hours after the induction of delivery. Our results
      suggest that the peripheral blood levels of progesterone and estradiol do not
      correlate with the tissue biochemical changes which prepare the uterine cervix
      and myometrium for delivery. The observation that the ratio of progesterone to
      estradiol decreased in progesterone-dominant and increased in estrogen-dominant
      women stresses the importance of a well balanced equilibrium of these hormones
      for prostaglandin metabolism during human delivery.

PMID- 4013780
TI  - Lung maturation and prevention of hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - Small pieces of 7 to 12 week old human foetal lung, derived from legal abortions,
      were maintained in organ culture for 21 days. In the last 5 days of cultivation
      the explants were treated with dexamethasone (10 ng/ml) or betamethasone (10
      ng/ml) or fenoterol (10 ng/ml), or fenoterol + dexamethasone, or bromhexine VIII
      metabolite (ambroxol: 12 ng/ml) and were then prepared for electronmicroscopic
      examination. In another experimental group the pregnant were treated before the
      interruption of 14-17-week old pregnancies with ambroxol (total dose, 1080 mg).
      The interruption was carried out with PgF2 alpha, and lung pieces were
      immediately prepared for electron microscopic examination. From the experiments
      the following conclusions can be drawn: Surfactant production can already be
      induced in 7-12 week old human fetal pneumocytes; Corticosteroids (dexamethasone,
      betamethasone) stimulate the formation of osmiophilic lamellar bodies; Fenoterol
      has probably no effect on the surfactant production. Its administration together
      with dexamethasone, however, does not inhibit the development of osmiophilic
      lamellar bodies; Ambroxol has a marked effect on the synthesis of lamellar bodies
      in vitro: Ambroxol or its active metabolite probably have a reduced placental
      transport in the first trimester of human pregnancy; Thin-layer chromatography
      has revealed no qualitative difference between the treated and untreated
      cultures.

PMID- 4013781
TI  - Effects of a beta-sympathomimetic drug on the foetal and maternal cardiovascular
      system in a chronic sheep model.
AB  - The effects of the beta-sympathomimetic agent terbutalin (1-/3.5 dihydroxyphenyl/
      allilaminoethane sulphonate) on maternal and foetal circulation were studied in
      11 ewe at 110-130 days of pregnancy. None of them exhibited uterine contractions.
      Catheters were implanted in the carotid artery and jugular vein, together with
      four stainless steel electrodes on the limbs. Terbutalin was added intravenously
      in Ringer-lactate (5%) infusion (1 ml/min). The following maternal and foetal
      parameters were measured simultaneously: heart rate, central arterial pressure,
      blood glucose levels, ECG. Intravenous administration of 100 micrograms
      terbutalin resulted in a 19% increase of maternal and 10% enhancement of foetal
      heart rate. Maternal systolic blood pressure rose by 9%, whereas diastolic blood
      pressure fell by 7%. Maternal and foetal blood glucose levels was fairly constant
      during the entire experiment. In further six experiments terbutalin was
      administered into the foetal circulation (1 ml/3 min). The same effects on foetal
      heart rate and pulse pressure were observed as after injecting into the maternal
      circulation, however but the time necessary for the maximum action to develop was
      significantly shorter.

PMID- 4013782
TI  - Effects of a three-hour calcium clamp on calcium, phosphate, magnesium and zinc
      concentrations of human parotid saliva.
AB  - Ionized (saliva-Ca2+) and total calcium (saliva-CaT), inorganic phosphate (saliva
      P), magnesium (saliva-Mg), and zinc (saliva-Zn) levels in parotid saliva were
      studied in eight healthy volunteers during a 3-h calcium infusion, directly
      regulated to obtain a pre-settled standardized blood calcium level. Frequent
      determinations of whole blood ionized calcium (B-Ca2+) were used for continuous
      adjustments of the calcium infusion rate ('calcium clamp'). Basal B-Ca2+ (1.26 +/
      0.04 mmol X l-1, mean +/- SD) was thus elevated to and maintained at 1.51 +/-
      0.05 mmol X l-1 from +30 to +180 min. Saliva samples were taken prior to the
      infusion and at regular intervals during the infusion period. Saliva-Ca2+
      decreased from 0.38 +/- 0.06 to 0.33 +/- 0.05 mmol X l-1 (P less than 0.01) and
      saliva-Ca2+ as a percentage of saliva CaT from 63 +/- 7% to 53 +/- 10% (P less
      than 0.001) during the infusion. No changes could be observed in saliva-CaT,
      saliva-P, saliva-Mg, saliva-Zn, saliva-Na and saliva-K. Possible mechanisms
      behind these findings might be decreased parathyroid hormone and increased
      calcitonin concentrations in serum.

PMID- 4013783
TI  - Renal polyamine metabolism in rats with renovascular hypertension.
AB  - A standardized stenosis was induced by applying a silver clip around the left
      renal artery in male rats. This resulted in arterial hypertension within 10 days
      (as determined by increase in heart weight). Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
      activity was determined in the right (untouched) kidney, the left kidney, and the
      adrenal glands 1 day, 10 days, and 3 months after the operation. There was no
      difference in ODC activity in the right kidney of the operated animals when
      compared with matched controls. In the left kidney (with artery stenosis), ODC
      activity decreased to 40% after 1 day. A partial recovery was seen after 10 days
      (ODC activity 70% of normal), and after 3 months ODC activity had normalized.
      Removal of the clip 1 day prior to killing induced in the 3-month group a more
      than two-fold increase in ODC activity in the previously clipped kidney; ODC
      activity in the contralateral kidney was not affected. Only minor changes in ODC
      activity occurred in the adrenal glands following the operation. Contents of
      putrescine and spermidine were increased in the left (stenotic) kidney, and after
      clip removal, also in the right (untouched) kidney. Our observations thus
      indicate that alterations in renal blood flow are rapidly followed by changes in
      ODC activity. Contents of putrescine, spermidine and spermine seemed to a great
      extent to be independent of the ODC activity.

PMID- 4013784
TI  - Autoradiographic changes of 3H-alpha-bungarotoxin binding in rat hind limb
      muscles after a cryoinjury of the sciatic nerve and in acrylamide intoxication.
AB  - The morphological distribution of acetylcholine receptors in rat tibialis
      anterior and soleus muscles after a cryoinjury of the sciatic nerve was studied
      by in vitro autoradiography with 3H-alpha-bungarotoxin (3H-alpha-Btx). Tibialis
      anterior from rats intoxicated with acrylamide was also investigated by this
      technique. A computer system was used for densitometry and colour coding of the
      autoradiographs. In normal muscle, 3H-alpha-Btx binding was observed only at the
      motor endplates. From the second day after the nerve lesion the area of binding
      spread from the motor endplate region towards the muscle-tendon regions and on
      the 16th day almost all parts of the muscles showed increased binding. The
      binding had begun to decrease in the middle parts of the muscles on the 20th day
      and on the 30th day binding was observed only in the motor endplate area.
      Tibialis anterior from rats intoxicated with acrylamide (total dose 1100 mg X kg
      1) showed 3H-alpha-Btx binding over the entire muscle.

PMID- 4013785
TI  - Atropine and naloxone block the colonic contraction elicited by cholecystokinin
      and pentagastrin.
AB  - The effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin on proximal and distal colonic
      motility were investigated because of the possible role of these peptides in
      feeding-induced colonic motility. Experiments were performed using 22 chloralose
      urethane anaesthetized cats in which the colon was acutely denervated. The volume
      changes of the proximal and distal colon were recorded with water-filled flaccid
      balloons. The venous effluxes from the proximal and distal colon were recorded
      separately using drop recorder units. CCK-8, I-200 pmol X min-I close i.a., and
      pentagastrin, I-200 pmol X min-I close i.a., evoked dose-dependent contractions
      of the colon without altering systemic arterial blood pressure and colonic blood
      flow. The CCK peptides -8, -33 and -39 produced contractions of similar magnitude
      in the proximal and distal colon. The stimulatory effect of CCK-8 and
      pentagastrin on colonic motility was blocked by tetrodotoxin (I microgram X kg-I
      i.a.) and hexamethonium (I0 mg X kg-I i.v.). Atropine (0.5 mg X kg-I i.v.)
      completely blocked the responses to CCK-8 and pentagastrin in the distal colon
      but only partially in the proximal colon. Additional administration of naloxone
      (I mg X kg-I i.a.) abolished the remaining contractile response to the peptides
      in the proximal colon. The present results support the idea that CCK and
      pentagastrin have a stimulatory effect on distal colonic motility mediated via
      preganglionic and postganglionic cholinergic pathways. The possible role of
      opioid peptides and cholinergic mechanisms in the proximal colon is discussed.

PMID- 4013786
TI  - A spectrophotometric method for measuring oxygen consumption in monolayers of
      cultured endothelial cells.
AB  - A new method for measuring oxygen consumption in monolayer cell cultures is
      described. Cells are cultured in shallow microchambers etched in glass chips. A
      haemoglobin solution is added and the microchambers are sealed airtight, the
      oxygenated haemoglobin solution serving as an indicator of oxygen tension within
      the microchamber as well as a source of oxygen. With cellular extraction of
      oxygen, an increasing amount of reduced haemoglobin is formed within the
      microchamber resulting in an increased absorbance of the haemoglobin solution at
      435 nm. With a specially prepared device, it is possible to record this
      absorbance change with an ordinary laboratory spectrophotometer and, from this
      recording, it is possible to calculate the respiratory rate, provided the number
      of cells (or any other quantity of biological material), microchamber volume and
      haemoglobin concentration are known. Repeated measurements on the same
      undisturbed culture is possible. The system was tested on monolayer cultures of
      endothelial cells from the rat pulmonary artery.

PMID- 4013787
TI  - The effect of non-esterified long-chain fatty acids on blood flow and
      thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue in the young dog.
AB  - In vitro experiments have demonstrated that increasing the molar ratio of
      extracellular non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) to albumin stimulates
      thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. To test these results, in vivo blood flow and
      local temperature were measured in perirenal brown adipose tissue (BAT) in
      puppies during thermogenesis induced by increasing the plasma NEFA: albumin ratio
      by injection of intralipid and heparin. Plasma NEFA concentration increased to
      1.5 mmol X 1-I and plasma NEFA:albumin ratio to 4. Concomitantly, the whole body
      oxygen consumption rose on average about 100% above baseline level. Plasma
      noradrenaline concentration increased about three-fold and plasma adrenaline
      concentration about six-fold. The BAT temperature increased by an average of 0.9
      degrees C. However, since BAT blood flow was simultaneously reduced by about 50%,
      it can be calculated that the local heat production was also reduced.
      Consequently, the increase in whole body oxygen consumption was not due to
      stimulation of BAT thermogenesis. It is concluded that in vivo assessment of BAT
      thermogenesis requires concomitant measurements of both local BAT temperature and
      blood flow.

PMID- 4013788
TI  - Ascorbic acid uptake to isolated nerve terminals and secretory granules from ox
      neurohypophyses.
AB  - Isolated nerve terminals (neurosecretosomes) from cow neurohypophyses accumulated
      radioactivity when they were incubated with L[14C]-ascorbic acid in an ionic
      medium dominated by NaCl. Uptake of radioactivity was saturable with ascorbic
      acid concentration. Replacement of Na+ with Li+ in the incubation medium or
      presence of ouabain inhibited the accumulation. Isolated, purified cow
      neurosecretory granules contained 14 +/- 2 nmol ascorbate (n = 10) per mg of
      protein. When such granules were incubated with L[14C]-ascorbic acid in a KCl
      dominated medium, they took up radioactivity slowly. The accumulation was not
      saturable with ascorbic acid concentration and was not influenced by the presence
      of Mg2+ATP.

PMID- 4013789
TI  - Potassium permeability in rat myelinated nerve fibres.
AB  - Potential clamp experiments were performed at 21-23 degrees C on single
      myelinated rat nerve fibres isolated from the sciatic nerve. A small delayed K
      permeability (PK) was regularly identified in the normal rat node amounting to
      0.067 cm3 s-1 X 10(-9) at large positive potentials. Measurements in isotonic KCl
      showed that about two-thirds of PK was already activated at resting potential.
      Substitution of Cs for axoplasmic K demonstrated that the rat node had large leak
      currents (33 nS). The leak current provided the main part of the repolarizing
      outward current. 10 mM tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) slowly (tau
      approximately equal to 2 min) and incompletely (50%) blocked both PK activated at
      resting potential and the delayed increase in PK. I mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) had
      less effect on PK.

PMID- 4013790
TI  - Absence of capillary recruitment during increased coronary blood flow in the
      working dog heart.
AB  - Myocardial plasma flow (MPF) and capillary permeability--surface area product
      (PS) were determined simultaneously on a regional basis in subendocardial and
      subepicardial layers of the left ventricular free wall in the working dog heart
      at control flow rate and during coronary vasodilation. The value for MPF was
      determined by the radioactive microsphere method and PS was assessed by an
      integral tissue-uptake method using [51Cr]-EDTA as test molecule. During coronary
      vasodilation achieved by intra-coronary infusion of adenosine, MPF increased
      markedly from 101.5 +/- 14.2 to 778.1 +/- 135.2 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 in
      subendocardial layers and from 77.7 +/- 10.3 to 635.3 +/- 85.9 ml X min-1 X 100 g
      1 in subepicardial layers of the left ventricular wall. Raising MPF by 800% was
      accompanied by a modest but statistically significant increase in PS[51Cr]-EDTA.
      In subendocardial layers PS increased from 49.3 +/- 5.0 to 60.0 +/- 3.3 ml X min
      1 X 100 g-1 and in subepicardial layers from 43.8 +/- 4.1 to 52.1 +/- 2.4 ml X
      min-1 X 100 g-1, respectively. Taking into account back-diffusion of the tracer
      from the tissue to capillary blood which was higher at low flows than at high
      flows, PS[51Cr]-EDTA showed no increase with an eight-fold increment in flow.
      This observation rebuts the concept of additional perfusion of capillaries which
      are devoid of plasma flow under resting conditions during coronary vasodilation.

PMID- 4013791
TI  - Mechanical output and iEMG of isokinetic plantar flexion in 40-64-year-old
      subjects.
AB  - Peak torque (PT), contractional work (CW) and mean power of isokinetic plantar
      flexions were measured in unselected, clinically healthy subjects, randomly
      chosen from the official census lists of Umea, in three age groups: 40-44, 50-54
      and 60-64 years. Simultaneous recordings of integrated electromyograms (iEMG)
      were obtained by surface electrodes from all three heads of the m. triceps surae.
      PT and CW decreased exponentially with increasing velocity of angular motion and
      at 60 degrees X s-1 (r2 = 0.79 and 0.63, respectively) were adequately determined
      by crural circumference, age and sex. The muscular output declined with
      increasing age. Both output and iEMG showed an approximate 3:2 male:female ratio.
      Therefore, the ratio CW/iEMG was age, but not sex-dependent at any given velocity
      of angular motion. Independently of this age, the iEMGs were inversely
      proportional to velocity of angular motion, while iEMG/manoeuvre time was
      constant indicating that torque/velocity and work/velocity exponential
      relationships are mainly determined by muscular properties. Based on the
      literature it is suggested that the dependence of the measured parameters on age
      and sex is determined by muscular properties, rather than by the central nervous
      system. Moreover, the CW/iEMG ratio appears to provide a comprehensive picture of
      excitation and mechanical output of the muscle group studied and may therefore be
      a useful measure.

PMID- 4013792
TI  - Characteristics of repeated isokinetic plantar flexions in middle-aged and
      elderly subjects with special regard to muscular work.
AB  - Contractional work (CW), mean power (CP) and peak torque (PT) were recorded for
      each of up to 200 full range-of-motion (RoM) repetitive isokinetic (60 degrees X
      s-1) maximum effort plantar flexions. Subjects were 88 unselected clinically
      healthy males and females aged 40-44, 50-54 and 60-64 years with similar
      distributions of age and sex. Simultaneous recordings of integrated
      electromyograms (iEMGs) were obtained from the three heads of the m. triceps
      surae. Within approximately 50 contractions CW had decreased 36-21% for the
      different groups (by age and sex). The corresponding decreases for PT and CP were
      28-14% and 25-13%, respectively. During the remaining part of the experiment only
      minor changes occurred. For CW but not for PT and CP reductions were negatively
      related to age while no sex differences were evident. Decreases in CW were
      significantly smaller in subjects physically active during leisure time than in
      those relatively inactive. Decreases in active range-of-motion provide an
      explanation for greater reductions in CW than in PT and CP. The iEMGs of the mm.
      gastrocnemii decreased significantly more than that of the m. soleus. Close
      associations between CW and iEMG were evident. Hence the chosen expression of
      output/input balance: CW/iEMG was nearly constant throughout the experiments.
      Results indicate that measurements of contractional work throughout the range-of
      motion may provide more differentiated information on mechanical output during
      supposedly fatiguing dynamic manoeuvres than can recordings of maximum strength.

PMID- 4013793
TI  - Locally applied 133Xenon for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow
      (rCBF): an experimental study in the pig.
AB  - A method for measuring regional cerebral blood flow has been developed. On pig
      brain cortex a 1 cm2 size polyester film was placed, under which 0.6-1.3 mCi of
      133Xenon in 2-4 microliter of saline was applied atraumatically. The wash-out
      process was registered with an external detector, and can be described as a sum
      of monoexponential functions. The first component of the curve, obtained by curve
      resolution, indicates blood flow in grey matter and the second slow component
      indicates blood flow in white matter. When total ischaemia was induced, there was
      no wash-out of the isotope. Freezing the brain after isotope application at
      different stages during the wash-out showed isotope in both grey and white
      matter. The isotope did not diffuse into the polyester film. This technique was
      also used in studies on the spinal medulla where white matter is outermost and
      grey innermost. The wash-out curve obtained consisted of only one monoexponential
      function; blood flow from grey matter was not present in the wash-out curve. For
      calculation of cerebral blood flow a modified two-compartment model was used. It
      is concluded that this method measures local cerebral blood flow in both grey and
      white matter. The method can be used clinically to measure the local cerebral
      blood flow during neurosurgical operations.

PMID- 4013794
TI  - Electromyographic activity related to aerobic and anaerobic threshold in
      ergometer bicycling.
AB  - Electromyographic activity (EMG) of the knee extensor musculature (m. vastus
      lateralis, m. vastus medialis, m. rectus femoris), triceps surae (m.
      gastrocnemius, m. soleus) and m. tibialis anterior was studied in ergometer
      bicycling at five different power outputs around aerobic (AerT) and anaerobic
      (AnT) thresholds. EMGs were sampled with surface electrodes for ten revolutions
      at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of each work load and integrated
      (IEMG) separately for each of the muscles and for the descending (work) and
      ascending (rest) phase of the revolution. The mean power frequency (MPF) of the
      power spectral density function for the descending periods was also calculated.
      The first work load was 50% of the maximal load, the second at the level of AerT,
      the third at the AnT, the fourth between the AnT and the maximal load and the
      fifth load was maximal. The AerT and AnT were determined using blood lactate,
      ventilation volume and oxygen consumption. Five males from 21 to 38 years of age
      volunteered as subjects. When the IEMGs of the knee extensor and triceps surae
      musculature were related to the work load a nonlinearity was found at the aerobic
      threshold while no further change in the linearity was found at the AnT. The non
      linear increase of the IEMG at the AerT was found both for the working
      (descending) and resting (ascending) phases of the cycling. In the MPF no
      difference below and above the AnT was found. It was thought that the integral of
      EMG activity could serve as an indicator of the aerobic threshold of an
      individual muscle.

PMID- 4013795
TI  - Cadmium inhibition of [3H]acetylcholine secretion in guinea-pig ileum myenteric
      plexus.

PMID- 4013796
TI  - [Synthesis and properties of various 2,3-dihydro-6H[1,3]-thiazine derivatives].

PMID- 4013797
TI  - [Use of an Fe3+, 2,2'-dipyridyl reagent system for the identification of
      aminophenazone (pyramidone) and noramidopyrine (novalgin) metabolites on thin
      layer chromatograms].

PMID- 4013798
TI  - Quality control of drugs. II. Analysis of compound sulpha drugs by densitometry.

PMID- 4013799
TI  - Quality control of drugs. III. Quantitative determination of metronidazole in
      tablets by UV-absorption spectrophotometry.

PMID- 4013800
TI  - [Release of erythromycin from enteric-coated tablets].

PMID- 4013801
TI  - [A new mathematical model for the in vitro release of drugs from o/w emulsion
      ointments. II. Experimental part].

PMID- 4013802
TI  - Anticonvulsive and muscle-relaxant activity of some benzodiazepines in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

PMID- 4013803
TI  - [Determining biological activity of placental gonadotropin].

PMID- 4013804
TI  - Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: mother-infant interaction at three
      and six weeks of age.
AB  - Mother-infant interaction during feeding and in an unstructured play situation
      was studied in the home at 3 weeks and 6 weeks of age in index mother-infant
      pairs in which the mother had a history of nonorganic psychosis (n = 42 and 51 at
      3 and 6 weeks, respectively) and in demographically similar control pairs (n = 60
      and 78). At both ages, interaction was significantly more negative in index than
      control cases, index mothers showing increased tension and a lack of harmony,
      decreased social contact, and reduced sensitivity to the infant's needs. Fewer
      significant differences were found between index and control infants. Mothers in
      the Schizophrenic, Cycloid and Nonendogenous groups evidenced more negative
      interaction characteristics than did their matched controls, but the Affective
      group was not in any way more negative than its controls.

PMID- 4013805
TI  - A follow-up study of post partum illness, 1946-1978.
AB  - Eighty-two patients, who were treated for post partum illness between 1946 and
      1971, were identified and followed up. Diagnostically, the sample comprised
      unipolar depression (52%), bipolar disorder (18%), schizophrenia (16%), abnormal
      personality with depression (8%), organic disorder (2%), and obsessional state
      with depression and paranoid disorder (1% each). The overall prognosis was good,
      except for schizophrenia, in which more than 50% of patients had chronic
      disability. Further childbirth intensified, and caused deterioration of, the
      underlying schizophrenia process. Following an initial illness in the puerperium,
      the probability of a recurrent affective illness was 43% for unipolar and 66% for
      bipolar disorder. The risk of developing another post partum illness varied from
      1 in 3 to 1 in 5 pregnancies. Five percent of the sample ultimately committed
      suicide, and the probable incidence of infanticide was 4%.

PMID- 4013806
TI  - Severity of alcohol problems at follow-up--an outcome measure.
AB  - An ordinal scale to measure severity of alcohol problems in a follow-up study was
      constructed. The measure refers to the preceding 6 months and is based on reports
      of amount of alcohol consumed, drinking pattern, signs of alcohol dependence and
      time sober. The measure was tested on 300 patients reinvestigated about 2 1/2
      years after discharge for inpatient treatment for alcoholism. Thirteen percent of
      the patients had no alcohol problems and 22% had severe alcohol problems. Rather
      more than one quarter of the group (27%) were classified as positive
      intermediates and 38% as negative intermediates. These results were compared with
      other data and information obtained from official records. It was concluded that
      the measure had satisfactory validity.

PMID- 4013807
TI  - Depressed patients and non-psychiatric controls: discriminant analysis on social
      environment variables.
AB  - A set of variables from the social environment (e.g. social contacts, confiding
      relationships, leisure activities, loneliness) was used to differentiate between
      a consecutive series of 111 patients diagnosed as having a depressive illness and
      a sample of 98 non-psychiatric controls. The function derived from the
      discriminant analysis correctly classified 83% of the subjects. The results
      indicate shortcomings in the social environment of depressives and point to the
      discriminating power of such variables.

PMID- 4013808
TI  - Insomnia during the "dark period" in northern Norway. An explorative, controlled
      trial with light treatment.
AB  - Midwinter insomnia (MI) is an initial type insomnia that is typically seen north
      of the Polar Circle during the "dark period", when the sun does not rise above
      the horizon. The cause of MI is not known, but it seems reasonable to assume that
      it is the expression of a phase delay of the sleep-wake cycle, due to lack of the
      entraining effect of normal daylight. Based on his hypothesis, we have studied
      the effect of intensive light exposure (2000-2500 lux for half an hour between
      7.30 and 8.30 a.m. for 5 days) on selected sleep and endocrinological variables
      (the latter will be reported elsewhere) in nine subjects with typical MI and
      eight healthy controls. After light exposure, the MI subjects had a significantly
      shortened sleep latency and a nonsignificant increase in total sleep time. Before
      light exposure, the MI subjects reported significantly less drowsiness in the
      evening than in the morning, whereas the opposite was true after light exposure.
      No significant changes were seen in the control group. The results of this study
      give some support to the delayed phase hypothesis.

PMID- 4013809
TI  - Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia. A retrospective study.
AB  - Effects of individual long-term psychotherapy carried out by a single therapist
      with 14 schizophrenic male patients were studied 6 and 8 years after the start of
      therapy. The outcome measures were: time spent in hospital, ability to work,
      social contacts and symptoms, plus a total outcome score. The psychotherapy
      patients were compared with a control group of schizophrenic patients treated by
      conventional methods. The two groups were matched with regard to prognostically
      important variables (age, sex, time in hospital, ability to work) in order to
      obtain comparable groups. At the first follow-up video-taped personal interviews
      focusing on the patient's status the year before the investigation were
      performed, followed by ratings by "blind raters". The psychotherapy patients had
      significantly more favourable scores on scales for hospitalization, work,
      symptoms and total outcome in spite of very low prescribed doses of neuroleptics
      in the last year. At the second follow-up these differences were maintained. In
      addition, a difference between the two groups in the variable 'social contacts'
      had emerged.

PMID- 4013810
TI  - Clonazepam--antipsychotic effect in a case of schizophrenia-like psychosis with
      epilepsy and in three cases of atypical psychosis.

PMID- 4013811
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system.
AB  - During the last few years, the interest and experience in magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) of the musculoskeletal system has increased rapidly. Modern
      equipment with good spatial resolution and multislice, multiecho technique
      provides detailed information on the joints, soft tissue and spine within a
      reasonable examination time, both with superconductive and resistive systems.
      Today, MRI is an established technique for examination of musculoskeletal tumors
      and aseptic bone necrosis and it has proven to be of great value for evaluation
      of diseases of the spine and spinal canal. The definite place of MRI within
      musculoskeletal diagnostic imaging is not yet settled, but its potential is
      great, and it will have an important role in the future.

PMID- 4013812
TI  - The temporomandibular joint in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was investigated clinically and by
      orthopantomography in 110 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 73
      control subjects. Clinical symptoms in the TMJ were established in 34 per cent of
      the RA patients and in 18 per cent of the controls. Radiographic abnormalities
      were found in 60 per cent of the RA patients compared with 15 per cent in the
      controls. No single radiographic abnormality was characteristic of joint
      involvement by RA. The most common radiologic features in RA patients were
      changes in the morphology of the condylar head and articular eminentia, marginal
      irregularities, reduced mobility, and an anterior position of the condylar head.
      No abnormalities were encountered in the early stage of the disease, which at
      least in part could be attributed to the inherent limitations of
      orthopantomography. The incidence of joint lesions increased with duration of the
      RA.

PMID- 4013813
TI  - Transcatheter embolization of multiple pulmonary artery aneurysms in Behcet's
      syndrome. Report of a case.
AB  - Transcatheter embolization of a pulmonary artery aneurysm in Behcet's disease has
      rarely been attempted. A report is presented of a case with four pulmonary
      aneurysms and massive hemoptysis. Transcatheter embolization was successfully
      performed in three of these aneurysms, with clinical improvement during a follow
      up period of 11 months. Technical problems, hazards, and indications for
      embolization in these patients are discussed.

PMID- 4013814
TI  - Pleurography in encapsulated effusion.
AB  - Encapsulated pleural effusion was investigated radiographically in 4 patients by
      injection of a non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium (Amipaque) into the
      encapsulated site. Demonstration of the presence and extent of the cavities and
      their size and form was thereby achieved.

PMID- 4013815
TI  - Diaphanography in various breast disorders. Clinical and experimental
      observations.
AB  - Diaphanograms of various breast disorders were obtained and investigations were
      made concerning the ways in which changes in skin temperature, fine needle
      aspiration biopsy and surgery as well as anti-oestrogen treatment affect the
      findings. A lowering of the skin temperature made it impossible to detect some of
      the vessels in the breast and more difficult to interpret the diaphanograms.
      Cooling of the breast should therefore be avoided in diaphanography. Mastitis,
      haemorrhage after fine needle aspiration biopsy or an induced haemorrhagic cyst
      will result in the appearance of a shadow on the diaphanogram suggestive of
      malignancy. The shadow of a haemorrhagic cyst disappeared immediately after the
      cyst was emptied and diminished gradually in the other cases. Thus the nature of
      the breast disorder may be determined by diaphanography if it is repeated at
      short intervals. Fine needle aspiration biopsy may yield false positive findings
      and should therefore not be made until diaphanography has been performed.

PMID- 4013816
TI  - Dilatation of biliary strictures through a stomatized jejunal limb.
AB  - This preliminary report details the radiologists' contribution to the combined
      surgical-radiologic approach to maintaining patency of the biliary tree that may
      benefit certain categories of patients with biliary strictures. We have accessed
      the biliary tree through the stomatized afferent limb of a side to side biliary
      jejunal anastomosis in 18 patients. Our early experience with this technique
      suggests that we may be able to maintain patency of biliary strictures without
      the need for permanent indwelling catheters or stents.

PMID- 4013817
TI  - Interobserver variation in the radiographic diagnosis of gastric ulcer.
      Gastroenterologists' guesses as to level of interobserver variation.
AB  - A total of 156 double contrast barium examinations were independently interpreted
      by two observers for the presence of gastric ulcer. The observed agreement
      between the two readings was 93 per cent, and after adjusting for the expected
      chance agreement a kappa value of 0.73 was obtained. At the first reading 4
      ulcers, and at the second reading 8 ulcers were interpreted as malignant. None of
      these interpretations agreed. In a questionnaire study it was demonstrated that
      gastroenterologists had a realistic impression of the level of agreement in the
      radiographic detection of gastric ulcer.

PMID- 4013818
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the extremities. I. Technique for depiction of
      normal anatomy.
AB  - In 3 adult volunteers, the appropriate technique for depicting the normal anatomy
      with magnetic resonance imaging was tested. At 0.15 T, the images obtained in
      different anatomic planes with different pulse sequences and radiofrequency coils
      were compared. Spin echo technique with a repetition time of 500 ms and an echo
      time of 30 ms appeared as a good compromise, giving excellent depiction of both
      soft tissues and joints, especially if a surface coil was used. The optimum
      anatomic plane varied with the structures examined.

PMID- 4013820
TI  - A three-contrast, metal test pattern (Snellen E-plate) in evaluation of imaging
      techniques in clinical chest radiography.
AB  - A metal test pattern based on a minified Snellen-type E-plate was evaluated in
      testing six imaging techniques for chest radiography. The device consisted of
      three contrast zones and it was attached to the patient's back over the right
      lung during chest radiography. The values for visual detectability of the E
      figures were compared with the film scores obtained by grading the radiographs
      with respect to visibility of diagnostically important anatomic details. The test
      plate proved to be a simple, quick and reproducible tool for testing several
      imaging techniques at the same time. The E-plate results were similar to those of
      the visual grading analysis in most respects. A few discrepancies existed, which
      were probably due to the inability of the test pattern to fully consider the
      effect of motion unsharpness and varying scattering conditions within the human
      thorax, as well as to great differences in roentgen ray absorption properties
      between Au and tissues.

PMID- 4013819
TI  - Femoral anteversion measured by the Dunlap/Rippstein and Norman methods.
AB  - Measurements of femoral anteversion obtained with the Dunlap/Rippstein method in
      adults were compared with measurements using the Norman method. By definition,
      different angles are measured by the two methods. The Norman method gave angles
      for the femoral anteversion which were on average 12.8 degrees higher than those
      obtained with the Dunlap/Rippstein method, and the methods correlated poorly. It
      is concluded that measurements of femoral anteversion with these methods do not
      accurately reflect each other.

PMID- 4013822
TI  - Attenuation changes of the normal and ischemic canine kidney. Dynamic CT scanning
      after intravenous contrast medium bolus.
AB  - The potential of CT scanning to explore total and regional renal blood flow was
      evaluated in a dog model with unilateral renal artery stenosis (n = 7, reduction
      of renal blood flow: 32-75% of base line flow). Attenuation versus time curves
      were generated for the renal cortex and medulla, as well as for the aorta and
      renal vein. A fast CT scanner was used which allowed for up to 24 scans/minute at
      the same level (slice thickness: 10 mm). A total of 10 ml contrast medium was
      injected into a peripheral vein for each scan series taken. During baseline
      conditions, the curve of the renal cortex and medulla demonstrated 2 peaks. The
      first peak was mainly related to early vascular enhancement, whereas the second
      peak corresponded mainly to the appearance of contrast medium in the distal
      convolutes and collecting ducts. Ischemia of the kidney resulted in a reduction
      of the first peak and a flattening of the leading edge slope. Transport of
      contrast medium through the extravascular compartments of the kidney was delayed
      during ischemia. Relative renal blood flow was obtained from the CT data by
      dividing peak enhancement by rise-time as assessed from the cortical curve. All
      measurements were related to baseline flow and validated by flow measurements
      using radioactive labeled microspheres (n = 5). Correlation was found to be r =
      0.97.

PMID- 4013821
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of renal abscess in an experimental animal model.
AB  - The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of renal abscess
      was investigated in an experimental animal model. MRI is capable of depicting the
      location and extent of the inflammatory process using T1 weighted scans because
      of relatively long T1 relaxation values which were significantly longer than T1
      relaxation times of adjacent normal renal parenchyma.

PMID- 4013824
TI  - Radiographic demonstration of a liquid surface bounded by a wet solid surface.
AB  - At the line of contact between a liquid surface and a bounding wet solid wall
      deformation of the surface is produced by surface tension, and this deformation
      gives rise to various features in the radiograph. For the interpretation of these
      image features a detailed analysis was performed by means of model experiments.
      Tubes and rods of methyl acrylate with different diameters and covered with wet
      sheets of porous paper were used. The tubes were partly filled with water. In
      some cases a rod was placed concentrically or eccentrically inside the tube. The
      shape of the image of the liquid surface in vertical and inclined models was
      examined by conventional radiographic technique and computed tomography. At the
      walls the surface tension resulted in formation of meniscoids. When the distance
      between solid walls was short enough adjacent meniscoids joined to form a
      discoid. The shape of the meniscoid and discoid varied with the shape and
      inclination of the walls. Distinct boundaries representative of the shape and
      position of the surface were produced only from those places where the beam was
      tangential to the surface. When the surface was concave towards the gas in the
      direction of the beam an internal boundary with a light Mach line was produced.
      When the surface was convex towards the gas in the direction of the beam an
      external boundary with a dark Mach line was produced. A boundary was straight
      when the surface was plane or was part of a cylindric surface. The seemingly
      simple form of the liquid surface gave rise to surprisingly complex boundary
      formations, which are analyzed in detail. The findings reported may have a
      variety of implications for the interpretation of clinical radiographs and may
      act as a key for the reconstruction of the structures reproduced.

PMID- 4013823
TI  - Neural tissue uptake and clearance of iohexol following lumbar myelography in
      rabbits.
AB  - The diffusion of water-soluble contrast media (CM) into the extracellular space
      of the central nervous system following injection into the subarachnoid space has
      previously been shown. As a result of this, water-soluble CM will come in direct
      contact with the neurons and may interfere with their normal function. The toxic
      effects would thus be a result both of the molecular properties of the CM as well
      as the local tissue concentration. The neuronal tissue uptake and clearance of
      metrizamide in rabbits following lumbar myelography was described in a previous
      study by our group. This study indicated some retention of metrizamide in the
      spinal cord probably as a result of binding of the CM to the cell membrane. The
      mechanism for this has not yet been shown although it may relate to the binding
      of metrizamide via its 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) portion and the specific glucose
      membrane carrier. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the
      diffusion kinetics of a new non-ionic CM. With iohexol, which lacks a 2-DG
      component in its molecule a direct relationship between the neural tissue and CSF
      concentration was found which seems to follow a simple diffusion model. Since
      iohexol shows no sign of entrapment in the tissue, the contact time for neurons
      will be shorter than that seen with metrizamide assuming that their rate of
      drainage from the CSF is identical.

PMID- 4013825
TI  - Body temperature in general population samples. The study of men born in 1913 and
      1923.
AB  - Oral body temperature was measured in 816 men, 57 and 67 years old, sampled from
      the general population of Goteborg, Sweden, and 22 physically highly active men,
      sampled on clinical grounds. The measurements were taken in the morning for 14
      months. After adding 0.3 degrees C to the readings to make them comparable with
      rectal readings, the mean body temperature was 36.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C. There was
      a seasonal variation with a peak during the winter and a trough during the
      summer. Body temperature was inversely correlated with height and positively
      correlated with weight and body fat but not with lean body mass. High physical
      activity and sensitivity to heat were associated with a higher than average body
      temperature. Sensitivity to cold was associated with a lower than average body
      temperature. Smoking prior to the measurements did not appear to affect body
      temperature.

PMID- 4013826
TI  - Does fever or myalgia indicate reduced physical performance capacity in viral
      infections?
AB  - To study prospectively the effects of a brief febrile viral infection on
      parameters of muscle and circulatory function, seven volunteers were inoculated
      with sandfly fever virus and two control subjects with sterile saline. During but
      not after fever, decreased isometric and dynamic strength and endurance were
      recorded in various muscles. Impairment could not be explained by altered
      activities of relevant muscle enzymes in serum or muscle tissue or by altered
      muscle ultrastructure, but correlated with the severity of perceived symptoms,
      including myalgia, as rated by each subject. Compared to baseline, cardiac stroke
      volume was lower during and after fever. During fever, an increased heart rate
      maintained cardiac output at pre-inoculation values, whereas cardiac output fell
      in early convalescence. This decrease in cardiac output correlated significantly
      with the severity of fever. Thus, in brief viral infections a transient
      impairment of muscle performance capacity is correlated to subjective symptoms
      such as myalgia, rather than to fever, whereas a decreased cardiac output
      following such infections seems to be associated with the fever reaction.

PMID- 4013827
TI  - Glucose intolerance in middle-aged subjects--a cause of hypertension?
AB  - At a health survey of 819 middle-aged, 47-54-year-old, males and females in a
      Swedish urban area with a participation rate of 70%, the prevalence of glucose
      intolerance (GI) was 6.2%, 51 subjects (7.0% of females and 5.3% of males), as
      the result of two subsequent 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests according to the
      WHO criteria. In comparison with normoglycemic subjects from the same health
      survey, with both fasting and 2-hour glucose values less than 5.0 mmol X l-1, the
      GI group was characterized by higher mean relative body mass index, higher mean
      blood pressure and rate of hypertension, higher rate of low-degree physical
      activity during leisure and had more often a family history of diabetes in first
      degree relatives. Smoking was less prevalent in GI subjects. Hypertension was
      more frequent in obese (relative body mass index (BMI) 120-150%) GI subjects than
      NGT subjects. Finally, comparison of all GI subjects with all normoglycemic
      subjects of the survey, with use of analysis of covariance, showed that mean
      systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher in GI subjects, independently
      of age, BMI and also smoking.

PMID- 4013828
TI  - Glucose tolerance and physical activity in a health survey of middle-aged
      subjects.
AB  - Glucose tolerance and reported physical leisure time activity were studied in
      middle-aged, 47-54 years old, subjects in a health survey. The mean 2-hour blood
      glucose value after 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests was higher (p less than
      0.001) in 682 subjects with a lower degree of leisure time activity than in 125
      subjects who were regularly active at least 2-3 hours per week. The mean 2-hour
      glucose values in the inactive and active groups, respectively, were 4.61 and
      4.09 mmol X l-1 after adjustment for the influence of age, body mass index,
      smoking and physical job activity by analysis of covariance. The difference
      between adjusted mean 2-hour glucose values was also significant (p less than
      0.001) in the subgroups of 280 low leisure time activity males (4.53 mmol X l-1)
      and 91 active males (3.93 mmol X l-1). Thus, a relation between physical leisure
      time inactivity and raised post load blood glucose values seems to exist in the
      general population.

PMID- 4013830
TI  - Utility of a population-based case-control study model with a limited number of
      patients in estimating risks of hypertension.
AB  - A population-based case-control study of the risks of hypertension was carried
      out in a primary care district where data on all patients have been registered in
      out- and in-patient computer schemes and where extensive studies and treatment
      programs regarding blood pressure have been performed for more than a decade. The
      results of the study, which comprised a limited number of patients, accord with
      those of more extensive and prospective studies. The hypertensives had high risks
      of developing myocardial infarction and stroke even though they were treated
      according to internationally accepted norms regarding blood pressure. The
      estimated population-attributable risk of hypertension in men was 30% with regard
      to myocardial infarction and 68% with regard to stroke. Smoking and hypertension
      were found to be independent risk indicators of myocardial infarction in men and
      hypertension was a strong risk indicator of stroke. Thus, a case-control study
      carried out in this way in a primary care district gives valid results regarding
      the efficacy of an antihypertensive treatment program and may therefore serve as
      a model for future studies in primary health care.

PMID- 4013829
TI  - Left ventricular function in newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent (type 2)
      diabetics evaluated by systolic time intervals and echocardiography.
AB  - Systolic time intervals (STI) and echocardiography were recorded in 133 (70 men,
      63 women) newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetics aged 45-64 years and in
      144 (62 men, 82 women) non-diabetic control subjects of the same age. Both male
      and female diabetics had significantly increased pre-ejection period/left
      ventricular ejection time ratio (PEP/LVET) in STI as compared with the respective
      non-diabetic control subjects. Male diabetics showed a reduced ejection fraction
      (EF) in echocardiography, but no significant difference was found in this respect
      between female diabetics and controls. A significant negative correlation was
      found between 2-hour postglucose serum insulin level and EF in male and female
      diabetics. After adjusting for the effect of age, coronary heart disease,
      hypertension, obesity and haemoglobin concentration, male diabetics still had a
      higher PEP/LVET ratio and a lower EF than male controls. In women, no significant
      differences were found between diabetics and controls in the PEP/LVET ratio or EF
      adjusted for the above factors. The results of this study are compatible with the
      view that impaired left ventricular function may be an early phenomenon in the
      clinical course of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 4013832
TI  - Digoxin-trimethoprim interaction.
AB  - Nine patients (median age 78 years, range 62-92) treated with a constant oral
      dosage of digoxin were evaluated for the effect of trimethoprim on serum digoxin
      values. Serum digoxin increased by 22% during trimethoprim treatment (p less than
      0.05). Subsequently, 6 healthy subjects (median age 29 years, range 24-31) were
      evaluated for the effect of trimethoprim on digoxin pharmacokinetics after an
      i.v. dose. Trimethoprim administration did not affect total body clearance of
      digoxin and the glomerular filtration rate. The renal clearance of digoxin
      decreased by 17% (p less than 0.05) and the extrarenal clearance of digoxin
      increased by 14% (N.S.). Biological half-life of digoxin and apparent volumes of
      central and peripheral compartments were unchanged during the study. It is
      suggested that the increase in serum digoxin in the elderly patients is due to
      decreased renal tubular secretion of digoxin and not to disturbance of the
      extrarenal clearance.

PMID- 4013831
TI  - Cardiac disease in patients with reversible cerebral ischemic events.
AB  - The establishment of a possible association between ischemic cerebral attacks and
      prolapsing mitral valve has been studied in 45 consecutive patients aged 60 years
      or less with transient cerebral ischemic attacks and reversible ischemic
      neurological deficits. The study comprised cardiac history, auscultation,
      electrocardiography and echocardiography. We found only one patient (2%) with
      mitral valve prolapse but 19 patients (42%) with cardiac abnormalities. Two of
      the patients with cardiac abnormalities had a flail posterior mitral leaflet, one
      had ventricular septal defect and one had sclerotic aortic valves. We conclude
      that all patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks should be subjected to
      heart examination, if possible including echocardiography.

PMID- 4013833
TI  - Plasma vasopressin in hereditary cranial diabetes insipidus.
AB  - A family comprising 46 members of 4 generations is described; 21 members suffered
      from incomplete diabetes insipidus (DI) of central origin. The pedigree showed a
      dominantly transmitted condition. The onset is gradual and starts in early
      infancy. The clinical symptoms are highly variable and decline in the sixth
      decade. Plasma vasopressin (AVP) during water deprivation was significantly lower
      in the DI group than in the controls (4.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 10.6 +/- 1.7 ng/l) (p less
      than 0.01), the difference being more pronounced in the high osmolality range
      (4.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 14.4 +/- 3.1 ng/l) (p less than 0.01). Urine osmolality was
      lower (241 +/- 36 vs. 928 +/- 46 mOsm/kg H2O) (p less than 0.01) despite higher
      serum osmolality during water deprivation, rendering the ratio between urine and
      serum osmolality less than unity compared with greater than 3:1 in the control
      group (p less than 0.001). In two affected females, addition of a non-osmotic
      stimulus caused no increase in plasma AVP. The findings are consistent with a
      partial defect in the production or release of AVP and not with a dysfunction of
      the intracranial osmoreceptors. The variable features of incomplete DI indicate
      that to define the condition by excessive urinary output alone is insufficient.
      The ratio between urine and serum osmolalities after an appropriate osmotic
      stimulus together with plasma AVP measurements may be necessary to confirm the
      diagnosis.

PMID- 4013834
TI  - Coronary thromboembolism with fatal outcome following coronary angiography.
AB  - A case of fatal thromboembolic occlusion of the left coronary artery at selective
      coronary arteriography is described. The course of events and the findings at
      autopsy suggest that thrombotic material was deposited on one intravascular
      catheter and transferred to a second catheter inserted over the same guide wire.
      Contrast injection through the second catheter into the left coronary ostium
      resulted in immediate and fatal occlusion of the two major branches of the left
      coronary artery.

PMID- 4013835
TI  - Coronary artery thrombosis developing during angiography. A case report.
AB  - A case of coronary thrombosis developing during coronary arteriography is
      described. In spite of obstruction of a main coronary artery, only a small
      myocardial infarction developed. Increased coagulability probably contributed to
      the thrombus formation.

PMID- 4013836
TI  - Embolization from angiographic catheter during angiography simulating vascular
      spasm. Report of a case with postmortem verification.
AB  - The initiating event in the pathogenesis of acute coronary thrombosis, especially
      the role played by vasospasm, remains controversial. Recently an angiographic
      sequence of events has been reported which should conclusively prove that spasm
      of a normal coronary artery might lead to occlusive thrombosis. The patient
      survived, and thus this conclusion was reached without morphological
      verification. The present report describes an almost identical angiographic
      sequence of events in a cerebral artery initially interpreted in the same way:
      spasm leading to thrombosis. The patient died, and an embolus derived from the
      angiographic catheter was found at postmortem examination exactly where
      angiography had shown "spasm". A "catheter embolus" simulating vascular spasm
      could as well explain the basic angiographic findings in the previously reported
      case. Thus, it still remains to be proved that spasm of a normal artery may lead
      to occlusive thrombosis.

PMID- 4013837
TI  - [Initial experience with nuclear magnetic resonance of the brain].

PMID- 4013838
TI  - Sporadic distal myopathy with early adult onset. A case report with morphological
      alterations of mitochondria.

PMID- 4013839
TI  - Brainstem acoustic evoked potentials in a case of dyssynergia cerebellaris
      myoclonica.

PMID- 4013840
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) by median nerve stimulation in the
      evaluation of hemiplegics.

PMID- 4013841
TI  - Landouzy-Dejerine disease: a progressive metameric muscular dystrophy of
      autosomal dominant inheritance with a variable intrafamilial phenotype
      expression.

PMID- 4013842
TI  - [Fibrous polyp of the posterior urethra in a 68-year-old adult].

PMID- 4013843
TI  - [Laser therapy in Peyronie's disease].

PMID- 4013844
TI  - [Organ-type lithiasis. II. Acquired urologic pathology associated with
      lithiasis].

PMID- 4013845
TI  - [Etiopathogenic panorama of gonadal differentiation].

PMID- 4013846
TI  - [Anatrophic nephrolithotomy in complex coralliform lithiasis].

PMID- 4013847
TI  - [Renal angiography following anatrophic nephrotomy in coralliform lithiasis].

PMID- 4013848
TI  - [Treatment of deep tumors of the bladder (1st series)].

PMID- 4013849
TI  - [Urinary diversions in bladder carcinoma].

PMID- 4013850
TI  - [Tumor markers in cancer of the prostate].

PMID- 4013851
TI  - [Comparative study between acid phosphatases and bone gammagraphy in cancer of
      the prostate].

PMID- 4013852
TI  - [Unilateral renal agenesis and renal ectopia in Klippel-Feil syndrome].

PMID- 4013853
TI  - [Bladder malacoplakia and renal carcinoma].

PMID- 4013854
TI  - [Uretero-neocystostomies].

PMID- 4013855
TI  - [Renal cyst and carcinoma].

PMID- 4013856
TI  - [Renal malacoplakia diagnosed by urinary cytology].

PMID- 4013857
TI  - [Urethro-vaginal reflux caused by fusion of the labia minora].

PMID- 4013858
TI  - [Long-term study of the effects of pinealectomy on the testicular interstitial
      cells of rodents].

PMID- 4013859
TI  - [Triple kidney tumor: diagnostic difficulty].

PMID- 4013860
TI  - [Ectopic ureter opening into a seminal vesicle].

PMID- 4013861
TI  - Evidence of more rapid stimulus evaluation following cigarette smoking.
AB  - Experienced male smokers (greater than 15 cigarettes daily) performed a rapid
      visual information processing (RVIP) task requiring the detection of sequences of
      three consecutive odd or even digits in a series presented singly on a TV screen,
      at a rate of 100 digits/minute. Approximately 80 targets occurred every 10
      minutes. All subjects took part in three test sessions: (a) Baseline of 10
      minutes on the RVIP task, (2) treatment phase of 10 minutes smoking one cigarette
      (0.9mg or 1.5mg standard machine delivery of nicotine) or not smoking (NS), (3)
      posttreatment phase of 20 minutes on the task. Before these morning sessions
      subjects abstained from smoking for at least 12 hours. Smoking increased the
      number of correct detections and decreased response time compared with pre
      smoking baseline and NS sessions. Analysis of vertex Event-Related Potentials to
      correct detections revealed a significant reduction in P300 latency following
      smoking compared to NS sessions. It is suggested that smoking has speeded up
      stimulus evaluation processes in these individuals. These data are consistent
      with the common self-report by smokers that smoking aids concentration.

PMID- 4013862
TI  - Alcohol use in wife abusers and their spouses.
AB  - The present study provided an assessment of alcohol use in couples characterized
      by wife abuse. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Quantity-Frequency Index,
      Impairment Index, and a questionnaire tapping frequency and magnitude of violent
      episodes were administered to couples who were: (a) physically abusive, (b)
      maritally discordant but nonviolent, and (c) satisfactorily married. Results
      indicated significantly higher scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test
      in physically abusive males based on their self-reports as well as wives' reports
      of husbands' drinking behavior. No significant differences were found between
      groups of wives on alcohol measures. In addition, correlational analyses revealed
      a number of significant relationships between husbands' self-reported drinking
      and wives' responses concerning their spouses' alcohol use. Findings are
      discussed in terms of the need for more extensive assessment of physically
      abusive males, and the utility of examining the interactive influences of alcohol
      and other factors on marital violence.

PMID- 4013863
TI  - Expired air carbon monoxide and saliva thiocyanate: relationships to self-reports
      of marijuana and cigarette smoking.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between self-reports of marijuana and
      cigarette smoking, and the physiological measures of expired air carbon monoxide
      (CO) and saliva thiocyanate (SCN) in a sample of 1,130 seventh, ninth, tenth,
      eleventh, and twelfth graders. Subjects who reported marijuana smoking were
      likely to also report cigarette smoking. The correlation between self-reported
      marijuana smoking and SCN was negligible. The correlation between CO and self
      reported marijuana smoking was statistically significant, but when the variance
      due to cigarette smoking was removed, this relationship also became negligible.
      The existence of a sizeable number of marijuana smokers in this sample of
      adolescents did not alter the correlation between CO and self-reports of
      cigarette smoking. However, in adult samples, where marijuana and cigarette
      smoking are less highly correlated, marijuana smoking could affect the
      relationship between CO and self-reported cigarette smoking. Carbon monoxide
      predicted self-reported cigarette smoking better than did saliva thiocyanate.
      There was an interaction between grade and the CO/cigarette smoking correlation.
      The correlations were generally higher in upper grades.

PMID- 4013864
TI  - Assessing generalization of treatment effects and self-efficacy in the
      modification of eating styles in obese children.
AB  - The present study implemented a brief behavioral treatment program designed to
      alter the eating styles of 16 obese children and assessed the generalizability of
      children's eating styles from a laboratory setting to a school cafeteria. Results
      indicated that obese children exhibited significantly different eating styles at
      different mealtimes across the two settings. The treatment program was also found
      effective in altering eating styles in both settings. Although no significant
      differences between the eating styles of obese and normal weight children were
      observed prior to treatment, the 2-week follow-up observation in the natural
      setting demonstrated a different eating style between obese and normal weight
      peers. Results also indicated that a self-efficacy rating scale was no more
      effective than a control measure in predicting post-treatment eating styles.

PMID- 4013865
TI  - Nicotine fading as a nonaversive alternative in a broad-spectrum treatment for
      eliminating smoking.
AB  - The present investigation assessed the effectiveness of nicotine fading as a non
      aversive alternative to oversmoking. Subjects (66 women and 64 men) were randomly
      assigned to oversmoking, nicotine fading, nicotine fading/smokeholding, and a
      nonmaintenance control. Results failed to indicate the expected superiority of
      nicotine fading/maintenance over the control condition. Instead, the addition of
      smokeholding appeared to produce a significant incremental effect over nicotine
      fading alone. Unfortunately, 12-month follow-up revealed considerable relapse
      across conditions and no significant treatment effects. Even so, absolute outcome
      for nicotine fading/smokeholding was encouraging. This procedure is both safe and
      apparently very acceptable to subjects. If the current results can be replicated,
      a clinically effective technique will have been established with applicability in
      both clinic and self-help settings.

PMID- 4013866
TI  - Experience-dependent recovery of cognitive functioning in young alcoholics.
AB  - Spontaneous recovery of some cognitive functioning in alcoholics after drinking
      has ceased has been convincingly demonstrated, but there have been no
      demonstrations of recovery that occurs primarily due to exposure of the alcoholic
      to specific environmental events. In the present study two groups of alcoholics
      began a 3-week series of tests sensitive to alcoholic cognitive dysfunction at
      different time lags after drinking ceased (1 week vs. at least 3 weeks). Each
      group received five administrations each of three tests. On two of the measures,
      comparisons between the initial testings administered at least three weeks apart
      revealed the expected pattern of improvement concommitant with the passage of
      time. On the Halstead-Reitan Trailmaking Test (Part B), initial test scores were
      equivalent, showing no time-dependent recovery. Instead, performance improved
      solely as a function of repeated task administration, thus demonstrating
      "experience-dependent" recovery. Initial levels of impairment and the extent of
      recovery were established using two non-alcoholic control groups. Since evidence
      has accrued that alcoholics' treatment outcome may relate to neuropsychological
      status, experience-dependent rehabilitation of cognitive functioning may improve
      success rates in alcoholism treatment.

PMID- 4013868
TI  - Effects of repetitive high intensity stimulation on electrodermal responsivity in
      male alcoholics and normal controls.
AB  - Relative to nonalcoholics, alcoholics exhibited minimal changes in resting skin
      conductance levels and spontaneous responses with the onset of high intensity
      stimulation. Alcoholics also evidenced fewer responses and faster habituation to
      these stimuli.

PMID- 4013867
TI  - Addictive behavior and the theory of psychological reversals.
AB  - Apter's new theory of psychological reversals is considered as a potentially
      useful paradigm for understanding and treating the additive behaviors. The theory
      departs from the usual homeostatic underpinnings of personality theory and
      instead posits a process of reversals between alternative, stable, and mutually
      exclusive states. The theory holds particular promise in accounting for certain
      crucial aspects of addictive behaviors including the phenomenon of relapse and
      the experience of loss of control. The concept of reversals may hold a key to the
      commonalities underlying the addictive behaviors.

PMID- 4013869
TI  - Reducing the confounding effects of environment and diet on saliva thiocyanate
      values in ex-smokers.
AB  - This study focuses on the use of saliva thiocyanate to corroborate self-report in
      391 adult ex-smokers who claimed abstinence from cigarettes for a minimum of 3
      months. Results indicated significant thiocyanate confounders, such as using and
      inhaling nontobacco organic substances, working in a "smoky" environment (i.e.,
      tobacco smoke), and consuming varieties of Brassica oleracea (e.g., cabbage),
      that could be identified and adjusted for in order to clarify classification of
      smoking status. Before adjustment for confounders, 18% of subjects reporting
      abstinence had saliva thiocyanate values greater than the standard cut-off point
      of 100 micrograms/ml, which would classify them as current smokers. After
      adjustment, only 12% of subjects still had values greater than 100 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 4013870
TI  - Context of drinking and reinforcement from alcohol: alcoholic patterns.
AB  - Alcohol is perceived as producing a variety of kinds of reinforcement. The
      present study examined whether alcohol reinforcement varied with the usual social
      and physical context of drinking for 268 male and female adult alcoholics.
      Results indicate that alcoholics anticipate different types of reinforcement from
      alcohol depending on their usual companions when drinking. In general, those
      drinking in more impersonal social contexts expect a greater reinforcing impact
      from drinking than peers who drink in more intimate contexts. Alcohol
      reinforcement expectancies of men were not found to differ in terms of the usual
      physical context of drinking.

PMID- 4013871
TI  - Reasons for smoking among extremely heavy smokers.
AB  - Four factors describing reasons for smoking were identified in 200 heavy smokers.
      When these four factor scores were correlated with other variables, the
      Addictive/Habitual Needs factor correlated most often with increased use of
      tobacco, alcohol, and coffee. The Pleasure factor was associated with obesity and
      the Stress Reaction factor with more perceived stress. The Stress Reaction factor
      was consistently correlated with more unfavorable ratings on psychological
      adjustment. Persons who smoked to alleviate stress or for addictive/habitual
      needs had tried to stop more often, whereas those who smoked for pleasure had
      little motivation to stop smoking. Findings suggest that there are individual
      differences in reasons for smoking among extremely heavy smokers and that these
      need to be taken into account in trying to help such individuals.

PMID- 4013872
TI  - Alcohol and substance abuse in adolescence.

PMID- 4013873
TI  - A theory of adolescent substance abuse.
AB  - This report applies a theory of psychological individuation to inferences drawn
      from an 8-year series of clinical studies of men who practice heavy, chronic use
      of different drugs. Each man was studied intensively over a period of 4-5 months,
      using interviews and a comprehensive battery of dimensional and morphogenic
      assessment procedures. Users of barbiturates and sedative hypnotics were found to
      be least mature, followed by users of opiates, users of amphetamine, users of
      cocaine, and nonusers of drugs, who were found to be most mature. A theory is
      described which conceives adolescent substance abuse as rooted in dysfunctional
      relationships with parental figures which block or delay the normal individuation
      process. Comparable sets of representative case studies of heavy, chronic users
      of alcohol and marihuana are recommended to facilitate the development of
      treatment programs that take into account the special needs of persons who
      practice heavy, chronic use of different substances.

PMID- 4013874
TI  - A development perspective on adolescent drug abuse.
AB  - Adolescent drug use is placed in an historical and developmental perspective.
      Existing evidence concerning causes and consequences of adolescent drug use is
      inconclusive. In the absence of conclusive empirical evidence and cogent
      theories, we present a prima facie case against early adolescent drug use by
      defending six propositions which posit specific cognitive, conative, and
      affective negative consequences including impairment of attention and memory;
      developmental lag imposing categorical limitations on the level of maximum
      functioning available to the user in cognitive, moral and psychosocial domains;
      amotivational syndrome; consolidation of diffuse or negative identity; and social
      alienation and estrangement. We call for a program of research which could
      provide credible evidence to support or rebut these propositions, and thus
      address the factual claims underlying the sociomoral concerns of social policy
      planners.

PMID- 4013875
TI  - Drug abuse: a review of explanations and models of explanation.
AB  - This paper reviews 43 explanations of drug dependence. Summaries of each cover
      their drug specificity, the population studied, the disciplinary background of
      the theorist and the key variables utilized. In addition to a discussion of the
      various theoretical explanations offered in the academic literature, a brief
      review of the models of explanation is presented including such models as
      classificatory, experimental, inductive, mathematical, and reference/authority.

PMID- 4013876
TI  - Psychosomatic obstetrics and gynecology.

PMID- 4013877
TI  - A view of artificial insemination.

PMID- 4013878
TI  - Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain.

PMID- 4013879
TI  - Sexual dysfunctions following diseases of the reproductive organs.

PMID- 4013880
TI  - Obgynethical issues--present and future.

PMID- 4013881
TI  - Female sexuality and feminine development: freud and his legacy.

PMID- 4013882
TI  - A modest proposal: breastfeeding for the infants of adolescent mothers.

PMID- 4013883
TI  - Psychological implications of recent developments in peripartum care.

PMID- 4013884
TI  - [Results of continuous preventive care of 1 to 3-year-old children].

PMID- 4013885
TI  - [Summertime heating of classrooms and indications for heat-induced missed
      classes].

PMID- 4013886
TI  - [Traffic accidents in childhood and adolescence in the district of Gera].

PMID- 4013887
TI  - [Characteristics of the personality structure of children with minimal brain
      damage--a study of 12-year-olds using a multidimensional personality test
      (HSPQ)].

PMID- 4013889
TI  - [Clothing hygiene in school boys (are gym shorts ideal underwear?)].

PMID- 4013888
TI  - [Secular acceleration of head measures in Jena school children].

PMID- 4013890
TI  - [Smoking habits of students and possibilities for modification by the
      pediatrician].

PMID- 4013891
TI  - [Determination of prosocial attitudes of mothers for the evaluation of familial
      socialization for brain-damaged children].

PMID- 4013892
TI  - [Evaluation of body mass with regard to the state of biological development (13
      to 18-year-old children)].

PMID- 4013893
TI  - [Psychophysical development of premature infants in the Czechoslovakian SSR].

PMID- 4013894
TI  - [Variations in visual acuity as a function of the month of birth and its relation
      to anthropometric measurement in high-school girls].

PMID- 4013895
TI  - [Single test comparisons of motor lateral preference of upper and lower
      extremities of girls in vocational schools].

PMID- 4013896
TI  - British Foundation for Age Research--the formative years.

PMID- 4013897
TI  - A study of the dependency of elderly patients in wards using different methods of
      nursing care.
AB  - Geriatric wards using individualized care (nursing process) were compared with
      task allocation wards in three hospitals. Patient dependency was measured using
      the CAPE scales. Patients admitted to the wards were similar in dependency but
      patients who had been in hospital for more than a month were significantly less
      dependent if they had been cared for in individualized care wards. Patient
      turnover was slower in task allocation wards, and the ratio of discharges to
      deaths was lower. Several nursing practices were seen to be pushing patients into
      dependency. The findings indicate that a considerable proportion of the
      dependency of elderly patients can be iatrogenic, and the formulae for
      calculating the number of nurses needed on the basis of patient's dependency are
      inadequate.

PMID- 4013898
TI  - Analysis of a geriatric day hospital.
AB  - Analysis of the activity and functions of the Geriatric Day Hospital in the
      Islington Health District over a 3 1/2-year period suggests that (a) formal
      medical involvement in assessment of patients referred for treatment at the day
      hospital and (b) multidisciplinary management are paramount for rehabilitative
      function of the unit. The other conclusions to be drawn from the study are that
      the recommended norm for the day hospital places should be near 0.5 place per
      1000 over 65 years and that the 'corrected new patient index' developed by
      Millard (1) is not applicable to in-patients attending the day hospital.

PMID- 4013899
TI  - Obstructive jaundice in the elderly.

PMID- 4013900
TI  - Prospective trial of a new diagnostic criterion for severe wasting malnutrition
      in the elderly.
AB  - From an international comparison of arm anthropometric reference norms for the
      elderly a new diagnostic criterion for severe wasting malnutrition was derived:
      corrected arm muscle area at or below 16.0 cm2 for men or 16.9 cm2 for women. Of
      201 consecutive hospital admissions aged 65 years and over, 10 subjects were
      malnourished according to this criterion. For each sex the malnourished group had
      lower weight, arm circumference and arm muscle area than the nonmalnourished
      group. Progressive decline of arm muscle mass during the study period was common
      in the malnourished groups. The diagnosis of severe wasting malnutrition had
      prognostic implications. Malnourished subjects had a much higher 90-day mortality
      than the 191 nonmalnourished subjects (50% versus 16.2%).

PMID- 4013901
TI  - Fractures of the distal forearm in Newcastle: an epidemiological survey.
AB  - The incidence of fractures of the distal radius and ulna in a defined adult
      population was studied over one year. Freezing temperatures were usually
      associated with a fourfold increase in fracture incidence, but there was no other
      seasonal trend. Incidence in men showed no relation to age. In women incidence
      rates increased sharply between the age groups 40-44 and 55-59 years and then
      continued to rise less steeply until ages 65-69 after which rates stabilized at a
      lower level. This pattern contrasts with the age- and sex-specific incidence of
      fractures of the proximal femur and of falls at post-retirement ages, and
      supports the hypothesis that one cause of fractures of the proximal femur in old
      age is failure of protective reflexes.

PMID- 4013902
TI  - Mortality and high haematrocrit in the very aged.
AB  - A series of 543 people, aged 85 years or more was studied and divided into groups
      according to haematocrit value. The mortality of the subjects was followed over
      the next 5 years. The mortality in the lowest haematocrit groups was highest
      during the whole observation period. Further, in the haematocrit bracket greater
      than or equal to 0.48, the mortality in the first year was higher than in those
      with haematocrit 0.40-0.47. In the second year this increased mortality had
      disappeared and in the third-fifth years decreased mortality was found with high
      haematocrit. Initially high haematocrit also decreased during the observation
      period. Since the increased mortality associated with high haematocrit
      disappeared it cannot be based on any chronic disease but on some disappearing
      factor, e.g. simply the high haematocrit itself.

PMID- 4013903
TI  - The routine use of investigations in elderly psychiatric patients.
AB  - The use of investigations was studied in all new admissions (n = 167) to a
      psychiatric unit for the elderly over an 18-month period. Twenty per cent of the
      tests revealed abnormalities confirming the relatively high prevalence of
      physical pathology in this population. However, only 4% of the investigations
      requested influenced further management. It is suggested that full blood count,
      serum folate, urea and electrolytes and urine culture should be performed
      routinely, but that other investigations might be ordered selectively.

PMID- 4013904
TI  - Autonomic responses to glucose ingestion in elderly subjects with orthostatic
      hypotension.
AB  - The cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to oral glucose (50 g)
      ingestion were investigated in five elderly subjects with orthostatic hypotension
      and five elderly control subjects. All the orthostatic hypotension subjects
      showed blood pressure falls after glucose ingestion, as compared to only one of
      the control subjects. Significantly greater falls in the orthostatic hypotension
      as compared to control patients were observed for systolic blood pressure (P less
      than 0.01) at 60 and 90 min following glucose and mean blood pressure (P less
      than 0.05) at 60 min following glucose. The orthostatic hypotension subjects did
      not have evidence of reduced heart-rate or plasma catecholamine responses to the
      glucose ingestion. It is concluded that, in elderly patients with orthostatic
      hypotension, disorder of blood pressure control may also cause hypotension
      associated with eating.

PMID- 4013905
TI  - Covert muscle injury in aged patients admitted to hospital following falls.
AB  - Ten patients (mean age 85 years) had elevation of serum creatine kinase and other
      enzyme levels when admitted to hospital after falling at home and lying on the
      floor. No patient had definite clinical evidence of muscle injury but isoenzyme
      studies showed that the creatine kinase originated from skeletal muscle. A high
      ratio of peak creatine kinase to aspartate transaminase levels also helped
      distinguish skeletal from cardiac muscle damage. Several patients had minor
      disturbance of renal function and one developed acute renal failure.

PMID- 4013906
TI  - An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a continuing-care
      geriatric ward.
AB  - A small outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a continuing-care
      geriatric ward during the period December 1982 to March 1983 is reported. It
      demonstrates that respiratory syncytial virus infection can cause serious lower
      respiratory tract infection even in patients without any previous history of
      chest disease.

PMID- 4013907
TI  - Characterization of vascular histamine H1-receptors: multiple affinity states of
      aortic histamine H1-receptor.
AB  - We have shown that [3H]mepyramine labels histamine H1-receptor-binding sites in
      bovine aortic membranes. Further characterization of H1-receptors in this tissue
      was done by the interaction of an unlabelled histamine receptor agonist or
      antagonist, with the radioantagonist [3H]mepyramine-binding sites. The
      competition-binding assays have uncovered differences in the characteristics of
      the agonist/receptor interaction not shared by antagonists. Agonists interact in
      the heterogeneous manner with the radioantagonist-labelled sites, showing shallow
      competition curves with the nH 0.50-0.72, whereas antagonists were devoid of this
      effect (steeper slopes of the inhibition curves nH approximately 1). The results
      suggest the presence in this tissue of multiple affinity states of histamine H1
      receptor, differentiated by high and low affinity for agonists and the same
      affinity for antagonists.

PMID- 4013908
TI  - The effect of stimulation and blocking of histamine H2 receptors on the turnover
      of the serotonin in different parts of the alimentary tract and the brain of the
      rat.
AB  - In the experiments performed on Wistar rats it was found that histamine (0.05 and
      0.5 mg/kg i.p.) caused an acceleration of the turnover of serotonin (5-HT) in the
      stomach. After the lowest dose of ranitidine (3 mg/kg i.p.) a decrease in the
      rate of 5-HT turnover in the stomach was observed, whereas the higher doses (15.0
      and 30 mg/kg i.p.) accelerated the turnover of this amine. In the duodenum, both
      doses of histamine accelerated the turnover of 5-HT, however, ranitidine in all
      doses induced a reduction in the rate of 5-HT turnover in this part of the
      alimentary tract. In the intestine, both doses of histamine enhanced the turnover
      of 5-HT but after all doses of ranitidine a decrease of the turnover was
      observed. The blockade of histamine H2 receptors with ranitidine did not
      completely abolish the effects of histamine on the 5-HT system, in the parts of
      the rat digestive system studied which suggests also an indirect activity of
      other receptors in presented observations. In the rat brain, an acceleration of
      the turnover of 5-HT after both doses of histamine was found. However, ranitidine
      only reduced the rate of 5-HT turnover at the lowest dose. In animals treated
      with ranitidine (15 mg/kg i.p.) for three days, histamine did not produce any
      change in the turnover of 5-HT in rat brain. These experiments show, that in the
      alimentary tract a relationship exists between histaminergic and serotoninergic
      systems.

PMID- 4013909
TI  - The non-mast cell histamine in the submandibular gland of the cat.
AB  - The submandibular gland of the cat contains the typical mast cells. In these
      cells most of the tissue histamine is stored, and the non-mast histamine adds
      only a smaller part (10%) of the total histamine content in the gland. However,
      the stimulation of the gland (nerve stimulation, i.a. application of pilocarpine
      or compound 48/80) increases the non-mast cell histamine as calculated from the
      correlation between histamine and mast cell contents of the gland. The free
      histamine is taken up by different tissues of the cat and its methylated
      metabolite, N tau-methylhistamine, is formed. The cholinergic stimulation of the
      tissues causes a decrease of methylation of histamine indicating a decrease of
      the uptake of the amine into the cells.

PMID- 4013910
TI  - The effect of compound 48/80 on the carbachol-evoked acid secretion of the
      isolated mouse stomach.
AB  - The aim of the present work was to determine in the isolated mouse stomach
      whether the depletion of mast cell histamine by compound 48/80 influences the
      acid secretion, evoked by carbachol. Each effect of carbachol was compared to the
      effect of histamine (10(-6) M), applied after each carbachol application. After
      carbachol and histamine, compound 48/80 was applied twice or three times
      successively; the second and the third application were not able to evoke any
      secretion. After 48/80, the applications of carbachol and histamine were repeated
      and their effects compared to those before the applications of compound 48/80.
      Three concentrations of the compound were used: 20, 100 and 500 micrograms/ml.
      The lowest concentration of the histamine liberator did not significantly change
      the response to carbachol, The highest one reduced it but the effect of histamine
      was reduced, too. Compound 48/80 in concentration 100 micrograms/ml significantly
      augmented the secretory effect of carbachol. The possible explanation for this
      effect is that histamine, liberated from mast cells, is taken up by some other
      cells in the tissue from where it is liberated by carbachol stimulation.

PMID- 4013911
TI  - Role of the oscillatory afterpotentials in the arrhythmogenic action of
      histamine.
AB  - We used intracellular microelectrodes to study the effect of histamine on
      oscillatory afterpotentials (OAPs). OAPs were induced by exposing cardiac
      Purkinje fibers to barium (10(-5) M) and to strophanthidin (3 X 10(-7) M).
      Histamine consistently increased the amplitude of the barium-induced OAPs.
      Similar results were obtained in strophanthidin-treated preparations: histamine,
      in fact, was able to increase the OAPs amplitude and eventually to induce
      triggered activity. The effect of histamine was antagonized by cimetidine (10(-5)
      M). The possible role of the OAPs in the arrhythmogenic action of histamine is
      discussed.

PMID- 4013912
TI  - Spinal projections of hypothalamic histidine decarboxylase-immunoreactive
      neurones.
AB  - The existence of a histidine decarboxylase (HDC)-immunoreactive diencephalo
      spinal pathway in the rat was demonstrated using an antiserum raised against HDC
      from fetal rat liver. HDC-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were numerous in the
      ventral and lateral caudal hypothalamus. More caudally, in the mesencephalon, no
      cell bodies were observed but fairly many, transversely cut nerve fibres were
      found in association with the fasiculus longitudinalis medialis bilaterally. At
      the most caudal medullary level these longitudinally passing fibres became
      displaced ventrally to a position just laterally to the pyramidal decussation. In
      the spinal cord the fibres were more dispersed and rather sparse in most areas.
      The existence of a diencephalo-spinal HDC-immunoreactive pathway was verified by
      analyzing material from rats which had received injections of the retrograde
      fluorescent tracer True Blue into the cervical spinal cord. True Blue
      fluorescence and HDC immunofluorescence were found to coexist in a subpopulation
      of the HDC-immunoreactive neurones in the hypothalamus.

PMID- 4013913
TI  - Treatment of two mastocytosis patients with a histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.
AB  - Alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, alpha-FMH (L-641.575, Merck, Sharp and Dohme), a
      specific irreversible inhibitor of the mammalian histidine decarboxylase, was
      investigated for its effect on possible histamine symptoms in mastocytosis. Two
      patients were treated for 28 and 22 weeks respectively. The first patient had
      systemic mastocytosis and a severe malabsorption causing weight loss, excessive
      fecal fat losses and electrolyte disturbances, the main symptom being frequent
      diarrhoea. The second patient had mainly skin manifestations diagnosed as
      urticaria pigmentosa and the main symptom was pruritus. There were no side
      effects of the drug. The first patient produced formed stools after one week of
      treatment, concomitant with a decrease in plasma histamine and in urinary
      excretion of the main histamine metabolite tele-methylimidazoleacetic acid
      (MeImAA). In the second patient definite benefit of the treatment was observed
      after two months. However, changes in histamine parameters occurred earlier.
      Plasma histamine and urinary MeImAA were reduced after one week and in two or
      three weeks reached a steady-state level of about 25% of pretreatment values. The
      results indicate an effective inhibition of histamine synthesis in both patients
      but only the diarrhoea seemed to be causally related to the change in histamine
      metabolism.

PMID- 4013914
TI  - Histamine in late asthmatic reactions following house-dust mite inhalation.
AB  - In order to investigate the role of histamine in the late asthmatic reaction
      (LAR) following house-dust mite (HDM) inhalation, we studied, with hourly
      intervals, urinary N tau-methylhistamine (an important metabolite of histamine)
      in 14 allergic asthmatic patients before and after broncho provocation with HDM.
      Four patients showed an early asthmatic reaction (EAR), while 10 patients
      developed a LAR as well. In the hour following the EAR a significant increase in
      urinary N tau-methylhistamine was observed as compared to the control day (0.01
      less than p less than 0.05). During the LAR no increase of this metabolite was
      detected in the urine of the patients. Additionally, histamine was measured in
      broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BAF) obtained from 6 patients during the HDM
      provoked LAR and compared to histamine levels in BAF from patients without a LAR,
      following broncho provocation. In the LAR group higher histamine levels were
      found than in the other patient and control groups. For the whole patient group
      no correlation was found between the degree of bronchial obstruction during the
      LAR and the BAF histamine values. No difference was found in N tau
      methylhistamine in BAF between patients with LAR and controls. Thus histamine
      metabolite studies in the urine failed to provide evidence of involvement of
      histamine in the LAR, while further data are needed to interpret the results of
      local sampling in the lung.

PMID- 4013915
TI  - Histamine and collagen levels in the lathyritic chick embryos after
      administration of 48/80.
AB  - The studies were undertaken to investigate the influence of compound 48/80 on
      histamine (Hi) and collagen levels of chick embryos after administration of
      lathyrogen factor, beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). Hi and soluble collagen levels
      in bones (tibia and femur) and skin were significantly higher in the embryos
      treated with BAPN. Compound 48/80 administered together with BAPN lowered Hi and
      soluble collagen in the bones and skin as compared with the embryos treated with
      BAPN alone. Both, in the skin and bones, 48/80 was found to be a protective
      factor against the changes in biosynthesis of collagen.

PMID- 4013916
TI  - Simultaneous determination of histamine and N alpha-methylhistamine in biological
      samples by an improved enzymatic single isotope assay.
AB  - A modified highly sensitive and specific radioenzymatic assay for the
      simultaneous determination of histamine (HA) and N alpha-methylhistamine (N alpha
      MH) in tissues and body fluids is described. In the presence of the enzyme
      histamine-N-methyltransferase and of the methyl donor [3H]-S-adenosylmethionine,
      the transmethylation process was about seven times more effective for HA than for
      N alpha-MH. In the same conditions only very low amounts of N alpha, N alpha
      dimethylhistamine (N alpha, N alpha-DMH) were converted into its 1-methylated
      derivative. The high degree of specificity attained by this method is due to the
      rapid quantitative extraction of the biological fluids, to the partially purified
      enzyme preparation and to the thin-layer chromatography system used which allows
      an excellent separation of the 3H-1-methyl products of HA, N alpha-MH and N
      alpha, N alpha-DMH. This method is highly sensitive for the assay of HA and N
      alpha-MH (detection limit 10 and 50 picograms, respectively), but due to lack in
      sensitivity, it cannot be extended to the measurement of N alpha, N alpha-DMH.
      The HA content of 20-30 samples can be determined in duplicate by one person in a
      working day. The concentrations of HA measured by this method in different
      biological samples (human whole blood, plasma, urine, gastric juice and skin
      biopsies) were in good agreement with the values reported in the literature. The
      presence of minute amounts of N alpha-MH in the human gastric juice was
      established by rigorous checking.

PMID- 4013917
TI  - Histamine in the rabbit eye: distribution, synthesis, catabolism, and changes by
      light stimulation.
AB  - Histamine (HI) is present in all studied ocular (retina, choroid, optic nerve)
      and brain structures of the albino rabbit. HI levels in neural eye elements
      (retina and optic nerve) are relatively low, i.e. 70-140 ng/g tissue, and
      comparable with those found in the brain; a typical vascular tissue, i.e.
      choroid, contained approximately 10 times more HI. Histadine decarboxylase (HD)
      activity was found only in brain tissue, while histamine-methyltransferase (HMT)
      activity was present in all the eye and brain structures. Light stimulation
      produced changes in HI content only in the retina (decrease) and in the optic
      nerve (increase).

PMID- 4013918
TI  - Histamine in tears: developments in collection and HPLC-fluorimetric detection.

PMID- 4013919
TI  - Cellular repository for blood histamine in normal and nematode-infected rats.
AB  - Infections with the nematode N. brasiliensis is associated with a recruitment of
      intestinal mucosal mast cells (MMC) which increase greatly in numbers. We have
      studied histamine levels in the gut, whole blood and plasma in relation to MMC of
      the gut and blood cell morphology during the course of the infection in an
      attempt to clarify possible relations between circulating blood basophils and
      MMC. The results show a parallel increase in MMC numbers and histamine content of
      the gut, remaining high to day 20 after infection. Blood histamine increased from
      a control level of 30-40 ng/ml to a maximum of 200 ng/ml on day 12 to 14, but
      returned towards the control level already on day 16 after infection. There was a
      corresponding increase in plasma histamine to a maximum of 80 ng/ml. The total
      number of blood neutrophils increased during the early phase of the infection and
      there was a pronounced eosinophilia from day 10 to 16. No cells containing
      metachromatic granules were found in a screening comprised of 10,000 cells per
      specimen. During day 10 to 16 we found a number of coarsely granuled and
      vacuolated cells. The granules stained darkly by the Giemsa stain but not
      metachromatically with Toluidine Blue or with Alcian Blue at a low pH. We
      interpret this as an equivalent to the so-called toxic granulation occurring in
      human neutrophils. These cells may have been mistaken for basophils by previous
      investigators. The cellular repository for the high concentration of histamine in
      the blood is unknown. We suggest, as a working hypothesis, that it is contained
      in a circulating progenitor for MMC which has the ability to synthesize and, in a
      loosely bound state store, histamine, but which has not yet acquired the ability
      to assemble the specific metachromatic granules.

PMID- 4013920
TI  - Reaction of pig plasma benzylamine oxidase with beta-aminopropionitrile.
AB  - Beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is an inhibitor of pig plasma benzylamine oxidase.
      BAPN is oxidized by benzylamine oxidase. Inhibition develops in a time-dependent
      fashion upon incubation of BAPN with the enzyme in the absence of substrate. The
      product of oxidation of BAPN by benzylamine oxidase, cyanacetaldehyde, was
      identified and prepared by synthesis. It is an irreversible inhibitor of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 4013922
TI  - [Results of closed vitrectomy for 100 consecutive cases of diabetic traction
      retinal detachment].

PMID- 4013921
TI  - [Fundus photocoagulation using the continuous Nd:YAG laser].

PMID- 4013923
TI  - [Suppressive effect on the electro-oculographic light rise of the intravenous
      injection of a hypertonic solution].

PMID- 4013924
TI  - [Multivariate analysis of delayed type skin reactivity in patients with
      endogenous uveitis].

PMID- 4013925
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopic studies of human retinal pigment epithelium in
      culture--phagocytic process of latex microspheres].

PMID- 4013926
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopy of fractured specimens by thin sectioning of monkey
      zonular fibers. Zonular fibers and their relationship to the vitreous body and
      ciliary epithelium at their arising site in the posterior pars plana of monkey
      eyes].

PMID- 4013927
TI  - [Mononuclear phagocyte system in patients with uveitis].

PMID- 4013928
TI  - [Ophthalmic care of very low birthweight infants. Report 1. Clinical studies on
      the vessels of pupillary membrane].

PMID- 4013929
TI  - [Recording of lid movement. A new trial for infra-red video camera (report 1)].

PMID- 4013931
TI  - [Measurement of cyclodeviation with fundus haploscope. Part 6. The effect of
      strabismus surgery on cyclodeviation].

PMID- 4013930
TI  - [Studies of stereopsis by VEP--device of stimulator using static random dot
      stereogram].

PMID- 4013932
TI  - [Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy and the corneal endothelium].

PMID- 4013933
TI  - [Vitreous fluorophotometry in experimental pigment epitheliopathy].

PMID- 4013935
TI  - Testicular cancer. A multidisciplinary approach.

PMID- 4013934
TI  - [The 89th congress of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society, Kyoto, May 16-18,
      1985. Abstracts].

PMID- 4013936
TI  - The TNM classification of testicular tumors.

PMID- 4013937
TI  - Validity of TNM-classification.

PMID- 4013938
TI  - 46 years of radiotherapy in testis tumor patients. Treatment, results and late
      effects in 125 seminoma patients.

PMID- 4013939
TI  - [Infertility problems following radiotherapy and chemotherapy for testicular
      tumors].

PMID- 4013940
TI  - [An analysis of 103 patients with renal injuries].
AB  - Between 1971 and 1983, 103 patients with renal injury were admitted to the
      Department of Urology, Tatebayashi Kosei Hospital. There were 87 males and 16
      females. The most frequent age group seen (27.2% of patients) was the 10 to 19
      year group. The various causes included traffic accidents (55 patients), falls
      (16 patients), athletic injuries (8 patients), labor accidents (7 patients),
      blows (6 patients) and others (11 patients). Associated injuries were present in
      52.4% of the patients, including thoracic injuries such as rib fracture (20
      patients), lumbar vertebra and transverse process fractures (18 patients), and
      head injuries (12 patients). Evaluation of the renal injuries was made by
      excretory urogram (IVP) and conservative management was for most, contusion and
      rupture, and operation for laceration as a principle: 95 patients (97 renal
      injuries) were treated by conservative management and 7 patients were treated
      surgically, 5 patients by nephrectomy and 2 patients by perirenal drainage. Nine
      patients who had associated injuries were treated surgically. In the follow-up
      study of 41 patients who had received conservative management and operation
      (perirenal drainage), followed for more than 6 months and had IVP, urinalysis and
      blood pressure measurement, representative changes were calyceal deformity (3
      patients), renal calculus formation (2 patients) and non-functioning kidney (2
      patients) in urograms.

PMID- 4013941
TI  - [A clinical study on tumor of the renal pelvis and the ureter].
AB  - The 39 cases of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors treated in our hospital from
      1974 to 1983, were reviewed retrospectively. The 39 cases included 15 renal
      pelvic tumors, 21 ureter tumors and 3 ureteropelvic tumors. The incidence of
      these tumors was 0.15% among all new outpatients. Sex distribution was 25 males
      to 14 females, and mean age was 65.2 years old. Hematuria was the most frequent
      initial symptom and chief complaint. Of the patients, 28.6% had come to our
      hospital within one month after their initial symptoms appeared. "Filling
      defect", an important finding of IVP and RP, was revealed most frequently. The
      positive rate of urine cytology was 33.4%. Histological examination revealed 14
      transitional cell carcinoma and 1 papilloma of 15 renal pelvic tumors and 19
      transitional cell carcinoma, 1 polyp and 1 metastatic adenocarcinoma of 21 ureter
      tumors. Operative therapy was performed on 36 patients; 26 by nephroureterectomy
      with partial cystectomy. Vesical recurrence rate was 18.9%. The 5-year survival
      rate was 37.4% on renal pelvic tumor and 40.7% on ureter tumor. The factors, high
      grade, high stage, and ureteropelvic double tumor, which reflect the specificity
      of the malignant potential, also affected prognosis. In conclusion, post
      operative adjuvant therapy was thought to be valuable in the near future.

PMID- 4013942
TI  - [Results of a survey on the daily activities of patients following
      ureterosigmoidostomy].
AB  - Results of a questionnaire study on the daily life of patients undergoing
      ureterosigmoidostomy are reported. Nine patients who survived for more than 1
      year after the operation were subjected to this study. At the time of their
      regular checkup, they were asked questions including the frequency of febrile
      attack, degree of daily work, bathing, complaints, frequency of urination and
      incontinence and feeling towards ureterosigmoidostomy. These patients had neither
      serious complications nor complaints. All except for 1 patient were satisfied and
      were enjoying daily life after ureterosigmoidostomy.

PMID- 4013943
TI  - [Clinical observation on in situ carcinoma of the bladder and related
      conditions].
AB  - Clinical course and histological findings of 692 patients with bladder tumor were
      reviewed to reveal the statistics and clinical profile of carcinoma in situ and
      its related conditions in the urinary bladder. Primary papillary intraepithelial
      lesions were found in 83 cases (12.0%), whereas flat intraepithelial carcinoma
      was found in 16 cases (2.0%), 10 as primary and 6 as secondary tumors. In 35
      cases (3.5%), the bladder lesion was flat and rather difficult to find by
      cystoscopy, and initially considered as chronic cystitis or flat carcinoma in
      situ. Post-operative histological diagnosis, however, revealed micro- or apparent
      invasion beyond the basement membrane. Thus they were tentatively classified as
      clinical carcinoma in situ. The result of the radical surgical treatments for the
      clinical carcinoma in situ was very poor with a rough 5-year survival of 19%. The
      management of primary or secondary flat intraepithelial carcinoma was carried out
      by radical surgery or bladder sparing operation followed by intravesical
      instillation of cytotoxic agents. The results of these procedures remain
      uncertain. Some confusion in terminology of carcinoma in situ is discussed and
      the term "flat carcinoma" was recommended to indicate carcinoma in situ and its
      related conditions.

PMID- 4013944
TI  - [Management of vesicoureteral reflux in children with neurogenic bladder-
      retrospective studies of antireflux surgery].
AB  - During the last 3.5 years, 18 children and 9 adults with vesicoureteral reflux
      and neurogenic bladder dysfunction were seen at our hospital, and 11 children and
      4 adults required antireflux surgery. The criteria of repair were progressive
      renal deterioration and/or uncontrollable urinary infection. Surgery was applied
      mainly to the conditions of detrusor hyperreflexia and/or lower urinary tract
      obstruction. The combined technique of Politano-Leadbetter and Glenn-Anderson was
      used in 8 children and 3 adults, and the Cohen technique was used in 3 children
      and 1 adult. Surgery was successful that is, cessation of reflux and no
      obstruction, was achieved in all but one patient, who had received radical
      hysterectomy previously. Though recurrent episodes of lower urinary tract
      infection persisted in some cases after operation, over-all usage of antibiotics
      was reduced. Seven children with reflux and uninhibited bladder, though some of
      them with high grade reflux, were managed successfully by anticholinergic drug or
      transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

PMID- 4013945
TI  - [Treatment of low grade and low stage urinary bladder cancer].
AB  - Fifty-seven patients with low-grade and low-stage urinary bladder cancer were
      treated at our University Hospital between 1970 and 1980. The incidence of low
      grade and low stage cases was higher in the young group than in the older group,
      and in male than in female (p less than 0.05). Most of the patients were well
      controlled by either TUR or other conservative therapies. The 5-year relative
      survival rate was 113%. The 5-year actual cumulative recurrence rate after TUR
      was 63%, whereas, the 5-year actual cumulative recurrence rate was only 35.4% in
      those who received intravesical instillation therapy and 25% in those who
      undergone RCH (Radio-Chemo-Hyperthermia) therapy. Five patients (9%) showed an
      increase of tumor grade from low to intermediate at the time of intravesical
      recurrence, but no patient showed a change from low to high grade.

PMID- 4013946
TI  - [Emphysematous pyelonephritis: report of a case].
AB  - A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis is presented. A 54-year-old woman with
      diabetes mellitus was admitted because of bilateral ureteral stones. Five days
      after bilateral ureterolithotomy, she developed left flank pain, chills and
      fever. Plain x-rays of the abdomen (KUB) showed an enlarged left kidney with a
      giant gas shadow on the left renal area and no evidence of stone shadow. Drip
      infusion pyelogram revealed a decrease in the left renal function and the
      presence of the gas in the pyelocalyceal system. Contrast-enhanced computerized
      tomograms confirmed the presence of the gas in the parenchyma and pyelocalyceal
      system. The patient was treated conservatively with intensive antibiotic therapy,
      intravenous fluids and control of diabetes mellitus. After 3 weeks of therapy,
      the gas shadow disappeared, and a good recovery of renal architecture and
      function was achieved.

PMID- 4013947
TI  - [Two cases of crossed renal ectopia without fusion].
AB  - Among congenital renal anomalies, crossed renal ectopia is relatively rare. We
      report two cases of crossed renal ectopia without fusion. One patient was a 26
      year-old woman, admitted to our hospital with complaint of infertility. She was
      diagnosed to have hydrosalpinx on hysterosalpingography. Intravenous pyelography
      and renoscintigraphy disclosed crossed renal ectopia without fusion. We confirmed
      it on the operation of hydrosalpinx. The other was a 28-year-old man with
      complaint of hypospadia. Intravenous pyelography, retrograde pyelography and
      abdominal aortography disclosed crossed renal ectopia without fusion. These
      patients had subjectively no complaints, and the renal functions were unimpaired.
      So we decided to follow them up. In Japan there have been 30 reports of crossed
      renal ectopia including these cases. We performed a statistical study of the
      renal ectopia without fusion.

PMID- 4013948
TI  - [A case of preputial calculi].
AB  - A case of a 73-year-old patient with preputial calculi is presented. The patient
      visited our hospital complaining of consciousness loss. It was impossible to
      place a catheter because of complete phimosis. Palpatory examination suggested
      the presence of stones in preputial cavity. Dorsal incision was made. After pus
      discharge nine small stones were extirpated. Ammonium hydrogen urate (96%) and
      calcium phosphate (4%) were found in these stones with infrared spectroscopic
      analysis. Bacteriodes ureolytcus and Peptostreptcoccus asaccharolyticus were
      isolated from urine specimen.

PMID- 4013949
TI  - [Clinical statistics on testicular tumors in the Japanese during the 1970's].
AB  - A statistical analysis was made by computer on 511 cases of testicular tumor
      experienced at 14 facilities in Japan between 1970 and 1979. The age distribution
      of the patients had two peaks, one under 3 years (15%) and the other between 25
      and 34 years (32%). Forty percent of the patients were office workers and 76%
      were college graduates. Fifty percent of the patients had 0 to 1 sibs. The blood
      type distribution was similar to that for the whole Japanese population. Six
      percent of the patients had a past history of trauma, and no relation with cell
      type was detected. Sixty nine percent of the patients were married and 31% were
      not married. Sixty seven percent of the patients over 30 had seminoma, and 78% of
      the patients under 29 years old had non-seminoma. Seminoma was rare in patients
      under 9 years old. Histologically, 75% were simple type, and 25% were mixed type.
      Forty three percent of the cases were seminoma and 57% were non-seminoma. Of the
      stage I cases, 78% and 57%, and of the stage III cases 7 and 28%, respectively,
      were seminoma and non-seminoma, many of the non-seminoma being at high stage. The
      5-year survival rate for the 75 patients under 9 years old was 96%, and that for
      the 341 patients over 15 years was 70%, the survival rate for the patients under
      9 years being significantly higher. The 5-year survival rate for stage I, II and
      III seminoma was 100, 65 and 0%, respectively, while that for non-seminoma was
      93, 56 and 8%, respectively. The survival rate for stage I was higher for
      seminoma cases than for non-seminoma cases. No difference was detected between
      survival rate for stage II or III between seminoma and non-seminoma. The survival
      rate for seminoma did not differ with the time when the surgery was performed,
      but for the patients with non-seminomatous tumors, the survival rate was higher
      for the patients operated within one month than those operated later. The
      survival rate was not related to the weight of the extracted testicle. The 5-year
      survival rate for the patients with normal body temperature was 78% whereas that
      for the patients who had fevers was 32%. The 5-year survival rate for the
      patients not accompanied by abdominal tumors was about 80%, whereas that for the
      patients with palpated abdominal tumors was 42%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 4013950
TI  - How your practice can cope with change.

PMID- 4013952
TI  - Behavioral medicine education in the family medicine residency: a critical
      review.

PMID- 4013951
TI  - Foreign bodies in the bronchial tree: radiographic manifestations and management
      by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

PMID- 4013953
TI  - "Adequate" myocardial preservation for the severely impaired ventricle: an
      informed opinion.

PMID- 4013955
TI  - American Annals of the Deaf. Purposes and scope of content. Joint Annals
      Administrative Committee. April, 1984.

PMID- 4013954
TI  - Fluoride in the treatment of osteoporosis: risk of adverse effects on bone.

PMID- 4013956
TI  - Certification standards for professionals involved in the education of hearing
      impaired children and youth. Council on Education of the Deaf (CED).

PMID- 4013957
TI  - Career education: the position paper of the Conference of Educational
      Administrators Serving the Deaf. CEASD Career Development Committee. May, 1980.

PMID- 4013958
TI  - Night myopia.
AB  - Night myopia is a correctable cause of decreased visual acuity under conditions
      of decreased illumination. Even people with 20/20 vision may have this problem.
      Correction of the decreased visual acuity in darkness may be especially important
      in certain occupations. Night myopia is related to the way light is refracted
      onto the retina. Even the normal or slightly nearsighted eye may not be able to
      focus the indigo-violet wavelengths of light on the retina.

PMID- 4013959
TI  - Current patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - In the past decade, the incidence of tuberculosis morbidity has been halved.
      Nonetheless, an estimated 15 million Americans are infected with tubercle
      bacilli. Care of the tuberculous patient has moved from sanatoriums to general
      hospitals and homes. The declining incidence makes the diagnosis less often
      considered, especially since the classic signs are not always present.

PMID- 4013960
TI  - Special housing needs of the elderly patient.
AB  - The physician is increasingly asked to play a role in relocating elderly patients
      to special housing. The goal is to find the housing that is best suited to the
      patient's needs. Important factors to be considered are building design,
      sponsorship, financing and nonshelter services. Proper housing, with appropriate
      support services, enables the elderly to remain independent longer and
      contributes to their physical and mental health.

PMID- 4013961
TI  - Basilar pneumothorax in the supine patient.

PMID- 4013962
TI  - Vasodilator and inotropic therapy for heart failure.

PMID- 4013963
TI  - Upper cervical spine trauma.

PMID- 4013964
TI  - Foley catheter calcification.
AB  - This type of calcification must be differentiated from bladder wall
      calcification. It can be an unexplained source of fever and infection in
      neurologically damaged individuals. The occurrence of Foley catheter
      calcification emphasizes the need for periodic catheter change, periodic
      irrigation, the appropriate choice of catheter and attention to diet,
      particularly calcium intake.

PMID- 4013965
TI  - Gallbladder disease in pregnancy.
AB  - Cholecystitis should be considered in the evaluation of any pregnant woman with
      abdominal complaints. Acute cholecystitis can mimic many other intra-abdominal
      problems, both obstetric and nonobstetric. Most patients respond to conservative
      management, with minimal increase in maternal or fetal morbidity and mortality. A
      few will not respond to therapy or will have severe complications requiring more
      aggressive management, including surgery.

PMID- 4013966
TI  - Drug therapy for osteoporosis.

PMID- 4013967
TI  - Hypertensive emergencies.
AB  - Hypertensive emergencies require prompt and aggressive treatment to prevent
      target organ damage and death. A variety of neurologic, cardiac, renal and other
      conditions may underlie a hypertensive crisis. A number of highly effective drugs
      are now available to treat hypertensive crises, including well-known agents like
      sodium nitroprusside and diazoxide, as well as newer drugs such as nifedipine and
      captopril. Some older medications have been superseded by newer agents.

PMID- 4013968
TI  - Evaluation of a percutaneous catheter technique for ablation of ventricular
      tachycardia in a canine model.
AB  - Catheter ablation of arrhythmias is a promising new technique. The consequence of
      high-energy discharges in the right ventricle were investigated in a canine model
      of inducible ventricular tachycardia. Seventeen dogs were studied. Four served as
      controls while 13 underwent thoracotomy with right coronary artery ligation.
      Three animals died suddenly postoperatively. Programmed stimulation was performed
      4 days later using a pervenous right ventricular electrode catheter. No control
      dog had inducible ventricular tachycardia. Eight of the experimental animals had
      inducible ventricular tachycardia and underwent catheter mapping. The earliest
      endocardial site during tachycardia was located in four dogs with monomorphic
      ventricular tachycardia. These sites received one or more 300 J transcatheter
      stored charges from a defibrillator, and at least temporary ablation was
      accomplished in each case. Five animals had inducible polymorphic ventricular
      tachycardia which could not be mapped. The endocardial electrogram amplitude
      decreased 55 +/- 7% (p less than 0.001) and the pacing threshold increased from
      0.7 +/- 0.1 mA to 7.9 +/- 1.7 mA (p less than 0.001) after the shocks. Five of
      the discharges caused ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Autopsy revealed
      discrete transmural wedge-shaped necrosis without perforation. Thus when
      monomorphic tachycardia was induced, mapping and ablation were feasible.
      Transcatheter 300 J discharges produced only localized damage but had a
      propensity to initiate ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 4013969
TI  - Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with systemic sarcoidosis.
AB  - Echocardiographic evaluation of 42 patients with sarcoidosis disclosed 13
      patients (group A) with abnormalities compatible with sarcoid heart involvement
      such as thickening or thinning of the septum (eight patients), pericardial
      effusion (four patients), and increased end-diastolic dimension of the left
      ventricle with decreased systolic function (three patients). The remaining 29
      patients (group B) were diagnosed as having normal echocardiograms. The clinical
      data revealed no statistically significant difference between the groups
      regarding age, sex, chest x-ray stage, activity, and previous heart disease.
      Group A patients had older clinical onset of the disease (52 vs 83 months; p less
      than 0.05) and higher incidence of ECG abnormalities than group B patients. There
      were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding two
      dimensional echocardiographic internal dimensions of both ventricular chambers.
      The radionuclear right ventricular ejection fraction was low in both groups and
      the left ventricular ejection fraction was depressed in group A patients (p less
      than 0.01). As observed in pathologic studies, the septum is a target structure
      which can be characterized echocardiographically. Screening suspected sarcoid
      heart disease involvement is important to characterize patients with a relatively
      high risk of clinical cardiac abnormalities such as complete atrioventricular
      block, ventricular arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and sudden death.

PMID- 4013970
TI  - Prediction of survival in progressive systemic sclerosis by multivariate analysis
      of clinical features.
AB  - The records of 64 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) were
      reviewed. More than 100 items from the patient's history, physical examination,
      and laboratory tests were encoded. A two-tailed Gehan's test was used to evaluate
      the effect of each variable on patient survival. Variables significant at the
      0.05 level were then analyzed simultaneously, using the Cox regression model, in
      order to determine which clinical features are most predictive of survival in
      PSS. By Cox regression, the presence of an S3 gallop and advanced age at onset of
      PSS related negatively to survival. The relative risk of death for a patient with
      an S3 gallop was 5.44 (ratio of risk) times that for a patient without an S3
      gallop, and the risk of death for a 70-year-old patient at disease onset was 20
      times that of a 20-year-old patient at disease onset. In addition, when patient
      selection was taken into account, corticosteroid administration had a significant
      effect, and seemed to actually shorten survival. Although one of the factors, age
      at onset, is not modifiable, the presence of either variable should alert the
      clinician to the patient being at high risk for short survival. The application
      of this technique should also prove helpful in analyzing the efficacy of various
      proposed therapies.

PMID- 4013971
TI  - The severe stress thallium defect: an indicator of critical coronary stenosis.

PMID- 4013972
TI  - Prognostic implications of exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with
      suspected or known coronary artery disease.

PMID- 4013973
TI  - Drug-electrophysiology studies in infants, children, and adolescents.

PMID- 4013974
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypoplastic right heart syndrome.

PMID- 4013975
TI  - Incessant atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia successfully treated
      with intravenous amiodarone.

PMID- 4013976
TI  - Intravenous propranolol in the treatment of repetitive ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias during resuscitation from sudden death.

PMID- 4013977
TI  - Rate-dependent, pacemaker-related, concealed ventricular extrasystoles:
      entrainment of an ectopic ventricular focus.

PMID- 4013978
TI  - Intramural coronary arteritis from cholesterol emboli: a rare cause of unstable
      angina preceding sudden death.

PMID- 4013979
TI  - The clinical significance of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia provoked at
      electrophysiologic testing.
AB  - Ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced at electrophysiologic studies is felt to be
      clinically significant if the morphology of the induced arrhythmia and the
      spontaneous arrhythmia are similar. Yet many times in referral patients, an
      adequate 12-lead ECG does not exist to permit determination of the VT morphology.
      Since the significance of differences in induced and spontaneous arrhythmias has
      not been clearly established, we reviewed the records of 153 patients and
      correlated induced VT morphology with the incidence of sudden death. Polymorphic
      VT was induced in 88 patients (57%) and monomorphic VT was induced in 65 patients
      (43%). The total mortality and sudden death rates were similar in the two groups
      in spite of antiarrhythmic therapy, 12% and 7% (polymorphic) versus 10% and 5%
      (monomorphic). All the sudden deaths occurred in patients who presented with
      cardiac arrest and hemodynamically symptomatic VT and none in the asymptomatic VT
      group, regardless of VT morphology (p less than 0.005). The induced VT morphology
      cannot be used to predict the potential efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs, since
      patients with either morphology are as likely to respond to conventional or
      experimental agents. Thus, induced polymorphic VT can be a useful index of
      electrical instability in high-risk patients (cardiac arrest and hemodynamically
      symptomatic VT) and may be of utility in guiding antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 4013980
TI  - Coronary artery obstruction: a potentially reversible cause of dilated
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 4013981
TI  - Streptococcus viridans bacteremia associated with atrial myxoma.

PMID- 4013982
TI  - Right-to-left interatrial shunting with atrial septal defect and idiopathic right
      ventricular calcification.

PMID- 4013983
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma and right atrial tumor diagnosed by echocardiography.

PMID- 4013985
TI  - Echocardiographic-electrocardiographic correlates.

PMID- 4013984
TI  - Myocardial infarction: thoughts about pathogenesis and the role of coronary
      artery spasm.

PMID- 4013986
TI  - Aggravation of electrically provoked ventricular tachycardia during treatment
      with propafenone.
AB  - Propafenone is a new class Ic antiarrhythmic agent currently being investigated
      in the United States. It is generally well tolerated. We administered propafenone
      to 16 patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) that had been refractory to
      conventional antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Three of these 16 patients developed
      electrically provoked incessant VT during treatment with propafenone without
      other evidence of toxicity. These arrhythmias subsided after lidocaine was
      administered. Propafenone therapy was discontinued in each case. Incessant VT did
      not develop in any of these patients in the absence of antiarrhythmic drugs or on
      antiarrhythmic drugs other than propafenone. Alternative effective treatment was
      identified for each patient. Although VT was initially provoked by pacing in each
      of these patients, these observations suggest that propafenone, like some other
      class Ic drugs, may favor the development of incessant VT in occasional patients.
      This appears most likely to occur in patients with ventricular dysfunction and
      prior sustained VT or ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 4013987
TI  - Therapy of digoxin intoxication in dogs by specific hemoperfusion through agarose
      polyacrolein microsphere beads-antidigoxin antibodies.
AB  - The usefulness of a new biocompatible, specific immunosorbent, Agarose
      Polyacrolein Microsphere Beads--Antidigoxin antibodies (APAMB-AD) for
      hemoperfusive removal of digoxin in digoxin intoxicated dogs is described. The
      sorbent contains antidigoxin antibodies covalently bound to polyacrolein
      microspheres, 0.2 micron in diameter. Thousands of microspheres are matrix
      encapsulated in cross-linked agarose to form beads 500 to 800 micron in diameter.
      The sorbent removes digoxin specifically, leaving other components of the blood
      intact, in contrast to the nonspecific sorbents (charcoal and ion exchange
      resins) currently in use. Digoxin-intoxicated dogs looked ill, vomited, and their
      ECGs showed malignant arrhythmias which were reversed during the first hour of
      hemoperfusion. By 2 hours of hemoperfusion, the ECG tracings returned to the
      preintoxication state. Up to 27% of the total body digoxin burden was removed.
      The sorbent is biocompatible. Neither the formed elements nor a battery of the
      routinely assayed soluble components of the blood or complement (C'4) were
      altered significantly during the hemoperfusion trials. The dogs tolerated the
      hemoperfusion well and all survived the intoxication. Nonhemoperfused dogs or
      dogs whose blood was hemoperfused through beads lacking antidigoxin did not
      survive the digoxin intoxication.

PMID- 4013989
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiography versus surface electrocardiography for the
      diagnosis of acute non-Q wave myocardial infarction.
AB  - The initial two-dimensional echocardiogram (2DE) and electrocardiogram (ECG) of
      50 consecutive patients with chest pain and a possible acute non-Q wave
      myocardial infarction (MI) were compared to each other to determine the value of
      2DE in this type of acute MI. The ECG markers for a non-Q wave MI were (1)
      greater than or equal to 0.15 mV ST segment depression, (2) ST segment elevations
      with reciprocal ST segment depression, and (3) new symmetrical deep T wave
      changes as compared to a recent preadmission ECG. The 2DE was considered positive
      for MI if akinesia, dyskinesia, or severe hypokinesia was seen in one or more
      left ventricular segments. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of
      the 2DE as compared to the ECG was 66% and 52%, respectively (sensitivity); 91%
      and 95%, respectivity (specificity); and 91% and 94%, respectively (predictive
      value). Statistically, there were no differences in the proportion of patients
      who had a positive 2DE as compared to the proportion of patients who had a
      positive ECG (p greater than 0.2). The ECG and 2DE results were combined and the
      sensitivity increased to 76% but the specificity decreased to 86%. Myocardial
      infarction size was not significantly different in infarcted subjects who had a
      positive 2DE (395 +/- 125 IU/L) as compared to those who had a negative 2DE (727
      +/- 187 IU/L, p greater than 0.1).

PMID- 4013988
TI  - Ventricular ectopic activity with spontaneous variant angina: frequency and
      relation to transient ST segment deviation.
AB  - This study was performed (1) to assess the frequency of ventricular ectopic
      activity (ventricular bigeminy, couplets, or ventricular tachycardia) during
      spontaneous variant angina; (2) to assess the relation between ventricular ectopy
      and the severity and duration of ischemia; and (3) to evaluate the precise
      temporal relation between episodes of ischemia and ventricular ectopy. Fifteen
      ambulatory patients with variant angina (12 men, 3 women, aged 50 +/- 8 [mean +/-
      SD] years) had Holter monitoring for 24 hours/week for 10 months (total, 10,238
      hours of monitoring), from which the following were measured during each episode
      of ST deviation (elevation or depression): duration of ST deviation (minutes),
      maximal ST deviation (millivolts), presence of ventricular ectopic activity, and
      timing of ventricular ectopy in relation to ST deviation. Of 645 episodes of ST
      deviation, 79 (12.2%) had associated ectopy, almost all of which occurred in
      three patients. The 79 episodes of ST deviation with ectopy lasted 4.6 +/- 3.3
      minutes and averaged 0.16 +/- 0.12 mV, whereas the 566 episodes of ST deviation
      without ectopy lasted 4.7 +/- 6.1 minutes and averaged 0.17 +/- 0.11 mV (NS in
      comparison to the 79 episodes with ectopy). Of 489 episodes of ST elevation, 72
      (14.7%) were accompanied by ventricular ectopy; of 156 episodes of ST depression,
      only seven (4.5%) had ectopy (chi 2 = 11.531, p less than 0.001). Of the 79
      episodes of ventricular ectopy, almost all appeared during a period of increasing
      or maximal ST deviation, whereas only two appeared as ST deviation was
      resolving.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013990
TI  - Correlates of prolonged HV conduction in aortic stenosis.
AB  - Forty-eight patients with predominant aortic stenosis underwent His bundle
      electrography (HBE) at the time of diagnostic catheterization. Patients were
      divided into four groups based upon severity of calcification of the aortic valve
      fluoroscopically as judged independently by three angiographers. Of 48 patients,
      three had no calcification, 11 had mild, 18 had moderate, and 16 had severe
      aortic valve calcification. No correlation was found between HV interval and
      severity of aortic valve calcification. Significant correlation was found between
      HV interval prolongation and aortic valve area (p less than 0.02), history of
      congestive heart failure (p less than 0.02), and increasing left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular ejection fraction less
      than 45% had greater likelihood of HV interval prolongation (p less than 0.01).
      No correlation was established between HV interval and age, aortic valve
      gradient, left ventricular peak systolic pressure, syncope, and coronary artery
      disease. Aortic valve area was the most significant independent predictor of HV
      prolongation, with history of congestive heart failure second. We conclude that
      HV interval prolongation in aortic stenosis with calcified valves is best
      predicted by evidence of declining left ventricular function rather than severity
      of aortic valve calcification.

PMID- 4013991
TI  - Tricuspid stenosis and regurgitation in rheumatic heart disease: a prospective
      cardiac catheterization study in 525 patients.
AB  - Cardiac catheterization (CC) was done in 525 symptomatic patients. Tricuspid
      regurgitation (TR) was graded from right ventricular (RV) angiography (RVA) and
      compared with RV indicator curves (IC). Tricuspid stenosis (TS) was diagnosed
      from the mean diastolic gradient (MDG). Organic (O) disease was diagnosed from TS
      or from thickening of the tricuspid valve (TV) on angiography. TR was found in
      137 patients (26%), of whom 46 (33.5%) had additional TS. All of the patients
      with TS had significant TR. OTR was more frequent (70.4%) and more severe (p less
      than 0.0001) than functional TR (FTR). There was no difference in pulmonary
      artery pressure between FTR and OTR except when associated with TS. The TV was
      explored in 56 patients. A MDG greater than or equal to 2 mm Hg correctly
      predicted TS in 91% of the patients and right atrial angiography in 100% of the
      patients. Organic thickening of the TV was predicted in 84%.

PMID- 4013992
TI  - Acute continuous argon-laser induced tissue effects in the isolated canine heart.
AB  - Fresh isolated myocardial, elastic-arterial, and valvular tissues from seven
      canine hearts were irradiated by argon laser. Irradiation was transmitted through
      300 and 400 micron flexible quartz fiberoptic elements. Minimal power densities
      for vaporization of the myocardial, arterial, and valvular tissues were 80, 90,
      and 110 W/cm2, respectively, with maximal vaporization distances (fiberoptic tip
      to tissue) of 4 mm, 1 mm, and 1 mm, respectively. Irradiation of the valves at
      power densities approaching perforation caused contraction of the tissue. When
      tissue vaporization occurred, histologic examination of irradiated tissues showed
      a central crater surrounded by sequential layers of char, vaporization, and
      coagulation necrosis. These findings were common to all cardiac tissues.
      Additional findings unique to myocardium were a normal-appearing myocardial layer
      (skip-area), circumferential halo, and tissue clefts. Elastic arteries showed
      concentration of necrosis around the collagen and elastic fibers. Valvular damage
      was the most extensive and also included contraction of adjacent valvular tissue
      and endocardial sloughing.

PMID- 4013994
TI  - Long-acting nifedipine in moderate and severe hypertensive patients with serious
      concomitant diseases.
AB  - Long-acting nifedipine tablets were given to 47 severely and moderately
      hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular,
      and peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, asthma, and systemic lupus
      erythematosus. Nifedipine substituted vasodilators (n = 22), was added to beta
      blockers and thiazides (n = 14), and was used alone (n = 11). In all three groups
      blood pressure was significantly reduced without aggravation of angina pectoris,
      intermittent claudication, cerebrovascular disease, or renal failure. Side
      effects were mild and transient. We found nifedipine tablets convenient and safe,
      as well as efficacious in patients with serious conditions.

PMID- 4013993
TI  - Aggravation of arrhythmia induced with antiarrhythmic drugs during
      electrophysiologic testing.
AB  - There is evidence that antiarrhythmic drugs can worsen ventricular arrhythmias in
      patients. In a previous study ventricular arrhythmias worsened 11% when
      noninvasive monitoring and exercise tests were performed to evaluate drug effect.
      How frequently this complication occurs when patients undergo electrophysiologic
      studies is not known. Electrophysiologic (EP) tests were carried out in 63
      patients who had a history of malignant, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
      Monitoring and exercise tests showed low-frequency or nonreproducible ventricular
      arrhythmia. Criteria for definite drug-induced aggravation of arrhythmia included
      conversion of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia to a sustained ventricular
      arrhythmia and provocation of the end point with one extrastimulus when three
      were required during control. Aggravation was deemed possible when, as compared
      to a control group, the end point resulted with the use of one less extrastimulus
      and sustained tachycardia with a more rapid rate was provoked. A total of 216
      single drug studies were performed (3.4/patient). In general, definite or
      possible aggravation occurred in 35 tests (16%). In 28 cases (12.9%) aggravation
      was categorized as definite, while in 7 cases (3.2%) the induced arrhythmia was
      deemed as possibly related to the use of the antiarrhythmic drugs. Drug tests
      with multiple agents caused aggravation of arrhythmia in 19 patients (30%).
      Therefore, exacerbation of arrhythmia by antiarrhythmic drugs also occurs during
      electrophysiologic study. The incidence approximates that reported when
      monitoring and exercise tests are used for evaluating drug efficacy.

PMID- 4013995
TI  - Proceedings of the symposium on ischemic heart disease: the role of isordil-
      past, present, and future. November 11, 1984. Miami Beach, Florida.

PMID- 4013996
TI  - Studies on the mode of action of isosorbide dinitrate: a physiologic and
      biochemical approach.
AB  - The action of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and diltiazem on coronary artery
      diameter, vascular resistance, and coronary blood flow was determined in
      instrumented postoperative conscious dogs. Low doses of ISDN were found to
      increase the diameter of large arteries without affecting coronary blood flow.
      Higher doses of ISDN produced an increase in both coronary diameter and blood
      flow. Diltiazem, on the other hand, increased coronary artery diameter and blood
      flow at all doses tested. Coronary vascular resistance was more sensitive to
      diltiazem than to ISDN. In isolated canine cardiac Purkinje strands, ISDN
      produced a concentration-dependent decrease in force development and action
      potential duration measured at 50% of repolarization (APD50). ISDN did not
      significantly affect action potentials recorded in Purkinje strands depolarized
      by potassium (22 mmol) and treated with isoproterenol (10(-6)M). Diltiazem also
      decreased Purkinje strand force development and APD50 in a concentration
      dependent manner. Diltiazem, however, was several orders of magnitude more potent
      than ISDN and completely abolished action-potential genesis in potassium
      depolarized, isoproterenol-restored Purkinje strands. Both diltiazem and ISDN
      were found to relax porcine coronary artery strips contracted by KCl or
      histamine. Studies on 45Ca flux, in isolated coronary artery rings, indicate that
      ISDN inhibited both histamine-induced Ca++ influx and efflux from intracellular
      sources. The inhibition of Ca++ efflux and intracellular Ca++-dependent
      contraction occurred over a similar ISDN concentration range. ISDN also relaxed
      bovine coronary artery strips contracted with KCl. No change in cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate levels occurred during ISDN-induced relaxation of bovine coronary
      arterial strips.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013997
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isosorbide dinitrate.
AB  - It has long been believed that organic nitrates, including isosorbide dinitrate
      (ISDN), are completely metabolized during their first passage through the liver
      and that oral therapy with this class of compounds is thus irrational. In the
      past few years, convincing data have been obtained in patients showing that
      intact ISDN is significantly bioavailable to the systemic circulation after oral
      administration; the oral bioavailability is about 20% relative to an intravenous
      dose and about 45% relative to a sublingual dose, with the balance metabolized to
      isosorbide mononitrates. These pharmacologically active metabolites have longer
      biologic half-lives than ISDN and are thus believed to contribute to the
      sustained duration of action of this drug. After acute dosing, changes in the
      pharmacologic effects of ISDN mirror those in plasma concentration. However,
      after long-term therapy, partial nitrate tolerance develops despite elevated
      plasma ISDN concentrations. Available evidence suggests that during sustained
      dosing, nitrate metabolism is generally reduced throughout the body; thus reduced
      hepatic and peripheral tissue metabolism raises plasma ISDN concentrations while
      reduced vascular tissue metabolism decreases the metabolic activation (perhaps to
      nitrosothiols?) necessary for vascular relaxation.

PMID- 4013998
TI  - Improved coronary supply: prevailing mechanism of action of nitrates in chronic
      stable angina.
AB  - Exercise tolerance before and after sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), 10
      mg, was assessed in 217 consecutive patients with stable angina, positive
      exercise test, and angiographically proved coronary artery disease. In 65
      patients (30%), ISDN prevented exercise-induced ST segment depression and/or
      increased exercise time to 1 mm ST segment depression (greater than or equal to 3
      minutes), despite the significantly higher (greater than or equal to 25 X 10(2)
      increment) rate-pressure product attained (increased coronary reserve). On the
      contrary, in 40 other patients, exercise test remained positive, and neither time
      to 1 mm ST segment depression nor rate-pressure product increased significantly
      (fixed coronary reserve). The remaining 106 patients had an intermediate
      response. To assess the mechanisms underlying the beneficial action of nitrates,
      we further investigated 13 patients with increased coronary reserve (group 1) and
      five with fixed coronary reserve (group 2) by the exercise response to ISDN and
      verapamil, the changes in left ventricular volumes after ISDN and verapamil, the
      ECG response to intravenous ergonovine, and the changes in coronary stenosis
      severity following intravenous ergonovine and intracoronary nitrates. ISDN
      dramatically improved exercise capacity only in group 1 patients. However, it
      induced a significant reduction of left ventricular volumes in both groups (p
      less than 0.01). Ergonovine provoked angina and ST segment depression in 62% of
      group 1 patients and significantly increased the severity of their coronary
      stenoses (p less than 0.01). In all group 2 patients, ergonovine was negative,
      and no significant increase in stenosis severity was observed. Intracoronary
      nitrates reduced stenosis severity in group 1 (p less than 0.01) but not in group
      2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4013999
TI  - Role of isosorbide dinitrate in patients with unstable angina pectoris.
AB  - The development of hemodynamic facilities permitted observations after isosorbide
      dinitrate (ISDN) administration over a 4-hour period in patients with a history
      of unstable angina pectoris and documented anatomic coronary artery disease. The
      patients had no evidence of left ventricular failure and were free of pain during
      the period of sublingual and oral ISDN administration. Beneficial influences on
      venous return and arterial blood pressure were manifested as declines in preload
      and afterload, along with reduction in the mechanical work of the ventricle and,
      finally, increases in the diastolic compliance of the ventricle. These
      hemodynamic changes were shown to persist 8 to 12 times as long as the brief
      influence of nitroglycerin. Thus hemodynamic evidence was provided for the first
      time on the beneficial influence of oral and sublingual ISDN on venous, arterial,
      and left ventricular myocardial muscle in patients with unstable angina pectoris.

PMID- 4014000
TI  - Influence of long-acting nitrate therapy on the risk of reinfarction, sudden
      death, and total mortality in survivors of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The effects of 20 variables that might influence postmyocardial infarction
      prognosis were assessed retrospectively in 139 patients followed up for an
      average of 11 months after discharge from San Francisco General Hospital
      following an acute myocardial infarction. When these variables were analyzed with
      the use of multivariate techniques, the presence of complex ventricular ectopy
      was the variable most highly predictive of the mortality rate, followed by age
      and failure to receive long-acting nitrates, principally isosorbide dinitrate
      (ISDN). Whereas 23 of 90 patients (25.6%) not receiving ISDN died, only 5 of the
      49 patients (10%) receiving ISDN died (p less than 0.05). Although total
      mortality was statistically significantly greater among patients receiving
      antiarrhythmic drugs or digitalis than among patients not receiving these agents,
      these relationships did not persist when subjected to multivariate analysis.

PMID- 4014001
TI  - Consensus panel on travelers' diarrhea: avoid prophylactic use of drugs.

PMID- 4014002
TI  - On homeopathy: another 'modern-day perspective'.

PMID- 4014003
TI  - Workers' rights in occupational health.

PMID- 4014004
TI  - Occupational exposure to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs: a literature review.
AB  - Chemotherapeutic drugs are frequently used in cancer treatment. The mutagenic and
      carcinogenic potential of many antineoplastic agents has been well established.
      Clinical personnel may be occupationally exposed to antineoplastic agents during
      the preparation, administration or disposal procedures. This article provides a
      brief review of the current literature in medical, pharmacy and nursing journals
      concerning chemotherapeutic drugs. Its purpose is to increase industrial
      hygienists' awareness of the need for exposure control. Consensus recommendations
      on handling procedures published by the National Study Commission on Cytotoxic
      Exposure are included in the Appendix.

PMID- 4014005
TI  - Design of a limited-access facility and safety program for a genetic toxicology
      laboratory.
AB  - A limited-access facility has been designed as a result of the need for
      laboratories for testing hazardous materials found in the environment. The
      facility design features include room air flow and filtration, hood types, sink
      design and placement, design of countertops, type of flooring and wall sealant,
      and traffic flow within the laboratories. These laboratories required the
      diversity to handle weighing of stock hazardous materials, preparation and
      handling of aliquots, maintenance of dosed animals as well as sterile conditions
      required for tissue culture and continuous cell culture methods. A safety and
      health program was also developed which included specific dress (e.g., scrub
      suit, TYVEK jumpsuit, gloves, safety glasses and safety shoes), safety advisory
      group, safety response group, medical monitoring program and training of current
      and new staff members. The design and use of the facility are continuously
      reevaluated and changes are made as necessitated by either research needs or
      improved safety methods.

PMID- 4014006
TI  - Face seal leakage of half masks and surgical masks.
AB  - The efficiency and face seal leakage characteristics of two half masks equipped
      with particle filters or gas filters, and of two surgical masks were studied by
      means of a test head connected to a breathing machine. Filtration and leakage
      were studied as a function of particle size over a diameter range of 0.3-10
      micron with corn oil aerosol and an optical particle counter. The filtration
      efficiency of the filter materials was good, over 95%, for particles above 5
      micron in diameter but great variation existed for smaller particles. The face
      seal leakage was manifested as decreased efficiency for large particles and also
      for total mass, while the particles in the micrometer range contained the major
      part of the test aerosol mass. The particle number efficiency diagrams obtained
      can be used both in filter material studies and in leak detection of valves or
      filter housings.

PMID- 4014007
TI  - A survey of typical exposures to formaldehyde in Houston area residences.
AB  - A survey of indoor air quality under warm weather conditions, in a variety of
      Houston area residences not selected in response to occupant complaints, revealed
      a distribution of indoor formaldehyde concentrations ranging from less than 0.008
      ppm to 0.29 ppm, with an arithmetic mean of 0.07 ppm. Approximately 15% of the
      monitored residences had concentrations greater than 0.10 ppm. Formaldehyde
      levels were observed to depend on both age of dwelling and the structural
      classification of the residence. These factors are not independent and reflect
      the influence of more fundamental variables, such as the rate of exchange of
      indoor and outdoor air and the overall emission potential of indoor materials.
      The results of this survey suggest that considerable population exposures to
      excess (greater than 0.10 ppm) formaldehyde concentrations may occur in the
      residential environment, indicating the need for improved control strategies.

PMID- 4014008
TI  - A rapid air titration method for determining SO2 concentration in inhalation
      chambers.
AB  - A rapid air titration method for determining SO2 concentration in inhalation
      chambers has been validated using the pararosaniline-formaldehyde (PRA) method of
      West and Gaeke. This air-titration (iodate) method is an adaptation of iodometric
      methods using a starch indicator. Potassium iodate and an excess of potassium
      iodide are used in the reaction. Sampling is completed in ten minutes or less and
      concentration is calculated by use of a simple formula. Linear equations were
      derived over the range of concentrations from 0.5 to 100 ppm SO2 for uncorrected
      iodate bubbler results, data corrected for tandem bubbler concentrations and data
      corrected for mean iodate bubbler efficiency. Linear correlation with the PRA
      method over this range was 0.999 for all three sets of data.

PMID- 4014009
TI  - Speciation of hexavalent chromium in welding fumes interference by air oxidation
      of chromium.
AB  - The determination of various chromium species in welding fume normally involves
      digestion in a hot alkaline solution. This work confirms that Cr(III) can be
      oxidized to Cr(VI) during this digestion. However, only dissolved forms of
      Cr(III), such as the hydroxochromate(III) ion, [Cr(OH)4], are susceptible to
      oxidation under these conditions. The air oxidation of Cr(III) can be prevented
      by hydrolytic destabilization of the hydroxochromate(III) complex by the presence
      of magnesium hydroxide precipitate. The procedure has been used successfully in
      the determination of insoluble chromium(VI) in welding fumes. Excellent
      reproducibility is documented for soluble and insoluble chromium(VI) fractions in
      the analysis of a bulk sample of welding fume.

PMID- 4014010
TI  - Hot air breathing: effects of elevated wet bulb temperatures on tissue
      temperatures of the mouth.
AB  - Six healthy young men breathed room air or one of nine hot humid air conditions
      on separate days for one hour while walking on a treadmill (40% VO2 max).
      Inspired wet bulb temperatures ranged from 18.9 (room air) to 49.3 degrees C.
      Tissue temperatures in the mouth were measured by means of thermocouples placed
      on the tongue and hard palate. Analysis of variance on repeated measures showed
      significant increases in both tongue and hard palate tissue temperatures (p less
      than 0.001) as a result of increasing wet bulb temperatures; however, core
      temperature and heart rate were not affected (p greater than 0.05). Ratings of
      subjective discomfort increased proportionally with increases in wet bulb
      temperature of the inspired air. It was concluded that wet bulb temperature of
      inspired air is a valuable measure to uses in studying temperature responses of
      mouth tissues when inhaling hot humid air, particularly when investigating human
      tolerance levels in order to recommend federal standards for the design of
      breathing apparatus.

PMID- 4014011
TI  - Ambient concentrations of formaldehyde and ammonia in a screwworm fly rearing
      facility.
AB  - A facility for the mass rearing of sterilized screwworm flies used in fly
      eradication program efforts was described. Air concentrations of formaldehyde and
      ammonia were measured during industrial hygiene surveys conducted in the
      production plant which is currently the world's largest insect rearing facility.
      Formaldehyde, used as a bactericide and fungicide in the larvae media, was
      consistently found at levels below current and recommended TLVs. Ammonia,
      released as metabolic waste from the larvae, was occasionally found at elevated
      levels in some plant areas. Factors were identified which influenced the in-plant
      variations of ammonia air levels.

PMID- 4014012
TI  - Value and limitations of exercise radionuclide angiography for detecting
      myocardial ischemia in healed myocardial infarction.
AB  - Exercise radionuclide angiography was performed in 65 normal subjects (group I),
      in 31 patients with exercise-induced transient thallium defects after acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) (group II), and in 16 patients without exercise
      induced transient thallium defects, angina or electrocardiographic changes after
      AMI (group III). Absolute left ventricular (LV) volumes were measured using a
      correction for attenuation in each patient. Similar peak heart rate-blood
      pressure products were achieved in groups II and III. Although the mean LV
      ejection fraction (EF) response to exercise in group III (increase of 0.11 +/-
      0.10 units) closely resembled that of normal persons (increase of 0.14 +/- 0.09
      units) and was significantly different from that of group II (decrease of 0.04 +/
      0.12), there was considerable individual variation. An abnormal EF response to
      exercise, defined as failure of EF to increase by at least 0.05 units, was found
      in 6 subjects (9%) in group I, 26 patients (84%) in group II, and 2 patients
      (13%) in group III. End-systolic volume failed to decrease in 10 subjects (15%)
      in group I, 25 patients (81%) in group II and 7 patients (44%) in group III. New
      regional wall motion abnormalities were found in no subject in group I, in 16
      patients (52%) in group II and in only 1 patient (6%) in group III. Thus,
      although group responses of EF or end-systolic volume appeared to correlate with
      the presence or absence of ischemia, some patients with exercise-induced
      transient thallium defects after AMI responded normally to exercise radionuclide
      angiography stress testing and some patients without other evidence of exercise
      induced ischemia after AMI responded to exercise radionuclide angiography testing
      abnormally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014013
TI  - Quantitative anatomic analysis of "stent creep" of explanted Hancock standard
      porcine bioprostheses used for cardiac valve replacement.
AB  - The degree of progressive inward deflection of the stent posts ("stent creep")
      during function of Hancock standard orifice porcine aortic valve bioprostheses is
      unknown. The present investigation determines, using a quantitative geometric
      analysis of clinically removed bioprostheses, the contribution of stent creep to
      progressive reduction in the outflow orifice area of these valves. Fifty-four
      Hancock standard orifice porcine aortic valve bioprostheses obtained at
      reoperation or at autopsy of 50 patients were studied; 47 of these were removed
      more than 21 months postoperatively. The projected geometric outflow orifice area
      of each prosthesis was planimetrically measured. To compare prostheses through
      the entire range of available sizes, this measured area was divided by that of an
      unimplanted valve of the same size to calculate a ratio designated the
      "normalized outflow area ratio" (NOAR). Thus, by definition, for all unimplanted
      standards, NOAR was 1.00. In 7 prostheses in place for less than 1 month, the
      NOAR was 1.00 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- standard deviation). In 47 prostheses removed 21
      to 126 months postoperative, the NOAR was 0.91 +/- 0.08. The relation between
      NOAR and duration of function determined by linear regression was NOAR = 0.955 -
      4.560 X 10(-4) X Duration (in months). The minimum NOAR found was 0.74; the NOAR
      was less than 0.80 in 4 prostheses (8% of long-term valves). Thus, stent creep is
      usually not prominent after long-term function of Hancock standard orifice
      procine bioprostheses and suggests that clinically important progressive
      reduction of the geometric outflow orifice is infrequent.

PMID- 4014014
TI  - Echocardiographic aortic to mitral valve opening area ratio for determining the
      presence and severity of mitral regurgitation.
AB  - A simple and accurate noninvasive method to quantify the degree of mitral
      regurgitation (MR) is lacking. Therefore, the ratio of the aortic (AVO) to mitral
      valve opening area (MVO) from 2-dimensionally guided M-mode echocardiographic
      tracings was examined as an estimate for the presence and severity of MR. Seventy
      two patients who had undergone catheterization were studied: 49 with idiopathic
      dilated cardiomyopathy, 7 with coronary artery disease and 16 with organic MR.
      Twenty-eight patients had no MR (group I), 23 had mild/moderate MR (group II) and
      21 had severe MR (group III). The AVO/MVO ratio was 0.86 +/- 0.2 in group I, 0.53
      +/- 0.1 in group II and 0.31 +/- 0.1 in group III (p less than 0.001). An AVO/MVO
      ratio of 0.65 or less predicted MR with a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of
      86%. Furthermore, a strong relation was found between the ratio and the
      angiographic severity of MR. Thus, the AVO/MVO ratio is a simple
      echocardiographic parameter for detecting the presence and severity of MR.

PMID- 4014015
TI  - Effects of caffeine on vascular resistance, cardiac output and myocardial
      contractility in young men.
AB  - The mechanisms by which caffeine typically elevates blood pressure (BP) in humans
      have not been previously examined using a placebo-controlled design. Accordingly,
      oral caffeine (3.3 mg/kg body weight, equivalent to 2 to 3 cups of coffee) was
      given on 2 days and a placebo was given on 1 day to 15 healthy young men using a
      double-blind, crossover procedure. All 3 test sessions were held during a week of
      caffeine abstinence. Multiple measurements were made on subjects at rest
      (baseline values) and over a 45-minute interval after ingestion of caffeine for
      BP, heart rate, systolic time intervals and thoracic impedance measures of
      ventricular function. Baseline measurements were highly reliable for each subject
      across all sessions and yielded means for placebo vs caffeine days that were not
      different. Caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP (p less than 0.01) and
      decreased heart rate (p less than 0.05). The pressor effect was due to
      progressively increased systemic vascular resistance and resulted in greater
      stroke work (p less than 0.01). There was no indication that caffeine increased
      cardiac output or contractility. These actions of caffeine were replicable when
      each caffeine day was tested separately against the placebo day. These results
      suggest that caffeine use by persons with cardiovascular diseases should be
      examined to determine whether caffeine's enhancement of vascular resistance may
      contribute to systematic hypertension and/or create excessive demands for cardiac
      work.

PMID- 4014016
TI  - Utility of two-dimensional echocardiography in suspected ascending aortic
      dissection.
AB  - The value of 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) in patients with suspected
      ascending aortic dissection was assessed. During a 5.5-year period, 56
      consecutive patients underwent bedside 2-D echo for unexplained chest pain
      possibly due to ascending aortic dissection. Patients with obvious aortic
      dissection who proceeded directly to aortography were excluded and in all 56
      study cases, 2-D echo was the initial diagnostic test. Using standard criteria, 2
      D echo correctly identified all 13 patients with ascending aortic dissection.
      There were 5 false-positive study results and 38 true-negative results, yielding
      a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 88% and overall diagnostic accuracy of 91%.
      In the group of 13 patients with confirmed ascending aortic dissection, 2-D echo
      identified 4 with pericardial fluid, and 3 of these patients (75%) died within 24
      hours. In comparison, 7 patients in the group of 43 without confirmed dissection
      had pericardial fluid by 2-D echo and only 1 died (p less than 0.001). Finally,
      in the group of 38 patients with true-negative results, 2-D echo provided useful
      information in 16 (42%) that assisted or was essential in establishing an
      alternative diagnosis. However, 5 patients in this group had type III dissection
      and in none was it identified by 2-D echo. Thus, our data indicate that 2-D echo
      represents a reliable noninvasive method for rapidly diagnosing ascending aortic
      dissection at the bedside; offers important prognostic information which is
      directly related to the presence of pericardial fluid, and provides useful
      additional information which assists or establishes an alternative diagnosis when
      ascending aortic dissection is absent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014017
TI  - Influence of R-wave amplitude on exercise-induced ST depression: need for a "gain
      factor" correction when interpreting stress electrocardiograms.
AB  - Does 2 mm of ST depression induced by exercise have the same clinical
      significance in a patient with a 30-mm R wave as a patient with a 10-mm R wave in
      the same monitored lead? To answer this question the exercise responses of 85
      patients were compared by 2 quantitative methods of assessing myocardial
      ischemia. A computer-derived treadmill exercise score, based largely on the
      characteristics of exercise-induced ST-segment depression, was compared with a
      thallium exercise score. Both scores correlated well over a wide range of values
      (r = 0.71, p less than 0.001). Then, the treadmill exercise score was corrected
      (by adjusting the magnitude of the ST depression to a standardized R-wave
      amplitude of 12 mm in V5 and 8 mm in aVF) to determine if this would improve its
      correlation with the thallium exercise score. The patients were separated into 2
      groups by R-wave amplitude: 53 had an RV5 of 9 to 17 mm and 32 had an RV5 less
      than 9 or greater than 17 mm. Correction of the treadmill exercise score for R
      wave amplitude did not change the slope and intercepts of the regression line for
      patients with an RV5 amplitude of 9 to 17 mm, but did for those with an RV5
      amplitude less than 9 or greater than 17 mm. In this latter group, R-wave
      correction changed the regression line from one that differed significantly from
      that of patients with less extreme RV5 voltage to one that was indistinguishable
      from it. Correction of the treadmill exercise score also increased the
      correlation coefficient from 0.54 to 0.68 in this group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014018
TI  - Quantitative assessment by Doppler echocardiography of pulmonary or aortic
      regurgitation.
AB  - This study quantitates semilunar valve regurgitation by Doppler measurement of
      flows. The patients selected had single semilunar valve regurgitation; the other
      semilunar valve was normal. For the regurgitant valve, forward and reverse flows
      were measured in the great vessel distal to the abnormal valve, and reverse flow
      was subtracted from total forward flow to yield net flow. Net flow was compared
      with forward flow distal to the normal semilunar valve. If all values were
      computed accurately, net flow should equal forward flow distal to the normal
      semilunar valve. Twenty patients were studied and 18 had satisfactory recordings.
      Mean flow in the normal great vessel (3,511 ml/min) was not significantly
      different from mean net flow in the vessel with the abnormal valve (3,590
      ml/min). The correlation coefficient for the paired flow measurements was +0.91
      (685 ml [standard error of the estimate]). The slope of the relation was 0.88 and
      the intercept was 502 ml. Percent regurgitation varied from 29 to 73% and the
      percentage generally corresponded to clinical estimates. It is concluded that
      this method, which includes an internal control for each patient, is useful and
      reasonably accurate for clinical use in patients with pulmonary regurgitation,
      and appears clinically useful in some patients with aortic regurgitation.

PMID- 4014019
TI  - Effect of a benzodiazepine (alprazolam) on plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine
      levels during exercise stress.
AB  - To determine whether a benzodiazepine central nervous system depressant,
      alprazolam, inhibits sympathetic discharge during exercise stress, 11 healthy
      men, aged 21 to 35 years, performed symptom-limited treadmill tests before and on
      the third day of drug therapy (0.5 mg 3 times daily). Plasma epinephrine and
      norepinephrine levels were measured at rest and at 8 minutes, 11 minutes and
      maximal exercise. Owing to catheter malfunction during vigorous exercise, paired
      samples could be obtained from only 8 subjects at 8 minutes and from only 4
      subjects at 11 minutes of exercise. During drug treatment, the plasma epinephrine
      level was lower at rest (30 +/- 4 vs 53 +/- 7 pg/ml, p less than 0.01), and at 8
      minutes (60 +/- 13 vs 117 +/- 19 pg/ml, p less than 0.01), 11 minutes (120 +/- 39
      vs 193 +/- 52 pg/ml, p less than 0.05), and maximal exercise (520 +/- 125 vs 970
      +/- 324 pg/ml, p = 0.13). Plasma norepinephrine was unchanged at rest (452 +/- 57
      vs 413 +/- 45 pg/ml) but lower at 8 minutes (730 +/- 75 vs 886 +/- 82 pg/ml, p
      less than 0.01), 11 minutes (1,077 +/- 197 vs 1,447 +/- 301 pg/ml, p less than
      0.05) and at maximal exercise (3,453 +/- 487 vs 5,590 +/- 1,100 pg/ml, p = 0.09).
      Exercise duration (17 +/- 1 and 17 +/- 1 minutes) was unchanged on drug. Thus,
      alprazolam reduces the plasma catecholamine response to exercise stress, possibly
      by inhibiting centrally mediated sympathetic discharge. Blunting of sympathetic
      activation may be beneficial in cardiac disorders in which increased sympathetic
      tone is potentially deleterious.

PMID- 4014020
TI  - Acute effects of intravenous nisoldipine on left ventricular function and
      coronary hemodynamics.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of nisoldipine were investigated in 16 patients with
      suspected coronary artery disease who underwent routine cardiac catheterization.
      Nisoldipine was given intravenously in a dose of 6 micrograms/kg over 3 minutes
      and measurements made before and after drug administration during spontaneous and
      matched atrial paced heart rate. During sinus rhythm, nisoldipine produced a
      significant increase in heart rate (19%, p less than 10(-5]. Left ventricular
      systolic pressure decreased 28% (p less than 10(-6) and left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure did not change significantly (5%, difference not significant).
      Coronary sinus and great cardiac vein blood flow increased by 21% (p less than
      0.02) and 25% (p less than 0.005), respectively, after nisoldipine
      administration. Simultaneously, mean aortic pressure decreased 33% (p less than
      10(-6]; consequently, the global and regional coronary vascular resistances
      decreased by 50% (p less than 10(-4]. The decreases in global (-8%) and regional
      (-4%) myocardial oxygen consumption did not reach statistical significance. A 6%
      (not significant) increase in end-diastolic volume and an 11% (p less than 0.002)
      decrease in end-systolic volume resulted in an increase of 21% in stroke volume
      (p less than 10(-4] with a consistent increase in ejection fraction (+16%, p less
      than 10(-5]. Total systemic vascular resistance was reduced by 30% (p less than
      0.0002). During spontaneous heart rate and matched atrial pacing, the time
      constant of isovolumic relaxation as assessed by a biexponential model, was
      significantly shortened.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014021
TI  - Cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic consequences of combined administration of
      verapamil and propranolol in dogs.
AB  - Verapamil and propranolol, alone and in combination, were given intravenously to
      anesthetized dogs to analyze the interaction between drug-induced cardiovascular
      effects and the resulting changes in pharmacokinetics. Dosing regimens were used
      that produced steady state plasma levels of both drugs, and the observed effects
      were clearly related to the plasma concentrations of the agents. When given
      alone, at stable "therapeutic" levels in plasma, verapamil or propranolol
      decreased spontaneous heart rate, increased atrioventricular conduction time, and
      had opposite effects on cardiac output. At the same doses, the combined infusion
      of the 2 drugs rapidly resulted in profound depression in cardiac function; in
      addition, plasma concentrations of both agents increased into ranges associated
      with cardiovascular toxicity. When verapamil doses were reduced, combined
      infusion with propranolol decreased atrioventricular conduction and cardiac
      output, but drug plasma concentrations (and associated effects) remained stable.
      When reduced doses of propranolol were added to infusion of verapamil, similar
      effects on cardiovascular function occurred, but plasma drug levels increased
      progressively throughout the remainder of the study period. In all combinations
      studied, beta blockade with propranolol decreased liver plasma flow and,
      therefore, the systemic clearance of verapamil. The in vitro effects of
      propranolol on verapamil metabolism were small, although significant, and not
      clinically relevant. These acute studies suggest that the hemodynamic effects
      resulting from verapamil and propranolol in combination may significantly
      diminish clearance of 1 or both drugs, thereby resulting in accumulation during
      continued administration, increased drug effects with increasing plasma
      concentrations, and potentially lethal drug toxicity.

PMID- 4014022
TI  - Usefulness of a free radical scavenger in preventing doxorubicin-induced heart
      failure in dogs.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate whether either of 2 dosage schedules of N
      acetylcysteine (NAC) was effective in preventing chronic doxorubicin-induced
      heart failure in dogs. Thirty-eight dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups:
      controls, 10 dogs; doxorubicin only, 12 dogs; doxorubicin + low dose NAC, 8 dogs;
      and doxorubicin + high dose NAC, 8 dogs. All dogs except the controls received 1
      mg/kg of doxorubicin weekly for 8 weeks and then every other week for 8 weeks.
      The doxorubicin + low-dose NAC group received 140 mg/kg of NAC 30 minutes before
      each dose of doxorubicin. The doxorubicin + high-dose NAC group received NAC
      before and then twice a day for 5 days. Systolic time intervals and
      echocardiograms were obtained weekly; cardiac catheterization was performed at
      the conclusion of the study. Of the 38 dogs in the study, 9 died; all deaths were
      in the doxorubicin treatment groups. The incidence of death was not different
      between the doxorubicin-only, the doxorubicin + low-dose and the doxorubicin +
      high-dose NAC groups. The noninvasive and the invasive and the catheterization
      data generally revealed poorer cardiac function of the doxorubicin treatment
      groups than in controls. However, no significant differences existed between the
      doxorubicin-only and doxorubicin + low-dose and doxorubicin + high-dose NAC
      groups. In conclusion, NAC in a low- or high-dose regimen did not significantly
      ameliorate doxorubicin cardiac toxicity. Because NAC is a free radical scavenger,
      perhaps doxorubicin cardiac toxicity is not a result of free radical generation.

PMID- 4014023
TI  - Effect of basic pacing cycle length on sinus node refractoriness in the rabbit.
AB  - The effect of basic pacing cycle length on sinus node refractoriness was
      investigated. In 18 rabbit right atrial preparations, the sinus node effective
      refractory period (SNERP) was measured at multiple basic pacing cycle lengths. In
      14 experiments SNERP was measured at basic pacing cycle lengths of 400, 350 and
      300 ms. The mean SNERP (+/- standard deviation) prolonged from 168 +/- 31 ms at
      400 ms to 181 +/- 37 ms at 350 ms to 196 +/- 40 ms at 400 ms (p less than 0.001).
      To rule out the possibility that rapid stimulation might release acetylcholine
      and thus prolong refractoriness, 4 more experiments were conducted in the
      presence of atropine (2 X 10(-6) M), and similar results were obtained. The
      spatial orientation of refractoriness was examined in 7 experiments. At the same
      premature interval, shorter basic pacing cycle lengths resulted in block of the
      premature impulse at a greater distance from the sinus node. Therefore, in sinus
      node tissue refractoriness increases with shortening of basic pacing cycle
      length, a response similar to that of the atrioventricular node.

PMID- 4014025
TI  - Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 4014024
TI  - Different susceptibility to myocardial ischemia provoked by hyperventilation and
      cold pressor test in exertional and variant angina pectoris.
AB  - Coronary constriction at the site of atherosclerotic stenoses has been suggested
      to play an important role in modulating the frequency of symptoms in patients
      with exertional angina. To investigate whether stimuli triggering coronary
      constriction have similar effects in patients with exertional and variant angina,
      responses to hyperventilation (HV) and cold pressor test (CPT) were evaluated.
      Twenty patients with chronic exertional angina, positive exercise test results
      and coronary heart disease were compared with 14 patients with variant angina and
      ST-segment elevation during an ergonovine test. In patients with exertional
      angina, the CPT produced diagnostic ST-segment depression in 6 of 20 patients
      (30%) at levels of rate-pressure product much lower than those during the
      exercise test; all patients had low effort tolerance and severe coronary artery
      disease. HV produced diagnostic ST-segment depression in only 1 of 20 patients
      (5%) (p less than 0.05 compared to that with CPT). Conversely, in patients with
      variant angina, HV produced ST-segment elevation in 11 of 14 patients (78%) and
      CPT produced elevation in only 2 of 14 (14%) (p less than 0.01). Thus, coronary
      constriction can provoke myocardial ischemia not only in patients with variant
      angina but also in some patients with exertional angina. Furthermore, the 2
      groups of patients have a different susceptibility to stimuli known to produce
      coronary constriction.

PMID- 4014026
TI  - Coronary artery aneurysm producing right ventricular outflow obstruction.

PMID- 4014027
TI  - Atrioventricular nodal supraventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 4014028
TI  - Amiodarone in pregnancy.

PMID- 4014029
TI  - Prevalence of brown adipose tissue in chronic congestive heart failure secondary
      to coronary heart disease.

PMID- 4014030
TI  - Right-axis deviation and anterior wall thallium-201 defect in Becker's muscular
      dystrophy.

PMID- 4014031
TI  - Localized aortic dissection with rupture into the right atrium: diagnosis by
      computed tomography and cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 4014032
TI  - Phonocardiographic characteristics of the total artificial heart.

PMID- 4014033
TI  - A simple device to obtain reproducible echocardiographic apical cross sections.

PMID- 4014034
TI  - The article's title.

PMID- 4014035
TI  - Reciprocal electrocardiographic changes in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - If reciprocal electrocardiographic changes during acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI) are a result of ischemia of the wall opposite the AMI, a stress test is
      expected to induce similar changes in the corresponding electrocardiographic
      leads. Right atrial pacing was used as a myocardial stress method in 137
      consecutive patients recovering from a transmural AMI, and the appearance of
      pacing-provoked ischemia before hospital discharge was correlated to the presence
      of absence of ST depression in the opposite wall during the initial 48 hours. Of
      the 137 patients, 83 (61%) had reciprocal changes; they were more common in
      inferior (87%) than in anterior (37%) AMI (p less than 0.01). Of 54 patients
      without reciprocal changes, only 5 (9%) had ST depression during predischarge
      pacing; however, of the 83 patients with reciprocal changes, 41 had pacing
      induced ischemia (p less than 0.01) and 42 did not, indicating that in half of
      this group the reciprocal changes represent ischemia of the opposite wall. In the
      other half of the group, without ST depression during pacing, these changes may
      be a "mirror image" phenomenon. Follow-up showed that angina pectoris, positive
      treadmill test response 6 months later, or recurrent AMI all consequences of
      impaired myocardial blood supply, were significantly more frequent in patients
      with reciprocal changes. This group could be further separated according to the
      results of right atrial pacing, because angina pectoris or recurrent AMI were
      infrequent among those with reciprocal changes and negative pacing responses, but
      was frequent among those with reciprocal changes and positive pacing
      responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014036
TI  - Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To elucidate the genesis and effect of atrial fibrillation (AF), 102 patients
      with acute myocardial infarction were studied. Eighteen patients had AF during
      the first 72 hours in the coronary care unit. The hospital mortality rate was
      23%. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the important variables
      contributing to the genesis of AF and hospital mortality based on the following
      variables: cardiac output, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, right atrial
      pressure, systolic blood pressure (at admission and before the onset of AF or
      most abnormal value), age, location of infarction, sex and pericarditis.
      Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure and age were the
      important factors contributing to AF, whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
      and age were important for hospital mortality. Therefore, the hemodynamic change
      imposed on the left atrium and aging are the major factors related to the
      occurrence of AF and hospital mortality.

PMID- 4014037
TI  - Factors associated with progression of coronary artery disease in patients with
      normal or minimally narrowed coronary arteries.
AB  - This study was performed to identify the subset of patients with normal or with
      minimal (49% or less) stenosis of the coronary vessels who may be prone to
      progressive coronary artery disease (CAD). Data were collected from 51 patients
      (19 men, 32 women, mean age 48 years) with normal coronary arteries (20 patients)
      or with minimal narrowing (31 patients) on a first angiogram, who underwent
      repeat catheterization 4 to 120 months later (mean 52) because of persistent
      chest pain. Three classic lifestyle-related risk factors (systemic hypertension,
      cigarette smoking status and hypercholesterolemia) were noted; the number of
      diseased segments on the first angiogram was counted according to a 15-segment
      coding system. Progression of CAD required the consensus of 3 observers on a 30%
      or greater decrease in luminal diameter. Progression was recorded in 16 of 31
      patients with minimal CAD and in 3 of 20 patients with normal coronary arteries
      (p less than 0.01). By multivariate logistic regression, progression was
      predicted by (1) number of diseased segments (p = 0.001), (2) age (p less than
      0.01), (3) smoking status (p less than 0.05) and (4) initial cholesterol level (p
      less than 0.05). Using the probability computed by the logistic model, we could
      separate the 51 patients in groups with low (0 of 18), medium (9 of 23) and high
      (10 of 10) risk of progression. Thus, patients with normal or minimally narrowed
      coronary arteries at angiography form a heterogeneous population including both
      normal or borderline subjects and patients with CAD at its early stage. The
      latter condition was associated with presence of risk factors and to the
      angiographic extent of the disease.

PMID- 4014038
TI  - Coronary hemodynamic responses during spontaneous angina in patients with and
      patients without coronary artery spasm.
AB  - The mechanisms of spontaneous angina were evaluated during cardiac
      catheterization in 13 patients who had angina occurring without provocation at
      rest. Left ventricular and systemic hemodynamics, coronary venous flows
      (thermodilution technique), electrocardiogram and coronary angiograms were
      recorded before and during spontaneous angina. Angiography during spontaneous
      angina showed that 5 patients had coronary spasm (group I) and 8 patients did not
      (group II). In group II there was a preponderance of multivessel coronary artery
      disease. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased in all patients in
      both groups during spontaneous angina. In group I, 4 patients had transient ST
      elevation and 1 patient had peaked T waves during angina. Transient ST depression
      occurred during spontaneous angina in all group II patients. Group I patients had
      decreased coronary sinus flow (4 of 5 patients) or decreased regional flow (5 of
      5) during spontaneous angina. Coronary resistance and ratio of double product to
      coronary blood flow increased in all patients. In group II, coronary hemodynamic
      responses during spontaneous angina varied. Coronary venous flows, coronary
      resistance and ratio of double product to coronary blood flow showed no uniform
      pattern. Thus, patients with severe coronary artery disease can have spontaneous
      angina without angiographic findings of coronary spasm. After analysis of
      angiograms and coronary hemodynamics in these patients, no apparent uniform
      mechanism for spontaneous angina was found.

PMID- 4014039
TI  - Acute hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of propranolol in patients
      receiving diltiazem.
AB  - Because the combined use of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent and a calcium
      antagonist may be beneficial in some patients with severe angina, the acute
      hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of intravenous propranolol in the
      presence and absence of oral diltiazem treatment was studied. In 22 patients (11
      men, 11 women, mean age 50 years), 12 receiving diltiazem (mean 243 mg/day, range
      180 to 360) and 10 not receiving diltiazem, hemodynamic and electrophysiologic
      variables were measured before and 5 minutes after intravenous propranolol (0.1
      mg/kg). Cardiac index (by thermodilution) and left ventricular (LV) peak dP/dt
      fell and LV end-diastolic pressure increased similarly in both groups. Mean
      systemic arterial pressure was unchanged. Coronary sinus blood flow (by
      thermodilution) decreased slightly in patients receiving diltiazem and was
      unchanged in those not receiving it. Propranolol caused a similar reduction in
      heart rate and increase in atrio-His conduction in both groups. Thus, when
      intravenous propranolol is given to patients with normal or only mildly depressed
      LV systolic function, the hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects are similar
      in those receiving and not receiving oral diltiazem.

PMID- 4014040
TI  - Routine preoperative exercise testing in patients undergoing major noncardiac
      surgery.
AB  - A prospective study of preoperative exercise testing was carried out in 200
      patients older than 40 years scheduled for elective major noncardiac surgery
      under general anesthesia. The exercise test response was electrocardiographically
      positive in 32 patients (16%) (2 patients had a markedly positive test),
      equivocal in 11 patients (5.5%) and negative in 157 patients (78.5%). The
      patients were followed with serial pre- and postoperative electrocardiograms
      (ECGs) and determinations of serum creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB. Six patients
      (3%) had primary endpoints: 3 (1.5%) died postoperatively and 3 (1.5%) had
      definite postoperative myocardial infarction. Secondary endpoints of suspected
      postoperative myocardial ischemia/injury diagnosed by ECG or elevation in CK-MB
      levels occurred in 27 patients (14%). Endpoint events were more common in
      patients aged 70 years or older. Endpoint events were also more common in
      patients with an abnormal (positive or equivocal) preoperative exercise test
      response than in those with a negative response (27% vs 14%); however,
      preoperative exercise results were not statistically significant independent
      predictors of cardiac risk. Using multivariate analysis, the only statistically
      significant independent predictor of risk was the preoperative ECG. Endpoint
      events were more common in patients with an abnormal than in those with a normal
      ECG (23% vs 7%, p less than 0.002). Because the results of exercise testing do
      not appear to add substantially to the risk separation provided by the ECG at
      rest, exercise testing is not recommended as a routine preoperative method for
      assessing perioperative risk in older patients who are being evaluated before
      major elective noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia.

PMID- 4014041
TI  - Coronary atherosclerosis and antecedent risk factors: pathologic and
      epidemiologic study in Hisayama, Japan.
AB  - The pathologic and epidemiologic study of coronary atherosclerosis was performed
      on 281 autopsy subjects aged 40 years and older during the period between 1971
      and 1981, in Hisayama, Kyushu Island, Japan. During this interval, the autopsy
      rate was about 80%. Grading of coronary atherosclerosis was made by the degree of
      luminal stenosis. Seven selected factors such as age, gender, mean arterial blood
      pressure, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, alcohol intake and cigarette
      smoking were all given attention. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis
      revealed age-related progression. Coronary atherosclerosis correlated positively
      with antecedent elevated blood pressure and with higher serum total cholesterol
      levels. In multivariate analysis, factors that significantly (p less than 0.05)
      and positively correlated with coronary atherosclerosis were age, mean arterial
      blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, gender and body mass index in this
      order. The overall contribution of 7 selected factors to coronary atherosclerosis
      was nearly 33.5% of the total variation by the analysis of multiple regression
      model.

PMID- 4014043
TI  - Effects of high stimulation current on the induction of ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Programmed stimulation at 2 right ventricular sites with 1 to 3 extrastimuli was
      performed at current strengths of twice diastolic threshold (1.0 +/- 0.2 mA, mean
      +/- standard deviation) and 10 mA in 41 patients undergoing an electrophysiologic
      study because of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) (11 patients),
      nonsustained VT (19 patients) or unexplained syncope (11 patients). In 26
      patients, VT was not induced by programmed stimulation at twice diastolic
      threshold. Programmed stimulation at 10 mA induced VT or ventricular fibrillation
      in 16 of these 26 patients (62%). In 4 of 16 patients, the coupling intervals of
      the extrastimuli that induced VT/ventricular fibrillation at 10 mA were all equal
      to or longer than the shortest coupling intervals resulting in ventricular
      capture at twice diastolic threshold. Fifteen patients had inducible VT at twice
      diastolic threshold. Programmed stimulation at 10 mA induced a similar VT in 12
      of these patients, but resulted in no VT induction in 3 of 15 patients (20%),
      despite ventricular capture at the same coupling intervals that had induced VT at
      twice diastolic threshold. This study shows that programmed stimulation at a high
      current strength may either facilitate or prevent induction of VT. Facilitation
      of VT induction usually is attributable to a shortening of ventricular
      refractoriness and the ability of extrastimuli at 10 mA to capture the ventricle
      at shorter coupling intervals than possible at twice diastolic threshold.
      However, in 25% of cases, the facilitation of VT induction by 10-mA stimuli is
      not explained by a shortening of ventricular refractoriness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014042
TI  - Analysis of the spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias: consecutive
      ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings of ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Results are reported of analysis of the variability of complex ventricular
      arrhythmias in a cohort of 110 patients selected for the presence of ventricular
      tachycardia (VT). All patients were enrolled in investigational antiarrhythmic
      drug trials and had an average of 4 consecutive days of placebo ambulatory
      electrocardiographic recording to serve as the database for this study. Using a
      statistical approach incorporating analysis of variance, the minimum percent
      reductions of ventricular premature complexes, couplets and VT were calculated to
      establish "drug effect" rather than variability at a significance level of 0.05.
      The relative variability of ventricular arrhythmias in prognostically important
      groups was also analyzed: (1) coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 57) vs no CAD (n
      = 53); (2) patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less (n =
      52) vs those with an ejection fraction greater than 40% (n = 58); and (3)
      patients with frequent runs of VT (10 or more runs/day, n = 63) vs infrequent VT
      (n = 47). Multiple regression analysis revealed that patients with CAD have
      significantly greater premature ventricular complex variability than patients
      without CAD (p less than 0.01). Also, patients with frequent VT runs have greater
      VT variability than that previously reported in smaller studies, thus requiring
      greater VT reductions to establish drug effect. Whether the variability of
      ventricular arrhythmia is itself an independent risk factor for sudden cardiac
      death is unknown.

PMID- 4014044
TI  - Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia during programmed ventricular stimulation:
      criteria for a positive test.
AB  - Controversy persists among groups carrying out programmed ventricular stimulation
      (PVS) as to which criteria should be used to define a positive test. To examine
      this question, the results of PVS carried out in 50 patients with documented
      sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation were
      retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent serial PVS using single and
      double extrastimuli and ventricular burst pacing in the right ventricle and, when
      necessary, the left ventricle, with sustained VT elicited during the control
      study in each patient. Antiarrhythmic drugs were then administered, with therapy
      tailored to both PVS result and ambulatory Holter monitoring, when possible. All
      patients were maintained and followed on the same drugs and dosages as at the
      time of predischarge PVS. After mean 20 months follow-up, 28 patients either died
      suddenly (8 patients) or had documented sustained VT (20 patients). The ability
      to induce nonsustained or sustained VT on predischarge PVS was associated with a
      significantly higher likelihood of subsequent sudden death or VT recurrence than
      if VT could not be induced (p less than 0.001). In addition, using the criterion
      of 5 or more beats of induced VT to define a positive study maximized the
      predictive value of PVS and provided a significantly higher predictive accuracy
      than if only sustained VT were used to define a positive study.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014045
TI  - Regional left ventricular wall motion assessment: comparison of two-dimensional
      echocardiography and radionuclide angiography with contrast angiography in healed
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The diagnostic ability of radionuclide angiography (RNA) and 2-dimensional
      echocardiography (2-D echo) to assess regional left ventricular (LV) wall motion
      was compared with contrast angiography in 52 patients with healed myocardial
      infarction. After 5 patients were excluded for inadequate 2-D echocardiographic
      studies, the LV images of 47 patients obtained by all 3 techniques were divided
      into 7 segments for analysis. Both 2-D echo and RNA showed close agreement with
      contrast angiography in assessing normal vs abnormal wall motion in the
      anterobasal (91%, 91%), anterolateral (87%, 79%) and posterolateral segments
      (77%, 79%). The sensitivity in detecting wall motion abnormalities was highest
      for 2-D echo and RNA in the anterolateral (83%, 77%) and apical (95%, 84%)
      segments and lowest for the inferior segment (48%, 48%). Specificity of 2-D echo
      and RNA was high, ranging from 94% in the anterolateral segment to 71% in the
      septal segment for 2-D echo, and from 91% in the inferior segment to 81% in the
      posterobasal and septal segments for RNA. Major discrepancies with contrast
      angiography occurred more often in the posterobasal, posterolateral, inferior and
      septal LV segments. Thus, in comparison with contrast angiography, 2-D echo and
      RNA are reliable for detecting anterior and apical wall motion abnormalities, but
      relatively less sensitive for detecting wall motion abnormalities involving the
      inferior, posterobasal and posterolateral LV segments.

PMID- 4014046
TI  - Combination of procainamide and quinidine for better tolerance and additive
      effects for ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerance of quinidine and procainamide used individually and in
      combination were studied in 19 patients with frequent ventricular premature
      complexes (VPCs). During single-drug treatment, the maximum tolerated dose of
      quinidine without extracardiac dose-related side effects was 1.6 +/- 0.21 g/day
      and that of procainamide was 4.1 +/- 1.05 g/day. During combination therapy with
      smaller doses (p less than 0.05) of quinidine (1.16 +/- 0.26 g/day) and
      procainamide (2.80 +/- 0.98 g/day), no patient had side effects. Before
      treatment, all patients had frequent (more than 60 per hour) VPCs and 17 had
      ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitoring. The frequency of VPCs was reduced
      to 22 +/- 19% with quinidine, 47 +/- 40% with procainamide and 9 +/- 11% with
      combination therapy (p less than 0.05, combination vs procainamide or quinidine
      alone). Individually, an effective regimen (more than 83% reduction of VPCs and
      abolition of ventricular tachycardia) was found in 5 patients (26%) receiving
      quinidine alone at maximal tolerated dose, in 4 (21%) receiving procainamide
      alone at maximal tolerated dose, and in 14 (74%) receiving combination therapy (p
      less than 0.01 vs quinidine or procainamide). Thus, the antiarrhythmic effects of
      quinidine and procainamide are additive. When quinidine or procainamide are
      additive. When quinidine or procainamide is ineffective because dose-related
      extracardiac side effects limit the maximal tolerated dose, combination therapy
      in smaller and tolerable doses avoids side effects and is more effective than
      either drug alone at the maximal tolerated dose.

PMID- 4014047
TI  - Value of hepatic computerized tomographic scanning during amiodarone therapy.
AB  - Amiodarone therapy is difficult to monitor because of the poor correlation
      between plasma amiodarone levels and clinical efficacy or toxicity. Monitoring
      tissue levels may give a better measure of effectiveness, but tissue levels
      cannot be easily measured. The iodine-containing amiodarone and its major
      metabolite, desethylamiodarone (DA), are highly tissue-bound, and it has been
      shown that computerized tomographic (CT) scanning of the abdomen will detect drug
      deposition in the liver. Ten patients receiving chronic amiodarone therapy were
      studied by abdominal CT scanning. Liver CT density was increased in 6; 68 to 94
      CT units (normal 50 to 65) and liver/spleen relative CT density increased in 5;
      1.4 to 2.0 (normal 1.0 to 1.3). Estimates of liver drug levels (based on a
      calibration curve with inorganic iodide) gave values of up to 3 g of amiodarone
      and DA per kilogram weight of liver. Absolute and relative liver CT density
      correlated significantly with plasma levels of DA (r = 0.65, p less than 0.05),
      but not with amiodarone (r = 0.55, p less than 0.1). No significant correlation
      was found with QTc intervals. This indirect estimate of liver deposition of
      amiodarone and DA may prove useful in guiding antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 4014048
TI  - Immediate effects of milrinone on metabolic and sympathetic responses to exercise
      in severe congestive heart failure.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol was used to determine
      whether milrinone exerts an immediate effect on exercise performance in patients
      with severe congestive heart failure. In each of 14 patients with New York Heart
      Association class III or IV congestive heart failure, intravenous milrinone (mean
      57 +/- 5 micrograms/kg) and placebo were randomly administered just before
      maximal progressive upright cycle ergometry. The duration of exercise was
      significantly longer with milrinone than with placebo treatment (placebo 11.0 +/-
      0.6 minutes, milrinone 12.5 +/- 0.9 minutes, p = 0.01). Compared with placebo,
      milrinone caused a higher peak oxygen uptake (placebo 10.8 +/- 0.6 ml/kg/min,
      milrinone 12.4 +/- 0.7 ml/kg/min, p = 0.001) and oxygen uptake at the anaerobic
      threshold (placebo 7.8 +/- 0.4 ml/kg/min, milrinone 9.2 +/- 0.4 ml/kg/min, p =
      0.001). At peak exercise intensity, systolic blood pressure (placebo 119 +/- 5 mm
      Hg, milrinone 131 +/- 5 mm Hg, p = 0.001) and heart rate (placebo 114 +/- 5
      beats/min, milrinone 126 +/- 6 beats/min, p = 0.001) were both increased with
      milrinone. Likewise, at matched submaximal exercise intensities, heart rate
      (placebo 111 +/- 19 beats/min, milrinone 117 +/- 20 beats/min, p less than 0.05)
      and systolic blood pressure (placebo 116 +/- 19 mm Hg, milrinone 121 +/- 19 mm
      Hg, p = 0.04) were higher with milrinone; plasma norepinephrine (placebo 1,692 +/
      208 ng/liter, milrinone 1,320 +/- 216 ng/liter, p = 0.05) and blood lactate
      concentrations (placebo 2.2 +/- 0.2 mM, milrinone 1.9 +/- 0.2 mM, p less than
      0.05) were lower.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014049
TI  - Nitrates for congestive heart failure.
AB  - The use of nitrates in various sublingual, oral, topical and intravenous forms of
      treatment of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) is based on their
      efficacy in dilating capacitance vessels and reducing elevated ventricular
      diastolic pressure on both the left and right sides of the heart. Their modest
      arteriolar and arterial dilating effect may also decrease aortic impedance and
      produce a slight increase in stroke volume despite the reduction in preload. This
      favorable hemodynamic response requires relatively large doses of the nitrates
      but these doses are remarkably well tolerated in the majority of patients with
      CHF. In chronic CHF there has been evidence from small controlled trials of
      clinical efficacy (increased exercise tolerance and reduction in symptomatology)
      as well as hemodynamic efficacy. The combination of nitrates with a more potent
      arteriolar dilator such as hydralazine or minoxidil has produced a more striking
      acute hemodynamic benefit. Long-term response to such combined therapy is
      currently the subject of a Veterans Administration cooperative study. The current
      recommended approach to nitrate therapy in patients with CHF is to use the dosage
      necessary to normalize ventricular filling pressure. This can be best assessed in
      the clinic by monitoring jugular venous pressure. This response often requires
      dosages of isosorbide dinitrate of 160 to 320 mg daily. Transdermal preparations
      of nitroglycerin may give more constant blood levels but a large dosage is
      usually required to produce a sustained hemodynamic effect (40 to 80
      cm2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014050
TI  - Epidemiology of congestive heart failure.
AB  - The incidence of congestive heart failure (CHF) is influenced by a variety of
      factors, including availability of medical care, socioeconomic status, geography,
      nutrition and race. The etiology of CHF in China, England, Botswana and Sweden
      will be examined and compared with prospective findings from Boston and Detroit.
      Because the therapy used in the treatment of CHF varies with the underlying
      causes, which may be as diverse as rheumatic fever, systemic hypertension and
      viral infection, the importance of fully determining its pathogenesis is
      emphasized.

PMID- 4014051
TI  - Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure is a syndrome that can be caused by a variety of
      abnormalities, including pressure and volume overload, loss of muscle, primary
      muscle disease or excessive peripheral demands such as high output failure. In
      the usual form of heart failure, the heart muscle has reduced contractility. This
      produces a reduction in cardiac output, which then becomes inadequate to meet the
      peripheral demands of the body. The 4 primary determinants of left ventricular
      (LV) performance are generally altered as follows: (1) There is an intrinsic
      decrease in muscle contractility. (2) Preload or left atrial filling pressure is
      increased, resulting in pulmonary congestion and dyspnea. (3) Although systemic
      blood pressure is often reduced, there is an increase in systemic vascular
      resistance (afterload), which can further reduce cardiac output. (4) Heart rate
      is generally increased as part of a compensatory mechanism associated with an
      increase in sympathetic tone and circulating catecholamines. In patients with
      coronary disease, there is often an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply
      and demand. An increase in heart size may be particularly deleterious by
      increasing wall tension because of the Laplace relation and increasing myocardial
      oxygen consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 4014052
TI  - Hypnotherapy of childhood multiple personality disorder.

PMID- 4014053
TI  - Hypnotic death rehearsal.

PMID- 4014054
TI  - EMG biofeedback, attained relaxation and hypnotic susceptibility: is there a
      relationship?

PMID- 4014055
TI  - The effects of direct and indirect hypnotic suggestions for analgesia in high and
      low susceptible subjects.

PMID- 4014056
TI  - A case of obsessional fears treated by brief hypno-imagery intervention.

PMID- 4014057
TI  - Hypnotherapy of warts using the Simonton visualization technique: a case report.

PMID- 4014058
TI  - Distribution of hemoglobin and functional consequences of anemia in adult males
      at high altitude.
AB  - In order to assess better the normal hemoglobin (Hb) range among adult males at
      high altitude, a hematological survey was completed in La Paz, Bolivia (3700 m).
      Two statistical methodologies were utilized to identify the anemic and
      polycythemic contributions to the Hb distribution of normal healthy men (n =
      526). The Hb of normal men has a Gaussian distribution with mean and SD of 18.8
      +/- 1.4 g/dl. Cutoff levels of 15.8 and 22.0 g/dl Hb were selected to identify
      the anemic and polycythemic subpopulations. Iron status in this high altitude
      population is similar to that of low altitude populations, and iron deficiency is
      the cause of most anemia found. An exercise test on a subsample of 56 men was
      utilized to validate the anemia cutoff level. Anemics as identified by the 15.8
      g/dl Hb level showed a significant reduction in aerobic capacity as measured by
      PWC150 and estimated VO2max.

PMID- 4014059
TI  - Effects of nutritional supplementation on children's responses to novel,
      frustrating, and competitive situations.
AB  - The effects of caloric supplementation for pregnant women and children from an
      endemically malnourished population on children's school age behavior were
      examined. The child's abilities to respond to routinely stressful problem-solving
      situations and to interact appropriately with peers were the dependent variables.
      Seventy-eight boys and 60 girls in rural Guatemala received different amounts of
      food supplementation, pre- and postnatally, as part of the INCAP Longitudinal
      Study. Children were classified as High or Low Supplementation, based on
      supplemental caloric intake prenatally and from birth to four years. When
      measured at 6 to 8 yr, High Supplementation children showed more interest in and
      exploration of a novel environment, more involvement in a competitive game,
      greater persistence on a frustrating task, better motor impulse control, and
      greater initiative across several group tasks than did Low Supplementation
      children. In free play with peers, the High Supplementation children showed more
      frequent happy affect, social involvement, and moderate activity level, and were
      less frequently timid or anxious. Results are consistent with findings from
      studies on the effects of early undernutrition on infant behavior, and suggest
      that behavior impairments associated with early undernutrition have long-term
      consequences for the child's development.

PMID- 4014060
TI  - Effects on blood pressure of calcium supplementation of women.
AB  - The relationship between dietary and supplemental (1.5 g/d) calcium intake and
      blood pressure was examined in 81 normotensive and 34 medicated hypertensive
      women between the ages of 35 and 65 years who completed a 4-yr clinical trial to
      assess age-associated bone loss in women. Calcium intakes were monitored during
      the entire study. Resting blood pressures and systolic blood pressure response
      (SBPR) to a stress test were recorded three times during the study. At the end of
      the study there was no relationship between systolic or diastolic blood pressure
      or SBPR and total calcium intake in normotensive women (n = 81). In the medicated
      hypertensive group (n = 34) there was a 13 mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure of
      supplemented women (n = 18) and a 7 mm Hg increase in unsupplemented women (n =
      16) over the 4 yr (p less than .02).

PMID- 4014061
TI  - Jejunal uptake of thiamin hydrochloride in man: influence of alcoholism and
      alcohol.
AB  - The jejunal uptake of 35S-thiamin hydrochloride was examined using an intestinal
      perfusion technique in six young students (group 1), 12 recently drinking
      alcoholic men (group 3) and in 6 non-drinking men age-matched with the alcoholic
      men (group 2). The acute effect of alcohol on thiamin uptake was also examined in
      the alcoholic subjects. At a perfusate thiamin concentration of 0.5 mumol/l,
      median thiamin uptake was 34.4, 10.4, and 6.8 ng/cm/min in groups 1, 2, and 3
      respectively, while for 8.0 mumol thiamin/l, median uptake was 277.2, 102.3, and
      98.0 ng/cm/min for these groups respectively. Alcohol, 50 g/l, added to the
      perfusate gave a 28.9% decrease in uptake of 0.5 microM thiamin, which was not
      statistically significant. These findings suggest that neither alcoholism nor
      acute exposure to alcohol limits jejunal uptake of thiamin hydrochloride.
      Differences noted between young and old controls need further study.

PMID- 4014062
TI  - Dietary and hormonal interrelationships among vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists
      and nonvegetarian men.
AB  - The relationship between dietary nutrients and plasma testosterone, 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone, estradiol-17 beta, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin levels
      was investigated in 12 Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA) vegetarian (SV), 10 SDA
      nonvegetarian (SNV), and 8 non-SDA nonvegetarian (NV) men. Fasting blood samples
      and 3-day dietary intake information were obtained from each subject. The SV
      subjects consumed significantly more crude and dietary fiber than the SNV and NV
      subjects, respectively. Plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta were
      significantly lower in the SV than in the omnivores. Additionally, the plasma
      levels of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta of the combined groups (SV, SNV, and
      NV) revealed a significant negative relationship with their crude and dietary
      fiber intakes. These subjects hormonal milieu was related to specific dietary
      constituents, possibly leading to a decreased plasma concentration of androgen
      and estrogen in vegetarians. Implications include the possible modification of
      prostate cancer risk through dietary intervention.

PMID- 4014063
TI  - Bone mineral and vitamin D in Aleutian Islanders.
AB  - Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites (chromatography) and bone mineral
      status (125I absorptiometry) were examined in a group of Aleutian Islanders age
      40-75 from St Paul Island, Alaska. Based on 25-(OH)D (16.6 ng/ml) vitamin D
      status appeared adequate. However, high concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D (44.3
      pg/ml) and very low concentrations of 24,25-(OH)2D3 (0.6 ng/ml) were found. Among
      females, low bone mineral levels were associated with high concentrations of 1,25
      (OH)2D. A low calcium intake in these Aleutians may be responsible for high
      concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D and resorption of calcium from bone.

PMID- 4014064
TI  - Decreased serum selenium in alcoholics as related to liver structure and
      function.
AB  - Serum selenium was evaluated in relation to hepatic structure and function in 46
      alcoholics with diagnostic liver biopsy classified into 4 groups by hepatic
      histology. Their serum selenium concentration varied from 12 to 88 micrograms/l
      and was lower (p less than 0.001) in all groups of alcoholics, ie patients with
      normal liver (53.0 +/- 20.7 micrograms/l, mean +/- SD), fatty liver (55.8 +/-
      21.2 micrograms/l), alcoholic hepatitis (46.0 +/- 14.1 micrograms/l), and
      cirrhosis (41.1 +/- 12.8 micrograms/l), than in 25 healthy controls (88.7 +/-
      11.0 micrograms/l). Serum selenium level was related to the severity of liver
      disease, and most reduced in subjects with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis.
      Their serum selenium level (29.2 +/- 13.7 micrograms/l) was below (p less than
      0.05) that obtained in alcoholics with normal liver and fatty liver respectively.
      Both inadequate dietary selenium intake and alcohol-induced changes in hepatic
      structure and function may have contributed to the decrease of serum selenium in
      the subjects studied.

PMID- 4014065
TI  - Selenium intake and metabolic balance of 10 men from a low selenium area of
      China.
AB  - Selenium intake and urinary and fecal Se excretion of 10 healthy men from a low
      Se area in China were determined for three consecutive days, in summer, fall, and
      winter of 1983, and the spring of 1984 while self-selected diets were being
      consumed. Mean daily Se intake was 8.8 micrograms/day with a range of 2.3-35.5
      micrograms/day, and was far below the recommended range of safe and adequate Se
      intake of 50-200 micrograms Se/day (National Academy of Sciences/National
      Research Council). Mean urinary and fecal Se outputs were 3.7 and 3.4 micrograms
      Se/day, respectively. Mean Se balance during this time was +1.8 micrograms
      Se/day. Apparent absorption of Se approximated 57%. The low Se intake in this
      area is a cause for concern since the residents of Molimo may be at risk for Se
      deficiency diseases.

PMID- 4014066
TI  - Factors affecting the rate of hydrolysis of starch in legumes.
AB  - In an attempt to understand the mechanism for the extremely slow rate of
      digestion and absorption of carbohydrate from legumes, we have examined a number
      of factors which could potentially affect the process in vitro. The rate of
      hydrolysis of legume starch in vitro was not affected by the presence of fat (as
      either butter or an emulsion). However, it was significantly increased in
      commercially available canned bean preparations, suggesting that the high
      temperatures used in the canning process may alter the availability of starch in
      legumes. In vitro starch hydrolysis rate was also significantly increased by
      grinding legumes finely prior to cooking. Finally, the slow rate of digestion and
      absorption of legume carbohydrate does not appear to be due to viscosity since a)
      increasing the shaking rate of viscous mixture of either red kidney beans or
      lentils from 0 to 120 oscillations per minute did not affect the hydrolysis rate,
      and b) a thick viscous mixture of either of these legumes did not retard the
      diffusion of free glucose from a dialysis sac into the dialysate.

PMID- 4014067
TI  - Relationship between birth weight and subsequent weight gain.
AB  - As shown in 8709 Black term neonates followed through 7 yr of age, there is a
      direct, positive relationship between birth weight and long-term weight gain.
      Over a 7-yr period, high-weight term Black boys and girls gain 2.6 kg more than
      their low-weight peers, an excess of 15%. In contrast, there is an inverse
      relationship between birth weight and subsequent gain in length in these term
      Black neonates. The long-term differential in weight gain, which is primarily
      attained after the first yr, has major implications for the understanding of
      growth and for nutritional assessment of infants and children.

PMID- 4014068
TI  - Enhanced thermogenic responsiveness during chronic ephedrine treatment in man.
AB  - The thermogenic effect of a single oral dose of ephedrine (1 mg/kg body weight)
      was studied by indirect calorimetry in five women with 14% overweight before,
      during and 2 mo after 3 mo of chronic ephedrine treatment (20 mg, perorally,
      three times daily). Before treatment and 2 mo after its cessation a similar
      thermogenic response to ephedrine was observed. The total extra consumption of
      oxygen was 1.3 1 before and 1.2 1 after cessation of the chronic treatment. After
      4 and 12 wk of treatment ephedrine elicited a more sustained response, the extra
      oxygen consumption in the 3 h following ephedrine intake being 7.0 and 6.9 1,
      respectively. The ratio of serum T3 to T4 increased significantly after 4 wk of
      treatment (15.6 +/- 1.3 vs 19.4 +/- 2.4; p less than 0.05), but decreased below
      the initial value after 12 wk treatment. The mean body weight was significantly
      reduced after 4 and 12 wk of treatment (2.5 and 5.5 kg, respectively). An
      improved capacity for beta-adrenergic induced thermogenesis may be useful in the
      treatment of obesity.

PMID- 4014069
TI  - Dietary management of rumination: four case studies.
AB  - Four case studies are presented in which the amount of dietary intake directly
      affected the rate of post-meal ruminating in mentally retarded clients. In the
      first case small increases in meal size (8, 12, 16, and 24 oz) resulted in slight
      increases in rumination. When in the second and third cases, the dietary
      increases were larger (36, 42, and 50 oz) the results were rapid and significant
      decreases in rumination. In the final case study the subject was allowed to free
      feed to a satiation criteria that was continued for 196 days to determine the
      long-term effectiveness of treatment. The subject ceased ruminating until
      conditions were reversed. These studies are discussed in terms of treatment
      strategies and generality to other kinds of behavior.

PMID- 4014070
TI  - A study of serum ferritin in beta thalassemia. Iron deficiency and overload.
AB  - Serum ferritin, serum iron, and unsaturated iron binding capacity were studied in
      64 patients with beta homozygous thalassemia (BHT), 120 patients with beta
      heterozygous thalassemia, and 46 normal subjects. Incidence of iron overload seen
      in 32 BHT cases was similar in untransfused and transfused cases. Among
      heterozygotes, iron stores were depleted in 24 (20%), mostly females (70.8%).
      Only male heterozygotes but not normals were iron deficient. In 18 (75%)
      heterozygotes with depleted iron stores, transferrin saturation (TS) was normal.
      It was also normal in 8 (25%) BHT patients and 5 (100%) heterozygotes with iron
      overload. In 13 (35.1%) BHT patients, it was raised in the absence of iron
      overload. It was concluded that iron deficiency in heterozygotes is of greater
      magnitude, especially in females, than hitherto known in India. Transferrin
      saturation is not a good indicator of either iron depletion or overload. Iron
      supplementation is recommended in heterozygous beta thalassemia in infants,
      children, and expectant mothers in geographic areas with high incidence of iron
      deficiency.

PMID- 4014071
TI  - Phagocytic myeloma cells. Report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - The authors have reviewed 17 cases of the phagocytic multiple myeloma, including
      seven cases reported in Japan but not cited in the English literature and an
      additional new case investigated in the authors' laboratory. They would like to
      add these Japanese cases to the English literature. The salient features of these
      17 cases were summarized to have a better understanding of the clinical aspects
      as well as of the pathogenesis of the phagocytic myeloma cells. The following two
      clinical points should be noted: The erythrophagocytosis by myeloma cells may be
      responsible for the hemolytic anemia in multiple myeloma. Myeloma cells were
      found in the peripheral blood in more cases of this series than expected. The
      pathogenesis of this phenomenon, related to the cellular origin of plasma cells,
      may be interpreted differently, as discussed in this report.

PMID- 4014072
TI  - Extramedullary hematopoietic ascitic fluid cytology in myelofibrosis.
AB  - A patient having myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia complicated by ascites is
      reported. Cytologic examination of the Papanicolaou-stained smears of the ascitic
      fluid revealed megakaryocytes and granulocytes of varying maturity, including
      eosinophils and reactive mesothelial cells. Autopsy examination demonstrated
      extensive involvement of the omentum and peritoneal surfaces by extramedullary
      hematopoiesis. The most likely mechanism of the ascites is multicentric ectopic
      extramedullary hematopoiesis with exfoliation of the characteristic cells into
      the peritoneal space.

PMID- 4014073
TI  - Factors associated with pulmonary infarction. A discriminant analysis study.
AB  - To determine the relative importance of multiple interrelated factors that have
      been considered to contribute to pulmonary infarction, the authors performed a
      discriminant analysis on consecutively autopsied patients with pulmonary
      embolism. From the clinic records of 45 individuals, the authors tabulated the
      underlying illness, history of valvular or ischemic heart disease, right and left
      ventricular failure, sepsis, shock, malignancy, premortem functional status, and
      the clinician's suspicion of pulmonary embolism. At postmortem examination, the
      authors measured and recorded the extent of emphysema, pneumonia, neoplasia,
      pulmonary vascular atherosclerosis; thickness and dilatation of both cardiac
      ventricles; the presence of valvular heart disease; the number, diameter, and
      amount of occlusion of the pulmonary arteries that contained thromboemboli; the
      extension of the clot, the size of the infarct; the Reid-Index; and the thickness
      of pulmonary and bronchial arterial wall. The major determinants of infarction
      were as follows: poor premortem functional status, the number of lobes having
      emboli, left ventricular failure, and the presence of lung cancer. The authors
      then tested the equation generated from these patients on 21 additional patients.
      The discriminant function correctly classified 81% of first group and predicted
      the occurrence of infarction in new patients with 70% accuracy. The size of the
      infarct was most correlated with the use of vasodilators and the embolic burden.

PMID- 4014074
TI  - Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. Report of three cases and brief review of the
      literature.
AB  - Three patients with human pulmonary dirofilariasis are presented. The clinical,
      parasitologic, and pathologic features of this entity are discussed, and the
      literature is briefly reviewed. A condition that generally has been considered to
      be an innocuous process can manifest with repeated pulmonary infarctions and
      multiple pulmonary nodules. At present, there are no distinguishing clinical,
      roentgenographic, or laboratory features that permit its diagnosis
      preoperatively. The purpose of this article is to add three more cases to the
      literature and to increase awareness of this clinicopathologic entity.

PMID- 4014076
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase and the International Clinical Enzyme Scale.
AB  - The wide numeric variation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP: EC 3.1.3.1) values
      reported from clinical laboratories is clearly revealed by the grossly
      incompatible data found in large interlaboratory surveys. The authors suggest
      that this unsatisfactory situation is readily correctable by simply expressing
      all numeric results on a single scale, the International Clinical Enzyme Scale
      (ICES). ICES for ALP (ALP/ICES) rests upon a well-defined reference system that
      relates the IFCC Reference Method for ALP to numerous stable primary and
      secondary ALP reference materials. The authors show by calibrations with ALP/ICES
      reference materials that raw coefficients of variation of 25-30% due to reagent,
      temperature, or instrument differences could be reduced to as low as 2%. ICES and
      the reference system approach automatically unifies the numeric outputs of the
      working clinical laboratories by relating all measurements and reference
      materials to one clearly defined international reference method, yet this concept
      allows many technologic options in the individual laboratory.

PMID- 4014075
TI  - Evaluation of the Coulter S-Plus IV three-part differential in an acute care
      hospital.
AB  - An evaluation of the three-part white cell differential count on the Coulter S
      Plus IV was carried out in a 500-bed acute care hospital. Automated counts were
      compared with manual differential counts over a seven-month period. The S-Plus IV
      categorizes cells by volume after treatment with diluent and lysing solution. The
      three categories are labeled lymphocyte, mononuclear, and granulocyte, and, in
      normal samples, these correspond with lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils.
      Eosinophils are counted either as mononuclear cells or granulocytes. Automated
      counts agree well with manual counts for the lymphocyte and granulocyte
      categories. Agreement is poor for the mononuclear category; this is likely due to
      the imprecision of the manual differential count. The S-Plus IV accurately
      classifies most samples as normal or abnormal. When all parameters of the
      hematology panel were evaluated, the false negative rate was less than 1%.
      Sixteen percent of results from the S-Plus IV were flagged, and 79% of these
      indicated an abnormality. False positive flags are usually due to a failure to
      adequately segregate mononuclear cells from granulocytes. Most commonly
      encountered abnormalities and hematologic disorders have abnormal three-part
      differential counts. The authors think the three-part differential cannot totally
      replace the manual differential but can decrease the number of repeat manual
      differentials on inpatients. It also offers quality control features useful to
      the hematology laboratory.

PMID- 4014077
TI  - Serum osmolality in acute intoxication: a prospective clinical study.
AB  - The authors prospectively performed simultaneous determinations of serum delta
      osmolality (delta-Osm), enzymic (alcohol dehydrogenase [ADH]) quantitation of
      serum ethanol (EtOH), and urine drug screens on 339 acutely intoxicated patients.
      In addition, the authors established reference ranges for measured and calculated
      serum osmolalities in a group of 55 healthy volunteers. The authors determined
      the clinical utility of the combined delta-Osm/ADH procedure for detecting the
      presence of EtOH or other low molecular weight (Mr) volatiles. In the reference
      population, the measured osmolality (M-Osm) and calculated osmolality (C-Osm) was
      285.1 +/- 4.3 (SD) mOsm/kg and 287.4 +/- 5.1 (SD) mOsm/kg, respectively. The
      correlation between delta-OsM and serum EtOH was 0.968 in 151 patients in whom
      EtOH was detected. The presence of drugs in 67 (44%) patients or absence of drugs
      in 84 (55.6%) patients was shown to have no significant effect on the delta-Osm.
      The delta-Osm/ADH method failed to detect a volatile other than EtOH in only two
      cases (0.6%) or in addition to EtOH in three cases (0.9%). The concentrations of
      these volatiles were not clinically significant. The sensitivity for detecting
      EtOH by means of the delta-Osm calculation was 98.1% with a specificity of 98.2%.
      A disparity (delta-Osm greater than 10 mOsm/kg) between delta-Osm and the EtOH
      determination suggested a volatile other than EtOH in five cases (1.5%), which
      was confirmed by head-space gas chromatographic (GC-HS) analysis. A volatile in
      addition to EtOH in seven cases (2.1%) was suggested but not confirmed by GC-HS
      analysis. The delta-Osm/ADH procedure provides an efficient, rapid, and readily
      available method to evaluate the acutely intoxicated patient for the presence of
      EtOH and/or other low Mr volatiles.

PMID- 4014078
TI  - Coagglutination and counter immunoelectrophoresis in the rapid diagnosis of
      typhoid fever.
AB  - The efficacy of two methods--coagglutination (COAG) and counter
      immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)--in the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever was studied
      in parallel with blood and clot cultures on 114 clinically suspected cases.
      Retrospective analysis showed that only 58 eventually were discharged and had
      typhoid fever. Antigen detection on their sera was done by both methods,
      concomitant with antigen detection on culture supernates by CIE. Sera from 50
      controls were subjected to both tests. Agglutinating anti-serum being
      unsatisfactory in the CIE system, anti-serum to the LPS fraction of Salmonella
      typhi "O" 901 was used in both tests after absorption with Escherichia coli and
      Salmonella paratyphi A. Analysis of data with reference to retrospectively
      confirmed typhoid cases show that S. typhi was isolated in 58.6% and 58.3% of
      blood and clot cultures; antigen detection by CIE in their supernates was 81.1%
      and 79.2%, respectively. This correlated closely with serum COAG (81.0%) in
      contrast to serum CIE (5.7%). Thus, COAG was superior to CIE for serology.
      However, CIE done on culture supernates precludes such tedious procedures as
      absorption of staphylococcal agglutinins and the confirmatory blocking test.

PMID- 4014080
TI  - Treatment of respiratory failure associated with acute bronchiolitis.

PMID- 4014079
TI  - Thymus involution in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a severe disorder of unknown
      etiology and pathogenesis, predominantly affecting homosexual males and other
      high-risk groups and characterized by profound alterations in T-lymphocyte
      function. The authors have examined thymus tissue from 14 patients who died of
      AIDS and compared the results with findings in five control groups: healthy age
      matched controls, elderly individuals, patients with chronic or debilitating
      illnesses other than AIDS, infants with conditions causing "stress atrophy," and
      patients with myasthenia gravis. The AIDS group included 11 homosexual males, 1
      Haitian, 1 homosexual who was also a drug abuser, and a 10-month-old infant
      believed to have contracted AIDS following blood transfusion. All the AIDS cases
      showed marked thymus involution with severe depletion of both lymphocytes and
      epithelial elements. The latter component consisted primarily of thin cords and
      nests of primitive-appearing epithelial cells that could be defined by positive
      immunohistochemical staining for keratin. Many cases showed a variable plasma
      cell infiltration, and the majority exhibited distinct vascular changes in the
      form of hyalinization and/or onion-skin patterns, primarily in the adventitia.
      Most striking of all was the marked paucity of Hassall's corpuscles; four
      patients had none at all, while in the other ten patients all the Hassall's
      corpuscles were calcified. These changes were far more extensive than those seen
      in any of the control groups, which retained most of their complement of
      Hassall's corpuscles even in the face of marked overall involution. The
      physiologic function of Hassall's corpuscles is not known, but recent
      immunohistochemical studies have implicated them in the synthesis of "facteur
      thymique serique" (FTS, thymulin) and other thymic hormones known to play a role
      in regulating T-helper and suppressor cell activity. It is conceivable that the
      extensive destruction of Hassall's corpuscles observed in AIDS may be a crucial
      element in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.

PMID- 4014082
TI  - Drugs, drinking, and adolescence.

PMID- 4014083
TI  - Primary peritonitis in previously healthy children.

PMID- 4014081
TI  - Safety of phenylpropanolamine.

PMID- 4014084
TI  - A case of non-nondisease.

PMID- 4014085
TI  - Missed pertussis--still with us.

PMID- 4014086
TI  - The preparticipation examination of athletes. Comparison of single and multiple
      examiners.

PMID- 4014087
TI  - Cystic fibrosis survival rates. The influences of allergy and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - Allergy and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection are two factors that
      possibly affect the clinical severity of cystic fibrosis pulmonary disease,
      although the role of allergy is controversial. We have examined the effects of
      these factors on actuarial survival rates in 117 children with cystic fibrosis
      who were skin tested in 1974 and classified as allergic (A+) or nonallergic (A-)
      by their reactions to 12 prick tests with common environmental allergens.
      Patients were also classified according to whether or not they had chronic
      pulmonary infection with PA in 1974 (PA-positive or PA-negative). Survival rates
      in A+ patients were not significantly different from those in the A- group
      (percent survival to age 16 years, 67% vs 80%), whereas the PA+ group had
      significantly worse survival rates than the PA- group (percent survival to age 16
      years, 53% vs 84%). There was no significant interaction between allergic skin
      reactions and either age at onset of chronic PA infection or subsequent duration
      of survival.

PMID- 4014088
TI  - The significance of skin color of a newborn infant.
AB  - The concern for the health, development, and well-being of infants and children
      is one shared by pediatricians and child psychiatrists. At times, parents present
      issues to either one specialist or the other that need to be shared to meet the
      goal of fostering physical and psychological health in children. One of the
      seldom shared issues is the meaning of the skin color of a newborn in a minority
      (black) or interracial (black-white) family and the implications for the
      nonminority pediatrician. Through a description and discussion of four clinical
      cases, we delineate the parental, familial, and societal issues involved and
      suggest interventions.

PMID- 4014089
TI  - Learning disabilities and attentional problems in boys with the fragile X
      syndrome.
AB  - The fragile X syndrome is a relatively common form of mental retardation that
      tends to affect boys more severely than girls. The syndrome is associated with a
      fragile site at q27 on the X chromosome and with physical features including
      large or prominent ears and macro-orchidism. Four boys had physical and
      cytogenetic features of the fragile X syndrome. However, the IQ scores of these
      patients extended into the normal range. All four patients demonstrated similar
      learning difficulties that included hyperactivity, visuomotor incoordination,
      language deficits, and academic delays in mathematics. The fragile X syndrome
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis of learning disabled children.

PMID- 4014090
TI  - The hypothalamus and pituitary in cerebral gigantism. A clinicopathologic and
      immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Cerebral gigantism, or Sotos' disease, is a rare disorder of unknown cause
      characterized by the early onset of excessive growth, acromegalic features, and
      some degree of mental retardation. Although several endocrinologic abnormalities
      have been described in such patients, none has been specific or sufficient to
      explain the clinical features. Our report of the endocrinologic and pathologic
      aspects in a young woman with Sotos' disease includes the first microanatomic
      study of the hypothalamus and immunocytochemical examination of the pituitary
      gland in this disorder.

PMID- 4014091
TI  - Why families change pediatricians. Factors causing dissatisfaction with pediatric
      care.
AB  - Dissatisfaction with their child's physician sometimes causes parents to transfer
      to a new provider. We studied the reasons for such transfers from four pediatric
      practices in Chittenden County, Vermont. Personal qualities of the physician,
      including the parent's perception of the physician's communication skills, his or
      her clinical competence, and the apparent level of concern were the most
      important factors that distinguished satisfied from dissatisfied parents.
      Structural features, including costs, waiting time, and continuity with the same
      physician, were less often sources of enough dissatisfaction to produce a
      transfer. Effectiveness and success in pediatric practice are dependent on
      competence, communication, and caring.

PMID- 4014092
TI  - Comparative efficacy of theophylline and caffeine in the treatment of idiopathic
      apnea in premature infants.
AB  - The purpose of our prospective randomized study was to compare the efficacy of
      theophylline ethylenediamine and caffeine sodium citrate in the treatment of
      idiopathic apnea in premature infants. Sixteen infants with three or more severe
      apneic attacks were studied. Twenty-four-hour cardiorespiratory recordings
      immediately before and after randomization and four days later showed similar
      significant decreases of the apnea frequency in both theophylline- (group 1, n =
      8) and caffeine-treated infants (group 2, n = 8). No undesirable side effects
      were observed, except for tachycardia in one infant in group 1. We suggest
      reasons for preferring caffeine to theophylline in the control of idiopathic
      apnea in premature infants: caffeine is as efficient and easier to administer.

PMID- 4014093
TI  - Peritoneal neutrophilic cell response in necrotizing enterocolitis.
AB  - Neutropenia commonly occurs in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In
      an attempt to determine the etiology of this neutropenia, we observed the
      peripheral and peritoneal neutrophil cell responses of seven infants at the time
      of surgery. Six of seven patients had diminished peripheral neutrophil counts
      within 24 hours prior to surgery, with substantial mobilization of mature
      neutrophils into the peritoneum. We also looked at the rat peritoneum as a model
      for neutrophilic cell consumption using casein and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin to
      cause neutrophil mobilization. With both agents, significant mobilization of
      neutrophils into the peritoneum occurred. Bone marrow stores in the animals were
      substantially decreased, but neutropenia was not observed. We speculate that the
      neutropenia of NEC is largely a consequence of neutrophil mobilization into the
      peritoneum, perhaps initiated by dietary protein and/or bacterial toxin.

PMID- 4014094
TI  - Changes in height velocity of obese preadolescents during weight reduction.
AB  - Height velocities prior to and during weight reduction were determined
      retrospectively in 19 obese children selected because of a 10% or greater fall in
      weight for height. Mean duration of the weight reduction period was 9.7 months.
      All children were treated with a balanced calorie-deficit diet containing 1.5 to
      2.0 g of protein per kilogram of ideal body weight per day. Height velocities
      were normalized by calculating the Z score for each one. Prior to weight
      reduction, the mean (+/- SD) Z score for height velocity was 2.32 +/- 2.47 units.
      Eleven patients were 2 SDs or more above the mean height velocity for age and
      sex. During weight reduction, the mean Z score for height velocity decreased
      significantly to 0.62 +/- 2.37 units. The change in Z score before and during
      weight reduction was significantly correlated with the change in weight but not
      with the change in weight for height. These data indicate that even mildly
      restrictive diets may be associated with a reduction in linear growth velocity.
      The implications of these observations for the risk of other adverse consequences
      of weight reduction are not clear. Nonetheless, our observations emphasize the
      importance of careful monitoring of obese children during mildly restrictive
      dietary therapy.

PMID- 4014095
TI  - Slow sodium acetate infusion in the correction of metabolic acidosis in premature
      infants.
AB  - The treatment of metabolic acidosis is one of many problems encountered in the
      premature infant during the first days of life. In this study, 11 infants with
      gestational ages of no more than 34 weeks were given sodium acetate as a
      continuous infusion from the first day of life. The daily sodium supply was set
      at 3 mEq/kg. The arterial serum pH was less than 7.30 in infants at the following
      ages: 1 to 3 hours, four; 24 hours, two; 48 hours, one; and 72 hours, one. The
      base deficit was calculated to be less than 5 in four infants at the age of 1 to
      3 hours, in one infant at 24 hours, in one infant at 48 hours, and in no infants
      at 72 hours. The serum sodium concentrations were normal. The continuous infusion
      of sodium acetate seems to be suitable for the slow correction of metabolic
      acidosis, and the daily sodium supply of 3 mEq/kg gives a stable serum sodium
      concentration in the premature infant with a gestational age of no more than 34
      weeks.

PMID- 4014096
TI  - Characteristics of earache among children with acute otitis media.
AB  - The frequency and correlates of earache were studied prospectively among 335
      consecutive episodes of acute otitis media with effusion (AOME) diagnosed in a
      suburban pediatric practice. Earache was severe in 142 (42%) episodes,
      mild/moderate in 135 (40%), and absent in 58 (17%). The incidence of apparently
      painless AOME was higher among children less than 2 years old than among older
      children (25% v 7%). Redness of the completely bulging tympanic membrane was
      associated with an increased likelihood of earache. Neither gender nor the extent
      of involvement (one v both ears) was independently related to earache. Earache is
      not an invariable component of AOME, especially among infants and young children.
      Detection of all cases of AOME among young children requires a high index of
      suspicion, even in the apparent absence of earache.

PMID- 4014097
TI  - Inaccurate diagnosis in infants with pertussis. An eight-year experience.
AB  - A review was conducted of all patients seen at Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse,
      NY, from June 1975, to June 1983, whose nasopharyngeal specimens were positive by
      specific Bordetella pertussis-fluorescent antibody stain. Sixty-one patients were
      identified; 46 were hospitalized and 15 were outpatients. The age and
      immunization status of the two groups were compared. Admission diagnosis, indices
      of illness severity, and clinical course were assessed for the hospitalized
      patients. Review of the house officers' initial differential diagnoses disclosed
      that pertussis was considered in the diagnosis in only 45% of the cases.
      Bronchiolitis was the next most commonly listed diagnosis. Frequent vomiting and
      severe coughing were the most helpful clinical findings leading to an accurate
      diagnosis. Abnormal chest roentgenograms and elevated white blood cell counts
      were present in a minority of our patients, whether the initial diagnosis was
      correct or not. Younger and less-immunized patients had more severe and prolonged
      clinical courses. This study demonstrates that the diagnosis of pertussis is
      often missed or delayed because clinical findings are similar to those of other
      respiratory infections in infancy. Suspicion of the diagnosis in children with
      nonspecific respiratory illness is required for early diagnosis, treatment, and
      prevention of spread to susceptible individuals.

PMID- 4014098
TI  - Isoenzyme studies in transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy. Ten new cases and
      a review of the literature.
AB  - A literature review and ten new cases of benign transient hyperphosphatasemia of
      infancy are presented, with special attention paid to isoenzyme studies.
      Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, heat denaturation, and binding of alkaline
      phosphatase to anti-human alkaline phosphatases showed that the sources of the
      elevated alkaline phosphatase levels are normal bone and liver and not the small
      intestine. The data also suggest that the following criteria be present for a
      diagnosis of transient hyperphosphatasemia: (1) an age of less than 5 years, (2)
      variable symptoms, (3) no bone or liver disease noted on physical examination or
      (4) from laboratory investigations, (5) isoenzyme analysis showing elevations in
      both bone and liver activity, and (6) a return to normal serum alkaline
      phosphatase activity values within four months.

PMID- 4014099
TI  - Consequence of colonic involvement on electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis in
      Crohn's disease.
AB  - We evaluated the relationship existing between the site of intestinal lesions and
      systemic acid-base balance in 78 patients with active Crohn's disease. Patients
      with enteritis had a normal acid-base balance, while mild and moderate metabolic
      alkalosis were present in enterocolitis and colitis. These findings appeared to
      be related to the electrolyte fecal losses. In enteritis fecal sodium and
      chloride concentrations were within the normal range (Na 29.2 +/- 18.5; Cl 16.6
      +/- 11.2 mEq/l) while in colitis they were significantly higher (Na 52.8 +/-
      20.8; Cl 29.6 +/- 12.7 mEq/l). Intermediate values were observed in
      enterocolitis. The fecal potassium concentrations were similar in the three
      groups of patients, with a slightly lower concentration in enterocolitis and
      colitis. The fecal K/Na ratio was normal in enteritis and reversed in
      enterocolitis and colitis. This study suggests that a relationship exists between
      the site of lesions, fecal electrolyte losses, and systemic acid-base balance in
      Crohn's disease. Systemic metabolic alkalosis and an abnormal fecal K/Na ratio
      occurred in patients with colonic involvement, indicating the important role
      played by the colon in acid-base and electrolyte homeostasis.

PMID- 4014100
TI  - Dysplastic Barrett's esophagus in scleroderma.
AB  - A review of 107 patients with Barrett's esophagus revealed three patients who
      concomitantly had scleroderma. Two of the three patients had pathological
      evidence of high-grade dysplasia of the columnar-lined epithelium, and the third
      patient had nondysplastic columnar-lined epithelium in the distal esophagus.
      Patients with scleroderma often have an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter,
      poor or absent distal esophageal peristalsis, and reflux esophagitis, all of
      which are believed to predispose to Barrett's esophagus. The importance of
      Barrett's esophagus is its potential for malignant transformation. Identification
      of such patients permits aggressive medical treatment and endoscopic and
      pathological surveillance.

PMID- 4014101
TI  - Achalasia associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a case
      report.
AB  - A case of achalasia associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is
      presented. Microscopic examination of the resected esophagus demonstrated
      abundant nerve fibers but absent ganglion cells throughout the tumor-involved
      segment. This finding is believed to be the cause of achalasia in this patient.

PMID- 4014102
TI  - Lymphomatous esophageal nodules: the difficulty in radiological differential
      diagnosis.
AB  - A case of lymphomatous infiltration of the esophagus presenting as diffuse
      nodularity on double contrast esophagography is presented. This report is a
      reminder to the radiologist and clinician of the varied roentgen manifestations
      of many entities involving the esophagus in the immunocompromised patient and the
      difficulty in radiological differential diagnosis.

PMID- 4014103
TI  - Failure to thrive associated with chronic ulcer disease in a 9-year-old boy.
AB  - Chronic peptic ulcer disease is not generally considered to cause failure to
      thrive. We are reporting a 9-year-old child who suffered from chronic recurrent
      abdominal pain and failure to thrive. Investigation revealed that the child also
      had bacterial overgrowth and evidence of malabsorption. These findings were
      considered to be due to chronic peptic ulcer disease which caused intermittent
      small bowel obstruction and gastric outlet obstruction. Successful treatment of
      the ulcer alone resulted in catch-up growth and an end to the chronic recurrent
      pain. Recurrent abdominal pain when associated with atypical features or failure
      to thrive should be adequately investigated. Although rare, chronic peptic ulcer
      disease with its sequelae should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      failure to thrive.

PMID- 4014104
TI  - Gastrointestinal transit in hyperthyroid patients before and after propranolol
      treatment.
AB  - Mean mouth to cecum transit time determined by the hydrogen breath test after
      oral lactulose in a group of 10 hyperthyroid patients (nine with regular bowel
      habit and one with diarrhea) was significantly lower than that observed in 10
      euthyroid controls [53 min (SD 15) versus 123 min (SD 12.2), p less than 0.01].
      After 5 days of propranolol treatment the patients showed a significant reduction
      of the heart rate but no modification of transit time [51 min (SD 7.3)].

PMID- 4014105
TI  - De novo carcinoma of the rectum: a case report.
AB  - There is strong evidence in the literature to suggest that most of the colorectal
      carcinomas arise from adenomatous polyps. Yet, rare carcinomas may arise de novo
      and we are reporting such a case of intramucosal rectal carcinoma occurring in a
      47-year-old healthy man.

PMID- 4014106
TI  - Marked prolongation in disappearance half-time of plasma cholecystokinin
      octapeptide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
AB  - For exploration on the elimination of cholecystokinin from the circulation, the
      disappearance half-time of cholecystokinin-octapeptide was estimated with
      cholecystokinin specific radioimmunoassay in normal subjects and patients with
      chronic renal failure and with hepatic cirrhosis. With a brief infusion of 30.4
      ng/kg of cholecystokinin-octapeptide for 2 min, plasma cholecystokinin level rose
      from 16.1 +/- 3.6 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) to 216.5 +/- 6.1 pg/ml at 3 min after
      starting infusion, and decreased rapidly in a single exponential fashion for 10
      min in hepatic cirrhosis. The disappearance half-time of cholecystokinin
      octapeptide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis was 2.45 +/- 0.07 min, and it was
      significantly longer than that in normal subjects (1.30 +/- 0.07) or patients
      with chronic renal failure (1.70 +/- 0.11). These findings suggest that the liver
      plays a major role in cholecystokinin-octapeptide elimination in humans.

PMID- 4014107
TI  - Interrelationship between type of spontaneous portal systemic shunt and portal
      vein pressure in patients with liver disease.
AB  - The interrelationship between the type and degree of spontaneous portal systemic
      shunting, and portal vein pressure was studied in 155 patients with liver disease
      by catheterizing the portal vein. The degree of portal vein shunting was measured
      in 100 patients and that of splenic vein shunting in 50 and that of total portal
      systemic shunting in 52, using macroaggregated radioalbumin. Increasing portal
      vein pressures were associated with progressively higher indices of portal vein
      shunt, splenic vein shunt, and total portal systemic shunt up to a certain level.
      Beyond this level, portal vein pressure did not increase further, and rather it
      decreased with further increasing degrees of splenic vein shunt and total portal
      systemic shunt. These results indicate that spontaneous portal systemic shunt
      keeps the portal vein pressure within certain limits or decreases it.

PMID- 4014108
TI  - Pasteurella multocida septicemia and peritonitis in a patient with cirrhosis:
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of Pasteurella multocida septicemia and peritonitis in a patient with
      cirrhosis is reported and the literature reviewed. Patients with cirrhosis and
      exposure to domestic animals are at risk for this infection. Initial empiric
      therapy of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in such patients should include a
      penicillin to which this organism is usually susceptible.

PMID- 4014109
TI  - CT diagnosis of cholecystoduodenal fistula.

PMID- 4014110
TI  - Eosinophilic cholangitis, lymphadenopathy, and peripheral eosinophilia: a case
      report.
AB  - A 32-year-old black man had nonspecific abdominal complaints and was found to
      have obstructive jaundice, lymphadenopathy, and eosinophilia. Eosinophilic
      infiltration of the cystic duct, gallbladder, lymph nodes, and bone marrow was
      demonstrated. The patient's symptoms, lymphadenopathy, and eosinophilia resolved
      spontaneously, and there was no evidence of allergy, parasitic infestation, or
      hypereosinophilic syndrome. A comparison of this case to other diseases in which
      eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of one or more gastrointestinal organs
      occurs is presented.

PMID- 4014111
TI  - Therapeutic endoscopic balloon dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary ducts.
AB  - Nine patients with extrahepatic obstructive biliary or pancreatic disease
      underwent therapeutic endoscopic balloon dilatation over a 24-month period. There
      were 10 obstructing lesions including common bile duct strictures (six patients),
      bilioenteric anastomotic strictures (two patients), ampullary stenosis (one
      patient) and an ampullary neoplasm (one patient). Endoscopic balloon dilatation
      was performed to relieve cholestasis (five patients), as treatment for
      cholangitis (one patient), as therapy for acute pancreatitis (one patient), to
      facilitate delivery of common bile duct stones (one patient), and to allow
      placement of a biliary endoprosthesis (one patient). The procedure was successful
      in seven of 12 attempts (58%) and was associated with one major complication
      (8.0%). Endoscopic balloon dilatation can be an effective palliative therapeutic
      procedure, with a wide spectrum of use, which may eliminate the need for surgery.

PMID- 4014112
TI  - Achalasia complicated by esophagobronchial fistula.

PMID- 4014113
TI  - The nationwide nosocomial infection rate. A new need for vital statistics.
AB  - From a random sample of patients and hospitals and extrapolation ratios derived
      from the best available sources of data, the authors estimate that the nationwide
      nosocomial infection rate among the 6,449 acute-care US hospitals in 1975-1976
      was 5.7 nosocomial infections per 100 admissions and that over 2 million
      nosocomial infections occurred in a 12-month period in these hospitals.
      Nosocomial urinary tract infections constituted 42% of the infections, surgical
      wound infections 24%, nosocomial pneumonia 10%, nosocomial bacteremia 5%, and
      nosocomial infections at all other sites 19%. If adjustments are made for the
      accuracy of the diagnostic method, the increasing nationwide secular trend, and
      the number of nosocomial infections in nursing homes, however, as many as 4
      million nosocomial infections per year may now be occurring. This greatly exceeds
      previous estimates and calls for timely and accurate vital statistics on the
      problem.

PMID- 4014114
TI  - Increased recognition of infectious diseases in US hospitals through increased
      use of diagnostic tests, 1970-1976.
AB  - To assess the influence of physicians' diagnostic practices on the recognition of
      nosocomial infections, the authors analyzed data collected on 339,044 patients
      selected randomly from admissions in 1970 and 1975-1976 to 338 randomly selected
      hospitals representative of all acute-care US hospitals. Eight rates representing
      the frequency of cultures or chest x-rays among patients with or without signs of
      infection were calculated. These varied widely among hospitals, were highest in
      teaching hospitals and in the Northeast, but increased more among small hospitals
      and in the South and West. Rates of performing urine cultures and reporting
      colony counts were highly correlated with observed rates of nosocomial urinary
      tract infection. Analogous measures were moderately correlated with observed
      bacteremia rates and pneumonia rates but were only weakly associated with
      surgical wound infection rates. These data indicate that the nationwide increase
      in the use of these diagnostic tests increased the recognition of infectious
      diseases in US hospitals.

PMID- 4014115
TI  - The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing
      nosocomial infections in US hospitals.
AB  - In a representative sample of US general hospitals, the authors found that the
      establishment of intensive infection surveillance and control programs was
      strongly associated with reductions in rates of nosocomial urinary tract
      infection, surgical wound infection, pneumonia, and bacteremia between 1970 and
      1975-1976, after controlling for other characteristics of the hospitals and their
      patients. Essential components of effective programs included conducting
      organized surveillance and control activities and having a trained, effectual
      infection control physician, an infection control nurse per 250 beds, and a
      system for reporting infection rates to practicing surgeons. Programs with these
      components reduced their hospitals' infection rates by 32%. Since relatively few
      hospitals had very effective programs, however, only 6% of the nation's
      approximately 2 million nosocomial infections were being prevented in the mid
      1970s, leaving another 26% to be prevented by universal adoption of these
      programs. Among hospitals without effective programs, the overall infection rate
      increased by 18% from 1970 to 1976.

PMID- 4014116
TI  - Identifying patients at high risk of surgical wound infection. A simple
      multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination.
AB  - To predict the likelihood that a patient will develop a surgical wound infection
      from several risk factors, the authors used information collected on 58,498
      patients undergoing operations in 1970 to develop a simple multivariate risk
      index. Analyzing 10 risk factors with stepwise multiple logistic regression
      techniques, they developed a model combining information on four of the risk
      factors to predict a patient's probability of getting a surgical wound infection.
      Then, with information collected on another sample of 59,352 surgical patients
      admitted in 1975-1976, the validity of this index as a predictor of surgical
      wound infection risk was verified. With the simplified index, a subgroup,
      consisting of half the surgical patients, can be identified in whom 90% of the
      surgical wound infections will develop. By the inclusion of factors measuring the
      risk due to the patient's susceptibility as well as that due to the level of
      wound contamination, the simplified index predicts surgical wound infection risk
      about twice as well as the traditional classification of wound contamination
      (Goodman-Kruskal G = 0.67 vs. 0.36, p less than 0.0001). Use of this new index
      might substantially increase the efficiency of routine surgical wound infection
      surveillance and control.

PMID- 4014117
TI  - Malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma linked with agricultural occupations in a
      New Zealand Cancer Registry-based study.
AB  - Mortality studies have indicated that workers in agriculture and forestry may be
      at increased risk of developing malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The
      authors report the findings from a case-control study of 734 male malignant
      lymphoma and multiple myeloma patients (International Classification of Diseases
      (ICD) 200-203) registered with the New Zealand Cancer Registry in the period 1977
      1981 and aged 20 years or more at time of registration. Controls also were males
      chosen from the cancer registry with four controls per case, matched on age and
      year of registration. The case group contained a significant excess of the
      occupational category involving agriculture and forestry (odds ratio = 1.25, 95%
      confidence limits = 1.00, 1.56). This excess was almost entirely among those aged
      less than 65 years at time of registration (odds ratio = 1.45, 95% confidence
      limits = 1.08, 1.95), particularly among patients with multiple myeloma (ICD 203)
      (odds ratio = 2.22, 95% confidence limits = 1.31, 3.75) and the category
      including nodular lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, and unspecified non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma (ICD 202) (odds ratio = 1.76, 95% confidence limits = 1.03, 3.02).
      Mortality from malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma increased significantly
      during the period 1955-1979.

PMID- 4014118
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy and fibrocystic breast disease in postmenopausal
      women.
AB  - The association between estrogen replacement therapy and fibrocystic breast
      disease was assessed in a hospital-based case-control study undertaken in
      Connecticut from 1979 to 1981. The cases were 143 postmenopausal women with
      biopsy-confirmed fibrocystic breast disease, and the controls were 355
      postmenopausal women with other surgical conditions. Use of estrogen replacement
      therapy was positively associated with fibrocystic breast disease; the odds of
      disease increased with duration of use, reaching an approximately fivefold excess
      odds for those who had taken menopausal estrogens for 10 or more years. There was
      no evidence that the positive association between estrogen replacement therapy
      and the occurrence of fibrocystic breast disease could be explained by
      differential medical care utilization or other possible risk factors of biopsied
      fibrocystic breast disease.

PMID- 4014119
TI  - The relationship between blood lead levels and blood pressure and its
      cardiovascular risk implications.
AB  - The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead levels in the second
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) has been examined
      for white males aged 40-59 years. After adjustment for age, body mass index,
      nutritional factors, and blood biochemistries in a multiple linear regression
      model, the relationship of systolic and diastolic blood pressures to blood lead
      levels was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). There was no evidence of
      a threshold blood lead level for this relationship. Although these data alone do
      not prove a casual relationship between low blood lead levels and blood pressure,
      the findings are consistent with current epidemiologic and animal studies,
      indicating that a causal relationship is probable. To examine the potential
      health risks, the multiple logistic risk factor coefficients from the Pooling
      Project and Framingham studies were used to predict the impact of the 37%
      decrease in mean blood lead levels which occurred in adult white males from 1976
      to 1980. As a result of this blood lead decrease, the calculations predicted a
      4.7% decrease in the incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction over
      10 years, a 6.7% decrease in the incidence of fatal and nonfatal strokes over 10
      years, and a 5.5% decrease in the incidence of death from all causes over 11.5
      years. In addition, as a result of this blood lead decrease, the predicted number
      of white males in this age group with hypertension (diastolic blood pressure
      greater than or equal to 90 mmHg) decreased by 17.5%.

PMID- 4014120
TI  - The random-zero versus the standard mercury sphygmomanometer: a systematic blood
      pressure difference.
AB  - The random-zero and standard mercury sphygmomanometers are used frequently, and
      sometimes interchangeably, in epidemiologic studies. To determine whether there
      is a systematic difference between them, the authors measured systolic, fourth
      phase, and fifth-phase diastolic blood pressures using both sphygmomanometers
      simultaneously in a series of six experiments. For most experiments, the system
      for simultaneous blood pressure measurements employed one cuff connected to both
      sphygmomanometers, which were carefully calibrated and read by two trained
      technicians using a double stethoscope. Order of use of the random-zero
      sphygmomanometer was randomly assigned, and technicians were blind to each others
      readings. At deflation rates of 2 mmHg/second, readings of the random-zero
      sphygmomanometer were systematically lower than those of the standard mercury
      sphygmomanometer: -0.9 mmHg for systolic, -1.8 mmHg for fourth-phase, and -1.8
      mmHg for fifth-phase diastolic blood pressures (all differences, p less than
      0.001). The difference persisted after adjustment for subject age, sex, heart
      rate, blood pressure level, observer, and room temperature, and was present for
      varying deflation rates. However, by draining the residual mercury from a random
      zero sphygmomanometer and using the instrument as if it were a standard mercury
      sphygmomanometer, much of the difference between the two was eliminated. This
      suggests that the mechanism for the difference relates to the increased height of
      mercury in the random-zero manometer tube. The authors conclude that the random
      zero and standard mercury sphygmomanometers should not be used interchangeably in
      epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 4014121
TI  - An investigation of bias in a study of nuclear shipyard workers.
AB  - The authors examined discrepant findings between a 1978 proportional mortality
      study and a 1981 cohort study of workers at the Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Naval
      Shipyard to determine whether the healthy worker effect, selection bias, or
      measurement bias could explain why only the proportional mortality study found
      excess cancer deaths among nuclear workers. Lower mortality from noncancer causes
      in nuclear workers (the healthy worker effect) partly accounted for the observed
      elevated cancer proportional mortality. More important, however, was measurement
      bias which occurred in the proportional mortality study when nuclear workers who
      had not died of cancer were misclassified as not being nuclear workers based on
      information from their next of kin, thereby creating a spurious association.
      Although the proportional mortality study was based on a small sample of all
      deaths occurring in the cohort, selection bias did not contribute materially to
      the discrepant results for total cancer deaths. With regard to leukemia,
      misclassification of occupation in the proportional mortality study and
      disagreement about cause of death accounted for some of the reported excess
      deaths.

PMID- 4014122
TI  - Re: "Methods of cancer case selection: implications for research".

PMID- 4014123
TI  - Re: "Smoking and estrogen-related disease".

PMID- 4014124
TI  - Popperian refutation in epidemiology.

PMID- 4014125
TI  - Isolated systolic hypertension in 14 communities.
AB  - In the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program, 158,906 individuals from 14
      communities around the United States had their blood pressure measured in their
      homes in 1972-1973. Of the total population screened, 2.4% had isolated systolic
      hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and
      diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg). Isolated systolic hypertension was
      present for 0.5% of those aged 30-39 years and 6.8% among those aged 60-69 years.
      The prevalence in blacks and women was greater than the prevalences in both
      whites and men. The prevalence among those taking antihypertensive medications at
      the time of screening was 6.1%, and 1.9% among those not on antihypertensive
      medications. From the individuals with "normal" diastolic blood pressure on the
      single home measurement (less than 90 mmHg), a random sample of 5,032 individuals
      were followed for mortality for eight years. Prevalence of isolated systolic
      hypertension was similar in this sample to that in the total. Among those not on
      antihypertensive medications, 8-year life table all-cause mortality rates
      adjusted for age, race, and sex were 17.6% for those with systolic blood pressure
      greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and 7.7% for those with systolic blood pressure
      greater than 160 mmHg. Among this population, all of whom had a diastolic blood
      pressure less than 90 mmHg, a multiple logistic analysis adjusting for baseline
      treatment status, age, race, sex, education, smoking, weight, pulse, physical
      activity, and systolic blood pressure revealed that each millimeter increase in
      systolic blood pressure was associated with approximately a 1% increase in
      mortality over the eight years of follow-up (p less than 0.05). Isolated systolic
      hypertension is both relatively common and a significant risk factor for
      subsequent mortality.

PMID- 4014126
TI  - Detection and treatment of hypertension in older individuals.
AB  - The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program screened 34,012 individuals aged
      60-69 years old in their homes in 14 communities around the United States during
      1972 and 1973. The prevalence of hypertension, defined as diastolic blood
      pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication, was
      42.1%. After a second clinic screen, 2,376 hypertensives were identified and
      randomized into Stepped Care, a special intensive treatment group, or Referred
      Care, a group referred to their usual medical care sources. These individuals
      were followed for five years (until they reached the ages of 65-74 years). Over
      the five years, 79.4% of older individuals remained under active care and 81.4%
      of those were at their goal diastolic blood pressure. Side-effects tended to be
      less frequent in older individuals than in younger ones. Older Stepped Care
      participants with mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 90-104 mmHg) had a
      17.2% reduction in all-cause mortality over five years compared to Referred Care,
      which was primarily due to a reduction in deaths attributed to cardiovascular
      causes. Thus, antihypertensive treatment can be safely and beneficially
      administered to individuals in this age range with diastolic hypertension,
      including those with mild hypertension.

PMID- 4014127
TI  - Maternal urinary tract infection and adverse fetal outcomes.
AB  - The relationship of acute urinary tract infection occurring during pregnancy and
      the incidence of adverse fetal outcomes was examined with the use of birth
      certificate data from Washington state for the years 1980 and 1981. The two-year
      fetal mortality rate among urinary tract infection-associated pregnancies was
      found to be 17.9 per thousand livebirths, 2.4 times the rate for the state as a
      whole. Low birth weight newborns and small for gestational age newborns were,
      respectively, 2.04 and 1.57 times more frequent in urinary tract infection
      associated pregnancies compared to controls. These estimates of risk were
      unchanged when adjusted for maternal age, race, and past obstetric history. The
      risk of prematurity in women with urinary tract infection and no history of fetal
      loss was 2.4 times the control risk. Sepsis was rare in both the urinary tract
      infection and control groups. These results add to the evidence implicating
      maternal urinary tract infection as a threat to fetal well-being.

PMID- 4014128
TI  - A simple, valid step test for estimating maximal oxygen uptake in epidemiologic
      studies.
AB  - The authors' modification of the Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer Test is of short
      duration, has low initial and peak work rates and was in an earlier study applied
      for population fitness testing (N = 587) at a survey center after other
      cardiovascular risk factor measures were obtained in the home. To add fitness
      testing in the home, the authors have designed a safe, brief 10 inch (25.4 cm)
      high step test for estimating maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Measured maximal
      oxygen uptake for step tests has been shown to be approximately 10% higher than
      that reported for cycle tests. All test instructions and stepping rates were
      included on a cassette tape; heart rates were monitored by a digital tachograph
      during the last 30 seconds of stepping. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured
      directly on a bicycle, estimated by the step test, and measured by the authors'
      bike test in 48 men and women aged 19-70 years who took part in a community
      fitness program in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in January-February 1983. No
      significant differences in maximal oxygen uptake were found between the bicycle
      protocols. The step test estimate of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was
      significantly higher (12%) than directly measured VO2max, reflecting the expected
      difference between stepping and cycling. The correlation between direct and both
      estimates was 0.92. The cross-validation correlation between the estimates was
      0.98. The authors' protocol provides accurate estimates of maximal oxygen uptake
      and is safe and suitable for in-the-home assessment of fitness of people aged 19
      70 years for epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 4014129
TI  - Mortality among white and nonwhite farmers in North Carolina, 1976-1978.
AB  - Death certificate information identified 9,245 white and 3,508 nonwhite men who
      died in North Carolina during 1976-1978 and who had been farmers. The
      distribution of deaths from various causes among these men was compared to that
      of other male decedents in the state. For both white and nonwhite farmers,
      proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were elevated for tuberculosis (whites, 1.6;
      nonwhites, 1.7), diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (whites, 2.5;
      nonwhites, 1.5), and external causes (whites, 1.2; nonwhites, 1.1) and were
      decreased for cancers of the esophagus (whites and nonwhites, 0.5) and large
      intestine and rectum (whites and nonwhites, 0.7). White farmers had an increased
      relative frequency of melanoma (PMR = 1.2) and other skin cancer (PMR = 1.8),
      while nonwhite farmers had an increased relative frequency of melanoma (PMR =
      6.3), brain cancer (PMR = 2.3), and leukemia (PMR = 1.9). In addition, among
      decedents under 65 years of age, both white and nonwhite farmers had an elevated
      proportional mortality ratio for prostate cancer (whites, 1.6; nonwhites, 1.3).
      Many of these results are consistent with observations from other studies. Some
      of these findings, particularly those for nonwhites, warrant further evaluation,
      including detailed investigation of possibly related farming practices.

PMID- 4014130
TI  - Leprosy case detection rates by age, sex, and polar type under leprosy control
      conditions.
AB  - The knowledge of leprosy epidemiology is still extremely limited as to basic
      epidemiologic characteristics. Only the infectious agent and the reservoir of
      infection have been firmly established. It is all the more surprising that very
      few studies of analytical leprosy epidemiology are reported in the literature. In
      order to contribute to the analysis of these characteristics, data are presented
      on the age and sex distribution of types of leprosy from the Pogiri Leprosy
      Control Project, a large leprosy control project in Andhra Pradesh, India. This
      data base includes records on biannual examination of some 160,000 household
      contacts of nearly 48,000 leprosy cases observed from five to nine years between
      1962 and 1970. These data indicate a peak of leprosy prevalence and incidence in
      the age group 35-44 years. The sex differential in leprosy, observed in these
      data, appears more related to sex differences in social contact, as sex ratios of
      leprosy vary widely among different populations. Finally, the age distribution of
      tuberculoid leprosy shows a bimodal curve, with peaks at ages 10-14 and 35-44
      years. The first peak appears related both to the occurrence of early and self
      healing lesions in school children, and to the more frequent examination of
      school children. Additional observations are presented on type ratios of leprosy
      in single and multiple case households, and on per cent of single lesions for
      tuberculoid cases detected over time.

PMID- 4014131
TI  - A case-control study of dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - A case-control study to assess factors of possible etiologic significance to
      dementia of the Alzheimer type was conducted with 78 male cases diagnosed in 1979
      1982 at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota and
      age-race-sex-matched hospital and neighborhood controls (14 of 16 autopsied cases
      were histopathologically confirmed). Information was obtained on variables
      relevant to vital, genetic, and immunologic hypotheses, and on possible
      occupational and environmental exposures, drug use, psychologic stress, smoking,
      and alcohol consumption. The only major difference between patients with dementia
      of the Alzheimer type and controls was a significantly greater occurrence of
      antecedent head trauma in the patients (odds ratio = 4.50). This finding is
      consistent with the literature on posttraumatic dementia but its importance is
      presently unclear.

PMID- 4014132
TI  - Reproducibility of the new diagnostic criteria for impaired glucose tolerance.
AB  - Sixty-seven subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and 136 normoglycemic
      individuals defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the European
      Association for the Study of Diabetes were selected from among persons aged 40-59
      years who participated in a health examination survey in Naples in 1980. A second
      oral glucose tolerance test was given under identical conditions between two and
      four months later with the participants having no knowledge of the results of the
      first test. Venous whole blood was utilized for blood glucose determination. At
      the second test, 93% of the control group were confirmed to be normoglycemic, but
      only 56% of the impaired glucose tolerance group were still intolerant.
      Reproducibility was poorest among subjects with blood glucose two hours after
      load of less than 140 mg/dl. Among these subjects, 47% reverted to normoglycemia
      at the second test. In contrast, 15% of those with blood glucose greater than or
      equal to 140 mg/dl two hours after load reverted to normoglycemia (chi 2 = 6.29,
      p less than 0.05). Subjects with impairment of glucose tolerance at the second
      test were reclassified according to the diagnostic criteria of the National
      Diabetes Data Group and the World Health Organization (WHO). Only 22 (46%) of the
      48 individuals classified in the impaired glucose tolerance group according to
      the criteria of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes were so
      classified by the criteria of both the National Diabetes Data Group and WHO. The
      disagreement between the three diagnostic criteria was maximal in the lowest
      blood glucose range. It is concluded that the diagnosis of impaired glucose
      tolerance, despite the new diagnostic criteria, still has little reproducibility
      and uniformity.

PMID- 4014133
TI  - A dental x-ray validation study. Comparison of information from patient
      interviews and dental charts.
AB  - Information was collected from dentists of a subset of participants in a case
      control interview study conducted in Los Angeles County, California, in August
      1980-August 1981 to evaluate the relationship of dental x-rays to tumors of the
      parotid gland. Complete dental charts were available from 142 dentists of 84
      cases and from 130 dentists of 79 controls. Analysis of data from these interview
      chart comparisons indicates that recall appears to be unbiased since the measures
      of agreement between interview and dental chart data are similar for cases and
      controls. The authors further conclude that interview data alone may be used for
      case-control comparisons of dental x-ray exposure and would, because of unbiased
      misclassification, tend to underestimate the relative risks.

PMID- 4014134
TI  - An epidemiologic study of fibrocystic breast disease with reference to ductal
      epithelial atypia.
AB  - A case-control study of 255 women with fibrocystic breast lesions and 790
      controls was conducted at two hospitals in New Haven, Connecticut during 1977
      1979. Cases were found to weigh significantly less than controls, and were more
      likely than controls to have: a first-degree female relative with a history of
      breast cancer; a higher level of education; a recent history of regular
      gynecologic checkups; and (if under age 45 years) a later age at first pregnancy.
      They were less likely to have had a surgical menopause. The degree of ductal
      epithelial atypia in breast biopsy specimens was evaluated in order to see
      whether epidemiologic characteristics differed according to the degree of ductal
      atypia. The only variable to show a linear relationship with ductal atypia was a
      recent history of regular gynecologic checkups; those with no or minimal atypia
      were more likely to have had recent checkups than those with high atypia scores.
      This study thus gives no evidence that known risk factors for breast cancer are
      more strongly associated with fibrocystic breast disease with a high degree of
      atypia than with fibrocystic breast disease with a low degree of atypia. It also
      provides data to support the belief that women having frequent gynecologic
      checkups are more likely to be included as cases in case-control studies of
      fibrocystic breast disease, and particularly in the groups with no or minimal
      atypia, than those not having frequent checkups.

PMID- 4014135
TI  - Logistic regression in survival analysis.
AB  - Logistic regression has been applied to numerous investigations that examine the
      relationship between risk factors and various disease events. Recently, the
      ability to consider the time element of event occurrences by proportional hazards
      models has meant that logistic regression has played a less important role in the
      analysis of survival data. This paper, however, shows that when event times are
      grouped into intervals, logistic regression can be adapted to the analysis of
      such data by modeling the interval when an event occurs. Furthermore, it is shown
      that results from such an adaptation will often lead to parameter estimates close
      to those obtained by the proportional hazards model in the grouped event time
      setting. An illustration of the application of logistic regression to survival
      analysis is based on data from the Framingham Heart Study.

PMID- 4014136
TI  - Improving occupational standardized proportionate mortality ratio analysis by
      social class stratification.
AB  - The standardized proportionate mortality ratio (SPMR) method uses all deaths in
      all occupations and, therefore, all social classes to compute expected deaths in
      a single occupational group. By performing SPMR analysis within groups of
      occupations which are stratified by social class, the occupational contribution
      to the SPMR can be better identified. Mortality data from Washington state were
      used as illustrations.

PMID- 4014137
TI  - Re: "Incapacitating effects of Schistosomiasis mansoni on the productivity of
      sugar-cane cutters in northeastern Brazil".

PMID- 4014138
TI  - Re: "Estimating odds ratios with categorically scaled covariates in multiple
      logistic regression analysis".

PMID- 4014139
TI  - Cigarette smoking and breast cancer: a case-control study of screening program
      participants.
AB  - A case-control study of Canadian women aged 40-59 years (n = 123; 369) has been
      conducted on the relationship of cigarette-smoking and initial visit breast
      cancer detection within a multicenter screening program. Among premenopausal
      women, a relative risk of 2.1 (1.1, 4.0) was found for ever-smokers versus never
      smokers. There was a dose-response gradient with relative risks of 1.0, 1.3, 2.5,
      and 3.5 among women with 0, 1-200, 201-500, and greater than 500 cigarette-years
      of exposure, respectively. No overall association was detected among
      postmenopausal women but a significant interaction with parity was present in
      this group. When menopausal status was ignored, there was a nonsignificantly
      elevated risk of 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) for ever- versus never-smokers but the dose
      response was significant with relative risks of 1.0, 0.9, 1.7, and 2.0 in the
      above four exposure categories, respectively. These results persisted despite
      adjustment for several important variables. These data are consistent with an
      interaction of smoking and participation in the screening study or with a
      possible etiologic role for smoking. Even if smoking is not related to breast
      cancer etiologically, these data still suggest that smokers who visit screening
      centers have an elevated risk of breast cancer detection on initial visit,
      especially among premenopausal women. They do not support the hypothesis of a
      protective effect of smoking and underscore the need for further study into this
      important relationship.

PMID- 4014140
TI  - Psychosocial processes and cancer incidence among Japanese men in Hawaii.
AB  - As part of the Honolulu Heart Program studies, 4,581 men of Japanese ancestry
      living in Hawaii completed a psychosocial questionnaire in 1971. By 1980, 280 new
      cancer cases had been recorded. Among 12 items related to stressful life
      situations, there were no consistent associations with total or site-specific
      cancer incidence. Most of the associations which were found were in the direction
      opposite to that predicted by the stress hypothesis. Among eight items related to
      social networks, two were significantly associated with total cancer incidence in
      multivariate analysis, but one of these associations was in the direction
      opposite to that of the social support hypothesis. Among the different measures
      of acculturation, there was a general pattern indicating that ties to traditional
      Japanese culture and diet were associated with an increased risk of cancer.
      Cancer incidence was associated with low levels of socioeconomic status. In
      general, there was little evidence to support the idea that either stressful or
      supportive life situations were associated with cancer incidence.

PMID- 4014141
TI  - Psychosocial factors and blood pressure in the Michigan Statewide Blood Pressure
      Survey.
AB  - The relationships between various psychosocial factors and blood pressure were
      examined in a probability sample of the adult population of the state of Michigan
      in 1980-1983. Excluding individuals diagnosed by a physician as having high blood
      pressure and controlling for the major risk factors for hypertension, a number of
      psychosocial factors significantly predicted blood pressure. Among both men and
      women, those who generally did not express their emotions (including anger) and
      who harbored grudges and aggressive impulses had higher diastolic blood pressure.
      Among men only, those with low self-confidence and less perceived control over
      their lives had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Those who reported
      poorer mental health had higher diastolic blood pressure. Among women only, those
      who rated their relationships with family and best friend more poorly had higher
      systolic blood pressure. Possible explanations are discussed for the gender
      specific relationships between blood pressure and certain psychosocial factors.

PMID- 4014142
TI  - Regression analysis of changes in blood pressure with oral contraceptive use.
AB  - Measurements of blood pressure were obtained on 2,673 women from East Boston,
      Massachusetts, an urban, working class neighborhood, in surveys conducted in both
      1973 and 1976-1977. Of these, 927 women participated in a third survey in 1978.
      The women were 16 to 49 years of age in 1973, premenopausal throughout the study,
      and not on blood pressure medication. Regression analyses were performed of blood
      pressure change between the first and second as well as between the second and
      third surveys on initial blood pressure, age, weight, and patterns of oral
      contraceptive use. For systolic pressure the effect of starting oral
      contraceptive use was an increase of 4.1 mmHg (p less than 0.0001), while the
      effect of discontinuing use relative to continued use was a 4.4 mmHg decrease (p
      less than 0.0001). These changes were not affected by duration of use or time
      since last use among past users. For diastolic pressure the average effect of
      starting use between surveys was an insignificant 1.0 mmHg increase, but
      diastolic pressure level seemed to increase with duration of use (0.5 mmHg/year,
      p = 0.0009). The effect of discontinuing use relative to continued use was a drop
      of 2.7 mmHg in diastolic pressure (p = 0.0004), which was uninfluenced by time
      since last use.

PMID- 4014143
TI  - Mortality from coronary heart disease in the Tecumseh study. Long-term effect of
      diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance and other risk factors.
AB  - The coronary heart disease mortality of participants in the Tecumseh study was
      examined with particular emphasis on the roles of diabetes and glucose tolerance
      as risk factors. The cohort consisted of 921 men and 937 women aged 40 years and
      older who did not have evident coronary heart disease at entry to the study
      during the period 1959-1965 and whose outcome was determined in the period 1977
      1979. Previously diagnosed diabetes was a statistically significant risk factor
      for coronary heart disease mortality in both sexes even after controlling for
      systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, relative weight, and cigarette
      smoking. High blood glucose score in nondiabetics was associated with excess
      coronary heart disease mortality after controlling for other risk factors, but
      the magnitude of this effect was substantially below that of diabetes. The
      predictive power of most risk factors except age itself decreased among
      progressively older segments of the population.

PMID- 4014144
TI  - Alcoholic beverages and myocardial infarction in young men.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that people who consume a moderate amount of
      alcohol have a reduced risk of coronary heart disease compared with nondrinkers.
      This hypothesis was further tested in the period April 1980-April 1983 in a study
      of 2,170 men with first nonfatal myocardial infarction and 981 hospital controls,
      all under 55 years of age. The relative risk estimate for men who drank between
      one and seven times per week compared with never drinkers was 1.2 (95% confidence
      interval, 0.8-1.8) when age and cigarette smoking were taken into account and 1.1
      (0.7-1.7) when personality type was also taken into account. There was no
      evidence of a reduced risk for users who drank primarily one type of alcoholic
      beverage (beer, wine, or liquor) or within categories of dose measured in ounces
      consumed per week. The findings were not materially changed when other risk
      factors for myocardial infarction were taken into account. The results of this
      study suggest that moderate alcohol consumption does not reduce the risk of
      nonfatal myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4014145
TI  - United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project: 12-year follow-up of risk
      factors.
AB  - Ten of the original 24 factories from the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention
      Project were resurveyed in 1983 to assess the long-term (12-year) effects of an
      education program on diet, smoking, and exercise. These 10 factories had
      previously been grouped into five pairs matched for size, location, and nature of
      industry, with one of each pair randomly chosen for intervention. Men in
      intervention factories were given advice on reduction of cholesterol in diet,
      stopping smoking, weight reduction, and regular exercise. High-risk workers (13%)
      received personal counseling in addition to the factory-wide education program. A
      total of 1,204 workers randomly selected from those still employed in 1978 were
      surveyed. There were significant differences observed in cigarette consumption,
      butter use, and several other dietary behaviors; however, the differences were
      small and insignificant for the proportion smoking and leisure-time exercise. The
      largest effects were in the high-risk group who had received personal counseling.
      This education program appears to have some lasting effects on behavior
      associated with coronary disease risk factors. Similarly designed programs may
      serve as models for community-wide coronary disease prevention programs.

PMID- 4014146
TI  - Leisure time physical activity and its relationship to coronary risk factors in a
      population-based sample. The Minnesota Heart Survey.
AB  - Energy expenditure in leisure time physical activity was measured using the
      Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in a probability sample of
      25- to 74-year-old residents of the seven-county metropolitan area of Minneapolis
      St. Paul, Minnesota. Geometric mean estimates of leisure time physical energy
      expenditure were 193 kcal per day for men and 111 kcal per day for women. Only
      34% of men and 17% of women expended 2,000 kcal or more per week in leisure time
      physical activity. Energy expenditure, especially in heavy intensity activities,
      declined with age, more so for women than men. Significant associations were
      observed between leisure time physical activity, particularly heavy intensity
      activity, and other coronary heart disease risk factors. Greater heavy intensity
      activity was associated with higher education (r = 0.14 to 0.26), greater Type A
      behavior (r = 0.14 to 0.15), higher serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol levels (r = 0.09 to 0.10), lower serum thiocyanate (r = 0.10 to 
      0.14), lower body mass index (r = -0.10 to -0.11), lower heart rate (r = -0.07 to
      -0.10), and lower systolic blood pressure (r = -0.06 to -0.09). Thus, although
      energy expenditure was generally low in this population, greater leisure time
      physical activity for the most part was associated with lower coronary risk
      factors.

PMID- 4014148
TI  - Clinical mumps vaccine efficacy.
AB  - From February 5 through April 23, 1982, 110 cases of mumps were reported among
      357 students in a middle school in Ashtabula County, Ohio, an overall attack rate
      of 31%. Vaccine efficacy was calculated using a variety of case definitions, case
      surveillance systems, and vaccination-status ascertainment methods to evaluate
      their effects on the estimated vaccine efficacy. From data collected at the
      school for case ascertainment and vaccination status, clinical vaccine efficacy
      was initially estimated at 37%. By means of a uniform case definition (parotitis
      lasting two days or more) and only cases and vaccination status ascertained from
      parental questionnaires, estimated vaccine efficacy increased to 70%. From
      secondary attack rates in household members with provider-verified vaccination
      status, the vaccine efficacy further increased to 85%. This outbreak
      investigation confirms that the methods used to ascertain cases and determine
      vaccination status greatly affect estimates of vaccine efficacy. Studies relying
      solely on school records for case finding and determination of immunization
      status may provide misleadingly low estimates of vaccine efficacy for mumps
      vaccine as well as for other vaccines. Appropriate methods demonstrate that mumps
      vaccine is highly effective and support recommendations for its continued use.

PMID- 4014147
TI  - Comparison of nutrient calculation systems.
AB  - A set of 54 24-hour dietary recalls collected in 1975-1976 from males aged 35-57
      years who were participating in a cardiovascular risk factor intervention program
      was submitted to three different nutrient calculation systems to investigate how
      much of a difference exists among systems in calculating nutrient intakes. The
      three computerized systems were of varying levels of sophistication. Among
      differences found, one system reported 1.4% more calories derived from
      polyunsaturated fat than the other two. For studies investigating the effects of
      dietary fat intake, this difference between systems may be important. Other
      significant group differences were seen for carbohydrate and alcohol. Although
      mean differences among the three systems were not great, dramatic differences
      were encountered when evaluating individual recalls. Nutrient intake data
      obtained from dietary recalls for individuals and for groups for whatever purpose
      are subject to the bias of the nutrient calculation system used. These biases
      should be considered when interpreting results, comparing results with other
      studies, and when developing treatment plans in the clinical setting.
      Recommendations for enhanced standardization include: 1) thorough descriptions in
      research reports of the particular system used; 2) exchange of standard menus
      between systems; 3) enhanced quality control of the coding process; 4) periodic
      updating of the nutrient data base to accommodate new food products and changes
      in composition of foods.

PMID- 4014149
TI  - The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Canadian north.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus infections are common in the Eskimo (Inuit) populations of the
      world. In this study, serologic markers of hepatitis B infection were measured in
      172 inhabitants (78%) of an isolated Canadian Inuit settlement. Evidence of
      hepatitis B infection was found in 22% of residents. The prevalence increased
      with age, being uncommon under the age of 20 (7%), yet present in the majority of
      inhabitants over the age of 40 (64%). Sera from four individuals (2.3%) were
      hepatitis B surface antigen- (HBsAg) positive. All four HBsAg carriers were
      negative for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM
      anti-HBc), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and DNA polymerase, but positive for
      antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe). These data suggest that hepatitis B
      infection has become relatively uncommon in the inhabitants of this community
      born during the past 20-30 years. The apparent decline in prevalence did not
      appear to be related to recent demographic or socioeconomic changes in the area.

PMID- 4014150
TI  - Assessing the impact of additional follow-up in cohort studies.
AB  - An approach is described for predicting the statistical value of extending follow
      up in a cohort study. A simple approximation to the expected number of new events
      of interest is given. The effect of these events on inferences for parameters
      such as a standardized mortality ratio is approached in two ways. The first
      concerns the probability of reversing the conclusion of a significance test. The
      second approach finds the plausible range of values for the standardized
      mortality ratio after further follow-up that are consistent with the currently
      available data. Each of these values is displayed together with the precision of
      the estimate. The methods are illustrated with results from the International
      Radiation Study of Cervical Cancer (IARC Scientific Publication No. 52, 1984).

PMID- 4014151
TI  - Re: "An epidemiologic and clinical evaluation of Guillain-Barre syndrome reported
      in association with the administration of swine influenza vaccines".

PMID- 4014152
TI  - Re: "Dietary vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C and risk of lung cancer in Hawaii".

PMID- 4014153
TI  - Campylobacter enteritis associated with foodborne transmission: new serotyping
      data.

PMID- 4014154
TI  - Re: "Test of the National Death Index".

PMID- 4014155
TI  - On the rediscovery of a distinction.

PMID- 4014156
TI  - Effects of passive smoking on ischemic heart disease mortality of nonsmokers. A
      prospective study.
AB  - The mortality attributable to ischemic heart disease as a result of cigarette
      smoking is greater of a community of older adults in southern California, the
      authors tested the hypothesis that nonsmoking women exposed to their husband's
      cigarette smoke would have an elevated risk of fatal ischemic heart disease.
      Married women aged 50-79 years who had never smoked cigarettes (n = 695) were
      classified according to the husband's self-reported smoking status at entry into
      the study: never, former, or current smoker. After 10 years, nonsmoking wives of
      current or former cigarette smokers had a higher total (p less than or equal to
      0.05) and age-adjusted (p less than or equal to 0.10) death rate from ischemic
      heart disease than women whose husbands never smoked. After adjustment for
      differences in risk factors for heart disease, the relative risk for death from
      ischemic heart disease in nonsmoking women married to current or former cigarette
      smokers was 14.9 (p less than or equal to 0.10). These data are compatible with
      the hypothesis that passive cigarette smoking carries an excess risk of fatal
      ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 4014157
TI  - An investigation of the relationship between cesarean section birth and
      respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn.
AB  - To clarify the nature of the association between respiratory distress syndrome
      and Cesarean section birth, a study was conducted which compared 273 premature
      (36 weeks or less) Cesarean-delivered infants with 341 premature vaginally
      delivered infants who were born at the University of Washington Hospital from
      January 1, 1977 through March 31, 1980. The gestational age-adjusted probability
      of respiratory distress syndrome was higher among the Cesarean cohort compared
      with the vaginal cohort (38.2% vs. 27.6%, odds ratio = 1.63, 95% confidence
      interval = 1.11-2.39). Three alternative explanations for the association of
      Cesarean section with respiratory distress syndrome other than causation were
      tested, and each was rejected. The association was not explained by 1) improper
      timing of elective Cesarean deliveries; 2) misclassification of cases of mild,
      transient respiratory distress (which may be more common after Cesarean birth) as
      respiratory distress syndrome; or 3) the differences in the occurrence of
      pregnancy complications preceding Cesarean births compared with vaginal births.
      Lack of labor appears to account for part of the increased risk of respiratory
      distress syndrome among infants delivered by Cesarean section. The gestational
      age-adjusted probabilities of respiratory distress syndrome were 47.0% for
      Cesarean birth without labor, 35.4% for Cesarean birth preceded by labor, and
      27.6% for vaginal birth.

PMID- 4014158
TI  - Lactation and breast cancer. Evidence for a negative association in premenopausal
      women.
AB  - The authors report a case-control study of breast cancer based on an analysis of
      data collected by interview between the years 1957-1965 from women residing in
      the communities of Buffalo and Kenmore, New York. Prior reproductive factors,
      including a detailed lactation history, were examined for 453 white females with
      breast cancer and 1,365 white females without breast cancer who were selected
      randomly from the population of Buffalo and Kenmore. There is evidence of a
      negative association between length of nursing and breast cancer risk in
      premenopausal women which is not seen in the postmenopausal women. This apparent
      "protective" effect of lactation persists after statistical control for the
      potential confounding factors of age, parity, age at first pregnancy, age at
      menarche, and education. Cases are more likely than controls to have reported
      unsuccessful lactations due to "insufficient milk." The findings of this study,
      in conjunction with the authors' review of previously published studies that have
      examined prior lactation as related to breast cancer risk, suggest that there may
      be an independent negative association between nursing and subsequent breast
      cancer risk in premenopausal women. Whether this means that breast feeding is
      protective or that some women who are unsuccessful at lactation are at increased
      risk for subsequent breast cancer is not clear. A detailed reanalysis of existing
      data and more careful attention to detailed prior breast function/dysfunction in
      future studies are recommended.

PMID- 4014159
TI  - A case-control inquiry into the etiology of hairy cell leukemia.
AB  - A case-control study was conducted to investigate the etiology of hairy cell
      leukemia. Forty-five individuals with histologically confirmed hairy cell
      leukemia comprised the cases. Three neighborhood controls were selected on the
      basis of age (+/- 5 years), race, sex, and residence at the time of the interview
      for each case. There was no association found for cigarette smoking, alcohol or
      coffee consumption and hairy cell leukemia. With respect to occupational risk
      factors, employment in woodworking or in farming was of borderline significance.
      Reported exposure to organic chemicals in the workplace was significantly greater
      among both sexes of the cases than among their respective matched controls
      (relative risk (RR) = 3.10). Other variables found to be significantly associated
      with hairy cell leukemia were farm birthplace (RR = 4.20), anemia (RR = 4.29),
      migraine (RR = 4.80), infectious mononucleosis (RR = 9.00), and routine use of
      aspirin (RR = 3.41) or tranquilizers (RR = 4.50). No association between
      radiation and hairy cell leukemia was detected.

PMID- 4014160
TI  - Prevalence, detection, and control of hypertension in a biethnic community. The
      San Antonio Heart Study.
AB  - A survey was carried out on a random sample of 1,288 Mexican Americans and 929
      Anglos living in three socially distinct neighborhoods in San Antonio, Texas.
      Hypertension was defined as diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95
      mmHg or currently taking antihypertensive medication. Overall age-adjusted
      prevalence rates of hypertension were similar for Mexican-American and Anglo men
      (10.0 and 9.8%, respectively); for women, the Mexican-American rate was slightly
      lower than that for Anglos (7.8 and 9.7%, respectively). After adjustment for
      obesity differences, Mexican Americans have a tendency toward lower hypertension
      rates than Anglos of the same socioeconomic level. Only among women was a decline
      in the prevalence of hypertension with increasing socioeconomic status observed.
      Mexican Americans have a higher proportion of newly diagnosed hypertension, and,
      among previously diagnosed cases, a lower proportion are on antihypertensive
      medication than Anglos. The rates of hypertension control found in this survey
      are among the highest reported in the United States at the community level.
      Despite this, Mexican Americans still lag somewhat behind Anglos of the same
      socioeconomic level in awareness, treatment, and degree of hypertension control,
      suggesting the possibility of sociocultural barriers to adequate medical care.

PMID- 4014161
TI  - Projected effects of high-risk versus population-based prevention strategies in
      coronary heart disease.
AB  - The potential benefits of a high-risk and a population strategy to prevent
      cardiovascular disease deaths by lowering total serum cholesterol and diastolic
      blood pressure were estimated. The first strategy concentrates on the top 10% of
      the risk distribution, and the second strategy changes risk factor distributions
      of the entire population. With the high-risk strategy, lowering total serum
      cholesterol 20% and diastolic blood pressure to 90 mmHg would result in a 28%
      reduction in death from cardiovascular disease. Lowering total serum cholesterol
      to 190 mg/dl and diastolic blood pressure to 80 mmHg with this strategy would
      result in a 33 per cent reduction in death from cardiovascular disease. These
      expected changes approximate those expected by lowering total serum cholesterol
      by 10% and diastolic blood pressure by 5% with the population strategy. Changes
      in total serum cholesterol (20% lowering) and diastolic blood pressure (10%
      lowering) that have been achieved in nutrition intervention trials would result
      in a 50% decline in cardiovascular disease death rates if applied to the whole
      population. If population mean total serum cholesterol could be lowered to 190
      mg/dl and population mean diastolic blood pressure could be lowered to 80 mmHg, a
      70% reduction in cardiovascular disease death rates would be expected. This
      suggests that only a population approach can prevent the majority of deaths from
      cardiovascular disease in a community.

PMID- 4014162
TI  - An outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica infections caused by contaminated tofu
      (soybean curd).
AB  - The authors investigated 50 Yersinia enterocolitica infections during an outbreak
      of illness due to contaminated tofu (soybean curd) in Washington State between
      December 15, 1981 and February 22, 1982. The most common clinical syndrome (36
      patients) was gastrointestinal infection for which two patients underwent
      appendectomies and one a partial colectomy. Of the remaining 14 patients, six had
      extraintestinal infections, two had fever alone, and six were asymptomatic. The
      patients with enteric infections were younger (median age three years) than those
      with extraintestinal infections (median age 28 years). In a case-control study of
      enteritis patients, illness was associated with ingestion of one brand of tofu (p
      less than 0.01). Ninety-two per cent of patients with gastrointestinal infections
      and 33% with extraintestinal infections recalled having eaten the implicated
      product. Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8, the most common serotype isolated from
      patients, was also isolated from tofu and the plant's untreated spring water.
      There was little clinical or laboratory evidence of secondary spread to family
      members who did not eat tofu. The outbreak demonstrates the transmission of Y.
      enterocolitica from nature to man and the potential of "natural" foods as
      vehicles for environmental pathogens.

PMID- 4014163
TI  - Risk factors for early neonatal sepsis.
AB  - The authors undertook a case-control study of 113 cases of neonatal sepsis and
      347 randomly selected controls. All cases and controls were selected from the
      1980 and 1981 Washington State birth certificates. The increased risk for males
      (odds ratio (OR) = 1.75, p = 0.012) and the large risk associated with low birth
      weight (OR = 99.1, p less than 0.001 if less than 1,500 g and OR = 5.17, p less
      than 0.001 if 1,500-2,500 g) are consistent with past studies. The relationship
      of maternal age (OR = 2.00, p = 0.01 if less than or equal to 20 years and OR =
      1.74, p = 0.05 if greater than 30) parallels the overall risk of many pregnancy
      related complications in these age groups. Interpretation of the elevated risk
      associated with amniocentesis is hampered by small numbers but is provocative.
      The strong association of an Apgar score of 6 or less at five minutes (OR =
      36.25, p less than 0.001) with neonatal sepsis suggests the possibility of
      routine sepsis evaluation in such neonates born in areas with high incidence
      rates of early neonatal sepsis. We found no previous reports associating either
      abruptio placentae (OR = 12.70, p = 0.028) or preeclampsia (OR = 6.43, p = 0.017)
      with neonatal sepsis.

PMID- 4014165
TI  - N-Nitroso compounds and human cancer. A molecular epidemiologic approach.
AB  - N-Nitroso compounds are known to be potent animal carcinogens. However, evidence
      of their effect on human cancers is inconclusive, and further investigations are
      needed. A mathematical model to create indices of nitrate, nitrite, and N
      nitrosamine exposures, both exogenous and endogenous, is described in this paper.
      Estimation of the endogenous formation is based on the current knowledge of
      biochemistry and chemical kinetics of these compounds. The model can be applied
      to analyze data regarding the dietary history and use of tobacco products and
      alcoholic beverages obtained from epidemiologic questionnaires. Exposure levels
      of study and control subjects to these compounds can then be compared by
      conventional epidemiologic methods. This is an approach toward the combination of
      conventional epidemiologic methods and laboratory findings to study disease
      etiology.

PMID- 4014164
TI  - A longitudinal study of children exposed to sulfur oxides.
AB  - This study is a longitudinal comparison of the health of children exposed to
      markedly different concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and moderately
      different concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO4=). The four groups of
      subjects lived in two areas of one smelter town and in two other towns, one of
      which was also a smelter town. In the area of highest pollution, children were
      intermittently exposed to high SO2 levels (peak three-hour average concentration
      exceeded 2,500 micrograms/m3) and moderate particulate SO4= levels (average
      concentration was 10.1 micrograms/m3). When the children were grouped by the four
      gradients of pollution observed, the prevalence of cough (measured by
      questionnaire) correlated significantly with pollution levels (trend chi-square =
      5.6, p = 0.02). No significant differences in the incidence of cough or other
      symptoms occurred among the groups of subjects over three years, and pulmonary
      function and lung function growth over the study were roughly equal among all the
      groups. These results suggest that intermittent elevations in SO2 concentration,
      in the presence of moderate particulate SO4= concentration, produced evidence of
      bronchial irritation in the subjects, but no chronic effect on lung function or
      lung function growth was detected.

PMID- 4014166
TI  - Measures of gain in certainty from a diagnostic test.
AB  - The authors propose several measures for quantifying the change in the clinical
      estimate of a patient's chances of having a disease that occurs as a result of
      diagnostic testing. Under most circumstances, the gain in clinical certainty from
      a positive test result is more affected by the specificity (T) of the test, while
      the gain from a negative test result is more affected by sensitivity (S). The
      prevalence of the disease in the tested population is also an important
      determinant of the magnitude of gain in certainty. Measures of the expected gain
      in certainty can be calculated by weighting the gains from a positive or negative
      result by the likelihood of the respective test outcome. Indices of expected gain
      depend directly on the quantity S + T, implying that sensitivity and specificity
      have equal importance in determining expected gain. When S + T = 1, the test
      provides no information; when S + T is greatest, the expected gain is maximized.
      Expected gain is also related to the receiver operating characteristic curve for
      a diagnostic test: the point on the receiver operating characteristic curve at
      which S + T is greatest corresponds to the point at which the distance from the
      major diagonal is greatest at which the slope of the receiver operating
      characteristic curve equals 1.

PMID- 4014167
TI  - Ascertainment of vital status through the National Death Index and the Social
      Security Administration.
AB  - Ascertainment of the vital status of individuals is of central importance to
      epidemiologic studies which monitor mortality as an end point. Utilizing
      identifying information collected in 1973-1974, the Hypertension Detection and
      Follow-up Program, a prospective, multicenter study, followed 25,362 individuals
      to determine eight-year mortality. In the most recent follow-up, there were 617
      individuals whose vital status was not known. Available identifying information
      on these and on all 1,322 participants known to have died in 1979-1981 was
      submitted to the National Death Index (NDI) for possible confirmation of vital
      status. A subset of individuals who had Social Security numbers (490 lost to
      follow-up and 1,154 known deaths) was also submitted to the Social Security
      Administration (SSA). The NDI correctly identified 87.0% of the known deaths. Of
      the 1,154 known deaths (those with known Social Security numbers) submitted to
      both agencies, the NDI identified 93.1% and the SSA 83.6%. Significant variations
      by race and sex were noted in the identification rates, in part because of Social
      Security number discrepancies. False matches through the NDI matching process
      occurred for 10.4% of the known deaths. In the more restrictive SSA search, only
      0.5% false matches resulted. For those lost to follow-up, vital status was
      ascertained in 57.1%. This paper describes the relative efficacy and attributes
      of the use of these systems to ascertain vital status.

PMID- 4014168
TI  - Fluctuations in odds ratios due to variance differences in case-control studies.
AB  - If small effects of exposure on disease outcome are to be appropriately assessed,
      it is necessary to consider all potential sources of the fluctuation of relative
      odds. The authors consider the impact of differential variance in case and
      control exposure reports on the magnitude of the observed relative odds. With
      equal dispersion of case and control exposure, a difference in mean exposure
      generally produces a dose-response increase in relative odds. The combination of
      equal mean and unequal dispersion of case and control exposure produces a
      curvilinear pattern of relative odds. Greater mean exposure and dispersion of
      exposure among cases produce odds ratios lower than those that would be observed
      if dispersion among cases and controls were equal. Conversely, less dispersion
      among cases than among controls produces higher relative odds estimates.
      Differential error as a source of differential dispersion constitutes a
      potentially important source of bias.

PMID- 4014169
TI  - Re: "A comparison of frequency and quantitative dietary methods for epidemiologic
      studies of diet and disease".

PMID- 4014170
TI  - Applied epidemiology.

PMID- 4014171
TI  - Comparing imperfect measures of exposure.

PMID- 4014172
TI  - Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible
      evolutionary significance.
AB  - At the Matlab Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease
      Research, Bangladesh, the authors examined the blood groups of patients
      hospitalized between January and September 1979 for diarrheal disease due to a
      variety of bacterial and viral agents. A significant association was identified
      only for cholera, in which cholera patients were twice as likely to have blood
      group O and one-ninth as likely to have blood group AB as community controls. A
      follow-up study of family contacts of cholera patients, carried out between
      September 1980 and July 1982, indicated that blood group did not affect an
      individual's risk of having a culture-proven infection with V. cholerae 01 but
      was directly related to the severity of disease. Individuals with the most severe
      diarrhea compared with those with asymptomatic infection were more often of blood
      group O (68% versus 36%, p less than 0.01) and less often of AB (0% versus 7%, p
      less than 0.01). It was not possible to identify the molecular basis for this
      genetically related protection using biologic models of cholera that are
      currently available. The constant selective pressure of cholera against people of
      O blood group may account in part for the extremely low prevalence of O group
      genes and the high prevalence of B group genes found among the people living in
      the Gangetic Delta.

PMID- 4014173
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among patients attending hemophilia treatment
      centers and mortality experience of hemophiliacs in the United States.
AB  - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized among
      hemophiliacs in 1982. The authors have conducted investigations to determine the
      onset and incidence of AIDS among hemophiliacs and to determine trends in
      hemophilia mortality since the introduction of clotting-factor concentrates in
      the late 1960s. A survey of United States hemophilia treatment centers, supported
      by the Centers for Disease Control and the National Hemophilia Foundation,
      defined a population of hemophiliacs which was monitored for AIDS cases through
      June 1984. Death reports from the United States Vital Statistics System and from
      the hemophilia treatment center survey provided mortality trends for 1968-1979
      and for 1978-1982, respectively. The results of these investigations demonstrate
      the following points. 1) The AIDS epidemic is a new and important cause of
      illness and mortality among hemophiliacs, although a very low incidence of AIDS
      among hemophiliacs prior to 1982 cannot be ruled out. 2) The AIDS cases who
      attended the surveyed hemophilia treatment centers were distributed throughout
      the United States and were older than hemophilia treatment center patients
      without AIDS. AIDS cases also used more lyophilized clotting-factor concentrate,
      but only a small number of cases were reported with this information. 3) Improved
      care for hemophilia, including the use of clotting-factor concentrates,
      dramatically reduced hemophilia mortality rates during the 1970s. 4) In 1982,
      hemorrhage was the major cause of death among hemophiliacs. Deaths from non
      alcoholic liver disease were also increased. AIDS incidence among hemophilia
      treatment center attendees was stable at 0.6 cases per 1,000 hemophilia treatment
      center attendees per year during 1982 and 1983 but increased sharply to 5.4 cases
      per 1,000 during the first quarter of 1984.

PMID- 4014175
TI  - Cessation of smoking after myocardial infarction in women. Effects on mortality
      and reinfarctions.
AB  - Among 262 women with a first myocardial infarction discharged alive from hospital
      in Goteborg, Sweden between 1968 and 1977, 161 (61%) were smokers at the time of
      infarction. Postinfarction smoking was established after three months. In
      relation to smoking status three months after the infarction, subsequent survival
      and reinfarction rate were calculated by comparing those who smoked before
      infarction and later stopped (52%) with those who continued to smoke after the
      infarction (48%). There were no differences in preinfarction characteristics
      between quitters and continuing smokers. Women who stopped smoking after the
      infarction had higher serum enzymes during the acute phase than those who
      continued to smoke. The cumulative five-year survival rate was 85% among those
      who stopped smoking compared to 73% among those who continued to smoke (p less
      than 0.05). No significant difference was found in the cumulative reinfarction
      rate between the two groups with different smoking habits.

PMID- 4014174
TI  - Tecumseh study of illness. XIII. Influenza infection and disease, 1976-1981.
AB  - The occurrence of influenza was followed in Tecumseh, Michigan during the five
      year period 1976-1981 by identifying onset of acute respiratory illness and by
      virus isolation and serology. Type B outbreaks were observed in 1976-1977 and
      1979-1980, type A (H3N2) in 1977-1978 and 1980-1981, and type A (H1N1) viruses in
      1977-1978, 1978-1979, and 1980-1981. Evidence of low level circulation of viruses
      in the year preceding an outbreak was not obtained. Age-specific isolation rates
      from specimens collected by the community physicians differed from age-specific
      isolation rates from specimens collected from the surveillance, suggesting the
      operation of a selection mechanism in the former. Symptoms associated with virus
      isolation were strongly influenced by age. Within age groups, several variables,
      especially median duration, indicated type A (H3N2) had produced the most severe
      illnesses, type A (H1N1) the mildest, with type B intermediate. Age-specific
      infection rates determined by serology for the 1976-1977 and 1977-1978 influenza
      seasons confirmed the consistently high rates for type A (H3N2) in children with
      some fall-off with increasing age. Type A (H1N1) rates peaked in children aged 5
      19 years and type B in children aged 5-14 years. This may be related in part to
      insensitivity of the hemagglutination inhibition test in those under age 5 years.
      Infection with type A (H1N1) was detected at low frequency in adults.
      Pathogenicity was calculated based on the serologic data. It was estimated for
      all ages combined that, at a minimum, type A (H3N2) infection produced febrile
      illness in 25% of cases and type B infection produced respiratory illness in 34%
      of cases.

PMID- 4014176
TI  - Fever during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion.
AB  - The hypothesis that maternal fever during pregnancy is a risk factor for
      spontaneous abortion was tested in a case-control study by comparing the
      frequencies and timing of fevers of 100 F (37.78 C) or more among three groups of
      women: women having euploid abortions, women having aneuploid abortions, and
      women delivering at 28 weeks gestation or later (controls). Cases and controls
      were identified in three New York City hospitals between August 1979 and June
      1982. It was hypothesized that if fever was an antecedent, rather than a symptom
      of spontaneous abortion, an association would be detected with euploid but not
      with aneuploid abortions. Among public patients, reported fevers were
      significantly more frequent among euploid abortions than among controls (18% vs.
      7.1%, odds ratio = 2.96), whereas reported fevers were not more frequent among
      aneuploid abortions (3.9% vs. 7.1%, odds ratio = 0.52). It was also postulated
      that variation in the strength of the association of fever with euploid abortion
      with the duration of the interval between the fever and the abortion might yield
      insight about mechanisms underlying an association. The odds ratios for fever
      occurring at three intervals--in the same calendar month as a euploid abortion,
      one month before, and two or more months before--were 6.04, 3.28, and 1.41,
      respectively. The findings for private patients--for whom a control group was not
      recruited--are compatible with those for public patients although not
      statistically significant: the odds of fever with euploid abortion were 2.18
      times those with aneuploid abortion.

PMID- 4014177
TI  - The effects of maternal smoking, physical stature, and educational attainment on
      the incidence of low birth weight.
AB  - Data from the 1980 National Natality Survey were used to investigate the effects
      of maternal smoking, height, weight, and educational attainment on the incidence
      of low birth weight among white non-Hispanic married mothers aged 20-34 years,
      live birth order 1-3. Using multiple logistic regression to control for the
      effects of infant's sex, live birth order, and maternal age, women with less than
      12 years education have a low birth weight odds ratio of 2.38 and women with 12
      years have a low birth weight odds ratio of 1.24 relative to women with 13 or
      more years. After further controlling for height, weight, and smoking, these odds
      ratios are reduced to 1.59 and 1.11, respectively. The majority of the reduction
      can be attributed to differences in smoking among the education groups. Women
      with low education are more likely to have smoked prior to pregnancy, more likely
      to smoke heavily, and less likely to stop smoking during pregnancy. The odds of
      low birth weight increases by 26% for every five additional cigarettes smoked per
      day. If all women in the study population stopped smoking during pregnancy, the
      incidence of low birth weight would be expected to decline by 35% for those with
      less than 12 years education, by 20% for those with 12 years, and by 11% for
      those with more than 12 years. The effects of the independent variables were also
      estimated for two components of low birth weight: below 2,000 grams and 2,000
      2,499 grams. Although the nonresponse rate for the National Natality Survey was
      20%, a comparison of mail and telephone respondents suggests that the impact of
      nonresponse on the estimates of the logistic coefficients is minimal.

PMID- 4014179
TI  - Serum cholesterol and cancer mortality in the Seven Countries Study.
AB  - In the Seven Countries Study, carried out in Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan, The
      Netherlands, the United States, and Yugoslavia, among 11,325 "healthy" men aged
      40-59 years in 15 years, there were 594 cancer deaths. Among 477 cancer deaths
      five years after cholesterol measurement, there was a significant excess of lung
      cancer deaths in the bottom 20% of the cholesterol distributions in the
      populations. Age, blood pressure, smoking habits, occupation, and relative body
      weight did not help explain this. A U-shaped relationship between cancer and
      cholesterol was not seen in any population. Trend analysis with various cutting
      points indicated increasing risk of lung cancer death at cholesterol levels under
      170 mg/dl. The 45 men dead from cancer in the first two years had lower
      cholesterol levels than their compatriots who died from cancer later but they did
      not differ in relative weight or fatness. In contrast to relationships for
      individuals within populations, the highest cancer death rates were in northern
      Europe, where the general level of cholesterol was also highest. Other
      characteristics of the populations--age, relative weight, smoking habits, blood
      pressure, physical activity, and vitamin A and ascorbic acid in the diet--did not
      help in the attempt to understand the regional differences in cancer mortality.
      There is no evidence that any of the observed cancer-serum cholesterol
      relationships among or within the populations involve an effect of serum
      cholesterol concentration on oncogenesis or cancer mortality but the possibility
      of such an effect cannot be denied.

PMID- 4014178
TI  - Drinking water and cancer incidence in Iowa. III. Association of cancer with
      indices of contamination.
AB  - With data from the Iowa Cancer Registry, age-adjusted sex-specific cancer
      incidence rates for the years 1969-1981 were determined for towns with a
      population of 1,000-10,000 and a public water supply from a single stable ground
      source. These rates were related to levels of volatile organic compounds and
      metals found in the finished drinking water of these towns in the spring of 1979.
      Results showed association between 1,2 dichloroethane and cancers of the colon
      and rectum and between nickel and cancers of the bladder and lung. The effects
      were most clearly seen in males. These associations were independent of other
      water quality and treatment variables and were not explained by occupational or
      other sociodemographic features including smoking. Because of the low levels of
      the metals and organics, the authors suggest that they are not causal factors,
      but rather indicators of possible anthropogenic contamination of other types. The
      data suggest that water quality variables other than chlorination and
      trihalomethanes deserve further consideration as to their role in the development
      of human cancer.

PMID- 4014180
TI  - Traumatic spinal cord injury in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935-1981.
AB  - The incidence rate for acute traumatic spinal cord injury in Olmsted County,
      Minnesota, for 1935-1981, standardizing for age, sex, and calendar year, was 54.8
      per million person-years--83.4 for males and 27.7 for females. Thirty-eight per
      cent of cases died prior to hospitalization. The annual incidence rate for those
      reaching hospital alive was 34.2 per million person-years. The proportion of
      cases dying during initial hospitalization was 11.5%. Considering all deaths
      within the first year after injury, the standardized mortality rate from spinal
      cord trauma was 25.5 per million person-years. Automobile-related injuries
      constituted half of all causes of spinal cord injury and death. An increase in
      both incidence and hospitalization rates of traumatic spinal cord injuries in the
      past 17 years was observed in young men, attributable to recreational and
      motorcycle-related events.

PMID- 4014181
TI  - Coffee, plasma cholesterol, and lipoproteins. A population study in an adult
      community.
AB  - The associations between intake of coffee or decaffeinated coffee and plasma
      cholesterol and lipoprotein measurements were examined in a probability sample
      from a defined community of adults. The results were based on 24-hour dietary
      recall interviews and laboratory measurements carried out in 1972-1974 on 381
      women and 320 men conducted as part of the La Jolla Lipid Research Clinic study.
      Intake of 8+ oz (230+ ml) of coffee per day was reported by 65% of women and 70%
      of men. Plasma cholesterol increased with increasing coffee drinking in women as
      follows: 0-7 oz (0-229 ml), 214 mg/dl; 8-32 oz (230-960 ml), 222 mg/dl; and 33+
      oz (961+ ml), 234 mg/dl. This trend was significant at p less than 0.01. Almost
      all of the difference could be accounted for by an increase in low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma cholesterol was not affected by coffee intake in
      men or by decaffeinated coffee intake in either sex. The results were unaffected
      by adjustment for age, obesity index, number of cigarettes smoked per day, ml of
      alcohol consumed per day, oral contraceptive use, regular exercise, daily intake
      of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat, polyunsaturated/saturated
      fat ratio, use of cream in coffee, and use of sugar in coffee. This study
      confirms the previously reported significant increase in plasma cholesterol and
      low density lipoprotein levels with increasing coffee intake in women, and
      demonstrates that the increase is due largely to elevation of low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol. The reasons for a differential response to coffee in
      women and men, reported previously and in this study, deserve further
      investigation.

PMID- 4014182
TI  - Clinicopathological study of the heart and coronary arteries of autopsied cases
      from the community of Hisayama during a 10-year period. Part V. Comparison of
      autopsy findings with electrocardiograms--Q.QS items of the Minnesota Code.
AB  - In a longitudinal study of a general population in Hisayama, Japan, 339 persons
      aged 40 years or over at death were autopsied during the period November 1, 1961
      October 31, 1971. In 308 of these people, electrocardiograms taken at the
      periodic examinations were available, and Q.QS items of the Minnesota Code were
      recorded in 49 persons. The sensitivity of item 1-1 to autopsy-proven old
      myocardial infarction was 0.32 and the specificity was 0.95. Using the estimated
      prevalence of old myocardial infarction in this community--77 per 100,000--the
      proportion of persons without old myocardial infarction among those with item 1-1
      in the general population (PF+) was 0.9954 and the proportion of persons with old
      myocardial infarction among those without item 1-1 (PF-) was 0.0005. The
      sensitivity of items 1-1 and 1-2 to old myocardial infarction was 0.43 and the
      specificity was 0.94. PF+ of items 1-1 and 1-2 was 0.9949 and PF- was 0.0005.
      These large values of PF+ mean that more than 99 per cent of persons with these
      items are probably false positives if these items are used as a screening test
      for this disease in the general population of this community, i.e., that these
      items cannot be defined as a definite myocardial infarction.

PMID- 4014183
TI  - Neuroblastoma and paternal occupation. A case-control analysis.
AB  - The peak incidence of neuroblastoma during early infancy suggests that prezygotic
      or prenatal exposures to carcinogens could be implicated. Several recent
      epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between parental exposure to
      petrochemicals and ionizing radiation and the development of cancer in the
      offspring. This paper is a population-based case-control analysis of the birth
      certificate data of 157 children who died in Texas from neuroblastoma in 1964
      1978 and 314 controls randomly selected from all live births in Texas. Children
      of fathers employed in occupations with electromagnetic field exposure were at
      significantly increased risk (odds ratio = 2.13). The odds ratio was 11.75 for
      children of fathers who reported themselves to be electronics workers (6 cases, 1
      control).

PMID- 4014184
TI  - Electronically determined red blood cell values in a large number of healthy
      black adults. Subpopulations with low hemoglobin and red blood cell indices.
AB  - Using an electronic blood cell counter, the authors determined the hemoglobin,
      hematocrit, red cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin,
      and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of 3,668 healthy black adults
      (1,515 men and 2,153 women) screened 1977-1980 at a mobile health unit operating
      in Washington, DC, and the surrounding counties in Virginia and Maryland. As
      expected, males had higher hemoglobin levels than females at all ages. However,
      these differences diminished with age, both because of a slight increase in
      hemoglobin values among older females and a decrease in hemoglobin values among
      older males. Cumulative frequencies of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and
      mean corpuscular hemoglobin were plotted using probability scales. Among black
      males, subpopulations with low hemoglobin values and low red cell indices were
      identified. Because iron deficiency is uncommon in adult males, these findings
      are probably attributable to alpha- and beta-thalassemia traits. Among black
      females, individuals with microcytic and hypochromic red cells were detectable at
      all ages, but a clearly identifiable group with low hemoglobin did not become
      apparent until after 60 years of age. The authors speculate that mild iron
      deficiency may have selectively affected the hemoglobin level of non-thalassemic
      females.

PMID- 4014185
TI  - Retrospective information from questionnaires. I. Comparability of primary
      respondents and their next-of-kin.
AB  - The author compared medical, smoking, and dietary consumption data obtained from
      cases or controls and their respective next-of-kin as part of a study of colon
      cancer in the five Pennsylvania counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area.
      The case population consisted of whites aged 45-69 years who had resided in the
      region for at least two years prior to diagnosis and diagnosed with colon cancer
      after July 1, 1976. Controls were selected using an area probability sampling
      scheme and were frequency-matched to the case group. Questionnaires for cases and
      controls were administered by interviewers; questionnaires for their next-of-kin
      were randomly allocated to be self- or interviewer-administered. Agreement when
      both respondents received the interviewer-administered questionnaire was greater
      than when the next-of-kin received the self-administered questionnaire for all
      variables. Medical and cigarette smoking variables exhibited high agreement, the
      percentage agreement exceeded 80 for 80% of the comparisons, the kappa statistic
      exceeded 0.6 for 54% of the comparisons. Diet histories were more variable
      (average agreement ranging from 54% to 82% and average kappa values from 0.17 to
      0.59). A subanalysis of subjects and spouses showed that husbands and wives gave
      equally reliable responses.

PMID- 4014186
TI  - Retrospective information from questionnaires. II. Intrarater reliability and
      comparison of questionnaire types.
AB  - Medical and dietary consumption histories obtained at two times from cases or
      controls and their next-of-kin as part of a study of colon cancer in the five
      Pennsylvania counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area were compared. The
      case population was confined to whites aged 45-69 years who had resided in the
      region for at least two years prior to diagnosis and were diagnosed with colon
      cancer after July 1, 1976. Controls were selected using an area probability
      sampling scheme and were frequency-matched to the case group. Questionnaires for
      randomly selected subsamples of cases and controls were administered by
      interviewers; questionnaires for next-of-kin were randomly allocated to be self-
      or interviewer-administered. Agreement when respondents received the interviewer
      administered questionnaire at both interviews was greater than when the self
      administered questionnaire was used. Medical variables exhibited high agreement,
      the percentage agreement exceeded 80 for over 80% of the comparisons, the kappa
      statistic exceeded 0.6 for half of the comparisons. Diet histories were more
      variable (average agreement ranging from 56% to 67% and average kappa values from
      0.16 to 0.40 for the different comparisons).

PMID- 4014187
TI  - Coffee consumption, diet, and lipids.
AB  - Recent reports suggest that coffee consumption is associated with increased serum
      cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The authors examined the association
      between serum lipids and coffee consumption and other caffeinated beverages as
      part of a population-based study of 1,228 women and 923 men, aged 25-64 years, in
      San Antonio, Texas, studied between October 1979 and November 1982. The study
      confirmed a positive relationship between coffee consumption and both total and
      low density lipoprotein cholesterol in both sexes which persisted after
      adjustment for age, ethnicity, obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol
      consumption. Neither tea nor cola consumption was associated with changes in
      serum lipids, suggesting that caffeine alone does not exert a direct effect on
      lipid levels. The possibility was examined that the coffee-cholesterol
      relationship might be due to a more atherogenic diet consumed by heavy coffee
      drinkers. In men, per cent calories from both total and saturated fat and dietary
      cholesterol intake increased with increased coffee consumption. Similar trends
      were not observed in women, however. The positive relationship between coffee and
      cholesterol may therefore be due to confounding effects of other aspects of the
      diet.

PMID- 4014188
TI  - Self-reported physical activity compared with maximal oxygen uptake.
AB  - Maximal oxygen uptake has been used as a measure of physical fitness. This
      measure increases by approximately 25% when sedentary individuals become more
      physically active. Oxygen uptake measurement in the laboratory or estimation in
      fieldwork is complex and costly with finite risk. For the present study, 36 men
      and 32 women completed the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Index Questionnaire,
      including a sweat-inducing physical activity frequency question, and had
      measurement of oxygen uptake during pedal ergometry. Using maximal oxygen uptake
      as the measure of fitness, the authors found that the Paffenbarger Physical
      Activity Index, although more detailed, may be less valid than the simpler sweat
      induction frequency question for estimating fitness. The correlations observed
      between the sweat question and oxygen uptake were 0.54 for males, 0.26 for
      females, and 0.46 for the total group. The correlations between the Physical
      Activity Index and oxygen uptake were 0.26 for males, 0.08 for females, and 0.29
      for the total group. The regression relationship (oxygen uptake = 1.92 X (sweat
      days) + 23.76; standard error of estimate = 8.63 ml/kg/min) is significant for
      sweat versus oxygen uptake. While the confidence interval limits the practical
      ability to predict individual values, low cost, absence of risk, and population
      validity suggest that fitness can be assessed rapidly and simply for
      epidemiologic studies with a simple "sweat" question.

PMID- 4014189
TI  - Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen among employees in the National Hospital,
      Oslo, Norway: a prevalence study.
AB  - During the last decade, several studies of serologic markers of hepatitis B virus
      infections in hospital personnel have demonstrated an increased prevalence of
      antibodies to hepatitis B virus (anti-HB) compared with the general population.
      Norway has a very low incidence rate of hepatitis B as seen on a global scale,
      and this study was performed to evaluate the infection risk by hospital workers
      in such environments. The employees, 2,546 (94.7% of the population), in the 800
      bed National Hospital in Oslo were tested for antibody to hepatitis B surface
      antigen (anti-HBs) in serum. Five per cent (128 persons) were anti-HBs-positive;
      this was only slightly higher than that in the general Norwegian population. Male
      employees were more often positive than females (7.0% vs. 4.4%). Staff more than
      50 years of age or with 16 or more years of employment in the health services had
      a rate twice as high as the rest of the employees. Staff in the porter services
      (mostly men) had a higher rate than others, whereas the rates in the different
      professional groups showed no statistical differences. Contrary to many other
      studies, significant differences in prevalence according to frequency of patient
      contact or blood handling were not found.

PMID- 4014190
TI  - Nutrient sources in the American diet: quantitative data from the NHANES II
      survey. I. Vitamins and minerals.
AB  - Dietary data from 11,658 adult respondents in the second National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey were used to provide quantitative information
      regarding the contribution of specific foods to the total population intake of
      the following 10 nutrients: vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C,
      iron, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and potassium. Data are reported in the
      companion paper regarding the number of adults in the US population consuming
      each of 147 food items, representing all foods reported by these respondents. The
      percentage of total nutrient intake which each food provides is presented for the
      top 50 contributors of each of the nutrients listed above. Foods sometimes
      overlooked as important sources are found in some instances to be quantitatively
      important to population intake, such as spaghetti dishes as an independent source
      of carotenoids. These data should be useful to epidemiologists with a substantive
      interest in dietary etiologies or a methodological interest in the development of
      dietary assessment instruments. In addition, they may be useful to health care
      planners or nutrition educators.

PMID- 4014191
TI  - The effect of antismoking intervention during pregnancy: an assessment of
      interactions with maternal characteristics.
AB  - In a previous experimental study, which included 935 pregnant smokers recruited
      from private obstetric practices located in a large metropolitan area and from
      one hospital obstetric clinic, a 92-g difference was found between infants born
      to women who had antismoking intervention and those born to women in a control
      group. The current report further examines the effect of intervention on both
      smoking cessation during pregnancy and birth weight. Specific attention is given
      to interactions between intervention and maternal characteristics. These maternal
      characteristics were determined at the time of first prenatal care. A stepwise
      regression analysis was performed to assess 1) the association of each maternal
      variable with smoking cessation and birth weight; 2) the effect of intervention
      on these outcomes after adjusting for the maternal variable; and 3) the
      interaction effect between intervention and the maternal variable. The effect of
      intervention on smoking cessation was found to be significantly greater for women
      who experienced problems early in pregnancy, such as high blood pressure and
      urinary tract infection. The beneficial effect of intervention on birth weight
      decreased with age and number of previous low birth weight infants but increased
      with previous fetal loss. There is some evidence to suggest that the effect of
      intervention on birth weight is also dependent on the amount of smoking prior to
      intervention.

PMID- 4014192
TI  - General relative risk functions for case-control studies.
AB  - While multiplicative (log-linear and logistic) models have a firmly established
      place in epidemiologic methodology, additive and other more general model
      structures are needed also. The authors propose a parametric family of relative
      risk functions ranging from subadditive to supramultiplicative that is generated
      by varying the exponent in a power transform for the log relative risk. The
      choice of model is facilitated by graphic analysis of goodness-of-fit statistics
      computed for various values of the exponent. Intermediate quantities available as
      by-products of the fit are useful for checking the influence of particular
      observations on the estimated regression coefficients. Three examples illustrate
      the applications of these methods to random, stratified, and matched samples of
      cases and controls. Computer software is available for each of these situations.
      Even though different relative risk models may have markedly different
      implications for the multifactorial nature of the disease process, it may be
      difficult to distinguish between them unless the data are quite extensive.

PMID- 4014193
TI  - Permutation methods for the structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of total
      cholesterol measured in five Israeli populations.
AB  - Three structured exploratory data analysis-functionals are applied to plasma
      total cholesterol concentrations measured for 2,480 young men and women aged 17
      18 years and living in Jerusalem, and for their parents. These triad families are
      divided into five groups according to whether both parents were born in Asia,
      North Africa, Europe-America, or Israel or whether they were of mixed "origins."
      The significances of the functionals were determined by a spectrum of permutation
      techniques that selectively shuffled the trait values across families in order to
      systematically alter certain family structure relationships while keeping other
      familial relationships intact. These analyses suggest that generational
      differences and various distributional effects influence patterns of spouse and
      parent-offspring interactions within these families and that the nature and forms
      of these effects and interactions may differ according to the origin of the
      parents. Results are discussed in relationship to historical and cultural
      differences among groups.

PMID- 4014194
TI  - Re: "Is an educated wife hazardous to your health"?

PMID- 4014195
TI  - Orwellian "official science"?

PMID- 4014196
TI  - Re: Hormonal and personal effects on estrogen receptors in breast cancer.

PMID- 4014197
TI  - Re: Pyloric stenosis and maternal antihistamine exposure at group health
      cooperative.

PMID- 4014198
TI  - Another shortcut method for calculating the confidence interval of a Poisson
      variable (or of a standardized mortality ratio)

PMID- 4014199
TI  - Nutrient sources in the American diet: quantitative data from the NHANES II
      survey. II. Macronutrients and fats.
AB  - Dietary data from 11,658 adult respondents in the second National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey were used to provide quantitative information
      regarding the contribution of specific foods to the total population intake of
      the following nutrients: calories, protein, carbohydrate, total fat, saturated
      fat, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and cholesterol. The percentage of total nutrient
      intake which each food provides is presented for the top 50 contributors of each
      of these nutrients, as well as the proportion of the population consuming them.
      These data may provide a basis for the selection of foods to be included in
      dietary assessment instruments. They may also be useful to health care planners
      or nutrition educators.

PMID- 4014200
TI  - Assessing nutrient intake with an abbreviated dietary interview.
AB  - There is considerable interest in developing a means of assessing dietary intake
      of specific nutrients with minimal time and expense in epidemiologic studies.
      Using data from 1,682 individuals who were interviewed using an extensive food
      frequency dietary history, the authors examined the question of how many foods
      might be minimally required in order to estimate specific nutrient intakes for
      epidemiologic purposes. Nutrient indices were constructed for vitamins A and C,
      dietary fiber, fat, protein, and total calories based on 128 foods included in
      the interview. They found that a large fraction of the variability of nutrient
      intake in this population could be explained by a small number of foods. An
      abbreviated dietary history ascertaining the intake of as few as 15-20 food items
      may be all that is required in order to test the association between disease
      outcome and the intake of a single nutrient.

PMID- 4014201
TI  - Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a 61
      item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire used in a large prospective
      study among women. This form was administered twice to 173 participants at an
      interval of approximately one year (1980-1981), and four one-week diet records
      for each subject were collected during that period. Intraclass correlation
      coefficients for nutrient intakes estimated by the one-week diet records (range =
      0.41 for total vitamin A without supplements to 0.79 for vitamin B6 with
      supplements) were similar to those computed from the questionnaire (range = 0.49
      for total vitamin A without supplements to 0.71 for sucrose), indicating that
      these methods were generally comparable with respect to reproducibility. With the
      exception of sucrose and total carbohydrate, nutrient intakes from the diet
      records tended to correlate more strongly with those computed from the
      questionnaire after adjustment for total caloric intake. Correlation coefficients
      between the mean calorie-adjusted intakes from the four one-week diet records and
      those from the questionnaire completed after the diet records ranged from 0.36
      for vitamin A without supplements to 0.75 for vitamin C with supplements.
      Overall, 48% of subjects in the lowest quintile of calorie-adjusted intake
      computed from the diet records were also in the lowest questionnaire quintile,
      and 74% were in the lowest one of two questionnaire quintiles. Similarly, 49% of
      those in the highest diet record quintile were also in the highest questionnaire
      quintile, and 77% were in the highest one or two questionnaire quintiles. These
      data indicate that a simple self-administered dietary questionnaire can provide
      useful information about individual nutrient intakes over a one-year period.

PMID- 4014202
TI  - Allergy-related diseases and cancer: an inverse association.
AB  - This paper presents the results of a retrospective study that examines the
      association of cancer with a history of asthma, hay fever, hives, and other
      allergy-related diseases. This study is based on interview data collected from
      13,665 cancer cases and 4,079 nonneoplastic controls who were admitted to Roswell
      Park Memorial Institute from 1957 to 1965. Although there is a general tendency
      for the age- and cigarette smoking-adjusted odds ratios associated with a history
      of asthma and hay fever to be less than 1, for both males and females, there is
      stronger evidence for a decreased risk of cancer associated with a history of
      hives and other allergy-related diseases. Decreased risks associated with a
      history of hives and other allergies are seen in males for oral cancer, cancers
      of the lung, larynx, digestive system, urinary system, and cancers of all sites
      combined and in females for cancers of the digestive system, reproductive system,
      in particular, cancer of the cervix, and cancers of all sites combined. None of
      the few odds ratios over 1 associated with a history of any allergy-related
      condition are statistically significant (alpha = 0.05). These findings suggest
      that individuals with allergy-related disorders may be at decreased risk of
      cancer, although reasons for cautious interpretation of the findings are
      emphasized. Prospective studies of carefully defined allergic disease cohorts are
      needed.

PMID- 4014203
TI  - Blood pressure and hypertension in diabetes.
AB  - Blood pressure was measured in a population-based study of diabetic retinopathy
      in southern Wisconsin. Persons diagnosed prior to 30 years of age and taking
      insulin (younger onset, n = 996) and those diagnosed at 30 years of age or older
      (older onset, n = 1,370) were examined. Blood pressures were measured by a
      standard protocol using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. In both groups of
      patients, systolic blood pressure increased with increasing age and tended to be
      higher in older onset than younger onset persons. Hypertension was present in
      21.9% of the younger and 58.1% of the older onset group. Older age at
      examination, presence of proteinuria, larger body mass, gender, and longer
      duration of diabetes were significantly associated with higher systolic blood
      pressure.

PMID- 4014204
TI  - The relationship between wives' social and psychologic status and their husbands'
      coronary heart disease. A case-control family study from the Western
      Collaborative Group Study.
AB  - Analysis of spouse data from the Western Collaborative Group Study indicated that
      a number of the wives' behavioral characteristics and their social status were
      associated with the occurrence of coronary heart disease among their husbands.
      During 1970-1971, a total number of 130 case and control nuclear families were
      recruited on a voluntary basis to further investigate the familial component of
      the Type A/B behavior patterns and their behavioral and psycho-social correlates.
      When stratified by the behavior type of the husband, we found that Type A men
      married to women with 13 or more years of schooling had an increased odds ratio
      (OR) of 3.6 for coronary heart disease compared with 0.4 in Type B men with
      similarly educated wives. The wife's employment status outside the home did not
      show a significant association with coronary disease in the husband (OR = 1.3). A
      self-reported measure of perceived accomplishments of the wife showed an
      association with coronary disease of the husband that was independent of his Type
      A/B behavior type (OR = 2.7). Further analyses of the psychologic aspects of the
      marital partners, as assessed by the Thurstone Temperament Schedule, indicated
      that Type A husbands who had coronary disease were married to wives who were more
      active and dominant than wives of noncases. On the other hand, Type B men who had
      stable wives with 13 or more years of education seemed to be protected from
      coronary disease. The relationship between coronary disease and husbands'
      characteristics showed case husbands to be more dominant and reflective
      regardless of their Type A/B behavior.

PMID- 4014205
TI  - Continuing measles transmission in students despite school-based outbreak control
      program.
AB  - FRom September 9, 1981 to January 5, 1982, a measles outbreak occurred in Warren
      County, Pennsylvania. The outbreak persisted for nine weeks following the
      implementation of a county-wide outbreak control program primarily consisting of
      identifying and vaccinating susceptible schoolchildren. Forty-six cases occurred
      among students more than two weeks after control program implementation. All 46
      had a school record indicating adequate measles vaccination; 13 had been
      vaccinated at control program clinics by one jet-injector team (Team A). A
      seroprevalence survey demonstrated that persons vaccinated by Team a had a
      significantly higher rate of vaccination failure than children vaccinated by
      other teams (37.0% vs. 5.9%, p = 5.7 X 10(-7). A case-control study was
      undertaken to assess possible additional risk factors for developing measles.
      Individuals with measles were nine times more likely than control individuals to
      have records of measles immunization that could not be verified with providers or
      to have been vaccinated at 12 months of age. The most likely reasons that this
      outbreak was sustained among persons with adequate vaccination histories were: 1)
      impotent vaccines and/or improper vaccine administration techniques were used by
      one jet-injector team; 2) several persons with histories of adequate vaccination
      were really not adequately vaccinated; adn 3) a substantial number of persons had
      been vaccinated at 12 months of age. There is no evidence from this outbreak that
      transmission of measles can be sustained among the 2-10% of individuals expected
      to remain susceptible following a single appropriate measles vaccination.

PMID- 4014206
TI  - Antibodies to delta antigen in asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-reactive
      blood donors in the United States and their association with other markers of
      hepatitis B virus.
AB  - A total of 1,915 sera collected in 1979 from asymptomatic hepatitis B surface
      antigen (HBsAg) carriers were tested for delta antigen, antibody to delta antigen
      (anti-delta), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to hepatitis B e antigen
      (anti-HBe) in addition to HBsAg and its subtypes. These sera represented blood
      donated by volunteers to 49 of 57 regions of the American Red Cross located in
      nine geographic regions of the United States and Puerto Rico. A total of 72
      (3.8%) sera had anti-delta activity while none had a detectable level of delta
      antigen. A significantly higher (p less than 0.01) prevalence of anti-delta
      (12.1%) was found in San Jose, California (Pacific Region); on the other hand,
      the East South Central region covering Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and
      Tennessee had a significantly lower (p less than 0.05) prevalence (1.4%) of anti
      delta when compared with all other regions combined. Anti-delta was, however,
      detected in all regions of the United States and in Puerto Rico. The cause of
      significant differences in the prevalence of anti-delta was not clear. The
      distribution of anti-delta was not associated with age, sex or blood type of the
      donor. Sixty-nine of 70 samples with anti-delta were found among the 1,527
      samples that had either HBeAg or anti-HBe. And among 149 that lacked both HBeAg
      and anti-HBe, only one sample had anti-delta. The difference is statistically
      significant (p less than 0.05). The presence of anti-delta was not associated
      with HBsAg/ad (2.7%) or HBsAg/ay (4.6%).

PMID- 4014207
TI  - An outbreak of histoplasmosis in a prison.
AB  - An investigation of three suspected cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis among 600
      employees at a New York prison in a nonendemic area resulted in identification of
      12 additional previously unrecognized cases. The 15 cases presented with
      diagnostic findings between February 1978 and October 1981; 10 were in prison
      employees, three in inmates and two in community persons. Unlike other outbreaks,
      cases presented over several years with chronic pulmonary lesions in the absence
      of an episode marked by acute respiratory illnesses. Of the 13 prison-associated
      cases, seven had undergone diagnostic thoracotomies for chest x-ray
      abnormalities. A skin test survey of a random sample of employees showed 53% to
      have positive histoplasmin skin tests compared with 11% in a community control
      population (chi 2 = 23.4, p less than 0.001). Over 63% of employees on the job
      for two or more years reacted positively compared with only 13% of those employed
      less than two years. Testing of some inmates showed 84% with residence of two
      years or more to be positive, compared with 20% for those with less than two
      years. A review of potential exposure sources revealed three sites where bird
      dropping accumulations had been cleared in 1978-1979. Four specimens from two of
      these areas were positive for Histoplasma capsulatum. The affected sites were
      treated with a 3% formalin solution and there have been no subsequent cases.

PMID- 4014208
TI  - Foodborne outbreaks of campylobacteriosis: the United States experience, 1980
      1982.
AB  - During 1980-1982, 23 foodborne outbreaks of diseases caused by Campylobacter were
      reported to the Centers for Diseases Control through the National Foodborne
      Surveillance Program, which collects reports from state and territorial
      epidemiologists throughout the United States. These outbreaks involved 748 ill
      persons, of whom 4% were hospitalized. For outbreaks with six or more ill
      persons, the median attack rate was 41%, the mean or median incubation periods
      ranged from 66 to 120 hours, and the mean duration of symptoms ranged from three
      to seven days. Raw milk was implicated or suspected in 14 outbreaks. In four of
      the other outbreaks, food handling errors were identified, and in five outbreaks,
      poultry, eggs, or beef were implicated or suspected. In three of four outbreaks
      in which Campylobacter was recovered from cows at the implicated dairies, some
      isolates from cows were serotypically identical to isolates from ill persons. In
      one egg-associated outbreak, one of the isolates of Campylobacter recovered from
      hens at the implicated egg farm was serotypically identical to an isolate
      recovered from an ill person. These findings underscore the hazard of eating
      undercooked or raw foods of animal origin such as raw milk. Raw milk contaminated
      by infected cows is a major cause of foodborne campylobacteriosis in the United
      States.

PMID- 4014209
TI  - Case-control study of waterborne giardiasis in Reno, Nevada.
AB  - An outbreak of Giardia lamblia gastroenteritis occurred in Reno, Nevada, in 1982,
      during which 324 laboratory-confirmed infections were reported. During the
      outbreak, Reno was supplied in part by surface water that was chemically
      coagulated, settled, and chlorinated, but was not filtered. Giardia cysts were
      recovered from the water supply, and a beaver infected with Giardia was found in
      one of the reservoirs. A case-control study indicated that, during the outbreak
      but not afterwards, persons with giardiasis drank more municipal water than did
      controls. Corrective measures, which included removing the infected beaver and
      increasing the chlorine concentration, were followed by a rapid decrease in
      reports of giardiasis.

PMID- 4014210
TI  - Serum selenium and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.
AB  - The association between serum selenium concentration and five-year risk of
      cardiovascular disease was studied in 1,110 men aged 55 to 74 years in two rural
      areas of Finland. In the total cohort, all-cause and cardiovascular deaths were
      associated significantly with serum selenium of less than 45 micrograms/liter, an
      adjusted relative risk of 1.4 (95% confidence interval (Cl), 1.0-2.0, p less than
      0.05) and 1.6 (95% Cl, 1.1-2.3, p less than 0.05), respectively. Among men free
      of coronary heart disease at the outset, these associations were of similar
      magnitude but did not attain statistical significance. Among men free of stroke
      at the outset, low serum selenium was associated significantly with stroke
      mortality, an adjusted relative risk of 3.7 (95% Cl, 1.0-13.1). The associations
      of coronary deaths and myocardial infarctions with low serum selenium were
      nonsignificant.

PMID- 4014211
TI  - Occupational differences in ischemic heart disease mortality and risk factors in
      Australia.
AB  - Mortality rates from ischemic heart disease in Australia declined by about 25%
      over the period 1969-1978. The greatest declines were experienced by the
      professional occupations, while lower socioeconomic groups had higher mortality
      rates at the beginning of the period and experienced smaller declines. From a
      national survey in 1980, significantly and consistently lower risk levels of
      blood pressure, triglyceride, cigarette smoking, body mass and exercise were
      found among higher status occupation groups. This suggests that there is a
      pattern of coronary prevention behavior spanning multiple risk factors that is
      associated with a reduction in ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 4014212
TI  - Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration:
      the Tokelau Island Migrant Study.
AB  - The Pacific atoll population of Tokelau has been followed since 1968 to assess
      the health consequences of migration to a western society. The blood pressure of
      a cohort of 532 adults who were still living in Tokelau in 1976 (nonmigrants) are
      compared with those of a cohort of 280 adults who had migrated to New Zealand
      (migrants). Significant differences between migrants and nonmigrants were
      detected in the rates of change of both systolic and diastolic pressures in men,
      and in the rates of change of diastolic pressures in women. The age-, body mass,
      and blood pressure-corrected rates of change were greater in migrants than in
      nonmigrants, and greater in men than in women. Blood pressures tend to rise 1
      mmHg/year faster among male migrants than among male nonmigrants, and about 0.4
      mmHg/year faster among female migrants than among female nonmigrants. These
      findings have clear implications for the health of migrants.

PMID- 4014213
TI  - Sex, race, age, and hypertension as determinants of employee absenteeism.
AB  - This study examined the effects of hypertension on two measures of employee
      absenteeism with the three confounding variables of sex, race, and age held
      constant. Subjects were 820 Maryland State employees who participated in a
      worksite blood pressure screening program. Comparison of official records for the
      year before (1978) and after screening (1979) revealed a small increase in the
      frequency of sick calls, a decrease in average duration of sick calls, and no net
      effect on total number of sick hours. Over the two-year period the average
      duration of absences was higher for hypertensives when sex, race, and age were
      held constant; however, the effect was confined to females. The findings indicate
      that hypertension and absenteeism should be investigated in the context of
      employees' demographic characteristics since these are related to hypertension
      and also are important determinants of absenteeism. When multiple regression was
      used, it became clear that demographic characteristics explained more of the
      variation in work absences than did blood pressure status. The relationship
      between hypertension and absenteeism was small, accounting for less than 2% of
      the variance. Thus employers can be reassured regarding the issue of whether
      newly detected hypertensives stay away from work. Given the weakness of the
      relationship found between hypertensive status and absences and the very small
      proportion of hypertensives who are newly detected, their effect on work absences
      is inconsequential.

PMID- 4014214
TI  - Mortality among employees engaged in chemical manufacturing and related
      activities.
AB  - A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among men employed for one
      or more years, between 1940 and 1969, at an operating division of a large
      chemical company. Vital status follow-up for the cohort of 1,919 men was
      determined through 1979 and identified 390 deaths. Overall mortality in the study
      group and in each of eight employment subgroups was less than that of the
      corresponding United States white male population. Additionally, standardized
      mortality ratios were not significantly elevated for any of the examined cause-of
      death categories. Cause-specific mortality comparisons were also made among the
      employment subgroups and by duration of employment in the company division using
      an internal analysis method. There were no relationships observed for employment
      duration. Several significant differences (p less than 0.05) by employment
      subgroup were noted; however, neither the decreases nor increases presently could
      be ascribed to identifiable environmental factors.

PMID- 4014215
TI  - The Stanford Five-City Project: design and methods.
AB  - The Stanford Five-City Project is a large experimental field study of community
      health education for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. It will provide
      data on fundamental questions in cardiovascular disease epidemiology,
      communication, health education, behavior change, and community organization, and
      will also test the ability of a potentially cost-effective program to prevent
      cardiovascular disease at the community level. This paper describes the purposes,
      hypotheses, design, and methods of the Five-City Project as a reference for
      future papers describing results. It is hypothesized that a 20% decrease in
      cardiovascular disease risk will lead to a significant decline in cardiovascular
      disease event rates in two treatment communities compared with three reference
      communities as a result of a six-year intervention program of community-wide
      health education and organization. Risk factor change will be assessed through
      four surveys of independent samples and in a repeatedly surveyed cohort.
      Cardiovascular disease event rates will be assessed through continuous community
      surveillance of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke.

PMID- 4014216
TI  - A comparison of computer-assisted and hard copy telephone interviewing.
AB  - In computer-assisted telephone interviewing, questions are displayed on a
      computer screen, and responses are entered directly into a computerized data
      file. In 1981-1982, a randomized trial of computer-assisted telephone
      interviewing, compared with telephone interviewing with responses directly
      recorded on printed questionnaires, was carried out. The respondents were
      surrogates for 400 white Florida residents who died in 1979 and were randomly
      selected from a death certificate-based case-control study of colorectal cancer.
      Outcomes examined included participation rate after initial phone contact, length
      of interview, recorded number of comments, recorded number of probes, unresolved
      "don't know" responses, and the interviewer's evaluation of the quality of the
      interview. The computer-assisted telephone interviewing system resulted in the 25
      30-minute interviews lasting, on the average, 3.4 minutes (14%) longer. The
      average number of comments decreased from 5.5 to 4.1 (a 25% difference) and
      probes from 10.2 to 8.3 (a 19% difference) in the computer-assisted interviews.
      These differences were markedly smaller than the differences noted between
      individual interviewers.

PMID- 4014218
TI  - Planning the size of a matched case-control study for estimation of the odds
      ratio.

PMID- 4014217
TI  - Secular trends in underreporting of cigarette consumption.
AB  - Information on the cigarette smoking habits of all New Zealanders aged 15 years
      and over was collected in two consecutive national censuses in 1976 and 1981.
      These data show that the self-reported per capita consumption of cigarettes
      declined by 9.4 per cent during this five-year period. A comparison of census
      data with national cigarette sales data for the corresponding years indicated
      considerable underreporting of cigarette use in the two censuses. However, there
      was little change in the degree of underreporting between 1976 (28 per cent) and
      1981 (30 per cent) and the estimated decline in per capita consumption of
      cigarettes based on sales data (8.6 per cent) was similar to the census-based
      estimate. These findings suggest that trends in self-reported consumption are a
      reliable indicator of national trends in cigarette smoking habits.

PMID- 4014219
TI  - Re: "Interpreting multiple logistic regression coefficients in prospective
      observational studies".

PMID- 4014220
TI  - Movable partitions: methodological problems in assessing improvement in neonatal
      mortality.

PMID- 4014221
TI  - Re: "Sex difference in the effects of sociocultural status on diabetes and
      cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican Americans".

PMID- 4014222
TI  - Adenosine deaminase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in human lymphomas:
      an aid to the diagnosis and subclassification of lymphoblastic lymphomas.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
      activities were determined on 97 biopsy specimens obtained from patients with non
      neoplastic diseases (12 cases), Hodgkin (30 cases), and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (55
      cases). Thirty additional cases were tested only for TdT. TdT was positive in 10
      out of 13 lymphoblastic lymphomas (LL) examined and negative in all the other
      specimens, including the ten cases of the immunoblastic type. Levels of ADA above
      350 U/mg of protein were found in 10 out of 12 LL tested, but not in any other
      specimen. The 3 TdT- LL had high contents of ADA. Therefore, all LL can be
      detected using both ADA and TdT markers. The 3 TdT- LL had a heterogeneous
      phenotype and their possible origin is discussed in view of the possibility that
      they constitute a rare entity distinct from the more common TdT+ LL. Very low
      levels of ADA (below 100 U/mg of protein) were found in chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia and immunocytoma, and in Burkitt's lymphoma. In other B-cell non-Hodgkin
      lymphomas, intermediate values between 100 and 350 U were often found, and this
      finding could be relevant to the different cellular origin of the various B-cell
      neoplasias. We conclude that ADA distribution is solid lymphoid tumors reflects
      the cellular origin of these neoplasias. Adenosine deaminase alone and in
      combination with TdT can be useful in the diagnosis and classification of
      childhood lymphomas in which the immature hystotypes predominate.

PMID- 4014223
TI  - Perfluorocarbon compounds: effects on the rheological properties of sickle
      erythrocytes in vitro.
AB  - The effects of oxygenated perfluorotributylamine (Fluosol-43) on the rheological
      properties of sickle (HbSS) erythrocytes have been determined by means of
      microviscometry and positive pressure cell filtration. Incubation of deoxygenated
      sickled erythrocytes (pO2 congruent to 30 mmHg) with oxygenated Fluosol-43
      reduced the percentage of sickled erythrocytes from about 63 to 33%.
      Deoxygenation of 40% suspension of sickle erythrocytes in autologous plasma
      increased the viscosity by about 160% at shear rate of 1.15 sec-1. Incubation of
      the deoxygenated sickled erythrocytes with oxygenated Fluosol-43 significantly
      reduced the viscosity at the low shear rates. Filtration of 0.2% suspension of
      deoxygenated sickle erythrocytes through capillary-sized Nuclepore filters showed
      high resistance at low flow rates. Oxygenated Fluosol-43 increased the
      deformability of HbSS erythrocytes and thereby reduced the resistance at flow
      rates less than 1 ml/min. These data suggest that perfluorocarbons may be useful
      in reducing the propensity of hemoglobin S polymerization and sickling and
      thereby prevent tissue infarction in vaso-occlusive crisis. Therefore, the
      concept of examining the potential application of perfluorochemicals for
      alleviating severe vaso-occlusive events may be useful.

PMID- 4014224
TI  - Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining of monocytes in Gaucher disease.
AB  - Cytochemical studies were performed on peripheral blood from 30 patients with
      type 1 Gaucher disease. In 29 of the patients, peripheral blood monocytes stained
      positively for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, whereas monocytes from 18
      normal individuals and 14 patients with monocytosis did not. In the Gaucher
      patients, the percentage of monocyte positivity for tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase ranged from 2 to 97. There was no correlation between the percent
      monocyte staining and the degree of disease severity, as measured by
      hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, or extent of bone disease, for the group as a
      whole. In Gaucher patients who had not undergone splenectomy, however, there was
      a significant correlation between percent monocyte staining and the degree of
      hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The presence of tartrate
      resistant acid phosphatase may be secondary to the lysosomal accumulation of
      glucosyl ceramide within these monocytes, although this remains to be confirmed.
      If so, these circulating cells may represent precursors of the Gaucher cells in
      tissues. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining of peripheral blood
      monocytes may be useful as a diagnostic marker for Gaucher type 1 disease and for
      further studies on the pathogenesis of the disease.